bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Theorizing Fiscal Policy Coordination
Authors: Rommerskirchen Charlotte 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Fiscal policy coordination is marred by a classic collective action problem; it pays to be egoistical. Member states have an incentive to under- or over-stimulate their economies (what this chapter terms growth and stability free riding), despite a common interest in coordinated policies. Building on Mancur Olson’s premise on collective action failure, the chapter develops three research questions that guide the empirical investigation. These relate to the group latency of EU membership, the evidence for collective action, and finally the provision of incentives to keep free riding at bay. The theme running through this chapter is that the interdependence of EU economies requires cooperative solutions to common problems.
Preliminaries
Authors: McGowan Mary Kate 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter presents the material in the philosophy of language that is required to follow the arguments in the book. A general introduction to an intentionalist neo-Gricean framework for understanding language use is presented. General information about speech act theory and the felicity conditions for successful speech acts is covered. Since the book focuses on exercitive speech, that is, speech that enacts permissibility facts, additional information is given about exercitives and their felicity conditions. This chapter also clarifies some of the key concepts used throughout the book. The nature of enactment, different kinds of enactment, the important distinction between constituting and merely causing harm, and the nature of social norms are all presented.
On Differences Between Standard and Conversational Exercitives
Authors: McGowan Mary Kate 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores differences between conversational exercitives and standard exercitives. Although both enact norms, standard exercitives do so via an exercise of speaker authority. Moreover, with standard exercitives, the speaker intends to enact a norm and intends for the hearer to recognize that intention. Standard exercitives are communicative. Conversational exercitives work differently. The speaker does not need to have or exercise authority; the speaker need not consciously intend to enact a norm and participants need not consciously recognize that a norm is enacted. With conversational exercitives, norms are enacted simply in virtue of contributing to the norm-governed activity of conversation.
The General Phenomenon
Authors: McGowan Mary Kate 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter argues that the phenomenon of conversational exercitives generalizes. It is not just verbal contributions to conversations that enact norms; verbal contributions to other norm-governed activities also do so. Such covert exercitives are developed and the complex role of intention is clarified and explored. It is also argued that the covert enacting of a permissibility fact (by a covert or conversational exercitive) does not depend on the communication of the intention to enact that permissibility fact. As a result, such exercitives are not a communicative (illocutionary) phenomenon. Rather, they constitute what is here called a parallel act.
Speech and Oppression
Authors: McGowan Mary Kate 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter applies our understanding of covert exercitives to an example of sexist speech. The nature of oppression is clarified. Two models of oppressive speech are identified. The first model is authoritative and involves a standard exercitive speech act. Instances of this sort of oppressive speech must satisfy the felicity conditions of standard exercitives. The second model of oppressive speech involves a covert exercitive. With the second model, it is shown that an offhand sexist remark can be oppressive even though the speaker does not intend to oppress, the speaker does not have any particular authority, and the remark is not aimed at the persons oppressed by it. The chapter concludes with an exploration of various objections to the model of covertly oppressive speech developed here.
Race, Speech, and Free Speech Law
Authors: McGowan Mary Kate 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter applies the phenomenon of covert exercitives to free speech issues. The main goal is to show that because racist speech in public places enacts discriminatory norms, there is a harm prevention justification for its legal actionability. In the process, the philosophical foundations of a free speech principle are presented. Various justifications for extending special protections to speech are discussed; issues about the scope of a free speech principle are identified, and the conditions for legitimate regulation are presented. Several argumentative strategies for speech regulation are discussed and one is shown to be preferable. The actionability of some racist speech in some public spaces is supported using that strategy.
A Novel Refutation of Eliminative Materialism
Authors: Lycan William G. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Moore’s method as developed in Chapter 1 is applied against the doctrine of Eliminative Materialism in the philosophy of mind. It resists all defenses of that view that are based on the “Theory” theory of mental discourse and the vulnerability of folk psychology. It also differs from all the standard objections to the doctrine. Two sophisticated replies are considered and rebutted: that there might be empirical linguistic evidence for an elimination-supporting entailment claim, and that my Moorean objection proves too much in that it makes an empirical proposition irrefutable. However, a possible halfway house is conceded: an everyday term sometimes divides its sense as between a scientifically naïve reading and a slightly neologized one compatible with a scientific account.
