bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surgical Aptitude Testing among Ophthalmology Residency Applicants: Current Utilization and Residency Program Directors' Perspectives
Authors: Lu Amy , Beckstead Samuel , Wilkinson Michael , Scott Ingrid U. 
Published: July 2019

Purpose To investigate the proportion of United States ophthalmology residency programs that utilize surgical aptitude testing during the applicant interview, and the perspectives of program directors (PDs) regarding surgical aptitude testing of applicants.
Design This is a cross-sectional survey.
Methods An anonymous survey constructed on REDCap was emailed to the PD of each ophthalmology residency accredited by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education. Main outcome measures are proportion of programs which include surgical aptitude testing during the applicant interview, and proportion of PDs who (1) believe the current residency application process adequately assesses applicants' surgical aptitude; (2) believe surgical aptitude testing results predict surgical success; and (3) favor inclusion of surgical aptitude testing for applicant evaluation.
Results Of 115 PDs, 63 completed the survey (54.8%). One (1.6%) reported current use of surgical aptitude testing during the interview and 6 (9.5%) used such testing previously. Fifty-five (87.3%) respondents do not believe the residency application process adequately assesses surgical aptitude. Most respondents (40/63, 63.5%) do not support using results from currently available surgical aptitude testing strategies performed during the interview to rank applicants; 47 (74.6%) do not believe results of such testing predict ultimate surgical potential. However, 35 (55.6%) would use surgical aptitude data for applicant screening if valid testing could be performed before the interview.
Conclusion While most PDs do not believe the current ophthalmology residency application process adequately assesses surgical aptitude, screening for surgical aptitude during the application process is seldom employed, largely due to a perceived lack of valid testing strategies available.
Pullthrough Operation for Hirschsprung's Disease: Importance of a Circumferential (Donut) Biopsy at the Level of the Anastomosis
Authors: Jehangir Susan , Soundappan Soundappan Venkatraman Sannappa , Krivanek Micheal , Arbuckle Susan , Graf Nicole 
Published: July 2019

AbstractHirschsprung's disease is characterized by the absence of ganglia in the distal colon, resulting in a functional obstruction. It is managed by excision of the aganglionic segment and anastomosis of the ganglionated bowel just above the dentate line. The level of aganglionosis is determined by performing multiple seromuscular biopsies and/or full thickness biopsy on the antimesenteric border of the bowel to determine the level of pullthrough. The transition zone is described as being irregular, and hence a doughnut biopsy is recommended so that the complete circumference can be assessed. Herein, we described a child in whom there was a selective absence of ganglion cells in 30% of the circumference of the bowel along the mesenteric border for most of the transverse colon. This case defies the known concept of neural migration in an intramural and transmesenteric fashion and emphasizes the importance of a doughnut biopsy of the pulled-down segment.
Fluorescence spectral shape analysis for nucleotide identification
Authors: Huang Yun , Li Zhiliang , Risinger April L. , Enslow Benjamin T. , Zeman Charles J. , Gong Jiang , Yang Yajing , Schanze Kirk S. 
Published: July 2019

Significance
Fluorescent biosensors are usually designed to recognize a single target analyte and provide a one-dimensional signal from an emission spectrum. Higher-dimensional information in emission spectra and latent factors remain insufficiently utilized. Here we report a broad-spectrum fluorescent biosensor and a general methodology to evaluate spectral shape recognition to classify biomolecules using machine learning. Using a feature selection algorithm to measure the relative intensity of a few selected wavelengths significantly reduces the measurement time, demonstrating the potential for fluorescence spectrum shape analysis in high-throughput technologies. By using well-defined analytes, we explain the mechanism of these fluorescence spectral shape changes, which is fundamental for applying this method for deeper insight into complex phenomena with correlated signals in biological systems.
The TGFβ type I receptor TGFβRI functions as an inhibitor of BMP signaling in cartilage
Authors: Wang Weiguang , Chun Hyelim , Baek Jongseung , Sadik Joshua Elyahu , Shirazyan Anna , Razavi Peyman , Lopez Noah , Lyons Karen M. 
Published: July 2019

