bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Problems and challenges: development of blood transfusion services in Mainland China within the context of health‐care system reform
Authors: Chen J. , Ou‐Yang J. , Xie G. , Liang H. , Fan Y. , Gao R. , Li S. , Rong X. , He B. , Bei C. , Fu Y. 
Published: July 2019

SUMMARYObjectiveTo evaluate the development of blood transfusion services in Mainland China within the context of health‐care system reform.BackgroundChina launched a health‐care reform program in 2009 to redistribute health‐care resources, which are currently over‐concentrated in well‐developed cities. A geographically equitable blood transfusion service is key to achieving this goal.MethodsBased on the national survey of blood establishments in July 2015, total blood collection, whole‐blood donations per 1000 population and the supply and demand relationship were analysed at the administrative region level. Areas at different developmental levels were compared in terms of total blood collection and human resources.ResultsIn 2014, Mainland China's 31 provinces showed wide variation, with total blood collection in blood facilities ranging from about 1000 units to over 600 000 units (each 200 mL), and the whole‐blood donation rate per 1000 population, ranging from 1·48 to 17·09. 69% of the country's total collection, was concentrated in 29 provincial capitals, and 31% was in 311 non‐capital cities. Of 97 personnel with doctorates, 74 worked in 32 provincial blood establishments, whereas the remaining 23 worked at the other 318 blood stations. In most provinces, per permanent resident donation was within 2–4 mL, and blood volume per inpatient was 10–35 mL regardless of the development of the transfusion service.ConclusionIn 2014, China had an imbalanced development and insufficient access to blood transfusion services. This service must be redeployed at the national level to facilitate health‐care reform in China.
Pseudo‐mechanistic Explanations in Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience
Authors: Hommel Bernhard 
Published: July 2019

AbstractFew articles in psychology and cognitive neuroscience do without the promise to get into the “mechanisms underlying” particular psychological phenomena. And yet the progress in our mechanistic understanding of human cognition and behavior must be considered disappointing: Most “explanations” merely classify the phenomenon under investigation as falling into a broader category of (not any better understood) phenomena, specify the context conditions under which the phenomenon is likely to occur, or specify a particular kind of neural activity (such as the activation of a particular brain area) that is correlated with the phenomenon. None of these meets the criteria of a truly mechanistic explanation, which needs to account for phenomena in terms of “a structure performing a function in virtue of its component parts, component operations, and their organization” (Bechtel, 2006). This contribution characterizes the problem and some of its implications and discusses possible solutions.
Tilting-Pad Journal Bearing Subjected to Fuzzy Type-2 Uncertain Parameters
Authors: Lara-Molina F. A. , Cavalini A. A. , Steffen V. , Cabrera N. V. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This paper evaluates the effects of uncertainties on the load capacity of a four-pad tilting-pad journal bearing, in which the pad radius, oil viscosity, and radial clearance are considered as uncertain information. The hydrodynamic supporting forces at the bearing pads are obtained by solving the Reynolds equation. In this case, the uncertain parameters are modeled as fuzzy type-2 variables. Fuzzy type-2 sets have been widely used due to their ability to model higher orders of uncertainties as compared with the fuzzy type-1 approach. They allow for inaccurate knowledge to be included in the membership functions used to describe the uncertain parameters. In the present contribution, the so-called α-level optimization was associated with the fuzzy type-2 technique for uncertainty analysis purposes. A sensitivity analysis was also carried out as an additional assessment of the considered uncertain parameters. The numerical results allowed to understand how the uncertain parameters affect the bearing supporting forces for three shaft speeds, namely, 3000, 9000, and 15,000 rpm. It was demonstrated that the effect of the uncertain parameters on the supporting forces increases according to the shaft speed. Additionally, the load capacity revealed to be more sensitive to variations on the oil viscosity and radial clearance than to the pad radius concerning the adopted uncertain interval. Consequently, the obtained results can provide suitable information for the design, manufacturing, and maintenance of tilting-pad journal bearings.
Extended Modal Reduction for On-Board Rotor With Multifrequency Parametric Excitation
Authors: Briend Yvon , Dakel Mzaki , Chatelet Eric , Andrianoely Marie-Ange , Dufour Regis , Baudin Sophie 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
A new reduction method is proposed to investigate the behavior stability of rotor-bearing systems subject to a multifrequency rotational motion of their base. Combining the modal analysis and the construction of specific dynamic Ritz vectors, this method is able to deal with complex rotordynamics characteristics such as nonproportional damping, nonself-adjoint matrices, or time-varying parametric coefficients. This paper focuses first on assessing the accuracy and efficiency of the reduction method by computing time history and spectral responses of full and reduced models due to multifrequency base excitations. Its main potential is then highlighted in the parametric stability analysis through Floquet theory. The proposed numerical examples are composed with academic and industrial rotors, both modeled with one-dimensional Timoshenko beam finite element and supported by hydrodynamic journal bearings.
Experimental Measurement of the Flexural Spectrum of a Vibrating Beam Above the Critical Frequency
Authors: Calleja-Ángel J. , Torres-Guzmán J. C. , Arriaga J. , Díaz-de-Anda A. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIn this paper, we report the bending spectrum measured experimentally on oscillating beams with free extremes in a frequency range below and above the cutoff or critical frequency. The experimental setup used to obtain the bending spectrum consisted of a novel and selective method to excite mainly bending modes, as well as an identification process in which oscillation modes other than bending were discarded. For the first time, we identified bending modes above the cutoff frequency for square and circular cross-sectional beams and a good agreement is obtained when the measured frequencies are compared with the predictions of the Timoshenko beam theory (TBT) and those numerically obtained from the elasticity theory by using a three-dimensional finite element method (FEM) calculation. Higher frequency values at which TBT should cease to be valid were not achieved in the experiments. Instead, our experimental results show that TBT remains valid above the cutoff frequency, with an error smaller than 6%.
The global pool of simulation exercise materials in health emergency preparedness and response: a scoping review with a health system perspective
Authors: McDarby Geraldine , Reynolds Lindy , Zibwowa Zandile , Syed Shams , Kelley Ed , Saikat Sohel 
Published: July 2019

