bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigation of tunable gyrotron on a cone-shaped waveguide
Authors: Kolosov S. V. , Zapevalov V. E. , Zaitseva I. E. 
Published: November 2018

The results of calculations of a nonlinear model of a tunable frequency gyrotron on a cone-shaped waveguide and the main wave TE01 are presented. It is shown that the adjustment range can reach 2.8 %. To extend this band, it is necessary to lengthen the cone-shaped part of the waveguide without changing the angle of increase in the radius of the waveguide.The wave efficiency of a waveguide expanding along the axis is 21 % at a working frequency of 10 GHz. To achieve these parameters, it is necessary to divide the gyrotron electromagnet into two parts – the main electromagnet and auxiliary one, which has a limited length and can move along the waveguide. The second magnet can be made in the form of a set of individual electromagnets of limited length the set of electromagnets must fill the entire length of the cone-shaped waveguide. The fulfillment of this condition will allow to move the resonant magnetostatic field along the waveguide by switching the current in the coils of this set of electromagnets, which will exclude the mechanical movement of the auxiliary electromagnet. At a frequency of 200 GHz, the wave efficiency is reduced to 15 %, while the ohmic losses in the walls of the waveguide are 3 % of the power of the electron beam.The dependence of the gyrotron efficiency on the initial angular spread of electron velocities was investigated. It was concluded that the initial angular spread of the electron velocities has very little effect on the efficiency of the tunable gyrotron.The wave efficiency of a waveguide narrowing in length can reach 29 % at a frequency of 200 GHz, ohmic losses in the walls of a copper waveguide amount to 4 % of the power of the electron beam. Calculations have shown that a lamp backward wave gyrotron with a waveguide narrowing along the axis is more efficient than the version of the gyrotron traveling wave tube. However, in both cases, the synchronous value of the magnetostatic field must be displaced along the axis, depending on the required operating frequency, otherwise there occurs either a rearrangement of the electron beam or a return of the energy to the high-frequency field by the electron beam.
Humanitarian science of Belarus: history and the present (To the 90th anniversary of the foundation of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus
Authors: Kovalenya A. A. , Levkovich V. I. , Yuschkevich O. S. 
Published: November 2018

The article analyzes the results and achievements of scholars-humanists in the recent years. The work denotes unparalleled and the most important fundamental studies that reveal rich historical, cultural and spiritual stratum of Belarusian people. Authors also show the place and the role of social and humanitarian sciences in Belarusian society.The work stresses that the main objective of the research of scholars-humanists is not only the defence of the historical legitimacy of the Belarusian statehood and national-state interests of the Republic of Belarus in the world community, but also the preservation of the spiritual, material, historical and cultural values of Belarusian people and the strengthening of both: the country’s international prestige and Belarusian humanitarian science.And finally, the paper presents quantitative results of the research and the most significant practical achievements of scholars accomplished in the recent years.
АНАЛІЗ РУХУ СИПКОГО МАТЕРІАЛУ НА ВИХОДІ БУНКЕРІВ
Authors: Стаценко В. В. , Біла Т. Я. , Бурмістенков О. П. 
Published: November 2018

The study of the bulk material physics and mechanical properties influence on the its movement nature at the bunker outlet. We used the mathematical modeling and regression analysis methods. The characteristic features of the material main movement modes (normal and hydraulic) are defined. Mathematical models of the bulk materials movement in conical-cylindrical bunkers are given, the bunker and particles parameters influence on their velocity is analyzed. An equipment was developed and experimental studies of the materials discharge rate from bunkers were carried out, the results are presented in the work. Mathematical models of the bulk materials movement in conical and cylindrical bunkers are obtained. The dependences between the particles physic-mechanical parameters and their movement speed are established. The results obtained allow us to predict the bunker equipment performance of for various bulk materials types.
“Doğruluk Kontrol Merkezi” ve “Yalan Haber” Kavramlarına İlişkin İçeriklerin Medyada Yansımasının Araştırılması
Authors: KOCABAY ŞENER Nihal 
Published: November 2018

