bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of Dentation Angle of Labyrinth Channel of Drip Emitters on Hydraulic and Anti‐Clogging Performance
Authors: Yu Liming , Li Na , Liu Xiaogang , Yang Qiliang , Li Zhangyan , Long Jun 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe geometric parameters of labyrinth channels play an important role in the hydraulic and anti‐clogging performance of drip emitters. In this study, the flow fields, individual representative sands and sand groups in the labyrinth channel of emitters, with dentation angles of 90°, 60°, 45° and 30°, were firstly simulated using a computational fluid dynamics discrete element method (CFD–DEM) of coupling. Particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) was used to trace individual representative sands. The numerical results were verified with clear water hydraulic performance tests and muddy water anti‐clogging performance tests. The results suggest that the discharge coefficient and flow exponent declined when the dentation angle of the labyrinth channel was reduced. A large number of sand groups were observed to enter the vortex areas and move in a circular manner. The time it took for particles to pass through the labyrinth channel lengthened when the velocity decreased and as a result, the probability of emitter clogging increased. Therefore, by using a recommended angle range of 90° to 60° and a combined higher hydraulic performance level, emitters were less likely to clog. It was a novel approach to adopt a CFD–DEM coupling method to conduct numerical analysis of individual sand particles and sand groups in the investigation of emitter anti‐clogging issues. The findings will increase the design efficiency of flow channels and will save human and material resources. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bone Safety During the First Ten Years of Gender-Affirming Hormonal Treatment in Transwomen and Transmen
Authors: Wiepjes Chantal M , de Jongh Renate T , de Blok Christel JM , Vlot Mariska C , Lips Paul , Twisk Jos WR , den Heijer Martin 
Published: December 2018

ABSTRACT

Concerns about the effects of gender-affirming hormonal treatment (HT) on bone mineral density (BMD) in transgender people exist, particularly regarding the decrease in estrogen concentrations in transmen. Although it is known that HT is safe for BMD in the short term, long-term follow-up studies are lacking. Therefore this study aimed to investigate the change in BMD during the first 10 years of HT, to determine whether HT is safe and if assessing BMD during HT is necessary. A follow-up study was performed in adult transgender people receiving HT at the VU University Medical Center Amsterdam between 1998 and 2016. People were included if they were HT naive and had a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan at the start of HT. Follow-up DXA scans performed after 2, 5, and/or 10 years of HT were used for analyses. The course of BMD of the lumbar spine during the first 10 years of HT was analyzed using multilevel analyses. A total of 711 transwomen (median age 35 years; IQR, 26 to 46 years) and 543 transmen (median age 25 years; IQR, 21 to 34 years) were included. Prior to the start of HT, 21.9% of transwomen and 4.3% of transmen had low BMD for age (Z-score &lt; –2.0). In transwomen lumbar spine BMD did not change (+0.006; 95% CI, –0.005 to +0.017), but lumbar spine Z-score increased by +0.22 (95% CI, +0.12 to +0.32) after 10 years of HT. Also in transmen lumbar spine BMD did not change (+0.008; 95% CI, –0.004 to +0.019), but lumbar spine Z-score increased by +0.34 (95% CI, +0.23 to +0.45) after 10 years of HT. This study showed that HT does not have negative effects on BMD, indicating that regularly assessing BMD during HT is not necessary. However, a high percentage of low BMD was found prior to HT, especially in transwomen. Therefore, evaluation of BMD before start of HT may be considered. © 2018 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Calcium‐sensing receptor mediates interleukin‐1β‐induced collagen expression in mouse collecting duct cells
Authors: Wu Min , Wang Si‐Si , Cao Jing‐Yuan , Tang Tao‐Tao , Gao Min , Ma Kun‐Ling , Liu Bi‐Cheng 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe mechanisms that underlie the profibrotic effect of interleukin (IL)‐1β are complicated and not fully understood. Recent evidence has suggested the involvement of the calcium‐sensing receptor (CaSR) in tubular injury. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate whether CaSR mediates IL‐1β‐induced collagen expression in cultured mouse inner medullary collecting duct cells (mIMCD3) and to determine the possible downstream signaling effector. The results showed that IL‐1β significantly upregulated the expression of type I and III collagens in a concentration‐ and time‐dependent manner. Moreover, CaSR was expressed in mIMCD3 cells, and its expression was increased by increasing the concentrations and times of IL‐1β treatment. Selective inhibitors (Calhex231 or NPS2143) or the siRNA of CaSR attenuated the enhanced expression of type I and III collagens. Furthermore, IL‐1β increased nuclear β‐catenin protein levels and decreased cytoplasmic β‐catenin expression in cells. In contrast, blockage of CaSR by the pharmacological antagonists or siRNA could partially attenuate such changes in the IL‐1β‐induced nuclear translocation of β‐catenin. DKK1, an inhibitor of β‐catenin nuclear translocation, further inhibited the expression of type I and III collagens in cells treated with IL‐1β plus CaSR antagonist. In summary, these data demonstrated that IL‐1β‐induced collagen I and III expressions in collecting duct cells might be partially mediated by CaSR and the downstream nuclear translocation of β‐catenin.
Esculentoside H inhibits colon cancer cell migration and growth through suppression of MMP‐9 gene expression via NF‐kB signaling pathway
Authors: Ha Sun‐Hyung , Kwon Kyung‐Min , Park Jun‐Young , Abekura Fukushi , Lee Young‐Choon , Chung Tae‐Wook , Ha Ki‐Tae , Chang Hyeun Wook , Cho Seung‐Hak , Kim Jong‐Suk , Kim Cheorl‐Ho 
Published: December 2018

