bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A timeline for the introduction of synthetic dyestuffs in Japan during the late Edo and Meiji periods
Authors: Cesaratto Anna , Luo Yan-Bing , Smith Henry D. , Leona Marco 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
A widespread belief among scholars and connoisseurs of the Japanese color woodblock print (nishiki-e) holds that synthetic dyes were imported from the West in the 1860s, and soon came to be used for all nishiki-e colorants during the Meiji period. These “cheap imported aniline dyes” are widely described as “gaudy”, “garish”, and “strident”, and thought to stand in sharp contrast to more muted “natural” colorants that preceded them. This study calls this narrative into question through an analysis of the colorants of nishiki-e from 1860 until 1900, using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy coupled with micro-Raman, XRF and fiber optic reflectance spectroscopies. The results show that the introduction of synthetic dyes was gradual and selective, and that most of the customary colorants of the late Edo period continued in use. The results revealed a series of key turning points after 1860: (1) In 1864, the purple dye rosaniline became the first synthetic dye to be used in nishiki-e, at first in combination with Prussian blue for a more bluish color. From 1875, it was usually mixed or replaced with methyl violet for a stronger purple. (2) In early 1869, a dramatic and until recently unrecognized transition took place, from the longstanding use of safflower as the dominant red, to its total replacement by imported cochineal carmine. Carmine remained the primary red for the next two decades, often combined with vermillion. (3) In 1877, eosine appeared as the first synthetic red dye in nishiki-e, used alone for pink, and in mixture with carmine for red. (4) Finally, from 1889, a succession of red naphthol dyes of more striking color appeared. Just about this time, however, a tendency to more restrained use of color and more painterly effects began to emerge in nishiki-e, and with the exception of a burst of dynamic color in prints depicting the Sino–Japanese War (1894–95), the uses of strong colors in Meiji prints receded. A final key finding is that colorants were often combined, either through mixture in a bowl or on the printing block, or by two-step overprinting.
Nationwide genetic testing towards eliminating Lafora disease from Miniature Wirehaired Dachshunds in the United Kingdom
Authors: Ahonen Saija , Seath Ian , Rusbridge Clare , Holt Susan , Key Gill , Wang Travis , Wang Peixiang , Minassian Berge A. 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Background
Canine DNA-testing has become an important tool in purebred dog breeding and many breeders use genetic testing results when planning their breeding strategies. In addition, information obtained from testing of hundreds dogs in one breed gives valuable information about the breed-wide genotype frequency of disease associated allele. Lafora disease is a late onset, recessively inherited genetic disease which is diagnosed in Miniature Wirehaired Dachshunds (MWHD). It is one of the most severe forms of canine epilepsy leading to neurodegeneration and, frequently euthanasia within a few years of diagnosis. Canine Lafora disease is caused by a dodecamer repeat expansion mutation in the NHLRC1 gene and a DNA test is available to identify homozygous dogs at risk, carriers and dogs free of the mutation.

Results
Blood samples were collected from 733 MWHDs worldwide, mostly of UK origin, for canine Lafora disease testing. Among the tested MWHD population 7.0% were homozygous for the mutation and at risk for Lafora disease. In addition, 234 dogs were heterozygous, indicating a carrier frequency of 31.9% in the tested population. Among the tested MWHDs, the mutant allele frequency was 0.2. In addition, data from the tested dogs over 6 years (2012–2017) indicated that the frequency of the homozygous and carrier dogs has decreased from 10.4% to 2.7% and 41.5% to 25.7%, respectively among MWHDs tested. As a consequence, the frequency of dogs free of the mutation has increased from 48.1% to 71.6%.

