bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reducing the effects of DoS attacks in software defined networks using parallel flow installation
Authors: Imran Muhammad , Durad Muhammad Hanif , Khan Farrukh Aslam , Derhab Abdelouahid 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Software defined networking (SDN) is becoming more and more popular due to its key features, such as monitoring, fine-grained control, flexibility and scalability. The centralized control of SDN makes it vulnerable to various types of attacks, e.g., flooding, spoofing, and denial of service (DoS). Among these attacks, DoS attack has the most severe impact because it degrades the performance of the SDN by overloading its different components, i.e., controller, switch, and control channel. This impact becomes more prominent in SDNs having fine-grained control over traffic for monitoring and management purposes, where large numbers of flow rules are installed. Existing approaches handle DoS attacks in SDN either by dropping malicious packets or by aggregating flow rules, resulting in a legitimate packet drop or loss of fine-grained control over network traffic. In this paper, a parallel flow installation approach is proposed to reduce the effects of DoS attacks, without losing the monitoring capability and fine-grained control over network traffic. The proposed approach installs flow rules in all switches along the path from the source to the destination on a single request from the source; resulting in a considerable reduction of control channel traffic and controller’s utilization. The proposed approach is evaluated by comparing it with the basic SDN controller. The simulation results show that the proposed approach increases the SDN performance in terms of CPU utilization, response time, flow requests, and control channel bandwidth.
Genetics in primary care: validating a tool to pre‐symptomatically assess common disease risk using an Australian questionnaire on family history
Authors: Houwink Elisa J. F. , Hortensius Olga R. , van Boven Kees , Sollie Annet , Numans Mattijs E. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackgroundA positive family history for diabetes, cardiovascular diseases or various types of cancer increases the relative risk for these diseases by 2 to 5 times compared to people without a positive family history. Taking a family history in daily general practice is useful for early, pre‐symptomatic risk assessment, but at the moment no standardized family history questionnaire is available in the Dutch language. In this study we used a 9‐item questionnaire, previously developed and applied in an Australian study, to probe family history for 7 specific conditions. The aim of the present qualitative study was to test face and content validity of the Australian family history questionnaire in Dutch general practice and to advance the standardization of intake information at an international level. We conducted 10 cognitive interviews with patients over 4 rounds, using the verbal probing technique. This approach allows the collection of data through a series of probe questions, with the aim of obtaining detailed information. After each interview round we modified the questionnaire based on the answers of the interviewees. We also performed 10 semi‐structured interviews with general practitioners (GPs) to get their opinion on the content and usability of the questionnaire in practice.ResultsPatients varied in age and gender, and 4 patients were known to have a genetic disorder. The GPs varied in age, gender, clinical experience, type of practice and location. In the first round, seven problems were identified in the questionnaire in the categories Comprehension (1), Recall (2), Judgement (0), Response process (2) and Completeness, (2); by the fourth and final round no problems remained. The content and usability of the questionnaire were assessed positively.ConclusionsWhen translated for everyday use in Dutch general practice, the Australian family history questionnaire showed a strong face and content validity, and GPs were positive regarding feasibility. Validation of this family history questionnaire could aid in the standardized integration of genetically relevant information in the electronic health record and clinical research. Conspicuous questionnaire information might alert the GP regarding specific conditions and enable detection of disease at an earlier stage. Additional questionnaire requirements needed however are accurate patient information and consistent, accessible locations in the electronic health record with a possibility to be automatically registered. By deriving a Dutch family history questionnaire convenient for GPs, we adapted a template that might also prove useful for other countries and other medical professionals. This development could make the rapid operationalization of readily available genetic knowledge feasible in daily practice and clinical research, leading to improved medical care.
