bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Playing with mirrors: Rxploring relationships between the imaginary, the imagined real and the virtual in Second Life
Authors: Procter Lesley 
Published: August 2018

Virtual worlds offer intriguing spaces for reconsidering relationships between what we commonly think of as dichotomous manifestations: the imaginary and the real. Through the interactions of presence, co-presence and suspension of disbelief, such virtual worlds render the virtual as real in its consequences (Gottschalk, 2010). Cunningham argues that “reality” is forever changed after virtual reality because it has been “altered by the bleeding of both ‘worlds’ into each other, by their mutual inseparability,” creating a dialogic interaction (Cunningham 2006 p. 16). As, arguably, the most social of virtual worlds, Second Life (SL) is a particularly rich environment in which to explore such relationships. I shall examine the relationships between the imaginary and the real in SL as they play out in one in-world subculture. I shall begin by discussing the nature of the SL Gothic and its relationship to offline Gothic. SL Gothic environments appear to be relatively “faithful” representations of the classic, even clichéd, Gothic ambience found in both classical Gothic literature (such as The Castle of Otranto) and more contemporary Gothic subculture (such as Vampire cults, musical tastes, and individual appearance). Despite, or perhaps because of, this re-presentation in pixel form, however, Gothic SL represents a dimension beyond, and yet linked to, the “through a glass darkly” nature of the offline Gothic. In considering this additional dimension, I shall explore the ways in which SL Gothic acts to amplify the representational nature of Gothic itself. In its representation of a representation of a representation, SL Gothic questions the nature of the imaginary itself and the extent to which “real” and “imaginary” relate in virtual worlds. Finally, I shall consider the ways in which SL Gothic’s amplification of its offline counterpart may cause us to question the very nature of the relationship between imagined real and the imagined as that relationship may play out in multi-user virtual environments (MUVEs). Cunningham, K. (2006). Virtually Transformed: Second Life’s Implications for the Status of the Body. In Meetings of the American Sociological Association. Gottschalk, S. (2010). The Presentation of Avatars in Second Life: Self and Interaction in Social Virtual Spaces. Symbolic Interaction 33(4), 501-525.
Model of incentive system for employees: A case of a manufacturing company in Croatia
Authors: Jakovljevic Maria , Zupan Jelena , Coleman Alfred 
Published: August 2018

Background: One of the main determinants of a company’s business performance is the complete mobility and orientation of its employees towards realising the goals of the company. No single aspect of the company has such a powerful, and simultaneously, invisible influence on the behaviour and feelings of its employees as the organisational climate. Organisational learning creates a climate that encourages employees to learn and to develop their potential.Objectives: The aim of this study is to investigate the incentives and the factors of an organisational climate required to develop a model of an incentive system to motivate employees to work better.Method: A quantitative research methodology was used and data was collected by using a closed-ended type of questionnaire. Data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics.Results: The results show that the employees would prefer more incentives, and the factors of a positive organisational climate were far lower than expected by its employees and even lower than what they considered to be essential in order to perform their jobs effectively and to contribute to achieving company objectives.Conclusion: Incentive systems are crucial to employees and the organisational climate and employee satisfaction should be constantly monitored and empowered through an integrated model of incentive system.
Constraints to growth in informal sector activities and formalisation: A case study of Ghanaian slums
Authors: Mahadea Darma , Zogli Luther-King Junior 
Published: August 2018

