bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PMC Turbo: Studying Gravity Wave and Instability Dynamics in the Summer Mesosphere Using Polar Mesospheric Cloud Imaging and Profiling From a Stratospheric Balloon
Authors: Fritts David C. , Miller Amber D. , Kjellstrand C. Bjorn , Geach Christopher , Williams Bifford P. , Kaifler Bernd , Kaifler Natalie , Jones Glenn , Rapp Markus , Limon Michele , Reimuller Jason , Wang Ling , Hanany Shaul , Gisinger Sonja , Zhao Yucheng , Stober Gunter , Randall Cora E. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe Polar Mesospheric Cloud Turbulence (PMC Turbo) experiment was designed to observe and quantify the dynamics of small‐scale gravity waves (GWs) and instabilities leading to turbulence in the upper mesosphere during polar summer using instruments aboard a stratospheric balloon. The PMC Turbo scientific payload comprised seven high‐resolution cameras and a Rayleigh lidar. Overlapping wide and narrow camera field of views from the balloon altitude of ~38 km enabled resolution of features extending from ~20 m to ~100 km at the PMC layer altitude of ~82 km. The Rayleigh lidar provided profiles of temperature below the PMC altitudes and of the PMCs throughout the flight. PMCs were imaged during an ~5.9‐day flight from Esrange, Sweden, to Northern Canada in July 2018. These data reveal sensitivity of the PMCs and the dynamics driving their structure and variability to tropospheric weather and larger‐scale GWs and tides at the PMC altitudes. Initial results reveal strong modulation of PMC presence and brightness by larger‐scale waves, significant variability in the occurrence of GWs and instability dynamics on time scales of hours, and a diversity of small‐scale dynamics leading to instabilities and turbulence at smaller scales. At multiple times, the overall field of view was dominated by extensive and nearly continuous GWs and instabilities at horizontal scales from ~2 to 100 km, suggesting sustained turbulence generation and persistence. At other times, GWs were less pronounced and instabilities were localized and/or weaker, but not absent. An overview of the PMC Turbo experiment motivations, scientific goals, and initial results is presented here.
August‐September Temperature Variability on the Tibetan Plateau: Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Duan Jianping , Ma Zhuguo , Li Lun , Zheng Ziyan 
Published: May 2019

AbstractTo assess the recent warming on the Tibetan Plateau (TP), some tree‐ring‐based temperature reconstructions have been performed. However, most of the previous studies focused on the local or regional scale. In this study, we analyzed the recent variability of August‐September temperature using observations from 79 TP meteorological stations, and the observed records were extended back to 1,572 based on a tree‐ring maximum density network comprising 17 sites. Moreover, the future August‐September temperature scenarios on the TP are also presented using the ensemble mean of five regional climate models. The tree‐ring maximum late‐wood density network shows good capacity to reconstruct the August‐September temperature variability at the spatial scale of the whole TP (i.e., 79‐station average; r1951–2014 = 0.80, P < 0.01). The reconstruction suggests that the instrumental epoch is the warmest interval of August‐September over the past four and a half centuries on the TP, and the decadal‐scale August‐September warming since the 1960s is unprecedented. The ensemble simulation of five regional climate models indicates that persistent August‐September warming will occur on the TP in the future. The magnitude of August‐September warming is approximately 1.56 ± 0.30°C and 3.02 ± 0.29°C over the period 2006–2049 under the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) 4.5 and P8.5 scenarios, respectively. These results imply a further ecological and environmental change on the TP linked to the persistent warming in the future.
