bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A review of screening tools for the identification of autism spectrum disorders and developmental delay in infants and young children: recommendations for use in low‐ and middle‐income countries
Authors: Marlow Marguerite , Servili Chiara , Tomlinson Mark 
Published: February 2019

Without intervention, developmental delay (DD) and autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) severely restrict children from reaching their developmental potential. Monitoring child development through the use of screening tools can help identify children who need further assessment or intervention. Screening has been widely encouraged to identify children with ASD or DD, and a large variety of screening instruments are suggested in the literature. There is a lack of consensus around which screening tools are most effective, especially where tools are used in cultures other than those in which they were created. We conducted a review of the literature for screening tools for DD and autism to make recommendations for tool selection and use in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMIC). We included 99 screening tools in the review and created profiles for each tool to evaluate their properties and determine which tools could be effectively used in various LMIC. Our review identified a substantial number (35 for DD and 6 for ASD) of screening tools from LMIC. We identified 10 tools which show promise for use across settings; these tools are brief, low‐cost and can be implemented by paraprofessionals or lay community health workers. Routine screening is an important first step toward addressing the need for services in LMIC, but high‐quality tools take time to be conceptualized, developed, piloted, and validated, before implementation can happen. A focus on improving the scientific rigor of early detection approaches and on enhancing the reach to underserved populations should be prioritized. Autism Res 2019, 12: 176–199 © 2019 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Lay SummaryScreening tools are short questionnaires or brief assessments used to identify children at risk of a developmental disability such as autism. Many screening tools exist, but there is uncertainty about which tools work best in non‐Western cultures or low‐resource settings. We reviewed over 90 screening tools to identify which tools can be easily used in these settings. Selecting tools that are affordable and easy to use will make it easier to identify and support children with developmental difficulties.
Zum Kriechen von Beton mit Superabsorbierenden Polymeren unter Druckbeanspruchung
Authors: Reinhardt Hans‐Wolf , Mielich Oliver , Müller Burkhard 
Published: February 2019

AbstractSuperabsorbierende Polymere (SAP) speichern im Beton Wasser und geben es während der Hydratation des Zements ab, was eine innere Nachbehandlung darstellt, oder stellen es zur Aktivierung von nicht hydratisiertem Zement in Mikrorissen zur Verfügung, was einer Selbstheilung gleichkommt. Der zweite Effekt liegt den Untersuchungen zugrunde, da Kriechen von Beton, neben viskosen Verformungen des Zementsteins, auch durch Mikrorisse verursacht wird. In einer Versuchsreihe wurden fünf Betonzusammensetzungen einer Druckspannung unterworfen und die dabei auftretenden Verformungen gemessen. Es zeigte sich, dass geringe Mengen von SAP das Kriechen signifikant vermindern.
Dynamisches Verhalten von Stahlbetonplatten
Authors: Hering Marcus , Kühn Tino , Häntzschel Thomas , Neumann Frank , Häußler‐Combe Ulrich , Curbach Manfred 
Published: February 2019

AbstractNur eine einzige Chance gab es, im Rahmen einer Kooperation mit der Bundeswehr dem Interesse der Wissenschaft beim Ansprengen von Betonplatten nachzugehen. Neben vielen durchgeführten Fall‐ und Beschussversuchen im Otto‐Mohr‐Laboratorium in Dresden nutzten die Autoren die Gelegenheit eines Feldversuchs unter ähnlichen Bedingungen wie im Labor. Hierzu wurden der Probekörper sowie die gesamte Mess‐ und Versuchstechnik kurzerhand auf einen Übungsplatz der Bundeswehr transportiert. Die Bedienung des ansonsten autarken Messsystems erfolgte aus einem sicheren Bunker in 300 m Entfernung, was eine zusätzliche Herausforderung darstellte. Es wurden Lagerkräfte, Beschleunigungen und Verschiebungen gemessen. Außerdem wurden High‐Speed‐Aufnahmen aufgezeichnet. Die Beanspruchung erfolgte mit 0,75 kg PETN mit einem TNT‐Äquivalent (TNTe) von ca. 1 kg. Im Beitrag wird die experimentelle Vorgehensweise detailliert dargelegt. Im Bewusstsein, mit dieser Beanspruchungsart Neuland zu betreten, werden Fehler offen benannt und die Methodik kritisch hinterfragt. In einem nachfolgenden Artikel wird auf die numerische Betrachtung des hier rein experimentell beschriebenen Versuchs eingegangen.