Background: Globally, people often migrate from rural to urban areas in search of employment. Lack of adequate employment opportunities in cities forced individuals to engage in slum informal economic activities out of necessity.Aim: The informal sector presently employed about 86% of labour in Ghana, contributing 42% to its gross domestic product (GDP). Various constraints held back the development of slum informal activities. Formalising the informal sector is advocated as a step to generate employment. This article investigated the dynamics of informal sector activities and formalisation among slum operators in Ghana, based on a survey in two major cities there.Setting: This article investigated the constraints that hinder the development of slum activities in Accra and Kumasi, two cities in Ghana, and examined the informal operators’ subjective well-being and their willingness to graduate to the formal sector, should the constraints be addressed.Methods: Data were collected by means of a questionnaire, administered to a random sample of 342 informal slum operators. Enterprise constraints are examined by using the principal component analysis (PCA) method and the likelihood of the informal operators’ graduating to the formal sector by using logistic regression.Results: The PCA identified six clusters as limitations, explaining about 77% of the variation in constraints. These related to a lack of business knowledge, credit access, tools and materials, security and social networking. The logistic regression results reflect that, of all the constraints, it is only when access to capital is addressed, that slum operators will move into formal activities.Conclusion: When people are happy in what they are doing, they are reluctant to move to the formal sector, despite incentives or interventions that address their enterprise constraints. Hence, slum operators and informal activities are unlikely to disappear. Nevertheless, policy-makers have to devise appropriate financing strategies for slum operators to help in their formalisation and growth pathways.
Accountable Care Organizations and Occupational Therapy
Authors: Miller Clarice 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Accountable care organizations (ACOs) are organized networks or systems that provide services to Medicare beneficiaries under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 with an emphasis on chronic care management. ACOs were instituted under Medicare to achieve value-based purchasing as opposed to simply providing high-volume, fee-for-service care. ACOs must reduce annual care expenditures through Medicare-covered services. Occupational therapy services often play a role along the care continuum of an ACO. This article examines some of the opportunities for occupational therapy to contribute to ACO quality outcomes and value-based care and considers some barriers for full utilization of occupational therapy practitioners in alternative payment models. Evidence-based and client-centered care provided by occupational therapy practitioners can result in increased inclusion of occupational therapy as a valued component of ACOs and other value-based service models.
The first evaluation of formaldehyde column observations by improved Pandora spectrometers during the KORUS-AQ field study
Authors: Spinei Elena , Whitehill Andrew , Fried Alan , Tiefengraber Martin , Knepp Travis N. , Herndon Scott , Herman Jay R. , Müller Moritz , Abuhassan Nader , Cede Alexander , Richter Dirk , Walega James , Crawford James , Szykman James , Valin Lukas , Williams David J. , Long Russell , Swap Robert J. , Lee Youngjae , Nowak Nabil , Poche Brett 
Published: August 2018

Abstract. The Korea–United States Air
Quality Study (KORUS-AQ) conducted during May–June 2016 offered
the first opportunity to evaluate direct-sun observations of formaldehyde
(HCHO) total column densities with improved Pandora spectrometer instruments.
The measurements highlighted in this work were conducted both in the Seoul
megacity area at the Olympic Park site (37.5232∘ N, 27.1260∘ E; 26 m a.s.l.) and at a nearby rural site
downwind of the city at the Mount Taehwa research forest site
(37.3123∘ N, 127.3106∘ E; 160 m a.s.l.).
Evaluation of these measurements was made possible by concurrent ground-based
in situ observations of HCHO at both sites as well as overflight by the NASA
DC-8 research aircraft. The flights provided in situ measurements of HCHO to
characterize its vertical distribution in the lower troposphere (0–5 km). Diurnal variation in HCHO total column densities followed the same pattern at
both sites, with the minimum daily values typically observed between
6:00 and 7:00 local time, gradually increasing to a maximum between 13:00 and
17:00 before decreasing into the evening. Pandora vertical column densities
were compared with those derived from the DC-8 HCHO in situ measured profiles
augmented with in situ surface concentrations below the lowest altitude of
the DC-8 in proximity to the ground sites. A comparison between 49 column
densities measured by Pandora vs. aircraft-integrated in situ data showed
that Pandora values were larger by 16 % with a constant offset of 0.22 DU
(Dobson units; R2=0.68). Pandora HCHO columns were also compared with columns
calculated from the surface in situ measurements over Olympic Park by
assuming a well-mixed lower atmosphere up to a ceilometer-measured
mixed-layer height (MLH) and various assumptions about the small residual
HCHO amounts in the free troposphere up to the tropopause. The best
comparison (slope =1.03±0.03; intercept =0.29±0.02 DU; and
R2=0.78±0.02) was achieved assuming equal mixing within
ceilometer-measured MLH combined with an exponential profile shape. These
results suggest that diurnal changes in HCHO surface concentrations can be
reasonably estimated from the Pandora total column and information on the
mixed-layer height. More work is needed to understand the bias in the
intercept and the slope relative to columns derived from the in situ aircraft
and surface measurements.
Comparison of conventional transrectal ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, and micro-ultrasound for visualizing prostate cancer in an active surveillance population: A feasibility study
Authors: Eure Gregg , Fanney Daryl , Lin Jefferson , Wodlinger Brian , Ghai Sangeet 
Published: August 2018