Simulation Exercises (SimEx) are an established tool in defence and allied security sectors, applied extensively in health security initiatives under national or international legislative requirements, particularly the International Health Regulations (2005). There is, however, a paucity of information on SimEx application to test the functionality of health systems alongside emergency preparedness, response and recovery. Given the important implications health services resilience has for the protection and improvement of human life, this scoping review was undertaken to determine how the publicly available body of existing global SimEx materials considers health systems, together with health security functions in the event of disruptive emergencies.The global review identified 668 articles from literature and 73 products from institutional sources. Relevant screening identified 51 materials suitable to examine from a health system lens using the six health system building blocks as per the WHO Health System Framework. Eight materials were identified for further examination of their ability to test health system functionality from a resilience perspective.SimEx are an effective approach used extensively within health security and emergency response sectors but is not yet adequately used to test health system resilience. Currently available SimEx materials lack an integrated health system perspective and have a limited focus on the quality of services delivered within the context of response to a public health emergency. The materials do not focus on the ability of systems to effectively maintain core services during response.Without adjustment of the scope and focus, currently available SimEx materials do not have the capacity to test health systems to support the development of resilient health systems. Dedicated SimEx materials are urgently needed to fill this gap and harness their potential as an operational tool to contribute to improvements in health systems. They can act as effective global goods to allow testing of different functional aspects of health systems and service delivery alongside emergency preparedness and response.The work was conducted within the scope of the Tackling Deadly Diseases in Africa Programme, funded by the UK Department for International Development, which seeks to strengthen collaboration between the health system and health security clusters to promote health security and build resilient health systems.
Exploring the characteristics, acuity and management of adult ED patients at night-time
Authors: Simpson Rebecca , Croft Susan , O’Keeffe Colin , Jacques Richard , Stone Tony , Ahmed Nisar , Mason Suzanne M 
Published: July 2019

ObjectivesED care is required for acutely unwell and injured patients 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. The aim of this study was to compare characteristics and activity of type 1 ED attendances according to whether their time of arrival was during the day (08:00–18:00) or at night (18:00–08:00).MethodsHospital Episode Statistics (HES) data from NHS Digital for all A&E and admitted patient care activity provided by all acute (not mental health or primary care) NHS hospital trusts in Yorkshire and Humber (1 April 2011 to 31 March 2014) for adult patients were analysed. Adjusted linear and logistic regression was used to model the data.ResultsAdjusted regression analysis results show that patients who attended ED at night waited an extra 18.76 (95% CI 18.62 to 18.89) min to be seen by a clinician. They also spent an additional 13.64 (95% CI 13.47 to 13.81) min total in ED. Patients who attended at night were OR 2.20 (95% CI 2.17 to 2.23) times more likely to leave without being seen. They were also OR 1.26 (95% CI 1.25 to 1.27) times more likely to re-attend the ED and were OR 1.20 (95% CI 1.19 to 1.21) times more likely to present with non-urgent conditions. Overnight patients were more likely to be admitted to hospital, OR 1.09 (95% CI 1.09 to 1.10) times, however, those admitted were more likely to have a short-stay admission.ConclusionThere is an ‘overnight effect’ of patients attending EDs. Patients wait longer, leave without being seen, attend with non-urgent problems and are more likely to be admitted for a short stay. Further work is required to identify the potential underlying causes of these differences.
Physiological responses of four apple (Malus × domesticaBorkh.) rootstock genotypes to soil water deficits
Authors: Wright D.E.J. , Cline J.A. , Earl H.J. 
Published: July 2019

