bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Case‐finding tools for the diagnosis of OAB in women: A narrative review
Authors: Malde Sachin , Kelly Samuel , Saad Sanad , Sahai Arun 
Published: October 2019

AbstractAimsOveractive bladder (OAB) remains underdiagnosed with many patients never seeking medical help. Methods to aid early identification and treatment of OAB will be hugely beneficial, and to this end several case‐finding tools have been developed. The aim of this review is to critically analyse the literature regarding case‐finding tools that have been validated specifically for the detection of OAB in women.MethodsA literature search of the PubMed database was performed until July 2019 using the search terms screening and OAB or lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). Names of individual case‐finding tools included in the sixth International Consultation on Incontinence were also searched on the PubMed database. Original articles on the validation of patient‐reported screening questionnaires for the detection of OAB in women were included.ResultsA total of 22 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in this review. The validation studies of 11 case‐finding tools were assessed. All demonstrated good sensitivity and specificity for OAB or incontinence symptoms, and five tools have been most extensively validated for this condition (bladder control self‐assessment questionnaire [B‐SAQ], OAB‐V8, OAB‐V3, OAB symptom score, and questionnaire for urinary incontinence diagnosis). B‐SAQ and OAB‐V8 demonstrated high sensitivity whilst actionable bladder symptom screening tool was the most specific. B‐SAQ was the only tool in this review to encompass screening for “red‐flag” symptoms (hematuria, pain), and it has also been validated in a primary care setting.ConclusionsSeveral case‐finding tools have been demonstrated to have high accuracy for diagnosing OAB in women. B‐SAQ encompasses other LUTS as well as “red‐flag” symptoms; its use should be promoted in primary care.
Bladder and urethral dysfunction in multiparous and mature rabbits correlates with abnormal activity of pubococcygeus and bulbospongiosus muscles
Authors: Corona‐Quintanilla Dora Luz , López‐Juárez Rhode , Pacheco Pablo , Romero‐Ortega Mario I. , Castelán Francisco , Martínez‐Gómez Margarita 
Published: October 2019

AbstractAimsTo evaluate the combined effect of age and multiparity on the micturition reflex, including pelvic floor muscle activation.MethodsYoung and mature nulliparous rabbits were compared to young and mature multiparas (n = 6 per group). Cystometrograms and urethral pressure (UP) were performed while simultaneously recording the electromyogram (EMG) activity of the pubococcygeus and bulbospongiosus muscles to establish their functional correlation to urological function.ResultsMultiparity and age significantly influence the bladder and UP affecting the voiding efficiency and intercontraction interval. Such interaction also reduced the UP threshold, timing, and duration. Other bladder and urethral variables were predominantly affected only by age. Urodynamic alterations correlated with abnormal patterns or absent EMG activity of the pubococcygeus and bulbospongiosus muscles.ConclusionsThe present findings strongly suggest that multiparity and age affects specific pelvic floor muscle reflex activation during micturition, and may contribute to alterations in bladder and urethral function. This data broadens our understanding of the critical role of the appropriate activity of the individual pelvic floor muscles in micturition.
Funding sources and effects of limited funding in pediatric pulmonology fellowship programs
Authors: Weiss Pnina , Mauer Elizabeth , Gerber Linda M. , Boyer Debra , Abramson Erika L. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe pediatric pulmonology workforce is at risk. Access to pediatric pulmonologists to meet patient needs is limited and recruitment of new trainees to replace the aging, retiring physician population may be inadequate. Furthermore, sources of funding for graduate medical education are insecure. However, no prior studies have identified the funding sources of pediatric pulmonology fellowships or the effects of funding constraints.MethodsWe conducted a national survey of pediatric pulmonology training directors (PPTD) in the United States between 1 November, 2016 and 9 February, 2017 to examine the sources of funding for pediatric pulmonary fellows and the effect of funding limitations.ResultsWe obtained data from 48 PPTD, representing 89% of pediatric pulmonology programs (N = 54). Limitations in funding restricted program size in 31% of programs. A significant number of programs had no funding to cover educational resources such as advanced degrees (38%), courses (23%), society membership (25%), and journals and books (15%). Twenty seven percent of PPTD perceived their program as financially insecure for academic year 2019 and beyond.ConclusionsInsufficient funding has limited the size of pediatric pulmonology programs and access to important educational resources. It is critical to ensure that there is adequate funding for pediatric pulmonology fellowship programs, as insecurity further endangers the pediatric pulmonology workforce and future provision of care for children with respiratory diseases.
Friction characterization testing of fabric felt material used in precast structures
Authors: Brunesi Emanuele , Peloso Simone , Pinho Rui , Nascimbene Roberto 
Published: October 2019

