bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The vertical variability of ammonia in urban Beijing, China
Authors: Zhang Yangyang , Tang Aohan , Wang Dandan , Wang Qingqing , Benedict Katie , Zhang Lin , Liu Duanyang , Li Yi , Collett Jr. Jeffrey L. , Sun Yele , Liu Xuejun 
Published: November 2018

Abstract. Weekly vertical profiles of ammonia (NH3) were measured at
16 heights on the Beijing 325 m meteorological tower for 1 year from
March 2016 to March 2017. The average NH3 concentrations exceeded
4 µg m−3 at all heights with an overall
average (±1σ) value of 13.3 (±4.8) µg m−3. The
highest NH3 concentrations along the vertical profiles mostly
occurred from 32 to 63 m, decreasing both towards the surface and at higher
altitudes. Significant decreases in NH3 concentrations were only
found at the top two heights (280 and 320 m). These results suggest an
NH3 rich atmosphere during all seasons in urban Beijing, from the
ground to at least 320 m. The highest seasonal NH3 concentrations
across the profile were observed in summer (18.2 µg m−3) with
high temperature, followed by spring (13.4 µg m−3), autumn
(12.1 µg m−3) and winter (8.3 µg m−3).
A significant vertical variation in the NH3 concentration was only found
in summer. Source region analyses suggest that air masses from intensive
agricultural regions to the south contribute most to the high NH3
concentrations in Beijing. Local sources such as traffic emissions also
appear to be important contributors to atmospheric NH3 in this
urban environment.
Riverine particulate C and N generated at the permafrost thaw front: case study of western Siberian rivers across a 1700 km latitudinal transect
Authors: Krickov Ivan V. , Lim Artem G. , Manasypov Rinat M. , Loiko Sergey V. , Shirokova Liudmila S. , Kirpotin Sergey N. , Karlsson Jan , Pokrovsky Oleg S. 
Published: November 2018

Abstract. In contrast to numerous studies on the dynamics of dissolved (<0.45 µm)
elements in permafrost-affected high-latitude rivers, very little
is known of the behavior of river suspended (>0.45 µm)
matter (RSM) in these regions. In order to test the effect of climate,
permafrost and physio-geographical landscape parameters (bogs, forest and
lake coverage of the watershed) on RSM and particulate C, N and P
concentrations in river water, we sampled 33 small and medium-sized rivers (10–100 000 km2 watershed) along a 1700 km N–S transect
including both permafrost-affected and permafrost-free zones of the Western
Siberian Lowland (WSL). The concentrations of C and N in RSM decreased with
the increase in river watershed size, illustrating (i) the importance of
organic debris in small rivers which drain peatlands and (ii) the role of
mineral matter from bank abrasion in larger rivers. The presence of lakes in
the watershed increased C and N but decreased P concentrations in the RSM.
The C:N ratio in the RSM reflected the source from the deep soil horizon rather than surface
soil horizon, similar to that of other Arctic rivers. This suggests the
export of peat and mineral particles through suprapermafrost flow occurring
at the base of the active layer. There was a maximum of both particulate C
and N concentrations and export fluxes at the beginning of permafrost
appearance, in the sporadic and discontinuous zone (62–64∘ N).
This presumably reflected the organic matter mobilization from newly thawed
organic horizons in soils at the active latitudinal thawing front. The
results suggest that a northward shift of permafrost boundaries and an
increase in active layer thickness may increase particulate C and N export
by WSL rivers to the Arctic Ocean by a factor of 2, while P export may
remain unchanged. In contrast, within a long-term climate warming scenario,
the disappearance of permafrost in the north, the drainage of lakes and
transformation of bogs to forest may decrease C and N concentrations in RSM
by 2 to 3 times.
Determination of Phthalic Acid, 2-(3′,5′-Dibromo-2′,4′-Dihydroxybenzoyl) Benzoic Acid, and Tribromoresorcinol in the Color Additives D&C Red No. 21, D&C Red No. 22 (Eosin Y), and Their Lakes Using UHPLC
Authors: Belai Nebebech , Weisz Adrian 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Background: Certain impurities in the color additives drug and cosmetic (D&C) Red No. 21 (R21), D&C Red No. 22 (R22), and their lakes are limited to levels specified in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) and are quantified by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in batches of these color additives submitted for certification. Currently, a lengthy and tedious method based on gravity flow elution column chromatography is used to quantify the following CFR-specified impurities: the intermediate, phthalic acid (PhthAc); the manufacturing by-products, 2-(3′,5′-dibromo-2′,4′-dihydroxybenzoyl)benzoic acid (Br2BBA); and brominated resorcinol. “Brominated resorcinol” implies the sum of all possible brominated resorcinols, but the current work focused on 2,4,6-tribromoresorcinol (Br3R) as the most probable side-reaction product. Objective: An improved method was needed to quantify PhthAc, Br2BBA, and Br3R in R21, R22, and their lakes. Methods: A rapid ultra-HPLC (UHPLC) method was developed to replace the gravity flow method for quantitative determination of PhthAc, Br2BBA, and Br3R. Results: PhthAc, Br2BBA, and Br3R were quantified by using five-point calibration curves with data point ranges of 0.11–1.55, 0.06–0.77, and 0.04–0.61% by weight, respectively. LODs for the analytes ranged from 0.01 to 0.03%. Recoveries of the analytes ranged from 90.6 to 99.9%. Conclusions: The UHPLC method is accurate and significantly more rapid than the gravity -flow method, requiring approximately 7 min as compared with 6 h to detect PhthAc, Br2BBA, and Br3R in one sample. Highlights: A rapid UHPLC method was developed to determine CFR-specified impurities in the color additives D&C Red Nos. 21 and 22 and their lakes.
Dermoid cysts: Epidemiology and diagnostic approach based on clinical experiences
Authors: Choi June Seok , Bae Yong Chan , Lee Jae Woo , Kang Gyu Bin 
Published: November 2018

