bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Respirometry for determination of the influents SS-concentration
Authors: Witteborg A. , van der Last A. , Hamming R. , Hemmers I. 
Published: May 2018

A method is presented for determining influent readily biodegradable substrate concentration (SS). The method is based on three different respiration rates, which can be measured with a continuous respiration meter which is operated in a cyclic way. Within the respiration meter nitrification is inhibited through the addition of ATU. Simulations were used to develop the respirometry set-up and decide upon the experimental design. The method was tested as part of a large measurement programme executed at a full-scale plant.
The proposed respirometry set-up has been shown to be suitable for a semi-on-line determination of an influent SS which is fully based on the IAWQ #1 vision of the activated sludge process. The YH and the KS play a major role in the principle, and should be measured directly from the process.
Determination of aluminum, barium, molybdenum, scandium, berylium, titanium, vanadium, fluoride and boron in highly salinated waters
Authors: Bebek Malgorzata , Mitko Krzysztof , Kwapulinsk Jerzy 
Published: May 2018

Boron was determined in strongly salinated waters by ion exchange with selective ion exchanger AMBERLITE IRA 743 using a bath technique. Modified colour reaction with carminic acid was used to the final determination in 3 cm cuvettes at 615 nm. Limit of detection was 0.02 mgB/dm3 and no interference was observed during ion exchange in natural strong salinated samples.
Determination of trace metals was carried out by flame AAS with N2O as oxidizing gas. Elaborated method allows to analyze water samples of each value of salinity. In the case of samples with TDS of more than dm3 it is necessary to dilute samples prior to analysis and with TDS in range from 10 to 20 g/dm3 standard addition is applicable as a rule and limit of detection is about 2 to 3 times worse than in non salinated samples. Presented method is very usable in place of uncomfortable, time-consuming and environment contaminating methods with organic extraction and it still allows to determine concentration at levels required in water pollution normatives.
Colour reaction with SPANDS and zirconyl ions was used for determination of fluoride in the concentration range from 0.02 to 2 mgF−/dm3. Measurement of absorbance was carried out at 570 nm using 2 cm cuvettes. In the case of middle or highly salinated waters it is essential to preliminarily dilute sample and use the method of standard addition.
Enhanced biodegradation of organic nitrogenous compounds in resin manufacturing wastewater by anoxic denitrification and oxic nitrification process
Authors: Sheng-shung Cheng , Yuh-Tarng Lin , Sheng-Kun Chen 
Published: May 2018

In this study, a stream of resin manufacturing wastewater with high contents of organic nitrogenous compounds was treated by a conventional activated sludge process with extended aeration and a modified anoxic denitrification unit followed with two oxic activated sludge units respectively. Performance comparison of these two processes showed that the enhanced biodegradation of organic nitrogen in the modified process was attained with 69.0% of organic nitrogen removal that related to 39.0% removal in the conventional process. The anoxic/oxic process also promoted the removal efficiencies of COD, TKN and TN (total nitrogen) from 91%, 49.6% and 7.4% to 95.3%, 83.8% and 74.4% respectively, in comparison with the conventional extended activated sludge process.
These cheerful results also corresponded to the acceptable averaged effluent quality: 82 mg/l of CODs, 48 mg/l of Org.-N, 11 mg/l of NH4+-N, and 42 mg N/l of NO3−-N, that could meet the national effluent standard of ROC-EPA in 1998. The successful investigation also demonstrated that about 50% of the total organic nitrogen removal was achieved in the anoxic unit associated with denitrification, while the residual organic nitrogen was removed in the oxic unit.
The pilot-study results suggested that the resin manufacturing wastewater containing high concentration of organic nitrogen should be treated by the anoxic denitrification and oxic nitrification process instead of the conventional activated sludge process with extended aeration.
Tricaprylmethylammonium bentonite compexes as adsorbents for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene
Authors: Man-Chi Lo Irene , Lee Cheng-Hao , Liljestrand Howard M. 
Published: May 2018

An organoclay complex was synthesized by placing quaternary ammonium compound on low-charge bentonite (CEC = 90 meq/100 g) through cation exchange reaction. This kind of compex was examined for its ability to adsorb non-polar hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and o-xylene (BETX). The organic cation used in this study was the tricaprylmethylammonium (TCMA) ion which contains long-chain alkyl (tricapryl) groups of high hydrophobicity. The characteristics of TCMA-bentonite are presented from the results of Infrared red spectrum.
The high adsorption of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and o-xylene from aqueous solutions by TCMA-bentonite is found to be related to their hydrophobicity and water solubility. Free swell tests are also presented to contrast the swelling properties of bentonite with and without quaternary ammonium cations. The laboratory scale tests indicate that TCMA-bentonite could be used as an adsorbent to enhance the purification of aromatic hydrocarbon-contaminated water or act as a liner material for removing non-polar contaminants.
Laser-assisted photochemical wastewater treatment
Authors: Unkroth Angela , Wagner Volker , Sauerbrey Roland 
Published: May 2018

