bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Scheduled to Gain: Short‐ and Longer‐Run Educational Effects of Examination Scheduling*
Authors: Bensnes Simon Søbstad 
Published: March 2019

AbstractIn this paper, I present findings concerning the effect of examination scheduling on high‐stakes exam scores and longer‐run outcomes. I show that random variations in examination schedules, which increase the time students have to prepare, have positive effects on exam scores. The effect is highly concave, and stronger for females and in quantitative subjects. I trace the effects of preparation time into tertiary education outcomes, finding significant effects for female students on the extensive and intensive margins. I show how easily exam scores and, consequently, longer‐run outcomes are affected by a random institutional factor unrelated to student ability.
Immigration Status, Immigrant Family Ties, and Support for the Democratic Party
Authors: Hawley George 
Published: March 2019

ObjectiveI test the hypothesis that immigration status itself is a predictor of Democratic Party affiliation and vote choice, even controlling for other attributes. I further test whether having immigrant parents and grandparents has a similar effect.MethodTo examine these questions, I created single‐ and multilevel models of party affiliation and vote choice using the 2016 Cooperative Congressional Election Study.ResultsEven after controlling for a myriad of individual and contextual attributes, immigration status was a statistically significant and substantively important predictor of Democratic affiliation. This was also true of the children and grandchildren of immigrants, but this effect weakened over multiple generations.ConclusionImmigration status itself appears to be an important determinant of voting patterns, which is highly consequential, given the large and growing foreign‐born population in the United States.
Outcomes of patients lost to follow‐up after antiretroviral therapy initiation in rural north‐eastern South Africa
Authors: Ambia Julie , Kabudula Chodziwadziwa , Risher Kathryn , Xavier Gómez‐Olivé Francesc , Rice Brian D. , Etoori David , Reniers Georges 
Published: March 2019

AbstractObjectiveThe vital status of patients lost to follow‐up often remains unknown in antiretroviral therapy (ART) programmes in sub‐Saharan Africa because medical records are no longer updated once the patient disengages from care. Thus, we aimed to assess the outcomes of patients lost to follow‐up after ART initiation in north‐eastern South Africa.MethodsUsing data from a rural area in north‐eastern South Africa, we estimated the cumulative incidence of patient outcomes (i) after treatment initiation using clinical records, and (ii) after loss to follow‐up (LTFU) using data from clients that have been individually linked to Agincourt Health and Demographic Surveillance System (AHDSS) database. Aside from LTFU, we considered mortality, re‐engagement and migration out of the study site. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to identify covariates of these patient outcomes.ResultsBetween April 2014 and July 2017, 3700 patients initiated ART and contributed a total of 6818 person‐years of follow‐up time. Three years after ART initiation, clinical record‐based estimates of LTFU, mortality and documented transfers were 41.0% (95% CI: 38.5–43.4%), 1.9% (95% CI 1.0–3.2%) and 0.1% (95% CI 0.0–0.9%), respectively. Among those who were LTFU, the cumulative incidence of re‐engagement, out‐migration and mortality at 3 years were 38.1% (95% CI 33.1–43.0%), 49.4% (95% CI 43.1–55.3%) and 4.7% (95% CI 3.5–6.2%), respectively. Pregnant or breastfeeding women, foreigners and those who initiated ART most recently were at an increased risk of LTFU.ConclusionLTFU among patients starting ART in north‐eastern South Africa is relatively high and has increased in recent years as more asymptomatic patients have initiated treatment. Even though this tendency is of concern in light of the prevention of onwards transmission, we also found that re‐engagement in care is common and mortality among persons LTFU relatively low.
Diurnal changes in concerted plant protein phosphorylation and acetylation in Arabidopsis organs and seedlings
Authors: Uhrig R. Glen , Schläpfer Pascal , Roschitzki Bernd , Hirsch‐Hoffmann Matthias , Gruissem Wilhelm 
Published: March 2019

