bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Computational fluid dynamics analysis on natural convective heating of bottled liquid food during pasteurization: Effect of container orientation
Authors: Lespinard Alejandro R. , Badin Emiliano E. , Santos María V. , Mascheroni Rodolfo H. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe aim of this work was to determine natural convective heat transfer rates in bottled liquid food pasteurized using different container orientations; conventional vertical, inverted vertical, and horizontal bottle positions. For this purpose, a computational fluid dynamic (CFD) model was applied to predict the temperature distribution, flow pattern, and quality changes in non‐Newtonian fluid foods for three orientations. The numerically predicted temperatures were successfully validated against experimental data and the model allowed to identify the critical point during the thermal process. Results showed that the fluid flow developed in a horizontal orientation provided a better mixing of liquid food and, hence, a more rapid heating of the slowest heating zone compared to a vertical position. Moreover, the horizontal orientation achieved a 47.2% reduction of processing time and quality losses decreased (45.5–46.4%) with respect to a vertical position. These results suggest that a horizontal position could be considered as an interesting alternative for food processors since processing times can be reduced improving the final quality of the product.Practical ApplicationsPasteurization is a heat treatment process applied to a food product with the purpose of destroying disease‐producing microorganisms, inactivating spoilage‐causing enzymes, and reducing spoilage microorganisms. Overcooking causes detrimental effects in terms of the final product quality. Therefore, providing an adequate process with a desired sterility is one of the challenges to canning industry. In this work, we investigate how to improve, through container orientation modification, the natural convective heat transfer rates during pasteurization of fluid food. These results were obtained by the numerical simulation of the thermal process using CFD analysis which allowed to determine the temperature history and velocity field in the bottled liquid food. From the numerical results, the set of operating conditions that enhance the quality and the safety of the final product was determined, thus minimizing expensive and time‐consuming pilot test‐runs.
Temperature, concentration, and frequency dependent dielectric properties of pineapple juice relevant to its concentration by microwave energy
Authors: Kumar Ashok , Shrivastava Sanker Lal 
Published: February 2019

AbstractDielectric properties of pineapple juice and its concentrates between 15 and 50°Brix were measured with open‐ended coaxial‐line probe technique at 10–90°C from 300 to 3,000 MHz. The dielectric constants decreased with increasing concentration, temperature, and frequency. The loss factors decreased to the minimum value and then increased, depending on temperature, as frequency increased. The loss factors increased as concentration increased from 10.9 to 35°Brix for all frequencies and then either increased or decreased depending on frequency with increase in concentration. As temperature increased, the loss factor increased for frequency lower than 1,000 MHz and decreased for higher frequency range. Ionic conductivity influenced loss factor at lower frequency. Electrical conductivity increased with increasing temperature, whereas it increased and then decreased as concentration increased. The effects of temperature and concentration on power penetration depth were opposite to their effects on loss factor. Nonlinear predictive equations were developed for electrical conductivity, dielectric constant, dielectric loss factor, and penetration depth as functions of temperature and concentration at 915 and 2,450 MHz which can be used for selecting process parameters during microwave concentration of juice.Practical applicationsVacuum microwave evaporation is a recent development in the concentration process of fruit juices. The process assures the efficient energy use and better product quality because of the volumetric heating of juice by microwave energy and its evaporation under vacuum. The knowledge of dielectric properties of fruit juice as functions of temperature, concentration, and frequency is essential for understanding vacuum microwave evaporation process, designing vacuum microwave evaporator, and evaluating the suitability of fruit juice for vacuum microwave evaporation.
