bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determining fragility of urban low-to-mid rise masonry infilled building
Authors: Sangadji S , Kritiawan S A , Prastiwi S I 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In seismic analysis of building, infill wall is usually modelled as non-structural elements and, hence, are not taken into account in analytical models. In general, engineers and scientists model these widely used structural system of masonry infilled reinforced concrete frame by considering the infill wall as load applied to the open confining frame. The presence of masonry infills, however, may significantly alter both the stiffness and the strength of the overall structural frame system. This present study aims to evaluate seismic performance of this type of building by developing fragility functions of the structure. Masonry wall was modelled as diagonal strut within the concrete frame. The masonry constituents and its composite properties were determined for the model. Then, the structure was subjected to incremental static lateral loading while adaptive pushover analysis was utilized to predict the response of the structure. As the damage states were defined from the spectral capacity curves, the fragility functions were developed for the structure. Effect of masonry wall included in the analysis was then compared to the results of open frame. The result of the eigen value analysis shows, the period for modelling a structure with an infill wall is smaller compared to modelling a structure without infill wall (open frame). This shows that the existence of infill wall elements in modelling increases the value of structural stiffness so that it reduces the period of the structure. Whereas, the results of the fragility curve in both structural modelling show that at some level of damage, the probability of damage for modelling structures with infill walls is smaller when compared to open frame. Realistic and rational results is presented in this work which show that modelling masonry wall with compression strut is beneficial.
Truss structure optimization for two design variable elements using Genetic Algorithm with stress and failure probability constraints
Authors: Kurniawan Mahadi , Adha Augusta 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This paper presents the results of a study on trusses which are need to satisfy optimal conditions, i.e. the lowest Cost possible cost with maximal performance. The trusses considered were statically indeterminate steel structures with a multi-system loading. The cost is represented by the material volume of the structure and the maximal performance is reflected by the high working stresses reflect the maximum performance within allowable stress limits. The material strength was modeled as a random variable with a Log Normal distribution. The structures are also required to meet a failure probability of Pf =10-3, which may occur locally within the elements as well as globally on the structure as a whole. The complexity of optimization problems depends in general on the number of the considered variables. The larger the number of variables considered, the more complicated becomes the solution process. Therefore, cases of single variable elements such as multi variables ones were considered in this study. Optimization problems are usually solved by applying iterative procedures, frequently resorting to mathematical programming. In these procedures the process usually converges to unreliable solutions; it even may completely bogged down with no solution. To circumvent this problem, iteration was carried out by applying Genetic Algorithms where the process proceeds in a stochastic manner.
Flexural performance of full and partially steel fibre reinforced self-compacting concrete (SCFRC) ribbed slab
Authors: Ahmad H , Hashim M H M , Bakar A A , Rahman F A 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This paper studies the influence of steel fibre distribution and the flange thickness on the flexural behaviour of steel fibre reinforced self-compacting concrete (SCFRC) ribbed slab. Six (6) ribbed slab panels that were fully and partially reinforced with steel fibres with the dimension of 2.8 x 1.2 m were fabricated for the purpose of this study. Variations were also made in terms of the flange thicknesses, i.e. 80, 100 and 120 mm. All slab panels were loaded under four-point bending. Hooked end steel fibres were incorporated in the mix with the volume fraction of 1% (80 kg/m3). The ultimate load of the fully reinforced panels showed 15-52% higher values than partially reinforced panels. The highest difference was exhibited by the sample with 120 mm flange thickness. Significant difference was observed in the fully reinforced samples, with the 120 mm sample showing the highest ultimate load. The influence was however less imminent as for the partially reinforced sample. The load-deflection curves for the SFWS panel showed smooth deflection hardening curve while SFT samples exhibited steeper curves. As a whole, it can be concluded that better performance was demonstrated by the fully reinforced sample with the highest flange thickness.
