bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cost Optimization of Wastewater Treatment Plant Design Preliminary Design Including Sludge Disposal
Authors: Narbaitz R.M. , Adams B.J. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
A computer based design methodology was developed to facilitate and improve the preliminary design of wastewater treatment plants. It aids design by choosing the least cost treatment system (including sludge treatment and disposal) which meets all the constraints of the particular application. This methodology not only chooses the best alternative treatment system among numerous alternatives but also finds the optimal values of the independent design variables of the processes forming the optimal treatment system. In addition, it has two advantages over currently available design methodologies in that it optimizes wastewater treatment design with respect to the removal of more than one water quality parameter and it considers that sludges produced by different processes have different qualities. This methodology is based on a nonlinear programming method termed optimization by random search and systematic reduction of the size of search region. The design procedure was used to analyze a particular example problem.
The Photochemical Treatment of Wastewater by Ultraviolet Irradiation of Semiconductors
Authors: Carey John H. , Oliver Barry G. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The primary photoefficiency of ten semiconductors to produce reactive oxidising species under ultraviolet (UV) illumination has been evaluated. TiO2 in the anatase phase was shown to be at least an order of magnitude more efficient than the other semiconductors so was chosen for further experimentation. While the anatase-UV treatment was shown not to be feasible for secondary effluent disinfection, the process did lead to substantial reduction in the toxicity to algae of PCB containing wastewater. Also, the process reduced the total organic chlorine content of a pulp and paper plant's chlorinated bleach-plant effluent and left lignin model compounds more amenable to biological degradation. In addition, the process destroyed cyanide in synthetic solutions and in gold and base metal mine effluents. Based on studies of model compounds, the reaction mechanisms for the process are discussed. Also, recommendations are made as to future research requirements for optimization of the process and for study of its economic viability.
Etude limnologique du bassin versant du Lac Saint-Jean (Quebec, Canada): considerations sur un systeme physique heterogene
Authors: Couture P. , Visser S.A. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
La variabilité spatiale des eaux du lac Saint-Jean est suivie en situant, de façon relative, les valeurs mesurées à chacune des 50 stations réparties sur le lac par rapport à des seuils critiques définis pour les paramètres suivants: température, couleur apparente, carbone organique total, azote Kjeldahl, phosphore total, coliforms totaux, chlorophylle-a active et potentiel autotrophe. Deux régions sont ainsi identifiées; un ensemble de symptômes (impliquant la couleur, les concentrations en phosphore, en azote Kjeldahl, et les valeurs des potentiels autotrophes) observés dans ces régions met en évidence des conditions non conformes à celles rencontrées en milieu oligotrophe.
Role of Psychrotrophic Bacteria in the Degradation of Waste Activated Sludge
Authors: Henry J.G. , Prasad D. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
A series of batch and semi-continuous laboratory scale aerobic reactors was evaluated, with emphasis on the microbiological aspects. Batch treatment of waste activated sludge (COD 10,000 mg/l) was carried out over a period of eight weeks in three separate reactors at 5, 10 and 20°C. A semi-continuous unit operating at 5°C was investigated at a loading rate of 0.64 kg VSS/m3/day. Analyses performed included pH, O2 uptake rate, total solids, suspended solids, volatile suspended solids and COD determinations. The microbiological tests included total plate counts (20°C) and psychrotrophic counts (l°C).
Results indicated that long (impractical) detention times were required to aerobically treat waste activated sludge at low temperatures. At temperatures supposedly favourable to psychrotrophic growth, it was found that the proportion of psychrotrophic bacteria could not develop to a significant level and remained at less that 1% of the total viable bacterial population, regardless of the mode of operation or the detention time. This is in contrast to the finding that approximately 54% of the viable bacteria in the aeration tank of a large conventional activated sludge plant, operating at a mixed liquor temperature of 13°C, were psychrotrophic. It is apparent that psychrotrophic bacteria played an insignificant role in the degradation of waste activated sludge at low temperatures, (5 and 10°C) and that biological oxidation was performed primarily be mesophilic bacteria. The study indicated that under the experimental conditions employed, the amount of available substrate present was one of the major regulating factors in the development or selection of psychrotrophic bacteria.
