bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biogeography of functional trait diversity in the Taiwanese reef fish fauna
Authors: Denis Vianney , Chen Jian‐Wen , Chen Qi , Hsieh Yunli Eric , Lin Yuting Vicky , Wang Ching‐Wei , Wang Hui‐Yu , Sturaro Nicolas 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe richness of Taiwanese reef fish species is inversely correlated to latitude as a direct consequence of the abiotic environment and its effects on benthic habitats. However, to date, no studies have investigated the variations in the diversity of traits (FD) linked with the role of these fishes in the ecosystem. FD is usually considered more sensitive than species richness in detecting early changes in response to disturbances, and therefore could serve as an indicator of ecological resilience to environmental changes. Here, we aim to characterize FD in the Taiwanese reef fish fauna and to document its regional variations. Six traits were used to categorize the 1,484 reef fish species occurring in four environmentally contrasted regions around Taiwan. The number of unique trait combinations (FEs), their richness (FRic), their redundancy (FR), their over‐redundancy (FOR), and their vulnerability (FV) were compared among these regions. Overall, 416 FEs were identified. Their number decreased from south to north in step with regional species richness but FRic remained similar among regions. FR and FOR were higher to the south. At the local scale, variations in FEs and FRic are in concordance with the worldwide pattern of FD. High‐latitude, impoverished fish assemblages, offer a range of trait combinations similar to diversified tropical assemblages. Increasing diversity in the latter mainly contributes to raising FR and supports already over‐redundant entities. High vulnerability makes many combinations highly sensitive to species loss, and was higher at intermediate latitudes when using a fine resolution in trait categories. It suggests that the loss of FEs may first be characterized by an increase in their vulnerability, a pattern that could have been overlooked in previous global scale analyses. Overall, this study provides new insights into reef fish trait biogeography with potential ramifications for ecosystem functioning.
Information‐centric routing in MSN based on community detection
Authors: Shi Junling , Wang Xingwei , Huang Min , Lv Jianhui , Li Keqin , Li Jie 
Published: December 2018

AbstractMobile social network (MSN) offers a new perspective on mobile ad hoc communication since its routing principle is based on the human social relations. Although social‐based routing can improve routing efficiency considerably, obtaining such social information is difficult to be achieved. In information‐centric networking (ICN), content names reveal useful social information among users. In addition, each node stores and caches the received content to satisfy the forthcoming content requests in ICN due to in‐network caching. In this work, the proposed MSN routing relies on named data networking, which is a well‐known ICN paradigm. By the communities, which are detected based on users' interest preferences, an interest packet is delivered to the content provider based on the interest similarities among mobile users. Then, by communities, which are detected based on the nodes' encounter regularities, a data packet is returned to the interest requester according to the social relationships among mobile users. The content is cached at nodes according to both social and interest communities. Experiments and performance evaluations show that the proposed scheme has better message delivery ratio and lower network overhead than the other existing ones.
