bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What influences nurses' decision to mobilise the critically ill patient?
Authors: Chaplin Tara , McLuskey John 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackgroundDespite the known benefits of mobilising critically ill patients, bed rest is still a common practice in intensive care units. The reasons for this are not fully understood. Early mobilisation can reduce the length of stay in the intensive care unit and in hospitals as well. However, the decision to mobilise a patient can be delayed while health professionals decide whose role it is to implement it.Aim and objectivesThe aim of this study was to explore the ways in which nurses make decisions to mobilise critically ill patients and what factors influence the decision‐making process.Study design and methodThis was a qualitative study involving semi‐structured interviews with 12 critical care nurses at a large urban district hospital. Interpretative phenomenological analysis was used to analyse verbatim transcripts of the interviews.ResultsThe findings demonstrated inconsistencies in the nurses' knowledge of the benefits to mobilising patients and that mobilisation was deemed to be a low priority. Decision‐making was influenced by time constraints, staffing levels, and unit demands. A lack of communication and collaborative working was identified, along with uncertainty and role ambiguity, with regard to who decides to mobilise a patient. Mobilisation was found to be complicated by existing cultural influences and by previous experiences of complex mobilisation.ConclusionRe‐education strategies are needed to re‐enforce the benefits of mobilisation, along with multidisciplinary training sessions to clarify roles and overcome collaborative working issues.Relevance to clinical practiceThis study has provided a greater understanding of the influencing factors on nurses' decision‐making with regard to mobilising critical ill patients.
High‐resolution computed tomography reveals dynamics of desiccation and rehydration in fern petioles of a desiccation‐tolerant fern
Authors: Holmlund Helen I. , Pratt R. Brandon , Jacobsen Anna L. , Davis Stephen D. , Pittermann Jarmila 
Published: July 2019

Summary

Desiccation‐tolerant (DT) plants can dry past −100 MPa and subsequently recover function upon rehydration. Vascular DT plants face the unique challenges of desiccating and rehydrating complex tissues without causing structural damage. However, these dynamics have not been studied in intact DT plants.

We used high resolution micro‐computed tomography (microCT), light microscopy, and fluorescence microscopy to characterize the dynamics of tissue desiccation and rehydration in petioles (stipes) of intact DT ferns.

During desiccation, xylem conduits in stipes embolized before cellular dehydration of living tissues within the vascular cylinder. During resurrection, the chlorenchyma and phloem within the stipe vascular cylinder rehydrated before xylem refilling. We identified unique stipe traits that may facilitate desiccation and resurrection of the vascular system, including xylem conduits containing pectin (which may confer flexibility and wettability); chloroplasts within the vascular cylinder; and an endodermal layer impregnated with hydrophobic substances that impede apoplastic leakage while facilitating the upward flow of water within the vascular cylinder.

Resurrection ferns are a novel system for studying extreme dehydration recovery and embolism repair in the petioles of intact plants. The unique anatomical traits identified here may contribute to the spatial and temporal dynamics of water movement observed during desiccation and resurrection.
Minimal auxin sensing levels in vegetative moss stem cells revealed by a ratiometric reporter
Authors: Thelander Mattias , Landberg Katarina , Sundberg Eva 
Published: July 2019

Summary

Efforts to reveal ancestral functions of auxin, a key regulator of plant growth and development, and its importance for evolution have been hampered by a fragmented picture of auxin response domains in early‐diverging land plants. We report the mapping of auxin sensing and responses during vegetative moss development using novel reporters.

We established a moss‐specific ratiometric reporter (PpR2D2) for Auxin Response Element‐ and AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR‐independent auxin sensing in Physcomitrella patens, and its readout during vegetative development was compared with new promoter‐based GmGH3::GFPGUS and DR5revV2::GFPGUS auxin response reporters.

