bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
FgSec2A, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor of FgRab8, is important for polarized growth, pathogenicity and deoxynivalenol production in Fusarium graminearum
Authors: Zheng Huawei , Li Lingping , Miao Pengfei , Wu Congxian , Chen Xiaomin , Yuan Mingyue , Fang Tian , Norvienyeku Justice , Li Guangpu , Zheng Wenhui , Wang Zonghua , Zhou Jie 
Published: August 2018

SummarySec4/Rab8 is one of the well‐studied members of the Rab GTPase family, previous studies have shown that Sec4/Rab8 crucially promotes the pathogenesis of phytopathogens, but the upstream regulators of Rab8 are still unknown. Here, we have identified two Sec2 homologues FgSec2A and FgSec2B in devastating fungal pathogen Fusarium graminearum and investigated their functions and interactions with FgRab8 by live‐cell imaging, genetic and functional analyses. Yeast two‐hybrid assay shows that FgSec2A specifically interacts with FgRab8DN(N123I) and itself. Importantly, FgSec2A is required for growth, conidiation, DON production and virulence of F. graminearum. Live‐cell imaging shows that FgSec2A and FgSec2B are both localized to the tip region of hyphae and conidia. Both N‐terminal region and Sec2 domain of FgSec2A are essential for its function, but not for localization, whereas the C‐terminal region is important for its polarized localization. Furthermore, constitutively active FgRab8CA(Q69L) partially rescues the defects of ΔFgsec2A. Consistently, FgSec2A is required for the polarized localization of FgRab8. Finally, FgSec2A and FgSec2B show partial functions, but FgSec2A does not interact and co‐localize with FgSec2B. Taken together, these results indicate that FgSec2A acts as a FgRab8 guanine nucleotide exchange factor and is necessary for polarized growth, DON production and pathogenicity in F. graminearum.
Phylogeography of the wild Lager‐brewing ancestor (Saccharomyces eubayanus) in Patagonia
Authors: Eizaguirre Juan I. , Peris David , Rodríguez María E. , Lopes Christian A. , De Los Ríos Patricio , Hittinger Chris Todd , Libkind Diego 
Published: August 2018

Summary
Saccharomyces eubayanus is the close relative of the Lager‐brewing yeast and was firstly found in North Patagonia associated with Nothofagus trees. In recent years additional strains were found in North America, Asia and New Zealand, and genomic analyses showed the existence of two main populations of this yeast, both of them present in Patagonia. Here, we performed the most comprehensive study of S. eubayanus in Patagonia natural environments (400 samples) and confirmed that this region has the highest isolation success rate for this species described worldwide (more than 10‐fold). The genetic characterization of 200 isolates (COX2, DCR1, intFR) revealed five geographically structured subpopulations. We hypothesized that marine ingressions and glaciations, which shaped the Patagonian landscape, contributed on population differentiation. The first large screening of fermentation performance of 60 wild S. eubayanus strains indicated which subpopulations would be more suitable for beer production.
A prospective observational study on the stress levels at the time of embryo transfer and pregnancy testing following in vitro fertilisation treatment: a comparison between women with different treatment outcomes
Authors: Cheung CWC , Saravelos SH , Chan TYA , Sahota DS , Wang CC , Chung PW , Li TC 
Published: August 2018

ObjectiveTo ascertain whether stress biomarkers and psychological indices of stress may predict both conception and miscarriage rates in women undergoing in vitro fertilisation/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (IVF/ICSI).DesignProspective observational study.SettingA university‐affiliated tertiary hospital.PopulationInfertile women who were undergoing fresh or frozen IVF/ICSI cycles.MethodsWomen were recruited to (1) complete validated psychological questionnaires (visual analogue scale of stress, state–trait anxiety inventory, perceived stress scale, fertility problem inventory, Beck depression inventory, and general health questionnaire), at the time of embryo transfer (ET) and pregnancy testing (PT), and (2) provide saliva samples for α‐amylase (sAA) measurement before and after ET and at PT.Main outcome measuresWomen were grouped according to subsequent reproductive outcome; scores/levels of all tests were then compared between groups at each time‐point.ResultsIn all, 197 women completed the study, of which 92 conceived and 28 miscarried. The level of psychological stress, as measured by questionnaires, was highest at the time of PT, whereas the level of biological stress as measured by sAA level (IU/l) post‐ET (1.8 × 105 ± 1.5 × 105) was significantly (P < 0.001) higher than pre‐ET (1.2 × 105 ± 1.0 × 105) and at PT (1.0 × 105 ± 1.1 × 105). However, there was no difference in psychological scoring and in sAA levels between women who did or did not conceive and who had miscarried or had an ongoing pregnancy.ConclusionsThe level of sAA is highest following ET, whereas psychological stress is highest at PT. However, neither stress level appeared to be of prognostic value in predicting conception or miscarriage.Tweetable abstractStress level fluctuated at different time‐points, but it did not predict conception or miscarriage.
