bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
O turismo sustentável como estratégia de preservação da paisagem cultural na região do Caparaó
Authors: Silveira Aline Vargas da , Morelato Andressa da Silveira 
Published: September 2018

Vislumbrando o turismo como uma das atividades econômicas que mais cresce no mercado mundial e reconhecendo a importância de se promover a preservação do patrimônio e da paisagem cultural, este trabalho tem por objetivo discutir a relevância do turismo como estratégia de preservação da região do Caparaó Capixaba. Assim, num primeiro momento será apresentada a região do Caparaó do Espírito Santo e seu patrimônio histórico, em seguida, será abordado o conceito de turismo sustentável, bem como sua relação com a preservação. Posteriormente, será mostrada a influência desta ferramenta no fomento da preservação do patrimônio histórico e da paisagem cultural. Esperase criar um debate interessante tendo em vista que o turismo cultural, entre outros objetivos, serve para ampliar e diversificar o conhecimento do visitante, além de aumentar sua apreciação pela cultura local em todos os aspectos. Outra característica dessa atividade é sua possibilidade de gerar receitaspara o sítio visitado, possibilitando sua manutenção. Porém, se o turismo não for bem planejado e tiver manutenção frequente, sua expansão pode se tornar predatória, exaurindo os atrativos, modificando paisagens e transformando-as em mercadoria de consumo. E nessa perspectiva que o turismo aparece como estratégia na preservação do patrimônio histórico.
O surgimento das Pequenas Centrais Hidrelétricas e o processo de urbanização no interior de São Paulo (1890-1930)
Authors: Mortati Débora Marques de Almeida Nogueira , Argollo Ferrão André Munhoz de 
Published: September 2018

O período do trabalho é de 1890 a 1930, em que o estado de São Paulo começa seu processo de industrialização, a economia cafeeira está no auge e é fundada a companhia de energia elétrica que fará a primeira usina hidrelétrica do estado de São Paulo; este panorama vai evoluindo até 1930, quando a economia cafeeira entra em crise, a indústria já está estabelecida e a construção de hidrelétricas após 1930 assume outro caráter: o das grandes hidrelétricas, encerrando o ciclo das pequenas centrais hidrelétricas. A geração de energia elétrica no Brasil segue os caminhos da ferrovia e vai desenhando novas fronteiras entre o rural e o urbano, o campo e a indústria. A configuração das cidades muda conforme a disponibilidade de “melhorias”, sendo que muitas delas eram movidas a eletricidade. As nascentes indústrias também vão ocupando o espaço entre a ferrovia e a energia, criando novos bairros e centralidades. Analisa-se então, os processos que a energia hidrelétrica desencadeia no território paulista e suas consequências.
Ionic Liquid Promoted Eco-friendly and Efficient Synthesis of Six-membered Npolyheterocycles
Authors: Kaur Navjeet 
Published: September 2018

Background:
The synthesis of N-polyheterocycles by environmentally benign method is highly attractive
but challenging proposition. New strategies have been developed for the preparation of polycyclic heterocycles
in the last decades. In this review article, the synthesis of nitrogen containing six-membered polycyclic
heterocyclic compounds is presented with the application of ionic liquids. This contribution focuses on
the literature related to the total synthesis of six-membered N-polyheterocycles.

Objective:
Ionic liquids not only acted as environmentally benign reaction media but also as catalysts which
afforded the very promising replacements of traditional molecular solvents in organic chemistry due to their
stability, non-flammability, non-volatility and ease of recyclability. Ionic liquids are utilized in metal catalyzed
reactions in place of organic solvents in the last years. It has attracted considerable attention in recent years.
Ionic liquids acted as alternatives of organic solvents and these ILs are environment friendly.