Background Dermoid cysts are congenital tumors that are benign. Dermoid cysts with intracranial extension can cause serious neurological complications. It is important, therefore, to determine whether a patient has a dermoid cyst when their chief concern at a doctor’s visit is a mass in the head or neck area. In this study, we present a literature review of dermoid cysts and an analysis of the authors’ experiences, with the goal of providing guidance useful for the diagnosis and treatment of dermoid cysts.
Methods This study retrospectively analyzed the medical records of 62 patients who visited the two medical clinics with which the authors are affiliated. The patients were enrolled between October 2003 and January 2017.
Results Of the 62 patients analyzed in this study, 32 were 0 to 5 years of age (52%) and 23 were 17 years of age or older (37%). Forty-seven patients underwent 1 or more imaging study during the process of diagnosis. Thirty-two patients were suspected to have a dermoid cyst. Forty-nine patients were analyzed to determine the depth of the cyst. Bone was seen in 43 patients through imaging tests or during actual surgery, and nine of the 43 had bony problems (21%).
Conclusions This study found that dermoid cysts were present in many adults, and that a high rate of deep lesions was observed, as well as many cases in which even the bone was affected. These results suggest, therefore, that dermoid cysts should be considered, and medical professionals should actively conduct imaging studies.
Avaliação das competências e fluência digitais de professores no ensino público médio e fundamental em Portugal
Authors: Dias-Trindade Sara , Moreira José António 
Published: November 2018

Esta pesquisa procura avaliar as competências e fluência digitais de professores portugueses, posicionando-os num nível de proficiência específico e apontando possíveis respostas formativas em função disso. Metodologicamente, realiza uma abordagem de cariz quantitativo, com ênfase na perceção de 127 professores do Ensino Médio e Fundamental, sobre as suas competências digitais em três dimensões nucleares: competências profissionais, competências pedagógicas e competências dos estudantes. Os resultados permitem concluir que os docentes apresentam, globalmente, um nível de proficiência digital moderado, apresentam valores mais baixos. Verifica-se, também, que as competências relacionadas com as diferentes necessidades dos estudantes apresentam maiores fragilidades e que não existem diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre as variáveis “idade” e “departamento disciplinar” e o nível de competência digital.
A theory and methodology to quantify knowledge
Authors: Fanelli Daniele 
Published: November 2018

