bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Randomized Controlled Experiments to End Poverty?
Authors: Abdelghafour Nassima 
Published: February 2018

L’expérimentation aléatoire ou essai randomisé contrôlé (ERC) est une méthode d’évaluation inspirée des essais cliniques, transposée à l’économie du développement au début des années 2000. Rapidement devenue populaire, cette méthode est promue comme « l’étalon-or » de l’évaluation d’impact. Cet article examine un des premiers ERC, évaluant l’impact sur l’absentéisme scolaire d’un traitement vermifuge administré aux élèves dans une région rurale du Kenya. À travers l’étude de ce cas, il s’agit de mettre en évidence les processus par lesquels les ERC s’imposent comme une pratique d’évaluation incontournable. En insistant sur la production de résultats statistiquement non biaisés, les économistes défendant les ERC disqualifient les autres méthodes d’évaluation d’impact, et accentuent l’importance d’isoler l’impact causal d’une intervention de l’effet d’autres facteurs. Le type de preuves produites par les ERC engage ainsi un mode d’organisation des pratiques de lutte contre la pauvreté fondé sur la mise en compétition des interventions. Enfin, l’analyse d’une controverse scientifique venant remettre en question les résultats de l’expérimentation ouvre une discussion sur les politiques fondées sur les données probantes (evidence-based policy). Le poids de ces dernières n’est pas dû à une claire séparation entre science et politique, mais précisément à la manière dont science et politique sont entremêlées.
Airway Management in Athletes Wearing Lacrosse Equipment
Authors: Bowman Thomas G. , Boergers Richard J. , Lininger Monica R. 
Published: February 2018

Context:
Patient ventilation volume and rate have been found to be compromised due to the inability to seal a pocket mask over the chinstrap of football helmets. The effects of supraglottic airway devices such as the King LT and of lacrosse helmets on these measures have not been studied.

Objective:
To assess the effects of different airway management devices and helmet conditions on producing quality ventilations while performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation on simulation manikins.

Design:
Crossover study.

Setting:
Simulation laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:
Thirty-six athletic trainers (12 men, 24 women) completed this study.

Intervention(s):
Airway-management device (pocket mask, oral pharyngeal airway, King LT airway [KA]) and helmet condition (no helmet, Cascade helmet, Schutt helmet, Warrior helmet) served as the independent variables. Participant pairs performed 2 minutes of 2-rescuer cardiopulmonary resuscitation under 12 trial conditions.

Main Outcome Measure(s):
Ventilation volume (mL), ventilation rate (ventilations/min), rating of perceived difficulty (RPD), and percentage of quality ventilations were the dependent variables.

Results:
A significant interaction was found between type of airway-management device and helmet condition on ventilation volume and rate (F12,408 = 2.902, P &lt; .0001). In addition, a significant interaction was noted between airway-management device and helmet condition on RPD scores (F6,204 = 3.366, P = .003). The no-helmet condition produced a higher percentage of quality ventilations compared with the helmet conditions (P ≤ .003). Also, the percentage of quality ventilations differed, and the KA outperformed each of the other devices (P ≤ .029).

Conclusions:
The helmet chinstrap inhibited quality ventilation (rate and volume) in airway procedures that required the mask to be sealed on the face. However, the KA allowed quality ventilation in patients wearing a helmet with the chinstrap fastened. If a KA is not available, the helmet may need to be removed to provide quality ventilations.
Continuous measurements of nitrous oxide isotopomers during incubation experiments
Authors: Winther Malte , Balslev-Harder David , Christensen Søren , Priemé Anders , Elberling Bo , Crosson Eric , Blunier Thomas 
Published: February 2018

