bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Decreasing Use of Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy Tube Feeding in Japan
Authors: Komiya Kosaku , Usagawa Yuko , Kadota Jun‐ichi , Ikegami Naoki 
Published: May 2018

OBJECTIVESTo identify trends in percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube placement and intravenous hyperalimentation (IVH) in nonhospital settings (as a potential alternative to tube feeding for nutrition) and to summarize published reports concerning the decision‐making process for PEG placement.DESIGNNational survey and systematic review.SETTINGJapan.PARTICIPANTSAll Japanese people.MEASUREMENTSData on numbers of individuals with a PEG tube and IVH were obtained from the website of the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare and published reports concerning the decision‐making process for PEG placement in Japan were summarized.RESULTSThe number of PEG tube placements peaked in 2007 and has been decreasing since Japan experienced the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011. A further decline was seen in 2015 after the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare revised the fee schedule in 2014. More than half of individuals who had tubes were aged 80 and older during the years observed. In contrast, the number of individuals receiving IVH was lowest in the same year as PEG tube placement peaked and has been increasing ever since. Four studies reported that the decision‐making process included consideration of not only the underlying disease, but also the individual's age and social barriers and the physician's personal philosophy.CONCLUSIONThe number of PEG tube placements has been decreasing since its peak in 2007, and the number of individuals receiving IVH has been increasing. Many factors influence the decision‐making process for PEG tube placement. Physicians in Japan may be realizing that there is little evidence to support the use of tube feeding in frail elderly adults.
Women Who Bedshare More Frequently at 14 Weeks Postpartum Subsequently Report Longer Durations of Breastfeeding
Authors: Bovbjerg Marit L. , Hill Jill A. , Uphoff Adrienne E. , Rosenberg Kenneth D. 
Published: May 2018

IntroductionBreastfeeding rates in the United States continue to fall short of Healthy People 2020 goals. Bedsharing has been promoted as a way of increasing breastfeeding durations.MethodsWe used prospectively collected Oregon Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) and PRAMS‐2 data from 2276 women to explore whether bedsharing frequency predicts age at weaning. Bedsharing was assessed at 14 weeks after birth (PRAMS), and duration of breastfeeding was assessed at 2 years after birth (PRAMS‐2). Cox proportional hazards models controlled for primiparity, cesarean birth, marital status, employment status, maternal race and ethnicity, and pregravid body mass index.ResultsWomen in this sample reported high rates of bedsharing: only 15.7% of PRAMS respondents said they never shared a bed with their infant. We also observed a dose‐response association between bedsharing frequency and breastfeeding duration when the analysis controlled for covariables: women who reported more frequent bedsharing at 14 weeks postpartum were more likely to wean later. Hazard ratios ranged from 1.18 (95% CI, 1.02‐1.35) for “often” versus “always” bedsharing to 1.92 (95% CI, 1.66‐2.24) for “never” versus “always.” In other words, at any given infant age, women who always bedshared were more likely to keep breastfeeding. Women who always bedshared at 14 weeks postpartum breastfed their infant for a median of 13 months (95% CI, 12‐14), compared with 10 months (95% CI, 9‐11) for women who never bedshared at 14 weeks.DiscussionAlthough we cannot rule out confounding by breastfeeding intention, our results suggest that bedsharing in early infancy might lead to later weaning. Regardless of infant feeding method, given the frequency of bedsharing reported by women in this and other samples, clinicians encountering pregnant and postpartum women should teach safe bedsharing practices.
Fatigue Failure Load of Lithium Disilicate Restorations Cemented on a Chairside Titanium‐Base
Authors: Kaweewongprasert Peerapat , Phasuk Kamolphob , Levon John A. , Eckert George J. , Feitosa Sabrina , Valandro Luiz F. , Bottino Marco C. , Morton Dean 
Published: May 2018

