bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Henry Adams on the Ends of Education
Authors: Bennett Nolan 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Chapter 3 examines how the author of The Education of Henry Adams confronted the developments in party politics, immigration, and technology that he believed had fragmented American democracy at the turn of the twentieth century. Henry Adams described education as the intellectual or social pursuits whereby we find ourselves and our place among others, pursuits that require a guiding authority figure or frame. Narrating his life as a failed attempt to find himself in Washington politics, journalism, and teaching, Adams revealed how modernity had outmoded an old form of education through the authority of republican statesmen. Inspired by advancements in biology and physics, Adams looked to the sciences for a new authority through which to understand himself and the nation, leading him to life writing. Adams sought to usher in a new American better fit to modernity than he was, insisting that those who survive him would need to seek new education.
Whittaker Chambers and the Confessions of Ex-Communists
Authors: Bennett Nolan 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Chapter 5 places Whittaker Chambers’s 1952 Witness within the American panic over communism during the second Red Scare. In the late 1940s, Chambers took the stand before the House Un-American Activities Committee to confess that he and Alger Hiss, among others, had conspired against the United States from a Soviet underground cell. Though Hiss’s prison sentence was a legal victory, the autobiography claimed authority back from the trials and the state’s capacity to make meaning of Chambers’s life. Chambers argued for a return to the authority of God and fathers outmoded in a secular modernity exemplified by communism and New Deal liberalism. Although the trial of Hiss had publicized these accusations, Chambers turned to autobiography to achieve where he thought he had failed: to convert Americans to a Christian anticommunism and to compel present and former communists to confess, though he would ultimately fail to convert Hiss himself.
Pride, Prejudice, and Political Economy
Authors: Bardon Adrian 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the denialist roots of laissez-faire economic conservatism and “trickle-down” economics. It presents evidence that conservative denial in political economics is sustained by racism and classism. It also discusses the philosophical incoherence of right-wing libertarianism and explains how racism has played a historical role in libertarianism as well. Much of the sincere absurdity in political economy stems from the fundamental attribution error, a common bias wherein the failures of other individuals (and social identity groups) are attributed to aspects of character; one’s own problems are the result of uncontrollable circumstance. Another major factor in the perpetuation of inequality is status anxiety among racial and economic groups.
Afterword
Authors: Bardon Adrian 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
In this chapter, the author looks at suggestions about making science communication more effective. Proposals divide roughly into those that focus on information and science education and those that focus on framing issues more effectively. Each type of approach has some promise, but neither education nor messaging has been shown to be able to significantly counteract denialism. This chapter also examines the modest progress shown in local remediation efforts, where coalitions of persons with different views about politics and environmentalism nevertheless find common ground in collaborating on issues of mutual, local interest (such as saltwater intrusion into fresh water supplies).
A Theory of Ethnic Cleavages, Group Mobilization, and Conflict in Multiethnic States
Authors: Vogt Manuel 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter argues that the consequences of ethnic group mobilization depend on countries’ ethnic cleavage types. It introduces two ideal types of multiethnic societies: segmented unranked and stratified societies. The chapter traces the origins of these cleavage types back to the legacies of European overseas colonialism. It explains why the colonial settler states and the decolonized states constitute archetypical cases of stratified and segmented unranked societies, respectively. It then theorizes how these ethnic cleavage types affect the prevalence of different forms of conflict in multiethnic states today. In stratified societies, stable between-group hierarchies and a high degree of social integration deprive the marginalized groups of the capacity for armed rebellion and make the relative opportunity structure more conducive to peaceful direct action than to violence. In contrast, unstable group hierarchies and high social segmentation stimulate the capacity for violence and increase the relative opportunities for armed revolt compared to nonviolent strategies.
Who Selects Ministers?
Authors: Annesley Claire , Beckwith Karen , Franceschet Susan 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Chapter 3 focuses on the political actors who are empowered to select ministers: predominantly presidents and prime ministers. It identifies all the rules, formal and informal, that determine whether selectors are empowered or constrained when constructing their cabinet. The chapter shows that, in most cases, presidents and prime ministers are strongly empowered to choose their minsters, although in some cases selectors are constrained by having to share powers with co-selectors from other parties (i.e. in coalition governments) and within their own party organization. The chapter categorizes the book’s seven country cases into three groups: one where formal and informal rules always empower a single selector, one where party rules have constrained selectors, and one where selectors are always constrained.
