bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prosecutors and Plea Bargains
Authors: McCannon Bryan C. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the prosecutor’s role in plea bargaining. To guide the analysis, a simple theoretical model is developed, exploring the interaction between the prosecutor and the defense in the plea bargaining process. This theoretical framework is then used to organize the relationship between plea bargaining and the prosecutor in the likelihood of going to trial and the size of the plea discount. With regard to going to trial, three important dimensions are evaluated: (1) the expectations of the outcome to arise if the case goes to trial, (2) the magnitude of the stakes if convicted, and (3) the costs involved with going to a jury trial. Finally, the theoretical model is used to evaluate the size of the plea discount obtained.
Juvenile Justice and Plea Bargaining
Authors: Redlich Allison D. , Zottoli Tina , Daftary-Kapur Tarika 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
As with adult criminal court cases, almost all juvenile and criminal court cases involving youth are resolved by guilty plea. This chapter reviews the extant research on youth defendants and guilty pleas. The focus is on three areas: (1) the circumstances surrounding guilty plea decisions (e.g., access to attorneys, time to make decisions); (2) youths’ knowledge about guilty plea decisions and whether they are made voluntarily; and (3) the rationales underlying guilty plea decisions. Additionally, across these three areas the chapter addresses plea decision-making by guilty and innocent juvenile defendants, highlighting the similarities and differences. The chapter concludes with a call for future research and implications for juveniles involved in the juvenile or adult criminal justice systems.
Collateral Consequences and Disenfranchisement
Authors: Edkins Vanessa A. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
With the high rate of guilty pleas in our justice system, attention needs to be paid to the consequences of these convictions, beyond the sanctions imposed at a sentencing hearing. Namely, the increase in guilty pleas has led to an unprecedented number of United States citizens with restrictions imposed on them that limit their employment, access to housing or government assistance, and to an unprecedented number being deprived of the right to vote. These collateral consequences of convictions, and the disenfranchisement resulting from the loss of the vote, can disrupt an individual’s life often to a greater extent than the short imprisonment many convicted felons face. This chapter looks at the effects of collateral consequences and disenfranchisement, how these may play into the decision to accept a plea (and who should be informing defendants about these restrictions), and whether proper consideration of the effect of collateral consequences is possible given how our current system of pleas is structured. Areas for future research are also identified.
Rewriting the Victim
Authors: Kamler Erin M. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This book unites feminist international research with the writing, composing, and production of a musical designed to critique the discourse about the trafficking of women in Thailand. Through writing and producing “Land of Smiles,” a two-act, fifteen-song musical inspired by field research that includes over fifty interviews with female migrant laborers, sex workers, community-based women’s rights activists, non-governmental organization (NGO) employees, and other development actors in Thailand’s anti-trafficking movement, playwright, composer and feminist scholar Erin Kamler presents one of the dominant stories about human trafficking and shows that the voices of the people, most often women, can illuminate the problems and highlight the difficulties in finding solutions. This project was designed to serve as a platform for dialogue among stakeholders in Thailand’s anti-trafficking movement through a three-phase process of uncovering, recovering and articulating the lived experience of the “subject”—the trafficking “victim”—who the movement seeks to rescue, as well as the NGO employees who are embedded in the social catastrophe that underscores this movement. Through researching, writing and performing the musical for the communities on whom its story is based, Kamler shows the importance of lived experience as a framework for understanding social catastrophe, and the power of musical theater in conveying that understanding through a feminist, liberatory praxis. She calls this praxis Dramatization as Research, or DAR.
Introduction
Authors: Kamler Erin M. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The book opens with a discussion about the medium of theater, and the social justice concerns that playwrights, composers, actors and other artists have long searched for ways to address. I then turn to a discussion of feminist international relations, its potential for engaging alternative methodological and epistemological frameworks, and introduce the core problem to which the book seeks to seek to respond involving the discourse on trafficking. This discourse, I argue, exists within a contested framework in which trafficking is narrated through the lens of Western advocates seeking to eradicate it, rather than from the perspectives of the women who anti-trafficking policy affects. I introduce “Land of Smiles,” the musical through which I sought to recover the narrative of the presumed “victim”—the female migrant sex worker whom Western advocates seek to “rescue,” and conclude with an overview of the book’s individual chapters.
