bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ANALISIS STRUKTUR BIAYA PRODUKSI DAN UNIT COST UNTUK PENGENDALIAN BIAYA PRODUKSI
Authors: Mahagiyani Mahagiyani 
Published: May 2019

The high number of Usaha Kecil Menengah (UKM), Low-Middle Business, leads to increase tough competition among them. This competition requires the businessmen to improve efficiency and effectiveness inrunning the business. The purpose of this research is to find out the comparison between production cost structure and unit cost or cost per unit. This research is also aimed at controlling production cost through cost structure analysis, cost control and unit cost control. This is based on production cost accounting which consists of raw material cost, manpower cost, and factory overhead cost. In recording the raw material based on the result of the research. It is necessary to use counting method by applying stock card either FIFO or LIFO. In terms of manpower, cost controlling, which has never been done so far, is in need to do so. This card functions to monitor the arrival and leaving time of the workers. Depreciation cost has not been included in overhead cost, such as supporting material cost, electricity and rental. The utilization time of production equipment will be implemented to calculate the overhead cost of production basic expense (cost). Keywords: Production Cost, Cost Component, Production Basic Expenses (Cost), Unit Cost.
An Investigative Analysis of the Properties of Severely Segregated A441 Bridge Steel
Authors: Urzendowski Michael A. , Worzala Frank J. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
In 1979, during a routine bridge inspection, a fatigue crack was discovered in the top flange plate of one tie girder in a tied arch bridge crossing the Mississippi River. Metallographic analysis indicated a banding or segregation problem in the middle of the plate, where the carbon content was twice what it should have been. Based on this and results of ultrasonic testing, which revealed that the banding occurred in 24-ft lengths, it was decided to close the bridge and replace the defective steel. The steel used in the construction of this bridge was specified as ASTM A441, commonly used in structural applications. Testing showed an increase in hardness and weight percent carbon and manganese in the banded region. Further testing revealed that the area containing the segregation and coarse grain structure had a lower than expected toughness and a transition temperature 90 deg F higher than specified by the ASTM standards. The fatigue crack growth rate through this area was much faster than expected. All of these property changes resulted from increased carbon levels, higher yield strength, and larger than normal grain size.
Harvard Bridge Eyebar Failures
Authors: Brodrick Ronald F. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The century-old Harvard bridge spans the Charles River between Boston and Cambridge. About half of the 23 spans are suspended by wrought iron eyebars. Recent failures of some of these eyebars were examined. The primary cause of failure was the seizure of the joints at the eyebar pin locations as a result of the intrusion of water and salt, and the consequent heavy corrosion of the joint. The seizure of these joints led to high edgewise bending stress in the bars as the bridge underwent thermal movement. The cracking was enhanced by the presence of the corrosive medium so that the cracks were initiated and caused to grow by some combination of corrosion fatigue and stress-corrosion cracking, the former probably being predominant.
Intercrystalline Corrosion of Welded Stainless Steel Pipelines in Marine Environment
Authors: Mor Emanuele , Traverso Eugenio , Ventura Giovanna 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The defects observed along weldings of stainless steel pipelines employed in marine environments were evidenced by metallographic and electrochemical examination. A compilation of cases on the effect of defective weldings, in addition to improper choice of stainless steel for water pipelines, lead to the conclusion that intercrystalline corrosion in steels involved precipitation of a surplus phase at grain boundaries. Intercrystalline corrosion in austenitic stainless steels due to precipitation of chromium carbides during conditions generated due to welding and ways to avoid the precipitation (including reduction of carbon content, appropriate heat treatment, cold work of steel, reduction of austenitic grain size and stabilizing elements) were described. The presence of microcracks due to highly localized heat concentrations with consequent thermal expansion and considerable shrinkages during cooling was investigated. The specimens were taken from various sources including transverse and longitudinal welding seam, sensitized areas and it was concluded appropriate material selection with respect to medium could control some corrosion processes.
