bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimating nest‐level phenology and reproductive success of colonial seabirds using time‐lapse cameras
Authors: Hinke Jefferson T. , Barbosa Andres , Emmerson Louise M. , Hart Tom , Juáres Mariana A , Korczak‐Abshire Malgorzata , Milinevsky Gennadi , Santos Mercedes , Trathan Philip N. , Watters George M. , Southwell Colin 
Published: May 2018

Abstract

Collecting spatially extensive data on phenology and reproductive success is important for seabird conservation and management, but can be logistically challenging in remote regions. Autonomous time‐lapse camera systems offer an opportunity to provide such coverage.

We describe a method to estimate nest‐level breeding phenology and reproductive success of colonial pygoscelid penguins using photographs from time‐lapse cameras. The method derives from stereotypical patterns of nest attendance, where predominantly two adults are present before and during laying, but switch to one adult during incubation. The switch approximates the date of clutch completion and is estimated by fitting a smoothing spline to daily nest attendance data, identifying candidate dates that switch from two adults to one and selecting the date when the first derivative of the spline is minimized. Clutch initiation and hatch dates are then estimated from the mean, species‐specific interval between laying (pygoscelid penguins typically lay two eggs) and the duration of the incubation period. We estimated these intervals for each species from historical field data. The phenology is adjusted when photographs indicate egg or chick presence prior to their estimated lay or hatch dates. The number of chicks alive in each study nest on its crèche date determines reproductive success estimates. The method was validated with concurrent direct observations for each species and then applied to a camera network in the Antarctic Peninsula region to demonstrate its utility.

Mean egg laying and incubation intervals from direct observations were similar within species across sites. In the validation study, the mean clutch initiation, hatch and crèche dates were generally equivalent between photographs and direct observations. Estimates of reproductive success were identical. Applying the method to a time‐lapse network suggested relatively high reproductive success for all species across the region and corroborated general understanding of latitudinal trends and species‐level plasticity in phenology.

The method accurately estimated phenology and reproductive success relative to direct observations and appears well‐suited to operationalize regional time‐lapse camera networks. The estimation method should be applicable for other seabirds with stereotypical nest attendance patterns from which breeding phenology could be estimated.
Detection errors in wildlife abundance estimates from Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) surveys: Synthesis, solutions, and challenges
Authors: Brack Ismael V. , Kindel Andreas , Oliveira Luiz Flamarion B. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractUnmanned aerial systems (UAS) are emerging as an accessible and versatile tool for ecologists, promising to revolutionize the way abundance and distribution data are obtained in wildlife studies. Establishment ofUASas an efficient and reliable tool demands understanding how detection errors influenceUAS‐derived counts and possible solutions to address them.We describe two types of false‐negative errors (availability and perception errors) and two types of false‐positive errors (misidentification and double count) that may bias abundance estimates fromUASsurveys. Then, we discuss available methods to address detection errors inUASsurveys and point out challenges for future developments. We present hierarchical models as an integrative framework to account for multiple detection errors and datasets inUASabundance modelling.Methods to address detection errors inUASsurveys depend on how data are collected (flight plan, images processing, and reviewing procedure). Conventional aerial surveys literature offers a set of solutions, especially to deal with false‐negative errors. Available auxiliary information (such as ground counts and telemetry data) facilitates estimating detection errors, although the versatility ofUASpermits exploring novel approaches. Solutions involve planning separated strip transects, temporally replicating flights, carrying out counts in orthomosaics, and multiple observer protocol. When automatic image review is used, subsample manual reviewing, trial experiments, and semiautomated procedures might deal with algorithm errors.UASsurveys need to be consciously planned, thinking on what kind of errors can significantly affect counts and the use of raw counts and indices should be avoided. Approaches that formally account for false positives are needed, particularly for double counts. Hierarchical modelling (especiallyN‐mixture models) offers a fruitful framework to explore and combine solutions, integrating multiple datasets and accommodating different detection errors.
Validation of the Brief Confusion Assessment Method for Screening Delirium in Elderly Medical Patients in a German Emergency Department
Authors: Baten Verena , Busch Hans‐Jörg , Busche Caroline , Schmid Bonaventura , Heupel‐Reuter Miriam , Perlov Evgeniy , Brich Jochen , Klöppel Stefan 
Published: May 2018

