bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nonlinear optics of two‐dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides
Authors: Wen Xinglin , Gong Zibo , Li Dehui 
Published: July 2019

AbstractNonlinear optics (NLO) of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) is promising for the on‐chip photonic and optoelectronic applications. In this review, we will survey the current progress of NLO in TMDs. First, we will brief the basic theory of the NLO in TMDs. Second, several important nonlinear processes in TMDs such as harmonic generation, four‐wave mixing, saturable absorption, and two‐photon absorption will be presented and their potential applications are also discussed. Third, the main strategies to tune, modulate, and enhance the NLO in TMDs are reviewed, including the excitonic effect, symmetry modulation, optical cavity enhancement, valley selection, edge state, and material phase. Finally, we give an outlook regarding some important issues and directions of NLO in TMDs.
A survey of critical care pharmacists to patient ratios and practice characteristics in intensive care units
Authors: Newsome Andrea S. , Smith Susan E. , Jones Timothy W. , Taylor Ashley , Van Berkel Megan A. , Rabinovich Marina 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIntroductionPharmacists are widely recognized members of the critical care health care team. However, unlike other health care professions, critical care pharmacists do not have standardized pharmacist to patient ratios that establish maximal cost‐efficiency while maintaining optimal patient safety. Though many prior recommendations claim a ratio of 1:15 for safe pharmacy practice, recommendations have ranged as low as 1:8 to as high as 1:30.ObjectivesTo determine critical care pharmacists' perceptions of pharmacist to patient ratios within the intensive care unit (ICU) and qualitatively and quantitatively describe critical care pharmacist work environments.MethodsA cross‐sectional survey of pharmacists was conducted to identify current pharmacist to patient ratios and identify pharmacist perceptions of the safety of these ratios. Responses were presented using descriptive statistics. Multiple linear regression was conducted to determine factors associated with perceptions of workload and patient safety.ResultsThe response rate was 11% (n = 185). The majority of respondents reported participating in activities beyond patient care. The majority of pharmacists cared for more than 15 patients daily (n = 155, 84%), and 16% took care of 15 or fewer patients. About 30% of pharmacists did not feel the pharmacist to patient ratio optimized patient safety, and over half reported perceptions overwork. A majority of participants (n = 130, 76%) expressed a need for additional critical care pharmacists at their institutions. Higher pharmacist to patient ratios were associated with increased perception of unsafe patient care −.343 (−.507 to −.180, P < .001).ConclusionsHeterogeneity exists among critical care pharmacy activities that may influence pharmacists' perceptions of workload and patient safety. Critical care pharmacists report that their institutions should have more critical care pharmacists. Pharmacists' perceptions of workload vary based on differences in their activities outside of patient care.
Hyperspectral optical coherence tomography for in vivo visualization of melanin in the retinal pigment epithelium
Authors: Harper Danielle J. , Konegger Thomas , Augustin Marco , Schützenberger Kornelia , Eugui Pablo , Lichtenegger Antonia , Merkle Conrad W. , Hitzenberger Christoph K. , Glösmann Martin , Baumann Bernhard 
Published: July 2019

AbstractPrevious studies for melanin visualization in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) have exploited either its absorption properties (using photoacoustic tomography or photothermal optical coherence tomography [OCT]) or its depolarization properties (using polarization sensitive OCT). However, these methods are only suitable when the melanin concentration is sufficiently high. In this work, we present the concept of hyperspectral OCT for melanin visualization in the RPE when the concentration is low. Based on white light OCT, a hyperspectral stack of 27 wavelengths (440‐700 nm) was created in post‐processing for each depth‐resolved image. Owing to the size and shape of the melanin granules in the RPE, the variations in backscattering coefficient as a function of wavelength could be identified—a result which is to be expected from Mie theory. This effect was successfully identified both in eumelanin‐containing phantoms and in vivo in the low‐concentration Brown Norway rat RPE.
