bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Review of Ice Particle Shapes in Cirrus formed In Situ and in Anvils
Authors: Lawson R. P. , Woods S. , Jensen E. , Erfani E. , Gurganus C. , Gallagher M. , Connolly P. , Whiteway J. , Baran A. J. , May P. , Heymsfield A. , Schmitt C. G. , McFarquhar G. , Um J. , Protat A. , Bailey M. , Lance S. , Muehlbauer A. , Stith J. , Korolev A. , Toon O. B. , Krämer M. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractResults from 22 airborne field campaigns, including more than 10 million high‐resolution particle images collected in cirrus formed in situ and in convective anvils, are interpreted in terms of particle shapes and their potential impact on radiative transfer. Emphasis is placed on characterizing ice particle shapes in tropical maritime and midlatitude continental anvil cirrus, as well as in cirrus formed in situ in the upper troposphere, and subvisible cirrus in the upper tropical troposphere layer. There is a distinctive difference in cirrus ice particle shapes formed in situ compared to those in anvils that are generated in close proximity to convection. More than half the mass in cirrus formed in situ are rosette shapes (polycrystals and bullet rosettes). Cirrus formed from fresh convective anvils is mostly devoid of rosette‐shaped particles. However, small frozen drops may experience regrowth downwind of an aged anvil in a regime with RHice > ~120% and then grow into rosette shapes. Identifiable particle shapes in tropical maritime anvils that have not been impacted by continental influences typically contain mostly single plate‐like and columnar crystals and aggregates. Midlatitude continental anvils contain single‐rimed particles, more and larger aggregates with riming, and chains of small ice particles when in a highly electrified environment. The particles in subvisible cirrus are < ~100 μm and quasi‐spherical with some plates and rare trigonal shapes. Percentages of particle shapes and power laws relating mean particle area and mass to dimension are provided to improve parameterization of remote retrievals and numerical simulations.
Are the Observed Changes in Heat Extremes Associated With a Half‐Degree Warming Increment Analogues for Future Projections?
Authors: Zhao Siyao , Zhou Tianjun 
Published: July 2019

AbstractProjecting climate impacts of a half‐degree warming increment is of high priority on post Paris Agreement science agendas. As the real world has already witnessed a 0.5°C global mean surface temperature warming increment, the observed climate changes associated with the half‐degree warming may be analogues for future projections. This hypothesis is examined by comparing the heat extreme changes in China derived from the observational records to projections of the Community Earth System Model (CESM) low‐warming experiment, which is the first short‐term stabilized simulation dedicated for the 1.5 and 2°C warming targets. The results of the CESM historical simulations are also evaluated. From the perspective of spatially aggregated, the heat extreme changes in China under the historical 0.5°C warming are detectable in observations. The nighttime extremes manifest more significant increase than daytime extremes. Heat extreme changes under the past half‐degree warming increment are reasonably captured in the historical simulations with slightly weaker magnitudes. The changes in the intensity indices in observations are better reproduced by the historical simulations than the frequency and duration indices. For the heat extreme changes in the future 0.5°C warming, the observational records can serve as conservative analogues in daytime extremes, while the nighttime extreme indices show comparable or weaker changes. The future reduction of anthropogenic aerosol emissions will amplify the increase of heat extremes in comparison to present day especially during daytime in China. Given the possibly intensified extremes associated with future aerosol reductions, more attention should be paid to the currently heavy polluted regions.
Interactions Between Nonlinear Internal Ocean Waves and the Atmosphere
Authors: Ortiz‐Suslow David G. , Wang Qing , Kalogiros John , Yamaguchi Ryan , de Paolo Tony , Terrill Eric , Shearman R. Kipp , Welch Pat , Savelyev Ivan 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe heterogeneity in surface roughness caused by transient, nonlinear internal ocean waves is readily observed in coastal waters. However, the quantifiable impact this heterogeneity has on the marine atmospheric surface layer has not been documented. A comprehensive data set collected from a unique ocean platform provided a novel opportunity to investigate the interaction between this internal ocean process and the atmosphere. Relative to the background atmospheric flow, the presence of internal waves drove wind velocity and stress variance. Furthermore, it is shown that the wind gradient adjusts across individual wave fronts, setting up localized shear that enhanced the air‐sea momentum flux over the internal wave packet. This process was largely mechanical, though secondary impacts on the bulk humidity variance and gradient were observed. This study provides the first quantitative analysis of this phenomenon and provides insights into submesoscale air‐sea interactions over a transient, internal ocean feature.
