bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Body mass index and wealth index: positively correlated indicators of health and wealth inequalities in Nairobi slums
Authors: Haregu T. N. , Mohamed S. F. , Muthuri S. , Khayeka-Wandabwa C. , Kyobutungi C. 
Published: June 2018

IntroductionWealth index is a known predictor of body mass index (BMI). Many studies have reported a positive association between BMI and socioeconomic status (SES). However, an in-depth investigation of the relationship between BMI and wealth index is lacking for urban slum settings.ObjectiveTo examine the association between BMI and wealth index in an urban slum setting in Nairobi, Kenya.MethodsA total of 2003 adults between 40 and 60 years of age were included. BMI was derived from direct weight and height measurements. Wealth Index was computed using the standard principal component analysis of household amenities ownership. The relationship between BMI and wealth index was assessed using both linear and logistic regression models.ResultsWe found that BMI linearly increased across the five quintiles of wealth index in both men and women, after adjusting for potential confounding factors. The prevalence of obesity increased from 10% in the first wealth quintile to 26.2% in the fifth wealth quintile. The average BMI for women entered the overweight category at the second quintile wealth status, or the third quintile for the total population.ConclusionThere exists a strong positive relationship between BMI and wealth index in slum settings. Health promotion interventions aimed at reducing obesity may consider using wealth index in priority setting.
The Silchester ‘Nymphaeum’
Authors: Fulford Michael 
Published: June 2018

