bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
State survival bureaucracy (SSB): state sustainability after Arab revolutions
Authors: Almashat Abdulmonem , Thabet Salwa 
Published: February 2019

Purpose
Non-politicized bureaucracy plays a fundamental role in the survival of states during times of transition and drastic change. Moreover, non-politicized bureaucracy protects state institutions from failing. In fact, state survival bureaucracy (SSB), as an alternative to Deep State, obtains all mechanisms for the sustainability of the state, both its entity and identity. In case of resistance to the elected officials and executives’ abrupt decisions, professionals and experts came up with Deep State to reflect the elements of rejection.

Design/methodology/approach
The paper uses both system and function approaches in analyzing the role of bureaucracy in states going through transition. It also draws comparisons from the harsh experiences in the Arab region after Arab revolutions where most of the states collapsed while Tunisia and Egypt survived. The authors will use the available literature in reviewing different arguments regarding the role of bureaucracy in addition to the own observations as scholars who were engaged in the political process in Egypt for sometimes and during the drastic changes since January 25, 2011 and the knowledge about political process in Tunisia and other Arab states.

Findings
In the study of the collapse of a number of Arab states and the survival of Tunisia and Egypt, it was found out that it is SSB which holds state together in cases of drastic changes or tangible threats. SSB includes bureaucrats and policy implementing agencies that are committed to both entity and identity of the state. The role of SSB emerges clearly in a state of utmost survival crisis of the state. SSB does inherently obtain self-correcting mechanisms that help states face, experience drastic change and cope with it.

Originality/value
Non-politicized bureaucracy plays a fundamental role in the survival of states during times of transition and drastic change. Moreover, non-politicized bureaucracy protects state institutions from failing. In fact, SSB as an alternative to Deep State, as defined in this paper, obtains all mechanisms for the sustainability of the state, both its entity and identity. The analysis will show how SSB is a constructive mechanism for the survival of the state when its entity and identity as well as well-established national interests are under tangible threats.
Effects of various biodiesel blends on LHR engine
Authors: N.S. Senthur , T.S. Ravikumar 
Published: February 2019

Purpose
This paper aims to compare the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of E20 biodiesel with diesel-water emulsion and eucalyptus water emulsion.

Design/methodology/approach
This research expounds the trans-esterification process apparently. Various biodiesel blends were made to go through the trans-esterification process to make it suitable for feeding them into the low heat rejection (LHR) engine. E20 biodiesel – 20% of eucalyptus oil by volume with diesel was chosen to carry out the research as it was found to be the best blend with diesel. The volume of water content in diesel water emulsions was varied by 5, 10 and 15% in DWM1 (Diesel Water Mixture1), DWM2 (Diesel Water Mixture2) and DWM3 (Diesel Water Mixture3), respectively. Similarly, the volume of water content in eucalyptus water emulsions was varied with emulsification ratio of E20 biodiesel. Partially stabilized zirconia was coated over top surface of the piston and valve facing of the LHR engine.

Findings
From the researches carried out, DWM3 (Diesel Water Mixture3) was found to be superior when compared with other diesel-water emulsions in LHR engine. The overall efficiency was found to be higher for EWM3 than other biofuels tested the in LHR engine.

Originality/value
This investigational experiment can be further extended to multi-cylinder engine and to improve the cetane number, Di ethyl ester (DEE) fuel additives can be added.
Clonal change of methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from patients with impetigo in Kagawa, Japan
Authors: Sasai Nao , Nakaminami Hidemasa , Iwasaki Manami , Iwao Miku , Misegawa Kotaro , Hasui Mikiko , Sato Minoru , Yamamoto Shinji , Yoshida Tomoko , Asano Takashi , Senoue Mitsura , Ikeda Masami , Noguchi Norihisa 
Published: February 2019

