bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Atomic view into Plasmodium actin polymerization, ATP hydrolysis, and phosphate release
Authors: Kumpula Esa-Pekka , López Andrea J. , Tajedin Leila , Han Huijong , Kursula Inari 
Published: November 2018

AbstractPlasmodium actins form very short filaments and have a non-canonical link between ATP hydrolysis and polymerization. Long filaments are detrimental to the parasites, but the structural factors constraining Plasmodium microfilament lengths are currently unknown. Using high-resolution crystallography, we show that magnesium binding activates the Plasmodium actin I monomer before polymerization by a slight flattening, which is reversed upon phosphate release. A coordinated potassium ion resides in the active site during hydrolysis and leaves together with the phosphate, a process governed by the position of the Arg178/Asp180-containing A-loop. Asp180 interacts with either Lys270 or His74, depending on protonation, while Arg178 links the inner and outer domains. Hence, the A-loop is a switch between stable and non-stable filament conformations. Our data provide a comprehensive model for polymerization, phosphate release, and the inherent instability of parasite microfilaments.
Subspecies and sexual craniofacial size and shape variations in Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata)
Authors: Yano Wataru , Egi Naoko , Takano Tomo , Ogihara Naomichi 
Published: November 2018

AbstractIn order to investigate craniofacial size and three-dimensional shape variations independently in the Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata) we used a geometric morphometries technique. A total of 55 specimens were CT scanned to generate a three-dimensional model of each cranium, and 57 landmarks were digitized to analyze the craniofacial shape variation in the Japanese macaque. The results showed that four intra-specific groups, consisting of two subspecies and the two sexes, differed in both size and shape space. In size, the cranium of the Macaca fuscata yakui (MFY) was smaller than that of Macaca fuscata fuscata (MFF) in both sexes, and female crania were smaller than male crania in both subspecies. Shape sexual dimorphisms in both subspecies were detected in the first axis of principal component analysis and were related to a relatively broad orbit, smaller neurocranium, enlarged snout, and broader temporal fossa in males. The shape differences between subspecies showed different features than those between sexes. Male subspecies shape differences were detected in the first and third axes, while those for females were in the first and second axes. Subspecies shape differences common to both sexes were a narrower orbit, relatively small neurocranium, longer snout, and postorbital constriction in MFY. Male MFY was specifically characterized by a more anterior and superior direction of snout protrusion. In contrast, female MFY showed an inferior direction of snout protrusion. Female MFY also had a taller orbit. With regard to the relationship between size and shape differences, shape sexual dimorphism for each subspecies was positively associated with size difference, but there was no such association between subspecies in either sex. Size does not seem to play an important role in subspeciation of Macaca fuscata.
Post-terrorism image recovery of tourist destination: a qualitative approach using Fuzzy-VIKOR
Authors: Ali Yousaf , Shah Zainab Ahmed , Khan Amin Ullah 
Published: November 2018

Purpose
This study aims to cover issues regarding traveling to a tourist destination which has seen war and terrorism. These problems can be addressed altogether, as they are interrelated. Based on tourists’ opinions, this paper aims to focus on measures or steps that can be taken to ensure changing their perceptions about a certain destination.

Design/methodology/approach
This study targets tourism experts for their opinions regarding the measures most necessary to change the perceptions of tourists. Their opinions were extracted through a questionnaire based on three criteria with four alternatives. Furthermore, raw data extracted are studied using the Fuzzy-VIKOR technique to rank the alternatives in order of importance. Moreover, the questionnaire also aims to know the perception of participants by asking them what would make them trust a destination with a history of terrorism.

Findings
The problems captivate the attention of government, guiding them to ensure that they need to focus more on physical security of tourists if they expect tourism industry to thrive. It was found that the steps needed to be taken are in the areas of international trade, cultural exchange programs and social media advertising.