Broken Structural Bolt
Authors: Naumann Friedrich Karl , Spies Ferdinand 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Two bolts from the stressed structure of a church building that had broken during stressing were examined to establish the cause of fracture. The fracture of one of the first bolt occurred in a double-vee groove weld whose root was not completely welded. The second bolt had cracked outside of the weld seam closely under the head. Neither one had been particularly deformed before fracture. The composition of the head pieces corresponded approximately to manganese steel (Material No. 1 0845), a weldable construction steel with increased yield point and strength, while the shafts were made from Cr-Mo steel (Material No. 1.7225) according to DIN 17200. It was found that the bolts were not made from a suitable alloy steel, but were welded together from two unsuitable steels, one of which lacked sufficient strength. The austenitic weld seams showed hot tears and were not welded through to the root. Also, the pieces were not preheated before welding, so that stress cracks occurred in the transition zones. The second bolt was overstressed during the impact caused by the breaking of the first bolt.
Wire Fractures in Suspension Cables of a Twisted Cable Suspension Bridge
Authors: Friedrich Karl Naumann , Spies Ferdinand 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
During construction of a river bridge with 80 twisted cables, one or more fractures were found in each of 21 wires of 18 cables before assembly. All were located at the outside wrapping whose Z-profile wires were galvanically zinc-coated. It was suspected that hydrogen played a role during crack formation, and that it penetrated during pickling or galvanizing. This supposition was confirmed also by the fact that the wire fractures were not observed during cable winding, but only subsequently to it, and therefore seemed to have appeared only after a certain delay.
Brittle Fracture Leading to Failure of a Bridge Section
Authors: Czyzewski Harry 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
A large crack developed at a girder-truss joint area of the Fremont bridge in Portland, OR, on 28 Oct 1971. It occurred during a positioning procedure involving a junction piece welded to a girder, starting as a brittle fracture and terminating in plastic hinges in the girder web welds. The arch rib top plate, as it met the main girder, formed a composite beam of A588/A36 composition. Investigation showed the original design of the failed component called for an angle of high geometric stress concentration (90 deg with no radius) in a region of substantial transverse weld joints. While the material met chemical and mechanical property requirements, tests showed it had low fracture toughness and critical-sized flaws oriented normal to the principal stress in the failed junction piece. Fabrication procedures resulted in high residual stresses and a metallurgical notch at the radius in the junction piece. Stresses induced during jacking (the procedure used to raise bridge components into position) applied the stresses in the critical radius that triggered the cracking.
Forensic Engineering: A Case Study
Authors: Dobson Wilson G. , Dilloff Neil J. , Gatslick Harold B. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
In 1975, a manufacturer was awarded a contract to produce modular air-traffic control towers for the U.S. Navy. The specifications called for painted steel siding, but the manufacturer convinced the Navy to substitute aluminum-bonded-to-plywood panels that were provided by a supplier. In less than one year, the panels began to delaminate and the aluminum began to crack. It was found that the failure was the result of chloride-induced intergranular corrosion caused by chemicals in the adhesive and excessive moisture in the wood introduced during manufacturing.
Crack Propagation of Sirocco Fan
Authors: Sakaguchi Katsumi , Kubo Masakatsu 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Macrofractographs of the fracture surface from a multibladed fan showed that cracks started at the corner where bending stress was concentrated and propagated through the blade by fatigue. Peak stress at the monitoring position was less than 10 MPa. To simulate crack growth, the rotor was repeatedly deformed by a hydraulic fatigue tester. Comparison of striations of the failed blade with that of the tested one revealed the failed blade was loaded with more than 30 MPa of stress. These tests confirmed that the rotor and blades had sufficient strength to withstand up to 3x the stress of normal operation. The casing of the fan was vibrated at 10 to 60 Hz. Peak stress easily overcame 30 MPa, which was enough to initiate cracking. The fracture surfaces and starting position were the same as those on the failed fan. It was concluded that the exciting force from an air compressor caused blade failure.
Pitting Corrosion of Copper Pipes for Potable Water Delivery
Authors: Khan A.H. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Corrosion in potable and nonpotable water systems has been well documented in the past, and new research discusses innovations in water treatment and materials that are designed to enhance the quality of a water system, whether commercial or residential. This paper is a collection of five case histories on the failure of copper and steels as used in potable and non-potable water systems. The case histories cover a range of applications in which copper and steel products have been used. Copper and steel pipes are the two most commonly used materials in residential, commercial and industrial applications. The projects that are discussed cover these three important applications. The purpose of presenting this information is to allow the reader to gain an understanding of real life corrosion issues that affect plumbing materials, how they should have been addressed during the design of the water system, and how a water system should be maintained during service. We share this information in the hope that the reader will gain some limited knowledge of the problems that exist, and apply that knowledge in designing or using water systems in day-to day life.
