bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pre-Columbian lead pollution from Native American galena processing and land use in the midcontinental United States
Authors: Bird Broxton W. , Wilson Jeremy J. , Escobar Jaime , Kamenov George D. , Pollard Harvie J. , Monaghn G. William 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The presence and sources of pre-Columbian (before 1492 CE) lead (Pb) pollution in the midcontinental United States were investigated using geochemical and Pb isotope analyses on sediment cores recovered from Avery Lake, a floodplain lake located directly adjacent to the Kincaid Mounds archaeological site on the lower Ohio River, Illinois. Geochemical results indicate the presence of Pb pollution during the Baumer (300 BCE to 300 CE) and Mississippian (1150–1450 CE) occupations, and since the 1800s. Pb isotope results link Mississippian Pb pollution to the processing and use of galena primarily from southeastern and/or central Missouri, and to a lesser extent the upper Mississippi River valley, with ∼1.5 t (metric tons) of galena-derived Pb deposited in Avery Lake during this time. Pb pollution during the Baumer phase, equating to ∼0.4 t of Pb, was not accompanied by a Pb isotope excursion and most likely originated from local biomass burning. These results provide new information about the environmental impacts associated with pre-Columbian Native Americans’ interaction with and utilization of their landscape and its resources.
Study protocol for VIdeo assisted thoracoscopic lobectomy versus conventional Open LobEcTomy for lung cancer, a UK multicentre randomised controlled trial with an internal pilot (the VIOLET study)
Authors: Lim Eric , Batchelor Tim , Shackcloth Michael , Dunning Joel , McGonigle Niall , Brush Tim , Dabner Lucy , Harris Rosie , Mckeon Holly E , Paramasivan Sangeetha , Elliott Daisy , Stokes Elizabeth A , Wordsworth Sarah , Blazeby Jane , Rogers Chris A 
Published: October 2019

IntroductionLung cancer is a leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide and surgery remains the main treatment for early stage disease. Prior to the introduction of video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS), lung resection for cancer was undertaken through an open thoracotomy. To date, the evidence base supporting the different surgical approaches is based on non-randomised studies, small randomised trials and is focused mainly on short-term in-hospital outcomes.Methods and analysisThe VIdeo assisted thoracoscopic lobectomy versus conventional Open LobEcTomy for lung cancer study is a UK multicentre parallel group randomised controlled trial (RCT) with blinding of outcome assessors and participants (to hospital discharge) comparing the effectiveness, cost-effectiveness and acceptability of VATS lobectomy versus open lobectomy for treatment of lung cancer. We will test the hypothesis that VATS lobectomy is superior to open lobectomy with respect to self-reported physical function 5 weeks after randomisation (approximately 1 month after surgery). Secondary outcomes include assessment of efficacy (hospital stay, pain, proportion and time to uptake of chemotherapy), measures of safety (adverse health events), oncological outcomes (proportion of patients upstaged to pathologic N2 (pN2) disease and disease-free survival), overall survival and health related quality of life to 1 year. The QuinteT Recruitment Intervention is integrated into the trial to optimise recruitment.Ethics and disseminationThis trial has been approved by the UK (Dulwich) National Research Ethics Service Committee London. Findings will be written-up as methodology papers for conference presentation, and publication in peer-reviewed journals. Many aspects of the feasibility work will inform surgical RCTs in general and these will be reported at methodology meetings. We will also link with lung cancer clinical studies groups. The patient and public involvement group that works with the Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit at the Brompton Hospital will help identify how we can best publicise the findings.Trial registration numberISRCTN13472721
Standard precaution practice and associated factors among health professionals working in Addis Ababa government hospitals, Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study using multilevel analysis
Authors: Angaw Dessie Abebaw , Gezie Lemma Derseh , Dachew Berihun Assefa 
Published: October 2019