This article proposes quantitative answers to meta-scientific questions including "how much knowledge is attained by a research field?","how rapidly is a field making progress?", "what is the expected reproducibility of a result?", "how much knowledge is lost from scientific bias and misconduct?" "what do we mean by soft science?", "what demarcates a pseudoscience?".
Knowledge is suggested to be a system-specific property measured by K, a quantity determined by how much the information contained in an explanandum is compressed by an explanans, which is composed of an information "input" and a "theory/methodology" conditioning factor. This approach is justified on three grounds: 1) K is derived from postulating that information is finite and knowledge is information compression; 2) K is compatible and convertible to ordinary measures of effect size and algorithmic complexity; 3) K is physically interpretable as a measure of entropic efficiency. Moreover, the K function has useful properties that support its potential as a measure of knowledge.
Examples given to illustrate the possible uses of K include: the knowledge value of proving Fermat's last theorem; the accuracy of measurements of the mass of the electron; the half life of predictions of solar eclipses; the usefulness of evolutionary models of reproductive skew; the significance of gender differences in personality; the sources of irreproducibility in psychology; the impact of scientific misconduct and questionable research practices; the knowledge value of astrology. Furthermore, measures derived from K may complement ordinary meta-analysis and may give rise to a universal classification of sciences and pseudosciences.
Simple and memorable mathematical formulae that summarize the theory's key results may find practical uses in meta-research, philosophy and research policy.
N
atrialba
Authors: Minegishi Hiroaki , Kamekura Masahiro 
Published: November 2018

Abstract

Na.tri.al'ba. N.L. n.
natron
(arbitrarily derived from the Arabic n.
natrun
or
natron
) soda, sodium carbonate; L. fem. adj.
alba
, white; N.L. fem. n.
Natrialba
, sodium white; referring to the high sodium ion requirement and the pigmentless colonies of the type species.

Euryarchaeota / Halobacteria / Natrialbales / Natrialbaceae / Natrialba

Strains of the genus
Natrialba
are extremely halophilic, with growth occurring in media containing 1.6–5.3 M NaCl. Temperatures between 20 and 60°C support growth. They are neutrophilic or alkaliphilic. Neutrophilic strains grow optimally at pH 7.0–8.0, while alkaliphilic strains grow up to pH 10.5–11.0 with optima at 9.0–9.5. Neutrophilic nonpigmented species are
Natrialba asiatica
,
Natrialba aegyptiaca
, and
Natrialba taiwanensis
, while alkaliphilic red‐pigmented species are
Natrialba chahannaoensis
,
Natrialba hulunbeirensis
, and
Natrialba magadii
. Cells lyse in distilled water. They are oxidase‐ and catalase‐positive, chemoorganotrophic, and aerobic. No growth is observed on single substrates. Most species reduce nitrate to nitrite. Neutrophilic species produce acids from sugars. Phylogenetically, the genus is closely related to the genera
Haloterrigena
,
Natrinema
,
Natronorubrum
, and
Natronolimnobius
. The major membrane polar lipids are C
20
C
20
and C
20
C
25
glycerol diether derivatives of PG and PGP‐Me. Neutrophilic species possess a glycolipid, S2‐DGD (disulfated diglycosyl diether), in addition, while alkaliphilic species do not. Isolates have been recovered from salterns, beach sands, salty soil, and soda lakes.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 60.3–64.3. The DNA may contain a major and a minor component.

Type species
:
Natrialba asiatica
Kamekura and Dyall‐Smith 1996, 625
VP
(effective publication: Kamekura and Dyall‐Smith 1995, 348).
S
porosalibacterium
Authors: Fardeau Marie‐Laure , Cayol Jean‐Luc , Ollivier Bernard 
Published: November 2018

Abstract

Spo.ro.sa.li.bac.te'ri.um. Gr. n.
spora
a seed and, in bacteriology, a spore; L. n.
sal, salis
salt; L. neut. n.
bacterium
a rod; N.L. neut. n.
Sporosalibacterium
a moderately halophilic sporulated rod.

Firmicutes / Clostridia / Clostridiales / Clostridiaceae / Sporosalibacterium

The genus
Sporosalibacterium
, at the time of writing, comprised two validly published species,
Sporosalibacterium faouarense
, which was isolated from a hydrocarbon‐polluted soil surrounding a deep petroleum environment located in the El Faouar area in south Tunisia, and
Sporosalibacterium tautonense
, obtained from the sample of a microbial mat, developed under the flow of subsurface water in TauTona Gold Mine, South Africa. The species of the genus are thermotolerant, moderately halophilic, and strictly anaerobic and present a fermentative growth on carbohydrates. Phylogenetic analyses using 16S rRNA gene sequences placed the two species as representatives of
Clostridiaceae
family.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 32.9 ± 2.5 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Sporosalibacterium faouarense
Rezgui, Ben Ali Gam, Ben Hamed, Fardeau, Cayol, Maaroufi and Labat 2011, 104
VP
.
C
hthonomonas
Authors: Stott Matthew B , Lee Kevin C‐Y , Morgan Xochitl C , Carere Carlo R 
Published: November 2018

Abstract

Chtho.no.mo'nas. Gr. n.
chthōn, chthonos
earth, soil, land; Gr. fem. n.
monas
a unit, monad; N.L. fem. n.
Chthonomonas
a unit (bacterium) from soil.

