bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Citizen engagement in South Africa: the case Prince Albert
Authors: Siebers Vinitha 
Published: August 2018

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to gain insight in how South African local governments organize citizen engagement. The new South African constitution provides ways to construct and implement citizen engagement at local level. However, understanding citizen engagement at local level is still a challenge and municipalities search for proper structures and mechanisms to organize citizen engagement efficiently.

Design/methodology/approach
Interviews with different municipal actors were analyzed using a single case study method. As a primary unit of analysis, a specific project in which citizen engagement is organized was used. In addition, document analysis and a focus group were used to deepen understanding.

Findings
The findings reveal that citizen engagement is a viable strategy to identify the needs of the community if facilitated by a third party and that learning leadership is important when organizing citizen engagement.

Originality/value
The value of this research is the exploration of the citizen engagement process. It sheds light on the conditions that play a role when a local government organizes citizen engagement. As local governments search for ways to effectively organize and structure citizen engagement, insight into these conditions is helpful.
Experimental comparison between the Stribeck curves of water lubricated rubber bearing with straight and spiral grooves
Authors: Zhou Guangwu , Mi Xiongwei , Wang Jiaxu , Hu Rukang 
Published: August 2018

Purpose
The research purpose of this paper is to obtain a transition process of lubrication condition of water-lubricated rubber bearing (WLRB) by investigating Stribeck curve of WLRB with either straight grooves or spiral grooves using a comparison experiment and providing guidance for structure optimization and application extension of WLRB.

Design/methodology/approach
This study tested the Stribeck curve of WLRB with either straight or spiral grooves using a comparison experiment; the variables used are rotary speed and external load.

Findings
Stribeck curves of WLRB with straight or spiral grooves under varied load are obtained with the experiments, and the speed turning points when the lubrication condition of WLRB transit are acquired. Research results indicate that the transition of the speed turning point for lubrication condition of WLRB with spiral grooves is smaller than that of WLRB with straight grooves. Besides, it was found that within the whole speed range, the friction coefficient of WLRB with straight grooves decreases with the increase in load under the same speed. However, Stribeck curves of WLRB with spiral grooves show that the coefficient increases first and then decreases with the increase in load and finally comes to a steady value. Under the same rotary speed and external load, the friction coefficient of WLRB with spiral grooves is smaller than that of WLRB with straight grooves, claiming that the WLRB with spiral grooves has better lubrication properties.

Originality/value
By testing the Stribeck curve of WLRB with straight grooves or spiral grooves using the comparison experiment, lubrication properties of the WLRB are obtained. The transition mechanism of the lubrication condition for WLRB is acquired, revealing the effects of speed and load on the lubrication property. The research offers a scientific basis for the structure optimization of WLRB.
Collaborative leadership in public library service development
Authors: Wilson Kerry 
Published: August 2018

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to discuss findings from the formative evaluation of a national public library development initiative in England, with a focus on the practice and impact of collaborative leadership.

Design/methodology/approach
A realistic evaluation approach was used in the study, enabling a nuanced assessment of the initiative’s contexts, mechanisms and outcomes in relation to its core objectives. These included testing innovative, partnership approaches to library service delivery, encouraging greater synergy between libraries and the arts and other public and commercial sectors. Evaluation findings are subsequently contextualised using a conceptual framework drawn from critical management studies on collaborative advantage.

Findings
Data show that the initiative was an effective catalyst for enhanced collaborative leadership in the public library sector, including the development of a cross-sector community of practice, with evidence of collective ownership and decision making. The relative collaborative advantages of the initiative are underpinned by evidence on the unique value of public library services to collaborating organisations and sectors.

Practical implications
Outcomes are of relevance to a range of public services and governing bodies with reference to shared strategic objectives with other sectors and services and collaborative leadership learning and practice.

Social implications
There are implications relating to the public value of library services and how this can potentially be enhanced via collaborative leadership approaches to service design and delivery. This is especially pertinent given current cross-government policy drivers towards integrated public services.

Originality/value
The research makes an original contribution to contemporary debates on cultural value in considering the cross-sector role and impact of collaborative leadership.
Absorption enhancement in a-Si thin-film solar cells based on silver nanopillar arrays
Authors: Qu Boyang , Zhang Peng , Luo Jianmin , Yang Shie , Chen Yongsheng 
Published: August 2018

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to investigate a light-trapping structure based on Ag nanograting for amorphous silicon (a-Si) thin-film solar cell. Silver nanopillar arrays on indium tin oxide layer of the a-Si thin-film solar cells were designed.

Design/methodology/approach
The effects of the geometrical parameters such as nanopillar radius (R) and array period (P) were investigated by using the finite element simulation.

