bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ω‐6 and ω‐9 polyunsaturated fatty acids with double bonds near the carboxyl head have the highest affinity and largest effects on the cardiac IKs potassium channel
Authors: Bohannon Briana M. , Perez Marta E. , Liin Sara I. , Larsson Hans Peter 
Published: September 2018

AbstractAimThe IKs channel is important for termination of the cardiac action potential. Hundreds of loss‐of‐function mutations in the IKs channel reduce the K+ current and, thereby, delay the repolarization of the action potential, causing Long QT Syndrome. Long QT predisposes individuals to Torsades de Pointes which can lead to ventricular fibrillation and sudden death. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are potential therapeutics for Long QT Syndrome, as they affect IKs channels. However, it is unclear which properties of PUFAs are essential for their effects on IKs channels.MethodsTo understand how PUFAs influence IKs channel activity, we measured effects on IKs current by two‐electrode voltage clamp while changing different properties of the hydrocarbon tail.ResultsThere was no, or weak, correlation between the tail length or number of double bonds in the tail and the effects on or apparent binding affinity for IKs channels. However, we found a strong correlation between the positions of the double bonds relative to the head group and effects on IKs channels.ConclusionPolyunsaturated fatty acids with double bonds closer to the head group had higher apparent affinity for IKs channels and increased IKs current more; shifting the bonds further away from the head group reduced apparent binding affinity for and effects on the IKs current. Interestingly, we found that ω‐6 and ω‐9 PUFAs, with the first double bond closer to the head group, left‐shifted the voltage dependence of activation the most. These results allow for informed design of new therapeutics targeting IKs channels in Long QT Syndrome.
Depressive symptoms in Chinese assembly‐line migrant workers: A case study in the shoe‐making industry
Authors: Ren Feng , Yu Xin , Dang Weimin , Niu Wenyi , Zhou Tianhang , Lin Yongqiang , Wu Zijun , Lin Lin , Zhong Baoliang , Chu Hongling , Zhou Jinpeng , Ding Hong , Yuan Ping 
Published: September 2018

AbstractIntroductionAssembly‐line migrant workers (AMWs), as a major workforce in China, may be at particularly high risk of depression due to their relative low social economic status and particular job characteristics. However, little is known about the frequency and characteristics of depression among Chinese AMWs. This study investigated the prevalence and correlates of depressive symptoms in Chinese AMWs.MethodsIn this cross‐sectional survey, 915 Chinese AMWs from two shoe‐making factories completed a standardized questionnaire to report their socio‐demographics, physical health, migration, and work. They also reported their depressive symptoms by completing the Beck Depression Inventory—Short Form (BDI—SF). We conducted multiple logistic regression analysis to identify factors related to depression.ResultsWe found that 31.7% of AMWs were clinically depressed (BDI‐SF ≥ 8). The multiple regression model included age, self‐rated physical health, pain, family relationships, having no good friends at the same factory, and working under high pressure.DiscussionOur findings suggest that depression is common among Chinese AMWs. We argue that there is an urgent need for health care providers and factory managers to work on the early identification of AMWs, who are at high risk for depression. Psychological and psychiatric treatments are necessary in the Chinese labor‐intensive industries.
Immunomodulatory tetracyclines shape the intestinal inflammatory response inducing mucosal healing and resolution
Authors: Garrido‐Mesa J , Rodríguez‐Nogales A , Algieri F , Vezza T , Hidalgo‐Garcia L , Garrido‐Barros M , Utrilla M P , Garcia F , Chueca N , Rodriguez‐Cabezas M E , Garrido‐Mesa N , Gálvez J 
Published: September 2018

