bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Domestication
Authors: Alborn Timothy 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
After surveying early-modern gold extraction and export from the New World, this chapter discusses the contrasts Britons developed between their own and Iberia’s encounters with gold during the three centuries after the Conquest, as well as their relief at never being subjected to the temptation of possessing gold-bearing colonies. Such efforts paralleled the way they thought about the many other commodities they imported from exotic climes. In all these cases, a process of domestication converted a barbaric substance into a signifier of civilization. Throughout the century after 1750, Britons tirelessly debated the boundaries between gold’s productive, unproductive, and corrosive uses, all the while pondering what exactly rendered it so valuable.
Coinages
Authors: Alborn Timothy 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
“Coinages” emphasizes the irony that gold coins recurrently needed to be weighed by consumers despite bearing stamps that attested to their legal weight. As guineas (and then sovereigns, from 1817), gold embodied the coin of the realm, and in the process divided society between those who could or could not afford to carry them in their pockets or store them in their bank. Before 1800, employers and landed elites almost exclusively comprised the former class, while the vast majority of the population struggled to find small change; after a twenty-year hiatus in which paper money mostly replaced gold, sovereigns made their debut in 1817, with a wider circulation that reflected rising standards of living. Although gold coins mainly signified economic power, social status sometimes appeared around the edges: for instance, in the survival of guineas after 1820 as the preferred denomination of doctors and lawyers.
Devotion
Authors: Alborn Timothy 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
“Devotion” examines British critiques of excessive adornment in non-Protestant churches and temples. Most typically, these accounts interpreted religious ornament as the initial, and hence most infantile, stage in the evolution of gold’s various possible uses. Britons documented instances of gilded idolatry in cathedrals from Mexico City to Moscow—and in all cases, half-excused the plunder of such treasures. They confirmed the backward devotional uses of gold abroad by pointing to their own pre-Reformation past. While recollections of British churches before Henry VIII widened the gap between Catholic and Protestant uses of gold, however, they also betrayed nostalgia for a more glorious era—especially among Anglicans who edged closer to Catholicism in the 1830s and in the profusion of town and county histories that appeared after 1780, many of which lamented the absence of adornment in their (now-Anglican) cathedrals.
Graven Images
Authors: Alborn Timothy 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Issues of status and class appeared with new twists when gold took the form of ancient coins and modern medals. The discovery of buried gold often pitted working-class finders, whose rational response was to melt their finds down for the bullion content, against educated collectors, who were appalled by such disregard for history and aesthetics. Gold medals, for their part, measured merit among the closed ranks of aristocratic politicians, sportsmen, students, and men of science, often in explicit contrast to cash awards doled out to people of less status or means. These graven images conjured nonmonetary (and, consequently, controversial) value by enabling Britons to discover their forebears, broadcast their erudition, or locate themselves in posterity.
Before the Gold Rush
Authors: Alborn Timothy 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
“Before the Gold Rush” recounts British efforts to find new sources of gold in order to enable the smooth functioning of the newly restored gold standard after 1820. Their first port of call was Latin America, where mining had declined during Napoleon’s occupation of Iberia; despite substantial investment by British speculators, this sector never regained its prior prominence as a world leader in gold yields. Instead Russia picked up that baton, yielding nearly half of the world’s total output by the early 1840s. Although Britons welcomed the new gold, they did so warily, owing to that country’s status as their leading national rival. Such concerns prompted them to hedge their bets by prospecting for gold (without much success) in Africa, India, and Southeast Asia—parts of the world that were all conveniently in the process of passing under direct British rule.
The Novel in the Era of Plessy
Authors: Holbo Christine 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The transformation of literary realism in the late nineteenth century took place within the context of a categorical shift in American social epistemologies. The first chapter presents an interdisciplinary, generational portrait of this shift by examining a set of key texts from the years 1896–98 as summaries of the reconstruction of law, literature, and philosophy since the Civil War. Two important works by the James brothers, philosopher William James’s “The Sentiment of Rationality” and Henry James’s What Maisie Knew, demonstrate how the relationship between “sentiment” and “rationality” had been transformed. By attacking the nineteenth century’s trust in the emotions alongside its belief in a transcendent concept of reason, William and Henry James made a case for a new kind of moral imagination grounded in the uncertainty of the emotions and the unknowability of other selves. While the James brothers greeted the collapse of the sentimental paradigm as an emancipatory moment for individuals and for the novel itself, the lawyer and novelist Albion Tourgée saw it as imperiling the ability of Americans to speak, write, or think about freedom. Best known as Homer Plessy’s lawyer in Plessy v. Ferguson, Tourgée was also the most passionate defender of the emancipatory role of the sentimental novel. Exploring Tourgée’s opposition to pluralistic relativism in his brief on behalf of Homer Plessy and his literary analysis of Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin, this chapter explores the opposition between the Jameses’ celebratory vision of epistemological perspectivalism and Tourgée’s defense of sentimental reason.
