bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comments on Schoenberg et al. (2003)
Authors: Ghorbani Hamid 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThis article comments on the work of Schoenberg FP et al., “On the distribution of wildfire sizes. Environmetrics. 2003;14:e605.https://doi.org/10.1002/env.605.” These comments are mainly about both numerical and visual goodness‐of‐fit criteria, used for comparing the performance of candidate distributions for wildfire sizes. First, the maximum likelihood estimate of the half‐normal distribution and its corresponding goodness‐of‐fit criterions are corrected. Then, the given values of the Akaike information criterion for all fitted models are modified. Furthermore, some comments on the inappropriateness of naming the proposed statistic under the “Cramér–von Mises (C‐vM) statistic” are given. After presenting the C‐vM statistic, its values and the correspondingpvalues, which show the goodness‐of‐fit–proposed distributions for describing the data, are calculated. At the end, the asymptotic confidence bounds for the “fitted comparison line” in quantile–quantile plots of two best‐fitted distributions are given. Comparing these asymptotic bounds with their counterparts in Schoenberg et al., named “Confidence bounds based on Monte Carlo simulation,” bear great similarity in the position of the end points, while creating them cost relatively much cheaper computations.
What animals do not do or fail to find: A novel observational approach for studying cognition in the wild
Authors: Janmaat Karline R. L. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractTo understand how our brain evolved and what it is for, we are in urgent need of knowledge about the cognitive skills of a large variety of animal species and individuals, and their relationships to rapidly disappearing social and ecological conditions. But how do we obtain this knowledge? Studying cognition in the wild is a challenge. Field researchers (and their study subjects) face many factors that can easily interfere with their variables of interest. Although field studies of cognition present unique challenges, they are still invaluable for understanding the evolutionary drivers of cognition. In this review, I discuss the advantages and urgency of field‐based studies on animal cognition and introduce a novel observational approach for field research that is guided by three questions: (a)what do animals fail to find?, (b)what do they not do?, and (c)what do they only do when certain conditions are met?My goal is to provide guidance to future field researchers examining primate cognition.
Roles of glial ion transporters in brain diseases
Authors: Song Shanshan , Luo Lanxin , Sun Baoshan , Sun Dandan 
Published: August 2019

AbstractGlial ion transporters are important in regulation of ionic homeostasis, cell volume, and cellular signal transduction under physiological conditions of the central nervous system (CNS). In response to acute or chronic brain injuries, these ion transporters can be activated and differentially regulate glial functions, which has subsequent impact on brain injury or tissue repair and functional recovery. In this review, we summarized the current knowledge about major glial ion transporters, including Na+/H+ exchangers (NHE), Na+/Ca2+ exchangers (NCX), Na+–K+–Cl− cotransporters (NKCC), and Na+–HCO3− cotransporters (NBC). In acute neurological diseases, such as ischemic stroke and traumatic brain injury (TBI), these ion transporters are rapidly activated and play significant roles in regulation of the intra‐ and extracellular pH, Na+, K+, and Ca2+ homeostasis, synaptic plasticity, and myelin formation. However, overstimulation of these ion transporters can contribute to glial apoptosis, demyelination, inflammation, and excitotoxicity. In chronic brain diseases, such as glioma, Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and multiple sclerosis (MS), glial ion transporters are involved in the glioma Warburg effect, glial activation, neuroinflammation, and neuronal damages. These findings suggest that glial ion transporters are involved in tissue structural and functional restoration, or brain injury and neurological disease development and progression. A better understanding of these ion transporters in acute and chronic neurological diseases will provide insights for their potential as therapeutic targets.
Association of brain white matter lesions and atrophy with cognitive function in chronic kidney disease
Authors: Yeh Yi‐Chun , Kuo Yu‐Ting , Huang Mei‐Feng , Hwang Shang‐Jyh , Tsai Jer‐Chia , Kuo Mei‐Chuan , Chen Cheng‐Sheng 
Published: August 2019

