bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Shadowing is Generic on Various One-Dimensional Continua with a Special Geometric Structure
Authors: Kościelniak Piotr , Mazur Marcin , Oprocha Piotr , Kubica Łukasz 
Published: September 2019

AbstractIn the paper we use a special geometric structure of selected one-dimensional continua to prove that some stronger versions of the shadowing property are generic (or at least dense) for continuous maps acting on these spaces. Specifically, we prove that (i) the periodic$$\mathscr {T}_{S}$$TS-bi-shadowing property, where$$\mathscr {T}_{S}$$TSmeans some class of continuous methods, is generic as well as the s-limit shadowing property is dense in the space of all continuous maps (and all continuous surjective maps) of any topological graph; (ii) the$$\mathscr {T}_{S}$$TS-bi-shadowing property is generic as well as the s-limit shadowing property is dense in the space of all continuous maps of any dendrite; (iii) the$$\mathscr {T}_{S}$$TS-bi-shadowing property is generic in the space of all continuous maps of chainable continuum that can by approximated by arcs from the inside. The results of the paper extend ones obtained over the last few decades by various authors (see, e.g., Kościelniak in J Math Anal Appl 310:188–196, 2005; Kościelniak and Mazur in J Differ Equ Appl 16:667–674, 2010; Kościelniak et al. in Discret Contin Dyn Syst 34:3591–3609, 2014; Mazur and Oprocha in J Math Anal Appl 408:465–475, 2013; Mizera in Generic Properties of One-Dimensional Dynamical Systems, Ergodic Theory and Related Topics, III, Springer, Berlin, 1992; Odani in Proc Am Math Soc 110:281–284, 1990; Pilyugin and Plamenevskaya in Topol Appl 97:253–266, 1999; and Yano in J Fac Sci Univ Tokyo Sect IA Math 34:51–55, 1987) for both homeomorphisms and continuous maps of compact manifolds, including (in particular) an interval and a circle, which are the simplest examples of one-dimensional continua. Moreover, from a technical point of view our considerations are a continuation of those carried out in the earlier work by Mazur and Oprocha in J. Math. Anal. Appl. 408:465–475, 2013.
Nonmuscle invasive urothelial cancer— Bacillus Calmette–Guérin instillation or checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy?
Authors: Brönimann Stephan , Shariat Shahrokh F. , Hassler Melanie R. 
Published: September 2019

Summary
To date, intravesical instillation of Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) is the standard adjuvant treatment for most intermediate- and all high-risk bladder nonmuscle invasive urothelial carcinomas (NMIBC) after complete transurethral resection. Although BCG immunotherapy successfully reduces both recurrence and progression rates in affected patients, there are certain limitations associated with its application. Major issues are the relatively high failure rate in up to 40% of patients, the adverse effects of the instillations, and the shortage in BCG supply, requiring concerted alternative strategies. Furthermore, radical cystectomy, the currently suggested salvage treatment for patients failing BCG therapy, is often an overtreatment for a significant proportion of patients. Checkpoint inhibitor (CKI) immunotherapy has proven to be highly effective in a subset of advanced bladder cancer patients and is currently tested in various clinical scenarios alone and in combination with BCG in the adjuvant setting. CKIs’ mechanism is to a large part similar to that reported for BCG—that is, activation of the immune system and elimination of cancer cells in the bladder. Furthermore, CKIs could synergistically enhance the effect of the immune system attracted by BCG and are generally associated with acceptable rates of adverse reactions. Thus, they may represent an ideal alternative to or partner for BCG immunotherapy in NMIBC. In case the recent encouraging results of currently ongoing trials translate into tangible improved outcomes, the combination of CKI and BCG immunotherapy can be expected to represent a valid treatment strategy for well-selected nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer patients in the future.
Spinning the lens on physician power: narratives of humanism and healing
Authors: Chan Mercedes , Nimmon Laura 
Published: September 2019