Background and PurposeImmunomodulatory tetracyclines are well‐characterized drugs with a pharmacological potential beyond their antibiotic properties. Specifically, minocycline and doxycycline have shown beneficial effects in experimental colitis, although pro‐inflammatory actions have also been described in macrophages. Therefore, we aimed to characterize the mechanism behind their effect in acute intestinal inflammation.Experimental ApproachA comparative pharmacological study was initially used to elucidate the most relevant actions of immunomodulatory tetracyclines: doxycycline, minocycline and tigecycline; other antibiotic or immunomodulatory drugs were assessed in bone marrow‐derived macrophages and in dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)‐induced mouse colitis, where different barrier markers, inflammatory mediators, microRNAs, TLRs, and the gut microbiota composition were evaluated. The sequential immune events that mediate the intestinal anti‐inflammatory effect of minocycline in DSS‐colitis were then characterized.Key ResultsNovel immunomodulatory activity of tetracyclines was identifed; they potentiated the innate immune response and enhanced resolution of inflammation. This is also the first report describing the intestinal anti‐inflammatory effect of tigecycline. A minor therapeutic benefit seems to derive from their antibiotic properties. Conversely, immunomodulatory tetracyclines potentiated macrophage cytokine release in vitro, and while improving mucosal recovery in colitic mice, they up‐regulated Ccl2, miR‐142, miR‐375 and Tlr4. In particular, minocycline initially enhanced IL‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐22, GM‐CSF and IL‐4 colonic production and monocyte recruitment to the intestine, subsequently increasing Ly6C−MHCII+ macrophages, Tregs and type 2 intestinal immune responses.Conclusions and ImplicationsImmunomodulatory tetracyclines potentiate protective immune pathways leading to mucosal healing and resolution, representing a promising drug reposition strategy for the treatment of intestinal inflammation.
Developmental changes of sleep spindles and their impact on sleep‐dependent memory consolidation and general cognitive abilities: A longitudinal approach
Authors: Hahn Michael , Joechner Ann‐Kathrin , Roell Judith , Schabus Manuel , Heib Dominik PJ , Gruber Georg , Peigneux Philippe , Hoedlmoser Kerstin 
Published: September 2018

AbstractSleep spindles are related to sleep‐dependent memory consolidation and general cognitive abilities. However, they undergo drastic maturational changes during adolescence. Here we used a longitudinal approach (across 7 years) to explore whether developmental changes in sleep spindle density can explain individual differences in sleep‐dependent memory consolidation and general cognitive abilities. Ambulatory polysomnography was recorded during four nights in 34 healthy subjects (24 female) with two nights (baseline and experimental) at initial recording (age range 8–11 years) and two nights at follow‐up recording (age range 14–18 years). For declarative learning, participants encoded word pairs with a subsequent recall before and after sleep. General cognitive abilities were measured by the Wechsler Intelligence Scale. Higher slow (11–13 Hz) than fast (13–15 Hz) spindle density at frontal, central, and parietal sites during initial recordings, followed by a shift to higher fast than slow spindle density at central and parietal sites during follow‐up recordings, suggest that mature spindle topography develops throughout adolescence. Fast spindle density increases from baseline to experimental night were positively related to sleep‐dependent memory consolidation. In addition, we found that the development of fast spindles predicted the improvement in memory consolidation across the two longitudinal measurements, a finding that underlines a crucial role for mature fast spindles for sleep‐dependent memory consolidation. Furthermore, slow spindle changes across adolescence were related to general cognitive abilities, a relationship that could indicate the maturation of frontal networks relevant for efficient cognitive processing. A video abstract of this article can be viewed at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7NXJzm8HbIw and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iuMQY1OIJ0s
Embracing scale‐dependence to achieve a deeper understanding of biodiversity and its change across communities
Authors: Chase Jonathan M. , McGill Brian J. , McGlinn Daniel J. , May Felix , Blowes Shane A. , Xiao Xiao , Knight Tiffany M. , Purschke Oliver , Gotelli Nicholas J. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractBecause biodiversity is multidimensional and scale‐dependent, it is challenging to estimate its change. However, it is unclear (1) how much scale‐dependence matters for empirical studies, and (2) if it does matter, how exactly we should quantify biodiversity change. To address the first question, we analysed studies with comparisons among multiple assemblages, and found that rarefaction curves frequently crossed, implying reversals in the ranking of species richness across spatial scales. Moreover, the most frequently measured aspect of diversity – species richness – was poorly correlated with other measures of diversity. Second, we collated studies that included spatial scale in their estimates of biodiversity change in response to ecological drivers and found frequent and strong scale‐dependence, including nearly 10% of studies which showed that biodiversity changes switched directions across scales. Having established the complexity of empirical biodiversity comparisons, we describe a synthesis of methods based on rarefaction curves that allow more explicit analyses of spatial and sampling effects on biodiversity comparisons. We use a case study of nutrient additions in experimental ponds to illustrate how this multi‐dimensional and multi‐scale perspective informs the responses of biodiversity to ecological drivers.
“It Feels So Alien” or the Same Old S—: Attachment to Divergent Cultural Models in Insecure Times
Authors: Strauss Claudia 
Published: September 2018

