bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variation across river channels in demographic dynamics of a riparian herb with threatened status: management and conservation implications
Authors: Pérez Mervin E. , Meléndez‐Ackerman Elvia J. , Monsegur‐Rivera Omar A. 
Published: July 2019

PremiseGesneria pauciflorais a rare, threatened plant in riparian forests. Periodic disturbances, expected in this habitat, could influence demographic dynamics on plant populations, yet their impact may not be the same across the watershed. We hypothesized that differences in disturbances between the main channel and tributaries may lead to spatial dissimilarities in population growth rate (λ), structure, and fecundity.MethodsIn the Maricao River Watershed in Puerto Rico, 1277 plants were tagged and monitored for 1.5 years. Every 6 months, we measured plant size and recorded survival, fecundity, and appearance of seedlings. These variables were used in integral projection models to assess the population status ofG. pauciflora.ResultsPlants in the main channel were smaller but more likely to flower and fruit than those in the tributaries. Overall mortality was greater in the main channel and greater during the rainy season. At both sites,λranged from 0.9114 to 0.9865, and survival/growth of larger plants had a greater effect onλ(>0.90) regardless of site.ConclusionsValues for population growth rates suggest thatG. pauciflorais declining across the watershed. Higher mortality rates in the main channel (more‐perturbed sites) might driveG. pauciflorato reproduce at smaller sizes, while tributaries (less‐perturbed sites) might be better for growth and lead to larger plant sizes. Extreme climatic events are expected to increase in the Caribbean and might decrease the population if the population is left unmanaged. Management strategies that reduce the time plants require to reach larger sizes might be necessary to increaseλ, and reintroduction using cuttings might be a possible solution.
Stigma: A biocultural proposal for integrating evolutionary and political‐economic approaches
Authors: Brewis Alexandra , Wutich Amber 
Published: July 2019