Solar drying kinetics and bioactive compounds of blackberry (Rubus fruticosus)
Authors: López‐Vidaña Erick C. , Pilatowsky Figueroa Isaac , Antonio Marcos Emma G. , Navarro‐Ocaña Arturo , Hernández‐Vázquez Liliana , Santiago‐Urbina Jorge A. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIn this article, the effect of direct solar drying, indirect solar drying, and freeze drying on the phenolic compound contents and antioxidant capacities of blackberry fruits was investigated. The solar drying kinetics were determined and fitted to six thin layer different mathematical models. The total phenolic, anthocyanin, and flavonoid contents as well as the antioxidant capacity based on ABTS, DPPH, and OH• assays were determined for the dried blackberry samples. The results show that the Midilli–Kuçuk model provides the best fit to the experimental data of solar drying in both methods tested. Greater antioxidant capacities were observed in the samples dried by using direct solar drying method in all experiments, that is, the ABTS, DPPH, and OH• activities were 36,757 ± 1.27; 21.120 ± 1.33, and 47 ± 7.31 μmol TEAC/g dm, respectively. The creation of compounds during food dehydration at moderately high temperatures can enhance the antioxidant capacities and phenolic contents.Practical applicationsRubus fruticosus is a berry with nutraceutical potential by the presence of bioactive compounds. The removal of water from a fruit extends the conservation time of the product during storage and transportation, facilitating the access to such foods when required. One of the most economical and sustainable ways to do the drying is to use solar dryers. Direct and indirect solar drying are technologies that have effects that must be taken into account according to the food that is to be dried and the final characteristics that are desired to obtain. However, the phenolic compounds present in the fruit are sensitive to the thermal process. Thus, it is important to know its consequences phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity for better use of the fruit.
Effect of Monthly High‐Dose Vitamin D on Mental Health in Older Adults: Secondary Analysis of a RCT
Authors: Gugger Alenka , Marzel Alex , Orav E. John , Willett Walter C. , Dawson‐Hughes Bess , Theiler Robert , Freystätter Gregor , Egli Andreas , Bischoff‐Ferrari Heike A. 
Published: February 2019

OBJECTIVESTo test the effect of monthly high‐dose vitamin D supplementation on mental health in pre‐frail older adults.DESIGNAncillary study of a 1‐year double‐blind randomized clinical trial conducted in Zurich, Switzerland.SETTING AND PARTICIPANTSA total of 200 community‐dwelling adults 70 years and older with a prior fall event in the last year. Participants were randomized to receive 24 000 IU vitamin D3 (considered standard of care), 60 000 IU vitamin D3, or 24 000 IU vitamin D3 plus 300 μg calcifediol per month.MEASURESThe primary end point was the Mental Component Summary (MCS) of the SF‐36. Secondary end points were the SF‐36 Mental Health (MH) subscale and the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS‐15).RESULTSParticipants’ mean age was 78 years (67% women), and 58% were vitamin D deficient (<20 ng/mL). Over time, primary and secondary end points did not differ significantly among the three treatment groups or in subgroups by vitamin D status at baseline. Given the lack of a true placebo group, we explored in a predefined observational analysis the change in mental health scales by achieved 25(OH)D levels at 12 months. After adjusting for confounders, participants achieving the highest 25(OH)D quartile (Q) at 12 months (44.7‐98.9 ng/mL) had the greatest improvements in MCS (Q4 = 0.79 vs Q1 = −2.9; p = .03) and MH scales (Q4 = 2.54 vs Q1 = −3.07; p = .03); these associations were strongest among participants who were vitamin D deficient at baseline. No association was found for GDS (p = .89).CONCLUSIONSFor mental health, our study suggests no benefit of higher monthly doses of vitamin D3 compared with the standard monthly dose of 24 000 IU. However, irrespective of vitamin D treatment dose, achieving higher 25(OH)D levels at 12‐month follow‐up was associated with a small, clinically uncertain but statistically significant improvement in mental health scores.
The effect of single pretreatment with salbutamol on recovery of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in horses with suspected or confirmed severe equine asthma
Authors: Varegg Mathilde S. , Kløverød Kine M. , Austnes Malin K. , Siwinska Natalia , Slowikowska Malwina , Zak Agnieszka , Niedzwiedz Artur 
Published: February 2019

BackgroundBronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is a method for the recovery of respiratory secretion from the lower airways.ObjectivesTo investigate if the administration of a single dose of a bronchodilatator in horses with a suspected or confirmed severe equine asthma could improve recovery of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF).AnimalsTwenty‐eight horses with severe equine asthma.MethodsHorses were divided into 2 groups: group “treated” was given salbutamol before endoscopic examination and BALF collection, whereas group “not treated” was not given. BAL was performed with BAL‐catheter by instilling 350 mL of sterile saline. Amount of recovered fluid was recorded. Statistical analysis was performed with a two‐tailed Student'sttest.ResultsThe average fluid recovery in the horses treated with salbutamol was 52% ± 15% (mean +/− SD), compared with 38% ± 13% for the group of horses not treated with salbutamol (P = 0.013).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceClinicians should consider administration of salbutamol before performing BAL on horses with asthma.