AbstractBackgroundDelirium is frequent in elderly patients presenting in the emergency department (ED). Despite the severe prognosis, the majority of delirium cases remain undetected by emergency physicians (EPs). At the time of our study there was no valid delirium screening tool available for EDs in German‐speaking regions. We aimed to evaluate the brief Confusion Assessment Method (bCAM) for a German ED during the daily work routine.MethodsWe implemented the bCAM into practice in a German interdisciplinary high‐volume ED and evaluated the bCAM's validity in a convenience sample of medical patients aged ≥ 70 years. The bCAM, which assesses four core features of delirium, was performed by EPs during their daily work routine and compared to a criterion standard based on the criteria for delirium as described in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition.ResultsCompared to the criterion standard, delirium was found to be present in 46 (16.0%) of the 288 nonsurgical patients enrolled. The bCAM showed 93.8% specificity (95% confidence interval [CI] = 90.0%–96.5%) and 65.2% sensitivity (95% CI = 49.8%–78.7%). Positive and negative likelihood ratios were 10.5 and 0.37, respectively, while the odds ratio was 28.4. Delirium was missed in 10 of 16 cases, since the bCAM did not indicate altered levels of consciousness and disorganized thinking. The level of agreement with the criterion standard increased for patients with low cognitive performance.ConclusionThis was the first study evaluating the bCAM for a German ED and when performed by EPs during routine work. The bCAM showed good specificity, but only moderate sensitivity. Nevertheless, application of the bCAM most likely improves the delirium detection rate in German EDs. However, it should only be applied by trained physicians to maximize diagnostic accuracy and hence improve the bCAM's sensitivity. Future studies should refine the bCAM.
Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids differentially regulate in vitro and ex vivo placental antioxidant capacity
Authors: Manuel Clarence R. , Charron Maureen J. , Ashby Charles R. , Reznik Sandra E. 
Published: May 2018

ProblemComplications from prematurity are the leading cause of death among children under 5 years of age. Although clinical studies have shown a positive correlation between maternal high‐fat diet (HFD) and preterm birth (PTB), the underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated. Furthermore, it remains unclear how fatty acid type influences the effects of bacterial endotoxins.Method of studyHTR‐8/SVneo trophoblasts were cultured in either 0.5 mmol L−1 palmitic acid (PA) or linoleic acid (LA) in the absence or presence of 100 μg mL−1 of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or lipoteichoic acid (LTA). Murine placental explants were cultured in either 2 mmol L−1 PA or LA, and cell viability, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), lipid peroxidation, H2O2, heme oxygenase‐1 (HO‐1), and nuclear erythroid 2‐related factor 2 (Nrf‐2) and nuclear factor‐kappa light‐chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF‐κB) transcription factor activity assays were assessed.ResultsPalmitic acid significantly (i) increased cell death, (ii) decreased TAC, and (iii) increased lipid peroxidation; but did not significantly increase HO‐1. In contrast, LA maintained cell viability and significantly increased TAC and HO‐1. In addition, incubating placental explants with PA significantly increased NF‐κB activity. Co‐incubating cells with PA and LPS or LTA significantly potentiated H2O2 production and increased lipid peroxidation. Co‐incubating cells with PA and LTA synergistically impaired TAC, and LTA decreased TAC more so than LPS. Co‐incubation with PA/LA and LPS/LTA decreased HO‐1 levels compared to treatment with either fatty acid alone.ConclusionOur findings suggest that saturated and unsaturated fats differentially regulate placental viability, antioxidant capacity, and inflammation and the actions of gram‐positive and gram‐negative endotoxins.
Effects of Caffeine on Behavioural and Cognitive Deficits in Rats
Authors: Assis Melissa S. , Soares Aluízio C. , Sousa Dircilei N. , Eudes‐Filho João , Faro Lilian Rosana F. , Carneiro Fabiana P. , Silva Mônica V. , Motoyama Andrea B. , Souza Greice Maria R. , Marchiori Stéphanie , Lima Nadyelle T. , Boëchat‐Barros Raphael , Ferreira Vania M. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThere are many studies that have sought to find drug therapies to prevent harm arising from sepsis. Such studies have represented a progress in the support to septic patients and also in the development of new pharmacological alternatives. Our interest was to investigate the caffeine effect on sepsis behavioural and memory impairments. Male rats were anaesthetized and the surgery was made to allow exposure of the caecum, which was then squeezed to extrude a small amount of faeces from the perforation site, which was later placed back into the peritoneal cavity. This procedure, which served to generate experimental sepsis, is herein referred to as ceccum ligation and perforation (CLP). The caffeine (10 mg/kg) was administered by gavage route, once daily, during 7 or 14 consecutive days to investigate the effects of acute or subchronic caffeine treatment on long‐term behavioural and cognitive deficits induced by CLP. On the last day, 1 hr after caffeine administration, the animals were submitted to open‐field, elevated plus maze (EPM), forced swimming and step‐down inhibitory avoidance tests. The results showed that caffeine increased the percentage of open arm entries and open arm time in the EPM test, and reduced the immobility time when compared to the sham‐operated group. The caffeine also increased the latency in the inhibitory avoidance test platform. Our results demonstrated that the caffeine improved behavioural changes and improved the neurocognitive deficits of sepsis‐surviving animals. It is possible that blockage of the adenosine receptors may be responsible for the results here observed.
A Powerful Approach to the Study of Moderate Effect Modification in Observational Studies
Authors: Lee Kwonsang , Small Dylan S. , Rosenbaum Paul R. 
Published: May 2018

