bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Count Karl von Zinzendorf on Joseph II’s New Taxation
Authors: Dickson P G M 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
The importance of financial issues in the central lands of the Austrian Monarchy in creating the critical situation which obtained by Joseph II’s death is well known. Central to these issues was the emperor’s attempt to recast the existing Contribution, the mainstay of Austrian direct taxation, into a single tax based solely on the produce of land and ending the need for other taxes. The present article amplifies and modifies the existing treatment of this still controversial subject, drawing principally on its manuscript History compiled by Count Karl von Zinzendorf, the emperor’s finance man and lead executive in the ‘revolutionary’ project. The article documents Zinzendorf’s admiring, but increasingly exasperated, view of the emperor, and the struggle between the two until Zinzendorf threw in the towel. It shows Zinzendorf’s view that from that point the tax plan came under radical leadership, and that in its final form in the Patent of 10 February 1789 it betrayed a wish by the emperor, urged by such advisers, to impoverish and weaken the nobility. It will be argued that it was Zinzendorf’s criticisms of Joseph’s plan, consistently put forward and consistently rejected, which formed the basis of the petition against it to Leopold II by the Estates of Lower Austria on 28 February 1790, and of the Patent of 6 April 1790 for Lower Austria by which Leopold accepted the grievances stated, and the remedy of total withdrawal proposed for them.
Microtubule-bundling protein Spef1 enables mammalian ciliary central apparatus formation
Authors: Zheng Jianqun , Liu Hao , Zhu Lei , Chen Yawen , Zhao Huijie , Zhang Wei , Li Fan , Xie Lele , Yan Xiumin , Zhu Xueliang 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
Cilia are cellular protrusions containing nine microtubule (MT) doublets and function to propel cell movement or extracellular liquid flow through beating or sense environmental stimuli through signal transductions. Cilia require the central pair (CP) apparatus, consisting of two CP MTs covered with projections of CP proteins, for planar strokes. How the CP MTs of such ‘9 + 2’ cilia are constructed, however, remains unknown. Here we identify Spef1, an evolutionarily conserved microtubule-bundling protein, as a core CP MT regulator in mammalian cilia. Spef1 was selectively expressed in mammalian cells with 9 + 2 cilia and specifically localized along the CP. Its depletion in multiciliated mouse ependymal cells by RNAi completely abolished the CP MTs and markedly attenuated ciliary localizations of CP proteins such as Hydin and Spag6, resulting in rotational beat of the ependymal cilia. Spef1, which binds to MTs through its N-terminal calponin-homologous domain, formed homodimers through its C-terminal coiled coil region to bundle and stabilize MTs. Disruption of either the MT-binding or the dimerization activity abolished the ability of exogenous Spef1 to restore the structure and functions of the CP apparatus. We propose that Spef1 bundles and stabilizes central MTs to enable the assembly and functions of the CP apparatus.
Pharmacy-Mediated Antiplatelet Management Protocol Compared to One-time Platelet Function Testing Prior to Pipeline Embolization of Cerebral Aneurysms: A Propensity Score-Matched Cohort Study
Authors: Griessenauer Christoph J , Jain Abhi , Enriquez-Marulanda Alejandro , Gupta Raghav , Adeeb Nimer , Moore Justin M , Grassi Stacey A , Dalal Shamsher S , Ogilvy Christopher S , Thomas Ajith J , Schirmer Clemens M 
Published: February 2018

Abstract

BACKGROUND
There is ongoing controversy regarding the optimal antiplatelet regimen, and extent or even need for platelet function testing surrounding Pipeline flow diverter (Medtronic Inc, Dublin, Ireland) embolization of cerebral aneurysms.

OBJECTIVE
To compare a unique pharmacy-mediated antiplatelet medication management protocol to a 1-time platelet function testing strategy prior to Pipeline placement.

METHODS
A retrospective review of patients with cerebral aneurysms who underwent Pipeline embolization at 2 academic institutions was performed. The first line antiplatelet regimen consisted of aspirin and clopidogrel at both institutions. At institution A, the pharmacy-mediated antiplatelet medication management protocol consisted of repeat platelet function testing using VerifyNow (Accriva Diagnostics, San Diego, California), and dosing adjustments prior to and after Pipeline placement. At institution B, a 1-time platelet function test using light transmission aggregometry was obtained prior to Pipeline placement. Both strategies were compared using propensity score matching.

