bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Monitoring Local Changes in Granite Rock Under Biaxial Test: A Spatiotemporal Imaging Application With Diffuse Waves
Authors: Xie Fan , Ren Yaqiong , Zhou Yongsheng , Larose Eric , Baillet Laurent 
Published: February 2018

AbstractDiffuse acoustic or seismic waves are highly sensitive to detect changes of mechanical properties in heterogeneous geological materials. In particular, thanks to acoustoelasticity, we can quantify stress changes by tracking acoustic or seismic relative velocity changes in the material at test. In this paper, we report on a small‐scale laboratory application of an innovative time‐lapse tomography technique named Locadiff to image spatiotemporal mechanical changes on a granite sample under biaxial loading, using diffuse waves at ultrasonic frequencies (300 kHz to 900 kHz). We demonstrate the ability of the method to image reversible stress evolution and deformation process, together with the development of reversible and irreversible localized microdamage in the specimen at an early stage. Using full‐field infrared thermography, we visualize stress‐induced temperature changes and validate stress images obtained from diffuse ultrasound. We demonstrate that the inversion with a good resolution can be achieved with only a limited number of receivers distributed around a single source, all located at the free surface of the specimen. This small‐scale experiment is a proof of concept for frictional earthquake‐like failure (e.g., stick‐slip) research at laboratory scale as well as large‐scale seismic applications, potentially including active fault monitoring.
Strain Partitioning and Present‐Day Fault Kinematics in NW Tibet From Envisat SAR Interferometry
Authors: Daout Simon , Doin Marie‐Pierre , Peltzer Gilles , Lasserre Cécile , Socquet Anne , Volat Matthieu , Sudhaus Henriette 
Published: February 2018

