bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Maternal Thrombophilia and Recurrent Miscarriage – Is There Evidence That Heparin is Indicated as Prophylaxis against Recurrence?
Authors: Stefanski Ana-Luisa , Specker Christoph , Fischer-Betz Rebecca , Henrich Wolfgang , Schleussner Ekkehard , Dörner Thomas 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Background Recurrent miscarriage, also referred to as recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA), affects 1 – 5% of couples and has a multifactorial genesis. Acquired and congenital thrombophilia have been discussed as hemostatic risk factors in the pathogenesis of RSA.
Method This review article was based on a selective search of the literature in PubMed. There was a special focus on the current body of evidence studying the association between RSA and antiphospholipid syndrome and hereditary thrombophilia disorders.
Results Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an acquired autoimmune thrombophilia and recurrent miscarriage is one of its clinical classification criteria. The presence of lupus anticoagulant has been shown to be the most important serologic risk factor for developing complications of pregnancy. A combination of low-dose acetylsalicylic acid and heparin has shown significant benefits with regard to pregnancy outcomes and APS-related miscarriage. Some congenital thrombophilic disorders also have an increased associated risk of developing RSA, although the risk is lower than for APS. The current analysis does not sufficiently support the analogous administration of heparin as prophylaxis against miscarriage in women with congenital thrombophilia in the same way as it is used in antiphospholipid syndrome. The data on rare, combined or homozygous thrombophilias and their impact on RSA are still insufficient.
Conclusion In contrast to antiphospholipid syndrome, the current data from studies on recurrent spontaneous abortion do not support the prophylactic administration of heparin to treat women with maternal hereditary thrombophilia in subsequent pregnancies. Nevertheless, the maternal risk of thromboembolic events must determine the indication for thrombosis prophylaxis in pregnancy.
Balancing prescription with teacher and pupil agency: spaces for manoeuvre within a pedagogical model for working with adolescent girls
Authors: Kirk D. , Lamb C. A. , Oliver K. L. , Ewing-Day R. , Fleming C. , Loch A. , Smedley V. 
Published: March 2018

