bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multi‐phase extraction of ephedrine from Pinellia ternata and herbal medicine using molecular imprinted polymer coated ionic liquid‐based silica
Authors: Fang Luwei , Xie Jinfeng , Lin Liangwen , Tian Minglei , Row Kyung Ho 
Published: August 2019

AbstractIntroductionEphedrine is a typical compound found in lots of plant species that is used in several medicines for the treatment of asthma and bronchitis. However, excess amounts are harmful to humans, so it needs to be removed.ObjectiveThis study developed a multi‐phase extraction (MPE) method with a molecular imprinted polymer (MIP) coated ionic liquid (IL)‐based silica (SiO2@IL@MIP) to simultaneously extract and separate ephedrine from Pinellia ternata, 10 medicines, and urine samples.MethodsIL was immobilized on silica. Subsequently, the IL was combined with the functional monomer, followed by the addition of the crosslinker and template. The resulting sorbent was applied to the MPE, and the extraction, washing and elution solvents were evaluated.ResultsFourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed the synthesis of SiO2@IL@MIP. A maximum adsorption amount of 5.76 mg/g was obtained at 30°C at a neutral pH. In MPE, 10.00 mL of methanol could extract all the ephedrine from Pinellia ternata. The interference was removed by washing with 4.00 mL of water, ethanol, and acetonitrile. Finally, 8.00 mL of methanol/acetic acid (99:1, v/v) was applied as the elution solvent. The following were extracted: 5.50 μg/g of ephedrine from Pinellia ternata, 0.00–46.50 μg/g from the 10 herbal medicines, and 68.70–102.80 μg/mL in the urine samples.ConclusionThe proposed method was applied successfully to the simultaneously extraction and separation of ephedrine from plants and medicines. These results are expected to provide important data for the development of new methods for the separation and purification of bioactive compounds.
Diabetes and stroke
Authors: Burton Jenni K , Quinn Terence J , Fisher Miles 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe association between diabetes and stroke is well established. Recent large‐scale, international population studies suggest that diabetes is one of the most important modifiable risk factors for cerebrovascular disease. Despite this, we still have a relative paucity of evidence around the management of diabetes in stroke. The landscape is evolving and recent studies are helping establish best practice and suggesting new therapeutic opportunities. It is possible to develop a practical and clinical synthesis of the evidence around managing diabetes in adult patients with stroke and cerebrovascular disease, based on large trials, systematic reviews and guidelines, and focusing on the scenarios most often encountered in clinical practice. It is also important to recognise that there are common situations where robust evidence is lacking, but practical guidance for clinicians can be suggested. Copyright © 2019 John Wiley & Sons. Practical Diabetes 2019; 36 (4): 126–131
Prevalence and Characteristics of Low Back Pain in a Rural Ghana Primary Care Clinic Population
Authors: Miller Derrick , Hasan Kaazim , Kirk Andrew , Ayalew Dawit , Walker William 
Published: August 2019

IntroductionLow back pain (LBP) is the leading cause of disability in the developed world. Less is known about the impact of LBP in the developing world, and particularly the rural developing world. In 2015, the World Health Organization (WHO) issued an urgent call for additional research into the prevalence and effect of LBP on developing world populations.ObjectiveTo calculate the prevalence of LBP in a rural Ghana primary care clinic population.DesignSurvey of LBP prevalence and severity.SettingPrimary care mission clinic in rural Southeastern Ghana.ParticipantsSix hundred eighty‐four adult patients.MethodsAll adult patients were screened for LBP using the definition “any pain occurring within the region between the lower margin of the 12th ribs and the gluteal folds.” The Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) was used to further characterize LBP in those screening positive. Chi‐square test was used to assess statistical significance of difference in prevalence between groups, and ordinary least squares regression was used to assess the relationship between LBP severity and gender and age.Main Outcome MeasurementsLBP prevalence and LBP severity as assessed using the ODI.ResultsOverall LBP prevalence was 15.7%, with no statistically significant differences observed by age or gender. The activities of standing, traveling, and walking were most severely affected. Of those with LBP, 10.3% were considered “crippled” based on ODI responses, whereas a further 31.8% were “severely disabled.” No statistically significant relationship between LBP severity and age or gender was found.ConclusionsLBP is a cause of significant disability within this region of rural Ghana; however, prevalence appears to be lower than in the developed world and parts of the urbanized developing world. Increased attention to screening and treatment of LBP represents an opportunity to improve the health of rural Africans.Level of EvidenceIV.
