bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experiences With Medical Exemptions After a Change in Vaccine Exemption Policy in California
Authors: Mohanty Salini , Buttenheim Alison M. , Joyce Caroline M. , Howa Amanda C. , Salmon Daniel , Omer Saad B. 
Published: October 2018

OBJECTIVES:
In 2015, California passed Senate Bill 227 (SB277), eliminating nonmedical vaccine exemptions for school entry. Our objective for this study was to describe the experiences of health officers and immunization staff addressing medical exemption requests under SB277.

METHODS:
We conducted semistructured telephone interviews between August 2017 and September 2017 with health officers and immunization staff from local health jurisdictions in California. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed for key themes.

RESULTS:
We conducted 34 interviews with 40 health officers and immunization staff representing 35 of the 61 local health jurisdictions in California. Four main themes emerged related to experiences with medical exemptions: (1) the role of stakeholders, (2) reviewing medical exemptions received by schools, (3) medical exemptions that were perceived as problematic, and (4) frustration and concern over medical exemptions. Generally, local health jurisdictions described a narrow role in providing support and technical assistance to schools. Only 5 jurisdictions actively tracked medical exemptions received by schools, with 1 jurisdiction facing a lawsuit as a result. Examples were provided of medical exemptions that listed family history of allergies and autoimmune diseases as contraindications for immunization and of physicians charging steep fees for medical exemptions. Participants also reported concerns about the increase in medical exemptions after the implementation of SB277.

CONCLUSIONS:
Participants reported many challenges and concerns with medical exemptions under SB277. Without additional legal changes, including a standardized review of medical exemptions, some physicians may continue to write medical exemptions for vaccine-hesitant parents, potentially limiting the long-term impact of SB277.
Pengaruh Anomali Iklim (Enso Dan Iod) Terhadap Sebaran Ikan Pedang (Xiphias Gladius) Di Samudera Hindia Bagian Timur
Authors: Setyadji Bram , Amri Khairul 
Published: October 2018

Anomali iklim seperti ENSO dan Dipole Mode mempengaruhi dinamika massa air di bagian timur Samudera Hindia serta berdampak terhadap pola sebaran dan hasil tangkapan ikan. Ikan pedang yang tertangkap di bagian timur Samudera Hindia merupakan hasil tangkap sampingan (by catch) rawai tuna. Meskipun mempunyai nilai ekonomis yang tinggi, penelitian mengenai keterkaitan faktor lingkungan dengan hasil tangkapan dan sebaran ikan pedang, masih belum banyak dilakukan. Tulisan ini membahas pengaruh anomali iklim (ENSO dan Dipole Mode) terhadap sebaran hasil tangkapan dan sebaran spasial-temporal ikan pedang di bagian timur Samudera Hindia. Data paremeter lingkungan yang digunakan berupa sebaran suhu permukaan laut (SPL) atau Sea Surface Temperature(SST) dan klorfil-a permukaan (SSC=Sea Surface Chlorophyll) hasil pengukuran sensor Satelit Aqua MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) L-2 dengan format bulanan. Data ikan pedang merupakan data kombinasi hasil pendaratan di Pelabuhan Benoa 2002–2014 dan data pemantauan ilmiah Loka Penelitian Perikanan Tuna 2005–2014. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ada anomali iklim yang mempengaruhi hasil tangkapan per upaya (Catch per Unit Effort/CPUE) dan diduga juga mempengaruhi recruitment ikan pedang. Nilai CPUE tahunan tertinggi (0,16 ikan/100 pancing) terjadi pada event El-Nino moderate (2009) dimana terjadi peningkatan produktivitas primer, sebaliknya CPUE tahunan terendah (0,08 ikan/100 pancing) pada event IOD negatif moderate (2005) yang dampaknya sama dengan La-Nina, yakni penurunan produktivitas primer. Indikasi ini diperkuat dengan hasil pengamatan bulanan dimana nilai CPUE tertinggi pada Juni (periode berlangsungnya upwelling di selatan Jawa), sebaliknya pada bulan Desember CPUE rendah (ketika kesuburan perairan menurun). Dominansi hasil tangkapan ikan muda periode 2007-2011, diduga merupakan generasi baru recruitment dari keberhasilan pemijahan sebelumnya, saat terjadi event consecutive IOD positif (tiga tahun berturut-turut: 2006-2007-2008) meningkatkan produktivitas primer secara signifikan akibat intensitas upwelling yang tinggi.
Desain dan Layout Tambak Garam Semi Intensif Skala Kecil di Lahan Terbatas
Authors: Bramawanto Rikha 
Published: October 2018

