bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The verbal system
Authors: Miller D. Gary 
Published: June 2019

AbstractVerbs in Gothic are thematic, athematic, or preterite present. Several classes, including modals, are discussed. Strong verbs have seven classes, weak verbs four. Inflectional categories are first, second, and third person, singular, dual (except in the third person), and plural number. Tenses are nonpast and past/preterite. There are two inflected moods, indicative and optative, and two voices (active, passive). The passive is synthetic in the nonpast indicative and optative. The past system features two periphrastic passives, one stative-eventive with wisan (be), the other inchoative and change of state with wairþan (become). Middle functions are mostly represented by simple reflexive structures and -nan verbs. Nonfinite categories include one voice-underspecified infinitive, a nonpast and past participle, and a present active imperative. The third person imperative is normally expressed by an optative.
Verbal and sentential syntax
Authors: Miller D. Gary 
Published: June 2019

AbstractGothic is a null subject language. The binder of an anaphor can be a null subject. Binding requires asymmetrical c-command. Possessive sein- can be a syntactic or discourse anaphor. Gothic may attest the beginning of the Germanic two-reflexive system. The simple reflexive, without silba (self), is productive in anticausative structures. Verbal prefixes alter meaning, lexical, or grammatical aspect. Ga- has numerous other functions, including definiteness and temporal completion. The nonpast participle functions as a relative clause substitute and in absolute constructions. In the absence of switch reference, infinitives are the norm with modal and control verbs and purposives after verbs of motion (otherwise + du). The accusative with a participle or infinitive can be a matrix object or embedded subject. Accusative and infinitive depends on case from the matrix verb. The infinitive is usually wisan (to be) as an expansion of a small clause. Relative clauses require the complementizer ei (that). Verbs whose complements are factual or realizable are typically in the indicative. Those that do not allow a full range of independent tenses in the complement clause, or whose complements are not realized, are only potentially realized, or deal with possible worlds or alternate states of reality, trigger a shift to the optative, which has a number of independent uses as well.
The Art of the People
Authors: Schramm Jan-Melissa 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter traces the rediscovery of the medieval mystery plays which had been suppressed at the Reformation. The texts were painstakingly recovered, edited, and published in the first half of the nineteenth century, by medieval scholars but also by radicals like William Hone who were keen to emphasize the political value of expanding the literary canon. At the start of the nineteenth century, then, vernacular devotional drama was largely unknown; by the 1850s, the genre had been accorded a place in an evolutionary design that privileged the achievements of Shakespeare, and by the early twentieth century, performance was finally countenanced, albeit under the watchful eye of the Lord Chamberlain. This is a narrative of recuperation but also of misunderstanding, as the mystery plays were also positioned as comic burlesque and farce in constructions of the literary canon which stressed the aesthetic and religious superiority of the Protestant present.
‘[T]o see the work of God / Achieved for others’
Authors: Schramm Jan-Melissa 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Hone’s work exerted a profound influence over the nineteenth-century antiquarian and almanac traditions. Perhaps more importantly, his influence was also felt in the sacred dramatic literature of the period, with Lord Byron and Richard Carlile in particular expressing strong affinities with Hone’s radical politics and his appropriation of the plays as foundational to a demotic genealogy of blasphemy. Whilst Joanna Baillie, Richard Hengist Horne, Henry Hart Milman, and Digby Starkey also experimented with the form of the mysteries in the decades which followed Hone’s trials, they were compelled by law to position their work as closet drama, and even then their texts remained vulnerable to either prosecution for the common law offence of blasphemy or a denial of copyright protection from pirates as a consequence of their allegedly amoral tendencies. This chapter looks at a number of nineteenth-century sacred dramas to assess their contribution to political protest in their period.
Ecce Homo, ‘Real Presence’, and the Word Made Flesh
Authors: Schramm Jan-Melissa 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Whilst censorship kept sacred drama off the English stage, other genres were not subject to the same legal regulation. Fiction, poetry, and visual art all meditated on the meaning of the sacred body and the ways in which its ongoing spiritual or metaphorical presence might be conjured from its material absence by members of a community of believers. The ways in which scriptural narrative and the liturgy sought to conjure up the dead, to resurrect the martyr, to reanimate the past, were urgent questions; for mid-Victorian writers, these same issues—which foregrounded the capacity of linguistic incantation to effect transformative change—were central not only to the inherited national faith that was under such pressure from nascent scientific methodologies and biblical criticism but also to the types of assent offered by the reader or spectator to the work of art.
Conclusion