Fiber Bragg grating‐based experimental and numerical investigations of CO2 migration front in saturated sandstone under subcritical and supercritical conditions
Authors: Fan Chengkai , Li Qi , Ma Jianli , Yang Duoxing 
Published: December 2018

AbstractCarbon dioxide (CO2) can be at risk of leakage during its storage in deep saline aquifers due to stress field changes in the reservoir. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of CO2 injection pressure on dynamic strain response of the reservoir and the CO2 migration process. A series of core flooding experiments was performed with the‐state‐of‐art fiber Bragg grating sensors. The results show that the surface strain response was linearly correlated with CO2 injection pressure. Carbon dioxide migration velocity can be estimated from the strain response time differences among three gratings. The migration velocity of supercritical CO2 is higher than that of liquid CO2 but lower than gaseous CO2. Finally, numerical simulation was applied to model the CO2 migration process and the simulated values were compatible with those of experiments. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Low sulfated heparins target multiple proteins for central nervous system repair
Authors: McCanney George A. , McGrath Michael A. , Otto Thomas D. , Burchmore Richard , Yates Edwin A. , Bavington Charles D. , Willison Hugh J. , Turnbull Jeremy E. , Barnett Susan C. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe lack of endogenous repair following spinal cord injury (SCI) accounts for the frequent permanent deficits for which effective treatments are absent. Previously, we demonstrated that low sulfated modified heparin mimetics (LS‐mHeps) attenuate astrocytosis, suggesting they may represent a novel therapeutic approach. mHeps are glycomolecules with structural similarities to resident heparan sulfates (HS), which modulate cell signaling by both sequestering ligands, and acting as cofactors in the formation of ligand–receptor complexes. To explore whether mHeps can affect the myelination and neurite outgrowth necessary for repair after SCI, we created lesioned or demyelinated neural cell co‐cultures and exposed them with a panel of mHeps with varying degrees and positions of their sulfate moieties. LS‐mHep7 enhanced neurite outgrowth and myelination, whereas highly sulfated mHeps (HS‐mHeps) had attenuating effects. LS‐mHeps had no effects on myelination or neurite extension in developing, uninjured myelinating cultures, suggesting they might exert their proregenerating effects by modulating or sequestering inhibitory factors secreted after injury. To investigate this, we examined conditioned media from cultures using chemokine arrays and conducted an unbiased proteomics approach by applying TMT‐LC/MS to mHep7 affinity purified conditioned media from these cultures. Multiple protein factors reported to play a role in damage or repair mechanisms were identified, including amyloid betaA4. Amyloid beta peptide (1–42) was validated as an important candidate by treating myelination cultures and shown to inhibit myelination. Thus, we propose that LS‐mHeps exert multiple beneficial effects on mechanisms supporting enhanced repair, and represent novel candidates as therapeutics for CNS damage.
Regional and functional heterogeneity of antigen presenting cells in the mouse brain and meninges
Authors: Dando Samantha J. , Kazanis Renee , Chinnery Holly R. , McMenamin Paul G. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe central nervous system (CNS) is considered to be immune privileged, owing in part to the absence of major histocompatibility (MHC) class II+ cells in the healthy brain parenchyma. However, systemic inflammation can activate microglia to express MHC class II, suggesting that systemic inflammation may be sufficient to mature microglia into functional antigen presenting cells (APCs). We examined the effects of systemic lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced inflammation on the phenotype and function of putative APCs within the mouse brain parenchyma, as well as its supporting tissues—the choroid plexus and meninges. Microglia isolated from different regions of the brain demonstrated significant heterogeneity in their ability to present antigen to naïve OT‐II CD4+ T cells following exposure to systemic LPS. Olfactory bulb microglia (but not cortical microglia) intimately interacted with T cells in vivo and stimulated T cell proliferation in vitro, albeit in the absence of co‐stimulation. In contrast, myeloid cells within the choroid plexus and meninges were immunogenic and upregulated the co‐stimulatory molecule CD80 following systemic inflammation. Dural APCs, which clustered around LYVE‐1+ lymphatics, were more efficient at stimulating naïve T cell proliferation than choroid plexus APCs, suggesting that the dura may be an under‐appreciated site for immune interactions. This study has highlighted the functional diversity of myeloid cells within the sub‐compartments of the CNS and its supporting tissues. Furthermore, these findings demonstrate that systemic inflammation can mature selected microglia populations and choroid plexus/meningeal myeloid cells into functional APCs, which may contribute to the pathogenesis of neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases.
