bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Muscarinic receptor 1 allosteric modulators stimulate colorectal emptying in dog, mouse and rat and resolve constipation
Authors: Pustovit Ruslan V. , Itomi Yasuo , Ringuet Mitchell , Diwakarla Shanti , Chai Xin‐yi , McQuade Rachel M. , Tsukimi Yasuhiro , Furness John B. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBackgroundBecause M1 muscarinic receptors are expressed by enteric neurons, we investigated whether positive allosteric modulators of these receptors (M1PAMs) would enhance colorectal propulsion and defecation in dogs, mice, and rats.MethodsThe potencies of the M1PAMs, T662 or T523, were investigated using M1 receptor‐expressing CHO cells. Effectiveness of M1PAMs on defecation was investigated by oral administration in mice and rats, by recording propulsive contractions in anaesthetized rats and by recording high amplitude propagating contractions in dogs.Key ResultsPAM EC50 values in M1 receptor‐expressing CHO cells were 0.7‐1.8 nmol/L for T662 and 8‐10 nmol/L for T523. The compounds had 1000‐fold lower potencies as agonists. In anesthetized rats, both compounds elicited propulsive colorectal contractions, and in dogs, mice, and rats, oral administration increased fecal output. No adverse effects were observed in conscious animals. M1PAMs triggered propagated high amplitude contractions and caused defecation in dogs. Nerve‐mediated contractions were enhanced in the isolated mouse colon. M1PAMs were equi‐effective in rats with or without the pelvic nerves being severed. In two models of constipation in mice, opiate‐induced constipation and constipation of aging, defecation was induced and constipation was reversed.Conclusion and InferencesM1PAMs act at targets sites in the colorectum to enhance colorectal propulsion. They are effective across species, and they reverse experimentally induced constipation. Previous studies have shown that they are safe in human. Because they provide an enhancement of physiological control rather than being direct agonists, they are predicted to provide effective treatment for constipation.
Arabidopsis glutathione reductase 2 is indispensable in plastids, while mitochondrial glutathione is safeguarded by additional reduction and transport systems
Authors: Marty Laurent , Bausewein Daniela , Müller Christopher , Bangash Sajid Ali Khan , Moseler Anna , Schwarzländer Markus , Müller‐Schüssele Stefanie J. , Zechmann Bernd , Riondet Christophe , Balk Janneke , Wirtz Markus , Hell Rüdiger , Reichheld Jean‐Philippe , Meyer Andreas J. 
Published: August 2019

Summary

A highly negative glutathione redox potential (EGSH) is maintained in the cytosol, plastids and mitochondria of plant cells to support fundamental processes, including antioxidant defence, redox regulation and iron−sulfur cluster biogenesis. Out of two glutathione reductase (GR) proteins in Arabidopsis, GR2 is predicted to be dual‐targeted to plastids and mitochondria, but its differential roles in these organelles remain unclear.

We dissected the role of GR2 in organelle glutathione redox homeostasis and plant development using a combination of genetic complementation and stacked mutants, biochemical activity studies, immunogold labelling and in vivo biosensing.

Our data demonstrate that GR2 is dual‐targeted to plastids and mitochondria, but embryo lethality of gr2 null mutants is caused specifically in plastids. Whereas lack of mitochondrial GR2 leads to a partially oxidised glutathione pool in the matrix, the ATP‐binding cassette (ABC) transporter ATM3 and the mitochondrial thioredoxin system provide functional backup and maintain plant viability.

We identify GR2 as essential in the plastid stroma, where it counters GSSG accumulation and developmental arrest. By contrast a functional triad of GR2, ATM3 and the thioredoxin system in the mitochondria provides resilience to excessive glutathione oxidation.
Common and distinct brain responses to detecting top‐down and bottom‐up conflicts underlying numerical inductive reasoning
Authors: Xiao Feng , Sun Tie , Qi Senqing , Chen Qingfei 
Published: August 2019

AbstractComplex reasoning problems are commonly influenced by a combination of top‐down and bottom‐up conflicts; however, the common and distinct brain responses to the two types of conflicts have remained unclear. Participants were required to identify the hidden rules in a number series completion task, which included identity condition (e.g., 13, 13, 13), perceptual mismatch condition (bottom‐up conflict, e.g., 13 13 +≡), and relational mismatch condition (top‐down conflict, e.g., 13 13 14). The ERP results showed that (a) both the perceptual and relational mismatch conditions triggered greater P200, N200, P300, and late positive component than the identity condition, reflecting attention reallocation, perceptual template deviations, feelings of uncertainty, and working memory updating, respectively, and (b) smaller N400 and decreased late negative component were found in the relational mismatch condition in contrast to other conditions, which suggested that changing number values violated rule expectancy as top‐down conflict. Therefore, multiple strategies were utilized to detect the conflicts underlying complex reasoning problems.
A generic space definition framework to support seamless indoor/outdoor navigation systems
Authors: Yan Jinjin , Diakité Abdoulaye A. , Zlatanova Sisi 
Published: August 2019

