bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of Organic Ligands on the Surface Oxidation State and Magnetic Properties of Iron Oxide Particles
Authors: Goroncy Christian , Saloga Patrick E. J. , Gruner Mathias , Schmudde Madlen , Vonnemann Jonathan , Otero Edwige , Haag Rainer , Graf Christina 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
For the application of iron oxide nanoparticles from thermal decomposition approaches as contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), their initial hydrophobic ligands have to be replaced by hydrophilic ones. This exchange can influence the surface oxidation state and the magnetic properties of the particles. Here, the effect of the anchor group of three organic ligands, citric acid and two catechols, dihydrocaffeic acid and its nitrated derivative nitro dihydrocaffeic acid on iron oxide nanoparticles is evaluated. The oleate ligands of Fe3O4/γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles prepared by the thermal decomposition of iron oleate were exchanged against the hydrophilic ligands. X-ray absorption spectroscopy, especially X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) measurements in the total electron yield (TEY) mode was used to investigate local magnetic and electronic properties of the particles’ surface region before and after the ligand exchange. XMCD was combined with charge transfer multiplet calculations which provide information on the contributions of Fe2+ and Fe3+ at different lattice sites, i.e. either in tetrahedral or octahedral environment. The obtained data demonstrate that nitro hydrocaffeic acid leads to least reduction of the magnetizability of the surface region of the iron oxide nanoparticles compared to the two other ligands. For all hydrophilic samples, the proportion of Fe3+ ions in octahedral sites increases at the expense of the Fe2+ in octahedral sites whereas the percentage of Fe3+ in tetrahedral sites hardly changes. These observations suggest that an oxidation process took place, but a selective decrease of the Fe2+ ions in octahedral sites ions due to surface dissolution processes is unlikely. The citrate ligand has the least oxidative effect, whereas the degree of oxidation was similar for both catechol ligands regardless of the nitro group. Twenty-four hours of incubation in isotonic saline has nearly no influences on the magnetic properties of the nanoparticles, the least on those with the nitrated hydrocaffeic acid ligand.
Mobilization of Calcium from Intracellular Stores, Potentiation of Neurotransmitter-Induced Calcium Transients, and Capacitative Calcium Entry by 4-Aminopyridine
Authors: Grimaldi Maurizio , Atzori Marco , Ray Pulak , Alkon Daniel L. 
Published: April 2018

In this study we analyzed the effect of 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) on free cytosolic calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) in basal conditions, after stimulation with neurotransmitters, and during capacitative calcium entry.Using fura-2 ratiometric calcium imaging, we found that 4-AP increased [Ca2+]iin type I astrocytes, neurons, and in skeletal muscle cells. The [Ca2+]ielevation induced by 4-AP was concentration-dependent and consisted of two phases: the first was dependent on intracellular calcium mobilization, and the second was dependent on extracellular calcium influx. 4-AP also increased the second messenger inositol trisphosphate in both neurons and astrocytes.In astrocytes, 4-AP treatment potentiated the sustained phase of the [Ca2+]ielevation induced by ATP and bradykinin. In addition, capacitative calcium entry was potentiated severalfold by 4-AP, in astrocytes and muscle cells but not in neurons. These effects of 4-AP were completely and promptly reversible. 4-AP blocked voltage-sensitive K+currents in astrocytes. However, voltage-sensitive K+channel blockers inhibiting these currents did not affect agonist-induced calcium transients or capacitative calcium entry, indicating that 4-AP effects on [Ca2+]iwere not caused by the blockade of voltage-gated K+channels.We conclude that 4-AP is able to affect calcium homeostasis at multiple levels, from increasing basal [Ca2+]ito potentiating capacitative calcium entry. The potentiation of capacitative calcium entry in astrocytes or muscle cells may explain some of the therapeutic activities of 4-AP as a neurotransmission enhancer.
Experience-Dependent Plasticity of Mouse Visual Cortex in the Absence of the Neuronal Activity-Dependent Markeregr1/zif268
Authors: Mataga Nobuko , Fujishima Sayaka , Condie Brian G. , Hensch Takao K. 
Published: April 2018

