bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biosynthesis and secretion of the microbial sulfated peptide RaxX and binding to the rice XA21 immune receptor
Authors: Luu Dee Dee , Joe Anna , Chen Yan , Parys Katarzyna , Bahar Ofir , Pruitt Rory , Chan Leanne Jade G. , Petzold Christopher J. , Long Kelsey , Adamchak Clifford , Stewart Valley , Belkhadir Youssef , Ronald Pamela C. 
Published: April 2019

Significance
Despite the importance of immune receptors in the biology of plants and animals, the precise biochemical mechanisms leading to the biosynthesis and secretion of the peptide activators of these immune receptors remain unexplored. Here, we describe the biosynthesis, processing, and secretion of a peptide activator that binds a rice immune receptor. Our studies also reveal that this peptide activator is a member of an important class of peptides present in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic species. Thus, these results provide a major advance in our knowledge of the biology of peptide ligands.
Chronic psychosocial stress compromises the immune response and endochondral ossification during bone fracture healing via β-AR signaling
Authors: Haffner-Luntzer Melanie , Foertsch Sandra , Fischer Verena , Prystaz Katja , Tschaffon Miriam , Mödinger Yvonne , Bahney Chelsea S. , Marcucio Ralph S. , Miclau Theodore , Ignatius Anita , Reber Stefan O. 
Published: April 2019

Significance
Our results show that one single systemic administration of the β-adrenoreceptor blocker propranolol prior to femur osteotomy in psychosocially stressed mice prevents stress-induced bone marrow mobilization of neutrophils and their immigration into the early fracture hematoma, as well as the decrease in bending stiffness and bony bridging of the fracture callus, which indicated a compromised fracture healing in stressed mice. These findings offer possibilities for clinical translation in patients suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder and fracture.
Quintet-triplet mixing determines the fate of the multiexciton state produced by singlet fission in a terrylenediimide dimer at room temperature
Authors: Chen Michelle , Krzyaniak Matthew D. , Nelson Jordan N. , Bae Youn Jue , Harvey Samantha M. , Schaller Richard D. , Young Ryan M. , Wasielewski Michael R. 
Published: April 2019

Significance
Singlet fission is a process in which one of two adjacent organic molecules absorbs a single photon, resulting in rapid formation of one triplet state on each of the molecules. Theory predicts that if the two triplet states can separate and then generate two electron–hole pairs, the efficiency of a solar cell employing this material could rise from an upper limit of about 33 to 45%. Electron spin dynamics of the two triplet states can produce singlet, triplet, or quintet states having zero, two, or four unpaired electrons, respectively. We have discovered that triplet–quintet-state mixing at room temperature can open a pathway that annihilates triplet states, potentially diminishing the performance of solar cells using singlet fission.
Effect of rate altered perception of deep band modulated phrase in noise from normal hearing younger and older adult groups
Authors: Shetty Hemanth Narayan , Mendhakar Akshay 
Published: April 2019

Purpose:
To evaluate the effect of speaking rate on speech perception with unprocessed (UP) and envelope enhancement in noise on normal hearing younger adults (YAG) and older adults (OAG).

Method:
A purposive sampling with repeated measures research design was adopted to evaluate envelope enhancement on speech perception in adverse listening condition. Study samples: Thirty normal hearing participants were grouped into two based on age: YAG (N = 15) within age range of 18–25 years and OAG (N = 15) within the age range of 65–83 years. Phrases prepared in three speech rates (normal, 35% and 40%) at three different signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) (quiet, –1 dB SNR and –5 dB SNR) were presented at participant’s comfortable level.

Results:
In each of the rate of speech at each SNR, the perception score was significantly better in deep band modulation (DBM) than UP. Further, perception score of UP from YAG was almost equal to scores of DBM from OAG, in each experimental condition.

