bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Economic Impact of Spotted Wing Drosophila (Diptera: Drosophilidae) Yield Loss on Minnesota Raspberry Farms: A Grower Survey
Authors: DiGiacomo Gigi , Hadrich Joleen , Hutchison William D , Peterson Hikaru , Rogers Mary 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Minnesota was dubbed the ‘raspberry consumption capital of America’ in 2017 by wholesaler Driscoll’s, Inc. Local production of this high-demand fruit, however, is limited by the invasive pest, spotted wing Drosophila (Drosophila suzukii Matsumura, Diptera: Drosophilidae). Recent research to develop integrated pest management (IPM) programs for MN berry crops indicates that raspberry growers are particularly vulnerable to significant spotted wing Drosophila-related yield losses. Spotted wing Drosophila was detected in Minnesota in 2012 across 29 counties. This analysis explores the economic impact of raspberry yield losses associated with spotted wing Drosophila in Minnesota as part of a multifaceted research initiative. An electronic survey of 157 MN berry growers was conducted in November 2017. Eighty-two individual grower surveys were returned (52% response rate). The survey included questions about production acreage, marketing practices, spotted wing Drosophila-related yield losses and future production intentions. The results of the e-survey indicate that raspberry growers have borne the highest levels of infestation among MN fruit growers surveyed. Spotted wing Drosophila-related yield losses for raspberry growers ranged from 2 to 100% of planted acreage.The median yield loss for this group of growers was 20% in 2017. Applying the median yield loss to ex-ante production estimates, we conclude that MN growers lost approximately $2.36 million in raspberry sales during the 1 yr studied. Investing in spotted wing Drosophila control measures will help MN growers reduce some of these losses in the future.
Risk Factors for Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Kassem Hania , Jaar Bernard G. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) represents a significant public health burden worldwide and several risk factors have been identified over the years; these have been well-described in the medical literature. Common risk factors such as diabetes mellitus and hypertension will be described in other chapters. While this chapter will focus mainly on CKD risk factors observed in developed countries, several of these are also observed in developing countries. It is now well-established that some risk factors are modifiable while others are non-modifiable. In this chapter, we will explore several of these non-modifiable risk factors in more detail, such as age, gender, race, family history, and low birth weight. But we will also discuss some of the modifiable risk factors such as kidney stones, obstructive sleep apnea, smoking, drugs (excluding NSAIDs), diet, obesity, metabolic syndrome, and hyperuricemia. We will provide a balanced and up to date review of the evidence linking these risk factors with CKD.
Evaluation and Management of Acute Kidney Injury
Authors: Dass Bhagwan , Hahn William , Mohandas Rajesh 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is defined as a sudden or abrupt decrease in glomerular filtration rate. Preventing AKI requires an understanding of the pathophysiology of AKI and accurately identifying those at risk to enable close monitoring of high-risk patients, timely institution of preventative therapy, and early diagnosis and treatment to prevent complications. The risk of AKI depends on the extent and nature of injury as well as unique patient susceptibility factors. While promising, the utility of biomarkers to improve resource utilization or clinical outcomes remains to be proven. Preventive measures for AKI, including optimization of volume status and avoiding nephrotoxins, are recommended for all patients. The routine use of dopamine, natriuretic peptides, statins, or growth factors is not recommended. There is no role for prophylactic dialysis, and the optimal timing for initiation of renal replacement therapy remains controversial.
Environmental Toxins and the Kidney
Authors: King Joshua D. , Jaar Bernard G. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
While many compounds are known to be environmental and occupational nephrotoxins, it is often difficult to define the exact contribution of individual toxins to the development of kidney disease. This chapter discusses the relationship of environmental and occupational toxins to kidney diseases, explores the pathogenesis of nephrotoxicity of specific agents, stresses the importance of removal from the toxic agent(s), and describes considerations relevant to medical treatment of selected toxic exposures causative of kidney disease. A number of individual nephrotoxins such as heavy metals, silica compounds, herbal medications, and food additives are discussed in more detail, as is the epidemiology of chronic kidney disease and acute kidney injury due to environmental and occupational toxins. Options for treatment and controversies pertaining to the therapy of toxic agents causative of kidney disease are explored, particularly the role of chelation of heavy metals.
Diabetic Kidney Disease
Authors: He John Cijiang 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the most common cause of ESRD in USA as well as in the world. The incidence and the prevalence of DKD have been increasing regardless of current intervention. The pathology of DKD is characterized by accumulation of extracellular matrix in GBM and mesangial area. The pathogenesis of DKD is multi-factorial including genetic, metabolic, and hemodynamic changes, which lead to activation of oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis pathways in the diabetic kidney. Clinically, patients with DKD presents with glomerular hyperfiltration at early stage, then microalbuminuria, macroalbuminuria, and ESRD. However, the disease progression varies greatly among individual patients. Treatment of DKD is limited to hyperglycemic and blood pressure control and use of RAS blockade. Several new drugs such as SGLT2 inhibitors have been on phase 3 clinical trials but research is required to develop more effective drugs to treat DKD.
