bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Categorical Encoding of Vowels in Primary Auditory Cortex
Authors: Levy Deborah F , Wilson Stephen M 
Published: May 2019

AbstractSpeech perception involves mapping from a continuous and variable acoustic speech signal to discrete, linguistically meaningful units. However, it is unclear where in the auditory processing stream speech sound representations cease to be veridical (faithfully encoding precise acoustic properties) and become categorical (encoding sounds as linguistic categories). In this study, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging and multivariate pattern analysis to determine whether tonotopic primary auditory cortex (PAC), defined as tonotopic voxels falling within Heschl’s gyrus, represents one class of speech sounds—vowels—veridically or categorically. For each of 15 participants, 4 individualized synthetic vowel stimuli were generated such that the vowels were equidistant in acoustic space, yet straddled a categorical boundary (with the first 2 vowels perceived as [i] and the last 2 perceived as [i]). Each participant’s 4 vowels were then presented in a block design with an irrelevant but attention-demanding level change detection task. We found that in PAC bilaterally, neural discrimination between pairs of vowels that crossed the categorical boundary was more accurate than neural discrimination between equivalently spaced vowel pairs that fell within a category. These findings suggest that PAC does not represent vowel sounds veridically, but that encoding of vowels is shaped by linguistically relevant phonemic categories.
Epigenomic Convergence of Neural-Immune Risk Factors in Neurodevelopmental Disorder Cortex
Authors: Vogel Ciernia A , Laufer B I , Hwang H , Dunaway K W , Mordaunt C E , Coulson R L , Yasui D H , LaSalle J M 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) affect 7–14% of all children in developed countries and are one of the leading causes of lifelong disability. Epigenetic modifications are poised at the interface between genes and environment and are predicted to reveal insight into NDD etiology. Whole-genome bisulfite sequencing was used to examine DNA cytosine methylation in 49 human cortex samples from 3 different NDDs (autism spectrum disorder, Rett syndrome, and Dup15q syndrome) and matched controls. Integration of methylation changes across NDDs with relevant genomic and genetic datasets revealed differentially methylated regions (DMRs) unique to each type of NDD but with shared regulatory functions in neurons and microglia. NDD DMRs were enriched within promoter regions and for transcription factor binding sites with identified methylation sensitivity. DMRs from all 3 disorders were enriched for ontologies related to nervous system development and genes with disrupted expression in brain from neurodevelopmental or neuropsychiatric disorders. Genes associated with NDD DMRs showed expression patterns indicating an important role for altered microglial function during brain development. These findings demonstrate an NDD epigenomic signature in human cortex that will aid in defining therapeutic targets and early biomarkers at the interface of genetic and environmental NDD risk factors.
Direct and Indirect Costs of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Ten Years of Follow-up in a Danish Population-based Inception Cohort
Authors: Lo Bobby , Vind Ida , Vester-Andersen Marianne Kajbaek , Bendtsen Flemming , Burisch Johan 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Background
Inflammatory bowel disease [IBD], encompassing Crohn’s disease [CD] and ulcerative colitis [UC], places a high burden on health care resources. To date, no study has assessed the combined direct and indirect cost of IBD in a population-based setting. Our aim was to assess this in a population-based inception cohort with 10 years of follow-up.

Methods
All incident patients diagnosed with CD or UC, 2003–2004, in a well-defined area of Copenhagen, were followed prospectively until 2015. Direct and indirect costs were retrieved from Danish national registries. Data were compared with a control population [1:20]. Associations between the costs and multiple variables were assessed.

Results
A total of 513 (CD: 213 [42%], UC: 300 [58%]) IBD patients were included. No significant differences were found in indirect costs between CD, UC, and the control population. Costs for CD patients were significantly higher than those for UC regarding all direct expenditures (except for5-aminosalicylates [5-ASA] and diagnostic expenses). Biologics accounted for €1.6 and €0.3 million for CD and UC, respectively. The total costs amounted to €42.6 million. Only patients with extensive colitis had significantly higher direct costs (proctitis: €2273 [1341–4092], left-sided: €3606 [2354–5311], extensive: €4093 [2313–6057], p &lt;0.001). No variables were significantly associated with increased total costs in CD or in UC patients.

Conclusions
In this prospective population-based cohort, direct costs for IBD remain high. However, indirect costs did not surpass the control population. Total costs were mainly driven by hospitalisation, but indirect costs accounted for a higher percentage overall, although these did decrease over time.

Podcast
This article has an associated podcast which can be accessed at https://academic.oup.com/ecco-jcc/pages/podcast
Outcome of orthodontic treatment in subjects with periodontal disease. Part III: a CBCT study of external apical root resorption
Authors: Zasčiurinskienė Eglė , Lund Henrik , Lindsten Rune , Jansson Henrik , Bjerklin Krister 
Published: May 2019

Summary

Background
No evidence is present on the risk for external apical root resorption (EARR) during orthodontic treatment (OT) of adult patients with periodontal disease.

