bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hyperinsulinemia is associated with increasing insulin secretion but not with decreasing insulin clearance in an age‐related metabolic dysfunction mice model
Authors: Kurauti Mirian A. , Ferreira Sandra M. , Soares Gabriela M. , Vettorazzi Jean F. , Carneiro Everardo M. , Boschero Antonio C. , Costa‐Júnior José M. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractHuman life expectancy is increasing faster lately and, consequently, the number of patients with age‐related diseases such as type 2 diabetes (T2D) is rising every year. Cases of hyperinsulinemia have been extensively reported in elderly subjects and this alteration in blood insulin concentration is postulated to be a cause of insulin resistance, which in some cases triggers T2D onset. Thus, it is important to know the underlying mechanisms of age‐dependent hyperinsulinemia to find new strategies to prevent T2D in elderly subjects. Two processes control blood insulin concentration: Insulin secretion by the endocrine portion of the pancreas and insulin clearance, which occurs mainly in the liver by the action of the insulin‐degrading enzyme (IDE). Here, we demonstrated that 10‐month‐old mice (old) display increased body and fat pad weight, compared with 3‐month‐old mice (control), and these alterations were accompanied by glucose and insulin intolerance. We also confirm hyperinsulinemia in the old mice, which was related to increased insulin secretion but not to reduced insulin clearance. Although no changes in insulin clearance were observed, IDE activity was lower in the liver of old compared with the control mice. However, this decreased IDE activity was compensated by increased expression of IDE protein in the liver, thus explaining the similar insulin clearance observed in both groups. In conclusion, at the beginning of aging, 10‐month‐old mice do not display any alterations in insulin clearance. Therefore, hyperinsulinemia is initiated primarily due to a higher insulin secretion in the age‐related metabolic dysfunction in mice.
An Evaluation of Vancomycin Area Under the Curve Estimation Methods for Children Treated for Acute Pulmonary Exacerbations of Cystic Fibrosis Due to Methicillin‐Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Stockmann Chris , Olson Jared , Rashid Jahidur , Lubsch Lisa , Young David C. , Hersh Adam L. , Frymoyer Adam , Ampofo Krow , Liu Xiaoxi , Wang Yuhuan , Sherwin Catherine M.T. , Zobell Jeffery T. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe prevalence of pulmonary methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) has increased over the last 2 decades. Two concentrations—a postdistributive and a trough—are currently used to estimate the area under the curve (AUC) of vancomycin, an antibiotic routinely used to treat these infections, to achieve the target AUC/minimum inhibitory concentration of ≥400 mg·h/L in ensuring optimal dosing of this drug. This study evaluated precision and bias in estimating vancomycin AUCs obtained either from a population pharmacokinetic (PK) model by using a single trough concentration or from standard PK equation–based 2‐point monitoring approach. AUCs were either obtained from a single trough concentration–fitted model or derived from a model fitted by 2 concentration points. Children ≥2 years of age with CF received intravenous vancomycin at 2 centers from June 2012 to December 2014. A population PK model was developed in Pmetrics to quantify the between‐subject variability in vancomycin PK parameters, define the sources of PK variability, and leverage information from the population to improve individual AUC estimates. Twenty‐three children with CF received 27 courses of vancomycin. The median age was 12.3 (interquartile range [IQR] 8.5–16.6) years. From the individual vancomycin PK parameter estimates from the population PK model, median AUC was 622 (IQR 529–680) mg·h/L. Values were not significantly different from the AUC calculated using the standard PK equation‐based approach (median 616 [IQR 540–663] mg·h/L) (P = .89). A standard PK equation‐based approach using 2 concentrations and a population PK model‐based approach using a single trough concentration yielded unbiased and precise AUC estimates. Findings suggest that options exist to implement AUC‐based pediatric vancomycin dosing in patients with CF. The findings of this study reveal that several excellent options exist for centers to implement AUC‐based pediatric vancomycin dosing for patients with CF.
