bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A new hexactinellid sponge from the Silurian of the Pentland Hills (Scotland) with similarities to extant rossellids
Authors: BOTTING Joseph P. , CANDELA Yves , CARRIÓ Vicen , CRIGHTON William R. B. 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACTThe Pentland Hills sponge fauna (Llandovery, Telychian) consists of an unusual, aberrant assemblage, but of low diversity. A new specimen of a unique sponge,Eoghanospongia carlinslowpensisgen. et sp. nov., is described from the classic locality of R82. The mushroom-shaped, probably stalked body (peduncle attachment to body not exposed) resembles that of some living rossellids, especiallyCaulophacus. The sponge also shows prominent projecting pentactins and monaxon derivatives – a spicule type diagnostic of the Rossellidae among living taxa, albeit in a robust form not described from extant sponges, includingCaulophacusor other pedunculate lyssacinosidans. Certain attribution to the Rossellidae is not possible from the single specimen, largely because of weak preservation of the primary spicule skeleton, but no other fossil or modern sponges show any significant similarity to it. Although similarly early relatives of the Rossellidae have recently been described from elsewhere, the new sponge is even more unexpected in being from a shallow-water environment, making the absence of rossellids through the rest of the Palaeozoic much more problematic.
Impulsively Reflected Ions: A Plausible Mechanism for Ion Acoustic Wave Growth in Collisionless Shocks
Authors: Goodrich Katherine A. , Ergun Robert , Schwartz Steven J. , Wilson Lynn B. , Johlander Andreas , Newman David , Wilder Frederick D. , Holmes Justin , Burch James , Torbert Roy , Khotyaintsev Yuri , Lindqvist Per‐Arne , Strangeway Robert , Gershman Daniel , Giles Barbara 
Published: March 2019

AbstractWe present recent high time resolution observations from an oblique (43°) shock crossing from the Magnetospheric Multiscale mission. Short‐duration bursts between 10 and 100 ms of ion acoustic waves are observed in this event alongside a persistent reflected ion population. High time resolution (150 ms) particle measurements show strongly varying ion distributions between successive measurements, implying that they are bursty and impulsive by nature. Such signatures are consistent with ion bursts that are impulsively reflected at various points within the shock. We find that, after instability analysis using a Fried‐Conte dispersion solver, the insertion of dispersive ion bursts into an already stable ion distribution can lead to wave growth in the ion acoustic mode for short durations of time. We find that impulsively reflected ions are a plausible mechanism for ion acoustic wave growth in the terrestrial bow shock and, furthermore, suggest that wave growth can lead to a small but measurable momentum exchange between the solar wind ions and the reflected population.
Characterization of Intraseasonal Kelvin Waves in the Equatorial Pacific Ocean
Authors: Rydbeck A. V. , Jensen T. G. , Flatau M. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractKelvin waves in the equatorial Pacific Ocean are an important subseasonal modulator of upper‐ocean thermal and kinetic energies. This study develops a methodology for the objective identification of the waves, including their phase and amplitude, that is based on satellite‐derived sea surface height anomalies. Composite analysis of intraseasonal Kelvin waves based on the newly developed index reveals important patterns of wave evolution across the Pacific Ocean. The waves maintain an average phase speed of 2.55 m/s, with maximum of 2.73 m/s when the downwelling portion of the wave is near 150°W and minimum of 2.35 m/s near 175°W. Kelvin waves attain their maximum amplitude at 150°W, the region where intraseasonal surface wind forcing strongly relaxes, and the waves transition from a forced to a freely propagating mode. The dominant processes controlling the mixed‐layer temperature also shift near 150°W. Intraseasonal SST anomalies associated with the waves have maximum amplitude of +/−0.25 °C at 140°W, with much stronger anomalies, +/−1.4 °C, along the thermocline at 155°W. Waves strengthen the eastward equatorial undercurrent by 76% while shifting its maximum 3,500 km to the east. The El Niño Southern Oscillation exerts considerable control over the vigor of Kelvin waves, with statistically significant increases of kinetic energy during El Niño versus La Niña periods. For the benefit of the ocean forecasting community, a counterpart intraseasonal Kelvin wave index is developed that avoids the use of forward time filtering such that wave information is available in real time.
Wind in Jezero Crater, Mars
Authors: Day Mackenzie , Dorn Taylor 
Published: March 2019

