bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physiological and Biochemical Responses of Tobacco at Different Growth Stages to Alternaria alternata
Authors: Ping He , Wenjing Rao , Zhikai Dong , Xingxian He , Jiawei Zhao , Zhongxu Chen , Liu Lin 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACTTobacco brown spot, caused by Alternaria alternata (Fries) Keissler, is one of the main leaf diseases of tobacco. It is common in the mature stage of tobacco but rarely occurs in the early growth stage. Therefore, it is also called ‘mature spot’ by tobacco farmers. However, the physiological and biochemical mechanisms underlying the responses of tobacco plants at different growth stages to A. alternata remain unclear. In this experiment, A. alternata was inoculated into two tobacco varieties, Yun87 and HongHuaDaJinYuan (HD), at the immature and mature stages respectively. The disease index, stomata, reactive oxygen species (OFR and H2O2) and main defence enzymes (SOD, POD, PPO, CAT and PAL) of tobacco at the two growth stages were analysed. Results showed that the disease index of tobacco plants in the immature stage was lower than that of tobacco plants at the mature stage at 5 days after inoculation. Stomatal opening was not significantly different between the immature and mature stages, but the stomatal apertures of HD and Yun87 decreased by 1%–2.33% at 12 h after inoculation. Moreover, the OFR and H2O2 contents in the mature stage were significantly higher than those in the immature stage. SOD activity was higher in the immature stage than in the mature stage, whereas POD activity was higher in the mature stage than in the immature stage. PPO, CAT and PAL activities were not significantly different between the immature and mature stages. Reactive oxygen species and defence enzymes began to respond at 12 h after inoculation. Specifically, SOD and PAL activities peaked at 12 h, whereas CAT activity peaked at 24 h. The response levels and rates of H2O2 content, SOD activity and PAL activity were higher in the immature stage than in the mature stage. Correlation analysis revealed that the strength of the effect of these factors was different. In general, tobacco resistance to brown spot disease was higher in the immature stage than in the mature stage, and this resistance was mediated by the response rates and levels of stomata, reactive oxygen species and defence enzymes.
Sex‐Specific Metabolic Effects of Gestational Chronodisruption and Maternal Melatonin Supplementation in Rat Offspring
Authors: Méndez Natalia , Corvalan Fernando , Halabi Diego , Vasquez Abigail , Vergara Karina , Noriega Hector , Ehrenfeld Pamela , Sanhueza Katiushka , Seron‐Ferre Maria , Valenzuela Guillermo J. , Torres‐Farfan Claudia 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACTGestational chronodisruption, increasingly common due to irregular light exposure, disrupts maternal‐fetal circadian signaling, leading to long‐term health issues in offspring. We utilized a chronic photoperiod shifting model (CPS) in pregnant rats to induce chronodisruption and investigated the potential mitigating effects of maternal melatonin supplementation (CPS + Mel). Male and female offspring were evaluated at 3 ages (90, 200, and 400 days of age) for metabolic profiles, hormonal responses, cytokine levels, and adipose tissue activity. Our findings indicate that gestational chronodisruption leads to increased birth weight by approximately 15% in male and female offspring and increased obesity prevalence in male offspring, accompanied by a 30% reduction in nocturnal melatonin levels and a significant disruption in corticosterone rhythms. Male CPS offspring also exhibited decreased lipolytic activity in white adipose tissue, with a 25% reduction in glycerol release compared to controls, indicating impaired metabolic flexibility. In contrast, female offspring, while less affected metabolically, showed a 25% increase in adipose tissue lipolytic activity and higher levels of pro‐inflammatory cytokines such as IL‐6 (increased by 40%). Scheduled melatonin supplementation in chronodisrupted mothers, administered throughout gestation, effectively normalized birth weights in both sexes, reduced obesity prevalence in males by 18%, and improved lipolytic activity in male offspring, bringing it closer to control levels. In females, melatonin supplementation moderated cytokine levels, reducing IL‐6 by 35% and restoring IL‐10 levels to near‐control values. These results highlight the importance of sex‐specific prenatal interventions, particularly the role of melatonin in preventing disruptions to fetal metabolic and inflammatory pathways caused by gestational chronodisruption. Melatonin treatment would prevent maternal circadian rhythm misalignment, thereby supporting healthy fetal development. This study opens new avenues for developing targeted prenatal care strategies that align maternal and fetal circadian rhythms, mitigating the long‐term health risks associated with chronodisruption during pregnancy.
