bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Barriers to Resident Research in Radiology: A Canadian Perspective
Authors: Hames Kate , Patlas Michael , Duszak Richard 
Published: June 2018

Purpose The study sought to identify and characterise barriers to research for Canadian diagnostic radiology residents and suggest potential solutions to enhance future research success. Methods Institutional research board approval was obtained. Electronic surveys were solicited from all postgraduate year 2-5 diagnostic radiology residents at all 16 programs across Canada. The survey focused on key factors inhibiting research during training. Results Of all 400 Canadian diagnostic radiology residents, 88 (22%) responded. Of respondents, 86% reported research experience before residency, with 19% holding a nonphysician graduate degree. All indicated that research was a requirement for completion of their residency. The most important reported factors limiting resident research were time constraints (67%), personal disinterest (32%), and inadequate mentorship (32%). Although 44% reported dedicated residency program research training, 40% reported no such opportunities. Among the various time constraints, respondents cited studying demands (61%), on-call demands (52%), and daily clinical duties (38%) as strong or significant barriers to research. Most (63%) indicated their program provided at least some protected research time, but 21% were not aware of such protected time availability. When available, protected research time was modest, and ranged from 0.5 days/month to 3 months, with the majority of respondents citing 1 month of protected research time. Conclusions Diagnostic radiology residents in Canada report numerous barriers to research. Programs seeking to enhance radiology research should focus on providing appropriate training, protected time, and mentorship.
Bone morphogenetic protein 4 expression in the developing lumbosacral spinal cord of rat embryos with anorectal malformations
Authors: Yang Zhonghua , Jia Huimin , Bai Yuzuo , Wang Weilin 
Published: June 2018

AbstractAlthough there are improvements in treatment of anorectal malformations (ARMs), patients can still develop fecal incontinence, constipation, and soiling with loss in quality of life. Recent evidence suggests that malformations in the lumbosacral spinal cord are one of the factors that affect postoperative anorectal function. However, the underlying mechanism that produces these malformations has yet to be elucidated. The bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) comprise a large group of highly conserved molecules that are involved in multiple processes and play important roles in the formation, development, and differentiation of the spinal cord. This study was designed to investigate the levels of BMP4 expression in the lumbosacral spinal cord in ARMs rat embryos induced by ethylenethiourea (ETU). Specifically, we assessed the association of BMP4 levels with the maldevelopment of the lumbosacral spinal cord and whether BMP4 acted through the canonical intracellular pathway in embryonic rats with ARMs. BMP4 expression was confirmed with immunohistochemical staining, RT‐qPCR and western blot analyses of embryonic day (E) 16, E17, E19 and E21 embryos, moreover Smad1/5 and pSmad1/5 expression were confirmed with western blot analyses at peak time point of BMP4 expression. Our results reveal that BMP4 expression in the lumbosacral spinal cord of ARMs rat embryos is decreased at both the mRNA and protein levels and could decrease the phosphorylation of smad1/5, when compared with their expression levels in normal tissue. These results also suggest that reductions in BMP4 expression were possibly responsible for dysfunction of the lumbosacral spinal cord during late developmental stages in ARMs fetal rats. Taken together, we conclude a role for BMP4 in the pathogenesis of lumbosacral spinal cord maldevelopment in developing ARMs rats.
Immature sleep pattern in newborn rats when dams encountered sleep restriction during pregnancy
Authors: Aswathy B.S. , Kumar Velayudhan M. , Gulia Kamalesh K. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThere is a growing realization that proper sleep during pregnancy is essential for the health of the mother and the offspring. However, there are no reports on the effects of maternal sleep restriction on the sleep‐wake profiles of newborns. So, this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of sleep restriction during the third term of pregnancy on the sleep‐wake profiles of neonates born to them. The female pregnant Wistar rats were sleep restricted for 5 h/day on gestational days 15–20 by gentle handling. Sleep‐wake profiles of the pups born to them and to the control rats were recorded on postnatal days 1–21. Pups of sleep restricted dams had higher active sleep (AS) and lower quiet sleep (QS) as well as wakefulness. Higher ratio of AS to QS, longer duration of sleep cycles, lesser bout frequency and reduced EEG delta power were also observed in these pups, all of which indicated brain immaturity. All these signs of delayed maturation, usually found in premature babies, were observed in the pups of sleep restricted mothers, who had longer gestation period. This report not only shows the importance of sleep during pregnancy, but it also suggests that neonatal sleep monitoring can be used as a tool for early assessment of retarded brain development.
Causes of Death Among Avalanche Fatalities in Colorado: A 21-Year Review
Authors: Sheets Alison , Wang Dale , Logan Spencer , Atkins Dale 
Published: June 2018