AbstractWind generates erosional and depositional morphologies across Mars, including in Jezero crater, the planned landing site for the Mars 2020 rover. Known for subaqueously formed sedimentary features, Jezero crater also hosts wind‐formed features that provide insights about the local wind regime. We combine interpretations from dunes, wind streaks, transverse aeolian ridges, and yardangs to holistically understand the recent history of wind in Jezero crater. Together, these features describe modern easterly winds trending toward 263° ± 8° and older southwesterly winds that formed small yardangs. Previous research has suggested that aeolian processes eroded the delta deposit in Jezero crater. We propose early southwesterly winds removed the majority of material, exposing the more lithified units seen today. Modern easterly winds continue to cause erosion, but lithologic heterogeneities remain the dominant control on delta deposit evolution. Aeolian erosion has accentuated existing sedimentary structures, leaving the striking delta remnant seen today.
Integrating the role of antifungal bacteria into skin symbiotic communities of three Neotropical frog species
Authors: Rebollar Eria A , Bridges Tiffany , Hughey Myra C , Medina Daniel , Belden Lisa K , Harris Reid N 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Chytridiomycosis, caused by the pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), has led to population declines and extinctions of frog species around the world. While it is known that symbiotic skin bacteria can play a protective role against pathogens, it is not known how these defensive bacteria are integrated into the bacterial community on amphibian skin. In this study, we used 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, culturing and Bd inhibition bioassays to characterize the communities of skin bacteria on three Neotropical frog species that persist in a Bd-infected area in Panama and determined the abundance and integration of anti-Bd bacteria into the community. We found that the two treefrog species had a similar bacterial community structure, which differed from the more diverse community found on the terrestrial frog. Co-occurrence networks also revealed differences between frog species such that the treefrogs had a significantly higher number of culturable Bd-inhibitory OTUs with high centrality scores compared with the terrestrial frog. We found that culture-dependent OTUs captured between 21 and 39% of the total relative abundance revealed in culture-independent communities. Our results suggest different ecological strategies occurring within skin antifungal communities on host species that have not succumbed to Bd infections in the wild.
Fast spin exchange across a multielectron mediator
Authors: Malinowski Filip K. , Martins Frederico , Smith Thomas B. , Bartlett Stephen D. , Doherty Andrew C. , Nissen Peter D. , Fallahi Saeed , Gardner Geoffrey C. , Manfra Michael J. , Marcus Charles M. , Kuemmeth Ferdinand 
Published: March 2019

AbstractScalable quantum processors require tunable two-qubit gates that are fast, coherent and long-range. The Heisenberg exchange interaction offers fast and coherent couplings for spin qubits, but is intrinsically short-ranged. Here, we demonstrate that its range can be increased by employing a multielectron quantum dot as a mediator, while preserving speed and coherence of the resulting spin-spin coupling. We do this by placing a large quantum dot with 50–100 electrons between a pair of two-electron double quantum dots that can be operated and measured simultaneously. Two-spin correlations identify coherent spin-exchange processes across the multielectron quantum dot. We further show that different physical regimes of the mediated exchange interaction allow a reduced susceptibility to charge noise at sweet spots, as well as positive and negative coupling strengths up to several gigahertz. These properties make multielectron dots attractive as scalable, voltage-controlled coherent coupling elements.
Crossword: A data-driven simulation language for the design of genetic-mapping experiments and breeding strategies
Authors: Korani Walid , Vaughn Justin N. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractQuantitative genetic simulations can save time and resources by optimizing the logistics of an experiment. Current tools are difficult to use by those unfamiliar with programming, and these tools rarely address the actual genetic structure of the population under study. Here, we introduce crossword, which utilizes the widely available re-sequencing and genomics data to create more realistic simulations and to reduce user burden. The software was written in R, to simplify installation and implementation. Because crossword is a domain-specific language, it allows complex and unique simulations to be performed, but the language is supported by a graphical interface that guides users through functions and options. We first show crossword’s utility in QTL-seq design, where its output accurately reflects empirical data. By introducing the concept of levels to reflect family relatedness, crossword can simulate a broad range of breeding programs and crops. Using levels, we further illustrate crossword’s capabilities by examining the effect of family size and number of selfing generations on phenotyping accuracy and genomic selection. Additionally, we explore the ramifications of large phenotypic difference between parents in a QTL mapping cross, a scenario that is common in crop genetics but often difficult to simulate.
A core-scale reconstructing method for shale
Authors: Ji Lili , Lin Mian , Cao Gaohui , Jiang Wenbin 
Published: March 2019

