bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Snags and Down Wood in Missouri Old-Growth and Mature Second-Growth Forests
Authors: Shifley Stephen R. , Brookshire Brian L. , Larsen David R. , Herbeck Laura A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
As forest managers in the Midwest focus more attention toward understanding and maintaining ecosystem processes, greater emphasis is being placed on the role of snags and down wood in providing wildlife habitat, cycling nutrients, and maintaining continuity in forest structure following harvest. We measured five remnant old-growth hardwood tracts and six mature, second-growth, hardwood tracts in Missouri and compared findings concerning (1) the volume of down wood and (2) the number and size distribution of snags (i.e., standing dead trees). Volume of down wood ≥ 10 cm in diameter averaged 36 m³/ha on the old-growth tracts, double the 18 m³/ha mean volume for the second-growth sites. This difference in volume was concentrated in pieces of down wood with diameters larger than 20 cm; below diameters of 20 cm the number of pieces of down wood by diameter class was similar for the old-growth and second-growth sites. On the old-growth sites, the mean basal area of snags ≥ 10 cm dbh was 1.9 m²/ha. This was approximately 1.5 times greater than the mean basal area of snags on the second-growth sites. The number of snags ≥ 10 cm dbh on the old growth sites was approximately 9% pf the number of live trees on those sites. The corresponding value for second-growth sites was 8%. On both the old-growth and second-growth sites, the number of snags and the number of live trees by dbh class followed a negative exponential (reverse-J) form. Frequency distributions for the number of snags by dbh class closely followed those for live trees on the same sites. These results provide managers with general guidelines for the quantity of down wood likely to be found in mature second-growth forests and old-growth forests. We also provide some provisional rules of thumb for estimating the density and size distribution of snags from values observed for live trees in the same stand. North. J. Appl. For. 14(4):165-172.
From Timber to Forests and People: A View of Nonindustrial Private Forest Research
Authors: Egan Andrew F. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The published research on nonindustrial private forests (NIPFs) and their owners is substantial. Early works have focused on the role these lands may play in meeting predicted timber shortages. Later research on the NIPF situation appeared more motivated by private forest management than timber management, and more interested in the NIPF owner as a person than as a timber supplier. Correspondingly, much of the research on forestry assistance programs has been critical of their traditional timber-only approach. Many researchers have agreed that the success of such efforts hinges on their ability to address the diverse forestry objectives of private landowners rather than focusing narrowly on the advancement of timber management. North. J. Appl. For. 14(4):189-193.
Determining Girard Form Class in Central Hardwoods
Authors: Rennie John C. , Leake Jack D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Girard form class is widely used to describe tree form. Tree volume estimates change about 3% per unit change of Girard form class (Mesavage and Girard 1946). Hardwoods growing in close proximity have been observed to have a wide range in Girard form class. Accurate determination of Girard form class can therefore be important in getting accurate estimates of hardwood timber volume. However, the cost of estimating Girard form class for every tree being measured in the stand would be prohibitively expensive. Thus, estimation of average Girard form class for a stand is considered here.
Three instruments used to estimate Girard form class—a Wheeler pentaprism optical caliper, a wedge prism, and a Spiegel relaskop—were compared to direct measurement. Number of sample trees to achieve desired half-widths of the confidence interval of ±1 and ±1 1/2 units of Girard form class was calculated for each method.
Direct measurement requires the fewest trees to achieve the desired results. However, it requires considerably more time per tree than any of the instruments tested. The Wheeler pentaprism requires only a few more trees than direct measurement, and considerably fewer trees than either the wedge prism or the Spiegel relaskop. Use of all three instruments is hindered when understory vegetation obscures the top of the first log. North. J. Appl. For. 14(4):202-206.
