bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analisis Numerik Evaporator Pada Desalinasi Surya Sistem Vakum Alami
Authors: Ronowikarto Agistya D. , Siregar Ridho Elranda T. , Ambarita Himsar 
Published: January 2019

Teknologi desalinasi merupakan salah satu solusi dari kelangkaan air bersih yang terjadi. Dengan menggunakan energi terbarukan yang digunakan oleh proses desalinasi umumnya berupa energi surya, angin, dan geotermal diharapkan dapat mengurangi kebutuhan energi dalam sistem desalinasi. Pada penelitian ini telah dilakukan analisis numerik perpindahan fraksi volume massa dan laju penguapan yang terjadi pada evaporator. Analisis numerik diasumsikan sebagai kasus 3 dimensi. Persamaan pembentukan fluida didiskritasikan menjadi suatu persamaan menggunakan metode volume hingga. Pada hasil simulasi dapat dilihat bahwa terjadi proses evaporasi-kondensasi pada evaporator berdasarkan hasil kontur volume fraksi dan laju penguapan berdasarkan hasil simulasi adalah sebesar 4,36×〖10〗^(-5) dengan hasil produktifitas air bersih sebanyak 1,3 liter. Hasil simulasi akan dibandingkan dengan hasil eksperimental. Dengan hasil perhitungan matematis, produktifitas air bersih sebanyak 1,38 liter akan dibandingkan dengan hasil simulasi, maka didapat bahwa terdapat ralat sebesar 6,1%.Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa evaporator pada teknologi desalinasi surya sistem vakum alami telah bekerja dengan baik.

Desalination technology is one solution to the scarcity of clean water. By using renewable energy used by the desalination process generally in the form of solar, wind and geothermal energy, it is expected to reduce energy necessities in the desalination system. This study conducted a numerical analysis of the displacement of the fraction of mass volume and evaporation rate occurred in the evaporator. Numerical analysis was assumed to be a 3-dimensional case. The fluid formation equation was discounted into an equation using the volume up method. From the simulation results, it could be seen that there was an evaporation-condensation process on the evaporator based on the volume contour fraction results and the evaporation rat. The simulation resulted 4.36 × 〖10〗 ^ (- 5) with 1.3 liters of clean water productivity. Simulation results were compared with experimental results. With the results of mathematical calculations, the productivity of 1.38 liters of clean water was compared with the simulation results, and it was found that there was an error of 6.1%. This indicated that the evaporator in the solar desalination technology of natural vacuum systems had worked well.
Rancang Bangun Alat Penukar Kalor Shell And Tube Dengan Satu Laluan Cangkang Dan Dua Laluan Tabung Sebagai Pemanas Air
Authors: Napitupulu Farel H. , Sitepu Tekad , Kusuma Jefry , Wijaya Agus 
Published: January 2019

Limbah air panas yang dibuang langsung tanpa diproses pasti akan mengakibatkan efek buruk terhadap ekosistem air. Dalam penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuat suatu rancang bangun alat penukar kalor yang memanfaatkan energi panas dari limbah air panas pabrik pupuk yang bertujuan untuk memanaskan air dan akan digunakan sebagai air panas di pemandian perumahan karyawan pabrik pupuk. Dengan memanfaatkan energi panas dari limbah air panas tersebut maka temperatur limbah air panas ini juga akan turun dan selanjutnyadapat dibuang ke sungai tanpa membahayakan ekosistem di sungai. Secara ringkas, didapat alat penukar kalor berukuran panjang 1,64 m, lebar 0,48 m , dan tinggi 2,1 m , Panjang total pipa pada alat penukar kalornya adalah 2,7 m berdiameter 13mm , dan shellnya mempunyai panjang 1,35m dan berdiameter 70mm, volume pada tangki Alat penukar ini sebesar 27 Liter. Pada tabung dalam APK shell and tube, material yang digunakan adalah tembaga dengan nilai konduktivitas sebesar 385 W/mK sedangkan pada APK tabung sepusat, material yang digunakan adalah aluminium dengan nilai konduktivitas sebesar 205 W/mK. Sedangkan efektifitas terbesar setelah dilakukan percobaan adalah 35,4040%.
Hot water waste that is discharged directly without being processed will definitely have an adverse effect on the water ecosystem. This study aimed to make a design of heat exchanger that utilized heat energy from hot water waste of fertilizer factories to heat water and produce hot water for the housings of the fertilizer factories. By utilizing heat energy from the hot water waste, the temperature of the hot water waste would also drop and it could be discharged into the river without endangering the ecosystem in the river. In summary, a heat exchanger measuring 1.64 m long, 0.48 m wide, and 2.1 m high was built with the 2.7 m total length and 13 mm diameter of the pipe on the heat exchanger, a diameter of 1.35 m and 70mm shell, and a 27 liter volume on the tank. In shell and tube heat exchanger, the material used was copper with a conductivity value of 385 W/mK; while in a centralized tube heat exchanger, the material used was aluminum with a conductivity value of 205 W/mK. The largest effectiveness post the experiment was 35.4040 %.
Konsep Generalized Gradient Pada Optimisasi Nonsmooth
Authors: Nababan Esther , Bangun Pengarapen 
Published: January 2019