UV Disinfection of Tertiary and Secondary Effluents
Authors: Ho K.W.A. , Bohm P. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The practicality of disinfecting sewage effluents with ultraviolet light irradiation CUV) was investigated with a pilot scale proprietary unit. Field study results demonstrated that UV irradiation could consistently achieve a bacteriological quality of 2,500 total coliform counts/100 ml in tertiary and high quality secondary effluents. This bacteriological quality could be maintained in effluents simulating minor plant upset conditions.
An Experimental Investigation into the Induced Air Floatation of Fine Oil in Water Emulsions
Authors: Behie Leo A. , Van Ham Cornelius J.M. , Berk Dimitrios 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The induced air flotation (IAF) of a highly stabilized oil in water (o/w) emulsion has been studied experimentally in a batch column 10 cm in diameter and 150 cm in height. The main variables investigated were initial oil concentration (50 - 600 mg/L), oil droplet size distribution of feed (1.0 - 30 um), type of surfactant, gas superficial velocity, volume of liquid feed, and type of air distributor. Results were successfully analyzed in terms of a first order kinetic rate model which yielded a removal rate constant (K1) that varied from 2.0 to 60.0 h-1. Corresponding total organic carbon (TOC) removal efficiencies went from 20 to 99.9 percent illustrating the wide performance range for the flotation cell. In addition, an important contribution of this work was the development and recommendation of a standard method to create and quantitatively characterize test emulsions for use in experimental flotation equipment. Emulsion stabilities were determined experimentally from a static test and quantified in terms of a stability rate constant. This constant was less than 0.001 h-1 for highly stable emulsions and greater than 0.20 h-1 for unstable emulsions. For the values of K1 between these two extremes, emulsions were only moderately stable.
Nitrogen Mineralization in Soils Treated with Sewage Sludge and Sawdust
Authors: Jones P.H. , Dalgity C 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Municipal sewage sludges are frequently disposed of on agricultural land. The oxidation of nitrogen provides a source of NO3-, which may leach from the soil or enter runoff water causing a number of pollution problems in groundwater, lakes and streams. The addition of sawdust to the sludge was studied as an inhibitor of nitrification in this process. Various mixtures of sewage sludge and of sawdust were studied under laboratory conditions to determine the effect on nitrogen mineralization (ammonification and nitrification). The addition of an organic nitrogen source accelerated the rate of nitrification. The maximum observed rates were as follows: untreated soil 2.5 pg/gm3-N/day and sludge treated soil 3.9 ug/gm3-N/day. The addition of sawdust inhibited nitrogen mineralization. The maximum rate of nitrification for the 1:3 sludge/sawdust mixture in the laboratory was 2.4 ug/gm3-/nitrogen per day and the 1:14 sludge/sawdust mixture yielded 1.6 ug/gm3-/nitrogen per day. The tannins in the sawdust appeared to be the inhibitory factor in these experiments. The results of these experiments suggest that co-disposal of sewage sludge and sawdust on land will reduce the rate of production of nitrate with the resulting reduction of pollution of ground and surface waters.
Treatment of a Municipal Leachate Under Multi-Variable Conditions
Authors: Wong P.T. , Mavinic D.S. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The treatability of a municipal leachate (BOD5 = 8090 mg/L) was investigated, by aerobic biostabilization, at a nutrient loading of BOD5:N:P of 100:3.2:1.1. The first stage effluents were subsequently polished by lime-magnesium coagulation. The ranges of ambient air temperature and sludge age studied were 5° to 25°C and 5 to 20 days, respectively.
In the biostabilization phase, a BOD5:N:P loading of 100:3.2:1.1 was found to be “adequate” for treatment. Organic and metal removals in the first stage units were excellent. Under all conditions investigated, except for the two units close to washout conditions (5-day sludge age units at 5° and 10°C), BOD5 and COD removals of at least 99.4 and 96.4 percent, respectively, were achieved. Similarly, removal rates for most of the metals monitored were greater than 90 percent. In general, the removal of residual contaminants was not enhanced significantly by the addition of magnesium in the lime-magnesium polishing step.
