bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Alternate instruments to manage the capital flow conundrum: A study of selected Asian economies
Authors: Sengupta Rajeswari , Sen Gupta Abhijit 
Published: May 2019

AbstractCapital inflows to and outflows from emerging market economies (EME) have increased significantly since 2000. This rapid increase, accompanied by a sharp rise in volatility, has amplified the complexity of macroeconomic management in EME. While foreign capital provides additional financing for productive investment and offers avenues for risk diversification, unbridled flows exacerbate financial and macroeconomic instability. In this paper, we focus on the experience of six emerging Asian economies (EAE) in dealing with capital flows. Using quarterly data, we identify the waves of capital flows experienced by these EAE and the efficacy of the various policy measures taken. The policy choices include negotiating the trilemma (i.e. balancing the need for monetary policy autonomy, exchange rate flexibility and capital account openness), as per the demands of the macroeconomic situation. The paper also analyses the extent to which intervention in the foreign exchange market and imposition of short‐term capital flow management measures have aided countries to negotiate the trilemma. The efficacy of these responses have been varied across countries, implying that a judicious mix of these measures, along with improvement in financial and institutional development, is required to effectively counter the vagaries of capital flows.
Do terrorist attacks feed populist Eurosceptics? Evidence from two comparative quasi‐experiments
Authors: LARSEN ERIK GAHNER , CUTTS DAVID , GOODWIN MATTHEW J. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractOver recent years, Europe has experienced a series of Islamic terrorist attacks. In this article, conflicting theoretical expectations are derived on whether such attacks increase populist Euroscepticism in the form of anti‐immigration, anti‐refugee and anti‐European Union sentiment. Empirically, plausible exogenous variation in the exposure to the 2016 Berlin attack is exploited in two nationally representative surveys covering multiple European countries. No evidence is found for a populist response to the terrorist attack in any of the surveyed countries. On the contrary, people in Germany became more positive towards the EU in the wake of the Berlin attack. Moreover, little evidence is found that ideology shaped the response to the attack. The findings suggest that terrorist attacks are not met by an immediate public populist response.
Late‐life time‐restricted feeding and exercise differentially alter healthspan in obesity
Authors: Schafer Marissa J. , Mazula Daniel L. , Brown Ashley K. , White Thomas A. , Atkinson Elizabeth , Pearsall Vesselina M. , Aversa Zaira , Verzosa Grace C. , Smith Leslie A. , Matveyenko Aleksey , Miller Jordan D. , LeBrasseur Nathan K. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAging and obesity increase multimorbidity and disability risk, and determining interventions for reversing healthspan decline is a critical public health priority. Exercise and time‐restricted feeding (TRF) benefit multiple health parameters when initiated in early life, but their efficacy and safety when initiated at older ages are uncertain. Here, we tested the effects of exercise versus TRF in diet‐induced obese, aged mice from 20 to 24 months of age. We characterized healthspan across key domains: body composition, physical, metabolic, and cardiovascular function, activity of daily living (ADL) behavior, and pathology. We demonstrate that both exercise and TRF improved aspects of body composition. Exercise uniquely benefited physical function, and TRF uniquely benefited metabolism, ADL behavior, and circulating indicators of liver pathology. No adverse outcomes were observed in exercised mice, but in contrast, lean mass and cardiovascular maladaptations were observed following TRF. Through a composite index of benefits and risks, we conclude the net healthspan benefits afforded by exercise are more favorable than those of TRF. Extrapolating to obese older adults, exercise is a safe and effective option for healthspan improvement, but additional comprehensive studies are warranted before recommending TRF.
