bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Does legislative change affect the use and duration of compulsory treatment orders?
Authors: Vine Ruth , Tibble Holly , Pirkis Jane , Judd Fiona , Spittal Matthew J 
Published: November 2018

Objective: Victoria, Australia, introduced reformed mental health legislation in 2014. The Act was based on a policy platform of recovery-oriented services, supported decision-making and minimisation of the use and duration of compulsory orders. This paper compares service utilisation and legal status after being on a community treatment order under the Mental Health Act 1986 (Vic) with that under the Mental Health Act 2014 (Vic). Methods: We obtained two distinct data sets of persons who had been on a community treatment order for at least 3 months and their subsequent treatment episodes over 2 years under the Mental Health Act and/or as an inpatient for the periods 2008–2010 (Mental Health Act 1986) and 2014–2016 (Mental Health Act 2014). The two sets were compared to assess the difference in use, duration and odds of having a further admission over 2 years. We also considered the mode of discharge – whether by the treating psychiatrist, external body or through expiry. Results: Compared with the Mental Health Act 1986, under the Mental Health Act 2014, index community treatment orders were shorter (mean 227 days compared with 335 days); there was a reduction in the mean number of community treatment orders in the 2 years following the index discharge − 1.1 compared with 1.5 (incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 0.71, 95% confidence interval = [0.63, 0.80]) – and a 51% reduction in days on an order over 2 years. There was a reduction in the number of subsequent orders for those whose order expired or was revoked by the psychiatrist under the Mental Health Act 2014 compared to those under the Mental Health Act 1986. The number of orders which were varied to an inpatient order by the authorised psychiatrist was notably greater under the Mental Health Act 2014. Conclusion: The reformed Mental Health Act has been successful in its intent to reduce the use and duration of compulsory orders in the community. The apparent increase in return to inpatient orders raises questions regarding the intensity and effectiveness of community treatment and context of service delivery.
A New Concept in Gasoline Marketing
Authors: McNallen James B. 
Published: November 2018

One of the events that excited the most comment in petroleum marketing circles in 1956 was the introduction by Sun Oil Company of five grades of gasoline in Florida. This was particularly significant since Sun had traditionally manufactured and marketed only a single grade of gasoline. Sun has long been a major factor in price and quality competition in its marketing territory. This is a case history of competition showing how these factors of price and quality competition, along with Sun's distribution setup and technological capacity, influenced the decision to market multiple grades of gasoline.
Creative Marketing of Life Insurance
Authors: Morrill Thomas C. 
Published: November 2018

Annual life-Insurance spending is declining for every income group except the highest. Life-insurance companies traditionally have concentrated on families of well-above-average income, to the neglect of the mass market. Yet because middle-income groups are growing in size and buying power, creativity in the marketing of insurance to this major segment of the population is needed. The author believes that the life-insurance business has failed to adopt modern marketing concepts. He suggests a re-evaluation of distribution methods in the light of marketing principles.
The Scope of the Military Market
Authors: Weidenbaum Murray L. 
Published: November 2018

This article describes the major categories of the military market in the United States. Important changes in the composition of the military demand for goods and services are also indicated. These developments include the emergence of the Air Force as the largest military customer; increased emphasis on the procurement of new weapons; and the replacement of conventional weapons by missiles, jet aircraft and, in the forseeable future, space vehicles.
Is the United States Being Priced Out of World Markets?
Authors: Dowd Laurence P. 
Published: November 2018

The ideas contained in this article were first presented in a summarized form at the International Marketing Session of the American Marketing Association Conference in December, 1959, and subsequently delivered in an expanded version at the Eighth Annual Conference of the Great Lakes States Industrial Development Council at Purdue University in January, 1960. Because of current wide discussion of the subject and its importance to marketers especially, Professor Dowd's analysis is reproduced here in its entirety. Professor Dowd offers proof that, although prices of products may be high because of increased costs of raw materials, taxes, labor, and declining efficiency of productive organization, U.S. exports are not being priced out of world markets. The popular belief is based upon an erroneous statistical comparison of two “abnormal” years, 1957 and 1958. Nevertheless, American producers may not be maintaining their share of world exports since they are not applying the principles of modern marketing management, essential to successful domestic selling, to increasingly important foreign markets.
The Wheel of Retailing
Authors: Hollander Stanley C. 
Published: November 2018

New types of retailing frequently start off with crude facilities, little prestige, and a reputation for cutting prices and margins. As they mature, they often acquire more expensive buildings, provide more elaborate services, impose higher margins, and become vulnerable to new competition. The author examines the history of numerous retail institutions to determine if this process really constitutes a “natural law of retailing.”
Interdisciplinary Horizons in Marketing
Authors: Lazer William , Kelley Eugene J. 
Published: November 2018