Acute Toxicity, Kinetics and Metabolism of Aminocarb in the Brown Bullhead (Ictalurus nebulosus)
Authors: Richardson G. Mark , Qadri S.U. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Aminocarb was shown to have low acute toxicity to brown bullhead (Ictalurus nebulosus), when exposed via water, with rapid clearance and only low persistence of pesticide residues. Clearance of aminocarb residues was effectively described by a 2-compartment model and fractional clearance rates did not differ significantly over the range of exposure concentrations tested. It was calculated that fingerling brown bullhead would require about 25 days to eliminate residues of aminocarb from their tissues to less than 0.01 ug/g fish following an environmental exposure to 24 ppb for one day's duration. Residues present beyond the first day of the post-exposure period likely represent non-toxic metabolites and not aminocarb or toxic metabolites such as 4-methylamino-3-methylphenyl N-methylcarbamate.
Formation and Removal of Volatile Organics in Surface Water Treatment
Authors: Huck P.M. , Andrews R. , Gammie L. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
A four month study was carried out at the Buffalo Pound Water Treatment Plant near Regina, Saskatchewan to examine the formation and removal of volatile organic compounds. Nine volatile organics were found to be consistently formed or added to the water during full scale conventional treatment. Only the chlorine-containing trihalomethanes were present at levels greater than 1 ug/L. Removal of these compounds was investigated in pilot scale granular activated carbon post contactors; the study examined both fresh carbon and carbon which had been used in a previous four month investigation. All compounds were removed to some degree on the carbon. The location of removal within the columns varied with the different compounds and the results suggested formation of some compounds within the columns. Post chlorination of column effluent resulted in at most a modest increase in the concentrations of the organic compounds.
Density Wave Measurements in a Rectangular Clarifier
Authors: Watson Mark K. , Hudgins R.R. , Silveston P.L. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Internal wave motion was studied in a laboratory rectangular, primary clarifier. A photo-extinction device was used as a turbidimeter to measure concentration fluctuations in a small volume within the clarifier as a function of time. The signal from this device was fed to a HP21MX minicomputer and the power spectrum plotted from data records lasting approximately 30 min. Results show large changes of wave amplitude as frequency increases. Two distinct regions occur: one with high amplitudes at frequencies below 0.03 Hz, the second with very small amplitudes appears for frequencies greater than 0.1 Hz. The former is associated with internal waves, the latter with flow-generated turbulence. Depth, velocity in the clarifier and inlet suspended solids influence wave amplitudes and the spectra. A variation with position or orientation of the probe was not detected. Contradictory results were found for the influence of flow contraction baffles on internal wave amplitude.
Bacterial Leaching of Heavy Metals From Anaerobically Digested Sewage Sludge
Authors: Wong L. , Henry J.G. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Spreading of sewage sludges on agricultural land is an attractive sludge management option because it combines beneficial reuse and disposal at the same time. However, it is important to reduce the metal content in the sludge in order to minimize the health hazard associated with metal uptake by plants and its subsequent accumulation in the food chain. Treatment of sludge with acid for metal removal is not practical because a large amount of acid is required. Typically 0.5 to 0.8 g of H2SO4/g dry weight of sludge will be required to achieve over 70% removal of cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn) and nickel (Ni). Lead (Pb) and copper (Cu) are not significantly removed. A biological process called bacterial leaching, which has been used commercially for extracting copper and uranium from low grade ores, was reviewed and its potential for removing heavy metals from anaerobically digested sewage sludge was investigated. Leaching experiments were conducted and the results showed that about 80 to 90% removal of cadmium, zinc and nickel, and 60 to 70% removal of copper were possible. The acid requirement was significantly reduced because only 0.15 g of H2SO4/g dry weight of sludge was needed.