Türkiye’de kurumsal haber medyasının
üretmiş olduğu içeriklerde sözü edilen yalan haber, hakikat sonrası çağ ve
doğruluk kontrol merkezlerine yer verip vermediği bu çalışmanın konusunu
oluşturmaktadır. Çalışma, Türkiye haber medyasında yalan haber ve bağlantılı
olduğu kavramlarla ilgili içerik (haber, yorum yazısı) üretilip üretilmediğini,
üretilenlerde ise konunun ele alınışını kategorilere ayırarak incelemeyi
amaçlamaktadır. Yalan haberden en fazla etkilenen ülkelerden biri olarak kabul
edilen Türkiye’de medyanın konuyu nasıl yansıttığının ortaya konulması
hedeflenmektedir. İçerik analizi yönteminin kullanılacağı çalışmada, trafiği en
yüksek olan beş haber sitesi (Milliyet, Hürriyet, Habertürk, Sabah ve Sözcü) seçilerek
haberler ve yorum yazıları incelenmiştir. Araştırmanın yapılacağı dönem
aralığı, yalan haber tartışmasının ivme kazanmaya başladığı ve hakikat-sonrası
(post-truth) kavramının Oxford Dictionary tarafından yılın kelimesi seçildiği
Kasım 2016’dan Mayıs 2017’ye kadar olan
dönem ile sınırlandırılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda yalan/sahte haber ile ilgili
içeriklerde siyasetçi ve teknoloji şirketi açıklamalarının kullanıldığı tespit
edilmiştir. Egemen siyasal ve ekonomik sistemi destekleyen içeriklerin yer
aldığı söylenebilir. Dünyadaki tartışmalar haberlere yansırken Türkiye ile
ilgili haberlere fazla yer verilmemiştir. Doğruluk kontrol merkezleri ise haber
kaynağı olarak hiç gösterilmezken içeriklerde de %3,54 oranında yer almıştır. İncelenen
haber sitelerinin yalan/sahte haber ve doğruluk kontrol merkezlerini
gündemlerine almadıkları gözlenmiştir.
Future climate change and it`s impact on precipitation and temperature in Ukraine
Authors: Khokhlov V. , Yermolenko N. 
Published: November 2018

Global climate change has provoked an active development in modern methods relating to the prediction of spatiotemporal hydrometeorological fields. Numerical modeling of nearest-future climatic changes allows to generate strategies of development for different areas of economic activity.
The paper aims to assess the expected air temperature and precipitation features in Ukraine considering different scenarios of climatic change. The modeling future changes of air temperature and precipitation were carried out using the A1B and A2 scenarios of climatic change. The outcomes of regional climate model ECHAM5 from ENSEMBLES Project were used as initial data. It was revealed that the air temperature will gradually increase in most of Ukrainian regions. Moreover highest air temperature will be recorded in Southern Ukraine during 2031-2050. The analysis of linear trends for 2031-2050 showed that the air temperature for the scenario A1B will exhibit a tendency to the decrease of temperature. However, the annually mean temperature in 2031-2050 for the ‘moderate’ scenario A1B will be higher than for the ‘hard’, in terms of greenhouse gases concentrations, scenario A2. The annual precipitation in Ukraine, both for the A1B and A2 scenario, will slightly increase toward the 2050 with the exception of Southern Ukraine. Also, the highest annual precipitation will be registered in the western part of Ukraine, and lowest – in the southern one. The paper can be expanded to the analysis of future dangerous weather phenomena depending on the changes of air temperature and precipitation.
Agricultural plant residues in the Odessa oblast: perspectives for biogas production
Authors: Binkovska G.V. , Shanina T.P. 
Published: November 2018