ABSTRACTThis paper explores the possibilities of using a pedagogical model for working with adolescent girls in physical education as a means of balancing the challenge of external prescription from outside the school with teacher and pupil agency. We report data from a study involving four schools in Glasgow. We note that the national curriculum for Scotland, Curriculum for Excellence, is a broad and bold type that provides teachers with ‘spaces for manoeuvre’ in order to shape local curricula that best meet the needs and interests of girls. This is particularly the case in physical education, which in the Basic General Education phase for 12–15 years olds there is no well‐established assessment regime. We identify four spaces for manoeuvre for teachers and pupils within an activist model: new forms of communication based on authorising pupil voice; offering choices and opening up learning possibilities; the co‐construction of a safe class environment; opportunities to rethink traditional structures based on the multi‐activity curriculum form. We conclude that an activist pedagogical model provided teachers and pupils with spaces to explore alternative practices to traditional forms of physical education.
Obstructive lung disease as a complication in post pulmonary TB
Authors: Tarigan A P , Pandia P , Eyanoer P , Tina D , Pratama R , Fresia A , Tamara  , Silvanna  
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The case of post TB is a problem that arises in the community. Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) can affect lung function. Therefore, we evaluated impaired pulmonary function in subjects with diagnosed prior pulmonary TB. A Case Series study, pulmonary function test was performed in subjects with a history of pulmonary tuberculosis; aged ≥18 years were included. Exclusion criteria was a subject who had asthma, obesity, abnormal thorax and smoking history. We measured FEV1 and FVC to evaluate pulmonary function. Airflow obstruction was FEV1/FVC%<75 and restriction was FVC<80% according to Indonesia’s pneumomobile project. This study was obtained from 23 patients with post pulmonary TB, 5 subjects (23%) had airflow obstruction with FEV1/FVC% value <75%, 15 subjects (71.4%) had abnormalities restriction with FVC value <80% and 3 subjects (5.6%) had normal lung function. Obstructive lung disease is one of the complications of impaired lung function in post pulmonary TB.
Holistic management of diabetic foot
Authors: Lindarto D 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is the most costly and devastating complication of diabetes mellitus, which affect 15% of diabetic patients during their lifetime. DFUs are complex, chronic wounds, which have a major long-term impact on the morbidity, mortality and quality of patients’ lives. Individuals who develop a DFU are at greater risk of premature death, myocardial infarction and fatal stroke than those without a history of DFU. Unlike other chronic wounds, the development and progression of DFU is often complicated by wideranging diabetic changes, such as neuropathy and vascular disease. The management of DFU should be optimized by using a multidisciplinary team, due to a holistic approach to wound management is required. Based on studies, blood sugar control, wound debridement, advanced dressings and offloading modalities should always be a part of DFU management. Furthermore, surgery to heal chronic ulcer and prevent recurrence should be considered as an essential component of management in some cases.
Neurological complication in HIV patients
Authors: Ritarwan K 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is neurotropic and immunotropic, making themassive destruction of both systems. Although their amount has been reduced, there is still neurological presentations and complications of HIV remain common in the era of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). Neurological opportunistic infections (OI) occur in advanced HIV diseases such as primary cerebral lymphoma, cryptococcal meningitis, cerebral toxoplasmosis, and progressive multifocal encephalopathy. Neurological problem directly related to HIV appear at any stage in the progress of HIV disease, from AIDS-associated dementia to the aseptic meningitis of primary HIV infection observed in subjects with an immune deficiency. The replication of peripheral HIV viral is able to be controlled in the era of effective antiretroviral therapy. Non-HIV-related neurological disease such as stroke increased important as the HIV population ages.
Environmental DNA
Authors: Taberlet Pierre , Bonin Aurélie , Zinger Lucie , Coissac Eric 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Environmental DNA (eDNA), i.e. DNA released in the environment by any living form, represents a formidable opportunity to gather high-throughput and standard information on the distribution or feeding habits of species. It has therefore great potential for applications in ecology and biodiversity management. However, this research field is fast-moving, involves different areas of expertise and currently lacks standard approaches, which calls for an up-to-date and comprehensive synthesis. Environmental DNA for biodiversity research and monitoring covers current methods based on eDNA, with a particular focus on “eDNA metabarcoding”. Intended for scientists and managers, it provides the background information to allow the design of sound experiments. It revisits all steps necessary to produce high-quality metabarcoding data such as sampling, metabarcode design, optimization of PCR and sequencing protocols, as well as analysis of large sequencing datasets. All these different steps are presented by discussing the potential and current challenges of eDNA-based approaches to infer parameters on biodiversity or ecological processes. The last chapters of this book review how DNA metabarcoding has been used so far to unravel novel patterns of diversity in space and time, to detect particular species, and to answer new ecological questions in various ecosystems and for various organisms. Environmental DNA for biodiversity research and monitoring constitutes an essential reading for all graduate students, researchers and practitioners who do not have a strong background in molecular genetics and who are willing to use eDNA approaches in ecology and biomonitoring.
Conjugated and aromatic molecules
Authors: Eland John H.
                            D. , Feifel Raimund 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
