bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fatigue crack propagation characteristics of high‐tensile steel wires for bridge cables
Authors: Zheng X.L. , Xie X. , Li X.Z. , Tang Z.Z. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe viability of single edge cracked sheet test method for rapidly determining the crack propagation characteristics of steel wires was investigated. First, fatigue tests under 3 different stress ratios were conducted on the sheet specimens which were manufactured from a kind of widely used cable wires. The test data were analysed, and the crack growth rates of sheet specimens were constructed by Walker model. Then, a series of fatigue tests were performed on notched round‐bar specimens to verify the predictability of Walker model parameters. Moreover, the experimental results obtained in different studies on crack propagation characteristics of steel wires were discussed. The results show that the crack propagation characteristics of sheet specimens behave a certain dependence on depth. The sheet crack growth laws can be well used to predict the fatigue life of notched bar specimens when the mechanical heterogeneity is considered. For bridge cable steels, the rational values for the exponent parameter of Paris law, m, should be close to 3.
Closing the global ozone yield gap: Quantification and cobenefits for multistress tolerance
Authors: Mills Gina , Sharps Katrina , Simpson David , Pleijel Håkan , Frei Michael , Burkey Kent , Emberson Lisa , Uddling Johan , Broberg Malin , Feng Zhaozhong , Kobayashi Kazuhiko , Agrawal Madhoolika 
Published: August 2018

AbstractIncreasing both crop productivity and the tolerance of crops to abiotic and biotic stresses is a major challenge for global food security in our rapidly changing climate. For the first time, we show how the spatial variation and severity of tropospheric ozone effects on yield compare with effects of other stresses on a global scale, and discuss mitigating actions against the negative effects of ozone. We show that the sensitivity to ozone declines in the order soybean > wheat > maize > rice, with genotypic variation in response being most pronounced for soybean and rice. Based on stomatal uptake, we estimate that ozone (mean of 2010–2012) reduces global yield annually by 12.4%, 7.1%, 4.4% and 6.1% for soybean, wheat, rice and maize, respectively (the “ozone yield gaps”), adding up to 227 Tg of lost yield. Our modelling shows that the highest ozone‐induced production losses for soybean are in North and South America whilst for wheat they are in India and China, for rice in parts of India, Bangladesh, China and Indonesia, and for maize in China and the United States. Crucially, we also show that the same areas are often also at risk of high losses from pests and diseases, heat stress and to a lesser extent aridity and nutrient stress. In a solution‐focussed analysis of these results, we provide a crop ideotype with tolerance of multiple stresses (including ozone) and describe how ozone effects could be included in crop breeding programmes. We also discuss altered crop management approaches that could be applied to reduce ozone impacts in the shorter term. Given the severity of ozone effects on staple food crops in areas of the world that are also challenged by other stresses, we recommend increased attention to the benefits that could be gained from addressing the ozone yield gap.
Warming and land use change concurrently erode ecosystem services in Tibet
Authors: Hopping Kelly A. , Knapp Alan K. , Dorji Tsechoe , Klein Julia A. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractAlpine meadows on the Tibetan Plateau comprise the largest alpine ecosystem in the world and provide critical ecosystem services, including forage production and carbon sequestration, on which people depend from local to global scales. However, the provision of these services may be threatened by climate warming combined with land use policies that are altering if and how pastoralists can continue to graze livestock, the dominant livelihood practice in this region for millennia. We synthesized findings from a climate warming and yak grazing experiment with landscape‐level observations in central Tibet to gain insight into the trajectories of change that Tibet's alpine meadows will undergo in response to expected changes in climate and land use. We show that within 5 years, experimental warming drove an alpine community with intact, sedge‐dominated turfs into a degraded state. With removal of livestock, consistent with policy intended to reverse degradation, a longer‐term shift to a more shrub‐dominated community will likely occur. Neither degraded nor shrub meadows produce forage or sequester carbon to the same degree as intact meadows, indicating that climate warming and drying will reduce the ability of Tibet’s alpine meadows to provide key ecosystem services, and that livestock reduction policies intended to counteract trajectories of land degradation instead endanger contemporary livelihoods on the Tibetan Plateau.
