bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Parent and Staff Uncertainties Regarding the Philosophy of Early Intervention in a Preschool Autism Program
Authors: Gindi Shahar 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThis study investigated the influences of dominant paradigms in the field of autism on the attitudes and beliefs of stakeholders in an early intervention (EI) program for children with autism. This EI program is based on a developmental approach with the premise that intensive intervention in young children (ages 2–6 years) can change their developmental trajectory given the brain's plasticity. This study was based on 48 interviews with parents and staff, as well as three focus groups with stakeholders at a program serving young children with autism. Qualitative data analysis revealed that parents and staff were most influenced by the curative aspect of the medical model while they did not commonly demonstrate adherence to the principles of EI. Parents also revealed conflicting attitudes simultaneously, as many of them expressed wishes for their children to be cured of autism while at the same time wanting that interventions would continue indefinitely.
Gene regulatory divergence between locally adapted ecotypes in their native habitats
Authors: Gould Billie A. , Chen Yani , Lowry David B. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractLocal adaptation is a key driver of ecological specialization and the formation of new species. Despite its importance, the evolution of gene regulatory divergence among locally adapted populations is poorly understood, especially how that divergence manifests in nature. Here, we evaluate gene expression divergence and allele‐specific gene expression responses for locally adapted coastal perennial and inland annual accessions of the yellow monkeyflower, Mimulus guttatus, in a field reciprocal transplant experiment. Overall, 6765 (73%) of surveyed genes were differentially expressed between coastal and inland habitats, while 7213 (77%) were differentially expressed between the coastal perennial and inland annual accessions. Cis‐regulatory variation was pervasive, affecting 79% (5532) of differentially expressed genes. We detected trans effects for 52% (3611) of differentially expressed genes. Expression plasticity of alleles across habitats (G × E interactions) appears to be relatively common (affecting 18% of transcripts) and could minimize fitness trade‐offs at loci that contribute to local adaptation. We also found evidence that at least one chromosomal inversion may act as supergene by holding together haplotypes of differentially expressed genes, but this pattern depends on habitat context. Our results highlight multiple key patterns regarding the relationship between gene expression and the evolution of locally adapted populations.
Natural allelic variations provide insights into host adaptation of Phytophthora avirulence effector PsAvr3c
Authors: Huang Jie , Chen Ling , Lu Xinyu , Peng Qian , Zhang Ying , Yang Jin , Zhang Bai Yu , Yang Bo , Waletich Justin Reed , Yin Weixiao , Zheng Xiaobo , Wang Yuanchao , Dong Suomeng 
Published: August 2018

Summary

Filamentous pathogens, such as fungi and oomycetes, secrete avirulence (AVR) effectors that trigger plant immune responses and provide striking examples of host adaptations. Avr effector genes display different types of allelic variations, including deletions, epigenetic silencing and sequence polymorphisms, to avoid detection. However, how effector sequence polymorphisms enable pathogens to dodge host immune surveillance remains largely unknown.

PsAvr3c is a Phytophthora AVR gene that is recognized by soybean carrying Rps3c. PsAvr3c natural alleles display a rich diversity of single nucleotide polymorphisms in field isolates. We combined both site‐directed mutagenesis and population sequence surveys to identify a serine substitution of glycine at position 174 in PsAvr3c that resulted in evasion of Rps3c‐mediated soybean immunity.

The S174G substitution did not affect the nuclear localization of PsAvr3c in planta, which is required to activate Rps3c, but it significantly impaired the binding affinity of PsAvr3c with a previously identified spliceosome‐associated protein GmSKRPs. Silencing GmSKRPs specifically impaired PsAvr3c‐triggered cell death in Rps3c soybean.

This study uncovered a plant Phytophthora pathogen that adapted to a resistant plant through a key amino acid mutation and subsequently reduced the binding affinity with a plant immune regulator to evade host resistance.
Chronic urticaria in infants as the first manifestation of autoinflammatory disease
Authors: Latour Irene , Noguera‐Morel Lucero , Colmenero Isabel , Clemente Daniel , Hernández‐Martín Angela , López‐Robledillo Juan Carlos , Arostegui Juan I. , Torrelo Antonio 
Published: August 2018

AbstractWe report two unrelated infants in whom chronic urticaria was the first clinical manifestation of cryopyrin‐associated periodic syndrome, which should be suspected in infants with early‐onset chronic urticaria, especially if there is a neutrophil‐rich infiltrate in the skin biopsy. Early diagnosis of cryopyrin‐associated periodic syndrome may lead to early and successful treatment with anti‐interleukin‐1 medications.
Efficiency of methylene blue‐mediated photodynamic therapy vs intense pulsed light in the treatment of onychomycosis in the toenails
Authors: Alberdi Enrique , Gómez Clara 
Published: August 2018

