bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
TurnsMap
Authors: Chen Dongyao , Shin Kang G. 
Published: September 2019

Left turns are known to be one of the most dangerous driving maneuvers.1 An effective way to mitigate this safety risk is to install a left-turn enforcement --- e.g., a protected left-turn signal or all-way stop signs --- at every turn that preserves a traffic phase exclusively for left turns. Although this protection scheme can significantly increase the driving safety, information on whether or not a road segment (e.g., intersection) has such a setting is not yet available to the public and navigation systems.
This paper presents a system, called TurnsMap, that exploits mobile crowdsensing and deep learning to classify the protection settings of left turns. One of our key findings is that crowdsensed IMU sensor (i.e., gyroscope and accelerometer) data from onboard mobile devices can be used to recognize different types of left-turn protection. TurnsMap first collects IMU sensor data from mobile devices or smartphones carried by the driver/passenger(s) in a moving car. It then feeds the data to an analytics engine powered by (1) a data mining engine for extracting and clustering left turns by processing raw IMU data, and (2) a deep-learning pipeline for learning the model from the IMU data to identify the protection type of each left turn.
We have built and used a large-scale real-world driving dataset to evaluate TurnsMap, demonstrating its capability of identifying different left-turn enforcements with 90.3% accuracy. A wide range of automotive apps can benefit (e.g., enhancing traffic safety) from the left-turns information unearthed by TurnsMap.
Pedestrians and Visual Signs of Intent
Authors: Verma Himanshu , Pythoud Guillaume , Eden Grace , Lalanne Denis , Evéquoz Florian 
Published: September 2019

Autonomous Passenger Shuttles (APS) are rapidly becoming an urban public transit alternative. Traversing populous commercial and residential centers, these shuttles are already operating in several cities. In the absence of a human driver and embedded means of communicating the autonomous shuttle's intent, the task of seamlessly navigating crosswalks and pedestrian-friendly zones becomes a challenging pursuit for pedestrians.
We contribute to the emerging notion of AV-Pedestrian Interaction by examining the context of autonomous passenger shuttles (APS) in real-world settings, and by comparing four different classes of visual signals -- namely instructional, symbolic, metaphorical, and anthropomorphic -- designed to communicate the shuttle's intentions. Following a participatory methodology involving local residents and public transport service provider, and working within the framework of inflexible road traffic regulations concerning the operation and testing of autonomous vehicles, we conducted a participatory design workshop, a qualitative, and a survey study. The findings revealed differences across these four classes of signals in terms of pedestrians' subjective perceptions. Anthropomorphic signals were identified as the preferred and effective modality in terms of pedestrians' interpretation of the communicated intent and their perceived sense of attention, confidence, and calmness. Additionally, pedestrians' experiences while judging the intention of transitionary vehicular states (starting/slowing) were reported as perplexing and evoked stress. These findings were translated into design and policy implications in collaboration with other stakeholders, and exemplify a viable way for assimilating human factors research in urban mobility.
Dynamics of Genomic, Epigenomic, and Transcriptomic Aberrations during Stepwise Hepatocarcinogenesis
Authors: Jee Byul A , Choi Ji-Hye , Rhee Hyungjin , Yoon Sarah , Kwon So Mee , Nahm Ji Hae , Yoo Jeong Eun , Jeon Youngsic , Choi Gi Hong , Woo Hyun Goo , Park Young Nyun 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) undergoes a stepwise progression from liver cirrhosis to low-grade dysplastic nodule (LGDN), high-grade dysplastic nodule (HGDN), early HCC (eHCC), and progressed HCC (pHCC). Here, we profiled multilayered genomic, epigenomic, and transcriptomic aberrations in the stepwise hepatocarcinogenesis. Initial DNA methylation was observed in eHCC (e.g., DKK3, SALL3, and SOX1) while more extensive methylation was observed in pHCC. In addition, eHCCs showed an initial loss of DNA copy numbers of tumor suppressor genes in the 4q and 13q regions, thereby conferring survival benefits to cancer cells. Transcriptome analysis revealed that HGDNs expressed endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress–related genes, while eHCC started to express oncogenes. Furthermore, integrative analysis indicated that expression of the serine peptidase inhibitor, Kazal type 1 (SPINK1), played a pivotal role in eHCC development. Significant demethylation of SPINK1 was observed in eHCC compared to HGDN. The study also demonstrated that ER stress may induce SPINK1 demethylation and expression in liver cancer cells. In conclusion, these results reveal the dynamics of multiomic aberrations during malignant conversion of liver cancer, thus providing novel pathobiological insights into hepatocarcinogenesis.

