bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Verteidigungsstrategien bei ärztlichem Abrechnungsbetrug in der Praxis
Authors: Arconada Valbuena Dario 
Published: December 2024

Zusammenfassung
Der Vorwurf eines Abrechnungsbetrugs gegen Ärzte und Zahnärzte ist ein ernstzunehmendes und weit verbreitetes Problem, das erhebliche strafrechtliche und berufsrechtliche Konsequenzen für die betroffenen Heilberufler mit sich bringen kann. In diesem Beitrag werden die verschiedenen Aspekte des Abrechnungsbetrugs untersucht und erklärt, warum eine professionelle Strafverteidigung von Anfang an entscheidend ist, um sich gegen häufig unberechtigte Vorwürfe effektiv zu verteidigen.
Die Rechtsprechung zum Erbrecht im 2. Halbjahr 2023
Authors: Große-Wilde Franz M. 
Published: December 2024

Zusammenfassung
Der Bericht schließt an den Bericht über die 1. Hälfte des Jahres 2023 (Große-Wilde, MDR 2024, 609) an. Er umfasst die wichtigsten Entscheidungen vom 1.7.2023 bis zum 31.12.2023 nebst einigen Nachzüglern. Maßgeblich ist jeweils das Datum der Entscheidung. Die Entwicklung wird im Wesentlichen geprägt durch die Fortentwicklung auf bestehender rechtlicher Grundlage. Gesetzliche Neuregelungen im Kernbereich des Erbrechts sind im Berichtszeitraum nicht erfolgt.
Die neuen Rechtsprechungsgrundsätze zum Reemtsma- Anspruch
Authors: Gomes Cristian Esteves , Sanden Philipp von 
Published: December 2024

Zusammenfassung
Der EuGH setzt mit seinen Urteilen vom 7.9.2023 (C-453/22) in der Rechtssache „Schütte“ und vom 5.9.2024 (C-83/23) in der Rechtssache „H-GmbH“ neue Maßstäbe zum sog. „Reemtsma- Anspruch“ und erweitert somit dessen Anwendungsbereich in der Umsatzsteuer nebst Zinsansprüchen. Beim BFH sind weitere Verfahren anhängig, die das voraussichtlich zementieren werden. Berater sollten daher in der Praxis besonders im Blick haben, wann ein solcher Direktanspruch gegen den Fiskus zugunsten des Steuerpflichtigen in Betracht kommt. Der Beitrag gibt einen umfassenden Überblick über die aktuelle Rechtslage, die bevorstehenden Gerichtsentscheidungen und die Diskussionen zu den Voraussetzungen und Grenzen des „Reemtsma-Anspruchs“ sowie zu damit korrelierenden Rechnungsberichtigungen nach § 14c UStG.
Ion‐Conductive, Viscosity‐Tunable Hexagonal Boron Nitride Nanosheet Inks
Authors: de Moraes Ana C. M. , Hyun Woo Jin , Seo Jung‐Woo T. , Downing Julia R. , Lim Jin‐Myoung , Hersam Mark C. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractLiquid‐phase exfoliation of layered solids holds promise for the scalable production of 2D nanosheets. When combined with suitable solvents and stabilizing polymers, the rheology of the resulting nanosheet dispersions can be tuned for a variety of additive manufacturing methods. While significant progress is made in the development of electrically conductive nanosheet inks, minimal effort is applied to ion‐conductive nanosheet inks despite their central role in energy storage applications. Here, the formulation of viscosity‐tunable hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) inks compatible with a wide range of printing methods that span the spectrum from low‐viscosity inkjet printing to high‐viscosity blade coating is demonstrated. The inks are prepared by liquid‐phase exfoliation with ethyl cellulose as the polymer dispersant and stabilizer. Thermal annealing of the printed structures volatilizes the polymer, resulting in a porous microstructure and the formation of a nanoscale carbonaceous coating on the hBN nanosheets, which promotes high wettability to battery electrolytes. The final result is a printed hBN nanosheet film that possesses high ionic conductivity, chemical and thermal stability, and electrically insulating character, which are ideal characteristics for printable battery components such as separators. Indeed, lithium‐ion battery cells based on printed hBN separators reveal enhanced electrochemical performance that exceeds commercial polymer separators.
In Situ and Operando Characterization of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
Authors: Meyer Quentin , Zeng Yachao , Zhao Chuan 
Published: August 2019