AbstractRecently, the USA300 clone, which is a Panton–Valentine leukocidin (PVL)‐positive clonal complex 8‐staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec type IV (CC8‐IV) community‐acquired methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA‐MRSA) strain, emerged in community and hospital settings in Japan. Hence, clonal types of CA‐MRSA strains are predicted to be changing. Nonetheless, long‐term surveillance of CA‐MRSA has not been conducted in Japan. Here, we investigated the transition and current status of CA‐MRSA strains isolated from outpatients with impetigo; the samples were collected between 2007 and 2016 in Kagawa, Japan. The detection rate (22.8%, 488/2139 strains) of MRSA slightly decreased in these 10 years. Molecular epidemiological analyses showed that the prevalence of the CC89‐II clone, which is a typical CA‐MRSA genotype of causative agents of impetigo, significantly decreased from 48.0% (48/100 strains) in 2007–2009 to 21.9% (16/73 strains) in 2013–2016. By contrast, a non‐USA300 CC8‐IV clone, which is a highly pathogenic CA‐MRSA/J clone, significantly increased in prevalence from 9.0% (9/100 strains) to 32.9% (24/73 strains). The prevalence of PVL‐positive CA‐MRSA strains increased annually from 2012 (0%) to 2015 (6.7%), whereas only one of these strains turned out to be the USA300 clone. Antibiotic susceptibility data revealed that the rates of resistance to gentamicin and clindamycin among CA‐MRSA strains decreased along with the decreased prevalence of the CC89‐II clone and increased prevalence of the CA‐MRSA/J clone. Our data strongly suggest that the clonal types and antibiotic susceptibility of CA‐MRSA isolated from patients with impetigo dramatically changed during the last 10 years in Japan.
Adaptation of Desulfovibrio alaskensis G20 to perchlorate, a specific inhibitor of sulfate reduction
Authors: Mehta‐Kolte Misha G. , Stoeva Magdalena K. , Mehra Anchal , Redford Steven A. , Youngblut Matthew D. , Zane Grant , Grégoire Patrick , Carlson Hans K. , Wall Judy , Coates John D. 
Published: February 2019

SummaryHydrogen sulfide produced by sulfate‐reducing microorganisms (SRM) poses significant health and economic risks, particularly during oil recovery. Previous studies identified perchlorate as a specific inhibitor of SRM. However, constant inhibitor addition to natural systems results in new selective pressures. Consequently, we investigated the ability of Desulfovibrio alaskensis G20 to evolve perchlorate resistance. Serial transfers in increasing concentrations of perchlorate led to robust growth in the presence of 100 mM inhibitor. Isolated adapted strains demonstrated a threefold increase in perchlorate resistance compared to the wild‐type ancestor. Whole genome sequencing revealed a single base substitution in Dde_2265, the sulfate adenylyltransferase (sat). We purified and biochemically characterized the Sat from both wild‐type and adapted strains, and showed that the adapted Sat was approximately threefold more resistant to perchlorate inhibition, mirroring whole cell results. The ability of this mutation to confer resistance across other inhibitors of sulfidogenesis was also assayed. The generalizability of this mutation was confirmed in multiple evolving G20 cultures and in another SRM, D. vulgaris Hildenborough. This work demonstrates that a single nucleotide polymorphism in Sat can have a significant impact on developing perchlorate resistance and emphasizes the value of adaptive laboratory evolution for understanding microbial responses to environmental perturbations.
Towards understanding the biosynthetic pathway for ustilaginoidin mycotoxins in Ustilaginoidea virens
Authors: Li Yuejiao , Wang Ming , Liu Zhaohui , Zhang Kang , Cui Fuhao , Sun Wenxian 
Published: February 2019

SummaryUstilaginoidins, toxic to plants, animals and human, are one of major types of mycotoxins produced by Ustilaginoidea virens. In this study, a gene cluster containing the polyketide synthase gene UvPKS1 was analysed via gene replacement and biochemical studies to determine ustilaginoidin biosynthetic pathway in U. virens. UvPKS1 was first proven to be responsible for the first step of ustilaginoidin biosynthesis, since neither ustilaginoidin derivatives nor intermediates were produced when UvPKS1 was deleted. Replacement of ugsO greatly reduced ustilaginoidin production but increased the ratios of dehydrogenated/hydrogenated ustilagioidin derivatives. The enhanced growth rate of the ΔugsO mutant indicates that accumulation of certain ustilaginoidin derivatives may adversely affect mycelial growth in U. virens. Deletion of ugsT encoding a putative MFS transporter disrupted the ability to generate ustilaginoidins. The ustilaginoidin derivatives produced in the ΔugsJ mutant all lack C3‐methyl, indicating that UgsJ is responsible for C3‐methylation. Only monomeric intermediates, such as 3‐methyl‐dihydro‐nor‐rubrofusarin, but no ustilaginoidin derivatives were generated in the ΔugsL mutant, indicating that UgsL is responsible for the dimerization of nor‐rubrofusarin derivatives to produce ustilaginoidins. However, ugsR2 deletion had no dramatic effect on ustilaginoidin biosynthesis. Together, biochemical analyses with bioinformatics and chemoinformatics uncover a multiple‐step enzyme‐catalysed pathway for ustilaginoidin biosynthesis in U. virens.
Estimating Individual Contributions to Complex DNA SNP Mixtures.,
Authors: Ricke Darrell O. , Fremont‐Smith Philip , Watkins James , Stankiewicz Sara , Boettcher Tara , Schwoebel Eric 
Published: February 2019

