bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Novelty and Reality
Authors: Lenhard Johannes 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This last chapter summarizes the findings presented in earlier chapters, and the major part of the chapter presents an outlook on critical challenges for a philosophy of simulation. One of these challenges is to take into account the science–technology nexus. Another is to account for the relationship between human activity and reality that results from this nexus. This makes it necessary to rethink the instrumentalism versus realism divide in the philosophy of science. It is argued that simulation evades the stalemate of this divide. Finally, this chapter provides an outlook on rationality. To the extent that mathematization forms a constitutive part of modern scientific rationality, the philosophy of simulation faces the question whether and how the new type of mathematical modeling affects and potentially changes the conception of rationality.
Raising the Drawbridge to Cuba
Authors: FitzGerald David Scott 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
U.S. policies toward Cubans have oscillated between periods of welcome and restriction embedded in an overall trajectory of restriction. The biggest difference between the treatment of Haitian and Cubans was that only Cubans seeking protection were granted realistic legal paths to enter the United States through visa waivers for air passengers, relaxation of enforcement of immigration laws, more robust asylum screening on the high seas, and in-country processing programs for dissidents and other programs guaranteeing slots in the immigration stream. The favorable treatment of Cubans shows that even tens of thousands of asylum seekers arriving over the course of a few months did not threaten the capacity of the United States to provide sanctuary for those facing persecution at home. The Cuban case also challenges the conceptualization of remote control. Remote control’s efficacy is highly dependent on collaboration by other governments, such as Cuba’s willingness to accept Cubans intercepted at sea by the U.S. Coast Guard.
“Give Me My Child”
Authors: Berman Elise 
Published: March 2019

AbstractChapter 1 introduces Marshallese social and economic life, arguing that in the Marshall Islands age is power and power is age. The chapter tells the story of a young woman who faces a very common situation in the Marshall Islands: a request from a relative to adopt her newborn infant. Examining how and why different family members had the right to claim this infant, the chapter also discusses Marshallese history, social life, interaction patterns, and the culturally specific emotion āliklik (shame). Readers will learn about Marshallese kinship patterns, economic practices, colonial and postcolonial histories, religious organizations, subjectivities, and the power of age. As the chapter discusses different aspects of Marshallese history and society, it becomes clear that kin and age relationships were themselves transformed by negotiations for an infant girl.
Conclusion
Authors: Berman Elise 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe conclusion argues for a view of culture and linguistic practices as aged. It describes what happened to several of the children after the events in this book and then considers the impact of historical change. It discusses the distinction between cohort variation and age variation, demonstrating that all of the differences discussed in the book are examples of age variation. The conclusion then reviews data that show how understanding cultural reproduction, socialization, cultural change, agency, and giving requires an analysis of age differences. Finally, it argues for a renewed attention to age in cultural and linguistic anthropology.
Deaf Education in Ghana
Authors: Oppong Alexander Mills , Fobi Daniel 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter describes deaf education in Ghana, including the practices and challenges in public special schools for the deaf, early identification, hearing screening, audiological and educational assessment, and the impact of cultural beliefs and practices on school enrollment. For the past sixty years, Ghana has been striving to promote the development of formal education for deaf and hard-of-hearing individuals through improvement in school participation rates and lifelong learning for independent living and sustainable development. The authors provide information on basic education (kindergarten to junior high school), secondary education placement options, medium of instruction, and the curriculum. Tertiary education, support services, legislation, and advocacy for deaf persons are also discussed. The chapter ends with conclusions and suggestions for future research in the promotion of best practices in the education of deaf individuals.
Old Orders in New Times
Authors: Diefendorf Barbara B. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter traces the story of three convents caught up in the religious wars that devastated Montpellier in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The southern city fell into Protestant hands on the eve of France’s Wars of Religion and remained largely under Protestant control until 1622. Catholic religious life was thoroughly undermined by the repeated expulsions and destruction of property that resulted from the conflicts. This was especially hard on nuns, who, having lost their homes and income, also lost the prestige and sanctity of religious enclosure. Living under wartime conditions that made it difficult to observe their rule, they were unable to recruit new members, much less to enact reforms needed to raise the standards of community life. At the wars’ end, the bishop established convents of Visitandines and Ursulines, reformed orders then gaining popularity elsewhere in France, instead of helping the old orders to reform and rebuild.
