bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evolution and control of artificial superintelligence (ASI): a management perspective
Authors: Narain Karan , Swami Agam , Srivastava Anoop , Swami Sanjeev 
Published: May 2019

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to address both the evolutionary and control aspects associated with the management of artificial superintelligence. Through empirical analysis, the authors examine the diffusion pattern of those high technologies that can be considered as forerunners to the adoption of artificial superintelligence (ASI).

Design/methodology/approach
The evolutionary perspective is divided into three parts, based on major developments in this area, namely, robotics, automation and artificial intelligence (AI). The authors then provide several dynamic models of the possible future evolution of superintelligence. These include diffusion modeling, predator–prey models and hostility models. The problem of control in superintelligence is reviewed next, where the authors discuss Asimov’s Laws and IEEE initiative. The authors also provide an empirical analysis of the application of diffusion modeling to three technologies from the industries of manufacturing, communication and energy, which can be considered as potential precursors to the evolution of the field of ASI. The authors conclude with a case study illustrating emerging solutions in the form of long-term social experiments to address the problem of control in superintelligence.

Findings
The results from the empirical analysis of the manufacturing, communication and energy sectors suggest that the technology diffusion model fits well with the data of robotics, telecom and solar installations till date. The results suggest a gradual diffusion process, like any other high technology. Thus, there appears to be no threat of “existential catastrophe” (Bostrom, 2014). The case study indicates that any future threat can be pre-empted by some long-term social measures.

Originality/value
This paper contributes to the emerging stream of artificial superintelligence. As humanity comes closer to grappling with the important question of the management and control of this technology for the future, it is important that modeling efforts be made to understand the extant perspective of the development of the high-technology diffusion. Presently, there are relatively few such efforts available in the literature.
Organizational oratory as the art of addressing multiple and mutually antagonistic audiences
Authors: Mouton Nico 
Published: May 2019

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to investigate how organizational orators cope with situations where they must simultaneously address several audiences with clashing interests, conflicting identities and contradictory interpretations of crucial issues.

Design/methodology/approach
The paper draws on both the classical rhetorical tradition and various contemporary disciplines to delineate, conceptualize and critically discuss a repertoire of rhetorical strategies for dealing with composite audiences.

Findings
There are at least nine distinct strategies for dealing with the problem. Most of them make problematic assumptions about audiences. The most promising strategy involves shifting and blending frames.

Practical implications
Most managers will stand in situations where they have to cope with multiple and mutually antagonistic audiences. This paper provides practical suggestions for how to go about it.

Originality/value
The paper isolates and investigates a problem that was largely overlooked by classical rhetoricians, and contemporary scholars still underestimate its ubiquity, its complexity and its urgency. Apart from improving our grasp of the problem, the paper provides a comprehensive overview of potential solutions, and shows their shortcomings.
Implicit and explicit identification of counterfeit brand logos based on logotype transposition
Authors: Pathak Abhishek , Velasco Carlos , Calvert Gemma Anne 
Published: May 2019

PurposeWith trade amounting to more than US$400bn, counterfeiting is already affecting many successful brands. Often, consumers are deceived into buying fake products due to the visual similarity between fake and original brand logos. This paper aims to explore the varying forms of fraudulent imitation of original brand logotypes (operationalized at the level of logotype transposition), which can aid in the detection of a counterfeit brand.Design/methodology/approachAcross two studies, this research tested how well consumers can differentiate counterfeit from original logos of well-known brands both explicitly and implicitly. Seven popular brand logos were altered to create different levels of visual dissimilarity and participants were required to discriminate the logos as fake or genuine.FindingsResults demonstrate that although consumers can explicitly discriminate fake logos with a high degree of accuracy, the same is not true under conditions in which logos are presented very briefly (tapping participants’ implicit or automatic logo recognition capabilities), except when the first and last letters of the logotype are substituted.Originality/valueA large body of research on counterfeit trade focuses on the individual or cross-cultural differences behind the prevalence of counterfeit trade. There is limited research exploring the ability of a consumer to correctly identify a fake logo, based on its varying similarity with the original logotype; this paper addresses this gap. Given that many of the purchase decisions are often made automatically, identifying key implicit differentiators that can help a consumer recognize a fake logo should be informative to both practitioners and academics.
The effects of prebiotic bread containing oat ß-glucan and resistant starch on the glycemic index and glycemic load in healthy individuals
Authors: Mohebbi Zahra , Azizi-Lalabadi Maryam , Hosseini Sayyed Javad , Abdi Nowrouzani Sajjad , Alizadeh Mohammad , Homayouni Aziz 
Published: May 2019

