bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘Biolinguistics’
Authors: Levine Robert 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
The ‘Biolinguistics’ program seeks to establish specific neuroanatomical models corresponding to the representations and operations characterizing the species-specific language faculty in human beings. Yet after decades of research, no neural structures corresponding to specific linguistic structures, rules, constraints or principles have ever been identified. A key to biolinguistics’ failure is, I suggest, its long-term adherence to two dubious assumptions: (i) a kind of literalism in envisaging the relationship between neural anatomy and linguistic representations, reflecting a seriously misconstrual of Marr’s (1982) tripartite division of cognition, and (ii) a view of such representations as objects fundamentally different from other components of human cognitive capacity. (ii) rests on the premise that phrase markers are the optimal formal representation of natural language sentences, despite major empirical difficulties that syntactic accounts based hierarchical phrase structure face in handling a wide variety of grammatical patterns, including non-canonical coordinations and ellipsis constructions. In contrast, proof-theoretic approaches such as type-logical grammar do not face these difficulties, and their foundational assumptions link language to the higher-order cognitive functions supporting deductive reasoning. This conclusion suggests a promising alternative to the current, essentially result-free ‘Biolinguistic’ paradigm.
Describing linguistic objects in a realist way
Authors: Lieb Hans-Heinrich 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
The essay is divided into four Parts A to D: Part A (Sections 1 to 3), Topic and background; B. Grammatical description (Sections 4 to 6); C. Grammars and theories of language: motivating axiomatization (Sections 7 to 9); and D. Grammars as axiomatic theories (Sections 10 and 11). The essay characterizes grammatical description, both informal and formal, from a realist point of view as the description of abstract objects, not to be confused with the concrete data to which the description must be ultimately related. The importance of theories of natural human languages for grammars is emphasized, also in view of comparative grammar writing, and is demonstrated by the detailed analysis of a grammatical statement taken from an informal grammar. There is a discussion of adequacy problems that arise in current frameworks for formal grammars due to an absence of theories of language from such frameworks. A format for axiomatic grammars is outlined by which an axiomatic grammar ‘presupposes’ a theory of language, in a technical sense. The view of grammars is non-reductionist; concepts of theory integration are characterized that allow us to integrate grammars with linguistic and non-linguistic theories. The conception of linguistics itself is non-reductionist, too, through applying a concept of inter-discipline that relates linguistics to other disciplines.
Emotional Expressions as Speech Act Analogs
Authors: Scarantino Andrea 
Published: July 2018

AbstractIn this article I articulate the Theory of Affective Pragmatics, which combines insights from the Basic Emotion View and the Behavioral Ecology View of emotional expressions. My core thesis is that emotional expressions are ways of manifesting one’s emotions but also of representing states of affairs, directing other people’s behaviors, and committing to future courses of actions. Since these are some of the main things we can do with language, my article’s take home message is that, from a communicative point of view, much of what we can do with language we can also do with nonverbal emotional expressions.
Natural Kinds, Mind Independence, and Defeasibility
Authors: Ereshefsky Marc 
Published: July 2018

AbstractA standard requirement on natural kinds is that they be mind independent. However, many kinds in the human and social sciences, even the natural sciences, depend on human thought. This article suggests that the mind independence requirement on natural kinds be replaced with the requirement that natural kind classifications be defeasible. The defeasibility requirement does not require that natural kinds be mind independent, so it does not exclude mind dependent scientific kinds from being natural kinds. Furthermore, the defeasibility requirement captures the idea that natural kind classifications are tools for investigating the empirical world.
Self-controlled multilevel writing architecture for fast training in neuromorphic RRAM applications
Authors: García-Redondo Fernando , López-Vallejo Marisa 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
Memristor crossbar arrays naturally accelerate neural networks applications by carrying out parallel multiply-add operations. Due to the abrupt SET operation characterizing most RRAM devices, on-chip training usually requires either from iterative write/read stages, large and variation-sensitive circuitry, or both, to achieve multilevel capabilities. This paper presents a self-controlled architecture to program multilevel devices with a short and fixed operation duration. We rely on an ad hoc scheme to self-control the abrupt SET, choking the writing stimulus as the cell addresses the desired level. To achieve this goal, we make use of the voltage divider concept by placing a variable resistive load in series with the target cell. We validated the proposal against thorough simulations using RRAM cells fitting extremely fast physical devices and a commercial 40 nm CMOS technology, both exhibiting variability. For every case the proposed architecture allowed progressive and almost-linear resistive levels in each

