bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
174 Effects of dietary analyzed calcium to phosphorus ratio on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and bone mineralization of 26- to 127-kg pigs fed diets containing phytase
Authors: Vier Carine M , Dritz Steve S , Tokach Mike D , Gonçalves Márcio A D , Orlando Uislei A D , Bergstrom Jon R , Woodworth Jason C , Goodband Robert D , DeRouchey Joel M 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Our objective was to determine the effects of feeding different analyzed calcium to phosphorus (Ca:P) ratios on performance of growing-finishing pigs from 26 to 127-kg fed diets containing 1,000 phytase units (FYT). A total of 1,215 barrows and gilts (PIC 359×Camborough, initial BW 26 ± 0.71 kg) were used in a 114-d growth trial with 27 pigs/pen and 9 pens/treatment in a randomized complete block design. The 5 dietary treatments were formulated to contain 0:75:1, 1.00:1, 1.25:1, 1.50:1, and 2.00:1 analyzed Ca:P ratio. Diets contained 1,000 FYT of Ronozyme HiPhos 2500 (DSM Nutritional Products, Inc., Parsippany, NJ) with assumed release values of 0.15% available P and 0.132% standardized total tract digestible P (STTD P). All diets were corn-soybean meal-based and formulated to contain approximately 122% of NRC (2012) STTD P estimates for the weight range across all 4 dietary phases. Treatments were achieved by increasing calcium carbonate at the expense of corn while maintaining a constant level of monocalcium phosphate. Data were analyzed with pen as the experimental unit, using generalized linear and nonlinear mixed models which included quadratic polynomial, broken-line linear, and broken-line quadratic models. Increasing analyzed Ca:P ratio increased (quadratic, P < 0.05) ADG, final BW, and ADFI (quadratic, P < 0.10). Feed efficiency improved (linear, P < 0.05) with increasing analyzed Ca:P ratio up to 2.00:1. Hot carcass weight (HCW) increased (quadratic, P < 0.05) and carcass yield decreased (quadratic, P < 0.10) with increasing analyzed Ca:P ratio. Bone mineralization increased (quadratic, P < 0.05) with increasing analyzed Ca:P ratio. The maximum responses in ADG, G:F, HCW, and bone ash were estimated at 1.63:1, 1.05:1, 1.11:1, and 1.25:1 analyzed Ca:P ratio, respectively. In conclusion, the estimated analyzed Ca:P ratio requirement for growing-finishing pigs from 26 to 127-kg fed diets containing 1,000 FYT ranged from 1.05:1 to 1.63:1 to maximize growth rate, G:F, HCW, and bone mineralization.
183 Effects of increasing duration of feeding high dietary lysine and energy prior to farrowing on sow and litter performance under commercial conditions
Authors: Gourley Kiah M , Swanson Analicia J , Woodworth Jason C , DeRouchey Joel M , Tokach Mike D , Dritz Steve S , Goodband Robert D , Frederick Brent 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
A total of 472 mixed parity sows were used in a study to evaluate the effects of supplying increased Lys and energy for the last 2 or 7 d before farrowing on sow and litter performance. On d 106 of gestation, sows were blocked by parity and weight and allotted to one of three corn-soybean meal-based dietary treatments, which included: 1) 12.5 g SID Lys and 6.5 Mcal/d ME from d 107 to 112 of gestation, then 28 g SID Lys and 9.4 Mcal/d ME until farrowing; 2) 12.5 g SID Lys and 6.5 Mcal/d ME from d 107 to 112, then 40 g SID Lys and 13.3 Mcal/d ME until farrowing; 3) 40 g SID Lys and 13.3 Mcal/d ME from d 107 until farrowing. Data were analyzed for treatment within parity effects using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. Sow weight gain from d 106 to 113 increased (P < 0.05) as the length of feeding increased SID Lys and energy increased. Sow backfat gain from d 106 to 113 of gestation increased (P < 0.05) in females fed treatment 3 vs. treatment 1. There was no evidence (P > 0.05) for difference in female BW or backfat loss from d 113 of gestation until weaning. Average total born and born alive piglet birth weight was greater (P < 0.05) in gilts fed treatment 2 or 3 vs 1, with no evidence (P > 0.05) for difference in average piglet birth weight in sows, or weaning weight in gilts and sows. Piglet survival after cross-foster to weaning was improved (P < 0.05) in sows fed treatment 2 vs. 1 or 3, but not in gilts. Providing high Lys and energy intake from d 107 or 113 to farrowing increased birth weight in gilts, while providing high Lys and energy intake from d 113 increased pre-weaning piglet survival in sows.
