bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
To the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, Instrumentality of the U.S. Department of Defense
Authors: Machiavelli Niccolò 
Published: September 2018

Greetings: As you are a practical group, yet with a philosophical turn of mind, you have sought my opinion on basic questions of government. I answer that leaders have but two duties: internally, to promulgate just laws and maintain order; externally, to provide for the security of the state in defending it from strangers. Of these two, I turn my attention in this testimony to the problem of maintaining the security of the state, for without this all other questions of government are moot. The first question, therefore, is how best to maintain the security of the state, whether through arms or by some other means.To answer this one must look to the very nature of men. The history of all nations has been conflict and warfare. Therefore at all times and in all places men have found it necessary to arm themselves for defense against the attacks of their enemies.
Lebanon: Shattered Nation in the Middle East
Authors: Olson Robert K. 
Published: September 2018

Lebanon is the most recent example of an all too frequent modern tragedy, the small nation rent by internal division and external intervention: Korea, Vietnam, Cambodia, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Uganda. And as with all tragedies, the agony is both unique and universal.Understandably, Americans are deeply troubled by the latest chapter in Lebanon's ordeal, for we have a religious, moral, political, and, for millions of Lebanese-Americans, profound familial investment in the country. America's involvement is older by far than the modern state of Lebanon, having originated in the early nineteenth century and grown stronger with American relief efforts during the Christian-Druse battles of 1860 and the establishment of the Syrian Protestant College (now the American University of Beirut) in 1864.
Inter-American Security: Lessons From the South Atlantic
Authors: Vaky Viron P. 
Published: September 2018

The Falklands conflict left in its wake a remarkable amount of psychological and conceptual disarray—even consternation— in both Latin American and U.S. policy-making circles. As a consequence, there is a good deal of stock-taking on all sides regarding the nature of hemispheric relationships and where to go from here. This has occurred not because the Falklands crisis itself created substantially new facts or circumstances but because it made explicit certain international trends and new realities that up to now have been implicit and only partially understood.The conflict demonstrated, for example, the persistence and primacy of national interests in motivating individual Latin American countries, and also how discontinuous such interests can be with larger global issues.
The Memoirs of Richard III
Authors: Baldwin Louis 
Published: September 2018

A word of explanation. Amid some controversy, historians have generally presented King Richard All of England as a thoroughly evil man who clawed his way to power over the corpses of his many victims and who was killed finally in the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485. These recently discovered memoirs reveal, however, that the crowned and ironclad man who died in that famous battle was really a loyal double on special assignment. Richard himself lived, not to fight another day, but to write his memoirs during his final years of secluded retirement in Cornwall, on the west coast.The memoirs also make it perfectly clear that Richard was a man of exalted integrity, unimpeachable intentions, and sterling virtues, a hero whose reputation was irreparably blackened by malevolent and irresponsible chroniclers.The brief but significant excerpts that follow are presented essentially unaltered, although the language has been modernized for easier reading and some of the gamier expletives have been deleted.
In Conversation With Sanjay Gandhi
Authors: Buultjens Ralph 
Published: September 2018

AbstractScott Reynolds ndia, the world's largest democracy, held its eighth national election in the first week of January. It was an election surrounded by extraordinary excitement: the failure of two governments to secure the confidence of the Lok Sabha, the House of Representatives; disputed constitutional decisions by India's head of state, President Sanjiva Reddy; a midterm dissolution of Parliament; an unusually long period of caretaker government between last August's dissolution and the January polls. The results were equally exciting: an overwhelming victory for Indira Gandhi—and, not incidentally, a complementary victory for Sanjay Gandhi.As the election date drew near, Sanjay Gandhi had become the most controversial public personality for one-sixth of the world's population, the 650 million people of India. In the labyrinthine world of Indian politics, where images are often etched in the muted tones of consensus appeal, Sanjay stands in bold relief; neutrality is an emotion he rarely evokes.
The Future of Jacques Chirac and, Maybe, of Europe
Authors: Robinson Jeffrey 
Published: September 2018

