bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Species of the Genus Eubulus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): A New and More Destructive Cassava Pest in the Brazilian Cerrado
Authors: Oliveira Charles M , Vieira Eduardo A , Fialho Josefino F , Frizzas Marina R 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIn 2009, a new pest of cassava crops was observed in the Federal District (Brazil) and identified as Eubulus (Kirsch) sp. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). The pest is currently distributed in the states of Goiás, Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso do Sul, and Paraná. The larvae consume roots, causing the tissue to rot and making it unfit for consumption. The damage can extend to 100% of the roots. Owing to the potential losses that this pest is capable of causing, studies are needed on its biology, ecology, and future management strategies aimed at minimizing the losses, allowing the continuity of cassava cultivation in Brazil. This study reports on the occurrence of the pest in Brazilian Cerrado, its distribution in Brazil, the symptoms of its infestation and estimates the damage caused.
A Reproductives Excluder for Subterranean Termites in Laboratory Experiments
Authors: Lee Sang-Bin , Chouvenc Thomas , Su Nan-Yao 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
As a social insect, termites have different castes and division of labor in a colony. Investigating the social behavior of subterranean termites is a challenge due to the cryptic nature and large colony size. Planar arenas are commonly used to study these termites under laboratory conditions, and have provided several advantages. However, there is no means to designate areas such as a royal chamber or central nest from foraging sites because reproductives can move freely across arenas. In this study, we examined the minimum passing size of different castes of Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae), in order to develop a reproductive excluder and correlated minimum passing size with head widths and heights. We found that workers and soldiers of C. formosanus were able to pass through a gap greater than or equal to 0.7 mm. Our results showed that there are significant differences in the head width and height based on castes and head height was more critical than head width to determine passing size. We further confirmed feasibilities of the reproductive excluders using incipient colonies of C. formosanus. Confining reproductives using the excluder in laboratory experiments will provide more chances to study the royal chamber and central nest independently of foraging sites.
Genome-Wide Association Study of Piscine Myocarditis Virus (PMCV) Resistance in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar)
Authors: Hillestad Borghild , Moghadam Hooman K 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Cardiomyopathy syndrome is a severe, viral disease of Atlantic salmon that mostly affects farmed animals during their late production stage at sea. Caused by piscine myocarditis virus (PMCV), over the past few years outbreaks due to this disease have resulted in significant losses to the aquaculture industry. However, there is currently no vaccine that has proven effective against this virus. In this study, using a challenge model, we investigated the genetic variation for resistance to PMCV, by screening a large number of animals using a 55 K SNP array. In particular, we aimed to identify genetic markers that are tightly linked to higher disease resistance and can potentially be used in breeding programs. Using genomic information, we estimated a heritability of 0.51 ± 0.06, suggesting that resistance against this virus, to a great extent, is controlled by genetic factors. Through association analysis, we identified a significant quantitative trait locus (QTL) on chromosome 27, explaining approximately 57% of the total additive genetic variation. The region harboring this QTL contains various immune-related candidate genes, many of which have previously been shown to have a different expression profile between the naïve and infected animals. We also identified a suggestive association on chromosome 12, with the QTL linked markers located in 2 putatively immune-related genes. These results are of particular interest, as they can readily be implemented into breeding programs, can further assist in fine-mapping the causative mutations, and help in better understanding the biology of the disease and the immunological mechanisms underlying resistance against PMCV.
Is Language Necessary for the Social Transmission of Lithic Technology?
Authors: Shilton Dor 
Published: July 2019

AbstractRecently, a growing number of studies have considered the role of language in the social transmission of tool-making skill during human evolution. In this article, I address this question in light of a new theory of language and its evolution, and review evidence from anthropology and experimental archaeology related to it. I argue that the specific function of language—the instruction of imagination—is not necessary for the social transmission of tool-making skill. Evidence from hunter-gatherer ethnographies suggests that social learning relies mainly on observation, participation, play, and experimentation. Ethnographies of traditional stone cultures likewise describe group activities with simple, context-bound interactions embedded in the here and now. Experiments comparing gestural and verbal teaching of tool-making skills also demonstrate that language is not necessary for that process. I conclude that there is no convincing evidence that language played an important role in the social transmission of lithic technology, although the possibility that linguistic instruction was involved as part of the social interactions accompanying tool-making cannot be excluded.
