bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Being in the right place at the right time? Parallel diversification bursts favored by the persistence of ancient epizoochorous traits and hidden factors in Cynoglossoideae
Authors: Otero Ana , Jiménez‐Mejías Pedro , Valcárcel Virginia , Vargas Pablo 
Published: March 2019

Premise of the StudyLong‐distance dispersal (LDD) syndromes, especially endozoochory, facilitate plant colonization of new territories that trigger diversification. However, few studies have analyzed how epizoochorous fruits influence both range distribution and diversification rates. We examined the evolutionary history of a hyperdiverse clade of Boraginaceae (subfamily Cynoglossoideae, eight tribes, ~60 genera, ~1100 species) and the evolution of fruit traits. We evaluated the evolutionary history of diaspore syndromes correlated with geographic distribution and diversification rates over time.MethodsPlastid DNA regions and morphological traits associated with dispersal syndromes were analyzed for 71 genera (226 species). We employed trait‐dependent diversification analysis (HiSSE) and biogeographic reconstruction (Lagrange) using a time‐calibrated phylogeny.Key ResultsOur results indicate that (1) the earliest divergence events in Cynoglossoideae occurred in the central‐northeastern Palearctic during the Paleogene (early to middle Eocene); (2) an epizoochorous trait (specialized hooks named glochids) is ancestral and has been maintained long term; and (3) glochids are correlated with increased diversification rates in two distantly related clades (Rochelieae and Cynoglossinae). Rapid speciation occurred for these two groups in the same area (central‐eastern Palearctic) and same period (Oligocene‐Miocene: Rochelieae, 30.82–13.69 mya; Cynoglossinae, 33.10–15.21 mya). Lower diversification rates were inferred for the remaining four glochid‐bearing clades.ConclusionsOne more example of “biogeographic congruence” in angiosperms is supported by a shared geographic (central‐northeastern Palearctic) and temporal (28.60–21.59 mya, late Oligocene) opportunity window for two main clades’ diversification. Epizoochorous traits (fruit glochids) had an effect in higher diversification rates only with the joint effect of other unmeasured factors.
Social Cohesion, Neighborhood Collective Efficacy, and Adolescent Subjective Well‐being in Urban and Rural Taiwan
Authors: Wang Shu‐Chen , Fowler Patrick J. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThis study investigates the association between neighborhood social cohesion, collective efficacy, and adolescent subjective well‐being in a nationally representative sample of Taiwanese youth. The study represents a first to adapt and test a developmental ecological model within a Chinese cultural context. Data came from the Taiwan Youth Project, which assessed representative samples of seventh graders (n = 2,690) and ninth graders (n = 2,851) from both urban and rural counties. The analytic sample included 4,988 adolescents (M age = 14.4, SD = 1.14; 50% female) in Taiwan. A path analysis estimated the direct and indirect effects of social cohesion on adolescent well‐being. The results suggest that neighbors can affect young people's well‐being by reinforcing their perception of safety and enhancing their self‐esteem. Comparisons between youth from urban and rural areas demonstrate a general similarity in the developmental processes, though the perception of safety is less of a concern in rural areas. Findings emphasize universal aspects of neighborhood collective efficacy and developmental–ecological models, as well as allude to culturally specific dimensions in a Chinese‐based context.
Lgr5+ intestinal stem cell sorting and organoid culture
Authors: Liu Ruixue , Li Haifeng , Cai Juan , Wei Qiang , Han Xiaonan 
Published: March 2019

AbstractIntestinal epithelial stem cells (IESCs) are one of the most rapidly self‐renewing and proliferating adult stem cells. The IESCs reside at the bottom of intestinal and colonic crypts, giving rise to all intestinal epithelial lineages and maintaining intestinal epithelial replenishment. The technique of three‐dimensional culture based upon intestinal stem cell biology has been recently developed to study gastrointestinal development and disease pathogenesis. Here, we summarize the techniques used to isolate Lgr5‐positive IESCs to form the enteroids from intestine or colonoids from colon, and present the means to examine these organoid functions. This study will provide a simple and practical way for producing intestinal tissues in the laboratory.
