bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A prototype method for diagnosing high ice water content probability using satellite imager data
Authors: Yost Christopher R. , Bedka Kristopher M. , Minnis Patrick , Nguyen Louis , Strapp J. Walter , Palikonda Rabindra , Khlopenkov Konstantin , Spangenberg Douglas , Smith Jr. William L. , Protat Alain , Delanoe Julien 
Published: March 2018

Abstract. Recent studies have found that ingestion of high mass concentrations of ice particles in regions of deep convective storms, with radar reflectivity considered safe for aircraft penetration, can adversely impact aircraft engine performance. Previous aviation industry studies have used the term high ice water content (HIWC) to define such conditions. Three airborne field campaigns were conducted in 2014 and 2015 to better understand how HIWC is distributed in deep convection, both as a function of altitude and proximity to convective updraft regions, and to facilitate development of new methods for detecting HIWC conditions, in addition to many other research and regulatory goals. This paper describes a prototype method for detecting HIWC conditions using geostationary (GEO) satellite imager data coupled with in situ total water content (TWC) observations collected during the flight campaigns. Three satellite-derived parameters were determined to be most useful for determining HIWC probability: (1) the horizontal proximity of the aircraft to the nearest overshooting convective updraft or textured anvil cloud, (2) tropopause-relative infrared brightness temperature, and (3) daytime-only cloud optical depth. Statistical fits between collocated TWC and GEO satellite parameters were used to determine the membership functions for the fuzzy logic derivation of HIWC probability. The products were demonstrated using data from several campaign flights and validated using a subset of the satellite–aircraft collocation database. The daytime HIWC probability was found to agree quite well with TWC time trends and identified extreme TWC events with high probability. Discrimination of HIWC was more challenging at night with IR-only information. The products show the greatest capability for discriminating TWC  ≥  0.5 g m−3. Product validation remains challenging due to vertical TWC uncertainties and the typically coarse spatio-temporal resolution of the GEO data.
Uncertainty in the global oceanic CO2 uptake induced by wind forcing: quantification and spatial analysis
Authors: Roobaert Alizée , Laruelle Goulven G. , Landschützer Peter , Regnier Pierre 
Published: March 2018

Abstract. The calculation of the air–water CO2 exchange (FCO2) in the ocean not only depends on the gradient in CO2 partial pressure at the air–water interface but also on the parameterization of the gas exchange transfer velocity (k) and the choice of wind product. Here, we present regional and global-scale quantifications of the uncertainty in FCO2 induced by several widely used k formulations and four wind speed data products (CCMP, ERA, NCEP1 and NCEP2). The analysis is performed at a 1°  ×  1° resolution using the sea surface pCO2 climatology generated by Landschützer et al. (2015a) for the 1991–2011 period, while the regional assessment relies on the segmentation proposed by the Regional Carbon Cycle Assessment and Processes (RECCAP) project. First, we use k formulations derived from the global 14C inventory relying on a quadratic relationship between k and wind speed (k = c ⋅ U102; Sweeney et al., 2007; Takahashi et al., 2009; Wanninkhof, 2014), where c is a calibration coefficient and U10 is the wind speed measured 10 m above the surface. Our results show that the range of global FCO2, calculated with these k relationships, diverge by 12 % when using CCMP, ERA or NCEP1. Due to differences in the regional wind patterns, regional discrepancies in FCO2 are more pronounced than global. These global and regional differences significantly increase when using NCEP2 or other k formulations which include earlier relationships (i.e., Wanninkhof, 1992; Wanninkhof et al., 2009) as well as numerous local and regional parameterizations derived experimentally. To minimize uncertainties associated with the choice of wind product, it is possible to recalculate the coefficient c globally (hereafter called c∗) for a given wind product and its spatio-temporal resolution, in order to match the last evaluation of the global k value. We thus performed these recalculations for each wind product at the resolution and time period of our study but the resulting global FCO2 estimates still diverge by 10 %. These results also reveal that the Equatorial Pacific, the North Atlantic and the Southern Ocean are the regions in which the choice of wind product will most strongly affect the estimation of the FCO2, even when using c∗.
Complex network description of the ionosphere
Authors: Lu Shikun , Zhang Hao , Li Xihai , Li Yihong , Niu Chao , Yang Xiaoyun , Liu Daizhi 
Published: March 2018

