bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Borderland Lens
Authors: Idler Annette 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Chapter 3 explains how the gap between state-centric views on borderlines and transnational realities at the margins turn borderlands in vulnerable regions into extreme cases of complex security dynamics. First, it presents how state-centric views that stop at the borderline have historically shaped security policies toward the Colombia-Ecuador and Colombia-Venezuela borders. It then contrasts these with a transnational perspective that analyzes security dynamics from within the Colombian-Ecuadorian and Colombian-Venezuelan borderlands. Adopting such a transnational borderland lens, the chapter maps violent non-state group interactions in recent history across these borderlands and contextualizes them with the spatial distribution of the various cocaine supply chain stages and interconnected forms of transnational organized crime. Together with socioeconomic and cultural conditions that vary along and across the borders, the logic of these illicit cross-border flows informs the groups’ motives for cooperation, which in turn shape their interactions.
Violence and Survival
Authors: Idler Annette 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Chapter 4 discusses security dynamics in contexts where violent non-state groups do not have any arrangement with each other. Embedded in general mistrust, the groups engage in combat or armed disputes. The chapter argues that community members experience or expect to experience physical violence and fear but can partly adapt their behavior to the rules imposed by the opposing actors to maximize chances for survival. It shows how geography and the modus operandi of the groups involved influence the extent to which communities have clarity on behavioral rules. It also explains how, during periods of “tense calm” in between violent clashes, the anticipation of an outbreak of violence fuels perceptions of insecurity. The transnationality of borderlands makes these spaces prone to impunity, lowering the threshold for violent non-state groups to resort to violence.
The Border Effect
Authors: Idler Annette 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Chapter 7 argues that borderlands in vulnerable regions magnify security challenges of violence, crime, and governance that exist across the globe. It demonstrates that, in vulnerable regions, the transnationality of borderlands and their distance from state centers produce a “border effect,” the confluence of weak state governance, a low-risk/high-opportunity environment, and the propensity for impunity. The chapter explains the four ways in which the border effect influences security: as a facilitator, a deterrent, a magnet, and a stigmatized space. Overlaying a transnational borderland lens on the security dynamics of the borderlands shared by Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela reveals that the border effect intensifies the various forms of insecurity that arise from the interactions among armed actors. It also disguises them to state centers. The border effect holds regardless of asymmetries in border security policies and of country-specific historical and cultural contexts in the respective border zones.
The Economic Opportunity Gap
Authors: Kruse Tina P. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores the demographic trends in the United States of youth for whom youth social entrepreneurship may be most important, those framed by the Opportunity Gap, conceptualized by the field of education to better explain outcome disparities for youth of color and/or from low-income families. Academic disciplines and the nonprofit sector have embraced this framework and furthered it by identifying the youth “haves” and “have-nots” depending on their access to opportunities of many kinds: educational and economic among them. Youth without, or with fewer, opportunities tend to also lack connections of many kinds that can inhibit their educational, employment, housing, and health outcomes. This, then, is the central concern of this chapter: how can youth social entrepreneurship be part of the solution for disconnected youth?
The Social Opportunity Gap
Authors: Kruse Tina P. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter reviews principles and examples of social capital, as well as linking the theory into the model of youth social entrepreneurship. Like other forms of capital, an unequal distribution of social capital is associated with other gaps and with reduced chances for change in the future. In fact, social capital is tied closely to social mobility, the central American belief that one’s birth status is not a predetermination of wealth. Not only is there a yawning gap in the social capital of youth from high-income versus low-income households in America, but low-income youth of color also are disproportionately less likely to be able to participate in upward social mobility. This chapter connects social capital, collective hope, and youth social entrepreneurship.
Focal Case Examples
Authors: Kruse Tina P. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This short chapter revisits the focal case examples of Sections I and II of the book and relates them to the topics covered in Section III: the SOUL Sisters Leadership Collective (SSLC) and the Cookie Cart. Cookie Cart, the text here concludes, is especially focused on building individual financial assets. By contrast, SOUL Sisters, is less oriented towards economic capital opportunities, but focuses instead on social and cultural capital development.
A Universe of Composite Subjectivity
Authors: Roelofs Luke 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter introduces the topic of the book—composite subjectivity—and explains why it matters. This involves clarifying how the key term “combination” is used and how key ideas like “composition” and “consciousness” are understood, as well as reviewing the various reasons why philosophers have tended to deny or neglect the possibility of composite subjectivity, and the implications they have drawn from doing so. The chapter explains the significance of mental combination for panpsychism’s combination problem, for collective consciousness, and for a variety of other issues in the philosophy of mind, and sketches out the book’s plan of attack.