Reconstruction from the deck of ‐vertex induced subgraphs
Authors: Spinoza Hannah , West Douglas B 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe ‐
deck of a graph is its multiset of subgraphs induced by vertices; we study what can be deduced about a graph from its ‐deck. We strengthen a result of Manvel by proving for that when is large enough ( suffices), the ‐deck determines whether an ‐vertex graph is connected ( suffices when , and cannot suffice). The reconstructibility of a graph with vertices is the largest such that is determined by its ‐deck. We generalize a result of Bollobás by showing for almost all graphs. As an upper bound on , we have . More generally, we compute whenever , which involves extending a result of Stanley. Finally, we show that a complete ‐partite graph is reconstructible from its ‐deck.
Improper coloring of graphs on surfaces
Authors: Choi Ilkyoo , Esperet Louis 
Published: October 2018

AbstractA graph is ‐colorable if its vertex set can be partitioned into sets , such that for each , the subgraph of induced by has maximum degree at most . The Four Color Theorem states that every planar graph is ‐colorable, and a classical result of Cowen, Cowen, and Woodall shows that every planar graph is ‐colorable. In this paper, we extend both of these results to graphs on surfaces. Namely, we show that every graph embeddable on a surface of Euler genus is ‐colorable and ‐colorable. Moreover, these graphs are also ‐colorable and ‐colorable. We also prove that every triangle‐free graph that is embeddable on a surface of Euler genus is ‐colorable. This is an extension of Grötzsch's Theorem, which states that triangle‐free planar graphs are ‐colorable. Finally, we prove that every graph of girth at least 7 that is embeddable on a surface of Euler genus is ‐colorable. All these results are best possible in several ways as the girth condition is sharp, the constant maximum degrees cannot be improved, and the bounds on the maximum degrees depending on are tight up to a constant multiplicative factor.
GILZ restrains neutrophil activation by inhibiting the MAPK pathway
Authors: Ricci Erika , Ronchetti Simona , Gabrielli Elena , Pericolini Eva , Gentili Marco , Roselletti Elena , Vecchiarelli Anna , Riccardi Carlo 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ) exerts anti-inflammatory effects on the immune cells. However, less is known about GILZ function in neutrophils. We aimed to define the specific role of GILZ in basal neutrophil activity during an inflammatory response. GILZ knockdown resulted in a persistent activation state of neutrophils, as evidenced by increased phagocytosis, killing activity, and oxidative burst in GILZ-knockout (KO) neutrophils. This enhanced response caused severe disease in a dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (DNBS)-induced colitis model, where GILZ-KO mice had prominent granulocytic infiltrate and excessive inflammatory state. We used a Candida albicans intraperitoneal infection model to unravel the intracellular pathways affected by GILZ expression in activated neutrophils. GILZ-KO neutrophils had stronger ability to clear the infectious agent than the wild-type (WT) neutrophils, and there was more activation of the NOX2 (NADPH oxidase 2) and p47phox proteins, which are directly involved in oxidative burst. Similarly, the MAPK pathway components, that is, ERK and p38, which are involved in the oxidative burst pathway, were highly phosphorylated in GILZ-KO neutrophils. Evaluation of GILZ expression kinetics during C. albicans infection revealed down-regulation that correlated inversely with the state of neutrophil activation, which was evaluated as oxidative burst. Overall, our findings define GILZ as a regulator of neutrophil functions, as its expression contributes to limiting neutrophil activation by reducing the activation of the signaling pathways that control the basal neutrophil functions. Controlling GILZ expression could help regulate a continuous inflammatory state that can result in chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
GILZ expression contributes to the inhibition of neutrophil activation by reducing MAPK pathway protein and NOX2 activity that control basal neutrophil functions.