Armatimonadetes / Chthonomonadetes / Chthonomonadales / Chthonomonadaceae / Chthonomonas

Chthonomonas calidirosea
is the only cultivated and formally described species within the class
Chthonomonadetes
and one of the only three described species within the phylum
Armatimonadetes
. It is thermophilic and grows at moderately acidophilic conditions. Cells are highly corrugated rods with diderm cell walls, stain Gram‐negative, and display negative‐oxidase and positive‐catalase reactions. Cells do not generate spores. The DNA %G + C content is 54.4 mol%, and the major respiratory quinone is MK‐8. The principal fatty acids are C
16
:0
, iso‐C
17
:0
, and anteiso‐C
17
:0
. Cells are obligate aerobes. Carbohydrates, particularly oligosaccharides and amorphous polysaccharides, provide carbon and energy. The type strain was isolated from geothermally heated soils at Tikitere, near Rotorua, New Zealand.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 54.4 (genome analysis).

Type species
:
Chthonomonas calidirosea
Lee, Dunfield, Morgan, Crowe, Houghton, Vyssotski, Ryan, Lagutin, McDonald and Stott 2011, 2488
VP
.
S
alinirussus
Authors: Cui Heng‐Lin 
Published: November 2018

Abstract

Sa.li.ni.rus'sus. L. fem. pl. n.
salinae
salterns, salt works; L. masc. adj.
russus
red; N.L. masc. n.
Salinirussus
red salt organism from salt works.

Euryarchaeota / Halobacteria / Halobacteriales / Haloarculaceae / Salinirussus

The genus
Salinirussus
is classified with the family
Haloarculaceae
, order
Halobacteriales
, in the class
Halobacteria
. Cells are pleomorphic rod shaped under optimal growth conditions, red pigmented, stain Gram‐negative, are motile, and lyse in distilled water.
Salinirussus
is a neutrophile that grows optimally at pH 7.0 and at 37°C. It is an aerobic, chemoorganotrophic extreme halophile (optimum growth at 3.4 M NaCl), and can grow on a wide range of carbohydrates, organic acids, and amino acids as carbon and energy sources. Sugars are metabolized with the formation of acids. The major polar lipids are the diphytanyl glycerol diether derivatives of phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidylglycerol phosphate methyl ester (PGP‐Me), and three unidentified glycolipids. Currently, the genus consists of one species:
Salinirussus salinus
(the type species of the genus). The type strain and single strain of
Salinirussus
was isolated from marine solar saltern.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 69.0.

Type species
:
Salinirussus salinus
Cui, Lü, Li and Zhou 2017, 3625
VP
Nanocarriers and Their Loading Strategies
Authors: Wang Neng , Cheng Xuejun , Li Nan , Wang Hong , Chen Hongyu 
Published: November 2018

AbstractNanocarriers are of paramount significance for drug delivery and nanomedicine technology. Given the imperfect systems and nonideal therapeutic effects, there are works to be done in synthesis as much as in biological studies, if not more so. Building the foundation of synthesis would offer more tools and deeper insights for exploring the biological systems with extreme complexity. This review aims at a broad‐scope summary and classification of nanocarriers for drug delivery, with focus on the synthetic strategy and structural implications. The nanocarriers are divided into four categories according to the loading principle: molecular‐level loading, surface loading, matrix loading, and cavity loading systems. Making comparisons across diverse nanocarrier systems would make it easier to see the fundamental characteristics, from where the weakness can be addressed and the strengths combined. The systematic comparisons may also inspire new ideas and methods.
Programmable Construction of Peptide‐Based Materials in Living Subjects: From Modular Design and Morphological Control to Theranostics
Authors: Li Li‐Li , Qiao Zeng‐Ying , Wang Lei , Wang Hao 
Published: November 2018

