bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contemporary organizational theory: The demographic, relational, and cultural perspectives
Authors: Haveman Heather A. , Wetts Rachel 
Published: February 2019

AbstractWe review three perspectives—demographic, relational, and cultural—that have dominated sociological research on organizations during the past four decades. These perspectives arose in reaction to the atomistic and rationalist–adaptationist assumptions of earlier perspectives on organizations. These perspectives have different conceptions of social structure and thus different conceptions of what creates opportunities for and constraints on action. The demographic perspective holds that social structure is constituted by distributions of social actors along salient dimensions of social and physical space; the relational perspective, by webs of social relationships; and the cultural perspective, by widely shared and patterned understandings of reality and possibility. These perspectives also have different conceptions of identity and therefore motivations for action. For demographers, identity derives from position, absolute or relative, along salient dimensions of social life; for relational scholars, from ties among individuals, groups, and organizations; and for cultural scholars, from social interaction. All three perspectives have been applied to explain behavior at five different levels of analysis: the individual, group or organizational subunit, organization, industry or organizational population, and field. Up to the 1990s, these perspectives were generally applied separately, but over the past two decades, studies have increasingly used multiple perspectives.
Evidence for causal links between education and maternal and child health: systematic review
Authors: Mensch Barbara S. , Chuang Erica K. , Melnikas Andrea J. , Psaki Stephanie R. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractObjectiveNumerous studies have documented an inverse association between years of schooling attained, particularly by women, and reduced maternal, infant and child mortality. However, if factors affecting educational attainment — many of which are unobservable, e.g. motivation and genetic endowment — also affect the likelihood of engaging in behaviours that enhance health, then assumed effects of schooling will be inflated in analyses that do not address this endogeneity. This systematic review assesses evidence for a causal link between education and maternal and child health in low and middle‐income countries.MethodsEligible studies controlled for observable and unobservable factors affecting both education and health. Reported effects were converted into partial correlations. When possible, we also conducted meta‐analyses to estimate mean effects by outcome.ResultsOf 4952 papers identified, 16 met the inclusion criteria. The 15 child health papers examined neonatal, infant and child mortality, stunting and wasting. Significant effects of education on infant and child health were observed for 30 of 33 models that did not account for endogeneity. In contrast, only 18 of 46 effects were significant in models that addressed endogeneity. Notably, for only one outcome —child mortality measured dichotomously —was the effect of maternal educational attainment significant in a meta‐analysis. The one maternal morbidity paper found significant effects for the two preventable outcomes considered.ConclusionWhile we find evidence for a causal link between education and health, effects are weaker in models that address endogeneity compared to naïve models that do not account for unobservable factors affecting both education and health. Advances in women's educational outcomes have undoubtedly played a role in improving health in many settings; however, the effect is not as strong as some researchers and advocates have claimed.
Effect of a maternal and newborn health system quality improvement project on the use of facilities for childbirth: a cluster‐randomised study in rural Tanzania
Authors: Larson Elysia , Gage Anna D. , Mbaruku Godfrey M. , Mbatia Redempta , Haneuse Sebastien , Kruk Margaret E. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractObjectivesReduction in maternal and newborn mortality requires that women deliver in high quality health facilities. However, many facilities provide sub‐optimal quality of care, which may be a reason for less than universal facility utilisation. We assessed the impact of a quality improvement project on facility utilisation for childbirth.MethodsIn this cluster‐randomised experiment in four rural districts in Tanzania, 12 primary care clinics and their catchment areas received a quality improvement intervention consisting of in‐service training, mentoring and supportive supervision, infrastructure support, and peer outreach, while 12 facilities and their catchment areas functioned as controls. We conducted a census of all deliveries within the catchment area and used difference‐in‐differences analysis to determine the intervention's effect on facility utilisation for childbirth. We conducted a secondary analysis of utilisation among women whose prior delivery was at home. We further investigated mechanisms for increased facility utilisation.ResultsThe intervention led to an increase in facility births of 6.7 percentage points from a baseline of 72% (95% Confidence Interval: 0.6, 12.8). The intervention increased facility delivery among women with past home deliveries by 18.3 percentage points (95% CI: 10.1, 26.6). Antenatal quality increased in intervention facilities with providers performing an additional 0.5 actions across the full population and 0.8 actions for the home delivery subgroup.ConclusionsWe attribute the increased use of facilities to better antenatal quality. This increased utilisation would lead to lower maternal mortality only in the presence of improvement in care quality.