Association between physician‐staffed ambulances and patient prognoses after out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrests with respect to shockable and non‐shockable rhythms: a retrospective observational study in a southern area of Shiga Prefecture Japan
Authors: Kato Fumitaka , Fujino Kazunori , Shiomi Naoto , Eguchi Yutaka 
Published: March 2019

AimOut‐of‐hospital cardiac arrests (OHCA) are a significant public health problem; to improve patients’ prognoses, various interventions, such as providing physician‐staffed ambulances, have been implemented. We aimed to examine whether physician‐staffed ambulances were associated with patients’ prognoses after OHCA with respect to first‐monitored rhythms.MethodsThis retrospective observational study was undertaken between 1 September 2011 and 31 December 2015, using data based on Utstein‐style guidelines. We extracted data on age, sex, first‐monitored rhythm (shockable or non‐shockable), presence of a witness, bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation, time from call to arrival at the scene, out‐of‐hospital adrenaline administration, out‐of‐hospital intubation, return of spontaneous circulation before arrival at the hospital, and survival and neurological outcomes 30 days after OHCA, according to cerebral performance categories. We undertook logistic regression analyses to assess the association between physician‐staffed ambulances and patients’ prognoses.ResultsA total of 882 OHCA patients were eligible for this study. Physician‐staffed ambulances attended to 164 OHCA patients. Multivariable analysis found that in non‐shockable rhythm patients, physician‐staffed ambulances significantly improved good neurological outcome (odds ratio, 3.65; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.28–10.50; P = 0.02), return of spontaneous circulation before arrival at the hospital (odds ratio, 2.68; 95% CI, 1.62–4.42; P < 0.001), and 30‐day survival (odds ratio, 2.90; 95% CI, 1.30–6.45; P = 0.009). However, physician‐staffed ambulances were not associated with patient prognoses in shockable rhythm patients.ConclusionDespite our study's limitations, physician‐staffed ambulances might be associated with good neurological outcomes in non‐shockable rhythm patients. Our observations could provide more appropriate prehospital treatment options for OHCA patients.
Modulation of Higher‐order Behaviour in Model Protocell Communities by Artificial Phagocytosis
Authors: Rodríguez‐Arco Laura , Kumar B. V. V. S. Pavan , Li Mei , Patil Avinash J. , Mann Stephen 
Published: March 2019

AbstractCollective behaviour in mixed populations of synthetic protocells is an unexplored area of bottom‐up synthetic biology. The dynamics of a model protocell community is exploited to modulate the function and higher‐order behaviour of mixed populations of bioinorganic protocells in response to a process of artificial phagocytosis. Enzyme‐loaded silica colloidosomes are spontaneously engulfed by magnetic Pickering emulsion (MPE) droplets containing complementary enzyme substrates to initiate a range of processes within the host/guest protocells. Specifically, catalase, lipase, or alkaline phosphatase‐filled colloidosomes are used to trigger phagocytosis‐induced buoyancy, membrane reconstruction, or hydrogelation, respectively, within the MPE droplets. The results highlight the potential for exploiting surface‐contact interactions between different membrane‐bounded droplets to transfer and co‐locate discrete chemical packages (artificial organelles) in communities of synthetic protocells.
A Polyaromatic Gemini Amphiphile That Assembles into a Well‐Defined Aromatic Micelle with Higher Stability and Host Functions
Authors: Nishioka Tomoya , Kuroda Kiyonori , Akita Munetaka , Yoshizawa Michito 
Published: March 2019

AbstractA gemini‐type amphiphilic molecule, constituted of two V‐shaped polyaromatic amphiphiles linked by a linear acetylene spacer, was synthesized. The gemini amphiphile assembles into a well‐defined aromatic micelle (ca. 2 nm in core diameter), providing higher stability in water even at low concentration (0.09 mm) and high temperature (>130 °C). Unlike common gemini amphiphiles with aliphatic chains, the present amphiphile and its micellar assembly emit green and orange fluorescence (ΦF=33 and 9 %), respectively. Despite strong and multiple π‐stacks of the polyaromatic panels of the amphiphiles, the water‐soluble gemini aromatic micelle incorporates medium‐size to large hydrophobic compounds into the frameworks. Interestingly, the guest binding capability toward large planar molecules was enhanced by more than two times through the pre‐encapsulation of spherical molecules in the cavity.
