bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Statistical analysis of the occupational radiation doses in three different positron emission tomography–computed tomography centers in Egypt
Authors: Saad Ahmed Ibrahim Elsayed , Zamzam Abdulrahman M.M. , Yassin Hossam Mahmoud 
Published: August 2019

AbstractIn the present study, we investigated the radiation doses received by the positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) staff in three different diagnostic centers in Egypt. The whole-body effective dose measured by thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) for staff working in PET and the effective dose per study received by physicist, technician, and nurse were measured by an electronic pocket dosimeter (EPD) during a period of 6 months. Statistical analysis was held between the measurements of the TLDs as well as for the EPD for the three studied PET-CT centers. After combining TLD and EPD prospective annual scores for the three studied categories in the three centers, the one-way ANOVA test results have shown that there were statistically significant differences between group means with respect to their TLD mean score (P = 0.041). The mean nurse group TLD score, across the three centers, appeared to be the lowest scoring 3.83 (standard deviation [SD] 0.012) compared to the physicist and technician who measured 4.62 (SD 0.231) and 6.92 (SD 0.018), respectively. Scheffe's test for complex comparisons revealed a significant difference between nurse group and technologist group (P = 0.001). Regarding the annual combined EPD scores, the post hoc test, namely Scheffe's test for complex comparisons, revealed a significant difference between nurse group and technologist group (P = 0.001). This was measured after the one-way ANOVA test results have shown that there were statistically significant differences between annual group EPD means (P = 0.032). Finally, there was no recorded significance for the studied categories across the three centers between their annual TLD and EPD dose scores (P = 0.072). Technicians group received the highest mean effective whole-body doses when compared with the International Commission on Radiological Protection dose limit, each individual worker can work with many more 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET/CT studies for a (period time) without exceeding the occupational dose limits if the average received effective dose continues with the same rate. The study also confirmed that low levels of radiation dose are received by medical personnel involved in 18F-FDG PET/CT procedures in those centers due to implementing radiation protection measures and procedures.
Biogenic and anthropogenic sources of aerosols at the High Arctic site Villum Research Station
Authors: Nielsen Ingeborg E. , Skov Henrik , Massling Andreas , Eriksson Axel C. , Dall'Osto Manuel , Junninen Heikki , Sarnela Nina , Lange Robert , Collier Sonya , Zhang Qi , Cappa Christopher D. , Nøjgaard Jacob K. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract. There are limited measurements of the chemical
composition, abundance and sources of atmospheric particles in the High
Arctic To address this, we report 93 d of soot particle aerosol mass
spectrometer (SP-AMS) data collected from 20 February to 23 May
2015 at Villum Research Station (VRS) in northern Greenland
(81∘36′ N). During this period, we observed the Arctic haze
phenomenon with elevated PM1 concentrations ranging from an average of
2.3, 2.3 and 3.3 µg m−3 in February, March and April, respectively, to 1.2 µg m−3 in May. Particulate sulfate (SO42-) accounted
for 66 % of the non-refractory PM1 with the highest concentration until
the end of April and decreasing in May. The second most abundant species was
organic aerosol (OA) (24 %). Both OA and PM1, estimated from the sum
of all collected species, showed a marked decrease throughout May in
accordance with the polar front moving north, together with changes in
aerosol removal processes. The highest refractory black carbon (rBC)
concentrations were found in the first month of the campaign, averaging 0.2 µg m−3. In March and April, rBC averaged 0.1 µg m−3 while decreasing to 0.02 µg m−3 in May. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) of the OA mass spectra yielded three
factors: (1) a hydrocarbon-like organic aerosol (HOA) factor, which was
dominated by primary aerosols and accounted for 12 % of OA mass, (2) an
Arctic haze organic aerosol (AOA) factor and (3) a more oxygenated marine
organic aerosol (MOA) factor. AOA dominated until mid-April (64 %–81 %
of OA), while being nearly absent from the end of May and correlated
significantly with SO42-, suggesting the main part of that factor
is secondary OA. The MOA emerged late at the end of March, where it
increased with solar radiation and reduced sea ice extent and dominated OA
for the rest of the campaign until the end of May (24 %–74 % of OA), while
AOA was nearly absent. The highest O∕C ratio (0.95) and S∕C ratio (0.011)
was found for MOA. Our data support the current understanding that Arctic
aerosols are highly influenced by secondary aerosol formation and receives an
important contribution from marine emissions during Arctic spring in remote
High Arctic areas. In view of a changing Arctic climate with changing
sea-ice extent, biogenic processes and corresponding source strengths,
highly time-resolved data are needed in order to elucidate the components
dominating aerosol concentrations and enhance the understanding of the
processes taking place.
Region-specific myelin differences define behavioral consequences of chronic social defeat stress in mice
Authors: Bonnefil Valentina , Dietz Karen , Amatruda Mario , Wentling Maureen , Aubry Antonio V , Dupree Jeffrey L , Temple Gary , Park Hye-Jin , Burghardt Nesha S , Casaccia Patrizia , Liu Jia 
Published: August 2019

