bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exploring the role of transformational leadership in human capital effectiveness
Authors: Khan Muhammad Shahid , Sentosa Ilham , Salman Faryal 
Published: April 2018

Purpose
Malaysia has set year 2020 as a targeted year to become the most developed nation and to transform the economy into knowledge based. Issue is to become developed nation, but without human capital development (HCD) process, the achievement of this vision would be difficult. Numerous studies articulated the direct impact of human capital on the country economic growth. Human capital is a significant factor to get competitive advantage, which is the need of the day for all countries as well as for organizations to survive in today’s tough competitive environment. Major objective of this research was to find the role of transformational leadership (TL) in human capital effectiveness with the effect of knowledge management (KM) strategies. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach
A mixed research method is deployed in this study. Data are collected with the help of self-administrated questionnaire and a semi-structured interview. The structural equation modeling technique is used in the data; data are analyzed with the help of AMOS and Nvivo software.

Findings
The results revealed that transformation has a positive effect on KM strategies. Further, this study also identified that knowledge codification strategy and personalization strategy have a positive impact on human capital effectiveness.

Research limitations/implications
The results revealed that KM strategies play a vital role in human capital effectiveness. Therefore, the Malaysian healthcare industry should introduce KM strategies in order to enhance employees’ knowledge skills and ability. This study is only conducted in Malaysia; the future researcher can use a different method to test the current research model.

Practical implications
Knowledge codification and knowledge personalization strategy can contribute to the HCD process. This study can be generalized in the Malaysian healthcare industry. This kind of effort will add value into human capital. Hence, organization can get a competitive advantage with the help of human capital. TL style is the most appropriate style in the current era; this leadership has the ability to transform the system, which is the need of the day. Due to rapid changes in technology, a leader who believes in change can meet the challenges of twenty-first century.

Originality/value
KM strategies and their use have been a research issue for some time. Companies have also adopted knowledge management strategies tools to support and stimulate knowledge sharing in their organizations and to help employees to find the expertise they are looking for. But no research has been performed on the importance of KM strategies. This paper describes a unique and new framework that the authors devised to help companies to do just that.
Religion and the Composition of the Commissions of the Peace, 1547–1640
Authors: WALL ALISON 
Published: April 2018

AbstractBetween the Reformation and the Civil War, the crown and its ministers sought to ensure that the JPs who ran county governments would enforce religious policy. The composition of county commissions was adjusted to the religious complexion of the regime, so that justices were appointed or dismissed according to their opinions, Protestant or Catholic. There were some major purges under Edward VI, Mary and Elizabeth, and frequent instability, but there were constraints on the crown's ability to obtain compliance. Under James I, dismissals of JPs were sometimes motivated by official hostility to the more godly Protestants, while from 1617 to 1625 more clergy were nominated as JPs. Under Charles I, some critical of Arminian tendencies and fiscal policy were expelled from the commissions of the peace. The late 1630s saw a new development – JPs leaving the office voluntarily, which, it is argued here, was partly impelled by their religious convictions.
From the Editor
Authors: Smith Tom 
Published: April 2018

AbstractReport from the Editor as I start a second term. I outline success and otherwise in the first term and encourage authors to engage in the local research conversation when they are writing their papers. I point out that all methodological approaches are welcome including qualitative, survey, systematic literature reviews and experiments. I point out the hot points that Editors now are looking for so that you can pay particular attention to them in advance of submission.
Behavioural repertoire of free‐range laying hens indoors and outdoors, and in relation to distance from the shed
Authors: Thuy Diep A , Larsen H , Rault J‐L 
Published: April 2018

