bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Ability of Rot Fungi From Cocoa Plant In Producing Lignocellulosic Enzymes
Authors: Rahim I , Suherman  , Hakzah  , Nasruddin A 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Rot fungi has the ability to degrade components of lignocellulosic which difficult to decompose. Rot fungi degrades components of cellulosic to get the nutrients and excrete the lignocellulosic enzyme. The study aims to examine the ability of rot fungi from decayed cocoa plant to grow on carbon compounds and produce the cellulosic enzyme. The capability of producing the enzyme performed by growing a piece of rot fungi isolates on Czapek Dox Agar media added Remazol dyes Briliant Blue 0.1%. The media was divided into 5 parts and each added one type of substrate lignocellulose: lignin, cellulose, pectin, amylose, and chitin as much as 0.1%. The formation of a clear zone around isolates indicative of enzyme activity. Scoring by measuring the magnitude of the clear zone formed in comparison to the area of petri dish. The results showed there were 9 kinds of rot fungi found in cocoa, namely Mycena sp, Lycoperdon sp, Auricularia sp, Schizophyllum sp, Coprinus sp, Tremella sp, Crepidotus sp, Tremetes sp, dan Pleurotus sp. Tremella sp has the highest ability to produce enzyme ligninase, kitinase, and pectinase, than all other isolates. Lycoperdon sp produces the highest cellulose enzyme, while the highest amylase founded on Pleurotus sp, Tremella sp, Schizophyllum sp, and .Crepidotus sp..
Local Rice Genotypes of Tana Toraja and North Toraja Regencies: Kinship Relations and Character Interaction
Authors: Riadi M , Kasmiati  , Saputra I , Sjahril R , Rafiuddin  
Published: May 2019

