bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
La discriminación racial o étnica: marco jurídico, formas y protección = Racial and ethnic discrimination: regulatory framework, forms and protection
Authors: Solanes Corella Ángeles 
Published: September 2019

Resumen: El desarrollo de los instrumentos jurídicos internacionales y europeos relativos a la prohibición de la discriminación racial o étnica ha sido significativo en las últimas décadas. Sin embargo, dicho marco regulatorio necesita un mayor perfeccionamiento e implementación que permita también combatir las nuevas formas de discriminación. En esa línea, este trabajo realiza una revisión crítica de la normativa internacional y europea sobre la materia y establece el estado actual de la cuestión. Desde ese análisis, para consolidar los instrumentos de protección del derecho antidiscriminatorio, se propone fortalecer los estándares jurisprudenciales y desarrollar la función de los organismos especializados para la promoción de la igualdad, con la finalidad de conseguir una lucha contra la discriminación racial o étnica que sea más efectiva y eficaz. Palabras clave: discriminación racial o étnica, derecho antidiscriminatorio, formas de discriminación, jurisprudencia TEDH y TJUE, organismos para la igualdad.Abstract: In recent decades there has been a significant development of European and international legal instruments related to prohibiting racial and ethnic discrimination. Nevertheless, this regulatory framework needs further improvement and implementation so that it can also combat new forms of discrimination. Along these lines, this article critically reviews international and European laws on discrimination and sets out the current state of the question. Based on this analysis, it proposes strengthening legal standards to reinforce protective measures against discrimination and enhancing the role of specialised bodies to foster equality, with the end purpose of fighting against racial and ethnic discrimination more effectively and efficiently. Keywords: racial and ethnic discrimination, anti-discrimination laws, forms of discrimination, ECHR and ECJ jurisprudence, equality bodies.
“Desde el principio”: la quiebra jurisprudencial del autogobierno constitucional = ‘From the beginning’: the jurisprudential breakdown of constitutional self-government
Authors: Clavero Salvador Bartolomé 
Published: September 2019

Resumen: La Constitución Española diseñó en 1978 un régimen de autogobierno mediante Estatutos pactados para el acomodo de los territorios más diferenciados. Los reconoció como nacionalidades dotadas de derechos históricos con título así precedente a la propia Constitución en el tiempo y así, virtualmente, en el derecho. Incluso se revalidaron constitucionalmente los referenda de iniciativa para acceso a la autonomía que se habían efectuado bajo la Constitución anterior, la de la Segunda República. De tal modo se constituyeron en 1979 el País Vasco y Cataluña. Fue un proceso que comenzó a torcerse pronto. El Tribunal Constitucional, apenas establecido, comenzó en 1981 una labor concienzuda de zapa de ese régimen de autogobierno. He aquí un caso de verdadera jurisprudencia o, por lo que resultará, jurisimprudencia preventiva. De esto se preocupa este trabajo. Palabras clave: Constitución Española, jurisprudencia constitucional, derechos históricos, pactos estatuyentes, bloque de constitucionalidad, conflicto catalán. Abstract: In 1978, the Spanish Constitution designed a system of self-government by means of negotiated Statutes for the accommodation of the most differentiated territories. It recognized them as nationalities endowed with historical rights and therefore with a title preceding the Constitution itself in time and also, virtually, at law. Even the referenda of initiative for access to autonomy that had been carried out under the previous Constitution, that one of the Second Republic, were constitutionally revalidated. In this way, the Basque Country and Catalonia were constituted in 1979. It was a process that soon began to be distorted. The Constitutional Court, barely established, began in 1981 a meticulous work of sabotage of such a framework of self-government. Here is a case of truly preventive jurisprudence or, as it would turn out, juris-imprudence. That is what this paper is concerned about. Keywords: Spanish Constitution, constitutional jurisprudence, historical rights, self-government covenants, bloc de constitutionnalité, Catalan conflict.
GENDER BIAS CONSTRUCTED IN FREUD’S CONCEPT ON HUMAN PSYCHO-SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT (An Analyctical Study based on Islamic Psychological Analysis)
Authors: Gumiandari Septi , Nafi’a Ilman 
Published: September 2019