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate the fatigue failure load of distinct lithium disilicate restoration designs cemented on a chairside titanium base for maxillary anterior implant‐supported restorations.Materials and MethodsA left‐maxillary incisor restoration was virtually designed and sorted into 3 groups: (n = 10/group; CTD: lithium disilicate crowns cemented on custom‐milled titanium abutments; VMLD: monolithic full‐contour lithium disilicate crowns cemented on a chairside titanium‐base; VCLD: lithium disilicate crowns bonded to lithium disilicate customized anatomic structures and then cemented onto a chairside titanium base). The chairside titanium base was air‐abraded with aluminum oxide particles. Subsequently, the titanium base was steam‐cleaned and air‐dried. Then a thin coat of a silane agent was applied. The intaglio surface of the ceramic components was treated with 5% hydrofluoric acid (HF) etching gel, followed by silanization, and bonded with a resin cement. The specimens were fatigued at 20 Hz, starting with a 100 N load (5000× load pulses), followed by stepwise loading from 400 N up to 1400 N (200 N increments) at a maximum of 30,000 cycles each. The failure loads, number of cycles, and fracture analysis were recorded. The data were statistically analyzed using one‐way ANOVA, followed by pairwise comparisons (p < 0.05). Kaplan‐Meier survival plots and Weibull survival analyses were reported.ResultsFor catastrophic fatigue failure load and the total number of cycles for failure, VMLD (1260 N, 175,231 cycles) was significantly higher than VCLD (1080 N, 139,965 cycles) and CDT (1000 N, 133,185 cycles). VMLD had a higher Weibull modulus demonstrating greater structural reliability.ConclusionVMLD had the best fatigue failure resistance when compared with the other two groups.
Advances in the systematics and evolution of western Mediterranean representative species of the Pentanema conyzae clade through genetic fingerprinting
Authors: Gutiérrez‐Larruscain David , Andrés‐Sánchez Santiago , Rico Enrique , Martínez‐Ortega María Montserrat 
Published: May 2018

AbstractForty‐five populations of Pentanema corresponding to seven species included in the Pentanema conyzae clade have been studied using AFLP fingerprinting. The results show that allopolyploidization could have been involved in the diversification of this group, specifically in species P. langeanum and P. maletii. Molecular data confirm the presence of P. britannicum in the Iberian Peninsula and key steps are provided to identify the species that are morphologically the most challenging.
The Role of Whites in Lay Leadership Within Latino Churches
Authors: Martinez Brandon C. , Tamburello Jeffrey A. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractLatinos are the largest ethnoracial minority group in America, and Latino congregations play an important role in the lives of their members and communities. Yet, little research exists on these congregations. The current study provides an examination of the lay leadership structures and power dynamics within Latino congregations. Drawing from organizational ecology theory and the homophily principle as well as contemporary racial stratification literature, we propose competing hypotheses regarding the roles whites play within the lay leadership and power structures of Latino congregations. Utilizing a national multilevel data set, we find the persistence of white privilege existing within Latino congregations, as whites are more likely to hold lay leadership positions within these congregations than Latinos, despite their numeric minority status. Moreover, our results reveal that individual access to the decision‐making process in these congregations increases for both whites and multiracial individuals as the proportion of Latinos increases in their congregation. We further discuss the implications of these findings.
Where Men Appear More Religious Than Women: Turning a Gender Lens on Religion in Israel
Authors: Schnabel Landon , Hackett Conrad , McClendon David 
Published: May 2018

AbstractPast research, typically focused on Christians in Christian nations, has found that women tend to be more religious than men. This study uses original nationally representative data (N = 5,601) with strategic oversamples of minority groups to examine variation in how religion and gender intersect across ethnoreligious identities in Israel. We demonstrate that Israel diverges from the typical pattern of women appearing more religious than men. In fact, Israeli men are consistently more religious than Israeli women on commonly used measures and frequently more religious on a broader set of questions specific to Judaism and Israel. Subgroup analyses highlight the intersectional nature of gender and religion, showing that men's greater religiosity in Israel is limited to Jews, and, more specifically, nonsecular Jews. We suggest that gender gaps arise, at least in part, because religions are gendered institutions with gendered norms, expectations, and incentives, and that these norms, expectations, and incentives vary from religion to religion.
Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels: a metabolic TR(i)P to obesity prevention and therapy
Authors: Bishnoi M. , Khare P. , Brown L. , Panchal S. K. 
Published: May 2018

