bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Capacitor‐Discharge Mechanism to Explain the Timing of Orogeny‐Related Global Glaciations
Authors: Joshi Manoj M. , Mills Benjamin J. W. , Johnson Martin 
Published: July 2019

AbstractOver geological timescales, mountain building or orogenesis is associated with increased weathering, the drawdown of atmospheric CO2, and global cooling. However, a multimillion‐year delay appears to exist between peaks in low‐latitude mountain uplift and the maximum extent of Phanerozoic glaciation, implying a more complex causal relationship between the two. Here we show that global silicate weathering can be modulated by orogeny in three distinct phases. High, young mountain belts experience preferential precipitation and the highest erosion. As mountains are denuded, precipitation decreases, but runoff temperature rises, sharply increasing chemical weathering potential and CO2 drawdown. In the final phase, erosion and weathering are throttled by flatter topography. We conclude that orogeny acts as a capacitor in the climate system, granting the potential for intense transient CO2 drawdown when mountain ranges are denuded; the mechanism suggests such a scenario potentially happening 10–50 × 106 years in the future.
Estimates of African Dust Deposition Along the Trans‐Atlantic Transit Using the Decadelong Record of Aerosol Measurements from CALIOP, MODIS, MISR, and IASI
Authors: Yu Hongbin , Tan Qian , Chin Mian , Remer Lorraine A. , Kahn Ralph A. , Bian Huisheng , Kim Dongchul , Zhang Zhibo , Yuan Tianle , Omar Ali H. , Winker David M. , Levy Robert C. , Kalashnikova Olga , Crepeau Laurent , Capelle Virginie , Chédin Alain 
Published: July 2019

AbstractDeposition of mineral dust into ocean fertilizes ecosystems and influences biogeochemical cycles and climate. In situ observations of dust deposition are scarce, and model simulations depend on the highly parameterized representations of dust processes with few constraints. By taking advantage of satellites' routine sampling on global and decadal scales, we estimate African dust deposition flux and loss frequency (a ratio of deposition flux to mass loading) along the trans‐Atlantic transit using the three‐dimensional distributions of aerosol retrieved by spaceborne lidar (Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization [CALIOP]) and radiometers (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer [MODIS], Multiangle Imaging Spectroradiometer [MISR], and Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer [IASI]). On the basis of a 10‐year (2007‐2016) and basin‐scale average, the amount of dust deposition into the tropical Atlantic Ocean is estimated at 136‐222 Tg/year. The 65‐83% of satellite‐based estimates agree with the in situ climatology within a factor of 2. The magnitudes of dust deposition are highest in boreal summer and lowest in fall, whereas the interannual variability as measured by the normalized standard deviation with mean is largest in spring (28‐41%) and smallest (7‐15%) in summer. The dust deposition displays high spatial heterogeneity, revealing that the meridional shifts of major dust deposition belts are modulated by the seasonal migration of the intertropical convergence zone. On the basis of the annual and basin mean, the dust loss frequency derived from the satellite observations ranges from 0.078 to 0.100 day‐1, which is lower than model simulations by up to factors of 2 to 5. The most efficient loss of dust occurs in winter, consistent with the higher possibility of low‐altitude transported dust in southern trajectories being intercepted by rainfall associated with the intertropical convergence zone. The satellite‐based estimates of dust deposition can be used to fill the geographical gaps and extend time span of in situ measurements, study the dust‐ocean interactions, and evaluate model simulations of dust processes.