Introduction A better understanding of the nature of morbidity and mortality in avalanche accidents helps direct both rescue efforts as well as preventive strategies to reduce fatalities. Methods We reviewed all avalanche fatalities from the avalanche years beginning in 1994 to 2015 in the state of Colorado, United States, using the database maintained by the Colorado Avalanche Information Center. For each fatality, we obtained the coroner’s official determination of cause of death, and autopsy records if one was performed. We used these records to determine cause of death. Injury severity scores (0–75 scale) were calculated for those victims who underwent autopsy. Results Mortality information was available for 110 fatalities occurring during the 21-year study period. Of these, 64 underwent autopsy. Asphyxia was the cause of death in 65% of fatalities (72/110). Trauma was the cause of death in 29% of the fatalities (32/110). Of these, the primary cause was multiple system trauma in 38% (12/32), head trauma in 31% (10/32), and spinal injuries in 19% (6/32). Of the victims who died of asphyxia and had autopsy, only 10% (4/42) also had significant trauma, defined as an injury severity score greater than 15. There were 6 fatalities from other causes, including hypothermia, drowning, and primary cardiac arrest. There was no correlation between trauma and mode of travel, avalanche type, or starting zone elevation. Conclusions Asphyxia was the primary cause of death in avalanche fatalities in Colorado during our study period. The incidence of fatal trauma was 29% and did not correlate with user group demographics or avalanche characteristics.
Waiting for (African) Cinema: Jean-Pierre Bekolo’s Quest
Authors: Dima Vlad 
Published: June 2018

Abstract:Throughout his career, Cameroonian director Jean-Pierre Bekolo has been searching for cinema; not African cinema, just Cinema. In order to explain properly this claim, the essay will first consider Bekolo’s work within the context of the ever-ongoing conversation regarding the framing and aesthetics of African and Third Cinemas. Second, for a closer perspective on what will be termed “neurotic cinema,” the essay will key on Bekolo’s latest effort, Naked Reality (2016), a purposely unfinished work that echoes absurdist theater, mimics frantic contemporary thought, and proposes that cinema should not yield finalized products because that may go against its very nature.
Clinical course predicts long-term outcomes in bipolar disorder
Authors: Uher Rudolf , Pallaskorpi Sanna , Suominen Kirsi , Mantere Outi , Pavlova Barbara , Isometsä Erkki 
Published: June 2018

AbstractBackgroundThe long-term outcomes of bipolar disorder range from lasting remission to chronic course or frequent recurrences requiring admissions. The distinction between bipolar I and II disorders has limited utility in outcome prediction. It is unclear to what extent the clinical course of bipolar disorder predicts long-term outcomes.MethodsA representative sample of 191 individuals diagnosed with bipolar I or II disorder was recruited and followed for up to 5 years using a life-chart method. We previously described the clinical course over the first 18 months with dimensional course characteristics and latent classes. Now we test if these course characteristics predict long-term outcomes, including time ill (time with any mood symptoms) and hospital admissions over a second non-overlapping follow-up period in 111 individuals with available data from both 18 months and 5 years follow-ups.ResultsDimensional course characteristics from the first 18 months prospectively predicted outcomes over the following 3.5 years. The proportion of time depressed, the severity of depressive symptoms and the proportion of time manic predicted more time ill. The proportion of time manic, the severity of manic symptoms and depression-to-mania switching predicted a greater likelihood of hospital admissions. All predictions remained significant after controlling for age, sex and bipolar I v. II disorder.ConclusionsDifferential associations with long-term outcomes suggest that course characteristics may facilitate care planning with greater predictive validity than established types of bipolar disorders. A clinical course dominated by depressive symptoms predicts a greater proportion of time ill. A clinical course characterized by manic episodes predicts hospital admissions.
Personae and phonetic detail in sociolinguistic signs
Authors: D'Onofrio Annette 
Published: June 2018

