bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nomograms for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Measurements in the Pediatric Age Group: To Define the Normal and the Expected Abnormal Values in Corrected/Palliated Congenital Heart Disease: A Systematic Review
Authors: Voges Inga , Giordano Raffaele , Koestenberg Martin , Marchese Pietro , Scalese Marco , Ait‐Ali Lamia , Santoro Giuseppe , Iervasi Giorgio , Valverde Israel , Kutty Shelby , Cantinotti Massimiliano 
Published: January 2019

Our purpose is to provide an overview and to systematically review the strengths and limitations of studies on pediatric and adolescent normal values for cardiovascular MRI parameters. A literature search was performed within the National Library of Medicine using the following keywords: normal, reference values, cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging, and children/pediatric. Eleven published studies evaluating cardiovascular MRI measurements in normal children were included in the present analysis. Our results revealed reasonable consistencies in the protocols employed for cardiovascular MRI. Inter‐ and intraobserver variability analyses were performed in most studies and generally showed acceptable reproducibility. However, several numerical and methodological limitations emerged. Besides small sample sizes (the largest study enrolled 114 subjects), data for some structures (pulmonary arteries, aortic arch) were limited, and neonates/infants were poorly represented (eg, only two studies). There was heterogeneity regarding measurement normalization (eg, for gender, age, or both), and data were mostly expressed as mean values, while z‐scores (commonly used in pediatric echocardiography) were rarely employed. Theoretically, a z‐score or a standard deviation of ±2 is considered pathological. Furthermore, differences among races and ethnic groups were not evaluated. In conclusion, our analyses revealed an important need for generation of pediatric and adolescent cardiovascular MRI nomograms built over a wide population of healthy children, using consistent methodologies and with consideration of potentially relevant confounders. More data on expected abnormal values in specific CHD populations (eg, univentricular hearts) also need to be defined.Level of Evidence: 2Technical Efficacy Stage: 3J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;49:1222–1235.
Improving the detection specificity of endogenous MRI for reactive oxygen species (ROS)
Authors: Tain Rong‐Wen , Scotti Alessandro M. , Cai Kejia 
Published: January 2019

BackgroundThe detection of tissue reactive oxygen species (ROS) using endogenous MRI methods has great potential applications in research and the clinic. We recently demonstrated that ROS produce a significant T1‐shortening effect. However, T1 or T1‐weighted contrast is not specific, as there are many other factors that alter tissue T1.PurposeTo investigate whether the presence of ROS alters tissue environmental conditions such as the proton exchange rate (K
ex) to improve the detection specificity of endogenous ROS MRI.Study TypeProspective.Subjects/PhantomThe ROS‐producing phantoms consisted of fresh egg white treated with H2O2 and healthy mice injected with pro‐oxidative rotenone.Field Strength/SequenceT1 mapping was performed based on fast spin‐echo sequence and K
ex was evaluated using chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) MRI with varied saturation power (QUESP) on a 9.4 T animal scanner.AssessmentPhantom experiments were conducted to evaluate the overall K
ex of CEST‐expressing metabolites in fresh egg white treated with H2O2 of various concentrations (0, 0.025, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.25 v/v%). The egg white phantom continuously produced ROS for more than 3 hours. Various experiments were performed to rule out potential contributing factors to the observed K
ex changes. In addition, in vivo MRI study was conducted with a well‐established rotenone‐exposed mouse model.Statistical TestsStudent's t‐test.ResultsEgg white phantoms treated with H2O2 of various concentrations showed a 26–85% increase in K
ex compared with controls. In addition, the K
ex of egg white is negligibly affected by other potential confounding factors, including paramagnetic contrast agents (<11%), oxygen (2.3%), and iron oxidation (<10%). Changes in temperature (<1°C) and pH (ΔpH <0.1) in H2O2‐treated egg white were also negligible. Results from the in vivo rotenone study were consistent with the phantom studies by showing reduced T1 relaxation time (6%) and increased K
ex (9%) in rotenone‐treated mice.Data ConclusionWe demonstrate that the specificity of endogenous ROS MRI can be improved with the aid of proton exchange rate mapping.Level of Evidence: 2Technical Efficacy Stage: 2J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;50:583–591.
Feasibility of a Support Vector Machine Classifier for Myofascial Pain Syndrome: Diagnostic Case‐Control Study
Authors: Behr Michael , Noseworthy Michael , Kumbhare Dinesh 
Published: January 2019