Originality/value
Research based on improving tourist perception of Pakistan to develop Pakistan as a tourist destination is scarce. The study takes four different alternatives into account for image recovery and based on those alternatives, it provides a unique solution to the government in this regard with the necessary steps they need to take and attempts to help the government ensure tourism expansion in the country.
Handbook for the measurement of macrofungal functional traits: A start with basidiomycete wood fungi
Authors: Dawson Samantha Katherine , Boddy Lynne , Halbwachs Hans , Bässler Claus , Andrew Carrie , Crowther Thomas Ward , Heilmann‐Clausen Jacob , Nordén Jenni , Ovaskainen Otso , Jönsson Mari 
Published: November 2018

Abstract

Functional traits are widely recognized as a useful framework for testing mechanisms underlying species community assemblage patterns and ecosystem processes. Functional trait studies in the plant and animal literature have burgeoned in the past 20 years, highlighting a need for standardized ways to measure ecologically meaningful traits across taxa and ecosystems. However, standardized measurements of functional traits are lacking for many organisms and ecosystems, including fungi.

Basidiomycete wood fungi occur in all forest ecosystems world‐wide, where they are decomposers and also provide food or habitat for other species, or act as tree pathogens.

Despite their major role in the functioning of forest ecosystems, the understanding and application of functional traits in studies of communities of wood fungi lags behind other disciplines. As the research field of fungal functional ecology is growing, there is a need for standardized ways to measure fungal traits within and across taxa and spatial scales.

This handbook reviews pre‐existing fungal trait measurements, proposes new core fungal traits, discusses trait ecology in fungi and highlights areas for future work on basidiomycete wood fungi.

We propose standard and potential future methodologies for collecting traits to be used across studies, ensuring replicability and fostering between‐study comparison. Combining concepts from fungal ecology and functional trait ecology, methodologies covered here can be related to fungal performance within a community and environmental setting.

This manuscript is titled “a start with” as we only cover a subset of the fungal community here, with the aim of encouraging and facilitating the writing of handbooks for other members of the macrofungal community, for example, mycorrhizal fungi.

A plain language summary is available for this article.
C4 savanna grasses fail to maintain assimilation in drying soil under low CO2 compared with C3 trees despite lower leaf water demand
Authors: Quirk Joe , Bellasio Chandra , Johnson David A. , Osborne Colin P. , Beerling David J. 
Published: November 2018

Abstract

C4 photosynthesis evolved when grasses migrated out of contracting forests under a declining atmospheric CO2 concentration ([CO2]a) and drying climate around 30 million years ago. C4 grasses are hypothesised to benefit from improved plant–water relations in open habitats such as savannas, giving advantages over C3 plants under low [CO2]a. But experimental evidence in a low CO2 environment is limited, and comparisons with C3 trees are needed to understand savanna vegetation patterns.

To test whether stomatal conductance (gS) and CO2 assimilation (A) are maintained in drier soil for C4 grasses than C3 trees, particularly under low [CO2]a, we investigated photosynthesis and plant–water relations of three C3 tree and three C4 grass species grown at 800, 400 or 200 ppm [CO2]a over moderate wetting–drying cycles.

C4 grasses had a lower soil‐to‐leaf water potential gradient than C3 trees, especially at 200 ppm [CO2]a, indicating reduced leaf water demand relative to supply. Yet the dependence of gS and A on predawn leaf water potential (a measure of soil water availability) was greater for the C4 grasses than trees, particularly under low [CO2]a.

Our findings establish that gS and A are not maintained in drier soil for C4 grasses compared with C3 trees, suggesting that this mechanism was not prevailing in the expansion of C4‐dominated grasslands under low [CO2]a. This inherent susceptibility to sudden decreases in soil water availability justifies why C4 grasses have not evolved a resistant xylem allowing operation under drought, but instead shut down below a water potential threshold and rapidly recover. We point to this capacity to respond to transient water availability as a key overlooked driver of C4 grass success under low [CO2]a.