An Anthropological Examination of the Types of Skeletal Fractures Resulting from Fatal High (˃3 m) Free Falls,
Authors: Rowbotham Samantha K. , Blau Soren , Hislop‐Jambrich Jacqueline , Francis Victoria 
Published: August 2018

AbstractFatal falls from heights (˃3 m) often result in blunt force trauma (BFT) to the skeleton. The fracture patterns that result from this BFT mechanism are well understood in forensic anthropology and forensic pathology; however, details of the specific types of fractures that result remain poorly documented. The aim of this study was to provide a detailed examination of the types of fractures that may result from fatal high falls. Fractures were recorded from 95 full‐body postmortem computed tomography scans of individuals known to have died from a high fall. Trauma was then analyzed taking into account the extrinsic and intrinsic variables known to influence a fall using multiple logistic regression. A total of 339 types of fractures were classified, of which 16 were significantly associated with this BFT mechanism. Classified fracture types will augment anthropological interpretations of the circumstances of death from BFT in cases of suspected high falls.
Crossing family histories of diabetes and cardiovascular disease leads to unexpected outcomes in diabetic offspring
Authors: Hermans Michel P. , Ahn Sylvie A. , Rousseau Michel F. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBackgroundThis study investigated the isolated and crossed effects of familial histories (FH) of early onset coronary heart disease (EOCHD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) on diabetic offspring.MethodsThe cardiometabolic phenotype of 1098 T2DM patients was analyzed according to an FH of T2DM and/or EOCHD, including body composition, fasting insulinemia, insulin sensitivity, β‐cell function (BCF), lipids, lipoprotein(a), high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) number and functionality, and micro‐ and macrovascular complications.ResultsMean age and T2DM duration were 69 and 18 years, respectively; 64% of patients were male, 50% (n = 550) had an FH of T2DM (DM[+]), and 13% (n = 145) had an FH of EOCHD (EOCHD[+]). Four subgroups were generated by crossing FHs: DM[−]EOCHD[−] (44%; n = 487); DM[+]EOCHD[−] (42%; n = 466); DM[−]EOCHD[+] (6%; n = 61); and DM[+]EOCHD[+] (8%; n = 84). Microangiopathies were highest among DM[+] patients, whose BCF was deteriorating the fastest. More numerous/dysfunctional HDLs characterized EOCHD[+] patients. The greatest frequency of cardiovascular disease (CVD; 69%) was observed in DM[−]EOCHD[+] patients, whose lipoprotein(a) and insulinemia were also highest (81 nmol/L and 140 pmol/L, respectively). The lowest frequency of CVD (30%) was observed in DM[+]EOCHD[−] patients.ConclusionsFamilial histories of DM and EOCHD predispose to increased microvascular and macrovascular risk, respectively, with hyperinsulinemia, lipoprotein(a), and dysfunctional HDLs standing out as mediators of the inherited macrovascular risk. Yet, crossing these FHs did not randomly redistribute vascular risk, because patients with parental T2DM had fewer macrovascular diseases regardless of familial EOCHD. The odds of being left‐handed were unexpectedly greater in patients with crossed parental histories.
