bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Long-Term Consumption of Sugar-Sweetened and Artificially Sweetened Beverages and Risk of Mortality in US Adults
Authors: Malik Vasanti S. , Li Yanping , Pan An , De Koning Lawrence , Schernhammer Eva , Willett Walter C. , Hu Frank B. 
Published: March 2019

Background:
Whether consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) or artificially sweetened beverages (ASBs) is associated with risk of mortality is of public health interest.

Methods:
We examined associations between consumption of SSBs and ASBs with risk of total and cause-specific mortality among 37 716 men from the Health Professional’s Follow-up study (from 1986 to 2014) and 80 647 women from the Nurses’ Health study (from 1980 to 2014) who were free from chronic diseases at baseline. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals.

Results:

We documented 36 436 deaths (7896 cardiovascular disease [CVD] and 12 380 cancer deaths) during 3 415 564 person-years of follow-up. After adjusting for major diet and lifestyle factors, consumption of SSBs was associated with a higher risk of total mortality; pooled hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) across categories (<1/mo, 1–4/mo, 2–6/week, 1-<2/d, and ≥2/d) were 1.00 (reference), 1.01 (0.98, 1.04), 1.06 (1.03, 1.09), 1.14 (1.09, 1.19), and 1.21 (1.13, 1.28;
P
trend <0.0001). The association was observed for CVD mortality (hazard ratio comparing extreme categories was 1.31 [95% confidence interval, 1.15, 1.50],
P
trend <0.0001) and cancer mortality (1.16 [1.04, 1.29],
P
trend =0.0004). ASBs were associated with total and CVD mortality in the highest intake category only; pooled hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) across categories were 1.00 (reference), 0.96 (0.93, 0.99), 0.97 (0.95, 1.00), 0.98 (0.94, 1.03), and 1.04 (1.02, 1.12;
P
trend = 0.01) for total mortality and 1.00 (reference), 0.93 (0.87, 1.00), 0.95 (0.89, 1.00), 1.02 (0.94, 1.12), and 1.13 (1.02, 1.25;
P
trend = 0.02) for CVD mortality. In cohort-specific analysis, ASBs were associated with mortality in NHS (Nurses’ Health Study) but not in HPFS (Health Professionals Follow-up Study) (
P
interaction, 0.01). ASBs were not associated with cancer mortality in either cohort.

Conclusions:
Consumption of SSBs was positively associated with mortality primarily through CVD mortality and showed a graded association with dose. The positive association between high intake levels of ASBs and total and CVD mortality observed among women requires further confirmation.
Association of Atrial Fibrillation With White Matter Disease
Authors: Shao Iris Yuefan , Power Melinda C. , Mosley Thomas , Jack Clifford , Gottesman Rebecca F. , Chen Lin Y. , Norby Faye L. , Soliman Elsayed Z. , Alonso Alvaro 
Published: March 2019

Background and Purpose—
Evidence suggests that atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with increased risk of cognitive decline and dementia, even in the absence of stroke. White matter disease (WMD) is a potential mechanism linking AF to cognitive impairment. In this study, we explored the association between prevalent AF and WMD.

Methods—
We performed a cross-sectional analysis of participants attending the ARIC-NCS (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities–Neurocognitive Study) in 2011 to 2013 who underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging. AF was ascertained from study visit electrocardiograms or prior hospitalization codes. Extent of WMD was defined by measures of white matter (WM) microstructural integrity and WM hyperintensity volume. Multivariable linear regression models were used to assess the association between AF and WMD.

Results—

Among 1899 participants (mean age, 76 years; 28% black; 60% women), 133 (7%) had prevalent AF. After multivariable adjustment, differences between participants with and without AF were −0.001 (95% CI, −0.006 to 0.004) for global WM fractional anisotropy, 0.031×10
−4
mm
2
/s (95% CI, −0.075 to 0.137) for global WM mean diffusivity, and 0.08 mm
3
(95% CI, −0.14 to 0.30) for WM hyperintensity volume.

