bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Marketing IQOS in a dark market
Authors: Mathers Annalise , Schwartz Robert , O’Connor Shawn , Fung Michael , Diemert Lori 
Published: May 2018

Introduction
Phillip Morris International (PMI) is pushing hard to promote IQOS heat-not-burn cigarettes in Ontario, Canada. Canada regulates IQOS as a tobacco product so that the robust tobacco marketing ban creates challenges to its promotion.

Methods
We collected data on IQOS promotion in 49 retail outlets, and through interviews with clerks and observations outside an IQOS store.

Results
The dominant marketing channel is the visible availability of IQOS in a large number of tobacco retail outlets—1029 across Ontario. Several stores display the price of ‘heated tobacco’ on one of three price signs which are permitted despite Ontario’s total display ban. IQOS boutique stores are the locus of aggressive promotion including exchanging a pack of cigarettes or lighter for an IQOS device, launch parties, ‘meet and greet’ lunches and after-hour events. Outside the store, promotion includes a prominent IQOS sign, a sandwich board sign reading ‘Building a Smoke-Free Future’ and sales representatives regularly smoking IQOS. Membership services: Upon acquiring an IQOS device one can register to access the IQOS website store5 and receive customer support services, a map of retail locations and a product catalogue. Members receive regular email invitations to complete surveys with opportunities to win prizes.

Conclusions
These promotion activities have undoubtedly made substantial numbers of Ontarians aware of IQOS. Yet, the government has not provided guidance as to absolute and relative potential harms. Our observations of tactics to promote a new tobacco product in a dark market may inform government regulatory policy and non-governmental organisation efforts wherever heat-not-burn products are introduced.
Modeling the probability distribution of the bacterial burst size via a game-theoretic approach
Authors: Malekpour Seyed Amir , Pakzad Parsa , Foroughmand-Araabi Mohammad-Hadi , Goliaei Sama , Tusserkani Ruzbeh , Goliaei Bahram , Sadeghi Mehdi 
Published: May 2018

Based on previous studies, empirical distribution of the bacterial burst size varies even in a population of isogenic bacteria. Since bacteriophage progenies increase linearly with time, it is the lysis time variation that results in the bacterial burst size variations.Here, the burst size variation is computationally modeled by considering the lysis time decisions as a game. Each player in the game is a bacteriophage that has initially infected and lysed its host bacterium. Also, the payoff of each burst size strategy is the average number of bacteria that are solely infected by the bacteriophage progenies after lysis. For calculating the payoffs, a new version of ball and bin model with time dependent occupation probabilities (TDOP) is proposed.We show that Nash equilibrium occurs for a range of mixed burst size strategies that are chosen and played by bacteriophages, stochastically. Moreover, it is concluded that the burst size variations arise from choosing mixed lysis strategies by each player. By choosing the lysis time and also the burst size stochastically, the released bacteriophage progenies infect a portion of host bacteria in environment and avoid extinction. The probability distribution of the mixed burst size strategies is also identified.
Вміст аскорбінової кислоти в печінці і надниркових залозах щурів при коригуванні аліментарного гіпотиреозу йодом різної хімічної природи
Authors: Ryabukha O. I. 
Published: May 2018

