bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Deoxygenative Borylation of Secondary and Tertiary Alcohols
Authors: Friese Florian W. , Studer Armido 
Published: May 2019

AbstractTwo different approaches for the deoxygenative radical borylation of secondary and tertiary alcohols are presented. These transformations either proceed through a metal‐free silyl‐radical‐mediated pathway or utilize visible‐light photoredox catalysis. Readily available xanthates or methyl oxalates are used as radical precursors. The reactions show broad substrate scope and high functional‐group tolerance, and are conducted under mild and practical conditions.
Continuous‐Flow Electrochemical Generator of Hypervalent Iodine Reagents: Synthetic Applications
Authors: Elsherbini Mohamed , Winterson Bethan , Alharbi Haifa , Folgueiras‐Amador Ana A. , Génot Célina , Wirth Thomas 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAn efficient and reliable electrochemical generator of hypervalent iodine reagents has been developed. In the anodic oxidation of iodoarenes to hypervalent iodine reagents under flow conditions, the use of electricity replaces hazardous and costly chemical oxidants. Unstable hypervalent iodine reagents can be prepared easily and coupled with different substrates to achieve oxidative transformations in high yields. The unstable, electrochemically generated reagents can also easily be transformed into classic bench‐stable hypervalent iodine reagents through ligand exchange. The combination of electrochemical and flow‐chemistry advantages largely improves the ecological footprint of the overall process compared to conventional approaches.
Strong Exchange Couplings Drastically Slow Down Magnetization Relaxation in an Air‐Stable Cobalt(II)‐Radical Single‐Molecule Magnet (SMM)
Authors: Albold Uta , Bamberger Heiko , Hallmen Philipp P. , van Slageren Joris , Sarkar Biprajit 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe energy barrier leading to magnetic bistability in molecular clusters is determined by the magnetic anisotropy of the cluster constituents. By incorporating a highly anisotropic four‐coordinate cobalt(II) building block into a strongly coupled fully air‐ and moisture‐stable three‐spin system, it proved possible to suppress under‐barrier Raman processes leading to 350‐fold increase of magnetization relaxation time and pronounced hysteresis. Relaxation times of up to 9 hours at low temperatures were found.
Effects of nanosilica and titanium oxide on the performance of epoxy–amine nanocoatings
Authors: Parimalam Muvinkumar , Islam Muhammad Remanul , Yunus Rosli Mohd 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACTDifferent types of composite coatings were prepared by the blending of colloidal nanosilica (SiO2) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) in epoxy resin to investigate their coating performances. A fixed amount of silica nanoparticles (20 wt %) and different amounts (5, 10, and 15 wt %) of microsized TiO2 particles were used in the coatings. The functional groups of the formulated coatings were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. These results indicate that the SiO2–TiO2 particles interacted well with epoxy. Scanning electron microscopy images of the composite coatings revealed a good dispersion of TiO2 particles at a lower amount of loading; this improved the adhesiveness, glass‐transition temperature, thermal stability, and chemical resistance properties. At higher loadings, the performances decreased. The composite coatings were also characterized by their UV radiation‐absorption properties with an ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometer. Interestingly, this property was found to be enhanced at higher loadings. An impressive result was noticed in the nanocomposites in terms of oxygen transmission rate performance compared to that of the neat epoxy. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47901.
Politics and pride: Maintaining genetic novelty may be detrimental for the conservation of Formosa landlocked salmon Oncorhynchus formosanus
Authors: Burridge Christopher Paul 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Populations of conservation concern are often rare, restricted in range, and isolated from other populations. This can manifest in low genetic diversity, which reduces the ability of a population to respond to changes in the environment, and in higher levels of inbreeding, which reduce individual fitness. Isolated populations, however, often harbour genetic and phenotypic novelty, which can elicit a strong community sentiment to maintain these populations.
Genetic rescue – the introduction of genetic variation to improve fitness – offers potential benefits for isolated and threatened populations, but has associated risks, including a perceived loss in identity if that population is geographically, genetically, and culturally significant. Here, the potential benefits and risks of genetic rescue for isolated freshwater populations are discussed, using the Formosa salmon as an exemplar.
Formosa landlocked salmon, a member of the masu salmon complex (Oncorhynchus masou sensu lato), is the southernmost naturally distributed salmonid in the world, occupying a single stream at high elevation in Taiwan. Listed as Critically Endangered, it exhibits continuing low abundance (<5000 individuals). Although Formosa salmon can be genetically distinguished from other masu salmon, its genetic variation is extremely low and genetic factors may now critically affect fitness.
There appears to be clear merit for the genetic rescue of Formosa salmon, and test crosses involving other landlocked masu salmon are urgently required. If these test crosses yield individuals of high fitness, guidelines for introductions into the wild are provided. In addition, subpopulations above and below artificial instream barriers to movement require connection via the direct exchange of individuals to minimize any further losses of genetic variation. Insurance populations with independent risk probabilities to the existing population should also be constructed, with continuing connectivity among populations through the direct exchange of individuals.
Hormonal changes after competition predict sex‐differentiated decision‐making
Authors: Alacreu‐Crespo Adrián , Costa Raquel , Abad‐Tortosa Diana , Hidalgo Vanesa , Salvador Alicia , Serrano Miguel Ángel 
Published: May 2019