Comment on “The Dominant Role of Energetic Ions in Solar Wind Interaction With the Moon” by Omidi et al.
Authors: Poppe A. R. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractOmidi et al. (2019) recently published a case study analysis of the lunar wake crossing by the ARTEMIS P2 spacecraft that occurred on 24 June 2015 by comparing P2 observations of plasma and magnetic fields in the lunar wake with a hybrid plasma model using upstream plasma conditions measured by ARTEMIS P1. As presented in Omidi et al., the ARTEMIS P2 ion moments during the lunar wake crossing show anomalously high temperatures and low velocities. This is due to both the lack of subtraction of background counts from penetrating radiation and the application of moment analysis during times when no ion flux was observed by ARTEMIS P2. Additionally, the hybrid results show large discrepancies with the ARTEMIS data, from which Omidi et al. concluded that an additional smaller population of suprathermal ions was required to accurately reproduce the ARTEMIS observations. This conclusion is at odds with previous investigations and, thus, deserves further study. Here we have used the Amitis hybrid plasma model to simulate the lunar wake with upstream plasma conditions determined from the ARTEMIS P1 reference observations, identical to those used in the Omidi et al. “Run‐0” hybrid model. We found that the Amitis hybrid model can successfully reproduce the structure of the lunar wake and the ARTEMIS P2 observations with good fidelity, without the inclusion of any additional high energy ion populations. We therefore conclude that energetic ions do not dominate the structure and behavior of the lunar wake, in contrast to the conclusions of Omidi et al.
Medium‐Term Forecasting of Loop Current Eddy Cameron and Eddy Darwin Formation in the Gulf of Mexico With a Divide‐and‐Conquer Machine Learning Approach
Authors: Wang Justin L. , Zhuang Hanqi , Chérubin Laurent M. , Ibrahim Ali K. , Muhamed Ali Ali 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe Loop Current (LC) is the dominant circulation system in the Gulf of Mexico. A long‐term prediction of the LC system (LCS) behavior is critical for understanding the Gulf of Mexico oceanography and ecosystem, and for mitigating outcomes of anthropogenic and natural disasters. In early 2018, the National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine posed a challenge to the research community to develop systems that can forecast the movement of the LCS over longer periods of time than the current state of art. In this paper, a Recurrent Neural Network, the Long Short‐Term Memory (LSTM) network, is applied to predict the LC evolution and the LC ring formation. The LSTM model is trained to learn patterns hidden in sea surface height (SSH) time series. To reduce the memory demand owing to the use of high spatial resolution SSH data set, the region of interest is partitioned into nonoverlapping subregions. After partitioning, an LSTM network is trained to predict the SSH in each subregion. A smoothing function is then applied to reduce discontinuities of the SSH predictions across the partition boundaries, hence error propagation. It is shown that such a machine learning model is capable of predicting the LCS SSH evolution 9 weeks in advance within 40 km in terms of the LCS frontal distance errors. Furthermore, it is shown that the model predicted the timing and general location of eddy Darwin's shedding event 12 weeks in advance, and eddy Cameron's detachment and reattachment 8 weeks in advance.