Setting the Stage
Authors: Kamler Erin M. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter provides a context for understanding the problem of trafficking in Thailand by first introducing two fundamental national identity projects—what I call “Thailand’s National Identity Project” and the “U.S. Abolitionist Project.” I show how together, these projects inform the anti-trafficking movement’s response to the constructed idea (i.e., the artificially manufactured notion put in place to deal with a whole complex of other problems) of trafficking, teasing apart how this response acts as a remedy for the deeper cultural, political and economic crisis’ affecting both Thailand and the U.S. Discussing the history of ethnic minorities in Thailand, Burma’s long-running ethnic civil wars, the feminization of migration, neoliberalism, and the historical roots of abolitionism, I show how the U.S. and Thai national identity projects and the narratives they bring about impact all actors in the trafficking arena—but most significantly the female migrant laborers who are caught in their crossfires.
NGOs and the Rescue Narrative
Authors: Kamler Erin M. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
In this chapter, I interrogate the experiences of those whose work responded to the supposed trafficking “victim”—the employees of abolitionist anti-trafficking NGOs in Thailand whose organizations provided shelter to former sex workers and advocate for policy change. Through an analysis of interviews, I show how NGO employees narrated the issue of trafficking to members of the public as well as to themselves, and how this “rescue narrative” gave voice—or failed to give voice—to the lived experiences of the female migrant laborers who their organizations were trying to help. I explore five dominant narratives that highlighted the challenges employees faced navigating the intercultural dimensions of their work, and the struggles they experienced trying to implement policies related to rescue. I suggest that these narratives reveal deeper personal struggles encountered by the employees, and consider how such struggles may risk hindering the effectiveness of their work.
Community-Based Organizations and the Narrative of Resistance
Authors: Kamler Erin M. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
In this chapter, I discuss migrant community-based organizations (CBOs) operating in Thailand that work to combat labor exploitation in wholly different ways. Run by ethnic women and operating “below the radar” of the anti-trafficking movement, these organizations address the issue of trafficking from a unique perspective. Rather than pressuring sex workers to enter “rehabilitation” programs, these groups operate in solidarity with female migrants, fostering participatory, rather than top-down approaches to combating trafficking. As a result, these CBOs engage an ethic of “horizontalism”—an organizational approach to social change that is based on partnership, trust, and mutual understanding between the organization and its beneficiaries. I show how, through offering female migrant laborers positive alternatives to the tropes of victimization commonly used by anti-trafficking NGOs, their work is generating more productive results.
Building the Characters
Authors: Kamler Erin M. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter introduces Phase Two of the DAR praxis: The “creative” phase. Here, I discuss the development of the musical’s characters, exploring the way the visceral, embodied, emotive aspects of dramatization contribute to “recovering”—that is, restoring or returning—the stories of community members that were uncovered during the field research phase. Moving beyond the site of the field research, I illustrate the process I undertook to build the characters of “Land of Smiles,” showing how, through their development, new questions about the research subject began to unfold.
Articulating NGO Narratives
Authors: Kamler Erin M. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter introduces Phase Three of the DAR praxis: The “articulation” phase. Here, I look at the narratives of the NGO employees who attended performances of “Land of Smiles” and show how their participation created a space in which the articulation of experience could be heard and voiced. Returning to the concept of liberation—that transformed state in which members of a community recognize, take ownership of, and begin to heal the wounds brought on by social catastrophe and collective trauma, I discuss four key narratives that emerged among NGO employees in the focus groups following the performances. Linking these narratives to the themes that emerged in the original interviews with NGO employees, I illustrate the process by which these participants moved from passive bystander to active witness; from recollection to mourning; and from a state of rupture to one of hospitality.
Articulating Artist Narratives
Authors: Kamler Erin M. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores the narratives of the artists who participated in the “Land of Smiles’ production, and the transformation undergone by these artists as the “real” and “fictitious” worlds collided. Through inhabiting a space between characters and the actual people those characters are meant to symbolically represent, the artists experienced a state of “liminality” as well as its complementary state, “rupture,” in which one’s sense of certainty about their place in the world is disrupted. I discuss six key narratives that emerged among the “Land of Smiles” artists, showing how the spaces of liminality and rupture they evoke are foundational to the DAR praxis.
Rupture and Hospitality
Authors: Kamler Erin M. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The final chapter examines the way artist participants in “Land of Smiles” began to undergo the passage from rupture to “hospitality”—an ethical contract formed not around “sameness,” but rather, around “encounters with the unknown.” By articulating their experiences of rupture and its complementary process of hospitality, the artist narratives reveal the power of musical theater as a means of breaking down preconceptions and opening new pathways to empathy and trust. It is here that we see the tenets of liberation unfold most dramatically, illuminating DAR’s transformative essence.
