bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ecogeographic patterns in fetal limb proportions
Authors: Waxenbaum Erin B. , Warren Michael W. , Holliday Trenton W. , Byrd John E. , Cole Theodore M. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractObjectivesHumans generally comply with the ecological rule of Allen (1877), with populations from tropical environments exhibiting body proportions in which limb segments are long relative to trunk height compared to temperate groups. This study tests whether ecogeographic differences in intralimb proportions are identifiable among two modern fetal samples of differing ancestry.Materials and methodsData are derived from radiographic measurements of long bone diaphyseal length and crown‐heel length (CHL) of contemporary, spontaneously aborted fetuses of African Americans (“black”) of assumed African (tropical) ancestry and European Americans (“white”) of assumed European (temperate) ancestry (n = 184). Population individual limb elements, brachial, and crural indices are compared via analyses of covariance (ANCOVA). Potential patterns of divergent allometric growth are quantified through principal components analysis (PCA).ResultsAfrican ancestral distal limb elements were consistently, albeit slightly, longer than those of European ancestry, relative to CHL. None of the ANCOVA interactions with ancestry are statistically significant for limb indices. The radius was the only single element that displayed a statistically significant ancestry effect (p = 0.0435) equating to a 1 mm difference. PCA highlights that upper limbs demonstrate negative allometry and lower limbs demonstrate positive allometry with sample‐specific multivariate growth patterns being nearly identical. Differences in growth allometry late in gestation make little contribution to observed differences in adult limb proportions.DiscussionNo statistically significant ecogeographic patterns were appreciated among intralimb proportions between these groups during the fetal period. This study contributes to a greater appreciation of phenotypic plasticity, ecogeographic variation in ontogeny, and the evolution of modern human diversity.
The quest for sustainable employment: Challenges faced by young people during the job‐search process
Authors: Moore Katherine 
Published: March 2019

AbstractYoung people who are unable to find and sustain employment are at risk for long‐term social and economic exclusion. Active labour market policies (ALMPs) addressing the problem of youth unemployment have focused on building the employability skills of young job seekers to expand their employment opportunities. Yet research exploring how young people navigate the job‐search process is limited. Drawing on interviews with young Australian job seekers and their employment consultants, this article addresses the questions of how young people navigate entry into employment through the job‐search process and what challenges they face. The study revealed three common frustrations experienced by the young people during their job‐search: employers' expectations of relevant work experience in the young person's preferred occupation, being required to apply for jobs not aligned with their career aspirations, and the impact of personal factors on their ability to confidently present themselves to prospective employers. The findings highlight the need for ALMPs and employers to facilitate positive employability support mechanisms that will build a stable platform from which young people can build a trajectory towards sustainable employment to reduce long‐term youth unemployment.
Efficient Room‐Temperature Phosphorescence of a Solid‐State Supramolecule Enhanced by Cucurbit[6]uril
Authors: Zhang Zhi‐Yuan , Chen Yong , Liu Yu 
Published: March 2019

