bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On beginning with justice: Bioethics, advocacy and the rights of asylum seekers
Authors: Zion Deborah 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe situation around the seeking of refuge, both in Australia and abroad, has become a core human rights issue of our time, engendering protest and activism from the public, researchers, healthcare professionals and academics. The question remains: do bioethicists have duties to advocate on behalf of such populations, and if so, why? I argue that if our work is founded upon the principle of justice, then we do have such duties, and that our research, in itself, can become a form of advocacy.
The prognostic value and pathophysiologic significance of three‐dimensional fluid‐attenuated inversion recovery (3D‐FLAIR) magnetic resonance imaging in idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Lammers Marc J. W. , Young Emily , Fenton David , Lea Jane , Westerberg Brian D. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe underlying pathophysiology of idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss (ISSNHL) is still unknown. However, an increasing number of observational studies report intralabyrinthine signal alterations in patients with ISSNHL using three‐dimensional fluid‐attenuated inversion recovery (3D‐FLAIR) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). These findings warrant a meta‐analysis.Objective of reviewTo conduct a meta‐analysis assessing the value of 3D‐FLAIR MRI in identifying possible underlying labyrinthine pathophysiologic mechanisms and prognostication in patients with ISSNHL.Search strategyTwo reviewers independently searched the Pubmed, Embase and Cochrane Library from inception until October 10, 2018 and evaluated eligibility based on titles and abstracts of all retrieved studies. All studies reporting on 3D‐FLAIR imaging in ISSNHL were included. Subsequently, the full text of eligible studies were evaluated.Evaluation methodAdhering to the MOOSE guideline, two independent reviewers extracted data, assessed risk of bias and evaluated the relevance and quality of evidence. Data on the number of patients and events were extracted and hearing levels were converted to standardised mean differences (SMD) for conducting meta‐analyses. Random effects models for meta‐analyses were applied.ResultsEight observational studies met our inclusion criteria (n = 638 patients). In 29%, high signal intensity was found on 3D‐FLAIR imaging, suggesting labyrinthine pathology (labyrinthitis [79%], intralabyrinthine haemorrhage [21%]). High signal intensity on 3D‐FLAIR was associated with poorer hearing (SMD: 14 dB, 95% CI 5.67‐22.94) and vertigo (RR: 1.92, 95% CI 1.16‐3.17) at baseline. Multivariate analyses demonstrated that patients with high 3D‐FLAIR signal intensity had 21 dB lower final hearing pure‐tone averages (SMD: 21 dB, 95% CI 9.08‐33.24).ConclusionsThree‐dimensional fluid‐attenuated inversion recovery MR imaging can identify an underlying labyrinthine condition in up to 29% of patients with sudden hearing loss in whom previously no cause could be identified. Their final pure‐tone averages are more than 20 dB worse than 3D‐FLAIR–negative patients, suggesting more severe labyrinthine damage. Findings such as these may contribute to our understanding of pathophysiologic mechanisms of ISSNHL.
Effects of rarity form on species’ responses to land use
Authors: Sykes Louise , Santini Luca , Etard Adrienne , Newbold Tim 
Published: September 2019

