bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Masking Artifacts in EEG Time Series
Authors: Stassen H. H. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryThe removal of artifacts from EEG time series by masking the concerned parts has been studied in order to derive error estimates which apply in general. For this purpose, we selected a sufficiently representative set of artifact-free time series registered from 81 individuals. These time series then served as error-free references. Subsequently, we used the same set of time series, simulated artifacts of 2-12 seconds length (each of which at 5 different positions within each epoch) and investigated the impact of masking procedures on spectrum analysis. Our interest focused particularly on clearing up possble sources of variation (e. g., the actual frequency composition of the signal or the actual position of the masked segment within the time series) in theerrors inherent in the masking process. A detailed error analysis yielded no indication that the inherent errors depend on such factors. Moreover, it turned out that any sufficiently representative set of, say, about 100 epochs of 20 seconds length can be used to reproduce all required estimates at an errorof less than 5 percent. Based on these findings, we developed a correction function which applies in general, thus simplifying the fully computerized processing of EEG time series.
Knowledge-Based Decision Support for Diagnosis and Therapy: On the Multiple Usability of Patient Data
Authors: Haux R. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract:Expert systems in medicine are frequently restricted to assisting the physician to derive a patient-specific diagnosis and therapy proposal. In many cases, however, there is a clinical need to use these patient data for other purposes as well. The intention of this paper is to show how and to what extent patient data in expert systems can additionally be used to create clinical registries and for statistical data analysis. At first, the pitfalls of goal-oriented mechanisms for the multiple usability of data are shown by means of an example. Then a data acquisition and inference mechanism is proposed, which includes a procedure for controlling selection bias, the so-called knowledge-based attribute selection. The functional view and the architectural view of expert systems suitable for the multiple usability of patient data is outlined in general and then by means of an application example. Finally, the ideas presented are discussed and compared with related approaches.
SARI : A User-Oriented Data Bank System for Medical Applications
Authors: Goldberg M. , Doyon B. 
Published: March 2018

This paper describes a general data base management package, devoted to medical applications. SARI is a user-oriented system, able to take into account applications very different by their nature, structure, size, operating procedures and general objectives, without any specific programming. It can be used in conversational mode by users with no previous knowledge of computers, such as physicians or medical clerks.As medical data are often personal data, the privacy problem is emphasized and a satisfactory solution implemented in SARI.The basic principles of the data base and program organization are described ; specific efforts have been made in order to increase compactness and to make maintenance easy.Several medical applications are now operational with SARI. The next steps will mainly consist in the implementation of highly sophisticated functions.
Dreidimensionale Darstellung von segmentweise berechneten EEG-Spektren
Authors: Drescher D. , Ferber G. 
Published: March 2018

Leitet man ein EEG über ca. 20 Minuten ab und unterwirft es zwecks Untersuchung von Kurzzeiteffekten in Abschnitten von wenigen Sekunden einer Spektralanalyse, so erhält man eine Reihe von mehreren 100 Spektren. Dies ist eine Datenfülle, die am besten in dreidimensionaler Darstellung anschaulich gemacht wird. Damit rhythmische Veränderungen der Grundaktivität, z.B. Schwankungen der Alpha-Aktivität (7,5—12,5 Hz Bereich), nicht in der beträchtlichen Varianz der einzelnen Spektralschätzer untergehen, werden die Stützpunkte mit Hilfe einer digitalen Filterung nacheinander einer Quer- und einer Längsglättung unterworfen.Ein besonderes Kennzeichen der hier präsentierten 3D-Darstellung ist, daß bei Eingabe verschiedener Dreh- und Kippwinkel die Zeitachse stets parallel zur Papierkante des Plotters verläuft, so daß dem Benutzer bzgl. der maximalen Anzahl der darstellbaren Spektren keine Beschränkungen auferlegt werden.
Clinical Decision Analysis
Authors: Taylor Th. R. 