Genetic characterization of human metapneumovirus identified through community and facility‐based surveillance of infants in Dhaka, Bangladesh
Authors: Rahman Mohammed Ziaur , Sumiya Mariya , Sahabuddin Mohammed , Pell Lisa G , Gubbay Jonathan B , Rahman Rajibur , Momtaz Farhana , Azmuda Nafisa , Shanta Shaila S , Jahan Ishrat , Rahman Mustafizur , Mahmud Abdullah A , Roth Daniel E , Morris Shaun K 
Published: October 2018

BackgroundAcute respiratory infection (ARI) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children in low and middle‐income countries. Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is one of the most common viral etiological agents for ARIs in children.ObjectivesIn this study, we explored the genotypic diversity and the epidemiology of hMPV among infants in Dhaka, Bangladesh.Study DesignBetween December 2014 and August 2016, a total of 3810 mid‐turbinate nasal swab samples were collected from infants (0 to 6 months of age) who met clinical ARI criteria, as a part of a prospective ARI cohort study. hMPV was detected using polymerase chain reaction, and genotyped by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis.ResultshMPV was identified in 206 (5.4%) nasal swab specimens. One‐tenth of the hMPV‐positive swabs (n = 19) were also positive for other respiratory viruses. hMPV activity peaked in January and September in 2015; however, no seasonal pattern of hMPV infection was detected. Phylogenetic analyses of the N and F gene‐fragments revealed that the hMPV strains circulating in Dhaka, Bangladesh, belonged to three genotypes: A2b, A2c, and B1. Genotype A (57%) was the predominant hMPV genotype circulating in Bangladesh during the study period.ConclusionThis study describes both the epidemiology of hMPV infection and its genotypic strain diversity in Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Nano and micro biomechanical alterations of annulus fibrosus after in situ immobilization revealed by atomic force microscopy
Authors: Liang Ting , Che Yan‐Jun , Chen Xi , Li Hai‐Tao , Yang Hui‐Lin , Luo Zong‐Ping 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTAnnulus fibrosus is critical to bear loads and resist fluid flow in the intervertebral disc. However, the detailed biomechanical mechanism of annulus fibrosus under abnormal loading is still ambiguous, especially at the micro and nano scales. This study aims to characterize the alterations of modulus at the nano scale of individual collagen fibrils in annulus fibrosus after in‐situ immobilization, and the corresponding micro‐biomechanics of annulus fibrosus. An immobilization model was used on the rat tail with an external fixation device. The elastic modulus of annulus fibrosus at both the nano‐ and micro‐scale was examined using atomic force microscopy after fixation for 4 and 8 weeks, respectively. The fibrils in inner layer showed an alteration in elastic modulus from 91.38 ± 20.19 MPa in the intact annulus fibrosus to 110.64 ± 15.58 MPa (p < 0.001) at the nano scale after immobilization for 8 weeks, while the corresponding modulus at the micro scale also underwent a change from 0.33 ± 0.04 MPa to 0.47 ± 0.04 MPa (p < 0.001). The fibril disorder after immobilization was observed by hematoxylin/eosin staining. The gene expression of annulus fibrosus was also measured by real‐time reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction, which showed the upregulation of collagen II (p = 0.003) after immobilization. The results indicated that the immobilization not only influenced the individual fibril at the nanoscale, but also the micro‐biomechanical property of annulus fibrosus which is critical to define the cell response to surrounding biomechanical environment. These alterations may also lead to the change in the mechanical property of the whole disc and the load‐bearing function. © 2018 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 9999:1–7, 2018.
Fibronectin induced ITGβ1/FAK‐dependent apoptotic pathways determines the fate of degenerative NP cells
Authors: Wu Xinghuo , Wang Kun , Hua Wenbin , Li Shuai , Liu Xianzhe , Song Yu , Zhang Yukun , Shao Zengwu , Li Suyun , Yang Cao 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTIntervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is caused by a decrease in nucleus pulposus (NP) cells, due mainly to apoptosis. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is involved in the integrin (ITG)‐mediated control of cell adhesion and anoikis (apoptosis). To explore the involvement of ITGβ1/FAK‐dependent apoptotic pathways in disc degeneration, histological, and molecular biological studies on the protein expression of fibronectin (FN), ITGβ1, and syndecan 4 (SYND4) in non‐degenerative and degenerative NP tissues were conducted. Degenerative NP cells were isolated and cultured in the presence of SYND4 and/or ITGβ1, with or without an FAK inhibitor. The effects of upregulation or knockdown of ITGβ1 gene expression were also examined. The TUNEL assay was used to determine the percentage of apoptotic cells. Western blotting was used to detect the expression of SYND4, ITGβ1, FAK, and downstream pathway proteins. The results showed that extracellular FN was degraded during the IVD degeneration process, detrimentally affecting the function, and survival of NP cells. The apoptotic rate was increased by ITGβ1 activation, but partially reduced by FN. After ITGβ1 knockdown, the FAK/PI3 K/AKT axis was activated in the ITGβ1/FAK‐dependent pathways, resulting in increased cell adherence capacity and decreased anoikis. FN rescued the degenerative NP cells from anoikis through the FAK‐dependent signaling pathways. In conclusion, the extracellular matrix protein FN is essential for maintaining the function and survival of NP cells through ITGβ1/FAK‐dependent apoptotic pathways during disc degeneration. © 2018 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 37:439–448, 2019.
