bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impacts of Climate Change on Volcanic Stratospheric Injections: Comparison of 1‐D and 3‐D Plume Model Projections
Authors: Aubry T. J. , Cerminara M. , Jellinek A. M. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractExplosive volcanic eruptions are one of the most important driver of climate variability. Yet, we still lack a fundamental understanding of how climate change may affect future eruptions. Here, we use an ensemble of simulations by 1‐D and 3‐D volcanic plume models spanning a large range of eruption source and atmospheric conditions to assess changes in the dynamics of future eruptive columns. Our results shed new light on differences between the predictions of 1‐D and 3‐D plume models. Furthermore, both models suggest that as a result of ongoing climate change, for tropical eruptions, (i) higher eruption intensities will be required for plumes to reach the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere and (ii) the height of plumes currently reaching the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere or above will increase. We discuss the implications of these results for the climatic impacts of future eruptions. Our simulations can directly inform climate model experiments on climate‐volcano feedback.
The Latest Spreading Periods of the South China Sea: New Constraints From Macrostructure Analysis of IODP Expedition 349 Cores and Geophysical Data
Authors: Sun Zhen , Ding Weiwei , Zhao Xixi , Qiu Ning , Lin Jian , Li Chun‐Feng 
Published: August 2019

AbstractMacrostructures preserved in deformed rocks are essential for the understanding of their evolution, especially when the deformation is weak and hard to discriminate in regional scale or purely through geophysical data. In order to resolve the inconsistency between NS trending fracture zones and NE oriented spreading fabrics of the South China Sea during the latest spreading stage, we analyzed macrostructures identifiable from the basalt and consolidated sediment samples of the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Sites U1431 and U1433. These two sites are close to the East and Southwest relict spreading ridges and provide critical information on the latest spreading stages. The structures in the basalt of both sites suggest two dominant orientations of NS and NE. At U1431, sediments show mainly WNW trending slickensides, different from that of basalt. At U1433, no structures were found in postspreading sediment. Thus, NE and NS trending structures in basalt are most possibly formed by seafloor spreading. Crosscutting relationship suggests that NE trending structures formed first, followed by NS and finally WNW trending structures. These observations are consistent with geophysical features. Magnetic anomalies and ocean bottom seismometer velocity suggest that the latest relict ridge of the East Subbasin coincides with the EW trending seamount chain. Located between the relict ridges of East and Southwest Subbasins, NS trending Zhongnan‐Liyue Fracture Zone had acted as the latest transform fault. Based on the above evidences, we proposed that the South China Sea may have experienced a short period of NS oriented spreading after earlier SE spreading. These results resolve the previous inconsistencies.
Modification of the Seismic Properties of Subducting Continental Crust by Eclogitization and Deformation Processes
Authors: Zertani Sascha , John Timm , Tilmann Frederik , Motra Hem B. , Keppler Ruth , Andersen Torgeir B. , Labrousse Loic 
Published: August 2019

AbstractSubduction zone processes and the resulting geometries at depth are widely studied by large‐scale geophysical imaging techniques. The subsequent interpretations are dependent on information from surface exposures of fossil subduction and collision zones, which help to discern probable lithologies and their structural relationships at depth. For this purpose, we collected samples from Holsnøy in the Bergen Arcs of western Norway, which constitutes a well‐preserved slice of continental crust, deeply buried and partially eclogitized during Caledonian collision. We derived seismic properties of both the lower crustal granulite‐facies protolith and the eclogite‐facies shear zones by performing laboratory measurements on cube‐shaped samples. P and S wave velocities were measured in three perpendicular directions, along the principal fabric directions of the rock. Resulting velocities agree with seismic velocities calculated using thermodynamic modeling and confirm that eclogitization causes a significant increase of the seismic velocity. Further, eclogitization results in decreased VP/VS ratios and, when associated with deformation, an increase of the seismic anisotropy due to the crystallographic preferred orientation of omphacite that were obtained from neutron diffraction measurements. The structural framework of this exposed complex combined with the characteristic variations of seismic properties from the lower crustal protolith to the high‐pressure assemblage provides the possibility to detect comparable structures at depth in currently active settings using seismological methods such as the receiver function method.
Stabilizing Effect of High Pore Fluid Pressure on Slip Behaviors of Gouge‐bearing Faults
Authors: Xing Tiange , Zhu Wenlu , French Melodie , Belzer Ben 
Published: August 2019