The Unmixing Problem: A Guide to Applying Single-Cell RNA Sequencing to Bone
Authors: Greenblatt Matthew B , Ono Noriaki , Ayturk Ugur M , Debnath Shawon , Lalani Sarfaraz 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACT
Bone is composed of a complex mixture of many dynamic cell types. Flow cytometry and in vivo lineage tracing have offered early progress toward deconvoluting this heterogeneous mixture of cells into functionally well-defined populations suitable for further studies. Single-cell sequencing is poised as a key complementary technique to better understand the cellular basis of bone metabolism and development. However, single-cell sequencing approaches still have important limitations, including transcriptional effects of cell isolation and sparse sampling of the transcriptome, that must be considered during experimental design and analysis to harness the power of this approach. Accounting for these limitations requires a deep knowledge of the tissue under study. Therefore, with the emergence of accessible tools for conducting and analyzing single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) experiments, bone biologists will be ideal leaders in the application of scRNA-seq to the skeleton. Here we provide an overview of the steps involved with a single-cell sequencing analysis of bone, focusing on practical considerations needed for a successful study. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Chromium to chromium quintuple bonds in a trigonal lantern configuration
Authors: Yen Chun‐Hsu , Lin Yi‐Deng , Hsueh Hsiang‐Wen , Shieh Yun‐Jen , Wu Pei‐Fang , Kuo Ting‐Shen , Tsai Yi‐Chou 
Published: July 2019

AbstractA new family of the quintuply bonded dichromium complexes [Cr2{μ‐κ2‐HC(N‐2,6‐R2C6H3)2}2(μ‐κ2‐HC[NAr]2)] (R =
iPr, Ar = 4‐MeC6H4 (5), Ar = 3,5‐Me2C6H3 (6), and Ar = 2,6‐Me2C6H3 (7); R = Et, Ar = 4‐MeC6H4 (8), Ar = 3,5‐Me2C6H3 [9], and Ar = 2,6‐Et2C6H3 (10)) with a heteroleptic lantern configuration was obtained upon the addition of one equivalent of amidinate to the quintuply bonded dichromium amidinates [Cr{μ‐κ2‐HC(N‐2,6‐R2C6H3)2}]2 (R =
iPr, Et). Additionally, the same approach was applied to the preparation of the acetate derivative [Cr2{μ‐κ2‐HC(N‐2,6‐
iPr2C6H3)2}2(μ‐κ2‐CH3CO2)] (11), which represents the first example that the quintuply bonded dinuclear complex contains an oxygen‐containing ligand. Of particular interest is that the Cr‐Cr bond lengths in these new trigonal paddlewheel quintuple Cr‐Cr bond species are comparable with those in their precursor compounds. They show ultrashort Cr‐Cr bond lengths in a narrow range of 1.740–1.755 å on the basis of single‐crystal X‐ray crystallography. The small Mayer bond orders of the long Cr‐N bonds as well as divergent, C2v and D3h, structural conformations in 5–11 suggest that the metal–ligand interactions possess minor covalent character and the electrostatic interactions play a dominant role. As a result, these extremely short Cr‐Cr quintuple bonds are caused by the overlap between five pairs of d orbitals that do not involve much in metal–ligand bonding. Additionally, anionic lantern dichromium trisamidinates 5–10 can be chemically oxidized by one electron, supported by electrochemistry, and their ease to undergo oxidation is presumably associated with their neutral lantern dichromium trisamindinate products, whose structures inherently display a Jahn‐Teller distortion, exemplified by the structure of the homoleptic dichromium complex [Cr2{μ‐κ2‐HC(N‐2,6‐Et2C6H3)2}3] [12] determined by X‐ray crystallography. These results unambiguously support the Cr‐Cr quintuple bonding in these novel anionic lantern dichromium complexes.
A case of secondary acute myeloid leukemia on a background of glycogen storage disease with chronic neutropenia treated with granulocyte colony stimulating factor
Authors: Khalaf Dina , Bell Heather , Dale David , Gupta Vikas , Faghfoury Hanna , Morel Chantal F. , Tierens Anne , Weinstein David A. , Yan Jiong , Thyagu Santhosh , Maze Dawn 
Published: July 2019

AbstractCongenital neutropenias due to mutations in ELANE, SBDS or HAX1 or in the setting of glycogen storage disease (GSD) which is caused by SLC37A4 mutation, often require prolonged granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G‐CSF) therapy to prevent recurrent infections and hospital admission. There has been emerging evidence that prolonged exposure to G‐CSF in cases with congenital neutropenia other than GSD is associated with transformation to myelodysplastic syndrome/acute myeloid leukemia.
