bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The counter-intuitive role of the neutrophil in the acute respiratory distress syndrome
Authors: Vassallo Arlette , Wood Alex J , Subburayalu Julien , Summers Charlotte , Chilvers Edwin R 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Introduction
Neutrophils are the primary effectors of the innate immune system but are profoundly histotoxic cells. The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is considered to be a prime example of neutrophil-mediated tissue injury.

Sources of data
The information presented in this review is acquired from the published neutrophil cell biology literature and the longstanding interest of the senior authors in ARDS pathogenesis and clinical management.

Areas of agreement
Investigators in the field would agree that neutrophils accumulate in high abundance in the pulmonary microcirculation, lung interstitium and alveolar airspace of patients with ARDS. ARDS is also associated with systemic neutrophil priming and delayed neutrophil apoptosis and clearance of neutrophils from the lungs. In animal models, reducing circulating neutrophil numbers ameliorates lung injury.

Areas of controversy
Areas of uncertainty include how neutrophils get stuck in the narrow pulmonary capillary network—whether this reflects changes in the mechanical properties of primed neutrophils alone or additional cell adhesion molecules, the role of neutrophil sub-sets or polarization states including pro-angiogenic and low-density neutrophils, whether neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation is beneficial (through bacterial capture) or harmful and the potential for neutrophils to participate in inflammatory resolution. The latter may involve the generation of specialized pro-resolving molecules (SPMs) and MMP-9, which is required for adequate matrix processing.

Growing points
Different and possibly stable endotypes of ARDS are increasingly being recognized, yet the relative contribution of the neutrophil to these endotypes is uncertain. There is renewed and intense interest in understanding the complex ‘new biology’ of the neutrophil, specifically whether this cell might be a valid therapeutic target in ARDS and other neutrophil-driven diseases and developing understanding of ways to enhance the beneficial role of the neutrophil in the resolution phase of ARDS.

Areas timely for developing research
Aside from treatment of the precipitating causes of ARDS, and scrupulous fluid, infection and ventilation management, there are no pharmacological interventions for ARDS; this represents an urgent and unmet need. Therapies aimed at reducing overall neutrophil numbers risk secondary infection; hence better ways are needed to reverse the processes of neutrophil priming activation, hyper-secretion and delayed apoptosis while enhancing the pro-resolution functions of the neutrophil.
Women’s Body Odor during Ovulation Improves Social Perception in Single Men
Authors: Oren Chen , Shamay-Tsoory Simone G 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Previous research has shown that men’s mating motivation may increase following exposure to women’s body odor during ovulation. In the current study, we examined whether exposure to women’s fertility odor cues influences social perception among men, while focusing on the role of men’s relationship status in moderating this reaction. We collected body odor samples from 43 women during ovulation and during the luteal phase and exposed 85 men to these odor samples while they performed an emotion recognition task and an interpersonal perception task. Single men were better at recognizing emotional facial expressions following exposure to odor cues of high fertility as compared with odor cues of low fertility. No such effect was identified in pair-bonded men. In support of this finding, single men became more accurate on the interpersonal perception task following exposure to odor cues of high fertility, while pair-bonded men became less accurate after such exposure. Collectively, the results suggest that exposure to women’s fertility odor cues improves social perception among single men, while it impairs such perception among pair-bonded men. We suggest that these effects may result from increased mating motivation following exposure to odor cues of fertility, which in turn encourages accurate social perception among single men while promoting an avoidant attitude toward social stimuli among pair-bonded men.
Core Minimal Datasets to Advance Clinical Research for Priority Epidemic Diseases
Authors: Rojek Amanda M , Moran James , Horby Peter W 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The Ebola virus disease outbreak in west Africa has prompted significant progress in responding to the clinical needs of patients affected by emerging infectious disease outbreaks. Among the noteworthy successes of vaccine trials, and the commendable efforts to implement clinical treatment trials during Ebola outbreaks, we should also focus on strengthening the collection and curation of epidemiological and observational data that can improve the conception and design of clinical research.
Use of Chest Radiography Examination as a Probe for Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Impact on Lower Respiratory Tract Infections in Young Children
Authors: Ben-Shimol Shalom , Dagan Ron , Givon-Lavi Noga , Avital Dekel , Bar-Ziv Jacob , Greenberg David 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Background
Community-acquired alveolar pneumonia (CAAP) is considered a bacterial disease, mainly pneumococcal. CAAP rates markedly declined following 7- and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) introductions worldwide. In contrast, non-CAAP lower respiratory tract infections (NA-LRIs) are generally not considered pneumococcal diseases. We assessed CAAP, NA-LRIs, and overall visits with chest radiograph (CXR) examination rates in the pediatric emergency room in southern Israel before and after PCV implementation.

