bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A comparison of posterior atmospheric CO2 adjustments obtained from in situ and GOSAT constrained flux inversions
Authors: Polavarapu Saroja M. , Deng Feng , Byrne Brendan , Jones Dylan B. A. , Neish Michael 
Published: August 2018

Abstract. Posterior fluxes obtained from inverse modelling are difficult to verify because there is no dense network of flux measurements available to evaluate estimates against. Here we present a new diagnostic to evaluate structures in posterior fluxes. First, we simulate the change in atmospheric CO2 fields between posterior and prior fluxes, referred to as the posterior atmospheric adjustments due to updated fluxes (PAAFs). Second, we calculate the uncertainty in atmospheric CO2 fields due solely to uncertainty in the meteorological fields, referred to as the posterior atmospheric adjustments due to imperfect meteorology (PAAMs). We argue that PAAF can only be considered robust if it exceeds PAAM, that is, the changes in atmospheric CO2 between the posterior and prior fluxes should at least exceed atmospheric CO2 changes arising from imperfect meteorology. This diagnostic is applied to two CO2 flux inversions: one which assimilates observations from the in situ CO2 network and the other which assimilates observations from the Greenhouse Gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT). On the global scale, PAAF in the troposphere reflects northern extratropical fluxes, whereas stratospheric adjustments primarily reflect tropical fluxes. In general, larger spatiotemporal variations in PAAF are obtained for the GOSAT inversion than for the in situ inversion. Zonal standard deviations of the PAAF exceed the PAAM through most of the year when GOSAT observations are used, but the minimum value is exceeded only in boreal summer when in situ observations are used. Zonal spatial structures in GOSAT-based PAAF exceed PAAM throughout the year in the tropics and through most of the year in the northern extratropics, suggesting GOSAT flux inversions can constrain zonal asymmetries in fluxes. However, we cannot discount the possibility that these structures are influenced by biases in GOSAT retrievals. Verification of such spatial structures will require a dense network of independent observations. Because PAAF depends on the choice of prior fluxes, the comparison with PAAM is system dependent and thus can be used to monitor a given assimilation system's behaviour.
Measurement and modeling of the multiwavelength optical properties of uncoated flame-generated soot
Authors: Forestieri Sara D. , Helgestad Taylor M. , Lambe Andrew T. , Renbaum-Wolff Lindsay , Lack Daniel A. , Massoli Paola , Cross Eben S. , Dubey Manvendra K. , Mazzoleni Claudio , Olfert Jason S. , Sedlacek III Arthur J. , Freedman Andrew , Davidovits Paul , Onasch Timothy B. , Cappa Christopher D. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract. Optical properties of flame-generated black carbon (BC) containing soot
particles were quantified at multiple wavelengths for particles produced
using two different flames: a methane diffusion flame and an ethylene
premixed flame. Measurements were made for (i) nascent soot particles,
(ii) thermally denuded nascent particles, and (iii) particles that were
coated and then thermally denuded, leading to the collapse of the initially
lacy, fractal-like morphology. The measured mass absorption coefficients
(MACs) depended on soot maturity and generation but were similar between
flames for similar conditions. For mature soot, here corresponding to
particles with volume-equivalent diameters >∼160 nm, the MAC and
absorption Ångström exponent (AAE) values were independent of
particle collapse while the single-scatter albedo increased. The MAC values
for these larger particles were also size-independent. The mean MAC value at
532 nm for larger particles was 9.1±1.1 m2 g−1, about
17 % higher than that recommended by Bond and Bergstrom (2006), and the
AAE was close to unity. Effective, theory-specific complex refractive index
(RI) values are derived from the observations with two widely used methods:
Lorenz–Mie theory and the Rayleigh–Debye–Gans (RDG) approximation. Mie
theory systematically underpredicts the observed absorption cross sections at
all wavelengths for larger particles (with x>0.9) independent of the
complex RI used, while RDG provides good agreement. (The dimensionless size
parameter x=πdp/λ, where dp is particle
diameter and λ is wavelength.) Importantly, this implies that the
use of Mie theory within air quality and climate models, as is common, likely
leads to underpredictions in the absorption by BC, with the extent of
underprediction depending on the assumed BC size distribution and complex RI
used. We suggest that it is more appropriate to assume a constant,
size-independent (but wavelength-specific) MAC to represent absorption by
uncoated BC particles within models.
Unraveling hydrometeor mixtures in polarimetric radar measurements
Authors: Besic Nikola , Gehring Josué , Praz Christophe , Figueras i Ventura Jordi , Grazioli Jacopo , Gabella Marco , Germann Urs , Berne Alexis 
Published: August 2018