AbstractWe conducted experiments to investigate the influence of pore fluid pressure on the frictional strength and slip behavior of gouge bearing faults. Saw cut porous sandstone samples with a layer of gouge powders placed between the precut surfaces were deformed in the conventional triaxial loading configuration. A series of velocity‐step tests were performed to measure the response of the friction coefficient to variations in sliding velocity. Pore volume changes were monitored during shearing of the gouge. Our results demonstrate that under constant effective pressure, increasing pore pressure stabilizes the frictional slip of faults with all four gouge materials including antigorite, olivine, quartz, and chrysotile. The stabilizing effect is the strongest in antigorite gouge, which shows an evolution of friction parameters from velocity‐weakening toward velocity‐strengthening behavior with increasing pore pressure. Experiments with controlled pore volume show that the pore volume reduction diminishes under high pore fluid pressures, implying an increasing dilation component at these conditions. The dilatant hardening mechanism can explain the observed strengthening. These results provide a possible explanation to the observed spatial correlation between slow slip events and high pore pressure in many subduction zones.
Three Years of Near‐Coastal Antarctic Iceberg Distribution From a Machine Learning Approach Applied to SAR Imagery
Authors: Barbat Mauro M. , Rackow Thomas , Hellmer Hartmut H. , Wesche Christine , Mata Mauricio M. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractMass loss around the Antarctic Ice Sheet is driven by basal melting and iceberg calving, which constitute the two dominant paths of freshwater flux into the Southern Ocean. Although of similar magnitude, icebergs play an important and still not fully understood role in the balance of heat and freshwater around Antarctica. This lack of understanding is partly due to operational difficulties in large‐scale monitoring in polar regions, despite observational and remote sensing efforts. In this study, a novel machine learning approach, augmented by visual inspection, was applied to three Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) mosaics of the whole Antarctic continent and its adjacent coastal zone. Although originally intended for a mapping of the Antarctic continent, the SAR mosaics allow us to document the evolution and distribution of the size (and mass) of icebergs in the pan‐Antarctic near‐coastal zone for the years 1997, 2000, and 2008. Our novel algorithm identified 7,649 icebergs in 1997, 13,712 icebergs in 2000, and 7,246 icebergs in 2008 with surface areas between 0.1 and 4,567.82 km2 and total masses of 4,641.53, 6,862.81, and 5,263.69 Gt, respectively. Large regional variability was observed, although a zonal pattern distribution is present. This has implications for future climate modeling studies that try to estimate the freshwater flux from melting icebergs, which demands a realistic representation of the interannually varying near‐coastal iceberg pattern to initialize the simulations.
Study of Lateral Flow in a Stratified Tidal Channel‐Shoal System: The Importance of Intratidal Salinity Variation
Authors: Zhou Zaiyang , Ge Jianzhong , Wang Zheng Bing , van Maren D. S. , Ma Jianfei , Ding Pingxing 
Published: August 2019

AbstractLateral flow significantly contributes to the near‐bottom mass transport of salinity in a channel‐shoal system. In this study, an integrated tripod system was deployed in the transition zone of a channel‐shoal system of the Changjiang Estuary (CE), China, to observe the near‐bottom physics with high temporal/spatial resolution, particularly focusing on the lateral‐flow‐induced mass transport. These in situ observations revealed a small‐scale salinity fluctuation around low water slack during moderate and spring tidal conditions. A simultaneous strong lateral current was also observed, which was responsible for this small‐scale fluctuation. A high‐resolution unstructured‐grid Finite‐Volume Community Ocean Model has been applied for the CE to better understand the mechanism of this lateral flow and its impact on salinity transport. The model results indicate that a significant southward near‐bed shoal‐to‐channel current is generated by the salinity‐driven baroclinic pressure gradient. This lateral current affects the salinity transport pattern and the residual current in the cross‐channel direction. Cross‐channel residual current shows a two‐layer structure in the vertical, especially in the intermediate tide when the lateral flow notably occurred. Both observation and model results indicate that near‐bottom residual transport of water moved consistently southward (shoal to channel). Mechanisms for this intratidal salinity variation and its implications can be extended to other estuaries with similar channel‐shoal features.
Impacts of Ocean Warming, Sea Level Rise, and Coastline Management on Storm Surge in a Semienclosed Bay
Authors: Zhang Fan , Li Ming 
Published: August 2019

