bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Loss modelling from first principles
Authors: Parodi Pietro , Thrumble Derek , Watson Peter , Ji Zhongmei , Wang Alex , Bhatia Ishita , Lees Joseph , Mealy Sophia , Shah Rushabh , Dharamshi Param , Gazzelloni Federica 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
A common statistical modelling paradigm used in actuarial pricing is (a) assuming that the possible loss model can be chosen from a dictionary of standard models; (b) selecting the model that provides the best trade-off between goodness of fit and complexity. Machine learning provides a rigorous framework for this selection/validation process. An alternative modelling paradigm, common in the sciences, is to prove the adequacy of a statistical model from first principles: for example, Planck’s distribution, which describes the spectral distribution of blackbody radiation empirically, was explained by Einstein by assuming that radiation is made of quantised harmonic oscillators (photons). In this working party we have been exploring the extent to which loss models, too, can be derived from first principles. Traditionally, the Poisson, negative binomial, and binomial distributions are used as loss count models because they are familiar and easy to work with. We show how reasoning from first principles naturally leads to non-stationary Poisson processes, Lévy processes, and multivariate Bernoulli processes depending on the context. For modelling severities, we build on previous research that shows how graph theory can be used to model property-like losses. We show how the methodology can be extended to deal with business interruption/supply chain risks by considering networks with higher-order dependencies. For liability business, we show the theoretical and practical limitations of traditional models such as the lognormal distribution. We explore the question of where the ubiquitous power-law behaviour comes from, finding a natural explanation in random growth models. We also address the derivation of severity curves in territories where compensation tables are used. This research is foundational in nature, but its results may prove useful to practitioners by guiding model selection and elucidating the relationship between the features of a risk and the model’s parameters.
A dual-port MIMO antenna with integrated band-reject filter for 5G sub-6 GHz/FR1 applications
Authors: Dewangan Jeet , Rai Yajush , Agarwal Smriti 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This study presents the design and realization of a dual-port multiple-input–multiple-output (MIMO) filtering antenna system. The device shows good response in the frequency rage 1 (4.1 to 7.125 GHZ) frequency band, which handles most of the cellular mobile communication traffic. First, the single element ultra-wideband (UWB) filtenna is designed by combining a UWB antenna and a band-reject filter (BRF) where the antenna works in the frequency range from 1 to 11 GHz and the BRF is rejecting the frequency range of 3–3.42 GHz with 3.2 GHz as its resonant frequency. Finally, the proposed two-port MIMO filtenna combines two single element UWB filtennas in antiparallel manner which shows impedance bandwidth from 2.59 to 7.1 GHz with a band notch from 3 to 3.42 GHz. The structure is built on cost-efficient FR4 substrate (εr = 4.4, tanδ = 0.02) of dimensions 0.68

${{\boldsymbol{\lambda }}_{\boldsymbol{c}}}$

×0.27

${{\boldsymbol{\lambda }}_{\boldsymbol{c}}}$

×0.01

${{\boldsymbol{\lambda }}_{\boldsymbol{c}}}$

(mm3), which is compact in size and utilizes a defected ground structure for further miniaturization. The proposed design is simulated using Ansys HFSS software, and after fabrication, it is measured, and the output shows good results for the proposed application. The designed antenna system is suitable for fifth-generation (5G) wideband systems.
Projected Intensification and Expansion of Heat Stress and Related Population Exposure Over Africa Under Future Climates
Authors: Dajuma Alima , Sylla Mouhamadou Bamba , Tall Moustapha , Almazroui Mansour , Afiesimama Ernest , Dosio Alessandro , Moufouma‐Okia Wilfran , Diedhiou Arona , Giorgi Filippo 
Published: December 2024