Tambak garam rakyat di Indonesia pada umumnya dikelola dalam ukuran kecil, di Jawa Barat dan Pulau Madura hanya berkisar antara 0,3 sampai 1,7 hektar/orang dengan musim produksi hanya berkisar antara 3,5 – 4 bulan. Pola pengelolaan secara konvensional menjadi sebab belum optimalnya produksi garam rakyat, khususnya pada aspek kualitas. Hal tersebut membuat kehidupan petambak selama setahun belum dapat tercukupi, terutama untuk petambak garam sistem sewa atau bagi hasil. Petambak garam skala kecil membutuhkan solusi alternatif untuk meningkatkan produktivitasnya. Beberapa informasi eksisting seperti luas pengelolaan per orang dan produktivitas tambak, biaya produksi dan harga garam dijadikan dasar untuk menentukan target jumlah produksi dan kebutuhan luas lahan rasional sehingga dapat dibuat suatu desain dan layout tambak garam yang ideal dan ekonomis. Target penerimaan total minimal Rp 41.512.336,- dapat dicapai melalui produksi 100 ton garam per tahun. Berdasarkan perhitungan kesetimbangan massa air tua (brine), untuk memproduksi 100 ton garam dibutuhkan 5.000 m3 air laut dan luas lahan sekitar 1 hektar dengan rasio reservoir : condenser1 : condenser2 : meja kristalisasi adalah 1 : 5 : 1.7 : 1.7. Luas tambak tersebut masih memungkinkan untuk 8 siklus produksi, yaitu 1 siklus awal dan 7 siklus masa pungut garam setiap 10 hari pada kondisi musim kemarau normal. Desain layout ini merupakan hasil perhitungan dan simulasi, namun masih perlu dilakukan penerapan dan pengujian pada skala percobaan maupun skala yang sesungguhnya untuk mengetahui efektifitas desain dan layout tambak garam semi intensif.
AVALIAÇÃO DE DIFERENTES MODELOS, VAZÕES E ESPAÇAMENTOS DE GOTEJADORES NA IRRIGAÇÃO DO MELOEIRO
Authors: Dias Nildo Da Silva , Medeiros José Francismar de , Teixeira Marconi Batista 
Published: October 2018