Conclusions—
The results suggest that there is no association between prevalent AF and WMD.
Impact of Endovascular Therapy in Patients With Large Ischemic Core
Authors: Kakita Hiroto , Yoshimura Shinichi , Uchida Kazutaka , Sakai Nobuyuki , Yamagami Hiroshi , Morimoto Takeshi ,   RESCUE-Japan Registry 2 Investigators, Doijiri Ryosuke , Enomoto Yukiko , Ezura Masayuki , Fukawa Norihito , Furui Eisuke , Handa Akira , Haraguchi Koichi , Hatano Taketo , Hayase Makoto , Hiyama Nagayasu , Iihara Koji , Ikeda Norio , Imai Keisuke , Ishihara Hideyuki , Itabashi Ryou , Kamiya Yuki , Kanbayashi Chisaku , Kimura Kazumi , Kitagawa Kazuo , Kiura Yoshihiro , Kobayashi Junya , Kojima Takao , Kondo Ryuji , Kuwayama Naoya , Matsumaru Yuji , Matsumoto Keigo , Matsumoto Yoshihisa , Minematsu Kazuo , Morimoto Masafumi , Nii Kohei , Ogasawara Kuniaki , Ohnishi Hiroyuki , Ohta Hajime , Ohta Takahiro , Okada Yasushi , Onda Toshiyuki , Sakaguchi Manabu , Sakamoto Shigeyuki , Sasaki Makoto , Satomi Junichiro , Shibata Masunari , Shindo Atsushi , Takeuchi Masataka , Tanahashi Norio , Toma Naoki , Toyoda Kazunori , Tsumoto Tomoyuki , Tsuruta Wataro , Uchiyama Naoyuki , Yagita Yoshiki , Yamashita Taro , Yamamoto Daisuke , Yamaura Ikuya , Yamazaki Takaaki , Yasuda Hiroaki 
Published: March 2019

Background and Purpose—
Endovascular therapy (EVT) is strongly recommended for acute cerebral large vessel occlusion with the Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (ASPECTS) ≥6 due to occlusion of the internal carotid artery or M1 segment of the middle cerebral artery. However, the effect of EVT for patients who have ischemic core with ASPECTS ≤5 (0–5) was not established. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the outcomes of EVT for patients with large ischemic core.

Methods—
Based on the data of The Recovery by Endovascular Salvage for Cerebral Ultra-Acute Embolism Japan Registry 2, patients with internal carotid artery or M1 segment of the middle cerebral artery occlusion and pretreatment ASPECTS 0 to 5 on noncontrast CT or diffusion-weighted image were extracted, and the outcomes by EVT were analyzed. Primary end point was defined as a good functional outcome (modified Rankin Scale score of ≤2) after 90 days.

Result—

Among 2420 registered patients, 504 patients were with internal carotid artery or M1 segment of the middle cerebral artery occlusion and ASPECTS 0 to 5. Among these 504 patients, 172 (34.1 %) were treated with EVT (EVT group) and 332 (65.9 %) without (no-EVT group). In the no-EVT group, elderly patients, females, poor prestroke modified Rankin Scale, high National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, low ASPECTS, and late admission were significantly more observed. Good functional outcomes were significantly more observed in the EVT group than in the no-EVT group (19.8 % versus 4.2 %;
P
<0.0001; adjusted odds ratio, 2.33; 95% CI, 1.10–4.94). The incidences of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage within 72 hours did not significantly different between the EVT group and the no-EVT group (3.7 % versus 4.9%;
P
=0.55; adjusted odds ratio, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.14–1.73).