Significance:
Multiomics profiling and integrative analyses of stepwise hepatocarcinogenesis reveal novel mechanistic and clinical insights into hepatocarcinogenesis.
Automated Calculation of Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score
Authors: Albers Gregory W. , Wald Michael J. , Mlynash Michael , Endres Juergen , Bammer Roland , Straka Matus , Maier Andreas , Hinson Holly E. , Sheth Kevin N. , Taylor Kimberly W. , Molyneaux Bradley J. 
Published: September 2019

Background and Purpose—
We compared the Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (ASPECTS), calculated using a machine learning-based automatic software tool, RAPID ASPECTS, as well as the median score from 4 experienced readers, with the diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) ASPECTS obtained following the baseline computed tomography (CT) in patients with large hemispheric infarcts.

Methods—
CT and magnetic resonance imaging scans from the GAMES-RP study, which enrolled patients with large hemispheric infarctions (82–300 mL) documented on DWI-magnetic resonance imaging, were evaluated by blinded experienced readers to determine both CT and DWI ASPECTS. The CT scans were also evaluated by an automated software program (RAPID ASPECTS). Using the DWI ASPECTS as a reference standard, the median CT ASPECTS of the clinicians and the automated score were compared using the interclass correlation coefficient.

Results—

The median CT ASPECTS for the clinicians was 5 (interquartile range, 4–7), for RAPID ASPECTS 3 (interquartile range, 1–6), and for DWI ASPECTS 3 (2–4). Median error for RAPID ASPECTS was 1 (interquartile range, −1 to 3) versus 3 (interquartile range, 1–4) for clinicians (
P
<0.001). The automated score had a higher level of agreement with the median of the DWI ASPECTS, both for the full scale and when dichotomized at <6 versus 6 or more (difference in intraclass correlation coefficient,
P
=0.001).

Conclusions—
RAPID ASPECTS was more accurate than experienced clinicians in identifying early evidence of brain ischemia as documented by DWI.
EU Citizens’ Rights in Practice: Exploring the Implementation Gap in Free Movement Law
Authors: Valcke Anthony 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The purpose of this article is to investigate how EU citizens’ free movement rights are applied and enforced in practice and determine whether the situation on the ground demonstrates the existence of a so-called ‘implementation gap’ involving a disconnect between, on the one hand, how the EU free movement rules are intended to operate and, on the other, their application in practice at the national level. Drawing upon a multitude of sources from Belgium, Ireland, Italy, France, Sweden and the UK, an exploration is undertaken of the ways in which this ‘implementation gap’ manifests itself through a review of the various instances where Member States have sought to restrict the exercise of free movement rights through the adoption of national measures relating to the transposition, application and enforcement of Directive 2004/38 on residence rights.
Unlocking Pre-1850 Instrumental Meteorological Records: A Global Inventory
Authors: Brönnimann Stefan , Allan Rob , Ashcroft Linden , Baer Saba , Barriendos Mariano , Brázdil Rudolf , Brugnara Yuri , Brunet Manola , Brunetti Michele , Chimani Barbara , Cornes Richard , Domínguez-Castro Fernando , Filipiak Janusz , Founda Dimitra , Herrera Ricardo García , Gergis Joelle , Grab Stefan , Hannak Lisa , Huhtamaa Heli , Jacobsen Kim S. , Jones Phil , Jourdain Sylvie , Kiss Andrea , Lin Kuanhui Elaine , Lorrey Andrew , Lundstad Elin , Luterbacher Jürg , Mauelshagen Franz , Maugeri Maurizio , Maughan Nicolas , Moberg Anders , Neukom Raphael , Nicholson Sharon , Noone Simon , Nordli Øyvind , Ólafsdóttir Kristín Björg , Pearce Petra R. , Pfister Lucas , Pribyl Kathleen , Przybylak Rajmund , Pudmenzky Christa , Rasol Dubravka , Reichenbach Delia , Řezníčková Ladislava , Rodrigo Fernando S. , Rohr Christian , Skrynyk Oleg , Slonosky Victoria , Thorne Peter , Valente Maria Antónia , Vaquero José M. , Westcottt Nancy E. , Williamson Fiona , Wyszyński Przemysław 
Published: September 2019