AbstractFor proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) to become a mainstream energy source, significant improvements in their performance, durability, and efficiency are necessary. To improve their durability, there must be a solid understanding of how the structural and electrochemical processes are affected during operation to propose mitigation strategies. To this aim, in situ and operando characterization techniques can locally identify structural and electrochemical processes, which cannot be captured using conventional techniques. Linking these properties in the same geometric area has been challenging due to its inherent limitations, such as sample size and imaging resolution. This has created a knowledge gap in structure‐to‐electrochemical performance relationships as operation and degradation unevenly affect different areas of the cell. In the recent past, catalyst layer degradation, hot spots, and water management have been structurally and electrochemically visualized in the same geometric area, revealing new interactions. To further the research in this direction, these interconnected fields are reviewed, followed by a roadmap for in situ characterization of PEMFCs, treating structural and electrochemical processes as a unified subject. With this approach, the knowledge of the degradation of PEMFCs will be significantly improved.
“Top‐Down” Li Deposition Pathway Enabled by an Asymmetric Design for Li Composite Electrode
Authors: Yue Xin‐Yang , Li Xun‐Lu , Bao Jian , Qiu Qi‐Qi , Liu Tongchao , Chen Dong , Yuan Shan‐Shan , Wu Xiao‐Jing , Lu Jun , Zhou Yong‐Ning 
Published: August 2019

AbstractDesigning Li composite electrodes with host frameworks for accommodating Li metal has been considered to be an effective approach to suppress Li dendrites. Herein, an asymmetric design of a Mo net/Li metal film (MLF) composite electrode is developed by an inverted thermal infusion method. The asymmetric MLF electrode has a dense oxide passivated layer on the top side, a porous Mo net matrix on the back side, and active Li layer in between. The back side has a larger specific area and higher electric field than the top side, which contacts with the separator upon cycling, triggering the preferred Li deposition and stripping of the porous back side of the electrode far from the separator. The surface passivation layer on the top side of the electrode as an artificial solid electrolyte interphase ensures the stable contact with the electrolyte and separator. Meanwhile, the porous structure of the supporting Mo net provides enough space for accommodating the volume change during Li deposition and stripping. This asymmetry design enables a unique “top down” growth pathway for Li deposition in the MLF electrode, suppressing the dendrite growth effectively. The design strategy provides a new direction for high‐energy dendrite‐free Li metal anodes.
Koopman Lyapunov‐based model predictive control of nonlinear chemical process systems
Authors: Narasingam Abhinav , Kwon Joseph Sang‐Il 
Published: August 2019