In the vast majority of conjugated and aromatic molecules, the outermost occupied orbitals are either of π character or non-bonding lone pairs belonging to heteroatoms. These are the orbitals from which double ionisation gives rise to most of the distinct bands that can be discerned in their spectra. Double photoionisation spectra of ethylene, butadiene, pyrrole, furan, thiophene, benzene, hexafluorobenzene, toluene, pyridine, pyrazine, pyrimidine, pyridazine, naphthalene, azulene, quinoline, biphenyl, TDME, iron pentacarbonyl, ferrocene, and TMPPD are presented with analysis where possible. The effects of inner valence Auger effects are also emphasised, which can greatly increase the intensity of double photoionisation. In this chapter, the molecules are ordered mainly in the usual way by number of atoms, then by molecular weight, but the authors have put closely related molecules together where possible.
Experts and Peer Disagreement
Authors: Lackey Jennifer 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
It is often argued that widespread disagreement among epistemic peers in a domain threatens expertise in that domain. This chapter sketches two different conceptions of expertise: the expert-as-authority and the expert-as-advisor models. While it is standard for philosophers to understand expertise as authoritative, such an approach renders the problem posed by widespread peer disagreement intractable. This chapter argues, however, that there are independent reasons to reject both this model of expertise and the central argument offered on its behalf. The chapter then develops an alternative approach—one that understands expertise in terms of advice—that not only avoids the problems afflicting the expert-as-authority model, but also has the resources for a much more satisfying response to the problem of widespread peer disagreement.
Pragmatic Encroachment and Theistic Knowledge
Authors: Benton Matthew A. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
If knowledge is sensitive to practical stakes, then whether one knows depends in part on the practical costs of being wrong. When considering religious belief, the practical costs of being wrong about theism may differ dramatically between the theist (if there is no God) and the atheist (if there is a God). This chapter explores the prospects, on pragmatic encroachment, for knowledge of theism (even if true), and of atheism (even if true), given two types of practical costs: namely, by holding a false belief, or by missing out on a true belief. These considerations set up a more general puzzle of epistemic preference when faced with the choice between two beliefs, only one of which could become knowledge.
Moderate Modal Skepticism
Authors: Strohminger Margot , Yli-Vakkuri Juhani 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
This chapter examines moderate modal skepticism, a form of skepticism about metaphysical modality defended by Peter van Inwagen in order to blunt the force of certain modal arguments in the philosophy of religion. Van Inwagen’s argument for moderate modal skepticism assumes Yablo’s (1993) influential world-based epistemology of possibility. This chapter raises two problems for this epistemology of possibility, which undermine van Inwagen’s argument. It then considers how one might motivate moderate modal skepticism by relying on a different epistemology of possibility, which does not face these problems: Williamson’s (2007) counterfactual-based epistemology. Two ways of motivating moderate modal skepticism within that framework are found unpromising. Nevertheless, the chapter also finds a way of vindicating an epistemological thesis that, while weaker than moderate modal skepticism, is strong enough to support the methodological moral van Inwagen wishes to draw.
The Analogical Turn (1884–1887)
Authors: Darrigol Olivier 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
This chapter recounts how Boltzmann reacted to Hermann Helmholtz’s analogy between thermodynamic systems and a special kind of mechanical system (the “monocyclic systems”) by grouping all attempts to relate thermodynamics to mechanics, including the kinetic-molecular analogy, into a family of partial analogies all derivable from what we would now call a microcanonical ensemble. At that time, Boltzmann regarded ensemble-based statistical mechanics as the royal road to the laws of thermal equilibrium (as we now do). In the same period, he returned to the Boltzmann equation and the H theorem in reply to Peter Guthrie Tait’s attack on the equipartition theorem. He also made a non-technical survey of the second law of thermodynamics seen as a law of probability increase.
Data at the Lhc
Authors: Campbell John , Huston Joey , Krauss Frank 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Cross sections have been measured over 14 orders of magnitude at the LHC, with good agreement in general with predictions from QCD and the Standard Model. The only grain of salt of this success story is that, up to now, no unambiguous signs of new physics has been spotted. The most visible discovery of the LHC (to date) has been that of the Higgs boson. In this book, the theoretical and experimental knowledge built up over the first 8 chapters is applied to physics at the LHC, and especially to measurements of the Higgs boson, and interpretations of its properties. Precision Standard Model measurements are used to search for, and constrain, the presence of new physics.
Gas, dust, stars, star formation, and their evolution in M 33 at giant molecular cloud scales
Authors: Komugi Shinya , Miura Rie E , Kuno Nario , Tosaki Tomoka 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
We report on a multi-parameter analysis of giant molecular clouds (GMCs) in the nearby spiral galaxy M 33. A catalog of GMCs identifed in 12CO(J = 3–2) was used to compile associated 12CO(J = 1–0), dust, stellar mass, and star formation rate. Each of the 58 GMCs are categorized by their evolutionary stage. Applying the principal component analysis on these parameters, we construct two principal components, PC1 and PC2, which retain 75% of the information from the original data set. PC1 is interpreted as expressing the total interstellar matter content, and PC2 as the total activity of star formation. Young (&lt; 10 Myr) GMCs occupy a distinct region in the PC1–PC2 plane, with lower interstellar medium (ISM) content and star formation activity compared to intermediate-age and older clouds. Comparison of average cloud properties in different evolutionary stages imply that GMCs may be heated or grow denser and more massive via aggregation of diffuse material in their first ∼ 10 Myr. The PCA also objectively identified a set of tight relations between ISM and star formation. The ratio of the two CO lines is nearly constant, but weakly modulated by massive star formation. Dust is more strongly correlated with the star formation rate than the CO lines, supporting recent findings that dust may trace molecular gas better than CO. Stellar mass contributes weakly to the star formation rate, reminiscent of an extended form of the Schmidt–Kennicutt relation with the molecular gas term substituted by dust.
Between Foreign Politics and Humanitarian Neutrality: Medical Emergency Aid by the Two German States before 1970
Authors: Bruchhausen Walter 
Published: March 2018

