bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New Deal Mass Surveillance: The “Black Inquisition Committee,” 1935–1936
Authors: Beito David T. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract:At the behest of the Roosevelt administration in 1935, the U.S. Senate established a special committee to investigate lobbying activities by opponents of the “death sentence” of the Public Utility Holding Company Bill. Chaired by Hugo L. Black (D-Ala.), the “Black Committee” expanded its mission into a more general probe of anti–New Deal organizations and individuals. The committee used highly intrusive methods, notably catch-all dragnet subpoenas, to secure evidence. It worked closely with the IRS for access to tax returns and with the FCC to obtain copies of millions of telegrams. When the telegram search became public information, there was a major backlash from the press, Congress, and the courts. Court rulings in 1936, resulting from suits by William Randolph Hearst and others, not only limited the committee’s powers but provided important checks for future investigators, including Senator Joseph McCarthy.
Social Policy by Other Means? Mutual Aid and the Origins of the Modern Welfare State in Britain During the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries
Authors: Harris Bernard 
Published: March 2018

Abstract:During the last twenty years, several writers have drawn attention to the role played by friendly societies and other mutual-aid organizations in the development of Britain’s welfare state. Proponents of mutual aid have argued that these organizations were part of the rich associational culture of working-class life; that they represented a viable alternative to state welfare; and that they were eventually undermined by it. However, this article highlights the challenges that these organizations were already facing toward the end of the nineteenth century as a result of changes in working-class culture and the rise of more commercial insurance agencies. It suggests that the rise of state welfare was not so much a cause of these difficulties as a response to them. It also examines the role that friendly societies played in the expansion of welfare services after 1914 and their attitude to calls for further expansion before 1945.
Natural Gas Policy Path: Built to Boom
Authors: Kear Andrew R. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract:Using federalism as a guide, this research explores the conflicted, complementary and unique natural gas policy paths of the U.S. federal government, Wyoming and Colorado and analyzes how policies facilitate and respond to booms. Federal policymaking has consistently focused on gas ownership, leasing, interstate dispute resolution and fiscal mechanisms to stimulate and manage development. At the state level, policies are designed to enable exploration and production while protecting fuel mineral rights, minimizing waste and generating revenue. During the most recent gas boom, driven in part by technological advances like fracking, policies are being tested from local to national levels. Colorado demonstrates that states can balance economic benefits with environmental and social costs of gas booms, thus providing an example for other gas producing states. Whether states serve as stewards or laggards is a function of federalism and choice, but the direction of federal and state natural gas policy remains a long-term play.
Clearing the Pipeline? Gender and the Review Process at the American Political Science Review
Authors: Breuning Marijke , Gross Benjamin Isaak , Feinberg Ayal , Martinez Melissa , Sharma Ramesh , Ishiyama John 
Published: March 2018

ABSTRACTIs the peer-review process at academic journals gendered? The answer to this question has important implications for the advancement of women in the political science profession. However, few studies have had access to data that can evaluate whether the peer-review process is gendered. We investigate this for papers submitted to the American Political Science Review across two editorial teams to identify trends over time. We evaluate overall differences across gender, but we also present more fine-grained data to evaluate gender differences across subfield, methodology, and submitting author’s institutional affiliation and academic rank. Furthermore, we show that prior service as a reviewer is associated with a higher acceptance rate for first-time submitters. We demonstrate that the review process is not gendered. Women’s share of submissions and acceptances has risen but remains lower than their presence in the discipline.
Accumbens dopamine D2 receptors increase motivation by decreasing inhibitory transmission to the ventral pallidum
Authors: Gallo Eduardo F. , Meszaros Jozsef , Sherman Jeremy D. , Chohan Muhammad O. , Teboul Eric , Choi Claire S. , Moore Holly , Javitch Jonathan A. , Kellendonk Christoph 
Published: March 2018

AbstractDopamine D2 receptors (D2Rs) in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) regulate motivated behavior, but the underlying neurobiological mechanisms remain unresolved. Here, we show that selective upregulation of D2Rs in the indirect pathway of the adult NAc enhances the willingness to work for food. Mechanistic studies in brain slices reveal that D2R upregulation attenuates inhibitory transmission at two main output projections of the indirect pathway, the classical long-range projections to the ventral pallidum (VP), as well as local collaterals to direct pathway medium spiny neurons. In vivo physiology confirms the reduction in indirect pathway inhibitory transmission to the VP, and inhibition of indirect pathway terminals to VP is sufficient to enhance motivation. In contrast, D2R upregulation in the indirect pathway does not disinhibit neuronal activity of the direct pathway in vivo. These data suggest that D2Rs in ventral striatal projection neurons promote motivation by weakening the canonical output to the ventral pallidum.
