bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Textual Ambassadors and Ambassadorial Texts
Authors: Hennings Jan 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Juxtaposing the diplomatic correspondence of Thomas Randolph’s 1568–9 mission to Russia with George Turberville’s literary account of the embassy, this chapter combines an exploration of diplomatic practice as a transcultural process with a methodological reflection on the relationship between the textual representation of cultural encounter and its interpretation in the history of diplomacy. The historiography of diplomacy is enmeshed with the cultural discourses that are woven into its source materials. Based on a genre critique of texts that have informed the history of Russian diplomacy, such as travel accounts and diplomatic reports, this essay questions central assumptions about Russia’s image as Europe’s cultural other, offering wider conclusions about the notion of separate cultural spheres and their corresponding political ideologies in the evolution of diplomacy. Clearly, Russian diplomats viewed the world differently from English representatives. But a closer look at Anglo-Russian encounters in the second half of the sixteenth century raises doubts as to whether these worldviews separated them quite so distinctively in matters concerning their ceremonial self-representation. A close reading and comparison of Randolph’s and Turberville’s texts shows how difficult it is to translate pre-conceived notions about cultural difference into each culture’s distinctive symbols of sovereignty and statehood.
Term Limits and the Unconstitutional Constitutional Amendment Doctrine
Authors: Landau David , Roznai Yaniv , Dixon Rosalind 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the interaction between term limit provisions and the unconstitutional constitutional amendment doctrine in Latin America. It illustrates the varied approaches of courts concerning the validity of attempts to amend presidential term limits. In Colombia, the Constitutional Court intervened to prevent what it saw as an undue easing of term limits (after permitting one round of easing); in Venezuela, Ecuador, and Bolivia, courts generally allowed attempts to ease or eliminate term limit using less demanding rather than more demanding procedural routes; and in Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, and Bolivia, judiciaries deployed the unconstitutional constitutional amendment doctrine in order to eliminate rather than to protect term limits. After mapping the major constitutional decisions issued on this issue in Latin America in recent years, the authors argue that transnational anchoring holds some promise in clarifying the proper scope of control of constitutional change regarding term limits.
Presidential Terms in Kazakhstan
Authors: Nurumov Dmitry , Vashchanka Vasil 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter tracks the history of changes to presidential terms and term limits of President Nazarbayev, the first and only president of post-Soviet Kazakhstan. We show that the length of presidential terms was changed by Nazarbayev to ensure his longevity in an evolving political situation. He successfully avoided elections when opposition was more consolidated while maintaining plausible periodicity of contests. The two-term limit was manipulated by various means, including a referendum, new constitution, and ultimately exemption from term limits for the First President. These manipulations were enabled by gradual consolidation of Nazarbayev’s regime, which is now marked by nearly total control over the political space. Elections serve as a decorum deployed tactically to ensure symbolic democratic continuity and offer no realistic prospect of unseating the incumbent president.
Landscape Connectivity
Authors: With Kimberly A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Landscape connectivity is essential for maintaining ecological flows across landscapes. Processes as diverse as dispersal; gene flow; the flow of water, materials and nutrients; the spread of invasive species, diseases, or pests; or the spread of disturbances like fire, are all potentially influenced by the connectivity of different land covers and land uses. Landscape connectivity can be defined structurally as well as functionally. Landscape connectivity may therefore be treated as either an independent variable, in terms of studying how landscape connectivity influences ecological flows, or as a dependent variable in which landscape connectivity emerges as a consequence of how species or ecological flows interact with landscape structure. This chapter thus explores the different scales and ways in which connectivity can be measured and studied, providing a bridge between the previous chapter on landscape pattern analysis and the chapters that follow on the effects of landscape pattern on ecological processes.
Against Combinations’ and Coalitions’ Duties
Authors: Collins Stephanie 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter argues against the idea that combinations and coalitions are apt to bear duties. It builds on the previous chapter’s conclusion that combinations and coalitions are not moral agents by arguing for the Agency Principle: groups that are not moral agents cannot bear duties. It first considers—and rejects—the Ability Argument for the Agency Principle. This argument states that duties imply abilities and that groups that are not agents lack abilities. The Ability Argument fails, because non-agent groups often have abilities. Instead, the chapter endorses the Decision Argument for the Agency Principle. This argument states that duties imply a specific kind of ability: the ability to make morally sensitive decisions. Non-collective groups lack this specific ability. So, they cannot bear duties.
