bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What do we mean by the directions “cranial” and “caudal” on a vertebra?
Authors: Taylor Michael P , Wedel Matthew J 
Published: December 2018

In illustrating vertebrae, it is important to consistently depict their orientation, so we can objectively assess and compare the slope of the neural arch, neural canal, or articular surfaces. However, differing vertebral shapes across taxa and across regions of the spinal column make it difficult to maintain consistency, or even define what we mean by the directions “cranial” and “caudal”. Consequently, characters such as “Neural arch slopes cranially 30° relative to the vertical” are disputable rather than objective measurements.
Cranial and caudal are defined as directed along the horizontal, but several different notions of “horizontal” are possible:
1. Long axis of centrum is horizontal. This is appealing for elongate vertebrae such as sauropod cervicals, but is difficult to determine for craniocaudally short vertebrae such as most caudals.
2. Articular facets of centrum are vertical. Difficult to determine when dealing with facets that are concave or (worse) convex; and ambiguous for “keystoned” vertebrae in which the facets are not parallel.
3. Neural canal is horizontal. Anatomically informative, but difficult to determine in vertebrae that have not been fully prepared or CT-scanned, and impossible to see in lateral view. Ambiguous for vertebrae where the dorsal and ventral margins of the canal are not parallel.
4. When two instances of the vertebra are optimally articulated, the same points are at the same height on both. This is less intuitive than definitions 1–3, but more precise and can be determined for any vertebra.
We advocate explicitly stating a definition and using it consistently.
The effects of change decomposition on code review - a controlled experiment
Authors: di Biase Marco , Bruntink Magiel , van Deursen Arie , Bacchelli Alberto 
Published: December 2018

Background. Code review is a cognitively demanding and time-consuming process. Previous qualitative studies hinted at how decomposing change sets into multiple yet internally coherent ones would improve the reviewing process. So far, no quantitative analysis of this hypothesis has been provided.
Aims. (1) Quantitatively measure the effects of change decomposition on the outcome of code review (in terms of number of found defects, wrongly reported issues, suggested improvements, time, and understanding); (2) Qualitatively analyze how subjects approach the review and navigate the code, building knowledge and addressing existing issues, in large vs. decomposed changes.
Method. Controlled experiment using the pull-based development model involving 28 software developers among professionals and graduate students.
Results. Change decomposition leads to fewer wrongly reported issues, influences how subjects approach and conduct the review activity (by increasing context-seeking), yet impacts neither understanding the change rationale nor the number of found defects.
Conclusions. Change decomposition reduces the noise for subsequent data analyses but also significantly supports the tasks of the developers in charge of reviewing the changes. As such, commits belonging to different concepts should be separated, adopting this as a best practice in software engineering.
Differential Effects of Adult Salmon Lice Lepeophtheirus salmonis on Physiological Responses of Sockeye Salmon and Atlantic Salmon
Authors: Long Amy , Garver Kyle A. , Jones Simon R. M. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The salmon louse Lepeophtheirus salmonis, a type of sea lice (family Caligidae), is enzootic in marine waters of British Columbia and poses a health risk to both farmed Atlantic Salmon Salmo salar and wild Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. At the adult stage, sea lice infections can often result in severe cutaneous lesions in their salmonid hosts. To evaluate and compare the physiological consequences of adult L. salmonis infections, smolts of Atlantic Salmon and Sockeye Salmon O. nerka were exposed to 2 (low), 6 (medium), or 10 (high) adult female lice/fish. Mean lice abundance decreased over time in all groups. Skin disruption due to parasite infection was observed in both species. Plasma samples were collected from infected fish and uninfected controls at 1, 3, 5, and 7 d postinfection and measured for indicators of osmoregulatory function and stress. Sockeye Salmon, regardless of L. salmonis exposure level, showed a rapid onset of elevated osmolality and sodium and chloride ion concentrations which were sustained until 7 d postinfection when values returned to levels comparable with the unexposed controls. Conversely, these effects were not measured in Atlantic Salmon. Additionally, differential host effects in blood glucose levels were observed, with Sockeye Salmon displaying immediate elevation in glucose. Relative to Atlantic Salmon, infection with L. salmonis caused a profound physiological impact to Sockeye Salmon characterized by loss of osmoregulatory integrity and a stress response. This work provides the first comprehensive report of the physiological consequences of infections with adult L. salmonis in Sockeye Salmon smolts and helps to further define the mechanisms of susceptibility in this species.
Slower alpha rhythm associates with poorer seizure control in epilepsy
Authors: Abela Eugenio , Pawley Adam D. , Tangwiriyasakul Chayanin , Yaakub Siti N. , Chowdhury Fahmida A. , Elwes Robert D. C. , Brunnhuber Franz , Richardson Mark P. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractObjectiveSlowing and frontal spread of the alpha rhythm have been reported in multiple epilepsy syndromes. We investigated whether these phenomena are associated with seizure control.MethodsWe prospectively acquired resting‐state electroencephalogram (EEG) in 63 patients with focal and idiopathic generalized epilepsy (FE and IGE) and 39 age‐ and gender‐matched healthy subjects (HS). Patients were divided into good and poor (≥4 seizures/12 months) seizure control groups based on self‐reports and clinical records. We computed spectral power from 20‐sec EEG segments during eyes‐closed wakefulness, free of interictal abnormalities, and quantified power in high‐ and low‐alpha bands. Analysis of covariance and post hoc t‐tests were used to assess group differences in alpha‐power shift across all EEG channels. Permutation‐based statistics were used to assess the topography of this shift across the whole scalp.ResultsCompared to HS, patients showed a statistically significant shift of spectral power from high‐ to low‐alpha frequencies (effect size g = 0.78 [95% confidence interval 0.43, 1.20]). This alpha‐power shift was driven by patients with poor seizure control in both FE and IGE (g = 1.14, [0.65, 1.74]), and occurred over midline frontal and bilateral occipital regions. IGE exhibited less alpha power shift compared to FE over bilateral frontal regions (g = −1.16 [−0.68, −1.74]). There was no interaction between syndrome and seizure control. Effects were independent of antiepileptic drug load, time of day, or subgroup definitions.InterpretationAlpha slowing and anteriorization are a robust finding in patients with epilepsy and might represent a generic indicator of seizure liability.
Organic Electrochemical Transistor Arrays for In Vitro Electrophysiology Monitoring of 2D and 3D Cardiac Tissues
Authors: Gu Xi , Yeung Sin Yu , Chadda Akriti , Poon Ellen Ngar Yun , Boheler Kenneth R. , Hsing I.‐Ming 
Published: December 2018

