bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differentiating transudative and exudative pleural effusion by pleural fluid cholesterol
Authors: Ambresh Ayyali , Mulimani Mallanna S 
Published: January 2019

Background: Pleural effusion is one of the common condition encountered in day to day practise. Pleural effusions represent a very common diagnostic task to the physician. A correct diagnosis of the underlying disease is essential to rational management. Today there are a number of laboratory tests available to differentiate exudates and transudates which are considered cost effective to the patients, so this study was designed for the measurement of pleural fluid cholesterol to differentiate transudative and exudative pleural effusions (sensitivity-97.8%, specificity-100%) with the advantage that a contemporary blood sample is not required, thereby lowering cost of diagnostic procedure. Objectives: To study the diagnostic value of Pleural fluid Cholesterol in differentiating transudative and exudative pleural effusions. Methodology: This cross sectional descriptive study was conducted on patients of pleural effusion (n=60)age >18 years patients with definitive clinical diagnosis and evidenced by radiological diagnosis of pleural effusion were taken as inclusion criteria. Results: The results showed majority of the patients were males (63.3%) and females (36.7%). According to lights criteria 46 patients were exudates and 14 patients were transudates and according to Pleural fluid Cholesterol criteria 45 patients were exudates and 15 patients were transudates with sensitivity of 97.8% and specificity of 100% and accuracy of 98.3%. Conclusion: The pleural fluid cholesterol criteria were found to be the most efficient criteria. Since this parameter involves the measurement of only pleural fluid values of cholesterol, it has following advantages-Economically it reduces number of biochemical tests and Simpler as there is no need to take simultaneous blood sample at the time of thoracocentesis.
Prevalence of tobacco consumption among adolescents from rural area of Wardha district
Authors: Kumar Vishnoi Ravindra , Vasant Wagh , Abhay Gaidhane , Pramita Muntode , Prajapati Kshatrapal 
Published: January 2019

Background: Globally adolescent population is around 1200 million and out of six person, every one person is in adolescence (aged10 to 19 years) period (1). Yet most of them are healthy, but premature death, illness and injury among them can hinder ability to grow and develop to their full potential. It is estimated that 1.2 million adolescents died in 2015 and mostly from preventable or treatable causes. Tobacco consumption is world's leading cause of preventable morbidity and mortality. National Family Health Survey conducted in year 2016-17 reported tobacco consumption prevalence 38.9% in urban area and 48% in rural area of India. Method: It was a community based cross-sectional study conducted in eight villages of Wardha district adopted under Community Health Care program run by department of community medicine. Data was collected by interview from 485 adolescent in the age group of 10-19 years by domiciliary visits using pre-designed pre-tested questionnaire from the period October 2016 to October 2018. Results: Prevalence of tobacco use (all forms), smokeless tobacco use and smoking in rural adolescents were 20.82%, 20.41%, and 2.68%, respectively. Prevalence of tobacco use in boys (30.29%) was more than girls (4.49%). Higher Prevalence was found in late adolescent period. Bidi was commonly used form of smoke tobacco while Kharra was the preferred smokeless tobacco. Almost all smokers were male but few exceptions were there. Conclusion: The prevalence of tobacco use among rural adolescents was very high (20.82%) as compared to national prevalence of 14.6% according to the global youth tobacco survey India 2009. There is a need of early intervention for tobacco cessation as overall mean age of 1st experienced to tobacco consumption was 12.02 years and in male and female users it was 12.25 years and 10.88 years respectively. 42.10 % adolescents 1st time experienced any type of tobacco products when they were in the 12-14 years age and only 0.66% adolescents experienced at the age of 17 -19 years. Maximum male (42.19%) and female (41.67%) ever user experienced their 1st tobacco consumption when they were 12-14 years old.
PENGEMBANGAN BUKU AJAR METODE NUMERIK BERBASIS KONSTRUKTIVISME DI IAIN BATUSANGKAR
Authors: Khaidir Christina 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe purpose of this research is to develop textbook materials on constructivism-based numeric method. This idea is based on the reality found the field that some textbook materials on that issue are not relevant anymore. This research used research and development using Plom model. The stages consist of front-end-analysis, prototype, and assessment. Data were validated using experts’ and practical validation. The textbook was validated by experts who were competence in their academic field. Based on the experts’ validation result, the textbook was deemed valid. In terms of practicality, the textbook was also considered practical.Kata Kunci: Buku Ajar Metode Numerik, Pendekatan Konstruktivisme
PENERAPAN DENDA MURABAHAH MENURUT FATWA DEWAN SYARIAH NASIONAL DSN/MUI (STUDI DI PT. BANK MUAMALAT INDONESIA CABANG PADANGSIDIMPUAN)
Authors: Fadli Fadli 
Published: January 2019