Metallurgical Evaluation of Prestressed Wire Failures
Authors: McCowan C.N. , Siewert T.A. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Microstructure, corrosion, and fracture morphologies of prestressed steel wires that failed in service on concrete siphons at the Central Arizona Project (CAP) are discussed. The CAP conveys water for municipal, industrial, and agricultural use through a system of canals, tunnels, and siphons from Lake Havasu to just south of Tucson, AZ. Six siphons were made from prestressed concrete pipe units 6.4 m (21 ft) in diam and 7.7 m long, making them the largest circular precast structures ever built. The pipe was manufactured on site and consisted of a 495-mm thick concrete core, wrapped with ASTM A648 steel prestressing wire. All of the CAP failures evaluated were attributed to corrosion. Longitudinal splits reduced the service life of the pipe significantly by facilitating corrosion and introducing sharp cracks into the microstructure of the wire. A few failures were attributed to general corrosion, where the cross section of the wire is reduced until the strength of the wire is exceeded. Most of the failures evaluated were attributed to stress-corrosion cracking.
Üniversite Öğrencilerinde Premenstrual Sendrom ve Sağlıklı Yaşam Biçimi Davranışları Arasındaki İlişki
Authors: Bakır Nazife , Balcı Yangın Hatice 
Published: May 2019

Premenstrual
sendrom üreme çağındaki kadınlarla görülen problemlerden biridir. Bu çalışma,
üniversite öğrencilerinde premenstrual sendrom ve sağlıklı yaşam biçimi
davranışları arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemek amacıyla tanımlayıcı, ilişki arayıcı
olarak yapılmıştır. Çalışma, Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi’nde 677 kız öğrenci
ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmanın verileri kişisel bilgi formu,
Premenstrual Sendrom Ölçeği, Sağlıklı Yaşam Biçimi Davranışları Ölçeği-II
kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Verilerin değerlendirilmesinde yüzdelik, ortalama,
Chi-Square, Independent Samples t-test, Logistic regression analizi
kullanılmıştır. Araştırma kapsamına alınan öğrencilerin yaş ortalaması
20.27±1.60’dır. Öğrencilerin yüzde
69.7’si eğitim fakültesinde öğrenim görmektedir. Katılımcıların menstruasyon
öyküsü özellikleri değerlendirildiğinde; öğrencilerin yüzde 73.3’ü menarş yaşı
13-15 yaş arasında olduğunu (ortalama menarş yaşı 13.32±1.19), ortalama
menstruasyon sıklığı 27.65±3.68, yüzde 76.4’ü
menstruasyon süresi 5-7 gün arasında olduğu (ortalama menstruasyon süresi
5.86±1.38) ve yüzde 87.6’sı düzenli menstruasyon olduğunu, yüzde 81.4’ü de
dismenore yaşadığını ifade etmiştir. Araştırmaya katılan öğrencilerin %62’sinin
premenstrual sendrom yaşadığı saptanmıştır. Öğrencilerin Premenstrual Sendrom
Ölçeği puan ortalaması 121.30±34.02, Sağlıklı Yaşam Biçimi Davranışları Ölçeği-II
puan ortalaması 123.50±18.63 olarak saptanmıştır. Bu çalışmada; dismenore
varlığı, yemeğin tadına bakmadan tuz kullanma, annenin premenstrual sendrom
yaşaması kız öğrencilerde premenstrual sendrom prevelansını etkileyen faktörler
olarak belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca Sağlıklı Yaşam Biçimi Davranışları Ölçeği-II
manevi gelişim ve beslenme davranışları alt boyutlarının da premenstrual
sendrom prevelansını etkilediği saptanmıştır. Sonuç olarak, üniversite
öğrencilerinde premenstrual sendrom prevelansının yüksek, sağlıklı yaşam biçimi
davranışlarının ise orta düzeyde olduğu görülmüştür. Premenstrual sendromla baş
etmek ve sağlıklı yaşam biçimi davranışları geliştirmek için kadınların
adölesan çağdan itibaren ele alınması gerekmektedir.
