bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contrasting plant water‐use responses to groundwater depth in coastal dune ecosystems
Authors: Antunes Cristina , Díaz Barradas Mari Cruz , Zunzunegui Maria , Vieira Simone , Pereira Ângela , Anjos Andreia , Correia Otília , Pereira Maria João , Máguas Cristina 
Published: March 2018

AbstractGroundwater lowering can produce dramatic changes in the physiological performance and survival of plant species. The impact of decreasing water availability due to climate change and anthropogenic groundwater extraction on coastal dune ecosystems has become of increasing concern, with uncertainties about how vegetation will respond in both the short and long terms.We aimed to evaluate the water‐use responses of different plant functional types to increasing groundwater table depth and how this would affect their physiology in Mediterranean coastal dune systems differing in aridity.We modelled water‐table depth, quantified the contribution of different soil layers to plant water through Bayesian isotope mixing models and used a combination of spectral and isotope data to characterize plant ecophysiology. We found that increasing depth to groundwater triggered water uptake adjustments towards deeper soil layers only in the dry season. These adjustments in water source use were made by conifer trees (Pinus pinea,P. pinaster) and hygrophytic shrubs (Erica scoparia, Salix repens) but not by the xerophytic shrubCorema album. Moreover, we observed a greater use of groundwater under semi‐arid conditions. Accompanying the greater use of water from deep soil layers as a response to increasing groundwater depth, the semi‐arid dimorphic‐rooted conifer treeP. pineaand hygrophytic shrubE. scopariadeclined their water content (WI), without implications on photosynthetic parameters, such as chlorophyll content (CHL), photochemical index (PRI) and δ13C. Unexpectedly, under semi‐arid conditions, the shallow‐rooted xerophytic shrubC. album, associated with an absence of water source use adjustments, showed a decline inWI,CHLandPRIwith groundwater table lowering.We provide insight into how different species, belonging to different functional types, are acclimating to groundwater changes in a region experiencing climatic drought and a scarcity in groundwater due to anthropogenic exploitation. Greater depth to groundwater combined with limited precipitation can have a significant effect on plants’ water source use and ecophysiology in semi‐arid coastal dune ecosystems.Aplain language summaryis available for this article.
Experimental disconnection from common mycorrhizal networks has little effect on competitive interactions among common temperate grassland species
Authors: Milkereit Janina , Frossard Emmanuel , Stoll Peter , Wagg Cameron , Niklaus Pascal A. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract

The extent to which plants can reduce nutrient concentrations in soil and thereby compete with others may increase with nutrient mobility. Hyphae of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can extend the soil volume from which plants acquire phosphorus (P), thus increasing competition for these resources with neighbours. In this study, we tested whether the suppression of hyphal interconnections between neighbour plants mitigates their competitive interactions and consequently affects plant community structure.

We used custom‐built microcosms that used a wire system to suppress the development of a common mycorrhizal network (CMN) between plant neighbours. We applied this CMN treatment to plants without neighbours (competition‐free controls), with conspecific neighbours (monocultures) or with heterospecific neighbours (two and four species communities), all assembled from two pools of four separate temperate grassland species each. We analysed changes in species and community‐level productivity and P acquisition.

The CMN treatment affected species differently. Most species had reduced shoot biomass while root biomass increased with CMN disconnection. Productivity and nutrient acquisition of Plantago lanceolata in four‐species mixtures was negatively affected, leading to a less even distribution of P among species, but community‐level P acquisition was not affected. On average, two‐species and four‐species mixtures produced similar community biomass and had the same P content as monocultures.

