bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison among three body parts and three software packages to optimise photographic identification of a reptile (tuatara, Sphenodon punctatus)
Authors: de Sá Rocha Mello Ricardo , Jarvie Scott , Hazley Lindsay , Cree Alison 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Individually identifying animals is key to ecological research. Natural marks and patterns of animals that remain stable through time may be used to identify individuals, either manually or with the aid of software. Here we compare the performance of three body parts (chest, right side and right eye) for individual identification of tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus) using three software packages (Wild-ID, I3S and StripeSpotter). We also explored pattern stability over time for the chest and right side, and whether the identification rate differed between life-history stages (adults and juveniles) for this long-lived reptile. We used photos of 196 tuatara, including captive and free-roaming individuals. In an initial analysis with a subset of individuals, chest and right side gave better identification rates than the eye when analysed using Wild-ID (the best-performing software). In a further analysis using all photos and Wild-ID, the false rejection rate was lower for chest (0.6%) than right side (2.4%). Although the effect of time on matching scores for chest (up to 3.5 y) and right-side (up to 1.8 y) was significant, it was not large enough to reduce the matching rate; furthermore, no difference in identification rate between adults and juveniles was detected. Overall, chest was the best-performing body part and Wild-ID the best-performing software. Thus, appropriate choice of body pattern for analysis may significantly increase the matching rate, and, as previously shown, software packages vary in performance.
Health Research, Consent and the GDPR Exemption
Authors: Donnelly Mary , McDonagh Maeve 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This article analyses the balance which the GDPR strikes between two important social values: protecting personal health data and facilitating health research through the lens of the consent requirement and the research exemption. The article shows that the normative weight of the consent requirement differs depending on the context for the health research in question. This more substantive approach to consent is reflected in the research exemption which allows for a more nuanced balancing of interests. However, because the GDPR articulates the exemption at an abstract and principled level, in practice the balance is struck at Member State level. Thus, the GDPR increases difficulties for EU cross-border health projects and impedes the policy goal of creating a harmonised regulatory framework for health research. The article argues that in order to address this problem, the European Data Protection Board should provide specific guidance on the operation of consent in health research.
Le Père Joseph Gabet missionnaire en Chine au XIXe siècle
Authors: Essertel Yannick 
Published: May 2019