Signalling involving MET and FAK supports cell division independent of the activity of the cell cycle-regulating CDK4/6 kinases
Authors: Zhang Chi , Stockwell Simon R. , Elbanna May , Ketteler Robin , Freeman Jamie , Al-Lazikani Bissan , Eccles Suzanne , De Haven Brandon Alexis , Raynaud Florence , Hayes Angela , Clarke Paul A. , Workman Paul , Mittnacht Sibylle 
Published: July 2019

AbstractDeregulation of cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6 (CDK4/6) is highly prevalent in cancer; yet, inhibitors against these kinases are currently used only in restricted tumour contexts. The extent to which cancers depend on CDK4/6 and the mechanisms that may undermine such dependency are poorly understood. Here, we report that signalling engaging the MET proto-oncogene receptor tyrosine kinase/focal adhesion kinase (FAK) axis leads to CDK4/6-independent CDK2 activation, involving as critical mechanistic events loss of the CDKI p21CIP1 and gain of its regulator, the ubiquitin ligase subunit SKP2. Combined inhibition of MET/FAK and CDK4/6 eliminates the proliferation capacity of cancer cells in culture, and enhances tumour growth inhibition in vivo. Activation of the MET/FAK axis is known to arise through cancer extrinsic and intrinsic cues. Our work predicts that such cues support cell division independent of the activity of the cell cycle-regulating CDK4/6 kinases and identifies MET/FAK as a tractable route to broaden the utility of CDK4/6 inhibitor-based therapies in the clinic.
Trait anxiety on effort allocation to monetary incentives: a behavioral and high-density EEG study
Authors: Berchio Cristina , Rodrigues João , Strasser Alina , Michel Christoph M. , Sandi Carmen 
Published: July 2019

AbstractTrait anxiety is an important phenotype in the prediction of stress-induced neuropsychiatric disorders. While the role of trait anxiety in mental effort and cognitive impairment is well documented, much less is known about its influence on motivated behaviors and physical effort. Here, we investigated trait anxiety-related differences in behavioral and neural responses in an effort-related monetary incentive delay task. Participants prompted with different incentive levels could exert handgrip responses to earn monetary rewards while a 256-channel electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded. Participants’ performance was linearly dependent on incentive level, with higher stakes prompting better accuracy and higher grip force. Importantly, we found a striking association between trait anxiety and incentive-related grip force; effort exertion was related to incentive level only in high-anxious individuals. In analyses of neural efficiency associated with effort preparation involving Contingent-negative variation (CNV), we found that the CNV amplitude was sensitive to monetary incentive levels. Source imaging analyses of CNV indicated increased activity in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) for the highest incentive level. Importantly, we found a significant interaction between trait anxiety and incentive level on CNV modulation at the interval ranging from −2610 to −2510 ms, with greater CNV responses to the lower monetary incentive sizes in high anxiety. Subsequent mediation analyses supported a mediation of the ACC activation on the association between trait anxiety and incentive-selective grip force. Our study reveals a role for ACC in trait anxiety-related differences on incentive processing, when rewards are dependent on effortful performance.
Silencing cortical activity during sound-localization training impairs auditory perceptual learning
Authors: Bajo Victoria M. , Nodal Fernando R. , Korn Clio , Constantinescu Alexandra O. , Mann Edward O. , Boyden Edward S. , King Andrew J. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe brain has a remarkable capacity to adapt to changes in sensory inputs and to learn from experience. However, the neural circuits responsible for this flexible processing remain poorly understood. Using optogenetic silencing of ArchT-expressing neurons in adult ferrets, we show that within-trial activity in primary auditory cortex (A1) is required for training-dependent recovery in sound-localization accuracy following monaural deprivation. Because localization accuracy under normal-hearing conditions was unaffected, this highlights a specific role for cortical activity in learning. A1-dependent plasticity appears to leave a memory trace that can be retrieved, facilitating adaptation during a second period of monaural deprivation. However, in ferrets in which learning was initially disrupted by perturbing A1 activity, subsequent optogenetic suppression during training no longer affected localization accuracy when one ear was occluded. After the initial learning phase, the reweighting of spatial cues that primarily underpins this plasticity may therefore occur in A1 target neurons.
