bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Opportunities for Mobilization
Authors: Inclán María 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThis chapter analyzes the development of the Zapatista cycle of protests from 1994 to 2003 in relation to the political opportunities opened to the movement during Mexico’s democratic transition. In particular, it describes to what extent Zapatista protest activity was affected by the four traditional dimensions identified in the literature of political opportunity: (1) negotiating periods, as well as changes in power as signs of openings in the political system at the local and national levels; (2) the timing and competitiveness of elections as measures of the relative vulnerability of political elites; (3) the presence of a potential political ally in power; and (4) the Mexican state’s capacity for repression. The chapter compares the explanatory power of these factors to another factor that the literature has highlighted as a crucial variable for mobilization, namely the availability of a network of preexisting organizations.
Called Unto Liberty
Authors: Larsen Timothy 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
This chapter explores Mill’s classic text, On Liberty (1859), and what it reveals about his attitudes towards organized religion, as well as religious reactions to it and his responses to them. It shows the origin of the project during a visit to St Peter’s Basilica in Rome. Mill’s harm principle is presented as is the contents of On Liberty in general, including his conflicted view of social disapproval and his critique of Christian morality. The chapter ends with an account of Mill’s friendship with the members of the Society of Friends, Barclay Fox and Caroline Fox. Mill is surprisingly spiritual in his Cornish reflections with them.
Multilayer Networks in Nature, Society and Infrastructures
Authors: Bianconi Ginestra 
Published: July 2018

AbstractChapter 4 opens Part III of the book, ‘Multilayer Networks’, which comprises chapters 4–15. The chapter starts with an informal definition of multiplex networks, multi-slice networks and networks of networks, and motivates the research interest on multilayer networks by providing a general overview of the multiple applications of the multilayer network framework in different disciplines and contexts, including social networks, complex infrastructures, financial networks, molecular networks and network medicine, brain networks, ecological networks and climate networks. This chapter discusses the major examples of multilayer network datasets studied so far in the different disciplines and highlights the main research questions emerging from the study of these real datasets.
Centrality Measures
Authors: Bianconi Ginestra 
Published: July 2018