The law of sharia banks as a monetary intermediary institution which is the main contributor and main funding activity is that various products and mechanisms are facing various dynamics, such as the fact that some customers cannot fulfill their obligations within the prescribed time, resulting in delayed payment delays. In this case, the bank tried to overcome the problem tersbut by applying a penalty on financing in which accommodate the opinion of the Council of Advocates of Islamic Law of the National MUI where the customer can be fined if the customer is late in making deferred payments. In Islam a person is obliged to respect and obey each trust or agreement entrusted to him. If he has obtained a bank loan or financing, then he already trusts other people (depositors or owners of capital) so that if he did default, then it can be said he has done default and can be subjected to sanctions or actions according to the conditions and reasons. In this case because customers do default bank will suffer losses, because it causes bank spend more extra expenses ranging from administrative affairs, to hire a lawyer. The National Islamic Law Council of MUI in its fatwa Number 17/ DSN-MUI / IX / 2000 on Sanctions against Clients Delaying Payments enables the banks of sharia to assume customer to be able to but does not fulfill the obligations of syari 'ah.
ISHLAH DALAM TAKHARUJ MENURUT HANAFIYAH VERSUS ISHLAH DALAM KOMPILASI HUKUM ISLAM (ANALISIS KEBIJAKAN HUKUM)
Authors: Elfia Elfia 
Published: January 2019

This study aims at analyzing the two forms of legal policy in the division of inheritance by using the principle of ishlah. The takharuj practices that develops in the Hanafi school allows the giving of inheritance rights to the heirs before the property is distributed (before the heirs dies) in the presence of the willingness of the other heirs. The term Ishlah is understood by giving rewards in exchange for the part of the resigned heirs. The principle of ishlah which permits the distribution of inheritance under the agreement of the heirs is also regulated in the Compilation of Islamic Law Article 183. But in that article, the existence of ishlah can be done after the heirs died (after the division of inheritance). This research is a library research by using normative law approach and analyzing the data by content analysis. As the findings from this study, there are several weak points in the completion of the takharuj so that clerics outside Hanafiyah school did not practice it. These weak points potentially violate the qath'i propositions and general principles in muamalah maaliyah. The peace (ishlah) in the Compilation of Islamic Law is easier to follow and does not violate the qath'i proofs in the Qur'an and Hadith.
Risk Factors for and Clinical Relevance of Incident and Progression of Cerebral Small Vessel Disease Markers in an Asian Memory Clinic Population
Authors: Gyanwali Bibek , Shaik Muhammad Amin , Tan Boon Yeow , Venketasubramanian Narayanaswamy , Chen Christopher , Hilal Saima 
Published: January 2019

Background: Cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) is one of the major contributors to cognitive impairment and dementia. However, data on the incidence and progression of SVD in an Asian population are lacking. Objective: The present study aims to investigate the incidence, progression, associated risk factors, and clinical relevance of SVD in a memory clinic setting. Methods: A prospective case-control study, where 346 patients underwent repeated brain MRI with a mean interval of 24.5 months, accessing white matter hyperintensities (WMH), lacunes and cerebral microbleeds (CMBs). Severity of cognitive impairment was assessed using Clinical Dementia Rating scale and change in clinical diagnosis. Data on demographics, vascular risk factors, and clinical history were collected at baseline. Results: The prevalence of significant WMH (Fazekas ≥2) was 56.6% at baseline which progressed to 59.0% at follow-up. Overall prevalence of CMBs increased from 42.2% to 47.4% (9% new cases) and lacunes increased from 31.8% to 33.2% (2.1% new cases). Hypertension was associated with WMH progression (OR: 1.78, 95% CI: 1.01, 2.99) and increasing age was associated with incident CMBs (OR: 1.04, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.08). Moreover, the use of lipid-lowering medications decreased the incidence of lacunes (OR: 0.15, 95% CI: 0.04, 0.61). The major risk factor for incident SVD was baseline SVD lesion load. WMH progression was associated with increased severity of cognitive impairment (OR: 1.95, 95% CI: 1.16, 3.23). Conclusion: Vascular risk factors and baseline severity of SVD lesion load were associated with progression of SVD. Furthermore, WMH progression was linked with increased severity of cognitive impairment. Future studies should be aimed to slow cognitive deterioration by preventing SVD related brain damage by targeting vascular risk factors.
Long-term harms from previous use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: A systematic review
Authors: Danborg P.B. , Valdersdorf M. , Gøtzsche P.C. 
Published: January 2019