Tulisan ini merupakan kajian literature mengenai konsep generalized pada optimisasi fungsi nonsmooth. Generalized gradient ¶f merupakan salah satu pengganti derivative atau turunan fungsi. Generalized gradient dikembangkan dari kenyataan bahwa suatu fungsi tak halus yang memenuhi kondisi Lipschitz disekitar suatu titik x pasti mempunyai turunan berarah di titik x dalam arah v, yaitu f o(x;v).Generalized gradient dari fungsi real f di suatu titik x didefinisikan sebagai¶f(x) : = {xÎ Rn : f o(x;v)³áv,xñ untuk semua v di Rn }. Secara geometri, fungsi nonsmooth dapat dibuktikan mempunyai titik optimal apabila fungsi tersebut konveks. Dengan analisa konveksitas ditunjukkan bahwa syarat perlu untuk titik x* merupakan titik peminimum dari fungsi tak halus f(x) adalah 0Î¶ f(x).

This paper was a literature study of generalized concepts in non-smooth function optimization. Generalized gradient ¶f is a substitute for derivatives or derivatives functions. Generalized gradient is developed from the fact that a subtle function that fulfills the Lipschitz condition around a point x must have a derivative directed at point x in the direction v, i.e. fo (x; v). Generalized gradient of the real function f at a point x is defined as f (x): = {xÎ Rn: fo (x; v) ³áv, xñ for all v in Rn}. Geometrically, the nonsmooth function can be proven to have an optimal point if the function is convex. Convinced analysis showed that the necessary condition for point x* was the minimum point of the subtle function f (x) is 0Î¶ f (x).
Optimisasi Program Linear Integer Murni Dengan Metode Branch And Bound
Authors: Marulizar Tondi , Sinulingga Ujian , Nababan Esther 
Published: January 2019

Program Linier Integer Murni merupakan optimisasi kombinatorial yang tidak mudah untuk diselesaikan secara efisien. Metode yang sering digunakan untuk menyelesaikan Program Linier Integer Murni diantaranya adalah metode merative, yang merupakan salah satunya metode Branch and Bound. Metode ini menggunakan hasil dari metode simpleks yang belum bernilai integer sehingga dilakukan pencabangan dan batasan terhadap variabel x_j yang bernilai pecahan terbesar. Metode Branch and Bound dapat menyelesaikan masalah optimisasi suatu produk, tetapi membutuhkan waktu yang lebih lama dalam proses perhitungannya dikarenakan dalam setiap tahap perhitungan harus dicari nilai dari batas atas dan batas bawah yang ditentuan berdasarkan suatubatasandankriteria tertentu.
Pure Integer Linear Program is combinatorial optimization that is not easy to solve efficiently. The method that is often used to complete the Pure Integer Linear Program is the merative method, which is one of the Branch and Bound methods. This method uses the results of the simplex method that is not yet an integer value so that the branching and limitation of the x_j variable is the largest fraction. The Branch and Bound method can solve the optimization problem of a product, but requires a longer time in the calculation process because in each calculation phase, a value must be sought from the upper and lower limits determined based on the boundary and certain criteria.
Model dan analisa struktur sepatu kuda bahan komposit polymeric foam diperkuat serat fiber-glass
Authors: Mawardi Mawardi , Siregar Raja E Karya , Sudharma Randika 
Published: January 2019