AbstractInstrumental meteorological measurements from periods prior to the start of national weather services are designated “early instrumental data.” They have played an important role in climate research as they allow daily to decadal variability and changes of temperature, pressure, and precipitation, including extremes, to be addressed. Early instrumental data can also help place twenty-first century climatic changes into a historical context such as defining preindustrial climate and its variability. Until recently, the focus was on long, high-quality series, while the large number of shorter series (which together also cover long periods) received little to no attention. The shift in climate and climate impact research from mean climate characteristics toward weather variability and extremes, as well as the success of historical reanalyses that make use of short series, generates a need for locating and exploring further early instrumental measurements. However, information on early instrumental series has never been electronically compiled on a global scale. Here we attempt a worldwide compilation of metadata on early instrumental meteorological records prior to 1850 (1890 for Africa and the Arctic). Our global inventory comprises information on several thousand records, about half of which have not yet been digitized (not even as monthly means), and only approximately 20% of which have made it to global repositories. The inventory will help to prioritize data rescue efforts and can be used to analyze the potential feasibility of historical weather data products. The inventory will be maintained as a living document and is a first, critical, step toward the systematic rescue and reevaluation of these highly valuable early records. Additions to the inventory are welcome.
Energy Decompositions for Moist Boussinesq and Anelastic Equations with Phase Changes
Authors: Marsico David H. , Smith Leslie M. , Stechmann Samuel N. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractTo define a conserved energy for an atmosphere with phase changes of water (such as vapor and liquid), motivation in the past has come from generalizations of dry energies—in particular, from gravitational potential energy ρgz. Here a new definition of moist energy is introduced, and it generalizes another form of dry potential energy, proportional to θ2, which is valuable since it is manifestly quadratic and positive definite. The moist potential energy here is piecewise quadratic and can be decomposed into three parts, proportional to bu2Hu, bs2Hs, and M2Hu, which represent, respectively, buoyant energies and a moist latent energy that is released upon a change of phase. The Heaviside functions Hu and Hs indicate the unsaturated and saturated phases, respectively. The M2 energy is also associated with an additional eigenmode that arises for a moist atmosphere but not a dry atmosphere. Both the Boussinesq and anelastic equations are examined, and similar energy decompositions are shown in both cases, although the anelastic energy is not quadratic. Extensions that include cloud microphysics are also discussed, such as the Kessler warm-rain scheme. As an application, empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis is considered, using a piecewise quadratic moist energy as a weighted energy in contrast to the standard L2 energy. By incorporating information about phase changes into the energy, the leading EOF modes become fundamentally different and capture the variability of the cloud layer rather than the dry subcloud layer.
Model-Based Probable Maximum Precipitation Estimation: How to Estimate the Worst-Case Scenario Induced by Atmospheric Rivers?
Authors: Toride Kinya , Iseri Yoshihiko , Warner Michael D. , Frans Chris D. , Duren Angela M. , England John F. , Kavvas M. Levent 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The concept of probable maximum precipitation (PMP) is widely used for the design and risk assessment of water resource infrastructure. Despite its importance, past attempts to estimate PMP have not investigated the realism of design maximum storms from a meteorological perspective. This study investigates estimating PMP with realistically maximized storms in a Pacific Northwest region dominated by atmospheric rivers (ARs) using numerical weather models (NWMs). The moisture maximization and storm transposition methods used in NWM-based PMP estimates are examined. We use integrated water vapor transport as a criterion to modify water vapor only at the modeling boundary crossing the path of ARs, whereas existing methods maximize relative humidity at all initial/boundary conditions. It is found that saturation of the entire modeling boundaries can produce unrealistic atmospheric conditions and does not necessarily maximize precipitation over a watershed due to storm structure, stability, and topography. The proposed method creates more realistic atmospheric fields and more severe precipitation. The simultaneous optimization of moisture content and location of storms is also considered to rigorously estimate the most extreme precipitation. Among the 20 most severe storms during 1980–2016, the AR event during 5–9 February 1996 produces the largest 72-h basin-average precipitation when maximized with our method (defined as PMP of this study), in which precipitation is intensified by 1.9 times with a 0.7° shift south and a 30% increase in AR moisture. The 24-, 48-, and 72-h PMP estimates are found to be at least 70 mm lower than the Hydrometeorological Reports estimates regardless of duration.
Machine Learning–Based Blending of Satellite and Reanalysis Precipitation Datasets: A Multiregional Tropical Complex Terrain Evaluation
Authors: Ehsan Bhuiyan Md. Abul , Nikolopoulos Efthymios I. , Anagnostou Emmanouil N. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This study evaluates a machine learning–based precipitation ensemble technique (MLPET) over three mountainous tropical regions. The technique, based on quantile regression forests, integrates global satellite precipitation datasets from CMORPH, PERSIANN, GSMaP (V6), and 3B42 (V7) and an atmospheric reanalysis precipitation product (EI_GPCC) with daily soil moisture, specific humidity, and terrain elevation datasets. The complex terrain study areas include the Peruvian and Colombian Andes in South America and the Blue Nile in East Africa. Evaluation is performed at a daily time scale and 0.25° spatial resolution based on 13 years (2000–12) of reference rainfall data derived from dense in situ rain gauge networks. The technique is evaluated using K-fold, separately in each region, and leave-one-region-out validation experiments. Comparison of MLPET with the individual satellite and reanalysis precipitation datasets used for the blending and the recent Multi-Source Weighted-Ensemble Precipitation (MSWEP) global precipitation product exhibited improved systematic and random error statistics for all regions. In addition, it is shown that observations are encapsulated well within the ensemble envelope generated by the blending technique.
Wind-Driven Processes Controlling Oceanic Heat Delivery to the Amundsen Sea, Antarctica
Authors: Dotto Tiago S. , Naveira Garabato Alberto C. , Bacon Sheldon , Holland Paul R. , Kimura Satoshi , Firing Yvonne L. , Tsamados Michel , Wåhlin Anna K. , Jenkins Adrian 
Published: September 2019