AbstractFelt material is sometimes employed in precast wall‐slab‐wall structures featuring no mechanical devices for the wall‐slab connection. This implies that the frictional properties of these felts should be high enough to permit horizontal lateral forces on a building to be carried through them, preventing the sliding of slabs on precast walls and eventually their unseating. In light of this, friction testing of fabric felt material has been undertaken, combining triplet‐monotonic and cyclic‐symmetric tests, with a view to characterize this material, allowing not only an estimate of the shear force transferred, in actual buildings, between the slabs and the precast walls underneath them, but also a likely force‐displacement relationship that may be employed in numerical modeling efforts. Comparisons with data from a recent full‐scale building test corroborate the results obtained by the two‐step experimental investigation presented in this paper, thus adding further weight to the modeling recommendations herein provided.
Dispersal and Reception in Northern Italy: Comparing Systems Along the Brenner Route
Authors: Semprebon Michela , Pelacani Gracy 
Published: October 2019

AbstractIn the last decades, policy restrictions and practices at national and local levels have curtailed the rights of seekers and holders of international protection, thus impacting on their lives and on the territories they transit through. This is particularly evident in border contexts. Various border areas have gradually transformed into internal hotspots, with increasing border enforcement. This includes Brenner, situated at the border between Italy and Austria. In the wider Brenner route area, particularly in the nearby Italian cities of Verona, Trento and Bolzano, “spaces of transit” have emerged and both public and humanitarian actors have been “forced” to deal with it. This chapter draws upon the work of the multilevel governance of migration (Caponio and Borkert 2010), and on the proliferation of borders (Mezzadra and Neilson 2016), to present a comparative analysis of the reception scenario in these three cities. By building on qualitative data analysis (legal analysis of policy documents, content analysis of interviews and newspaper articles), it discusses to what extent and how the respective local systems of reception have managed to cater for migrants that transit through them. Similarities and differences are pointed out, as well as the relevance of factors such as geographical proximity in influencing the respective approaches.
Legal Paradigm Shifts and Their Impacts on the Socio-Spatial Exclusion of Asylum Seekers in Denmark
Authors: Kreichauf René 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis chapter discusses the genesis of Denmark’s asylum accommodation system and recent legal and socio-spatial changes as a reaction to the increase of arrivals. By elucidating the structures and objectives of asylum accommodation, I present that the state’s further tightening of restrictive reception and accommodation policies significantly impacts the socio-spatial configurations of accommodations, refugees’ access to housing and their well-being. I discuss the links between the tensioning of laws, the reduction of living conditions and the (re-)constitution of large accommodations as means of socio-spatial exclusion. Applying the case of Denmark’s Hovedstaden Region (Capital Region), I finally argue that asylum accommodation is a central instrument of Denmark’s approaches to strategically isolate forced migrants and to deter them from migrating to Denmark.
Places and Spaces of the Others. A German Reception Centre in Public Discourse and Individual Perception
Authors: Göler Daniel 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe geographicity of refugee migration and asylum in receiving countries combines two perspectives of analysis. One is represented by uprooted, somehow alienated migrants, the other by the spatiality of refugee camps and reception centres as places and spaces of the others in the sense of a “non-place”: Sites of transit without any identity, ‘footloose’ in Augéan terms, just coexisting in their local context. Thus, this chapter uses a broad empirical approach and refers to the phenomenon’s spatial as well as social and individual elements. The empirical field is a reception and accommodation centre that was opened in 2015 in a former military base in the town of Bamberg, Germany. At that time, the discussion of political framing at the state level led to a severe crisis in German politics. On the local level, a public discourse unfolded around the centre, ranging from its capacity and residents, to the residents’ well-being in terms of legal treatment, discrimination, medical care and schooling. The initial group of residents there were, in the vast majority, migrants from Western Balkan countries applying for asylum. Starting in 2016, the structure and origin of the residents changed fundamentally. Since then, the origin of residents has become more and more heterogeneous. An analysis of spatial behaviour and spatial representation showed a broad variety of information on space and place of temporary living. Different perceptions, various ways of coping with the locality and the short duration of stay represent the fluid character of the reception centre and its residents nowadays.
Before and After the Reception Crisis of 2015: Asylum and Reception Policies in Austria
Authors: Rosenberger Sieglinde , Müller Sandra 
Published: October 2019

