bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Hidden Burden of Fractures in People Living With HIV
Authors: Premaor Melissa O , Compston Juliet E 
Published: April 2018

ABSTRACTThe survival of people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has increased markedly since the advent of antiretroviral therapy (ART). However, other morbidities have emerged, including osteoporosis. The estimated incidence of fractures at any site in people living with HIV ranges from 0.1 per 1000 person‐years to 8.4 per 1000 person‐years: at least twice that of people without HIV. This increased risk seems to be related to HIV itself and its treatment. Risk factors for bone disease in HIV‐positive (HIV+) subjects include both classical risk factors for osteoporosis and fracture and factors linked to HIV itself, such as inflammation, reconstitution syndrome, low CD4, ART, and co‐infection with hepatitis B and C viruses. The risk of fractures in these individuals can be at least partially assessed by measurement of BMD and the Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX™). Only alendronate and zoledronic acid have been studied in HIV+ individuals; both show beneficial effects on BMD, although data on fracture reduction are not available. © 2018 The Authors. JBMR Plus Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
The mental nose and the Pinocchio effect: Thermography, planning, anxiety, and lies
Authors: Moliné A. , Dominguez E. , Salazar‐López E. , Gálvez‐García G. , Fernández‐Gómez J. , De la Fuente J. , Iborra O. , Tornay F.J. , Gómez Milán E. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractWe applied thermography to cognitive neuropsychology, particularly as a somatic marker of subjective experience during cognitive and emotional tasks. We found significant correlations between changes in facial temperature and mental set. Specifically, the temperature of the nose tended to decrease during emotional tasks and increase during cognitive tasks. However, for stress tests or high arousal reactions to emotional stimuli, the direction of the thermal change depended on the nature of the setting, real or simulated. Detection of deception is a mixed field where cognitive effort, physiological stress, and empathy have evolved, affecting the direction of the thermal variation—higher or lower temperature of the tip of the nose and forehead. We found that the temperature change of the nose and forehead may enable detecting when people lie about facts (the Pinocchio effect markers). In general, one important contribution is to recover mental thermometry as a potent tool for neurocognitive studies.
Resilience to shading influenced by differential allocation of biomass inThalassia testudinum
Authors: Barry Savanna C. , Jacoby Charles A. , Frazer Thomas K. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractSeagrasses are marine plants with fully developed leaves, roots, and rhizomes and a high degree of phenotypic plasticity. In the shallow waters along Florida's central Gulf of Mexico coast, leaf morphology of the dominant seagrass,Thalassia testudinum, varies along a spatial gradient in concentrations of total phosphorus (TP) in the water column. We examined ratios of aboveground to belowground biomass (AG : BG) forT. testudinumalong this gradient to determine if they varied consistently with TP. Ratios were positively correlated with TP, indicatingT. testudinumallocated more carbon to leaf biomass relative to belowground biomass as TP increased. To determine if this variation in AG : BG influenced resilience to shading, we carried out an 8‐week, comparative shading experiment in threeT. testudinummeadows that spanned the range of recorded ratios. The experiment showed that seagrasses employing a range of AG : BG strategies persisted for 5 weeks with ambient light reduced by ∼ 93%.Thalassia testudinumwith intermediate AG : BG exhibited the least severe impacts and strongest recovery when compared toT. testudinumwith either high or low AG : BG. Seagrasses with high AG : BG ratios showed the most severe responses and weakest recovery. These results suggestT. testudinumallocates biomass such that growth and survival are maximized under the local, long‐term nutrient regime, which affects the direction and magnitude of a response to a short‐term reduction in light availability. In addition, we suggest that AG : BG is an important metric to monitor inT. testudinummeadows because of its potential to identify areas of high and low resilience.
Bottom‐up influences on tropical freshwater food web structure support the “environmental filtering” hypothesis
Authors: Liew J. H. , Jardine T. D. , Lim R. B. H. , Kwik J. T. B. , Tan H. H. , Kho Z. Y. , Yeo D. C. J. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractStudies of ecosystem functions are gaining traction in the scientific community along with a growing consensus that losses in ecosystem functions have widespread consequences. Food webs, which are networks comprising all trophic interactions (represented by links) between taxa present in a community (represented by nodes), are important aspects of ecosystem functioning, yet a clear understanding of the factors and mechanisms influencing their assembly and structure is lacking. In our study, we addressed this fundamental question by investigating the respective roles of (1) environmental filtering and (2) biotic filtering, in governing food web structure. We did this by assessing the relationship between the network structure of five high‐resolution empirical tropical food webs and associated environmental and biotic covariates. Our data suggest that only environmental filtering is important in shaping food webs. Further, we found that the underlying ecological mechanism is a function of bottom‐up influences comprising resource levels, and to a lesser degree, resource type (i.e., terrestrial organic matter) available. Specifically, our data suggest high‐nutrient environments favor greater food web complexity. In the general context of community assembly, our findings add to existing knowledge of the process by demonstrating that environmental conditions previously shown to influence species assemblages can also drive trends in prevailing species interactions.
Synthesis and in vitro PDT evaluation of new porphyrins containing meso‐epoxymethylaryl cationic groups
Authors: Carneiro Jaqueline , Gonçalves Alan , Zhou Zehua , Griffin Kaitlin E. , Kaufman Nichole E.M. , Vicente Maria da Graça Henriques 
Published: April 2018