AbstractInstead of conceptualizing poor people as a group with a fixed culture, we need to understand diverse, shared frameworks for responding to economic adversity. Over half of all Americans of working age can expect to be in a poor or near‐poor household at some point. Differing interpretations of their low incomes under flexible capitalism are illustrated by the responses of two unemployed middle‐aged sisters from a white working‐class family in now poverty‐stricken San Bernardino County, California. Their divergent interpretations (one blamed herself and fell into depression; the other did not) show that even members of the same subgroup can draw upon different personally compelling cultural models to navigate social and individual change. This person‐centered multiple‐cultural‐models approach is needed as a corrective both to portrayals of culture as a stable group adaptation to an unchanging economic situation and to theories of persons as buffeted by economic shifts without guiding narratives.
Introduction: Person‐Centered Approaches in the Study of Culture and Poverty
Authors: Lowe Edward D. , Strauss Claudia 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThis introduction to a special collection of articles on the theme of poverty and personhood provides an overview of the collection's response to recent calls for a reconsideration of culture in urban poverty studies. We argue that such a reconsideration must confront two theoretical problems if it is to be successful. First, the analyses must make a sustained effort to define clearly the theoretical model of “culture” used in the analyses and why this theoretical perspective is illuminative without reproducing the problematic uses of culture in past scholarship. Second, this reconsideration must come to terms with the problematic relationship between culture and human subjectivities. The remainder of the article describes how this special collection addresses these two concerns by bringing together recent innovations in person‐centered ethnography that draws considerably from psychodynamic theory, phenomenology, and a theory from cognitive anthropology that replaces bounded cultures with variably distributed, affectively imbued cultural models. Cultural models also include expectations about others’ judgments. This introductory article concludes by highlighting four contributions the accompanying research articles make as a collection to the question of how we might better understand the relation of culture and human subjectivity in the study of urban poverty.
Memory Fields
Authors: Linger Daniel T. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractGeorge Orwell's novel1984raises a key question in the politics of memory: how far can the nation‐state reach into minds and reshape personal memories? Addressing it requires a theoretical framework that can encompass public and personal representations of the past. I develop the conceptmemory field, defined as the set of public and personal memories associated with a putatively past event, object, or situation. The memory field associated with the Kent State University massacre of May 4, 1970 exemplifies the diversity of memory, its constructed nature, its political uses, its brute qualities, and its implications for identities. I compare several additional cases drawn from the ethnographic and historical literatures, assessing the impact of the state's memory‐control tactics on personal memories. I close with a reflection on the emergent politics of memory in Donald Trump's United States.
Gaze following in 4.5‐ and 6‐month‐old infants: The impact of proximity on standard gaze following performance tests
Authors: Astor Kim , Gredebäck Gustaf 
Published: September 2018