AbstractVariability in the heat delivery by Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW) is responsible for modulating the basal melting of the Amundsen Sea ice shelves. However, the mechanisms controlling the CDW inflow to the region’s continental shelf remain little understood. Here, a high-resolution regional model is used to assess the processes governing heat delivery to the Amundsen Sea. The key mechanisms are identified by decomposing CDW temperature variability into two components associated with 1) changes in the depth of isopycnals [heave (HVE)], and 2) changes in the temperature of isopycnals [water mass property changes (WMP)]. In the Dotson–Getz trough, CDW temperature variability is primarily associated with WMP. The deeper thermocline and shallower shelf break hinder CDW access to that trough, and CDW inflow is regulated by the uplift of isopycnals at the shelf break—which is itself controlled by wind-driven variations in the speed of an undercurrent flowing eastward along the continental slope. In contrast, CDW temperature variability in the Pine Island–Thwaites trough is mainly linked to HVE. The shallower thermocline and deeper shelf break there permit CDW to persistently access the continental shelf. CDW temperature in the area responds to wind-driven modulation of the water mass on-shelf volume by changes in the rate of inflow across the shelf break and in Ekman pumping-induced vertical displacement of isopycnals within the shelf. The western and eastern Amundsen Sea thus represent distinct regimes, in which wind forcing governs CDW-mediated heat delivery via different dynamics.
Mesoscale to Microscale Simulations over Complex Terrain with the Immersed Boundary Method in the Weather Research and Forecasting Model
Authors: Wiersema David J. , Lundquist Katherine A. , Chow Fotini Katopodes 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Improvements to the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model are made to enable multiscale simulations over highly complex terrain with dynamically downscaled boundary conditions from the mesoscale to the microscale. Over steep terrain, the WRF Model develops numerical errors that are due to grid deformation of the terrain-following coordinates. An alternative coordinate system, the immersed boundary method (IBM), has been implemented into WRF, allowing for simulations over highly complex terrain; however, the new coordinate system precluded nesting within mesoscale simulations using WRF’s native terrain-following coordinates. Here, the immersed boundary method and WRF’s grid-nesting framework are modified to seamlessly work together. This improved framework for the first time allows for large-eddy simulation over complex (urban) terrain with IBM to be nested within a typical mesoscale WRF simulation. Simulations of the Joint Urban 2003 field campaign in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, are performed using a multiscale five-domain nested configuration, spanning horizontal grid resolutions from 6 km to 2 m. These are compared with microscale-only simulations with idealized lateral boundary conditions and with observations of wind speed/direction and SF6 concentrations from a controlled release from intensive observation period 3. The multiscale simulation, which is configured independent of local observations, shows similar model skill predicting wind speed/direction and improved skill predicting SF6 concentrations when compared with the idealized simulations, which require use of observations to set mean flow conditions. Use of this improved multiscale framework shows promise for enabling large-eddy simulation over highly complex terrain with dynamically downscaled boundary conditions from mesoscale models.
A Case Study of Terrain Influences on Upscale Convective Growth of a Supercell
Authors: Mulholland Jake P. , Nesbitt Stephen W. , Trapp Robert J. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Satellite- and ground-based radar observations have shown that the northern half of Argentina, South America, is a region susceptible to rapid upscale growth of deep moist convection into larger organized mesoscale convective systems (MCSs). In particular, the complex terrain of the Sierras de Córdoba is hypothesized to be vital to this upscale-growth process. A canonical orographic supercell-to-MCS transition case study was analyzed to determine the influence that complex terrain had on processes governing upscale convective growth. High-resolution numerical modeling experiments were conducted in which the terrain height of the Sierras de Córdoba was systematically modified by raising or lowering the elevation of terrain above 1000 m. The alteration of the terrain lead to both direct and indirect effects on storm morphology. A direct effect included terrain blocking of cold pools, whereas indirect effects included terrain-induced variations in pertinent storm environmental parameters (e.g., vertical wind shear, convective available potential energy). When the terrain was raised, low-level and deep-layer vertical wind shear increased, mixed-layer convective available potential energy decreased, deep moist convection initiated earlier, and cold pools were blocked and generally became stronger and deeper. The reverse occurred when the terrain was lowered, resulting in a weaker supercell that did not grow upscale into an MCS. The control simulation supercell displayed the deepest cold pool and correspondingly fastest transition from supercell to MCS, potentially revealing that the unique terrain configuration of the Sierras de Córdoba was supportive of the observed rapid upscale convective growth of this orographic supercell.
Repair of the Protruding Lobule
Authors: Raunig Hermann , Hamilton Grant S. 
Published: September 2019