The Social Value Requirement in Research: From the Transactional to the Basic Structure Model of Stakeholder Obligations
Authors: Wenner Danielle M. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe history of research ethics includes ethical norms that do not neatly fit into a rubric of “human subjects protections” but that are nevertheless seen as fundamental ethical dictates. Among these norms is the so‐called social value requirement for clinical research. Recently, however, the ethical foundation for the social value requirement has come under criticism. I seek to clarify the terms of this foundational debate. I contend that much of this discussion—both critiques of the social value requirement as well as recent defenses—is predicated on a framework of research ethics that I refer to as the “transactional model of stakeholder obligations.” I argue that this model does not fully capture the ethical considerations that ought to inform the design and conduct of clinical research, and I introduce and defend an alternative framework that I call the “basic structure model of stakeholder obligations.” The basic structure model is grounded in a claim that clinical research plays a direct role in establishing the justice or injustice of our social organization and should therefore be governed more explicitly by justice‐based considerations. As such, the model explicitly accounts for the fundamentally social nature of the research enterprise itself. In addition to defending the basic structure model, I show how it provides a more stable foundation for the social value requirement, and I consider some worries about whether the model may be too demanding in practice.
Difficulties with Applying a Strong Social Value Requirement to Clinical Research
Authors: Resnik David B. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractIn an insightful article published in this issue of the Hastings Center Report, Danielle Wenner criticizes what she describes as transactional approaches to the social value requirement in clinical research and defends a “basic structure approach.” Transactional approaches understand social value obligations as arising from transactions (or relationships) between research subjects, investigators, sponsors, and other parties. The basic structure approach, by contrast, understands social value obligations as stemming from the demands of Rawlsian social justice. According to Wenner, “The primary justification for the social value requirement lies not in the ethics of free and fair transactions but rather in the goals of the clinical research enterprise and the nature of its impacts on society. The requirement is justified because it ensures that biomedical progress occurs in a manner constrained by considerations of justice.” In this commentary, I will not critique the basic structure approach per se but will raise some concerns that arise when oversight committees, such as institutional reviews boards, attempt to apply it to proposed studies involving human subjects.
White matter during concussion recovery: Comparing diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging (NODDI)
Authors: Churchill Nathan W. , Caverzasi Eduardo , Graham Simon J. , Hutchison Michael G. , Schweizer Tom A. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractConcussion pathophysiology in humans remains incompletely understood. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) has identified microstructural abnormalities in otherwise normal appearing brain tissue, using measures of fractional anisotropy (FA), axial diffusivity (AD), and radial diffusivity (RD). The results of prior DTI studies suggest that acute alterations in microstructure persist beyond medical clearance to return to play (RTP), but these measures lack specificity. To better understand the observed effects, this study combined DTI with neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging (NODDI), which employs a more sophisticated description of water diffusion in the brain. A total of 66 athletes were recruited, including 33 concussed athletes, scanned within 7 days after concussion and at RTP, along with 33 matched controls. Both univariate and multivariate methods identified DTI and NODDI parameters showing effects of concussion on white matter. Spatially extensive decreases in FA and increases in AD and RD were associated with reduced intra‐neurite water volume, at both the symptomatic phase of injury and RTP, indicating that effects persist beyond medical clearance. Subsequent analyses also demonstrated that concussed athletes with higher symptom burden and a longer recovery time had greater reductions in FA and increased AD, RD, along with increased neurite dispersion. This study provides the first longitudinal evaluation of concussion from acute injury to RTP using combined DTI and NODDI, significantly enhancing our understanding of the effects of concussion on white matter microstructure.
Polyelectrolyte membrane scaffold sustains growth of neuronal cells
Authors: Grzeczkowicz A. , Gruszczynska‐Biegala J. , Czeredys M. , Kwiatkowska A. , Strawski M. , Szklarczyk M. , Koźbiał M. , Kuźnicki J. , Granicka L. H. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractCell immobilization within nano‐thin polymeric shells can provide an optimal concentration of biological material in a defined space and facilitate its directional growth. Herein, polyelectrolyte membrane scaffolds were constructed using a layer‐by‐layer approach to determine the possibility of promoting improved growth of rat cortical neuronal cells. Membrane presence was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Zeta potential, and atomic force and scanning electron microscopy. Scaffold performance toward neuronal cell growth was assessed in vitro during a 14‐day culture. Cell conditions were analyzed immunocytochemically. Furthermore, western blot and real‐time PCR analyses were used to validate the presence of neuronal and glial cells on the scaffolds. We observed that alginate/chitosan, alginate/polylysine, and polyethyleneimine/chitosan scaffolds promote neuronal growth similarly to the control, poly‐d‐lysine/laminin. We conclude that membranes maintaining cell viability, integrity and immobilization in systems supporting neuronal regeneration can be applied in neurological disease or wound healing treatment. © 2018 The Authors. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 107A: 839–850, 2019.