AbstractEfficient emission of purely organic room‐temperature phosphorescence (RTP) is of great significant for potential application in optoelectronics and photobiology. Herein, we report an uncommon phosphorescent effect of organic single molecule enhanced by resulting supramolecular assembly of host–guest complexation. The chromophore bromophenyl‐methyl‐pyridinium (PY) with different counterions as guests display various phosphorescence quantum yields from 0.4 % to 24.1 %. Single crystal X‐ray diffraction results indicate that the chromophore with iodide counterion (PYI) exhibits the highest efficiency maybe due to the halogen‐bond interactions. Significantly, the nanosupramolecular assembly of PY chloride complexation with the cucurbit[6]uril gives a greatly enhanced phosphorescent quantum yield up to 81.2 % in ambient. Such great enhancement is because of the strict encapsulation of cucurbit[6]uril, which prevents the nonradiative relaxation and promotes intersystem crossing (ISC). This supramolecular assembly concept with counterions effect provides a novel approach for the improvement of RTP.
Outstanding antifouling performance of poly(vinylidene fluoride) membranes: Novel amphiphilic brushlike copolymer blends and one‐step surface zwitterionization
Authors: Wang Jianxiu , Liu Ling , Qu Zhihua , Qu Zhiqing , He Chunju 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACTIn this study, we endowed a poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) membrane with outstanding antifouling ability by blending the hierarchical amphiphilic brushlike copolymer [poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate)‐b‐polydimethylsiloxane‐b‐poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate)]‐g‐poly(N,N‐dimethylamino‐2‐ethyl methacrylate) with different initial monomer/initiator feed ratios and performing a one‐step surface zwitterionization of spontaneously segregated poly(N,N‐dimethyl aminoethyl methacrylate) segments. Interestingly, nanoscale granular micelles were formed on the surface during zwitterionization because of the migration and self‐assembly of the amphiphilic copolymer; this contributed to the membrane hydrophilicity and antifouling ability. During the filtration of the model foulant bovine serum albumin (BSA) aqueous solution, the BSA rejection ratio and flux recovery ratio increased remarkably to 94.8 and 100.0%, respectively. Moreover, the modified membranes also possessed stable and durable antifouling properties after three cycles of BSA filtration. Thus, this study provided a versatile method for constructing a PVDF ultrafiltration membrane that could achieve high permeability and good antifouling properties in efficient wastewater treatment. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47637.
A Fifty‐Two–Week, Randomized, Placebo‐Controlled Trial of Certolizumab Pegol in Nonradiographic Axial Spondyloarthritis
Authors: Deodhar Atul , Gensler Lianne S. , Kay Jonathan , Maksymowych Walter P. , Haroon Nigil , Landewé Robert , Rudwaleit Martin , Hall Stephen , Bauer Lars , Hoepken Bengt , de Peyrecave Natasha , Kilgallen Brian , van der Heijde Désirée 
Published: March 2019

ObjectiveThe natural history of nonradiographic axial spondyloarthritis (SpA) is incompletely characterized, and there are concerns that nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs provide inadequate disease control in patients with active disease. This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of certolizumab pegol (CZP), an anti–tumor necrosis factor treatment, in patients with nonradiographic axial SpA with objective signs of inflammation.MethodsIn this ongoing parallel‐group double‐blind study, adults with active disease were recruited from 80 centers in Australia, Europe, North America, and Taiwan, and were randomized 1:1 to receive placebo or CZP (400 mg at weeks 0, 2, and 4, followed by 200 mg every 2 weeks) in addition to nonbiologic background medication (NBBM). Switching to open‐label CZP (or other biologic) or making background medication changes was permitted at any point during the trial, although changes before week 12 were discouraged. The primary end point was the proportion of patients achieving major improvement (MI) (i.e., a ≥2.0‐point decrease in the score from baseline or achievement of the lowest possible score [0.6]) in the Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score (ASDAS) at week 52.ResultsA total of 317 patients were randomized to receive placebo plus NBBM (n = 158) or CZP plus NBBM (n = 159). ASDAS‐MI at week 52 was achieved in 47.2% (75 of 159) of CZP plus NBBM patients, which was significantly greater (P < 0.0001) than the 7.0% (11 of 158) of placebo plus NBBM patients in whom ASDAS‐MI was achieved. Of the placebo plus NBBM patients, 60.8% (96 of 158) switched to open‐label treatment before week 52 compared to 12.6% (20 of 159) of the CZP plus NBBM patients.ConclusionAdding CZP to background medication is superior to adding placebo in patients with active nonradiographic axial SpA. These results indicate that remission in nonradiographic axial SpA treated without biologics occurs infrequently, demonstrating the need for treatment beyond nonbiologic therapy.
Long noncoding RNA and mRNA profiling in cetuximab‐resistant colorectal cancer cells by RNA sequencing analysis
Authors: Jing Changwen , Ma Rong , Cao Haixia , Wang Zhuo , Liu Siwen , Chen Dan , Wu Yang , Zhang Junying , Wu Jianzhong 
Published: March 2019