AbstractIn this work, we propose the integration of Koopman operator methodology with Lyapunov‐based model predictive control (LMPC) for stabilization of nonlinear systems. The Koopman operator enables global linear representations of nonlinear dynamical systems. The basic idea is to transform the nonlinear dynamics into a higher dimensional space using a set of observable functions whose evolution is governed by the linear but infinite dimensional Koopman operator. In practice, it is numerically approximated and therefore the tightness of these linear representations cannot be guaranteed which may lead to unstable closed‐loop designs. To address this issue, we integrate the Koopman linear predictors in an LMPC framework which guarantees controller feasibility and closed‐loop stability. Moreover, the proposed design results in a standard convex optimization problem which is computationally attractive compared to a nonconvex problem encountered when the original nonlinear model is used. We illustrate the application of this methodology on a chemical process example.
Unexpected hard‐object feeding in Western lowland gorillas
Authors: van Casteren Adam , Wright Edward , Kupczik Kornelius , Robbins Martha M. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractObjectivesGorilla diets are characterized by large amounts of fruit and tough fibrous plant material. Hard‐object feeding is not generally associated with this genus as the high crests on their molar teeth would be at risk of damage from the mechanically challenging woody endocarp. This study aims to demonstrate that at least one population of western lowland gorillas are seasonal hard‐object feeders, orally processing the seeds ofCoula edulis.Materials and methodsFeeding behavior of habituated western lowland gorillas and phenology of fruiting trees was observed over a 4‐year period to determine the extent they exploited the seeds ofC. edulis. Additionally, the endocarps ofC. eduliswere subjected to testing to determine their mechanical properties.ResultsOur results demonstrate that during the fruiting season (January, February, and December) gorillas consistently opened the seeds ofC. edulisusing their postcanine dentition. The protective endocarp is composed of a very stiff material, presenting a substantial mechanical challenge to a gorilla. However, the high ratio between elastic modulus and toughness will facilitate brittle, cataclysmic fracture of the seed shell given a high enough load.DiscussionAlthough a rich energy source,C. edulislikely tax gorilla dentitions to their upper limit. The rarity of such behavior at sites where it could be observed may indicate a degree of social learning or culture driving its occurrence. This shows a greater breadth of gorilla diets than previously described and suggests gorillas may be a useful model for interpreting the dietary mechanics that necessitated robust craniodental morphology in australopiths.
Photothermal Welding, Melting, and Patterned Expansion of Nonwoven Mats of Polymer Nanofibers for Biomedical and Printing Applications
Authors: Wu Tong , Li Haoxuan , Xue Jiajia , Mo Xiumei , Xia Younan 
Published: August 2019

AbstractWe report a simple method for the photothermal welding of nonwoven mats of electrospun nanofibers by introducing a near‐infrared (NIR) dye such as indocyanine green. By leveraging the strong photothermal effect of the dye, the nanofibers can be readily welded at their cross points or even over‐welded (i.e., melted and/or fused together) to transform the porous mat into a solid film upon exposure to a NIR laser. While welding at the cross points greatly improves the mechanical strength of a nonwoven mat of nanofibers, melting and fusion of the nanofibers can be employed to fabricate a novel class of photothermal papers for laser writing or printing without chemicals or toner particles. By using a photomask, we can integrate photothermal welding with the gas foaming technique to pattern and then expand nonwoven mats into 3D scaffolds with well‐defined structures. This method can be applied to different combinations of polymers and dyes, if they can be co‐dissolved in a suitable solvent for electrospinning.
Single‐Molecule Measurement of Adsorption Free Energy at the Solid–Liquid Interface
Authors: Zhan Chao , Wang Gan , Zhang Xia‐Guang , Li Zhi‐Hao , Wei Jun‐Ying , Si Yu , Yang Yang , Hong Wenjing , Tian Zhong‐Qun 
Published: August 2019

AbstractAdsorption plays a critical role in surface and interface processes. Fractional surface coverage and adsorption free energy are two essential parameters of molecular adsorption. However, although adsorption at the solid–gas interface has been well‐studied, and some adsorption models were proposed more than a century ago, challenges remain for the experimental investigation of molecular adsorption at the solid–liquid interface. Herein, we report the statistical and quantitative single‐molecule measurement of adsorption at the solid–liquid interface by using the single‐molecule break junction technique. The fractional surface coverage was extracted from the analysis of junction formation probability so that the adsorption free energy could be calculated by referring to the Langmuir isotherm. In the case of three prototypical molecules with terminal methylthio, pyridyl, and amino groups, the adsorption free energies were found to be 32.5, 33.9, and 28.3 kJ mol−1, respectively, which are consistent with DFT calculations.
Application of a one‐dimensional spray model to teach diffusion flame fundamentals for engineering students
Authors: García‐Oliver José M. , García Antonio , De la Morena Joaquin , Monsalve‐Serrano Javier 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThis study presents the application of an existing interactive application for teaching spray dynamics in engineering degrees. The model is based on spray momentum conservation and can be used to evaluate both fuel‐air mixing characteristics in inert conditions as well as diffusion flame performance once combustion takes place. During a dedicated computer‐lab session, the students perform parametric studies regarding the influence of the nozzle outlet diameter, the combustion chamber density and the spray cone opening angle on the mixing process, characterized by the maximum stoichiometric length. Later on, the effect of the combustion reaction on the mixing field is evaluated. The results are analyzed taking as a reference to the theoretical development made by Spalding and Schlichting for diffusion gas jets. The outcomes of several years using this technique are reported.
A “learning by design” application for modeling, implementing, and evaluating hardware architectures for artificial neural networks at undergraduate level
Authors: Guzmán‐Ramírez Enrique , Garcia Ivan , García‐Juárez Magdiel 
Published: August 2019