The use of drought-tolerant rootstocks is an important strategy in maintaining orchard productivity while meeting the increasing need to conserve water resources. The drought tolerance of two new genotypes, Vineland 1 (V.1) and Vineland 3 (V.3), was assessed along with industry standards to test the hypothesis that differences in water-use efficiency exist among these apple rootstocks. One-year-old, non-grafted nursery liners of M.9, MM.111, V.1, and V.3 were grown in a controlled-environment experiment. Plants of each genotype were maintained water-replete or were subjected to a 9-d controlled dry down and then maintained under water stress conditions for 55 d. Water stress reduced biomass accumulation and trunk cross-sectional area for all four genotypes. The two vigorous genotypes, MM.111 and V.1, increased their root-to-shoot ratios in response to water stress, whereas the root-to-shoot ratios of M.9 and V.3 remained unchanged in their water-replete controls. Genotype V.3 maintained its transpiration at a significantly lower soil water content compared to M.9, MM.111, and V.1. Of the four genotypes, V.3 demonstrated a high tolerance to water stress conditions, and therefore deserves further investigation using grafted apple trees in an orchard study.
Explicit solutions of certain orientable quadratic equations in free groups
Authors: Gonçalves D. , Nasybullov T. 
Published: July 2019

For [Formula: see text] denote by [Formula: see text] the free group on [Formula: see text] generators and let [Formula: see text]. For [Formula: see text] and elements [Formula: see text], we study orientable quadratic equations of the form [Formula: see text] with unknowns [Formula: see text] and provide explicit solutions for them for the minimal possible number [Formula: see text]. In the particular case when [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] for [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] the minimal number which satisfies [Formula: see text], we provide two types of solutions depending on the image of the subgroup [Formula: see text] generated by the solution under the natural homomorphism [Formula: see text]: the first solution, which is called a primitive solution, satisfies [Formula: see text], the second solution satisfies [Formula: see text]. We also provide an explicit solution of the equation [Formula: see text] for [Formula: see text] in [Formula: see text], and prove that if [Formula: see text], then every solution of this equation is primitive. As a geometrical consequence, for every solution, we obtain a map [Formula: see text] from the orientable surface [Formula: see text] of genus [Formula: see text] to the torus [Formula: see text] which has the minimal number of roots among all maps from the homotopy class of [Formula: see text]. Depending on the number [Formula: see text], such maps have fundamentally different geometric properties: in some cases, they satisfy the Wecken property and in other cases not.
Adjoint Code Design Patterns
Authors: Naumann Uwe 
Published: July 2019

Adjoint methods have become fundamental ingredients of the scientific computing toolbox over the past decades. Large-scale parameter sensitivity analysis, uncertainty quantification, and nonlinear optimization would otherwise turn out computationally infeasible. The symbolic derivation of adjoint mathematical models for relevant problems in science and engineering and their implementation in consistency with the implementation of the underlying primal model frequently proves highly challenging. Hence, an increased interest in algorithmic adjoints can be observed.
The algorithmic derivation of adjoint numerical simulation programs shifts some of the problems faced from functional and numerical analysis to computer science. It becomes a highly complex software engineering task requiring expertise in software analysis, transformation, and optimization. Despite rather mature software tool support for algorithmic differentiation, substantial user intervention is typically required when targeting nontrivial numerical programs. A large number of patterns shared by numerous application codes results in repeated duplication of development effort. The adjoint code design patterns introduced in this article aim to reduce this problem through improved formalization from the software engineering perspective. Fully functional reference implementations are provided through github.
Our Paradigm for Paradigms in IS
Authors: Stafford Tom , Petter Stacie 
Published: July 2019

