bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tracing the origin of the placental trophoblast cells in mouse embryo development†
Authors: Guo Shanshan , Cui Xiuhong , Jiang Xiangxiang , Duo Shuguang , Li Shiwen , Gao Fei , Wang Hongmei 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe placenta, which originates from the trophectoderm (TE), is the first organ to form during mammalian embryogenesis. Recent studies based on bioinformatics analysis have revealed that heterogeneous gene expression initiates cell-fate decisions and directs two distinct cell fates by modulating the balance of pluripotency and differentiation as early as the four-cell stage. However, direct developmental evidence to support this is still lacking. To address at which stage the cell fate of the TE and inner cell mass (ICM) is determined, in this study, we administered a microinjection of Cre mRNA into a single blastomere of the mTmG mouse at different cleavage stages before implantation to examine the distributions of the descendants of the single-labeled cell in the mouse fetus and the placenta at E12.5. We found that the descendants of the labeled cells at the two-cell stage contributed to both the placenta and the fetus. Notably, the derivatives of the labeled cells at the four-cell stage fell into three categories: (1) distributed in both embryonic and extraembryonic lineages, (2) distributed only in mouse placental trophoblast layers, or (3) distributed only in the lineage derived from the ICM. In addition, these results fell in line with single-cell studies focusing on gene expression patterns that characterize particular lineages within the blastocyst. In conclusion, this study shows that the four-cell blastomeres differ in their individual developmental properties insofar as they contribute to either or both the ICM and trophoblast fate.
In Their Own Words: Kent Holsinger
Authors: Verdier James M 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In Their Own Words chronicles the stories of scientists who have made great contributions to their fields, particularly within the biological sciences. These short oral histories provide our readers a way to learn from and share their experiences. Each month, we will publish in the pages of BioScience and in our podcast, BioScience Talks (http://bioscienceaibs.libsyn.com), the results of these conversations. This second oral history is with Dr. Kent Holsinger, board of trustees distinguished professor of biology in the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at the University of Connecticut. He previously served as president of the American Institute of Biological Sciences.
Adolescent Decision-Making Under Risk: Neural Correlates and Sex Differences
Authors: Korucuoglu Ozlem , Harms Michael P , Kennedy James T , Golosheykin Semyon , Astafiev Serguei V , Barch Deanna M , Anokhin Andrey P 
Published: October 2019

AbstractAn increased propensity for risk taking is a hallmark of adolescent behavior with significant health and social consequences. Here, we elucidated cortical and subcortical regions associated with risky and risk-averse decisions and outcome evaluation using the Balloon Analog Risk Task in a large sample of adolescents (n = 256, 56% female, age 14 ± 0.6), including the level of risk as a parametric modulator. We also identified sex differences in neural activity. Risky decisions engaged regions that are parts of the salience, dorsal attention, and frontoparietal networks, but only the insula was sensitive to increasing risks in parametric analyses. During risk-averse decisions, the same networks covaried with parametric levels of risk. The dorsal striatum was engaged by both risky and risk-averse decisions, but was not sensitive to escalating risk. Negative-outcome processing showed greater activations than positive-outcome processing. Insula, lateral orbitofrontal cortex, middle, rostral, and superior frontal areas, rostral and caudal anterior cingulate cortex were activated only by negative outcomes, with a subset of regions associated with negative outcomes showing greater activation in females. Taken together, these results suggest that safe decisions are predicted by more accurate neural representation of increasing risk levels, whereas reward-related processes play a relatively minor role.
Hospitalization Rates and Outcomes Among Persons Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus in the Southeastern United States, 1996–2016
Authors: Davy-Mendez Thibaut , Napravnik Sonia , Wohl David A , Durr Amy L , Zakharova Oksana , Farel Claire E , Eron Joseph J 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Background
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) advances, aging, and comorbidities impact hospitalizations in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–positive populations. We examined temporal trends and patient characteristics associated with hospitalization rates and outcomes.

Methods
Among patients in the University of North Carolina Center for AIDS Research HIV Clinical Cohort receiving care during 1996–2016, we estimated annual hospitalization rates, time to inpatient mortality or live discharge, and 30-day readmission risk using bivariable Poisson, Fine-Gray, and log-binomial regression models.

