bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measuring economic contributions of the marine recreational charter fishing sector using a resampling approach
Authors: Lew Daniel K , Seung Chang K 
Published: February 2019

AbstractPolicy makers and stakeholders often desire information on the economic impact of fishing, which is frequently measured through its contribution to the economy using regional economic impact models. The variance of fishery-related economic contribution estimates is seldom calculated but can improve the quality of policy information. In this study, we illustrate a resampling-based approach for calculating standard errors of contribution estimates within a social accounting matrix (SAM) model with inputs calculated from survey data with missing data. We estimate the contribution of the saltwater recreational charter fishing industry in Alaska to the economy for 2011–2013 and 2015. Statistical tests are then conducted to assess differences between estimates across the years. Of the years studied, the total output (sales) from the Alaska saltwater charter fishing industry in Alaska was found to be (statistically) largest in 2011 ($248 million in 2013 dollars) and lowest in the next year, 2012 (about $141 million in 2013 dollars). Subsequently, the total output increased in 2013 and then remained at a statistically similar level in 2015.
When Justice Leads, Does Politics Follow?
Authors: Rodman Kenneth A 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
One of the arguments for international prosecution of criminal violence regardless of political context is the presumed normative pull of global justice, which can stigmatize targeted leaders to both international and domestic audiences, leading to their marginalization. However, the examples most closely associated with this argument — Radovan Karadžić and Ratko Mladić (arrest warrants issued in 1995), Slobodan Milošević (arrest warrant unsealed in 1999) and Charles Taylor (arrest warrant unsealed in 2003) — are false positives since they were empowered by a political commitment by powerful states to remove those actors from power. In contrast, when powerful third parties prefer to engage regimes whose leaders are subjected to criminal scrutiny — either because of shared interests or a diplomatic approach to conflict management — the stigmatizing impact of criminalization is limited, as demonstrated by the failure of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda to prosecute commanders of the Rwandan Patriotic Front and the problems the International Criminal Court has encountered in its Darfur and Kenyan investigations. The findings point to the realist limits of the shaming function of international criminal tribunals, whose ability to sideline abusive leaders is dependent on parallel political strategies to achieve the same ends.
A logical framework for view updating in indefinite databases
Authors: Caroprese Luciano , Trubitsyna Irina , Truszczyński Miroslaw , Zumpano Ester 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThis paper introduces and studies a declarative framework for updating views over indefinite databases. An indefinite database is a database with null values that are represented, following the standard database approach, by a single null constant. Typically a database is represented by a single set of facts $D$ that model what is known to be true. This paper proposes a model of an indefinite extensional database that is more expressive with respect to the closed-world assumption (CWA) adapted for the setting of indefinite databases (Libkin, 1995, A semantics-based approach to design of query languages for partial information. In Semantics in Databases, vol. 1358 of LNCS, pp. 170–208. Springer; der Meyden, 1998, Logical approaches to incomplete information: a survey. In Logics for Databases and Information Systems, pp. 307–356. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Norwell, MA, USA). More specifically, in our model, databases are determined by two sets of facts: $D$ representing, as usual, all facts that are true in the database, and $E$ that is meant to represent exceptions to the ‘unknown range’, i.e. facts that cannot be unknown. Intuitively, unless they are explicitly implied to be true by the first set, the facts specified as exceptions are assumed false. The semantics is given by means of a two-level CWA tailored to the case of indefinite information. The paper characterizes the semantics of indefinite databases in terms of their possible worlds that are obtained by instantiating occurrences of null values by concrete constants and defines several classes of database repairs that realize view-update requests. Most notable is the class of constrained repairs. Constrained repairs change the database ‘minimally’and avoid making arbitrary commitments. They narrow down the space of alternative ways to fulfill the view-update request to those that are grounded, in a certain strong sense, in the database, the view and the view-update request.
CAR T-Cell Associated Neurotoxicity: Mechanisms, Clinicopathologic Correlates, and Future Directions
Authors: Hunter Bradley D , Jacobson Caron A 
Published: February 2019

AbstractChimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy is a revolutionary new form of immunotherapy for the treatment of hematologic malignancies. The two primary toxicities associated with CAR T-cell therapy include cytokine-release syndrome and neurotoxicity. Cytokine-release syndrome is generally self-limited but high-grade toxicities like hypotension and hypoxemia can be managed with agents that block the effects of IL-6, like tocilizumab, and/or corticosteroids. Although CAR T-cell therapy–associated neurotoxicity is a well-described clinical phenomenon, its pathophysiology remains inadequately understood; treatments and preventive strategies remain elusive. Animal models and clinical trial experience suggest the centrality of monocytes, endothelial dysfunction, and the blood-brain barrier in the development of CAR T-cell–associated neurotoxicity. Here we report what is known from preclinical models, clinical trials, and histopathologic studies regarding the pathophysiology of neurotoxicity, predictors of its incidence, and potential targets for the treatment and prevention of neurotoxicity.
Literary and Historic Flâneuses: Observation, Commentary, Enterprise and Courage in Late-Nineteenth-Century Women’s Professional Lives
Authors: Hall Leo , Grennan Simon 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Discussions of the conception of that exemplar of late-nineteenth-century and early-twentieth century urban modernity, the flâneur, have focused on both critique of the figure’s masculinity and more radical and nuanced conceptions of women’s flânerie. This article considers both the re-gendering and ungendering of flânerie in the character of three flâneuses in fiction published in the 1870s, 1880s and 1910s: Madame Sidonie, Henrietta Stackpole, and Elsie Bengough, and related dissonances and synergies in the career and work of London actress and cartoonist Marie Duval, active 1869–1885. It will argue that changes in types of reading supervened upon the boom in the production and distribution of serial publications during this period, resulting in the embodiment of new female professional identities, relative to both changing experiences of urban life and changing experiences of reading. The article makes a distinction between new ideas of these types of urban professional woman and the development of the identity of the New Woman after 1894. It examines the historic comprehensibility of the fictional flâneuses to readers of Zola, James, and Onions, according to the new opportunities and prohibitions that constituted the lived experiences of the developing urban entertainments industry of the period, in Duval’s comic strips and vignettes in the weekly London magazine Judy, or The London Serio-Comic Journal.
Blood Urea Nitrogen Levels to Verify Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate, as Derived from 2 Commonly Used Equations
Authors: Lin Sheng-Feng , Teng Hao-En , Lin Hsiu-Chen 
Published: February 2019

Abstract

Background
A blood urea nitrogen to creatinine ratio (BCR) of 20 or greater indicates various physiological conditions. Whether glomerular filtration rate (GFR) estimates obtained using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) study equation and Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) study equations are affected by a high BCR remains unknown.

Methods
Patients who underwent urine creatinine clearance (CrCl) and serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine assessments on the same day were enrolled in our study. Those with BCR of 20 or greater and less than 20 were categorized into high- and low-BCR groups. The concordance on diagnosing chronic kidney disease (CKD) stages by using urine CrCl level and serum GFR estimates was assessed.

Results
More disagreement in CKD stage diagnosis was observed in the high-BCR group (weighted κ = 0.600 and 0.541 for the MDRD and CKD-EPI study equations, respectively) than in the low-BCR group (weighted κ = 0.816 and 0.758, respectively).

Conclusions
A BCR of 20 or greater caused misestimation of the CKD stage. GFR estimates for patients with high BCR should be interpreted cautiously.
Involvement of Interferon‐γ + 874A/T Polymorphism in the Pathogenesis of and Therapeutic Response to Immune Thrombocytopenia
Authors: Rezaeeyan Hadi , Jaseb Kaveh , Kaydani Gholam Abas , Asnafi Ali Amin , Masbi Mohammad Hosein , Saki Najmaldin 
Published: February 2019

Abstract

Background
Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune disease characterized by symptoms of thrombocytopenia and bleeding due to production of autoantibodies against platelets. Recently, the occurrence of polymorphisms has been identified as one of the main causes of disease onset.

Methods
To conduct this study, we recruited 140 patients and control individuals with no history of platelet loss. After collection of specimens, the prevalence of interferon-γ polymorphism was evaluated using the allele-specific oligonucleotide–polymerase chain reaction (ASO-PCR) technique and confirmed by sequencing techniques.

Results
The results showed that the frequency of the AA genotype was higher in the control group, compared with patients with ITP; however, in the acute and chronic groups, the frequency of the AT genotype was higher than that of the AA genotype. We also discovered that there was no significant correlation between platelet counts before and after treatment, nor in its related parameters with interferon (IFN)–γ polymorphism.

Conclusion
rs2430561 does not seem to have any role in ITP pathogenesis and treatment response.
Beyond validation: Using programmed diagnostics to learn about, monitor, and successfully complete your DH project
Authors: Holmes Martin , Takeda Joseph 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Digital humanities projects have long relied on various schema languages—chiefly, RELAX NG and Schematron—for validating the XML documents in their data collections; however, these languages are limited in their ability to check for consistency, coherence, and completeness across the entire project. In our work as part of “Endings”, an umbrella project that comprises four diverse digital edition projects from different fields, we have developed a methodology for checking and enforcing correctness, completeness, and coherence across the entire document set. The following article describes the various stages (what we term “levels”) of our diagnostics process, all of which are driven by XSLT (Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations) stylesheets, and produce a human readable report. These levels include checks for referential integrity, correct entity tagging, and potential duplicates in the data set. Using examples from the Endings projects, we show how diagnostic processes not only ensure correctness in the data set, but can also aid in determining project milestones and completion dates. Diagnostics, we argue, are thus a crucial extension to schema-based validation for complex digital projects and can provide concrete ways for digital humanities projects to enforce coherence and consistency and track their progress toward completion.
Magnetic topologies of young suns: the weak-line T Tauri stars TWA 6 and TWA 8A
Authors: Hill C A , Folsom C P , Donati J-F , Herczeg G J , Hussain G A J , Alencar S H P , Gregory S G ,   MaTYSSE collaboration
Published: February 2019