Bulevirtide Monotherapy Is Safe and Well Tolerated in Chronic Hepatitis Delta: An Integrated Safety Analysis of Bulevirtide Clinical Trials at Week 48
Authors: Asselah Tarik , Lampertico Pietro , Aleman Soo , Bourlière Marc , Streinu‐Cercel Adrian , Bogomolov Pavel , Morozov Viacheslav , Stepanova Tatiana , Lazar Stefan , Manuilov Dmitry , Mercier Renee‐Claude , Tseng Steve , Ye Lei , Flaherty John F. , Osinusi Anu , Da Ben L. , Chee Grace M. , Lau Audrey H. , Brunetto Maurizia R. , Wedemeyer Heiner 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACTBackground and AimsThe safety and tolerability of bulevirtide (BLV), a novel entry inhibitor of hepatitis delta virus, were evaluated in an integrated analysis of clinical trial results from patients with chronic hepatitis delta (CHD).MethodsWeek 48 on‐treatment clinical and laboratory results from two Phase 2 trials (MYR203 [NCT02888106] and MYR204 [NCT03852433]) and one Phase 3 trial (MYR301 [NCT03852719]) were pooled (N = 269). Patients were grouped as follows: BLV 2 mg (n = 64), BLV 10 mg (n = 115), pegylated interferon‐alfa (n = 39) and control (n = 51). The control group consisted of patients assigned to the delayed treatment group in Study MYR301.ResultsAdverse events (AEs) that occurred more frequently with BLV 2 mg and BLV 10 mg versus control included increased total bile acid levels (20% and 17% vs. 0%), injection‐site reactions (16% and 20% vs. 0%), headache (16% and 17% vs. 0%), pruritus (11% and 10% vs. 0%) and eosinophilia (9% and 4% vs. 0%). Increases in total bile acid levels were observed with BLV without clear correlation with AEs, such as pruritus, eosinophilia or vitamin D deficiency. Grade 3 or 4 study drug–related AEs occurred in a higher proportion of patients receiving pegylated interferon‐alfa (51%) than with BLV 2 or 10 mg (3% and 4%, respectively). There were no serious AEs related to BLV, and no patients discontinued BLV due to an AE. Neither hepatic decompensation nor death occurred.ConclusionsBLV monotherapy was safe and well tolerated through 48 weeks of treatment in patients with CHD.Trial Registration: NCT02888106, NCT03852433 and NCT03852719
Daily Complementary Feeding With Eggs Improves Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 in Infants
Authors: Nakiranda Regina , Malan Linda , Ricci Hannah , Kruger Herculina S. , Nienaber Arista , Visser Marina , Ricci Cristian , Faber Mieke , Smuts Cornelius M. 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACTThis secondary analysis of the Eggcel‐growth study investigated the effect of daily egg intake for 6 months in infants aged 6–9 months on environmental enteric dysfunction (EED) biomarkers and the association of EED markers with growth faltering. A randomised controlled trial was conducted in Jouberton, South Africa, among 500 infants randomly assigned equally to either an intervention group receiving a daily chicken egg or a control group. Both groups were followed up for 6 months. Data on infant and maternal sociodemographic information and anthropometric status of infants were collected. EED and inflammatory markers were analysed using Q‐Plex Human EED (11‐Plex) assay. There was a significant reduction in fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) concentration in the intervention group (B = −0.132; 95% CI −0.255, −0.010; p = 0.035). Baseline, insulin‐like growth factor 1 (IGF‐1) was positively associated with endpoint length‐for‐age z‐score (LAZ), weight‐for‐age z‐score (WAZ) and weight‐for‐length z‐score (WLZ) and there was an inverse relationship between baseline FGF21 and intestinal fatty acid‐binding protein (I‐FABP) with endpoint growth indicators. Baseline IGF‐1 was positively associated with reduced odds of wasting, stunting and being underweight (p < 0.001) and baseline FGF21 was associated with increased odds of stunting (p = 0.002), wasting (p = 0.031) and being underweight (p = 0.035). There was a 20% increased odds of stunting with baseline I‐FABP (p = 0.045) and a 30% increased odds of being underweight with baseline soluble CD14 (p = 0.039). Complementary feeding with eggs decreased growth hormone resistance (reduced FGF21 levels); however, FGF21 and I‐FABP levels were linked to increased growth faltering.Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT05168085
The ‘Iran Card’ in Russian Foreign Policy
Authors: Mousavi Hamed , Goudarzi Arteman Rad 
Published: December 2024