Synthesis. Common mycorrhizal network disconnection affected competitive interactions among species only little. One explanation may be that the absence of pronounced competitive hierarchy among the species investigated led to relatively symmetric interactions among species that were stable with respects to additional common mycorrhizal network effects. Another explanation is that common mycorrhizal network effects are less important in natural soils with natural arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi communities than experiments with few arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi strains and often sterilized soils suggest.
What factors influence time‐use of occupational therapists in the workplace? A systematic review
Authors: Summers Bianca E. , Laver Kate E. , Nicks Rebecca J. , Lannin Natasha A. 
Published: March 2018

BackgroundHealth‐care expenditure is rapidly increasing in Australia with increasing pressure on health‐care services to review processes, improve efficiency and ensure equity in service delivery. The nursing profession have improved efficiency and patient care by investigating time‐use to describe current practice and support development of workforce planning models. There is, however, a lack of information to understand factors that impact on occupational therapists time‐use in the clinical setting impacting the development of workforce planning models which adapt occupational therapy service delivery to match resources with demand. The objective of this review was to systematically identify known factors which impact on occupational therapists time‐use in the clinical setting.MethodA systematic review of Medline, PsycINFO and CINAHL databases and grey literature was completed in September 2016. Two authors independently screened studies for inclusion and quality was evaluated using the Downs and Black scale. Variables impacting on occupational therapists time‐use were categorised and thematically analysed to synthesise key themes.ResultsTwenty studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. Three key categories of factors influencing time‐use were identified. These were: patient‐related factors (e.g. level of function, therapy required, type, complexity of injury), therapist‐related factors (e.g. experience, clinical vs non‐clinical responsibility), and organisational‐related factors (e.g. workplace characteristics, availability of staff, presence of students).ConclusionOccupational therapist time‐use in clinical settings is complex and difficult to quantify in research. How occupational therapists spend their time is impacted by a number of patient, clinician and service related factors reflecting the breadth of occupational therapy practice and client‐centred nature of the profession.
Scoring the home falls and accidents screening tool for health professionals (HOME FAST‐HP): Evidence from one epidemiological study
Authors: Mackenzie Lynette , Byles Julie 
Published: March 2018

BackgroundFalls in older people are a major public health concern. To target falls prevention interventions, screening tools need to be able to identify older people at greater risk of falling. This study aimed to investigate the screening capacity of the Home Falls and Accidents Screening Tool for health professionals (HOME FAST‐HP), and to identify the best cut‐off score to identify older people at higher risk of falls using the HOME FAST‐HP.MethodsThe study used cross‐sectional data from a random sample of 650 women from the 1921 to 1926 cohort of the Australian Longitudinal Study of Women's Health (ALSWH). Selected women were sent a postal survey including the HOME FAST‐HP, falls history, and other health factors. Scores on the home fast were calculated and the cut‐point for optimal sensitivity and specificity of the HOME FAST‐HP in relation to falls was assessed using a Receiver Operating Characteristic curve.ResultsA total of 567 older women participated (response rate 87%). The mean age of participants was 77.5 yrs (95% CI 77.31–77.70). A total of 153 participants (27%) reported a fall in the previous six months. The mean number of hazards using the HOME FAST‐HP was 9.74 (95% CI 9.48–10.01), range 2–22. Non‐fallers had a mean of 9.6 hazards (95% CI 9.32–9.91) and fallers had a mean of 10.63 hazards (95% CI 10.08–11.19) which was a significant difference (t = 3.41, P = 0.001). The area under the receiver operator curve (AUC) was 0.58 (95% CI 0.53–0.64). A HOME FAST‐HP cut‐off score of 9 was associated with the optimal sensitivity for falls (73.9%), with specificity (37.9%), and positive predictive value was 30.6% and negative predictive value was 79.7%.ConclusionThe HOME FAST‐HP can be used as a screening tool to identify fallers with a cut‐off score of nine indicating a higher risk of falling.
Being, belonging and becoming: Development of the 3B Scale
Authors: Rebeiro Gruhl Karen , Lacarte Sara , Boucher Martin , Ledrew Lauri 
Published: March 2018