Structural reliability of RC elements with electric arc furnace slag as recycled aggregates
Authors: Zanini M A , De Stefani E , Faleschini F , Pellegrino C 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Sustainable development issues have become very important in the recent years, and the increased sensibility on sustainability of civil engineering structures are inducing to set the attention in recycling operations, also in the context of building materials. Concrete is the most used construction material in the world and its production requires a considerable demand of energy and raw materials, inducing significant gases emissions and huge quantity of natural materials and non-renewable resources exploitation. Electric Arc Furnace Concrete (EAF concrete) is a kind of recycled concrete in which its aggregates are the by-product of steel and iron producing processes, the so called Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) slag: while its environmental positive effect is easily understandable and intuitive, its effective usefulness and reliability in the building field is more difficult to accept. From the literature data, it seems that EAF concrete presents higher values of compressive and tensile strengths and modulus of elasticity than the natural concrete ones, and this might induces one to think that a higher structural reliability could be expected. However, it is worth recalling that this material is characterized by also a higher self-weight, thus, increasing the dead-load values. Hence, in this study, a reliability-based analysis of the structural load-carrying capacity of EAF reinforced concrete (RC) elements is carried out, through a fully probabilistic approach based on Monte Carlo simulations improved by Latin Hypercube method (LHS). The analysed RC elements are designed according to the Italian current construction code, and then, considering all the uncertainties included in the random variables definition, failure probability and relative reliability index are estimated and compared to the reliability of the same RC elements with natural concrete. Results indicate that, for the analysed cases, when EAF slag is used as coarse recycled aggregate, it is possible to guarantee the same reliability level than in RC elements realised with natural concrete.
Influence of concrete humidity on the temperature development under fatigue compressive loading
Authors: Markert M , Birtel V , Garrecht H 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Due to research activities on the topic of concrete mixtures during the last decades concrete compressive strength could be increased significantly. At the same time the lifespan of concrete structures has been continuously extended. Therefore, the fatigue behavior of modern High Performance Concrete (HPC) becomes more important with respect to service life. Previous studies on normal strength concrete have shown that the number of cycles to failure under pure compressive cyclic loading mainly depends on frequency and amplitude. An increase of the loading frequency leads to a higher number of load cycles to failure. Recent research work shows that the humidity of the specimen is also influencing the fatigue behavior of concrete. Conditioning of the test specimen to high humidity led to significant lower fatigue life. Other research activities on high strength concrete point out the effect of the loading frequency on load induced heat effects of the concrete. The experimental study presented here aims on the influence of the humidity on the temperature development under fatigue compressive loading and on the number of cycles to failure. It comprises three fatigue test series at a test frequency of 10 Hz with sealed cylindrical specimens of the same concrete with different degrees of humidity. In addition, destructive and non-destructive tests were carried out on damaged and undamaged concrete.
Low heat concrete hydration thermal reduction with bioconc
Authors: Basoeki M , Koespiadi  , Ekaputri J J 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This paper presents the experimental study on the control of the heat of hydration of mass concrete using the concrete bio-admixture, bioconc. The basic issue of mass concrete is thermal cracking, because of the heat of hydration of the cement content in mass concrete. This paper reports on the research results of using the concrete bio admixture, bioconc as a micro filler. To control the heat of hydration of mass concrete the cement content was reduced significantly up to 40 percent. The product is called bioconc low heat concrete. In order to control the researched object, it was compared with: pre-coolingmasscon and fly ash based low heat masscon. There were three parameters to be compared for asessing the product: hydration heat control effectiveness, cost of raw materials and the environmental impact. In this research, the concrete was made with fc’ 25 and the size of the mass concrete mock-up was 1000x1000x2500 mm3. Research result written in series of following data: the peak temperature, duration to reach peak temperature, thermal gap between core-edge off masscon and masscon raw material cost. The peak temperature at bioconc low heat concrete was 63.5 °C within 29.5 hours after pouring. It has thermal different at 19.5 °C. The cost of material was US$ 54.6 per cubic meter.
Characteristics of geopolymer hybrid concrete in peat water
Authors: Wijaya M F , Olivia M , Wibisono G , Saputra E , Wang S 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Geopolymer hybrid is a combination of geopolymer and Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) or other binders to produce an alternative binder. This type of binder could be used to transform low-quality fly ash into multi-purpose concrete. Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) concrete subjected to an acidic organic environment such as peatland, is more prone to deterioration in long-term than concrete using the supplementary cementitious material. In this research, the geopolymer was made by activating low-quality fly ash (contains more than 5% carbon) with the alkaline activator. The inclusion of OPC and Portland Cement Composite (PCC) as a fly ash replacement material is intended to promote curing at ambient temperature and immobilization of heavy metals in fly ash. The specimens were cast and cured at ambient temperature up to 28 days. OPC was used as a control mix. Subsequently, the concrete was immersed in fresh peat water in the laboratory up to 28 days. Characteristics of the geopolymer hybrid such as compressive strength, porosity, and leaching were determined. Microstructure analysis, such as SEM-EDX and FTIR, were conducted. Results show that the geopolymer hybrid has a good strength development at early days. At 28 days, there was a reduction of strength and increase of porosity, probably due to the attack of calcium from the OPC concrete. There was a transformation of aluminosilicate gel into C/N-A-S-H that is advantageous for the strength development at the early days. However, a weaker material has formed in the long term that cannot resist further acid attack. It can be concluded that the geopolymer hybrid is a promising binder, but it is essential to design the material appropriately to have better strength, durability and environmental properties in the long term.