Divisive, disabling and dangerous power has featured heavily in health professions literature, social media and medical education. Negative accounts of the wielding of power have discoloured the lens through which the public sees medicine and distorted the view of a profession long associated with healing, humanism and heart. What has been buried in the midst of this discourse are positive accounts of power where the yielding of power is encouraging, empathetic and empowering. This article offers three personal vignettes illustrating the ability of power to positively affect lives in the practice of medicine, for patients and doctors alike. More of these stories are needed to uplift and rebalance the conversation on physician power and how it can be used for good. It is necessary to provide a narrative framework of what it looks like to be a healer and a humanistic doctor to satisfy the general public through a commitment to cultivate multidimensional future healthcare providers.
Early identification of struggling learners: using prematriculation and early academic performance data
Authors: Bennion Layne D. , Torre Dario , Durning Steven J. , Mears David , Schreiber-Gregory Deanna , Servey Jessica T , Cruess David F. , Yoon Michelle , Dong Ting 
Published: September 2019

Introduction A perennial difficultly for remediation programmes in medical school is early identification of struggling learners so that resources and assistance can be applied as quickly as is practical. Our study investigated if early academic performance has predictive validity above and beyond pre-matriculation variables.
Methods Using three cohorts of medical students, we used logistic regression modelling and negative binomial regression modelling to assess the strength of the relationships between measures of early academic performance and outcomes—later referral to the academic review and performance committee and total module score.
Results We found performance on National Board of Medical Examiners (NBME) exams at approximately 5 months into the pre-clerkship curriculum was predictive of any referral as well as the total number of referrals to an academic review and performance committee during medical school (MS)1, MS2, MS3 and/or MS4 years.
Discussion NBME exams early in the curriculum may be an additional tool for early identification of struggling learners.
The causal set approach to quantum gravity
Authors: Surya Sumati 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The causal set theory (CST) approach to quantum gravity postulates that at the most fundamental level, spacetime is discrete, with the spacetime continuum replaced by locally finite posets or “causal sets”. The partial order on a causal set represents a proto-causality relation while local finiteness encodes an intrinsic discreteness. In the continuum approximation the former corresponds to the spacetime causality relation and the latter to a fundamental spacetime atomicity, so that finite volume regions in the continuum contain only a finite number of causal set elements. CST is deeply rooted in the Lorentzian character of spacetime, where a primary role is played by the causal structure poset. Importantly, the assumption of a fundamental discreteness in CST does not violate local Lorentz invariance in the continuum approximation. On the other hand, the combination of discreteness and Lorentz invariance gives rise to a characteristic non-locality which distinguishes CST from most other approaches to quantum gravity. In this review we give a broad, semi-pedagogical introduction to CST, highlighting key results as well as some of the key open questions. This review is intended both for the beginner student in quantum gravity as well as more seasoned researchers in the field.
Vertical variation in Vibrio community composition in Sansha Yongle Blue Hole and its ability to degrade macromolecules
Authors: Li Bei , Liu Jiwen , Zhou Shun , Fu Liang , Yao Peng , Chen Lin , Yang Zuosheng , Wang Xiaolei , Zhang Xiao-Hua 
Published: September 2019

