bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of the accuracy of nutrient calculations of five popular nutrition tracking applications
Authors: Griffiths Carly , Harnack Lisa , Pereira Mark A 
Published: March 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the accuracy of nutrient intake calculations from leading nutrition tracking applications (apps).DesignNutrient intake estimates from thirty 24 h dietary recalls collected using Nutrition Data System for Research (NDSR) were compared with intake calculations from these recalls entered by the researcher into five free nutrition tracking apps. Apps were selected from the Apple App Store based on consumer popularity from the list of free ‘Health and Fitness’ apps classified as a nutrition tracking apps.SubjectsDietary recall data collected from thirty lower-income adults.ResultsCorrelations between nutrient intake calculations from NDSR and the nutrition tracking apps ranged from 0·73 to 0·96 for energy and macronutrients. Correlations for the other nutrients examined (Na, total sugars, fibre, cholesterol, saturated fat) ranged from 0·57 to 0·93. For each app, one or more mean nutrient intake calculations were significantly lower than those from NDSR. These differences included total protein (P=0·03), total fat (P=0·005), Na (P=0·02) and cholesterol (P=0·005) for MyFitnessPal; dietary fibre (P=0·04) for Fitbit; total protein (P=0·0004), total fat (P=0·008), Na (P=0·002), sugars (P=0·007), cholesterol (P=0·0006) and saturated fat (P=0·005) for Lose It!; Na (P=0·03) and dietary fibre (P=0·005) for MyPlate; and total fat (P=0·03) for Lifesum.ConclusionsFindings suggest that nutrient calculations from leading nutrition tracking apps tend to be lower than those from NDSR, a dietary analysis software developed for research purposes. Further research is needed to evaluate the validity of the apps when foods consumed are entered by consumers.
TEM Morphometry Reveals Membrane Deficits in Parietal Cells Lacking Specific Ion Transporters
Authors: Miller ML , Gawenis LR , Andringa A , Shull GE 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe late 1940s marked the appearance of the first publications using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and by 1950, with improved embedding and sectioning methodology, reports began to include mammalian tissues (PubMed). However, 15 years lapsed before morphometry and stereology were integrated into TEM studies (Loud 1965; Elias 1971; Weibel 1969). The utility of a quantitative approach to electron microscopy was obvious, but its popularity has waxed and waned considerably over the last half century; its staunch supporters, however, have stayed the course (Weibel 2001; Diaspro 2004). Early computers, though slow and unreliable, brought some degree of automation to morphometry in the 1980s, but did little to ease tedium or increase accuracy (Caruntu 2002).
STEM Imaging of Lattice Fringes and beyond in a UHR In-Lens Field-Emission SEM
Authors: Van Ngo Vinh , Hernandez Mike , Roth Bill , Joy David C 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The phase-contrast imaging of atomic lattices has now become commonplace for both Transmission Electron Microscopes (TEM) and Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopes (STEMs). Recently, however, bright-field STEM images of multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) recorded from an ultra-high resolution (UHR) in-lens field-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) operating at 30keV have also demonstrated lattice fringe resolution. One example of such an image containing multiple examples of fringe detail is shown in figure 1. The carbon lattice fringes were analyzed and their origin confirmed by the application of the FFT algorithms in the SMART image analysis program. The resulting power spectrum after thresholding to remove background noise (Figure 2) confirms that phase detail in the image extends down to about 5 Angstroms (0.5nm) and that well defined diffraction spots corresponding to a spacing of 3.4 Angstroms (0.34nm) generated by the (002) basal plane spacing of the graphite lattice are present.
Automated S/TEM Sample Preparation for Semiconductor Process Support
Authors: Cuti Greg , Jabbar Taha 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The semiconductor industry has unquestionably entered the realm of nanotechnology. Critical dimensions of many features are specified in nanometers. Gate oxides are only a few nanometers thick. Barrier and seed layers for copper processes are not much more. Gate lengths are forecast at less than 20 nm by the end of the decade. Additionally, the drive to increase device density is leading to the adoption of FinFET and other new transistor designs that include complex three-dimensional structure. Even conventional planar CMOS designs now incorporate processes such as damascene interconnects that are inherently three dimensional. The combined need for higher spatial resolution and cross-sectional imaging of complex structures has led to a significant increase in the demand for scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and (TEM) in semiconductor manufacturing operations.
A Novel Gemini® STEM Detector System
Authors: Vermeulen Jack , Jaksch Heiner 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
By using a scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) detector, the information limit for the Gemini® FESEMs can be extended beyond the nanometer range. A resolution of 0.8 nm at 30kV is now readily attainable and gives additional nanoscale information compared to conventional SEM detectors. The resolving power of the combined FESEM/STEM can be used to save processing time on TEM systems and enables high sample throughput for quality assurance applications and standard type measurements. The transmission mode of the FESEM has the advantages of avoiding chromatic aberration, allowing for a larger aperture so that higher transmission, signal-to-noise ratio and contrast enhancement due to the lower electron energy (10 - 30kV) can be obtained.