Introduction. Metabolisms of vitamins, trace elements and hormones are closely linked. The connection between ascorbic acid and hormones, in particular derivatives of tyrosine and steroids, determines its importance for the activity of the thyroid gland, adrenal glands and liver. The most common thyroid pathology is hypothyroidism, caused by iodine deficiency. For its treatment and prevention, compounds that contain iodine of different chemical nature are used.The aim of the study – to compare the effect of the action of organic and inorganic iodine on the content of ascorbic acid (AA) in the liver and adrenal glands.Research Methods. The study was conducted in the model conditions of alimentary hypothyroidism on 80 white nonlinear male rats weighing 0.140–0.160 kg, which for 30 days were in an isocaloric starch-casein ration. Adjustment of iodine deficiency was carried out on three doses of iodine (21, 50, 100 μg/kg body weight), which animals uptaked with potassium iodide (inorganic iodine) and iodine-protein preparation from the Black Sea industrial red algae of Phyllophora nervosa (DС.) Grev (organic iodine). The content of AA in the tissues was determined using Tillman’s reagent.Results and Discussion. In conditions of alimentary hypothyroidism, the level of AA in the investigated organs was significantly reduced, which may indicate a decrease in the activity of metabolic processes. The consumption of both iodine-containing substances at a dose of 21 μg/kg was accompanied by a probable increase in the content of AА in the liver. Under the influence of 50 μg/kg iodine, its level in the rat’s liver and adrenal glands reached the levels of intact rats, but under use organic iodine the level of AA was higher. When receiving 100 μg/kg of iodine, the content of AA in organs was significantly reduced relative to the achieved parameters and in the adrenal glands was at the level of parameters of rats that did not consume iodine-containing compounds.Conclusions. The intake of both inorganic and organic iodine contribute to an increase in the content of AA in the liver and adrenal glands, which is a prerequisite for activating the activity of the thyroid gland, while the effect of organic iodine is more powerful. The effect of both iodine-containing preparations on the liver is greater, which may be a sign of its greater sensitivity to the strengthening of thyroid hormonepoise and indicate an increase in its metabolic activity.
Вплив модуляторів NMDA-рецепторів на біохімічні змінив сітківці при ішемічному та травматичному ураженні зорового аналізатора
Authors: Povkh V. L. 
Published: May 2018

Introduction. Glutamate exitotoxicity and hyperactivation of NMDA receptors play an important role in affecting the visual analyzer in cases of ischemia and trauma. It remains unexplored the influence of modulators of various sites of NMDA receptors on metabolic processes in the retina in these pathological conditions.The aim of the work – to determine the effect of NMDA receptor modulators on metabolic changes (oxidative stress, energy deficit, state of nitrogen oxide system, glutamate content) in the retina with the ischemic injury of the visual analyzer in rats and traumatic damage to the visual analyzer in rabbits.Research Methods. Experiments were conducted on 56 white male rats and 24 rabbits. Ischemic lesions of the visual analyzer in rats was caused by the creation of a one-sided ischemia-reperfusion in the a. ophthalmica.Traumatic damage of the visual analyzer in rabbits was caused by the action of a carbon dioxide stream under pressure on the cornea of the eye. NMDA receptor modulators were administered within 7 days before and 30 minutes after pathology simulation. Polyamino site blocker amantadine sulfate (5 mg/kg i/v) and phencyclidine site blocker memantine (20 mg/kg i/g) were used. The content of AT P, markers of oxidative-nitrosative stress, glutamate levels in retina, and the level of neuronspecific enolase (NSE) in serum were determined.Results and Discussion. The use of NMDA receptor inhibitors causes de-escalation of NSE levels in the blood, reduces energy deficit, oxidative-nitrosative stress, glutamate levels in the retina of ischemia-reperfusion of the eye in rats and contusion of the eye in rabbits. The polyamino site inhibitor amantadine sulfate exceeds (in 1.2-1.5 times, p<0.05) the fencyclidine site inhibitor memantine by the ability to adjust the levels of ATP, MDA, oxide-modified proteins, to restore the activity of glutathione peroxidase in the retina on ischemic and traumatic lesions of visual analyzer.Conclusions. Thus, the modulators of the polyamino- and phencyclidine sites of the NMDA receptors showed a protective effect on neuroretina for both ischemic and traumatic damage of the visual analyzer in animals. The study of the effects of amantadine sulfate on reparative processes in the retina is a promising direction for further research.
Race/Ethnic and Sex Differences in the Association of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk and Healthy Lifestyle Behaviors
Authors: Morris Alanna A. , Ko Yi‐An , Hutcheson Sarah H. , Quyyumi Arshed 
Published: May 2018

Background

Lifestyle behaviors influence atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (
ASCVD
) risk. We examined race and sex differences in the association of
ASCVD
risk with obesity and lifestyle behaviors.

