bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Utilitarianism as tort theory: countering the caricature
Authors: Purshouse Craig 
Published: March 2018

AbstractUtilitarianism, the view that ‘actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness’, is no longer taken seriously either as a moral principle or as a theory of tort law. Rights-based theories appear to have won the day. The purpose of this paper is to counter this trend and demonstrate that utilitarianism is not the implausible straw man that its opponents have constructed. Relying upon a version of utilitarianism advanced by the philosopher RM Hare, I will demonstrate that distinguishing between two levels of utilitarian thinking can provide a credible explanatory and normative theory of tort law that is immune to many of the critiques usually levelled at this theory. My final conclusion is that ifarights-based theory of tort law is convincing, it may be one with utilitarian foundations.
Overgeneral autobiographical memory bias in clinical and non-clinical voice hearers
Authors: Jacobsen Pamela , Peters Emmanuelle , Ward Thomas , Garety Philippa A. , Jackson Mike , Chadwick Paul 
Published: March 2018

AbstractBackgroundHearing voices can be a distressing and disabling experience for some, whilst it is a valued experience for others, so-called ‘healthy voice-hearers’. Cognitive models of psychosis highlight the role of memory, appraisal and cognitive biases in determining emotional and behavioural responses to voices. A memory bias potentially associated with distressing voices is the overgeneral memory bias (OGM), namely the tendency to recall a summary of events rather than specific occasions. It may limit access to autobiographical information that could be helpful in re-appraising distressing experiences, including voices.MethodsWe investigated the possible links between OGM and distressing voices in psychosis by comparing three groups: (1) clinical voice-hearers (N = 39), (2) non-clinical voice-hearers (N = 35) and (3) controls without voices (N = 77) on a standard version of the autobiographical memory test (AMT). Clinical and non-clinical voice-hearers also completed a newly adapted version of the task, designed to assess voices-related memories (vAMT).ResultsAs hypothesised, the clinical group displayed an OGM bias by retrieving fewer specific autobiographical memories on the AMT compared with both the non-clinical and control groups, who did not differ from each other. The clinical group also showed an OGM bias in recall of voice-related memories on the vAMT, compared with the non-clinical group.ConclusionsClinical voice-hearers display an OGM bias when compared with non-clinical voice-hearers on both general and voices-specific recall tasks. These findings have implications for the refinement and targeting of psychological interventions for psychosis.
On the UV Cet-Type Star Rotation
Authors: Gershberg R. E. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe upper limits of flare star rotational velocities are evaluated from the photometric features of the stars and on the basis of the widths of the Ha emission line in the quiet chromospheres. The rotational velocity of UV Cet does not exceed 22 km/sec, YZ CMi: 37 km/sec, the valuevsiniof AD Leo does not exceed 52 km/sec, and that of EV Lac: 25 km/sec.
Outcomes of UTI and bacteriuria caused by ESBL vs. non-ESBL Enterobacteriaceae isolates in pregnancy: a matched case–control study
Authors: Yagel Y. , Nativ H. , Riesenberg K. , Nesher L. , Saidel-Odes L. , Smolyakov R. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractInfections caused by extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-E) have become increasingly prevalent, posing a serious public threat worldwide. It is commonly believed that untreated urinary tract infections (UTI) and asymptomatic bacteriuria (ABU) during pregnancy are associated with poor obstetric outcomes. Currently, there is a paucity of data regarding the outcomes or risk factors of such ESBL-E infections in pregnant women. We conducted a retrospective 1:2 matched case–control study of hospitalised pregnant women with ESBL-E- vs. non-ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae-positive urine cultures obtained between 2004 and 2015, and compared risk factors for the development of resistant bacteria, clinical course and outcomes. In total, 87 pregnant women with ESBL-E-positive urine cultures were matched to 174 controls by decade of age, ethnicity and pregnancy trimester. Significant risk factors for acquisition of ESBL-E included prior UTI/ABU episodes (50.6% vs. 26.3%, P < 0.001), previous isolation of ESBL-E in urine cultures (12.6% vs. 0.6%, P < 0.001) and prior antibiotic exposure (71.3% vs. 54%, P = 0.002). Previous hospitalisation, however, was not found to be a risk factor. No significant difference was found in adverse obstetric outcomes. We conclude that prior urinary infections and antibiotic exposure were significant risk factors for the isolation of ESBL-E pathogens from the urine of pregnant women; however, this was not associated with worse obstetric outcomes compared with non-ESBL-E pathogens.