Association between the BHMT gene rs3733890 polymorphism and the efficacy of oral folate therapy in patients with hyperhomocysteinemia
Authors: Ren Bingnan , Tian Dandan , Wang Lianke , Han Han , Wang Wenhua , Tian Huizi , Yue Limin , Zhang Weidong 
Published: May 2019

AbstractOral folate is currently the most common treatment for hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy), which seriously threatens human health, but its efficacy is unsatisfactory. Betaine‐homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT) is a key enzyme that regulates Hcy metabolism. We investigated the association between the BHMT rs3733890 and the efficacy of oral folate therapy for HHcy in the Chinese Han population and analysed the effects of gene–environmental interactions on the efficacy. Blood samples were collected from 1071 eligible patients at baseline, and these individuals received subsequent folate treatment for 90 days. A total of 638 patients included in the final analysis were grouped into the treatment success group or the treatment failure group based on posttreatment Hcy levels. Hcy concentrations were measured by fluorescence polarization immunoassay. Time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MassArray system) was used to assess the genotype of BHMT rs3733890. Stratified analyses based on additive models and generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction were used to explore gene–environmental interactions. The genotype distribution presented distinct differences in the two groups. The mutant genotype and allele had significantly increased risk of treatment failure (p < 0.05). Furthermore, synergistic effects of the BHMT rs3733890 polymorphism with environmental risk factors (smoking, drinking, past history) on the efficacy of therapy were also found. However, future, large well‐designed studies, as well as mechanistic studies, are still needed to validate our findings.
Causes of death in long‐term bladder cancer survivors: A population‐based study
Authors: Kong Jianqiu , Diao Xiayao , Diao Feiyu , Fan Xinxiang , Zheng Junjiong , Yan Dong , Huang Jian , Qin Haide , Lin Tianxin 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackgroundLong‐term (> 5 years) bladder cancer survivors represent a distinct subgroup of bladder cancer patients and information about the causes of death in this subgroup is limited. The aim of this study was to review the causes of death in long‐term bladder cancer survivors.MethodThe Surveillance, epidemiology and end results (SEER) database was used to analyze the causes of death of long‐term bladder cancer survivors. Patients' characteristics and survival outcomes were reported for the entire cohort in our study. Kaplan–Meier analysis and Cox proportional hazard model for survival analysis.ResultsA total of 147 781 bladder cancer patients with >5 years survival were identified. This cohort included 81 843 patients surviving 5–10 years and 65 938 patients surviving >10 years. Among the patients who survived 5–10 years, 6.9% died because of primary bladder cancer, 11.0% due to cardiac disease and 7.7% due to nonmalignant pulmonary disease. Among patients surviving >10 years, 3.1% died because of primary bladder cancer, 8.6% due to cardiac disease and 5.8% due to nonmalignant pulmonary disease. On multivariate analysis, factors associated with longer cardiac disease‐specific survival among long‐term bladder cancer survivors include younger age at diagnosis（<40 years; vs. 40–69 years, P = 0.030 or >69 years, P < 0.001), married status (vs. single status, P < 0.001), white race (vs. African American race, P = 0.002), male (vs. female, P < 0.001), grade I (vs. grade III, P = 0.003 or grade IV, P < 0.001).ConclusionThe probability of death from primary bladder cancer is still important among various causes of death even 20 years after being diagnosed with bladder cancer. Furthermore, cardiopulmonary causes contributed to a considerable proportion of deaths in long‐term bladder cancer survivors.
Tracheo–bronchial adenoid cystic carcinoma: A retrospective study
Authors: Ning Ye , He Wenxin , Bian Dongliang , Xie Dong , Jiang Gening 
Published: May 2019

AbstractObjectivesAdenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) of the trachea and bronchus is rare, representing 1% of all respiratory tract cancers. We presented our experiences in treating tracheal–bronchial ACC and the results of long‐term surveillance.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective study of treating tracheo–bronchial ACC. From 2009 to 2014, 42 patients presented to our department. All of them received surgical resection and adjunctive therapy.ResultsR0 resections were achieved in 33 patients, whereas 15 patients whose lesions spread outside the tracheo–bronchial lumens. Nine patients had R1 resections followed by radiation and chemotherapy. The 5 year survival rate of R1 resection group showed no difference compared to the R0 resection group, but the 5 year disease‐free survival rate showed difference in extra‐lumenal invasion (ELI) and non‐ELI group (P = 0.0357 < 0.05), although no difference was seen in the overall survival rate in these two groups.ConclusionsACC of the trachea and bronchus is a rare and low‐to‐moderate grade malignant tumor. When the R0 resection is over risky or may cause mortal complication, the R1 resection with adjunctive therapy is acceptable for patients to obtain a promising prognosis, whereas pathological ELI is an adverse prognostic indicator.