AbstractIn 2015 Austria was among the European countries with the largest asylum arrivals per capita. When the multi-level reception regime almost collapsed and administrative coordination failed, some municipalities protested against asylum seekers’ facilities, others engaged with emergency help and support for the wellbeing and inclusion of asylum seekers. This chapter deals with local responses to the events of 2015, covering both administrative activities and social practices. It combines an institutional, macro-level perspective on arrangements and frameworks with a micro-level, social perspective on acts of support or resistance by (groups of) individuals. Based on scholarly literature, official documents and media reports, the chapter presents ambivalent results concerning the local turn in migration governance: In terms of legal powers on admission, municipalities lose in importance; in terms of support and inclusion, they gain in importance, not least because of the exclusionary stance of the national government on asylum and reduced public funding for integration facilitators.
Local Narrative-Making on Refugees: How the Interaction Between Journalists and Policy Networks Shapes the Media Frames
Authors: Pogliano Andrea , Ponzo Irene 
Published: October 2019

AbstractCity narratives are crucial in shaping public attitudes and perceptions, and in defining the viable policy options and cities’ responses to hot issues, such as migration and asylum. Nevertheless, the literature on relations between media and political actors is scarce and often unable to account for the complex local mechanisms leading to the production of media frames. This chapter investigates two urban crises: the rapid increase of transit refugees at the Central Station of Milan, and refugees’ illegal occupation of four buildings in the ex-MOI area (former Olympic village) in Turin. Both events started in 2013 and have been studied from their beginnings up to mid-2016 by using qualitative techniques and media frame analysis. By matching the media and policy analysis, the authors show the central role that the local institutions can play in shaping media narratives on migrants and how the cohesion of the policy networks strengthens their ability to affect the local media frames. The dynamics of local journalism also matter: the presence of reporters with specific expertise, a commitment to migration and stable engagement in the issue, as well as collaboration within and between newsrooms, namely the existence of a sort of local media community, contribute to the development of consistent narratives over time and the prevalence of humanitarian rather than security frames.
Shaping the “Deserving Refugee”: Insights from a Local Reception Programme in Belgium
Authors: Ravn Stiene , Mahieu Rilke , Belloni Milena , Timmerman Christiane 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe sudden increase of asylum applications in the aftermath of the 2015 “refugee crisis”, has sparked the debate on the concept of “deservingness” in public discourse. Who deserves to enter into European territory? Who deserves to receive state-funded assistance? This article unpacks the notion of “deservingness” by analysing the rationalities of care underpinning a European-funded local support programme in Antwerp (Belgium). The programme offers special assistance to former unaccompanied minors, recognised as