ObjectivesPhotodynamic therapy (PDT) is an effective cancer treatment that uses photosensitizers, light, and oxygen to destroy malignant cells. Porphyrins, and in particular the cationic derivatives, are the most investigated photosensitizers for PDT. In this context, it is important to study new methodologies to develop efficient cationic photosensitizers for use in PDT.Materials and MethodsNew porphyrins bearing cationic epoxymethylaryl groups were synthesized and characterized. Their cellular uptake, intracellular localization, and phototoxicity were evaluated in human HEp2 cells, and compared with their methylated analogs.ResultsAll cationic porphyrins were efficient generators of singlet oxygen, with quantum yields in the range 0.35–0.61. The two methylated derivatives (3 and 4) accumulated the most within cells at all times investigated, up to 24 hours. Of these two porphyrins, 4 was the most phototoxic to the cells (LD50 = 2.4 μM at 1.5 J/cm2); however, porphyrin 3 also showed high phototoxicity (LD50 = 7.4 μM at 1.5 J/cm2). The epoxymethyl‐containing porphyrins were found to be less phototoxic than the methylated derivatives, with LD50 > 38 μM. The neutral porphyrins showed no phototoxicity up to the 100 μM concentrations investigated, and had the lowest singlet oxygen quantum yields. All cationic porphyrins localized mainly in the cell ER, Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes.ConclusionOur results suggest that cationic methylated porphyrin derivatives are promising PDT photosensitizing agents. The epoxymethyl‐containing derivatives showed increased efficacy relative to the neutral analogs, and are good candidates for further investigation. Lasers Surg. Med. 50:566–575, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Access to hematopoietic stem cell transplant for patients with sickle cell anemia
Authors: Meier Emily Riehm , Johnson Theodore , Pinkney Kerice , Velez Maria C. , Kamani Naynesh , Odame Isaac 
Published: April 2018

AbstractHematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is a curative therapy for patients with phenotypically severe sickle cell anemia, and survival rates following matched‐sibling HSCT are very high. However, despite cure rates much higher than HSCT for malignant diseases, the field has been slow to adopt this treatment modality for sickle cell anemia. This article explores some of the social forces that may contribute to this dichotomy.
Autologous stem cell transplantation for refractory opsoclonus myoclonus ataxia syndrome
Authors: Johnston Donna L. , Murray Sean , Irwin Meredith S. , Doyle John , Schechter Tal 
Published: April 2018

AbstractOpsoclonus, myoclonus, ataxia syndrome (OMA) is a severe neurologic disorder often associated with neuroblastoma. It is challenging to treat and can have long‐term neurologic sequelae. Current recommended therapies include intravenous immunoglobulin, corticosteroids, rituximab, and chemotherapy (cyclophosphamide). We present two cases who were refractory to conventional therapy and underwent autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT). One patient had complete resolution of symptoms following ASCT and the other patient had minimal change in symptoms with this therapy. These findings support consideration of ASCT as a therapeutic option for patients with refractory OMA after failure of known effective therapies.
Structure and Electrochemical Properties of Ball‐Milled La15Fe2Ni72Mn7B2Al2 Hydrogen Storage Alloys with Graphene
Authors: Li Shucun , Guo Chengxiao , Yin Weiqiang , Sha Ou , Wang Jiahao 
Published: April 2018

