bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neural Responses in Dorsal Prefrontal Cortex Reflect Proactive Interference during an Auditory Reversal Task
Authors: Francis Nikolas A. , Radtke-Schuller Susanne , Fritz Jonathan B. , Shamma Shihab A. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractTask-related plasticity in the brain is triggered by changes in the behavioral meaning of sounds. We investigated plasticity in ferret dorsolateral frontal cortex (dlFC) during an auditory reversal task to study the neural correlates of proactive interference, i.e., perseveration of previously learned behavioral meanings that are no longer task-appropriate. Although the animals learned the task, target recognition decreased after reversals, indicating proactive interference. Frontal cortex responsiveness was consistent with previous findings that dlFC encodes the behavioral meaning of sounds. However, the neural responses observed here were more complex. For example, target responses were strongly enhanced, while responses to non-target tones and noises were weakly enhanced and strongly suppressed, respectively. Moreover, dlFC responsiveness reflected the proactive interference observed in behavior: target responses decreased after reversals, most significantly during incorrect behavioral responses. These findings suggest that the weak representation of behavioral meaning in dlFC may be a neural correlate of proactive interference.Significance StatementNeural activity in prefrontal cortex (PFC) is believed to enable cognitive flexibility during sensory-guided behavior. Since PFC encodes the behavioral meaning of sensory events, we hypothesized that weak representation of behavioral meaning in PFC may limit cognitive flexibility. To test this hypothesis, we recorded neural activity in ferret PFC, while ferrets performed an auditory reversal task in which the behavioral meanings of sounds were reversed during experiments. The reversal task enabled us study PFC responses during proactive interference, i.e. perseveration of previously learned behavioral meanings that are no longer task-appropriate. We found that task performance errors increased after reversals while PFC representation of behavioral meaning diminished. Our findings suggest that proactive interference may occur when PFC forms weak sensory-cognitive associations.
Career Choice, Gender, and Mentor Impact: Results of the U.S. National Postdoc Survey
Authors: McConnell Sean C. , Westerman Erica L. , Pierre Joseph F. , Heckler Erin J. , Schwartz Nancy B. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe postdoctoral community is an essential component of the academic and scientific workforce. As economic and political pressures impacting these enterprises continue to change, the postdoc experience has evolved from short, focused periods of training into often multidisciplinary, extended positions with less clear outcomes. As efforts are underway to amend U.S. federally funded research policies, the paucity of postdoc data has made evaluating the impact of policy recommendations challenging. Here we present comprehensive survey results from over 7,600 postdocs based at 351 academic and non-academic U.S. institutions in 2016. In addition to demographic and salary information, we present multivariate analyses on the factors that influence postdoc career plans and mentorship satisfaction in this population. We further analyze gender dynamics and expose wage disparities and career choice differences. Academic research positions remain the predominant career choice of postdocs in the U.S., although unequally between postdocs based on gender and residency status. Receiving mentorship training during the postdoctoral period has a large, positive effect on postdoc mentorship satisfaction. Strikingly, the quality of and satisfaction with postdoc mentorship appears to also heavily influence career choice. The data presented here are the most comprehensive data on the U.S. postdoc population to date. These results provide an evidence basis for informing government and institutional policies, and establish a critical cornerstone for quantifying the effects of future legislation aimed at the academic and scientific workforce.
A somatic evolutionary model of the dynamics of aneuploid cells during hematopoietic reconstitution
Authors: Rozhok Andrii I. , Silberman Rebecca E. , Amon Angelika , DeGregori James 
Published: June 2018

AbstractAneuploidy is associated with many cancers. Recent studies demonstrate that in thehematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) compartment aneuploid cells havereduced fitness and are efficiently purged from the bone marrow. However, early phasesof hematopoietic reconstitution following bone marrow transplantation provide awindow of opportunity whereby aneuploid cells rise in frequency, only to decline to basallevels thereafter. Here we demonstrate by Monte Carlo modeling that two mechanismscould underlie this aneuploidy peak: rapid expansion of the engrafted HSPC populationand bone marrow microenvironment degradation caused by pre-transplantationradiation treatment. Both mechanisms reduce the strength of purifying selection actingin early post-transplantation bone marrow. We explore the contribution of other factorssuch as alterations in cell division rates that affect the strength of purifying selection, thebalance of drift and selection imposed by the HSPC population size, and the mutationselectionbalance dependent on the rate of aneuploidy generation per cell division. Wepropose a somatic evolutionary model for the dynamics of cells with aneuploidy or otherfitness-reducing mutations during hematopoietic reconstitution following bone marrowtransplantation.SignificanceBone marrow transplantations (BMT) following ablative irradiation pose a great health risk. It’s been shown that additionally the bone microenvironment is conducive to elevated frequencies of aneuploid cells in mice during bone marrow reconstitution post-BMT. As aneuploidy is linked with many cancers, we explore the reasons of such aberrant cell frequency peaks by Monte Carlo modeling. We demonstrate that elevated rates of aneuploidy early post-BMT are likely to be caused by reduced purifying somatic selection resulting from the expansion of the reconstituting population and the damage to stem cell niches caused by ablative radiation
Susceptibility of European freshwater fish to climate change: species profiling based on life-history and environmental characteristics
Authors: Jarić Ivan , Lennox Robert J. , Kalinkat Gregor , Cvijanović Gorčin , Radinger Johannes 
Published: June 2018