Abstract. Radar-based hydrometeor classification typically comes down
to determining the dominant type of hydrometeor populating a given radar
sampling volume. In this paper we address the subsequent problem of inferring
the secondary hydrometeor types present in a volume – the issue of
hydrometeor de-mixing. The present study relies on the semi-supervised
hydrometeor classification proposed by Besic et al. (2016) but nevertheless
results in solutions and conclusions of a more general character and
applicability. In the first part, oriented towards synthesis, a bin-based
de-mixing approach is proposed, inspired by the conventional coherent and
linear decomposition methods widely employed across different remote-sensing
disciplines. Intrinsically related to the concept of entropy, introduced in
the context of the radar hydrometeor classification in Besic et al. (2016), the
proposed method, based on the hypothesis of the reduced random interferences
of backscattered signals, estimates the proportions of different hydrometeor
types in a given radar sampling volume, without considering the neighboring
spatial context. Plausibility and performances of the method are evaluated
using C- and X-band radar measurements, compared with hydrometeor properties
derived from a Multi-Angle Snowflake Camera instrument. In the second part,
we examine the influence of the potential residual random interference
contribution in the backscattering from different hydrometeors populating a
radar sampling volume. This part consists in adapting and testing the
techniques commonly used in conventional incoherent decomposition methods to
the context of weather radar polarimetry. The impact of the residual
incoherency is found to be limited, justifying the hypothesis of the reduced
random interferences even in a case of mixed volumes and confirming the
applicability of the proposed bin-based approach, which essentially relies on
first-order statistics.
Modeling rhizosphere carbon and nitrogen cycling in Eucalyptus plantation soil
Authors: Valadares Rafael Vasconcelos , Neves Júlio César Lima , Costa Maurício Dutra , Smethurst Philip James , Peternelli Luiz Alexandre , Jesus Guilherme Luiz , Cantarutti Reinaldo Bertola , Silva Ivo Ribeiro 
Published: August 2018

Abstract. Vigorous Eucalyptus plantations produce 105 to
106 km ha−1 of fine roots that probably increase carbon (C) and
nitrogen (N) cycling in rhizosphere soil. However, the quantitative
importance of rhizosphere priming is still unknown for most ecosystems,
including these plantations. Therefore, the objective of this work was to
propose and evaluate a mechanistic model for the prediction of rhizosphere C
and N cycling in Eucalyptus plantations. The potential importance of
the priming effect was estimated for a typical Eucalyptus plantation
in Brazil. The process-based model (ForPRAN – Forest Plantation Rhizosphere
Available Nitrogen) predicts the change in rhizosphere C and N cycling
resulting from root growth and consists of two modules: (1) fine-root growth
and (2) C and N rhizosphere cycling. The model describes a series of soil
biological processes: root growth, rhizodeposition, microbial uptake,
enzymatic synthesis, depolymerization of soil organic matter, microbial
respiration, N mineralization, N immobilization, microbial death, microbial
emigration and immigration, and soil organic matter (SOM) formation. Model
performance was quantitatively and qualitatively satisfactory when compared
to observed data in the literature. Input variables with the most influence
on rhizosphere N mineralization were (in order of decreasing
importance) root diameter > rhizosphere thickness > soil temperature > clay
concentration. The priming effect in a typical Eucalyptus plantation
producing 42 m3 ha−1 yr−1 of shoot biomass, with assumed
losses of 40 % of total N mineralized, was estimated to be 24.6 % of
plantation N demand (shoot + roots + litter). The rhizosphere cycling
model should be considered for adaptation to other forestry and agricultural
production models where the inclusion of such processes offers the potential
for improved model performance.
Dissolved Pb and Pb isotopes in the North Atlantic from the GEOVIDE transect (GEOTRACES GA-01) and their decadal evolution
Authors: Zurbrick Cheryl M. , Boyle Edward A. , Kayser Richard J. , Reuer Matthew K. , Wu Jingfeng , Planquette Hélène , Shelley Rachel , Boutorh Julia , Cheize Marie , Contreira Leonardo , Menzel Barraqueta Jan-Lukas , Lacan François , Sarthou Géraldine 
Published: August 2018