Conclusions
This study provides valuable data for the MWHD community and shows that the DNA test is a useful tool for the breeders to prevent occurrence of Lafora disease in MWHDs. DNA testing has, over 6 years, helped to decrease the frequency of carriers and dogs at risk. Additionally, the DNA test can continue to be used to slowly eradicate the disease-causing mutation in the breed. However, this should be done carefully, over time, to avoid further compromising the genetic diversity of the breed. The DNA test also provides a diagnostic tool for veterinarians if they are presented with a dog that shows clinical signs associated with canine Lafora disease.
Regulation of lubricin for functional cartilage tissue regeneration: a review
Authors: Lee Yunsup , Choi Jaehoon , Hwang Nathaniel S. 
Published: April 2018

Abstract

Background
Lubricin is chondrocyte-secreted glycoprotein that primarily conducts boundary lubrication between joint surfaces. Besides its cytoprotective function and extracellular matrix (ECM) attachment, lubricin is recommended as a novel biotherapeutic protein that restore functional articular cartilage. Likewise, malfunction of lubrication in damaged articular cartilage caused by complex and multifaceted matter is a major concern in the field of cartilage tissue engineering.

Main body
Although a noticeable progress has been made toward cartilage tissue regeneration through numerous approaches such as autologous chondrocyte implantation, osteochondral grafts, and microfracture technique, the functionality of engineered cartilage is a challenge for complete reconstruction of cartilage. Thus, delicate modulation of lubricin along with cell/scaffold application will expand the research on cartilage tissue engineering.

Conclusion
In this review, we will discuss the empirical analysis of lubricin from fundamental interpretation to the practical design of gene expression regulation.
The preservation of teeth with root-originated fractures
Authors: Rosen Eyal , Beitlitum Ilan , Tsesis Igor 
Published: April 2018

AbstractTraditionally, when a root-originated fracture (ROF) was diagnosed in an endodontically treated tooth, the tooth was scheduled for extraction. However, modern endodontics offers new treatment options to manage and maintain certain ROF teeth. The decision of whether to extract a ROF tooth and substitute it with a dental implant, or to implement a more conservative management approach by attempting an additional endodontic treatment aimed to preserve the natural tooth, is complicated and multifactorial. The management alternatives of ROF teeth range from a traditional root amputation in multi-rooted teeth to modern endodontic surgical modalities that may enable the preservation of a fractured tooth. This required decision-making process includes prosthetic, periodontal, esthetic, endodontic, and patient value concerns.
Hereditary Myelopathies
Authors: Hedera Peter 
Published: April 2018

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Hereditary myelopathies are very diverse genetic disorders, and many of them represent a widespread neurodegenerative process rather than isolated spinal cord dysfunction. This article reviews various types of inherited myelopathies, with emphasis on hereditary spastic paraplegias and spastic ataxias.

RECENT FINDINGS
The ever-growing number of myelopathy-causing genes and broadening of phenotype-genotype correlations makes the molecular diagnosis of inherited myelopathies a daunting task. This article emphasizes the main phenotypic clusters among inherited myelopathies that can facilitate the diagnostic process. This article focuses on newly identified genetic causes and the most important identifying clinical features that can aid the diagnosis, including the presence of a characteristic age of onset and additional neurologic signs such as leukodystrophy, thin corpus callosum, or amyotrophy.

SUMMARY
The exclusion of potentially treatable causes of myelopathy remains the most important diagnostic step. Syndromic diagnosis can be supported by molecular diagnosis, but the genetic diagnosis at present does not change the management. Moreover, a negative genetic test does not exclude the diagnosis of a hereditary myelopathy because comprehensive molecular testing is not yet available, and many disease-causing genes remain unknown.
Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Rabinstein Alejandro A. 
Published: April 2018

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE OF REVIEW
This article provides an update on the acute and subacute management and prognostication of patients with traumatic spinal cord injury.

RECENT FINDINGS
Immobilization of the spine and spine clearance should be individualized depending on the ability to perform a reliable neurologic examination, the presence of neck pain, and the imaging findings. Early surgery (within 24 hours) to achieve definitive cord decompression and spine stabilization may be beneficial. Ensuring adequate oxygenation and perfusion and avoiding secondary systemic complications remain the goals of the critical care of these patients. No neuroprotective treatment has been shown to improve outcomes. In fact, the use of high-dose methylprednisolone is now generally discouraged because of its major systemic adverse effects. Survivors of severe cervical traumatic spinal cord injury typically sustain substantial long-term functional impairment. Advances in our understanding of neuroregenerative strategies, especially stem cell transplantation, can offer the future hope of functional improvement to the many patients currently living with the consequences of traumatic spinal cord injury. Yet, at present, these therapies remain strictly investigational.