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Wireless Sensor Network on LPG Gas Leak Detection and Automatic Gas Regulator System Using Arduino
Authors: Dewi L , Somantri Y 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
Most of LPG explosions are caused by undetected gas leakage in the pre-detection condition. So that, LPG detection system is needed. The purpose of this system is to detect gas leakage, neutralize it, and prevent the explosion. Gas leakage could happen due to improper regulator installation or the hose is broken. This detection should not work in just one location because gas can leak at the gas regulator and its hose. Therefore, Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is one of the methods that suitable for detecting gas leakage in the wider area. This method uses two or more gas sensors to detect leakage in two or more locations around the gas tube and its distribution line. WSN system works based on gas sensor MQ-6 and wireless module Bluetooth HC-05. Explosion prevention system works based on alarm/buzzer, exhaust fan, and automatic gas regulator. If the gas leaks, the sensor will send its data wirelessly to Arduino. Then, explosion prevention system will be activated. The system will turn the alarm/buzzer on, automatically releases gas regulator, and neutralizes the air with the exhaust fan. Both systems will be fully controlled by Arduino platform.
Long-term comparative study between transforaminal and interlaminar epidural injection of steroids in lumbar radiculopathy due to single-level disc herniation
Authors: Soliman Amr Atteya , Fahmy Mahmoud 
Published: July 2018

Background:
Epidural steroid injection is commonly used in treating radicular pain secondary to lumbar disc prolapse, which is a common clinical condition. Two main techniques were suggested to deliver the steroids: interlaminar and transforaminal injections.

Methods:
From June 2013 to March 2016 we performed a prospective study on 40 patients between the ages of 19 and 55 yr. All the patients had low back pain and lower limb radiculopathy secondary to a single-level lumbar disc prolapse. The pupose of this study was to compare interlaminar and tranforaminal injection techniques regarding the short-term and long-term improvement of back pain, leg pain, and functional outcomes. On admission the patients were evaluated using a visual analogue scale (VAS) for back and leg pain, and the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) for functional capacity. They were followed for a period of 47 to 49 wk (mean 48 wk), and clinical and functional outcomes were assessed using the same tools for evaluation.

Results:
We found that VAS and ODI improved in both the transforaminal and interlaminar groups both short and long term, but the only statistically significant improvement was in VAS for leg pain and the ODI in the transforaminal group.

Conclusions:
Epidural steroid injection is generally a safe procedure, but the transforaminal approach gives better results than the interlaminar approach in relieving radicular pain and improving functional outcome.
Radiographic evaluation of intercristal line in North Cyprus population
Authors: Aydin Deniz , Ertugrul Mut Senem , Harman Ferhat 
Published: July 2018

Background:
The intercristal line (ICL) is a beneficial guideline for lumbar procedures but it can differ according to the age, gender, and ethnicity of the patient. The aim of this study was to measure the lumbar vertebrae level crossed by the ICL in a North Cyprus population.

Methods:
In this study, anteroposterior lumbosacral radiographs of 350 patients were evaluated retrospectively. The ICL was drawn as it connects the most superior points of the iliac crests on anteroposterior lumbosacral radiographs. Patients were grouped by age (18 to 40 yr and 41-65 yr) and gender. Both L4 and L5 vertebrae were divided into three equal parts with horizontal lines. Each part and the L4-L5 disc space were numbered ascending from 1 to 7 from the upper border of L4 vertebrae to the lower border of L5 vertebrae. The range of lumbar vertebrae levels crossed by the ICL was recorded and compared between different age and gender groups.

