bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Energy intake from unhealthy snack food/beverage among 12‐23‐month‐old children in urban Nepal
Authors: Pries Alissa M. , Sharma Nisha , Upadhyay Atul , Rehman Andrea M. , Filteau Suzanne , Ferguson Elaine L. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractUnhealthy snack food and beverage (USFB) consumption among young children has been noted in many low‐income and middle‐income countries (LMIC), however, there is a lack of information on the contribution of these foods to children's diets in these contexts. This study describes the nutrient profiles and costs of snacks consumed by young children in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal, and assesses the proportion of total energy intake from nonbreastmilk foods (%TEI‐NBF) contributed by USFB and factors associated with high USFB consumption. A cross‐sectional survey was conducted among 745 randomly sampled primary caregivers of children aged 12–23 months. Of 239 unique snack foods and beverages consumed, 180 (75.3%) were classified as unhealthy based on nutrient profiling, with 158 of these being commercially branded. Median cost/100 kcal of USFB was lower as compared with healthy snacks. Ninety‐one percent of children had consumed a USFB in the previous 24 hr, with these foods contributing a mean %TEI‐NBF of 24.5 ± 0.7 among all children. Biscuits (10.8%), candy/chocolate (3.5%), and savoury snacks (3.4%) provided the largest %TEI‐NBF. Children who were older, female, or from the poorest households had significantly higher odds of high USFB consumption, whereas children whose caregivers were of upper caste/ethnicity or had achieved tertiary education had lower odds of consumption than other children. To reduce USFB consumption, interventions should seek to further understand social/cultural drivers of feeding practices, target disadvantaged populations, and ensure caregivers are fully aware of the nutritional quality of food products they choose for their children.
Prevalence, duration, and content of television advertisements for breast milk substitutes and commercially produced complementary foods in Phnom Penh, Cambodia and Dakar, Senegal
Authors: Champeny Mary , Hou Kroeun , Diop Elhadji Issakha , Sy Gueye Ndeye Yaga , Pries Alissa M. , Zehner Elizabeth , Badham Jane , Huffman Sandra L. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractPromotion of breast milk substitutes (BMS) and inappropriate marketing of commercially produced complementary foods (CPCF), including through television, can negatively influence infant and young child feeding. The World Health Organization International Code of Marketing of Breast‐milk Substitutes and subsequent relevant World Health Assembly (WHA) resolutions prohibit such advertising and require manufacturers and distributors to comply with its provisions; however, such regulations at national level may vary. Advertisements require Ministry of Health approval in Cambodia but are not regulated in Senegal. Television stations were monitored for 13 months in Phnom Penh and for 3 months in Dakar to assess advertisements for BMS and CPCF. Ten television channels (out of 16) in Phnom Penh and four (out of 20) in Dakar aired advertisements for BMS. Three and five channels, respectively, aired advertisements for CPCF. All BMS advertised in Phnom Penh were for children over 1 year of age. BMS products for children 6+ months of age and 1+ years of age were advertised in Dakar. Average air time for BMS advertisements was 189.5 min per month in Phnom Penh and 29.7 min in Dakar. Air time for CPCF advertisements averaged 3.2 min per month and 13.6 min, respectively. Fewer than half of BMS advertisements and three quarters of CPCF advertisements explicitly stated an age of use for products. Nutrition and health claims were common across BMS advertisements. This study illustrates the need to adopt, regulate, monitor, and enforce legislation prohibiting BMS promotion, as well as to implement regulations to prevent inappropriate promotion of CPCF.
Commercially produced complementary foods in Bandung City, Indonesia, are often reported to be iron fortified but with less than recommended amounts or suboptimal forms of iron
Authors: Dreyfuss Michele L. , Green Mackenzie , Agustino  , Hadihardjono Dian N. , Izwardy Doddy , Huffman Sandra L. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractCommercially produced complementary foods (CPCF) that are iron fortified can help improve iron status of young children. We conducted a review of 217 CPCF sold in 42 stores in Bandung, Indonesia, in 2017. There were 95 (44%) infant cereals, 71 (33%) snacks or finger foods (biscuits or cookies, puffs, and noodles or crackers), 35 (16%) purees, and 16 (7%) other foods for which we obtained label information. Nearly 70% of CPCF reported iron content on their labels, but only 58% of products were reported to be fortified with iron according to ingredient lists. Among iron‐fortified products, only one fifth indicated a specific type of iron used as the fortificant, but all of these were recommended by the World Health Organization for fortifying complementary foods. Infant cereal was more likely to contain added iron (81%) compared with snacks or finger food (58%) and purees (14%) and had higher iron content per median serving size (cereal = 3.8 mg, snacks or finger food = 1.3 mg, mixed meals = 2.7 mg, and purees = 0.9 mg). Infant cereal was most likely to meet the recommended daily intakes for iron (41% for infants 6–12 months of age and 66% for children 12–36 months) compared with snacks or finger food (infants = 14%, children = 22%), mixed meals (infants = 28%, children = 46%), or purees (infants = 9%, children = 15%). Regulations on fortification of complementary foods need to specify minimum levels and forms of iron and require reporting in relation to requirements by child age and serving size. Monitoring and enforcement of regulations will be essential to ensure compliance.
Promotions of breastmilk substitutes, commercial complementary foods and commercial snack products commonly fed to young children are frequently found in points‐of‐sale in Bandung City, Indonesia
Authors: Hadihardjono Dian N. , Green Mackenzie , Stormer Ame , Agustino  , Izwardy Doddy , Champeny Mary 
Published: June 2019