ObjectivesMyofascial pain syndrome (MPS) is the most common cause of chronic pain worldwide. The diagnosis of MPS is subjective, which has created a need for a robust quantitative method of diagnosing MPS. We propose that using a support vector machine (SVM) along with ultrasound (US) texture features can differentiate between healthy and MPS‐affected skeletal muscle.MethodsB‐mode US video data were collected in the upper trapezius muscle of healthy (29) participants and patients with active (21) and latent (19) MPS, using an acquisition method outlined in previous works. Regions of interest were extracted and filtered to obtain a unique set of 917 images where texture features were extracted from each region of interest to characterize each image. These texture features were then used to train 4 separate binary SVM classifiers using nested cross‐validation to implement feature selection and hyperparameter tuning. The performance of each kernel was estimated on the data and validated through testing on a final holdout set.ResultsThe radial basis function kernel classifier had the greatest Matthews correlation coefficient performance estimate of 0.627 ± 0.073 (mean ± SD) along with the largest area under the curve of 91.0% ± 3.0%. The final holdout test for the radial basis function classifier resulted in 86.96 accuracy, a Matthews correlation coefficient of 0.724, 88% sensitivity, and 86% specificity, validating our earlier performance estimates.ConclusionsWe have demonstrated that specific US texture features that have been used in other computer‐aided diagnostic literature are feasible to use for the classification of healthy and MPS muscle using a binary SVM classifier.
3D Printing Amorphous Polysiloxane Terpolymers via Vat Photopolymerization
Authors: Sirrine Justin M. , Zlatanic Alisa , Meenakshisundaram Viswanath , Messman Jamie M. , Williams Christopher B. , Dvornic Petar R. , Long Timothy E. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractPhotocuring and vat photopolymerization (VP) additive manufacturing (AM) is reported for two families of fully amorphous poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS) terpolymers containing either diphenylsiloxy (DiPhS) or diethylsiloxy (DiEtS) repeating units. A thiol‐functionalized PDMS crosslinker enables rapid crosslinking in air using efficient thiol–ene addition. Differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) confirm the absence of crystallinity for the DiPhS‐containing systems, while DMA shows a rubbery plateau extending to greater than 200 °C for the DiEtS‐containing system. VP‐AM of both photopolymer systems afford well‐defined 3D geometries, including high aspect ratio structures, which demonstrate feasibility of these photopolymers for the 3D printing of unique geometric objects that require elastomeric performance to temperatures as low as −120 °C.
Mass‐Production of Electrospun Carbon Nanofiber Containing SiOx for Lithium‐Ion Batteries with Enhanced Capacity
Authors: Moon Seongjun , Yun Jisu , Lee Jae Young , Park Gyori , Kim Sung‐Soo , Lee Kyung Jin 
Published: January 2019

