bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Visual Culture of Reformation Bibles
Authors: Davis David J. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter surveys the visual culture of Reformation Bibles in Europe. It places the visual culture within the larger context of Protestant reforms and the history of the book, highlighting the important role that images played in the dramatic religious changes unfolding in Europe. The visual culture of the Bible offered the reader objects of meditation and devotion, aids in study and worship, guides to understanding, and even defense against idolatry. Far from being merely formulaic reiterations of Renaissance art or medieval illumination, the visual culture of Reformation Bibles renegotiated and reinvigorated the traditional images of Scripture, providing a bevy of new readings of all-too-familiar stories. This chapter will demonstrate that biblical images not only were active instruments in this religious drama but they also provided a cultural bridge of common iconography that connected Protestants and Catholics together.
Translating the Hungarian Protestant Bible
Authors: Ács Pál 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The Protestant Reformation led to the Hungarian Bible translation—the Vizsoly Bible, published in 1590—which is still the most widely used version of the Scripture in Hungary. The linguistically and philologically astute work overshadows its predecessors, the sometimes stumbling and rudimentary medieval translations, starting with the so-called Hussite Bible, the pioneering and exciting Bibles of the Erasmian humanists, and the early Protestant reformers. The success of the Vizsoly Bible nonetheless obscures the long, difficult, and pitfall-laden path by which Hungarian language—which was pushed out of school education until the modern era—by the end of the sixteenth century, became suitable for the precise and artistic translation of the entire Bible. This chapter traces this controversial process. The pioneering work of sixteenth-century Bible translators—even though they primarily had religious aims—contributed to the unique flourishing of Hungarian literary language and to the development of Renaissance literature in Hungarian.
Vernacular Bible Reading and Translation in the Confessional Era (c.1550–1750)
Authors: François Wim 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter deals with vernacular Bibles produced among Catholics and Protestants of various denominations and currents in the Confessional era. It takes as a time span the period between 1550 and 1750 since the main Bibles continue to display particular confessional characteristics for the entire period under consideration. The chapter gives an extensive overview of the main Protestant and Catholic translations in three linguistic areas in Europe, namely Germany, England, and France. And although various confessional groups tended to borrow from each other’s translations, they were keen to include their own theological accents, not only in very particular passages of text—as the chapter illustrates—but even more so in paratextual elements, such as prologues, summaries above the chapters, and marginal notes. The approach deployed in this chapter can easily be extended to other confessionally divided regions in Europe.
Andreas Bodenstein von Karlstadt and the Supremacy of Scripture
Authors: Johnson Anna Marie 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Karlstadt’s interpretation of Scripture focused on the Bible as the source of God’s law, especially for worship and a godly society. While Karlstadt was influenced by Erasmus’s spiritualized interpretation of the book of Hebrews, his spiritualism never denied the necessity of the external word. Karlstadt adopted a spiritual understanding of this presence and read the references in 1 Corinthians 10 to participation in Christ through the sacrament as a spiritual fellowship, not a partaking of Christ’s body. He later diverged from the view of Huldrych Zwingli in his reading of the Words of Institution. Karlstadt read this story and others typologically, influenced especially by the typological reading of Christ in the letter to the Hebrews. In his reading of the Last Supper, Karlstadt’s emphasis was on Christ’s sacrifice on the cross, which was prefigured by Old Testament sacrifices and the words of the prophets.
The Scriptural Understanding of Matthias Flacius Illyricus
Authors: Ilić Luka 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The Croatian-born second-generation theologian Matthias Flacius Illyricus has left an indelible mark on the development of biblical hermeneutics and to this day he is considered to be a pioneer in this field. After briefly presenting his personal and professional background, this article focuses on some of Flacius’s most important works concerning biblical interpretation. His 1567 work, The Key to the Sacred Scripture, is discussed alongside Glossa Compendiaria, which was first published in 1570. Flacius’s main hermeneutical method and propositions are thereby presented. The importance of the doctrine of original sin and its connection to hermeneutics in Flacius’s theology are furthermore analyzed.