Abstract. Complex networks have emerged as an essential approach of geoscience to
generate novel insights into the nature of geophysical systems. To investigate
the dynamic processes in the ionosphere, a directed complex network is
constructed, based on a probabilistic graph of the vertical total electron content (VTEC) from 2012. The results of the power-law hypothesis test show
that both the out-degree and in-degree distribution of the ionospheric
network are not scale-free. Thus, the distribution of the interactions in the
ionosphere is homogenous. None of the geospatial positions play an eminently
important role in the propagation of the dynamic ionospheric processes. The
spatial analysis of the ionospheric network shows that the interconnections
principally exist between adjacent geographical locations, indicating that
the propagation of the dynamic processes primarily depends on the geospatial
distance in the ionosphere. Moreover, the joint distribution of the edge
distances with respect to longitude and latitude directions shows that the
dynamic processes travel further along the longitude than along the latitude
in the ionosphere. The analysis of “small-world-ness” indicates that the
ionospheric network possesses the small-world property, which can make the
ionosphere stable and efficient in the propagation of dynamic processes.
Uitsluiten van ontbinding en vernietiging in overnamecontracten
Authors: Van den Bergh M.J.E. 
Published: March 2018

Uitsluiten van ontbinding en vernietiging in overnamecontracten
De auteur gaat in op de in het overnamecontract veelgebruikte bepalingen waarmee ontbinding en vernietiging worden uitgesloten. De juridische achtergrond en de praktische zin van dergelijke clausules wordt besproken en er komen enkele voorbeelden uit de jurisprudentie aan bod.
Verwacht altijd het onverwachte
Authors: Spanjaard J.H.M. 
Published: March 2018

Verwacht altijd het onverwachte
In deze bijdrage bespreekt de auteur het arrest van de Hoge Raad inzake gemeente Bronckhorst. Het arrest ging om de onvoorziene omstandigheden. De Hoge Raad herhaalt zijn vaste lijn dat trouw aan het gegeven woord voorop staat. Voor wijziging van de overeenkomst op grond van onvoorziene omstandigheden is slechts in uitzonderingsgevallen plaats. De auteur onderzoekt of de zogeheten material adverse change clausule soelaas had kunnen bieden.
Nog een update rechtspraak over het non-concurrentiebeding in de franchiseovereenkomst
Authors: Kolenbrander J.H. 
Published: March 2018

Nog een update rechtspraak over het non-concurrentiebeding in de franchiseovereenkomst
Geschillen tussen franchisegevers en franchisenemers over postcontractuele non-concurrentiebedingen in de franchiseovereenkomst blijven met de nodige regelmaat terugkomen in de rechtspraak. Dat is ook niet verwonderlijk, omdat het antwoord op de vraag of een ex-franchisenemer al dan niet gebonden is aan een dergelijk beding aanzienlijke gevolgen kan hebben voor zowel de ex-franchisenemer zelf als de franchisegever en de andere franchisenemers. In dit artikel wordt een samenvatting gegeven van recente jurisprudentie.
La défense des droits des travailleuses et travailleurs1. Enjeux et défis d’une mobilisation collective à Montréal
Authors: MALHAIRE Loïc , CASTRACANI Lucio , HANLEY Jill 
Published: March 2018

