bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of sodium‐glucose co‐transporter‐2 inhibitors in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and multiple cardiovascular risk factors: An Asian perspective and expert recommendations
Authors: Deerochanawong Chaicharn , Chan Siew P. , Matawaran Bien J. , Sheu Wayne H.‐H. , Chan Juliana , Man Nguyen H. , Suastika Ketut , Khoo Chin M. , Yoon Kun‐Ho , Luk Andrea , Mithal Ambrish , Linong Ji 
Published: July 2019

AbstractDiabetes mellitus in Asia accounts for more than half of the global prevalence. There is a high prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the region among people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and it is often associated with multiple risk factors including hypertension, renal disease and obesity. The early onset of T2DM and the eventual long disease duration portends an increasing proportion of the population to premature CVD. In addition to lowering blood glucose, sodium‐glucose co‐transporter‐2 (SGLT‐2) inhibitors exert favourable effects on multiple risk factors (including blood pressure, body weight and renal function) and provide an opportunity to reduce the risk of CVD in patients with T2DM. In this article, we consolidated the existing literature on SGLT‐2 inhibitor use in Asian patients with T2DM and established contemporary guidance for clinicians. We extensively reviewed recommendations from international and regional guidelines, published data from clinical trials in the Asian population (dapagliflozin, canagliflozin, empagliflozin, ipragliflozin, luseogliflozin and tofogliflozin), CVD outcomes trials (EMPAREG‐OUTCOME, CANVAS and DECLARE‐TIMI 58) and real‐world evidence studies (CVD‐REAL, EASEL, CVD‐REAL 2 and OBSERVE‐4D). A series of clinical recommendations on the use of SGLT‐2 inhibitors in Asian patients with T2DM was deliberated among experts with multiple rounds of review and voting. Based on the available evidence, we conclude that SGLT‐2 inhibitors represent an evidence‐based therapeutic option for the primary prevention of heart failure hospitalization and secondary prevention of CVD in patients with T2DM, and should be considered early on in the treatment algorithm for patients with multiple risk factors, or those with established CVD.
Impact of achieving primary care targets in type 2 diabetes on health outcomes and healthcare costs
Authors: Keng Mi Jun , Tsiachristas Apostolos , Leal Jose , Gray Alastair , Mihaylova Borislava 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAimsIn England and Wales, the National Diabetes Audit (NDA) assesses the quality of management of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in primary care using treatment targets for HbA1c ≤58 mmol/mol, total cholesterol <5 mmol/L and blood pressure ≤140/80 mm Hg. We quantified the impact of variation in achieving these targets on health outcomes and healthcare costs across general practitioners' (GP) practices.MethodsSummary of characteristics of T2D patients from the 2015–2016 NDA were used to generate representative populations of T2D patients. The UKPDS Outcomes Model 2 was used to estimate long‐term health outcomes and healthcare costs. The effects of achieving treatment targets on these outcomes were evaluated using regression models.ResultsAchieving more of the HbA1c, cholesterol and blood pressure targets led to a lower incidence of diabetes‐related complications. Approximately 0.5 (95% CI, 0.4‐0.6) quality‐adjusted life years (QALYs) and 0.6 (95% CI, 0.4‐0.7) years of life (LYs) were gained by T2D patients over a lifetime for each additional target met. The projected healthcare cost savings arising from fewer diabetes‐related complications as the result of achieving one, two or three targets compared to none were £859 (95% CI, £553‐£1165), £940 (95% CI, £485‐£1395) and £1037 (95% CI, £414‐£1660) over a patient's lifetime. A typical GP practice in the lowest performing decile (average, 371 T2D patients per practice, with 27% achieving all targets) is projected to gain 201 (95% CI, 123‐279) QALYs and 231 (95% CI, 133‐329) LYs, if all T2D patients achieved all three targets.ConclusionsSubstantial gains in health outcomes and reductions in healthcare costs could be achieved with further improvements in attainment of HbA1c, cholesterol and blood pressure targets for T2D patients.