Aim
To examine EARR after OT in subjects with periodontal disease and to analyse how intrusion and change in inclination of the most proclined maxillary incisors influence EARR.

Methods
The study included 50 patients with periodontal disease. Sub-gingival debridement by ultrasonic instrumentation supplemented with hand instruments was performed by experienced dental hygienist after baseline examination for all patients. For the control group, final periodontal treatment (PT) was performed before orthodontic tooth movement. For the test group patients, final PT was performed after levelling and alignment phases were finished, before the active space closure with elastic chain and/or inter-arch elastic traction for sagittal correction was started. OT was performed with a straight-wire appliance. Micro-implants or implants were used for posterior anchorage. Cone beam computed tomography examinations were performed before and after OT. EARR of all single-rooted teeth were measured. EARR of the most proclined maxillary incisor was related to intrusion and change in inclination angle.

Results
EARR after OT was observed in median 80.7 per cent (interquartile range 22.02) of single-rooted teeth [mean 1.2 (standard deviation 0.44) mm]. In 82.3 per cent of teeth, EARR was 2 mm or less. Severe EARR was found in 8 per cent of patients and five maxillary incisors (less than 1 per cent of all teeth). The amount of intrusion and change in inclination angle of the most proclined maxillary central incisor influenced the extent of EARR. Mean EARR was significantly higher when OT lasted more than 18 months (P = 0.02).

Conclusions
OT in conjunction with PT in periodontal patients resulted in EARR in 81 per cent of all single-rooted teeth. Intrusion and change in inclination angle of the most proclined maxillary central incisor influenced the extent of EARR, as did longer OT.
Physical illness leading to absence from work and the risk of subsequent suicide: a national register-based study
Authors: Tang Fang , Mehlum Lars , Mehlum Ingrid S , Qin Ping 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Background
Studies have shown that people with physical illness are at increased risk of suicide, but knowledge on the association between absence from work due to specific physical health problems and suicide risk is limited. This study aimed to examine the relationship between suicide risk and physical illness requiring leave from work across a range of specific physical diagnoses, and to study the interactions of mental illness and socioeconomic factors on this relationship.

Methods
Using a nested case-control design, 9313 suicide cases and 169 235 matched controls were retrieved and interlinked from Norwegian national registries. Data on sick leave and related physical illness were derived from claims for sickness benefit and analyzed using conditional logistic regression.

Results
For males, the risk of suicide increased progressively with the number of previous physical illness-related absences and the duration of recent physical illness-related absences. Absences related to digestive, musculoskeletal and neurological disorders as well as cancer and accidents/injuries were associated with a significantly increased risk of suicide. In contrast, females with a history of physical illness-related absence and a diagnosis of most organ or system specific illnesses were at a relatively reduced risk of suicide. In both genders, the suicide risk associated with physical illness resulting in absence from work differentiated significantly by history of sickness absence due to mental illness, and by education and income levels.

Conclusions
The risk of suicide associated with physical illness requiring leave from work varied significantly by gender and by education and income status.
Comparative Effects of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers on Response to a Physical Activity Intervention in Older Adults: Results From the Lifestyle Interventions and Independence for Elders Study
Authors: Brown Joshua D , Smith Steven M , Strotmeyer Elsa S , Kritchevsky Stephen B , Gill Thomas M , Blair Steven N , Fielding Roger A , Buford Thomas W , Pahor Marco , Manini Todd M 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Background
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEis) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) may protect against aging-related decline. This study directly compared ACEis and ARBs on associations with risk of mobility disability in older adults when combined with a physical activity intervention.

Methods
This was a secondary analysis of the Lifestyle Interventions and Independence for Elders (LIFE) trial. Participants aged 70–89 years were randomized to a physical activity or health education intervention. Outcomes included incident and persistent major mobility disability, injurious falls, short physical performance battery, and gait speed. For this analysis, only participants who reported ACEi or ARB use at baseline were included. Baseline differences between ACEi and ARB groups were adjusted for using inverse probability of treatment weights. Weighted Cox proportional hazard models and analysis of covariance models were used to evaluate the independent effects of medications and interaction effects with the intervention on each outcome.

Results
Of 1,635 participants in the Lifestyle Interventions and Independence for Elders study, 796 used either an ACEi (496, 62.3%) or ARB (300, 37.7%). Compared with ACEi users, ARB users had 28% lower risk (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.72 [0.60–0.85]) of incident major mobility disability and 35% (HR = 0.65 [0.52–0.82]) lower risk of persistent major mobility disability whereas no interaction between medication use and intervention was observed. Risk of injurious falls and changes in short physical performance battery or gait speed were not different between ARB and ACEi users.