AbstractAnthropogenic land‐use change causes substantial changes in local and global biodiversity. Rare and common species can differ in sensitivity to land‐use change; rare species are expected to be affected more negatively. Rarity may be defined in terms of geographic range size, population density, or breadth of habitat requirements. How these 3 forms of rarity interact in determining global responses to land use is yet to be assessed. Using global data representing 912 vertebrate species, we tested for differences in responses to land use of species characterized by different types of rarity. Land‐use responses were fitted using generalized linear mixed‐effects models, allowing responses to vary among groups of species with different forms of rarity. Species considered rare with respect to all 3 forms of rarity showed particularly strong declines in disturbed land uses (>40% of species and 30% of individuals in the most disturbed land uses). In contrast, species common both geographically and numerically and with broad habitat requirements showed strong increases (up to 90% increase in species and 40% in abundance in some land uses). Our results suggest that efforts to understand the vulnerability of species to environmental changes should account for different types of rarity where possible. Our results also have potentially important implications for ecosystem functioning, given that rare species may play unique roles within ecosystems.
After King: Responsibility for Queer and Trans Expressions
Authors: Greteman Adam J. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractIn this article, Adam Greteman considers the murder of Lawrence/Latisha King by Brandon McInerney in February 2008. Greteman turns to this case, a decade after it occurred, because it raises a number of issues regarding our evolving understandings of genders, sexualities, and the risks of encountering such differences in the space of school in the twenty‐first century. Greteman argues that we live in a moment where queer and trans youth are coming out and becoming queer and trans earlier and, in various ways, expanding our understanding of genders and sexualities, and also illustrating the complex responsibilities that schools — in the form of teachers, administrators, and students — have toward these forms of becoming. He explores the limits of a liability model of responsibility and the need for contemplating responsibility more broadly as it encounters systemic forms of injustice (for example, transphobia, homophobia, and white supremacy) in the classroom. If queer and trans youth have more access to resources, protections, and representations in the late 2010s, how do those in schools — students, teachers, staff, and administrators — engage the tensions that can arise between queer and trans expressions and expressions opposed to queerness and transness? And how do schools continue to take up their collective responsibilities for the lives of students who are becoming in the midst of systemic injustice?
Genotypic diversity and distribution of Sphaeropsis sapinea within Pinus radiata trees from northern Spain
Authors: Manzanos Tania , Aragonés Ana , Iturritxa Eugenia 
Published: September 2019

AbstractSphaeropsis sapinea is an important latent pathogen of Pinus spp., outbreaks of which have a considerable impact on plantations. This study considers the population diversity and distribution of S. sapinea in northern Spain at different spatial scales from single plantations to a wide area covered by Pinus radiata trees. Estimation of genotypic diversity is an important component of the analysis of the genetic structure of plant pathogen populations. Ten simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were used, together with vegetative compatibility tests, to study the genetic diversity among S. sapinea isolates. Polymorphism analysis at SSR loci is a simple and direct approach for estimating the genetic diversity of S. sapinea isolates. From a total of 86 isolates collected from four different areas, 14 microsatellite haplotypes and 13 vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) were identified. The percentage of maximum genotypic diversity, based on Stoddart and Taylor's index, for microsatellites of the northern Spain population ranged from 14.6% to 38.1% and from 8.0% to 29.4% for VCGs. Analysis of these markers and vegetative compatibility groups confirmed that S. sapinea reproduces mainly asexually due to its reduced genotypic diversity in spatially close populations. Isolates of S. sapinea from northern Spain populations were predominantly monomorphic at the tested SSR loci. Vegetative compatibility groups also indicate a low level of genetic variability in these samples, which appear to be clonal.
Rapid establishment of teat order and allonursing in wild boar (Sus scrofa)
Authors: Arnold Leonie C. , Habe Manuela , Troxler Josef , Nowack Julia , Vetter Sebastian G. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractTransfer of milk is the fundamental common characteristic of mammalian reproduction, but species differ considerably with respect to nursing strategies. The consequences of teat orders and allonursing have been studied intensively in domestic pigs. However, whether similar nursing strategies also exist in wild boar, the ancestor of domestic pigs is so far not known. The occurrence of allonursing in wild boar is only described anecdotally, and the question whether a teat order is established has not yet been investigated. Studying suckling behaviour of 29 piglets from six primiparous wild boar females in a semi‐natural environment we found a surprisingly fast development of a rigid teat order among littermates, which established within 2.2 hr after birth. This suggests strong fitness benefits of this phenomenon that may ultimately explain the evolution and maintenance of this trait. We further found a strong synchrony of oestrus and delivery among the females of a group, as well as the occurrence of allonursing. By determining the amount of allonursing for the first time quantitatively, we demonstrate the importance of this trait and its presumably pivotal role for juvenile survival under truly natural conditions.
Association between fatigue and depressive symptoms among kidney transplantation recipients: The mediating role of rumination
Authors: Zhang Rongmei , Jia Jihui , Zhang Dan , Zhao Xia 
Published: September 2019

