bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in oral health behaviours between childhood and adolescence: Findings from a UK cohort study
Authors: Leary Sam D. , Do Loc Giang 
Published: June 2019

AbstractObjectiveOral health is an important part of general health and well‐being. Health behaviours may change throughout a person's life, but the stage from childhood to adolescence is critical because influences from peers increase while those from parents and other family members decrease. The objective of this study was to identify changes in oral health behaviours between childhood and adolescence, and investigate whether changes differed by sex.MethodsThis study used data on 1860 participants from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) who completed dental questionnaires at ages 7.5, 10.5 and 17.5 years. Associations between age and oral health behaviours were assessed using random effects logistic regression models. Males and females were analysed together or separately, depending on evidence for sex‐age interactions.ResultsAt age 7.5, 83% brushed their teeth frequently, 98% visited the dentist frequently and 90% drank fizzy drinks. The percentage who brushed their teeth at least twice a day decreased with age for males (odds ratio 0.96 [95% confidence interval 0.94, 0.99] per year of age) and increased with age for females (1.03 [1.01, 1.06]). Electric toothbrush usage decreased with age, with a slightly larger decrease in females (0.82 [0.80, 0.85]) than in males (0.87 [0.84, 0.90]). The percentage visiting the dentist at least once a year decreased with age (0.77 [0.73, 0.81]); the decrease was greatest between the older ages. Fizzy drink and juice consumption increased with age (1.38 [1.23, 1.57] and 1.33 [1.24, 1.44] respectively), whereas there was no change in water consumption (1.00 [0.91, 1.09]); these data were available only for the younger two ages.ConclusionsUnfavourable changes in oral health behaviours, some of which were sex‐specific, have been demonstrated in this cohort. Hence, childhood to adulthood may be an important intervening time to prevent early deterioration of oral health.
Analysis of keratin films as screening tools for predicting the efficacy of potential hair dyes
Authors: Williams Tova N. , Freeman Harold S. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe technology for generating high quality keratin films has recently advanced and led to their implementation in a variety of applications. As an initial step toward investigating the films as a screening tool for predicting the efficacy of potential hair dyes, CI Acid Orange 7 was applied to a set of opaque and translucent films. Overlaid time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry images arising from protein and dye fragments revealed that dye uniformly penetrated both film types. Results also showed that the relative concentration of dye in each film complemented outcomes from ultraviolet‐visible analysis and revealed that the translucent film contained a higher dye concentration. Scanning electron microscopy analysis of film morphology suggested that the observed difference was due to the higher porosity of the opaque film, which facilitated dye desorption during the rinsing step. Consequently, the translucent film was judged to be a better substrate for screening potential new hair dyes.
Perspectives on implementing mobile health technology for living kidney donor follow‐up: In‐depth interviews with transplant providers
Authors: Eno Ann K. , Ruck Jessica M. , Van Pilsum Rasmussen Sarah E. , Waldram Madeleine M. , Thomas Alvin G. , Purnell Tanjala S. , Garonzik Wang Jacqueline M. , Massie Allan B. , Al Almmary Fawaz , Cooper Lisa M. , Segev Dorry L. , Levan Michael A. , Henderson Macey L. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractBackgroundUnited States transplant centers are required to report follow‐up data for living kidney donors for 2 years post‐donation. However, living kidney donor (LKD) follow‐up is often incomplete. Mobile health (mHealth) technologies could ease data collection burden but have not yet been explored in this context.MethodsWe conducted semi‐structured in‐depth interviews with a convenience sample of 21 transplant providers and thought leaders about challenges in LKD follow‐up, and the potential role of mHealth in overcoming these challenges.ResultsParticipants reported challenges conveying the importance of follow‐up to LKDs, limited data from international/out‐of‐town LKDs, and inadequate staffing. They believed the 2‐year requirement was insufficient, but expressed difficulty engaging LKDs for even this short time and inadequate resources for longer‐term follow‐up. Participants believed an mHealth system for post‐donation follow‐up could benefit LKDs (by simplifying communication/tasks and improving donor engagement) and transplant centers (by streamlining communication and decreasing workforce burden). Concerns included cost, learning curves, security/privacy, patient language/socioeconomic barriers, and older donor comfort with mHealth technology.ConclusionsTransplant providers felt that mHealth technology could improve LKD follow‐up and help centers meet reporting thresholds. However, designing a secure, easy to use, and cost‐effective system remains challenging.
Digital soil mapping based on empirical mode decomposition components of environmental covariates
Authors: Sun Xiao‐Lin , Wang Yidong , Wang Hui‐Li , Zhang Chaosheng , Wang Zhong‐Liang 
Published: June 2019