How to Qualify for Cabinet: Representational Criteria
Authors: Annesley Claire , Beckwith Karen , Franceschet Susan 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Chapter 7 shows that aspirant ministers can qualify for cabinet appointment by meeting representational criteria, defined as membership in a politically relevant political, territorial, or socio-demographic group deemed important for legitimizing the cabinet team. In all country cases, a subset of ministrables qualify for appointment to cabinet on the basis of representational criteria, and all countries in the book’s data set employ representational criteria in defining the ministerial eligibility pool, even as specific representational criteria vary in number and content across cases. The chapter shows that regional representation is a strong prescriptive criterion in five countries (Australia, Canada, Germany, Spain, and the United Kingdom), and that race and ethnicity are prescribed as representational categories in Canada and the United States. The chapter finds that gender is the only representational category that appears across all countries, yet the magnitude of women’s inclusion varies significantly.
Concrete Floors and Cabinet Appointments
Authors: Annesley Claire , Beckwith Karen , Franceschet Susan 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Chapter 11 answers the three research questions and summarizes the book’s findings in terms of the timing, magnitude, and persistence of women’s cabinet inclusion. It outlines the process for initiating, confirming, and sustaining “concrete floors” for women’s cabinet inclusion across each of the country cases. Concrete floors are the minimum number or proportion of women in cabinet for that ministerial team to be perceived as legitimate. The concept captures the process by which cabinets have been re-gendered to include ever greater numbers of women. The concrete floor helps to explain why presidents and prime ministers have not reverted to appointing all male-cabinets and, in most cases, have refrained from appointing fewer women to cabinet than their predecessors. The concrete floor also provides a strategic foothold for feminist activists who want to increase women’s presence in national politics, specifically in cabinets and shadow cabinets. The chapter concludes by identifying future research directions and the practical implications of the book’s findings.
“Down down with the Supreme Guide”
Authors: Holmes Amy Austin 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
During the first six months of Mohamed Morsi’s presidency, there was a great deal of collaboration between Morsi and the military. The Mubarak-era business elite also displayed a willingness to continue their profit-making schemes and showed little resistance to Morsi’s administration. American officials had vowed to support whoever won Egypt’s first real elections, and they believed a “democratic transition” was in the offing. Of the four key players, it was the citizenry who turned against Morsi first, including some of the very people who voted him into office. Opposition to Morsi began even before Tamarod emerged when he issued a Constitutional Declaration in the fall of 2012. Tamarod can be divided into two wings: one that was Nasserist, and another that was opposed to the military returning to power. Tamarod was not a creation of the deep state but a broad-based social movement, with all the diversity and contradictions that many big tent movements face, including the emergence of divisions between radicals and moderates and the co-optation of a few key leaders by the regime. The summer of 2013 constituted a watershed moment as the balance of power shifted back in favor of the military, heralding the beginning of the counterrevolution.
Statehood and Recognition in International Law: A Post-Colonial Invention
Authors: D’Aspremont Jean 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This article seeks to lay bare some of the main conceptual, theoretical, and normative constructions that have informed the rise of the doctrine of statehood into one of the fundamental doctrines of international law and allowed it to continue to prove most influential in contemporary international legal discourses. In doing so, this article will make the point that the doctrine of statehood has been shaped by both modern and post-colonial heritages. It will be shown that the main components of the doctrine of statehood are very modern in that they are directly inherited from liberal legal thought. It will simultaneously be demonstrated that it is only in the second half of the twentieth century, and more precisely in the wake of the start of the decolonisation process, that all these modern components were assembled and organised in order to compose what is known today as the doctrine of statehood.
Introductory Note
Authors: Merrills John G. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
In 2017 the International Court of Justice gave one judgment and made a number of orders. The judgment concerned preliminary objections in a maritime boundary case and the orders provisional measures of protection and the admissibility of certain counter-claims. These cases, although not very numerous, made a useful contribution to the development and application of internal law. In that year also no less than six new cases were begun, and one case was partially discontinued. The new cases were concerned with issues ranging from a land boundary question to compliance with two international law conventions, the revision and interpretation of a judgment, and the detention and trial of a national. The United Nations General Assembly also adopted a resolution requesting an advisory opinion. At the beginning of 2018 there were therefore seventeen cases on the Court's docket. In 2017 the Court also elected five judges to the bench in the regular triennial election.