Contested Hermeneutics between William Fulke and the Rhemish Testament
Authors: Gebarowski-Shafer Ellie 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Among a host of biblical exegetes during the European Reformation period, William Fulke stands out as an accomplished contributor to the English theological landscape. A Protestant Cambridge divine called upon to answer the Roman Catholic Rheims New Testament, Fulke applied skills gained in his varied background in biblical studies, science, and the law. Fulke’s refutation reprinted the entire text and annotations of the Latin Vulgate-based Rheims translation, his detailed replies to most of the commentary sections and the Bishops’ Bible in parallel columns with the Catholic-translated text. Fulke’s New Testament became a scriptural version in its own right, reprinted many times and guiding readers through detailed arguments against Catholic teachings such as the celibacy of priests and the existence of Purgatory. Applying a lifetime of interdisciplinary knowledge, Fulke created a work of impressive scholarship while defending Protestant England’s religious and social changes as grounded in correct biblical teaching.
Jacques Lefèvre d’Etaples (c.1460–1536)
Authors: Schönau Christoph 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The chapter takes up the theme of the Bible in the Reformation by addressing conceptual and “Reformation” features of Lefèvre’s commentaries, translations, and writings. At the same time, it recalls the significant conflicts that influenced the reception of this French humanist. In the piety-historical contexts of a Parisian monastery and a reformist circle in Meaux, the writings that were decisive for the early Reformation period in France were written.
Johannes Oecolampadius (1482–1531)
Authors: Poythress Diane M. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Johannes Oecolampadius turned the key that opened Reformed hermeneutics. Uniquely he introduced into Basel, Switzerland presbyteries and elders, a Reformed liturgy, the mature development of covenant, a Reformed Communion, and a revised liturgy. He debated Luther at Marburg, assisted Erasmus with the 1516 Greek NT, and was the forerunner for much of John Calvin’s thoughts. This chapter on his Reformation hermeneutics highlights his controlling purpose, sola Scriptura methodology, christocentric emphasis, and use of grammar, original languages, and extra-biblical resources. His faithful exegesis of Scripture remains exemplary for scholars today.
Johannes Bugenhagen (1485–1558)
Authors: Lohrmann Martin J. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Johannes Bugenhagen read all of Scripture as testifying to the difference between the goodness that comes from trusting God and the harm that results when God is not first in people’s lives. This exegetical conviction about the importance of faith exemplified key insights of the Wittenberg Reformation such as justification by faith alone, the relationship between law and gospel, the theology of the cross, and the relationship between faith and good works. These interpretive priorities are visible across Bugenhagen’s career in biblical commentaries and in other writings like his influential church orders. Even as the teachings themselves are highly consistent with those of his more famous colleagues Luther and Melanchthon, Bugenhagen’s unique pastoral and theological voice comes through in his publications. Bugenhagen’s enduring work as an exegete and an organizer testifies to his conviction that there is nothing more biblical than the redemption and sanctification of daily life.
Thomas Cranmer (1489–1556)
Authors: Otto Sean A. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Thomas Cranmer (1489–1556), despite producing a paucity of scriptural commentaries, is probably the man most responsible for the expansion of scriptural knowledge among English-speaking laity through his liturgical and homiletic works, especially the former, which continues to influence millions of Christians. Under the influence of humanists like Erasmus, as well as the Continental reformers, Cranmer’s own theology and understanding of Scripture became increasingly Reformed, developing around three main themes. First, the authority of Scripture is based on its nature as the word of God, so that Scripture is its own best interpreter and is the sole foundation for Christian doctrine. Second, the Holy Spirit has a role in illuminating the reader of Scripture; divine assistance is key to understanding the Bible and to following its commandments. Following from this is the third theme, the transformational nature of Scripture, which works on the hearts and minds of those who encounter it.
William Tyndale (c.1494–1536)
Authors: Fabiny Tibor 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