AbstractContemporary public buildings are becoming conglomerates of open, semi‐open and closed spaces, with indoor, outdoor and underground sections. For humans and robots to navigate seamlessly through such environments, new flexible approaches need to be developed. Navigation systems generally rely on a network (nodes and edges) as an abstraction of underlying space availability. However, indoor and outdoor networks have different origins. While indoor systems rely on indoor space subdivision approaches, current outdoor systems utilize road‐based network approaches. Linking such networks via particular nodes is possible but restrictive. Many spaces in the built environment are not strictly indoor or outdoor spaces and are thus often omitted from navigation networks, further limiting navigation options. To overcome these shortcomings, we introduce a new space definition framework in which the entire built environment is categorized into indoor, outdoor, semi‐indoor and semi‐outdoor spaces. We provide strict definitions for the four space categories. Our framework allows the same navigation network extraction approaches to be used and therefore enables seamless indoor/outdoor path computation for single or combinations of locomotion modes. The notions of semi‐indoor and semi‐outdoor spaces offer new options for further tailoring of the navigation path with respect to environmental factors, which we demonstrate with two use cases.
Dismantling the “Visual Ease Assumption:" A Review of Visual Narrative Processing in Clinical Populations
Authors: Coderre Emily L. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractVisual narratives, such as wordless picture books and picture sequences like comics, have a long history in clinical testing, research, and intervention settings. The widespread “Visual Ease Assumption” rests on the premise that visual narratives, given their non‐linguistic nature, may alleviate processing difficulties in populations that struggle with language. In this paper, I review the evidence for and against this Visual Ease Assumption in three clinical populations in which language deficits are common or diagnostic: autism spectrum disorder (ASD), specific language impairment (SLI; now known as Developmental Language Disorder, DLD), and aphasia. I first redefine the Visual Ease Assumption as two testable predictions: (a) that visual narrative processing should be unimpaired for clinical populations compared to neurotypical (NT) populations; and (b) that in clinical populations, visual narrative processing should be less impaired than linguistic narrative processing. Through a review of the limited evidence available to test these predictions in ASD, SLI, and aphasia, I show that the Visual Ease Assumption is largely unsupported in empirical studies. Furthermore, I outline three additional limitations of the Visual Ease Assumption regarding the complexity of narrative processing, visual narrative tasks, and cognitive deficits in different clinical populations. Therefore, visual narratives should not be assumed to be “easier” for clinical populations that struggle with language; instead, a more thorough consideration of the cognitive processes involved in visual narrative processing is needed.
The Effects of Finite Ionic Sizes and Wall Slip on Entropy Generation in Electroosmotic Flows in a Soft Nanochannel
Authors: Liu Yongbo , Jian Yongjun 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The combined effects of finite ionic sizes and boundary slip on the entropy generation in mixed pressure driven and electroosmotic flows (EOFs) in a soft nanochannel are investigated in this study. The soft nanochannel is represented by a rigid nanochannel covered by a charged polyelectrolyte layer (PEL) on its surface. The entropy generation analysis of EOFs in such a soft nanochannel is addressed for the first time. Under the assumption of high zeta potentials, the electric potential, velocity, and temperature distributions are obtained numerically by using the finite difference method. Subsequently, the thermal transport characteristic and the corresponding entropy generation analysis are discussed based on the obtained velocity and temperature distributions. Our results show that the soft nanochannel in the present model is not appropriate for cooling purposes. We also demonstrate that the steric factor v and the PEL thickness d can enhance the entropy generation rate. However, the slip boundary coefficient γ, the drag parameter α, and the equivalent electric double-layer (EDL) thickness λFCL can restrain this entropy generation rate. In addition, the contributions of Joule heating and viscous friction in the entropy generation rate are more prominent than the contribution due to heat transfer. The present theoretical research can be used to design the efficient thermofluidic devices.
Mobility Analysis of the Threefold-Symmetric Bricard Linkage and Its Network
Authors: Song Xiaoke , Guo Hongwei , Liu Ruiwei , Meng Fei , Chen Qiping , Xu Younan , Liu Rongqiang 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In this study, the mobility of the threefold-symmetric Bricard linkage and its network are analyzed using screw theory. First, the screw motion equation of the linkage is derived. By applying the modified Grübler–Kutzbach criterion, we deduce that the degree of freedom (DOF) of the linkage is equal to 1. Then, we analyze the mechanical network constructed of threefold-symmetric Bricard linkages and provide its topological constraint graph. Using graph theory and screw theory, the constraint matrix of the mechanical network is obtained. Then, we solve the matrix rank via linear column transformation. Results show that the DOF of the mechanical network is equal to 1. The mobility analysis method of the mechanical network proposed in this study facilitates the solution of the constraint matrix rank and can be used as a reference for other mechanical networks constructed of single-loop linkages.
A Computational Fluid Dynamics-Based Sensitivity Analysis of the Chemical Vapor Analysis Process to Synthesize Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Teixeira C. , Silva A. F. , Rocha L. A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Over the last years, there has been a high interest in carbon nanotubes' (CNTs) applications due to their unique properties, mainly at mechanical and electrical levels. However, current synthesis processes, such as chemical vapor deposition (CVD), are highly unpredictable and inconsistent, which leads to an exhaustive trial-and-error methodology when extrapolating results. A sensitivity analysis based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is performed here to two distinct setups of the CVD process as a way to understand the synthesis process. Setups were computationally designed and simulated for various synthesis scenarios, where only the hydrocarbon flow and the process temperature were changed. Measuring synthesis conditions, such as concentrations and velocity, inside the tube furnace, for these scenarios allows the identification of which compound affects most each condition. Results showed that, when envisioning the process extrapolation, the synthesis conditions can be tuned via the accessed parameters.
A Combined Conduction–Radiation Model for Analyzing the Role of Radiation on Freezing of a Biological Tissue
Authors: Sukumar Siladitya , Kar Satya Prakash 
Published: August 2019