AbstractIn digital soil mapping (DSM) there is an increasing interest in incorporating multiscale variations of soil and environmental covariates to improve mapping accuracy. Empirical mode decomposition (EMD) is a frequently used method for multiscale analysis but has been rarely applied to DSM. This study examines if DSM with EMD covariates results in a more accurate map of a test area than DSM with original covariates. First, EMD was used to decompose terrain attributes of an area. These EMD components were then used to map soil organic carbon (SOC) concentration, pH, clay content and cation exchange capacity (CEC) by two DSM methods: multiple linear regression (MLR) and regression kriging (RK). The same two DSM methods were used with original covariates; in addition, ordinary kriging (OK) maps were produced without covariates. The resulting maps were compared by various accuracy measures. The use of EMD components for DSM improved correlations between soil properties and terrain attributes, and improved the goodness‐of‐fit of MLR models significantly and prediction accuracies by 2.5–18% of root mean square error (RMSE) for SOC, clay and CEC. By contrast, the use of EMD components for pH increased the goodness‐of‐fit of the MLR model slightly and decreased the prediction accuracy by 30% of RMSE. This study concluded that the use of EMD components for DSM improved mapping accuracies if the goodness‐of‐fit of the MLR models was significantly improved by EMD components. It is possible that sampling based on EMD components may provide a sample set that would improve mapping accuracy further.Highlights
Empirical mode decomposition (EMD) components of terrain attributes were applied to soil mapping.
EMD components improved correlations between soil properties and terrain attributes.
EMD components improved the goodness‐of‐fit of multiple linear regression (MLR).
Significant improved goodness‐of‐fit of MLR resulted in improved mapping accuracies.
Knock‐on community impacts of a novel vector: spillover of emerging DWV‐B from Varroa‐infested honeybees to wild bumblebees
Authors: Manley Robyn , Temperton Ben , Doyle Toby , Gates Daisy , Hedges Sophie , Boots Michael , Wilfert Lena 
Published: June 2019

AbstractNovel transmission routes can directly impact the evolutionary ecology of infectious diseases, with potentially dramatic effect on host populations and knock‐on effects on the wider host community. The invasion of Varroa destructor, an ectoparasitic viral vector in Western honeybees, provides a unique opportunity to examine how a novel vector affects disease epidemiology in a host community. This specialist honeybee mite vectors deformed wing virus (DWV), an important re‐emerging honeybee pathogen that also infects wild bumblebees. Comparing island honeybee and wild bumblebee populations with and without V. destructor, we show that V. destructor drives DWV prevalence and titre in honeybees and sympatric bumblebees. Viral genotypes are shared across hosts, with the potentially more virulent DWV‐B overtaking DWV‐A in prevalence in a current epidemic. This demonstrates disease emergence across a host community driven by the acquisition of a specialist novel transmission route in one host, with dramatic community level knock‐on effects.
Disentangling density‐dependent effects on egg production and survival from egg to recruitment in fish
Authors: Takasuka Akinori , Yoneda Michio , Oozeki Yoshioki 
Published: June 2019

