bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Spatio-Temporal Control of Zygotic Genome Activation
Authors: Gentsch George E. , Owens Nick D. L. , Smith James C. 
Published: December 2018

SUMMARYOne of the earliest and most significant events in embryonic development is zygotic genome activation (ZGA). In several species, bulk transcription begins at the mid-blastula transition (MBT) when, after a certain number of cleavages, the embryo attains a particular nuclear-to-cytoplasmic (N/C) ratio, maternal repressors become sufficiently diluted, and the cell cycle slows down. Here we resolve the frog ZGA in time and space by profiling RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) engagement and its transcriptional readout. We detect a gradual increase in both the quantity and the length of RNAPII elongation before the MBT, revealing that >1,000 zygotic genes disregard the N/C timer for their activation, and that the sizes of newly transcribed genes are not necessarily constrained by cell cycle duration. We also find that Wnt, Nodal and BMP signaling together generate most of the spatio-temporal dynamics of regional ZGA, directing the formation of orthogonal body axes and proportionate germ layers.
Robust candidates for language development and evolution are significantly dysregulated in the blood of people with Williams syndrome
Authors: Benítez-Burraco Antonio , Kimura Ryo 
Published: December 2018

AbstractWilliams syndrome (WS) is a clinical condition entailing cognitive deficits and with an uneven language profile, which has been object of intense inquiry over the last decades. Although WS results from the hemideletion of around two dozens of genes in chromosome 7, no gene has been yet probed to account for, or contribute significantly to, the language problems exhibited by the affected people. In this paper we show that robust candidates for language disorder and for language evolution in the species, located outside the hemideleted region, are up– or downregulated in the blood of subjects with WS. Most of these genes play a role in the development and function of brain areas involved in language processing, which exhibit structural and functional anomalies in people with the condition. Overall, these genes emerge as robust candidates for language dysfunction in WS.
Taking ‘a rightful place in our own country’: Indigenous self‐determination and the Australian people
Authors: Burney Linda 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThis is an edited transcript of a talk given to the colloquium at the Whitlam Institute held on the 21st February 2018 on the topic of the title of this address. Here Linda Burney indicates the state of play in the Labor Party's response to the ‘Uluru Statement from the Heart’ at that time including this Party's recommendation to the Government that it establish a Joint Select Committee to enable the Commonwealth Parliament's Response. Such a committee was established: ‘On 19 March 2018, the Parliament agreed that a Joint Select Committee on Constitutional Recognition relating to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples be appointed to inquire into and report on matters relating to constitutional change’ (Commonwealth of Australia 2018, 2). Linda Burney is a member of the Joint Select Committee that has produced an Interim Report (July 2018), and which is co‐chaired by Senator Patrick Dodson (First Nations Caucus within the Labor Party) and Julian Leeser, a Coalition Government MP.
Use of Electronic and Paper‐based Standardized Nursing Care Plans to Improve Nurses’ Documentation Quality in a Nigerian Teaching Hospital
Authors: Adereti Chinma Stella , Olaogun Adenike Ayobola 
Published: December 2018

PURPOSETo evaluate the effect of electronic and paper‐based standardized nursing care plans (SNCPs) use on quality of nurses’ documentation.METHODSUsing quasi‐experimental design, two wards were grouped into electronic and paper‐based wards. Nurses were trained to use electronic‐ and paper‐based SNCPs for care‐planning and documentation. Data was collected before, 3, and 6 months postintervention and analyzed with SPSS version 20.FINDINGSThere was improvement in documentation quality in the two wards after introducing SNCPs with higher quality scores in the electronic ward postintervention.CONCLUSIONProviding SNCPs in electronic and paper formats is critical to improving nursing documentation.IMPLICATION FOR NURSING PRACTICEAdequate training and support for nurses are needed for successful implementation of SNCPs in electronic health records (EHRs) in developing nations.
Translating the matrix
Authors: Whiteford James R , Arokiasamy Samantha , De Rossi Giulia 
Published: December 2018