AbstractAimsDepressive symptoms are common among kidney transplantation recipients. Previous studies have reported that fatigue and rumination are risk factors for depressive symptoms. To date, the underlying mechanisms of fatigue, rumination, and depressive symptoms among kidney transplantation recipients remain unclear. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of depressive symptoms and investigate whether rumination mediates the association between fatigue and depressive symptoms among kidney transplantation recipients.DesignCross‐sectional study.MethodsThe study of 207 kidney transplantation recipients with an average age of 44.5 years was conducted from January 2017–July 2017. Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, fatigue, rumination, and depressive symptoms data were collected. For the descriptive analysis, Pearson correlations and mediation analysis based on the PROCESS macro were used.ResultsThe prevalence of depressive symptoms among kidney transplantation recipients was 21.7%. Rumination mediated the association between fatigue and depressive symptoms and the indirect effect was 0.19 (95% confidence interval: 0.10–0.28).ConclusionDepressive symptoms were highly prevalent among kidney transplantation recipients. Rumination exerts a mediating role between fatigue and depressive symptoms.ImpactThis study alerts physicians and nurses for the importance of considering the mental health of these patients and contributes to the development of effective depression management interventions.
Identification of IscU residues critical for de novo iron–sulfur cluster assembly
Authors: Tanaka Naoyuki , Yuda Eiki , Fujishiro Takashi , Hirabayashi Kei , Wada Kei , Takahashi Yasuhiro 
Published: September 2019

SummaryIscU is a central component of the ISC machinery and serves as a scaffold for the de novo assembly of iron–sulfur (Fe–S) clusters prior to their delivery to target apo‐Fe–S proteins. However, the molecular mechanism is not yet fully understood. In this study, we have conducted mutational analysis of E. coli IscU using the recently developed genetic complementation system of a mutant that can survive without Fe–S clusters. The Fe–S cluster ligands (C37, C63, H105, C106) and the proximal D39 and K103 residues are essential for in vivo function of IscU and could not be substituted with any other amino acids. Furthermore, we found that substitution of Y3, a strictly conserved residue among IscU homologs, abolished in vivo functions. Surprisingly, a second‐site suppressor mutation in IscS (A349V) reverted the defect caused by IscU Y3 substitutions. Biochemical analysis revealed that IscU Y3 was crucial for functional interaction with IscS and sulfur transfer between the two proteins. Our findings suggest that the critical role of IscU Y3 is linked to the conformational dynamics of the flexible loop of IscS, which is required for the ingenious sulfur transfer to IscU.
Chaotic peak propagation in patients with Jackhammer esophagus
Authors: Xiao Yinglian , Carlson Dustin A. , Lin Zhiyue , Pandolfino John E. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe contractile activity of Jackhammer esophagus(JE) is heterogeneous and abnormalities in the balance of pre‐ and post‐peak contractile activity has been reported. We observed that the progression of the peak contraction is disordered in JE patients, which reflect underlying abnormalities in the inhibitory and excitatory influence in esophageal contraction. In order to better define this abnormality, we developed novel time metrics to define trajectory of the pressure wave peak and assessed it in healthy controls and JE patients.Methods38 patients with JE (ages 43‐70, 19 females) and 71 asymptomatic controls (ages 19‐48; 33 females) were retrospectively evaluated. High resolution manometry was performed in all subjects with 10 supine liquid swallows. The first 5 intact supine swallows and supine swallow with the greatest DCI were analyzed using ManoView™ software and customized MATLAB program. The time distance, negative time distance sum and chaotic ratio were calculated. JE patients were subcategorized by the Brief Esophageal Dysphagia Questionnaire (BEDQ) with cut‐off of 6.Key resultsJackhammer patients had longer time distance, longer negative time distance, and higher chaotic ratio than controls( p < 0.001). The distribution of the number of negative time distances differed between JE patients with BEDQ>6 and BEDQ≤6.Conclusions & InferencesThe trajectory of the pressure wave peak propagation commonly occurred in an unordered fashion in JE, but rarely in controls. Additionally, differences in pressure propagation trajectory was associated with higher symptom scores thus trajectory of the pressure wave peak may be an important marker of abnormal esophageal motor function.
Characterizing the involvement of FaMADS9 in the regulation of strawberry fruit receptacle development
Authors: Vallarino José G. , Merchante Catharina , Sánchez‐Sevilla José F. , de Luis Balaguer María Angels , Pott Delphine M. , Ariza María T. , Casañal Ana , Posé David , Vioque Amalia , Amaya Iraida , Willmitzer Lothar , Solano Roberto , Sozzani Rosangela , Fernie Alisdair R. , Botella Miguel A. , Giovannoni James J. , Valpuesta Victoriano , Osorio Sonia 
Published: September 2019