AbstractHigh‐throughput sequencing (HTS) of large panels of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) provides an alternative or complimentary approach to short tandem repeats (STRs) panels for the analysis of complex DNA mixture forensic samples. For STRs, methods to estimate individual contribution concentrations compare capillary electrophoresis peak heights, peak areas, or HTS allele read counts within a mixture. This article introduces three approaches (mean, median, and slope methods) for estimating individual DNA contributions to forensic mixtures for HTS/massively parallel sequencing (MPS) SNP panels. For SNPs, the major:minor allele ratios or counts, unique to each contributor, were compared to estimate contributor proportion within the mixture using the mean, median, and slope intercept for these alleles. The estimates for these three methods were typically within 5% of planned experimental contributions for defined mixtures.
Burden of primary care‐type emergency department presentations using clinical assessment by general practitioners: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Whyatt David , Tuson Matthew , Haynes Emma , Mountain David , Nagree Yusuf , Vickery Alistair W 
Published: February 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo compare methods of assessment of the burden of primary care‐type ED (PCTED) presentations against clinical assessment by general practitioners (GPs) in ED.MethodsA cross‐sectional study involving clinical assessment of patients presenting to four EDs in Western Australia. The GPs assessed patients who were likely to be discharged home from ED, and considered whether they could be managed in general practice. Patient presentations were defined by the GPs as: PCTED; PCTED if additional primary care resources were available; or not PCTED.ResultsGP researchers determined that 80% of patients assessed were PCTED presentations, with one‐third of these considered PCTED presentations if additional resources were available. A high proportion of identified PCTED presentations included categories excluded by previous methods. Analysis of linked data found the cohort assessed to be of lower urgency, younger, and with a shorter length of stay than the average patient being discharged from ED. After accounting for potential bias, it is suggested that 20–40% of all ED presentations could be PCTED presentations.ConclusionsPrevious methods determining the burden of PCTED presentations have not been validated. Many presentations excluded by previous methods were identified as manageable in general practice by GPs clinically assessing patients in ED. Improved validation of criteria used to identify PCTED presentations will enable appropriately designed interventions to reduce such events.
Spatial variation in the response of tiger gene flow to landscape features and limiting factors
Authors: Reddy P. A. , Puyravaud J.‐P. , Cushman S. A. , Segu H. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIntegrated landscape management of key population areas along with the corridors linking them is important for tiger conservation in the Indian subcontinent. Relationships between gene flow and landscape patterns, however, cannot be generalized given that different limiting factors influence movement in different spatial contexts. Here, we study the landscape features affecting tiger gene flow in the Western Ghats, and examine how and why limiting landscape features differ between Central India and the Western Ghats. We also assess whether these landscape features have been altered by land use changes in the last five decades. Our study area covers 30 000 km2 from Bhadra Tiger Reserve to the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve in India. We used genetic data of 115 tigers and landscape resistance model optimization to create a resistance surface to gene flow in the Western Ghats. Tiger gene flow, both in Central India and the Western Ghats, is primarily related to topographic roughness and secondarily to diffuse disturbance, however these relations are inverted in the two landscapes ‐ in Central India, gene flow correlates with rough terrain, whereas in the Western Ghats, it correlates with smooth, forested terrain with minimal human disturbance. Topographic complexity is an important factor affecting tiger dispersal, but tiger's response to topography seems to be dependent upon interactions with human‐related disturbance. Tigers in Central India favor rough terrain for dispersal primarily because it is the only part of the landscape without heavy human footprint and the last refuge for natural vegetation, whereas in the Western Ghats, forest cover is more extensive in flatter terrain and human footprint is generally lower.
Neural cue reactivity during acute abstinence predicts short‐term smoking relapse
Authors: Allenby Cheyenne , Falcone Mary , Wileyto E. Paul , Cao Wen , Bernardo Leah , Ashare Rebecca L. , Janes Amy , Loughead James , Lerman Caryn 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIn smokers, neural responses to smoking cues can be sensitive to acute abstinence, but the degree to which abstinence‐related cue reactivity contributes to relapse is not fully understood. This study addressed this question in a sample of 75 smokers who were motivated to quit smoking. Participants underwent blood‐oxygen‐level‐dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during presentation of visual smoking cues and neutral stimuli on two occasions: once during smoking satiety and once following 24‐hour abstinence (order counterbalanced). Following the imaging sessions, participants received brief smoking cessation counseling prior to a short‐term (7‐day) quit attempt. The primary smoking cessation outcome was biochemically confirmed 7‐day relapse. The secondary smoking cessation outcome measure was total number of self‐reported days of abstinence. During abstinence (vs satiety), smoking cue reactivity was significantly increased only in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC); other regions showing a cue (vs neutral) response did not exhibit an abstinence effect in the stringent whole‐brain analysis. Participants who showed greater smoking cue reactivity in the ACC during acute abstinence (compared with smoking satiety) were more likely to relapse (OR = 2.10 per standard deviation increase in percent signal change [abstinence minus smoking satiety], 95% CI: 1.05 to 4.20, P = 0.036). Greater abstinence‐induced change in ACC activation also predicted fewer total days abstinent (β = −0.63, 95% CI = 0.43 to 0.66, P < 0.0001). This study provides the first evidence that changes in smoking cue reactivity in the ACC during acute abstinence predict smoking relapse, thereby improving our understanding of the neurobiology of smoking cessation.
Intimate partner violence in emerging adulthood and subsequent substance use disorders: findings from a longitudinal study
Authors: Ahmadabadi Zohre , Najman Jackob M. , Williams Gail M. , Clavarino Alexandra M. , d'Abbs Peter , Smirnov Andrew 
Published: February 2019

