bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimating Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Prevention Effects in Low-incidence Settings
Authors: Rudolph Jacqueline E. , Cole Stephen R. , Eron Joseph J. , Kashuba Angela D. , Adimora Adaora A. 
Published: January 2019

Background:
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) for determining efficacy of preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in preventing human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection have not been conducted among US women because their lower HIV incidence requires impractically large studies. Results from higher-incidence settings, like Sub-Saharan Africa, may not apply to US women owing to differences in age, sexual behavior, coinfections, and adherence.

Methods:
We propose a novel strategy for evaluating PrEP efficacy in the United States using data from both settings to obtain four parameters: (1) intention-to-treat (ITT) and (2) per-protocol effects in the higher-incidence setting, (3) per-protocol effect generalized to the lower-incidence setting, and (4) back-calculated ITT effect using adherence data from the lower-incidence setting. To illustrate, we simulated two RCTs comparing PrEP against placebo: one in 4000 African women and another in 500 US women. We estimated all parameters using g-computation and report risk ratios averaged over 2000 simulations, alongside the 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles of the simulation results.

Results:
Twelve months after randomization, the African ITT and per-protocol risk ratios were 0.65 (0.47, 0.88) and 0.20 (0.08, 0.34), respectively. The US ITT and per-protocol risk ratios were 0.42 (0.20, 0.62) and 0.17 (0.03, 0.38), respectively. These results matched well the simulated true effects.

Conclusions:
Our simple demonstration informs the design of future studies seeking to estimate the effectiveness of a treatment (like PrEP) in lower-incidence settings where a traditional RCT would not be feasible. See video abstract at, http://links.lww.com/EDE/B506.
APPLICATION OF ADJUNCTIVE TOPICAL MITOMYCIN-C IN SCLEROSTOMY REVISION FOR REFRACTORY IDIOPATHIC UVEAL EFFUSION SYNDROME
Authors: Zhu Ivy , Haq Zeeshan , Ali Mohsin H. , Chang Peter Y. , Zahid Sarwar , Mieler William F. 
Published: January 2019

Background/Purpose:
To describe the use of topical mitomycin-C in sclerostomy revision for recalcitrant idiopathic uveal effusion syndrome.

Methods:
A 50-year-old healthy man presented with painless, gradual vision loss in the right eye. He underwent multimodal retinal imaging with wide-field fundus photography, spectral domain optical coherence tomography, and B-scan and A-scan ultrasonography. He was found to have idiopathic (non-nanophthalmic) uveal effusion syndrome with choroidal and serous retinal detachments in the right eye and a peripheral choroidal detachment in the left eye. Central vision became threatened in the right eye. Medical treatment with oral corticosteroids and surgical treatment with choroidal drainage through sclerostomies and sclerostomy revision were administered.

Results:
Initial treatment with systemic corticosteroids was ineffective. Subsequent choroidal drainage through sclerostomies only partially resolved the effusion. Later sclerostomy revision with application of topical mitomycin-C led to complete resolution with anatomical stability maintained after at least 42 months of follow-up.

Conclusion:
Successful use of topical mitomycin-C in sclerostomy revision has not previously been reported in idiopathic (non-nanophthalmic) uveal effusion syndrome. We propose that topical mitomycin-C may be considered as a potential therapeutic adjunct in the treatment of refractory idiopathic uveal effusion syndrome before further sclerostomy procedures are attempted in additional quadrants of the eye.
PARACENTRAL ACUTE MIDDLE MACULOPATHY ASSOCIATED WITH IDIOPATHIC INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION
Authors: Denny Matthew R. , Kalevar Ananda , Chen Judy J. , Johnson Robert N. 
Published: January 2019

Purpose:
Paracentral acute middle maculopathy (PAMM) is a recently identified clinical entity with numerous retinal vascular and systemic associations. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of PAMM associated with idiopathic intracranial hypertension.

Methods:
A case is presented with multimodal imaging.

Results:
A patient with idiopathic intracranial hypertension is found to have the characteristic clinical, spectral domain optical coherence tomography, and OCT angiography findings associated with PAMM.

