bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Minding the Gap
Authors: Stohr Karen 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The book is a philosophical exploration of the gap between our moral ideals and the imperfect moral reality in which we live, and the implications of that gap for the practical project of moral improvement. We are limited in our ability to recognize and be guided by moral ideals, owing to a variety of moral and epistemic shortcomings. In light of that, how can the practical project of moral improvement get off the ground? An account of moral improvement should begin from psychologically plausible starting points, and it should also rely on ideals that are both normatively authoritative and regulatively efficacious for the agent taking up the project. The book argues that moral improvement should be understood as the project of articulating and inhabiting an aspirational moral identity. That identity is cultivated through existing practical identities and standpoints, which are fundamentally social and which generate practical conflicts about how to live. The success of moral improvement depends on its taking place within what the book describes as good moral neighborhoods. Moral neighborhoods are collaborative normative spaces, constructed from networks of social practices and conventions, in which we can act as better versions of ourselves. The book draws on theatrical metaphors to describe how moral neighborhoods are created and maintained through moral stagecraft and mutual pretense. It concludes with a discussion of three social practices that contribute to good moral neighborhoods and so to moral improvement.
Conclusion
Authors: Stohr Karen 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This concluding chapter summarizes the main arguments of the book. In order for moral improvement to be a practical project, it must work from a psychologically plausible picture of human nature and it must rely on ideals that have normative authority and regulative efficacy for the person who is aiming to improve. The book argues that we should understand moral improvement as the cultivation of an aspirational moral identity. The cultivation of this identity takes place in social contexts that affect its trajectory. Moral improvement requires good moral neighborhoods, or normative structures that facilitate moral improvement by enabling us to enact fictive moral selves. In this way, moral neighborhoods help us close the gap between our moral ideals and the flawed reality in which we live.
Stotra Literature
Authors: Stainton Hamsa 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter presents an overview and analysis of stotra literature in South Asia from three different angles: definition, classification, and history. It first reviews recent descriptions of the stotra genre and offers a working definition for the present study. Then it considers some of the factors that can be used to classify and analyze this voluminous and diverse corpus. In doing so, it highlights many of the most salient and recurring features of stotra literature overall. Finally, it surveys the history of stotra literature in South Asia, highlighting key texts, authors, and periods of development, such as the relationship between stotras and Vedic hymns, political eulogies (praśasti), and vernacular devotional (bhakti) poetry, the early history of Buddhist and Jain stotras, and hymns by or attributed to famous authors like Śaṅkara. Overall, the chapter highlights the diversity, flexibility, and persistent appeal of stotra literature across regions and traditions over the millennia.
Stotra as Kāvya
Authors: Stainton Hamsa 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter investigates the relationship between Sanskrit hymns of praise and classical Sanskrit literature. It first surveys the complicated and often ambiguous position of stotras within Sanskrit literary culture. Then it analyzes Jagaddhara Bhaṭṭa’s Stutikusumāñjali as an historically significant example of how devotional poets sought to elevate the status of the stotra form. Jagaddhara reaffirms the value of classical Sanskrit poetry and poetics even as he re-envisions this literary world as being justified and revitalized by devotional praise of Śiva. He incorporates and expands upon earlier traditions of poetry and poetics in creative ways, giving special prominence to the “flashy” style of poetry (citrakāvya) and the poetic figure of “repetition” (yamaka). His ambitious and innovative hymns, as well as those of later poets in Kashmir, testify to the vitality of Sanskrit literary production in the region and offer critical evidence in the debate about the so-called death of Sanskrit.
Devotion as Rasa
Authors: Stainton Hamsa 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
In addition to being an important center for religious innovation and literary production, Kashmir was also the site of major developments in aesthetics from the end of the eighth century onward. After reviewing this history, this chapter considers how Kashmirian poets adopted and adapted language and ideas from aesthetics—particularly the language of rasa—in unusual and creative ways. It focuses on the idea of bhaktirasa, the “taste” or experience of devotion. Notably, many Kashmirian explorations of bhaktirasa occurred long before Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇava authors would make bhaktirasa well known in South Asia. This chapter argues that the Śaiva hymns of Kashmir represent earlier reflections on the aesthetic dimensions of devotion that can contribute to our understanding of the relationship between aesthetics and religion in South Asia.