SummaryCellular transport of ions, especially by ion channels, regulates physiological function. The transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, with 30 identified so far, are cation channels with high calcium permeability. These ion channels are present in metabolically active tissues including adipose tissue, liver, gastrointestinal tract, brain (hypothalamus), pancreas and skeletal muscle, which suggests a potential role in metabolic disorders including obesity. TRP channels have potentially important roles in adipogenesis, obesity development and its prevention and therapy because of their physiological properties including calcium permeability, thermosensation and taste perception, involvement in cell metabolic signalling and hormone release. This wide range of actions means that organ‐specific actions are unlikely, thus increasing the possibility of adverse effects. Delineation of responses to TRP channels has been limited by the poor selectivity of available agonists and antagonists. Food constituents that can modulate TRP channels are of interest in controlling metabolic status. TRP vanilloid 1 channels modulated by capsaicin have been the most studied, suggesting that this may be the first target for effective pharmacological modulation in obesity. This review shows that most of the TRP channels are potential targets to reduce metabolic disorders through a range of mechanisms.
“Monks by Night and Knights by Day”: Ḥasan al‐Bannāʾ,Tarbīya, and the embodied ethics of the early Muslim Brotherhood
Authors: Houston Sam 
Published: May 2018

AbstractIn this article, I trace and analyze the manifold ways in which Ḥasan al‐Bannāʾ (d. 1949), founder of the Muslim Brotherhood, appropriated Ṣūfī thought and practice in the creation of Brotherhood doctrine and institutional structures, with a particular focus on his model of ethico‐spiritual formation (tarbīya). For al‐Bannāʾ, Ṣūfī discursive and embodied practices and the virtues they produced were required not only for individual flourishing, but as the necessary precondition for socio‐political activism. Such a recognition of the embodied nature of ethical formation stands in contrast to Salafī epistemologies predicated on a scriptural positivism and an exoteric focus on law, and sheds further light on the early Muslim Brotherhood's Ṣūfī origins. Moreover, this ethical paradigm, which entails a “sharīʿa‐minded” Ṣūfism placed in an activist framework, not only challenges those narratives which perpetuate an inherent Salafī‐Ṣūfī divide; it also creates avenues for exploring the relationship between practical reasoning, virtue formation, and public engagement, thus further contributing to an “engaged Ṣūfism” advocated by some today.
What is the shape of a bundle? An analysis of Rosen's fibrous composites experiments using the chain‐of‐bundles model
Authors: Li Shuang , Gleaton James , Lynch James 
Published: May 2018

AbstractIn the 1960s, W. B. Rosen conducted some remarkable experiments on unidirectional fibrous composites that gave seminal insights into their failure under increasing tensile load. These insights led him to a grid system where the nodes in the grid were ineffective length fibers and to model the composite as something he called a chain‐of‐bundles model (i.e., a series system of parallel subsystems of horizontal nodes that he referred to as bundles), where the chain fails when one of the bundles fails. A load‐sharing rule was used to quantify how the load is borne among the nodes. Here, Rosen's experiments are analyzed to determine the shape of a bundle. The analysis suggests that the bundles are not horizontal collection of nodes but rather small rectangular grid systems of nodes where the load‐sharing between nodes is local in its form. In addition, a Gibbs measure representation for the joint distribution of binary random variables is given. This is used to show how the system reliability for a reliability structure can be obtained from the partition function for the Gibbs measure and to illustrate how to assess the risk of failure of a bundle in the chain‐of‐bundle model.
Failure of bacterial screening to detect Staphylococcus aureus: the English experience of donor follow‐up
Authors: Brailsford S. R. , Tossell J. , Morrison R. , McDonald C. P. , Pitt T. L. 
Published: May 2018