Exposure to stress increases the risk of developing mood disorders. While a subset of individuals displays vulnerability to stress, others remain resilient, but the molecular basis for these behavioral differences is not well understood. Using a model of chronic social defeat stress, we identified region-specific differences in myelination between mice that displayed social avoidance behavior (‘susceptible’) and those who escaped the deleterious effect to stress (‘resilient’). Myelin protein content in the nucleus accumbens was reduced in all mice exposed to stress, whereas decreased myelin thickness and internodal length were detected only in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of susceptible mice, with fewer mature oligodendrocytes and decreased heterochromatic histone marks. Focal demyelination in the mPFC was sufficient to decrease social preference, which was restored following new myelin formation. Together these data highlight the functional role of mPFC myelination as critical determinant of the avoidance response to traumatic social experiences.Editorial note: This article has been through an editorial process in which the authors decide how to respond to the issues raised during peer review. The Reviewing Editor's assessment is that all the issues have been addressed (<xref ref-type="decision-letter" rid="SA1">see decision letter</xref>).
Evaluation of Performance of Decision Tree, Support Vector Machine and Probabilistic Neural Network Classifiers in a Mobile Based Diabetes Retinopathy Detection System
Authors: Fenwa O. D. , Alo O. O. , Omotoso I. O. 
Published: August 2019

Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is a medical condition where the retina is damaged because fluid leaks from blood vessels into the retina. Ophthalmologists recognize diabetic retinopathy based on features, such as blood vessel area, exudes, hemorrhages, microaneurysms and texture.
Aim: The focus of this paper is to evaluate the performance of Decision Tree (DT), Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Probabilistic Neural Network (PNN) Classifiers in Diabetes Retinopathy Detection.
Results: Corresponding results showed SVM has the best classification strength by achieving Recognition Accuracy (RA) of 98.50%, while PNN and DT achieved RA of 97.60% and 89.20% respectively. In terms of False Acceptance Rate (FAR) and False Rejection Rate (FRR), SVM has the least values of 7.21, 8.10 while DT and PNN showed 11.10, 9.30 and 13.21, 10.10 respectively. However, in this paper a Mobile based Diabetes Retinopathy Detection System was developed to make the system available for the masses for early detection of the disease.
Selective Alteration of the Root Morphology of Arabidopsis thaliana by Synthetic Anion Transporters (SATs)
Authors: B. Patel Mohit , C. Garrad Evan , Korb Steven , Negin Saeedeh , R. Gokel Michael , Sedinkin Sergey , Yin Shanheng , W. Gokel George 
Published: August 2019

