bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Raman spectra of gas mixtures in fluid inclusions: Effect of quartz birefringence on composition measurement
Authors: Caumon Marie‐Camille , Tarantola Alexandre , Wang Wenjing 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe molar composition of gas mixtures in fluid inclusions is one of the most important properties to reconstruct the Pressure, molar Volume, Temperature Composition properties of geofluids. Raman spectroscopy is a powerful tool for quantitative analysis of the composition of fluids trapped in inclusions as the peak area of each species is directly linked to concentration by its Raman scattering cross section. Previous studies proved the effect of host mineral birefringence on the shape of the stretching vibration band of liquid water, and hence on the quantitative determination of salinity, but the influence on gas‐mixture inclusions was never evaluated. In this study, the Raman signals of coexisting CO2, CH4, and N2 in two natural fluid inclusions in quartz were collected with sample rotation on the microscope stage. Peak area ratios (CO2+/CH4, CO2+/N2, and N2/CH4) showed sinusoidal variations with a period of 45°. On the contrary, the area ratio of the two peaks of CO2 (CO2+/CO2−) and the Fermi diad splitting remained constant with sample rotation. This effect is most probably due to a combination of polarization effects as previously observed for liquid water: depolarization ratios of each gas species, birefringence of the host mineral, and polarization response curve of the spectrometer. It can be canceled by placing the sample at crystal extinction position.
Influence of race and geographic setting on the management of gastric adenocarcinoma
Authors: Ulanja Mark B. , Beutler Bryce D. , Rishi Mohit , Konam Kenneth G. , Zell Steven C. , Patterson Darryll R. , Ambika Santhosh , Gullapalli Nageshwara 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesConflicting evidence indicates that both race and geographic setting may influence the management of malignancies such as gastric adenocarcinoma (GAC).MethodsWe designed a retrospective cohort study utilizing data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program to identify patients with resectable GAC (N = 15 991). Exposures of interest were race and geographic region of diagnosis (West [WE], Midwest [MW], South [SO], or Northeast [NE]). Endpoints included: (1) recommendation against surgery and (2) gastric adenocarcinoma‐specific survival (GACSS). Multivariable logistic and Cox regression models were used to identify pertinent associations.ResultsA total of 15 991 patients were included (2007‐2015). In adjusted analysis, African American individuals more frequently received a recommendation against surgical resection than White (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 0.86; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.76‐0.98), Asian American (aOR = 0.55; 95% CI, 0.46‐0.65), and American Indian (aOR = 0.50; 95% CI, 0.31‐0.82) individuals. In addition to race‐based discrepancies, there was a significant association between geography and management: individuals diagnosed with GAC in the SO were more likely to receive a recommendation against surgery (odds ratio = 1.35; 95% CI, 1.23‐1.49) and exhibited poorer GACSS as compared with those in the WE, MW, or NE regions.ConclusionsRace and geographic region of diagnosis affect treatment recommendations and GACSS among individuals with resectable tumors. African Americans with resectable cancers are more likely to receive a recommendation against surgery than individuals of other racial groups.
Cystic Fibrosis–Associated Liver Disease in Lung Transplant Recipients
Authors: Mallea Jorge , Bolan Candice , Cortese Cherise , Harnois Denise 
Published: May 2019

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive disease characterized by mutations in the gene that encodes for the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator protein (CFTR). CFTR gene mutations manifest as epithelial cell dysfunction in the airways, biliary tract, pancreas, gut, sweat glands, paranasal sinuses, and genitourinary tract. The clinical manifestations of this dysfunction include respiratory tract infections, bronchiectasis, pancreatic insufficiency, malabsorption, intestinal obstruction, liver disease, and male infertility. The liver disease manifestations of CF can include biliary disease, multilobular cirrhosis, and portal hypertension with and without cirrhosis. Pulmonary disease is the main cause for morbidity and mortality in individuals with CF, and according to the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation, CF is the third most common indication for lung transplantation in adults, accounting for 16% of procedures performed. The survival after lung transplantation in individuals with CF continues to improve and is now the highest among end‐stage lung diseases requiring transplant. The survival rate at 10 years is close to 50%. Given the potential presence of liver disease in CF patients undergoing an evaluation for lung transplantation and in lung transplant recipients, it is important to understand the manifestations of liver disease in CF patients and the recommended workup and follow‐up. This review aims to discuss the current literature and provide guidance in the management of these patients.