Existing UV-emitters on the basis of mercury arc lamps have a quantum yield which is too low in the spectral range 1 &lt; 250 nm to be of interest for most photolytic decomposition reactions. At present the only radiation sources available in that spectral range are excimer lasers or excimer lamps.
Here we present a method based on an excimer laser. Its intense pulsed radiation could be a powerful alternative to common mercury lamps.
As model substances dyes for colouring textiles and wastewaters of dyehouses containing also auxiliary materials were used. The waters were treated with laser radiation of different wavelengths (193 nm - ArF, 248 nm - KrF) frequently under addition of hydrogen peroxide or ozone as oxidizers.
It was found that with the 193 nm radiation at the same energy dose and a substantially lower amount of added oxidizers the decolourization effect was greater than at 248 nm. The reduction of TOC was also faster. The HPLC spectra of the reaction products at the two laser wavelengths showed good agreement, so that the advantage of the shorter-wavelength radiation is the simplier achievement of the activation energies necessary for oxidation or decomposition reactions.
A statistical approach to urban runoff pollution modelling
Authors: Grum Morten , Aalderink R. Hans 
Published: May 2018

In evaluating the present or future state of integrated urban water systems, sewer drainage models are often used in calculating the expected return periods of given detrimental acute pollution events and the uncertainty thereof. In the present study an urban runoff pollution model is developed for a Dutch combined sewer catchment. The water quantity model consists, in its final shape, of a combination of linear reservoirs in series and some physical characteristics of the sewer system. Attached to the water quantity model, a model was developed to simulate the suspended chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration at the point of combined sewer overflow (CSO). The model structure has been developed on the basis of a rainfall input series and a water level and a suspended COD concentration output series. Physically interpretable parameters have been included where this could be statistically justified by the available observation. Model development has been based on an approximate likelihood ratio test, tests for parameter significance, parameter correlation and information criteria.
It has been possible to formulate a model to describe the rainfall-runoff process at the Loenen catchment with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.83 for the water level at the overflow weir. The best model contained eight estimated parameters of which six were directly interpretable in traditional urban drainage terms. A three parameter suspended COD concentration model was developed with an R2 of 0.44. Though considerably less successful than the water quantity modelling, the results are interesting when viewed in relation to the small number of model parameters. Furthermore the model structure can be linked to existing resuspension theory involving a critical shear stress.
The performance of vertical flow experimental wetland under a range of operational formats and environmental conditions
Authors: Breen Peter F. 
Published: May 2018

The performances of vertical flow experimental wetlands have been shown to be very efficient (Breen and Chick, 1989; Breen, 1990; Rogers et al., 1991). However the reported systems have potentially important operational and environmental differences or advantages when compared to the operational formats and conditions of full scale systems. For example the reported systems have been operated under glasshouse conditions, were batch loaded and the plants in the systems had never been harvested.
This study evaluates the influence of batch versus continuous loading at several retention times (and consequently loading rates) and a range of operational conditions (glasshouse versus ambient versus harvested). Statistically significant differences were found between the various treatments but these differences tended to be small in most operational contexts. For example percentage load reduction for TP under glasshouse versus ambient versus harvested conditions was 97.5, 95.7 and 91.9% respectively. Similarly the TP load reduction performance of continuously operated systems was between 98.1-98.9% and 99.2-96.3% depending on loading rate.
However results from the loading method trial also indicate that operational format and retention time could have a significant influence on the performance, design and operation of full-scale systems. For example the performance of continuously loaded systems at a 2.5d retention time was always worse than continuously loaded systems at a 5d retention time or batch loaded systems at either 2.5 or 5d retention times.
Tertiary treatment in a vertical flow reed bed system – a full scale pilot plant for 200–600 P.E.
Authors: Schönerklee Monika , Koch Ferdinand , Perfler Reinhard , Haberl Raimund , Laber Johannes 
Published: May 2018