An ongoing WE: A focused ethnographic study of the relationship between child and hospital clown during recurrent pain‐related procedures and conditions
Authors: Kristensen Helle Nygaard , Sørensen Erik Elgaard , Stinson Jennifer , Haslund‐Thomsen Helle 
Published: August 2019

AbstractAimThis study explored the interaction between child and hospital clown during recurrent hospitalizations for repeated pain‐related procedures and conditions.BackgroundDespite improvements in the management of pain in hospitalized children, procedural pain in particular is a common experience for hospitalized children, and they continue to report undertreated pain. Hospital clowns are widely used as a nonpharmacological intervention in hospitalized children. Little research has examined the influence of hospital clowns during recurrent hospitalizations on repeated painful procedures.Design and methodsEthnographic fieldwork using focused ethnography was conducted. Data were collected during October–December 2017 using participant observation and informal interviews with children at one pediatric unit at a Danish university hospital. Data include 61 interactions between children aged 4–14 years and hospital clowns. The participants comprised 13 children undergoing recurrent hospitalizations. The data were coded using thematic analysis, and the research team verified the resulting themes.ResultsThe overarching theme was defined as An ongoing WE, based on two identified themes, that is, Stronger in a WE and Hope in the WE. The WE was characterized by a responsive interaction between the child and clown, which evolved over the course of an ongoing relationship.ConclusionThis study demonstrates how an ongoing WE was constructed with children during repeated painful procedures and conditions. Specifically, the study emphasizes the importance of developing a trusting relationship on the child's terms. Children seemed to experience enhanced coping with painful procedures during the recurring hospital clown encounters, thus reinforcing their competence and hope for coping with future painful procedures. These findings may improve psychosocial care for hospitalized children undergoing repeated painful procedures and conditions and may facilitate multidisciplinary initiatives, such as nurses’ advocacy for the inclusion of hospital clowns during recurrent hospitalizations for repeated painful procedures to ensure optimal pain management.
Modeling permafrost changes on the Qinghai–Tibetan plateau from 1966 to 2100: A case study from two boreholes along the Qinghai–Tibet engineering corridor
Authors: Sun Zhe , Zhao Lin , Hu Guojie , Qiao Yongping , Du Erji , Zou Defu , Xie Changwei 
Published: August 2019

AbstractWarming permafrost on a global scale is projected to have significant impacts on engineering, hydrology and environmental quality. Greater warming trends are predicted on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau (QTP), but most models for mountain permafrost have not considered the effects of water phase change and the state of deep permafrost due to a lack of detailed information. To better understand historical and future permafrost change based on in situ monitoring and field investigations, a numerical heat conduction permafrost model was introduced which differentiated the frozen and thawed state of soil, and considered unfrozen water content in frozen soil, distribution of ground ice and geothermal heat flow. Simulations were conducted at two sites with validation by long‐term monitoring of ground temperature data. After forcing with reconstructed historical ground surface temperature series starting from 1966, the model predicted permafrost changes until 2100 under different RCP scenarios. The results indicate a slow thermal response of permafrost to climate warming at the two investigated sites. Even under the most radical warming scenario (RCP8.5), deepening of the permafrost table is not obvious before 2040. At both sites, the model indicates that shallow permafrost may disappear but deep permafrost may persist by 2100. Moreover, the simulation shows that the degradation modes may differ between zones of discontinuous and continuous permafrost. The main degradation mode of the site in the discontinuous zone appears to be upward thawing from the permafrost base, while that of the site in the continuous zone is downward thawing at the permafrost table with little change at the permafrost base.
