bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Mechanism of the Anemia Associated with Hodgkin’s Disease
Authors: GIANNOPOULOS P. PIKOULI , BERGSAGEL DANIEL E. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. The survival of autotransfused Cr51-tagged erythrocytes was shortened in a group of five patients with the anemia of Hodgkin’s disease, but since the normal marrow is believed to be capable of compensating for destruction rates of six to eight times greater than normal, it is felt that the increased rate of hemolysis was not sufficient to account for the development of anemia in any of these patients.
2. There was evidence of an increased rate of erythropoiesis in all of the patients with Hodgkin’s disease. This was manifested by normoblastic hyperplasia of the marrow, a moderate reticulocytosis and increased plasma iron clearance rates. The shortened red cell survival times were associated with the increased plasma iron clearance rates. However, in view of the fact that all of the patients were anemic, it is evident that these patients were incapable of increasing the rate of red cell production sufficiently to compensate for the increased rate of destruction.
3. Intravenously injected Fe59 citrate was incorporated more rapidly into the circulating red cell mass in the patients with Hodgkin’s disease than in the normal subjects.
4. The tissue iron stores of the liver and spleen were greatly increased, but no iron was demonstrated in the marrow of a group of seven patients with Hodgkin’s disease.
5. The plasma iron was low and the UIBC normal in a group of 12 patients with active Hodgkin’s disease.
6. It is suggested that one of the factors which limits the ability of the marrow to produce hemoglobin in the anemia of Hodgkin’s disease may be a relative hypoferremia caused by a defect in the mobilization of iron from tissue stores.
A Review of Lesions in the Optic Fundus in Various Diseases of the Blood
Authors: MARSHALL RICHARD A. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. The frequency of retinopathy as seen on an active hematologic service in a two year period is reported. The report is based on the findings in 50 patients who had retinopathy associated with a blood disorder.
2. The occurrence of retinopathy in the course of leukemia did not significantly alter the mortality or duration of illness.
3. Anemia, thrombocytopenia, septicemia and immaturity of the leukocytes appear to be the most important factors in the production of retinopathy in hematologic diseases.
4. The various retinal lesions are illustrated in photographs. Perivascular sheathing was seen only in chronic granulocytic leukemia. Otherwise, retinopathy was not specific for any particular blood disorder.
A Mobile Retroclavicular Lymph Node of Some Clinical Significance
Authors: TERRY R. BARRATT 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The only clinically enlarged peripheral lymph node in three patients was one lying hidden deep behind the medial end of the clavicle. Its presence was established by instructing the patient to cough and strain; this dislocated the node up into the supraclavicular fossa, thus allowing biopsy.
Congenital Factor VII Deficiency with Normal Stuart Activity: Clinical, Genetic and Experimental Observations
Authors: KUPFER HENRY G. , HANNA BERTRAM L. , KINNE DIXIE R. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The case of a four year old white girl with a bleeding tendency characterized by the spontaneous occurrence of petechiae, ecchymoses and hemarthroses is presented. Laboratory studies indicate a deficiency of factor VII, with normal levels of all other clotting components, and a vascular deficiency possibly related to frequent upper respiratory infection.
Serum from the patient and from four close relatives having reduced levels of factor VII is shown to correct the abnormal thromboplastin generation of Stuart factor-deficient serum. The rate of conversion of prothrombin into thrombin is markedly delayed in the patient’s plasma but essentially normal in that of other family members. The patient’s prothrombin conversion is corrected by the addition of normal or Stuart-deficient plasma. The partial thromboplastin time of the patient is somewhat prolonged.
It is concluded that factor VII deficiency is inherited in this family as an incompletely recessive autosomal characteristic. The penetrance of the deficiency allele in the heterozygous individual appears to be variable. Analyses of the distributions of clotting factor levels in the family and in samples from the normal population indicate that an individual may vary greatly in his clotting factor levels, the average variation being nearly as great as the variation among individuals. The magnitude of the variation among siblings suggests that the penetrance of the factor VII deficiency allele is affected by extrinsic factors and that the observed population variation does not result from the occurrence of multiple alleles. It is suggested that sex may be a factor determining clotting factor levels.