Stabilizing polymer electrolytes in high-voltage lithium batteries
Authors: Choudhury Snehashis , Tu Zhengyuan , Nijamudheen A. , Zachman Michael J. , Stalin Sanjuna , Deng Yue , Zhao Qing , Vu Duylinh , Kourkoutis Lena F. , Mendoza-Cortes Jose L. , Archer Lynden A. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractElectrochemical cells that utilize lithium and sodium anodes are under active study for their potential to enable high-energy batteries. Liquid and solid polymer electrolytes based on ether chemistry are among the most promising choices for rechargeable lithium and sodium batteries. However, uncontrolled anionic polymerization of these electrolytes at low anode potentials and oxidative degradation at working potentials of the most interesting cathode chemistries have led to a quite concession in the field that solid-state or flexible batteries based on polymer electrolytes can only be achieved in cells based on low- or moderate-voltage cathodes. Here, we show that cationic chain transfer agents can prevent degradation of ether electrolytes by arresting uncontrolled polymer growth at the anode. We also report that cathode electrolyte interphases composed of preformed anionic polymers and supramolecules provide a fundamental strategy for extending the high voltage stability of ether-based electrolytes to potentials well above conventionally accepted limits.
The mechanism of RNA duplex recognition and unwinding by DEAD-box helicase DDX3X
Authors: Song He , Ji Xinhua 
Published: July 2019

AbstractDEAD-box helicases (DDXs) regulate RNA processing and metabolism by unwinding short double-stranded (ds) RNAs. Sharing a helicase core composed of two RecA-like domains (D1D2), DDXs function in an ATP-dependent, non-processive manner. As an attractive target for cancer and AIDS treatment, DDX3X and its orthologs are extensively studied, yielding a wealth of biochemical and biophysical data, including structures of apo-D1D2 and post-unwound D1D2:single-stranded RNA complex, and the structure of a D2:dsRNA complex that is thought to represent a pre-unwound state. However, the structure of a pre-unwound D1D2:dsRNA complex remains elusive, and thus, the mechanism of DDX action is not fully understood. Here, we describe the structure of a D1D2 core in complex with a 23-base pair dsRNA at pre-unwound state, revealing that two DDXs recognize a 2-turn dsRNA, each DDX mainly recognizes a single RNA strand, and conformational changes induced by ATP binding unwinds the RNA duplex in a cooperative manner.
The first clawed lobster virus Homarus gammarus nudivirus (HgNV n. sp.) expands the diversity of the Nudiviridae
Authors: Holt Corey C. , Stone Michelle , Bass David , Bateman Kelly S. , van Aerle Ronny , Daniels Carly L. , van der Giezen Mark , Ross Stuart H. , Hooper Chantelle , Stentiford Grant D. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractViral diseases of crustaceans are increasingly recognised as challenges to shellfish farms and fisheries. Here we describe the first naturally-occurring virus reported in any clawed lobster species. Hypertrophied nuclei with emarginated chromatin, characteristic histopathological lesions of DNA virus infection, were observed within the hepatopancreatic epithelial cells of juvenile European lobsters (Homarus gammarus). Transmission electron microscopy revealed infection with a bacilliform virus containing a rod shaped nucleocapsid enveloped in an elliptical membrane. Assembly of PCR-free shotgun metagenomic sequencing produced a circular genome of 107,063 bp containing 97 open reading frames, the majority of which share sequence similarity with a virus infecting the black tiger shrimp:Penaeus monodonnudivirus (PmNV). Multiple phylogenetic analyses confirm the new virus to be a novel member of the Nudiviridae:Homarus gammarusnudivirus (HgNV). Evidence of occlusion body formation, characteristic of PmNV and its closest relatives, was not observed, questioning the horizontal transmission strategy of HgNV outside of the host. We discuss the potential impacts of HgNV on juvenile lobster growth and mortality and present HgNV-specific primers to serve as a diagnostic tool for monitoring the virus in wild and farmed lobster stocks.
Periderm invasion contributes to epithelial formation in the teleost pharynx
Authors: Teixeira Rosa Joana , Oralová Veronika , Larionova Daria , Eisenhoffer G. T. , Eckhard Witten P. , Huysseune Ann 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe gnathostome pharyngeal cavity functions in food transport and respiration. In amniotes the mouth and nares are the only channels allowing direct contact between internal and external epithelia. In teleost fish, gill slits arise through opening of endodermal pouches and connect the pharynx to the exterior. Using transgenic zebrafish lines, cell tracing, live imaging and different markers, we investigated if pharyngeal openings enable epithelial invasion and how this modifies the pharyngeal epithelium. We conclude that in zebrafish the pharyngeal endoderm becomes overlain by cells with a peridermal phenotype. In a wave starting from pouch 2, peridermal cells from the outer skin layer invade the successive pouches until halfway their depth. Here the peridermal cells connect to a population of cells inside the pharyngeal cavity that express periderm markers, yet do not invade from outside. The latter population expands along the midline from anterior to posterior until the esophagus-gut boundary. Together, our results show a novel role for the periderm as an internal epithelium becomes adapted to function as an external surface.