AVALIAÇÃO DE DIFERENTES MODELOS, VAZÕES E ESPAÇAMENTOS DE GOTEJADORES NA IRRIGAÇÃO DO MELOEIRO Nildo Da Silva Dias1; José Francismar De Medeiros1; Marconi Batista Teixeira21Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, Escola Superior de Agricultura de Mossoró, Mossoró, RN2Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP 1 RESUMO Com objetivo de avaliar os efeitos de diferentes modelos, vazões e espaçamentos de gotejadores novos e após um ciclo cultural do meloeiro, no desenvolvimento da cultura do meloeiro, foi realizado um experimento na fazenda São João Ltda, Município de Mossoró-RN. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados completos em parcelas subdivididas com três repetições. Nas parcelas experimentais foram instaladas diferentes linhas de gotejador, cujos tratamentos foram identificados de acordo com o modelo, vazão e espaçamento, respectivamente: katif 3,75 L h-1, 0,80 m – L1; katif 3,75 L h-1, 0,60 m - L2; katif 2,3 L h-1, 0,60 m – L3; katif 2,3 L h-1, 0,40 m – L4; Hydrodrip II 2,3 L h-1, 0,50 m – L5; Hydrodrip II 2,3 L h-1, 0,30 m – L6; Netafim ST-125 1,65 L h-1 0,50 m - L7; Chapin 15 Mil 1,12 L h-1, 0,30 m – L8; Queen gil 1,42 L h-1,0,30 m - L9. Nas subparcelas caracterizaram-se os tempos de determinação: antes do cultivo – T1 e após o primeiro cultivo – T2. Os resultados demonstraram que os valores médios de vazão aumentaram significativamente com o tempo de uso e que os valores médios dos coeficientes de variação de vazão e uniformidade foram adequados para todas as linhas de gotejadores estudadas. UNITERMOS: Cucumis melo L., coeficiente de uniformidade de vazão, coeficiente de variação DIAS, N. da S; MEDEIROS, J. F. de; TEIXEIRA, M. B. EVALUATION OF MODELS, FLOW RATES AND SPACING OF DRIP EMITTERS FOR MELON IRRIGATION 2 ABSTRACT An experiment was developed at São João Ltda farm in Mossoró-RN, Brazil, in order to evaluate models, spacing and flow rates of drip emitters used in melon culture irrigation. The experimental design had completely randomized blocks and drip lines that were settled with three replications and identified according to the model, flow rate and spacing, respectively: Katif 3.75 L h-1, 0.80 m – L1; Katif 3.75 L h-1, 0.60 m - L2; Katif 2.3 L h-1, 0.60 m – L3; Katif 2.3 L h-1, 0.40 m – L4; Hydrodrip II 2.3 L h-1, 0.50 m – L5; Hydrodrip II 2.3 L h-1, 0.30 m – L6; Netafim ST-125 1.65 L h-1 0.50 m - L7; Chapin 15 Mil 1.12 L h-1, 0.30 m – L8; and Queen gil 1.42 L h-1, 0.30 m - L9. Two periods were also evaluated: before melon plantation (T1) and after it (T2_). The results showed that the flow rate averages increased significantly overtime and flow rate variation coefficient and uniformity coefficient averages were appropriate for all drip lines studied. KEYWORDS: Cucumis melo L., uniformity coefficient, flow rate variation coefficient
AVALIAÇÃO DE EQUIPAMENTOS PARA DETERMINAÇÃO DA CONDUTIVIDADE ELÉTRICA DO SOLO.
Authors: Queiroz Sérgio Oliveira Pinto de , Testezlaf Roberto , Matsura Edson Eiji 
Published: October 2018

AVALIAÇÃO DE EQUIPAMENTOS PARA DETERMINAÇÃO DA CONDUTIVIDADE ELÉTRICA DO SOLO. Sérgio Oliveira Pinto De Queiroz1; Roberto Testezlaf2; Edson Eiji Matsura21Departamento de Tecnologia e Ciências Sociais, Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Juazeiro, BA, 2Departamento de Água e Solo, Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP 1 RESUMOA salinização de solos representa um dos graves problemas da agricultura irrigada. Sob condições de ambiente protegido, a irrigação é essencial e a fertirrigação um agente facilitador do manejo da irrigação e fertilização. Todavia o seu uso intensivo no processo produtivo, acresce ao potencial de salinização da água, aquele inerente aos fertilizantes. O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar diferentes métodos para determinação da condutividade elétrica do solo, quando comparados ao método do extrato de saturação. Em laboratório foram avaliados os equipamentos Sensor Sigma Probe EC1 da Delta-T e extrator de solução à vácuo. Os equipamentos foram utilizados em três solos com diferentes texturas e sob cinco níveis de salinidade: 0, 2, 4, 8 e 12 dS. m-1 a 25° C. Os resultados obtidos foram avaliados por análise de regressão e variância. Dentre os equipamentos avaliados na fase laboratorial [U1], o sigma Probe EC1 apresentou o melhor resultado na determinação da condutividade elétrica do solo, quando comparado ao extrato de saturação, em solos não salinos e salinos, todavia os resultados obtidos não permitem recomendar o uso dos mesmos para determinação da condutividade elétrica em solos salinos. UNITERMOS: condutividade elétrica, fertirrigação. QUEIROZ, S. O. P. de; TESTEZLAF, R.; MATSURA E. E. EVALUATION OF EQUIPMENTS FOR SOIL ELECTRIC CONDUCTIVITY DETERMINATION 2 ABSTRACT Soil salinization represents one of the most serious problems of irrigated agriculture. Under controled environmental conditions, irrigation is essential and the use of fertigation becomes a facilitator agent for the irrigation and fertilization management. However, the intensive use of fertigation in this type of productive process increases water salinization potential, which is inherent to the fertilizers. The objective of the present study was to evaluate different methods to determine electric conductivity of the soil, when compared to the saturation extract. Sigma Probe EC1, manufactured by Delta-T, and vacuum solution manufactured extractors were evaluate under laboratory conditions. This equipment was used in three different texture soils, under five levels of salinity: 0, 2, 4, 8 and 12 dS. m-1 at 25° C. The obtained results were evaluated by regression analysis. Among the used equipment in laboratory, the sigma Probe EC1 presented better results in soil electrical conductivity determination, when compared to saturation extract, in saline and non-saline soils; however the obtained results show that its use is not recommended to determine electric conductivity in saline soils. KEYWORDS: electric conductivity, fertigation.
OBSTRUÇÃO DE GOTEJADORES UTILIZADOS PARA A APLICAÇÃO DE ÁGUA RESIDUÁRIA DA DESPOLPA DOS FRUTOS DO CAFEEIRO
Authors: Batista Rafael Oliveira , Matos Antonio Teixeira de , Cunha Fernando França da , Lo Monaco Paola Alfonsa 
Published: October 2018