SummaryProtein phosphorylation and acetylation are the two most abundant post‐translational modifications (PTMs) that regulate protein functions in eukaryotes. In plants, these PTMs have been investigated individually; however, their co‐occurrence and dynamics on proteins is currently unknown. Using Arabidopsis thaliana, we quantified changes in protein phosphorylation, acetylation and protein abundance in leaf rosettes, roots, flowers, siliques and seedlings at the end of day (ED) and at the end of night (EN). This identified 2549 phosphorylated and 909 acetylated proteins, of which 1724 phosphorylated and 536 acetylated proteins were also quantified for changes in PTM abundance between ED and EN. Using a sequential dual‐PTM workflow, we identified significant PTM changes and intersections in these organs and plant developmental stages. In particular, cellular process‐, pathway‐ and protein‐level analyses reveal that the phosphoproteome and acetylome predominantly intersect at the pathway‐ and cellular process‐level at ED versus EN. We found 134 proteins involved in core plant cell processes, such as light harvesting and photosynthesis, translation, metabolism and cellular transport, that were both phosphorylated and acetylated. Our results establish connections between PTM motifs, PTM catalyzing enzymes and putative substrate networks. We also identified PTM motifs for further characterization of the regulatory mechanisms that control cellular processes during the diurnal cycle in different Arabidopsis organs and seedlings. The sequential dual‐PTM analysis expands our understanding of diurnal plant cell regulation by PTMs and provides a useful resource for future analyses, while emphasizing the importance of analyzing multiple PTMs simultaneously to elucidate when, where and how they are involved in plant cell regulation.
OsBZR1 turnover mediated by OsSK22‐regulated U‐box E3 ligase OsPUB24 in rice BR response
Authors: Min Hye Jo , Cui Li Hua , Oh Tae Rin , Kim Jong Hum , Kim Tae‐Wuk , Kim Woo Taek 
Published: March 2019

SummaryOryza sativa BRASSINAZOLE RESISTANT 1 (OsBZR1) is the closest rice homolog of the Arabidopsis BZR1 and bri1‐EMS‐SUPPRESSOR 1 (BES1)/BZR2 transcription factors. OsBZR1 plays a central role in the rice brassinosteroid signaling pathway. Despite its functional importance, the control mechanism by which the cellular stability of OsBZR1 is regulated has not yet been fully elucidated. Here, we report that a rice U‐box E3 ubiquitin (Ub) ligase OsPUB24 acts as a negative regulator in the BR signaling pathway via the 26S proteasome‐dependent degradation of OsBZR1. The ospub24 T‐DNA knock‐out mutant and Ubi:RNAi‐OsPUB24 knock‐down rice plants displayed enhanced seedling growth, increased lamina joint bending, and hypersensitivity to brassinolide (BL). The expressions of the BR biosynthetic genes suppressed by BR in a negative feedback loop were lower in the mutant progeny than in the wild‐type rice plants, which indicated increased BR responses in the mutant line. OsPUB24 ubiquitinated OsBZR1, resulting in the proteasomal degradation of OsBZR1. In addition, the stability of OsPUB24 was downregulated by BL and bikinin, an inhibitor of Oryza sativa Shaggy/GSK3‐like kinase 22 (OsSK22). OsSK22, the homolog of Arabidopsis BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 2 (BIN2) protein kinase, phosphorylated OsPUB24 and elevated the cellular stability of OsPUB24. Our findings suggest that OsPUB24 participates in OsBZR1 turnover, and that the regulatory networks of OsPUB24, OsSK22 and OsBZR1 are crucial for fine‐tuning the BR response in rice.
Theorising cohortness: (Mis)Fitting into student geographies
Authors: Brown Gavin , Kraftl Peter 
Published: March 2019