Abstract. During the 2014 GEOVIDE transect, seawater samples were collected for
dissolved Pb and Pb isotope analysis. These samples provide a high-resolution
“snapshot” of the source regions for the present Pb distribution in the
North Atlantic Ocean. Some of these stations were previously occupied for Pb
from as early as 1981, and we compare the 2014 data with these older data,
some of which are reported here for the first time. Lead concentrations were
highest in subsurface Mediterranean Water (MW) near the coast of Portugal,
which agrees well with other recent observations by the US GEOTRACES program
(Noble et al., 2015). The recently formed Labrador Sea Water (LSW) between
Greenland and Nova Scotia is much lower in Pb concentration than the older
LSW found in the West European Basin due to decreases in Pb
emissions into the atmosphere during the past 20 years. Comparison of North
Atlantic data from 1989 to 2014 shows decreasing Pb concentrations consistent
with decreased anthropogenic inputs, active scavenging, and
advection/convection. Although the isotopic composition of northern North
Atlantic seawater appears more homogenous compared to previous decades, a
clear spatiotemporal trend in isotope ratios is evident over the past
15 years and implies that small changes to atmospheric Pb emissions continue.
Emissions data indicate that the relative proportions of US and European Pb
sources to the ocean have been relatively uniform during the past 2 decades,
while aerosol data may suggest a greater relative proportion of natural
mineral Pb. Using our measurements in conjunction with emissions inventories,
we support the findings of previous atmospheric analyses that a significant
portion of the Pb deposited to the ocean in 2014 was natural, although it is
obscured by the much greater solubility of anthropogenic aerosols over
natural ones.
Comment on “Origin of water in the Badain Jaran Desert, China: new insight from isotopes” by Wu et al. (2017)
Authors: Zhan Lucheng , Chen Jiansheng , Li Ling , Barry David A. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract. Precipitation isotope data were used to determine the origin of
groundwater in the Badain Jaran Desert (BJD) in the study of Wu et
al. (2017). Both precipitation and its isotope composition vary seasonally,
so arithmetic averages of precipitation isotope values poorly represent the
isotope composition of meteoric water. Their finding that the BJD groundwater
is recharged by modern meteoric water from local areas including the
southeastern adjacent mountains was based on arithmetic averaging. However,
this conclusion is not supported by the corrected mean precipitation isotope
values, which are weighted by the precipitation rate. Indeed, the available
isotopic evidence shows that modern precipitation on the Qilian Mountains is
more likely to be the main source of the groundwater and lake water in the
BJD, as found by Chen et al. (2004).
Estimating time-dependent vegetation biases in the SMAP soil moisture product
Authors: Zwieback Simon , Colliander Andreas , Cosh Michael H. , Martínez-Fernández José , McNairn Heather , Starks Patrick J. , Thibeault Marc , Berg Aaron 
Published: August 2018

Abstract. Remotely sensed soil moisture products are influenced by vegetation and how
it is accounted for in the retrieval, which is a potential source of
time-variable biases. To estimate such complex, time-variable error
structures from noisy data, we introduce a Bayesian extension to triple
collocation in which the systematic errors and noise terms are not constant
but vary with explanatory variables. We apply the technique to the
Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) soil moisture product over croplands,
hypothesizing that errors in the vegetation correction during the retrieval
leave a characteristic fingerprint in the soil moisture time series. We find
that time-variable offsets and sensitivities are commonly associated with an
imperfect vegetation correction. Especially the changes in sensitivity can be
large, with seasonal variations of up to 40 %. Variations of this size
impede the seasonal comparison of soil moisture dynamics and the detection of
extreme events. Also, estimates of vegetation–hydrology coupling can be
distorted, as the SMAP soil moisture has larger R2 values with a biomass
proxy than the in situ data, whereas noise alone would induce the
opposite effect. This observation highlights that time-variable biases can
easily give rise to distorted results and misleading interpretations. They
should hence be accounted for in observational and modelling studies.
Editorial
Authors: Moreton-Robinson Aileen , McMillan Mark , Singh David 
Published: August 2018