Stotra as Tradition
Authors: Stainton Hamsa 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Part of the enduring appeal of the stotra form has been the way that it has enabled specific communities to creatively negotiate Kashmir’s literary and religious pasts. This chapter analyzes stotras in the seventeenth and twentieth centuries to explore how hymns have functioned as part of tradition as a process. In the seventeenth century, Sāhib Kaul’s devotional poetry provides evidence for how one community of immigrants to Kashmir integrated themselves into a complex religious and literary culture while using its Maithila Śākta heritage as a resource for innovation. In the twentieth century, Swami Lakshman Joo promoted the study and practice of stotras in influential ways. Lastly, the chapter argues that stotras have been pivotal to the configuration of “Kashmir Śaivism” as a distinct regional tradition.
Conclusion
Authors: Stainton Hamsa 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This concluding chapter returns to the recurring themes introduced in Chapter 1—Kashmir, poetry, poetics, stotra, bhakti, and prayer—in light of the arguments developed throughout this book. It explores how stotras are about relationships and connections, and it argues that these Sanskrit hymns are critical sources for studying the history and historiography of bhakti traditions in South Asia. It summarizes the appeal of the stotra form as a genre for religious practice and reflection, and it revisits what this study of Sanskrit hymns contributes to the study of prayer more broadly. As a whole, this chapter serves as a commentary on the title of the book, unpacking what it means to study poetry as prayer in the stotras of Kashmir.
Mountstuart Elphinstone in South Asia
Authors: Hanifi Shah Mahmoud , Dalrymple William 
Published: September 2019

Mountstuart Elphinstone (1779-1859), Lowland Scottish traveller, East India Company civil servant and educator, was one of the principal intellectual architects of British colonial rule in South Asia. Imbued with liberal views, such that Bombay's wealthy founded Elphinstone College in his memory, he pioneered the scholarly, scientific and administrative foundations of imperialism in India.
Elphinstone's career was launched when he was picked to lead the inaugural British diplomatic mission to the Afghan court. His Account of the Kingdom of Caubul (1815) became the main source of British information about Afghanistan. He is best known for his periods as Resident at Poona and Governor of Bombay in the 1810s and 1820s, when he instituted innovative and lasting policies in administration and education while also conducting research for his extremely influential History of India (1841).
This volume examines Mountstuart Elphinstone's intellectual contributions and administrative career in their own right, in relation to prominent contemporaries including Charles Metcalfe and William Moorcroft, and in the context of later historical study of India, Afghanistan, British imperialism and its imperial frontiers.
Treason in Colonial Pennsylvania
Authors: Larson Carlton F.W. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter provides a summary of treason law in Pennsylvania from the founding of the colony by William Penn in 1682 through the outbreak of the War for Independence. After several halting starts, Pennsylvania formally adopted English treason law in 1718. This law was rooted in the 1351 English Statute of Treasons and the chapter explains the broad contours of that law as it was developed in the succeeding centuries. Treason law, however, was rarely employed in colonial Pennsylvania, even though the Seven Years’ War, the march of the Paxton Boys, and the disputes with Virginia and Connecticut over land claims (hostilities that amounted to low-level open warfare) provided possible opportunities for its employment. The chapter also addresses whether members of American Indian tribes were subject to Pennsylvania treason law.
Resentment and Betrayal, 1779–1781
Authors: Larson Carlton F.W. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter describes the aftermath of the Philadelphia acquittals, which generated enormous resentment, leading to vituperative newspaper exchanges over the jury’s role in treason cases, interference with a misprision of treason trial, and the armed attack on the home of James Wilson. The state introduced a new noncapital offense of treasonable misdemeanor. Benedict Arnold’s notorious betrayal led to Pennsylvania’s last two wartime executions for treason. One was ordered without a trial under the attainder proclamations. The other, of a man charged with joining the Indians and prosecuted by Arnold’s brother-in-law, Edward Burd, was a dubious extension of Pennsylvania treason law and explicable only in the context of the fervor over Arnold. The Pennsylvania Supreme Court asserted its authority to issues writs of habeas corpus, and issued an important opinion about the duty of allegiance to Pennsylvania. The court also addressed a significant tax revolt in Berks County, a precursor to the more well-known rebellions of the 1790s.
Ranking
Authors: Érdi Péter 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
As humans, we like to see who is stronger, richer, better, or cleverer. As we also (1) love lists, (2) are competitive, and (3) are jealous of other people, we like ranking. We can rank some situations objectively: students ranked by their heights reflects objectivity. However, many “top-10” (or 21, 33, etc.) lists are based on subjective categorization and give only the illusion of objectivity. In fact, we don’t always want to be seen objectively since we don’t mind having a better image or rank than we deserve. The book applies scientific theories to everyday experience by raising and answering questions like: Are college ranking lists objective? How do we rank and rate countries based on their fragility, level of corruption, or even happiness? How do we find the most relevant webpages? How are employees ranked? The book is offered to people whose neighbor has a fancier car; employees who are being ranked by their supervisors; managers who are involved in ranking but may have qualms about the process; businesspeople interested in creating better visibility for their companies; scientists, writers, artists, and other competitors who would like to see themselves at the top of a success list; and college students who are just preparing to enter a new phase of social competition. Readers will engage in an intellectual adventure to better understand the difficulties of navigating between objectivity and subjectivity and to better identify and modify their place in real and virtual communities by combining human and computational intelligence.