AbstractHere, a multichannel organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) array is reported for electrophysiological monitoring and mapping of action potential propagation of a wide range of cardiac cells, including cell lines, primary cell lines, and human‐sourced stem cell derivatives in 2D and 3D structures. The results suggest that the ability to exploit this OECT‐based platform to map 2D action potential propagation provides a viable strategy to better characterize cardiac cells in response to various chronotropic drugs. The effects of chronotropic agents Isoproterenol and Verapamil on cardiac tissues validate the utility of OECT for drug screening capability, and a preliminary demonstration of a 64‐channel OECT array to monitor the cardiac action potentials for better spatial resolution is presented. The study demonstrates that OECT will be a viable and versatile platform for applications in medical and pharmacological industries.
Mixed Dimensional 2D/3D Hybrid Perovskite Absorbers: The Future of Perovskite Solar Cells?
Authors: Krishna Anurag , Gottis Sébastien , Nazeeruddin Mohammad Khaja , Sauvage Frédéric 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe cost‐effective processability and high efficiency of the organic–inorganic metal halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have shown tremendous potential to intervene positively in the generation of clean energy. However, prior to an industrial scale‐up process, there are certain critical issues such as the lack of stability against over moisture, light, and heat, which have to be resolved. One of the several proposed strategies to improve the stability that has lately emerged is the development of lower‐dimensional (2D) perovskite structures derived from the Ruddlesden–Popper (RP) phases. The excellent stability under ambient conditions shown by 2D RP phase perovskites has made the scalability expectations burgeon since it is one of the most credible paths toward stable PSCs. In this review, the 2D/3D mixed system for photovoltaics (PVs) is elaborately discussed with the focus on the crystal structure, optoelectronic properties, charge carrier dynamics, and their impact on the photovoltaic performances. Finally, some of the further challenges are highlighted while outlining the perspectives of 2D/3D perovskites for high‐efficiency stable solar cells.
Role of the Anion on the Transport and Structure of Organic Mixed Conductors
Authors: Cendra Camila , Giovannitti Alexander , Savva Achilleas , Venkatraman Vishak , McCulloch Iain , Salleo Alberto , Inal Sahika , Rivnay Jonathan 
Published: December 2018