The permeation barrier of plant cuticles: uptake of active ingredients is limited by very long‐chain aliphatic rather than cyclic wax compounds
Authors: Staiger Simona , Seufert Pascal , Arand Katja , Burghardt Markus , Popp Christian , Riederer Markus 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe barrier to diffusion of organic solutes across the plant cuticle is composed of waxes consisting of very long‐chain aliphatic (VLCA) and, to varying degrees, cyclic compounds like pentacyclic triterpenoids. The roles of both fractions in controlling cuticular penetration by organic solutes, e.g. the active ingredients (AI) of pesticides, are unknown to date. We studied the permeability of isolated leaf cuticular membranes from Garcinia xanthochymus and Prunus laurocerasus for lipophilic azoxystrobin and theobromine as model compounds for hydrophilic AIs.RESULTSThe wax of P. laurocerasus consists of VLCA (12%) and cyclic compounds (88%), whereas VLCAs make up 97% of the wax of G. xanthochymus. We show that treating isolated cuticles with methanol almost quantitatively releases the cyclic fraction while leaving the VLCA fraction essentially intact. All VLCAs were subsequently removed using chloroform. In both species, the permeance of the two model compounds did not change significantly after methanol treatment, whereas chloroform extraction had a large effect on organic solute permeability.CONCLUSIONThe VLCA wax fraction makes up the permeability barrier for organic solutes, whereas cyclic compounds even in high amounts have a negligible role. This is of significance when optimizing the foliar uptake of pesticides. © 2019 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Event‐triggered control design for nonlinear systems with actuator failures and uncertain disturbances
Authors: Li Yuan‐Xin , Ba Desheng , Tong Shaocheng 
Published: August 2019

SummaryTraditional adaptive event‐triggered design methods compensated for the event‐triggered error are not direct, and the stability analysis of resulting close‐loop systems is rather complicated. To alleviate the above restrictions, we propose a direct and simple event‐triggered co‐design method to solve the tracking control problem for parameter strict‐feedback systems with actuator faults and uncertain disturbances. By introducing a compensating terms in a smooth function form of a conventional control law and certain positive integrable functions, the effects of actuator faults and event‐triggered error can be compensated completely. Such a direct design method has the following features: (i) a direct compensation of the event‐triggered error is achieved without introducing any extra design parameters; (ii) it is not necessary to know any bound information on the parameters of event‐triggered threshold, and global asymptotic tracking control of the overall closed‐loop system is achieved; and (iii) the resulting stability criteria of the proposed event‐triggered control design are much simpler and easier to fulfill by virtue of the introduced co‐design method. Simulations are then carried out to validate the proposed schemes.
Creep of concrete as influenced by the rate of expansion due to alkali–silica reaction
Authors: Reinhardt Hans W. , Özkan Hasan , Mielich Oliver 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThree alkali‐sensitive and one insensitive aggregate were used in the concrete mixes. The slow reacting aggregates were greywacke from the Lower Harz, quartz porphyry from Halle and crushed gravel from the Upper Rhine valley. The insensitive aggregate was quartz porphyry from the Black Forest. The concretes showed the typical S‐shaped expansion curve in the 40°C fog room. After a certain time in the fog room, specimens were taken out and creep tests were conducted in a climate of 80% RH and 23°C. This scenario does not necessarily reproduce the situation of real structures but helps to understand the influence of ASR expansion development on creep. The creep deformation depended clearly on the preceding storage duration in the fog chamber. The largest influence on the deformation appeared at the time when the expansion rate in the fog room had a maximum.