Improving Estimates of Acceptable Growing Stock in Young Upland Oak Forests in the Missouri Ozarks
Authors: Dey Daniel C. , Johnson Paul S. , Garrett H. E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Estimates of regeneration or growing stock in young oak forests may be too high unless criteria are established that define explicitly acceptable growing stock. In young hardwood stands, crown class can be used to identify acceptable growing stock because it is related to the future growth and survival of reproduction. A method is presented for assigning crown class categories to hardwood stems based on their diameters (dbh). Young upland oak forests originating from clearcuts in the Missouri Ozarks were sampled to determine the relationship between dbh and crown class. Stands were 19 to 25 yr old. Threshold diameters (TD) separating one crown class category from another were determined using regression analyses. TD was not significantly affected by species group, and in some cases by aspect and slope position. Quadratic mean stand diameter (QMSD) was significantly related to TD. As QMSD increased so did TD. When QMSD equals 3 in., trees with dbh ≥ 3.9 in. are allocated to the codominant and dominant crown class category, and those ≥ 2.5 in. to the dominant, codominant, and intermediate category. TD can be used to assign a crown class category to individual trees, thereby improving estimations of acceptable growing stock. By this method, crown class can be used to define acceptable growing stock and evaluate stocking, yet it does not have to be measured in stand inventories. North. J. Appl. For. 15(1):28-32.
Estimating White Trunk Rot in Aspen Stands
Authors: Jones Alan C. , Ostry Michael E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Advanced decay caused by Phellinus tremulae was estimated in 295 trembling aspen on 30 plots in 2 Minnesota counties using existing inventory guides, and then measured by felling and sectioning the trees. In standing trees, decay volume was underestimated by 38% compared to measured decay volume in felled trees. The most reliable external indicator of decay was the presence of conks of the fungus. Results indicate that decay associated with conks in the first 16 ft of the trees accounted for nearly 70% of the total volume loss. Decay volume in trees with no conks averaged less than 2% compared to 14% in trees with conks. There was little merchantable volume lost from decay associated with poplar borer (Saperda calcarata) damage, closed wounds, and hypoxylon cankers. We recommend that inventory guides for estimating aspen decay in Minnesota be revised, and a suggested guide is provided. North. J. Appl. For. 15(1):33-36.
Adequacy of Natural Hardwood Regeneration on Forestlands in Northeastern Pennsylvania
Authors: Fredericksen Todd S. , Ross Brad , Hoffman Wayne , Lester Mike , Beyea Jan , Morrison Michael L. , Johnson Bradley N. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The density of established and newly germinated commercial tree regeneration was assessed on 33 stands in northeastern Pennsylvania representing both northern hardwood and oak-hickory forest types. The purpose of the study was to determine the amount of regeneration on stands with differing amounts of residual basal area after harvest. Most stands were on nonindustrial private lands that had been harvested between 2-8 yr ago. The density of new germinants decreased while the density of seedling and sapling regeneration greater than 3 ft tall increased with increasing basal area removal. This result suggests that recruitment of taller seedlings and saplings improves with increasing intensity of harvests. Evidence of browsing by white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus Zimmermann) was observed on nearly all species and was 50% or higher for seven species. High fern cover was most evident in heavily browsed areas. Neither slash cover nor height of slash was related to the density of any of the regeneration classes. This suggests that slash may not always afford adequate protection from deer. As in other parts of the state, a relative scarcity of sapling regeneration and high browsing incidence on many commercially valuable species indicates that problems with deer and competing species, like fern, need to be addressed in order to achieve sustainable forest management in northeastern Pennsylvania. North. J. Appl. For. 15(3):130-134.
