bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Atroposelective Synthesis of PINAP via Dynamic Kinetic Asymmetric Transformation
Authors: Han Seo‐Jung , Bhat Vikram , Stoltz Brian M. , Virgil Scott C. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe atroposelective synthesis of PINAP ligands has been accomplished via a palladium‐catalyzed C−P coupling process through dynamic kinetic asymmetric transformation. These catalytic conditions allow access to a wide variety of alkoxy‐ and benzyloxy‐substituted PINAP ligands in high enantiomeric excess. The methods described in this communication afford valuable P,N ligands in good yields and high enantioselectivity using low catalyst loading.magnified image
Robust Macroscopic Polarization of Block Copolymer–Templated Mesoporous Perovskite‐Type Thin‐Film Ferroelectrics
Authors: Androš Dubraja Lidija , Kruk Robert , Brezesinski Torsten 
Published: November 2018

AbstractFerroelectrics play an important role in various applications, from electronics to mechanics, optics, and biomedicine. Here, the preparation of a series of block copolymer–templated mesostructured (lead‐free) oxide ferroelectrics is described. Distorted perovskite LiNbO3, LiTaO3, and solid solution LiNbO3–LiTaO3 are produced as single‐phase thin films of good quality by the dip‐coating method using an evaporation‐induced self‐assembly process. They are investigated by a combination of electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction and scattering, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry. Thermal treatment at ≥600 °C is required to initiate crystallization. Both the pore ordering and thermal stability increase with increasing tantalum content. Ferroelectric testing through dynamic and remanent polarization experiments at ambient conditions confirm the uniformity and purity of the LiNbO3 thin‐film system. Results from positive‐up and negative‐down test measurements reveal a stable switching polarization of 2 µC cm−2, with a coercive field of 50 kV cm−1. Taken together, the lithium niobium and tantalum oxides prepared in the work are rare examples of sol–gel derived perovskite‐type materials with an ordered mesoporous morphology. Because of the spontaneous electrical polarization observed for LiNbO3, such block copolymer–templated thin films might pave the way for the development of a new class of 3D nanocomposite ferroics.
A (CH3NH3)3Bi2I9 Perovskite Based on a Two‐Step Deposition Method: Lead‐Free, Highly Stable, and with Enhanced Photovoltaic Performance
Authors: Ahmad Khursheed , Ansari Shagufi Naz , Natarajan Kaushik , Mobin Shaikh M. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractDespite achieving a higher efficiency, lead‐based perovskite solar cells (PSCs) suffer from leakage of highly toxic Pb into the atmosphere. On the contrary, methyl ammonium bismuth halide (MBI) has gained enormous attention as a light absorber because of its low toxicity and air stability. Herein, we developed high‐performance, lead‐free PSCs by employing a modified two‐step deposition method with FTO/CL‐TiO2/m‐TiO2/MBI/Spiro‐MEOTAD/Au device architecture [where FTO: fluorine doped tin oxide; MBI: (MA)3Bi2I9; MEOTAD: 2,2′,7,7′‐tetrakis‐(N,N‐di‐4‐methoxyphenylamino)‐9,9′‐spirobifluorene]. The PSCs fabricated by the two‐step deposition method showed a good power‐conversion efficiency of 0.41 %, along with a high open circuit voltage of 870 mV, and were found to be highly stable up to 60 days under atmospheric conditions (humidity ∼40–50 %). The film quality of the MBI was found to be superior by introducing modified two‐step deposition method over one‐step deposition.
A qualitative study of the costs experienced by caregivers of children being treated for cancer in New Delhi, India
Authors: Mardakis Stephanie , Arora Ramandeep S. , Bakhshi Sameer , Arora Ashima , Anis Huma , Tsimicalis Argerie 
Published: November 2018

AbstractBackgroundThe allocation of time and other resources is essential to enable the treatment of children with cancer. Evidence derived from high‐income countries showcases the significant costs families may incur impacting their finances and lifestyle. However, there is a paucity of research examining the costs of childhood cancer in India, which may impact families' decision to abandon their child's treatment.AimThe aim of this study was to explore the costs experiences by caregivers of children undergoing pediatric cancer treatment in New Delhi, India.MethodsA qualitative descriptive study was conducted in three cancer institutions in New Delhi. Semistructured interviews were conducted with caregivers of children with cancer in English or Hindi. Interviews were transcribed verbatim, translated into English, and analyzed using a thematic approach.ResultsIn total, 25 caregivers of 24 children diagnosed with cancer participated in the study. Caregivers described direct, indirect, and psychosocial costs associated with their child's treatment. The primary sources of direct costs were hospital admissions, medications, food, and travel expenses. Indirect costs involved managing their child's treatment, affecting caregivers' sleep, work hours, and time spent with other family members. Psychosocial costs included coping with the uncertainty caused by a cancer diagnosis, feelings of guilt, and sadness as well as having to watch their children suffer. Caregivers accessed a network of support to cope with their child's treatment. No families abandoned treatment or indicated that they intended to do so.ConclusionsThe results of this study provide avenues for health care professionals and institutions to develop interventions aimed at reducing the costs associated with cancer treatment. Further research into the relationship between various costs and treatment abandonment is needed.
Green resource allocation method for intelligent medical treatment‐oriented service in a 5G mobile network
Authors: Wang Yupeng , Liu Tianlong , Choi Chang , Wang Haoxiang 
Published: November 2018