AbstractAfrica lacks comprehensive studies related to the intensification and expansion of high levels of heat stress and the related population exposure. In this regards, two heat stress indices (HI and UTCI) are applied to 30 CMIP6 GCMs to assess the robust changes in heat stress over Africa during the late 21st century under the SSP1‐2.6, SSP2‐4.5 and SSP5‐8.5 forcing scenarios. The analysis includes spatial extent, frequency and population exposure of different risk levels (Safe, Caution, Extreme Caution and Danger) gradually rising as the value of the heat index increases. The projections show a recession of Safe areas and a robust expansion of the Caution and Extreme caution classes, irrespective of the seasons and scenarios. The largest change of fractional areal cover, estimated between 23.9% and 30.7% of Africa land areas, occurs for the Extreme caution category over West Africa, East Africa, Central Africa and part of East southern Africa in JJA under the SSP5‐8.5 scenario. Furthermore, regions north of 5°S are projected to face an average annual increase of the number of days with high‐end heat stress conditions intensifying as greenhouse gas forcing increases. Under the SSP5‐8.5, the change in the number of days with Extreme caution ranges between 60% and 80%, while that of days in the Danger category reaches 10%–20%. As a result, the total population exposure to the Extreme caution category is projected to increase over West Africa, East Africa, and Central Africa under both SSP2‐4.5 and SSP5‐8.5 scenarios, while for the Danger class, the exposure increase is limited to the Sahel regions under SSP5‐8.5. These exposures are due to the intensification of heat stress but also to its interaction with an increased population. Our results thus highlight the need of adaptation measures to extreme heat in Africa in order to ensure healthy population and safe and efficient working conditions.
Quantifying Crustal Growth in Arc‐Backarc Systems: Gravity Inversion Modeling of the Lau Basin
Authors: Galley Christopher , Baxter Alan , Hannington Mark , King Michael , Bethell Erin , Lelièvre Peter , Fassbender Marc , Jamieson John 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThe formation and evolution of arc‐backarc systems govern crustal production in some of the most volcanically and hydrothermally active environments on Earth. This study presents the first complete three‐dimensional density model of the active arc‐backarc system in the southwest Pacific comprising the Lau Basin and Tofua arc. Seafloor density and crustal thickness maps reveal changes in crustal composition and growth rates throughout the basin and along the volcanic arc. Crustal thickness varies significantly between the different centers of accretion (i.e., assemblages), resulting from seafloor spreading and subsurface melt accumulation below volcanic fields. Volumetric growth rates were calculated for each assemblage, corresponding to their respective contribution to basin expansion. The highest crustal density and growth rates are thought to be related to a mantle‐derived melt source entering the basin from the north around the edge of the subducting Pacific Plate. This study shows that the inverse modeling approach can be applied to global gravity data sets to characterize and quantify the density and thickness of the crust anywhere in the oceans.
CO2 Trapping in Layered Porous Media by Effective Viscosification
Authors: Ding Boxin , Kantzas Apostolos , Firoozabadi Abbas 
Published: December 2024

AbstractSafe and efficient storage of CO2 in saline aquifers requires mobility control to prevent CO2 from accumulation and rapid spreading at the formation top below the caprock. In the past, we have demonstrated the effectiveness of two engineered olefinic‐based oligomers for viscosification of sc‐CO2 and the significant improvements in residual trapping of sc‐CO2 in brine‐saturated homogeneous sandstone cores (Ding et al., 2024, https://doi.org/10.2118/214842‐pa). The objective of this work is to examine the sweep efficiency and residual brine saturation in the layered cores by effective viscosification with two engineered molecules, providing the implications for CO2 trapping in layered porous media by effective viscosification. In neat CO2 injection, the CO2 channels through the high permeability layer, causing rapid breakthrough and high residual brine saturation. This results in an inefficient process for CO2 storage in saline aquifers. In viscosified CO2 injection, we observe significant improvements in crossflow at the interface between the two‐permeability layer, partly due to the mobility control and residual brine saturation reduction. In comparison to the neat CO2 injection, the synergistic effect of the mobility control and increases in interfacial elasticity by injection of vis‐CO2 results in delay in breakthrough by a factor of 2 and about 95% higher brine production. Compared to our previous work on displacement experiments in homogeneous sandstone core, there is a more significant reduction of residual brine saturation in layered cores by viscosified CO2 injection. Increases in injection rate is also demonstrated to improve the CO2 storage in layered cores. Both the CO2 viscosification and increases in injection rate may promote the injection pressure to overcome the capillary entry pressure, leading to CO2 displacement of brine in the low‐permeability layer. CT‐imaging data advances understanding of boundary conditions, brine production, and local residual brine saturation in layered cores.
Co-option of neck muscles supported the vertebrate water-to-land transition
Authors: Heude Eglantine , Dutel Hugo , Sanchez-Garrido Frida , Prummel Karin D. , Lalonde Robert , Lam France , Mosimann Christian , Herrel Anthony , Tajbakhsh Shahragim 
Published: December 2024

