bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Flat-field calibration method for hyperspectral frame cameras
Authors: Kokka Alexander , Pulli Tomi , Honkavaara Eija , Markelin Lauri , Kärhä Petri , Ikonen Erkki 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This paper presents a method for characterising spatial responsivity of hyperspectral cameras. Knowing the responsivity of the camera as a function of pixel coordinates allows applying a flat-field correction on image data. The method is based on scanning the field of view of the camera with a broadband radiance source, based on an integrating sphere, and combining the captured frames to synthesise a uniform radiance source filling the whole field of view of the camera at the focus distance. The method was compared with a traditional approach where the aperture of an integrating sphere is imaged from a close distance, filling the entire field of view of the camera. The measurement setup was tested with a hyperspectral camera, based on a tunable Fabry–Pérot interferometer. Without the flat-field correction, the average standard deviation of the pixel responsivities across all the spectral channels of the camera was 3.78%. After the correction, the average standard deviation was reduced to 0.40% and 3.25% for the aperture-scanning method and the close-distance method, respectively. The expanded uncertainty (k  =  2) for the flat-field correction obtained using the scanning method was 0.68%–0.78%, depending on the spectral channel of the camera.
Imagining Equality in a Gilded Age: Edward Bellamy’s Radical Utopian Critique of Progressivism
Authors: Cadle Nathaniel 
Published: August 2019

AbstractEquality (1897), Edward Bellamy’s sequel to his bestseller Looking Backward (1888), has received significantly less critical attention than its predecessor has, with scholars often dismissing it as a minor extension or revision of the author’s utopian vision. Situating Bellamy’s sequel alongside his growing disenchantment with the pace of Progressive reform, this essay argues that Equality radically reframes Bellamy’s utopian project as an extended critique of the economic inequalities of capitalism and the putatively democratic processes that sustain those inequalities. Recovering the full extent of Bellamy’s radicalism during the Gilded Age and the rise of Progressivism offers twenty-first-century readers the opportunity to rethink the range of possible responses to present-day economic inequality.
A bioinformatic pipeline to analyze ChIP-exo datasets
Authors: Börlin Christoph S , Bergenholm David , Holland Petter , Nielsen Jens 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The decrease of sequencing cost in the recent years has made genome-wide studies of transcription factor (TF) binding through chromatin immunoprecipitation methods like ChIP-seq and chromatin immunoprecipitation with lambda exonuclease (ChIP-exo) more accessible to a broader group of users. Especially with ChIP-exo, it is now possible to map TF binding sites in more detail and with less noise than previously possible. These improvements came at the cost of making the analysis of the data more challenging, which is further complicated by the fact that to this date no complete pipeline is publicly available. Here we present a workflow developed specifically for ChIP-exo data and demonstrate its capabilities for data analysis. The pipeline, which is completely publicly available on GitHub, includes all necessary analytical steps to obtain a high confidence list of TF targets starting from raw sequencing reads. During the pipeline development, we emphasized the inclusion of different quality control measurements and we show how to use these so users can have confidence in their obtained results.
Commensal Bacteria Regulate Gene Expression and Differentiation in Vertebrate Olfactory Systems Through Transcription Factor REST
Authors: Casadei Elisa , Tacchi Luca , Lickwar Colin R , Espenschied Scott T , Davison James M , Muñoz Pilar , Rawls John F , Salinas Irene 
Published: August 2019