BACKGROUND: Millions of people are treated with antidepressants like selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) or serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). This clinical practice is based on short-term trials that have exaggerated the benefits and underestimated the harms. We also know too little about long-term harms. AIM: To assess harms of SSRIs and SNRIs that persist after end of drug intake. METHODS: Systematic review of placebo-controlled randomised trials of any length in patients with a psychiatric diagnosis and a follow-up of at least six months. Our primary outcomes were mortality, functional outcomes, quality of life and core psychiatric events. We searched PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and checked the references for eligible articles. One researcher extracted data and another checked the data extraction. RESULTS: Our searches returned 9,153 unique records. We included 22 papers for 12 trials on SSRIs. Median intervention and follow-up periods were 15 and 52 weeks, respectively. Median number of randomised participants was 51; only two trials had a drop-out rate below 20%. Outcome reporting was less thorough during follow-up than for the intervention period and only two trials maintained the blind during follow-up. All authors concluded that the drugs were not beneficial in the long term. All trials reported harms outcomes selectively or did not report any. Only two trials reported on any of our primary outcomes (school attendance and number of heavy drinking days). CONCLUSION: The randomised trials currently available cannot be used to investigate persistent harms of antidepressants.
POPULATION-BASED ESTIMATES OF COMMUNITY-BASED ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS (ADRS) IN THE KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA
Authors: Almubark Rasha A. , Alshammari Thamir M. , Alqahtani Amani S. , BinDhim Nasser F. 
Published: January 2019

Background: Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) represent important preventable causes of mortality, morbidity, hospitalization and increased healthcare costs. Traditionally, ADRs are studied in a clinical setting, but it is also important to estimate rates of ADRs in the community. The current study aimed to estimate population-based rates of ADRs in the community in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA).
Methods: A nationwide cross-sectional survey was conducted via registered pharmacists at community pharmacies across the 13 regions of KSA. The data were collected on an electronic online platform and included questions about participants’ demographics, health characteristics, experience with ADRs within the last 12 months and assess their knowledge about Saudi Food and Drug Authority (SFDA) reporting system.
Results: Data collection was conducted between June and August 2018. Data from 5,228 surveys was analyzed. After weighting, the national annual rate of ADRs was estimated to be 28.00% (95% confidence interval 26.10% -30.00%). Of the respondents reporting an ADR, 371 (30.26%) reported that they were aware of the SFDA reporting system. Those who indicated they were aware, were asked if they had ever filed a report in the system; 53 (14.29%) said they had made a report.
Conclusion: The results of this population-based estimates of community-based ADRs nationally in KSA showed that more than one quarter of the population had experienced ADR in the last 12 months. Future study is needed to better understand why these rates are higher in some regions than others, and what is needed to prevent high rates in subgroups such as women and those with chronic diseases.
STUDI EMPIRIS KETERKAITAN PERDAGANGAN INTERNASIONAL DENGAN KUALITAS LINGKUNGAN MENGGUNAKAN CROSS-COUNTRIES DATA
Authors: Fibrianto Erwin Puji 
Published: January 2019