AbstractRecent neuroendocrinology research has pointed out that testosterone (T) and cortisol (C) changes after social interactions can predict risk‐taking behavior in decision‐making, depending on the sex of participants. However, previous research has focused on the effects of the changes in only one hormone, rather than the interaction between them, even though C can suppress T activity. Our aim was to test, in men and women, the role of T changes moderated by C changes after competition in decision‐making. Thus, 48 males and 46 females completed the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) after a laboratory competition or a noncompetitive task (control task). Saliva samples were collected before and after the competition/control task. IGT was employed to measure risk‐taking decision‐making, considering the degree of uncertainty. Our results showed sex‐differentiated effects of T and C changes on risk‐taking behavior. On the one hand, men from both task groups (Competition/Control) who had higher C and T changes after competition showed more risk‐taking decision‐making (higher IG Risk). On the other hand, women from the competitive task who had high C and T showed conservative decision‐making. Therefore, these results show sex‐differentiated decision‐making profiles, which would help to understand how men and women behave after experiencing a competitive social context.
Methods to evaluate test results based on small sample sizes
Authors: Marx Steffen , Grünberg Jürgen , Schacht Gregor 
Published: May 2019

AbstractFor the assessment of the load bearing capacity of existing constructions, information is often required that can only be obtained by building substance inspection and testing. The most integral form of the experimental evaluation in an existing structure is the classic load test, since the structural safety can be demonstrated directly and non‐destructively. However, it is problematic to transfer the results of one or a small number of experiments to other untested components. This article discusses existing evaluation methods and introduces a new approach to account for uncertainties when transferring test results to untested components.
Enantio‐, Regio‐ and Chemoselective Copper‐Catalyzed 1,2‐Hydroborylation of Acylsilanes
Authors: Nagy Audric , Collard Laurent , Indukuri Kiran , Leyssens Tom , Riant Olivier 
Published: May 2019

AbstractEnantioselective synthesis of synthetically significant (α‐hydroxyallyl)silanes, (α‐hydroxyaryl)silanes, and (α‐hydroxyalkyl)silanes is reported. The present copper‐catalyzed 1,2‐selective hydroborylation of acylsilanes affords the aforementioned products in high yields and with high enantiomeric excesses. This robust and scalable additive‐free catalytic system relies on the use of low copper(II) acetate and diphosphine ligand loadings at room temperature in the presence of a commercially available and bench‐stable hydride source.
Kinetically Controlled Synthesis of Four‐ and Six‐Member Cyclic Products via Sequential Aryl‐Aryl Coupling on a Au(111) Surface
Authors: Zhang Ran , Xia Bowen , Xu Hu , Lin Nian 
Published: May 2019