Conclusion:
In the area of green chemistry ionic liquid assisted synthesis is a very promising technique which
afforded a flexible platform for the formation of heterocycles. The influence of ILs on the development of efficient
and new synthetic protocols over the last decade for the construction of N-polyheterocycles is featured in
this review article. These synthetic strategies will continue to attract more attention and will find a wide range
of applications in organic synthesis. In conclusion, ionic liquids assisted syntheses have become an efficient
and powerful tool in organic chemistry quickly.
El paradigma técnico económico actual y la ingeniería química en Cuba y en el mundo
Authors: Fernández Santana Elina , Ameneiros Martínez José María 
Published: September 2018

<div>Las ciencias técnicas tienen una fuerte relación con el desarrollo económico y social de las naciones. La ingeniería química, especialmente, juega un papel preponderante en varias de las industrias relacionadas con las prioridades que ha definido el Estado cubano: el Programa Alimentario, la Industria Turística y la Industria Médico-Farmacéutica.</div><div> </div>
Minimización del impacto ecológico empleando microescala en los laboratorios de enseñanza Química
Authors: Torres Espinoza Esperanza , Castrellón Santa Anna Juan Pedro 
Published: September 2018

<div>El Departamento de Química Analítica de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León imparte siete materias que cursan con laboratorios a los estudiantes de la carrera de Químico Clínico Biólogo. Hemos modificado nuestras prácticas de laboratorio tradicionales para implementarlas al nivel de semimicro y microescala. Se persigue alcanzar con la implementación de los nuevos procedimientos: a) optimizar recursos; b) reducir la generación de residuos, y c) promover la cultura ecológica además de incrementar la seguridad en el laboratorio.</div><div> </div>
Motivation toward Students' English Achievement
Authors: Syaveny Niza , Johari Indra 
Published: September 2018

<p>This study aims to determine the relationship of motivation (X) on students’ English learning achievement (Y) of Senior High School number 12 Padang. The population of this research was students of Senior High School number 12 Padang with total population was 894 students. Sample was selected by stratified random sampling technique with total sample was 100 students. The data were collected by using questionnaire. The data were analyzed by using quantitative descriptive technique with SPSS computer program version 20. Based on result of data analysis it can be found that there is a positive correlation between X and Y high category (0,783) and significance value less than 0,05 (0,000 &lt;0,05). It can be said that the motivated students make learning achievement better. Thus, internal and external students’ motivation should be considered by the educationist practice.</p>
Karakterisasi gen penyandi lipase dari kapang Rhizopus oryzae dan Absidia corymbifera Characterization of gene encoding lipase from fungus Rhizopus oryzae and Absidia corymbifera
Authors: PUTRANTO Riza A , SANTOSO Djoko , TRI-PANJI . , SUHARYANTO . , BUDIANI Asmini 
Published: September 2018

SummaryLipase is a group of enzymes which catalyze fat hydrolysis. Lipase is recently used to produce diacylglycerol (DAG) from triacylglycerol (TAG). Lipase can be used to produce healthy oil. Having a rich biodiversity, Indonesia has the opportunity to produce lipase using indigenous microbes, such as molds. This research aimed to detect LIPASE gene on several strains of molds employing PCR technique. Genomic DNAs were isolated from four strains of molds (M. sitophila, R. oryzae, R. microsporus, and A. corymbifera). Heterologous primers for LIPASE were designed based on the conserved region of 12 LIPASE sequences accessed from GenBank and used to amplify the genomic DNA resulted in a 466 bp fragmen. BLAST analysis showed that the bands of DNAs have high homology with common lipase protein in several strains of Rhizopus.Ringkasan Lipase merupakan kelompok enzim yang berfungsi sebagai biokatalis hidrolisis lemak. Lipase banyak digunakan untuk konversi triasilgliserol (TAG) menjadi diasilgliserol (DAG). Penggunaan lipase penting untuk produksi minyak sehat (healthy oil). Indonesia dengan keanekaragaman hayati tinggi berpeluang besar mengembangkan produksi lipase dari mikroba lokal, salah satunya adalah kapang. Deteksi gen merupakan langkah awal dalam upaya peningkatan produksi lipase melalui rekayasa genetika. DNA genomik empat galur kapang (M. sitophila, R. oryzae, R. microsporus, dan A. corymbifera) telah berhasil diisolasi. Sepasang primer heterologous telah berhasil dirancang berdasarkan daerah terkonservasi 12 sekuen gen LIPASE dari GenBank. Amplikon DNA yang diperoleh pada PCR menggunakan pasangan primer RLP memiliki panjang 466 bp. Analisis BLAST memperlihatkan bahwa amplikon PCR memiliki homologi yang tinggi dengan protein LIPASE beberapa galur Rhizopus.
Identifikasi homolog TcAGL-15 untuk penanda embriogenesis tanaman kakao melalui pendekatan bioinformatika Identification of TcAGL-15 homolog in the embryogenic culture from the zygotic embryo explant
Authors: TRIASTANTO Oktaviany Ferry , JUSUF Muhammad , SANTOSO Djoko 
Published: September 2018