Results
The 4323 included patients (29% women, 60% African American) contributed 30 007 person-years. Overall, the hospitalization rate per 100 person-years was 34.3 (95% confidence interval [CI], 32.4–36.4) with a mean annual change of −3% (95% CI, −4% to −2%). Patients who were black (vs white), older, had HIV RNA &gt;400 copies/mL, or had CD4 count &lt;200 cells/μL had higher hospitalization rates (all P &lt; .05). Thirty-day readmission risk was 18.9% (95% CI, 17.7%–20.2%), stable over time (P &gt; .05 for both 2010–2016 and 2003–2009 vs 1996–2002), and higher among black patients, those with detectable HIV RNA, and those with lower CD4 cell counts (all P &lt; .05). Higher inpatient mortality was associated with older age and lower CD4 cell count (both P &lt; .05).

Conclusions
Hospitalization rates decreased from 1996 to 2016, but high readmissions persisted. Older patients, those of minority race/ethnicity, and those with uncontrolled HIV experienced higher rates and worse hospitalization outcomes. These findings underscore the importance of early ART and care engagement, particularly at hospital discharge.
Non-intubated spontaneous ventilation in video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery: a meta-analysis
Authors: Wen Yaokai , Liang Hengrui , Qiu Guanping , Liu Zhichao , Liu Jun , Ying Weiqiang , Liang Wenhua , He Jianxing 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

It remains unclear whether non-intubated video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) is comparable or advantageous compared with conventional intubated VATS. Thus, we systematically assessed the feasibility and safety of non-intubated VATS compared with intubated VATS perioperatively for the treatment of different thoracic diseases. An extensive search of literature databases was conducted. Perioperative outcomes were compared between 2 types of operations. The time trend of the overall results was evaluated through a cumulative meta-analysis. Subgroup analyses of different thoracic diseases and study types were examined. Twenty-seven studies including 2537 patients were included in the analysis. A total of 1283 patients underwent non-intubated VATS; intubated VATS was performed on the other 1254 patients. Overall, the non-intubated VATS group had fewer postoperative overall complications [odds ratios (OR) 0.505; P < 0.001]; shorter postoperative fasting times [standardized mean difference (SMD) −2.653; P < 0.001]; shorter hospital stays (SMD −0.581; P < 0.001); shorter operative times (SMD −0.174; P = 0.041); shorter anaesthesia times (SMD −0.710; P < 0.001) and a lower mortality rate (OR 0.123; P = 0.020). Non-intubated VATS may be a safe and feasible alternative to intubated VATS and provide a more rapid postoperative rehabilitation time than conventional intubated VATS.
Cryoballoon vs. radiofrequency lesions as detected by late-enhancement cardiac magnetic resonance after ablation of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: a case–control study
Authors: Alarcón Francisco , Cabanelas Nuno , Izquierdo Marc , Benito Eva , Figueras i Ventura Rosa , Guasch Eduard , Prat-Gonzalez Susana , Perea Rosario Jesus , Borràs Roger , Trotta Omar , Arbelo Elena , Tolosana José Maria , Sitges Marta , Berruezo Antonio , Brugada Josep , Mont Lluís 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Aims
Cryoballoon (CB) ablation has emerged as a reliable modality to isolate pulmonary veins (PVs) in atrial fibrillation. Ablation lesions and the long-term effects of energy delivery can be assessed by delayed-enhancement cardiac magnetic resonance (DE-CMR). The aim of the study was to compare the number, extension, and localization of gaps in CB and radiofrequency (RF) techniques in pulmonary vein isolation (PVI).