AbstractSensory systems such as the olfactory system detect chemical stimuli and thereby determine the relationships between the animal and its surroundings. Olfaction is one of the most conserved and ancient sensory systems in vertebrates. The vertebrate olfactory epithelium is colonized by complex microbial communities, but microbial contribution to host olfactory gene expression remains unknown. In this study, we show that colonization of germ-free zebrafish and mice with microbiota leads to widespread transcriptional responses in olfactory organs as measured in bulk tissue transcriptomics and RT-qPCR. Germ-free zebrafish olfactory epithelium showed defects in pseudostratification; however, the size of the olfactory pit and the length of the cilia were not different from that of colonized zebrafish. One of the mechanisms by which microbiota control host transcriptional programs is by differential expression and activity of specific transcription factors (TFs). REST (RE1 silencing transcription factor, also called NRSF) is a zinc finger TF that binds to the conserved motif repressor element 1 found in the promoter regions of many neuronal genes with functions in neuronal development and differentiation. Colonized zebrafish and mice showed increased nasal expression of REST, and genes with reduced expression in colonized animals were strongly enriched in REST-binding motifs. Nasal commensal bacteria promoted in vitro differentiation of Odora cells by regulating the kinetics of REST expression. REST knockdown resulted in decreased Odora cell differentiation in vitro. Our results identify a conserved mechanism by which microbiota regulate vertebrate olfactory transcriptional programs and reveal a new role for REST in sensory organs.
Distal Sensory Peripheral Neuropathy in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1–Positive Individuals Before and After Antiretroviral Therapy Initiation in Diverse Resource-Limited Settings
Authors: Vecchio Alyssa C , Marra Christina M , Schouten Jeffrey , Jiang Hongyu , Kumwenda Johnstone , Supparatpinyo Khuanchai , Hakim James , Sacktor Ned , Campbell Thomas B , Tripathy Srikanth , Kumarasamy Nagalingeswaran , La Rosa Alberto , Santos Breno , Silva Marcus T , Kanyama Cecilia , Firnhaber Cindy , Hosseinipour Mina C , Mngqibisa Rosie , Hall Colin , Cinque Paola , Robertson Kevin 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Background
Distal sensory peripheral neuropathy (DSPN) is a complication of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). We estimate DSPN prevalence in 7 resource-limited settings (RLSs) for combination antiretroviral therapy (cART)–naive people living with HIV (PLWH) compared with matched participants not living with HIV and in PLWH virally suppressed on 1 of 3 cART regimens.

Methods
PLWH with a CD4+ count &lt;300 cells/mm3 underwent standardized neurological examination and functional status assessments before and every 24 weeks after starting cART. Matched individuals not living with HIV underwent the same examinations once.
Associations between covariates with DSPN at entry were assessed using the χ2 test, and virally suppressed PLWH were assessed using generalized estimating equations.

Results
Before initiating cART, 21.3% of PLWH had DSPN compared with 8.5% of people not living with HIV (n = 2400; χ2(df = 1) = 96.5; P &lt; .00001). PLWH with DSPN were more likely to report inability to work [χ2(df = 1) = 10.6; P = .001] and depression [χ2(df = 1) = 8.9; P = .003] than PLWH without DSPN. Overall prevalence of DSPN among those virally suppressed on cART decreased: 20.3%, week 48; 15.3%, week 144; and 10.3%, week 192. Incident DSPN was seen in 127 PLWH. Longitudinally, DSPN was more likely in older individuals (P &lt; .001) and PLWH with less education (P = .03). There was no significant association between cART regimen and DSPN.