Accelerating an Adaptive Mesh Refinement Code for Depth‐Averaged Flows Using GPUs
Authors: Qin Xinsheng , LeVeque Randall J. , Motley Michael R. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractSolving the shallow water equations efficiently is critical to the study of natural hazards induced by tsunami and storm surge, since it provides more response time in an early warning system and allows more runs to be done for probabilistic assessment where thousands of runs may be required. Using adaptive mesh refinement speeds up the process by greatly reducing computational demands while accelerating the code using the graphics processing unit (GPU) does so through using faster hardware. Combining both, we present an efficient CUDA implementation of GeoClaw, an open source Godunov‐type high‐resolution finite volume numerical scheme on adaptive grids for shallow water system with varying topography. The use of adaptive mesh refinement and spherical coordinates allows modeling transoceanic tsunami simulation. Numerical experiments on the 2011 Japan tsunami and a local tsunami triggered by a hypothetical Mw 7.3 earthquake on the Seattle Fault illustrate the correctness and efficiency of the code, which implements a simplified dimensionally split version of the algorithms. Both numerical simulations are conducted on subregions on a sphere with adaptive grids that adequately resolve the propagating waves. The implementation is shown to be accurate and faster than the original when using Central Processing Units (CPUs) alone. The GPU implementation, when running on a single GPU, is observed to be 3.6 to 6.4 times faster than the original model running in parallel on a 16‐core CPU. Three metrics are proposed to evaluate relative performance of the model, which shows efficient usage of hardware resources.
Glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper “quantifies” stressors and increases male susceptibility to PTSD
Authors: Lebow Maya A. , Schroeder Mariana , Tsoory Michael , Holzman-Karniel Dorin , Mehta Divya , Ben-Dor Shifra , Gil Shosh , Bradley Bekh , Smith Alicia K. , Jovanovic Tanja , Ressler Kerry J. , Binder Elisabeth B. , Chen Alon 
Published: July 2019

AbstractPost-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) selectively develops in some individuals exposed to a traumatic event. Genetic and epigenetic changes in glucocorticoid pathway sensitivity may be essential for understanding individual susceptibility to PTSD. This study focuses on PTSD markers in the glucocorticoid pathway, spotlighting glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ), a transcription factor encoded by the gene Tsc22d3 on the X chromosome. We propose that GILZ uniquely “quantifies” exposure to stressors experienced from late gestation to adulthood and that low levels of GILZ predispose individuals to PTSD in males only. GILZ mRNA and methylation were measured in 396 male and female human blood samples from the Grady Trauma Project cohort (exposed to multiple traumatic events). In mice, changes in glucocorticoid pathway genes were assessed following exposure to stressors at distinct time points: (i) CRF-induced prenatal stress (CRF-inducedPNS) with, or without, additional exposure to (ii) PTSD induction protocol in adulthood, which induces PTSD-like behaviors in a subset of mice. In humans, the number of traumatic events correlated negatively with GILZ mRNA levels and positively with % methylation of GILZ in males only. In male mice, we observed a threefold increase in the number of offspring exhibiting PTSD-like behaviors in those exposed to both CRF-inducedPNS and PTSD induction. This susceptibility was associated with reduced GILZ mRNA levels and epigenetic changes, not found in females. Furthermore, virus-mediated shRNA knockdown of amygdalar GILZ increased susceptibility to PTSD. Mouse and human data confirm that dramatic alterations in GILZ occur in those exposed to a stressor in early life, adulthood or both. Therefore, GILZ levels may help identify at-risk populations for PTSD prior to additional traumatic exposures.
Menthol-modified BSA nanoparticles for glioma targeting therapy using an energy restriction strategy
Authors: Liang Jianming , Zhu Ying , Gao Caifang , Ling Chengli , Qin Jing , Wang Qi , Huang Yongzhuo , Lu Weigen , Wang Jianxin 
Published: July 2019

AbstractCurrent chemotherapeutics for glioma are not sufficiently effective due to their low tolerance and poor blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability. Energy restriction based on co-delivery of albendazole (Abz) and nano-silver has been proven to suppress tumor growth without adverse effects. Accordingly, menthol was conjugated to BSA (MeB) to overcome the BBB-permeability issue. In this study, Abz-loaded MeB-silver nanoparticles (MBS-Abz) were developed by self-assembly of MeB, albendazole and nano silver for glioma targeting therapy. The nanoparticle entered the brain across the BBB and specifically accumulated in the glioma region. MeB delivered the nanoparticles across the brain capillary endothelial cell monolayer by promoting internalization and BBB disruption. MBS-Abz hindered ATP generation via the inhibition of glycolytic and mitochondrial pathways both in vitro and in vivo. The anti-glioma mechanisms of energy restriction were related to the cytotoxicity, proliferation inhibition, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis induced by ATP exhaustion, and the effects of MBS-Abz were significantly better than those induced by monotherapy nanoparticles or unmodified nanoparticles. These results demonstrated that by combining the energy restriction effect of albendazole and nano silver, as well as the BBB penetration ability of menthol, MBS-Abz achieves superior anti-glioma efficacy and can be an effective strategy for glioma therapy.