Dark zone of the Greenland Ice Sheet controlled by distributed biologically-active impurities
Authors: Ryan Jonathan C. , Hubbard Alun , Stibal Marek , Irvine-Fynn Tristram D. , Cook Joseph , Smith Laurence C. , Cameron Karen , Box Jason 
Published: March 2018

AbstractAlbedo—a primary control on surface melt—varies considerably across the Greenland Ice Sheet yet the specific surface types that comprise its dark zone remain unquantified. Here we use UAV imagery to attribute seven distinct surface types to observed albedo along a 25 km transect dissecting the western, ablating sector of the ice sheet. Our results demonstrate that distributed surface impurities—an admixture of dust, black carbon and pigmented algae—explain 73% of the observed spatial variability in albedo and are responsible for the dark zone itself. Crevassing and supraglacial water also drive albedo reduction but due to their limited extent, explain just 12 and 15% of the observed variability respectively. Cryoconite, concentrated in large holes or fluvial deposits, is the darkest surface type but accounts for <1% of the area and has minimal impact. We propose that the ongoing emergence and dispersal of distributed impurities, amplified by enhanced ablation and biological activity, will drive future expansion of Greenland's dark zone.
The underappreciated potential of peatlands in global climate change mitigation strategies
Authors: Leifeld J. , Menichetti L. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractSoil carbon sequestration and avoidable emissions through peatland restoration are both strategies to tackle climate change. Here we compare their potential and environmental costs regarding nitrogen and land demand. In the event that no further areas are exploited, drained peatlands will cumulatively release 80.8 Gt carbon and 2.3 Gt nitrogen. This corresponds to a contemporary annual greenhouse gas emission of 1.91 (0.31–3.38) Gt CO2-eq. that could be saved with peatland restoration. Soil carbon sequestration on all agricultural land has comparable mitigation potential. However, additional nitrogen is needed to build up a similar carbon pool in organic matter of mineral soils, equivalent to 30–80% of the global fertilizer nitrogen application annually. Restoring peatlands is 3.4 times less nitrogen costly and involves a much smaller land area demand than mineral soil carbon sequestration, calling for a stronger consideration of peatland rehabilitation as a mitigation measure.
Cascading lake drainage on the Greenland Ice Sheet triggered by tensile shock and fracture
Authors: Christoffersen Poul , Bougamont Marion , Hubbard Alun , Doyle Samuel H. , Grigsby Shane , Pettersson Rickard 
Published: March 2018

AbstractSupraglacial lakes on the Greenland Ice Sheet are expanding inland, but the impact on ice flow is equivocal because interior surface conditions may preclude the transfer of surface water to the bed. Here we use a well-constrained 3D model to demonstrate that supraglacial lakes in Greenland drain when tensile-stress perturbations propagate fractures in areas where fractures are normally absent or closed. These melt-induced perturbations escalate when lakes as far as 80 km apart form expansive networks and drain in rapid succession. The result is a tensile shock that establishes new surface-to-bed hydraulic pathways in areas where crevasses transiently open. We show evidence for open crevasses 135 km inland from the ice margin, which is much farther inland than previously considered possible. We hypothesise that inland expansion of lakes will deliver water and heat to isolated regions of the ice sheet’s interior where the impact on ice flow is potentially large.