AbstractObjectivesStigma—the process by which people become socially discredited because they hold a characteristic that is classified as unacceptable or undesirable—has barely been considered in biocultural analyses. Yet, it provides an acute point of articulation for evolutionary and political‐economic perspectives on human variation, including the biocultural production of health disparities. To explain the theoretical integration of the two perspectives to stigma, we first lay out some operationalizable definitions of stigma, and review feasible methods to capture them in the field. We then test the roles of predictors suggested from evolutionary (respondent's level of disgust, fear of contagion) and political‐economic (respondent's perceived social standing and negative social labeling of those who violate hygiene norms) theories of stigma.MethodsWe used survey, interview, and behavioral report data from a study of hygiene behaviors at four local community sites in Guatemala, Fiji, New Zealand, and the United States (N = 300). We applied a hierarchical GLMM design that treats site as a random effect.ResultsThe independent influences of both variable sets are evident in publicly visible forms of reported hygiene behaviors, specifically the exhibition of clean bodies, clothes, and homes.ConclusionWe propose that the study of stigma provides a productive operationalizable space to engage the promise of the biocultural synthesis to integrate evolutionary and political‐economic models of health and human variation.
An Alkenyl Boronate as a Monomer for Radical Polymerizations: Boron as a Guide for Chain Growth and as a Replaceable Side Chain for Post‐Polymerization Transformation
Authors: Nishikawa Tsuyoshi , Ouchi Makoto 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe ability of isopropenyl boronate pinacol ester to serve as a monomer in radical polymerizations was established and exploited for the synthesis of polymers that are difficult to access using other polymerization techniques. Although the monomer exhibits an α‐methyl‐substituted unconjugated structure, which is usually unfavorable for radical propagation, both free and controlled radical polymerizations smoothly afford the corresponding polymers. A density‐functional‐theory‐based investigation revealed that the boron atom moderately stabilizes the radical species, which leads to the suppression of the degradative chain transfer to the α‐methyl groups, and thus guides the reaction towards the radical polymerization. The boronyl pendants, which are directly attached to the polymer backbone, can be replaced with ‐OH or ‐NH2 to yield poly(α‐methyl vinyl amine) or poly(α‐methyl vinyl alcohol), which has been inaccessible by conventional synthetic methods.
Foamability and viscosity behavior of extrusion foamed PLA–pulp fiber biocomposites
Authors: Rokkonen Teijo , Peltola Heidi , Sandquist David 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACTThis study addresses the effect of fiber reinforcement, chain extension, and physical foaming agent type on foam morphology and viscosity behavior of pulp fiber reinforced poly(lactic acid) (PLA) biocomposites. PLA reinforced with 0, 10, and 20 wt % of bleached kraft pulp fibers with and without chain extender were foamed using two different physical foaming agents (carbon dioxide and isobutane) by extrusion foaming. Densities, foam morphologies, and viscosities were systematically analyzed and compared from the produced foams. As a conclusion, low‐density foams are produced with both foaming agents and fiber levels, fiber addition limiting cell growth. Isobutane provides better dimensional stability with narrower cell size distribution, whereas carbon dioxide enables lower foaming temperature. Chain extension is essential to achieve foam with low density and good cell structure. Contrary to nonchain extended PLA, addition of fibers reduced the viscosity of chain extended PLA. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 48202.
Mechanochemical Synthesis and Temperature‐Dependent Optical Properties of Thermochromic (Ag1−xCux)2HgI4
Authors: Maji Krishnendu , Acharyya Paribesh , Satapathy Pragnya , Prasad S. Krishna , Biswas Kanishka 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThermochromic materials are generally synthesized via high‐temperature melting reaction or solution‐based synthesis. Herein, all‐inorganic thermochromic compounds of (Ag1−xCux)2HgI4 were synthesized by solvent‐free simple and scalable mechanochemical grinding at room temperature. Temperature‐dependent electronic absorption spectroscopy along with DSC analysis confirmed the thermochromic events within these materials, and the phase transition temperature varied with solid solution compositions. The photoluminescence (PL) spectra is red‐shifted with the increase in the Cu content in (Ag1−xCux)2HgI4 (x=0–1).
A techno‐economic assessment of biomass co‐firing in Czech Republic, France, Germany and Poland
Authors: Cutz Luis , Berndes Goran , Johnsson Filip 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBiomass co‐firing with coal can help to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and can act as a low‐cost stepping‐stone for developing biomass supply infrastructures. This paper presents a techno‐economic assessment of the biomass co‐firing potential in coal‐fired boilers in Czech Republic, France, Germany and Poland. The current coal power plant infrastructure is characterized by means of geographic location of the coal power plants, installed boiler capacity, type of boiler technology and year of commissioning, as extracted from the Chalmers Power Plant Database. The assessment considers type of boiler technology, type of biomass, co‐firing fraction, implementation costs, breakeven prices for co‐firing and an alkali index to determine the risk of high‐temperature corrosion. The main factors affecting the co‐firing potential are the biomass price, carbon price and alkali index. Results indicate that the total co‐firing potential in the four countries is around 16 TWh year−1, with the largest potential from a conversion perspective in Germany, followed by Poland. Biomass co‐firing with coal is estimated to be competitive at biomass prices below 13 € MWhinput
−1 when the carbon price is 20 € t−1 CO2. On average, 1 TWh of electricity from biomass co‐firing substitutes 0.9 Mt of fossil CO2 emissions. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Identification of a crucial amino acid implicated in the hydroxylation/desaturation ratio of CpFAH12 bifunctional hydroxylase
Authors: Robin Julien , Gueroult Marc , Cheikhrouhou Randa , Guicherd Marie , Borsenberger Vinciane , Marty Alain , Bordes Florence 
Published: July 2019

AbstractClaviceps purpurea bifunctional Δ12‐hydroxylase/desaturase, CpFAH12, and monofunctional desaturase CpFAD2, share 86% of sequence identity. To identify the underlying determinants of the hydroxylation/desaturation specificity, chimeras of these two enzymes were tested for their fatty acid production in an engineered Yarrowia lipolytica strain. It reveals that transmembrane helices are not involved in the hydroxylation/desaturation specificity whereas all cytosolic domains have an impact on it. Especially, replacing the CpFAH12 cytosolic part near the second histidine‐box by the corresponding CpFAD2 part annihilates all hydroxylation activity. Further mutagenesis experiments within this domain identified isoleucine 198 as the crucial element for the hydroxylation activity of CpFAH12. Monofunctional variants performing the only desaturation were obtained when this position was exchanged by the threonine of CpFAD2. Saturation mutagenesis at this position showed modulation in the hydroxylation/desaturation specificity in the different variants. The WT enzyme was demonstrated as the most efficient for ricinoleic acid production and some variants showed a better desaturation activity. A model based on the recently discovered membrane desaturase structures indicate that these changes in specificity are more likely due to modifications in the di‐iron center geometry rather than changes in the substrate binding mode.
Pushing the boundaries of pelvic exenteration by maintaining survival at the cost of morbidity
Authors: Venchiarutti R L , Solomon M J , Koh C E , Young J M , Steffens D 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Background
Pelvic exenteration (PE) provides a potentially curative option for advanced or recurrent malignancy confined to the pelvis. A clear (R0) resection margin is the strongest prognostic factor predicting long-term survival, driving most technical advances in PE surgery. The aim of this cohort study was to describe changing trends in extent of resection, postoperative complications, mortality and overall survival after PE surgery.