William Tyndale (1494?–1536), Bible translator, polemicist, and martyr, was the first man to translate and publish the New Testament from the original Greek and most of the books of the Old Testament from Hebrew. Though Tyndale was not a systematic theologian, his biblical commentaries The Exposition of the First Epistle of Saint John (1531) and An Exposition upon the v. vi. vii. Chapter of Matthew (1528) are permeated with both implicit and explicit theological assumptions. Like Luther, Tyndale also rejected allegory and elevated the literal sense of Scripture in his interpretive approach. Nevertheless, Tyndale’s literal sense proved complex, preserving the typological or figural sense of Scripture at the same time. His original notion concerning the “process of the text” anticipated modern insights concerning the text and meaning.
Wolfgang Musculus (1497–1563)
Authors: Ballor Jordan J. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Wolfgang Musculus (1497–1560) was one of the most significant and prolific Reformed commentators on the Bible in the sixteenth century. Musculus’s background in the Benedictine order was formative for his approach to the relationship between Scripture and the Christian life, but after his embrace of Protestantism his lifelong focus on the Bible took the form of a large body of published work. His first commentary was published in 1544, and he would author works on sixteen different biblical books over ten separately published volumes. The order of his exegetical works closely followed a model proposed by his friend and fellow reformer Martin Bucer (1491–1551). Once Musculus began his exegetical labors, he continued them throughout the remainder of his career. His exegetical approach is characterized by a comprehensive and copious style, and his commentaries were renowned in the Reformed tradition for centuries.
Katharina Schütz Zell (c.1498–1562)
Authors: McKee Elsie Anne 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Katharina Schütz Zell of Strasbourg, a woman of artisan background who had never been a nun and knew only the vernacular, was a first-generation Protestant student and teacher of the Bible. She found new and liberating understanding of it through Luther’s writings. By her marriage to reformer Matthew Zell she gained access to daily conversation with scholars. Throughout her adult life she produced texts in many genres which demonstrate her remarkable knowledge of Scripture and basic theology. These include pastoral letters (1524, 1558); catechetical, homiletical, and devotional writings (1532, 1534, 1548, 1548–50); and polemical and historical texts (1524, 1553, 1557). Schütz Zell was the most prolific lay writer of religious texts of the first generation of the Protestant movement. Basing her claim to authority on her knowledge of the Bible, she demonstrated how much a lay person could know and how aptly one could apply the Bible.
Theodore Beza (1519–1605)
Authors: Summers Kirk 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Theodore Beza (1519–1605) contributed to the elucidation of the Bible in the sixteenth century through a combination of superb philological skills and deep piety informed by his commitment to Genevan reform. He was the foremost advocate of the “logical analysis” method for interpreting Scripture, paving the way with his New Testament annotations for other commentators. He believed strongly that a careful Latin translation would encourage the international Christian community to speak with one voice about the text of God’s Word. To this end he issued five major editions of a New Testament translation that improved upon the work of Erasmus and Castellio. In translating, he followed strict principles aimed at remaining true to the intent of the Holy Spirit. As a humanist who appreciated the power of poetry, Beza also brought a visual element to his reading of the Bible that sets him apart from his peers.
The Decalogue during the Reformation (Exod. 34:28; Deut. 10:4)
Authors: Clifford Hywel 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The Ten Commandments (hereafter Decalogue) declare concise yet comprehensive human duties towards God and between humans. After outlining the Decalogue’s variable medieval use, this chapter deploys its twofold structure to consider Reformation-era interpretations of its commands regarding worship (the first table) and society (the second table). Between these, the role of the Decalogue in Reformation discourses about salvation (the uses of the law) is discussed. Reformation legacies are then outlined through comparison between these early and late modern treatments of the Decalogue. It is argued that the Protestant reformers revisited and reshaped problematic aspects of medieval faith and practice by means of the Decalogue, and that an insistent biblicism is key to making sense of their impact. The Protestant Reformation(s) enabled the Decalogue’s prominence, and in turn its pervasive influence, in modernity.
Baptism (Matt. 28:19–20; Mark 16:15–16)