Significance
The TGFβ signaling pathway is activated when TGFβ ligands induce formation of TGFβRI and TGFβRII receptor complexes. However, loss of TGFβRI in mouse cartilage led to more severe defects than did loss of TGFβRII. Most of the defects were rescued by deletion of the BMP receptor ACVRL1, suggesting that a major role of TGFβRI in cartilage development is to suppress BMP signaling by ACVRL1. TGFβRI prevents the formation of ACVRL1/ACTRIIB complexes, which have high affinity for BMP9, the most abundant BMP in circulation. These results demonstrate a form of cross talk between BMP and TGFβ signaling pathways in cartilage that may also operate in other tissues where the relative output of these 2 pathways is required.
Radiation maps of ocean sediment from the Castle Bravo crater
Authors: Hughes Emlyn W. , Molina Monica Rouco , Abella Maveric K. I. L. , Nikolić-Hughes Ivana , Ruderman Malvin A. 
Published: July 2019

SignificanceHigh-yield thermonuclear explosions cause enormous radioactive contamination to the environment. These “hydrogen bombs,” when tested on small islands in the ocean, vaporize the land and produce radionuclides that settle in the ocean sediment. Even decades later, significant contamination may remain in the sediment surface and deep into the sediment layers. Measuring the radioactive contamination of the crater sediment is a first step in assessing the overall impact of nuclear weapons testing on the ocean ecosystems. We find radiation levels orders of magnitude above background for plutonium-(239,240), americium-241, and bismuth-207 in the top 25 cm of sediment across the entire Bravo bomb crater, the location of the largest aboveground US nuclear weapons test.
A real-time, click chemistry imaging approach reveals stimulus-specific subcellular locations of phospholipase D activity
Authors: Liang Dongjun , Wu Kane , Tei Reika , Bumpus Timothy W. , Ye Johnny , Baskin Jeremy M. 
Published: July 2019

Significance
Phosphatidic acid (PA) is a bioactive lipid that functions as an intracellular second messenger, enabling cells to integrate and react to diverse extracellular cues. Because of PA’s strong and pleiotropic effects, its generation is tightly controlled spatiotemporally. It remains unknown how cells regulate local PA production at individual organelle membranes to control different downstream signaling events. We describe a chemical, activity-based imaging approach for precisely visualizing, in real time, subcellular localizations of PA signaling initiated by phospholipase D (PLD) enzymes. This toolset revealed distinct locations of PLD signaling elicited by G protein-coupled receptor and receptor tyrosine kinase pathways and holds promise to shed light on physiological and pathological effects of localized PLD signaling and, more generally, intracellular lipid transport pathways.
An immunometabolic pathomechanism for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Bruzzaniti Sara , Bocchino Marialuisa , Santopaolo Marianna , Calì Gaetano , Stanziola Anna Agnese , D’Amato Maria , Esposito Antonella , Barra Enrica , Garziano Federica , Micillo Teresa , Zuchegna Candida , Romano Antonella , De Simone Salvatore , Zuccarelli Bruno , Mottola Maria , De Rosa Veronica , Porcellini Antonio , Perna Francesco , Matarese Giuseppe , Galgani Mario 
Published: July 2019

Significance
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an inflammatory disease characterized by limitation of expiratory airflow. Cellular and molecular pathways involved in disease pathogenesis are not completely defined. Our study reveals that metabolism and immune response cooperate in COPD pathogenesis and progression. COPD subjects with different disease stages showed progressive increase of systemic leptin, an adipose tissue-derived proinflammatory molecule, that, at high concentrations, impaired the capacity of T cells to engage in glycolysis and to generate regulatory T cells. Thus, the loss of these immunoregulatory circuits during COPD determined the hyperactivation of effector T cells that amplified inflammation, leading to progressive decline of lung function. Understanding these immunometabolic mechanisms can have important implications for monitoring COPD progression and for disease treatment.
The MATH-BTB BPM3 and BPM5 subunits of Cullin3-RING E3 ubiquitin ligases target PP2CA and other clade A PP2Cs for degradation
Authors: Julian Jose , Coego Alberto , Lozano-Juste Jorge , Lechner Esther , Wu Qian , Zhang Xu , Merilo Ebe , Belda-Palazon Borja , Park Sang-Youl , Cutler Sean R. , An Chengcai , Genschik Pascal , Rodriguez Pedro L. 
Published: July 2019