RESULTS
A total of 63 and 165 Pipeline embolization procedures were performed at institutions A and B, respectively. Baseline characteristics differed in aneurysm location and aneurysm maximal diameter. Propensity score matching resulted in 25 matched pairs and demonstrated that the number of procedures in which the patient was switched to an alternative platelet agent was significantly smaller at institution A. There were no differences between the sites with regard to aneurysm occlusion rate, the incidence of thromboembolic and hemorrhagic complications, and modified Rankin scale at last follow-up after propensity score matching.

CONCLUSION
Pharmacy-mediated antiplatelet management using VerifyNow is a safe and efficacious alternative to a more traditional approach, and significantly reduces the need to utilize other, potentially more expensive antiplatelet agents.
Triggering the formation of the supergiant H ii region NGC 604 in M 33
Authors: Tachihara Kengo , Gratier Pierre , Sano Hidetoshi , Tsuge Kisetsu , Miura Rie E , Muraoka Kazuyuki , Fukui Yasuo 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
Formation mechanism of a supergiant H ii region NGC 604 is discussed in terms of collision of H i clouds in M 33. An analysis of the archival H i data obtained with the Very Large Array (VLA) reveals complex velocity distributions around NGC 604. The H i clouds are composed of two velocity components separated by ∼20 km s−1 for an extent of ∼700 pc, beyond the size of the the H ii region. Although the H i clouds are not easily separated in velocity with some mixed component represented by merged line profiles, the atomic gas mass amounts to $6 \times 10^{6}\,M_{\odot }$ and $9 \times 10^{6}\,M_{\odot }$ for each component. These characteristics of H i gas and the distributions of dense molecular gas in the overlapping regions of the two velocity components suggest that the formation of giant molecular clouds and the following massive cluster formation have been induced by the collision of H i clouds with different velocities. Referring to the existence of a gas bridging feature connecting M 33 with M 31 reported by large-scale H i surveys, the disturbed atomic gas possibly represents the result of past tidal interaction between the two galaxies, which is analogous to the formation of the R 136 cluster in the LMC.
Stellar winds and coronae of low-mass Population II/III stars
Authors: Suzuki Takeru K 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
We investigated stellar winds from zero-/low-metallicity low-mass stars by magnetohydrodynamical simulations for stellar winds driven by Alfvén waves from stars with mass M = (0.6–0.8) M$\odot$ and metallicity Z = (0–1) Z$\odot$, where M$\odot$ and Z$\odot$ are the solar mass and metallicity, respectively. Alfvénic waves, which are excited by the surface convection, travel upward from the photosphere and heat up the corona by their dissipation. For lower Z, denser gas can be heated up to the coronal temperature because of the inefficient radiation cooling. The coronal density of Population II/III stars with Z ≤ 0.01 Z$\odot$ is one to two orders of magnitude larger than that of a solar-metallicity star with the same mass, and as a result, the mass loss rate, $\dot{M}$, is 4.5–20 times larger. This indicates that metal accretion on low-mass Pop. III stars is negligible. The soft X-ray flux of the Pop. II/III stars is also expected to be ∼1–30 times larger than that of a solar-metallicity counterpart owing to the larger coronal density, even though the radiation cooling efficiency is smaller. A larger fraction of the input Alfvénic wave energy is transmitted to the corona in low-Z stars because they avoid severe reflection owing to the smaller density difference between the photosphere and the corona. Therefore, a larger fraction is converted to the thermal energy of the corona and the kinetic energy of the stellar wind. From this energetics argument, we finally derived a scaling of $\dot{M}$ as $\dot{M}\propto L R_{\star }^{11/9}\,M_{\star }^{-10/9}\,T_{\rm eff}^{11/2}\left[\max (Z/Z_{\odot },0.01)\right]^{-1/5}$, where L, R⋆, and Teff are the stellar luminosity, radius, and effective temperature, respectively.
The impact of hot food takeaways near schools in the UK on childhood obesity: a systematic review of the evidence
Authors: Turbutt Claire , Richardson Janet , Pettinger Clare 
Published: February 2018

Abstract

Background
Obesity is the greatest health issue for this generation; schools have improved food offered within their grounds. The built environment surrounding schools and pupils’ journeys home have not received the same level of attention. This review identified papers on impacts of hot food takeaways surrounding schools in the UK.