PKM Peningkatan Kemampuan Membaca dengan Giat Literasi dan Pojok Perpus Di SD Islam Ulil Albab Kecamatan Panarukan
Authors: Rofek Aenor 
Published: May 2019

Kegiatan Literasi dan budaya baca masih tergolong rendah di kabupaten Situbondo, hal ini terlihat dari jumlah kunjungan yang masih sedikit setiap tahunnya di perpustakaan daerah Kabupaten Situbondo dan juga jumlah buku referensi yang dimiliki masih tergolong kurang variatif. Adapun yang terjadi di sekolah mitra yaitu SD Islam Nuril Albab yang memiliki permasalahan kurangnya minat baca sehingga kemampuan membaca siswa masih kurang disebabkan oleh kegiatan literasi yang masih kurang diketahui. Adapun solusi yang ditawarkan yaitu sosialisasi Giat literasi diantaranya meliputi : Membuat kelompok baca, sehingga setiap minggu ada kegiatan membaca dan menulis secara bersama dalam kelompok, Adanya perpustakaan keliling, perpustakaan GO CLAS adalah solusi dimana ada kegiatan dari perpustakaan yang lebih mendekatkan diri pada sisiwa sehingga siswa tidak perlu repot-repot datang ke ruang perpustakaan, Membuat sarana membaca seperti POJOK PERPUS sebagai tempat bacaan bagi siswa.pada prosesnya kegiatan PKM ini meliputi tahap perencanaan dan tindakan. Dengan pelaksanaan kegiatan tersebut dapat diperoleh gambaran bahwa kemampuan literasi anak-anak SD Islam Nuril Albab sudah cukup baik hal ini dapat dilihat dari segi kemampuan anak membaca yang sudah baik, tindak lanjut yang lain adalah komitmen sekolah terhadap kegiatan literasi yang akan dilakukan secara berkesinambungan di sekolah SD Islam Nuril Albab
VALIDATION OF NURSING OUTCOMES’ INDICATORS OF NURSING OUTCOMES CLASSIFICATION OF SELF-CARE FOR PATIENTS WITH STROKE
Authors: Mulyani Sri , Nurjannah Intansari 
Published: May 2019

Background: Evaluation of nursing outcome based Nursing Outcome Classification (NOC) is very important. However, there is dearth of information regarding its validation in Indonesian language.
Objective: To validate four nursing outcomes’ indicators of the Nursing Outcome Classification (NOC) for stroke patients with self-care deficit problems.
Methods: This was a descriptive quantitative study with cross sectional design. Outcomes indicators of self-care: bathing, dressing, eating, and toileting were developed for measuring its relevance, clarity, simplicity and ambiguity. Content validity index was used for analysis, which involved three nursing experts.
Results: Out of the 59 outcome indicators, 49 (83.05%) were considered as passing indicators and 10 (16.95%) were eliminated.
Conclusion: The passing indicators can be applied in caring for stroke patients. The NOC indicators can be implemented in clinical setting, particularly for stroke patient with self -are deficit problems.
La femme dans la population active à Caen de 1911 à 1968
Authors: Dyer Colin L. 
Published: May 2019

La ville de Caen, capitale de la Basse-Normandie et préfecture du Calvados, a connu un des plus grands accroissements de population en France depuis la Première - et, plus spécialement, depuis la Seconde - Guerre mondiale.
Entre les recensements de 1954 et de 1962, la ville de Caen a, en fait, enregistré la plus grande augmentation démographique de toutes les villes en France. La mobilité géographique de cette population grandissante est également parmi les plus grandes des villes françaises tout au cours du siècle actuel.
Possédant moins de 53 000 habitants après les désastres de la bataille de Normandie, Caen contient entre ses murs aujourd'hui plus de 110 000 personnes, une population active en excès de 45 000.
Cet article trace le rôle changeant de la femme active dans cette population à travers les années - riches en événements - de 1911 à 1968.