SummaryBackgroundPhotodynamic therapy (PDT) or intense pulsed light (IPL) are efficient therapeutic methods in the treatment of superficial skin infections, and thus, they could be good options for onychomycosis treatment, the most common nail disorder.MethodsForty patients, affected with different diagnosed types of onychomycosis in nails of the first toe, were randomly divided into two groups of 20 patients to be treated by PDT or IPL. Nail plates were softened with urea 40% by occlusive dressing for 12 hours during 3‐7 days before treatments. Then, eight sessions separated by an interval of 2 weeks of a PDT protocol mediated by methylene blue (MB) and red laser diode (Periowave®, λ = 670 nm, 200 mW) or an IPL protocol based on 10 pulses/cm2 (Dye‐VL‐F module, Alma Lasers, λ = 500‐600 nm, 10 J) were applied.ResultsBoth treatments reduced significantly the Onychomycosis Severity Index (OSI) (P < 0.05). In terms of complete cure: 70% (PDT) and 80% (IPL) of the patients reached it after 12 weeks post‐treatment. No patient reported any adverse effects or complications, although in the IPL Group, some referred pain sensation during light irradiation and hematomas apparition.ConclusionsPhotodynamic therapy and IPL were effective for onychomycosis cure of any etiology.
Missed Connections at the Junction of Sociolinguistics and Speech Processing
Authors: Docherty Gerard , Foulkes Paul , Gonzalez Simon , Mitchell Nathaniel 
Published: August 2018

AbstractIn recent years, significant momentum has built up in efforts to integrate the social with the cognitive in theoretical models of speech production/processing and phonological representation. While acknowledging these advances, we argue that what limits our ability to elaborate models of processing and representation in which social‐indexical properties of speech are effectively integrated is that we remain some way from fully understanding how these properties are manifested within spoken interaction in the first place. We explore some of these limitations, drawing on data from a study of sociophonetic variability in a population of speakers of Australian English. We discuss issues relating to methods for capturing variability in the realization of vowels and consonants, and we highlight the pivotal role of speech style and the challenges that this raises for models of production and processing.
Screening of red blood cells for extracellular vesicle content as a product quality indicator
Authors: Acker Jason P. , Almizraq Ruqayyah J. , Millar Daniel , Maurer‐Spurej Elisabeth 
Published: August 2018

BACKGROUNDThe controversy around the quality and clinical impact of stored and differentially manufactured red cell concentrates (RCCs) from different donor groups is ongoing. Current studies are limited by the lack of quality measures suitable for routine screening of RCCs. As extracellular vesicles (EVs) are markers of cellular activation or degradation, this study investigated the utility of EV screening to characterize the effects of RBCs production methods and storage.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSRCCs were prepared by whole blood filtration or red blood cell (RBC) filtration methods, centrifuged to prepare a supernatant, and tested for EV content (dynamic light scattering or tunable resistive pulse‐sensing techniques), hemolysis, ATP, and RBC deformability on Days 7, 21, and 42 of storage. To simulate nondestructive quality control (QC) testing, 1 RBC unit was tested in parallel with six 10‐mL aliquots that were stored in small‐volume containers.RESULTSEV content showed a linear increase with storage time (p < 0.001) and correlated with supernatant hemoglobin and inversely with ATP or RBC deformability. The method of component manufacturing influenced the characteristics of the EVs during storage. A strong correlation between both EV testing methods' measure of total EV was observed. EV content in the six aliquots were consistent at each time point but statistically higher than in the original RCCs on and after 21 days of storage.CONCLUSIONSEV content correlates with measures of hemolysis and other RBC quality indicators and could be implemented as a routine screening tool for nondestructive QC testing of RCCs.
Rotordynamic Characterization of Labyrinth Seals in Steam Turbines: Effects of Thermal and Mechanical Loads
Authors: Cangioli Filippo , Chatterton Steven , Pennacchi Paolo , Nettis Leonardo , Ciuchicchi Lorenzo , Vania Andrea , Vannini Giuseppe 
Published: August 2018

