bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Visual Attention Affects the Amplitude of the Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation-associated Motor-evoked Potential: A Preliminary Study With Clinical Utility
Authors: BELL SPENCER J. , LAUER ABIGAIL , LENCH DANIEL H. , HANLON COLLEEN A. 
Published: January 2019

Background:
The transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)-elicited motor-evoked potential (MEP) is a valuable measure for clinical evaluations of various neurological disorders and is used to determine resting motor threshold for repetitive TMS dosing. Although MEP amplitude is primarily associated with motor system function, there is evidence that nonmotor factors may also influence amplitude. This experiment tested the hypotheses that manipulation of 2 factors (visual attention, cognitive regulation) in human participants would significantly affect MEP amplitude.

Methods:
Blocks of MEPs were recorded from the dominant right hand as participants (N=20) were instructed to shift their visual attention (toward and away from the hand) and cognitively regulate the MEPs (rest, attenuate MEP amplitude, potentiate MEP amplitude) using their thoughts (6 blocks, 20 pulses/block, randomized, 110% resting motor threshold).

Results:
MEP amplitude was significantly affected by the direction of visual attention; looking away from the hand led to higher amplitudes (P=0.003). The relationship with cognitive regulation was nonsignificant.

Conclusions:
The significant effect of visual attention on MEP suggests that this should be a standardized parameter in clinical and research studies. These data underscore the importance of rigorous reporting of methods and use of standardized practices for MEP acquisition and TMS dosing to ensure consistent clinical measurement and treatment.
Association Between Delusions of Infestation and Prescribed Narcotic and Stimulant Use
Authors: ZHU TIAN HAO , WERCHAN ISELA A. , ESCAMILLA KRISTIN V. , SEBASTIAN KATHERINE , HOVINGA COLLIN A. , REICHENBERG JASON S. 
Published: January 2019

Objective:
Patients diagnosed with delusions of infestation (DOI) at a psychodermatology clinic appeared to have a higher incidence of being prescribed narcotic or stimulant medications compared with the general dermatologic clinic population with chronic pruritic conditions. A retrospective study was conducted examining the correlation between patients with DOI and prescribed psychoactive medications.

Methods:
Ninety-two patients with a diagnosis of DOI, seen at our University Psychodermatology Clinic, served as the study population. The comparison group (N=354) included dermatology patients seen at a dermatology clinic by the same dermatologist for itching, including adults seen for chronic pruritic conditions and contact dermatitis. For both groups, the reported use of any psychoactive prescription medications was noted.

Results:
Patients with DOI were significantly more likely than other dermatology patients to receive prescriptions for narcotics [adjusted odds ratio (OR)=2.19; confidence interval (CI)=1.21-3.99) and stimulants (OR=5.44; CI=2.37-12.52). Patients with DOI were also more likely to be female (OR=2.49; CI=1.47-4.22) than patients who did not have such delusions.

Discussion:
Few data are available concerning the etiology and management of DOI. Findings from this study indicated an association between the diagnosis of DOI and the prescribing of narcotics and stimulants, even when sex and age were taken into account. This information may be used to assist with the diagnosis of patients presenting with DOI and possible treatment options. It will be important to determine if these medications are a cause of the condition, or are merely correlated with other medical conditions.
Heroin Addiction in Serbian Patients With Tourette Syndrome
Authors: SARAJLIJA MARIJA , RAKETIC DIANA , NESIC NADA 
Published: January 2019

Introduction:
Tourette syndrome (TS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with a high prevalence of psychiatric comorbidity. The most common comorbid disorder in patients with TS is attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). To date, there have been few reports concerning the association of TS with addiction.

Methods:
We report on 4 patients with TS, ADHD, and heroin addiction.

Results:
All 4 patients were male and initially presented with TS when they were between 5 and 12 years of age, although 2 of the patients were not diagnosed with TS until they were adults. The patients currently range in age from 21 to 52 years, all having experienced the onset of heroin addiction in adolescence. A reduction in tics during periods of heroin abuse was noted in all patients.