<p><span>Ilmu pengetahuan adalah hasil konstruksi manusia yang sangat bergantung pada siapa yang menciptanya. Ia bukanlah tidak berjenis kelamin. Ia melayani dan menguatkan nilai-nilai sosial dan konsep-konsep yang dibuat oleh penciptanya sendiri. Ketika ia tergenggam erat di tangan laki-laki, maka bias dipastikan pengalaman perempuan tidak akan menjadi sumber pengetahuan. Perempuan hanya akan menjadi objek telaah penelitian, termasuk dalam konteks ini, ilmu Psikologi. Penelitian ini akan menelaah secara kritis konsep Penis Envy Sigmund Freud yang ditenggarai memiliki pola pandang yang miring dalam melihat keberadaan organ seksualitas perempuan, disamping menunjukan posisi perempuan sebagai the second sex (makhluk kedua) dalam pranata sosial masyarakat. Penelitian ini menggunakan metodologi kualitatif dengan pendekatan literatur. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ada beberapa bias gender yang dibangun dalam konsep Freud tentang Perkembangan Psiko-Seksual manusia seperti (1) Anatomi adalah takdir; (2) Superego laki-laki berkembang lebih baik daripada perempuan; (3) Perempuan lebih mudah menjadi neurotik daripada laki-laki; (4) beberapa strereotip perempuan sebagai efek residu dari Kecemburuan pada Penis; dan (5) teori Oedipus dan Electra Complex. </span><span lang="EN-US">Penelitian ini penting </span><span>untuk mengatasi mengatasi persoalan androsentrisme dan representasi perempuan dalam ilmu Psikologi, mengakui perbedaan cara berpikir dan berpengetahuan perempuan dan laki-laki, dan mempertimbangkan pengalaman hidup</span><span lang="EN-US"> mereka</span><span> melalui perspektif Psikologi Islam. </span></p>
DESKRIPSI SAINTIFIK PENGARUH TANAH PADA PERTUMBUHAN TANAMAN: Studi Terhadap QS. Al A’raf Ayat 58
Authors: Zuhaida Anggun 
Published: September 2019

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan maksud dari QS. Al A’raf ayat 58 dimana terdapat isyarat ilmiah yang menarik untuk dikaji. Allah telah menciptakan tumbuhan yang mana dapat tumbuh dari tanah yang baik. Isyarat Ilmiah yang disebutkan masih bersifat global sehingga perlu kajian yang lebih spesifik untuk mengetahui secara detail makna dari ayat tersebut. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode penelitian pustaka yakni mengumpulkan data atau bahan dari berbagai sumber ilmu yang diperlukan dalam menyelesaikan artikel ini. Hasil kajian menunjukan bahwa dalam QS. Al A’raf ayat 58 tentang tanah yang baik adalah tanah yang subur. Tanaman dapat tumbuh yang salah satu syaratnya yaitu adanya tanah atau media tanam. Media yang baik (subur) akan membuat tanaman tersebut tumbuh dengan baik. Kandungan mineral yang cukup dalam tanah merupakan pengaruh utama terhadap tanaman untuk tumbuh. Tanah yang subur dipengaruhi oleh berbagai faktor seperti mineral, kadar pH, kelembapan, lapisan humus dan kadar biota. Tanaman akan tumbuh subur pada tanah yang baik sehingga tanah yang subur tentu menjadi ladang rezeki bagi manusia. Deskripsi saintifik pada Al-Qur’an akan memberikan pengetahuan dari dua sisi ilmu yang berbeda (sains dan agama). Karena pada dasarnya ilmu yang ada di dalam Al-Qur’an sudah tidak diragukan lagi. Dengan begitu, manusia diwajibkan untuk menjaga kelestarian atau kesuburan tanah sebagai wujud syukur dan iman kepada Allah Swt atas apa yang telah karuniakan kepada manusia.
Strategi yang Dapat Dikembangkan Dalam Pembelajaran Laboratorium Biologi
Authors: Laelasari Iseu , Sari Nela Eva , Nuhaya Nailan 
Published: September 2019