A plain language summary is available for this article.
Shrinking Cities, Shrinking Households, or Both?
Authors: Hartt Maxwell , Hackworth Jason 
Published: November 2018

AbstractHousehold size decline accounts for a substantial portion of population loss in shrinking cities, yet little research has focused on it. Much of the literature presents a simple growth/decline binary that is largely determined via population figures. In this paper, we highlight the importance and assess the impact of household size changes on population decline, and determine what types of household size declines are more acute in shrinking cities than other locales. We find that elderly households and households with school‐aged children are under‐represented in shrinking cities, while households with pre‐school‐aged children are over‐represented. More tellingly, we find the biggest source of household‐related loss in shrinking cities to be the growth of single‐person households now living in houses that were once home to entire families. These findings puncture the binary on which much of the shrinking cities discourse is based. The population dynamics of most cities are subtler than either practitioners or critical scholars assert. We argue that plans and development strategies for shrinking cities should reflect a range of demographic changes, including outmigration and internal household restructuring.
Solitary fibrous tumors of the pleura: A single center experience at National Cancer Center, China
Authors: Tan Fengwei , Wang Yalong , Gao Shugeng , Xue Qi , Mu Juwei , Mao Yousheng , Gao Yushun , Zhao Jun , Wang Dali , Zhou Lina , He Jie 
Published: November 2018

BackgroundThis study explored the clinicopathological features, predictive factors of malignancy, effectiveness of video assisted thoracic surgery (VATS), and prognosis of solitary fibrous tumor of the pleura (SFTP).MethodsA single‐center retrospective study of the data of 82 patients with SFTP who were surgically treated in our department between January 2003 and December 2015 was conducted.ResultsA total of 82 SFTPs (70 benign, 12 malignant) were included and all patients underwent complete en bloc resection. SFTPs originated from the visceral pleura in 47 (57%) and the parietal pleura in 35 (43%) patients. In our cohort, malignant tumors were often symptomatically large, and the patients with malignant SFTPs (mSFTPs) often had a family history of neoplasms. Patients in the VATS group (n = 22) had tumors with significantly smaller diameters, required a shorter surgical duration and shorter hospital stay, and experienced less intraoperative blood loss and less postoperative chest tube drainage compared to the thoracotomy group (n = 60). No tumor recurrence was found in benign SFTP (bSFTP) patients. The long term survival and disease‐free survival rates of mSFTP patients were 76% and 53%, respectively.ConclusionLarger tumor diameter and a family history of neoplasm may be predictive factors for mSFTP; however, this conclusion needs to be verified in large cohort. VATS is safe and reliable for treating selected SFTP patients. Local recurrence is associated with mSFTP patient death, thus close follow‐up of such patients is crucial.
Rothschild’s giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis rothschildi (Linnaeus, 1758) in East Africa: A review of population trends, taxonomy and conservation status
Authors: Muller Zoe 
Published: November 2018

AbstractGiraffe populations have suffered a 40% decline in the past thirty years, making them a new priority for conservation and there are considerable uncertainty and disagreement over the taxonomic classification of giraffes. Consequently, there has never been a more critical time to fully understand the global population size and distribution of all giraffe subspecies. The Rothschild's giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis rothschildi (Linnaeus, 1758) is arguably one of the most imperilled giraffe subspecies. Once widespread across southern Sudan, Uganda and Kenya, the Rothschild's giraffe is now confined to a few, isolated and enclosed populations throughout Kenya and Uganda, with only one natural population remaining. Information about Rothschild's giraffe population size, distribution, and conservation history is patchy, and confined to recondite or inaccessible resources. Here, I present a review of taxonomy, distribution, conservation status and population size of the Rothschild's giraffe and present the most recent estimate of population sizes based on direct census data. Although the Latin name affixed to Rothschild's giraffe is subject to discussion, continued reference to this subspecies as G. c. rothschildi is strongly recommended.
Management of papillary lesions without atypia of the breast diagnosed on needle biopsy
Authors: Yu Yue , Salisbury Elizabeth , Gordon‐Thomson David , Yang Jia‐Lin , Crowe Philip J. 
Published: November 2018

