bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ecological Identity, Empathy, and Experiential Learning: A Young Child's Explorations of a Nearby River
Authors: Humphreys Chloe , Blenkinsop Sean 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThis article uses an unconventional format to explore the role of parent and nature and the development of a young child's ecological identity. It follows journal entries from a mother observing her young son, Julian, as he explores, interacts with, and learns from the Stawamus River on the west coast of British Columbia. By creating questions, discussing and analysing these written observations, we explore the role of parenting and nature and the implications this might have for environmental education. Some of the ideas explored in this article include early ecological identity, empathy, relational existence, experiential learning, and affordances in the natural world. We further suggest that nature and parent working together might become key educators for a child.
SPATIAL DEPENDENCE AND AGGREGATION IN WEATHER RISK HEDGING: A LÉVY SUBORDINATED HIERARCHICAL ARCHIMEDEAN COPULAS (LSHAC) APPROACH
Authors: Zhu Wenjun , Tan Ken Seng , Porth Lysa , Wang Chou-Wen 
Published: April 2018

AbstractAdverse weather-related risk is a main source of crop production loss and a big concern for agricultural insurers and reinsurers. In response, weather risk hedging may be valuable, however, due to basis risk it has been largely unsuccessful to date. This research proposes the Lévy subordinated hierarchical Archimedean copula model in modelling the spatial dependence of weather risk to reduce basis risk. The analysis shows that the Lévy subordinated hierarchical Archimedean copula model can improve the hedging performance through more accurate modelling of the dependence structure of weather risks and is more efficient in hedging extreme downside weather risk, compared to the benchmark copula models. Further, the results reveal that more effective hedging may be achieved as the spatial aggregation level increases. This research demonstrates that hedging weather risk is an important risk management method, and the approach outlined in this paper may be useful to insurers and reinsurers in the case of agriculture, as well as for other related risks in the property and casualty sector.
POLYMORPHISM AND THE OBSTINATE CIRCULARITY OF SECOND ORDER LOGIC: A VICTIMS’ TALE
Authors: PISTONE PAOLO 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe investigations on higher-order type theories and on the related notion of parametric polymorphism constitute the technical counterpart of the old foundational problem of the circularity (or impredicativity) of second and higher-order logic. However, the epistemological significance of such investigations has not received much attention in the contemporary foundational debate.We discuss Girard’s normalization proof for second order type theory or System F and compare it with two faulty consistency arguments: the one given by Frege for the logical system of the Grundgesetze (shown inconsistent by Russell’s paradox) and the one given by Martin-Löf for the intuitionistic type theory with a type of all types (shown inconsistent by Girard’s paradox).The comparison suggests that the question of the circularity of second order logic cannot be reduced to Russell’s and Poincaré’s 1906 “vicious circle” diagnosis. Rather, it reveals a bunch of mathematical and logical ideas hidden behind the hazardous idea of impredicative quantification, constituting a vast (and largely unexplored) domain for foundational research.
THEORY AND HISTORY OF FINANCIAL CRISES: EXPLAINING THE PANIC OF 1873
Authors: Nitschke Christoph 
Published: April 2018

This article demonstrates the value of a joint application of the theory and history of financial crises of 1873. It weaves together concepts of financial and banking panic theory with a narrative explanation of the causes and triggers of the Panic of 1873. Basic concepts of economic theory, it suggests, can act as both a framework and a starting point to the historical interpretation of a financial panic.Employing such theory, however, ultimately reinforces the need for contextual cultural explanations of financial panics. A theoretically grounded view of the cultural history of capitalism—and its sudden crises—can help explain why and how some structures of exchange systematized and conditioned human confidence within specific historical contexts.Drawing together theoretical models of banking panic and historical evidence, this article thus emphasizes the importance of Gilded Age money-making culture for understanding the impact of Philadelphia financier Jay Cooke upon the causes of the Panic of 1873. Cooke's sudden and unexpected bankruptcy caused the deconstruction of confidence on the stock exchange and throughout the country. The cultural idiosyncrasy of Cooke's outstanding position in all matters of American finance multiplied the asymmetry that occurred in the wake of a major information shock.
Vertical Profiles of Ice Cloud Microphysical Properties and Their Impacts on Cloud Retrieval Using Thermal Infrared Measurements
Authors: Khatri Pradeep , Iwabuchi Hironobu , Saito Masanori 
Published: April 2018