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan beberapa strategi paedagogik yang dapat dilakukan oleh guru ataupun dosen untuk meningkatkan efektifitas dan efisensi pembelajaran laboratorium sehingga dapat mengembangkan <em>autonomy</em> dan kreativitas siswa serta meminimalisir anggaran dalam pelaksanaan kegiatan praktikum. Penelitian ini merupakan merupakan <em>preliminary research</em> yang didasarkan pada kajian pustaka dari enam jurnal utama dan tujuh jurnal pendukung dengan tema kegiatan laboratorium. Hasil penelitian mengungkap bahwa beberapa strategi yang dapat dilakukan sebagai alternatif dalam pembelajaran laboratorium diantaranya: (1) penggunaan demonstrasi virtual lab dan video digital, (2) pembelajaran laboratorium melalui pendekatan <em>Mutasi Based Learning</em> (MBL), (3) mengimplementasikan unsur kebudayaan lokal yang relevan dalam modul laboratorium, (4) menjelaskan pengalaman penelitian yang autentik beserta hambatannya dan (5) dan mengkombinasikan beberapa metode dalam kegiatan <em>hands on</em> laboratorium. Strategi pertama dapat digunakan sebagai alternatif pelaksanaan kegiatan laboratorium yang dapat meminimalisir penggunaan anggaran, sedangkan strategi kedua sampai dengan kelima disinyalir dapat lebih mengembangkan <em>autonomy</em> dan kreativitas siswa dalam pelakasanaan kegiatan laboratorium biologi
A Rights-based Approach to Indigenous Sovereignty, Self-determination and Self-government in Canada
Authors: Reinders Kathryn 
Published: September 2019

The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous People (UNDRIP) calls for the right to self-determination, as self-determination is a prerequisite for Indigenous people to recongnize their political, social, economic, and collective human rights. Canada has historically been unsupportive of UNDRIP as the federal government considers UNDRIP at odds with Canadian sovereignty and existing Canadian institutions. While the right to self-government is currently protected under section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982, it is defined narrowly and falls short of allowing meaningful self-government for the majority of Indigenous people. This paper considers the conflicting nature of self-determination and self-government through considering the impact of Indigenous sovereignty on state sovereignity, an analysis of various approaches to self-government in Canada, and the feasability of adopting a rights-based approach to self-government. This paper concludes that utilizing a human rights-based approach to self-government addresses the perceived conflicts at the state-level while providing for the creation of meaningful self-government arrangements. Self-government arrangements must be created by Indigenous communities for Indigenous communities in order to reflect the diverse needs of Indigenous people regardless of their territorial affiliation or formal Indian status.
Shale Producers Piloting Downhole Compression To Solve Liquid Loading
Authors: Jacobs Trent 
Published: September 2019

Almost all gas wells that co-produce liquids share a common and troublesome fate: liquid loading. A new artificial lift technology is being tested across different US shale plays with Equinor to avoid this inevitability. If successful, the system will become a viable alternative to the way in which these wells are produced today.
Liquid loading crops up as the natural drive provided via early-stage gas production falls below the point required to move the associated water and/or natural gas liquids to the surface. The problem is progressive, and ultimately leads to a water column in the well. This slows and eventually stops flow until an intervention is executed or if the well is shut in to build up pressure.
Though liquid loading occurs in both conventional and unconventional wells, it poses the biggest economic risk to the latter because of the inherently rapid decline rates. After a couple of years, their flow is often only a quarter of what it was during initial production.
These are the factors driving Upwing Energy to develop a magnetically driven subsurface compressor system. As explained by Chief Executive Officer Herman Artinian, the company’s technology boils down to this concise concept: “Suck the gas, and the liquids will come with it.”
Like all artificial lift systems, the compressor is meant to be used when natural flow has stopped. The Cerritos, California-based Upwing believes that after 2–3 years the bottomhole pressure in most horizontal gas wells is low enough for the compressor to be used as a way to draw down pressure even further, both in the well and the reservoir’s fracture network.
“It turns out, the same thing that is happening in the wellbore with the liquid loading is happening inside the reservoir—the little pores are getting liquid loading due to the capillary effect,” explained Artinian.
With a constant source of suction, the trapped liquids can be moved from the nanosized pore throats, creating new pathways for free gas flow. Work done so far suggests a pressure-reduction ratio of roughly 3:1 does the job, e.g. a bottomhole pressure of 900 psi would set the compressor’s target at around 300 psi.
As the gas and liquids exit the compressor, the increased velocity carries a continuous stream all the way to the wellhead, preventing liquid build up and slugging. Initial field tests of a prototype showed the compressor was able to lift 150 bbl of water per 1•mmscf. “That’s a significant amount of liquids—more than what most unconventional wells are producing today,” said•Artinian.
Pilots to Prove Reservoir Response
In 2016, shortly after the firm was founded, Upwing tested four prototype compressors in wells in Texas. Production in these wells saw an increase ranging between 30–58%. The aim for the fully developed version is a 75–100% boost in gas output, “which directly translates to a minimum of 10–20% more recoverability of an unconventional well,” said Artinian, adding that the return on investment is expected to be between 6 months and a year.
Technology Focus: Offshore Drilling and Completion (October 2019)
Authors: Rylance Martin 
Published: September 2019