Methods
Consecutive patients who underwent PE for advanced or recurrent pelvic malignancy at a single institution in Sydney, Australia, were identified. The cohort was divided into three groups based on time periods reflecting annual surgical volume: 1994–2006 (20 or fewer procedures per year), 2007–2013 (21–50 procedures per year) and 2014–2017 (over 50 procedures per year). Primary outcomes were extent of resection, postoperative complications, 60-day mortality and 3-year overall survival. Secondary outcomes were patient characteristics, receipt of neoadjuvant therapy and duration of hospital stay.

Results
There were increases over time in rates of lateral and posterior compartment resections (P &lt; 0·001), and bony pelvis (P = 0·002) and neurovascular (P &lt; 0·001) excision. For patients undergoing reconstruction, the proportion receiving vertical rectus abdominus myocutaneous flaps increased significantly (P = 0·005). Rates of wound infection, dehiscence, and abdominal and pelvic collections increased over the study interval. Short-term mortality decreased, and 1- and 3-year survival rates improved.

Conclusion
Technical and surgical advancements have led to more complex PE resections, with R0 and mortality rates improving with higher annual volume. There were associated increases in intraoperative blood loss and postoperative morbidity.
Microstructural abnormalities in callosal fibers and their relationship with cognitive function in schizophrenia: A tract‐specific analysis study
Authors: Ohoshi Yuji , Takahashi Shun , Yamada Shinichi , Ishida Takuya , Tsuda Kumi , Tsuji Tomikimi , Terada Masaki , Shinosaki Kazuhiro , Ukai Satoshi 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIntroductionThe corpus callosum serves the essential role of relaying cognitive information between the homologous regions in the left and the right hemispheres of the brain. Cognitive impairment is a core dysfunction of schizophrenia, but much of its pathophysiology is unknown. The aim of this study was to elucidate the association between microstructural abnormalities of the corpus callosum and cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia.MethodsWe examined stepwise multiple regression analysis to investigate the relationship of the fractional anisotropy (FA) of callosal fibers in each segment with z‐scores of each brief assessment of cognition in schizophrenia subtest and cognitive composite score in all subjects (19 patients with schizophrenia [SZ group] and 19 healthy controls [HC group]). Callosal fibers were separated into seven segments based on their cortical projection using tract‐specific analysis of diffusion tensor imaging.ResultsThe FA of callosal fibers in the temporal segment was significantly associated with z‐scores of token motor test, Tower of London test, and the composite score. In the SZ group, the FA of callosal fibers in the temporal segment was significantly associated with the z‐score of the Tower of London test. In addition, the FA of callosal fibers in temporal segment showed significant negative association with the positive and negative syndrome scale negative score in the SZ group. Compared to the HC group, the FA in temporal segment was significantly decreased in the SZ group.ConclusionOur results suggest that microstructural abnormalities in the callosal white matter fibers connecting bilateral temporal lobe cortices contribute to poor executive function and severe negative symptom in patients with schizophrenia.
Croatian Wines from Native Grape Varieties Have Higher Distinct Phenolic (Nutraceutic) Profiles than Wines from Non‐Native Varieties with the Same Geographic Origin
Authors: Žurga Paula , Vahčić Nada , Pasković Igor , Banović Mara , Staver Mladenka Malenica 
Published: July 2019