Gaze following (GF), the ability to synchronize visual attention with others, is often considered a foundation of social cognition. In this study, GF was assessed while changing the space between an actor's eyes and the gaze target. This was done to address a potential confound in the gold standard GF performance test, namely the spatial bias of the actors’ eye position that occurs when the actor turns the head to look at a target, offsetting the eye position from a centered position toward the attended target. Our results suggest that both 4.5 (n = 27) and 6 (n = 30)‐month‐old infants can follow an actor's gaze regardless of proximity. This is the first demonstration that early GF is not dependent on proximity cues, and our results strengthen previous findings suggesting that GF develops well before 6 months of age. The study was preregistered, and all data and analysis routines can be downloaded with provided links.
Analyst expertise and the value of cash holdings
Authors: Lu Louise Yi , Wu Yi (Ava) 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThis study investigates whether analyst expertise mitigates the value destruction associated with an increase in cash holdings. We find that analyst expertise increases the marginal value of cash holdings, and that this effect is more pronounced for firms in an environment where analysts’ forecasts are more dispersed and for firms with weaker monitoring from institutional shareholders. Overall, our results are consistent with our conjecture that analyst expertise enhances external monitoring, thereby preventing potential misuse of cash holdings and the associated destruction of cash value.
Rhizosheath formation and involvement in foxtail millet (Setaria italica) root growth under drought stress
Authors: Liu Tie‐Yuan , Ye Nenghui , Song Tao , Cao Yunying , Gao Bei , Zhang Di , Zhu Fuyuan , Chen Moxian , Zhang Yingjiao , Xu Weifeng , Zhang Jianhua 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe rhizosheath, a layer of soil particles that adheres firmly to the root surface by a combination of root hairs and mucilage, may improve tolerance to drought stress. Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv. (foxtail millet), a member of the Poaceae family, is an important food and fodder crop in arid regions and forms a larger rhizosheath under drought conditions. Rhizosheath formation under drought conditions has been studied, but the regulation of root hair growth and rhizosheath size in response to soil moisture remains unclear. To address this question, in this study we monitored root hair growth and rhizosheath development in response to a gradual decline in soil moisture. Here, we determined that a soil moisture level of 10%–14% (w/w) stimulated greater rhizosheath production compared to other soil moisture levels. Root hair density and length also increased at this soil moisture level, which was validated by measurement of the expression of root hair‐related genes. These findings contribute to our understanding of rhizosheath formation in response to soil water stress.
Impact of subsidized fortified wheat on anaemia in pregnant Indian women
Authors: Chakrabarti Suman , Kishore Avinash , Raghunathan Kalyani , Scott Samuel P. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe World Health Assembly called for a 50% global anaemia reduction in women of reproductive age (15–49 years of age) from 2012 to 2025. India accounts for the most cases of anaemia in the world, and half of all pregnant Indian women are anaemic. In India, the government implemented a 4‐year food‐based safety net programme from 2008 to 2012 involving the provision of fortified wheat flour through its public distribution system. We assessed programme impact on anaemia among pregnant women (n = 10,186) using data from the 2002–2004 and 2012–2013 Indian District Level Health Surveys. The difference‐in‐differences method was used to estimate the impact on haemoglobin (Hb) and anaemia in pregnant women living in northern India (Punjab) and southern India (Tamil Nadu), with pregnant women in neighbouring states without wheat fortification programmes serving as controls. In northern India, we found no impact on Hb (β = −0.184, P = 0.793) or anaemia reduction (β = −0.01, P = 0.859), as expected, given that the intervention targeted only nonpoor households and demand for fortified wheat was low. In southern India, where intervention coverage was high, we found no impact on Hb (β = −0.001, P = 0.998) but did see an impact on anaemia reduction (β = −0.08, P = 0.042), which was unexpected given low consumption of wheat in this predominantly rice‐eating region. India's wheat fortification programmes were largely ineffective in terms of reducing anaemia among pregnant women. As policymakers expand fortification programs, it is critical to ensure that the fortified food is universally available and distributed widely through well‐functioning and popular outlets.
A genetic risk score and number of myopic parents independently predict myopia
Authors: Ghorbani Mojarrad Neema , Williams Cathy , Guggenheim Jeremy A 
Published: September 2018