AbstractCharacterization of shale cores with low and anisotropic permeability is complicated, due to the presence of multiscale pore structure and thin layers, and defies conventional methods. To accurately reproduce the morphology of multiscale pore structure of the shale core, a novel core-scale reconstructing method is proposed to reconstruct 3D digital-experimental models by means of the combination of SEM, EDS images, nitrogen adsorption and pressure pulse decay experiment result. In this method, the multiscale and multicomponent reconstructing algorithm is introduced to build the representative multiscale model for each layer, which can describe the complex 3D structures of nano organic pores, micro-nano inorganic pores, micro slits and several typical minerals. Especially, to reproduce the realistic morphology for shale, the optimization algorithm based on simulated annealing algorithm uses the experimental data as constrain conditions to adjust and optimize the model for each layer. To describe the bedding characteristics of the shale core, bedding fractures are constructed by analysis of the mineral distribution in the interface of two layers, and then the representative models for different layers are integrated together to obtain the final core-scale digital-experimental model. Finally, the model is validated by computing its morphological and flow properties and comparing them with those of the actual 3D shale sample. This method provide a way for systematically and continuously describe the multiscale and anisotropic pore structure (from nm-cm) of the shale core, and will be helpful for understanding the quality of the shale reservoir.
DNA damage signalling from the placenta to foetal blood as a potential mechanism for childhood leukaemia initiation
Authors: Mansell Els , Zareian Nahid , Malouf Camille , Kapeni Chrysa , Brown Natalie , Badie Christophe , Baird Duncan , Lane Jon , Ottersbach Katrin , Blair Allison , Case C. Patrick 
Published: March 2019

AbstractFor many diseases with a foetal origin, the cause for the disease initiation remains unknown. Common childhood acute leukaemia is thought to be caused by two hits, the firstin uteroand the second in childhood in response to infection. The mechanism for the initial DNA damaging event are unknown. Here we have usedin vitro,ex vivoandin vivomodels to show that a placental barrier will respond to agents that are suspected of initiating childhood leukaemia by releasing factors that cause DNA damage in cord blood and bone marrow cells, including stem cells. We show that DNA damage caused byin uteroexposure can reappear postnatally after an immune challenge. Furthermore, both foetal and postnatal DNA damage are prevented by prenatal exposure of the placenta to a mitochondrially-targeted antioxidant. We conclude that the placenta might contribute to the first hit towards leukaemia initiation by bystander-like signalling to foetal haematopoietic cells.
Field transcriptome revealed a novel relationship between nitrate transport and flowering in Japanese beech
Authors: Satake Akiko , Kawatsu Kazutaka , Teshima Kosuke , Kabeya Daisuke , Han Qingmin 
Published: March 2019