SUMMARY
The treatment of traumatic spinal cord injury remains supportive, and prognosis is still poor for patients who are severely affected. While much remains to be learned about how to optimize the acute management of these patients, future efforts would be most useful if focused on injury prevention and the development of effective neuroregenerative therapies.
Physiological and Functional Alterations after Spaceflight and Bed Rest
Authors: MULAVARA AJITKUMAR P. , PETERS BRIAN T. , MILLER CHRIS A. , KOFMAN IGOR S. , RESCHKE MILLARD F. , TAYLOR LAURA C. , LAWRENCE EMILY L. , WOOD SCOTT J. , LAURIE STEVEN S. , LEE STUART M. C. , BUXTON ROXANNE E. , MAY-PHILLIPS TIFFANY R. , STENGER MICHAEL B. , PLOUTZ-SNYDER LORI L. , RYDER JEFFREY W. , FEIVESON ALAN H. , BLOOMBERG JACOB J. 
Published: April 2018

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Exposure to microgravity causes alterations in multiple physiological systems, potentially impacting the ability of astronauts to perform critical mission tasks. The goal of this study was to determine the effects of spaceflight on functional task performance and to identify the key physiological factors contributing to their deficits.

Methods
A test battery comprised of seven functional tests and 15 physiological measures was used to investigate the sensorimotor, cardiovascular, and neuromuscular adaptations to spaceflight. Astronauts were tested before and after 6-month spaceflights. Subjects were also tested before and after 70 d of 6° head-down bed rest, a spaceflight analog, to examine the role of axial body unloading on the spaceflight results. These subjects included control and exercise groups to examine the effects of exercise during bed rest.

Results
Spaceflight subjects showed the greatest decrement in performance during functional tasks that required the greatest demand for dynamic control of postural equilibrium which was paralleled by similar decrements in sensorimotor tests that assessed postural and dynamic gait control. Other changes included reduced lower limb muscle performance and increased HR to maintain blood pressure. Exercise performed during bed rest prevented detrimental change in neuromuscular and cardiovascular function; however, both bed rest groups experienced functional and balance deficits similar to spaceflight subjects.

Conclusion
Bed rest data indicate that body support unloading experienced during spaceflight contributes to postflight postural control dysfunction. Further, the bed rest results in the exercise group of subjects confirm that resistance and aerobic exercises performed during spaceflight can play an integral role in maintaining neuromuscular and cardiovascular functions, which can help in reducing decrements in functional performance. These results indicate that a countermeasure to mitigate postflight postural control dysfunction is required to maintain functional performance.
CoverView: a sequence quality evaluation tool for next generation sequencing data
Authors: Münz Márton , Mahamdallie Shazia , Yost Shawn , Rimmer Andrew , Poyastro-Pearson Emma , Strydom Ann , Seal Sheila , Ruark Elise , Rahman Nazneen 
Published: April 2018

Quality assurance and quality control are essential for robust next generation sequencing (NGS). Here we present CoverView, a fast, flexible, user-friendly quality evaluation tool for NGS data. CoverView processes mapped sequencing reads and user-specified regions to report depth of coverage, base and mapping quality metrics with increasing levels of detail from a chromosome-level summary to per-base profiles. CoverView can flag regions that do not fulfil user-specified quality requirements, allowing suboptimal data to be systematically and automatically presented for review. It also provides an interactive graphical user interface (GUI) that can be opened in a web browser and allows intuitive exploration of results. We have integrated CoverView into our accredited clinical cancer predisposition gene testing laboratory that uses the TruSight Cancer Panel (TSCP). CoverView has been invaluable for optimisation and quality control of our testing pipeline, providing transparent, consistent quality metric information and automatic flagging of regions that fall below quality thresholds. We demonstrate this utility with TSCP data from the Genome in a Bottle reference sample, which CoverView analysed in 13 seconds. CoverView uses data routinely generated by NGS pipelines, reads standard input formats, and rapidly creates easy-to-parse output text (.txt) files that are customised by a simple configuration file. CoverView can therefore be easily integrated into any NGS pipeline. CoverView and detailed documentation for its use are freely available at github.com/RahmanTeamDevelopment/CoverView/releases and www.icr.ac.uk/CoverView
The Quality Sequencing Minimum (QSM): providing comprehensive, consistent, transparent next generation sequencing data quality assurance
Authors: Mahamdallie Shazia , Ruark Elise , Yost Shawn , Münz Márton , Renwick Anthony , Poyastro-Pearson Emma , Strydom Ann , Seal Sheila , Rahman Nazneen 
Published: April 2018