Municipal Government Form and Budget Outcomes: Political Responsiveness, Bureaucratic Insulation, and the Budgetary Solvency of Cities
Authors: Jimenez Benedict S 
Published: July 2019

AbstractOne of the fundamental questions in democratic governance is whether policies are best decided by elected officials or by appointed bureaucrat-experts. The study examines this issue in the context of how municipal government form influences government-wide budgetary solvency. Government form creates distinct incentives for executive action that shape budget outcomes. In mayor–council governments, the elected executive’s desire to be reelected increases responsiveness to voters’ preferences. Vote maximization incentivizes the adoption of policies that are popular among voters but can lead to budgetary imbalance. In contrast, the appointed executive in the council–manager form is interested in career advancement, which she achieves by building a reputation for leading a fiscally sound government. Insulated from the demands of voters, the manager can rely on expert knowledge and professional norms to choose policies that result in balanced budgets. Using data from audited financial reports for 655 mid-sized and large city governments in the United States from fiscal years 2006 to 2013, the econometric analysis shows that council–manager cities have stronger budgetary solvency compared with mayor–council cities.
Ibrexafungerp: A novel oral glucan synthase inhibitor
Authors: Davis M R , Donnelley M A , Thompson G R 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIbrexafungerp is a novel glucan synthase inhibitor currently undergoing phase II and phase III clinical trials. This compound has demonstrated in vitro activity against clinically important fungal pathogens including Candida spp. and Aspergillus spp. It is able to retain activity against many echinocandin-resistant strains of Candida due to differential avidity for the target site compared to echinocandins. In vivo animal models have demonstrated efficacy in murine models of invasive candidiasis, aspergillosis, and pneumocystis. Due to high bioavailability, it can be administered both orally and intravenously. A favorable drug interaction and tolerability profile is observed with this compound. This review summarizes existing data that have either been published or presented at international symposia.
The COMBS survey – I. Chemical origins of metal-poor stars in the Galactic bulge
Authors: Lucey Madeline , Hawkins Keith , Ness Melissa , Asplund Martin , Bensby Thomas , Casagrande Luca , Feltzing Sofia , Freeman Kenneth C , Kobayashi Chiaki , Marino Anna F 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACT
Chemistry and kinematic studies can determine the origins of stellar population across the Milky Way. The metallicity distribution function of the bulge indicates that it comprises multiple populations, the more metal-poor end of which is particularly poorly understood. It is currently unknown if metal-poor bulge stars ([Fe/H] <−1 dex) are part of the stellar halo in the inner most region, or a distinct bulge population or a combination of these. Cosmological simulations also indicate that the metal-poor bulge stars may be the oldest stars in the Galaxy. In this study, we successfully target metal-poor bulge stars selected using SkyMapper photometry. We determine the stellar parameters of 26 stars and their elemental abundances for 22 elements using R∼ 47 000 VLT/UVES spectra and contrast their elemental properties with that of other Galactic stellar populations. We find that the elemental abundances we derive for our metal-poor bulge stars have lower overall scatter than typically found in the halo. This indicates that these stars may be a distinct population confined to the bulge. If these stars are, alternatively, part of the innermost distribution of the halo, this indicates that the halo is more chemically homogeneous at small Galactic radii than at large radii. We also find two stars whose chemistry is consistent with second-generation globular cluster stars. This paper is the first part of the Chemical Origins of Metal-poor Bulge Stars (COMBS) survey that will chemodynamically characterize the metal-poor bulge population.