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mensimulasi pembebanan pada sepatu kuda bahan polymeric foamdiperkuat serat fiber-glassmenggunakan analisa software AnsysR17,5 Model sepatu kuda dibuat menggunakan software Solidwork2014 sebanyak dua model, yaitu model 1 dan model 2. Selanjutnya disimulasi statik masing-masing pada sisi atas dan bawah untuk mendapatkan distribusi tegangan sepatu kuda dengan Software AnsysR17.5 Hasil akhir simulasi numerik menunjukkan angka tertinggi pada model 2 bahan polymeric foamdengan nilai tegangan Equivalent(von-mises) Stress0.13021 MPa sedangkan pada model 1 bahan steelhasil akhir nilai tegangan Equivalent (von-mises) Stress0.091885 MPa. Melihat hasil simulasi ini, kesempatan sangat terbuka lebar bagi peneliti berikutnya untuk mengembangkan teknologi mendesain sepatu kuda baru baik secara simulasi maupun eksperimental menggantikan bahan konvensional seperti steelini.
This study aimed to simulate the loading on horse shoes of polymeric foam materials reinforced by fiber glass using AnsysR17,5 software analysis. Horse shoe models made using Solidwork2014 software were as many as two models, namely model 1 and model 2. Furthermore, static simulation was conducted on each upper and lower side to get the horse shoe stress distribution with AnsysR17.5 Software. The final numerical simulation showed the highest number in the polymeric foam 2 model with the value of Equivalent (von-mises) Stress 0.13021 MPa while in the 1 steel material the final value was Equivalent (von-mises) Stress 0.091885 MPa. Seeing the results of this simulation, the opportunity was very wide open for the next researcher to develop technology to design new horse shoes both in simulations and experiments replacing conventional materials such as steelini.
Pembuatan Sabun Cair Dengan Alkali Kalium Abu Batang Pisang (Musa Paradisisaca)
Authors: Sukeksi Lilis , Sirait Masniar , Haloho Patima Valentina 
Published: January 2019

Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui potensi kalium dari abu limbah batang pisang sebagai sumber alkali untuk dijadikan sabun cair alami.Penelitian ini diawali dengan mengeringkan batang pisang dan dilakukan pembakaran untuk memperoleh abu batang pisang. Pembakaran dilakukan dengan menggunakan muffle furnace pada suhu 550 oC selama 3 jam. Kemudian dilakukan ekstraksi pada abu dengan menggunakan aquadest dengan perbandingan 4 : 25 (w/v) (gram/ml) untuk memperoleh alkali. Alkali ini direaksikan dengan minyak kelapa “Barco” pada proses saponifikasi dengan variabel tetap volume minyak 30 ml, kecepatan pengadukan 250 rpm dan waktu reaksi 3 jam. Sedangkan untuk variabel bebasnya suhu reaksi 60 oC, 70 oC, 80 oC, 90 oC, volume alkali 40 ml,50 ml, 60 ml, 70 ml.Respon yang diamati adalah Keasaman (pH), densitas, bilangan penyabunan dan alkali bebas. Hasil yang terbaik diperoleh pada suhu 80 oC dan volume alkali 70 ml dengan pH 10,1, densitas 1,064 gr/ml,bilangan penyabunan 198,939dan kadar alkali bebasnya 0,0840%
This study aimed to determine the potential of potassium from the ashes of banana stem waste as a source of alkali to be used as natural liquid soap. This study was initiated by drying banana stems and burning to obtain banana stem ash. Burning was done by using a muffle furnace at a temperature of 550 oC for 3 hours. Then the extraction on ash using aquadest with a ratio of 4: 25 (w / v) (gram / ml) was conducted to obtain alkali. Alkali was reacted with coconut oil "Barco" in the saponification process with a variable constant oil volume of 30 ml, stirring speed of 250 rpm and reaction time of 3 hours. As for the independent variables the reaction temperature is 60oC, 70 oC, 80 oC, and 90 oC, the volume of alkaline 40 ml, 50 ml, 60 ml, and 70 ml. The response observed was acidity (pH), density, saponification and free alkali. The best results were obtained at 80 oC and the volume of 70 ml alkali with pH 10.1, density 1.064 gr/ml, saponification number 198.939 and free alkali content 0.0840%
Perbandingan Gugus Fungsi dan Morfologi Permukaan Karbon Aktif dari Pelepah Kelapa Sawit Menggunakan Aktivator Asam Fosfat (H3PO4) dan Asam Nitrat (HNO3)
Authors: Mentari Vidyanova Anggun , Maulina Seri 
Published: January 2019