Particle Size Effects on Concentration of Metals in Lake Erie Bottom Sediments
Authors: Mudroch Alena 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Surface sediment samples obtained at the offshore and nearshore area of Lake Erie were separated into eight different size fractions ranging from &lt;2 µm to 250 µm. The concentration of major elements (Si, Al, Ca, Mg, K, Na, Fe, Mn and P), metals (Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni, V, Co and Pb) and organic matter was determined together with the mineralogical composition and morphology of the particles in each size fraction. The distribution of the metals in the offshore sediment was bimodal with the majority of the metals divided between the 63 to 250 um size fraction which also contained the highest concentration of organic matter (about 20%) and the &lt;4 µm fraction containing up to 60% of clay minerals. However, the metals in the nearshore sediment were associated mainly with the clay minerals.
Distribution and Pathways of Some Chlorinated Benzenes in the Niagara River and Lake Ontario
Authors: Oliver Barry G. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Three major processes have been shown to be responsible for losses of chlorobenzenes, CB's, from water of the Niagara River and Lake Ontario -volatilization, sedimentation and discharge via the St. Lawrence River. The major losses (&gt;80%) for all the CB's including hexachlorobenzene, HCB, were by volatilization. As would be predicted from chemical and physical properties, among all the CB's, HCB has the lowest tendency to volatilize and the highest tendency to become associated with suspended sediments. A compartmental analysis of CB's in Lake Ontario revealed that the bulk of the CB's in the lake is in the bottom sediments. The bottom sediments in the lake have been shown to be prone to resuspension and become redistributed to all the major sedimentation basins in the lake. At least a portion of CB's associated with bottom sediments appears to be available to lake biota.
Nitrogen Removal from Anaerobically-Treated Leachate
Authors: Prasad D. , Henry J.G. , Elefsiniotis P. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Laboratory studies were conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of diffused aeration for the removal of ammonia from the effluent of an anaerobic filter treating leachate. The effects of pH, temperature and air flow on the process were studied. The coefficient of desorption of ammonia, KD for the anaerobic filter effluent (TKN 75 mg/L with NH3-N 88%) was determined at pH values of 9, 10 and 11, temperatures of 10, 15, 20, 30 and 35°C, and air flow rates of 50, 120, and 190 cm3/sec/L.
Results indicated that nitrogen removal from the effluent of anaerobic filters by ammonia desorption was feasible. Removals exceeding 90% were obtained with 8 hours aeration at pH of 10, a temperature of 20°C, and an air flow rate of 190 cm3/sec/L. Ammonia desorption coefficients, KD, determined at other temperatures and air flow rates can be used to predict ammonia removals under a wide range of operating conditions.
Evidence for Non-equilibrium Adsorption of 90Sr from Ground Water
Authors: Lyon K.E. , Patterson R.J. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
In June 1960, twenty-five 14 cm diameter hemispheres of vitrified nuclear waste (glass blocks) were buried below the water table in the lower Perch Lake Basin, Chalk River Nuclear Laboratories, Chalk River, Ontario, Canada. Almost all leaching of the glass blocks occurred during the first several months of emplacement, and consequently the burial experiment approximated a single-injection source of 137Cs and 90Sr. After about 18 years, most of the 90Sr that was released had been transported away from the blocks.
Three piezometers were installed and five cores of sediment were collected at the glass block site in 1978. Mineralogically pure segregates of sand grains were prepared by hand and characterized using binocular, petrographic, and scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. A technique was developed to measure very low levels of 90Sr in small (10-100 mg) samples.
Results indicate that sand sized grains of biotite-vermiculite, biotite, and hematite-bearing feldspar (largely microcline) are able to retain low levels of 90Sr over a period of 18 years. The complete series of mineral segregates can be ranked on a weight basis according to the amount of retained 90Sr as follows:
biotite-vermiculite≥
biotite and translucent pink and opaque orange feldspar&gt;
all other mineral segregates (quartz, white feldspar, hornblende and muscovite).