Anorectal physiology in health: A randomized trial to determine the optimum catheter for the balloon expulsion test
Authors: Mazor Yoav , Prott Gillian , Jones Mike , Kellow John , Ejova Anastasia , Malcolm Allison 
Published: February 2019

AbstractBackgroundAnorectal manometry (ARM) and balloon expulsion test (BET) are pivotal in investigation of anorectal disorders. There is controversy, however, about normal values and optimum methodology for performing these tests. Our aims were to compare BET using three different balloons and to establish normal values for ARM and BET in health.MethodsForty‐four female healthy subjects (mean age 56 ± 12 years) underwent ARM, followed by BET which was performed in a private toilet using three different catheters (party balloon, Foley catheter and a commercially available catheter) in a single‐blinded randomized order. Outcome measures were time to balloon expulsion and comprehensive measures of anal sphincter function, the push maneuver and rectal sensation.Key ResultsThe Foley catheter took longer to expel compared to both party and commercial balloons (both pairwise P < 0.001) with a wider distribution of results (P < 0.001). Ten of 40 healthy subjects could not expel the Foley catheter within 120 seconds. On ARM, older age was associated with lower resting anal sphincter pressure (ρ = −0.3, P = 0.05) and lower anal squeeze pressure (ρ = −0.3, P = 0.05). Having at least one vaginal delivery (compared to none) was associated with lower anal squeeze pressures (P = 0.03) and a smaller difference between cough and squeeze pressures (P = 0.03).Conclusions & InferencesA commercial balloon exhibited superior results in vivo compared to the Foley catheter without the concerns of latex allergy and quality control present with the use of a party balloon. Normal values for high‐resolution water‐perfused manometry have been established and an effect seen for age and parity.
Histopathologic variables differentially affect melanoma survival by age at diagnosis
Authors: Mishra Kriti , Barnhill Raymond L. , Paddock Lisa E. , Fine Judith Ann , Berwick Marianne 
Published: February 2019

AbstractWe evaluated clinical, phenotypic, behavioral, and histopathologic variables in relationship to melanoma‐specific survival by age at diagnosis among 650 population‐based melanoma patients in Connecticut, with 20 years of follow‐up. Only one variable, skin awareness, was significantly associated with melanoma mortality in both groups. The variables that differed between the age‐groups were anatomic site, Breslow thickness, histologic subtype, mitoses, tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), and solar elastosis. Head and neck melanoma, Breslow thickness, nodular melanoma, and solar elastosis were all significantly more likely to be associated with mortality among the older subjects; among the younger subjects, the presence of mitoses was associated with an increased probability of dying and TILs were associated with a reduced risk of mortality.
The prevalence of infertility in American Indian/Alaska Natives and other racial/ethnic groups: National Survey of Family Growth
Authors: Craig LaTasha B. , Peck Jennifer D. , Janitz Amanda E. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe prevalence of infertility in American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) populations is unknown. The objective of our study was to estimate the prevalence of infertility and impaired fecundity in the AI/AN population and other racial and ethnic groups.MethodsWe analyzed female respondent data from the pooled National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) cycles 2002, 2006‐2010, and 2011‐2013. We used modified Poisson regression with robust error variance accounting for survey weighting to estimate prevalence proportion ratios (PPR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for NSFG definitions of infertility and impaired fecundity by race and Hispanic ethnicity.ResultsThe prevalence of infertility and impaired fecundity in the pooled NSFG was 6.4% (95% CI 5.7, 7.0) and 11.0% (95% CI 11.0, 12.2), respectively. Compared to whites, blacks had a 1.45 times greater adjusted prevalence of infertility (95% CI 1.15, 1.83) and AI/ANs had a 1.37 times greater prevalence of infertility (95% CI 0.91, 2.06) compared to whites. We observed a 1.30 times greater prevalence of impaired fecundity among AI/AN (95% CI 1.04, 1.62) compared to whites. We observed no differences in impaired fecundity for black or Asian/Pacific Islander women compared to whites or for Hispanic compared to non‐Hispanic women.ConclusionsInequalities in the burden of reproductive impairments among blacks and AI/AN women warrant further evaluation to identify opportunities for prevention and disparity reduction.