Methods
This was an ongoing, prospective observational study. Our hospital serves a captive population of approximately 75 000 children aged &lt;5 years, enabling incidence calculation. PCV7 and PCV13 were implemented in Israel in July 2009 and November 2010, respectively. All CXRs were analyzed according to the World Health Organization Standardization of Interpretation. We calculated CAAP, NA-LRI, and CXR examinations annual incidences from 2004 to 2017 and incidence rate ratios comparing the PCV13 (2014–2017) with the pre-PCV (2004–2008) periods.

Results
Overall, 72 746 CXR examinations were recorded: 14% CAAP and 86% NA-LRI. CAAP, NA-LRI, and CXR examination visit rates declined by 49%, 34%, and 37%, respectively. This pattern was seen in Jewish and Bedouin children (the 2 ethnically distinct populations), with steeper declines observed among Jewish children and children aged &gt;12 months.

Conclusions
PCV7/PCV13 implementation resulted in a marked decline in CAAP and overall visits with CXR examination rates in young children. Overall, approximately 14 750 hospital visits with CXR were prevented annually per 100 000 population aged &lt;5 years. These findings suggest that although NA-LRIs are usually not considered pneumococcal, many can be prevented by PCVs.
Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7/PCV13) implementation resulted in significant declines in community-acquired alveolar pneumonia (CAAP) and overall chest radiography examination rates in young children. Although non-CAAP lower respiratory tract infections are usually not considered pneumococcal, many can be prevented by PCVs.
Meningoencephalitis due to Spotted Fever Rickettsioses, Including Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
Authors: Bradshaw Michael J , Byrge Kelly Carpenter , Ivey Kelsey S , Pruthi Sumit , Bloch Karen C 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe spotted fever rickettsioses (SFR), including Rocky Mountain spotted fever, are tick-borne infections with frequent neurologic involvement. High morbidity and mortality make early recognition and empiric treatment critical. Most literature on SFR meningoencephalitis predates widespread magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) utilization. To better understand the contemporary presentation and outcomes of this disease, we analyzed clinical and radiographic features of patients with SFR meningoencephalitis.MethodsPatients were identified through hospital laboratory-based surveillance or through the Tennessee Unexplained Encephalitis Study. Cases meeting inclusion criteria underwent medical records review and, when available, independent review of the neuroimaging.ResultsNineteen cases (11 children, 8 adults) met criteria for SFR meningoencephalitis. Rash was significantly more common in children than adults (100% vs 50%, respectively), but other clinical features were similar between the 2 groups. Cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis and protein elevation were each seen in 87.5% of cases, and hypoglycorrhachia was present in 18.8% of cases. The “starry sky” sign (multifocal, punctate diffusion restricting or T2 hyperintense lesions) was seen on MRI in all children, but no adults. Ninety percent of patients required intensive care unit admission and 39% were intubated. Outcomes were similar between adults and children, with only 46% making a complete recovery by the time of discharge.ConclusionsSFR meningoencephalitis is a life-threatening infection. The clinical presentation varies between adults and children based on the presence of rash and brain MRI findings. The starry sky sign was ubiquitous in children and should prompt consideration of empiric treatment for SFR when present.
Differential effects on out-of-hospital cardiac arrest of dihydropyridines: real-world data from population-based cohorts across two European countries
Authors: Eroglu Talip E , Mohr Grimur H , Blom Marieke T , Verkerk Arie O , Souverein Patrick C , Torp-Pedersen Christian , Folke Fredrik , Wissenberg Mads , van den Brink Lettine , Davis Richard P , de Boer Anthonius , Gislason Gunnar H , Tan Hanno L 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Aims
Various drugs increase the risk of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) in the general population by impacting cardiac ion channels, thereby causing ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation (VT/VF). Dihydropyridines block L-type calcium channels, but their association with OHCA risk is unknown. We aimed to study whether nifedipine and/or amlodipine, often-used dihydropyridines, are associated with increased OHCA risk, and how these drugs impact on cardiac electrophysiology.