AbstractWith the advantages of wide distribution, fast growth, and broad metabolic spectrum to organic carbon compounds,Vibriomay play an important role in organic carbon cycling. However, the ecological roles ofVibrioin many marine environments have not been explored. Here, the world’s deepest ‘blue hole’, the Sansha Yongle Blue Hole (SYBH) in the South China Sea, which is a geographically semi-enclosed environment featuring unique chemical characters, was investigated. The abundance, diversity and carbon source utilization capability ofVibriowere studied by quantification and high-throughput sequencing ofVibriospecific 16S rRNA genes and cultivation methods. The abundance ofVibrioin water column of the SYBH ranged from 3.78 × 104to 7.35 × 10616S rRNA gene copies L−1. Free-livingVibriowas more abundant than particle-associatedVibrio(~ 1.20 × 106versus~ 2.68 × 105gene copies L−1), indicating thatVibrioprefers a free-living life style. TheVibrioassemblages showed clear vertical stratification and could be divided into three groups: aerobic-transition, middle anaerobic and bottom anaerobic zones. Dissolved oxygen (DO), temperature, pH and salinity were the main environmental factors affecting the abundance and community composition. CultivatedVibriodemonstrated a degrading capability to various macromolecular substrates, including starch, Tween 20/40/80, DNA, gelatin, alginate, casein, chitin, lecithin, κ-carrageenan, mannan, xylan and hyaluronic acid. This suggests thatVibriocould produce a variety of highly active extracellular enzymes. Our study provides new insights into the distribution pattern and possible role in carbon cycle ofVibrioin the unique environment of a ‘blue hole’.
Bony lesions in early tetrapods and the evolution of mineralized tissue repair
Authors: Herbst Eva C. , Doube Michael , Smithson Timothy R. , Clack Jennifer A. , Hutchinson John R. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractBone healing is an important survival mechanism, allowing vertebrates to recover from injury and disease. Here we describe newly recognized paleopathologies in the hindlimbs of the early tetrapodsCrassigyrinus scoticusandEoherpeton watsonifrom the early Carboniferous of Cowdenbeath, Scotland. These pathologies are among the oldest known instances of bone healing in tetrapod limb bones in the fossil record (about 325 Ma). X-ray microtomographic imaging of the internal bone structure of these lesions shows that they are characterized by a mass of trabecular bone separated from the shaft's trabeculae by a layer of cortical bone. We frame these paleopathologies in an evolutionary context, including additional data on bone healing and its pathways across extinct and extant sarcopterygians. These data allowed us to synthesize information on cell-mediated repair of bone and other mineralized tissues in all vertebrates, to reconstruct the evolutionary history of skeletal tissue repair mechanisms. We conclude that bone healing is ancestral for sarcopterygians. Furthermore, other mineralized tissues (aspidin and dentine) were also capable of healing and remodeling early in vertebrate evolution, suggesting that these repair mechanisms are synapomorphies of vertebrate mineralized tissues. The evidence for remodeling and healing in all of these tissues appears concurrently, so in addition to healing, these early vertebrates had the capacity to restore structure and strength by remodeling their skeletons. Healing appears to be an inherent property of these mineralized tissues, and its linkage to their remodeling capacity has previously been underappreciated.
At the Borders of Identity: Identity Construction and Racial Bloc Voting
Authors: Harris Adam S. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractWhy are some voters less likely to align with their group when group-based voting is both the norm and advantageous? I argue that the answer to this question can be found in the extent to which individuals are apparently consistent with the prototypical individual in their group. I develop a concept of racial distance, which improves upon the in-group out-group focus of the race and ethnic politics literature. Empirically, I investigate this relationship in South Africa using an original panel survey, which brackets the 2014 national elections. I find that those who are not readily identified as members of their group are less likely to vote with their group and more likely to change their vote due to an election campaign. Analyzing data from the South Africa 2016 the US 2012 elections suggests that this relationship holds for racial majorities but only minorities with a relatively weak sense of solidarity.
Soil drenching with entomopathogenic fungi for control of the soil-dwelling life stages and adults of the same generation ofSpodoptera littoralis(Boisd.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Garrido-Jurado I. , Resquín-Romero G. , Yousef-Naef M. , Ríos-Moreno A. , Quesada-Moraga E. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractFourBeauveria bassianaand threeMetarhizium brunneumisolates were evaluated, as soil drenches, againstSpodoptera littoralisprepupae. Treatment efficacy was determined by assessing total mortality during development from prepupae through to pupae and adults; mortality and sub-lethal effects on reproduction were also quantified for adults emerging from surviving prepupae/pupae. All isolates were pathogenic but overall mortality varied between 31.7 and 83.3% (0% for control); average survival time was 7.5–10.5 days (14.0 days for control). From 1.7–15.0% of adults emerging from surviving prepupae/pupae were deformed (0% in control). Contact with fungal suspensions as prepupae/pupae caused a significant reduction in fecundity of emerging adult females (15–58.9%), and a significant reduction in egg viability (6.8–28.4%) compared with controls. Two isolates were selected for virulence evaluation againstS. littoralisprepupae. The LC50s were 1.7 × 107and 1.8 × 107conidia ml−1and the median survival times were 7 and 6 days for isolates EAMa 01/58-Su and EAMb 09/01-Su, respectively. Destruxin A was present in pupae developing from prepupae treated with isolates EAMa 01/58-Su (0.010 ± 0.002 µg pupae−1) and EAMb 09/01-Su (0.015 ± 0.003 µg pupae−1). The use of entomopathogenic fungi as soil drenches could be a key component ofS. littoralisIPM strategies due to direct reductions in the number of soil-dwelling life stages and, also, the significant reduction in reproductive potential of surviving adults.
The role ofLathyrus sativusflower surface wax in short-range attraction and stimulant for nymph laying by an adult viviparous aphid
Authors: Mitra Paroma , Mobarak Syed Husne , Debnath Rahul , Barik Anandamay 
Published: September 2019