Pathological and therapeutic aspects of matrix metalloproteinases: Implications in osteosarcoma
Authors: Tang Huayan , Tang Zhaohui , Jiang Yongjun , Wei Weisheng , Lu Jian 
Published: May 2019

AbstractOsteosarcoma (OS) is one of the most common malignant bone tumors in children and adolescents, and the eighth leading form of childhood cancer. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are proteolytic enzymes implicated in certain cancers including OS. In this review, we discuss the mechanism of actions of MMPs in progression of OS, and the therapeutic use of MMPs inhibitors in the treatment of OS with subsequent clinical studies and future management. The expression of MMPs is upregulated in cancer cells by a variety of cytokines and growth factors, and upregulation of MMPs induces degradation of the extracellular matrix that contributes to cell proliferation by releasing growth factors. MMPs promote the detachment and migration of endothelial cells, cross the basement membrane as well as invade the surrounding lymphatic vessels and causes cancer metastasis. The use of selective MMP inhibitors with limited side effects might be promising therapeutic strategy in the treatment of OS. More clinical trials are necessary to evaluate the role of selective MMPs inhibitors in the prevention and treatment of OS along with their assessment of toxicity.
Anti‐angiogenic therapies for gastric cancer
Authors: Hironaka Shuichi 
Published: May 2019

AbstractTumor angiogenesis plays an important role in cancer cell proliferation and metastasis. In gastric cancer, among the numerous clinical trials investigating various anti‐angiogenic therapies, such as antivascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) or anti‐VEGF receptor (VEGFR)‐2 monoclonal antibodies, VEGF‐Trap and VEGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors, the anti‐VEGFR‐2 antibody ramucirumab was shown to prolong overall survival not only as a single agent but also in combination with paclitaxel as a second‐line chemotherapy. Additionally, apatinib, a selective VEGFR‐2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor, prolonged survival as a third‐line or later treatment option in patients with advanced gastric cancer. Preliminary results of studies investigating ramucirumab plus immune checkpoint inhibitors in gastric cancer were encouraging, and further investigations are ongoing. In China, apatinib in combination with cytotoxic agents is being investigated for systemic chemotherapy or maintenance therapy as an earlier treatment option. The clinical activity in gastric cancer of the multikinase inhibitor regorafenib was suggested in a randomized phase II study. A global phase III trial comparing regorafenib with placebo is currently ongoing. Further studies of anti‐angiogenic therapy combined with not only chemotherapy but also immune checkpoint inhibitors are also being pursued, providing hope for improved survival in patients with gastric cancer.
Immediations and rhythms of speculative design: Implications for value in design‐based research
Authors: Ehret Christian , Ehret Lea , Low Bronwen , Čiklovan Luka 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis paper presents data from the first six‐months of an ongoing speculative design project in which youth and researchers co‐created a videogame club, and later an eSports team, in an urban youth centre in Montréal, Québec. It describes how process philosophy informed researchers’ approach to speculative design, allowing youth and researchers to co‐compose a sense of value for the club and the potentials for what they could do together through the club. This speculative process is contrasted with structuralist approaches to design‐based research in education, which can overly or pre‐determine value and mechanisms of social change, with or without the collaboration of youth and communities.