BackgroundAccess to an outdoor area is believed to allow free‐range hens to express a greater behavioural repertoire. However, very little research has been done in this area. We hypothesised that the type and frequency of behaviours would differ between areas that vary in their characteristics and distance from the shed.MethodsThis preliminary study investigated the behaviour of free‐range laying hens in indoor and outdoor areas on one commercial free‐range farm, through video recordings and scan sampling of focal hens, with the aim of determining their behavioural repertoire and time budget.ResultsWhile ranging, hens spent most of their time foraging. Indoors, hens preened and rested. Behaviour in the wintergarden showed similarities to both the indoor and outdoor areas, with preening, resting and foraging behaviours. Differences were not in the main behavioural repertoire, but rather in terms of time budget, with access to the range and wintergarden encouraging exploration.ConclusionThere was no difference in the types of behaviours that hens performed in the outdoor range compared with inside the shed, but access to a wintergarden and the outdoor range were favoured by the hens for foraging.
Crisis, and the Impacts of Crisis, on the Inhabitants of Rural Space: The Case of a Village in North West Portugal
Authors: Silva Manuel Carlos , Cardoso Antonio 
Published: April 2018

<p>In 2011, Portugal, suffering the impact of the 2008 crisis, both for internal and external reasons, requested financial assistance from the <em>Troika</em> (IMF/ECB/EU). The Portuguese experienced company bankruptcies, cuts to salaries and pensions, rising unemployment and job insecurity and difficulties in paying their mortgages. Despite severe austerity programs and formal exit of the <em>Troika</em>, Portugal failed to reduce public debt. In this article, after giving a brief overview of development models, we will focus our attention on the impacts of the crisis in rural areas and the diverse perceptions of crisis by different groups and families. As a case study, we will consider the strategies employed by residents of a parish in the municipality of Barcelos (Braga, Minho), to reduce the damage caused by the crisis. Against the mainstream liberal perspective and the traditional Marxist thesis we sustain that rural people adopt an attitude of resiliency in relation to the austerity program and on the basis of empirical qualitative research methods we can witness creative familial strategies to survive: migration, exploiting the potentialities of the land, taking advantage of artisanal and commercial opportunities in order to cope with the difficulties caused by the crisis. </p>
Soft Rot Enterobacteriaceae Are Carried by a Large Range of Insect Species in Potato Fields
Authors: Rossmann Simeon , Dees Merete Wiken , Perminow Juliana , Meadow Richard , Brurberg May Bente 
Published: April 2018

ABSTRACT

Pathogenic soft rot
Enterobacteriaceae
(SRE) belonging to the genera
Pectobacterium
and
Dickeya
cause diseases in potato and numerous other crops. Seed potatoes are the most important source of infection, but how pathogen-free tubers initially become infected remains an enigma. Since the 1920s, insects have been hypothesized to contribute to SRE transmission. To validate this hypothesis and to map the insect species potentially involved in SRE dispersal, we have analyzed the occurrence of SRE in insects recovered from potato fields over a period of 2 years. Twenty-eight yellow sticky traps were set up in 10 potato fields throughout Norway to attract and trap insects. Total DNA recovered from over 2,000 randomly chosen trapped insects was tested for SRE, using a specific quantitative PCR (qPCR) TaqMan assay, and insects that tested positive were identified by DNA barcoding. Although the occurrence of SRE-carrying insects varied, they were found in all the tested fields. While
Delia
species were dominant among the insects that carried the largest amount of SRE, more than 80 other SRE-carrying insect species were identified, and they had different levels of abundance. Additionally, the occurrence of SRE in three laboratory-reared insect species was analyzed, and this suggested that SRE are natural members of some insect microbiomes, with herbivorous
Delia floralis
carrying more SRE than the cabbage moth (
Plutella xylostella
) and carnivorous green lacewing larvae (
Chrysoperla carnea
). In summary, the high proportion, variety, and ubiquity of insects that carried SRE show the need to address this source of the pathogens to reduce the initial infection of seed material.