Summary One of the major problems encountered in micropropagation of cacao through tissue culture is very low frequency of embryo formation. Embryogenesis is believed to have key regulatory gene determining the process. Understanding such gene may help to solve problems in the regeneration process. One of the genes reported to involve in the embryogenesis is AGAMOUS-like 15 (AGL-15). This gene has an important role in the regulation of early embryogenesis in several plants. This experiment aimed to identify AGL-15 homolog in cacao through bioinformatics approach. The first step of this experiment is to identify the AGL-15 homolog using hetero-logous primers from DNA genomic isolated from leaves of cacao plants. The sequence of the AGL-15 fragment was used in designing specific primers for longer AGL-15 fragment. These primers were then used to identify AGL-15 gene using total RNA isolated from cultured zygotic embryos. Differential pattern of AGL-15 gene expression was observed in zygotic embryos cultured for five weeks. AGL-15 heterologous primers designed from several plants could be used to identify cacao AGL-15 homolog. The putative cacao AGL-15 gene could be identified from zygotic embryos. The differential pattern of the AGL-15 gene expression is a strong indication that AGL-15 can be used as an embryogenesis marker in cacao plants.Ringkasan Salah satu kendala perbanyakan kakao melalui kultur jaringan adalah sulitnya embriogenesis, yang diduga melibatkan satu atau lebih gen kunci yang menentukan proses tersebut. Keberhasilan mengidentifikasi gen-gen kunci akan membantu menyelesaikan masalah dalam regenerasi embrio kakao. Salah satu gen yang diduga terlibat dalam proses ini adalah AGAMOUS-like 15 (AGL-15). Gen ini berperan pada regulasi selama masa awal perkembangan embrio beberapa tanaman. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi homolog AGL-15 pada kakao melalui pen-dekatan bioinformatika dan RT-PCR. Pene-litian diawali dengan identifikasi homolog AGL-15 dari DNA genomik daun kakao meng-gunakan primer heterologus. Sekuen fragmen homolog AGL-15 yang diperoleh, kemudian digunakan untuk merancang primer spesifik AGL-15 yang berukuran lebih panjang. Primer ini selanjutnya digunakan untuk meng-identifikasi gen AGL-15 dari RNA total embrio zigotik. Pengamatan pola pita gen AGL-15 dilakukan pada kultur in vitro embrio zigotik yang berumur lima minggu. Primer hetero-logus gen AGL-15 yang berasal dari berbagai tanaman, mampu mengidentifikasi keberadaan homolog gen tersebut pada tanaman kakao. Fragmen homolog AGL-15 putatif tanaman kakao teridentifikasi pada tingkat RNA embrio. Dengan adanya pola diferensial dari ekspresi gen AGL-15 hingga lima minggu pertama perkembangan embrio, ada indikasi kuat bahwa fragmen homolog AGL-15 dapat menjadi penanda embriogenesis pada tanaman kakao.
Kloning dan karakterisasi gen penyandi inhibitor proteinase dari kulit buah kakao Cloning and characterization of gene encoding proteinase inhibitor of cacao pod wall
Authors: ISDA Mayta Novaliza , KASIM Musliar , MANSYURDIN . , CHAIDAMSARI Tetty , SANTOSO Djoko 
Published: September 2018

