bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Literature: The Archipelago Perspective
Authors: Noudelmann François 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
The history of the notion “continent” teaches us the relativity of geographical divisions. Let's consider the connotations of continent: holding together different lands presumes a continuity between them, and thus a similar content (continent, continuity, content). So, thinking about literature in term of space, and especially in the shape of a continent, leads one to question its status and its role. “Thinking literature across continents” implies crossing borders but we must question the meaning of passing through borders. What passes is, in itself, meaningless: it is the movement of passing, the transition itself, that gives meaning to what passes. Every voice, in every language, opens up one of these transitions. But a transition from one continent to another cannot be thought of as a translation that preserves a continuity of sense. What is forgotten in this map of multiple continents? The oceans, the seas, the islands, the peninsulas, the archipelagos. Today a multilateral perspective implies an “archipelagic paradigm” that highlights the ties between isolated territories, far from any continental identity. From this new perspective, let us think about what we could call the “discontinent.”
Hazardous Materials Transportation
Authors: Moreno Jeffrey O. , Tutrone Jason D. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe movement of hazardous materials is a common and essential transportation function. A key distinction between the transportation of hazardous materials and of nonhazardous materials is the level of safety regulation. Two main types of regulation apply to all transportation: economic and safety. For hazardous materials, safety regulation involves the regulation that applies to nonhazardous materials plus rules specific to the hazards that hazardous materials pose.Matters relevant to the transport of hazardous materials in the United States are addressed in this article. Various transport modes are reviewed and required shipping documents are explained. Regulation of hazardous and nonhazardous materials transportation, including federal and state transportation, economic, and safety regulation, are discussed.
Transport Phenomena for Chemical Reactor Design
Authors: Belfiore Laurence A. , Gómez‐García Miguel‐Ángel 
Published: June 2018

AbstractWhen the thermal and mass transfer boundary layers on the outside of a catalytic pellet provide significant resistances to heat and mass transfer between the pellet and the bulk gas stream moving through a packed bed, reactor design strategies must account for these rate processes to develop accurate predictions of reactor performance. It is necessary to relate temperature and reactant conversion in the bulk gas phase to their counterparts on the external surface of the catalytic pellets. Volumetrically averaged rates of reactant consumption throughout the catalyst can be predicted in terms of the effectiveness factor and the kinetic rate law that employs temperature and molar densities on the external surface of the pellet. The methodology discussed in this chapter allows one to calculate temperature and species concentrations in the bulk gas stream and on the external surface of the catalytic pellet.Nonisothermal design strategies are illustrated specifically for the gas‐phase synthesis of methanol from carbon monoxide and hydrogen in fixed‐bed catalytic reactors. The classic Prater equation is modified to estimate the intrapellet temperature rise for exothermic reactions in macroporous catalysts by considering (i) thermal diffusion, (ii) the effect of collision integrals on ordinary molecular diffusion coefficients, and (iii) temperature effects on the enthalpy change for chemical reaction. The high‐pressure synthesis of ammonia in fixed‐bed catalytic reactors is discussed via effectiveness factor calculations for Maxwell‐Stefan multicomponent diffusion in restricted pores at small Knudsen numbers when the gas mixture exhibits significant thermodynamic nonidealities according to the Peng‐Robinson equation of state.