Clinical applications of fucoidan in translational medicine for adjuvant cancer therapy
Authors: Hsu Hsien‐Yeh , Hwang Pai‐An 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe chemical composition of fucoidan, a kind of sulfated polysaccharide mainly derived from brown seaweed, includes a substantial percentage of l‐fucose. Fucoidan has various biological and pharmacological activities, such as anti‐cancer/anti‐tumor, anti‐proliferation, anti‐inflammatory and immune‐modulatory functions, and fucoidan‐related dietary supplements and nutraceuticals have recently drawn considerable attention. In this review, we aim to provide a current view of different aspects of fucoidan biological activity, with a focus on the anti‐cancer regulatory effects of fucoidan on growth signaling mechanisms. First, we discuss historical aspects of fucoidan and fucoidan products, as well as the anti‐cancer effects of fucoidan on various cancer cells. Second, we discuss fucoidan's biological activities and induction of cell death in cancer cells, including multiple mechanisms and signal transduction pathways related to its anti‐cancer effects. Next, we focus on fucoidan and fucoidan‐derived products that have been marketed as dietary supplements or nutraceuticals for cancer, including anti‐cancer effects of fucoidan when combined as an adjuvant with clinical drugs. Finally, case studies of fucoidan in complementary therapy and as an alternative medicine in animal and mouse models and human clinical trials to alleviate side effects of anti‐cancer chemotherapy are discussed. Combining fucoidan with clinical therapeutic agents in the treatment of cancer patients, dissecting the related signal transduction pathways and investigating their dynamic interactions may reveal potential molecular targets in cancer prevention, therapies and key obstacles in the current development of anti‐cancer strategies.
Differential Levels of Regulatory T Cells and T-Helper-17 Cells in Women With Early and Advanced Endometriosis
Authors: Khan Khaleque N , Yamamoto Kazuo , Fujishita Akira , Muto Hideki , Koshiba Akemi , Kuroboshi Haruo , Saito Shigeru , Teramukai Satoshi , Nakashima Masahiro , Kitawaki Jo 
Published: May 2019

AbstractContextRegulatory T (Treg) cells and T-helper-17 (Th17) cells may be involved in endometriosis. Information on the pattern of change in the percentages of Treg and Th17 cells in the peripheral blood (PB) and peritoneal fluid (PF) of women with early and advanced endometriosis is unclear.ObjectiveTo investigate the pattern of change in the percentages of Treg and Th17 cells in the PB and PF of women with early and advanced endometriosis.MethodsWe recruited 31 women with laparoscopically and histologically confirmed, revised American Society of Reproductive Medicine stage I-II endometriosis, 39 women with stage III-IV endometriosis, and 36 control subjects without visible endometriosis. PB and PF samples were collected and T-cell subpopulations analyzed by flow cytometry using specific monoclonal antibodies recognizing CD4+, CD25+, FOXP3+, and IL-17A+ markers. PF concentrations of TGF-β and IL-17 were measured by ELISA.ResultsThe percentages of CD25+FOXP3+ Treg cells within the CD4+ T-cell population were significantly higher in the PF of women with advanced endometriosis than in either early endometriosis or in control subjects (P < 0.05 for both). A persistently lower percentage of CD4+IL-17A+ Th17 cells was found in both PB and PF of women with early and advanced endometriosis. Compared with IL-17 levels, PF levels of TGF-β were significantly higher in women with endometriosis (P = 0.01).ConclusionOur findings reconfirmed the current speculation that endometriosis is related to alteration of Treg and Th17 cells in the pelvis causing survival and implantation of ectopic endometrial lesions.
What Is an Author? Old Answers to a New Question
Authors: Helle Sophus 
Published: May 2019

AbstractPremodern sources mainly depict authors as textual transmitters rather than original creators. To treat these figurations of authorship as meaningful in their own right, one has to overcome a series of methodological hurdles. The polarized image of the author as either creative God or passive scribe must be replaced by a focus on the middle ranges of literary agency, which in turn requires theoretical elaboration. Premodern tropes of authorial activity, such as the metaphor of authorship as textile labor, gain a much fuller range of complexity and nuance when they are read with an eye to authorial mediation. Further, conceptualizing authors as mediators proves a better framework for writing the history of authorship, as it clarifies synchronic tensions and diachronic developments that unfolded within this frame. It also reveals that the modern ideal of authorial originality came about not as a radical break with the older ideal of authorial mediation but as a modification and rearrangement of its constitutive terms.