Treatment and Prevention of CMV Disease in Transplant Recipients: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives
Authors: Hodowanec Aimee C. , Pikis Andreas , Komatsu Takashi E. , Sampson Mario R. , Younis Islam R. , O'Rear Julian J. , Singer Mary E. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThis review summarizes the significant impact of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection on solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. A discussion of the various CMV prevention and treatment strategies is provided, including a detailed description of each of the available CMV antiviral drugs.
Quantitative 3T multiparametric MRI of benign and malignant prostatic tissue in patients with and without local recurrent prostate cancer after external‐beam radiation therapy
Authors: Dinis Fernandes Catarina , van Houdt Petra J. , Heijmink Stijn W.T.P.J. , Walraven Iris , Keesman Rick , Smolic Milena , Ghobadi Ghazaleh , van der Poel Henk G. , Schoots Ivo G. , Pos Floris J. , van der Heide Uulke A. 
Published: December 2018

BackgroundPost‐radiotherapy locally recurrent prostate cancer (PCa) patients are candidates for focal salvage treatment. Multiparametric MRI (mp‐MRI) is attractive for tumor localization. However, radiotherapy‐induced tissue changes complicate image interpretation. To develop focal salvage strategies, accurate tumor localization and distinction from benign tissue is necessary.PurposeTo quantitatively characterize radio‐recurrent tumor and benign radiation‐induced changes using mp‐MRI, and investigate which sequences optimize the distinction between tumor and benign surroundings.Study TypeProspective case–control.SubjectsThirty‐three patients with biochemical failure after external‐beam radiotherapy (cases), 35 patients without post‐radiotherapy recurrent disease (controls), and 13 patients with primary PCa (untreated).Field Strength/Sequences3T; quantitative mp‐MRI: T2‐mapping, ADC, and Ktrans and kep maps.AssessmentQuantitative image‐analysis of prostatic regions, within and between cases, controls, and untreated patients.Statistical TestsWithin‐groups: nonparametric Friedman analysis of variance with post‐hoc Wilcoxon signed‐rank tests; between‐groups: Mann–Whitney tests. All with Bonferroni corrections. Generalized linear mixed modeling to ascertain the contribution of each map and location to tumor likelihood.ResultsBenign imaging values were comparable between cases and controls (P = 0.15 for ADC in the central gland up to 0.91 for kep in the peripheral zone), both with similarly high peri‐urethral Ktrans and kep values (min−1) (median [range]: Ktrans = 0.22 [0.14–0.43] and 0.22 [0.14–0.36], P = 0.60, kep = 0.43 [0.24–0.57] and 0.48 [0.32–0.67], P = 0.05). After radiotherapy, benign central gland values were significantly decreased for all maps (P ≤ 0.001) as well as T2, Ktrans, and kep of benign peripheral zone (all with P ≤ 0.002). All imaging maps distinguished recurrent tumor from benign peripheral zone, but only ADC, Ktrans, and kep were able to distinguish it from benign central gland. Recurrent tumor and peri‐urethral Ktrans values were not significantly different (P = 0.81), but kep values were (P < 0.001). Combining all quantitative maps and voxel location resulted in an optimal distinction between tumor and benign voxels.Data ConclusionMp‐MRI can distinguish recurrent tumor from benign tissue.Level of Evidence: 2Technical Efficacy Stage: 2J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;50:269–278.