Purpose
The enrichment of bread with non-digestible prebiotic ingredients may exert health-promoting effects and provide healthier food choices for those suffering from metabolic diseases, including obesity and diabetes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of ß-glucan and resistant starch incorporation on the glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) of white bread.

Design/methodology/approach
Seven different formulations of prebiotic bread were produced using different proportions of ß-glucan (0.8, 1 and 1.2 per cent), resistant starch (5.5, 8 and 10.5 per cent) and the combination of resistant starch and ß-glucan in a ratio of 4:0.5.

Findings
The GI and GL of the prebiotic bread prepared with 1 per cent ß-glucan (w/w) were 55.7 and 7.8, respectively, whereas those of the prebiotic bread prepared with 8 per cent resistant starch (w/w) were 64.8 and 8.42, respectively, with both breads having significantly lower GI and GL values than the control (P < 0.05). It was concluded that the incorporation of 1 per cent ß-glucan may be beneficial in producing prebiotic bread with both low GI and low GL.

Originality/value
Although white bread is a main food source in human diet, its high GI and GL make it an unhealthy food choice. The incorporation of ingredients with prebiotic effects, such as ß-glucan and resistant starch, can improve the nutritional value of this product by lowering its GI and GL.
Securities markets and protection of small investors in public shareholding companies of United Arab Emirates
Authors: Jaradt Nashat 
Published: May 2019

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to review the laws in relation to the role of the securities markets in protecting small investors and examine legal cases that have recently been observed in this area.

Design/methodology/approach
A research-based qualitative analysis was undertaken to determine the governing authorities on the subject of international trade contracts globally. Various internet searches were conducted and information was collected to represent the subject at large and to the best and most current understanding. The information was assessed in its joined context to prepare recommendations for best practice.

Findings
In the United Arab Emirates (UAE), the rights of small investors in public shareholding companies are protected through many different legal stipulations that all must adhere to in order to offer stock. Through an examination of the laws of the UAE in relation to securities markets’ roles and responsibilities, a clear picture of protection is created that ensures small investors’ risks are minimized. In this regard, the UAE has implemented additional regulations in comparison to any other country as evident through the Doing Business Report (2014).

Research limitations/implications
The review of available documents is limited to UAE and hence cannot be generalized into a broader context.

Originality/value
This paper work contributes the research about the existing conditions of securities markets of protected small investor in UAE stock exchange market as serious as that of protecting the national economy.
Applying COI Barcode to Identify Animal Origin of Food
Authors: Wu Yajun , Yang Yange , Liu Minchang , Wang Bin , Wang Yingchun , Wang Hongyue 
Published: May 2019

AbstractDNA barcoding possesses advantages of high resolution, high sensitivity, and capability in capturing as much identity information as possible. However, highly varying sources of food materials and a complicated supply chain bring about challenge to the application of barcoding methods. In this study, different barcode systems were compared to establish a robust method for tracing animal species in food. Experiments on food samples from mammal, poultry, and fish proved that a mini barcode system targeting a 192 bp COI gene fragment was able to accurately identify both raw and highly processed animal food. In order to distinguish species in a mixed food sample, cloning technique was used by which as low as 10% target animal ingredient could be detected. Testing of marketed food products verified the capability of the mini barcoding method in identifying illegally claimed product.
Prognostic value of a novel scoring system using inflammatory response biomarkers in non‐small cell lung cancer: A retrospective study
Authors: Wang Yan , Hu Xu , Xu Wenying , Wang Haoyuan , Huang Yu , Che Guowei 
Published: May 2019