Cardiovascular Protection in Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Waks Jonathan W. , Parekh Rulan S. , Tereshchenko Larisa G. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects over 15% of the US population, and over 650,000 people have end-stage renal disease requiring dialysis. Persons with CKD have an increased prevalence of all forms of cardiovascular disease, including coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, congestive heart failure, and sudden cardiac death. CKD itself is also an independent risk factor for developing all forms of cardiovascular disease. The diagnosis of cardiovascular disease in persons with CKD presents unique difficulties, and many standard therapies for reducing cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, such as statins, also tend to be less successful in patients with severe CKD. This chapter will provide an overview of the epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in patients with CKD and will discuss strategies to diagnose cardiovascular disease and to reduce cardiovascular risk, morbidity, and mortality in this high-risk population.
The Kidney in Patients with Cancer
Authors: Gumber Ramnika , Sethi Akash , Hogan Jonathan J. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Patients with cancer are at risk for acute and chronic renal injury. The insult could be from the malignancy directly or a paraneoplastic process or due to treatment. In addition, cancer and its treatments can also lead to electrolyte and acid-base disorders, as well as hypertension. Monitoring kidney function in patients with cancer is important for early detection and management of these complications. This is also important for patients on newer cancer treatments whose renal effects may not be well known. In patients for whom nephrotoxicity is anticipated, specific precautions can be taken for its prevention. This chapter discusses direct tumor involvement of the kidney and treatment-associated kidney disease and closes by examining tumor lysis syndrome and kidney disease after hematopoietic cell transplantation.
Hepatitis-Associated Glomerulonephritis
Authors: Belliere Julie , Faguer Stanislas , Kamar Nassim 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Viral hepatitis can be associated with extrahepatic manifestations, including kidney injury, mainly glomerulonephritis (GN). The physiopathology of GN is of particular interest because some immune responses, triggered by viral infections, can harm the glomerulus, either via deposition of immune complexes, auto-immune phenomena, or through cytopathogenic effects. This chapter describes the epidemiology of hepatitis A-, B-, C-, and E-associated GN; the clinical and biological presentations; the histological patterns; and management regimens. Few cases of hepatitis A- or hepatitis E-associated GN have been reported. Cryoglobulinemic membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis is the most common type of GN diagnosed in patients infected by the hepatitis C virus. Patients infected by hepatitis B mainly develop membranous nephritis. Viral clearance using antiviral therapies, when available, is necessary to improve kidney outcomes.
Cardiac Surgery and the Kidney
Authors: Mazzone Annette L. , Gleadle Jonathan M. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Kidney injury is a frequent and serious complication following cardiac surgery with significant short-term and long-term morbidity. Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), utilized during cardiac surgery, is known to contribute to the development of kidney injury, and the perioperative period provides a unique opportunity for testing renoprotective interventions due to the known timing and similarity of the renal insult. In this chapter preoperative risk factors, surgical, anesthetic, and CPB-related factors that may impact on kidney injury are discussed, with a focus on preoperative and perioperative protective therapies. Therapies discussed include preoperative and perioperative administration of pharmacological agents and intraoperative interventions to reduce the risk of kidney injury post cardiac surgery. Unfortunately, there is a paucity of interventions that definitely protect the kidney from injury during cardiac surgery.
Infections and inflammatory conditions
Authors: Reynard John , Brewster Simon F , Biers Suzanne , Neal Naomi Laura 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter covers all topics relating to genitourinary tract infections, including basic science and relevant microbiology. The commonest clinical problem of urinary tract infection (UTI) or cystitis is covered in depth, including investigation and management of recurrent UTI. The role of antibiotics both for treatment of active UTI and as prophylaxis is reviewed, along with alternative preventative therapies such methenamine and intravesical drugs. Common acute and chronic infections such as pyelonephritis, prostatitis, and epididymitis, and acute urological emergencies including urosepsis, urethral abscess, sepsis, and Fournier’s gangrene are described. Important chronic conditions including bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis, ketamine bladder, phimosis, and inflammatory conditions of the penis are explained. Less common, but important, exam topics such as tuberculosis and parasite infections (schistosomiasis) of the urinary tract are covered, along with their adverse sequelae. The chapter also explores the essential and highly topical subjects of`antibiotic stewardship and the emergence of antibiotic-resistant organisms.