Topical brimonidine reduces IPL‐induced erythema without affecting efficacy: A randomized controlled trial in patients with facial telangiectasias
Authors: Vissing Anne‐Cathrine E. , Dierickx Christine , Karmisholt Katrine E. , Haedersdal Merete 
Published: June 2018

BackgroundLaser and intense pulsed light (IPL) are standard symptomatic treatments for superficial telangiectasias, but postoperative erythema, oedema, and pain may prolong downtime.ObjectivesTo investigate whether topical brimonidine reduces IPL‐induced inflammation in patients with moderate to severe facial telangiectasias.MethodsA randomized, two‐centre, single‐blinded, split‐face trial on adjuvant brimonidine and air‐cooling versus air‐cooling alone (control) in 19 patients treated in Denmark (n = 10 patients) and Belgium (n = 9). Brimonidine was applied to the allocated side after each of three facial IPL‐treatments, given at 3‐week intervals. Patients were assessed up to 1 month after the final treatment. Outcome measures included blinded clinical on‐site evaluation of erythema and oedema (5‐point‐scales), objective erythema‐scores (red‐filter analysis), patient‐evaluated pain (Visual Analogue Scale), IPL‐efficacy (blinded photo‐evaluation of telangiectasia clearance), and patient preference.ResultsIn total, 19 patients were enrolled and completed the study. IPL induced moderate to severe erythema after each treatment. Application of brimonidine, reduced erythema to baseline values compared to air‐cooling alone and sustained efficacy 24 hours after treatment (median difference reduction: score 1 at each assessment, P ≤ 0.022). Objective erythema‐scores supported clinical findings, demonstrating a median erythema reduction of 50–95% after application of brimonidine and air‐cooling compared to 9–28% reduction after air‐cooling alone (P ≥ 0.002). No difference in reduction of IPL‐induced oedema was observed between facial sides (P ≥ 0.227). Brimonidine and air‐cooling slightly and consistently reduced postoperative pain compared to air‐cooling alone (VAS 1.0 after brimonidine versus VAS 1.5–2.0 after air‐cooling alone at treatment 1–3, P ≤ 0.032). At 1‐month follow‐up, patients experienced excellent clearance of telangiectasias (75–100% clearance) on both facial sides (P = 1.000). Patient preference supported clinical data and 79% of patients preferred brimonidine to control (P = 0.019).ConclusionCompared to air‐cooling alone, adjuvant brimonidine reduces IPL‐induced erythema and associated pain while maintaining a high IPL‐efficacy. Lasers Surg. Med. 50:1002–1009, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of two cosmetic compounds on the growth, biofilm formation activity, and surface properties of acneic strains of Cutibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Gannesen Andrei V. , Borrel Valerie , Lefeuvre Luc , Netrusov Alexander I. , Plakunov Vladimir K. , Feuilloley Marc G. J. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractIncreasing popularity of preservative‐free cosmetics necessitates in‐depth research, specifically as bacteria can react to local factors by important metabolic changes. In this respect, investigating the effect of cosmetic preparations on pathogenic strains of commensal species such as acneic forms of Cutibacterium acnes (former Propionibacterium acnes) and bacteria behaving both as commensals and opportunistic pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus is of major interest. In this study, we studied the effect of commonly used cosmetics, Uriage™ thermal water (UTW) and a rhamnose‐rich polysaccharide (PS291®) on RT4 and RT5 acneic strains of C. acnes and a cutaneous strain of S. aureus. UTW affected the growth kinetic of acneic C. acnes essentially by increasing its generation time and reducing its biomass, whereas only the S. aureus final biomass was decreased. PS291 had more marginal effects. Both compounds showed a marked antibiofilm activity on C. acnes and S. aureus. For S. aureus that appeared essentially due to inhibition of initial adhesion. Cosmetics did not modify the metabolic activity of bacteria. Both C. acnes and S. aureus showed marked hydrophobic surface properties. UTW and PS291 had limited effect on C. acnes but increased the hydrophobic character of S. aureus. This work underlines the effect of cosmetics on cutaneous bacteria and the potential limitations of preservative‐free products.