Kualitas lingkungan merupakan sumber kehidupan dan pusat sumberdaya. Berbagai aktivitas ekonomi telah mempengaruhi kualitas lingkungan termasuk perdagangan internasional. Perdagangan internasional yang merupakan salah satu penggerak perekonomian sebuah negara selain menyumbangkan sejumlah pendapatan ternyata juga berpengaruh pada kualitas lingkungan negara tersebut.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keterkaitan antara perdagangan internasional dengan kualitas lingkungan dimana model analisis yang digunakan adalah regresi linier berganda dengan metode pangkat terkecil (Ordinary Least Square). Variabel-variabel yang digunakan untuk menangkap keterkaitan tersebut diantaranya kualitas lingkungan yang diwakili dengan Environmental Performance Index (EPI), intensitas perdagangan, scale effect, technique effect, composition effect, serta satu variabel dummy atas tingkat pendapatan negara. Selain itu data yang digunakan dalam penelitian berupa data cross section satu periode antar negara.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perdagangan internasional berdampak positif pada kualitas lingkungan yang dibuktikan dengan nilai positif pada scale effect dan composition effect sedangkan technique effect tidak signifikan. Untuk variabel intensitas perdagangan dan dummy atas tingkat pendapatan negara juga bernilai positif.
IMPLEMENTASI KOLABORASI MODEL PENTAHELIX DALAM RANGKA MENGEMBANGKAN POTENSI PARIWISATA DI JAWA TIMUR SERTA MENINGKATKAN PEREKONOMIAN DOMESTIK
Authors: Aribowo Handy , Wirapraja Alexander , Putra Yudithia Dian 
Published: January 2019

Jawa Timur selaku salah satu provinsi terbesar di Indonesia dianugerahi keindahan alam yang luar biasa, memiliki beragam potensi pariwisata keindahan alam yang menarik. Jawa Timur juga memiliki kekayaan keragaman budaya, mulai dari bahasa hingga kuliner. Penelitian ini dilakukan dalam rangka untuk melihat bagaimana implementasi kolaborasi model Penta Helix untuk meningkatkan potensi pariwisata di Jawa Timur Adapun metodologi dalam penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian studi kasus, informan dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 5 orang yang terdiri atas pebisnis, pemerintah, komunitas, akademisi dan media yang mewakili model Penta Helix. Hasil penelitian ini antara lain Industri pariwisata sebagai penghasil devisa terbesar, sering kurang optimal dalam menggerakkan sektor perekonomian dimana kurang berkembangnya industri pariwisata di daerah yang sering mengalami kendala karena kurangnya koordinasi di antara berbagai elemen-elemen. Dalam pengelolaan dan pengembangan pariwisata, diperlukan suatu kordinasi dan kolaborasi antara pihak pemerintah, pelaku bisnis pariwisata, komunitas, akademisi, serta media, disebut dengan kolaborasi Pentahelix dalam mengembangkan potensi wisata.
Herramientas de calidad total y la competitividad: caso sector carrocero de la provincia de Tungurahua.
Authors: Navarrete Fonseca Mario Fernando , Pilamunga Yanzapanta Evelin Silvana , Néstor Santiago Silva Ramos 
Published: January 2019

La procuración de las empresas carroceras en el Ecuador en cuanto al manejo de herramientas de calidad es latente, pues del uso de ellas depende mucho si son competitivas en el mercado local e internacional. Lo que se busco es indagar de qué manera las herramientas de calidad total se relacionan con la medición de la competitividad productiva en el sector carrocero de la provincia de Tungurahua. El estudio tuvo métodos teóricos y empíricos, el enfoque fue cuantitativo. El diseño exploratorio, descriptivo y correlacional; la población de estudio 112 persona 96 clientes internos. La técnica para la recolección de datos la encuesta cuyo instrumento (cuestionario) estaba constituido por 23 ítems. Los resultados de mayor impacto fueron: que las herramientas de calidad total se relacionan con la competitividad productiva en el sector carrocero de la provincia de Tungurahua con un promedio de 0,850, solo el 24% de las empresas cuentan con la certificación ISO, de la cantidad total de empresas carroceras Tungurahua ocupa un 65% de participación, para contratar al personal no son tomadas en cuenta las competencias necesarias y no existe programas de reducción de costos en la producción. Fue conveniente elaborar la metodología para aplicación de herramientas de calidad.
Awareness Level of Cervical Cancer among Rural Women Attending Manikgonj 250-Bedded District Hospital, Manikgonj
Authors: Rahman Farzana , Bhattacharjee Avisak 
Published: January 2019