The ratiometric reporter responds rapidly to auxin in a time‐, dose‐ and TRANSPORT INHIBITOR RESISTANT1/AUXIN F‐BOX‐dependent manner and marks known, anticipated and novel auxin sensing domains. It reveals proximal auxin sensing maxima in filamentous tissues and sensing minima in all five vegetative gametophytic stem cell types as well as dividing cells.

PpR2D2 readout is compliant with an ancestral function of auxin as a positive regulator of differentiation vs proliferation in stem cell regions. The PpR2D2 reporter is a sensitive tool for high‐resolution mapping of auxin sensing, which can increase our knowledge of auxin function in early‐diverging land plants substantially, thereby advancing our understanding of its importance for plant evolution.
A systematic review of system dynamics and agent‐based obesity models: Evaluating obesity as part of the global syndemic
Authors: Morshed Alexandra B. , Kasman Matt , Heuberger Benjamin , Hammond Ross A. , Hovmand Peter S. 
Published: July 2019

SummaryThe problem of obesity has recently been reframed as part of the global syndemic—the co‐occurring, interacting pandemics of obesity, undernutrition, and climate change that are driven by common underlying societal drivers. System science modeling approaches may help clarify how these shared drivers operate and the best ways to address them. The objective of this paper was to determine to what extent existing agent‐based and system dynamics computational models of obesity provide insights into the shared drivers of the global syndemic. Peer‐reviewed studies published until July 2018 were identified from Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed databases. Thirty‐eight studies representing 30 computational models were included. They show a growing use of system dynamics and agent‐based modeling in the past decade. They most often examined mechanisms and interventions in the areas of social network‐based influences on obesity, physiology and disease state mechanics, and the role of food and physical activity environments. Usefulness for identifying common drivers of the global syndemic was mixed; most models represented Western settings and focused on obesity determinants close to the person (eg, social circles, school settings, and neighborhood environments), with a relative paucity in models at mesolevel and macrolevel and in developing country contexts.
The effect of fiscal transparency on corruption: A panel cross‐country analysis
Authors: Chen Can , Neshkova Milena I. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBoth academicians and practitioners have advocated for increased fiscal transparency in government as a means of promoting budget discipline, improving functioning of the public sector, fostering greater accountability, and fighting the global menace of corruption. Despite worldwide calls for greater disclosure, empirical analyses of whether and how fiscal transparency actually affects governance outcomes are still limited. This study draws on public choice and principal–agent theories to demonstrate how public disclosure of budgetary information helps deter government corruption. The data from 95 countries over the period 2006–14 provide evidence that more fiscally transparent countries are perceived as less corrupt. We also find that fiscal transparency matters most at the final stages of the budget process when information disclosure reflects actual government spending. Data also confirm that a Citizens Budget can serve as a strong anti‐corruption tool.
A dedicated respiratory function monitor to improve tidal volume delivery during neonatal anesthesia
Authors: Atkins William K. , McDougall Rob , Perkins Elizabeth J. , Pereira‐Fantini Prue M. , Tingay David G. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackgroundTight control of tidal volume using accurate monitoring may improve neonatal outcomes. However, respiratory function monitors incorporated in current anesthetic workstations are generally inaccurate at tidal volumes used for infants.AimsTo determine if a specific respiratory function monitor for neonatal infants improved expired tidal volume delivery during anesthesia.MethodInfants <3 months old requiring intubation for surgery in the operating theater were studied. After intubation a Phillips NM3, Acutronic Florian, or Novametrix Ventcheck Respiratory Function Monitor was integrated into the circuit, and clinicians given access to the display for the duration of anesthesia. Breath‐to‐breath expired tidal volume delivery, leak, and delivered pressure were recorded, with cardiorespiratory parameters. These were compared with a matched control group with clinicians blinded to respiratory function monitor display.ResultsA total of 10 055 and 2569 inflations were measured in the respiratory function monitor visible (n = 32) and masked (n = 33) groups, respectively, with mean (standard deviation) delivered expired tidal volume 7.5 (2.4) mL/kg and 7.7 (3.0) mL/kg, respectively; mean difference (95% confidence interval) −0.2 (−1.1, 0.8) mL/kg (Welch's t test). In the visible group, 55.6% of expired tidal volumes were between 4 and 8 mL/kg compared to 51.7% in the masked group; relative benefit (95% confidence interval), 1.08 (1.03, 1.12). Expired tidal volume was less likely to be <4 mL/kg in the visible group compared to masked group; 6.4% vs 9.8%, 1.53 (1.33, 1.76). The use of a respiratory function monitor also reduced the number of inflations >10 mL/kg; 13.0% vs 22.0%, 1.11 (1.09, 1.14).ConclusionTidal volumes <4 mL/kg and >10 mL/kg are frequently delivered during neonatal anesthesia. The inclusion of an accurate respiratory function monitor may reduce the risk of exposure to potentially harmful tidal volumes.
The Changing Ideological Politics of U.S. State Firearms Regulation
Authors: McLean Dylan S. , Sorens Jason 
Published: July 2019