Neuronal activity elicits a rapid increase in the expression of several immediate early genes (IEGs). To clarify a role for IEG response in activity-dependent development, we examined the contribution of theegr1/zif268gene during visual cortical processing and plasticity in mice. We first analyzed the expression ofegr1mRNA in wild-type (WT) mice using Northern blot hybridization. In the visual cortex, expression ofegr1mRNA increased dramatically after eye opening, systemic injection of kainate, or 30 min of photostimulation after a brief (5 d) period of dark adaptation. Thus, the expression ofegr1is regulated by synaptic activity in the mouse visual cortex, as it is in other species (e.g., monkeys, cats, and rats).To evaluate whether this transcription factor is directly involved in activity-dependent plasticity, mice lacking Egr1 were deprived of the use of one eye during the developmental critical period [postnatal day 24 (P24)–P34]. Extracellularin vivosingle-unit recordings from the binocular zone of the visual cortex revealed that visual responses developed normally inegr1knock-out (KO) mice. Moreover, a similarly significant shift of responsiveness in favor of the open eye was produced in both KO and WT mice by either brief (4 d) or long-term (>2 weeks) occlusion of one eye. There was no apparent compensation amongegr2,egr3, orc-fosmRNA and protein expression in the visual cortex ofegr1KO mice.Taken together, these results indicate thategr1is a useful marker of sensory input in mice but is not intrinsically necessary for the experience-dependent plasticity of the visual cortex. Our findings underscore a mechanistic distinction between sensory plasticity and long-lasting forms of synaptic potentiation in the hippocampus, for whichegr1/zif268was recently found to be essential.
Prevention of Cannabinoid Withdrawal Syndrome by Lithium: Involvement of Oxytocinergic Neuronal Activation
Authors: Cui Shu-Sen , Bowen Rudy C. , Gu Gui-Bao , Hannesson Darren K. , Yu Peter H. , Zhang Xia 
Published: April 2018

Cannabis (i.e., marijuana and cannabinoids) is the most commonly used illicit drug in developed countries, and the lifetime prevalence of marijuana dependence is the highest of all illicit drugs in the United States. To provide clues for finding effective pharmacological treatment for cannabis-dependent patients, we examined the effects and possible mechanism of lithium administration on the cannabinoid withdrawal syndrome in rats.A systemic injection of the mood stabilizer lithium, at serum levels that were clinically relevant, prevented the cannabinoid withdrawal syndrome. The effects of lithium were accompanied by expression of the cellular activation marker Fos proteins within most oxytocin-immunoreactive neurons and a significant increase in oxytocin mRNA expression in the hypothalamic paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei. Lithium also produced a significant elevation of oxytocin levels in the peripheral blood. We suggest that the effects of lithium against the cannabinoid withdrawal syndrome are mediated by oxytocinergic neuronal activation and subsequent release and action of oxytocin within the CNS. In support of our hypothesis, we found that the effects of lithium against the cannabinoid withdrawal syndrome were antagonized by systemic preapplication of an oxytocin antagonist and mimicked by systemic or intracerebroventricular injection of oxytocin.These results demonstrate that oxytocinergic neuronal activation plays a critical role in the action of lithium against the cannabinoid withdrawal syndrome in rats, thus providing a potentially novel strategy for the treatment of cannabis dependence in humans.
Cell-Autonomous Mechanisms and Myelin-Associated Factors Contribute to the Development of Purkinje Axon Intracortical Plexus in the Rat Cerebellum
Authors: Gianola Sara , Savio Tiziana , Schwab Martin E. , Rossi Ferdinando 
Published: April 2018