A Thermal Inertia Map of Titan
Authors: MacKenzie Shannon M. , Lora Juan M. , Lorenz Ralph D. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractLike Earth, the atmosphere of Titan, Saturn's largest moon, is affected by the ability of the surface to store and release heat. Modeling efforts have shown that global temperature distributions and wind profiles differ between simulations describing Titan's surface with a uniform thermal inertia. Cassini‐Huygens demonstrated, however, that a variety of morphologies and compositions make up the Titanian landscape. Using data from Cassini RADAR and the Visible and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer, we classified the surface into five terrain types: dune, lake, hummocky, plains, and labyrinth. We estimated the thermal and physical properties (conductivity, specific heat, and density) for each type, creating a 1° × 1° global map of thermal inertia values. For the lakes, as the depth of convection is not yet known, we considered both still and convective bodies. Four simulations of the Titan Atmospheric Model were run with different surface thermal properties: a low homogeneous thermal inertia, a moderate homogeneous, the heterogeneous map with still lakes, and the heterogeneous map with convective lakes. In dry regimes (i.e., without the hydrological cycle), the differences between the four cases were generally minimal, suggesting that general circulation models can use a single (moderate) value for surface thermal inertia value for large‐scale investigations that do not consider diurnal variations. Given the importance of hydrological processes and regional spatial diversity on Titan, future work should consider the effects of nonuniform thermal inertia on Titan's climate on local and regional scales.
Fine Vertical Resolution Radiative‐Convective Equilibrium Experiments: Roles of Turbulent Mixing on the High‐Cloud Response to Sea Surface Temperatures
Authors: Ohno Tomoki , Satoh Masaki , Noda Akira 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIn this study, the vertical resolution dependency of the high‐cloud fraction response on the increase in sea surface temperature was investigated via radiative‐convective equilibrium simulations. We performed radiative‐convective equilibrium simulations for configurations with a wide range of vertical resolutions using a global nonhydrostatic model including explicit cloud microphysics. It was found that the high‐cloud cover almost monotonically decreased as the vertical resolution increased. We also found that the high‐cloud cover increased (decreased) as the sea surface temperature increased for higher (lower) vertical resolutions. Budget analyses of ice water condensate in transition states to equilibria were performed using the binned vertical profile method and revealed that the tendencies due to the turbulent mixing near convective cores were strongly dependent on the vertical resolution. Analyses of turbulent diffusivity profiles showed that the diffusivity tended to decrease as the vertical resolution increased. The vertical resolution dependency of turbulent mixing was related to frequently occurring weak stratification near the convective cores. We verified these findings via sensitivity experiments and determined that the contribution of the vertical resolution dependency of other processes was secondary. As substantial variability in vertical diffusivity has been reported in both models and observations, these results suggest that a more thorough understanding of turbulent mixing is needed to comprehend high‐cloud changes in warming climates better.
MALAT1 regulates miR-34a expression in melanoma cells
Authors: Li Fei , Li Xinji , Qiao Li , Liu Wen , Xu Chengshan , Wang Xiaogang 
Published: May 2019

AbstractMelanoma is one of the most common skin malignancies. Both microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have critical roles in the progression of cancers, including melanoma. However, the underlying molecular mechanism has not been fully characterized. We demonstrated that miR-34a is negatively correlated with MALAT1 in melanoma cells and tumor specimens. Interestingly, MALAT1, which contains functional sequence-specific miR-34a-binding sites, regulates miR-34a stability in melanoma cells and in vivo. Importantly, MALAT1 was significantly enriched in the Ago2 complex, but not when the MALAT1-binding site of miR-34a was mutated. Furthermore, MALAT1 could be shown to regulate c-Myc and Met expression by functioning as a miR-34a sponge. Our results reveal an unexpected mode of action for MALAT1 as an important regulator of miR-34a.
Surmounting Cytarabine-resistance in acute myeloblastic leukemia cells and specimens with a synergistic combination of hydroxyurea and azidothymidine
Authors: Levin May , Stark Michal , Berman Bluma , Assaraf Yehuda G. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAcute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients display dismal prognosis due to high prevalence of refractory and relapsed disease resulting from chemoresistance. Treatment protocols, primarily based on the anchor drug Cytarabine, remained chiefly unchanged in the past 50 years with no standardized salvage regimens. Herein we aimed at exploring potential pre-clinical treatment strategies to surmount Cytarabine resistance in human AML cells. We established Cytarabine-resistant sublines derived from human leukemia K562 and Kasumi cells, and characterized the expression of Cytarabine-related genes using real-time PCR and Western blot analyses to uncover the mechanisms underlying their Cytarabine resistance. This was followed by growth inhibition assays and isobologram analyses testing the sublines’ sensitivity to the clinically approved drugs hydroxyurea (HU) and azidothymidine (AZT), compared to their parental cells. All Cytarabine-resistant sublines lost deoxycytidine kinase (dCK) expression, rendering them refractory to Cytarabine. Loss of dCK function involved dCK gene deletions and/or a novel frameshift mutation leading to dCK transcript degradation via nonsense-mediated decay. Cytarabine-resistant sublines displayed hypersensitivity to HU and AZT compared to parental cells; HU and AZT combinations exhibited a marked synergistic growth inhibition effect on leukemic cells, which was intensified upon acquisition of Cytarabine-resistance. In contrast, HU and AZT combination showed an antagonistic effect in non-malignant cells. Finally, HU and AZT synergism was demonstrated on peripheral blood specimens from AML patients. These findings identify a promising HU and AZT combination for the possible future treatment of relapsed and refractory AML, while sparing normal tissues from untoward toxicity.