BackgroundThe neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and lymphocyte‐to‐monocyte ratio (LMR) are reported to show a strong correlation with prognosis in patients with non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We aimed to describe a novel scoring system combining these ratios, termed the inflammatory response biomarker (IRB) score, and test its prognostic value in NSCLC.MethodsThe data of 261 NSCLC patients who underwent thoracoscopic radical resection in a single center were retrospectively reviewed. The IRB score was defined as follows: a high NLR (> 2.12), a high PLR (92.9), and a low LMR (< 4.57) were each scored as 1; the opposite values were scored as 0. The individual scores were added to produce the IRB score (range: 0–3).ResultsMultivariate analyses indicated that high tumor node metastasis (TNM) stage (hazard ratio [HR] 2.721, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.597–4.989; P < 0.001) and an IRB score ≥ 2 (HR 2.696, 95% CI 1.506–4.826; P = 0.001) were independent prognostic factors for poor overall survival. Furthermore, smoking history (HR 2.953, 95% CI 1.086–8.026; P = 0.034), high TNM stage (HR 3.108, 95% CI 1.911–5.056; P < 0.001), and IRB score ≥ 2 (HR = 2.316, 95% CI: 1.389–3.861; P = 0.001) were demonstrated to be independent prognostic factors for poor disease‐free survival.ConclusionThe novel scoring system combining NLR, PLR, and LMR was an independent prognostic factor in NSCLC patients undergoing thoracoscopic radical resection and was superior to these ratios alone for predicting prognosis.
ForestGapR: AnrPackage for forest gap analysis from canopy height models
Authors: Silva Carlos A. , Valbuena Ruben , Pinagé Ekena R. , Mohan Midhun , de Almeida Danilo R. A. , North Broadbent Eben , Jaafar Wan Shafrina Wan Mohd , de Almeida Papa Daniel , Cardil Adrian , Klauberg Carine 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIn forest ecosystems, many functional processes are governed by local canopy gap dynamics, caused by either natural or anthropogenic factors. Quantifying the size and spatial distribution of canopy gaps enables an improved understanding and predictive modelling of multiple environmental phenomena. For instance knowledge of canopy gap dynamics can help us elucidate time‐integrated effects of tree mortality, regrowth and succession rates, carbon flux patterns, species heterogeneity and three‐dimensional spacing within structurally complex forest ecosystems.Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS) has emerged as a technology that is well‐suited for mapping forest canopy gaps in a wide variety of forest ecosystems and across spatial scales. New technological and algorithmic advances, including ALS remote‐sensing, coupled with optimized frameworks for data processing and detection of forest canopy gaps, are allowing an enhanced understanding of forest structure and functional processes.This paper introducesForestGapR,a cutting‐edge open sourcerpackage for forest gap analysis from canopy height models derived from ALS and other remote sensing sources. TheForestGapRpackage offers tools to (a) automate forest canopy gap detection, (b) compute a series of gap statistics, including gap‐size frequency distributions and spatial distribution, (c) map gap dynamics (when multitemporal ALS data are available) and (d) convert forest canopy gaps detected into raster or vector layers as per user requirements.As case studies, we runForestGapRon ALS data collected over four different tropical forest regions worldwide. We hope this new package will enable further research towards understanding the distribution, dynamics and role of canopy gaps not only in tropical forests, but in other forest types elsewhere.
Improvement after two sessions of electroconvulsive therapy predicts final remission in in‐patients with major depression
Authors: Birkenhager T. K. , Roos J. , Kamperman A. M. 
Published: May 2019