AbstractFew studies have documented the marketing of commercial foods and beverages for infants and young children in West Java, Indonesia. To assess the prevalence of promotions at points‐of‐sale for commercially produced products commonly fed to young children in Bandung City, 43 small and large stores were visited in 2017. Promotions for breastmilk substitutes (BMS), commercially produced complementary foods (CPCF), and select types of commercial snack products were photographed and information recorded on promotion characteristics. There were 402 and 206 promotions observed with BMS and CPCF products, respectively. Sixteen promotions with BMS products for infants under 12 months were found in 42.9% of stores selling BMS, violating national regulations. Almost all BMS promotions (98.3%) included BMS products for ages 1 year and above (“growing‐up milks”). Of all BMS products available for sale, half of all infant/follow‐up formula and 77.2% of growing‐up milks were promoted. CPCF were found in 97.7% of stores, and 81.0% of these stores had promotions; 70.5% of all available CPCF products were promoted. Of the 2,451 promotions observed for commercial snack products, 17.3% used promotional techniques targeting young children or caregivers. Joint‐promotions were common, with BMS and CPCF marketed in combination with commercial snack products; 49.0% of BMS promotions were joint BMS‐snack promotions, and 80.0% or more of infant/follow‐up formula promotions included a commercial snack. Revising and enforcing infant food and beverage marketing regulations to ensure consistency with global standards are necessary to protect and promote optimal infant and young child feeding in Indonesia.
Birth size and early pneumonia predict linear growth among HIV‐exposed uninfected infants
Authors: Deichsel Emily L. , Pavlinac Patricia B. , Richardson Barbra A. , Mbori‐Ngacha Dorothy , Walson Judd L. , McGrath Christine J. , Farquhar Carey , Bosire Rose , Maleche‐Obimbo Elizabeth , John‐Stewart Grace C. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractStunting remains a global health priority, particularly in sub‐Saharan Africa. Identifying determinants of linear growth in HIV‐exposed uninfected (HEU) infants can inform interventions to prevent stunting in this vulnerable population. HIV‐infected mothers and their uninfected infants were followed monthly from pregnancy to 12‐month post‐partum in Nairobi, Kenya. Mixed‐effects models estimated the change in length‐for‐age z‐score (LAZ) from birth to 12 months by environmental, maternal, and infant characteristics. Multivariable models included factors univariately associated with LAZ. Among 372 HEU infants, mean LAZ decreased from −0.54 (95% confidence interval [CI] [−0.67, −0.41]) to −1.09 (95% CI [−1.23, −0.96]) between 0 and 12 months. Declines in LAZ were associated with crowding (≥2 persons per room; adjusted difference [AD] in 0–12 month change: −0.46; 95% CI [−0.87, −0.05]), use of a pit latrine versus a flush toilet (AD: −0.29; 95% CI [−0.57, −0.02]), and early infant pneumonia (AD: −1.14; 95% CI [−1.99, −0.29]). Infants with low birthweight (<2,500 g; AD: 1.08; 95% CI [0.40, 1.76]) and birth stunting (AD: 1.11; 95% CI [0.45, 1.78]) experienced improved linear growth. By 12 months of age, 46 infants were stunted, of whom 11 (24%) were stunted at birth. Of the 34 infants stunted at birth with an available 12‐month LAZ, 68% were not stunted at 12 months. Some low birthweight and birth‐stunted HEU infants had significant linear growth recovery. Early infant pneumonia and household environment predicted poor linear growth and may identify a subgroup of HEU infants for whom to provide growth‐promoting interventions.
Relationship between the status of phospholipase A2 receptor and prognosis of idiopathic membranous nephropathy
Authors: Li You Q , Liu Zhen Z , Lin Ke X , Liu Ren H , Ni Li , Liu Guan X , Lan Hui Y , Shi Yong J 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACTAimSerum levels of phospholipase A2 receptor antibody (PLA2R; SAb) and glomerular deposits of PLA2R antigen (GAg) have been detected in patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN). However, the correlation between these immunologic factors and their associations with the status and prognosis of IMN remain uncertain.MethodsFifty‐one patients with biopsy‐proven IMN diagnosed between March of 2015 and December of 2016 were enrolled in this study. All the patients were followed until March of 2017.We used enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and immunofluorescence to measure the SAb and GAg, respectively.ResultsThe positive rate of GAg was significantly higher than SAb in patients with IMN (88.24 vs 66.77%, P = 0.017). Compared with SAb− patients, SAb+ patients had a higher baseline proteinuria (6.21 vs 3.40 g/24 h), lower serum albumin (22.49 ± 6.59 vs 29.09 ± 7.40 g/L) and poorer renal function (88.96 ± 21.17 vs 107.25 ± 20.04 mL/min per 1.73 m2), as well as a higher renal IgG4 level (P < 0.05). A comparison of SAb+/GAg+ and SAb−/GAg+ tissues yielded similar results (P < 0.01). Regarding prognosis, SAb− patients had a higher rate of complete remission after immunosuppressive treatment than SAb+ patients (P = 0.042).ConclusionThe disease status and prognosis correlated more closely with the SAb than with the GAg in our cohort of patients with IMN. Furthermore, SAb+ patients had more severe clinical symptoms and a worse prognosis, which was probably associated with increased IgG4 deposition.
Characterization of spa mutants in the moss Physcomitrella provides evidence for functional divergence of SPA genes during the evolution of land plants
Authors: Artz Oliver , Dickopf Stephen , Ranjan Aashish , Kreiss Melanie , Abraham Elena Theres , Boll Vanessa , Rensing Stefan A. , Hoecker Ute 
Published: June 2019