IMPORTANCE
Soft rot
Enterobacteriaceae
are among the most important pathogens of a wide range of vegetables and fruits. The bacteria cause severe rots in the field and in storage, leading to considerable harvest losses. In potato, efforts to understand how soft rot bacteria infect and spread between healthy plants have been made for over a century. Early on, fly larvae were implicated in the transmission of these bacteria. This work aimed at investigating the occurrence of soft rot bacteria in insects present in potato fields and at identifying the species of these insects to better understand the potential of this suspected source of transmission. In all tested potato fields, a large proportion of insects were found to carry soft rot bacteria. This suggests a need to give more weight to the role of insects in soft rot ecology and epidemiology to design more effective pest management strategies that integrate this factor.
Incorporation of IgG Depletion in a Neutralization Assay Facilitates Differential Diagnosis of Zika and Dengue in Secondary Flavivirus Infection Cases
Authors: Calvert Amanda E. , Boroughs Karen L. , Laven Janeen , Stovall Janae L. , Luy Betty E. , Kosoy Olga I. , Huang Claire Y.-H. 
Published: April 2018

ABSTRACT
Zika virus (ZIKV) has emerged as a major global public health concern due to its link as a causative agent of human birth defects. Laboratory diagnosis of suspected ZIKV infections by serological testing of specimens collected a week or more after symptom onset primarily relies on detection of anti-ZIKV-specific IgM antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay coupled with detection of ZIKV-specific neutralizing antibody by neutralization tests. A definitive diagnosis based on serological assays is possible during primary ZIKV infections; however, due to the cross-reactivity of antibodies elicited during flaviviral infections, a definitive diagnosis is not always possible, especially among individuals who have previously been exposed to closely related flaviviruses, such as dengue virus (DENV). Here, we investigated the neutralizing IgM antibody profiles of 33 diagnostic specimens collected from individuals with suspected primary and secondary flaviviral infections acquired when visiting areas experiencing active ZIKV transmission in 2015 and 2016. Specimens collected between 1 day and 3 months postexposure were tested for ZIKV and dengue virus type 1 (DENV1) and type 2 (DENV2) by the plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) before and after IgG depletion. We found that IgG depletion prior to neutralization testing had little effect in differentiating samples from individuals with secondary infections taken less than 3 weeks postexposure; however, IgG depletion significantly reduced the cross-reactive neutralizing antibody titers and increased the percentage of cases discernible by PRNT from 15.4% (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.3 to 42.2%) to 76.9% (95% CI, 49.7 to 91.8%) for samples collected between roughly 3 and 12 weeks postexposure. These results highlight the potential of IgG depletion to improve the specificity of PRNT for better confirmation and differential diagnosis of flavivirus infections.
Large-Scale Complete-Genome Sequencing and Phylodynamic Analysis of Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus Reveals Source-Sink Transmission Dynamics in the United States
Authors: Tan Yi , Lam Tommy Tsan-Yuk , Heberlein-Larson Lea A. , Smole Sandra C. , Auguste Albert J. , Hennigan Scott , Halpin Rebecca A. , Fedorova Nadia , Puri Vinita , Stockwell Timothy B. , Shilts Meghan H. , Andreadis Theodore , Armstrong Philip M. , Tesh Robert B. , Weaver Scott C. , Unnasch Thomas R. , Ciota Alexander T. , Kramer Laura D. , Das Suman R. 
Published: April 2018

ABSTRACT
Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) has a high case-fatality rate in horses and humans, and Florida has been hypothesized to be the source of EEEV epidemics for the northeastern United States. To test this hypothesis, we sequenced complete genomes of 433 EEEV strains collected within the United States from 1934 to 2014. Phylogenetic analysis suggested EEEV evolves relatively slowly and that transmission is enzootic in Florida, characterized by higher genetic diversity and long-term local persistence. In contrast, EEEV strains in New York and Massachusetts were characterized by lower genetic diversity, multiple introductions, and shorter local persistence. Our phylogeographic analysis supported a source-sink model in which Florida is the major source of EEEV compared to the other localities sampled. In sum, this study revealed the complex epidemiological dynamics of EEEV in different geographic regions in the United States and provided general insights into the evolution and transmission of other avian mosquito-borne viruses in this region.

