bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enhancing Photoluminescence of Nonconventional Luminescent Polymers by Increasing Chain Flexibility
Authors: Shang Cong , Zhao Yaxin , Wei Nan , Zhuo Hongmei , Shao Yumei , Wang Huiliang 
Published: September 2019

AbstractMany nonconventional luminescent polymers are found to exhibit intrinsic photoluminescence and “aggregation‐induced emission” (AIE) behavior. Strong physical interactions among polymer chains and/or a rigid molecular conformation of polymer chains are thought to be beneficial to boost stronger emissions. The purpose of this work is to prove that increasing chain flexibility is, at least in some cases, beneficial to enhance the photoluminescence of nonconventional luminescent polymers. Poly(itaconic anhydride) (PITA) and poly[(1‐octene)‐co‐(itaconic anhydride)] (POITA) synthesized in this work are highly emissive in concentrated solutions and in solid state, exhibiting typical AIE characteristics, and very interestingly, the copolymer POITA exhibits stronger and red‐shifted emissions than the homopolymer PITA in both solutions and in the solid state. These results are explained by the increase of chain flexibility, which makes the nonconventional chromophores adopt proper conformations for strong intra‐ and/or interchain n‐π* and/or π–π* interactions. This study sheds some light on designing nonconventional luminescent materials with high emission efficiency and long wavelength emission.
Impacts of layout, surface condition and alloying elements on diffusion welding of micro process devices
Authors: Gietzelt T. , Toth V. , Weingaertner T. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe formation of a monolithic part during diffusion bonding is accompanied by the diffusion of atoms across the bonding planes. At sufficient low roughness, it mainly depends on the temperature and dwell time. At the same time, the diffusion process competes against grain growth. By adjusting an appropriate level of bearing pressure, it is possible to control deformation taking into account additional parameters resulting from mechanical microstructures and the design and aspect ratio of the part. Furthermore, material properties, such as the content of alloying elements, the degree of cold work hardening and the grain size, have an impact on diffusion and deformation behavior. Also the surface condition of mating surfaces is important to diffusion kinetics and the quality of the joint. Especially passivation layers of corrosion‐resistant alloys, such as stainless steels and nickel‐based alloys, impair diffusion. In contrast to this, cold work hardening at low depth below the surface, e. g. by means of a blasting processes, may facilitate formation of a good bond and help to limit grain size. For oxide dispersion‐strengthened materials, additional impacts on diffusion bonding behavior applies.
Allosteric modulation of G protein‐coupled receptors by amiloride and its derivatives. Perspectives for drug discovery?
Authors: Massink Arnault , Amelia Tasia , Karamychev Alex , IJzerman Adriaan P. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe function of G protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs) can be modulated by compounds that bind to other sites than the endogenous orthosteric binding site, so‐called allosteric sites. Structure elucidation of a number of GPCRs has revealed the presence of a sodium ion bound in a conserved allosteric site. The small molecule amiloride and analogs thereof have been proposed to bind in this same sodium ion site. Hence, this review seeks to summarize and reflect on the current knowledge of allosteric effects by amiloride and its analogs on GPCRs. Amiloride is known to modulate adenosine, adrenergic, dopamine, chemokine, muscarinic, serotonin, gonadotropin‐releasing hormone, GABAB, and taste receptors. Amiloride analogs with lipophilic substituents tend to be more potent modulators than amiloride itself. Adenosine, α‐adrenergic and dopamine receptors are most strongly modulated by amiloride analogs. In addition, for a few GPCRs, more than one binding site for amiloride has been postulated. Interestingly, the nature of the allosteric effect of amiloride and derivatives varies considerably between GPCRs, with both negative and positive allosteric modulation occurring. Since the sodium ion binding site is strongly conserved among class A GPCRs it is to be expected that amiloride also binds to class A GPCRs not evaluated yet. Investigating this typical amiloride‐GPCR interaction further may yield general insight in the allosteric mechanisms of GPCR ligand binding and function, and possibly provide new opportunities for drug discovery.