Composite Subjectivity and Intelligent Subjects
Authors: Roelofs Luke 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter is about how to combine subjects of experience understood in functionalist terms, as systems whose consciousness comes from having a functional structure which supports intelligent behavior. This requires examining how composition relates to the key features of such subjects, including not just their functional structure but the structure of their consciousness, and the systematic coherence between these two structures. The chapter argues that information-integrating interactions are key to connecting the conscious structure and functional structure of the parts, so that they form a whole with even richer structure. This integration can take many forms, even including the social interactions of cooperating subjects in a social group.
Composite Subjectivity and Psychological Subjects
Authors: Roelofs Luke 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter is about how to combine subjects of experience as they are understood by the psychological theory of personal identity (Neo-Lockeanism). On this theory subjects are not the systems which generate mental states, but are instead constructs defined by the patterns of continuity among mental states. This requires considering how component and composite subjects can be individuated from one another, how they can develop self-consciousness, and how they can display agency. This results in a combinationist account of what is going on in everyday experiences of inner conflict and in dissociative identity disorder—an account which can recognize the conflicting or dissociated parts as subjects in their own right, but also as forming a composite subject with a greater or lesser degree of unity.
What It Is Like for Two to Become One
Authors: Roelofs Luke 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter considers in depth a particularly perplexing thought experiment that has puzzled theorists of personal identity, namely person-fusion. Philosophers have wondered: if two people were to go through a process of brain-interfacing that gradually changed them into a single, integrated, person combining the traits of both, should that be regarded as the destruction or the survival of the original subjects of experience? The chapter discusses this question, and tries to think through what this process might be like for the people involved: how they might experience a gradual shift from recognizably interpersonal ways of relating to the other person, to relations more like those that hold within a single person’s consciousness.
Colombia
Authors: Bunte Jonas B. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
A Capital Coalition between Finance and Industry dominates the political landscape of Colombia, while Labor is comparatively marginalized. Both groups are alarmed by the prospect of increased Chinese competition. Moreover, both prefer the government to borrow from the capital market even if cheaper loans from public sources are available. Interviews suggest that Colombian politicians are well aware of the dominant groups’ preferences. Consequently, politicians are ready to act upon the interests of the Capital Coalition when making borrowing decisions. The qualitative evidence suggests that Chinese loan offers are significantly disadvantaged with respect to both loans for general budget expenditures and loans for financing specific infrastructure projects. As a result, Colombia has rejected several Chinese loan offers and instead relies on private creditors for its financing needs.
The Curse of Realism
Authors: Kukkonen Karin 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter challenges the assumption that throughout history the novel gets progressively better at realism and at matching its language in cognitive processes. It characterises this assumption as “the curse of realism,” which retroactively imposes standards from the nineteenth-century novel onto texts from earlier periods and evaluates them as lacking stylistic and narrative achievements that they never aimed for. A counter-model, based on embodied cognition and predictive, probabilistic cognition, is proposed. This allows cognitive approaches to literature to move away from a teleological perspective (where the novel improves its match with cognition) and towards a dialectic perspective (where literary texts can relate to cognition in ways that are not inherently more accurate than others). This chapter lays the overall theoretical foundations for the case studies in the following chapters.
China and the Islamic World
Authors: Bianchi Robert R. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
China is building a New Silk Road that runs through the heartland of the Muslim world. Its leaders promise to bring about change through improved economies and greater communications across the Eurasian and African continents. While China has the financial and technical resources to accomplish its infrastructure goals, it is sorely unprepared to deal with the social and political demands of the people in the partner countries. This book addresses how China’s leaders and citizens—in their relationships with Pakistan, Turkey, Indonesian, Iran, Nigeria, and Egypt—are learning that they have to respect and adjust to the aspirations of ordinary people throughout the Islamic world, not just cater to the narrow band of government and business elites. In addition, it is becoming increasingly clear that turbulent countries along the New Silk Road are likely to transform Chinese society at least as much as China is changing them. This is a deeply unsettling realization for China’s authoritarian rulers who desperately want to monopolize power domestically. The party and state bosses have responded with a contradictory blend of flexibility abroad and rigidity at home—compromising with popular demands in one country after another while refusing to negotiate many of the same issues with their own citizens. Maintaining such a split-minded statecraft will become ever more difficult as people in China and across the New Silk Road share their aspirations and grievances in wider networks.