Discussion:
The lifetime prevalence of psychiatric comorbidity in patients with TS is 85.7%, with 57.7% of patients having ≥2 psychiatric conditions in addition to TS. All of the 4 patients in our case series demonstrated a pattern of severe tics, ADHD, impulsive behavior, and heroin addiction. Our observation that these 4 patients with TS showed reduced tics during periods of heroin dependence could be related to the previously described effects of opiates on dopaminergic transmission.

Conclusions:
The observed reduction of tics during heroin dependence warrants further clinical research.
HBEGF+macrophages identified in rheumatoid arthritis promote joint tissue invasiveness and are reshaped differentially by medications
Authors: Kuo David , Ding Jennifer , Cohn Ian , Zhang Fan , Wei Kevin , Rao Deepak , Rozo Cristina , Sokhi Upneet K. ,   Accelerating Medicines Partnership RA/SLE Network, DiCarlo Edward F. , Brenner Michael B. , Bykerk Vivian P. , Goodman Susan M. , Raychaudhuri Soumya , Rätsch Gunnar , Ivashkiv Lionel B. , Donlin Laura T. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractMacrophages tailor their function to the signals found in tissue microenvironments, taking on a wide spectrum of phenotypes. In human tissues, a detailed understanding of macrophage phenotypes is limited. Using single-cell RNA-sequencing, we define distinct macrophage subsets in the joints of patients with the autoimmune disease rheumatoid arthritis (RA), which affects ~1% of the population. The subset we refer to as HBEGF+inflammatory macrophages is enriched in RA tissues and shaped by resident fibroblasts and the cytokine TNF. These macrophages promote fibroblast invasiveness in an EGF receptor dependent manner, indicating that inflammatory intercellular crosstalk reshapes both cell types and contributes to fibroblast-mediated joint destruction. In anex vivotissue assay, the HBEGF+inflammatory macrophage is targeted by several anti-inflammatory RA medications, however, COX inhibition redirects it towards a different inflammatory phenotype that is also expected to perpetuate pathology. These data highlight advances in understanding the pathophysiology and drug mechanisms in chronic inflammatory disorders can be achieved by focusing on macrophage phenotypes in the context of complex interactions in human tissues.One Sentence SummaryA newly identified human macrophage phenotype from patients with the autoimmune condition RA is found to promote joint tissue invasiveness and demonstrates variable sensitivities to anti-inflammatory medications used to treat the disease.
Network analysis to evaluate the impact of research funding on research community consolidation
Authors: Hicks Daniel J. , Coil David , Stahmer Carl G. , Eisen Jonathan A. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractIn 2004, the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation launched a new program focused on incubating a new field, “Microbiology of the Built Environment” (MoBE). By the end of 2017, the program had supported the publication of hundreds of scholarly works, but it was unclear to what extent it had stimulated the development of a new research community. We identified 307 works funded by the MoBE program, as well as a comparison set of 698 authors who published in the same journals during the same period of time but were not part of the Sloan Foundation-funded collaboration. Our analysis of collaboration networks for both groups of authors suggests that the Sloan Foundation’s program resulted in a more consolidated community of researchers, specifically in terms of number of components, diameter, density, and transitivity of the coauthor networks. In addition to highlighting the success of this particular program, our method could be applied to other fields to examine the impact of funding programs and other large-scale initiatives on the formation of research communities.
Genome-wide copy number variation-, validation- and screening study implicates a novel copy number polymorphism associated with suicide attempts in major depressive disorder
Authors: Rao Shitao , Shi Mai , Han Xinyu , Lam Marco Ho Bun , Liu Guangming , Wing Yun Kwok , So Hon-Cheong , Waye Mary Miu Yee 
Published: January 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe genetic basis of suicide attempts (SA) remained unclear, especially for the copy number variations (CNVs) involved. The present study aimed to identify the susceptibility variants associated with SA among major depressive disorder (MDD) patients in Chinese, covering both single-nucleotide polymorphisms and CNVs.MethodsWe conducted GWAS on MDD patients with or without SA and top results were tested in a replication study. A genome-wide CNV study was performed. Subsequently, a validation assay using the qRT-PCR technology was performed to confirm the existence of the associated CNV and then applied to the entire cohort to examine the association.ResultsIn CNV analysis, we found that the global rate of CNV was higher in SA compared to non-SA subjects (p=0.023). The genome-wide CNV study revealed a SA-associated CNV region that achieved genome-wide significance (corrected p-value=0.014). The associated CNV was successfully validated and identified to be a common variant in this cohort and its deletion rate was higher in suicide attempters (OR=2.05). Based on the GTEx database, genetic variants that probe this CNV was significantly associated with the expression level of ZNF33B in two brain regions (p-value<4.2e-05). Besides, there was a significant interaction between neuroticism and the CNV in affecting suicidal risk; the CNV showed a significant effect (OR=2.58) in subjects with high neuroticism only.ConclusionsWe identified a new common CNV that may be involved in the etiology of SA. These findings imply an important role of common CNVs in the etiology of SA, which suggests a new promising avenue for investigating the genetic architecture of SA.
Do Brucella Antibody Titers Correlate with Clinical Outcomes and Culture Positivity of Brucellosis?
Authors: Alsubaie Shahad A. , Turkistani Shouq A. , Zeaiter Alanoud A. , Thabit Abrar K. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractBrucellosis is a zoonotic disease caused by Brucella spp., namely B. meletinsis and B. abortus in humans. Studies on the correlation between Brucella antibody titers and clinical outcomes are limited. Therefore, this study assessed such correlation and evaluated the correlation between baseline serologic results with culture positivity and clinical picture. Patients tested positive for Brucella antibodies at baseline and diagnosed with brucellosis between January 2008 and December 2018 were included. Collected data included clinical outcomes, baseline culture positivity, arthralgia, baseline and EOT temperature, white blood cell (WBC) count, C-reactive protein level, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Of 695 patients tested for Brucella antibodies, only 94 had positive baseline serology and diagnosed with brucellosis, among whom 63 had EOT serology. No significant correlations were found between EOT antibody titers of both Brucella spp. and clinical cure, mortality, length of stay, and duration of therapy. Additionally, no correlations were found between baseline serology and culture positivity, arthralgia, temperature, and other lab values. Brucella serology does not correlate with clinical outcomes at EOT nor with culture positivity at baseline. Therefore, healthcare providers are advised to consider the whole clinical picture of a brucellosis patient without relying solely on serologic results during follow up and not replace culturing with serology testing alone at the time of diagnosis.
A Gradient of Hippocampal Inputs to the Medial Mesocortex
Authors: Ferreira-Fernandes Emanuel , Quintino Carolina , Remondes Miguel 
Published: January 2019