L’article explore les enjeux de deux campagnes de mobilisation réalisées au Centre des travailleuses et travailleurs immigrants (CTI), auprès de personnes (1) immigrantes permanentes insérées en agence de placement et (2) migrantes temporaires. À partir de données collectées parparticipation observanteet complétées par des entretiens semi-directifs, nous restituons une chronologie des deux actions collectives dont nous analysons les défis et les stratégies. Les résultats montrent que ces deux mobilisations constituent des réponses alternatives et complémentaires à des syndicats inopérants pour rejoindre la main-d’oeuvre précaire immigrante. Premièrement, le CTI offre les ressources humaines et matérielles nécessaires pour le développement du leadership des personnes qui deviennent sujet de droit et acteur de leur lutte. Cette dimension citoyenne semble d’ailleurs tout aussi importante pour les travailleurs que l’amélioration de leurs conditions matérielles de travail. De plus, les deux campagnes montrent une complémentarité entre la défense individuelle et collective de la main-d’oeuvre. D’autre part, les collaborations menées avec un syndicat révèlent un rapprochement stratégique entre deux organisations dont les ressources et les expertises sont complémentaires, renforçant aussi la légitimité du CTI. Cependant, l’engagement communautaire du syndicat reste marginal et produit des effets limités quant aux résultats des campagnes et à la possibilité de transformer profondément ses pratiques. Enfin, l’informalité des rapports de travail qui concernent les deux catégories d’immigrants, oblige à composer avec des moyens tout aussi informels pour appuyer leur organisation, rendant nécessaire le réseautage communautaire, religieux et culturel.
The risk of hospitalization for respiratory tract infection (RTI) in children who are treated with high-dose IVIG in Kawasaki Disease: a nationwide population-based matched cohort study
Authors: Lei Wei-Te , Lin Chien-Yu , Kao Yu-Hsuan , Lee Cheng-Hung , Lin Chao-Hsu , Shyur Shyh-Dar , Yang Kuender-Der , Chen Jian-Han 
Published: March 2018

Background
Kawasaki disease (KD) is an immune-mediated systemic vasculitis, and infection plays an important role in the pathophysiology of KD. The susceptibility to infectious disease in patients with KD remains largely unclear. This study aimed to investigate the risk of respiratory tract infection (RTI)-related hospitalizations in children with KD.

Methods
Data from the Taiwanese National Health Insurance Research Database was analyzed. We excluded patients with history of congenital abnormality, allergic diseases, or hospitalization history. Children with KD were selected as KD group and age- and sex-matched non-KD patients were selected as control group with 1:4 ratio. Both cohorts were tracked for one year to investigate the incidences of RTI-related hospitalizations. Cox regression hazard model was used to adjust for confounding factors and calculate the adjusted hazard ratio (aHR).

Results
Between January 1996 and December 2012, 4,973 patients with KD were identified as the KD group and 19,683 patients were enrolled as the control group. An obviously reduced risk of RTI-related hospitalizations was observed in KD patients (aHR: 0.75, 95% CI [0.66–0.85]). The decreased risk persisted through the first six-months follow-up period with a peak protection in 3–6 months (aHR: 0.49, 95% CI [0.37–0.64]).

Conclusions
KD patients had approximately half reduction of risk for RTI-related hospitalizations. The protective effects persisted for at least six months. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the entire mechanism and investigate the influences of intravenous immunoglobulin.
Satellite‐Based Assessment of Rainfall‐Triggered Landslide Hazard for Situational Awareness
Authors: Kirschbaum Dalia , Stanley Thomas 
Published: March 2018

AbstractDetermining the time, location, and severity of natural disaster impacts is fundamental to formulating mitigation strategies, appropriate and timely responses, and robust recovery plans. A Landslide Hazard Assessment for Situational Awareness (LHASA) model was developed to indicate potential landslide activity in near real‐time. LHASA combines satellite‐based precipitation estimates with a landslide susceptibility map derived from information on slope, geology, road networks, fault zones, and forest loss. Precipitation data from the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission are used to identify rainfall conditions from the past 7 days. When rainfall is considered to be extreme and susceptibility values are moderate to very high, a “nowcast” is issued to indicate the times and places where landslides are more probable. When LHASA nowcasts were evaluated with a Global Landslide Catalog, the probability of detection (POD) ranged from 8% to 60%, depending on the evaluation period, precipitation product used, and the size of the spatial and temporal window considered around each landslide point. Applications of the LHASA system are also discussed, including how LHASA is used to estimate long‐term trends in potential landslide activity at a nearly global scale and how it can be used as a tool to support disaster risk assessment. LHASA is intended to provide situational awareness of landslide hazards in near real‐time, providing a flexible, open‐source framework that can be adapted to other spatial and temporal scales based on data availability.
Oxidative Weathering Decreases Bioaccessibility of Toxic Metal(loid)s in PM10 Emissions From Sulfide Mine Tailings
Authors: Thomas Andrew N. , Root Robert A. , Lantz R. Clark , Sáez A. Eduardo , Chorover Jon 
Published: March 2018