AbstractRegional atmosphere and ocean models are used to investigate how sea level rise, ocean warming, and coastline management affect storm surge in the semienclosed Chesapeake Bay. Using Hurricane Isabel (2003) as a case study, the storm is placed under the climatic conditions projected for 2050 and 2100. Higher sea surface temperature increases the latent heat release from the ocean, resulting in large increases in storm intensity and maximum sustained wind speeds. The storm surge height, defined as the difference between storm tide and astronomical tide, is amplified in the future climate and amounts to ~30% of the relative sea level rise. Hardening shorelines further increases the storm surge height in the middle and upper parts of the Bay by up to 0.5 m. Sea level rise has a modest impact on the storm surge height: decreasing it by 0.1–0.2 m if the low‐lying areas are allowed to be flooded but increases it by 0.1–0.3 m if hypothetic walls are placed at the current coastline. Ocean warming is the main driver of storm surge amplification in the future climate. Energy budget analysis shows that allowing flooding over low‐lying areas leads to a significant energy loss and reduces the storm surge height in the estuary.
Searching for Lunar Horizon Glow With the Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter
Authors: Barker M. K. , Mazarico E. , McClanahan T. P. , Sun X. , Neumann G. A. , Smith D. E. , Zuber M. T. , Head J. W. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractWe present the results of a 2‐year‐long systematic campaign to monitor the lunar dust exosphere for enhancements in dust concentration at altitudes <20 km both during and outside of major meteor stream periods. We utilize the radiometric capabilities of the Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter Laser Ranging telescope onboard the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter to search for forward‐scattered sunlight from exospheric dust grains, called lunar horizon glow (LHG). Specifically, we test the hypothesis that major meteor streams can produce LHG similar to what was measured in Apollo 15 coronal photography. Assuming a one‐dimensional exponential vertical dust profile and a dust grain radius r∼0.1μm, we derive an upper limit of ∼10−11 g/cm2 on the overlying column dust mass density near the terminator during stream periods, a limit roughly 10 times lower than inferred from Apollo 15. Recent studies at altitudes ∼1–20 km outside of major meteor streams and at higher altitudes during streams placed limits on the density of similarly sized grains ∼100–1,000 times lower than Apollo 15. Our results show that Apollo 15‐like LHG, if real, is also a rare occurrence at altitudes <20 km during major meteor stream periods. This study is the first to quantitatively constrain the role of meteor streams in producing Apollo 15‐like LHG at altitudes <20 km and small forward‐scattering angles and further narrows the properties of any similar high‐altitude LHG and the conditions under which it can occur.
Smart polymer-based calcium-ion self-regulated nanochannels by mimicking the biological Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release process
Authors: Li Yunlong , Xiong Yuting , Wang Dongdong , Li Xiuling , Chen Zhixiang , Wang Cunli , Qin Haijuan , Liu Jinxuan , Chang Baisong , Qing Guangyan 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In nature, ion channels play key roles in controlling ion transport between cells and their surroundings. Calcium ion (Ca2+)-induced Ca2+ release (CICR), a critical control mechanism for Ca2+ channels, occurs due to a Ca2+ concentration gradient working in synergy with ryanodine receptors, which are famously known as “calcium sparks”. Inspired by this self-regulated biological process, a smart Ca2+ concentration-modulated nanochannel system was developed by integrating a poly{N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylamide-[4-(trifluoromethyl) phenyl]-2-thiourea0.2-co-acrylamide-DDDEEKC0.2} (denoted as PNI-co-CF3-PT0.2-co-DDDEEKC0.2) three-component copolymer onto the nanochannels of a porous anodic alumina (PAA) membrane. In this smart polymer design, the DDDEEKC hepta-peptide unit has an extraordinary binding affinity with Ca2+ through coordination bonds, while CF3-PT functions as a hydrogen bond mediation unit, facilitating the remarkable conformational transition of the PNI main chain in response to Ca2+-specific adsorption. Due to these futures, the dynamic gating behaviors of the modified nanochannels could be precisely manipulated by the Ca2+ concentration. In addition, the sensitive Ca2+ response, as low as 10 pM with a high specificity toward Ca2+ capable of discriminating Ca2+ from other potential interference metal ions (e.g., K+, Cu2+, Mg2+, Zn2+, Fe3+, and Al3+), remarkable morphological change in the nanochannel and satisfactory reversibility indicate the great potential of Ca2+-responsive polymers for the fabrication of biodevices and artificial nanochannels.
Maximizing binary interactome mapping with a minimal number of assays
Authors: Choi Soon Gang , Olivet Julien , Cassonnet Patricia , Vidalain Pierre-Olivier , Luck Katja , Lambourne Luke , Spirohn Kerstin , Lemmens Irma , Dos Santos Mélanie , Demeret Caroline , Jones Louis , Rangarajan Sudharshan , Bian Wenting , Coutant Eloi P. , Janin Yves L. , van der Werf Sylvie , Trepte Philipp , Wanker Erich E. , De Las Rivas Javier , Tavernier Jan , Twizere Jean-Claude , Hao Tong , Hill David E. , Vidal Marc , Calderwood Michael A. , Jacob Yves 
Published: August 2019