Effect of three resuscitative fluid therapy strategies on NT‐proBNP concentration in healthy dogs
Authors: Khoo Alison , Waldner Cheryl L. , Carr Anthony P. , Gaunt M. Casey 
Published: February 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo determine if 3 resuscitative fluid therapy strategies increase N‐terminal pro‐brain natriuretic peptide (NT proBNP) levels in healthy dogs.DesignRandomized crossover trial.SettingVeterinary teaching hospital.AnimalsPlasma NT proBNP concentrations were measured in 6 healthy purpose‐bred dogs that received 3 resuscitative fluid therapy protocols.Measurements and main resultsCrystalloid, synthetic colloid, or hypertonic saline fluids were administered at resuscitative doses. Blood samples were collected via an indwelling catheter before, and at set time points between 0.5 and 36 h after fluid therapy and analyzed for NT‐proBNP. A general linear mixed model was used to estimate the differences in NT‐proBNP over time and among treatments. None of the resuscitative fluid therapy protocols caused increases of serum NT‐proBNP beyond the previously reported cutoff concentration used to differentiate cardiac versus noncardiac causes of respiratory signs. Dogs receiving crystalloid fluid therapy had the most significant and prolonged increase in serum NT‐proBNP concentration above baseline compared to dogs receiving either resuscitative doses of colloids or hypertonic saline.ConclusionsSerum NT‐proBNP concentration in normal dogs was not increased beyond concentrations previously established to equate to cardiac disease after receiving resuscitative fluid therapy with either a balanced crystalloid solution, hypertonic saline, or a synthetic colloid solution in this study.
Comparison of pentobarbital‐phenytoin alone vs propofol prior to pentobarbital‐phenytoin for euthanasia in 436 client‐owned dogs
Authors: Bullock Jessica M. , Lanaux Travis M. , Shmalberg Justin W. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo report the incidence of adverse events during euthanasia of client‐owned dogs administered either intravenous pentobarbital/phenytoin (PP) or PP after propofol delivery.Design/SettingProspective, observational, multi‐site study.AnimalsFour hundred thirty‐six dogs undergoing client‐elected euthanasia over a 1‐year period.InterventionsInterventions included placement of an IV catheter and delivery of euthanasia agents (PP for the PP group, propofol followed by PP for the propofol group). Seven pre‐determined adverse events were recorded: agonal breaths, urination, defecation, vocalization, muscle activity, dysphoria, and catheter complications. Euthanasia scores for each patient were defined as the sum of all adverse events (0–7) the patient exhibited.Measurements and Main ResultsTwo hundred thirty‐six dogs were in the PP group and 200 dogs were in the propofol group. No significant differences were detected in the dose of PP administered (166.9 ± 105.6 mg/kg for PP group, 182.6 ± 109.8 mg/kg for propofol group). Propofol dogs received 4.5 ± 2.9 mg/kg propofol. The incidence of ≥ 1 adverse event was 35.2% in the PP group and 26.5% in the propofol group (P= 0.052). Mean euthanasia scores (0.47 PP group, 0.32 propofol group) were not significantly different (P= 0.08). Propofol significantly reduced the incidence of muscle activity (6% vs. 14%, odds ratio 0.39;P= 0.0079).ConclusionsThere was no difference in the likelihood of the studied adverse events during client‐elected euthanasia in dogs when propofol was used prior to PP. There was a significant reduction in perimortem muscle activity if propofol was given prior to PP.