Methods and Results

We used multivariable logistic regression to examine the association of race/ethnicity and sex with obesity and lifestyle behaviors among 12 351 adults in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys cycles 2005 to 2014. Ten‐year
ASCVD
risk was estimated using the 2013 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association pooled cohort equations. Among overweight/obese subjects, whites were more likely to consider themselves overweight, to report a desire to weigh less, and to report a healthy diet, and physical activity. Despite higher body mass index and/or
ASCVD
risk, black women (adj odds ratio [
OR
] 0.8, 95% confidence interval [
CI
], 0.7–0.9) were less likely to attempt weight loss, and Hispanic women (
OR
0.8, 95%
CI
0.6–0.9) were less likely to report physical activity than white women. Black women (adj
OR
0.6, 95%
CI
0.5–0.7) were less likely than white women, and Hispanics (women adj
OR
0. 6, 95%
CI
0.5–0.7; men adj
OR
0.7, 95%
CI
0.6–0.9) were less likely than whites to report a healthy diet. Among those with
ASCVD
risk >7.5%, there were even greater disparities in the likelihood of healthy diet between black and Hispanic versus white women, and among Hispanic versus white men.

Conclusions

Race/ethnic minorities are less likely to engage in healthy lifestyle behaviors despite higher body mass index and
ASCVD
risk. These findings underscore the need for culturally sensitive recommendations to improve cardiovascular outcomes in high‐risk populations, particularly minority women.
Morphological and molecular characterisation of three species of Paratylenchus Micoletzky, 1922 (Tylenchida: Paratylenchidae) from China, with a first description of the male P. rostrocaudatus
Authors: Zhuo Kan , Liu Xingtong , Tao Ye , Wang Honghong , Lin Borong , Liao Jinling 
Published: May 2018

Summary
In a recent survey of plant-parasitic nematodes associated with forest in China, three species of Paratylenchus, including P. aculentus, P. leptos and P. rostrocaudatus, were found. Paratylenchus leptos and P. rostrocaudatus are new records for China and the male of P. rostrocaudatus is described for the first time. Morphological descriptions, morphometrics and light microscopic photos are provided for these three species. Molecular characterisation of these species using ribosomal RNA (rRNA) D2-D3 expansion domains of large subunit (LSU D2-D3), internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and small subunit (SSU) sequences are also given. Except for the ITS sequence of P. aculentus, other sequences were amplified for the first time. Phylogenetic relationships within the genus Paratylenchus are discussed as inferred from the analyses of LSU D2-D3, ITS and SSU.
Authoring the Strange: The Evolving Notions of Authorship in Prefaces to Classical Chinese Supernatural Fiction
Authors: Weightman Frances 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThis article considers the ways in which ideas of authorship have been portrayed in the authorial prefaces (zixu) to a selection of classical Chinese tales of the supernatural (zhiguai). It posits that the authorial preface is a unique forum for exploring the interplay between the author, reader and text. Within the controversial and contested tradition of writings about strange and otherworldly phenomena, it argues that over time thezixuprovided a platform for the emergence of an increasingly individualised authorial persona.
Transferring Sinosphere Knowledge to the Public: James Summers (1828-91) as Printer, Editor and Cataloguer
Authors: Kwan Uganda Sze Pui 
Published: May 2018

AbstractJames Summers occupied the professorship of Chinese for two decades at King’s College London. He was also a trailblazer in promoting the study of Japanese culture in Victorian Britain, but he has been an underrated and understudied figure in British history.Summers was an ardent supporter of modern printing. He believed printed media was the most effective medium to transform British perceptions of Asia, which in turn would help support Britain’s foreign political, commercial and missionary enterprise. He also orchestrated the printing of catalogues and journals in his capacity as library assistant to the British Museum and the India Office Library. He even set up his own press to print a newspaper in order to disseminate knowledge of East Asia to a broader readership. Based on primary materials that have rarely been used before, this paper positions Summers in the study of book history, material culture and print mediums in order to reassess his pioneering efforts in Sinological studies.
A Jewish Response to French Antisemitism in Revolutionary Times
Authors: Klooster Wim 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
In the same years in which Jews were elected to the Dutch national assembly (the Batavian Convention), Jews on Curaçao were characterized in a letter received on the island in an unmistakably anti-Semitic way. The author was the prominent French official Victor Hugues, based in Guadeloupe. Two elders of the local Jewish community responded with a letter that shows a remarkable assertiveness, probably facilitated by the emancipation of Jews in the Dutch metropole. They reminded him of the principles of the French revolution, of which he was a servant. The letter, in the possession today of a private collector, is transcribed and translated here and provided with a context.
A Regional Thermohaline Inverse Method for Estimating Circulation and Mixing in the Arctic and Subpolar North Atlantic
Authors: Mackay Neill , Wilson Chris , Zika Jan , Holliday N. Penny 
Published: May 2018