AbstractOrganic mixed conductors are increasingly employed in electrochemical devices operating in aqueous solutions that leverage simultaneous transport of ions and electrons. Indeed, their mode of operation relies on changing their doping (oxidation) state by the migration of ions to compensate for electronic charges. Nevertheless, the structural and morphological changes that organic mixed conductors experience when ions and water penetrate the material are not fully understood. Through a combination of electrochemical, gravimetric, and structural characterization, the effects of water and anions with a hydrophilic conjugated polymer are elucidated. Using a series of sodium‐ion aqueous salts of varying anion size, hydration shells, and acidity, the links between the nature of the anion and the transport and structural properties of the polymer are systematically studied. Upon doping, ions intercalate in the crystallites, permanently modifying the lattice spacings, and residual water swells the film. The polymer, however, maintains electrochemical reversibility. The performance of electrochemical transistors reveals that doping with larger, less hydrated, anions increases their transconductance but decreases switching speed. This study highlights the complexity of electrolyte‐mixed conductor interactions and advances materials design, emphasizing the coupled role of polymer and electrolyte (solvent and ion) in device performance.
Durable Ultraflexible Organic Photovoltaics with Novel Metal‐Oxide‐Free Cathode
Authors: Jiang Zhi , Fukuda Kenjiro , Huang Wenchao , Park Sungjun , Nur Roda , Nayeem Md. Osman Goni , Yu Kilho , Inoue Daishi , Saito Masahiko , Kimura Hiroki , Yokota Tomoyuki , Umezu Shinjiro , Hashizume Daisuke , Osaka Itaru , Takimiya Kazuo , Someya Takao 
Published: December 2018