ObjectiveTo investigate whether early improvement, measured after two electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) sessions, is a good predictor of eventual remission in severely depressed in‐patients receiving ECT.MethodA prospective cohort study was performed that included 89 major depressive disorder in‐patients treated with bilateral ECT. Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values were computed for various definitions of early improvement (15%, 20%, 25%, and 30% reduction on the Montgomery Asberg depression rating scale (MADRS) score) after 1 week (i.e. two sessions) of ECT regarding prediction of remission (final MADRS score ≤ 9).ResultsA 15% reduction in MADRS score appeared to be the best definition of early improvement, with modest sensitivity (51%) and relatively good specificity (79%). Kaplan–Meier analysis showed a more than 2‐week shorter time to remission in patients with early improvement compared with patients lacking early improvement.ConclusionEarly improvement during an ECT course may be assessed after two ECT sessions. Such improvement, defined as a 15% reduction in the MADRS score, is a moderately sensitive predictor for eventual remission in an in‐patient population with severe major depression.
Moderators of real‐world effectiveness of smoking cessation aids: a population study
Authors: Jackson Sarah E. , Kotz Daniel , West Robert , Brown Jamie 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackground and AimsUnderstanding whether and how far smokers’ characteristics influence the effectiveness of treatment may be important for tailoring recommendations on cessation aids to those most likely to help the user achieve abstinence. This study aimed to estimate the effectiveness of commonly used smoking cessation aids and test whether their effectiveness differs according to cigarette addiction, socio‐economic status, age or sex.DesignCorrelational design using cross‐sectional survey data collected monthly between 2006 and 2018.SettingEngland.ParticipantsA total of 18 929 adults (aged ≥ 16 years, 52.0% female) who had smoked within the previous 12 months and had made at least one quit attempt during that period.MeasurementsThe outcome was self‐reported abstinence from quit date to survey. Independent variables were self‐reported use during the most recent quit attempt of: prescription nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), NRT over‐the‐counter, varenicline, bupropion, e‐cigarettes, face‐to‐face behavioural support, telephone support, written self‐help materials, websites and hypnotherapy. Moderators were cigarette addiction, social grade, age and sex.FindingsAfter adjustment for covariates and use of other cessation aids, users of e‐cigarettes [odds ratio (OR) = 1.95, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.69–2.24] and varenicline (OR = 1.82, 95% CI = 1.51–2.21) had significantly higher odds of reporting abstinence than those who did not report use of these cessation aids. Use of prescription NRT was associated with increased abstinence in older (≥ 45 years) (OR = 1.58, 95% CI = 1.25–2.00) but not younger (< 45 years) smokers (OR = 1.09, 95% CI = 0.85–1.42). Use of websites was associated with increased abstinence in smokers from lower (OR = 2.20, 95% CI = 1.22–3.98) but not higher social grades (OR = 0.74, 95% CI = 0.40–1.38). There was little evidence of benefits of using other cessation aids.ConclusionsUse of e‐cigarettes and varenicline are associated with higher abstinence rates following a quit attempt in England. Use of prescription of nicotine replacement therapy is also associated with higher abstinence rates, but only in older smokers, and use of websites only in smokers from lower socio‐economic status.
The use of abdominal imaging studies in children visiting emergency department was variable and unsystematic
Authors: Lammi Matleena , Vuolle Satu , Kiekara Tommi , Kurppa Kalle , Pauniaho Satu‐Liisa 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAimAs imaging is used for various reasons in children with acute gastrointestinal complaints, we evaluated the indications and diagnostic yield of abdominal imaging, particularly ultrasound at emergency department (ED).MethodsIndications and imaging reports of consecutive children who had undergone abdominal imaging in general, surgical and paediatric EDs in the Tampere University Hospital, Finland, in 2015 were collected. Symptoms, clinical findings, imaging indications and findings were categorised and further analysed.ResultsAltogether 394 imaging studies, 310 ultrasounds, 72 X‐rays and 12 computed tomographies (CT), for 348 children (55% boys) aged 0–16.9 years, median 7.1 years, were performed. The most common indications for ultrasound were suspected appendicitis or infection (36%) and explanation for symptoms (32%), for X‐ray suspected foreign body (39%) and obstruction (39%) and for CT trauma (50%). The cause of the symptoms or a clinically significant finding was established in 23% of ultrasounds, varying from 0% to 50% depending on the indication, symptoms and age.ConclusionThere was wide variation in the indications and yield of abdominal imaging. The clinical benefits, particularly those of US, were often questionable, even leading to delayed diagnosis and complications. More uniform imaging guidelines are needed in the paediatric ED.
High‐grade neuroepithelial tumor with BCOR exon 15 internal tandem duplication—a comprehensive clinical, radiographic, pathologic, and genomic analysis
Authors: Ferris Sean P. , Velazquez Vega Jose , Aboian Mariam , Lee Julieann C. , Van Ziffle Jessica , Onodera Courtney , Grenert James P. , Saunders Tara , Chen Yunn‐Yi , Banerjee Anu , Kline Cassie N. , Gupta Nalin , Raffel Corey , Samuel David , Ruiz‐Diaz Irune , Magaki Shino , Wilson Dianne , Neltner Janna , Al‐Hajri Zahra , Phillips Joanna J. , Pekmezci Melike , Bollen Andrew W. , Tihan Tarik , Schniederjan Matthew , Cha Soonmee , Perry Arie , Solomon David A. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractHigh‐grade neuroepithelial tumor with BCOR exon 15 internal tandem duplication (HGNET BCOR ex15 ITD) is a recently proposed tumor entity of the central nervous system (CNS) with a distinct methylation profile and characteristic genetic alteration. The complete spectrum of histologic features, accompanying genetic alterations, clinical outcomes, and optimal treatment for this new tumor entity are largely unknown. Here, we performed a comprehensive assessment of 10 new cases of HGNET BCOR ex15 ITD. The tumors mostly occurred in young children and were located in the cerebral or cerebellar hemispheres. On imaging all tumors were large, well‐circumscribed, heterogeneous masses with variable enhancement and reduced diffusion. They were histologically characterized by predominantly solid growth, glioma‐like fibrillarity, perivascular pseudorosettes, and palisading necrosis, but absence of microvascular proliferation. They demonstrated sparse to absent GFAP expression, no synaptophysin expression, variable OLIG2 and NeuN positivity, and diffuse strong BCOR nuclear positivity. While BCOR exon 15 internal tandem duplication was the solitary pathogenic alteration identified in six cases, four cases contained additional alterations including CDKN2A/B homozygous deletion, TERT amplification or promoter hotspot mutation, and damaging mutations in TP53, BCORL1, EP300, SMARCA2 and STAG2. While the limited clinical follow‐up in prior reports had indicated a uniformly dismal prognosis for this tumor entity, this cohort includes multiple long‐term survivors. Our study further supports inclusion of HGNET BCOR ex15 ITD as a distinct CNS tumor entity and expands the known clinicopathologic, radiographic, and genetic features.
The influence of historical dispersal on the phylogenetic structure of tree communities in the tropical Andes
Authors: Ramírez Sebastián , González‐Caro Sebastián , Phillips Juan , Cabrera Edersson , Feeley Kenneth J. , Duque Álvaro 
Published: May 2019