Body weight management and safety with efpeglenatide in adults without diabetes: A phase II randomized study
Authors: Pratley Richard E. , Kang Jahoon , Trautmann Michael E. , Hompesch Marcus , Han OakPil , Stewart John , Sorli Christopher H. , Jacob Stephan , Yoon Kun‐Ho 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAimTo evaluate the safety of efpeglenatide, a long‐acting glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonist (GLP‐1RA), and its effects on body weight management in adults without diabetes.Materials and methodsIn this phase II, randomized, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind trial, participants with a body mass index (BMI) ≥30 kg/m2 or ≥27 kg/m2 with comorbidity were randomized 1:1:1:1:1 to efpeglenatide (4 mg once weekly, 6 mg once weekly, 6 mg once every 2 wk, or 8 mg once every 2 wk; n = 237) or placebo (n = 60) in combination with a hypocaloric diet. The primary endpoint was body weight change from baseline after 20 wk of treatment, assessed using a mixed‐effect model with repeated measures with an unstructured covariance matrix over all post‐screening visits; treatment comparisons were based on least squares mean estimates.ResultsOver 20 wk, all doses of efpeglenatide significantly reduced body weight from baseline versus placebo (P < 0.0001), with placebo‐adjusted reductions ranging between −6.3 kg (6 mg once every 2 wk) and −7.2 kg (6 mg once weekly). Greater proportions of efpeglenatide‐treated participants had body weight loss of ≥5% or ≥10% versus placebo (P < 0.01, all comparisons). Efpeglenatide led to significant improvements in glycaemic variables (fasting plasma glucose and glycated haemoglobin) and lipid profiles (cholesterol, triglycerides) versus placebo. Rates of study discontinuations as a result of adverse events ranged from 5% to 19% with efpeglenatide. Gastrointestinal effects were the most common treatment‐emergent adverse events.ConclusionsEfpeglenatide once weekly and once every 2 wk led to significant body weight reduction and improved glycaemic and lipid variables versus placebo. It was also well tolerated for weight management in adults without diabetes.
Dose‐dependent glycometabolic effects of sotagliflozin on type 1 diabetes over 12 weeks: The inTandem4 trial
Authors: Baker Claire , Wason Suman , Banks Phillip , Sawhney Sangeeta , Chang Anna , Danne Thomas , Gesty‐Palmer Diane , Kushner Jake A. , McGuire Darren K. , Mikell Frank , O'Neill Mark , Peters Anne L. , Strumph Paul 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAimsTo assess the dose‐related effects of sotagliflozin, a novel dual inhibitor of sodium‐glucose co‐transporters‐1 and ‐2, in type 1 diabetes (T1D).Materials and methodsIn this 12‐week, multicentre, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled dose‐ranging trial, adults with T1D were randomized to once‐daily placebo (n = 36) or sotagliflozin 75 mg (n = 35), 200 mg (n = 35) or 400 mg (n = 35). Insulin was maintained at baseline doses. The primary endpoint was least squares mean (LSM) change in glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) from baseline. Other endpoints included proportion of participants with ≥0.5% HbA1c reduction and assessments of 2‐hour postprandial glucose (PPG), weight, and urinary glucose excretion (UGE).ResultsFrom a mean baseline of 8.0% ± 0.8% (full study population), placebo‐adjusted LSM HbA1c decreased by 0.3% (P= .07), 0.5% (P < .001) and 0.4% (P= .006) with sotagliflozin 75 mg, 200 mg and 400 mg, respectively, at week 12. In the placebo and sotagliflozin 75 mg, 200 mg and 400 mg groups, 33.3%, 37.1%, 80.0% and 65.7% of participants achieved an HbA1c reduction ≥0.5%. Placebo‐adjusted PPG decreased by 22.2 mg/dL (P= .28), 28.7 mg/dL (P= .16) and 50.2 mg/dL (P= .013), UGE increased by 41.8 g/d (P= .006), 57.7 g/d (P < .001) and 70.5 g/d (P < .001), and weight decreased by 1.3 kg (P= .038), 2.4 kg (P < .001) and 2.6 kg (P < .001) with sotagliflozin 75 mg, 200 mg and 400 mg, respectively. One case of severe hypoglycaemia occurred in each sotagliflozin group and one case of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) occurred with sotagliflozin 400 mg.ConclusionsCombined with stable insulin doses, sotagliflozin 200 mg and 400 mg improved glycaemic control and weight in adults with T1D. Sotagliflozin 400 mg reduced PPG levels. UGE increased with all sotagliflozin doses. Rates of severe hypoglycaemia and DKA were low (NCT02459899).