Significance
Relief of repression imposed by negative regulators is a crucial mechanism for plant hormone signaling. Clade A PP2Cs are key negative regulators of ABA signaling that are inhibited by ABA receptors. Degradation of PP2Cs is a complementary mechanism to PYR/PYL/RCAR-mediated ABA-dependent inhibition of PP2Cs. We reveal that BTB/POZ AND MATH DOMAIN proteins (BPMs), substrate adaptors of the multimeric cullin3 (CUL3)-RING-based E3 ligases (CRL3s), target PP2Cs for degradation. BPM-dependent degradation of PP2Cs is required for ABA-induced stomatal closure to counteract ABA-induced accumulation of PP2Cs and to reset resting phosphatase levels that allow efficient ABA signaling. Therefore, BPM-mediated proteolysis of transcription factors and clade A PP2Cs emerges as a general mechanism to regulate stress response and ABA signaling.
Why is Twitter so popular in Japan?
Authors: Izutsu Mitsuko Narita , Izutsu Katsunobu 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAcross the countries of the world, Japan can rightly claim to be a great “Twitter nation” (Akimoto 2011). Japanese people like to tweet anytime and anywhere. Although the popularity of Twitter in Japan is often associated with the large information capacity of Japanese character sets (Wagner 2013),Neubig and Duh (2013)prove that this is not necessarily the case. Our research compares two sets of data (300 tweets for each) posted by Japanese and Americans, and demonstrates that Japanese tweets contain more monologic features, or show a higher degree of monologicity, than Americans’ tweets. Also, more than 60% of the sentence-ending forms in the Japanese tweets do not encode explicit addressee orientation. The study reveals that it is not the Japanese unique character sets, but the grammatical devices for monologization that linguistically allow Japanese users to enjoy the fullest benefits of online anonymity and addressee underspecification provided by Twitter.
Effects of an Intervention Designed to Increase Toddlers' Hearing Aid Use
Authors: Ambrose Sophie E , Appenzeller Margo , Al-Salim Sarah , Kaiser Ann P 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of Ears On, an intervention designed to increase toddlers’ use of hearing devices. A single-case, multiple-baseline design across participants was used with three parent–child dyads who demonstrated low hearing aid use despite enrollment in traditional early intervention services. Data logging technology was used to objectively measure hearing aid use. A functional relationship was identified between participation in the intervention and the number of hours children utilized their hearing aids. Two dyads met the criterion set for completing the intervention: an average of 8 hr of daily hearing aid use. One dyad did not reach this criterion but did meet the parent’s goal of full-time use in the child’s educational setting. For all dyads, increases in use were maintained 1 month after completion of the intervention. Findings support use of this short-term, intensive, individualized intervention to improve hearing aid use for toddlers with hearing loss.
Dicyemid Mesozoans: A Unique Parasitic Lifestyle and a Reduced Genome
Authors: Lu Tsai-Ming , Kanda Miyuki , Furuya Hidetaka , Satoh Noriyuki 
Published: July 2019

AbstractDicyemids, previously called “mesozoans” (intermediates between unicellular protozoans and multicellular metazoans), are an enigmatic animal group. They have a highly simplified adult body, comprising only ∼30 cells, and they have a unique parasitic lifestyle. Recently, dicyemids were shown to be spiralians, with affinities to the Platyhelminthes. In order to understand molecular mechanisms involved in evolution of this odd animal, we sequenced the genome of Dicyema japonicum and a reference transcriptome assembly using mixed-stage samples. The D. japonicum genome features a high proportion of repetitive sequences that account for 49% of the genome. The dicyemid genome is reduced to ∼67.5 Mb with 5,012 protein-coding genes. Only four Hox genes exist in the genome, with no clustering. Gene distribution in KEGG pathways shows that D. japonicum has fewer genes in most pathways. Instead of eliminating entire critical metabolic pathways, parasitic lineages likely simplify pathways by eliminating pathway-specific genes, while genes with fundamental functions may be retained in multiple pathways. In principle, parasites can stand to lose genes that are unnecessary, in order to conserve energy. However, whether retained genes in incomplete pathways serve intermediate functions and how parasites overcome the physiological needs served by lost genes, remain to be investigated in future studies.
Holocene slip rate of the frontal thrust in the western Qilian Shan, NE Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Liu Xingwang , Yuan Daoyang , Zheng Wenjun , Shao Yanxiu , Liu Bingxu , Gao Xiaodong 
Published: July 2019