When the French were preparing for their legislative elections in spring ‘78 … when it looked like the Left could sneak past the Right and take over … Jacques Chirac set up offices in the only real skyscraper in Paris, the Tour Montparnasse.He needed a lot of room, and he wanted everything new and modern. Women sat around tables opening letters, receipting contributions, stuffing printed speeches into envelopes. Men in grey suits moved from office to office at a pace that made one think there was something very urgent happening. Phones rang constantly. The walls were covered with photos and posters of Jacques Chirac. Pencil holders on desks were plastic cups with Chirac's picture. His name and face were everywhere. The scene was reminiscent of Richard Nixon's campaign headquarters in 1968. The only difference was that Nixon had the presidency at stake then and Chirac didn't… at least he wouldn't say he did.
Organizing Morality
Authors: Harrington Michael 
Published: September 2018

My first reaction to James Reston's remarks is to marvel at their naiveté Here is an exceedingly sophisticated working journalist, the author of that extraordinary series on Mao's China who conducted a brilliant interview with Chou, indulging himself in a banal sadness. So I would respond initially by saying "of course."Of course history is and has been immoral. It has always been the scene of self-interested conflicts between classes and nations. Of course people of religious faith kill one another, usually reserving the greatest enthusiasm for a slaughter conducted in the name of different interpretations of the same God, as in Ulster, but also avenging one deity against another, as in West Pakistan's genocidal attack on the Hindu minority of Bangladesh. I would add only that these theologically inspired enormities are usually based upon a substratum of class or national interest too.
Does Doing More Result in Doing Better? Exploring Synergies in an Integrated Population, Health and Environment Project in East Africa
Authors: Sellers Samuel 
Published: September 2018

SummaryPopulation, health and environment (PHE) projects are an increasingly popular strategy for addressing lack of access to healthcare and livelihood opportunities in settings with threats to biodiversity loss. PHE projects integrate services and messaging from different development sectors, including health (particularly family planning), conservation and livelihoods. However, a question remains: do such projects produce value-added outcomes; that is, synergistic effects as a result of integration across sectors? Using qualitative data to explore value-added outcomes resulting from a PHE project serving communities along Lake Victoria in Kenya and Uganda, this study explores several theories about why this integrated project may be generating value-added outcomes, including changes in established gender roles, as well as substitution of time and investment of new income into sustainable livelihood activities, particularly among women. Integration led to several value-added benefits, particularly for women, although long-term sustainability of project outcomes remains a key concern.
Sperm abnormalities in matrinxã Brycon amazonicus after hormonal treatment with carp pituitary extract and Ovaprim™
Authors: de Oliveira Rosilane Gomes de Souza , de Oliveira Arley Faria José , Villacorta Correa Marle Angélica 
Published: September 2018

