bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of dietary restriction and low‐intensity exercise on weight loss and insulin sensitivity in obese equids
Authors: Bamford Nicholas J. , Potter Samantha J. , Baskerville Courtnay L. , Harris Patricia A. , Bailey Simon R. 
Published: December 2018

BackgroundThe importance of including exercise with dietary modification for the management of obese equids is not clearly understood.ObjectivesTo evaluate the effect of a practical low‐intensity exercise regimen, in addition to dietary restriction, on indices of insulin sensitivity (SI) and plasma adipokine concentrations in obese equids.AnimalsTwenty‐four obese (body condition score [BCS] ≥ 7/9) horses and ponies.MethodsOver a 12‐week period, animals received either dietary restriction only (DIET) or dietary restriction plus low‐intensity exercise (DIET+EX). All animals were provided with a restricted ration of grass hay at 1.25% body weight (BW) on a dry matter basis, providing 82.5% estimated digestible energy requirements. The DIET+EX group undertook low‐intensity exercise 5 days per week on an automated horse walker. Before and after weight loss, total body fat mass (TBFM) was determined, indices of SI were calculated using minimal model analysis of a frequently sampled IV glucose tolerance test, and adipokines plus inflammatory biomarkers were measured using validated assays.ResultsDecreases in BCS, BW, and TBFM were similar between groups (all P > .05). After weight loss, animals in both groups had decreased basal insulin and leptin concentrations, and increased adiponectin concentrations (all P < .001). Furthermore, animals in the DIET+EX group had significantly improved SI and decreased serum amyloid A concentrations relative to animals in the DIET group (both P = .01).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceRegular low‐intensity exercise provided additional health benefits compared with dietary restriction alone in this population of obese equids.
Strangles, convalescent Streptococcus equi subspecies equi M antibody titers, and presence of complications
Authors: Delph Katherine M. , Beard Laurie A. , Trimble Amanda C. , Sutter Maureen E. , Timoney John F. , Morrow Jennifer K. 
Published: December 2018

BackgroundStreptococcus equi subspecies equi infection elicits M protein antibody titers in equids. Interpretation of titers is not generally accepted.HypothesisThe magnitude of S. equi M protein (SeM) antibody titer after infection (titer ≥1:12 800) will be useful to monitor for the presence of complications or the risk of development of complications.AnimalsForty‐eight horses on 1 farm involved in strangles outbreak.MethodsClinical and observational study. S. equi M protein antibody titers were measured on all horses 8 weeks after infection and select horses 12 and 28 weeks after infection. Horses were categorized: no disease, uncomplicated case, persistent guttural pouch (GP) infection, or complicated cases (metastatic abscesses, purpura hemorrhagica, secondary infections, and dysphagia). Category was compared to titer.ResultsTwenty‐eight of 48 (58%) developed clinical signs of S. equi infection. Of those, 11 (39%) had uncomplicated strangles, 9 (21%) had persistent GP infection, 5 (18%) were complicated cases, and 3 (11%) had both persistent GP infection and complications. Thirty‐three percent of horses (16 of 48) had SeM antibody titers ≥1:12 800 eight weeks after infection. Of horses with titers ≥1:12 800, 6 of 16 had evidence of complications. Of complicated cases, 6 of 8 had titers ≥1:12 800. In this outbreak, the sensitivity (75%; 95% CI [confidence interval] 45‐105) for a SeM antibody titer ≥1:12 800 detecting complications was higher than the specificity (43%; 95% CI 23‐64).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceThis outbreak demonstrates that SeM antibody titers can be increased after infection (≥1:12 800) in the absence of complications of strangles.
The antibiotic action of methylarsenite is an emergent property of microbial communities
Authors: Chen Jian , Yoshinaga Masafumi , Rosen Barry P. 
Published: December 2018