BackgroundThe aim of the current study was to assess the construct validity and internal consistency of a measure used by an occupation‐based, mental health program. The measure was formulated according to the 3B theory of being, belong and becoming and system impacts.MethodsThe scale was administered to a sample of 122 current members of Northern Initiative for Social Action. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was carried out to examine the model fit of the 3B Scale. Internal reliability was assessed using Cronbach's alpha measure of internal consistency.ResultsThe CFA confirmed the four hypothesised underlying constructs of the 3B theory. The results of the CFA reported adequate model fit. Each factor had good to excellent internal reliability with Cronbach's alpha ranging from 0.81 to 0.91.ConclusionThe 3B Scale is a valid and reliable tool for measuring Being, Belonging and Becoming needs in an occupation‐based mental health program. The 3B Scale is an example of an outcome measure created specifically to quantify program outcomes and demonstrates that instruments suited to unique programs can be individually configured and assist occupational therapists in their efforts to measure client perspectives. These are the essential first steps to client‐centred practice and the development of practice‐based evidence. The 3B Scale may be useful to similar peer‐led programs, as well as community‐based occupational programs that foster participation. Further research is needed to determine whether the 3B Scale can detect change over time.
Enhancing leadership and relationships by implementing a peer mentoring program
Authors: Gafni Lachter Liat R. , Ruland Judith P. 
Published: March 2018

BackgroundPeer‐mentoring is often described as effective means to promote professional and leadership skills, yet evidence on practical models of such programs for occupational therapy students are sparse. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the outcomes of a peer‐mentoring program designed for graduate occupational therapy students.MethodsForty‐seven second‐year student volunteers were randomly assigned to individually mentor first‐year students in a year‐long program. Students met biweekly virtually or in person to provide mentorship on everyday student issues, according to mentees’ needs. Faculty‐led group activities prior and during the peer‐mentoring program took place to facilitate the mentorship relationships. Program effectiveness was measured using the Multi‐factor Leadership Questionnaire (Avolio & Bass, MLQ: Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire, 2004) and an open‐ended feedback survey.ResultsResults of multi‐variate MANOVA for repeated measures indicating significant enhancement in several leadership skills (F(12,46) = 4.0, P = 0.001, η2 = 0.579). Qualitative data from feedback surveys indicated that an opportunity to help; forming relationships; and structure as enabler were perceived as important participation outcomes. Students expressed high satisfaction and perceived value from their peer‐mentoring experience.ConclusionAs we seek ways to promote our profession and the leadership of its members, it is recommended to consider student peer‐mentoring to empower them to practice and advance essential career skills from the initial stages of professional development. Evidence found in this study demonstrates that peer‐mentoring programs can promote leadership development and establishment of networks in an occupational therapy emerging professional community, at a low cost. The peer‐mentoring blueprint and lessons learned are presented with hopes to inspire others to implement peer‐mentoring programs in their settings.
Role of melatonin in blood pressure regulation: An adjunct anti‐hypertensive agent
Authors: Baker Jacquie , Kimpinski Kurt 
Published: March 2018