Results:
A total of 296 anteroposterior lumbosacral radiographs were included in the study. One hundred and sixty-nine (57%) were men and 127 (43%) were women. The ICL level was found between the lower third of L4 and upper third of L5 in most spines (80%). The ICL level distribution was found between the upper third of L4 and middle third of L5 in all patients. It was observed that the ICL level was lower in younger people and in women.

Conclusions:
In 80% of a North Cyprus population, the ICL level was found to be between the lower third of L4 and upper third of L5, and depended on age and gender.
Biochemistry, Physiology, and Tissue Interactions of Contemporary Biodegradable Injectable Dermal Fillers
Authors: Herrmann Jennifer L. , Hoffmann Rachel K. , Ward Chloe E. , Schulman Joshua M. , Grekin Roy C. 
Published: July 2018

BACKGROUND
Injectable dermal fillers are becoming increasingly popular for soft tissue augmentation and rejuvenation. Most contemporary biodegradable products are derived from hyaluronic acid, calcium hydroxylapatite, or poly-l-lactic acid. Achievement of desired cosmetic outcomes is largely dependent on selection of the optimal injectable product based on the chemical composition, the physiologic interactions with surrounding tissue, product longevity, and a thorough understanding of potential adverse reactions.

OBJECTIVE
To review and describe the biochemistry, physiology, and tissue interactions of the most commonly used contemporary biodegradable dermal fillers.

METHODS
A thorough review of the literature was performed with additional review of pertinent clinical cases and corresponding histopathology.

RESULTS
This article provides a comprehensive review of the biochemistry, physiology, and potential tissue interactions of the most commonly used biodegradable dermal fillers. The underlying biochemical properties of each product and how they contribute to specific physiologic and adverse tissue reactions is described.

CONCLUSION
Understanding of the innate differences in the physical properties, and physiologic responses to soft tissue fillers allows clinicians to achieve desired aesthetic outcomes with fewer adverse events.
Estimation of Prognosis in Invasive Cutaneous Melanoma: An Independent Study of the Accuracy of a Gene Expression Profile Test
Authors: Greenhaw Bradley N. , Zitelli John A. , Brodland David G. 
Published: July 2018

BACKGROUND
Cutaneous melanomas (CMs) with similar clinical and histopathologic features can harbor differing capacities for metastasis. A validated gene expression profile (GEP) test offers prognostic information by classifying CMs as low risk (Class 1A/1B) or high risk (Class 2A/2B) for metastasis.

OBJECTIVE
The authors sought to perform an independent study of the predictive accuracy of the GEP test, to determine what clinical and histopathologic features predict high-risk classification, and to evaluate how intermediate classes (1B & 2A) performed clinically.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Using our institution's prospectively collected melanoma registry, the authors identified patients who had been treated for CM within the last 5 years and undergone GEP testing. Clinical, histopathologic, and outcomes data were analyzed. A subcohort of patients with known metastatic disease were identified and tested.

RESULTS
The GEP test accurately identified 77% of metastatic CMs as high risk (Class 2). The GEP had a negative predictive value of 99% for Class 1 CMs. Class 2 CMs were 22 times more likely to metastasize.

CONCLUSION
The GEP test's performance in our independent cohort corresponded with previous industry-sponsored studies and proved to be a helpful clinical prognostic tool with the potential to direct patient care protocols.
Quantification of Changes in Visual Function During Disease Development in a Mouse Model of Pigmentary Glaucoma
Authors: Grillo Stephanie L. , Montgomery Christa L. , Johnson Heather M. , Koulen Peter 
Published: July 2018

Purpose:
We investigated the relationship between visual parameters that are commonly affected during glaucomatous disease progression with functional measures of retina physiology using electroretinography and behavioral measures of visual function in a mouse model of glaucoma. Electroretinogram components measuring retinal ganglion cell (RGC) responses were determined using the non-invasive Ganzfeld flash electroretinography (fERG) to assess RGC loss in a mouse model of glaucoma.