Short-Term Flooding Effects on Root Suckering of Quaking Aspen
Authors: Bates P. C. , Sucoff E. , Blinn C. R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Unexpectedly few root suckers may develop following summer clearcuts of quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) on sites with fine-textured soils and level terrain. We hypothesized that the poor regeneration is partially a result of the flooded soil conditions that follow such harvests, and that the damage would increase with duration of flooding and temperature. Root segments from ca. 45-yr-old aspen trees were planted in saturated mixtures of O and A horizon soil material for 2, 6, 10, and 14 days at relatively warm and cool temperatures (12 hr day/night temperature regimes of 28/20°C and 20/12°C, respectively). The root segments were then transplanted into moist soil at ambient O2 for an additional 14 to 38 days. Suckering was significantly reduced by increased flooding duration and by flooding at warmer temperatures. The percentage of segments that suckered decreased exponentially with accumulated growing degree days during flooding. Saturated soil conditions can inhibit aspen suckering in controlled environments and may have the potential for precluding successful regeneration following clearcutting. North. J. Appl. For. 15(4):169-173.
Assessment of Residual Stand Quality and Regeneration Following Shelterwood Cutting in Central Appalachian Hardwoods
Authors: Johnson James E. , Miller Gary W. , Baumgras John E. , West Cynthia D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Partial cutting to develop two-age stands is a relatively new practice in the central Appalachian region, and forest managers need quantitative information in order to evaluate how well it meets management objectives. Typically, this practice leaves a residual overstory of 10 to 40 ft² per ac of basal area and leads to regeneration of desirable shade-intolerant species which comprise the second age class. In this study we evaluated residual tree quality and regeneration 2 to 5 yr after cutting in 20 stands on the Monongahela National Forest in West Virginia. Tree grades were not significantly affected by the cutting. The largest grade reductions, due primarily to epicormic branching and logging wounds, occurred with large white oak sawtimber (11%) and white ash small sawtimber (10%). Epicormic branching following the cut was greatest for white oaks in the suppressed and intermediate crown classes. Across all species, the trees in the lower crown classes produced the greatest number of epicormic branches. Overall, epicormic branching on the 16 ft butt logs of dominant and codominant trees was low. For white oak (Quercus alba), 64% of these trees produced no epicormic branches. But 75% of yellow-poplars (Liriodendron tulipifera), 82% of black cherries (Prunus serotina), 78% of northern red oaks (Quercus rubra), and 89% of white ashes (Fraxinus americana) produced no epicormic branches on butt logs. Logging wounds occurred on 45% of the residual trees across the 20 stands, but 21% had large wounds over 100 in². Regeneration of both shade-intolerant and tolerant species was prolific following the cutting. Total numbers of tree seedlings and sprouts ranged from 8,217 stems/ac in the mixed oak stands of the Ridge and Valley Province to 30,845 stems/ac in the beech-cherry-maple stands in the Allegheny Mountains. The birches, primarily sweet birch (Betula lenta), comprised the most abundant species across the study area, but species composition varied depending on forest cover type. Regeneration numbers were lowest in the mixed oak stands in the Ridge and Valley Province. North. J. Appl. For. 15(4):203-210.
Comparing Grazed and Ungrazed Forests in Kansas
Authors: Schmidt Thomas L. , Hansen Mark H. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Differences between grazed and ungrazed forestlands in Kansas were investigated based on a statewide sample of all forestlands. Grazing forestlands was found to have a significant relationship to the quality and quantity of trees on forestlands, as seen in lower levels of total volume and growing-stock volume when compared to ungrazed forestlands. In addition, grazed forestlands showed lower average basal areas, younger average stand ages, lower potential productivities, and increased percentages of bare ground. Compared to forestlands without grazing, forestlands with grazing had higher levels of eastern redcedar (Juniperus virginiana L.) seedling regeneration and lower levels of preferred hardwood species regeneration in several forest type groups. Land managers can use these results in their decision-making process concerning whether to graze their deciduous forests. North. J. Appl. For. 15(4):216-221.