SummaryDue to the development of mobile transmission techniques, more exciting services can be launched that may change our daily lives in more easy and comfortable ways. The introduction of device‐to‐device (D2D) service in future 5G communication systems can extend the service coverage of intelligent medical treatment from hospitals to anywhere inside the network coverage area, which can save precious time and medical resources. As one of the key techniques in a 5G system, D2D technology has attracted extensive attention from academia and industry due to its system performance improvement, user experience enhancement and service extension. However, the introduction of D2D service will tremendously pollute the system transmission environment due to the induced interference, especially in the downlink direction where the interferer is very strong. This situation brings new challenges for effective and green resource utilization. To solve this problem, a green spectrum resource allocation strategy based on the Hungarian method is proposed in this paper to optimize system spectrum efficiency while considering the fairness among users under the assumption that all resources are fully shared by traditional cellular and newly introduced D2D users. To validate the performance of the proposed algorithm, a system‐level Monte Carlo simulation is also conducted, which shows the favorable performance of the proposed algorithm over the traditional greedy algorithm.
Recipes and Tools for Culture of Escherichia coli
Authors: Elbing Karen L. , Brent Roger 
Published: November 2018

AbstractIn this article, we provide information about culture media, including minimal liquid media, rich liquid media, solid media, top agar, and stab agar. We also provide descriptions and useful information about tools used with growth media such as inoculating loops, sterile toothpicks, and spreaders. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
No support for cryptic choice by ovarian fluid in an external fertilizer
Authors: Kleppe Snøfrid April , Nordeide Jarle T. , Rudolfsen Geir , Figenschou Lars , Larsen Berner , Reiss Katrin , Folstad Ivar 
Published: November 2018

AbstractWhether the ovarian fluid (OF) represents a selective environment influencing cryptic female choice was tested using an external fertilizer experiencing intense sperm competition and large effects of OF on sperm swimming behavior—the Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus). We physically separated the OF from the eggs of reproductively active females and reintroduced either their own OF or fluid from another female to the eggs. The eggs were then fertilized in vitro in a replicated split‐brood design with sperm from two males under synchronized sperm competition trials, while also measuring sperm velocity of the individual males in the individual OFs. We found large effects of males, but no effect of females (i.e., eggs) on paternity, determined from microsatellites. More important, we found no effect of OF treatments on the relative paternity of the two competing males in each pair. This experimental setup does not provide support for the hypothesis that OF plays an important role as medium for cryptic female choice in charr. Power analyses revealed that our sample size is large enough to detect medium‐sized changes in relative paternity (medium‐sized effect sizes), but not large enough to detect small changes in relative paternity. More studies are needed before a conclusion can be drawn about OF's potential influence on paternity under sperm competition—even in charr.
Frequency of virus‐resistant hosts determines experimental community dynamics
Authors: Coloma Sebastián , Gaedke Ursula , Sivonen Kaarina , Hiltunen Teppo 
Published: November 2018