Abstract. Nitrous oxide (N2O) is an important and strong greenhouse gas in the atmosphere. It is produced by microbes during nitrification and denitrification in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. The main sinks for N2O are turnover by denitrification and photolysis and photo-oxidation in the stratosphere. In the linear N = N = O molecule 15N substitution is possible in two distinct positions: central and terminal. The respective molecules, 14N15N16O and 15N14N16O, are called isotopomers. It has been demonstrated that N2O produced by nitrifying or denitrifying microbes exhibits a different relative abundance of the isotopomers. Therefore, measurements of the site preference (difference in the abundance of the two isotopomers) in N2O can be used to determine the source of N2O, i.e., nitrification or denitrification. Recent instrument development allows for continuous position-dependent δ15N measurements at N2O concentrations relevant for studies of atmospheric chemistry. We present results from continuous incubation experiments with denitrifying bacteria, Pseudomonas fluorescens (producing and reducing N2O) and Pseudomonas chlororaphis (only producing N2O). The continuous measurements of N2O isotopomers reveals the transient isotope exchange among KNO3, N2O, and N2. We find bulk isotopic fractionation of −5.01 ‰ ± 1.20 for P. chlororaphis, in line with previous results for production from denitrification. For P. fluorescens, the bulk isotopic fractionation during production of N2O is −52.21 ‰ ± 9.28 and 8.77 ‰ ± 4.49 during N2O reduction.The site preference (SP) isotopic fractionation for P. chlororaphis is −3.42 ‰ ± 1.69. For P. fluorescens, the calculations result in SP isotopic fractionation values of 5.73 ‰ ± 5.26 during production of N2O and 2.41 ‰ ± 3.04 during reduction of N2O. In summary, we implemented continuous measurements of N2O isotopomers during incubation of denitrifying bacteria and believe that similar experiments will lead to a better understanding of denitrifying bacteria and N2O turnover in soils and sediments and ultimately hands-on knowledge on the biotic mechanisms behind greenhouse gas exchange of the globe.
Assessment of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model for simulation of extreme rainfall events in the upper Ganga Basin
Authors: Chawla Ila , Osuri Krishna K. , Mujumdar Pradeep P. , Niyogi Dev 
Published: February 2018

Abstract. Reliable estimates of extreme rainfall events are necessary for an accurate prediction of floods. Most of the global rainfall products are available at a coarse resolution, rendering them less desirable for extreme rainfall analysis. Therefore, regional mesoscale models such as the advanced research version of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model are often used to provide rainfall estimates at fine grid spacing. Modelling heavy rainfall events is an enduring challenge, as such events depend on multi-scale interactions, and the model configurations such as grid spacing, physical parameterization and initialization. With this background, the WRF model is implemented in this study to investigate the impact of different processes on extreme rainfall simulation, by considering a representative event that occurred during 15–18 June 2013 over the Ganga Basin in India, which is located at the foothills of the Himalayas. This event is simulated with ensembles involving four different microphysics (MP), two cumulus (CU) parameterizations, two planetary boundary layers (PBLs) and two land surface physics options, as well as different resolutions (grid spacing) within the WRF model. The simulated rainfall is evaluated against the observations from 18 rain gauges and the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Multi-Satellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) 3B42RT version 7 data. From the analysis, it should be noted that the choice of MP scheme influences the spatial pattern of rainfall, while the choice of PBL and CU parameterizations influences the magnitude of rainfall in the model simulations. Further, the WRF run with Goddard MP, Mellor–Yamada–Janjic PBL and Betts–Miller–Janjic CU scheme is found to perform best in simulating this heavy rain event. The selected configuration is evaluated for several heavy to extremely heavy rainfall events that occurred across different months of the monsoon season in the region. The model performance improved through incorporation of detailed land surface processes involving prognostic soil moisture evolution in Noah scheme compared to the simple Slab model. To analyse the effect of model grid spacing, two sets of downscaling ratios – (i) 1 : 3, global to regional (G2R) scale and (ii) 1 : 9, global to convection-permitting scale (G2C) – are employed. Results indicate that a higher downscaling ratio (G2C) causes higher variability and consequently large errors in the simulations. Therefore, G2R is adopted as a suitable choice for simulating heavy rainfall event in the present case study. Further, the WRF-simulated rainfall is found to exhibit less bias when compared with the NCEP FiNaL (FNL) reanalysis data.
Design and evaluation of a continuum robot with extendable balloons
Authors: Yarbasi Efe Yamac , Samur Evren 
Published: February 2018