AbstractDespite the vertically inhomogeneous (VIH) structure of ice clouds, current passive remote sensing methods assume plane‐parallel homogeneous (PPH) layers, which can lead to retrieval errors. An adequate VIH cloud model is required to improve retrieval performance. In this study, CloudSat and CALIPSO satellite measurements in a 1‐year period were analyzed to model cloud vertical inhomogeneity, and its impacts on cloud retrieval were assessed using thermal infrared (TIR) measurements. The satellite measurements revealed that the peak ice water content (IWC) located around the cloud vertical midpoint moved toward the cloud base as the ice water path (IWP) increased in clouds with small IWP values; thicker clouds exhibited a gradual shift in IWC peak location toward the cloud top as IWP increased. The vertical profiles of both the cloud‐particle effective radius (CER) and a proxy of cloud‐particle number concentration showed close associations with the vertical IWC profile. An empirical model linking cloud geometrical thickness to columnar optical properties (IWP and column‐mean CER) as a function of cloud‐top temperature was also proposed. Compared with a model assuming PPH clouds, the VIH cloud model improved retrieval performance by reducing the retrieval error of the TIR‐based passive remote sensing algorithm. Further, by increasing the retrieved values of cloud‐top height noticeably for high‐level clouds and column‐mean CER considerably, with minimal effects on cloud optical thickness retrieval, the VIH cloud model yielded results that were in better agreement with radar/lidar ice cloud products than those obtained under the assumption of PPH cloud layers.
Enhancement of a Parsimonious Water Balance Model to Simulate Surface Hydrology in a Glacierized Watershed
Authors: Valentin Melissa M. , Viger Roland J. , Van Beusekom Ashley E. , Hay Lauren E. , Hogue Terri S. , Foks Nathan Leon 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe U.S. Geological Survey monthly water balance model (MWBM) was enhanced with the capability to simulate glaciers in order to make it more suitable for simulating cold region hydrology. The new model, MWBMglacier, is demonstrated in the heavily glacierized and ecologically important Copper River watershed in Southcentral Alaska. Simulated water budget components compared well to satellite‐based observations and ground measurements of streamflow, evapotranspiration, snow extent, and total water storage, with differences ranging from 0.2% to 7% of the precipitation flux. Nash Sutcliffe efficiency for simulated and observed streamflow was greater than 0.8 for six of eight stream gages. Snow extent matched satellite‐based observations with Nash Sutcliffe efficiency values of greater than 0.89 in the four Copper River ecoregions represented. During the simulation period 1949 to 2009, glacier ice melt contributed 25% of total runoff, ranging from 12% to 45% in different tributaries, and glacierized area was reduced by 6%. Statistically significant (p < 0.05) decreasing and increasing trends in annual glacier mass balance occurred during the multidecade cool and warm phases of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, respectively, reinforcing the link between climate perturbations and glacier mass balance change. The simulations of glaciers and total runoff for a large, remote region of Alaska provide useful data to evaluate hydrologic, cryospheric, ecologic, and climatic trends. MWBM glacier is a valuable tool to understand when, and to what extent, streamflow may increase or decrease as glaciers respond to a changing climate.
Mechanisms and Early Detections of Multidecadal Oxygen Changes in the Interior Subpolar North Atlantic
Authors: Tjiputra J. F. , Goris N. , Lauvset S. K. , Heinze C. , Olsen A. , Schwinger J. , Steinfeldt R. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe oxygen response in the subpolar North Atlantic (SPNA) to future climate change is poorly understood. We investigate the multidecadal variability in interior oxygen and its association with the subpolar gyre index (a gyre strength proxy) for models and data. During positive phases, persistent strong Labrador Sea (LS) lateral and vertical mixing entrains oxygen‐rich water into the interior southern SPNA and vice versa during negative phases. This is indicated by the observed anomalously fresh, cold, and low apparent oxygen utilization, resembling LS water mass during positive phases. We use this relationship to benchmark Earth system models. Under a high CO2 future, the best performing models project a steady decline in SPNA oxygen, driven partly by lower solubility and increases in apparent oxygen utilization. The deoxygenation depends on the sensitivity of the LS mixing to warming. The time of emergence of interior oxygen is projected to be decades earlier than that of temperature and salinity.
Collapse and Earthquake Swarm After North Korea's 3 September 2017 Nuclear Test
Authors: Tian Dongdong , Yao Jiayuan , Wen Lianxing 
Published: April 2018