Technical Note: Rotational positional error corrected intrafraction set‐up margins in stereotactic radiotherapy: A spatial assessment for coplanar and noncoplanar geometry
Authors: Sarkar Biplab , Munshi Anusheel , Ganesh Tharmarnadar , Manikandan Arjunan , Krishnankutty Saneg , Chitral Latika , Pradhan Anirudh , Kalyan Mohanti Bidhu 
Published: September 2019

PurposeThe aim of this study is to calculate setup margin based on six‐dimensional (6D) corrected residual positional errors from kV cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and from intrafraction projection kV imaging in coplanar and in noncoplanar couch positions in stereotactic radiotherapy.MethodsSix dimensional positional corrections were carried out before patient treatments, using a robotic couch and CBCT matching. A CBCT and stereoscopic ExacTrac image were acquired post‐table position correction. Further, a series of intrafraction ExacTrac images were obtained for the variable couch position. Translational and rotational errors were identified as lateral (X), longitudinal (Y), vertical (Z); roll (Ɵ°), pitch (Φ°) and yaw (Ψ°). A total of 699 intrafraction image sets (361 coplanar and 338 noncoplanar) for 51 SRS/SRT patients were analysed. Rotational errors were corrected in terms of translational coordinates. Residual set‐up margins were calculated from CBCT shifts. ExacTrac shifts give residual + intrafraction setup margins as a function of coplanar and noncoplanar couch positions.ResultsThe average residual positional error obtained from CBCT in X, Y, Z, Ɵ, Φ, Ψ were 0.1 ± 0.4 mm, 0.0 ± 0.6 mm, 0.0 ± 0.5 mm, 0.2 ± 0.8°, 0.1 ± 0.6° and −0.1 ± 0.7° respectively. For ExacTrac, the shits were −0.5 ± 0.9 mm, −0.0 ± 1mm, −0.6 ± 1.0mm, 0.4 ± 0.9°, −0.2 ± 0.6°, and −0.0 ± 0.8°.CBCT calculated linear setup margins in X, Y, Z direction were 0.5, 1.2, and 1 mm respectively. ExacTrac yielded coplanar and noncoplanar linear setup margins were 1.2, 1.3, 1.5, 1.4, 1.5, and 2.1 mm respectively.ConclusionCBCT‐based gross residual set‐up margin is equal to 1 mm. ExacTrac calculated residual plus intrafraction setup margin falls within a 2 mm range; attributed to intrafraction patient movement, table position inaccuracies, and poor image fusion in noncoplanar geometry. There could be variations in the required additional margin between centers and between machines, which require further studies.
Asthma status moderates the relationship between neighbourhood disadvantage and obesity in African American adolescent females
Authors: Cahill Laura M. , Fisher Kiva A. , Robinson William T. , Beiter Kaylin J. , Zabaleta Jovanny , Tseng Tung S. , Kepper Maura M. , Skizim Meg K. , Griffiths Lauren A. , Uddo Robert B. , Pelligrino Nicole E. , Maronge Jacob M. , Happel Kyle , Scribner Richard , Sothern Melinda S. 
Published: September 2019

SummaryIntroductionSignificant health disparities exist in asthma and obesity for African American youths. Successful interventions present an opportunity to address these disparities but require detailed study in order to ensure generalizability. This study investigated the intersection of obesity, neighbourhood disadvantage, and asthma.MethodsData were extracted from 129 African American females ages 13 to 19 years (mean = 15.6 years [SD = 1.9]). Obesity was measured via body mass index (BMI). Asthma status was based on clinical diagnosis and/or results of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies during Childhood (ISAAC) questionnaire. The concentrated disadvantage index (CDI) assessed neighbourhood disadvantage.ResultsFindings showed that 21.5% (n = 28) of participants were clinically defined as having asthma, 76.2% (n = 99) had obesity, and 24.9% (n = 31) were classified without obesity. The mean BMI was 35.1 (SD = 9.1) and the mean CDI was 1.0 (SD = 0.9). CDI and obesity were significantly associated in participants without asthma, but not in those with asthma. Multivariable linear regression results showed a significant interaction between CDI and asthma (t value = 2.2, P = .03).ConclusionIn sum, results from this study found that asthma moderated the relationship between neighbourhood disadvantage and obesity.