Skin immunisation activates an innate lymphoid cell-monocyte axis regulating CD8+ effector recruitment to mucosal tissues
Authors: Zaric Marija , Becker Pablo D. , Hervouet Catherine , Kalcheva Petya , Doszpoly Andor , Blattman Negin , A. O’ Neill Lauren , Yus Barbara Ibarzo , Cocita Clement , Kwon Sung-Yun , Baker Andrew H. , Lord Graham M. , Klavinskis Linda S. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractCD8+T cells provide a critical defence from pathogens at mucosal epithelia including the female reproductive tract (FRT). Mucosal immunisation is considered essential to initiate this response, however this is difficult to reconcile with evidence that antigen delivered to skin can recruit protective CD8+T cells to mucosal tissues. Here we dissect the underlying mechanism. We show that adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) bio-distributes at very low level to non-lymphoid tissues after skin immunisation. This drives the expansion and activation of CD3−NK1.1+group 1 innate lymphoid cells (ILC1) within the FRT, essential for recruitment of CD8+T-cell effectors. Interferon gamma produced by activated ILC1 is critical to licence CD11b+Ly6C+monocyte production of CXCL9, a chemokine required to recruit skin primed CXCR3+CD8+T-cells to the FRT. Our findings reveal a novel role for ILC1 to recruit effector CD8+T-cells to prevent virus spread and establish immune surveillance at barrier tissues.
ALPK1 hotspot mutation as a driver of human spiradenoma and spiradenocarcinoma
Authors: Rashid Mamunur , van der Horst Michiel , Mentzel Thomas , Butera Francesca , Ferreira Ingrid , Pance Alena , Rütten Arno , Luzar Bostjan , Marusic Zlatko , de Saint Aubain Nicolas , Ko Jennifer S. , Billings Steven D. , Chen Sofia , Abi Daoud Marie , Hewinson James , Louzada Sandra , Harms Paul W. , Cerretelli Guia , Robles-Espinoza Carla Daniela , Patel Rajiv M. , van der Weyden Louise , Bakal Chris , Hornick Jason L. , Arends Mark J. , Brenn Thomas , Adams David J. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractSpiradenoma and cylindroma are distinctive skin adnexal tumors with sweat gland differentiation and potential for malignant transformation and aggressive behaviour. We present the genomic analysis of 75 samples from 57 representative patients including 15 cylindromas, 17 spiradenomas, 2 cylindroma–spiradenoma hybrid tumors, and 24 low- and high-grade spiradenocarcinoma cases, together with morphologically benign precursor regions of these cancers. We reveal somatic or germline alterations of the CYLD gene in 15/15 cylindromas and 5/17 spiradenomas, yet only 2/24 spiradenocarcinomas. Notably, we find a recurrent missense mutation in the kinase domain of the ALPK1 gene in spiradenomas and spiradenocarcinomas, which is mutually exclusive from mutation of CYLD and can activate the NF-κB pathway in reporter assays. In addition, we show that high-grade spiradenocarcinomas carry loss-of-function TP53 mutations, while cylindromas may have disruptive mutations in DNMT3A. Thus, we reveal the genomic landscape of adnexal tumors and therapeutic targets.
