bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
TINJAUAN PENDIDIKAN MENURUT PANDANGAN AL-GHAZALI
Authors: Setiawan Eko 
Published: January 2019

<span class="fontstyle0">al-Ghazali was a great scholar who pays considerable attention to education. Educational practices and the concept of education has been used extensively by the paedagog until today. This type of education that developed seemed to be influenced by views on sufism and jurisprudence. Educational concept put forward a systematic and comprehensive also consistently in line with the attitude and personality as a sufi. Al-Ghazali's concept of education is an application and a response from the answer to the social problems it faces today.<br /></span><span class="fontstyle2">Keywords</span><span class="fontstyle0">: education, Islam, al-Ghazali</span>
MOTIVASI: URGENSITASNYA DALAM PEMBELAJARAN YANG EFEKTIF
Authors: Fahimah Siti 
Published: January 2019

<p><em>In the process of education or learning, we often categorize children or adult into successful or unsuccessful. These terms of categorization are based on external monitoring. But the success of pupils depends largely on their motivation. There are pupils showing the laziness in learning because they lack motivation, internally or externally. They need positive motivation. There is intrinsic motivation, i.e. the motivation which emerges from inside the self or the motivation which is closely connected with the purpose. And there is extrinsic motivation, i.e. the motivation which comes from outside the self or the motivation which has no connection with the purpose. The motivation is intimately related to psychological condition. There are many theories of motivation, but they all go back to the individual state of a person. There are also several ways to raise motivation: 1) Creating competition, 2) Defining clear and recognized purpose, 3) Accomodating the interests of pupils. The purposes of motivation are: 1) to urge people to reach their goals, 2) to point them in the direction of their goals, and 3) to select carefully the appropriate action to reach the goals. The clear motivation can help teachers to carry out the more effective process of learning with the better results.<strong></strong></em></p><p><strong><em> </em></strong></p><p><strong><em>Keywords: </em></strong><em>motivation, motive, psychology, learning effectiveness.</em><strong><em></em></strong></p>
MEMAKNAI JIHAD DALAM AL-QUR'AN DAN TINJAUAN HISTORIS PENGGUNAAN ISTILAH JIHAD DALAM ISLAM
Authors: Fattah Abdul 
Published: January 2019

<p><em>A narrow understanding by some Muslims about jihad will bring a radical group that led to the appearance of movements that harm Muslims. To find out how the jihad in the Qur'an and how to phase in the use of the word jihad, it would require a comprehensive understanding by identifying the verses of the Qur'an and understanding of the historical decline in these verses. This article examines the identification of passages which there is a derivation the word jihad and then sorted according to time of down (Makkiyyah and Madaniyyah). The article concludes that the word jihad and derivation in the Qur'an is mentioned 41 times and separated at 19 surah. Not all of the word jihad and it derivation means war, but historically it is known that jihad also has other meanings and reduced in accordance with the conditions of the situation at that time.</em></p><p><em> </em></p><p><strong><em>Keywords</em></strong><em>: jihad, al-Qur'an, historical</em></p>
PENCIPTAAN BUDAYA RELIGIUS PERGURUAN TINGGI ISLAM (Berkaca Nilai Religius UIN Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang)
Authors: Almu’tasim Amru 
Published: January 2019

<pre><em>D</em><em>uring these universities only produce graduates who only have a certain skill, while they do not have personal integrity as a member of the family, community, and religious citizens. This situation will greatly affect the education system in universities. Where the College as an organization of higher education is a means of cooperation group of people (Higher Education and Society) to achieve the desired objectives. Achievement of the goal Universities, both in quality and quantity depends on the people who gathered at the agency. if the increase is not accompanied by planting intellectual Islamic values </em><em></em><em>are embodied in building religious culture in the Universities, the national education goals will not be achieved well.</em></pre><pre><strong><em> </em></strong></pre><pre><strong><em>Keywords</em></strong><strong><em>:</em></strong><strong><em> </em></strong><em>Religious, Culture, Higher Education</em><strong><em></em></strong></pre>
DESAIN DAN STRATEGI PEMBELAJARAN PENDIKAN AGAMA ISLAM PADA PERGURUAN TINGGI UMUM (PTU) DI KOTA MALANG
Authors: Kawakip A. Nurul 
Published: January 2019

