bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The lesser anteater (Tamandua tetradactyla) is not tetradactyla, but pentadactyla
Authors: Machado Cruvinel Ana Cecília , Camargos de Britto Rosa Matheus , Lopes Guimarães Bruna Lívia , Ferreira Amaral Silva Cecília , de Sampaio da Silva Paulo Henrique , de Lima Borges Leão Cesar , Peixoto Juliano V. , Chrysostomo de Resende Júnior João , Cunha Lacreta Junior Antonio Carlos , Passamani Marcelo , Rodrigues da Cunha Barreto‐Vianna André , de Lima Eduardo M. M. , Corrêa Guimarães Gregório 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe name of the species tetradactyla means “four digits.” In the literature, the hand of the lesser anteater (Tamandua tetradactyla) is described as having four digits (I, II, III and IV) with the absence of a fifth digit. The purpose of this study was to carry out an update adequately proposing an anatomical description of the T. tetradactyla hand. The present findings were analysed on the validation of Morse’s law for this species. In total, seven male cadavers were radiographed and dissected. We observed that the hand of the T. tetradactyla was formed by a carpus containing four bones in the proximal row, which in the medium lateral direction was the radial, intermediate, ulnar and accessory bones of the carpus, and the distal row was formed by carpal bones I, II, III and IV. There were five metacarpal bones (I, II, III, IV and V). The presence of five digits was verified but not confirmed with the literature. Digit I had two phalanges, the proximal and distal; digits II, III and IV had three phalanges: proximal, middle and distal. Digit five had only one phalanx, the proximal, but it was not externally visible. According to the findings of this study, the presence of the fifth digit raises the question of whether the term tetradactyla is the most appropriate to describe this species. This rudimentary fifth digit and the presence of a functional first digit show that the Morse’s law does not applies for the T. tetradactyla species.
Androgen deprivation therapy in nonmetastatic prostate cancer patients: Indications, treatment effects, and new predictive biomarkers
Authors: Fang Dong , Zhou Liqun 
Published: February 2019

AbstractMen with prostate cancer with positive margins, extraprostatic extension, positive lymph nodes, high prostate‐specific antigen, or high Gleason Score are at high risk of recurrence following primary therapy. Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), which includes medical/surgical castration, antiandrogen therapy, and combined androgen blockade, can be combined with primary therapy to shrink the tumor, reduce margin positivity, and reduce the risk of recurrence. However, many problems still remain, such as optimizing the application of ADT in the treatment of prostate cancer, for example, ideal patient population and optimal timing and duration of therapy. To investigate these problems, we searched PubMed for relevant publications on clinical studies of deprivation therapy for nonmetastatic prostate cancer. In this review, we discuss our findings on the role of ADT in the treatment of castrate‐sensitive nonmetastatic prostate cancer and the adverse effects associated with ADT. We also examine the recent advances in new predictive biomarkers for ADT, many of which are currently in the exploratory phase. Overall, the addition of ADT to primary therapy improves outcomes for patients with intermediate‐ or high‐risk prostate cancer.
Swept‐source optical coherence tomography angiography reveals vascular changes in intermediate uveitis
Authors: Tian Meng , Tappeiner Christoph , Zinkernagel Martin S. , Wolf Sebastian , Munk Marion R. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate retinal and choroidal vascular changes in patients with intermediate uveitis with/without concomitant retinal vasculitis using wide field swept‐source optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA).MethodsIn this study consecutive patients with intermediate uveitis ± vasculitis and healthy age‐matched controls were evaluated using central 3 × 3 mm OCTA scans and montage scans. Differences among the groups as well as the association between central changes assessed by 3 × 3 scans and wide field OCTA were evaluated.Results93 eyes of 58 patients with intermediate uveitis and 33 healthy age‐matched controls were included. The presence of a cystoid macular oedema (CME) was associated with capillary non‐and reduced perfusion of the superficial capillary plexus (SCP) (p = 0.03 and 0.02, respectively), and deep capillary plexus (DCP) (p = 0.02 and p ≤ 0.0001, respectively) of the 3 × 3 mm scans. The raw length, circularity and size of foveal avascular area (FAZ) significantly differed among the three groups. (p = 0.01, p = 0.045 and p = 0.004, respectively). Multivariable regression analysis revealed that the presence of epiretinal membranes (ERM) and CME rather than the disease entity contributed to the changes of FAZ size (R2 = 0.15, p = 0.0003) The mean vessel density (VD) of the SCP significantly differed among the three groups (intermediate uveitis with concomitant vasculitis: 16.8 ± 3.8 mm−1 vs intermediate uveitis only: 15.6 ± 4.4 mm−1 versus control: 18 ± 3.5 mm−1, p = 0.046). Multivariable regression analysis showed that the presence of CME rather than the disease entity impacted vessel density of SCP (R2 = 0.1, p = 0.016). There was no association between peripheral non‐ or reduced perfusion of the wide field OCTA slabs of the SCP and DCP and the VD of the 3 × 3 slabs.ConclusionAlthough patients with intermediate uveitis and vasculitis present with reduced central vessel density compared to healthy age‐matched controls, these changes are presumably contributed to the presence of CME.
