bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pour une observation trébuchante
Authors: Debouny Louise 
Published: September 2018

Construire une ethnographie dite du proche suppose pour le chercheur d’interroger ses méthodes d’enquête et ses modalités d’accès au terrain. Mais peut-on jamais prétendre être « chez soi » lorsque l’on adopte une posture qui exige de conjuguer immersion et distanciation ? Se peut-il que l’on travaille « chez Nous » quand se meuvent en permanence les contours de l’altérité ? En acceptant de s’essayer aux inconforts du terrain au travers d’une immersion participative, l’ethnologue peut arpenter ces distances inconciliables mais pourtant heuristiques et faire de sa maladresse et de son malaise des outils de connaissance.
« S’en remettre » à l’institution militaire
Authors: Guillaume Mélanie 
Published: September 2018

Ces dernières années, le renouvellement des recherches en sciences sociales sur les armées a octroyé une place de choix à l'étude de la « fabrique des militaires ». De fait, c'est sur l'institution militaire comme instance socialisatrice et sur les expériences des militaires au sein de l'institution que l'attention s'est principalement portée, laissant peu explorée la question des conditions de possibilité de l'engagement. Cet article entend déplacer le regard sur les ressorts de l'engagement, en mettant en lumière les spécificités de l'engagement des engagés volontaires. Ceux-ci constituent, au sein de l'institution militaire, la frange des personnels les moins gradés et aussi, très souvent, les moins dotés sur le plan social, scolaire ou culturel. L'article met l'accent sur leur disposition à « s'en remettre » à l'institution militaire, entendue comme une propension à accepter les règles de l’institution, dont la soumission à l’ordre hiérarchique, ainsi qu’à s’approprier ses catégories de perception, de jugement et d’action. En présentant les portraits sociologiques de quatre engagés, l'auteure dévoile comment les dispositions intériorisées dans les socialisations antérieures à l'engagement et les premiers pas dans l'institution modèlent les conceptions de l'engagement ainsi que les expériences militaires. De cette manière, elle met au jour la diversité des degrés et des modalités d'adhésion aux logiques institutionnelles. Enfin, contre la représentation d'une institution rigide, elle montre que l'institution militaire intègre ces différentes formes d’engagement, qui participent ensuite à la façonner.
La traite des êtres humains, de la légende urbaine à la politique publique
Authors: Mathieu Lilian 
Published: September 2018

La traite des blanches (requalifiée aujourd’hui en traite des êtres humains) constitue le motif de l’une des légendes urbaines les plus largement diffusées et les mieux étudiées, mettant en scène une jeune fille droguée puis enlevée pour être contrainte à la prostitution dans un pays étranger. Mais la traite est aussi, et de longue date, l’objet de politiques publiques spécifiques, légitimées par des conventions internationales et mises en œuvre par la police et la justice. Cette coexistence d’une légende urbaine et d’une politique publique constitue une énigme, que l’article tente de résoudre : comment imaginer que des moyens considérables soient déployés contre des faits à la réalité aussi incertaine ? Une analyse historique et sociologique révèle que croyances populaires et discours institutionnels se sont mutuellement consolidés, chacun apportant sa contribution spécifique à la plausibilité du motif de la traite.
Podmiotowość prawnomiędzynarodowa korporacji międzynarodowych wyzwaniem dla systemu ochrony inwestycji zagranicznych
Authors: Kochowska Ewelina 
Published: September 2018

This paper analyzes two issues: the current state of international investment law as to the question of the subjectivity of transnational corporations and whether this question contributes to changes in the system of protection of foreign investments. Transnational corporations have already some relevant attributes of the subjects of international law, although all we can say is that their international legal personality is incomplete, functional, relative and not independent. International legal personality of transnational corporations cannot be presumed and if it is for the purpose of assigning liability for infringements of the rules of jus cogens, this will not prejudge the subjectivity in the ﬁ eld of the use of international investment law. If international legal subjectivity of a transnational corporation has been decided upon, the future of the already existing norms of international law regarding the protection of investments (including diplomatic protection, BIT provisions and multilateral international agreements) is not clear. In this system, the rights and obligations of states and transnational corporations are not balanced as this area of international law favours investors (and thus also transnational corporations). States and local communities are neither entitled to claim damages from the investor when such damages are caused by an investment or if they arise from violations of the vital interests of the local community, nor may they bring counterclaims against the complaint to arbitration tribunals. Common goals for the whole international community, for which the concept of international legal personality of transnational corporations could be developed, have not as yet been precisely articulated. Unlike it is the case of liability for the international law of jus cogens, there are no strong axiological reasons to develop this concept in international investment law.
The international dimension of the human right to education and its reﬂection in the constitutional provisions
Authors: Krasnitskaya Liubou 
Published: September 2018