Cobalt‐Catalyzed Chemoselective Transfer Hydrogenation of C=C and C=O Bonds with Alkanols
Authors: Jiang Biao‐Lin , Ma Shuang‐Shuang , Wang Meng‐Liang , Liu Dian‐Sheng , Xu Bao‐Hua , Zhang Suo‐Jiang 
Published: February 2019

AbstractAn environmentally benign protocol of chemoselective transfer hydrogenation of C=C and C=O bonds with alkanols under base‐free conditions is developed by this study, wherein the cobalt‐ bidentate phosphine catalyst precursor is commercially available and the active low‐valent Co species could be generated in‐situ. For the conjugation enones, the vinyl group is selectively reduced, whereas with nonconjugated alkenones, the selectivity is changed to the carbonyl group. Besides, ortho‐alkenyl‐benzaldehydes/imines are well tolerated, and the reduction solely occurs at the C=O/C=N site with this protocol.
Graphitic Carbon Nitride Nanosheets as Co‐reactants for Tris(2,2′‐bipyridine)ruthenium(II) Electrochemiluminescence
Authors: Tian Libing , Zhao Panpan , Wei Jingjing , Chi Yuwu , Zhou Shu‐Feng , Chen Lichan 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe search for a biocompatible co‐reactant for tris(2,2′‐bipyridine)ruthenium(II) (Ru(bpy)32+) electrochemiluminescence (ECL) has attracted broad attention towards extending its application in the biomedical field. This work investigates the co‐reactant effect of graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets (CNNSs) on Ru(bpy)32+ ECL. CNNSs enhance the anodic ECL of Ru(bpy)32+ through the ECL interaction between Ru(bpy)33+ and the reductive intermediate of CNNSs, which are generated by either the direct electroreduction of CNNSs or the chemical/electrochemical oxidation of the amine groups on the CNNSs surface by Ru(bpy)33+. The finding may provide a new avenue for the development of self‐enhanced ECL probes and offer a new insight into revealing the surface feature of CNNSs.
A Stepwise Annulation for the Transformation of Cyclic Ketones to Fused 6 and 7‐Membered Cyclic Enimines and Enones
Authors: Wu Dong‐Ping , He Qian , Chen Dong‐Huang , Ye Jian‐Liang , Huang Pei‐Qiang 
Published: February 2019

Summary of main observation and conclusionThe efficient construction of functionalized polycyclic structures is an important objective in organic synthesis. Herein, we disclose a three‐step “[2 + n]” annulation method for the transformation of cyclic ketones to fused enimines and enones. The method relies on the Suzuki coupling reaction and the amide reductive alkenylation reaction. A series of fused bicyclic (6/6, 6/7, 8/7) and tricyclic (6/6/6; 6/6/7, 6/5/7) ring systems bearing an α,β‐enimine or an α,β‐enone functionality have been synthetized in good overall yields.
Discovery of Small‐Molecule Antibiotics against a Unique tRNA‐Mediated Regulation of Transcription in Gram‐Positive Bacteria
Authors: Frohlich Kyla M. , Weintraub Spencer F. , Bell Janeen T. , Todd Gabrielle C. , Väre Ville Y. P. , Schneider Ryan , Kloos Zachary A. , Tabe Ebot S. , Cantara William A. , Stark Caren J. , Onwuanaibe Urenna J. , Duffy Bryan C. , Basanta‐Sanchez Maria , Kitchen Douglas B. , McDonough Kathleen A. , Agris Paul F. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe emergence of multidrug‐resistant bacteria necessitates the identification of unique targets of intervention and compounds that inhibit their function. Gram‐positive bacteria use a well‐conserved tRNA‐responsive transcriptional regulatory element in mRNAs, known as the T‐box, to regulate the transcription of multiple operons that control amino acid metabolism. T‐box regulatory elements are found only in the 5′‐untranslated region (UTR) of mRNAs of Gram‐positive bacteria, not Gram‐negative bacteria or the human host. Using the structure of the 5′UTR sequence of the Bacillus subtilis tyrosyl‐tRNA synthetase mRNA T‐box as a model, in silico docking of 305 000 small compounds initially yielded 700 as potential binders that could inhibit the binding of the tRNA ligand. A single family of compounds inhibited the growth of Gram‐positive bacteria, but not Gram‐negative bacteria, including drug‐resistant clinical isolates at minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC 16–64 μg mL−1). Resistance developed at an extremely low mutational frequency (1.21×10−10). At 4 μg mL−1, the parent compound PKZ18 significantly inhibited in vivo transcription of glycyl‐tRNA synthetase mRNA. PKZ18 also inhibited in vivo translation of the S. aureus threonyl‐tRNA synthetase protein. PKZ18 bound to the Specifier Loop in vitro (Kd≈24 μm). Its core chemistry necessary for antibacterial activity has been identified. These findings support the T‐box regulatory mechanism as a new target for antibiotic discovery that may impede the emergence of resistance.