AbstractIn this study, electrospun carbon nanofibers hybridized with silicon oxide (SiOx) are prepared by using a syringeless electrospinning system of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) solution containing tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) via a sequential pyrolysis process. The syringeless electrospinning system provides a large number of composite nanofibers in a short time, and the obtained composite nanofibers exhibit uniform diameter and morphology. The composite nanofiber is converted into a carbon nanofiber containing SiOx via a simple pyrolysis. The obtained SiOx‐carbon nanofiber mat exhibits higher charge/discharge capacity than a general carbon nanofiber, and it provides more stable retention than single crystalline silicon materials. Thus, the mass‐production of a SiOx‐carbon nanofiber from syringeless electrospinning is a promising method to produce anodic materials for Li‐ion batteries.
Viewpoint: WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student initiative: Implementation issues in low‐ and middle‐income countries
Authors: Evans‐Lacko Sara , Thornicroft Graham 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe university system and students are rapidly growing and changing in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs). This growth can facilitate enhanced national productivity yet it can also bring potential risks to student mental health. The World Mental Health Surveys International College Student (WMH‐ICS) initiative could increase information and support in a relatively low‐cost manner for university students in LMICs—a group that is particularly vulnerable to mental health problems and who live in an environment where few targeted resources may be available. Effective implementation of the WMH‐ICS initiative, however, requires long‐term planning and consideration of the specific challenges present in LMIC settings. Planning as to what types of interventions would be needed and achievable in the next 10 to 15 years and consideration of local issues related to uptake, acceptability, appropriateness, feasibility, fidelity, and sustainability from the very beginning would be needed to ensure that the initiative would be useful in the future.
New LbL‐TiO2/ZnO Compact Films to Improve Performance of Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Matos Lais S. , Amaral Ronaldo C. , Murakami Iha Neyde Y. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe preparation of nanostructured thin films consisted of TiO2/ZnO bilayers (BL) and their application in dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSCs) are reported. The film was prepared by the Layer‐by‐Layer (LbL) technique using, respectively, acid and basic sols of TiO2 and ZnO nanoparticles. The particles in the sols were characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and the compact morphology of the LbL films were probed by scanning electronic (SEM) and atomic force (AFM) microscopies. The photoelectrochemical parameters of DSCs with 0, 15 and 20 BL were assessed by current‐voltage (JxV) curves, incident photon‐to‐current efficiency (IPCE), electron lifetime and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). These results revealed a significant improvement (up to 67%) on the DSC conversion efficiency promoted by LbL film underlayers, with enhancements ascribed to an efficient blocking effect preventing the FTO/I3− charge recombination and improved contact between the mesoporous‐TiO2 and the conducting substrate (FTO).
Highly Selective Solid‐Phase Extraction of Pb(II) by Ion‐Imprinted Superparamagnetic Mesoporous Silica
Authors: Shah Syed Mazhar , Su Xingguang , Muhammad Faheem , Traore Zoumana Sékou , Gao Yuan 
Published: January 2019

AbstractPb (II)‐imprinted superparamagnetic mesoporous silica (SPMS) adsorbent has been synthesized and characterized. The thiol functionalized SPMS offered a fast adsorption kinetics for Pb(II) and equilibrium was achieved in just 20 min at pH 8.0. The adsorption isotherm data fits well with Langmuir model with a maximum adsorption capacity of 377.36 mg g−1. The selectivity co‐efficients of imprinted adsorbent for Pb(II)/Cu(II) and Pb(II)/Bi(III) were 3.36 and 3.05 times higher than that of non‐imprinted adsorbent. The imprinted adsorbent was employed for the solid phase extraction of Pb(II) and its detection by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS).The parameters affecting the determination of Pb(II) were also well investigated and optimized. A linear relationship between the Pb(II) concentration and the absorbance was found in the range of 0.8‐500 ng mL−1 with a detection limit of 0.25 ng mL−1. The imprinted adsorbent was applied to the determination of Pb(II) in two certified sediment samples with satisfactory results, which indicates that Pb(II)‐imprinted superparamagnetic mesoporous silica adsorbent possess promising features of a viable adsorbent for the preconcentration of Pb(II) ions in complex matrices.
Transition‐Metal Single Atoms Anchored on Graphdiyne as High‐Efficiency Electrocatalysts for Water Splitting and Oxygen Reduction
Authors: He Tianwei , Matta Sri Kasi , Will Geoffrey , Du Aijun 
Published: January 2019