SummaryArsenic is the most ubiquitous environmental toxin. Here, we demonstrate that bacteria have evolved the ability to use arsenic to gain a competitive advantage over other bacteria at least twice. Microbes generate toxic methylarsenite (MAs(III)) by methylation of arsenite (As(III)) or reduction of methylarsenate (MAs(V)). MAs(III) is oxidized aerobically to MAs(V), making methylation a detoxification process. MAs(V) is continually re‐reduced to MAs(III) by other community members, giving them a competitive advantage over sensitive bacteria. Because generation of a sustained pool of MAs(III) requires microbial communities, these complex interactions are an emergent property. We show that reduction of MAs(V) by Burkholderia sp. MR1 produces toxic MAs(III) that inhibits growth of Escherichia coli in mixed culture. There are three microbial mechanisms for resistance to MAs(III). ArsH oxidizes MAs(III) to MAs(V). ArsI degrades MAs(III) to As(III). ArsP confers resistance by efflux. Cells of E. coli expressing arsI, arsH or arsP grow in mixed culture with Burkholderia sp. MR1 in the presence of MAs(V). Thus MAs(III) has antibiotic properties: a toxic organic compound produced by one microbe to kill off competitors. Our results demonstrate that life has adapted to use environmental arsenic as a weapon in the continuing battle for dominance.
III. THE ORGANIZATION OF ATTACHMENT BEHAVIOR IN EARLY CHILDHOOD: LINKS WITH MATERNAL SENSITIVITY AND CHILD ATTACHMENT REPRESENTATIONS
Authors: Posada Germán E. , Trumbell Jill M. , Lu Ting , Kaloustian Garene 
Published: December 2018

ABSTRACTThis article investigated two central questions about mother–child attachment relationships during early childhood: (1) the association between maternal sensitivity and child attachment behavior (Study 1) and (2) the link between child attachment behavior and representations (Study 2). In Study 1, maternal sensitivity and child security were assessed in naturalistic contexts among 74 middle‐class dyads, when children were about 3.5 and again 5.5 years of age, using the Maternal Behavior with Preschoolers Q‐set (MBPQS) and the Attachment Q‐set (AQS), respectively. Sensitivity and security were significantly related at each point in time and stable from 3.5 to 5.5 years of age. Furthermore, changes in sensitivity predicted changes in child security. In Study 2, the relationship between the organization of preschoolers’ attachment behavior and the structure of attachment representations (secure base script knowledge) was assessed. Participants were 158 preschoolers between 3 and 5.5 years. Children's secure base behavior was described with the AQS, whereas their attachment script knowledge was assessed with the MacArthur Attachment Story Completion Task. The organization of children's secure base behavior was significantly, if modestly, associated with their knowledge of the secure base script.
Evaluation of the serum levels of galectin‐3 in patients with oral lichen planus disease
Authors: Ghapanchi Janan , Andisheh‐Tadbir Azadeh , Torkaman Pooriya , Malekzadeh Mahyar , Mardani Maryam 
Published: December 2018

AbstractObjectivesGalectin‐3, a member of beta‐galactoside‐binding proteins, can be found in cytoplasm and nucleus as well as extracellularly in various tissues and involved in many physiological and pathological processes. We aimed to measure the serum levels of galectin‐3 in oral lichen planus (OLP) disease and compare the result with that observed in healthy ones.Materials and MethodsIn this cross‐sectional study, the serum levels of galectin‐3 were measured in 56 healthy individuals and 53 pathologically proven OLP patients including those with atrophic/erosive (33 cases) or reticular (20 cases) lesions, using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).ResultsCompared with healthy individuals (1.1 ± 0.4 ng/ml), galectin‐3 serum levels in patients with OLP (3.1 ± 1.1 ng/ml) were significantly elevated (p < 0.0001). Serum galectin‐3 levels were elevated significantly in patients with atrophic/erosive lesions compared to those of reticular (3.9 ± 2.1 ng/ml vs. 1.9 ± 1.4 ng/ml, p = 0.001), but it has not associated with age and gender.ConclusionsThe elevation of galectin‐3 in OLP is a future tool to increase the knowledge about the possible etiology of the disease and may be helpful to differentiate atrophic/erosive lesions from reticular ones. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study evaluated the serum galectin‐3 levels in OLP.
Rents from power for a dissident elite and mass mobilization
Authors: Aköz Kemal Kivanç , Hernández‐Lagos Pablo 
Published: December 2018