Catch-up and Mission-oriented Innovation
Authors: Mazzucato Mariana 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Innovation has not only a rate but also a direction: the twenty-first century is becoming increasingly defined by the need to respond to major social, environmental, and economic challenges. This chapter looks at how innovation policy can be reframed around ‘missions’, to guide both innovation policy and industrial strategies around key societal challenges facing countries. This means changing the focus from technologies and sectors to problems that different sectors (across manufacturing and services), actors (public and private), and disciplines are required to solve together. The chapter first reviews the characteristics of mission-oriented programmes before looking at key features of those programmes that can provide lessons.
The Crypto-Security
Authors: Hacker Philipp , Thomale Chris 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter analyses the interplay between initial coin offerings (‘ICOs’) and securities regulation, with a particular focus on EU law. ICOs have come to dwarf traditional venture capital funding in the blockchain space. However, the US Securities and Exchange Commission (‘SEC’) has determined that a number of token types constitute securities under US law, with potentially far-reaching consequences for initiators in terms of liability. Under EU law, explicit regulatory or court guidance is lacking at the moment. Against this background, this chapter develops a taxonomy of tokens by differentiating between investment, utility, and currency tokens. It shows that only investment tokens typically qualify as securities under EU law. Currency tokens are exempted because of their proximity to payment services regulation; and utility tokens will, for the most part, fall under EU consumer law, not securities regulation. These results derive from a functional analysis of EU securities regulation and arguably amount to a comparative advantage of EU law vis-à-vis US law in terms of the regulatory burden for token developers.
Conflicts of Laws and Codes
Authors: Möslein Florian 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Blockchain technology promises to perform tasks that have traditionally been assigned to the law and the realm of legal institutions. Smart contracts create agreements that are both automatable by computers and enforceable via the tamper-proof execution of computer codes. Based on such smart contracts, some providers of blockchain technologies offer ‘to act as a digital jurisdiction’. The promise seems to be that law of the relevant jurisdiction is entirely substituted by the rules codified in the blockchain. However, even if it has often been argued that the ‘Code Is Law’, the law is not—and arguably never will be—entirely redundant. Therefore, the challenge is to identify the boundaries of such digital jurisdictions by clarifying the relationship between law and code and to develop new principles for conflicts of laws or rather principles for the conflict of laws and codes.
Zeus, the Poet, and Vision
Authors: Myers Tobias 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Chapter 1 argues that the Iliad’s proem anticipates certain key elements of the battlefield spectacle to come: its central action (warfare and the desecration of corpses), and its staging and direction (with Zeus and the poet as joint orchestrators of the battlefield conflict). While the agency of Zeus and that of the poet are highlighted in various ways throughout the text, they overlap specifically in respect to their control of the warfare. Such moments of overlap heighten excitement during performance, as the ‘now’ of performance and the ‘now’ of mythic Troy become momentarily indistinguishable. The chapter concludes by bringing the lessons of its close readings together, to motivate and describe a new approach to the metapoetics of the Iliad’s gods, in place of the prevalent tendency to describe Zeus and the gods as drivers of ‘plot’. Instead, the chapter suggests, divine control should be seen as the flip side of divine viewing, and Zeus recognized as a figure who controls the course of the battle (not the whole plot). One should ask not just how Zeus’ role and the poet’s relate, but also what difference it makes for the Iliad as a performance event. Where textual cues are sufficient, certain scenes of divine viewing can be usefully read as a mise en abyme of the spectacle experience offered by the poet to his listeners.
The Duel and the Daïs: Iliadic Warfare as Spectacle
Authors: Myers Tobias 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Chapter 2 explores how the Olympians and the Iliad’s audience are positioned as viewers for the warfare in Books 1–4, and their roles defined. The first section focuses on the gods. Homer initially defines the gods’ role as viewers by drawing on two specific paradigms of live event: entertainment at a daïs (banquet), and the formal duel. Each of these paradigms carries its own suggestions as to the nature of the event, its stakes, and the relationship between viewer and action. As entertainment accompanying a daïs, the warfare may generate pleasure (terpein) for viewers whose critical role is to praise or blame the dramatic figure pulling the strings. As a spectacle modelled on the formal duel, the warfare is observed by implicated, partisan viewers, who are themselves a part of the conflict, and can become actors by entering the central space. Rich tension is generated by the combination of these paradigms. The chapter’s second section reads the opening of Book 4, in which the gods watch a duel from their daïs, as a mise en abyme of the spectacle experience offered by the Iliad to its listeners. On the one hand, the combination of duel and daïs shapes audience understanding of the kind of spectacle that they, too, are witnessing, and their own relationship to the action. On the other hand, the gods’ particular responses—both to the events on the ground and to their staging and direction—dramatize possible responses on the part of Homer’s audience.
Introduction: ‘With What Eyes…?’
