bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structural Ceramics Modified with Technogenic Isostatic Nanographite
Authors: Yakovlev Grigory , Grahov Valery , Yuri Mikhailov , Drochytka Rostislav , Kizinievich Olga , Ginchitskaya Yuliya , Gordina Anastasia 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
During the production of ceramic wall materials based on acidic and semi-acidic loams, products with low physical and technical parameters are obtained. To improve the characteristics of structural ceramics, it is suggested to modify the raw material with ultra- and nano-dispersed additives based on technogenic isostatic graphite instead of the traditionally used synthesized carbon nanosystems. The paper investigates the effect of aqueous dispersions of technogenic nanographite functionalized with surfactant additive C-3 on the properties and structure of ceramics. Infrared spectral and differential thermal analysis and computed tomography have confirmed structural modification of ceramics, occurring, when isostatic graphite being added, along with the formation of a denser and more uniform structure of the ceramic shard, which, in turn, increases the strength properties. It is noted that adding ultrafine graphite of to 0.005 % of the mass of clay gives an increase in compressive strength up to 50 %, which will increase the grade of manufactured products. The advantages of using technogenic graphite in comparison with carbon nanotubes are its low cost and preservation of properties at firing temperatures of structural ceramics.
Criteria for evaluation and selection of the best offer for the Contract Engineer service
Authors: Grzyl Beata , Apollo Magdalena , Heyducki Igor 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The purpose of the legal regulations regarding public procurement in EU countries is to ensure effective funds’ spending. When assessing and selecting the best offer, the contracting entities have at their disposal many different criteria, including non-price criteria. Their proper selection and application is necessary to ensure the high quality of the ordered product, delivery or service. Making an order for intellectual services, including performed by the Contract Engineer (CE), should be based primarily on the criterion of qualifications and experience. The actions and decisions taken by CE are particularly important for the quality and timeliness of the contract. The purpose of the research is to indicate to what scope and extent the awarding entities in Poland use the possibility of a wide selection of different criteria for the evaluation of intellectual services, consisting of performing the CE function. On the basis of selected proceedings, the authors discuss the criteria for evaluation and selection of the best offer applied in practice, classify them, analyze and evaluate them. The results of the conducted research indicate that the price and experience are often used in practice as the CE selection criteria. The authors, however, give numerous examples of other criteria. In many cases, these criteria are difficult to verify at the stage of evaluating offers and enforcing them in practice in course of works, raising doubts as to their effectiveness, sometimes making it impossible to make a reliable assessment and select the most advantageous offer. The authors indicate that despite many possibilities offered by the legal status in force in Poland, in practice, in some cases, criteria that have a large impact on the increase of the proposed service price, but not reflected in its quality, apply. As a consequence, it results in the lack of effective spending of public funds.
Sustainability in Architectural Design: Smart Systems and Traditional Materials
Authors: Dabija Ana-Maria 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
When discussing about sustainability in buildings we usually refer to the Brundtland Report, to the energy consumption that has increased dramatically, to the planet’s resources that are decreasing, to the wild life that must be preserved. We take into consideration the environmental – natural and anthropic - agents, resources – human as well as materials – life service of the building etc. Less is discussed about sustainability in architectural design and detailing, although the details are the ones that, beyond paper drawings, keep the building together and ensure the expected service life and the life cycle of the building. “God is in the details”- as Mies van der Rohe stated more than 50 years ago – applies to a less spectacular side of our profession but, nevertheless, the one that contributes significantly to the character of the architectural object (if applied in buildings, of course). This paper refers to sustainable architectural concepts and details and their history.
