bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bizarre intravascular leiomyoma with intracardiac extension starting in the ovarian vein: a case report from Syria
Authors: Babi Amal , Shebli Baraa , Ghabally Mike , Alkanj Hussein 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Intravascular leiomyoma (IVL) with intracardiac extension (ICE) represents an exceedingly rare diagnosis of a cardiac mass. We present the case of a 42-year-old woman with recurrent syncopal episodes. Cardiac investigations revealed an extensive, mobile mass stretching from the inferior vena cava (IVC) through the right heart to the bifurcation of the pulmonary artery. Emergent surgery was conducted to excise the mass. Post-operative assessment indicated a potential malignancy in the adnexa. A subsequent surgery to resect the uterus with the adnexa, the primary origin of the mass, confirmed the diagnosis of IVL with ICE. The initial diagnostic ambiguity and the urgent pulmonary artery involvement necessitated a two-step surgical approach. Despite the propensity for recurrence, a 5-year follow-up remained unremarkable. This case underscores the importance of considering IVL with ICE in the differential diagnosis, which can expedite both diagnosis and treatment.
Transfusion related babesiosis in a non-endemic region (Western New York)
Authors: Aladeen Joseph , Wadhawan Pranav , Pendyala Reshub , Bajwa Bikram , Bajwa Rajinder P 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Babesiosis, an emerging tick-borne zoonosis caused by parasites of the genus Babesia, is typically transmitted via the black-legged tick. Occasionally, Babesia can also be transmitted through red blood cell transfusion. In this report, we present a case of babesiosis resulting from a red blood cell transfusion in an area where the pathogen is not endemic. The patient presented with a high-grade fever and hemolytic anemia. This case underscores the critical importance of recognizing Babesia as a cause of hemolysis and emphasizes the necessity of implementing universal screening of blood products for Babesia. Enhanced vigilance in blood safety protocols is imperative to prevent transfusion-associated babesiosis.
Real-world effectiveness and prognostic factors of durvalumab plus chemotherapy in a multicentric cohort with advanced biliary tract cancer
Authors: Huang Wen-Kuan , Tang Yan-Jei , Wu Chiao-En , Hou Ming-Mo , Hsu Hung-Chih , Su Po-Jung , Chiang Nai-Jung , Chen San-Chi , Yeh Chun-Nan , Chen Jen-Shi , Chen Ming-Huang , Hsieh Chia-Hsun , Chou Wen-Chi 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

Background
Biliary tract cancer (BTC) is an aggressive biliary tract cancer, arising from the bile ducts and gallbladder, with a poor prognosis. The TOPAZ-1 trial of durvalumab plus first-line chemotherapy (gemcitabine plus cisplatin) showed improved survival vs chemotherapy alone. This real-world study aimed to confirm the effectiveness of this regimen.

Methods
This retrospective, multicenter study included patients with advanced BTC treated with first-line durvalumab plus platinum chemotherapy at the Linkou, Taoyuan, and Tucheng branches of Chang Gung Memorial Hospital as well as at Taipei Veterans General Hospital between August 2021 and June 2023.

Results
Among the 45 patients with advanced biliary tree cancer treated with durvalumab plus cisplatin and gemcitabine as first-line treatment, the objective response rate was 31.1% (14 partial responses). An additional 40% (18 patients) had stable disease. The median progression-free survival was 5.6 months (95%CI, 4.4-6.9) and median overall survival was 15.8 months (95%CI, 7.9-23.8). Responders had significantly longer survival than non-responders (15.8 vs 3.3 months). Although higher durvalumab doses (1000-1500 mg) appeared to have improved efficacy compared to lower doses (&lt;1000 mg), the difference was not statistically significant. On multivariate analysis, poor ECOG performance status (≥2) and a high neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio were independent prognostic factors for shorter overall survival.

Conclusion
This real-world study demonstrated the comparable efficacy of durvalumab plus chemotherapy to the TOPAZ-1 trial for patients with advanced BTC and identified prognostic factors. There was a trend toward improved efficacy with higher durvalumab dosing (1000-1500 mg) vs lower dosing, though further research is needed to confirm this relationship.