Investigating the management of alcohol‐related presentations in an Australian teaching hospital
Authors: Qian Siyu , Irani Mudar , Brighton Renee , Yeo Wilfred , Reid David , Sinclair Barbara , Bresnahan Susan , Lynch Peter , Feng Xiaoqi , Yu Ping 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIntroduction and AimsAlcohol‐related morbidity is estimated to range from 10–38% of the presentations to hospital emergency departments. This study aims to investigate the actual management process for alcohol‐related presentations in a teaching hospital in Australia.Design and MethodsRetrospective audit was conducted on the electronic medical records of 210 presentations with a primary or secondary diagnosis of ‘alcohol use disorder’ at discharge between November 2016 and February 2017. Six key management steps were investigated: identification of alcohol use disorder, documentation, thiamine, alcohol withdrawal assessment, benzodiazepine for alcohol withdrawal and referral to the drug and alcohol consultation liaison service.ResultsOf all the 210 presentations, 77.1% (162) were identified with alcohol use disorder in the initial assessments; 64.3% (135) were documented with alcohol use history, 49.5% (104) were prescribed with thiamine, 48.1% (101) were assessed with the alcohol withdrawal scale, 41% (86) were prescribed with benzodiazepine for alcohol withdrawal and only 38.6% (81) were referred to the drug and alcohol consultation liaison service. Only 8.6% (18) of the initial presentations were directly related to alcohol. These presentations had a higher completion rate in each of the six steps than those (91.4%, 192) not directly related to alcohol. Only 6.2% (13) were formally screened for alcohol use.Discussion and ConclusionsThe findings suggest a need to improve the alcohol management practice in the hospital. Routine use of an alcohol screening tool can enable early identification of the alcohol use disorder and to improve the management of this problem in the hospital.
The forgotten season: the impact of autumn phenology on a specialist insect herbivore community on oak
Authors: Ekholm Adam , Tack Ayco J.M. , Bolmgren Kjell , Roslin Tomas 
Published: February 2019

1. Variation in spring phenology – like tree budburst – affects the structure of insect communities, but impacts of autumn phenology have been neglected. Many plant species have recently delayed their autumn phenology, and the timing of leaf senescence may be important for herbivorous insects.2. This study explored how an insect herbivore community associated with Quercus robur is influenced by variation in autumn phenology. For this, schools were asked to record, across the range of oak in Sweden, the autumn phenology of oaks and to conduct a survey of the insect community.3. To tease apart the relative impacts of climate from that of tree phenology, regional tree phenology was first modelled as a function of regional climate, and the tree‐specific deviation from this relationship was then used as the metric of relative tree‐specific phenology.4. At the regional scale, a warmer climate postponed oak leaf senescence. This was also reflected in the insect herbivore community: six out of 15 taxa occurred at a higher incidence and five out of 18 taxa were more abundant, in locations with a warmer
climate. Similarly, taxonomic richness and herbivory were higher in warmer locations.5. Trees with a relatively late autumn phenology had higher abundances of leaf miners (Phyllonorycter spp.). This caused lower community diversity and evenness on trees with later autumn phenology.6. The findings of the present study illustrate that both regional climate‐driven patterns and local variation in oak autumn phenology contribute to shaping the insect herbivore community. Community patterns may thus shift with a changing climate.