Linked ArticlesThis article is part of a themed section on Translating the Matrix. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.1/issuetoc
Diabetic retinopathy in people with Type 2 diabetes and obesity treated by Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass compared with non‐operated controls: with focus on the role of diabetes remission in a cross‐sectional and a 6‐year follow‐up study
Authors: Madsen L. R. , Bek T. , Richelsen B. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractAimWhether or not Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and the derived metabolic improvements are beneficial to diabetic retinopathy is controversial. We aimed to determine the presence and development of retinopathy in individuals with obesity and Type 2 diabetes treated by RYGB compared with non‐operated controls, and to determine the role of diabetes remission.MethodsWe graded fundus photography using the Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy in 96 individuals with obesity and Type 2 diabetes treated by RYGB 6 years after surgery compared with 48 non‐operated controls. In a subsample, we investigated the development of retinopathy over time. In the secondary analysis, we divided the RYGB group according to diabetes remission.ResultsRYGB surgery was not statistically associated with less retinopathy [relative risk (RR) 0.82, 95% CI 0.59 to 1.14], when adjusted for diabetes duration, sex, age and BMI. During 5.9 years of follow‐up, retinopathy grading in the RYGB group was unchanged, whereas the control group displayed worse grading by 0.69 steps (95% CI 0.18 to 1.19). The RYGB group with diabetes remission (52%) showed a trend towards less retinopathy [adjusted RR (aRR) 0.45; 95% CI 0.19 to 1.06] than controls, and less retinopathy (aRR 0.33; 95% CI 0.11 to 0.94) than the RYGB group without remission in the cross‐sectional data.ConclusionsIn a cross‐sectional setting, individuals with Type 2 diabetes treated by RYGB showed a tendency towards less retinopathy than non‐operated controls, in particular diabetes remission following RYGB was associated with less retinopathy. Moreover after 5.9 years, retinopathy in the RYGB group had progressed less than in the control group. (Clinical Trial Registry No: NCT02625649)
Mouthguard sheet temperature after heating under pressure former
Authors: Mizuhashi Fumi , Koide Kaoru , Mizuhashi Ryo 
Published: December 2018

AbstractBackground/AimEthylene vinyl acetate and polyolefin sheets have been used commonly for fabricating mouthguards. However, the change of the sheet temperature during heating of the polyolefin has not been clarified. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of changing the sheet temperature during heating, and to examine whether there were any differences between the sheet materials.Materials and methodsThe mouthguard materials used were 4.0 mm sheets of ethylene vinyl acetate and polyolefin. The sheet temperature of the two materials was measured when the center of the sheet was displaced by 10, 15, and 20 mm from the baseline after heating. The sheets were pressure‐formed when the heating temperatures reached 100°C. Mouthguard thickness and fit were measured at the central incisor and the first molar. Differences in the sheet temperature and the thickness between the sheet materials were analyzed by two‐way analysis of variance.ResultsThe sheet temperature of ethylene vinyl acetate and polyolefin sheets became higher as the hanging distance became larger (P < 0.01), and there were statistically significant differences between ethylene vinyl acetate and polyolefin sheets at the hanging distance of 10 and 15 mm (P < 0.01). The thicknesses of the pressure‐formed mouthguard at the central incisor and the first molar were greater in the mouthguards formed by ethylene vinyl acetate sheets than those with polyolefin sheets (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively). The fit of the mouthguard was not different between mouthguards formed by ethylene vinyl acetate sheets and those formed by polyolefin sheets.ConclusionsThe change of mouthguard sheet temperature during heating was different between ethylene vinyl acetate and polyolefin sheets. The ethylene vinyl acetate sheets maintained the mouthguard thickness in comparison with the polyolefin sheets at the same heating temperature.
Effects of a hybrid intervention combining exergaming and physical therapy among older adults in a long‐term care facility
Authors: Wu Yu‐Zu , Lin Jia‐Yi , Wu Pei‐Ling , Kuo Ying‐Fen 
Published: December 2018

