bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Radiometric measurement of lignite coal and its by-products and assessment of the usability of fly ash as raw materials in Turkey
Authors: Turhan Şeref , Gören Elif , Garad Ahmed M.K. , Altıkulaç Aydan , Kurnaz Aslı , Duran Celalettin , Hançerlioğulları Aybaba , Altunal Volkan , Güçkan Veysi , Özdemir Adnan 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
Lignite coal (LC) is a key energy source for electricity generation in Turkey. During lignite burning, huge amounts of fly ash (FA), bottom ash and slag are produced as by-products which contain radionuclides in the natural radioactive series of uranium and thorium, and radioactive potassium. These radionuclides may lead to radiological exposure of workers and the public and cause environmental problems. Therefore, finding diverse uses for the by-products in the construction sector and earthwork applications has considerable economic and environmental importance. In this study, the activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in and radon emanating power (EP) and radon mass exhalation rate (EXRM) from LC, slag and FA obtained from the Kangal lignite-burning power plant with a power of 457 MWe were measured using gamma-ray spectroscopy. The major chemical components (SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, CaO and MgO) of fly ash samples were analysed using an energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. The annual effective doses received by workers and members of the public were estimated using different scenarios specified in Radiation protection 122. The average activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in LC, slag and FA samples were 187±21, 16±1 and 99±9 Bq kg−1, 620±18, 41±2 and 330±13 Bq kg−1, and 937±30, 38±2 and 272±17 Bq kg−1, respectively. The average values of EP and EXRM of the lignite, slag and FA samples were 8 %, 7 % and 10 %, and 0.1, 0.3 and 0.7 Bq kg−1 h−1, respectively. The highest average of the total annual effective dose is estimated at 153 μSv for members of the public and 74 μSv for workers, lower than the recommended annual limit of 1000 μSv.
A review on steam-solvent processes for enhanced heavy oil/bitumen recovery
Authors: Fayazi Amir , Kantzas Apostolos 
Published: February 2018

AbstractSteam injection is widely used for heavy oil and bitumen recovery. The advantage of this process is its high recovery factor and its high oil production rate. However, the high production rate is associated with excessive energy consumption, carbon dioxide generation, and expensive post-production water treatment. Some of these disadvantages are overcome or reduced by the addition of solvent mixtures to steam. The steam-solvent processes are complex oil displacement methods involving simultaneous heat, mass, and fluid transport. These processes are not clearly understood despite their apparent importance to the oil industry. Systematic studies are essential in the design, analysis, and evaluation of the steam-solvent processes as well as in mathematical simulation. These studies provide valuable insights for petroleum engineers to improve the oil recovery efficiency when applied in a reservoir. Results of these processes are scattered in many publications over more than 40 years and are not readily available for most petroleum engineers. The purpose of the paper is to present a review of current knowledge and available data, and to delineate the steam-solvent processes.
Numerical Investigation of Fuel Distribution Effect on Flow and Temperature Field in a Heavy Duty Gas Turbine Combustor
Authors: Deng Xiaowen , Xing Li , Yin Hong , Tian Feng , Zhang Qun 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
Multiple-swirlers structure is commonly adopted for combustion design strategy in heavy duty gas turbine. The multiple-swirlers structure might shorten the flame brush length and reduce emissions. In engineering application, small amount of gas fuel is distributed for non-premixed combustion as a pilot flame while most fuel is supplied to main burner for premixed combustion. The effect of fuel distribution on the flow and temperature field related to the combustor performance is a significant issue. This paper investigates the fuel distribution effect on the combustor performance by adjusting the pilot/main burner fuel percentage. Five pilot fuel distribution schemes are considered including 3 %, 5 %, 7 %, 10 % and 13 %. Altogether five pilot fuel distribution schemes are computed and deliberately examined. The flow field and temperature field are compared, especially on the multiple-swirlers flow field. Computational results show that there is the optimum value for the base load of combustion condition. The pilot fuel percentage curve is calculated to optimize the combustion operation. Under the combustor structure and fuel distribution scheme, the combustion achieves high efficiency with acceptable OTDF and low NOX emission. Besides, the CO emission is also presented.