AbstractAn 8 year archive of Envisat synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data over a 300 × 500 km2 wide area in northwestern Tibet is analyzed to construct a line‐of‐sight map of the current surface velocity field. The resulting velocity map reveals (1) a velocity gradient across the Altyn Tagh fault, (2) a sharp velocity change along a structure following the base of the alluvial fans in southern Tarim, and (3) a broad velocity gradient, following the Jinsha suture. The interferometric synthetic aperture radar velocity field is combined with published GPS data to constrain the geometry and slip rates of a fault model consisting of a vertical fault plane under the Altyn Tagh fault and a shallow flat décollement ending in a steeper ramp on the Tarim side. The solutions converge toward 0.7 mm/yr of pure thrusting on the décollement‐ramp system and 10.5 mm/yr of left‐lateral strike‐slip movement on the Altyn Tagh fault, below a 17 km locking depth. A simple elastic dislocation model across the Jinsha suture shows that data are consistent with 4–8 mm/yr of left‐lateral shear across this structure. Interferometric synthetic aperture radar processing steps include implementing a stepwise unwrapping method starting with high‐quality interferograms to assist in unwrapping noisier interferograms, iteratively estimating long‐wavelength spatial ramps, and referencing all interferograms to bedrock pixels surrounding sedimentary basins. A specific focus on atmospheric delay estimation using the ERA‐Interim model decreases the uncertainty on the velocity across the Tibet border by a factor of 2.
Characteristic Vertical Profiles of Cloud Water Composition in Marine Stratocumulus Clouds and Relationships With Precipitation
Authors: MacDonald Alexander B. , Dadashazar Hossein , Chuang Patrick Y. , Crosbie Ewan , Wang Hailong , Wang Zhen , Jonsson Haflidi H. , Flagan Richard C. , Seinfeld John H. , Sorooshian Armin 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThis study uses airborne cloud water composition measurements to characterize the vertical structure of air‐equivalent mass concentrations of water‐soluble species in marine stratocumulus clouds off the California coast. A total of 385 cloud water samples were collected in the months of July and August between 2011 and 2016 and analyzed for water‐soluble ionic and elemental composition. Three characteristic profiles emerge: (i) a reduction of concentration with in‐cloud altitude for particulate species directly emitted from sources below cloud without in‐cloud sources (e.g., Cl− and Na+), (ii) an increase of concentration with in‐cloud altitude (e.g., NO2− and formate), and (iii) species exhibiting a peak in concentration in the middle of cloud (e.g., non–sea‐salt SO42−, NO3−, and organic acids). Vertical profiles of rainout parameters such as loss frequency, lifetime, and change in concentration with respect to time show that the scavenging efficiency throughout the cloud depth depends strongly on the thickness of the cloud. Thin clouds exhibit a greater scavenging loss frequency at cloud top, while thick clouds have a greater scavenging loss frequency at cloud base. The implications of these results for treatment of wet scavenging in models are discussed.
Cross Calibration of the GPS Constellation CXD Proton Data With GOES EPS
Authors: Carver Matthew R. , Sullivan John P. , Morley Steven K. , Rodriguez Juan V. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractAccurate proton flux measurements of the near‐Earth environment are essential to the understanding of many phenomena which have a direct impact on our lives. Currently, there is only a small set of satellites capable of performing these measurements which makes certain studies and analyses difficult. This paper details the capabilities of the Combined X‐ray Dosimeter (CXD), flown on 21 satellites of the Global Positioning System constellation, as it relates to proton measurements. We present a cross calibration of the CXD with the Energetic Particle Sensor (EPS) onboard the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite operated by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. By utilizing Solar Energetic Particle Events when both sets of satellites were operational we have orders of magnitude in flux and energy to compare against. Robust statistical analyses show that the CXD and Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite flux calculations are similar and that for proton energies >30 MeV the CXD fluxes are on average within 20% of EPS. Although the CXD has a response to protons as low as 6 MeV, the sensitivity at energies below 20 MeV is reduced and so flux comparisons of these are generally worse. Integral flux values >10 MeV are typically within 40% of EPS. These calibrated CXD data sets will give researchers capabilities to study solar proton access to the inner magnetosphere down to L ~ 4 near the equatorial plane at high temporal cadence.
Effective Hydraulic Conductivity of Three‐Dimensional Heterogeneous Formations of Lognormal Permeability Distribution: The Impact of Connectivity
Authors: Zarlenga A. , Janković I. , Fiori A. , Dagan G. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractUniform mean flow takes place in a 3‐D heterogeneous formation of normal hydraulic logconductivity
. The aim of the study is to derive the dependence of the horizontal Kefh and vertical Kefv effective conductivities on the structural parameters of hydraulic conductivity and investigate the impact of departure from multi‐Gaussianity on Kef, by numerical simulations of flow in formations that share the same pdf and covariance of Y but differ in the connectivity of classes of Y. The main result is that for the extreme models of connected and disconnected high Y zones the ratio between the effective conductivities in isotropic media is much smaller than in 2‐D. The dependence of
and Kefv upon the logconductivity variance and the anisotropy ratio is compared with existing approximations (first‐order, Landau‐Matheron conjecture, self‐consistent approximation). Besides the theoretical interest, the results offer a basis for empirical relationships to be used in applications.
A study on the effect of detector resolution on gamma index passing rate for VMAT and IMRT QA
Authors: Woon WuiAnn , Ravindran Paul B , Ekayanake Piyasiri , S Vikraman , Lim Yivonne YF , Khalid Jamsari 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe main objectives of this study are to (1) analyze the sensitivity of various gamma index passing rates using different types of detectors having different resolutions and (2) investigate the sensitivity of various gamma criteria in intensity‐modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) and volumetrically modulated arc therapy (VMAT) quality assurance (QA) for the detection of systematic multileaf collimator (MLC) errors using an electronic portal imaging device (EPID) and planar (MapCheck2) and cylindrical (ArcCheck) diode arrays. We also evaluated whether the correlation between the gamma passing rate (%GP) and the percentage dose error (%DE) of the dose–volume histogram (DVH) metrics was affected by the finite spatial resolution of the array detectors. We deliberately simulated systematic MLC errors of 0.25 mm, 0.50 mm, 0.75 mm, and 1 mm in five clinical nasopharyngeal carcinoma cases, thus creating 40 plans with systematic MLC errors. All measurements were analyzed field by field using gamma criteria of 3%/3 mm, 3%/2 mm, 3%/1 mm, and 2%/2 mm, with a passing rate of 90% applied as the action level. Our results showed that 3%/1 mm is the most sensitive criterion for the detection of systematic MLC errors when using EPID, with the steepest slope from the best‐fit line and an area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve >0.95. With respect to the 3%/1 mm criterion, a strong correlation between %GP and %DE of the DVH metrics was observed only when using the EPID. However, with respect to the same criteria, a 0.75 mm systematic MLC error can go undetected when using MapCheck2 and ArcCheck, with an area under the ROC curve <0.75. Furthermore, a lack of correlation between %GP and %DE of the DVH metrics was observed in MapCheck2 and ArcCheck. In conclusion, low‐spatial resolution detectors can affect the results of a per‐field gamma analysis and render the analysis unable to accurately separate erroneous and non‐erroneous plans. Meeting these new sensitive criteria is expected to ensure clinically acceptable dose errors.
Phase‐Modulated Band Alignment in CdS Nanorod/SnSx Nanosheet Hierarchical Heterojunctions toward Efficient Water Splitting
Authors: Fu Yanming , Cao Fengren , Wu Fangli , Diao Zhidan , Chen Jie , Shen Shaohua , Li Liang 
Published: February 2018