AbstractCroatian wines made from native (Plavac mali and Teran) and non‐native grape varieties (Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot), all grown in Croatian coastal regions, were investigated. Analyses included measurements of antioxidant activities, total phenolic contents and concentrations of non‐colored phenolic compounds, chosen based on their known nutraceutical properties. Plavac mali wines were distinguished by higher antioxidant activity, total phenolic content and catechin concentrations but lower flavonol concentrations. Teran wines had higher hydroxytyrosol, myricetin and resveratrol concentrations. Merlot and Cabernet Sauvignon wines had higher flavonol concentrations (except myricetin). Canonical analysis was successful in discriminating Plavac mali from Teran wines, and both varieties were separated from non‐native varieties. The results indicate distinct genetic potentials of studied varieties and enable wine authentication based on the investigated bioactive compounds.
Formation of g‐C3N4 Nanotubes towards Superior Photocatalysis Performance
Authors: Jiang Zhixiang , Zhang Xiao , Chen Hsueh‐Shih , Hu Xun , Yang Ping 
Published: July 2019

AbstractPoor charge separation efficiency seriously limits the application of graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C3N4) for water splitting. Herein, g‐C3N4 nanotubes were created to enhance charge carrier separation for superior H2 evolution via a thermal polymerizing reaction using melamine crystals prepared through a transitional metal derived re‐crystalline process. Melamine crystals were grown with help of transitional metal ions (Fe3+, Co2+, Ni2+, and Mn2+). As prepared crystals have regular shape with an average size of ∼20 μm. The growth of (002) facet was limited and another facets corresponding to (011), (210) and (311) promised. The tubular shape is firstly ascribed to the traces amount of transition metal ions in the crystal promise formation of tubular structure. Another key is that regular crystals with low surface energy slow down polycondensation reaction. The tubular g‐C3N4 revealed superior photocatalysis performance. Sample Fe3+ R‐650 CN prepared using Fe3+ ions modified crystals exhibited enhanced absorbance at 500 nm and decreased band gap. Tubular morphology accelerated electron transfer along the axial direction. The sample revealed the highest photocatalytic hydrogen evolution rate of 7538 μ mol h−1 g−1, which is nearly 13.5 times high compared with g‐C3N4 nanosheets prepared using similar conditions without transitional metal ions.
Lithium–Bromide Exchange versus Nucleophilic Addition of Schiff's base: Unprecedented Tandem Cyclisation Pathways
Authors: Orr Samantha A. , Border Emily C. , Andrews Philip C. , Blair Victoria L. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBy exploring lithium–bromide exchange reactivity of aromatic Schiff's bases with tert‐butyllithium (tBuLi), we have revealed unprecedented competitive intermolecular and intramolecular cascade annulation pathways, leading to valuable compounds, such as iso‐indolinones and N‐substituted anthracene derivatives. A series of reaction parameters were probed, including solvent, stoichiometry, sterics and organolithium reagent choice, in order to understand the influences that limit such ring‐closing pathways. With two viable reactivity options for the organolithium on the imine; namely, nucleophilic addition or lithium–bromide exchange, a surprising competitive nature was observed, where nucleophilic addition dominated, even under cryogenic conditions. Considering the most commonly used solvents for lithium–bromide exchange, tetrahydrofuran (THF) and diethyl ether (Et2O), contrasting reactivity outcomes were revealed with nucleophilic addition promoted in THF, while Et2O yielded almost double the conversion of cyclic products than in THF.
Enantioselective Synthesis of 3‐Heterosubstituted‐2‐amino‐1‐ols by Sequential Metal‐Free Diene Aziridination/Kinetic Resolution
Authors: Giménez‐Nueno Irene , Guasch Joan , Funes‐Ardoiz Ignacio , Maseras Feliu , Matheu M. Isabel , Castillón Sergio , Díaz Yolanda 
Published: July 2019