Summary Attempts to increase cocoa production in Indonesia have been hinderred by attack of CPB (Conopomorpha cramerella). There has been no effective measures to control this pest leading to development of cacao planting materials which resistant to the pod borer. One of genes functioning in plant defense system against insect pests such as catepilar is Proteinase Inhibitor (PIN). This research aimed to isolate and characterize TcPIN gene of cacao pod wall. A clone of TcPIN was isolated with RT-PCR technique using total RNA of cacao pod wall and DNA primer designed based on the sequence Trypsin Inhibitor of cocoa bean accessible online. BlastX analysis of the sequence of the cDNA clone demonstrated that the ± 600 bp gene cloned with pGEM-T was PIN gene as indicated by highly homologous to Trypsin Inhibitor of Theobroma microcarpum resulted in 248 Score bits and E value 1 e-64. Two sequence alligment with the putative 21 kDa PIN of cacao seed indicated a moderately high homology. Contrasting these two sequences however found some non identical amino acids implying some variations. Ringkasan Usaha peningkatan produksi kakao di Indonesia terkendala antara lain oleh adanya serangan hama PBK (Conopomorpha cramerella). Untuk menanggulangi serangan PBK tersebut perlu adanya satu cara pengendalian yang efektif dan efisien, sehingga dapat mendorong usaha pengembangan bahan tanam yang tahan PBK. Salah satu gen membawa sifat ketahanan tanaman terhadap hama ulat adalah Proteinase Inhibitor (PIN). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengisolasi dan mengkarakterisasi gen TcPIN dari kulit buah kakao. Klon cDNA TcPIN diisolasi dari kulit buah kakao dengan teknik RT-PCR meng-gunakan RNA total kulit buah kakao dan primer DNA yang dirancang atas dasar sekuen Inhibitor Tripsin biji kakao yang diakses lewat internet. Hasil analisis BlastX dari sekuen klon cDNA menunjukkan bahwa gen berukuran ± 600 pb yang telah diklon dengan pGEM-T tersebut adalah PIN karena memiliki homologi yang tinggi terhadap 21 kDa trypsin inhibitor dari Theobroma microcarpum yang meng-hasilkan Skor 248 bits dengan Nilai E 1e-64. Penjajaran dua sekuen dengan PIN putatif 21 kDa yang berasal dari biji kakao menunjuk-kan tingkat homologi yang tinggi, dengan perbedaan nyata sehingga dapat terlihat bahwa keduanya tidak identik.
Pembentukan akar in vitro planlet kelapa sawit (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) dalam medium cair dengan penambahan auksin In vitro rooting of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) plantlets in a liquid medium supplemented with auxins
Authors: RIYADI Imron , SUMARYONO . 
Published: September 2018