AbstractFlexible and stretchable organic photovoltaics (OPVs) are promising as a power source for wearable devices with multifunctions ranging from sensing to locomotion. Achieving mechanical robustness and high power conversion efficiency for ultraflexible OPVs is essential for their successful application. However, it is challenging to simultaneously achieve these features by the difficulty to maintain stable performance under a microscale bending radius. Ultraflexible OPVs are proposed by employing a novel metal‐oxide‐free cathode that consists of a printed ultrathin metallic transparent electrode and an organic electron transport layer to achieve high electron‐collecting capabilities and mechanical robustness. In fact, the proposed ultraflexible OPV achieves a power conversion efficiency of 9.7% and durability with 74% efficiency retention after 500 cycles of deformation at 37% compression through buckling. The proposed approach can be applied to active layers with different morphologies, thus suggesting its universality and potential for high‐performance ultraflexible OPV devices.
3D‐Printed Hydrogel Composites for Predictive Temporal (4D) Cellular Organizations and Patterned Biogenic Mineralization
Authors: McCracken Joselle M. , Rauzan Brittany M. , Kjellman Jacob C. E. , Kandel Mikhail E. , Liu Yu Hao , Badea Adina , Miller Lou Ann , Rogers Simon A. , Popescu Gabriel , Nuzzo Ralph G. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractMaterials chemistries for hydrogel scaffolds that are capable of programming temporal (4D) attributes of cellular decision‐making in supported 3D microcultures are described. The scaffolds are fabricated using direct‐ink writing (DIW)—a 3D‐printing technique using extrusion to pattern scaffolds at biologically relevant diameters (≤ 100 µm). Herein, DIW is exploited to variously incorporate a rheological nanoclay, Laponite XLG (LAP), into 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA)‐based hydrogels—printing the LAP–HEMA (LH) composites as functional modifiers within otherwise unmodified 2D and 3D HEMA microstructures. The nanoclay‐modified domains, when tested as thin films, require no activating (e.g., protein) treatments to promote robust growth compliances that direct the spatial attachment of fibroblast (3T3) and preosteoblast (E1) cells, fostering for the latter a capacity to direct long‐term osteodifferentiation. Cell‐to‐gel interfacial morphologies and cellular motility are analyzed with spatial light interference microscopy (SLIM). Through combination of HEMA and LH gels, high‐resolution DIW of a nanocomposite ink (UniH) that translates organizationally dynamic attributes seen with 2D gels into dentition‐mimetic 3D scaffolds is demonstrated. These analyses confirm that the underlying materials chemistry and geometry of hydrogel nanocomposites are capable of directing cellular attachment and temporal development within 3D microcultures—a useful material system for the 4D patterning of hydrogel scaffolds.
Quantitative Label‐Free Imaging of 3D Vascular Networks Self‐Assembled in Synthetic Hydrogels
Authors: Kaushik Gaurav , Gil Daniel A. , Torr Elizabeth , Berge Elizabeth S. , Soref Cheryl , Uhl Peyton , Fontana Gianluca , Antosiewicz‐Bourget Jessica , Edington Collin , Schwartz Michael P. , Griffith Linda G. , Thomson James A. , Skala Melissa C. , Daly William T. , Murphy William L. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractVascularization is an important strategy to overcome diffusion limits and enable the formation of complex, physiologically relevant engineered tissues and organoids. Self‐assembly is a technique to generate in vitro vascular networks, but engineering the necessary network morphology and function remains challenging. Here, autofluorescence multiphoton microscopy (aMPM), a label‐free imaging technique, is used to quantitatively evaluate in vitro vascular network morphology. Vascular networks are generated using human embryonic stem cell–derived endothelial cells and primary human pericytes encapsulated in synthetic poly(ethylene glycol)‐based hydrogels. Two custom‐built bioreactors are used to generate distinct fluid flow patterns during vascular network formation: recirculating flow or continuous flow. aMPM is used to image these 3D vascular networks without the need for fixation, labels, or dyes. Image processing and analysis algorithms are developed to extract quantitative morphological parameters from these label‐free images. It is observed with aMPM that both bioreactors promote formation of vascular networks with lower network anisotropy compared to static conditions, and the continuous flow bioreactor induces more branch points compared to static conditions. Importantly, these results agree with trends observed with immunocytochemistry. These studies demonstrate that aMPM allows label‐free monitoring of vascular network morphology to streamline optimization of growth conditions and provide quality control of engineered tissues.
A Microwell‐Assisted Multiaptamer Immunomagnetic Platform for Capture and Genetic Analysis of Circulating Tumor Cells
Authors: Dong Zaizai , Tang Chuanhao , Zhao Libo , Xu Jiachao , Wu Yayun , Tang Xiaojun , Zhou Wei , He Rongxiang , Zhao Rong , Xu Li , Zhang Zhen , Fang Xiaohong 
Published: December 2018

AbstractDetection of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in peripheral blood is of paramount significance for cancer diagnosis, progress evaluation, and individualized therapy. However, the rareness and heterogeneity of CTCs introduces significant challenges in the capture of cancer cells as well as downstream genetic analysis. In this work, a microwell‐assisted multiaptamer immunomagnetic platform (MMAIP) is proposed for highly efficient capture of CTCs with minimum influence of heterogeneity. Assisted by a microwell chip, the purity of CTCs is greatly improved, thus meeting the requirement of downstream gene analysis. This is, as far as is known, the first aptamer based platform enabling mutation analysis of the captured CTCs from cancer patients, which will contribute to the practical application of aptamers in clinics.
Photon Upconverted Circularly Polarized Luminescence via Triplet–Triplet Annihilation
Authors: Yang Dong , Han Jianlei , Liu Minghua , Duan Pengfei 
Published: December 2018

