bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An investigation into post-graduate physiotherapy education in South Africa
Authors: Irwin-Carruthers S. H. 
Published: August 2019

This article outlines the development of post-graduate physiotherapy education in South Africa and the problems encountered. The method and results of two surveys are discussed. The first, conducted in 1986, ascertained involvement and interest in post-graduate study, and the reasons for non-participation. The respondents’ needs and preferences were also analysed. The second (1989) survey investigated the extent to which universities were meeting these needs. The difference between clinical specialisation and academic post-graduate study is discussed and the progress made in the former is detailed.Proposals are made for overcoming current problems in postgraduate programmes, including delineating objectives and competencies, optimum management of existing resources and developing new resources. The question remains as to whether the direction in which post-graduate programmes are developing at present can be justified in terms of the needs of the population.
Myofascial pain: A review - Part I
Authors: Pullen Shelley 
Published: August 2019

Myofascial pain syndrome is pain and/or autonomic phenomena referred from active myofascial trigger points with associated dysfunction.It has been said to affect human well-being and productivity even to the extent of driving some people to suicide.A literature review of myofascial pain is presented. An interesting historical view of muscular pain is discussed.
2019/13 A long-term functional impairment? (DK)
Authors: Clasen Christian K. 
Published: August 2019

2019/13 A long-term functional impairment? (DK)
An employee’s functional impairment, which at the time of dismissal had had a duration of 11 months and with an uncertain prognosis, was not deemed a long-term one. For that reason, the Danish Western High Court found that the employee was not disabled within the meaning of the Anti-Discrimination Act or Directive 2000/78 establishing a general framework for equal treatment in employment and occupation.
2019/14 Termination indemnity based on reduced remuneration for worker dismissed during part-time career break compatible with EU law (BE)
Authors: Busschaert Gautier 
Published: August 2019

2019/14 Termination indemnity based on reduced remuneration for worker dismissed during part-time career break compatible with EU law (BE)
According to the Labour Court of Mons, calculating the termination indemnity of a worker based on the reduced remuneration paid during a career break called ‘time-credit’ is compatible with EU law, despite the Meerts judgment regarding parental leave.
2019/19 Employer liable for wrongful disclosure of data by ‘rogue’ employee (UK)
Authors: Illing Sean 
Published: August 2019

2019/19 Employer liable for wrongful disclosure of data by ‘rogue’ employee (UK)
The German Federal Labour Court (Bundesarbeitsgericht, the ‘BAG’) has held that pre-employment as a freelancer must be taken into account in relation to the number of years having been with a firm as a freelancer when assessing the legality of a fixed-term contract due to the character of the specific deployment.
2019/20 How to interpret the Posting of Workers Directive in the cross-border road transport sector? Dutch Supreme Court asks the ECJ for guidance (NL)
Authors: Even Zef , Zwanenburg Amber 
Published: August 2019

2019/20 How to interpret the Posting of Workers Directive in the cross-border road transport sector? Dutch Supreme Court asks the ECJ for guidance (NL)
In this transnational road transport case, the Dutch Supreme Court had to elaborate on the ECJ Koelzsch and Schlecker cases and asks for guidance from the ECJ on the applicability and interpretation of the Posting of Workers Directive.
2019/22 Supreme Court applies Max Planck and Kreuziger judgments (LV)
Authors: Burkevics Andis 
Published: August 2019

2019/22 Supreme Court applies Max Planck and Kreuziger judgments (LV)
The Latvian Supreme Court recently used the ECJ Max Planck and Kreuziger judgments to explain how an employer can escape its obligation to compensate an employee for unused leave at the end of the employment relationship. The employer must prove that (a) it was possible for the employee to use the leave, and (b) the employer has in good time informed the employee that leave, if not used, might be lost and will not be compensated.
Modernist Architecture in Illustrative Art for Children and Teenagers in the People’s Republic of Poland
Authors: Friedrich Jacek 
Published: August 2019

