bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variation of the Great Auricular Nerve and Prediction of the Facial Nerve Trunk Size
Authors: Kriengkraikasem Krist , Kowitwibool Kritsada , Chanpoo Malee 
Published: December 2018

Background:
This study aimed to reveal the anatomical variation in the great auricular nerve (GAN) and the correlation between the size of the GAN and the facial nerve trunk (FNT), so as to aid surgeons to perform safe facelift surgery and parotidectomy.

Methods:
Sixteen human cadavers were studied on 16 left and 15 right facial sides. The GAN’s branching patterns, location, and the mean width of the GAN and FNT were measured.

Results:
The average distance where the nerve emerged from under the sternocleidomastoid muscle was 87.61 ± 12.13 mm when measured perpendicular to the Frankfort horizontal plane. The branching pattern of the GAN could be classified into 5 types of which the most common was type 3 (30.77%), where the GAN divided into the anterior (superficial) and posterior branches, and then the deep branch originated from the posterior branch of the GAN. The mean width of the GAN and FNT from all the dissections was 3.26 ± 0.67 mm and 3.36 ± 0.71 mm, respectively. There was a significant correlation between the width of the nerves on both facial sides (right: r =0.740, P =0.002; left: r = 0.839, P < 0.001).

Conclusions:
This study revealed the anatomical variation and the width of the GAN, which can strongly predict the width of the FNT. This should be taken into consideration during facelift surgery and parotidectomy, especially in patients with a small GAN to prevent iatrogenic injury to the small FNT.
Preventive Effect on Seroma of Use of PEAK PlasmaBlade after Latissimus Dorsi Breast Reconstruction
Authors: Sowa Yoshihiro , Inafuku Naoki , Kodama Takuya , Morita Daiki , Numajiri Toshiaki 
Published: December 2018

Summary:
Postoperative seroma is still the main complication after a latissimus dorsi (LD) flap procedure. The etiology of seroma is currently thought to comprise tissue fluids resulting from inflammatory reactions in affected tissue caused by the use of monopolar electrocautery (EC). It is possible that seroma formation can be reduced by using alternative devices such as the PEAK PlasmaBlade (PPB), which provides atraumatic scalpel-like cutting precision while the blade temperature remains close to body temperature. The subjects were 44 patients who underwent breast reconstruction with LD flaps from August 2015 to April 2017. They were retrospectively split into groups treated with a PPB (n = 21) and with conventional EC (n = 23). Outcomes such as rate of seroma formation, total drain discharge volume, indwelling period of drainage at the donor site, length of hospital stay, and operation time were compared between the 2 groups. The incidence of seroma was significantly lower in the PPB group (19.0%) than in the EC group (47.8%). The total drain discharge volume was significantly lower and the indwelling period of drainage and length of hospital stay were significantly shorter in the PPB group. In summary, use of PPB in an LD flap procedure can reduce seroma formation and the lengths of the drainage period and the hospital stay.
Complication Management following Rejuvenation Procedures with Hyaluronic Acid Fillers—an Algorithm-based Approach
Authors: Snozzi Philippe , van Loghem Jani A. J. 
Published: December 2018

Background:
Hyaluronic acid is an ideal facial filler, however, although established as both safe and effective, complications do occur. Treatment recommendations that combine both expert opinions and clinical trial data are currently lacking, partly due to difficulties with diagnoses, nonspecific diagnostic investigations, and certain disorders presenting with similar symptoms, thereby confounding diagnosis and treatment.

Methods:
The purpose of this article was to provide the aesthetic clinician with practical recommendations regarding complication diagnosis arising as a consequence of hyaluronic acid filler rejuvenation treatment. It also provides recommendations for their management using step-wise treatment algorithms that are based on published expert opinions, as well as the author’s clinical experience.

Results:
Algorithms are provided for the most common categories of complication associated with hyaluronic acid filler treatment, that is, skin discoloration, edema, nodules, infection, and vascular compromise.