Summary
During the armed conflicts of decolonisation in Korea, Vietnam and the Congo in the 1950 s and 1960 s, both German states joined the competition between East and West by sending medical teams to conduct aid work. West German numerical advantages in funds and available staff were countered by East German governmental command of human resources and productive capacities such as the pharmaceutical industry. As a result, the German Democratic Republic (GDR) preferred shorter stays and the supply of large amounts of equipment and materials whereas the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) instead commissioned teams of NGOs for several years and financed whole facilities. Ideological or even distorted interpretation of facts was more obvious in the East, opposition of health workers to the official line of their respective governments in the West. The FRG also introduced a distinction between neutral humanitarian and politically interested development aid whereas for the GDR all work was solidarity with socialist or liberated countries.
Late Onset Sepsis in Very Low Birth Weight Infants in the South American NEOCOSUR Network
Authors: Escalante Maria Jose , Ceriani-Cernadas Jose Maria , D’Apremont Ivonne , Bancalari Aldo , Webb Veronica , Genes Larisa , Villarroel Luis , Munoz Elizabeth , Tapia Jose L. 
Published: March 2018

Background:
The main aim is to determine the incidence and associated factors of late onset sepsis (LOS) in very low birth weight infants (500–1500 g), from the NEOCOSUR Network during years 2001–2013. Secondary objectives are to describe the microbiology of the first and second episode of LOS and to study the association between catheter dwell time and LOS.

Methods:
Demographic information and outcome data are prospectively and routinely collected across the network using predefined diagnostic criteria and online data entry. LOS was confirmed by isolation of the organism in blood or through cerebrospinal fluid in cultures. The participating countries were Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, Peru and Uruguay.

Results:
Overall incidence was 22.2% (3066/13,821). Infants who developed LOS were smaller by weight and gestational age; also, they feature less prenatal care and prenatal steroids, and longer hospital stays. A greater number of infants in the LOS group had 1 minute Apgar Scores ≤3. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed a positive association between LOS and necrotizing enterocolitis, mechanical ventilation requirements, patent ductus arteriosus, oxygen dependency at 36 weeks and death. The majority of first LOS episode was caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci (44.3%). An increased risk of LOS was observed in relation to catheter dwell time (6% per day of stay of central lines).