Gene signature associated with neuro‐endocrine activity predicting prognosis of pancreatic carcinoma
Authors: Chen Ke , He Yiping , Liu Yuan , Yang Xiujiang 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackgroundGenomic analysis is the promising tool to clear understanding of the tumorigenesis and guide molecular classification for pancreatic cancer. Our purpose was to develop a critical predictive model for prognosis in pancreatic carcinoma, based on the genomic data.MethodsThe online The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) datasets were queried as training and validation cohorts for comprehensive bioinformatic analysis. We applied Lasso and multivariate Cox regression to shrink genes and construct predictive model.ResultsA four genes model (DNAH10: HR = 0.71, 95% CI = 0.57–0.88, HSBP1L1: HR = 1.51, 95% CI = 1.18–1.92, KIAA0513: HR = 0.69, 95% CI = 0.50–0.96, and MRPL3: HR = 3.73, 95% CI = 2.03–6.86), was proposed and validated. The C‐index was 0.73 (95% CI: 0.7–0.77). Patients in high‐risk and low‐risk group, stratified by model, suffered significantly different overall survival time (15.1 vs. 49.3 months, p < 0.0001 in TCGA; 423 vs. 618 days, p = 0.038 in ICGC). Taken clinical parameters into consideration, the risk‐score was independent marker in clinical subpopulation. To explore the molecular mechanisms, 579 differential expression genes (DEG) in two groups were identified by edgeR. Functional enrichment of DEG indicated neuro‐endocrine activity was the potential mechanism for the discrepant prognosis.ConclusionA specific four genes signature with the ability to predicted survival of pancreatic carcinoma was generated, which may indicate the connection between neuro‐endocrine activity and patients’ prognosis.
Shading artifact correction in breast CT using an interleaved deep learning segmentation and maximum‐likelihood polynomial fitting approach
Authors: Ghazi Peymon , Hernandez Andrew M. , Abbey Craig , Yang Kai , Boone John M. 
Published: May 2019

PurposeThe purpose of this work was twofold: (a) To provide a robust and accurate method for image segmentation of dedicated breast CT (bCT) volume data sets, and (b) to improve Hounsfield unit (HU) accuracy in bCT by means of a postprocessing method that uses the segmented images to correct for the low‐frequency shading artifacts in reconstructed images.MethodsA sequential and iterative application of image segmentation and low‐order polynomial fitting to bCT volume data sets was used in the interleaved correction (IC) method. Image segmentation was performed through a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) with a modified U‐Net architecture. A total of 45 621 coronal bCT images from 111 patient volume data sets were segmented (using a previously published segmentation algorithm) and used for neural network training, validation, and testing. All patient data sets were selected from scans performed on four different prototype breast CT systems. The adipose voxels for each patient volume data set, segmented using the proposed CNN, were then fit to a three‐dimensional low‐order polynomial. The polynomial fit was subsequently used to correct for the shading artifacts introduced by scatter and beam hardening in a method termed “flat fielding.” An interleaved utilization of image segmentation and flat fielding was repeated until a convergence criterion was satisfied. Mathematical and physical phantom studies were conducted to evaluate the dependence of the proposed algorithm on breast size and the distribution of fibroglandular tissue. In addition, a subset of patient scans (not used in the CNN training, testing or validation) were used to investigate the accuracy of the IC method across different scanner designs and beam qualities.ResultsThe IC method resulted in an accurate classification of different tissue types with an average Dice similarity coefficient > 95%, precision > 97%, recall > 95%, and F1‐score > 96% across all tissue types. The flat fielding correction of bCT images resulted in a significant reduction in either cupping or capping artifacts in both mathematical and physical phantom studies as measured by the integral nonuniformity metric with an average reduction of 71% for cupping and 30% for capping across different phantom sizes, and the Uniformity Index with an average reduction of 53% for cupping and 34% for capping.ConclusionThe validation studies demonstrated that the IC method improves Hounsfield Units (HU) accuracy and effectively corrects for shading artifacts caused by scatter contamination and beam hardening. The postprocessing approach described herein is relevant to the broad scope of bCT devices and does not require any modification in hardware or existing scan protocols. The trained CNN parameters and network architecture are available for interested users.