AbstractParasites, such as bacterial viruses (phages), can have large effects on host populations both at the ecological and evolutionary levels. In the case of cyanobacteria, phages can reduce primary production and infected hosts release intracellular nutrients influencing planktonic food web structure, community dynamics, and biogeochemical cycles. Cyanophages may be of great importance in aquatic food webs during large cyanobacterial blooms unless the host population becomes resistant to phage infection. The consequences on plankton community dynamics of the evolution of phage resistance in bloom forming cyanobacterial populations are still poorly studied. Here, we examined the effect of different frequencies of a phage‐resistant genotype within a filamentous nitrogen‐fixing Nodularia spumigena population on an experimental plankton community. Three Nodularia populations with different initial frequencies (0%, 5%, and 50%) of phage‐resistant genotypes were inoculated in separate treatments with the phage 2AV2, the green alga Chlorella vulgaris, and the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis, which formed the experimental plankton community subjected to either nitrogen‐limited or nitrogen‐rich conditions. We found that the frequency of the phage‐resistant Nodularia genotype determined experimental community dynamics. Cyanobacterial populations with a high frequency (50%) of the phage‐resistant genotype dominated the cultures despite the presence of phages, retaining most of the intracellular nitrogen in the plankton community. In contrast, populations with low frequencies (0% and 5%) of the phage‐resistant genotype were lysed and reduced to extinction by the phage, transferring the intracellular nitrogen held by Nodularia to Chlorella and rotifers, and allowing Chlorella to dominate the communities and rotifers to survive. This study shows that even though phages represent minuscule biomass, they can have key effects on community composition and eco‐evolutionary feedbacks in plankton communities.
Asymmetric interactions and their consequences for vital rates and dynamics: the smaller tea tortrix as a model system
Authors: Nelson W. A. , Joncour B. , Pak D. , Bjørnstad O. N. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractAsymmetric interactions among conspecifics can have diverse effects on population dynamics including stabilization, generation of cycles, and induction of chaotic fluctuations. A difficult challenge, however, is establishing the link between the impact of asymmetric interactions on life history and the consequences for population dynamics. The smaller tea tortrix, Adoxophyes honmai, is a good example. Larval instars differ dramatically in size and have a tendency for cannibalism, which suggests the potential for strong asymmetric interactions among instars. Yet whether these asymmetries have any role in generating the distinct single‐generation cycles observed in the field and laboratory is unclear. Here we report on the development of a new experimental approach to characterize the impact of asymmetric interactions on life history that can be directly embedded into stage‐structured population models. The experiments use donor‐replacement protocols in which focal individuals are challenged to complete their life cycles in competitive environments where the instar and density of the competitors are held constant. The experimentally derived interaction surface contains all the information about stage‐specific interactions and provides a straightforward framework for evaluating alternative ways of abstracting the interactions into traditional models of asymmetric competition. Working with the smaller tea tortrix, we found strong evidence of asymmetric interactions and identified critical “tipping points” in the competitive environment that strongly affected survival but not development. We incorporated the experimentally derived interaction surface into a stage‐structured population model and found that despite the strong impact that asymmetric interactions have on tea tortrix life history, they do not scale‐up to impact the predicted asymptotic population dynamics. Comparing these dynamics with two abstracted models of stage‐structured interactions revealed that while the quantitative details of the emergent dynamics depends on the shape of the interaction surface, the qualitative features, such as the emergence of single‐generation cycles and rapid synchronization of development among individuals, are pleasingly robust.
High‐resolution optical dating of Late Holocene storm surge deposits – a showcase from Schokland (Noordoostpolder, the Netherlands)
Authors: van den Biggelaar D.F.A.M. , Wallinga J. , van Balen R.T. , Kasse C. , Troelstra S. , Kluiving S.J. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractStorm surges have a major impact on land use and human habitation in coastal regions. Our knowledge of this impact can be improved by correlating long‐term historical storm records with sedimentary evidence of storm surges, but so far few studies have applied such an approach. Here we apply, for the first time, state‐of‐the‐art optically stimulating luminescence (OSL) methods to obtain high‐resolution age information on a sequence of Late Holocene storm surge deposits. By combining this chronological framework of storm surges with other reconstruction methods, we investigate the storm surge impact on the former island Schokland, located in a former inlet of the North Sea (central Netherlands).During the Late Holocene, Schokland transformed from a peat area that gradually inundated (~800 CE) via an island in a marginal marine environment (~1600 CE) to a land‐locked island in the reclaimed Province of Flevoland (1942 CE). These transitions are recorded in the sediment archive of the island, consisting of silty clay with sandy intervals deposited during storm surges. A series of ten quartz OSL ages, obtained using best‐practice methods to deal with incomplete resetting of the OSL signal and dose rate heterogeneity, reveal two periods of storm surge deposition, around 1600 CE and between 1742 and 1822 CE. Historical sources indicate that major storm surges hit Schokland during these periods. Laboratory analyses (thermogravimetry, grain‐size, foraminifera, bivalves and ostracods) corroborates the existence of the two sets of storm surge deposits within the clay sequence. Our study sets a benchmark for obtaining robust depositional age constraints from storm surge sediments, and demonstrates the great potential of modern OSL methods to contribute to improved assessment of storm surge risk. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Factors controlling landslide frequency–area distributions
Authors: Tanyaş Hakan , van Westen Cees J. , Allstadt Kate E. , Jibson Randall W. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractA power‐law relation for the frequency–area distribution (FAD) of medium and large landslides (e.g. tens to millions of square meters) has been observed by numerous authors. But the FAD of small landslides diverges from the power‐law distribution, with a rollover point below which frequencies decrease for smaller landslides. Some studies conclude that this divergence is an artifact of unmapped small landslides due to lack of spatial or temporal resolution; others posit that it is caused by the change in the underlying failure process. An explanation for this dilemma is essential both to evaluate the factors controlling FADs of landslides and power‐law scaling, which is a crucial factor regarding both landscape evolution and landslide hazard assessment. This study examines the FADs of 45 earthquake‐induced landslide inventories from around the world in the context of the proposed explanations. We show that each inventory probably involves some combination of the proposed explanations, though not all explanations contribute to each case. We propose an alternative explanation to understand the reason for the divergence from a power‐law. We suggest that the geometry of a landslide at the time of mapping reflects not just one single movement but many, including the propagation of numerous smaller landslides before and after the main failure. Because only the resulting combination of these landslides can be observed due to a lack of temporal resolution, many smaller landslides are not taken into account in the inventory. This reveals that the divergence from the power‐law is not necessarily attributed to the incompleteness of an inventory. This conceptual model will need to be validated by ongoing observation and analysis. Also, we show that because of the subjectivity of mapping procedures, the total number of landslides and total landslide areas in inventories differ significantly, and therefore the shapes of FADs also differ considerably. © 2018 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
On fair power optimization in nonorthogonal multiple access multiuser networks
Authors: Ali Zain , Sidhu Guftaar Ahmad Sardar , Waqas Muhammad , Gao Feifei 
Published: November 2018