AbstractUnderstanding of density‐dependent effects is key to achieving sustainable management of self‐regulating biological resources such as fish stocks. Traditionally, density‐dependent effects on population abundance in fish have been considered to occur from hatching to recruitment, based on the paradigm of proportionality between spawning stock biomass and total egg production. Here, we demonstrate how the existence of intraspecific and interspecific density dependence in egg production changes the current understanding of density‐dependent processes in the life history of fish, by disentangling density‐dependent effects on egg production and survival from egg to recruitment, using sardine (Sardinops melanostictus, Clupeidae) and anchovy (Engraulis japonicus, Engraulidae) as model species. For sardine, strong intraspecific density‐dependent effects occurred in egg production, but no density‐dependent effects occurred or if any they were weak enough to be masked by environmental factors from hatching to recruitment. In contrast, for anchovy, interspecific density‐dependent effects occurred in egg production. In the survival after hatching, anchovy experienced stronger intraspecific density‐dependent effects than currently recognized. This analysis could overturn the current understanding of density‐dependent effects in the life history, highlighting contrasts between the effects on individual quality and population abundance and between the model species. We propose to reconsider the basis of fisheries management and recruitment studies based on the revised understanding of density‐dependent effects in the life history of the respective species.
Towards a decision aid for self‐tests: Users’ experiences in The Netherlands
Authors: den Oudendammer Willemijn M. , Broerse Jacqueline E. W. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractBackgroundSelf‐tests enable the identification of (risk factors for) diseases and are carried out on the user's initiative without medical indication or advice and often unaided by a health professional. They are frequently used, and their availability and usage are expected to grow. Self‐testing has both advantages and disadvantages. Making a well‐informed decision about whether to self‐test and which self‐test to use is of major importance.ObjectiveTo provide insights into the experiences of self‐test users, identifying reasons to self‐test and perceived (dis)advantages of using self‐tests and the information highlighted as relevant by self‐test users to make well‐informed decisions.MethodsIn a qualitative study, 28 users of a wide variety of self‐tests shared their experiences in focus groups and interviews.ResultsPerceived disadvantages of self‐testing included the following: a wide range of available self‐tests, lack of insights into their reliability and content, possibility of mistakes in administering them, possibility of false‐positive and false‐negative results, lack of clarity about how to interpret results and consequently what action to take and fear of not being taken seriously by a general practitioner. Self‐test aspects that were viewed as most important include informed decision making, user‐friendliness, usefulness and reliability of results.ConclusionA decision aid for future self‐test users can help people make a deliberate decision on whether to use a self‐test and which particular self‐test to use from the wide range available. The government, health professionals, patient organizations, consumer organizations and citizens all have a role to play in the development and implementation of a decision aid.
Microstructural evolution and kinetics analysis of aluminum borate ceramics via solid‐state reaction synthesis
Authors: Luo Han , Li Yuanbing , Xiang Ruofei , Li Shujing , Xu Nana , Chen Ruoyu , Jia Wenbao 
Published: June 2019

AbstractAluminum borate ceramics (ABCs) with a skeleton structure of rod‐like crystals were established via a solid‐state reaction synthesis. The influence of heat treatment systems on the phase composition and microstructural evolution of an anisotropic grain were firstly studied. Next, the impact of boric acid content on the activation energy of reaction, microstructure, mechanical properties, and neutron shielding capability were investigated. The results demonstrate that orthorhombic Al18B4O33 formed between 900°C and 1000°C which was the stable phase during heating treatment. In addition, increasing the boric acid content was favorable for reducing the activation energy of forming aluminum borate, resulting in increased in situ formation and growth of aluminum borate whiskers in fired samples. Next, mircropores could be generated by the decomposition of boric acid at high temperatures, which had a considerable influence on the physical properties of the sample. Furthermore, the Monte Carlo particle transport program simulation and neutron shielding experiments showed that the prepared ABCs could shield neutron effectively manifested as possessing a high neutron absorption cross‐section in the case of porous materials. Moreover, ABCs have potential application value as thermal insulation material in the nuclear energy field.
Eutectoid scaffold as a potential tissue engineer guide
Authors: Díaz-Arca Anabel , Mazón Patricia , De Aza Piedad N. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractBiphasic scaffolds were prepared according to the eutectoid composition from subsystem silicocarnotite‐tricalcium phosphate by the polymeric replica method. Two polyurethane templates were used to explore the possibility of fabricating the scaffold on demand. The obtained scaffolds were characterized mineralogically by X‐Ray Diffraction (XRD), the chemical groups analyzed by Attenuated Total Reflectance‐Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR‐FTIR), microstructurally by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) fitted with Energy Dispersive X‐Ray Spectroscopy (EDS), and additionally by field emission SEM (FESEM) for the topography study. Finally, the mercury porosimetry analysis was performed for the microporosity study. The obtained results confirmed the possibility of controlling macro‐ and microporosity on the scaffold, which allowed their synthesis for specific needs.
Switching behavior of bulk, fast ion conducting, vitreous AgI‐Ag2O‐MoO3 solids with inert electrode
Authors: Tanujit Biswas , Varma G. Sreevidya , Asokan Sundarrajan 
Published: June 2019