Correction for volume recombination in liquid ionization chambers at high dose‐per‐pulse
Authors: Gotz Malte , Ka Leonhard , Tölli Heikki , Pawelke Jörg 
Published: May 2019

PurposeTo determine the volume recombination at high dose‐per‐pulse in liquid ionization chambers (LIC) and to ascertain whether existing calculation methods verified in air‐filled chambers may be used to calculate a correction factor.MethodsTwo LICs, one filled with 2,2,4‐trimethylpentane (isooctane) the other with tetramethylsilane (TMS), were irradiated in a pulsed, 20 MeV electron beam. Via reference measurements with a Faraday cup, the saturation correction for volume recombination was determined for dose‐per‐pulse values ranging from about 5 mGy to 1 Gy for both chambers at a pulse duration of 693 ns. In addition, the isooctane chamber was irradiated with pulses of varying duration, ranging from 5 ps to 10 ms, at a dose‐per‐pulse of about 76.5 mGy. The dose‐per‐pulse‐dependent measurements were compared to calculations based on Boag's models (with and without a free electron fraction), the two‐dose‐rate method, and a numerical calculation. The pulse duration dependent measurements were compared only to a numerical calculation that iteratively calculates the charge transport and loss in a 1D model of an ionization chamber.ResultsIn TMS only Boag's model with a free electron fraction and the numerical calculation are in good agreement with the experimental data. However, in isooctane, good agreement is observed between the experimental data, the numerical calculation as well as the two‐dose‐rate method, and Boag's model including a free electron fraction. Only Boag's model without a free electron fraction shows a good agreement with lesser extend. Furthermore, the pulse duration‐dependent data for isooctane are well described by the numerical model.ConclusionWith isooctane as an active medium, a LIC could be directly used in a field with high dose‐per‐pulse utilizing the well‐established two‐dose‐rate method to correct the volume recombination. In addition, pulsed fields with variable pulse duration are easily modeled for this medium using a numerical calculation. Other media, as exemplified by the TMS‐filled chamber, might require additional considerations, such as including a fraction of free electrons in the consideration of volume recombination.
Are EAU/ESPU pediatric urology guideline recommendations on neurogenic bladder well received by the patients? Results of a survey on awareness in spina bifida patients and caregivers
Authors: Dogan Hasan S. , Stein Raimund , ‘T Hoen Lisette A. , Bogaert Guy , Nijman Rien J. M. , Tekgul Serdar , Quaedackers Josine , Silay Mesrur S. , Radmayr Christian 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAimsThe Paediatric Urology Guidelines Panel reports initial experience with patient involvement in spina bifida patient groups to gather information on their awareness of the guidelines and reflection of guideline recommendations.MethodsThe survey was delivered to spina bifida patients/parents via the national society groups in Turkey, Germany, and The Netherlands. Questions included demographic features, medical status, awareness, and agreement on the recommendations given in the guidelines and future expectations.ResultsA total of 291 patients from 3 countries responded to the survey. Mean age was 13.9 ± 12.2 years, male/female ratio 138/151, 75% of all surveys were completed by the caregivers. The medication was taken by 78% of patients (64% anticholinergics). Complete dryness rates for urine and stool were 24% and 47%, respectively. The agreement rates on the recommendations regarding urodynamics, intermittent catheterization, anticholinergics drug use, bowel management, and life‐long follow‐up were 97%, 82%, 91%, 77%, and 98%, respectively. Only 8% of responders were aware of the European Association of Urology/European Society for Pediatric Urology guidelines. The priorities of patients for future expectations were as the following: quality of life (QoL), surgical techniques, development of new medications and sexuality/fertility issues. Male spina bifida patients preferred new medications and sex/fertility issues more, whereas females favored QoL issues improvement more.ConclusionsAlthough the native language of the involved patients was different from English, awareness of guidelines was 8%. The general approval of the recommendations given in the guidelines is quite high. The national society groups showed a great interest to get involved in the creation of the guidelines to improve health care for spina bifida patients.