ObjectivesCognitive impairment is common in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), possibly leading to poor outcomes. However, the correlation between brain structural abnormalities and cognitive impairment remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the impairment of specific cognitive domains and their association with brain structural abnormalities.MethodsPatients with CKD of at least stage 3 who were not on hemodialysis were enrolled. All participants underwent comprehensive neuropsychological testing in five cognitive domains. Ventricular atrophy, sulcal atrophy, medial temporal atrophy, and white matter changes were assessed using brain magnetic resonance imaging according to standard protocols.ResultsEighty‐seven patients and 50 controls were enrolled. Patients with CKD exhibited decreased cognitive function relative to controls. Compared with patients with stage 3 CKD, those with advanced stage (stages 4 or 5) had poorer cognitive performance, more pronounced white matter hyperintensity (WMH) and more severe ventricular atrophy. Among CKD patients, executive function (β = −.23, P = .043) and attention (β = −.29, P = .004) were associated with WMH in controlled analyses. However, no cognitive impairment was associated with ventricular atrophy.ConclusionPatients with CKD exhibited cognitive impairment and brain structural abnormalities including WMH and general brain atrophy. Impairment of attention and executive dysfunction were associated with WMH.
Is the Quick Mild Cognitive Impairment Screen (QMCI) more accurate at detecting mild cognitive impairment than existing short cognitive screening tests? A systematic review of the current literature
Authors: Glynn Kevin , Coen Robert , Lawlor Brian A. 
Published: August 2019

ObjectivesDifferentiating normal cognition, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and dementia is important, as these conditions differ in terms of their prognosis and treatment. Existing short cognitive screening tests vary widely in their accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity at detecting MCI and dementia. The Quick Mild Cognitive Impairment Screen (QMCI) was developed in 2012 as a fast and accurate “MCI specific” screening test. The aim of the current study was to conduct a literature review to compare the accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of the QMCI at differentiating normal cognition, MCI, and dementia to existing short cognitive screening tests at their optimal cut‐off scores.MethodsA search of the electronic journal databases EBSCO, Psych info, and Science Direct was undertaken using the keywords “Quick Mild Cognitive Impairment Screen,” “QMCI,” “accuracy,” “sensitivity,” and “specificity.” Results of individual studies were examined, and 2 × 2 tables were drawn up to obtain the overall accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of each test across the studies included.ResultsResults from individual studies show that the QMCI has higher accuracy at detecting MCI and dementia than these cognitive screens. Pooled analysis shows that it also has greater sensitivity and specificity at optimal cut‐off points for each test.ConclusionsBased in the current review, the QMCI represents a more accurate, sensitive, and specific screening test for MCI and dementia than the SMMSE or the MoCA. This has important implications in screening for cognitive impairment.
Gender disparities are present in academic rank and leadership positions despite overall equivalence in research productivity indices among senior members of American Head and Neck Society (AHNS) Fellowship Faculty
Authors: Garstka Meghan E. , Randolph Gregory W. , Haddad Antoine B. , Nathan Cherie‐Ann O. , Ibraheem Kareem , Farag Mahmoud , Deot Neal , Adib Hania , Hoof Marcus , French Kaley , Killackey Mary T. , Kandil Emad 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBackgroundThis study aims to examine potential disparities in scholarly performance based on sex, academic rank, leadership positions, and regional distribution of faculty in accredited Head and Neck Surgery fellowships in the United States.MethodsOnline faculty listings for 37 accredited fellowships were organized according to academic rank, leadership position, sex, and institutional location. Academic productivity was measured with three bibliometric indices: h‐index, m‐index, and the weighted relative citation ratio.ResultsA total of 732 faculty members were included, of which 153 (21%) were female. Fifty‐eight males (89.2%) held leadership positions, compared to seven females (10.8%). There was no significant difference in overall productivity between male and female senior faculty. There were regional differences in productivity by sex.ConclusionsFemales are underrepresented in senior faculty and within three common leadership positions, although scholarly productivity for male and female senior faculty and for those in leadership positions is similar.
Modeling Progress Toward Elimination of Hepatitis B in Australia
Authors: McCulloch Karen , Romero Nicole , MacLachlan Jennifer , Allard Nicole , Cowie Benjamin 
Published: August 2019

Background and Aims
Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) is a significant global health concern, and the most prevalent blood‐borne virus in Australia. World Health Organization (WHO) member states have committed to global elimination, with targets to diagnose 90% of people living with CHB, treat 80% of those eligible, and reduce attributable deaths by 65% by the year 2030. Australia has committed to national targets of 80% diagnosed, 20% on treatment, and a 30% reduction in deaths by 2022.