Ouabain induces apoptotic cell death in human prostate DU 145 cancer cells through DNA damage and TRAIL pathways
Authors: Chang Yi‐Ming , Shih Yung‐Luen , Chen Chao‐Ping , Liu Ko‐Lin , Lee Mei‐Hui , Lee Ming‐Zhe , Hou Hsin‐Tu , Huang Hsieh‐Chou , Lu Hsu‐Feng , Peng Shu‐Fen , Chen Kuo‐Wei , Yeh Ming‐Yang , Chung Jing‐Gung 
Published: August 2019

AbstractOuabain, a cardiotonic steroid and specific Na+/K+‐ATPase inhibitor, has a potential to induce cancer cell apoptosis but the mechanisms of apoptosis induced by ouabain are not fully understand. The aim of this study was to investigate the cytotoxic effects of ouabain on human prostate cancer DU 145 cells in vitro. Cell morphological changes were examined by phase contrast microscopy. Cell viability, cell cycle distribution, cell apoptosis, DNA damage, the production of ROS and Ca2+, and mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) were measured by flow cytometry assay. Results indicated that ouabain induced cell morphological changes, decreased total cell viability, induced G0/G1 phase arrest, DNA damage, and cell apoptosis, increased ROS and Ca2+ production, but decreased the levels of ΔΨm in DU 145 cells. Ouabain also increased the activities of caspase‐3, ‐8, and ‐9. Western blotting was used for measuring the alterations of apoptosis‐associated protein expressions in DU 145 cells and results indicated that ouabain increased the expression of DNA damage associated proteins (pATMSer1981, p‐H2A.XSer139, and p‐p53Ser15) and ER‐stress‐associated proteins (Grp78, ATF6β, p‐PERKThr981, PERK, eIF2A, GADD153, CaMKIIβ, and caspase‐4) in time‐dependently. Furthermore, ouabain increased apoptosis‐associated proteins (DR4, DR5, Fas, Fas Ligand, and FADD), TRAIL pathway, which related to extrinsic pathway, promoted the pro‐apoptotic protein Bax, increased apoptotic‐associated proteins, such as cytochrome c, AIF, Endo G, caspase‐3, ‐8, and ‐9, but reduced anti‐apoptotic protein Bcl‐2 and Bcl‐x in DU 145 cells. In conclusion, we may suggest that ouabain decreased cell viability and induced apoptotic cell death may via caspase‐dependent and mitochondria‐dependent pathways in human prostate cancer DU 145 cells.
Protective effects of Belamcandae Rhizoma against skin damage by ameliorating ultraviolet‐B‐induced apoptosis and collagen degradation in keratinocytes
Authors: Noh Dongjin , Choi Jin Gyu , Lee Young Bae , Jang Young Pyo , Oh Myung Sook 
Published: August 2019

AbstractUltraviolet‐B light (UV‐B) is a major cause of skin photoaging, inducing cell death and extracellular matrix collapse by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS). Belamcandae Rhizoma (BR), the rhizome of Belamcanda chinensis Leman, exhibits antioxidant properties, but it remains unknown whether BR extract ameliorates UV‐B‐induced skin damage. In this study, we evaluated the effects of a standardized BR extract on UV‐B‐induced apoptosis and collagen degradation in HaCaT cells. BR was extracted using four different methods. We used radical‐scavenging assays to compare the antioxidative activities of the four extracts. Cells were irradiated with UV‐B and treated with BR boiled in 70% (vol/vol) ethanol (BBE). We measured cell viability, intracellular ROS levels, the expression levels of antioxidative enzymes, and apoptosis‐related and collagen degradation‐related proteins. The irisflorentin and tectorigenin levels were measured via high‐performance liquid chromatography. BBE exhibited the best radical‐scavenging and cell protective effects of the four BR extracts. BBE inhibited intracellular ROS generation and induced the synthesis of antioxidative enzymes such as catalase and glutathione. BBE attenuated apoptosis by reducing the level of caspase‐3 and increasing the Bcl‐2/Bax ratio. BBE reduced the level of matrix metalloproteinase‐1 and increased that of type I collagen. The irisflorentin and tectorigenin contents were 0.23% and 0.015%, respectively. From these results, BBE ameliorated UV‐B‐induced apoptosis and collagen degradation by enhancing the expression of antioxidative enzymes. It may be a useful treatment for UV‐B‐induced skin damage.