Conclusion:
Paracentral acute middle maculopathy is believed to arise from a microvascular insult to the retinal deep capillary plexus. We add a previously undescribed association with idiopathic intracranial hypertension to the list of etiologies that can cause PAMM.
Are Sexually Transmitted Infection/HIV Behavioral Interventions for Women of Color Culturally Grounded? A Review of the Literature
Authors: Crooks Natasha , Muehrer Rebecca J. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Although behavioral interventions for women of color have been shown to be effective in reducing sexually transmitted infections (STIs), STI/HIV rates continue to increase. To alleviate sexual health disparities, it is necessary to understand the cultural behaviors of the target population to design culturally grounded interventions. The purposes of our review were to examine the current state of STI/HIV behavioral interventions for women of color, determine how culture has been incorporated into interventions, and identify gaps in the literature. We reviewed 17 articles targeting women of color between the ages of 13 and 65 years. Findings suggest the need for interventions that are culturally grounded, group based, and delivered face-to-face and in multiple sessions to reduce STI/HIV risk behaviors. Although many of the studies were effective, we found three major gaps: (a) the need to examine intervention sustainability, (b) limitations in the adaption of theoretical frameworks, and (c) clarity in how to infuse culture into interventions.
They Just Don't Get Me: A Qualitative Analysis of Transgender Women's Health Care Experiences and Clinician Interactions
Authors: Hines Dana D. , Laury Esther R. , Habermann Barbara 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Transgender individuals face many barriers when accessing health care, including having to teach clinicians how to care for them to receive appropriate care. We conducted a secondary analysis of qualitative data collected via semistructured interviews with 18 transgender women ranging in age from 21 to 60 years and living with HIV. Data were analyzed using conventional content analysis. Participants encountered two clinician types: Those who get me and Those who don't get me. Clinicians who get me provided gender-affirming care, fostered patient engagement, performed appropriate health screenings, and were willing to learn about transgender health. Clinicians who don't get me were aloof, uninterested, and unwilling to provide care. Clinicians who don't get me and system-level factors such as fragmented care, lack of insurance, and a low volume of transgender-competent clinicians contributed to transgender women's unmet health and education needs. Recommendations for improving transgender health care are provided.
Prevalence and Risk Factors of HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders in Rural Southwestern Uganda
Authors: Namagga Jane Kasozi , Rukundo Godfrey Zari , Voss Joachim G. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Advances in treatment of HIV have dramatically improved survival rates; HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND), however, remain highly prevalent and continue to represent a significant public health problem, especially in resource-limited settings. We completed a cross-sectional study to describe the prevalence and risk factors for HAND in rural Southwestern Uganda AIDS Support Organization Centers. After securing ethical clearance from relevant bodies, 393 participants were screened for HAND using the International HIV Dementia Scale. A cutoff score of ≤10 and a significance level of p ≤ .05 were set. More than half of the 393 participants (n = 229, 58.23%) screened positive for HAND. The associated risk factors were gender (odds ratio [OR] 0.54, p = .017), peasant farming (OR 1.70, p = .04), and older age (OR 1.03, p = .019). HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder remains one of the major complications of HIV despite improvement in antiretroviral therapy and life expectancies.
Health Care Experiences of Youth Living With HIV Who Were Lost to Follow-up in Western Kenya
Authors: Wolf Hilary T. , Davidoff Katharine , Auerswald Colette L. , Halpern-Felsher Bonnie L. , Bukusi Elizabeth A. , Lyon Maureen , Cohen Craig R. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
HIV is the leading cause of mortality for youth in sub-Saharan Africa. Youth are more likely than any other age group to be lost to follow-up (LTFU) from care. We investigated the health care–related experiences of youth living with HIV (YLWH) who were LTFU (i.e., had not returned to care for at least 4 months), as well as the perceptions of the community health workers who supported them. Data were collected from two focus group discussions with community health workers (n = 18) who worked with YLWH and 27 semistructured interviews with YLWH (ages 15–21 years) who were LTFU. Attitudes toward health care were presented in the context of a social–ecological model. Respondents highlighted the need for improved youth-oriented services, including youth-friendly clinics and training for care providers about specific needs of YLWH. Researchers should develop and test the impact of these interventions to improve retention of YLWH in care.
Physical Activity, Depression, and Antiretroviral Therapy Adherence Among People Living With HIV: A Mediation Analysis
Authors: Bhochhibhoya Amir , Qiao Shan , Mao Yuchen , Zhou Yuejiao , Shen Zhiyong , Sui Xuemei , Li Xiaoming 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
The aim of our study was to explore the relationships between physical activity, depression, and antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence. Data were obtained from a randomized controlled trial of people living with HIV (N = 658) in China. Ordinal regression and logistic regression analyses were performed to examine associations between ART adherence, depression, and physical activity. A better ART adherence was associated with higher levels of physical activity (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.36, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.02–1.80) and lower levels of depression (aOR = 0.95, 95% CI = 0.92–0.99). Higher levels of physical activity were also associated with lower levels of depression (aOR = 0.50, 95% CI = 0.32–0.76). Sobel Z test indicated the mediating effect of depression between physical activity and ART adherence (Sobel Z = 1.96, p < .05). This study suggests the benefit of appropriate levels of physical activity to promote both psychological health and ART adherence in people living with HIV.
Predictors of Long‐term Clinical and Endoscopic Remission in Children With Crohn Disease Treated With Infliximab
Authors: D'Arcangelo Giulia , Oliva Salvatore , Dilillo Anna , Viola Franca , Civitelli Fortunata , Isoldi Sara , Cucchiara Salvatore , Aloi Marina 
Published: January 2019

