bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
HOW DO RATING AGENCIES’ DECISIONS IMPACT STOCK MARKETS? A META‐ANALYSIS
Authors: Hubler Jérôme , Louargant Christine , Laroche Patrice , Ory Jean‐Noёl 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe purpose of this study is to examine how credit rating agencies’ decisions impact the stock market using a systematic and quantitative review of existing empirical studies. Specifically, we employ a meta‐regression analysis (MRA) to investigate the extent and nature of the effect of rating agencies’ decisions on the stock market. We survey 62 studies published between 1978 and 2015. Our first finding is that the cumulative average abnormal returns calculated from this empirical literature are affected by publication bias. After controlling for publication bias, the main findings of our meta‐analysis indicate that negative rating decisions cause statistically significant negative abnormal returns. This evidence suggests an informational effect. Our results also indicate that positive rating decisions do not have a significant effect. Finally, the MRA results reveal the importance of several factors related to primary study design, as well as to the nature of the data.
Effect of disease management education on the quality of life and self‐efficacy levels of children with asthma
Authors: Kocaaslan Esra Nur , Akgün Kostak Melahat 
Published: March 2019

AbstractPurposeThe aim of this study was to determine the effects of disease management education provided to children with asthma on their quality of life and self‐efficacy levels.Methods and DesignThe study design was a quasi‐experimental design with The One Group Pretest‐Posttest design. This study was conducted on 60 children with asthma between 10 and 18 years of age. Data were collected by “Information Form”, “Pediatric Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire”, and “Self‐Efficacy Scale for Children and Adolescents with Asthma”. Children’s quality of life and self‐efficacy levels were assessed before receiving an individual asthma education intervention and then children were informed with an asthma management education book individually. Two months after the education intervention, the quality of life and self‐efficacy levels of the children were re‐evaluated.ResultsThe children’s quality of life and self‐efficacy levels increased significantly after education (p = 0.014). Maternal age, number of siblings, number of family members living in the same house, activity status, the frequency of experiencing symptoms, and the ability to use the inhalers on their own affected children quality of life. Child’s age, knowledge about factors causing asthma, and ability to use medication on their own affected their self‐efficacy (
p < 0.05).Practice ImplicationsAccording to these results, planned asthma education program and provided continuity of this education by nurses would be effective to improve the quality of life and levels of self‐efficacy. Asthma management education for children with asthma by nurses after diagnosis is beneficial for improving the quality of life and levels of self‐efficacy.
Endothelium‐dependent relaxation mechanisms involve nitric oxide and prostanoids in the isolated bovine digital vein
Authors: Comerma‐Steffensen Simon , Risso Arnaldo , Ascanio‐Evanoff Elias , Zerpa Hector 
Published: March 2019

