bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Blacklists, Market Enforcement, and the Global Regime to Combat Terrorist Financing
Authors: Morse Julia C. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis paper highlights how international organizations can use global performance indicators (GPIs) to drive policy change through transnational market pressure. When international organizations are credible assessors of state policy, and when monitored countries compete for market resources, GPIs transmit information about country risk and stabilize market expectations. Under these conditions banks and investors may restrict access to capital in noncompliant states and incentivize increased compliance. I demonstrate this market-enforcement mechanism by analyzing the Financial Action Task Force (FATF), an intergovernmental body that issues nonbinding recommendations to combat money laundering and the financing of terrorism. The FATF's public listing of noncompliant jurisdictions has prompted international banks to move resources away from listed states and raised the costs of continued noncompliance, significantly increasing the number of states with laws criminalizing terrorist financing. This finding suggests a powerful pathway through which institutions influence domestic policy and highlights the power of GPIs in an age where information is a global currency.
Contributions of soil temperature and moisture drivers to variations in perennial vetch (Vicia unijuga) productivity potential in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau region of China
Authors: Tang Wei , Christensen Michael J. , Nan Zhibiao 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIn alpine regions of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau of China, perennial vetch (Vicia unijuga A. Br.) productivity is often low and variable, constrained by the cold and erratic precipitation environment. The aim of the current study was to identify the soil-environmental modifications needed in harsh alpine environmental conditions for improvement of perennial vetch growth, forage biomass production and seed yield. A 3-year field experiment was conducted in an alpine region of China to evaluate the effects of modified soil temperature and moisture conditions generated by three mulching treatments – plastic film mulching (FM), removal of plastic film mulching at the 30% flowering stage and barley straw mulching – on perennial vetch productivity. Higher mean soil temperature and soil water content were recorded in the FM treatment than in the control and other treatments. This enhanced perennial vetch growth, as indicated by higher photosynthetic rate, higher leaf area index and greater above-ground dry matter, and thus higher seed yield and water productivity. Examination by multiple linear regression showed the relative contribution of mean soil temperature to the variations in photosynthetic rate, above-ground dry matter and seed yield were greater than soil water content, whereas the reverse occurred in seeds/pod. In conclusion, the FM treatment provided adequate soil temperature and water resources to improve photosynthetic rate, above-ground dry matter, seed yield and water productivity, and thus increased the productivity potential for perennial vetch in the alpine region. The current research provides scientific support for large-scale perennial vetch cultivation and management in alpine regions.
Evaluation of Mobile Health Applications: Is Regulatory Policy Up to the Challenge?
Authors: Moshi Magdalena Ruth , Parsons Jacqueline , Tooher Rebecca , Merlin Tracy 
Published: July 2019

AbstractObjectivesThe aim of this study is to determine whether the approach used in Australia to regulate mobile medical applications (MMA) is consistent with international standards and is suitable to address the unique challenges of these technologies.MethodsThe policies of members of the International Medical Device Regulator's Forum (IMDRF) were analyzed, to determine whether these regulatory bodies address IMDRF recommendations for the clinical evaluation of software as a medical device (SaMD). Case-studies of varying types of regulated MMAs in Australia and the United States were also reviewed to determine how well the guidance in the IMDRF's SaMD: Clinical Evaluation (2017) document was operationalized.ResultsAll included jurisdictions evaluated the effectiveness of MMAs and addressed the majority of the key sub-categories recommended in the IMDRF guidance document. However, safety principles concerning information security (cybersecurity) and potential dangers of misinformation (risk-classification) were generally not addressed in either the case-studies or in the policy documents of international regulatory bodies. Australia's approach was consistent with MMA regulation conducted internationally. None of the approaches used by global regulatory bodies adequately addressed the risk of misinformation from apps and the potential for adverse clinical consequences.ConclusionsThe risks posed by MMAs are mainly through the information they provide and how this is used in clinical decision-making. Policy in Australia and elsewhere should be adjusted to follow the IMDRF risk-classification criteria to address potential harms from misinformation. Australian regulatory information should also be updated so the harm posed by cybersecurity and connectivity can be comprehensively evaluated.
Criteria Used for Priority-Setting for Public Health Resource Allocation in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review
Authors: Kaur Gunjeet , Prinja Shankar , Lakshmi P.V.M. , Downey Laura , Sharma Deepshikha , Teerawattananon Yot 
Published: July 2019