Indonesia termasuk negara produsen kelapa sawit terbesar di dunia. Berdasarkan laporan Badan Pusat Statistik luas perkebunan kelapa sawit di Indonesia pada tahun 2016 sebesar 11.672.861 Ha. Limbah perkebunan kelapa sawit tersedia dalam jumlah yang banyak dan belum dimanfaatkan secara optimal salah satunya yaitu pelepah kelapa sawit. Pelepah kelapa sawit termasuk kategori limbah basah (wet by-products) dengan jumlah produksi pelepah kelapa sawit pada tahun 2016 yaitu sebesar 191.434.920 ton.Paper ini membahas perbandingan gugus fungsi dan morfologi permukaan karbon aktif dari pelepah kelapa sawit(elaeis guineensis Jacq) dengan aktivator H3PO4 dan HNO3.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbandingan gugus fungsi dan morfologi permukaan karbon aktif dari pelepah kelapa sawit dengan aktivator H3PO4 dan HNO3. Metode yang dilakukan meliputi proses impregnasi, karbonisasi, dan pencucian. Konsentrasi aktivator yang digunakan yaitu 20% dengan suhu aktivasi 400 oC. Analisa yang dilakukan pada penelitian ini meliputi analisis morfologi permukaan karbon aktif dengan menggunakan SEM dan analisis spektra secara FTIR terhadap karbon aktif. Hasilanalisa morfologi menggunakan SEM menunjukkan adanya pori yang terbentuk pada karbon aktif dan identifikasi dengan spektrofotometer FTIR menunjukkan bahwa karbon aktif pada penelitian ini mengandung gugus fungsi C=O, C=C, C-C, N=O, C-N, C-OH, CH2dan C-H
Indonesia is the largest palm oil producer in the world. Based on the Central Statistics Agency's report, the area of ​​oil palm plantations in Indonesia in 2016 amounted to 11,672,851 Ha. Palm oil plantation waste is available in large quantities and has not been utilized optimally; one of which is palm tree fronds. Palm oil fronds are categorized as wet waste (wet by products) with the amount of palm oil fronds production in 2016 was equal to 191,434,920 tons. This paper discussed the comparison of functional groups and surface morphology of activated carbon from oil palm fronds (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) with H3PO4 and HNO3 activators. This study aimed to determine the comparison of functional groups and surface morphology of activated carbon from oil palm fronds with activators of H3PO4 and HNO3. The method used included the process of impregnation, carbonization, and washing. The concentration of activator used was 20% with an activation temperature of 400 oC. The analysis carried out in this study included the analysis of the surface morphology of activated carbon using SEM and FTIR spectra analysis of activated carbon. Morphological analysis using SEM showed the presence of pores formed on activated carbon. Identification with FTIR spectrophotometer showed that the activated carbon in this study contained functional groups C = O, C = C, CC, N = O, CN, C-OH, CH2 and CH.
Gambaran Empati Perawat Dalam Memberikan Asuhan Keperawatan Di Ruang Rawat Inap Rsup H. Adam Malik Medan
Authors: Butarbutar Ranafika , Fathi Achmad 
Published: January 2019