AbstractNonorthogonal multiple access (NOMA) has been recognized as a key solution to fulfill the demands of 5G wireless communication. In this paper, our aim is to maximize the fairness in the data rates of different users in a multiuser NOMA system. We optimize the downlink transmission subject to minimum rate requirement of each user, limited power budget at the transmitter, and the successive interference cancelation constraint. First, we solve the problem for two‐user scenario where the nonconvex problem is transformed into a standard convex minimization problem and the duality theory is exploited to find the solution. The optimal power allocation is obtained from the Karush‐Kuhn‐Tucker (KKT) conditions, whereas the dual problem is solved via subgradient algorithm. As a next step, we consider the general multiuser optimization problem where more than two users can share the same channel under NOMA transmission. We design efficient solution techniques to solve the nonconvex optimization problem with sequential quadratic programming (SQP). Furthermore, two suboptimal low complexity solutions are also presented. We found that, under the proposed schemes, the fairness increases with increasing the available transmit power and decreases with the increasing the number of users. We show a complexity comparison of the dual‐based solution and the SQP algorithm. It is observed that power optimization through KKT conditions exhibits much lower computational complexity as compared to the SQP‐based solution.
Micronucleus formation in human cancer cells is biased by chromosome size
Authors: Bochtler Tilmann , Kartal‐Kaess Mutlu , Granzow Martin , Hielscher Thomas , Cosenza Marco R. , Herold‐Mende Christel , Jauch Anna , Krämer Alwin 
Published: November 2018

AbstractChromosomal instability is one of the hallmarks of cancer and caused by chromosome missegregation during mitosis, a process frequently associated with micronucleus formation. Micronuclei are formed when chromosomes fail to join a daughter nucleus during cell division and are surrounded by their own nuclear membrane. Although it has been commonly assumed that the gain or loss of specific chromosomes is random during compromised cell division, recent data suggest that the size of chromosomes can impact on chromosome segregation fidelity. To test whether chromosome missegregation rates scale with chromosome size in primary human cancer cells, we assessed chromosome sequestration into micronuclei in patient‐derived primary NCH149 glioblastoma cells, which display high‐level numerical chromosome instability (CIN), pronounced spontaneous micronucleus formation but virtually no structural CIN. The cells were analyzed by interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization using chromosome‐specific painting probes for all chromosomes. Overall, 33% of early passage NCH149 cells harbored micronuclei. Entrapment within a micronucleus clearly correlated with chromosome size with larger chromosomes being significantly more frequently missegregated into micronuclei than smaller chromosomes in primary glioblastoma cells. These findings extend the concept that chromosome size determines segregation fidelity by implying that size‐specific micronucleus entrapment occurs in primary human cancer cells as well.
Front Cover: Assessing hyperthermia‐induced vasodilation in human skin in vivo using optoacoustic mesoscopy (J. Biophotonics 11/2018)
Authors: Berezhnoi Andrei , Schwarz Mathias , Buehler Andreas , Ovsepian Saak V. , Aguirre Juan , Ntziachristos Vasilis 
Published: November 2018

Changes in skin microvasculature due to external stimuli such as heating or drugs may help identify and assess vasculature dysfunction arising from a wide range of diseases. For the first time we demonstrate detailed, cross‐sectional visualization of microvascular changes through the whole skin depth in response to local heating at single vessel resolution by means of RSOM, which overcomes the limitations of the purely optical techniques in dermal microvasculature studies.Further details can be found in the article by Andrei Berezhnoi, Mathias Schwarz, Andreas Buehler, et al. (e201700359)
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