bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Age-Related and Noise-Induced Hearing Loss
Authors: Xie Ruili , Ropp Tessa-Jonne F. , Kasten Michael R. , Manis Paul B. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Hearing loss generally occurs in the auditory periphery but leads to changes in the central auditory system. Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) and age-related hearing loss (ARHL) affect neurons in the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN) at both the cellular and systems levels. In response to a decrease in auditory nerve activity associated with hearing loss, the large synaptic endings of the auditory nerve, the endbulbs of Held, undergo simplification of their structure and the volume of the postsynaptic bushy neurons decreases. A major functional change shared by NIHL and ARHL is the development of asynchronous transmitter release at endbulb synapses during periods of high afferent firing. Compensatory adjustements in transmitter release, including changes in release probability and quantal content, have also been reported. The excitability of the bushy cells undergoes subtle changes in the long-term, although short-term, reversible changes in excitability may also occur. These changes are not consistently observed across all models of hearing loss, suggesting that the time course of hearing loss, and potential developmental effects, may influence endbulb transmission in multiple ways. NIHL can alter the representation of the loudness of tonal stimuli by VCN neurons and is accompanied by changes in spontaneous activity in VCN neurons. However, little is known about the representation of more complex stimuli. The relationship between mechanistic changes in VCN neurons with noise-induced or age-related hearing loss, the accompanying change in sensory coding, and the reversibility of changes with the reintroduction of auditory nerve activity are areas that deserve further thoughtful exploration.
Acquiring and Maintaining Expertise in Aging Populations
Authors: Morrow Dan , Azevedo Renato F. L. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThis chapter reviews literature related to relationships between expertise and aging. It first considers how experts excel on domain-relevant tasks despite cognitive limitations and how these expertise-related advantages develop, which suggest ways in which adults can offset age-related cognitive constraints to maintain performance in later years. The chapter then reviews studies that examine two issues about how expertise influences performance as we age. First, to what extent high-level experts can retain superior levels of performance as they age, an issue often addressed in fairly narrow domains such as games, sports, and music. A second, broader issue concerns whether the benefits or costs associated with domain-general as well as domain-specific knowledge change with age. This second issue is central to lifespan theory: To what extent does knowledge and skill associated with experience offset age-related declines in abilities and function.
The “War” on Expertise
Authors: Klein Gary , Shneiderman Ben , Hoffman Robert R. , Wears Robert L. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractFive communities actively disparage the benefits of expertise. This chapter explains why their criticisms are misguided. Experimental psychologists have shown that linear models can outperform experts, but the factors driving these models are drawn from experts’ judgments. The Heuristics and Biases community asserts that experts are prone to flawed reasoning, but ignores the ways that heuristics let us handle complexity and ambiguity. The evidence-based performance community wants practitioners to rely on best practices identified through carefully designed research, but ignores the cognitive challenges of handling incidents that involve multiple interactions and demand adaptation. Computer scientists have shown that artificial intelligence can outperform experts in games such as chess and Go—fixed tasks with little ambiguity. Some sociologists argue that expertise is just a social attribution, an ideological position that minimizes the contributions of individual experts. Studying these criticisms can help us discover better methods for supporting experts and fostering expertise.
Languages of the Iberian Peninsula
Authors: de Hoz Bravo Javier 
Published: October 2018