Methods
Methods were informed by the PRISMA (QUORUM) guidelines for systematic reviews. Searches were completed in 12 databases.

Results
A total of 14 papers were included and quality assured before data extraction. Three descriptive themes were found; descriptions of hot food takeaway’s geography and impacts concerning schools, strategic food policy and pupils reported food behaviour.

Conclusions
Most included studies compared anthropometric measures with geographical location of hot food takeaways to find correlations between environment and childhood obesity. There was good evidence of more hot food takeaways in deprived areas and children who spend time in deprived neighbourhoods tend to eat more fast food and have higher BMIs. Few studies were able to quantify the correlation between school’s environment and obesity amongst pupils. This lack of evidence is likely a factor of the studies’ ability to identify the correlation rather than lack of a correlation between the two variables.
Opioid Abuse or Dependence Increases 30-day Readmission Rates after Major Operating Room Procedures
Authors: Gupta Atul , Nizamuddin Junaid , Elmofty Dalia , Nizamuddin Sarah L. , Tung Avery , Minhaj Mohammed , Mueller Ariel , Apfelbaum Jeffrey , Shahul Sajid 
Published: February 2018

Abstract

Background
Although opioids remain the standard therapy for the treatment of postoperative pain, the prevalence of opioid misuse is rising. The extent to which opioid abuse or dependence affects readmission rates and healthcare utilization is not fully understood. It was hypothesized that surgical patients with a history of opioid abuse or dependence would have higher readmission rates and healthcare utilization.

Methods
A retrospective cohort analysis was performed of patients undergoing major operating room procedures in 2013 and 2014 using the National Readmission Database. Patients with opioid abuse or dependence were identified using International Classification of Diseases codes. The primary outcome was 30-day hospital readmission rate. Secondary outcomes included hospital length of stay and estimated hospital costs.

Results
Among the 16,016,842 patients who had a major operating room procedure whose death status was known, 94,903 (0.6%) had diagnoses of opioid abuse or dependence. After adjustment for potential confounders, patients with opioid abuse or dependence had higher 30-day readmission rates (11.1% vs. 9.1%; odds ratio 1.26; 95% CI, 1.22 to 1.30), longer mean hospital length of stay at initial admission (6 vs. 4 days; P < 0.0001), and higher estimated hospital costs during initial admission ($18,528 vs. $16,617; P < 0.0001). Length of stay was also higher at readmission (6 days vs. 5 days; P < 0.0001). Readmissions for infection (27.0% vs. 18.9%; P < 0.0001), opioid overdose (1.0% vs. 0.1%; P < 0.0001), and acute pain (1.0% vs. 0.5%; P < 0.0001) were more common in patients with opioid abuse or dependence.

Conclusions
Opioid abuse and dependence are associated with increased readmission rates and healthcare utilization after surgery.
Pullout Strength of Pedicle Screws Following Redirection After Lateral or Medial Wall Breach
Authors: Maeda Toru , Higashino Kosaku , Manabe Hiroaki , Yamashita Kazuta , Hayashi Fumio , Goda Yuichiro , Tsuruo Yoshihiro , Sairyo Koichi 
Published: February 2018

Study Design.
A cadaveric biomechanical study designed to test the pullout strength of pedicle screws.

Objective.
To evaluate the pullout strength of redirected pedicle screws with a larger diameter following lateral wall breach, redirected pedicle screws of the same diameter following medial wall breach, and redirected pedicle screws with a larger diameter following medial wall breach.

Summary of Background Data.
Screw malposition is one of the main pitfalls of inserting pedicle screws. Intraoperatively a malpositioned screw is redirected and inserted along the correct axis.