AbstractSelf‐assembled nanomaterials show potential high efficiency as theranostics for high‐performance bioimaging and disease treatment. However, the superstructures of pre‐assembled nanomaterials may change in the complicated physiological conditions, resulting in compromised properties and/or biofunctions. Taking advantage of chemical self‐assembly and biomedicine, a new strategy of “in vivo self‐assembly” is proposed to in situ construct functional nanomaterials in living subjects to explore new biological effects. Herein, recent advances on peptide‐based nanomaterials constructed by the in vivo self‐assembly strategy are summarized. Modular peptide building blocks with various functions, such as targeting, self‐assembly, tailoring, and biofunctional motifs, are employed for the construction of nanomaterials. Then, self‐assembly of these building blocks in living systems to construct various morphologies of nanostructures and corresponding unique biological effects, such as assembly/aggregation‐induced retention (AIR), are introduced, followed by their applications in high‐performance drug delivery and bioimaging. Finally, an outlook and perspective toward future developments of in vivo self‐assembled peptide‐based nanomaterials for translational medicine are concluded.
Nanoscale Coatings for Ultralow Dose BMP‐2‐Driven Regeneration of Critical‐Sized Bone Defects
Authors: Cheng Zhe A. , Alba‐Perez Andres , Gonzalez‐Garcia Cristina , Donnelly Hannah , Llopis‐Hernandez Virginia , Jayawarna Vineetha , Childs Peter , Shields David W. , Cantini Marco , Ruiz‐Cantu Laura , Reid Andrew , Windmill James F. C. , Addison Elena S. , Corr Sandra , Marshall William G. , Dalby Matthew J. , Salmeron‐Sanchez Manuel 
Published: November 2018

AbstractWhile new biomaterials for regenerative therapies are being reported in the literature, clinical translation is slow. Some existing regenerative approaches rely on high doses of growth factors, such as bone morphogenetic protein‐2 (BMP‐2) in bone regeneration, which can cause serious side effects. An ultralow‐dose growth factor technology is described yielding high bioactivity based on a simple polymer, poly(ethyl acrylate) (PEA), and mechanisms to drive stem cell differentiation and bone regeneration in a critical‐sized murine defect model with translation to a clinical veterinary setting are reported. This material‐based technology triggers spontaneous fibronectin organization and stimulates growth factor signalling, enabling synergistic integrin and BMP‐2 receptor activation in mesenchymal stem cells. To translate this technology, plasma‐polymerized PEA is used on 2D and 3D substrates to enhance cell signalling in vitro, showing the complete healing of a critical‐sized bone injury in mice in vivo. Efficacy is demonstrated in a Münsterländer dog with a nonhealing humerus fracture, establishing the clinical translation of advanced ultralow‐dose growth factor treatment.
Recent Advances and Emerging Trends in Photo‐Electrochemical Solar Energy Conversion
Authors: Tilley S. David 
Published: November 2018

AbstractPhoto‐electrochemical (PEC) solar energy conversion offers the promise of low‐cost renewable fuel generation from abundant sunlight and water. In this Review, recent developments in photo‐electrochemical water splitting are discussed with respect to this promise. State‐of‐the‐art photo‐electrochemical device performance is put in context with the current understanding of the necessary requirements for cost‐effective solar hydrogen generation (in terms of solar‐to‐hydrogen conversion efficiency and system durability, in particular). Several important studies of photo‐electrochemical hydrogen generation at p‐type photocathodes are highlighted, mostly with protection layers (for enhanced durability), but also a few recent examples where protective layers are not needed. Recent work with the widely studied n‐type BiVO4 photoanode is detailed, which highlights the needs and necessities for the next big photoanode material yet to be discovered. The emerging new research direction of photo‐electrocatalytic upgrading of biomass substrates toward value‐added chemicals is then discussed, before closing with a commentary on how research on PEC materials remains a worthwhile endeavor.
Triboelectric Nanogenerator: A Foundation of the Energy for the New Era
Authors: Wu Changsheng , Wang Aurelia C. , Ding Wenbo , Guo Hengyu , Wang Zhong Lin 
Published: November 2018

AbstractAs the world is marching into the era of the internet of things (IoTs) and artificial intelligence, the most vital development for hardware is a multifunctional array of sensing systems, which forms the foundation of the fourth industrial revolution toward an intelligent world. Given the need for mobility of these multitudes of sensors, the success of the IoTs calls for distributed energy sources, which can be provided by solar, thermal, wind, and mechanical triggering/vibrations. The triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) for mechanical energy harvesting developed by Z.L. Wang's group is one of the best choices for this energy for the new era, since triboelectrification is a universal and ubiquitous effect with an abundant choice of materials. The development of self‐powered active sensors enabled by TENGs is revolutionary compared to externally powered passive sensors, similar to the advance from wired to wireless communication. In this paper, the fundamental theory, experiments, and applications of TENGs are reviewed as a foundation of the energy for the new era with four major application fields: micro/nano power sources, self‐powered sensors, large‐scale blue energy, and direct high‐voltage power sources. A roadmap is proposed for the research and commercialization of TENG in the next 10 years.