Management of severe immune-related adverse events and outcomes in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors
Authors: Naidoo Jarushka , Johnson Douglas B , Doran Charlotte , Wang Yuexi , Zhang Yan , Le Trong Kim , Hopson Sari , Dreyfus Brian , Lal Lincy S , Vyas Charmy , Goldstein Shay , Izadi Zara 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

Background
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are associated with severe immune-related adverse events (s-irAEs) that result in hospitalization, emergency department (ED) visits, treatment discontinuation, or death. This study examined the impact of s-irAEs and their earliest management strategies on clinical outcomes in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

Methods
Data were derived from ConcertAI Patient360 NSCLC, a US-based electronic medical record database, between January 2012 and May 2021. Eligible patients had advanced NSCLC and received ICI-containing therapy. s-irAEs and management actions were abstracted from unstructured EHR data from ICI initiation through the earliest of 100 days after ICI discontinuation, start of a non-ICI-containing regimen, loss to follow up, end of study period, or death. Multivariable Cox regression analysis was used to evaluate the association between s-irAEs and their earliest management strategies, and real-world progression-free survival (rwPFS) and real-world overall survival (rwOS).

Results
The study included 3211 patients. Median (IQR) age was 67 (60-73) years, and 44.9% were female. Most patients (61.6%) initiated ICIs as first-line therapy; half (50.1%) initiated ICIs as monotherapy, with nivolumab monotherapy (29.5%) as the most common initial ICI-containing regimen in any line. Overall, 8.6% of patients experienced s-irAEs, most often diarrhea (3.5%), pneumonitis (1.4%), and rash (1.3%). Among patients who experienced at least one s-irAEs, over half (57.4%) were hospitalized, and 71.8% were treated with corticosteroids, any time after the occurrence of their first s-irAEs. Median rwPFS was 4.9 (95%CI, 4.6-5.2) months, and median rwOS was 13.6 (12.6-14.7) months from ICI initiation. rwPFS and rwOS were comparable between patients with s-irAEs vs patients without s-irAEs when s-irAEs were first managed with anti-cancer treatment interruptions. Patients with s-irAEs had a 53% (22.3%-91.4%) higher risk of death than patients without s-irAEs when s-irAEs initially required corticosteroids or other immunosuppressants, and a 61% (37.9%-87.9%) higher risk of death when s-irAEs first required hospitalization or ED admission.

Conclusion
The impact of s-irAEs on clinical outcomes may depend on the initial intervention required to manage the adverse event. s-irAEs were associated with worse outcomes when they initially required hospital/ED admission, corticosteroids, or other immunosuppression.
The German Bible from Martin Luther to Johann Eck
Authors: Leppin Volker 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The Middle Ages provided German-speaking readers with a good number of vernacular translations. All of them followed the Vulgate with the exception of Luther’s which took Erasmus’s Greek New Testament as a basis for what would become his tremendously successful translation of the New Testament. The Scripture principle and the idea of the priesthood of all baptized together formed the Reformation’s impulse in translating the Bible. Even Catholic authors could not ignore joining in the success of the Bible in the vernacular. Jerome Emser edited a translation of the New Testament in 1527 meant to replace Luther’s version with a Catholic one, which nonetheless followed Luther’s translation almost completely, even as Emser raised some issues about alleged dogmatic prejudices staining Luther’s efforts. In the end, the history of German Bible translations in the Reformation era is a story that revolves around the Luther Bible.
Reformation Children’s Bibles from Martin Luther to Wendelin Rihel
Authors: Keuchen Marion 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Through the Reformation, the Bible and education gained central importance. The Reformation principle that the Bible as Holy Scripture should be the only basis and norm for faith (sola Scriptura) emphasized the importance of reading and writing. The Reformers wanted children and laypeople to become independent church members. Teaching material was needed for school lessons, and study Bibles with pictures were produced; Martin Luther’s Little Prayer Book (1529) served as a prototype. The Lay Bible (1540) by Wendelin Rihel was a continuation of Luther’s Little Prayer Book. This innovative period laid the foundation for later children’s Bible traditions.