Over the last few decades, the increasing demand on efficiency and performance for steam turbines has resulted in OEMs operating machines near critical conditions of their structural and thermal capabilities.
Consequently, a more accurate estimation of the dynamic behavior of the machine has become mandatory as well as the stability assessment. Steam turbines are subjected to high temperatures, high pressures and centrifugal forces that could change the nominal geometry, especially the clearance profile in correspondence of the sealing components, occasionally generating a convergent or divergent annulus.
In this paper, a new thermo-elasto bulk-flow model for labyrinth seals has been introduced. The model includes the bulk-flow model for estimating the dynamic coefficients, heat transfer model for evaluating the temperature distribution in the rotating and stationary parts and structural-mechanics model for calculating the radial growth.
By considering a staggered labyrinth seal installed in the balancing drum of a steam turbine, different inlet pre-swirl ratios, as well as the stability of the seal are investigated in this paper. The model can be extremely useful for the dynamic characterisation of a wide class of labyrinth seals considering the effect of the surrounding environment on the rotordynamic coefficient prediction.
A Numerical and Experimental Investigation of the Impact of Mixed Flow Turbine Inlet Cone Angle and Inlet Blade Angle
Authors: Leonard Thomas , Spence Stephen , Filsinger Dietmar , Starke Andre 
Published: August 2018

Mixed flow turbines offer potential benefits for turbocharged engines when considering off-design performance and engine transient behaviour. Although the performance and use of mixed flow turbines is described in the literature, little is published on the combined impact of the cone angle and the inlet blade angle, which are the defining features of such turbines.
Numerical simulations were completed using a CFD model that was validated against experimental measurements for a baseline geometry. The mechanical impact of the design changes was also analysed. Based on the results of the numerical study, two rotors of different blade angle and cone angle were selected and manufactured. These rotors were tested using the QUB low temperature turbine test rig, which allowed for accurate and wide range mapping of the turbine performance to low values of velocity ratio. The performance results from these additional rotors were used to further validate the numerical findings.
The numerical model was used to understand the underlying physical reasons for the measured performance differences through detailed consideration of the flow field at rotor inlet, and to document how the loss mechanisms and secondary flow structures developed with varying rotor inlet geometry. It was observed that large inlet blade cone angles resulted in strong separation and flow blockage near the hub at off-design conditions, which greatly reduced efficiency. However, the significant rotor inertia benefits achieved with the large blade cone angles were shown to compensate for the efficiency penalties and could be expected to deliver improved transient performance in downsized automotive engine applications.
Conjugate Heat Transfer Analysis on Generic Rim Seal Configurations in Rotor-Stator System
Authors: Jia Xingyun , Wang Liguo , Zheng Qun , Zhang Hai , Jiang Yuting 
Published: August 2018

Performance of generic rim seal configurations, axial-clearance rim seal (ACS), radial-clearance rim seal (RCS), radial-axial clearance rim seal (RACS) are compared under realistic working conditions. Conjugate heat transfer analysis on rim seal is performed in this paper to understand the impact of ingestion on disc temperature.
Results show that seal effectiveness and cooling effectiveness of RACS are the best when compared with ACS and RCS, the minimum mass flow rate for seal of RACS is 75% of that of RCS, and 34.6% of ACS. Authors compare the disc temperature distribution between different generic rim seal configurations where the RACS seems to be favorable in terms of low disc temperature. In addition, RACS has higher air-cooled aerodynamic efficiency, minimizing the mainstream performance penalty when compared with ACS and RCS. Corresponding to the respective minimum mass flow rate for seal, the air-cooled aerodynamic efficiency of RACS is 23.71% higher than that of ACS, and 12.79% higher than the RCS.
Tilting-Pad Journal Bearing in Hybrid Operation: A Numerical and Experimental Investigation
Authors: Buchhorn Nico , Kukla Sebastian , Bender Beate , Neumann Marc 
Published: August 2018

Large turbine bearings are usually equipped with hydrostatic jacking mechanisms to separate bearing and shaft during transient start-stop procedures. They are turned off once hydrodynamic operation is reached. In some cases, under severe operating conditions, the hydrostatic oil supply is kept running although the rotor already runs in full speed. The supplied amount of jacking oil is very small compared to the regular oil supply. However, experimental data of a large tilting-pad bearing shows that this hybrid operation has a considerable impact on the load carrying capacity in terms of lower pad temperature and larger film thickness.
In this paper, a theoretical investigation to analyse the effect of increased load carrying capacity of a large tilting-pad journal bearing in hybrid operation is presented. The increase is driven by three different aspects: 1) hydrostatic pressure component, 2) increase in lubricant viscosity due to the injection of cold oil, 3) decrease of temperature gradients and thus thermal pad deformation.
Subject of the approach is a ø500 mm five-pad, rocker-pivot tilting-pad journal bearing in flooded lubrication mode. The experiments are carried out on the Bochum test rig for large turbine bearings. The theoretical analyses are performed with a simulation code solving the Reynolds and energy equations for the oil film and calculating the thermomechanical pad deformations simultaneously. By considering each of the three above aspects separately and in combination, their share of load increase can be assessed individually. Contrary to expectations, the results indicate that the increase is not mostly based on the hydrostatic pressure component. Instead, the advantageously decreased pad deformations make the largest contribution to the increased load carrying capacity while the alteration in viscosity shows the least impact.
Investigation of Fan Blades Vibration due to Blade/Casing Rubbing Interactions Using In-Plane Two-Dimensional Model
Authors: Xiao Jiaguangyi , Chen Yong , Ouyang Hua , Wang Anjenq 
Published: August 2018