Methods:
Intraocular pressure (IOP), behaviorally assessed measures of visual function, namely visual acuity and contrast sensitivity as well as fERG responses were recorded in 4- and 11-month-old male DBA/2 mice. Scotopic threshold response (STR) and photopic negative response components as well as oscillatory potentials (OPs) were isolated from fERG responses and correlated with IOP, optomotor reflex measurements, and RGC counts.

Results:
The 11-month-old DBA/2 mice had significantly elevated IOP, reduced visual performance, as assessed behaviorally, significant RGC loss, deficits in standardized fERG responses, reduced STRs, and differences in OP amplitudes and latencies, when compared with 4-month-old mice of the same strain. STRs and OPs correlated with some visual and physiological parameters. In addition, elevated IOP and RGC loss correlated positively with measures of visual function, specifically with surrogate measures of RGC function derived from fERG.

Conclusions:
Our data suggest that RGC function as well as interactions of RGCs with other retinal cell types is impaired during glaucoma. In addition, a later OP wavelet denoted as OP4 in this study was identified as a very reproducible indicator of loss of visual function in the glaucoma mouse model.
Outcomes of Patients With Cirrhosis Undergoing Orthopedic Procedures
Authors: Parikh Neehar D. , Chang Yu-Hui , Tapper Elliot B. , Mathur Amit K. 
Published: July 2018

Introduction:
The population of patients with cirrhosis is growing and shifting toward a more elderly demographic and thus are at risk of developing orthopedic complications. There is lack of data on safety of orthopedic procedures in this population.

Methods:
We performed an analysis of the Nationwide Inpatient Sample from 2005 to 2011 for patients undergoing hip arthroplasty, knee arthroplasty, and spinal laminectomy/fusion, stratified by presence of cirrhosis. The primary endpoint was in-hospital mortality and secondary endpoints included length of stay (LOS) and costs.

Results:
There were 693,610 inpatient stays for orthopedic procedures conducted during the study period, with 3014 (0.43%) patients coded as having cirrhosis. Patients with cirrhosis had a lower median age (62 vs. 66 y; P<0.001) and were more likely to be male (52.3% vs. 41.1%; P<0.001). The inpatient mortality rate was significantly higher in patients with cirrhosis (2.4% vs. 0.4%; P<0.001) as was median LOS (4 vs. 3 d; P<0.001) and mean costs ($19,321 vs. $18,833; P<0.001). Patients with decompensated cirrhosis (vs. compensated cirrhosis) had significantly higher inpatient mortality rates (5.8% vs. 1.1%; P<0.001) with higher LOS and costs (P<0.001). On multivariable analysis, cirrhosis was associated with an increased risk of mortality (odds ratio, 4.22; 95% confidence interval, 2.92-6.10). Hospital cirrhosis volume was inversely associated with mortality, while hospital orthopedic procedure volumes had an inconsistent impact on outcomes.

Conclusions:
Inpatient orthopedic procedures in patients with cirrhosis result in high postoperative mortality, LOS, and costs. Careful patient selection is warranted to optimize cirrhosis patient postoperative outcomes.
Multiple protein disulfide isomerases support thrombosis
Authors: Essex David W. , Wu Yi 
Published: July 2018

Purpose of review
The present review provides an overview of recent findings on new members of the protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) family required for thrombosis.

Recent findings
Twenty years ago PDI was shown to mediate platelet aggregation, and 10 years ago PDI was shown to support thrombosis in vivo. Subsequently, other members of this endoplasmic reticulum family of enzymes, ERp57 and ERp5, were demonstrated to support thrombosis. A fourth member, ERp72, was recently shown to be required for platelet accumulation and fibrin deposition in vivo. None of these enzymes can individually support these processes. Moreover, aggregation of platelets deficient in a specific PDI is only recovered by the PDI that is missing. This implies that each PDI has a distinct role in activation of the αIIbβ3 fibrinogen receptor and platelet aggregation. Free thiols can be labeled in both subunits of αIIbβ3, suggesting cysteine-based reactions are involved in relaying conformational changes from the cytoplasmic tails to the integrin headpiece of this integrin.