Conclusions:
These guidelines are not intended to be complete or exhaustive but may prove informative for aesthetic clinicians who are responsible for treating patients with hyaluronic acid fillers. It may help to guide them on recognizing potential complications and it provides clear guidance on optimum treatment pathways.
Experience of Using a Semielemental Formula for Home Enteral Nutrition in Children
Authors: Leonard Marie , Caldari Dominique , Mas Emmanuel , Lambe Cécile , Comte Aurélie , Ley Delphine , Peretti Noël , Borderon Corinne , Marinier Evelyne , Coste Marie‐Edith , Lamireau Thierry , Rubio Amandine , Turquet Anne , Dubern Béatrice , Dabadie Alain , Gautry Julien , Kyheng Maeva , Guimber Dominique , Gottrand Frédéric 
Published: December 2018

ABSTRACTObjectives:The use of semielemental diets concerns a small proportion of children on enteral nutrition whose characteristics have never been reported. Our aim was to describe a cohort of patients on home enteral nutrition with Peptamen Junior, including the tolerance and nutritional efficacy of this product.Methods:We performed a retrospective multicenter survey on a cohort of patients receiving this semielemental diet at home between 2010 and 2015 in 14 tertiary pediatric French centers. We recorded at baseline, 3, 6, and 12 months, and then every year the anthropometric characteristics of the patients, indications and modalities of administration of the diet, and the tolerance and adverse events.Results:We recruited 136 patients ages 9.8 ± 4.4 years at baseline. Mean body mass index z score was −1.0 ± 1.8; mean height z score was −1.1 ± 1.9. The main underlying diseases were digestive (35.3%), neurological (33.1%), and hematological (19.9%). The indications for a semielemental diet were failure of another diet in 70 patients (51.9%), severe malnutrition in 19 (14.1%), cystic fibrosis in 11 (8.1%), and switch from parenteral nutrition in 11 (8.1%). Side effects were observed in 39.2% of the patients, and required medical attention in 8.2%. Body mass index improved or remained normal in 88.3% of children.Conclusions:This semielemental diet seems to be well tolerated and efficient in the setting of home enteral nutrition in children with complex diseases featuring malabsorption and/or after failure of polymeric diet.
Reduction of Metal Artifacts and Improvement in Dose Efficiency Using Photon-Counting Detector Computed Tomography and Tin Filtration
Authors: Zhou Wei , Bartlett David J. , Diehn Felix E. , Glazebrook Katrina N. , Kotsenas Amy L. , Carter Rickey E. , Fletcher Joel G. , McCollough Cynthia H. , Leng Shuai 
Published: December 2018

Objectives
The aim of this study was to investigate the impact on metal artifacts and dose efficiency of using a tin filter in combination with high-energy threshold (TH) images of a photon-counting detector (PCD) computed tomography (CT) system.

Materials and Methods
A 3D-printed spine with pedicle screws was scanned on a PCD-CT system with and without tin filtration. Image noise and severity of artifacts were measured for low-energy threshold (TL) and TH images. In a prospective, institutional review board–approved, Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act-compliant study, 20 patients having a clinical energy-integrating detector (EID) CT were scanned on a PCD-CT system using tin filtration. Images were reviewed by 3 radiologists to evaluate visualization of anatomic structures, diagnostic confidence, and image preference. Artifact severity and image noise were measured. Wilcoxon signed rank was used to test differences between PCD-CT TH and EID-CT images.

Results
Phantom TH images with tin filtration reduced metal artifacts and had comparable noise (32 HU) to TL images (29 HU) acquired without tin filtration. Visualization scores for the cortex, trabeculae, and implant-trabecular interface from PCD-CT TH images (4.4 ± 0.9, 4.4 ± 1.0, and 4.4 ± 1.0) were significantly higher (P < 0.0001) than EID-CT images (3.3 ± 1.3, 3.3 ± 1.2, and 3.3 ± 1.6). A strong preference was shown for PCD-CT TH images due to improved diagnostic confidence and decreased artifact severity. Noise in PCD-CT TH images (93 ± 41 HU) was significantly lower than that in EID-CT images (133 ± 92 HU, P < 0.05).