Evaluation of biomarkers of kidney injury following 4% succinylated gelatin and 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 administration in a canine hemorrhagic shock model
Authors: Boyd Corrin J. , Claus Melissa A. , Raisis Anthea L. , Cianciolo Rachel , Bosio Erika , Hosgood Giselle , Nabity Mary , Mori Trevor , Barden Anne , Sharp Claire R. , Smart Lisa 
Published: February 2019

AbstractObjective: To investigate the association between synthetic colloids and biomarkers of acute kidney injury (AKI) in dogs with hemorrhagic shock.Design: Experimental interventional study.Setting: University.Animals: Twenty‐four healthy ex‐racing Greyhounds.Interventions: Anesthetized Greyhounds subjected to hemorrhage for 60 min were resuscitated with 20 mL/kg of fresh whole blood (FWB), 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES) 130/0.4, 4% succinylated gelatin (GELO), or 80 mL/kg of isotonic crystalloid (CRYST) over 20 min (n = 6 per treatment). Concentrations of biomarkers of AKI were measured at baseline, end of hemorrhage, and at 40 (T60), 100 (T120), and 160 (T180) min after fluid bolus. Biomarkers included neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin in urine and serum (uNGAL; sNGAL), and urine cystatin C (uCYSC), kidney injury molecule‐1 (uKIM), clusterin (uCLUST), osteopontin, gamma‐glutamyl transferase, monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (uMCP), interleukin‐6, interleukin‐8, protein (uPROT), hyaluronan, and F2‐isoprostanes. Renal histology was scored for tubular injury and microvesiculation. Biomarker fold‐change from baseline was compared between groups using mixed effects models (Bonferroni–Holm corrected P<0.05). Frequencies of histology scores were compared by Fisher's exact test.Measurements and main results: In dogs treated with GELO, uNGAL fold‐change was markedly greater compared with all other groups at T60, T120, and T180 (all P<0.001), and uCYSC was greater at T60 compared with CRYST (P<0.001), and at T120 and T180 compared with all other groups (all P<0.001). Smaller, albeit significant, between‐group differences in uKIM, uCLUST, uMCP, and urine protein concentration were observed across the FWB, GELO, and HES groups, compared with CRYST. The GELO group more frequently had marked tubular microvesiculation than the other groups (P = 0.015) although tubular injury scores were comparable.Conclusion: In dogs with hemorrhagic shock, GELO was associated with greater magnitude increases in urine biomarkers of AKI and more frequent marked tubular microvesiculation, compared with FWB, CRYST, and HES.
Stifle joint osteoarthritis at the time of diagnosis of cranial cruciate ligament injury is higher in Boxers and in dogs weighing more than 35 kilograms
Authors: Gilbert Samuel , Langenbach Anke , Marcellin‐Little Denis J. , Pease Anthony P. , Ru Hongyu 
Published: February 2019

AbstractOsteoarthritis is a ubiquitous disease in dogs. The purpose of this retrospective study was to characterize the severity and distribution of osteoarthritis (OA) within the joint and to identify differences among dog breeds in the severity of OA in the cranial cruciate ligament (CCL)‐deficient stifle joint. Radiographs of 240 stifles from 51 Boxers, 66 German Shepherds, 100 Labrador Retrievers, and 23 Siberian Huskies with confirmed CCL rupture were included. Radiographs of the stifle joint were evaluated and OA severity was graded at 33 sites within and around the joint, and patella alta was graded as present or absent for a potential total stifle OA score of 100. Osteophyte size was correlated to OA severity score. Total OA scores were calculated and compared within and between breeds globally as well as at each joint site. Dogs weighing >35 kg had a higher total OA score than those weighing <35 kg. Osteoarthritis scores were highest at the apical patella, proximolateral tibia, and sesamoid bones, corresponding to the proximal, lateral, and caudal aspects of the joint, respectively. No statistically significant differences were found among the mean OA scores of various stifle joint regions. Boxer dogs had a higher total OA score than other breeds. We concluded that dogs have a consistent distribution pattern of OA within the stifle joint after CCL injury. Radiographic OA is more severe in the proximal, lateral, and caudal aspects of the joint. Boxers had more severe OA than the other breeds evaluated in the study.
Gut microbiota diversity is associated with cardiorespiratory fitness in post‐primary treatment breast cancer survivors
Authors: Carter Stephen J. , Hunter Gary R. , Blackston J. Walker , Liu Nianjun , Lefkowitz Elliot J. , Van Der Pol William J. , Morrow Casey D. , Paulsen Jesseca A. , Rogers Laura Q. 