AbstractA major event in vertebrate evolution was the separation of the skull from the pectoral girdle and the acquisition of a functional neck, transitions that required profound developmental rearrangements of the musculoskeletal system. The neck is a hallmark of the tetrapod body plan and allows for complex head movements on land. While head and trunk muscles arise from distinct embryonic mesoderm populations, the origins of neck muscles remain elusive. Here, we combine comparative embryology and anatomy to reconstruct the mesodermal contribution to neck evolution. We demonstrate that head/trunk-connecting muscle groups have conserved mesodermal origins in fishes and tetrapods and that the neck evolved from muscle groups present in fishes. We propose that expansions of mesodermal populations into head and trunk domains during embryonic development underpinned the emergence and adaptation of the tetrapod neck. Our results provide evidence for the exaptation of archetypal muscle groups in ancestral fishes, which were co-opted to acquire novel functions adapted to a terrestrial lifestyle.
Bringing leaders of network subgroups closer together does not facilitate consensus
Authors: Jones Matthew I. , Christakis Nicholas A. 
Published: December 2024

AbstractConsensus formation is a complex process, particularly in networked groups. When individuals are incentivized to dig in and refuse to compromise, leaders may be essential to guiding the group to consensus. Specifically, the relative geodesic position of leaders could be important for reaching consensus. Separately, groups searching for consensus can be confounded by noisy signals in which individuals are given false information about the actions of their fellow group members. We tested the effects of the geodesic distance between leaders (geodesic distance ranging from 1 to 4) and of noise (noise levels at 0%, 5%, and 10%) by recruiting participants (N = 3,456) for a set of experiments (n = 216 groups). We find that noise makes groups less likely to reach consensus, and the groups that do reach consensus take longer to find it. We find that leadership changes the behavior of both leaders and followers in important ways (for instance, being labeled a leader makes people more likely to ‘go with the flow’). However, we find no evidence that the geodesic distance between leaders is a significant factor in the probability of reaching consensus. While other network properties of leaders undoubtedly affect consensus formation, the distance between leaders in network subgroups appears not to matter.
Pharmacological blocking of neutrophil extracellular traps attenuates immunothrombosis and neuroinflammation in cerebral cavernous malformation
Authors: Onyeogaziri Favour C. , Smith Ross , Arce Maximiliano , Huang Hua , Erzar Iza , Rorsman Charlotte , Malinverno Matteo , Orsenigo Fabrizio , Sundell Veronica , Fernando Dinesh , Daniel Geoffrey , Niemelä Mika , Laakso Aki , Jahromi Behnam Rezai , Olsson Anna-Karin , Magnusson Peetra U. 
Published: December 2024

AbstractCerebral cavernous malformation (CCM) is a neurovascular disease with symptoms such as strokes, hemorrhages and neurological deficits. With surgery being the only treatment strategy, understanding the molecular mechanisms of CCM is crucial in finding alternative therapeutic options for CCM. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) were recently reported in CCM, and NETs were shown to have positive or negative effects in different disease contexts. In this study, we investigated the roles of NETs in CCM by pharmacologically inhibiting NET formation using Cl-amidine (a peptidyl arginine deiminase inhibitor). We show here that Cl-amidine treatment reduced lesion burden, coagulation and endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Furthermore, NETs promoted the activation of microglia and fibroblasts, leading to increased neuroinflammation and a chronic wound microenvironment in CCM. The inhibition of NET formation caused endothelial quiescence and promoted a healthier microenvironment. Our study suggests the inhibition of NETs as a potential therapeutic strategy in CCM.
An approach to assessing tsunami risk to the global port network under rising sea levels
Authors: Chua Constance Ting , Otake Takuro , Li Tanghua , Cheng An-Chi , Qiu Qiang , Li Linlin , Suppasri Anawat , Imamura Fumihiko , Switzer Adam D. 
Published: December 2024