This paper advances a theory of “cohortness” for understanding the experience and articulation of identities. Using a case study focusing on higher education students, we argue that thinking in terms of cohorts enables an alternative way to examine how people perform, feel, and express their subjectivities collectively, especially within institutional spaces. Our analysis is based on an ongoing research‐education project, which ran over five years and involved over 250 undergraduate students at a post‐1992 UK university. The project involved large groups of students engaging in an exercise on “mis/fitting,” which encouraged them to articulate (as individuals and groups) which identities it was “easy” to perform/hold/display as students, and which it was not. The project also involved a range of subsequent reflective discussions with each group. Our data provide striking insights into how year groups produce “cohortness” in different ways and across intersecting scales. In this paper, we focus on three key themes, which are underpinned by an often ambivalent articulation of contemporary neoliberal ideals: mixtures of deliberation and chance in the production of in‐class, micro‐spatial, intertextual dialogues; the intersection of norms and commonalities in the naming of some identity groups (such as sporting interests) and hiding of others (such as fandom); and the significance of personality, performative, and/or bodily traits compared with other aspects of identity.
Fibroblast growth factor 21: an endocrine inhibitor of sugar and alcohol appetite
Authors: von Holstein‐Rathlou Stephanie , Gillum Matthew P. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractFibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a liver‐derived hormone with pleiotropic metabolic effects. Its production is induced by various dietary imbalances in mice (including low‐protein and ketogenic diets, fructose feeding and ethanol), hinting that it might influence food preference given the role of the liver in maintaining homeostatic levels of circulating nutrients. In 2016, it was shown that FGF21 selectively inhibits consumption of sugars and the primary product of their fermentation, ethanol, but not intake of fat, protein or complex carbohydrates. Since then, studies have sought to unravel this selectivity, its physiological purpose and translational relevance, as well as delineate the neural mechanisms involved. Initially found to impact ingestive behaviours in mice and non‐human primates, FGF21 is also induced in humans by sugars and, far more dramatically, by acute alcohol intake. Genetic studies have revealed that patterns of weekly candy and alcohol consumption are associated with genetic variants in FGF21 and its co‐receptor β‐klotho (KLB), suggesting that liking for sugar, and fermented sugar, may be influenced by natural variation in FGF21 signal strength in humans. Herein, we discuss our nascent understanding of FGF21 as a selective negative regulator of sugar and alcohol appetite as well as reasons why such a peculiar system may have evolved in mammals. Uncovering the regulatory network governing sugar, and fermented sugar, intake could provide new opportunities to improve dietary choices in a population suffering from Western diet‐induced diseases fuelled in part by a runaway sweet – and alcohol – tooth.
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Protein composition of the muscle mitochondrial reticulum during postnatal development
Authors: Kim Yuho , Yang Daniel S. , Katti Prasanna , Glancy Brian 
Published: March 2019

Key points
Muscle mitochondrial networks changed from a longitudinal, fibre parallel orientation to a perpendicular configuration during postnatal development.
Mitochondrial dynamics, mitophagy and calcium uptake proteins were abundant during early postnatal development.
Mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative phosphorylation proteins were upregulated throughout muscle development.
Postnatal muscle mitochondrial network formation is accompanied by a change in protein expression profile from mitochondria designed for co‐ordinated cellular assembly to mitochondria highly specialized for cellular energy metabolism.
AbstractStriated muscle mitochondria form connected networks capable of rapid cellular energy distribution. However, the mitochondrial reticulum is not formed at birth and the mechanisms driving network development remain unclear. In the present study, we aimed to establish the network formation timecourse and protein expression profile during postnatal development of the murine muscle mitochondrial reticulum. Two‐photon microscopy was used to observe mitochondrial network orientation in tibialis anterior (TA) muscles of live mice at postnatal days (P) 1, 7, 14, 21 and 42, respectively. All muscle fibres maintained a longitudinal, fibre parallel mitochondrial network orientation early in development (P1–7). Mixed networks were most common at P14 but, by P21, almost all fibres had developed the perpendicular mitochondrial orientation observed in mature, glycolytic fibres. Tandem mass tag proteomics were then applied to examine changes in 6869 protein abundances in developing TA muscles. Mitochondrial proteins increased by 32% from P1 to P42. In addition, both nuclear‐ and mitochondrial‐DNA encoded oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) components were increased during development, whereas OxPhos assembly factors decreased. Although mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy were induced at P1–7, mitochondrial biogenesis was enhanced after P14. Moreover, calcium signalling proteins and the mitochondrial calcium uniporter had the highest expression early in postnatal development. In conclusion, mitochondrial networks transform from a fibre parallel to perpendicular orientation during the second and third weeks after birth in murine glycolytic skeletal muscle. This structural transition is accompanied by a change in protein expression profile from mitochondria designed for co‐ordinated cellular assembly to mitochondria highly specialized for cellular energy metabolism.
Risk factors and outcomes of management of delayed suprachoroidal haemorrhage following Ahmed glaucoma valve implantation in children
Authors: Balekudaru Shantha , Basu Tamonash , Sen Parveen , Bhende Pramod , Lingam Vijaya , George Ronnie 
Published: March 2019