<p><em>The paper explores the design and strategy of Islamic teaching (Pendidikan Agama Islam) which where implemented at Tribuana Tungga Dewi University of Malang. The university is consider as fairly a new university, established in 2001, located in the west of Malang. The findings of research are as follow: (1) the design of teaching is based on the actual topics that are based on students needs. (2) the strategies of teaching are applying various strategies such as moving class to some mosques, involving students in Islamic community surrounding of university, and reporting for daily religious activities.</em></p><p><strong><em> </em></strong></p><p><strong><em>Keywords: </em></strong><em>Religious Activities, Moving Class, Involving In Society Sorrunding The University, and Actual Topics.</em></p>
Intentos de fusión entre las dos principales empresas de un sector: el caso de MZA y NORTE = Attempts of fusion between the two main companies of a sector: the case of MZA and NORTE
Authors: Villacorta Hernández Miguel Ángel 
Published: January 2019

Resumen: El objeto de esta investigación es el análisis de los intentos de fusión de las dos mayores sociedades ferroviarias privadas españolas: NORTE y MZA. El sector ferroviario español ha sido prolíficamente estudiado desde diversos ámbitos, debido al importante papel que ha desempeñado en su contribución al progreso económico. Sin embargo, es necesario detenerse en un aspecto singular como es la posibilidad que hubo de que las dos empresas españolas más importante del sector se fusionaran. Aunque ello no se logró, los procedimientos para alcanzarlo son relevantes para la historiografía empresarial española. Palabras clave: Historia, Ferrocarril, NORTE, MZA.Abstract: The purpose of this investigation is the analysis of the attempts to merge the two largest Spanish private railway companies: NORTE and MZA. The Spanish railway sector has been prolifically studied from various areas, due to the important role it has played in its contribution to economic progress. However, it is necessary to focus on a singular aspect, such as the possibility that the two most important Spanish companies in the sector merged. Although this was not achieved, the procedures are relevant to Spanish business historiography.Keywords: History, Railway, NORTE, MZA.
COMPARTIMENTAÇÃO E EVOLUÇÃO GEOMORFOLÓGICA DA PLANÍCIE DO RIO CUIABÁ, PANTANAL MATO-GROSSENSE
Authors: Meira Fabiana Cristina , Stevaux José Cândido , Torrado Pablo Vidal , Assine Mario Luís 
Published: January 2019