Metallurgical Sludge as Sand Replacement and Constituent of Crushed Concrete Aggregate
Authors: Alwaeli Mohamed , Golaszewski Jacek , Pizon Jan , Andrzejewska Ada , Szwan Patryk , Ceglarz Karolina , Buchta Wojciech , Jachnik Tomasz , Zlotos Jakub 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Wastes are indispensable part of human existence. In 2017 in Poland, as much as 90.5% (113.8 million Mg) of all wastes were those related to economic activity. Already for years, the largest group of industrial waste are those from the mining, energy and metallurgical industries. Numerous scientific studies have shown possibilities of using metallurgical waste for the production of concrete and aggregates. What’s more, their use can significantly reduce the negative impact on the environment, such as acidification, eutrophication, greenhouse effect or photochemical potential of ozone formation. The aim of the following research is to assess the possibility of using mixture of sludges from the metallurgical industry as a partial replacement for natural aggregates in order to reduce the negative impact on the environment as well as reduce the consumption of natural resources in accordance with the Circular Economy concept. Concrete samples containing 33% of dried and ground sludge as a substitute for sand and concrete containing crushed aggregate from concrete containing this sludge as a substitute for natural coarse aggregate in the amount of 25 and 50% and rounded aggregate from recycled concrete mix containing this sludge as a substitute for natural coarse aggregate in quantities 25 and 50%. The tests of air content, consistency and density of concrete mix as well as compressive strength tests after 2, 7 and 28 days of curing, permeability and water absorption after 28 days of curing were carried out. The sludge as partial sand replacement deteriorates the consistency of concrete mixtures, increases the air content and the density of the concrete mix. Use of recycled concrete aggregates containing sludge also deteriorated the consistency and increased the air content, but at the same time slightly reduced the density of the concrete mix. The use of sludge as a substitute for sand or recycled concrete aggregate as a replacement of natural aggregate affected the absorption of concrete. It is impossible to determine the correlation of absorbability and aggregate replacement level. The use of sludge as a sand replacement has increased the permeability of concrete to the greatest extent. The use of rounded aggregate from recycled concrete mix also but to a lesser extent, and the use of crushed recycled concrete aggregate from did not affect the permeability of concrete. In comparison of compressive strength results of reference concrete, an increase in strength by about 20% for concretes with recycled aggregate and about 40% for concrete with sludge as sand replacement was found. In addition, the conducted research has shown that it is possible to make concrete with the use of metallurgical sludge as a 30% replacement of sand, and then to create aggregate from the resulting composite.
Construction Project Scheduling Taking into Account the Risk of Temperatures Below –10°C in Poland
Authors: Rogalska Magdalena , Hejducki Zdzisław 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The article attempts to determine the value of the duration of the building process depending on the risk of the occurrence of temperatures below –10°C in Poland. It summarizes the results of measurements of the temperature study over 62 years (from 1950 to 2011) in Poland. The number of days with temperatures below –10°C in future years was forecasted. The method of ARIMA (Autoregressive Integrated Process Average) STATISTICA STAT SOFT was used. Stationarity series was tested using an IDW Durbin Watson integrative statistics and homoscedasticity was tested by the Levene test. The forecast error was verified using autocorrelation and partial autocorrelation residues functions. On the basis of calculations, the risk values for outdoor works in each month in Poland was established. It is a part of BIM 6-D calculation. The calculated risk value can be used for the calculation in Risky Project Professional and in other programs. The proposed risk values and the method of calculation are the upcoming modification product, which has not been reported yet.
Assessing the Efficiency of Variance Reduction Methods in the Construction Project Network Simulation
Authors: Biruk Slawomir , Jaskowski Piotr , Czarnigowska Agata 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The Monte Carlo simulation has become a standard tool in the practice of planning risk-affected projects. In particular, it is frequently applied to testing the impact of risk on schedule networks with deterministic structures and random activity durations defined by distribution functions of any type. The accuracy of simulation-based estimates can be improved by increasing the number of replications or by applying variance reduction methods. This paper focuses on the latter and analyzes the impact of the variance reduction method on the scale of the standard error of the estimated mean value of project duration. Three methods of variance reduction were examined: the Quasi-Monte Carlo with Weyl sequence sampling, the antithetic variates, and the Latin Hypercube Sampling. The object of the simulation experiment was a sample network model with the activity durations of triangular distributions. This type of distribution was selected as it is often applied in the practice of construction scheduling to capture the variability of operating conditions in the absence of grounds for assuming other types of distribution. The results of the sample simulation provided an indirect proof that applying variance reduction measures may reduce the time of the simulation experiment (reduced number of replications) as well as improve the confidence in the estimates of the model’s characteristics.