Lasting effects of cancer and its treatment on employment and finances in adolescent and young adult cancer survivors
Authors: Ketterl Tyler G. , Syrjala Karen L. , Casillas Jacqueline , Jacobs Linda A. , Palmer Steven C. , McCabe Mary S. , Ganz Patricia A. , Overholser Linda , Partridge Ann , Rajotte Emily Jo , Rosenberg Abby R. , Risendal Betsy , Rosenstein Donald L. , Baker Kevin Scott 
Published: February 2019

BackgroundThe impact of cancer and its treatment on employment and financial burden in adolescents/young adults (AYAs) is not fully known.MethodsEligibility for this cross‐sectional study of AYA cancer survivors included the diagnosis of a malignancy between ages 18 and 39 years and survey completion within 1 to 5 years from diagnosis and ≥1 year after therapy completion. Participants were selected randomly from the tumor registries of 7 participating sites and completed an online patient‐reported outcomes survey to assess employment and financial concerns. Treatment data were abstracted from medical records. Data were analyzed across diagnoses and by tumor site using logistic regression and Wald‐based 95% confidence intervals adjusting for age (categorized), sex, insurance status, education (categorized), and treatment exposures.ResultsParticipants included 872 survivors (breast cancer, n = 241; thyroid cancer, n = 126; leukemia/lymphoma, n = 163; other malignancies, n = 342). Exposure to chemotherapy in breast cancer survivors was associated with an increase in self‐reported mental impairment in work tasks (odds ratio [OR], 2.66) and taking unpaid time off (OR, 2.62); survivors of “other” malignancies reported an increase in mental impairment of work tasks (OR, 3.67) and borrowing >$10,000 (OR, 3.43). Radiation exposure was associated with an increase of mental impairment in work tasks (OR, 2.05) in breast cancer survivors, taking extended paid time off work in thyroid cancer survivors (OR, 5.05), and physical impairment in work tasks in survivors of “other” malignancies (OR, 3.11). Finally, in survivors of “other” malignancies, having undergone surgery was associated with an increase in physical (OR, 3.11) and mental impairment (OR, 2.31) of work tasks.ConclusionsCancer treatment has a significant impact on AYA survivors’ physical and mental work capacity and time off from work.
Impact of patient choice and hospital competition on patient outcomes after prostate cancer surgery: A national population‐based study
Authors: Aggarwal Ajay K. , Sujenthiran Arunan , Lewis Daniel , Walker Kate , Cathcart Paul , Clarke Noel , Sullivan Richard , van der Meulen Jan H. 
Published: February 2019

BackgroundPolicies that encourage patient choice and hospital competition have been introduced across several countries with the purpose of improving the quality of health care services. The objective of the current national cohort study was to analyze the correlation between choice and competition on outcomes after cancer surgery using prostate cancer as a case study.MethodsThe analyses included all men who underwent prostate cancer surgery in the United Kingdom between 2008 and 2011 (n = 12,925). Multilevel logistic regression was used to assess the effect of a radical prostatectomy center being located in a competitive environment (based on the number of centers within a threshold distance) and being a successful competitor (based on the ability to attract patients from other hospitals) on 3 patient‐level outcomes: postoperative length of hospital stay >3 days, 30‐day emergency readmissions, and 2‐year urinary complications.ResultsWith adjustment for patient characteristics, men who underwent surgery in centers located in a stronger competitive environment were less likely to have a 30‐day emergency readmission, irrespective of the type or volume of procedures performed at each center (odds ratio, 0.46; 95% confidence interval, 0.36‐0.60; P = .005). Men who received treatment at centers that were successful competitors were less likely to have a length of hospital stay >3 days (odds ratio, 0.49; 95% confidence interval, 0.25‐0.94; P = .02).ConclusionsThe current results suggest for the first time that hospital competition improves short‐term outcomes after prostate cancer surgery. Further evaluation of the potential role of patient choice and hospital competition is required to inform health service design in contrast to the role of top‐down–driven approaches, which have focused on centralization of services.
