bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatial Patterns and Sequential Sampling Plans for Estimating Densities of Stink Bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in Soybean in the North Central Region of the United States
Authors: Pezzini Daniela T , DiFonzo Christina D , Finke Deborah L , Hunt Thomas E , Knodel Janet J , Krupke Christian H , McCornack Brian , Michel Andrew P , Moon Roger D , Philips Christopher R , Varenhorst Adam J , Wright Robert J , Koch Robert L 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Stink bugs are an emerging threat to soybean (Fabales: Fabaceae) in the North Central Region of the United States. Consequently, region-specific scouting recommendations for stink bugs are needed. The aim of this study was to characterize the spatial pattern and to develop sampling plans to estimate stink bug population density in soybean fields. In 2016 and 2017, 125 fields distributed across nine states were sampled using sweep nets. Regression analyses were used to determine the effects of stink bug species [Chinavia hilaris (Say) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) and Euschistus spp. (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)], life stages (nymphs and adults), and field locations (edge and interior) on spatial pattern as represented by variance–mean relationships. Results showed that stink bugs were aggregated. Sequential sampling plans were developed for each combination of species, life stage, and location and for all the data combined. Results for required sample size showed that an average of 40–42 sample units (sets of 25 sweeps) would be necessary to achieve a precision of 0.25 for stink bug densities commonly encountered across the region. However, based on the observed geographic gradient of stink bug densities, more practical sample sizes (5–10 sample units) may be sufficient in states in the southeastern part of the region, whereas impractical sample sizes (>100 sample units) may be required in the northwestern part of the region. Our findings provide research-based sampling recommendations for estimating densities of these emerging pests in soybean.
Superficial Ballistic Trauma and Subjective Pain Experienced during Force-on-Force Training and the Observed Recovery Pattern
Authors: Biggs Adam , Doubrava Matthew 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Introduction
Military training involves preparing individuals for combat, yet applying the stressors of combat while maintaining a safe training environment is exceedingly difficult. One method to induce significant anxiety while still maintaining reasonable safety has been to utilize simulated ammunition. These rounds enable force-on-force training with reasonable stress and firing accuracy while also readily allowing participants to realize they have been shot. As such, these rounds have significant value when performing force-on-force training. However, although in widespread use, there has not been a documented medical effort assessing the subjective pain experienced by individuals after being struck by one of these rounds, nor a visual record tracking recovery. The current investigation presents pilot data collected from an existing training course to provide an assessment of superficial ballistic trauma inflicted by simulated ammunition.

Materials and Methods
Participants completed one-on-one duels as part of their intended course curriculum. These individuals used 9 mm pistols firing marking cartridges while wearing only prescribed protection equipment, leaving the chest, arms, and hands minimally covered by typical clothing. Participants engaged in the duels as overseen by the instructors and without guidance or interference by the experiment team. After an individual completed these drills, researchers then asked questions about subjective pain experience while also documenting the recovery via photographs.

Results
Results indicated that simulated ammunition only inflicted a mild amount of subjective pain, which reduced to zero even upon palpation after only a few days. Subjective pain for the chest was rated slightly higher than any other region. The visual record documented that most contusions were reduced to minor bruising, largely dissipating as quickly as the pain.

Conclusions
Participants were able to safely conduct force-on-force training with simulated ammunition by following the manufacturer recommended safety standards. Participants did rate a statistically significant level of subjective pain, although this mild pain serves as a necessary factor to create the stressful environment of simulating combat conditions. It is possible that the subjective pain was rated higher for the chest due to the increased number of total rounds striking the chest, or the more direct impact of the rounds upon this tissue. The differences in subjective pain and recovery between impact regions of the body are likely due to the specific force-on-force drill conducted as a part of this training. Additional research will be necessary to support or dispute this latter speculation.
Defining Normal Balance for Army Aviators
Authors: Karch Stephanie J , Lawson Benton D , Milam Lana S 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Introduction
One challenge clinicians face is determining when a military Service Member (SM) can return to duty after an injury that affects the postural control. The gold standard to measure postural control is the Sensory Organization Test (SOT). This test measures the amount of sway present in an individual’s static stance that may be used to examine range of function and monitor recovery from injury. Normative values currently available were developed using a sample of clinically normal adults from the general population (i.e., civilian non-aviator). Previous research suggests that these values should not be used as a comparative cohort for high-performing populations in the military. However, normative values, specific to military SMs, do not exist. The aim of this study was to develop a normative clinical database for functional balance (i.e., the SOT) for military-trained aviators, an occupational specialty that may consist of high performers.

Materials and Methods
Forty-three U.S. Army trained aviators, between 23 and 40 years old with medical clearance for flight operations from the Fort Rucker, Alabama area community consented and participated in this study. The SOT was delivered using the NeuroCom SMART EquiTest Clinical Research System with the Data Acquisition Toolkit (version 9.3).