Combining choice modeling estimates and stochastic simulations to assess the potential of new crops—The case of lignocellulosic perennials in Southwestern Germany
Authors: Gillich Caroline , Narjes Manuel , Krimly Tatjana , Lippert Christian 
Published: August 2018

AbstractIn the future, the lignocellulosic perennial crops short rotation coppice (SRC) and miscanthus are supposed to provide renewable raw materials for a bio‐based economy. To assess the potential regional supply of these crops, which are not yet widespread in Baden–Wuerttemberg (Southwest Germany), we used a two‐step approach. In a first step, we conducted a Discrete Choice Experiment (DCE) in regions of Baden–Wuerttemberg that—given their site conditions—are suitable for SRC or miscanthus. The respondents were characterized by significant preference heterogeneity for both (negatively valued) perennial crops and for all presented choice attributes. Thus, it was appropriate to estimate a random parameter logit model (RPL). The attributes average yearly contribution margin, long‐term purchase guarantee and cultivation by colleagues in the neighborhood had a significantly positive effect on the likelihood of cultivation, whereas the attributes contribution margin variability and initial investment need showed a significantly negative effect. In a second step, assuming realistic values for the levels of the attributes considered in the DCE, in stochastic simulations, we randomly draw part‐worth utilities from the multivariate normal distribution of these parameters according to the RPL results. This way, for alternative biomass prices, we derived shares of farmers’ willing to engage in perennial crop production and produced related regional supply functions. Under moderate yield and realistic input and farmland opportunity cost assumptions, the full regional miscanthus potential can only be achieved when farmers are offered either subsidies or price‐risk‐reducing long‐term contracts. Based on empirically determined heterogeneous farmer preferences, our two‐step approach is suitable to yield realistic estimations of any not yet implemented farming practices. We finally note caveats related to our analysis and discuss some policy implications of the major findings.
Fiscal effects of municipal annexation: Evidence from a large national sample of urban municipalities
Authors: Wang Jing , Gorina Evgenia 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThis paper examines the relationship between annexation and municipal finance and addresses a gap in the literature by studying the role of revenue structure and fiscal constraints. Using a large national sample of urban municipalities, the analysis shows that territorial expansion by itself does not influence municipal fiscal outcomes with the exception of large single parcels annexations which increase spending. We also observe negative effects of population changes on revenues and spending per capita. Since population changes typically accompany annexation, we conclude that annexing cities tend to use their added tax base to spread the revenue burden more widely rather than to increase the size of government. An important implication of this study is that state‐imposed fiscal constraints do not hamper annexation success and that comprehensive urban development policies may be needed to accommodate growth and development after annexation.
The current state of Byzantine archeology
Authors: Decker Michael J. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractByzantine archeology embraces the study of material culture in the Byzantine Empire (the continuation of the Roman Empire in the Eastern Mediterranean from the 4th through 15th centuries C.E.). This review examines current trends in Byzantine archeology, among which one finds new local and regional studies, and a decided move away from archeological excavation to archeological survey and other forms of noninvasive investigation. There is still a strong orientation among scholars engaged with Byzantine archeology to explain the nature and mechanisms of change around the period of transition from antiquity to the medieval period. New theories and methodologies, often slow to be adopted by Byzantinists, are now routinely applied in many areas of Byzantine archeology. More recently, the archeological sciences, including studies involving climate change and the diet, have become more prominent in the field. Finally, in order to thrive, Byzantine archeology is a scholarly pursuit in need of institutional support and a defined and effective academic network.