Radial Growth Losses in Preferred and Avoided Tree Species During Gypsy Moth Outbreaks
Authors: Naidoo Robin , Lechowicz Martin J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We investigated the effect of gypsy moth larval density on radial growth of preferred and avoided trees: northern red oak and white ash, respectively. Individual trees were censused for gypsy moth larvae from 1979 to 1992 at a site where several outbreaks occurred. Annual growth rings were measured from 1950 to 1992 on increment cores taken from these same trees, as well as from trees at a nearby site that had not experienced any outbreaks. Regression models of growth at the outbreak site on growth at the nonoutbreak site were developed to isolate the influence of gypsy moth defoliation from other factors such as climate. These were then used to generate expected values for radial growth in the absence of gypsy moth at the outbreak site. During the first year of the first gypsy moth outbreak, there was a mean reduction in radial growth of 46% in red oak, a loss similar to what has been reported in other studies. Growth of white ash was much higher than predicted in 2 yr during and subsequent to the first outbreak. Yearly larval counts from 1979 to 1992 on red oak at the outbreak site were negatively correlated with oak radial growth after correcting for climate, suggesting that nonoutbreak levels of gypsy moth may reduce radial growth more than has previously been thought. Larval counts on ash were uncorrelated with ash growth after correcting for climate. North. J. Appl. For. 16(1):11-18.
Use of Vegetational Characteristics and Browsing Patterns to Predict Deer Damage in Eastern White Pine (Pinus strobus) Plantations
Authors: Saunders Mike R. , Puettmann Klaus J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Browsing of seedlings by white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) can make natural and artificial forest regeneration difficult. Few mathematical models predict deer browsing within and between sites, giving managers only landscape-level characteristics, such as deer population levels and yearly snowfall measurements, to determine where deer-protective measures should be installed. This study described browsing patterns and assessed influence of vegetational characteristics on browsing. Predictive models were developed using overstory and understory measurements, and browsing reconstructions of individual seedlings within eight eastern white pine (Pinus strobus) plantations in northern Minnesota. Results indicated that deer concentrate browsing on terminal leaders in shorter seedlings, shifting to laterals as seedlings approach browsing height limits (140 cm).Damage models were site-specific. The vertical and horizontal distribution of understory vegetation and the presence of alternative food sources influenced the probability of browsing. Future models should incorporate these measures as well as browse selection patterns, landscape-level characteristics,and past deer activity. North. J. Appl. For. 16(2):96-102.
Survival and Growth of Planted Hardwoods in Harvested Openings with First-Order Lateral Root Differences, Root-Dipping, and Tree Shelters
Authors: Ponder Felix 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Survival and height of four hardwood species—black walnut (Juglans nigra L.), northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.), white oak (Q. alba L.), and black oak (Q. velutina Lam.)—were evaluated 4 yr after the trees were outplanted in a recently harvested hardwood site. The study evaluated the influence of numbers of first-order lateral roots (FOLR); preplanting-root treatments (RT) that included both separate and combination treatments of a biostimulant, Roots®, a moisture loss retardant, SuperSorb-F® (SS), and a water control; and tree shelters (TS) on seedling performance.Except for black walnut, 4 yr survival was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher with tree shelters than without them. However, survival was not affected by FOLR or RT. The number of FOLR significantly affected the 4 yr height growth of northern red oak and black oak, but they did not affect the height growth of black walnut and white oak. Four-year height growth for black walnut and northern red oak was greater for unsheltered trees than for sheltered trees; the reverse was true for white oak and black oak. First-order lateral roots, root collar diameter (RCD), and TS were significantly correlated with first-year height and/or 4 yr height growth. Root treatments did not affect height growth. The overall good survival and limited treatment effect indicate that the number of FOLR was of limited importance on this site for these tree species. However, treatment effects may have been different on a more stressful site. North. J. Appl. For. 17(2):45-50.
