bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Manipulation of sucrose phloem and embryo loading affects pea leaf metabolism, carbon and nitrogen partitioning to sinks as well as seed storage pools
Authors: Lu Ming‐Zhu , Snyder Rachel , Grant Jan , Tegeder Mechthild 
Published: September 2019

SummarySeed development largely depends on the long‐distance transport of sucrose from photosynthetically active source leaves to seed sinks. This source‐to‐sink carbon allocation occurs in the phloem and requires the loading of sucrose into the leaf phloem and, at the sink end, its import into the growing embryo. Both tasks are achieved through the function of SUT sucrose transporters. In this study, we used vegetable peas (Pisum sativum L.), harvested for human consumption as immature seeds, as our model crop and simultaneously overexpressed the endogenous SUT1 transporter in the leaf phloem and in cotyledon epidermal cells where import into the embryo occurs. Using this ‘Push‐and‐Pull’ approach, the transgenic SUT1 plants displayed increased sucrose phloem loading and carbon movement from source to sink causing higher sucrose levels in developing pea seeds. The enhanced sucrose partitioning further led to improved photosynthesis rates, increased leaf nitrogen assimilation, and enhanced source‐to‐sink transport of amino acids. Embryo loading with amino acids was also increased in SUT1‐overexpressors resulting in higher protein levels in immature seeds. Further, transgenic plants grown until desiccation produced more seed protein and starch, as well as higher seed yields than the wild‐type plants. Together, the results demonstrate that the SUT1‐overexpressing plants with enhanced sucrose allocation to sinks adjust leaf carbon and nitrogen metabolism, and amino acid partitioning in order to accommodate the increased assimilate demand of growing seeds. We further provide evidence that the combined Push‐and‐Pull approach for enhancing carbon transport is a successful strategy for improving seed yields and nutritional quality in legumes.
Single organelle function and organization as estimated from Arabidopsis mitochondrial proteomics
Authors: Fuchs Philippe , Rugen Nils , Carrie Chris , Elsässer Marlene , Finkemeier Iris , Giese Jonas , Hildebrandt Tatjana M. , Kühn Kristina , Maurino Veronica G. , Ruberti Cristina , Schallenberg‐Rüdinger Mareike , Steinbeck Janina , Braun Hans‐Peter , Eubel Holger , Meyer Etienne H. , Müller‐Schüssele Stefanie J. , Schwarzländer Markus 
Published: September 2019

SummaryMitochondria host vital cellular functions, including oxidative phosphorylation and co‐factor biosynthesis, which are reflected in their proteome. At the cellular level plant mitochondria are organized into hundreds of discrete functional entities, which undergo dynamic fission and fusion. It is the individual organelle that operates in the living cell, yet biochemical and physiological assessments have exclusively focused on the characteristics of large populations of mitochondria. Here, we explore the protein composition of an individual average plant mitochondrion to deduce principles of functional and structural organisation. We perform proteomics on purified mitochondria from cultured heterotrophic Arabidopsis cells with intensity‐based absolute quantification and scale the dataset to the single organelle based on criteria that are justified by experimental evidence and theoretical considerations. We estimate that a total of 1.4 million protein molecules make up a single Arabidopsis mitochondrion on average. Copy numbers of the individual proteins span five orders of magnitude, ranging from >40 000 for Voltage‐Dependent Anion Channel 1 to sub‐stoichiometric copy numbers, i.e. less than a single copy per single mitochondrion, for several pentatricopeptide repeat proteins that modify mitochondrial transcripts. For our analysis, we consider the physical and chemical constraints of the single organelle and discuss prominent features of mitochondrial architecture, protein biogenesis, oxidative phosphorylation, metabolism, antioxidant defence, genome maintenance, gene expression, and dynamics. While assessing the limitations of our considerations, we exemplify how our understanding of biochemical function and structural organization of plant mitochondria can be connected in order to obtain global and specific insights into how organelles work.
Construction and applications of a B vitamin genetic resource for investigation of vitamin‐dependent metabolism in maize
Authors: Suzuki Masaharu , Wu Shan , Mimura Manaki , Alseekh Saleh , Fernie Alisdair R. , Hanson Andrew D. , McCarty Donald R. 
Published: September 2019

