bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
HST F160W Imaging of Very Massive Galaxies at 1.5 < z < 3.0: Diversity of Structures and the Effect of Close Pairs on Number Density Estimates
Authors: Marsan Z. Cemile , Marchesini Danilo , Muzzin Adam , Brammer Gabriel B. , Bezanson Rachel , Franx Marijn , Labbé Ivo , Lundgren Britt , Rudnick Gregory , Stefanon Mauro , Dokkum Pieter van , Wake David , Whitaker Katherine E. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
We present a targeted follow-up Hubble Space Telescope WFC3 F160W imaging study of very massive galaxies (

) selected from a combination of ground-based near-infrared galaxy surveys (UltraVISTA, NEWFIRM Medium Band Survey-II , UKIRT Infrared Deep Sky Survey (UKIDSS) Ultra-Deep Survey (UDS) at 1.5 < z < 3). We find that these galaxies are diverse in their structures, with ∼1/3 of the targets being composed of close pairs, and span a wide range in sizes. At 1.5 < z < 2.5, the sizes of both star-forming and quiescent galaxies are consistent with the extrapolation of the stellar mass–size relations determined at lower stellar masses. At 2.5 < z < 3.0, however, we find evidence that quiescent galaxies are systematically larger than expected based on the extrapolation of the relation derived using lower stellar mass galaxies. We used the observed light profiles of the blended systems to decompose their stellar masses and investigate the effect of the close pairs on the measured number densities of very massive galaxies in the early universe. We estimate correction factors to account for close-pair blends and apply them to the observed stellar mass functions (SMFs) measured using ground-based surveys. Given the large uncertainties associated with this extreme population of galaxies, there is currently little tension between the (blending-corrected) number density estimates and predictions from theoretical models. Although we currently lack the statistics to robustly correct for close-pair blends, we show that this is a systematic effect that can reduce the observed number density of very massive galaxies by up to a factor of ∼1.5, and should be accounted for in future studies of SMFs.
Filling in the Quasar Redshift Gap at z ∼ 5.5. II. A Complete Survey of Luminous Quasars in the Post-reionization Universe
Authors: Yang Jinyi , Wang Feige , Fan Xiaohui , Wu Xue-Bing , Bian Fuyan , Bañados Eduardo , Yue Minghao , Schindler Jan-Torge , Yang Qian , Jiang Linhua , McGreer Ian D. , Green Richard , Dye Simon 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
We present the final results from our survey of luminous z ∼ 5.5 quasars. This is the first systematic quasar survey focusing on quasars at z ∼ 5.5, during the post-reionization epoch. It has been challenging to select quasars at 5.3 < z < 5.7 using conventional color selections, due to their similar optical colors to those of late-type stars, especially M dwarfs. We developed a new selection technique for z ∼ 5.5 quasars based on optical, near-infrared (IR), and mid-IR photometry, using data from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), PanSTARR1 (PS1), the UKIRT Infrared Deep Sky Surveys–Large Area Survey, the UKIRT Hemisphere Survey, the VISTA Hemisphere Survey, and the Wide Field Infrared Survey Explorer, covering ∼11,000 deg2 of high galactic latitude sky. In this paper, we present the discovery of 15 new quasars at 5.22 ≤ z ≤ 5.78. Together with results from Yang et al., our survey provides a complete, flux-limited sample of 31 quasars at 5.3 ≤ z ≤ 5.7. We measure the quasar spatial density at z ∼ 5.5 and M
1450 < −26.2. Our result is consistent with the rapid decline of the quasar spatial density from z = 5 to 6, with k = −0.66 ± 0.05 (ρ(z) ∝ 10
kz
). In addition, we present a new survey using optical colors only from the full PS1 area for luminous quasars at z = 5.0–5.5, which is beyond the SDSS footprint, and report the preliminary results from this survey, including 51 new quasars discovered at 4.61 ≤ z ≤ 5.71.
Cosmological Tests of Gravity with the Latest Observations
Authors: Li Jian , Zhao Gong-Bo 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
We perform observational tests of modified gravity on cosmological scales following model-dependent and model-independent approaches using the latest astronomical observations, including measurements of the local Hubble constant, cosmic microwave background, the baryonic acoustic oscillations and redshift space distortions derived from galaxy surveys including the Sloan Digital Sky Survey BOSS and eBOSS, as well as the weak lensing observations performed by the CFHTLenS team. Combining all these data sets, we find a deviation from the prediction of general relativity in both the effective Newton’s constant, μ(a, k), and in the gravitational slip, η(a, k). The deviation is at a 3.1σ level in the joint {μ(a, k), η(a, k)} space using a two-parameter phenomenological model for μ and η, and reaches a 3.7σ level if a general parameterization is used. This signal, which may be subject to unknown observational systematics, or a sign of new physics, is worth further investigating with forthcoming observations.
A Combined Chandra and LAMOST Study of Stellar Activity
Authors: He Lin , Wang Song , Liu Jifeng , Soria Roberto , Bai Zhongrui , Yang Huiqin , Bai Yu , Guo Jincheng 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
We probed stellar X-ray activity over a wide range of stellar parameters, using Chandra and Large Sky Area Multi-Object Fiber Spectroscopic Telescope (LAMOST) data. We measured the X-ray-to-bolometric luminosity ratio (