AbstractPurposeTo investigate whether a genetic risk score (GRS) improved performance of predicting refractive error compared to knowing a child's number of myopic parents (NMP) alone.MethodsThis was a retrospective analysis of data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) birth cohort study. Refractive error was assessed longitudinally between age 7–15 using non‐cycloplegic autorefraction. Genetic variants (n = 149) associated with refractive error from a Consortium for Refractive Error And Myopia (CREAM) genome‐wide association study were used to calculate a GRS for each child. Using refractive error at ages 7 and 15 years as the outcome variable, coefficient of determination (R2) values were calculated via linear regression models for the predictors: NMP, GRS and a combined model.ResultsNumber of myopic parents was weakly predictive of refractive error in children aged 7 years, R2 = 3.0% (95% CI 1.8–4.1%, p < 0.0001) and aged 15 years, R2 = 4.8% (3.1–6.5%, p < 0.0001). The GRS was also weakly predictive; age 7 years, R2 = 1.1% (0.4–1.9%, p < 0.0001) and 15 years R2 = 2.6% (1.3–3.9%, p < 0.0001). Combining the 2 variables gave larger R2 values at age 7, R2 = 3.7% (2.5–5.0%, p < 0.0001) and 15, R2 = 7.0% (5.0–9.0%, p < 0.0001). The combined model improved performance at both ages (both p < 0.0001).ConclusionA GRS improved the ability to detect children at risk of myopia independently of knowing the NMP. We speculate this may be because NMP captures information concerning environmental risk factors for myopia. Nevertheless, further gains are required to make such predictive tests worthwhile in the clinical environment.
Multiple circadian clock outputs regulate diel turnover of carbon and nitrogen reserves
Authors: Flis Anna , Mengin Virginie , Ivakov Alexander A. , Mugford Sam T. , Hubberten Hans‐Michael , Encke Beatrice , Krohn Nicole , Höhne Melanie , Feil Regina , Hoefgen Rainer , Lunn John E. , Millar Andrew J. , Smith Alison M. , Sulpice Ronan , Stitt Mark 
Published: September 2018

AbstractPlants accumulate reserves in the daytime to support growth at night. Circadian regulation of diel reserve turnover was investigated by profiling starch, sugars, glucose 6‐phosphate, organic acids, and amino acids during a light–dark cycle and after transfer to continuous light in Arabidopsis wild types and in mutants lacking dawn (lhy cca1), morning (prr7 prr9), dusk (toc1, gi), or evening (elf3) clock components. The metabolite time series were integrated with published time series for circadian clock transcripts to identify circadian outputs that regulate central metabolism. (a) Starch accumulation was slower in elf3 and prr7 prr9. It is proposed that ELF3 positively regulates starch accumulation. (b) Reducing sugars were high early in the T‐cycle in elf3, revealing that ELF3 negatively regulates sucrose recycling. (c) The pattern of starch mobilization was modified in all five mutants. A model is proposed in which dawn and dusk/evening components interact to pace degradation to anticipated dawn. (d) An endogenous oscillation of glucose 6‐phosphate revealed that the clock buffers metabolism against the large influx of carbon from photosynthesis. (e) Low levels of organic and amino acids in lhy cca1 and high levels in prr7 prr9 provide evidence that the dawn components positively regulate the accumulation of amino acid reserves.
Silver‐Doped TiO2‐Coated Cotton Fabric as an Effective Photocatalytic System for Dye Decolorization in UV and Visible Light
Authors: Mishra Anu , Butola Bhupendra Singh 
Published: September 2018

AbstractIn this study, titanium tetra‐isopropoxide was used as a precursor of TiO2 for in situ coating on cotton fabric by sol–gel method. Subsequently, silver nitrate was used as doping agent to prepare silver‐doped TiO2‐coated cotton fabric during hydrothermal treatment. The treated samples were characterized through field‐emission scanning electron microscopy, energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis, inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectroscopy and UV–visible absorption spectroscopy to study morphology, composition of deposited elements and light absorption behavior of treated samples. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy was carried out to analyze the electronic state of silver in TiO2‐coated fabric after hydrothermal treatment. Doping of silver on TiO2‐coated fabric and subsequent hydrothermal treatment was found to enhance dye decolorization rate of rhodamine B dye solution in both UV and visible light radiations with respect to undoped TiO2. The study shows that an optimal level of silver‐doped TiO2‐coated fabric can be used repeatedly for dye decolorization without significant loss in its photocatalytic activity. The self‐cleaning properties of samples were also studied using methylene blue as a staining agent. It was observed that the presence of 1.8% silver on the weight of titanium in doped samples provides almost 82% of stain degradation.