Imaging New Paths for Malarial Parasites
Authors: Stephen W. Carmichael  , Rosenblatt Jon E 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
In general terms, parasites that cause malaria are injected into the skin by mosquitoes. They then travel into the bloodstream and then to the liver where they invade liver cells and mature into forms called schizonts. Within each schizont, cell division produces thousands of tiny new forms called merozoites, each of which, when released into the bloodstream, is capable of infecting a red blood cell. This “traditional” pathway for malarial parasites may not be the only way these parasites travel through the body. Using some increasingly more powerful immuno-imaging tools, Rogerio Amino, Sabine Thiberge, Béatrice Martin, Susanna Celli, Spencer Shorte, Friedrich Frischknecht, and Robert Ménard have demonstrated an additional route that could have profound implications for developing effective vaccines for this major worldwide disease.
Examination of the Gospel of Judas Using An Integrated Approach to Ink Characterization
Authors: Barabe Joseph G , Martin Kathleen A , Schumacher Elaine F , Swider Joseph R , Teetsov Anna S 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
In the field of document examination, several approaches can be taken to probe the authenticity of a piece of ancient writing. Scholars have the task of analyzing, and possibly translating, the language and content of a document, and assessing the character and quality of the script. Materials characterization plays another role. Both the document substrate and the ink can be examined to determine whether the materials and methods of creation are consistent with those known to be used during the historical period to which the document is attributed.
Atom Probe Tomography Defines Mainstream Microscopy at the Atomic Scale
Authors: Kelly Thomas F , Thompson Keith , Marquis Emmanuelle A , Larson David J 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
When making a sculpture, it is the eyes that guide the hands and tools and perceive the outcome. In simple words, “in order to make, you must be able to see.” So too, when making a nanoelectronic device, it is the microscope (eyes) that guides the process equipment (hands and tools) and perceives the outcome. As we emerge into the century of nanotechnology, it is imperative that the eyes on the nanoworld provide an adequate ability to “see.” We have microscopies that resolve 0.02 nm on a surface (scanning tunneling microscope (STM)) or single atoms in a specimen (atom probe tomographs (APT) and transmission electron microscopes (TEM)).
Keeping Life in Focus New Systems Prevent Z-axis Drift in Time Lapse Studies
Authors: Lachica Edward 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Just two decades ago, life scientists studied biological structure, developmental anatomy and intracellular processes by describing individual snapshots of kinetic events. Today, with so much bioscience research focusing on dynamic processes that occur on the molecular, cellular and whole organ level, it is important to record events as they happen, over seconds, minutes or hours, in living cells. Photographs and camera lucida drawings of fixed, stained cells have given way to live cell imaging using fluorescent probes, warming trays to promote cell viability and cinemicrography as a method of recording events.
Comments on Quantifying the Results of Electron-Probe Analysis of a Gold-Tin Solder
Authors: Twilley John 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
First, it is important to know whether the objective of the analysis is to measure the total amount of the two metals in the assembly as a whole, or to measure their proportions in each of the different areas; the tin solder, the intermetallic layers and so on. The purpose to which the results are to be put is also important. To some extent the answer depends on knowing this, as a biased but highly repeatable measure of something is often useful for internal purposes.
For Au/Sn intermetallic compounds which have quite specific compositions, the absorption/enhancement effects will be different than for a low-concentration solid solution of either of the metals in the other.
