bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conclusion
Authors: Treverton Gregory 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The story of the National Intelligence Council is also the story of strategic analysis, and so a number of themes recur. One is relevance. Especially before the NIC acquired the current intelligence support mission, NIC chairs sought to make national intelligence estimates and other products more readable and timely, and looked for other ways to reach out to policy officials. Credibility has been relevance’s twin, and NIC chairs have not been strangers to criticism—not least over the 2002 Iraq and 2007 Iran nuclear estimates. Over time, the NIC’s focus and method evolved to include more concentration on terrorism and China, and reaching out to expertise outside the government for work on climate, values, food, water, and more, and in preparing Global Trends. As this story concludes, the need for strategic intelligence to tell truth to power is at least as great as in Truman’s time.
Efficacy
Authors: Rajczi Alex 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Some people express concern that social minimum programs might be ineffective, inefficient, counterproductive, or unnecessary. This chapter focuses on three specific worries about efficacy that are often expressed in real-world debates about universal health insurance: the worries that universal health insurance systems would not improve aggregate national health, that they would reduce medical innovation, and that they would produce waiting lists. The first is best addressed using purely factual information, but concerns about innovation and wait lists require philosophical analysis. The chapter argues that concerns about innovation and wait lists are philosophically misguided.
Fiscal Issues
Authors: Rajczi Alex 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Some people cite fiscal concerns as a reason to oppose expansions of the health safety net. This chapter develops and examines those fiscal concerns. The opening sections lay out some information on government debt and the fiscal risks it can create. After that the chapter analyzes how considerations about fiscal risk could most plausibly figure into assessments of universal health insurance. It is argued that in some instances, there are legitimate fiscal objections to expansions of the health safety net but that fiscal objections cannot ground opposition to well-designed universal health insurance systems.
The Problem of the Divine Law in Christian Ethics
Authors: Grobien Gifford A. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter begins with an overview of the meaning of the term “law,” in order to give background to Lutheran disputes over the term. Starting with the work of J. C. K. von Hofmann, scholars have disagreed over Luther and later Lutherans view of the law. Many suggest that Luther understood the law as God’s call to repentance, existentially experienced, so that it could not be used to teach the good will of God, but only to accuse people of sin, excluding the law from ethics. In spite of the efforts of other scholars such as Werner Elert, who argued that Luther and the Lutheran Confessions are in agreement, resolving the underlying tension over whether the law may be used for instruction requires clarification of the meaning of Christian righteousness, and how the law relates to righteousness.
Character Formation
Authors: Grobien Gifford A. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter engages Stanley Hauerwas’ work on the justification–sanctification distinction and character formation. Hauerwas argues that when we recognize the converting and regenerative character of justification, we may understand conversation to grant new agency or character. The life of sanctification begins with this new character, which continues to be formed through narratives and practices of virtue, especially those found in the church. Lutheran Joel Biermann builds on this argument by comparing character with the active righteousness of a Christian. Biermann’s paramount narrative for Christian character formation is the creedal narrative of the Church. Biermann’s and Hauerwas’ claims lead to further questions to be resolved: the anthropology and ontology of a Christian with new character, the operation of the specifically Christian narrative, and the distinctiveness of Christian character.
Union with Christ and Its Bearing on New Character
Authors: Grobien Gifford A. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Research in the area of union with Christ by the Finnish Luther School in recent decades provides a way of understanding the new character given in justification. The Finnish school has criticized recent Luther research as overlooking Luther’s teaching on union with Christ. Instead, reception of Christ’s grace and gifts requires participation in Christ’s body. While the Finns may be criticized for weaknesses in articulating forensic justification, their emphasis on union serves in the explanation of a new Christian character. Other elements of union are described to develop an anthropology of union. Union is relational, such that both Christ and the Christian retain their identity. Participation emphasizes a Christian’s share in Christ’s benefits and qualities. Adoption serves to emphasize the gracious nature of union, yet the full effect of union in making a Christian a child of God. Incorporation expresses the ecclesiastical and corporate character of union with Christ.
Personhood and Righteousness in Communion with Christ
Authors: Grobien Gifford A. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter explains personhood as including not only individual substance, but having grounding outside of oneself, in relation. The Christian finds his grounding in Christ through communion. A Lutheran perspective on theosis is presented positively. However, it is clarified and elaborated by an explanation of simul iustus et peccator and the two natures in the Christian. In union with Christ, some of Christ’s qualities begin to characterize and shape the Christian’s new, regenerate nature, while the sinful nature persists and hampers the Christian until death. A Christian is one person with two natures, the sinful and the regenerate, while the regenerate nature lives in union with Christ sharing in, acting with, and growing by some of Christ’s qualities.