AbstractSince the United States withdrew from the Iran nuclear deal in 2018, Tehran and Moscow have increased their collaboration. Iran supported Russia's war in Ukraine, believing that it would weaken the Americans, reduce the effects of sanctions, and benefit its battered economy. Similarly, Russia sought to use Iran as a tool to challenge US influence in the region. However, the authors contend, the costs and benefits have been asymmetrical: While Moscow has gained strategic advantages at minimal expense, the Islamic Republic has borne substantial geopolitical burdens. This study explores the evolution of Iran‐Russia relations and assesses the implications for both countries in their conflicts with the United States. It analyzes their cooperation on the wars in Syria and Ukraine, showing that Tehran has been compelled to act in Moscow's interests but has not always received the same support. This has come into sharp relief since the beginning of Israel's war on Gaza, as Iran has faced attacks on its allies and on its own territory. To defend itself and its interests, it needs advanced military equipment, which the Russians have yet to provide. The evidence indicates that Iran's reliance on Russia has led to more harm than benefit.
Prevalence of Fungal Infections in Pemphigus Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Javidnia Javad , Daneshpazhooh Maryam , Arghavan Bahareh 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACTBackgroundPemphigus is a life‐threatening autoimmune disease characterised by blistering skin and/or mucous membranes. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of fungal infections in the pemphigus population.MethodsDifferent databases were searched to gain access to all studies on the prevalence of fungal infections published up to the 31st of May 2024. The pooled rate prevalence of fungal infections with a 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated using the random effects model.ResultsA total of 1012 studies were identified, out of which 18 were included in meta‐analyses. The random‐effects estimates of the prevalence of fungal infection in the pemphigus population were 0.18% (95% CI: 9%–31%). Based on the findings, it was determined that four genera of fungal infections were related to mucocutaneous lesions of individuals diagnosed with pemphigus. Among these fungi, the most prevalent were those belonging to the Candida species, with a particular emphasis on Candida albicans (87.61%). Additional isolated fungal species include Trichophyton rubrum (4.5%), Aspergillus species (1.8%), Pneumocystis jirovecii (1.2%), Malassezia furfur (0.78%), Microsporum canis (0.75%), Trichophyton mentagrohytes (0.65%), Microsporum audouinii (0.60%), and Trichophyton concentricum (0.45%).ConclusionsThe current study highlights the significance of fungal infection in individuals with pemphigus, suggesting that pemphigus and administration of immunosuppressive medicines such as corticosteroids may trigger an increased risk of fungal infections. Additionally, prompt diagnosis of fungal infections in individuals with pemphigus could help healthcare professionals prevent and treat serious infections, such as Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP), and potentially alleviate the economic impact of this condition.
Leaf nonstructural carbohydrate residence time, not concentration, correlates with leaf functional traits following the leaf economic spectrum in woody plants
Authors: Asao Shinichi , Way Danielle A. , Turnbull Matthew H. , Stitt Mark , McDowell Nate G. , Reich Peter B. , Bloomfield Keith J. , Zaragoza‐Castells Joana , Creek Danielle , O'Sullivan Odhran , Crous Kristine Y. , Egerton John J.G. , Mirotchnick Nicholas , Weerasinghe Lasantha K. , Griffin Kevin L. , Hurry Vaughan , Meir Patrick , Sitch Stephen , Atkin Owen K. 
Published: December 2024