Résumé
Le Père Joseph Gabet est un missionnaire lazariste (Congrégation de la Mission), envoyé en Asie. Après un temps d’ adaptation, ses supérieurs l’ envoient dans la nouvelle mission de la Mongolie-intérieure. Il apprend les langues, convertit un jeune lama, et tente d’ évangéliser sa mission composée de populations nomades. De 1844 à 1846, il voyage avec son confrère Evariste Huc jusqu’ à Lassa, au Tibet. Obligé de rentrer en Europe, il rédige un document très critique sur la situation missionnaire en Chine, mettant en cause ses prédécesseurs qui, selon lui, n’ auraient pas appliqué les Consignes de la Propaganda Fide, surtout en ce qui concerne le clergé indigène. L’ intérêt de ce texte réside dans la capacité du Père à poser un regard de type anthropologique sur les cultures locales et à concevoir une pédagogie d’ insertion et d’ inculturation propre à la Chine. En son « essence », cette pédagogie se retrouve en Océanie et en Afrique.
Jihād, Gender, and Religious Minorities in the Siyar Literature: the Diachronic View
Authors: Afsaruddin Asma 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Siyar in Islamic law refers to the law of nations or international law. This study focuses on five siyar works composed between the 2nd/8th and 7th/13th centuries in order to compare and analyze their content diachronically in connection with two specific topics. The first topic is concerned with changing juridical conceptualizations of the role of the combative or military jihād in the Muslim polity’s relations with non-Muslim ones during this period. The second has to do with the evolution of siyar rules governing the treatment of non-Muslim and female participants in the military jihād, especially in the matter of the division of spoils. Four of these works represent the four major Sunnī madhāhib while the fifth is an early work predating the formation of these schools of law. Comparison of the content of these works allows us to draw certain conclusions about the nature and purview of the military jihād, as progressively articulated by jurists during the period under discussion. One of the major conclusions to be drawn from this study is that the combative jihād became an exclusively masculine and Muslim activity and effectively excluded women and non-Muslims from participation in it after the 2nd/8th century.
New Buddhists, ‘Treasure’ Discoveries and (Re)constructed Protective Deities of Kalmykia
Authors: Gazizova Valeriya 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This article investigates how a number of Buddhist groups in Kalmykia, a republic in the southwest of Russia where Buddhism is historically practised by most of its titular population, try to create what they perceive as elements of the local form of Buddhism. Based on interviews with non-monastic Buddhist specialists, the article focuses on the introduction of the worship of two protective deities in several Kalmyk Buddhist centres. Central to the discussion is the deployment of the Tibetan practice of ‘treasure’ discoveries in this renewal.
Solar Energy for ICT Advancement: an Empirical Study on Coastal Areas in Bangladesh
Authors: Uddin Nasir , Faisal Hasan Mahmud , Zannat Rubaiya 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This paper examines the application of solar energy and the role that solar energy can play to enhance information and communication technology (ICT) usage in coastal areas in Bangladesh. The empirical data were collected using interview and focus group discussions (FGD) in two unions on the coastal island of Kutubdia. The results of the analysis indicate that coastal areas have witnessed an accelerated shift towards solar technology to meet the gap between the demand for and the supply of electricity, along with other energy sources. The access to ICT tools in local communities has risen, with infrastructure which has completely changed the coastal way of life. It concludes that the use of ICT-based devices has opened a new window for remote communities, where solar energy has made great contributions. Therefore, a comprehensive approach is needed for people across the country to encourage and support them to use solar-based electricity.
The Form and Content of ‘Digital Spatiality’: Mapping the Soft Power of DreamWorks Animation in Asia
Authors: Grincheva Natalia 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The article explores a series of blockbuster exhibitions of DreamWorks Animation developed by the Australian Centre of the Moving Image (ACMI) in collaboration with one of the largest Hollywood producers. Curated by ACMI, this blockbuster exhibition was designed to provide a behind-the-scenes look into collaborative processes involved in DreamWorks animations. This exhibition travelled across the Asia-Pacific in 2015-2017 and was hosted by a number of museums, such as the ArtScience Museum in Singapore, the Te Papa Museum in New Zealand, the Seoul Museum of Art in South Korea, and the National Taiwan Science and Education Centre in Taiwan. It displayed over 400 unique objects from the studio’s archive ‘of rare and never before displayed material’, such as drawings, models, maps, photographs, posters, and other artworks. The article explores the highly favourable reception to the DreamWorks Animation blockbuster in different cities in Asia. It employs a geo-visualization of Asian engagement with the blockbuster exhibit to reveal and explain local and global mechanisms of ‘attraction’ power, generated by DreamWorks in different Asian countries. Contributing to the special issue, this article engages with two aspects of it: the form, cultural digital mapping; and the content, the nature of media pop culture exemplified through the traveling blockbuster.
Why We Need a New Ethic for Animals
Authors: Fraser David 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
In Western culture, animal ethics has traditionally emphasized acts of deliberate cruelty and, in the twentieth century, institutionalized harms to animals through activities such as meat production and biomedical research. However, with a large human population and technologies that developed mostly during the last century, a new set of harms—unintended and often acting indirectly—now injure and kill vast numbers of animals. Unintended harms arise from human artifacts such as cars, windows and communication towers. Indirect harms occur from disturbances to the balances and processes of nature, for example through pollution, introduction of alien species and climate change. These harms will undoubtedly increase unless they become a focus of attention and mitigation. A new animal ethic is needed to incorporate these harms into ethical thought. It will need to address such issues as responsibility for unintended versus intended harms, and for collective versus individual actions, and it will greatly narrow the gap between animal ethics and environmental ethics.
Maps in Newspapers
Authors: Reyes Novaes André 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Maps in newspapers generated many discussions among cartographers and geographers working from different approaches and theoretical backgrounds. This work examines these maps from a historiographical as well as a historical perspective. It considers three main questions, namely how maps in the press should be conceptualized, how cartographic images in newspapers have been studied, and how these images changed over time. In order to provide a perspective on the origins, development, and impact of war maps in the press, this work will explore maps representing three geopolitical conflicts for Brazilian audiences: The War of the Triple Alliance (1864–1870), World War II (1939–1945) and the War on Drugs in Rio de Janeiro’s favelas (1994–2010). By exploring these war maps, specific cartographic practices used in this genre as well as the connections that this mode has with other types of map production and consumption will be identified.
Placental Development in the Sheep and its Relation to Fetal Development
Authors: Stegeman Jenny H. J. 
Published: May 2019