AbstractDeveloping efficient, fast performing and thermally stable Silver iodide‐based fast ion conducting solids are of great interest for resistive switching applications, but still remain a challenge. Metallization in bulk, behavior of threshold voltage profile over composition, and corrosion reactions are few of the challenges. In this work, the switching behavior of bulk, fast ion conducting, vitreous (AgI)x‐(Ag2O)25‐(MoO3)75‐x, for 60 ≤ x ≤ 40 solids, has been investigated in order to understand the switching mechanism with the inert electrodes. By using inert electrodes, the switching becomes irreversible, memory type. The switching mechanism is the electrochemical metallization process. The inert electrodes restrain ionic mass transfer but exhibit low barrier to electron transfer allowing the cathodic metallization reaction to reach Nernst equilibrium faster. Cations involved in this process transport through the free volume within the solid structure and follows Mott‐Gurney model for electric field‐driven thermally activated ion hopping conductivity model. This model along with the thermal stability profile provides a narrow region within composition with better switching performance based on swiftness to reach threshold voltage and less power loss. Traces of anionic contribution to metallization are absent. Moreover, anodic oxidation involves reactions that cause bubble formation and corrosion.
Causal Contribution in War
Authors: Beebee Helen , Kaiserman Alex 
Published: June 2019

AbstractRevisionist approaches to the ethics of war seem to imply that civilians on the unjust side of a conflict can be legitimate targets of defensive attack. In response, some authors have argued that although civilians do often causally contribute to unjustified global threats – by voting for war, writing propaganda articles, or manufacturing munitions, for example – their contributions are usually too ‘small’, or ‘remote’, to make them liable to be intentionally killed to avert the threat. What defenders of this view lack, however, is a theory of causal contribution. This article sketches and defends a theory of causal contribution. We then apply it to the kinds of situation that defenders of the view are interested in. We argue, however, that since degrees of causal contribution turn out to be sensitive to particular features of the situation that are extrinsic to the agent's action, whether an agent makes a small or a large contribution to a threat may not only be very difficult to discern but in many cases may not line up very well with the kinds of intuition about liability that defenders of the view want to uphold.
More of a Cause?
Authors: Sartorio Carolina 
Published: June 2019

AbstractDoes a person's liability to attack during a war depend on the nature of their individual causal contribution to the (unjust) threat posed? If so, how? The recent literature on the ethics of war has become increasingly focused on questions of this kind. According to some views on these matters, your liability hinges on the extent of your causal contribution: the larger your contribution to an unjust threat, the larger the amount of harm that we can impose on you in order to avert the threat. Some philosophers have suggested that we can ground a quite general principle of civilian immunity on this basis. But, do causal contributions really come in degrees? Can we make sense of a graded notion of causal contribution that can be relevant to debates about liability in war? I argue there is good reason to be sceptical. The appearance that causal contributions come in degrees is just an illusion that can be explained away.
Improving healthcare access for older adults with intellectual disability: What are the needs?
Authors: Navas Patricia , Llorente Sandra , García Laura , Tassé Marc J. , Havercamp Susan M. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis qualitative study was carried out in Spain with the aim of identifying the changes that the health system should make to improve healthcare access for older adults with intellectual disability. Three hundred and sixty‐nine family members and professionals expressed their opinion on how healthcare access could be improved. Participants responded to two open‐ended questions included in a general survey about the health status of older individuals with intellectual disability. Most informants were women and professionals who had known the person with intellectual disability for more than 12 months. A system of categories, which showed good inter‐rater agreement, was developed to analyse participants’ written responses. Both family members and professionals emphasized the need to improve disability training for healthcare practitioners and highlighted the urgent need for flexibility in the structure of a healthcare system that currently overlooks the specific needs of this vulnerable population.
Ethanol infusion for Marshall bundle epicardial connections in Marshall bundle‐related atrial tachycardias following atrial fibrillation ablation: The accessibility and success rate of ethanol infusion by using a femoral approach
Authors: Kitamura Takeshi , Vlachos Konstantinos , Denis Arnaud , Andre Clementine , Martin Ruairidh , Pambrun Thomas , Duchateau Josselin , Frontera Antonio , Takigawa Masateru , Thompson Nathaniel , Cheniti Ghassen , Martin Claire A , Lam Anna , Bourier Felix , Sacher Frederic , Hocini Meleze , Haissaguerre Michel , Jais Pierre , Derval Nicolas 
Published: June 2019