Pakistan
Authors: Bianchi Robert R. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor is the initial showcase for the New Silk Road as a whole. Its implementation has triggered a cascade of conflicts among Pakistan’s ethnic groups, provinces, and civic organizations. It has also sharpened tensions between civilian politicians and military leaders that test Pakistan’s constitutional and democratic principles. Chinese officials were stunned by these challenges and responded with an improvised blend of denial, self-contradiction, and constructive learning. China became more and more involved in direct bargaining with a host of Pakistani actors because several security concerns raised the stakes, making failure seem unacceptable. Common worries about Kashmir, Afghanistan, hydropolitics, and U.S.-Indian cooperation pushed Beijing and Islamabad closer together while drawing China more deeply into Pakistan’s domestic affairs. Many of the lessons that Chinese officials learned and failed to learn from these experiences are also relevant in dealing with other would-be partners along the New Silk Road.
Cyrenaica
Authors: Ahram Ariel I. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Chapter 3 examines the separatist conflict in Cyrenaica, eastern Libya. With the central government effectively moribund, federalists sought to take over ports and oil facilities in the east. Federalists in Libya made direct reference to the emirate of Cyrenaica and demand the restitution of autonomies enjoyed prior to the Qaddafi era. Libyan federalists faced opposition not only from the central government, which deemed federalists’ seizure of power illegal, but also from Islamist factions that took root in many eastern cities. Federalist forces fought against these groups and gained control over oil resources. The federalists, therefore, appealed to the international community for support on the basis of their potential to stabilize a country in disarray.
Do We Owe What Our Country Asks of Us?
Authors: Kekes John 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
The comparison is between a Kamikaze pilot in World War II Japan, who answered yes, and an American Draftee in the middle of the war in Vietnam, who answered no. Their evaluations were intelligent and thoughtful. They had reasons for them, but both ignored reasons they could and should have had against their evaluations. The chapter probes what led to their failure to take into account surely relevant reasons. It prompts us to ask what we can do to avoid making the same kind of all too likely mistake of claiming to have reasons for doing what we want, while ignoring the reasons we could and should consider against doing it. The key to a reasonable answer is to become aware of the conflicts between the beliefs, emotions, and desires that motivate us, question them, and know why we act on one rather than on the conflicting ones.
Does Shame Make Life Better or Worse?
Authors: Kekes John 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter is a comparison between two women who were shamed by their society. One, drawn from Herodotus, accepts the shaming, and feels ashamed. The other, one of Hawthorne’s characters, rejects her society’s evaluation that shames her, and she does not feel ashamed. In one society, there was no distinction made between social shaming and private feeling of shame. In the other, the distinction could be made. In this respect, the two societies were different. Each woman evaluated the reasons for and against feeling shame, but the evaluations of one were more reasonable than that of the other. Whether shame is good is a hard question because it is difficult to weigh the reasons for and against living in a way that is contrary to the evaluations of one’s society. Different people with different strengths in different circumstances have different reasons for or against feeling shame, and their reasons may or may not be good, depending on their social and personal circumstances. So we can ask about the shame we might feel: whether it makes us less likely to act badly in the future, whether fear of shame weakens our confidence in our own evaluations, and how far we are willing to go to alienate ourselves from our society.
Shocks, States, and Sustainability
Authors: Rudel Thomas K. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
For the past three decades scientists have urged us to abandon fossil fuels as rapidly as possible. Despite these pleas, the global energy sector has retained a familiar profile, dominated by the use of oil and natural gas. Only states have powers that are commensurate with rapidly reshaping societies in sustainable ways, but how do their politics enable these surges in sustainability? Shocks, States, and Sustainability answers this question through a comparative historical study of four radical environmental reforms: in the Dust Bowl during the New Deal, in Britain after World War II, in Cuba after the Soviet collapse, and in the Gulf of Maine after the Depression. This analysis suggests that states reform environmental practices in the aftermath of focusing events that draw popular attention to environmental degradation and suggest sharp limits in the availability of natural resources. These crises prompt the creation of encompassing coalitions of diverse peoples who push through laws and regulations that conserve natural resources.