Are the components of policy ideology in the American states fixed, or do they change over time? We document a change in the ideological loading and internal consistency of state firearms laws. While state policy liberalism has long correlated positively with restrictive gun regulation, this relationship strengthened over the 1986‐2016 period. Moreover, states' gun policy regimes have become more internally consistent since 1986, and newly salient issues, such as concealed‐carry laws and assault weapons bans, have been enfolded into the existing dimension of regulatory restrictiveness. This process also corresponds to a shift in the geographic bases of the Republican and Democratic Parties toward nonurban and urban areas, respectively. The changes in gun policy patterns across states reflect dynamic representation of voter ideology. The results suggest that certain modeling assumptions used to generate cardinal state policy ideology scores in prior research ought to be revised.Related ArticlesJoslyn, Mark R., and Donald P. Haider‐Markel. 2018. “Motivated Innumeracy: Estimating the Size of the Gun Owner Population and Its Consequences for Opposition to Gun Restrictions.” Politics & Policy 46 (6): 827‐850. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12276Smith‐Walter, Aaron, Holly L. Peterson, Michael D. Jones, and Ashley Nicole Reynolds Marshall. 2016. “Gun Stories: How Evidence Shapes Firearm Policy in the United States.” Politics & Policy 44 (6): 1053‐1088. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12187Tucker, Justin A., James W. Stoutenborough, and R. Matthew Beverlin. 2012. “Geographic Proximity in the Diffusion of Concealed Weapons Permit Laws.” Politics & Policy 40 (6): 1081‐1105. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2012.00399.x
The effects of phospholipase C on oestradiol and progesterone secretion in porcine granulosa cells cultured in vitro
Authors: Chen Huali , Yang Youfu , Wang Youlin , He Yamei , Duan Jiaxin , Cheng Jianyong , Li Qingwang 
Published: July 2019