Results
A statistically significant (p &lt; 0.01) difference between the study cohort of Army-trained aviators and the publically available general civilian normative values was found for the more challenging conditions, in which the force plate was not fixed (i.e., conditions four through six). The study cohort of Army-trained aviators were found to have a higher equilibrium score in each of these three conditions. Similarly, a significant difference (p &lt; 0.01) between the two cohorts was found on the visual and vestibular sensory analysis ratios, and the visual preference scores (i.e., greater reliance upon visual information in the maintenance of balance). The study cohort were found to have a higher ratios (i.e., greater dependence upon these sensory cues) in each of these conditions.

Conclusion
Army-trained aviators are high-functioning performers whose SOT scores differ from that of the general civilian population, particularly for the more challenging test conditions. New normative values were developed from this study population. Use of the developed normative values could be used as a comparative cohort in screening aviators who are recovering from injuries that affect postural stability.
Grading Modal Judgement
Authors: Charlow Nate 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThis paper proposes a new model of graded modal judgement. It begins by problematizing the phenomenon: given plausible constraints on the logic of epistemic modality, it is impossible to model graded attitudes toward modal claims as judgements of probability targeting epistemically modal propositions. This paper considers two alternative models, on which modal operators are non-proposition-forming: (1) Moss (2015), in which graded attitudes toward modal claims are represented as judgements of probability targeting a ‘proxy’ proposition, belief in which would underwrite belief in the modal claim; (2) a model on which graded attitudes toward modal claims are represented as judgements of credence taking as their objects (non-propositional) modal representations (rather than proxy propositions). The second model, like Moss’s model, is shown to be semantically and mathematically tractable. The second model, however, can be straightforwardly integrated into a plausible model of the role of graded attitudes toward modal claims in cognition and normative epistemology.
The epidemiology and characteristics of acute kidney injury in the Southeast Asia intensive care unit: a prospective multicentre study
Authors: Srisawat Nattachai , Kulvichit Win , Mahamitra Noppathorn , Hurst Cameron , Praditpornsilpa Kearkiat , Lumlertgul Nuttha , Chuasuwan Anan , Trongtrakul Konlawij , Tasnarong Adis , Champunot Ratapum , Bhurayanontachai Rangsun , Kongwibulwut Manasnun , Chatkaew Pornlert , Oranrigsupak Petchdee , Sukmark Theerapon , Panaput Thanachai , Laohacharoenyot Natthapon , Surasit Karjbundid , Keobounma Thathsalang , Khositrangsikun Kamol , Suwattanasilpa Ummarit , Pattharanitima Pattharawin , Santithisadeekorn Poramin , Wanitchanont Anocha , Peerapornrattana Sadudee , Loaveeravat Passisd , Leelahavanichkul Asada , Tiranathanagul Khajohn , Kerr Stephen J , Tungsanga Kriang , Eiam-Ong Somchai , Sitprija Visith , Kellum John A 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Background
Etiologies for acute kidney injury (AKI) vary by geographic region and socioeconomic status. While considerable information is now available on AKI in the Americas, Europe and China, large comprehensive epidemiologic studies of AKI from Southeast Asia (SEA) are still lacking. The aim of this study was to investigate the rates and characteristics of AKI among intensive care unit (ICU) patients in Thailand.

Methods
We conducted the largest prospective observational study of AKI in SEA. The data were serially collected on the first 28 days of ICU admission by registration in electronic web-based format. AKI status was defined by full Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcome criteria. We used AKI occurrence as the clinical outcome and explored the impact of modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors on the development and progression of AKI.

Results
We enrolled 5476 patients from 17 ICU centres across Thailand from February 2013 to July 2015. After excluding patients with end-stage renal disease and those with incomplete data, AKI occurred in 2471 of 4668 patients (52.9%). Overall, the maximum AKI stage was Stage 1 in 7.5%, Stage 2 in 16.5% and Stage 3 in 28.9%. In the multivariable adjusted model, we found that older age, female sex, admission to a regional hospital, medical ICU, high body mass index, primary diagnosis of cardiovascular-related disease and infectious disease, higher Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II, non-renal Sequential Organ Failure Assessment scores, underlying anemia and use of vasopressors were all independent risk factors for AKI development.