Summary

The Arabidopsis COP1/SPA complex is a key repressor of photomorphogenesis that suppresses light signaling in the dark. Both COP1 and SPA proteins are essential components of this complex. Although COP1 also exists in humans, SPA genes are specific to the green lineage.

To elucidate the evolution of SPA genes we analyzed SPA functions in the moss Physcomitrella patens by characterizing knockout mutants in the two Physcomitrella SPA genes PpSPAa and PpSPAb.

Light‐grown PpspaAB double mutants exhibit smaller gametophores than the wild‐type. In the dark, PpspaAB mutant gametophores show enhanced continuation of growth but etiolate normally. Gravitropism in the dark is reduced in PpspaAB mutant protonemata. The expression of light‐regulated genes is mostly not constitutive in PpspaAB mutants. PpSPA and PpCOP1 interact; PpCOP1 also interacts with the transcription factor PpHY5 and, indeed, PpHY5 is destabilized in dark‐grown Physcomitrella. Degradation of PpHY5 in darkness, however, does not require PpSPAa and PpSPAb.

The data suggest that COP1/SPA‐mediated light signaling is only partially conserved between Arabidopsis and Physcomitrella. Whereas COP1/SPA interaction and HY5 degradation in darkness is conserved, the role of SPA proteins appears to have diverged. PpSPA genes, unlike their Arabidopsis counterparts, are only required to suppress a subset of light responses in darkness.
Expecting the unexpected: factors influencing the emergence of fungal and oomycete plant pathogens
Authors: Corredor‐Moreno Pilar , Saunders Diane G. O. 
Published: June 2019