Compression force sensing regulates integrin αIIbβ3 adhesive function on diabetic platelets
Authors: Ju Lining , McFadyen James D. , Al-Daher Saheb , Alwis Imala , Chen Yunfeng , Tønnesen Lotte L. , Maiocchi Sophie , Coulter Brianna , Calkin Anna C. , Felner Eric I. , Cohen Neale , Yuan Yuping , Schoenwaelder Simone M. , Cooper Mark E. , Zhu Cheng , Jackson Shaun P. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractDiabetes is associated with an exaggerated platelet thrombotic response at sites of vascular injury. Biomechanical forces regulate platelet activation, although the impact of diabetes on this process remains ill-defined. Using a biomembrane force probe (BFP), we demonstrate that compressive force activates integrin αIIbβ3 on discoid diabetic platelets, increasing its association rate with immobilized fibrinogen. This compressive force-induced integrin activation is calcium and PI 3-kinase dependent, resulting in enhanced integrin affinity maturation and exaggerated shear-dependent platelet adhesion. Analysis of discoid platelet aggregation in the mesenteric circulation of mice confirmed that diabetes leads to a marked enhancement in the formation and stability of discoid platelet aggregates, via a mechanism that is not inhibited by therapeutic doses of aspirin and clopidogrel, but is eliminated by PI 3-kinase inhibition. These studies demonstrate the existence of a compression force sensing mechanism linked to αIIbβ3 adhesive function that leads to a distinct prothrombotic phenotype in diabetes.
Spin-liquid-like state in a spin-1/2 square-lattice antiferromagnet perovskite induced by d10–d0 cation mixing
Authors: Mustonen O. , Vasala S. , Sadrollahi E. , Schmidt K. P. , Baines C. , Walker H. C. , Terasaki I. , Litterst F. J. , Baggio-Saitovitch E. , Karppinen M. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractA quantum spin liquid state has long been predicted to arise in spin-1/2 Heisenberg square-lattice antiferromagnets at the boundary region between Néel (nearest-neighbor interaction dominates) and columnar (next-nearest-neighbor interaction dominates) antiferromagnetic order. However, there are no known compounds in this region. Here we use d10–d0 cation mixing to tune the magnetic interactions on the square lattice while simultaneously introducing disorder. We find spin-liquid-like behavior in the double perovskite Sr2Cu(Te0.5W0.5)O6, where the isostructural end phases Sr2CuTeO6 and Sr2CuWO6 are Néel and columnar type antiferromagnets, respectively. We show that magnetism in Sr2Cu(Te0.5W0.5)O6 is entirely dynamic down to 19 mK. Additionally, we observe at low temperatures for Sr2Cu(Te0.5W0.5)O6—similar to several spin liquid candidates—a plateau in muon spin relaxation rate and a strong T-linear dependence in specific heat. Our observations for Sr2Cu(Te0.5W0.5)O6 highlight the role of disorder in addition to magnetic frustration in spin liquid physics.
Crystal structure of undecaprenyl-pyrophosphate phosphatase and its role in peptidoglycan biosynthesis
Authors: El Ghachi Meriem , Howe Nicole , Huang Chia-Ying , Olieric Vincent , Warshamanage Rangana , Touzé Thierry , Weichert Dietmar , Stansfeld Phillip J. , Wang Meitian , Kerff Fred , Caffrey Martin 
Published: March 2018

AbstractAs a protective envelope surrounding the bacterial cell, the peptidoglycan sacculus is a site of vulnerability and an antibiotic target. Peptidoglycan components, assembled in the cytoplasm, are shuttled across the membrane in a cycle that uses undecaprenyl-phosphate. A product of peptidoglycan synthesis, undecaprenyl-pyrophosphate, is converted to undecaprenyl-phosphate for reuse in the cycle by the membrane integral pyrophosphatase, BacA. To understand how BacA functions, we determine its crystal structure at 2.6 Å resolution. The enzyme is open to the periplasm and to the periplasmic leaflet via a pocket that extends into the membrane. Conserved residues map to the pocket where pyrophosphorolysis occurs. BacA incorporates an interdigitated inverted topology repeat, a topology type thus far only reported in transporters and channels. This unique topology raises issues regarding the ancestry of BacA, the possibility that BacA has alternate active sites on either side of the membrane and its possible function as a flippase.
Active cell-matrix coupling regulates cellular force landscapes of cohesive epithelial monolayers
Authors: Zhao Tiankai , Zhang Yao , Wei Qiong , Shi Xuechen , Zhao Peng , Chen Long-Qing , Zhang Sulin 
Published: March 2018

AbstractEpithelial cells can assemble into cohesive monolayers with rich morphologies on substrates due to competition between elastic, edge, and interfacial effects. Here we present a molecularly based thermodynamic model, integrating monolayer and substrate elasticity, and force-mediated focal adhesion formation, to elucidate the active biochemical regulation over the cellular force landscapes in cohesive epithelial monolayers, corroborated by microscopy and immunofluorescence studies. The predicted extracellular traction and intercellular tension are both monolayer size and substrate stiffness dependent, suggestive of cross-talks between intercellular and extracellular activities. Our model sets a firm ground toward a versatile computational framework to uncover the molecular origins of morphogenesis and disease in multicellular epithelia.
