bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Evolution of Balanced and Restorative Justice
Authors: Pavelka Sandra , Thomas Douglas 
Published: March 2019

AbstractMaloney, Armstrong, and Romig presented a portrait of “Joey,” who was the exemplar of what was wrong with the juvenile justice system, in 1988 when they published The Balanced Approach in this Journal. In response, they reimagined a juvenile justice system predicated on balancing three fundamental goals—protection of community, accountability to victims, and development of competencies to prepare juvenile court‐involved youth for productive roles in their communities. The authors examine the evolution of balanced and restorative justice and re‐imagine how Joey's life may have been different at critical junctures of his juvenile court involvement.
Fall Ascertainment and Development of a Risk Prediction Model Using Electronic Medical Records
Authors: Oshiro Caryn E. S. , Frankland Timothy B. , Rosales A. Gabriela , Perrin Nancy A. , Bell Christina L. , Lo Serena H. Y. , Trinacty Connie M. 
Published: March 2019

OBJECTIVESTo examine the use of electronic medical record (EMR) data to ascertain falls and develop a fall risk prediction model in an older population.DESIGNRetrospective longitudinal study using 10 years of EMR data (2004‐2014). A series of 3‐year cohorts included members continuously enrolled for a minimum of 3 years, requiring 2 years pre‐fall (no previous record of a fall) and a 1‐year fall risk period.SETTINGKaiser Permanente Hawaii, an ambulatory setting.PARTICIPANTSA total of 57 678 adults, age 60 years and older.MEASUREMENTSInitial EMR searches were guided by current literature and geriatricians to understand coding sources of falls as our outcome. Falls were captured by two coding sources:International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision(ICD‐9) codes (E880‐889) and/or a fall listed as a “primary reason for visit.” A comprehensive list of EMR predictors of falls were included into prediction models enabling statistical subset selection from many variables and modeling by logistic regression.RESULTSAlthough 72% of falls in the training data set were coded as “primary reason for visit,” 22% of falls were coded as ICD‐9 and 6% coded as both. About 80% were reported in face‐to‐face encounters (eg, emergency department). A total of 2164 individuals had a fall in the risk period. Using the 13 key predictors (age, comorbidities, female sex, other mental disorder, walking issues, Parkinson's disease, urinary incontinence, depression, polypharmacy, psychotropic and anticonvulsant medications, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis) identified through LASSO regression, the final model had a sensitivity of 67%, specificity of 69%, positive predictive value of 8%, negative predictive value of 98%, and area under the curve of .74.CONCLUSIONThis study demonstrated how the EMR can be used to ascertain falls and develop a fall risk prediction model with moderate sensitivity/specificity. Concurrent work with clinical providers to enhance fall documentation will improve the ability of the EMR to capture falls and consequently may improve the model to predict fall risk.
Ingestion of Steamed and Dehydrated Placenta Capsules Does Not Affect Postpartum Plasma Prolactin Levels or Neonatal Weight Gain: Results from a Randomized, Double‐Bind, Placebo‐Controlled Pilot Study
Authors: Young Sharon M. , Gryder Laura K. , Cross Chad L. , Zava David , Norris Wendy , Benyshek Daniel C. 
Published: March 2019