Authors: Myers Tobias 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The Introduction considers the key concepts ‘divine perspective’, ‘divine audience’ and ‘Homer’s audience’. It discusses parallels and differences between the divine perspectives that Homer depicts (i.e. of the Olympians), and the divine perspective he adopts (as narrator). It asks what it is in the text of the Iliad that has moved so many critics to liken the gods to the ‘audience’ for an arranged, public event of one sort or another. It shows Jasper Griffin’s widely accepted answer—that the gods sometimes watch passively, with pity or pleasure—to be insufficient. It then proposes that a comprehensive study is needed, which will assess how divine viewing relates to divine control, and analyse the way that Homer builds his ‘divine audience’ in association with three culturally specific contexts: the formal duel, the daïs (banquet), and funeral rites. The chapter concludes with a discussion of ‘Homer’s audience’, laying out the study’s basic assumptions about the audience and performer implied by the text.
The Powers of Comprehension
Authors: Smith Nicholas D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Explains Plato’s analyses of the three cognitive powers: knowledge, opinion, and ignorance. Shows why Plato’s epistemology in the Republic should not be understood in terms of the more familiar notions of propositional or informational knowledge, but rather in terms of exemplar representation, with the only completely reliable exemplars being the forms. Plato’s cognitive powers should not be conceived as cognitive states, but as the powers that produce such states. Moreover, the kinds of states typically studied in contemporary epistemology have content that is either true or false, whereas Plato’s cognitive powers produce something like conceptions of such things as beauty, justice, and goodness, which, instead of being either true or false, may be more or less accurate. These conceptions can then be used in the kinds of judgments we normally think of as the content of cognitions.
The Sun and the Good
Authors: Smith Nicholas D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Explains and reveals the limitations of the first in the sequence of Plato’s three images of cognition and education: the simile of the sun and the good. Shows how this simile continues Plato’s epistemology of cognitive powers, and also shows how the role of truth in Plato’s epistemology is very different from the way it figures in contemporary epistemology. Introduces Plato’s idea of thinking as a first step in summoning the power of knowledge. Plato has Socrates and Glaucon come to an impasse when Glaucon wishes to hear about what Socrates thinks about what the good is, which they agree should be the highest study of the philosopher-rulers. Socrates balks at this, not wishing to speak of the good as if he knew what it is. But Glaucon presses, insisting that they should at least discuss the good in the ways in which they have already discussed justice and moderation. A middle ground is thus indicated between just comparing opinions on a subject without knowledge, and the sort of knowledge that philosopher-rulers will have, but which Socrates and Glaucon lack. The discussion of the good, then, falls into this middle ground, as do the earlier discussions of justice and moderation.
Humour, Satire, and the Rise of the Bad Poet
Authors: Blair Kirstie 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter considers the use of satire in newspaper poetry columns and correspondence columns, and editorial interventions in relation to poetic critique. It shows how newspapers became a site for the exploration of poetic norms and standards, and how the rise of a culture of deliberately ‘bad’ comic poetry both reinforced and questioned these standards. The first subsection examines correspondence columns and their commentary on poetic standards. The second shows how poets responded to these columns by producing fake bad poems, and how these became a popular genre across the press. It focuses particularly on the work of Alexander Burgess under the pseudonym ‘Poute’. The final section of this chapter demonstrates that William McGonagall was part of this culture of bad verse and drew on it in his own self-representations.
Introduction
Authors: Harper Steven C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Joseph Smith (1805–44), founder of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, or Mormonism, remembered that his first audible prayer, uttered in the woods near his parents’ home in western New York State, resulted in a vision of heavenly beings who forgave him and told him Christianity had gone astray. Scholars debate the multiple memories Smith recorded of this event, arguing about which is accurate. Latter-day Saints, meanwhile, have just begun, historically speaking, to awaken to the fact that there are multiple memories and to wrestle with the implications. Until now, no one has brought memory studies to bear on the origins of the church. This book is the first to trace the history of Joseph Smith’s memories.
Filling the Void
Authors: Harper Steven C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In 1893, as the Salt Lake temple neared completion, the holiest space in it was finished with a stained-glass window depicting Joseph Smith’s first vision. Like other late-nineteenth-century selectors and relaters, those who put a stained glass depiction of Joseph Smith’s first vision in the Salt Lake temple tolerated inaccuracy better than incoherence, but their objective differed. Christensen composed music and Manwaring painted about the vision so saints generally could internalize a coherent version of it that made sense in their present. Putting stained glass in the holiest temple space certainly did that too, but with the added effect of sacralizing the space and elevating the vision, endowing it with more significance, and signifying its first place in the Mormon narrative both chronologically and seminally.