AbstractNorth Korea's 3 September 2017 nuclear test was followed by several small seismic events, with one eight‐and‐a‐half minutes after the test and three on and after 23 September 2017. Seismic analysis reveals that the first event is a near vertical on‐site collapse toward the nuclear test center from 440 ± 260 m northwest of the test site, with its seismic source best represented by a single force with a dip angle of 70°–75° and an azimuth of ~150°, and the later events are an earthquake swarm located 8.4 ± 1.7 km north of the test site within a region of 520 m, with a focal depth of at least 2.4 km and a focal mechanism of nearly pure strike slip along the north‐south direction with a high dip angle of 50°–90°. The occurrence of the on‐site collapse calls for continued monitoring of any leaks of radioactive materials from the test site.
Examination of the Long‐Term Subsurface Warming Observed at the Apollo 15 and 17 Sites Utilizing the Newly Restored Heat Flow Experiment Data From 1975 to 1977
Authors: Nagihara S. , Kiefer W. S. , Taylor P. T. , Williams D. R. , Nakamura Y. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe Apollo heat flow experiment (HFE) was conducted at landing sites 15 and 17. On Apollo 15, surface and subsurface temperatures were monitored from July 1971 to January 1977. On Apollo 17, monitoring took place from December 1972 to September 1977. The investigators involved in the HFE examined and archived only data from the time of deployment to December 1974. The present authors recovered and restored major portions of the previously unarchived HFE data from January 1975 through September 1977. The HFE investigators noted that temperature of the regolith well below the reach of insolation cycles (~1 m) rose gradually through December 1974 at both sites. The restored data showed that the subsurface warming continued until the end of observations in 1977. Simultaneously, the thermal gradient decreased, because the warming was more pronounced at shallower depths. The present study has examined potential causes for the warming. Recently acquired images of the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera over the two landing sites show that the regolith on the paths of the astronauts turned darker, lowering the albedo. We suggest that, as a result of the astronauts' activities, solar heat intake by the regolith increased slightly on average, and that resulted in the observed warming. Simple analytical heat conduction models with constant regolith thermal properties can show that an abrupt increase in surface temperature of 1.6 to 3.5 K at the time of probe deployment best duplicates the magnitude and the timing of the observed subsurface warmings at both Apollo sites.
Interaction of the primordial germ cell-specific protein C2EIP with PTCH2 directs differentiation of embryonic stem cells via HH signaling activation
Authors: Zuo Qisheng , Jin Kai , Song Jiuzhou , Zhang Yani , Chen Guohong , Li Bichun 
Published: April 2018

AbstractAlthough many marker genes for germ cell differentiation have been identified, genes that specifically regulate primordial germ cell (PGC) generation are more difficult to determine. In the current study, we confirmed thatC2EIPis a PGC marker gene that regulates differentiation by influencing the expression of pluripotency-associated genes such asOct4andSox2. Knockout ofC2EIPduring embryonic development reduced PGC generation efficiency 1.5-fold, whereasC2EIPoverexpression nearly doubled the generation efficiency both in vitro and in vivo.C2EIPencodes a cytoplasmic protein that interacted with PTCH2 at the intracellular membrane, promoted PTCH2 ubiquitination, activated the Hedgehog (HH) signaling pathway via competitive inhibition of the GPCR-like protein SMO, and positively regulated PGC generation. Activation and expression ofC2EIPare regulated by the transcription factor STAT1, histone acetylation, and promoter methylation. Our data suggest thatC2EIPis a novel, specific indicator of PGC generation whose gene product regulates embryonic stem cell differentiation by activating the HH signaling pathway via PTCH2 modification.
CCL4 enhances preosteoclast migration and its receptor CCR5 downregulation by RANKL promotes osteoclastogenesis
Authors: Lee Dabin , Shin Kyung-Ju , Kim Dong Wook , Yoon Kyung-Ae , Choi Young-Jin , Lee Bom Nae Rin , Cho Je-Yoel 
Published: April 2018