ObjectivesOccupational exposure to blood and body fluids is a major risk factor for the transmission of infections to health professionals in developing countries like Ethiopia. The aim of this study was to assess standard precaution practices (SPPs) and its associated factors among health professionals working at Addis Ababa government hospitals.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted on 772 health professionals working at eight government hospitals in Addis Ababa, 2015. The multistage sampling technique was used to select study participants. Health professionals who were directly participating in screening, diagnosis, treatment and follow-ups of patients were studied. SPPs by health professionals were determined by a self-rated response to a 30-item Likert scale. A respondent would be graded as ‘good’ compliant for the assessment if they scored at least the mean of the total score, or would be considered as poor compliant if they scored less. To take the hierarchical structure of the data into account during analysis, multilevel binary logistic regressions were used. The intraclass correlation coefficient was calculated to evaluate whether variations in score were primarily within or between hospitals.ResultOut of the participants, 50.65% had good SPPs. At the individual level, attitude, age and educational status were found to be important factors of SPPs. Controlling individual-level factors, applying regular observations (adjusted OR (AOR) 1.82; 95% CI 1.2 to 2.76), providing sufficient materials (AOR 1.53; 95% CI 1.03 to 2.28) and weak measures on reported incidences (AOR 0.49; 95% CI 0.30 to 0.8) were also hospital-level factors associated with SPPs.ConclusionSPPs in the healthcare facilities were found to be so low that both patients and health professionals were at a significant risk for infections. The finding suggests the need for optimising individual-level and hospital-level precautionary practices.
Silencing Fc Domains in T cell–Engaging Bispecific Antibodies Improves T-cell Trafficking and Antitumor Potency
Authors: Wang Linlin , Hoseini Sayed Shahabuddin , Xu Hong , Ponomarev Vladimir , Cheung Nai-Kong 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBispecific antibodies (BsAb) that engage T cells bind to tumor cells via a tumor-associated antigen and to T cells through surface CD3. BsAbs have promising antitumor properties in vivo. Here, we describe the effects of Fc silencing on BsAb-driven T-cell trafficking to solid tumors. We used BsAbs specific for disialoganglioside GD2 or oncoprotein ErbB2 (HER2) and built on the IgG(L)-scFv platform with or without Fc silencing. We studied the kinetics of T-cell infiltration from blood into solid tumor masses when driven by these BsAbs. We also investigated the therapeutic efficacy of these BsAbs in two mouse models: immunodeficient mice xenografted with patient-derived GD2+ neuroblastoma or HER2+ breast cancer, and human CD3ϵ transgenic mice implanted with a GD2+ murine tumor. BsAbs built with intact Fc domain were unable to drive T cells to tumor, thereby failing to achieve an antitumor effect in mice. T cells became sequestered in lungs by myeloid cells or depleted in circulation. In contrast, when Fc function was silenced by N297A ± K322A mutations, T cells were able to infiltrate into subcutaneous solid tumors, a prerequisite for successful therapy outcome.
Mammary Tumor Cells with High Metastatic Potential Are Hypersensitive to Macrophage-Derived HGF
Authors: Kitamura Takanori , Kato Yu , Brownlie Demi , Soong Daniel Y.H. , Sugano Gaël , Kippen Nicolle , Li Jiufeng , Doughty-Shenton Dahlia , Carragher Neil , Pollard Jeffrey W. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Metastasis-associated macrophages (MAM) promote persistent growth of breast cancer cells at the metastatic site and are, thus, an attractive therapeutic target to treat breast cancer metastasis, a leading cause of cancer-related death in women. However, the precise mechanisms behind MAM-mediated metastatic tumor outgrowth have not been fully elucidated. Using mouse models of metastatic breast cancer, we showed that MAMs uniquely expressed hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) in metastatic tumors. We also demonstrated that a selected population of cancer cells with high metastatic potential (cancer cells that can establish metastatic tumors in mice with higher number and incidence than parental cells) had higher expression of HGF receptor, MNNG HOS transforming gene (MET), and were more responsive to HGF released from macrophages compared with the parental cells. Blockade of MET signaling in cancer cells suppressed metastatic tumor expansion, in part, through activation of natural killer cells. Results from this study suggest an approach to prevent life-threatening metastatic tumor formation using blockade of MAM-induced MET signal activation in metastatic cancer cells.
Tumor Immune Microenvironment and Chemosensitivity Signature for Predicting Response to Chemotherapy in Gastric Cancer
Authors: Jiang Yuming , Xie Jingjing , Huang Weicai , Chen Hao , Xi Sujuan , Han Zhen , Huang Lei , Lin Tian , Zhao Li-Ying , Hu Yan-Feng , Yu Jiang , Cai Shi-Rong , Li Tuanjie , Li Guoxin 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Current gastric cancer staging alone cannot predict prognosis and adjuvant chemotherapy benefits in stage II and III gastric cancer. Tumor immune microenvironment biomarkers and tumor-cell chemosensitivity might add predictive value to staging. This study aimed to construct a predictive signature integrating tumor immune microenvironment and chemosensitivity-related features to improve the prediction of survival and adjuvant chemotherapy benefits in patients with stage II to III gastric cancer. We used IHC to assess 26 features related to tumor, stroma, and chemosensitivity in tumors from 223 patients and evaluated the association of the features with disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). Support vector machine (SVM)–based methods were used to develop the predictive signature, which we call the SVM signature. Validation of the signature was performed in two independent cohorts of 445 patients. The diagnostic signature integrated seven features: CD3+ cells at the invasive margin (CD3 IM), CD8+ cells at the IM (CD8 IM), CD45RO+ cells in the center of tumors (CD45RO CT), CD66b+ cells at the IM (CD66b IM), CD34+ cells, periostin, and cyclooxygenase-2. Patients fell into low- and high-SVM groups with significant differences in 5-year DFS and OS in the training and validation cohorts (all P &lt; 0.001). The signature was an independent prognosis indicator in multivariate analysis in each cohort. The signature had better prognostic value than various clinicopathologic risk factors and single features. High-SVM patients exhibited a favorable response to adjuvant chemotherapy. Thus, this SVM signature predicted survival and has the potential for identifying patients with stage II and III gastric cancer who could benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy.
Análise da sustentabilidade de projetos de assentamentos rurais em Goiás
Authors: Santos Júnio Gregório Roza , Castro Selma Simões 
Published: October 2019