AbstractMemory-guided decisions depend on complex, finely tuned interactions between hippocampus and medial mesocortical regions anterior cingulate and retrosplenial cortices. The functional circuitry underlying these interactions is unclear. Using viral anatomical tracing,in vitroandin vivoelectrophysiology, and optogenetics, we show that such circuitry is characterized by a functional-anatomical gradient. While CG receives excitatory projections from dorsal-intermediate CA1 originated exclusively instratum pyramidale, retrosplenial cortex also receives inputs originating instratum radiatumandlacunosum-moleculare, including GAD+ neurons providing long-range GABAergic projections. Such hippocampal projections establishbona fidesynapses throughout cortical layers, with retrosplenial cortex densely targeted on its layer 3, around which it receives a combination of inhibitory and excitatory synapses. This gradient is reflected in the pattern of spontaneous oscillatory synchronicity found in the awake-behaving animal, compatible with the known functional similarity of hippocampus with retrosplenial cortex, which contrasts with the encoding of actions and “task-space” by cingulate cortex.HighlightsBoth MMC regions CG and RSC receive monosynaptic connections from the dorsal-intermediate CA1CG receives layer-sparse excitatory projections exclusively originated fromstratum piramidalewhereas RSC is targeted densely in superficial layers by a mixed excitatory and inhibitory input originating from all CA1strataCA1 monosynaptic projections correspond to active synapses onto distinct layers of the two MMC regionsDiverse synchrony between MMC and HIPP recordedin vivois consistent with the rostro-caudal diversity of direct HIPP-MMC connections
Saccade countermanding reflects automatic inhibition as well as top-down cognitive control
Authors: Bompas Aline , Campbell Anne Eileen , Sumner Petroc 
Published: January 2019