SummaryThe aim of this study was to evaluate if hormonal treatment causes changes in the morphology of matrinxã Brycon amazonicus spermatozoa. Twelve males were randomized into three treatment groups: 1, Ovaprim™ (0.5 ml/kg); 2, carp pituitary extract (CPE; 2.0 mg/kg); and 3, NaCl solution 0.9% – control group (0.5 ml/kg); with four replicates. Morphological sperm analysis was performed using an optical and scanning electron microscope. The percentage of normal spermatozoa (49.6±4.6% to 60.8±2.8%), with primary (26.1±6.4% to 45.3±4.5%) and secondary abnormalities (4.4±2.9% to 13.9±3.5%) did not differ significantly between treatment groups. There were no significant differences between treatments in relation to the primary abnormalities found in the head (10.5±3.8% to 25.5±6.3%), the midpiece (0.1±0.1% to 0.2±0.2%) and in the flagellum (18.9±3.8% to 15.5±3.1%), as well as in the secondary abnormalities, located in the head (0.8±0.4% to 7.8±4.6%) and in the flagellum (2.2±1.1% to 6.1±1.5%). When each abnormality was evaluated individually, only the percentage of degenerated head was higher in the CPE-induced group (24.9±5.9%) than the control group (7.2±3.1%). We concluded that the use of pituitary extract of carp or Ovaprim™ under the conditions of this experiment does not influence the percentage of sperm abnormalities in B. amazonicus.
Germination Ecology of Two Australian Populations of African turnipweed (Sisymbrium thellungii)
Authors: Mahajan Gulshan , Matloob Amar , Walsh Michael , Chauhan Bhagirath S. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractAfrican turnipweed (Sisymbrium thellungiiO. E.Schulz) is an emerging problematic broadleaf weed of the northern grain region of Australia. Laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of temperature, light, salinity, pH, seed burial depth, and the amount of wheat crop residue on germination and emergence of two AustralianS. thellungiiweed populations (population C, cropped area; population F, fence line). Both populations behaved similarly across different environmental conditions, except in the residue study. Although the seeds of both populations ofS. thellungiicould germinate under complete darkness, germination was best (~95%) under light/dark conditions at the 20/10 C temperature regime. Both populations ofS. thellungiigerminated over a wide range of day/night temperatures (15/5, 20/10, 25/15, and 30/20 C). Osmotic stress had negative effects on germination, with 54% seeds (averaged over populations) able to germinate at −0.1MPa. Complete germination inhibition for both populations was observed at −0.8MPa osmotic potential. Both populations germinated at sodium chloride (NaCl) concentrations ranging from 50 to 100 mM, beyond which germination was completely inhibited. There were substantial reductions in seed germination, 32% (averaged over populations) under highly acidic conditions (pH 4.0) as compared with the control (water: pH 6.4). Seed germination of both populations on the soil surface was 77%, and no seedlings emerged from a burial depth of 1 cm. The addition of 6 Mg ha−1of wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) residue reduced the emergence of the C and F populations ofS. thellungiiby 75% and 64%, respectively, as compared with the control (no residue). Information gathered from this study provides a better understanding of the factors favorable for germination and emergence ofS. thellungii, which will aid in developing management strategies in winter crops, especially wheat, barley (Hordeum vulgareL.), and chick pea (Cicer arietinumL.).
Using Tectonic Tremor to Constrain Seismic Wave Attenuation in Cascadia
Authors: Littel Geena F. , Thomas Amanda M. , Baltay Annemarie S. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractTectonic tremor can be used to constrain seismic wave attenuation for use in ground motion prediction equations in regions where moderately sized earthquakes occur infrequently. Here we quantify seismic wave attenuation by inverting tremor ground motion amplitudes in different frequency bands of interest, to determine frequency dependence of and spatial variations in seismic wave attenuation in Cascadia. Due to the density of tremor data, we are able to resolve along‐strike variations in the attenuation parameter. We find that tectonic tremor exhibits the frequency dependence expected for attenuation, as determined from ground motion prediction equations developed from moderate‐to‐large magnitude earthquakes. This implies that attenuation along these paths is independent of the source mechanism. This study demonstrates that tectonic tremor can be used to provide insight into the physical factors responsible for attenuation and to refine estimates of attenuation for ground motion prediction, thus having important implications for hazard assessment and engineering seismology.
Grid Mapping the Northern Plains of Mars: Geomorphological, Radar, and Water‐Equivalent Hydrogen Results From Arcadia Plantia
Authors: Ramsdale Jason D. , Balme Matthew R. , Gallagher Colman , Conway Susan J. , Smith Isaac B. , Hauber Ernst , Orgel Csilla , Séjourné Antoine , Costard Francois , Eke Vince R. , van Gasselt Stephan A. , Johnsson Andreas , Kereszturi Akos , Losiak Anna , Massey Richard J. , Platz Thomas , Reiss Dennis , Skinner James A. , Swirad Zuzanna M. , Teodoro Luis F. A. , Wilson Jack T. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractA project of mapping ice‐related landforms was undertaken to understand the role of subsurface ice in the northern plains. This work is the first continuous regional mapping from CTX (ConTeXt Camera, 6 m/pixel; Malin et al., ) imagery in Arcadia Planitia along a strip 300 km across stretching from 30°N to 80°N centered on the 170°W line of longitude. The distribution and morphotypes of these landforms were used to understand the permafrost cryolithology. The mantled and textured signatures occur almost ubiquitously between 35°N and 78°N and have a positive spatial correlation with inferred ice stability based on thermal modeling, neutron spectroscopy, and radar data. The degradational features into the LDM (latitude‐dependent mantle) include pits, scallops, and 100‐m polygons and provide supporting evidence for subsurface ice and volatile loss between 35 and 70°N in Arcadia with the mantle between 70 and 78°N appearing much more intact. Pitted terrain appears to be much more pervasive in Arcadia than in Acidalia and Utopia suggesting that the Arcadia study area had more widespread near‐surface subsurface ice and thus was more susceptible to pitting or that the ice was less well buried by sediments. Correlations with ice stability models suggest that lack of pits north of 65–70°N could indicate a relatively young age (~1 Ma); however, this could also be explained through regional variations in degradation rates. The deposition of the LDM is consistent with an air fall hypothesis; however, there appears to be substantial evidence for fluvial processes in southern Arcadia with older, underlying processes being equally dominant with the LDM and degradation thereof in shaping the landscape.