OBSTRUÇÃO DE GOTEJADORES UTILIZADOS PARA A APLICAÇÃO DE ÁGUA RESIDUÁRIA DA DESPOLPA DOS FRUTOS DO CAFEEIRO Rafael Oliveira Batista; Antonio Teixeira de Matos; Fernando França da Cunha; Paola Alfonsa Lo MonacoDepartamento de Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Federal de Viçosa , Viçosa, MG. 1 RESUMO A realização deste trabalho objetivou identificar os principais fatores causadores de entupimento em gotejadores tipo fita, quando utilizados para a aplicação de água residuária bruta da despolpa dos frutos do cafeeiro (ARCB) e tratada em filtro orgânico (ARCF). Foi montada uma estrutura hidráulica de avaliação, constituída de gotejadores do modelo AQUA-TRAXX, não autocompensante, posicionados no espaçamento de0,3 m. Manteve-se a pressão de serviço no início das linhas laterais em 101 kPa, e quantificaram-se a intervalos de 36 horas, as vazões dos gotejadores, até a obtenção de um tempo total de 144 horas de operação do sistema. Com a aplicação de ARCB, houve redução de 100% no CUD após 36 horas e, com a aplicação da ARCF, essa redução ocorreu após 144 horas de funcionamento do sistema. A utilização do filtro orgânico retardou o entupimento dos gotejadores, entretanto, não preveniu o desenvolvimento do filme biológico na tubulação e junto aos emissores. A formação de biofilme foi resultante da interação entre bactérias formadoras de mucilagens (principalmente aeróbias mesófilas, para a ARCB, e enterobactérias, para a ARCF) e sólidos suspensos e dissolvidos, consistindo no principal fator de entupimento parcial e total dos gotejadores. UNITERMOS: Biofilme, entupimento, emissores. BATISTA, R. O.; MATOS, A. T. DE; CUNHA, F. F. DA; LOMONACO, P. A. OBSTRUCTION OF DRIP TAPE USED FOR APPLYING WASTEWATER FROM COFFEE FRUITS PULPING 2 ABSTRACT This study aimed to identify the main factors of the drip tape clogging, when used in the application of untreated wastewater from coffee fruit pulping (ARCB) and treated wastewater from an organic filter (ARCF). For that, a hydraulic structure of evaluation was built, consisting of non-pressure compensating drippers of the model AQUA-TRAXX positioned in 0.3m spacing. Service pressure was kept, in the beginning of the lateral lines, at 101 kPa; the discharges of the drippers were quantified every 36 hours, until a total time of 144 hours of the system operation. For the ARCB application, the CUD reduction was 100%, after 36 hours of the system operation, and for the ARCF application, this reduction was verified after 144 hours. The use of the organic filter delayed the clogging of the drippers but this did not prevent the biofilm development on the tubes and emitters. The biofilm formation was resultant of the interaction between mucilage producer bacteria (mainly aerobic mesophilic, for the ARCB, and enterobacteria, for the ARCF) and suspended and dissolved solids that consisted the main factor of partial and total clogging of drippers. KEYWORDS: Biofilm, clogging, emitters.
MÉTODOS ESTIMADORES DOS PARÂMETROS DA DISTRIBUIÇÃO DE GUMBEL E SUA INFLUÊNCIA EM ESTUDOS HIDROLÓGICOS DE PROJETO
Authors: Mello Carlos Rogério de , Silva Antônio Marciano da 
Published: October 2018