BackgroundCurrent surgical practice often leads to excision of all papillary lesions of the breast diagnosed on percutaneous biopsy. This study aims to identify a subset of patients with papillary lesions who may be able to avoid surgery.MethodsBetween January 2000 and December 2015, 157 cases of papillary lesions with complete surgical excision pathology results were reviewed retrospectively to compare the clinical, imaging and pathology features. Of these, 50 patients with benign papillary lesions without atypia and 19 patients with benign papillary lesions with atypia on needle biopsy were analysed to determine the rate of upgrade to malignancy after surgery.ResultsOf the 50 patients with benign papillary lesions without atypia on biopsy, two (4%) were upgraded to low grade ductal carcinoma in situ after surgical excision. Both these patients had suspicious features on imaging. Of the 19 patients with papillary lesions with atypia diagnosed on needle biopsy, eight (42%) were upgraded to malignancy after surgery. The differences between benign, atypical and malignant papillary lesions were further compared. Malignant lesions were more suspicious radiologically (P = 0.001), more likely to have architectural distortion (P = 0.001), more peripherally located (P = 0.001) and were larger in size (P = 0.01). Patients diagnosed with malignant lesions were also older (P = 0.001).ConclusionYounger patients diagnosed with small central benign papillary lesions without atypia on needle biopsy, and without suspicious imaging, may be managed conservatively with surveillance.
The impact of tacrolimus exposure on extrarenal adverse effects in adult renal transplant recipients
Authors: Campagne Olivia , Mager Donald E. , Brazeau Daniel , Venuto Rocco C. , Tornatore Kathleen M. 
Published: November 2018

AimsTacrolimus has been associated with notable extrarenal adverse effects (AEs), which are unpredictable and impact patient morbidity. The association between model‐predicted tacrolimus exposure metrics and standardized extrarenal AEs in stable renal transplant recipients was investigated and a limited sampling strategy (LSS) was developed to predict steady‐state tacrolimus area under the curve over a 12‐h dosing period (AUCss,0–12h).MethodsAll recipients receiving tacrolimus and mycophenolic acid ≥6 months completed a 12‐h cross‐sectional observational pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic study. Patients were evaluated for the presence of individual and composite gastrointestinal, neurological, and aesthetic AEs during the study visit. The associations between AEs and tacrolimus exposure metrics generated from a published population pharmacokinetic model were investigated using a logistic regression analysis in NONMEM 7.3. An LSS was determined using a Bayesian estimation method with the same patients.ResultsDose‐normalized tacrolimus AUCss,0–12h and apparent clearance were independently associated with diarrhoea, dyspepsia, insomnia and neurological AE ratio. Dose‐normalized tacrolimus maximum concentration was significantly correlated with skin changes and acne. No AE associations were found with trough concentrations. Using limited sampling at 0, 2h; 0, 1, 4h; and 0, 1, 2, 4h provided a precise and unbiased prediction of tacrolimus AUC (root mean squared prediction error < 10%), which was not well characterized using trough concentrations only (root mean squared prediction error >15%).ConclusionsSeveral AEs (i.e. diarrhoea, dyspepsia, insomnia and neurological AE ratio) were associated with tacrolimus dose normalized AUCss,0–12h and clearance. Skin changes and acne were associated with dose‐normalized maximum concentrations. To facilitate clinical implementation, a LSS was developed to predict AUCss,0–12h values using sparse patient data to efficiently assess projected immunosuppressive exposure and potentially minimize AE manifestations.
Sirtuin 1 represses PKC‐ζ activity through regulating interplay of acetylation and phosphorylation in cardiac hypertrophy
Authors: Li Jingyan , Huang Junying , Lu Jing , Guo Zhen , Li Zhuoming , Gao Hui , Wang Panxia , Luo Wenwei , Cai Sidong , Hu Yuehuai , Guo Kaiteng , Wang Luping , Li Zhenzhen , Wang Minghui , Zhang Xiaolei , Liu Peiqing 
Published: November 2018