Geospatial attributes in psychogeriatric service delivery in the district of Colombo, Sri Lanka
Authors: Rajapakshe Onali B.W. , Edirisuriya Chathura S. , Sivayogan Sivagurunadan , Kulatunga Prasadi M. 
Published: February 2019

BackgroundMental health is a neglected area within the healthcare systems in developing nations, including Sri Lanka. However, the rapid population aging and the resulting rise in psychological issues among the elderly are becoming major concerns within the country. Therefore, a proper assessment of distribution of mental healthcare facilities within the country is much needed in reducing the unmet need among people with psychological symptoms. In this study, the distribution of mental health services within the district of Colombo, which is the capital of the country, was assessed.MethodsWith this view, mapping of mental healthcare services within the district of Colombo was carried out using the Geographic Information System to assess service and human resource availability and physical accessibility to the elderly within the district.ResultsCertain deficiencies in availability and accessibility of the services were identified which were more significant toward eastern parts of the district.ConclusionsEstablishment of new mental healthcare facilities as well as upgrading of already available centres while ensuring availability of professional human resources to these centres is a timely need.
Characteristics of modern carbonate contourite drifts
Authors: Eberli Gregor P. , Betzler Christian 
Published: February 2019

AbstractCarbonate environments inhabit the realm of the surface, intermediate and deep currents of the ocean circulation where they produce and continuously deliver material which is potentially deposited into contourite drifts. In the tropical realm, fine‐grained particles produced in shallow water and transported off‐bank by tidal, wind‐driven, and cascading density currents are a major source for transport and deposition by currents. Sediment production is especially high during interglacial times when sea level is high and is greatly reduced during glacial times of sea‐level lowstands. Reduced sedimentation on carbonate contourite drifts leads to early marine cementation and hardened surfaces, which are often reworked when current strength increases. As a result, reworked lithoclasts are a common component in carbonate drifts. In areas of temperate and cool water carbonates, currents are able to flow across carbonate producing areas and incorporate sediment directly to the current. The entrained skeletal carbonate particles have variable bulk density and shapes that lower the prediction of transport rates in energy‐based transport models, as well as prediction of current velocity based on grain size. All types of contourite drifts known in clastic environments are found in carbonate environments, but three additional drift types occur in carbonates because of local sources and current flow diversion in the complicated topography inherent to carbonate systems. The periplatform drift is a carbonate‐specific plastered drift that is nearly exclusively made of periplatform ooze. Its geometry is built by the interaction of along‐slope currents and downslope currents, which deliver sediment from the adjacent shallow‐water carbonate realm to the contour current via a line source. Because the periplatform drift is plastered on the slopes of the platforms it is also subject to mass gravity flow and large slope failures. At platform edges, a special type of patch drift develops. These hemiconal platform‐edge drifts also contain exclusively periplatform ooze but their geometry is controlled by the current around the corner of the platform. At the north‐western end of Little and Great Bahama Bank are platform‐edge drifts that are over 100 km long and up to 600 m thick. A special type of channel‐related drift forms when passages between carbonate buildups or channels within a platform open into deeper water. A current flowing in these channels will entrain material shed from the sediment producing areas. At the channel mouth, the sediment‐charged current deposits its sediment load into the deeper basin. With continuous flow, a submarine delta drift is built that progrades into the deep water. The strongly focused current forming the delta drift, is able to rework coarse skeletal grains and clasts, making this type of carbonate drift the coarsest drift type.