AbstractCircularly polarized luminescent materials are of increasing attention due to their potential applications in advanced optical technologies, such as chiroptical devices and optical sensing. Recently, in all reported circularly polarized luminescent materials, high‐energy excitation results in low‐energy or downconverted circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) emission. Although photon upconversion—i.e., the conversion of low‐energy light into higher‐energy emission, with a wide variety of applications—has been widely reported, the integration of photon upconversion and CPL in one chiral system to achieve higher‐energy CPL emission has never been reported. Herein, a brief review is provided of recent achievements in photon‐upconverted CPL via the triplet–triplet annihilation mechanism, focusing on the amplified dissymmetry factor glum through energy transfer process and dual upconverted and downconverted CPL emission through chirality and energy transfer process.
The Theory and Practice Value of Tunable Nanoscale Interlayer of Graphene: Response to Comment on “Tunable Nanoscale Interlayer of Graphene with Symmetrical Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Architecture for Lithium Extraction”
Authors: Zhao Yan , Qian Yukun , Shi Wenhui , Shen Jiangnan 
Published: December 2018

AbstractRecently, Amir Razmjou has commented on “Tunable Nanoscale Interlayer of Graphene with Symmetrical Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Architecture for Lithium Extraction.” The author focused on the experimental results of the size of tunable nanoscale interlayer but completely ignored the value of the work. Based on the previous works of the phenomenon or theory of the appearance of morphological defects (cracks or pinholes) in graphene membrane, he provided his opinion that the selective separation of cations is due to the appearance of morphological defects (cracks or pinholes). Therefore, he made the conclusion that “the appearance of defects (cracks or pinholes) during bottom‐up synthesis of 2D nanochannels such as graphene oxide‐based membranes played important role in the selective transportation of Li+ ions.” Amir only focused on the interlayer spacing value of around 0.48 nm, which is an average value obtained by experimental measurements, and commented it based on the theories without any analysis of this work. However, he overlooked the theory and practice value of tunable nanoscale interlayer of graphene and many other evidences of this work.
Heat Resisting Metallic Meta‐Skin for Simultaneous Microwave Broadband Scattering and Infrared Invisibility Based on Catenary Optical Field
Authors: Xie Xin , Pu Mingbo , Huang Yijia , Ma Xiaoliang , Li Xiong , Guo Yinghui , Luo Xiangang 
Published: December 2018

AbstractMetallic skins are widely used in practical engineering owing to their inherent advantages in mechanical and physical characteristics. In this paper, a metasurface skin composed of subwavelength metallic gratings with space‐variant orientations has been proposed to realize exotic electromagnetic properties in microwave and infrared regimes. Equivalent circuit theory and transfer matrix method have been adopted to quantitatively describe the optical fields and dispersion with high accuracy in a catenary form. Based on these analyses, broadband and wide‐angle radar cross‐section (RCS) reduction for microwave has been simulated and experimentally demonstrated. Additional characteristics such as high temperature resistance and low infrared thermal emission are also verified. It is believed that these results may provide a new platform to achieve multifunctional electromagnetic devices and are promising for many applications.
Hafnium Sulfide Nanosheets for Ultrafast Photonic Device
Authors: Yin Jinde , Zhu Fangxiang , Lai Jintao , Chen Hao , Zhang Mengyu , Zhang Jiaqiang , Wang Jintao , He Tingchao , Zhang Bo , Yuan Jianping , Yan Peiguang , Ruan Shuangchen 
Published: December 2018

AbstractGroup IVB transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have attracted significant interests in photoelectronics due to their predictable superior physical properties compared to group VIB (Mo and W) TMDs. However, the nonlinear optical properties and ultrafast photonic devices based on group IVB TMDs remained unexplored so far. Herein, the nonlinear optical absorption of HfS2 nanosheets (NSs) prepared by liquid exfoliation is demonstrated. The usage of HfS2 as a new ultrafast photonic device for high‐energy and ultrashort pulse generation in a fiber laser is reported for the first time. A photonic crystal fiber (PCF) assisted deposition method is presented for the fabrication of an HfS2‐microfiber integrated saturable absorber (SA) device with precisely controllable light–matter interaction, which can benefit the output of the device. The HfS2‐microfiber SA device shows modulation depth of 15.7% and exhibits outstanding ultrashort pulse generation performance with pulse duration of 221.7 fs in the communication band. The experimental results suggest that HfS2 presents highly nonlinear optical absorption and can be developed into an excellent candidate of SA devices for the development of HfS2‐based ultrafast photonics.