Marketing has reached a stage in its development as a discipline where critical evaluation of research findings and theories from other fields can add new dimensions to the field of marketing. More materials of other disciplines are likely to be incorporated in marketing in the future. This article surveys some of the present and potential contributions of behavioral science findings and quantitative measurement methods to marketing.
Personal Interviews or Mail Panels?
Authors: O'Dell William F. 
Published: November 2018

Blind allegiance to a particular marketing research technique is frequently the cause of survey inefficiency. According to Mr. O'Dell, the never deviating adherence of many practitioners to the mail panel or a rigorous probability sample leads to waste and excessively costly survey data. He presents some new, objective findings here, to aid the researcher in selecting the most efficient data-gathering method.
Ferment in Marketing's Oldest Area
Authors: Heskett J. L. 
Published: November 2018

Organization changes for more effective management of physical distribution are currently taking place in many of our nation's industrial firms. This article answers the following questions: • What is physical distribution? • What is the scope of its management in terms of the modern day marketing environment? • What types of firms are most likely to realign managerial responsibilities to unify control over physical distribution? • What are the implications of the trend for marketing managers, marketers of physical distribution services, and teachers of marketing and transportation?
Practical Media Decisions and the Computer
Authors: Moran William T. 
Published: November 2018

Of the variety of new computer applications, the most important is the development of decision models for media selection. This article discusses the development of decision models in general, the development of a practical media decision model which grew out of disillusionment with linear programing, the ways that this model's requirements for new data are being met, and the implications of the model for the future of the advertising business. After reading this article, read the succeeding one, “How Practical Is the Media Model?” by Joseph St. Georges (pp. 31–33).
How Practical is the Media Model?
Authors: Georges Joseph St. 
Published: November 2018

This article is a fitting conclusion to the preceding one, “Practical Media Decisions and the Computer,” by William T. Moran. Mr. St. Georges deals with the stages by which media decision makers will realize the potential of the computerized media decision model. He raises serious questions about the requirements and potential sources of necessary data, but shows why the model eventually will enhance rather than inhibit media judgment and creativity.
What Could Nonexposure Tell the TV Advertiser?
Authors: Towers Irwin M. , Goodman Leo A. , Zeisel Hans 
Published: November 2018

This is a critique of the usual techniques used to gauge the effectiveness of TV advertising. Also, a new TV-testing method is proposed, aimed at providing more valid results. A controlled experiment, conducted in a realistic setting, with nonexposure to television controlled, forms the basis of this method.
Financial Assistance for Graduate Students in Marketing, 1963–1964
Authors: Cole Robert H. 
Published: November 2018

Here is a picture of the financial assistance available during 1963–1964 at leading schools of business throughout the U.S.A. for graduate students in marketing. There were 100 institutions that furnished detailed information for this second annual survey of financial aid — the first survey was summarized in the October, 1962. JOURNAL OF MARKETING.
Retailing in Poland: A First-Hand Report
Authors: Walters J. Hart 
Published: November 2018

An extensive exchange of letters between Professor J. Hart Walters, Jr., and various Polish economists resulted in a first-hand study of marketing in Poland for almost one year. Drawing on his first-hand experiences in Poland, as well as documentary sources, the author shows why low costs of doing business in Poland are not always accompanied by a high degree of consumer convenience. As in other Eastern European economies, Polish retailing is relatively decentralized, but many major areas of decision-making are centrally controlled.
Variations in the Cyclical Behavior of Advertising
Authors: Yang Charles Yneu 
Published: November 2018

The general pattern of cyclical fluctuations in advertising has become familiar today. But what remains less well understood is how one type of advertising may behave differently from others. A better insight into this subject will help media in reducing business instability and to assist advertisers in planning effective advertising strategies. This article demonstrates how differently advertisers of different types of products and of various sizes react to business fluctuations.
Management Responsibilities Facing the Wholesale Grocer
Authors: Applebaum William 
Published: November 2018

The world of the grocery wholesaler has changed and is continuing to change dramatically. What are the objectives of the marketer in this area? What are his responsibilities and how should he meet them? In discussing these questions as they apply to the food - distribution industry, the author hits upon background, objectives, and responsibilities that apply to other areas of business enterprise as well. He also constructs a “model” grocery wholesaler whose behavior reflects how management could face its responsibilities.
Critical Path Analysis for New Product Planning
Authors: Wong Yung 
Published: November 2018