IntroductionClinical studies conducted in the early to mid‐twentieth century, and recent self‐reports by some maternal placentophagy practitioners, suggest that human maternal placentophagy improves breast milk quality and quantity, although little research has evaluated this claim. Some placentophagy providers and advocates suggest that increased prolactin levels after placenta ingestion could account for the purported lactation benefits. The current study was conducted to evaluate these claims by comparing plasma prolactin levels of women consuming steamed, dehydrated, and encapsulated placenta with those of women consuming a placebo. Neonatal weight gain was also compared between the 2 groups.MethodsA randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled pilot trial was conducted in which postpartum women (N = 27) were given a supplement containing their dehydrated placenta (n = 12) or placebo (n = 15). Plasma prolactin concentrations were measured 4 times across late pregnancy and early postpartum, and neonatal weights were recorded 3 times over the first 3 weeks postpartum.ResultsThe results showed no statistically significant (P < .05) differences in either plasma prolactin levels or neonatal weight gain between groups.DiscussionMaternal consumption of steamed, dehydrated, and encapsulated placenta postpartum does not appear to affect maternal postpartum prolactin or neonatal weight in the first 3 weeks postpartum. Further research is needed to investigate the possible effects of variation in placenta preparation methods or daily intake on human lactation.
The dermoscopic features of facial aging among Egyptians: A comparative study between males and females
Authors: El‐Sayed Mahira H. , Saleh Hanan M. , El Zawahry Khaled Mohamed A. , Mostafa Azza E. 
Published: March 2019