Empati merupakan suatu proses memahami perasaan orang lain dan ikut merasakan yang orang lain rasakan. Empati dibagi menjadi dua komponen utama, yaitu kognitif dan afektif. Empati secara kognitif adalah proses memikirkan suatu situasi dari sudut pandang orang lain, sedangkan secara afektif akan membuat seseorang melakukan sesuatu untuk menolong dan menunjukkan kepeduliannya pada orang lain. Oleh karena itu empati menjadi sangat penting bagi seorang perawat untuk menjalin hubungan terapeutik dan juga berkomunikasi dengan pasien. Perawat yang memiliki empati, akan lebih mudah untuk menjalin hubungan terapeutik sehingga pasien akan lebih mudah menerima tindakan asuhan keperawatan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi gambaran empati perawat dalam memberikan asuhan keperawatan di ruang rawat inap RSUP H. Adam Malik Medan. Penelitian merupakan penelitian deskriptif dengan sampel 141 perawat pelaksana yang dipilih secara accidental sampling. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan kuisioner dengan nilai koefisien reliabel 0,86. Analisis data dengan menggunakan analisis univariat. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa sebanyak 120 perawat (85,1%) memiliki empati dalam kategori baik dan 21 perawat (14,9%) dalam kategori cukup baik. Rekomendasi dari penelitian ini diharapkan agar pihak manajemen keperawatan rumah sakit terus meningkatkan kualitas pelayanan keperawatan pada pasien dan dalam waktu berkala melakukan evaluasi tentang kepuasan pasien terhadap pelayanan keperawatan.

Abstract
Empathy is a process of understanding and participating in others’feeling. Empathy is divided into two main components, cognitive and affective. Cognitive empathy is the process of thinking from another person's point of view, while affective empathy is feeling concern for the suffering of another person and a desire to help. Therefore empathy becomes very important for nurses to establish therapeutic relationships and to communicate with patients. Nurses showing empathy to patients will have no difficulty to establish therapeutic relationships because the patients will feel more comfortable to receive the nursing care plan actions. This study aimed to determine the overview of nurses’ empathy in providing nursing care in among inpatient in H. Adam Malik Hospital Medan. This study employed a descriptive research with 141 nurses selected by using accidental sampling. For data collection, a questionnaire was used as the study instrument with Cronbach alpha of 0.86. Data were analyzed by using univariate analysis. The results of this study showed that 120 nurses (85.1%) were in good category and 21 nurses (14.9%) were in moderate category in empathy. It is recommended that the hospital nursing management improve the quality of nursing care for patients and evaluate patient satisfaction on regular basis.
IgG Anti-Toxoplasma pada Cairan Otak Pasien Terinfeksi HIV dan AIDS dengan Meningitis
Authors: Andriyani Yunilda , Kurniawan Agnes , Sari Ika Puspa , Wahyuningsih Retno 
Published: January 2019