The impact of vacancies on the stability of cubic phases in Sb–Te binary compounds
Authors: Chen Xin , Liu Xianqiang , Cheng Yan , Song Zhitang 
Published: July 2019

AbstractData retention ability and number of cycles are key properties of phase change materials in applications. Combining in situ heating transmission electron microscopy with ab initial calculations, we investigated the phase transitions of binary Sb–Te compounds. The calculations indicated that the vacancies in Te sites destroyed the framework of the cubic phase, which agrees well with the absence of cubic phases observed during in situ heating experiments when the Sb concentration exceeded 50%. In contrast, the vacancies in Sb sites stabilized the cubic structure. Further analysis of the charge density maps revealed that the distribution of antibonding electrons may be the origin of the driving force for structural transitions. Furthermore, our results also showed that reducing the vacancies greatly increased the phase transition temperatures of both the amorphous-cubic and cubic-trigonal phases and therefore may improve the data retention ability and cyclability of phase change materials. This result also implies that doping Sb–Te compounds may provide an approach to discover novel phase change materials by reducing the amount of vacancies.
Three-dimensional character of the deformation twin in magnesium
Authors: Liu Y. , Tang P. Z. , Gong M. Y. , McCabe R. J. , Wang J. , Tomé C. N. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractDeformation twins are three-dimensional domains, traditionally viewed as ellipsoids because of their two-dimensional lenticular sections. In this work, we performed statistical analysis of twin shapes viewing along three orthogonal directions: the ‘dark side’ (DS) view along the twin shear direction (η1), the twinning plane normal (TPN) view (k1) and the ‘bright side’ (BS) view along the direction λ(=k1 × η1). Our electron back-scatter diffraction results show that twins in the DS and BS views normally exhibit a lenticular shape, whereas they show an irregular shape in the TPN view. Moreover, the findings in the TPN view revealed that twins grow faster along λ the lateral direction than along η1 the forward propagation direction at the initial stages of twin growth. These twin sections are irregular, indicating that growth is locally controlled and the overall shape is not perfectly ellipsoidal. We explain these findings using atomistic models, and ascribe them to differences in the mobility of the edge and screw components of the twinning dislocations.
Artificial morphogen-mediated differentiation in synthetic protocells
Authors: Tian Liangfei , Li Mei , Patil Avinash J. , Drinkwater Bruce W. , Mann Stephen 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe design and assembly of artificial protocell consortia displaying dynamical behaviours and systems-based properties are emerging challenges in bottom-up synthetic biology. Cellular processes such as morphogenesis and differentiation rely in part on reaction-diffusion gradients, and the ability to mimic rudimentary aspects of these non-equilibrium processes in communities of artificial cells could provide a step to life-like systems capable of complex spatiotemporal transformations. Here we expose acoustically formed arrays of initially identical coacervate micro-droplets to uni-directional or counter-directional reaction-diffusion gradients of artificial morphogens to induce morphological differentiation and spatial patterning in single populations of model protocells. Dynamic reconfiguration of the droplets in the morphogen gradients produces a diversity of membrane-bounded vesicles that are spontaneously segregated into multimodal populations with differentiated enzyme activities. Our results highlight the opportunities for constructing protocell arrays with graded structure and functionality and provide a step towards the development of artificial cell platforms capable of multiple operations.