Conclusions—
Although outcomes in this group of patients were usually poor, the data suggested EVT may increase the likelihood of a good functional outcome.
Axisymmetric Constraints on Cross-Equatorial Hadley Cell Extent
Authors: Hill Spencer A. , Bordoni Simona , Mitchell Jonathan L. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractWe consider the relevance of known constraints from each of Hide’s theorem, the angular momentum–conserving (AMC) model, and the equal-area model on the extent of cross-equatorial Hadley cells. These theories respectively posit that a Hadley circulation must span all latitudes where the radiative–convective equilibrium (RCE) absolute angular momentum satisfies or or where the RCE absolute vorticity satisfies ; all latitudes where the RCE zonal wind exceeds the AMC zonal wind; and over a range such that depth-averaged potential temperature is continuous and that energy is conserved. The AMC model requires knowledge of the ascent latitude , which needs not equal the RCE forcing maximum latitude . Whatever the value of , we demonstrate that an AMC cell must extend at least as far into the winter hemisphere as the summer hemisphere. The equal-area model predicts , always placing it poleward of . As is moved poleward (at a given thermal Rossby number), the equal-area-predicted Hadley circulation becomes implausibly large, while both and become increasingly displaced poleward of the minimal cell extent based on Hide’s theorem (i.e., of supercritical forcing). In an idealized dry general circulation model, cross-equatorial Hadley cells are generated, some spanning nearly pole to pole. All homogenize angular momentum imperfectly, are roughly symmetric in extent about the equator, and appear in extent controlled by the span of supercritical forcing.
Quantification and Exploration of Diurnal Oscillations in Tropical Cyclones
Authors: Knaff John A. , Slocum Christopher J. , Musgrave Kate D. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractDiurnal oscillations of infrared cloud-top brightness temperatures (Tbs) in tropical cyclones (TCs) as inferred from storm-centered, direction-relative longwave infrared (~11 μm) imagery are quantified for Northern Hemisphere TCs (2005–15) using statistical methods. These methods show that 45%, 54%, and 61% of at least tropical storm-, hurricane-, and major hurricane-strength TC cases have moderate or strong diurnal signals. Principal component analysis–based average behavior of all TCs with intensities of 34 kt (17.5 m s−1) or greater is shown to have a nearly symmetric diurnal signal where Tbs oscillate from warm to cold and cold to warm within and outside of a radius of approximately 220 km, with maximum central cooling occurring in the early morning (0300–0800 local standard time), and a nearly simultaneous maximum warming occurring near the 500-km radius—a radial standing wave with a node near 220-km radius. Amplitude and phase of these diurnal oscillations are quantified for individual 24-h periods (or cases) relative to the mean oscillation. Details of the diurnal behavior of TCs are used to examine preferred storm and environmental characteristics using a combination of spatial, composite, and regression analyses. Results suggest that diurnal, cloud-top Tb oscillations in TCs are strongest and most regular when storm characteristics (e.g., intensity and motion) and environmental conditions (e.g., vertical wind shear and low-level temperature advection) support azimuthally symmetric storm structures and when surrounding mid- and upper-level relative humidity values are greater. Finally, it is hypothesized that larger mid- and upper-level relative humidity values are necessary ingredients for robust, large-amplitude, and regular diurnal oscillations of Tbs in TCs.
Characterising anxiety in major depressive disorder and its use in predicting antidepressant treatment outcome: An iSPOT-D report
Authors: Braund Taylor A , Palmer Donna M , Williams Leanne M , Harris Anthony WF 
Published: March 2019

Objective: Major depressive disorder commonly co-occurs with one or more anxiety disorders or with clinically significant levels of anxiety symptoms. Although evidence suggests that anxious forms of depression are prognostic of poorer antidepressant outcomes, there is no clear definition of anxious depression, and inferences about clinical outcomes are thus limited. Our objective was to compare and evaluate definitions of anxious depression and anxiety-related scales according to clinical and antidepressant outcome criteria. Method: A total of 1008 adults with a current diagnosis of single-episode or recurrent, nonpsychotic, major depressive disorder were assessed at baseline on clinical features. Participants were then randomised to one of three antidepressants and reassessed at 8 weeks regarding remission and response of the 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale Depression (HRSD17) and the 16-item Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS-SR16). Anxious depression was defined as major depressive disorder with one or more anxiety disorders or major depressive disorder with a HRSD17 anxiety/somatisation factor score ⩾7. Anxiety-related scales included the HRSD17 anxiety/somatisation factor and the 42-item Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS42) anxiety and stress subscales. Results: Anxious depression definitions showed poor agreement (κ = 0.15) and the HRSD17 anxiety/somatisation factor was weakly correlated with both DASS42 anxiety ( r = 0.24) and stress subscales ( r = 0.20). Anxious depression definitions were also associated with few impairments on clinical features and did not predict poorer antidepressant treatment outcome. However, higher DASS42 anxiety predicted poorer HRSD17 and QIDS-SR16 remission, and item-level analysis found higher scores on items 9 (situational anxiety) and 23 (somatic anxiety) of the DASS42 predicted poorer treatment outcome, even after adjusting for covariates and multiple comparisons. Conclusion: Common definitions of anxious depression show poor agreement and do not predict poorer treatment outcome. Anxiety symptoms may be better characterised dimensionally using DASS42 when predicting treatment outcome.
International Tourism in a North–South Model: A Theoretical Analysis
Authors: Gupta Manash Ranjan , Dutta Priya Brata 
Published: March 2019