Aims: The aim of the study was to determine whether and to what extent any of a family of amphiphilic heptapeptide synthetic anion transporters (SATs) affected the growth or root morphology of Arabidopsis thaliana.
Study Design: A. thaliana plants were grown from seedlings in PNS media in the absence or presence of one of 21 SATs.
Place and Duration of Study: Departments of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Missouri – St. Louis, 1 University Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63121 U. S. A. The study was conducted 2017-2018.
Methodology: Twenty one compounds of the form R2N-COCH2YCH2CO-(Aaa)3Pro(Aaa)3-O(CH2)6CH3 were prepared and studied. The amino acids included Ala, Gly, and Ser. R was normal alkyl having 6, 10, 12, or 18 carbons. Y was methylene, oxygen, sulfur, or absent. The PNS media was infused with various concentrations of the SAT and 21 plants in each group were allowed to grow for 11 days. Overall plant growth and root morphology were visualized and/or measured and the results recorded.
Results: A comparison of primary root length and lateral root number revealed that the greatest alterations in lateral root densities were observed for peptide sequences of the type GGGPSGS, whether or not serine was protected by t-butyl. Differences were also observed for these peptide sequences according to the identity of Y in the ~COCH2YCH2CO~ chain.
Conclusion: The presence of serine’s oxygen atoms on the C-terminal side of the heptapeptide interact with Cl¯ leading to a change in ion concentrations and alterations in primary root lengths and lateral root densities.
Bacterial Resistance to Commonly Prescribed Antibiotics in a Tertiary Care Hospital: A Retrospective Review of Evidence
Authors: Paul Onah Otor , Abdulateef Siyaka 
Published: August 2019

Background: Antibiotic resistance is a growing global healthcare challenge and efforts to contain it are being outpaced by rapid emergence of resistant microbes. Common environmental pathogens have been reported to be manifesting resistance to several antibiotics to which they were once sensitive. In hospital setting, close contact between patients and caregivers allow resistant strains to easily spread in hospital wards. Evidence of antibiotic resistance is needed to inform rational selection of drugs for infectious diseases.
Aim: The aims of this study were to determine common pathogenic bacterial isolates among patients and their antibiotic sensitivity profiles.
Methods: This was a cross sectional retrospective study using laboratory records of antibiotic resistance profiles of bacterial isolates obtained from patient medical samples. Antibiogram records for one year period were obtained and relevant data extracted for analysis
Results and Discussion: The most commonly isolated bacteria included Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae which together accounted for over two thirds of all isolates. Most of the isolates were resistant to at least four antibiotics; Penicillins, Sulphonamides and Tetracyclines exhibited the highest level of resistance. Resistance to these antibiotics is well reported in literature and their empirical prescription threatens their efficacy in the management of infectious diseases.
Conclusion: Antibiotic resistance among pathogenic bacteria was high, there is need to emphasize evidence based prescriptions to not only improve clinical outcomes but also to preserve the efficacy of current antibiotic stock.
Robust adaptive divided difference filter based on forgetting factors and its applications
Authors: Xing Zirui , Xia Yuanqing , Wang Liansheng , Zhu Cui 
Published: August 2019

SummaryThis paper proposes robust and adaptive divided difference filters (RADDFs) based on forgetting factors which are robust to dynamic systems with biases or uncertainties. The RADDFs are founded on the principle of covariance matching. The robustness of RADDFs is reflected in that it amplifies the innovation covariance to compensate the effect of dynamic biases or uncertainties. The forgetting factor is adjusted adaptively. Then, the scalar forgetting factor is further extended to multiple forgetting factors. The proposed RADDFs are illustrated by Mars entry navigation system with atmospheric density uncertainty, lift over drag ratio uncertainty, and ballistic coefficient uncertainty. To validate the filter performance by multiple forgetting factors, a typical tight coupling nonlinear system with abrupt biases is used.
A Fluorographene‐Based Synaptic Transistor
Authors: Liu Bo , Hong Ming‐Chun , Sahoo Mamina , Ong Bin Leong , Tok Eng Soon , Di MengFu , Ho Yu‐Ping , Liang Hanyuan , Bow Jong‐Shing , Liu Zhiwei , Wang Jer‐Chyi , Hou Tuo‐Hung , Lai Chao‐Sung 
Published: August 2019