Structural basis for the coordination of cell division with the synthesis of the bacterial cell envelope
Authors: Booth Simon , Lewis Richard J. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractBacteria are surrounded by a complex cell envelope made up of one or two membranes supplemented with a layer of peptidoglycan (PG). The envelope is responsible for the protection of bacteria against lysis in their oft‐unpredictable environments and it contributes to cell integrity, morphology, signaling, nutrient/small‐molecule transport, and, in the case of pathogenic bacteria, host–pathogen interactions and virulence. The cell envelope requires considerable remodeling during cell division in order to produce genetically identical progeny. Several proteinaceous machines are responsible for the homeostasis of the cell envelope and their activities must be kept coordinated in order to ensure the remodeling of the envelope is temporally and spatially regulated correctly during multiple cycles of cell division and growth. This review aims to highlight the complexity of the components of the cell envelope, but focusses specifically on the molecular apparatuses involved in the synthesis of the PG wall, and the degree of cross talk necessary between the cell division and the cell wall remodeling machineries to coordinate PG remodeling during division. The current understanding of many of the proteins discussed here has relied on structural studies, and this review concentrates particularly on this structural work.
Engineering chromosome region maintenance 1 fragments that bind to nuclear export signals
Authors: Lei Yuqin , An Qi , Zhang Yuqing , Luo Ping , Luo Youfu , Shen Xiaofei , Jia Da , Sun Qingxiang 
Published: September 2019

AbstractChromosome region maintenance 1 (CRM1) exports nuclear export signal (NES) containing cargos from nucleus to cytoplasm and plays critical roles in cancer and viral infections. Biochemical and biophysical studies on this protein were often obstructed by its low purification yield and stability. With the help of PROSS server and NES protection strategy, we successfully designed three small fragments of CRM1, each made of four HEAT repeats and capable of binding to NESs in the absence of RanGTP. One of the fragments, C7, showed dramatically improved purification yield, thermostability, mechanostability, and resistance to protease digestion. We showed by isothermal titration that the protein kinase inhibitor NES binds to C7 at 1.18 μM affinity. Direct binding to C7 by several reported CRM1 inhibitors derived from plants were verified using pull‐down assays. These fragments might be useful for the development of CRM1 inhibitors towards treatment of related diseases. The strategy applied here might help to tackle similar problems encountered in different fields.
Assimilation of satellite data in numerical weather prediction. Part I: The early years
Authors: Eyre J. R. , English S. J. , Forsythe M. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractDevelopments in the assimilation of satellite data in numerical weather prediction (NWP), from the first experiments in the late 1960s to the present day, are presented in a two‐part review article. This first part reviews the early years, up to about the year 2000. It includes summaries of the relevant satellite remote sensing technologies, the theoretical and practical challenges faced when assimilating their data within NWP systems, and the impacts on forecast skill. An important part of this story concerns developments in the assimilation of information on atmospheric temperature and humidity provided by data from passive infrared and microwave radiometers. Following early successes with the assimilation of retrieved temperature profiles, there followed a problematic period, as other aspects of NWP systems improved and the impacts of satellite sounding data declined. Positive impacts were re‐established in the 1990s through moves towards more direct assimilation of radiance information. Another important theme concerns developments in the assimilation of wind information via atmospheric motion vectors, which underwent a series of improvements during these years. Additional contributions were provided by information on ocean surface wind from scatterometers. Some contributions from other technologies during this period are also summarised.
High Spatial Resolution Mapping of Localized Surface Plasmon Resonances in Single Gallium Nanoparticles
Authors: de la Mata María , Catalán‐Gómez Sergio , Nucciarelli Flavio , Pau José L. , Molina Sergio I. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractPlasmonics has emerged as an attractive field driving the development of optical systems in order to control and exploit light–matter interactions. The increasing interest around plasmonic systems is pushing the research of alternative plasmonic materials, spreading the operability range from IR to UV. Within this context, gallium appears as an ideal candidate, potentially active within a broad spectral range (UV–VIS–IR), whose optical properties are scarcely reported. Importantly, the smart design of active plasmonic materials requires their characterization at high spatial and spectral resolution to access the optical fingerprint of individual nanostructures, attainable by transmission electron microscopy techniques (i.e., by means of electron energy‐loss spectroscopy, EELS). Therefore, the optical response of individual Ga nanoparticles (NPs) by means of EELS measurements is analyzed, in order to spread the understanding of the plasmonic response of Ga NPs. The results show that single Ga NPs may support several plasmon modes, whose nature is extensively discussed.