AbstractPopular uprisings in autocracies seldom lead to democratic regimes. We propose a model that helps explain how rents from power encourage popular revolts. We study why citizens would follow a dissident group seeking regime change, if rents from change accrue only to the group. Our model predicts that higher rents may increase the incidence of public mobilization because rents facilitate coordination. The results suggest that cohesive dissident groups may spur seemingly spontaneous mass mobilizations, even when the mass public know that the dissident group is driven by greed rather than a genuine desire to halt incumbent’s rent‐seeking activities.
Frequent blood donation and offspring birth weight—a next‐generation association?
Authors: Rigas Andreas S. , Pedersen Ole B. , Sørensen Erik , Thørner Lise W. , Larsen Margit H. , Katz Louis M. , Nielsen Kaspar , Titlestad Kjell , Edgren Gustaf , Rostgaard Klaus , Erikstrup Christian , Hjalgrim Henrik , Ullum Henrik 
Published: December 2018

BACKGROUNDThe prevalence of iron depletion is high among premenopausal women who donate blood frequently. Studies in nondonor populations indicate that iron deficiency anemia is associated with an increased risk of low birth weight. This prompts concerns that iron deficiency induced by frequent blood donation might impair subsequent fetal development.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSThe aim of this study was to assess whether prepregnancy donation intensity affects the birth weight of singletons born at term (gestational week 38 or later) to nulliparous female donors in Denmark. We identified 293,897 first live singleton births to Danish women between 1997 and 2012 with complete information on gestational age, birth weight, child sex, parental age, maternal smoking status during pregnancy, and parental education length and annual income. Linear regression analysis was applied, with birth weight as outcome, number of donations within the 3 years before pregnancy as the explanatory variable, and confounding variables as described.RESULTSBirth weight among children of low‐intensity donors (n = 22,120) was 12.6 g (95% confidence interval, 6.7–18.6) higher than nondonors (n = 268,253) after controlling for the above‐mentioned factors. The higher birth weight among low‐intensity donors can be explained by the healthy donor effect. In fully adjusted analyses, birth weight among children of high‐intensity donors (n = 3,524) was 20.2 g (95% confidence interval, 5.1–35.3 g) lower compared with low‐intensity donors. This reduced birth weight among high‐intensity donors compared to low‐intensity donors may reflect blood donation–induced iron deficiency.CONCLUSIONSOur results show that high prepregnancy donation intensity is inversely associated with birth weight of singletons born at term to nulliparous women.
PRedicting Outcomes For Crohn’s dIsease using a moLecular biomarkEr (PROFILE): protocol for a multicentre, randomised, biomarker-stratified trial
Authors: Parkes Miles , Noor Nurulamin M , Dowling Francis , Leung Harvey , Bond Simon , Whitehead Lynne , Upponi Sara , Kinnon Paul , Sandham Andrew P , Lyons Paul A , McKinney Eoin F , Smith Kenneth G C , Lee James C 
Published: December 2018