Methods.
Forty-seven vertebrae (T9-L5) were harvested from eight fresh cadaveric spines. The 18 pedicle screws that breached the lateral wall were then removed and redirected using a pedicle screw of 1 mm larger in diameter. The 16 pedicle screws that had breached the medial wall were then removed and redirected using a pedicle screw of the same diameter. The other 13 pedicle screws that had breached the medial wall were then removed and redirected using a pedicle screw of 1 mm larger in diameter. The pullout strength was measured.

Results.
Following lateral wall breach, mean pullout strength for the larger redirected screws was 46.9% greater than that of the correctly aligned screws. Following medial wall breach, mean pullout strength for the redirected screws of the same diameter was 20.6% less than that of the correctly aligned screws. Mean pullout strength for the larger pedicle screws following medial wall breach was 27.3% more than that of the correctly aligned screws.

Conclusion.
Redirected pedicle screws of larger diameter after a lateral or medial pedicle breach show recovery of pullout strength. However, the pullout strength of redirected pedicle screws of the same diameter after a medial pedicle breach is significantly less than that of correctly aligned screws.

Level of Evidence: 1
Does Duration of Pain at Baseline Influence Clinical Outcomes of Low Back Pain Patients Managed on an Evidence-based Pathway?
Authors: Jess Mary-Anne , Ryan Cormac , Hamilton Sharon , Wellburn Shaun , Atkinson Greg , Greenough Charles , Coxon Andrew , Ferguson Diarmaid , Fatoye Francis , Dickson John , Jones Andrea , Martin Denis 
Published: February 2018

Study Design.
Longitudinal observational study.

Objective.
To investigate the association between the duration of pain at baseline and the clinical outcomes of patients with low back pain (LBP) enrolled on the North East of England Regional Back Pain and Radicular Pain Pathway (NERBPP).

Summary of Background Data.
The NERBPP is a clinical pathway based upon National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidelines (2009) for LBP of <1-year duration. Recent changes to NICE guidelines (2016) advocate the same management for all LBP patients regardless of pain duration.

Methods.
Patients with LBP referred onto the NERBPP by their General Practitioner between May 2015 and January 2017 were included. Data from 667 patients, who provided pre- and post data for pain (Numerical rating scale), function (Oswestry Disability Index), quality-of-life (EuroQol five-dimension, five-level questionnaire), anxiety (the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Screener), and depression (the Patient Health Questionnaire), were analyzed using a series of covariate-adjusted models. Patients were categorized into four groups based upon baseline pain duration: <3 months, ≥3 to <6 months, ≥6 months to <12 months, ≥12 months.

Results.
Each group showed improved outcomes greater than the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) for each measure as defined in NICE guidelines (2016). There was a trend toward better outcomes for those with shorter pain durations. The magnitude of the differences between the groups, in most instances, was below the MCID. For example, mean improvement in function for those with baseline pain duration <3 months was 20 points and 12 points for those of pain duration ≥12 months, both above the MCID of ≥10.

Conclusion.
Patients with different durations of LBP at baseline improved on the NERBPP, supporting the recent modification to NICE guidelines. However, those with shorter durations of pain may have superior outcomes in the short term, suggesting added benefit in getting patients onto the pathway in the early stages of LBP.

Level of Evidence: 3
Is Vulvovaginal Lichen Planus Associated With Squamous Cell Carcinoma?
Authors: Day Tania , Otton Geoff , Jaaback Ken , Weigner Julie , Scurry James 
Published: February 2018

Objective
The aim of the study was to assess for the presence of vulvar lichen planus (LP) in association with human papillomavirus (HPV)–independent squamous cell carcinoma (SCC).

Materials and Methods
We performed a clinicohistopathologic review of consecutive vulvectomies and wide local excisions for HPV-independent vulvar or vaginal SCC from 2007 to 2017. Data collected included site of SCC, adjacent precursor lesions and dermatoses, dermatologic treatment, and outcome.