Spinal cord injury transiently alters Meissner's corpuscle density in the digit pads of macaque monkeys
Authors: Crowley Matthew , Lilak Alayna , Ahloy‐Dallaire Jamie , Darian‐Smith Corinna 
Published: February 2019

AbstractMeissner's corpuscles (MCs) are cutaneous mechanoreceptors found in glabrous skin and are exquisitely sensitive to light touch. Along with other receptors, they provide continuous sensory feedback that informs the execution of fine manual behaviors. Following cervical spinal deafferentation injuries, hand use can be initially severely impaired, but substantial recovery occurs over many weeks, even when ~95% of the original input is permanently lost. While most SCI research focuses on central neural pathway responses, little is known about the role of peripheral receptors in facilitating recovery. We begin to address this by asking the following: (1) What is the normal pattern of MCs in the distal pads of all five digits in the macaque monkey (with hands similar to humans)? (2) What happens to these receptors 4–5 months following either a dorsal column lesion (DCL) or a combined dorsal root/dorsal column lesion (DRL/DCL), when functional recovery is largely complete? (3) What happens chronically, 12–14 months later? Our findings show that in normal monkeys, MCs are densest in the distal pads of the opposing thumb and index finger, with the greatest concentration on the thumb. This reflects a close functional relationship between receptor density and precision grip. At 4–5 months post‐injury, there was a (~30%) loss of MCs on the deafferented digits of the injured hand compared with the contralateral side. However, 12–14 months after a DRL/DCL, receptor densities had returned to normal levels. Our findings indicate a complex peripheral response and highlight the importance of the periphery in shaping central changes.
Occlusal traits of 4–5‐year‐old Estonians. Parents' perception of orthodontic treatment need and satisfaction with dental appearance
Authors: Sepp Hettel , Saag Mare , Vinkka‐Puhakka Heli , Svedström‐Oristo Anna‐Liisa , Peltomäki Timo 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThis study aims to evaluate the prevalence of occlusal traits and to assess parents'/caregivers' satisfaction with child's dental appearance and perception of orthodontic treatment need in 4–5‐year‐old Estonians. Clinical records and plaster casts of 390 children (190 girls and 200 boys, mean age 4.7 years, range 4 ̶ 5 years) were analyzed. Assessed occlusal traits included deciduous canine and second molar sagittal relationship, overjet, overbite, crowding, midline diastema, crossbite, and scissor bite. Parents'/caregivers' opinions regarding their child's teeth were determined with a questionnaire. The most prevalent occlusal traits were symmetrical sagittal relationship in deciduous canines (78.2%) and molars (75.1%), Class I sagittal relationship in deciduous canines (69.7%) and midline diastema (67.7%). Asymmetrical sagittal canine relationship was registered in 21.8% deciduous canines and in 24.9% second deciduous molars. Parents'/caregivers' perceived orthodontic treatment need was related to Class III sagittal relationship in canines, increased overjet and overbite, negative overbite, and crossbite. Prevalence of most occlusal traits in Estonian children were in line with those reported in neighboring countries. Parents/caregivers were well able to observe occlusal traits that deviated from acceptable occlusion.