Introduction: Active surveillance monitoring of prostate cancer is unique in that most patients have low-grade disease that is not well-visualized by any common imaging technique. High-resolution (29 MHz) micro-ultrasound is a new, real-time modality that has been demonstrated to be sensitive to significant prostate cancer and effective for biopsy targeting. This study compares micro-ultrasound imaging with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and conventional ultrasound for visualizing prostate cancer in active surveillance.
Methods: Nine patients on active surveillance were imaged with multiparametric (mp) MRI prior to biopsy. During the biopsy procedure, imaging and target identification was first performed using conventional ultrasound, then using micro-ultrasound. The mpMRI report was then unblinded and used to determine cognitive fusion targets. Using micro-ultrasound, biopsy samples were taken from targets in each modality, plus 12 systematic samples.
Results: mpMRI and micro-ultrasound both demonstrated superior sensitivity to Gleason sum 7 or higher cancer compared to conventional ultrasound (p=0.02 McNemar’s test). Micro-ultrasound detected 89% of clinically significant cancer, compared to 56% for mpMRI.
Conclusions: Micro-ultrasound may provide similar sensitivity to clinically significant prostate cancer as mpMRI and visualize all significant mpMRI targets. Unlike mpMRI, micro-ultrasound is performed in the office, in real-time during the biopsy procedure, and so is expected to maintain the cost-effectiveness of conventional ultrasound. Larger studies are needed before these results may be applied in a clinical setting.
Plant data visualisation using network graphs
Authors: Mohamad-Matrol Afrina Adlyna , Chang Siow-Wee , Abu Arpah 
Published: August 2018

BackgroundThe amount of plant data such as taxonomical classification, morphological characteristics, ecological attributes and geological distribution in textual and image forms has increased rapidly due to emerging research and technologies. Therefore, it is crucial for experts as well as the public to discern meaningful relationships from this vast amount of data using appropriate methods. The data are often presented in lengthy texts and tables, which make gaining new insights difficult. The study proposes a visual-based representation to display data to users in a meaningful way. This method emphasises the relationships between different data sets.MethodThis study involves four main steps which translate text-based results from Extensible Markup Language (XML) serialisation format into graphs. The four steps include: (1) conversion of ontological dataset as graph model data; (2) query from graph model data; (3) transformation of text-based results in XML serialisation format into a graphical form; and (4) display of results to the user via a graphical user interface (GUI). Ontological data for plants and samples of trees and shrubs were used as the dataset to demonstrate how plant-based data could be integrated into the proposed data visualisation.ResultsA visualisation system named plant visualisation system was developed. This system provides a GUI that enables users to perform the query process, as well as a graphical viewer to display the results of the query in the form of a network graph. The efficiency of the developed visualisation system was measured by performing two types of user evaluations: a usability heuristics evaluation, and a query and visualisation evaluation.DiscussionThe relationships between the data were visualised, enabling the users to easily infer the knowledge and correlations between data. The results from the user evaluation show that the proposed visualisation system is suitable for both expert and novice users, with or without computer skills. This technique demonstrates the practicability of using a computer assisted-tool by providing cognitive analysis for understanding relationships between data. Therefore, the results benefit not only botanists, but also novice users, especially those that are interested to know more about plants.
Clinical significance of the globulin‐to‐albumin ratio for prediction of postoperative survival in patients with colorectal cancer
Authors: Hachiya Hiroyuki , Ishizuka Mitsuru , Takagi Kazutoshi , Iwasaki Yoshimi , Shibuya Norisuke , Nishi Yusuke , Aoki Taku , Kubota Keiichi 
Published: August 2018