AbstractFaMADS9 is the strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) gene that exhibits the highest homology to the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) RIN gene. Transgenic lines were obtained in which FaMADS9 was silenced. The fruits of these lines did not show differences in basic parameters, such as fruit firmness or colour, but exhibited lower Brix values in three of the four independent lines. The gene ontology MapMan category that was most enriched among the differentially expressed genes in the receptacles at the white stage corresponded to the regulation of transcription, including a high percentage of transcription factors and regulatory proteins associated with auxin action. In contrast, the most enriched categories at the red stage were transport, lipid metabolism and cell wall. Metabolomic analysis of the receptacles of the transformed fruits identified significant changes in the content of maltose, galactonic acid‐1,4‐lactone, proanthocyanidins and flavonols at the green/white stage, while isomaltose, anthocyanins and cuticular wax metabolism were the most affected at the red stage. Among the regulatory genes that were differentially expressed in the transgenic receptacles were several genes previously linked to flavonoid metabolism, such as MYB10, DIV, ZFN1, ZFN2, GT2, and GT5, or associated with the action of hormones, such as abscisic acid, SHP, ASR, GTE7 and SnRK2.7. The inference of a gene regulatory network, based on a dynamic Bayesian approach, among the genes differentially expressed in the transgenic receptacles at the white and red stages, identified the genes KAN1, DIV, ZFN2 and GTE7 as putative targets of FaMADS9. A MADS9‐specific CArG box was identified in the promoters of these genes.
Do epistemic reasons bear on the ought simpliciter?
Authors: Mantel Susanne 
Published: September 2019

AbstractAre epistemic reasons normative in the same sense as, for instance, moral reasons? In this paper I examine and defend the claim that epistemic reasons are normative only relative to an epistemic standard. Unlike moral reasons they are not substantially normative, because they fail to make an independent contribution to obligations or permissions simpliciter. After presenting what I take to be the main argument for this view, I illustrate that the argument has often been defended by examples which controversially presuppose strong epistemic obligations or pragmatic reasons for belief. Opponents of the argument often deny the existence of obligations and reasons of these kinds. I therefore examine whether the argument can withstand that line of critique by employing new examples.
Selecting Biomarkers for Building Optimal Treatment Selection Rules by Using Kernel Machines
Authors: Dasgupta Sayan , Huang Ying 
Published: September 2019