Development of hRad51–Cas9 nickase fusions that mediate HDR without double-stranded breaks
Authors: Rees Holly A. , Yeh Wei-Hsi , Liu David R. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIn mammalian cells, double-stranded DNA breaks (DSBs) are preferentially repaired through end-joining processes that generally lead to mixtures of insertions and deletions (indels) or other rearrangements at the cleavage site. In the presence of homologous DNA, homology-directed repair (HDR) can generate specific mutations, albeit typically with modest efficiency and a low ratio of HDR products:indels. Here, we develop hRad51 mutants fused to Cas9(D10A) nickase (RDN) that mediate HDR while minimizing indels. We use RDN to install disease-associated point mutations in HEK293T cells with comparable or better efficiency than Cas9 nuclease and a 2.7-to-53-fold higher ratio of desired HDR product:undesired byproducts. Across five different human cell types, RDN variants generally result in higher HDR:indel ratios and lower off-target activity than Cas9 nuclease, although HDR efficiencies remain strongly site- and cell type-dependent. RDN variants provide precision editing options in cell types amenable to HDR, especially when byproducts of DSBs must be minimized.
Real space manifestations of coherent screening in atomic scale Kondo lattices
Authors: Moro-Lagares María , Korytár Richard , Piantek Marten , Robles Roberto , Lorente Nicolás , Pascual Jose I. , Ibarra M. Ricardo , Serrate David 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe interaction among magnetic moments screened by conduction electrons drives quantum phase transitions between magnetically ordered and heavy-fermion ground states. Here, starting from isolated magnetic impurities in the Kondo regime, we investigate the formation of the finite size analogue of a heavy Fermi liquid. We build regularly-spaced chains of Co adatoms on a metallic surface by atomic manipulation. Scanning tunneling spectroscopy is used to obtain maps of the Kondo resonance intensity with sub-atomic resolution. For sufficiently small interatomic separation, the spatial distribution of Kondo screening does not coincide with the position of the adatoms. It also develops enhancements at both edges of the chains. Since we can rule out any other interaction between Kondo impurities, this is explained in terms of the indirect hybridization of the Kondo orbitals mediated by a coherent electron gas, the mechanism that causes the emergence of heavy quasiparticles in the thermodynamic limit.
Airway response to respiratory syncytial virus has incidental antibacterial effects
Authors: Sande Charles J. , Njunge James M. , Mwongeli Ngoi Joyce , Mutunga Martin N. , Chege Timothy , Gicheru Elijah T. , Gardiner Elizabeth M. , Gwela Agnes , Green Christopher A. , Drysdale Simon B. , Berkley James A. , Nokes D. James , Pollard Andrew J. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractRSV infection is typically associated with secondary bacterial infection. We hypothesise that the local airway immune response to RSV has incidental antibacterial effects. Using coordinated proteomics and metagenomics analysis we simultaneously analysed the microbiota and proteomes of the upper airway and determined direct antibacterial activity in airway secretions of RSV-infected children. Here, we report that the airway abundance ofStreptococcuswas higher in samples collected at the time of RSV infection compared with samples collected one month later. RSV infection is associated with neutrophil influx into the airway and degranulation and is marked by overexpression of proteins with known antibacterial activity including BPI, EPX, MPO and AZU1. Airway secretions of children infected with RSV, have significantly greater antibacterial activity compared to RSV-negative controls. This RSV-associated, neutrophil-mediated antibacterial response in the airway appears to act as a regulatory mechanism that modulates bacterial growth in the airways of RSV-infected children.
Fast and interpretable classification of small X-ray diffraction datasets using data augmentation and deep neural networks
Authors: Oviedo Felipe , Ren Zekun , Sun Shijing , Settens Charles , Liu Zhe , Hartono Noor Titan Putri , Ramasamy Savitha , DeCost Brian L. , Tian Siyu I. P. , Romano Giuseppe , Gilad Kusne Aaron , Buonassisi Tonio 
Published: May 2019

AbstractX-ray diffraction (XRD) data acquisition and analysis is among the most time-consuming steps in the development cycle of novel thin-film materials. We propose a machine learning-enabled approach to predict crystallographic dimensionality and space group from a limited number of thin-film XRD patterns. We overcome the scarce data problem intrinsic to novel materials development by coupling a supervised machine learning approach with a model-agnostic, physics-informed data augmentation strategy using simulated data from the Inorganic Crystal Structure Database (ICSD) and experimental data. As a test case, 115 thin-film metal-halides spanning three dimensionalities and seven space groups are synthesized and classified. After testing various algorithms, we develop and implement an all convolutional neural network, with cross-validated accuracies for dimensionality and space group classification of 93 and 89%, respectively. We propose average class activation maps, computed from a global average pooling layer, to allow high model interpretability by human experimentalists, elucidating the root causes of misclassification. Finally, we systematically evaluate the maximum XRD pattern step size (data acquisition rate) before loss of predictive accuracy occurs, and determine it to be 0.16° 2θ, which enables an XRD pattern to be obtained and classified in 5.5 min or less.