Photobiomodulation Therapy on Physiological and Performance Parameters During Running Tests: Dose–Response Effects
Authors: Dellagrana Rodolfo A. , Rossato Mateus , Sakugawa Raphael L. , Baroni Bruno M. , Diefenthaeler Fernando 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
Dellagrana, RA, Rossato, M, Sakugawa, RL, Baroni, BM, and Diefenthaeler, F. Photobiomodulation therapy on physiological and performance parameters during running tests: Dose–response effects. J Strength Cond Res 32(10): 2807–2815, 2018—This study was aimed at verifying effects of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) with different energy doses (15, 30, and 60 J per site) on physiological and performance parameters during running tests. Fifteen male recreational runners participated in a crossover, randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled trial. They performed testing protocol in 5 sessions with different treatments: control, placebo, and PBMT with 15, 30, or 60 J per site (14 sites in each lower limb). Physiological and performance variables were assessed during submaximal (at 8 and 9 km·h−1) and maximal running tests. Photobiomodulation therapy with 30 J significantly improved running economy (RE) at 8 and 9 km·h−1 (3.01%, p=0.008 and 3.03%, p=0.009, respectively), rate of perceived exertion (RPE) at 8 km/h21 (7.86%, p=0.033), velocity at V̇o
2max (3.07%, p= 0.029), peak of velocity (PV) (1.49%, p=0.035), and total time to exhaustion (TTE) (3.41%, p=0.036) compared with placebo. Photobiomodulation therapy with 15 J improved running economy at 9 km/h21 (2.98%, p=0.025), rate of perceived exertion at 8 km/h21 (4.80%, p=0.010), PV (1.33%, p=0.008), total time to exhaustion (3.06%, p=0.008), and total distance (4.01%, p=0.011) compared with the placebo; whereas PBMT with 60 J only increased RE at 9 km/h21 (3.87%, p=0.024) compared with placebo. All PBMT doses positively affected physiological and/or performance parameters; however, magnitude-based inference reported that PBMT applied with 30 J led to more beneficial effects than 15 and 60 J.
Reduced Electromyographic Fatigue Threshold After Performing a Cognitive Fatiguing Task
Authors: Ferris Justine R. , Tomlinson Mary A. , Ward Tayler N. , Pepin Marie E. , Malek Moh H. 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
Ferris, JR, Tomlinson, MA, Ward, TN, Pepin, ME, and Malek, MH. Reduced electromyographic fatigue threshold after performing a cognitive fatiguing task. J Strength Cond Res 35(1): 267–274, 2021—Cognitive fatigue tasks performed before exercise may reduce exercise capacity. The electromyographic fatigue threshold (EMGFT) is the highest exercise intensity that can be maintained without significant increase in the electromyography (EMG) amplitude vs. time relationship. To date, no studies have examined the effect of cognitive fatigue on the estimation of the EMGFT. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to determine whether cognitive fatigue before performing exercise reduces the estimated EMGFT. Eight healthy college-aged men were recruited from a university student population and visited the laboratory on multiple occasions. In a randomized order, subjects performed either the cognitive fatigue task (AX continuous performance test) for 60 minutes on one visit (experimental condition) or watched a video on trains for 60 minutes on the other visit (control condition). After each condition, subjects performed the incremental single-leg knee-extensor ergometry test while the EMG amplitude was recorded from the rectus femoris muscle and heart rate was monitored throughout. Thereafter, the EMGFT was calculated for each subject for each visit and compared using paired samples t-test. For exercise outcomes, there were no significant mean differences for maximal power output between the 2 conditions (control: 51 ± 5 vs. fatigue: 50 ± 3 W), but there was a significant decrease in EMGFT between the 2 conditions (control: 31 ± 3 vs. fatigue: 24 ± 2 W; p = 0.013). Moreover, maximal heart rate was significantly different between the 2 conditions (control: 151 ± 5 vs. fatigue: 132 ± 6; p = 0.027). These results suggest that performing the cognitive fatiguing task reduces the EMGFT with a corresponding reduction in maximal heart rate response.