The highly specific connection patterns of the mature CNS are shaped through finely regulated processes of axon growth and retraction. To investigate the relative contribution of cell-autonomous mechanisms and extrinsic cues in these events, we examined the development of Purkinje axon intracortical plexus in the rat cerebellum. During the first postnatal week, several new processes sprout from focal swellings along the initial portion of the Purkinje neurite and spread in the granular layer. Intense structural plasticity occurs during the following week, with pruning of collateral branches and remodeling of terminal arbors. The mature distribution of the Purkinje infraganglionic plexus, confined within the most superficial portion of the granular layer, is attained at approximately postnatal day 15. A similar neuritic branching pattern is also developed by Purkinje cells grown in cultures of dissociated cerebellar cells or transplanted to extracerebellar CNS regions, suggesting that cell-autonomous mechanisms contribute to determining the Purkinje axon phenotype.The structural remodeling of Purkinje intracortical plexus is concomitant with the development of cerebellar myelin. To ask whether myelin-associated factors contribute to the morphological maturation of Purkinje neurites, we prevented normal myelinogenesis by killing oligodendrocyte precursors with 5′-azacytidine or by applying neutralizing antibodies against the myelin-associated neurite growth inhibitor Nogo-A. In both conditions, Purkinje axons retained exuberant branches, and the terminal plexus spanned the entire extent of the granular layer. Thus, the formation of Purkinje axon collaterals is, in part, controlled by intrinsic determinants, but their growth and distribution are regulated by environmental signals, among which are myelin-derived cues.
The Contribution of Resurgent Sodium Current to High-Frequency Firing in Purkinje Neurons: An Experimental and Modeling Study
Authors: Khaliq Zayd M. , Gouwens Nathan W. , Raman Indira M. 
Published: April 2018

Purkinje neurons generate high-frequency action potentials and express voltage-gated, tetrodotoxin-sensitive sodium channels with distinctive kinetics. Their sodium currents activate and inactivate during depolarization, as well as reactivate during repolarization from positive potentials, producing a “resurgent” current. This reopening of channels not only generates inward current after each action potential, but also permits rapid recovery from inactivation, leading to the hypothesis that resurgent current may facilitate high-frequency firing.Mutantmedmice are ataxic and lack expression of theScn8agene, which encodes the NaV1.6 protein. InmedPurkinje cells, transient sodium current inactivates more rapidly than in wild-type cells, and resurgent current is nearly abolished. To investigate how NaV1.6-specific kinetics influence firing patterns, we recorded action potentials of Purkinje neurons isolated from wild-type andmedmice. We also recorded non-sodium currents from Purkinje cells of both genotypes to test whether theScn8amutation induced changes in other ion channels. Last, we modeled action potential firing by simulating eight currents directly recorded from Purkinje cells in both wild-type andmedmice.Regular, high-frequency firing was slowed inmedPurkinje neurons. In addition to disrupted sodium currents,medneurons had small but significant changes in potassium and leak currents. Simulations indicated that these modified non-sodium currents could not account for the reduced excitability ofmedcells but instead slightly facilitated spiking. The loss of NaV1.6-specific kinetics, however, slowed simulated spontaneous activity. Together, the data suggest that across a range of conditions, sodium currents with a resurgent component promote and accelerate firing.
The Production of Amyloid β Peptide Is a Critical Requirement for the Viability of Central Neurons
Authors: Plant Leigh D. , Boyle John P. , Smith Ian F. , Peers Chris , Pearson Hugh A. 
Published: April 2018

The amyloid β peptide (Aβ) is a product of the sequential γ- and β-secretase cleavage of amyloid precursor protein. Inhibitors of secretase enzymes have been proposed as a potential therapeutic strategy in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Here, we investigate the effect of inhibiting these key enzymes on the viability of a range of cell types.Treatment of rat cortical neurons for 24 hr with secretase inhibitors or an antibody that binds Aβ resulted in a marked reduction in cell viability, as measured by MTT reduction. Incubation with secretase inhibitors caused similar effects on other neuronal cell types (rat cerebellar granule neurons and the human SH-SY5Y cell line). Interestingly, rat astrocytes and a number of non-neuronal cell lines investigated (HEK293, DDT1-FM2, and human teratorhabdoid tumor cells) were unaffected by incubation with secretase inhibitors.The coincubation of Aβ1–40prevented the toxicity of secretase inhibitors in neuronal cells. Aβ1–40was protective in a concentration-dependent manner, and its effects were significant at concentrations as low at 10 pm. Importantly, the protective effects of Aβ were Aβ size-form specific, with the Aβ1–42size form affording limited protection and the Aβ25–35size form having very little protective effect.The present study demonstrates that inhibition of β-or γ-secretase activity induces death in neuronal cells. Importantly, this toxicity, which our data suggest is a consequence of a decline in neuronal Aβ levels, was absent in non-neuronal cells. This study further supports a key physiological role for the enigmatic Aβ peptide.
Neurokinin-1 Projection Cells in the Rat Dorsal Horn Receive Synaptic Contacts from Axons That Possess α2C-Adrenergic Receptors
Authors: Olave M. Josune , Maxwell David J. 
Published: April 2018