AbstractCountermanding behavior has long been seen as a cornerstone of executive control – the human ability to selectively inhibit undesirable responses and change plans. In recent years, however, scattered evidence has emerged that stopping behavior is entangled with simpler automatic stimulus-response mechanisms. Here we give flesh to this idea by merging the latest conceptualization of saccadic countermanding with a versatile neural network model of visuo-oculomotor behavior that integrates bottom-up and top-down drives. This model accounts for all fundamental qualitative and quantitative features of saccadic countermanding, including neuronal activity. Importantly, it does so by using the same architecture and parameters as basic visually guided behavior and automatic stimulus-driven interference. Using simulations and new data, we compare the temporal dynamics of saccade countermanding with that of saccadic inhibition (SI), a hallmark effect thought to reflect automatic competition within saccade planning areas. We demonstrate how SI accounts for a large proportion of the saccade countermanding process when using visual signals. We conclude that top-down inhibition acts later, piggy-backing on the quicker automatic inhibition. This conceptualization fully accounts for the known effects of signal features and response modalities traditionally used across the countermanding literature. Moreover, it casts different light on the concept of top-down inhibition, its timing and neural underpinning, as well as the interpretation of stop-signal reaction time, the main behavioral measure in the countermanding literature.
Stimulation of the vagus nerve reduces learning in a go/no-go reinforcement learning task
Authors: Kühnel Anne , Teckentrup Vanessa , Neuser Monja P. , Huys Quentin J. M. , Burrasch Caroline , Walter Martin , Kroemer Nils B. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractWhen facing decisions to approach rewards or to avoid punishments, we often figuratively go with our gut, and the impact of metabolic states such as hunger on motivation are well documented. However, whether and how vagal feedback signals from the gut influence instrumental actions is unknown. Here, we investigated the effect of non-invasive transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS) vs. sham (randomized cross-over design) on approach and avoidance behavior using an established go/no-go reinforcement learning paradigm (Guitart-Masip et al., 2012) in 39 healthy, participants after an overnight fast. First, mixed-effects logistic regression analysis of choice accuracy showed that tVNS acutely impaired decision-making, p = .045. Computational reinforcement learning models identified the cause of this as a reduction in the learning rate through tVNS (Δα = −0.092, pboot= .002), particularly after punishment (ΔαPun= −0.081, pboot= .012 vs. ΔαRew= −0.031, p = .22). However, tVNS had no effect on go biases, Pavlovian response biases or response time. Hence, tVNS appeared to influence learning rather than action execution. These results highlight a novel role of vagal afferent input in modulating reinforcement learning by tuning the learning rate according to homeostatic needs.
Contextual fear learning and memory differ between stress coping styles in zebrafish
Authors: Baker Matthew R , Wong Ryan Y 
Published: January 2019

AbstractAnimals frequently overcome stressors and the ability to learn and recall these salient experiences is essential to an individual’s survival. As part of an animal’s stress coping style, behavioral and physiological responses to stressors are often consistent across contexts and time. However, we are only beginning to understand how cognitive traits can be biased by different coping styles. Here we investigate learning and memory differences in zebrafish (Danio rerio) displaying proactive and reactive stress coping styles. We assessed learning rate and memory duration using an associative fear conditioning paradigm that trained zebrafish to associate a context with exposure to a natural olfactory alarm cue. Our results show that both proactive and reactive zebrafish learn and remember this fearful association. However, we note significant interaction effects between stress coping style and cognition. Zebrafish with the reactive stress coping style acquired the fear memory at a significantly faster rate than proactive fish. While both stress coping styles showed equal memory recall one day post-training, reactive zebrafish showed significantly stronger recall of the conditioned context relative to proactive fish four days post-training. Through understanding how stress coping strategies promote biases in processing salient information, we gain insight into mechanisms that can constrain adaptive behavioral responses.
Long-term Brillouin imaging of live cells with reduced absorption-mediated damage at 660nm wavelength
Authors: Nikoliš Miloć , Scarcelli Giuliano 
Published: January 2019