Self-selected vs. Fixed Repetition Duration: Effects on Number of Repetitions and Muscle Activation in Resistance-Trained Men
Authors: Nóbrega Sanmy Rocha , Barroso Renato , Ugrinowitsch Carlos , da Costa Jean Lucas Fernandes , Alvarez Ieda Fernanda , Barcelos Cintia , Libardi Cleiton Augusto 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
Nóbrega, SR, Barroso, R, Ugrinowitsch, C, da Costa, JLF, Alvarez, IF, Barcelos, C, and Libardi, CA. Self-selected vs. fixed repetition duration: effects on number of repetitions and muscle activation in resistance-trained men. J Strength Cond Res 32(9): 2419–2424, 2018—The aim of this study was to compare the effects of self-selected and fixed repetition duration (RD) on resistance exercise (RE) volume, muscle activation, and time under tension (TUT) per repetition and per session. Twelve resistance-trained men participated in the study. A randomized cross-over design was used and each participant performed 2 high-intensity RE protocols in a balanced order: (a) 3 sets of RE with self-selected RD (SELF); and (b) 3 sets of RE with fixed RD (2-second concentric and 2-second eccentric [FIX]). Muscle activation was assessed through surface electromyography (EMG) of the vastus lateralis and vastus medialis throughout RE sessions. Overall, RE volume was significantly greater for SELF (p = 0.01), whereas TUT per repetition was significantly greater for FIX (p = 0.0001). No significant differences between protocols were detected for TUT per session. Between-protocol comparisons revealed significantly greater EMG amplitude for SELF compared with FIX at S1 (p = 0.01), S2 (p = 0.03), and S3 (p = 0.03). Both SELF and FIX protocols produced significant increases in EMG amplitude from 25 to 100% (p < 0.001) of set completion. Between-protocol comparisons revealed significantly greater EMG amplitude for SELF compared with FIX at 75% (p = 0.03) and 100% (p = 0.01). In conclusion, self-selected RD resulted in greater volume and muscle activation compared with fixed RD in an RE session.
Relationship Between Change of Direction, Speed, and Power in Male and Female National Olympic Team Handball Athletes
Authors: Pereira Lucas A. , Nimphius Sophia , Kobal Ronaldo , Kitamura Katia , Turisco Luiz A.L. , Orsi Rita C. , Cal Abad César C. , Loturco Irineu 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
Pereira, LA, Nimphius, S, Kobal, R, Kitamura, K, Turisco, LAL, Orsi, RC, Cal Abad, CC, and Loturco, I. Relationship between change of direction, speed, and power in male and female National Olympic Team handball athletes. J Strength Cond Res 32(10): 2987–2994, 2018—The aims of this study were to (a) assess the relationship between selected speed- and power-related abilities (determined by 20-m sprint, unloaded countermovement jump [CMJ] and squat jump [SJ], and loaded jump squat [JS]) and performance in 2 distinct change of direction (COD) protocols (Zigzag test and T-test) and (b) determine the magnitude of difference between female and male Brazilian National Olympic Team handball athletes. Fifteen male and 23 female elite handball athletes volunteered to perform the following assessments: SJ and CMJ; Zigzag test and T-test; 20-m sprint with 5-, 10-, and 20-m splits; and mean propulsive power in JS. Pearson's product-moment correlation (p ≤ 0.05) was performed to determine the relationship between the COD tests (Zigzag test and T-test) and speed-power measures (sprint, SJ, CMJ, and JS). The differences between male and female performances were determined using the magnitude-based inference. Moderate to very large significant correlations were observed between both COD tests and the speed-power abilities. Furthermore, male athletes demonstrated likely to almost certainly higher performances than female athletes in all assessed variables. The results of the current study suggest that different speed-power qualities are strongly correlated to the performance obtained in various COD assessments (r values varying from 0.38 to 0.84 and from 0.34 to 0.84 for correlations between speed and power tests with Zigzag test and T-test, respectively). However, the level of these associations can vary greatly, according to the mechanical demands of each respective COD task. Although COD tests may be difficult to implement during competitive seasons, because of the strong correlations presented herein, the regular use of vertical jump tests with these athletes seems to be an effective and applied alternative. Furthermore, it might be inferred that the proper development of loaded and unloaded jump abilities has potential for improving the physical qualities related to COD performance in handball athletes.