Introduction
Authors: Yost Benjamin S. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The introduction situates Against Capital Punishment within larger philosophical debates about punishment. It begins by reminding readers why punishment needs to be justified at all, emphasizing punishment’s normative significance in liberal polities, where any coercive state action must survive rigorous scrutiny. Moving to capital punishment, it explains why it is most philosophically profitable to focus on the retributive slice of the debate and exclude communicative, restitutive, and consequentialist competitors: restitutive and communicative theories are fundamentally incompatible with execution, and deterrence theories stand or fall with social scientific research, which fails to establish execution’s preventative effect. The introduction also lays out the dialectical strategy of the book, which is to present the strongest possible case for the retentionist program, then develop an abolitionism that defeats this view.
The Arab Uprisings
Authors: Philpott Daniel 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter looks at the Arab Uprisings that began in early 2011 and spread across the Arab world. It argues that just as the Arab Uprisings were by and large a failure for democratic aspirations, so, too, the Uprisings were a failure for religious freedom, with the exception of Tunisia. Then, it draws upon the regime types of the previous chapters (religiously free, secular repressive, and religiously repressive states) to argue that religious freedom—its predominant absence, the reasons for its absence, and its rare presence—explains much about both the general failure and the isolated success of these uprisings.
A Pathway to Freedom
Authors: Philpott Daniel 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter argues that the Catholic Church’s long historical road to religious freedom serves as a template for an Islamic pathway to religious freedom. The Church’s pathway, culminating in the declaration of the Second Vatican Council, Dignitatis Humanae, is a much better model than the Reformation or the Enlightenment, which are often cited as pathways. The chapter identifies historical factors that led to the Church’s eventual public embrace of religious freedom, showing that the Church exercised this embrace on grounds that were internal to its tradition rather than amounting to compromises with secularism. This is what Muslims can find appealing.
Indigenous Self-Government Structures in Canada, Greenland, and Sápmi
Authors: Kuokkanen Rauna 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Chapter 2 begins with a discussion of the related (but distinct) concepts of self-government, governance, and autonomy and how they differ from the concept of self-determination. It then examines in detail the scope and structures of the existing self-government arrangements in three regions: Canada, Greenland, and Sápmi (the Sámi region in Scandinavia) through participant discussions. In Canada, the focus is not on a specific First Nation or self-government arrangement; instead, Indigenous self-government is approached in broader terms with the focus on the discrepancy between aspiration of Indigenous nationhood and sovereignty and the structure and scope of self-government sanctioned by the state. Each section begins with a brief overview of the colonial history and political context leading to self-government arrangements.
Introduction
Authors: Rigolio Alberto 
Published: March 2019

AbstractAlthough some scholars have written of an end of dialogue coinciding with the rise of Christianity, the composition of prose dialogues was far from moribund during late antiquity. During this period, Christian authors exploited and transformed the ancient dialogue form in the composition of new, culturally contingent forms of dialogue, which were designed as tools of opinion formation within the religious controversies of the time. The burgeoning production of these prose dialogues sheds light on the cultural toolbox of late antique writers and readers, and, by extension, on their education and culture, but it also shows that the prose dialogue was a form of choice for many Christian authors. The extraordinary success of the prose dialogue in late antiquity indicates the endurance and the evolution of ancient rhetorical instruction and traditions; in addition, it helped propagate the idea that orthodoxy would be recognized as the correct and rational doctrine in the context of a public debate.
Soviet Selves
Authors: Quijada Justine Buck 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Chapter 2 presents the Soviet chronotope embodied in Victory Day celebrations. Victory Day, which is the celebration of the Soviet victory over Germany in World War II, presumes the familiar Soviet genre of history, in which the Soviet Union brought civilization to Buryatia, and Buryats achieved full citizenship in the Soviet utopian dream through their collective sacrifice during the war. The ritual does not narrate Soviet history. Instead, through Soviet and wartime imagery, and the parade form, the public holiday evokes this genre in symbolic form, enabling local residents to read their own narratives of the past into the imagery. This space for interpretation enables both validation as well as critique of the Soviet experience in Buryatia. Although not everyone in Buryatia agrees on how to evaluate this history, this genre is the taken-for-granted backdrop against which other religious actors define their narratives.