SummaryCardiovascular diseases account for approximately one‐third of all deaths each year. Of this, hypertension accounts for approximately 9.4 million deaths. Melatonin, the primary circadian hormone, has been substantiated as an effective and safe adjunct anti‐hypertensive agent. In support of this, melatonin receptors have been identified within the central and peripheral nervous system, as well as the cardiovascular system, including various vascular tissues. Therefore, it is not surprising that recent research has emerged highlighting a key role of melatonin in autonomic regulation of blood pressure. In animals, pinealectomies elicit peripheral vasoconstriction and hypertension. In studies involving humans, both healthy controls and patient populations of essential and nocturnal hypertension, melatonin administration demonstrates significant hypotensive effects that yield clinically significant results. However, the precise mechanism by which melatonin elicits its hypotensive effects in humans require further investigation. This review focuses on melatonin, its role within the cardiovascular system and the emerging implications for its use as an anti‐hypertensive agent. Additionally, this review will discuss the current thinking on potential mechanisms behind the hypotensive effects of melatonin including: endothelium‐dependent vasodilation, anti‐oxidant defence mechanisms and sympatho‐vagal autonomic regulation.
Metrical Grouping and Cliticisation in Middle Dutch: Evidence From Verse
Authors: Lahiri Aditi , Sytsema Johanneke 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe syntax‐phonology mapping is rarely isomorphic. In Germanic, there is a strong tendency for weak (function) words to encliticise rather than to procliticise. Synchronic and diachronic evidence of encliticisation is available from a number of West and North Germanic languages (cf. Lahiri & Plank ). Our goal was to examine metrical grouping in Middle Dutch iambic and trochaic verse, in conjunction with orthographic contractions. Two of our texts, Mellibeus and Saladijn, are from Ms Marshall 29 (c. 1375) and the Lutgart (c. 1300). We asked, to what extent are orthographic contractions isomorphic with cliticisation, and how do they interact with metrical grouping? Furthermore, a close examination of the metre showed, that when properly scanned orthographic sequences of function words need not represent regular cliticisation patterns. First, words can be broken up in prosodic grouping and this holds also for orthographic contractions of function and/or lexical words (alsic < als ic) or (laetti < laet ghi). Second, contractions may not reflect cliticisation. They can be split across feet and the second element can be head of a foot; e.g. dade ic > dadic where ic can head the trochaic foot. Finally, we find that encliticisation is preferred to procliticisation in verse.
The ‘other’ London effect: the diversification of London's suburban grammar schools and the rise of hyper‐selective elite state schools
Authors: Gamsu Sol 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThis paper examines the rise of a new elite of ‘super‐state’ schools in London, revealing a growing divide within the state sector which problematizes claims that the capital is a ‘hotspot’ for social mobility (Social Mobility Commission ). Although recent research has revealed a ‘London effect’ in which students in the capital on Free School Meals outperform their peers in other regions (Greaves, Macmillan and Sibieta ), inequalities between London's schools in access to elite universities have been overlooked. Drawing on a case study of a suburban London grammar school, ‘King Henry's School’, I show how ethnic‐minority suburbanization has combined with an institutional strategy to compete with elite private schools. Strategies of selection have been mobilized alongside elements of elite ‘gentlemanly’ educational culture in order to reposition the school within the hierarchy of London's schools. The result is a hyper‐selective school which provides a conduit to elite universities for upwardly mobile British‐Asian students. I show that this strategy has strong parallels with the school's attempts in the early twentieth century to compete with London's fee‐paying ‘public’ schools. The continuing symbolic value of ‘traditional’ forms of elite educational culture to a school seeking to reposition itself within the field reflects deep structural patterns of inequality in English education. To understand how apparent improvements in social mobility can sit alongside deepening inequalities between state schools, there is a need for a historical sociological approach that takes account of long‐term processes of institutional change (Savage ; Inglis ).
Trends in Chemometrics: Food Authentication, Microbiology, and Effects of Processing
Authors: Granato Daniel , Putnik Predrag , Kovačević Danijela Bursać , Santos Jânio Sousa , Calado Verônica , Rocha Ramon Silva , Cruz Adriano Gomes Da , Jarvis Basil , Rodionova Oxana Ye , Pomerantsev Alexey 
Published: March 2018