Fullerenes in the IC 348 star cluster of the Perseus Molecular Cloud
Authors: Iglesias-Groth S 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
We present the detection of fullerenes C60 and C70 in the star-forming region IC 348 of the Perseus molecular cloud. Mid-IR vibrational transitions of C60 and C70 in emission are found in Spitzer IRS spectra of individual stars (LRLL 1, 2, 58), in the averaged spectrum of three other cluster stars (LRLL 21, 31 and 67) and in spectra obtained at four interstellar locations distributed across the IC 348 region. Fullerene bands appear widely distributed in this region with higher strength in the lines-of-sight of stars at the core of the cluster. Emission features consistent with three most intense bands of the C$_{60}^+$ and with one of C$_{60}^-$ are also found in several spectra, and if ascribed to these ionized species it would imply ionization fractions at 20 and 10 %, respectively. The stars under consideration host protoplanetary disks, however the spatial resolution of the spectra is not sufficient to disentangle the presence of fullerenes in them. If fullerene abundances in the cloud were representative of IC 348 protoplanetary disks, C60, the most abundant of the two species, could host ∼ 0.1 % of the total available carbon in the disks. This should encourage dedicated searches in young disks with upcoming facilities as JWST. Fullerenes provide a reservoir of pentagonal and hexagonal carbon rings which could be important as building blocks of prebiotic molecules. Accretion of these robust molecules in early phases of planet formation may contribute to the formation of complex organic molecules in young planets.
Insight into primordial magnetic fields from 21-cm line observation with EDGES experiment
Authors: Minoda Teppei , Tashiro Hiroyuki , Takahashi Tomo 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The recent observation of the 21-cm global absorption signal by EDGES suggests that the intergalactic medium (IGM) gas has been cooler than the cosmic microwave background during 15 ≲ z ≲ 20. This result can provide a strong constraint on heating sources for the IGM gas at these redshifts. In this paper we study the constraint on the primordial magnetic fields (PMFs) by the EDGES result. The PMFs can heat the IGM gas through their energy dissipation due to the magnetohydrodynamic effects. By numerically solving the thermal evolution of the IGM gas with the PMFs, we find that the EDGES result gives a stringent limit on the PMFs as B1 Mpc ≲ 10−10 G.
De Novo Mutation Rate Estimation in Wolves of Known Pedigree
Authors: Koch Evan M , Schweizer Rena M , Schweizer Teia M , Stahler Daniel R , Smith Douglas W , Wayne Robert K , Novembre John 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Knowledge of mutation rates is crucial for calibrating population genetics models of demographic history in units of years. However, mutation rates remain challenging to estimate because of the need to identify extremely rare events. We estimated the nuclear mutation rate in wolves by identifying de novo mutations in a pedigree of seven wolves. Putative de novo mutations were discovered by whole-genome sequencing and were verified by Sanger sequencing of parents and offspring. Using stringent filters and an estimate of the false negative rate in the remaining observable genome, we obtain an estimate of ∼4.5 × 10−9 per base pair per generation and provide conservative bounds between 2.6 × 10−9 and 7.1 × 10−9. Although our estimate is consistent with recent mutation rate estimates from ancient DNA (4.0 × 10−9 and 3.0–4.5 × 10−9), it suggests a wider possible range. We also examined the consequences of our rate and the accompanying interval for dating several critical events in canid demographic history. For example, applying our full range of rates to coalescent models of dog and wolf demographic history implies a wide set of possible divergence times between the ancestral populations of dogs and extant Eurasian wolves (16,000–64,000 years ago) although our point estimate indicates a date between 25,000 and 33,000 years ago. Aside from one study in mice, ours provides the only direct mammalian mutation rate outside of primates and is likely to be vital to future investigations of mutation rate evolution.