Books and periodicals for children and teenagers constituted an important instrument of education and also social persuasion in the People’s Republic of Poland. In such publications, illustrations played a crucial role. Printed in several dozen or even several hundred thousand copies, such publications circulated among great numbers of young readers, therefore becoming a very effective medium for disseminating certain desired views. There can be no doubt that the messages directed at the youth largely reflected the opinions held by the adult section of the society: the authors and the people ordering and authorising the publication. The numerous topics presented in a form suitable for young readers included architecture. The nature of architecture-related themes was varied indeed; at times architecture (historical or contemporary) appeared in the foreground, but most often depictions of buildings served only as a visual backdrop for the narrated story. However, even presented in the background, the forms of architecture chosen by illustrators were not received indifferently by the readers, since they conveyed a certain model imagery of houses, flats, housing estates, or entire cities. Since such images were published by the thousand, a thorough analysis of the issue would not fit the spatial constraints of a single article. The aim of the text is, therefore, restricted to identifying the possibility for expanding the source material for studies on architectural culture; it focuses on a single theme, namely the methods in which publications for children and young readers issued in communist Poland presented, and often even propagated, modernist architecture. Due to the choice of the subject matter, the article mainly concentrates on the period of the post-Stalinist Thaw when modern forms gained a true monopoly in Polish architecture. The tendencies observable in architectural theory and practice at the time were reflected with considerable fidelity in publications for young audiences. Popular images included the vision of a modern metropolis with heavy pedestrian and automobile traffic, full of high-rise buildings, lit by lamps and neon lights after dark. Depictions of modernist housing estates with blocks of flats, as well as modern schools or playgrounds were equally common. The message conveyed by such imagery may easily be summarised by the title of one of the children’s rhymes analysed above, namely Nasz dom [Our home]. Both the texts and the visual depictions of the day constructed a vision in which modernist architecture became the natural habitat of contemporary people. The present article describes numerous depictions which corroborate such an interpretation of the phenomenon under analysis.
The Coincidence of the Finite and the Infinite in Spinoza and Hegel
Authors: Sánchez de León Serrano José María , Shein Noa ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: August 2019

This paper proposes a reassessment of Hegel’s critical reading of Spinoza and of the charge of acosmism, for which this reading is known. We argue that this charge is actually the consequence of a more fundamental criticism, namely Spinoza’s presumable inability to conceive the unity of the finite and the infinite. According to Hegel, the infinite and the finite remain two poles apart in Spinoza’s metaphysics, which thus fails to be a true monism, insofar as it contains an irreducible duality. Against this reading, we argue that Spinoza’s conception of the causal co-determination of finite modes entails the acknowledgment of their essentially infinite nature. The study of this particular instance of coincidentia oppositorum enables to counter some of Hegel’s criticisms as well as to illuminate a fairly unexplored aspect of Spinoza’s substance monism.
Immunological Adhesion and Homing Molecules
Authors: Baldanzi Gianluca 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

The immunosurveillance function of leukocytes requires a strictly controlled trafficking between lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues. Thus, white blood cells are continuously scanning the body for sign of infection or damage with lineage‐specific pathways. Triggered by chemokines and other danger signals, those movements require selective interactions mediated by adhesion and homing molecules expressed by immune and endothelial cells. Typically, the transendothelial migration is initiated by specific interactions between selectins and glycosylated proteins, which allow the initial tethering and rolling of leukocytes on endothelial cells. In the presence of chemokines, rolling is followed by firm arrest mediated by active integrins binding to immunoglobulin superfamily ligands and culminates with extravasation. The expression pattern and structural features of those adhesion molecules dictated the cell‐specific homing governing the immune response.

Key Concepts

Leukocytes exit from circulation to home at secondary lymphoid organs and peripheral tissues.

Essential steps of extravasation are tethering, rolling, firm adhesion and diapedesis.

The typical homing cascade sees selectins binding to glycoproteins during rolling, followed by chemokine mediated integrin activation promoting firm adhesion.

Endothelial cells have an active role in lymphocyte recruitment, presentation of chemokines and transendothelial transport of leukocytes.