Theα2Csubclass of adrenergic receptor (α2C-AR) mediates some of the antinociceptive actions of norepinephrine in the spinal cord. Axon terminals, which possess this receptor, are concentrated in the superficial dorsal horn and originate from spinal interneurons. We performed a series of combined tract-tracing and immunocytochemical studies to determine whether α2C-AR-immunoreactive axons target projection neurons that possess the neurokinin-1 (NK-1) receptor because such cells are likely to transmit nociceptive information to the brain. Spinomedullary neurons were labeled by stereotaxic injection of the B-subunit of cholera toxin (CTb) into the caudal ventrolateral medulla of three anesthetized adult rats. After 3 d, the animals were anesthetized again and fixed by perfusion. Sections were cut from midlumbar segments and reacted with antibodies to reveal α2C-ARs, CTb, and NK-1 receptors. Retrogradely labeled neurons possessing the NK-1 receptor (n= 45) were examined with confocal microscopy to investigate their relationship with α2C-AR-immunoreactive axons. Numerous α2C-AR axons were apposed to cell bodies and proximal dendrites of cells in lamina I and also to distal dendrites that originate from labeled cell bodies in lamina III/IV. A combined confocal and electron microscopic method confirmed that these appositions were synaptic. Additional experiments showed that virtually all α2C-AR terminals in contact with labeled cells are also immunoreactive for the vesicular glutamate transporter 2 and therefore are glutamatergic.These data suggest that norepinephrine can modulate excitatory synaptic transmission from spinal interneurons to projection cells by acting at α2C-ARs. This could be one of the mechanisms that underlie the antinociceptive actions of norepinephrine.
Analysis of Learning Organization in Dealing a Change of Organizational Environment Based On the Theory of Changes
Authors: Sudja I Nengah , Suardhika I Nengah 
Published: April 2018

Quickly change to claim every organization to quickly get and adapt with that change, and this change appearance opposed but exactly have to be managed. Ability of each organization in face of this change depends on creativity ability and innovate all organizational member. Creativity and innovate to represent the indicator of organization successfulness which emerge from continuous organization member as individual learn. This ability have to be trained with the process learn continual.
Start from phenomenon, embosoming organization in knowledge era and technological, becoming piquancy to be conducted by study at one particular place which it is true seldom be conducted by a study that is at SMK 4 Negara. SMK 4 Negara represent the governmental organization in the field of Education. In education organization, each educator claimed to be non-stop to learn by correspond to the science growth so that able to improve the competitor quality. This matter will be existed if there is willingness from organizational member to study.
This research is done at SMK 4 Negara. This Research included in the descriptive research type for the purpose of knowing single variable value. Population in research is all personal consisted of the headmaster, teacher and officer of SMK 4 Negara. The tool analysis in this research is Cross Tabulation. The tool used to show the relation of research attribute cross by calculating score as a whole and AHP for the rank of every variable.
Result of research indicate that the Learning Organization ( LO) have been executed at SMK 4 Negara based on pursuant to theory in this research that is execute 6 element LO that is Vision and Mission, Decision Making, Organizational Cultural, Creativity and Innovate, Education And Training, and Motivation. Sixth of elements have been executed at SMK 4 Negara. Execution LO, representing a study process in order to reaching organization target which have been specified. Pursuant to this research result, teacher and administrative personnel assess that Headmaster have executed the Learning Organization with six element developed from theory Luthans. Result of research about opinion learn and administrative personnel to this development LO importance have also supported the execution LO. Teacher And officer have a notion that LO is vital importance applied in each organization specially in SMK 4 Negara
KEBIJAKAN PENENGGELAMAN KAPAL PENCURI IKAN DI WILAYAH PERAIRAN INDONESIA DALAM PERSPEKTIF HUKUM
Authors: Putri Hertria Maharani , Pramoda Radityo , Firdaus Maulana 
Published: April 2018