AbstractObjectivesThis systematic review aimed to identify criteria being used for priority setting for resource allocation decisions in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Furthermore, the included studies were analyzed from a policy perspective to understand priority setting processes in these countries.MethodsSearches were carried out in PubMed, Embase, Econlit, and Cochrane databases, supplemented with pre-identified Web sites and bibliographic searches of relevant papers. Quality appraisal of included studies was undertaken. The review protocol is registered in International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews PROSPERO CRD42017068371.ResultsOf 16,412 records screened by title and abstract, 112 papers were identified for full text screening and 44 studies were included in the final analysis. At an overall level, cost-effectiveness 52 percent (n = 22) and health benefits 45 percent (n = 19) were the most cited criteria used for priority setting for public health resource allocation. Inter-region (LMICs) and between various approaches (like health technology assessment, multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA), accountability for reasonableness (AFR) variations among criteria were also noted. Our review found that MCDA approach was more frequently used in upper middle-income countries and AFR in lower-income countries for priority setting in health. Policy makers were the most frequently consulted stakeholders in all regions.Conclusions and RecommendationsPriority-setting criteria for health resource allocation decisions in LMICs largely comprised of cost-effectiveness and health benefits criteria at overall level. Other criteria like legal and regulatory framework conducive for implementation, fairness/ethics, and political considerations were infrequently reported and should be considered.
Electron Probe Microanalysis Through Coated Oxidized Surfaces
Authors: Matthews Mike B. , Buse Ben , Kearns Stuart L. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractLow voltage electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) of metals can be complicated by the presence of a surface oxide. If a conductive coating is applied, analysis becomes one of a three-layer structure. A method is presented which allows for the coating and oxide thicknesses and the substrate intensities to be determined. By restricting the range of coating and oxide thicknesses, tc and to respectively, x-ray intensities can be parameterized using a combination of linear functions of tc and to. tc can be determined from the coating element k-ratio independently of the oxide thickness. to can then be derived from the O k-ratio and tc. From tc and to the intensity components of the k-ratios from the oxide layer and substrate can each be derived. Modeled results are presented for an Ag on Bi2O3 on Bi system, with tc and to each ranging from 5 to 20 nm, for voltages of 5–20 kV. The method is tested against experimental measurements of Ag- or C-coated samples of polished Bi samples which have been allowed to naturally oxidize. Oxide thicknesses determined both before and after coating with Ag or C are consistent. Predicted Bi Mα k-ratios also show good agreement with EPMA-measured values.
Writing the ‘self’ into self-practice/self-reflection (SP/SR) in CBT: learning from autoethnography
Authors: Chigwedere Craig 
Published: July 2019

AbstractSelf-practice/self-reflection (SP/SR) allows cognitive behavioural therapists (CBT) to self-experience the techniques they use clinically. However, it is difficult to find published first-hand accounts of CBT therapists’ SP/SR experiences. This may be because CBT research is primarily positivist and objective, while SP/SR is intrinsically subjective. Borrowing from the principles of autoethnography may offer a subjectivist qualitative methodology, allowing CBT therapists to write up their SP/SR experiences as rich, first-hand research material, potentially impacting theory and practice. This novel personal case study of SP/SR borrows from autoethnography, adapting it to analyse the self-practice of the CBT model of worry, in order to understand my own experience of worry as well as the model itself.Key learning aims(1)To develop an approach to the research that is applicable to first-hand SP/SR material.(2)To demonstrate how therapists can continue SP/SR practice post-CBT training.(3)To illustrate how, with the aid of autoethnographic principles, SP/SR practice can influence not only the practitioner’s personal and therapist-self, but also theory development.
American Constitutional Faith and the Politics of Hermeneutics
Authors: Lewis Andrew R. , Blake William D. , Mockabee Stephen T. , Friesen Amanda 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAs more debates in American politics become constitutional questions, effective citizens must engage in constitutional interpretation. While most Americans venerate the Constitution as a part of a national, civil religion, levels of constitutional knowledge are also very low. In this paper, we analyze how ordinary Americans approach the task of constitutional interpretation. An analysis of two cross-sectional surveys indicates constitutional hermeneutics are a product of political factors, religious affiliation, and biblical interpretive preferences. We also present the results of a survey experiment where the manipulation of a clergy's interpretation of a biblical passage affects how respondents interpret both scripture and the Constitution, providing a potential causal mechanism for learning how to engage in hermeneutics.
Glyphosate-based herbicide exposure during pregnancy and lactation malprograms the male reproductive morphofunction in F1 offspring
Authors: Teleken Jakeline Liara , Gomes Ellen Carolina Zawoski , Marmentini Carine , Moi Milara Bruna , Ribeiro Rosane Aparecida , Balbo Sandra Lucinei , Amorim Elaine Manoela Porto , Bonfleur Maria Lúcia 
Published: July 2019