AbstractComplementary assays are required to comprehensively map complex biological entities such as genomes, proteomes and interactome networks. However, how various assays can be optimally combined to approach completeness while maintaining high precision often remains unclear. Here, we propose a framework for binary protein-protein interaction (PPI) mapping based on optimally combining assays and/or assay versions to maximize detection of true positive interactions, while avoiding detection of random protein pairs. We have engineered a novel NanoLuc two-hybrid (N2H) system that integrates 12 different versions, differing by protein expression systems and tagging configurations. The resulting union of N2H versions recovers as many PPIs as 10 distinct assays combined. Thus, to further improve PPI mapping, developing alternative versions of existing assays might be as productive as designing completely new assays. Our findings should be applicable to systematic mapping of other biological landscapes.
The value of understanding feedbacks from ecosystem functions to species for managing ecosystems
Authors: Xiao Hui , McDonald-Madden Eve , Sabbadin Régis , Peyrard Nathalie , Dee Laura E. , Chadès Iadine 
Published: August 2019

AbstractEcological systems are made up of complex and often unknown interactions and feedbacks. Uncovering these interactions and feedbacks among species, ecosystem functions, and ecosystem services is challenging, costly, and time-consuming. Here, we ask: for which ecosystem features does resolving the uncertainty about the feedbacks from ecosystem function to species improve management outcomes? We develop a dynamic value of information analysis for risk-neutral and risk-prone managers on motif ecosystems and explore the influence of five ecological features. We find that learning the feedbacks from ecosystem function to species does not improve management outcomes for maximising biodiversity, yet learning which species benefit from an ecosystem function improves management outcomes for ecosystem services by up to 25% for risk-neutral managers and 231% for risk-prone managers. Our general approach provides useful guidance for managers and researchers on when learning feedbacks from ecosystem function to species can improve management outcomes for multiple conservation objectives.
Are all cyclin-dependent kinases 4/6 inhibitors created equal?
Authors: Marra Antonio , Curigliano Giuseppe 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe harnessing in clinical practice of cyclin-dependent kinases 4/6 inhibitors, namely palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib, has substantially changed the therapeutic approach for hormone receptor-positive metastatic breast cancer (BC). Phase II–III clinical trials evaluating the addition of these agents to standard endocrine therapy reported consistent improvements in response rates and progression-free survival as well as manageable toxicity profiles and excellent impact on patients’ quality of life. Hence, pivotal trials provided comparable results among different cyclin-dependent kinases 4/6 inhibitors, there is an increasing interest in finding substantial differences in order to implement their use in clinical practice. The aim of this paper is to summarize the current evidences raised from preclinical and clinical studies on cyclin-dependent kinases 4/6 inhibitors in BC, focusing on differences in terms of pharmacological properties, toxicity profile, and patients’ quality of life.
Sixteen years of bathymetry and waves at San Diego beaches