AbstractExploring brain‐inspired synaptic devices has recently become a new focus of research in nanoelectronic communities. In this emerging field, incorporating 2D materials into three‐terminal synaptic transistors has brought various advantages. However, achieving a stable and long‐term weight‐modulation in these synaptic transistors, which are typically based on interface charge storage, is still a challenge due to the nature of their spontaneous relaxation. The application of an atomically thin fluorographene layer into the synaptic junction region suppresses this issue and improves the efficiency, tunability, and symmetry of the synaptic plasticity as well as establishing a stable weight‐regulation paradigm. These unique properties can be attributed to the dipolar rotation of CF in fluorographene. To obtain a better physical understanding, a vacancy‐dependent CF dipolar rotation model is proposed and supported by hysteresis analysis and density functional theory calculations. As proposed and demonstrated, the unique fluorographene‐based synaptic transistor may be a promising building block for constructing efficient neuromorphic computing hardware.
Mattering at the Intersection of Psychology, Philosophy, and Politics
Authors: Prilleltensky Isaac 
Published: August 2019

AbstractMattering is an ideal state of affairs consisting of two complementary psychological experiences: feeling valued and adding value. Human beings can feel valued by, and add value to, self, others, work, and community. To make sure that the need for mattering is fulfilled, we must balance feeling valued with adding value. Moreover, we must balance adding value to self with adding value to others. Unfortunately, the dominant neoliberal philosophy does not support the values required to ensure the experience of mattering. Whereas a healthy and fair society would require equilibrium among values for personal, relational, and collective well‐being, the dominant philosophy in many parts of the world favors personal at the expense of relational and collective values. Neoliberal economic and social policies have resulted in diminished sense of mattering for millions of people. Some people respond to cultural pressures to achieve higher status by becoming depressive or aggressive. Some marginalized groups, in turn, support xenophobic, nationalistic, and populist policies in an effort to regain a sense of mattering. To make sure that everyone matters, we must align the psychology, philosophy, and politics of mattering. The political struggle for a just and equitable distribution of mattering takes place in social movements and the policy arena. The perils and promises of these efforts are considered.
AgNO3‐Catalysed Intramolecular Cyclization: Access to Functionalized Cyclopentanones and Spiro‐Cyclopentanones
Authors: Bhoite Shubhangi P. , Bansode Ajay H. , Burate Pralhad A. , Suryavanshi Gurunath 
Published: August 2019

AbstractAn efficient AgNO3‐catalysed method has been developed for the synthesis of functionalized cyclopentanones and spiro‐cyclopentanones through intramolecular cyclization between ynones and cyanoacrylate/aryl/alkylidene malononitrile using DBU as a base. Easy availability of starting materials and mild reaction conditions makes this protocol more feasible over previously reported methods. The functionalized cyclopentanones and spiro‐cyclopentanones were synthesized in good to excellent yields with a broad substrate scope.
Chemische Synthese an Oberflächen mit Präzision in atomarer Größenordnung: Beherrschung von Komplexität und Genauigkeit
Authors: Wang Can , Chi Lifeng , Ciesielski Artur , Samorì Paolo 
Published: August 2019

AbstractRastersondenmikroskopische (SPM‐)Verfahren sind leistungsfähige Hilfsmittel, um die Struktur und Dynamik von Molekülen an Oberflächen und Grenzflächen zu untersuchen sowie Atome und Moleküle durch äußere Krafteinwirkung, durch inelastisches Elektronentunneln oder durch ein elektrisches Feld präzise zu steuern. Die schnelle Entwicklung dieser SPM‐Manipulationsmodi ermöglichte es, eine Feinsteuerung der grundlegenden Prozesse in der Physik der Grenzflächen und der chemischen Reaktivität, darunter Adsorption, Diffusion, Bindungsbildung sowie ‐dissoziation, mit einer Präzision auf Einzelatom‐/Molekülebene zu erreichen. Ihre kontrollierte Anwendung zur Herstellung atomskaliger Strukturen und die Synthese neuer, auch außergewöhnlicher Moleküle mit programmierten Eigenschaften werden vorgestellt. Es werden die Möglichkeiten und Herausforderungen bezüglich der Entwicklung komplexer chemischer Systeme diskutiert, indem mögliche zukünftige Auswirkungen auf die Nanowissenschaften und die industrielle Nanotechnologie analysiert werden.
Gas‐Phase Dehydrogenation of Alkanes: C−H Activation by a Graphene‐Supported Nickel Single‐Atom Catalyst Model
Authors: Borrome Michael , Gronert Scott 
Published: August 2019