Conclusions
In Thai ICUs, AKI is very common. Identification of risk factors of AKI development will help in the development of a prognostic scoring model for this population and should help in decision making for timely intervention, ultimately leading to better clinical outcomes.
Governmental policies to reduce unhealthy food marketing to children
Authors: Taillie Lindsey Smith , Busey Emily , Stoltze Fernanda Mediano , Dillman Carpentier Francesca Renee 
Published: April 2019

AbstractReducing children’s exposure to food marketing is an important obesity prevention strategy. This narrative review describes current statutory regulations that restrict food marketing; reviews available evidence on the effects of these regulations; and compares policy design elements in Chile and the United Kingdom. Currently, 16 countries have statutory regulations on unhealthy food marketing to children. Restrictions on television advertising, primarily during children’s programming, are most common. Schools are also a common setting for restrictions. Regulations on media such as cinema, mobile phone applications, print, packaging, and the internet are uncommon. Eleven evaluations of policies in 4 jurisdictions found small or no policy-related reductions in unhealthy food advertising, in part because marketing shifted to other programs or venues; however, not all policies have been evaluated. Compared with the United Kingdom, Chile restricts marketing on more products, across a wider range of media, using more marketing techniques. Future research should examine which elements of food marketing policy design are most effective at reducing children’s exposure to unhealthy food marketing.
Dietary interventions, intestinal microenvironment, and obesity: a systematic review
Authors: Santos Johnny G , Alves Bruna C , Hammes Thais O , Dall’Alba Valesca 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Context
Obesity has been linked to the intestinal microenvironment. Diet plays an important role in obesity and has been associated with microbiota.

Objective
This systematic review sought to evaluate the scientific evidence on the effect of dietary modification, including supplementation with prebiotics and probiotics, on microbiota diversity in obesity.

Data sources
A systematic search was performed in the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases. Studies were considered eligible if they were clinical trials evaluating dietary intervention and microbiota, body weight, or clinical parameters in obesity.

Data extraction
Data were extracted by 2 independent reviewers.

Results
From 168 articles identified, 20 were included (n = 931 participants). Increased phyla abundance after food interventions was the main finding in relation to microbiota. Regarding the impact of interventions, increased insulin sensitivity, reduced levels of inflammatory markers, and reduced body mass index were shown in several studies.

Conclusions
Interventions that modulate microbiota, especially prebiotics, show encouraging results in treating obesity, improving insulin levels, inflammatory markers, and body mass index. Because the studies included in this review were heterogeneous, it is difficult to achieve conclusive and definitive results.
Influence of physical activity at a young age and lifetime physical activity on the risks of 3 obesity-related cancers: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies
Authors: Hidayat Khemayanto , Zhou Hui-Juan , Shi Bi-Min 
Published: April 2019

AbstractContextExcess weight has been linked to increased risks of 13 types of cancers. Physical activity is a non-nutritional modifiable lifestyle factor that is not only crucial for weight control but is also known to regulate hormones and metabolic pathways that may contribute to carcinogenesis. There is solid evidence that being physically active during middle and late adulthood lowers the risks of 3 obesity-related cancers, namely breast cancer, colon cancer, and endometrial cancer. However, the associations between physical activity at a young age (childhood, adolescence, and young adulthood; age 5 to ≤30 yr) and lifetime physical activity and the risks of breast cancer, colon cancer, and endometrial cancer are less defined.ObjectiveThe present systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies was performed in accordance with the MOOSE guidelines to determine whether physical activity at a young age and lifetime physical activity may lower the risks of breast cancer, colon cancer, and endometrial cancer.Data sourcesThe PubMed and Web of Science databases were searched for relevant observational studies published from inception to July 2018.Study selectionObservational studies (prospective cohort, case-cohort, nested case-control, historical cohort, and case-control) were considered relevant if they investigated the association between physical activity at a young age or lifetime physical activity and the risks of developing selected cancers.Data extractionA random-effects meta-analysis was performed to generate the summary relative risk (RR) with 95%CI for the highest vs the lowest category of physical activity of any type.ResultsEighty publications were included in the present meta-analysis. Higher physical activity at a young age was associated with lower risks of breast cancer (RR 0.81, 95%CI 0.76, 0.87) and colon cancer (RR 0.67, 95%CI 0.50, 0.88). Similarly, lifetime physical activity was inversely associated with the risks of breast cancer (RR 0.79, 95%CI 0.72, 0.86) and colon cancer (RR 0.75, 95%CI 0.69, 0.82). For breast cancer, menopausal status did not appear to modify the observed inverse association. The benefit with respect to endometrial cancer risk reduction was only observed with higher lifetime physical activity (RR 0.77, 95%CI 0.67, 0.88), not with higher physical activity at a young age (RR 0.89, 95%CI 0.73, 1.07).ConclusionsBeing physically active over a lifetime, starting from early childhood, may lower the risks of developing breast cancer, colon cancer, and endometrial cancer.
The C-type ATP-Binding Cassette Transporter OsABCC7 Is Involved in the Root-to-Shoot Translocation of Arsenic in Rice
Authors: Tang Zhong , Chen Yi , Miller Anthony J , Zhao Fang-Jie 
Published: April 2019