SummaryBackgroundFew studies have evaluated facial photoaging by dermoscopy. Only one study has been performed among Egyptians.ObjectiveTo study and compare the dermoscopic features of facial aging in males and females and to relate these features to clinical criteria.MethodsThis study included 217 subjects divided into two groups; 117 males and 100 females. Each group was classified into three subgroups according to age. The dermoscopic features were reported according to dermoscopy photoaging scale (DPAS) criteria besides diffuse erythema and seborrheic keratosis and were related to significant clinical factors.ResultsThe most prominent DPAS features in males were yellowish discoloration, hypo‐hyperpigmented macules, superficial wrinkles, criss‐cross wrinkles, and deep wrinkles. The most prominent DPAS findings in females were yellow papules, hypo‐hyperpigmented macules, solar lentigo, and superficial wrinkles. A significant difference between males and females was detected regarding yellowish discoloration, white lines, hypo‐hyperpigmented macules, senile comedones, telangiectasia, all wrinkle types, and DPAS score besides diffuse erythema and seborrheic keratosis. The DPAS score and the dermoscopic features were more prominent with male gender, increase in age, sun exposure, Glogau's scale, and smoking and were detected early in skin phototypes II and III.ConclusionWe found a significant difference in various dermoscopic features in males compared to age‐matched females. Also, we detected increase in DPAS features and score with male gender, aging, sun exposure, Glogau's scale, and smoking. Therefore, dermoscopy is an objective technique that detects selectively photoaging in males and females that aids in proper choice of various targeted treatment modalities.
Treatments and rehabilitation in the acute and chronic state of traumatic brain injury
Authors: Marklund N. , Bellander B.‐M. , Godbolt A. K. , Levin H. , McCrory P. , Thelin E. P. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractTraumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of acquired disability globally, and effective treatment methods are scarce. Lately, there has been increasing recognition of the devastating impact ofTBIresulting from sports and other recreational activities, ranging from primarily sport‐related concussions (SRC) but also more severe brain injuries requiring hospitalization. There are currently no established treatments for the underlying pathophysiology inTBIand while neuro‐rehabilitation efforts are promising, there are currently is a lack of consensus regarding rehabilitation followingTBIof any severity. In this narrative review, we highlight short‐ and long‐term consequences ofSRCs, and how the sideline management of these patients should be performed. We also cover the basic concepts of neuro‐critical care management for more severely brain‐injured patients with a focus on brain oedema and the necessity of improving intracranial conditions in terms of substrate delivery in order to facilitate recovery and improve outcome. Further, following the acute phase, promising new approaches to rehabilitation are covered for both patients with severeTBIand athletes suffering fromSRC. These highlight the need for co‐ordinated interdisciplinary rehabilitation, with a special focus on cognition, in order to promote recovery afterTBI.
Anti‐fracture efficacy of zoledronate in subgroups of osteopenic postmenopausal women: secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Reid I. R. , Horne A. M. , Mihov B. , Stewart A. , Garratt E. , Wiessing K. R. , Bolland M. J. , Bastin S. , Gamble G. D. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractBackgroundWe recently reported that the administration of zoledronate every 18 months to osteopenic older women reduces the incidence of fractures.ObjectiveHere, we present a more detailed analysis of that trial to determine whether baseline clinical characteristics impact on the anti‐fracture efficacy of this intervention.MethodsThis is a prospective, randomized, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind trial in osteopenic postmenopausal women aged ≥ 65 years, to determine the anti‐fracture efficacy of zoledronate. 2000 women were recruited using electoral rolls and randomized to receive 4 infusions of either zoledronate 5 mg or normal saline, at 18‐month intervals. Each participant was followed for 6 years. Calcium supplements were not supplied.ResultsFragility fractures (either vertebral or nonvertebral) occurred in 190 women in the placebo group (227 fractures) and in 122 women in the zoledronate group (131 fractures), odds ratio (OR) 0.59 (95%CI 0.46, 0.76; P < 0.0001). There were no significant interactions between baseline variables (age, anthropometry, BMI, dietary calcium intake, baseline fracture status, recent falls history, bone mineral density, calculated fracture risk) and the treatment effect. In particular, the reduction in fractures appeared to be independent of baseline fracture risk, and numbers needed to treat (NNT) to prevent one woman fracturing were not significantly different across baseline fracture risk tertiles.ConclusionsThe present analyses indicate that the decrease in fracture numbers is broadly consistent across this cohort. The lack of relationship between NNTs and baseline fracture risk calls into question the need for BMD measurement and precise fracture risk assessment before initiating treatment in older postmenopausal women.
Utilization of Mental Health Services in Educational Setting by Adolescents in the United States
Authors: Ali Mir M. , West Kristina , Teich Judith L. , Lynch Sean , Mutter Ryan , Dubenitz Joel 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDSchools play an important role as providers of mental health services for adolescents; however, information on the broader picture of utilization of mental health services in educational versus other settings is limited because of the lack of national‐level data.METHODSUsing multinomial logistic regression models based on national‐level data from the 2012–2015 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, we explore the characteristics of adolescents who received mental health treatment in educational and other settings. In addition, the study examines the reasons for seeking services in various treatment settings.RESULTSThe analysis finds that while the majority of adolescents who access mental health services receive care at noneducational settings, slightly more than one‐third of them received services only in an educational setting. Adolescents who had public insurance, were from low‐income households, and were from racial/ethnic minority groups were more likely to access services in an educational setting only. Common reasons for accessing services in educational settings included problems with schools, friends, and family members.CONCLUSIONSDespite increased access to treatment in outpatient settings in the last decade, schools play an important role in providing access to mental health services for disadvantaged populations.
Prediction of renal allograft chronic rejection using a model based on contrast‐enhanced ultrasonography
Authors: Yang Cheng , Wu Shengdi , Yang Ping , Shang Guoguo , Qi Ruochen , Xu Ming , Rong Ruiming , Zhu Tongyu , He Wanyuan 
Published: March 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the application of contrast‐enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) for the diagnosis of renal allograft chronic rejection (CR).MethodsA total of 104 patients who were suspected to have AR or CR were enrolled in this study (derivation group, n = 66; validation group, n = 38). Before biopsy, all patients received an ultrasound examination.ResultsIn the CR group, rising time (RT) and time to peak (TTP) of medulla (RTm and TTPm, respectively) were significantly longer compared to those in the AR group. The kidney volume was significantly decreased in the CR group but was increased in the AR group. In the derivation group, age, change in kidney volume, and TTPm were identified as independent predictors by multivariate analysis. Based on the multivariate analysis results and area under receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves (AUROCs) of individual markers, we constructed a new index as follows: P = −5.424 + 0.074 × age −9.818 × kidney volume change + 0.115 × TTPm; New Index = eP/(1 + eP). The new index discriminates CR from AR and had better AUROCs than any other parameters.ConclusionIn conclusion, the new index provides a new diagnosis model for CR.
Salivary DNase II from Laodelphax striatellus acts as an effector that suppresses plant defence
Authors: Huang Hai‐Jian , Cui Jia‐Rong , Xia Xue , Chen Jie , Ye Yu‐Xuan , Zhang Chuan‐Xi , Hong Xiao‐Yue 
Published: March 2019

Summary

Extracellular DNA, released by damaged plant cells, acts as a damage‐associated molecular pattern (DAMP). We demonstrated previously that the small brown planthopper (Laodelphax striatellus, SBPH) secreted DNase II when feeding on artificial diets. However, the function of DNase II in insect feeding remained elusive.