Published: March 2018

Attempts have been made for almost two decades to use computers to make clinical diagnoses. Interest in such techniques persists despite little practical success in their application to routine patient care. The explanation of this lack of success is complex and includes (i) lack of understanding of the decisionmaking process itself and (ii) the need for a theoretical framework within which such systems can be developed. A major objective of this paper is to illustrate the contribution that the concepts and techniques associated with Decision Theory can make to both of these problems.After attempting to analyse the deficiencies of current approaches to computer-assisted diagnosis the paper discusses some of the basic concepts of decision theory. It then illustrates the role of decision theory in studies using different forms of clinical decision analysis.Finally the paper indicates the relevance of decision analysis to medical education and to the provision of health care.
Die Ergebnisse eines Fragebogens im Vergleich mit der ärztlichen Diagnose
Authors: Grüntzig A. , Galla J. 
Published: March 2018

Der von G. Rose entwickelte und von der WHO empfohlene englische Fragebogen hat zur Schätzung der Prävalenz koronarer Herzkrankheiten (KHK) bereits bei einigen epidemiologischen. Studien (4, 19) Verwendung gefunden. Die Validität dieser Fragen ist vom Autor und einigen skandinavischen Arbeitsgruppen geprüft worden.Die Einführung dieses Fragebogens in den deutschen Sprachbereich erfordert die Überprüfung seiner Reliabilität und Validität.Nachdem ersteres in einem Test-Retest-Experiment bereits geschehen ist (11), wird in der vorliegenden Arbeit über den Versuch berichtet, durch den Vergleich der Fragebogen-Verdachtsdiagnose mit der Arztdiagnose als sogenannte Referenzdiagnose einen Überblick über die Validität zu erhalten.117 Patienten im Alter von 30—65 Jahren wurden mit diesem Fragebogen interviewt. Auf Grund der Arztdiagnose litten 65 von ihnen an einem Herzinfarkt und/oder an Angina pectoris.In 73% der positiven und 71% der negativen Fälle stimmte das Ergebnis des Fragebogens mit der Entscheidung der Ärzte überein.Die im Vergleich mit der Referenzdiagnose falsch positiven und falsch negativen Bereiche der Verdachtsdiagnose KHK und der Einfluß der Prävalenz der Symptome auf die Spezifität und Sensitivität werden diskutiert.
Laboratory Simulator - A Study of Laboratory Activities by a Simulation Method
Authors: Väänänen I. , Kivirikko K. , Koskenniemi S. , Koskimies J. , Relander A. 
Published: March 2018

A simulator has been designed for study of the activities in a hospital laboratory, the intention being that of producing a model which could be adapted to laboratories other than the one in which it was developed, by virtue of its being as generalized as possible. Consequently, only the basic pattern of work in the laboratory was included in the fixed simulator program, whereas details varying from one simtilated situation to another were left for use as »source data« for each separate simulation run.The simulation program was written in the simidation language General Purpose Systems Simulator (GPSS) and runs on an IBM 7090 computer.The functional basic unit for the simulator is a »transaction«, which moves in the model, and with functions that correspond to the specimen’s route in the laboratory. Each transaction is provided with parameters (data) which determine its functions and course within the model.The validity of the program was tested by means of a simulation of an average working day, and the results were compared with the real situation. Following this, several tests were made, with examination of the way in which changes in the number of laboratory technicians and in the work load affected laboratory activities.With the simulation method, the following aims are achievable:— rationalization of laboratory activities,— rational expansion of laboratory facilities,— planning of personnel, equipment and working space for a new laboratory,— comparison of the economic efficiency of different laboratories.The Finnish Hospital League has initiated an attempt to use the model presented in the planning of laboratories for Health Centres called for by the recently renewed legislation for Public Health in Finland.
Methodische Probleme in der Beurteilung des routinemäßig erstellten weißen Blutbildes
Authors: Schireen M. 