AbstractRice is a major dietary source of inorganic arsenic (As), a nonthreshold carcinogen. Reducing As accumulation in rice grain is of critical importance for food safety. In the present study, we investigated the role of a member of the rice C-type ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter (OsABCC) family, OsABCC7, in arsenite [As(III)] accumulation in rice. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR showed that OsABCC7 was expressed intensively in the roots and the expression was strongly suppressed by As(III) exposure. Transgenic rice plants expressing OsABCC7 Promoter-GUS (β-glucuronidase) suggest that the gene was predominantly expressed in the xylem parenchyma cells in the stele region of the primary and lateral roots. Transient expression of OsABCC7: GFP fusion protein in Nicotiana benthamiana leaf cells showed that the protein was localized at the plasma membrane. When expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes, OsABCC7 showed an efflux activity for As(III)-phytochelatin and As(III)-glutathione complexes, but not for As(III). Knockout of OsABCC7 in rice significantly decreased As concentration in the xylem sap and As concentration in the shoots, but had little effect on root As concentration. Taken together, our results indicate that OsABCC7 is involved in the root-to-shoot translocation of As(III).
Incidence of Venous Thromboembolism After Different Modes of Gynecologic Surgery
Authors: Jorgensen Elisa M. , Li Anjie , Modest Anna M. , Leung Katherine , Moore Simas Tiffany A. , Hur Hye-Chun 
Published: April 2019

(Abstracted from Obstet Gynecol 2018;132:1275–1284)
An uncommon but potentially fatal complication of surgery is venous thromboembolism (VTE). It is critical when planning surgery that gynecologic surgeons assess the risk of VTE and provide appropriate prophylaxis for high-risk patients.
Rapid Prenatal Diagnosis Using Targeted Exome Sequencing: A Cohort Study to Assess Feasibility and Potential Impact on Prenatal Counseling and Pregnancy Management
Authors: Chandler Natalie , Best Sunayna , Hayward Jane , Faravelli Francesca , Mansour Sahar , Kivuva Emma , Tapon Dagmar , Male Alison , DeVile Catherine , Chitty Lyn S. 
Published: April 2019

(Abstracted from Genet Med 2018;20(11):1430–1437)
Unexpected fetal abnormalities occur in 2% to 5% of pregnancies. Although traditional cytogenetic and microarray approaches achieve diagnosis in approximately 40% of cases, lack of diagnosis in others impedes parental counseling, informed decision making, and pregnancy management.
Application of Cell-Free DNA Analysis to Cancer Treatment
Authors: Corcoran Ryan B. , Chabner Bruce A. 
Published: April 2019

(Abstracted from N Engl J Med 2018;379(18):1754–1765)
Tumor biopsies represent the standard for cancer diagnosis and the primary method for molecular testing to guide the selection of precision therapies. Liquid biopsies, particularly those involving cell-free DNA (cfDNA) from plasma, are rapidly emerging as an important and minimally invasive adjunct to standard tumor biopsies and, in some cases, even a potential alternative approach.
Omega-3 Fatty Acid Addition During Pregnancy
Authors: Middleton Philippa , Gomersall Judith C. , Gould Jacqueline F. , Shepherd Emily , Olsen Sjurdur F. , Makrides Maria 
Published: April 2019

(Abstracted from Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018;11:CD003402)
Preterm birth is a leading cause of disability or death in the first 5 years of life. Higher intake of foods containing omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs), such as fish, during pregnancy has been associated with longer gestations and improved perinatal outcomes.
Clinical Process Modeling: An Approach for Enhancing the Assessment of Physicians’ Clinical Reasoning
Authors: Cook Robert J. , Durning Steven J. 
Published: April 2019

To ensure the validity of test interpretation and use, educators must be able to connect the dots between the tasks examinees perform on a test and the decisions educators make based on the results of that test. Toward that end, in this article, the authors introduce an approach called clinical process modeling, which combines clinical reasoning and principled assessment design. The goal of this approach is to better align test item development with the assessment of physicians’ application of knowledge. Clinical process modeling involves creating complex decision trees that can mirror clinical reasoning illness scripts and include the steps and pathways a physician could take to address a specific patient presentation from initial presentation to correct diagnosis and therapy. Once created, these decision trees can be used to inform the assessment development process.
To illustrate this approach, the authors describe how they developed one such clinical process model for a common presentation of low back pain from the field of internal medicine. They explain the steps they took to develop their model and the corresponding test item. They conclude by discussing potential future directions and additional implications for this work, emphasizing how clinical process models can be used to inform other educational processes and clinical practice.