MRI as Diagnostic Modality for Analyzing the Problematic Knee Arthroplasty: A Systematic Review
Authors: Schröder Femke F. , Post Corine E. , Wagenaar Frank‐Christiaan B.M. , Verdonschot Nico , Huis in't Veld Rianne M.H.A. 
Published: July 2019

BackgroundVarious diagnostic modalities are available to assess the problematic knee arthroplasty. Visualization of soft‐tissue structures in relation to the arthroplasty and bone remains difficult. Recent developments in MRI sequences could make MRI a viable addition to the diagnostic arsenal.PurposeTo review the diagnostic properties of MRI, to identify certain causes of complaints that may be directly related to implant failure of total (TKA) or unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA); infection, loosening and wear, instability, malalignment, arthrofibrosis, or patellofemoral problems.Study TypeSystematic review.PopulationTwenty‐three studies were included: 16 TKA, four UKA, and three cadaveric studies. Causes of knee arthroplasty complaints analyzed were; infection (three), loosening and wear (11), malalignment (five) and instability (four).Field Strength and SequencesNo field strength or sequence restrictions.AssessmentPubMed, SCOPUS, and EMBASE were searched. Risk of bias was assessed using the COnsensus‐based Standards for the selection of health Measurement Instruments (COSMIN) and the QUality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies‐2 (QUADAS‐2).Statistical TestsThe results of the original research articles are stated.ResultsFifteen studies assessed the reproducibility of analyzing infection, loosening and wear, and malalignment. Fourteen of 15 studies were deemed as adequate to good quality. Results showed a moderate to excellent agreement (ICC/K 0.55–0.97). Fourteen studies addressed the accuracy. For infection and loosening and wear the sensitivity and specificity estimates varied between 0.85–0.97 and 0.70–1.00, respectively. The accuracy for malalignment was excellent (r ≥ 0.81). For these studies QUADAS‐2 analysis suggested few risks of bias. A meta‐analysis was not possible due to the heterogeneity of the data.Data ConclusionThis study supports that MRI can be used with overall reproducible and accurate results for diagnosing infection, loosening and wear, and malalignment after knee arthroplasty. Nonetheless, studies regarding the diagnosis of instability, arthrofibrosis or patellofemoral complaints using MRI are limited and inconclusive.Level of Evidence: 3Technical Efficacy: Stage 2J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2020;51:446–458.
Evolutionary extreme learning machine for the behavioral modeling of RF power amplifiers
Authors: Fu Haipeng , Wang Kaikai , Ma Kaixue , Xing Guangyu 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIn this paper, evolutionary extreme learning machine (E‐ELM) is first introduced for RF power amplifiers (PAs) behavioral modeling. This approach combined differential evolution (DE) and extreme learning machine (ELM) to effectively solve the problem that more neurons of hidden layer are required, and repeated trials are necessary in behavioral modeling PAs by conventional ELM. As revealed in the modeling practices on Class‐AB and Class‐E PAs, fewer hidden layer neurons are used than the condition of conventional ELM. Meanwhile, it is found that ELM's unstable generalization ability in modeling PAs is also significantly improved, thanks to the internal DE method in the E‐ELM.