AbstractAimsTo examine the temporal association between the experience of different types of intimate partner violence (IPV) in early adulthood (21 years) and substance use disorders in young adulthood (30 years).DesignProspective birth cohort study using data from the Mater‐University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy (MUSP).SettingBrisbane, Australia.ParticipantsA total of 1353 people (822 females and 531 males).MeasurementsIPV was measured using the Composite Abuse Scale (CAS) and alcohol, substance and nicotine use disorders were assessed using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI).FindingsIn females, the experience of different forms of IPV at 21 years remained a robust risk factor for subsequent alcohol use disorder [adjusted odds ratios (aORs) ranged from 1.6 to 2.6 (all P < 0.05)], substance use disorder [aORs ranged from 2.1 to 4.0 (all P < 0.001)] and nicotine use disorder [aORs ranged from 2.0 to 2.4 (all P < 0.05)] at 30 years, even after controlling for antecedent substance disorders. However, in males only physical and emotional abuse (but not harassment) were significant in predicting alcohol use disorder [aORs ranged from 1.4 to 1.8 (all P < 0.05)] and drug use disorder [aORs ranged from 1.6 to 2.0 (all P < 0.05)] in the fully adjusted model.ConclusionIntimate partner violence (IPV) in early adulthood is robustly associated with alcohol, substance and nicotine use disorders in women, whereas in men the association is clear for only some forms of IPV and types of disorder.
Prospective evaluation of clinical outcomes between pre‐cut corneal grafts prepared using a manual or automated technique: with one‐year follow‐up
Authors: Muijzer Marc B. , van Luijk Chantal M. , van den Bogaerdt Antoon J. , Kruit Piet J. , Groeneveld‐van Beek Esther , Melles Gerrit R.J. , Wisse Robert P.L. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractPurposePosterior lamellar corneal surgery is considered the standard of care for irreversible endothelial cell dysfunction. Pre‐cut grafts can be prepared either manually (Descemet stripping endothelial keratoplasty; DSEK) or mechanically (Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty; DSAEK). We performed a head‐to‐head clinical comparison between DSEK and DSAEK grafts.MethodsAll DSEK and DSAEK procedures performed by two corneal specialists at the University Medical Center Utrecht from 1 January 2016 through 31 October 2016 were prospectively included. Pre‐cut grafts were delivered by two eye banks, which either exclusively prepared the DSEK or DSAEK grafts. Preoperative and postoperative measurements were obtained, and all surgical events and adverse events were recorded.ResultsA total of 21 DSEK and 53 DSAEK procedures were included for analysis; the two groups were similar at baseline, with the exception of graft endothelial cell density, which was 2531 ± 67 versus 2748 ± 148 cells/mm2, respectively (p < 0.001). At the one‐year follow‐up visit, corrected distance visual acuity and endothelial cell loss were similar between the groups. Mean pachymetry was significantly lower in the DSEK group (521 ± 39 versus 588 ± 59 μm; p < 0.001), whereas the rebubbling rate was significantly higher in the DSEK group (47.6% versus 18.9%; p = 0.001). Finally, three grafts in the DSEK group experienced failure compared to one graft in the DSAEK group (14% versus 1.9%, respectively).ConclusionManually dissected and microkeratome‐dissected grafts performed similarly with respect to vision and endothelial cell loss assessed one year after surgery. The higher incidence of graft failure among manually dissected (i.e. DSEK) grafts may be attributable to reduced relative thickness compared to DSAEK grafts and/or the resulting differences in tissue handling and the surgeon's learning curve.
Molecular typing of Clostridioides difficile isolates from clinical and non‐clinical samples in Iran
Authors: Kouhsari Ebrahim , Douraghi Masoumeh , Fakhre Yaseri Hashem , Talebi Malihe , Ahmadi Alireza , Sholeh Mohammad , Amirmozafari Nour 
Published: February 2019