AbstractA regional thermohaline inverse method (RTHIM) is presented that estimates velocities through the section bounding an enclosed domain and transformation rates resulting from interior mixing within the domain, given inputs of surface boundary fluxes of heat and salt and interior distributions of salinity and temperature. The method works by invoking a volumetric balance in thermohaline coordinates between the transformation resulting from mixing, surface fluxes, and advection, and constraining the mixing to be down tracer gradients. The method is validated using a 20-yr mean of outputs from the NEMO model in an Arctic and subpolar North Atlantic domain, bound to the south by a section with a mean latitude of 66°N. RTHIM solutions agree well with the NEMO model “truth” and are robust to a range of parameters; the meridional overturning circulation (MOC), heat, and freshwater transports calculated from an ensemble of RTHIM solutions are within 12%, 10%, and 19%, respectively, of the NEMO values. There is also bulk agreement between RTHIM solution transformation rates resulting from mixing and those diagnosed from NEMO. Localized differences in diagnosed mixing may be used to guide the development of mixing parameterizations in models such as NEMO, whose downgradient diffusive closures with prescribed diffusivity may be considered oversimplified and too restrictive.
TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI) Alignment and Along-Scan Bias Corrections
Authors: Kroodsma Rachael , Bilanow Stephen , McKague Darren 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI) dataset released by the Precipitation Processing System (PPS) has been updated to a final version following the decommissioning of the TRMM satellite in April 2015. The updates are based on increased knowledge of radiometer calibration and sensor performance issues. In particular, the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Microwave Imager (GMI) is used as a model for many of the TMI updates. This paper discusses two aspects of the TMI data product that have been reanalyzed and updated: alignment and along-scan bias corrections. The TMI’s pointing accuracy is significantly improved over prior PPS versions, which used at-launch alignment values. A TMI instrument mounting offset is discovered as well as new alignment offsets for the two TMI feedhorns. The original TMI along-scan antenna temperature bias correction is found to be generally accurate over ocean, but a scene temperature-dependent correction is needed to account for edge-of-scan obstruction. These updates are incorporated into the final TMI data version, improving the quality of the data product and ensuring accurate geophysical parameters can be derived from TMI.
Effects of enteral different-dose levothyroxinesodium pretreatment on serum thyroid hormone levels and myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury
Authors: Yang Gui-Zhen , Xue Fu-Shan , Liu Ya-Yang , Li Hui-Xian , Liu Qing , Liao Xu 
Published: May 2018

Introduction: The available evidence shows that perioperative oral thyroid hormone can significantly attenuate the postoperative decline in the serum hormone level and improve postoperative hemodynamic and prognostic parameters. However, there has been no study assessing the effects of preoperative oral different-dose thyroid hormone on serum hormone levels and myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) after cardiac surgery. Methods: Forty-eight healthy Wistar rats, aged 35 days, were randomly allocated into six groups: Group BC, Group C and four pretreatment groups in which the rats were given levothyroxine-sodium of 10 μg, 20 μg, 40 μg and 80 μg/100 g. On the eighth day, the serum thyroid hormone levels were determined and then an isolated heart ischemia-reperfusion model was established with a Langendorff apparatus. Results: Compared with Groups BC and C, serum thyroid hormone levels on the eighth day did not significantly change in Group 10 μg, but were significantly increased in Groups 20 μg, 40 μg and 80 μg. The cardiac enzyme myocardial-bound creatine kinase levels in the coronary effluent during reperfusion were significantly lower in Groups 10 μg and 20 μg and 40 μg than in Group C. The recovery rates of + dp/dtmax and - dp/dtmax at 30 min during reperfusion were significantly lower in Groups 40 μg and 80 μg than in Groups 10 μg and 20 μg. Compared with Group C, myocardial expressions of heat shock protein 70 and myosin heavy chain α were increased in the four experiment groups and myocardial expression of thyroid hormone receptor α1 was significantly increased in Groups 20 μg, 40 μg and 80 μg. Conclusions: The pretreatment with enterally smaller doses levothyroxine-sodium does not significantly affect serum thyroid hormone levels and produces protection against myocardial IRI, whereas pretreatment with enterally larger doses of levothyroxine-sodium can only provide an attenuated or insignificant cardioprotection because of hyperthyroxinemia. Cardioprotection by levothyroxine-sodium pretreatment is probably attributable to increased myocardial expression of heat shock protein 70 and myosin heavy chain α.
Cognitive function, disease burden and the structural connectome in systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Wiseman S J , Bastin M E , Amft E N , Belch J F F , Ralston S H , Wardlaw J M 
Published: May 2018