Inheriting the family farm: Generational wealth transfers in rural Kenya
Authors: Kagotho Njeri , Salim Neema N. , Patak‐Pietrafesa Michele , Kyriakakis Stavroula 
Published: July 2019

AbstractMotivationIntergenerational wealth transfers are economically important and have direct consequences on the distribution—or redistribution—of household and community wealth. In sub‐Saharan Africa, documented instances of weakly enforced statutory laws and outdated or misaligned customary laws create a space for practices that undermine the fair and smooth transition of wealth across generations.PurposeThis study presents data drawn from a larger mixed‐methods study that evaluated a succession (inheritance) curriculum offered in a farming community in Kenya.Approach and MethodsA sub‐set of intervention participants (n = 58) ranging in age from 20 to 78 were invited to participate in post‐test focus group discussions. Discussions followed a semi‐structured interview guide and included questions that evaluated the succession curriculum.FindingsIn addition to evaluating the intervention, emerging conversations centred on the economic and sociocultural significance of intergenerationally held family wealth. The narrative from these focus groups underscores the importance the community places on family‐held wealth and how failures in the financial socialization process have compromised the generational wealth‐transfer system. Further, both younger and older participants identified youth unemployment and substance misuse as factors that have led to a breakdown in the wealth‐transfer process. This breakdown can and has resulted in the loss of household wealth, as well as in the marginalization of vulnerable individuals including women and children.ImplicationsThis article concludes by identifying mutable factors that have implications for economic empowerment policies and programmes. This includes strengthening parental financial capabilities and facilitating access to legal resources to facilitate wealth transfers.
Occurrence of leaf spot disease caused by Neopestalotiopsis clavispora on Taxus chinensis in China
Authors: Wang Rongbo , Chen Shuzhun , Zheng Bowen , Liu Peiqing , Li Benjin , Weng Qiyong , Chen Qinghe 
Published: July 2019

AbstractTaxus chinensis is a valuable tree with uses for timber, medicinal, ornamental and landscape purposes. Most importantly, it is a source of the anti‐cancer drug paclitaxel. In 2016, needle spot disease was observed on T. chinensis in Fujian Province of China. Five isolates of similar morphology were isolated from diseased samples. The pathogen was identified as Neopestalotiopsis clavispora based on morphological and cultural characteristics and confirmed by sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) and the large subunit ribosomal RNA gene (LSU). The pathogenicity of the isolates was confirmed by fulfilling Koch's postulates. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to indicate that the causal agent of needle spot disease on Chinese yew in China is N. clavispora.
Lower prepulse inhibition in clinical high‐risk groups but not in familial risk groups for psychosis compared with healthy controls
Authors: Togay Bilge , Çıkrıkçılı Uğur , Bayraktaroglu Zubeyir , Uslu Atilla , Noyan Handan , Üçok Alp 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAimAlthough the lower level of prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the startle response is well known in schizophrenia, the onset of this difference is not clear. The aim of the present study was to compare PPI in individuals with clinical and familial high risk for psychosis, and healthy controls.MethodsWe studied PPI in individuals within three groups: ultra‐high risk for psychosis (UHR, n = 29), familial high risk for psychosis (FHR, n = 24) and healthy controls (HC, n = 28). The FHR group was chosen among siblings of patients with schizophrenia, whereas UHR was defined based on the Comprehensive Assessment of At‐Risk Mental States (CAARMS). We collected clinical data using the BPRS‐E, SANS and SAPS when individuals with UHR were antipsychotic‐naïve. A cognitive battery that assessed attention, cognitive flexibility, working memory, verbal learning and memory domains was applied to all participants.ResultsPPI was lower in the UHR group compared with both the FHR and HC groups. Those with a positive family history for schizophrenia had lower PPI than others in the UHR group. There was no difference in PPI between the FHR and HC groups. We found no relationship between PPI and cognitive performance in the three groups. Startle reactivity was not different among the three groups. Positive and negative symptoms were not related to PPI and startle reactivity in the UHR group.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that clinical and familial high‐risk groups for psychosis have different patterns of PPI.