Resilient modulus values of Western Australia asphalt pavement
Authors: Wibisono G , Nikraz H R 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Resilient modulus (MR) is a property to measure the material’s stiffness in designing asphalt pavement thickness. The value is usually calculated from an Indirect Tensile Test (ITT) for decades since it is considered efficient and more practical in most applications, and it only uses a single loading time and temperature. The Austroads 2008 still included the resilient modulus values from ITT as an input value at the initial pavement design stage due to its practicality in the application, although this conventional approach has no longer been used in a mechanistic-empirical design guide by NCHRP. In this research, three asphalt mixtures with variables of aggregates diameter and type of asphalt using Western Australia materials were investigated. The mixes, i.e. AC10-320, AC14-320, and AC20-320, were cast in cylinders with a dimension of 75×100mm at a reference temperature of 25°C. The indirect tensile strength used triplicate samples. Research shows the resilient modulus values increase with an increase of nominal maximum aggregate size and a decrease of air voids percentage. The highest MR values were given by mix AC-320 with 3% air voids compared to other mixtures variation. The reasons are an improvement in particle-to-particle contact between the aggregates and density with low air voids in the mixes. From this study, the resilient modulus values of Western Australian asphalt mixtures still meet the lower part of the range of the Austroads presumptive values and recommend as indicative values for design input in pavement thickness calculation.
Determining stiffness modulus by means of different mechanical testing
Authors: Pramesti F P , Poot M R , Van de Ven M F C , Molenaar A A A 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Many research on mechanistic testing have come to likely conclusion that different test setup results in different performance. The aim of this paper is to analyse the stiffness modulus resulting from three different test setups, namely; Monotonic Uniaxial Tension Test (MUTT), Monotonic Uniaxial Compression Test (MUCT), and Indirect Tensile Test (ITT). They are monotonic tests. This paper will elaborate if there is any significant difference among the result of the first three tests. Master curves of stiffness modulus as a function of strain rate at reference temperature of 15°C were developed. The results show that there is no significance difference between the modulus resulting from the three tests performed at high strain rates. It’s also shown that at low strain rate, the elastic modulus resulting from compression tests is in between indirect and uniaxial tension test’s elastic modulus.
Lineament analysis of digital elevation model to identification of geological structure in Northern Manna Sub-Basin, Bengkulu
Authors: Fajri SN , Surtiyono E , Nalendra S 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Digital Elevation Model (DEM) is a representation of the actual landform based on elevation. DEM is part of the technological sophistication that is very helpful in planning, mapping, and surveying. This study applies DEM, which is constructed from DEMNAS, focusing on DEM optimization for geological structures identification.The applied method is ellipsoid stress model analysis approach to determine the type of structure. The scope of this study is located in North Manna Sub-Basin, tectonically is a basin that formed on Paleogen by an extensional force that forms half-graben along the Bengkulu Shelf. Interpretation of DEM in the study area showed the existence of 10 lineament patterns of NE-SW and five NNE-SSW patterns, controlled by normal fault, nine lineament patterns of NW-SE and six WNW-ESE patterns, controlled by a thrust fault and fold. Field observation using direct measurement method obtained by four faults with NE-SW and NNE-SSW pattern, one fault and four folds with NW-SE pattern,three faults and two folds with WNW-ESE trending pattern. This indicates that the accuracy level of DEM in the study area reaches 90%. The geological structure that is still active, certainly requires special attention in building construction.
Transformations of Urban Space in Community and Pedestrian Wellbeing
Authors: Villanueva CMS 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Resiliency and well-being are pressing issues in communities worldwide as we cope with the challenges of economy, climate change, and the sustainable development goals. Resilience is the ability of ecological systems to absorb changes of state variables, driving variables, and parameters, and still persist (Holling, 1973). The measure of one nation’s ability to adapt to these evolving issues may vary greatly with another because of their culture and way of life. The ultimate goal of a resilient society is the wellbeing of its community.