Shock Exfoliation of Graphene Fluoride in Microwave
Authors: Wu Sicheng , Mo Jingxin , Zeng Yachao , Wang Yuan , Rawal Aditya , Scott Jason , Su Zhen , Ren Wenhao , Chen Sheng , Wang Kaixuan , Chen Wei , Zhang Yongzhi , Zhao Chuan , Chen Xianjue 
Published: September 2019

AbstractAn unprecedented microwave‐based strategy is developed to facilitate solid‐phase, instantaneous delamination and decomposition of graphite fluoride (GF) into few‐layer, partially fluorinated graphene. The shock reaction occurs (and completes in few seconds) under microwave irradiation upon exposing GF to either “microwave‐induced plasma” generated in vacuum or “catalyst effect” caused by intense sparking of graphite at ambient conditions. A detailed analysis of the structural and compositional transformations in these processes indicates that the GF experiences considerable exfoliation and defluorination, during which sp2‐bonded carbon is partially recovered despite significant structural defects being introduced. The exfoliated fluorinated graphene shows excellent electrochemical performance as anode materials in potassium ion batteries and as catalysts for the conversion of O2 to H2O2. This simple and scalable method requires minimal energy input and does not involve the use of other chemicals, which is attractive for extensive research in fluorine‐containing graphene and its derivatives in laboratories and industrial applications.
The efficacy and safety of nutrient supplements in the treatment of mental disorders: a meta‐review of meta‐analyses of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Firth Joseph , Teasdale Scott B. , Allott Kelly , Siskind Dan , Marx Wolfgang , Cotter Jack , Veronese Nicola , Schuch Felipe , Smith Lee , Solmi Marco , Carvalho André F. , Vancampfort Davy , Berk Michael , Stubbs Brendon , Sarris Jerome 
Published: September 2019

The role of nutrition in mental health is becoming increasingly acknowledged. Along with dietary intake, nutrition can also be obtained from “nutrient supplements”, such as polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, amino acids and pre/probiotic supplements. Recently, a large number of meta‐analyses have emerged examining nutrient supplements in the treatment of mental disorders. To produce a meta‐review of this top‐tier evidence, we identified, synthesized and appraised all meta‐analyses of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) reporting on the efficacy and safety of nutrient supplements in common and severe mental disorders. Our systematic search identified 33 meta‐analyses of placebo‐controlled RCTs, with primary analyses including outcome data from 10,951 individuals. The strongest evidence was found for PUFAs (particularly as eicosapentaenoic acid) as an adjunctive treatment for depression. More nascent evidence suggested that PUFAs may also be beneficial for attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder, whereas there was no evidence for schizophrenia. Folate‐based supplements were widely researched as adjunctive treatments for depression and schizophrenia, with positive effects from RCTs of high‐dose methylfolate in major depressive disorder. There was emergent evidence for N‐acetylcysteine as a useful adjunctive treatment in mood disorders and schizophrenia. All nutrient supplements had good safety profiles, with no evidence of serious adverse effects or contraindications with psychiatric medications. In conclusion, clinicians should be informed of the nutrient supplements with established efficacy for certain conditions (such as eicosapentaenoic acid in depression), but also made aware of those currently lacking evidentiary support. Future research should aim to determine which individuals may benefit most from evidence‐based supplements, to further elucidate the underlying mechanisms.