Since its inception in 1957, Critical Path Analysis (CPA), which includes the CRITICAL PATH METHOD (CPM), and PROGRAM EVALUATION AND REVIEW TECHNIQUE (PERT) has received widespread acclaim as a planning, scheduling, and control tool. Its applications had been initially restricted to construction and engineering. Growing sophistication in the use of the tool has extended its applicability to the area of new product planning. The purpose of this article is to introduce to marketing managers and analysts the group of techniques called CPA and its application to new product planning. The process of new product planning as a function of marketing management is first described. The concept and the underlying logic of CPA and a hypothetical new product venture are presented to show the technique's rationale and capability. Extensions of CPA and its value in a new product venture conclude the discussion.
Effective Management and the Human Factor
Authors: Lesly Philip 
Published: November 2018

Management executives—especially in marketing—are striving to become more scientific. Disciplines for evaluating, measuring, and predicting are the current growth fields of business. But are these disciplines carrying management further away from where the problems really are? The ideas expressed in this article run somewhat counter to the schools of thought so dominant in today's front offices and some schools of business—and some different answers are suggested.
Sales Variability in Service Stations
Authors: Miller Richard A. 
Published: November 2018

The fact that individual retail outlets differ substantially from one another in sales volume is not news to marketing executives. Yet static patterns for measuring retail success and failure continue in use. The author of this article demonstrates the extent of retail sales variations in the oil industry. He also shows evidence that the use of fixed sales ratios may lead to inaccuracies in appraisals of stations and managers, and to inefficient allocation of marketing expenditures.
Psychologists in Marketing Education
Authors: Miner John B. 
Published: November 2018

While the influence of psychology on marketing practices is widely recognized, almost no information is available regarding the roles of psychologists in the education of those preparing for careers in marketing. What related changes are occurring in psychology and in business administration? Are adequate provisions being made so that marketing managers of the future will not have to be self-taught as to their psychological knowledge? Are a sufficient number of psychologists being attracted to the faculties of business schools? This article by a psychologist on the faculty of a school of business provides some answers.
Physical Distribution Development, Current Status, and Potential
Authors: Bowersox Donald J. 
Published: November 2018

Physical distribution, one of the oldest facets of commercial enterprise, has historically been one of the most neglected of business subjects. A flurry of attention has focused upon the concept of integrated physical distribution since the mid-1950s. In this article the where been, where now, and where going of physical distribution are examined. The author first reviews major developments which have served to establish the field of physical distribution. The second section provides a synthesis of developments into a summary statement of the existing state of physical distribution. The final section provides a review of research topics on the forefront of development in 1969.
Black Business Development
Authors: Allvine Fred C. 
Published: November 2018

An urgent social problem of special interest to marketing people is discussed in this article. Until recently blacks have primarily operated marginal businesses not particularly attractive to outsiders. Now, one of the thrusts of the black community is business development. Blacks are interested in owning and operating more substantial retailing and light manufacturing businesses. Plans are being made by blacks to develop a wide variety of businesses. The extent to which blacks will succeed in their undertaking depends heavily upon the response of the white business community.
Marketing Issues
Authors: Coulson John 
Published: November 2018

Each quarter a leading marketing executive writes about an issue that is very much on his mind. This time, William D. Smithburg, executive vice president—U.S. Grocery Products, The Quaker Oats Company, tells about the problems of market planning in a volatile economy. Smithburg received his MBA from Northwestern University. Before joining The Quaker Oats Company in 1966, Smithburg worked at Leo Burnett Company and McCann Erickson. He progressed through The Quaker Oats Company from brand manager to President of the Foods Division, and finally to his current position.
Higher Rates of Lower Extremity Injury on Synthetic Turf Compared With Natural Turf Among National Football League Athletes: Epidemiologic Confirmation of a Biomechanical Hypothesis
Authors: Mack Christina D. , Hershman Elliott B. , Anderson Robert B. , Coughlin Michael J. , McNitt Andrew S. , Sendor Rachel R. , Kent Richard W. 
Published: November 2018