Summary
Nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) concentrations might reflect the strategies described in the leaf economic spectrum (LES) due to their dependence on photosynthesis and respiration.
We examined if NSC concentrations correlate with leaf structure, chemistry, and physiology traits for 114 species from 19 sites and 5 biomes around the globe.
Total leaf NSC concentrations varied greatly from 16 to 199 mg g−1 dry mass and were mostly independent of leaf gas exchange and the LES traits. By contrast, leaf NSC residence time was shorter in species with higher rates of photosynthesis, following the fast‐slow strategies in the LES. An average leaf held an amount of NSCs that could sustain one night of leaf respiration and could be replenished in just a few hours of photosynthesis under saturating light, indicating that most daily carbon gain is exported.
Our results suggest that NSC export is clearly linked to the economics of return on resource investment.
FolSas2 is a regulator of early effector gene expression during Fusarium oxysporum infection
Authors: Song Limin , Wang Yalei , Qiu Fahui , Li Xiaoxia , Li Jingtao , Liang Wenxing 
Published: December 2024

Summary

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol) that causes a globally devastating wilt disease on tomato relies on the secretion of numerous effectors to mount an infection, but how the pathogenic fungus precisely regulates expression of effector genes during plant invasion remains elusive.

Here, using molecular and cellular approaches, we show that the histone H4K8 acetyltransferase FolSas2 is a transcriptional regulator of early effector gene expression in Fol.

Autoacetylation of FolSas2 on K269 represses K335 ubiquitination, preventing its degradation by the 26S proteasome. During the early infection process, Fol elevates FolSas2 acetylation by differentially changing transcription of itself and the FolSir1 deacetylase, leading to specific accumulation of the enzyme at this stage. FolSas2 subsequently activates the expression of an array of effectors genes, and as a consequence, Fol invades tomato successfully.

These findings reveal a regulatory mechanism of effector gene expression via autoacetylation of a histone modifier during plant fungal invasion.
New York State Climate Impacts Assessment Chapter 03: Agriculture
Authors: Aller Deborah , Chatrchyan Allison M. , Calixto Alejandro , Cummings Jaime , Ortiz‐Bobea Ariel , Peck Gregory , Schouten Junior , Weikert Benjamin , Wolters Elizabeth , Stevens Amanda 
Published: December 2024

AbstractAgriculture is a vital industry in New York State, which ranks among the top‐producing states for dairy, fruits, and several other commodities. As agriculture depends on the weather and specific climatic conditions, this sector faces extraordinary challenges as New York's climate changes. This chapter explores the many impacts of a changing climate on agriculture, the ways these impacts interact with other challenges that New York farmers and farmworkers face, and opportunities for the agriculture industry to adapt and build resilience.
New York State Climate Impacts Assessment Chapter 10: Water Resources
Authors: Leonard Kelsey , Shaw Stephen B. , Francis Abraham , Hermann David , Josset Laureline , May Christine L. , Wright Benjamen , Yokota Kiyoko , Stevens Amanda 
Published: December 2024

AbstractClean, abundant water is essential to the health of New York State's residents, ecosystems, and economy. This critical natural resource faces numerous challenges associated with climate change, including potential impacts on the quality and quantity of source waters—both surface waters and groundwater. Climate change can also affect the infrastructure that treats and delivers safe drinking water to New Yorkers, manages wastewater to protect water quality, and protects against flooding. The Water Resources chapter examines these impacts and highlights opportunities for New Yorkers to adapt and build resilience as the state's climate changes.
New York State Climate Impacts Assessment Chapter 01: Introduction
Authors: Goff Charlie , Amarakoon Shanika , Curtis Deja , Stevens Amanda 
Published: December 2024