A quantitative macroscopic and microscopic investigation was performed upon the placenta of the sheep.
Macroscopic data were obtained from 235 cases of single pregnancy, 285 cases of twin pregnancy, 45 cases of triplet pregnancy, and from one case of quadrulet pregnancy. Macroscopic data obtained include: weight of the uterine horns, weight of the fetal membranes, weight of the total cotyledonary mass, and weight of the fetus.
Microscopic data were mainly obtained from twin pregnancies (about 30 placentas in each of the nine age groups, group I being excluded from this investigation). The following microscopic data were calculated: vascularization of the caruncles (being the maternal component), degree of branching of the villi, total villous surface, vascularization of the villi, and total villous blood volume.
Tolerance Differences and Interspecific Competition in three Members of the Amphipod Genus Gammarus
Authors: Dennert Henk G. 
Published: May 2019

In a series of experiments with G. pulex, G, duebeni celticus and G. duebeni duebeni populations, pure or mixed, their tolerances for several temperature/salinity conditions have been determined. Tested were 100%, 10%, 1% and 0.1% seawater in combination with temperatures of 5°, 10° or 15°C. In general all species preferred the 5°C conditions above those with a higher temperature, and the middle salinity range (1% for G. pulex, 1% and 10% for G. d. celticus and G. d. duebeni) above the lower or higher salinities.
In nearly all situations tested G. pulex had a lower survival rate than G. d. celticus and G. d. duebeni.
Notwithstanding the sometimes unfavourable conditions for G. pulex, this species can compete successfully with G. d. celticus under most of the experimental conditions, but the interspecific relations between G. pulex and G. d. duebeni end in the competitive exclusion of the first species. These results support two theories: (1) G. pulex is able to compete successfully with G. d. celticus and to expel the latter from its niche, and (2) G. d. duebeni is able to invade freshwater and to establish inland populations.
The differences demonstrated between G. d. celticus and G. d. duebeni are an argument for a different development and different capabilities of both subspecies.
Sterile interspecific matings between G. pulex and both subspecies of G. duebeni are temperature dependent and do not play a major role in the interspecific relations connected with competition.
Ecological Aspects of the Distribution of Reef Corals in the Netherlands Antilles
Authors: Bak Rolf P. M. 
Published: May 2019

The vertical and horizontal patterns of the distribution of corals and coral reefs (to a depth of 90 m) are discussed in relation to the environmental factors: geomorphology of the bottom, available substrate, light, turbidity, sedimentation, water movement and temperature. There is a general pattern which is comparable to other well-developed Caribbean reefs. However, as in other areas variations are found, e.g. the depth and growth form of Acropora palmata will depend on the degree of exposure to water movement. There are strong correlations between the environmental variables and the occurrence of coral species and their growth form, the species composition of coral communities and the character of the coral reef. In some cases the relationship is not that obvious. The absence of Agaricia species at certain points along the coast of Aruba and the dominance of Sargassum on the deep bottom at some places along the windward coast of Curaçao is not yet explained.
The relative importance of the different factors in an environmental setting is shown by a comparison of reef communities and reef habitats with a coral community of a muddy, shallow inland bay. The community of the bay consists, apart from the hardier coral species, of corals which are characteristic of the deep reef: Scolymia lacera, S. cubensis and Helioseris cucullata. These corals are adapted to sedimentation and low light intensities and are apparently able to withstand a temperature and salinity range much broader than that of their deep reef habitat.
The paucity of corals and coral reef development around the islands of the Windward Group (deeper habitat included) can generally be explained by the morphology of the sea floor, the lack of suitable substrate and the effect of hurricanes. The exposed coasts of Saba and St. Eustatius, being virtually unexplored, may have richer coral growth.
A new list of species of the Scleractinia of the Leeward and Windward groups, consisting of 57 species, is included.
The South American Plated Catfish Genus Aspidoras R. von Ihering, 1907,
Authors: Nijssen H. , Isbrücker I.J.H. 
Published: May 2019