Origin of Thermal and Hyperthermal CO2 from CO Oxidation on Pt Surfaces: The Role of Post‐Transition‐State Dynamics, Active Sites, and Chemisorbed CO2
Authors: Zhou Linsen , Kandratsenka Alexander , Campbell Charles T. , Wodtke Alec M. , Guo Hua 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe post‐transition‐state dynamics in CO oxidation on Pt surfaces are investigated using DFT‐based ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. While the initial CO2 formed on a terrace site on Pt(111) desorbs directly, it is temporarily trapped in a chemisorption well on a Pt(332) step site. These two reaction channels thus produce CO2 with hyperthermal and thermal velocities with drastically different angular distributions, in agreement with recent experiments (Nature, 2018, 558, 280–283). The chemisorbed CO2 is formed by electron transfer from the metal to the adsorbate, resulting in a bent geometry. While chemisorbed CO2 on Pt(111) is unstable, it is stable by 0.2 eV on a Pt(332) step site. This helps explain why newly formed CO2 produced at step sites desorbs with far lower translational energies than those formed at terraces. This work shows that steps and other defects could be potentially important in finding optimal conditions for the chemical activation and dissociation of CO2.
Micellar Catalysis for Ruthenium(II)‐Catalyzed C−H Arylation: Weak‐Coordination‐Enabled C−H Activation in H2O
Authors: Yetra Santhivardhana Reddy , Rogge Torben , Warratz Svenja , Struwe Julia , Peng Wentao , Vana Philipp , Ackermann Lutz 
Published: March 2019

AbstractChemoselective C−H arylations were accomplished through micellar catalysis by a versatile single‐component ruthenium catalyst. The strategy provided expedient access to C−H‐arylated ferrocenes with wide functional‐group tolerance and ample scope through weak chelation assistance. The sustainability of the C−H arylation was demonstrated by outstanding atom‐economy and recycling studies. Detailed computational studies provided support for a facile C−H activation through thioketone assistance.
Spectroscopic investigation, DFT, fluorescence, molecular docking and biological studies of divalent and trivalent binuclear complexes prepared from benzoyl thiosemicarbazide derivative of 2‐benzylmalonohydrazide
Authors: El‐Morshedy Reham M. , El‐Gamil Mohammed M. , Abou‐Elzahab Mohamed Mahmoud , Abu El‐Reash Gaber M. 
Published: March 2019

The binuclear Cr (III), Mn (II) and Fe (III) complexes of N,N′‐(2,2′‐(2‐benzylmalonyl)bis (hydrazine‐1‐carbonothioyl))dibenzamide (H4BPCD), which derived from the combination of 2‐benzylmalonohydrazide suspension with benzoyl‐isothiocyanate, have been isolated and investigated by the necessary analytical and spectroscopic techniques. The IR studies show that H4BPCD dispose as a mono‐negative hexadentate ligand (NOS)2 towards Mn (II) ion and tetra‐negative hexadentate (NOS)2 towards both Cr (III) and Fe (III) ions. The values of molar conductance in DMSO suggested the non‐electrolytic nature for all complexes. The magnetic measurements and the electronic transitions data confirmed the hexa‐coordinate geometry of complexes. The DFT geometry optimization of all compounds and IR comparative study of both theoretical and experimental of H4BPCD were carried out. Moreover, the H4BPCD and its Cr (III) complex displayed intra ligand (π → π*) fluorescence emission spectra which corroborate their photoactive nature. The coordinated and crystalline water molecules have been investigated by (TG/DTG) studies. The kinetic and thermodynamic parameters were computed using Horowitz‐ Metzger, Coats‐Redfern and Broido methods. Biological studies of DNA binding, minimum inhibitory concentration, in vitro determination of SOD‐like activity and MTT‐cytotoxicity assay as well as molecular docking studies were tested for the ligand and its complexes.