Background and PurposeActivation of PKC‐ζ is closely linked to the pathogenesis of cardiac hypertrophy. PKC‐ζ can be activated by certain lipid metabolites such as phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)‐trisphosphate and ceramide. However, its endogenous negative regulators are not well defined. Here, the role of the sirtuin1‐PKC‐ζ signalling axis and the underlying molecular mechanisms were investigated in cardiac hypertrophy.Experimental ApproachCellular hypertrophy in cultures of cardiac myocytes, from neonatal Sprague‐Dawley rats, was monitored by measuring cell surface area and the mRNA levels of hypertrophic biomarkers. Interaction between sirtuin1 and PKC‐ζ was investigated by co‐immunoprecipitation and confocal immunofluorescence microscopy. Sirtuin1 activation was enhanced by resveratrol treatment or Ad‐sirtuin1 transfection. A model of cardiac hypertrophy in Sprague‐Dawley rats was established by abdominal aortic constriction surgery or induced by isoprenaline in vivo.Key ResultsOverexpression of PKC‐ζ led to cardiac hypertrophy and increased activity of NF‐κB, ERK1/2 and ERK5, which was ameliorated by sirtuin1 overexpression. Enhancement of sirtuin1 activity suppressed acetylation of PKC‐ζ, hindered its binding to phosphoinositide‐dependent kinase 1 and inhibited PKC‐ζ phosphorylation in cardiac hypertrophy. Consequently, the downstream pathways of PKC‐ζ' were suppressed in cardiac hypertrophy. This regulation loop suggests a new role for sirtuin1 in mediation of cardiac hypertrophy.Conclusions and ImplicationsSirtuin1 is an endogenous negative regulator for PKC‐ζ and mediates its activity via regulating the acetylation and phosphorylation in the pathogenesis of cardiac hypertrophy. Targeting the sirtuin1‐PKC‐ζ signalling axis may suggest a novel therapeutic approach against cardiac hypertrophy.
“It's Wrong to Exclude Girls From Something They Love.” Adolescents’ Attitudes About Sexism in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math
Authors: Robnett Rachael D. , John Jennifer E. 
Published: November 2018

The current research examined adolescents’ attitudes about sexism in fields related to science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM). The ethnically diverse sample (61% East Asian) was composed of 629 adolescents (Mage = 16.09) who attended a public school in the United States. Participants responded to closed‐ and open‐ended questions about the prevalence and severity of sexism in STEM. We used latent profile analysis to classify participants into latent classes according to their responses. Of note, one latent class included participants who perceived sexism in STEM as a fairly common and very serious problem. Relative to the other classes, participants in this class were more likely to be girls and showed higher STEM value. Qualitative analyses illustrated that the participants in each class reasoned in fundamentally different ways about sexism in STEM.
Visual and ocular morbidity in severe open‐globe injuries presenting to a regional eye centre in New Zealand
Authors: Court Jennifer H. , Lu Lucy M. , Wang Nancy , McGhee Charles N. J. 
Published: November 2018

ImportanceOpen‐globe injuries (OGI) are a leading cause of monocular blindness world‐wide with considerable cost to the individual and society.BackgroundTo characterize the epidemiology, severity and outcomes of OGI treated at a major ophthalmology centre in New Zealand.DesignRetrospective study.ParticipantsA total of 385 eyes of 381 patients over a 10‐year period.MethodsEligible patients were identified using diagnosis and surgery codes on hospital discharge summaries. Clinical notes were reviewed to determine patient demographics, injury details, treatments and outcomes.Main Outcome MeasuresComplications of injury, visual acuity at 3 months and final follow‐up, and final status of the eye.ResultsThe estimated annual incidence of OGI was 2.8 per 100 000. Working‐age males predominated but age at injury ranged from 9 months to 90 years. Maori and Pacific peoples were over‐represented. Injuries were severe with 58.7% presenting with vision of hand movements or worse. Penetrating injuries (56.4%) were most common, followed by globe ruptures (35.6%). Major complications included retinal detachment (15.8%), enucleation/evisceration (9.1%), phthisis bulbi (9.9%), endophthalmitis (2.6%) and sympathetic ophthalmia (0.26%). Despite the injury severity, 46% of eyes achieved final BCVA of ≥6/12. The Ocular Trauma Score (OTS) was a useful prognostic tool for stratifying severity of injury and predicting visual outcome (Fisher's exact test P < 0.001).Conclusions and RelevanceThe incidence and severity of OGI in NZ are comparable to global statistics. Surgical repair can effectively recover vision, predicted well by the OTS. We identified at‐risk groups to target with education and prevention strategies.