AbstractBackgroundEthanol infusion of the vein of Marshall (VOM) may be effective to treat Marshall bundle‐related atrial tachycardia (MB‐AT). However, methods and clinical results of ethanol infusion for MB‐AT have been not established.ObjectiveTo assess the accessibility of the VOM and the success rate of ethanol infusion using a femoral approach for MB‐AT.MethodsA single‐center observational study included consecutive patients who had MB‐AT and in whom we attempted to treat MB‐AT during AT by ethanol infusion. When the VOM was able to be cannulated following VOM venogram using a femoral approach, we systematically performed ethanol infusion with selective balloon occlusion of the VOM. We analyzed in detail the efficacy of ethanol infusion of VOM in patients who were in MB‐AT during ethanol infusion.ResultsWe enrolled 54 consecutive patients in whom we attempted to treat MB‐AT by ethanol infusion. Of those, the VOM was accessible in 92.5% of patients (50 of 54). Of the 50 patients treated by ethanol infusion during MB‐AT, AT was successfully terminated in 56% percent of the patients (28 of 50) by solo treatment of ethanol infusion without RF ablation. The remainder required additional RF application to terminate the MB‐AT. A mean of 6.2 ± 2.8 mL of ethanol was infused resulting in the low‐voltage area significantly larger than that before ethanol infusion (12.7 ± 8.3 vs 6.6 ± 5.3 cm2, P < .001).ConclusionThe present study demonstrated that the VOM was highly accessible and MB‐AT was amenable to treatment by ethanol infusion by using a femoral approach.
Safety and compatibility of smart device heart rhythm monitoring in patients with cardiovascular implantable electronic devices
Authors: Abudan Anas A. , Isath Ameesh , Ryan James D. , Henrich Mark J. , Dugan Jennifer L. , Attia Zachi I. , Ladewig Dorothy J. , Dillon John J. , Friedman Paul A. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractIntroductionEmerging medical technology has allowed for monitoring of heart rhythm abnormalities using smartphone compatible devices. The safety and utility of such devices have not been established in patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs). We sought to assess the safety and compatibility of the Food and Drug Administration‐approved AliveCor Kardia device in patients with CIEDs.Methods and ResultsWe prospectively recruited patients with CIED for a Kardia recording during their routine device interrogation. A recording was obtained in paced and nonpaced states. Adverse clinical events were noted at the time of recording. Electrograms (EGMs) from the cardiac device were obtained at the time of recording to assess for any electromagnetic interference (EMI) introduced by Kardia. Recordings were analyzed for quality and given a score of 3 (interpretable rhythm, no noise), 2 (interpretable rhythm, significant noise) or 1 (uninterpretable). A total of 251 patients were recruited (59% with a pacemaker and 41% with ICD). There were no adverse clinical events noted at the time of recording and no changes to CIED settings. Review of all EGMs revealed no EMI introduced by Kardia. Recordings were correctly interpreted in 90% of paced recordings (183 had a score of 3, 43 of 2, and 25 of 1) and 94.7% of nonpaced recordings (147 of 3, 15 of 2, and 9 of 1).ConclusionThe AliveCor Kardia device has an excellent safety profile when used in conjunction with most CIEDs. The quality of recordings was preserved in this population. The device, therefore, can be considered for heart rhythm monitoring in patients with CIEDs.