SummaryThe B vitamins provide essential co‐factors for central metabolism in all organisms. In plants, B vitamins have surprising emerging roles in development, stress tolerance and pathogen resistance. Hence, there is a paramount interest in understanding the regulation of vitamin biosynthesis as well as the consequences of vitamin deficiency in crop species. To facilitate genetic analysis of B vitamin biosynthesis and functions in maize, we have mined the UniformMu transposon resource to identify insertional mutations in vitamin pathway genes. A screen of 190 insertion lines for seed and seedling phenotypes identified mutations in biotin, pyridoxine and niacin biosynthetic pathways. Importantly, isolation of independent insertion alleles enabled genetic confirmation of genotype‐to‐phenotype associations. Because B vitamins are essential for survival, null mutations often have embryo lethal phenotypes that prevent elucidation of subtle, but physiologically important, metabolic consequences of sub‐optimal (functional) vitamin status. To circumvent this barrier, we demonstrate a strategy for refined genetic manipulation of vitamin status based on construction of heterozygotes that combine strong and hypomorphic mutant alleles. Dosage analysis of pdx2 alleles in endosperm revealed that endosperm supplies pyridoxine to the developing embryo. Similarly, a hypomorphic bio1 allele enabled analysis of transcriptome and metabolome responses to incipient biotin deficiency in seedling leaves. We show that systemic pipecolic acid accumulation is an early metabolic response to sub‐optimal biotin status highlighting an intriguing connection between biotin, lysine metabolism and systemic disease resistance signaling. Seed‐stocks carrying insertions for vitamin pathway genes are available for free, public distribution via the Maize Genetics Cooperation Stock Center.
Serotonin exerts a direct modulatory role on bladder afferent firing in mice
Authors: Konthapakdee N. , Grundy L. , O'Donnell T. , Garcia‐Caraballo S. , Brierley S. M. , Grundy D. , Daly D. M. 
Published: September 2019

Key points
Functional disorders (i.e. interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome and irritable bowel syndrome) are associated with hyperexcitability of afferent nerves innervating the urinary tract and the bowel, respectively.
Various non‐5‐HT3 receptor mRNA transcripts are expressed in mouse urothelium and exert functional responses to 5‐HT.
Whilst 5‐HT3 receptors were not detected in mouse urothelium, 5‐HT3 receptors expressed on bladder sensory neurons plays a role in bladder afferent excitability both under normal conditions and in a mouse model of chronic visceral hypersensitivity.
These data suggest that the role 5‐HT3 receptors play in bladder afferent signalling warrants further study as a potential therapeutic target for functional bladder disorders.
AbstractSerotonin (5‐HT) is an excitatory mediator that in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract plays a physiological role in gut–brain signalling and is dysregulated in functional GI disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Patients suffering from IBS frequently suffer from urological symptoms characteristic of interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome, which manifests due to cross‐sensitization of shared innervation pathways between the bladder and colon. However, a direct modulatory role of 5‐HT in bladder afferent signalling and its role in colon–bladder neuronal crosstalk remain elusive. The aim of this study was to investigate the action of 5‐HT on bladder afferent signalling in normal mice and mice with chronic visceral hypersensitivity (CVH) following trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid‐induced colitis. Bladder afferent activity was recorded directly using ex vivo afferent nerve recordings. Expression of 14 5‐HT receptor subtypes, the serotonin transporter (SERT) and 5‐HT‐producing enzymes was determined in the urothelium using RT‐PCR. Retrograde labelling of bladder‐projecting dorsal root ganglion neurons was used to investigate expression of 5‐HT3 receptors using single cell RT‐PCR, while sensory neuronal and urothelial responses to 5‐HT were determined by live cell calcium imaging. 5‐HT elicited bladder afferent firing predominantly via 5‐HT3 receptors expressed on afferent terminals. CVH animals showed a downregulation of SERT mRNA expression in urothelium, suggesting increased 5‐HT bioavailability. Granisetron, a 5‐HT3 antagonist, reversed bladder afferent hypersensitivity in CVH mice. These data suggest 5‐HT exerts a direct effect on bladder afferents to enhance signalling. 5‐HT3 antagonists could therefore be a potential therapeutic target to treat functional bladder and bowel disorders.
High-Resolution RANS Simulations of Flow Past a Surface-Mounted Cube Using Eddy-Viscosity Closure Models
Authors: Goldbach Marc C. , Uddin Mesbah 
Published: September 2019