AbstractSocial meaning-based approaches to linguistic variation treat variation as a semiotic system, in which sociolinguistic signs—indexical links between linguistic forms and social meanings—serve as interactional resources that individuals use to project personae. This article explores the perceptual nature of the links between social personae and linguistic forms, examining how information about a speaker's persona can influence a listener's linguistic perceptions of a continuous phonetic feature. Using a phoneme categorization task, this study examines associations between gradient phonetic manifestations on a continuum from /æ/ to /ɑ/ and three social personae. Findings illustrate that the social persona made relevant for a listener influences the ways in which points on this phonetic continuum are categorized phonemically as eithertraporlot. Overall, this shows that the social constructs of personae influence phonetically detailed perceptions of linguistic material. (Sociolinguistic perception, personae, indexicality, sociophonetics, sociolinguistic signs)*
Style, stance, and social meaning in mock white girl
Authors: Slobe Tyanna 
Published: June 2018

AbstractMock white girl(MWG) performances parody a linguistic and embodied style associated with contemporary middle class white girls in the United States. The article identifies bundles of semiotic resources in the stylization of the white girl persona—for example, creaky voice, uptalk, blondeness, and Starbucks—in three genres of MWG:Savior,Shit white girls say, andTeenage girl problems. While semiotic variables used to index the white girl persona are consistent across performances, there is significant variation in performers’ ideological stances relative to the mocked figure of personhood: white girls in the US are not ‘heard’ in any one way by all social actors. Contextualizing MWG performances through analysis of stance reveals critical variation in how the white girl is interpreted, evaluated, and produced as a meaningful social entity by diverse segments of the population. (Gender, mock, race, parody, persona, stance, style)*
II The Tchefuncte Period Sites
Authors: Ford James A. , Quimby George I. 
Published: June 2018

The first publication dealing with materials which have since come to be included in the Tchefuncte horizon was an article by J. R. Czajkowski, published in the Louisiana Conservation Review for July 1, 1934. This was a brief summary of the first six months' exploration by a Civil Works Administration project of extensive shell deposits near Little Woods, Louisiana, along the shores of Lake Pontchartrain, east of New Orleans. All of these middens had been used as sources of shell for paving roads; consequently the center of each had been gutted previous to Czajkowski's work. Through arrangements made by Dr. Fred B. Kniffen, the materials and notes were to be turned over to Louisiana State University. Only a very small part of the collection, however, was received by the University; the remainder could not be located. The few notes obtainable were from the brief field diary of one of the foremen.What is available of Czajkowski's collection has been used in this paper. It represents only a part of the enormous amount found, and because of the lack of notes and identifying marks it necessarily must be treated as a collection from all the middens which Czajkowski dug (see map, Fig. 2, Sites Or-1, Or-2, Or-3, Or-4 and Or-5). This is a particularly unfortunate situation, for these areas were so thoroughly disturbed that later investigations have succeeded in collecting very little information.
On Absolute Dating and North Coast History
Authors: Rowe John Howland 
Published: June 2018

While I have become less, rather than more, certain of the possibility of correlating traditional dynasty lists with archaeological periods since American Antiquity published my paper on the subject, the possibility is still worth exploring in an area where we have so few absolute dates to go on. In this connection, I would like to call the attention of the meeting to a document on Chimu history which, to my shame, I ran across only recently, though it was first published in 1936.The document in question is a fragment of the first chapter of an anonymous history of Trujillo, written in that city in 1604. The manuscript was found in Lima by Father Vargas Ugarte and published in the Revista Histórica. A translation is submitted which should be of considerable interest.
Pariñas-Chira Archaeology: A Preliminary Report
Authors: Lothrop S. K. 
Published: June 2018