AbstractDefining the centrality of nodes and layers in multilayer networks is of fundamental importance for a variety of applications from sociology to biology and finance. This chapter presents the state-of-the-art centrality measures able to characterize the centrality of nodes, the influences of layers or the centrality of replica nodes in multilayer and multiplex networks. These centrality measures include modifications of the eigenvector centrality, Katz centrality, PageRank centrality and Communicability to the multilayer network scenario. The chapter provides a comprehensive description of the research of the field and discusses the main advantages and limitations of the different definitions, allowing the readers that wish to apply these techniques to choose the most suitable definition for his or her case study.
Classical Percolation, Generalized Percolation and Cascades
Authors: Bianconi Ginestra 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThis chapter characterizes the robustness of multiplex and multilayer networks using classical percolation, directed percolation and antagonistic percolation. Classical percolation determines whether a finite fraction of nodes of the multilayer networks are connected by any type of connection. Classical percolation can be affected by multiplexity since the degree correlations among different layers can modulate the robustness of the entire multilayer network. Directed percolation describes the propagation of a disease requiring cooperative infection from different layers of the multiplex network. It displays a rich phase diagram including both continuous and discontinuous phase transitions. Antagonist percolation on a duplex network describes the competition between two layers and can give rise to hysteresis loops corresponding to phases that either one layer or the other can percolate Avalanches generated by the generalized Sandpile Model and Watts–Strogatz Model are also discussed, emphasizing their relevance for studying the stability of power grids and financial systems.
Diffusion
Authors: Bianconi Ginestra 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
This chapter addresses diffusion, random walks and congestion in multilayer networks. Here it is revealed that diffusion on a multilayer network can be significantly speed up with respect to diffusion taking place on its single layers taken in isolation, and that sometimes it is possible also to observe super-diffusion. Diffusion is here characterized on multilayer network structures by studying the spectral properties of the supra-Laplacian and the dependence on the diffusion constant among different layers. Random walks and its variations including the Lévy Walk are shown to reflect the improved navigability of multilayer networks with more layers. These results are here compared with the results of traffic on multilayer networks that, on the contrary, point out that increasing the number of layers could be detrimental and could lead to congestion.
Biological Processes
Authors: DiFrisco James 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
This chapter investigates the identity and persistence conditions for processes as a task of biological process ontology. It argues that the problem of intrinsic variation in evolution, development, and metabolism motivates viewing biological individuals as processes rather than as substances. Different criteria of identity for processes are then evaluated, including causal and spatio-temporal relations. The chapter ultimately settles on the view that processes are individuated by causal cohesion and are identical if they share the same cohesive properties and spatio-temporal region. The persistence of processes is interpreted on the model of perdurance, as a form of causal continuity or genidentity.
Ontological Tools for the Process Turn in Biology
Authors: Seibt Johanna 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to introduce an outline of general process theory (GPT), a non-Whiteheadian systematic process ontology, and to provide some pointers on how this framework could be applied in philosophy of biology to clarify questions of individuality, composition, and emergence. GPT is a mono-categorial framework based on the new category of more or less generic (non-particular) dynamic individuals called ‘general processes’ or ‘dynamics’. According to GPT, the world is the interaction of (more or less generic) dynamics. The chapter sets out some elements of a non-standard mereology (with non-transitive part relations) on processes and introduces the five-dimensional classification system of GPT. It is shown how the theoretical predicates of homeomereity and automereity can be used to distinguish between developments and ‘non-developmental’ or ‘dynamically stable’ temporally unbounded activities that persist in time by literal recurrence.
The Politics of Natural Resource Extraction in Zambia
Authors: Bebbington Anthony , Abdulai Abdul-Gafaru , Bebbington Denise Humphreys , Hinfelaar Marja , Sanborn Cynthia A. , Achberger Jessica , Huber Celina Grisi , Hurtado Verónica , Ramírez Tania , Odell Scott D. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractBy comparing historical periods of high and low social and economic investment related to the mining sector, this chapter explores the reasons why Zambia’s mineral wealth has not been translated into sustained and inclusive development. A political settlements approach is utilized to explore the dynamics of the governance of natural resources. The analysis reveals a level of continuity in political arrangements, a meta-settlement of some kind, which is founded on a long lineage of the power of foreign influence in shaping economic and social policies. While the building of political coalitions proved useful for establishing some level of stability in Zambia, these coalitions have not stimulated development and have tended to push non-dominant groupings to the political margins.
Lower- and Higher-Level Social Cognitive Factors Across Individuals With Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders and Healthy Controls: Relationship With Neurocognition and Functional Outcome
Authors: Oliver Lindsay D , Haltigan John D , Gold James M , Foussias George , DeRosse Pamela , Buchanan Robert W , Malhotra Anil K , Voineskos Aristotle N 
Published: July 2018

Abstract

Background
Schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSDs) often feature social cognitive deficits. However, little work has focused on the factor structure of social cognition, and results have been inconsistent in schizophrenia. This study aimed to elucidate the factor structure of social cognition across people with SSDs and healthy controls. It was hypothesized that a 2-factor model, including lower-level “simulation” and higher-level “mentalizing” factors, would demonstrate the best fit across participants.

Methods
Participants with SSDs (N = 164) and healthy controls (N = 102) completed social cognitive tasks ranging from emotion recognition to complex mental state inference, as well as clinical and functional outcome, and neurocognitive measures. Structural equation modeling was used to test social cognitive models, models of social cognition and neurocognition, measurement invariance between cases and controls, and relationships with outcome measures.

Results
A 2-factor (simulation and mentalizing) model fit the social cognitive data best across participants and showed adequate measurement invariance in both SSD and control groups. Patients showed lower simulation and mentalizing scores than controls, but only mentalizing was significantly associated with negative symptoms and functional outcome. Social cognition also mediated the relationship between neurocognition and both negative symptoms and functional outcome.