Published: March 2018

Einer Auswertung von routinemäßig in den Jahren 1951-1959 erstellten weißen Blutbildern in Bezug auf ihren klinischen Wert stellten sich methodische Schwierigkeiten grundsätzlicher Art entgegen. Darunter ist die Ungenauigkeit in der Bestimmung der Leukozytenzahl durch Zählung im Routineverfahren von durchaus störender und nicht zu eliminierender Größe. Die Häufigkeit der Leukozytenarten zu bestimmen, erscheint weniger schwierig; jedoch haben sich in der Erkennung der Monozyten mit der Leukozytenzahl zunehmende fundamentale Fehlurteile ergeben. Die Umwandlung des qualitativen Blutbildes in quantitative Größen mittels der Leukozytenzahl ist des Problems der Streuungsfortpflanzung wegen — auch als Paradoxon der Mittelwerte bei Reihenverschmelzung gefürchtet — nicht korrekt. Die Grundsätzlichkeit dieser methodischen Schwierigkeit wird in vielfältiger Hinsicht an Beispielen veranschaulicht.Für die Bewertung der Leukozytenarten am Krankenbett kann — worauf schon Schillingbestand -— daher nur das prozentische (indexierte) Verteilungsbild herangezogen werden.Im Interesse der weiteren Forschung bleibt — außer der unmittelbaren Zählung der einzelnen Zellarten — der Versuch, an Hand einer mittleren nosologischen Rangfolgeordnung, die sich aus den>ver-schiedenen Parametern einer Häufigkeitsverteilung der Leukozytenarten ableitet, zunehmende- öder abnehmende Tendenzen der untersuchten Leukozytenarten in Bezug auf eine korrelative klinische Wertung zu erkennen. Er führt aber nur bei extremen Zahlenpositionen zu eindeutigen Ergebnissen.
A Diagnostic Assistance Program
Authors: Bonner R. E. , Evangelisti C. J. , Steinbeck H. D. , Cohen L. 
Published: March 2018

A doctor must determine the specific diseases in a patient by judgment based on observation of any availble number of findings. Such, diagnoses can be assisted materially by computers through statistical analysis. Far more than statistics is involved; the mass of information in textbooks and in the minds of specialists is at .the heart of a successful diagnosis.Diagnostic assistance can be obtained by encoding the disease process itself. Then, all available known signs and symptoms of a disease and related conditions as observed by the physician are encoded for entry into a computer. Here the data is evaluated, and an output report is printed to show the effective relationship between the physician’s findings and the specific diseases.. When the result is inconclusive, new findings are obtained and entered into the computer. This process is repeated until satisfactory results axe obtained.The paper includes an example of diagnostic support by a computer, together with an illustration of the method used for developing the program.
Statistische Analyse von Symptomenkorrelationen bei Syndromen
Authors: Lange H.-J. , Vogel Th. 
Published: March 2018

Probleme der statistischen Analyse von Symptomenkorrelationen werden modellmäßig demonstriert. Der Eindruck einer Symptomenkorrelation bei einer bestimmten Krankheit kann im Rahmen der ärztlichen Gesamterfahrung durch die Heterogenität zwischen der Häufigkeitsverteilung der Symptome bei Fällen der betreffenden Krankheit und Gesunden bzw. anders Kranken zustande kommen. Auch in den weiteren diagnostischen Stufen ist eine echte Korrelation zwischen den Symptomen von Hetero-genitätseffekten uneinheitlichen Materials zu unterscheiden. Man erwartet das überzufällige Auftreten einer als Syndrom angesprochenen Symptomenkombination im Rahmen einer übergeordneten Krankheitseinheit.Untersuchungen über die Häufigkeit des kennedy-Syndroms bei Stirnhirntumoren bzw. Tumoren der vorderen Schädelgrube ergaben, daß das kennedy-Syndrom, das für solche Fälle typisch sein soll, nur im Rahmen des Zufalls auftritt. Für diese Analyse wurden 63 Fälle des Patientenmaterials der Uni-versitäts-Nervenklinik in Bonn nach ätiologischen Gesichtspunkten zur Untersuchung herangezogen. Als Vergleichsgruppe dienten 35 Fälle mit Tumoren im Keilbeinbereich, für die das sog. Keilbein-Syndrom typisch sein soll. Auch bei diesen Fällen lag die als Syndrom angesprochene Symptomenkombination im Zufallsbereich.