Methods and results
Consecutive patients submitted to PVI with CB in whom DE-CMR images were available (n = 30) were matched (1:1) to patients who underwent PVI with RF (n = 30), considering age, sex, hypertension, and diabetes. Delayed-enhancement cardiac magnetic resonance was obtained at 3 months post-procedure, and images were processed to assess the mean number of gaps around PV ostia, their localization, and the normalized gap length (NGL), calculated as the difference between total gap length and total PV perimeter. Patients were followed up for 12 months. The CB and RF procedures did not differ in the mean number of gaps per patient (4.40 vs. 5.13 gaps, respectively; P = 0.21) nor NGL (0.35 vs. 0.32, P = 0.59). For both techniques, a higher mean number of gaps were detected in right vs. left PVs (3.18 vs. 1.58, respectively; P = 0.01). The incidence of recurrences did not differ between techniques (odds ratio 1.87, 95% confidence interval 0.66–4.97; P = 0.29).

Conclusion
Location and extension of ablation gaps in PVI did not differ between CB and RF groups in DE-CMR image analysis.
Geometric and level set tomography using ensemble Kalman inversion
Authors: Muir Jack B , Tsai Victor C 
Published: October 2019

SUMMARY
Tomography is one of the cornerstones of geophysics, enabling detailed spatial descriptions of otherwise invisible processes. However, due to the fundamental ill-posedness of tomography problems, the choice of parametrizations and regularizations for inversion significantly affect the result. Parametrizations for geophysical tomography typically reflect the mathematical structure of the inverse problem. We propose, instead, to parametrize the tomographic inverse problem using a geologically motivated approach. We build a model from explicit geological units that reflect the a priori knowledge of the problem. To solve the resulting large-scale nonlinear inverse problem, we employ the efficient Ensemble Kalman Inversion scheme, a highly parallelizable, iteratively regularizing optimizer that uses the ensemble Kalman filter to perform a derivative-free approximation of the general iteratively regularized Levenberg–Marquardt method. The combination of a model specification framework that explicitly encodes geological structure and a robust, derivative-free optimizer enables the solution of complex inverse problems involving non-differentiable forward solvers and significant a priori knowledge. We illustrate the model specification framework using synthetic and real data examples of near-surface seismic tomography using the factored eikonal fast marching method as a forward solver for first arrival traveltimes. The geometrical and level set framework allows us to describe geophysical hypotheses in concrete terms, and then optimize and test these hypotheses, helping us to answer targeted geophysical questions.
Deformation associated with sliver transport in Costa Rica: seismic and geodetic observations of the July 2016 Bijagua earthquake sequence
Authors: Araya Maria C , Biggs Juliet 
Published: October 2019