AbstractCdS is a promising visible light response photoanode of photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting, but it remains a great challenge for practical application, due to the photohole‐induced self‐corrosion, and sulfide/sulfite ions as hole scavengers are always necessary for stable solar hydrogen generation. Herein, a CdS/SnSx nanorods/nanosheets hierarchical heterostructure with novel phase‐engineered band alignment is rationally designed via a two‐step solution reaction route for PEC water splitting. In the Na2SO4 aqueous electrolyte without any hole scavengers, compared with the pristine CdS, the CdS/SnSx photoanode achieves a remarkably enhanced photocurrent density of 1.59 mA cm−2 and a considerable stability at bias potential 1.23 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) under simulated sunlight. It is proposed that the deposited SnSx nanosheets not only act as protective layers to restrain the photocorrosion of CdS, but also facilitate the charge separation in CdS by the virtue of the Type II heterojunction formed between CdS and SnSx.
Direct 3D Printing of Ultralight Graphene Oxide Aerogel Microlattices
Authors: Jiang Yanqiu , Xu Zhen , Huang Tieqi , Liu Yingjun , Guo Fan , Xi Jiabin , Gao Weiwei , Gao Chao 
Published: February 2018

AbstractGraphene aerogel microlattices (GAMs) hold great prospects for many multifunctional applications due to their low density, high porosity, designed lattice structures, good elasticity, and tunable electrical conductivity. Previous 3D printing approaches to fabricate GAMs require either high content of additives or complex processes, limiting their wide applications. Here, a facile ion‐induced gelation method is demonstrated to directly print GAMs from graphene oxide (GO) based ink. With trace addition of Ca2+ ions as gelators, aqueous GO sol converts to printable gel ink. Self‐standing 3D structures with programmable microlattices are directly printed just in air at room temperature. The rich hierarchical pores and high electrical conductivity of GAMs bring admirable capacitive performance for supercapacitors. The gravimetric capacitance (Cs) of GAMs is 213 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 and 183 F g−1 at 100 A g−1, and retains over 90% after 50 000 cycles. The facile, direct 3D printing of neat graphene oxide can promote wide applications of GAMs from energy storage to tissue engineering scaffolds.
Single Carbon Fibers with a Macroscopic‐Thickness, 3D Highly Porous Carbon Nanotube Coating
Authors: Zou Mingchu , Zhao Wenqi , Wu Huaisheng , Zhang Hui , Xu Wenjing , Yang Liusi , Wu Shiting , Wang Yunsong , Chen Yijun , Xu Lu , Cao Anyuan 
Published: February 2018

AbstractCarbon fiber (CF) grafted with a layer of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) plays an important role in composite materials and other fields; to date, the applications of CNTs@CF multiscale fibers are severely hindered by the limited amount of CNTs grafted on individual CFs and the weak interfacial binding force. Here, monolithic CNTs@CF fibers consisting of a 3D highly porous CNT sponge layer with macroscopic‐thickness (up to several millimeters), which is directly grown on a single CF, are fabricated. Mechanical tests reveal high sponge–CF interfacial strength owing to the presence of a thin transitional layer, which completely inhibits the CF slippage from the matrix upon fracture in CNTs@CF fiber–epoxy composites. The porous conductive CNTs@CF hybrid fibers also act as a template for introducing active materials (pseudopolymers and oxides), and a solid‐state fiber‐shaped supercapacitor and a fiber‐type lithium‐ion battery with high performances are demonstrated. These CNTs@CF fibers with macroscopic CNT layer thickness have many potential applications in areas such as hierarchically reinforced composites and flexible energy‐storage textiles.
In situ Optical Study of Gold Nanorod Coupling with Graphene
Authors: Zhao Jingyi , Cao Zhengmin , Cheng Yuqing , Xu Jianning , Wen Te , Hu Aiqin , Gong Qihuang , Lu Guowei 
Published: February 2018