Perfect Knowledge
Authors: Holbo Christine 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines Helen Hunt Jackson as an exemplary figure for the Reconstruction generation of American writers. Nurtured on the sympathetic universalism animating the antebellum realism of Harriet Beecher Stowe’s 1852 Uncle Tom’s Cabin, Jackson collided with the limits of this model at the moment of its triumph. A successful novelist and poet, Jackson became, in the 1870s, an activist for Native American rights. Working across a variety of genres—travel writing published in prestigious magazines such as The Century, the legal history A Century of Dishonor, and the novel Ramona—Jackson attempted to supplement sentimental modes of universalist appeal with legal arguments appropriate to the United States in the era of the Fourteenth Amendment and picturesque representational strategies appealing to a generation increasingly interested in racial, regional, and gender difference. Tracing out Jackson’s affiliation with a variety of contemporary writers, including Mark Twain, Albion Tourgée, and Henry James, this chapter shows how these writings engaged her in a generational rebellion against the high political moralism of the prewar generation. The “sentimental fools,” “sentimental tourists,” and “mugwump aesthetes” of postbellum literature rejected and transformed the sentimental tradition in ways that prepared the ground for a literary field defined by the paired ideals of autonomous literary experimentalism and authentic, pluralistic cultural expression. This chapter argues that Ramona, in its attempt to compromise between sentimentalism and the new epistemological and aesthetic particularity, must be read as an allegory of public agency in an age of violent territorial expansion and divided fields of discourse.
A Double-Barreled Novel
Authors: Holbo Christine 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores Mark Twain’s Huckleberry Finn, the most celebrated novel of the late nineteenth century, as the most completely realized example of the perspectival realism of the Reconstruction generation. Addressing Twain’s relationship with Howells and considering the way Twain’s absorption of the categories of the “sentimental fool” and the practices of mugwump aestheticism fed into his approach as a novelist, this chapter reads Huckleberry Finn as an allegory of the irreducible complexity of emancipation. This reading overturns traditional readings of the novel that celebrate Huck’s raft as a space of utopian freedom. It also offers an alternative to the dilemmas encountered by readers who have confronted the novel’s minstrelized depiction of the escaped slave Jim. What Twain called his “double-barreled” novel must be read for the way the possibilities of emancipation are hidden in plain sight, obscured by symbols of freedom such as the raft. Written in an age of renewed federalism even as it looks back at the antebellum world, Huckleberry Finn invites the reader to consider the possibility that the multiplicity of jurisdictions and overlapping, nonunified character of the U.S. legal system might represent a route toward emancipation in a world in which, absent a uniform law, no community could represent true justice.
Rabbit's Blues
Authors: Chapman Con 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The book explores the career of Johnny Hodges, at one time one of the most famous saxophone players in the world. He was closely identified with Duke Ellington’s orchestra, playing with that seminal jazz group for nearly four decades, with only a four-year break in the early 1950s, when he led a band of his own. Just a few years after his death, however, he would be largely forgotten and his style considered passé. The book details why Hodges deserves reconsideration: he helped codify the vocabulary and syntax of his instrument in a jazz context, drawing inspiration from Sidney Bechet and Louis Armstrong, but adding stylistic touches of his own and keeping the Ellington band anchored in the African American tradition of the blues. He recorded with the giants of his day—Billie Holiday, Lionel Hampton, Earl Hines, Teddy Wilson, and John Coltrane. With Wild Bill Davis, he invented the organ-sax combo. Hodges was one of Ellington’s leading composing lieutenants, serving as an inexhaustible source of riffs that Ellington frequently fashioned into longer works. He may even have a partial claim to the first rock ‘n’ roll song, as his group’s “Castle Rock” was recorded the same day as the earliest recording date for “Rocket 88.” Johnny Hodges’s story is an atypical jazz history; a taciturn and undemonstrative man who lived a quiet life, never succumbing to drink or drugs, he nonetheless created some of the most romantic music of the twentieth century.
The Brooklyn Steelband Movement
Authors: Allen Ray 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Chapter 5 chronicles the rise of steelbands on Eastern Parkway and the establishment of WIADCA’s Brooklyn Panorama steelband competition during the 1970s and 1980s. These bands were extensions of Trinidad’s steelband movement that afforded Brooklyn’s migrants, now far from home, the opportunity to re-experience their native culture. The uptick in post-1965 Caribbean migration to Brooklyn led to the influx of skilled steelband players, arrangers, and tuners with years of experience with the Trinidad bands. The transnational flow of steel pan players and musical practices was relatively unidirectional in the early years of Brooklyn Carnival, as Trinidadian musicians, arrangers, and tuners regularly visited Brooklyn and helped shape the emerging steelband scene. New York’s complex multiethnic political landscape served as a backdrop for WIADCA’s struggle to deploy various Carnival expressions, particularly steelband and calypso music, in hopes of uniting Brooklyn’s diverse island populations under a single pan-Caribbean banner, while also encouraging greater social integration of Caribbean culture into mainstream urban society.