AbstractAphis craccivoraKoch (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is an important pest ofLathyrus sativusL. plants, and causes retarded plant growth and loss of seed production. The insect sucks cell sap from flowers and lays nymphs on flowers. Hence, an attempt has been made to observe whether flower surface wax compounds (alkanes and free fatty acids) from two cultivars (BIO L 212 Ratan and Nirmal B-1) ofL. sativuscould act as short-range attractant and stimulant for nymph laying by adult viviparous females. Then-hexane extracts of flower surface waxes were analyzed by TLC, GC-MS and GC-FID analyses. Twenty one and 22n-alkanes betweenn-C12andn-C36were detected in BIO L 212 Ratan and Nirmal B-1, respectively; whereas 12 free fatty acids between C12:0 and C22:0 were identified in both cultivars. Pentadecane and tridecanoic acid were predominantn-alkane and free fatty acid, respectively. One flower equivalent surface wax of both cultivars served as short-range attractant and stimulant for nymph laying through Y-tube choice experiments and I-tube viviparity assays, respectively, by adult viviparous females. A synthetic blend of nonacosane, tridecanoic acid and linoleic acid, and a synthetic blend of tetradecane, pentadecane, nonacosane, tridecanoic acid and linoleic acid resembling in amounts as present in one flower equivalent surface wax of BIO L 212 Ratan and Nirmal B-1, respectively, served as short-range attractant and stimulant for nymph laying by adult viviparous females. This study suggests that both these blends could be used in lures in the development of baited traps in pest management programmes.
QUANTUM INCREASING SEQUENCES GENERATE QUANTUM PERMUTATION GROUPS
Authors: JÓZIAK PAWEŁ 
Published: September 2019

AbstractWe answer a question of Skalski and Sołan (2016) about inner faithfulness of the Curran’s map of extending a quantum increasing sequence to a quantum permutation. Roughly speaking, we find a inductive setting in which the inner faithfulness of Curran’s map can be boiled down to inner faithfulness of similar map for smaller algebras and then rely on inductive generation result for quantum permutation groups of Brannan, Chirvasitu and Freslon (2018).
Relation between temporal bone pneumatisation and middle-ear barotrauma in aircrew members
Authors: Hussein A , Abdel Tawab H M , Lotfi W T , Fayad N , Elsisy N 
Published: September 2019

AbstractObjectiveThis study aimed to assess the potential role of pneumatisation of the mastoid and its communicating air cells in the development of middle-ear barotrauma in aircrew members.MethodsSeventy-nine aircrew members (158 ears) underwent temporal computed tomography. All were assessed before flying by clinical examination and audiology evaluation, followed by post-flight examination to detect barotrauma.ResultsAircrew members’ ears were divided into 3 groups based on barotrauma and temporal bone pneumatisation: 33 ears with barotrauma and temporal bone pneumatisation of 71 cm3or greater (group A); 12 ears with barotrauma and temporal bone pneumatisation of 11.2 cm3or lower (group B); and 113 ears with no barotrauma (group C). Mean pneumatisation volumes were 91.05 cm3, 5.45 cm3and 28.01 cm3in groups A, B and C, respectively. A direct relationship was observed between volume of temporal bone pneumatisation of 71 cm3or greater and barotrauma grade.ConclusionPneumatisation volume of the mastoid and its communicating air cells that ranges from 11.3 cm3to 70.4 cm3serves as a reliable predictor of the avoidance of middle-ear barotrauma associated with flying in aircrew members who have normal resting middle-ear pressure and good Eustachian tube function.
A Human-Guided Vision-Based Measurement System for Multi-Station Robotic Motion Platform Based on V-Rep
Authors: Ding Yabin , Guo Wei , Liu Xianping , Luo Zhenjun 
Published: September 2019