Published: February 2019

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?
Does the link between cardiorespiratory fitness and gut microbiota diversity persist after adjusting for the potential effects of percentage body fat and activity‐related energy expenditure (AEE)?
What is the main finding and its importance?
This is the first study to examine the link between cardiorespiratory fitness and gut microbiota diversity while accounting for the underlying effects of percentage body fat and free‐living AEE. Results from the present work suggest that cardiorespiratory fitness, not physical activity, is a superior correlate of gut microbiota diversity among post‐primary treatment, non‐metastatic breast cancer survivors.
AbstractCancer treatment uniquely triggers multiple physiological shifts detrimental to overall health. Although previous research indicates a link between the gut microbiota and cardiorespiratory fitness, it is unclear whether these findings are attributable to potential underlying effects of percentage body fat or free‐living activity energy expenditure (AEE). The microbe composition of faecal specimens from 37 breast cancer survivors was determined using 16S microbiome analyses. Individual‐sample microbiota diversity (α‐diversity) and between‐sample community differences (β‐diversity) were examined. Peak oxygen uptake () was estimated from a graded exercise test consistent with the modified Naughton protocol, in which exercise terminates at 85% of age‐predicted maximal heart rate. The AEE was measured over 10 days using doubly labelled water, wherein the percentage body fat was calculated from total body water. Pearson correlations revealed α‐diversity indices (Chao1, observed species, PD whole tree and Shannon) to be positively associated with (r = 0.34–0.51; P < 0.05), whereas the percentage of maximal heart rate during stages 1–4 of the graded exercise test (r = −0.34 to −0.50; P < 0.05) and percentage body fat (r = −0.32 to −0.41; P < 0.05) were negatively associated with the same α‐diversity indices. Multiple linear regression models showed that accounted for 22 and 26% of the variance in taxonomic richness (observed species) and phylogenic diversity after adjustment for percentage body fat and menopausal status. Unweighted UniFrac (β‐diversity) was significant for several outcomes involving cardiorespiratory fitness, and significant taxa comparisons were found. Associations between gut microbiota and free‐living AEE were not found. Results from the present work suggest that cardiorespiratory fitness, not physical activity, is a superior correlate of gut microbiota diversity.
Group AStreptococcus-Mediated Host Cell Signaling
Authors: Pancholi Vijay 
Published: February 2019

ABSTRACTIn the past decade, the field of the cellular microbiology of group AStreptococcus(S. pyogenes) infection has made tremendous advances and touched upon several important aspects of pathogenesis, including receptor biology, invasive and evasive phenomena, inflammasome activation, strain-specific autophagic bacterial killing, and virulence factor-mediated programmed cell death. The noteworthy aspect ofS. pyogenes-mediated cell signaling is the recognition of the role of M protein in a variety of signaling events, starting with the targeting of specific receptors on the cell surface and on through the induction and evasion of NETosis, inflammasome, and autophagy/xenophagy to pyroptosis and apoptosis. Variations in reports onS. pyogenes-mediated signaling events highlight the complex mechanism of pathogenesis and underscore the importance of the host cell andS. pyogenesstrain specificity, as well asin vitro/in vivoexperimental parameters. The severity ofS. pyogenesinfection is, therefore, dependent on the virulence gene expression repertoire in the host environment and on host-specific dynamic signaling events in response to infection. Commonly known as an extracellular pathogen,S. pyogenesfinds host macrophages as safe havens wherein it survives and even multiplies. The fact that endothelial cells are inherently deficient in autophagic machinery compared to epithelial cells and macrophages underscores the invasive nature ofS. pyogenesand its ability to cause severe systemic diseases.S. pyogenesis still one of the top 10 causes of infectious mortality. Understanding the orchestration of dynamic host signaling networks will provide a better understanding of the increasingly complex mechanism ofS. pyogenesdiseases and novel ways of therapeutically intervening to thwart severe and often fatal infections.
Bacteroidetes
Gliding Motility and the Type IX Secretion System
Authors: McBride Mark J. 
Published: February 2019

ABSTRACT

Members of the phylum
Bacteroidetes
have many unique features, including gliding motility and the type IX protein secretion system (T9SS).