ABSTRACT
We present a spectropolarimetric study of two weak-line T Tauri stars (wTTSs), TWA 6, and TWA 8A, as part of the MaTYSSE (Magnetic Topologies of Young Stars and the Survival of close-in giant Exoplanets) programme. Both stars display significant Zeeman signatures that we have modelled using Zeeman Doppler Imaging (ZDI). The magnetic field of TWA 6 is split equally between poloidal and toroidal components, with the largest fraction of energy in higher order modes, with a total unsigned flux of 840 G, and a poloidal component tilted 35° from the rotation axis. TWA 8A has a 70 per cent poloidal field, with most of the energy in higher order modes, with an unsigned flux of 1.4 kG (with a magnetic filling factor of 0.2), and a poloidal field tilted 20° from the rotation axis. Spectral fitting of the very strong field in TWA 8A (in individual lines, simultaneously for Stokes I and V) yielded a mean magnetic field strength of 5.9 ± 0.2 kG. The higher field strengths recovered from spectral fitting suggests that a significant proportion of magnetic energy lies in small-scale fields that are unresolved by ZDI. So far, wTTSs in MaTYSSE appear to show that the poloidal-field axisymmetry correlates with the magnetic field strength. Moreover, it appears that classical T Tauri stars (cTTSs) and wTTSs are mostly poloidal and axisymmetric when mostly convective and cooler than ∼4300 K, with hotter stars being less axisymmetric and poloidal, regardless of internal structure.
Con: Vascular access surveillance in mature fistulas: is it worthwhile?
Authors: Moist Louise , Lok Charmaine E 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
The risks and benefits of hemodialysis arteriovenous (AV) access surveillance have been debated since the introduction of AV access surveillance techniques. The debate is fuelled by the lack of robust, high-quality evidence with consistent and comparable patient-important outcomes. Additionally, there is a lack of clarity regarding the diagnostic cut points for AV access stenosis using the various surveillance techniques, questions about the appropriateness of the ‘knee-jerk’ response to intervention on a stenosis >50% regardless of the presence of clinical indicators and whether the intervention results in desired patient-important outcomes. The physiology of the AV access is complex considering the different hemodynamics within an AV fistula, which vary by time of dialysis, location, size of vessels and location of the stenosis. The current evidence suggests that the use of AV access surveillance in an AV fistula does detect more stenosis compared with clinical monitoring alone and leads to an increased number of procedures. It remains uncertain if that leads to improved patient-important outcomes such as prolonged AV fistula patency. Vascular access is an essential component of hemodialysis and further study is needed to clarify this long-standing debate. There needs to be better distinction between the strategies of vascular access surveillance, clinical monitoring with clinical indictors and preemptive intervention and their respective impacts on patient-important outcomes. Randomized controlled studies must be conducted with defined indications for intervention, reproducible methods of intervention and clinically important AV fistula and patient outcomes. The current guidelines need to be challenged and revised to permit these necessary studies to be done.
A systematic study of ULIRGs using near-infrared absorption bands reveals a strong UV environment in their star-forming regions
Authors: Doi Ryosuke , Nakagawa Takao , Isobe Naoki , Baba Shunsuke , Yano Kenichi , Yamagishi Mitsuyoshi 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
We present a systematic study of the 3.0 μm H2O ice and the 3.4 μm aliphatic carbon absorption features toward 48 local ultraluminous infrared galaxies (ULIRGs) using spectra obtained by the AKARI Infrared Camera to investigate the UV environment in their star-forming regions. All the ULIRGs in our sample exhibit a ratio of optical depth of H2O ice to silicate dust (τ3.0/τ9.7) that is lower than that in the Taurus dark cloud. This implies that ULIRGs cannot be described as an ensemble of low-mass star-forming regions and that a significant amount of high-mass star-forming regions contribute to star-forming clouds in local ULIRGs. The results also show that the ratios of optical depth of aliphatic carbon to silicate dust, τ3.4/τ9.7, exhibit diverse values. We investigate two effects that can affect this ratio: the geometric temperature gradient (which increases the ratio) and the intense UV environment (which decreases it). The geometric temperature gradient is typically considered as a sign of active galactic nuclei (AGN). ULIRGs with AGN signs (optical classification, near-infrared color, and a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emission strength of $3.3\, \mu$m) indeed tend to exhibit a large τ3.4/τ9.7 ratio. However, we find that the presence of buried AGN is not the only cause of the geometric temperature gradient, because the enhancement of the ratio is also evident in pure starburst-like ULIRGs without these AGN signs. Regarding the intense UV environment in star-forming regions, the correlation between the aliphatic carbon ratio and the ratio of the [C  ii] 158 μm line luminosity to the far-infrared luminosity ($L_{[\mathrm{C}\,\,\small {ii}]}/L_{\mathrm{FIR}}$), which represents the UV environment in photodissociation regions, implies that the intense UV environment causes the decrease of the aliphatic carbon ratio. We find that an intense UV environment (G/nH &gt; 3) in star-forming regions is needed for the aliphatic carbon ratio to be suppressed.
Fossils with Feathers and Philosophy of Science
Authors: Havstad Joyce C , Smith N Adam 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe last half century of paleornithological research has transformed the way that biologists perceive the evolutionary history of birds. This transformation has been driven, since 1969, by a series of exciting fossil discoveries combined with intense scientific debate over how best to interpret these discoveries. Ideally, as evidence accrues and results accumulate, interpretive scientific agreement forms. But this has not entirely happened in the debate over avian origins: the accumulation of scientific evidence and analyses has had some effect, but not a conclusive one, in terms of resolving the question of avian origins. Although the majority of biologists have come to accept that birds are dinosaurs, there is lingering and, in some quarters, strident opposition to this view. In order to both understand the ongoing disagreement about avian origins and generate a prediction about the future of the debate, here we use a revised model of scientific practice to assess the current and historical state of play surrounding the topic of bird evolutionary origins. Many scientists are familiar with the metascientific scholars Sir Karl Popper and Thomas Kuhn, and these are the primary figures that have been appealed to so far, in prior attempts to assess the dispute. But we demonstrate that a variation of Imre Lakatos’s model of progressive versus degenerative research programmes provides a novel and productive assessment of the debate. We establish that a refurbished Lakatosian account both explains the intractability of the dispute and predicts a likely outcome for the debate about avian origins. In short, here, we offer a metascientific tool for rationally assessing competing theories—one that allows researchers involved in seemingly intractable scientific disputes to advance their debates.
Clinical Updates in Women’s Health Care Summary: Surgical Considerations
Authors: Shafer Aaron , Gehrig Paola 
Published: February 2019