In Strengberg, Lower Austria, a vertical flow reed bed system (gravel/sand) was chosen as a new type of tertiary treatment which was designed as a full scale pilot plant with various possibilities of operational use.
The surface of the vertical flow pilot plant amounts to about 600 m2 and is divided into four beds whereby two different depths of substrate are used. The application of the conventional plant effluent is carried out in intermittent flushes and at changeable time intervals. Final nitrification and partial denitrification and elimination of phosphorus are the main goals to be achieved. In the framework of the present research project the load limits will be determined by gradually raising the influent load. The efficiency and operational reliability within the whole year period (summer/winter) are considered to be an important factor for establishing general dimensioning approaches. The pilot plant has been in operation for more than one year now. Different operational stages up to a hydraulic load of 1.3 m2.p.e.−1 (i.e. 0.75 m2.p.e.−1) were carried out. The average chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the reed bed effluents varied from 1 to 20 mg.1−1. Not surprisingly the ammonium (NH4-N) results showed more variation. Results, thus far, indicate NH4-N removal efficiencies between 40% and 90%.
Trialing wetlands to treat coal mining wastewaters in a low rainfall, high evaporation environment
Authors: Tyrrell Wendy R. , Mulligan David R. , Sly Lindsay I. , Bell L. Clive 
Published: May 2018

The large number of wetlands treating mining wastewaters around the world have mostly been constructed in temperate environments. Wetlands have yet to be proven in low rainfall, high evaporation environments and such conditions are common in many parts of Australia.
BHP Australia Coal is researching whether wetlands have potential in central Queensland to treat coal mining wastewaters. In this region, mean annual rainfall is &lt; 650 mm and evaporation &gt; 2 000 mm.
A pilot-scale wetland system has been constructed at an open-cut coal mine. The system comprises six treatment cells, each 125 m long and 10 m wide. The system is described in the paper and some initial results presented. Results over the first fourteen months of operation have shown that although pH has not increased enough to enable reuse or release of the water, sulfate reduction has been observed in parts of the system, as shown by the characteristic black precipitate and smell of hydrogen sulfide emanating from the wetlands.
These encouraging signs have led to experiments aimed at identifying the factors limiting sulfate reduction. The first experiment, described herein, included four treatments where straw was overlain by soil and the water level varied, being either at the top of the straw, at the top of the soil, or about 5 cm above the soil. The effect of inoculating with sulfate-reducing bacteria was investigated. Two controls were included, one covered and one open, to enable the effect of evaporation to be determined. The final treatment consisted of combined straw/cattle manure overlain with soil. Results showed that sulfate reduction did occur, as demonstrated by pH increases and lowering of sulfate levels. Mean pH of the water was significantly higher after 19 days; in the controls, pH was &lt; 3.3, whereas in the treatments, pH ranged from 5.4 to 6.7. The best improvement in sulfate levels occurred in the straw/cattle manure treatment.
Integrated modelling: comparison of state variables, processes and parameters in sewer and wastewater treatment plant models
Authors: Fronteau C. , Bauwens W. , Vanrolleghem P.A. 
Published: May 2018

All the parts of an urban drainage system, i.e. the sewer system, the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and the river, should be integrated into one single model to assess the performance of the overall system and for the development of design and control strategies assisting in its sustainable and cost effective management. Existing models for the individual components of the system have to be merged in order to develop the integrated tool. One of the problems arising from this methodology is the incompatibility of state variables, processes and parameters used in the different modelling approaches.
Optimisation of an urban drainage system, and of the wastewater treatment process in particular, requires a good knowledge of the wastewater composition. As important transformations take place between the emission from the household and the arrival at the treatment facility, sewer models should include these transformations in the sewer system. At present, however, research is still needed in order to increase our knowledge of these in-sewer processes.
A comparison of the state variables, processes and parameters has been carried out in both sewer models (SMs) and activated sludge models (ASMs). An ASM approach is used for the description of reactions in sewer models. However, a difference is found in the expression for organic material (expressed in terms of BOD) and heterotrophic biomass is absent as a state variable, resulting in differences in processes and parameters. Reconciliation of both the models seems worthwhile and a preliminary solution is suggested in this paper.
Adsorption of direct dye on cross-linked chitosan fiber: breakthrough curve
Authors: Yoshida Hiroyuki , Takemori Takeshi 
Published: May 2018

The recovery of direct dye by adsorption on cross-linked fiber (ChF-B), which we have developed, appeared technically feasible. The concentration of amino group fixed in the adsorbent phase was 3.30 mol/kg dry fiber. A typical direct dye, Brilliant Yellow (M.W.=625, divalent anion) was used in this experimental study. The breakthrough curves for adsorption of the dye were measured for different flow rates, bed heights, influent concentrations of the dye, and temperatures. The experimental breakthrough curves showed that ChF-B recovered the dye efficiently even from the hot dye solution.
Axial dispersion coefficient Ez (m2/s) in fibrous bed was measured and the following correlation for the dispersion coefficient was obtained:
Ez = 5.4 × 10−6Re′1.1 (ɛ = 0.698) Ez = 4.7 × 10−6Re′1.2 (ɛ = 0.813)
where ɛ denotes void fraction of the bed. The theoretical breakthrough curve obtained by considering the effect of axial dispersion was close to that obtained from the analytical solution for rectangular isotherm system without considering the axial dispersion in Re′ &gt; 0.46. The experimental breakthrough curves in pH ≤ 4 agreed well with the analytical solution. The intrafiber effective phase diffusivity of the dye at 323 K was about two times larger than that at 298 K and the bed capacity at 323 K was almost the same as that at 298 K.
Genes of enzymes involved in the biodegradation of carbazole, dibenzofuran, fluorene, and dibenzo-p-dioxin by bacteria
Authors: Kasuga Kano , Nojiri Hideaki , Yamane Hisakazu , Omori Toshio 
Published: May 2018