AbstractTissue freezing has significant applications in cryopreservation and cryosurgery processes. The freezing rate is an important factor during the cryopreservation process. To improve and make an accurate estimation of the freezing rate, radiation heat transfer plays a major role. To analyze in details, a two-dimensional coupled conduction–radiation model is developed. The tissue is frozen from the left side while the other sides are at the initial temperature. Finite volume method (FVM) is used to discretize both the radiative transfer equation (RTE) and energy equation. The algebraic equation after discretization is solved by the tri-diagonal matrix algorithm. The radiative heat flux is calculated by solving the RTE. The energy equation provides the temperature field. The enthalpy-porosity method is used to update the liquid volume fraction and thus the freezing front is captured. A linearization technique is proposed to linearize the radiative source term in the energy equation to avoid chances of divergence of the solution. The present model is first validated with the results of the existing literature and a good agreement is found. The effects of different parameters such as conduction–radiation parameter, scattering albedo, extinction coefficient and Stefan number on the prediction of temperature field, and the position of the freezing front are studied in details. It is found that a decrease in the values of conduction–radiation parameter, scattering albedo, and increase in the values of extinction coefficient and Stefan number cause more radiative heat loss. Hence, the freezing rate is improved and more frozen region is observed.
Robust MDSDO for Co-Design of Stochastic Dynamic Systems
Authors: Azad Saeed , Alexander-Ramos Michael J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Optimization of dynamic engineering systems generally requires problem formulations that account for the coupling between embodiment design and control system design simultaneously. Such formulations are commonly known as combined optimal design and control (co-design) problems, and their application to deterministic systems is well established in the literature through a variety of methods. However, an issue that has not been addressed in the co-design literature is the impact of the inherent uncertainties within a dynamic system on its integrated design solution. Accounting for these uncertainties transforms the standard, deterministic co-design problem into a stochastic one, thus requiring appropriate stochastic optimization approaches for its solution. This paper serves as the starting point for research on stochastic co-design problems by proposing and solving a novel problem formulation based on robust design optimization (RDO) principles. Specifically, a co-design method known as multidisciplinary dynamic system design optimization (MDSDO) is used as the basis for an RDO problem formulation and implementation. The robust objective and inequality constraints are computed per usual as functions of their first-order-approximated means and variances, whereas analysis-based equality constraints are evaluated deterministically at the means of the random decision variables. The proposed stochastic co-design problem formulation is then implemented for two case studies, with the results indicating the importance of the robust approach on the integrated design solutions and performance measures.
Conceptual Insightful Synthesis of Spatial Compliant Mechanisms Using the Load Flow Formulation
Authors: Krishnan Girish , Patiballa Sree Kalyan 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Conceptual design of spatial compliant mechanisms with distinct input and output ports may be hard because of its complex interconnected topology and is currently accomplished by computationally intensive automated techniques. This paper proposes a user insightful method for generating conceptual compliant topology solutions. The method builds on recent advances where the compliant mechanism deformation is represented as load flow in its constituent members. The nature of load flow enables functional decomposition of compliant mechanisms into maximally decoupled building blocks, namely, a transmitter member and a constraint member. The proposed design methodology seeks to synthesize spatial compliant designs by systematically combining transmitter-constraint members first, identifying kinematically feasible transmitter load paths between input(s) and output(s), and then selecting appropriate constraints that enforce the load path. The paper proposes four design steps to generate feasible solutions and four additional guidelines to optimize load paths and constraint orientations. The method is applied with equal ease to three spatial complaint mechanism examples that belong to single-input single-output, multiple-input single output, and single-input multiple-output mechanisms.
Effect of Grain Orientation on Indentation Induced Creep in Pure Zinc
Authors: Gokhale Aditya , Sarvesha R. , Prasad Rajesh , Singh Sudhanshu S. , Jain Jayant 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The study presents the anisotropy in the indentation creep response of zinc. Indentation creep tests were conducted on grains with three different orientations, namely, 〈0001〉, ⟨112¯0⟩, and ⟨101¯0⟩. Indentation creep along the 〈c〉 axis showed a pronounced creep exhibiting a 25% higher creep displacement as compared with indentation perpendicular to the 〈c〉 axis. However, the recovery observed was the highest for basal-oriented grains wherein a recovery of 50% to its indented depth was observed, whereas for ⟨112¯0⟩ the recovery observed was 30%. The stress exponent, n, was obtained by employing two different approaches for each of the orientations and a difference in the stress exponent value was also observed, highlighting the anisotropic creep response. Basal and non-basal oriented grains showed a lower (n ≅ 1.6) and higher stress exponent (n ≅ 5), respectively, highlighting the different operable creep mechanism. Surface topography using atomic force microscope (AFM) revealed twinning and sink-in for ⟨112¯0⟩ and ⟨101¯0⟩, whereas uniform pile up was observed for basal grain.
Efficient Model-Assisted Probability of Detection and Sensitivity Analysis for Ultrasonic Testing Simulations Using Stochastic Metamodeling
Authors: Du Xiaosong , Leifsson Leifur , Meeker William , Gurrala Praveen , Song Jiming , Roberts Ronald 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Model-assisted probability of detection (MAPOD) and sensitivity analysis (SA) are important for quantifying the inspection capability of nondestructive testing (NDT) systems. To improve the computational efficiency, this work proposes the use of polynomial chaos expansions (PCEs), integrated with least-angle regression (LARS), a basis-adaptive technique, and a hyperbolic truncation scheme, in lieu of the direct use of the physics-based measurement model in the MAPOD and SA calculations. The proposed method is demonstrated on three ultrasonic testing cases and compared with Monte Carlo sampling (MCS) of the physics model, MCS-based kriging, and the ordinary least-squares (OLS)-based PCE method. The results show that the probability of detection (POD) metrics of interests can be controlled within 1% accuracy relative to using the physics model directly. Comparison with metamodels shows that the LARS-based PCE method can provide up to an order of magnitude improvement in the computational efficiency.
Cross-sectional study of association between psychosocial stressors with chronic kidney disease among migrant and non-migrant Ghanaians living in Europe and Ghana: the RODAM study
Authors: Adjei David Nana , Stronks Karien , Adu Dwomoa , Beune Erik , Meeks Karlijn , Smeeth Liam , Addo Juliet , Owusu-Dabo Ellis , Klipstein-Grobusch Kerstin , Mockenhaupt Frank , Schulze Matthias , Danquah Ina , Spranger Joachim , Bahendeka Silver Karaireho , Agyemang Charles 
Published: August 2019