ABSTRACTObjectives:We aimed to identify early noninvasive predictors of clinical and endoscopic remission in children with Crohn disease (CD) under infliximab (IFX).Methods:Prospective observational study conducted in children with moderate‐to‐severe CD starting IFX. All patients underwent weighted pediatric CD activity index (wPCDAI) assessment, C‐reactive protein and fecal calprotectin (FC) at week 0, 14, and 48. Endoscopy was performed at 0 and 48 weeks. The primary outcome was to determine the ability of 14‐week wPCDAI, C‐reactive protein, and FC to predict 1‐year steroid‐free clinical remission and mucosal healing. As a secondary outcome we evaluated their concordance with Simple Endoscopic Score for CD (SES‐CD) at week 48.Results:Forty‐one children were enrolled. At 1 year, 21 (51%) and 16 (39%) were in clinical and endoscopic remission. Only combined postinduction FC and wPCDAI were able to predict 1‐year clinical and endoscopic remission (hazard ratio 4.81 [95% confidence interval 1.76–20.45], P = 0.05 and hazard ratio 5.51 [95% confidence interval 1.83–26.9], P = 0.03). One‐year SES‐CD moderately correlated with FC (r = 0.52; P = 0.001). The FC cut‐off value for mucosal healing was 120.5 μg/g (area under the curve 0.863, 83% sensitivity, 75.5% specificity; P = 0.005). The concordance between wPCDAI and SES‐CD was excellent and good for severe disease and remission (k 0.87 and 0.76).Conclusions:Post induction FC combined with wPCDAI can predict 1‐year clinical and endoscopic response to IFX in pediatric CD. FC shows a moderate correlation with SES‐CD, whereas wPCDAI has a good concordance with endoscopic remission or severe disease, but not with mild and moderate disease.
Artifacts and Artistic Facts
Authors: Ricci Vincenzo , Soylu Abdullah Ruhi , Özçakar Levent 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
For innumerous reasons, ultrasound imaging is becoming more and more popular in musculoskeletal medicine. Herewith, because this imaging technique is user dependent, prompt and sufficient training is crucial for its better clinical utility. In this regard, with this article, we aimed to focus on common artifacts that are observed in routine ultrasound scanning during daily musculoskeletal practice. However, those imaging findings need to be well recognized not to be misinterpreted. Likewise, we have illustrated and discussed those artifacts in similarity with particular natural photographs. Rather than exemplifying with the same physical principles, our purpose was to provide “visual analogy” for better remembrance of these artifacts.
Transoral Finger-Retraction for Endonasal Endoscopic Resection of Masseteric and Buccal Space Lesions
Authors: Husain Qasim , Otten Marc L. , Gudis David A. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Lesions involving the masseteric and buccal spaces have traditionally required transoral or transcervical approaches. Herein, the authors describe the successful endonasal endoscopic resection of a juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma (JNA) with significant extension into the masseteric and buccal spaces facilitated by transoral finger retraction. Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibromas are hypervascular tumors originating in the pterygopalatine fossa (PPF) with complex relationships to skull base and orbital structures. Endoscopic approaches have allowed for resection of JNAs with excellent visualization and without traditional transfacial approaches, decreasing morbidity and reducing incidence of facial deformity with similar outcomes as open approaches. While the endonasal endoscopic approach to the masseteric and buccal spaces is unconventional, encapsulated tumors in these regions can be delivered into the nasal cavity through the maxilla and PPF with the use of transoral finger-retraction. The authors present a case of a 10-year-old male referred to their tertiary care center with left-sided epistaxis, nasal obstruction, and facial swelling. Imaging demonstrated a vascular lesion in the PPF involving the left nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, with extension into left middle cranial fossa, infratemporal fossa, orbit, and deep spaces of the neck including the masticator, masseteric, and buccal spaces. The patient underwent preoperative embolization and endoscopic endonasal surgical resection with transoral finger-retraction without complication. Transoral finger-retraction represents a supplemental technique that allows for encapsulated lesions involving the masseteric and buccal spaces to be delivered into the nasal cavity for endoscopic resection in a safe and effective fashion, preventing the need for transfacial incisions.
Giant Tongue in a Patient With Chiari Malformation and Neuroleptic-Induced Tardive Dyskinesia
Authors: Horta Ricardo , Nascimento Ricardo , Silva Alvaro 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
A 68-year-old woman, presented with a squamous cell carcinoma of the malar region, and underwent wide local excision. During her clinical examination, repetitive protrusion and intrusion of the tongue as well as stereotypic, abnormal movements of the mouth and lips were observed, in a pattern that resembled chewing, sucking or lip pursing; dyskinesias ceased when she was speaking or bringing food to the mouth. She was unaware of the movements and the tongue was observed to move similar to choreiform movements, while revealing a giant “snake-like” macroglossia. She had history of mental retardation and alcohol abuse, and was under classic antipsychotic medications for several years. During a previous neurological investigation, type I Chiari malformation was diagnosed. In this case, concomitant Chiari malformation and neuroleptic-induced tardive dyskinesia, may together have been responsible for giant macroglossia, and to our best knowledege no similar observation has been reported in the literature.
Changes in Nasal Tip and Lateral Nostril Characteristics After the Semi-Tongue-in-Groove Technique in Open Rhinoplasty Surgery
Authors: Atighechi Saeid , Tari Niloofar , Baradaranfar Mohammadhossein , Dadgarnia Mohammadhossein , Zand Vahid , Meybodian Mojtaba , Mandegari Mohammad , Vaziribozorg Sedighe 
Published: January 2019