AbstractElectron or energy transfer process is critical to understand the interaction between graphene and metal nanostructures. Combining atomic force microscope nanomanipulation with single‐particle spectroscopy enables in situ investigation of the interaction between single gold nanorod and monolayer graphene. This paper reveals that scattering and photoluminescence intensity of the nanorod decreased after coupling with monolayer graphene. The coupling strength is distance dependent and different for diverse nanoparticles, resulting in intensity quenching ratio varying from 20% to 60%, and broadening of resonance linewidth varying from 18 to 38 meV. These results clarify previous controversy between ensemble studies and single‐particle measurements, and that contributes to the deeper understanding of plasmonic graphene hybrids.
Photomultiplication Type Organic Photodetectors with Broadband and Narrowband Response Ability
Authors: Miao Jianli , Zhang Fujun , Du Mingde , Wang Wenbin , Fang Ying 
Published: February 2018

AbstractIt is a great challenge to achieve highly sensitive organic photodetectors (OPDs) with broadband and narrowband response ability. The OPDs with an extraordinary structure of ITO/PFN‐OX/P3HT:PTB7‐Th:PC61BM (100‐x:x:1, wt/wt/wt)/Al are elaborately fabricated, exhibiting tunable spectral response dependent on the bias polarity. The optimized ternary OPDs with 3 µm P3HT:PTB7‐Th:PC61BM (40:60:1) as active layers exhibit broadband spectral response from 350 to 800 nm under forward bias and narrowband spectral response from 750 to 850 nm with a full width half maximum (FWHM) of ≈40 nm under reverse bias. In particular, the FWHM of narrowband response windows can be kept well under different reverse biases. Moreover, the optimized ternary OPDs also exhibit photomultiplication (PM) phenomenon under forward and reverse bias, resulting from the interfacial trap‐assisted hole tunneling injection from external circuit. This should be the first demonstration of PM type OPDs with broadband and narrowband response ability, which would possess wide potential applications, especially in integrated optoelectronic products.
Intermolecular Electrochemical C(sp3)‐H/N‐H Cross‐coupling of Xanthenes with N‐alkoxyamides: Radical Pathway Mediated by Ferrocene as a Redox Catalyst
Authors: Lin Meng‐Ying , Xu Kun , Jiang Yang‐Ye , Liu Yong‐Guo , Sun Bao‐Guo , Zeng Cheng‐Chu 
Published: February 2018

AbstractEfficient intermolecular dehydrogenative cross‐coupling of N‐alkyloxyamides with xanthenes is reported. The protocol is carried out in an undivided cell under constant current conditions employing simple, cheap and readily available ferrocene (Fc) as a redox catalyst. Cyclic voltammetry and control experiments disclosed that the dehydrogenative cross‐coupling reaction may proceed via an amidyl radical.magnified image
Synthesis and properties of an acrylamide‐based polymer for enhanced oil recovery: A preliminary study
Authors: Wu Gang , Yu Liangmin , Jiang Xiaohui 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThis research evaluates performance of an acrylamide‐based polymer which can be used for displacing reservoir oil. Three associated polymeric systems were proposed based on hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM), reported PAAHO, and the novel synthesized and characterized functionalized copolymer PAAHAI. Polymer solution behaviors were used to examine the changes in viscosity when the polymer was applied under certain reservoir conditions. PAAHAI showed a higher resistance and tolerance to temperature and salt content than HPAM and PAAHO. The antimicrobial degradation rates of PAAHAI could reach up to 13.2% and 21.7% for Bacillus sp. PAH‐2 and Pseudomonas sp. LP‐7, respectively. The inhibition efficiency of PAAHAI could reach as high as 93.08% in 1M HCl at 25°C. These results indicate that PAAHAI can be suitable for application in enhanced oil recovery.
Thickness‐dependent optical and structural properties of polytetrafluoroethylene/zinc oxide films by radio frequency magnetron sputtering
Authors: Tripathi Shilpa , De Rajnarayan , Rao Kompalli D. , Haque Sheikh M. , Goud Bhujagouni K. , Prathap Chillakala , Misal Jitendra S. , Patidar Manju M. , Ganesan Vedachalaiyer , Sahoo Naba K. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractPTFE/ZnO films with varying ZnO thickness were prepared by RF magnetron sputtering under high vacuum (100W RF power). The PTFE/ZnO films show slight enhancement in transmission in the visible range as compared to bare ZnO films. There is a clear UV light cutoff (rapid fall below 380 nm with negligible transmission below ~300 nm) after 10‐min deposition of ZnO, which remains unaffected by further depositing PTFE. Transmission data reveal that absorption edge falls in the range of 300–380 nm, below which, the transmission reduced to only ~0.02% giving an optical density of 4 (for the film deposited for 20 min [total thickness ~415 nm]) in the 200–250 nm range. As the ZnO layer thickness increases, the polycrystallinity increases and simultaneously, roughness increases. It leads to a change in crystallite orientations and also in the distribution of grains on film surface. Corresponding AFM image shows island‐like growth, leading to an intermixed ZnO/PTFE layer. The roughness of surface in lower as well as higher thickness range is found to be high (~8–9 nm) except the film in which continuous layer seems to be grown. Based on this, a layer model was developed that consists of glass substrate, native oxide SiO2 layer on this substrate, then a dense ZnO layer followed by mixed PTFE/ZnO layer which is then covered by top PTFE as evident from the ellipsometry fitting. Overall results suggest that by choosing proper thicknesses and number of layers, such thin films might be used in antireflection coatings with UV protection below 400 nm. Based on these experimental results, an optimized simulated layer model consisting of suitable layer thicknesses of ZnO and PTFE has been suggested to achieve high transmission in the visible wavelength region.
Interface Modulation and Optimization of Electrical Properties of HfGdO/GaAs Gate Stacks by ALD‐Derived Al2O3 Passivation Layer and Forming Gas Annealing
Authors: Jiang Shanshan , He Gang , Liu Mao , Zhu Li , Liang Shuang , Li Wendong , Sun Zhaoqi , Tian Mingliang 
Published: February 2018

