bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Women's experiences in early physical anthropology
Authors: Wilson Emily K. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractAt the establishment of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists in 1930, women comprised 2.4% of the total membership, and 9.7% a decade later. By 2014 ~70% of members were women. Despite these numbers, there are continued gender disparities within the discipline. While there is considerable interest in promoting equity, there is little documentation of the historical experiences of female anthropologists. This article introduces the women active in the discipline during the first decade of the Association, compiles descriptions of their experiences related to their treatment based on gender, and examines these historical perspectives in conjunction with documented trends of continuing gender disparities. A pattern is evident for these early anthropologists of receiving personal and financial discouragement during their education; experiencing discrimination in hiring, promotion, and pay; studying women and children as entrée into professional work; working within the federal government or military; leaving anthropology early in their careers; having their work credited to their male colleagues; experiencing additional limitations if they married; and outwardly downplaying their own experiences of sexism. This pattern is echoed in the experiences of female anthropologists today.
Understanding Hydrogen Bonding Interactions in Crosslinked Methylammonium Lead Iodide Crystals: Towards Reducing Moisture and Light Degradation Pathways
Authors: Nimens Wendy J. , Lefave Sarah J. , Flannery Laura , Ogle Jonathan , Smilgies Detlef‐M. , Kieber‐Emmons Matthew T. , Whittaker‐Brooks Luisa 
Published: August 2019

AbstractMethylammonium lead halide perovskite‐based solar cells have demonstrated efficiencies as high as 24.2 %, highlighting their potential as inexpensive and solution‐processable alternatives to silicon solar cell technologies. Poor stability towards moisture, ultraviolet irradiation, heat, and a bias voltage of the perovskite layer and its various device interfaces limits the commercial feasibility of this material for outdoor applications. Herein, we investigate the role of hydrogen bonding interactions induced when metal halide perovskite crystals are crosslinked with alkyl or π‐conjugated boronic acid small molecules (‐B(OH)2). The crosslinked perovskite crystals are investigated under continuous light irradiation and moisture exposure. These studies demonstrate that the origin of the interaction between the alkyl or π‐conjugated crosslinking molecules is due to hydrogen bonding between the ‐B(OH)2 terminal group of the crosslinker and the I of the [PbI6]4− octahedra of the perovskite layer. Also, this interaction influences the stability of the perovskite layer towards moisture and ultraviolet light irradiation. Morphology and structural analyses, as well as IR studies as a function of aging under both dark and light conditions show that π‐conjugated boronic acid molecules are more effective crosslinkers of the perovskite crystals than their alkyl counterparts thus imparting better stability towards light and moisture degradation.
Directed Gas‐Phase Synthesis of Triafulvene under Single‐Collision Conditions
Authors: Thomas Aaron M. , Zhao Long , He Chao , Galimova Galiya R. , Mebel Alexander M. , Kaiser Ralf I. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe triafulvene molecule (c‐C4H4)—the simplest representative of the fulvene family—has been synthesized for the first time in the gas phase through the reaction of the methylidyne radical (CH) with methylacetylene (CH3CCH) and allene (H2CCCH2) under single‐collision conditions. The experimental and computational data suggest triafulvene is formed by the barrierless cycloaddition of the methylidyne radical to the π‐electron density of either C3H4 isomer followed by unimolecular decomposition through elimination of atomic hydrogen from the CH3 or CH2 groups of the reactants. The dipole moment of triafulvene of 1.90 D suggests that this molecule could represent a critical tracer of microwave‐inactive allene in cold molecular clouds, thus defining constraints on the largely elusive hydrocarbon chemistry in low‐temperature interstellar environments, such as that of the Taurus Molecular Cloud 1 (TMC‐1).