AbstractGranulosa cells play important roles in the regulation of ovarian functions. Phospholipase C is crucial in several signalling pathways and could participate in the molecular mechanisms of cell proliferation, differentiation and ageing. The objective of this study was to identify the effects of phospholipase C on the steroidogenesis of oestradiol and progesterone in porcine granulosa cells cultured in vitro. Inhibitor U73122 or activator m‐3M3FBS of phospholipase C was added to the in vitro medium of porcine granulosa cells, respectively. The secretion of oestradiol decreased after 2 hr, 8 hr, 12 hr, 24 hr and 48 hr of treatment with 500 nM U73122 (p < .05) and decreased after 2 hr of treatment in the 500 nM m‐3M3FBS addition group (p < .05). The secretion of progesterone increased after 4 hr of treatment with 500 nM U73122 (p < .05) and increased after 2 hr and 8 hr of treatment in the 500 nM m‐3M3FBS addition group (p < .05). The ratio of oestradiol to progesterone decreased at each time point, except 8 hr after the addition of 500 nM U73122 (p < .05). The ratio of oestradiol to progesterone decreased after 2 hr (p < .05) of treatment with 500 nM m‐3M3FBS. In genes that regulate the synthesis of oestradiol or progesterone, the mRNA expression of CYP11A1 was markedly increased (p < .05), and the mRNA expression of other genes did not change significantly in the U73122 treatment group, while the addition of m‐3M3FBS did not change those genes significantly despite the contrary trend. Our results demonstrated that phospholipase C can be a potential target to stimulate the secretion of oestradiol and suppress progesterone secretion in porcine granulosa cells cultured in vitro, which shed light on a novel biological function of phospholipase C in porcine granulosa cells.
A Probabilistic Model of the Economic Risk to Britain's Railway Network from Bridge Scour During Floods
Authors: Lamb Rob , Garside Paige , Pant Raghav , Hall Jim W. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractScour (localized erosion by water) is an important risk to bridges, and hence many infrastructure networks, around the world. In Britain, scour has caused the failure of railway bridges crossing rivers in more than 50 flood events. These events have been investigated in detail, providing a data set with which we develop and test a model to quantify scour risk. The risk analysis is formulated in terms of a generic, transferrable infrastructure network risk model. For some bridge failures, the severity of the causative flood was recorded or can be reconstructed. These data are combined with the background failure rate, and records of bridges that have not failed, to construct fragility curves that quantify the failure probability conditional on the severity of a flood event. The fragility curves generated are to some extent sensitive to the way in which these data are incorporated into the statistical analysis. The new fragility analysis is tested using flood events simulated from a spatial joint probability model for extreme river flows for all river gauging sites in Britain. The combined models appear robust in comparison with historical observations of the expected number of bridge failures in a flood event. The analysis is used to estimate the probability of single or multiple bridge failures in Britain's rail network. Combined with a model for passenger journey disruption in the event of bridge failure, we calculate a system‐wide estimate for the risk of scour failures in terms of passenger journey disruptions and associated economic costs.
Critical Time, Space, and Decision‐Making Agent Considerations in Human‐Centered Interdisciplinary Hurricane‐Related Research
Authors: Murray‐Tuite Pamela , Ge Y. Gurt , Zobel Christopher , Nateghi Roshanak , Wang Haizhong 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIn hazard and disaster contexts, human‐centered approaches are promising for interdisciplinary research since humans and communities feature prominently in many definitions of disaster and the built environment is designed and constructed by humans to serve their needs. With a human‐centered approach, the decision‐making agent becomes a critical consideration. This article discusses and illustrates the need for alignment of decision‐making agents, time, and space for interdisciplinary research on hurricanes, particularly evacuation and the immediate aftermath. We specifically consider the fields of sociobehavioral science, transportation engineering, power systems engineering, and decision support systems in this context. These disciplines have historically adopted different decision‐making agents, ranging from individuals to households to utilities and government agencies. The fields largely converged to the local level for studies’ spatial scales, with some extensions based on the physical construction and operation of some systems. Greater discrepancy across the fields is found in the frequency of data collection, which ranges from one time (e.g., surveys) to continuous monitoring systems (e.g., sensors). Resolving these differences is important for the success of interdisciplinary teams in protective‐action‐related disaster research.
Does Moderation Pay in a Consociational Democracy? The Marginalisation of the SDLP in the North of Ireland
Authors: McGlinchey Marisa 
Published: July 2019