Authors: Schramm Jan-Melissa 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter suggests that all the works discussed in this study—both canonical and minor, composed in verse or in prose—ask profound questions about the nature of the tragic mode and its relation to Christian thought. The nineteenth-century dramatic imagination is deeply political, staging memorable protests against the rhetoric of utilitarianism in political economy, Calvinism in religion, and the unjustifiable sacrifice of the one for the welfare of the many in ethics and anthropology. In contradistinction to the many studies which sideline dramatic writing in the long nineteenth century, this chapter concludes that dramatic form retains its value in this period as a significant vehicle for comment upon far-reaching questions of justice and ethics. Ultimately, theology raised too many important questions to be permanently excluded from the public stage—and the theatre was too valuable a forum to ignore religious experience.
The Meanings and Global Externalities of China’s Economic Emergence
Authors: Monga Célestin 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The Chinese economy has become a multifaceted global public good. Even as China carefully and gradually rebalances its growth model from export-led to domestic consumption, it will also help address issues of global imbalances. Still, during that internal adjustment process, China will absorb increasingly large quantities of exports from around the world—including from developing countries that can strategically position themselves to competitively supply goods and services in light manufacturing and low-skilled industries which China dominated at earlier stages of its economic take-off. China’s industrial upgrading strategies, which reflect changes in its endowment structure, have defied mainstream economic prescriptions. The country’s stubbornness in designing and implementing steadfastly policy frameworks that identify potentially competitive industries and facilitate their emergence (while accounting for social and political constraints and realities) could provide useful blueprints for other developing countries. This chapter highlights several global externalities of China’s economy, and examines the opportunities and challenges they present. It also discusses some of China’s major macroeconomic risks and possible negative externalities to the world economy.
China–Africa Ties in Historical Context
Authors: Shinn David H. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
From Mao Zedong’s seizure of power in 1949 until the early 1990s, China focused more intensely on its political relationship with Africa than its economic ties. During this period China was more concerned about support for African liberation movements, competition with Taiwan, the ‘One China’ principle, and dealing with internal challenges such as the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution. The Deng Xiaoping era witnessed a reduction of China’s engagement in Africa while the Jiang Zemin period set the stage for significant advancement. By Hu Jintao’s arrival early in the twenty-first century, the China–Africa relationship had become based predominantly on economic interests, especially China’s desire to access African raw materials. It began with trade and expanded into Chinese outward investment in Africa. By 2009, China had overtaken the United States as Africa’s largest trading partner. So far, the Xi Jinping era has resulted in a greater focus on protection of Chinese interests in Africa, security cooperation, and a levelling off and even decline in China’s economic engagement.
Being and Reason
Authors: Lin Martin 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
In Being and Reason, Martin Lin offers a new interpretation of Spinoza’s core metaphysical doctrines with attention to how and why, in Spinoza, metaphysical notions are entangled with cognitive, logical, and epistemic ones. For example, according to Spinoza, a substance is that which can be conceived through itself, and a mode is that which is conceived through another. Thus, metaphysical notions, substance and mode, appear to be defined through a notion that is either cognitive or logical, being conceived through. What are we to make of the intimate connections that Spinoza sees between metaphysical, cognitive, logical, and epistemic notions? Or between being and reason? Lin argues against idealist readings according to which the metaphysical is reducible to or grounded in something epistemic, logical, or psychological. He maintains that Spinoza sees the order of being and the order of reason as two independent structures that mirror one another. In the course of making this argument, he develops new interpretations of Spinoza’s notions of attribute and mode, and of Spinoza’s claim that all things strive for self-preservation. Lin also argues against prominent idealist readings of Spinoza according to which the Principle of Sufficient Reason is absolutely unrestricted for Spinoza and is the key to his system. He contends, rather, that Spinoza’s metaphysical rationalism is a diverse phenomenon and that the Principle of Sufficient Reason is limited to claims about existence and nonexistence which are applied only once by Spinoza to the case of the necessary existence of God.
God
Authors: Lin Martin 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter offers reconstructions of Spinoza’s four arguments for the existence of God. Among the lessons learned from these reconstructions is that, although Spinoza’s first argument is often described as ontological, it relies on many substantive premises that go beyond the definition of God and it is not vulnerable to standard objections to ontological arguments. Additionally, the second argument introduces Spinoza’s Principle of Sufficient Reason, and seeing how Spinoza applies it to the existence of God sheds light on how he understands both the PSR and causation and explanation more generally. The chapter concludes by arguing that the third and fourth arguments pave the way for Spinoza’s claim that, besides God, no substance can be or be conceived and consideration of them shows why Spinoza’s argument for monism does not beg the question against the orthodox Cartesian.
Conceptual Conspectus