J’Ouvert in Brooklyn
Authors: Allen Ray 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Chapter 8 describes the emergence of Brooklyn’s J’Ouvert celebration in the 1990s. With its steelband and percussion-only policy, which strictly forbade deejays and amplified bands, J’Ouvert reflected a conscious attempt to preserve and revitalize older Carnival musical practices as forms of cultural heritage in response to their near disappearance from the more commercial Eastern Parkway parade. This chapter will flesh out the emergence of Brooklyn J’Ouvert, focusing on how a group of Trinidadian migrants revived a century-old celebration to create an event that appeared to some to actually be “more authentic” than what was going on back in Trinidad at the time. It is an extraordinary story of cultural revitalization within Brooklyn’s Caribbean community. Brooklyn J’Ouvert was derived from its parent Trinidad celebration, but like many diasporic expressions, it took on a life of its own.
Flow in Rap Music: Sources of Confusion and a Strategy for Clarity
Authors: Ohriner Mitchell 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Artists, fans, critics, and scholars define “flow” in rap music in a variety of ways. Among the disputes are the proper scope of flow and the musical features that comprise it. This chapter begins by examining several sources of confusion: the many meanings of flow in rap lyrics, the proffered equivalence of flow with the purely musical musical, and the debate as to whether a theory of flow ought to describe or prescribe expressive practice. The chapter then identifies which features constitute flow by examining instances where artists call out flow within their lyrics, specifically when they announce in the midst of a verse that the flow has “flipped” or changed. This result is a definition of flow that arises not from what scholars say flow is, but what artists do when they (flip the) flow.
A Corpus for Rap Music Analysis
Authors: Ohriner Mitchell 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Over the course of his writing, Leonard B. Meyer distinguished between two kinds of music analysis: style analysis, which identifies the “rules of the game” operating in a collection of music, and critical analysis, which seeks to explain the choices of artists by identifying the range of possibilities they confront at each moment and interpreting the path they take. This chapter prepares for the critical analysis of flow in rap music by constructing a corpus of rap verses, taking care to document and maintain rap’s chronological, geographical, and stylistic diversity. The chapter also describes how primary constituents of flow (text, rhythm, and phrase) are digitally represented in the corpus.
Flow and Free Rhythm in Talib Kweli
Authors: Ohriner Mitchell 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Throughout his career, Talib Kweli has been called an “off-beat rapper.” Despite that highly derogatory comment, this chapter connects Kweli’s non-alignment with the underlying beat to earlier Afro-diasporic rhythmic practices. Kweli’s voice moves away from the beat through four distinct processes: phase shifting, swinging, tempo shifting, and deceleration. The last of these, while a hallmark of the rhythm of speech, has little relationship to the rhythm of music with a mechanically regulated beat. By documenting the non-alignment between flow and beat in a particular track (“Get By”), the chapter shows the novel way in which Kweli inserts rupture into the flows of his verses, extending the aesthetic values of hip hop into the rhythms of his flow itself.
Subjugated Histories and Affective Resistance
Authors: Aguayo Angela J. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Starting in the early 1970s, many documentaries began addressing the shifting cultural climate surrounding the issue of abortion in the United States. While some consideration has been given to how abortion has been represented on television and in motion pictures, scant attention has been paid to how the documentary genre has forged the public space for this controversial issue. This chapter briefly maps and assesses how feminists have documented and utilized the documentary genre to recover women’s history and reclaim public space for reproductive justice and the failures to accomplish these aims as access to reproductive care continues to erode. The chapter tracks how women, engaged in feminist struggle, create documentary commons specific to the collision between lived experience and social expectations. The chapter focuses particularly on a moment in 2005 when Third Wave feminist and activist filmmakers attempted to engage abortion politics through the documentary confessional mode. Tracking the move from public confession to representations of an escalating and violent antichoice movement brings the struggle into sharper focus. Analysis of these documentaries and their parallel activist interventions includes interviews with three directors, archival material, and ethnographic research.
The Term Gṛhastha and the (Pre)history of the Householder
Authors: Jamison Stephanie W. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter investigates the words for “householder” in Vedic and early Dharma texts, pointing out that the standard word for “householder” in the latter, Sanskrit gṛhastha, is not found in previous texts. This suggests that it is a new coinage to cover a new conceptual role. It further appears that the term was a Sanskritized borrowing from Middle Indo-Aryan, where its Middle Indo Aryan equivalent is found in the Aśokan inscriptions and in early Buddhist texts.