AbstractWe test for evidence of the Tropical Niche Conservatism or the Out of The Tropics hypotheses in structuring patterns of tree community composition along a 2000 + meter elevational gradient in the northern tropical Andes. By collecting and integrating data on the presence–absence of tree species within plots with phylogenetic information, we analyzed the following: (a) patterns of phylogenetic dispersion and species diversity along the elevational gradient based on indexes of net relatedness, nearest taxon relatedness, and species richness (α‐diversity); and (b) the replacement of lineages along the gradient using the PhyloSorensen metric (β‐diversity). More specifically, we established 20 0.25‐ha permanent tree inventory plots between 750 and 2,802 m asl where all individuals with diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 10 cm were measured and identified. We then used a series of linear models to test for changes in α and β diversity between plots in relation to elevation. Neither the net relatedness index nor the nearest taxon index showed a significant relationship with elevation. However, there was greater phylogenetic overdispersion at intermediate elevations; this likely reflects the mixing of species with contrasting origins from tropical and temperate lineages. β‐diversity between plots was negatively related to the corresponding difference in elevation, indicating that closely related lineages occupy similar ranges of elevation and temperature. We conclude that the immigration of lineages from extra‐tropical regions has significant effects in determining the phylogenetic structure of tree communities in tropical Andean forests.Abstract in Spanish is available with online material.