Active sound production of scarab beetle larvae opens up new possibilities for species-specific pest monitoring in soils
Authors: Görres Carolyn-Monika , Chesmore David 
Published: July 2019

AbstractRoot-feeding Scarabaeidae larvae can pose a serious threat to agricultural and forest ecosystems, but many details of larval ecology are still unknown. We developed an acoustic data analysis method based on active sound production by larvae (i.e. stridulations) for gaining new insights into larval ecology. In a laboratory study, third instar larvae of the Common Cockchafer (Melolontha melolontha) (n = 38) and the Forest Cockchafer (M. hippocastani) (n = 15) kept in soil-filled containers were acoustically monitored for 5 min each, resulting in the first known stridulation recordings for each species. Subsequent continuous monitoring of three M. hippocastani larvae over several hours showed that a single larva could stridulate more than 70 times per hour, and stridulation rates increased drastically with increasing larval abundance. The new fractal dimension-based data analysis method automatically detected audio sections with stridulations and provided a semi-quantitative estimate of stridulation activity. It is the first data analysis method specifically targeting Scarabaeidae larvae stridulations in soils, enabling for the first time non-invasive species-specific pest monitoring.
A unified multi-kingdom Golden Gate cloning platform
Authors: Chiasson David , Giménez-Oya Victor , Bircheneder Martin , Bachmaier Sabine , Studtrucker Tanja , Ryan Joel , Sollweck Katharina , Leonhardt Heinrich , Boshart Michael , Dietrich Petra , Parniske Martin 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAssembling composite DNA modules from custom DNA parts has become routine due to recent technological breakthroughs such as Golden Gate modular cloning. Using Golden Gate, one can efficiently assemble custom transcription units and piece units together to generate higher-order assemblies. Although Golden Gate cloning systems have been developed to assemble DNA plasmids required for experimental work in model species, they are not typically applicable to organisms from other kingdoms. Consequently, a typical molecular biology laboratory working across kingdoms must use multiple cloning strategies to assemble DNA constructs for experimental assays. To simplify the DNA assembly process, we developed a multi-kingdom (MK) Golden Gate assembly platform for experimental work in species from the kingdoms Fungi, Eubacteria, Protista, Plantae, and Animalia. Plasmid backbone and part overhangs are consistent across the platform, saving both time and resources in the laboratory. We demonstrate the functionality of the system by performing a variety of experiments across kingdoms including genome editing, fluorescence microscopy, and protein interaction assays. The versatile MK system therefore streamlines the assembly of modular DNA constructs for biological assays across a range of model organisms.
Scheme for generation of three-photon entangled W state assisted by cross-Kerr nonlinearity and quantum dot
Authors: Heo Jino , Hong Changho , Choi Seong-Gon , Hong Jong-Phil 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWe represent an optical scheme using cross-Kerr nonlinearities (XKNLs) and quantum dot (QD) within a single-sided optical cavity (QD-cavity system) to generate three-photon entangled W state containing entanglement against loss of one photon of them. To generate W state (three-photon) with robust entanglement against loss of one photon, we utilize effects of optical nonlinearities in XKNLs (as quantum controlled operations) and QD-cavity system (as a parity operation) with linearly optical devices. In our scheme, the nonlinear (XKNL) gate consists of weak XKNLs, quantum bus beams, and photon-number-resolving measurement to realize controlled-unitary gate between two photons while another nonlinear (QD) gate employs interactions of photons and an electron of QD confined within a single-sided optical cavity for implementation of parity gate. Subsequently, for the efficiency and experimental feasibility of our scheme generating W state, we analyze the immunity of the controlled-unitary gate using XKNLs against decoherence effect and reliable performance of parity gate using QD-cavity system.