Next generation sequencing (NGS) is routinely used in clinical genetic testing. Quality management of NGS testing is essential to ensure performance is consistently and rigorously evaluated. Three primary metrics are used in NGS quality evaluation: depth of coverage, base quality and mapping quality. To provide consistency and transparency in the utilisation of these metrics we present the Quality Sequencing Minimum (QSM). The QSM defines the minimum quality requirement a laboratory has selected for depth of coverage (C), base quality (B) and mapping quality (M) and can be applied per base, exon, gene or other genomic region, as appropriate. The QSM format is CX_BY(PY)_MZ(PZ). X is the parameter threshold for C, Y the parameter threshold for B, PY the percentage of reads that must reach Y, Z the parameter threshold for M, PZ the percentage of reads that must reach Z. The data underlying the QSM is in the BAM file, so a QSM can be easily and automatically calculated in any NGS pipeline. We used the QSM to optimise cancer predisposition gene testing using the TruSight Cancer Panel (TSCP). We set the QSM as C50_B10(85)_M20(95). Test regions falling below the QSM were automatically flagged for review, with 100/1471 test regions QSM-flagged in multiple individuals. Supplementing these regions with 132 additional probes improved performance in 85/100. We also used the QSM to optimise testing of genes with pseudogenes such as PTEN and PMS2. In TSCP data from 960 individuals the median number of regions that passed QSM per sample was 1429 (97%). Importantly, the QSM can be used at an individual report level to provide succinct, comprehensive quality assurance information about individual test performance. We believe many laboratories would find the QSM useful. Furthermore, widespread adoption of the QSM would facilitate consistent, transparent reporting of genetic test performance by different laboratories.
What happened to Linnaeus’s Iris florentina? Re–evaluation of this taxon at species level
Authors: Martini Giordano , Viciani Daniele 
Published: April 2018

AbstractIris florentina is a species of Iris with white flowers belonging to the bearded group (subg. Iris, sect. Iris). In ancient times it was cultivated around Florence (Italy) and in other parts of southern Europe and was validly described by Linnaeus in 1759. However, this early name has been used since by many authors to indicate a number of different entities of white–flowered irises that do not always match the Linnaean description. This has resulted in a certain taxonomic confusion that is here reconstructed and illustrated. The results of our investigations show that I. florentina should be re–evaluated at the species level and not considered an albino variety of I. germanica. A neotype is here proposed. This study also shows that the name I. albicans must be considered a later synonym for I. florentina, while I. alba describes a different white–flowered Iris related to I. germanica.
СПЕЦИФИКА ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОГО САМОСОЗНАНИЯ У СТУДЕНТОВ ЮРИДИЧЕСКОГО ВУЗА
Authors: Ablova Olga Nikolaevna 
Published: April 2018

Цель. В статье рассматриваются актуальные проблемы формирования профессионального самосознания у будущих юристов в системе высшего образования. Предметом анализа выступают особенности формирования профессионального самосознания студентов юридического вуза. Автор ставит своей целью раскрыть категорию «профессиональное самосознание» и определить ее сущность и значение в формировании профессиональной компетентности будущих юристов.Результаты. Результаты работы заключаются в том, что автором обозначены особенности формирования профессионального самосознания студентов юридического вуза. Также определены компоненты профессионального самосознания: когнитивный, эмоционально-ценностный, мотивационный, творческий. На основе показателей исследования профессионального самосознания студентов юридического факультета автором дается характеристика уровней сформированности профессионального самосознания. Произведено моделирование связей между всеми компонентами профессионального самосознания на каждом курсе обучения. Выявлено, что расширение профессионального самосознания студентов выражается в возрастании числа признаков профессиональной деятельности, присутствующих в сознании студента юридического вуза, в преодолении шаблонного восприятия образа профессионала, в осознании себя в контексте профессиональной деятельности.Область применения результатов. Результаты исследования могут быть применены в сфере подготовки будущих юристов в учебном процессе высшего образования.
Comparison of the stability of three fixation techniques between porous metal acetabular components and augments
Authors: Beckmann N. A. , Bitsch R. G. , Gondan M. , Schonhoff M. , Jaeger S. 
Published: April 2018