Conclusion Dramatization as Research
Authors: Kamler Erin M. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The book concludes with a summary of the project’s intervention, which sought to articulate the lived experiences of marginalized female migrant laborers—supposed “victims” of human trafficking in Thailand—through the feminist, liberatory modality of musical theater. I offer a discussion of how human rights advocates can further work to break through spaces of bystanding and engage with their beneficiaries as equals; how women at the grassroots, who seldom have a voice in the foreign-driven projects intended for their benefit can engage more productively with Western “experts;” and how can these “experts,” in turn, might adopt new ways of implementing interventions and understanding themselves. I discuss the power and utility of merging the arts with feminist international research, and I suggest ways for the Dramatization as Research (DAR) praxis to serve as a tool for future international development advocacy work.
Old or New School Methodism?
Authors: Watson Kevin M. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This book argues that an initial moment of fragmentation occurred in American Methodism in the 1850s and 1860s. While a commitment to entire sanctification had been a core unifying doctrine within the broad American Methodist family up until the 1850s, the expulsion of Benjamin Titus (B.T.) Roberts from the Methodist Episcopal Church (MEC) and the subsequent formation of the Free Methodist Church (FMC) represent an initial fragmentation of what had been a coherent theological tradition. This detailed account of a crucial moment in American Methodist theology focuses on the ministries and theological emphases of Matthew Simpson, the influential MEC bishop best known for being a confidant of Abraham Lincoln during the Civil War, and B.T. Roberts, a pastor who was expelled from the MEC due to his harsh criticism of “New School Methodism.” Old or New School Methodism? is a detailed study that points to the need for a broader reevaluation of the history of American Methodism as a theological tradition. Previous historiography has often privileged big-tent visions of American Methodism in a way that has not taken with sufficient seriousness the disagreements such historical figures had with each other. By comparing and contrasting a key leader of the MEC with the founder of a holiness denomination, the book contributes to the history of American Methodism, and the broader study of religion in America, by widening the lens from what has often tended toward denominational history to a broader perspective that includes multiple denominations sharing a common heritage.
Holiness
Authors: Watson Kevin M. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter argues that holiness was an essential mark of American Methodist theology from the beginnings of American Methodism through the first half of the nineteenth century. The chapter summarizes the initial commitment to holiness in John Wesley and early British Methodism. The commitment to holiness and entire sanctification of early American Methodism is then discussed. The chapter points to the importance of holiness as marking a theological tradition that was consistent across varieties of American Methodism as well as in popular Methodist experience. The chapter concludes by pointing to signs of coming tension, especially the rise of Phoebe Palmer and the Holiness Movement, the division that created the Wesleyan Methodist Connection, and the croakers, who initially complained about changes and compromise they saw in Methodism. The core argument of the chapter is that from 1784 through the 1840s there was a coherent theological tradition in American Methodism.
Becoming Bishop Simpson
Authors: Watson Kevin M. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the early life and ministry of Matthew Simpson. The chapter discusses Simpson’s rise from obscurity to being elected a bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church. The chapter focuses on Simpson’s account of his own spiritual life, particularly noting his struggle to receive the witness of the Spirit and assurance, which were key Methodist doctrines and experiences. The chapter also discusses Simpson’s time as a professor, college president, and editor of an influential Methodist periodical before being elected to the episcopacy. The chapter also highlights the importance of Simpson’s uncle in his life and the disagreement that they had over slavery, due to his uncle’s passionate commitment to abolition. The chapter places Simpson in his ecclesial context and shows his commitment to growing the Methodist Episcopal Church by appealing to as broad a group of people as possible in order to get more people and build nicer buildings (churches, parsonages, colleges, and seminaries).
Contesting Methodism
Authors: Watson Kevin M. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter connects Matthew Simpson and B.T. Roberts and shows why they should be seen as representative figures of the initial theological fragmentation in American Methodism. Simpson’s role as presiding bishop at the Genesee Annual Conference after Roberts was expelled, and the additional expulsions of “Nazarites” that happened at the 1859 Conference are discussed. The most in-depth focus is on the entry “Free Methodists” in The Cyclopaedia of Methodism, which Simpson edited. The Free Methodists disagreed strongly with the content of this one-page article. The result was the commissioning of B.T. Roberts, now a General Superintendent in the Free Methodist Church, to write a formal response. Roberts wrote a book-length rebuttal, Why Another Sect. The initial fragmentation of American Methodism is explored through the ways that Simpson and Roberts were connected from Roberts’s expulsion through the first decades of Free Methodism.