The Medieval Four Senses of Scripture and Nicholas of Lyra’s Literal Interpretation of the Bible
Authors: Smith Lesley 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter seeks to show that many of the characteristics associated with Reformation biblical interpretation can already be found in the exegesis of the fourteenth-century Franciscan scholar Nicholas of Lyra (d. 1349), said to be Martin Luther’s favorite exegete. Nicholas’s vast biblical commentary, Postilla litteralis super totam bibliam (1322–31), with its shorter companion, the Postilla moralis (1333–39), was enormously popular, surviving even today in hundreds of manuscripts. Commonly comparing Christian and Jewish understanding of the same text (including through a set of comparative exegetical drawings, especially for Exodus and Ezekiel), Nicholas almost always comes down on the side of the Jewish interpretation as being superior to the Christian. Nevertheless, this does not alter his view of the fundamental wrongness of the Jewish understanding of God’s word.
Reformers and the Biblia Hebraica
Authors: Graves Michael 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Christian Hebraism in this era arose out of Renaissance humanistic scholarship and Christian interest in Jewish mysticism. As the Protestant Reformation took shape, Protestants devoted significant attention to the Biblia Hebraica as part of their emphasis on scriptural authority. New translations were made into Latin and vernacular languages based on the Hebrew, and biblical commentaries offered fresh exegesis of the Old Testament that combined rabbinic learning, historical interest, and Christian theological interpretation. Important Protestant Bibles include Sebastian Münster’s Latin Biblia Hebraica, Luther’s German Bible, Pierre Olivétan’s French Bible, and the King James Version. Influential Protestant commentators on the Hebrew Bible include Johannes Oecolampadius, Martin Bucer, John Calvin, and Johannes Drusius. Through Protestant–Catholic debates over the reliability of the Masoretic Bible, Hebrew textual criticism emerged as a field of study. Eventually, Protestant Hebrew scholarship became less defined by doctrinal distinctives and focused more on text-critical investigations.
Martin Luther’s Biblical Hermeneutics
Authors: Brown Christopher Boyd 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Martin Luther’s Reformation “breakthrough” centered on a new approach to understanding the Bible which he unfolded throughout his subsequent career. Insisting on the distinction between God’s “two sermons” of Law and Gospel and on the centrality of Christ as Savior throughout the biblical canon, Luther upheld Scripture as the sole judge of Christian teaching and encouraged the study of the original Hebrew and Greek texts. Against the “Enthusiasts,” Luther identified this external Word in all its forms not simply as the authoritative description of God’s action but as the sole means through which the Holy Spirit was active among human beings to create faith. In his theological treatises, lectures, sermons, and especially in his annotated German translation of the Bible, as well as in his catechism, hymns, and their accompanying art, Luther applied and exemplified his hermeneutical approach for other readers and interpreters of Scripture, theologians, and laity alike.
The Authority and Interpretation of the Bible by Huldrych Zwingli and the Zürich Reformation
Authors: Opitz Peter 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The first establishment of the church on the basis of sola Scriptura in the Reformation period took place in Zurich in 1523. The theological ground was provided by the Zurich reformer Huldrych Zwingli. On the one hand, Zwingli interpreted the Bible with the best humanistic methods of his time. On the other hand, he taught that only the Holy Spirit can bring about the proper understanding of the Bible. The Spirit that spoke to the people in the Bible also speaks to its readers today. Because of the exclusive supremacy of God’s Word, all interpretations of the Bible must be further examined according to Christ, the living Word of God in human form. The accuracy of interpretations remains relative. The divine truth is ultimately in God’s hands. Zwingli and his teaching laid the foundation for the entire Reformed tradition.
Biblical Authority and the Radical Reformation
Authors: Hamilton Alastair 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The emphasis on mysticism and personal inspiration became particularly prominent in circles connected with the Radical Reformation. During a time of spiritual and political turmoil, with its quick changes of the official religion, radical reform emphasized the interiorization of religious piety, at times to the abandonment of the authority of the visible churches as well as to a demotion of the Bible’s unique role as inspired. The work of the same Holy Spirit that had inspired the Evangelists could be detected in other writings, including the biblical apocrypha and extra-biblical works of piety such as the Imitation of Christ and the Theologia Germanica. In the end, Nicodemism became an increasingly common feature of the period, entailing outward conformity, the readiness to attend the religious services of any church chosen by the state, while the individual could retain an inner religious conviction that transcended ceremonial and liturgical differences.