Prawo do nauki jest podstawowym prawem człowieka, które wpływa na rozwój osobowości i godności ludzkiej, sprawia, że ludzie są świadomi swoich praw i wolności, wspiera społeczeństwo w celu przezwyciężenia biedy i poprawy warunków życia ludzi ubogich. Cel edukacji wykracza poza materialistyczne podejście gwarantujące dostęp do zawodu i nabywanie umiejętności praktycznych. Polega on na rozwoju moralnej i duchowej strony człowieka i uświadamianiu natury i godności ludzkiej opierającej się na wartościach. Pod pojęciem edukacji w międzynarodowym prawie w szerokim znaczeniu rozumie się wszelkie rodzaje i formy zdobywania wiedzy, ćwiczenie umiejętności i rozwijanie wartości społecznych. Natomiast rozmaite konwencje i orzecznictwo międzynarodowe przyjmują wąskie rozumienie tego terminu, odnosząc go wyłącznie do edukacji formalnej. Z analiz międzynarodowych aktów prawnych wynika, że u niwersalna deﬁ nicja edukacji obowiązująca we wszystkich państwach nie została dotychczas opracowana. Różnorodność kulturowa i religijna, odrębność języków i tradycji krajowych, rozmaicie prowadzona polityka przekonują, że wykonanie tego zadania jest prawie niemożliwe, a nawet nieużyteczne. Mimo że zdeﬁ niowanie uniwersalnego znaczenia edukacji ujednoliciłoby różnorodne podejścia i pogodziło konkurujące kraje na świecie, takie podejście nie wydaje się dobrym rozwiązaniem w zdrowej rozmaitości celów i praktyk. Niemniej jednak międzynarodowe regulacje poprzez prawo miękkie i orzecznictwo określiło główne cechy prawa do nauki: (a) dostępność, (b) wystarczalność, (c) akceptowalność i (d) adaptacyjność. Edukacja formalna w dowolnym kształcie musi wykazywać te cechy, aby zagwarantować każdemu prawo do nauki dobrej jakości. Biorąc pod uwagę, że prawo do nauki jest potężnym narzędziem świadomości, większość państw dokonała próby uwzględnienia prawa do nauki w swoich konstytucjach. Warto zaznaczyć, że przepisy krajów rozwiniętych regulujące prawo do nauki zostały sformułowane w wyniku rozwoju prawa międzynarodowego, chociaż często ograniczają się do kilku zdań.
Administracyjnoprawny obowiązek szczepienia dzieci a zgoda przedstawiciela ustawowego na badania kwalifikacyjne
Authors: Haberko Joanna 
Published: September 2018

The article focuses on the analysis of the parent situation (or statutory representatives) who are under legal requirement to subject their children to preventive vaccination. The main deliberations focus on answering the question of how the parents’ (or statutory representatives’) position should be treated if they, relying on the principle of autonomy and their parental rights, and pointing to their duty to exercise care of a minor and to represent a minor child, fail to take any action intended to implement the obligation imposed by law. Parents refer to the principle of child’s welfare and argue that vaccination constitutes an essential threat to the values they recognise, such as autonomy, freedom to make decisions regarding the actual situation and legal position of a child, or the child’s welfare. The issue of parents’ autonomy and implementation of child’s welfare is raised. Parents often bring up an argument of the harmful eff ects of vaccination and claim that by refusing to agree to vaccination they exercise the principle of child’s welfare. The legal character of the refusal to consent to child vaccination is also analysed. Here, deliberations are set in the context of imprecisely formulated statutory provisions and their mutual relations, especially in the context of the meeting of acts from two branches of law: administrative and civil, and within the latter family law in particular. An attempt has been made to explain doubts whether despite the mandatory requirement and resulting from it obligation threatened with an administrative ﬁ ne statutory representatives still have a right to express or not consent for vaccination of their children or to decide about at any stage of the procedure.
Marcin Princ, Julia Wojnowska-Radzińska, Prawa i obowiązki cudzoziemca związane z legalizacją pobytu na terytorium Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej, Centrum Badań Migracyjnych UAM, Poznań 2015
Authors: Jankowska Paulina 
Published: September 2018