AbstractArtificial intelligence is currently playing an important role in engineering education. Artificial neural networks (ANNs), for example, are one of the most important topics in computer science and computer engineering curricula. The teaching of ANNs, however, is challenging and current efforts are mainly focused on providing computer systems and/or software simulators to enhance results. In the present study, we introduce a field programmable gate array‐based educational system focused on the modeling, implementation, and evaluation of hardware architectures of ANNs type Multilayer Perceptron. The system was designed by taking into account the learning by design approach to creating a modular proposal, which is composed of a set of predefined modules that describe the behavior of each element of an ANN. This feature allows various neural architectures to be easily defined and to be applied to different specific problems. The system helps the teaching‐learning process by providing a design environment where undergraduate students can apply the knowledge acquired in lecture‐based courses related to areas, such as pattern recognition and neural networks. The experimental results present the design and implementation of an ANN hardware architecture that solves the iris‐plant problem.
Maximum Spreading of Urea Water Solution during Drop Impingement
Authors: Börnhorst Marion , Cai Xuan , Wörner Martin , Deutschmann Olaf 
Published: August 2019

AbstractDroplet impingement of urea water solution (UWS) is a common source for liquid film and solid deposits formed in the tailpipe of diesel engines. In order to better understand and predict wetting phenomena on the tailpipe wall, this study focuses on droplet spreading dynamics of urea water solution. Impingement of single droplets is investigated under defined conditions by high‐speed imaging using shadowgraphy technique. The experimental studies are complemented by numerical simulations with a phase‐field method. Computational results are in good agreement with experimental data for the advancing phase of spreading and the maximum and terminal spreading radius, whereas for the receding phase notable differences occur. For the maximum spreading radius, an empirical correlation derived for glycerol‐water‐ethanol mixtures is found to be valid for millimeter‐sized UWS droplets as well. A numerical simulation for a much smaller droplet however indicates that this correlation is not valid for the tiny droplets of UWS sprays in technical applications.
Gender policies on board of directors and sustainable development
Authors: Valls Martínez María del Carmen , Cruz Rambaud Salvador , Parra Oller Isabel María 
Published: August 2019

AbstractGender policies concerning the composition of board of directors are included in the legislation of many countries, especially promoted by the European Commission to reach gender equality in the processes of decision making. On the other hand, in the last decades, sustainable development problems caused by economic progress have enhanced the interest in environmental policies. Using the data from top Spanish listed companies, from 2003 to 2017, we test if the higher number of women on their board influences corporate social responsibility (CSR), through the disclosure of reports following the Global Reporting Initiative guidelines and the inclusion in the Dow Jones Sustainability Index. By using probit models and instrumental variable estimation to address endogeneity and reverse causality problems, we find that the female presence in management positions is positively linked to a voluntary disclosure of CSR reports and the inclusion in a sustainability index, which supports gender legislation.
Resource‐Saving Production of Dialdehyde Cellulose: Optimization of the Process at High Pulp Consistency
Authors: Lucia Arianna , van Herwijnen Hendrikus W.G. , Oberlerchner Josua T. , Rosenau Thomas , Beaumont Marco 
Published: August 2019