AbstractIn Brillouin microscopy, absorption-induced photodamage of incident light is the primary limitation on signal-to-noise ratio in many practical scenarios. Here we show that 660 nm may represent an optimal wavelength for Brillouin microscopy as it offers minimal absorption-mediated photodamage at high Brillouin scattering efficiency and the possibility to use a pure and narrow laser line from solid-state lasing medium. We demonstrate that live cells are ~80 times less susceptible to the 660 nm incident light compared to 532 nm light, which overall allows Brillouin imaging of up to more than 30 times higher SNR. We show that this improvement enables Brillouin imaging of live biological samples with improved accuracy, higher speed and/or larger fields of views with denser sampling.
FOURIER RING CORRELATION SIMPLIFIES IMAGE RESTORATION IN FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY
Authors: Koho Sami , Tortarolo Giorgio , Castello Marco , Deguchi Takahiro , Diaspro Alberto , Vicidomini Giuseppe 
Published: January 2019

AbstractFourier ring correlation (FRC) has recently gained some popularity among (super-resolution) fluorescence microscopists as a straightforward and objective method to measure the effective resolution of a microscopy image. While the knowledge of the numeric resolution value is helpful in e.g. interpreting imaging results, much more practical use can be made of FRC analysis – in this article we propose novel blind image restoration methods enabled by it. We apply FRC to perform image de-noising by frequency domain filtering. We propose novel blind linear and non-linear image deconvolution methods that use FRC to estimate the effective point-spread-function, directly from the images, with no need for prior knowledge of the instrument or sample characteristics. The deconvolution is shown to work exquisitely with both two- and three-dimensional images. We also show how FRC can be used as a powerful metric to observe the progress of iterative deconvolution. While developing the image restoration methods, we also addressed two important limitations in FRC that are of more general interest: how to make FRC work with single images and with three-dimensional images with anisotropic resolution.
The genetic structure of the European black pine (Pinus nigraArnold) is shaped by its recent Holocene demographic history
Authors: Giovannelli Guia , Scotti-Saintagne Caroline , Scotti Ivan , Roig Anne , Spanu Ilaria , Vendramin Giovanni Giuseppe , Guibal Frédéric , Fady Bruno 
Published: January 2019

AbstractFragmentation acting over geological times confers wide, biogeographical scale, genetic diversity patterns to species, through demographic and natural selection processes. To test the effects of historical fragmentation on the genetic diversity and differentiation of a major European forest tree and to resolve its demographic history, we describe and model its spatial genetic structure and gene genealogy. We then test which Pleistocene event, whether recent or ancient, could explain its widespread but patchy geographic distribution using population genetic data, environmental data and realistic demographic timed scenarios.The taxon of interest is a conifer forest tree,Pinus nigra(Arnold), the European black pine, whose populations are located in the mountains of southern Europe and North Africa, most frequently at mid-elevation. We used a set of different genetic markers, both neutral and potentially adaptive, and either bi-parentally or paternally inherited, and we sampled natural populations across the entire range of the species. We analysed the data using frequentist population genetic methods as well as Bayesian inference methods to calibrate realistic, demographic timed scenarios.Species with geographically fragmented distribution areas are expected to display strong among-population genetic differentiation and low within-population genetic diversity. Contrary to these expectations, we show that the current diversity ofPinus nigraand its weak genetic spatial structure are best explained as resulting from late Pleistocene or early Holocene fragmentation of one ancestral population into seven genetic lineages, which we found to be the main biogeographical contributors of the natural black pine forests of today. Gene flow among the different lineages is strong across forests and many current populations are admixed between lineages. We propose to modify the currently accepted international nomenclature made of five subspecies and name these seven lineages using regionally accepted subspecies-level names.HighlightsThe European black pine,Pinus nigra(Arnold), has a weak spatial genetic structure.Gene flow among populations is frequent and populations are often of admixed origin.Current genealogies result from recent, late Pleistocene or Holocene events.Seven modern genetic lineages emerged from divergence and demographic contractions.These seven lineages warrant a revision of subspecies taxonomic nomenclature.