Marcin Princ, Julia Wojnowska-Radzińska, Prawa i obowiązki cudzoziemca związane z legalizacją pobytu na terytorium Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej, Centrum Badań Migracyjnych UAM, Poznań 2015
A53T Mutant Alpha-Synuclein Induces Tau-Dependent Postsynaptic Impairment Independently of Neurodegenerative Changes
Authors: Teravskis Peter J. , Covelo Ana , Miller Eric C. , Singh Balvindar , Martell-Martínez Héctor A. , Benneyworth Michael A. , Gallardo Christopher , Oxnard Breeta R. , Araque Alfonso , Lee Michael K. , Liao Dezhi 
Published: September 2018

Abnormalities in α-synuclein are implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Because α-synuclein is highly concentrated within presynaptic terminals, presynaptic dysfunction has been proposed as a potential pathogenic mechanism. Here, we report novel, tau-dependent, postsynaptic deficits caused by A53T mutant α-synuclein, which is linked to familial PD. We analyzed synaptic activity in hippocampal slices and cultured hippocampal neurons from transgenic mice of either sex expressing human WT, A53T, and A30P α-synuclein. Increased α-synuclein expression leads to decreased spontaneous synaptic vesicle release regardless of genotype. However, only those neurons expressing A53T α-synuclein exhibit postsynaptic dysfunction, including decreased miniature postsynaptic current amplitude and decreased AMPA to NMDA receptor current ratio. We also found that long-term potentiation and spatial learning were impaired by A53T α-synuclein expression. Mechanistically, postsynaptic dysfunction requires glycogen synthase kinase 3β-mediated tau phosphorylation, tau mislocalization to dendritic spines, and calcineurin-dependent AMPA receptor internalization. Previous studies reveal that human A53T α-synuclein has a high aggregation potential, which may explain the mutation's unique capacity to induce postsynaptic deficits. However, patients with sporadic PD with severe tau pathology are also more likely to have early onset cognitive decline. Our results here show a novel, functional role for tau: mediating the effects of α-synuclein on postsynaptic signaling. Therefore, the unraveled tau-mediated signaling cascade may contribute to the pathogenesis of dementia in A53T α-synuclein-linked familial PD cases, as well as some subgroups of PD cases with extensive tau pathology.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTHere, we report mutation-specific postsynaptic deficits that are caused by A53T mutant α-synuclein, which is linked to familial Parkinson's disease (PD). The overexpression of WT, A53T, or A30P human α-synuclein leads to decreased spontaneous synaptic vesicle release. However, only those neurons expressing A53T α-synuclein exhibit tau phosphorylation-dependent postsynaptic dysfunction, which is characterized by decreased miniature postsynaptic current amplitude and decreased AMPA to NMDA receptor current ratio. The mutation-specific postsynaptic effects caused by human A53T α-synuclein will help us better understand the neurobiological basis of this specific form of familial PD. The differential effects of exogenous human WT, A53T, A30P, and E46K α-synuclein on glutamatergic synaptic responses will help to explain the clinical heterogeneity of sporadic and familial PD.
Regulation of the Natriuretic Peptide Receptor 2 (Npr2) by Phosphorylation of Juxtamembrane Serine and Threonine Residues Is Essential for Bifurcation of Sensory Axons
Authors: Schmidt Hannes , Dickey Deborah M. , Dumoulin Alexandre , Octave Marie , Robinson Jerid W. , Kühn Ralf , Feil Robert , Potter Lincoln R. , Rathjen Fritz G. 
Published: September 2018