Authors: O’Leary Brendan 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter contrasts the colonial and “sectarianized peoples” interpretations of modern Irish history, defining and defending the former while noting that the latter frequently displays “observational equivalence” with the former. Jürgen Osterhammel’s conception of colonialism is shown to be applicable and apposite, as are those of a range of thinkers from Machiavelli to Michael Hechter. A political rather than an economic or cultural conception of colonialism is defended. An overview of the influential “ancient-régime” reading of Irish history by Sean Connolly is shown to have significant limitations. The curious absence of decolonization from much Irish historiography is noted. The reason that matters is that it is important to date the end of colonization in the South and the North respectively and precisely.
Overlooked by the Tall Kingdom before Dying of Political Economy
Authors: O’Leary Brendan 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines Ireland’s political experience during the first half of the Union. Among the subjects surveyed are the long delay in Catholic emancipation, the continuation of administrative colonialism, and the emergence of fiscal dependence and highly uneven economic development that culminated in the Great Famine. The latter’s significance is assessed. The author argues that, just as manslaughter should be distinguished from homicide, so “geno-slaughter” better accounts for what occurred than genocide. The limitations of efforts to make Ireland British are assessed, and the development of state–church relations critically evaluated. Protestant Ulster’s resistance to O’Connell’s movement for Repeal of the Union is assessed, as is the return of Presbyterians toward a pan-Protestant coalition against reenergized Irish Catholicism.
Crying Aloud for Vengeance and the Power of a Colonial Caste
Authors: O’Leary Brendan 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
In the latter half of the Union, participation crises occurred across the institutional spectrum, with many Irish men and women choosing exit rather than voice or loyalty. That, however, produced a better-resourced Irish diaspora in an emergent great power. Catholics achieved some limited social mobility, but experienced regression in some occupations; by contrast, Presbyterians more clearly benefited from pan-Protestantism. The churches deepened their institutional strength in education, including higher education. The undemocratic character of the Union is emphasized in this chapter, but the secret ballot and the eventual widening of the male franchise made more visible what had long been evident: most Irish Catholics preferred repeal of the Union, home rule, or independence, or some variant thereof. The expanded electorate, in conjunction with modernization, underpinned the electoral solidification of nationalism and unionism, respectively supported by cultural Catholics and cultural Protestants, especially in Ulster, where polarization was deepest. The formation of Irish nationalism and republicanism in party formats, initially focused on land rights and home rule, and the countermovement of Irish and Ulster unionism are treated. The First World War postponed conflict in a newly para-militarized Ireland.
Introduction
Authors: O’Leary Brendan 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter sets the scene for the three volumes that follow. It provides an introduction to the conflict, and debates over its nature. It defends defining the conflict as primarily national and ethnic, rooted in the English and British colonial past. The meaning(s) of national and ethnic groups are defined. The chapter summarizes the history of the collective names of the groups in question, and provides an account of how cultural Catholics and cultural Protestants recognize one another through names, places, and schools. The plan of the book is set out in relation to Political Science and Irish historiography, indicating how the concepts of colonialism, control, and consociation will be used to order the subsequent exposition.
Enforcement
Authors: Gerner-Beuerle Carsten , Schillig Michael 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores whether the lower level of investor protection that some commentators associate with the civil law can be explained with deficiencies in the enforcement mechanisms that investors, and in particular minority shareholders, have at their disposal. It starts with a discussion of the so-called ‘contracwetualisation of responsibility’. It then analyses how the claims that a company has against its own directors can be enforced, in particular, by minority shareholders. The last part of the chapter gives an overview of substitute enforcement mechanisms for the minority shareholder lawsuit that are of great practical importance in some jurisdictions. In contrast to litigation by the company (acting through its authorized organ or minority shareholders), these substitute mechanisms are predominantly of a public law nature. Thus, this final section will illustrate how some legal systems have a preference for public enforcement, while others rely extensively on private enforcement.
Legal Capital
Authors: Gerner-Beuerle Carsten , Schillig Michael 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses the doctrine of legal capital. In the second half of the nineteenth century, legal systems developed the doctrine of ‘legal capital’ to ensure the corporate creditors’ preferential access to the corporation’s assets, and in order to prevent shirking and inter-shareholder wealth transfers. The core of the concept of ‘legal capital’ is that an amount of capital is fixed in the company’s articles of association. This amount can be changed only by formal reduction or increase in capital. The basic starting points for the development of the doctrine of legal capital were remarkably similar on both sides of the Atlantic. However, early in the twentieth century developments in the United States and Europe parted ways.
Exploring the relationship between housing concerns, mental health and wellbeing: a qualitative study of social housing tenants
Authors: Holding Eleanor , Blank Lindsay , Crowder Mary , Ferrari Edward , Goyder Elizabeth 
Published: June 2019