ObjectivesThe association between psychosocial stressors (PS) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) among sub-Saharan African (SSA) populations is unknown. We examined the association between PS and CKD prevalence among rural and urban Ghanaians and Ghanaian migrants living in three European cities. We also assessed if the influence of PS on CKD is partially mediated by primary risk factors (hypertension and diabetes) of CKD.DesignA multi-centred cross sectional data from the Research on Obesity and Diabetes among African Migrants study.SettingRural and urban Ghana and three European cities (Amsterdam, Berlin and London).ParticipantsA random sample of 5659 adults (Europe 3167, rural Ghana 1043 and urban Ghana 1449) aged 25–70 years.Explanatory measuresPS defined by negative life events, perceived discrimination, perceived stress at work/home and depressive symptoms. Three CKD outcomes were considered using the 2012 Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes severity of CKD classification. Comparisons between PS and CKD outcomes were made using logistic regression analyses across all sites.ResultsWe observed higher proportion of negative life events (68.7%) and perceived permanent stress (15.9%) among Ghanaians living in Ghana than Ghanaians living in Europe. Depressive symptoms (7.5%) and perceived discrimination (29.7%) were more common among Ghanaians living in Europe than Ghanaians living in Ghana. No significant association was observed between any of the PS constructs and CKD outcomes across sites except for positive association between stress at work/home and albuminuria (2.81, 95% CI 1.46 to 5.40) and CKD risk (2.78, 95% CI 1.43 to 5.43) among Ghanaians living in Berlin.ConclusionOur study found a positive association between stress at work/home and albuminuria and CKD risk. There was no convincing evidence of associations between the other PS constructs and the prevalence of CKD risk. Further studies are needed to identify potential factors driving the high prevalence of CKD among these populations.