AbstractA gas‐phase anionic nickel(0) fluorenyl complex is shown to effect the dehydrogenation of linear, branched, and cyclic alkanes via C−H activation. It performs dehydrogenations via a C−H insertion followed by β‐hydride elimination. When given energy via collision‐induced dissociation, the system is capable of second and third dehydrogenations to form dienes and aromatics such as benzene. Kinetic isotope effects and DFT calculations completed at the M06/6–311+G** level support the proposed mechanism. The metal complex can act as an experimental model for graphene‐supported nickel single‐atom catalysts and suggests that these catalysts are capable of alkane dehydrogenation via C−H activation.
Copper‐Mediated Selenazolidine Deprotection Enables One‐Pot Chemical Synthesis of Challenging Proteins
Authors: Zhao Zhenguang , Metanis Norman 
Published: August 2019

AbstractWhile chemical protein synthesis has granted access to challenging proteins, the synthesis of longer proteins is often limited by low abundance or non‐strategic placement of cysteine residues, which are essential for native chemical ligations, as well as multiple purification and isolation steps. We describe the one‐pot total synthesis of human thiosulfate:glutathione sulfurtransferase (TSTD1). WT‐TSTD1 was synthesized in a C‐to‐N synthetic approach involving multiple NCL reactions, CuII‐mediated deprotection of selenazolidine (Sez), and chemoselective deselenization. The seleno‐analog Se‐TSTD1, in which the active site Cys is replaced with selenocysteine, was also synthesized with a kinetically controlled ligation with an N‐to‐C synthetic approach. The catalytic activity of the two proteins indicated that Se‐TSTD1 possessed only four‐fold lower activity than WT‐TSTD1, thus suggesting that selenoproteins can have physiologically comparable sulfutransferase activity to their cysteine counterparts.
Defect‐Rich Graphene Nanomesh Produced by Thermal Exfoliation of Metal–Organic Frameworks for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Xia Wei , Tang Jing , Li Jingjing , Zhang Shuaihua , Wu Kevin C.‐W. , He Jianping , Yamauchi Yusuke 
Published: August 2019

AbstractAlthough graphene nanomesh is an attractive 2D carbon material, general synthetic routes to produce functional graphene nanomesh in large‐scale are complex and tedious. Herein, we elaborately design a simple two‐step dimensional reduction strategy for exploring nitrogen‐doped graphene nanomesh by thermal exfoliation of crystal‐ and shape‐modified metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs). MOF nanoleaves with 2D rather than 3D crystal structure are used as the precursor, which are further thermally unraveled into nitrogen‐doped graphene nanomesh by using metal chlorides as the exfoliators and etching agent. The nitrogen‐doped graphene nanomesh has a unique ultrathin two‐dimensional morphology, high porosity, rich and accessible nitrogen‐doped active sites, and defective graphene edges, contributing to an unprecedented catalytic activity for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in acid electrolytes. This approach is suitable for scalable production.
Reconstitution of cellulosome: Research progress and its application in biorefinery
Authors: Hu Bin‐Bin , Zhu Ming‐Jun 
Published: August 2019

AbstractLignocellulose, one of the most abundant renewable sources of sugar, can be converted into bioenergy through hydrolysis of cellulose and hemicellulose. Due to its renewability and availability in large quantities, bioenergy is considered as a possible alternative to fossil energy and attracts the attention of the world with increased concerns about environmental protection and energy crisis. The depolymerization of cellulosic substrate to monomer is the rate‐limiting step in the bioconversion of lignocellulose by cellulolytic microbes. Cellulosome, a multienzyme complex from anaerobic cellulolytic bacteria, can efficiently degrade the cellulosic substrates. Previous studies have shown that the reconstitution of cellulosome in vitro and its heterologous expression or display on the cell surface can help to solve the low yield problem of cellulosome in cellulolytic bacteria. This paper reviews the research progress in the reconstitution of cellulosome as well as its application in biorefinery, including the construction of cellulosome as well as different methods for cellulosome reconstitution and its surface display. This review will promote the understanding of cellulosome and its reconstitution.