Conclusions
Threshold high images acquired with tin filtration on PCD-CT demonstrated a substantial decrease in metal artifacts and an increase in dose efficiency compared with EID-CT.
Iodinated Contrast Agents and Risk of Hypothyroidism in Young Children in the United States
Authors: Jick Susan S. , Hedderson Monique , Xu Fei , Cheng Yingkai , Palkowitsch Petra , Michel Alexander 
Published: December 2018

Background
Although it is generally acknowledged that exposure to iodine contrast agents can interfere with thyroid function, little is known about the incidence of iodine-induced hypothyroidism in young children (younger than the age of 4 years).

Study Objectives
This was a retrospective cohort study to estimate the incidence rate of detected hypothyroidism in a US-based general population of pediatric patients exposed to an iodinated contrast agent.

Setting
The study was conducted in Kaiser Permanente Northern California, an integrated health care delivery system.

Study Population
This study included 2320 pediatric patients younger than 4 years of age who had a diagnostic procedure with an iodinated contrast agent during years 2008 to 2016.

Results
Among 2320 young children who met our study criteria, we identified 34 who met the initial criteria to be a case of hypothyroidism. The incidence density ratio for all hypothyroidism in iodine contrast agent–exposed patients was 1.33 per 1000 person months (95% confidence interval, 0.9–1.8). Most cases appeared to have subclinical hypothyroidism. The rate was higher for the probably iodine-induced cases (0.90 per 1000 person months) compared with cases with a possible alternate etiology (0.43 per 1000 person months), for males compared with females, and among children who had a heart catheterization compared with those with a computed tomography scan. It was also highest among the youngest children (younger than 3 months old), and decreased with increasing age.

Discussion
Our finding of hypothyroidism in young children exposed to iodine contrast agents (1.33 per 1000 person months [95% confidence interval, 0.9–1.8]) is broadly consistent with the sparse literature on this outcome.
Integrative Medicine in Plastic Surgery
Authors: Ruan Qing Zhao , Chen Austin D. , Tran Bao Ngoc N. , Epstein Sherise , Fukudome Eugene Y. , Tobias Adam M. , Lin Samuel J. , Lee Bernard T. , Yeh Gloria Y. , Singhal Dhruv 
Published: December 2018

Background
Surveys have reported that as high as 80% of plastic surgery patients utilize integrative medicine approaches including natural products (NPs) and mind-body practices (MBPs). Little is known regarding the evidence of benefit of these integrative therapies specifically in a plastic surgery patient population.

Methods
We conducted a systematic review of studies in MEDLINE, PubMed, and EMBASE (inception through December 2016) evaluating integrative medicine among plastic surgery patients. Search terms included 76 separate NP and MBP interventions as listed in the 2013 American Board of Integrative Health Medicine Curriculum. Two independent reviewers extracted data from each study, including study type, population, intervention, outcomes, conclusions (beneficial, harmful, or neutral), year of publication, and journal type. Level of evidence was assessed according to the American Society of Plastic Surgeons Rating Levels of Evidence and Grading Recommendations.

Results
Of 29 studies analyzed, 13 studies (45%) evaluated NPs and 16 (55%) studied MBPs. Level II reproducible evidence supports use of arnica to decrease postoperative edema after rhinoplasty, onion extract to improve scar pigmentation, hypnosis to alleviate perioperative anxiety, and acupuncture to improve perioperative nausea. Level V evidence reports on the risk of bleeding in gingko and kelp use and the risk of infection in acupuncture use. After year 2000, 92% of NP studies versus 44% of MBP studies were published (P = 0.008).

Conclusions
High-level evidence studies demonstrate promising results for the use of both NPs and MBPs in the care of plastic surgery patients. Further study in this field is warranted.
Communication skills training for healthcare professionals in oncology over the past decade: a systematic review of reviews
Authors: Bos – van den Hoek Danique W. , Visser Leonie N.C. , Brown Richard F. , Smets Ellen M.A. , Henselmans Inge 
Published: December 2018

Purpose of review
Effective communication in cancer care requires complex communication skills of healthcare professionals (HCPs), which can be advanced by communication skills training (CST). The number of empirical studies on CST has grown steadily over the last decade. However, controversies on CST abound. The aim of this review of reviews is to summarize evidence for the effectiveness of CST in oncology as well as for effective CST features (intensity, format and content) and to synthesize the current opinion on CST.