Modern Time: Temporality and the Realism of Romantic History
Authors: Carr Nicholas 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This article places the works of American Romantic history in the tradition of the nineteenth-century novel. The result is a reframing of a strand of historiography that, for all its great men and its laws of progress, has at its core a realist negation of the freedoms and imaginative possibilities associated with the Romantic. However, this apparent tension between romance and the real ought to be seen as the dialectical face of a historicism that sought to master temporality by ending it with the arrival of the modern. The shifting narrative tenses of both realism and Romantic history stage a debate between epistemological and aesthetic impulses that the affirmation of the existent resolves.
The Birth of Creativity: Emerson’s Creative Impulse
Authors: de Stefano Jason 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis essay shows how Ralph Waldo Emerson’s ideas of mental and artistic creativity emerged from debates about the creation of living form. Emerson came to believe that “creating nature” and “creative intellect” manifested the same “creative force,” a belief instilled in him by German Romantic Naturphilosophie and its principal Anglophone explicators, the German American philosopher Johann Bernhard Stallo and the English anatomist Richard Owen. They taught Emerson that the intellect does not transcend or otherwise stand outside the natural world; it evolves immanently through reciprocal activity with the material environment. The impulse to create is thus as natural as evolution, but this means that creativity has to be traced beyond the brain and away from autonomous models of mind. In particular, Emerson’s idea of “creative impulse” relied on epigenetic conceptions of generation and birth. He defined life in terms of creative capacity and helped redefine creativity as an innate, impulsive, and ubiquitous quality, definitions that influenced such thinkers as Friedrich Nietzsche, Henri Bergson, and the psychologist James Mark Baldwin and that have stakes for contemporary discussions of creativity, evolution, and mind.
The Politics of Address in George Eliot's Fiction
Authors: Williams Alicia 
Published: May 2019

AbstractWhence the “dear reader”—and to where? This essay proposes that George Eliot's reformulation of nineteenth-century conventions for addressing reading audiences documents a response to the emergence of Britain's first mass reading public. Eliot inherits a propensity for spontaneous direct address that figuratively emplaces singularized readers in precisely delimited narrative scenes. In her later work she gives up on even this pretense of a shared common ground for readers from a vast and diverse public, instead using more oblique forms of address, like writerly commentary and erudite paratext, to acknowledge readers without delimiting their scale. Drawing on reading history and political literary theory, in particular the work of Jacques Rancière, the essay argues that this shift democratizes address. Democratic address capitalizes on the indiscriminate relationship between text and audience that characterizes a mass reading public. Yet in Eliot this turn toward an expansive, inclusive form of address is also linked to an increasingly rarefied style. The essay concludes by examining how the aesthetically rarefied Henry James and the populist best seller Marie Corelli chart two divergent routes out of Eliot's reformulation of address. Together they reflect the tension in her work between theoretical inclusivity and high literary style—and between democratic principles of universal access and the stratification that in practice organizes a mass reading public.
Vascular defects of DYRK1A knockouts are ameliorated by modulating calcium signaling in zebrafish
Authors: Cho Hyun-Ju , Lee Jae-Geun , Kim Jong-Hwan , Kim Seon-Young , Huh Yang Hoon , Kim Hyo-Jeong , Lee Kyu-Sun , Yu Kweon , Lee Jeong-Soo 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACT
DYRK1A is a major causative gene in Down syndrome (DS). Reduced incidence of solid tumors such as neuroblastoma in DS patients and increased vascular anomalies in DS fetuses suggest a potential role of DYRK1A in angiogenic processes, but in vivo evidence is still scarce. Here, we used zebrafish dyrk1aa mutant embryos to understand DYRK1A function in cerebral vasculature formation. Zebrafish dyrk1aa mutants exhibited cerebral hemorrhage and defects in angiogenesis of central arteries in the developing hindbrain. Such phenotypes were rescued by wild-type dyrk1aa mRNA, but not by a kinase-dead form, indicating the importance of DYRK1A kinase activity. Chemical screening using a bioactive small molecule library identified a calcium chelator, EGTA, as one of the hits that most robustly rescued the hemorrhage. Vascular defects of mutants were also rescued by independent modulation of calcium signaling by FK506. Furthermore, the transcriptomic analyses supported the alterations of calcium signaling networks in dyrk1aa mutants. Together, our results suggest that DYRK1A plays an essential role in angiogenesis and in maintenance of the developing cerebral vasculature via regulation of calcium signaling, which may have therapeutic potential for DYRK1A-related vascular diseases.