IMPORTANCE
Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) infections are severe in horses and humans on the east coast of the United States with a >90% mortality rate in horses, an ∼33% mortality rate in humans, and significant brain damage in most human survivors. However, little is known about the evolutionary characteristics of EEEV due to the lack of genome sequences. By generating large collection of publicly available complete genome sequences, this study comprehensively determined the evolution of the virus, described the epidemiological dynamics of EEEV in different states in the United States, and identified Florida as one of the major sources. These results may have important implications for the control and prevention of other mosquito-borne viruses in the Americas.
German-wide prospective DACAPO cohort of survivors of the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS): a cohort profile
Authors: Dodoo-Schittko Frank , Brandstetter Susanne , Brandl Magdalena , Blecha Sebastian , Quintel Michael , Weber-Carstens Steffen , Kluge Stefan , Kirschning Thomas , Muders Thomas , Bercker Sven , Ellger Björn , Arndt Christian , Meybohm Patrick , Adamzik Michael , Goldmann Anton , Karagiannidis Christian , Bein Thomas , Apfelbacher Christian 
Published: April 2018

PurposeWhile most research focuses on the association between medical characteristics and residual morbidity of survivors of the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), little is known about the relation between potentially modifiable intensive care unit (ICU) features and the course of health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Accordingly, the DACAPO study was set up to elucidate the influence of quality of intensive care on HRQoL and return to work (RtW) in survivors of ARDS. The continued follow-up of these former ICU patients leads to the establishment of the DACAPO (survivor) cohort.ParticipantsSixty-one ICUs all over Germany recruited patients with ARDS between September 2014 and April 2016. Inclusion criteria were: (1) age older than 18 years and (2) ARDS diagnosis according to the ‘Berlin definition’. No further inclusion or exclusion criteria were applied. 1225 patients with ARDS could be included in the DACAPO ICU sample. Subsequently, the 876 survivors at ICU discharge form the actual DACAPO cohort.Findings to dateThe recruitment of the participants of the DACAPO cohort and the baseline data collection has been completed. The care-related data of the DACAPO cohort reveal a high proportion of adverse events (in particular, hypoglycaemia and reintubation). However, evidence-based supportive measures were applied frequently.Future plansThree months, 6 months and 1 year after ICU admission a follow-up assessment is conducted. The instruments of the follow-up questionnaires comprise the domains: (A) HRQoL, (B) RtW, (C) general disability, (D) psychiatric symptoms and (E) social support. Additionally, an annual follow-up of the DACAPO cohort focusing on HRQoL, psychiatric symptoms and healthcare utilisation will be conducted. Furthermore, several add-on projects affecting medical issues are envisaged.Trial registration numberNCT02637011.
Effect of maternal origin on the association between maternal height and risk of preterm birth in Belgium: a retrospective observational cohort study
Authors: Van Leeuw Virginie , Leroy Charlotte , Englert Yvon , Zhang Wei-Hong 
Published: April 2018

ObjectivesTo investigate the effect of maternal origin on the association between maternal height and the risk of preterm birth (PTB).DesignRetrospective observational cohort study.SettingTwo of the three Belgian regions, including Brussels-Capital and Walloon regions.ParticipantsA total of 245 204 women spontaneously delivered live singletons between 2009 and 2013. Maternal nationality at the time of birth included Belgium, Congo, French, Italy, Morocco, Poland, Romania and Turkey.Outcomes measuresThe outcome variable was spontaneous PTB, defined as childbirth occurring at less than 37 weeks’ gestation.ResultsAverage height, demographic characteristics and the spontaneous PTB rate differed according to maternal origin, defined as maternal nationality at birth. The pattern of association between maternal height and the risk of PTB was not uniform by maternal nationality at birth. The low maternal height category was associated with a statistically significant increased risk of spontaneous PTB for Belgian (adjusted OR (aOR) 1.23, 95% CI 1.16 to 1.32), Italian (aOR 1.48, 95% CI 1.12 to 1.96) and Polish (aOR 1.76, 95% CI 1.11 to 2.78), respectively. However, this association was not observed for the women from Congo, France, Morocco, Romania and Turkey.ConclusionsThe association between height and the risk of PTB was modified by maternal nationality, even for mothers from the same region of the world. For example, there was a significant inverse association for the Belgians and Italians but not for French women. Our data suggest that PTB risk assessment should take into account the specific height of maternal origin.
Relationship between islet autoantibody status and the clinical characteristics of children and adults with incident type 1 diabetes in a UK cohort
Authors: Bravis Vassiliki , Kaur Akaal , Walkey Helen C , Godsland Ian F , Misra Shivani , Bingley Polly J , Williams Alistair J K , Dunger David B , Dayan Colin M , Peakman Mark , Oliver Nick S , Johnston Desmond G 
Published: April 2018