Metagenomic insights into the roles of Proteobacteria in the gastrointestinal microbiomes of healthy dogs and cats
Authors: Moon Christina D. , Young Wayne , Maclean Paul H. , Cookson Adrian L. , Bermingham Emma N. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractInterests in the impact of the gastrointestinal microbiota on health and wellbeing have extended from humans to that of companion animals. While relatively fewer studies to date have examined canine and feline gut microbiomes, analysis of the metagenomic DNA from fecal communities using next‐generation sequencing technologies have provided insights into the microbes that are present, their function, and potential to contribute to overall host nutrition and health. As carnivores, healthy dogs and cats possess fecal microbiomes that reflect the generally higher concentrations of protein and fat in their diets, relative to omnivores and herbivores. The phyla Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes are highly abundant, and Fusobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Proteobacteria also feature prominently. Proteobacteria is the most diverse bacterial phylum and commonly features in the fecal microbiota of healthy dogs and cats, although its reputation is often sullied as its members include a number of well‐known opportunistic pathogens, such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Campylobacter, which may impact the health of the host and its owner. Furthermore, in other host species, high abundances of Proteobacteria have been associated with dysbiosis in hosts with metabolic or inflammatory disorders. In this review, we seek to gain further insight into the prevalence and roles of the Proteobacteria within the gastrointestinal microbiomes of healthy dogs and cats. We draw upon the growing number of metagenomic DNA sequence‐based studies which now allow us take a culture‐independent approach to examine the functions that this more minor, yet important, group contribute to normal microbiome function.
Roux Stasis Syndrome and Gastric Food Stasis After Laparoscopic Distal Gastrectomy with Uncut Roux‐en‐Y Reconstruction in Gastric Cancer Patients: A Propensity Score Matching Analysis
Authors: Park Young Suk , Shin Dong Joon , Son Sang‐Yong , Kim Ki‐Hyun , Park Dong Jin , Ahn Sang‐Hoon , Park Do Joong , Kim Hyung‐Ho 
Published: June 2018

AbstractBackgroundUncut Roux‐en‐Y gastrojejunostomy (uRYGJ) was developed to prevent slow peristalsis in the Roux limb after Roux‐en‐Y gastrojejunostomy (RYGJ). This study compared the incidence of Roux stasis syndrome (RSS) and severe gastric food stasis in gastric cancer patients who underwent RYGJ or uRYGJ after laparoscopic curative distal gastrectomy.MethodsBetween January 2006 and June 2012, 319 patients underwent RYGJ or uRYGJ. After covariates were adjusted by propensity score matching, 39 patients in the RYGJ group and 65 patients in the uRYGJ group were included in the final analysis. RSS was defined as the presence of symptoms, such as nausea, vomiting, and abdominal fullness, requiring refasting without ileus or obstruction within 30 days post‐surgery. Gastric food stasis was measured endoscopically at 1 and 3 years after gastrectomy.ResultsOperative outcomes and morbidities were similar between the two groups, whereas the incidence of RSS was higher in the RYGJ group than in the uRYGJ group, although the difference was not significant (7.7 vs. 0%; odds ratio (OR) 0.157; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0–1.059, p = 0.111). Comparison of endoscopic findings revealed that severe gastric stasis 1 year after surgery was significantly less frequent in the uRYGJ group (46.2 vs. 13.8%; OR 0.247; 95% CI 0.102–0.599, p = 0.002). The same result was reproduced 3 years after surgery (39.4 vs. 15.5%; OR 0.279; 95% CI 0.088–0.882, p = 0.030).ConclusionsCompared with RYGJ, uRYGJ after laparoscopic distal gastrectomy is a safe and effective procedure for preventing severe postoperative gastric food stasis.
Meta-Analysis of the Efficacy of Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy for Social Anxiety
Authors: Chesham Rachel K. , Malouff John M. , Schutte Nicola S. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractSocial anxiety is a common, debilitating psychological problem. In the present study, two meta-analyses examined the efficacy of virtual reality exposure therapy for social anxiety. The first meta-analysis tested whether virtual reality exposure therapy reduces social anxiety more than a waitlist control condition. The results of the first meta-analysis, consisting of six studies and 233 participants, showed a significant overall effect size, indicating that virtual reality exposure therapy was effective in reducing social anxiety. The second meta-analysis tested whether the standard treatment for social anxiety, which includes in vivo or imaginal exposure, leads to greater effects than virtual reality exposure therapy. The second meta-analysis, consisting of seven studies and 340 total participants, showed essentially no difference in effect sizes between virtual reality exposure and in vivo or imaginal exposure. The results of the two meta-analyses support the use of virtual reality in the treatment of social anxiety.