AbstractOne of the most consumed pesticides in the world is glyphosate, the active ingredient in the herbicide ROUNDUP®. Studies demonstrate that glyphosate can act as an endocrine disruptor and that exposure to this substance at critical periods in the developmental period may program the fetus to induce reproductive damage in adulthood. Our hypothesis is that maternal exposure to glyphosate during pregnancy and lactation in mice will affect the development of male reproductive organs, impairing male fertility during adult life. Female mice consumed 0.5% glyphosate-ROUNDUP® in their drinking water [glyphosate-based herbicide (GBH) group] or filtered water [control (CTRL) group] from the fourth day of pregnancy until the end of the lactation period. Male F1 offspring were designated, according to their mother’s treatment, as CTRL-F1 and GBH-F1. Female mice that drank glyphosate displayed reduced body weight (BW) gain during gestation, but no alterations in litter size. Although GBH male F1 offspring did not exhibit modifications in BW, they demonstrated delayed testicular descent. Furthermore, at PND150, GBH-F1 mice presented a lower number of spermatozoa in the cauda epididymis and reduced epithelial height of the seminiferous epithelium. Notably, intratesticular testosterone concentrations were enhanced in GBH-F1 mice; we show that it is an effect associated with increased plasma and pituitary concentrations of luteinizing hormone. Therefore, data indicate that maternal exposure to glyphosate-ROUNDUP® during pregnancy and lactation may lead to decreased spermatogenesis and disruptions in hypothalamus–pituitary–testicular axis regulation in F1 offspring.
A Practical Method to Compensate for the Effect of Echo Spacing on the Shale NMRT2Spectrum
Authors: Ge Xinmin , Zhao Jier , Zhang Fengsheng , Fan Yiren , Liu Jianyu , Cai Jianchao , Nie Shengdong , Wang Changjiang 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe low field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technique is considered as one of the most effective methods to characterize the pore size and fluid distribution in geophysical prospecting. The signal of NMR is noninvasive and lithology independent, while the effect of NMR responses influenced by the echo spacing (TE) is significant when applied to unconventional reservoirs which are featured with ultralow porosity and pore radius.TEis expected to be as low as possible to ensure most of the hydrogen signals are accounted for, but it is hard to achieve in downhole NMR measurement. We develop a practical method to compensate for the influence ofTEon the transversal relaxation time (T2) spectrum of shale. Based on the experiments with differentTE, the relationship between the NMR calibrated porosity and theTEis established to recover the signal amplitude. The effect ofTEon the peak position is investigated, and then an empirical equation is constructed to move the peak position to its original state. By the above two‐step correction algorithm, theT2spectrums of shale at largeTEare compensated precisely. The proposed method provides an effective way to obtain the realT2spectrum and achieves good results in the downhole NMR data processing of shale reservoir.
Formation of Arctic Stratocumuli Through Atmospheric Radiative Cooling
Authors: Simpfendoerfer Lucien F. , Verlinde Johannes , Harrington Jerry Y. , Shupe Matthew D. , Chen Yao‐Sheng , Clothiaux Eugene E. , Golaz Jean‐Christophe 
Published: July 2019

AbstractStratocumulus clouds are important to the Arctic climate because they are prevalent and exert a strong radiative forcing on the surface. However, relatively little is known about how stratocumulus clouds form in the Arctic. In this study, radiative transfer calculations are used to show that the timescale over which stably stratified Arctic temperature and water vapor profiles cool to saturation is less than typical residence times for individual air parcels in the Arctic. This result is consistent with previous studies in suggesting that elevated stratocumulus can form naturally through clear‐sky radiative cooling during all seasons, without assistance from frontal lifting or other atmospheric forcing. Single column model simulations of the cloud formation process, after radiative cooling has resulted in saturation in a stably stratified profile, suggest that stratocumulus cloud properties are sensitive to the characteristics of the environment in which the formation process takes place. For example, sensitivity tests suggest that clouds may attain liquid water paths of over 50 g/m2 if they form in moist environments but may become locked in a low‐liquid water path quasi steady state or dissipate within hours if they form in dry environments. A potential consequence of these sensitivities is that when an Arctic stratocumulus layer forms by radiative cooling, it is more likely to become optically thick, optically thin, or dissipate than it is to obtain an intermediate optical thickness. This could help explain why the cloudy and radiatively clear atmospheric states are so prevalent across the Arctic.
Reply to Comment by Swtizer and Teodoro on “U.S. Urban Water Prices: Cheaper When Drier”
Authors: Luby Ian H. , Polasky Stephen , Swackhamer Deborah L. 
Published: July 2019