Abstract:
Obstetrician–gynecologists often incorporate surgical procedures in the care of women. Each phase of a woman's life cycle presents different challenges regarding preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative management. Appropriate workup and preparation of patients for surgery are key to a successful surgical outcome. As women age, their risk of medical comorbidities, such as coronary artery disease, diabetes mellitus, or obesity, increases, as does the need for surgical procedures. Correctly identifying medical conditions and related surgical risks will help obstetrician–gynecologists provide safe, appropriate, and evidence-based care to women. Increasingly, obstetrician–gynecologists work in the setting of multidisciplinary teams, and many have access to preoperative assessment clinics and hospitalists to assist in the management of preoperative and perioperative patients. It is the responsibility of the referring physician to understand the services these clinics and hospitalists provide. An appropriate and cost-effective evidence-based preliminary workup, such as laboratory and imaging tests, also is important. The purpose of this monograph is to help guide obstetrician–gynecologists through the appropriate preoperative assessment of women who require surgery and identify intraoperative and postoperative management strategies that will help decrease avoidable morbidity and mortality of these patients.
Not all interactions are positive: testing how antagonistic interactions impact the robustness of plant-pollinator networks
Authors: Briggs Heather M. , Ayers Carolyn A. , Armsworth Paul R. , Brosi Berry J. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractGiven ongoing pollinator declines, it is important to understand the dynamics of linked extinctions of plants driven by pollinator extinctions. Topological robustness models focused on this question suggest relatively high robustness of plant species to pollinator species extinctions. Still, existing robustness models typically assume that all interactions in plant-pollinator networks are positive, which is clearly not always the case. For example, many pollinators remove floral resources with-out transferring pollen, or even damage floral structures in the case of nectar robbing. Here we introduce antagonistic interactions into plant-pollinator networks and assess the resilience of plant communities to pollinator species losses. Incorporating antagonistic interactions leads to lower network robustness, i.e. an increased rate of plant species loss (as compared to networks with only mutualistic interactions) in empirical plant-pollinator networks. In conjunction with extinction order, the addition of increasingly antagonistic interactions was idiosyncratic in that it did not always magnify the effects of extinction order across the three networks. These results underscore the importance of considering the full spectrum of interaction outcomes when assessing robustness to coextinctions in plant-pollinator networks, as well as other ecological systems.