Infant contact in day-care centres in Vietnam: A cross-sectional study to understand infant infection risk
Authors: Toizumi Michiko , Yoshida Lay-Myint , Suzuki Motoi , Nguyen Hien Anh Thi , Pinsent Amy , Dang Duc Anh , Flasche Stefan 
Published: May 2019

Background: Infant contact information (skin-to-skin contact between infants and others) is important to understand Streptococcus pneumoniae transmission patterns. A few studies have investigated infant contact patterns by asking the mother/guardian to record all contacts a child makes in one day. However, this approach does not capture contact behaviour in day-care. Our study describes the frequency and nature of physical contacts of infants in day-care to understand infant infection risk in day-care in Nha Trang, central Vietnam. Methods: This cross-sectional study enrolled infants aged less than 12 months, attending 10 randomly selected day-care centres in Nha Trang. Physical contacts of each infant for one day at the day-care centre were observed and recorded. The mean number of contacts of infants and its factors were assessed using negative binomial regression. Results: In total 14 infants, aged 6 to 11 months, were enrolled, and a total of 96 contacts were observed. The mean number of contacts an infant made in one day was 6.9. Infants who walked independently (age-adjusted rate ratio 1.68, 95% confidence interval 1.06-2.68) and those cared for in a larger group (1.99, 1.42-2.79) had more contacts at day-care. About 50% of infants made contact with at least one person from a commune different from the infant’s, and 50% made contact with at least one other infant at day-care. Conclusion: This study found that day-care attendance may be one factor that increases contact rates of infants in Nha Trang and diversifies them in terms of age and geographical spread. In this study, day-care attendance not only increased contact rates beyond those usually experienced by young children cared at home but specifically increased the contact rates with other children and adults from other communes. Day-care may play a key role in the transmission of respiratory pathogens like Streptococcus pneumoniae to infants.
Laparohernioscopic right colectomy for bowel ischaemia within a strangulated inguinal hernia
Authors: Tebala GD , Yee J , Kola-Adejumo A 
Published: May 2019

Visual inspection of the content of the hernia sac is a crucial step of the emergency repair of strangulated inguinal hernias, to rule out the presence of bowel ischaemia which would need resection. Occasionally the content of the hernia sac reduces spontaneously into the abdomen after the induction of general anaesthesia and cannot be assessed. We present a case where hernioscopy t(i.e. laparoscopy through the hernia sac) has been used to confirm the ischaemia of the strangulated bowel and perform a hybrid laparohernioscopic right colectomy with intracorporeal anastomosis without the need for a formal laparotomy. Hernioscopy is an easy and reliable method to assess the viability of the content of the hernia sac in strangulated hernias that have spontaneously reduced before it could be visually inspected. It can also be associated with a laparoscopic access in a hybrid laparohernioscopic technique to perform complex procedures.
A Ousadia de Ensinar e Pesquisar “o” e “no” Estado de Exceção
Authors: Coelho Thereza Christina Bahia 
Published: May 2019

A educação e a pesquisa nunca sofreram tantos golpes em tão pouco tempo. A conjuntura já dava sinais do que viria, desde o impeachment da presidenta Dilma Roussef e a aprovação da Emenda Constitucional 95 que limita por 20 anos os gastos públicos, ambos eventos do fatídico ano de 2016, quando foi implantado um processo de desestruturação (ou reestruturação) do Estado com vistas à canalização do financiamento das políticas sociais para áreas econômicas de interesse do setor privado, em especial, do subsetor financeiro. Do ponto de vista da pesquisa, faz-se crucial valorizar e não deixar morrer as políticas de transparência e suporte à gestão, implementadas por ações governamentais passadas que criaram e aperfeiçoaram nossos sistemas de informação que fornecem apoio para o conhecimento da realidade da saúde e consequente tomada de decisão. A Revista de Saúde Coletiva, em seu Volume 9, busca privilegiar as pesquisas que aproveitam essa imensidão de dados secundários gerados pelas bases nacionais, de forma criativa e consciente das suas limitações.