Key Points

The Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) is not an appropriate measure of water scarcity
Using our preferred metric, we find that water rates, both in terms of total bills and marginal prices, are cheaper where water is scarcer
Switzer and Teodoro have misinterpreted our Key Point 3; average prices can decline while marginal prices increase with greater water use
An Index to Better Estimate Tropical Cyclone Intensity Change in the Western North Pacific
Authors: Lee Woojeong , Kim Sung‐Hun , Chu Pao‐Shin , Moon Il‐Ju , Soloviev Alexander V. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractA revised predictor called the net energy gain rate (NGR) is suggested by considering wind‐dependent drag coefficient based on the existing maximum potential intensity theory. A series of wind speed‐dependent NGR, known as NGR‐w, is calculated based on pretropical cyclone (TC) averaged ocean temperatures from the surface down to 120 m (at 10‐m intervals) to include the TC‐induced vertical mixing for 13 years (2004–2016) in the western North Pacific. It turns out that NGR50‐w (NGR‐w based on temperature averaged over top 50 m) has the highest correlation with 24‐hr TC intensity change compared with the commonly used sea surface temperature‐based intensification potential (POT), depth‐averaged temperature‐based POT (POTDAT), and constant drag coefficient in the NGR. To demonstrate the effectiveness of NGR50‐w, we designed and conducted experiments for training (2004–2014) and testing (2015–2016). The model with NGR50‐w shows greater skill than does the model with POTDAT or POT by reducing prediction errors by about 16%.
Vegetation Pattern and Terrestrial Carbon Variation in Past Warm and Cold Climates
Authors: Lu Zhengyao , Miller Paul A. , Zhang Qiong , Wårlind David , Nieradzik Lars , Sjolte Jesper , Li Qiang , Smith Benjamin 
Published: July 2019

AbstractUnderstanding the transition of biosphere‐atmosphere carbon exchange between glacial and interglacial climates can constrain uncertainties in its future projections. Using an individual‐based dynamic vegetation model, we simulate vegetation distribution and terrestrial carbon cycling in past cold and warm climates and elucidate the forcing effects of temperature, precipitation, atmospheric CO2 concentration (pCO2), and landmass. Results are consistent with proxy reconstructions and reveal that the vegetation extent is mainly determined by temperature anomalies, especially in a cold climate, while precipitation forcing effects on global‐scale vegetation patterns are marginal. The pCO2 change controls the global carbon balance with the fertilization effect of higher pCO2 linking to higher vegetation coverage, an enhanced terrestrial carbon sink, and increased terrestrial carbon storage. Our results indicate carbon transfer from ocean and permafrost/peat to the biosphere and atmosphere and highlight the importance of forest expansion as a driver of terrestrial ecosystem carbon stock from cold to warm climates.
Currents Associated With Saturn's Intra‐D Ring Azimuthal Field Perturbations
Authors: Hunt G.J. , Cowley S.W.H. , Provan G. , Cao H. , Bunce E.J. , Dougherty M.K. , Southwood D.J. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractDuring the final 22 full revolutions of the Cassini mission in 2017, the spacecraft passed at periapsis near the noon meridian through the gap between the inner edge of Saturn's D ring and the denser layers of the planet's atmosphere, revealing the presence of an unanticipated low‐latitude current system via the associated azimuthal perturbation field peaking typically at ~10–30 nT. Assuming approximate axisymmetry, here we use the field data to calculate the associated horizontal meridional currents flowing in the ionosphere at the feet of the field lines traversed, together with the exterior field‐aligned currents required by current continuity. We show that the ionospheric currents are typically~0.5–1.5 MA per radian of azimuth, similar to auroral region currents, while the field‐aligned current densities above the ionosphere are typically ~5–10 nA/m2, more than an order less than auroral values. The principal factor involved in this difference is the ionospheric areas into which the currents map. While around a third of passes exhibit unidirectional currents flowing northward in the ionosphere closing southward along exterior field lines, many passes also display layers of reversed northward field‐aligned current of comparable or larger magnitude in the region interior to the D ring, which may reverse sign again on the innermost field lines traversed. Overall, however, the currents generally show a high degree of north‐south conjugacy indicative of an interhemispheric system, certainly on the larger overall spatial scales involved, if less so for the smaller‐scale structures, possibly due to rapid temporal or local time variations.
Properties of Electron Phase Space Holes in the Lunar Plasma Environment
Authors: Malaspina David M. , Hutchinson Ian H. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe spatial distribution and amplitudes of electron phase space holes observed in the plasma environment near Earth's Moon are presented. When the Moon is in the solar wind, the overwhelming majority of holes in its vicinity occur in its wake, and we attribute them to an instability caused by distortion of the electron distribution by the wake, as predicted by theory. Approximately 30% of these wake holes are statistically correlated with observed magnetic discontinuities nearby, which implies that external effects can influence and trigger these wake instabilities, yet the wake is the determining factor. When the Moon is deep in the Earth's magnetotail, and no detectable lunar wake is present, the hole occurrence is greatly reduced and is distributed approximately homogeneously about the Moon, implicating a different production mechanism. Near the boundary of the magnetotail, homogeneously occurring holes are more frequent, showing that other instabilities associated with the magnetopause region are also active. These results demonstrate ways in which the Earth's Moon is a unique plasma physics laboratory where plasma wake physics and electron instabilities can be studied in detail.