AbstractOxidation of cellulose with periodate under aqueous conditions yields dialdehyde cellulose, a promising functional cellulose derivative. The main obstacles for this oxidation have been its slow kinetics and the dilute reaction conditions, requiring considerable amounts of water and energy. In this study, these drawbacks are overcome by conducting the oxidation at high cellulosic pulp consistency with a cellulose/water weight ratio of 1:4. The oxidizer, cellulose, and water are efficiently mixed in a ball mill. Oxidation occurs mostly in the subsequent step, during the resting time (no further milling/mixing is required). The reaction and resource efficiency of the process are optimized by experimental design and a maximum aldehyde content of 8 mmol g−1 is obtained with a periodate/cellulose molar ratio of 1.25, a milling time of 2 min, and a resting time of 8 h. The developed method allows fine tuning of the oxidation level and is a key step towards the sustainable periodate oxidation of cellulose also on larger scale.
Simulation of a chirped femtosecond relativistic laser pulse interaction with underdense plasma by using a hydrodynamic approach
Authors: Li Gang , Zhu Bin , Wu Yuchi , Lu Feng , Tan Fang , Zhang Tiankui , Yang Yue , Yu Minghai , Yan Yonghong , Fan Wei , Gu Yuqiu 
Published: August 2019

AbstractA chirped laser pulse indicates that the laser frequency changes over the duration of the pulse: a positively (negatively) chirped pulse implies that the laser frequency increases (decreases) with time. In this paper, we use a simplified, fully relativistic hydrodynamic approach to simulate the influence of chirp on the propagation of a femtosecond relativistic laser pulse in underdense plasma. Based on this simplified cold‐fluid model, the influence of chirp on the main dynamics of the laser pulse, such as self‐steepening, red‐shift in the leading edge, variation of the frequency chirp, and the generated wakefields can be studied self‐consistently. The simulation results show that a pulse with a positive chirp results in a larger increment in the intensity parameter a0 when propagating a certain distance into an underdense plasma compared with an un‐chirped and a negatively chirped pulse, which is largely because of a much greater forward shift of the peak amplitude and more severe pulse self‐steepening effect due to the frequency red‐shift at the leading edge when exciting a plasma wave. The ponderomotive force, which relates to the first‐order differential of the laser pulse intensity envelope, is expected to be stronger for a positively chirped pulse because of its steeper leading edge and larger intensity parameter a0. As a result, the wakefield driven by the positively chirped laser pulse is more intense than that driven by an un‐chirped and a negatively chirped laser pulse, which is confirmed by our self‐consistent hydrodynamic simulation.
Hypotheses and tracking results about the longest migration: The case of the arctic tern
Authors: Alerstam Thomas , Bäckman Johan , Grönroos Johanna , Olofsson Patrik , Strandberg Roine 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe arctic tern Sterna paradisaea completes the longest known annual return migration on Earth, traveling between breeding sites in the northern arctic and temperate regions and survival/molt areas in the Antarctic pack‐ice zone. Salomonsen (1967, Biologiske Meddelelser, Copenhagen Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, 24, 1) put forward a hypothetical comprehensive interpretation of this global migration pattern, suggesting food distribution, wind patterns, sea ice distribution, and molt habits as key ecological and evolutionary determinants. We used light‐level geolocators to record 12 annual journeys by eight individuals of arctic terns breeding in the Baltic Sea. Migration cycles were evaluated in light of Salomonsen's hypotheses and compared with results from geolocator studies of arctic tern populations from Greenland, Netherlands, and Alaska. The Baltic terns completed a 50,000 km annual migration circuit, exploiting ocean regions of high productivity in the North Atlantic, Benguela Current, and the Indian Ocean between southern Africa and Australia (sometimes including the Tasman Sea). They arrived about 1 November in the Antarctic zone at far easterly longitudes (in one case even at the Ross Sea) subsequently moving westward across 120–220 degrees of longitude toward the Weddell Sea region. They departed from here in mid‐March on a fast spring migration up the Atlantic Ocean. The geolocator data revealed unexpected segregation in time and space between tern populations in the same flyway. Terns from the Baltic and Netherlands traveled earlier and to significantly more easterly longitudes in the Indian Ocean and Antarctic zone than terns from Greenland. We suggest an adaptive explanation for this pattern. The global migration system of the arctic tern offers an extraordinary possibility to understand adaptive values and constraints in complex pelagic life cycles, as determined by environmental conditions (marine productivity, wind patterns, low‐pressure trajectories, pack‐ice distribution), inherent factors (flight performance, molt, flocking), and effects of predation/piracy and competition.