Smoking Attitudes and Prevalence of a Somali Population in London
Authors: Straus Lianne , McEwen Andy , Croker Helen 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis research examines the prevalence and attitudes of smoking among a Somali population in London. Eight focus groups and 77 assisted questionnaires were conducted. Findings show that there was little knowledge of local smoking cessation services and several themes arose including: the format and ineffective promotion of the United Kingdom National Health Service (NHS) Stop Smoking Services, health prom xotion and ambivalence towards preventative health behaviour. Smoking rates in this Somali population appear to be higher than in the UK general population, and higher still among men over 40 years old and those that regularly use qat. Smoking cessation services for the Somali population may be more popular if there were group clinics and culturally effective promotion of the services. The relationship between qat use and smoking should be considered when targeting services to the Somali population.
An Epidemiological Study of Smoking Among Adult Males in a Rural Area of Hooghly District, West Bengal, India
Authors: Saha Indranil , Paul Bobby , Dey Tushar Kanti 
Published: May 2019

AbstractA community-based cross-sectional study was undertaken in a rural community of West Bengal, India among 329 adult males, during April to June, 2004 to find out the prevalence, characteristics of smoking and attitude of smokers towards quitting. 29.8% (98), 61.7% (203) and 8.5% (28) were found to be current, never and former smokers respectively. Among current smokers, 79.4% had started smoking before the age of 24 years. 23% of smokers cited the reason for smoking was to concentrate at work and to relieve anger and frustration. 53.8% wanted to quit smoking but lack of willpower (28.2%) became the major hindrance to quitting. 58.9% were uncertain about continuing smoking. Smoking is commonly practised in rural area of West Bengal, starting at quite an early age; hence awareness and health education needs to be stressed, so that prevention can be initiated.
Konsentrasi Surfaktan dan Minyak di Perairan Depapre, Kabupaten Jayapura, Provinsi Papua
Authors: Tanjung Rosye Hefmi Rechnelty , Hamuna Baigo , Alianto Alianto 
Published: May 2019

Kondisi kualitas air suatu perairan yang baik sangat penting untuk mendukung kehidupan organisme yang hidup di dalamnya. Penentuan status mutu air perlu dilakukan sebagai acuan dalam melakukan pemantauan pencemaran kualitas air. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji status mutu air laut berdasarkan konsentrasi parameter surfaktan dan minyak di perairan Distrik Depapre, Kabupaten Jayapura. Pengambilan sampel air laut dilakukan di lima stasiun penelitian, kemudian hasilnya dibandingkan dengan baku mutu air laut untuk biota laut berdasarkan KEPMEN-LH No. 51 Tahun 2004. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi surfaktan di perairan Distrik Depapre berkisar antara 0,08–0,22 mg/L, sedangkan konsentrasi kandungan minyak berkisar antara 0,14–0,41 mg/L. Berdasarkan baku mutu air laut, konsentrasi surfaktan dan minyak belum melampaui baku mutu dan masih sesuai untuk biota laut di perairan Depapre, Kabupaten Jayapura. Hasil penelitian ini memberikan informasi bahwa kondisi perairan Depapre belum tercemar oleh limbah surfaktan dan minyak. Namun tidak menutup kemungkinan bahwa konsentrasi tersebut dapat terus meningkat, sehingga perlu upaya lebih lanjut dari pemerintah dan masyarakat untuk meminimalkan jumlah limbah surfaktan dan minyak yang masuk kelingkungan perairan laut. Good water quality is critical to support the life of organisms. The determination of water quality status was needed as a reference to monitor water pollution. This study aimed to assess the condition of water quality based on the concentration of surfactant and oil parameters in the Depapre waters, Jayapura Regency. Sampling was carried out in five research stations; then the results were compared with water quality standards based on KEPMEN-LH No. 51 Tahun 2004 for marine biotas. The result showed that the concentration of surfactant in Depapre waters was 0.08–0.22 mg/L, while the oil concentration was 0.14–0.41 mg/L. Based on water quality standards, surfactant and oil concentration has not exceeded the quality standards and are suitable for marine biotas in Depapre waters, Jayapura Regency. Results showed the condition of Depapre waters had not been polluted by surfactant and oil waste. However, it does not rule out the possibility that the concentration can increase so that it needs further efforts from the government and the community to minimize the amount of surfactant and oil waste entering the marine environment.