Homing molecules are controlled by the engagement by ligands and by the shear force applied to them.
Fusion Peptides: The Claws of the Viral Fusion Glycoproteins
Authors: Sánchez‐Eugenia Rubén , Nieva José L 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Enveloped viruses, comprising highly relevant human pathogens such as human immunodeficiency (HIV), influenza (IFV) or Ebola (EBOV) viruses, have evolved a common ‘membrane fusion’ strategy to gain access to the biosynthetic resources of their host cells. The viral fusion peptides (VFPs) constitute conserved hydrophobic domains that are required for the virus–cell fusion process mediated by the viral membrane glycoproteins. A generally accepted model postulates that VFPs can exist in three states: (1) stably folded within the native glycoprotein ectodomain, (2) inserted into the membrane of the target cell, and (3) coassembled with transmembrane domains (TMDs) into membrane integral complexes. Upon fusion activation, sequential access to states (2) and (3) would enable the glycoprotein ectodomain for docking and dragging of the target cell membrane and thus promote merger. Our current understanding of the structure and function of the VFPs has potential implications for clinical intervention.

Key Concepts

For replication, viruses must enter into living cells and access their synthetic machinery.

Enveloped viruses fuse their membrane with that of the host cell during the entry process.

Envelope glycoproteins identify the host cell and induce virus–cell membrane fusion.

Envelope glycoproteins access at least 3 different states: (1) pre‐fusion, in the native virion; (2) activated, when inserted both in the viral and target cell membranes; and (3) post‐fusion, the conformation adopted in the final fused membranes.

Envelope glycoproteins utilise two tools to perform their function: viral fusion peptides (VFPs) that insert into the target cell membrane, and helical hairpins that bring viral and cell membranes close together.

The sequences of the VFPs are overall hydrophobic, a feature conferring the capacity of inserting into membranes, and enriched in conserved Ala/Gly residues, which provides the required flexibility for function.

In the pre‐fusion state of envelope glycoproteins, VFPs have been observed exposed to solvent or occluded within the trimeric complex.

Synthetic VFPs are conformationally diverse in the membrane milieu.

Insertion of VFPs into membranes can help fusion to evolve by restructuring the bilayer architecture locally during the process.

Conserved and functional VFPs may exist in a native state accessible to drugs and biologics.
Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Vascular Development
Authors: Bolton Rebecca , Naylor Kirsty , Ruhrberg Christiana 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBlood vessels form an extensive organ system that enables gas exchange, delivers nutrients and removes waste products from tissues and is, therefore, essential for vertebrate life. Blood vessels additionally regulate leukocyte trafficking to support immune system function and transport endocrine hormones for the systemic regulation of physiological processes. During embryonic development, blood vessels also secrete cues that regulate the formation of other organs. To ensure that functional vasculature forms in the embryo, a large number of molecules regulate a wide range of cellular mechanisms that collectively act on the endothelial cells that form the inner lining of all blood vessels. These molecular and cellular mechanisms may be reactivated after birth to induce blood vessel growth that is beneficial by countering tissue ischemia or pathological if excessive or dysfunctional. Understanding developmental blood vessel growth, therefore, provides knowledge that may be used to develop new therapeutic strategies for a range of diseases.Key ConceptsThe circulatory system is the first organ to form during vertebrate embryogenesis and is required for the subsequent development of other organs.The circulatory system is the first organ to form during vertebrate embryogenesis.Proper blood vessel growth and remodeling is required for the subsequent development of other organs.Blood vessel development can be studied using the embryonic mouse hindbrain and perinatal mouse retina.Many molecular pathways synergise to regulate blood vessel growth.Elucidating the mechanisms of vascular development may advance novel therapies to treat vascular insufficiency in ischemic diseases.
Absolute and Relative Decision Processes in Eyewitness Identification
Authors: Moreland Molly B. , Clark Steven E. 
Published: August 2019