AbstractWe synthesize four‐ and six‐member cyclic products via sequential multi‐step aryl‐aryl coupling reactions of 2,3,6,7,10,11‐hexabromotriphenylene molecules on a Au(111) surface. The final products as well as the organo‐gold intermediate structures are identified using scanning tunneling microscopy and density‐functional theory simulation. By adjusting reaction temperature and post‐annealing temperature, we enhance/suppress the yields of the four‐member and six‐member cyclic products. We propose an underlying mechanism which is associated with different reaction kinetics of the first‐order and second‐order reactions. This work exemplifies intricate kinetically‐controlled on‐surface synthesis when multiple reactions of different reaction order are involved.
Usefulness of Flow Cytometry for the Detection of Cutaneous Localization in Malignant Hematologic Disorders
Authors: Maitre Elsa , Le‐Page Anne‐Laure , Comoz Francois , Truquet Florence , Damaj Gandhi , Cornet Edouard , Verneuil Laurence , Salaün Véronique , Troussard Xavier 
Published: May 2019

BackgroundHistological evaluation of malignant hematologic involvement of the skin can be challenging and needs an extended immunohistochemistry panel. We assessed the ability of flow cytometry (FCM) to detect neoplastic cell subsets in skin biopsies as a useful tool that supplements the histological examination in a complementary way.MethodsTwo hundred and forty‐three consecutive skin biopsies were retrospectively analyzed between April 2012 and July 2017.ResultsAmong them, 147 samples, corresponding to 128 patients, were analyzed at diagnosis. Eighty‐seven patients had erythrodermic inflammatory dermatoses, and 41 patients had cutaneous hematologic neoplasms. Cutaneous T‐cell lymphomas were the most frequent disorders, accounting for 70% of cases (29/41). Cutaneous B‐cell lymphoma was found in only 17% of cases (7/41) and immature hematologic malignancies in 5% (2/41). Three patients had secondary skin involvement. The sensitivity of FCM skin biopsy analysis was 78.1% (32/41). Among the 243 samples, 27 patients had mycosis fungoides (MF) or Sezary syndrome (SS) with available FCM data. A loss of CD26 expression was identified in 92% of cases of transformed MF or SS versus 40% of cases of non‐transformed MF (P = 0.0057 χ²). Among the 12 MF patients with negative CD26 expression, six progressed to SS versus none in the positive group (50% vs. 0% P = 0.0168 χ²).ConclusionsFCM analysis of the skin biopsies is a sensitive method and a useful tool for improving the sensitivity of diagnosis of hematologic skin neoplasms. Among the MF patients, a loss of CD26 expression could be a marker of higher risk of progression. © 2019 International Clinical Cytometry Society
Speciation with gene flow: Evidence from a complex of alpine butterflies (Coenonympha, Satyridae)
Authors: Capblancq Thibaut , Mavárez Jesús , Rioux Delphine , Després Laurence 
Published: May 2019