A bacia do rio Cuiabá, situada no estado do Mato Grosso, drena uma área aproximada de 36.000 km². Ao adentrar no Pantanal Mato-Grossense, o rio Cuiabá passa a depositar os sedimentos transportados do planalto formando um complexo de planícies e configurando um extenso megaleque fluvial com área de 14.580 km². O trecho estudado abrange uma planície confinada com 1.850 km² e está inserido no setor proximal deste megaleque, tratada aqui como planície confinada, uma vez que se encontra entre terrenos mais elevados. Este trabalho teve como meta compreender a evolução da planície em questão, a partir de sua compartimentação geomorfológica. A planície do rio Cuiabá foi compartimentada em sete unidades: 1) Planície de Meandros com Controle Estrutural (PMCE); 2) Cinturão de Meandros Cuiabá Antigo (CMCA); 3) Cinturão de Meandros Cuiabá Moderno (CMCM); 4) Planície de Sistema Anabranching Antigo (PSAA); 5) Planície de Sistema Anabranching com Lagoas de Rompimento (PSALR); 6) Planície de Sistema Anabranching com Controle Lito-Estrutural (PSACLE); 7) Planície Atual Sobreposta a Sistema Anabranching Antigo (PASSAA). Os depósitos dessas unidades variaram de argila a areia grossa com cascalho. Em alguns compartimentos ocorrem camadas litoplínticas significativamente extensas. Datações por 14C e LOE informaram idades entre 14C 8.710 ± 30 anos cal. AP e LOE 260 ± 30 anos AP. No início do Holoceno, o rio Cuiabá possuía padrão de canal meandrante em toda a sua extensão. A partir de 8.710 anos AP ocorreram avulsões que provocaram a migração do sistema para SW e o sistema fluvial adquiriu padrão anabranching. Por volta de 5.530 anos AP, devido à baixa taxa de sedimentação, a planície sofreu pedogênese com posterior desenvolvimento de camada litoplíntica que se estende por vários compartimentos, em especial, aqueles no setor onde o rio possui padrão anabranching, onde a gênese de camadas litoplínticas está ligada a deficit hídrico. O posicionamento atual do canal principal do rio Cuiabá data de aproximadamente 2.250 anos AP. As análises associadas ao levantamento bibliográfico apontam para uma mudança climática de úmido para seco, por volta de 5.000 anos AP, coincidindo com a idade da camada litoplíntica; entretanto observa-se a mudança do padrão fluvial de meandrante para anabranching iniciando em torno de 8.710 AP, concluindo que não há relação com a mudança climática. Atualmente o rio continua com padrão anabranching em evolução e avançando para um setor no qual a camada litoplíntica encontra-se fraturada, condicionando o traçado do rio e funcionando como nível de base local.
Effect of Electroacupuncture at Auricular Acupoints “Heart” and “Brainstem” in Improving the Consciousness of Patients after Traumatic Brain Injury: Study Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Liu Tong , Yu Jia-Ni , Kuang Wei-chuan , Wang Xiao-yin , Jiang Ye , Wen Xi , Qiu Xiao-jia 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Background:Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has become a major cause of morbidity and mortality both in China and abroad. Disorders of consciousness (DOC) following severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a common refractory complication, resulting in difficult rehabilitation and poor life quality. However, effective therapeutic approaches remain limited. Although auricular-acupuncture has been widely applied in the treatment of neurological disorders in China, its efficacy and safety for consciousness recovery remain to be elucidated.
Methods: Here, we conduct a study design and protocol of a randomized, blinded, controlled study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Electroacupuncture at Auricular Acupoints “Heart” and “Brainstem” in the consciousness recovery of patients with TBI. A total of 80 patients with initial Glasgow coma scale score between 3-8 points will be recruited in the trial and randomized into treatment (combined application of auricular and body acupuncture) group or control (body acupuncture alone) group. Patients in the treatment group will receive electroacupuncture at bilateral auricular acupoints “Heart” and “Brainstem” (four points in total) combined with body acupuncture in a supine position while patients in the control group will receive body acupuncture alone for 4 weeks. The primary outcomes are changes of Glasgow coma scale score and mismatch negativity of event-related brain potentials before and after treatment. The secondary outcome measures will be changes of Barthel and FuglMeyer scores. The safety will also be assessed by monitoring the incidence of adverse events and changes in vital signs during the study.
Discussion: Results from this trial will significantly support the application of auricular acupuncture in the consciousness recovery of patients with severe TBI. If found to be effective and safe, auricular acupuncture will be a valuable complementary option for comatose patients with TBI.
Trial registration: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry: ChiCTR1800020245. Registered on 21 December 2018.
Keywords: Auricular acupoint, Electro-acupuncture, Body acupuncture, Traumatic brain injury, Consciousness, GCS, Mismatch negativity
HOSENG trial – Effect of the provision of oral self-testing for absent and refusing individuals during a door-to-door HIV testing campaign on testing coverage: protocol of a cluster randomized clinical trial in rural Lesotho
Authors: Amstutz Alain , Lejone Thabo Ishmael , Khesa Lefu , Muhairwe Josephine , Nsakala Bienvenu Lengo , Tlali Katleho , Bresser Moniek , Vanobberghen Fiona , Kopo Mathebe , Kao Mpho , Klimkait Thomas , Battegay Manuel , Labhardt Niklaus Daniel , Glass Tracy Renée 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