Microwave Protocols for Plant and Animal Paraffin Microtechnique
Authors: Schichnes Denise , Nemson Jeffrey A , Ruzin Steven E 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The microwave oven is a valuable tool for light and electron microscopy microtechnique labs. Tissue processing times, traditionally taking up to two weeks, have been reduced to a few hours as a result of the implementation of microwave technology (Kok et al., 1988, Gibberson and Demaree, 2001). In addition, the quality of the tissue preparations has improved dramatically. Microwave ovens have also evolved since their first use in the laboratory. Early experiments were conducted using relatively crude commercial microwave ovens. Now, labs use microwave ovens with temperature probes, strict control over the magnetron (which generates the microwaves), variable power supplies, chamber cooling, and high microwave field uniformity.
Microscopy and Imaging of Foods — The Whys and Hows
Authors: Altan-Wojtas Paula 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe use of microscopy and imaging methods to study foods is not a new idea. It has been going on since the first light microscopes were developed (White, 1970; White and Shenton, 1974-1984). Microscopy has been used to determine the quality, purity and safety of foodstuffs by detecting and identifying contaminants in foods. The short article by Stephen Carmichael in the May/June 2002 issue of Microscopy Today has again brought food microscopy into the spotlight. The article provided an opportunity to discuss present applications of food microscopy and to give some projections of where it is headed in the future. The reader may not realize that microscopy and imaging methods are used extensively by most major food companies worldwide for product development, quality control, and trouble shooting (Allan-Wojtas, 1999). Often, this work cannot be published because it contains proprietary information. The application of microscopy to food structure analysis is one of the best kept secrets in microscopy today.
The Scanning Confocal Electron Microscope
Authors: Zaluzec Nestor J 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Imaging of sub-micron , sub-surface features of thick optically dense materials at high resolution has always been a difficult and/or time consuming task in materials research. For the most part this role has been relegated to technologically complex and expensive instrumentation having highly penetrating radiation, such as the synchrotron- based Scanning Transmission X-ray Microscope (STXM) or involves the careful preparation of thin cross-section slices for study using the Transmission/Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM/STEM).
Color Metallography
Authors: Vander Voort George F 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Color has historically seen limited use in metallography, mainly due to the cost of film and prints and the difficulty and cost of reproducing images in publications. However, with the growth of digital imaging, capturing color images is much simpler and cheaper. Also, printing images in color is inexpensive for in-house reports, and can be distributed cheaply on CDs, although reproduction in journals is still expensive. Color does have many advantages over black and white. First, the human eye is sensitive to only about forty shades of gray from white to black, but is sensitive to a vast number of colors. Tint etchants reveal features in the microstructure that often cannot be revealed using standard black and white etchants.
Automated, Robotic Preparation of Vitrified Samples for 2D and 3D Cryo Electron Microscopy
Authors: Frederik Peter M , Storms Marc MH 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Fundamental research within the scope of cell and structural biology as well as nano-technology is increasingly focusing on unraveling interactive biological and biochemical processes and pathways at the macromolecular level. For this, high resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is indispensable. Of paramount importance is the three-dimensional visualization of macromolecular structures and molecular machines in their native hydrated state. Their physical fixation within ultra-thin vitrified ice layers is the crucial starting point.
Mounting Media and Antifade Reagents
Authors: Collins Tony J 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
In the biomedical sciences, samples are mounted in a wide variety of media for examination by microscope. There are a wide variety of mounting media available with a correspondingly wide range of properties. Using the incorrect mounting medium may cause signal loss and optical aberrations; the correct mounting medium avoids such aberrations and preserves fluorescence signal with “anti-fading” properties. This article introduces mounting media for fluorescence microscopy, providing descriptions of their constituents and their properties, as well as accounts of users' experience
More detailed reviews of antifade reagents have been published by Ono et al. and Longin et al.. Papers describing the effect of refractive index (RI) mismatch have been published by Diaspro et al. and Hell et al..
Artifacts from Rapid Microwave Processing of Trematode Tissues (Ascocotyle pachycystisandleighi)
Authors: Armitage Mark H 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe use of microwave energy to assist in the processing of biological tissues for microscopy has generated significant interest in recent years. Microwave (MW) processing has been used to prepare tissues for light microscopy (Carranza et al. 1990 [using parasite tissues]; van Dorp et al. 1995; Davis et al. 1997; Izumi et al 2000; and Rohr et al. 2001), as well as for electron microscopy (Kasa et al. 1982; Hopwood et al. 1984; Leong et al. 1985; Kang et al, 1991 [using parasite tissues]; Heumann 1992; Wagenaar et al. 1993; Login and Dvorak 1993; Giberson and Demaree 1995; Madden and Miriam 1997; Giberson et al. 1997; Morin et al. 1997; Petrali and Mills 1999; Massa and Arana-Chavez 2000; Hernandez and Guillen 2000 [using parasite tissues]; Demaree 2001; Giberson 2001).Most reports, particularly those published by manufacturers of microwave ovens, have shown positive results regarding tissue ultrastructure, however discussion continues on possible mechanisms of preservation by the use of MW technology.