O insucesso da política de Projetos de Assentamentos Rurais (PAs) no País é amplamente conhecido e estudado por meio de metodologias de avaliação do seu desempenho, sendo que poucos utilizaram indicadores e respectivos parâmetros integrados de avaliação da sustentabilidade. Este artigo objetiva apresentar os resultados de aplicação de metodologia baseada na análise de Funções de Uso das Terras – FUT, como condicionantes estruturantes da sustentabilidade, aplicada a PAs do estado de Goiás, comparativamente bem e mal sucedidos, representativos de duas regiões bem contrastadas ambiental e socioeconomicamente, o Nordeste goiano e o Sul goiano. Os resultados indicaram que o PA do Nordeste goiano pode ser considerado insustentável, mas preserva grande parte do Cerrado nativo, o que lhe atribui uma qualificação contraditória. Já o PA do Sul Goiano, sustentável, exibe maior equilíbrio entre os fatores sociais, econômicos e ambientais estudados embora preserve apenas a cobertura obrigatória pela legislação ambiental.
Is Vagal Response During Left Atrial Ganglionated Plexi Stimulation a Normal Phenomenon?
Authors: Iso Kazuki , Okumura Yasuo , Watanabe Ichiro , Nagashima Koichi , Takahashi Keiko , Arai Masaru , Watanabe Ryuta , Wakamatsu Yuji , Otsuka Naoto , Yagyu Seina , Kurokawa Sayaka , Nakai Toshiko , Ohkubo Kimie , Hirayama Atsushi 
Published: October 2019

Background:
Ganglionated plexi (GPs) play an important role in both the initiation and maintenance of atrial fibrillation (AF). GPs can be located by using continuous high-frequency stimulation (HFS) to elicit a vagal response, but whether the vagal response phenomenon is common to patients without AF is unknown.