AbstractClimate change is expected to strongly affect freshwater fish communities. Combined with other anthropogenic impacts, the impacts will alter species distributions and contribute to population declines and local extinctions. To provide timely management and conservation of fishes, it is relevant to identify species that will be most impacted by climate change and those that will be resilient. Species traits are considered a promising source of information on characteristics that influence resilience to various environmental conditions and impacts. We collated life history traits and climatic niches of 443 European freshwater fish species and compared those identified as susceptible to climate change to those that are considered to be resilient. Significant differences were observed between the two groups in their distribution, life-history and climatic niches, with climate-change susceptible species being distributed more southwardly within Europe, and being characterized by higher threat levels, lower commercial relevance, lower vulnerability to fishing, smaller body size and warmer thermal envelopes. We establish a list of species revealed to be of highest priority for further research and monitoring regarding climate change susceptibility within Europe. The presented approach represents a promising tool, to quickly assess large groups of species regarding their susceptibility to climate change and other threats, and to identify research and management priorities.
Comparative genomics analyses indicate differential methylated amine utilisation trait within members of the genusGemmobacter
Authors: Kröber E. , Peixoto J , Cunningham MR , Spurgin L. , Wischer D , Kruger R , Kumaresan D. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractMethylated amines are ubiquitous in the environment and play a role in regulating the earth’s climate via a set of complex biological and chemical reactions. Microbial degradation of these compounds is thought to be a major sink. Recently we isolated a facultative methylotroph,Gemmobactersp. LW-1, an isolate from the unique environment Movile Cave, Romania, which is capable of methylated amine utilisation as a carbon source. Here, using a comparative genomics approach, we investigate how widespread methylated amine utilisation trait is within the member of the bacterial genusGemmobacter. Five genomes of differentGemmobacterspecies isolated from diverse environments, such as activated sludge, fresh water, sulphuric cave waters (Movile Cave) and the marine environment were available from the public repositories and used for the analysis. Our results indicate that some members of the genusGemmobacter, namelyG. aquatilis, G. caeniandG. sp. LW-1 have the genetic potential of methylated amine utilisation while others (G. megateriumandG. nectariphilus) have not.
Gut segments outweigh the diet in shaping the intestinal microbiome composition in grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idellus
Authors: Feng Wenwen , Zhang Jing , Jakovlić Ivan , Xiong Fan , Wu Shangong , Zou Hong , Li Wenxiang , Li Ming , Wang Guitang 
Published: June 2018