Introduction:
This study aimed to evaluate postsurgical changes of nasal tip and lateral nostril characteristics after semi-tongue-in-groove (TIG) technique in open rhinoplasty surgery.

Materials and Methods:
This prospective observational study was performed in a before–after setting on 22 patients who underwent open rhinoplasty surgery using semi-TIG technique. Postoperative photographs were analyzed for nasal tip and lateral nostril changes at several time points (1, 4, and 12 weeks after surgery) and were compared with preoperative photographs. Nasal tip support change after the surgery was also assessed using a purpose-designed device.

Results:
In total, 22 patients were studied (20 females, 2 males). The tip support increased by 98%, 291.8%, and 377% at certain time points after the surgery. The tip rotation increased significantly at all measuring time points, postoperatively. The length of upper lip increased at all time points after semi-TIG technique. Columellar show and nostril length and height decreased significantly after the surgery.

Conclusion:
The characteristics of the nasal tip and lateral nostrils along with nasal tip support showed significant improvement after the semi-TIG technique. Therefore, this technique is recommended in selected rhinoplasty cases to achieve more favorable objective results.
Intraoperative Management by a Craniofacial Team Anesthesiologist is Associated With Improved Outcomes for Children Undergoing Major Craniofacial Reconstructive Surgery
Authors: Reddy Srijaya K. , Patel Roshan S. , Rogers Gary F. , Gordish-Dressman Heather , Keating Robert F. , Pestieau Sophie R. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
The benefits of using a dedicated team for complex surgeries are well established for certain specialties, but largely unknown for others. The aim of this study was to determine whether management by a dedicated craniofacial team anesthesiologist would impact perioperative outcomes for children undergoing major surgery for craniosynostosis. Sixty-two children undergoing complex cranial vault reconstruction were identified. Fifty-four patients were managed by the craniofacial anesthesia team, while 8 patients were not. Primary outcome measures were calculated blood loss, red blood cell transfusion volume, blood donor exposures, extubation rate, and postoperative complication rate. Secondary outcome measures included intraoperative opioid administration, crystalloid and colloid administration, intraoperative complication rate, and intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital length of stay. Children cared for by the craniofacial team had significantly lower calculated blood loss, reduced red blood cell transfusion volume, fewer blood donor exposures, less crystalloid administration, higher rate of postoperative extubation, fewer postoperative complications, and decreased ICU and hospital length of stay than patients who were managed by noncraniofacial team anesthesiologists. There were no significant differences in demographics, opioid administration, colloid volume administration, or intraoperative complication rates between the 2 groups. Management by a craniofacial team anesthesiologist was associated with improved outcomes in children undergoing major craniofacial reconstructive surgery. While some variability can be attributed to provider-volume relationship, these findings suggest that children may benefit from a subspecialty anesthesia team-based approach for the management of craniofacial surgery, and potentially other similar high-risk cases.