Cholesteatoma in children and adults: are there really any differences?
Authors: Jackson R , Addison A B , Prinsley P R 
Published: June 2018

AbstractBackgroundCholesteatoma is widely considered to be more aggressive in children than adults, yet few studies have directly compared the operative findings and surgical outcomes between these two groups. This study aimed to assess differences between childhood and adult cholesteatoma.MethodsThe operative caseload of a single consultant surgeon was reviewed between January 2006 and May 2017 using the online Common Otology Audit database. Extracted data were categorised according to patient age (children, aged below 16 years, and adults, aged 16 years or over) and compared.ResultsThis study included data from 71 operations on children and 281 operations on adults, performed for cholesteatoma. Childhood cholesteatoma demonstrated significantly more extension (into the sinus tympani, mastoid antrum and mastoid air cells) and ossicular erosion (of the malleus, incus and stapes superstructure) compared to adults. No significant differences were seen in revision rates, post-operative complications or hearing gain.ConclusionChildhood cholesteatoma was more extensive and destructive compared to adults, representing a more aggressive disease in this cohort.
Selection of the appropriate cochlear electrode array using a specifically developed research software application
Authors: Stefanescu E H , Motoi S 
Published: June 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the usefulness and reliability of a research software application for the estimation of an individual's cochlear duct length as a basis for electrode selection.MethodsIn this prospective cohort study, 21 consecutive patients (23 ears) implanted with a cochlear electrode were investigated. The study comprised 19 children (2 bilateral) and 2 adults.ResultsThe measured ‘A’ distances (the largest distance from the round window to the contralateral wall) corresponded to cochlear duct lengths of 28.5–36.4 mm. The mean cochlear duct length was 34.05 ± 1.72 mm (33.60 ± 2.27 mm in females and 34.35 ± 1.27 mm in males). Full insertion was achieved in all but two cases. No misplaced electrode array or electrode fold-over was detected. In all but three ears, the electrode was chosen based on the research software application's indication.ConclusionThe results show a good correlation between the pre-operatively predicted insertion depths using the software application and those post-operatively measured using X-ray. The insertion length predicted by the software was always longer than that measured via X-ray.
Torture and Laughter: Naxal insurgency, custodial violence, and inmate resistance in a women's correctional facility in 1970s Calcutta
Authors: SEN ATREYEE 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThis article explores the politics of surveillance, suppression, and resistance within a women's correctional facility in 1970s Calcutta, a city in eastern India. I highlight the excessively violent treatment of women political prisoners, who were captured and tortured for their active participation in a Maoist guerrilla (Naxal) movement. I argue that the state officials who formed the lowest rung of the government's machinery to supress the movement—the police, prison guards, and wardens—partially usurped these carceral worlds during conditions of social unrest to create small regimes of de facto sovereignty over prison publics. During that critical period in the history of political uprising in the region, the central government coercively implemented a series of ‘constitutional actions’ in the name of internal security threats and withdrew civil liberties from Indian citizens. Political opponents were captured and imprisoned, and prisons became a space for licensed excess. I show how women political prisoners cooperated and conspired with women convicts (the latter having nurtured their own coping skills and structures to deal with persecution and negligence while in the detention system) to develop multiple forms of resistance to the extra-legal use of authority in prison, especially in the context of a volatile socio-political environment in the city.