The struggle for reputation
Authors: Érdi Péter 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses what reputation is and why and how we are struggling for it. Reputation can be considered a form of currency, and our reputation determines whether or not other people invest in us, buy from us, or give us some kind of reward. Indirect reciprocity is an efficient evolutionary mechanism that has led to the emergence of reputation. In the Internet age, digital reputation plays a particularly important role. After a brief discussion about the measurement of reputation, the chapter turns to the rules of the ranking games that scientists and artists play. The rules for these players are better elaborated than the rules for other communities. The illusion and manipulation of objectivity is discussed and related to two of the most prestigious awards: the Nobel Prize and the Academy Award. A recurring perspective in the book, namely the navigation between objectivity and subjectivity, is analyzed, here in the context of the nomination and selection processes for each award. The author then turns to digital reputation. Since a big industry has emerged with the goal of making websites more visible, the search engine manipulation effect and its possible impact is discussed.
Defending Frenemies
Authors: Taliaferro Jeffrey W. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Defending Frenemies examines the nonproliferation strategies that the United States pursued toward vulnerable and often obstreperous allies in three volatile regions of the globe, the Middle East, South Asia, and East Asia, from the early 1960s to the early 1990s. It presents a historical and comparative analysis of how successive US presidential administrations (those of John F. Kennedy to George H. W. Bush) employed inducements and coercive diplomacy toward Israel, Pakistan, South Korea, and Taiwan over nuclear proliferation. Building upon neoclassical realism, Jeffrey W. Taliaferro argues that regional power dynamics and US domestic politics shaped the types of nonproliferation strategies pursued. The overriding goals of successive administrations were to contain the growth of the Soviet Union’s influence in the Middle East and South Asia, as well as to enlist China as an ally of convenience against the Soviets in East Asia. Weaker allies’ nuclear proliferation could facilitate or complicate the realization of those goals. When policymakers perceived an unfavorable regional power distribution and short-time horizons for emerging threats to US interests, they were inclined to pursue accommodative strategies toward an ally. Conversely, when they perceived a favorable regional power distribution and longer time horizons for threats, they were inclined to pursue coercive nonproliferation strategies toward an ally. However, congressional opposition to certain arms transfers and to nonproliferation legislation sometimes led administrations to pursue hybrid strategies—combining coercive and accommodating elements—toward nuclear proliferating allies.
Conclusions
Authors: Taliaferro Jeffrey W. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Chapter 7 undertakes three tasks. First, it summarizes the core theoretical argument and the empirical support for the neoclassical realist theory, nuclear domino theory, credible sanctions theory, and security commitment theory hypotheses found inthe previous four chapters. The main take-away of the book is the following: The nonproliferation strategies the United States pursued toward vulnerable allies in the Middle East, East Asia, and South Asia were inextricably linked to broader Cold War dynamics, as tempered by each administration’s ability to mobilize support or defuse opposition in Congress. The ultimate objective of each administration, from Kennedy to H. W. Bush, was to contain the Soviet Union's influence in the Middle East and South Asia or to enlist China as an ally of convenience against the Soviets in East Asia. Second, Chapter 7 highlights several theoretical implications of this argument and avenues for future research. Third, the chapter briefly considers what neoclassical realist theory would suggest for some dilemmas in contemporary US foreign policy.
Beethoven 1806
Authors: Ferraguto Mark 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Between early 1806 and early 1807, Ludwig van Beethoven completed a remarkable series of instrumental works including his Fourth Piano Concerto (Op. 58), “Razumovsky” String Quartets (Op. 59), Fourth Symphony (Op. 60), Violin Concerto (Op. 61), Thirty-Two Variations on an Original Theme for Piano (WoO 80), and Overture to Collin’s Coriolan (Op. 62). Critics have struggled to reconcile the music of this year with Beethoven’s so-called heroic style, the paradigm through which his middle-period works have typically been understood. Drawing on theories of mediation and a wealth of primary sources, Beethoven 1806 explores the specific contexts in which the music of this year was conceived, composed, and heard. Not only did Beethoven depend on patrons, performers, publishers, critics, and audiences to earn a living, but he also tailored his compositions to suit particular sensibilities, proclivities, and technologies.