ABSTRACTA carved coping stone found on the site of a spring near the amphitheatre, Silchester, and first reported in 1873, was rediscovered in 2014. It does not compare in its carved detail with coping stones from the amphitheatres at Chester and London, nor with that recovered from the West Gate, Silchester, in 1890; nor does its basal width correspond with that of the arena wall of the Silchester amphitheatre. It is likely to have formed part of a monumental basin, similar to that found at Coventina's Well, Northumberland, and to have commemorated the location of a spring and its associated (unknown) deity. Similarity with the type and decoration of architectural stone used in the construction of the forum-basilica suggests a Hadrianic–Antonine date.
From Barriers to Assets: Rethinking factors impacting advance care planning for African Americans
Authors: Sanders Justin J. , Johnson Kimberly S. , Cannady Kimberly , Paladino Joanna , Ford Dee W. , Block Susan D. , Sterba Katherine R. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractObjectiveWe aimed to explore multiple perspectives regarding barriers to and facilitators of advance care planning (ACP) among African Americans to identify similarities or differences that might have clinical implications.MethodQualitative study with health disparities experts (n = 5), community members (n = 9), and seriously ill African American patients and caregivers (n = 11). Using template analysis, interviews were coded to identify intrapersonal, interpersonal, and systems-level themes in accordance with a social ecological framework.ResultParticipants identified seven primary factors that influence ACP for African Americans: religion and spirituality; trust and mistrust; family relationships and experiences; patient-clinician relationships; prognostic communication, care preferences, and preparation and control. These influences echo those described in the existing literature; however, our data highlight consistent differences by group in the degree to which these factors positively or negatively affect ACP. Expert participants reinforced common themes from the literature, for example, that African Americans were not interested in prognostic information because of mistrust and religion. Seriously ill patients were more likely to express trust in their clinicians and to desire prognostic communication; they and community members expressed a desire to prepare for and control the end of life. Religious belief did not appear to negate these desires.Significance of resultsThe literature on ACP in African Americans may not accurately reflect the experience of seriously ill African Americans. What are commonly understood as barriers to ACP may in fact not be. We propose reframing stereotypical barriers to ACP, such as religion and spirituality, or family, as cultural assets that should be engaged to enhance ACP. Although further research can inform best practices for engaging African American patients in ACP, findings suggest that respectful, rapport-building communication may facilitate ACP. Clinicians are encouraged to engage in early ACP using respectful and rapport building communication practices, including open-ended questions.
A Biogeochemical Compromise: The High Methane Cost of Sequestering Carbon in Restored Wetlands
Authors: Hemes Kyle S. , Chamberlain Samuel D. , Eichelmann Elke , Knox Sara H. , Baldocchi Dennis D. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractPeatland drainage is an important driver of global soil carbon loss and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Restoration of peatlands by reflooding reverses CO2 losses at the cost of increased methane (CH4) emissions, presenting a biogeochemical compromise. While restoring peatlands is a potentially effective method for sequestering carbon, the terms of this compromise are not well constrained. Here we present 14 site years of continuous CH4 and CO2 ecosystem‐scale gas exchange over a network of restored freshwater wetlands in California, where long growing seasons, warm weather, and managed water tables result in some of the largest wetland ecosystem CH4 emissions recorded. These large CH4 emissions cause the wetlands to be strong greenhouse gas sources while sequestering carbon and building peat soil. The terms of this biogeochemical compromise, dictated by the ratio between carbon sequestration and CH4 emission, vary considerably across small spatial scales, despite nearly identical wetland climate, hydrology, and plant community compositions.
Jupiter's Influence on the Building Blocks of Mars and Earth
Authors: Brasser R. , Dauphas N. , Mojzsis S. J. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractRadiometric dating indicates that Mars accreted in the first ~4 Myr of the solar system, coinciding with the formation and possible migration of Jupiter. While nebular gas from the protoplanetary disk was still present, Jupiter may have migrated inward and tacked at 1.5 AU in a 3:2 resonance with Saturn. This migration excited planetary building blocks in the inner solar system, resulting in extensive mixing and planetesimal removal. Here we evaluate the plausible nature of Mars's building blocks, focusing in particular on how its growth was influenced by Jupiter. We use dynamical simulations and an isotopic mixing model that traces the accretion. Dynamical simulations show that Jupiter's migration causes the late stages of Earth's and Mars's accretion to be dominated by EC (enstatite chondrite)‐type material due to the loss of ordinary chondrite planetesimals. Our analysis of available isotopic data for Mars shows that it consists of approximately
ordinary chondrite by mass (2σ). The large uncertainties indicate that isotopic analyses of Martian samples are generally too imprecise to definitely test model predictions; in particular, it remains uncertain whether or not Mars accreted predominantly EC material in the latter stages of its formation history. Dynamical simulations also provide no definitive constraint on Mars's accretion history due to the great variety of dynamical pathways that the Martian embryo exhibits. The present work calls for new measurements of isotopic anomalies in Martian meteorites targeting siderophile elements (most notably Ni, Mo, and Ru) to constrain Mars's accretion history and its formation location.
Surface Slip From the 2014 South Napa Earthquake Measured With Structure From Motion and 3‐D Virtual Reality
Authors: Trexler Charles C. , Morelan Alexander E. , Oskin Michael E. , Kreylos Oliver 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe detailed features of an earthquake surface rupture may decay quickly in the landscape due to erosion or repair, such that primary displacements are seldom available for repeated study within the weeks following an earthquake. Here we describe a rapidly deployable field workflow using structure‐from‐motion (SfM) photogrammetry to produce three‐dimensional models of offset features and apply the technique to the 24 August 2014 Mw 6.0 South Napa earthquake surface rupture. We use repeated analyses of SfM point clouds using 3‐D interactive virtual reality tools to derive precise and reproducible fault‐slip measurements along the surface rupture and document the temporal evolution of afterslip at two sites along its trace. The SfM technique, combined with 3‐D virtual reality, enables archiving of primary field relationships and assessment of uncertainty in those data to a degree that was previously inaccessible.
Generation of Infrasound Waves at Sites of Underground Mine Collapses
Authors: Che Il‐Young , Kim Geunyoung , Kim Youngchai , Kim Kwangsu 
Published: June 2018