Dynamic genomic architecture of mutualistic cooperation in a wild population of Mesorhizobium
Authors: Porter Stephanie S , Faber-Hammond Joshua , Montoya Angeliqua P , Friesen Maren L , Sackos Cynthia 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Research on mutualism seeks to explain how cooperation can be maintained when uncooperative mutants co-occur with cooperative kin. Gains and losses of the gene modules required for cooperation punctuate symbiont phylogenies and drive lifestyle transitions between cooperative symbionts and uncooperative free-living lineages over evolutionary time. Yet whether uncooperative symbionts commonly evolve from within cooperative symbiont populations or from within distantly related lineages with antagonistic or free-living lifestyles (i.e., third-party mutualism exploiters or parasites), remains controversial. We use genomic data to show that genotypes that differ in the presence or absence of large islands of symbiosis genes are common within a single wild recombining population of Mesorhizobium symbionts isolated from host tissues and are an important source of standing heritable variation in cooperation in this population. In a focal population of Mesorhizobium, uncooperative variants that lack a symbiosis island segregate at 16% frequency in nodules, and genome size and symbiosis gene number are positively correlated with cooperation. This finding contrasts with the genomic architecture of variation in cooperation in other symbiont populations isolated from host tissues in which the islands of genes underlying cooperation are ubiquitous and variation in cooperation is primarily driven by allelic substitution and individual gene gain and loss events. Our study demonstrates that uncooperative mutants within mutualist populations can comprise a significant component of genetic variation in nature, providing biological rationale for models and experiments that seek to explain the maintenance of mutualism in the face of non-cooperators.
Genome-wide association study of seasonal affective disorder
Authors: Ho Kwo Wei David , Han Shizhong , Nielsen Jakob V. , Jancic Dubravka , Hing Benjamin , Fiedorowicz Jess , Weissman Myrna M. , Levinson Douglas F. , Potash James B. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractFamily and twin studies have shown a genetic component to seasonal affective disorder (SAD). A number of candidate gene studies have examined the role of variations within biologically relevant genes in SAD susceptibility, but few genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been performed to date. The authors aimed to identify genetic risk variants for SAD through GWAS. The authors performed a GWAS for SAD in 1380 cases and 2937 controls of European-American (EA) origin, selected from samples for GWAS of major depressive disorder and of bipolar disorder. Further bioinformatic analyses were conducted to examine additional genomic and biological evidence associated with the top GWAS signals. No susceptibility loci for SAD were identified at a genome-wide significant level. The strongest association was at an intronic variant (rs139459337) within ZBTB20 (odds ratio (OR) = 1.63, p = 8.4 × 10−7), which encodes a transcriptional repressor that has roles in neurogenesis and in adult brain. Expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analysis showed that the risk allele “T” of rs139459337 is associated with reduced mRNA expression of ZBTB20 in human temporal cortex (p = 0.028). Zbtb20 is required for normal murine circadian rhythm and for entrainment to a shortened day. Of the 330 human orthologs of murine genes directly repressed by Zbtb20, there were 32 associated with SAD in our sample (at p < 0.05), representing a significant enrichment of ZBTB20 targets among our SAD genetic association signals (fold = 1.93, p = 0.001). ZBTB20 is a candidate susceptibility gene for SAD, based on a convergence of genetic, genomic, and biological evidence. Further studies are necessary to confirm its role in SAD.
Identification of active sites on supported metal catalysts with carbon nanotube hydrogen highways
Authors: Briggs Nicholas M. , Barrett Lawrence , Wegener Evan C. , Herrera Leidy V. , Gomez Laura A. , Miller Jeffrey T. , Crossley Steven P. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractCatalysts consisting of metal particles supported on reducible oxides exhibit promising activity and selectivity for a variety of current and emerging industrial processes. Enhanced catalytic activity can arise from direct contact between the support and the metal or from metal-induced promoter effects on the oxide. Discovering the source of enhanced catalytic activity and selectivity is challenging, with conflicting arguments often presented based on indirect evidence. Here, we separate the metal from the support by a controlled distance while maintaining the ability to promote defects via the use of carbon nanotube hydrogen highways. As illustrative cases, we use this approach to show that the selective transformation of furfural to methylfuran over Pd/TiO2occurs at the Pd-TiO2interface while anisole conversion to phenol and cresol over Cu/TiO2is facilitated by exposed Ti3+cations on the support. This approach can be used to clarify many conflicting arguments in the literature.
Strongly lensed repeating fast radio bursts as precision probes of the universe
Authors: Li Zheng-Xiang , Gao He , Ding Xu-Heng , Wang Guo-Jian , Zhang Bing 
Published: September 2018