Conclusions
Although the prevalence of DSPN decreased following cART initiation in PLWH, further research could identify strategies to prevent or ameliorate residual DSPN after initiating cART in RLSs.
The association of socioeconomic status with incidence and outcomes of acute kidney injury
Authors: Hounkpatin Hilda O , Fraser Simon D S , Johnson Matthew J , Harris Scott , Uniacke Mark , Roderick Paul J 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBackgroundAcute kidney injury (AKI) is common and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Socioeconomic status may be negatively associated with AKI as some risk factors for AKI such as chronic kidney disease, diabetes and heart failure are socially distributed. This study explored the socioeconomic gradient of the incidence and mortality of AKI, after adjusting for important mediators such as comorbidities.MethodsLinked primary care and laboratory data from two large acute hospitals in the south of England, sourced from the Care and Health Information Analytics database, were used to identify AKI cases over a 1-year period (2017–18) from a population of 580 940 adults. AKI was diagnosed from serum creatinine patterns using a Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes-based definition. Multivariable logistic regression and Cox proportional hazard models adjusting for age, sex, comorbidities and prescribed medication (in incidence analyses) and AKI severity (in mortality analyses), were used to assess the association of area deprivation (using Index of Multiple Deprivation for place of residence) with AKI risk and all-cause mortality over a median (interquartile range) of 234 days (119–356).ResultsAnnual incidence rate of first AKI was 1726/100 000 (1.7%). The risk of AKI was higher in the most deprived compared with the least deprived areas [adjusted odds ratio = 1.79, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.59–2.01 and 1.33, 95% CI 1.03–1.72 for &lt;65 and &gt;65 year old, respectively] after controlling for age, sex, comorbidities and prescribed medication. Adjusted risk of mortality post first AKI was higher in the most deprived areas (adjusted hazard ratio = 1.20, 95% CI 1.07–1.36).ConclusionsSocial deprivation was associated with higher incidence of AKI and poorer survival even after adjusting for the higher presence of comorbidities. Such social inequity should be considered when devising strategies to prevent AKI and improve care for AKI patients.
A Shrinking Space: A Dynamic Relationship between the Judiciary in a Liberal Society of Hong Kong and a Socialist-Leninist Sovereign State
Authors: Chan Johannes M M 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Hong Kong provides a unique case study on the roles and functions of the judiciary within an authoritarian or semi-authoritarian sovereign. Under the unique constitutional arrangement in Hong Kong, a liberal common law judiciary in a highly sophisticated modern metropolis is encapsulated within a Socialist-Leninist sovereign regime that ideologically rejects separation of powers, independence of the judiciary and values of individual liberalism. Notwithstanding the sharp ideological differences and the greatly asymmetrical distribution of social, economic and political powers in this One Country, Two Systems constitutional model, it is argued that the relationship between the courts and the authoritarian sovereign power is and has been complex and dynamic. The Hong Kong courts have been able to create their institutional space by establishing an impressive liberal constitutional common law, but that constitutional space is shrinking as the over-zealous sovereign is increasingly assertive of its views on matters that it perceives to be affecting state interests. By examining a series of controversial decisions, this paper argues that there are reasons that the courts could, with creativity and sensitivity, maintain a delicate and balanced relationship with the sovereign without succumbing to the political pressure, but that the greatest threat of independence of the judiciary comes from within the judiciary in internalizing the values of the socialist state.
Traffic-Centric Mesoscopic Analysis of Connectivity in VANETs
Authors: Zarei Mani 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) have emerged as an appropriate class of information propagation technology promising to link us even while moving at high speeds. In VANETs, a piece of information propagates through consecutive connections. In the most previous vehicular connectivity analysis, the provided probability density function of intervehicle distance throughout the wide variety of steady-state traffic flow conditions is surprisingly invariant. But, using a constant assumption, generates approximate communication results, prevents us from improving the performance of the current solutions and impedes designing the new applications on VANETs. Hence, in this paper, a mesoscopic vehicular mobility model in a multilane highway with a steady-state traffic flow condition is adopted. To model a traffic-centric distribution for the spatial per-hop progress and the expected spatial per-hop progress, different intervehicle distance distributions are utilized. Moreover, the expected number of hops, distribution of the number of successful multihop forwarding, the expected time delay and the expected connectivity distance are mathematically investigated. Finally, to model the distribution of the connectivity distances, a set of simplistic closed-form traffic-centric equations is proposed. The accuracy of the proposed model is confirmed using an event-based network simulator as well as a road traffic simulator.
School Social Workers’ Perceptions of Ethical Dilemmas Associated with Electronic Media Use in School Settings
Authors: Keeney Annie Jane 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Engaging in ethical decision making is foundational to the social work profession. However, ethical responsibilities become unclear with the variety, speed, and exposure that electronically shared information brings to users. This study sought to explore school social workers’ perceptions of the kinds of ethical dilemmas related to electronic media use encountered in practice and whether ethical dilemmas differed by population served (for example elementary, middle, or high school students). Data for this study came from a survey of school social workers (N = 379) who were associated with state chapter affiliates of the School Social Work Association of America. Results indicate that the majority of elementary school social workers experience ethical dilemmas related to electronic media use by students. The article concludes with a discussion of the practice implications for school social work.
Burden and Bad Days Among Mexican-Origin Women Caregivers
Authors: Mendez-Luck Carolyn A , Anthony Katherine P , Guerrero Lourdes R 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Objectives
This article examines the construct of burden and the use of coping strategies among Mexican-origin caregivers of older adults.