AbstractEndothelial dysfunction contributes to the development of ungulate's laminitis. Although extensively studied in equines, the endothelial function is not fully examined in bovine digital veins (BDVs). BDVs were studied under isometric conditions to describe the acetylcholine (ACh) endothelium‐dependent relaxation. Concentration–response curves were constructed to phenylephrine, ACh, and sodium nitroprusside (SNP). Relaxation responses were evaluated using either phenylephrine or depolarizing high‐potassium Krebs solution (DKS) as precontraction agents. Endothelium denudation and incubation with L‐NAME (300 μM), indomethacin (10 μM) or both were used to explore endothelial‐mediated mechanisms. Endothelium denudation did not modify phenylephrine and SNP responses, however, significantly (p < 0.05) converted a relaxation (63.2 ± 5%) response to ACh into a contraction (30.3±9%). The ACh‐evoked relaxation was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced in the presence of indomethacin (37.5 ± 6%) and L‐NAME (6.40 ± 2%). The presence of both inhibitors abolished the ACh‐evoked relaxation. Although DKS caused a higher precontraction than phenylephrine, ACh‐evoked relaxation (22.4 ± 3.4%) was still observed and was reduced by the combination of inhibitors (7.0 ± 1.0%). The ACh endothelium‐dependent relaxation in BDVs is essentially mediated by nitric oxide and endothelium‐derived prostanoids. The BDV endothelium function is a dynamic component in the control of the bovine digital blood flow, particularly under endothelial dysfunction conditions when venoconstriction might lead to postcapillary resistance increase.
Behavioural changes in African elephants in response to wildlife tourism
Authors: Szott I. D. , Pretorius Y. , Koyama N. F. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractEco‐tourism and human–wildlife interaction can lead to increases in stress, vigilance and aggression in many species, however, studies investigating wildlife viewing are scarce. We present the first study investigating the impact of wildlife tourism on African elephant, Loxodonta africana, behaviour. Over 15 months, we studied the effect of monthly tourist pressure (tourist numbers) on the occurrence of stress‐related, vigilance and conspecific‐directed aggressive behaviour in 26 individually identified elephants and the effect of up to three vehicles on the direction of travel of non‐identified herds using 5‐min continuous focal observations. We analysed the effect of tourist pressure and vehicle presence using generalized linear mixed models, including habitat type, herd type and size and season, as well as sex and age for behaviour models, as additional factors. We found no effect of factors on stress‐related behaviour, but elephants were more likely to perform vigilance behaviours at waterholes compared to other habitat types. As tourist pressure increased, conspecific‐directed aggression in elephants increased and male elephants were more likely to perform conspecific‐directed aggression compared to female elephants. Furthermore, we found that elephant herds became increasingly likely to move away with increasing numbers of vehicles present. Results suggest that reserves should monitor elephant behaviour to identify when tourist pressure has potential effects on elephant welfare and train guides to monitor behaviour and adjust minimum distances flexibly to ensure high welfare standards and tourist safety. This study further contributes to a small but growing body of literature on non‐consumptive wildlife tourism impacts on wild animals.
Oxygen isotopic and chemical composition of chromites in micrometeorites: Evidence of ordinary chondrite precursors
Authors: Rudraswami N. G. , Marrocchi Yves , Shyam Prasad M. , Fernandes D. , Villeneuve Johan , Taylor S. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractWe identified 66 chromite grains from 42 of ~5000 micrometeorites collected from Indian Ocean deep‐sea sediments and the South Pole water well. To determine the chromite grains precursors and their contribution to the micrometeorite flux, we combined quantitative electron microprobe analyses and oxygen isotopic analyses by high‐resolution secondary ion mass spectrometry. Micrometeorite chromite grains show variable O isotopic compositions with δ18O values ranging from −0.8 to 6.0‰, δ17O values from 0.3 to 3.6‰, and Δ17O values from −0.9 to 1.6‰, most of them being similar to those of chromites from ordinary chondrites. The oxygen isotopic compositions of olivine, considered as a proxy of chromite in chromite‐bearing micrometeorites where chromite is too small to be measured in ion microprobe have Δ17O values suggesting a principal relationship to ordinary chondrites with some having carbonaceous chondrite precursors. Furthermore, the chemical compositions of chromites in micrometeorites are close to those reported for ordinary chondrite chromites, but some contribution from carbonaceous chondrites cannot be ruled out. Consequently, carbonaceous chondrites cannot be a major contributor of chromite‐bearing micrometeorites. Based on their oxygen isotopic and elemental compositions, we thus conclude with no ambiguity that chromite‐bearing micrometeorites are largely related to fragments of ordinary chondrites with a small fraction from carbonaceous chondrites, unlike other micrometeorites deriving largely from carbonaceous chondrites.
Entanglement‐scar acquisition rates and scar frequency for Bering‐Chukchi‐Beaufort Seas bowhead whales using aerial photography
Authors: George John C. “Craig” , Tudor Barbara , Givens Geof H. , Mocklin Julie , Vate Brattström Linda 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe Bering‐Chukchi‐Beaufort Seas (BCBS) bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus) has been considered at low‐risk for entanglement injuries and ship strikes because their range is mainly north of commercial fisheries; nevertheless, changes to their arctic habitat, including a longer open water period and declining sea ice, have resulted in increasing commercial activity and concern about fisheries interactions. We examined interyear matches (between 1985 and 2011) from a photo identification project and identified whales that had acquired entanglement injuries. We estimated the probability of a bowhead acquiring an entanglement injury using two statistical methods: interval censored survival analysis and a simple binomial model. Both methods give similar results, suggesting a 2.2% (95% CI: 1.1%–3.3%) annual probability of acquiring a scar. We also include an entanglement scar frequency analysis of aerial photographs from the 2011 spring and fall surveys near Point Barrow, Alaska, which suggest 12.4% of live bowheads show evidence of entanglement scarring. Entanglement rates for the BCBS bowhead stock are lower than many other large whale stocks, and abundance has increased over the past 35 yr; however, our findings indicate that fishing gear entanglement is a more serious concern for the BCBS bowhead whale population than previously thought.
The making of elaborate petals in Nigella through developmental repatterning
Authors: Yao Xu , Zhang Wengen , Duan Xiaoshan , Yuan Yi , Zhang Rui , Shan Hongyan , Kong Hongzhi 
Published: March 2019