Modern Microscopy On The light Side
Authors: Palenik Skip 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The attachment of devices to the eyepiece of a microscope is a long accepted practice among microscopisis; almost as soon as a new technical advance appears, someone is adapting it to the study of microscopic specimens. Photomicrography was in use from almost the earliest days of photography, while the microspectroscope was developed and described by Sorby as early as the 1860's. As advances in technology provided improved means for recording data and collecting radiation invisible to the human eye, these were rapidly adapted to the microscope as add-on accessories constructed as one-of-a-kind instruments or in a few cases as commercial products.
The Biological Images Project
Authors: Penn Michael 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The Biological Images Project is the culmination of the four summers I have spent at Apple Computer. In short is is a software package which allows students to manipulate and explore biological images (i.e. micrographs, CTs, MRIs, etc.), Consisting of four sections - interface, biological images, image processing, and communication software - this package can serve as a powerful educational medium. The interface supports the more traditional forms of teaching - textual notes and brief lectures. The collection of biological images allows students to visualize biological structures in ways they never have before and exposes them to a variety of scientific techniques and tools. Image processing lets the student interact with the images, to manipulate, explore, discover and in some ways gain ownership of the image. Finally the communication package will provide the students a medium to share their discoveries in an interactive manner and submit them to peer review.
EMSA Undergraduate Scholarship Program
Authors: Burke Mary Grace 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The EMSA Undergraduate Scholarship Program was developed in 1988 to encourage students to consider microscopy-related careers. Over the years, the program has expanded to include seniors as well as junior undergraduate students. The scholarship application includes a research proposal (including budget) written by the student, and letters of recommendation from a faculty member and project advisor. The response to the 1992 EMSA Undergraduate Scholarship Program was excellent, both in terms of student responses and quality of applications.
Unfolding and Folding Proteins
Authors: Carmichael Stephen W 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The atomic force microscope (AFM) is being utilized in even more clever ways to reveal details of molecular structure and function. As an example, Julio Fernandez and Hongbin Li have used the AFM in the force-clamp mode to monitor the folding trajectory of a single protein. They have demonstrated in a unique way in which a single protein behaves when put under tension, and then what happens when the tension is relieved.
Fernandez and Li linked several molecules of ubiquitin, a small protein, together to form a polyubiquitin chain. With one end of the chain attached to a substrate, the tip of a soft cantilever of the AFM attached to a single protein, and from one to nine ubiquitin molecules were picked up.
Having Your Cake and Eating It Too: A Procedure for Obtaining Plan View and Cross Section TEM Images from the Same Site
Authors: Irwin RB , Anciso A , Jones PJ , Patton C 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Sample preparation for Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) is usually performed such that the final sample orientation is either a cross section or a plan view of the bulk material, as shown schematically in Figure 1. The object of any sample preparation technique, for either of these two orientations, is to thin a selected volume of the sample from its initial bulk state to electron transparency, ~ 100nm thick. In doing so, the final sample must be mechanically stable, vacuum compatible, and, most of all, unchanged from the initial bulk material. Many techniques have been used to achieve this goal: cleaving, sawing, mechanical polishing, chemical etching, ion milling, focused ion beam (FIB) milling, and many others.
Dehydration and Rehydration Issues in Biological Tissue Processing for Electron Microscopy
Authors: Stadtländer Christian T K-H 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Electron microscopy (EM) is an indispensable tool for the study of ultrastructures of biological specimens. Every electron microscopist would like to process biological specimens for either scanning electron microscopy (SEM) or transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in a way that the specimens viewed under the electron microscope resemble those seen in vivo or in vitro under the light microscope. This is, however, often easier said than done because biological tissue processing for EM requires careful attention of the investigator with regard to the numerous processing steps involved in specimen preparation, such as fixation, dehydration, infiltration, embedding, and sectioning.