Conclusions
These results uniquely indicate that distinct lower- and higher-level aspects of social cognition exist across SSDs and healthy controls. Further, mentalizing may be particularly linked to negative symptoms and functional outcome. This informs future studies of the neural circuitry underlying social cognition and the development of targeted treatment options for improving functional outcome.
Taxing the Good? Distortions, Misallocation, and Productivity in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Cirera Xavier , Fattal-Jaef Roberto , Maemir Hibret 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
This paper uses comprehensive and comparable firm-level manufacturing censuses from four Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries to examine the extent, costs, and nature of within-industry resource misallocation between heterogeneous production units. This paper finds evidence of severe misallocation in which resources are diverted away from high-productivity firms towards low-productivity ones, although the magnitude differs across countries. Estimated aggregate productivity gains from the hypothetical equalization of marginal returns range from 30 percent in Côte d’Ivoire to 160 percent in Kenya. The magnitude of reallocation gains appears considerably lower when performing the same counterfactual exercise based on the World Bank Enterprise Surveys once the value-added shares of industries are adjusted using the census data. This suggests that linking firm-level survey data to aggregate outcomes requires census-type data or sampling methods that take the true structure of production into account.
miR‐132‐3p boosts caveolae‐mediated transcellular transport in glioma endothelial cells by targeting PTEN/PI3K/PKB/Src/Cav‐1 signaling pathway
Authors: Gu Yanting , Cai Ruiping , Zhang Cai , Xue Yixue , Pan Yali , Wang Jiahong , Zhang Zhou 
Published: July 2018

ABSTRACTBlood–brain tumor barrier (BTB) impedes the transportation of antitumor therapeutic drugs into brain tumors. Its mechanism is still unknown, but learning how to improve the BTB permeability is critical for drug intervention. Recently, microRNAs (miRNAs) have appeared as regulation factors of numerous biologic processes and therapeutic targets of diverse diseases. In this study, we have identified that miR‐132‐3p is an essential miRNA by increasing the transcellular transport through the BTB. We found that miR‐132‐3p expression was significantly up‐regulated in glioma endothelial cells (GECs). Furthermore we showed that miR132‐3p+ greatly induced the endocytosis of cholera toxin subunit B and FITC–bovine serum albumin and up‐regulated the expression of p‐PKB, p‐Src and Tyr14 phosphorylation of caveolin‐1 (p‐Cav‐1), while phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) expression was markedly down‐regulated in GECs. Our results identify PTEN as a direct and functional downstream target of miR‐132‐3p, which is involved in the regulation of p‐PKB, p‐Src, and p‐Cav‐1. The inhibitors for PI3K and Src significantly reversed the increase of p‐Cav‐1 induced by miR‐132‐3p. Moreover, overexpression of PTEN greatly reduced the endocytosis of cholera toxin subunit B and the up‐regulation of p‐Cav‐1 induced by agomiR132‐3p, suggesting that miR132‐3p+ increases the endothelial permeability by inhibition of PTEN expression. In addition, miR132‐3p+ significantly increased the delivery of doxorubicin across the BTB in vitro and contributed to the accumulation of doxorubicin within the brain tumor tissue. Our results show that miR‐132‐3p contributes to the increased permeability of BTB by targeting PTEN/PI3K/PKB/Src/Cav‐1, thereby revealing a novel drug target for the treatment of brain gliomas.—Gu, Y., Cai, R., Zhang, C., Xue, Y., Pan, Y., Wang, J., Zhang, Z. miR‐132‐3p boosts caveolae‐mediated transcellular transport in glioma endothelial cells by targeting PTEN/PI3K/PKB/Src/Cav‐1 signaling pathway. FASEB J. 33, 441–454 (2019). www.fasebj.org
Activity-Based Restorative Therapy and Skin Tears in Patients with Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Catania Quyen Nguyen , Morgan Marjorie , Martin Rebecca 
Published: July 2018

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES:
To determine the risk factors associated with skin tear development while participating in activity-based restorative therapy (ABRT), describe the possible consequences of skin tears incurred during therapy, and provide risk reduction strategies.