Summary
Multiple members of the PDI family support platelet function, and hemostasis and thrombosis with distinct roles in these processes. The individual cysteine targets of each enzyme and how these enzymes are integrated into a network that supports hemostasis and thrombosis remain to be elucidated.
Facial Implants: Controversies and Criticism. A Comprehensive Review of the Current Literature
Authors: Rojas Yoel A. , Sinnott Catherine , Colasante Cesar , Samas John , Reish Richard G. 
Published: July 2018

Background:
Polyethylene (Medpor) and silicone are two of the most popular materials used today for facial skeleton implantation. Previous studies have identified common complications with the use of these implants, but patient follow-up has been short. This review of the literature examines complications and patient follow-up in cases using Medpor and silicone implants for reconstructive and aesthetic operations of the mid and lower face over the past 20 years.

Methods:
A literature search was conducted through the PubMed database. Keywords used were as follows: (“mandible implants” or “malar implants” or “chin implants”) AND (“reconstruction” or “augmentation”) AND (“Medpor” or “silicone”).

Results:
There were nine studies with 626 patients in the Medpor group and five studies with 365 patients in the silicone group. The silicone group had a higher incidence of infections and displacements. The Medpor group showed a higher incidence of prominence problems. Exposure/extrusion rates were low for both implant types. Chin and mandibular implants were the safest, whereas malar implants had a high incidence of prominence problems. The average follow-up for Medpor was 36.6 months and 24 months for silicone. There were wide ranges of follow-up times, from 2 weeks up to 15 years. A limited number of articles included an averaged time within their ranges. Reported follow-up times were not linked to specific complications.

Conclusions:
Medpor implantation is more common than silicone. Complication rates are low with the use of both materials. Patient follow-up is deficient and has not improved in the past 20 years, raising questions on the reliability of complication rates.
Incidental Detection of Tracer Avidity in Liposarcoma on 68Ga-Labeled Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen PET/CT
Authors: Malik Dharmender , Mittal Bhagwant Rai , Kumar Rajender , Singh Harmandeep , Bhattacharya Anish , Singh Shrawan Kumar 
Published: July 2018

Abstract

68Ga-labeled prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) PET/CT is emerging as new reference standard for imaging of prostate cancer because of superb diagnostic performance in disease staging and recurrence detection. However, a number of isolated reports have been published recently regarding the nonspecific uptake of 68Ga-PSMA in nonprostatic benign or malignant pathologies. We describe the case of a 76-year-old man who underwent 68Ga-labeled PSMA PET/CT for suspicion of prostate cancer. Whole-body PET/CT of whom revealed tracer avidity in lipomatous lesion involving the left sartorius muscle. Histopathologic examination of lesion revealed a well-differentiated liposarcoma.
Unsuspected Metastases to Muscles in Osteosarcoma Detected on 18F-Sodium Fluoride PET-CT
Authors: Usmani Sharjeel , Marafi Fahad , Rasheed Rashid , Bakiratharajan David , Al Maraghy Muneera , Al Kandari Fareeda 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
Metastasis of osteosarcoma to the muscles is extremely rare. 18F-sodium fluoride (NaF) is a bone-seeking agent that can also localize extraosseous calcifying lesions. We report the case of a 33-year-old woman with osteosarcoma of the right fibula treated with surgery and chemotherapy 2 years back who was referred for 18F-NaF PET-CT to evaluate possible metastatic lesions. 18F-NaF PET-CT unexpectedly detected 2 foci of soft tissue increased tracer uptake in the right lateral abdominal and left paraspinal muscles, which corresponded to the focal calcification in the muscles. The pathological examination revealed metastatic osteosarcoma to the muscles.