Stone disease
Authors: Reynard John , Brewster Simon F , Biers Suzanne , Neal Naomi Laura 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Significant changes in the acute medical management updates of ureteric stones have occurred since the last edition, following publication in 2015 of the large randomized controlled trial SUSPEND from the UK which suggests that medical expulsive therapy (MET) may not be of any benefit for ureteric stones. Other than this, renal and ureteric stone management remains essentially unchanged.
Neuropathic bladder
Authors: Reynard John , Brewster Simon F , Biers Suzanne , Neal Naomi Laura 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter reviews the management of the various urological problems that individuals with neurological disorders (spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, spina bifida, after stroke) may experience, from incontinence, recurrent urinary tract infections, and hydronephrosis. Management of the neuropathic bladder remains much as it was at the time of the third edition of this handbook.
Cardiac Defects
Authors: Clark Robin D. , Curry Cynthia J. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter reviews background information about the incidence, risk factors, genetics, family history, recurrence risk, and epidemiology of isolated and syndromic congenital cardiac anomalies, including septal defects, patent ductus, conotruncal defects, left ventricular outflow tracto obstruction, and congenital intracardiac tumors. The discussion on the differential diagnosis of various types of cardiac anomalies summarizes common causes, including teratogenic agents (pregestational diabetes, maternal phenylketonuria), chromosome anomalies (aneuploidy, recurrent microdeletions, and other copy number variants), and Mendelian disorders associated with multiple congenital anomalies. The chapter gives recommendations for evaluation and management. A clinical case presentation features an infant with a rhabdomyoma caused by tuberous sclerosis.
Cleft Palate
Authors: Clark Robin D. , Curry Cynthia J. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter reviews background information about the incidence, risk factors, family history, sex ratio, genetics, recurrence risk, and epidemiology of isolated and syndromic cleft palate. Microforms of cleft palate including bifid uvula, submucous cleft palate, and nasal regurgitation are described. The discussion on the differential diagnosis of cleft palate summarizes its common causes, including teratogenic agents (alcohol, maternal diabetes, valproic acid), chromosome anomalies, and Mendelian disorders associated with malformations in other organ systems. The chapter provides recommendations for evaluation and management. A clinical case presentation features an infant with micrognathia, a cleft of the soft palate, and a retropositioned tongue and respiratory distress due to Pierre–Robin sequence.
Perinatal Arterial Stroke
Authors: Clark Robin D. , Curry Cynthia J. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter reviews the incidence, risk factors, genetics, recurrence risk, and epidemiology of perinatal arterial stroke (PAS). This type of stroke is distinct from later stroke in the pediatric age group. This disorder is the most common cause of hemiplegic cerebral palsy and the frequency has remained stable despite advances in fetal monitoring and liberal use of cCesarean section. Fetal and maternal risk factors include post-dates, large and small fetal size, chorioamnionitis, and a prolonged second stage of labor. Neonatal seizures are the most common presenting sign in term newborns. The role of thrombophilic factors in causation is controversial. COL4A1 and COL4A2 variants may mimic PAS and testing for this cause should be considered. Follow up of PAS needs to be long term as neurologic and ophthalmologic sequelae can be delayed. The clinical case features a large for gestational age, macrocephalic infant with a perinatal arterial stroke.
Classical Architecture in Renaissance and Early Modern Europe
Authors: Stenhouse William 
Published: February 2019

The early modern period (here defined as 1400–1600 ce) holds a fundamental position in the reception of classical architecture. It was in this period, for the first time since Antiquity, that architects studied classical buildings in order to assimilate ancient building techniques. It was also in this period that humanist philologists edited, translated, and commented on the text of the Roman architectural writer Vitruvius, providing scholars and architects with an example of a theoretical treatise on building. Connected with these two developments, it is in early modern period that we can first identify efforts to graphically record evidence of ancient buildings’ appearance. These endeavors are part of what we know as the European Renaissance, the wider cultural movement dedicated to the understanding and emulation of classical Antiquity. It is important to note that this was usually a practical endeavor: humanist scholars studied Antiquity in order not simply to replicate its achievements, but to adapt them to the needs of the present. It is therefore vital to contextualize the records that we have for the reception of classical architecture: plans of buildings from the period should not be seen as analogous to archaeological surveys, but representations made for particular ends; ancient buildings were reproduced in print for the first time in the Renaissance, but the requirements of the new medium, as well as the audience for new books, shaped how they appeared. This bibliography aims to provide the tools to allow that contextualization. There is no general guide to these developments. Archaeologists who have looked at this period have usually examined individual buildings and sites, placing early modern developments in a wider context. For historians of architecture, the Renaissance has long been a well-studied field, in which responses to classical architecture are a defining (if not the defining) feature, though the surveys of Renaissance architecture they have produced have tended, understandably, to concentrate on buildings made in response to the antique. Rome was the main site where Renaissance scholars and architects went to study ancient buildings, and as a result most modern scholarship has focused on responses to buildings in the city, although there are valuable contributions on southern France. Renaissance scholars read about Greek buildings in Roman writers, and puzzled over Greek terms, but few traveled to the eastern Mediterranean; an important exception is Ciriaco d’Ancona, in the first half of the 15th century.