Virtue, Community, and Instruction for Ethical Formation
Authors: Grobien Gifford A. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter revisits the role of worship and instruction in the law in view of the previous chapters. The Church itself is characterized by preaching and the administration of the sacraments, by gathering for worship and prayer, and by suffering trials together. These practices strengthen and shape the virtues of faith, hope, and love, which lead a person into true Christian holiness. The Ten Commandments take concrete shape in instruction in the life of the Church. Both the convicting and instructive uses of the law remain without detracting from each other, as Christians continue to grow in awareness of areas in which they need to continue to repent, and of ways to develop good works.
Myths of the Underworld in Contemporary Culture
Authors: Fletcher Judith 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Stories of a visit to the realm of the dead and a return to the upper world are among the oldest narratives in European literature, beginning with Homer’s Odyssey and extending to contemporary culture. This volume examines a series of fictional works by twentieth- and twenty-first century authors, such Toni Morrison and Elena Ferrante, which deal in various ways with the descent to Hades. Myths of the Underworld in Contemporary Culture surveys a wide range of genres, including novels, short stories, comics, a cinematic adaptation, poetry, and juvenile fiction. It examines not only those texts that feature a literal catabasis, such as Neil Gaiman’s Sandman series, but also those where the descent to the underworld is evoked in more metaphorical ways as a kind of border crossing, for instance Salman Rushdie’s use of the Orpheus myth to signify the trauma of migration. The analyses examine how these retellings relate to earlier versions of the mythical theme, including their ancient precedents by Homer and Vergil, but also to post-classical receptions of underworld narratives by authors such as Dante, Ezra Pound, and Joseph Conrad. Arguing that the underworld has come to connote a cultural archive of narrative tradition, the book offers a series of case studies that examine the adaptation of underworld myths in contemporary culture in relation to the discourses of postmodernism, feminism, and postcolonialism.
Source Texts
Authors: Fletcher Judith 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Chapter 1 provides an overview of ancient Greek and Roman descent tales, and a synthesis of themes that they share with each other and contemporary adaptations. The focus is on the Odyssean Nekyia; the history of the tradition of Heracles’ descent, reenacted by the god Dionysus in Aristophanes’ comedy Frogs (405 bce); the catabasis of Aeneas in book 6 of Vergil’s Aeneid; two versions (from Vergil’s Fourth Georgic and Ovid’s Metamorphoses) of Orpheus’ trip to Hades to retrieve Eurydice; and finally the myth of Persephone in the Homeric Hymn to Demeter. Spanning a period of roughly eight centuries, these ancient tales convey a sense of the underworld as a literary space or intertextual archive that can be accessed and adapted by successive generations of storytellers. The chapter ends with a list of elements shared by ancient and contemporary descent narratives.
The Wanderer’s Descent
Authors: Fletcher Judith 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Chapter 4 outlines how a descent to the underworld can symbolize experiences of diasporic populations, including refugees, enslaved peoples, exiles, and immigrants. An African-American man in Toni Morrison’s Song of Solomon experiences an Odyssean Nekyia, and connects with his family’s past. Amy Bloom’s Away makes parallels between the story of a Jewish refugee to America and the myth of Demeter and Persephone. Rushdie’s The Ground Beneath Her Feet features Orpheus as a rock star whose descent is structured as a passage from India to America. Ann Patchett’s State of Wonder refers to the Orpheus story to address issues of deracination, but also suggests deeper intertexts that invite a critique of corporate plundering of the Amazon. With deliberate citations of ancient texts, these authors exploit the dialectic between home and the underworld to explore issues of diaspora, immigration, exile, assimilation, and nostalgia.
Epilogue
Authors: Fletcher Judith 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Gathering together common themes from works by Barth, Gaiman, Byatt, Selick, Ferrante, Morrison, Bloom, Rushdie, and Patchett, a brief Conclusion reflects on the ubiquity of the descent motif and its status as a literary space in the context of postmodernism’s critiques of the canon. Underworld mythology lends itself to postmodern interrogations of authenticity, history, and authorial proprietorship. Further uses of the underworld tradition include artist Anish Kapoor’s “Descent into Limbo,” Oliver Sacks’ memoir Awakenings, Andrew Sean Greer’s novel Less, and Louise Glück’s Averno. The Other Worlds imagined in catabatic fiction contribute to these themes with implied correspondences between dreams and ghosts.
Unity in Death?
Authors: Eastman David L. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The dominant Christian tradition claims that the apostles Peter and Paul both died in Rome, but beyond that the circumstances of these deaths differ in the various sources. This chapter examines the question of whether the apostles died separately or together. The earliest sources (Acts of Peter and Acts of Paul) focus on the apostles as individuals and thus highlight the uniqueness of each death. However, because the Roman church came to stake many of its authority claims on the notion of a joint apostolic martyrdom tradition, later authors altered the stories to emphasize a single martyrdom event in Rome for both Peter and Paul. They died together just as they had preached together, and thus these stories emphasize the concordia apostolorum.