Toksoplasmosis diperkirakan telah menginfeksi sepertiga populasi dunia dan dapat mengancam jiwa pasien dengan imunokompromi. Ensefalitis toksoplasma (ET) terjadi akibat reaktivasi infeksi laten T. gondii yang sering terjadi pada pasien AIDS, terutama stadium akhir. Untuk menegakkan diagnosis pasti pada pasien AIDS dengan kelainan SSP sangatlah sulit. Diagnosis ET ditegakkan hanya berdasarkan asumsi dari gejala klinis, gambaran radiologi, dan respon terhadap terapi yang diberikan. Pemeriksaan kadar IgG dari cairan organ masih jarang dilakukan. Sampel cairan otak diperoleh dari 50 pasien HIV dan AIDS yang dikumpulkan sejak Januari 2013 hingga 2014 di Laboratorium Parasitologi FKUI. Kadar CD4+, gejala klinis, hasil radiologi, diagnosis klinis, riwayat terapi profilaksis ko-trimoksazol, dan analisis cairan otak, diperoleh dari rekam medik.Dari 50 sampel, diperoleh hasil 24 (48%) positif dan 26 (52%) negatif IgG anti-Toxoplasma. Dari IgG positif, terdapat 5 (20,83%) dengan kadar tinggi, dan 19 (79,17%) dengan kadar IgG rendah. Tidak ada perbedaan bermakna antara kadar IgG antiToxoplasma dengan hasil radiologi, diagnosis klinis, maupun riwayat terapi profilaksis ko-trimoksazol. Diperoleh korelasi negatif antara kadar CD4+ dan IgG anti-Toxoplasma, walaupun kekuatannya sangat lemah. Berdasarkan hasil radiologi, diperoleh sensitivitas 56%, spesifisitas 57%, nilai duga positif 41%, dan nilai duga negatif 71%.
Toxoplasmosis is estimated to infect a third of the world's population and can be life-threatening to human immunocompromised system . Toxoplasma Encephalitis (TE) is caused by reactivation of latent T. gondii infection that often occurs in AIDS patients especially those with end-stage . To establish a definite diagnosis in AIDS patients with Central Nervous System (CNS)disorders is very difficult. The diagnosis of TE is only based on the assumptions of clinical symptoms, radiological features, and responses to the therapy given. Examination of IgG levels from organ fluids is still rare. CSF samples were taken from 50 HIV/AIDS patients collected from January 2013 to 2014 at the Parasitology Laboratory at FKUI (Medical Departement of University of Indonesia). CD4 levels, clinical symptoms, radiological results, clinical diagnosis, history of co-trimoxazole prophylaxis, and SCF analysis were obtained from medical records. The results showed that IgG-anti Toxoplasma was positive in 24 patients (48%) and negative in 26 patients (52%). From the positive IgG, there were 5 patients(20.83%) with high IgG levels, and 19 patients(79.17%) with low IgG levels. There was no significant difference between the levels of IgG anti-toxoplasma and the results of radiology, clinical diagnosis, and a history of co-trimoxazole prophylactic therapy. There was a weak negative correlation between CD4 + and IgG anti-Toxoplasma levels, The results of radiology showed values of sensitivity 56%, specificity 57%, positive predictive value 41%, and negative predictive value 71%.
Pengaruh Terapi Relaksasi Otot Progresif Terhadap Tingkat Kecemasan Pasien Kanker Payudara di RSUP Haji Adam Malik, Medan
Authors: Nova Rizky Rahma , Tumanggor Roxsana Devi 
Published: January 2019

Patient with breast cancer is experienced a psychological pressure with cancer diagnosis. This condition leads to anxiety and hopeless feeling toward life. One of the therapies which found effective to minimize anxiety is progressive muscle relaxation. The objective of the reasearch was to find the influence of progressive muscle relaxation therapy as the nursing intervention in reducing the anxiety level of the patient with breast cancer. The research applied quasi experiment method with pre-test and post-test control group design. The samples involved are 26 patients with breast cancer, which consist of 13 patients with intervention and 13 patient without intervention. The research instrument used to assess the anxiety level was HRS-A (Hamilton Rating Scale-Anxiety) questionnaire. The research conducted at RSUP Haji Adam Malik Medan from May to June,2016. Progressive muscle relaxation theraphy was carried out in 3 days with the frequency of 6 times exercise. The result of the research showed that t-value was -4.275 and p-value=0.000 or p-value < 0.05 (0,000) which indicated that there was the influence of progressive muscle relaxation therapy on the decrease in the level of anxiety of breast cancer patients. Therefore, nurse can use progressive muscle relaxation as non-pharmacological in coping with breast cancer patients.
Patient with breast cancer mostly experienced psychological pressure . This condition leads to anxiety and hopeless feeling toward life. One of the therapies which regarded effective to minimize anxiety is progressive muscle relaxation. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of progressive muscle relaxation therapy as intervention in reducing the anxiety level of the patient with breast cancer. This study employed quasi experiment method with a pre-test and post-test control group design. The sample was composed of 26 breast cancer patients; 13 patients with intervention and 13 patients without intervention. The research instrument used to assess the anxiety level was HRS-A (Hamilton Rating Scale-Anxiety) questionnaire. The study was conducted in Haji Adam Malik Hospital Medan from May to June, 2016. Progressive muscle relaxation theraphy was carried out for 3 days, with a frequency of 6 exercises The results showed that t-value was -4.275 and p-value=0.000 indicating that there was an effect of progressive muscle relaxation therapy in reducing the level of anxiety of breast cancer patients. Therefore, nurse can use progressive muscle relaxation as non-pharmacological in coping with breast cancer patients.