Philippa Foot
Authors: Mylonaki Evgenia 
Published: February 2019

Philippa Foot (b. 1920–d. 2010) is one of the leading philosophers of 20th-century analytic philosophy. Her two collections of essays and her one monograph include important contributions to debates concerning the objectivity of morality, the meaning of moral terms, the logical status of moral judgments, the nature of practical rationality, the place of human action and reason in nature, the limitations of consequentialism, the rationality of justice and morality, the connection between virtue and happiness, the relation between reasons and desires, the character and the pervasiveness of moral dilemmas, the threat of immoralism, etc. But the contribution of her work extends past these interventions in discussions that were already underway. Foot’s thought was part of what reoriented the focus of analytic philosophy from a partial view of morality as a system of rules concerning the relation between individuals and between individuals and society to a wider view of the human good as what it is to be good at being at work in being human. Her contribution to this shift in analytic philosophy was often overlooked (hence the scarce exegetic literature on her work) or misunderstood. When it was misunderstood, her thought contributed to the rise of the virtue-ethics alternative to the utilitarian and deontological normative ethical theories. But when it was properly appreciated, it contributed to the emergence of neo-Aristotelianism in practical philosophy in general (life, action, rationality, normativity, etc.). The substance of Foot’s philosophy is Aristotelian: her exploration of the human good through the lenses of the virtues, her conception of the human virtues as forms of goodness which don’t depart logically from forms of goodness in plant and animal life, and her account of practical rationality as the cognitive element of the virtues. The spirit in which she does philosophy is Wittgensteinian: her treatment of moral subjectivism by constantly bringing attention back to the grammar of moral concepts, as well as the construal of her positive view concerning the human good in terms of the nature of the representation of that good; especially in her later work. Given her wide-ranging contribution to philosophy, it is a shame that Philippa Foot is largely known for thought experiments such as the Trolley Problem. Luckily, excellent recent systematic and exegetic philosophy on her work is promising to correct this unfortunate circumstance.
Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Authors: Kamra Sukeshi 
Published: February 2019

Bal Gangadhar Tilak (b. 1856–d. 1920) has been one of the Indian freedom movement’s more contentious leaders. Debates then as now have focused on questions about his brand of Hinduism, his views on violence and its relationship with history, and his involvement in the nationalist movement and the politics of identity. Questions asked are: Was he a Hindu revivalist and an anti-Muslim Hindu, or was he misinterpreted patriotic nationalist? Was he an orthodox Hindu, antisocial and antigender reform, or was he against the legislating of reform by the colonial government? Was he supportive of revolutionary violence or a pragmatist looking to historical circumstance for explanations for the presence of violence in colonial India? How do we write him into the history of the nationalist movement, as originator of a program of action that later proved powerful (boycott, swadeshi, national education, passive resistance), as a divisive figure, or both? Tilak’s many speeches and editorial articles in papers started by him for the political education of the public (the Marathi language Kesari, and the English language Mahratta, both established in 1881) have been scrutinized and argued over by both sides of the divide. Tilak is associated most, in public memory, with his famously defiant statement “Swaraj is my birthright and I shall have it,” and he is generally considered to be the first to realize the importance of a mass resistance movement. In his time, that is, he was lionized for his defiance of the colonial law on sedition both inside the courtroom and outside, starting in 1897, the year in which he was first charged with sedition. Poetry, songs, posters, drama, and essays transformed him into a nationalist icon in the world of popular nationalism. Tilak was written about much in his own time and in the decades following independence, when nationalist historiography emerged as a genre. The first contemporaneous works to be written on him were biographies, hagiographies, poetry, essays, and song lyrics, all intended to inspire and politicize the colonized. In the decades since India gained its independence, Tilak’s role in the freedom movement, his views on social reform and ideological platform, as these played out in the political arena of nationalist India, have dominated historiography, in no small part due to the Hindu right’s appropriation of Tilak for their version of nationalist historiography. Much of the Hindu right’s revisionary history is in Marathi, the language in which Tilak wrote extensively and in which Tilak scholarship features prominently, but Marathi scholarship is not represented in this entry. Finally, it is worth noting that Tilak’s research and writing of Hindu cultural pasts has not attracted nearly as much attention in English language scholarship as have his political and social views except as it has a bearing on his politics.