ABSTRACTAlthough dynamics of the complex microbial ecosystem populating the gastrointestinal tract of animals has profound and multifaceted impacts on host’s metabolism and health, it remains unclear whether it is the intrinsic or extrinsic factors that play a more dominant role in mediating variations in the composition of intestinal microbiota. To address this, two strikingly different diets were studied: a high-protein, low-fiber formula feed (FF), and low-protein, high-fiber Sudan grass (SG). After a 16-week feeding trial on a herbivorous fish, grass carp, microbial profiles of midgut (M) and hindgut (H) segments of both groups were compared. Bacteroidetes were more abundant in the hindgut (T=-7.246, p<0.001), and Proteobacteria in the midgut (T=4.383, p<0.001). Fusobacteria were more abundant in the FF group (compared to the SG group, T=2.927, p<0.001). Bacterial composition was different (p<0.05) between the midguts of formula feed (M-FF) and Sudan grass (M-SG) groups, but not between the hindguts of two groups (H-FF and H-SG; p=0.269). PerMANOVA and VPA indicated that the gut segment contributed 19.8% (p<0.001) and 28% (p<0.001) of the variation of microbial communities, whereas diet contributed only 8.0% (p<0.001) and 14% (p<0.001), respectively. Overall, results suggest that intestinal compartments are a stronger determinant than diet in shaping the intestinal microbiota. Specifically, whereas diet has a strong impact on the microbiome composition in proximal gut compartments, this impact is much less pronounced distally, which is likely to be a reflection of a limited ability of some microbial taxa to thrive in the anoxic environment in distal segments.IMPORTANCEThe impact of compositional dynamics of gut microbiota on host’s metabolism and health is so profound that the traditional idea of biological individual is increasingly replaced with "holobiont", comprising both the host and its microbiome. Composition of gut microbiota is strongly influenced by extrinsic (such as diet) and intrinsic (such as gut compartment) factors. Despite ample scientific attention both of these factors have received individually, their relative contributions in mediating the dynamics of the microbiome remain unknown. Given the importance of this issue, we set out to disentangle their individual contributions in a herbivorous fish, grass carp. We found that intestinal compartments are a stronger determinant than diet in shaping the intestinal microbiota. Whereas the impact of diet is strongly pronounced in proximal gut compartments, it appears that limited ability of some microbial taxa to thrive in the anoxic environment in distal segments strongly reduces the impact of diet distally.
Ras inhibition by trametinib treatment in Drosophila attenuates gut pathology in females and extends lifespan in both sexes
Authors: Regan Jennifer C , Lu Yu-Xuan , Bolukbasi Ekin , Khericha Mobina , Partridge Linda 
Published: June 2018

AbstractFemales of most species live longer than do males. Furthermore, lifespan-extending
interventions in laboratory model organisms are often more effective in females (Regan and Partridge 2013). For instance, genetic and pharmacological suppression of activity of the insulin/insulin-like signalling - target of rapamycin (IIS-TOR) network generally extends female lifespan more than that of males in both Drosophila and mice (Clancy et al. 2001; Selman et al. 2009). We previously showed that attenuation of Ras-dependent IIS signalling by treatment with the FDA-approved MEK inhibitor, trametinib extends lifespan in females (Slack et al. 2015). Here, we demonstrate that trametinib treatment has beneficial effects on female-specific, age-related gut pathologies, similar to those obtained through dietary restriction (Regan et al. 2016). Importantly, we identify Ras inhibition as an effective lifespan-extending manipulation in males as well as females, pointing to parallel mechanisms of lifespan extension by trametinib in both sexes.
SPHIRE-crYOLO: A fast and accurate fully automated particle picker for cryo-EM
Authors: Wagner Thorsten , Merino Felipe , Stabrin Markus , Moriya Toshio , Antoni Claudia , Apelbaum Amir , Hagel Philine , Sitsel Oleg , Raisch Tobias , Prumbaum Daniel , Quentin Dennis , Roderer Daniel , Tacke Sebastian , Siebolds Birte , Schubert Evelyn , Shaikh Tanvir R. , Lill Pascal , Gatsogiannis Christos , Raunser Stefan 
Published: June 2018

AbstractSelecting particles from digital micrographs is an essential step in single particle electron cryomicroscopy (cryo-EM). Since manual selection of complete datasets typically comprising many thousands of particles is a tedious and time-consuming process, many automatic particle pickers have been developed in the past few decades. However, non-ideal datasets pose a challenge to particle picking. Here, we present a novel automated particle picking software called crYOLO, which is based on the deep learning object detection system “You Only Look Once” (YOLO). After training the network with 500 – 2,500 particles per dataset, it automatically recognizes particles with high recall and precision reaching a speed of up to five micrographs per second. Importantly, we demonstrate a powerful general network trained on more than 40 datasets to select previously unseen datasets, thus paving the way for completely automated “on-the-fly” cryo-EM data pre-processing during data acquisition. CrYOLO is available as a standalone program underhttp://sphire.mpg.de/and will be part of the image processing workflow in SPHIRE.
Big data for big pharma
Authors: Festa Giuseppe , Safraou Imen , Cuomo Maria Teresa , Solima Ludovico 
Published: June 2018

Purpose
Big pharma, which comprise the most important companies in the pharmaceutical sector, are ambidextrous organizations by nature. Big data can heavily influence this characteristic by simultaneously requiring adequate business process management. In fact, the impact of big data on business process management can assist big pharma in increasing process efficiency (which is related to the research and development pipeline) and process efficacy (related to product portfolio management). The purpose of this paper is to investigate this possibility and opportunity.

Design/methodology/approach
In the absence of specific scientific studies, as indicated by a review of the existing literature, the authors have adopted a grounded theory approach. This research has observed multiple cases (the 15 most important big pharma companies worldwide) through an electronic survey conducted on secondary data. The study has allowed the generation of a theoretical framework based on the (direct) relationship between knowledge process standardization (as the dependent variable) and big data (as the independent variable) in organizations oriented toward ambidexterity, such as big pharma in the specific scope of this research.