AbstractEnvironmental contamination from legacy mine waste deposits is a persistent problem due to the long history of hard‐rock mining. Sulfide ore deposits can contain elevated levels of toxic metal(loid)s that, when mobilized by weathering upon O2 and H2O infusion, can result in groundwater contamination. Dry climate and lack of vegetative cover result in near‐surface pedogenic processes that produce fine‐particulate secondary minerals that can be translocated as geodusts leading to ingestion or inhalation exposure in nearby communities. In this study, in vitro bioassays were combined with synchrotron‐based X‐ray spectroscopy and diffraction to determine the potential risk for toxic element release from dust (PM10) samples into biofluid simulants. PM10 were isolated from across the oxidative reaction front in the top meter of tailings subjected to 50 years of weathering under semiarid climate and introduced to synthetic gastric and alveolar fluids. Aqueous concentrations were measured as a function of reaction time to determine release kinetics. X‐ray diffraction and absorption spectroscopy analyses were performed to assess associated changes in mineralogy and elemental speciation. In vitro bioaccessibility of arsenic and lead was highest in less‐weathered tailings samples (80–110 cm) and lowest in samples from the suboxic transition zone (40–52 cm). Conversely, zinc release to biofluids was greatest in the highly weathered near‐surface tailings. Results indicate that bioaccessibility of As and Pb was controlled by (i) the solubility of Fe2+‐bearing solids, (ii) the prevalence of soluble SO42−, and (iii) the presence of poorly crystalline Fe(III) oxide sorbents, whereas Zn bioaccessibility was controlled by the pH‐dependent solubility of the stable solid phase.
An improved adaptive dynamic surface control approach for uncertain nonlinear systems
Authors: Zhang Zhikai , Duan Guangren , Hou Mingzhe 
Published: March 2018

SummaryDynamic surface control (DSC) was developed to eliminate the “explosion of complexity” problem in backstepping procedure. However, as demonstrated in this paper, the obtained results by the existing DSC technique are somewhat conservative, which may pose difficulties in system debugging for realistic applications. This work addresses a modification that yields an improved adaptive DSC approach for tracking control of a class of semi‐strict feedback systems. The new method introduces nonlinear adaptive filters instead of the first‐order low pass ones to avoid repeatedly differentiating the virtual control signals. Meanwhile, novel flat zone introduced Lyapunov functions, which have dead zones in the prespecified neighborhood of the origin, are employed to design and analyze the improved robust adaptive control law. As a result, the developed control scheme exhibits three distinct features in comparison with the existing DSC strategy as follows: (1) global rather than semiglobal tracking is achieved even in the presence of nonlinear function nonlinearities; (2) the ultimate tracking accuracy can be exactly known before the controller is implemented; and (3) the ranges of the design parameters to guarantee the closed‐loop stability and ultimate tracking accuracy can be completely determined a priori, and the design parameters can be freely chosen from the feasible ranges to improve the control performance. Finally, two examples are presented to confirm the effectiveness of the established approach.
Metal‐Free Sulfonylation of α,β‐Conjugated Systems by Using Sulfonyl Hydrazides
Authors: Aegurla Balakrishna , Peddinti Rama Krishna 
Published: March 2018

AbstractA facile iodine/tert‐butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP)‐mediated protocol has been developed for the formation of C(sp2)−SO2 and C(sp3)−SO2 bonds through a radical pathway and an ionic pathway, respectively. The denitrative sulfono functionalization (DNSF) of β‐nitrostyrenes with arylsulfonyl hydrazides under solvent‐ and base‐free conditions has been described. The DNSF process appears to proceed through an addition–elimination pathway. The sulfonylation of olefins that contain electron‐withdrawing groups was also examined under solvent‐free conditions and afforded the corresponding alkenyl sulfones through the elimination of HI from the β‐sulfonyl iodo intermediate. The hydrosulfonylation of chalcones and β‐nitrostyrenes proceeded in the presence of an organic base in acetonitrile through a sulfa‐Michael addition.
Morphological integration of anatomical, developmental, and functional postcranial modules in the crab‐eating macaque (Macaca fascicularis)
Authors: Conaway Mark A. , Schroeder Lauren , von Cramon‐Taubadel Noreen 
Published: March 2018