AbstractWriting appeared in the Iberian Peninsula no later than the seventh century bce as an adaptation of Phoenician script, from which the Palaeohispanic scripts developed as a series of variants. These variants correspond to the linguistic and social particularities of diverse Palaeohispanic communities, notably the Tartessians, the Iberians, and the Celtiberians. The Roman occupation influenced the development of local inscriptions, some of which appeared for the first time at this moment, and in the case of the Lusitanians were only ever written in the Latin alphabet. Epigraphic evidence provides information about little understood aspects of indigenous literatures and cultures, in particular that of the Turdetanians, who followed on from the Tartessians. Limited data regarding Latin literature produced in Hispania (the Roman designation for the Iberian peninsula) by Hispanic peoples, in contrast to that of Hispanic writers active in Rome, do not allow for detailed assessment of the pre-Roman tradition.
Berkeley and Newton
Authors: Jesseph Douglas 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This article examines Berkeley’s responses to the mechanics and mathematics of Isaac Newton. After a brief section outlining some of the key elements of Berkeley’s idealistic metaphysics and empiricist epistemology, his criticisms of Newton are considered, as is his attempt to accommodate the success of Newtonian mechanics within the constraints of his own philosophy. In particular, investigations are made of Berkeley’s criticisms of absolute space and time, his proposal to expunge the notion of matter from natural philosophy, his claim that laws of nature are purely descriptive and do not identify genuine causes, and his instrumentalistic approach to the concept of force. Berkeley’s critique of the Newtonian calculus of fluxions in his 1734 treatise The Analyst is also investigated.
NICE public health guidance update
Authors: Van Hove Maria , Kettle Rachel , Walsh Rachel , Leng Gillian 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This article covers recent National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guidance relevant to public health. The article includes an overview of key public health aspects of the Community pharmacy: promoting health and wellbeing guideline, summarizing recommendations for commissioners and health promoting organizations and professionals around the potential to integrate community pharmacies into wider health and care pathways.
Implementation of the “Pregnancy Reasonably Excluded Guide” for Pregnancy Assessment
Authors: Wyatt Michelle A. , Ainsworth Alessandra J. , DeJong Stephanie R. , Cope Adela G. , Long Margaret E. 
Published: October 2018

OBJECTIVE:
Preoperative evaluation for pregnancy at our institution lacked standardization among individual health care providers and surgical services. This pilot project aimed to improve assessment for pregnancy before scheduled outpatient gynecologic surgical procedures. The Pregnancy Reasonably Excluded Guide incorporates historic, evidence-based criteria to facilitate identification of patients with a higher chance of pregnancy.

METHODS:
We retrospectively reviewed documentation for women undergoing gynecologic surgery at an outpatient surgical center from March through September 2016, before and after implementation of the pregnancy assessment protocol. After implementation, all eligible women (aged 18–50 years, not undergoing an emergent or pregnancy-related procedure) were assessed using the Pregnancy Reasonably Excluded Guide on arrival to the preoperative area. The Pregnancy Reasonably Excluded Guide checklist uses traditional and World Health Organization criteria for reasonable exclusion of pregnancy. Nursing staff reviewed responses with patients and pregnancy tests were completed as indicated by patient responses. Women who were unable to read, understand, or freely respond to the checklist received pregnancy testing. Pregnancy assessment, testing, results, and delays were recorded. This project was deemed exempt by the institutional review board.

RESULTS:
Two hundred thirteen eligible patients underwent outpatient gynecologic procedures during the study period (excluding a 2-week washout period at implementation). In the preimplementation period, 93 of 136 patients (68%) had pregnancy risk documented; 73 of 77 (95%) had documentation in the postimplementation period (P≤.01). Pregnancy tests were completed in 45 preimplementation patients (33%) and 16 postimplementation patients (21%) (P=.06). No pregnancy test results were positive. No procedural delays were associated with pregnancy assessment.

CONCLUSION:
Patient-centered assessment using the Pregnancy Reasonably Excluded Guide at presentation for outpatient gynecologic surgery significantly improved evaluation and documentation of pregnancy status before scheduled procedures without increasing the number of pregnancy tests or causing procedural delays.
The Sign of Leser-Trelát and Malignant Acanthosis Nigricans Associated With Fallopian Tube Carcinoma
Authors: West Lindsey , Carlson Matthew , Wallis Luke , Goff Heather W. 
Published: October 2018

BACKGROUND:
The sign of Leser-Trelát is controversial and rarely reported in gynecologic malignancies. It is characterized by rapid development of new or enlarging seborrheic keratoses.

CASE:
A 78-year-old woman presented with unintentional weight loss and new-onset erythematous patches and plaques with thickened, rugated skin and stuck-on brown waxy papules on the chest and back. Her symptoms were concerning for a paraneoplastic eruption; workup revealed an elevated CA 125 level and an ovarian mass on abdominal computed tomography scan. Exploratory laparotomy revealed a stage IIIC serous fallopian tube carcinoma and a synchronous low-grade endometrioid adenocarcinoma of the endometrium.