The following account of ancient remains in northern Peru is the result of a reconnaissance during May, 1941 from Cabo Blanco southward to Piura. The surface collections from various archaeological sites, now in the Peabody Museum of Harvard University, have not yet been repaired and will be published subsequently. The present report, however, includes material from local collections, which tells the basic story.The region of which we write embraces two river valleys: Parinas and Chira (Fig. 44). The Parinas, according to a classification published by Kroeber, is a third-class river which reaches the sea a few miles north of the oil port of Talara. When I saw it, there was considerable flow of water, but automobiles could cross in places.
The Position of Pucara in Titicaca Basin Archaeology
Authors: Kidder Alfred 
Published: June 2018

This paper presents the gist of informal remarks made at the Conference on Peruvian Prehistory, with some added comment pertaining to Bennett's views on the revision of the south Titicaca basin sequence. Full documentation, and the illustrative material indispensable for such comparative studies will be presented in the final report on excavations at Pucara.Since Pucara is the only site in the northern Titicaca basin at which excavation on even a moderate scale has been attempted, its relationship to Tiahuanaco and other sites in Bolivia and southern Puno are of obvious interest, especially since the bulk of the Pucara materials represents a culture obviously sharing many of the ideas expressed in Tiahuanaco art. This being the case, the question then arises as to whether the “Classic” phase of Pucara precedes the Tiahuanaco periods, is contemporaneous with one or all of them as a regional manifestation in the northern basin, or is a later development in the southern basin tradition.
Dorset Settlement Patterns in Newfoundland and Southeastern Hudson Bay
Authors: Harp Elmer 
Published: June 2018

The history of dorset eskimo archaeological research now spans a half-century and appears to be fully mature. At the outset, progress in this research was sporadic, but in the last two decades momentum has increased and we have achieved many significant clarifications of the general Dorset problem. These include a firm definition of Dorset people as true Eskimos, and further insights with respect to their temporal and geographic spread throughout the central and eastern Arctic, their localized adaptations to changing environments, and, as a persistent theme, their noteworthy cultural conservatism through time. This paper deals primarily with the middle and late stages of Dorset culture as seen in marginal settlements in western Newfoundland and southeastern Hudson Bay.In reviewing past investigations of Arctic prehistory, I have been struck by our substantive preoccupation with material culture, mainly with artifacts. That is quite natural because our powers of interpretation and reconstruction are circumscribed in well-known ways by the paucity of our field data, particularly so as we are dealing with the cultures of Arctic hunter-gatherers. Therefore, we should be forgiven a natural tendency to submerge in the warm realities of artifacts and the comforting procedures of mensuration and taxonomy. These are legitimate scientific concerns, and they may lead us toward useful statistical formulations, definitions of cultural parameters and complexes, and so on. However, to the extent that we think solely in such statistical and materialistic terms, the fundamental human nature of our quest may be diminished, if not lost altogether.
The Inland Tlingit
Authors: McClellan Catharine 
Published: June 2018

Ethnographers confidently point to the Tlingit-speaking population of southeastern Alaska as an important component of the Northwest Coast culture area. They cite these Indians as a maritime oriented group, sharing a common speech and many distinctive culture traits. About fourteen Tlingit tribes have been listed and in part described for the Alaska coast.I should like to discuss three less well-known Tlingit-speaking bands now located in the interior of northern British Columbia and of southern Yukon Territory. These three neighboring groups are: the Tagish band of Carcross at the junction of lakes Bennett and Nares; the Atlin band on the lake of the same name; and the Teslin band with headquarters on Teslin Lake. This is the farthest inland of the lakes mentioned, and it is little more than a hundred miles from the mild, damp Pacific coast with its abundant sea and shore life.
Some Social Aspects of New England Colonial Mortuary Art
Authors: Deetz James , Dethlefsen Edwin N. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe spatial, temporal, and formal controls available in Colonial gravestones permit the investigation of the various social dimensions of their occurrences. Those aspects which can be studied include status, community intermarriage, the social implications of stylistic evolution, and, in the case of the cemeteries, relative importance of community as opposed to familial control of interment practices. Such studies provide an understanding of some of the social factors reflected by measurable data of the type encountered in archaeological research. This paper documents specific responses in the evolution of marker styles to the Great Awakening's effect at Boston.
1. The Conceptual Setting
Authors: Thompson Raymond H. 
Published: June 2018