Binding of eIF3 in complex with eIF5 and eIF1 to the 40S ribosomal subunit is accompanied by dramatic structural changes
Authors: Zeman Jakub , Itoh Yuzuru , Kukačka Zdeněk , Rosůlek Michal , Kavan Daniel , Kouba Tomáš , Jansen Myrte E , Mohammad Mahabub P , Novák Petr , Valášek Leoš S 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
eIF3 is a large multiprotein complex serving as an essential scaffold promoting binding of other eIFs to the 40S subunit, where it coordinates their actions during translation initiation. Perhaps due to a high degree of flexibility of multiple eIF3 subunits, a high-resolution structure of free eIF3 from any organism has never been solved. Employing genetics and biochemistry, we previously built a 2D interaction map of all five yeast eIF3 subunits. Here we further improved the previously reported in vitro reconstitution protocol of yeast eIF3, which we cross-linked and trypsin-digested to determine its overall shape in 3D by advanced mass-spectrometry. The obtained cross-links support our 2D subunit interaction map and reveal that eIF3 is tightly packed with its WD40 and RRM domains exposed. This contrasts with reported cryo-EM structures depicting eIF3 as a molecular embracer of the 40S subunit. Since the binding of eIF1 and eIF5 further fortified the compact architecture of eIF3, we suggest that its initial contact with the 40S solvent-exposed side makes eIF3 to open up and wrap around the 40S head with its extended arms. In addition, we mapped the position of eIF5 to the region below the P- and E-sites of the 40S subunit.
Peer Financial Distress and Individual Leverage
Authors: Kalda Ankit 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Using health shocks to identify financial distress situations, I document that peer distress leads to a decline in individual leverage and debt on average. Individual leverage declines by 5.7% and remains deflated for at least five years following peer distress. This decline occurs as individuals borrow less on the intensive margin, pay higher fractions of their debt and save more while their income remains unchanged. As a result, individuals are less likely to default during the period following peer distress. The heterogeneity in responses highlight the role of changes in beliefs and preferences as the underlying mechanism. (JEL D10, D12, D14, D84, H31, R20)
Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix, which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online.
Assessment of the many faces of PsA: single and composite measures in PsA clinical trials
Authors: McGagh Dylan , Coates Laura C 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
PsA is a complex, heterogeneous disease that can place a large burden on patients’ psychological and physical well-being. The multifaceted nature of PsA poses a significant assessment challenge, both in randomized control trials and in clinical practice. In recent years, there has been much progress in the development of unidimensional and composite measures of disease activity, as well as of questionnaires that capture the patient’s perspective of the condition. Despite these advances, there remains uncertainty around which tools to implement within a research setting. This review aims to summarize the currently available clinical and patient-derived assessment tools, providing a practical and informative resource for the assessment of PsA. This review will also explore recent advancements in digital approaches to the assessment of rheumatological conditions. This will highlight the potential for digitalization in the assessment and monitoring of PsA, outlining innovative means of capturing disease activity and treatment response.
Implementing the Children Act: The Seychellois Family Tribunal and Child Maintenance Cases
Authors: Mujuzi Jamil Ddamulira 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The Family Tribunal, the Tribunal, was established by section 77 of the Children Act with the mandate to, inter alia, ‘hear and determine matters relating to the care, custody, access or maintenance’. In the execution of its mandate, the Tribunal has applied the relevant sections of the Act which deal with the question of maintenance orders. In this article, the author read through 1020 files of the Tribunal (from 2014 to June 2019) to establish how it has understood and applied the relevant sections of the Act which are applicable to the maintenance of children. The author demonstrates that there are instances where the Tribunal has misunderstood the relevant sections of the Act which brings into question the validity of some of its orders. Decisions from the Tribunal are appealable to the Supreme Court. Where possible, the author refers to case law from the Supreme Court in which it has guided the Tribunal on the correct application of the Act. The author, based on the practice of the Tribunal, identifies some of the challenges the Tribunal has faced in implementing the relevant sections of the Act and suggests ways in which the Tribunal could implement the Act better or in which the Act may be amended to address those challenges.