Precision Attachment of (Silica) Spheres to AFM Cantilever Tips
Authors: Huntington Shane , Nespolo Ms Sarah 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Over the past decade the Atomic Force Microscope has been utilised in a myriad of applications across many fields of research and industry. One area that has been of particular interest is the measurement of small scale forces. The AFM is capable of measuring electrostatic and van der Waals forces with high precision based on small deflections of the AFM cantilever.
The forces between colloidal particles dominate the behaviour of a great variety of materials. The AFM has been extensively used to measure the forces between planar surfaces and individual colloid particles. One of the key driving forces for such experiments and the corresponding theoretical framework that has ensued is the ease of use of standard AFM tips for such measurements.
Marijuana Identification: A Test for Calcium in Cystolithic Hairs
Authors: Glattstein Baruch , Gorski Azriel 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The identification of marijuana (Cannabis sativa) is a routine analysis in many forensic laboratories. An important part of this analysis is the identification of trichomes, commonly called cystolithic hairs, on plant particles. These hairs contain calcium carbonate, The very word cystolithic derives from this fact, coming from the Greek kustis and lithos meaning, “bag of stones”.
Trichomes are not unique to marijuana but are common on many species of plants. Thus, the mere presence of trichomes on a leaf surface is not sufficient. A required step in the identification of marijuana is the microscopical characterization of the cystoiithic hairs present on the leaf fragments.
Perfusion Fixation of Research Animals
Authors: Scouten Charles W , O'Connor Ryan , Cunningham Miles 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Perfusion, washing out blood and using the open vascular channel to infuse fixative, is the standard first step of preparing animal tissues for later examination under a microscope. The rapid and homogeneous fixation resulting provides an advantage over immersion fixation that is usually used for biopsy and clinical tissue samples (Cammermeyer, 1960, Garman, 1990). A disadvantage is that brain tissue, and probably other soft tissues, prepared by perfusion has no retained extracellular space post perfusion, although living brain has about 20% extracellular space (discussed in Cragg, 1980). Perfused brain is also about 20% shrunk in whole organ volume from living brain size. The shrinkage is uneven, and distorts the relationships of structures. It is possible to avoid the organ shrinkage and distortion that follows a traditional perfusion, with little additional effort. This is a discussion of how to optimize your perfusion results, why the shrinkage occurs, and how it can be avoided.
New Fluorescent Labeling Technologies for Ultrasensitive Cytochemical and Histochemical Imaging
Authors: Johnson Iain 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Immunofluorescence techniques using multicolor labeling and analysis of colocalization are essential for unraveling the structural and functional complexity of cells and tissues. Improvements in the capabilities of these techniques are dependent on the development of new fluorescent dyes and methods for attaching them to antibodies and other markers.
The Alexa Fluor® series of dyes developed by researchers at Molecular Probes, Inc. have optimized spectroscopic and physical properties that enable preparation of bioconjugates with consistently strong and photostable fluorescence output.
Penetration Rates of Formaldehyde
Authors: Hewlett Bryan R 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Formaldehyde is one of the most rapidly penetrating fixatives used. Unfortunately, it is one of the slowest to fix tissue. This paradox was finally explained by Burnett in 1982. An fine description of the properties of formaldehyde may be found in John Kiernan's book.
The penetration rate of formaldehyde in mm/hr is a variable thing. It depends on how the data is obtained. It may also vary slightly depending on tissue type. The penetration rate of formaldehyde fixatives has been extensively studied, often with conflicting results. The penetration of non-coagulating fixatives is difficult to measure.
Three Dimensional Imaging of Structure and Flow—Critical to Advances in Microfluidics
Authors: Hidrovo Carlos , Lundy Terence 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Microfluidics, the study of fluid flow through structures with micrometer scale dimensions, is an increasingly important discipline within a number of commercial and industrial applications. One focus of active microfluidic research at the Stanford University Microscale Heat Transfer Laboratories (MHTL) is mass and heat transport in two-phase flows, which has applications in the cooling of integrated circuits and the management of water created in PEM fuel cells. At its core, two-phase microfluidics is the study of interactions between moving liquids and/or gases and/or solids (though not necessarily stationary) structures. Advanced confocal microscopy, with its ability to visualize and measure both flow and structure on a single instrumental platform, will certainly play a key role in the continuing development of microfluidic devices.