SummaryA prominent and long‐standing theory of eyewitness identification decision making distinguishes between absolute judgments, based on the lineup members' match to the witness's memory of the perpetrator, versus relative judgments, based on match values relative to other lineup members. This distinction was implemented in a computational model and simulations showed that the model predicts an accuracy advantage for absolute judgments over relative judgments under some conditions. The present experiment tested this prediction by evaluating the accuracy of witnesses instructed to use relative or absolute rules. Contrary to predictions, the overall analysis did not show an absolute advantage. Additional exploratory analyses showed a relative advantage when the suspect was surrounded by high‐similarity foils. These results are consistent with a model that assumes that side‐by‐side comparisons of lineup members increase diagnostic accuracy by allowing witnesses to give greater weight to more diagnostic features and less weight to less diagnostic features.
Review on Sperm Sorting Technologies and Sperm Properties toward New Separation Methods via the Interface of Biochemistry and Material Science
Authors: Katigbak Roberto D. , Turchini Giovanni M. , de Graaf Simon P. , Kong Lingxue , Dumée Ludovic F. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractSuccessful fertilization in mammals requires spermatozoa to efficiently traverse the female reproductive tract to meet the egg. This process naturally selects high quality sperm cells for fertilization, but when artificial reproductive technologies are used such as in vitro fertilization, intracytoplasmic sperm injection, or intrauterine insemination, other methods of sperm selection are required. Currently, technology enables sperm sorting based on motility, maturity as defined by zeta potential or hyaluronic acid binding site expression, absence of apoptotic factors, appropriate morphology, and even sex. This review summarizes current knowledge on all known methods of sperm cell sorting, compares their efficiency, and discusses the advantages and limitations of each technique. Scope for further refinement and improvement of current methods are discussed as is the potential to utilize a variety of materials to innovate new methods of sperm separation.
Mimicking Human and Biological Skins for Multifunctional Skin Electronics
Authors: Lee Youngoh , Park Jonghwa , Choe Ayoung , Cho Seungse , Kim Jinyoung , Ko Hyunhyub 
Published: August 2019

AbstractElectronic skin (e‐skin) technology is an exciting frontier to drive the next generation of wearable electronics owing to its high level of wearability, enabling high accuracy to harvest information of users and their surroundings. Recently, biomimicry of human and biological skins has become a great inspiration for realizing novel wearable electronic systems with exceptional multifunctionality as well as advanced sensory functions. This review covers and highlights bioinspired e‐skins mimicking perceptive features of human and biological skins. In particular, five main components in tactile sensation processes of human skin are individually discussed with recent advances of e‐skins that mimic the unique sensing mechanisms of human skin. In addition, diverse functionalities in user‐interactive, skin‐attachable, and ultrasensitive e‐skins are introduced with the inspiration from unique architectures and functionalities, such as visual expression of stimuli, reversible adhesion, easy deformability, and camouflage, in biological skins of natural creatures. Furthermore, emerging wearable sensor systems using bioinspired e‐skins for body motion tracking, healthcare monitoring, and prosthesis are described. Finally, several challenges that should be considered for the realization of next‐generation skin electronics are discussed with recent outcomes for addressing these challenges.
Anomalous Ambipolar Phototransistors Based on All‐Inorganic CsPbBr3 Perovskite at Room Temperature
Authors: Zou Yuting , Li Feng , Zhao Chen , Xing Jun , Yu Zhi , Yu Weili , Guo Chunlei 
Published: August 2019