We develop a static North–South model where North and South are interlinked through international tourism. Northern consumers have demand for southern non-tradable tourism service. Northern development generates additional income in the hands of northern consumers and thus raises their demand for tourism service in South. This leads to a reallocation of resources between the tourism sector and the non-tourism sector in South and thus affects its nature of development. We derive many interesting results from this model. International tourism can act as an engine to solve the poverty problem of southern workers through functional redistribution of southern income. However, it can also act as a constraint to southern economic growth through reduction in its level of investment. Northern development may lower the level of southern real income deflated by the price of southern non-traded tourism service and thus may lead to a welfare loss when the preferences of southern consumers are biased in favour of tourism service. In the case of a labour surplus South, northern development always raises the real income of South through international tourism. JEL Codes: F22, Z32
Welfare Effect of Free Trade Agreements: A Theoretical Note
Authors: Mandal Avijit 
Published: March 2019

Kemp and Wan (1976, Journal of International Economics, 6(1), 95–97) show that customs unions can be welfare enhancing if the imports from the rest of the world (ROW) by the union members are fixed both before and after the formation of the union. This note extends their argument to the case of (a) two small open economies (SOEs) joining a free trade agreement (FTA) and (b) a single SOE joining a pre-existing FTA among similar economies. The particular compensation principle considered is the one suggested by Grinols (1981, Journal of International Economics, 11(2), 259–266). According to this argument, welfare gain is ensured if tariff revenue rises in the post-FTA situation. For our case, this compensation principle translates to the following: welfare gain can be ensured only when import from ROW (with whom the FTA was not signed) rises. Since this will amount to a (meaningless) negative trade diversion effect in the context of the FTA, the source of any such revenue rise has to be external. The general conclusion of the article is therefore that it may be impossible for an FTA per se to ensure increased welfare for SOEs. JEL Codes: F13, F15
Impact of Income and Education on Socio-Political Values of Women: An Empirical Study of Pakistani Working Women
Authors: Zafar Rida 
Published: March 2019

A significant number of studies indicate that economic prosperity promotes higher values such as democracy, equality and freedom of choice. Pakistan has witnessed a considerable increase in the size of the middle class contributing to the increased participation of women in the labour force. This increase may translate into higher values among working women across income classes. This article draws on structured interviews ( n = 350) with working women in the metropolis Lahore to investigate the extent their socioeconomic status is linked with self-expressive values. By using the ordinal logit model, this paper observes that significant differences exist in women’s perceptions and values across income and education groups. This study confirms that women with higher income and education levels are more independent in their choices. They exercise more authority in their personal and public life. Results also confirm their considerable interest in the democratization process and diminishing involvement in religious practices relative to middle- and lower-income and education groups. JEL Classification: A13, F63 Z13, C30
Perioperative intraperitoneal metabolic markers in patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass: an exploratory pilot study
Authors: Seilitz Jenny , Vidlund Mårten , Axelsson Birger , Nilsson Kristofer F , Norgren Lars , Friberg Örjan , Jansson Kjell 
Published: March 2019

Background: Cardiopulmonary bypass and postoperative cardiac dysfunction cause splanchnic hypoperfusion resulting in intra-abdominal anaerobic metabolism and risk for gastrointestinal complications. The intra-abdominal metabolism can be monitored by intraperitoneal measurement of relevant metabolites using microdialysis. The aim of this study was to investigate the intraperitoneal metabolism using microdialysis during and after cardiopulmonary bypass at 34°C. Methods: In six patients undergoing elective coronary artery bypass grafting or aortic valve replacement under cardiopulmonary bypass, microdialysis was used to measure intraperitoneal and subcutaneous glucose, lactate, pyruvate, glycerol and glutamate concentrations, intraoperatively and up to 36 hours postoperatively. Arterial and central venous blood gases were analysed as were haemodynamics and the development of complications. Results: All patients had an ordinary perioperative course and did not develop gastrointestinal complications. The arterial, intraperitoneal and subcutaneous lactate concentrations changed during the perioperative course with differences between compartments. The highest median (interquartile range) concentration was recorded in the intraperitoneal compartment at 1 hour after the end of cardiopulmonary bypass (2.1 (1.9–2.5) mM compared to 1.3 (1.2–1.7) mM and 1.5 (1.0–2.2) mM in the arterial and subcutaneous compartments, respectively). In parallel with the peak increase in lactate concentration, the intraperitoneal lactate/pyruvate ratio was elevated to 33.4 (12.9–54.1). Conclusion: In cardiac surgery, intraperitoneal microdialysis detected changes in the abdominal metabolic state, which were more pronounced than could be shown by arterial blood gas analysis. Despite an uneventful perioperative course, patients undergoing low-risk surgery under cardiopulmonary bypass might be subjected to a limited and subclinical intra-abdominal anaerobic state.
Hydrolytic degradation and in vivo resorption of poly-l-lactic acid-chitosan biomedical devices in the parietal bones of Wistar rats
Authors: Humberto Valencia Carlos 
Published: March 2019