MÉTODOS ESTIMADORES DOS PARÂMETROS DA DISTRIBUIÇÃO DE GUMBEL E SUA INFLUÊNCIA EM ESTUDOS HIDROLÓGICOS DE PROJETO Carlos Rogério de Mello; Antônio Marciano da SilvaLaboratório de Hidráulica, Departamento de Engenharia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG, rog.mello@terra.com.br 1 RESUMO Este trabalho objetiva estudar os efeitos que o método de estimativa dos parâmetros da distribuição de Gumbel proporcionam na estimativa da equação de chuvas intensas aplicando-se um modelo chuva-vazão, a conseqüente influência no hidrograma de projeto. Trabalhou-se com 7 estações pluviométricas da região Alto Rio Grande, ajustando-se a distribuição Gumbel à série histórica de precipitação máxima diária anual, pelas metodologias da Máxima Verossimilhança e Momentos. Utilizando o método de desagregação de chuvas, estimaram-se as respectivas equações de chuvas intensas. Com o método CN-SCS foram gerados os hidrogramas de projeto para uma bacia hidrográfica hipotética. Por meio do teste de l2, foram feitas comparações entre os modelos ajustados pelas metodologias. Verificou-se que as séries históricas ajustadas por Máxima Verossimilhança produziram os menores valores de l2, concluindo sobre a sua maior precisão. No entanto, os efeitos na geração da equação de chuvas intensas e por conseqüência, no hidrograma de projeto, apresentaram variações que, em alguns casos, foram de magnitude considerável, e em outros, de menor relevância em termos práticos. UNITERMOS: equação de chuvas intensas, máxima verossimilhança, método dos momentos. MELLO, C.R.de; SILVA, A. M. da. ESTIMATING METHODS OF GUMBEL PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION PARAMETERS AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON DESIGN HYDROLOGIC STUDIES 2 ABSTRACT This work aimed to evaluate the influence of parameter estimating methods of Gumbel probability distribution for adjustment of p-d-f rainfall equation and, through rainfall-runoff model, generation of design hydrograph. Maximum annual daily rainfall from seven (7) weather stations, belonging to Alto Rio Grande region, were used and Gumbel probability distribution was adjusted to its parameters, which were estimated by the methods of Maximum Likelihood and Moment. Qui-square statistical test was applied to evaluate the accuracy of both methods. Desegregation rainfall technique was applied to estimate the respective p-d-f rainfall equations. CN-SCS method was used, based on estimated p-d-f rainfall equations to generate the design hydrograph for a hypothetical watershed. Through qui-squared test, adjusted methods were compared using different methodologies. Historical series that were adjusted by estimated parameters of Maximum Likelihood were more accurate, based on slower qui-square. However, effects on p-d-f rainfall equations and design hydrograph showed considerable differences in any situations, but in others these variations had smaller relevance in practical situations. KEYWORDS: p-d-f rainfall equation, Maximum Likelihood, Method of Moments.
First Year of Life: Prenatal Craniofacial Development
Authors: Sperber Geoffrey H. 
Published: October 2018