Bacteroidetes
gliding and T9SSs are common in, but apparently confined to, this phylum. Most, but not all, members of the phylum secrete proteins using the T9SS, and most also exhibit gliding motility. T9SSs secrete cell surface components of the gliding motility machinery and also secrete many extracellular or cell surface enzymes, adhesins, and virulence factors. The components of the T9SS are novel and are unrelated to those of other bacterial secretion systems. Proteins secreted by the T9SS rely on the Sec system to cross the cytoplasmic membrane, and they use the T9SS for delivery across the outer membrane. Secreted proteins typically have conserved C-terminal domains that target them to the T9SS. Some of the T9SS components were initially identified as proteins required for gliding motility. Gliding does not involve flagella or pili and instead relies on the rapid movement of motility adhesins, such as SprB, along the cell surface by the gliding motor. Contact of the adhesins with the substratum provides the traction that results in cell movement. SprB and other motility adhesins are delivered to the cell surface by the T9SS. Gliding and the T9SS appear to be intertwined, and components of the T9SS that span the cytoplasmic membrane may energize both gliding and protein secretion. The functions of the individual proteins in each process are the subject of ongoing investigations.
U-Pb and oxygen isotope characteristics of Timanian- and Caledonian-age detrital zircons from the Brooks Range, Arctic Alaska, USA
Authors: Robinson F.A. , Toro J. , Pease V. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe Devonian connection between the Brooks Range of Alaska, USA, with the continental margin of Arctic Canada and its subsequent Jurassic–Cretaceous counterclockwise rotation to form the Amerasian Basin, is a highly debated topic in Arctic tectonics. This resource-rich region was assembled from terranes that formed part of Laurentia or Baltica, or were juvenile oceanic arcs in the early Paleozoic that were brought together during Caledonian Orogenesis and the subsequent collision that formed Pangea (Uralide Orogeny). Elements of these orogens, as well as older ones, are predicted to occur in the Brooks Range of Arctic Alaska. This study presents the first combined zircon U-Pb and oxygen data from six Brooks Range metasedimentary units with assumed Neoproterozoic to Devonian ages. Three distinct detrital zircon patterns are identified in these units: (1) those with Neoproterozoic maximum depositional ages characteristic of the Timanide Orogen of northern Baltica and adjacent parts of Siberia, (2) an almost unimodal Siluro–Ordovician (443.5 ± 2.3 Ma) detrital zircon population consistent with the oceanic Apoon arc believed to have existed off shore of northern Laurentia and to have accreted to the North Slope subterrane during the Caledonian event, and (3) those with Middle Devonian maximum depositional ages consistent with post-accretion extension during the final (Scandian) phase of Caledonian Orogenesis. Oxygen isotopes from the same zircons reveal minor to significant crustal contamination with approximately two thirds (n = 255/405) having δ18O values >5.9‰ (above the mantle field of 5.3 ± 0.6‰). Pattern 1 units exhibit a progressive increase in δ18O values throughout the Proterozoic (5.99 to 9.29‰) indicative of increasing crustal growth and Timanide age zircons yield average δ18O values of 7.18 ± 0.64‰ (n = 26) suggestive of more crustal influence than Caledonian age zircons, possibly reflecting northern Baltica signatures. The unimodal population in Pattern 2 yields average δ18O values of 5.49 ± 0.66‰ (n = 17) and 6.02 ± 0.27‰ (n = 23) prior to and during, respectively, the main Caledonian event and suggest derivation from Devonian juvenile arc sources possibly representing the initiation of the collision between Laurentia and Baltica. Similar to Pattern 1, the δ18O values associated with Pattern 3 show a progressive increase in δ18O values throughout the Proterozoic (5.00 to 9.39‰). However, Pattern 3 also exhibits a distinct juvenile fingerprint (6.13 ± 0.24‰, n = 51) during the main Caledonian event and a slight increase to 7.12 ± 1‰ (n = 7) in post-Caledonian zircons possibly suggest correlating with a post-accretion phase in which proximally sourced zircon-bearing detritus was deposited in extension-related basins marking the joining of Laurentia and Baltica.