Philosophical Knowledge
Authors: Lycan William G. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Gary Gutting has contended that philosophical method by itself can yield knowledge of certain sorts. This chapter offers four reasons for doubting that philosophical beliefs can ever be counted as items of knowledge. It then turns to Gutting’s candidates and argues that he has exaggerated the yield; what survive are only the recognizing of possible positions (admittedly important), and just possibly a few nonlinguistic intuitions—certainly no significant philosophical claims or doctrines. The chapter goes on to examine the ways in which there is and is not progress in philosophy—a fortiori not in the accretion of knowledge. There has been one kind of progress: methodological; we now understand dialectical and investigative procedures better than did our predecessors.
Historical Overview of Perpetrator Studies
Authors: Smeulers Alette 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter provides a historical overview of perpetrator studies. Starting with the Nuremberg Trials after the Second World War, the defendants were mainly studied by psychologists and psychiatrists. The contemporary predominant belief was that perpetrators of mass atrocities were mentally disturbed. Raul Hilberg’s book on the Holocaust, and Hannah Arendt’s on the trial of Adolf Eichmann, were turning points in our thinking. The new perspective saw perpetrators as ordinary people in extraordinary circumstances. Psychological experiments helped us to understand how ordinary people can be transformed into perpetrators, e.g. Milgram showed how his subjects felt compelled to obey orders from authorities, which they considered legitimate. In the 1990s, the debate between Browning and Goldhagen revolved around if the main causes of a person’s involvement in mass atrocities were situational or dispositional. The debate continues, but all scholars agree that the interaction between dispositional and situational factors is crucial. More recently, scholars have taken a broader approach to studying perpetrators; more case studies were included, new disciplines were used, new methodological approaches were taken, and the study of terrorism has developed into a separate field of expertise. The field of perpetrators studies is now a rapidly developing field of academic inquiry.
The Margins of Perpetration Role-Shifting in Genocide
Authors: Anderson Kjell 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Individual actors in genocide are often divided up into a trichotomy of perpetrators, victims, and bystanders. Such an approach may be misleading in understanding genocide, where actors often shift between roles, or take on multiple roles. This chapter seeks to understand the complexity of individual action in genocide through presenting an alternative framework based on individual positionality (the position of individuals in relation to genocide), and agency (the capacity for individuals to act independently). It argues that positionality and agency interact to form a margin of discretion—the perceived range of choices available to an individual. It draws from the author’s interviews with perpetrators and victims of genocide and mass atrocities in several countries to illuminate the margins of perpetration—where individuals perpetrate while also occupying other roles. Changing roles in genocide often involves risks and rewards, which evolve throughout a genocide, as well as in the post-genocide period.
Nothing Must Remain
Authors: Fournet Caroline 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
An intrinsic and material consequence of mass violence is the corresponding mass production of human corpses. What the perpetrators subsequently do with these corpses varies greatly from one instance to another, and the rationale behind their choice and behaviour is not always clear. If establishing an infallible typology of the treatment of corpses of the victims by the perpetrators thus holds the risk of leading to erroneous extrapolations, the different modalities of treatment all seem to share one point: the use by the perpetrators of the corpses of their victims to make their crimes visible or, to the contrary, to hide them. Focusing on selected cases (Bosnia-Herzegovina, Rwanda, Argentina), this contribution explores how treatments of corpses as diverse as exhibition, mutilation, concealment, or destruction are seldom a random choice and reveal the perverse relationship between perpetrators, violence, and death; between what they show and what they hide.
Perpetrators on Trial
Authors: Buljubašić Mirza , Holá Barbora 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Existing research on atrocity crimes perpetrators is predominantly theoretical and generic. Exploration of characteristics of individuals tried for their involvement in war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide might provide an empirical basis for a better understanding of the nature of international crimes and of criminal trials after atrocities. This chapter analyses defendant-related and crime-related characteristics of perpetrators tried by all courts in Bosnia and Herzegovina and by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) following the armed conflict in the 1990s at the territory of former Yugoslavia. Based on original data, collected as of January 2016, it briefly examines perpetrators convicted of international crimes by domestic and international courts, and their socio-demographic and crime-related characteristics. In addition to enriching debates on perpetrators of international crimes, the results can serve as a basis for further discussions on transitional justice after atrocities in Bosnia, its scope, and merits.
Living Wage
Authors: Marshall Shelley 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
In this groundbreaking book, Marshall presents a a regulatory plan for addressing poorly paid, precarious work in global supply chains. Aside from climate change, inequality and poverty remain the biggest crises of our age. While the top 1 per cent continues to make gains in their share of wealth, the number of low income people in precarious and insecure work is also increasing. In a unique approach that draws on legal sociology, political economy and regulatory studies, this book describes existing regulatory measures that have succeeded, but which have to date attracted little scholarly attention. It builds on these successful experiments to set out a vision for a new multi-level, international labour law that would increase minimum wages incrementally across all nations until they reach the level of a living wage.