Summary

Elaborate petals are present in many flowering plants lineages and have greatly promoted the success and evolutionary radiation of these groups. How elaborate petals are made, however, remains largely unclear. Petals of Nigella (Ranunculaceae) have long been recognized as elaborate and can thus be an excellent model for the study of petal elaboration.

Here, by conducting detailed morphological, micromorphological, anatomical, developmental and evolutionary studies on the petals of Nigella species, we explored the processes, general patterns and underlying mechanisms of petal elaboration.

We found that petals of Nigella are highly complex, and the complexity can be reflected at various levels. We also found that evolutionary elaboration of the Nigella petals is a gradual process, involving not only modifications of pre‐existing structures but also de novo origination of new characters. Further investigations indicated that the elaboration and diversification of Nigella petals were accomplished by modifying the ancestral trajectory of petal development, a process known as developmental repatterning.

Our results not only provide new insights into the development and evolution of elaborate petals, but also highlight the necessity of conducting multiple‐level investigations for understanding the processes, patterns and underlying mechanisms of plant evolution.
A systems biology view of wood formation in Eucalyptus grandis trees submitted to different potassium and water regimes
Authors: Ployet Raphael , Veneziano Labate Mônica T. , Regiani Cataldi Thais , Christina Mathias , Morel Marie , San Clemente Hélène , Denis Marie , Favreau Bénédicte , Tomazello Filho Mario , Laclau Jean‐Paul , Labate Carlos Alberto , Chaix Gilles , Grima‐Pettenati Jacqueline , Mounet Fabien 
Published: March 2019

Summary

Wood production in fast‐growing Eucalyptus grandis trees is highly dependent on both potassium (K) fertilization and water availability but the molecular processes underlying wood formation in response to the combined effects of these two limiting factors remain unknown.

E. grandis trees were submitted to four combinations of K‐fertilization and water supply. Weighted gene co‐expression network analysis and MixOmics‐based co‐regulation networks were used to integrate xylem transcriptome, metabolome and complex wood traits. Functional characterization of a candidate gene was performed in transgenic E. grandis hairy roots.

This integrated network‐based approach enabled us to identify meaningful biological processes and regulators impacted by K‐fertilization and/or water limitation. It revealed that modules of co‐regulated genes and metabolites strongly correlated to wood complex traits are in the heart of a complex trade‐off between biomass production and stress responses. Nested in these modules, potential new cell‐wall regulators were identified, as further confirmed by the functional characterization of EgMYB137.

These findings provide new insights into the regulatory mechanisms of wood formation under stressful conditions, pointing out both known and new regulators co‐opted by K‐fertilization and/or water limitation that may potentially promote adaptive wood traits.
Inherited allelic variants and novel karyotype changes influence fertility and genome stability in Brassica allohexaploids
Authors: Gaebelein Roman , Schiessl Sarah V. , Samans Birgit , Batley Jacqueline , Mason Annaliese S. 
Published: March 2019

Summary

Synthetic allohexaploid Brassica hybrids (2n = AABBCC) do not exist naturally, but can be synthesized by crosses between diploid and/or allotetraploid Brassica species. Using these hybrids, we aimed to identify how novel allohexaploids restore fertility and normal meiosis after formation.