Thomas de Vio Cajetan (1469–1534)
Authors: Arnold Claus 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Although a papalist and a Thomist who opposed Luther in 1518, Tommaso de Vio (Cardinal Cajetan) proposed later in his life a type of biblical hermeneutics which was less inspired by Counter-Reformation than by a humanist textual criticism and a strict orientation towards the literal sense of Scripture. Cajetan’s criticism of the Vulgate, of traditional patristic exegesis, and of ecclesiastical precepts not founded on the literal meaning of Scripture found a direct, if not explicit, rejection by the Council of Trent. But ultimately his exegetical works escaped censuring and expurgation. In 1639, the Spanish Dominicans of Alcala, seat of the famous Universitas Complutense, decided to republish Cajetan’s commentaries in five volumes at Lyons, outside the reach of the Spanish Inquisition. In the form of the Alcala opera omnia, Cajetan’s exegesis continued to exert influence in Catholicism and beyond well into the twentieth century.
Heinrich Bullinger (1504–1575)
Authors: Giselbrecht Rebecca A. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Heinrich Bullinger (1504–75) discovered the Bible as a young man and this discovery resulted in a lifelong intensive working with and from the Bible in his pastoral, homiletical, and theological work. His theology of the covenant was a leading hermeneutical principle in his work. The scriptural principle, schrift prinzip, that Scripture interprets Scripture, also defined and determined Bullinger’s hermeneutic and exegetical work. The reformer cared for the spiritual needs of his congregation and influenced the world with practical pastoral theological wisdom rooted in scriptural warrant and prayer. Bullinger understood the Bible as the truth, meaning that the word of God defines reality and testifies to Christ the witness, who attests to the presence of God in our lives.
Roman Catholicism and the Biblical Canon
Authors: Murray Luke 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
What was the position of the Catholic Church on the canon of Scripture during the Reformation and early modern era? How did Catholics respond to Luther’s decision to exclude certain books from his German Bible? This essay will examine the influence of Jerome, Augustine, and early councils on the question as well as the views prominent Catholics such as Cajetan, Cisneros, and Erasmus. With the rise of Luther and the reformers’ rejection of the “deuterocanonicals,” the essay will also examine the response of five early modern Catholic apologists on the issue: Johann Cochlaeus (1479–1552), Johann Eck (1486–1543), Johann Dietenberger (1475–1537), Alfonso de Castro (1495–1558), and Johannes Driedo (c.1480–1535). The article will then conclude by looking at Trent’s response and how Catholics understood the issue after the council by briefly examining Sixtus of Sienna (1520–69) and Cornelius a Lapide’s (1567–1637) comments on the question.
The Eucharist (John 6; 1 Cor. 10–11)
Authors: Nelson Burnett Amy 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
From the beginning of the eucharistic controversy, Luther and the Swiss reformers disagreed on whether John 6:63 was relevant to the Lord’s Supper, whether “this is my body” should be interpreted literally or figuratively, and whether 1 Cor. 10:16 referred to the fellowship among Christians or the distribution of Christ’s body in the bread. Martin Bucer advocated an alternative position that used John 6:53–58 and 1 Cor. 10:16 to highlight the believer’s spiritual reception of Christ’s true body. This allowed agreement with Melanchthon and made possible the 1536 Wittenberg Concord. While Calvin was initially influenced by Bucer’s exegesis, Bullinger remained loyal to Zwingli’s interpretation, and his position influenced the major Reformed confessions.
Faith (Rom. 3:28; 10:17)
Authors: Walters Adams Gwenfair 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
During the sixteenth century, scripture passage Romans 3:28 served as a key locus for the debate over justification by faith alone. Sola fide became a rallying cry for reformers from across the spectrum of Lutheran, Reformed, and Anabaptist viewpoints. The Council of Trent, however, condemned the doctrine. The definition for faith was both contested and critical, with the reformers emphasizing that what was important was the object of that faith: Jesus Christ and his saving work. Debates emerged over topics such as formed and unformed faith; the roles and interrelationships of caritas (love), the law, works, and faith; the reconciliation of the seeming contradiction of James and Paul on faith and works; the mixed response of Anabaptists to sola fide; and the roles that Scripture and the Holy Spirit play in how one acquires faith.