Methods:
HFS of the left atrial GPs was performed in 42 patients (aged 58.0±10.2 years) undergoing ablation for AF and 21 patients (aged 53.2±12.8 years) undergoing ablation for a left-sided accessory pathway. The HFS (20 Hz, 25 mA, 10-ms pulse duration) was applied for 5 seconds at 3 sites within the presumed anatomic area of each of the 5 major left atrial GPs (for a total of 15 sites per patient). We defined vagal response to HFS as prolongation of the R-R interval by >50% in comparison to the mean pre-HFS R-R interval averaged over 10 beats and active-GP areas as areas in which a vagal response was elicited.

Results:
Overall, more active-GP areas were found in the AF group patients than in the non-AF group patients, and at all 5 major GPs, the maximum R-R interval during HFS was significantly prolonged in the AF patients. After multivariate adjustment, association was established between the total number of vagal response sites and the presence of AF.

Conclusions:
The significant increase in vagal responses elicited in patients with AF compared with responses in non-AF patients suggests that vagal responses to HFS reflect abnormally increased GP activity specific to AF substrates.
Insights Into Myocardial Oxygen Consumption, Energetics, and Efficiency Under Left Ventricular Assist Device Support Using Noninvasive Pressure-Volume Loops
Authors: Jain Pankaj , Shehab Sajad , Muthiah Kavitha , Robson Desiree , Granegger Marcus , Drakos Stavros G. , Jansz Paul , Macdonald Peter S. , Hayward Christopher S. 
Published: October 2019

Background:
Assessment of left ventricular (LV) recovery under continuous-flow LV assist device therapy is hampered by concomitant pump support. We describe derivation of noninvasive pressure-volume loops in continuous-flow LV assist device patients and demonstrate an application in the assessment of recovery.

Methods and Results:

Using pump controller parameters and noninvasive arterial pressure waveforms, central aortic pressure, outflow conduit pressure gradient, and instantaneous LV pressure were calculated. Instantaneous LV volumes were calculated from echocardiographic LV end-diastolic volume accounting for the integral of pump flow with respect to time and aortic ejection volume derived from the pump speed waveform. Pressure-volume loops were derived during pump speed adjustment and following bolus intravenous milrinone to assess changes in loading conditions and contractility, respectively. Fourteen patients were studied. Baseline noninvasive LV end-diastolic pressure correlated with invasive pulmonary arterial wedge pressure (
r
2
=0.57, root mean square error 5.0 mm Hg,
P
=0.003). Measured noninvasively, milrinone significantly increased LV ejection fraction (40.3±13.6% versus 36.8±14.2%,
P
<0.0001), maximum dP/dt (623±126 versus 555±122 mm Hg/s,
P
=0.006), and end-systolic elastance (1.03±0.57 versus 0.89±0.38 mm Hg/mL,
P
=0.008), consistent with its expected inotropic effect. Milrinone reduced myocardial oxygen consumption (0.15±0.06 versus 0.16±0.07 mL/beat,
P
=0.003) and improved myocardial efficiency (43.7±14.0% versus 41.2±15.5%,
P
=0.001). Reduced pump speed caused increased LV end-diastolic volume (190±80 versus 165±71 mL,
P
<0.0001) and LV end-diastolic pressure (14.3±10.2 versus 9.9±9.3 mm Hg,
P
=0.024), consistent with a predictable increase in preload. There was increased myocardial oxygen consumption (0.16±0.07 versus 0.14±0.06 mL O
2
/beat,
P
<0.0001) despite unchanged stroke work (
P
=0.24), reflecting decreased myocardial efficiency (39.2±12.7% versus 45.2±17.0%,
P
=0.003).

Conclusions:
Pressure-volume loops are able to be derived noninvasively in patients with the HeartWare HVAD and can detect induced changes in load and contractility.
Recurrent Neural Networks for Early Detection of Heart Failure From Longitudinal Electronic Health Record Data
Authors: Chen Robert , Stewart Walter F. , Sun Jimeng , Ng Kenney , Yan Xiaowei 
Published: October 2019

Background:
We determined the impact of data volume and diversity and training conditions on recurrent neural network methods compared with traditional machine learning methods.