beneficiaries of legal protection, who have recently turned 18. By examining the categories, attitudes and perceptions shaping this local project, we show how the idea of “deservingness”, a central notion in wider European discourses on refugee reception, is reproduced and critically implemented by local actors of refugee assistance. Drawing on focus group interviews with five municipal and civil society organizations, we untangle legal, moral and economic dimensions of deservingness and illustrate how these can overlap or contradict each other within stakeholders’ perspectives. The analysis of the different stakeholders’ perspectives about the assumed characteristics of this “new” category of refugees deserving special care shows the significance of stakeholders’ respective organisational backgrounds. On a deeper level, ideas on deservingness reflect stakeholders’ different aspirations about the kind of citizens young refugees should become. As such, this chapter contributes to deeper understanding of moralities and rationalities shaping public discourse and local reception of refugees in Europe. It also highlights the role of localities in shaping innovative policies and in the wider debate on refugee assistance.
The Public Perception of the Migration Crisis from the Hungarian Point of View: Evidence from the Field
Authors: Simonovits Bori 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis chapter focuses on how public opinion has been formed in Hungary in recent years—partly as a consequence of the extremely xenophobic political discourse. The analysis is based on comprehensive empirical research carried out in 2015–2017—combining quantitative and qualitative research techniques.As a theoretical framework, I rely on the Intergroup Threat Theory, originally developed by Stephan and Stephan (Cognition and affect in stereotyping: parallel interactive networks. In Mackie DM, Hamilton DL (eds) Affect, cognition, and stereotyping: interactive processes in group perception. Academic, Orlando, pp 111–136, 1993), which distinguishes the different aspects of threat—connected to asylum-seekers and migrants—perceived by the receiving society. The qualitative results underscore the quantitative results, as both realistic and symbolic threats by Muslim immigrants are perceived to be high in contemporary Hungary, and letting in a great amount of people with unknown identities is seen as posing a serious risk to the receiving society. Most of the arguments given by the interviewees echoed the concepts of the government, in terms of terrorism, contagious diseases, as well as immigrants imposing a huge burden on the welfare state.The analysis also shows that the results have to be interpreted in the light of Hungary’s particular political and social context, namely the following three aspects: (i) a politics characterized by extreme anti-immigration rhetoric since 2015, (ii) integration policies that have been non-existent since the state completely withdrew integration provision in the summer of 2016, and (iii) in terms of the volume of migration, a sharply decreasing number of asylum seekers entering the country since the legal and physical closure of the borders in October 2015.
The Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture for an elliptic curve over $$\pmb {\mathbb {Q}\left( \root 4 \of {5}\,\right) }$$
Authors: van Bommel Raymond 
Published: October 2019