Abstract. This article presents the design and preliminary evaluation of a novel
continuum robot actuated by two extendable balloons. Extendable balloons are
utilized as the actuation mechanism of the robot, and they are attached to
the tip from their slack sections. These balloons can extend very much in
length without having a significant change in diameter. Employing two
balloons in an axially extendable, radially rigid flexible shaft, radial
strain becomes constricted, allowing high elongation. As inflated, the
balloons apply a force on the wall of the tip, pushing it forward. This force
enables the robot to move forward. The air is supplied to the balloons by an
air compressor and its flow rate to each balloon can be independently
controlled. Changing the air volumes differently in each balloon, when they
are radially constricted, orients the robot, allowing navigation. Elongation
and force generation capabilities and pressure data are measured for
different balloons during inflation and deflation. Afterward, the robot is
subjected to open field and maze-like environment navigation tests. The
contribution of this study is the introduction of a novel actuation mechanism
for soft robots to have extreme elongation (2000 %) in order to be
navigated in substantially long and narrow environments.
Characteristics of debris avalanche deposits inferred from source volume estimate and hummock morphology around Mt. Erciyes, central Turkey
Authors: Hayakawa Yuichi S. , Yoshida Hidetsugu , Obanawa Hiroyuki , Naruhashi Ryutaro , Okumura Koji , Zaiki Masumi , Kontani Ryoichi 
Published: February 2018

Abstract. Debris avalanches caused by volcano sector collapse often form characteristic
depositional landforms such as hummocks. Sedimentological and
geomorphological analyses of debris avalanche deposits (DADs) are crucial to
clarify the size, mechanisms, and emplacement of debris avalanches. We
describe the morphology of hummocks on the northeastern flank of Mt. Erciyes
in Kayseri, central Turkey, likely formed in the late Pleistocene. Using a
remotely piloted aircraft system (RPAS) and the structure-from-motion and
multi-view stereo (SfM–MVS) photogrammetry, we obtained high-definition
digital elevation model (DEM) and orthorectified images of the hummocks to
investigate their geometric features. We estimated the source volume of the
DAD by reconstructing the topography of the volcano edifice using a
satellite-based DEM. We examined the topographic cross sections based on the
slopes around the scar regarded as remnant topography. Spatial distribution
of hummocks is anomalously concentrated at a certain distance from the
source, unlike those that follow the distance–size relationship. The
high-definition land surface data by RPAS and SfM revealed that many of the
hummocks are aligned toward the flow direction of the debris avalanche,
suggesting that the extensional regime of the debris avalanche was dominant.
However, some displaced hummocks were also found, indicating that the
compressional regime of the flow contributed to the formation of hummocks.
These indicate that the flow and emplacement of the avalanche were
constrained by the topography. The existing caldera wall forced the initial
eastward flow to move northward, and the north-side caldera wall forced the
flow into the narrow and steepened outlet valley where the sliding debris
underwent a compressional regime, and out into the unconfined terrain where
the debris was most likely emplaced on an extensional regime. Also, the
estimated volume of 12–15 × 108 m3 gives a mean
thickness of 60–75 m, which is much deeper than the reported cases of other
DADs. This suggests that the debris avalanche must have flowed further
downstream and beyond the current DAD extent. Assessments of the DAD
incorporating the topographic constraints can provide further insights into
the risk and mitigation of potential disasters in the study area.
Living in the 21st Century: A Gestalt Therapist's Search for a New Paradigm
Authors: Evans Ken, 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThis article is an attempt to connect some of the basic theoretical assumptions of Gestalt theory with the practice of living in the 21st century against a background of seemingly uncontrollable, violent sectarian/tribal conflict. Gestalt theory is located within a postmodern epistemology whose strengths are critically explored, as well as the tendency toward a skepticism that can deteriorate into a nihilistic impotence. A “new” paradigm of community, compatible with Gestalt theory, is suggested: “You are, therefore, I am.” This “new” paradigm arguably has been gathering momentum for at least seventy years. While offering an alternative vision of hope, it also requires a challenging reflection on personal responsibility and a commitment to community.
Gender Differences in Gestalt Therapy
Authors: Amendt-Lyon Nancy, 
Published: February 2018