Some new results on the preservation of the NBUE and NWUE aging classes under the formation of coherent systems
Authors: Lindqvist Bo H. , Samaniego Francisco J. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractWe consider the classical problem of whether certain classes of lifetime distributions are preserved under the formation of coherent systems. Under the assumption of independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) component lifetimes, we consider the NBUE (new better than used in expectation) and NWUE (new worse than used in expectation) classes. First, a necessary condition for a coherent system to preserve the NBUE class is given. Sufficient conditions are then obtained for systems satisfying this necessary condition. The sufficient conditions are satisfied for a collection of systems which includes all parallel systems, but the collection is shown to be strictly larger. We also prove that no coherent system preserves the NWUE class. As byproducts of our study, we obtain the following results for the case of i.i.d. component lifetimes: (a) the DFR (decreasing failure rate) class is preserved by no coherent systems other than series systems, and (b) the IMRL (increasing mean residual life) class is not preserved by any coherent systems. Generalizations to the case of dependent component lifetimes are briefly discussed.
Tooth ablation in Iron Age central Thailand: Evidence from the archaeological sites of Ban Mai Chaimongkol and Tha Kae
Authors: Palefsky Gina 
Published: May 2019

AbstractTooth ablation is identified differentially among Iron Age inhabitants of the inland region of central Thailand at the archaeological sites of Ban Mai Chaimongkol and Tha Kae (ca. 2650–1450 bp). Analysis of the subsets of adult individuals with adequately preserved anterior dentition (Ban Mai Chaimongkol n = 12; Tha Kae n = 6) documents bilateral removal of the maxillary lateral incisors and canines at Ban Mai Chaimongkol and bilateral removal of the maxillary lateral incisors at Tha Kae, affecting 17% (n = 2) and 67% (n = 4) of observable individuals, respectively. Ablation was not associated with sex, age, mortuary features, or grave goods in this sample. Possible social significances of this practice are discussed in relation to skeletal evidence of tooth ablation elsewhere in Mainland Southeast Asia and archaeological contexts specific to central Thailand.
Bladder cancer, a unique model to understand cancer immunity and develop immunotherapy approaches
Authors: Song Dongkui , Powles Thomas , Shi Lei , Zhang Lirong , Ingersoll Molly A , Lu Yong‐Jie 
Published: May 2019

AbstractWith the mechanistic understanding of immune checkpoints and success in checkpoint blockade using antibodies for the treatment of certain cancers, immunotherapy has become one of the hottest areas in cancer research, with promise of long‐lasting therapeutic effect. Currently, however, only a proportion of cancers have a good response to checkpoint inhibition immunotherapy. Better understanding of the cancer response and resistance mechanisms is essential to fully explore the potential of immunotherapy to cure the majority of cancers. Bladder cancer, one of the most common and aggressive malignant diseases, has been successfully treated both at early and advanced stages by different immunotherapeutic approaches, bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) intravesical instillation and anti‐PD‐1/PD‐L1 immune checkpoint blockade, respectively. Therefore, it provides a good model to investigate cancer immune response mechanisms and to improve the efficiency of immunotherapy. Here, we review bladder cancer immunotherapy with equal weight on BCG and anti‐PD‐1/PD‐L1 therapies and demonstrate why and how bladder cancer can be used as a model to study the predictors and mechanisms of cancer immune response and shine light on further development of immunotherapy approaches and response predictive biomarkers to improve immunotherapy of bladder cancer and other malignancies. We review the success of BCG and anti‐PD‐1/PD‐L1 treatment of bladder cancer, the underlying mechanisms and the therapeutic response predictors, including the limits to our knowledge. We then highlight briefly the adaptation of immunotherapy approaches and predictors developed in other cancers for bladder cancer therapy. Finally, we explore the potential of using bladder cancer as a model to investigate cancer immune response mechanisms and new therapeutic approaches, which may be translated into immunotherapy of other human cancers. © 2019 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
Insulin Glargine Dose and Weight Changes in Underweight, Normal Weight, and Overweight Children Newly Diagnosed with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Chalk Bethany Sharpless , Crane Janet , Yenokyan Gayane , Pineda Erika May , Lee Carlton K.K. 