AbstractTo gain an insight into the molecular mechanisms of cetuximab resistance in colorectal cancer, we generated a cetuximab‐resistant cell line (H508/CR) and performed RNA sequencing to identify the differential expression patterns of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) and mRNAs between cetuximab‐sensitive and resistant cells. A total of 278 ncRNA transcripts and 1,059 mRNA transcripts were dysregulated in the cetuximab‐resistant cells. The expression levels of nine selected long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) were validated using quantitative real‐time PCR. Functional analysis revealed that several groups of lncRNAs might be involved in pathways associated with cetuximab resistance. Increased glucose consumption and lactate secretion in cetuximab‐resistant cells suggested that glucose metabolism might be involved in cetuximab resistance. In addition, lncRNA LINC00973 was upregulated in the H508/CR cell line and cells transfected with a LINC00973 short interfering RNA exhibited reduced cell viability, increased apoptosis, and decreased glucose consumption and lactate secretion. Our results provide essential data regarding differentially expressed lncRNAs and mRNAs in cetuximab‐resistant cells, which may provide new potential candidates for cetuximab therapy.
Clinical validation of an immunohistochemistry‐based CanAssist‐Breast test for distant recurrence prediction in hormone receptor‐positive breast cancer patients
Authors: Bakre Manjiri M. , Ramkumar Charusheila , Attuluri Arun Kumar , Basavaraj Chetana , Prakash Chandra , Buturovic Ljubomir , Madhav Lekshmi , Naidu Nirupama , R Prathima , Somashekhar S. P. , Gupta Sudeep , Doval Dinesh Chandra , Pegram Mark D. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractCanAssist‐Breast (CAB) is an immunohistochemistry (IHC)‐based prognostic test for early‐stage Hormone Receptor (HR+)‐positive breast cancer patients. CAB uses a Support Vector Machine (SVM) trained algorithm which utilizes expression levels of five biomarkers (CD44, ABCC4, ABCC11, N‐Cadherin, and Pan‐Cadherin) and three clinical parameters such as tumor size, grade, and node status as inputs to generate a risk score and categorizes patients as low‐ or high‐risk for distant recurrence within 5 years of diagnosis. In this study, we present clinical validation of CAB. CAB was validated using a retrospective cohort of 857 patients. All patients were treated either with endocrine therapy or chemoendocrine therapy. Risk categorization by CAB was analyzed by calculating Distant Metastasis‐Free Survival (DMFS) and recurrence rates using Kaplan‐Meier survival curves. Multivariate analysis was performed to calculate Hazard ratios (HR) for CAB high‐risk vs low‐risk patients. The results showed that Distant Metastasis‐Free Survival (DMFS) was significantly different (P‐0.002) between low‐ (DMFS: 95%) and high‐risk (DMFS: 80%) categories in the endocrine therapy treated alone subgroup (n = 195) as well as in the total cohort (n = 857, low‐risk DMFS: 95%, high‐risk DMFS: 84%, P < 0.0001). In addition, the segregation of the risk categories was significant (P = 0.0005) in node‐positive patients, with a difference in DMFS of 12%. In multivariate analysis, CAB risk score was the most significant predictor of distant recurrence with hazard ratio of 3.2048 (P < 0.0001). CAB stratified patients into discrete risk categories with high statistical significance compared to Ki‐67 and IHC4 score‐based stratification. CAB stratified a higher percentage of the cohort (82%) as low‐risk than IHC4 score (41.6%) and could re‐stratify >74% of high Ki‐67 and IHC4 score intermediate‐risk zone patients into low‐risk category. Overall the data suggest that CAB can effectively predict risk of distant recurrence with clear dichotomous high‐ or low‐risk categorization.
Multifaceted roles of ATM in autophagy: From nonselective autophagy to selective autophagy
Authors: Liang Nan , He Qiao , Liu Xiaodong , Sun Hui 
Published: March 2019