BACKGROUND: HIV testing coverage remains below the targeted 90% despite efforts and resources invested into testing in sub-Saharan Africa. Home-based HIV testing is a key approach endorsed by the World Health Organization, especially to reach individuals who might not seek testing otherwise. Although acceptance of testing during such campaigns is high, coverage remains low due to absent house-hold members. This cluster-randomized trial aims to assess increase in testing coverage using oral HIV self-testing among individuals who are absent or decline testing during home-based HIV testing.
METHODS: The HOSENG (HOme-based SElf-testiNG) trial is a cluster-randomized, parallel group, superiority trial in two districts of Lesotho, Southern Africa. Clusters are stratified by district, village size, and village access to the nearest health facility. Cluster eligibility criteria include: village is in catchment area of one of the study facilities, village authority provides consent, and village has a registered, capable and consenting village health worker. In intervention clusters, HIV self-tests are provided for eligible household members who are absent or decline HIV testing in presence of the campaign team. In control clusters, standard of care for absent and refusing individuals applies, i.e. referral to health facility. The primary outcome is HIV testing coverage among individuals ≥12 years of age within 120 days after enrolment. Secondary objectives include HIV testing coverage among other age groups, and uptake of the different testing modalities. Statistical analyses will be conducted and reported in line with CONSORT guidelines. HOSENG trial is linked to VIBRA (Village-Based Refill of ART) trial. Together, they constitute the GET ON (GETting tOwards Ninety) research project.
DISCUSSION: The HOSENG trial tests if oral HIVST may be an add-on during door-to-door testing campaigns towards achieving optimal testing coverage. The provision of oral self-test kits, followed up by VHWs, requires little additional human resources, finances and logistics. If cost-effective, this approach will inform home-based HIV testing policies not only in Lesotho, but in similar international settings.
TRIAL REGISTRATION: This trial has been registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03598686) on July 25, 2018. More information under www.getonproject.wordpress.com.
KEYWORDS: HIV, cluster randomized controlled trial, village health worker, community health worker, community-based, self-testing, HIV testing coverage, Lesotho, Southern Africa, implementation research.
An Agent-Based Metapopulation Model Simulating Virus-Based Biocontrol of Heterodera Glycines
Authors: Anderson Safyre , Soman Chinmay , Bekal Sadia , Domier Leslie , Lambert Kris , Bhalerao Kaustubh 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
With recently discovered soybean cyst nematode (SCN) viruses, biological control of the nematodes is a theoretical possibility. This study explores the question of what kinds of viruses would make useful biocontrol agents, taking into account evolutionary and population dynamics. An agent-based model, Soybean Cyst Nematode Simulation (SCNSim), was developed to simulate within-host virulence evolution in a virus-nematode-soybean ecosystem. SCNSim was used to predict nematode suppression under a range of viral mutation rates, initial virulences, and release strategies. The simulation model suggested that virus-based biocontrol worked best when the nematodes were inundated with the viruses. Under lower infection prevalence, the viral burden thinned out rapidly due to the limited mobility and high reproductive rate of the SCN. In accordance with the generally accepted trade-off theory, SCNSim predicted the optimal initial virulence for the maximum nematode suppression. Higher initial virulence resulted in shorter lifetime transmission, whereas viruses with lower initial virulence values evolved toward avirulence. SCNSim also indicated that a greater viral mutation rate reinforced the virulence pathotype, suggesting the presence of a virulence threshold necessary to achieve biocontrol against SCN.
Activity of Vetiver Extracts and Essential Oil against Meloidogyne incognita
Authors: Jindapunnapat Kansiree , Reetz Nathan D. , MacDonald Margaret H. , Bhagavathy Ganga , Chinnasri Buncha , Soonthornchareonnon Noppamas , Sasnarukkit Anongnuch , Chauhan Kamlesh R. , Chitwood David J. , Meyer Susan L.F. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Vetiver, a nonhost grass for certain nematodes, was studied for the production of compounds active against the southern root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita. In laboratory assays studying the effects on second-stage juvenile (J2) activity and viability, crude vetiver root and shoot extracts were nematotoxic, resulting in 40% to 70% J2 mortality, and were also repellent to J2. Vetiver oil did not exhibit activity against J2 in these assays. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses of three crude vetiver root ethanol extracts and a commercial vetiver oil determined that two of the major components in each sample were the sesquiterpene acid 3,3,8,8-tetramethyltricyclo[5.1.0.0(2,4)]oct-5-ene-5-propanoic acid and the sesquiterpene alcohol 6-isopropenyl-4,8a-dimethyl-1,2,3,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydronaphthalen-2-ol. The acid was present in higher amounts in the extracts than in the oil. These studies demonstrating nematotoxicity and repellency of vetiver-derived compounds to M. incognita suggest that plant chemistry plays a role in the nonhost status of vetiver to root-knot nematodes, and that the chemical constituents of vetiver may be useful for suppressing nematode populations in the soil.
Molecular Characterization and Phylogeny of Ditylenchus weischeri from Cirsium arvense in the Prairie Provinces of Canada
Authors: Madani Mehrdad , Tenuta Mario 
Published: January 2019