ObjectivesIn order to address acetabular defects, porous metal revision acetabular components and augments have been developed, which require fixation to each other. The fixation technique that results in the smallest relative movement between the components, as well as its influence on the primary stability with the host bone, have not previously been determined.MethodsA total of 18 composite hemipelvises with a Paprosky IIB defect were implanted using a porous titanium 56 mm multihole acetabular component and 1 cm augment. Each acetabular component and augment was affixed to the bone using two screws, while the method of fixation between the acetabular component and augment varied for the three groups of six hemipelvises: group S, screw fixation only; group SC, screw plus cement fixation; group C, cement fixation only. The implanted hemipelvises were cyclically loaded to three different loading maxima (0.5 kN, 0.9 kN, and 1.8 kN).ResultsScrew fixation alone resulted in up to three times more movement (p = 0.006), especially when load was increased to 100% (p < 0.001), than with the other two fixation methods (C and SC). No significant difference was noted when a screw was added to the cement fixation. Increased load resulted in increased relative movement between the interfaces in all fixation methods (p < 0.001).ConclusionCement fixation between a porous titanium acetabular component and augment is associated with less relative movement than screw fixation alone for all implant interfaces, particularly with increasing loads. Adding a screw to the cement fixation did not offer any significant advantage. These results also show that the stability of the tested acetabular component/augment interface affects the stability of the construct that is affixed to the bone. Cite this article: N. A. Beckmann, R. G. Bitsch, M. Gondan, M. Schonhoff, S. Jaeger. Comparison of the stability of three fixation techniques between porous metal acetabular components and augments. Bone Joint Res 2018;7:282–288. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.74.BJR-2017-0198.R1.
High-fat/high-sucrose diet-induced obesity results in joint-specific development of osteoarthritis-like degeneration in a rat model
Authors: Collins K. H. , Hart D. A. , Seerattan R. A. , Reimer R. A. , Herzog W. 
Published: April 2018

Objectives Metabolic syndrome and low-grade systemic inflammation are associated with knee osteoarthritis (OA), but the relationships between these factors and OA in other synovial joints are unclear. The aim of this study was to determine if a high-fat/high-sucrose (HFS) diet results in OA-like joint damage in the shoulders, knees, and hips of rats after induction of obesity, and to identify potential joint-specific risks for OA-like changes. Methods A total of 16 male Sprague-Dawley rats were allocated to either the diet-induced obesity group (DIO, 40% fat, 45% sucrose, n = 9) or a chow control diet (n = 7) for 12 weeks. At sacrifice, histological assessments of the shoulder, hip, and knee joints were performed. Serum inflammatory mediators and body composition were also evaluated. The total Mankin score for each animal was assessed by adding together the individual Modified Mankin scores across all three joints. Linear regression modelling was conducted to evaluate predictive relationships between serum mediators and total joint damage. Results The HFS diet, in the absence of trauma, resulted in increased joint damage in the shoulder and knee joints of rats. Hip joint damage, however, was not significantly affected by DIO, consistent with findings in human studies. The total Mankin score was increased in DIO animals compared with the chow group, and was associated with percentage of body fat. Positive significant predictive relationships for total Mankin score were found between body fat and two serum mediators (interleukin 1 alpha (IL-1α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)). Conclusion Systemic inflammatory alterations from DIO in this model system may result in a higher risk for development of knee, shoulder, and multi-joint damage with a HFS diet. Cite this article: K. H. Collins, D. A. Hart, R. A. Seerattan, R. A. Reimer, W. Herzog. High-fat/high-sucrose diet-induced obesity results in joint-specific development of osteoarthritis-like degeneration in a rat model. Bone Joint Res 2018;7:274–281. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.74.BJR-2017-0201.R2