AbstractA water‐soluble saponin, Esculentoside H (EsH), 3‐O‐(O‐β‐d‐glucopyranosyl‐(1→4)‐β‐d‐xylopyranosyl)‐28‐β‐d‐glucopyranosylphytolaccagenin has been isolated and purified from the root extract of perennial plant Phytolacca esculenta. EsH is known to be an anticancer compound, having a capacity for TNF‐α release. However, the effects of EsH on migration and growth in tumor cells have not yet been reported. In the current study, the suppressive effects of EsH on phorbol 12‐myristate 13‐acetate (PMA)‐induced cell migration were examined in murine colon cancer CT26 cells and human colon cancer HCT116 cells. Interestingly, the transwell assay and wound healing show that EsH suppresses the PMA‐induced migration and growth potential of HCT116 and CT26 colon cancer cells, respectively. EsH dose‐dependently suppressed matrix metalloproteinases‐9 (MMP‐9) expression that was upregulated upon PMA treatment in messenger RNA levels and protein secretion. Since the expression of MMP‐9 is correlated with nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) signaling, it has been examined whether EsH inhibits PMA‐induced IκB phosphorylation that leads to the suppression of NK‐κB nuclear translocation. EsH repressed the phosphorylation level of JNK, but not extracellular signal‐regulated kinase and p38 signaling when the cells were treated with PMA. Overall, these results demonstrated that EsH could suppress cancer migration through blockage of the JNK1/2 and NF‐κB signaling‐mediated MMP‐9 expression.
Cover Image, Volume 94, Issue 1
Authors: Kalla Sarita , Upadhyaya Sushant , Singh Kailash , Baghel Rakesh 
Published: December 2018

The cover image is based on the Research Article Experimental and mathematical study of air gap membrane distillation for aqueous HCl azeotropic separation by Sarita Kalla et al., DOI: 10.1002/jctb.5766.
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LGBTQ Inequality in Engineering Education
Authors: Cech Erin A. , Rothwell William R. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractBackgroundResearchers over the past three decades have documented processes of gender and racial/ethnic inequality in engineering education but little is known about other axes of difference, including the experiences of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) persons in engineering. Despite growing interest in LGBTQ inequality generally, prior research has yet to systematically document day‐to‐day experiences of inequality in engineering education along LGBTQ status.Purpose/HypothesisIn this article, we use survey data from students enrolled in eight universities to examine LGBTQ inequality in engineering education. Specifically, we explore whether LGBTQ students experience greater marginalization than their classmates, whether their engineering work is more likely to be devalued, and whether they experience more negative health and wellness outcomes. We hypothesize that LGBTQ students experience greater marginalization and devaluation and more negative health and wellness outcomes compared to their non‐LGBTQ peers.Data/MethodWe analyzed novel survey data from 1,729 undergraduate students (141 of whom identify as LGBTQ) enrolled in eight U.S. engineering programs.ResultsWe found that LGBTQ students face greater marginalization, devaluation, and health and wellness issues relative to their peers, and that these health and wellness inequalities are explained in part by LGBTQ students' experiences of marginalization and devaluation in their engineering programs. Furthermore, there is little variation in the climate for LGBTQ students across the eight schools, suggesting that anti‐LGBTQ bias may be widespread in engineering education.ConclusionsWe call for reflexive research on LGBTQ inequality in engineering education and the institutional and cultural shifts needed to mitigate these processes and better support LGBTQ students.
How does sub‐hourly rainfall intermittency bias the climatology of hourly and daily rainfalls? Examples from arid and wet tropical Australia
Authors: Dunkerley David 
Published: December 2018