The influences of DNase II on SBPHs and rice plants were investigated by suppressing expression of DNase II or by application of heterogeneously expressed DNase II.

We demonstrated that DNase II is mainly expressed in the salivary gland and is responsible for DNA‐degrading activity of saliva. Knocking down the expression of DNase II resulted in decreased performance of SBPH reared on rice plants. The dsDNase II‐treated SBPH did not influenced jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), ethylene (ET) pathways, but elicited a higher level of H2O2 and callose accumulation. Application of heterogeneously expressed DNase II in DNase II‐deficient saliva slightly reduced the wound‐induced defence response.

We propose a DNase II‐based invading model for SBPH feeding on host plants, and provide a potential target for pest management.
A systematic literature review of the major factors causing yield gap by affecting growth, feed conversion ratio and survival in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)
Authors: Mengistu Samuel Bekele , Mulder Han A. , Benzie John A. H. , Komen Hans 
Published: March 2019

AbstractProductivity among small‐ and medium‐scale tilapia farms varies considerably. The difference between the best performers and lower ones (yield gap), is affected by differences in growth rate and feed conversion ratio (FCR). FCR at the farm level is strongly influenced by survival of fish. In this study a systematic literature review of two databases (ASFA and CAB‐Abstracts) identified 1973 potentially relevant articles. Data from 32 articles that met the inclusion criteria were analysed using linear mixed models for the most important factors with significant contributions to growth [investigated through analysis of the thermal growth coefficient (TGC)], survival and FCR of Nile tilapia. Increasing crude protein (CP), dissolved oxygen (DO) and pH significantly decreased FCR and increased TGC. Increasing stocking weight (SW) significantly improved both FCR and survival. Temperature had the largest effect on FCR followed by DO, pH and CP. DO had the largest effect on TGC followed by CP and pH. This study confirms that the optimal rearing temperature for Nile tilapia is between 27 and 32°C. Improving management to optimize DO (> 5 mg/L), stocking density (3–5 fish/m2), SW (> 10 g) and CP (25 − 30%) will improve performance and survival in small‐ and medium‐scale tilapia farming. However, it is hard to influence temperature in ponds and cages while DO is largely influenced by aeration. Since many small‐ and medium‐sized farms do not have aeration, these major tilapia farming systems could benefit from genetically improved strains selected for resilience to highly fluctuating diurnal temperature and DO levels.
Understanding the measurement properties of the incremental shuttle walk test in patients with severe asthma
Authors: Majd Sally , Hewitt Stacey M. , Apps Lindsay D. , Murphy Anna C. , Bradding Peter , Singh Sally J. , Green Ruth H. , Evans Rachael A. 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACTBackground and objectiveWe investigated the repeatability and validity of the incremental shuttle walk test (ISWT) distance compared to peak oxygen uptake (VO2pk) during maximal incremental cycle ergometer (ICE) and treadmill (ITM) tests in adults with severe asthma.MethodsAdults with severe asthma, Medical Research Council (MRC) dyspnoea ≥2, were recruited from specialists caring for patients with severe asthma. All participants performed three ISWT (familiarization and two subsequent tests on the same day), an ICE and an ITM in a randomized order, on separate days, to intolerance with expiratory gas analysis.ResultsA total of 50 patients (32 females, mean (SD), age: 54 (13) years, forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1): 1.9 (0.8) L and body mass index (BMI): 32 (6) kg/m2) completed all five tests. The mean (SD) ISWT distance for each test was 400 (156), 418 (142) and 438 (157) m (P = 0.001), respectively. There was a strong correlation between the ISWT distance with VO2pk derived from ITM (r = 0.74, P < 0.001) and ICE (r = 0.75, P < 0.001).ConclusionThere was a small increase in the mean ISWT distance on sequential testing. In clinical practice, the coefficient of repeatability and heteroscedasticity need to be considered when assessing whether a true change has occurred within an individual patient. The ISWT has validity compared to VO2pk on both ICE and ITM, but they are not interchangeable.
Why are people with asthma susceptible to pneumonia? A review of factors related to upper airway bacteria
Authors: Zaidi Seher R. , Blakey John D. 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACTAsthma and pneumonia are common respiratory conditions globally, affecting individuals of all ages.Streptococcus pneumoniaeis the predominant bacterial cause of pneumonia, with nasopharyngeal carriage an important step towards invasive and pulmonary disease. Vaccines provide individual protection, and also prevent nasopharyngeal carriage, providing herd immunity. Asthma is associated with an increased risk of pneumonia, but there is limited information on the underlying mechanism of this predisposition. Both asthma and its treatment may conceivably alter propensity to, and density of, carriage through an altered epithelial microenvironment driven by disease‐related inflammation or treatment‐related immunomodulation, for example with inhaled corticosteroids. The relative importance of these factors could impact the efficacy of vaccines in this vulnerable patient population. In this review, we summarize the evidence for an increased risk of pneumonia in asthma, and discuss factors affecting nasopharyngeal carriage in the context of current guidelines for pneumococcal vaccination.
Conditional Earnings Subsidies for Low Earners
Authors: Ooghe Erwin 
Published: March 2019