Introductory Note
Authors: Reinisch August 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
In 2017, the jurisprudence of ICSID tribunals and ad hoc committees largely followed established lines. The jurisdictional decisions in Koch v. Venezuela and Bridgestone v. Panama evidenced that in spite of the lowered standards under the Salini-light test investment tribunals are still concerned about including normal sales transactions under the scope of investment agreements. They have similarly grappled with avoiding to fully open up their ratione personae jurisdiction to state-owned companies. On substantive issues, the tribunal in Bear Creek Mining v. Peru found an indirect (and unlawful) expropriation, whereas the tribunal in Eiser v. Spain held that the fundamental change of the regulatory regime in renewable energy violated the host state’s obligations under the Energy Charter Treaty’s fair and equitable treatment obligation. Various ICSID tribunals in the renewable energy cases against the Czech Republic, Italy and Spain, dealt with the stability and predictability obligations of host states under the FET standard in light of regulatory changes. The annulment committee in Suez v. Argentina (II) confirmed its limited power of reviewing ICSID awards.
Enhancing the Globe’s Governance, Struggling with Research and Politics
Authors: Weiss Thomas G. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This article for the annual exploration of “Recent Lines of Internationalist Thought” concerns the contemporary reality of international organizations and multilateral cooperation. More especially, the article explores the author’s analytical pursuit of global governance, both as a scholar and practitioner. Three specific focuses are the United Nations; the world organization’s under-appreciated contribution to key ideas, norms, principles, and standards; and the concept of sacrosanct state sovereignty, especially humanitarian action and the “responsibility to protect.”
Introduction: On Conservative Nationalism
Authors: Dueck Colin 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the entire book. It argues that a kind of conservative American nationalism long predates the Trump presidency, and goes back to the American founding. Different aspects of conservative American nationalism have been incorporated into the Republican Party from its creation. Every Republican president since Theodore Roosevelt has tried to balance elements of this tradition with global US foreign policy priorities. Donald Trump was able to win his party’s nomination and rise to the presidency in part by challenging liberal internationalist assumptions. Yet in practice, he too has combined nationalist assumptions with global US foreign policy priorities. The long-term trend within the Republican party—predating Trump—is toward political populism, cultural conservatism, and white working-class voters, and this has international implications. Republican foreign policy nationalism is not about to disappear.
Nationalism, Internationalism, and American Conservatives
Authors: Dueck Colin 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter provides the framework for understanding American nationalism, liberal internationalism, and conservative foreign policy approaches in their various forms. The history, premises, and practices of American nationalism are recounted, from the American founding to the beginning of the twentieth century. Then the key elements of liberal internationalism are discussed, including their incorporation into American foreign policy beginning with Woodrow Wilson. Conservative American reactions to liberal internationalist policies are described and delineated into their own distinct categories as well. The context is thus set for a discussion of conservative American nationalism in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries.
National versus Global
Authors: Dueck Colin 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
In this chapter, a brief summary of the Trump administration’s foreign policy is provided, along with an assessment of its chief strengths and weaknesses. Donald Trump initially won the presidency arguing that US allies were essentially free-riders. Apparently many of his earliest supporters agreed. This triggered great concern as to what his worldwide policies would be, if elected. In practice, as president, Trump did in fact pull US foreign policy in a sharply nationalist direction. At the same time, he did not actually dismantle overall existing US alliances, military bases, or forward presence overseas. In effect his foreign policy amounted to a kind of pressure campaign, directed against allies and adversaries alike, on commercial as well as strategic grounds. The advantages and disadvantages of that pressure campaign are assessed.
Diogenes vs. Demonax
Authors: Kuin Inger N. I. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Lucian of Samosata is an invaluable source for the activities of the philosophical schools in the 2nd century ce and their attitudes to laughter. But he can also be understood as a philosopher in his own right, especially for his views on the value of laughter in philosophy and on the potential of laughter as philosophy. This chapter analyzes these views in order to show that Lucian’s writings form a key stage in the history of laughter’s place in philosophical thought. Two prominent forms of philosophical laughter in Lucian are analyzed side by side: the improvisational, inclusive laughter of Demonax, and the exhibitionist, exclusive laughter of the Cynics, (Lucian’s) Diogenes in particular. This chapter argues that Demonax’s laughter ultimately comes closer to Lucian’s own mode of philosophical laughter than Diogenes’ laughter.