Approach and Results
We constructed and implemented a mathematical model to estimate the burden of CHB incorporating vaccination, phases of infection, cirrhosis progression, and mortality attributed to decompensated cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma and examined the population‐level impact of antiviral therapy. Diversity was integrated according to migration patterns, CHB prevalence by country of birth, Indigenous status, and age. Modelled outcomes were subjected to multivariate uncertainty analysis. Of the estimated 221,420 people living with CHB in Australia in 2017, 68% were diagnosed and 8.7% were receiving treatment (less than one‐third of those estimated to be eligible). Based on current trends, the proportion of people living with CHB who have been diagnosed will reach 71% by 2022 and 81% by 2030, and treatment uptake will rise to 11.2% by 2022 and 12.9% by 2030, resulting in a 5.7% reduction in CHB‐attributable deaths from 2015 to 2030. CHB treatment has prevented approximately 2,300 deaths in Australia between 2000 and 2017.

Conclusions
Australia is not on track to meet local and global targets regarding CHB. Comprehensive and regularly updated modelling approaches accounting for diversity within the population are a useful tool to measure progress and impact of interventions, and quantify further improvements required to meet elimination goals.
A randomized placebo‐controlled trial examining the effects of escitalopram on neuroticism and state anxiety in a nonclinical sample
Authors: Peters Evyn M. , Knorr Ulla , Vinberg Maj , Kessing Lars Vedel , Bowen Rudy 
Published: August 2019

AbstractObjectiveThis study reanalyzed data from a randomized placebo‐controlled trial that failed to find an effect of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor escitalopram on neuroticism and state anxiety in a nonclinical sample. The purpose was to test for unique effects on two neuroticism factors, trait anxiety and mood instability, and to explore whether neuroticism moderated the effect of escitalopram on state anxiety.MethodsThe sample included 80 adults who had a first‐degree relative with major depression but without any psychiatric disorders themselves. Participants were randomized to escitalopram 10 mg/day or placebo for 4 weeks. Neuroticism was assessed with the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) and state anxiety with the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM‐A).ResultsThe main effects on the neuroticism factors were not statistically significant, although there was a significant interaction such that the effect of escitalopram compared with placebo on HAM‐A scores was statistically significant in participants with higher levels of EPQ trait anxiety, even after controlling for baseline HAM‐A scores. A similar interaction with EPQ mood instability was nonsignificant.ConclusionA potential beneficial effect of escitalopram on neuroticism may be driven by reductions in anxiety.
Executive function in the school context: The role of peer relationships
Authors: Lecce Serena , Bianco Federica , Ronchi Luca 
Published: August 2019

AbstractTheoretical accounts and experimental data on young children have shown that executive functions (EFs) are predicted by experiential factors. However, studies on school‐aged children are rare. The present study has addressed this gap using a short‐term cross‐lagged longitudinal design focusing on the relationship between working memory (WM), conflict inhibition (CI), and peer acceptance (PA) and rejection (PR) in middle childhood. 245 children, aged 8 to 12 years at Time 1 (M = 10.03 years, SD = 1.21 years), were tested three times over 1 year. SEM showed that (a) PA at Times 1 and 2 positively predicted WM at Times 2 and 3 and (b) PR at Time 1 negatively predicted CI at Time 2. Our findings are in line with the view that EFs are significantly affected by children's social life at school and are interpreted in light of the regulatory depletion model and of the socio‐constructivist models.Highlights

We examine cross‐lagged associations between children's peer relationships and executive functions in the school context.
Peer acceptance predicts working memory development and peer rejection predicts inhibition development in middle childhood.
Executive functioning development is sensitive to children's social experiences with peers at school.
Long noncoding RNA XIST enhances ethanol‐induced hepatic stellate cells autophagy and activation via miR‐29b/HMGB1 axis
Authors: Xie Zheng‐Yuan , Wang Fen‐Fen , Xiao Zhi‐Hua , Liu Si‐Fu , Lai Yue‐Liang , Tang Sheng‐Lan 
Published: August 2019