Methods and results
We conducted a case–control study with VT/VF-documented OHCA cases with presumed cardiac cause from ongoing population-based OHCA registries in the Netherlands and Denmark, and age/sex/index date-matched non-OHCA controls (Netherlands: PHARMO Database Network, Denmark: Danish Civil Registration System). We included 2503 OHCA cases, 10 543 non-OHCA controls in Netherlands, and 8101 OHCA cases, 40 505 non-OHCA controls in Denmark. To examine drug effects on cardiac electrophysiology, we performed single-cell patch-clamp studies in human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. Use of high-dose nifedipine (≥60 mg/day), but not low-dose nifedipine (&lt;60 mg/day) or amlodipine (any-dose), was associated with higher OHCA risk than non-use of dihydropyridines [Netherlands: adjusted odds ratios (ORadj) 1.45 (95% confidence interval 1.02–2.07), Denmark: 1.96 (1.18–3.25)] or use of amlodipine [Netherlands: 2.31 (1.54–3.47), Denmark: 2.20 (1.32–3.67)]. Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest risk of (high-dose) nifedipine use was not further increased in patients using nitrates, or with a history of ischaemic heart disease. Nifedipine and amlodipine blocked L-type calcium channels at similar concentrations, but, at clinically used concentrations, nifedipine caused more L-type calcium current block, resulting in more action potential shortening.