Peace with the Planet
Authors: Goedde Petra 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter traces the coalescence between pacifist and environmental concerns around the issue of nuclear weapons testing in the 1950s and early 1960s in the West. Scientists, health professionals, educators, and middle-class families grew increasingly concerned about the health hazards of fallout from nuclear testing. They built a grassroots movement that transcended the traditional Cold War divisions and ignored political warnings about the need for nuclear deterrence against the communist threat. Clean soil, clean air, and clean food, as well as the health of current and future generations of children, were at stake, making the cost of defense against an abstract communist enemy too high a price to pay for many. The struggle for peace thus expanded from political-ideological to the medical-environmental realm.
Conclusion
Authors: Goedde Petra 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
The conclusion reformulates the central question of the book, how a politics of peace became a major international current in the early 1970s. It briefly summaries the findings of the previous chapters, tracing the trajectory of the international discourse on peace from the idealism of transnational peace advocacy groups to the practical pragmatism in the highest echelons of power politics. It reiterates the central thesis that peace, while on the surface a disarmingly simple and direct notion, became a major political weapon in the Cold War battles between the two superpowers, as well as between grassroots peace activists and political leaders. Nongovernmental peace advocates eventually succeeded in convincing political leaders of the benefits of peaceful cooperation, but along the way they lost the support of grassroots activists, who became highly polarized, and whose more radical wings turned toward violence by the end of the 1960s.
Referential null subjects in Old English
Authors: Rusten Kristian A. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractChapter 2 investigates the question of whether Old English was a canonical pro-drop language. It does so by giving tabulated contrastive overviews of the occurrence of null subjects in 181 Old English prose and verse texts. It is demonstrated that null subjects occur extremely rarely in Old English prose, but that they are much more frequent in the verse. On the basis of this, the chapter argues that Old English was not a canonical pro-drop language. Instead, it is suggested that null subjects may represent linguistic ‘residue’. It is acknowledged that the view that Old English is a canonical pro-drop language is understandable in light of the higher proportions of null subjects in the poetry, but the case is made that evidence from the poetry cannot be taken to be syntactically representative of Old English, either quantitatively or qualitatively.
Citizenship, Religious Rights, and State Identity in Arab Constitutions
Authors: Brown Nathan J. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Arab constitutions contain some clauses that guarantee religious freedom but others that seem to allow state authorities to determine the way that religion is practised. Such apparently contradictory constitutional clauses are products of a set of historical circumstances and political realities that render their overall effect very coherent. Religious freedom is guaranteed but also circumscribed by the interests of community, official religion, and state—each of which is seen as having its own claims and rights. Understanding the outcome as one of the pull of various actors with rights—and seeing the constitutional text as the place where those rights are specified—helps us to understand how the definition of religious rights does the precise opposite of separating religion and state. Instead, guaranteeing the rights of various actors thoroughly enmeshes religion and state to the extent that they can become difficult to separate even for analytical, much less normative, purposes.
Too Much Secularism? Religious Freedom in European History and the European Court of Human Rights
Authors: Moyn Samuel 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter reinterprets contemporary European Court of Human Rights religious freedom jurisprudence in historical perspective, arguing that the decisions upholding headscarf and related bans do not flow from principles that have been connected to an exclusionary secularism for long. Looking back to early modern origins, the chapter first shows that it is mistaken to assume a long-term alliance between religious freedom and ‘secularism’. The chapter then turns to a closer analysis of the 1940s, when religious freedom was internationalized. As in its earliest origins, so also in its mid-twentieth century iteration, religious freedom was not part of a secularist enterprise. On the contrary, religious freedom was historically a principle that was most often intended to marginalize secularism. The Muslim of contemporary jurisprudence has taken the place of the communist.
Remembering Christian Humility
Authors: Dunnington Kent 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Augustine’s Confessions is a locus classicus for early Christian privileging of the virtue of humility. This chapter shows that the contemporary “memory” of Christian humility fails to capture what Augustine took humility to be in the Confessions. Augustine had all the marks of the contemporary memory of “Christian humility,” yet still took himself to lack the humility of Jesus. The chapter then tries to supply an account of Augustinian humility. Augustinian humility is best understood as the virtue opposed to the Roman valorization of self-sufficiency and immortality. The chapter concludes by trying to relate Augustinian humility to the most prevalent contemporary accounts of humility, low concern and limitations-owning. Neither of those accounts can be assimilated to an Augustinian account of humility.