Risk mitigation in the electricity market driven by new renewable energy sources
Authors: Krečar Nikola , Gubina Andrej F. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractAn important indicator of supply and demand uncertainty on electricity markets is risk premium (RP), an integral part of electricity price. The level of RP is describing the risk the market actors expect in the future due to the market uncertainties. With the electricity market price behavior rapidly changing, the rising market supply uncertainty is increasing the volatility of RP. To better understand this behavior, power market participants need new models that will efficiently use the information available in the processes driving the electricity price and RP and to explain the influence of RES uncertainties on the future RP and electricity prices. A decade ago, researchers investigating RP focused primarily on the uncertainties arising from consumption forecast and generation outages. RES share in generation mix was small and its influence on uncertainty was negligible, leading to much lower volatilities of RP than today. With the increasing influence of RES, typically exhibiting variability on a sub‐hourly level, traditional models using daily electricity price to calculate RP were becoming inadequate. In this dynamic period of electricity market transformation, this paper highlights the importance of RP signals to market actors. A stochastic method for RP calculation is discussed with the associated RP model, driven by the intraday dynamics. An example of the RP signal is presented on historical price data from the German electricity market, highlighting uncertainty pattern developed over the years. With such an approach, the market actors can adjust their trading strategies thus mitigating their market risk exposure.This article is categorized under:
Energy Systems Economics > Economics and Policy
Energy Efficiency > Economics and Policy
Energy Systems Analysis > Economics and Policy
Gender, Class and Competition
Authors: Hammel Tanja 
Published: August 2019

AbstractDiscussing different women academics, this chapter places Barber in the transnational field of natural history, showing that marginalisation was a question of gender, geographic location and class. (Southern) Women depended on networks as well as respective scientific fields, with entomology being relatively open towards women and the working class. Botany and ornithology, however, were much more exclusive, and Barber struggled to gain recognition which, in turn, led to her misrecognition. Metropolitan scientists belittled the colonial sources of the knowledge that they reproduced rather than produced. The chapter draws out the intricate mechanisms of recognition and exclusion, showing both the capital Barber had at hand as well as her constraints.
Proving and Circulating the Theory of Natural Selection
Authors: Hammel Tanja 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThis chapter addresses Barber’s and Cape society’s engagement with Darwin’s theories. In the course of time, Barber came to combine Darwin’s theory of natural selection with her strong religious beliefs. She serves as a starting point to discuss Darwinism, religious faith and conservationism in the Cape and other settler colonial (mainly US) contexts. Her examples show that ‘southerners’ were not mere recipients of such theories, but actually contributed to them—in Barber’s case by providing corroborative evidence for natural selection, the principle of Batesian mimicry and sexual selection. The chapter does away with any notion of science as a product of individual genius, but links it to broader networks of collaboration and contestation.
Arguing with Artefacts, Biofacts and Organisms: Barber’s Advocacy for 1820 Settlers’ Supremacy and Land Rights
Authors: Hammel Tanja 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThis chapter focuses on Barber’s promotion of Cape nationalism, showing how her scientific engagement became a tool to stake political claims. Barber and her brothers developed an increasingly hostile and racist attitude towards the amaXhosa, which Hammel sees as linked to specific life events, not least the economic difficulties Barber’s family faced in Kimberley. Barber looked to social Darwinism to ‘prove’ Africans’ alleged intellectual inferiority and would draw analogies between hierarchies among insects, animals and plants and those she claimed to exist among human beings, that is African, Afrikaner and other settler groups. It is shown how archaeological finds were used to claim white ancestry and reinforce belonging in the Cape.
Barber’s World of Birds As a Space of Gender Equality
Authors: Hammel Tanja 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThis chapter shows how Barber used ornithological observations to argue that there were no biological differences between men and women that would predestine one group for specific tasks such as childrearing. This is the starting point to discuss Barber’s marriage and the life courses of different family members in greater detail. Placing Barber’s views in the wider context of feminist thought at the time and linking it with the bird protection movement, the chapter highlights the radicalism of Barber’s perspective, not only demanding a valuation of ‘female’ virtues but also doing away with gender differences altogether.
A case of evolutionarily stable attainable equilibrium in the laboratory
Authors: Kuzmics Christoph , Rodenburger Daniel 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We reinvestigate data from the voting experiment of Forsythe et al. (Soc Choice Welf 10:223–247, 1993). In every one of 24 rounds, 28 players were randomly (re)allocated into two groups of 14 to play a voting stage game with or without a preceding opinion poll phase. We find that the null hypothesis that play in every round is given by a particular evolutionarily stable attainable equilibrium of the 14-player stage game cannot be rejected if we account for risk aversion (or a heightened concern for coordination), calibrated in another treatment.