AimsTo assess the incidence, risk factors and outcomes of management of delayed suprachoroidal haemorrhage (DSCH) in children who had undergone Ahmed glaucoma valve implantation.MethodsA retrospective case-control study of eyes which developed DSCH in children <18 years of age who underwent surgery between January 2009 and December 2017 with a follow-up of at least 2 months was performed. Nine cases were compared with 27 age, gender and surgeon matched controls who had undergone surgery during this period.ResultsThe incidence of DSCH was 4.7% (95% CL 1.5% to 7.7%, 9 eyes of 191 children). There were no significant differences between cases and controls in baseline details except for the number of intraocular pressure (IOP) lowering medications (p=0.01) and follow-up period (p=0.001). Risk factors identified on univariate analysis (p≤0.1) were axial length (p=0.02), diagnosis of primary congenital glaucoma (p=0.05), postoperative hypotony (p=0.07) and aphakia (p=0.1). None of them were found to be significant on multivariate analysis. Five eyes, three with retinal apposition and two with retinal detachment, underwent surgical drainage. There were no significant differences in the outcomes of eyes which underwent drainage compared with those which did not. Failures, defined as IOP>18 mm Hg despite use of medications, loss of light perception, phthisis or removal of the implant were more frequent in cases (three eyes, 33.3%) compared with controls (four eyes, 14.8%) (p=0.002).ConclusionsNone of the risk factors analysed in our series proved to be significant. Failures were more common in eyes with choroidal haemorrhage, despite surgical intervention.
Contribution of specific diseases and injuries to changes in health adjusted life expectancy in 187 countries from 1990 to 2013: retrospective observational study
Authors: Chen He , Chen Gong , Zheng Xiaoying , Guo Yan 
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Objective

To quantify and compare the contribution of 306 diseases and injuries to the changes in health adjusted life expectancy at birth (HALE
0
) between 1990 and 2013.

Design
Retrospective demographic analysis based on aggregated data and using life table technique, Sullivan method, and decomposition method for differences in health expectancy.

Setting
The globe, 21 regions, and 187 countries, covered in the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2013.

Main outcome measures

Cause specific contribution to changes in HALE
0
between 1990 and 2013 in terms of mortality effect, disability effect, and total effect.

Results

Between 1990 and 2013, global HALE
0
increased by 5.31 years for males and 5.73 years for females. The cross national Gini coefficient of HALE
0
for both sexes combined decreased by 15.22% from 0.0736 to 0.0624. HALE
0
declined in 11 countries during the period, predominantly owing to HIV/AIDS except in Belize, Belarus, and Paraguay. Controlling communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases accounted for 56.47% (3.10 years) of changes in HALE
0
for both sexes combined, followed by non-communicable diseases (30.05%; 1.65 years) and injuries (13.67%; 0.75 years). Globally, HIV/AIDS caused the biggest reduction in HALE
0
(–0.28 years) and mainly afflicted residents in southern (–7.86 years), western (–1.53 years), and eastern (–1.38 years) sub-Saharan Africa. Diabetes had the second biggest negative total effect on changes in HALE
0
(–0.12 years), which was quite widespread across regions. Despite their positive total effect in high income regions, such non-communicable diseases as ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and hypertensive heart disease had a negative total effect in many low and middle income regions. Mortality reduction was the predominant driver (93.62%; 5.14 years) for improvement in HALE
0
, accompanied by an increase of 0.80 years in life expectancy lived with disability at birth. Only 44 (27%) of 163 causes at level 3 in the GBD cause hierarchy influenced changes in HALE
0
, mainly or only through disability.