Clamshell-Thorakotomie nach singulärem Messerstich in die „cardiac box“
Authors: Popp Erik , Kühn Angelika , Lutz Oliver , Leowardi Christine , Schmack Bastian 
Published: September 2019

Zusammenfassung
Fallberichte zur präklinischen Durchführung einer Clamshell-Thorakotomie in Deutschland sind bisher rar, wenngleich diese Notfallprozedur in internationalen Leitlinien zur Behandlung des traumatischen Kreislaufstillstands enthalten ist. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird die Versorgung eines erwachsenen Patienten nach einem Messerstich in den als „cardiac box“ bezeichneten Bereich des Thorax dargestellt. Konventionelle Maßnahmen der kardiopulmonalen Reanimation wie Atemwegssicherung, Beatmung und Thoraxkompression führten nicht zur Wiederherstellung des Kreislaufs („return of spontaneous circulation“, ROSC). Nachdem auch nach Ausschluss eines Spannungspneumothorax mithilfe einer Minithorakotomie kein dauerhafter ROSC erzeugt werden konnte, wurde entsprechend der Leitlinienempfehlung eine Thorakotomie erwogen und vor Ort durchgeführt. Nach dem Ausräumen einer Perikardtamponade und anschließendem ROSC wurde eine stark blutende Myokardverletzung übernäht und der Patient in den Schockraum des Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg gebracht. Dort erfolgten eine Notfalltransfusion und konsekutiv die definitive Versorgung der Verletzung im kardiochirurgischen OP. Der Patient verstarb am Folgetag an den Folgen eines hypoxischen Hirnödems im Beisein seiner Angehörigen.
Convex approximations for two-stage mixed-integer mean-risk recourse models with conditional value-at-risk
Authors: van Beesten E. Ruben , Romeijnders Ward 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
In traditional two-stage mixed-integer recourse models, the expected value of the total costs is minimized. In order to address risk-averse attitudes of decision makers, we consider a weighted mean-risk objective instead. Conditional value-at-risk is used as our risk measure. Integrality conditions on decision variables make the model non-convex and hence, hard to solve. To tackle this problem, we derive convex approximation models and corresponding error bounds, that depend on the total variations of the density functions of the random right-hand side variables in the model. We show that the error bounds converge to zero if these total variations go to zero. In addition, for the special cases of totally unimodular and simple integer recourse models we derive sharper error bounds.
Inefficiencies in a healthcare system with a regulatory split of power: a spatial panel data analysis of avoidable hospitalisations in Austria
Authors: Renner Anna-Theresa 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Despite generous universal social health insurance with little formal restrictions of outpatient utilisation, Austria exhibits high rates of avoidable hospitalisations, which indicate the inefficient provision of primary healthcare and might be a consequence of the strict regulatory split between the Austrian inpatient and outpatient sector. This paper exploits the considerable regional variations in acute and chronic avoidable hospitalisations in Austria to investigate whether those inefficiencies in primary care are rather related to regional healthcare supply or to population characteristics. To explicitly account for inter-regional dependencies, spatial panel data methods are applied to a comprehensive administrative dataset of all hospitalisations from 2008 to 2013 in the 117 Austrian districts. The initial selection of relevant covariates is based on Bayesian model averaging. The results of the analysis show that supply-side variables, such as the number of general practitioners, are significantly associated with decreased chronic and acute avoidable hospitalisations, whereas characteristics of the regional population, such as the share of population with university education or long-term unemployed, are less relevant. Furthermore, the spatial error term indicates that there are significant spatial dependencies between unobserved characteristics, such as practice style or patients’ utilization behaviour. Not accounting for those would result in omitted variable bias.
Primary cilia have a length-dependent persistence length
Authors: Flaherty Justin , Feng Zhe , Peng Zhangli , Young Y.-N. , Resnick Andrew 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe fluctuating position of an optically trapped cilium tip under untreated and Taxol-treated conditions was used to characterize mechanical properties of the cilium axoneme and its basal body by combining experimental, analytical, and computational tools. We provide, for the first time, evidence that the persistence length of a ciliary axoneme is length-dependent; longer cilia are stiffer than shorter cilia. We demonstrate that this apparent length dependence can be understood by a combination of modeling axonemal microtubules as anisotropic elastic shells and including actomyosin-driven stochastic basal body motion. Our results also demonstrate the possibility of using observable ciliary dynamics to probe interior cytoskeletal dynamics. It is hoped that our improved characterization of cilia will result in deeper understanding of the biological function of cellular flow sensing by this organelle.