Background and ObjectivesBetween February 2011 and December 2016, over 1·6 million platelet units, 36% pooled platelets, underwent bacterial screening prior to issue. Contamination rates for apheresis and pooled platelets were 0·02% and 0·07%, respectively. Staphylococcus aureus accounted for 21 contaminations, including four pooled platelets, one confirmed transfusion‐transmitted infection (TTI) and three ‘near‐miss’ incidents detected on visual inspection which were negative on screening. We describe follow‐up investigations of 16 donors for skin carriage of S. aureus and molecular characterisation of donor and pack isolates.Materials and MethodsUnits were screened by the BacT/ALERT 3D detection system. Contributing donors were interviewed and consent requested for skin and nasal swabbing. S. aureus isolates were referred for spa gene type and DNA macrorestriction profile to determine identity between carriage strains and packs.ResultsDonors of 10 apheresis and two pooled packs screen positive for S. aureus were confirmed as the source of contamination; seven had a history of skin conditions, predominantly eczema; 11 were nasal carriers. The ‘near‐miss’ incidents were associated with apheresis donors, two donors harboured strains indistinguishable from the pack strain. The TTI was due to a screen‐negative pooled unit, and a nasal isolate of one donor was indistinguishable from that in the unit.ConclusionStaphylococcus aureus contamination is rare but potentially harmful in platelet units. Donor isolates showed almost universal correspondence in molecular type with pack isolates, thus confirming the source of contamination. The importance of visual inspection of packs prior to transfusion is underlined by the ‘near‐miss’ incidents.
Differences in autonomic innervation to the vertebrobasilar arteries in spontaneously hypertensive and Wistar rats
Authors: Roloff Eva v. L. , Walas Dawid , Moraes Davi J. A. , Kasparov Sergey , Paton Julian F. R. 
Published: May 2018

Key points
Essential hypertension is associated with hyperactivity of the sympathetic nervous system and hypoperfusion of the brainstem area controlling arterial pressure.
Sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation of vertebrobasilar arteries may regulate blood perfusion to the brainstem.
We examined the autonomic innervation of these arteries in pre‐hypertensive (PHSH) and hypertensive spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats relative to age‐matched Wistar rats.
Our main findings were: (1) an unexpected decrease in noradrenergic sympathetic innervation in PHSH and SH compared to Wistar rats despite elevated sympathetic drive in PHSH rats; (2) a dramatic deficit in cholinergic and peptidergic parasympathetic innervation in PHSH and SH compared to Wistar rats; and (3) denervation of sympathetic fibres did not alter vertebrobasilar artery morphology or arterial pressure.
Our results support a compromised vasodilatory capacity in PHSH and SH rats compared to Wistar rats, which may explain their hypoperfused brainstem.
AbstractNeurogenic hypertension may result from brainstem hypoperfusion. We previously found remodelling (decreased lumen, increased wall thickness) in vertebrobasilar arteries of juvenile, pre‐hypertensive spontaneously hypertensive (PHSH) and adult spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats compared to age‐matched normotensive rats. We tested the hypothesis that there would be a greater density of sympathetic to parasympathetic innervation of vertebrobasilar arteries in SH versus Wistar rats irrespective of the stage of development and that sympathetic denervation (ablation of the superior cervical ganglia bilaterally) would reverse the remodelling and lower blood pressure. Contrary to our hypothesis, immunohistochemistry revealed a decrease in the innervation density of noradrenergic sympathetic fibres in adult SH rats (P < 0.01) compared to Wistar rats. Unexpectedly, there was a 65% deficit in parasympathetic fibres, as assessed by both vesicular acetylcholine transporter (α‐VAChT) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (α‐VIP) immunofluorescence (P < 0.002) in PHSH rats compared to age‐matched Wistar rats. Although the neural activity of the internal cervical sympathetic branch, which innervates the vertebrobasilar arteries, was higher in PHSH relative to Wistar rats, its denervation had no effect on the vertebrobasilar artery morphology or persistent effect on arterial pressure in SH rats. Our neuroanatomic and functional data do not support a role for sympathetic nerves in remodelling of the vertebrobasilar artery wall in PHSH or SH rats. The remodelling of vertebrobasilar arteries and the elevated activity in the internal cervical sympathetic nerve coupled with their reduced parasympathetic innervation suggests a compromised vasodilatory capacity in PHSH and SH rats that could explain their brainstem hypoperfusion.
Recommendations To Address the Difficulties Encountered When Determining Linezolid Resistance from Whole-Genome Sequencing Data
Authors: Beukers Alicia G. , Hasman Henrik , Hegstad Kristin , van Hal Sebastiaan J. 
Published: May 2018

