bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New Approach for Bias Correction and Stochastic Downscaling of Future Projections for Daily Mean Temperatures to a High-Resolution Grid
Authors: Yuan Qifen , Thorarinsdottir Thordis L. , Beldring Stein , Wong Wai Kwok , Huang Shaochun , Xu Chong-Yu 
Published: October 2019

AbstractIn applications of climate information, coarse-resolution climate projections commonly need to be downscaled to a finer grid. One challenge of this requirement is the modeling of subgrid variability and the spatial and temporal dependence at the finer scale. Here, a postprocessing procedure for temperature projections is proposed that addresses this challenge. The procedure employs statistical bias correction and stochastic downscaling in two steps. In the first step, errors that are related to spatial and temporal features of the first two moments of the temperature distribution at model scale are identified and corrected. Second, residual space–time dependence at the finer scale is analyzed using a statistical model, from which realizations are generated and then combined with an appropriate climate change signal to form the downscaled projection fields. Using a high-resolution observational gridded data product, the proposed approach is applied in a case study in which projections of two regional climate models from the Coordinated Downscaling Experiment–European Domain (EURO-CORDEX) ensemble are bias corrected and downscaled to a 1 km × 1 km grid in the Trøndelag area of Norway. A cross-validation study shows that the proposed procedure generates results that better reflect the marginal distributional properties of the data product and have better consistency in space and time when compared with empirical quantile mapping.
Postprocessing Next-Day Ensemble Probabilistic Precipitation Forecasts Using Random Forests
Authors: Loken Eric D. , Clark Adam J. , McGovern Amy , Flora Montgomery , Knopfmeier Kent 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Most ensembles suffer from underdispersion and systematic biases. One way to correct for these shortcomings is via machine learning (ML), which is advantageous due to its ability to identify and correct nonlinear biases. This study uses a single random forest (RF) to calibrate next-day (i.e., 12–36-h lead time) probabilistic precipitation forecasts over the contiguous United States (CONUS) from the Short-Range Ensemble Forecast System (SREF) with 16-km grid spacing and the High-Resolution Ensemble Forecast version 2 (HREFv2) with 3-km grid spacing. Random forest forecast probabilities (RFFPs) from each ensemble are compared against raw ensemble probabilities over 496 days from April 2017 to November 2018 using 16-fold cross validation. RFFPs are also compared against spatially smoothed ensemble probabilities since the raw SREF and HREFv2 probabilities are overconfident and undersample the true forecast probability density function. Probabilistic precipitation forecasts are evaluated at four precipitation thresholds ranging from 0.1 to 3 in. In general, RFFPs are found to have better forecast reliability and resolution, fewer spatial biases, and significantly greater Brier skill scores and areas under the relative operating characteristic curve compared to corresponding raw and spatially smoothed ensemble probabilities. The RFFPs perform best at the lower thresholds, which have a greater observed climatological frequency. Additionally, the RF-based postprocessing technique benefits the SREF more than the HREFv2, likely because the raw SREF forecasts contain more systematic biases than those from the raw HREFv2. It is concluded that the RFFPs provide a convenient, skillful summary of calibrated ensemble output and are computationally feasible to implement in real time. Advantages and disadvantages of ML-based postprocessing techniques are discussed.
Recovery from impaired working memory performance during chronic Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol administration to adolescent rhesus monkeys
Authors: Verrico Christopher D , Mathai David S , Gu Hong , Sampson Allan R , Lewis David A 
Published: October 2019

Background: The relationship between adolescent cannabis use and susceptibility to persistent cognitive impairments is poorly understood. Aims: We examined the effects of repeated exposure to Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on reinforcement-related learning and performance of spatial working memory (WM) tasks of varying difficulty in adolescent monkeys. Methods: Seven pairs of male adolescent rhesus monkeys, matched for baseline cognitive performance, received vehicle or THC intravenously 5 days/week for 12 months. Performance on 4-item spatial WM trials was assessed throughout the 12-month study period. At the 6-month time point, more difficult novel and distractor 8-item spatial WM trials were added. Residual effects on performance were determined 23 or 71 h after THC or vehicle administration throughout the study. Results/outcomes: Relative to vehicle-exposed animals, repeated THC exposure was initially associated with significantly slower improvement in performance accuracy on 4-item spatial WM trials; however, this performance difference gradually diminished such that by month 12, accuracy did not significantly differ between vehicle and THC groups. Similarly, for the novel and distractor 8-item trials introduced at month 6, performance accuracy improved more slowly in the THC than in the vehicle group, despite comparable performance between groups on the 4-item task during this same period. Conclusions/interpretation: These findings suggest that compared to vehicle exposure, THC exposure during adolescence impairs the reinforcement-related learning process required for improved performance on spatial WM tasks, but this impairment might be overcome with continued training, even in the face of ongoing THC exposure.
Optimization of Dialysis Modality Transitions for Improved Patient Care
Authors: Imbeault Benoit , Nadeau-Fredette Annie-Claire 
Published: October 2019