Besarnya kerugian negara akibat pencurian ikan di wilayah perairan Indonesia menyebabkan pemerintah (Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan/KKP) membuat strategi pemberantasannya. Strategi kebijakan yang diambil yaitu melaksanakan penenggelaman kapal pencuri ikan yang tertangkap. Tujuan penelitian ini mengkaji tindakan pemerintah melaksanakan kebijakan penggelaman kapal ditinjau dari aspek yuridis. Pembahasan penelitian dianalisis menggunakan metode yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan kualitatif dan dijabarkan secara deskriptif. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa tindakan pemerintah melaksanakan kebijakan penenggelaman kapal, tidak melanggar ketentuan hukum internasional dan nasional. Rekomendasi kebijakan penelitian ini adalah mendorong pemerintah untuk tetap melanjutkan kebijakan penenggelaman kapal yang melakukan pencurian ikan, sebagai upaya menjaga kedaulatan bangsa dan sumber daya ikan. Title : Law Perspective of Scuttling Policy for IUU Fishing in IndonesiaThe depth of loss from illegal fishing within Indonesian waters has forced the Indonesian (Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries/KKP) to take strategic measures, such as scuttling. This study aimed at analyzing scuttling through a juridicial point of view. The analysis was conducted using a juridicial normative method with a qualitative approach and descriptively elaborated. The study showed that scuttling is not in any ways violating both national as well as international laws. Therefore it is recommended that the Indonesian Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheriesto keep scuttling on to battle the illegal fishing and maintan its sovereignty and fish resource.
ECOLABELLING PERIKANAN: SERTIFIKASI MARINE STEWARDSHIP COUNCIL (MSC) UNTUK PRODUK TUNA (Studi Kasus: Bali)
Authors: Pramoda Radityo , Putri Hertria Maharani 
Published: April 2018

Ekolabel MSC adalah sebuah pengesahan terhadap produk yang memenuhi kriteria prosedur keberlanjutan lingkungan dan telah dikelola dengan baik. Sejak MSC mulai diperkenalkan di Indonesia, eksportir tuna Bali masih memiliki keraguan menggunakan sertifikasi tersebut. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah memahami ketentuan MSC serta regulasi nasional pendukungnya, serta menilai penerapannya. Analisis untuk mengkaji ketentuan MSC dan regulasi nasional menggunakan metode yuridis empiris melalui pendekatan studi kasus, sedangkan kesiapan eksportir menerapkan MSC dibahas denganmetode statistika deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan: (1) MSC memiliki 3 prinsip, 29 variabel, 90 kriteria; (2)secara umum regulasi nasional yang teridentifikasi materinya bisa dipedomani mendukung MSC, meskipun masih ada yang belum teknis mengaturnya; (3) eksportir di Bali secara keseluruhan tidak siap mengadopsi prinsip MSC; (4) implementasi MSC masih mengalami hambatan di Bali karena tidak didukung pemerintah, syarat yang rumit, serta biaya yang besar. Rekomendasi kebijakan yang dapat dilakukan pemerintah: (a) mengadopsi prinsip MSC untuk membangun sektor perikanan tangkap; (b) membentuk regulasi yang lebih operasional untuk mendukung setiap prinsip MSC; (c) menetapkan kebijakan mengenai ekolabel yang harus dipatuhi oleh eksportir tuna dan memberikan pendampingan dalam implementasinya, dan; (d) melakukan negosiasi kepada pembeli ataupun menyiapkan tenaga accessor untuk meringankan biaya sertifikasi. Title: Fisheries Ecolabelling: Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) Certification for Tuna Product (Case Study: Bali)MSC Ecolabel is a certification to a product that meets criteria of sustainability environment and well organized. Since MSC began to be introduced in Indonesia, tuna Bali exporters still have doubts about using the certification.The objective of this research is to comprehend MSC rule and its national supporting regulation as well as to assess its implementation. Analysis of MSC rule and national regulation applies empirical yuridis method through case study approach, while descriptive statistic method is used to analyze exporters readiness to implement MSC. Results of the research indicate: MSC has 3 principles, 29 variables, 90 criterias; (2) generally, national regulation with identified material can be a guideline to support MSC eventhough there is no technical management yet; (3) most exporters in Bali have not been ready to adopt MSC principles; (4) MSC implementation in Bali encounter problems due to lack of government support, difficult requirements, and high cost. Recommendation of policy to the government: (a) adopting MSC principles to develop capture fisheries sector; (b) creating more operational regulation to support each of MSC principles; (c) regulating policies on ecolabel that must be obeyed by Tuna exporters as well as assisting its implementation; (d) negotiating to purchaser or providing accessor in order to reduce certification cost.