SUMMARYTectonic slivers form in the overriding plate in regions of oblique subduction. The inner boundaries of the sliver are often poorly defined and can consist of well-defined faults, rotating blocks or diffuse fault systems, which pass through or near the volcanic arc. The Guanacaste Volcanic Arc Sliver (GVAS) as defined by Montero et al., is a segment of the Central American Forearc Sliver, whose inner boundary is the ∼87-km-long Haciendas-Chiripa fault system (HCFS), which is located ∼10 km behind the volcanic arc and consists of strike slip faults and pull apart steps. We characterize the current ground motion on this boundary by combining earthquake locations and focal mechanisms of the 2016 Bijagua earthquake sequence, with the surface ground deformation obtained from Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) images from the ALOS-2 satellite. The coseismic stack of interferograms show ∼6 cm of displacement towards the line of sight of the satellite between the Caño Negro fault and the Upala fault, indicating uplift or SE horizontal surface displacement. The largest recorded earthquake of the sequence was Mw 5.4, and the observed deformation is one of the smallest earthquakes yet detected by InSAR in the Central American region. Forward and inverse models show the surface deformation can be partially explained by slip on a single fault, but it can be better explained by slip along two faults linked at depth. The best-fitting model consists of 0.33 m of right lateral slip on the Caño Negro fault and 0.35 m of reverse slip on the Upala fault, forming a positive flower structure. As no reverse seismicity was recorded, we infer the slip on the Upala fault occurred aseismically. Observations of the Bijagua earthquake sequence suggests the forearc sliver boundary is a complex and diffuse fault system. There are localized zones of transpression and transtension and areas where there is no surface expression suggesting the fault system is not yet mature. Although aseismic slip is common on subduction interfaces and mature strike-slip faults, this is the first study to document aseismic slip on a continental tectonic sliver boundary fault.
Interpersonal Gun Violence Research in the Social Work Literature
Authors: Aspholm Roberto R , St Vil Christopher , Carter Kimberly A E 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Interpersonal gun violence remains a major public health issue in the United States and beyond. This article explores the research on interpersonal gun violence published in peer-reviewed social work journals since the mid-1990s. Findings from this review indicate that the existing scholarship offers some important insights into this topic, particularly related to risk factors for and the effects of exposure to gun violence. These findings, however, also point to some shortcomings in the literature, including problems with the measurement and analytic treatment of exposure to gun violence and a lack of research with direct victims and perpetrators of gun violence. Implications for future research are discussed.
The Wittenoom legacy
Authors: Musk Arthur W (Bill) , Reid Alison , Olsen Nola , Hobbs Michael , Armstrong Bruce , Franklin Peter , Hui Jennie , Layman Lenore , Merler Enzo , Brims Fraser , Alfonso Helman , Shilkin Keith , Sodhi-Berry Nita , de Klerk Nicholas 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The Wittenoom crocidolite (blue asbestos) mine and mill ceased operating in 1966. The impact of this industry on asbestos-related disease in Western Australia has been immense. Use of the employment records of the Australian Blue Asbestos Company and records of the Wittenoom township residents has permitted two cohorts of people with virtually exclusive exposure to crocidolite to be assembled and studied. Follow-up of these two cohorts has been conducted through data linkage with available hospital, mortality and cancer records. The evolution of asbestos-related disease has been recorded and, with the establishment of exposure measurements, quantitative exposure–response relationships have been estimated. There has been an ongoing epidemic of mortality from lung cancer and malignant mesothelioma and, less so, from asbestosis. Wittenoom crocidolite was used extensively in asbestos-cement products in Western Australia. As a result, the state has recorded a higher malignant-mesothelioma mortality rate than in any other Australian state and in any defined general population in the world. Thus, the legacy of Wittenoom has extended beyond the mine and the town, and is still evident more than 50 years after the closure of the mine.
Occupational exposure to chronic ionizing radiation increases risk of Parkinson's disease incidence in Russian Mayak workers
Authors: Azizova Tamara V , Bannikova Maria V , Grigoryeva Evgeniya S , Rybkina Valentina L , Hamada Nobuyuki 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Background
Patients receiving radiotherapy demonstrate cognitive deficits, impairment of neurogenesis and neurovascular damage developing as late side effects of radiation exposure to the head. In light of the increasing use of diagnostic radiological procedures, epidemiological data raise concerns about possible harmful effects of low-level radiation on the human brain. A series of studies of chronically exposed Russian nuclear workers have provided information on risks of cancer and non-cancer diseases.

Methods
This study aimed to assess the risk of Parkinson’s-disease (PD) incidence in a cohort of workers occupationally exposed to chronic radiation. The cohort comprised workers of a Russian nuclear production facility who were first employed in 1948–1982 and followed up until the end of 2013 (22 377 individuals; 25% female). Using the AMFIT module of EPICURE software, relative risk and excess relative risk per unit dose (ERR/Gy) were calculated based on maximum likelihood.

Results
A linear association was found between PD incidence and cumulative γ-dose after adjusting for sex and attained age [ERR/Gy = 1.02 (95% confidence interval, 0.59 to 1.63, p = 5.44 × 10–5)]. The ERR/Gy of external radiation for PD incidence was stable after adjusting for neutron dose (ERR/Gy = 1.03; 95% confidence interval: 0.59 to 1.67, p = 6.86 × 10–5). The risk increased with increasing lag period and decreased notably after adjusting for body mass index, smoking and alcohol consumption. Additional adjustments for hypertension, gout, gastric ulcer, head injuries with loss of awareness and diabetes mellitus did not affect the risk estimate.