Complementary or Functional Rival? Labour Regulation of Garment Industry Workers in Cambodia by Better Factories Cambodia
Authors: Marshall Shelley 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Chapter 7 explores the formalisation of the Cambodian garment industry and the factors that have shaped and constrained the effectiveness of the combination of the US–Cambodia Bilateral Textile Agreement and the International Labour Organization’s Better Factories Project. Unlike the Mathadi Boards examined in Chapter 4, a great deal has been written about efforts to improve working standards in the Cambodian garment industry. The Chapter makes two important interventions in the already abundant literature on Better Factories Cambodia. Firstly, it focuses on the role of the trade agreement that led to the establishment of Better Factories Cambodia, as preferential treatment in trade played a critical part in encouraging investment in formal enterprises. It argues that trade incentives were just as important as the BFC in improving the labour standards of participating enterprises. Secondly, it examines the initiative in the context of Cambodia’s political economy showing how the Hun Sen government has used the initiative to its advantage and avoided investing in its own labour inspectorate. For this reason, the chapter asks whether Better Factories Cambodia has become a functional rival to the state labour inspectorate.
Conclusions
Authors: Marshall Shelley 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This book has compared advances in the regulation of work, asking what can be learned for purposeful institutional change elsewhere in the world. Chapter 10 concludes by recapping the overlapping dynamics of informalization that reoccurred in the case study chapters. These include: mass migration and circulation of labour within countries and between countries; large scale macro-economic and institutional liberalization; integration of previously separate economic systems as socialist and capitalist systems were combined following the fall of the Eastern bloc and the opening to global trade; new ways of organizing production resulting in the vertical disintegration of productive units (firms) and the expansion of supply chains; the explosion of new, non-employment forms of work; the complexity and scale of production outstripping national labour regulation systems; and lack of transnational orchestration in labour regulation resulting in gaps in the scale of labour regulation. The book concludes by imagining a future in which action is not taken to promote a global living wage.
What Time Collects
Authors: Giles Paul 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Arguing that one of the most negative consequences of modernism’s traditional designs has been the way they have tended to marginalize or exclude major writers on the basis of ideological assumptions that are never made explicit, this chapter reads Australian novelist Eleanor Dark and American fiction writer James T. Farrell alongside each other. Both writers interrogated conventional understandings of modernism as a phenomenon predicated upon a rhetoric of liberal progress. Instead, Dark and Farrell both seek aesthetically to track back into the past, and they both adduce in their different ways a collectivist understanding of society, one in which individualism is interwoven in complex ways with communal sympathies. Hence the complex fictions of both writers mediate a heterodox version of temporality, in which the recursive passage from present to past carries as much weight as the existential charge from present to future.
Introduction
Authors: Davidson Michael 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The introduction surveys the awkward meeting of modernism and the disabled body, summarizing the various ways in which disability is represented in modernist literature and art. The introduction also treats the formative role of disability in the aesthetic function itself insofar as ideas of autonomy require a contingent, vulnerable body on which to establish judgment. This sets the stage for a discussion of how modernist art and literature contribute to the disqualification of certain bodies, often using them as metaphors for cultural decay and social unrest. The role of eugenics, criminal photography, racial anatomy, and uplift during the Progressive Era contributed to invalidating certain bodies while reinforcing a normative national subject. The introduction also studies the connection between modernist aesthetic futurity (“Make it new!”) and the biofuturistic scenarios of medical science and genetic purification.
The Civic Moment in British Social Thought
Authors: Jones H. S. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This essay is a contribution to the conceptual history of citizenship at the time when it came to enjoy greater influence than before or since, the period of the advent of democratic politics following the Third Reform Act. It analyses the use of the language of citizenship in a range of intellectual contexts, from philosophical idealists through Anglican and nonconformist social reformers to the co-operative movement. In comparison with the continental European states, where citizenship carried strong connotations of political belonging and legal rights, in Britain citizenship was embedded in civil society and the city, and was bound up with ethical notions such as character and neighbourliness. Above all, it was a powerful tool in the conceptualization of the good society and of social reform.