AbstractAimA previous study has revealed that the albumin/globulin ratio (GAR) before treatment is a predictor of cancer‐specific survival in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). The aim of the present study was to investigate the clinical significance of GAR for prediction of postoperative survival in patients with CRC.MethodsNine hundred and forty‐one patients who had undergone elective CRC surgery were enrolled. Uni‐ and multivariate analysis models were performed to detect the clinical characteristics that were most closely associated with overall survival (OS). All recommended cutoff values were defined using receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analyses. Kaplan–Meier analysis was used to compare the OS curves between the high GAR (GAR > 0.83) and low GAR (GAR ≤ 0.83) groups.ResultsMultivariate analysis using eight clinical characteristics selected by univariate analyses showed that the GAR was associated with OS (>0.83/≤0.83) (hazard ratio [HR], 1.979; 95% CI, 1.321‐2.966; P = 0.001) along with carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA; >8.7/≤8.7, ng/mL; HR, 2.319; 95% CI, 1.569‐3.428; P < 0.001), carbohydrate antigen 19‐9 (CA19‐9; >18.5/≤18.5, U/mL; HR, 1.727; 95% CI, 1.178‐2.532; P = 0.005), and the neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (NLR; >2.9/≤2.9; HR, 2.132; 95% CI, 1.454‐3.126; P < 0.001), and the area under the ROC (AUROC) curve revealed that the GAR had the largest AUROC among these four clinical characteristics (GAR 0.711 > CEA 0.698 > CA19‐9 0.676 > NLR 0.635). A significant difference in OS was observed between patients with low GAR and those with high GAR (P < 0.001).ConclusionGlobulin‐to‐albumin ratio is a useful predictor of postoperative survival in patients with CRC.
Potassium Persulfate‐Promoted N‐Nitrosation of Secondary and Tertiary Amines with Nitromethane under Mild Conditions
Authors: Azeez Sadaf , Chaudhary Priyanka , Sureshbabu Popuri , Sabiah Shahulhameed , Kandasamy Jeyakumar 
Published: August 2018

AbstractA simple and efficient route for the N‐nitrosation of various secondary amines with nitromethane is described in the presence of potassium persulfate and DBU. Under optimized condition, tertiary amines underwent a dealkylative N‐nitrosation with good yields. Inexpensive reagents, broad substrate scope and efficient conversion make the current protocol more attractive in organic synthesis.
Metal‐Free Synthesis of β‐Bromoalkenyl Sulfides via Deoxygenative Bromination/Olefination/Sulfenylation of Ketones with Sulfonyl Hydrazides and Pyridinium Tribromide
Authors: Bao Yishu , Zhong Lingyu , Hou Qiaodan , Zhou Qingfa , Yang Fulai 
Published: August 2018

AbstractA novel metal‐free method for synthesis of β‐bromoalkenyl sulfides via deoxygenative bromination/olefination/sulfenylation process using commercially available ketones, sulfonyl hydrazides and pyridinium tribromide as starting materials has been developed. In this reaction, pyridinium tribromide plays the role of oxidant and substrate, wherein water and molecular nitrogen are generated as environmentally benign by‐products. Preliminary investigation revealed that vinyl bromides were critical intermediate. Importantly, this protocol not only obviates the use of alkynes and traditional sulfenylating agents, but also reveals that ketones can be used as precursors of vinyl bromides.
Photophysics of a Bis‐Furan‐Functionalized 4,7‐bis(Phenylethynyl)‐2,1,3‐benzothiadiazole: A Building Block for Dynamic Polymers
Authors: Micheel Mathias , Ahner Johannes , Frey Martha , Neumann Clara , Hager Martin D. , Dietzek Benjamin 
Published: August 2018