Summary
Effect modification means the magnitude or stability of a treatment effect varies as a function of an observed covariate. Generally, larger and more stable treatment effects are insensitive to larger biases from unmeasured covariates, so a causal conclusion may be considerably firmer if this pattern is noted if it occurs. We propose a new strategy, called the submax-method, that combines exploratory, and confirmatory efforts to determine whether there is stronger evidence of causality—that is, greater insensitivity to unmeasured confounding—in some subgroups of individuals. It uses the joint distribution of test statistics that split the data in various ways based on certain observed covariates. For L binary covariates, the method splits the population L times into two subpopulations, perhaps first men and women, perhaps then smokers and nonsmokers, computing a test statistic from each subpopulation, and appends the test statistic for the whole population, making test statistics in total. Although L binary covariates define interaction groups, only tests are performed, and at least of these tests use at least half of the data. The submax-method achieves the highest design sensitivity and the highest Bahadur efficiency of its component tests. Moreover, the form of the test is sufficiently tractable that its large sample power may be studied analytically. The simulation suggests that the submax method exhibits superior performance, in comparison with an approach using CART, when there is effect modification of moderate size. Using data from the NHANES I epidemiologic follow-up survey, an observational study of the effects of physical activity on survival is used to illustrate the method. The method is implemented in the package which contains the NHANES example. An online Appendix provides simulation results and further analysis of the example.
Shared‐life communities for people with a learning disability: A review of the evidence
Authors: Cumella Stuart , Lyons Maria 
Published: May 2018

Accessible Summary

This is about the best places to live for people with a learning disability.

It compares ordinary houses with communities where people with a learning disability share the homes of people who are not disabled.

These communities may be just as good a place to live as ordinary houses because there are interesting work and more friends.

People with a learning disability should have a choice where they want to live.

AbstractBackgroundA key aim of public policy has been to move people with a learning disability from segregated settings into ordinary housing, with the expectation that they would become integrated in and accepted by the rest of society. Despite this policy, people with a learning disability have high rates of unemployment, social isolation, mental disorders and premature death.AimsThis raises questions about the dominant capitalist mode of care and makes it essential to consider alternative types of residence.Materials and MethodsThis study reviews research into shared‐care communities in which people with a learning disability share their lives with families and volunteers (“co‐workers”), either in dispersed housing or in village settlements.ResultsReviews of research into types of accommodation for people with a learning disability have compared dispersed housing with “congregate” housing, finding that the former provide a better quality of life. However, they also found wide variations in outcome, which can be attributed to the heterogeneous range of accommodation categorised as “congregate.” When shared‐care communities are analysed separately, they were found to offer accommodation as homely as dispersed housing, with a similar lack of institutional practices. Residents in shared‐care communities were also more likely than those in other types of accommodation to be involved in planning their own lives and in accessing professional health and social care. Research into shared‐care communities has attributed these outcomes to the availability of meaningful and diverse employment, opportunities for friendship and long‐term relationships with co‐workers.DiscussionThese conclusions are supported by the results of official inspections and by recent research, which has emphasised how the quality of life of residents with a learning disability is improved when there are long‐term emotional bonds between staff and clients. It is concluded, therefore, that shared‐care communities offer a viable alternative to traditional dispersed housing for people with a learning disability. Choice of accommodation has often been denied to people with a learning disability, even though the rest of the population now live in a wide variety of living circumstances. It is therefore recommended that public policy accepts the need for shared‐life communities as one of a range of living options for people with a learning disability, rather than enforcing one type of accommodation deemed “normal.
The hidden half: ecology and evolution of cryptobenthic fishes on coral reefs
Authors: Brandl Simon J. , Goatley Christopher H. R. , Bellwood David R. , Tornabene Luke 
Published: May 2018