) for 484 main-sequence stars and found a bimodal distribution for G and K types. We interpret this bimodality as evidence of two subpopulations with different coronal temperatures, which are caused by different coronal heating rates. Using the metallicity and velocity information, we find that both of the subpopulations are mostly located in the thin disk. We find no trend of R
X with stellar age for stars older than ∼4 Gyr; there is a trough in the R
X versus age distribution, with the lowest range of R
X appearing at ages around 2 Gyr. We then examined the correlation between R
X and R
Hα
(proxy of chromospheric activity): we find that the two quantities are well correlated, as found in many earlier studies. Finally, we selected a sample of 12 stars with X-ray flares and studied the light-curve morphology of the flares. The variety of flare profiles and timescales observed in our sample suggests the contribution of different processes of energy release.
Dragonfly biodiversity 90 years ago in an Alpine region: The Odonata historical collection of the MUSE (Trento, Italy)
Authors: Assandri Giacomo , Franceschini Alessandra , Lencioni Valeria 
Published: January 2019

Historical collections of natural science museums play a fundamental role in documenting environmental changes and patterns of biodiversity transformation. This considered, they should have a pivotal role to plan conservation and management actions.
The MUSE - Science Museum of Trento is an Italian regional museum preserving about 5.5 million items (organised in 297 collections). About one million of them are invertebrates, 70% of which are of local origin, gathered in the collection "Miscellanea Invertebrati". Odonata account for a minor part of this collection; however, most of them are of local or regional relevance. A complete catalogue of this collection does not exist to date.
The collection was studied in 2017-2018 and this contribution aims to present the Catalogue of the historic collection of Odonata of the MUSE - Museo delle Scienze of Trento (Italy).
In all, 836 specimens of adult dragonflies and damselflies are found in the collection referring to an overall 56 species. The collection covers a period between 1924 and 1957 and refer to 74 defined localities, all located in northern Italy (most of them in Trentino - Alto Adige Region).
The samples conserved in the collection are, for several species, the only indisputable confirmation of their former occurrence in that region.
Hospital preparedness in Nebraska: A pandemic influenza survey
Authors: Smith, BA Matthew , Smith, MD Philip W. 
Published: January 2019

Because hospital response to pandemic influenza is a critical component of preparedness, the authors performed a survey of hospitals in Nebraska to assess pandemic influenza preparedness. An anonymous 15- question survey was sent electronically to all 85 hospitals in Nebraska in November 2008 and 48 hospitals (56.5 percent) responded. A large majority of Nebraska hospitals have a pandemic influenza plan (n = 41/48, 85.4 percent), and have begun stockpiling materials (n = 44/47, 93.6 percent). Most have established contact with local public health (n = 42/47, 89.4 percent), and in fact reported that their communication with public health has improved as a result of pandemic influenza planning (n = 39/46, 84.8 percent). This survey illuminates current progress and areas for potential improvement in pandemic influenza planning by Nebraska hospitals.
Non-invasive diagnosis of steatosis, inflammatory changes and liver fibrosis in patients with
non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases. Pilot study
Authors: Ciećko-Michalska Irena , Szczepanek Małgorzata , Wierzbicka-Tutka Iga , Zahradnik-Bilska Janina , Mach Tomasz 
Published: January 2019

IntroductionNonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common causes of abnormal liver enzymes in adult patients consulted by hepatologists. Due to the high prevalence of this disease, most often associated with obesity, it is necessary to assess the risk of NAFLD, monitoring the progression of the disease and the effectiveness of treatment.Material and methodsWe evaluated the intensity of steatosis, inflammatory activity and fibrosis in 36 patients with NAFLD (fatty liver in abdominal ultrasound examination), using non-invasive tests: SteatoTest, ActiTest and FibroTest. We compared the prevalence of metabolic disorders and hypertension between women and men.ResultsThere were no significant differences in analysed parameters of metabolic disorders between women and men. In both studied groups, the intensity of steatosis and inflammatory changes was similar. However, in the male group, the intensity of liver fibrosis was higher.ConclusionsThe tests helped to detect advanced liver fibrosis in patients who were diagnosed with liver steatosis in ultrasound examination. Non-invasive diagnostics of liver injury may be useful in screening to select groups of patients requiring liver biopsy, as well as in monitoring the course of the disease and assessment of the treatment effectiveness. Early detection of liver disease may improve the prognosis of these patients.
Zero to moderate methane emissions in a densely rooted, pristine Patagonian bog – biogeochemical controls as revealed from isotopic evidence
Authors: Münchberger Wiebke , Knorr Klaus-Holger , Blodau Christian , Pancotto Verónica A. , Kleinebecker Till 
Published: January 2019

Abstract. Peatlands are significant global methane (CH4) sources, but processes
governing CH4 dynamics have been predominantly studied in the Northern
Hemisphere. Southern hemispheric and tropical bogs can be dominated by
cushion-forming vascular plants (e.g. Astelia pumila,
Donatia fascicularis). These cushion bogs are found in many (mostly
southern) parts of the world but could also serve as extreme examples for
densely rooted northern hemispheric bogs dominated by rushes and sedges. We
report highly variable summer CH4 emissions from different microforms in
a Patagonian cushion bog as determined by chamber measurements. Driving
biogeochemical processes were identified from pore water profiles and carbon
isotopic signatures. Intensive root activity throughout a rhizosphere
stretching over 2 m in depth accompanied by molecular oxygen release created
aerobic microsites in water-saturated peat, leading to a thorough CH4
oxidation (< 0.003 mmol L−1 pore water CH4, enriched
in
δ13C-CH4 by up to 10 ‰) and negligible
emissions (0.09±0.16 mmol CH4 m−2 d−1) from
Astelia lawns. In sparsely or even non-rooted peat below adjacent
pools pore water profile patterns similar to those obtained under Astelia
lawns, which emitted very small amounts of CH4 (0.23±0.25 mmol m−2 d−1), were found. Below the A. pumila rhizosphere pore
water concentrations increased sharply to 0.40±0.25 mmol CH4 L−1 and CH4 was predominantly produced by hydrogenotrophic
methanogenesis. A few Sphagnum lawns and – surprisingly – one lawn
dominated by cushion-forming D. fascicularis were found to be local
CH4 emission hotspots with up to 1.52±1.10 mmol CH4 m−2 d−1 presumably as root density and molecular oxygen release
dropped below a certain threshold. The spatial distribution of root
characteristics supposedly causing such a pronounced CH4 emission pattern
was evaluated on a conceptual level aiming to exemplify scenarios in densely
rooted bogs. We conclude that presence of cushion vegetation as a proxy for
negligible CH4 emissions from cushion bogs needs to be interpreted with
caution. Nevertheless, overall ecosystem CH4 emissions at our study site
were probably minute compared to bog ecosystems worldwide and widely
decoupled from environmental controls due to intensive root activity of
A. pumila, for example.
Robust adaptive regulation of dynamically positioned ships with unknown dynamics and unknown disturbances
Authors: Hu Xin , Du Jialu , Krstić Miroslav 
Published: January 2019