Tracking of Time-Dependent Changes in Muscle Hardness After a Full Marathon
Authors: Inami Takayuki , Nakagawa Kento , Yonezu Takahisa , Fukano Mako , Higashihara Ayako , Iizuka Satoshi , Abe Taira , Narita Takaya 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
Inami, T, Nakagawa, K, Yonezu, T, Fukano, M, Higashihara, A, Iizuka, S, Abe, T, and Narita, T. Tracking of time-dependent changes in muscle hardness after a full marathon. J Strength Cond Res 33(12): 3431–3437, 2019—We sought to identify changes in individual muscle hardness after a full marathon and to track time-dependent changes using ultrasound strain elastography (SE). Twenty-one collegiate marathon runners were recruited. Muscle hardness (i.e., strain ratio, SR) was measured using SE for the rectus femoris (RF), vastus lateralis (VL), biceps femoris (BF) long head, tibialis anterior (TA), gastrocnemius medial (GM) head, and soleus (SOL) muscles at the following time points: pre (PRE), immediately post (POST), day-1 (D1), day-3 (D3), and day-8 (D8), after a full marathon. We found that the SR decreased after the full marathon (i.e., the muscle became harder), and that the lowest SR across all measured muscles was observed on D1. Although there was no difference in the magnitude of change in SR between the muscles of the thigh, that of the MG and SOL were significantly larger than that of the TA. Muscle hardness in the vastus lateralis, biceps femoris, and SOL recovered at D8 (i.e., nonsignificant difference from PRE), whereas recovery of rectus femoris and gastrocnemius medial hardness at D8 was not observed. Thus, the degree of change in muscle hardness does not occur uniformly within the lower extremity muscles. In particular, changes in muscle hardness of the TA after a full marathon are small compared with other muscles and time-dependent changes in each muscle vary during recovery. The features of muscle hardness identified in this study will be useful for coaches when mentoring runners on proper forms and for training advisers and therapists who seek to address deficiencies in running.
Tweeting for Nutrition: Feasibility and Efficacy Outcomes of a 6-Week Social Media-Based Nutrition Education Intervention for Student-Athletes
Authors: Coccia Catherine , Fernandes Stephanie M. , Altiti Julinar 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
Coccia, C, Fernandes, SM, and Altiti, J. Tweeting for nutrition: feasibility and efficacy outcomes of a 6-week social media-based nutrition education intervention for student-athletes. J Strength Cond Res 34(7): 2084–2092, 2020—The main objective of this study was to determine the feasibility and efficacy of a social media-based nutrition intervention using Twitter on nutrition knowledge, dietary practices, body mass index (BMI), self-efficacy, and social support among student-athletes. Participants included 50 male and female National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I student-athletes between the ages of 18 and 24 years. Data were collected in October 2014. The study design employed a 6-week social media intervention using Twitter, to increase nutrition knowledge, self-efficacy, social support, and dietary adherence to the recommendations from the Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Descriptive statistics were calculated for all study variables and pre-post differences were assessed using paired t-tests. The results indicate a 6-week nutrition intervention delivered solely through social media resulted in increased nutrition knowledge (t = −2.23; p = 0.035), reduced fat intake (t = −1.57; p = 0.13), and decreased BMI (t = 2.32; p = 0.027) in student-athletes. In conclusion, social media-based nutrition education may provide university-based strength and conditioning coaches and other sports practitioners with a tool for widespread and timely access to students to facilitate healthy dietary behaviors.
Using Perceptual and Neuromuscular Responses to Estimate Mechanical Changes During Continuous Sets in the Bench Press
Authors: Chapman Mark , Larumbe-Zabala Eneko , Goss-Sampson Mark , Triplett N. Travis , Naclerio Fernando 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
Chapman, M, Larumbe-Zabala, E, Gosss-Sampson, M, Triplett, NT, and Naclerio, F. Using perceptual and neuromuscular responses to estimate mechanical changes during continuous sets in the bench press. J Strength Cond Res 33(10): 2722–2732, 2019—This study analyzed the effectiveness of the OMNI-RES (0–10) and the electromyographic signal for monitoring changes in the movement velocity during a set to muscular failure performed with different relative loads in the bench press (BP) exercise. Ten males (30.8 ± 5.7 years) were evaluated on 8 separate days with 48 hours of rest between sessions. After determining the 1 repetition maximum value, participants performed 7 sets to failure with the following relative loads ranges: 30 < 40%, 40 < 50%, 50 < 60%, 60 < 70%, 70 < 80%, 80 < 90%, and >90%. The mean accelerative velocity (MAV), the rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and the normalized root-mean-square (N-RMS) signal from the anterior deltoids were measured for every repetition of each set. The RPE expressed after the first repetition and when the maximum value of MAV was achieved over the sets was lower (p < 0.001, d > 0.80) than the RPE associated with a 10% drop in MAV and at failure. Furthermore, the initial RPE was useful to distinguish different loading zones between the light relative loads (30 < 40% vs. 40 < 50% vs. 50 < 60%) and from these 3 zones to the higher relative load ranges (60 to >90%). Similar, but less clear, differences were observed for the N-RMS. In conclusion, apart from differentiating between relative loads, the RPE and in some cases N-RMS can both reflect changes associated with the initial, maximal, 10% drop in movement velocity, and muscular failure during a continuous set in the BP.