Conclusion
High-dose nifedipine, but not low-dose nifedipine or any-dose amlodipine, is associated with increased OHCA risk in the general population. Careful titration of nifedipine dose should be considered.
Two Seas Apart: An Account of the Establishment, Operation and Impact of the Bahrain Independent Commission of Inquiry (BICI)
Authors: Helal Mohamed S 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The Bahrain Independent Commission of Inquiry (BICI) was established to investigate the civil unrest that occurred in Bahrain during February and March 2011. This article employs qualitative empirical techniques to provide an account of the impact of the commission during three periods: (i) the period of the establishment of the commission; (ii) the five-month period of the commission’s presence in Bahrain; and (iii) the period following the submission of the commission’s report. The establishment of BICI was part of a government strategy to deflate domestic political tension and deflect international opprobrium in the aftermath of the crackdown on anti-government protestors in March 2011. Reformists within the government, especially Bahrain’s King Hamad, also hoped to utilize the report as a catalyst for implementing political reforms. The establishment of the BICI contributed to reducing the severity of the criticism directed at Bahrain from foreign governments, international organizations and domestic opposition actors. This article also describes the intercessions undertaken by the BICI on behalf of the victims of human rights abuses during its presence and operation in Bahrain and identifies some of the reforms that were recommended by the commission and executed by the Government of Bahrain during that period. Finally, this article examines the impact of the BICI following the submission of its report. It argues that, despite undertaking some positive institutional and administrative reforms, the Government of Bahrain has failed to fully implement the commission’s recommendations, especially those relating to holding those responsible for human rights abuses accountable. The article concludes that the failure of the BICI to make a substantial difference, especially in the area of accountability, is reflective of a general lack of political will to undertake the comprehensive reforms necessary to address the systemic sources of popular discontent that fuelled the 2011 protests.
Assessment of strength development of cemented desert soil
Authors: Amhadi Talal S , Assaf Gabriel J 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
For highway construction or any superstructure, on dune sand, designers and construction teams must ensure that the foundation soil is stable enough to provide support for the applied loads. Sand dunes are stretched across Libyan deserts that make road construction a challenge because of the poor soil base. Replacement of such a weak soil is very expensive and not economically feasible, and, in many cases, there is no alternative soil nearby. This study used two different mix designs aimed at stabilizing the existing base course using a mix of dune sand and manufactured sand with a small percentage of Portland cement. Compaction, unconfined compressive strength and California bearing ratio tests were conducted on the treated sample with a varying cement proportion of 0%, 3%, 5% and 7% by weight. The first tests were done with a mix of 50% dune sand and 50% crushed sand that is shown to have excellent results. For a more economic design, this study also included testing of another mix design with 70% dune sand and 30% crushed sand; laboratory results show this 70%/30% mixture was appropriate to use as a base-treated material for road construction material. This mix resulted in overall superior performance. Its use will reduce the cost of road construction by saving materials and time, and it will also have lower environmental impacts in desert areas. This study has shown that the stabilization of weak material (desert sand) by using cement improves the strength characteristics of the treated soil.
Make Love, Not War: Do Single Young Men Cause Political Violence?
Authors: Kustra Tyler 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThis article calls into question the theory that being single drives young men to commit political violence. It finds that, while the proportion of young men in a country has a statistically significant impact on the level of political violence in the country, whether or not these men are married has no additional impact. The result may appear to contradict the individual-level evidence that shows that young, unmarried men commit the overwhelming majority of political violence. Rebels and terrorists, however, make up only a small part of a country's population. If participating in political violence caused young men to be single, this would have a negligible impact on a country's proportion of single young men, thereby explaining why marital status is uncorrelated with political violence at the national level. It would also explain why the individual-level evidence shows that most terrorists and guerillas are single.
Understanding and Encouraging Online Reviewing With a Selection-Based Review System
Authors: Fleck Rowanne , Cowan Benjamin R , Darmanin Eirini , Wang Yixin 
Published: August 2019