SummaryIn recent years, the number of emergent plant pathogens (EPPs) has grown substantially, threatening agroecosystem stability and native biodiversity. Contributing factors include, among others, shifts in biogeography, with EPP spread facilitated by the global unification of monocultures in modern agriculture, high volumes of trade in plants and plant products and an increase in sexual recombination within pathogen populations. The unpredictable nature of EPPs as they move into new territories is a situation that has led to sudden and widespread epidemics. Understanding the underlying causes of pathogen emergence is key to managing the impact of EPPs. Here, we review some factors specifically influencing the emergence of oomycete and fungal EPPs, including new introductions through anthropogenic movement, natural dispersal and weather events, as well as genetic factors linked to shifts in host range.
MdWRKY40 promotes wounding‐induced anthocyanin biosynthesis in association with MdMYB1 and undergoes MdBT2‐mediated degradation
Authors: An Jian‐Ping , Zhang Xiao‐Wei , You Chun‐Xiang , Bi Si‐Qi , Wang Xiao‐Fei , Hao Yu‐Jin 
Published: June 2019

Summary

Wounding stress leads to anthocyanin accumulation. However, the underlying molecular mechanism remains elusive. In this study, MdWRKY40 was found to promote wounding‐induced anthocyanin biosynthesis in association with MdMYB1 and undergo MdBT2‐mediated degradation in apple.

We found that MdMYB1, a positive regulator of anthocyanin biosynthesis, was essential for the wounding‐induced anthocyanin biosynthesis in apple. MdWRKY40 was identified as an MdMYB1‐interacting protein, and enhanced the binding of MdMYB1 to its target genes in response to wounding.

We found that MdBT2 interacted physically with MdWRKY40 and was involved in its degradation through the 26S proteasome pathway.

Our results demonstrate that MdWRKY40 is a key modulator in the wounding‐induced anthocyanin biosynthesis, which provides new insights into the regulation of wounding‐induced anthocyanin biosynthesis at both the transcriptional and post‐translational levels in apple.
Post‐transcriptional regulation of Ghd7 protein stability by phytochrome and OsGI in photoperiodic control of flowering in rice
Authors: Zheng Tianhui , Sun Juan , Zhou Shirong , Chen Saihua , Lu Jian , Cui Song , Tian Yunlu , Zhang Huan , Cai Maohong , Zhu Shanshan , Wu Mingming , Wang Yihua , Jiang Ling , Zhai Huqu , Wang Haiyang , Wan Jianmin 
Published: June 2019

Summary

Rice (Oryza sativa) is a facultative short‐day (SD) plant, flowering early under SD and late under long‐day (LD) conditions. Ghd7 is a major regulator of flowering time in rice, which strongly delays flowering under LD. Induction of Ghd7 expression by phytochromes has been shown to contribute to photoperiodic regulation of flowering in rice. Here, we show that Ghd7 also is regulated by phytochromes at a post‐transcriptional level.

We found that constitutive expression of Ghd7 delays flowering in the wild‐type (WT) background, but not in the se5 mutant background (deficient in functional phytochromes) under LD and that Ghd7 protein fails to accumulate in the se5 mutant. We also found that co‐expressing OsGIGANTEA (OsGI) with Ghd7 causes reduced accumulation of Ghd7 protein and partially suppresses the delayed flowering phenotype in the WT background, suggesting that phytochromes and OsGI play antagonist roles in regulating Ghd7 protein stability and flowering time.

We show that OsPHYA, OsPHYB and OsGI could directly interact with Ghd7. Interestingly, OsPHYA and OsPHYB could inhibit the interaction between OsGI and Ghd7, thus helping to stabilize Ghd7 protein.

Our results revealed a new level of Ghd7 regulation by phytochromes and OsGI in photoperiodic control of flowering in rice.
Color‐matching between pollen and corolla: hiding pollen via visual crypsis?
Authors: Xiong Ying‐Ze , Jia Li‐Bing , Zhang Chuan , Huang Shuang‐Quan 
Published: June 2019