Purpose of review: Initial and subsequent modality decisions are important, impacting both clinical outcomes and quality of life. Transition from chronic kidney disease to dialysis and between dialysis modalities are periods were patients may be especially vulnerable. Reviewing our current knowledge surrounding these critical periods and identifying areas for future research may allow us to develop dialysis strategies beneficial to patients. Sources of information: We searched the electronic database PubMed and queried Google Scholar for English peer-reviewed articles using appropriate keywords (non-exhaustive list): dialysis transitions, peritoneal dialysis, home hemodialysis, integrated care pathway, and health-related quality of life. Primary sources were accessed whenever possible. Methods: In this narrative review, we aim to expose the controversies surrounding home-dialysis first strategies and examine the evidence underpinning home-dialysis first strategies as well as home-to-home and home-to-in-center transitions. Key findings: Diverse factors must be taken into consideration when choosing initial and subsequent dialysis modalities. Given the limitations of available data (and lack of convincing benefit or detriment of one modality over the other), patient-centered considerations may prime over suspected mortality benefits of one modality or another. Limitations: Available data stem almost exclusively from retrospective and observational studies, often using large national and international databases, susceptible to bias. Furthermore, this is a narrative review which takes into account the views and opinions of the authors, especially as it pertains to optimal dialysis pathways. Implications: Emphasis must be placed on individual patient goals and preferences during modality selection while planning ahead to achieve timely and appropriate transitions limiting discomfort and anxiety for patients. Further research is required to ascertain specific interventions which may be beneficial to patients.
Aneurysmal Bone Cysts of the Spine in Children: A Review of 18 Cases
Authors: Sayago Luis R. , Remondino Rodrigo G. , Tello Carlos A. , Piantoni Lucas , Francheri Wilson Ida A. , Galaretto Eduardo , Nöel Mariano A. 
Published: October 2019

Study Design: Retrospective study. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical presentation, treatments, outcome, complications, and recurrence rate in the surgical and nonsurgical management of spinal aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC) in a series of 18 pediatric patients. Methods: Between 1988 and 2014, we evaluated 18 pediatric patients diagnosed with ABC confirmed by pathology studies. We analyzed clinical and radiological features, non-surgical and surgical treatment, outcome, and complications. Results: The series included 12 male and 6 female patients with a mean age of 10 years and 4 months, with a mean follow-up of 5 years. Location of the ABC was lumbar in 8, cervical in 7, thoracic in 2, and sacral in 1 case. Axial pain was the most common symptom followed by radicular involvement. Surgery was performed in the presence of spine instability or neurological involvement (tumor resection) and in the remaining, nonsurgical treatment (percutaneous intralesional injection of methylprednisolone and calcitonin). Recurrence was observed in 4 patients requiring reintervention. There were no procedure-related complications. Conclusion: In patients without neurological involvement or spinal instability, nonsurgical treatment is the treatment of choice. Total or subtotal removal combined with posterior instrumented spinal fusion is recommended in cases with a neurological deficit. Both procedures have shown good long-term results.
Shoulder Arthroplasty for Posttraumatic Arthritis Is Associated With Increased Transfusions and Longer Operative Times
Authors: Luthringer Tyler A , Kester Benjamin S , Kolade Oluwadamilola , Virk Mandeep S , Alaia Michael J , Campbell Kirk A 
Published: October 2019

Introduction: Posttraumatic arthritis (PTA) is a common sequela of proximal humerus fractures that is commonly managed with anatomic or reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA). TSA for PTA is more challenging than that performed for primary osteoarthritis and frequently leads to worse patient outcomes. CPT uniformly classifies all cases of primary TSA, irrespective of procedural complexity and resource utilization. This study analyzes intraoperative differences and 30-day outcomes for anatomic and reverse TSA performed in the posttraumatic shoulder. Methods: Patients undergoing TSA from 2008 to 2015 were selected from the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database and stratified according to concurrent procedures and administrative codes indicating posttraumatic diagnoses. Perioperative parameters and 30-day complications were recorded; multivariate analyses were performed to determine whether PTA was a risk factor for poor outcomes. Results: A total of 8508 primary and 243 posttraumatic TSAs were identified. Posttraumatic TSA patients were slightly younger ( P = .003), more likely to be female ( P < .001), smokers ( P = .029), and diabetic ( P =  .003). Diagnosis of PTA was an independent risk factor for prolonged operative times ≥160 minutes (≥1 standard deviation above the mean, P =  .003; odds ratio [OR]: 1.718; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.204–2.449) and increased bleeding requiring transfusion ( P <  .001; OR: 2.719; 95% CI: 1.607–4.600). Although posttraumatic TSA had a tendency for longer hospital admissions, 30-day readmissions were not significantly different between cohorts. Conclusions: Compared with primary osteoarthritis, a preoperative diagnosis of PTA is an independent risk factor for prolonged operative times and postoperative transfusion in anatomic or reverse TSA patients; such patients may be less than optimal candidates for same-day discharges or outpatient shoulder arthroplasty.
Multiple physiological response analyses aid the understanding of sensitivity variation between Microcystis aeruginosa and Chlorella sp. under paraquat exposures
Authors: Bai Fang , Jia Yunlu , Yang Cuiping , Li Tianli , Wu Zhongxing , Liu Jin , Song Lirong 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Background
Sensitivity differences to chemical pollutants in different phytoplankton species may potentially shape the community structure of phytoplankton. However, detailed information supporting the understanding of sensitivity variations between phytoplankton species is still limited.