The Twists and Turns of Creativity
Authors: Nalbantian Suzanne 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Suzanne Nalbantian provides an overarching synthesis of the conclusions about creativity arrived at by the neuroscientific and humanist contributors to this volume. She shows that the neuroscience chapters present a span of approaches, including a “workspace model” of the creative brain (Jean-Pierre Changeux), the role of the default mode network (Marcus Raichle), cognitive processing during dreaming (Robert Stickgold), the fundamental systems and cellular foundations of creativity (Jaak Panksepp, Alcino Silva, and John Bickle), and the importance of brain circuit plasticity in quantitative creative cognition (Geraint Wiggins and Charlotte Stagg). The psychologists Robert Sternberg, Oshin Vartanian, and Liane Gabora offer cognitive approaches based on phenomena of mind. Nancy Andreasen and Paul Matthews show how studies of exceptional brains—those marked by genius or those altered by disease or drugs—illuminate the mechanisms of creativity. The humanist contributors to this book provide a range of perspectives from those who analyze creativity as a trait of the individual (Suzanne Nalbantian, Suzette Henke, Mark Hussey, and John Onians) and those who view it as shaped by social context (Peter Schneck, Donald Wehrs, and John Foster). Personal narratives of the creative process are provided by the musician Bruce Adolphe and the contemporary novelist Richard Powers. All the contributors explore aspects of the conscious processing and spontaneous, nonconsious processing that define creativity, which this volume investigates through a unique, interdisciplinary optic.
Creativity
Authors: Matthews Paul M. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Creativity is not a phenomenon that arises from the brain in isolation; it has an experiential, sociopolitical, and cultural context. Nonetheless, studies of the brain illuminate mechanistic aspects of human creativity with a clarity sufficient clearly to allow some predictions of the potential for creativity and have suggested ways in which it can be enhanced. This chapter briefly reviews associations between creativity and disease, focusing on rare case studies of people with neurodegenerative disease affecting the frontal lobe and executive processing. These suggest that impaired frontal activity can enhance more creative behaviors under some conditions, a hypothesis confirmed by direct testing with transient, noninvasive electrical interference with frontal lobe functions in healthy volunteers. The use of some drugs also has been associated with increased creativity. Improved performance on tests of creative cognition by people with Parkinson’s disease after treatment with L-dopa has highlighted roles for dopamine and norepinephrine in modulating cognitive flexibility. However, most of the recent advances in understanding brain mechanisms of creativity from functional brain imaging studies have highlighted that creativity is not localizable to one or a few brain regions, but instead engages coordinated activities across major systems in the brain, including the default mode network and executive control, salience, or attentional networks. With information on genotype and patterns of brain activity, neuroscientists may be able to classify people for their potential creativity.
Memory Linking and Creativity
Authors: Silva Alcino J. , Bickle John 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Human creativity intuitively seems beyond the reach of molecular, cellular, and circuit neuroscience. However, in this chapter, the authors propose that mechanisms that link memories across time have a critical role in a key aspect of human creativity, namely, the many ways in which distinct memories acquired on separate occasions can be related and connected in novel and generative ways. Recent work in mice suggests a detailed molecular, cellular, and systems neuroscience mechanism of memory linking that provides a framework for this key component of creativity in humans. This proposal shares some interesting features with psychological and systems-neurobiological accounts of human creativity but differs from such accounts since data in support of it are drawn from controlled interventional experiments in mice. Yet this purely mechanistic account raises a philosophical dilemma based on the intuitive differences between “mechanism” and “creativity.” The authors conclude the chapter with a brief exploration of this dilemma and its potential implications for a scientific explanation of the human creative process.
Creativity and the Self-Made Worldview
Authors: Gabora Liane 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Creativity is usefully viewed from the perspective of personal “worldviews.” which describe the mind as experienced subjectively, from the inside. The worldview of an uncreative person reflects what they’ve been told, while the worldview of a creative person reflects what they’ve done with what they’ve been told to create a self-made worldview. The capacity to generate such a self-made worldview arose first with development of the capacity for one thought to trigger another thought. This chaining allows free-association, critical reflection, or complex behavioural thought sequences to be created and recalled for material with high psychological entropy to be restructured to form a new idea or perspective. However, a second capacity important for creative thought also is needed: contextual focus, the ability to adaptively shift between convergent and divergent modes of thought. Whereas chaining allows the connecting of closely related items in memory, contextual focus enables the forging of distant connections for sophisticated creative expression. Chaining is sufficient for “little-c”, everyday creative ideas, but contextual focus is need for the generation of those “big-C” creative ideas that define major conceptual shifts. These phenomena of mind arise at the level of the brain with coordinated activity of groups of collectively co-spiking neurons (neural cliques). Those that respond to more general or abstract aspects of a situation offer a straightforward mechanism for contextual focus, for example; with associative thought, as more aspects of a situation are taken into account, more neural cliques are recruited. Gabora’s global mind perspective highlights the evolutionary significance of creativity: cultural evolution became possible with the emergence of a creative worldviews that are self-organizing, self-mending, communally interacting, and self-propagating.