AbstractSeaports are vulnerable to extreme sea level events. Beyond physical damage, any port inoperability affects trade flows in and out of the affected port and disrupts shipping routes connected to it, which then propagates throughout the port network. Here, we propose an approach to assessing tsunami risk to ports and the global port network. We leverage on the topological properties of the global liner shipping network and centrality measures to quantify the potential impacts of a Manila Trench earthquake-tsunami under both present and future sea levels. We find that a Manila Trench tsunami could potentially damage up to 11 ports at present-day conditions and 15 ports under rising sea levels. Port closure could exceed 200 days and cause greater disruption to shipping routes than historical tsunami events. We also find that sea level rise is likely to result in uneven changes in tsunami heights spatially and hence, uneven impacts on the global port network.
How J-chain ensures the assembly of immunoglobulin IgM pentamers
Authors: Giannone Chiara , Mess Xenia , He Ruiming , Chelazzi Maria Rita , Mayer Annika , Bakunts Anush , Nguyen Tuan , Bushman Yevheniia , Orsi Andrea , Gansen Benedikt , Degano Massimo , Buchner Johannes , Sitia Roberto 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Polymeric IgM immunoglobulins have high avidity for antigen and complement, and dominate primary antibody responses. They are produced either as assemblies of six µ2L2 subunits (i.e., hexamers), or as pentamers of two µ2L2 subunits and an additional protein termed J-chain (JC), which allows transcytosis across epithelia. The molecular mechanism of IgM assembly with the desired stoichiometry remained unknown. Here, we show in vitro and in cellula that JC outcompetes the sixth IgM subunit during assembly. Before insertion into IgM, JC exists as an ensemble of largely unstructured, protease-sensitive species with heterogeneous, non-native disulfide bonds. The J-chain interacts with the hydrophobic β-sheets selectively exposed by nascent pentamers. Completion of an amyloid-like core triggers JC folding and drives disulfide rearrangements that covalently stabilize JC-containing pentamers. In cells, the quality control factor ERp44 surveys IgM assembly and prevents the secretion of aberrant conformers. This mechanism allows the efficient production of high-avidity IgM for systemic or mucosal immunity.
Genetic and molecular underpinnings of atrial fibrillation
Authors: Sweat Mason E. , Pu WIlliam T. 
Published: December 2024

AbstractAtrial fibrillation (AF) increases stroke and heart failure risks. This review examines genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying AF. We review genes linked to AF and mechanisms by which they alter AF risk. We highlight gene expression differences between atrial and ventricular cardiomyocytes, regulatory mechanisms responsible for these differences, and their contribution to AF. Understanding AF mechanisms through the lens of atrial gene regulation is crucial for developing targeted AF therapies.
Multi-channel masked autoencoder and comprehensive evaluations for reconstructing 12-lead ECG from arbitrary single-lead ECG
Authors: Chen Jiarong , Wu Wanqing , Liu Tong , Hong Shenda 
Published: December 2024