AbstractChemokine CCL4 (MIP-1β) is released from osteoblast cells to restore the homeostasis of hematopoietic stem cells during the activation of bone marrow. In this study, we investigated the function of CCL4 and its receptor CCR5 during osteoclastogenesis. CCL4 promoted the migration and viability of preosteoclast cells. However, CCL4 had no direct effect on the receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast differentiation in mouse preosteoclast cells. In addition, CCR5 expression was rapidly reduced by RANKL treatment, which was recovered by IFN-γ during osteoclastogenesis. CCR5 downregulation by RANKL was mediated by MEK and JNK in preosteoclast cells and promoted osteoclastogenesis. These results suggest that CCL4 can enhance the recruitment of preosteoclasts to bone in the early stage, and the reduction of CCR5 promotes osteoclastogenesis when RANKL is prevalent.
Nuclear fate of yeast snoRNA is determined by co-transcriptional Rnt1 cleavage
Authors: Grzechnik Pawel , Szczepaniak Sylwia A. , Dhir Somdutta , Pastucha Anna , Parslow Hannah , Matuszek Zaneta , Mischo Hannah E. , Kufel Joanna , Proudfoot Nicholas J. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractSmall nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) are conserved and essential non-coding RNA that are transcribed by RNA Polymerase II (Pol II). Two snoRNA classes, formerly distinguished by their structure and ribonucleoprotein composition, act as guide RNA to target RNA such as ribosomal RNA, and thereby introduce specific modifications. We have studied the 5ʹend processing of individually transcribed snoRNA in S. cerevisiae to define their role in snoRNA biogenesis and functionality. Here we show that pre-snoRNA processing by the endonuclease Rnt1 occurs co-transcriptionally with removal of the m7G cap facilitating the formation of box C/D snoRNA. Failure of this process causes aberrant 3ʹend processing and mislocalization of snoRNA to the cytoplasm. Consequently, Rnt1-dependent 5ʹend processing of box C/D snoRNA is critical for snoRNA-dependent methylation of ribosomal RNA. Our results reveal that the 5ʹend processing of box C/D snoRNA defines their distinct pathway of maturation.
Mixed-valence insulators with neutral Fermi surfaces
Authors: Chowdhury Debanjan , Sodemann Inti , Senthil T. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractSamarium hexaboride is a classic three-dimensional mixed valence system with a high-temperature metallic phase that evolves into a paramagnetic charge insulator below 40 K. A number of recent experiments have suggested the possibility that the low-temperature insulating bulk hosts electrically neutral gapless fermionic excitations. Here we show that a possible ground state of strongly correlated mixed valence insulators—a composite exciton Fermi liquid—hosts a three dimensional Fermi surface of a neutral fermion, that we name the “composite exciton.” We describe the mechanism responsible for the formation of such excitons, discuss the phenomenology of the composite exciton Fermi liquids and make comparison to experiments in SmB6.
Glycine N-methyltransferase inhibits aristolochic acid nephropathy by increasing CYP3A44 and decreasing NQO1 expression in female mouse hepatocytes
Authors: Chang Ming-Min , Lin Chang-Ni , Fang Cheng-Chieh , Chen Marcelo , Liang Peir-In , Li Wei-Ming , Yeh Bi-Wen , Cheng Hung-Chi , Huang Bu-Miin , Wu Wen-Jeng , Chen Yi-Ming Arthur 
Published: April 2018