AbstractIn order to improve the electrochemical properties of the La‐Fe−B system hydrogen storage alloy, graphene was synthesized and added into the hydrogen storage alloy La15Fe2Ni72Mn7B2Al2. The La15Fe2Ni72Mn7B2Al2 alloy was prepared by arc‐melting and the La15Fe2Ni72Mn7B2Al2+ x wt. % graphene (x=1, 3, 5) composites were obtained by mechanical ball‐milling method. The effects of graphene addition on their electrochemical properties and dynamic performances have been discussed. Structure analyses showed that the La15Fe2Ni72Mn7B2Al2 alloy was composed of LaNi5 phase, La3Ni13B2 phase and (Fe, Ni) phase. The electrochemical experimental results demonstrate that the discharge capacity of ball‐milled La15Fe2Ni72Mn7B2Al2 hydrogen storage alloys with graphene was significantly improved. With 3 wt. % graphene addition, the maximum discharge capacity can reach 288.4 mAh⋅g−1, which is much higher than that of norm alloy (215.3 mAh⋅g−1). Moreover, the high‐rate dischargeability (HRD) and self‐discharge characteristics were also increased with graphene addition.
A Dienyl Boronate‐Aryl Nitroso Ene Reaction Entry to C‐Pyrrolyl Nitrones and Subsequent Conversion to Isoxazolidines
Authors: Eberlin Ludovic , Macé Aurélie , Batsanov Andrei S. , Carboni Bertrand , Whiting Andrew 
Published: April 2018

AbstractA new cascade reaction to access C‐pyrrolyl nitrones en route to isoxazolidines is reported; a process that involves four successive steps, the first key step being an ene‐reaction of a 3‐methyl‐1,3‐dienylboronate ester with an aryl nitroso compounds to derive uncommon 1,3‐dipoles which react with various alkenes to access isoxazolidines. The scope and mechanism of the cascade sequence is discussed.
A disaster multiagent coordination simulation system to evaluate the design of a first‐response team
Authors: Hashemipour Mehdi , Stuban Steven , Dever Jason 
Published: April 2018

AbstractIdentifying the best design configuration for a first‐response team is important for minimizing total operation time and reducing the human cost of natural and manmade disasters. This paper presents ongoing research that focuses on a disaster multiagent coordination simulation (DMCsim) system that is able to optimally design the first‐response team and evaluate the team design configuration before initiation of a search and rescue operation. We developed an agent‐based simulation system that uses machine learning techniques and design of experiments methods to test different configuration setups and determine the effects of various factors on operation completion time. The evaluation of a team design for a disaster‐response operation revealed that some design factors have a significant effect on operation outcome. Removing the effects of uncontrollable factors, such as damage level and robot reliability, yielded a robust team design that could function in a particular disaster environment regardless of the effects of such factors. The DMCsim assists decision makers to evaluate an emergency‐response operation, revise the current strategy based on resources on hand, redesign the available team, and visually track operation performance before launching the actual team in the disaster field. This research extends previous disaster response coordination systems by proposing a new simulation model and evaluating a first‐response team design.
Alternative‐splicing defects in cancer: Splicing regulators and their downstream targets, guiding the way to novel cancer therapeutics
Authors: Urbanski Laura M. , Leclair Nathan , Anczuków Olga 
Published: April 2018