Chromosome inheritance, genome structure, fertility and meiotic behaviour were assessed in three segregating allohexaploid populations derived from the cross (B. napus × B. carinata) × B. juncea using a combination of molecular marker genotyping, phenotyping and cytogenetics.

Plants with unbalanced A–C translocations in one direction (where a C‐genome chromosome fragment replaces an A‐genome fragment) but not the other (where an A‐genome fragment replaces a C‐genome fragment) showed significantly reduced fertility across all populations. Genomic regions associated with fertility contained several meiosis genes with putatively causal mutations inherited from the parents (copies of SCC2 in the A genome, PAIR1/PRD3, PRD1 and ATK1/KATA/KIN14a in the B genome, and MSH2 and SMC1/TITAN8 in the C genome).

Reduced seed fertility associated with the loss of chromosome fragments from only one subgenome following homoeologous exchanges could comprise a mechanism for biased genome fractionation in allopolyploids. Pre‐existing meiosis gene variants present in allotetraploid parents may help to stabilize meiosis in novel allohexaploids.
Invalid Votes, Deliberate Abstentions, and the Brazilian Crisis of Representation
Authors: Nepomuceno Thyago Celso Cavalcante , Costa Ana Paula Cabral Seixas 
Published: March 2019

AbstractAugust 31, 2016 registered the historical impeachment of Brazilian president, Dilma Rousseff, indicted for contravening the budget law and misstating the public deficit that propelled the country into deep economic recession. Many disagreements on this matter have permeated the country’s conflict atmosphere, supported by arguments that the collective will of more than 54 million voters was disrespected. Based on 3,010 interviews conducted in 204 Brazilian cities, we construct a pairwise comparison to present arguments that Rousseff had no legitimate representation in the 2014 national elections. We demonstrate how the suboptimal support of invalid votes and deliberate abstentions might have misrepresented the results of Brazilian presidential election by choosing a pseudo‐Condorcet loser candidate. The results in the Brazilian case study presented here point to the weakness in the social process of aggregating preferences by relative or absolute majority, and sets out recommendations.Related ArticlesGalatas, Steven. 2008. “‘None of the Above?’ Casting Blank Ballots in Ontario Provincial Elections.” Politics & Policy 36 (3): 448‐473. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2008.00116.xStockemer, Daniel. 2013. “Corruption and Turnout in Presidential Elections: A Macro‐Level Quantitative Analysis.” Politics & Policy 41 (2): 189‐212. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12012Stockemer, Daniel, and Stephanie Parent. 2014. “The Inequality Turnout Nexus: New Evidence from Presidential Elections.” Politics & Policy 42 (2): 221‐245. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12067Related MediaThe Conversation. 2017. “Kenneth Arrow’s Legacy and Why Elections Can Be Flawed.” March 1. https://theconversation.com/kenneth-arrows-legacy-and-why-elections-can-be-flawed-73675
Exogenous application of melatonin improves eradication of apple stem grooving virus from the infected in vitro shoots by shoot tip culture
Authors: Chen L. , Wang M.‐R. , Li J.‐W. , Feng C.‐H. , Cui Z.‐H. , Zhao L. , Wang Q.‐C. 
Published: March 2019