Background: In this paper, the author describes a novel step-by-step setback procedure for correcting protruding lobules; the success of correcting protruding lobules depends on the nature and severity of the auricular lobule deformity. Although the auricular lobules occupy small areas on either side of the head, protruding or misshapen lobules exert a significant and sometimes exaggerated disfiguring influence on the otherwise aesthetically pleasing appearance of the ears. Because the lobule is a soft structure without a cartilage skeleton, the correction of a protruding ear and lobule is always a challenge. Methods: Protruding lobule abnormalities stem from deformities of the cauda helicis (cartilaginous helical tail) of the auricular lobule, soft tissue, and/or a shortage of anterior skin; however, the abnormalities are usually a combination of all of the above. Therefore, surgical procedures should address all of the causes of lobule deformity and preserve as much tissue and blood supply as possible. Achieving a successful intervention depends on reducing the tension that affects the entire lobule. Results: This is a retrospective analysis of 660 patients who had otoplasty performed by the first author between January 2010 and December 2017. Correction of the ear lobule was needed in 398 (60.3%) patients. Of these, 44.6% patients were male, 55.4% female and the average age was 9 years (range 4-18 years). In this patient cohort, 356 (89.4%) required bilateral and 42 (10.5%) unilateral ear lobule correction. Standardized pre- and postoperative images were recorded for each patient. Conclusion: The goal of a setback procedure is a natural and harmonious auricular lobule appearance that is achieved through simple, optimal surgery that addresses all of the features of the auricular anatomy.