Medieval sermons and audience appeal after theBlackDeath
Authors: Barr Beth Allison 
Published: August 2018

AbstractMedieval sermons were the mass media of the 14th and 15th centuries. A sermon for St. Winifred from John Mirk'sFestial, the most popular collection of medieval sermons in late medieval England, showcases not only the popularity of medieval sermons but also the components basic to sermon literature throughout medieval Europe. The varying inclusion and mostly exclusion of the Winifred sermon from extantFestialmanuscripts, along with its reliance on colorful sermon stories (exempla), underscore a growing concern in medieval sermons for audience appeal. Moreover, a comparison of the Winifred sermon in twoFestialmanuscripts suggests that an emphasis on the pastoral program in sermons, especially during the century following the Black Death, coincided with increased concern in sermons to appeal to a female audience. St. Winifred's sermon was certainly a teaching text for medieval Christians, but—because it exposes the appeal of medieval sermons more broadly and suggests new directions for study—St. Winifred's sermon is also a teaching text for scholars today.
Acceptability of high‐resolution anoscopy for anal cancer screening in HIV‐infected patients
Authors: Lam JO , Barnell GM , Merchant M , Ellis CG , Silverberg MJ 
Published: August 2018

ObjectivesHIV‐infected individuals are at increased risk of anal cancer. Screening for anal cancer precursors using high‐resolution anoscopy (HRA) may be clinically beneficial. In this study, we examined patient tolerability of this procedure.MethodsThe acceptability of HRA was evaluated among HIV‐infected patients who completed a first‐time HRA between July 2008 and December 2013 at Kaiser Permanente Northern California. We reviewed electronic medical records to identify lack of HRA acceptability, which was defined as receipt of HRA with sedation, dispensation of opioid analgaesia, and/or an urgent care visit following HRA, and to evaluate factors associated with patients not returning for a recommended repeat HRA (proxy for HRA acceptability). HRA acceptability was also assessed via a survey mailed to patients who completed HRA between January 2014 and August 2014. Logistic regression was used to model lack of acceptability of initial HRA and likelihood of not returning for a repeat HRA.ResultsOf 1857 HIV‐infected patients, 94 were prescribed opioids and one had an urgent care visit. Lack of HRA acceptability was more likely in patients with pre‐existing anal conditions [e.g. warts or fissure; adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 4.02; 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.4–6.7], those who had ever smoked (aOR 1.6; 95% CI 1.0–2.5) and women (aOR 5.3; 95% CI 1.6–17.5). Fifty per cent of patients returned for a repeat HRA, with younger patients less likely to return (per 10‐year age interval, aOR 0.8; 95% CI 0.7–0.9). Of 48 survey respondents, 91.7% reported acceptable pain levels and all reported willingness to return for a repeat HRA.ConclusionsHRA was generally well tolerated and may be an acceptable screening approach for patients at high risk of anal cancer.
Measuring the frequency of consumer hair combing and magnitude of combing forces on individual hairs in a tress and the implications for product evaluation and claims substantiation
Authors: New S. , Daniels G. , Gummer C. L. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractObjectivesIt is commonly assumed that, due to the long growth cycle of hair, multi‐cycle combing, and strength and fatigue testing using thousands of cycles is relevant for product evaluation and claim substantiation. The objective was to assess the frequency and magnitude of combing forces on individual hairs against a hypothesis that fibres on a consumer's head rarely experience significant loads during routine combing.MethodsSingle fibres were removed from a tress, attached to a load cell and replaced in the tress. Combing of tresses, guided by in‐vivo measurements, measured the frequency of significant loads defined as ‘events’ ≥1 g over 30 combing sets (set = 10 comb strokes @~25 cm s−1) with intermediate tangling. Asian and Caucasian hair was assessed by dry, wet, bleached‐wet and bleached‐dry combing. A questionnaire of 231 Asian and Caucasian women established daily frequency and number of comb strokes for the whole head. In‐vivo combing videos of 10 women (five Asian, five Caucasian) were used to establish in‐vivo and tress combing speeds.ResultsThe questionnaires returned an average combing frequency of 1.7×/day (range 0–5) and average number of strokes 16 ± 2.3 per head/day (95% CI). Video analysis measured combing speeds of 22–35 cm s−1 across hair types. Tress data confirmed individual fibres are unlikely to experience repeated loading or significant loads in all but wet combed persulphate bleached hair. ‘Events’ of ≥1 g ‐ dry combing gave an event probability of 0.2 and average load of 1.7 g over 30 comb sets. Dry combed bleached samples returned a probability of 0.23 and 0.3 respectively. Wet combed virgin Asian and Caucasian hair gave a probability of 0.1 and 0.47 respectively. Wet combed bleached hair gave a probability of one. The addition of a conditioner to bleached hair reduced the event probability to <0.1.ConclusionDuring combing, individual fibres may not experience any significant loads and are unlikely to experience repetitive loads >10 g. The low number of comb strokes and low event probability is in keeping with consumers growing their hair long and in good condition. The data indicates the need for a significant rethink of methods used for product evaluation and claim substantiation.