AbstractIn their specific ways of being in the world, men and women, as therapists or patients, have been influenced by the interdependence of traditional gender roles in the particular society in which they live. This article explores relevant aspects of gender differences within the context of Gestalt therapy: transference and countertransference phenomena, male-female constellations and the choice of a therapist, forms of abuse, psychotherapeutic efficacy, disorders, and the central role of the dialogic I-Thou relationship. Case examples from clinical practice illuminate the theoretical considerations. The need for explicitly reflecting the specific effects of gender differences on the course of therapy is emphasized.
Interpersonal Conflicts: Where Gestalt Therapy Meets Mediation
Authors: Metzger Eva, 
Published: February 2018

AbstractMediation is a voluntary process in which parties in conflict try to reach an agreement by negotiating. An impartial person, the mediator, supports them. When conflicts are solved in legal proceedings, human needs and interests often are not adequately considered. When therapists work with only one party in conflict, the conflict dynamics and the social, economic, and political fields are not sufficiently examined. If Gestalt therapists worked as mediators, all parties in conflict would benefit from the many useful skills of the Gestalt approach.
The Age of Complexity: Paul Goodman in the 21st Century—A Critical Assessment
Authors: Wheeler Gordon, 
Published: February 2018

AbstractWhen Paul Goodman articulated a radically new understanding of human functioning and a new vision of psychotherapy (Gestalt Therapy, 1951), he was writing in an immediate post-War period, conditioned by the disastrous history of the first half of the 20th Century, and the horrifying challenges that lay ahead. The world political/cultural crisis of those times was at least as complex and dire as the one facing us today, and the model he offered cannot be understood or developed further today, apart from its context of half a century and more ago. This article outlines Goodman's creative response to the crisis of his day, with emphasis on the sources of his integral vision as well as the particular legacy of past cultural distortions and dead ends he was so concerned to avoid. This critical examination will emphasis both certain limitations the context placed on his vision, and the creative potential inherent in the model he gave us, for further development today.
Experiment: A Creative Phenomenon of the Field
Authors: Roubal Jan 
Published: February 2018

AbstractGestalt therapy creatively balances an emphasis on honesty within an empathic therapeutic relationship with the task-oriented style of clinical intervention. In this article, dialogical and experimental principles are depicted as mutually-connected polarities; one is in the foreground at a certain moment, and the other is in the background. These principles change their positions fluidly during the process of therapy. The article also deals with the experimental dimension of Gestalt therapy, which focuses on the task-oriented component of the Gestalt therapeutic approach. The text highlights the fundamental difference between experiment and technique in therapy; experiment is depicted as a creative adventure co-created by both therapist and client. A case study describes experimentation as a phenomenon of the field and attempts to illustrate how a therapist can work with her own awareness whilst “experimenting.”
Reflections: Field Theory and Transcendent Experiences
Authors: Rubenfeld Frank 
Published: February 2018