Clostridioides difficile is a major cause of nosocomial infectious diarrhea in hospitalized patients throughout the world. We aimed to characterize C. difficile isolates among hospitalized patients, hospital staffs, and hospital environment samples obtained in three tertiary care hospitals of Iran with regard to their molecular types between June 2016 and November 2017. The toxigenicity of C. difficile isolates was determined by toxigenic culture and multiplex‐PCR. Toxigenic C. difficile isolates collected were ribotyped using capillary gel electrophoresis‐based PCR and the database of WEBRIBO (http://webribo.ages.at). Of 500 clinical and non‐clinical samples, toxigenic C. difficile were identified in 35 of 250 stool samples (14%) and in 3 of 250 swabs (1.2%). The most frequently found ribotypes (RTs) were 039, AI‐12, and AI‐21 (15.8, 10.52, and 10.52% of all isolates, respectively). Further RTs were: 017, 001, AI‐3, AI‐15, AI‐18, AI‐10, AI‐4, and PR21195 (as new ribotype). The epidemic RTs (027 and 078) seen in the Europe, North America, and Asia were completely absent in this study.
Downregulation of the cytochrome P450 4B1 protein confers a poor prognostic factor in patients with urothelial carcinomas of upper urinary tracts and urinary bladder
Authors: Lin Jen‐Tai , Chan Ti‐Chun , Li Chien‐Feng , Huan Steven K.H. , Tian Yu‐Feng , Liang Peir‐In , Pan Cheng‐Tang , Shiue Yow‐Ling 
Published: February 2019

The objective of this study was to examine the expression level of cytochrome P450 4B1 (CYP4B1) protein and its clinical significance in specimens from patients with urothelial carcinomas (UC) including upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC, n = 340) and urinary bladder urothelial carcinoma (UBUC, n = 295). Data mining on public domains identified five potential candidate transcripts which were downregulated in advanced UBUCs, indicating that it might implicate in UC progression. Immunohistochemistry was performed to analyze the CYP4B1 protein levels on 635 tissues from UC patients retrospectively. Immunoexpression of CYP4B1 was further estimated using the H‐score method. Correlations between CYP4B1 H‐score and important clinicopathological factors, as well as the significance of CYP4B1 expression level for disease‐specific and metastasis‐free survivals were evaluated. In UTUCs and UBUCs, 118 (34.7%) and 92 (31.2%) patients, respectively, were identified to be of CYP4B1 downregulation. The CYP4B1 expression level was found to be associated with several clinicopathological factors and patient survivals. Downregulation of CYP4B1 protein was correlated to advanced primary tumor (p < 0.001), nodal metastasis (p < 0.001), high histological grade (p = 0.001), vascular invasion (p < 0.001), perineural invasion (p = 0.017) and mitotic rate (p = 0.036) in UTUCs and/or UBUCs. Low CYP4B1 protein level independently predicted inferior disease‐specific (p = 0.009; p < 0.001) and metastasis‐free (p = 0.035; p < 0.001) survivals in UTUC and UBUC patients. Our findings showed that downregulation of CYP4B1 protein level is an independent unfavorable prognosticator. Loss of the CYP4B1 gene expression may play an important role in UC progression.