Conclusion:
Older adults can take advantage of envelope enhancement when speech rate is altered and embedded in noise.
Performance of a dual-layer scanner for hybrid SPECT/CBCT
Authors: Dietze Martijn M A , Kunnen Britt , van der Velden Sandra , Steenbergen J H Leo , Koppert Wilco J C , Viergever Max A , de Jong Hugo W A M 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Fluoroscopic procedures involving radionuclides would benefit from interventional nuclear imaging by obtaining real-time feedback on the activity distribution. We have previously proposed a dual-layer detector that offers such procedural guidance by simultaneous fluoroscopic and nuclear planar imaging. Acquisition of single photon computed tomography (SPECT) and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) could provide additional information on the activity distribution. This study investigates the feasibility and the image quality of simultaneous SPECT/CBCT, by means of phantom experiments and simulations.
Simulations were performed to study the obtained reconstruction quality for (i) clinical SPECT/CT, (ii) a dual-layer scanner configured with optimized hardware, and (iii) our (non-optimized) dual-layer prototype. Experiments on an image quality phantom and an anthropomorphic phantom (including extrahepatic depositions with volumes and activities close to the median values encountered in hepatic radioembolization) were performed with a clinical SPECT/CT scanner and with our dual-layer prototype. Nuclear images were visually and quantitatively evaluated by measuring the tumor/non-tumor (T/N) ratio and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR).
The simulations showed that the maximum obtained CNR was 38.8  ±  0.8 for the clinical scanner, 30.2  ±  0.9 for the optimized dual-layer scanner, and 20.8  ±  0.4 for the prototype scanner. T/N ratio showed a similar decline. The phantom experiments showed that performing simultaneous SPECT/CBCT is feasible. The CNR obtained from the SPECT reconstruction of largest sphere in the image quality phantom was 43.1 for the clinical scanner and 28.6 for the developed prototype scanner. The anthropomorphic phantom showed that the extrahepatic depositions were detected with both scanners.
A dual-layer detector is able to simultaneously acquire SPECT and CBCT. Both CNR and T/N ratio are worse than that of a clinical system, but the phantom experiments showed that extrahepatic depositions with volumes and activities close to the median values encountered in hepatic radioembolization could be distinguished.
Effectiveness of self-applied topical fluorides against enamel white spot lesions from multi-bracketed fixed orthodontic treatment: a systematic review
Authors: Sardana Divesh , Manchanda Sheetal , Ekambaram Manikandan , Yang Yanqi , McGrath Colman P , Yiu Cynthia K Y 
Published: April 2019

SummaryBackgroundThe regular use of fluoride dentifrices is quite practical, widespread and linked to global decline of dental caries. However, the role of self-applied topical fluorides in prevention and reversal of Enamel White Spot Lesions (EWSLs) during multi-bracketed fixed orthodontic treatment is not yet explored.ObjectiveTo systematically appraise the current literature on the effectiveness of self-applied topical fluorides in the prevention and reversal of EWSLs occurring during multi-bracketed fixed orthodontic treatment.Search methodsFour electronic databases (Cochrane Library, Embase via Ovid, Medline via Ovid, and Scopus) and gray literature were searched using the broad MeSH terms and keywords.Selection criteriaOnly randomized/quasi-randomized controlled clinical trials evaluating the effectiveness of self-applied fluorides in the prevention of EWSLs during multi-bracketed fixed orthodontic treatment or reversal of post-orthodontic EWSLs were included.Data collection and analysisTwo reviewers independently screened for studies, extracted data and assessed the risk of bias using the Cochrane risk of bias tool 2.0. Due to substantial variations in the interventions, control groups, and the measurement of outcome among studies, quantitative synthesis could not be performed as planned.ResultsOnly three studies could be included in the present review; two of them assessing prevention of EWSLs and one addressing reversal of post-orthodontic EWSLs. One of the studies was judged to be of low risk of overall bias, whereas 2 studies were adjudged to be of high risk of overall bias because of deviations from intended interventions. The certainty of evidence about the role of self-applied fluorides in prevention and reversal of EWSLs was found to be of low quality; hence, our confidence in the effect estimate is limited, and future well-conducted trials might alter the effect estimates.LimitationsThe inclusion of only English literature and inability to perform quantitative synthesis due to a limited number of studies.Conclusions and implicationsAlthough the review did not confirm the effectiveness of self-applied fluorides in the reversal of EWSLs, it did partially substantiate the positive role of self-applied fluorides in the prevention of EWSLs occurring during multi-bracketed fixed orthodontic treatment. The review recommends the need for well-designed randomized controlled trials evaluating the effectiveness of self-applied fluorides on the prevention and reversal of EWSLs during multi-bracketed fixed orthodontic treatment.RegistrationPROSPERO database (Registration number: CRD42018108590) and is freely available at: http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.php?ID=CRD42018108590FundingThis research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
Duration and life-stage of antibiotic use and risk of cardiovascular events in women
Authors: Heianza Yoriko , Zheng Yan , Ma Wenjie , Rimm Eric B , Albert Christine M , Hu Frank B , Rexrode Kathryn M , Manson JoAnn E , Qi Lu 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Aims
Growing data suggest that antibiotic exposure is associated with a long-lasting alteration in gut microbiota, and may be related to subsequent cardiovascular disease (CVD). We investigated associations of life-stage and duration of antibiotic exposure during adulthood with subsequent CVD events.