Interactions between casings and bladed-disks of modern turbofan engines may occur through various mechanisms: casing distortions, rotor vibrations and casing vibrations to name a few. These interactions might lead to nonlinear blade vibrations, which could then induce severe damages to both structures. The impacts of casing vibrations on the vibration behaviors of engine blades are studied in this paper.
A two-dimensional in-plane model is established in this paper. Fan blade, disk and casing are modeled using beam element. Craig-Bampton model reduction is applied to simplify the model. Penalty method mixed with golden section method is created and used for contact treatments. The interaction is initiated by the external forces acting on the casing. The casing is excited to two-, three- and four-nodal diameter vibration patterns, respectively. In order to capture the core of the problem, contact forces applied to the casing, and casing damping are neglected. Steady casing vibrations could thus be generated. Blade vibrations are calculated in a wide rotating speed range, maximum amplitudes are recorded and studied. The results show that the bladed-disk will have several vibration peaks in the calculated rotating speed range. To figure out the physical mechanisms of these peaks, Fourier spectrums as well as different bladed-disk materials are introduced.
Almost all vibration peaks can be explained by three kinds of mechanisms found and summarized in this paper. Two of them are related to travelling waves and the third is related to harmonics. Speed and frequency margins that are related to blade-tip-rub induced vibrations are defined and analyzed. The findings and ideas shown in this paper can be used as a reference in engine preliminary structural design to avoid potential blade tip-rub induced damages.
Blowoff and Reattachment Dynamics of a Linear Multi-Nozzle Combustor
Authors: Kwong W. Y. , Steinberg A. M. 
Published: August 2018

This paper describes the coupled flow and flame dynamics during blowoff and reattachment events in a combustor consisting of a linear array of five interacting nozzles using 10 kHz repetition-rate OH planar laser induced fluorescence and stereoscopic particle image velocimetry. Steady operating conditions were studied at which the three central flames randomly blew-off and subsequently reattached to the bluff-bodies. Transition of the flame from one nozzle was rapidly followed by transition of the other nozzles, indicating cross-nozzle coupling. Blow-off transitions were preferentially initiated in one of the off-center nozzles, with the transition of subsequent nozzles occurring in a random order. Similarly, the center nozzle tended to be the last nozzle to reattach.
The blowoff process of any individual nozzle was similar to that for a single bluff-body stabilized flame, though with cross-flame interactions providing additional means of re-stabilizing a partially extinguished flame. Subsequent to blowoff of the first nozzle, the other nozzles underwent similar blowoff processes. Flame reattachment was initiated by entrainment of a burning pocket into a recirculation zone, followed by transport to the bluff-body; the other nozzles subsequently underwent similar reattachment processes. Several forms of cross-nozzle interaction that can promote or prevent transition are identified. Furthermore, the velocity measurements indicated that blowoff or reattachment of the first nozzle during a multi-nozzle transition causes significant changes to the flow fields of the other nozzles. It is proposed that a single nozzle transition redistributes the flow to the other nozzles in a manner that promotes their transition.
Reverse Thrust Aerodynamics of Variable Pitch Fans
Authors: Williams Tim S. , Hall Cesare A. 
Published: August 2018

Variable pitch fans are of interest for future low pressure ratio fan systems since they provide improved operability relative to fixed pitch fans. If they can also be re-pitched such that they generate sufficient reverse thrust they could eliminate the engine drag and weight penalty associated with bypass duct thrust reversers. This paper sets out to understand the details of the 3D fan stage flow field in reverse thrust operation.
The study uses the Advanced Ducted Propulsor variable pitch fan test case, which has a design fan pressure ratio of 1.29. Comparison with spanwise probe measurements show that the computational approach is valid for examining the variation of loss and work in the rotor in forward thrust. The method is then extended to a reverse thrust configuration using an extended domain and appropriate boundary conditions.
Computations, run at two rotor stagger settings, show that the spanwise variation in relative flow angle onto the rotor aligns poorly to the rotor inlet metal angle. This leads to two dominant rotor loss sources: one at the tip associated with positive incidence, and the second caused by negative incidence at lower span fractions. The second loss is reduced by opening the rotor stagger setting, and the first increases with rotor suction surface Mach number. The higher mass flow at more open rotor settings provide higher gross thrust, up to 49% of the forward take-off value, but is limited by the increased loss at high speed.