AbstractWhile Reynolds-averaged simulations have found success in the evaluation of many canonical shear flows and moderately separated flows, their application to highly separated flows have shown notable deficiencies. This study aimed to investigate these deficiencies in the eddy-viscosity formulation of four commonly used turbulence models under separated flow in an attempt to aid in the improved formulation of such models. Analyses are performed on the flow field around a wall-mounted cube (WMC) at a Reynolds number of 40,000 based on the cube height, h, and freestream velocity, U0. While a common occurrence in industrial applications, this type of flow constitutes a complex structure exhibiting a large separated wake region, high anisotropy, and multiple vortex structures. As well, interactions between vortices developed off of different faces of the cube significantly alter the overall flow characteristics, posing a significant challenge for the commonly used industrial turbulence models. Comparison of mean flow characteristics show remarkable agreement between experimental values and turbulence models which are capable of predicting transitional flow. Evaluation of turbulence parameters show the general underestimation of Reynolds stress for transitional models, while fully turbulent models show this value to be overestimated, resulting in completely disparate representations of mean flow structures between the two classes of models (transitional and fully turbulent).
Categorization of Seismic Loadings for Components and Piping Systems
Authors: Tamura Ichiro , Matsuura Shinichi , Shimazu Ryuya , Kimura Koji 
Published: September 2019

AbstractTo investigate the behavior of components and piping systems subjected to seismic loadings, the maximum restoring forces and maximum deformations of inelastic single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) systems due to harmonic excitations and seismic floor motions are calculated and presented as diagrams. These systems have restoring forces characterized by a bilinear skeleton curve of a kinematic hardening rule. The diagrams show two types of characteristics, based upon which sinusoidal loadings can be categorized into force- and displacement-controlled loadings, and seismic loadings can be categorized into force- and displacement-dominant loadings, which are newly proposed herein. The characteristics of force- and displacement-dominant loadings are almost equal to those of force- and displacement-controlled loadings, respectively.
Closure to “Discussion of ‘Consideration of a Stress-Based Criterion for Local Failure and Its Implementation in a Damage Mechanics Model’ ” (Nakamura, H., 2019, ASME J. Pressure Vessel Technol., 141(4), p. 041405)
Authors: Nakamura Hitoshi 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The present commentary concerns some doubtful results included in the discussed paper.
The Effect of Different Intervention Approaches on Gross Motor Outcomes of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Case Layne , Yun Joonkoo 
Published: September 2019

Despite the rising interest in intervention for children with autism spectrum disorder, the extent to which interventions are effective on gross motor outcomes is currently unknown. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of different intervention approaches on gross motor outcomes among children with autism spectrum disorder using meta-analysis. A total of 18 studies met the inclusion criteria for quantitative analysis. Pre- and posttest means andSDs were extracted to calculate effect sizes. Potential moderator variables were chosen based on important intervention characteristics. The results suggest that interventions have a large effect on gross motor outcomes among children with autism spectrum disorder (δ = 0.99,SE = 0.19,p < .001, 95% confidence interval [0.62, 1.36]). The interventions that were 16 total hours or longer had a significantly larger effect than those less than 16 hr. In addition, the interventions in experimental settings had significantly larger effects than the interventions in practical settings. Future interventions should consider intensity, including not only the duration of the intervention but also the intensity in which specific intervention goals are targeted.
The Effect of Systematic Prompting on the Acquisition of Five Muscle-Strengthening Exercises by Adults With Mild Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: Obrusnikova Iva , Novak Haley M. , Cavalier Albert R. 
Published: September 2019