The bleeding of the patient is controlled by transfusion of plasma and by injection of a plasma preparation called ACC-76 (Behringwerke, Germany), the latter followed by a transient elevation of blood factor VII.
The Duffy Blood Group System in Transfusion Reactions: A Review of the Literature and Report of Four Cases
Authors: COMPTON ALLAN , HABER JANE M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. The literature on the incidence and inheritance of the "Duffy" blood group factors and their significance in blood transfusion and erythroblastosis fetalis is briefly reviewed.
2. Four new cases in which anti-Fya was detected are reported.
3. The necessity for the use of the Coombs’ compatibility test with a potent Coombs’ serum to prevent reactions due to anti-Fya is re-emphasized.
4. The inadequacy of a 15 minute incubation period for the Coombs’ compatibility test in certain cases is noted.
5. The desirability of specific identification of an antibody detected in a patient’s serum prior to transfusion whenever possible is suggested.
Platelet Life Span in Normal, Splenectomized and Hypersplenic Rats
Authors: HJORT PETER F. , PAPUTCHIS HELEN 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. A method is described for the isolation of rat platelets. The method gives high yields of platelets with negligible white and red cell contamination.
2. Rat platelets were labeled in vivo with radioactive diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP32). The platelet life span was the same in normal, splenectomized and hypersplenic rats.
3. Some problems involved in the use of DFP32 as a blood cell label are discussed.
Cyanocobalamin, Ascorbic Acid and Pteroylglutamates in Normal and Megaloblastic Bone Marrow
Authors: COX E. V. , MATTHEWS D. M. , MEYNELL M. J. , COOKE W. T. , GADDIE R. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The B12 activity as estimated by Lactobacillus leichmannii, the folic-acid-like activity by Streptococcus faecalis (F.A.A.) and the ascorbic acid concentration have been determined in the blood and buffy coat of bone marrow of normal subjects, 10 patients with pernicious anemia in relapse, a group of patients with non-Addisonian megaloblastic anemia and some patients with iron deficiency.
A correlation between the serum B12 and the plasma ascorbic acid and their respective levels in bone marrow was observed. The marrow and serum B12 levels in prenicious anemia were abnormally low, but they did not differ from a group of 5 patients with hypochromic normoblastic anemia who had both low serum and marrow levels. The concentration of F.A.A. in the marrow of patients with pernicious anemia was reduced, but it was felt that this was more likely a manifestation of the megaloblastic anemia rather than a causative factor.
One of six patients with megaloblastic anemia of pregnancy had no detectable deficiency, while the other five had reduced B12, folic acid and ascorbic acid concentrations. The possible therapeutic implications are discussed.
There was a significant reduction in the bone marrow concentration of ascorbic acid in all patients with megaloblastic anemia.
Platelet and Fibrinogen Sequestration
Authors: ADELSON EDWARD , RHEINGOLD JACK J. , PARKER OLIVE 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. Small amounts of thromboplastin intravenously cause platelet sequestration. This is followed by fibrinogen sequestration. Large doses of intravenously administered thromboplastin lead to irreversible destruction or utilization of platelets and fibrinogen.
2. The following theories are advanced: (a) This platelet sequestration may be due to platelet clumping caused by coagulation occurring on the platelet surface. Surface coagulation may be initiated by the action of thromboplastin or thrombin on the plasma proteins and calcium adsorbed on the platelet surface. The platelet clumps may be filtered out in the sinusoidal spaces of the body, especially in liver and spleen. (b) The coagulation on the platelet surface may lead to partial polymerization of the fibrinogen molecule. (c) As long as this polymerization is reversible, the entire process remains reversible. When polymerization proceeds far enough so as to become irreversible, the platelets and fibrinogen can no longer return to the circulation. (d) This same mechanism may explain other examples of platelet sequestration.
The Maturation Rate of Reticulocytes
Authors: BALDINI MARIO , PANNACCIULLI IVO 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
An in vitro culture technic for the study of reticulocyte maturation was described. The method gave reproducible results and proved to be of value in the comparative study of reticulocyte maturation in blood disorders. By this method it was shown that variations in the reticulocyte maturation in vitro paralleled similar variations present in vivo.