SummaryOptimal biomarker combinations for treatment selection can be derived by minimizing the total burden to the population caused by the targeted disease and its treatment. However, when multiple biomarkers are present, including all in the model can be expensive and can hurt model performance. To remedy this, we consider feature selection in optimization by minimizing an extended total burden that additionally incorporates biomarker costs. Formulating it as a 0-norm penalized weighted classification, we develop various procedures for estimating linear and non-linear combinations. Through simulations and a real data example, we demonstrate the importance of incorporating feature selection and marker cost when deriving treatment selection rules.
Necrostatin‐1 supplementation enhances young porcine islet maturation and in vitro function
Authors: Lau Hien , Corrales Nicole , Alexander Michael , Mohammadi Mohammad Rezaa , Li Shiri , Smink Alexandra M. , de Vos Paul , Lakey Jonathan R. T. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractBackgroundNecroptosis has been demonstrated to be a primary mechanism of islet cell death. This study evaluated whether the supplementation of necrostatin‐1 (Nec‐1), a potent inhibitor of necroptosis, to islet culture media could improve the recovery, maturation, and function of pre‐weaned porcine islets (PPIs).MethodsPPIs were isolated from pre‐weaned Yorkshire piglets (8‐15 days old) and either cultured in control islet culture media (n = 6) or supplemented with Nec‐1 (100 µM, n = 5). On days 3 and 7 of culture, islets were assessed for recovery, insulin content, viability, cellular composition, GLUT2 expression in beta cells, differentiation of pancreatic endocrine progenitor cells, function, and oxygen consumption rate.ResultsNec‐1 supplementation induced a 2‐fold increase in the insulin content of PPIs on day 7 of culture. When compared to untreated islets, Nec‐1 treatment doubled the beta‐ and alpha‐cell composition and accelerated the development of delta cells. Additionally, beta cells of Nec‐1‐treated islets had a significant upregulation in GLUT2 expression. The enhanced development of major endocrine cells and GLUT2 expression after Nec‐1 treatment subsequently led to a significant increase in the amount of insulin secreted in response to in vitro glucose challenge. Islet recovery, viability, and oxygen consumption rate were unaffected by Nec‐1.ConclusionThis study underlines the importance of necroptosis in islet cell death after isolation and demonstrates the novel effects of Nec‐1 to increase islet insulin content, enhance pancreatic endocrine cell development, facilitate GLUT2 upregulation in beta cells, and augment insulin secretion. Nec‐1 supplementation to culture media significantly improves islet quality prior to xenotransplantation.
High
In Vitro
Susceptibility to the First-in-Class Spiropyrimidinetrione Zoliflodacin among Consecutive Clinical Neisseria gonorrhoeae Isolates from Thailand and South Africa
Authors: Jacobsson Susanne , Kularatne Ranmini , Kittiyaowamarn Rossaphorn , Maseko Venessa , Paopang Porntip , Sangprasert Pongsathorn , Sirivongrangson Pachara , Piddock Laura , Wi Teodora , Alirol Emilie , Unemo Magnus 
Published: September 2019

We evaluated the
in vitro
susceptibility to the first-in-class spiropyrimidinetrione zoliflodacin among recent consecutive clinical
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
isolates cultured in Thailand (
n
= 99) (in 2018) and South Africa (
n
= 100) (in 2015 to 2017).
Pterygium in adults from the Brazilian Amazon Region: prevalence, visual status and refractive errors
Authors: Fernandes Arthur G , Salomão Solange R , Ferraz Nívea N , Mitsuhiro Márcia H , Furtado Joao M , Muñoz Sergio , Cypel Marcela C , Cunha Cristina C , Vasconcelos Galton C , Sacai Paula Y , Morales Paulo H , Cohen Marcos J , Cohen Jacob M , Watanabe Sung S , Campos Mauro , Belfort Junior Rubens , Berezovsky Adriana 
Published: September 2019

AimsTo determine prevalence of pterygium, its role as main cause of unilateral and bilateral visual impairment and blindness and its impact on refractive errors from adults living in a high ultraviolet exposure area in the Brazilian Amazon Region.MethodsCluster sampling was used in randomly selecting subjects ≥45 years of age from urban and rural areas of Parintins city. Eligible subjects were enumerated through a door-to-door household survey and invited for an eye exam including refraction. Pterygium was assessed considering location (nasal, temporal or both) and size (<3 mm or ≥3 mm reaching or not pupillary margin).ResultsA total of 2384 persons were enumerated and 2041 (85.6%) were examined. Prevalence of pterygium was 58.8% (95% CI 53.8% to 63.7%) and associated with male gender (OR=1.63; 95% CI 1.37 to 1.94; p=0.001), while higher education was a protective factor (OR=0.63; 95% CI 0.44 to 0.92; p=0.018). Older age and rural residence were associated with pterygium ≥3 mm reaching or not pupillary margin, while higher education was a protective factor for pterygium ≥3 mm reaching pupillary margin. Prevalence of pterygium as cause of visual impairment and blindness was 14.3% and 3.9%, respectively. Significantly higher hyperopic refractive errors were found in eyes with pterygium ≥3 mm reaching or not pupillary margin.ConclusionsPterygium was highly prevalent and the second cause of visual impairment and blindness after provision of refractive correction. Risk factors for pterygium were male gender, advanced age, lower education and rural residency. Strategies to provide pterygium early detection and proper management should be considered by healthcare authorities in this population.