Effects of trans-2-hexenal and cis-3-hexenal on post-harvest strawberry
Authors: Wakai Junko , Kusama Shoko , Nakajima Kosuke , Kawai Shikiho , Okumura Yasuaki , Shiojiri Kaori 
Published: July 2019

AbstractGreen leaf volatiles are emitted by green plants and induce defence responses. Those with antifungal activities in plants may replace chemicals as natural post-harvest treatments. We investigated the postharvest treatment of strawberry withtrans-2-hexenal andcis-3-hexenal and observed a decrease in the mould infection rate. To determine the volatiles’ functions, we conducted a component analysis of the volatiles released fromtrans-2-hexenal-treated strawberry and analysed gene expression. Several acetates, which were expected to be metabolites oftrans-2-hexenal in fruit, were released from treated strawberry; however, these acetates did not inhibit fungal growth. The gene expression analysis suggested that postharvest strawberries were not protected by jasmonic acid-mediated signalling but by another stress-related protein. Harvested strawberries experience stress induced by harvest-related injuries and are unable to perform photosynthesis, which might result in different responses than in normal plants.
Zooplankton and micronekton respond to climate fluctuations in the Amundsen Sea polynya, Antarctica
Authors: La Hyoung Sul , Park Keyhong , Wåhlin Anna , Arrigo Kevin R. , Kim Dong Seon , Yang Eun Jin , Atkinson Angus , Fielding Sophie , Im Jungho , Kim Tae-Wan , Shin Hyoung Chul , Lee SangHoon , Ha Ho Kyung 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe vertical migration of zooplankton and micronekton (hereafter ‘zooplankton’) has ramifications throughout the food web. Here, we present the first evidence that climate fluctuations affect the vertical migration of zooplankton in the Southern Ocean, based on multi-year acoustic backscatter data from one of the deep troughs in the Amundsen Sea, Antarctica. High net primary productivity (NPP) and the annual variation in seasonal ice cover make the Amundsen Sea coastal polynya an ideal site in which to examine how zooplankton behavior responds to climate fluctuations. Our observations show that the timing of the seasonal vertical migration and abundance of zooplankton in the seasonally varying sea ice is correlated with the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) and El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Zooplankton in this region migrate seasonally and overwinter at depth, returning to the surface in spring. During +SAM/La Niña periods, the at-depth overwintering period is shorter compared to −SAM/El Niño periods, and return to the surface layers starts earlier in the year. These differences may result from the higher sea ice cover and decreased NPP during +SAM/La Niña periods. This observation points to a new link between global climate fluctuations and the polar marine food web.
Self-organized intestinal epithelial monolayers in crypt and villus-like domains show effective barrier function
Authors: Altay Gizem , Larrañaga Enara , Tosi Sébastien , Barriga Francisco M. , Batlle Eduard , Fernández-Majada Vanesa , Martínez Elena 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIntestinal organoids have emerged as a powerful in vitro tool for studying intestinal biology due to their resemblance to in vivo tissue at the structural and functional levels. However, their sphere-like geometry prevents access to the apical side of the epithelium, making them unsuitable for standard functional assays designed for flat cell monolayers. Here, we describe a simple method for the formation of epithelial monolayers that recapitulates the in vivo-like cell type composition and organization and that is suitable for functional tissue barrier assays. In our approach, epithelial monolayer spreading is driven by the substrate stiffness, while tissue barrier function is achieved by the basolateral delivery of medium enriched with stem cell niche and myofibroblast-derived factors. These monolayers contain major intestinal epithelial cell types organized into proliferating crypt-like domains and differentiated villus-like regions, closely resembling the in vivo cell distribution. As a unique characteristic, these epithelial monolayers form functional epithelial barriers with an accessible apical surface and physiologically relevant transepithelial electrical resistance values. Our technology offers an up-to-date and novel culture method for intestinal epithelium, providing an in vivo-like cell composition and distribution in a tissue culture format compatible with high-throughput drug absorption or microbe-epithelium interaction studies.