Authors: Ludka B. C. , Guza R. T. , O’Reilly W. C. , Merrifield M. A. , Flick R. E. , Bak A. S. , Hesser T. , Bucciarelli R. , Olfe C. , Woodward B. , Boyd W. , Smith K. , Okihiro M. , Grenzeback R. , Parry L. , Boyd G. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractSustained, quantitative observations of nearshore waves and sand levels are essential for testing beach evolution models, but comprehensive datasets are relatively rare. We document beach profiles and concurrent waves monitored at three southern California beaches during 2001–2016. The beaches include offshore reefs, lagoon mouths, hard substrates, and cobble and sandy (medium-grained) sediments. The data span two energetic El Niño winters and four beach nourishments. Quarterly surveys of 165 total cross-shore transects (all sites) at 100 m alongshore spacing were made from the backbeach to 8 m depth. Monthly surveys of the subaerial beach were obtained at alongshore-oriented transects. The resulting dataset consists of (1) raw sand elevation data, (2) gridded elevations, (3) interpolated elevation maps with error estimates, (4) beach widths, subaerial and total sand volumes, (5) locations of hard substrate and beach nourishments, (6) water levels from a NOAA tide gauge (7) wave conditions from a buoy-driven regional wave model, and (8) time periods and reaches with alongshore uniform bathymetry, suitable for testing 1-dimensional beach profile change models.
Tidal control of the flow through long, narrow straits: a modeling study for the Seto Inland Sea
Authors: Kurogi Masao , Hasumi Hiroyasu 
Published: August 2019

AbstractEven in coastal oceans where tidal currents are predominant, long-term mean currents are of great interest since they are responsible for the transport of materials over long timescales. Tides could significantly affect mean currents in long, narrow straits due to tide-topography interaction, but it is yet unclear how and to what extent tides control throughflows. Here, we focus on the throughflow in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan, which has enormous impacts on the marine environment while its long-term mean characteristics, even the flow direction, are not well described by observations. By using a state-of-the-art ocean model, we show that the simulated throughflow is eastward on annual average and its volume transport is considerably suppressed by tides. It is found that tides enhance mixing and induce time-mean eddies, and both work to reduce the throughflow. A westward throughflow was previously estimated based on an acoustic measurement. The discrepancy between this estimate and our result would be due to whether or not such eddies are taken into account. These findings imply that tides may also suppress the throughflow of the other straits around the world. Revealing such tidal effects may contribute to a better performance of oceanic and climate simulations.
First levantine fossil murines shed new light on the earliest intercontinental dispersal of mice
Authors: López-Antoñanzas Raquel , Renaud Sabrina , Peláez-Campomanes Pablo , Azar Dany , Kachacha George , Knoll Fabien 
Published: August 2019

AbstractRecent extensive field prospecting conducted in the Upper Miocene of Lebanon resulted in the discovery of several new fossiliferous localities. One of these, situated in the Zahleh area (Bekaa Valley, central Lebanon) has yielded a particularly diverse vertebrate fauna. Micromammals constitute an important part of this assemblage because not only do they represent the first Neogene rodents and insectivores from Lebanon, but they are also the only ones from the early Late Miocene of the Arabian Peninsula and circumambient areas. Analyses of the murines from Zahleh reveal that they belong to a small-sized early Progonomys, which cannot be assigned to any of the species of the genus hitherto described. They are, thereby, shown to represent a new species: Progonomys manolo. Morphometric analyses of the outline of the first upper molars of this species suggest a generalist and omnivorous diet. This record sheds new light onto a major phenomenon in the evolutionary history of rodents, which is the earliest dispersal of mice. It suggests that the arrival of murines in Africa got under way through the Levant rather than via southern Europe and was monitored by the ecological requirements of Progonomys.