BackgroundThe course of Crohn’s disease (CD) varies substantially between individuals, but reliable prognostic markers do not exist. This hinders disease management because patients with aggressive disease are undertreated by conventional ‘step-up’ therapy (in which treatment is gradually escalated in response to refractory or relapsing disease) while those with more indolent disease would be exposed to unnecessary treatment-related toxicity if a more aggressive ‘top-down’ approach was indiscriminately used. The Predicting outcomes for Crohn’s disease using a molecular biomarker trial will assess whether a prognostic transcriptional biomarker, that we have developed and validated, can improve clinical outcomes by facilitating personalised therapy in CD. This represents the first the biomarker-stratified trial in inflammatory bowel disease.Methods and analysisThis biomarker-stratified trial will compare the relative efficacy of ‘top-down’ and ‘accelerated step-up’ therapy between biomarker-defined subgroups of patients with newly diagnosed CD. 400 participants from ~50 UK centres will be recruited. Subjects within each biomarker subgroup (IBDhior IBDlo) will be randomised (1:1) to receive one of the treatment strategies until trial completion (48 weeks). The primary outcome is the incidence of sustained surgery and steroid-free remission from the completion of induction treatment through to week 48. Secondary outcomes include mucosal healing, quality-of-life assessments and surrogate measures of disease burden including number of flares, cumulative steroid exposure, number of hospital admissions and number of Crohn’s-related surgeries (assessed hierarchically). Analyses will compare the relative benefit of the treatment strategies in each biomarker-defined subgroup, powered as an interaction analysis, to determine whether the biomarker can accurately match patients to the most appropriate therapy.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval has been obtained and recruitment is under way at sites around the UK. Following trial completion and data analysis, the results of the trial will be submitted for publication in peer-reviewed journals and presented at international conferences.Trial registration numberISRCTN11808228; Pre-results.
Cultural considerations for informed consent in paediatric research in low/middle-income countries: a scoping review
Authors: Colom Marcela , Rohloff Peter 
Published: December 2018

IntroductionConducting research with children in low/middle-income countries (LMIC) requires consideration of socioeconomic inequalities and cultural and linguistic differences. Our objective was to survey the literature on informed consent in paediatric LMIC research, assessing for practical guidance for culturally and linguistically appropriate procedures.MethodsWe conducted a scoping review on informed consent in paediatric LMIC research searching the PubMed, Web of Science and PsycINFO databases. Eligible articles were published in English, from any date range, of any study design or format.ResultsThe search identified 2027 references, of which 50 were included in the analysis following full-text review. Reviewed guidelines emphasised individual, informed and voluntary consent from parents and caregivers. Reviewed articles provided detailed practical guidance on adapting these guiding principles to LMIC settings, including considerations for community engagement, verbal or other alternative consent procedures for low-literacy settings or less commonly spoken languages and guarding against therapeutic misconception by caregivers. There was uncertainty, however, on how to best protect individual autonomy, especially when influenced by gender dynamics, leadership hierarchies or the social status of researchers themselves. There was, furthermore, limited research discussing the special case of research involving adolescents or of procedures for documenting assent by participating children.ConclusionsA scoping review of paediatric research in LMICs revealed substantial guidance on several features of culturally appropriate informed consent. However, additional research and guidance is needed, especially in the areas of gender imbalances, research with adolescents and children’s own assent to participate in research.
Prognosis and risk stratification in patients with decompensated heart failure receiving inotropic therapy
Authors: Gomes Clara , Terhoch Caíque Bueno , Ayub-Ferreira Silvia Moreira , Conceição-Souza Germano Emilio , Salemi Vera Maria Cury , Chizzola Paulo Roberto , Oliveira Jr Mucio Tavares , Lage Silvia Helena Gelas , Frioes Fernando , Bocchi Edimar Alcides , Issa Victor Sarli 
Published: December 2018

ObjectivesThe prognostic significance of transient use of inotropes has been sufficiently studied in recent heart failure (HF) populations. We hypothesised that risk stratification in these patients could contribute to patient selection for advanced therapies.MethodsWe analysed a prospective cohort of adult patients admitted with decompensated HF and ejection fraction (left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF)) less than 50%. We explored the outcomes of patients requiring inotropic therapy during hospital admission and after discharge.ResultsThe study included 737 patients, (64.0% male), with a median age of 58 years (IQR 48–66 years). Main aetiologies were dilated cardiomyopathy in 273 (37.0%) patients, ischaemic heart disease in 195 (26.5%) patients and Chagas disease in 163 (22.1%) patients. Median LVEF was 26 % (IQR 22%–35%). Inotropes were used in 518 (70.3%) patients. In 431 (83.2%) patients, a single inotrope was administered. Inotropic therapy was associated with higher risk of in-hospital death/urgent heart transplant (OR=10.628, 95% CI 5.055 to 22.344, p<0.001). At 180-day follow-up, of the 431 patients discharged home, 39 (9.0%) died, 21 (4.9%) underwent transplantation and 183 (42.4%) were readmitted. Inotropes were not associated with outcome (death, transplant and rehospitalisation) after discharge.ConclusionsInotropic drugs are still widely used in patients with advanced decompensated HF and are associated with a worse in-hospital prognosis. In contrast with previous results, intermittent use of inotropes during hospitalisation did not determine a worse prognosis at 180-day follow-up. These data may add to prognostic evaluation in patients with advanced HF in centres where mechanical circulatory support is not broadly available.
Validity of the rheumatoid arthritis MRI score applied to the forefeet using the OMERACT filter: a systematic literature review
Authors: Dakkak Yousra J , van der Heijde Désirée M , Reijnierse Monique , van der Helm-van Mil Annette H M 
Published: December 2018