Peripheral pain is enhanced by insulin‐like growth factor 1 and its receptors in a mouse model of type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Tang Zhaosheng , Cao Fuming , Zhang Hao , Tang Jin , Li Huizhi , Zhang Yiyun , Feng Bo , Wang Hua 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBackgroundInsulin‐like growth factor 1 (IGF1) is a neurotrophic factor with many actions, including a possible hyperalgesic effect. This study investigated the effects of IGF1 on the overall behavior of diabetic mice and explored the possible mechanisms underlying IGF1‐induced pain.MethodsMice were divided into five groups (db/m, db/db, vehicle‐treated db/db, IGF1‐treated db/db, and IGF1 + JB1‐treated db/db mice). Behavioral studies were conducted using the hot plate and Von Frey tests after intraplantar injection of recombinant (r) IGF1 (50 μg/kg) and the IGF1 receptor (IGF1R) antagonist JB1 (6 μg/mouse). Morphological changes in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) were evaluated using electron microscopy. Immunofluorescence was used to detect IGF1R expression and colocalisation with pain mediators in the DRG. Changes in the expression of IGF1R, extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK), and ras‐associated factor‐1 (c‐raf) in the DRG were evaluated using western blotting.ResultsIntraplantar injection of rIGF1 resulted in a hyperalgesic effect after 2 hours. This IGF1‐induced hypersensitivity was attenuated by prior intraplantar injection of the IGF1R antagonist. There was no significant change in neuronal structure in the db/m group, whereas neuronal structure was impaired in the other four groups. Moreover, IGF1R was colocalised with pain mediators in the DRG of mice. Intraplantar injection of rIGF1 resulted in increased IGF1R, phosphorylated (p‐) ERK, and c‐raf expression in the DRG; prior intraplantar injection of the IGF1R antagonist attenuated rIGF1‐induced increases in p‐ERK and c‐raf.ConclusionsThe results indicate that IGF1‐induced acute hyperalgesia may be associated with the IGF1R/c‐raf/ERK pathway. The IGF1‐induced hypersensitivity was attenuated by an IGF1R antagonist.
Cognitive and neurobehavioral benefits of an enriched environment on young adult mice after chronic ethanol consumption during adolescence
Authors: Rico‐Barrio Irantzu , Peñasco Sara , Puente Nagore , Ramos Almudena , Fontaine Christine J. , Reguero Leire , Giordano Maria Elvira , Buceta Ianire , Terradillos Itziar , Lekunberri Leire , Mendizabal‐Zubiaga Juan , Rodríguez de Fonseca Fernando , Gerrikagoitia Inmaculada , Elezgarai Izaskun , Grandes Pedro 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBinge drinking (BD) is a common pattern of ethanol (EtOH) consumption by adolescents. The brain effects of the acute EtOH exposure are well‐studied; however, the long‐lasting cognitive and neurobehavioral consequences of BD during adolescence are only beginning to be elucidated. Environmental enrichment (EE) has long been known for its benefits on the brain and may serve as a potential supportive therapy following EtOH exposure. In this study, we hypothesized that EE may have potential benefits on the cognitive deficits associated with BD EtOH consumption. Four‐week‐old C57BL/6J male mice were exposed to EtOH following an intermittent 4‐day drinking‐in‐the‐dark procedure for 4 weeks. Then they were exposed to EE during EtOH withdrawal for 2 weeks followed by a behavioral battery of tests including novel object recognition, novel location, object‐in‐place, rotarod, beam walking balance, tail suspension, light–dark box and open field that were run during early adulthood. Young adult mice exposed to EE significantly recovered recognition, spatial and associative memory as well as motor coordination skills and balance that were significantly impaired after adolescent EtOH drinking with respect to controls. No significant permanent anxiety or depressive‐like behaviors were observed. Taken together, an EE exerts positive effects on the long‐term negative cognitive deficits as a result of EtOH consumption during adolescence.
A randomized usability assessment of simulated naloxone administration by community members
Authors: Eggleston William , Podolak Christine , Sullivan Ross W. , Pacelli Lauren , Keenan Michael , Wojcik Susan 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBackground and AimsExpanded access to naloxone has been identified as a key intervention for reducing opioid‐related morbidity and mortality. It is not known which naloxone device will result in rapid, successful administration when administered by community members. The aims of this study were to estimate and compare (1) the rate of successful administration and (2) time to successful administration for single‐step nasal spray, multi‐step atomized nasal spray and intramuscular simulated naloxone by community members.DesignA prospective, single‐site, open‐label, randomized usability assessment of simulated naloxone administration in a convenience sample of community members. Participants were randomized to single‐step nasal spray (SP), multi‐step atomized nasal spray (AT) or intramuscular simulated (IM) naloxone and asked to administer the simulated medication to a mannequin after completing a 2‐minute training video.SettingNew York, USA at a state fair that attracts between 60 000 and 120 000 individuals daily.ParticipantsA total of 138 participants completed the study over a 2‐day period in September 2016. All participants were at least 18 years of age and had no prior naloxone training.MeasurementsThe rate of successful administration and time to successful administration were recorded for each device.FindingsThe SP device (100%; P < 0.001) had a higher rate of success compared with the IM device (69.6%). Although success differed between the AT (89.1%) device and IM device, as well as the AT device and SP device, these differences were not significant. The SP device also had a shorter median time to successful administration (34.3 sec) compared with the IM (99.9 sec; P < 0.001) and AT (110.3; P < 0.001) devices.ConclusionsAfter video training, community members are able to (1) administer single‐step nasal spray naloxone with a higher rate of success than intramuscular naloxone in a simulated overdose setting and (2) administer single‐step nasal spray naloxone more rapidly than both intramuscular and multi‐step atomized nasal spray naloxone.