cGMP signaling elicited by activation of the transmembrane receptor guanylyl cyclase Npr2 (also known as guanylyl cyclase B) by the ligand CNP controls sensory axon bifurcation of DRG and cranial sensory ganglion (CSG) neurons entering the spinal cord or hindbrain, respectively. Previous studies have shown that Npr2 is phosphorylated on serine and threonine residues in its kinase homology domain (KHD). However, it is unknown whether phosphorylation of Npr2 is essential for axon bifurcation. Here, we generated a knock-in mouse line in which the seven regulatory serine and threonine residues in the KHD of Npr2 were substituted by alanine (Npr2-7A), resulting in a nonphosphorylatable enzyme. Real-time imaging of cGMP in DRG neurons with a genetically encoded fluorescent cGMP sensor or biochemical analysis of guanylyl cyclase activity in brain or lung tissue revealed the absence of CNP-induced cGMP generation in theNpr27A/7Amutant. Consequently, bifurcation of axons, but not collateral formation, from DRG or CSG in this mouse mutant was perturbed at embryonic and mature stages. In contrast, axon branching was normal in a mouse mutant in which constitutive phosphorylation of Npr2 is mimicked by a replacement of all of the seven serine and threonine sites by glutamic acid (Npr2–7E). Furthermore, we demonstrate that theNpr27A/7Amutation causes dwarfism as described for global Npr2 mutants. In conclusion, ourin vivostudies provide strong evidence that phosphorylation of the seven serine and threonine residues in the KHD of Npr2 is an important regulatory element of Npr2-mediated cGMP signaling which affects physiological processes, such as axon bifurcation and bone growth.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe branching of axons is a morphological hallmark of virtually all neurons. It allows an individual neuron to innervate different targets and to communicate with neurons located in different regions of the nervous system. The natriuretic peptide receptor 2 (Npr2), a transmembrane guanylyl cyclase, is essential for the initiation of bifurcation of sensory axons when entering the spinal cord or the hindbrain. By using two genetically engineered mouse lines, we show that phosphorylation of specific serine and threonine residues in juxtamembrane regions of Npr2 are required for its enzymatic activity and for axon bifurcation. These investigations might help to understand the regulation of Npr2 and its integration in intracellular signaling systems.
Unique Mapping of Structural and Functional Connectivity on Cognition
Authors: Zimmermann Joelle , Griffiths John D. , McIntosh Anthony R. 
Published: September 2018

The unique mapping of structural brain connectivity (SC) and functional brain connectivity (FC) on cognition is currently not well understood. It is not clear whether cognition is mapped via a global connectome pattern or instead is underpinned by several sets of distributed connectivity patterns. Moreover, we also do not know whether the spatial distributions of SC and FC that underlie cognition are overlapping or distinct. Here, we study the relationship between SC and FC and an array of psychological tasks in 609 subjects (males, 269; females, 340) from the Human Connectome Project. We identified several sets of connections that each uniquely map onto cognitive function. We found a small number of distributed SCs and a larger set of corticocortical and corticosubcortical FCs that express this association. Importantly, the SC and FC each show unique and distinct patterns of variance across subjects as they relate to cognition. The results suggest that a complete understanding of connectome underpinnings of cognition calls for a combination of the two modalities.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTStructural connectivity (SC), the physical white-matter inter-regional pathways in the brain, and functional connectivity (FC), the temporal coactivations between the activity of the brain regions, have each been studied extensively. Little is known, however, about the distribution of variance in connections as they relate to cognition. Here, in a large sample of subjects (N= 609), we showed that two sets of brain–behavior patterns capture the correlations between SC and FC with a wide range of cognitive tasks, respectively. These brain—behavior patterns reveal distinct sets of connections within the SC and the FC network and provide new evidence that SC and FC each provide unique information for cognition.
Specificity of Primate Amygdalar Pathways to Hippocampus
Authors: Wang Jingyi , Barbas Helen 
Published: September 2018