Microscopy Today 2004 Salary Survey Results
Authors: Anderson Ron , Foster Barbara 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Salary Surveys always create considerable interest. Although a less formal study was conducted several years ago via the Microscopy Society listserver, the authors are not aware of a complete study since the one conducted by the MSA nearly 20 years ago. The current study followed a format frequently used by Microscopy/Microscopy Education (MME), typically delivered at microscopy-related scientific meetings to gather trends on new and existing instrumentation. It was mailed the middle of 2004 to nearly 15,000 US readers of Microscopy Today. Returns were collected and processed by an independent contractor.
Microscopic Analysis of Metal Recovered from the Wreck of RMS Titanic
Authors: McCarty JJ Hooper , Foecke T 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
On April 14, 1912, the RMS Titanic collided with an iceberg and sank in the North Atlantic, approximately 400 miles southeast of Newfoundland. Despite her double-bottom construction and series of water-tight compartments, the luxurious passenger liner, deemed ‘unsinkable’ by the popular press, sank in only two hours and 40 minutes, taking 1523 lives with her. As the largest man-made moving object of her time, the construction of the RMS Titanic was a technological feat, yet her sinking comprised one of the most famous disasters of the twentieth century. A colossal tragedy, the sinking has been shrouded in mystery ever since, and has led to unending speculation concerning the details of that fateful evening.
Feature Characterization of Microfluidic Channels Created Using Direct Laser Ablation
Authors: Little John , Borah Dan 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Microfluidic devices, with their ability to manipulate and analyze nanoliter volumes of chemicals and other fluids, have attracted great interest across a broad range of research and industrial applications. Corporate and academic laboratories around the world are deeply engaged in developing manufacturing technologies for these devices, hoping to create the same kind of benefits and value that accrued from the miniaturization and large scale integration of electronic devices. The flexibility and programmability of direct laser ablation make it attractive as a fabrication technology, but many other aspects of its performance remain to be understood and characterized. Advanced confocal microscopy, which provides fast, high-resolution, threedimensional visualization and measurement of micrometer scale structure, is ideally suited to this characterization task.
Microwave Myths and Tissue Processing
Authors: McArdle Phillip 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Microwave-assisted preparation of histological samples has been performed for decades; what began with a few pioneering researchers has now become a routine and accepted practice in many clinical and research laboratories. Reliable, reproducible microwave protocols have been developed for a variety of operations: LM and EM processing, decalcification, fixation, special stains, antigen retrieval and more. Laboratories employing microwave procedures often do so for several compelling reasons: in addition to the expected time savings (often on the scale of orders of magnitude), improved morphology, retained immunoreactivity, and the elimination of hazardous reagents are benefits typically realized as well.
Despite the increasing availability of laboratory microwaves, consumer-grade (“kitchen”) microwaves continue to be used, almost invariably due to cost considerations. (EBS has maintained since 1992 that a kitchen microwave has no place in the lab.) At any time in the US there are hundreds of microwave models to choose from: a dizzying array of sizes, wattages, options, and configurations await the shopper.
A Combined In-situ and Electron Tomography Holder for (S)TEM
Authors: Mitterbauer C , Browning ND , Deshmukh Pushkarraj V 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Recent advances in in-situ and tomographic methods using (scanning) transmission electron microscopy ((S)TEM) provide the unique possibility of obtaining 3-dimensional (3D) information and in-situ studies of gas-solid chemical reactions on the nanometer scale. In combination with the well-known analytical techniques, electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDXS) we can obtain 3D, dynamic, analytical, and structural information down to the atomic level.
The JEOL JEM-2500SE STEM/TEM at UC Davis (CHMS) is equipped with a Schottky field-emission source operated at 200 kV, a post column Gatan imaging filter (863 GIF Tridiem) for EELS and a Thermo System Six for EDXS.