Wellbeing is when individuals have the psychological, social, and physical resources they need to meet a particular psychological, social, and/or physical challenge. When individuals have more challenges than resources, the see-saw dips, along with their wellbeing, and vice-versa (Dodge, 2012).
With two-thirds of the world’s population is being expected to reside in cities by 2050, it is clear that urban areas will be the engines of economic growth and sustainable development (UNODC, 2019). Cities across the globe are undermined by chronic insecurity, violence, and corruption, which are often connected to crime challenges originating beyond urban boundaries (UNODC, 2019). Studies show that street crimes are affected by the physical characteristics within a community’s field of vision (Lee, et al, 2017).
This study attempts to model the collective experiences of stakeholders and pedestrians from 2015 - 2018. This study will feature the existing conditions on the urban spaces, such as the sidewalks, the road networks, and barangays (barangays are the smallest unit of government in the Philippines). Mapping the social impacts of lighting, noise, crime, and accidents will feature their geographical distribution along España Boulevard; a major access route in the country’s University Belt.
Findings show that the manifestations of transformations in urban space occur in fluid trajectories that can be in patterns of horizontal, vertical, and cyclical schemes in achieving community and pedestrian wellbeing.
Theoretical Performance of a Multi-Cyclone Fine Particulate Emission Control System
Authors: Hussein Norelyza , Rashid Mohd , Hasyimah Hashim Nor , Ruwaida Jamian Nor , Hafizan Che Hassan Che 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The study involves the development of theoretical performance background of a newly developed multi-cyclones fine particulate emission control system named as MR-deDuster. The theoretical background of the unit was developed based on the modifications of established design equations available in literatures. The Leith & Licht model and modified Lapple model with different definitions of maximum radial distance travelled by a particulate (W) were used to predict the performance of the unit under various volumetric gas flow rate ranging from 0.13 to 0.21 m3/s. The result reveals significant differences among predictions, but yet all the predictions approve the capability of the unit to capture the particulate matter, especially the fine size fraction.
Layering of History in Malaysian Modern Architecture through Analytical Diagramming
Authors: Balkish Roslan Siti , Ariff Amir 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The paper looks at the Malaysian Modern Architecture buildings of historical significance from the post-independence (post-Merdeka) period of 1950s by using analytical diagrams to examine their historical layers. The 1950s beheld an important transition of architecture history in Malaysia as the newly independent nation sought to formulate an identity through various enterprises, including architecture. The usage of these historical buildings has changed over time. Considering a building as a singular entity and ignoring its past influences diminishes its historical significance and neglects history as a continuous evolutionary pressure upon the building. As architectural history develops over time, it will have layer upon layer of its physical, functional, and contextual aspects affected by factors pertaining to socio-culture, politics, and economy. Visual representation is important to capture changes and to be open in anticipation of new layers that encapsulate the building’s reading at a certain point of time. The idea is to not only capture the momentous spirit of a building, but also multiple monumental and ambiguous changes that keep true to history. Such a visual representation allows an easy reading of the historical value and an open discussion through visual clues and analytical diagramming. In this study, we have selected the Modern building, Angkasapuri, as an archetype for interrogation via analytical diagrams.
The influence of surface inhomogeneity on the overcharge and lithium plating of graphite electrodes
Authors: Verbrugge Mark W , Baker Daniel R 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
We seek to clarify phenomena involved in the overcharge of a graphite electrode in a lithium ion battery, including lithium (Li) plating. In Baker and Verbrugge (2019 J. Electrochem. Soc.), we developed a set of equations that can be used to treat Li plating and subsequent electro-dissolution, and we analyzed how the equation system behaved for a particle of graphite, a fundamental unit of the negative (porous) electrode in lithium ion cells. In this work, we employ the same governing equations, but we render them in a two-dimensional setting to examine the graphite-electrolyte interface, allowing us to clarify phenomena involved in Li plating over graphitic electrode elements in the absence of complicating factors associated with the architecture of a porous electrode. For a variety of reasons described in the Introduction of this work, the surface of graphite is nonuniform in terms of reaction rates for Li insertion and plating, and we show that when the electrode is subjected to constant-current charging, as is commonly employed, such nonuniformities lead to early Li plating over the highly reactive surfaces. These observations underscore the importance of maintaining a uniform electrode surface, especially when the cell is to be subjected to high rates of charge.