The articles in this edition again attest to the broad range of scholarly concerns that signify the growing disciplinary maturity of critical Indigenous studies. The first article, by Mary Goslett and Vanessa Beavan, draws on empirical research concerning improving the social and emotional well being (SEWB) of Aboriginal women through listening to their experiences of identity and culture. Deploying interpretive phenomenology in their analysis of the women's accounts, they discerned interdependent themes that captured their experiences. They conclude by reiterating the need for decolonising approaches to SEWB, informed by the very people whose experiences are being canvassed in our efforts at amelioration. The second article, by Valmaine Toki, notes the optimism that greeted the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. However, Toki further illuminates the routine violations and breaches that followed, particularly those by extractive industries and business activity generally. The article examines the fraught relationship between Indigenous rights, the state and business imperatives.
La federación de las provincias centroamericanas: Decreto o realidad. Elementos históricos de una muerte anunciada.
Authors: Guerra Víctor Manuel 
Published: August 2018

La tesis que se defiende en este trabajo es que gran parte de la región mesoamericana que ahora llamamos Centro América, nunca ha estado social ni políticamente integrada y que por tanto, muy difícilmente podrá integrarse en el futuro. De esto se desprende que lo que hay que ir buscando en el ámbito político, es una convivencia pacífica que potencie intereses comunes, en el desarrollo político, económico, social y cultural.Teoría y Praxis Año 8, No. 17, Julio de 2010, pp.41-61
Control democrático del mercado
Authors: Tamayo Hilton 
Published: August 2018

En el artículo se traza una crítica a los postulados de Ludwig Von Mises, partiendo de la necesidad de la intervención de un tercer agente económico con poder controlador y regulador de la actividad económica. Se plantean los criterios de la teoría liberal de mercado y se contrapone con la realidad y los efectos del desequilibrio económico causado por la empresa. Por lo que se hace un recorrido de los principios keynesianos del equilibrio económico que marca la necesidad de una solución por medio de la intervención del gobierno rescatando al sistema económico.Teoría y Praxis Año 8, No. 17, Julio de 2010, pp.63-75
Strategies of High School Students to Cope With Stress through Leisure Time
Authors: Altin Mehmet 
Published: August 2018

It was aimed in this study to reveal and compare strategies of students of three types of high schools to cope with stress through leisure time. The research population consisted of high school students in Konya province, Turkey. The sample consisted of 280 male and 224 female vocational high school, Anatolian high school and sports high school students. In the study, the Demographic Personal Information Form was used to collect personal information. The “Strategies to Cope with Stress through Leisure Time Scale” (SCSLTS) was used to identify the leisure time strategies. This scale was developed by Iwasaki and Mannell (2000). It was translated into Turkish, and its validity and reliability studies were conducted by Çevik, Özcan and Munusturlar (2018). No difference was found in the strategies of the students to cope with stress through leisure time according to the grade level, income, and maternal and paternal educational level factors. Statistical variations were observed based on the gender and sporting factors (p<.05). There was no statistically significant difference in the mood enhancement dimension depending on the school type factor. However, it was found that the mean scores of the vocational high school students in terms of the dimensions of leisure time friendship and temporary coping ability were higher than those of the students of the other schools, and these differences were also statistically significant (p<.05). The vocational high school students had higher mean scores in the leisure time strategies sub-dimension than the students of other schools. Accordingly, it can be said that the leisure time strategy scores may differ according to the school type and that the students receiving vocational education were more optimistic in determining leisure time strategies than the students of Anatolian high school and sports high school.
Trabalho ou benefício de prestação continuada: a escolha da família do jovem com Síndrome de Down
Authors: Urbini Rocha Ana Lívia , Campos Françozo Maria de Fatima 
Published: August 2018