373 Efficiency of standardized ileal digestible lysine utilization for whole body protein retention in pregnant gilts and sows during early and mid gestation
Authors: Ramirez-Camba Christian D , Dunn James L , Htoo John K , Touchette Kevin J , Samuel Ryan S , Levesque Crystal L 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
NRC (2012) gestating sow model assumes the efficiency of AA use is constant across gestation, which may not reflect changes in metabolic demand during gestation. Efficiency of utilization is determined as the slope of the response to graded levels of test AA. Previous work reported a lack of response to graded Lys [60–90% of NRC (2012) predicted requirement] in early and mid gestation. Therefore, a study was conducted to determine efficiency of SID Lys utilization for whole body protein retention in gilts and sows during early (d 48–52) and mid (d 75–79) gestation. Four isocaloric (3,373 kcal ME/kg) and isoproteic (12.75 % CP) diets containing 40, 50, 60, and 70% of NRC (2012) model-predicted daily SID Lys requirement (10.1 and 9.3 g/d in early and mid gestation, respectively) were randomly assigned to 50 females (PIC 1050; 12 gilts, 21 Parity 1, 17 Parity 2). Dietary indispensable AA contents were set to meet 100–200% of AA:Lys ratios. Whole body nitrogen (N) retention was based on N-balance studies in early and mid gestation (7-d diet adaptation and 5 d total urine collection and grab fecal sampling). Lysine efficiency was determined by simple linear regression using PROC GLM procedure of SAS. Reproductive performance data were analyzed using PROC MIXED procedure of SAS. Reproductive performance of sows (birth weight, born alive, stillborn, and mummies) was not different by parity or diet. Whole body N and SID Lys retention increased linearly (P < 0.0001) with increasing SID Lys intake in early and mid gestation. Efficiency of Lys utilization in early gestation was 0.60, 0.46, and 0.50, and in mid gestation 0.58, 0.44, and 0.48 for gilts, parity 1, and parity 2 sows, respectively. Parity may play a greater role in efficiency of AA use than stage of gestation.
181 Evaluation of feeding arginine in gestation and lactation on sow and litter performance
Authors: Thompson Robyn , Boessen Cathy , Knopf Brandon , Greiner Laura , Haydon Keith D 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Two hundred sows (Camborough, PIC, Hendersonville, TN) at d 35 post-breeding were enrolled into one of four treatments to assess the required arginine level for sow reproduction. For gilts, the grams of arginine and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) per treatment consisted of: 102 g/0.69% (T1), 107 g/0.73% (T2), 112 g/0.77% (T3), and 121 g/0.83% (T4). For sows, grams of arginine and SID per treatment consisted of: 102 g/0.69% (T1), 107 g/0.73% (T2), 111 g/0.76% (T3), and 119 g/0.81% (T4). The lactation grams of arginine SID per treatment consisted of: 168 g/1.14% (T1), 176 g/1.20% (T2), 186 g/1.27% (T3), and 201 g/1.37% (T4). All diets were formulated to meet or exceed NRC. Sows were weighed farrowing and weaning weights, daily feed intake, and individual piglet and litter weights were collected. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design with parity as the block using the PROC MIXED procedure of SAS with the sow being the experimental unit. The feeding of different levels of SID arginine did not affect (P > 0.05) sow average daily feed intake, wean-to-estrus interval, or stillborn percent. Increasing SID arginine resulted in a linear increase (P = 0.04) in sow weaning weights (-4.41, -3.44, -4.40, and 0.61). Increasing SID arginine resulted in a tendency for a linear decrease in percent bred (100.00, 100.00, 100.00, 95.83, P = 0.06) and pre 48-hr mortality (7.58, 5.12, 4.35, 5.86, P = 0.10). Increasing levels of SID arginine resulted in no differences in piglet growth characteristics or removal or mortality percentage. Overall, the feeding of increasing levels of SID arginine resulted in improved sow weight at the time of weaning.