It seems to have become the custom for the author of a paper on archaeological methodology to provide his readers with a review of the theoretical trends of the discipline. The general outline of these trends must by now be the common property of all literate anthropologists. do not consider it improper, therefore, to refrain from repeating a summary of them here. Much more important to this study of the nature of archaeological inference is a statement of the present aims of the discipline and the role which inference is expected to play in achieving these aims.Phillips and Willey (1953: 616) succinctly describe the proper ends of archaeological research:The ultimate objective of archeology is the creation of an image of life within the limits of the residue that is available from the past. The procedural objectives toward such a goal may be dichotomized into reconstructions of space-time relationships, on the one hand, and contextual relationships on the other.
3 The Issaquena Phase
Authors: Greengo Robert E. 
Published: June 2018

The Issaquena phase is conceived as an archaeological unit in the sense defined by Willey and Phillips (1958: 22). The name derives from that of the county in the State of Mississippi in which this complex has so far appeared in greatest concentration. The type component is that found in the lower levels of the Manny site (22-N-6). Other components of the phase are known from excavations at the Thornton (22-M-1), Leist (22-N-1), Mabin (21-N-4), and Jaketown (20-O-1) sites, all in the southern third of the Lower Yazoo Basin. The fundamental criteria upon which this phase is postulated are a number of ceramic types that appear as an integrated complex. There are several other cultural features associated with the phase, but these are not as well known as the ceramics.The Yazoo Basin, or “Delta” as it is called locally, has been defined geographically and its general environmental conditions described by Phillips and others (1951: 16-17). All the sites considered here as affiliated with the Issaquena phase (Table 2) lie on the Mississippi floodplain.
Chapter 8. The Ethnographic Data
Authors: Williams B. J. 
Published: June 2018

Before discussing the fit of the Birhor ethnographic data to our model of hunting-gathering society, a few observations are in order to indicate the frequency and distribution of ethnographically known hunting peoples who do, or do not, appear to fit the model. To do this, I shall rely primarily on the surveys of Steward (1936), Service (1962), Lee and DeVore (1968), Damas (1969), and Bicchieri (1972).Since the objective of this investigation was the intensive investigation of a single test case, no broadly comparative analysis of ethnographies of other hunting societies will be given. I would like to suggest, however, that, if such a comparative survey were undertaken, the observance of three or four strictures in interpreting the data would lead to differing conclusions about some societies now considered exceptions to the patrilocal, patrilineal model.
Chapter V: Houses, Kashims, and Caches
Authors: De Laguna Frederica 
Published: June 2018

Not much information about Tena houses can be found in early published accounts. Travelers report permanent villages with semisubterranean houses built of logs, and roofed with bark and turf, from all the Yukon tribes which we visited, with the exception of the Tanana, but give few details of construction. Dall however, specifies for the Un'ā-khō-tanā, between Tanana and Ruby (or, as we should say, between Tanana and the Nowitna), that “their houses are less solidly built and less permanent than those of the Lowlanders [Nulato to Holy Cross].” Of the Tanana Indians, Schwatka reports:“Their habitations, except among the Indians living near the mouth, are very temporary, being made of moose skins in winter, and generally of a lighter and less substantial character even than this in summer. Near the mouth of the [Tanana] river some of the tribe have underground houses, such as are in use among the Innuits, and are called by the Russians ‘barraboras.’”