Music for a Playwright
Authors: Ferraguto Mark 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Critics from E. T. A. Hoffmann forward have struggled to reconcile the suspensefulness of Beethoven’s Coriolan overture with the more “reflective” tone of the tragedy that inspired it, Heinrich von Collin’s Coriolan. In response, many critics have attempted to argue that the overture owes more to Shakespeare’s Coriolanus than to Collin’s play. But Beethoven had compelling reasons to engage with Collin’s tragedy. The Coriolanus story was also known to Beethoven and his contemporaries in multiple versions, across several different media, complicating attempts to interpret the overture in light of one source alone. The relationship between Beethoven and Collin is probed, opening up a host of literary, visual, and political associations surrounding Coriolan.
Conclusion
Authors: Ferraguto Mark 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The ideas outlined in Beethoven 1806 offer a more nuanced way of thinking about Beethoven’s compositional development. While it is challenging to move beyond longstanding teleological narratives about Beethoven (with their emphasis on phases, styles, periods, and the like), focusing on his relationships and the ways in which they mediated his creative process opens a path forward. Combined with a microhistorical perspective (“a fascination with the particular”), such an approach offers to restore the sense of Beethoven as a historical actor while prompting us to reconsider how we understand his music. It also allows us to better appreciate the full measure of his creative life.
Introduction
Authors: DiGirolamo Vincent 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Selling and delivering newspapers was one of the first and most formative experiences of America’s youth throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, yet its history has been obscured by myth and mired in cliché. Crying the News takes the job of newspaper peddling seriously as work and not just as an object of romance or reform. It shows how child street labor changed over time in practice and in perception, while remaining integral to the survival of working-class families, the socialization of their children, and the fortunes of a major industry. Boys and girls found both opportunity and exploitation in the news trade, and they came to personify the spirit of capitalism and its discontents. This book aims not simply to distinguish history from myth but to explore the relationship between the two—to dissect how newsboys’ dual careers as workers and symbols shaped each other, creating wealth for some and meaning for many.
Voice of Young America
Authors: DiGirolamo Vincent 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
With their distinctive dress, speech, and style, newsboys formed one the most conspicuous youth subcultures in early America. Predominately Irish, they also earned reputations as brawlers, gamblers, and consummate theatergoers. The era’s most prominent artists, writers, and performers transformed them into symbols of Young America itself and drew them into campaigns to promote temperance, nativism, westward expansion, and war with Mexico. More than any other personification of the age, newsboys represented the liberating potential of a democratic society driven by a wide-open market economy. Yet they also epitomized the bamboozlement of mass politics and the sham of self-interest masquerading as concern for the greater good. Their shrill cries and saucy ways alternately annoyed and amused their elders, but these incorrigible habits also helped them to survive the hardships of street life.
Battle Cries
Authors: DiGirolamo Vincent 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Newsboys were among the few civilians who regularly crossed back and forth between home front and battlefront during the Civil War. They were at the battles of Bull Run, Antietam, Chancellorsville, and Gettysburg, as well as in prisoner of war camps. In supplying soldiers and sailors with the latest intelligence, newsboys did not just satisfy their hankering for news, but stimulated a feeling of unity and common purpose among combatants in distant theaters of war. Some boys profited handsomely from their work; others lost their lives to it. But all were instrumental in conveying the hazards and fortunes of war to their fellow citizens. Northern newsboys also participated in the New York City draft riots and resisted the wartime repression of Copperhead newspapers. Consequently, they were exposed as war profiteers, arrested as smugglers, and executed as spies. Their experiences illuminate the war’s impact on working-class families and the heightened symbolic power of youth during times of national crisis.
Disorder in the Air
Authors: DiGirolamo Vincent 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Newsboys proliferated after the Civil War as the newspaper industry flourished but then reemerged as a social problem during the depression years of 1873 to 1877. Writers and artists such as Horatio Alger and J. G. Brown portrayed them as symbols of the uplifting potential of industrial capitalism, while white southerners turned them into emblems of Republican misrule. The New York press celebrated real Bowery newsboys such as Steve Brodie. But authors of sensational urban guidebooks cast these youths as enfants terribles whose discontents threatened the social order. Swept up in the burgeoning labor movement, newsboys mounted noisy strikes in Cincinnati, Milwaukee, St. Louis, Nashville, Philadelphia, Chicago, Detroit, and Baltimore. Catholic and Protestant philanthropists responded by founding homes for newsboys or advocating that they be licensed and supervised. Contrary to their mythic counterparts, real newsboys exposed and challenged the economic inequities of Gilded Age America.