Neurochemical characterization of intramural nerve fibres in the porcine oesophagus
Authors: Rytel Liliana , Szymanska Kamila , Gonkowski Ignacy , Wojtkiewicz Joanna 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe gastrointestinal (GI) tract is innervated by nerve processes derived from the intramural enteric neurons and neurons localized outside the digestive tract. This study analysed the neurochemical characterization of nerves in the wall of the porcine oesophagus using single immunofluorescence technique. Immunoreactivity to vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT), neuropeptide Y (NPY), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), somatostatin (SOM), galanin (GAL), neuronal isoform of nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), substance P (SP), leucine enkephalin (LENK), calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) or dopamine beta‐hydroxylase (DBH) was investigated in intramuscular and intramucosal nerves of the cervical, thoracic and abdominal oesophagus. The results indicate that all of the substances studied were present in the oesophageal nerves. The density of particular populations of fibres depended on the segment of the oesophagus. The most numerous were fibres immunoreactive to VIP in the longitudinal and circular muscle layers of the abdominal oesophagus: The number of these fibres amounted to 16.4 ± 0.8 and 18.1 ± 3.1, respectively. In turn, the least numerous were CGRP‐positive fibres, which were present only in the circular muscle layer of the cervical oesophagus and mucosal layer of the abdominal oesophagus in the number of 0.3 ± 0. The obtained results show that nerves in the porcine oesophageal wall are very diverse in their neurochemical coding, and differences between particular parts of the oesophagus suggest that organization of the innervation clearly depends on the fragment of this organ.
Adherence to extended release naltrexone: Patient and treatment characteristics
Authors: Chang Grace , Crawford Mitchell , Pitts Michelle , Schein Abigail Z. , Goodwin Katherine , Enggasser Justin L. 
Published: August 2018

Background and ObjectivesDespite the promise of extended release naltrexone in the treatment of the opioid and alcohol use disorders, challenges with initiation and subsequent adherence have limited its potential. The purpose of this study is to identify the patient and treatment characteristics associated with adherence to extended release naltrexone.MethodsRetrospective cohort study of 155 veterans who initiated the medication in FY 2014 and FY2015. Medical records were abstracted for patient and treatment data including preferred drug and utilization of substance use treatment in the year before and after medication initiation.ResultsSample characteristics include 94% male, 70% domiciled, 60% without current legal problems, 30% employed, and preferred drug being opioids for 55% and alcohol for 45%. The mean of five extended release naltrexone injections did not differ by preferred drug. Treatment variables associated with medication adherence included concurrent substance use residential, individual, group, and psychiatric therapies (all p < .05) with inpatient detoxification admissions halved afterward (p < .0001) .Discussion and ConclusionsWhereas most studies of extended release naltrexone have focused on patients with either alcohol or opioid use disorders for 6 months, this study allowed for a direct comparison of adherence in both groups over a year. The average treatment persistence in this veteran sample is greater than described in other public sector studies and may illustrate the importance of concurrent psychosocial therapies.Scientific SignificanceResults extend the findings of other studies and add to an emerging appreciation of the factors associated with treatment retention for extended release naltrexone. (Am J Addict 2018;27:524–530)
Survey of aged psychiatry services’ support of older Australians with very severe, persistent behavioural symptoms of dementia
Authors: O'Connor Daniel W , Jackson Kate , Lie David , McGowan Helen , McKay Roderick 
Published: August 2018

ObjectiveTo map the provision of community, acute, non‐acute and residential care‐based state‐funded mental health services to older people with severe, persistent behavioural symptoms of dementia.MethodsAn electronic survey was completed in 2015 by senior representatives of aged persons’ mental health services across Australia's six states.ResultsJurisdictions varied widely in the number, geographic spread and make‐up of aged persons’ mental health community teams when adjusted for aged population; their number of acute and non‐acute beds, and especially in the provision of specialist residential beds or partnerships with non‐government providers.ConclusionThere is no nationally accepted pathway of care for this vulnerable group or understanding of what constitutes an adequate statewide mental health service.