Published: May 2019

Study ObjectiveNewly diagnosed pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) can be underweight, overweight, or normal weight at presentation. Study objectives were to determine if, across weight categories, admission body weight (ABW)‐based initial insulin glargine dosing resulted in similar fasting blood glucose responses on day of discharge, how initial ABW‐based doses differed from doses at outpatient follow‐up, and whether an ideal body weight (IBW) would provide a better estimate of body weight after discharge.DesignRetrospective chart review.SettingUrban tertiary academic medical center.PatientsEighty‐one pediatric patients newly diagnosed with T1D who started therapy with subcutaneous insulin glargine between October 2014 and October 2016; patients were categorized by weight using body mass index (BMI) percentiles (underweight, normal weight, or overweight/obese).Measurements and Main ResultsData on patient parameters from hospitalization to outpatient physician follow‐up were collected. The McLaren, Moore, and BMI IBW methods were used to calculate IBW for each patient; these IBWs were compared with weights at outpatient follow‐up. Initial insulin glargine doses were similar among all weight groups: median (range) 0.299 (0.227–0.4), 0.297 (0.204–0.421), and 0.291 (0.194–0.394) units/kg/dose, respectively, for the underweight, normal weight, and overweight/obese groups. No significant differences in discharge fasting glucose level or insulin glargine dose change from admission to first outpatient follow‐up visit were noted. Underweight patients gained significantly more weight within 60 days after discharge compared with normal and overweight/obese patients, (median 16.3% vs 7.7% and 5.7%, respectively; p=0.002), aligning closest with the McLaren IBW. ABW was the best estimate of weight at outpatient follow‐up in the overweight/obese patient group.ConclusionFor children who presented underweight, the McLaren IBW method was the best predictor of outpatient dose and body weight, whereas ABW was the best estimate in overweight and obese patients. Further investigation of the role of IBW‐ or ABW‐based dosing methods in underweight pediatric patients with T1D may assist in optimal dosing.
Cover Image, Volume 75, Issue 6
Authors: Wang Guobin , Lan Yubin , Qi Haixia , Chen Pengchao , Hewitt Andrew , Han Yuxing 
Published: May 2019

The cover image is based on Research Article Field evaluation of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) sprayer: effect of spray volume on deposition and the control of pests and disease in wheat by Guobin Wang et al., DOI: 10.1002/ps.5321. Illustration Credit: Guobin Wang, Yubin Lan, and Yuxing Han.
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Application of the Warn‐on‐Forecast system for flash‐flood‐producing heavy convective rainfall events
Authors: Yussouf Nusrat , Knopfmeier Kent H. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe vision of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) Warn‐on‐Forecast (WoF) research and development project is to provide very short‐term probabilistic model guidance products that will aid the ability of National Weather Service forecasters to issue probabilistic warnings of severe convective hazards with higher accuracy and longer lead times. The experimental Warn‐on‐Forecast System (WoFS), which is under development, is a frequently cycled, regional, convective‐scale, on‐demand, ensemble data assimilation and prediction system. The system assimilates thunderstorm observations to forecast the life cycle and associated hazards of individual convective storms. Most of the initial research effort, since the beginning of the WoF project in 2009, has been focused on tornadic events, which constitute one of the most violent and difficult to predict weather threats. However, the system emerging from this project has significant potential to help with prediction of other hazards as well: in particular, flash‐flood‐producing, convectively driven intense rainfall events. This study focuses on the application of WoFS in 0–6‐hr probabilistic rainfall forecasts of several flash‐flood‐producing heavy rainfall events during the spring and summer of 2015 and 2016. Results indicate that WoFS successfully initializes the convective storms in the ensemble. Visual inspections and probabilistic verification metrics show that WoFS predicts the intense rainfall that often leads to flash flooding at the correct location with higher accuracy in areal coverage and amount during the 0–3 hr forecast period than during the later 3–6 hr period. Overall results indicate that the frequently updated 0–6‐hr ensemble forecast from the WoFS has the potential to highlight areas where intense rainfall can result in flash flooding and increase near‐term situational awareness of flash flood threats.