Production and maintenance of virus‐free planting materials is pivotal for the control of viral diseases. The present study attempted to test exogenous application of melatonin for eradication of apple stem grooving virus (ASGV) from virus‐infected in vitro shoots of apple cultivar Gala. Exogenous application of 15 μm melatonin to the shoot proliferation medium significantly increased the number of shoots and shoot length. The level of endogenous indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA) was the highest in the shoots proliferating on the shoot proliferation medium containing 15 μm melatonin. Shoot regrowth levels were significantly higher in shoot tips of the virus‐infected shoots cultured for 4 weeks on this medium than the control. In addition, culture of shoot tips of the virus‐infected in vitro shoots proliferated for 4 weeks on this medium resulted in 95% of shoots being virus‐free, while no virus‐free shoots were obtained in shoot tips of the virus‐infected shoots cultured without melatonin. Analyses by microtissue direct RT‐PCR and RT‐qPCR showed that ASGV concentration decreased in shoot tips of the virus‐infected shoots proliferating on the medium containing 15 μm melatonin for 4 weeks. Virus localization showed that exogenous application of melatonin enlarged the virus‐free area in the virus‐infected shoot tips. These data provide explanations as to why exogenous application of melatonin can efficiently eradicate ASGV. Exogenous application of melatonin provides an alternative means for plant virus eradication and has the potential to produce virus‐free plants.
Experimental and clinical studies on regenerative periodontal therapy
Authors: Sallum Enilson A. , Ribeiro Fernanda V. , Ruiz Karina S. , Sallum Antonio W. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe recognition of a periodontal therapy as a regenerative procedure requires the demonstration of new cementum, periodontal ligament, and bone coronal to the base of the defect. A diversity of regenerative strategies has been evaluated, including root surface conditioning, bone grafts and bone substitute materials, guided tissue regeneration, enamel matrix proteins, growth/differentiation factors, combined therapies and, more recently, tissue‐engineering approaches. The aim of this chapter of Periodontology 2000 is to review the research carried out in Latin America in the field of periodontal regeneration, focusing mainly on studies using preclinical models (animal models) and randomized controlled clinical trials. This review may help clinicians and researchers to evaluate the current status of the therapies available and to discuss the challenges that must be faced in order to achieve predictable periodontal regeneration in clinical practice.
Experimental and clinical studies on plastic periodontal procedures
Authors: Novaes Arthur Belém , Palioto Daniela Bazan 
Published: March 2019

AbstractWe have compiled, in this Periodontology 2000 review, all Latin American literature on experimental and clinical studies of periodontal plastic procedures. The body of literature on this subject has led to a discussion of the features and treatment outcomes of root‐coverage procedures. Over time, knowledge on periodontal plastic procedures has become less empirical and more supportive of the clinical management of recession‐type defects. Gingival recession etiology, animal studies, free gingival grafts, pedicle flaps (semilunar, laterally positioned, and coronally positioned), and subepithelial connective tissue grafts are extensively reviewed. The use of allografts as an alternative to subepithelial connective tissue grafts, the treatment of multiple gingival recessions, and the rationale for use of guided tissue regeneration and enamel matrix derivative in plastic periodontal procedure is discussed. We also assess how smoking can affect the treatment outcomes in plastic surgery procedures. Minimally invasive procedures are of great value in improving the features of the final tissues. The following aspects identified in this compilation were of great interest: (a) some factors, anatomical in nature, favor the formation of root recessions, but it is the inflammatory process (caused by the presence of biofilm and/or by traumatic toothbrushing) that is responsible for the development of root recessions; and (b) pedicle flap procedures (especially the coronally positioned flap) are extremely versatile and have the most predictable outcome of all root‐coverage procedures, especially when combined with subepithelial connective tissue grafting and/or allogeneic grafts. In summary: subepithelial connective tissue grafting is considered as the first option to augment gingival width and thickness, and it may provide better long‐term results; the same principles of root‐coverage procedures in individual sites appear be used in clinical practice also for multiple‐recession type defects; an allograft is an efficient alternative to a subepithelial connective tissue graft and, when it is the treatment option of choice, the use of wide, extended flaps should be considered; because of the superiority of plastic periodontal procedures over guided tissue regeneration and the technical difficulty of the latter, guided tissue regeneration has become obsolete for root‐coverage procedures; there is rather a large body of evidence attesting that smoking negatively influences root‐coverage procedures, especially subepithelial connective tissue grafts; and minimally invasive techniques may be of great value for improving the results obtained with plastic periodontal procedures, but these techniques need to be better addressed in clinical trials, both in terms of the quality and quantity of the new tissue generated.