The maturation of reticulocytes from patients with different types of anemia was investigated. In some anemias the in vitro maturation of reticulocytes was prolonged, not only because younger reticulocytes were present in the blood, but also because the rate at which the reticulum substance disappeared was delayed. This was particularly evident in the anemia of chronic uremia, in Cooley’s anemia and in pernicious anemia in relapse. In only occasional cases of hereditary spherocytosis and of autoimmune hemolytic anemia was the rate of reticulocyte maturation found to be moderately delayed. In patients with iron deficiency anemia or bleeding anemia it was always normal.
From the above findings the following conclusions were derived:
1. The reticulocyte number in the circulating blood is the resultant of three variables: (a) the rate of output of new reticulocytes from the bone marrow; (b) the stage of maturation at which reticulocytes are delivered into the peripheral circulation; (c) the rate of disappearance of the reticulum substance.
2. The number of reticulocytes in the circulating blood cannot be indiscriminately used as a precise index of red cell production in erythrokinetics.
3. There is good reason to believe that a defect in the rate at which the reticulocytes mature in the circulating blood is an index of a similar defect in the process of erythroblastic differentiation in the bone marrow.
Hereditary Spherocytosis: Observations on Hemolytic Mechanisms and Iron Metabolism
Authors: CROSBY WILLIAM H. , CONRAD MARCEL E. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. Two healthy patients with hereditary spherocytosis were phlebotomized until they developed iron deficiency and the erythrocytes became hypochromic. The hereditary spherocytes were no longer spheroidal: they became thin, and the fragility tests improved. However, the life span of the cells in the circulation was not improved. Later, splenectomy corrected the hemolytic disease.
2. In both patients, prior to the experiment, the hemolytic disease was compensated. There was no anemia despite the rapid turnover of red cells. In one of the patients, whose average red cell life span was only five days, the output of hemoglobin must have been exceedingly high. It was computed to be 135 Gm. per day, or 20 times the normal rate.
3. Some aspects of iron metabolism in hereditary spherocytosis are discussed.
4. The shape of the red cell in HS does not appear to be responsible for its premature destruction by the spleen. Iron deficiency corrects the spherocytosis, but it does not correct the hemolytic disease. Splenectomy corrects the hemolytic disease, but it does not correct the spherocytosis.
Congenital Vascular Defect Associated with Platelet Abnormality and Antihemophilic Factor Deficiency
Authors: RACCUGLIA GIOVANNI , NEEL JAMES V. , Davidson Ruth T. , Ussery Mary Jane 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. A kindred of 311 individuals, many members of which are affected by a hemorrhagic diathesis, has been described.
2. The variability in the manifestations of this diathesis is extreme. In its fullest expression the disease is characterized by a prolonged bleeding time with evidence of a morphologic defect in the platelets, and a deficiency in antihemophilic globulin. Some possibly affected individuals exhibit only a prolonged bleeding time, while, on the other hand, the clinically most severely affected individual, with AHF levels on several occasions of 5 to 10 per cent, has not been observed by us to have a prolonged bleeding time, although his platelets are morphologically abnormal.
3. Genetic analysis suggests that the hemorrhagic tendency is determined by a single dominant gene of variable penetrance and expressivity.
4. No satisfactory explanation can be developed on the basis of these studies for the association between platelet abnormality and AHF deficiency. More specifically, it is impossible to conclude whether the platelet defect is precursor to the AHF deficiency, or whether—as on a priori grounds seems less likely—this is an example of true genetic pleiotropy.
5. The terminologic chaos which afflicts the literature on hemorrhagic diatheses characterized by a prolonged bleeding time is discussed in the light of the findings in this one large kindred, and suggestions are advanced for minimizing confusion based on terminology alone.
Identification of Blood Group Antigens and Minor Cell Populations by the Fluorescent Antibody Method
Authors: COHEN FLOSSIE , ZUELZER WOLF W. , EVANS MARGARET M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
It is possible to produce fluorescence of erythrocytes as the result of specific antigen-antibody reactions of various blood group antigens; thus far, the factors A and B, a variety of Rh antigens and Kidd, have been successfully demonstrated with this method. It is important to realize that in the presence of adequate negative controls, low intensity fluorescence like that obtained with Rh antigens is nevertheless specific in systems involving erythrocytes.