187 Evaluation of different vitamin concentrations on grow-finish pig growth and carcass characteristics
Authors: Tuffo Leandro Del , Tokach Mike D , Jones Cassandra K , DeRouchey Joel M , Goodband Robert D 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
With recent increases in vitamin prices, the typical margins of safety used in formulation need to be evaluated. Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare two premixes with different vitamin concentrations on growth performance and carcass characteristics of pigs housed under commercial conditions. A total of 1,188 pigs (PIC 359×1050; initially 16.1 kg) were used in a randomized complete block design with 27 pigs per pen and 22 pens per treatment. There were two dietary treatments with different vitamin concentrations. Premix A provided the following vitamins per kg of premix: 3,527,360 IU vitamin A; 881,840 IU vitamin D, 17,637 mg vitamin E; 1,764 mg vitamin K; 15.4 mg B12; 33,069 mg niacin; 11,023 mg pantothenic acid; and 3,307 mg riboflavin. Premix B provided lower vitamin concentrations and contained the following vitamins per kg of premix: 1,653,450 IU vitamin A; 661,380 IU vitamin D; 17,637 mg vitamin E; 1,323 mg vitamin K; 13.2 mg B12; 19,841 mg niacin; 11,023 mg pantothenic acid; and 3,307 mg riboflavin. Premixes were included in the diet at 0.25, 0.15, 0.125, 0.10, and 0.075% from 16 to 27, 27 to 50, 50 to 75, 75 to 100, and 100 to 125 kg, respectively. Data were analyzed with pen as the experimental unit. Overall, there was no evidence for differences in ADG, ADFI, total pen gain and pen feed intake. There was a tendency (P = 0.089) for increased HCW for pigs fed Premix A due to a numeric increase in removal of lightweight pigs compared to pigs fed Premix B. No evidence for differences were observed for carcass traits, mortality, or percentage of pigs removed between the two treatments. In conclusion, the lower inclusions of vitamins A, D, B12, and niacin in premix B did not influence growth and carcass traits of grow-finish pigs.
190 Young Scholar Presentation: Early life fecal microbiome transplantation can enhance growth and performance in neonatal dairy calves
Authors: Rosa Fernanda , Trevisi Erminio , Osorio Johan S 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract of a neonatal calf undergoes morphological and functional adaptations after birth. The GI tract during this period is influenced by many factors, including bioactive compounds in colostrum. Early colonization of the neonate gut microbiome can fundamentally influence the neonate predisposition to develop immune and metabolic disorders. Fecal microbiome transplantation (FMT) has demonstrated positive effects on the treatment of GI diseases in humans; therefore, we hypothesized that neonatal gut inoculation with a healthy adult gut microbiota via milk replacer can potentially improve gut development and maturation early in life. We aimed to evaluate the effects of performing an early life FMT in neonatal dairy calves using stool samples from on-farm selected adult healthy donors on growth and health performance, blood immunometabolites, and gene expression in immune cells [polymorphonuclear leukocytes cells (PMNL)]. The on-farm selection of the adult donor was based on health and production records at the Dairy Research and Training Facility (DRTF) at South Dakota State University, as well as fecal samples testing negative for Mycobacterium paratuberculosis, Salmonella, and Cryptosporidium. Sixteen healthy newborn Holstein calves (n = 8/trt) housed in individual hutches were used in a randomized complete block design from birth to 7 wk of age. Calves were fed 2.8 L/d of antibiotic-free milk replacer 2×/d during wk 1 to 5, 1×/d on wk 6, and weaned at d 42. Antibiotic-free starter pellets and water were fed ad libitum. Calves were assigned to either a baseline nutritional program (CON) or 1×/d inoculations with 25 g of fecal donor material (FMT) mixed in the milk replacer from 8 to 12 d of age. Individual intakes of milk and pellets were measured daily. Fecal and respiratory scores were recorded daily. Body weight (BW) and withers height (WH) were recorded weekly. Blood samples were collected weekly for immunometabolic profiling and PMNL isolation for gene expression analysis. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. There was a trend (P = 0.09) for greater BW (50.8 vs 52.7 kg±0.7) in FMT calves. Similarly, there was a trend for greater WH (P = 0.13) in FMT (82.6 vs 83.8 kg±0.49) calves. Starter intake and fecal scores were not affected (P > 0.23) by FMT inoculation. Improvements observed in growth parameters by FMT inoculation are suggestive that neonatal dairy calves may benefit from this approach to enhance gut health and immunity, which might be further explained by blood immunometabolites and PMNL gene expression analysis.