SummaryWe develop a robust adaptive regulating control law for dynamically positioned ships subject to unknown dynamics and bounded unknown disturbances incorporating the radial basis function (RBF) neural network (NN), the dead zone adaptive technique, and a robust control term into the vectorial backstepping approach. The RBF NNs with the dead zone adaptive laws approximate the ship unknown dynamics. The adaptive law‐based robust control term compensates for unknown disturbances, NN approximation errors, and undesirable errors arising from the design procedures. The developed dynamic positioning (DP) control law regulates the ship position and heading to the desired values with arbitrarily small errors, while guaranteeing the uniform ultimate boundedness of all signals in the DP closed‐loop control system of ships. High‐fidelity simulations on two supply ships and comparisons demonstrate the effectiveness and the superiority of the developed DP control law.
Near‐Infrared (NIR) Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes (OLEDs): Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Zampetti Andrea , Minotto Alessandro , Cacialli Franco 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe rapid development of the science and technology of organic semiconductors has already led to mass application of organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) in television monitors of outstanding quality as well as in a large variety of smaller displays found in smartphones, tablets, and other gadgets, while introduction of the technology to the illumination sector is imminent. Notably, the requirements of all such applications for emission in the visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum are well tuned to the optical and electronic properties of typical organic semiconductors, thereby representing relatively “low‐hanging fruits,” in terms of material development and exploitation. However, the question arises as to whether developing materials suited for efficient near‐infrared (NIR, 700–1000 nm) emission is possible, and, crucially, desirable to enable new classes of applications spanning from through‐space, short‐range communications to biomedical sensors, night vision, and more generally security applications to name but a few. Here, the major fundamental hurdles to be overcome to achieve efficient NIR emission from organic π‐conjugated systems are discussed, recent progress is reviewed, and an outlook for further development of both materials and applications is provided.
Bioinspired Superwettability Micro/Nanoarchitectures: Fabrications and Applications
Authors: Kong Tiantian , Luo Guanyi , Zhao Yuanjin , Liu Zhou 
Published: January 2019

AbstractBiological systems have evolved over billions of years to develop wetting strategies for advantageous structure–property–performance relations that are crucial for their survival. The discovery of these intriguing relationships has inspired tremendous efforts to investigate the micro/nanoscale features of naturally occurring structures with superwettability. Researchers have since developed new methods and techniques to construct artificial materials that mimic natural structures and functionalities. Here, a brief review of natural hierarchical architectures with liquid repellent properties is presented, and the critical underlying mechanism is summarized with an emphasis on the micro/nanoscopic architectures. The state‐of‐the‐art micro/nanofabrication techniques for creating bioinspired hierarchical superwettability structures that are categorized by random and exquisite features are also reviewed, followed by an overview of their emerging applications, with special attention to biomedical‐related fields. The development of fabrication techniques enhances capabilities relative to those of living systems, paving the way toward advanced structural materials with superior functions and unprecedented characteristics for potential applications.
Advancing Cancer Immunotherapies with Nanotechnology
Authors: Lou Jenny , Zhang Li , Zheng Gang 
Published: January 2019

AbstractCancer immunotherapies can elicit long term, durable responses in only a fraction of patients. As such, there is a need to increase the number of patients who can benefit from cancer immunotherapies. By virtue of their versatility and nanoscale, nanoparticles have unique properties that can be exploited to enhance the efficacy of cancer immunotherapies. This review first outlines key concepts in nanotechnology and immunotherapy. Then, it highlights nanotechnology‐mediated improvements to the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors, cancer vaccines, and adoptive cellular therapies. Next, the insights derived from nanoparticle‐mediated imaging of immune cells in both preclinical and clinical studies are reviewed. Afterwards, the roles of nanotechnology in combination therapies to augment antitumoral immunity are summarized. Finally, the challenges facing this emerging field combining nanotechnology with immunotherapies are discussed. Given the exciting, novel approaches that can arise from nanotechnology, there is great potential for nanotechnology to advance immunotherapies.
2D/2D Heterojunctions for Catalysis
Authors: Su Juan , Li Guo‐Dong , Li Xin‐Hao , Chen Jie‐Sheng 
Published: January 2019