Brønsted Base Catalyzed One‐Pot Synthesis of Stereodefined Six‐Member Carbocycles Featuring Transient Trienolates and a Key Intramolecular 1,6‐Addition
Authors: Olaizola Olatz , Iriarte Igor , Zanella Giovanna , Gómez‐Bengoa Enrique , Ganboa Iñaki , Oiarbide Mikel , Palomo Claudio 
Published: August 2019

AbstractA catalyst‐driven one‐pot reaction sequence is developed for the enantio‐ and diastereoselective synthesis of tetrasubstituted cyclohexenes from simple unsaturated ketones or thioesters. The method involves a tertiary amine/squaramide‐catalyzed α‐selective addition of transiently generated trienolates to nitroolefins, subsequent base‐catalyzed double bond isomerization, and an intramolecular (vinylogous) 1,6‐addition reaction, a rare key carbocyclization step that proceeded with essentially perfect stereocontrol.
Reducing Detrimental Defects for High‐Performance Metal Halide Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Ono Luis K. , Liu Shengzhong (Frank) , Qi Yabing 
Published: August 2019

AbstractIn several photovoltaic (PV) technologies, the presence of electronic defects within the semiconductor band gap limit the efficiency, reproducibility, as well as lifetime. Metal halide perovskites (MHPs) have drawn great attention because of their excellent photovoltaic properties that can be achieved even without a very strict film‐growth control processing. Much has been done theoretically in describing the different point defects in MHPs. Herein, we discuss the experimental challenges in thoroughly characterizing the defects in MHPs such as, experimental assignment of the type of defects, defects densities, and the energy positions within the band gap induced by these defects. The second topic of this Review is passivation strategies. Based on a literature survey, the different types of defects that are important to consider and need to be minimized are examined. A complete fundamental understanding of defect nature in MHPs is needed to further improve their optoelectronic functionalities.
Systematically Tuning the Electronic Structure of Gold Nanoclusters through Ligand Derivatization
Authors: Cirri Anthony , Morales Hernández Hanna , Kmiotek Christina , Johnson Christopher J. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractWhile the ability to crystallize metal nanoclusters has revealed their geometric structure, the lack of a similarly precise measure of their electronic structure has hampered the development of synthetic design rules to precisely engineer their electronic properties. We track the evolution of highly‐resolved electronic absorption spectra of gold nanoclusters with precisely mass‐selected chemical composition in a controlled environment. Simple derivatization of the ligands yields larger spectral changes than varying the overall atomic composition of the cluster for two clusters with similar symmetry and size. The nominally metal‐localized HOMO–LUMO transition of these nanoclusters lowers in energy linearly with increasing electron donation from the exterior of the ligand shell for both cluster sizes. Very weak surface interactions, such as binding of He or N2, yield significant state‐dependent shifts, identifying states with significant interfacial character. These observations demonstrate a pathway for deliberate tuning of interfacial chemistry for chemical and technological applications.
Three‐dimensional bioprinting human cardiac tissue chips of using a painting needle method
Authors: Chikae Shohei , Kubota Akifumi , Nakamura Haruka , Oda Atsushi , Yamanaka Akihiro , Akagi Takami , Akashi Mitsuru 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThree‐dimensional (3D) printers are attracting attention as a method for arranging and building cells in three dimensions. Bioprinting technology has potential in tissue engineering for the fabrication of scaffolds, cells, and tissues. However, these various printing technologies have limitations with respect to print resolution and due to the characteristics of bioink such as viscosity. We report a method for constructing of 3D tissues with a “microscopic painting device using a painting needle method” that, when used with the layer‐by‐layer (LbL) cell coating technique, replaces conventional methods. This method is a technique of attaching the high viscosity bioink to the painting needle tip and arranging it on a substrate, and can construct 3D tissues without damage to cells. Cell viability is the same before and after painting. We used this biofabrication device to construct 3D cardiac tissue (LbL‐3D Heart) using human‐induced pluripotent stem cell–derived cardiomyocytes. The constructed LbL‐3D Heart chips had multiple layers with a thickness of 60 µm, a diameter of 1.1 mm, and showed synchronous beating (50–60 beats per min). The aforementioned device and method of 3D tissue construction can be applied to various kinds of tissue models and would be a useful tool for pharmaceutical applications.