Authors: Stjerna Kirsi 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Notwithstanding the disruptions that resulted from the sixteenth-century reformations, Christians continued the ancient practice of baptism, mostly on the basis of Jesus’ command, promise, and personal example, as interpreted from the Gospels. Conclusions from such key texts as Matt. 28:19–20 manifested distinct theological emphases and contextual factors. Regarding the function, impact, and proper practice of baptism, the reformers sought for solid biblical grounding while needing to reposition themselves carefully in relation to both the Catholic Church and emerging other Protestant traditions. Theological arguments about salvation and the human condition, and of the function of the sacrament as an effective means of grace or as a sign of faith, shadowed in the background of the disputes over the validity of adult baptism versus infant baptism. The sixteenth-century reformers set paths for Christian communities to continue baptism with differently argued rationales and rituals.
Righteousness (Rom. 1:17)
Authors: Jammerthal Tobias 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents an overview on different Reformation approaches to the question of divine and human righteousness. Romans commentaries by Martin Luther, Philip Melanchthon, Martin Bucer, and Jean Calvin as well as Counter-Reformation approaches are examined. Paying attention to the exegesis of Rom. 1:17, the chapter argues that Luther and Melanchthon argued for a sharp differentiation between human and divine righteousness, whereas Bucer and Calvin opted for a more extensive view on justification. All Reformation theologians emerge as advocating a forensic, imputative understanding of at least parts of justification rather than the effective understanding found in Counter-Reformation texts. Overall, righteousness figured prominently in Reformation-time Romans commentaries.
Cardinal Cisneros, Desiderius Erasmus, and the Polyglot Bible
Authors: Rummel Erika 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses Erasmus’s understanding of the textual tradition, his project of editing the New Testament text and Johann Froben’s role in it, and his use of manuscripts and the five editions published during his lifetime. It also touches on the reception of his work in Spain, in particular the opposition to his textual criticism and the polemics with Spanish critics (Stunica, Nebrija, and Valladolid articles). Erasmus’s contacts with Cisneros and his awareness of the Polyglot project will be explored. The chapter further discusses Cisneros’s interest in the biblical languages, the preparations for the Polyglot project. This includes collecting manuscripts and assembling a team of scholars, the principles of the edition, reasons for the delayed publication of the Polyglot, and its reception. In the end, textual criticism of the Bible, launched by Italian humanists and advanced by the enterprise of Erasmus and Cisneros, became integrated into theological studies.
The English Bible before the Reformation
Authors: Barr Beth Allison , Marvel Elizabeth 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The Bible revolution wrought by the Reformation among ordinary Christians began with the medieval world. From the development of physical Bibles throughout Europe (available to clergy and laity) which created many features still found in modern print Bibles, to the long history of the English Bible, to the rise of a thriving medieval book market for vernacular Scripture, and even to the clerical emphasis on teaching Scripture (especially through sermons), this essay shows how medieval Christianity laid a solid foundation for the Reformation emphasis on sola Scriptura. The medieval Catholic Church, in other words, never banned vernacular Bibles in a comprehensive nor consistent manner—as evidenced by the extraordinary popularity of the so-called Wycliffite Bible. Thus, contrary to modern stereotypes, medieval vernacular translations of the Bible were accepted by ecclesiastical authorities and familiar to laity during the pre-Reformation era.
Resting metabolic rate in obesity
Authors: Huang LingHong , Guo ZhiFeng , Jiang ZhengRong , Xu YaJing , Huang HuiBin 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The prevalence of obesity has continued to rise, and obesity and its attendant metabolic disorders are major global health threat factors. Among the current interventions for obesity, none have demonstrated sustained efficacy in achieving long-term outcomes. So, the identification of therapeutic targets is of paramount importance in the advancement and sustainability of obesity. Resting metabolic rate (RMR) constitutes 60%–75% of total energy expenditure and serves a crucial function in maintaining energy balance. Nevertheless, there exists considerable heterogeneity in RMR among individuals. Low RMR is associated with weight gain, elevating the susceptibility to obesity-related ailments. Hence, RMR will be the main focus of interest in the study of obesity treatment. In this review, we will elucidate the influence factors and mechanisms of action of RMR in obesity, with particular emphasis on the effects of obesity treatment on RMR and the alterations and influence factors of RMR in special types of populations with obesity.
Bupivacaine vs Bupivacaine with Dexmedetomidine for the Caudal Epidural Block as an Adjuvant to General Anesthesia in Lumbosacral Surgeries
Authors: Abdulshakour Abdulazeem Salma Ayman , Abdelfattah Sayed Amr Mohammed , Hussein Khalil Mostafa Mansour , Mohamed Ibrahim Mohamed Abdelwareth 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