AbstractIn 2015 and 2016, collapse‐induced earthquakes, accompanied by surface subsidence, occurred at two underground mines in South Korea and were followed by impulsive infrasound signals that were detectable at distances greater than 200 km. To explain the infrasound generation caused by the collapses, we hypothesize that excess pressure was released by the rapid outflow of an underground air mass into the atmosphere caused by the sudden implosion of earth into the underground space. We tested this idea with a physical model that assumes a displaced air volume as a monopole source with reduced pressure. The estimated volumes of the two collapses were ~1.7 × 105 and ~7.3 × 105 m3, respectively, which agrees with the collapse volumes inferred from surface subsidence data. The infrasound generation model we used is applicable to the monitoring of other catastrophic failures within manmade or natural subsurface cavities.
Cold Pool‐Land Surface Interactions in a Dry Continental Environment
Authors: Grant Leah D. , van den Heever Susan C. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractCold pools influence convective initiation and organization, dust lofting, and boundary layer properties, but little is known about their interactions with the land surface, particularly in dry continental environments. In this study, two‐way cold pool‐land surface interactions are investigated using high‐resolution idealized simulations of an isolated, transient cold pool evolving in a dry convective boundary layer. Results using a fully interactive land surface demonstrate that sensible heat fluxes are suppressed at the center of the cold pool but enhanced at the edge due to the spatial patterns of land surface cooling and the air temperature and wind speed perturbations. This leads to cold pool dissipation from the edge inward. Latent heat fluxes are primarily suppressed within the cold pool, and the magnitude of this suppression is controlled by competition between atmospheric and land surface effects. By comparing the fully interactive land surface simulation to a simulation with imposed surface fluxes, the land surface‐cold pool feedbacks are shown to reduce the cold pool lifetime, extent, and intensity by up to 50% and influence the pattern of boundary layer turbulent kinetic energy recovery, which have significant implications for cold pool‐induced convective initiation.
Ependymal cilia beating induces an actin network to protect centrioles against shear stress
Authors: Mahuzier Alexia , Shihavuddin Asm , Fournier Clémence , Lansade Pauline , Faucourt Marion , Menezes Nikita , Meunier Alice , Garfa-Traoré Meriem , Carlier Marie-France , Voituriez Raphael , Genovesio Auguste , Spassky Nathalie , Delgehyr Nathalie 
Published: June 2018

AbstractMulticiliated ependymal cells line all brain cavities. The beating of their motile cilia contributes to the flow of cerebrospinal fluid, which is required for brain homoeostasis and functions. Motile cilia, nucleated from centrioles, persist once formed and withstand the forces produced by the external fluid flow and by their own cilia beating. Here, we show that a dense actin network around the centrioles is induced by cilia beating, as shown by the disorganisation of the actin network upon impairment of cilia motility. Moreover, disruption of the actin network, or specifically of the apical actin network, causes motile cilia and their centrioles to detach from the apical surface of ependymal cell. In conclusion, cilia beating controls the apical actin network around centrioles; the mechanical resistance of this actin network contributes, in turn, to centriole stability.
Finding influential nodes for integration in brain networks using optimal percolation theory
Authors: Del Ferraro Gino , Moreno Andrea , Min Byungjoon , Morone Flaviano , Pérez-Ramírez Úrsula , Pérez-Cervera Laura , Parra Lucas C. , Holodny Andrei , Canals Santiago , Makse Hernán A. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractGlobal integration of information in the brain results from complex interactions of segregated brain networks. Identifying the most influential neuronal populations that efficiently bind these networks is a fundamental problem of systems neuroscience. Here, we apply optimal percolation theory and pharmacogenetic interventions in vivo to predict and subsequently target nodes that are essential for global integration of a memory network in rodents. The theory predicts that integration in the memory network is mediated by a set of low-degree nodes located in the nucleus accumbens. This result is confirmed with pharmacogenetic inactivation of the nucleus accumbens, which eliminates the formation of the memory network, while inactivations of other brain areas leave the network intact. Thus, optimal percolation theory predicts essential nodes in brain networks. This could be used to identify targets of interventions to modulate brain function.
Parallels between experimental and natural evolution of legume symbionts
Authors: Clerissi Camille , Touchon Marie , Capela Delphine , Tang Mingxing , Cruveiller Stéphane , Genthon Clémence , Lopez-Roques Céline , Parker Matthew A. , Moulin Lionel , Masson-Boivin Catherine , Rocha Eduardo P. C. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe emergence of symbiotic interactions has been studied using population genomics in nature and experimental evolution in the laboratory, but the parallels between these processes remain unknown. Here we compare the emergence of rhizobia after the horizontal transfer of a symbiotic plasmid in natural populations ofCupriavidus taiwanensis, over 10 MY ago, with the experimental evolution of symbioticRalstonia solanacearumfor a few hundred generations. In spite of major differences in terms of time span, environment, genetic background, and phenotypic achievement, both processes resulted in rapid genetic diversification dominated by purifying selection. We observe no adaptation in the plasmid carrying the genes responsible for the ecological transition. Instead, adaptation was associated with positive selection in a set of genes that led to the co-option of the same quorum-sensing system in both processes. Our results provide evidence for similarities in experimental and natural evolutionary transitions and highlight the potential of comparisons between both processes to understand symbiogenesis.
Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen-Targeted Site-Directed Antibody-Conjugated Apoferritin Nanovehicle Favorably Influences In Vivo Side Effects of Doxorubicin
Authors: Dostalova Simona , Polanska Hana , Svobodova Marketa , Balvan Jan , Krystofova Olga , Haddad Yazan , Krizkova Sona , Masarik Michal , Eckschlager Tomas , Stiborova Marie , Heger Zbynek , Adam Vojtech 
Published: June 2018