METHODS:
This was a retrospective review of electronic medical records from 2012 to 2015 in a spinal cord outpatient rehabilitation center; 21 of 54 patients who reported a wound at initial evaluation were diagnosed with skin tears. Nine of the 21 patients acquired skin tears during their course of ABRT. Of those 9, 7 were diagnosed with tetraplegia and 2 with paraplegia. All patients were treated by a wound care specialist 2 to 3 times per week while participating in therapy, with plan-of-care modifications to improve wound healing and maximize benefits of ABRT.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:
Primary outcome measures were level of injury, International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury, age at initial evaluation, Spinal Cord Independence Measure, and International Skin Tear Advisory Panel skin tear classification.

MAIN RESULTS:
Six of 9 patients completed their full scheduled course of therapy with wounds closing within 30 days. Two patients’ treatments were discontinued, and 1 patient was discharged because of exacerbation of a preexisting pressure injury.

CONCLUSIONS:
Skin tears can affect therapy by altering patient outcomes. Patient and clinician education, policy modifications, and risk management plans improved skin protection and prevented skin tears in this patient population. Only 2 subsequent cases of therapy-related skin tears were recorded in 2016.
Adults and children with anaphylaxis in the emergency room: why it is not recognized?
Authors: Aun Marcelo V. , Kalil Jorge , Giavina-Bianchi Pedro 
Published: July 2018

Purpose of review
Despite many international guidelines have been published in the last 10 years, anaphylaxis continues to be underdiagnosed, undernotified, and undertreated. Anaphylactic reactions in adults and children in emergency departments are frequently not recognized, leading to underutilization of epinephrine, and a higher risk of death.

Recent findings
A few studies have been recently published showing that educational intervention for both physicians and other healthcare professionals improve diagnosis and treatment of anaphylaxis. Moreover, the new International Classification of Diseases, 11th edition improved classification of anaphylaxis, making it easier to be notified.

Summary
Anaphylaxis is a life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction that is most frequently seen by emergency physicians and nurses than allergists or immunologists. Education seems to be best strategy to improve management of this severe condition.
Does Reducing Clerkship Lengths by 25% Affect Medical Student Performance and Perceptions?
Authors: Monrad Seetha U. , Zaidi Nikki L. Bibler , Gruppen Larry D. , Gelb Douglas J. , Grum Cyril , Morgan Helen K. , Daniel Michelle , Mangrulkar Rajesh S. , Santen Sally A. 
Published: July 2018

Purpose
Transforming a medical school curriculum wherein students enter clerkships earlier could result in two cohorts in clerkships simultaneously during the transition. To avoid overlapping cohorts at the University of Michigan Medical School, the length of all required clerkships was decreased by 25% during the 2016–2017 academic year, without instituting other systematic structural changes. The authors hypothe sized that the reduction in clerkship duration would result in decreases in student perfor mance and changes in student perceptions.

Method
One-way analyses of variance and Tukey post hoc tests were used to compare the 2016–2017 shortened clerkship cohort with the preceding traditional clerkship cohorts (2014–2015 and 2015–2016) on the following student outcomes: National Board of Medical Examiners (NBME) subject exam scores, year-end clinical skills exam scores, evaluation of clerkships, perceived stress, resiliency, well-being, and perception of the learning environment.

Results
There were no significant differences in performance on NBME subject exams between the shortened clerkship cohort and the 2015–2016 traditional cohort, but scores declined significantly over the three years for one exam. Perceptions of clerkship quality improved for three shortened clerkships; there were no significant declines. Learning environment perceptions were not worse for the shortened clerkships. There were no significant differences in performance on the clinical skills exam or in perceived stress, resiliency, and well-being.