ObjectiveMRI depicts inflammation and structural damage in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The validity of MRI-scoring of wrist-joints and metacarpophalangeal-joints according to the RA MRI score(RAMRIS) has been demonstrated. The Outcomes in Rheumatology Clinical Trials (OMERACT) RAMRIS Working Group recently called for validation of the RAMRIS of the metatarsophalangeal (MTP)-joints. Therefore, a systematic literature review was performed to test if the RAMRIS applied to the MTP-joints meets the OMERACT Filter of Truth, Discrimination and Feasibility.MethodsMedical literature databases up to January 2018 were systematically reviewed for studies reporting on RAMRIS applied to MRI of the MTP-joints in RA. To be included, an article had to contain at least one MRI-feature (synovitis, bone marrow oedema (BME), tenosynovitis, erosion, joint space narrowing (JSN)) and one item from the OMERACT Filter: Truth (face, content and construct validity), Discrimination (test-retest reliability, ability to discriminate in trials, longitudinal construct validity and thresholds of meaning) and Feasibility.ResultsOf the 749 retrieved studies, 13 were included, of which 9 provided data on construct validity, 4 on discrimination (3 on reliability, 2 on longitudinal construct validity and 1 on ability to discriminate in trials) and none on feasibility. Construct validity was suggested for BME and erosions, but lacking for synovitis, tenosynovitis and JSN. Data for discrimination remain to be developed for all outcomes.ConclusionAccording to the OMERACT Filter, the validity of the RAMRIS of the forefeet is insufficient in different aspects. A research agenda was determined.
Effect of methadone and acepromazine premedication on tear production in dogs
Authors: Volk Hayley A , West Ellie , Linn‐Pearl Rose Non , Fricker Georgina V , Panti Ambra , Gould David J 
Published: December 2018

ObjectivesTo evaluate the combined effect of intramuscular acepromazine and methadone on tear production in dogs undergoing general anaesthesia for elective, non‐ocular procedures.DesignProspective, non‐randomised, pre‐post treatment study.SettingPatients were recruited from a referral practice in the UK.MethodsThirty client‐owned dogs were enrolled in this study and received a combined intramuscular premedication of methadone (0.3 mg/kg) and acepromazine (0.02 mg/kg) before general anaesthesia for elective, non‐ocular procedures. Full ophthalmic examination was performed and tear production was quantified using the Schirmer tear test‐1 (STT‐1). On the day of general anaesthesia, an STT‐1 was performed before (STT‐1a) and after (STT‐1b) intramuscular premedication with methadone/acepromazine.ResultsUsing a general linear model, a significant effect on STT‐1 results was found for premedication with methadone/acepromazine (P=0.013), but not eye laterality (P=0.527). Following premedication, there was a significant reduction observed in the mean STT‐1 readings of left and right eyes between STT‐1a (20.4±2.8 mm/min) and STT‐1b (16.9±4.1 mm/min; P<0.001). Significantly more dogs had an STT‐1 reading less than 15 mm/min in one or both eyes after premedication (30 per cent; 9/30 dogs) compared with before premedication (6.7 per cent; 2/30 dogs; P=0.042).ConclusionsAn intramuscular premedication of methadone and acepromazine results in a decrease in tear production in dogs before elective general anaesthesia. This may contribute to the risk of ocular morbidities, such as corneal ulceration, particularly in patients with lower baseline tear production.