Melting behavior of waste glass cullet briquettes in soda‐lime‐silica container glass batch
Authors: Deng Wei , Wright Richard , Boden‐Hook Chris , Bingham Paul A. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe melting behavior of representative container glass batch with and without the addition of 15wt% briquettes produced from waste cullet fine particles was investigated in the context of reducing both waste and glass melting energies. Carbonate raw material decomposition and reactions during melting were studied by DTA‐TGA‐MS. The decomposition kinetics of two batches, representing typical container glass batches with 0% and 15% briquette additions, were calculated by transformation degree based on the Ginstling‐Brounstein and Arrhenius equations. High temperature phase transitions and fractions of silica reaction in each batch were obtained from X‐ray diffractometry (XRD). The briquette additions accelerated the decomposition reactions and the silicate reaction kinetics by decreasing the activation energy for carbonate decomposition. Silica sand in the batch was shown to melt at lower temperatures with the addition of briquettes. Batch melting processes at different temperatures and briquette melting on top of the molten glass at high temperatures were investigated by macroscopic investigations of sample cross sections postmelting. The positive effects of briquette additions to container glass batches, in terms of increased melting rate and reduced batch reaction and decomposition temperatures, are supported by the results of this study.
Wage distribution and firm size: The case of the United States
Authors: COSIC Damir 
Published: August 2018

AbstractSubstantial literature has been produced on the increasing wage gap in the United States, invoking various possible factors, but largely ignoring the relationship between firm size and wage distribution. In this study, the author decomposes wage differences over time between large, medium and small firms, identifying the effects of observed characteristics (and their returns) along with residual inequality, i.e. inequality among workers with the same observed characteristics. From 1992 to 2012, trends at small, medium and large firms became more uniform, while wage inequality rose across the board. Significantly, it increased more quickly in the upper half of the wage distribution and at large firms, where residual inequality was highest.
Mother–Infant and Partner–Infant Emotional Availability at 12 Months of Age: Findings From an Australian Longitudinal Study
Authors: Rossen Larissa , Mattick Richard P. , Wilson Judy , Burns Lucinda , Macdonald Jacqui A. , Olsson Craig , Allsop Steve , Elliott Elizabeth J. , Jacobs Sue , McCormack Clare , Hutchinson Delyse 
Published: August 2018

Emotional availability (EA) is a focal indicator of parent–infant relationship quality and plays a key role in determining healthy child development, yet factors thought to influence EA have not been examined comprehensively in the postnatal period in both mothers and partners. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of mother–infant and partner–infant bonding, mental ill‐health and substance use at 8 weeks postbirth on mother–infant and partner–infant EA at 12 months postbirth, accounting for a range of demographic and postnatal variables. Participants were 191 matched mother–partner–infant triads from a nested sample of an Australian longitudinal pregnancy cohort (The Triple B Pregnancy Cohort). Assessments were conducted at 8 weeks postbirth and at infant age 12 months. Parental EA was coded from dyadic interactions during a 20‐min free play observational video recorded at 12 months. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) analysis, accounting for within‐dyad clustering, showed older parent age was associated with higher parent–child EA scores (χ2 = 6.28, p < .01), while parental tobacco use (χ2 = 7.35, p < .01) and depression (χ2 = 4.51, p < .05) at 8 weeks postnatal predicted poorer parent–child EA scores at 12 months. These novel findings suggest that it may be particularly important to support young couples and those struggling with symptoms of depression or tobacco use during the postnatal period.