AbstractTree, The Regency of Tana Toraja and North Toraja, are two regencies in the Province of South Sulawesi where even though both are not the center of rice crop development, but in both regencies we can find many cultivated local rice genotypes. This study aims to determine the relationship between local rice genotypes found in the two regencies based on panicle and grain characteristics and the correlation between these characters. The characters observed are panicle length, grains number per panicle, panicle density, awn length, grain length, grain width, grain thickness, grain length to width ratio and 100 seeds weight. Results showed that 49 local rice genotypes were found (27 local rice genotypes from Tana Toraja regency and 22 local rice genotypes from North Toraja regency) with various rice colors, i.e. from white to purple. These local rice genotypes can be grouped into three groups with a similarity rate of 67.56%, namely group I consists of 41 local rice genotypes, group II consists of 3 local rice genotypes (all local rice genotypes from Tana Toraja regency) and group III consists of 5 local rice genotypes and these characters can be grouped into two groups with a similarity rate 48.71%, namely group I consists of two characters (panicle length and grains number per panicle) and groups II consists of 7 characters (panicle density, awn length, grain length, grain width, grain thickness, grain length to width ratio and 100 seeds weight). There was a very significant positive correlation between the characters, namely panicle length and grains number per panicle, panicle length and panicle density, panicle length and awn length, grains number per panicle and panicle density, awn length and grain width, grain length and grain length to width ratio, grain length and 100 seeds weight, grain thickness and 100 seeds weight and grain length to width ratio and 100 seeds weight, with the correlation coefficient values 0.630**, 0.406**, 0.470**, 0.960**, 0.428**, 0.821**, 0.609**, 0.591** and 0.365**, respectively and there was also a very significant negative correlation between the characters, namely awn length and grain length to width ratio and grain width and grain length to width ratio, with the correlation coefficient values -0.401 ** and -0.770 **.
Surface Runoff Under Pine Stands on Slopes Below and Above 40%
Authors: Rosmaeni  , Malamassam D , Zubair H , Arsyad U 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The study aimed to analyze the effectiveness of pine stands in controlling surface runoff on land with a slope >40%, comparing surface runoff on slope >40% by slopes <40%. This research was conducted from November 2016 - March 2017. It was carried out under the Pine stands on UNHAS Education Forest in Maros Regency. Surface runoff measurements were carried out by installing plots measuring 22 x 4 m on slopes <40% and >40% respectively for 3 replications. The bottom of the plot is installed with 3 pieces of 50 liter capacity storage. Observation of surface runoff is taken every time of rain, as many as 39 times rain. The average surface runoff volume (m3/plot) is obtained by summing the volume collected in 3 reservoirs. The results showed that the average surface runoff on slopes <40%, ie, 0.012 m3/plot and 0.014 m3/plot on slope >40%. The results of the difference test were 2 on average with a 95% confidence interval; there was no difference in the average runoff on slopes <40% and >40%. Regression analysis results show that canopy cover can control surface runoff.
Biological Activity of Mangrove Leaves Extract (Rhizophora sp.)
Authors: Syahidah  , Subekti N 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Several of mangrove species have very large applications in the traditional folk medicine; various parts of these plants are used by the local people as a cure for the various illness. Anti-termite and antifungal activity of mangrove leaves were investigated. The leaves mill was extracted with acetone and methanol to give their extracts, each of which were fractionated successively using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and water to afford their fractions. The yield of the extracts and fractions suggested that the extractives of mangrove leaves tend to be polar. It was demonstrated that the methanol extract itself, the ethyl acetate fraction and the n-hexane fraction from the methanol extract, and the ethyl acetate fraction from the acetone extract had high antifeedant activity against Coptotermes formosanus. On the other hand, the extract of mangrove leaves indicated the higher activities against Trametes Versicolor compared to the Fomitopsis palustris fungi.
Islands in the desert: environmental distribution modelling of endemic flora reveals the extent of Pleistocene tropical relict vegetation in southern Arabia
Authors: Borrell James S , Al Issaey Ghudaina , Lupton Darach A , Starnes Thomas , Al Hinai Abdulrahman , Al Hatmi Saif , Senior Rebecca A , Wilkinson Tim , Milborrow Jo L H , Stokes-Rees Andrew , Patzelt Annette 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackground and AimsSouthern Arabia is a global biodiversity hotspot with a high proportion of endemic desert-adapted plants. Here we examine evidence for a Pleistocene climate refugium in the southern Central Desert of Oman, and its role in driving biogeographical patterns of endemism.MethodsDistribution data for seven narrow-range endemic plants were collected systematically across 195 quadrats, together with incidental and historic records. Important environmental variables relevant to arid coastal areas, including night-time fog and cloud cover, were developed for the study area. Environmental niche models using presence/absence data were built and tuned for each species, and spatial overlap was examined.Key ResultsA region of the Jiddat Al Arkad reported independent high model suitability for all species. Examination of environmental data across southern Oman indicates that the Jiddat Al Arkad displays a regionally unique climate with higher intra-annual stability, due in part to the influence of the southern monsoon. Despite this, the relative importance of environmental variables was highly differentiated among species, suggesting that characteristic variables such as coastal fog are not major cross-species predictors at this scale.ConclusionsThe co-occurrence of a high number of endemic study species within a narrow monsoon-influenced region is indicative of a refugium with low climate change velocity. Combined with climate analysis, our findings provide strong evidence for a southern Arabian Pleistocene refugium in Oman’s Central Desert. We suggest that this refugium has acted as an isolated temperate and mesic island in the desert, resulting in the evolution of these narrow-range endemic flora. Based on the composition of species, this system may represent the northernmost remnant of a continuous belt of mesic vegetation formerly ranging from Africa to Asia, with close links to the flora of East Africa. This has significant implications for future conservation of endemic plants in an arid biodiversity hotspot.
Outsourcing Public Services: Contractibility, Cost, and Quality
Authors: Andersson Fredrik , Jordahl Henrik , Josephson Jens 
Published: May 2019