Technology Focus
Measured-pressure approaches (drilling, cementing, and completions) have offered much promise for some time but have been slow to reach widespread application. A spate of technical developments, deployments, trials, and applications, however, recently has pushed measured-pressure drilling (MPD) and its nuanced variants to their full potential as viable well-construction methods. Development of fully integrated drilling, control, and management systems, along with surveillance and data-processing enhancements, have brought the idea of fully functional real-time measured-pressure management to reality. Increasing experience, design feed-back, validation, and enhancements are making a number of derivatives of the approach widely applicable. As well as the drilling operations themselves, experience has increased to include all aspects of the well-construction process, including both cementing and completion running operations. Increasing equipment automation and surveillance and control systems is now providing confidence and accuracy with well-calibrated models of in-situ behavior. Additionally, the real-time management of operations creates a feedback loop that allows continuous improvement to be at the heart of execution and learning.
As broader industry experience and case history volume increases, the ability to deploy and use these approaches will provide additional flexibility to operators as they develop increasingly challenging formations and tight or complex pore-pressure fracture-gradient profiles and windows. Measured-pressure techniques and variants now appear to be coming of age, and wider application will continue to enhance and enrich their functionality. Continued automation, data management, and personnel training and experience will support the continued and increasing deployment of these approaches.
Recommended additional reading at OnePetro: www.onepetro.org.
SPE/IADC 194538 The Business Case for Use of Applied-Backpressure Managed-Pressure Drilling in Deepwater Gulf of Mexico by Sharief Moghazy, Shell, et al.
SPE/IADC 194541 Acoustic Telemetry Network Provides Real-Time Downhole Data Transmission During Drilling, Cementing, and Completion Installation for Use in Depleted Reservoirs and During Managed-Pressure Operations by Andy Hawthorn, Baker Hughes, a GE company, et al.
SPE/IADC 194554 Using Managed-Pressure Drilling and Early Kick/Loss Detection System To Execute a Challenging Deepwater Completions Job in the Gulf of Mexico by Julian Hernandez, Weatherford, et al.
Inter- and intra-breed genome-wide copy number diversity in a large cohort of European equine breeds
Authors: Solé Marina , Ablondi Michela , Binzer-Panchal Amrei , Velie Brandon D , Hollfelder Nina , Buys Nadine , Ducro Bart J , François Liesbeth , Janssens Steven , Schurink Anouk , Viklund Åsa , Eriksson Susanne , Isaksson Anders , Kultima Hanna , Mikko Sofia , Lindgren Gabriella 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Background
Copy Number Variation (CNV) is a common form of genetic variation underlying animal evolution and phenotypic diversity across a wide range of species. In the mammalian genome, high frequency of CNV differentiation between breeds may be candidates for population-specific selection. However, CNV differentiation, selection and its population genetics have been poorly explored in horses.

Results
We investigated the patterns, population variation and gene annotation of CNV using the Axiom ® Equine Genotyping Array (670,796 SNPs) from a large cohort of individuals (N=1,755) belonging to eight European horse breeds, varying from draught horses to several warmblood populations. After quality control, 152,64 0 SNP CNVs (individual markers), 18,800 segment CNVs (consecutive SNP CNVs of same gain/loss state or both) and 939 CNV regions (CNVRs; overlapping segment CNVs by at least 1bp) compared to the average signal of the reference (Belgian draught horse) were identified. Our analyses showed that Equus caballus chromosome 12 (ECA12) was the most enriched in segment CNV gains and losses (~3% average proportion of the genome covered), but the highest number of segment CNVs were detected on ECA1 and ECA20 (regardless of size). The Friesian horses showed private SNP CNV gains (>20% of the samples) on ECA1 and Exmoor ponies displayed private SNP CNV losses on ECA25 (>20% of the samples). The Warmblood cluster showed private SNP CNV gains located in ECA9 and Draught cluster showed private SNP CNV losses located in ECA7. The length of the CNVRs ranged from 1 kb to 21.3 Mb. A total of 10,612 genes were annotated within the CNVRs. The PANTHER annotation of these genes showed significantly under- and overrepresented gene ontology biological terms related to cellular processes and immunity (Bonferroni P-value < 0.05). We identified 80 CNVRs overlapping with known QTL for fertility, coat colour, conformation and temperament. We also report 67 novel CNVRs.