An area of the Odessa oblast includes 26 administrative districts with developed agricultural traditions. The productivity of main grain crops in the Odessa oblast comprises several million tons every year. Annually, the vegetable residues in the Odessa oblast upon harvesting make a significant amount. Biomass includes both nutritional and energy potential, which requires new approach in the storage and treatment. At the same time, the current problems with high cost of the traditional energy sources create various obstacles in the fields of agricultural activity.
Recently, considerable attention is focused on the process of biological conversion of the biomass to methane. Rising segment of biomass application in the energy strategies all over the world implies the need for greater accumulation of biomass resources to meet the demand.
The purpose of this publication is an assessment of vegetable biomass amount in the districts of the Odessa oblast, potential of nutrients and biogas energy generated from the biomass. The analysis corresponds to the search of new alternative energy resources and the rational use of organic biomass.
The agricultural biomass residues are the resource category with relatively high regeneration capacity. This property can be used for producing nutrient-rich organic fertilizers and high-energy biogas to compensate the traditional fossil fuel dependence.
The availability of agricultural biomass resources was found to demonstrate the great perspectives for the bioenergy sector, first of all in view of the adopted waste management strategies.
Aerosols dynamics in the atmosphere over Eastern Europe by means of AERONET according to weather conditions during summer 2010
Authors: Galytska E. , Danylevsky V. , Snizhko S. 
Published: November 2018

Introduction. Aerosols in the Earth's atmosphere are not only air pollutants but also a factor that affects the climate. The study of the dynamics of aerosol layer properties and aerosol particles properties, and revealing sources of the atmosphere pollution by aerosols is one of the urgent problems of modern environmental sciences. Monitoring of the air pollution caused by aerosols contributes to the determination of its effects on the climate and to the reduction of its negative impacts on the health of the population.
The purpose of this paper is to present the analysis of the dynamics of aerosols in the atmosphere over Eastern Europe. Thus, latest technologies and approaches are used: remote ground-based measurements of the optical properties of aerosol particles with the international sun photometers network AERONET; analysis of fires distribution during summer 2010 with the data application from satellite instrument MODIS; atmospheric dynamics research with the analysis of synoptic situation and modeling of transport of particles with the application of HYSPLIT model.
Results. The peculiarities of changes of aerosol optical depth at 500 nm spectral channel and Angstrom parameter 440-870 nm for 10 AERONET stations in Eastern Europe are discussed in the article. The authors provide complex analysis of aerosols distribution together with natural processes as forest fires and overview these processes considering weather conditions that were conducive for aerosols accumulation during that time. HYSPLIT back trajectories for mentioned stations in the altitude 0.5, 1.5, 3, 4 and 5 km are used as the improvement of results of synoptic analysis. Clear advantage of modelling of transport processes give the ability to receive detailed transport paths, which makes easier to distinguish the origin of aerosols.
Conclusion. Detailed research of aerosols with the application of up-to-date technologies makes the analysis of the optical properties of aerosols over large area quite efficient. The obvious effect of forest fires in European territory of Russia (UTR) on air quality of observational stations of Ukraine, Russia, Moldova, Romania, Poland, Belarus and Estonia is detected and analysed. The further application of satellite measurements of optical properties of aerosols are attempted to be implemented to the further research.
Assessment of changes of agro-climatic conditions for cultivation of millet in the southern regions of Ukraine resulted from climate change
Authors: Danilova N.V. 
Published: November 2018

The signals of global warming are now being observed throughout the world. Data of hydrometeorological centres show a significant increase of temperature in many regions accompanied by intense frequency of dry periods. Some substantial and direct effects of climate change may be already noticed at present time. Over the next several decades they will be observed in agriculture. Increase of temperature and reduction of precipitation volumes will probably lead to decrease the level of yield. These changes can significantly affect the global food security. Ukraine is known for its fertile soil and agricultural products, so it has a huge agricultural potential, contributing, in fact, to the global food security. However, the observed weather changes, increase of average temperature and uneven distribution of rainfalls can result in sharp transformation of most of agricultural and climatic zones of Ukraine. According to international processes there is an urgent need for improvement of adaptation to climate change of some branches of national economy of Ukraine, including of agriculture.
Expanding the range of types of millet used in agricultural production is an economically feasible process that should be implemented in view of significant climate changes resulting in global warming which is widely discussed in scientific literature. Rapid introduction in crop shifts of the millet that is able to withstand recurring periodic droughts, especially in the southern regions, is one of the ways allowing to overcome the consequences of such extreme conditions.
Conditions of the southern regions are favourable for millet crop. Millet is one of the most drought-resistant and heat-resistant crops that can sustain heat injuries and seizures and this is very important for arid areas during dry years, when other crops significantly reduce the level of yield.
We studied changes of agro-climatic resources and agro-climatic conditions for formation of millet productivity for various periods of time. The analysis of climate change trend was performed through comparing of data as per climatic scenarios A2 and A1B and of average long-term characteristics of climatic and agro-climatic indicators. The comparative description of millet productivity under the conditions of climate change as per average long-term data (1986-2005) and as per scenarios A2 and A1B of climate change (2011-2030 and 2031-2050) was also performed.
Assessment of heat supply of vegetation period within the northern grain-seeding territory of Kazakhstan
Authors: Baisholanov S. S. 
Published: November 2018