The method discriminates between A1 and A2 cells. More antibody must be attached to the red cell for fluorescence than for agglutination. The relative paucity of antigenic sites of Rh substance as compared to A and B antigens is reflected by the difference in intensity of fluorescence.
The fluorescent antibody technic has been used successfully for the demonstration, and, to some extent, quantitation of minor cell populations in in vitro mixtures and in vivo. Injected Rh-positive erythrocytes were demonstrated in the blood of an Rh-negative volunteer during a period of 20 days. Fetal Rh-positive erythrocytes were demonstrated in several Rh-negative women, both with and without antibody, in the last trimester of gestation.
Brief Note: The Use of a Special Preservation Medium for the Maintenance of Platelet Viability at 4 C
Authors: BALDINI MARIO , EBBE SHIRLEY , DAMESHEK WILLIAM , Donovan Janet 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Viability of rabbit platelets stored for 1 to 6 days in different media at 4 C. was studied using the Cr51-platelet survival technic.
Platelets stored for 24 hours in Triton-saline or DAS-gelatin had practically no viability.
When platelets were stored for 24 hours in diluted plasma, significant degrees of viability were found, but this decreased rapidly in the successive 48 hours.
The viability of platelets stored in diluted plasma containing inosine, adenine, glucose and phosphate buffer was maintained at significant levels over a six day period.
The data presented here suggest that viability and, consequently, the hemostatic properties of platelets stored at 4 C. can be maintained over relatively long periods of time provided that loss of the ATP reserve of the cells can be prevented.
The Application of Fluorescent Antibody Methods to the Study of Platelets
Authors: SILBER ROBERT , BENITEZ ROBERTO , EVELAND WARREN C. , AKEROYD JOSEPH H. , DUNNE CHARLES J. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. Through the use of fluorescent antibody technic, it is possible to detect the antigen-antibody reaction between platelets and heterospecific antiserum, but no antigen-antibody reaction between normal human platelets and sera from patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura could be demonstrated.
2. The method permits the histologic localization of platelets in splenic tissue.
3. Whereas serum proteins can be easily removed from platelets by washing, there is an intimate association with fibrinogen so that this protein is still not removed from the platelet after 10 washings in saline.
Immunocytochemical Studies on Platelets. The Demonstration of a Common Antigen in Human Platelets and Megakaryocytes
Authors: VAZQUEZ JACINTO J. , LEWIS JESSICA H. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
By means of the fluorescent antibody technic of Coons and Kaplan it was possible to demonstrate a common antigenic structure in human platelets and megakaryocytes, both in nonthrombocytopenic cases and in cases with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Direct evidence for a marked increase in the number of platelets in the spleens of two cases of idiopathic thrombocytopenia is given. The pathogenetic significance of this finding is discussed. It is concluded that the fluorescent antibody technic is a valuable tool for the chemical and morphologic study of platelets and megakaryocytes both in tissues and smears.
Morphologic and Autoradiographic Observations of H3-Thymidine-Labeled Thoracic Duct Lymphocytes Cultured in Vivo
Authors: SCHOOLEY JOHN C. , BERMAN IRWIN 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. The behavior of mouse and rat thoracic duct lymphocytes cultivated in diffusion chambers implanted into the peritoneal cavity of recipient mice and rats has been described.
2. The temporal pattern of labeling of cultured thoracic duct lymphocytes labeled with H3-thymidine has been described. From an analysis of this pattern and the changes in the mean grain count of the different classes of lymphocytes a maximum generation time for large and medium lymphocytes of 15 and 24 hours has been calculated. The results of these experiments favor an origin of small lymphocytes from the division of large and medium lymphocytes.
3. Some evidence for the transformation of thoracic duct lymph cells into monocytoid cells was found. In homologous cultures of labeled thoracic duct lymph cells and unlabeled bone marrow apparent evidence for transformation of labeled cells into plasma cells was found. The data suggest that neither the monocytoid cells nor the plasma cells arose necessarily from small lymphocytes. It was concluded that some unidentified cells, presumably the largest cells which are normally present in thoracic duct lymph, can be transformed into these other cell types when appropriately stimulated.