Evaluation and in vivo efficacy study of pyrano[3,2‐c]quinoline analogues as TNF‐α inhibitors
Authors: Upadhyay Kuldip D. , Dodia Narsinh M. , Khunt Rupesh C. , Chaniara Ravi S. , Shah Anamik K. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractA series of pyrano[3,2 c]quinoline was evaluated for its in vivo efficacy as TNF‐α inhibitor using LPS, phosphodiesterase (PDE)‐4, and CIA assays in different mice/rat models. The synthesis was performed using one‐pot multicomponent condensation between 2,4‐dihydroxy‐1‐methylquinoline, malononitrile, and diverse un(substituted) aromatic aldehydes. In vivo efficacy of the title compounds was evaluated using LPS assay in BALB/c mice, PDE4 inhibition in ketamine–xylazine‐induced anesthetize SD rats, and CIA assay was performed in DBA/1J mice as per the standard literature protocols. The outcome of the study revealed that compound 4v was found to be most promising candidate of the series. It was efficacious with 48.8 ± 13.0% inhibition of TNF‐α release at 100 mg/kg p.o., in the LPS assay in Balb/c mice model. It was effective in PDE4 assay in ketamine–xylazine‐induced anesthetize SD rats with duration of 38.3 ± 4.5 min for reversal of anesthetic effect and also showed significant inhibition of PDE4 in salbutamol treated U937 cell assay. It was also abolished TNF‐α induced phosphorylation and degradation of IκBα. Ultimately, its effect on CIA‐related bone and cartilage damage was found statistically similar to Enbrel.
Forty Years Development of China's Outward Foreign Direct Investment: Retrospect and the Challenges Ahead
Authors: Wang Bijun , Gao Kailin 
Published: May 2019

AbstractOutward foreign direct investment (OFDI) has increasingly become an important method for China to integrate into the world economy. This paper comprehensively reviews and analyzes policy development and the changing pattern of China's OFDI over the past 40 years. We divide the development into “restricted” (1978–1999), “relaxed” (2000–2016) and “regulated” (2017 onwards) stages. This paper also reviews literature on the impact of Chinese OFDI on China and host countries. Despite its generally positive effects, large‐scale and unbalanced OFDI activities have alarmed Chinese policymakers. Both developing and developed host countries have expressed their concern over national security and the misbehavior of some Chinese overseas enterprises. Therefore, greater supervision and adjustment from quantity to quality growth is necessary for the future development of China's OFDI.
Policy Analysis and Development Evaluation of Digital Trade: An International Comparison
Authors: Ma Shuzhong , Guo Jiwen , Zhang Hongsheng 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAs an extension of traditional trade, digital trade is a new type of trade in the era of the digital economy. In this paper, we first analyze the digital trade‐related strategies of eight leading economies through word clouds and dissect China's digital trade‐related policies using the word frequency method by sorting through the digital trade‐related policy documents of 26 economies and Chinese provinces. We then evaluate the status quo of digital trade development in 111 countries and Chinese provinces by building a digital trade index system to determine the development environment and market potential. The results show that all countries attach great importance to digital technology, data and government guidance in the development of digital trade. The results also reveal that “development,” “service” and “construction” are the three most frequently used words in various Chinese documents. The overall level of China's digital trade is at the global vanguard, but is characterized by uneven regional development. In the era of digital trade, traditional international trade theory is also in urgent need of breakthroughs and innovation.