CONCLUSION:
The sign of Leser-Trelát can be associated with fallopian tube carcinoma. When recognized, paraneoplastic dermatoses can prompt clinicians to initiate a workup for occult malignancy.
Survival of Women With Type I and II Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Detected by Ultrasound Screening
Authors: van Nagell John R. , Burgess Brian T. , Miller Rachel W. , Baldwin Lauren , DeSimone Christopher P. , Ueland Frederick R. , Huang Bin , Chen Quan , Kryscio Richard J. , Pavlik Edward J. 
Published: October 2018

OBJECTIVE:
To estimate the effect of ultrasound screening on stage at detection and long-term disease-specific survival of at-risk women with epithelial ovarian cancer.

METHODS:
Eligibility included all asymptomatic women 50 years of age or older and women 25 years of age or older with a documented family history of ovarian cancer. From 1987 to 2017, 46,101 women received annual ultrasound screening in a prospective cohort trial. Women with a persisting abnormal screen underwent tumor morphology indexing, serum biomarker analysis, and surgery.

RESULTS:
Seventy-one invasive epithelial ovarian cancers and 17 epithelial ovarian tumors of low malignant potential were detected. No women with a low malignant potential tumor experienced recurrent disease. Stage distribution for screen-detected invasive epithelial ovarian cancers was stage I—30 (42%), stage II—15 (21%), stage III—26 (37%), and stage IV—0 (0%). Follow-up varied from 9.2 months to 27 years (mean 7.9 years). Disease-specific survival at 5, 10, and 20 years for women with invasive epithelial ovarian cancer detected by screening was 86±4%, 68±7%, and 65±7%, respectively, vs 45±2%, 31±2%, and 19±3%, respectively, for unscreened women with clinically detected ovarian cancer from the same geographic area who were treated at the same institution by the same treatment protocols (P<.001). Twenty-seven percent of screen-detected malignancies were type I and 73% were type II. The disease-specific survival of women with type I and type II screen-detected tumors was significantly higher than that of women with clinically detected type I and type II tumors and was related directly to earlier stage at detection.

CONCLUSION:
Annual ultrasound screening of at-risk asymptomatic women was associated with lower stage at detection and increased 5-, 10-, and 20-year disease-specific survival of women with both type I and type II epithelial ovarian cancer.

CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION:
OnCore Clinical Trials Management System, NCI-2013-01954.
Elagolix Alone or With Add-Back Therapy in Women With Heavy Menstrual Bleeding and Uterine Leiomyomas
Authors: Carr Bruce R. , Stewart Elizabeth A. , Archer David F. , Al-Hendy Ayman , Bradley Linda , Watts Nelson B. , Diamond Michael P. , Gao Jingjing , Owens Charlotte D. , Chwalisz Kristof , Duan W. Rachel , Soliman Ahmed M. , Dufek Matthew B. , Simon James A. 
Published: October 2018

OBJECTIVE:
To evaluate elagolix, an oral gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor antagonist, alone or with add-back therapy, in premenopausal women with heavy menstrual bleeding (greater than 80 mL per month) associated with uterine leiomyomas.

METHODS:
This double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study evaluated efficacy and safety of elagolix in cohorts 1 (300 mg twice daily) and 2 (600 mg daily) with four arms per cohort: placebo, elagolix alone, elagolix with 0.5 mg estradiol/0.1 norethindrone acetate, and elagolix with 1.0 mg estradiol/0.5 mg norethindrone acetate. A sample size of 65 per group was planned to compare elagolix with add-back to placebo on the primary end point: the percentage of women who had less than 80 mL menstrual blood loss and 50% or greater reduction in menstrual blood loss from baseline to the last 28 days of treatment. Safety assessments included changes in bone mineral density.

RESULTS:
From April 8, 2013, to December 8, 2015, 571 women were enrolled, 567 were randomized and treated (cohort 1=259; cohort 2=308), and 80% and 75% completed treatment, respectively. Participants had a mean±SD age of 43±5 years (cohort 2, 42±5 years), and 70% were black (cohort 2, 74%). Primary end point responder rates in cohort 1 (cohort 2) were 92% (90%) for elagolix alone, 85% (73%) for elagolix with 0.5 mg estradiol/0.1 mg norethindrone acetate, 79% (82%) for elagolix with 1.0 mg estradiol/0.5 mg norethindrone acetate, and 27% (32%) for placebo (all P<.001 vs placebo). Elagolix groups had significant decreases compared with placebo in lumbar spine bone mineral density, which was attenuated by adding 1.0 mg estradiol/0.5 mg norethindrone acetate.