AbstractIn this paper, we show that the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture for a certain elliptic curve over$$\mathbb {Q}\left( \root 4 \of {5}\,\right) $$Q54is equivalent to the same conjecture for a certain pair of hyperelliptic curves of genus 2 over$$\mathbb {Q}$$Q. We numerically verify the conjecture for these hyperelliptic curves. Moreover, we explain the methods used to find this example, which turned out to be a bit more subtle than expected.
A New Recalibrated Four‐Category Child–Pugh Score Performs Better than the Original Child–Pugh and MELD Scores in Predicting In‐Hospital Mortality in Decompensated Alcoholic Cirrhotic Patients with Acute Variceal Bleeding: a Real‐World Cohort Analysis
Authors: Krige Jake , Spence Richard T. , Jonas Eduard , Hoogerboord Marius , Ellsmere James 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackgroundThere currently is no consensus on how to accurately predict early rebleeding and death after a major variceal bleed. This study investigated the relative predictive performances of the original Child–Pugh (CP), model for end‐stage liver disease (MELD) and a four‐category recalibrated Child–Pugh (rCP).MethodsThis prospective study included all adult patients admitted to Groote Schuur Hospital with acute esophageal variceal bleeding secondary to alcoholic cirrhosis, between January 2000 and December 2017. CP and rCP grades and MELD score were calculated on admission, and the predictive ability in discriminating in‐hospital rebleeding and death was compared by area under receiver‐operating characteristic (AUROC) curves.ResultsDuring the study period, 403 consecutive adult patients were treated for bleeding esophageal varices of whom 225 were secondary to alcoholic cirrhosis. Twenty‐four (10.6%) patients were CP grade A, 88 (39.1%) grade B and 113 (50.2%) grade C on hospital admission. MELD scores ranged from 6 to 40. Thirty‐one (13.8%) patients rebleed, and 41 (18.2%) patients died. There was no difference in the discriminatory capacity of the CP (AUROC 0.59, 95% CI 0.50–0.670) and MELD (AUROC 0.62, 95% CI 0.51–0.73) to predict rebleeding (p = 0.72), or between the Child–Pugh (AUROC 0.75, 95% CI 0.71–0.81) and MELD (AUROC 0.71, 95% CI 0.62–0.80) to predict death (p = 0.35). The rCP classification (A–D) had a significantly improved discriminatory capacity (AUROC 0.83 95% CI 0.77–0.89) compared to the CP score (A–C) and MELD to predict death (p = 0.004).ConclusionA recalibrated Child–Pugh score outperforms the original Child–Pugh grade and MELD score in predicting in‐hospital death in patients with bleeding esophageal varices secondary to alcoholic cirrhosis.
Efficient modelling of delamination growth using adaptive isogeometric continuum shell elements
Authors: Adams Camiel , Fagerström Martin , Remmers Joris J. C. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The computational efficiency of CAE tools for analysing failure progression in large layered composites is key. In particular, efficient approximation and solution methods for delamination modelling are crucial to meet today’s requirements on virtual development lead times. For that purpose, we present here an adaptive continuum shell element based on the isogeometric analysis framework, suitable for the modelling of arbitrary delamination growth. To achieve an efficient procedure, we utilise that, in isogeometric analysis, the continuity of the approximation field easily can be adapted via so-called knot insertion. As a result, the current continuum shell provides a basis for an accurate but also computationally efficient prediction of delamination growth in laminated composites. Results show that the adaptive modelling framework works well and that, in comparison to a fully resolved model, the adaptive approach gives significant time savings even for simple analyses where major parts of the domain exhibit delamination growth.
Does external reference pricing deliver what it promises? Evidence on its impact at national level
Authors: Kanavos Panos , Fontrier Anna-Maria , Gill Jennifer , Efthymiadou Olina 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Background
External reference pricing (ERP) is widely used to regulate pharmaceutical prices and help determine reimbursement. Its implementation varies substantially across countries, making it difficult to study and understand its impact on key policy objectives.

Objectives
To assess the evidence on ERP in different settings and its impact on key health policy objectives, notably, cost-containment, pharmaceutical price levels, drug use, equity, efficiency, availability, affordability and industrial policy; and second, to critically assess the quality of evidence on ERP.

Methods
Primary and secondary data collection through a survey of leading experts and a systematic literature review, respectively, over the 2000–2017 period.

Results
Forty five studies were included in the systematic review (January 2000–December 2016). Primary evidence was gathered via survey distribution to experts in 21 countries (January–July 2017). ERP contributes to cost-containment, but this is a short-term effect highly dependent on the way ERP is designed and implemented. Low prices, as a result of ERP, can undermine the availability of medicines and lead to launch delays or product withdrawals. Downward price convergence can hamper investment in innovation. ERP does not seem to promote efficiency in achieving health system goals. As evidence is weak, results need to be interpreted with caution.

Conclusions
ERP has not regulated prices efficiently and has unintended consequences that reduce the benefits arising from it. If ERP is carefully designed with minimal price revisions, prudent selection of basket size and countries, and consideration of transaction prices, it could be a more effective mechanism enhancing welfare, equitable access to medicines within countries and help promote industry innovation.