Objective To investigate brain structural connectivity in relation to cognitive abilities and systemic damage in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Methods Structural and diffusion MRI data were acquired from 47 patients with SLE. Brains were segmented into 85 cortical and subcortical regions and combined with whole brain tractography to generate structural connectomes using graph theory. Global cognitive abilities were assessed using a composite variable g, derived from the first principal component of three common clinical screening tests of neurological function. SLE damage ( LD) was measured using a composite of a validated SLE damage score and disease duration. Relationships between network connectivity metrics, cognitive ability and systemic damage were investigated. Hub nodes were identified. Multiple linear regression, adjusting for covariates, was employed to model the outcomes g and LD as a function of network metrics. Results The network measures of density (standardised ß = 0.266, p = 0.025) and strength (standardised ß = 0.317, p = 0.022) were independently related to cognitive abilities. Strength (standardised ß = –0.330, p = 0.048), mean shortest path length (standardised ß = 0.401, p = 0.020), global efficiency (standardised ß = –0.355, p = 0.041) and clustering coefficient (standardised ß = –0.378, p = 0.030) were independently related to systemic damage. Network metrics were not related to current disease activity. Conclusion Better cognitive abilities and more SLE damage are related to brain topological network properties in this sample of SLE patients, even those without neuropsychiatric involvement and after correcting for important covariates. These data show that connectomics might be useful for understanding and monitoring cognitive function and white matter damage in SLE.
Digital health technologies to support access to medicines and pharmaceutical services in the achievement of sustainable development goals
Authors: Konduri Niranjan , Aboagye-Nyame Francis , Mabirizi David , Hoppenworth Kim , Kibria Mohammad Golam , Doumbia Seydou , Williams Lucilo , Mazibuko Greatjoy 
Published: May 2018

Objectives The objective of this study was to describe the conceptual and implementation approach of selected digital health technologies that were tailored in various resource-constrained countries. To provide insights from a donor-funded project implementer perspective on the practical aspects based on local context and recommendations on future directions. Methods Drawing from our multi-year institutional experience in more than 20 high disease-burden countries that aspire to meet the 2030 United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 3, we screened internal project documentation on various digital health tools that provide clarity in the conceptual and implementation approach. Taking into account geographic diversity, we provide a descriptive review of five selected case studies from Bangladesh (Asia), Mali (Francophone Africa), Uganda (East Africa), Mozambique (Lusophone Africa), and Namibia (Southern Africa). Findings A key lesson learned is to harness and build on existing governance structures. The use of data for decision-making at all levels needs to be cultivated and sustained through multi-stakeholder partnerships. The next phase of information management development is to build systems for triangulation of data from patients, commodities, geomapping, and other parameters of the pharmaceutical system. A well-defined research agenda must be developed to determine the effectiveness of the country- and regional-level dashboards as an early warning system to mitigate stock-outs and wastage of medicines and commodities. Conclusion The level of engagement with users and stakeholders was resource-intensive and required an iterative process to ensure successful implementation. Ensuring user acceptance, ownership, and a culture of data use for decision-making takes time and effort to build human resource capacity. For future United Nations voluntary national reviews, countries and global stakeholders must establish appropriate measurement frameworks to enable the compilation of disaggregated data on Sustainable Development Goal 3 indicators as a precondition to fully realize the potential of digital health technologies.