Multicenter study of carbon‐ion radiation therapy for nonsquamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity
Authors: Ikawa Hiroaki , Koto Masashi , Demizu Yusuke , Saitoh Jun‐ichi , Suefuji Hiroaki , Okimoto Tomoaki , Ohno Tatsuya , Shioyama Yoshiyuki , Takagi Ryo , Hayashi Kazuhiko , Nemoto Kenji , Nakano Takashi , Kamada Tadashi 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of carbon‐ion radiation therapy for nonsquamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity in a multicenter study.MethodsRetrospective analysis of the clinicopathological features and outcomes of 76 patients with oral nonsquamous cell carcinomas with N0‐1 M0 status and were treated with carbon‐ion radiation therapy at four institutions in Japan between November 2003 and December 2014 was performed.ResultsSalivary gland carcinoma, mucosal melanoma, and three other carcinomas were found in 46, 27, and 3 patients, respectively. T1‐3, T4a, and T4b disease was diagnosed in 27, 18, and 31 patients, respectively. Median follow‐up period was 31.1 months (range, 3‐118 months). Three‐year local control, progression‐free survival, and overall survival of all patients were 86.8%, 63.1%, and 78.4%, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed T classification (T4) to be a significant independent poor prognostic factor for local control. Acute grade 3 mucositis was observed in 38 patients. Grades 3 and 4 late morbidities were observed in 9 and 4 patients, respectively. No grade 5 late toxicity was observed.ConclusionsOral nonsquamous cell carcinomas could be treated effectively, with acceptable toxicity, by carbon‐ion radiation therapy.
New Insights into Bioactive Compounds of Traditional Chinese Medicines for Insulin Resistance Based on Signaling Pathways
Authors: He Jian , Wang Hui , Vijg Jan 
Published: August 2019

AbstractType 2 diabetes is a serious metabolic disease as a long‐term threat to human health. Insulin resistance is not only the basis and major feature of type 2 diabetes, but also the main etiology of diseases such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia and coronary heart disease. It has been shown that Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCMs) play an important role in the treatment of type 2 diabetes, through attenuating insulin resistance, whereas the mechanism involved is not yet well understood. Therefore, it is important to elucidate the pharmacological mechanism of these bioactive compounds so that one can pave the way for the modernization of TCMs. In this review, we focus on the recent progresses of some bioactive ingredients from TCMs with different functional groups, which exhibit therapeutic potential for the treatment of diabetic insulin resistance. It is expected that this review can provide new references for developing TCM‐derived drugs against diabetes and insulin resistance in the future.
EGFR signaling pathway occupies an important position in cancer‐related downstream signaling pathways of Pyk2
Authors: Shen Ting , Guo Qiang 
Published: August 2019

AbstractProline‐rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) is a member of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) non‐receptor tyrosine kinase family and has been found to promote cancer cell survival, proliferation, migration, invasion, and metastasis. Pyk2 takes part in different carcinogenic signaling pathways to promote cancer progression, including epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway. EGFR signaling pathway is a traditional carcinogenic signaling pathway, which plays a critical role in tumorigenesis and tumor progression. FAK inhibitors have been reported to fail to get the ideal anti‐cancer outcomes because of activation of EGFR signaling pathway. Better understanding of Pyk2 downstream targets and interconnectivity between Pyk2 and carcinogenic EGFR signaling pathway will help finding more effective targets for clinical anti‐cancer combination therapies. Thus, the interconnectivity between Pyk2 and EGFR signaling pathway, which regulates tumor development and metastasis, needs to be elucidated. In this review, we summarized the downstream targets of Pyk2 in cancers, focused on the connection between Pyk2 and EGFR signaling pathway in different cancer types, and provided a new overview of the roles of Pyk2 in EGFR signaling pathway and cancer development.