AimPhysical inactivity can cause physical frailty and sarcopenia. We investigated the effects of a hybrid intervention combining commercial exergaming with physical therapy, and clarified the reasons for physical inactivity among older adults.MethodsThis was a pilot study of older participants recruited from a long‐term care facility assigned to either an experimental or a control group. The experimental group received a 90‐min hybrid intervention twice a week for 12 weeks, whereas the control group received only assessment. The outcomes included muscle strength, walking speed, endurance, the Timed Up and Go test, the Berg Balance Scale, flow state, and safety.ResultsWe enrolled 17 residents (42.5% of those eligible), with eight in the experimental group. After 12 weeks, the handgrip strength and Timed Up and Go test scores significantly improved in the experimental group. The number of participants with handgrip strength exceeding the cut‐off for sarcopenia, Timed Up and Go test scores exceeding the minimal detectable change, and walking speed exceeding the minimum clinically significant difference were greater in the experimental group than in the control group. Furthermore, no significant adverse events were reported; all participants in the experimental group entered the flow state. Overall, 32.5% of participants reported physical inactivity with common reasons, including laziness (77%), a lack of interest (69%) and the hassle of engagement (46%).ConclusionsThe hybrid intervention is safe and feasible, and could delay disability in older adults. Approximately one‐third of the participants were physically inactive. Further study is required to reduce physical inactivity. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2019; 19: 147–152.
The Estimation of Standard Error from Successive Finite Differences
Authors: Guest P. G. 
Published: December 2018

Summary
Finite differences have been used to estimate random error in time series, the process being referred to as the variate-difference method (Kendall, 1948; Tintner, 1940). In this note an examination is made of the relative efficiencies of the various estimates of standard error obtained from mean differences and mean square differences (assuming a normal law), and to apply the results to the estimation of the standard error in the fitting of polynomials by means of weighted finite differences.
Subjective Judgment in Statistical Analysis: An Experimental Study
Authors: Finney D. J. 
Published: December 2018

Summary
As part of an experimental study of the effect of stopping iterative maximum likelihood calculations after one cycle, twenty-one scientists were asked to judge by eye the positions for a pair of parallel probit regression lines in a biological assay. This paper reports the results obtained from each pair of lines after one cycle of various forms of probit calculation. Although all the conditions of the experiment were chosen so as to be unfavourable to the drawing of good lines, one cycle of iteration brought every estimate within 1½ per cent. of the maximum likelihood value, as compared with a range of 32 per cent. and a maximum error of 27 per cent. for the estimates read directly from the graphs. The fiducial limits as calculated after one cycle were brought within a range of about 5 per cent. around the true values.
The subjects for this study were deliberately chosen as having no experience of probit methods. The results confirm me in the opinion I have often expressed, namely that, unless a diagram showing probits plotted against log dose is exceptionally irregular, a single cycle of iteration initiated by any reasonable trial regression line will give a satisfactory approximation. Experience in drawing the trial lines undoubtedly makes the first cycle better still, but even the inexperienced can do quite well. I am in no way suggesting that the critical faculty of the statistician is unnecessary in deciding when iteration may be stopped: care is needed in order to ensure that all doubtful cases have additional cycles, but users of the probit method may find some comfort in the thought that their trial lines are seldom as bad as they fear!
When the form of calculation recently proposed by Cornfield and Mantel was used, results after one cycle were rather better, but, since those by the usual technique were so good, the practical advantage was not great. Additional calculations on some very extreme pairs of trial lines suggest that, if the data were so scanty or so irregular as to make the positions of the lines very uncertain, the Cornfield-Mantel procedure would then be markedly superior: in such circumstances, more than one cycle of iteration would certainly be needed, but this procedure might reduce the number of cycles. A further practical point in connection with data of this type is that an error of making the slopes of the trial lines too small is preferable to an error of making the slopes too large, since the latter is more likely to increase the number of cycles needed or even to make the iteration diverge.
On the Choice of a Mathematical Model to Represent Normal Bacterial Growth
Authors: Kendall David G. 
Published: December 2018