Background
A caudal epidural block can be incorporated as a part of multimodal analgesia for lumbosacral spine surgeries. Utilizing a combination of different analgesic modalities, achieving better pain relief, sparing opioids and decreasing their adverse effects, it is a simple and safe technique that can be easily performed under fluoroscopy in the prone position. Using an optimal analgesic regimen provides safe and effective analgesia, reduces postoperative pain, and accelerates recovery from surgery.

Aim of the Work
to compare the effectiveness and safety of Bupivacaine vs. Bupivacaine and Dexmedetomidine in the fluoroscopy-guided caudal epidural block for postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing lumbosacral surgeries combined with general anesthesia.

Patients and Methods
The study was conducted on 60 randomly chosen patients in Ain Shams University Hospitals after approval of the medical ethical committee. Patients were divided randomly into two groups; each group consisted of 30 patients.

Results
revealed that Fluoroscopy-guided caudal epidural block using Bupivacaine and Dexmedetomidine provided significantly prolonged postoperative analgesia and reduced the postoperative analgesic requirements as compared with Bupivacaine only in patients undergoing lumbosacral surgeries and demonstrated that both analgesic techniques are safe.

Conclusion
Bupivacaine and Dexmedetomidine provided significantly prolonged postoperative analgesia and reduced the postoperative analgesic requirements as compared with Bupivacaine alone in patients undergoing lumbosacral surgeries under general anesthesia and also demonstrated that both analgesic drugs are safe.
Assessment of Depressive Symptoms and Coping Patterns in a Sample of Mothers of ADHD Children
Authors: Hamed Marwa Abdel Meguid , Mahmoud Dalia Abdel Moneim , Elabd Esraa Fakhry Mahmoud 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

Background
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a chronic neurodevelopmental disorder that affects children and adults.

Aim and Objectives
To identify the rate of occurrence and severity of depressive symptoms in a sample of mothers with children having ADHD and to assess different coping strategies with stress used by those mothers.

Subjects and Methods
This cross sectional comparative study was conducted on 100 mothers. The study sample collected from the outpatient clinic of child psychiatry, Okasha Institute of psychiatry, Ain Shams University Hospital and rehabilitation unit, and the outpatient clinic of child psychiatry at El-Maamoura Psychiatric Hospital (during the proposed study period from September 2021 to the first of March 2022).

Result
Mothers of ADHD children had higher levels of depressive symptoms than the control group. There was statistically significant difference between the score of less useful in mild depressed Mean ±SD (35.29±4.23), moderate depressed Mean ±SD (34.71 ± 4.57) non-depressed mothers Mean ± SD (25.90±5.17). There was statistically significant relation between Beck Score and hyperactive and combined ADHD types. While there was no statistically significant relation between Beck Score and inattentive ADHD type. There was no statistically significant difference between the score of problem focused, emotional focused and humor in depressed and non- depressed mothers.

Conclusion
The depressive complaints of the mothers of the study sample were higher than the controls. There was statistically significant positive correlation between severity of depression and some coping styles.