Conclusions
The optimal clerkship duration is a matter of strong opinion, supported by few empirical data. These results provide some evidence that accelerating clinical education may, for the studied outcomes, be feasible.
Do Physicians Underestimate Pain in Terminal Cancer Patients? A Prospective Study in a Hospice Setting
Authors: Golčić Marin , Dobrila-Dintinjana Renata , Golčić Goran , Pavlović-Ružić Ira , Gović-Golčić Lidija 
Published: July 2018

Objectives:
Unrelieved pain is present in a majority of terminal cancer patients. However, the treatment of pain in palliative and hospice care is affected by the lack of validated pain assessment. The goal of this study was to evaluate differences in pain evaluation between terminal cancer patients and physicians and evaluate the pain levels as a survival biomarker.

Materials and Methods:
Patients were evaluated every 7 days for a total of 4 assessments. Physicians evaluated patients’ pain on an numeric rating scale (NRS) scale after clinical examination, after which the patients completed NRS, Quality of Life Questionnaire Core 15 Pal (QLQ-C15-PAL), and Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (ESAS) questionnaires.

Results:
On average, physicians minimally underestimated the pain level in patients (3.47 vs. 3.94 on an NRS scale). Pain was overestimated in 28% and underestimated in 46% of the patients. However, half of all underestimation was clinically meaningful, compared with 28% of the overestimation. For patients with an NRS score of ≥7, pain underestimation was both clinically and statistically significant (5.56 vs. 8.17). Pain ratings exhibited a very small correlation to survival (up to r=−0.22), limiting their use as a survival biomarker.

Discussion:
Although physicians can accurately assess mild pain in terminal cancer patients in the hospice setting, the underestimation of pain is still clinically significant in almost a quarter of patients, and especially pronounced in patients with higher levels of pain and in female patients. Hence, validated pain assessment is a necessity in hospice care, with the choice of pain evaluation tool dependent on patient and physician preference.
Reducing the Incidence of Substance Use Disorders in Anesthesiology Residents
Authors: Fitzsimons Michael G. , Baker Keith , Malhotra Rajeev , Gottlieb Andrew , Lowenstein Edward , Zapol Warren M. 
Published: July 2018

Abstract

Editor’s Perspective

What We Already Know about This Topic

What This Article Tells Us That Is New

Background
The incidence of substance use disorders in the United States among residents in anesthesiology is between 1% and 2%. A recent study reported that the incidence of substance use disorders in U.S. anesthesiology residents has been increasing. There are no reports of effective methods to prevent substance use disorder in residents. A comprehensive drug testing program including a random component may reduce the incidence of substance use disorders.

Methods
The authors initiated a comprehensive urine drug screening program of residents, fellows, faculty physicians, and certified nurse anesthetists. The authors performed 3,190 tests over 13 yr. The authors determined the incidence of substance use disorders among residents in our large anesthesiology residency program during the decade before (January 1, 1994, to December 31, 2003) and for the 13 yr after (January 1, 2004 to December 31, 2016) instituting a random urine drug testing program. A total of 628 residents trained in the program over these 23 yr; they contributed a total of 1,721 resident years for analysis. Fewer faculty and certified nurse anesthetists were studied, so we do not include them in our analysis.

Results
The incidence of substance use disorders among trainees in our department during the 10 yr before initiation of urine drug screening was four incidents in 719 resident years or 0.0056 incidents per resident-year. In the 13 yr after the introduction of urine drug screening, there have been zero incidents in 1,002 resident years in our residency program (P = 0.0305).

Conclusions
This single-center, comprehensive program including preplacement and random drug testing was associated with a reduction of the incidence of substance use disorders among our residents in anesthesiology. There were no instances of substance use disorders in our residents over the recent 13 yr. A large, multicenter trial of a more diverse sample of academic, government, and community institutions is needed to determine if such a program can predictably reduce the incidence of substance use disorders in a larger group of anesthesiology residents.