AbstractA central question in the debate between “centripetalists” and “consociationalists” concerns whether power‐sharing arrangements provide incentives for moderation. This article helps to formulate an empirical answer through an examination of the electoral decline of the Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP) following the Good Friday Agreement (GFA) in the North of Ireland. Drawing on primary qualitative interviews with key players, this article argues that the SDLP were electoral losers under a system of ethnic out‐flanking. Sinn Féin has successfully presented itself as the “greener” and more robust representative of nationalist interests, whilst simultaneously moderating its message and operating the institutions of Northern Ireland. Sinn Féin has taken ownership of the GFA and has positioned itself as the party best able to ensure its delivery. Sinn Féin’s rights‐based agenda, and vibrant electoral machine, has resonated with the nationalist electorate who are less sure of what the contemporary SDLP stands for.
Recent colonization and expansion through the Lesser Sundas by seven amphibian and reptile species
Authors: Reilly Sean B. , Stubbs Alexander L. , Karin Benjamin R. , Arida Evy , Iskandar Djoko T. , McGuire Jimmy A. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe Lesser Sundas Archipelago is comprised of two parallel chains of islands that extend between the Asian continental shelf (Sundaland) and Australo‐Papuan continental shelf (Sahul). These islands have served as stepping stones for taxa dispersing between the Asian and Australo‐Papuan biogeographical realms. While the oceanic barriers have prevented many species from colonizing the archipelago, a number of terrestrial vertebrate species have colonized the islands either by rafting/swimming or by human introduction. Here, we examine phylogeographic structure within the Lesser Sundas for three snake, two lizard and two frog species that each has a Sunda Shelf origin. These species are suspected to have recently colonized the archipelago, though all have inhabited the Lesser Sundas for over 100 years. We sequenced mtDNA from 231 samples to test whether there is sufficiently deep genetic structure within any of these taxa to reject human‐mediated introduction. Additionally, we tested for genetic signatures of population expansion consistent with recent introduction and estimated the ages of Lesser Sundas clades, if any exist. Our results show little to no genetic structure between populations on different islands in five species and moderate structure in two species. Nucleotide diversity is low for all species, and the ages of the most recent common ancestor for species with monophyletic Lesser Sundas lineages date to the Holocene or late Pleistocene. These results support the hypothesis that these species entered the archipelago relatively recently and either naturally colonized or were introduced by humans to most of the larger islands in the archipelago within a short time span.
Fuel Cell Rail Technology Review: A Tool for an Autonomous Rail Electrifying Strategy
Authors: Barbosa Fábio C. 
Published: July 2019

Rail (passenger and freight) industry has been under pressure to tackle climate change, local and noise emissions. The current available powertrain technologies to reach the reduced greenhouse (GHG) and zero local emissions demands are electric (fed from the power grid), battery and fuel cell.
However, the associated infrastructure costs (electrical equipments and the required overhead catenary infrastructure) have limited the electric option to heavy loaded corridors. Battery electric powered rail vehicles could be another potential option, but their system recharging requirements might significantly limit the system’s availability, thus, impacting the rail vehicle’s on-the-job performance.
The recent breakthrough of fuel cell technology in the heavy duty road industry (mainly transit buses), allied with its operational flexibility and environmental performance has opened the way for this groundbreaking technology in the rail industry.
Fuel cells generate electricity onboard, using hydrogen or hydrogen rich hydrocarbon fuels. Electricity is, then, stored in batteries or fed directly into a rail vehicle’s high voltage propulsion system.
From an operational perspective, fuel cell powered rail vehicles might replace diesel ones in a one-to-one relationship, with the same range and running times, and a more efficient and less noisy powertrain. Moreover, the on-site refilling station is the only additional infrastructure element required, compared to diesel rail vehicle baselines. In short, fuel cell technology might offer a long term local zero emission alternative, fast refuelling (like diesel), flexibility, with self-electrification, integration with a renewable energy source and a quiet operation.
Given their outstanding operational and environmental features, several rail market niches might be addressed by the fuel cell technology: i) light rail and trams in urban environments; ii) commuter and regional trains operating on non electrified tracks; iii) shunt or switch locomotives in rail yards (generally located on central portions of large cities or at the crossroads of major rail distribution hubs); iv) underground mining locomotives, and v) line haul locomotives.
Since 2002, there has been an intense activity in the global development of fuel cell technology for the rail industry for both passenger and freight markets.
This work is supposed to present, based on the compilation of information from a multitude of acknowledged sources, a review of fuel cell rail technology, followed by an overview of fuel cell rail experiences and feasibility studies, highlighting their main outcomes, as well as fuel cell technology potential to offer lower operational costs (fuel and maintenance) and improved performance for the rail industry.