Suppression of R5-type of HIV-1 in CD4+ NKT cells by Vδ1+ T cells activated by flavonoid glycosides, hesperidin and linarin
Authors: Yonekawa Michiyuki , Shimizu Masumi , Kaneko Atsushi , Matsumura Jiro , Takahashi Hidemi 
Published: May 2019

AbstractWe established transfectants expressing T cell receptors (TCRs) either for Vγ1 and Vδ1 (1C116) or for Vγ2 and Vδ2 (2C21) using the TCR-deficient Jurkat T cell line J.RT3-T3.5. The amount of IL-2 secreted from these γδ T cell clones accurately indicated TCR-dependent stimulation. Clone 2C21 was specifically stimulated by previously reported ligands for Vγ2Vδ2 (Vδ2)-TCR such as isopentenyl pyrophospate (IPP), ethylamine, or risedronate. In contrast, clone 1C116 was strongly stimulated through the Vγ1Vδ1 (Vδ1)-TCR by flavonoid glycosides such as hesperidin and linarin, having both rutinose at the A ring and methoxy (-OCH3) substitution at the B ring. Additionally, hesperidin and linarin showed stimulatory activity for peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC)-derived T cells expressing Vδ1-TCR; these activated Vδ1+T cells also secreted IL-5, IL-13, MIP-1α, MIP-1β and RANTES. Such PBMC-derived Vδ1+T cells stimulated by hesperidin and linarin suppressed R5-HIV-1-NL(AD8) viral replication in CD4+NKT cells in a dose-dependent manner. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration that flavonoid glycosides activate functional Vδ1+T cells.
Accounting for soil moisture improves prediction of flowering time in chickpea and wheat
Authors: Chauhan Yashvir S. , Ryan Merrill , Chandra Subhash , Sadras Victor O. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractMatching crop phenology to environment is essential to improve yield and reduce risk of losses due to extreme temperatures, hence the importance of accurate prediction of flowering time. Empirical evidence suggests that soil water can influence flowering time in chickpea and wheat, but simulation models rarely account for this effect. Adjusting daily thermal time accumulation with fractional available soil water in the 0–60 cm soil layer improved the prediction of flowering time for both chickpea and wheat in comparison to the model simulating flowering time with only temperature and photoperiod. The number of post-flowering frost events accounted for 24% of the variation in observed chickpea yield using a temperature-photoperiod model, and 66% of the variation in yield with a model accounting for top-soil water content. Integrating the effect of soil water content in crop simulation models could improve prediction of flowering time and abiotic stress risk assessment.
Several biological benefits of the low color temperature light-emitting diodes based normal indoor lighting source
Authors: Lin Jiaqi , Ding Xingwei , Hong Can , Pang Yulian , Chen Liming , Liu Quanwen , Zhang Xu , Xin Hongbo , Wang Xiaolei 
Published: May 2019

AbstractCurrently, light pollution has become a nonnegligible issue in our daily life. Artificial light sources with high color temperature were deem to be the major pollution source, which could induce several adverse effects on human’s health. In our previous research, we have firstly developed an artificial indoor light with low color temperature (1900 K). However, the biological effects of this artificial light on human’s health are unclear. Here, four artificial lights (1900 K, 3000 K, 4000 K and 6600 K) were used to evaluate some biological changes in both human (in total 152 person-times) and murine models. Compared with other three high color temperature artificial lights, our lights (1900 K) presented a positive effect on promoting the secreting of melatonin and glutamate, protecting human’s eyes, accelerating would healing and hair regeneration. These systematical studies indicated that the proposed low color temperature (1900 K) light could provide several significant benefits in human’s daily life.