In the "publish or perish" world that we exist in as scholars, we note the emergence of an interesting pattern. Research is increasingly oriented around pre-existing, well-known, and widely accepted theoretical models, for which incremental advancements are devised by way of contribution. This is the way of "traditional" scientific work (consistent with Kuhn, 1962; 1970). Yet, this "traditional" approach to science is not as interesting as it could be for those of us editors, reviewers, and readers who are thirsty for new theoretical vistas and fresh ideas to inform our worldview of information systems.
Indeed, it would seem that our paradigm (that which guides us in Kuhnian practice of our scientific craft of article production) has become what Kuhn, himself, might have said of paradigms at the late stage of maturity, just in advance of revolutions in which normal science puzzle solving ceased to work as expected: the paradigm by which we operate in our normal science practice, and the paradigms with which we study our scientific problems, are as limiting to us as anything else.
Microenvironmental Metabolism Regulates Antitumor Immunity
Authors: Ngwa Verra M. , Edwards Deanna N. , Philip Mary , Chen Jin 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment are emerging as key factors governing tumor growth, metastasis, and response to therapies including immune checkpoint inhibitors. It has been recognized that rapidly proliferating cancer cells, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, and vascular endothelial cells compete for oxygen and nutrients. Tumor cells and other cell types in the microenvironment not only compete for nutrients, but they also simultaneously produce immunosuppressive metabolites, leading to immune escape. In addition, commensal microbial metabolites can influence regulatory T cells and inflammation in the intestine, thus playing an essential role in cancer prevention or cancer promotion. In this review, we summarize recent advances on metabolic interactions among various cell types in the tumor microenvironment, with a focus on how these interactions affect tumor immunity. We also discuss the potential role of blood vessel metabolism in regulating immune cell trafficking and activation.
Sedentary Behavior and Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies
Authors: Berger Felix F. , Leitzmann Michael F. , Hillreiner Andrea , Sedlmeier Anja M. , Prokopidi-Danisch Maria Eleni , Burger Maximilian , Jochem Carmen 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer in men worldwide, and sedentary behavior is widespread, yet reviews and meta-analyses summarizing the role of sedentary behavior as a potential risk factor for prostate cancer are scarce. We searched PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane databases for relevant articles up to January 2019. We pooled maximally adjusted risk estimates in a random effects model and performed meta-regression meta-analysis, assessed heterogeneity and publication bias using I², funnel plots, and Egger and Begg tests, and conducted sensitivity analyses and influence diagnostics. Data from 12 prospective cohort studies including a total of 30,810 prostate cancer cases were analyzed. We found no statistically significant association between high versus low sedentary behavior and prostate cancer incidence [RR = 1.07; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.99–1.16; P = 0.10]. We noted that adjustment for body mass index (BMI) modified the relation of sedentary behavior to prostate cancer, particularly aggressive cancer. Sedentary behavior was related to a statistically significant increased risk of aggressive prostate cancer in analyses not adjusted for BMI (RR = 1.21; 95% CI, 1.03–1.43), whereas no association was apparent in BMI-adjusted analyses (RR = 0.98; 95% CI, 0.90–1.07), and the difference between those summary risk estimates was statistically significant (Pdifference = 0.02). Sedentary behavior is not independently associated with prostate cancer. However, prolonged sedentary behavior may be related to increased risk of aggressive prostate cancer through a mechanism involving obesity. This finding represents a potentially important step toward considering sedentary behavior as a modifiable behavioral risk factor for aggressive prostate cancer.
Light Mantle: Quantifying Daylight Perception in Edward Hopper’s Spaces
Authors: Osorio-Schmied Emil 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The spaces represented in Edward Hopper’s paintings are taken as a model by an academic project about light behavior in architecture, the goal of which is to develop a quantitative approach contrastable with the perception of natural light in such paintings. With the support of a physical model and a smartphone as measurement and verification instruments, the author tests the idea that it is possible to establish links between sensory registers and the performance of light in a certain precinct, using as a starting point the question posed by Hopper about the feasibility of light.
The Weather Roulette: A Game to Communicate the Usefulness of Probabilistic Climate Predictions
Authors: Terrado Marta , Lledó Llorenç , Bojovic Dragana , St. Clair Asun Lera , Soret Albert , Doblas-Reyes Francisco J. , Manzanas Rodrigo , San-Martín Daniel , Christel Isadora 
Published: July 2019

AbstractClimate predictions, from three weeks to a decade into the future, can provide invaluable information for climate-sensitive socioeconomic sectors, such as renewable energy, agriculture, or insurance. However, communicating and interpreting these predictions is not straightforward. Barriers hindering user uptake include a terminology gap between climate scientists and users, the difficulties of dealing with probabilistic outcomes for decision-making, and the lower skill of climate predictions compared to the skill of weather forecasts. This paper presents a gaming approach to break communication and understanding barriers through the application of the Weather Roulette conceptual framework. In the game, the player can choose between two forecast options, one that uses ECMWF seasonal predictions against one using climatology-derived probabilities. For each forecast option, the bet is spread proportionally to the predicted probabilities, either in a single year game or a game for the whole period of 33 past years. This paper provides skill maps of forecast quality metrics commonly used by the climate prediction community (e.g., ignorance skill score and ranked probability skill score), which in the game are linked to metrics easily understood by the business sector (e.g., interest rate and return on investment). In a simplified context, we illustrate how in skillful regions the economic benefits of using ECMWF predictions arise in the long term and are higher than using climatology. This paper provides an example of how to convey the usefulness of climate predictions and transfer the knowledge from climate science to potential users. If applied, this approach could provide the basis for a better integration of knowledge about climate anomalies into operational and managerial processes.