AbstractUntil complete reproductive isolation is achieved, the extent of differentiation between two diverging lineages is the result of a dynamic equilibrium between genetic isolation and mixing. This is especially true for hybrid taxa, for which the degree of isolation in regard to their parental species is decisive in their capacity to rise as a new and stable entity. In this work, we explored the past and current patterns of hybridization and divergence within a complex of closely related butterflies in the genus Coenonympha in which two alpine species, C. darwiniana and C. macromma, have been shown to result from hybridization between the also alpine C. gardetta and the lowland C. arcania. By testing alternative scenarios of divergence among species, we show that gene flow has been uninterrupted throughout the speciation process, although leading to different degrees of current genetic isolation between species in contact zones depending on the pair considered. Nonetheless, at broader geographic scale, analyses reveal a clear genetic differentiation between hybrid lineages and their parental species, pointing out to an advanced stage of the hybrid speciation process. Finally, the positive correlation observed between ecological divergence and genetic isolation among these butterflies suggests a potential role for ecological drivers during their speciation processes.
Synthesis of zeolite/activated carbon composite material for the removal of lead (II) and cadmium (II) ions
Authors: Isaac Prince J. , Amaravadi Sivakumar , M.S.M Kamil , K.K Cheralathan , R Lakshmipathy 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe present study reports the feasibility of synthesis of a new composite material containing zeolite (ZSM‐5) and activated carbon that was prepared from custard apple shell powder. The process consisted of the following steps: preparation of activated carbon and subsequent steam assisted dry gel conversion of tetraethyl orthosilicate and sodium aluminate to ZSM‐5 and ZSM‐5 activated carbon composite. The resulting composite materials were characterized by X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller techniques. The co‐ordination of the alumina incorporated was analyzed using Al magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance. A comparative study among ZSM‐5, ZSM‐5 activated carbon composite, and mechanical mixture was executed toward sequestration of Pb2+ and Cd2+ ions from aqueous solution. The ZSM‐5/activated carbon composite exhibited higher sequestration efficiency of lead (Pb2+) and cadmium (Cd2+) from aqueous solution and further from industrial effluents compared to other two sorbents. The ZSM‐5/activated carbon composite exhibited selective adsorption toward Pb2+ ions compared to Cd2+ ions and other divalent metal ions.
Fault‐tolerant data transport backbone for 3D wireless sensor networks
Authors: Zafer Mostefa , Senouci Mustapha Reda , Aissani Mohamed 
Published: May 2019

AbstractExisting approaches for clustering wireless sensor networks by using relay nodes (RNs) suffer from two major problems: impracticability for realistic scenarios and lack of fault tolerance. The first problem is due to the assumption of a two‐dimensional Region of Interest (RoI). The second problem stems from the fact that these approaches do not address the construction of disjoint routing paths, where multiple routing paths have common intermediate RNs, which create a bottleneck for the data transport and points of failure. In this paper, we tackle these two problems by proposing a new RNs deployment approach based on more realistic assumptions. Indeed, a more realistic communication model is considered, which takes into account the impact of the RoI topography on wireless communications. Additionally, a practical position constraint is adopted, where the RNs are placed only on the RoI crest points, to minimize the topography impact on the wireless communications. By relying on an efficient algorithm that constructs from a connected graph many Steiner trees, covering the same subset of vertices, the proposed RNs deployment approach selects the appropriate positions of the RNs and ensures a reliable data transport from the sensor nodes to the collector node, according to a two‐tier topology while satisfying other secondary objectives related to the cost and the quality of the communication links. The simulation results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed approach and its ability to minimize cost and improve communication links quality.
Lab‐scale atmospheric CO2 absorption for calcium carbonate precipitation in sand
Authors: Ngu Lock‐Hei , Song Joyce W. , Hashim Siti S. , Ong Dominic E. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe microbial‐induced calcite precipitation (MICP) process for ground improvement uses microorganisms to hydrolyze urea, producing carbonate ions to induce in situ calcium carbonate (CaCO3) precipitation in soil to improve its strength. This paper proposes using the hydroxide‐based absorption of CO2 instead to provide the carbonate ion source. This study utilizes direct air capture (DAC) to absorb atmospheric CO2 using potassium hydroxide (KOH) in a semi‐batch bubble absorption column. Potassium carbonate (K2CO3) was then injected into sand with calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2 as a calcium source to precipitate CaCO3 and regenerate KOH. Batch and continuous flow precipitation methods produced a poor distribution of CaCO3, with more CaCO3 precipitated on top, resulting in unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of 6.9 to 19.6 kPa. Sand pre‐mixed with Ca(OH)2 gave well distributed CaCO3, precipitated throughout the sample with 7.56 wt% and 6.87 wt% CaCO3 content and UCS of 39.2 and 35.3 kPa before failing for batch and continuous flow precipitation respectively. This differs from MICP strength improvement of 1000 kPa with 5.3 wt% CaCO3 due to poor binding of sand with the precipitated CaCO3 crystals. However, this application provides a stable sequestration source for atmospheric CO2 in soil. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vaccinia‐related kinase 2 plays a critical role in microglia‐mediated synapse elimination during neurodevelopment
Authors: Lee Juhyun , Lee Seunghyun , Ryu Young‐Jae , Lee Dohyun , Kim Sangjune , Seo Ji‐Young , Oh Eunji , Paek Sun Ha , Kim Seung U. , Ha Chang‐Man , Choi Se‐Young , Kim Kyong‐Tai 
Published: May 2019