Patterns of rangeland productivity and land ownership: Implications for conservation and management
Authors: Robinson Nathaniel P. , Allred Brady W. , Naugle David E. , Jones Matthew O. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractRangelands cover 40–50% of the Earth's terrestrial surface. While often characterized by limited, yet variable resource availability, rangelands are vital for humans, providing numerous ecosystem goods and services. In the conterminous United States (CONUS), the dominant component of rangeland conservation is a network of public rangelands, concentrated in the west. Public rangelands are interspersed with private and tribal rangelands resulting in a complex mosaic of land tenure and management priorities. We quantify ownership patterns of rangeland production at multiple scales across CONUS and find that both total production and average productivity of private rangelands is more than twice that of public and tribal rangelands. At finer scales, private rangelands are consistently more productive than their public counterparts. We also demonstrate an inverse relationship between public rangeland acreage and productivity. While conserving acreage is crucial to rangeland conservation, just as critical are broad‐scale ecological patterns and processes that sustain ecosystem services. Across CONUS, ownership regimes capture distinct elements of these patterns and services, demonstrated through disparate production dynamics. As ownership determines the range of feasible conservation actions, and the technical and financial resources available to implement them, understanding ownership‐production dynamics is critical for effective and sustained conservation of rangeland ecosystem services.
Children with avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder and anorexia nervosa in a tertiary care pediatric eating disorder program: A comparative study
Authors: Lieberman Melissa , Houser Melissa E. , Voyer Anne‐Pier , Grady Shelley , Katzman Debra K. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to examine the medical and psychological characteristics of children under the age of 13 years with avoidant restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) and anorexia nervosa (AN) from a Canadian tertiary care pediatric eating disorders program.MethodParticipants included 106 children assessed between 2013 and 2017 using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‐5). Data were collected through clinical interviews, psychometric questionnaires, and chart review. Information collected included medical variables (e.g., weight, heart rate, need for inpatient admission, and duration of illness from symptom onset); medical comorbidities (e.g., history of food allergies, infection, and abdominal pain preceding the eating disorder); and psychological variables (e.g., psychiatric comorbidity, self‐reported depression and anxiety, and eating disorder related behaviors and cognitions).ResultsChildren with ARFID had a longer length of illness, while those with AN had lower heart rates and were more likely to be admitted as inpatients. Children with ARFID had a history of abdominal pain and infections preceding their diagnoses and were more likely to be diagnosed with a comorbid anxiety disorder. Children with AN had a higher drive for thinness, lower self‐esteem, and scored higher on depression.DiscussionThis is the first study to look at DSM‐5 diagnosis at assessment and include psychometric and interview data with younger children with AN and ARFID. Understanding the medical and psychological profiles of children with AN and ARFID can result in a more timely and accurate diagnosis of eating disorders in younger children.
Density‐dependent feedbacks, hysteresis, and demography of overgrazing sea urchins
Authors: Ling S. D. , Kriegisch N. , Woolley B. , Reeves S. E. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractSea urchin grazing can result in regime shift from productive kelp beds to sea urchin barren grounds that represent an alternative and stable reef state. Here we examine the stability of urchin barrens by defining the demographics of the Australian urchin Heliocidaris erythrogramma during regime shift to, and maintenance of, barrens. Inverse‐logistic modeling of calibrated in situ annual growth increments for five urchin populations, two from kelp beds and three from barrens, demonstrate slowing of urchin growth as availability and consumption of standing and/or drift kelp declines. Population age structures were predicted from observed sizes over four years (2012–2015, n = 5,864 individuals), which indicated stable age distributions for populations both maintaining barrens and actively grazing among kelp beds. Younger age distributions occurred on barrens whereas more mature populations existed within kelp beds, indicating that high recruitment facilitates maintenance of barrens while overgrazing appeared more reliant on adult urchins grazing from the edges of kelp beds, as opposed to juvenile recruitment among kelp. Leslie‐matrix projections indicated potential for unchecked population growth for all study populations, but which varied depending on whether local or regional recruitment rates were modeled. Ultimately, strong density dependence was observed to check population growth; with high‐recruitment/high‐density populations offset by reduced growth rates and decreased longevity. Increasing disease rates among older urchins in high‐density populations were consistent with observed density‐dependent mortality, while tethering of healthy urchins revealed highest predation on small urchins within kelp beds, suggesting some remnant resilience of declining kelp habitat. Results demonstrate that the greatest opportunity for urchin population control is when reefs exist in the kelp bed state, at which point urchin populations are prone to negative feedback. Conversely, control of urchins on barrens is demonstrably difficult given positive density‐dependent feedbacks that act to stabilize population size and which evidently underpin the hysteresis effect governing the persistence of this alternative stable state.