And surely we are all out of the computation of our age, and every man is some months elder than he bethinks him; for we live, move, have a being and are subject to the actions of the elements, and the malice of diseases, in that other World, the truest Microcosm, the Womb of our Mother. Sir Thomas Browne Religio Medici, 1642
Some Methods of Assessing Postnatal Craniofaciodental Growth: A Retrospective of Personal Research
Authors: Sarnat Bernard G. 
Published: October 2018

Objective The purposes of this review and summary are to evaluate several selected significant clinical and basic science methods utilized to assess growth of bone(s), and in particular craniofaciodental growth: appositional and resorptive (bone), endochondral (bones), and sutural (bones). This personal retrospective report includes in part anthropometry, impressions and casts, vital markers, histology, radiopaque implant markers with and without serial cephalometric radiographs, and autoradiography. Knowledge obtained from the use of these various methods on rats, ground squirrels, rabbits, pigs, dogs, monkeys, and humans has contributed to a deeper and more fundamental understanding of both the processes and roles that craniofaciodental biology plays in the advancement not only of basic biology but also of craniofacial surgery. Growth and development of the skeletal system has an important role in determining body form. The dynamics of growth of bones is a complicated process. A number of different methods have been described by which growth of bones can be evaluated on both a quantitative and qualitative basis. No single method, however, should be relied on, because although it may have certain definite advantages, it also has its limitations. The use of all available methods at both the basic and the clinical science levels will give a more complete and accurate understanding of the problems associated with the growth of bone(s). Conclusions Many of us are concerned with the correction of malformations and deformations that can be a result of faulty growth of bones. Thus, further knowledge obtained in regard to the sites, direction, and amount of growth as well as pattern, rate, and mechanism will lead not only to a more accurate diagnosis of the bony defect but also to a better understanding of both prevention and treatment.
Effects of Fetus Weight, Dam Strain, Dam Weight, and Litter Size on the Craniofacial Morphogenesis of CL/Fr Mouse Fetuses Affected with Cleft Lip and Palate
Authors: Nonaka Kazuaki , Sasaki Yasunori , Watanabe Yoshihisa , Yanagita Ken-ichi , Nakata Minoru 
Published: October 2018

Objective: This study examined the factors related to the morphogenesis of the craniofacial complex of the CL/Fr mouse fetus affected with CLP based on the findings of a lateral cephalogram. Design: Embryo transfer experiments were performed to determine the effect of the fetus weight, dam strain, dam weight, and litter size on the intra-uterine craniofacial morphogenesis of CL/Fr mouse fetuses. On the 18th gestational day, each pregnant dam that had received CL/Fr mouse embryos was laparotomized to remove the transferred fetuses that had developed in the uteri of the cleft lip and palate (CLP)-susceptible CL/Fr strain dam and the CLP-resistant C57BL strain dam. A cephalometric observation of the craniofacial morphology of each fetus was subsequently performed. Results: Based on a multiple regression analysis, the standardized partial regression coefficients of the affected fetus weight, the dam weight, and the litter size on the maxillary size of the affected CL/Fr fetus were 0.71 (p < .01), 0.03, and −0.07. According to a least-squares analysis of variance, the dam strain effect in addition to the effect of the affected fetus weight on the maxillary size and the cranial size of the affected fetuses was significant (p < .01 for cranial size, p < .05 for maxillary size) and close to a significant level (p = .09) for the mandibular size of the affected fetuses. The adjusted maxillary size and cranial size after statistically eliminating the effects of the affected fetus weight, dam weight, and lifter size on each original craniofacial size of the affected fetuses that had developed in the CL/Er dam strain were also significantly smaller than those of the affected fetuses that had developed in the C57BL dam strain. Conclusions: The present results indicate that the craniofacial growth of the CL/Fr mouse fetus affected with CLP increased in proportion to the fetus weight. The dam strain effect, in addition to the effect of the affected fetus weight, could thus not be ignored when the etiology of the spontaneous CLP was examined, while the uterine environment, provided by the CL/Fr strain dam, retarded the intra-uterine craniofacial growth of the affected fetuses. It was therefore concluded that the dam strain effect, as well as the effect of the affected fetus weight, both play an important role on the craniofacial morphogenesis of the CL/Fr strain of the affected fetuses that developed in both strain dams.