Objectives This study sought to describe events related to the degradation/resorption of a device composed of polylactic acid (PLA) after implantation into Wistar rats. Methods Five-millimeter-diameter PLA rigid scaffolds and flexible analogs were elaborated, bioactivated through culture with osteoblasts, and implanted into the parietal bones of adult Wistar rats after 15 days. After 3 months, the samples were recovered and analyzed via optical microscopy (histochemical techniques) and scanning electron microscopy. This research was approved by the animal ethics review committee of Universidad of Valle in Cali, Colombia, according to the endorsement of the ethics committee CEAS 001-016. Results Initially, there was surface erosion and fragmentation of the device, inducing an inflammatory response compatible with the foreign body reaction, in addition to the presence of a pseudocapsule and a mixed inflammatory infiltrate that was responsible for phagocytosis of the material. Regeneration of the defect via the apposition of new bone occurred simultaneously with resorption of the material. Conclusions The results illustrated that the degradation/resorption of PLA occurs in a centripetal pattern.
Performance and Return to Sport After Ulnar Nerve Decompression/Transposition Among Professional Baseball Players
Authors: Erickson Brandon J. , Chalmers Peter N. , D’Angelo John , Ma Kevin , Romeo Anthony A. 
Published: March 2019

Background: Isolated ulnar nerve decompression/transposition is an uncommon surgical procedure among professional baseball players. Purpose/Hypothesis: To determine performance and rate of return to sport (RTS) among professional baseball players after isolated ulnar nerve decompression/transposition, including those who required decompression/transposition after ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction (UCLR), and to compare outcomes between cases and matched controls. The authors hypothesized a high rate of RTS among professional baseball players undergoing isolated ulnar nerve decompression/transposition with no difference in RTS rate or performance between cases and controls as related to earned run average, WHIP ([walks + hits]/innings pitched), wins above replacement, and on base + slugging percentage. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Utilizing the injury database of Major League Baseball, we identified all professional baseball players who underwent isolated ulnar nerve decompression/transposition between 2010 and 2016. De-identified demographic and performance data (before and after surgery) for each player were recorded from Major League Baseball records. Performance metrics were then compared between cases and matched controls. Results: The study included 52 players; 83% were pitchers; and 14 underwent prior UCLR. Most surgical procedures (92%) were anterior subcutaneous transpositions. Overall, 62% of players were able to successfully RTS, and 56% returned to the same or higher level. There was no significant difference between cases and controls in the majority of pre- and postoperative performance metrics—specifically, earned run average, WHIP, wins above replacement, and on base + slugging percentage. When players who had UCLR before ulnar nerve decompression/transposition were compared with controls with a history of UCLR but no subsequent ulnar nerve decompression/transposition, the only performance difference of all the recorded metrics was that cases allowed more walks per 9 innings (4.4 vs 2.8, P = .011). Conclusion: Anterior subcutaneous transposition is the most common surgical procedure among professional baseball players to address ulnar neuropathy at the elbow. Players have a 62% rate of RTS, which is lower than expected for this nonreconstruction or repair procedure. For players who successfully RTS, performance metrics versus matched controls remained the same except for allowing significantly more walks per 9 innings. Postoperatively, pitchers with UCLR before ulnar nerve decompression/transposition who had a successful RTS performed the same as matched controls with prior UCLR without subsequent ulnar nerve decompression/transposition.