AbstractAuxin affects the growth and development of in vitro plantlets including root induction. An experiment was conducted to determine the combination and concentration of auxin for rooting of oil palm plantlets in liquid medium.Unrooted plantlets of oil palm MK 649 clone with height 6 – 7 cm and 2 – 3 leaves were used as material source. The plantlets were cultured in de Fossard liquid medium. The treatments used were combinations of NAA and IBA at 0, 5,10 and 20 μM. The results show that 10 μM NAA combined with 20 μM IBA gave the highest percentage of rooting of oil palm plantlets (73.3%) in 10 weeks. NAA and IBA concentration influenced significantly rooting percentageand root quality and there was a significant interaction between the two auxins. Root initiation response of oil palm plantlets to NAA was higher than to IBA. The best of oil palm root class which indicates root quality was obtained in a medium with 10 μM NAA + 20 μM IBA. The aerial parts of the plantlets grew well in term of shoot height, leaf number and shoot diameter especially in a medium with 10 μM NAA + 20 μM IBA. AbstrakAuksin berpengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan dan perkembangan planlet in vitro, termasuk terhadap induksi akar. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan kombinasi dan konsentrasi auksin yang tepat dalam pembentukan akarplanlet kelapa sawit in vitro dalam medium cair. Bahan yang digunakan berupa planlet kelapa sawit klon MK 649 tanpa akar dengan tinggi 6 – 7 cm dan jumlah daun 2 – 3 helai. Planlet dikulturkan dalam medium de Fossard cair. Perlakuan yang digunakan adalah kombinasi NAA dan IBA dengan konsentrasi 0, 5, 10 dan 20 μM. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan NAA 10 μM dikombinasikan dengan IBA 20 μM menghasilkan persentase pembentukan akar planlet kelapa sawit tertinggi yaitu 73,3% dalam waktu 10 minggu. Konsentrasi NAA dan IBA secara nyata mempengaruhi persentase pembentukan dan kualitas akar serta terdapat interaksi yang nyata antara kedua perlakuan auksin. Respons induksi akar kelapa sawit terhadap NAA lebih tinggi daripada IBA. Kelas akar planlet kelapa sawit terbaik yang menunjukkan kualitas perakaran, juga diperoleh pada NAA 10 μM dan IBA 20 μM. Pertumbuhan dan perkembangan organ bagian atas yang meliputi tinggi tunas, jumlah daun dan diameter tunas menunjukkan peningkatan yang cukup baik terutama pada perlakuan NAA 10 μM + IBA 20 μM.
Analisis keragaman genetik Phytophthora palmivora dari tanaman kakao di Indonesia menggunakan AFLP Genetic diversity analysis of Phytophthora palmivora from cocoa in Indonesia using AFLP
Authors: PURWANTARA Agus , UMAYAH Abu 
Published: September 2018

Abstract Phytophthora palmivora is the causal agent of pod rot, stem canker, seedling and leaf blight and cherelle wilt of cacao (Theobroma cacao) in Indonesia. The genetic structure of the pathogen population across the country is unknown. In this study, a population of 20 cultures of P. palmivora isolated from cocoa at six major cocoa producing provinces namely Sumatera Utara, Lampung, Jawa Barat, Jawa Timur, Sulawesi Selatan and Sulawesi Tenggara in Indonesia was evaluated for genotypic diversity using amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP). Ten primer combinations were used to evaluate all isolates, 68 out of 347 AFLP markers (19.6 %) produced were polymorphic. Results of the AFLP analyses showed that the P. palmivora population in Indonesia possessed high degree of similarity (96 %). AFLP banding patterns indicated that the isolates form two distinct groups, but with no genetic differentiation based on geography, types of cocoa or the part of the tree from which the isolates were obtained. These data suggest that frequent outbreaks of Phytophthora pod rot in various growing regions is probably resulted from changing of local climatic condition which is condusive for the disease epidemic rather than from different genetic structure or pathogenic populations of this pathogen, which would affect recommendations for disease management.Abstrak Phytophthora palmivora adalah penyebab penyakit busuk buah, kanker batang, hawar bibit dan daun, dan layu pentil pada tanaman kakao (Theobroma cacao) di Indonesia. Struktur genetik dari populasi patogen di seluruh negeri belum diketahui. Pada kajian ini, 20 kultur P. palmivora yang diisolasi dari berbagai bagian tanaman kakao dari enam provinsi penghasil kakao di Indonesia, yaitu Sumatera Utara, Lampung, Jawa Barat, Jawa Timur, Sulawesi Selatan dan Sulawesi Tenggara diuji keragaman genetiknya mengguna-kan amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP). Sepuluh kombinasi primer digunakan untuk menguji semua isolat, 68 di antara 347 penanda AFLP (19,6 %) yang dihasilkan adalah polimorfik. Hasil analisis AFLP menun-jukkan bahwa populasi P. palmivora di Indonesia mempunyai tingkat kekerabatan yang tinggi (96 %). Pola pita AFLP menunjukkan bahwa kedua puluh isolat membentuk dua kelompok, tetapi tidak ada perbedaan berdasar letak geografis, tipe kakao atau bagian tanaman kakao asal isolat diperoleh. Data ini menunjukkan bahwa ledakan penyakit busuk buah Phytophthora yang sering terjadi di berbagai daerah diduga lebih diakibatkan oleh perubahan kondisi iklim setempat yang memicu terjadinya epidemi daripada karena perbedaan genetik atau patogenisitas dari populasi patogen, sehingga hasil ini dapat melengkapi saran-saran dalam pengelolaan penyakit.
Efektivitas dolomit teraktivasi yang diperkaya dengan bakteri pelarut fosfat sebagai pengganti kiserit pada bibit kakao The effectiveness of activated dolomite enriched by phosphate solubilizing bacteria as kieserite substitute on cocoa seedling
Authors: SANTI Laksmita Prima , GOENADI Didiek Hadjar 
Published: September 2018