CONCLUSION:
Elagolix with and without add-back significantly reduced menstrual blood loss in women with uterine leiomyomas. Add-back therapy reduced hypoestrogenic effects on bone mineral density.

CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION:

ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01817530; EU Clinical Trial Register, 2013-000082-37.
Prospective Validation of a Standardized Ultrasonography-Based Ovarian Cancer Risk Assessment System
Authors: Suh-Burgmann Elizabeth , Flanagan Tracy , Osinski Todd , Alavi Mubarika , Herrinton Lisa 
Published: October 2018

OBJECTIVE:
To evaluate the performance of a system that standardizes ovarian cancer risk assessment and reporting on ultrasonography.

METHODS:
We conducted a prospective community-based cohort study of average-risk women undergoing ultrasonography in 2016 using a reporting system that requires adnexal masses to be categorized as 1, 2, 3, or X based on standardized ultrasound criteria including size, presence of solid components, and vascularity assessed by Doppler. With a median follow-up of 18 months, the risk of ovarian cancer or borderline tumor diagnosis for each category was determined.

RESULTS:
Among 43,606 women undergoing ultrasonography, 6,838 (16%) had an abnormal adnexal mass reported: 70% were category 1, 21% category 2, 3.7% category 3, and 5.4% category X. Among these women, 89 (1.3%) were subsequently diagnosed with ovarian cancer and 59 (0.9%) with borderline tumors. The risks of ovarian cancer diagnosis associated with masses reported as categories 1, 2, 3, and X were 0.2% (95% CI 0.05–0.3%), 1.3% (95% CI 0.7–1.9%), 6.0% (95% CI 3.0–8.9%), and 13.0% (95% CI 9.5–16.4%), respectively; risks of either ovarian cancer or borderline tumor were 0.4% (95% CI 0.2–0.6%), 2.3% (95% CI 1.6–3.1%), 10.4% (95% CI 6.6–14.1%), and 18.9% (95% CI 14.9–23.0%) respectively. Among 36,768 (84%) women with normal or benign adnexal findings reported, 38 women were diagnosed with ovarian cancer, for a risk of 0.1% (95% CI 0.07–0.14%).

CONCLUSION:
In a community-based setting with low ovarian cancer prevalence, our standardized reporting system differentiated adnexal masses into four categories with distinct levels of risk with 9–10% of women having higher risk masses and 70% of women having masses associated with a risk of cancer similar to that of normal ultrasound findings. The system supports risk-based management by providing clinicians a more consistent assessment of risk based on ultrasound characteristics.
Female Physician Leadership During Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Is Associated With Improved Patient Outcomes*
Authors: Meier Angela , Yang Jenny , Liu Jinyuan , Beitler Jeremy R. , Tu Xin M. , Owens Robert L. , Sundararajan Radhika L. , Malhotra Atul , Sell Rebecca E. 
Published: October 2018

Objectives:
A recently published simulation study suggested that women are inferior leaders of cardiopulmonary resuscitation efforts. The aim of this study was to compare female and male code leaders in regard to cardiopulmonary resuscitation outcomes in a real-world clinical setting.

Design:
Retrospective cohort review.

Setting:
Two academic, urban hospitals in San Diego, California.

Subjects:
One-thousand eighty-two adult inpatients who suffered cardiac arrest and underwent cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

Interventions:
None.

Measurements and Main Results:
We analyzed whether physician code leader gender was independently associated with sustained return of spontaneous circulation and survival to discharge and with markers of quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Of all arrests, 327 (30.1%) were run by female physician code leaders with 251 (76.8%) obtaining return of spontaneous circulation, and 122 (37.3%) surviving to discharge. Male physicians ran 757 codes obtaining return of spontaneous circulation in 543 (71.7%) with 226 (29.9%) surviving to discharge. When adjusting for variables, female physician code leader gender was independently associated with a higher likelihood of return of spontaneous circulation (odds ratio, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.01–1.85; p = 0.049) and survival to discharge (odds ratio, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.15–2.02; p < 0.01). Additionally, the odds ratio for survival to discharge was 1.62 (95% CI, 1.13–2.34; p < 0.01) for female physicians with a female code nurse when compared with male physician code leaders paired with a female code nurse. Gender of code leader was not associated with cardiopulmonary resuscitation quality.