“Desktop Knowledge”: A New Focus for Medical Education and Decision Support
Authors: Greenes R. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract:Physicians today are faced with “data overload” and, paradoxically, “information underload” - the inability to locate pertinent, needed knowledge in a sea of data with which they are inundated. Increasingly, the professional functions of the physician are becoming focused on the desktop workstation, in terms of its ability to provide “windows” into local databases and knowledge resources, and to serve as an. access port to other networked resources. A challenge we now face is to develop means for structuring the vast potentially available knowledge resources in such a manner that access to pertinent knowledge can be facilitated, and to develop acceptable interfaces to the knowledge resources so that a user can effectively navigate through them. The complexity of this task is due to the nature of the knowledge resources - knowledge can be in a variety of forms; ranging from textual and pictorial material, to structured representations, to more dynamic embodiments in the form of procedures. In the Decision Systems Group we have focused on the development of a prototype desktop knowledge management environ- . ment known as Explorer-2, with the objective of providing a consistent interface for access to a wide variety of knowledge. Our accomplishments to date encompass the incorporation into the Explorer-2 environment of adaptations of textbook chapters and books, image data bases, simulations, and expert systems. Navigational aids are provided by a semantic net browser using both MeSH and augmented taxonomies and by a graphical overview map. User response to the predecessor system, Explorer-1, has been strongly positive. Our experience to date suggests a number of observations about the characteristics that knowledge management systems should possess, and the next steps for further research and development.
Computers in a Human Perspective: an Alternative Way of Teaching Informatics to Health Professionals
Authors: Schneider W. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract:An alternative way of teaching informatics, especially health informatics, to health professionals of different categories has been developed and practiced. The essentials of human competence and skill in handling and processing information are presented parallel with the essentials of computer-assisted methodologies and technologies of formal language-based informatics. Requirements on how eventually useful computer-based tools will have to be designed in order to be well adapted to genuine human skill and competence in handling tools in various work contexts are established.On the basis of such a balanced knowledge methods for work analysis are introduced. These include how the existing problems at a workplace can be identified and analyzed in relation to the goals to be achieved. Special emphasis is given to new ways of information analysis, i.e. methods which even allow the comprehension and documentation ofthose parts of the actually practiced ´human´ information handling and processing which are normally overlooked, as e. g. non-verbal communication processes and so-called ´tacit knowledge´ based information handling and processing activities. Different ways of problem solving are discussed involving in an integrated human perspective - alternative staffing, enhancement of the competence of the staff, optimal planning of premises as well as organizational and technical means. The main result of this alternative way of education has been a considerably improved user competence which in turn has led to very different designs of computer assistance and man-computer interfaces.It is the purpose of this paper to give a brief outline of the teaching material and a short presentation of the above mentioned results. Special emphasis is given to that part of the course where computer assisted interactive media technology presently is introduced due to the fact that this is the only way of adequately presenting some of the most important parts of human performance in handling and processing information, including communication.
Teaching Medical Informatics to Medical Students in the Federal Republic of Germany
Authors: Michaelis J. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract:The medical curriculum in the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) is regulated by federal legislation. Medical informatics is part of this curriculum and is therefore taught by all 27 medical faculties in the FRG, 24 of which have related departments. The teaching situation in general and the specific approach at the author´s department are described.
Teaching Medical Informatics: Teaching on the Seams of Disciplines, Cultures, Traditions
Authors: Möhr J. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract:This paper reviews different concepts of medical informatics and identifies two families of approaches to education in it: a “specialist” approach, whereby medical informatics is taught as a specialization track for established disciplines like medicine, computer science, nursing, engineering, etc., and a “generalistic” approach, whereby it is taught as an integrated discipline incorporating essential traits of the aforementioned disciplines. The pros and cons of these approaches are outlined. The need to accommodate specific requirements of education is emphasized and these are identified, together with an outline of particular challenges that we are facing.