Conclusions
These results suggest that ARBs may protect from major mobility disability by other mechanisms than improving physical performance.
Effects of Older Adult Driving Resumption on All-Cause Mortality
Authors: Ratnapradipa Kendra L , Wang Jing , Berg-Weger Marla , Schootman and Mario 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Objectives
Driving cessation is associated with adverse social and health outcomes including increased mortality risk. Some former drivers resume driving. Do resumed drivers have a different mortality risk compared to former drivers or continued drivers?

Method
We analyzed National Health and Aging Trends Study (2011–2015) data of community-dwelling self-responding ever drivers (n = 6,189) with weighted stratified life tables and discrete time logistic regression models to characterize mortality risk by driving status (continued, resumed, former), adjusting for relevant sociodemographic and health variables.

Results
Overall, 14% (n = 844) of participants died and 52% (n = 3,209) completed Round 5. Former drivers had the highest mortality (25%), followed by resumed (9%) and continued (6%) drivers. Former drivers had 2.4 times the adjusted odds of mortality compared with resumed drivers (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 2.41; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.51, 3.83), with no difference between continued and resumed drivers (aOR = 1.22; 95% CI = 0.74, 1.99).

Discussion
Those who resumed driving had better survival than those who did not. Practice implications include driver rehabilitation and retraining to safely promote and prolong driving.
Looking back on 10 years of global road safety
Authors: Peden Margaret M , Puvanachandra Prasanthi 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Every year more than 1.35 million people lose their lives on the road and tens of millions more are injured, some permanently. Since the early 2000s there has been renewed focus on the issue, with the United Nations, World Health Organization and the World Bank placing the issue higher on their agendas. Guided by the United Nations General Assembly, World Health Assembly resolutions and ministerial-level conferences on the global road safety crisis, multisectoral partnerships have synthesised the evidence, advocated for action (there are two Sustainable Development Goal targets with an ambitious goal of reducing deaths and injuries from road traffic crashes by 50%), raised public awareness, generated funding, piloted interventions and monitored progress. And yet the total number of deaths has plateaued despite some sporadic country-level successes. More needs to be done—more people need to be trained in countries to deliver, monitor and evaluate a systems approach to road safety, more solid evidence of what works in low-resource settings is needed (including sustainable transportation options) and there needs to be a greater focus on optimising care and support for those injured in crashes—if we are to begin to see numbers come down in the next decade.
On the concepts of legal standards and substantive standards (and how the latter influences the choice of the former)
Authors: Katsoulacos Yannis 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The substantial literature on the optimal choice of legal standards (LSs) in Competition Law enforcement concentrates on the factors that influence this choice given the Substantive (or Liability) Standard adopted by courts and competition authorities (CAs). Generally, this literature assumes that the substantive standard (SS) is welfarist. However, in reality, courts and CAs in different countries and over time use different criteria for establishing liability and, very often, these criteria are not welfarist. This article’s main objective is to clarify the relationship between legal and SSs and show the important influence of the latter on the choice of the former: our analysis shows that while efects-based LSs are compatible with non-welfarist SSs, under the latter courts and CAs will be much more likely to use Per Se LSs. This occurs as under non-welfarist SSs the strength of the presumption of illegality will be higher. This influence may be considered as being mainly responsible for differences in the LSs adopted in European Union and in North America (USA and Canada) or UK, especially in relation to abuse of dominance cases.
The extent of market concentration in South Africa’s product markets
Authors: Buthelezi Thembalethu , Mtani Thando , Mncube Liberty 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Competitive markets can benefit consumers, workers, entrepreneurs, small businesses, and the economy more generally but several indicators suggest the persistence of high levels of market concentration in many of South Africa’s economic sectors. The causes underlying the high levels of concentration and corresponding market power are not clear. This article uses recent data from notified mergers to show the extent of the static level of market concentration (measured using the Herfindahl–Hirschman index). This article argues that consumers and workers would benefit from additional actions to promote effective competition and inclusion in markets.
Monophyletic status of European morphogenera of the subfamily Candoninae Kaufmann, 1900 (Ostracoda: Candonidae) in relation to their mtDNA phylogenies
Authors: Wysocka Anna , Kilikowska Adrianna , Mori Nataša , Iepure Sanda , Kijowska Michalina , Namiotko Tadeusz 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The subfamily Candoninae Kaufmann, 1900a is one of the most taxonomically difficult and species-rich lineages of non-marine Ostracoda. It is widely distributed, inhabiting all kinds of surface and subterranean waters, but its taxonomy remains unclear and generic relationships ambiguous due to a number of homoplasies. To verify the morphology-based taxonomy and monophyly of the European morphogenera of Candoninae we propose the analysis of the mitochondrial fragment encoding cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI). We investigated 75 individuals of 25 species representing eight of 13 extant genera of Candoninae known from Europe. The phylogenetic analyses revealed a complex pattern of relationships and a noteworthy incongruence with the currently used taxonomic system. The monophyletic status of the morphogenera CandonaBaird, 1845, FabaeformiscandonaKrstić, 1972, and PseudocandonaKaufmann, 1900a appeared questionable, but instead monophyly of some species groups distinguished morphologically within these genera seemed to be confirmed in our study. The phylogenetic position of some other morphogenera remained unresolved. Our analysis, focusing on well-supported nodes, nevertheless revealed a handful of salient points on the evolution of Candoninae that deserve further investigation.
Vegetation classification at the association level under the China Vegetation Classification System: an example of six Stipa steppe formations in China
Authors: Liu Changcheng , Wentworth Thomas R , Qiao Xianguo , Guo Ke , Hou Dongjie 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Aims
The latest China Vegetation Classification System (China-VCS) for natural/semi-natural vegetation has eight hierarchical levels: Association < Association-group < Subformation < Formation < Formation-group < Vegetation-subtype < Vegetation-type < Vegetation-type-group. The classification is based on dominant species and their growth forms and has been completed at the formation level. The principal challenge today in Chinese vegetation classification is to develop the China-VCS at levels below the formation in a way that is consistent with current international standards. We explored the following question: how can existing vegetation plot data help develop the China-VCS and improve its compatibility with other international classification systems?