Conclusions
This study is the first to suggest that PD is associated with prolonged occupational external γ-ray exposure.
Explaining Citizen Attitudes to Strategies of Democratic Defense in Europe: A Resource in Responses to Contemporary Challenges to Liberal Democracy?
Authors: de Leeuw Sjifra E , Bourne Angela K 
Published: October 2019

AbstractIt has long been speculated that banning parties from participation in elections may be counterproductive because it might provoke societal resistance. Using the European Social Survey (2002–2010; N = 195,405), our study suggests otherwise. We demonstrate that party bans enjoy the legitimacy of majority support. This holds true irrespective of countries’ resilience to extremist influences (or lack thereof) resulting from “institutional intolerance,” electoral entry barriers and authoritarian legacies. Individual orientations toward the democratic establishment do matter to a small extent: citizens with authoritarian tendencies and low system support are less supportive, while this is less so for citizens with extremist ideological orientations. Even though party bans entail significant democratic dilemmas, this study reveals societal resources supportive of repressive responses to extremist parties.
Log Picard Algebroids and Meromorphic Line Bundles
Authors: Gualtieri Marco , Luk Kevin 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
We introduce logarithmic Picard algebroids, a natural class of Lie algebroids adapted to a simple normal crossings divisor on a smooth projective variety. We show that such algebroids are classified by a subspace of the de Rham cohomology of the divisor complement determined by its mixed Hodge structure. We then solve the prequantization problem, showing that under the appropriate integrality condition, a log Picard algebroid is the Lie algebroid of symmetries of what is called a meromorphic line bundle, a generalization of the usual notion of line bundle in which the fibers degenerate along the divisor. We give a geometric description of such bundles and establish a classification theorem for them, showing that they correspond to a subgroup of the holomorphic line bundles on the divisor complement. Importantly, these holomorphic line bundles need not be algebraic. Finally, we provide concrete methods for explicitly constructing examples of meromorphic line bundles, such as for a smooth cubic divisor in the projective plane.
Choice of Study Populations for Vaccines
Authors: Griffiths Paul , Hughes Brenna 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe natural history of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is complex. Individuals may experience primary infection, reactivation of latent infection, or reinfection with a new strain despite natural immunity. The ability of this virus to continue to replicate despite substantial immune responses is attributable to the many immune evasion genes encoded within its genome. Given this complex natural history and immunology, the design of clinical trials of CMV vaccines may require components not usually found in trials of vaccines designed to protect against viruses that cause only acute infections.In this article, we focus on specific aspects of clinical trial design that could be adopted to address the complexities of CMV infections. We consider women of childbearing age, toddlers, recipients of solid organ transplantation, and stem cell transplant patients, emphasizing the parallels between women and solid organ transplantation that could allow vaccines to be developed in parallel in both these patient groups. We emphasize the potential for studies of passive immunity to inform the selection of immunogens as candidates for active immunization and vice versa. We also illustrate how application of whole-genomic sequencing could document whether vaccines protect against reactivation or reinfection of CMV or both.
Nicotinamide Limits Replication of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Bacille Calmette-Guérin Within Macrophages
Authors: Simmons Jason D , Peterson Glenna J , Campo Monica , Lohmiller Jenny , Skerrett Shawn J , Tunaru Sorin , Offermanns Stefan , Sherman David R , Hawn Thomas R 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Novel antimicrobials for treatment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis are needed. We hypothesized that nicotinamide (NAM) and nicotinic acid (NA) modulate macrophage function to restrict M. tuberculosis replication in addition to their direct antimicrobial properties. Both compounds had modest activity in 7H9 broth, but only NAM inhibited replication in macrophages. Surprisingly, in macrophages NAM and the related compound pyrazinamide restricted growth of bacille Calmette-Guérin but not wild-type Mycobacterium bovis, which both lack a functional nicotinamidase/pyrazinamidase (PncA) rendering each strain resistant to these drugs in broth culture. Interestingly, NAM was not active in macrophages infected with a virulent M. tuberculosis mutant encoding a deletion in pncA. We conclude that the differential activity of NAM and nicotinic acid on infected macrophages suggests host-specific NAM targets rather than PncA-dependent direct antimicrobial properties. These activities are sufficient to restrict attenuated BCG, but not virulent wild-type M. bovis or M. tuberculosis.