Cellular biology of fracture healing
Authors: Bahney Chelsea S. , Zondervan Robert L. , Allison Patrick , Theologis Alekos , Ashley Jason W. , Ahn Jaimo , Miclau Theodore , Marcucio Ralph S. , Hankenson Kurt D. 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTThe biology of bone healing is a rapidly developing science. Advances in transgenic and gene‐targeted mice have enabled tissue and cell‐specific investigations of skeletal regeneration. As an example, only recently has it been recognized that chondrocytes convert to osteoblasts during healing bone, and only several years prior, seminal publications reported definitively that the primary tissues contributing bone forming cells during regeneration were the periosteum and endosteum. While genetically modified animals offer incredible insights into the temporal and spatial importance of various gene products, the complexity and rapidity of healing—coupled with the heterogeneity of animal models—renders studies of regenerative biology challenging. Herein, cells that play a key role in bone healing will be reviewed and extracellular mediators regulating their behavior discussed. We will focus on recent studies that explore novel roles of inflammation in bone healing, and the origins and fates of various cells in the fracture environment. © 2018 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res
Characterizing Exclusively Breastfed Infant Stool via a Novel Infant Stool Scale
Authors: Gustin Jennifer , Gibb Roger , Kenneally Dianna , Kutay Ben , Waimin Siu Susana , Roe Don 
Published: October 2018

AbstractAnalysis of stool has long been a diagnostic tool across a number of disease states. Currently, there are two stool scales in clinical use, the Bristol Stool Scale and the Amsterdam Infant Stool Scale. However, the existing categorizations for stool may not sufficiently cover the broad range of stool output for exclusively breastfed infants. The Bristol Stool Scale is not age specific to cover children who are not toilet trained and the Amsterdam Infant Stool Scale, though developed for children who are not toilet trained, does not sufficiently cover the wide variety of consistencies of exclusively breastfed infant stools. Through a robust understanding of exclusively breastfed infant stool characteristics, a new stool scale has been developed. It is proposed that this stool scale may better assist in observing and recording exclusively breastfed infant stool in a more accurate manner, which may aid in diagnostic capabilities.
Does Lupinus angustifolius L. need sulfur fertilization under central European conditions?
Authors: Pötzsch Frank , Lux Guido , Lewandowska Sylwia , Schmidtke Knut 
Published: October 2018

AbstractIn order to answer the question of whether narrow‐leaf lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) needs sulfur (S) fertilization under central European conditions, field trials were carried out at several sites in Germany on long‐term (> 10 years) organically cultivated arable land from 2012 to 2014. The effect of S‐containing fertilizers kieserite, gypsum, epsom salt, and elemental sulfur on S accumulation, yield, yield structure, and nitrogen (N) accumulation in narrow leaf lupin as well as the recovery of fertilized S was investigated. Under the given conditions, the fertilization did not influence seed yields. The S accumulation in shoots ranged from 11.8 kg ha−1 to 14.1 kg ha−1. The bulk of the absorbed S was accumulated in the straw (average S harvest index: 0.40). The N : S ratio in the youngest open leaf at BBCH 60–65 was about 20 and the corresponding S concentration was 0.24% in the leaf dry mass. The apparent recovery efficiency of S (RE) of kieserite, gypsum, and epsom salt, whose S form is generally plant‐available, was low with 4.0%, –2.1%, and 6.6%, respectively. The S requirement of the lupin was obviously completely filled by plant‐available S from the soil as well as atmospheric S deposition in all tested environments. Application of kieserite, gypsum, and epsom salt resulted in a partially significant increase in S concentration of seeds and straw, and also partly significantly narrowed the N : S ratios in the plants but did not increase yield. Application of elemental S did not lead to an increase in plant S concentration in the year of application.
A hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent‐based vortex‐assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction combined with HPLC for the determination of nitrite in water and biological samples
Authors: Zhang Kaige , Li Shuangying , Liu Chuang , Wang Qi , Wang Yunhe , Fan Jing 
Published: October 2018

AbstractIn recent years, hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents as new generation of green solvents have attracted wide attention in liquid microextraction technique. In this article, four hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents composed of trioctylmethylammonium chloride and oleic acid were designed and prepared firstly. Combined with high‐performance liquid chromatography, these deep eutectic solvents were used as an extraction solvent in vortex‐assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction for the selective enrichment and indirect determination of trace nitrite from real water and biological samples. This method is based on the diazotization‐coupling reaction of nitrite with p‐nitroaniline and diphenylamine in acidic water, and then the nitrite is quantified indirectly by measuring the obtained azo compounds. Some factors influencing the extraction efficiency, including the reaction and extraction conditions, were investigated. Under the optimized conditions, the method has a linear range of 1–300 μg/L with a correlation coefficient of 0.9924, limit of detection of 0.2 μg/L, limit of quantitation of 1 μg/L, intraday and interday relative standard deviations of 4.0 and 6.0%. This method was successfully applied in determination of nitrite from three environmental water and two biological samples with the recovery in the range of 90.5–115.2%. In addition, these results were well agreement with those obtained by the conventional Griess method.
Optimal E2 (reference) electrode placement in fibular motor nerve conduction studies recording from the tibialis anterior muscle
Authors: Escorcio‐Bezerra Marcio Luiz , Abrahao Agessandro , Nunes Karlo Faria , de Castro Sparapani Fabio Veiga , de Oliveira Braga Nadia Iandoli , Robinson Lawrence R. , Zinman Lorne , Manzano Gilberto Mastrocola 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACT
Introduction: In this study we aimed to determine the contribution of the E2 (reference electrode) to the compound muscle action potential (CMAP) amplitude during fibular motor recording to the tibialis anterior (TA) when E2 is placed over routine referential vs. alternative sites. Methods: The CMAP was obtained from 10 healthy subjects, using the active electrode (E1) over sites routinely used as E2 for the TA, whereas the E2 was over the contralateral knee. The same procedure was performed with the E1 over alternative E2 sites. Results: Significant electrical signal was captured over routine E2 placement sites. Among the tested alternative E2 sites, the ipsilateral patella (especially its medial aspect) was the most electrically silent. Discussion: Using alternative E2 sites with near isoelectric recordings can optimize near‐field potential measurement in the fibular motor recording to the TA and represents a more accurate way of measuring nerve and muscle function. Muscle Nerve 59:249–253, 2019
Reproductive Potential of Captive Rio Grande Silvery Minnow
Authors: Caldwell Colleen A , Falco Hunter , Knight William , Ulibarri Manuel , Gould William R 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Captive propagation and augmentation of the Rio Grande Silvery Minnow Hybognathus amarus is necessary for continued persistence of the species until habitat can be restored. Augmentation occurs using captive fish within the first year (age 0) through age 2; however, older year-classes (ages 3–4) have been released into the wild. We quantified fecundity and compared egg quality across four reproductive age-classes (1–4) of hatchery-reared Rio Grande Silvery Minnow. Batch fecundity (total number of spawned eggs) ranged from 2,029 eggs in age-1 fish to 10,588 eggs in age-4 fish. Standing stock of vitellogenic (i.e., yolked) oocytes remaining in ovaries after spawning increased from 988 oocytes at age 1 to 4,924 oocytes at age 4. Total fecundity (i.e., batch fecundity plus standing stock of yolked oocytes) increased from 3,017 eggs and yolked oocytes in age-1 fish to 15,522 eggs and yolked oocytes in age-4 fish. Of note, batch fecundity ranged from 57% to 68% across the four age-classes indicating that over half of the total fecundity occurs in the first spawn. Average percent fertilization of eggs (63–82%) was not detectably different across the four age-classes, while average egg diameter (4.1–5.5 mm) increased as age increased. Fecundity increased across all four reproductive age-classes of Rio Grande Silvery Minnow, with the larger portion of total fecundity occurring in the first spawn across all age-classes. The timing of spawning with optimal conditions in the Rio Grande is critical for survival and ultimately recruitment into the wild fish population.