Methods and Results:
Using longitudinal electronic health record data, we assessed the relative performance of machine learning models trained to detect a future diagnosis of heart failure in primary care patients. Model performance was assessed in relation to data parameters defined by the combination of different data domains (data diversity), the number of patient records in the training data set (data quantity), the number of encounters per patient (data density), the prediction window length, and the observation window length (ie, the time period before the prediction window that is the source of features for prediction). Data on 4370 incident heart failure cases and 30 132 group-matched controls were used. Recurrent neural network model performance was superior under a variety of conditions that included (1) when data were less diverse (eg, a single data domain like medication or vital signs) given the same training size; (2) as data quantity increased; (3) as density increased; (4) as the observation window length increased; and (5) as the prediction window length decreased. When all data domains were used, the performance of recurrent neural network models increased in relation to the quantity of data used (ie, up to 100% of the data). When data are sparse (ie, fewer features or low dimension), model performance is lower, but a much smaller training set size is required to achieve optimal performance compared with conditions where data are more diverse and includes more features.

Conclusions:
Recurrent neural networks are effective for predicting a future diagnosis of heart failure given sufficient training set size. Model performance appears to continue to improve in direct relation to training set size.
Attributing Blame to Robots: I. The Influence of Robot Autonomy
Authors: Furlough Caleb , Stokes Thomas , Gillan Douglas J. 
Published: October 2019

Objective The research examined how humans attribute blame to humans, nonautonomous robots, autonomous robots, or environmental factors for scenarios in which errors occur. Background When robots and humans serve on teams, human perception of their technological team members can be a critical component of successful cooperation, especially when task completion fails. Methods Participants read a set of scenarios that described human–robot team task failures. Separate scenarios were written to emphasize the role of the human, the robot, or environmental factors in producing the task failure. After reading each scenario, the participants allocated blame for the failure among the human, robot, and environmental factors. Results In general, the order of amount of blame was humans, robots, and environmental factors. If the scenario described the robot as nonautonomous, the participants attributed almost as little blame to them as to the environmental factors; in contrast, if the scenario described the robot as autonomous, the participants attributed almost as much blame to them as to the human. Conclusion We suggest that humans use a hierarchy of blame in which robots are seen as partial social actors, with the degree to which people view them as social actors depending on the degree of autonomy. Application The acceptance of robots by human co-workers will be a function of the attribution of blame when errors occur in the workplace. The present research suggests that greater autonomy for the robot will result in greater attribution of blame in work tasks.
Injuries and Illness Prevalence Prior to Competition in Goalball Players
Authors: Gajardo Rubén , Aravena Carmen , Fontanilla Macarena , Barría Mauricio , Saavedra Cristhian 
Published: October 2019

Introduction: Goalball is a sport specifically created for persons with visual impairments. In spite of all benefits that participating in sport-related activities brings to athletes with visual impairments, there is also the inherent, associated risk of being injured. Competing presenting injuries or illnesses or both not only decrease performance in contests but also increase the risk of acquiring new injuries. There is no information available regarding prior-to-competition injuries or illnesses in athletes with visual impairments. The objective of this research is to determine prevalence of injuries and diseases in athletes prior to a sport-competitive event. Method: A cross-sectional and descriptive study was conducted in 39 athletes (12 women; 41.02 ± 14.96 years old [15.4–71.5]) of Southern Chilean teams participating in the Goalball National Championship. Seven questions from a questionnaire about injuries and illnesses during 4 weeks prior to the competition were analyzed through frequency distribution and measures of key trends. Results: The prevalence of prior injuries was determined as 64.1% ( n = 25), which influenced training in different ways. Sixty percentage of athletes thought these injuries would affect their performance during the championship. Finally, 25.64% ( n = 10) reported having a disease. Conclusions: To our knowledge, this is the first study determining past injuries and illnesses in athletes with visual impairments. This information is important to elaborate preventive strategies and to provide better medical support during competitions. Implications for practitioners: The multidisciplinary teams preparing athletes with visual impairments can use this information to develop preventive strategies to reduce injuries, improve sport performance, and provide better medical support during competitions.