AbstractIn order to be eligible for in‐work tax credits, it is often not enough to have low earnings. In Ireland, New Zeand the United Kingdom, for example, for eligibility, it is also required that the number of hours worked is sufficiently high. Similarly, in Belgium and France, the hourly wage rate must be sufficiently low. In this paper, I provide a justification for such additional conditions. I analyze Pareto‐efficient redistribution from high to low ability individuals in a model where labor has several intensive margins. Besides labor hours, labor effort – a vector of unpleasant, but productive features of labor – is also an object of choice. Effort and ability determine the hourly wage rate. I find that conditional subsidies on earnings for low earners are optimal: the earnings of low earners should be subsidized at the margin, but only if they earn more by working more hours at a sufficiently low wage rate.
Species limits in butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae): reconciling classical taxonomy with the multispecies coalescent
Authors: Matos‐Maraví Pável , Wahlberg Niklas , Antonelli Alexandre , Penz Carla M. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractSpecies delimitation is at the core of biological sciences. During the last decade, molecular‐based approaches have advanced the field by providing additional sources of evidence to classical, morphology‐based taxonomy. However, taxonomy has not yet fully embraced molecular species delimitation beyond threshold‐based, single‐gene approaches, and taxonomic knowledge is not commonly integrated into multilocus species delimitation models. Here we aim to bridge empirical data (taxonomic and genetic) with recently developed coalescent‐based species delimitation approaches. We use the multispecies coalescent model as implemented in two Bayesian methods (dissect/stacey and bp&p) to infer species hypotheses. In both cases, we account for phylogenetic uncertainty (by not using any guide tree) and taxonomic uncertainty (by measuring the impact of using a priori taxonomic assignments to specimens). We focus on an entire Neotropical tribe of butterflies, the Haeterini (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae). We contrast divergent taxonomic opinion – splitting, lumping and misclassifying species – in the light of different phenotypic classifications proposed to date. Our results provide a solid background for the recognition of 22 species. The synergistic approach presented here overcomes limitations in both traditional taxonomy (e.g. by recognizing cryptic species) and molecular‐based methods (e.g. by recognizing structured populations, and not raising them to species). Our framework provides a step forward towards standardization and increasing reproducibility of species delimitations.