Findings
The optimization results show that the absorption of the solar cell with Ag nanopillar structure and anti-reflection film is enhanced up to 29.5 per cent under AM1.5 illumination in the 300- to 800-nm wavelength range compared with the reference cell. Furthermore, physical mechanisms of absorption enhancement at different wavelength range are discussed according to the electrical field amplitude distributions in the solar cells.

Research limitations/implications
The research is still in progress. Further studies mainly focus on the performance of solar cells with different nanograting materials.

Practical implications
This study provides a feasible method for light-trapping structure based on Ag nanograting for a-Si thin-film solar cell.

Originality/value
This study is promising for the design of a-Si thin-film solar cells with enhanced performance.
On building partnership networks in an innovation context
Authors: Franco Camila , Wanke Peter Fernandes 
Published: August 2018

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to seek to fill the gaps found in the literature to understand why and how the partnerships are formed and to map the dynamics of partnership networks of Brazilian electricity companies.

Design/methodology/approach
To map the dynamics of partnership networks formed by the Brazilian electricity companies, a social network analysis technique was adopted: R statistical software was used to make calculations and plot these networks.

Findings
It was found that the partnership network had a clear potential for an increase in the number of projects; however, the partnerships for the execution of such projects were dispersed. Although the concessionaires established partnerships with diverse institutions, the latter did not intercommunicate. Moreover, when analyzing the projects with respect to the project-type investigated, the institutions engaged in specific project types can be identified; thus, there is an opportunity for concessionaires, authorized contractors and licensed companies to identify the best partners, i.e. those that already possess the expertise to execute specific projects in future partnerships.

Originality/value
The purpose of this paper is to fill the gap in partnership network development dynamics to understand how such networks form, change and evolve over time.
Synthesis and characterization of alicyclic two-component waterborne polyurethane
Authors: Zhang Jizhi , Jiang Xiankai 
Published: August 2018

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to synthesize and characterize a series of alicyclic two-component waterborne polyurethane (2K-WPU) which is composed of non-ionic polyisocyanate aqueous dispersion and hydroxyl aqueous dispersion.

Design/methodology/approach
The appearances of aqueous dispersions and 2K-WPU films were observed by photographs. The micromorphology of alicyclic polyisocyanate aqueous dispersion was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The molecule structures of WPU were studied by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). The effect of NCO:OH molar ratio of two components and trimethylolpropane (TMP) content on the thermal stability, mechanical and water resistance properties of 2K-WPU films was studied.

Findings
It was found by SEM that alicyclic polyisocyanate particles in aqueous dispersion showed a kind of spherical particle appearance, in which hydrophobic polyisocyanate was encapsulated by hydrophilic ether linkages segment. FTIR showed that WPU was polymerized through mixture of polyisocyanate component and hydroxyl component and increasing NCO:OH molar ratio of two components from 1.1:1 to 1.5:1 had increased the content of urea, urethane and allophanate of 2K-WPU films. Increasing NCO:OH molar ratio had improved the mechanical and thermal properties of the 2K-WPU film, but the water resistance of the 2K-WPU film increased first and then weakened. Increasing TMP contents from 1 to 0.75 mol for 1:5 system had improved the mechanical, thermal and water resistance properties of the 2K-WPU film.

Practical implications
The investigation established a method to prepare alicyclic 2K-WPU which is composed of non-ionic polyisocyanate aqueous dispersion and hydroxyl aqueous dispersion. The prepared 2K-WPU film could be applied in the field of waterborne surface coating, e.g. textile, wood and synthetic leather surfaces (Hasan et al., 2017; Akindoyo et al., 2016).

Originality/value
The paper established a method to synthesize alicyclic two-component 2K-WPU. The effect of NCO:OH molar ratio and TMP content on the thermal stability, mechanical and water resistance properties of 2K-WPU films were studied.
Exclusion of invertebrates influences saprotrophic fungal community and wood decay rate in an experimental field study
Authors: Jacobsen Rannveig M. , Sverdrup‐Thygeson Anne , Kauserud Håvard , Mundra Sunil , Birkemoe Tone 
Published: August 2018

Abstract

Decomposer communities perform an essential ecosystem function by recycling nutrients. However, the effect of higher trophic levels on microbial decomposer communities and rate of decomposition is poorly understood. We therefore conducted an exclusion experiment to test the effect of invertebrates on fungal decomposer communities in dead wood, repeated at 30 sites in two landscapes, and measured wood density to assess effect on decay rate.

Invertebrates were excluded from recently cut logs by cages with a 1‐mm‐mesh net, and fungal communities in caged logs were compared to logs accessible to invertebrates by DNA metabarcoding analyses. Accessible logs included control logs, cage control logs and positive control logs.