197 Body temperature of pigs exposed to heat stress conditions: effect of dietary protein level
Authors: Morales Adriana , Cervantes Miguel J , Valle-Fimbres Alan , Antoine Duckens , Avelar Ernesto , Camacho Lucero , Buenabad Lorenzo 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Heat stress (HS) reduces feed intake and increases body temperature (BT) in pigs. Increased dietary protein content may correct HS-related reduced amino acid intake, but it may further increase BT. The effect of dietary protein level on BT of HS pigs was analyzed with 9-ileal cannulated pigs (61.7 ± 2.7 kg BW). A thermometer set to register BT at 5-min intervals was implanted into the ileum. There were two treatments: low-protein (10.8%) wheat-free Lys-Thr diet (LP); high-protein (21.6%), wheat-soybean meal diet. The study was conducted in two-10 d periods; d1-d7 for diet adaptation and d8 to d10 for BT data analysis. Pigs were fed at 0600 (morning), 1400 (midday), and 2200-h (evening), same amount each time. Ambient temperature (AT) and relative humidity ranged from 30.1 to 35.4 °C and from 50 to 84%, respectively. Both AT and BT followed a similar pattern; BT did not differ between LP and HP pigs (P > 0.05). Postprandial midday and evening BT was higher than postprandial morning BT (P < 0.05). The BT increment after the midday meal was larger and longer (P < 0.05) than that after the morning and evening meals. The postprandial morning and evening BT increments were longer in the HP pigs. Apparently, the capacity of pigs to dissipate postprandial body heat depends on the accumulated thermal load received before their meals; the thermal load before the morning meal was lower than that before the evening meal. In conclusion, these data show that the dietary protein level has a small effect on the BT of HS pigs, confirm that the effect of AT on BT of HS pigs is stronger than that of dietary protein content, and suggest that the capacity of pigs to dissipate body heat increases under HS conditions. This information may be useful to design better feeding strategies for pigs exposed to HS conditions.
202 Factors influencing pregnancy loss in lactating dairy cows
Authors: Pursley James Richard , MInela Thaina , Martins Joao Paulo , Middleton Emily 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Pregnancy loss in high producing dairy cows is significant and negatively affects profitability of dairy farms. It is not clear the extent of pregnancy loss prior to a subsequent estrus or first pregnancy diagnosis. It is clear that percent of cows losing pregnancies are greatest following 1st pregnancy diagnoses then decrease in a time-related fashion throughout gestation. Non-disease related factors that are associated with pregnancy losses in dairy cows include parity, timing of AI relative to ovulation, circulating concentrations of progesterone during growth of the ovulatory follicle(s), double ovulations, unilateral twins, service sire, extent of change in body condition during early lactation, and serum levels of pregnancy associated glycoproteins at 24 or 28 d post-AI. Metabolic changes related to high milk production resulted in a greater chance for double ovulations. A growing body of literature indicates that cows with unilateral double ovulations and unilateral twins have a greater chance for pregnancy loss during the 1st 90 d of pregnancy compared to cows with single ovulations or bilateral twins. It also appears there is a preferential timing of loss in cows with double vs. single ovulations. Levels of circulating concentrations of progesterone during follicular wave development affect follicular development of cows. In a study that controlled progesterone during follicular development, low levels of progesterone caused a greater percentage of cows to have double ovulations and increased chances for pregnancy loss after 35 d post-AI. Lastly, it appears that cows that lose body condition during the 1st 30 DIM have a greater chance of pregnancy loss between 35 and 69 d post-AI compared with cows that maintained or gained body condition during that period. These data lead towards a greater understanding of the potential causes of pregnancy loss in dairy cows and can be instrumental in the development of reproductive technologies to reduce these losses.
375 Importance of cellular resistance to elevated temperature as a determinant of the magnitude of adverse effects of heat stress on farm animals
Authors: Hansen Peter 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Heat stress can compromise most productive functions of mammals and birds raised for agricultural purposes. Many of the deleterious effects of heat stress are a result of physiological adaptations to maintain constant body temperature. These adaptations include reduction in physical activity, reduced feed intake, nutrient repartitioning, redistribution of blood flow from the body core to the periphery, and increased evaporative heat loss. When heat stress becomes greater than can be compensated for physiologically, hyperthermia results and cellular function becomes at risk because of free radical damage, membrane instability, and changes in protein structure. It is well established that effects of heat stress on fertility involve disruption of function of the oocyte and early embryo by direct effects of elevated temperature. It is likely that other physiological systems are also compromised because of cellular damage. There are a variety of molecular systems to limit cellular damage caused by hyperthermia, including antioxidant systems, the endoplasmic reticulum stress response, and heat shock proteins. There has been limited success in mitigating effects of heat stress by manipulating antioxidant status. Cellular resistance to heat stress is subject to genetic variation, and it may be possible to select genetically for cellular resistance to hyperthermia.