AbstractWe review the literature on public sector outsourcing to explore if the theoretical predictions from the incomplete contracts literature hold up to recent empirical evidence. Guided by theory, we arrange services according to the type and magnitude of their contractibility problems. The empirical studies point at rather favourable outsourcing outcomes, in terms of costs and quality, for services without severe contracting problems. The picture is more mixed for services with tougher contracting problems, with the weight of the evidence in favour of public provision. This difference between services is largely in line with the property-rights framework and theories of incomplete contracts.
Who Studies International Law? Explaining Cross-national Variation in Compulsory International Legal Education
Authors: Scoville Ryan , Berlin Mark 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The compulsory study of international law is a universal component of legal education in some states but extremely uncommon or non-existent in others. This article uses global data and statistical methods to test a number of conceivable explanations for this puzzling feature of international society. In contrast to much of the empirical literature on state behaviour in relation to international law, we find that functionalist and socio-political variables carry little explanatory power and that historical variables – specifically, legal tradition and regional geography – instead account for the overwhelming majority of the global pattern. We explore potential explanations for these findings and discuss implications for scholars, legal educators and policy-makers.
Friend retrovirus studies reveal complex interactions between intrinsic, innate and adaptive immunity
Authors: Dittmer Ulf , Sutter Kathrin , Kassiotis George , Zelinskyy Gennadiy , Bánki Zoltán , Stoiber Heribert , Santiago Mario L , Hasenkrug Kim J 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACTApproximately 4.4% of the human genome is comprised of endogenous retroviral sequences, a record of an evolutionary battle between man and retroviruses. Much of what we know about viral immunity comes from studies using mouse models. Experiments using the Friend virus (FV) model have been particularly informative in defining highly complex anti-retroviral mechanisms of the intrinsic, innate and adaptive arms of immunity. FV studies have unraveled fundamental principles about how the immune system controls both acute and chronic viral infections. They led to a more complete understanding of retroviral immunity that begins with cellular sensing, production of type I interferons, and the induction of intrinsic restriction factors. Novel mechanisms have been revealed, which demonstrate that these earliest responses affect not only virus replication, but also subsequent innate and adaptive immunity. This review on FV immunity not only surveys the complex host responses to a retroviral infection from acute infection to chronicity, but also highlights the many feedback mechanisms that regulate and counter-regulate the various arms of the immune system. In addition, the discovery of molecular mechanisms of immunity in this model have led to therapeutic interventions with implications for HIV cure and vaccine development.
Resolving Form–Structure–Function Relationships in Plants with MRI for Biomimetic Transfer
Authors: Hesse Linnea , Leupold Jochen , Poppinga Simon , Wick Markus , Strobel Klaus , Masselter Tom , Speck Thomas 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
In many biomimetic approaches, a deep understanding of the form–structure–function relationships in living and functionally intact organisms, which act as biological role models, is essential. This knowledge is a prerequisite for the identification of parameters that are relevant for the desired technical transfer of working principles. Hence, non-invasive and non-destructive techniques for static (3D) and dynamic (4D) high-resolution plant imaging and analysis on multiple hierarchical levels become increasingly important. In this study we demonstrate that magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be used to resolve the plants inner tissue structuring and functioning on the example of four plant concept generators with sizes larger than 5 mm used in current biomimetic research projects: Dragon tree (Dracaena reflexa var. angustifolia), Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula), Sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana) and Chinese witch hazel (Hamamelis mollis). Two different MRI sequences were applied for high-resolution 3D imaging of the differing material composition (amount, distribution, and density of various tissues) and condition (hydrated, desiccated, and mechanically stressed) of the four model organisms. Main aim is to better understand their biomechanics, development, and kinematics. The results are used as inspiration for developing novel design and fabrication concepts for bio-inspired technical fiber-reinforced branchings and smart biomimetic actuators.
Plasma Biomarkers of Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Related Systemic Inflammation and Immune Activation in Sub-Saharan Africa Before and During Suppressive Antiretroviral Therapy
Authors: Kroeze Stefanie , Wit Ferdinand W , Rossouw Theresa M , Steel Helen C , Kityo Cissy M , Siwale Margaret , Akanmu Sulaimon , Mandaliya Kishor , de Jager Marleen , Ondoa Pascale , Reiss Peter , Rinke de Wit Tobias F , Kootstra Neeltje , Hamers Raph L 
Published: May 2019