Adults with intellectual disability have significantly lower musculoskeletal fitness than their peers without a disability. Appropriate instructional strategies are needed to facilitate their acquisition and maintenance of musculoskeletal fitness. In this multiple-baseline across-participants single-subject study, the authors evaluated the effects of a multicomponent package that included a video-enhanced system of least-to-most prompts on the acquisition of 5 muscle-strengthening exercises in 3 women with mild intellectual disability, age 24–37 yr. Results show substantive gains in correct and independent performance of steps in the 5 exercises during the treatment condition. The improved performance was maintained 2 wk after the last treatment session and in a large YMCA gym. The study suggests that use of the video-enhanced system of least-to-most prompts can lead to improved acquisition and maintenance of muscle-strengthening exercises by adults with mild intellectual disability.
Association of faecal pH with childhood stunting: Results from a cross-sectional study
Authors: Hossain Md. Shabab , Das Subhasish , Gazi Md. Amran , Alam Md. Ashraful , Haque Nur Muhammad Shahedul , Mahfuz Mustafa , Ahmed Tahmeed , Damman Chris J 
Published: September 2019

BackgroundGut microbiota plays an important role in the growth of children. The gut of children with optimum growth is enriched in certain species, especiallyBifidobacteriaandClostridia. BifidobacteriaandcommensalClostridiaboth contribute to formation of acidic stool, and an elevated faecal pH indicates reduction of these species in the gut. The purpose of the study was to investigate the association of faecal pH with childhood stunting.MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, 100 children with length-for-age Z score (LAZ) <−1 aged between 12 and 18 months were enrolled from the ongoing Bangladesh Environmental Enteric Dysfunction study conducted in Dhaka, Bangladesh. LAZ was measured by anthropometry and data on factors affecting linear growth were recorded. Faecal pH measurement was done using pH metre on freshly collected non-diarrhoeal faecal samples following standard procedure. Multiple quantile regression was done to quantify the relation between faecal pH and LAZ scores.ResultsThe mean LAZ and faecal pH of the children were −2.12±0.80 and 5.84±1.11, respectively. Pearson correlation analysis showed a statistically significant negative correlation between stool pH and the LAZ scores (p<0.01). After inclusion of other factors affecting linear growth into the regression model, a statistically significant inverse association was observed between faecal pH and LAZ score (p<0.01).ConclusionElevated faecal pH was found to have a significant association with stunted growth. As an indicator of gut microbiota status, faecal pH might have emerged as a possible indirect determinant of childhood stunting.Trial registration numberNCT02812615
Friedmann-like universes with weak torsion: a dynamical system approach
Authors: Barrow John D. , Tsagas Christos G. , Fanaras Georgios 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
We consider Friedmann-like universes with torsion and take a step towards studying their stability. In so doing, we apply dynamical-system techniques to an autonomous system of differential equations, which monitors the evolution of these models via the associated density parameters. Assuming relatively weak torsion, we identify the system’s equilibrium points. These are found to represent homogeneous and isotropic spacetimes with nonzero torsion that undergo accelerated expansion. We then examine the linear stability of the aforementioned fixed points. Our results indicate that Friedmann-like cosmologies with weak torsion are generally stable attractors, either asymptotically or in the Lyapunov sense. In addition, depending on the equation of state of the matter, the equilibrium states can also act as intermediate saddle points, marking a transition from a torsional to a torsion-free universe.
Direct search constraints on very heavy dark skyrmions
Authors: Berezowski Madeline , Dick Rainer 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
In the standard dark matter creation scenario, dark matter arises from freeze-out due to decoupling from the thermal heat bath in the early universe. On the other hand, topological solitons can also emerge during phase transitions through the Kibble–Zurek mechanism or through bubble nucleation. In particular, Murayama and Shu found that the Kibble–Zurek mechanism can produce topological defects up to about 10 PeV, and Bramante et al. had recently pointed out that direct search constraints can be extrapolated to very large masses. Motivated by these observations, we examine direct search constraints for PeV scale dark skyrmions with a Higgs portal coupling to baryons. We find abundance constraints on the combination $$g_V^2M_S$$gV2MS of Skyrme coupling $$g_V$$gV and skyrmion mass $$M_S$$MS. We also find that extrapolation of the direct search constraints from XENON1T to very high masses constrains the combination $$g_{wh}/g_V^4$$gwh/gV4 as a function of $$M_S$$MS, where $$g_{wh}$$gwh is the Higgs portal coupling of the dark skyrmions.
Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting in Women 50 Years or Younger
Authors: Dalén Magnus , Nielsen Susanne , Ivert Torbjörn , Holzmann Martin J. , Sartipy Ulrik 
Published: September 2019