AbstractSingle‐atom catalysts, which can maximize the utility of metal atoms, and at the same time achieve high catalytic performance, have attracted great interest in research. In this present study, 11 transition metal atoms supported on a graphdiyne (GDY) monolayer (TM@GDY, where TM represents a transition metal from Sc to Zn and Pt) as electrocatalysts are investigated by means of first‐principle calculations. It is found that the supported single atom is very stable at the corner of the acetylenic ring. These features can help in the realization of uniformly distributed and well‐ordered single atoms on GDY. Few composites viz Sc@GDY, Ti@GDY, V@GDY, Fe@GDY, and Pt@GDY display high catalytic activity toward hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Especially for Ti@GDY and V@GDY, both C and TM are active sites which are the best HER catalysts among the studied composites. Moreover, Pt@GDY and Ni@GDY composites can be promising bifunctional electrocatalysts for water splitting [0.01 and 0.46 V for HER and oxygen evolution reaction (OER)] and metal–air‐battery (0.29 and 0.40 V for OER and oxygen reduction reaction) catalysts, respectively. This work demonstrates that GDY is indeed a promising single‐atom support which can be considered for the design of high activity and inexpensive multifunctional electrocatalysts for practical catalytic applications.
Weakly sensitive analysis for JavaScript object‐manipulating programs
Authors: Ko Yoonseok , Rival Xavier , Ryu Sukyoung 
Published: January 2019

SummaryWhile JavaScript programs have become pervasive in web applications, they remain hard to reason about. In this context, most static analyses for JavaScript programs require precise call graph information, since the presence of large numbers of spurious callees significantly deteriorates precision. One of the most challenging JavaScript features that complicate the inference of precise static call graph information is read/write accesses to object fields, the names of which are computed at runtime. JavaScript framework libraries often exploit this facility to build objects from other objects, as a way to simulate sophisticated high‐level programming constructions. Such code patterns are difficult to analyze precisely, due to weak updates and limitations of unrolling techniques. In this paper, we observe that precise field origination relations can be inferred by locally reasoning about object copies, both regarding to the object and to the program structure, and we propose an abstraction that allows to separately reason about field read/write access patterns working on different fields and to carefully handle the sets of JavaScript object fields. We formalize and implement an analysis based on this technique. We evaluate the performance and precision of the analysis on the computation of call graph information for examples from jQuery tutorials.
Small within‐clutch variance in spiderling body size as a mechanism for avoiding sibling cannibalism in the wolf spider Pardosa pseudoannulata (Araneae: Lycosidae)
Authors: Iida Hiroyuki 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThis study investigated why sibling cannibalism is so rare in the second instar of the wolf spider Pardosa pseudoannulata (Araneae: Lycosidae), despite the fact that the spider is cannibalistic and does not discriminate kin from non‐kin. Laboratory experiments revealed that relative size difference between the cannibal and its victim affected the occurrence of nymphal cannibalism, as in other spiders. The degree of the size difference, measured as the coefficient of variation (CV), was smaller within a brood than among broods, but was greater in smaller clutches that might have been produced by less well fed females. Statistical analysis confirmed that intraclutch cannibalism would occur in less than about 1% of encounters among siblings that were randomly selected from the same clutch, because about 99% of intrabrood encounters fell within a 10% size difference, which is the marginal value above which frequent cannibalism occurs. Thus, interclutch cannibalism was expected to occur much more frequently than intraclutch cannibalism. Considering the potential benefit of cannibalism under food stress and high nymphal mortality, even with the sacrifice of their full sibs, the small intraclutch variance in spiderling body size may be understood as a tactic adopted by mother spiders to avoid sibling cannibalism.
Job Quality and the Educational Gradient in Entry Into Marriage and Cohabitation
Authors: Schneider Daniel , Harknett Kristen , Stimpson Matthew 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Men’s and women’s economic resources are important determinants of marriage timing. Prior demographic and sociological literature has often measured resources in narrow terms, considering employment and earnings and not more fine-grained measures of job quality. Yet, scholarship on work and inequality focuses squarely on declining job quality and rising precarity in employment and suggests that this transformation may matter for the life course. Addressing the disconnect between these two important areas of research, this study analyzes data on the 1980–1984 U.S. birth cohort from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 to examine the relationships between men’s and women’s job quality and their entry into marital or cohabiting unions. We advance existing literature by moving beyond basic measures of employment and earnings and investigating how detailed measures of job quality matter for union formation. We find that men and women in less precarious jobs—both jobs with standard work schedules and those that provide fringe benefits—are more likely to marry. Further, differences in job quality explain a significant portion of the educational gradient in entry into first marriage. However, these dimensions of job quality are not predictive of cohabitation.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Mental Distress Following the 2004 and 2005 Florida Hurricanes