AbstractWe evaluated immune biomarker profiles in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–infected adults (n = 398) from 5 African countries. Although all biomarkers decreased after antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation, levels of C-X-C chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10), lipopolysaccharide-binding protein, C-reactive protein, soluble CD163, and soluble scavenger receptor CD14 were significantly higher during ART than in an HIV-uninfected reference group (n = 90), indicating persistent monocyte/macrophage activation, inflammation, and microbial translocation. Before ART initiation, high HIV viral load was associated with elevated CXCL10 and tuberculosis coinfection was associated with elevated soluble CD14. High pre-ART levels of each biomarker strongly predicted residual immune activation during ART. Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2, lipopolysaccharide-binding protein, C-reactive protein, and interleukin 6 were differentially expressed between countries. Further research is needed on the clinical implications of residual immune dysregulation.
The mitogen-activated protein kinase 4-phosphorylated heat shock factor A4A regulates responses to combined salt and heat stresses
Authors: Andrási Norbert , Rigó Gábor , Zsigmond Laura , Pérez-Salamó Imma , Papdi Csaba , Klement Eva , Pettkó-Szandtner Aladár , Baba Abu Imran , Ayaydin Ferhan , Dasari Ramakrishna , Cséplő Ágnes , Szabados László 
Published: May 2019

AbstractHeat shock factors regulate responses to high temperature, salinity, water deprivation, or heavy metals. Their function in combinations of stresses is, however, not known. Arabidopsis HEAT SHOCK FACTOR A4A (HSFA4A) was previously reported to regulate responses to salt and oxidative stresses. Here we show, that the HSFA4A gene is induced by salt, elevated temperature, and a combination of these conditions. Fast translocation of HSFA4A tagged with yellow fluorescent protein from cytosol to nuclei takes place in salt-treated cells. HSFA4A can be phosphorylated not only by mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases MPK3 and MPK6 but also by MPK4, and Ser309 is the dominant MAP kinase phosphorylation site. In vivo data suggest that HSFA4A can be the substrate of other kinases as well. Changing Ser309 to Asp or Ala alters intramolecular multimerization. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays confirmed binding of HSFA4A to promoters of target genes encoding the small heat shock protein HSP17.6A and transcription factors WRKY30 and ZAT12. HSFA4A overexpression enhanced tolerance to individually and simultaneously applied heat and salt stresses through reduction of oxidative damage. Our results suggest that this heat shock factor is a component of a complex stress regulatory pathway, connecting upstream signals mediated by MAP kinases MPK3/6 and MPK4 with transcription regulation of a set of stress-induced target genes.
Epigenetic regulation of sulfur homeostasis in plants
Authors: Huang Xin-Yuan , Li Mengzhen , Luo Rongjian , Zhao Fang-Jie , Salt David E 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Plants have evolved sophisticated mechanisms for adaptation to fluctuating availability of nutrients in soil. Such mechanisms are of importance for plants to maintain homeostasis of nutrient elements for their development and growth. The molecular mechanisms controlling the homeostasis of nutrient elements at the genetic level have been gradually revealed, including the identification of regulatory factors and transporters responding to nutrient stresses. Recent studies have suggested that such responses are controlled not only by genetic regulation but also by epigenetic regulation. In this review, we present recent studies on the involvement of DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNA-mediated gene silencing in the regulation of sulfur homeostasis and the response to sulfur deficiency. We also discuss the potential effect of sulfur-containing metabolites such as S-adenosylmethionine on the maintenance of DNA and histone methylation.
Signaling by hydrogen sulfide and cyanide through post-translational modification
Authors: Gotor Cecilia , García Irene , Aroca Ángeles , Laureano-Marín Ana M , Arenas-Alfonseca Lucía , Jurado-Flores Ana , Moreno Inmaculada , Romero Luis C 
Published: May 2019

AbstractTwo cysteine metabolism-related molecules, hydrogen sulfide and hydrogen cyanide, which are considered toxic, have now been considered as signaling molecules. Hydrogen sulfide is produced in chloroplasts through the activity of sulfite reductase and in the cytosol and mitochondria by the action of sulfide-generating enzymes, and regulates/affects essential plant processes such as plant adaptation, development, photosynthesis, autophagy, and stomatal movement, where interplay with other signaling molecules occurs. The mechanism of action of sulfide, which modifies protein cysteine thiols to form persulfides, is related to its chemical features. This post-translational modification, called persulfidation, could play a protective role for thiols against oxidative damage. Hydrogen cyanide is produced during the biosynthesis of ethylene and camalexin in non-cyanogenic plants, and is detoxified by the action of sulfur-related enzymes. Cyanide functions include the breaking of seed dormancy, modifying the plant responses to biotic stress, and inhibition of root hair elongation. The mode of action of cyanide is under investigation, although it has recently been demonstrated to perform post-translational modification of protein cysteine thiols to form thiocyanate, a process called S-cyanylation. Therefore, the signaling roles of sulfide and most probably of cyanide are performed through the modification of specific cysteine residues, altering protein functions.
Livebirth After Uterus Transplantation From a Deceased Donor in a Recipient With Uterine Infertility
Authors: Ejzenberg Dani , Andraus Wellington , Mendes Luana Regina Baratelli Carelli , Ducatti Liliana , Song Alice , Tanigawa Ryan , Rocha-Santos Vinicius , Arantes Rubens Macedo , Soares José Maria , Serafini Paulo Cesar , de Paiva Haddad Luciana Bertocco , Francisco Rossana Pulcinelli , D'Albuquerque Luiz Augusto Carneiro , Baracat Edmund Chada 
Published: May 2019