Inapparent dengue virus infection among students in Mandalay, Myanmar
Authors: Kyaw Aung Kyaw , Ngwe Tun Mya Myat , Naing Shine Thura , Thida  , Htwe Thein Thein , Mar Tu Tu , Khaing Tin Moe , Aung Thidar , Aye Khin Saw , Thant Kyaw Zin , Morita Kouichi 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackgroundA school- and laboratory-based cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted to find out the burden of inapparent dengue virus (DENV) infection in Mandalay where DENV is endemic and there is circulation of all four DENV serotypes.MethodsA total of 420 students who had no history of fever and visited the hospital within 6 months were recruited from three monastic schools. Serum samples were collected and the DENV genome was checked by conventional one-step RT-PCR and anti-DENV IgM and IgG antibodies were determined. Inapparent dengue (DEN) infection is defined as individuals who were either RT-PCR-positive or anti-DENV IgM-positive with no clinical manifestations or mild symptoms, and which are not linked to a visit to a healthcare provider.ResultsAmong 420 students, 38 students (9.0%, 95% CI, 6.4 to 12.2) were confirmed as recent inapparent DEN infection. The DENV serotype-1 was detected in six students. Thirty-one out of 38 (81.6%) laboratory-confirmed inapparent DEN-infected students had primary infections and seven (18.4%) had secondary infections.ConclusionThis study explored the prevalence of inapparent DEN infection rate in urban monastic schools in Mandalay and showed that the rate of primary infection among inapparent DENV-infected children was high.
Identification of drugs for leukaemia differentiation therapy by network pharmacology
Authors: Christodoulou Eleni G , Lee Lin Ming , Lee Kian Leong , Fung Tsz Kan , So Eric , Petretto Enrico , Ong S. Tiong , Rackham Owen JL 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAcute leukaemias differ from their normal haematopoietic counterparts in their inability to differentiate. This phenomenon is thought to be the result of aberrant cellular reprogramming involving transcription factors (TFs). Here we leveraged on Mogrify, a network-based algorithm, to identify TFs and their gene regulatory networks that drive differentiation of the acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL) cell line NB4 in response to ATRA (all-transretinoic acid). We further integrated the detected TF regulatory networks with the Connectivity Map (CMAP) repository and recovered small molecule drugs which induce similar transcriptional changes. Our method outperformed standard approaches, retrieving ATRA as the top hit. Of the other drug hits, dimaprit and mebendazole enhanced ATRA-mediated differentiation in both parental NB4 and ATRA-resistant NB4-MR2 cells. Thus, we provide proof-of-principle of our network-based computational platform for drug discovery and repositioning in leukaemia differentiation therapy, which can be extended to other dysregulated disease states.
Motor planning modulates neural activity patterns in early human auditory cortex
Authors: Gale Daniel J. , Areshenkoff Corson N. , Honda Claire , Johnsrude Ingrid S. , Flanagan J. Randall , Gallivan Jason P. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIt is well established that movement planning recruits motor-related cortical brain areas in preparation for the forthcoming action. Given that an integral component to the control of action is the processing of sensory information throughout movement, we predicted that movement planning might also modulate early sensory cortical areas, readying them for sensory processing during the unfolding action. To test this hypothesis, we performed two human functional MRI studies involving separate delayed movement tasks and focused on pre-movement neural activity in early auditory cortex, given its direct connections to the motor system and evidence that it is modulated by motor cortex during movement in rodents. We show that effector-specific information (i.e., movements of the left vs. right hand in Experiment 1, and movements of the hand vs. eye in Experiment 2) can be decoded, well before movement, from neural activity in early auditory cortex. We find that this motor-related information is represented in a separate subregion of auditory cortex than sensory-related information and is present even when movements are cued visually instead of auditorily. These findings suggest that action planning, in addition to preparing the motor system for movement, involves selectively modulating primary sensory areas based on the intended action.