Conclusions
This work revealed that CNV patterns, in the genome of some European horse breeds, occurred in specific genomic regions. The results provide support to the hypothesis that high frequency private CNVs residing in genes may potentially be responsible for the diverse phenotypes seen between horse breeds.
Plasmid profile of extended-spectrum β-lactamase and quaternary ammonium compound E delta 1 gene held multi-resistant Shigella species isolated from raw cow milk and milk products in Egypt
Authors: Elkenany Rasha , Eltaysh Rasha , Elsayed Mona , Abdel-Daim Mohamed 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Background Multi-resistant Shigella species recovered from raw cow milk and milk products has predominated all over the world especially extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) and Quaternary ammonium compound E delta 1 (qacE∆1) genes. This study was conducted to investigate the prevalence, antibiotic and disinfectant resistance phenotypes and genotypes as well as plasmid profiles of Shigella species isolated from raw cow milk and milk products in Egypt. The genotypic analysis was determined for the presence of β-lactamase encoding genes (blaTEM, blaCTX-M, blaOXA-1 and blaSHV), tetA(A) and qacE∆. Results Twenty-one (7%) of Shigella isolates (S. dysenteriae, S. flexneri and S. sonnei) were recovered with S. dysenteriae as the most predominant types. Antibiotic sensitivity tests showed 71.4% of multidrug-resistant Shigella isolates. High resistance rates were observed to tetracyclines (100%), ampicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate (90.5%, each) and cefaclor (66.7%), whilst no resistance was detected against imipenem, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, and azithromycin. Disinfectant susceptibility test of Shigella isolates revealed resistance to phenolic compound (vanillic), while 85.7% of Shigella isolates were benzalkonium chloride resistant. Uniplex PCR analysis exhibit presence of β-lactamase encoding genes (blaTEM in all isolates and blaCTX-M in 28.6% of isolates), tetA(A) in all isolates and 85.7% isolates positive for qacE∆1, while all isolates were negative for blaOXA-1 and blaSHV. All Shigella extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producers (6, 100%) were positive for blaTEM, blaCTX-M, and qacE∆1 genes. Furthermore, plasmid profiling revealed seven distinct plasmid patterns (P1-P7) ranging from 1.26 to 33.61 kb among all Shigella strains; S. dysenteriae displayed the greatest variance. The co-transfer of β-lactamase genes (blaTEM and blaCTX-M) and qacE∆1 genes was observed by conjugation. Conclusions S. dysenteriae was the most common identified types in the examined sources. Also, the findings imply the emergence of multi-resistant Shigella species either multi-resistant to antibiotics (particularly ESBL producer strains) or disinfectants in Egypt. Thus, the resistance of Shigella species should regularly be monitored and appropriate measures should be taken to manage this problem.
The long-term efficacy of one-shot neoadjuvant intra-arterial chemotherapy combined with radical cystectomy versus radical cystectomy alone for bladder cancer: a propensity-score matching study
Authors: Wahafu Wasilijiang , Liu Sai , Xu Wenbin , Wang Mengtong , He Qingbao , Song Liming , Wang Mingshuai , Yang Feiya , Hua Lin , Niu Yinong , Xing Nianzeng 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Background: Bladder cancer is a complex disease associated with high morbidity and mortality. The management of bladder cancer before radical cystectomy continues to be controversial. We compared the long-term efficacy of one-shot neoadjuvant intra-arterial chemotherapy (IAC)versus no IAC (NIAC) before radical cystectomy (RC) for bladder cancer.

Methods: We performed a retrospective review of patients who underwent either one-shot IAC or NIAC before RC between October 2006 and November 2015. Propensity-score matching (1:3) was performed based on key characteristics. The Kaplan-Meier method was utilized to estimate survival probabilities, and the log-rank test was used to compare survival outcomes between different groups. A multivariable Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate survival outcomes.

Results: Twenty-six patients were treated using IAC before RC, and 123 NIAC patients also underwent RC. After matching, there was no significant difference between the groups in baseline characteristics, perioperative variables, complication outcomes or tumour characteristics. Compared with the clinical tumour stages, the pathological tumour stages demonstrated a significant decrease (P=0.002) in the IAC group. There was no significant difference in overall survival (OS, p=0.354) or cancer-specific survival (CSS, p=0.439) between the groups. Among all patients, BMI significantly affected OS (p=0.004), and positive lymph nodes (PLN) significantly affected both OS(p＜0.001) and CSS (p=0.010).

Conclusions: One-shot neoadjuvant IAC before RC shows safety and tolerability and provides a significant advantage in pathological downstaging but not in OS or CSS. Further study of neoadjuvant combination therapeutic strategies with RC is needed.