Results
There were 43 cases of primary HPV-independent vulvar SCC treated by excision, but no vaginal cancers. Eighteen women (42%) had a preoperative diagnosis of lichen sclerosus (LS); none had a diagnosis of LP. Topical corticosteroids were prescribed in 19 (44%) of 43, with 4 women placed on maintenance therapy. Tumors arose from the labia minora, labia majora, and periclitoris, but not from vestibule or perianus. On histopathological review, LS was present in 41 (95%) of 43 specimens, 1 had a nonspecific lichenoid reaction, and 1 had lichen simplex; both of the latter had subsequent biopsies showing LS. Lichen planus was not seen in association with SCC. Differentiated vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (dVIN) was present in 38 (88%) of 43 specimens, whereas 1 had acanthosis with altered differentiation and 4 (9%) had no precursor lesion. Differentiated vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia had standard, basaloid, and hypertrophic morphology, superficially resembling erosive LP in 9 (24%) of 38 and hypertrophic LP in 6 (16%) of 38.

Conclusions
Lichen planus was not seen in association with HPV-independent vulvar SCC, whereas LS was underrecognized and inadequately treated in this group. Pathologists should be aware that dVIN may superficially resemble erosive or hypertrophic LP.
An Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes viewpoint of data analysis centers for collaborative study designs
Authors: Jacobson Lisa P. , Lau Bryan , Catellier Diane , Parker Corette B. 
Published: February 2018

Purpose of review
A highly complex collaborative study design that pools and extends existing studies, such as the Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) Program, requires a Data Analysis Center (DAC) with resources and expertise to create a secure environment for housing and analyzing the shared data, harmonize and structure the shared data for different purposes, and apply appropriate and innovative designs and analytic methods. The DAC, in partnership with cohort investigators, must ensure that results from ECHO-wide cohort analyses are appropriately interpreted and reproducible.

Recent findings
Understanding the cohorts contributing to ECHO is critical for developing a collaborative environment and the methods to best analyze the data without bias. We further describe the development of the ECHO-wide cohort Metadata Catalog, the architecture of the ECHO-wide cohort data platform, and analytical approaches to facilitate early productivity.

Summary
The ECHO DAC has established a secure environment for the transfer and storage of ECHO cohort data and information, and initiated processes to promote productive collaborations. Understanding the ECHO DAC responsibilities and assets will help to overcome communication and trust challenges encountered in the initiation of this complex ECHO-wide cohort collaborative research study.
Neuropathic Pain Component in Axial Spondyloarthritis and the Influence on Disease Burden
Authors: Gok Kevser , Cengiz Gizem , Erol Kemal , Ozgocmen Salih 
Published: February 2018

Objectives
Patients with nonradiographic axial spondyloarthritis (nr-axSpA) and radiographic axSpA/ankylosing spondylitis (AS) have similar burden of disease; however, the potential influence of pain characteristics including the neuropathic pain (NeP) component has not been assessed yet. The aim of this study was first to assess frequency of NeP component in patients with axSpA and second to assess the potential influence of NeP on burden of disease.

Methods
Adult patients who met the Assessment of SpondyloArthritis International Society classification criteria for axSpA were consecutively recruited. Patients were evaluated using the Douleur Neuropathique en 4 Questions interview and painDETECT questionnaire and subgrouped as patients with and without NeP.

Results
Neuropathic pain component was present in 31.4% of patients with axSpA categorized according to Douleur Neuropathique en 4 Questions (31.6% in nr-axSpA vs 31.3% in AS, P = 0.964) and in 33.5% of patients categorized according to painDETECT (35.1% in nr-axSpA vs 32.8% in AS, P = 0.762). Pain characteristics were quite similar between patients with nr-axSpA and AS. Women tented to have more frequent NeP. Patients with NeP component had significantly higher scores in visual analog scale of pain, patient and physician global, fatigue, Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index, Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score using C-reactive protein, depression, anxiety scores, and physical functions; poorer quality of life (QoL); and similar frequency of fibromyalgia compared with patients without NeP component. In multivariable analysis, having NeP was associated with QoL measures (Ankylosing Spondylitis Quality of Life and Short-Form 36 physical component score) and visual analog scale of fatigue.

Conclusions
Nearly one third of patients with axSpA may have NeP component regardless of having nr-axSpA or AS. Neuropathic pain component may contribute worsened QoL and poorer patient-reported outcome data and should be kept in mind during patient evaluation.