Surrealistic Historical Park in Rabka
Authors: Rostanski Krzysztof M. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Rabka Zdroj (Spa) is a popular Polish resort. The Silesian Rehabilitation and Spa Centre built here in 1949 was designed by Stanislaw Gruszka in the International Style, which was innovative at that time. The park surrounding the spa building has interesting tree specimens laid out according to a simple geometrical principle with free fillers. In the west part, the path arrangement is geometrical with three symmetrical gardens on rectangular terraces. Whereas in the south part, its form of abstract winding paths is quite unique, resembling a totem placed horizontally. The research conducted shows that the shapes applied here and the deformed symmetry may refer to the works of Miró or Hans Arp. The project’s author was related to the community of Warsaw artists fascinated with futurism and surrealism in the 20 years of Poland’s independence after World War I. In the late 1940s the destructive influence of the communist ideology did not yet manage to leave its mark on the architecture of the structure discussed, and thus the place was given its unique beauty. Nowadays the park is being revitalized following the project designed by the author of the article and his team and its implementation has gained financial support from the EU. The leitmotif for the revitalization is to emphasize its surrealistic forms. In the surrealistic garden, there will be created a multi-layered narrative structure with an emphasized outline of plant field paths and surrealistic benches and deckchairs especially designed. Educational paths are designed to discuss various topics, like the history of modernist spa buildings in Malopolska (Little Poland – a province in the south of Poland, whose capital is Cracow), the history of Polish poster design in the 20 years of Poland’s independence between WWI and WWII, as well as the park’s natural aspects. Another abstract idea will also be found in the Rabka Code, a game enabling to develop tasks of one’s own choice to be solved in the field. The present article discusses the research carried out on the history of the structure and its formal relations as well as the design decisions already taken. It should be stressed that a surrealistic path layout is a very rare solution in the history of park architecture. Even if parks may have surrealistic sculptures, the surrounding area usually retains its modernist, simple geometrical form. In the future surrealistic sculptures may also appear in the park in Rabka Zdroj. Nowadays, however, it is more important to maintain its unique aesthetic values both in the park plan and in the detail of decorative structures.
Hybrid System that Integrates the Lost Energy Recovery on the Water-Water Heat Pump Exhaust Circuit
Authors: Tokar Danut , Stroita Catalin , Tokar Adriana , Rusen Alexandra 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Exceeding intermitence and the stochastic character associated with most renewable energy sources in order to maintain the balance between generation and consumption require the most efficient energy storage methods. This balance is important to maintain the quality of the power supply by adjusting the frequency and voltage of the grid. Storage is the capture of the energy produced at a given time for later use. It is known that electricity cannot be stored directly unless it is stored in condenser batteries or in superconducting coils. Other methods of electricity storage presuppose the conversion of these into other forms of energy: mechanical storage, electrochemical storage. The optimization of RES operation and, implicitly, of the energy system implies the choice of a suitable conversion / storage system that must take into account a number of factors, such as: capacity and minimum storage time, loading and unloading conditions, minimum number of cycles download loading, power supply required by the storage system, system lifetime. It is not to be neglected the space required for the installation of the storage systems and their impact on the environment during their exploitation as well as during the post-use and recycling period. There are RES that contain natural storage systems (hydro-electric power plants and biomass and biogas generators). The article proposes an analysis of how to store electricity by approach a Pelton water-water-turbine hybrid system. The heat pump consumes electrical energy for action, producing a thermal effect. By integrating a system with Pelton water storage tank and turbine on the heat pump outlet circuit, the lost hydraulic energy can be recovered. The experimental hybrid system was made to develop HRES optimization models. Hybrid systems may exceed the limits of individual generators in terms of efficiency, economy, reliability and flexibility. An energy storage system can alleviate the problems associated with uncertainties and fluctuations from renewable sources. The large number of random variables and parameters in a hybrid energy system requires optimization to increase the efficiency of hybrid system components to achieve economic and technical benefits.
Investigation of the BOTDA Technology for Structural Condition Monitoring of Urban Tunnel
Authors: Li Hu , Liu Yang , Cao Jianxin , Shu Pengyu 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Structural condition monitoring of actual tunnels always needs many measured points of structural response as much as possible. The Brillouin optical time domain analysis (BOTDA) technology has obvious advantages in supplying amounts of measured points of strain along the sensing optical fibre. Therefore, the application of BOTDA technique for structural health monitoring (SHM) of an actual urban tunnel was investigated in this study. The SHM system based on BOTDA technique is designed for an actual tunnel, so this system realizes the long-distance and high spatial resolution of measured strain and temperature field of tunnel structure. And then the placement of long-distance sensing optical fibre of the actual tunnel was introduced in detail. The software system is described in the following aspects such as the function of collection, display and security diagnosis and early warning. Finally the effectiveness of the BOTDA technique for condition monitoring of actual tunnel is discussed.