Intraductal carcinoma of the prostate (IDC‐P) lowers apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values among intermediate risk prostate cancers
Authors: Currin Stephen , Flood Trevor A. , Krishna Satheesh , Ansari Afshin , McInnes Matthew D.F. , Schieda Nicola 
Published: December 2018

BackgroundProstatic intraductal carcinoma (IDC‐P) is an aggressive variant of prostate cancer (PCa) characterized by proliferation of malignant cells within prostatic ducts/acini and nucleomegaly.Purpose/HypothesisTo compare apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values and Prostate Imaging and Data Reporting System (PI‐RADS) v. 2 scores in intermediate risk (International Society of Urological Pathology [ISUP] Grade Group [GG] 2 and 3) PCa with/without IDC‐P to determine if IDC‐P alters the MRI appearance of PCa.Study TypeRetrospective, case–control.PopulationFifteen consecutive men with ISUP GG 2/3 (Gleason score 3+4 = 7 [N = 4], 4+3 = 7 [N = 11]) PCa with IDC‐P diagnosed at radical prostatectomy were compared with: 1) ISUP GG 2/3 PCa without IDC‐P (matched for percentage Gleason pattern 4), and 2) ISUP GG 4 and 5 (Gleason score 8/9) PCa without IDC‐P.Field Strength/Sequence3T multiparametric MRI.AssessmentTwo blinded radiologists (R1/R2) measured mean ADC, ADC.ratio (ADC.tumor/ADC.normal peripheral zone) and assigned PI‐RADS v2 scores.Statistical Tests: Chi‐square and analysis of variance (ANOVA).ResultsThere were no differences in age, prostate serum antigen, tumor size, or stage between groups (P = 0.063‐0.912). Tumors with IDC‐P had lower mean ADC and ADC.ratio (0.741 ± 0.152 mm2/sec and 0.44 ± 0.07) compared with ISUP GG 2/3 tumors without IDC‐P (0.888 ± 0.167 mm2/sec and 0.62 ± 0.14), P = 0.012 and <0.001; and did not differ compared with ISUP GG 4/5 tumors (0.705 ± 0.141 mm2/sec and 0.44 ± 0.08), P = 0.509 and 0.868. Tumors with IDC‐P were nearly all PI‐RADS v2 score 5 (14/15) compared with ISUP GG 2/3 tumors without IDC‐P (10/15 R1, 8/15 R2) and GG 4/5 tumors (9/15), (P = 0.040 = 0.092). Agreement in PI‐RADS v2 scoring was moderate (K = 0.68).Data ConclusionISUP GG 2 and 3 (intermediate risk, Gleason score 7) PCa with IDC‐P have lower ADC compared with tumors without IDC‐P with a similar percentage of Gleason pattern 4 and resemble ISUP GG 4 and 5 high risk tumors on MRI. IDC‐P lowers ADC values among intermediate risk prostate cancers.Level of Evidence: 3Technical Efficacy Stage: 2J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;50:279–287.
How does the social context fuel the proactive fire? A multilevel review and theoretical synthesis
Authors: Cai Zijun , Parker Sharon K. , Chen Zhijun , Lam Wing 
Published: December 2018

SummaryThe role of social context (e.g., leadership, team climate, and organizational support) in shaping employee proactive behavior has received considerable attention and has been investigated across multiple forms of proactive behavior. However, the research has not been well integrated. In this review, we adopt a multilevel approach to synthesize what is known about how social context factors influence employees' proactive behavior, as well as what mechanisms underpin these effects. Our analyses show that leader‐, team‐, and organization‐related social context factors mainly influence employee proactivity through shaping “reason to,” “can do,” and “energized to” states (i.e., proactive motivational states) via individual‐, team‐, and cross‐level processes. That has been most frequently investigated is the effect of the discretionary social context, particularly leadership, on proactive behavior. We also review the interaction effects between social context factors and other factors on employee proactive behavior and found inconsistent support for the motivational‐fit perspective that stimuli with the same directions enhance each other's effect. We offer a research agenda to advance theoretical insights on this important topic.