Results
To investigate sensitivity differences between the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa, and the green alga Chlorella sp. to paraquat, multiple physiological parameters were measured and compared through acute and chronic toxicity assays. Early photosynthetic responses during acute toxicity assays showed that paraquat affects Photosynthesis System II energy fluxes in M. aeruginosa within 3 h of exposure, but not in Chlorella sp. After 5 h of cumulative exposure, an EC50 based on the maximum quantum yield for primary photochemistry of 0.54 mg L−1 was achieved and remained more or less constant, while the EC50 values for Chlorella fluctuated around 44.76 ± 3.13 mg L−1 after 24 h of exposure. During chronic 96 h exposure to paraquat, differences in antioxidant enzyme activities, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and ultrastructure were observed in both M. aeruginosa and Chlorella sp. An increase in the intracellular levels of ROS and the number of plasma membrane damaged cells was observed in M. aeruginosa in the 0.2, 0.5, and 1.0 mg L−1 treatments (p < 0.01), but not for Chlorella. In addition, at an exposure level of 1.0 mg L−1, extensive disruption of cell structure was observed in M. aeruginosa. Conversely, little disarrangement of organelle structure was found in Chlorella sp.

Conclusion
These results confirm that paraquat is more toxic to M. aeruginosa than to Chlorella sp. The sensitivity differences between these two species (one a prokaryote and the other a eukaryote) to paraquat might be partially explained by the differences in cell structure (cell wall and photosynthetic structure), the enzymatic antioxidant system, and the physiological vulnerability. The multiple physiological endpoint analysis approach used in the current study provides more detailed information for understanding the mechanisms of sensitivity variation between these phytoplankton species.
Mapping of resistance to corn borers in a MAGIC population of maize
Authors: Jiménez-Galindo José Cruz , Malvar Rosa Ana , Butrón Ana , Santiago Rogelio , Samayoa Luis Fernando , Caicedo Marlon , Ordás Bernardo 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackgroundCorn borers constitute an important pest of maize around the world; in particularSesamia nonagrioidesLefèbvre, named Mediterranean corn borer (MCB), causes important losses in Southern Europe. Methods of selection can be combined with transgenic approaches to increase the efficiency and durability of the resistance to corn borers. Previous studies of the genetic factors involved in resistance to MCB have been carried out using bi-parental populations that have low resolution or using association inbred panels that have a low power to detect rare alleles. We developed a Multi-parent Advanced Generation InterCrosses (MAGIC) population to map with high resolution the genetic determinants of resistance to MCB.ResultsWe detected multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of low effect associated with resistance to stalk tunneling by MCB. We dissected a wide region related to stalk tunneling in multiple studies into three smaller regions (at ~ 150, ~ 155, and ~ 165 Mb in chromosome 6) that closely overlap with regions associated with cell wall composition. We also detected regions associated with kernel resistance and agronomic traits, although the co-localization of significant regions between traits was very low. This indicates that it is possible the concurrent improvement of resistance and agronomic traits.ConclusionsWe developed a mapping population which allowed a finer dissection of the genetics of maize resistance to corn borers and a solid nomination of candidate genes based on functional information. The population, given its large variability, was also adequate to map multiple traits and study the relationship between them.
Musculoskeletal pain and new-onset poor physical function in elderly survivors of a natural disaster: a longitudinal study after the great East Japan earthquake
Authors: Yabe Yutaka , Hagiwara Yoshihiro , Sekiguchi Takuya , Sugawara Yumi , Tsuchiya Masahiro , Itaya Nobuyuki , Yoshida Shinichirou , Sogi Yasuhito , Yano Toshihisa , Onoki Takahiro , Tsuji Ichiro , Itoi Eiji 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Background
Functional disability is a significant problem after natural disasters. Musculoskeletal pain is reported to increase after disasters, which can cause functional disability among survivors. However, the effects of musculoskeletal pain on functional decline after natural disasters are unclear. The present study aimed to examine the association between musculoskeletal pain and new-onset poor physical function among elderly survivors after the Great East Japan Earthquake.