Fundamentalism
Authors: Harper Steven C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
J. Reuben Clark’s 1938 speech to Mormon religious educators established a litmus test of orthodoxy based on belief in the historicity of Joseph Smith’s first vision. Dale Morgan and then Fawn Brodie provided source-critical readings of the evidence that called the historicity of the vision into question. Mormons who were aware of the tensions between these views had to wrestle with them. Faced with a new attack on Smith’s canonized account of his first vision, prophets and apostles stood with the story, trusting it as history and upholding it as a model for young, increasingly educated Latter-day Saints to follow.
I Did Not Know
Authors: Harper Steven C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
At the turn of the twenty-first century church leaders and educators took for granted that Latter-day Saints shared the memory of Smith’s vision as their origin story and that it would automatically be transmitted to the next generation. Internet-empowered selectors and relaters disrupted that memory, however, leading many to question both the vision and whether they could trust the church regarding it and other points of history. Though slow to respond to the information age, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints remained the most powerful selector and relater of memory elements, and began introducing diverse and effective means of complexifying and solidifying a shared memory of Smith’s first vision.
Seemings
Authors: Smithies Declan 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Chapter 12 concludes the book by contrasting phenomenal accessibilism with Michael Huemer’s phenomenal conservatism. Section 12.1 defines phenomenal conservatism as the global principle that you have epistemic justification to believe a proposition just when it seems strongly enough on balance to be true. Section 12.2 explains the concept of a seeming and outlines an argument that there are no nonperceptual seemings. Section 12.3 argues that phenomenal conservatism imposes implausible restrictions on evidence: all seemings are evidence, but not all evidence is seemings. Section 12.4 argues that phenomenal conservatism gives an overly simplistic account of the evidential support relation: it cannot explain why epistemic rationality requires not only perceptual coherence, but also introspective coherence, logical coherence, and metacoherence. Section 12.5 argues that phenomenal accessibilism is needed to explain these essential characteristics of epistemically rational thinkers. Section 12.6 concludes by summarizing why phenomenal accessibilism is superior to phenomenal conservatism.
The Antebellum Era and Civil War, 1800–1865
Authors: Harp Gillis J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Several antebellum conservatives sought to dismantle the Lockean foundations of American political thinking in favor of a political vision that affirmed the divine origins of government. Evangelical conservatives such as Senator Theodore Frelinghuysen were among the first to advance the “America as a Christian nation” argument that became a favorite of conservatives in the latter part of the twentieth century. By the 1830s, New England evangelicals, such as Connecticut Congregationalist pastor Lyman Beecher, came reluctantly to accept church disestablishment at the state level as best for both Christianity and society. During the Civil War, conservatives North and South built upon the work of their antebellum forerunners and stressed the essential place and role of Christianity. Two examples of this movement in the North were the campaigns to amend the Federal Constitution with an explicit reference to Christ and the addition of “In God We Trust” to the nation’s coinage.
Conclusion
Authors: Harp Gillis J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Among the most significant outcomes of the complex relationship between evangelicals and political conservatism has been to make orthodox Protestants simultaneously both less distinctively Christian and less genuinely conservative. Since the late nineteenth century, evangelicals have drawn from the newer sort of classical liberal “conservatism” whose principles owe more to the Enlightenment than to Christian theology. Further, their unreflective activism and increasingly nondoctrinal pietism has made it easy for evangelicals simultaneously to compartmentalize their faith, while still becoming more active politically. Evangelicals’ perspective on public life thereby became more secular as it became more partisan and utilitarian. The choice to support candidate Trump in 2016 highlighted evangelicalism’s lack of a theological basis for political engagement. The preceding chapters show that this deficiency had deep historical roots.
Collapsing Cavities and Converging Shocks in Non-Ideal Materials
Authors: Boyd Zachary M , Schmidt Emma M , Ramsey Scott D , Baty Roy S 
Published: August 2019

Summary
As modern hydrodynamic codes increase in sophistication, the availability of realistic test problems becomes increasingly important. In gas dynamics, one common unrealistic aspect of most test problems is the ideal gas assumption, which is unsuited to many real applications, especially those involving high pressure and speed metal deformation. Our work considers the collapsing cavity and converging shock test problems, showing to what extent the ideal gas assumption can be removed from their specification. It is found that while most materials simply do not admit simple (that is scaling) solutions in this context, there are infinite-dimensional families of materials which do admit such solutions. We characterize such materials, derive the appropriate ordinary differential equations and analyze the associated nonlinear eigenvalue problem. It is shown that there is an inherent tension between boundedness of the solution, boundedness of its derivatives and the entropy condition. The special case of a constant-speed cavity collapse is considered and found to be heuristically possible, contrary to common intuition. Finally, we give an example of a concrete non-ideal collapsing cavity scaling solution based on a recently proposed pseudo-Mie–Gruneisen equation of state.