Knowledge of antibiotics and antimicrobial resistance amongst final year dental students of Polish medical schools—A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Struzycka Izabela , Mazinska Beata , Bachanek Teresa , Boltacz‐Rzepkowska Elzbieta , Drozdzik Agnieszka , Kaczmarek Urszula , Kochanska Barbara , Mielczarek Agnieszka , Pytko‐Polonczyk Jolanta , Surdacka Anna , Tanasiewicz Marta , Waszkiel Danuta , Hryniewicz Waleria 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIntroductionAntimicrobial resistance has been one of the biggest global concerns. Dentists constitute an important group of antibiotic prescribers, and it was shown that their therapeutic decisions are not always rational. In this paper, we present knowledge of antibiotics prescription rules and antimicrobial resistance amongst graduating dentistry students from all dentistry faculties of medical universities in Poland, who will soon join the group of antibiotics prescribers.Materials and methodsA questionnaire consisting of 28 questions was developed. The survey was conducted in May‐June 2015.ResultsThe study group comprised a total of 752 students. About 54% expressed the opinion that dentists overprescribe antibiotics. One‐tenth thought that they can be used for the treatment of flu (7%) and common cold (11%). Respondents pointed to amoxicillin (46%) and clindamycin (44%) as the first‐choice treatment of dentoalveolar abscess, if medically indicated. More than half of the students (58%) suggested using doxycycline and metronidazole in aggressive periodontitis in an individual allergic to penicillin. The vast majority of students (97%) indicated that penicillins and cephalosporins were suitable for treatment of dental infections in pregnant women.The majority of participants (82%) said that rheumatic disease, chronic immunosuppression, chronic kidney failure and a history of infective endocarditis required a prophylactic administration of antibiotics before or during endodontic treatment.ConclusionsThe research showed variable levels of understanding of antibiotics use amongst dental students in medical universities in Poland. Our results emphasise the need to educate dental students further regarding antibiotics and risks related to antibiotic misuse, especially in dental practice.
Sensorimotor network hypersynchrony as an endophenotype in families with genetic generalized epilepsy: A resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging study
Authors: Tangwiriyasakul Chayanin , Perani Suejen , Abela Eugenio , Carmichael David W. , Richardson Mark P. 
Published: February 2019

SummaryRecent evidence suggests that three specific brain networks show state‐dependent levels of synchronization before, during, and after episodes of generalized spike‐wave discharges (GSW) in patients with genetic generalized epilepsy (GGE). Here, we investigate whether synchronization in these networks differs between patients with GGE (n = 13), their unaffected first‐degree relatives (n = 17), and healthy controls (n = 18). All subjects underwent two 10‐minute simultaneous electroencephalographic–functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) recordings without GSW. Whole‐brain data were divided into 90 regions, and blood oxygen level–dependent (BOLD) phase synchrony in a 0.04–0.07‐Hz band was estimated between all pairs of regions. Three networks were defined: (1) the network with highest synchrony during GSW events, (2) a sensorimotor network, and (3) an occipital network. Average synchrony (mean node degree) was inferred across each network over time. Notably, synchrony was significantly higher in the sensorimotor network in patients and in unaffected relatives, compared to controls. There was a trend toward higher synchrony in the GSW network in patients and in unaffected relatives. There was no difference between groups for the occipital network. Our findings provide evidence that elevated fMRI BOLD synchrony in a sensorimotor network is a state‐independent endophenotype of GGE, present in patients in the absence of GSW, and present in unaffected relatives.