Summary
The problem considered is that of constructing a stochastic process (not necessarily of the Markov type) to represent the growth of a bacterial colony in the absence of mortality and mutation. The importance of the distribution of fission-times is emphasized, and an approximate relation between the coefficient of variation of the fission-times and the asymptotic coefficient of variation of clone-size is discussed. Rahn’s model of the fission process, a rather different model put forward by the author in 1948 and a more general model (of which the other two are special cases) are examined in relation to the problem of estimating “the number of genes” in bacteria. Reasons are given for supposing that existing estimates of this number (Finney & Martin, 25; Kendall, 20) may be too low. The need for further experimental work (including an experimental determination of clone-size fluctuations) is stressed.
The Random Division of an Interval—Part III
Authors: Moran P. A. P. 
Published: December 2018

Summary
The present paper is a sequel to two previous papers on this subject (Moran (1947), (1951)), and was suggested by reading Dr. A. Gardner’s recent note (1952). The distribution of the sum of the squares of the intervals into which the line is divided is further considered. The lower 5 per cent. and 1 per cent. points of the distribution can be found exactly up to n = 8 and n = 9 respectively (nine and ten intervals). Beyond about n = 20 an approximation based on the variance ratio distribution is probably adequate. In between n = 9 and n = 20 no workable formula has been reached.
Simple Graphical Techniques for Calculating Serial and Spatial Correlations, and Mean Semi-Squared Differences
Authors: Jowett G. H. , Scott J. F. 
Published: December 2018

Summary
Two methods of calculating these lag statistics from the graph of a series are described. One, the slide method, uses a scale printed on a glass plate; the other, the tracing method, requires no special apparatus. Both methods give results which are accurate enough for most needs. They may be used for evenly or unevenly spaced series, and are readily adapted to the analysis of concomitant and spatial series.
For evenly spaced series, which alone are conveniently analysed on a desk calculator, the graphical methods compare favourably with it in speed. The tracing method is much quicker when the statistics are required for a large number of lags.
Testing the Approximate Validity of Statistical Hypotheses
Authors: Hodges J. L. , Lehmann E. L. 
Published: December 2018

Summary
The distinction between statistical significance and material significance in hypotheses testing is discussed. Modifications of the customary tests, in order to test for the absence of material significance, are derived for several parametric problems, for the chi-square test of goodness of fit, and for Student’s hypothesis. The latter permits one to test the hypothesis that the means of two normal populations of equal variance, do not differ by more than a stated amount.
Analysis of Dispersion with Incomplete Observations on One of the Characters
Authors: Rao C. Radhakrishna 
Published: December 2018

Summary
In analysis of dispersion (multivariate generalization of the analysis of variance) Wilks' A criterion for testing hypotheses on all the multiple characters simultaneously cannot be applied if some observations on one or more of the characters are missing. In this article is provided a suitable criterion when data become incomplete due to missing observations in one of the characters only. This is the likelihood ratio criterion with a slight modification. The exact moments of this criterion have been found and the distribution has been exhibited in an asymptotic series with the first few terms providing a powerful approximation. Using only the first term one Chi-square and two variance ratio approximations have been suggested, and the Chi-square approximation is recommended for use as the other approximations by themselves without correction terms seem to distort the probabilities.
On Asymptotically Efficient Consistent Estimates of the Spectral Density Function of a Stationary Time Series
Authors: Parzen Emanuel 
Published: December 2018

Summary
Several general classes of estimates of the spectral density function of a stationary time series are introduced, which are shown to include most estimates previously suggested by various researchers. Asymptotic expressions are given for the mean square error of these estimates. We thus determine, for each estimate, the class of time series for whose spectral density it is a consistent estimate. Further, for a given time series, the minimum integrated mean square error with which its spectral density may be estimated is determined, and evaluated for large sample sizes. Efficient estimates are defined as those which achieve, asymptotically, the minimum mean integrated square error. The asymptotic formulae derived are used to make a numerical comparison of some estimates which have been suggested. However, in this paper no conclusions are drawn or principles enunciated as to how to proceed in practice to estimate the spectral density.
Behaviour Sequences as Semi-Markov Chains
Authors: Cane Violet R. 
Published: December 2018

