bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Decadal changes in summer aerosol composition and secondary aerosol formation mechanisms in Beijing
Authors: Zeng Siqi , Zhou Wei , Li Yan , Zhang Zijun , Zhang Yu , Wang Yuying , Kim Kyung Hwan , Ji Dongsheng , Hu Bo , Kim Jin Young , Wang Zifa , Sun Yele 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Aerosol chemistry in China has undergone significant transformation due to stringent emission control measures, leading to great shifts in aerosol composition and formation mechanisms. This study investigates the summer chemical evolution of aerosol species in Beijing over the past decade based on two summertime measurements using aerosol chemical speciation monitors. The results reveal a substantial decrease in fine particulate matter concentrations by 72.7% in summer over the past decade, particularly primary species that dropped by 86.3%–95.1%. However, this improvement in particulate matter was accompanied by a worsening of ozone pollution between 2011 and 2022. In contrast, secondary components such as sulfate and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) exhibited significant increases in their contributions, rising from 18.2%–25.5% to 21.4%–41%. The varying responses of aerosol species to emission reductions are closely tie to changes in emission sources, aerosol chemistry, and meteorology. By decoupling the influence of meteorology through machine learning, our analysis highlights the crucial role of emission reductions in improving air quality, though with different impacts on aerosol chemistry. The dominant formation mechanisms of secondary components varied between the two summers, likely influenced by shifts in aerosol liquid water content and atmospheric oxidation capacity due to NOx reductions. Compared to the summer of 2011, the formation of sulfate and SOA in summer 2022 was primarily driven by photochemical processes related to ozone, with less impacts from aqueous-phase formation, while nitrate was predominantly formed via N2O5 heterogeneous hydrolysis. Considering the complex nature of secondary aerosol formation, future summer pollution control strategies should prioritize stricter collaborative regulation of precursors for both secondary aerosol and ozone.
Cell stretching devices integrated with live cell imaging: a powerful approach to study how cells react to mechanical cues
Authors: Bighi Beatrice , Ragazzini Gregorio , Gallerani Alessia , Mescola Andrea , Scagliarini Chiara , Zannini Chiara , Marcuzzi Martina , Olivi Elena , Cavallini Claudia , Tassinari Riccardo , Bianchi Michele , Corsi Lorenzo , Ventura Carlo , Alessandrini Andrea 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Mechanical stimuli have multiple effects on cell behavior, affecting a number of cellular processes including orientation, proliferation or apoptosis, migration and invasion, the production of extracellular matrix proteins, the activation and translocation of transcription factors, the expression of different genes such as those involved in inflammation and the reprogramming of cell fate. The recent development of cell stretching devices has paved the way for the study of cell reactions to stretching stimuli in-vitro, reproducing physiological situations that are experienced by cells in many tissues and related to functions such as breathing, heart beating and digestion. In this work, we review the highly-relevant contributions cell stretching devices can provide in the field of mechanobiology. We then provide the details for the in-house construction and operation of these devices, starting from the systems that we already developed and tested. We also review some examples where cell stretchers can supply meaningful insights into mechanobiology topics and we introduce new results from our exploitation of these devices.
Exploring spatial reasoning performances of CNN on linear layout dataset
Authors: Pejic Jelena , Petkovic Marko , Klinge Sandra 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Spatial reasoning, a fundamental aspect of human intelligence, is essential for machine learning models to understand and interpret object relationships. It is crucial for numerous real-world applications, ranging from autonomous navigation to urban planning. The lack of comprehensive datasets limits the development and evaluation of models that can effectively handle spatial reasoning tasks. Existing datasets often contain complex spatial reasoning problems with overlapping spatial relationships, making it challenging to diagnose specific aspects that a model struggles with. We address this gap by introducing a new dataset of linear layouts. This dataset is systematically designed to exhibit a range of spatial relations and complexity levels. Analyzing spatial reasoning through linear layout generation offers a more structured and manageable approach to understanding how models learn and interpret spatial relationships. Linear layout generation has broad applicability and is of fundamental importance in design and optimization. To benchmark dataset, we develop LinLayCNN, a generic data-driven method that applies shallow, one-dimensional convolutional neural network (CNN), to generate linear layouts in an iterative process. Experimental results reveal that LinLayCNN can effectively solve fundamental spatial challenges even with the relatively small size of the training set. It is capable of precise object placement, making it a robust tool for linear layout generation. Current layout generation methods focus on domain-specific solutions and often fail to maintain the precision needed for technical domains, such as accurate sizing, and object counting. They also require a substantial amount of data to function effectively. LinLayCNN overcame these issues. This study further clarifies CNNs’ capabilities in spatial reasoning, highlight their potential to advance the field of layout generation. As a result, our approach establishes a clear benchmark for evaluating spatial reasoning and aids in development of models that can more effectively understand and reason about space.