American “Universal” Values and Russia
Authors: Tsygankov Andrei P. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Chapter 3 describes in greater detail the Russia discourse in American mainstream media. It identifies four media narratives of Russia—“transition to democracy” (1991–1995), “chaos” (1995–2005), “neo-Soviet autocracy” (2005–2013), and “foreign enemy” (since 2014). The space for debating Russia in the media has narrowed considerably since the mid-2000s, when Russia’s political system began to be viewed as a nondemocratic and increasingly anti-Western regime. Russia’s values were now viewed as incompatible with and inferior to those of the United States, which rendered relations with the Kremlin difficult, if not impossible. In the 2010s, US officials adopted this view partly from media influence and partly out of their own frustration with the Kremlin’s policies.
Turkish Gender Discrimination Cases in Domestic and International Courts
Authors: Sundstrom Lisa McIntosh , Sperling Valerie , Sayoglu Melike 
Published: March 2019

AbstractChapter 6 is a comparative inquiry into the international and domestic opportunity structure for gender discrimination court cases. The chapter asks, how generalizable are the barriers and opportunities to bringing sex-based discrimination cases to the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) from Russia to other Council of Europe member states? The chapter examines social, interpersonal, and material barriers to bringing gender discrimination and LGBT discrimination cases in Turkey. It looks at types of gender discrimination, including domestic violence and honor killing, as well as violence against members of the LGBT community, such as hate crimes. The chapter includes an in-depth analysis of discrimination cases from Turkey regarding both women and LGBT citizens, and finds that, with a few illuminating exceptions, the barriers in Turkey are similar to those in Russia (these include reluctance to go to court, stereotypical attitudes toward sex-based and LGBT discrimination among law enforcement and in the courts, a lack of statistical data to prove patterns of discrimination, lengthy procedures and unsatisfying court decisions and/or implementation of decisions, and a lack of legal training on discrimination). In addition to discussing important gender discrimination and LGBT discrimination cases in domestic court in Turkey, the chapter covers ECtHR rulings on Turkish cases, as well as the impact of the Convention on Eliminating All forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), and the Istanbul Convention on Preventing and Combating Violence Against Women and Domestic Violence.
Conclusion
Authors: Clark Christopher J. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This book has focused on African American state legislators through the lens of descriptive representation. Throughout the book, descriptive representation has been referred to as gaining voice, a multilayered metaphor that refers to the act of blacks voting, which is critical for whether black elected officials reach office. Once enough blacks gain voice, they choose to create caucuses to best advocate for shared interests. Gaining voice also refers to blacks making their political preferences known and, in some instances, actually having their interests represented in public policy. Once African Americans gain voice, they become more involved politically; and this informs how they think about electoral reforms governing access to voting. In this concluding chapter of the book, key themes and important findings are revisited. The implications of the book are considered, as well as how the book contributes to studies of state politics and black politics. Future studies informed by the book are also discussed.
Introduction
Authors: Wheatley Steven 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The Introduction observes the emergence of International Human Rights Law as a discipline in its own right, related to, but different from, international law. It notes the criticisms made by some general international lawyers of the distinct methodologies used by human rights lawyers, making the point that any differences between ‘international law’ and ‘international human rights law’ can only be explained by the influence of the moral concept of human rights on international law doctrine and practice—in the same way the Moon influences the Earth’s tides. The work explains how we can use complexity theory to examine the influence of human rights on international law, introducing complexity theory as a methodology in international law. It then explains the general approach in the book.
On the Idea of Human Rights
Authors: Wheatley Steven 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Chapter 6 turns first to the work of the philosopher John Searle to explain the objective reality of human rights, showing how states, through their discursive practices, created a notion of human rights that affirmed the importance of equal status, physical and psychological integrity, personhood, participation, and minimum welfare rights. In the first decade and a half of the existence of human rights, it was for a country alone to decide on the necessary measures (if any) to give effect to the rights recognized in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. All that changed after the 1960 Sharpeville Massacre, when UN Member States transformed a moral code of human rights into a network of binding international law obligations, with a role for secondary agents of justice that included both dystopia avoidance measures and the promotion of the utopia of ‘all human rights for all’.
Knowledge from Perceived Indicators and Background Knowledge
Authors: Millar Alan 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The focus is on knowing that something is so by perceiving something that indicates that it is so. It is argued that some of our knowledge of this sort is more akin to perceptual knowledge than might at first appear. This is because recognition figures in two ways. We recognize the indicating phenomenon as being of a certain sort and we recognize the indicative significance of the indicator. The view is shown to be compatible with taking the knowledge in question to be evidence-based. An alternative model—the covering generalization model—is critically discussed. Since generalizations do figure in our thinking about indicators, their status is discussed. This leads into a more general discussion of standing factual knowledge that touches on public knowledge and picks up themes from Moore and Wittgenstein.