The ataxia‐telangiectasia mutated (ATM) protein kinase is best known for its critical nuclear roles in the DNA damage response (DDR), cell cycle checkpoints, and the maintenance of gene stability. In this review, we highlight the multifaceted cytoplasmic functions of ATM in autophagy. We focused on the functions of ATM in nonselective autophagy in cancer. An Oncomine database analysis showed a tight association between ATM and autophagy in various cancers. In particular, its mechanisms in nonselective autophagy, those induced by ionizing radiation (IR), are illustrated in detail and involve the MAPK14 pathway, mTOR pathway, and Beclin1/PI3KIII complexes. Recently, an increasing number of studies revealed that autophagy could also be highly selective. We additionally emphasized the novel roles of ATM in selective autophagy, including mitophagy, pexophagy, and lipophagy. The regulation of these processes mainly involves ATM‐PEX5, ATM‐AMPK‐TSC2‐mTORC1‐ULK1, PPM1D‐ATM‐MTOR, PINK I/Parkin, and NAD+/SIRT1. We aimed to provide new perspectives on the importance of ATM in the diverse field of autophagy. The intricate regulation of ATM in autophagy still requires further investigation, which would enhance our understanding of its role in cell dynamics and homeostasis.Significance of the studyOur review highlighted the multifaceted cytoplasmic functions of ATM on autophagy. First, we focused on the functions of ATM in nonselective autophagy within cancer especially those induced by IR, involving the MAPK14 pathway, mTOR pathway, and Beclin1/PI3KIII complexes. These provided a theoretical understanding of tumour radiosensitivity and chemosensitivity. In addition, we emphasized the novel roles of ATM in selective autophagy, including mitophagy, pexophagy, and lipophagy. This review provides new perspectives on the importance of ATM in the diverse field of autophagy, which would provide more information on its role in whole cell dynamics and homeostasis.
Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Deaminative Hydrogenation of Amino Nitriles: Direct Access to 1,2‐Amino Alcohols
Authors: Calleja Pilar , Ernst Martin , Hashmi A. Stephen K. , Schaub Thomas 
Published: March 2019

AbstractA new approach for the efficient and highly selective synthesis of 1,2‐amino alcohols by direct reductive hydrolysis of N‐formyl‐protected α‐amino nitriles is reported. The commercially available RuHCl(CO)(PPh3)3 complex was found to be a suitable catalyst for this operationally simple protocol, in which no stoichiometric amounts of undesired metal waste are generated. The deaminative hydrogenation is performed at 55 bar of H2, using a 6:1 mixture of 1,4‐dioxane/water as solvent. In addition, hydroxymethyl alcohols were prepared from cyanoketones under very similar conditions.
Ultra‐performance convergence chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry‐assisted method for rapid enantioseparation and determination of fluazifop‐butyl in tobacco and soil
Authors: Yang Fei , Tang Gangling , Liu Shanshan , Fan Ziyan , Wang Ying , Deng Huimin , Bian Zhaoyang , Li Zhonghao 
Published: March 2019

AbstractA quick, green, and sensitive method for chiral separation and determination of fluazifop‐butyl enantiomers in tobacco and soil was established by ultra‐performance convergence chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (UPC2‐MS/MS). The baseline separation was obtained on an ACQUITY UPC2 Trefoil CEL2 column in 4 minutes with CO2 and methanol as mobile phase. Column temperature, auto back pressure regulator pressure (ABPR), and modifier solvent were optimized to obtain the best separation efficiency. Under the optimal conditions, the recoveries of both enantiomers were 82.8% to 99.5% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) less than 5.5% at three different concentration levels in two matrices. Good coefficients of determination (R2 ≥ 0.9976) were achieved over the concentration range of 10 to 500 ng/mL. The limits of detection (LODs) for all enantiomers in the two matrices varied from 1.6 to 2.1 μg/kg, and the limits of quantification (LOQs) did not exceed 7.0 μg/kg. The proposed method was then successfully applied to analyze authentic samples, confirming that it was a green, convenient, and reliable strategy for the analysis of fluazifop‐butyl enantiomers in tobacco and soil.
Cascaded hybrid intrusion detection model based on SOM and RBF neural networks
Authors: Almiani Muder , AbuGhazleh Alia , Al‐Rahayfeh Amer , Razaque Abdul 
Published: March 2019