AbstractObjectivesIntegration and modularity reflect the coordinated action of past evolutionary processes and, in turn, constrain or facilitate phenotypic evolvability. Here, we analyze magnitudes of integration in the macaque postcranium to test whether 20 a priori defined modules are (1) more tightly integrated than random sets of postcranial traits, and (2) are differentiated based on mode of definition, with developmental modules expected to be more integrated than functional or anatomical modules.Materials and MethodsThe 3D morphometric data collected for eight limb and girdle bones for 60 macaques were collated into anatomical, developmental, and functional modules. A resampling technique was used to create random samples of integration values for each module for statistical comparison.ResultsOur results found that not all a priori defined modules were more strongly integrated than random samples of postcranial traits and that specific types of modules did not present consistent patterns of integration. Rather, girdle and joint modules were consistently less integrated than limb modules, and forelimb elements were less integrated than hindlimbs.DiscussionThe results suggest that morphometrically complex modules tend to be less integrated than simple limb bones, irrespective of the number of available traits. However, differences in integration of the fore‐ and hindlimb more likely reflects the multitude of locomotory, feeding, and social functions involved. It remains to be tested whether patterns of integration identified here are primate universals, and to what extent they vary depending on phylogenetic or functional factors.
The timing and causes of a unique chimpanzee community fission preceding Gombe's “Four‐Year War”
Authors: Feldblum Joseph T. , Manfredi Sofia , Gilby Ian C. , Pusey Anne E. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractObjectivesWhile permanent group fissions are documented in humans and other primate species, they are relatively rare in male philopatric primates. One of the few apparent cases occurred in 1973 in Gombe National Park, Tanzania, when a community of chimpanzees split into two separate groups, preceding the famous “Four‐Year War.” We tested the hypothesis that the original group was a single cohesive community that experienced permanent fission, and investigated several potential catalysts.Materials and MethodsWe calculated association, grooming, and ranging metrics from historical data and used community detection algorithms and matrix permutation tests to determine the timing, dynamics, and causes of changes in social network subgrouping structure.ResultsWe found that the two communities indeed split from one cohesive community, albeit one with incipient subgrouping. The degree of subgrouping in grooming and association networks increased sharply in 1971 and 1972, a period characterized by a dominance struggle between three high‐ranking males and unusually high male:female sex ratios. Finally, we found a relationship between post‐split community membership and previous association, grooming and ranging patterns in most periods of analysis, one that became more pronounced as the fission approached.DiscussionOur analysis suggests that the community began to split during a time of an unusually male‐biased sex ratio and a protracted dominance struggle, and that adult males remained with those with whom they had preferentially associated prior to the split. We discuss the costs and benefits of group membership in chimpanzees and contrast these results with group fissions in humans and other taxa.
Comparison of masticatory performance and tongue pressure between children and young adults
Authors: Fujita Yuko , Ichikawa Maika , Hamaguchi Ayako , Maki Kenshi 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe aims of the present study were to evaluate whether there are significant differences in masticatory performance by gender and dental stage. We also determined the factors directly associated with the masticatory performance in children, and those directly associated with masticatory performance in young adults. The study included 180 subjects, ranging in age from 6 to 12 years or 20 to 33 years. The subjects were divided into three groups according to the Hellman developmental stage (III A, III B, or VA); the groups were the subdivided according to gender. The body mass index (BMI), maximum tongue pressure, and sum of decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) were determined in all subjects. To investigate masticatory performance, the total number and maximum projected area of chewed particles of the jelly materials were measured. Masticatory performance had the highest values at Stage VA in both males and females. Regarding the maximum tongue pressure in females, Stage III B had the highest value of all stages. Multiple regression analysis showed that masticatory performance was associated with DMFT index, maximum tongue pressure, and BMI in children. Among young adults, masticatory performance was associated with DMFT index and maximum tongue pressure. Better masticatory performance is directly associated with better dental status, a higher BMI, and tongue pressure in schoolchildren. Additionally, masticatory performance was well‐correlated with tongue pressure in young adults, although maximum tongue pressure reached its peak before Stage VA in females. We suggest that females need training with respect to tongue pressure, by the mixed dentition stage.