Coalescent models characterize sources and demographic history of recent round goby colonization of Great Lakes and inland waters
Authors: Sard Nicholas , Robinson John , Kanefsky Jeannette , Herbst Seth , Scribner Kim 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe establishment and spread of aquatic invasive species are ecologically and economically harmful and a source of conservation concern internationally. Processes of species invasion have traditionally been inferred from observational data of species presence/absence and relative abundance. However, genetic‐based approaches can provide valuable sources of inference. Restriction site‐associated DNA sequencing was used to identify and genotype single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci for Round Gobies (Neogobius melanostomus) (N = 440) from 18 sampling locations in the Great Lakes and in three Michigan, USA, drainages (Flint, Au Sable, and Cheboygan River basins). Sampled rivers differed in size, accessibility, and physical characteristics including man‐made dispersal barriers. Population levels of genetic diversity and interpopulation variance in SNP allele frequency were used in coalescence‐based approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) to statistically compare models representing competing hypotheses regarding source population, postcolonization dispersal, and demographic history in the Great Lakes and inland waters. Results indicate different patterns of colonization across the three drainages. In the Flint River, models indicate a strong population bottleneck (<3% of contemporary effective population size) and a single founding event from Saginaw Bay led to the colonization of inland river segments. In the Au Sable River, analyses could not distinguish potential source populations, but supported models indicated multiple introductions from one source population. In the Cheboygan River, supported models indicated that colonization likely proceeded from east (Lake Huron source) to west among inland locales sampled in the system. Despite the recent occupancy of Great Lakes and inland habitats, large numbers of loci analyzed in an ABC framework enable statistically supported identification of source populations and reconstruction of the direction of inland spread and demographic history following establishment. Information from analyses can direct management actions to limit the spread of invasive species from identified sources and most probable vectors into additional inland aquatic habitats.
Calculation of mixed mode (I/II) stress intensities at sharp V‐notches using finite element notch opening and sliding displacements
Authors: Hussain Mirzaul Karim , Murthy K.S.R.K. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIn this paper, a simple, robust, and an efficient technique has been proposed for accurate estimation of mixed mode (I/II) notch stress intensity factors (NSIFs) of sharp V‐notched configurations using finite element notch opening and sliding displacements at the selected number of nodes along the notch flanks. Unlike the crack problems, displacement field is rarely employed in the notch problems due to complexities introduced by the presence of rigid body displacements. One of the main emphasis of the present work is to neatly bypass these rigid body displacements and develop a simple approach for accurate computation of the NSIFs so that it can be easily incorporated in the existing code. Several benchmark problems have been analyzed. The results obtained using the present method show excellent agreement with the solutions available in the literature. Some new results have also been reported in the present work.
Predictors of objectively measured physical activity in 12‐month‐old infants: A study of linked birth cohort data with electronic health records
Authors: Raza Haider , Zhou Shang‐Ming , Todd Charlotte , Christian Danielle , Marchant Emily , Morgan Kelly , Khanom Ashrafunnesa , Hill Rebecca , Lyons Ronan A. , Brophy Sinead 
Published: February 2019

SummaryBackgroundPhysical activity (PA) levels are associated with long‐term health, and levels of PA when young are predictive of adult activity levels.ObjectivesThis study examines factors associated with PA levels in 12‐month infants.MethodOne hundred forty‐one mother‐infant pairs were recruited via a longitudinal birth cohort study (April 2010 to March 2013). The PA level was collected using accelerometers and linked to postnatal notes and electronic medical records via the Secure Anonymised Information Linkage databank. Univariable and multivariable linear regressions were used to examine the factors associated with PA levels.ResultsUsing univariable analysis, higher PA was associated with the following (P value less than 0.05): being male, larger infant size, healthy maternal blood pressure levels, full‐term gestation period, higher consumption of vegetables (infant), lower consumption of juice (infant), low consumption of adult crisps (infant), longer breastfeeding duration, and more movement during sleep (infant) but fewer night wakings. Combined into a multivariable regression model (R2 = 0.654), all factors remained significant, showing lower PA levels were associated with female gender, smaller infant, preterm birth, higher maternal blood pressure, low vegetable consumption, high crisp consumption, and less night movement.ConclusionThe PA levels of infants were strongly associated with both gestational and postnatal environmental factors. Healthy behaviours appear to cluster, and a healthy diet was associated with a more active infant. Boys were substantially more active than girls, even at age 12 months. These findings can help inform interventions to promote healthier lives for infants and to understand the determinants of their PA levels.