Mandibular Augmentation With a New Sandwich Osteotomy: A Morphologic Study
Authors: Tan Wuyuan , Yu Bing , Niu Feng , Gui Lai 
Published: January 2019

Objective:
Facial asymmetry is one of common complaints in plastic and craniofacial surgery in Orient. Hemimandibular dysplasia has considered to be the key role in facial asymmetry. Despite of the undergrow of mandibular length and height, the lackness of mandibular thickness contributes to the asymmetry. The aim of this study was to describe the therapeutic efficiency of mandibular augmentation with a new sandwich osteotomy with interpositional natural coral and coralline hydroxyapatite (CHA).

Methods:
Nine goats were randomly divided into 3 groups and observed at 6, 12, and 18 months after surgery. All goats received splitting of bilateral mandibular outer cortex and interpositional grafting with natural coral and CHA, respectively (sandwich osteotomy). Data were evaluated and statistically analyzed by t-test.

Results:
All goats were observed at 3 different time points. The computed tomography images show that the area of operation was healed and the thickness of the mandible was increased in 3 time points. In the 3 groups, mandibular thickness and volume were significantly different compared with those before operation (P < 0.05). The volume of CHA group improved better than coral group (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:
This study provides a promising alternative method for mandibular augmentation with a sandwich osteotomy and interpositional grafting with natural coral and CHA. The thickness and volume of mandible had been effectively increased in follow-ups.
Comparison of Olfactory Function and Quality of Life With Different Surgical Techniques for Nasal Septum Deviation
Authors: Aydoğdu Imran , Atar Yavuz , Aydoğdu Zeynep , Saltürk Ziya , Ataç Enes , Doğan Önder , Üstün Onur , Uyar Yavuz 
Published: January 2019

Objective:
To assess the nasal functions, nasal resistance, olfactory function, and quality of life in different surgical techniques for nasal septum deviation

Study Design:
Randomized controlled trial.

Methods:
This prospective controlled study was carried out on patients who underwent septoplasty. Patients participating in the study were divided into 2 groups; group 1: classic septoplasty (n: 25) and group 2: extracorporeal septoplasty (n: 14). The sinonasal outcome test-22 (SNOT-22), peak nasal flowmetry, and Connecticut Chemosensory Clinical Research Center test were applied to all patients before and 8 weeks after surgery. Surgical outcomes also assessed to evaluate complications 6 months after surgery.

Result:
In total, 39 (27 males, 12 females) patients diagnosed with nasal septum deviation were included in this study. A septoplasty was performed in all patients: 25 of them (18 males, 7 females; mean age = 29.4 [range, 23–50] years) underwent classic septoplasties and 14 (9 males, 5 females; mean age = 31.3 [range, 23–50] years) underwent extracorporeal septoplasties. Airway openness was achieved in all patients. As a result, the SNOT-22 scores, peak nasal inspiratory flowmeter results, and smell function scores showed significant improvements (P < 0.001).

Conclusion:
All corrective surgical methods for a septum deviation have positive effects on nasal airflow, quality of life, and olfaction. The rates of complications were not significantly different between 2 treatment groups.