Patterns of diagnostic transition in eating disorders: a longitudinal population study in Sweden
Authors: Schaumberg Katherine , Jangmo Andreas , Thornton Laura M. , Birgegård Andreas , Almqvist Catarina , Norring Claes , Larsson Henrik , Bulik Cynthia M. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractBackgroundTransition across eating disorder diagnoses is common, reflecting instability of specific eating disorder presentations. Previous studies have examined temporal stability of diagnoses in adult treatment-seeking samples but have not uniformly captured initial presentation for treatment. The current study examines transitions across eating disorder diagnostic categories in a large, treatment-seeking sample of individuals born in Sweden and compares these transitions across two birth cohorts and from initial diagnosis.MethodsData from Swedish eating disorders quality registers were extracted in 2013, including 9622 individuals who were seen at least twice from 1999 to 2013. Patterns of remission were examined in the entire sample and subsequently compared across initial diagnoses. An older (born prior to 1990) and younger birth cohort were also identified, and analyses compared these cohorts on patterns of diagnostic transition.ResultsAlthough diagnostic instability was common, transition between threshold eating disorder diagnoses was infrequent. For all diagnoses, transition to remission was likely to occur following a diagnosis state that matched initial diagnosis, or through a subthreshold diagnostic state. Individuals in the younger cohort were more likely to transition to a state of remission than those in the older cohort.ConclusionsResults indicate more temporal continuity in eating disorder presentations than suggested by previous research and highlight the importance of early detection and intervention in achieving remission.
Empire, Racial Capitalism and International Law: The Case of Manumitted Haiti and the Recognition Debt
Authors: OBREGÓN LILIANA 
Published: June 2018

AbstractBefore 1492, European feudal practices racialized subjects in order to dispossess, enslave and colonize them. Enslavement of different peoples was a centuries old custom authorized by the law of nations and fundamental to the economies of empire. Manumission, though exceptional, helped to sustain slavery because it created an expectation of freedom, despite the fact that the freed received punitive consequences. In the sixteenth century, as European empires searched for cheaper and more abundant sources of labour with which to exploit their colonies, the Atlantic slave trade grew exponentially as slaves became equated with racialized subjects.This article presents the case of Haiti as an example of continued imperial practices sustained by racial capitalism and the law of nations. In 1789, half a million slaves overthrew their French masters from the colony of Saint Domingue. After decades of defeating recolonization efforts and the loss of almost half their population and resources, Haitian leaders believed their declared independence of 1804 was insufficient, so in 1825 they reluctantly accepted recognition by France while being forced to pay an onerous indemnity debt. Though Haiti was manumitted through the promise of a debt payment, at the same time the new state was re-enslaved as France's commercial colony. The indemnity debt had consequences for Haiti well into the current century, as today Haiti is one of the poorest and most dependent nations in the world.
The effects of the interventions on the DNR designation among cancer patients: A systematic review
Authors: Chen Li-Ting , Hsiao Fei-Hsiu 
Published: June 2018

AbstractObjective:The aims of this systematic review were to examine the effects of the overall and the different types of the interventions on the do-not-resuscitate (DNR) designation and the time between DNR and death among cancer patients.Method:Data were searched from the databases of PubMed, CINAHL, EMbase, Medline, and Cochrane Library through 2 November 2017. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they were (1) randomized control trails, quasi-experimental study, and retrospective observational studies and (2) used outcome indicators of DNR designation rates. The Effective Public Health Practice Project tool was used to assess the overall quality of the included studies.Result:The 14 studies with a total of 7,180 participants were included in this review. There were 78.6% (11 of 14) studies that indicated that the interventions could improve the DNR designation rates. Three types of DNR interventions were identified in this review: palliative care unit service, palliative consultation services, and patient-physician communication program. The significant increases of the time between DNR designation and death only occurred in a patient-physician communication program.Significance of results:The palliative care unit service provided a continuing care model to reduce unnecessary utilization of healthcare service. The palliative consultation service is a new care model to meet the needs of cancer patients in non-palliative care unit. The share decision-making communication program and physician's compassion attitudes facilitate to make DNR decision early. The individualized DNR program needs to be developed according to the needs of cancer patients.