ABSTRACTTeleost fishes are the most diverse group of vertebrates on Earth. On tropical coral reefs, their species richness exceeds 6000 species; one tenth of total vertebrate biodiversity. A large proportion of this diversity is composed of cryptobenthic reef fishes (CRFs): bottom‐dwelling, morphologically or behaviourally cryptic species typically less than 50 mm in length. Yet, despite their diversity and abundance, these fishes are both poorly defined and understood. Herein we provide a new quantitative definition and synthesise current knowledge on the diversity, distribution and life history of CRFs. First, we use size distributions within families to define 17 core CRF families as characterised by the high prevalence (>10%) of small‐bodied species (<50 mm). This stands in strong contrast to 42 families of large reef fishes, in which virtually no small‐bodied species have evolved. We posit that small body size has allowed CRFs to diversify at extremely high rates, primarily by allowing for fine partitioning of microhabitats and facilitation of allopatric reproductive isolation; yet, we are far from understanding and documenting the biodiversity of CRFs. Using rates of description since 1758, we predict that approximately 30 new species of cryptobenthic species will be described per year until 2050 (approximately twice the annual rate compared to large fishes). Furthermore, we predict that by the year 2031, more than half of the described coral reef fish biodiversity will consist of CRFs. These fishes are the ‘hidden half’ of vertebrate biodiversity on coral reefs. Notably, global geographic coverage and spatial resolution of quantitative data on CRF communities is uniformly poor, which further emphasises the remarkable reservoir of biodiversity that is yet to be discovered. Although small body size may have enabled extensive diversification within CRF families, small size also comes with a suite of ecological challenges that affect fishes' capacities to feed, survive and reproduce; we identify a range of life‐history adaptations that have enabled CRFs to overcome these limitations. In turn, these adaptations bestow a unique socio‐ecological role on CRFs, which includes a key role in coral reef trophodynamics by cycling trophic energy provided by microscopic prey to larger consumers. Although small in body size, the ecology and evolutionary history of CRFs may make them a critical component of coral‐reef food webs; yet our review also shows that these fishes are highly susceptible to a variety of anthropogenic disturbances. Understanding the consequences of these changes for CRFs and coral reef ecosystems will require us to shed more light on this frequently overlooked but highly diverse and abundant guild of coral reef fishes.
Reconstructing meaning without redesigning products: The case of the Serie7 chair
Authors: Gasparin Marta , Green William 
Published: May 2018

What constitutes product value has traditionally been attributed to aesthetics, elicitation of emotions, quality and style. The design‐driven innovation literature, instead, suggests that meanings are sought and designed as a way to deliver value to customers; however, it infers that product meanings evolve when a product is redesigned. What happens to product meanings when products have not been redesigned but have remained successful in the market over a number of decades? This study identifies how meanings attached to long‐lasting products have changed in spite of a consistent form and shape. Using actor‐network theory (ANT) as an analytical framework to understand the relationship between meaning and the materiality of the object, an ethnography of the Serie7 chair was conducted. Weekly site visits, formal and informal interviews were coupled with observations and supplemented with 60 years of historical information. We contribute to the innovation literature by demonstrating the importance of materiality in constructing product meaning over long periods. We analysed the Serie7 in four different periods of its life, looking at meaning of the chair at the time, and how management proposed new meanings through a translation process, connecting otherwise disconnected elements.
Stromal barriers to nanomedicine penetration in the pancreatic tumor microenvironment
Authors: Tanaka Hiroyoshi Y. , Kano Mitsunobu R. 
Published: May 2018

Pancreatic cancer is known for its dismal prognosis despite efforts to improve therapeutic outcome. Recently, cancer nanomedicine, application of nanotechnology to cancer diagnosis and treatment, has gained interest for treatment of pancreatic cancer. The enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect that promotes selective accumulation of nanometer‐sized molecules within tumors is the theoretical rationale of treatment. However, it is clear that EPR may be insufficient in pancreatic cancer as a result of stromal barriers within the tumor microenvironment (TME). These limit intratumoral accumulation of macromolecules. The TME and stromal barriers inside it consist of various stromal cell types which interact both with each other and with tumor cells. We are only beginning to understand the complexities of the stromal barriers within the TME and its functional consequences for nanomedicine. Understanding the complex crosstalk between barrier stromal cells is challenging because of the difficulty of modeling pancreatic cancer TME. Here we provide an overview of stromal barriers within the TME. We also describe the preclinical models, both in vivo and in vitro, developed to study them. We furthermore discuss the critical gaps in our understanding, and how we might formulate a better strategy for using nanomedicine against pancreatic cancer.
HSPC159 promotes proliferation and metastasis by inducing epithelial‐mesenchymal transition and activating the PI3K/Akt pathway in breast cancer
Authors: Zheng Jie , Zhang Mengxue , Zhang Liying , Ding Xiaodi , Li Wentong , Lu Shijun 
Published: May 2018

HSPC159 is a novel human galectin‐related protein that has been shown to be involved in carcinogenesis. Little is known about HSPC159 expression and function in breast cancer. Herein we showed that HSPC159 was aberrantly expressed in both breast cancer cell lines and tumor tissues and that its expression was associated with poor prognosis of breast cancer patients. Using gain‐ and loss‐of‐function methods we found that HSPC159 enhanced breast cancer cell proliferation and metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, HSPC159 was found to induce epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) and the F‐actin polymerization process of breast cancer cells. Moreover, HSPC159 promoted proliferation, migration and invasion through activating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in breast cancer. In conclusion, our findings showed that HSPC159 contributed to breast cancer progression through the PI3K/Akt pathway and might serve as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of breast cancer.