Global Incidence and mortality of oesophageal cancer and their correlation with socioeconomic indicators temporal patterns and trends in 41 countries
Authors: Wong Martin C. S. , Hamilton Willie , Whiteman David C. , Jiang Johnny Y. , Qiao Youlin , Fung Franklin D. H. , Wang Harry H. X. , Chiu Philip W. Y. , Ng Enders K. W. , Wu Justin C. Y. , Yu Jun , Chan Francis K. L. , Sung Joseph J. Y. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractOesophageal cancers (adenocarcinomas [AC] and squamous cell carcinomas [SCC]) are characterized by high incidence/mortality in many countries. We aimed to delineate its global incidence and mortality, and studied whether socioeconomic development and its incidence rate were correlated. The age-standardized rates (ASRs) of incidence and mortality of this medical condition in 2012 for 184 nations from the GLOBOCAN database; national databases capturing incidence rates, and the WHO mortality database were examined. Their correlations with two indicators of socioeconomic development were evaluated. Joinpoint regression analysis was used to generate trends. The ratio between the ASR of AC and SCC was strongly correlated with HDI (r = 0.535 [men]; r = 0.661 [women]) and GDP (r = 0.594 [men]; r = 0.550 [women], both p < 0.001). Countries that reported the largest reduction in incidence in male included Poland (Average Annual Percent Change [AAPC] = −7.1, 95%C.I. = −12,−1.9) and Singapore (AAPC = −5.8, 95%C.I. = −9.5,−1.9), whereas for women the greatest decline was seen in Singapore (AAPC = −12.3, 95%C.I. = −17.3,−6.9) and China (AAPC = −5.6, 95%C.I. = −7.6,−3.4). The Philippines (AAPC = 4.3, 95%C.I. = 2,6.6) and Bulgaria (AAPC = 2.8, 95%C.I. = 0.5,5.1) had a significant mortality increase in men; whilst Columbia (AAPC = −6.1, 95%C.I. = −7.5,−4.6) and Slovenia (AAPC = −4.6, 95%C.I. = −7.9,−1.3) reported mortality decline in women. These findings inform individuals at increased risk for primary prevention.
Influence of Polymer Substrate Damage on the Time Dependent Cracking of SiNx Barrier Films
Authors: Kim Kyungjin , Luo Hao , Zhu Ting , Pierron Olivier N. , Graham Samuel 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThis work is concerned with the long-term behavior of environmentally-assisted subcritical cracking of PECVD SiNx barrier films on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyimide (PI) substrates. While environmentally-assisted channel cracking in SiNx has been previously demonstrated, with constant crack growth rates over short periods of time (<1 hour) during which no substrate damage was observed, the present experiments over longer periods reveal a regime where cracking also develops in the polymer substrate. This time-dependent local cracking of the polymer underneath the channel crack is expected based on creep rupture or static fatigue. Our combined in-situ microscopy and finite-element modeling results highlight the combined effects of neighboring cracks and substrate cracking on the crack growth rate evolution in the film. In most cases, the subcritical crack growth rates decrease over time by up to two orders of magnitude until steady-state rates are reached. For SiNx on PI, crack growth rates were found to be more stable over time due to the lack of crack growth in the substrate as compared to SiNx on PET. These results provide a guideline to effectively improving the long-term reliability of flexible barriers by a substrate possessing high strength which limits substrate damage.
Identification of putative promoters in 48 eukaryotic genomes on the basis of DNA free energy
Authors: Yella Venkata Rajesh , Kumar Aditya , Bansal Manju 
Published: March 2018

AbstractTranscription is an intricate mechanism and is orchestrated at the promoter region. The cognate motifs in the promoters are observed in only a subset of total genes across different domains of life. Hence, sequence-motif based promoter prediction may not be a holistic approach for whole genomes. Conversely, the DNA structural property, duplex stability is a characteristic of promoters and can be used to delineate them from other genomic sequences. In this study, we have used a DNA duplex stability based algorithm ‘PromPredict’ for promoter prediction in a broad range of eukaryotes, representing various species of yeast, worm, fly, fish, and mammal. Efficiency of the software has been tested in promoter regions of 48 eukaryotic systems. PromPredict achieves recall values, which range from 68 to 92% in various eukaryotes. PromPredict performs well in mammals, although their core promoter regions are GC rich. ‘PromPredict’ has also been tested for its ability to predict promoter regions for various transcript classes (coding and non-coding), TATA-containing and TATA-less promoters as well as on promoter sequences belonging to different gene expression variability categories. The results support the idea that differential DNA duplex stability is a potential predictor of promoter regions in various genomes.