The Minor Impurity in Spent Ores of the “Siberian Metal”: Ruthenium Turns 175
Authors: Lewis David E. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe year 2019 commemorates the 175th anniversary of the discovery of the last of the platinum group metals, ruthenium. The discovery of this element is now attributed to the Russian chemist, Karl Karlovich Klaus (Carl Ernst Claus, 1796–1864). At that time, he was Professor of Chemistry at Kazan University, on the Volga River approximately 750 km (450 mi) east of Moscow. Klaus, whose laboratory practices violated practically every modern rule of laboratory safety, actually discovered the existence of the element in a crude extract of the spent platinum ores from the mint, by its odd taste and smell! Klaus and his discovery (including its defense against critics, who included Berzelius) are discussed here.
Original oder Fälschung?
Authors: Creydt Marina , Fischer Markus 
Published: August 2019

ZusammenfassungDen Herausforderungen, denen Lebensmittelchemiker bereits heute und künftig wohl mehr begegnen, werden zunehmend umfassender und anspruchsvoller, da aufgrund der fortschreitenden Globalisierung die wirtschaftlichen Prozesse an Vernetzung gewinnen und zunehmend Fragen nach der Identität oder der Herkunft von Rohstoffen aufwerfen. Die in den letzten Jahren aufgedeckten Skandale der Lebensmittelbranche weisen darauf hin, dass das aktuelle System zur Sicherstellung der Authentizität von Lebensmitteln in spezifischen Bereichen bislang noch nicht vollständig ausreicht. Derzeit wird die Authentizität von Lebensmitteln bezüglich der Identität, Herkunft oder der Anbauweise durch den Gesetzgeber mit dem Prinzip der Rückverfolgbarkeit (traceability) angestrebt und üblicherweise auf der Basis von Dokumenten (z. B. Frachtpapiere, Lieferscheine) verfolgt. In der Praxis bietet die ausschließliche Überprüfung von Begleitpapieren jedoch häufig keinen ausreichenden Schutz, da sich diese leicht fälschen lassen. Um hier ein höheres Maß an Sicherheit zu gewährleisten und Irreführungen zu verhindern, werden analytische Strategien zur experimentellen Überprüfung der dokumentierten Angaben dringend benötigt. Die Etablierung von omics‐Technologien kann einen Beitrag dazu leisten, allerdings nur, wenn auch ein entsprechender Transfer in die direkte Anwendung sichergestellt wird. Dafür existieren bereits verschiedene Strategien und weitere Entwicklungen folgen, da neben den Verbrauchern und den staatlichen Untersuchungsämtern auch der produzierenden und vermarktenden Industrie daran gelegen ist, die Authentizität im Sinne qualitativ hochwertiger Lebensmittel sicherzustellen.
A novel generalized logistic dependent model to predict the presence of breast cancer based on biomarkers
Authors: Pham Hoang , Pham David H. 
Published: August 2019

SummaryBreast cancer is the second most common cancer in women in the United States. With the revolution of the machine learning era, many researchers currently aim to find pathways and develop tools that may help to detect breast cancer early on in its development. We propose a novel generalized logistic dependent model with considerations of the dependence among selected biomarkers for breast cancer detection based on a set of nine biomarker predictors such as age, glucose, BMI, resistin, HOMA, MCP‐1, leptin, insulin, and adiponectin. Our research findings demonstrate that the proposed model has the potential to predict breast cancer in women just based on five biomarkers, ie, glucose, age, BMI, resistin, and MCP‐1. We also compare our model results to several other machine‐learning modeling approaches including SVM, logistic regression, random forest, and multiple regression analyses using various training data sets (60%, 70%, 80% of all data) and all the dataset. It shows that the inclusion of the dependence among those five predictors in the proposed model is worth the extra model complexity and effort for achieving a significant accuracy prediction level of breast cancer detection in women. Further work in broader validation of the conclusion of our study and exploring the ability for artificial intelligence (AI) to be able to bolster these predictions based on biomarkers are also discussed.