Multi-lattice sampling of quantum field theories via neural operator-based flows
Authors: Máté Bálint , Fleuret François 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
We consider the problem of sampling lattice field configurations on a lattice from the Boltzmann distribution corresponding to some action. Since such densities arise as approximationw of an underlying functional density, we frame the task as an instance of operator learning. We propose to approximate a time-dependent neural operator whose time integral provides a mapping between the functional distributions of the free and target theories. Once a particular lattice is chosen, the neural operator can be discretized to a finite-dimensional, time-dependent vector field which in turn induces a continuous normalizing flow between finite dimensional distributions over the chosen lattice. This flow can then be trained to be a diffeormorphism between the discretized free and target theories on the chosen lattice, and, by construction, can be evaluated on different discretizations of spacetime. We experimentally validate the proposal on the 2-dimensional φ
4-theory to explore to what extent such operator-based flow architectures generalize to lattice sizes they were not trained on, and show that pretraining on smaller lattices can lead to a speedup over training directly on the target lattice size.
Transferability of atom-based neural networks
Authors: Kjeldal Frederik Ø , Eriksen Janus J 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Machine-learning models in chemistry—when based on descriptors of atoms embedded within molecules—face essential challenges in transferring the quality of predictions of local electronic structures and their associated properties across chemical compound space. In the present work, we make use of adversarial validation to elucidate certain intrinsic complications related to machine inferences of unseen chemistry. On this basis, we employ invariant and equivariant neural networks—both trained either exclusively on total molecular energies or a combination of these and data from atomic partitioning schemes—to evaluate how such models scale performance-wise between datasets of fundamentally different functionality and composition. We find the inference of local electronic properties to improve significantly when training models on augmented data that appropriately expose local functional features. However, molecular datasets for training purposes must themselves be sufficiently comprehensive and rich in composition to warrant any generalizations to larger systems, and even then, transferability can still only genuinely manifest if the body of atomic energies available for training purposes exposes the uniqueness of different functional moieties within molecules. We demonstrate this point by comparing machine models trained on atomic partitioning schemes based on the spatial locality of either native atomic or molecular orbitals.
Beyond the usual suspects: contrasting perspectives of developers and peripheral users of model-based energy scenarios
Authors: Blumer Yann , Wemyss Devon , Braunreiter Lukas 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Model-based energy scenarios promise to provide reliable, science-based decision support to societal actors. However, these scenarios do not always sufficiently address the information needs of a scenario user. This study aims to better understand this gap with a focus on peripheral users—such as local authorities and regional energy companies—who are often overlooked in scenario development yet play a crucial role in shaping the future energy system through their aggregate decisions. The study surveyed academic energy modelers (n= 105) and non-academic peripheral users (n = 244) in Switzerland to contrast their views on the scope, purpose, and underlying epistemology of model-based energy scenarios. While both modelers and users agree on the relevance and authority of model-based energy scenarios for identifying feasible transition pathways, users are more emphatic about integrating a broad set of social dynamics into models, while modelers tend to be more selective. Further, users express more ambitious expectations concerning the purpose and scope of the entire modeling and scenario development process. This includes the expectation that scenarios come with an indication of specific probabilities, explore radically different futures, and more explicitly communicate key underlying assumptions. Overall, the study enables a direct comparison of modelers’ and users’ perspectives, using statistical inference to extend previous research and confirm the widespread acceptance of scenarios as decision-support tools. However, further work is needed to systematically understand the needs and perspectives of different users in order to realize the potential of model-based energy scenarios in aligning academia, policy, and society towards a sustainable, feasible and secure transition of the energy system.
Distribution of power residues over shifted subfields and maximal cliques in generalized Paley graphs
Authors: Martin Greg , Yip Chi Hoi 
Published: November 2024