AbstractHerein, we describe the in vivo effects of doxorubicin (DOX) encapsulated in ubiquitous protein apoferritin (APO) and its efficiency and safety in anti-tumor treatment. APODOX is both passively (through Enhanced Permeability and Retention effect) and actively targeted to tumors through prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) via mouse antibodies conjugated to the surface of horse spleen APO. To achieve site-directed conjugation of the antibodies, a HWRGWVC heptapeptide linker was used. The prostate cancer-targeted and non-targeted nanocarriers were tested using subcutaneously implanted LNCaP cells in athymic mice models, and compared to free DOX. Prostate cancer-targeted APODOX retained the high potency of DOX in attenuation of tumors (with 55% decrease in tumor volume after 3 weeks of treatment). DOX and non-targeted APODOX treatment caused damage to liver, kidney and heart tissues. In contrast, no elevation in liver or kidney enzymes and negligible changes were revealed by histological assessment in prostate cancer-targeted APODOX-treated mice. Overall, we show that the APO nanocarrier provides an easy encapsulation protocol, reliable targeting, high therapeutic efficiency and very low off-target toxicity, and is thus a promising delivery system for translation into clinical use.
Phase diagram of hard squares in slit confinement
Authors: Bautista-Carbajal Gustavo , Gurin Péter , Varga Szabolcs , Odriozola Gerardo 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThis work shows a complete phase diagram of hard squares of side length σ in slit confinement for H < 4.5, H being the wall to wall distance measured in σ units, including the maximal packing fraction limit. The phase diagram exhibits a transition between a single-row parallel 1-$${\boldsymbol{\square }}$$
□
and a zigzag 2-$$\hat{\diamond }$$

◇
ˆ

structures for H
c
(2) = (2$$\sqrt{{\bf{2}}}$$

2

− 1) < H < 2, and also another one involving the 1-$${\boldsymbol{\square }}$$
□
and 2-$${\boldsymbol{\square }}$$
□
structures (two parallel rows) for 2 < H < H
c
(3) (H
c
(n) = n − 1 + $$\sqrt{{\bf{2}}{\boldsymbol{n}}-{\bf{1}}}$$

2
n
−
1

/n is the critical wall-to-wall distance for a (n − 1)-$${\boldsymbol{\square }}$$
□
to n-$${\diamond }$$
◇
transition and where n-$${\diamond }$$
◇
represents a structure formed by tilted rectangles, each one clustering n stacked squares), and a triple point for H
t
$${\boldsymbol{\simeq }}$$
≃
2.005. In this triple point there coexists the 1-$${\boldsymbol{\square }}$$
□
, 2-$${\boldsymbol{\square }}$$
□
, and 2-$$\hat{\diamond }$$