Gṛhastha in Aśoka’s Classification of Religious People
Authors: Olivelle Patrick 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Aśoka in his inscriptions (3rd century bce) uses the term pāṣaṇḍa to refer to organized religious groups, prominent among whose members were the homeless ascetics (pravrajita). He also refers to people who “stayed at home” (gṛhastha), juxtaposing this term to the two preceding ones. Aśoka’s gṛhastha householder is clearly a person dedicated to holiness, just as the ascetic. It is also probable that the pāṣaṇḍa groups contained both ascetics and householders either as members or in some kind of less formal affiliation. It is from this usage of the term that gṛhastha entered the Brahmanical vocabulary—especially within the newly created theological classification of the four āśramas—and became the central figure in the new genre of literature, Dharmaśāstra, that was invented probably around the third or fourth century bce.
Gṛhastha, Āśrama, and the Origin of Dharmaśāstra
Authors: Olivelle Patrick 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter proposes a new theory on the origin of the āśrama system and of the literature of Dharmaśāstra. The distinction between gṛhastha and pravrajita, given in the Aśokan inscriptions and figuring prominently in the āśrama system, indicates that this system owes its origin to that initial distinction within the Brahmanical communities called pāṣaṇḍa by Aśoka. The chapter further proposes that the origin of the Dharmaśāstras may also be found in the gṛhastha-centered theology of Brahmanism. While the proponents of the āśramas envisage these four modes of life as being equal and open to all, the Dharmaśāstras themselves focus on the householder and his religious and social obligations.
The Householder in Early Dharmaśāstra Literature
Authors: Brick David 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter provides a historical and philological analysis of the Brahmanical householder as he is portrayed in the early Dharmaśāstra literature and also in the Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali. Specifically, it focuses on the precise meanings, connotations, and usages of the various terms employed by these texts to denote a householder or married man. It ends by listing the various terms for householder used by early Dharmaśāstra texts in their probable order of introduction to the dharma tradition; presenting succinctly the precise meanings or range of meanings of these words; and providing brief histories of their usage within early Dharmaśāstra.
Householders, Holy and Otherwise, in the Nı̄ti and Kāma Literature
Authors: McClish Mark 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores the use of terms for the “householder” in the extant nīti (statecraft) and kāma (erotics) texts of the classical period. It examines the word gṛhastha (“householder”), its synonyms gṛhamedhin, gṛhāśramin, and gṛhin, and its derivative gārhasthya (“householdership”). The chapter looks also at three other words for the “householder,” namely gṛhapatika, gṛhasvāmin, and kuṭumbin, which among these texts occur only in the Arthaśāstra of Kauṭilya. The gṛhastha, as the holy householder depicted in the āśrama system, sits on the margins of both statecraft and erotics as technical disciplines. It is pertinent only to what might be considered the ideological framework in which the technical heart of each tradition is embedded.
Householders and Housewives in Early Kāvya Literature
Authors: Dezső Csaba 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Early Buddhist kāvya contrasts the hassled life of a householder with the peaceful life of a forest hermit: the former is devoid of tranquility and therefore militates against striving for liberation from saṃsāra. Those householders, however, who lead an exemplary life can make at least the first steps on the road leading to mokṣa. Early Prakrit kāvya brings not so much the householder but the housewife into focus, beside the figure of the wealthy landowner. In Kālidāsa’s works both household life and renunciation have their appointed time and role, exemplified by the model kings of the Solar Dynasty.
Knowing Our Limits
Authors: Ballantyne Nathan 
Published: September 2019

AbstractChanging our minds isn’t easy. Even when we recognize our views are disputed by intelligent and informed people, we rarely doubt our rightness. Why is this so? How can we become more open-minded, putting ourselves in a better position to tolerate conflict, advance collective inquiry, and learn from differing perspectives in a complex world? In this engrossing, provocative book, Nathan Ballantyne defends the indispensable role of epistemology in tackling these issues. For early modern philosophers, the point of reflecting on inquiry was to understand how our beliefs are often distorted by prejudice and self-interest, and to improve the foundations of human knowledge. Ballantyne seeks to recover and modernize this classical tradition by vigorously defending an interdisciplinary approach to epistemology, blending philosophical theorizing with insights from the social and cognitive sciences. We need tools to help us think more circumspectly about our controversial views. Ballantyne develops a method for distinguishing between our reasonable and unreasonable opinions, in light of evidence about bias, information overload, and rival experts. This method guides us to greater intellectual openness—in the spirit of skeptics from Socrates to Montaigne to Bertrand Russell—making us more inclined to admit that sometimes we don’t have the right answers. With vibrant prose and fascinating examples from science and history, Ballantyne shows how epistemology can help us know our limits.