AbstractIn these reflections I extend a field theory perspective to transcendent experiences, and use three autobiographical incidents as examples. The whole of reality, including our consciousness and all that is external to it, can be considered the greater field. Field theory, a key component of Gestalt, sees the greater field and all the sub-fields comprising it as being interconnected, interdependent, interactive, and continually changing.
Commentary III: Prologue: From the Radical Center: The Heart of Gestalt Therapy
Authors: Philippson Peter 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
In this Commentary, I explore and critique Erving and Miriam Polster's idea of the “radical center” and of point/counterpoint. I suggest that the polarities are often best not viewed as polarities in the way they do, and that they misconstrue the “center” as a position rather than as a place where the poles meet and can be viewed. I further discuss the proposed polarities of process and content, past and present, and field and system.
Commentary II. Contempt: “One finger pointing at you, the rest pointing back”
Authors: Burrows Rosie 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
As a Gestalt practitioner working in the north of Ireland, a place Melnick and Nevis view as an example of a “breeding ground for contempt” at large system level, I wish to reflect and respond. The combination of historic field conditions of unequal power, structured discrimination, religious fundamentalism, and findings about the role of embodied traumatic experience and memory, have undoubtedly fostered the development of relations based on contempt in the north of Ireland. There are also less known stories to tell of how groups, in spite of institutionalized discrimination, managed to hold solidarity in various ways, with new possibilities continuing to influence the field.
A Poetics of Practice: Organization Consulting from a Gestalt Perspective
Authors: Farrands Robert 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThis paper explores organisation consulting from a Gestalt perspective. It draws on the Gestalt psychologists and their contemporaries as resources to inquire into the consultant's subjective experience and also what might be said more objectively about complex systems. This inquiry is supported by a case from the British National Health Service. The paper supports and develops the idea of practitioner presence by setting it alongside systemic openness and the vulnerability this requires of the practitioner. It also explores how creative expression might open up the possibility in the present situation. Running through the paper is an inquiry into consulting method based on a model of immersion, symbolisation, and expression. The paper provokes inquiry about the practice of organisation consulting and offers suggestions for practice.
Sex, Gender, and the Theatre of Self: Acting Theory in (Gestalt) Psychotherapy with a Transsexual Client
Authors: Fallon Sarah 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThis paper focuses on the use of acting theory in a course of psychotherapy with a biological female therapist and a postoperative, female to male, transsexual client. Sex and gender issues are significant elements of the therapy and are, one would hope, applicable to other clinical situations. The paper also focuses on simulations of self, both in terms of acts of conscious portrayal and of relational movements held out of awareness. In raising awareness of such processes, a “relational theatre” is brought into the treatment room; an extension to practice that I hope will aid therapists in working with fragile clients from a range of backgrounds. An important aspect of this particular piece of work is the relationship between a man and a woman.
Incorporating Sandplay Therapy into Gestalt Therapy in the Treatment of Dementia
Authors: Siampani Katerina 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe closer people come to old age, the less likely they are to approach the true self, particularly if during the course of their life journey they have opted to wear a mask they refuse to acknowledge. Things may get worse with the degeneration of the brain and the losses faced by the elderly. This has made me wonder what kind of psychotherapy I am offering to elderly persons suffering from dementia. My conclusion is that I can only offer them the joy and creativity provided by the “here and now,” even when the human brain has lost some of its capacities. Since June 2008, I have been using Sandplay therapy in my Gestalt psychotherapy. My clinical experience and observations indicate that this direct therapeutic intervention can mobilise patients at the initial or advanced stages of dementia. This article presents the therapeutic benefits of Sandplay therapy and a model I have created for persons suffering from dementia.
Development of the Self: A Presentation of Kegan's Subject-Object Theory
Authors: Kenofer Bruce 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe concept of self presents a central, and yet thorny, issue for Gestalt therapy theory. The lack of a Gestalt developmental theory limits the elucidation of this vital concept. Kegan's theory of self-development provides one possibility to ground Gestalt therapy theory within a developmental framework. This article presents an overview of Kegan's theory, highlighting interesting points of connection between developmental theory and concepts from Gestalt therapy.
Therapeutic Democracy: The Roots and Potential Fruits of a Gestalt-Assisted Collaborative Inquiry
Authors: Lahood G. A. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractGestalt therapy and Cooperative Inquiry (a method of action research) share significant roots: Martin Buber for one, and Kurt Lewin for another. They also share with Gestalt such categories as field theory, phenomenology, dialogue, and experimentation, among others. I write this paper partly as an invitation to Gestalt therapists to explore action methods such as cooperative inquiry, on the premise that when approached with intention the “between” can become the locus of a more relational spirituality. I propose that the principles of participatory or therapeutic democracy may be (as yet) underdeveloped in Gestalt practice and teaching, and tentatively suggest that Gestalt practitioners and trainees might “dip their toes” into collaborative waters as a useful training experience.