The amygdala projects to hippocampus in pathways through which affective or social stimuli may influence learning and memory. We investigated the still unknown amygdalar termination patterns and their postsynaptic targets in hippocampus from system to synapse in rhesus monkeys of both sexes. The amygdala robustly innervated the stratum lacunosum-moleculare layer of cornu ammonis fields and uncus anteriorly. Sparser terminations in posterior hippocampus innervated the radiatum and pyramidal layers at the prosubicular/CA1 juncture. The terminations, which were larger than other afferents in the surrounding neuropil, position the amygdala to influence hippocampal input anteriorly, and its output posteriorly. Most amygdalar boutons (76–80%) innervated spines of excitatory hippocampal neurons, and most of the remaining innervated presumed inhibitory neurons, identified by morphology and label with parvalbumin or calretinin, which distinguished nonoverlapping neurochemical classes of hippocampal inhibitory neurons. In CA1, amygdalar axons innervated some calretinin neurons, which disinhibit pyramidal neurons. By contrast, in CA3 the amygdala innervated both calretinin and parvalbumin neurons; the latter strongly inhibit nearby excitatory neurons. In CA3, amygdalar pathways also made closely spaced dual synapses on excitatory neurons. The strong excitatory synapses in CA3 may facilitate affective context representations and trigger sharp-wave ripples associated with memory consolidation. When the amygdala is excessively activated during traumatic events, the specialized innervation of excitatory neurons and the powerful parvalbumin inhibitory neurons in CA3 may allow the suppression of activity of nearby neurons that receive weaker nonamygdalar input, leading to biased passage of highly charged affective stimuli and generalized fear.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTStrong pathways from the amygdala targeted the anterior hippocampus, and more weakly its posterior sectors, positioned to influence a variety of emotional and cognitive functions. In hippocampal field CA1, the amygdala innervated some calretinin neurons, which disinhibit excitatory neurons. By contrast, in CA3 the amygdala innervated calretinin as well as some of the powerful parvalbumin inhibitory neurons and may help balance the activity of neural ensembles to allow social interactions, learning, and memory. These results suggest that when the amygdala is hyperactive during emotional upheaval, it strongly activates excitatory hippocampal neurons and parvalbumin inhibitory neurons in CA3, which can suppress nearby neurons that receive weaker input from other sources, biasing the passage of stimuli with high emotional import and leading to generalized fear.
Parkinson's Disease-Linked LRRK2-G2019S Mutation Alters Synaptic Plasticity and Promotes Resilience to Chronic Social Stress in Young Adulthood
Authors: Matikainen-Ankney Bridget A. , Kezunovic Nebojsa , Menard Caroline , Flanigan Meghan E. , Zhong Yue , Russo Scott J. , Benson Deanna L. , Huntley George W. 
Published: September 2018

The G2019S mutation in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a prevalent cause of late-onset Parkinson's disease, producing psychiatric and motor symptoms, including depression, that are indistinguishable from sporadic cases. Here we tested how this mutation impacts depression-related behaviors and associated synaptic responses and plasticity in mice expressing aLrrk2-G2019S knock-in mutation. Young adult male G2019S knock-in and wild-type mice were subjected to chronic social defeat stress (CSDS), a validated depression model, and other tests of anhedonia, anxiety, and motor learning. We found that G2019S mice were highly resilient to CSDS, failing to exhibit social avoidance compared to wild-type mice, many of which exhibited prominent social avoidance and were thus susceptible to CSDS. In the absence of CSDS, no behavioral differences between genotypes were found. Whole-cell recordings of spiny projection neurons (SPNs) in the nucleus accumbens revealed that glutamatergic synapses in G2019S mice lacked functional calcium-permeable AMPARs, and following CSDS, failed to accumulate inwardly rectifying AMPAR responses characteristic of susceptible mice. Based on this abnormal AMPAR response profile, we asked whether long-term potentiation (LTP) of corticostriatal synaptic strength was affected. We found that both D1receptor (D1R)- and D2R-SPNs in G2019S mutants were unable to express LTP, with D2R-SPNs abnormally expressing long-term depression following an LTP-induction protocol. Thus, G2019S promotes resilience to chronic social stress in young adulthood, likely reflecting synapses constrained in their ability to undergo experience-dependent plasticity. These unexpected findings may indicate early adaptive coping mechanisms imparted by the G2019S mutation.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe G2019S mutation inLRRK2causes late-onset Parkinson's disease (PD).LRRK2is highly expressed in striatal neurons throughout life, but it is unclear how mutantLRRK2affects striatal neuron function and behaviors in young adulthood. We addressed this question usingLrrk2-G2019S knock-in mice. The data show that young adult G2019S mice were unusually resilient to a depression-like syndrome resulting from chronic social stress. Further, mutant striatal synapses were incapable of forms of synaptic plasticity normally accompanying depression-like behavior and important for supporting the full range of cognitive function. These data suggest that in humans,LRRK2mutation may affect striatal circuit function in ways that alter normal responses to stress and could be relevant for treatment strategies for non-motor PD symptoms.