ABSTRACT

Mutations associated with linezolid resistance within the V domain of 23S rRNA are annotated using an
Escherichia coli
numbering system. The 23S rRNA gene varies in length, nucleotide sequence, and copy number among bacterial species. Consequently, this numbering system is not intuitive and can lead to confusion when mutation sites are being located using whole-genome sequencing data. Using the mutation G2576T as an example, we demonstrate the difficulties associated with using the
E. coli
numbering system.
Disruption of
mpl
Activates β-Lactamase Production in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Pseudomonas aeruginosa Clinical Isolates
Authors: Calvopiña Karina , Avison Matthew B. 
Published: May 2018

ABSTRACT

The hyperproduction of chromosomally encoded β-lactamases is a key method of acquired resistance to ceftazidime, aztreonam, and, when seen in backgrounds having reduced envelope permeability, carbapenems. Here, we show that the loss of Mpl, a UDP-muramic acid/peptide ligase, is a common and previously overlooked cause of chromosomally encoded β-lactamase hyperproduction in clinical isolates of
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
, important pathogens notorious for their β-lactam-resistant phenotypes.
Incidence and trends of central line associated pneumothorax using radiograph report text search versus administrative database codes
Authors: Reeson Marc , Forster Alan , van Walraven Carl 
Published: May 2018

BackgroundCentral line associated pneumothorax (CLAP) could be a good quality of care indicator because they are objectively measured, clearly undesirable and possibly avoidable. We measured the incidence and trends of CLAP using radiograph report text search with manual review and compared them with measures using routinely collected health administrative data.MethodsFor each hospitalisation to a tertiary care teaching hospital between 2002 and 2015, we searched all chest radiography reports for a central line with a sensitive computer algorithm. Screen positive reports were manually reviewed to confirm central lines. The index and subsequent chest radiography reports were screened for pneumothorax followed by manual confirmation. Diagnostic and procedural codes were used to identify CLAP in administrative data.ResultsIn 685 044 hospitalisations, 10 819 underwent central line insertion (1.6%) with CLAP occurring 181 times (1.7%). CLAP risk did not change over time. Codes for CLAP were inaccurate (sensitivity 13.8%, positive predictive value 6.6%). However, overall code-based CLAP risk (1.8%) was almost identical to actual values possibly because patient strata with inflated CLAP risk were balanced by more common strata having underestimated CLAP risk. Code-based methods inflated central line incidence 2.2 times and erroneously concluded that CLAP risk decreased significantly over time.ConclusionsUsing valid methods, CLAP incidence was similar to those in the literature but has not changed over time. Although administrative database codes for CLAP were very inaccurate, they generated CLAP risks very similar to actual values because of offsetting errors. In contrast to those from radiograph report text search with manual review, CLAP trends decreased significantly using administrative data. Hospital CLAP risk should not be measured using administrative data.
Contraceptive method use among women and its association with age, relationship status and duration: findings from the third British National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (Natsal-3)
Authors: Firman Nicola , Palmer Melissa J , Timæus Ian M , Wellings Kaye 
Published: May 2018

BackgroundOne in six pregnancies in Britain are unplanned. An understanding of influences on contraceptive method choice is essential to provision compatible with users’ lifestyles. This study describes contraceptive method use by age, and relationship status and duration, among women in Britain.MethodsData from women participating in the third British National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles were used to describe contraceptive use grouped as: unreliable method or none; barrier methods; oral/injectable hormonal methods; and long-acting reversible contraception. A total of 4456 women at risk of pregnancy were used to examine associations between contraception use, age, relationship type and duration. Age-stratified odds ratios for contraceptive use by relationship type and duration were estimated using binary logistic regression.ResultsSome 26.0% of 16–49-year-olds used hormonal contraception as their usual method. Use of hormonal and barrier methods was highest in the youngest age group and decreased with age; the reverse was true for use of unreliable methods or none. Barrier method use was higher in short-term relationships among younger participants; this was not seen among older respondents. Duration was more strongly associated with usual contraceptive method than relationship type; this pattern was more marked among younger participants.ConclusionsAsking about relationship status and duration may help providers support women’s contraceptive use by considering their priorities and preferences at different life stages. Interactions between relationship characteristics, age and contraception are complex, and bear closer scrutiny both in research and in policy and practice.