◇
ˆ

structures. For regions H
c
(3) < H < H
c
(4) and H
c
(4) < H < H
c
(5), very similar pictures arise. There is a (n − 1)-$${\boldsymbol{\square }}$$
□
to a n-$${\diamond }$$
◇
strong transition for H
c
(n) < H < n, followed by a softer (n − 1)-$${\boldsymbol{\square }}$$
□
to n-$${\boldsymbol{\square }}$$
□
transition for n < H < H
c
(n + 1). Again, at H $${\boldsymbol{\gtrsim }}$$
≳
n there appears a triple point, involving the (n − 1)-$${\boldsymbol{\square }}$$
□
, n-$${\boldsymbol{\square }}$$
□
, and n-$${\diamond }$$
◇
structures. The similarities found for n = 2, 3 and 4 lead us to propose a tentative phase diagram for H
c
(n) < H < H
c
(n + 1) (n ∈ $${\boldsymbol{{\mathbb{N}}}}$$
ℕ
, n > 2), where structures (n − 1)-$${\boldsymbol{\square }}$$
□
, n-$${\boldsymbol{\square }}$$
□
, and n-$${\diamond }$$
◇
fill the phase diagram. Simulation and Onsager theory results are qualitatively consistent.
Iodine Deficiency in Zhejiang Pregnant Women in the Context of Universal Salt Iodization Programme
Authors: Wang Zhifang , Xing Mingluan , Zhu Wenming , Mao Guangming , Mo Zhe , Wang Yuanyang , Chen Zhijian , Lou Xiaoming , Xia Shichang , Wang Xiaofeng 
Published: June 2018

AbstractZhejiang introduced universal salt iodization (USI) programme in 1995 and has achieved the goal of elimination of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) since 2011. However, no systematical data of iodine nutritional status in population in pregnancy is available. In this cross-sectional study, pregnant women were interviewed to complete questionnaires in addition to handing in samples of urine and household table salt between March 2016 to February 2017. Date of birth, age of pregnancy, ethnicity and dietary iodine habits were recorded. The overall median urinary iodine concentration in 8561 pregnant women was 130.47 µg/L, which was lower than the cut-off value of iodine sufficiency of 150 µg/L recommended by the WHO. Participants using non-iodized salt, taking non-iodine-containing supplements, in coastal and in Han group were independently associated with iodine deficiency. The current USI programme did not supply Zhejiang pregnant women with sufficient iodine intake. They are generally iodine deficient, which have great public health importance since even mild IDD in pregnancy have adverse effects on fetal neurodevelopment. We strongly recommend urgent measures to improve iodine intake in pregnancy.
Assessing controls on mass budget and surface velocity variations of glaciers in Western Himalaya
Authors: Bhushan Shashank , Syed Tajdarul H. , Arendt Anthony A. , Kulkarni Anil V. , Sinha Debanjan 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThis study analyses spatially resolved estimates of mass budget and surface velocity of glaciers in the Zanskar Basin of Western Himalaya in the context of varying debris cover, glacier hypsometry and orientation. The regional glacier mass budget for the period of 1999–2014 is −0.38 ± 0.09 m w.e./a. Individual mass budgets of 10 major glaciers in the study area varied between −0.13 ± 0.07 and −0.66 ± 0.09 m w.e./a. Elevation changes on debris-covered ice are considerably less negative than over clean ice. At the same time, glaciers having >20% of their area covered by debris have more negative glacier-wide mass budgets than those with <20% debris cover. This paradox is likely explained by the comparatively larger ablation area of extensively debris-covered glaciers compared to clean-ice glaciers, as indicated by hypsometric analysis. Additionally, surface velocities computed for the 2013–14 period reveal near stagnant debris-covered snouts but dynamically active main trunks, with maximum recorded velocity of individual glaciers ranging between ~50 ± 5.58 and ~90 ± 5.58 m/a. The stagnant debris-covered extent, which varies from glacier-to-glacier, are also characterized by ice cliffs and melt ponds that appreciably increase the overall surface melting of debris-covered areas.
Optimizing the Synthesis of Core/shell Structure Au@Cu2S Nanocrystals as Contrast-enhanced for Bioimaging Detection
Authors: Liu Liwei , Hu Siyi , Wang Yue , Yang Shaozhuang , Qu Junle 
Published: June 2018

AbstractIn this paper, we reported Au@Cu2S nanocrystals in the aqueous phase with a core/shell structure and dBSA encapsulation. The dBSA-Au@Cu2S crystals formed with an average size of approximately 9 nm. There was a strong absorption in the near-infrared (NIR) field located at 1348 nm, and they exhibited low toxicity in the in vitro tests. Furthermore, we demonstrated that dBSA-Au@Cu2S could be used for optical coherence tomography (OCT). The in vivo experimental results show that the OCT signal increased as the concentration of nanocrystals increased. In this research, we revealed that these core/shell-structured nanocrystals along with their low toxicity and excellent biocompatibility could be a valuable tool for current and future contrast-enhanced in vivo studies.