Ultra‐Orthodox Jews and infertility diagnosis and treatment
Authors: Kol S. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBackground‘Be fruitful and multiply’ is the first God's command in the Bible. Every aspect in life of the Orthodox Jewish population, including the strive for fertility, is tightly covered by a wide set of commands and rules (‘Halacha’) that span more than 3,000 years. This is a unique example of a population that continues to adhere to such time‐honored rules.ObjectiveTo describe rules that encourage fertility on one hand, but may hinder fertility and influence infertility diagnosis and treatment on the other.Materials and MethodsHalacha rules that may affect fecundity.ResultsOrthodox Jews obey a complex set of rules that influence fertility.Discussion and conclusionThis study provides fertility practitioners with background information that may help them when delivering professional care to Ultra‐Orthodox Jewish infertile couples.
Evaluation of clarity of presentation and applicability of monitoring instructions for patients using lithium in clinical practice guidelines for treatment of bipolar disorder
Authors: Nederlof M , Kupka RW , Braam AM , Egberts ACG , Heerdink ER 
Published: August 2018

ObjectivesClinical practice guidelines (CPGs) for treatment of bipolar disorder (BD) aim to provide guidance to health care professionals on monitoring of patients using lithium. The aim was to assess the clarity of presentation and applicability of monitoring instructions for patients using lithium in CPGs for treatment of BD.MethodsCPGs for treatment of BD were selected from acknowledged professional organizations from multiple continents. CPGs were rated on the clarity of presentation and applicability of lithium monitoring instructions using the Appraisal of Guidelines Research and Evaluation (AGREE) II tool. The applicability of monitoring instructions was assessed according to the Systematic Information for Monitoring (SIM) score. Monitoring instructions were considered applicable when a SIM score of ≥3 was found.ResultsThe clarity of presentation for six out of the nine CPGs was good (>70%) using the AGREE II tool. Only one CPG scored >70% on applicability. Descriptions of the resource implications and facilitators of and barriers to monitoring were most often missing. All CPGs contained instructions for monitoring of lithium serum levels and renal and thyroid function. Information provided in monitoring instructions (n = 247) was in general applicable to clinical practice (77%) based on the SIM score. Overall, a median SIM score of 3 (interquartile range 3‐4) was found.ConclusionsImprovement of the applicability of CPGs is recommended, and can be achieved by describing the resource implications and facilitators of and barriers to monitoring. In addition, information on critical values and instructions on how to respond to aberrant monitoring parameters are needed. With such improvements, CPGs may better aid health care professionals to monitor patients using lithium.
Return to childhood? Against the infantilization of people with dementia
Authors: Jongsma Karin , Schweda Mark 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe idea that dementia is essentially a return to childhood and those affected must somehow be similar to children constitutes a deeply rooted and pervasive cultural trope. While such tropes may be helpful in making sense of an otherwise elusive and inscrutable state, they can at the same time promote inadequate understandings of dementia and hence also influence our attitudes and behaviour towards those affected in several problematic ways. In the present work, we provide a detailed account of the origins and implications of the idea that people with dementia are somehow similar to children. In order to spell out the normative significance of this trope and to analyse its shortcomings, we will rely on a life‐course perspective. We will point out that the second‐childhood trope does not do justice to the particularities of the life phases of both children and people with dementia. This lack of biographical sensitivity brings about undignified treatment of and harm to those who have previously lived more autonomous lives. In conclusion, we will argue that people with dementia should not be equated with children as they are at a different point in their lives. This critical analysis of the second‐childhood trope shows the usefulness of a culturally and biographically sensitive theoretical framework for bioethical reflection. In particular, it provides reasons to reject infantilizing attitudes and behaviours and instead take seriously the personality, values and preferences shaped throughout the course of an individual's life.