AbstractActivation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) is a prominent driver of liver fibrogenesis, including alcoholic liver fibrosis (ALF). Furthermore, autophagy contributes to HSCs activation. This study aims to investigate the role and the mechanisms of long noncoding RNA XIST in regulating HSCs autophagy and activation. Human HSC cells (LX‐2) were treated with 100 mmol/L ethanol to mimic HSCs activation. The HSCs activation was evaluated by determining cell viability and protein levels of fibrosis markers α‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA) and collagen type 1 α1 (CoL1A1). The autophagy was evaluated by measuring autophagy markers Beclin‐1 and LC3‐II. The interaction among XIST, miR‐29b, and high‐mobility group box‐1 (HMGB1) were analyzed using luciferase reporter assay, qRT‐PCR, and western blot. Lentiviruses targeting sh‐XIST (LV‐sh‐XIST) were injected into ALF model mice via tail vein to elucidate the in vivo role of XIST in ALF injury. XIST was upregulated in ethanol‐activated LX‐2 cells. Furthermore, XIST served as a competitive endogenous RNA of miR‐29b to facilitate HMGB1 expression, and thus enhanced ethanol‐induced HSCs autophagy and activation. Further in vivo assay showed that downregulation of XIST by LV‐sh‐XIST alleviated ALF injury in ALF model mice. Collectively, XIST enhances ethanol‐induced HSCs autophagy and activation via miR‐29b/HMGB1 axis.
Targeting GATA4 for cardiac repair
Authors: Välimäki Mika J. , Ruskoaho Heikki J. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractVarious strategies have been applied to replace the loss of cardiomyocytes in order to restore reduced cardiac function and prevent the progression of heart disease. Intensive research efforts in the field of cellular reprogramming and cell transplantation may eventually lead to efficient in vivo applications for the treatment of cardiac injuries, representing a novel treatment strategy for regenerative medicine. Modulation of cardiac transcription factor (TF) networks by chemical entities represents another viable option for therapeutic interventions. Comprehensive screening projects have revealed a number of molecular entities acting on molecular pathways highly critical for cellular lineage commitment and differentiation, including compounds targeting Wnt‐ and transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ)‐signaling. Furthermore, previous studies have demonstrated that GATA4 and NKX2‐5 are essential TFs in gene regulation of cardiac development and hypertrophy. For example, both of these TFs are required to fully activate mechanical stretch‐responsive genes such as atrial natriuretic peptide and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP). We have previously reported that the compound 3i‐1000 efficiently inhibited the synergy of the GATA4–NKX2‐5 interaction. Cellular effects of 3i‐1000 have been further characterized in a number of confirmatory in vitro bioassays, including rat cardiac myocytes and animal models of ischemic injury and angiotensin II‐induced pressure overload, suggesting the potential for small molecule‐induced cardioprotection.
Standard Versus Cyclic Teriparatide and Denosumab Treatment for Osteoporosis: A Randomized Trial
Authors: Cosman Felicia , McMahon Donald , Dempster David , Nieves Jeri W 
Published: August 2019