SUMMARYIn the manufacturing process of sophisticated and individualized large components, classical solutions to build large machine tools cannot meet the demand. A hybrid robot, which is made up of a 3 degree-of-freedom (3-DOF) parallel manipulator and a 2-DOF serial manipulator, has been developed as a plug-and-play robotized module that can be rapidly located in multi-stations where machining operations can be performed in situ. However, processing towards high absolute accuracy has become a huge challenge due to the movement of robot platform. In this paper, a human-guided vision system is proposed and integrated in the robot system to improve the accuracy of the end-effector of a robot. A handheld manipulator is utilized as a tool for human–robot interaction in the large-scale unstructured circumstances without intelligence. With 6-DOF, humans are able to manipulate the robot (end-effector) so as to guide the camera to see target markers mounted on the machining datum. Simulation is operated on the virtual control platform V-Rep, showing a high robust and real-time performance on mapping human manipulation to the end-effector of robot. And then, a vision-based pose estimation method on a target marker is proposed to define the position and orientation of machining datum, and a compensation method is applied to reduce pose errors on the entire machining trajectory. The algorithms are tested on V-Rep, and the results show that the absolute pose error reduces greatly with the proposed methods, and the system is immune to the motion deviation of the robot platform.
Gastrointestinal infections caused by consumption of raw drinking milk in England & Wales, 1992–2017
Authors: Adams N. , Byrne L. , Edge J. , Hoban A. , Jenkins C. , Larkin L. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Systematic, national surveillance of outbreaks of intestinal infectious disease has been undertaken by Public Health England (PHE) since 1992. Between 1992 and 2002, there were 19 outbreaks linked to raw drinking milk (RDM) or products made using raw milk, involving 229 people; 36 of these were hospitalised. There followed an eleven-year period (2003–2013) where no outbreaks linked to RDM were reported. However, since 2014 seven outbreaks of Escherichia coli O157:H7 (n = 3) or Campylobacter jejuni (n = 4) caused by contaminated RDM were investigated and reported. Between 2014 and 2017, there were 114 cases, five reported hospitalisations and one death. The data presented within this review indicated that the risk of RDM has increased since 2014. Despite the labelling requirements and recommendations that children should not consume RDM, almost a third of outbreak cases were children. In addition, there has been an increase in consumer popularity and in registered RDM producers in the UK. The Food Standards Agency (FSA) continue to provide advice on RDM to consumers and have recently made additional recommendations to enhance existing controls around registration and hygiene of RDM producers.
Red meat and processed red meat consumption behaviour of healthcare professionals: do they participate in the World Health Organization’s view of red meat carcasses and red meat carcinogens?
Authors: Saygın Alparslan Özge , Demirbaş Nevin 
Published: September 2019

AbstractObjective:This study investigated the consumption behaviours of healthcare professionals in relation to red meat and processed red meat products.Design:This study included a questionnaire conducted through face-to-face interviews with 149 health professionals. The purpose of the questionnaire was to determine the extent to which health professionals agreed with the WHO classification of red meat and processed red meat on their list of carcinogenic products.Setting:This research was carried out in İzmir, which is Turkey’s third largest city. The survey was conducted in 2016 by holding face to face interviews with forty-three specialist doctors, sixteen doctors, twelve dentists, sixty-four nurses and fourteen pharmacists.Subjects:Nationally representative sample of healthcare professionals in Turkey.Results:People educated in healthcare are especially cautious about the consumption of processed red meat products. The results of the research revealed the importance of processing and cooking patterns in red meat consumption preferences.Conclusions:The consequences of the research, in terms of breaking down prejudices and overcoming the anxieties of those with health concerns who do not consume red meat, are important. In fact, the results show that healthcare professionals consume red meat, but they are more careful in their consumption of processed red meat products. This result is in line with the WHO report.