AbstractPlants containing aristolochic acids (AA) are nephrotoxins. Glycine N-methyltransferase (GNMT) acts to bind environmental toxins such as benzo(a)pyrene and aflatoxin B1, translocate into nucleus, and alter hepatic metabolism. This study aims to determine the role of GNMT in AA-induced nephropathy. We established an AA nephropathy mouse model and found that AA type I (AAI)-induced nephropathy at a lower concentration in male than in female mice, implying sex differences in AAI resistance. Microarray analysis and AAI-treated mouse models showed that GNMT moderately reduced AAI-induced nephropathy by lowering the upregulated level of NQO1 in male, but significantly improved the nephropathy additionally by increasing Cyp3A44/3A41 in female. The protective effects of GNMT were absent in female GNMT knockout mice, in which re-expression of hepatic GNMT significantly decreased AAI-induced nephropathy. Mechanism-wise, AAI enhanced GNMT nuclear translocation, resulting in GNMT interaction with the promoter region of the genes encoding Nrf2 and CAR/PXR, the transcription factors forNQO1andCYP3A44/3A41, respectively. Unlike the preference forNrf2/NQO1transcriptions at lower levels of GNMT, overexpression of GNMT preferredCAR/PXR/CYP3A44/3A41transcriptions and alleviated kidney injury upon AAI treatment. In summary, hepatic GNMT protected mice from AAI nephropathy by enhancingCAR/PXR/CYP3A44/3A41transcriptions and reducingNrf2/NQO1transcriptions.
A 4-Week Model of House Dust Mite (HDM) Induced Allergic Airways Inflammation with Airway Remodeling
Authors: Woo L. N. , Guo W. Y. , Wang X. , Young A. , Salehi S. , Hin A. , Zhang Y. , Scott J. A. , Chow C. W. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractAnimal models of allergic airways inflammation are useful tools in studying the pathogenesis of asthma and potential therapeutic interventions. The different allergic airways inflammation models available to date employ varying doses, frequency, duration and types of allergen, which lead to the development of different features of asthma; showing varying degrees of airways inflammation and hyper-responsiveness (AHR) and airways remodeling. Models that also exhibit airway remodeling, a key feature of asthma, in addition to AHR and airway inflammation typically require 5–12 weeks to develop. In this report, we describe a 4-week mouse model of house dust mite (HDM)-induced allergic airways inflammation, and compare the phenotypic features of two different doses of HDM exposures (10 µg and 25 µg) for 5 days/week with a well-characterized 8-week chronic HDM model. We found that 4 weeks of intranasal HDM (25 µg in 35 µl saline; 5 days/week) resulted in AHR, airway inflammation and airway remodeling that were comparable to the 8-week model. We conclude that this new 4-week HDM model is another useful tool in studies of human asthma that offers advantages of shorter duration for development and decreased costs when compared to other models that require longer durations of exposure (5–12 weeks) to develop.
Analog Approach to Constraint Satisfaction Enabled by Spin Orbit Torque Magnetic Tunnel Junctions
Authors: Wijesinghe Parami , Liyanagedera Chamika , Roy Kaushik 
Published: April 2018

AbstractBoolean satisfiability (k-SAT) is an NP-complete (k ≥ 3) problem that constitute one of the hardest classes of constraint satisfaction problems. In this work, we provide a proof of concept hardware based analog k-SAT solver, that is built using Magnetic Tunnel Junctions (MTJs). The inherent physics of MTJs, enhanced by device level modifications, is harnessed here to emulate the intricate dynamics of an analog satisfiability (SAT) solver. In the presence of thermal noise, the MTJ based system can successfully solve Boolean satisfiability problems. Most importantly, our results exhibit that, the proposed MTJ based hardware SAT solver is capable of finding a solution to a significant fraction (at least 85%) of hard 3-SAT problems, within a time that has a polynomial relationship with the number of variables(<50).
Spillover modes in multiplex games: double-edged effects on cooperation and their coevolution
Authors: Khoo Tommy , Fu Feng , Pauls Scott 
Published: April 2018

AbstractIn recent years, there has been growing interest in studying games on multiplex networks that account for interactions across linked social contexts. However, little is known about how potential cross-context interference, or spillover, of individual behavioural strategy impact overall cooperation. We consider three plausible spillover modes, quantifying and comparing their effects on the evolution of cooperation. In our model, social interactions take place on two network layers: repeated interactions with close neighbours in a lattice, and one-shot interactions with random individuals. Spillover can occur during the learning process with accidental cross-layer strategy transfer, or during social interactions with errors in implementation. Our analytical results, using extended pair approximation, are in good agreement with extensive simulations. We find double-edged effects of spillover: increasing the intensity of spillover can promote cooperation provided cooperation is favoured in one layer, but too much spillover is detrimental. We also discover a bistability phenomenon: spillover hinders or promotes cooperation depending on initial frequencies of cooperation in each layer. Furthermore, comparing strategy combinations emerging in each spillover mode provides good indication of their co-evolutionary dynamics with cooperation. Our results make testable predictions that inspire future research, and sheds light on human cooperation across social domains.