We found that exclusion of invertebrates had a significant effect on fungal community composition. For example, the wood decay fungi Trametes versicolor and T. ochraceawere significantly more abundant in accessible logs than in caged logs. The strongest effect on fungal community composition, however, was attributed to differing baseline conditions in the individual trees. When accounting for these baseline differences, caged logs had significantly higher wood density than control logs after 2 years, indicating lower rates of wood decay in caged logs.

Further studies, spanning several years, are required to fully understand the influence of invertebrates on fungi and wood decay. However, our results indicate that invertebrates influence both the composition of saprotrophic communities in dead wood and their decomposition function, which is vital to forest ecosystems.

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Effects of interspecific coexistence on laying date and clutch size in two closely related species of hole‐nesting birds
Authors: Møller Anders Pape , Balbontín Javier , Dhondt André A. , Remeš Vladimir , Adriaensen Frank , Biard Clotilde , Camprodon Jordi , Cichoń Mariusz , Doligez Blandine , Dubiec Anna , Eens Marcel , Eeva Tapio , Goodenough Anne E. , Gosler Andrew G. , Gustafsson Lars , Heeb Philipp , Hinsley Shelley A. , Jacob Staffan , Juškaitis Rimvydas , Laaksonen Toni , Leclercq Bernard , Massa Bruno , Mazgajski Tomasz D. , Nager Ruedi G. , Nilsson Jan‐Åke , Nilsson Sven G. , Norte Ana C. , Pinxten Rianne , Robles Hugo , Solonen Tapio , Sorace Alberto , van Noordwijk Arie J. , Lambrechts Marcel M. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract

Coexistence between great tits Parus major and blue tits Cyanistes caeruleus, but also other hole‐nesting taxa, constitutes a classic example of species co‐occurrence resulting in potential interference and exploitation competition for food and for breeding and roosting sites. However, the spatial and temporal variations in coexistence and its consequences for competition remain poorly understood.

We used an extensive database on reproduction in nest boxes by great and blue tits based on 87 study plots across Europe and Northern Africa during 1957–2012 for a total of 19,075 great tit and 16,729 blue tit clutches to assess correlative evidence for a relationship between laying date and clutch size, respectively, and density consistent with effects of intraspecific and interspecific competition.

In an initial set of analyses, we statistically controlled for a suite of site‐specific variables. We found evidence for an effect of intraspecific competition on blue tit laying date (later laying at higher density) and clutch size (smaller clutch size at higher density), but no evidence of significant effects of intraspecific competition in great tits, nor effects of interspecific competition for either species.

To further control for site‐specific variation caused by a range of potentially confounding variables, we compared means and variances in laying date and clutch size of great and blue tits among three categories of difference in density between the two species. We exploited the fact that means and variances are generally positively correlated. If interspecific competition occurs, we predicted a reduction in mean and an increase in variance in clutch size in great tit and blue tit when density of heterospecifics is higher than the density of conspecifics, and for intraspecific competition, this reduction would occur when density of conspecifics is higher than the density of heterospecifics. Such comparisons of temporal patterns of means and variances revealed evidence, for both species, consistent with intraspecific competition and to a smaller extent with interspecific competition.

These findings suggest that competition associated with reproductive behaviour between blue and great tits is widespread, but also varies across large spatial and temporal scales.
Who can open the flower? Assessment of the flower opening force of mammal‐pollinated Mucuna macrocarpa
Authors: Kobayashi Shun , Hirose Euichi , Denda Tetsuo , Izawa Masako 
Published: August 2018

AbstractEffective pollinators in Fabaceae species with papillionaceous flowers should have sufficient force to open the petals and expose the stamens and pistils from the keel petals. Here, we assessed the force that is required (operative force) to open the petals of the mammal‐pollinated Mucuna macrocarpa, in parallel with estimating the force of bee species. The operative force of M. macrocarpa was quantified by a digital force gauge and the force of three bee species that frequent these flowers was estimated from body mass. The operative force was 1.635 ± 0.146 (mean ± SD) newton (N). This force was far larger than that estimated for the largest bee in the study area. In addition, the operative force of M. macrocarpa was 16–409 times greater than that of bee‐pollinated plants. Our results demonstrate that the operative force of M. macrocarpa flowers is adapted to mammalian openers, preventing potential nectar robbers.
Prevalence and survival of Listeria monocytogenes in various types of cheese—A review
Authors: Gérard Amaury , El‐Hajjaji Soundous , Niyonzima Eugène , Daube Georges , Sindic Marianne 
Published: August 2018

Since the publication of Regulation (EC) N°2073/2005, ready‐to‐eat (RTE) food allowing the development of Listeria monocytogenes, including cheese, has to be free of this pathogen in 25 g of product. This review was carried out to gather studies on the prevalence of the pathogen in various types of cheese in Europe, while also including data from other continents. Given that Regulation (EC) N°2073/2005 distinguishes cheeses allowing or not the survival of L. monocytogenes based on the food's pH and water activity (aw), the review also focuses on the determinants of this growth/no growth in the same types of cheese.
Comparison of healthcare resource utilization and costs in patients with type 2 diabetes initiating dapagliflozin versus sitagliptin
Authors: Parker Emily D. , Wittbrodt Eric T. , McPheeters Jeffrey T. , Frias Juan P. 
Published: August 2018