Conclusions:
In contrast to data derived from a simulated setting with medical students, real life female physician leadership of cardiopulmonary resuscitation is not associated with inferior outcomes. Appropriately, trained physicians can lead high-quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation irrespective of gender.
Immunotherapy With Antiprogrammed Cell Death 1 Antibody Improves Outcome in a Mouse Model of Spinal Cord Injury Followed by Staphylococcus aureus Pneumonia
Authors: Ruggeri Tiphaine , Jacqueline Cédric , Ambrosi Xavier , Broquet Alexis , Desfrançois Juliette , Roquilly Antoine , Altare Frédéric , Asehnoune Karim 
Published: October 2018

Objectives:
In patients with spinal cord injury, spinal cord injury-immune depression syndrome induces pneumonia. We aimed to develop a new spinal cord injury-immune depression syndrome mouse model and to test antiprogrammed cell death 1 therapy.

Design:
Experimental study.

Setting:
Research laboratory.

Subjects:
RjOrl: SWISS and BALB/cJ mice.

Interventions:
Mouse model of spinal cord injury-immune depression syndrome followed by a methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia. Lung injuries were assessed by histologic analysis. Membrane markers and intracytoplasmic cytokines were assessed by flow cytometry. Cytokine production was assessed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (messenger RNA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (protein). Animals were treated with blocking antiprogrammed cell death 1 antibodies (intraperitoneal injection).

Measurements and Main Results:
Spinal cord injury mice were more susceptible to methicillin-susceptible S. aureus pneumonia (increased mortality rate). An early inflammatory response was observed in spinal cord injury mice characterized in lungs by a decreased percentage of aerated tissue, an increased production of proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α). In spleen, an increased expression of major histocompatibility complex class II molecules on dendritic cells, and an increased production of proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin-12, interferon-γ) was observed. Following this pulmonary and systemic inflammation, spinal cord injury-immune depression syndrome was observed in spleens as acknowledged by a decrease of spleen’s weight, a lymphopenia, a decrease of major histocompatibility complex class II expression on dendritic cells. An increase of interleukin-10 production and the increase of a cell exhaustion marker expression, programmed cell death 1 receptor on T-cell were also observed. Blockade of programmed cell death 1 molecules, improved survival of spinal cord injury infected mice and enhanced interferon-γ production by natural killer T cells as well as number of viable CD4+ T cells.

Conclusions:
This model of spinal cord injury in mice mimics a clinical scenario rendering animals prone to a secondary pneumonia. We show for the first time an acute T-cell exhaustion-like phenomenon following an initial inflammatory response. Finally, inhibition of exhaustion pathway should be considered as a new therapeutic option to overcome spinal cord injury-immune depression syndrome and to decrease the rate of nosocomial pneumonia.
Postarrest Steroid Use May Improve Outcomes of Cardiac Arrest Survivors
Authors: Tsai Min-Shan , Chuang Po-Ya , Huang Chien-Hua , Tang Chao-Hsiun , Yu Ping-Hsun , Chang Wei-Tien , Chen Wen-Jone 
Published: October 2018

Objectives:
To evaluate the ramifications of steroid use during postarrest care.

Design:
Retrospective observational population-based study enrolled patients during years 2004–2011 with 1-year follow-up.

Setting:
Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database.

Patients:
Adult nontraumatic cardiac arrest patients in the emergency department, who survived to admission.

Interventions:
These patients were classified into the steroid and nonsteroid groups based on whether steroid was used or not during hospitalization. A propensity score was used to match patient underlying characteristics, steroid use prior to cardiac arrest, the vasopressors, and shockable rhythm during cardiopulmonary resuscitation, hospital level, and socioeconomic status.

Measurements and Main Results:
There were 5,445 patients in each group after propensity score matching. A total of 4,119 patients (75.65%) in the steroid group died during hospitalization, as compared with 4,403 patients (80.86%) in the nonsteroid group (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.70–0.77; p < 0.0001). The mortality rate at 1 year was significantly lower in the steroid group than in the nonsteroid group (83.54% vs 87.77%; adjusted hazard ratio, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.70–0.76; p < 0.0001). Steroid use during hospitalization was associated with survival to discharge, regardless of age, gender, underlying diseases (diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma), shockable rhythm, and steroid use prior to cardiac arrest.

Conclusions:
In this retrospective observational study, postarrest steroid use was associated with better survival to hospital discharge and 1-year survival.