Introduction. The existing agroclimatic handbooks in Kazakhstan are outdated both in informational and technological senses. Therefore necessity of agroclimatic resources reassessment arose.
Purpose. Research of heat supply of vegetation period within the Northern grain-seeding territory of Kazakhstan.
Methods. Data of meteorological stations for period of 1981-2014 were used. Methods of statistic and climatologic processing of data were applied. The agroclimatic maps were drafted using ArcGIS 10.1 software.
Results. The article describes a thermal regime, duration and heat supply of vegetation period within the territory of 4 northern oblasts of Kazakhstan. The territory of Northern Kazakhstan under study hascontinental climate. Average annual air temperature at the area under study increases from the North to the South from 1.8 °C to 5.3 °C. Average July air temperature at the area changes from 18.5 °C to 23.6 °C and average January air temperature – from minus 12.8 °C to minus 17.4 °C. Duration of vegetation period for early spring crops constitutes 172-193 days, for late spring crops – 136-162 days and for warm weather crops – 89-124 days. Daily range of air temperature is 11.4-14.7 °C and that means rather high quality of grain. Sum of active temperatures exceeding 10 °C increases from the North to the South from 2100 °C to 3400 °C. Vegetation period is 90% provided by sum of active temperatures exceeding 10 °C within the range of 2000-2900 °C. Maps of heat supply and vegetation period duration were also drafted.
Conclusions. In the north of the territory under study thermal sources satisfy demands of soft and common sorts of wheat but are not enough for sunflower and maize, in the south they are enough for wheat, all sorts of sunflower and middle-late sorts of maize.
Assessment of water resources change of the Danube River in the XXI century under the scenario A1B using the model "climate-runoff"
Authors: Loboda N. S. , Bozhok Yu. V. 
Published: November 2018

The results of calculations of possible state of water resources within The Danube River basin in the XXI century were shown. This estimation was based on the model "climate-runoff", developed in Odessa State Environmental University. As the input to model data of climate scenario A1B (model REMO) were used. Average long-term annual flow values using meteorological data (air temperature and precipitation) from the scenario for different climatic periods of XXI century were calculated. 32 points (grid nodes) which were uniformly distributed over the catchment area of the Danube River were studied. Projection of changes in water resources was given by comparing the calculation results in the past (before 1989) and in the future (1990-2030, 2031-2070, 2071-2100). The major trends in climatic factors of the flow formation and water resources were established. It is shown that the climatic conditions in the XXI century on the Danube River catchment is unfavorable for the formation of runoff. The positive component of the water balance (precipitation) remains unchanged and the negative component (evaporation) increases. Isolines of norms of climatic annual flow within the whole basin were constructed. It is established that by 2030 a significant reduction of water resources will not occur; during the 2031-2070 diminution will be 17,9 %; during the 2071-2100 – 22,0 %.
Scientific and methodological base for calculation of rain and spring floods maximum runoff
Authors: Gopchenko E. , Burlutskaya M. , Romanchuk M. 
Published: November 2018