Defects in alternative splicing are frequently found in human tumors and result either from mutations in splicing‐regulatory elements of specific cancer genes or from changes in the regulatory splicing machinery. RNA splicing regulators have emerged as a new class of oncoproteins and tumor suppressors, and contribute to disease progression by modulating RNA isoforms involved in the hallmark cancer pathways. Thus, dysregulation of alternative RNA splicing is fundamental to cancer and provides a potentially rich source of novel therapeutic targets. Here, we review the alterations in splicing regulatory factors detected in human tumors, as well as the resulting alternatively spliced isoforms that impact cancer hallmarks, and discuss how they contribute to disease pathogenesis. RNA splicing is a highly regulated process and, as such, the regulators are themselves tightly regulated. Differential transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of splicing factors modulates their levels and activities in tumor cells. Furthermore, the composition of the tumor microenvironment can also influence which isoforms are expressed in a given cell type and impact drug responses. Finally, we summarize current efforts in targeting alternative splicing, including global splicing inhibition using small molecules blocking the spliceosome or splicing‐factor‐modifying enzymes, as well as splice‐switching RNA‐based therapeutics to modulate cancer‐specific splicing isoforms.This article is categorized under:

RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease
RNA Processing > Splicing Regulation/Alternative Splicing
Compact, singular G2-holonomy manifolds and M/heterotic/F-theory duality
Authors: Braun Andreas P. , Schäfer-Nameki Sakura 
Published: April 2018

AbstractWe study the duality between M-theory on compact holonomyG2-manifolds and the heterotic string on Calabi-Yau three-folds. The duality is studied for K3-fiberedG2-manifolds, called twisted connected sums, which lend themselves to an application of fiber-wise M-theory/Heterotic Duality. For a large class of suchG2-manifolds we are able to identify the dual heterotic as well as F-theory realizations. First we establish this chain of dualities for smoothG2-manifolds. This has a natural generalization to situations with non-abelian gauge groups, which correspond to singularG2-manifolds, where each of the K3-fibers degenerates. We argue for their existence through the chain of dualities, supported by non-trivial checks of the spectra. The corresponding 4d gauge groups can be both Higgsable and non-Higgsable, and we provide several explicit examples of the general construction.
Routine Pathology and Postoperative Follow‐Up are Not Cost‐Effective in Cholecystectomy for Benign Gallbladder Disease
Authors: Olthof Pim B. , Metman Madelon J. H. , de Krijger Ronald R. , Scheepers Joris J. , Roos Daphne , Dekker Jan Willem T. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractIntroductionThe incidence of gallstone disease is increasing and represents a strain on healthcare systems worldwide. Following cholecystectomy, gallbladder specimens are generally submitted for histopathologic examination and the diagnostic yield of this strategy remains questionable. This study aimed to evaluate the usefulness of routine pathologic examination of the gallbladder specimens and investigate the results of routine postoperative follow‐up visits.MethodsAll cholecystectomies performed between January 2011 and July 2017 at a single center were evaluated. All gallbladder specimens were routinely pathologically examined. The outcome parameters were the macro‐ and microscopic gallbladder anomalies at pathology and the reported symptoms during routine follow‐up visits 2–6 weeks after surgery.ResultsIn the study period a total of 2763 patients underwent cholecystectomy, of which 2615 had a postoperative visit in the outpatient clinic. Seventy‐three patients (3%) complained of persistent abdominal pain, and 29 of these patients were referred for further treatment, resulting in a resolution of symptoms in 97%. Of all gallbladder specimens, 199 (7%) displayed macroscopic anomalies and in four (2%) of these, gallbladder carcinoma was diagnosed.DiscussionSelective pathologic examination of gallbladder specimens in case of macroscopic anomalies appears justified. Also routine follow‐up after cholecystectomy appears not useful since 97% of patients do not report any symptoms at follow‐up. A selective pathology and follow‐up strategy could save significant healthcare costs.
OPTIMUM INSURANCE CONTRACTS WITH BACKGROUND RISK AND HIGHER-ORDER RISK ATTITUDES
Authors: Chi Yichun , Wei Wei 
Published: April 2018

AbstractIn this paper, we study an optimal insurance problem in the presence of background risk from the perspective of an insured with higher-order risk attitudes. We introduce several useful dependence notions to model positive dependence structures between the insurable risk and background risk. Under these dependence structures, we compare insurance contracts of different forms in higher-order risk attitudes and establish the optimality of stop-loss insurance form. We also explicitly derive the optimal retention level. Finally, we carry out a comparative analysis and investigate how the change in the insured's initial wealth or background risk affects the optimal retention level.
LOCAL HEDGING OF VARIABLE ANNUITIES IN THE PRESENCE OF BASIS RISK
Authors: Trottier Denis-Alexandre , Godin Frédéric , Hamel Emmanuel 
Published: April 2018