An Interpretation of the Internal Desynchronizations Based on Dynamics of the Two-process Model
Authors: Nakao M. , Sakai H. , Yamamoto M. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract.Daan’s two-process model is known to be one of the most powerful models, covering various situations from free-running to sleep deprivation. In this study, bifurcation properties of the model dynamics are clarified using a circle map. In addition, the two-process model is applied to simulate the two distinct patterns (the period-prolonged: I and the period-shortened: II) of sleep-wake cycles during internal desynchronizations. We propose the novel interpretation that types I and II could be regarded as mutual entrainments between the body temperature rhythm and the sleep-wake cycle with the period ratios 3:4 and 3:2, respectively. From the bifurcation properties of the two-process model obtained above, the model is shown to be able to generate the respective type of mutual entrainment with an appropriate range of a parameter value, i.e, a gap between thresholds. The variable behavior of human circadian rhythm is suggested to be systematically understood based on the bifurcation properties of the two-process model.
Detection of Nonlinearity in the Healthy Heart Rhythm
Authors: Chillemi S. , Barbi M. , Di Garbo A. , Balocchi R. , Michelassi C. , Carpeggiani C. , Emdin M. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract:Sequences of interbeat intervals from two groups of subjects, 24 in relaxed and 10 in sleeping condition were analyzed by the nonlinear predictor method as well as by a method, proposed recently, able to directly estimate the time series nonlinearity. The nonlinear predictability of the R-R intervals is tested by using surrogate data. The results obtained with both methods show that nearly all the sequences exhibit a statistically meaningful degree of nonlinearity. This raises the question whether such nonlinearity encodes information about the physiological condition of the examined subjects.
The Unified Medical Language System
Authors: Humphreys B. L. , McCray A. T. , Lindberg D. A. B. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractIn 1986, the National Library of Medicine began a long-term research and development project to build the Unified Medical Language System® (UMLS®). The purpose of the UMLS is to improve the ability of computer programs to “understand” the biomedical meaning in user inquiries and to use this understanding to retrieve and integrate relevant machine-readable information for users. Underlying the UMLS effort is the assumption that timely access to accurate and up-to-date information will improve decision making and ultimately the quality of patient care and research. The development of the UMLS is a distributed national experiment with a strong element of international collaboration. The general strategy is to develop UMLS components through a series of successive approximations of the capabilities ultimately desired. Three experimental Knowledge Sources, the Metathesaurus®, the Semantic Network, and the Information Sources Map have been developed and are distributed annually to interested researchers, many of whom have tested and evaluated them in a range of applications. The UMLS project and current developments in high-speed, high-capacity international networks are converging in ways that have great potential for enhancing access to biomedical information.
Virtual Rehabilitation - Benefits and Challenges
Authors: Burdea G. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract:Virtual rehabilitation represents the provision of therapeutic interventions locally or at a distance, using Virtual Reality hardware and simulations. Such therapy has been applied to various patient populations, including musculo-skeletal, post-stroke, and cognitively- impaired. This article reviews the benefits brought by VR-enhanced and VR-based rehabilitation to the above patient groups. Also discussed are the many
challenges in integrating this new technology into the medical care system.
Medical Informatics Education in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Authors: Masic I. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract:Medical informatics, as a separate medical discipline, is quickly developing in our country, both in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In our country, medical informatics has been a separate subject for the last ten years with regard to Medical curriculum at the biomedical faculties in Bosnia and Herzegovina. This is in accordance with the project of education related to the Bologna declaration and the project EURO MEDICINA. Last year, the Chair of Medical Informatics of the Medical Faculty in Sarajevo celebrated ten years of its existence.The research was performed using a separate questionnaire patterning data with defined characteristics for the quality assessment of the performed course. The total attitude of the assessed students shows dominant satisfaction with the majority of the parameters that are important for the assessment of the quality and the tuition contents which were evaluated through use of the questionnaire. Education in the field of medical informatics is based on the concept which is used in developed countries, according to the recommendations of the working groups of the European and international association of medical informatics. Theoretical and practical teaching and training performance as a whole is performed by use of the computer equipment, and the final knowledge check of the students is also performed using the Data Base Management System MSAccess specifically designed to cover full teaching and training material by using question sets in the data base which encircled nearly 1500 question combinations. In this paper, the author presents ten years of experience of medical informatics education at biomedical faculties in Bosnia and Herzegovina.