SUMMARY
The activities of frontal thrusts in the northern Qilian Shan are critical for understanding the deformation of the Qilian Shan and the northeastern Tibetan Plateau. In this study, we estimate the slip rate of the active Fodongmiao–Hongyazi thrust along the northern margin of the Qilian Shan. High-resolution satellite imagery interpretations and detailed field investigations suggest that the fault displaced late Pleistocene terraces and formed fresh prominent north-facing fault scarps. To quantify the slip rate of the fault, we measured the displacements along the fault scarps using an unmanned aerial vehicle system and dated the displaced geomorphic surfaces using optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) and 14C methods. The vertical slip rate of the fault is estimated at 1.0 ± 0.3 mm yr−1 for the western segment. The slip rates for two branches in the eastern segment are 0.3 ± 0.1 and 0.6 ± 0.1 mm yr−1. Using a fault dip of 40 ± 10°, we constrain the corresponding shortening rates to 1.4 ± 0.5 and 1.2 ± 0.4 mm yr−1, respectively. The rates are consistent with values over different timescales, which suggests steady rock uplift and northeastward growth of the western Qilian Shan. Crustal shortening occurs mainly on the range-bounding frontal thrust.
f-Minimal Lagrangian Submanifolds in Kähler Manifolds with Real Holomorphy Potentials
Authors: SU Wei-Bo 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to study variational properties for $f$-minimal Lagrangian submanifolds in Kähler manifolds with real holomorphy potentials. Examples of submanifolds of this kind including minimal Lagrangians and soliton solutions for Lagrangian mean curvature flow (LMCF). We derive 2nd variation formula for $f$-minimal Lagrangians as a generalization of Chen and Oh’s formula for minimal Lagrangians. As a corollary, we obtain stability of expanding and translating solitons for LMCF. We also define calibrated submanifolds with respect to $f$-volume in gradient steady Kähler–Ricci solitons as generalizations of special Lagrangians and translating solitons for LMCF and show that these submanifolds are necessarily noncompact. As a special case, we study the exact deformation vector fields on Lagrangian translators. Finally we discuss some generalizations and related problems.
Restriction of anthropogenic foods alters a top predator’s diet and intraspecific interactions
Authors: Newsome Thomas M , Howden Chris , Wirsing Aaron J 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAnthropogenic foods are utilized by many animals around the world, and these resources could impact dietary preferences and intra- and interspecific interactions. Under a quasi-Before-After-Control-Impact experimental design, we assessed how dingoes (Canis dingo) responded to a decline in anthropogenic foods in the Tanami Desert, central Australia. We did so by assessing dingo diets close to and away from human influence during a period when food waste was available at two rubbish tips, and then during a period when food waste was restricted at one of the tips. Our results demonstrate that access to anthropogenic foods can alter a top predator’s diet. Namely, dingoes showed a preference for eating the desert mouse (Pseudomys desertor) in areas where food waste was restricted, whereas dingo diets did not reflect ambient prey availability at areas where food waste was constantly available. Reduced availability of food waste also affected interactions between dingoes, with cannibalism decreasing where food waste was removed, and it may have increased consumption of a subordinate mesopredator, the feral cat (Felis catus). By implication, efforts to manage food waste could reestablish or strengthen interactions between predators and their wild prey with possible cascading consequences for ecosystems.
Galaxy rotation curves using a non-parametric regression method: core, cuspy and fuzzy scalar field dark matter models
Authors: Fernández-Hernández Lizbeth M , Montiel Ariadna , Rodríguez-Meza Mario A 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACT
We present a non-parametric reconstruction of the rotation curves (RCs) for 88 spiral galaxies using the LOESS (locally weighted scatterplot smoothing) + SIMEX (simulation and extrapolation) technique. In order to compare methods, we also use a parametric approach, assuming core and cuspy dark matter (DM) profiles: pseudo-isothermal (PISO), Navarro−Frenk–White (NFW), Burkert, Spano, the soliton, and two fuzzy soliton + NFW. As a result of these two approaches, a comparison of the RCs obtained is carried out by computing the distance between the central curves and the distance between the 1σ error bands. Furthermore, we perform a model selection according to two statistical criteria, the Bayesian information criterion and the value of $\chi ^2_{\rm red}$. We work with two groups. The first is a comparison between PISO, NFW, Spano and Burkert, showing that Spano is the most favoured model