PROFIP: A Portuguese early intervention programme for first‐episode psychosis in Lisbon
Authors: Coentre Ricardo , Mendes Tiago , Rebelo Ana , Fonseca Alexandra , Levy Pedro 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAimThere is currently no national plan for early intervention in first‐episode psychosis in Portugal. Consequently, there is some heterogeneity in the evaluation and treatment of first‐episode psychosis across the country. The aim of this article is to provide a complete description of the early intervention programme Programa de Intervenção nas Fases Iniciais da Psicose (PROFIP) in Lisbon, a pioneering team in Portugal for treating first‐episode psychosis (FEP) patients. We also describe the baseline socio‐demographic and clinical data obtained from new patients over a 1‐year period. PROFIP programme accepts all cases of FEP, taking a transdiagnostic approach.MethodsDescription of PROFIP programme and baseline socio‐demographic and clinical data obtained from new patients over a 1‐year period.ResultsThe team was constituted to provide early detection, treatment and support to people aged 16 to 35 years with affective and non‐affective FEP. Over a 1‐year period, 39 patients were included in the PROFIP programme. The majority of patients were young male patients with a diagnosis of non‐affective psychosis, and with 56% of patients reporting cannabis use. Patients received pharmacological and psychosocial interventions based on evidence and individual needs.ConclusionsOur team allowed young people with early psychosis to receive effective care. We do need improvements, namely in referrals and the education of health professionals. More teams in our country should be constituted, allowing larger numbers of patients with early psychosis to be treated by specialized teams.
Victimization, violence and facial affect recognition in a community sample of first‐episode psychosis patients
Authors: Hachtel Henning , Fullam Rachael , Malone Aisling , Murphy Brendan P. , Huber Christian , Carroll Andrew 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAimsThis exploratory study is the first to examine previously identified variables of increased vulnerability to victimization, the prevalence of aggression in a cohort of patients with first‐episode psychosis and the potential impact of impairments in facial affect recognition (FAR) on victimization.MethodsSixty‐nine male participants completed assessments of IQ, substance use, psychopathy, childhood trauma, aggressive behaviour and psychopathology. Participants were asked about violent victimization in the past year and charges for violent offences. FAR was assessed using the Animated Full Facial Comprehension Test.ResultsThe victimized group (n = 25) had significantly higher psychopathy traits (P = .042) and lower recognition of sadness (P < .01) compared to the non‐victimized group (n = 44). Participants who reported charges for violent offences (n = 15) had significantly higher scores on measures of physical abuse in childhood (P < .01), substance use (P < .05 for cannabis, P < .001 for cocaine and amphetamine use), psychopathy traits (P < .01), psychopathology (P = .031) and lifetime aggressive behaviour (P < .01). The logistic regression models using FAR sadness and Psychopathic Personality Inventory‐Revised (PPI‐R) total score as predictors for victimization (χ
2 [2] = 13.81, P = .001; Nagelkerke R
2 = .30) and using physical abuse in childhood, PPI‐R total score, and psychopathology as predictors for violent offences (χ
2 [3] = 14.89, P = .002; Nagelkerke R
2 = .36) were significant.ConclusionsThese findings highlight the value of considering victimization in psychotic illness from a social information processing perspective in addition to known clinical and lifestyle factors. Based on these results, future studies could explore the use of affect recognition training early in the course of the illness as a possible intervention to reduce victimization.