Statistical rainfall climatologies for application to problems in ecohydrology or urban flood hydrology employ indices such the average rainfall depth per rain day or rain hour, and the average daily or hourly rainfall intensity. These subsume fine‐temporal‐scale aspects of rainfall arrival such as sub‐hourly intermittency that vary among locations with different climatic conditions. Rainfall duration and intensity derived from data aggregated to hourly or daily level thus involve some bias, generally overestimating the duration of rainfall and underestimating rainfall rates, and this bias will vary with location. The magnitude of bias is documented for two Australian locations having rainfall records of high temporal resolution: one arid and one wet tropical.Rainfall data aggregated to hourly or daily level yield substantial overestimates of time raining, and underestimates of rainfall rates. The magnitude of bias is shown to differ between the two field locations where on average rain is only recorded during 3.6 hr (14.9%) of a rain day at the arid location, but 8.2 hr (34%) at the wet tropical site. Resulting bias in estimates of time raining and of rainfall intensities is worse at the arid location. The significance of intermittency in particular for the detection of the effects of climate change on temporal rainfall climatology is explored. If intermittency varies with climate change, but is concealed through the use temporally aggregated rainfall data, erroneous assessments of changes in rainfall intensities may result. The use of rainfall events rather than clock‐period data appears to reduce some of these effects, but there is still a failure to reflect short‐period, high‐intensity rainfall that may be important to soil erosion and the loss of carbon, nutrients, and agrochemicals from agricultural land.
Bioaccessibility of carotenoids from plant and animal foods
Authors: Chacón‐Ordóñez Tania , Carle Reinhold , Schweiggert Ralf 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe frequent consumption of carotenoid‐rich foods has been associated with numerous health benefits, such as the supply of provitamin A. To exert these health benefits, carotenoids need to be efficiently liberated from the food matrix, micellized in the small intestine, taken up by the enterocytes and absorbed into the human blood stream. Enormous efforts have been made to better understand these processes. Because human studies are costly, labor‐intense and time‐consuming, the evaluation of carotenoid liberation and micellization at the laboratory scale using simulated in vitro digestion models has proven to be an important tool for obtaining preliminary results prior to conducting human studies. In particular, the liberation from the food matrix and the intestinal micellization can be mimicked by simulated digestion, yielding an estimate of the so‐called bioaccessibility of a carotenoid. In the present review, we provide an overview of the carotenoid digestion process in vivo, the currently used in vitro digestion models and the outcomes of previous bioaccessibility studies, with a special focus on correlations with concomitantly conducted human studies. Furthermore, we advocate for the on‐going requirement of better standardized digestion protocols and, in addition, we provide suggestions for the complementation of the acquired knowledge and current nutritional recommendations. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
A regulatory variant in TBX2 promoter is related to the decreased susceptibility of congenital heart disease in the Han Chinese population
Authors: Zhang Ran‐ran , Cai Ke , Liu Lian , Yang Qian , Zhang Ping , Gui Yong‐hao , Wang Feng 
Published: December 2018