AbstractIn the last decade, the use of multivariate statistical techniques developed for analytical chemistry has been adopted widely in food science and technology. Usually, chemometrics is applied when there is a large and complex dataset, in terms of sample numbers, types, and responses. The results are used for authentication of geographical origin, farming systems, or even to trace adulteration of high value‐added commodities. In this article, we provide an extensive practical and pragmatic overview on the use of the main chemometrics tools in food science studies, focusing on the effects of process variables on chemical composition and on the authentication of foods based on chemical markers. Pattern recognition methods, such as principal component analysis and cluster analysis, have been used to associate the level of bioactive components with in vitro functional properties, although supervised multivariate statistical methods have been used for authentication purposes. Overall, chemometrics is a useful aid when extensive, multiple, and complex real‐life problems need to be addressed in a multifactorial and holistic context. Undoubtedly, chemometrics should be used by governmental bodies and industries that need to monitor the quality of foods, raw materials, and processes when high‐dimensional data are available. We have focused on practical examples and listed the pros and cons of the most used chemometric tools to help the user choose the most appropriate statistical approach for analysis of complex and multivariate data.
Edible Films and Coatings as Carriers of Living Microorganisms: A New Strategy Towards Biopreservation and Healthier Foods
Authors: Guimarães Ana , Abrunhosa Luís , Pastrana Lorenzo M. , Cerqueira Miguel A. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractEdible films and coatings have been extensively studied in recent years due to their unique properties and advantages over more traditional conservation techniques. Edible films and coatings improve shelf life and food quality, by providing a protective barrier against physical and mechanical damage, and by creating a controlled atmosphere and acting as a semipermeable barrier for gases, vapor, and water. Edible films and coatings are produced using naturally derived materials, such as polysaccharides, proteins, and lipids, or a mixture of these materials. These films and coatings also offer the possibility of incorporating different functional ingredients such as nutraceuticals, antioxidants, antimicrobials, flavoring, and coloring agents. Films and coatings are also able to incorporate living microorganisms. In the last decade, several works reported the incorporation of bacteria to confer probiotic or antimicrobial properties to these films and coatings. The incorporation of probiotic bacteria in films and coatings allows them to reach the consumers’ gut in adequate amounts to confer health benefits to the host, thus creating an added value to the food product. Also, other microorganisms, either bacteria or yeast, can be incorporated into edible films in a biocontrol approach to extend the shelf life of food products. The incorporation of yeasts in films and coatings has been suggested primarily for the control of the postharvest disease. This work provides a comprehensive review of the use of edible films and coatings for the incorporation of living microorganisms, aiming at the biopreservation and probiotic ability of food products.
Differential Decomposition Among Pig, Rabbit, and Human Remains
Authors: Dautartas Angela , Kenyhercz Michael W. , Vidoli Giovanna M. , Meadows Jantz Lee , Mundorff Amy , Steadman Dawnie Wolfe 
Published: March 2018

AbstractWhile nonhuman animal remains are often utilized in forensic research to develop methods to estimate the postmortem interval, systematic studies that directly validate animals as proxies for human decomposition are lacking. The current project compared decomposition rates among pigs, rabbits, and humans at the University of Tennessee's Anthropology Research Facility across three seasonal trials that spanned nearly 2 years. The Total Body Score (TBS) method was applied to quantify decomposition changes and calculate the postmortem interval (PMI) in accumulated degree days (ADD). Decomposition trajectories were analyzed by comparing the estimated and actualADDfor each seasonal trial and by fuzzy cluster analysis. The cluster analysis demonstrated that the rabbits formed one group while pigs and humans, although more similar to each other than either to rabbits, still showed important differences in decomposition patterns. The decomposition trends show that neither nonhuman model captured the pattern, rate, and variability of human decomposition.
Are Statutory Requirements Followed in the Certification of Traumatic, Unexpected, and Unattended Deaths in Missouri?
Authors: Xaverius Pamela K. , Wambuguh Loise , Ward Craig , Salas Joanne , Alleman Elizabeth , Young Jeffrey , Berkemeier Jessica 
Published: March 2018

AbstractMedical examiners and coroners (ME/Cs) investigate deaths important to public health. This cross‐sectional study evaluated 343,412 death certificates from 2007 to 2012 in Missouri. We examined agreement between cause and manner of death by year and ME/C contact as well as 2010–2012 trends in ME/C contact. There was near perfect agreement between cause and manner of death when an ME/C was contacted (kappa=0.97, p < 0.0001) and a significant increase in the proportion of deaths with ME/C contact from 2010 to 2012 (p =< 0.0001). There was a significantly higher proportion of ME/C‐certified deaths using the electronic system in 2010–2012 (aOR = 1.18, 95% CI 1.15, 1.21) compared to the manual system in 2007‐2009. Black, non‐Hispanic (aOR = 1.50, 95% CI 1.43,1.57) and Hispanic (aOR = 1.31, 95% CI 1.13, 1.51) deaths, compared to White, non‐Hispanic deaths, were associated with a significantly greater odds of ME/C certification. Race as an independent predictor of ME/C death certification warrants further research.