Synthesis of carbon quantum dots to fabricate ultraviolet‐shielding poly(vinylidene fluoride) films
Authors: Dong Li , Xiong Zhengrong , Liu Xiangdong , Sheng Dekun , Zhou Yan , Yang Yuming 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACTThe paper presents a simple and effective approach to fabricating a poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) film with excellent ultraviolet (UV) shielding performance. Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) with a highly UV absorbing property were made via a hydrothermal reaction and were then added to a poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) solution. The PVDF membrane pretreated with an alkaline solution was immersed in the prepared CQD/PVA solution to coat a UV‐shielding layer on the film surface. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectrometry, X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and UV–visible spectrophotometry were applied to study the structure, morphology, and optical performance of the CQD particles. The stability and UV‐shielding performance of the obtained PVDF‐OH@CQDs/PVA composite film were further investigated. The results showed that the CQD particles with diameter of 18 nm could be well dispersed in solution. Additionally, the CQDs had fairly high UV absorbance, and the PVDF‐OH@CQDs/PVA composite film could shield the UV light completely. The method described in this paper is a promising one for fabricating UV‐shielding composite films. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47555.
Design of polyurethane fibers: Relation between the spinning technique and the resulting fiber topology
Authors: Tan Chin Joo , Lee Jacky Jia Li , Ang Bee Chin , Andriyana Andri , Chagnon Grégory , Sukiman Muhamad Shafiq 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACTProperties or characteristics of fibers are affected by their topology. In fact, these topologies are found to have significant impacts in the functionalities of many applications. Hence, in this study, the relations between the spinning techniques and the topology of the resulting fibers are studied with the aim to provide a guideline for future reference where fibers with certain topology can be fabricated to suit specific applications. For this purpose, polyurethane is chosen to be the raw material to fabricate the fibers due to its versatility to be applied in various fields. The surface morphology, structures, and alignments of the fibers are studied. It is found that the polymer solution properties largely influence the mechanisms in the spinning process and can significantly affect the topology of the fibers. For instance, viscous solutions enable the spinning of coiled and smooth fibers, whereas conductive solutions encourage the splaying of the solution jet which results in the spinning of straight fibers. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47706.
Functionalized graphene‐reinforced polysiloxane nanocomposite with improved mechanical performance and efficient healing properties
Authors: Zhao Liwei , Jiang Bo , Huang Yudong 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACTIt is a challenge to design nanofiller reinforced self‐healing nanocomposites with both improved mechanical properties and highly efficient self‐healing properties. In this work, we report a self‐healing polysiloxane nanocomposite using furan‐functionalized graphene (G‐FA) as reinforcement based on Diels−Alder (DA) chemistry. The formed interactions between G‐FA and polysiloxane chains were reversible DA bonds, which negligibly affected the nanocomposites healing efficiency. The self‐healing polysiloxane nanocomposite with 6% G‐FA has a tensile strength of 0.25 MPa that was improved by 140% when compared to an elastomer without G‐FA. The healable polysiloxane nanocomposite recovered more than 90% of its tensile strength and 98% of its elongation‐at‐break, demonstrating that the nanocomposite exhibited highly efficient self‐healing properties. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47725.
Sintered electrospun poly(ɛ‐caprolactone)–poly(ethylene terephthalate) for drug delivery
Authors: Chaparro Francisco J. , Presley Kayla F. , Coutinho da Silva Marco A. , Mandan Nayan , Colachis Matthew L. , Posner Michael , Arnold Ryan M. , Fan Fan , Moraes Christa R. , Lannutti John J. 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACTElectrospinning has the inherent advantage of being able to achieve molecular mixing of polymers having substantially different melting points. Electrospun poly(ɛ‐caprolactone)–poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PCL:PET) capsules are densified by sintering to enable drug encapsulation. Proton and diffusive nuclear magnetic resonance, as well as a selective dissolution, suggest an absence of reaction between the two polymers. Sintering at 100 °C successfully densifies 88.89:11.11 and 75:25 PCL:PET blends. Following sintering, the otherwise dense 75:25 composition retains electrospun features and exhibits some “memory” of its previous state. Sintering increases UTS approximately eightfold versus as‐spun values for 88.89:11.11 and 75:25. Elongation increases sixfold and twofold and modulus 44‐ and 69‐fold for the 75:25 and 88.89:11.11 samples, respectively. Differential scanning calorimetry suggests a postsintering structure of nanoscale PET dispersed in PCL along the original fiber directions. Selective PCL removal from dense blends shows that fibrous characteristics remain. An internal shish–kebab‐like structure is also present in as‐spun 75:25 PCL:PET. Water absorption of hydrophobic oil‐containing capsules is approximately zero after 49 days. In contrast, hydrophilic (HPI) oils allow substantial water uptake. Unsurprisingly, there is no release of a model drug from the hydrophobic carrier. HPI oil provides linear (zero‐order) release inversely proportional to PET from the 88.89:11.11 and 75:25 ratios. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47731.