AbstractBackgroundTbx2 plays a vital role in the cardiac cushion development. In this study, we aimed to determine the relationship between common genetic variants in the promoter region of TBX2 gene and the risk of congenital heart disease (CHD).MethodsBlood samples of 516 CHD patients and 587 control subjects were enrolled. Sanger sequencing and SNaPshot analysis were performed for genotyping in our case–control cohort. Luciferase and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) were conducted to uncover the potential modulatory mechanism of the related variants.ResultsVariant rs4455026(c.‐1028G>C) in TBX2 promoter region was found to be associated with significantly lower CHD susceptibility. The risk of CHD in C allele carriers (GC and CC genotypes) decreased by 30% compared to the wild‐type GG genotype subjects (OR = 0.70, 95% CI = 0.55–0.89, p = 0.0038). It was revealed that G to C variation resulted in a decrease in the transcriptional activity of luciferase gene, and a potential change in binding affinity with certain nucleoproteins in EMSA data.ConclusionThe minor C allele of rs4455026 in TBX2 promoter region was related with lower CHD susceptibility in the Han Chinese population via repressing its transcriptional activity.
XFEM formulation with sub‐interpolation, and equivalence to zero‐thickness interface elements
Authors: Crusat Laura , Carol Ignacio , Garolera Daniel 
Published: December 2018

SummaryThis paper describes a particular formulation of the extended finite element method (XFEM) specifically conceived for application to existing discontinuities of fixed location, for instance, in geological media. The formulation is based on two nonstandard assumptions: (1) the use of sub‐interpolation functions for each subdomain and (2) the use of fictitious displacement variables on the nodes across the discontinuity (instead of the more traditional jump variables). Thanks to the first of those assumptions, the proposed XFEM formulation may be shown to be equivalent to the standard finite element method with zero‐thickness interface elements for the discontinuities (FEM+z). The said equivalence is theoretically proven for the case of quadrangular elements cut in two quadrangles by the discontinuity, and only approximate for other types of intersections of quadrangular or triangular elements, in which the XFEM formulation corresponds to a kinematically restricted version of the corresponding interface plus continuum scheme. The proposed XFEM formulation with sub‐interpolation, also helps improving spurious oscillations of the results obtained with natural interpolation functions when the discontinuity runs skew to the mesh. A possible explanation for these oscillations is provided, which also explains the improvement observed with sub‐interpolation. The paper also discusses the oscillations observed in the numerical results when some nodes are too close to the discontinuity and proposes the remedy of moving those nodes onto the discontinuity itself. All the aspects discussed are illustrated with some examples of application, the results of which are compared with closed‐form analytical solutions or to existing XFEM results from the literature.
shRNA‐mediated PPARα knockdown in human glioma stem cells reduces in vitro proliferation and inhibits orthotopic xenograft tumour growth
Authors: Haynes Harry R , Scott Helen L , Killick‐Cole Clare L , Shaw Gary , Brend Tim , Hares Kelly M , Redondo Juliana , Kemp Kevin C , Ballesteros Lorena S , Herman Andrew , Cordero‐Llana Oscar , Singleton William G , Mills Francesca , Batstone Tom , Bulstrode Harry , Kauppinen Risto A , Wurdak Heiko , Uney James B , Short Susan C , Wilkins Alastair , Kurian Kathreena M 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe overall survival for patients with primary glioblastoma is very poor. Glioblastoma contains a subpopulation of glioma stem cells (GSC) that are responsible for tumour initiation, treatment resistance and recurrence. PPARα is a transcription factor involved in the control of lipid, carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism. We have recently shown that PPARα gene and protein expression is increased in glioblastoma and has independent clinical prognostic significance in multivariate analyses. In this work, we report that PPARα is overexpressed in GSC compared to foetal neural stem cells. To investigate the role of PPARα in GSC, we knocked down its expression using lentiviral transduction with short hairpin RNA (shRNA). Transduced GSC were tagged with luciferase and stereotactically xenografted into the striatum of NOD‐SCID mice. Bioluminescent and magnetic resonance imaging showed that knockdown (KD) of PPARα reduced the tumourigenicity of GSC in vivo. PPARα‐expressing control GSC xenografts formed invasive histological phenocopies of human glioblastoma, whereas PPARα KD GSC xenografts failed to establish viable intracranial tumours. PPARα KD GSC showed significantly reduced proliferative capacity and clonogenic potential in vitro with an increase in cellular senescence. In addition, PPARα KD resulted in significant downregulation of the stem cell factors c‐Myc, nestin and SOX2. This was accompanied by downregulation of the PPARα‐target genes and key regulators of fatty acid oxygenation ACOX1 and CPT1A, with no compensatory increase in glycolytic flux. These data establish the aberrant overexpression of PPARα in GSC and demonstrate that this expression functions as an important regulator of tumourigenesis, linking self‐renewal and the malignant phenotype in this aggressive cancer stem cell subpopulation. We conclude that targeting GSC PPARα expression may be a therapeutically beneficial strategy with translational potential as an adjuvant treatment. © 2018 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
Plant‐mediated gene silencing of an essential olfactory‐related Gqα gene enhances resistance to grain aphid in common wheat in greenhouse and field
Authors: Hou Qiling , Xu Lanjie , Liu Guoyu , Pang Xiaomeng , Wang Xiao , Zhang Yufeng , You Mingshan , Ni Zhongfu , Zhao Zhangwu , Liang Rongqi 
Published: December 2018