Abstract

Background
The rising prevalence of mental health problems is a growing public health issue. Poor mental health is not equally distributed across social groups and is associated with poverty and insecure housing. An evaluation of a social housing intervention provided an opportunity to explore the connections between housing and wider determinants of health and wellbeing.

Methods
We undertook 44 interviews with social housing tenants over a two-year period to explore their views on housing, health and wellbeing.

Results
Poor mental health was common. The results suggest that perceptions of housing quality, service responsiveness, community safety, benefit changes and low income all have a detrimental effect on tenants’ mental health.

Conclusions
Social housing providers who wish to have a positive impact on the mental health of their tenants need to consider how to best support or mitigate the impact of these stresses. Addressing traditional housing officer functions such as reporting or monitoring home repairs alongside holistic support remains an important area where social housing departments can have substantial health impact. Tackling the complex nature of mental health requires a joined up approach between housing and a number of services.
A combined panel of circulating microRNA as a diagnostic tool for detection of the non-small cell lung cancer
Authors: Abdollahi A , Rahmati S , Ghaderi B , Sigari N , Nikkhoo B , Sharifi K , Abdi M 
Published: June 2019

AbstractBackgroundRecently, much attention has been paid to use circulating microRNAs (miRs) as a non-invasive tumor marker. The present study for the first time was designed to evaluate concurrent use of miR-21, miR-638, miR148 and miR-152 as putative diagnostic tool for detection of non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC).MethodsForty-three patients diagnosed as primary NSCLC was included in this study. The level of selected miRs was measured in whole blood specimens of patients and controls. The corresponding values were also obtained in stages I–IV. We also assessed possible correlation between selected miRs and the clinicopathological findings of studied individuals.ResultsmiR-21 was increased in patients compared to controls (P = 0.004). In contrast, circulating miR-638, miR-148 and miR-152 was observed to be down-regulated in NSCLC patients than controls (P = 0.001, 0.003, 0.053, respectively). Rise in miR-21-5p expression and decreased blood level of miR-148a-3p was associated with higher stage of NSCLC. The highest sensitivity (90%) was observed for miR-21 while miR-148 had the highest specificity (71%). The corresponding sensitivity and specificity for combined-miRs-panel was 96.4% and 86.67%, respectively.ConclusionIn summary, our data suggested the diagnostic importance of combined-miR-panel including miR-21, miR-638, miR148 and miR-152 for effective discrimination of NSCLC from non-cancerous subjects.
How Much Do Directors Influence Firm Value?
Authors: Burt Aaron , Hrdlicka Christopher , Harford Jarrad 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The value a director provides to a firm is empirically difficult to establish. We estimate that value by exploiting the commonality in idiosyncratic returns of firms linked by a director and show that, on average, a director’s influence causes variation in firm value of almost 1% per year. The return commonality is not due to industry or other observable economic links. Variation in the availability of information on shared directors and a placebo test exploiting the timing of shared directors provide further identification. The results also imply that the directorial labor market does not fully assess directors in real time. (JEL G34, G14)
Predictability modulates the anticipation and perception of pain in both self and others
Authors: Peng Weiwei , Huang Xiaoxuan , Liu Yang , Cui Fang 
Published: June 2019

AbstractPredictability has been suggested to modulate both the anticipation and perception of self-pain. Considering the overlapping neural circuits between self-pain and other-pain perceptions, the present study investigated how the predictability of forthcoming pain modulates the anticipation and perception of self-pain and other-pain. We used a balanced, within-participant experimental design in which a visual cue indicating the recipient, intensity and predictability of an upcoming painful electrical stimulation was presented before its delivery. Subjective ratings and electroencephalography activities to the anticipation and perception of self-pain and other-pain were recorded and compared between certain and uncertain conditions. Results showed that predictability affected the perception of self-pain and other-pain in a similar manner such that the differences in behavioral ratings and event-related potentials to high-intensity and low-intensity pain were significantly reduced when the intensity was uncertain. The strengths of predictability-induced modulation of self-pain and other-pain perceptions were positively correlated with each other. Furthermore, predictability also modulated the anticipation of both self-pain and other-pain such that pre-stimulus high-frequency α-oscillation power at sensorimotor electrodes contralateral to the stimulation side was maximally suppressed when anticipating certain high-intensity pain. These findings demonstrate that predictability-induced modulation on pain anticipation and perception was similarly applied to both self-pain and other-pain.