AbstractDynamically linked polymers (dynamers) have attracted attention as a versatile building block for self‐healing polymers, for example. However, research on combining optically active materials with dynamic chemistry is still in its infancy. Here, we report a highly emissive arylene ethynylene oligomer bearing a bis‐furan functionalization, which makes it suitable for utilization in Diels−Alder dynamers. By combining steady‐state and time‐resolved absorption and emission spectroscopy from the femto‐ to the nanosecond timescale, the molecular dynamics of the excited state of the monomeric building block and the corresponding Diels−Alder polymer have been investigated in detail. Although in solution no pronounced differences in their photophysics were observed, thin films of the polymer exhibit a distinct dual emission with single chromophore and excimer character, respectively.
In situ seismic testing of a reinforced autoclaved aerated concrete building
Authors: Binici Baris , Gokmen Furkan , Canbay Erdem , Aldemir Alper , Ogdu Mustafa Kagan , Uzgan Ugur , Eryurtlu Zafer , Ozdemir Gulay 
Published: August 2018

AbstractAutoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) reinforced panels are used to construct easily erected, energy efficient, low‐rise prefabricated buildings. This study aims to contribute to the understanding of the seismic response of reinforced‐AAC‐wall‐panel buildings. For this purpose, a full‐scale two‐story building constructed on a building site by using reinforced AAC panels was tested under two‐way cyclic displacement excursions up to near collapse. The test results showed that the test building had a lateral load capacity of 1.6 times its weight with a global displacement ductility of about 3.5. The first story of the building sustained significant damage due to the rocking of the building followed by panel crushing. The slab–wall connections did not sustain any damage during the test. Afterward, numerical models of AAC panels were calibrated by using component test results from the literature. Nonlinear static analysis was conducted on the test building by using the proposed modeling approach. A reasonably good agreement was observed between the test results and numerical model estimations both for the envelope and the cyclic response. Finally, incremental dynamic analyses were conducted on the test building in order to observe the response of the building under severe earthquake motions. The dynamic analyses results showed that AAC buildings are expected to behave in their pre‐yielding regions under design earthquakes. Furthermore, the reserved ductility and available over strength can enable AAC buildings survive the maximum considered earthquakes without collapse.
Rapid buildup of sympatric species diversity in Alpine whitefish
Authors: Doenz Carmela J. , Bittner David , Vonlanthen Pascal , Wagner Catherine E. , Seehausen Ole 
Published: August 2018

AbstractAdaptive radiations in postglacial fish offer excellent settings to study the evolutionary mechanisms involved in the rapid buildup of sympatric species diversity from a single lineage. Here, we address this by exploring the genetic and ecological structure of the largest Alpine whitefish radiation known, that of Lakes Brienz and Thun, using microsatellite data of more than 2000 whitefish caught during extensive species‐targeted and habitat‐randomized fishing campaigns. We find six strongly genetically and ecologically differentiated species, four of which occur in both lakes, and one of which was previously unknown. These four exhibit clines of genetic differentiation that are paralleled in clines of eco‐morphological and reproductive niche differentiation, consistent with models of sympatric ecological speciation along environmental gradients. In Lake Thun, we find two additional species, a profundal specialist and a species introduced in the 1930s from another Alpine whitefish radiation. Strong genetic differentiation between this introduced species and all native species of Lake Thun suggests that reproductive isolation can evolve among allopatric whitefish species within 15,000 years and persist in secondary sympatry. Consistent with speciation theory, we find stronger correlations between genetic and ecological differentiation for sympatrically than for allopatrically evolved species.