Infrared Laser Confocal Microscopy: Fast, Flexible, Cost-Effective Inspection and Metrology Tool for Microelectronic Manufacturing
Authors: Rideout David 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Microelectronics and semiconductor wafer manufacturing are among the fastest evolving technology industries today. Wafer sizes typically are 200 mm to 300 mm while critical dimensions are shrinking to 0.09 μm and smaller. As the size of discrete devices continues to be reduced while device density increases, the need for fast, accurate, flexible metrology and inspection tools in the microelectronics industry grows.
Back in the early 1980's, semiconductor inspection was performed primarily by brightfield optical microscopes and with automated detection tools. The adaptation of automated detection tools led to the systematic control of increasingly smaller defects. The smallest detectable defect using these automated tools fell to below the 0.30-micron mark during the 1990's.
A Note on Storing and Testing Gold Conjugates
Authors: Leunissen Jan 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Colloid and adsorption physics are a very complicated business and often have a lot of surprises. In 1991 Kramarcy and Sealock published a paper in JHC Vol. 39, No. 1,pp. 37-39, 1991: “Commercial Preparations of Colloidal Gold-Antibody Complexes Frequently Contain Free Active Antibody”. Their data indicate that proteins adsorbed onto colloidal particles of 5nm and larger can dissociate from the particle surface with time and that, at times even shortly after manufacturing, colloidal gold reagents may contain free binding molecules. This is not necessarily the result of bad manufacturing practice, as adsorption and desorption are in equilibrium at all times. Some proteins (there are even variations between antibodies from different animal species) are more liable to become dissociated than others, and the conditions of coupling play a role as well.
A Few Thoughts About Image File Storage
Authors: Bode Michael 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
A recent thread on the MSA list server about problems with image formats (in this case TIF or TIFF) showed, that there is a bit of confusion in the microscopy community about the best file format for digital images. I will try to shed a bit of light onto this problem.
Digital images are at the core a large array of numbers. One number per pixel for b/w images, 3 numbers per pixel for color images. The simplest file format consists of 2 numbers that define the width and height of the image, and then just a listing of numbers for each pixel. By using the right conventions, the image can be recreated from a data file like mis. In essence, this is the format of a bitmap image (BMP), and other formats derived from it.
The Moving Finger Writes: Carbon Nanotubes as AFM Probe Tips
Authors: Moloni Katerina 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
After carbon nanotubes (CNT) were discovered in 1991, many applications have been proposed that utilize their extraordinary electrical and mechanical properties. One application is as tips for scanning probe microscopy where CNTs offer several advantages including high resolution and the capability to image deep, narrow structures. A recent study of CNT scanning probes for atomic force microscopy (AFM) in semiconductor surface science concluded that an AFM with CNT tips has immense potential as a surface characterization tool in integrated circuit manufacture. Previously researchers had to construct their own CNT probes, but recently CNT AFM probes have become commercially available.
Carbon nanotubes (sometimes called buckytubes) are closed seamless shells ot graphitic carbon typically one to tens of nanometers in diameter and several micrometers long. The structure of a closed-dome single-walled nanotube is illustrated in Figure 1. Carbon nanotube probe tips offer several advantages.
Enhanced Sample Preparation of Cu Low-k Semiconductors via Mechanical Polishing and Ion Beam Etching
Authors: Roberts Shane , Flatoff Daniel 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Modern microelectronics have rapidly decreased in geometry to enhance the speed and processing power of computers. Advanced devices are approaching design rules of sub 0.13 micron in size, and the trend continues at the rate dictated by Moore's Law, Coupled with this reduction in device size, is a change in materials used for producing these devices. Traditional aluminum interconnect metallurgy and oxide dielectric materials are being replaced with copper and low-k materials in an effort to continue the trend of shrinking device sizes and higher processing capacities.
These changes in materials and device sizes have provided the impetus for alternative methods for producing cross sections. Although focused ion beam instrumentation has been successfully used for preparing cross sections, a combinatorial approach using polishing and argon ion milling has been found to dramatically enhance the ability to produce high quality cross sectional samples in a reasonably short amount of time.