AbstractElectrocardiogram (ECG) has emerged as a widely accepted diagnostic instrument for cardiovascular diseases (CVD). The standard clinical 12-lead ECG configuration causes considerable inconvenience and discomfort, while wearable devices offers a more practical alternative. To reduce information gap between 12-lead ECG and single-lead ECG, this study proposes a multi-channel masked autoencoder (MCMA) for reconstructing 12-Lead ECG from arbitrary single-lead ECG, and a comprehensive evaluation benchmark, ECGGenEval, encompass the signal-level, feature-level, and diagnostic-level evaluations. MCMA can achieve the state-of-the-art performance. In the signal-level evaluation, the mean square errors of 0.0175 and 0.0654, Pearson correlation coefficients of 0.7772 and 0.7287. In the feature-level evaluation, the average standard deviation of the mean heart rate across the generated 12-lead ECG is 1.0481, the coefficient of variation is 1.58%, and the range is 3.2874. In the diagnostic-level evaluation, the average F1-score with two generated 12-lead ECG from different single-lead ECG are 0.8233 and 0.8410.
Sulfation pathways in times of change
Authors: Mueller Jonathan Wolf , Fietz Daniela , Dias Irundika H.K. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Sulfation pathways are an essential part of overall sulfur metabolism. Sulfation pathways are mainly about sulfate activation, and the making and breaking of biological sulfate esters. This special issue features some extended reflection on what was presented at the SUPA 2023 meeting on Sulfation Pathways. Novel insights into the synthesis and analytics of sulfate, of sulfated conjugates, and of protein persulfides are presented. Oxysterol sulfates are presented as emerging sulfo-metabolites. Sulfation pathways enzymes are discussed in various disease settings. This special issue also presents insights into polysaccharide sulfotransferases and their functional characterization. Finally, cytoplasmic sulfotransferases are highlighted with regards to their impact on DNA-modification, and in the context of endocrine disruptors. All in all, thought-provoking findings, with the potential to guide and stimulate future research in the field of sulfation pathways and beyond.
Asymmetry in the tidal tails of open star clusters from direct N-body integrations in Milgrom-law dynamics
Authors: Pflamm-Altenburg J. 
Published: December 2024

Context. Numerical simulations of star clusters in quasilinear modified Newtonian dynamics (QUMOND) orbiting in a Galactic disk potential show that the leading tidal arm of open star clusters typically contain more members than the trailing arm. However, these type of simulations are performed by solving the field equations of QUMOND and have already proven impractical for star cluster masses of around 5000 M⊙. Nearby star clusters exhibit (maximum) masses of 1000 M⊙ (or ≈1000 particles) and cannot be simulated reliably in field-theoretical formulations of modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND) at present.
Aims. Differences in the formation and evolution of tidal tails of open star clusters in the Newtonian and in the MONDian context are explored in the case of an equal-mass n = 400 particle cluster (Mtot = 200 M⊙).
Methods. To handle particle numbers below the QUMOND-limit, we simulated the star cluster in Milgrom-law dynamics (MLD). Milgrom’s law 𝑔N = µ(|aM|/a0)aM has been postulated to be valid for discrete systems in vectorial form, while MLD resembles QUMOND in that the acceleration of a particle outside any isolated mass concentration scales inversely with the distance. However, in MLD, an internally Newtonian binary will follow a Newtonian rather than a MONDian path around the Galactic centre. To suppress the New- tonisation of compact subsystems in the star cluster, the gravitational force is softened below particle distances of 0.001 pc ≈ 206 AU. Thus, MLD can only be considered as an approximation of a full MOND-theoretical description of discrete systems that are internally in the MOND regime. The MLD equations of motion are integrated by the standard Hermite scheme that is generally applied to Newtonian N-body systems. In this work, we have extended this scheme to solve for the accelerations and jerks associated with Milgrom’s law.
Results. We found that the tidal tails of a low-mass star cluster are populated asymmetrically in the MLD treatment, similarly to what is seen in QUMOND simulations of higher mass star clusters. In the MLD simulations, the leading tail hosts up to twice as many members than the trailing arm, while the low-mass open star cluster dissolves approximately 25% faster than in the respective Newtonian case. Furthermore, the numerical simulations show that the Newtonian integrals of motion are not conserved in MLD. However, the case of an isolated binary in the deep MOND limit can be handled analytically. The velocity of the Newtonian centre of mass does not increase continuously, but instead it wobbles around the constantly moving MLD centre of mass.