O Benefício de Prestação Continuada (BPC) é uma política de proteção social destinada à pessoa com deficiência e ao idoso em condição de vulnerabilidade. O objetivo deste estudo foi conhecer o significado que a família atribui ao BPC e ao trabalho, bem como as escolhas feitas para o jovem com Síndrome de Down (SD). Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo, em que foram entrevistados 11 pais ou responsáveis por jovens com SD, que recebem ou já receberam o BPC e que tiveram alguma experiência de trabalho. A maioria dos participantes é beneficiário do BPC há mais de 10 anos. Para muitos o benefício está incorporado ao orçamento familiar e é fundamental para o sustento da casa. Este é um dos motivos pelos quais muitos dos jovens não trabalham. Outras razões referem-se às dificuldades dos pais em leva-los ao trabalho e a percepção de que o local não é seguro para eles. A escolha entre o benefício ou o trabalho é feita pela família. Experiências positivas daqueles que trabalham são referidas como autonomia e independência. Há necessidade de políticas sociais de orientação às famílias em relação aos direitos ao benefício e ao papel que o trabalho tem para o jovem com SD.
Utility of Routine Postoperative Radiographs After Fixation of Lower Extremity Fractures
Authors: Phelps Kevin , Coleman Michelle , Seymour Rachel , Bosse Michael 
Published: August 2018

Introduction:
The goal of this study was to investigate the clinical utility of radiographs at all time points after internal fixation of lower extremity fractures.

Methods:
A retrospective chart review was conducted at a level I trauma center. Four hundred eighty-five patients with 586 fractures of the femur, tibia, and ankle were included. Data were analyzed to investigate the effect of radiographs on changes in management at all postoperative time points for each fracture type.

Results:
Each fracture received, on average, 4.8 radiographs after fixation for a total cost of $938,469. The management of 31% (179 of 586) of fractures deviated from the expected postoperative course. Of the 179 fractures with a deviation, 93 (31%) resulted from radiographic findings alone and occurred (1) in the immediate postoperative period (2%) and (2) in the period from consideration of advancement to full weight bearing up until confirmation of fracture union (98%). Notable cost savings can be realized by using the findings to eliminate nonclinically indicated imaging at both the institutional and national levels.

Conclusion:
Routine radiographs in isolation contribute to changes in management (1) in the immediate postoperative period in select cases and (2) during the period when advancement to full weight bearing is being considered up until clinical fracture union.

Level of Evidence:
Level III
Building Competitive Edge
Authors: Kanagal Nagasimha Balakrishna 
Published: August 2018

The objective of a marketing strategy formulation and appropriate execution is to improve the long run financial performance of a firm / brand that includes improving market share, improving market capitalization, improving return of investment and payback period. The marketing strategist should take cognizance of the market forces that influences the payoffs to the firms. The influence of the competitive scenario on a firm / brand’s payoff is significant and could even at times be substantial in an oligopolistic industry-market structure, where strategic inter-firm dependence could be high. In this scenario, firms / brands need to be systematically prepared to find customer favor in a competitive market; this indeed is the realm of building competitive edge. In this study, we outline the path of improving ability to the process of marketing strategy formulation and examine in greater detail the process of improving the ability to compete or the buildup of competitive edge. A buildup of competitive edge is expected to improve the firm’s ability to competitive choice in the market place, through a process of improving the pro-activeness and reactiveness of the firm with respect to competitors to the satisfaction of (i) the consumers / target market, (ii) the market-society at large, as well as (iii) the policy makers regulating the competitive environment in the country / world. The improvement in the firm’s ability to competitive choice should reflect both in market share as well as market profitability and lead to improved market capitalization and superior long run financial performance.
Bevraging van de Belgische advocatuur over bemiddeling: eerste resultaten
Authors: Wijnant Tom 
Published: August 2018

Survey among Belgian Lawyers on Mediation: First Results
In 2017, empirical research has been conducted at Ghent University regarding the attitude of Belgian lawyers on mediation in the current and future legal and social context. This article explains the background, goals and methodology of the research and unveils some of the results by sharing the first remarkable findings.