Authors: Fullerton Carol S. , Mash Holly B. Herberman , Wang Leming , Morganstein Joshua C. , Ursano Robert J. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractObjectiveCommunity characteristics, such as perceived collective efficacy, a measure of community strength, can affect mental health outcomes following disasters. We examined the association of perceived collective efficacy with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and frequent mental distress (14 or more mentally unhealthy days in the past month) following exposure to the 2004 and 2005 hurricane seasons.MethodsParticipants were 1486 Florida Department of Health workers who completed anonymous questionnaires that were distributed electronically 9 months after the 2005 hurricane season. Participant ages ranged from 20 to 79 years (mean, 48; SD, 10.7), and the majority were female (79%), white (75%), and currently married (64%). Fifty percent had a BA/BS degree or higher.ResultsIn 2 separate logistic regression models, each adjusted for individual sociodemographics, community socioeconomic characteristics, individual injury/damage, and community storm damage, lower perceived collective efficacy was significantly associated with a greater likelihood of having PTSD (OR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.90-0.96), and lower collective efficacy was significantly associated with frequent mental distress (OR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.92-0.96).ConclusionsPrograms enhancing community collective efficacy may be a significant part of prevention practices and possibly lead to a reduction in the rate of PTSD and persistent distress postdisaster. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2019;13:44–52).
Social cognition or social class and culture? On the interpretation of differences in social cognitive performance
Authors: Dodell-Feder David , Ressler Kerry J. , Germine Laura T. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe ability to understand others’ mental states carries profound consequences for mental and physical health, making efforts at validly and reliably assessing mental state understanding (MSU) of utmost importance. However, the most widely used and current NIMH-recommended task for assessing MSU – the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Task (RMET) – suffers from potential assessment issues, including reliance on a participant's vocabulary/intelligence and the use of culturally biased stimuli. Here, we evaluate the impact of demographic and sociocultural factors (age, gender, education, ethnicity, race) on the RMET and other social and non-social cognitive tasks in an effort to determine the extent to which the RMET may be unduly influenced by participant characteristics.MethodsIn total, 40 248 international, native-/primarily English-speaking participants between the ages of 10 and 70 completed one of five measures on TestMyBrain.org: RMET, a shortened version of RMET, a multiracial emotion identification task, an emotion discrimination task, and a non-social/non-verbal processing speed task (digit symbol matching).ResultsContrary to other tasks, performance on the RMET increased across the lifespan. Education, race, and ethnicity explained more variance in RMET performance than the other tasks, and differences between levels of education, race, and ethnicity were more pronounced for the RMET than the other tasks such that more highly educated, non-Hispanic, and White/Caucasian individuals performed best.ConclusionsThese data suggest that the RMET may be unduly influenced by social class and culture, posing a serious challenge to assessing MSU in clinical populations given shared variance between social status and psychiatric illness.
Four things we need to know about extreme self-sacrifice
Authors: Whitehouse Harvey 
Published: January 2019

AbstractA comprehensive explanation of extreme self-sacrifice would ideally clarify not only the proximate mechanisms leading to this behaviour, but also its developmental origins, its functions (if any), and its history. The theoretical framework set out in my target article has something to say about all of these dimensions, and many of the criticisms raised in the commentaries can therefore be addressed under those four main headings. In my response, I also discuss a set of proposals for further extending the framework. Finally, I conclude by distilling from the discussion a host of novel questions requiring further investigation.
Bacteria defend carrion from scavengers
Authors: Dayton Paul K. , Oliver John S. , Thrush Simon F. , Hammerstrom Kamille 
Published: January 2019

AbstractCarrion in the form of dead seal pups and algal mats placed on soft bottom habitats at Explorers Cove and Salmon Bay, McMurdo Sound, attract scavenging invertebrates that are driven away by hydrogen sulphide produced by sulphate-reducing bacteria sequestered below a layer of Beggiatoa/Thioploca-like filamentous bacteria. This system is usually found for lipid-rich marine mammal carrion, but also occurred with natural algal mats.