AbstractOnline consumer reviews are important for people wishing to make purchases online. However, not everyone contributes online reviews. This paper looks at consumer motivations of reviewing and rating behaviour in order to motivate the design of a mobile interface for online reviewing. An interview study found that people tend to contribute reviews and ratings based on their perception of whether they would be helpful or not to others as well as their own personal view of the usefulness of reviews and ratings when buying products. There also seems to be a cost-benefit trade-off that influences people’s decisions to review and rate: people tend to make a decision based on the perceived value of that review or rating to the community against the effort and costs of contributing. A mobile interface was designed that was intended both to reduce the cost of leaving reviews and to increase the perception of the usefulness of the reviews to others. An initial evaluation of this reviewing interface suggests that it could encourage more people to leave reviews.
Supplementing an immunomodulatory feed ingredient to improve thermoregulation and performance of finishing beef cattle under heat stress conditions
Authors: Colombo Eduardo A , Cooke Reinaldo F , Millican Allison A , Schubach Kelsey M , Scatolin Giovanna N , Rett Bruna , Brandão Alice P 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This experiment compared physiological and productive responses in finishing beef cattle managed under heat stress conditions, and supplemented (SUPP) or not (CON) with an immunomodulatory feed ingredient (Omnigen-AF; Phibro Animal Health, Teaneck, NJ). Crossbred yearling cattle (¾ Bos taurus × ¼ Bos indicus; 64 heifers and 64 steers) were ranked by initial body weight (BW) (440 ± 3 kg) and sex, and allocated to 1 of 16 unshaded drylot pens (8 heifers or steers/pen). Pens within sex were randomly assigned to receive SUPP or CON (n = 8/treatment). Cattle received a total-mixed ration (91% concentrate inclusion and 1.21 Mcal/kg of net energy for gain; dry matter [DM basis]) during the experiment (day 0 to 106). The immunomodulatory feed was offered as a top-dress to SUPP pens (56 g/d per animal; as-fed basis) beginning on day 7. Cattle BW were recorded on day 0, 14, 28, 42, 56, 70, 84, 98, and 106. Feed intake was evaluated from each pen by recording feed offer daily and refusals biweekly. Intravaginal temperature of heifers was recorded hourly from day 1 to 6, 29 to 41, and 85 to 97. Environmental temperature humidity index (THI) was also recorded hourly throughout the experiment, and averaged 79.8 ± 0.6. Concurrently with BW assessment, hair samples from the tail-switch were collected (3 animals/pen) for analysis of hair cortisol concentrations. Blood samples were collected on day 0, 28, 56, 84, and 106 from all animals for plasma extraction. Whole blood was collected on day 0, 56, and 106 (3 animals/pen) for analysis of heat shock protein (HSP) 70 and HSP72 mRNA expression. Cattle were slaughtered on day 107 at a commercial packing facility. Results obtained prior to day 7 served as independent covariate for each respective analysis. Heifers receiving SUPP had less (P ≤ 0.05) vaginal temperature from 1500 to 1900 h across sampling days (treatment × hour, P < 0.01; 39.05 vs. 39.19 °C, respectively; SEM = 0.04), when THI ranged from 85.3 to 90.1. Expression of HSP70 and HSP72 was less (P ≥ 0.03) for SUPP cattle on day 106 (22.6- vs. 51.5-fold effect for HSP70, SEM = 9.7, and 11.0- vs. 32.8-fold effect for HSP72; treatment × day, P ≤ 0.04). No treatment effects were detected (P ≥ 0.22) for performance, carcass traits, plasma concentrations of cortisol and haptoglobin, or hair cortisol concentrations. Results from this study suggest that SUPP ameliorated hyperthermia in finishing cattle exposed to heat stress conditions, but such benefit was not sufficient to improve productive responses.
The Judiciary of International Criminal Law
Authors: Christensen Mikkel Jarle 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The article investigates the judiciary of international criminal law and its development over time. Inspired by the sociological tools of Pierre Bourdieu and building on an original dataset, the article analyses the judiciary of three international criminal courts, namely the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, the International Criminal Court and the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia. The focus of the analysis is on how the composition of expertise in the judiciary of these courts reflects the wider power structure in the field of international criminal law as well as temporal developments in this structure. Reflecting and responding to these transformations, the judiciary of international criminal law has been affected by a double decline of positions and prestige and a turn towards practice as the core expertise of the field. However, despite this turn to practice, the accumulation of political expertise continues to structure access to elite positions in the international criminal law judiciary.
From Stranger to Family or Something in Between: Donor Linking in an Era of Retrospective Access to Anonymous Sperm Donor Records in Victoria, Australia
Authors: Kelly Fiona , Dempsey Deborah , Power Jennifer , Bourne Kate , Hammarberg Karin , Johnson Louise 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In June 2015, the state of Victoria, Australia retrospectively opened its sperm and egg donors’ records, becoming only the second jurisdiction in the world to do so and the first where substantial pre-legislative records are available and stored in a central register. The new legislation gave donor-conceived adults and donors who were conceived or donated under conditions of anonymity (ie prior to 1988) the right to apply to the state’s Central Register for each other’s identifying information, which is released to them if the subject of the application consents. Between the introduction of the law and its further amendment in March 2017, more than 100 applications were made. Through a thematic analysis of donor-conceived adults’ and donors’ Statements of Reasons – a written document applicants were required to complete when they applied – the article explores applicants’ motivations for applying, the information they sought, and their goals with regard to contact. The study found that most applicants were driven by curiosity and a desire for personal information about the other party. They also expressed a strong desire to meet and have an ongoing relationship with the subject of their application. The study also revealed an unanticipated desire on the part of previously anonymous donors for information about their offspring, suggesting future research could explore the emotional needs of donors in greater depth.