Abstract2D layered materials with atomic thickness have attracted extensive research interest due to their unique physicochemical and electronic properties, which are usually very different from those of their bulk counterparts. Heterojunctions or heterostructures based on ultrathin 2D materials have attracted increasing attention due to the integrated merits of 2D ultrathin components and the heterojunction effect on the separation and transfer of charges, resulting in important potential values for catalytic applications. Furthermore, 2D/2D heterostructures with face‐to‐face contact are believed to be a preferable dimensionality design due to their large interface area, which would contribute to enhanced heterojunction effect. Here, the cutting‐edge research progress in 2D/2D heterojunctions and heterostructures is highlighted with a specific emphasis on synthetic strategies, reaction mechanism, and applications in catalysis (photocatalysis, electrocatalysis, and organic synthesis). Finally, the key issues and development perspectives in the applications of 2D/2D layered heterojunctions and heterostructures in catalysis are also discussed.
Tumors and Their Microenvironment Dual‐Targeting Chemotherapy with Local Immune Adjuvant Therapy for Effective Antitumor Immunity against Breast Cancer
Authors: Deng Caifeng , Zhang Quan , Jia Mengdi , Zhao Jin , Sun Xun , Gong Tao , Zhang Zhirong 
Published: January 2019

AbstractChemotherapy turns tumor cells into “tumor vaccines” by immunogenic cell death (ICD). However, it remains a challenge to exploit chemotherapy‐induced “tumor vaccines” for solid cancer immunotherapy due to the inefficient effector T cells activation and tumor microenvironment immunosuppression. Here, a matrix metalloprotease 2 responsive liposome (PEG‐FA‐Lip) composed of cleavable PEG chains covering the folate (FA)‐modified liposome is developed to deliver ICD inducer doxorubicin. In breast cancer‐bearing mice, PEG‐FA‐Lip targets both 4T1 breast cancer cells and M2‐tumor associated macrophages (M2‐TAMs) via FA‐receptor mediated endocytosis, resulting in abundant “tumor vaccines” and efficient elimination of M2‐TAMs. The combination of local cytosine‐phosphate‐guanine (CpG) therapy facilitates PEG‐FA‐Lip induced “tumor vaccines” to effectively arouse systematic effector T cells immune response through promoting dendritic cell maturation and immunostimulatory cytokines secretion. The simultaneous elimination of M2‐TAMs ensures the activated effector T cells exert antitumor immunity within tumor via decreasing immunosuppressive cytokines secretion and tumor infiltration of Treg cells. After receiving the combined treatment, 30.1% of breast cancer‐bearing mice (initial tumor volume > 100 mm3) achieves the goal of tumor eradication. Remarkably, this combination therapy greatly inhibits lung metastasis and controls the growth of already metastasized breast cancers (initial tumor volume > 100 mm3).
Novel Nanostructured Lipid Carriers with Photoprotective Properties Made from Carnauba Wax, Beeswax, and Kenaf Seed Oil
Authors: Lee Xin Ying , Chu Chee Chin , Hasan Zafarizal Aldrin Bin Azizul , Chua Siaw Kim , Nyam Kar Lin 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThis study was aimed to produce a stable kenaf seed oil‐nanostructured lipid carrier (KSO‐NLC) sunscreen, which can help in the photoprotective effect. The nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) formulation was optimized and selected based on the results of mean particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), and storage stability of formulas at both chilled (4 ± 2 °C) and room (25 ± 2 °C) temperatures. Uvinul A plus B was added to KSO‐NLC with the optimized formula (80% w/w aqueous phase, 20% w/w lipid phase, and 7% w/w of surfactants with a ratio of 70:15:15 of Tween 20: poloxamer 188: lecithin). The mean particle size distribution (224.73 ± 1.56 nm) and PDI (0.41 ± 0.01) of KSO‐NLC were determined and were found to be stable against storage without creaming or phase separation. The 2,2‐Diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical‐scavenging and 2,2′‐Azino‐bis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) radical‐scavenging activities of KSO‐NLC were 5.43 ± 1.00 mg Trolox equiv. g−1 of NLC and 6.70 ± 0.31 mg Trolox equiv. g−1 of NLC, respectively. The Sun Protection Factor (SPF) of KSO‐NLC, 41.38 ± 6.03 with a UVA/UVB ratio 0.64 ± 0.01, suggested a good photoprotective effect. The sustained release of Univul A plus B from KSO‐NLC accompanied by its entrapment efficiency up to 64.09 ± 0.98% and drug loading (DL) of 32.05 ± 0.49% (maximum 50% DL capacity) proved that the degradation of the ultraviolet (UV) filter could be reduced. Therefore, the KSO‐NLC sunscreen was a feasible solution for the photoprotective approach by using unconventional plant seed oil with a significant enhancement (P < 0.05) in many aspects compared to the formula without KSO incorporation.