AbstractA general protocol for the enantioselective synthesis of 3‐heterosubstituted‐2‐amino‐1‐ols was developed based on metal‐ free intramolecular regio‐ and stereoselective diene aziridination and regioselective opening. Kinetic resolution of the resulting (1′‐NR1R2 and 1′‐SR)‐4‐oxazolidinones was performed using ABCs organocatalysts, expanding the application of this methodology.
Anion–π Interactions in Light‐Induced Reactions: Role in the Amidation of (Hetero)aromatic Systems with Activated N‐Aryloxyamides
Authors: Buglioni Laura , Mastandrea Marco M. , Frontera Antonio , Pericàs Miquel A. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe importance of anion–π interactions as a driving force for chemical and biological processes is increasingly being recognized. In this communication, we describe for the first time its key participation in light‐induced reactions. We show, in particular, how transient complexes formed through noncovalent anion–π interactions between electron‐poor N‐aryloxyamides and multiply‐charged anions (such as carbonate or phosphate) can undergo facile light‐promoted N−O cleavage, affording amidyl radicals that can subsequently be trapped by (hetero)aromatics.
Update on triple‐negative breast cancer disparities for the United States: A population‐based study from the United States Cancer Statistics database, 2010 through 2014
Authors: Scott Lia C. , Mobley Lee R. , Kuo Tzy‐Mey , Il’yasova Dora 
Published: July 2019

BackgroundTriple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC) has been associated with a more aggressive histology, poorer prognosis, and nonresponsiveness to hormone therapy. It is imperative that cancer research identify factors that drive disparities and focus on prevention.MethodsUsing the United States Cancer Statistics database, the authors examined differences between TNBCs compared with all other breast cancers with regard to age, race/ethnicity, and stage at diagnosis.ResultsA total of 1,151,724 cases of breast cancer were identified from 2010 through 2014, with the triple‐negative phenotype accounting for approximately 8.4% of all cases. In unadjusted analyses, non‐Hispanic black women (odds ratio [OR], 2.27; 95% CI, 2.23‐2.31) and Hispanic women (OR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.19‐1.25) had higher odds of diagnosis when compared with non‐Hispanic white women. Women aged <40 years had the highest odds of diagnosis compared with women aged 50 to 64 years (OR, 1.95; 95% CI, 1.90‐2.01). Diagnosis at American Joint Committee on Cancer stage III and beyond conferred higher odds of the diagnosis of TNBC (OR for stage III, 1.69 [95% CI, 1.68‐1.72]; and OR for stage IV, 1.47 [95% CI, 1.43‐1.51]). Results varied slightly in adjusted analyses.ConclusionsThe results of the current study demonstrated that there is a significant burden of disease in TNBC diagnosed among women of color, specifically non‐Hispanic black women, and younger women. Additional studies are needed to determine drivers of disparities between race, age, and stage of disease at diagnosis.
Experimental evaluation of active power factor correction techniques in a single‐phase AC‐DC boost converter
Authors: Franco de Souza Alencar , Ribeiro Enio Roberto , Vicente Eduardo Moreira , Tofoli Fernando Lessa 
Published: July 2019

SummaryThe increasing need to improve power quality with the reduction of the harmonic content of current and voltage waveforms has been intensively analyzed in several studies, thus motivating the proposal of many high power factor rectifiers based on the classic converters such as boost and buck‐boost. Moreover, distinct control techniques have also been proposed due to the commercial availability of integrated circuits (ICs) dedicated to impose sinusoidal input currents in switch‐mode power supplies (SMPSs). The boost converter operating in continuous conduction mode (CCM) is by far the most traditional choice for this purpose due to circuit simplicity and low electromagnetic interference (EMI) levels. Within this context, this work analyzes some of the most important control techniques used in power factor correction (PFC). The performance of a single‐phase boost converter using peak current mode control (PCMC), average current mode control (ACMC), and one cycle control (OCC) is evaluated experimentally in detail. A comprehensive analysis of key aspects such as the input current waveform and respective harmonic content, dc output voltage, and dynamic response of the converter is also presented.
Screening for reading disability in university students with phonological processing and working memory tasks
Authors: Broggi Michael , Ready Rebecca E. , Moore Dina L. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractMany students in higher education have undiagnosed reading disabilities (RDs), but there are few measures to screen for RD in this population. The aim of this study was to determine the ability of tasks that are sensitive to RDs—such as measures of phonemic awareness and working memory—to differentiate university students previously diagnosed with RDs from controls. Participants were university students with an RD (n = 26), a clinical control group diagnosed with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (n = 24), and neurotypical controls (n = 44). Participants completed brief phonological processing and working memory tasks. The RD group scored significantly lower on all tasks than both control groups. The phonological processing tasks alone—without the working memory task—discriminated participants with RDs from controls with excellent sensitivity and specificity. A brief battery of phonemic tasks could be an effective screening instrument for persons with RDs on university campuses.