Background
Prior research has shown higher mortality in women with severe coronary artery disease compared with men, particularly in younger patients. It is unknown if this could be attributable to an adverse risk factor profile.

Methods and Results
In a population‐based cohort study, we included all adults ≤50 years of age (932 women and 4514 men) who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting from 1995 to 2013 from the SWEDEHEART (Swedish Web System for Enhancement and Development of Evidence‐Based Care in Heart Disease Evaluated According to Recommended Therapies) register. Following inverse probability of treatment weighting, we investigated differences between women and men. Women had a higher prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors compared with men. There was no difference in early mortality between women and men (unadjusted: 1.3% versus 0.9%; hazard ratio, 1.42; 95% CI, 0.75–2.70; weighted sample: 1.1% versus 1.0%; hazard ratio, 1.10; 95% CI, 0.52–2.30). During a median follow‐up time of 11.8 years, in the unweighted population, the risk of death was greater in women compared with men (hazard ratio, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.13–1.58). However, in the weighted sample, the risk of death was not significantly different in women compared with men (hazard ratio, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.83–1.26).

Conclusions
Women ≤50 years of age had a higher unadjusted risk of death after coronary artery bypass grafting compared with men, but this was explained by a clustering of cardiovascular risk factors. Female sex per se was not associated with increased mortality or major adverse cardiovascular events. Early mortality was not increased in women compared with men, even though younger women in our study had an increased burden of risk factors known to affect early risk.

Clinical Trial Registration

URL
:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier:
NCT
02276950.
Strawberries and Cream: On Esfir Shub and the Revolutionary Object
Authors: Leslie Esther 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Avant-garde filmmakers in the Soviet Union argued over the merits of the played film and the documentary film. They argued about the duration of shots, long or short. They questioned what constituted filmic material, camera subjectivity, the objective fact and whether film extended the eyes, and the capacity to see, or whether it wielded a fist, augmenting or bashing feelings. Shub contributed to these discussions, not least through her own film work, produced out of a combination of commitment and necessity. This paper traces these discussions and Shub’s role within them through a focus on two objects and the way in which they come to appear in film and film-discourse: strawberries and cream. The strawberries are drawn initially from Shklovsky’s comments on the inequities of US agriculture in his Journey to the Land of Movies (1926) and the cream stems from Eisenstein’s mechanical separator in The Old and the New (1929). Shub’s particular take on the object in her film work will emerge through the dialectical tensions of two objects.
The Struggle for the Soul of Twelver Shiʿism in Qajar Iran
Authors: Momen Moojan 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
From the 1770s onwards, there was a struggle for the soul of Shiʿism in Iran – a struggle over what the true nature of religion should be. On one side was the dominant Uṣūlī religious hierarchy, focused on the Shariʿa and asserting that its rationalist methodology was the path to true knowledge. On the other side was a succession of four movements: Akhbārī, Shaykhī, Bābī, and Bahāʾī. This paper examines the evidence for the continuity between these four movements by looking at patterns of affiliation among individuals and families in Iran. It also describes how, despite different ideas regarding the source of true knowledge, the factors that united these four movements were their rejection of excessive clerical control of individual and social life and their belief that religious life should be focused on love for the representative of the Divine among humanity and on the development of personal spiritual qualities.