Abstract Magnesium (Mg) deficiency is commonly found in acid soils with high weathering intensity as widely present in tropical and sub-tropical regions, or those developed from low Mg-content parent materials. To overcome Mg deficiency, dolomite is often used to replace kieserite although the former is less reactive than the later. An activation technology by heating up to 800oC, followed by sulfic acid addition, then enriched by phosphate solubilizing bacteria is prospective to improve Mg solubility in soils. This research was aimed to enhance dolomite reactivity and to determine the effectiveness of activated dolomite enriched by phosphate solubilizing bacteria as Mg nutrient sources substituting kieserite on cocoa seedling growth. The results indicate that total and solubility in water of MgO from the prototype of activated dolomite were 26.7 and 9.2%, respectively. Using cocoa seedling as test plant, the use of activated dolomite enriched by using 109 cfu of Pseudomonas sp. at 3.85 g/seedling and combined with 100% dosages of NPK fertilizers showed the best vegetative growth and total dry mass of seedlings was significantly higher than that of 100% NPK-Mg kieserite standard dosage Abstrak Defisiensi Mg umumnya ditemukan pada tanah masam dengan tingkat pelapukan tinggi yang banyak terdapat di daerah tropik, subtropik, dan tanah yang terbentuk dari bahan induk miskin Mg. Untuk mengatasi defisiensi Mg, dolomit sering digunakan sebagai pengganti kiserit walaupun sifatnya kurang reaktif jika dibandingkan kiserit. Teknologi aktivasi dengan pemanasan mencapai 800oC, dilanjutkan dengan penambahan asam sulfat serta pengkayaan dengan bakteri pelarut fosfat diharapkan dapat meningkatkan kelarutan Mg di dalam tanah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan reaktivitas dolomit serta menetapkan efektivitas dolomit teraktivasi yang diperkaya dengan bakteri pelarut fosfat sebagai sumber hara Mg pengganti kieserit pada bibit kakao. Hasil yang diperoleh dari penelitian ini mengindikasikan bahwa kadar MgO total dan kelarutan dalam air pada dolomit teraktivasi masing-masing 26,7 dan 9,2%. Dengan menggunakan bibit kakao sebagai tanaman uji, aplikasi 3,85 g dolomit teraktivasi yang diperkaya dengan 109 cfu Pseudomonas sp./bibit yang dikombinasikan dengan 100% dosis pupuk NPK menunjukkan pertumbuhan vegetatif paling baik dan total bobot kering bibit kakao yang secara nyata lebih tinggi jika dibandingkan dengan pemberian 100% dosis standar NPK-Mg kiserit.