SUMMARY
Some experiments on birds, fish and insects, in which long records of steady-state behaviour are obtained, are described and the relative merits of three simple models of behaviour considered. As a first approximation, semi-Markov chains seem to offer a reasonable way of summarizing the data and provide suitable null hypotheses against which to test ethological theories.
The Estimation of Relationships with Autocorrelated Residuals by the Use of Instrumental Variables
Authors: Sargan J. D. 
Published: December 2018

SUMMARY
The instrumental variables method of estimating the coefficients of a linear relationship between time series which have measurement errors is applied to the case where the coefficients are functions of a set of parameters. The asymptotic error variance matrix of the estimates is obtained, asymptotic tests for the existence and identification of the suggested form of relationship are suggested, and asymptotic confidence regions are given. The general theory is then applied to the case of a relationship with an autoregressive residual, and practical computational methods are suggested.
Some Results for the Queue with Poisson Arrivals
Authors: Prabhu N. U. 
Published: December 2018

Summary
This paper is concerned with the queueing system in which (1) there is only one counter, (2) the customers arrive at random and are served in the order of arrival, and (3) the service-time distribution has a general form. The distribution of the time taken for a waiting-time x to reduce to zero for the first time is obtained, and from this are deduced the explicit expressions for the distributions of (i) the length of the busy period, (ii) the number of customers served during a busy period, and (iii) the time taken for a queue of given length to disappear.
Two Papers on Applications of Stochastic Processes to Road Traffic Problems: Delays on a Two-Lane Road
Authors: Tanner J. C. 
Published: December 2018

SUMMARY
A theoretical formula is found for the average speed achieved over a long journey by a vehicle travelling along a road according to certain rules governing overtaking, when the other traffic on the road is postulated to be of a particularly simple kind.
Except for the vehicle whose behaviour is studied, vehicles in each direction travel at the same speed, and are spaced at random, but with a certain minimum distance between vehicles. The vehicle being studied wishes to travel faster than the other vehicles; when it overtakes, it must pass the whole of a bunch of vehicles at minimum spacing in a single manoeuvre. It overtakes without delay if there is a sufficient gap in the opposing traffic. If delay occurs, then a greater gap in the opposing traffic is required, to allow for time lost in accelerating. An alternative application of the theory is to one half of a dual carriageway, in which the two traffic lanes are occupied by vehicles travelling at two different speeds.
A curious feature of the results is that when the traffic flows increase beyond a certain level, appreciably below the theoretical capacity of the road, the fast vehicle cannot maintain a higher average speed than that of the other vehicles: the whole time is spent waiting for opportunities to overtake, and the average wait per overtaking becomes infinite.
Numerical values of the average speed have been tabulated using an electronic computer. Standard values of all the constants of the model were selected for two-way and one-way roads separately, and these constants were then varied two, three or four at a time. Two general conclusions are indicated by the numerical results. Firstly, more acceleration, obtained at the expense of reduced maximum speed (and perhaps greater fuel consumption) by lowering the top gear ratio, would probably provide increased mean journey speeds for most modern cars under typical traffic conditions. Secondly, the cutting of safety margins and clearances when overtaking would not normally provide any worthwhile increase in mean journey speed.
A Note on the Renewal Function When the Mean Renewal Lifetime is Infinite
Authors: Smith Walter L. 
Published: December 2018

SUMMARY
The so-called Elementary Renewal Theorem, which is a fairly direct deduction from the strong law of large numbers, assumes that the mean renewal lifetime is finite and describes the asymptotic behaviour of H(x)/x as x → ∞, where H(x) is the expected number of renewals in the time interval (0, x). In this paper the behaviour of H(x)/x is discussed for certain cases in which the mean renewal lifetime is infinite. The arguments are elementary, and the results complement some obtained earlier by Feller using deep Tauberian methods.