MerMAIDs: a family of metagenomically discovered marine anion-conducting and intensely desensitizing channelrhodopsins
Authors: Oppermann Johannes , Fischer Paul , Silapetere Arita , Liepe Bernhard , Rodriguez-Rozada Silvia , Flores-Uribe José , Schiewer Enrico , Keidel Anke , Vierock Johannes , Kaufmann Joel , Broser Matthias , Luck Meike , Bartl Franz , Hildebrandt Peter , Wiegert J. Simon , Béjà Oded , Hegemann Peter , Wietek Jonas 
Published: July 2019

AbstractChannelrhodopsins (ChRs) are algal light-gated ion channels widely used as optogenetic tools for manipulating neuronal activity. ChRs desensitize under continuous bright-light illumination, resulting in a significant decline of photocurrents. Here we describe a metagenomically identified family of phylogenetically distinct anion-conducting ChRs (designated MerMAIDs). MerMAIDs almost completely desensitize during continuous illumination due to accumulation of a late non-conducting photointermediate that disrupts the ion permeation pathway. MerMAID desensitization can be fully explained by a single photocycle in which a long-lived desensitized state follows the short-lived conducting state. A conserved cysteine is the critical factor in desensitization, as its mutation results in recovery of large stationary photocurrents. The rapid desensitization of MerMAIDs enables their use as optogenetic silencers for transient suppression of individual action potentials without affecting subsequent spiking during continuous illumination. Our results could facilitate the development of optogenetic tools from metagenomic databases and enhance general understanding of ChR function.
Inverse-designed diamond photonics
Authors: Dory Constantin , Vercruysse Dries , Yang Ki Youl , Sapra Neil V. , Rugar Alison E. , Sun Shuo , Lukin Daniil M. , Piggott Alexander Y. , Zhang Jingyuan L. , Radulaski Marina , Lagoudakis Konstantinos G. , Su Logan , Vučković Jelena 
Published: July 2019

AbstractDiamond hosts optically active color centers with great promise in quantum computation, networking, and sensing. Realization of such applications is contingent upon the integration of color centers into photonic circuits. However, current diamond quantum optics experiments are restricted to single devices and few quantum emitters because fabrication constraints limit device functionalities, thus precluding color center integrated photonic circuits. In this work, we utilize inverse design methods to overcome constraints of cutting-edge diamond nanofabrication methods and fabricate compact and robust diamond devices with unique specifications. Our design method leverages advanced optimization techniques to search the full parameter space for fabricable device designs. We experimentally demonstrate inverse-designed photonic free-space interfaces as well as their scalable integration with two vastly different devices: classical photonic crystal cavities and inverse-designed waveguide-splitters. The multi-device integration capability and performance of our inverse-designed diamond platform represents a critical advancement toward integrated diamond quantum optical circuits.
A spatial database of health facilities managed by the public health sector in sub Saharan Africa
Authors: Maina Joseph , Ouma Paul O. , Macharia Peter M. , Alegana Victor A. , Mitto Benard , Fall Ibrahima Socé , Noor Abdisalan M. , Snow Robert W. , Okiro Emelda A. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractHealth facilities form a central component of health systems, providing curative and preventative services and structured to allow referral through a pyramid of increasingly complex service provision. Access to health care is a complex and multidimensional concept, however, in its most narrow sense, it refers to geographic availability. Linking health facilities to populations has been a traditional per capita index of heath care coverage, however, with locations of health facilities and higher resolution population data, Geographic Information Systems allow for a more refined metric of health access, define geographic inequalities in service provision and inform planning. Maximizing the value of spatial heath access requires a complete census of providers and their locations. To-date there has not been a single, geo-referenced and comprehensive public health facility database for sub-Saharan Africa. We have assembled national master health facility lists from a variety of government and non-government sources from 50 countries and islands in sub Saharan Africa and used multiple geocoding methods to provide a comprehensive spatial inventory of 98,745 public health facilities.