Pseudomonas sp. CA10, which can grow on carbazole (CAR) as the sole source of carbon, nitrogen and energy, was isolated from an activated sludge sample. The metabolic intermediates were detected in the culture broth of strain CA10, and the degradation pathway of CAR by strain CA10 was proposed. The degradation pathway consisted of the initial oxidation of an angular position of CAR, a meta-cleavage pathway of 2′-aminobiphenyl-2,3-diol, and the further degradation of anthranilic acid via ortho-cleavage of catechol. Strain TE1, one of the Tn5-mutants of strain CA10, accumulated cis,cis-muconic acid in the presence of CAR. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the flanking region of the Tn5-insertion site revealed that catBC genes encoding the enzymes involved in cis,cis-muconate metabolism and and catR gene encoding the positive regulator of catBC genes were transcribed divergently in strain CA10, and that Tn5 was inserted into catR gene.
A bacterial strain DBF63, which can grow on either dibenzofuran (DBF) or fluorene (FN) as the sole source of carbon and energy, was also isolated from soil in Japan. The metabolic intermediates were detected in the culture broth of strain DBF63 grown on DBF or FN, and the degradation pathways of DBF and FN in strain DBF63 were proposed: DBF was subjected to initial oxygenation, meta-cleavage and hydrolysis into salicylate, and further metabolized. The oxygenation of dibenzo-p-dioxin (DD) in a resting cell reaction using the DBF-grown cells of strain DBF63 was observed. In attempt to clone the genes involved in DBF metabolism, two genes encoding extradiol dioxygenases were isolated from strain DBF63. Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed that one of the genes belonged to catechol 2,3-dioxygenase family and another showed significant homology to the β-subunit of protocatechuate 4,5-dioxygenase in deduced amino acid sequence.
Biotreatment of an industrial waste oil condensate
Authors: Bentham Richard , McClure Nick , Catcheside David 
Published: May 2018

The biotreatment of an industrial waste oil condensate has been investigated. The waste is an oily emulsion resulting from chemical processing and condensation of grease trap wastes and industrial waste oils. The oil consists of a complex mix of hydrocarbons with significant fuel oil and lube oil fractions. Currently this waste is disposed of by incineration. The feasibility of using a biological pretreatment process to remove a significant proportion of the hydrocarbons has been investigated.
Enrichment cultures produced a stable bacterial consortium. Flask cultures of this enrichment culture were capable of rapid emulsification of the oil. Within 10 days, 40–50% of the oil waste was degraded. Degradation was monitored using gas chromatographic analysis with flame ionisation detector (GC-FID) and by assessment of microbial dehydrogenase activity using triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) dye reduction.
The enrichment culture consisted of 9 component organisms, 7 Gram negative and one Gram positive organisms. Their degradative abilities in monoculture have been investigated. Degradation of the waste using monocultures was monitored using GC-FID analysis of the Pristane:C17 ratio in the waste. The degradation capability of each of the component organisms in pure culture was similar to that of the consortium.
Groundwater treatment at the former gas work remediation site “griftpark” in utrecht, the netherlands. Results of the semi permanent testing facility
Authors: Oesterholt F. I. H. M. , Pluim M. P. , de Vries P. W. 
Published: May 2018

A newly built pilot plant system consisting of four different treatment streets, two of which have a biological character, and the other two a physical/chemical character, has been intensively tested during a period of almost one year. These tests are expected to last until August 1996. The objective of the investigation is to find the economically and technologically optimal configuration of treatment steps. This should finally result in the choice and design of a permanent treatment system.
The coagulation/flocculation/sedimentation techniques, as a part of the physical/chemical treatment systems proved to be very unstable, unreliable and very difficult to control. Stable operation conditions were reached only during a few days. Removal efficiencies were very low.
The activated sludge system as well as the biofilm system had very high performance rates. For most of the components very high removal efficiencies could be reached. The addition of PAC to the activated sludge caused a slight increase of the removal efficiencies. UV/ozone tested as a cracking process between two biofilm reactors did not show any improvement. Also the use of UV/ozone as a post treatment system was not very successful.