Conclusions:
The incidence of LOS was associated with mechanical ventilation, patent ductus arteriosus, necrotizing enterocolitis and death. LOS was an important cause of morbidity and mortality in very low birth weight infants in our network, and coagulase-negative staphylococci was the most frequent causative microorganism.
Two Overlapping Clusters of Group B Streptococcus Late-onset Disease in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Berardi Alberto , Guidotti Isotta , Creti Roberta , Alfarone Giovanna , Grottola Antonella , Venturelli Claudia , Fregni Serpini Giulia , Della Casa Elisa , Vecchi Elena , Boncompagni Alessandra , Toffoli Carlotta , Ferrari Fabrizio 
Published: March 2018

Objectives:
Current predominant routes of group B Streptococcus (GBS) transmission in preterm neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) are poorly defined. We report 2 overlapping clusters of GBS late-onset disease (LOD) from June to September 2015 in an Italian NICU.

Methods:
During the outbreak, possible sources of transmission (equipment, feeding bottles and breast pumps) were swabbed. Specimens from throat and rectum were collected on a weekly basis from all neonates admitted to NICU. Colonized or infected neonates had cohorting. Bacterial isolates were characterized by serologic and molecular typing methods.

Results:
GBS was isolated in 2 full-term and 7 preterm neonates. Strains belonged to serotype III, with 3 different sequence types (ST17, ST182 and ST19). Full-term neonates were colonized with GBS strains unrelated to the clusters (ST182 and ST19). Two distinct ST17 strains caused 2 clusters in preterm neonates: a first cluster with 1 case of LOD and a second, larger cluster with 6 LOD in 5 neonates (one of them had recurrence). ST17 strains were isolated from vaginorectal and milk samples of 2 mothers. Two preterm neonates had no evidence of colonization for weeks, until they presented with LOD.

Conclusions:
Molecular analyses identified the presence of multiclonal GBS strains and 2 clusters of 7 cases of GBS–LOD. The dynamics of transmission of GBS within the NICU were complex. Breast milk was suspected to be one of the possible sources. In a research setting, the screening of GBS carrier mothers who deliver very preterm could contribute to the tracking of GBS transmission.
Childhood Mortality After Mass Distribution of Azithromycin
Authors: O’Brien Kieran S. , Cotter Sun Y. , Amza Abdou , Kadri Boubacar , Nassirou Beido , Stoller Nicole E. , Zhou Zhaoxia , West Sheila K. , Bailey Robin L. , Keenan Jeremy D. , Porco Travis C. , Lietman Thomas M. 
Published: March 2018

Background:
Mass distributions of azithromycin for trachoma have been associated with secondary benefits, including reductions in child mortality.

Methods:
In the Partnership for the Rapid Elimination of Trachoma cluster-randomized trial in Niger, 24 communities were randomized to annual treatment of everyone and 24 communities were randomized to biannual treatment of children under 12 for 3 years (clinicaltrials.gov, NCT00792922). Treatment was a single dose of directly observed oral azithromycin (20 mg/kg up to 1 g in adults). Vital status was assessed during annual census and monitoring visits. In this prespecified secondary analysis, we compared the mortality rate among children 6 months to less than 5 years of age by treatment arm using negative binomial regression.

Results:
Among children 6 months to less than 5 years of age, 404 deaths occurred during the study period. The mortality rate was 35.6 deaths per 1000 person-years (231 deaths, 95% CI: 30.9–40.9) in the annual arm and 29.0 deaths per 1000 person-years (173 deaths, 95% CI: 24.8–33.8) in the biannual arm. The mortality rate ratio comparing children in the biannual arm to the annual arm was 0.81 (95% CI: 0.66–1.00, P = 0.07; primary outcome). The mortality rate ratio comparing children who died from infectious causes in the biannual arm to the annual arm was 0.73 (95% CI: 0.57–0.94; P = 0.02). No adverse events were reported.

Conclusions:
This secondary analysis of a cluster-randomized trial found a nonsignificant 19% decrease in mortality among children 6 months to less than 5 years of age who received biannual azithromycin compared with children who received annual azithromycin. This study was conducted in a high mortality, trachoma-endemic area; thus, results may be specific to this environment only. In addition, the trial was neither designed nor powered to detect a mortality effect, and we cannot rule out the possibility that mortality differences resulted from bias.