Hollow Notched K‐Wires for Bone Drilling With Through‐Tool Cooling
Authors: Luo Yuanqiang , Chen Lei , Shih Albert J. 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACTKirschner wire (K‐wire) is a common tool in clinical orthopedic surgery for bone fracture fixation. A significant amount of heat is generated in bone drilling using K‐wires, causing bone thermal necrosis and osteonecrosis. To minimize the temperature rise, a hollow notched K‐wire in a modified surgical hand drill with through‐tool cooling was developed to study the bone temperature, debris evacuation, and material removal rate. The hollow notched K‐wire was fabricated by grinding and micro‐milling on a stainless steel tube. Bone drilling tests were conducted to evaluate its performance against the solid K‐wires. Results showed that compared with solid K‐wires, hollow notched K‐wire drilling without cooling reduced the peak bone temperature rise, thrust force, and torque by 42%, 59%, and 62% correspondingly. The through‐tool compressed air reduced the peak bone temperature rise by 48% with the forced air convection and better debris evacuation. The through‐tool water cooling decreased the bone temperature by only 26% due to accumulation and blockage of bone debris in the groove and channel. This study demonstrated the benefit of using the hollow notched K‐wire with through‐tool compressed air to prevent the bone thermal necrosis. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 37:2297–2306, 2019
Utility of Raman spectroscopy in diabetes detection based on biomarker Raman bands and in antidiabetic efficacy studies of herbal extract Rotheca myricoides Hochst
Authors: Chege Boniface M. , Birech Zephania , Mwangi Peter W. , Bukachi Frederick O. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractDiabetes is a disease characterized by hyperglycaemia because of insufficient or nonproduction of insulin from the pancreas. Establishing prediabetic and diabetic condition often involves monitoring levels of glucose and some amino acids in blood using nonrapid and label‐dependent methods. This work reports on a method with a potential of being used for quick label‐free detection of diabetes mellitus type II based on Raman spectroscopy of blood applied onto a conductive silver‐smeared glass slide. We show that Raman spectral profile from blood of streptozotocin‐induced diabetic Sprague Dawley rats emanates from overlap of signals from valine, leucine, isoleucine, creatine, glucose, and fructose. The Raman spectral bands associated with these biomolecules have the potential of being used in prediabetic detection and diabetes prediction. Characteristic intense peaks in diabetic rat's blood spectra were centred at wave numbers 537 cm−1 associated with valine's CO2− rocking vibration, 829 cm−1 assigned to CH2 rocking vibration in leucine and 917–960 cm−1 ascribed to C–C and C–N stretching and CH3 rocking vibrations in various biomolecules. The average intensities of these bands were sensitive to antidiabetic drug administration on the rats as their values approached those of nondiabetic rats and so could be used as diabetes biomarker bands. Statistical analyses together with evaluation of average intensities of these biomarker bands showed that the herbal extract Rotheca myricoides Hochst had greater antidiabetic effect at low dose (50 mg/kg of body weight) than at high dose (100 mg/kg of body weight). A similar result was seen with area under curve values and could act as an additional parameter in diabetes detection and prediction.
Pomegranate peels crude extract as a corrosion inhibitor of mild steel in HCl medium: Passivation and hydrophobic effect
Authors: Ait Aghzzaf Ahmed , Veys‐Renaux Delphine , Rocca Emmanuel 
Published: July 2019

AbstractLow‐toxic and cheap corrosion inhibitors are used for determining the durability of industrial equipment in acidic medium. The aim of the present study is to investigate the pomegranate peels crude extract (PPE) as a corrosion inhibitor of steel in 1 M HCl. The optimum yield of extraction, in terms of total phenolic content, was obtained by using a Soxhlet process in an aqueous solvent. The corrosion inhibition efficiency of PPE was investigated with stationary and dynamic electrochemical techniques. PPE acts as a mixed‐type corrosion inhibitor in very acidic medium, thanks to the formation of an organic layer made of various components, providing both a chemical antioxidant activity, likely due to the polyphenolic compounds, and a physical hydrophobic barrier against the aggressive environment, likely due to the filming properties of macromolecules as pectin or fatty acids.
Structure–Property–Process Relationship for Blown Films of Bimodal HDPE and Its LLDPE Blend
Authors: Rungswang Wonchalerm , Wongpanit Panya , Jarumaneeroj Chatchai , Jirasukho Prapasinee , Juabrum Sawitree , Soontaranon Siriwat , Rugmai Supagorn 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBlown films of bimodal‐high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) (BPE) and its blend containing 40 wt% of linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE) are prepared in various neck‐heights (NHs). The crystal structures of both films are investigated in detail using small‐angle X‐ray scattering and wide‐angle x‐ray diffraction techniques. The results show that the blending of LLDPE notably modifies the crystal structure of BPE, including crystal density (ρc), crystallite size of the 110 plane (〈L110〉), thickness of the lamellar crystal (Lc), and grain widths of the lamellae. The relationships between NH, crystal structure, and the resistance of dart‐drop impact (DDI) are investigated for both BPE and BPE/LLDPE films. The results indicate that the reorientation of lamellae might be a primary factor responsible for the DDI property. However, large values of ρc, Lc, and 〈L110〉 are required for the film to achieve high DDI.