SummaryVisual signals attractive to friends may also attract enemies. The bright colors of anthers and pollen have generally been thought to attract pollinators. We hypothesize that visual crypsis of anthers, and particularly pollen, should be favored in flowering plants because protection from pollen collectors reduces the loss of male gametes.To understand adaptive strategies relating to the color of pollen, we measured the color of pollen, undehisced anther sacs, and their background, the corolla, with a spectrometer for 104 insect‐pollinated flowering species from a natural community in Hengduan Mountains, southwest China.The colors of anthers, pollen and corollas were diverse in these species. The color diversity of exposed pollen was significantly higher than that of concealed pollen (i.e. where anthers are enclosed or shielded by corollas). The color contrast between pollen and corolla was significantly smaller in species with exposed pollen than in those with concealed pollen. Unlike anther color, exposed pollen color tended to match its background corolla color.Our phylogenetic comparative analysis showed contrasting effects of pollen color patterns between flowers with exposed pollen and those with concealed pollen, revealing a strategy of hiding pollen from pollen thieves via visual crypsis.
Metformin promotes mitophagy in mononuclear cells: a potential in vitro model for unraveling metformin's mechanism of action
Authors: Bhansali Shipra , Bhansali Anil , Dhawan Veena 
Published: June 2019

AbstractIncreased oxidative stress in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) results in abnormalities in cell repair processes, such as mitophagy, which compromises mitochondrial function and contributes to insulin resistance and β cell failure. Metformin, widely recommended in the management of T2DM, exerts its pleiotropic effects via 5ʹ‐AMP–activated protein kinase (AMPK); however, its effect on mitophagy remains elusive. Recent evidence demonstrates that peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) express insulin receptors and the human organic cation transporter protein, and they are extensively being used as a surrogate for examining mitochondrial function in T2DM. Metformin treatment increased the formation of acidic vesicles and mitophagosomes, upregulated mitophagy markers, and enhanced mitophagic flux, as indicated by increased LC3‐II expression and reduced p62 protein levels. In addition, pretreatment with compound C (an AMPK inhibitor) significantly decreased the expression of mitophagy markers in metformin‐treated cells, indicating that metformin induces mitophagy via the AMPK pathway. In conclusion, metformin‐induced mitophagy may improve cellular function, including in β cells, by restoring normal mitochondrial phenotype, which may prove beneficial in patients with T2DM and other mitochondrial‐related diseases. Moreover, PBMCs may be used as a novel diagnostic biomarker for identifying mitochondrial disorders.
The partisan–professional dichotomy revisited: Politicization and decision‐making of senior civil servants
Authors: Ebinger Falk , Veit Sylvia , Fromm Nadin 
Published: June 2019

AbstractPoliticization has an ambivalent reputation among public administration scholars. While considered an effective instrument to safeguard political control over ministerial bureaucracy, partisanship of senior civil servants is likewise associated with patronage and is deemed detrimental to professionalism and meritocracy. To scrutinize this contradiction, the article examines how the party‐political background of senior civil servants influences their decision‐making behaviour. Two theoretically derived conceptions of loyalty are therefore put to the test: responsiveness and responsibility. Effects are captured by using the vignette technique in 40 in‐depth interviews with former senior civil servants from ministerial departments at federal and state level in Germany. The results are surprising in so far as they reveal that politicized senior civil servants act neither more responsively nor less responsibly than their non‐politicized peers. These findings challenge common assumptions and call for a more refined analysis of the conditions under which politicization leads to negative effects.
Roles of plant volatiles in defence against microbial pathogens and microbial exploitation of volatiles
Authors: Hammerbacher Almuth , Coutinho Teresa A. , Gershenzon Jonathan 
Published: June 2019

AbstractPlants emit a large variety of volatile organic compounds during infection by pathogenic microbes, including terpenes, aromatics, nitrogen‐containing compounds, and fatty acid derivatives, as well as the volatile plant hormones, methyl jasmonate, and methyl salicylate. Given the general antimicrobial activity of plant volatiles and the timing of emission following infection, these compounds have often been assumed to function in defence against pathogens without much solid evidence. In this review, we critically evaluate current knowledge on the toxicity of volatiles to fungi, bacteria, and viruses and their role in plant resistance as well as how they act to induce systemic resistance in uninfected parts of the plant and in neighbouring plants. We also discuss how microbes can detoxify plant volatiles and exploit them as nutrients, attractants for insect vectors, and inducers of volatile emissions, which stimulate immune responses that make plants more susceptible to infection. Although much more is known about plant volatile–herbivore interactions, knowledge of volatile–microbe interactions is growing and it may eventually be possible to harness plant volatiles to reduce disease in agriculture and forestry. Future research in this field can be facilitated by making use of the analytical and molecular tools generated by the prolific research on plant–herbivore interactions.