Methods
In-depth semistructured interviews were conducted with 44 Mexican-origin women caregivers living in the East Los Angeles area. Audio files were transcribed and analyzed in Atlas.ti V7.1.8. Data were analyzed using a grounded theory approach.

Results
Caregivers did not typically talk about caregiving as a burden per se; they used other terms for burden that resonated with their experiences. Caregivers viewed caregiving difficulty in physical and emotional terms as it related to specific caregiving circumstances and situations. Caregivers used a variety of coping strategies to get through bad days, including reframing stressful situations to make sense of their circumstances.

Discussion
Findings shed light on the mixed results found in the literature on Latino caregiving burden. Results suggest that Mexican-origin women caregivers have a more nuanced experience of caregiving burden than has been found in prior literature. Results also suggest research using traditional measures of burden may not fully capture situational and cultural distinctions to the extent Mexican-origin caregivers ascribe other language to represent difficult caregiving experiences.
Lipschitz Normal Embedding Among Superisolated Singularities
Authors: Misev Filip , Pichon Anne 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Any germ of a complex analytic space is equipped with two natural metrics: the outer metric induced by the hermitian metric of the ambient space and the inner metric, which is the associated riemannian metric on the germ. A complex analytic germ is said Lipschitz normally embedded (LNE) if its outer and inner metrics are bilipschitz equivalent. LNE seems to be fairly rare among surface singularities; the only known LNE surface germs outside the trivial case (straight cones) are the minimal singularities. In this paper, we show that a superisolated hypersurface singularity is LNE if and only if its projectivized tangent cone has only ordinary singularities. This provides an infinite family of LNE singularities, which is radically different from the class of minimal singularities.
Analysis of Toxic Metals in Electronic Cigarette Aerosols Using a Novel Trap Design
Authors: Halstead Mary , Gray Naudia , Gonzalez-Jimenez Nathalie , Fresquez Mark , Valentin-Blasini Liza , Watson Clifford , Pappas R Steven 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Since 2006 the domestic popularity and sales of electronic cigarettes (i.e., electronic nicotine delivery systems or ENDS) have grown rapidly. Although the constituents of the aerosol produced by ENDS have been previously investigated, differences in puff regimens and aerosol trapping schema in published literature often complicate result comparisons and data interpretation. As the ENDS product designs continue to evolve, there is a critical need to develop and validate robust methodologies for laboratory testing, appropriate aerosol generation and trapping media required for accurate determinations of ENDS aerosol metals deliveries. A simple, high metals purity, fluoropolymer trap was developed and validated that meets standard machine puffing regimen (CORESTA Recommended Method 81) specifications and exhibits negligible acid extractable metal backgrounds. Using a standard machine puffing regimen in combination with a fluoropolymer condensation trap, aerosol was generated and collected from select ENDS devices for analysis of chromium, nickel, copper, zinc, cadmium, tin, and lead with triple quadrupole inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Devices tested spanned a range of commercial products, including flavored variants of JUUL pods, refillable tank systems, rechargeable cartridges, and single-use ENDs devices. Results showed that for aerosols generated under a fixed puffing regimen (50 puffs/collection), metal concentrations ranged from below the detection limits (LOD) to 614 ng copper and 339 ng zinc per 10 puffs. Cadmium concentrations were below LOD for all devices tested. Device specific aerosol levels of Sn and Pb ranged from below LOD to low nanogram levels. Cr and Ni were transported in aerosols at levels equivalent to, or slightly higher than in mainstream cigarette smoke using a standard smoking regimen. The generally lower levels of specific metals, Cd and Pb, transmitted in ENDS aerosols compared to mainstream cigarette smoke reflect possible reduction of harm for smokers who substitute the use of ENDS as cessation devices in place of smoking cigarettes.
Sclerosing angiomatoid nodular transformation of the spleen: case report of a metastatic carcinoma-simulating disorder
Authors: Pinheiro João L , Catarino Sara , Duarte Liliana , Ferreira Marta , Simão Rosa , Pinheiro Luís F , Casimiro Carlos 
Published: August 2019