Context as a Dynamic Construct and the Problem of Context Sensitivity
Authors: Kozubíková Šandová Jana 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThis paper is concerned with different aspects of the concept of context, predominantly from the perspective of contemporary pragmatically‐oriented linguistics. As it is frequently claimed that the precise meaning of an utterance may be determined correctly only in context, but, at the same time, no agreement has been reached on how context should be adequately defined, one aim of this study is to focus on different characteristics of this phenomenon and to explain how context may be best understood within a pragmatic approach. This is connected with context sensitivity. Some expressions in natural language are prototypical examples of it, while others are rather controversial. The other aim of this study is to examine context sensitivity from the point of view of several semantic theories and to propose within which systematic linguistic theory it could be best integrated. It turns out that the concept of context should best be treated as a dynamic construct inherently connected with communication. Since it is, at the same time, a multilayered concept, it is almost impossible to produce a widely acceptable theory of context. Regarding a systematic theory within which context sensitivity could be integrated, semantic minimalism seems to be the most appropriate.
Preventive chemotherapy reverses covert, lymphatic‐associated tissue change in young people with lymphatic filariasis in Myanmar
Authors: Douglass Janet , Dykes Lukah , Kelly‐Hope Louise , Gordon Susan , Leggat Peter , Aye Ni Ni , Win San San , Wai Tint , Win Yi Yi , Nwe Thet Wai , Graves Patricia 
Published: February 2019

AbstractObjectivesThis longitudinal comparative study investigated the effect of preventive chemotherapy (PC) on covert tissue changes associated with lymphatic filariasis (LF) among young people living in an LF‐endemic area in Myanmar.MethodsTissue compressibility and extracellular free fluid in the lower limbs of people aged 10–21 years were measured using indurometry and bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS). Baseline measures were taken in October 2014, annual mass drug administration (MDA) of PC was delivered in December, and in March 2015 further PC was offered to LF‐positive cases who had missed MDA. Follow‐up measures were taken in February and June 2015.ResultsA total of 50 antigen‐positive cases and 46 antigen‐negative controls were included. Self‐reported PC consumption was 60.1% during 2014 MDA and 66.2% overall. At second follow‐up, 24 of 34 cases and 27 of 43 controls had consumed PC. Significant and clinically relevant between‐group differences at baseline were not found post‐PC. Bayesian linear mixed models showed a significant change in indurometer scores at both calves for antigen‐positive cases who consumed any PC (dominant calf: −0.30 [95% CI −0.52, −0.07], P < 0.05 and non‐dominant calf: −0.35 [95% CI −0.58, −0.12], P < 0.01). Changes in antigen‐negative participants or those not consuming PC were not significant.ConclusionThis study is the first attempt to use simple field‐friendly tools to track fluid and tissue changes after treatment of asymptomatic people infected with LF. Results suggested that PC alone is sufficient to reverse covert lymphatic disturbance. Longer follow‐up of larger cohorts is required to confirm these improvements and whether they persist over time. These findings should prompt increased efforts to overcome low PC coverage, which misses many infected young people, particularly males, who are unaware of their infection status, unmotivated to take PC and at risk of developing lymphoedema. Indurometry and BIS should be considered in assessment of lymphatic filariasis‐related lymphedema.
The development trinity: How regional integration impacts growth, inequality and poverty
Authors: Santos‐Paulino Amelia U. , DiCaprio Alisa , Sokolova Maria V. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractDeveloping countries today have become more active participants in regional trade agreements. This raises questions about how the benefits of integration are distributed, and the extent to which lower‐income countries are able to capture development gains. Historically, such impacts have been difficult to identify with precision. This paper seeks to address this gap by empirically analysing the impact of regional integration on development, particularly the effects on growth and welfare. Using both bilateral and regional integration measures, we show that the ability to capture gains from integration varies across developing country regional groups, with developing Asia benefiting on par with developed countries. The findings in the paper indicate that trade and trade policy play an important role in reducing inequality and poverty in developing countries. It also shows that regionalism can function as a channel to make multilateralism a more adept way of addressing national challenges.