The dangers of constitutional identity
Authors: Fabbrini Federico , Sajó András 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis article purports to expose the dangers of the concept of constitutional identity – a doctrine shaped by apex state courts to shield areas of the national legal systems from the influence of European law. First, the article overviews the use of the concept of constitutional identity in the case law of national and supranational courts, mapping the growing expansion of this doctrine. Second, the article seeks to reconstruct the genealogy of the concept of constitutional identity, tracing its legal origins. Third, the article advances a normative criticism of the concept of constitutional identity, explaining how the doctrine suffers from an incurable lack of determinacy, which inevitably results in arbitrariness in its use. Moreover, the article points out how the practical use of a defensive concept such as constitutional identity is poised to weaken, if not undermine tout court, the process of European integration.
Gathering and evaluating innovation ideas using crowdsourcing: Impact of the idea title and the description on the number of votes in each phase of a two‐phase crowdsourcing project
Authors: Moffitt Kevin , O'Leary Daniel E. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractOrganizations are using crowdsourcing to capture innovation knowledge from the crowd in the form of ideas and then using the crowd to evaluate those ideas using votes. In this paper, we investigate a crowdsourcing setting in which Canada solicited information from its citizens to develop a digital transformation strategy. Canada used a two‐phase approach. Phase 1 was used to determine which ideas had the largest number of crowd votes, whereas in Phase 2, the crowd voted on the 30 leading vote‐getting ideas to determine the three winning ideas.This research investigates the ability to use information from ideas to estimate the number of votes that the ideas generate. This approach could be used to estimate the number of ideas, before making information available to the crowd. The unstructured text information in the idea is structured by using target concept dictionaries, which are used to estimate the extent to which the dictionary words appear in the ideas (e.g., “globalism”) and are related to the number of votes. Using this approach, roughly 1% of the total words are used to explain roughly 60% of the variance in the votes. Further, we also find that the variables associated with Phase 1 votes are not the same variables associated with Phase 2 votes; that is, the decision‐making variables changed. Finally, we find that votes are statistically significantly related to the content in the idea titles and the idea statements.
New method for determining P‐S‐N curves in terms of equivalent fatigue lives
Authors: Bai Xin , Zhang Peng , Zhang Zhen‐jun , Liu Rui , Zhang Zhe‐feng 
Published: July 2019

AbstractA new method for determining the P‐S‐N curves is proposed by the probabilistic analysis of the mixed samples that are composed of the testing fatigue lives and equivalent fatigue lives. The equivalent fatigue lives at each level are converted from all the testing data at all the testing levels according to the equivalent fatigue failure probability, where the life distributions are determined by the medians of logarithmic fatigue lives at respective levels and a unified coefficient of variation. Comparison results of the P‐S‐N curves of 2024‐T3 and A356.0‐T6 alloys with the different methods indicate that the new method can determine the high‐precision P‐S‐N curves with different sample sizes of the S‐N testing data, and can save testing time and improve testing efficiency, especially for the situation of large‐scatter S‐N testing data.
Genetic signatures of dominance hierarchies reveal conserved cis‐regulatory and brain gene expression underlying aggression in a facultatively social bee
Authors: Steffen Michael A. , Rehan Sandra M. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAgonistic interactions among individuals can result in the formation of dominance hierarches that can reinforce individual behavior and social status. Such dominance hierarches precede the establishment of reproductive dominance, division of labor and caste formation in highly social insect taxa. As such, deciphering the molecular basis of aggression is fundamental in understanding the mechanisms of social evolution. Assessing the proximate mechanisms of aggression in incipiently social bees can provide insights into the foundations of genomic mechanisms of social behavior. Here, we measured the effects of aggression on brain gene expression in the incipiently social bee,Ceratina australensis. We examine the brain transcriptomic differences between individuals who have experienced recurrent winning, losing, or a change in rank during repeated encounters. Using comparative analyses across taxa, we identify deeply conserved candidate genes, pathways, and regulatory networks for the formation of social hierarchies.