AimsTo compare healthcare costs and utilization in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) who initiated dapagliflozin (DAPA) with costs and utilization in those who initiated sitagliptin (SITA) in a real‐world setting.Materials and MethodsThis was a retrospective study of health plan enrollees in two US commercial claims databases or Medicare Part D. The study population comprised adult patients with T2D who initiated DAPA or SITA between January 1, 2014 and April 30, 2015. DAPA and SITA initiators were propensity‐score‐matched, and healthcare utilization and costs during the 1‐year follow‐up period were compared. Analyses were conducted separately for patients with evidence of oral antidiabetic drug (OAD) monotherapy use at baseline.ResultsA total of 2722 patients were included in each matched cohort. Follow‐up unadjusted all‐cause costs ($16 065 and $17 281; P = 0.135) and diabetes‐related costs ($9697 and $9354; P = 0.539) were similar in the DAPA and SITA cohorts. Higher office and outpatient visit costs in the SITA group were offset by higher pharmacy costs in the DAPA group. In the subgroup of 1804 patients with OAD monotherapy use at baseline, patients in the SITA group had higher total all‐cause costs compared with those in the DAPA group ($14 884 vs. $12 353; P = 0.026).ConclusionPatients who initiated DAPA or SITA had similar all‐cause and diabetes‐related healthcare costs over 1 year of follow‐up. In the subgroup of patients treated with OAD monotherapy at baseline (84% metformin monotherapy), those who initiated DAPA as add‐on therapy had lower costs than patients who added SITA.
Clonal damselflies (Ischnura hastata) are not significantly affected by mite parasitism
Authors: Cordero‐Rivera A. , Vieira V. , Utzeri C. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractWe studied parasitism rate by the terrestrial mite Leptus killingtoni Turk (Acari: Erythraeidae) on asexual parthenogenetic damselflies, Ischnura hastata (Say), and sexual Ischnura pumilio (Charpentier) (Odonata: Coenagrionidae) on Pico island (Azores, Portugal). We sampled 52 water bodies on the island and recorded whether Ischnura specimens were parasitized. Half of the water bodies had either dried up or were almost dry or did not have Ischnura populations. In the remaining 23 ponds, mite parasitism was extremely low, with only 3.6% of I. hastata females bearing one or more mites. Ischnura pumilio was rare on the island (61 specimens examined) and had also very few parasites (9.8% parasitism). We examined the biology of the mite and its effects on the host, by studying mite attachment behavior and seasonal abundance, in an intensive study of one pond (Lagoa do Landroal). At this pond, mite prevalence peaked at the start of the sampling period, with 32% of females of I. hastata parasitized and decreased continuously until the end of the study, when only 2% were parasitized. The analysis of mark–recapture histories of 1 748 females of I. hastata indicates that mites did not affect female survival or recapture rate. Our results suggest that L. killingtoni is unlikely to represent a significant selective factor for odonates on the island of Pico, if its density is as low as during the period of our study, although it could be relevant when it is locally abundant or during periods of outbreak.
Effects of turbidity on foraging of juvenile black and white crappies
Authors: Andree Sara R. , Wahl David H. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractTurbidity can fluctuate rapidly during the early life of fishes, impacting foraging behaviours. For piscivores, turbidity may hinder foraging, whereas planktivores and juvenile fishes may increase foraging activity and decrease antipredator behaviours in moderate levels of turbidity. Black crappie (Pomoxis nigromaculatus) and white crappie (P. annularis) population trends are often related to changes in turbidity. Yet effects of turbidity on juvenile foraging of these species are unknown and may differ between species. To evaluate effects of three turbidity levels (0, 25 and 50 NTU) on juvenile crappie foraging, controlled experiments compared (a) consumption and size selection for a single prey and (b) selection, total consumption and energetic value of diets when offered three distinct prey options. Overall, black crappies exhibited universally greater diet biomass than white crappies. Black crappies displayed higher prey consumption and were more size selective of a single‐prey type, whereas white crappies were less size selective and maintained uniform consumption as turbidity increased. Selection patterns for three prey types were similar among species and turbidity levels, with Chaoborus preferred and Chironomus avoided. However, black crappies also avoided Daphnia, whereas white crappies consumed them neutrally. Overall, turbidity did not impair foraging of juvenile crappies. Turbidity‐driven fluctuations in prey base paired with predator interactions likely also contribute to observed growth and abundance fluctuations in natural systems.