Planning in Modern Britain
Authors: Harrison Brian 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Human beings have always planned, but the meaning, methods, and purpose of planning have changed over time and with circumstance. Planning has been politicized ever more widely as the individual’s ‘personal’ planning has succumbed before, or been reinforced by, planning by the state at its local, national, and international levels. Secularization entails the utopia’s transfer from heaven to earth, and in this process nineteenth-century Chartist populism, liberal moralism, and conservative paternalism all played their part. In the twentieth century, both Labour and Conservative parties merged all three into a statist and interventionist programme accelerated by the interwar depression and by the post-war need to validate democracy in the face of the Soviet pretensions. The essay concludes by discussing the contrasting approaches to planning required in four areas of twentieth-century government: education, welfare, the economy, and the environment.
‘Socialist Realism’
Authors: Ritschel Daniel 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Though it is often suggested that the Labour Party did not think seriously about socialist economic policy until after the debacle of 1931, there was in fact a remarkably sophisticated body of innovative economic thought on the left of the Party late in the 1920s. Fashioned by prominent left-wing intellectuals, including G. D. H. Cole, H. N. Brailsford, and John Strachey, their ideas anticipated many of the policies that were to define Labour economics over the next two decades, including a proto-Keynesian reflationary strategy for expansion of the slumping post-war economy, centralized economic planning in a ‘mixed’ system of public and private enterprise, and even a detailed outline of the public corporation as a model for the management of socialized industries. Their contributions failed to make an impact in 1929–31 mainly because of the inflexible resistance to all socialist advice by the MacDonald–Snowden leadership, and then their own unfortunate association with Mosley’s ill-fated rebellion in 1930–1. However, their ideas would influence the new generation of Labour economists among the New Fabians of the 1930s.
The Reluctant Planner
Authors: Moses Julia 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
T. H. Marshall’s claims that the twentieth century was the era of social rights, embodied in education and welfare policy, has found enduring favour with a wide variety of scholars and social commentators. To what extent, however, was his theory of citizenship and social rights a reflection of the specific moment in which he was writing? This chapter places T. H. Marshall’s concept of ‘citizenship’ within its historical context. Through examining his biography, this essay suggests that Marshall’s theory of citizenship was informed by an appreciation for continental, and especially German, conceptions of social policy, the role of the state, and the nature of community. Parsing this aspect of Marshall’s intellectual biography has important implications for our own understanding of British ideas about the purpose, structure, and scope of social policy during the formative middle decades of the twentieth century.
You Got an Ology?
Authors: Grimley Matthew 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
In the decades after the Second World War, sociology was a vogue subject in British universities, eclipsing more traditional disciplines such as history and political philosophy. New departments sprang up in the expanding universities. Academics in other subjects reacted in different ways, some embracing sociology in the hope that some of its cachet would rub off on them, others denouncing it for not being a real subject. By the 1970s, though, the fortunes of sociology were dramatically reversed, as radical sociologists clashed with their more empirical colleagues, and were blamed by the press for inciting student protest. The radical sociologist became a folk devil, epitomized by Malcolm Bradbury’s The History Man (1975), and was particularly demonized by the supporters of Margaret Thatcher. The Thatcher governments attempted to reduce sociology’s funding in higher education, but they found it harder to reverse its more diffusive influence over other disciplines and popular culture as a whole.
A New Governance
Authors: Bevir Mark 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
When governance refers to changes in the state, it refers to the apparent spread of markets, contracting out, networks, and joined-up government. This chapter initially focuses on the intellectual sources of the transformation of the state, highlighting the role of modernist social science, with its reliance on formal explanations based on either economic models or sociological correlations. The first wave of reform occurred as an economic modernism inspired marketization and the new public management. The second wave occurred as a sociological modernism inspired joined-up governance and networks. The second half of the chapter shifts the focus from the sources of the reforms to their impact on practices. It relies on a series of short ethnographic stories to illustrate the complex ways in which public servants juggle the competing demands of bureaucracies, markets, and networks.
Approaching the Lecture Room
Authors: Zimmerman Sarah 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Public lectures on poetry became popular events in England in the first two decades of the nineteenth century. They joined a thriving lecture scene dominated by science lectures, and they were indebted to traditions of lecturing on elocution and on rhetoric and belles lettres. The public lecture is a crucial medium for the development of the modern category of “literature” because it highlights its debts to these traditions. The literary lecture was also crucially informed by the radical speaking cultures of the 1790s, and it thrived in anxious proximity to a burgeoning literary marketplace. New scholarly attention to the public lecture on literature has been sponsored by research in a number of disciplines, and critical approaches to the medium have been developed in an interdisciplinary conversation about how to treat historical speaking performances.