Managing Oak and Pine Stands on Outwash Sands: Protecting Plant Nutrients
Authors: Hallett R. A. , Hornbeck J. W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In New England, red oak and white pine forests growing on sandy outwash sites are susceptible to nutrient losses due to inherently low nutrient capitals and/or nutrient depletion by past activities such as farming, fire, and intensive harvesting. Key nutrients such as calcium (Ca),magnesium (Mg), and potassium (K) are removed with biomass during harvesting operations, and are lost to increased leaching and erosion during and immediately after logging. In these forests, the highest base saturation or concentration of plant-available Ca, Mg, and K(63 to 92%) is found in the O horizon. As a result, special precautions are needed during harvest to prevent damage and nutrient depletion of the upper soil horizons. To mitigate nutrient losses we recommend using low-impact logging techniques, winter harvesting, and managing for white pine on these sites. North.J. Appl. For. 17(2):57-61.
Bucket Mounding as a Mechanical Site Preparation Technique in Wetlands
Authors: Londo Andrew J. , Mroz Glenn D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This article summarizes the information in the literature concerning site preparation in wetlands with special emphasis on bucket mounding. Mounding as a site preparation technique has been used since the 18th century for reestablishing tree species on wet sites, and it is commonly used in parts of Canada and Scandinavia. In the Lake States, a version of mounding called bucket mounding is coming into use for regenerating cutover wetland sites. Bucket mounding differs from other mounding operations in that it is used exclusively in wetlands and uses a tracked excavator to create the mounds, rather than equipment towed behind or attached to a skidder or bulldozer. In wet areas, bucket mounding creates a raised planting site, resulting in more aerated soil above the water table, warmer soil temperatures during the growing season, greater nutrient availability, and a small degree of vegetation control. Bucket mounding mimics the natural pit and mound microtopography that naturally occurs as a result of wind storms across the Great Lakes Region. This microtopography is important for natural regeneration establishment and growth. This article provides an overview of natural pit and mound formation, types of mounds, mounding equipment, the effects of mounding on the seedling environment, and planted species survival. Additional considerations for Lake States conditions are also discussed. North. J. Appl. For. 18(1):7–13.
Herbicide Hardwood Crop Tree Release in Central West Virginia
Authors: Kochenderfer Jeffrey D. , Zedaker Shepard M. , Johnson James E. , Smith David Wm. , Miller Gary W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Chemical crop tree release treatments were applied to young hardwood stands at three sites in central West Virginia to evaluate the effectiveness of glyphosate as Accord (41.5% SL), imazapyr as Arsenal AC (53.1% SL) and Chopper (27.6% EC), and triclopyr as Garlon 3A (44.4% triethylamine salt SL), and Garlon 4 (61.6% butoxyethyl ester EC) using hack-and-squirt injection and low volume stem bark band application methods. American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) was a major competitor to black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.) crop trees at each site. The treatments were applied in June and evaluated 12 months after treatment. A numerical rating system ranging from 1 to 7 (0–100% crown affected), which utilized visual symptoms, was used to evaluate the efficacy of each treatment. Trees receiving a rating of 5 (75% crown control) or greater were considered controlled.After 12 months, almost complete control (99+%) was achieved with the Accord, Garlon 3A, and Arsenal AC injection treatments across all study sites. The low volume stem bark band treatments used in this study were not effective. The imazapyr treatments adversely affected several crop trees and are not recommended for hardwood crop tree release. Some crop tree damage was inflicted by the Accord treatments, but when suggested guidelines are followed, Accord is recommended for crop tree release treatments. No crop tree damage was observed in the Garlon 3A treatments. The costs of the injection treatments expressed in dollars/ft2 of basal area controlled were as follows: Accord ($0.91), Garlon 3A ($1.04), and Arsenal AC ($0.84). The Northeast Decision Model Stand Inventory Processor using the NE-TWIGS growth simulator was used to predict the future composition and value of projected stands. The stem injection treatments more than doubled projected growth of black cherry basal area. Real rates of return for investment in weed tree control averaged 8.77% for stem injection treatments. This study indicates that chemical crop tree release treatments using stem injection with label recommended solutions of Accord or Garlon 3A are an effective way to increase the future value of Appalachian hardwood stands. North. J. Appl. For. 18(2):46–54.