Correlated Increase of High Ocean Waves and Winds in the Ice-Free Waters of the Arctic Ocean
Authors: Waseda Takuji , Webb Adrean , Sato Kazutoshi , Inoue Jun , Kohout Alison , Penrose Bill , Penrose Scott 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe long-term trend of extreme ocean waves in the emerging ice-free waters of the summer Arctic is studied using ERA-Interim wave reanalysis, with validation by two drifting wave buoys deployed in summer 2016. The 38-year-long reanalysis dataset reveals an increase in the expected largest significant wave height from 2.3 m to 3.1 m in the ice-free water from the Laptev to the Beaufort Seas during October. The trend is highly correlated with the expected increase in highest wind speed from 12.0 m/s to 14.2 m/s over the ice-free ocean, and less so with the extent of the ice-free water. Since the storms in this area did not strengthen throughout the analysis period, the increase in the expected largest significant wave height follows from the enhanced probability of storms in ice-free waters, which is pertinent to the estimation of extreme sea conditions along the Northern Sea Route.
PmCBFs synthetically affect PmDAM6 by alternative promoter binding and protein complexes towards the dormancy of bud for Prunus mume
Authors: Zhao Kai , Zhou Yuzhen , Ahmad Sagheer , Yong Xue , Xie Xuehua , Han Yu , Li Yushu , Sun Lidan , Zhang Qixiang 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe survival in freezing temperature for woody plants is exclusively dependent on the perception of coldness and induction of dormancy. CBF/DREB1 transcriptional factors join cold-response conduits and the DAM genes, especially PmDAM6, are well-known regulators of dormancy. Despite the immense importance, little is documented on the association between CBF proteins and the complexity of the promoter region in PmDAM6 with the function of bud dormancy in P. mume. Therefore, this study was based on the cloning of PmDAM6 and six PmCBFs to evaluate their integral roles in the process of bud development. The consistency of expressions in either vegetative or reproductive buds provided a negative control from PmCBFs to PmDAM6 during the onset of dormancy. Besides, PmCBF5 could form heteromeric complexes with PmDAM1 and PmDAM6. PmCBF1, PmCBF3, and PmDAM4 recognized the promoter of PmDAM6 by the alternative binding sites. Therefore, the interactions of these genes formulated the base of an obvious model to respond to the coldness and engendered dormancy release. Findings of this study will further help the unveil the genetic control of bud dormancy and its augmentation in P. mume and may offer an explanation for the vernalization.
Mandatory Naptimes in Childcare do not Reduce Children’s Cortisol Levels
Authors: Thorpe Karen J. , Pattinson Cassandra L. , Smith Simon S. , Staton Sally L. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe majority of preschool children (aged 3–5 years) no longer habitually nap, yet in childcare settings daily mandated naptimes in which children lie down without alternative activity remains a common practice. Mandated naptimes are associated with observed reductions in emotional climate and increased incidence of distress. While intended to be restful, mandatory naptimes may induce stress in those children unable to sleep. To examine this possibility, we applied a 2 (mandated/flexible practice) × 2 (nap/no-nap) design to test group difference in stress responses of children (N = 43, mean age 56.3 months). Salivary cortisol level was measured at 4 time-points (waking, pre-naptime, post-naptime, and bedtime) across two days at childcare. Overall our results show a significant decline in cortisol level from wake to pre-naptime and from post-naptime to bedtime. No significant change in cortisol level was observed from pre- to post- naptime. Significant group differences in cortisol patterns were observed. Notably, children under mandatory naptime conditions who did not nap showed no significant reduction in cortisol level from post-naptime to bedtime. While cortisol measurement suggests naptime is neither stressful nor restful for children in any group, implications for bedtime arousal are raised for those unable to sleep under conditions of mandated naptimes.