AbstractRecent advances in molecular and genetic studies about flowering time control have been increasingly available to elucidate the physiological mechanism underlying masting, the intermittent and synchronized production of a large amount of flowers and seeds in plant populations. To identify unexplored developmental and physiological processes associated with masting, genome-wide transcriptome analysis is a promising tool, but such analyses have yet to be performed. We established a field transcriptome using a typical masting species, Japanese beech (Fagus crenata Blume), over two years, and analyzed the data using a nonlinear time-series analysis called convergent cross mapping. Our field transcriptome was found to undergo numerous changes depending on the status of floral induction and season. An integrated approach of high-throughput transcriptomics and causal inference was successful at detecting novel causal regulatory relationships between nitrate transport and florigen synthesis/transport in a forest tree species. The synergistic activation of nitrate transport and floral transition could be adaptive to simultaneously satisfy floral transition at the appropriate timing and the nitrogen demand needed for flower formation.
Anxiety sensitivity, its stability and longitudinal association with severity of anxiety symptoms
Authors: Hovenkamp-Hermelink Johanna H. M. , van der Veen Date C. , Oude Voshaar Richard C. , Batelaan Neeltje M. , Penninx Brenda W.J.H. , Jeronimus Bertus F. , Schoevers Robert A. , Riese Harriëtte 
Published: March 2019

AbstractAnxiety sensitivity is associated with the onset of panic attacks, anxiety, and other common mental disorders. Anxiety sensitivity is usually seen as a relative stable trait. However, previous studies were inconclusive regarding the longitudinal stability of anxiety sensitivity and differed in study designs and outcomes. The current study examines the stability of anxiety sensitivity over time and its longitudinal associations with severity of anxiety symptoms. Participants from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety with and without an anxiety, depressive, or comorbid anxiety-depressive disorder diagnosis were included (N = 2052). Stability in anxiety sensitivity over two year follow-up and the longitudinal association between the change in anxiety sensitivity and change in severity of anxiety symptoms were tested. Results indicated that two-year stability of anxiety sensitivity was high (r = 0.72), yet this test-retest estimate leaves room for changes in anxiety sensitivity in some individuals as well. Change in anxiety sensitivity was positively associated with change in severity of anxiety symptoms (B = 0.64 in univariable analysis and B = 0.52 in multivariable analysis). The longitudinal association of anxiety sensitivity with severity of anxiety symptoms indicates that targeting anxiety sensitivity may be of additional benefit in clinical practice.
Growth in syphilis-exposed and -unexposed uninfected children from birth to 18 months of age in China: a longitudinal study
Authors: Luo Huanyuan , Qiu Liqian , Wu Yanqiao , Zhang Xiaohui 
Published: March 2019

AbstractEarly infant growth and development has attracted worldwide attention. Although numerous studies have demonstrated that maternal syphilis increases the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes and congenital syphilis, the subsequent growth pattern and morbidity of syphilis-exposed uninfected infants are less understood. We conducted a longitudinal study to compare the growth pattern and disease distribution of syphilis-exposed and syphilis-unexposed uninfected children, and World Health Organization (WHO) reference standards from birth to 18 months of age. We obtained data from a prospective cohort study in three representative regions of Zhejiang Province in China. A total of 333 syphilis-uninfected children born to women with syphilis were recruited at birth and matched with 333 syphilis-uninfected children born to women without syphilis during pregnancy. Children were followed-up by medical staff every 3 months until 18 months of age. The mixed-effects model was used to compare changes in growth patterns and influencing factors between the two groups. Mean weight, length, and head circumference of children, as well as disease prevalence, were similar between the groups. Multilevel analysis indicated that, after controlling confounders, growth velocities were comparable in both weight and length measures from birth to 18 months old between the two groups; however, low birth weight had a negative impact on weight gain in both groups. There was no significant negative association between syphilis exposure and early growth and health in children, under 18 months in a setting with universal coverage of therapeutic interventions for maternal syphilis. These findings may contribute to improving prevention efforts for mother-to-child transmission of syphilis, such as early screening for syphilis in pregnant women, universal coverage of treatment, and interventions for exposed children. Children with low birth weight should be given priority as this is a risk factor for weight gain.
Crystal structures of thiamine monophosphate kinase from Acinetobacter baumannii in complex with substrates and products
Authors: Sullivan Amy H. , Dranow David M. , Horanyi Peter S. , Lorimer Donald D. , Edwards Thomas E. , Abendroth Jan 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThiamine monophosphate kinase (ThiL) catalyzes the last step of thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) synthesis, the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of thiamine monophosphate (TMP) to thiamine pyrophosphate. We solved the structure of ThiL from the human pathogen A. baumanii in complex with a pair of substrates TMP and a non-hydrolyzable adenosine triphosphate analog, and in complex with a pair of products TPP and adenosine diphosphate. High resolution of the data and anomalous diffraction allows for a detailed description of the binding mode of substrates and products, and their metal environment. The structures further support a previously proposed in-line attack reaction mechanism and show a distinct variability of metal content of the active site.
Ectopic expression of a bacterial mercury transporter MerC in root epidermis for efficient mercury accumulation in shoots of Arabidopsis plants
Authors: Uraguchi Shimpei , Sone Yuka , Kamezawa Minami , Tanabe Michi , Hirakawa Momoko , Nakamura Ryosuke , Takanezawa Yasukazu , Kiyono Masako 
Published: March 2019