Embodying Methodist Theology
Authors: Watson Kevin M. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores the diverging conceptions of holy living in Simpson and Roberts in depth. The chapter argues that Simpson was most concerned with growing and expanding the Methodist Episcopal Church, often compromising on what had been core commitments of Methodism in the hope of gaining a broader audience and expanding the institution. Roberts, on the other hand, believed that these same compromises were leading to a sacrifice of Methodism’s mission to “spread scriptural holiness.” The chapter outlines disagreements about how holiness should be expressed in the lives of Methodists, focusing in particular on differences in church buildings, dress and personal wealth, secret societies, and slavery. The chapter concludes by discussing the different visions for the future of American Methodism that Simpson and Roberts had, as a result of these different understandings of the importance of holiness and how it should be expressed in the lives of Methodists.
Conclusion
Authors: Watson Kevin M. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The conclusion summarizes the argument and highlights the potential contributions of the book. Old or New School Methodism? has implications for understanding the beginning of the Church of the Nazarene. This study also has implications for Methodist theological education and diverging understandings of the purpose of theological education. The chapter points to Borden Parker Bowne and Henry Clay Morrison as illustrative of this tension. The conclusion also argues that this study offers a challenge to contemporary big-tent visions for American Methodism, noting that this vision came out of a moment of transition that was seen by Methodists like B.T. Roberts as a betrayal of Methodism’s theological heritage. Finally, it is argued that this study contributes to contemporary Wesleyan/Methodist communities wrestling with their own theological heritage by pointing to the importance of entire sanctification for this tradition and the value of Christian ecumenical engagement outside of Methodism.
Capital Women
Authors: Zanden Jan Luiten van , Carmichael Sarah , Moor Tine De 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This book argues that the position of women in late medieval and early modern Europe was relatively strong. This, van Zanden, De Moor, and Carmichael argue, is evident from the fact that marriage was usually based on consensus, implying that women had a clear say in their marriage. The authors analyze the medieval roots of this European Marriage Pattern, demonstrating that it was much stronger in northwestern Europe than in the Mediterranean. That women had considerable agency was one of the factors behind the rise of Europe in the centuries before the Industrial Revolution. This had huge consequences for the average age of marriage (which was very high), fertility (which was restricted by the high age of marriage), human capital formation (resulting in high levels of numeracy and literacy), and labor-force participation by women. However, the authors also explore the negative effects of the European Marriage Pattern, such as the greater vulnerability of these relatively small families, and the large group of single women, subject to external shocks particularly in old age. Special institutions emerged, such as the beguinages, to cope with these pressures. Finally, by comparing these European households with household patterns in the rest of Eurasia, this book puts the European Marriage Pattern into global perspective.
The Broader Picture
Authors: Luiten Jan 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter introduces the concept of female agency and sets up the framework for the rest of the book. The authors explain how age at marriage can be an indicator of the degree of power a woman has in a relationship, as well as her role in society. This chapter argues that the European Marriage Pattern (free choice of marriage partner) played a fundamental role in the economic development of Western Europe, leading to the Industrial Revolution and a higher standard of living. The authors explore the contemporary situation, presenting correlations between marriage age and composite measures of gender equality, as well as zooming out to the global level to discuss differences in how women have fared in terms of human capital formation, access to the capital market, and participation in the labor market.
The Patterns Behind Change
Authors: Luiten Jan 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter argues that the European Marriage Pattern (EMP) played a fundamental role in western Europe’s economic development. The EMP emerged in northwestern Europe in the late medieval period as a result of the Catholic Church’s promotion of marriage based on consensus, the rise of labor markets, and specific institutions concerning property transfers between generations that encouraged wage labor by women. This combination of factors resulted in a demographic regime embedded in a highly commercial environment, in which households interacted frequently with labor, capital, and commodity markets. The authors also discuss possible long-term consequences for human capital formation and institution building, which are elaborated upon in later chapters of the book.
The “Dark Side” of the EMP?
Authors: Luiten Jan 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter addresses several issues, with the aim of refining and reorienting the debate about the nuclear hardship hypothesis. Several indicators show that the primacy of the European nuclear household did not lead to more hardship; in fact, the evidence points in the contrary direction. Nor would it be fair to claim that this outcome is entirely due to top-down provisions, and in particular charity. The authors stress the institutional diversity of solutions for hardship, and focus on one particular group in society, the elderly. They demonstrate that the elderly had more “agency” than usually expected and that a combination of institutional arrangements, besides the top-down provisions, in which the elderly participated actively offered more resilience so as to deal with “hardship.”