ObjectivesTo describe the characteristics of children and adults with incident type 1 diabetes in contemporary, multiethnic UK, focusing on differences between the islet autoantibody negative and positive.DesignObservational cohort study.Setting146 mainly secondary care centres across England and Wales.Participants3312 people aged ≥5 years were recruited within 6 months of a clinical diagnosis of type 1 diabetes via the National Institute for Health Research Clinical Research Network. 3021 were of white European ethnicity and 291 (9%) were non-white. There was a small male predominance (57%). Young people <17 years comprised 59%.Main outcome measuresAutoantibody status and characteristics at presentation.ResultsThe majority presented with classical osmotic symptoms, weight loss and fatigue. Ketoacidosis was common (42%), especially in adults, and irrespective of ethnicity. 35% were overweight or obese. Of the 1778 participants who donated a blood sample, 85% were positive for one or more autoantibodies against glutamate decarboxylase, islet antigen-2 and zinc transporter 8. Presenting symptoms were similar in the autoantibody-positive and autoantibody-negative participants, as was the frequency of ketoacidosis (43%vs40%, P=0.3). Autoantibody positivity was less common with increasing age (P=0.0001), in males compared with females (82%vs90%, P<0.0001) and in people of non-white compared with white ethnicity (73%vs86%, P<0.0001). Body mass index was higher in autoantibody-negative adults than autoantibody-positive adults (median, IQR 25.5, 23.1–29.2vs23.9, 21.4–26.7 kg/m2; P=0.0001). Autoantibody-negative participants were more likely to have a parent with diabetes (28%vs16%, P<0.0001) and less likely to have another autoimmune disease (4%vs8%, P=0.01).ConclusionsMost people assigned a diagnosis of type 1 diabetes presented with classical clinical features and islet autoantibodies. Although indistinguishable at an individual level, autoantibody-negative participants as a group demonstrated features more typically associated with other diabetes subtypes.Trial registration numberISRCTN66496918; Pre-results.
Palliative care in medical practice: medical students' expectations
Authors: Diver Ruth , Quince Thelma , Barclay Stephen , Benson John , Brimicombe James , Wood Diana , Thiemann Pia 
Published: April 2018

ObjectivesDuring their careers, all doctors will be involved in the care of the dying, and this is likely to increase with current demographic trends. Future doctors need to be well-prepared for this. Little is known about medical students’ expectations about providing palliative care. Our aim was to investigate how satisfying students expect palliative care to be, and any attitudes towards palliative care associated with a negative expectation.MethodsFifteen UK medical schools participated in the study, with 1898 first and final year students completing an online questionnaire which investigated how satisfying they expect providing palliative care to be and their attitudes towards palliative care.ResultsAt both the beginning and end of their training, a significant proportion of students expect palliative care to be less satisfying than other care (19.3% first year, 16% final year). Students expecting palliative care to be less satisfying were more likely to be men, and their attitudes suggest that while they understand the importance of providing palliative care they are concerned about the potential impact of this kind of work on them personally.ConclusionsMedical student education needs to address why palliative care is important and how to deliver it effectively, and the strategies for dealing positively with the impact of this work on future clinicians.