satisfying our selection criteria. For the second group, we select the soliton, NFW and fuzzy models, resulting in soliton as the best model. Moreover, according to the statistical tools and non-parametric reconstruction, we are able to classify galaxies as core or cuspy. Finally, using a Markov chain Monte Carlo method, for each of the DM models we compute the characteristic surface density, μDM = ρsrs, and the mass within 300 pc. We find that there is a common mass for spiral galaxies of the order of 107 M⊙, which is in agreement with results for dSph Milky Way satellites, independent of the model. This result is also consistent with our finding that there is a constant characteristic volume density of haloes. Finally, we also find that μDM is not constant, which is in tension with the literature.
Evidence for rapid disc formation and reprocessing in the X-ray bright tidal disruption event candidate AT 2018fyk
Authors: Wevers T , Pasham D R , van Velzen S , Leloudas G , Schulze S , Miller-Jones J C A , Jonker P G , Gromadzki M , Kankare E , Hodgkin S T , Wyrzykowski Ł , Kostrzewa-Rutkowska Z , Moran S , Berton M , Maguire K , Onori F , Mattila S , Nicholl M 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACT
We present optical spectroscopic and Swift UVOT/XRT observations of the X-ray and UV/optical bright tidal disruption event (TDE) candidate AT 2018fyk/ASASSN–18ul discovered by ASAS–SN. The Swift light curve is atypical for a TDE, entering a plateau after ∼40 d of decline from peak. After 80 d the UV/optical light curve breaks again to decline further, while the X-ray emission becomes brighter and harder. In addition to broad H, He, and potentially O/Fe lines, narrow emission lines emerge in the optical spectra during the plateau phase. We identify both high-ionization (O iii) and low-ionization (Fe ii) lines, which are visible for ∼45 d. We similarly identify Fe ii lines in optical spectra of ASASSN–15oi 330 d after discovery, indicating that a class of Fe-rich TDEs exists. The spectral similarity between AT 2018fyk, narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies, and some extreme coronal line emitters suggests that TDEs are capable of creating similar physical conditions in the nuclei of galaxies. The Fe ii lines can be associated with the formation of a compact accretion disc, as the emergence of low-ionization emission lines requires optically thick, high-density gas. Taken together with the plateau in X-ray and UV/optical luminosity this indicates that emission from the central source is efficiently reprocessed into UV/optical wavelengths. Such a two-component light curve is very similar to that seen in the TDE candidate ASASSN–15lh, and is a natural consequence of a relativistic orbital pericentre.
Impact of Initial Antifungal Therapy on the Outcome of Patients With Candidemia and Septic Shock Admitted to Medical Wards: A Propensity Score–Adjusted Analysis
Authors: Falcone Marco , Tiseo Giusy , Gutiérrez-Gutiérrez Belen , Raponi Giammarco , Carfagna Paolo , Rosin Chiara , Luzzati Roberto , Delle Rose Diego , Andreoni Massimo , Farcomeni Alessio , Venditti Mario , Rodríguez-Baño Jesus , Menichetti Francesco ,   GISA (Italian Group for Antimicrobial Stewardship)
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Background
Echinocandins are recommended as firstline therapy in patients with candidemia. However, there is debate on their efficacy in survival outcomes. The aim of this study is to evaluate whether the choice of initial antifungal therapy improves mortality in patients with candidemia in relation to the presence of septic shock.

Methods
Patients with candidemia hospitalized in internal medicine wards of 5 tertiary care centers were included in the study (December 2012–December 2014). Patient characteristics, therapeutic interventions, and outcome were reviewed. Propensity score (PS) was used as a covariate of the multivariate analysis to perform a stratified analysis according to PS quartiles and to match patients receiving “echinocandins” or “azoles.”

Results
Overall, 439 patients with candidemia were included in the study. A total of 172 (39.2%) patients had septic shock. Thirty-day mortality was significantly higher in patients with septic shock (45.3%) compared with those without septic shock (31.5%; P = .003). Among patients with septic shock, the use of echinocandins in the first 48 hours, compared with azoles, did not affect 30-day mortality in the PS-adjusted Cox regression analysis (hazard ratio [HR], 0.77; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.37–1.59; P = .48), the PS-stratified analysis, or the logistic regression model in matched cohorts (adjusted HR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.51–1.63; P = .77).

Conclusions
Echinocandin therapy seems not to improve the outcome of non–intensive care unit patients with septic shock due to candidemia. These findings support the urgent need of further studies in this patient population.