Recent findings
The evidence synthesized from multiple reviews supported the effect of CST on HCPs’ communication skills. Yet, the certainty of evidence was limited as studies were diverse and effects heterogeneous. Furthermore, limited evidence was found for effective CST intensity, format and content. Authors of the reviews advocated further high-quality research with robust outcome measurement to establish the most essential features of CST and recommended implementation of CST in the standard training of HCPs with continuous supervision.

Summary
CST can probably improve some aspects of HCPs’ communication skills. Despite the uncertain evidence, implementation of CST into clinical practice is widely advocated and specific recommendations regarding intensity and format are provided. Evidence to justify and substantiate implementation efforts is needed.
White Matter Microstructure in Illiterate and Low-Literate Elderly Brazilians: Preliminary Findings
Authors: Resende Elisa de Paula França , Tovar-Moll Fernanda Freire , Ferreira Fernanda Meireles , Bramati Ivanei , de Souza Leonardo Cruz , Carmona Karoline Carvalho , Guimarães Henrique Cerqueira , Carvalho Viviane Amaral , Barbosa Maira Tonidandel , Caramelli Paulo 
Published: December 2018

Objective:
To investigate differences in white matter microstructure between illiterate and low-literate elderly Brazilians.

Background:
High literacy levels are believed to partially counteract the negative effects of neurodegenerative diseases. Investigating the impact of low literacy versus illiteracy on brain structure can contribute knowledge about cognitive reserve in elderly populations with low educational attainment. Fractional anisotropy is a measure derived from diffusion tensor imaging sequences that positively correlate with the integrity of the brain’s white matter microstructure.

Methods:
Older adults who participated in an epidemiological study to investigate brain aging in Brazil and had magnetic resonance scans with the diffusion tensor imaging acquisition were selected (n=31). Participants were divided into two groups: (a) low-literate (n=21), with 3.4 (1.4) years of education, 79.8 (3.8) years of age, 17 cognitively healthy and four with cognitive impairment-no dementia; and (b) illiterate (n=10) with no formal schooling, 80.7 (4.1) years of age, six cognitively healthy and four with cognitive impairment-no dementia. We contrasted the two groups’ white matter microstructure measures using whole-brain and region of interest approaches.

Results:
The low-literate participants had significantly higher fractional anisotropy values in the right superior longitudinal fasciculus than did the illiterate ones.

Conclusions:
Although our results are preliminary because of the sample size, they suggest that low literacy, versus illiteracy, is associated with higher fractional anisotropy values, which are indirect measurements of white matter microstructure. This finding provides insight into a possible mechanism by which literacy, even at low levels, may contribute to cognitive reserve.
When can we trust population trends? Quantifying the effects of sampling interval and duration
Authors: Wauchope Hannah , Johnston Alison , Amano Tatsuya , Sutherland William 
Published: December 2018

AbstractSpecies’ population trends are fundamental to conservation, underpinning lUCN red-list classifications, many national lists of threatened species and are also used globally to convey to policy makers the state of nature. Clearly, it’s crucial to quantify how much we can trust population trend data. Yet many studies analyzing large numbers of population time series lack a straightforward way to estimate confidence in each trend. Here we artificially degrade 27,930 waterbird population time series to see how often subsets of the data correctly estimate the direction and magnitude of each population’s true trend. We find you need to sample many years to be confident that there is no significant trend in a population. Conversely, if a significant trend is detected, even from only a small subset of years, this is likely to be representative of the population’s true trend. This means that if a significant decline is detected in a population, it is likely to be correct and conservation action should be taken immediately, but if the trend is insignificant, confidence in this can only be high with many samples. Our full results provide a clear and quantitative way to assign confidence to species trends, and lays the foundation for similar studies of other taxa that can help to add rigor to large-scale population analyses.
A novel mechanosensitive channel controls osmoregulation, differentiation and infectivity inTrypanosoma cruzi
Authors: Dave N , Cetiner U , Arroyo D , Fonbuena J , Tiwari M , Barrera P , Lander N , Anishkin A , Sukharev S , Jimenez V 
Published: December 2018

AbstractTrypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease, undergoes drastic morphological and biochemical modifications as it passes between hosts and transitions from extracellular to intracellular stages. The osmotic and mechanical aspects of these cellular transformations are not understood. Here we identify and characterize a novel mechanosensitive channel in T.cruzi(TcMscS) belonging to the superfamily of small conductance mechanosensitive channels (MscS). TcMscS is activated by membrane tension and forms a large pore permeable to anions, cations, and small osmolytes. The channel changes its location from the contractile vacuole complex in epimastigotes to the plasma membrane as the parasites develop into intracellular amastigotes. TcMscS knockout parasites show significant fitness defects, including increased cell volume, calcium dysregulation, impaired differentiation, and a dramatic decrease in infectivity. Our work provides mechanistic insights into components supporting pathogen adaptation inside the host thus opening the exploration of mechanosensation as a prerequisite of protozoan infectivity.
Beyond SNP Heritability: Polygenicity and Discoverability of Phenotypes Estimated with a Univariate Gaussian Mixture Model
Authors: Holland Dominic , Frei Oleksandr , Desikan Rahul , Fan Chun-Chieh , Shadrin Alexey A. , Smeland Olav B. , Sundar V. S. , Thompson Paul , Andreassen Ole A. , Dale Anders M. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractOf signal interest in the genetics of human traits is estimating their polygenicity (the proportion of causally associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)) and the discoverability (or effect size variance) of the causal SNPs. Narrow-sense heritability is proportional to the product of these quantities. We present a basic model, using detailed linkage disequilibrium structure from an extensive reference panel, to estimate these quantities from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) summary statistics for SNPs with minor allele frequency >1%. We apply the model to diverse phenotypes and validate the implementation with simulations. We find model polygenicities ranging from ≃ 2 × 10−5to ≃ 4 × 10−3, with discoverabilities similarly ranging over two orders of magnitude. A power analysis allows us to estimate the proportions of phenotypic variance explained additively by causal SNPs at current sample sizes, and map out sample sizes required to explain larger portions of additive SNP heritability. The model also allows for estimating residual inflation.
Dissociable laminar profiles of concurrent bottom-up and top-down modulation in the human visual cortex
Authors: Lawrence Samuel J. D. , Norris David G. , de Lange Floris P. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractRecent developments in human neuroimaging make it possible to non-invasively measure neural activity from different cortical layers. This can potentially reveal not only which brain areas are engaged by a task, but also how. Specifically, bottom-up and top-down responses are associated with distinct laminar profiles. Here, we measured lamina-resolved fMRI responses during a visual task designed to induce concurrent bottom-up and top-down modulations via orthogonal manipulations of stimulus contrast and feature-based attention. BOLD responses were modulated by both stimulus contrast (bottom-up) and by engaging feature-based attention (top-down). Crucially, these effects operated at different cortical depths: Bottom-up modulations were strongest in the middle cortical layer, while top-down modulations were strong at all depths, being significantly stronger in deep and superficial layers compared to bottom-up effects. As such, we demonstrate that laminar activity profiles can discriminate between concurrent top-down and bottom-up processing, and are diagnostic of how a brain region is activated.
The impact of bone cancer on the peripheral encoding of mechanical pressure stimuli
Authors: Kucharczyk Mateusz W. , Chisholm Kim I. , Denk Franziska , Dickenson Anthony H. , Bannister Kirsty , McMahon Stephen B. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractSkeletal metastases are frequently accompanied by chronic pain that is mechanoceptive in nature and not easily managed by available therapies. The peripheral sensory profile of primary afferents responsible for transmitting the pain-related messages from cancerous bone to central sites is investigated here. We imaged thousands of primary sensory dorsal root ganglion neurons in vivo in healthy (sham-operated) and cancer-induced bone pain (CIBP) rats in order to analyse and compare their function. Utilising Markov Cluster Analysis we identified distinct clusters of primary afferent responses to limb compression and position. In CIBP rats, three times as many sensory afferents responded to knee compression in the leg ipsilateral to the tumour compared to sham-operated rats. We present evidence that the observed increase in sensory afferent response was not due to increased individual afferent activity but rather represents activation of ‘silent’ nociceptors, whose origin we propose is largely from outside of the bone.