Genes, brain and emotions: Introduction
Authors: Miu Andrei C , Homberg Judith R , Lesch Klaus-Peter 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Recent research has started to uncover genetic influences on emotion and intermediate neural phenotypes. This work has involved an extensive array of methods and developed at the intersection of psychology, genetics, and neuroscience. The aim of this volume is to offer a comprehensive account of current research on the genetics of emotion, including methods focused on multiple levels of analysis; cognitive and biological mechanisms involved in the pathways between genes and emotional experience; and clinical and translational research on the genetics of emotion dysregulation in neuropsychiatric disorders.
Emotional memory
Authors: Ehlers Mana R , Todd Rebecca M 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter presents an overview of current conceptualizations of the emotional enhancement of explicit and implicit memory. It postulates that these processes depend largely on arousal-mediated noradrenergic influences on the amygdala, a key hub in a brain network, conveying information about the (emotional) salience of stimuli and events. Selected genetic polymorphisms known to cause individual differences in neurotransmitter systems mediating emotional memory enhancement are described, as well as how these may be used as tools to investigate effects of neuromodulators and hormones on emotional memory and learning. The conclusion drawn is that studies involving candidate gene approaches should be conducted alongside genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in order to improve understanding of how genetic variations and gene clusters affect emotional memory at a molecular level. Combining earlier findings with novel work obtained from genetic studies will help understand how heritability and life experience mediate and aid generate individual differences in brain and behavior function related to emotional memory.
Genetics of decision-making
Authors: Gray Joshua C , Sanchez-Roige Sandra , Palmer Abraham A , de Wit Harriet , MacKillop James 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Persistent maladaptive decision-making is central to several psychiatric conditions, particularly addiction. Decision-making measures may serve as promising intermediate phenotypes (i.e. intervening mechanisms that link genetic variation to clinical vulnerability) and thus elucidate biological mechanisms that increase risk for addiction and related psychiatric disorders. This chapter focuses on the heritability and specific genetic correlates of the three most widely studied experimental measures of decision-making: impulsivity, measured by delayed reward discounting; disadvantageous decision-making, measured by the Iowa Gambling Task; and risk sensitivity, measured by the Balloon Analogue Risk Task. Despite some evidence of heritability for all phenotypes, the candidate gene studies reveal inconsistent findings. The extant literature is limited by small sample sizes, and a focus on select candidate genes, primarily related to dopaminergic and serotonergic systems. To advance the science, research will need to aggregate studies, increase sample sizes, explore subpopulations, and utilize genome-wide association studies to expand the genomic scope.
Reading the Gospels with the Eusebian Canon Tables
Authors: Crawford Matthew R. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter looks at the experience of reading a four-gospel codex equipped with the Canon Tables and argues that Eusebius’ paratext has a threefold effect: 1) it binds together four originally separate texts into a single corpus of literature, and by implication excludes all other texts from this category; 2) it encourages a kind of hypertextual reading, in which passages from one gospel are read alongside passages from one or more other gospels; and 3) within this hypertextual mode the Eusebian apparatus is decidedly underdetermined, expressing a Bakhtinian openness with respect to the resolution of tensions internal to the corpus. The chapter concludes with an analysis of six parallels created by Eusebius that demonstrate these three effects.
Scholarly Practices
Authors: Crawford Matthew R. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Despite the wide profusion of Canon Tables in Latin gospelbooks from the fourth century onwards, evidence of readers or exegetes making use of the apparatus in this period is almost non-existent. The one great exception is the early Irish exegetical tradition, which shows a remarkable scholarly interest in the Eusebian paratext, though much of the relevant primary literature remains little known, and some even unpublished. This chapter examines four representative texts. The poet Ailerán of Clonard explored the symbolic significance of the Canon Tables in poetry. Two anonymous school texts, known as Pauca de libris and The Irish Reference Bible, analysed the Eusebian parallels to classify kinds of similarity and difference that exist between parallel passages. Finally, the Carolingian scholar Sedulius Scottus commented extensively on the functioning and history of the Canon Tables.
Seeing the Salvation of God
Authors: Crawford Matthew R. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
In eighth-century Armenia a new genre of literature emerged consisting of commentary on the artwork that usually accompanies the Eusebian paratext. This chapter examines what these sources reveal about the way these images functioned paratextually in relation to the fourfold gospel. It first surveys the artistic developments that occurred across the diverse cultural traditions that transmitted the Eusebian apparatus. It next introduces Step‘anos of Siwnik’ and Nerses Šnorhali, the authors of the two treatises under consideration, and gives an overview of their interpretative approach. The latter part of the chapter turns to explain the functioning of the method and purpose of these commentaries by comparison with the theorization of memory in the classical rhetorical tradition. It argues that the commentaries model the use of the artwork as a mnemotechnical program intended as a preparatory exercise instructing the reader in the proper theological context within which the fourfold gospel is situated.