For more than 40 years estimated characteristics of rivers' maximum runoff for rain and spring floods in Ukraine have been determined using the regulatory document SNiP 2.01.14-83. This regulatory document is based on use of reduction formulas (for spring floods, rain floods with catchment areas of F >200 km2) and maximum intensity formulas (for rain floods with catchment areas of F < 200 km2).
Use of reduction structure for rain and spring floods of different reduction have no relevant grounds since in both cases we deal with calculation of maximum water discharge forming the part of unimodular hydrographs. In addition, a calculated parameter of "friendliness" k0 is determined for spring floods by use of hydrological analogues, which, by the way, are assigned rather provisionally. Regarding rain floods the impact in the form of coefficients of analogy is replaced by the runoff module q200 taken for a provisional catchment area F = 200 km2. In methodological terms, in contrast to the "friendliness" coefficient of the spring flood k0 determined by the method of hydrological analogy, module q200 (for rain floods) is represented by a map of isolines. More remarks can be voiced with regard to the methodological base of determination of maximum modules of rain floods runoff within small catchment areas (F <200 km2). The main drawback relating to the use of maximum intensity formula consists in the fact that natural process of transformation of rain floods “precipitation - slope inflow - river channel runoff” is replaced by the operator of "precipitation - river channel runoff".
The authors of this article offer a universal approach to substantiation of the structure of the formula to determine the characteristics of maximum runoff of rain and spring floods.
The original theoretical model for hydrographs of rain and spring floods is accepted as unimodular non-linear triangles.
For the first time all the components of calculation equations of modules of maximum runoff of rain and spring floods are described by the same equations and differ only in numerical values of the parameters. The proposed scientific and methodological base for determination of modules of maximum runoff of rain and spring floods underwent practical test and is recommended for use when preparing a new Ukrainian regulatory document replacing SNiP 2.01.14-83.
Water, Sand, Molluscs: Imperial Infrastructures, the Age of Hydrology, and German Colonialism in Swakopmund, Southwest Africa, 1884-1915
Authors: Kalb Martin 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
How did nature challenge German colonialism in Southwest Africa? What role did water, sand, and a small mollusc play as Germans tried to establish their first and, in many ways, only settler colony? This paper explores the events surrounding the town of Swakopmund, a small coastal settlement defined as the main entry point (Eingangstür) into German Southwest Africa at the time. As a case study, Swakopmund arguably provides an excellent framework when showcasing the importance of widely underestimated environmental protagonists in the construction of the German Empire; it also underlines the value of incorporating environmental history more broadly into discussions of German colonial fantasies in the age of hydrology.
The Association of Mid- and Late-Life Systemic Inflammation with Brain Amyloid Deposition: The ARIC-PET Study
Authors: Walker Keenan A. , Windham B. Gwen , Brown Charles H. , Knopman David S. , Jack Clifford R. , Mosley Thomas H. , Selvin Elizabeth , Wong Dean F. , Hughes Timothy M. , Zhou Yun , Gross Alden L. , Gottesman Rebecca F. 
Published: November 2018

Background: Although inflammation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease, the effects of systemic inflammation on brain amyloid deposition remain unclear. Objective: We examined the association of midlife and late-life systemic inflammation with late-life brain amyloid levels in a community sample of non-demented older adults from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) – PET Study. Methods: 339 non-demented participants (age: 75 [SD 5]) were recruited from the ARIC Study to undergo florbetapir PET (amyloid) imaging. Blood levels of high sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP), a marker of systemic inflammation, were measured 22 years (Visit 2), 16 years (Visit 4), and up to 2 years before PET imaging (Visit 5). Elevated brain amyloid deposition (standardized uptake value ratio >1.2) was the primary outcome. Results: Our primary analyses found no association of midlife and late-life CRP with late-life brain amyloid levels. However, in secondary stratified analyses, we found that higher midlife (Visit 2) CRP was associated with elevated amyloid among males (OR 1.65, 95% CI: 1.13–2.42), and among white (OR 1.33, 95% CI: 1.02–1.75), but not African American, participants ( p-interactions<0.05). Among male participants, those who maintained high CRP levels (≥3 mg/L) throughout mid- and late-life were most likely to have elevated brain amyloid (OR, 8.81; 95% CI: 1.23, 62.91). Conclusions: Although our primary analysis does not support an association between systemic inflammation and brain amyloid deposition, we found evidence for sex- and race-dependent associations. However, findings from subgroup analyses should be interpreted with caution.