AbstractBACKGROUNDGrain aphid (Sitobion avenae F.) is a dominant pest that limits cereal crop production around the globe. Gq proteins have important roles in signal transduction in insect olfaction. Plant‐mediated RNA interference (RNAi) has been widely studied in insect control, but its application for the control wheat aphid in the field requires further study. Here, we used double‐stranded (ds)RNA feeding to verify the potential of selected Gqα fragments for host‐mediated RNAi, and then evaluated the effect of RNAi on aphid olfaction in transgenic wheat in the greenhouse and field.RESULTSGqα gene was expressed in the aphid life cycle, and a 540 bp fragment shared 98.1% similarity with the reported sequence. dsGqα feeding reduced the expression of Gqα, and both reproduction and molting in the grain aphid. Feeding transgenic lines in the greenhouse downregulated expression of aphid Gqα, and significantly reduced reproduction and molting numbers. Furthermore, our field results indicate that transgenic lines have lower aphid numbers and higher 1000‐grain weight than an unsprayed wild‐type control.CONCLUSIONPlant‐mediated silencing of an essential olfactory‐related Gqα gene could enhance resistance to grain aphid in common wheat in both the greenhouse and the field. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis of Size‐Expanded Nucleobase Analogues for Artificial Base‐Pairing Using a Ligand‐Free, Microwave‐Assisted Copper(I)‐Catalyzed Reaction
Authors: Radhakrishnan K , Das Soumi , Kundu Lal Mohan 
Published: December 2018

AbstractAbstract: Quinazolines is an important class of natural products. Size‐expanded isocytosine analogues or 2‐aminoquinazolinones have found significance as pharmaceutically active compounds, for the expansion of genetic alphabets and as biomolecular probes. With an aim for further biomolecular applications, a library of functionalized isocytosine analogues have been synthesized in a one‐pot, microwave‐directed reaction. Syntheses were carried out using simple reactants such as ortho‐halo aromatic carboxylic acids and guanidine hydrochloride, in absence of any additional ligand. The usefulness of the methodology could be justified by the diversity of the compounds synthesized, containing functional groups, natural nucleobases, fluorophores or peptide bonds.
State‐of‐the‐Art Advances and Challenges of Iron‐Based Metal Organic Frameworks from Attractive Features, Synthesis to Multifunctional Applications
Authors: Xia Qi , Wang Hou , Huang Binbin , Yuan Xingzhong , Zhang Jingjing , Zhang Jin , Jiang Longbo , Xiong Ting , Zeng Guangming 
Published: December 2018

AbstractMetal organic frameworks (MOFs), as an original kind of organic–inorganic porous material, are constructed with metal centers and organic linkers via a coordination complexation reaction. Among uncountable MOF materials, iron‐containing metal organic frameworks (Fe‐MOFs) have excellent potential in practical applications owing to their many fascinating properties, such as diverse structure types, low toxicity, preferable stability, and tailored functionality. Here, recent research progresses of Fe‐MOFs in attractive features, synthesis, and multifunctional applications are described. Fe‐MOFs with porosity and tailored functionality are discussed according to the design of building blocks. Four types of synthetic methods including solvothermal, hydrothermal, microwave, and dry gel conversion synthesis are illustrated. Finally, the applications of Fe‐MOFs in Li‐ion batteries, sensors, gas storage, separation in gas and liquid phases, and catalysis are elucidated, focusing on the mechanism. The aim is to provide prospects for extending Fe‐MOFs in more practical applications.