We derive an asymptotic formula for the number of solutions in a given subfield to certain system of equations over finite fields. As an application, we construct new families of maximal cliques in generalized Paley graphs. Given integers

d
≥
2

d\ge 2

and

q
≡
1

(

m
o
d

d
)

q \equiv 1\ (\mathrm {mod}\ d)

, we show that for each positive integer

m
m

such that

rad
⁡
(
m
)
∣
rad
⁡
(
d
)

\operatorname {rad}(m) \mid \operatorname {rad}(d)

, there are maximal cliques of size approximately

q

/

m

q/m

in the

d
d

-Paley graph defined on

F

q
d

\mathbb {F}_{q^d}

. We also confirm a conjecture of Goryainov, Shalaginov, and Yip on the maximality of certain cliques in generalized Paley graphs, as well as an analogous conjecture of Goryainov for Peisert graphs.
Experiential Therapy in the Virtual Realm
Authors: Laser Julie Anne , Nicotera Nicole 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
In Chapter 9, the authors discuss how they learned how to adapt Experiential Therapy to the virtual realm. They explain how they had to reconceive Experiential Therapy in the virtual realm due to the COVID-19 pandemic. They discuss how to use virtual technology to do Experiential Therapy, and they share lessons learned from moving these activities to the virtual world. They explain the different requirements, considerations, and rules that are needed to be followed in order to effectively use an online platform to deliver Experiential Therapy. They share three virtual Experiential Therapy activities in this chapter that have been adapted from face-to-face Experiential Therapy activities.
British Sporting Relations with Apartheid South Africa
Authors: Llewellyn Matthew P , Rider Toby C 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The transnational anti-apartheid sport boycott of South Africa represented the most prominent, extended, and controversial anti-racism campaign in the history of sport. Spearheaded by prominent British religious and anti-colonial figures and exiled South Africans, emboldened by communist and Global South support, and legitimized by supranational political bodies such as the United Nations, the Organisation of African Unity, and the Commonwealth, the sport boycott helped propel anti-apartheid out of relative obscurity and struck at the very heart of a cultural practice that served an explicitly ideological function in Afrikaner society. Britain held a dichotomous, even paradoxical role as both prosecutor and defender of white South Africa. In this book, we utilize sport as a critical lens for understanding the dynamics and dichotomies of British attitudes towards the apartheid regime. Debates over whether to continue or to cut sporting links with apartheid South Africa proved bitterly divisive. The considerable weight the subject carried and the degree to which it saturated British political and social discourse for four decades speaks to its impact and importance. This book represents the first archival-based, historical examination of Britain’s sporting relations with South Africa throughout the apartheid era, 1948–1994. Situating our analysis within the shifting multiracial and multicultural landscapes of postcolonial Britain and within global political, cultural, sporting, and ideological debates, we trace the origins and evolution of the transnational sport boycott, and examine what inspired Britons to energize anti-apartheid sport campaigns and, in contrast, what drove many others to vehemently oppose them at every turn.
Introduction
Authors: Llewellyn Matthew P , Rider Toby C 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This book begins with a single emblematic event. On 13 June 1970, five days before a general election, the Tory MP Enoch Powell delivered a provocative speech in Birmingham now referred to as the ‘Enemy Within’. In his sermon, Powell explicitly connected the ongoing, and highly combustible, campaign to stop a South African cricket team from touring Britain, to his long-established views on the loss of white authority in British society. While Powell pointed to some of the manifestations of this ‘menace’—the weakness of the Labour government, unrest in Northern Ireland, socialism, liberal clergy, unruly students, and the ‘demonstration’—he argued that ‘race’ was the ‘common factor linking together the work of the ‘enemy on several fronts’. Powell asserted that the wave of New Commonwealth immigration had been turned against the ‘rational’ people of Britain, leaving them unable to say what they truly felt or wished. For Powell, the cricket tour, and the anti-apartheid protests against it, represented another example of how the British people had been pressured to compromise on their national life and culture, and how authority had been lost. Powell’s ‘Enemy Within’ speech provides an opening through which to introduce the major purpose, scope, aims, and arguments that inform this book. We stress that passionate and polarized British attitudes towards sporting links with South Africa can be best excavated and read within the shifting multiracial and ideological landscapes of postcolonial Britain.
Britain and the Transnational Foundations of Anti-Apartheid Sport Protest
Authors: Llewellyn Matthew P , Rider Toby C 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
British opposition to the injustices of South African race segregation arose out of anti-colonial and religious circles. A triumvirate of British religious figures, Reverend Michael Scott, Father Trevor Huddleston, and Canon L. John Collins, led the British anti-apartheid crusade, articulating their views within a religious, moral, and liberal humanitarian framework. In solidarity with the South African liberation movement, British anti-apartheid activity formed part of an emerging global political culture. The genesis for a sport boycott illustrated the collaborative and transnational origins of the anti-apartheid movement. At the precise moment that Father Trevor Huddleston (and others) began discussing the notion of a sport boycott during the mid-1950s, South African non-racial sport leader Dennis Brutus issued calls for international sport federations to expel discriminatory white South African sporting bodies from their membership ranks. Huddleston and the British anti-apartheid lobby forged collaborative links with Brutus and the non-racial sport movement. Together, these fledgling movements initiated early campaigns to expose the grim realities of race discrimination in South African sport, install merit-based selection for international events, and secure representation for Black (non-racial) sporting bodies on international sporting federations. When those early efforts faltered, they encouraged noncollaboration with the apartheid state.