AbstractDuring postnatal neurodevelopment, excessive synapses must be eliminated by microglia to complete the establishment of neural circuits in the brain. The lack of synaptic regulation by microglia has been implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism, schizophrenia, and intellectual disability. Here we suggest that vaccinia‐related kinase 2 (VRK2), which is expressed in microglia, may stimulate synaptic elimination by microglia. In VRK2‐deficient mice (VRK2KO), reduced numbers of presynaptic puncta within microglia were observed. Moreover, the numbers of presynaptic puncta and synapses were abnormally increased in VRK2KO mice by the second postnatal week. These differences did not persist into adulthood. Even though an increase in the number of synapses was normalized, adult VRK2KO mice showed behavioral defects in social behaviors, contextual fear memory, and spatial memory.
Tertiary butylhydroquinone alleviates gestational diabetes mellitus in C57BL/KsJ‐Lep db/+ mice by suppression of oxidative stress
Authors: Song Hongbi , Xu Yin , Yang Xiaowu , Rong Xiaoting , Wang Ying , Wei Na 
Published: May 2019

AbstractGestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common disorder characterized by abnormal glucose metabolism during pregnancy, affecting 2% to 5% of pregnant women. Currently, clinical treatment for GDM is very limited. The present study was designed to investigate the effect and underlying molecular mechanism of tertiary butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) in a pregnant C57BL/KsJ‐Lep db/+ (referred to as db+) GDM mouse model. The results showed that nonpregnant db/+ mice did not show a diabetic phenotype, and TBHQ had no effect on glucose and insulin tolerance in these mice. Moreover, in db/+ pregnant mice exhibiting typical diabetes symptoms, such as hyperglycemia and hypoinsulinemia, TBHQ could remarkably decrease the blood glucose level, increase insulin level, and improve glucose and insulin intolerance. The results also revealed that TBHQ could inhibit oxidative stress in pregnant db/+ mice. Furthermore, TBHQ greatly improved offspring survival rate, glucose metabolism, and insulin tolerance. In addition, TBHQ inhibited oxidative stress by reducing malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and increased superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities. Moreover, we found that TBHQ activated the nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2), thereby increasing the levels of Nrf2, and ultimately upregulating the expression of heme oxygenase 1 (NO‐1) and superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2). In conclusion, our findings demonstrated that TBHQ alleviated GDM via Nrf2 activation.
SBF2‐AS1: An oncogenic lncRNA in small‐cell lung cancer
Authors: Zhang Youwei , Li Yang , Han Liang , Zhang Peiying , Sun Sanyuan 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) SBF2 antisense RNA 1 (SBF2‐AS1) was found to act as an oncogenic lncRNA in non–small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC), but the role of SBF2‐AS1 in small‐cell lung cancer (SCLC) was still unclear. The purpose of this study was to provide the clinical significance and biological function of SBF2‐AS1 in SCLC. In our results, SBF2‐AS1 was found to be upregulated in SCLC tissues compared with NSCLC tissues or adjacent normal lung tissues. Besides, SBF2‐AS1 expression was also elevated in SCLC cell lines compared with the normal bronchial epithelial cell line or NSCLC lines. Moreover, high expression of SBF2‐AS1 was associated with clinical stage, tumor size, lymph node metastasis and distant metastasis in SCLC patients. Survival analysis showed SCLC patients with high expression of SBF2‐AS1 had shorter overall survival than patients with low expression of SBF2‐AS1, and high expression of SBF2‐AS1 acted as an independent poor prognostic factor for overall survival in SCLC patients. The study in vitro suggested inhibition of SBF2‐AS1 obviously depressed cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in SCLC. In conclusion, SBF2‐AS1 acts as a novel oncogenic lncRNA in SCLC.