Evaluation of The Modification Efficiency of Bituminous Binders with SBS Polymer Based on Changes in Strain Energy in the Ductility Test
Authors: Mieczkowski Pawel , Budzinski Bartosz 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Road pavement layers in many cases are done of hot mix asphalt (HMA). It is mixture of mineral aggregate and asphalt binder. The content of the bituminous binder is not very significant (several percent). In fact, asphalt binder decides about every properties of hot mix asphalt in significant range. Traffic condition is still changing (traffic is growing and trucks are heavier). It is reason to find better solution to asphalt pavement and improve parameters asphalt binder. One of important attribute is sensitivity for temperature. Searching for a way to improve cohesion, viscosity and adhesion to mineral aggregate is one of the directions research. One of solution is use application of modifier. The most popular are polymers. Most frequently used copolymers to modify asphalt binder are thermoplastic elastomer styrene - butadiene - styrene (SBS). Thermoplastic polymers are used in practice, which soften upon heating and harden during cooling (reversible process), reminding in this respect the behaviour of asphalts. In article, authors have present tests results of modified asphalt binder by SBS polymer. Tests were made on two types of bitumen, one of them was distilled asphalt, second oxidised. Amount of modifier was variable and was from 0% to 6%. Results of test confirmed usefulness SBS polymer to modify asphalt. In every cases noticed increase penetration index (PI) and change structure of bitumen from sol-gel to typical gel. Effect of this is reduce thermal sensitivity. Resistance to changing of temperature is better. After tests and analyses, the authors stated that amount of polymer above 2% clearly changes asphalt parameters both hard and soft.
Impact of assembly parameters on the resistance of steel anchors
Authors: Dudek Daniel 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
In the current research practice, there is no documented influence of factors on load-bearing resistance and durability of joints by using steel anchors fasteners for fastening structural elements. The basic factors that may affect the load resistance are in particularvarious assembly parameters of steel anchors/connectors, the condition of the substrate (possible cracks), the grain size of concrete substrates, and additional reinforcement in the form of dispersed admixtures. The work determines changes in the load-bearing resistance of M12 steel anchors, depending on the anchorage depth used and the tightening/installation torque applied. The tests were carried out on cracked and non-cracked C20/25 concrete substrates. As part of the load resistance analysis, the correction coefficients of the load capacity of pulling-out of the steel anchors, which can correct the design loadings for pulling out of concrete substrates in the C20/25 ÷ C50/60 class range and correlations of these resistance, were determined. Two types of steel anchors: ring and sleeve on diameter M12 were selected for the tests, as commonly used structures of steel anchors in the construction industry. The article presents the results of tests for specific pull-out resistances of steel anchors installed in concrete. All tests were carried out for the purposes of this paper at normal temperature, without factoring in influence of concrete or air moisture content.
The Dilemmas of Choosing a Suitable Technology for Low Energy and Passive Houses in the Context of their Overheating Issues
Authors: Karas Alicja , Idem Robert 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
In compliance with European Union directives, numerous countries are introducing increasingly stricter legal limits on the estimated energy consumption of newly designed residential buildings. However, the fact, that regulations and designers’ efforts are focused on decreasing energy consumption (and consequently carbon dioxide emissions) only at the post-occupancy stage, may lead to a significant increase in the carbon footprint of the buildings during their entire life cycle. A frequent criticism levelled at low-energy and passive buildings is that they are susceptible to the phenomenon of overheating. The reduction of overheating through the choice of “massive” technologies, materials with high thermal capacity as well as a high heat dispersion coefficient, stands in opposition to the requirement to choose the technologies that ensure a low ecological footprint (i.e. timber frame technologies). The development of a tool facilitating decision making in this issue seems to be a challenge. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a well-known, optimal method for forecasting buildings’ carbon footprint, however, it is an expensive and time-consuming method. Life Cycle Assessment is a method dedicated to large investments. In practice, such analysis are not carried out for residential buildings. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the foregoing problem on the example of detached single-family houses and to propose a method and tool that can assist architectural design in this regard.