The Gatting Tour and the Final Phase of the Sports Boycott
Authors: Llewellyn Matthew P , Rider Toby C 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
In February 1990, Mike Gatting’s rebel English cricket team touched down at the Jan Smuts Airport in Johannesburg and started a hugely controversial tour of the Republic. As Gatting and his team mates wandered through the terminal—sidestepping the congealing blood stains of anti-apartheid protesters—Thatcher’s Britain stood alone in the Commonwealth as the only country unwilling to apply firm economic sanctions on South Africa and still, as ever before, the worst violator of the sporting boycott. With the apartheid regime reeling from decisive geopolitical shifts, a waxing transnational and British-based Anti-Apartheid Movement (AAM), a debilitating raft of sanctions, and an almost perpetual state of civil war, Britain’s support was not enough. While bridge-builders clung grimly to their dogmatic arguments about constructive engagement and all else besides, the tumultuous events that both foregrounded the Gatting tour and cascaded over it, finally forced the National Party to start negotiating the end of apartheid rule and, as part of this process, the cessation of sporting isolation.
Page Fillers and Genre
Authors: Damkjær Maria 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Page fillers are small bits of text that appear from the 1840s onwards in many popular magazines. From one angle, the page filler is a blemish—a sign that the more prestigious content fell short of exact word count. But from another angle its value is precisely its randomization and its typographical distinction from the surrounding content. Using popular periodicals like Reynolds’s Miscellany, the Englishwoman’s Domestic Magazine, and Lloyd’s Entertaining Journal, this chapter lays the groundwork for the book’s preoccupation with embodied text—text that is generated and responds to the space it fills. Page fillers prompt a discussion of how we might be able to determine that something was added last or adjusted to its space. Fillers have a direct relationship between form and content, which means that they are records of a set of editorial decisions, as well as of a process of labour in time.
Master Humphrey’s Clock and the Print Imaginary
Authors: Damkjær Maria 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
In Charles Dickens’s hapless magazine frame story Master Humphrey’s Clock the fantasy of production and reception takes over from any real fictional plot or progression. This chapter attempts to take the appearance of Samuel Pickwick in Master Humphrey’s Clock seriously, not exactly as product placement, but as a cameo that engages uncomfortably with the commercial status of print culture. The idea of ‘unfolding’ story comes back in a narrative obsessed with narrative, and driven by a need to fill an awkward weekly periodical. The chapter also suggests that Master Humphrey is motivated in part by Dickens’s wish to understand and harness Pickwick’s unpredictable celebrity and uncontrollable afterlife. The print imaginary is central to Dickens’s vision for Master Humphrey, leading to sublimation of the printed object and a fantasy of the power of narrative.
Occupational exposure to aerosols in two French airports: multi-year lung function changes
Authors: Touri Léa , Tarantini Adeline , Suehs Carey , Nogué Erika , Marie-Desvergne Caroline , Dubosson Muriel , Dauba Ambre , Ravanat Jean-Luc , Chamel Véronique , Klerlein Michel , Artous Sébastien , Locatelli Dominique , Jacquinot Sébastien , Chanez Pascal , Vachier Isabelle , Molinari Nicolas 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
As differential exposure to airport-generated aerosols may affect employee lung function, the main objective of this study was to longitudinally evaluate spirometry measures among Air France employees. In addition, an exploratory exposure assessment to airport aerosol was performed in a small cohort of workers using personal monitoring devices. Change in lung function over a ~6.6-yr period was documented for office workers (n = 68) and mechanics (n = 83) at Paris-Roissy airport, France and terminal (n = 29), or apron (n = 35) workers at Marseille airport, France. Overall, an excessive decline in lung function was found for 24.75% of airport workers; excessive decline occurred more often for terminal workers (44.83%) as compared to mechanics (14.47%; P = 0.0056), with a similar tendency for apron workers (35.29%) as compared to mechanics (P = 0.0785). Statistically significant differences/tendencies were detected among the yearly rates of change for %-predicted values of forced expiratory volume in 1 s, forced vital capacity, peak expiratory flow, and from 25% to 75% forced expiratory flow. For the latter variables, the terminal and/or apron workers at Marseille generally had significantly faster lung function decline as compared to office workers and/or mechanics in Paris, although the latter were exposed to a higher level of elemental carbon. No relation between lung function decline and exposure to airport tarmac environments was evidenced. Multivariate exploration of individual variables representing sex, smoking, atopy, respiratory disease, residential PM2.5 pollution, the peak size of particles in lung exhalates or exhaled carbon monoxide at the time of follow-up failed to explain the observed differences. In conclusion, this study documents the first evidence of excessive lung function decline among certain airport workers in France, although the identification of emission sources (environmental factors, aircraft exhaust, etc) remains challenging.