AbstractDespite its extensive research in photovoltaics and light emitting diodes, the charge transport properties of all‐inorganic perovskite cesium lead bromide (CsPbBr3) remain elusive. Clarification of the intrinsic charge transport of this perovskite material is highly desirable, which will help to understand its working mechanism and fabricate high performance electronic devices. Here, it is demonstrated that the phototransistors based on CsPbBr3 microplates show anomalous ambipolar transport characteristics at room temperature. The hole mobility shows light dependence, while the electron mobility is identical under various light incidence. The hole mobility increases from 0.02 cm2 V−1 s−1 (in dark conditions) to 0.34 cm2 V−1 s−1 (50 mW cm−2); while the threshold voltage is shifted by 14 V when electron is the majority charge carrier. The anomalous transport behavior can be attributed to the photovoltaic and photoconductive effects. Moreover, the device shows photoresponsivity and detectivity up to 110 mA W−1 and 4.5 × 1013 Jones, respectively, under 532 nm laser illumination. This research unveils the charge transport mechanism of CsPbBr3 perovskite, provides more evidence and will thus contribute to the perovskite electronic and optoelectronic researches.
The Variability of Preferred Infant Lumbar Puncture Insertion Site Between Novice and Experienced Physicians
Authors: Neal Jeffrey T. , Levy Jason A. , Rempell Rachel G. , Vieira Rebecca L. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBackgroundWe sought to determine if vertebral interspace selection for performance of infant lumbar puncture (LP) varies between less experienced trainees and more experienced pediatric emergency medicine (PEM) attending physicians.MethodsWe performed an observational prospective study using a convenience sample of infants aged 0 to 12 months presenting to a single emergency department. Trainees with limited LP experience (defined as less than 10 infant LPs performed) marked their preferred LP insertion site with an invisible ultraviolet pen. PEM attending physicians subsequently marked their preferred LP insertion site with a visible pen. A trained sonographer then performed a bedside ultrasound to confirm interspace concordance or discordance. Our primary outcome was the proportion of concordant marked insertion sites.ResultsOf the 110 patients enrolled, 102 (92.8%) completed study procedures. Trainee and PEM attending LP interspace markings were concordant in 27% of cases. Trainees marked a preferred interspace below the level of the attending in 55% of patients: 29 (28.4%) marked one spot inferior, 20 (19.6%) marked two spots inferior, and seven (6.9%) marked three spots inferior in relation to the attending.ConclusionsThere is variability of preferred LP insertion site based on provider experience. Trainees with limited LP experience tended to mark insertion spaces more caudal than those marked by the attending physicians in an area where the subarachnoid space is slightly smaller.
Emergency Department Thoracotomy: Development of a Reliable, Validated Checklist for Procedural Training
Authors: Zaidi Hashim Q. , Dhake Sarah S. , Miller Danielle T. , Sista Priyanka , Pirotte Matthew J. , Fant Abra L. , Salzman David H. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractObjectivesEmergency department thoracotomy (EDT) is a rare and challenging procedure. Emergency medicine (EM) residents have limited opportunities to perform the procedure in clinical or educational settings. Standardized, reliable, validated checklists do not exist to evaluate procedural competency. The objectives of this project were twofold: 1) to develop a checklist containing the critical actions for performing an EDT that can be used for future procedural skills training and 2) to evaluate the reliability and validity of the checklist for performing EDT.MethodsAfter a literature review, a preliminary 22‐item checklist was developed and disseminated to experts in EM and trauma surgery. A modified Delphi method was used to revise the checklist. To assess usability of the checklist, EM and trauma surgery faculty and residents were evaluated performing an EDT while inter‐rater reliability was calculated with Cohen's kappa. A Student's t‐test was used to compare the performance of participants who had or had not performed a thoracotomy in clinical practice. Item‐total correlation was calculated for each checklist item to determine discriminatory ability.ResultsA final 22‐item checklist was developed for EDT. The overall inter‐rater reliability was strong (κ = 0.84) with individual item agreement ranging from moderate to strong (κ = 0.61 to 1.00). Experts (attending physicians and senior residents) performed well on the checklist, achieving an average score of 80% on the checklist. Participants who had performed EDT in clinical practice performed significantly better than those that had not, achieving an average of 80.7% items completed versus 52.3% (p < 0.05). Seventeen of 22 items had an item‐total correlation greater than 0.2.ConclusionsA final 22‐item consensus‐based checklist was developed for the EDT. Overall inter‐rater reliability was strong. This checklist can be used in future studies to serve as a foundation for curriculum development around this important procedure.