ABSTRACT
In the absence of an intervening antiresorptive agent, cyclic administration of teriparatide does not increase bone mineral density (BMD) more than standard daily therapy. Because denosumab is a potent antiresorptive agent with a rapid off-effect, we hypothesized that it might be the optimal agent to help maximize bone gains with cyclic teriparatide. In this 3-year protocol, 70 postmenopausal women with osteoporosis were randomized to 18 months of teriparatide followed by 18 months of denosumab (standard) or three separate 12-month cycles of 6 months of teriparatide followed by 6 months of denosumab (cyclic). BMD (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry [DXA]) measurements of lumbar spine (LS), total hip (TH), femoral neck (FN), and 1/3 radius (RAD) were performed every 6 months and total body bone mineral (TBBM) at 18 and 36 months. Baseline descriptive characteristics did not differ between groups except for a minimal difference in LS BMD but not T-score (mean age 65 years, mean LS T-score − 2.7). In the standard group, BMD increments at 36 months were: LS 16%, TH 4%, FN 3%, and TBBM 4.8% (all p &lt; 0.001 versus baseline). In the cyclic group, 36-month BMD increments were similar: LS 12%, TH 4%, FN 4%, and TBBM 4.1% (all p &lt; 0.001 versus baseline). At 36 months, the LS BMD increase with standard was slightly larger than with cyclic (p = 0.04), but at 18 months, in the cyclic group, there was no decline in RAD or TBBM (p = 0.007 and &lt; 0.001, respectively, versus standard). Although the cyclic regimen did not improve BMD compared with standard at 36 months, there appeared to be a benefit at 18 months, especially in the highly cortical skeletal sites. This could be clinically relevant in patients at high imminent risk of fracture, particularly at nonvertebral sites. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
The Copenhagen Sarcopenia Study: lean mass, strength, power, and physical function in a Danish cohort aged 20–93 years
Authors: Suetta Charlotte , Haddock Bryan , Alcazar Julian , Noerst Tim , Hansen Ole M. , Ludvig Helle , Kamper Rikke Stefan , Schnohr Peter , Prescott Eva , Andersen Lars L. , Frandsen Ulrik , Aagaard Per , Bülow Jens , Hovind Peter , Simonsen Lene 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBackgroundDespite no international consensus on the diagnostic criteria for sarcopenia, low lean mass, muscle strength, and physical function are important risk factors for disability, frailty, and mortality in older individuals, as well as in a wide range of patients with muscle loss. Here, we provide a population‐based reference material of total and regional lean body mass, muscle strength/power parameters, and physical function in a healthy cohort of Danish men and women across the lifespan.MethodsVolunteers aged 20–93 years from the Copenhagen City Heart Study were invited to establish a Danish reference material (Copenhagen Sarcopenia Study) on lean mass characteristics [appendicular lean mass (ALM), iDXA, GE Lunar], muscle function [handgrip strength (HGS), Jamar dynamometer and leg extension power (LEP), Nottingham Power Rig], and physical function [30 s sit‐to‐stand test (STS), 10‐m maximal and habitual gait speed (GS)].ResultsA total of 1305 participants [729 women (age: 56.4 ± 18.9 years, height: 1.66 ± 0.01 m, body mass index: 24.6 ± 4.3 kg/m2 and 576 men, age: 57.0 ± 17.5 years, height: 1.80 ± 0.07 m, body mass index: 26.0 ± 3.9 kg/m2] completed all measurements and were included in the present analysis. Lean mass characteristics (TLM, ALM, and ALM/h2) decreased with increasing age in both men and women (P < 0.001). Men demonstrated larger absolute and relative total ALM and higher HGS and LEP compared with women at all age intervals (P < 0.001). HGS and LEP decreased progressively with age in both men and women (P < 0.01); 30 s STS performance, habitual GS, and maximal GS decreased at an accellerated rate of decline with increasing age in both men and women (P < 0.001). Habitual GS was reduced in men and women aged ≥70 years, while maximal GS was reduced from the age of ≥60 years compared with young adults (P < 0.001). Regardless of sex, 30 s STS was reduced from the age of ≥50 years compared with the young reference group (P < 0.001)ConclusionsWhile the power‐based measurements (LEP and 30 s STS) started to decline already at age +50 years, less power‐based parameters (GS and HGS) and lean mass characteristics (TLM, ALM, and ALM/h2) remained unaltered until after the age of +70 years. Notably, the cut‐off thresholds derived in the present study differed from earlier reference data, which underlines the importance of obtaining updated and local reference materials.
Determination of thermal conductivity using micro‐Raman spectroscopy with a three‐dimensional heating model
Authors: Cao Fangcheng , He Zhen 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe thermal conductivity of isotropic graphite was investigated using Raman spectroscopy technique. In this method, the Raman laser acted simultaneously as an excitation source and a heating source. The dependences of the Raman peak position on temperature and laser power for the isotropic graphite were analyzed to establish Raman thermometry. Meanwhile, the local temperature rise induced by the laser irradiation was also theoretically described using a three‐dimensional heating model, which can be related to the thermal conductivity. The laser absorptivity, the spot size, and the probing volume of Raman spectra were discussed, respectively. Besides, simulations of the localized temperature distribution were performed. On the basis of the Raman thermometry and the three‐dimensional heating model, the thermal conductivity of 55 W/m K for the isotropic graphite was estimated, which was comparable with the value (60 W/m K) obtained by the laser flash technique.