AbstractFor mercury phytoextraction, we previously demonstrated in Arabidopsis thaliana that a constitutive and ubiquitous promoter-driven expression of a bacterial mercury transporter MerC fused with SYP121, a plant SNARE for plasma membrane protein trafficking increases plant mercury accumulation. To advance regulation of ectopic expression of the bacterial transporter in the plant system, the present study examined whether merC-SYP121 expression driven by a root epidermis specific promoter (pEpi) is sufficient to enhance mercury accumulation in plant tissues. We generated five independent transgenic Arabidopsis plant lines (hereafter pEpi lines) expressing a transgene encoding MerC-SYP121 N-terminally tagged with a fluorescent protein mTRQ2 under the control of pEpi, a root epidermal promoter. Confocal microscopy analysis of the pEpi lines showed that mTRQ2-MerC-SYP121 was preferentially expressed in lateral root cap in the root meristematic zone and epidermal cells in the elongation zone of the roots. Mercury accumulation in shoots of the pEpi lines exposed to inorganic mercury was overall higher than the wild-type and comparable to the over-expressing line. The results suggest that cell-type specific expression of the bacterial transporter MerC in plant roots sufficiently enhances mercury accumulation in shoots, which could be a useful phenotype for improving efficiency of mercury phytoremediation.
Performance comparison of III–V//Si and III–V//InGaAs multi-junction solar cells fabricated by the combination of mechanical stacking and wire bonding
Authors: Kao Yu-Cheng , Chou Hao-Ming , Hsu Shun-Chieh , Lin Albert , Lin Chien-Chung , Shih Zun-Hao , Chang Chun-Ling , Hong Hwen-Fen , Horng Ray-Hua 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe integration of III–V and Si multi-junction solar cells as photovoltaic devices has been studied in order to achieve high photovoltaic conversion efficiency. However, large differences in the coefficients of thermal expansion and the lattice parameters of GaAs, Si, and InGaAs have made it difficult to obtain high-efficiency solar cells grown as epilayers on Si and InP substrates. In this paper, two types of devices, including GaInP/GaAs stacked on Si (GaInP/GaAs//Si) and GaInP/GaAs stacked on InGaAs (GaInP/GaAs//InGaAs), are fabricated via mechanical stacking and wire bonding technologies. Mechanically stacked GaInP/GaAs//Si and GaInP/GaAs//InGaAs triple-junction solar cells are prepared via glue bonding. Current-voltage measurements of the two samples are made at room temperature. The short-circuit current densities of the GaInP/GaAs//Si and GaInP/GaAs//InGaAs solar cells are 13.37 and 13.66 mA/cm2, while the open-circuit voltages of these two samples are measured to be 2.71 and 2.52 V, respectively. After bonding the GaInP/GaAs dual-junction with the Si and InGaAs solar cells, the conversion efficiency is relatively improved by 32.6% and 30.9%, respectively, compared to the efficiency of the GaInP/GaAs dual-junction solar cell alone. This study demonstrates the high potential of combining mechanical stacked with wire bonding and ITO films to achieve high conversion efficiency in solar cells with three or more junctions.