Mixed alkaline‐earth effects on several mechanical and thermophysical properties of aluminate glasses and melts
Authors: Shan Zhitao , Liu Shujiang , Tao Haizheng , Yue Yuanzheng 
Published: August 2018

AbstractOwing to heterogeneous nucleation at the melt‐crucible interface, it is difficult to access the dynamic and physical properties of supercooled liquids of poor glass formers when using a conventional melting technique. To avoid the interface nucleation, we apply a containerless aerodynamic levitation laser‐melting technique to measure the viscosity, density, and surface tension of a poor glass‐forming system, ie, the mixed alkaline‐earth aluminate melts. The temperature and composition (Ca/Sr) dependence of thermal‐physical properties are investigated on both thermodynamically stable and metastable supercooled melts. In addition, the levitation laser‐melting technique is used to quench the melts to glasses, and then the mixed alkaline‐earth effects are investigated on Vickers micro‐hardness and glass transition temperatures. By comparing the chosen silicate and aluminate series, we have identified weaker mixed alkaline‐earth effects in aluminate series than those in silicate series, and this difference could be attributed to the different structural roles of alkaline‐earth elements in two glass series.
Electric current effect during the early stages of field‐assisted sintering
Authors: Biesuz Mattia , Rizzi Davide , Sglavo Vincenzo M. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe linear shrinkage during isothermal treatment in the early stages of conventional and field‐assisted sintering of 8YSZ was analyzed. The results reveal that the application of a moderate electric current causes a remarkable acceleration of the self‐diffusion kinetics, resulting in an enhanced densification. In addition, when an electric current is applied, two different field‐assisted sintering regimes can be identified. The first one, observed at low currents (ie 5 mA/mm2), is associated to sintering shrinkage which follows the conventional trend () although the densification is accelerated. The second regime takes place when larger current are applied (J > 10 mA/mm2) and is described by a different sintering law, , this pointing out that the electric current causes the activation of alternative densification mechanisms when it exceeds a certain threshold value.
In situ measurements of reactions in a glass‐forming batch by X‐ray and neutron diffraction
Authors: Peterson Irene M. , Shi Ying , Ma Dong , Rygel Jennifer L. , Wheaton Bryan , Whitfield Pamela S. , Wright Joseph , Carlineo Michele 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe batch materials used in glass production are often too coarse to allow phase evolution measurements by in situ high‐temperature x‐ray diffraction (HTXRD). Reducing the particle sizes to accommodate these measurements changes the reaction kinetics and can alter the reaction pathway. Unlike conventional laboratory XRD, which operates in reflection mode and analyzes the surface region of finely ground powder, neutron diffraction can be used to characterize as‐received batch materials by means of an intense beam which penetrates through a bulk sample. In this study, the phase evolution in a glass‐forming batch made with fine batch materials was probed in situ by both HTXRD and time‐of‐flight neutron diffraction to determine the similarities and differences between measurements by the two techniques. Then, the same composition, prepared using the coarser, as‐received size distributions of the same batch materials, was studied by both techniques, demonstrating the unique capability of neutron diffraction to analyze material which is too coarse for the HTXRD, and to reveal the effect of the particle size distribution on the reaction kinetics.