Survival of Helicoverpa armigera larvae on and Bt toxin expression in various parts of transgenic Bt cotton (Bollgard II) plants
Authors: Bahar Md Habibullah , Stanley John , Backhouse David , Mensah Robert , Del Socorro Alice , Gregg Peter 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThere is no conclusive evidence that Helicoverpa spp. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Australia have evolved significant levels of resistance to Bollgard II® cotton (which expresses two Bt toxin genes, cry1Ac and cry2Ab). However, there is evidence of surviving larvae on Bollgard II cotton in the field. The distribution and survival of early‐instar Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae were examined on whole Bollgard II and non‐Bt cotton plants in greenhouse bioassays. The expression of Cry toxins in various parts of Bollgard II plants was compared to the survival of larvae in those locations. Only 1% of larvae survived after 6 days on greenhouse‐grown Bollgard II plants compared to 31% on non‐Bt cotton plants. Overall, and across all time intervals, more larvae survived on reproductive parts (squares, flowers, and bolls) than on vegetative parts (leaves, stems, and petioles) on Bollgard II plants. The concentration of Cry1Ac toxin did not differ between plant structures, whereas Cry2Ab toxin differed significantly, but there was no relationship between the level of expression and the location of larvae. This study provides no evidence that lower expression of Cry toxins in the reproductive parts of plants explains the survival of H. armigera larvae on Bollgard II cotton.
Survival costs of reproduction are mediated by parasite infection in wild Soay sheep
Authors: Leivesley Jessica A. , Bussière Luc F. , Pemberton Josephine M. , Pilkington Jill G. , Wilson Kenneth , Hayward Adam D. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractA trade‐off between current and future fitness potentially explains variation in life‐history strategies. A proposed mechanism behind this is parasite‐mediated reproductive costs: individuals that allocate more resources to reproduction have fewer to allocate to defence against parasites, reducing future fitness. We examined how reproduction influenced faecal egg counts (FEC) of strongyle nematodes using data collected between 1989 and 2008 from a wild population of Soay sheep in the St. Kilda archipelago, Scotland (741 individuals). Increased reproduction was associated with increased FEC during the lambing season: females that gave birth, and particularly those that weaned a lamb, had higher FEC than females that failed to reproduce. Structural equation modelling revealed future reproductive costs: a positive effect of reproduction on spring FEC and a negative effect on summer body weight were negatively associated with overwinter survival. Overall, we provide evidence that parasite resistance and body weight are important mediators of survival costs of reproduction.
Pharmacological outcomes in teenagers with newly diagnosed epilepsy: A 30‐year cohort study
Authors: Alsfouk Bshra A. , Alsfouk Aisha A. , Chen Zhibin , Kwan Patrick , Brodie Martin J. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the long‐term pharmacological outcomes in teenagers with different epilepsies.MethodThis study included teenagers aged 13‐19 years at treatment initiation who were newly treated with antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) at the epilepsy unit of the Western Infirmary in Glasgow, Scotland, between 1 September 1982 and 30 September 2012. Patients were prospectively followed until 30 April 2016, or death, with at least a 2‐year follow‐up.ResultsA total of 332 adolescent patients (53% female; median age 16 years; 54% with generalized epilepsy) were included. At the end of the study, 221 patients (67%) were seizure‐free. A higher seizure‐free rate was observed in those with generalized compared to focal epilepsy (72% versus 60%, P = 0.01). During the study, 108 patients had relapses after periods of being seizure‐free, most commonly due to poor adherence to AEDs (49%, n = 53/108). AED withdrawal was associated with a high risk of seizure recurrence (70%, n = 26/37), but 56% (n = 61/108) of relapsed patients became seizure‐free again by the end of the study, with only 9% (n = 31/332) meeting the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) definition of pharmacoresistance during follow‐up. Of the 221 seizure‐free patients, 83% achieved this on monotherapy. There was no significant difference in efficacy rate between new and standard AED monotherapy (74% versus 77%, P = 0.66). The overall poor tolerability rate of AEDs was 21% (n = 69/332). Among the different new and standard AEDs used as initial monotherapy, lamotrigine was associated with the lowest rate of adverse effects (12%, n = 15/124), while topiramate was associated with the highest rate (56%, n = 5/9).SignificanceTeenagers with epilepsy showed good seizure control, particularly those with generalized epilepsy. However, relapse was common and there was high risk of seizure recurrence after treatment withdrawal. Most patients were controlled on monotherapy. As the efficacy of AEDs was comparable, tolerability can be a primary consideration for AED selection in this population.