AbstractA method to hedge variable annuities in the presence of basis risk is developed. A regime-switching model is considered for the dynamics of market assets. The approach is based on a local optimization of risk and is therefore very tractable and flexible. The local optimization criterion is itself optimized to minimize capital requirements associated with the variable annuity policy, the latter being quantified by the Conditional Value-at-Risk (CVaR) risk metric. In comparison to benchmarks, our method is successful in simultaneously reducing capital requirements and increasing profitability. Indeed the proposed local hedging scheme benefits from a higher exposure to equity risk and from time diversification of risk to earn excess return and facilitate the accumulation of capital. A robust version of the hedging strategies addressing model risk and parameter uncertainty is also provided.
Questioning the role of lexical contrastiveness in phonological development: Converging evidence from perception and production studies
Authors: Rose Yvan , Blackmore Sarah 
Published: April 2018

AbstractIn this article, we address relations between lexical and phonological development, with an emphasis on the notion of phonological contrast. We begin with an overview of the literature on word learning and on infant speech perception. Among other results, we report on studies showing that toddlers’ perceptual abilities do not correlate with the development of phonological contrasts within their lexicons. We then engage in a systematic comparison between the lexical development of two child learners of English and their acquisition of consonants in syllable onsets. We establish a developmental timeline for each child's onset consonant system, which we compare to the types of phonological contrasts that are present in their expressive vocabularies at each relevant milestone. Like the earlier studies, ours also fails to return tangible parallels between the two areas of development. The data instead suggest that patterns of phonological development are best described in terms of the segmental categories they involve, in relative independence from measures of contrastiveness within the learners’ lexicons.
Spinoza, Kant and the Transition to Hegel’s Subjective Logic: Arguing For and Against Philosophical Systems
Authors: Kreines James 
Published: April 2018

AbstractHegel’sLogicargues in a manner that is supposed to support a systematic philosophy. But it is difficult to explain how such a systematic argument is supposed to work. For answers, I look to the key transition from the Doctrine of Essence to the Doctrine of the Concept. Here we find discussions of both Spinozist and Kantian systems of philosophy: both are supposed to be helpful, and yet also to be lacking in instructive ways. So the initial hope is that these comparisons can help us to understand Hegel’s own systematic argument, and what it means to transition from an objective to a ‘Subjective Logic’. But the comparisons bring additional difficulties. First, to defend a comprehensive system involves refuting rivals, and the discussion of Spinoza demonstrates that refutation is difficult. Second, it is hard to see how any argument for Hegel’s system could be akin to those in Spinoza and Kant given the extent of the differences between them. I argue that the best way to deal with these difficulties is to explain the systematic argument of theLogicas modelled on the Transcendental Dialectic of Kant’s firstCritique.
Spirolites radwanskiin. igen. n. isp.: vermetid gastropod attachment etching trace from the middle Miocene rocky coast of the Paratethys, Poland
Authors: Uchman Alfred , Stachacz Michał , Salamon Klaudiusz 
Published: April 2018

AbstractA new ichnogenus and ichnospecies,Spirolites radwanskii, is a spiral boring recognized in large limestone clasts deposited in a Miocene cliff-foot ramp. It is characterized by a semi-circular or inverted Ω-shaped cross section, gradually increasing width, gradual entrenching in the rock from the narrower side, consistent coiling direction, steep margin from the wider side, two-order annuli, and occasional truncation of the narrower side by the wider part. It is interpreted as a boring of vermetid gastropods, similar to the recentDendropoma.Spirolitesco-occurs with the bivalve boringsGastrochaenolites, mostlyG.torpedo, sponge boringsEntobia, and the spionid polychaete boringCaulostrepsis, which are typical of theEntobiaichnofacies.Spiroliteswas produced in very shallow, clean and warm sea waters.