Ground-water quality data show that none of the retention 1s the result of the precipitation of strontium minerals. Results for the mineral segregates indicate, however, that oxides play a significant role in the retention of 90Sr. Calculations incorporating ground-water 90Sr concentration data and experimental Kdsr values indicate that a spectrum of adsorption sites, ranging from readily reversible to very slowly reversible, exist on the sediment for 90Sr.
The Port Grandby Radioactive Waste Management Site
Authors: Platford R.F. , Bobba A.G. , Joshi S.R. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
About 2.5 x 105 m3 of ground water flows annually from the Port Granby site into Lake Ontario. This water carries with it about 2.5 x 10 Bq of Ra 226 and 25 kg of uranium into the lake. Both of these elements are diluted to within acceptable levels beyond a one metre distance from the shore.
Natural Radionuclides in the St. Lawrence River
Authors: Grondin D. , Lupien M.D. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The alum floc sampling method has proven to be a rapid and efficient means for studying radioactivity in freshwater, allowing the preconcentration of not only soluble nuclides but also those attached to the suspended material in rivers. This paper contains an assessment of the distribution of naturally occurring radionuclides between the liquid and solid phases present in the St. Lawrence River. It also describes the distribution of these natural radionuclides on the various fractions of the suspended material. A radioactivity profile observed at St. Foy, Québec, reveals the contribution of each tributary to the solid and liquid fluxes of the St. Lawrence River.
Spéciation de radionucléides dans les suspensoides du Fleuve St. Laurent
Authors: Turcotte J. , Grondin D. , Roy J.-C. , Côté J.-E. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
About forty radionuclides, some naturally occurring, others artificially produced, have been detected in the St. Lawrence River at the heights of Québec City. Speciation studies of the radionuclides present in the suspended matter transported by the river were carried out from samples collected with a swimming pool type sand filter. Speciation was done with the reagents commonly used for similar studies for trace metals in sediments. Four fractions have been characterized; one associated with the carbonates, another with the iron and manganese oxides, the organics and the residue. The distribution of the radionuclides on these different fractions gives useful information on the type of interaction between the radioactive species and the solid phase. For instance, 7Be, 106Ru, 144Ce and 210Pb are weakly retained on the solid phase whereas naturally occurring radionuclides like 228Th, 238U, 226Ra, 40K and 137Cs are strongly retained on it. Airborne 210Pb following the decay of 222Ra in the air is the most likely source for this nuclide since most of it is not supported by 226Ra. In many respects, 210Pb seems to behave like the airborne 7Be.
Anaerobic Treatment of High Strength Acidic Organic Wastewaters Utilizing the Upflow Sludge Blanket Treatment Process
Authors: Trudell M. , van den Berg L. , Kosaric N. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
A laboratory bench-scale study was undertaken in order to investigate the anaerobic biological treatment of high-strength acidic organic wastewaters utilizing the Upflow Sludge Blanket (USB) treatment process. A synthetic wastewater was utilized having a pH of 4.2 and consisting primarily of acetic and propionic acids.
While operating at substrate loading rates of 1.1 and 2.4 kg COD/kg VSS/d (i.e., 10 and 30 kg COD/m3/d, respectively), the USB treatment process removed in excess of 90 per cent of the total COD present in the raw wastewater, for waste strengths of 2 to 32g COD/L and hydraulic retention times varying between 3.2 and 76.8 hours. The process demonstrated the ability to polish the effluent waste stream to effluent COD concentrations of less than 300 mg/L. The process was able to tolerate hydraulic and waste strength shockloads. No observable deterioration in pH or effluent quality was identified following sudden increases in wastewater concentration (e.g., 4 to 32g COD/L) or decreases in hydraulic retention time (e.g., 25.6 to 3.2 hours). The use of effluent recirculation did not influence treatment efficiency but was necessary in order to partially neutralize the influent low pH wastewater.
The results of this research also demonstrate the feasibility of utilizing the USB reactor as the methane forming reactor in a two-stage anaerobic wastewater treatment system. Recommendations are provided concerning the design of such a system.