Sources
Cette étude du rôle de la femme dans la population à Caen a été possible grâce à des recherches faites en partie dans les Archives départementales du Calvados. La direction régionale de l'I.N.S.E.E., à qui nous devons la plus grande reconnaissance, nous a autorisé à consulter les recensements de 1911, 1921 et 1936 et à y faire des recherches statistiques. Notre reconnaissance est due également à la municipalité de Caen, qui nous a permis de compléter ces recherches en examinant les listes électorales pour les années 1946 et 1966. Un dépouillement exhaustif des différentes listes n'étant pas possible, il a fallu faire un échantillon aléatoire systématique d'un dixième des personnes inscrites sur ces documents. Les résultats présentés pour 1968 sont ceux du recensement de la ville de Caen pour cette année-là.
Le chômage en Haute-Normandie. Les spécificités régionales
Authors: Gambier Dominique 
Published: May 2019

L'objet de cet article est double : d'une part essayer de situer l'évolution du chômage en Haute-Normandie, en dégageant en particulier les spécificités de celui-ci par rapport aux données nationales ; et d'autre part de comprendre les raisons de la situation constatée à partir de la structure économique locale, de l'offre et de la demande d'emploi telles qu'elles se manifestent dans la région. Il ne s'agit pas de nier la dépendance économique de la région par rapport aux évolutions nationales et internationales, mais de cerner ce qui est propre au facteur régional.
La détérioration manifestement plus accentuée de la situation du chômage dans notre région depuis environ 1974 tient à de multiples facteurs : l'offre d'emploi y est plus fortement industrielle et donc plus sensible à la crise, la demande d'emploi plus « jeune » et plus « féminine » contribue à l'importance du chômage de ces catégories, tandis que la part plus faible du chômage de la main d'œuvre qualifiée doit être rapprochée de la relative sous-scolarisation traditionnelle dans notre région.
Plusieurs scénarios sont alors possibles pour l'évolution à moyen terme : la région pourrait, comme par le passé, bénéficier de façon privilégiée d'une reprise de l'activité. La dépendance de la région par rapport au contexte mondial doit plutôt pousser à un scénario qui prenne en compte ses atouts et handicaps dans la nouvelle division inter-nationale du travail.
L'orientation et les représentations socio-professionnelles de lycéens en Haute-Normandie
Authors: Kokosowski Alain 
Published: May 2019

Cet article s'inscrit dans un ensemble de travaux empiriques portant sur la socialisation des adolescents et des jeunes adultes. Nous avons essayé d'expliquer pourquoi il existait une grande correspondance entre les principales dimensions des représentations socio-professionnelles de lycéens et un certain nombre de variables macro et micro-sociales. Nous avons analysé ces variables dans le cadre de trois systèmes d'interaction : les rapports de formation, les rapports de socialisation, les rapports socio-culturels.
Il apparaît ainsi que les conduites d'orientation des lycéens résultent non pas de choix inspirés par des intérêts professionnels, mais de tout un ensemble de confrontations entre des représentations sociales formées au cours de la scolarisation et des contraintes organisationnelles associées aux principales étapes de l'orientation scolaire.
Flexible freestanding MoS2 based paper-like material for energy conversion and storage
Authors: Zoller Florian , Luxa Jan , Bein Thomas , Fattakhova-Rohlfing Dina , Bousa Daniel , Sofer Zdenek 
Published: May 2019

Construction of flexible electrochemical devices for energy storage and generation is of utmost importance in the modern society. In this article, we report the synthesis of flexible MoS2 based composite paper by high-energy shear force milling and simple vacuum filtration. This composite material combines high flexibility, mechanical strength and good chemical stability. Chronopotentiometric charge-discharge measurements were used to determine the capacitance of our paper material. Highest capacitance of 33 mF cm-2 was achieved at current density of 1 mA cm-2 showing potential application in supercapacitors. We further used the material as a cathode for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) with an onset potential of ca. -0.2 V vs RHE. The onset potential was even lower (ca. -0.1 V vs RHE) after treatment with n-butyllithium suggesting the introduction of new active sites. Finally, a potential use in Lithium ion batteries (LIB) was examined. Our material can be used directly without any binder, additive carbon or copper current collector and delivers specific capacity of 740 mA h g-1 at a current density of 0.1 A g-1. After 40 cycles at this current density the material still reached a capacity retention of 91%. Our findings show that this composite material could find application in electrochemical energy storage and generation devices where high flexibility and mechanical strength are desired.