AbstractMetal‐oxide‐semiconductor (MOS) capacitors with sputtering‐deposited Gd‐doped HfO2(HGO) high k gate dielectric thin films and ALD‐derived Al2O3 interfacial passivation layer were fabricated on GaAs substrates. The effects of the passivation layer and the forming gas annealing (FGA) temperature were explored by studying the interfacial chemical bonding states and electrical properties of HGO/GaAs and HGO/Al2O3/GaAs gate stacks via x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), capacitance‐voltage (C–V), and leakage current density‐voltage ( J–V) measurements. Results indicated that the MOS capacitors performances were enhanced by performing FGA. The electrical analysis revealed that the 300 °C‐annealed Al/HGO/GaAs/Al MOS capacitor with 20 cycles Al2O3 passivation layer experienced improved electrical properties, with a dielectric constant of 44, a flat band voltage of 0.64 V, a hysteresis of 0.02 V corresponding to the oxide charge density of −6.2 × 1012 cm2, border trapped oxide charge density of −3.02 × 1011 cm2, a leakage current density 5.87 × 10‐6 A/cm2 at a bias voltage of 2 V. The low temperature (77–300 K) dependent detailed current conduction mechanisms (CCMs) of the 300 °C‐annealed MOS capacitor at low temperatures were also systematically investigated. The optimized interface chemistry and the excellent electrical properties suggested that HGO/Al2O3/GaAs potential gate stacks could be applied in future III‐V‐based MOSFET devices.
Computed tomography analysis of frontal cell prevalence according to the International Frontal Sinus Anatomy Classification
Authors: Choby Garret , Thamboo Andrew , Won Tae‐Bin , Kim Jooyeon , Shih Liang Chun , Hwang Peter H. 
Published: February 2018

BackgroundThe International Frontal Sinus Anatomy Classification (IFAC) is an international consensus document published in 2016 to standardize the nomenclature of cells in the region of the frontal recess and frontal sinus. The IFAC was designed to be surgically relevant and anatomically precise. The current study was undertaken to assess the prevalence of the frontal cell variants as defined by the IFAC, as well as to determine the interrater reliability of the IFAC.MethodsThree independent reviewers examined triplanar nondiseased maxillofacial computed tomography (CT) scans to assess the anatomy of the frontal recess according to the IFAC system. The prevalence of each cell type was assessed and interrater reliability was measured using an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC).ResultsOne hundred CT scans (200 sides) were examined. Of the 200 sides, 96.5% contained an agger nasi cell (ICC, 0.82; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.77‐0.86), 30.0% contained a supra agger cell (ICC, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.86‐0.92), 20.0% contained a supra agger frontal cell (ICC 0.80; 95% CI 0.74‐0.84), 72.0% contained a supra bulla cell (ICC, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.76‐0.85), 5.5% contained a supra bulla frontal cell (ICC, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.63‐0.77), 28.5% contained a supraorbital ethmoid cell (ICC, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.72‐0.83), and 30.0% contained a frontal septal cell (ICC, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.74‐0.84). The ICC was good to excellent for identification of all frontal cell types.ConclusionsThis study describes the normative distribution of frontal recess cells in a nondiseased population according to IFAC and demonstrates favorable interrater reliability of the classification system.