Abstract

Ditylenchus weischeri that parasitizes the weed Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop., 1772, (creeping thistle) was described in 2011 from Russia based on their morphology, ITS-RFLP analysis, and Hsp90 gene sequence of a few individuals and one field collection of the plant. More recently, we found C. arvense parasitized by D. weischeri in the Prairie Provinces of Canada. Plant host preference for D. weischeri was also distinct from D. dipsaci (Kühn) Filipjev, 1936. In the current study, a comprehensive molecular analysis of many D. weischeri specimens from Canada is presented. Individuals from 41C. arvense or yellow pea grain samples with seeds of C. arvense from the Prairie Provinces were sequenced for the internal transcribed spacer (ITS rDNA), large subunit (LSU) D2D3 28S rDNA, partial segment of small subunit (SSU) 18S rDNA, and the heat shock protein Hsp90 gene. The analysis also included D. weischeri individuals from C. arvense from Russia and garlic with D. dipsaci from the Provinces of Ontario and Quebec in Canada. Available sequence data of Ditylenchus species retrieved from GenBank were used to phylogenetically position this species within the genus Ditylenchus. In all studied genes, several single-nucleotide polymorphisms between the Canadian D. weischeri and both Russian haplotype and individuals of D. weischeri from C. arvense from Russia were found. The sequences of ITS rDNA, LSU D2D3 28S rDNA, and Hsp90 were used to construct separate dendrograms. For each of the three genes examined, D. weischeri was grouped separately from the other Ditylenchus. Ditylenchus samples from C. arvense was positioned to a single clade such as D. weischeri and distinct from D. dipsaci. With past reports of plant host preference and morphology, the results of this study provide further evidence for the fact that D. weischeri is distinct to be separated from D. dipsaci. Furthermore, minor differences in molecular divergence and morphology to the Russian haplotype and limited symptoms of disease on C. arvense in Prairie Canada suggest the Canadian and Russian populations of D. weischeri may be diverging.
Two New Species of Pristionchus (Nematoda: Diplogastridae) from Taiwan and the Definition of the pacificus Species-Complex Sensu Stricto
Authors: Yoshida Kohta , Herrmann Matthias , Kanzaki Natsumi , Weiler Christian , Rödelsperger Christian , Sommer Ralf J. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract

Pristionchus pacificus Sommer, Carta, Kim, and Sternberg, 1996 is an important model organism in evolutionary biology that aims to integrate developmental biology and evo-devo with population genetics and ecology. Functional studies in P. pacificus are supported by a well-established phylogenetic framework of around 30 species of the genus Pristionchus that have been described in the last decade based on their entomophilic and necromenic association with scarab beetles. Biogeographically, East Asia has emerged as a hotspot of Pristionchus speciation and recent samplings have therefore focused on Islands and mainland settings in East Asia. Here, we describe in a series of three publications the results of our sampling efforts in Taiwan, Japan, and Hongkong in 2016 and 2017. We describe a total of nine new species that cover different phylogenetic species-complexes of the Pristionchus genus. In this first publication, we describe two new species, Pristionchus sikae sp. n. and Pristionchus kurosawai sp. n. that are closely related to P. pacificus. Together with five previously described species they form the “pacificus species-complex sensu stricto” that is characterized by all species forming viable, but sterile F1 hybrids indicating reproductive isolation. P. sikae sp. n. and P. kurosawai sp. n. have a gonochorist mode of reproduction and they are described using morphology, morphometrics, mating experiments, and genome-wide sequence analysis. We discuss the extreme diversification in the pacificus species-complex sensu stricto in East Asia and its potential power to study speciation processes.