Background: Cervical cancer is a typically slow-growing cancer that may not have symptoms, but can be early diagnosed by Pap smear and Visual Inspection of Cervix with Acetic Acid (VIA). The burden of the disease is increasing in developing countries day by day due to the ascending trend of transmissible diseases such as HIV and Human Papilloma Virus (HPV).
Objective: The main aim of this study was to assess the level of awareness regarding cervical cancer among the women attending outpatient department of Manikgonj 250-bedded district hospital, Manikgonj.
Materials and Methods: This study was conducted among the women attending the OPD of Obstetrics & Gynaecology Department of Manikgonj 250-bedded district hospital from June, 2017 to October, 2017. The respondents were selected by random sampling. A pre-structured, interview-based data collection sheet was prepared, which was used as a research tool. Data were collected by interview of the patients and then data were gathered, decorated and tabulated after data cleaning and edition. Then the results were presented in tabular and figure forms. As it is a descriptive type of cross-sectional study p value determination was not required to see the level of significance.
Results: In this study mean age of 50 respondents was 24.18 ± 6.63 years. The maximum respondents (62%) were from 20−30 years age group. Out of 50 respondents 46% were married and 24% were unmarried. Among the study subjects 84% knew about cervical cancers, 28% respondents knew about the disease from uthan boithok and 26% by electronic and print media. Thirty six percent respondents knew about the risk factors of the disease, 42 (84%) heard about the disease, 60% thought that they are at self risk and 12% respondents underwent screening before. Among those (70.45%) who did not undergo screening blamed not having adequate knowledge about the risk factors. Seventy two percent of total respondents knew that district hospital is a center for screening. Fifty percent women did not have any knowledge regarding vaccination.
Conclusion: Majority respondents in this study did not know clearly about cervical cancer, specially its risk factors, vaccination, prevention and clinical profile of the disease.
J Enam Med Col 2019; 9(1): 34-40
Current Management Strategy of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Authors: Perveen Irin 
Published: January 2019

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver disease worldwide and is becoming the most common indication for liver transplant in the Western world. The disease spectrum varies from steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), advanced fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The global prevalence of NAFLD and NASH varies from 24–25% and 1.5–6.45% respectively among general population. Despite the disease burden and adverse outcome of the condition, no highly effective treatment is currently available for NAFLD. Considering its global prevalence and impact clinicians and researchers from different scientific associations worldwide tried hard to develop high-quality international guidelines to improve the management of NAFLD patients in clinical practice. This paper aims to discuss the management options for NAFLD based on five different well-known international guidelines. These guidelines agree on many points and disagree on some points. Notably these guidelines differ in determining alcohol threshold for defining NAFLD, in screening strategies in high-risk patients, the non-invasive test proposed for the diagnosis of NAFLD and advanced fibrosis in patients with NAFLD, in the follow-up protocols and, finally, in the proposed pharmacological treatment strategy.
J Enam Med Col 2019; 9(1): 46-56
In vitro Shootlets Multiplication and Callus Proliferation of Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) Plant
Authors: Bekheet SA , Reda AA , Eid SA 
Published: January 2019

A protocol for in vitro multiplication and callus proliferation of jojoba was developed. Nodal segments were cultured on MS supplemented with 1 mg/l BA. For multiplication, combination of 1.5 mg/l BA + 1 mg/l IAA resulted in greater number of shootlet. While, 1 mg/l BA + NAA enhanced the height of shootlet and number of nodes. Also, the effect of adenine sulfate and TDZ on shootlets multiplication was examined. The maximum number of shootlets emergence was obtained with medium contained 30 mg/l adenine sulfate. Likewise, the used levels of TDZ specially 2 mg/l enhanced shootlets proliferation as well as length of shootlet and number of nodes. Callus induction using combinations of NAA or picloram with BA or Kn was evaluated. The maximum callus frequency was observed with 5 mg/l BA + 1 mg/l picloram followed by 5 mg/l BA + 2 mg/l picloram containing medium. It was found that fresh mass and growth value increased gradually till the third subculture.
Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 28(2): 201-214, 2018 (December)