Background: Biomechanical studies have shown that synthetic turf surfaces do not release cleats as readily as natural turf, and it has been hypothesized that concomitant increased loading on the foot contributes to the incidence of lower body injuries. This study evaluates this hypothesis from an epidemiologic perspective, examining whether the lower extremity injury rate in National Football League (NFL) games is greater on contemporary synthetic turfs as compared with natural surfaces. Hypothesis: Incidence of lower body injury is higher on synthetic turf than on natural turf among elite NFL athletes playing on modern-generation surfaces. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Lower extremity injuries reported during 2012-2016 regular season games were included, with all 32 NFL teams reporting injuries under mandated, consistent data collection guidelines. Poisson models were used to construct crude and adjusted incidence rate ratios (IRRs) to estimate the influence of surface type on lower body injury groupings (all lower extremity, knee, ankle/foot) for any injury reported as causing a player to miss football participation as well as injuries resulting in ≥8 days missed. A secondary analysis was performed on noncontact/surface contact injuries. Results: Play on synthetic turf resulted in a 16% increase in lower extremity injuries per play than that on natural turf (IRR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.10-1.23). This association between synthetic turf and injury remained when injuries were restricted to those that resulted in ≥8 days missed, as well as when categorizations were narrowed to focus on distal injuries anatomically closer to the playing surface (knee, ankle/foot). The higher rate of injury on synthetic turf was notably stronger when injuries were restricted to noncontact/surface contact injuries (IRRs, 1.20-2.03; all statistically significant). Conclusion: These results support the biomechanical mechanism hypothesized and add confidence to the conclusion that synthetic turf surfaces have a causal impact on lower extremity injury.
Infections in newly diagnosed Spanish patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: data from the RELES cohort
Authors: González-Echavarri C , Capdevila O , Espinosa G , Suárez S , Marín-Ballvé A , González-León R , Rodríguez-Carballeira M , Fonseca-Aizpuru E , Pinilla B , Pallarés L , Ruiz-Irastorza G ,   on behalf of RELES, Autoimmune Diseases Study Group GEAS
Published: November 2018

Objectives Using data of patients from the inception cohort Registro Español de Lupus Eritematoso Sistémico (RELES), we aimed to analyse the incidence of severe infection in the first two years of follow-up and how predictors of infection change during the course of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Material and methods The study included 282 patients. Markers of lupus activity, prednisone doses and immunosuppressive therapy were compared between patients with and without infections in the first and second year of the disease. Drug therapy administered during the first month of follow-up has been considered as a potential predictor of infections during the first year and medications administered during the first year have been considered potential predictors of infections during the second. Results Nineteen patients (6.4%) had a documented episode of major infection during the first year of follow-up and 16 patients (5.67%) during the second. The following variables were associated with infections during the first year: hypocomplementaemia at diagnosis ( p < 0.01), nephritis at diagnosis ( p = 0.03), SLEDAI score ( p < 0.01), prednisone >30 mg/day ( p = 0.01), methylprednisolone pulses ( p = 0.05) and mycophenolate use ( p = 0.02). The independent variables in the final model were hypocomplementaemia (odds ratio (OR) 4.41, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.96–20.20, p = 0.05) and a dose of prednisone >30 mg/day (OR 6.60, 95% CI 1.34–32.42, p = 0.02). The following variables were associated with infections during the second year: dose of prednisone > 7.5 mg/day ( p = 0.05), methylprednisolone pulses ( p = 0.07), duration of therapy with antimalarials ( p = 0.09), therapy with mycophenolate ( p = 0.01), therapy with cyclophosphamide ( p = 0.05). The independent variables in the final model were a dose of prednisone >7.5 mg/day (OR 4.52, 95% CI 0.99–21, p = 0.054) and duration of therapy with antimalarials as a protective factor (OR 0.99, 95% CI 0.99–1.00, p = 0.053). Conclusions The low incidence of early infections in the RELES cohort is partially explained by the extended use of antimalarials and by the general avoidance of prolonged high doses of prednisone. Patients with high baseline activity are at a higher risk of infection during the first months but therapy with medium–high doses of prednisone is the main predictor of infectious events. Thus, every effort should be made to limit oral glucocorticoid use from the very beginning of the SLE course.
Learning from full employment history: The 1945 Australian White Paper in practice
Authors: Nevile John 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe part played by unemployment in the rise to power of Hitler weighed on the minds of leaders in Western democracies. There was a determination to create a world in which large-scale unemployment was abnormal and at worst only a temporary phenomenon. The war had shown that this was possible in a community united to pursue a common goal and the aim was to create such a community in a world free from the horrors of war, by creating communities in which the welfare of every person was important. Australia was remarkably successful in achieving this for 30 years. Its success depended on governments responding to any sustained increase in unemployment by undertaking large increases in public sector expenditure supported by accommodating monetary policy and tax cuts if desirable. In bad times as well as good, there was a determination to ensure that both the incomes and prices paid for necessities by the less well-off did not force anyone to live in poverty. The biggest obstacle to achieving this today is the growth of neoliberalism with its emphasis on ‘freedom’ or giving individuals the ability to act as they please with minimal constraints and an ideological commitment to small government.