Introduction
Authors: McNutt Jennifer Powell , Selderhuis Herman J. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The Oxford Handbook of the Bible and the Reformation introduces readers to an expansive history of the Bible as it was shaped, shared, and received during the Reformation and across Christian traditions. Over the course of five parts, the volume’s content explores the biblical canon, translation and print, the development of Reformation hermeneutics, the history of Bible commentators, and exegesis relating to key texts and theological themes of Reformation writing and discourse. To engage the subject broadly, intricately, and robustly required a multitude of scholarly hands who hold a range of expertise attuned to the early modern Bible’s composition and position as sacred text and, from the Renaissance era on, printed book. With gratitude to the contributions of over fifty leading scholars and international experts in their respective fields, a fuller account emerges. The importance of the Bible’s role, reach, and authority among early modern European Christians is made evident.
The Latin Bible from the Late Middle Ages to Junius-Tremellius
Authors: McLean Matthew 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This essay considers the form and status of the Bible in Latin at the close of the Middle Ages and traces out the developments through the sixteenth century. Assumed to be inspired and unchanged, the Latin Bible had come to exist in a number of traditions and had acquired errors and variations with the passing of centuries. Humanist methods of textual criticism and the opportunities presented by moveable type reshaped the Latin Bible, and the Reformation saw the creation of new Latin translations which diverged from the Vulgate, the authority of which was asserted by the Tridentine Church. These processes inspired many remarkable scholarly collaborations and also fierce controversies: the Latin Bible, in all its old and new forms, remained at the very heart of the religious and intellectual transformations of the century. Protestants did not relinquish the Vulgate and Catholic scholars were not ignorant of the critical editions and translations being produced elsewhere.
Printing Bibles during the Reformation
Authors: Severance Diana 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The spread of the Reformation was in large measure abetted by Gutenberg’s earlier development of printing with moveable metal type. As printing presses sprang up in cities throughout Europe, many focused on printing Bibles. At first, the Latin Vulgate Bible was most printed, but after Luther’s German translation of the Bible, the printing of vernacular Bibles increased. In some places, printing Bibles was restricted; some printers were fined or even executed for not following the censorship laws. A review of the early history of printed Bibles especially in Germany, France, Switzerland, the Netherlands, and England reveals patterns developing in the formatting of Bibles. Printers developed special features which became standard in many Bibles, features such as page headings, prefaces to books, chapter summaries, marginal references, explanatory notes, maps, and woodcut illustrations. All of these would encourage the personal reading and study of the Scriptures which was foundational to the Reformation.
The OXIDATIVE SIGNAL-INDUCIBLE1 kinase regulates plant immunity by linking microbial pattern–induced reactive oxygen species burst to MAP kinase activation
Authors: Ma Miaomiao , Wang Pan , Chen Rubin , Bai Mei , He Zhuoyuan , Xiao Dan , Xu Guangyuan , Wu Hong , Zhou Jian-Min , Dou Daolong , Bi Guozhi , Liang Xiangxiu 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Plant cell surface–localized pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) recognize microbial patterns and activate pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). Typical PTI responses include reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst controlled by the NADPH oxidase RESPIRATORY BURST OXIDASE HOMOLOG D (RbohD) and activation of the MAP kinase (MAPK) cascade composed of MAPKKK3/5–MKK4/5–MPK3/6. However, the mechanisms through which PRRs regulate and coordinate these immune responses are not fully understood. Here, we showed that Arabidopsis thaliana OXIDATIVE SIGNAL-INDUCIBLE1 (OXI1), a kinase known to be activated by ROS, is involved in the LYK5–CERK1 receptor complex, which recognizes fungal cell wall–derived chitin. The oxi1 mutant exhibits enhanced susceptibility to various pathogens and reduced chitin-induced MAPK activation and ROS burst. We showed that chitin induces the phosphorylation of OXI1 in an RbohD-dependent manner. H2O2 and chitin treatment causes the oxidation of OXI1 at Cys104 and Cys205, which is essential for the kinase activity of OXI1. These oxidation sites are required for chitin-induced MAPK activation and disease resistance. Activated OXI1 directly phosphorylates MAPKKK5 to regulate MAPK activation. Additionally, OXI1 phosphorylates RbohD, suggesting that it may activate RbohD to promote ROS burst to further enhance the long-term MAPK activation. Together, our findings reveal a pathway linking PRR-mediated ROS production to MAPK activation through OXI1.