ABSTRACT
Sclerosing angiomatoid nodular transformation (SANT) is a rare nonneoplastic splenic disorder of unknown etiopathogenesis. This condition is usually found incidentally on imaging studies. Because of its similar features, SANT can wrongly be described as metastatic carcinoma. A 61-year-old Caucasian male was referred to our general surgery outpatient clinic regarding unusual splenic nodular formations in a routine abdominal ultrasound. All diagnostic exams performed confirmed metastatic splenic lesions, but no primary tumor was found. A laparoscopic splenectomy was performed for diagnostic purposes. Histopathology revealed SANT. Benign tumors of the spleen are uncommon entities and can easily be mistaken by malignant secondary lesions. The differential diagnosis of SANT should include other vascular lesions as well as metastatic carcinoma and inflammatory pseudotumor. It is widely recommended that a splenectomy should be performed because only by histopathology and immunohistochemistry staining, the definitive diagnosis of SANT can be made.
Italo Calvino’s Six Memos as ethical imperative in J.R. Carpenter’s The Gathering Cloud
Authors: Wright David Thomas Henry 
Published: August 2019

AbstractIn 1985, Italo Calvino wrote a series of lectures (later published as ‘memos’) in which he proposed six values he deemed crucial to literature as it moved into the next millennium: lightness, quickness, ‘crystal’ exactitude, visibility, multiplicity, and consistency. Though never a writer of electronic literature, Calvino has frequently been associated or referenced in relation to digital works. J.R. Carpenter’s web-based work The Gathering Cloud (2016) (hereafter TGC) exhibits Calvino’s values. TGC is informed by Howard’s 1803 Essay on the Modifications of Clouds. Howard’s ‘frontispiece’ and five ‘plates’ are used in Carpenter’s web-based work. Poetry is then superimposed on these repurposed illustrations. Situated ‘within’ the poetry, animated gif collages play. Where Calvino in his memos writes that he considers the virtues of the binary opposites of his values (i.e., weight, lingering, ‘flame’ exactitude, ambiguity, singularity, and inconsistency) no less compelling, Carpenter’s work suggests that Calvino’s values (or rather the absence or removal of their binary opposites) are not only preferable in terms of contemporary literary challenges, but an ethical imperative in relation to environmental impact as it relates to contemporary media, dissemination, and indeed everyday life. In this analysis of TGC, Calvino’s values will be discussed in relation to each of the work’s six sections (i.e., the ‘frontispiece’ and five ‘plates’).
Photometric and kinematic misalignments and their evolution among fast and slow rotators in the illustris simulation
Authors: Yang Lisiyuan , Xu Dandan , Mao Shude , Springel Volker , Li Hongyu 
Published: August 2019

ABSTRACT
We use the Illustris simulation to study the distributions of ellipticities and kinematic misalignments of galactic projections, as well as the intrinsic shapes and rotation of the simulated galaxies. Our results for the projections of galaxies display clear trends of an overall increase of kinematic misalignment and a slight decrease of ellipticity for fast rotators with increasing masses, while revealing no clear distinction between slow rotators of different mass. It is also found that the number of very slow rotators with large ellipticities is much larger than found in observations. The intrinsic properties of the galaxies are then analysed. The results for the intrinsic shapes of the galaxies are mostly consistent with previous results inferred from observational data. The distributions of intrinsic misalignment of the galaxies suggest that some of the galaxies produced by Illustris have significant rotation around their medium axes. Further analysis reveals that most of these galaxies display signs of non-equilibrium. We then study the evolution of the intrinsic misalignments and shapes of three specific Illustris galaxies, which we consider as typical ones, along the main progenitor line of their merger trees, revealing how mergers influence the intrinsic shapes and kinematics: the spin axis in general stays close to the shortest axis, and tends to quickly relax to such an equilibrium state within a few dynamical times of the galaxy after major perturbations; triaxiality and intrinsic flatness in general decrease with time, however, sometimes increases occur that are clearly seen to correlate with major merger events.