Open‐source data reveal how collections‐based fungal diversity is sensitive to global change
Authors: Andrew Carrie , Büntgen Ulf , Egli Simon , Senn‐Irlet Beatrice , Grytnes John‐Arvid , Heilmann‐Clausen Jacob , Boddy Lynne , Bässler Claus , Gange Alan C. , Heegaard Einar , Høiland Klaus , Kirk Paul M. , Krisai‐Greilhüber Irmgard , Kuyper Thomas W. , Kauserud Håvard 
Published: March 2019

Premise of the StudyFungal diversity (richness) trends at large scales are in urgent need of investigation, especially through novel situations that combine long‐term observational with environmental and remotely sensed open‐source data.MethodsWe modeled fungal richness, with collections‐based records of saprotrophic (decaying) and ectomycorrhizal (plant mutualistic) fungi, using an array of environmental variables across geographical gradients from northern to central Europe. Temporal differences in covariables granted insight into the impacts of the shorter‐ versus longer‐term environment on fungal richness.ResultsFungal richness varied significantly across different land‐use types, with highest richness in forests and lowest in urban areas. Latitudinal trends supported a unimodal pattern in diversity across Europe. Temperature, both annual mean and range, was positively correlated with richness, indicating the importance of seasonality in increasing richness amounts. Precipitation seasonality notably affected saprotrophic fungal diversity (a unimodal relationship), as did daily precipitation of the collection day (negatively correlated). Ectomycorrhizal fungal richness differed from that of saprotrophs by being positively associated with tree species richness.DiscussionOur results demonstrate that fungal richness is strongly correlated with land use and climate conditions, especially concerning seasonality, and that ongoing global change processes will affect fungal richness patterns at large scales.
Historical changes in bivalve growth rates indicate ecological consequences of human occupation in estuaries
Authors: Wells Susan R. , Wing Lucy C. , Smith Abigail M. , Smith Ian W.G. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Only 800 years ago, New Zealand became the last major land mass to be settled by humans, leading to environmental degradation and precipitating a decline in indigenous fauna. Such ecological downgrading can alter ecosystem processes and drive down the capacity for remnant ecosystems to withstand the anthropogenic pressures of today.
In New Zealand, these impacts are chronicled in a concise and remarkably complete archaeological record and are distinguishable from natural changes due to changing climate.
Estuaries are subject to strong environmental gradients that drive productivity and contain critical habitats for key life‐history phases for marine and terrestrial species. Linking land to sea, they host abundant, accessible human resources and are sensitive to anthropogenic environmental modification.
Austrovenus stutchburyi is a common filter feeding bivalve in New Zealand estuaries. An important food source for Māori, their shells are abundant in middens. Growth rates of A. stutchburyi are affected by multiple environmental factors, including temperature, salinity, nutrients, and sediment, and are recorded through time as easily measurable annual shell bands. Measuring spatial and temporal variation in growth rate of A. stutchburyi can be used to identify the timing of changes in estuarine conditions.
Growth bands were measured in archaeological and modern (AD 1300–present) A. stutchburyi shells from six sites around New Zealand with varying occupational histories. There were no increases in growth rate, and rates declined measurably over time at three sites (up to a 50% reduction in growth per year). This decline was greater at estuaries that had experienced greater catchment modification, indicating that sediment loading due to land clearance was a likely driver of this change.
New Zealand's coastline and marine resources are often perceived as wild and pristine. We propose that fundamental changes have occurred in the functioning of coastal marine ecosystems, which constrain its future.