Methods
A longitudinal study was conducted on survivors aged ≥65 years at three and 4 years after the Great East Japan Earthquake. A total of 747 persons were included in this study. Physical function was assessed using the Kihon Checklist. New-onset poor physical function was defined as low physical function not present at 3 years but present at 4 years after the disaster. Knee, hand or foot, low back, shoulder, and neck pain was assessed using a self-reported questionnaire and was defined as musculoskeletal pain. Musculoskeletal pain at 3 years after the disaster was categorized according to the number of pain regions (0, 1, ≥ 2). Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to calculate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) for new-onset poor physical function due to musculoskeletal pain.

Results
The incidence of new-onset poor physical function was 14.9%. New-onset poor physical function was significantly associated with musculoskeletal pain. Compared with “0” musculoskeletal pain region, the adjusted ORs (95% CI) were 1.39 (0.75–2.58) and 2.69 (1.52–4.77) in “1” and “≥ 2” musculoskeletal pain regions, respectively (p for trend = 0.003).

Conclusions
Musculoskeletal pain is associated with new-onset poor physical function among elderly survivors after the Great East Japan Earthquake. Monitoring musculoskeletal pain is important to prevent physical function decline after natural disasters.
Pooling analysis regarding the impact of human vitamin D receptor variants on the odds of psoriasis
Authors: Li Juan , Sun Li , Sun Jinghui , Yan Min 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Background
The study aims at scientifically investigating the genetic effect of four polymorphisms (rs7975232, rs1544410, rs2228570, and rs731236) within the human Vitamin D Receptor (VDR) gene on the odds of psoriasis through an updated meta-analysis.

Methods
We searched eight databases and screened the studies for pooling. Finally, a total of eighteen eligible case-control studies were included. BH (Benjamini & Hochberg) adjusted P-values of association (Passociation) and odd ratios (ORs) with the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated under the allele, homozygote, heterozygote, dominant, recessive, and carrier models.

Results
Compared with the negative controls, no statistically significant difference in the odds of psoriasis was detected for the cases under any genetic models (BH adjusted Passociation > 0.05). We also performed subgroup meta-analyses by the source of controls, ethnicity, country, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, and genotyping method. Similar results were observed in most subgroup meta-analyses (BH adjusted Passociation > 0.05). Besides, data of Begg’s and Egger’s tests excluded the significant publication bias; while the sensitivity analysis data further indicated the statistical reliability of our pooling results.

Conclusion
The currently available data fails to support a robust association between VDR rs7975232, rs1544410, rs2228570 and rs731236 polymorphisms and psoriasis susceptibility, which still required the support of more case-control studies.
Renal injury following long-term exposure to carbon disulfide: analysis of a case series
Authors: Yan Yongqin , Wang Cheng , Zheng Zhiyong , Qu Lijuan , Zeng Dehua , Li Min 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Background
To investigate the clinicopathological characteristics of renal damage caused by long-term exposure to carbon disulfide (CS2) in nine patients.

Methods
All the patients underwent ultrasound-guided renal biopsy. All specimens were examined by light microscopy and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Samples form one patient were further analyzed using transmission electron microscopy.

Results
Similar pathological changes were observed in all patients, but the degrees of lesions were different. All cases had moderate to severe nodular mesangial hyperplasia; among these, type “Kimme1stie1-Wi1son” (K-W nodule for short) was observed in four cases, type “K - W nodule” refer to nodular hyperplasia of mesangial membrane like letter K or W. four cases had proliferative extracapillary glomerulonephritis (GN), while there were no concomitant changes in one patient. Besides, six cases had diffuse basement membrane thickening, focal segmental sclerosis or bulbar sclerosis; two cases had diffuse glomerular sclerosis, and one case had focal segmental capillary hyperplasia. Moreover, all patients had renal tubular atrophy/interstitial fibrosis with less to moderate chronic inflammatory cell infiltration, as well as renal arteriosclerosis. IHC showed that the depositions of IgA, IgM, C3d, C4d, C1q and Fib were not specific; while IgG, type III collagen, Fibronectin, Amyloid A, Igκ, Igλ, HBsAg and HBcAg were all negative.

Conclusion
Diffuse nodular mesangial hyperplasia/sclerosing glomerular nephropathy is characterized by nodular mesangial hyperplasia with type “K-W nodules” formation, which we speculate is a special pathological manifestation of renal damage caused by carbon disulfide (CS2).