Methods
We compiled 401 plots having plant cover and/or aboveground biomass measurements collected in six Stipa steppe formations and divided them into those with cover data (299 plots) and/or biomass data (283 plots). We applied a combination of hierarchical clustering and ordination to partition the cover and biomass data sets into formations and constituent associations. We then used supervised noise clustering to improve the classification and to identify the core plots representing each association. Diagnostic species were also identified at both association and formation levels. Finally, we compared the classification results based on cover and biomass data sets and combined these results into a comprehensive classification framework for the six formations.

Important Findings
Our results using cover data were comparable with those using biomass data at both formation and association levels. Three Stipa formations were classified into associations based on cover data, two based on biomass data and one based on both biomass and cover data. Twenty-seven associations were defined and proposed within the six formations, using cover or biomass data as consistent classification sections (CCSs). Both dominant species in the dominant stratum and diagnostic species from multiple strata of the core plots were used to characterize vegetation types at both formation and association levels, improving the compatibility of our classification with the International Vegetation Classification. Temperature and precipitation were found to be important climatic factors determining the distribution pattern and species composition of Stipa-dominated vegetation. We propose a framework for plot-based vegetation classification in the China-VCS, using our work with Stipa-dominated steppe vegetation as an example. We applied the concept of CCS to make optimal use of available data representing both plant cover and biomass. This study offers a model for developing the China-VCS to the association level in a way that is consistent with current international standards.
Eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF) 3 mediates Barley Yellow Dwarf Viral mRNA 3′–5′ UTR interactions and 40S ribosomal subunit binding to facilitate cap-independent translation
Authors: Bhardwaj Usha , Powell Paul , Goss Dixie J 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBarley Yellow Dwarf Virus (BYDV) is a positive strand RNA virus that lacks the canonical 5′ 7-methylguanosine cap and a 3′ poly-A tail. Instead, BYDV utilizes a cruciform cap independent translation element (CITE) in its 3′UTR RNA (BYDV-like CITE or BTE) that binds eukaryotic translation initiation factor (eIF) 4F and recruits 40S ribosomal subunits in the presence of active helicase factors (eIF4A, eIF4B, eIF4F and ATP). A long-range, 5-nucleotide, base-pairing kissing loop interaction between the 3′BTE and a 5′UTR stem-loop is necessary for translation to initiate. The 40S–eIF complex does not bind to the BYDV 5′UTR, suggesting the involvement of additional factors. We identified eIF3 as a component of the 3′BTE recruited complex using affinity-tagged 3′BTE RNA pull-down assays. Fluorescence anisotropy binding and gel shift assays showed that the 3′BTE and 5′UTR RNAs can simultaneously and non-competitively bind eIF3 in the presence of active helicase factors forming a single, macromolecular complex. Further, quantitative studies showed eIF3 increased recruitment of the 40S subunit by more than 25-fold. We propose a new role for eIF3, where eIF3 bridges BYDV’s UTRs, stabilizes the long-range 5′-3′ interaction, and facilitates recruitment of the 40S–eIF complex to the 5′UTR, leading to translation initiation.