(Abstracted from Lancet 2018;392:2697–2704)
Infertility is common and affects about 10% to 15% of couples. In such couples, 1 in 500 women has infertility due to uterine causes, with uterine agenesis (Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser [MRKH] syndrome), or due to hysterectomy, malformation, or the sequelae of infection or surgery.
Association Between Fetal Fraction on Cell-Free DNA Testing and First-Trimester Markers for Pre-eclampsia
Authors: Rolnik D. L. , Costa F. Da Silva , Lee T. J. , Schmid M. , McLennan A. C. 
Published: May 2019

(Abstracted from Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2018;52:722–727)
Screening for chromosomal abnormalities based on cell-free fetal DNA (cfDNA) has been clinically available since 2011. While highly accurate for detection of trisomy 21, the accuracy of the test depends on the proportion of the total cfDNA that contains fetal genetic material (ie, the fetal fraction [FF]), with accuracy being higher when the FF is high and lower when the FF is low.
Intrapartum Glucose Management in Women With Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Hamel Maureen S. , Kanno Lindsey M. , Has Phinnara , Beninati Michael J. , Rouse Dwight J. , Werner Erika F. 
Published: May 2019

OBJECTIVE:
To assess the effect of tight compared with liberalized intrapartum maternal glucose management on neonatal hypoglycemia risk in pregnancies complicated by gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).

METHODS:
This was a randomized controlled trial of women with singleton gestations and GDM attempting vaginal delivery. After written informed consent, women were randomly allocated to one of two intrapartum maternal glucose management protocols: tight control (glucose measurements hourly and treatment for maternal glucose levels lower than 60 mg/dL or greater than 100 mg/dL) or liberalized control (glucose measurements every 4 hours and treatment for maternal glucose levels lower than 60 mg/dL or greater than 120 mg/dL). The primary outcome was the first neonatal blood glucose level; a total sample size of 74 was necessary to have 80% power to detect a mean difference of 10 mg/dL between groups. Secondary outcomes included neonatal blood glucose concentrations within the first 24 hours of life, number of glucose treatments (intravenous or oral) received to treat neonatal hypoglycemia, neonatal intensive care unit admission, and neonatal hyperbilirubinemia.

RESULTS:
From February 2016 to April 2018, 76 women were randomized (38 in each group), and all were included in the analysis. Baseline characteristics of the two groups were comparable for all relevant obstetric variables; mean gestational age was 39 weeks in both groups. Antepartum, two thirds of women in each group were treated medically (almost exclusively with insulin). The primary outcome was similar between the tight and liberalized control groups: 53 mg/dL vs 58 mg/dL, mean difference −4.18, 95% CI −12.66 to 4.29. However, mean neonatal glucose level within the first 24 hours of life was lower in the tight control group: 54 mg/dL vs 58 mg/dL, mean difference −3.39, 95% CI −7.07 to 0.29. Other secondary outcomes were similar between groups.

CONCLUSION:
A protocol aimed at tight maternal glucose management in labor compared with liberalized management for women with GDM did not result in better initial neonatal glucose concentrations and was associated with lower mean neonatal blood glucose levels in the first 24 hours of life. This study supports raising the upper threshold for intrapartum maternal glucose and decreasing the frequency of intrapartum glucose assessment for women with GDM.

CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION:
ClinicalTrials.gov, http://www.clinicaltrials.gov NCT02596932.