Conspecific olfactory preferences and interspecific divergence in odor cues in a chickadee hybrid zone
Authors: Van Huynh Alex , Rice Amber M. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractUnderstanding how mating cues promote reproductive isolation upon secondary contact is important in describing the speciation process in animals. Divergent chemical cues have been shown to act in reproductive isolation across many animal taxa. However, such cues have been overlooked in avian speciation, particularly in passerines, in favor of more traditional signals such as song and plumage. Here, we aim to test the potential for odor to act as a mate choice cue, and therefore contribute to premating reproductive isolation between the black‐capped (Poecile atricapillus) and Carolina chickadee (P. carolinensis) in eastern Pennsylvania hybrid zone populations. Using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, we document significant species differences in uropygial gland oil chemistry, especially in the ratio of ester to nonester compounds. We also show significant preferences for conspecific over heterospecific odor cues in wild chickadees using a Y‐maze design. Our results suggest that odor may be an overlooked but important mating cue in these chickadees, potentially promoting premating reproductive isolation. We further discuss several promising avenues for future research in songbird olfactory communication and speciation.
Performance analysis of free space optical–based wireless sensor networks using corner cube retroreflectors
Authors: Althunibat Saud , Altarawneh Ziyad , Mesleh Raed 
Published: August 2019

AbstractAsymmetric free space optical wireless sensor networks (FSO‐WSNs) have gained momentous attention lately due to the promise of minimal energy consumption at the distributed sensors along with eminent performance. Asymmetric FSO is accomplished using corner cube retroreflector (CCR) that is mounted on each sensor node. The CCR either reflects or absorbs the received laser beam from the fusion center to indicate its local decision regarding the monitored target. In this study, a bistatic channel is assumed where the transmitter and the receiver are located at different locations such that the double pass channel is modeled as a product of two independent turbulence channels. Novel performance analysis of the CCR‐based FSO‐WSN system in terms of the average bit error rate (BER) and the average decision error rate (DER) is presented. In particular, closed‐form expressions for the BER and the DER are derived using the Fox H‐function under different bistatic turbulent channel models including negative exponential, K‐turbulence, Gamma‐Gamma, and Malaga channel models. Monte Carlo simulation results are obtained to corroborate the accuracy of the derived analytical formulas where an exact match is reported over wide range of system and channel parameters. In addition, the influence of transmit power, distance, detection threshold, and turbulence parameters on the performance of the system is investigated and thoroughly discoursed.
EPB machine excavation of mixed soils – Laboratory characterisation
Authors: de Oliveira Daniela Garroux G. , Thewes Markus , Diederichs Mark S. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractEarth pressure balance (EPB) tunnel boring machines are shield machines that rely on their own excavated material as a support medium to maintain the support pressure at the face. This material also needs to have the necessary properties to be extracted, transported and, finally, disposed of. Whenever the natural material does not fulfil the necessary requirements, additives like water, foam, polymers, and fines, must be added, modifying the excavated ground to the desired conditions. The rheological properties of any excavated material, together with any additives, must be investigated and understood, as they will influence the flow behaviour of this conditioned material, directly affecting the machine operation and tunnel logistics. While studies assessing the flowability related to the EPB excavation of sand or clay soils are available, there is a lack of information on mixed soils. This paper presents the results from a testing campaign with mixed clay‐sand samples, aiming to reproduce a simplified tropical weathered mixed soil, investigating its flow behaviour when changing certain controlled variables: clay‐sand proportions, clay mineral, size of the clastic grain mixed with clay, water content, and additives (foam and polymers). Results from the tests conducted with a flow table, a slump test, and a rheometer device were compared, providing insights about the flow behaviour of the tested samples and its interaction with an EPB machine.