Dynamic Balance Evaluation: Reliability and Validity of a Computerized Wobble Board
Authors: Fusco Andrea , Giancotti Giuseppe F. , Fuchs Philip X. , Wagner Herbert , Varalda Carlo , Capranica Laura , Cortis Cristina 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
Fusco, A, Giancotti, GF, Fuchs, PX, Wagner, H, Varalda, C, Capranica, L, and Cortis, C. Dynamic balance evaluation: reliability and validity of a computerized wobble board. J Strength Cond Res 34(6): 1709–1715, 2020—Computerized wobble boards (WBs) are inexpensive, transportable, and user-friendly devices to objectively quantify the dynamic balance performances out of laboratory settings, although it has not been established if they are reliable and valid tools. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the reliability and validity of a computerized WB. Thirty-nine (18 females and 21 males) young adults (age: 23.3 ± 2.1 years; body mass: 65.9 ± 1.8 kg; height: 168.2 ± 8.8 cm; leg length: 78.8 ± 5.7 cm; and body mass index: 23.2 ± 2.1 kg·m−2) participated in the study. Subjects were assessed during 3 separate sessions on different days with a 48-hour rest in between. A total number of 2 WB single limb tests and 1 Y Balance Test (YBT) were performed. The WB performance was registered using the proprietary software and represented by the time spent in the target zone, which represented the 0° tilt angle measured by the triaxial accelerometer in the WB. YBT normalized reach distances were recorded for the anterior, posteromedial, and posterolateral directions. Intraclass correlation coefficient, 95% confidence interval, SEM, minimal detectable change, and Bland-Altman plots were used to evaluate intrasession and intersession reliability, whereas Pearson product moment correlation was used to determine concurrent validity. Reliability ranged from fair to excellent, showing acceptable levels of error and low minimal detectable change. However, all correlation coefficients between WB and YBT outcomes were poor. Despite the 2 methods addressing different aspects of balance performance, WB seems to validly serve its purpose and showed good reliability. Therefore, computerized WBs have the potential to become essential devices for dynamic balance assessment.
Self-selected Rest Interval Improves Vertical Jump Postactivation Potentiation
Authors: do Carmo Everton C. , De Souza Eduardo O. , Roschel Hamilton , Kobal Ronaldo , Ramos Henrique , Gil Saulo , Tricoli Valmor 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
do Carmo, EC, De Souza, EO, Roschel, H, Kobal, R, Ramos, H, Gil, S, and Tricoli, V. Self-selected rest interval improves vertical jump postactivation potentiation. J Strength Cond Res 35(1): 91–96, 2021—This study compared the effects of self-selected rest interval (SSRI) and fixed rest interval (FRI) strategies on postactivation potentiation (PAP) in countermovement jump (CMJ) performance. Twelve strength-trained men (age: 25.4 ± 3.6 years; body mass: 78.8 ± 10.5 kg; height: 175 ± 7.0 cm; half-squat 1 repetition maximum: 188.7 ± 33.4 kg) performed 3 experimental conditions: (a) FRI: CMJ test; 4-minute rest interval; 5 repetition maximum (5RM) back squat; 4-minute rest interval; and CMJ test, (b) SSRI: CMJ test; 4-minute rest interval; 5RM back squat; SSRI; and CMJ test, and (c) control: CMJ test; 8-minute rest interval and CMJ test. In SSRI, subjects were instructed to rest until they felt fully recovered and able to exercise at maximal intensity based on the perceived readiness scale. Significant changes in pre-post CMJ performance were observed in the SSRI condition (38.2 ± 4.6 cm vs. 40.5 ± 4.4 cm; p = 0.08; confidence interval [CI]: 0.72–3.82 cm; effect size [ES] = 0.93). There were significant differences in post-CMJ performance when SSRI was compared with FRI (40.5 ± 4.4 cm vs. 37.7 ± 5.1 cm; p = 0.02; CI: 0.43–5.08; ES = 1.13) and control (40.5 ± 4.4 cm vs. 37.4 ± 5.7 cm; p = 0.01; CI: 0.66–5.61; ES = 1.35). The average rest interval length for the SSRI condition was 5:57 ± 2:44 min:sec (CI: 4:24–7:30). Our results suggest that the use of SSRI was an efficient and practical strategy to elicit PAP on CMJ height in strength-trained individuals.