Findings
As big data utilization becomes widespread along the pipeline (or even along the value chain/supply chain), business process management increasingly uses (or tends to use) standardization, adopting process standardization as the main coordination mechanism to manage big knowledge. This theory is even more true when considering the moderating role of ambidexterity. An enterprise oriented toward structural ambidexterity (such as big pharma) that uses big data will require increased process standardization to manage big knowledge. Alternatively, an enterprise oriented toward contextual ambidexterity that uses big data will require increased output standardization.

Originality/value
Based on an analytical literature review, no research to date has focused strict attention on the influence that big data can have on business process management to improve the natural ambidexterity of big pharma. The main unique feature of this research relies on this point. The main value of the research originates from the theoretical framework reconstructed by grounded theory, which constitutes a powerful strategic tool to support executives and managers of big pharma in organizing business process management for their ambidextrous organizations using big data.
Speed of adjustment over entry and exit dynamics
Authors: Outla Adil , Hamzaoui Moustapha 
Published: June 2018

PurposeThis paper aims to provide a theoretical conception that establishes growth rate dynamics for co-operatives and studies Moroccan co-operatives’ start-ups and closures, by analyzing the co-operatives’ growth rate speed of adjustment (SOA).Design/methodology/approachThis paper documents the basic patterns of entry and exit flow for agricultural, artisanal, housing and fishery co-operatives; highlights, with econometric tests, whether co-operatives’ growth rate is mean reverting or a unit root random walk; and estimates the growth rate adjustment speed, using a quadratic interval reverting model to capture both the upward and downward speeds of adjustment.FindingsThe empirical results indicate that co-operatives’ growth rate is significantly mean reverting for all sectors. Also, it concludes that the upward and downward adjustment speeds are significantly different within and between sectors, with negative indicator for artisanal co-operatives. The paper discusses these results, which are of interest to academics and policymakers.Research limitations/implicationsThe study does not investigate the causes of the growth rate SOA. Further, in-depth work with the results of this study would help scholars and policymakers to get close to the accurate research questions that characterize the mean reverting and affects the adjustment processes for Moroccan co-operatives.Practical implicationsThe suggested model – with upward and downward adjustment speeds– could be valuable for policymakers’ strategies on co-operatives’ emergence.Social implicationsThe paper moves policymakers closer to social work and socio-economic trends to explain the empirical regularities of co-operatives’ dynamics. The model could be of value to avoid a volatile rate of entries and exits, to ensure continuity, to avoid fast failure of co-operative memberships and then to achieve the social inclusion.Originality/valueThe paper provides empirical evidence and results for co-operatives’ start-ups and closures adjustment speed and determines the conditions in which government policy must be clarified and specified. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this paper is the first empirical analysis for the co-operatives’ SOA over entry and exit dynamics.
Recruitment messaging, environmental fit and public service motivation
Authors: Asseburg Julia , Homberg Fabian , Vogel Rick 
Published: June 2018

PurposePublic organisations face increasing challenges to attract young and highly qualified staff. Previous studies have shown that public service motivation (PSM) is associated with a higher propensity to apply for public sector jobs, but the implications from these findings for the design of the recruitment process are still unclear. The purpose of this paper is to investigate how differently framed recruitment messages (i.e. inspirational and rational) affect perceptions of person-job (PJ) and person-organisation (PO) fit, how these associations are moderated by PSM and how they translate into application intentions.Design/methodology/approachThe authors conducted a survey experiment and tested the hypotheses in a sample of 600 students in Germany. The experimental stimuli were hypothetical job advertisements in which inspirational and rational messages on organisational missions and job tasks were varied.FindingsResults show that recruitment messaging, as mediated by perceived PJ and PO fit, can increase application intentions depending on the framing of the messages. Inspirational framings are more effective in attracting personnel than rational framings, especially when such messages convey specific and extensive information about job tasks. The extent to which recruitment messages translate into perceptions of fit depends, in part, on the level of the applicant’s PSM.Originality/valueBy focusing on recruitment messages and their framings, this study is among the few that explore how human resource management can capitalise on previous findings of research on PSM. The findings have implications for the selection and presentation of information on organisational missions and job tasks in the recruitment process. In a more theoretical vein, results contribute to the emerging consensus on the role of perceived PJ and PO fit in the attraction to public sector jobs. The authors deepen this reasoning by introducing self-discrepancy theory to the field of public management.