Is a Cs Corrector Necessary for Lorentz Vector Field Tomography?
Authors: Phatak Charudatta , De Graef Marc 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Magnetic recording media based on patterned shapes are promising for applications in high density data storage. Optimizing the design of the patterned arrays requires characterization of the particle shapes and their relative locations, and the magnetostatic interactions between particles. To achieve this, one must determine the three dimensional (3D) magnetic induction in and around the nano magnets. We propose a method based on Vector Field Electron Tomography coupled with phase reconstructed Lorentz Microscopy to determine the 3D magnetic induction. This method can be broken down into two steps 1) Determination of the magnetic phase shift of the electron wave using phase reconstructed Lorentz microscopy and 2) Reconstruction (in 3D) of the magnetic induction in and around the magnetic particle using Vector Field Electron Tomography (VFET). First, we will discuss the theoretical development of VFET and then the importance of spherical aberration (Cs) correctors for Lorentz microscopy.
Optimizing Light Microscopy for Biological and Clinical Laboratories
Authors: Foster Barbara , Moss A G 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Modern microscopy allows the life scientist to produce seductively beautiful images with powerful techniques developed by brilliant physical optical scientists, and yet be nearly completely confused with regard to the importance of the results. This is because modern microscopes are something like Lotus race cars: they have all the performance to fly in the hands of an experienced user, or crash and burn spectacularly in the hands of a novice. There is therefore great need for a comprehensive and accurate but accessible "drivers manual" for modern microscopical techniques.
Using a Formvar-Coated Bridge to Apply Formvar Support Film to TEM Grids
Authors: Shields John P 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
One conventional method for picking up ultrathin sections for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is to prepare the mesh or slot grids with a formvar support film and then pick up your sections as they are floating in the knife boat. An alternative method is to first pick up sections on a naked grid and then lay them down on formvar film suspended over holes drilled in an aluminum bridge. I use this method when picking up serial sections on slot grids. A description of the method follows. The bridges I have were manufactured at the University of Georgia instrumentation Shop. They can also be purchased pre-made (for example, from SPI, Inc. They list them as Domino Racks), or one can make them from aluminum with a vise and drill. The sample bridge in the figure is similar to what I use. It is 5 cm long, 2.5 cm wide.
Days Can Be Converted To Hours, Minutes or Even Seconds When Using Microwave Technology in the Lab
Authors: Giberson Richard T , Demaree Richard S , Lee Steven B , Lee Michi 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
What happens when a cup of water and two ice cubes, contained in a bowl, are placed side by side in an 800 watt microwave oven and microwaved for two minutes at 100% power? The answer may not be obvious, even to the most ardent microwave user. The water will boil and the ice will remain essentially unmelted. This dichotomy of the results may appear puzzling to the casual observer, or may explain why your food does not defrost quite evenly. To the microwave, however, it all makes sense. Water is a dielectric and absorbs microwave energy. The net result is that it heats up. The ice under the above conditions is essentially transparent to the microwave and does not heat. It would take an ice wall greater than 30 meters thick (3.4 cm for 25° C water) to protect you from the microwave energy emitted by the standard household microwave, whereas a &gt;170 nm thick piece of aluminum foil is all that is required to reflect that same energy.
The Particle Atlas Electronic Edition
Authors: Stewart Ian 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
In his preface to the first edition of The Particle Atlas, Jim Lodge talks of the challenge he posed to Dr. Walter McCrone in the 1950s to come up with a taxonomy for particles to assist in the identification of particles under the microscope. Jim's interest and the support of the Midwest Air Pollution Prevention Association and, laier, the US Public Health Service, gave birth to the first edition of The Particle Ailas. This first edition, published in 1967, was a single volume which combined guidance on particle separation and identification techniques with a collection of optical micrographs of reference particles. The demand for this reference work soon outpaced the supply. In the meantime, however, it had become obvious that reprinting was not the answer as increased application of the microscope, in all its implementations, to environmental pollution and industrial contamination had resulted in a need for a more comprehensive work.
Vascular Corrosion Casting Can Provide Quantitative as Well as Morphological Information on the Microvasculature of Organs and Tissues
Authors: Hossler Fred E 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Complete casts of the vasculature of organs and tissues are obtained by infusing low viscosity resins into the vasculature and allowing the resin to polymerize. Dissolving away the surrounding tissue with alkali leaves a model of the intricate, three-dimensional distribution of vessels in that tissue, which is not easily obtainable by any other means, and which can then be studied with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Because well prepared casts appear to faithfully replicate the true vascular anatomy of organs including the dimensions of vessels and details of imprints of the endothelial cells lining their lumens, they must also contain quantitative information about that vasculature.