Immunomodulatory drugs alleviate l‐dopa‐induced dyskinesia in a rat model of Parkinson's disease
Authors: Boi Laura , Pisanu Augusta , Greig Nigel H. , Scerba Michael T. , Tweedie David , Mulas Giovanna , Fenu Sandro , Carboni Ezio , Spiga Saturnino , Carta Anna R. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackgroundThalidomide and closely related analogues are used clinically for their immunomodulatory and antiangiogenic properties mediated by the inhibition of the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor α. Neuroinflammation and angiogenesis contribute to classical neuronal mechanisms underpinning the pathophysiology of l‐dopa‐induced dyskinesia, a motor complication associated with l‐dopa therapy in Parkinson's disease. The efficacy of thalidomide and the more potent derivative 3,6′‐dithiothalidomide on dyskinesia was tested in the 6‐hydroxydopamine Parkinson's disease model.MethodsThree weeks after 6‐hydroxydopamine infusion, rats received 10 days of treatment with l‐dopa plus benserazide (6 mg/kg each) and thalidomide (70 mg/kg) or 3,6′‐dithiothalidomide (56 mg/kg), and dyskinesia and contralateral turning were recorded daily. Rats were euthanized 1 hour after the last l‐dopa injection, and levels of tumor necrosis factor‐α, interleukin‐10, OX‐42, vimentin, and vascular endothelial growth factor immunoreactivity were measured in their striatum and substantia nigra reticulata to evaluate neuroinflammation and angiogenesis. Striatal levels of GLUR1 were measured as a l‐dopa‐induced postsynaptic change that is under tumor necrosis factor‐α control.ResultsThalidomide and 3,6′‐dithiothalidomide significantly attenuated the severity of l‐dopa‐induced dyskinesia while not affecting contralateral turning. Moreover, both compounds inhibited the l‐dopa‐induced microgliosis and excessive tumor necrosis factor‐α in the striatum and substantia nigra reticulata, while restoring physiological levels of the anti‐inflammatory cytokine interleukin‐10. l‐Dopa‐induced angiogenesis was inhibited in both basal ganglia nuclei, and l‐dopa‐induced GLUR1 overexpression in the dorsolateral striatum was restored to normal levels.ConclusionsThese data suggest that decreasing tumor necrosis factor‐α levels may be useful to reduce the appearance of dyskinesia, and thalidomide, and more potent derivatives may provide an effective therapeutic approach to dyskinesia. © 2019 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Guidelines for neuromuscular ultrasound training
Authors: Tawfik Eman A. , Cartwright Michael S. , Grimm Alexander , Boon Andrea J. , Kerasnoudis Antonios , Preston David C. , Wilder‐Smith Einar , Axer Hubertus , Hobson‐Webb Lisa D. , van Alfen Nens , Crump Nicholas , Shahrizaila Nortina , Inkpen Peter , Mandeville Ross , Sakamuri Sarada , Shook Steven J. , Shin Susan , Walker Francis O. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractNeuromuscular ultrasound has become an essential tool in the diagnostic evaluation of various neuromuscular disorders, and, as such, there is growing interest in neuromuscular ultrasound training. Effective training is critical in mastering this modality. Our aim was to develop consensus‐based guidelines for neuromuscular ultrasound training courses. A total of 18 experts participated. Expert opinion was sought through the Delphi method using 4 consecutive electronic surveys. A high degree of consensus was achieved with regard to the general structure of neuromuscular ultrasound training; the categorization of training into basic, intermediate, and advanced levels; the learning objectives; and the curriculum for each level. In this study, a group of neuromuscular ultrasound experts established consensus‐based guidelines for neuromuscular ultrasound training. These guidelines can be used in the development of the specialty and the standardization of neuromuscular ultrasound training courses and workshops.
The dark side of the work of immigrant women caregivers in Spain: Qualitative interview findings
Authors: Rivera‐Navarro Jesús , Del Rey Alberto , Paniagua Tania 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAimTo analyse the perception that immigrant women caregivers have of their relationship with the person receiving the care and their family and the possible impact those relationships may have on a caregiver's health.DesignA qualitative study was conducted.MethodsThirty‐four semi‐structured interviews were applied in the Spanish city of Salamanca from November 2015–November 2016. The “interpretative hermeneutics” technique was used as the framework for the analysis.ResultsThe discourse studied indicated that the immigrant women's cultural background, as well as their gender's assumed stereotypes, gave rise to an emotional attachment to the person receiving the care, which could generate a burden. Most of the women interviewed reported situations of abuse from the old people under their care. The fact that increasingly more old people are being cared for by immigrant women renders it necessary for social and health policies to consider this collective.