Carbohydrates of Human and Bovine Platelets
Authors: WOODSIDE E. E. , KOCHOLATY W. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. Average values for the total carbohydrate content of human and bovine platelets were 8.47 and 8.77 per cent of the dry weight, respectively. On a dry weight basis, human platelets were calculated to be approximately one-third larger than bovine platelets. By chemical and chromatographic analysis, glucose, galactose, mannose, fucose, ribose, glucosamine, galactosamine, glucuronic acid and sialic acid were detected in both human and bovine platelets.
2. Glucose and ribose were found to be the only monomers present in the 5 per cent TCA-soluble fractions of both human and bovine platelets. The TCA-insoluble residue contained glucose, galactose, mannose, fucose, ribose, glucuronic acid, glucosamine, galactosamine and sialic acid. The acid mucopolysaccharide fraction of both human and bovine platelets contained galactosamine and glucuronic acid monomers as well as galactose, glucose, and ribose.
3. Glycogen was found in both human and bovine platelets. Total glycogen was extracted by 5 per cent TCA from sonorated human and bovine p1atelets; however, subsequent ethanol precipitation of tile glycogen was incomplete. In contrast, 30 per cent KOH extraction followed by ethanol precipitation resulted in complete recoveries of the glycogen.
4. Variations ill both total hexose and glycogen contents were found in both human and bovine platelets. These variations were partially dependent on the length of storage of the platelets in whole blood or in 0.85 per cent NaCl after separation from whole blood.
Studies in Experimental Eosinophilia. II. Induction of Peritoneal Eosinophilia by the Transfer of Tissues and Tissue Extracts
Authors: LITT MORTIMER 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Tissues taken from one guinea pig were transferred into the peritoneal cavity of another, and the total number of peritoneal eosinophils in the recipient was determined 24 hours after transfer. Peritoneal eosinophilia resulted in the recipients when peritoneal lining, lungs, blood or serum were taken from an animal previously prepared by repeated injections of foreign protein and transferred along with some of the same protein. With lung, but not with peritoneal lining, some eosinophil responses were noted when the protein used to prepare the donor was omitted, and when either the donor or recipient was a normal animal.
Extracts of peritoneal lining or lung also induced peritoneal eosinophilia. Isolated instances of activity occurred in extracts of normal tissues, but most of the positive responses were induced when extracts from animals previously prepared with foreign protein were accompanied by the same protein.
Eosinophilotactic activity remained inside dialysis bags. It was stable to 56 C. for ½ hour, 4 C. for 24 hours, and -5 C. for two days. The activity disappeared with the removal of trichloracetic acid-precipitable material.
These experiments support the view that eosinophilia may occur in the absence of actively acquired antibody, and that an eosinophilotactic mechanism may be passively transferred from one guinea pig to another.
The Cytologic Reaction of the Spleen in Experimental Amyloidosis in Mice
Authors: ZLOTNICK AVINOAM , TAL CHLOE 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Seventy W.-H. Swiss line mice were injected with adjuvant, TAB vaccine and TAB vaccine plus adjuvant. The 61 mice which survived form the subject of this study.
Spleen smears and histologic sections taken after completing immunization revealed a marked deposition of amyloid in 48 of the animals. Varying degrees of plasma cell hyperplasia were observed in 46 animals, and increased granulopoiesis in 37. In 28 of the amyloid-bearing animals some of the plasma cells were transformed into "flame cells" which stained faintly positively with PAS and metachromatically with methyl violet.
Electrophoresis of the pooled sera of animals receiving adjuvant alone, TAB plus adjuvant or TAB alone, compared to normal controls, showed decrease in albumine and an increase in the globulin fraction. Animals receiving adjuvant alone showed an increase in the beta globulins, while animals receiving TAB plus adjuvant or TAB alone showed an increase in the gamma globulins.
The relationship between the production of amyloid, plasma cell hyperplasia and the appearance of "flame cells" is discussed.