The Pros1/Tyro3 axis protects against periodontitis by modulating STAT/SOCS signalling
Authors: Jiang Lei , Chen Xiao Qing , Gao Ming Jing , Lee Wai , Zhou Jie , Zhao Yun Fu , Wang Guo Dong 
Published: February 2019

AbstractPeriodontitis, an oral inflammatory disease caused by periodontal pathogen infection, is the most prevalent chronic inflammatory disease and a major burden on healthcare. The TAM receptor tyrosine kinases (Tyro3, Axl and Mertk) and their ligands (Gas6 and Pros1) play a pivotal role in the resolution of inflammation and have been associated with chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. In this study, we evaluated the effects of exogenous Pros1 in in vitro and in vivo models of periodontitis. We detected higher Pros1 but lower Tyro3 levels in inflamed gingival specimens of periodontitis patients compared with healthy controls. Moreover, Pros1 was mostly localized in the gingival epithelium of all specimens. In cultured human gingival epithelial cells (hGECs), Porphyromonas gingivalis LPS (p.g‐LPS) stimulation down‐regulated Pros1 and Tyro3. Exogenous Pros1 inhibited p.g‐LPS–induced production of TNF‐α, IL‐6, IL‐1β, MMP9/2 and RANKL in a Tyro3‐dependent manner as revealed by PCR, Western blot analysis, ELISA and gelatin zymography. Pros1 also restored Tyro3 expression down‐regulated by p.g‐LPS in hGECs. In rats treated with ligature and p.g‐LPS, administration of Pros1 attenuated periodontitis‐associated gingival inflammation and alveolar bone loss. Our mechanistic studies implicated SOCS1/3 and STAT1/3 as mediators of the in vitro and in vivo anti‐inflammatory effects of Pros1. Collectively, the findings from this work supported Pros1 as a novel anti‐inflammatory therapy for periodontitis.
Ultrasonographic and CT accuracy in localising surgical‐ or necropsy‐ confirmed solitary hepatic masses in dogs
Authors: Cheney D. M. , Coleman M. C. , Voges A. K. , Thieman Mankin K. M. , Griffin J. F. 
Published: February 2019

ObjectivesTo estimate the sensitivity and specificity of ultrasound and CT for localising solitary hepatic masses to particular liver divisions.Materials and MethodsDogs diagnosed with a solitary liver mass by ultrasound and/or CT, with surgical or necropsy confirmation within 1 month of imaging. Ultrasound reports were reviewed for mass location. CT scans were reviewed by two radiologists and mass location was determined by consensus agreement. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated for ultrasound and CT for each liver division.ResultsFourteen of 71 dogs had CT only, 27 of 71 had ultrasound only and 30 of 71 had both. Location was correctly predicted in 42 of 57 dogs (74%) by ultrasound and in 37 of 44 dogs (84%) by CT. Both CT and ultrasound had high specificity for localising masses in all divisions. Sensitivity varied among divisions and was highest for left division masses.Clinical SignificanceThe results suggest that either imaging modality is appropriate for presurgical planning. Prospective studies are recommended to help identify additional factors that may aid in determination of hepatic mass location.
Why Female Decision‐Makers Shy away from Promoting Competition
Authors: Shurchkov Olga , van Geen Alexandra V.M. 
Published: February 2019

SummaryIncentivizing subordinates is a crucial task of anyone in a decision‐making role. However, little is known about the mechanisms behind selection of different types of incentives. Our laboratory experiment characterizes the ways in which male and female decision‐makers assign incentives, and how these choices are perceived by those affected by them. We find that women are significantly less likely to select “competitive” incentives based on comparative performance of workers, particularly in the treatment where their workers can observe their gender. The results are not due to priming but are rather consistent with the explanation that women conform to gender stereotypes in anticipation of subsequent evaluation by workers. Indeed, female decision‐makers are significantly underrated relative to comparable males, even after controlling for incentive choice and an extensive set of individual characteristics. The gender difference in competency ratings can be attributed to male workers rating female decision‐makers disproportionately lower relative to their male counterparts. The gender gap in ratings appears to arise because of gender per se and not due to a differential impact of incentives on decision‐makers' gender.