AbstractNew York State's climate is changing. Temperatures are rising, precipitation is increasing, sea levels are rising, and extreme weather events are becoming more frequent and severe. Over time, these changes are projected to worsen. The New York State Climate Impacts Assessment provides a science‐based analysis of what to expect from climate change in New York. Working with partners across the state, the team assembled to produce this assessment reviewed the latest science and modeling to project and characterize what New York State's climate is likely to look like in the future and how this will affect natural systems, society, and various sectors of the economy. The assessment will enable decision‐makers at all levels—from individual residents, businesses, and landowners to municipal and state government agencies—to better understand and make informed choices about how to plan and prepare for climate change.
Identifying effective obesity prevention intervention components: An umbrella review mapping systematic review evidence
Authors: Imad Noor , Turon Heidi , Grady Alice , Keenan Stephen , Wyse Rebecca , Wolfenden Luke , Almond Helen , Belski Regina , Leonard Alecia , Peeters Anna , Yoong Serene 
Published: December 2024

SummaryThis overview of reviews synthesizes the effectiveness of obesity prevention interventions in children and adults on BMI/zBMI, following JBI and Cochrane Handbook guidelines. The protocol was prospectively registered in OSF in September 2020. Searches for eligible reviews were run in five databases and gray literature in May 2022. Systematic reviews published in 2010 and assessed BMI/zBMI outcomes of obesity prevention interventions were eligible. Screening, data extraction, and quality assessment were performed independently and in duplicate using standardized tools. For similar interventions, the more recent, higher‐quality review was included. Thirty reviews reporting on 60 discrete interventions (i.e., a specific intervention component), mapped to 14 of 21 IOM sub‐domains, were included. Nine interventions were classified as effective in improving BMI outcomes, including digital health or counseling interventions for adults in ‘healthcare environments’, behavioral interventions for children (broadly nutrition education), physical education curriculum modifications, and policies targeting food and beverages in ‘School environments’. This review extends on previous reviews by consolidating evidence from high‐quality, recent reviews to identify effective intervention components. Thus, this review provides direction for implementation efforts and highlights research gaps, where future research is warranted. However, as primary studies were not directly analyzed, gaps may reflect a lack of systematic reviews rather than primary research.
Immunoarchitectural Pattern and Its Potential Prognostic Value in Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma
Authors: Tran Vy Ngoc Thuy , Ruangritchankul Komkrit , Nikitakis Nikolaos G. , Sampattavanich Somponnat , Ferreira Joao N. , Chaisuparat Risa 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACTObjectivesTo define tumor immunoarchitectural patterns (IPs) and characterize the immune profile in salivary gland mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) toward assessing MEC prognostic significance and implications for immunotherapy.MethodsThis study analyzed 41 MEC cases, evaluating the tumor IPs and tumor‐infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) parameters by using whole‐slide imaging and AI‐assisted assessment. Immunohistochemistry of CD3 and CD8 markers was performed to assess key lymphocyte subpopulations.ResultsImmune‐rich (I‐rich) tumors were characterized by high TIL density and were associated with aggressive tumor behavior, particularly in histological high‐grade MEC, with a significant increase in TIL density observed in the inner invasive margin compartment (p < 0.05). I‐rich tumor cases were linked to poorer disease‐free survival (DFS) (Breslow = 4.686, p = 0.03). Aggressive MEC cases displayed a highly heterogeneous TIL profile, however, no TIL patterns showed a significant impact on DFS (p > 0.05).ConclusionsDespite the high immunogenicity suggested by the abundance of T lymphocytes, the protective role of CD8+ T lymphocytes was not prominent in MEC. I‐rich tumors appeared more aggressive and unfavorable MEC cases exhibited high heterogeneity in their TIL profiles. Interrogating the role of TILs in the inner invasive tumor margin may offer a new mechanistic understanding for future immunotherapy discovery.