SummaryCybercriminal activities over computer network systems are considered one of the preponderant issues that humanity will face in the coming two decades. The development steps in the design of intrusion detection systems must be carried out in analogous manner to sophistication levels of intrusions developed by hackers. This work proposes a layered hybrid intrusion detection model uses cascaded layers of Clustered Self‐Organized Map (CSOM) and Radial Basis Function (RBF) neural networks to improve the efficiency of detecting frequent and least frequent intrusions. K‐means clustered SOM was used to filter attacks as a first layer, whereas RBF‐based neural network worked as second filtering and attacked classification layer leading to significance reduction in time required to process connection records and notable improvements in the performance of intrusion detection. A new balanced version of cleansed NSL‐KDD dataset was used to validate and evaluate the proposed model. Compared with other existing schemes; the proposed model shows high detection performance in terms of accuracy 97.73% and false positive rate as low as 0.023%. In particular, for detecting least and most harmful attacks, U2R and R2L, the system achieved detection rate of 88.6% with false positive rate of 0.016. Comparative results showed that CSOM‐RBF model is more suitable for real‐life implementation than other many existing state‐of‐the‐art intrusion detection models.
Opioid use after hip fracture surgery: A Danish nationwide cohort study from 2005 to 2015
Authors: Simoni Amalie H. , Nikolajsen Lone , Olesen Anne E. , Christiansen Christian. F. , Pedersen Alma B. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractBackgroundThere is currently a knowledge gap regarding persistent opioid use after hip fracture surgery. Thus, opioid use within a year after hip fracture surgery in patients with/without opioid use before surgery was examined.MethodsThis population‐based cohort study included all patients (aged ≥ 65) undergoing primary hip fracture surgery in Denmark (2005–2015) identified from the Danish Multidisciplinary Hip Fracture Database. Opioid use was assessed from The Danish National Health Service Prescription Database as redeemed prescriptions. The proportion of patients with ≥1 opioid prescription was computed within 6 months before surgery and each of four 3‐month periods (quarters) after surgery, among patients alive first day in each period. Proportion differences (95% CI) were calculated for each quarter compared to before surgery. Proportions were calculated for users and nonusers before surgery, including initiators after first quarter.ResultsThis study included 69,456 patients. Proportion differences of opioid users were 35.0 (95% CI 34.5–35.5), 7.0 (95% CI 6.5–7.5), 2.9 (95% CI 2.4–3.4) and 1.4 percentage‐points (95% CI 0.9–1.9) the four quarters after surgery compared to before. Among opioid nonusers before surgery, 54.7% (95% CI 54.3–55.1), 21.8% (95% CI 21.4–22.2), 17.8% (95% CI 17.4–18.2) and 16.8% (95% CI 16.4–17.2) were opioid users in 1st‐4th quarter after surgery. However, 8.5% (95% CI 8.2–8.7) of the nonusers before surgery in 4th quarter initiated opioid use more than a quarter after surgery.ConclusionsThe proportion of opioid users increased after hip fracture surgery and was 1.4 percentage‐points increased in fourth quarter compared to before. Of opioid nonusers before surgery, 16.8% were opioid users fourth quarter after surgery.SignificanceOpioid use 1 year after hip fracture surgery is common, both in patients who were opioid users and nonusers before the surgery. These significant findings point out the need for indication of benefits and risks of opioid use in the acute and long‐term management of patients undergoing hip fracture surgery.
Clinical management of females seeking fertility treatment and of pregnant females with eating disorders
Authors: Paslakis Georgios , de Zwaan Martina 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe presence of eating disorders (EDs) might have a significant impact upon pregnancy, birth, and the offspring's well‐being. Thus, several specific aspects are to be considered by medical professionals when females with EDs either become pregnant or intend to undergo fertility treatment. Clinical management algorithms for gynaecologists and fertility specialists are missing. Here, based on currently available evidence on the topic, specific clinical recommendations are presented. Treatment by a mental health professional may be necessary for pregnant females suffering from acute EDs or prior to fertility treatment. Because the regulation of the menstrual cycle is known to be induced in the course of ED‐specific treatment due to weight gain and eating behaviour stabilization, the necessity and drawbacks of fertility treatments in females with EDs are discussed.
POD‐identification reduced order model of linear transport equations for control purposes
Authors: Star S. Kelbij , Belloni Francesco , Van den Eynde Gert , Degroote Joris 
Published: March 2019

SummaryIntrusive reduced order modeling techniques require access to the solver's discretization and solution algorithm, which are not available for most computational fluid dynamics codes. Therefore, a nonintrusive reduction method that identifies the system matrix of linear fluid dynamical problems with a least‐squares technique is presented. The methodology is applied to the linear scalar transport convection‐diffusion equation for a 2D square cavity problem with a heated lid. The (time‐dependent) boundary conditions are enforced in the obtained reduced order model (ROM) with a penalty method. The results are compared and the accuracy of the ROMs is assessed against the full order solutions and it is shown that the ROM can be used for sensitivity analysis by controlling the nonhomogeneous Dirichlet boundary conditions.