Conclusions
Between 1990 and 2013, the globe made achievements in not only promoting population health as a whole but reducing health inequality between countries. This study pinpoints the priority diseases and injuries for altering the declining health trend in 11 countries, for curbing the epidemic of non-communicable diseases in low and middle income countries, and for promoting compression of morbidity worldwide. The detailed country specific decomposition results of effects of diseases and injuries on change in population health will further facilitate the development of national health policies.
Caregiver’s readiness for change as a predictor of outcome and attendance in an intervention programme for children and adolescents with obesity: a secondary data analysis
Authors: Anderson Yvonne C , Dolan Gerard M S , Wynter Lisa E , Treves Katharine F , Wouldes Trecia A , Grant Cameron C , Cave Tami L , Smiley Anna J , Derraik José G B , Cutfield Wayne S , Hofman Paul L 
Published: March 2019

Objective/designIt remains unclear as to the efficacy of readiness for change measurements in child and adolescent obesity intervention programmes. This observational study aimed to determine whether the caregiver’s stage of change could predict outcome and adherence to treatment in an intensive intervention programme for children and adolescents with obesity.SettingParticipants were from the Whānau Pakari randomised clinical trial, a community based multi-disciplinary intervention programme for obesity in Taranaki, New Zealand.ParticipantsEligible participants (recruited January 2012 to August 2014) were aged 5–16 years and had a body mass index (BMI) ≥98th centile or BMI >91st centile with weight-related comorbidities.InterventionsThis study only assessed participants randomised to the high-intensity intervention programme (6-month assessments with weekly group sessions for 12 months) given attendance data were required (n=96).Primary and secondary outcome measuresPrimary trial outcome was BMI SD score (SDS). Secondary outcome measures included indices such as fruit and vegetable intake, 550-m run/walk time and quality of life scores. At baseline assessment, participants (if >11 years old) and their accompanying adult were assessed for readiness to make healthy lifestyle change.ResultsA quantitative measure of stage of change in caregivers was not a predictor of primary or secondary outcomes (change in BMI SDS pre-contemplation/contemplation −0.08, 95% CI −0.18 to 0.03, action −0.16, 95% CI −0.27 to –0.05, p=0.27), or overall attendance in the weekly activity sessions (40.0% vs 37.1%, respectively, p=0.54) in the child or adolescent.ConclusionsCaregiver’s stage of change was not a predictor of success in this multi-disciplinary assessment and intervention programme for children and adolescents with obesity. Future research needs to determine participants’ factors for success.Trial registration numberANZCTR12611000862943; Post-results.
Hospital nurse staffing and staff–patient interactions: an observational study
Authors: Bridges Jackie , Griffiths Peter , Oliver Emily , Pickering Ruth M 
Published: March 2019

BackgroundExisting evidence indicates that reducing nurse staffing and/or skill mix adversely affects care quality. Nursing shortages may lead managers to dilute nursing team skill mix, substituting assistant personnel for registered nurses (RNs). However, no previous studies have described the relationship between nurse staffing and staff–patient interactions.SettingSix wards at two English National Health Service hospitals.MethodsWe observed 238 hours of care (n=270 patients). Staff–patient interactions were rated using the Quality of Interactions Schedule. RN, healthcare assistant (HCA) and patient numbers were used to calculate patient-to-staff ratios. Multilevel regression models explored the association between staffing levels, skill mix and the chance of an interaction being rated as ‘negative’ quality, rate at which patients experienced interactions and total amount of time patients spent interacting with staff per observed hour.Results10% of the 3076 observed interactions were rated as negative. The odds of a negative interaction increased significantly as the number of patients per RN increased (p=0.035, OR of 2.82 for ≥8 patients/RN compared with >6 to <8 patients/RN). A similar pattern was observed for HCA staffing but the relationship was not significant (p=0.056). When RN staffing was low, the odds of a negative interaction increased with higher HCA staffing. Rate of interactions per patient hour, but not total amount of interaction time, was related to RN and HCA staffing levels.ConclusionLow RN staffing levels are associated with changes in quality and quantity of staff–patient interactions. When RN staffing is low, increases in assistant staff levels are not associated with improved quality of staff–patient interactions. Beneficial effects from adding assistant staff are likely to be dependent on having sufficient RNs to supervise, limiting the scope for substitution.