The South American callichthyid catfish genus Aspidoras R. von Ihering, 1907, is redefined on the basis of thirteen nominal species. Morphological differences with the related genus Corydoras Lacépède, 1803, are discussed. Two species originally described in Corydoras, viz., Corydoras raimundi and Corydoras pauciradiatus are herein transferred to Aspidoras.
Aspidoras now consists of the following previously described nominal species: (1) Aspidoras rochai R. von Ihering, 1907 (type-species of the genus), known from Brazil, Est. Ceará, Fortaleza, (2) Aspidoras raimundi (Steindachner, 1907) from Brazil, Est. Moararnhão, Rio Parnaíba system, (3) Aspidoras lakoi P. de Miranda Ribeiro, 1949, from Brazil, Est. Minas Gerais, Rio Paranaíba system, and (4) Aspidoras pauciradiatus (Weitzman & Nijssen, 1970) from Brazil, Est. Goiás, Rio Araguaia system.
Nine new species from Brazil are described herein: (1) Aspidoras albater from Est. Goiás, Rio Tocantinzinha, (2) Aspidoras brunneus from Est. Mato Grosso, Serra do Roncador, (3) Aspidoras carvalhoi from Est. Ceará, Guaramiranga, (4) Aspidoras eurycephalus from Est. Goiás, Córego Vermelho, (5) Aspidoras fuscoguttatus from Est. Mato Grosso, Córrego Corguinho, (6) Aspidoras maculosus from Est. Bahia, Rio Itapicurú system, (7) Aspidoras menezesi from Est. Ceará, Rio Salgado system, (8) Aspidoras poecilus from Est. Mato Grosso, upper Rio Xingu, and from Est. Goiás, Rio Araguaia, and (9) Aspidoras spilotus from Est. Ceará, a tributary of Rio Acaráu, and from Cachoeira do Gusmão. In addition to these nominal species some material is described and figured under the provisional designation of Aspidoras sp. aff. poecilus. These specimens may represent another species, but are not formally named.
The Respiratory Area of the Gills of Some Teleost Fishes in Relation to their Mode of Life
Authors: de Jager S. , Smit-Onel M.E. , Videler J.J. , van Gils B.J.M. , Uffink E.M. 
Published: May 2019

From computations (by means of graphic interpolation and graphic integration) of the respiratory area, and transposition of these values to a respiratory area of a standard fish of 200 g (A200 value), it could be made plausible that the relation between respiratory area and mode of life of the fishes mentioned in this paper (Cod, Plaice, Conger, Flounder, Dab and Pike) fits in with the general pattern found in an earlier paper, although intraspecific differences were sometimes considerable.
In comparison with A200 values of other species, the Cod has a respiratory area that fits in with his mode of life and that of other typical sprinters. The Flounder has a considerably larger respiratory area than Plaice and Dab. Flounder feeds mainly on small fishes, while Plaice and Dab feed on molluscs and worms. Conger has to be considered a crawler. The Pike, as a typical sprinter, shows nevertheless large differences in its A200 values.
It was known already that freshwater biotopes do not allow fishes to develop into typical stayers. Thus, large differences between freshwater sprinters and crawlers can hardly be expected.
The relation between respiratory area and body surface cannot be used in a comparison between fishes of different species.
Genetic differentiation in Gammarus fossarum and G. caparti (Crustacea, Amphipoda) with reference to G. pulex pulex in northwestern Europe
Authors: Scheepmaker Maarten , van Dalfsen Jan 
Published: May 2019