219 Use of a genetically-engineered swine line to elucidate the role of GnRH-II and its receptor in gilts
Authors: Desaulniers Amy T , Cederberg Rebecca , Mills Ginger , White Brett R 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The second form of GnRH (GnRH-II) and its receptor (GnRHR-II) are produced in only one livestock species, the pig. Paradoxically, their interaction does not stimulate gonadotropin secretion. Instead, both have been implicated in autocrine/paracrine regulation of steroidogenesis. To elucidate their role in ovarian function, our laboratory generated transgenic swine with ubiquitous knockdown (KD) of GnRHR-II. Blood samples were collected from GnRHR-II KD (n = 8) and littermate control (n = 7) gilts at the onset of estrus (follicular) and 10 d later (luteal). Serum samples were subjected to HPLC-MS/MS to quantify concentrations of 16 steroid hormones. At euthanasia, ovarian weight, ovulation rate and weight of each excised corpus luteum (CL) were recorded; HPLC-MS/MS was also performed on CL tissue. A line (GnRHR-II KD versus control) x phase (follicular versus luteal) interaction was detected for serum progesterone concentrations; levels were reduced in transgenic compared with control gilts during the luteal phase (P = 0.0329). A tendency for a line effect was observed for 11-deoxycorticosterone and 11-deoxycortisol; transgenic females tended to produce less of these corticosteroids (P < 0.10). A phase effect was detected for cortisone, 11-deoxycortisol, cortisol, corticosterone, androstenedione, androsterone, testosterone, estrone and 17β-estradiol (P < 0.05); concentrations were greater in follicular versus luteal samples (P < 0.05). Conversely, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone concentrations were elevated in luteal samples (P < 0.05). Ovarian weight did not differ between lines, although ovulation rate was reduced in GnRHR-II KD versus control gilts (P = 0.0123). However, average CL weight was greater in GnRHR-II KD compared with control females (P < 0.0001); therefore, total CL weight tended to be reduced in transgenic gilts (P = 0.0958). In tissue samples, concentrations of progesterone and estrone tended to be reduced in transgenics females (P ≤ 0.10). Ultimately, these data suggest that GnRH-II and its receptor may help regulate ovulation rate, CL development and progesterone production in gilts. Supported by USDA/NIFA AFRI-ELI predoctoral fellowship (2017-67011-26036; ATD) and AFRI (2017-67015-26508; BRW) funds.
216 Effects of low doses of GnRH at CIDR removal on estrus expression and conception rates in beef heifers
Authors: Rich Jerica J J , Northrop Emmalee J , Epperson Kaitlin M , Zoca Saulo Menegatti , Perkins Stephanie D , Walker Julie A , Timlin Claire L , Dias Nicholas W , Mercadante Vitor R G , Perry George A 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Previous studies evaluating single and multiple GnRH injections at time of CIDR removal have reported decreased interval to estrus and increased expression of estrus, and increased conception rates, respectively. Thus, the objective of this study was to compare the effects of supplementing GnRH at CIDR removal on expression of estrus and conception rates in beef heifers following the 7-d CO-Synch + CIDR protocol. Heifers (n = 1,482) from 11 herds over two years were synchronized using the 7-d CO-Synch + CIDR fixed time AI (FTAI) protocol and were randomly assigned to receive one of three treatments at CIDR removal [0 µg GnRH (0); 5 µg GnRH (5); or 5 µg at CIDR removal and 5 µg 12 h later (5 + 5)]. Expression of estrus and conception rates were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS with treatment as an independent variable and herd as a random effect. There was no effect of treatment on expression of estrus (P = 0.38), or AI conception rates (P = 0.85). There was an effect of estrus (P < 0.01) and a treatment × estrus interaction (P = 0.02). Animals that exhibited estrus prior to FTAI had increased (P < 0.01) conception rates compared with those that did not. Animals that exhibited estrus had increased (P < 0.01) conception rates compared with non-estrus animals in the 0 and 5 + 5 µg groups (54 ± 3% vs 34 ± 3%, and 52 ± 3% vs 36 ± 3%, respectively), but in the 5 µg group, there was no difference (P = 0.53) in conception rates between estrus and non-estrus animals (44 ± 3% vs 41 ± 3%, respectively). In conclusion, estrus expression increased pregnancy success, but supplementation with 5 or 5 + 5 µg of GnRH at CIDR removal did not improve estrus response or conception rates in beef heifers.