Becoming a Police Community Support Officer and Being Institutionally Undermined
Authors: O'Neill Megan 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter considers the process of becoming a Police Community Support Officer (PCSO), from deciding to apply for the position to the initial training experiences and the first few months of shadowing experienced colleagues on foot patrol. The focus of this chapter is on the relationship between the individual PCSOs and the police institution. It considers the stages of initiation into community policing which PCSOs experienced and how the organization failed to fully equip these new recruits with the ‘tools’ needed. While work as a PCSO initially was attractive to these individuals, the reality upon entering the occupation was that many were left to learn for themselves how to do the work. The organization did not give consistent messages in this regard or adequate support in order for them to learn in a formal capacity how to do the job: this process will be called ‘institutional undermining’.
The Culture of Contemporary Community and Plural Policing
Authors: O'Neill Megan 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Chapter 7 examines changes in neighbourhood and community policing since the research was conducted, the impact of this on Police Community Support Officers (PCSOs), and how the findings of this research have implications beyond England and Wales. Community policing specifically and pluralized policing more broadly are topics that have expression in a number of countries and contexts. It is important to recognize that while they are indeed separate arenas of research and practice, community policing is itself a pluralized method of policing in relation to its variability internationally and because it involves multiple actors. There is thus an unavoidable degree of overlap between the two concepts. This final chapter will therefore consider what this study of PCSOs can offer for current scholarship and discourse on both community and pluralized policing beyond the UK, and the necessity of considering occupational culture within these, using the framework developed in the previous chapters.
Conclusion
Authors: Caplan Richard 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The concluding chapter returns to the question with which this book opened: can we know if the peace that has been established after a civil war is a stable peace? It reiterates the central finding of this volume: that more rigorous assessments of the quality of the peace can facilitate more effective external engagement in building peace after civil war. There is no single recommended approach to effective strategic assessment. As this volume has shown, it can take many different forms. Varied though the nature of strategic assessment may be, many of the principles that underpin these initiatives are shared principles. What all of them have in common is a recognition of the vital importance of contextual knowledge for the insights it affords into local conflict-relevant dynamics and their implications for devising appropriate strategies for the maintenance of peace.
Introduction to English Legal History
Authors: Baker John 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This book provides a concise introduction to the history of the main institutions and doctrines of English law, from the earliest times to the present. It retains the structure of the fourth edition (2003) but has been heavily revised to take account of recent research and thinking on the topics addressed. Citations of the companion source-book, Baker and Milsom, have all been amended to refer to the enlarged second edition (2010). The concentration is on the common law rather than on the many statutory regimes and reforms of the last two centuries, but stories begun in earlier periods have been carried through in outline to the present.
The Ecclesiastical Courts
Authors: Baker John 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter outlines the history of the Church courts in England. In medieval times they were part of a transnational system with the pope at the summit, although the ‘ecclesia Anglicana’ was recognized as a distinct entity in Magna Carta and medieval English kings exercised some authority over Church matters. A dispute between Henry II and Archbishop Becket secured the ‘benefit of clergy’ but did not exempt the clergy from temporal justice in civil matters. The jurisdictional boundary thereafter was generally clear, and was controllable by the royal writ of prohibition. The break with Rome in 1534 had a minimal effect on the daily work of the ecclesiastical courts, which continued to deal with matrimonial questions, probate, and intestate succession to personalty, until Victorian times. New appellate courts were the High Commission (abolished in 1641) and the Court of Delegates, whose jurisdiction was transferred to the Privy Council in the 1830s.
The Legal Profession
Authors: Baker John 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter traces the history of the English legal profession, which begins around 1200. From the start there was a distinction between advocacy and attorneyship. The pleaders in the Court of Common Pleas became around 1300 the order of serjeants at law, from whom the superior judges were chosen. A law school for ‘apprentices of the Bench’ in the thirteenth century was remodelled in the next century as a collegiate system, the inns of court and chancery, with its own learning exercises and degrees (bencher and barrister). Barristers practised as advocates, but not in the Common Pleas. In Tudor times solicitors appeared, as general practitioners. Serjeants lost their primacy to the newer rank of king’s counsel, but survived into Victorian times. Accounts are given of the judiciary and its independence, of the Civilian practitioners in Doctors’ Commons, and of the transfer of legal education to the universities.