Genetic differentiation among G. fossarum Koch, 1835 from different stations in Germany, Switzerland, Belgium and northern France, and the closely related Belgian form G. caparti Pètre-Stroobants, 1980 was investigated by electrophoresis at 20 enzyme loci. Although morphologically variable, geographically distant populations of G. cf. fossarum were hitherto considered conspecific. In the present study, populations of G. cf. fossarum and G. caparti were examined with reference to G. pulex pulex as an estimate for genetic differentiation at the species level.
With G. p. pulex as a standard, genetic differentiation among geographically distant populations of G. cf. fossarum is occasionally observed at species level. The populations of G. caparti studied were shown to be genetically very similar to certain populations of G. fossarum. The taxonomic status of G. caparti and the genetically distinct forms of G. fossarum is discussed.
Genetic differentiation, origin and dispersal of Gammarus gauthieri from the Iberian peninsula and North Africa (Crustacea, Amphipoda)
Authors: Scheepmaker Maarten 
Published: May 2019

Genetic differentiation among population samples of G. gauthierion both sides of the Strait of Gibraltar was investigated by enzyme electrophoresis at 20 enzyme loci with reference to G. gauthieri and G. ibericus from different areas in the Iberian peninsula.
Levels of divergence resolved suggest that G. gauthieri reached North Africa from the Iberian peninsula, and not vice versa. With reference to geological evidence, this was likely to occur during the Messinian (6–5 My ago). As the opening of the Strait of Gibraltar represents a well dated geological event, an attempt has been made to calibrate the molecular clock for the G. pulex- group.
Indirect estimations of gene flow levels were shown to be extremely low. Probably as a consequence of frequently occurring semi-arid conditions, populations of G. gauthieri are strongly subdivided and likely to be subject to stochastic processes. Therefore, even within areas, population samples may be genetically markedly different.
Dendrograms of genetic distances were compared with geological evidence. From these data an hypothesis of phylogenetic relationships is proposed.
Onerunka longi, a new genus and species of Thanerocleridae (Coleoptera) from Papua New Guinea, with systematic notes on the tribe Thaneroclerini
Authors: KOLIBÁČ JIŘÍ 
Published: May 2019

Onerunka longi n. gen., n. sp., a new member of Thanerocleridae (Thaneroclerinae: Thaneroclerini) is described from Papua New Guinea. The new genus is geographically isolated and morphologically distinct. It is probably related to Viticlerus Miyatake, 1977 from Fiji and Neoclerus Lewis, 1892 from south-eastern Asia. The tribe Viticlerini Winkler, 1982 is synonymized with Thaneroclerini Chapin, 1924.
The Relative Impact of Ice Fall Speeds and Microphysics Parameterization Complexity on Supercell Evolution
Authors: Falk Nicholas M. , Igel Adele L. , Igel Matthew R. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The use of bin or bulk microphysics schemes in model simulations frequently produces large changes in the simulated storm and precipitation characteristics, but it is still unclear which aspects of these schemes give rise to these changes. In this study, supercell simulations using either a bin or a double-moment bulk microphysics scheme are conducted with the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS). The two simulations produce very different storm morphologies. An additional simulation is run for each scheme in which the diameter–fall speed relationships for ice hydrometeors are modified to be similar to those used by the other scheme. When fall speed relationships are homogenized, the two parameterization schemes simulate similar storm morphology. Therefore, despite the use of largely dissimilar approaches to parameterizing microphysics, the difference in storm morphology is found to be related to the choice of diameter–fall speed relationships for ice hydrometeors. This result is investigated further to understand why. Higher fall speeds lead to higher mixing ratios of hydrometeors at low levels and thus more melting. Consequently, stronger downdrafts and cold pools exist in the high fall speed storms, and these stronger cold pools lead to storm splitting and the intensification of a left mover. The results point to the importance of hydrometeor fall speed on the evolution of supercells. It is also suggested that caution be used when comparing the response of a cloud model to different classes of microphysics schemes since the assumptions made by the schemes may be more important than the scheme class itself.