AbstractFast radio bursts (FRBs), bright transients with millisecond durations at ∼GHz and typical redshifts probably >0.8, are likely to be gravitationally lensed by intervening galaxies. Since the time delay between images of strongly lensed FRB can be measured to extremely high precision because of the large ratio ∼109 between the typical galaxy-lensing delay time $$\sim{\cal O}$$
~
O
(10 days) and the width of bursts $$\sim{\cal O}$$
~
O
(ms), we propose strongly lensed FRBs as precision probes of the universe. We show that, within the flat ΛCDM model, the Hubble constant H0 can be constrained with a ~0.91% uncertainty from 10 such systems probably observed with the square kilometer array (SKA) in <30 years. More importantly, the cosmic curvature can be model independently constrained to a precision of ∼0.076. This constraint can directly test the validity of the cosmological principle and break the intractable degeneracy between the cosmic curvature and dark energy.
Vegetation response to exceptional global warmth during Oceanic Anoxic Event 2
Authors: Heimhofer Ulrich , Wucherpfennig Nina , Adatte Thierry , Schouten Stefan , Schneebeli-Hermann Elke , Gardin Silvia , Keller Gerta , Kentsch Sarah , Kujau Ariane 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe Cenomanian–Turonian Oceanic Anoxic Event (OAE2; ~94.5 million years ago) represents an episode of global-scale marine anoxia and biotic turnover, which corresponds to one of the warmest time intervals in the Phanerozoic. Despite its global significance, information on continental ecosystem response to this greenhouse episode is lacking. Here we present a terrestrial palynological record combined with marine-derived temperature data (TEX86) across an expanded OAE2 section from the Southern Provençal Basin, France. Despite high TEX86-derived temperature estimates reaching up to 38 °C, the continental hinterland did support a diverse vegetation, adapted to persist under elevated temperatures. A transient phase of climatic instability and cooling during OAE2 known as Plenus Cold Event (PCE) is marked by the proliferation of open, savanna-type vegetation rich in angiosperms at the expanse of conifer-dominated forest ecosystems. A rise in early representatives of Normapolles-type pollen during the PCE marks the initial radiation of this important angiosperm group.