Consequences of Choosing an External Legal Basis
Authors: Eckes Christina 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Chapter 4 discusses the constitutional consequences of the choice of legal basis in the context of external relations. The Union and its Member States are interlocked in a tight embrace, which leads to a far more complicated power division than may appear from a straightforward reading of the Treaty provisions on competences. The choice of the appropriate legal basis is the legal emanation of political power struggles between the Member States and the Union and among the EU institutions. The chapter identifies situations, in which the fact that law-making moves from the internal EU sphere to the external (i.e. international) sphere places more far-reaching restrictions on the Member States’ exercise of powers than would apply internally. It also argues that clarity in attributing responsibilities is a foundational requirement for bonding structures in a divided representative democracy, in which individuals are represented as EU citizens and national citizens. An adequate level of clarity on who is responsible for what is a necessary, albeit insufficient, condition for feeling represented and for limiting the ability of representatives to deny responsibilities. Finally, the chapter illustrates how the international obligations of the Member States are vested with the particular bite (i.e. effectiveness) of EU law when the question of who should take action, which is at the centre of the choice of legal basis, is avoided by concluding a mixed agreement. This limits the scope of manoeuvre of Member States as international actors.
Institutional Powers in External Relations
Authors: Eckes Christina 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Chapter 5 identifies the institutional changes that take place when the Union acts under international law and in cooperation with third countries or international institutions, rather than internally. The focus is, in particular, on the role of the European Parliament. The fact that the conclusion of EU international agreements depends on the consent of Parliament gives EU citizens a voice in international relations, which, with all its flaws, draws on a source of democratic legitimation that is independent and separate from the EU Member States. The chapter demonstrates that, in practice, Parliament has also been adept in strengthening its rights to information and its influence at the negotiation stage. Parliament’s powerful position in negotiating and concluding international agreements and its ability to represent EU citizens (and also non-economic interests) in external relations are analysed as an emerging formal structure of bonding. The chapter argues in favour of further explicating the Union’s added value in legitimizing the conclusion of international agreements and thus justifying Union external action, including where it limits the scope of manoeuvre of Member States as international actors. It further shows that facultative mixity (i.e. the conclusion of international agreements as a political choice rather than a legal necessity) deprives Parliament of the ability to represent EU citizens in international relations.
Conclusions
Authors: Eckes Christina 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The Conclusions articulate the findings of the different chapters of this book as a consistent narrative that EU external relations not only have specific legal consequences for the power division between the Union and the Member States but also affect the Union’s constitutional structures at a deeper level. The interpretation of organizing principles changes in the context of external relations. Power shifts between the different EU institutions. Member States experience different and more stringent constraints on their ability to take unilateral action. More often than not, these changes and shifts empower the Union when it acts externally. Furthermore, the Union has established itself as an autonomous legal entity, whose law enjoys a unique effectiveness in practice. These unique features of the EU legal order are subject to particular pressure when the Union takes external actions. Loyalty obligations of the Member States and the institutions should be reconsidered in the light of this pressure, an explicit acknowledgement of the pluralist legitimation of Union action, and the purpose of the Union. Moreover, the Union has established numerous direct links with its citizens that create formal legal structures of bonding. These structures could and should serve as structures of justifiability, in which the Union directly addresses its citizens and explicates its purpose and added value, including in terms of democratic representation in external relations.
Making Sense of Decision-making
Authors: Hoyle Carolyn , Sato Mai 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines decision-making and the use of discretion within the Criminal Cases Review Commission using socio-legal analysis, with particular emphasis on the application of the real possibility test at screening, investigation, and referral back to the Court of Appeal. It also describes the theoretical framework used in the review of the Commission's discretion and decision-making. The chapter begins with a discussion of how the Commission decides whether there is new evidence and whether that evidence gives rise to a real possibility that the Court of Appeal will find the conviction to be unsafe. It then considers the legal and socio-legal literature on discretion, highlighting the key features of discretionary behaviour and how it is facilitated and constrained in practice. Finally, it explores three concepts proposed by Keith Hawkins in the context of legal decision-making: ‘surround’, ‘field’, and ‘frame’.