Methods and results
This study included 36 429 women initially free of CVD and cancer from the Nurses’ Health Study. We estimated hazard ratios (HRs) for CVD (a composite endpoint of coronary heart disease or stroke) according to duration of antibiotic use in young (age 20–39), middle (age 40–59), and late (age 60 and older) adulthood. During an average of 7.6 years of follow-up, 1056 participants developed CVD. Women with long-term use of antibiotics (for ≥2 months) in late adulthood had a significantly increased risk of CVD (HR 1.32, 95% confidence interval 1.03–1.70) after adjustment for covariates (such as demographic factors, diet and lifestyle, reasons for antibiotic use, overweight or obesity, disease status, and other medication use), as compared to women who did not use antibiotics in this life-stage. Longer duration of antibiotic use in middle adulthood was also related to higher risk of CVD (P trend = 0.003) after controlling for these covariates. There was no significant relationship between the use in young adulthood and the risk of CVD.

Conclusion
In this study which examined the antibiotic use in different life-stages, longer duration of exposure to antibiotics in the middle and older adulthood was related to an increased risk of future CVD events among elderly women at usual risk.
Anatomy of cosmic tidal reconstruction
Authors: Karaçaylı Naim Göksel , Padmanabhan Nikhil 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
21-cm intensity surveys aim to map neutral hydrogen atoms in the universe through hyper-fine emission. Unfortunately, long-wavelength (low-wavenumber) radial modes are highly contaminated by smooth astrophysical foregrounds that are six orders of magnitude brighter than the cosmological signal. This contamination also leaks into higher radial and angular wavenumber modes and forms a foreground wedge. Cosmic tidal reconstruction aims to extract the large-scale signal from anisotropic features in the local small-scale power spectrum through non-linear tidal interactions; losing small-scale modes to foreground wedge will impair its performance. In this paper, we review tidal interaction theory and estimator construction, and derive the theoretical expressions for the reconstructed spectra. We show the reconstruction is robust against peculiar velocities. Removing low line-of-sight k modes, we demonstrate cross-correlation coefficient r is greater than 0.7 on large scales (k ≲ 0.1 h Mpc−1) even with a cut-off value $k^c_{\Vert }=0.1$h Mpc−1. Discarding wedge modes yields 0.3 ≲ r ≲ 0.5 and completely removes the dependency on $k^c_{\Vert }$. Our theoretical predictions agree with these numerical simulations.
Natural Philosophy
Authors: Thagard Paul 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Philosophy is the attempt to answer general questions about the nature of knowledge, reality, and values. Natural philosophy draws heavily on the sciences and finds no room for supernatural entities such as souls, gods, and possible worlds. Paul Thagard develops interconnected theories of knowledge, reality, morality, justice, meaning, and the arts. He uses new theories of brain mechanisms and social interactions to forge original accounts of the traditional branches of philosophy, including epistemology, metaphysics, ethics, and aesthetics. Rather than reducing the humanities to the sciences, this book displays fertile interconnections that show that philosophical questions and artistic practices can be much better understood by considering how human brains operate and interact in social contexts. The sciences and the humanities are interdependent, because both the natural and social sciences cannot avoid questions about methods and values that are primarily the province of philosophy. Rather than diminish philosophy, the goal of this book is to show its importance for diverse human enterprises, including science, politics, the arts, and everyday life. Natural philosophy draws on the sciences to dramatically increase understanding of fundamental issues concerning mind, meaning, and morality. This book belongs to a trio that includes Brain–Mind: From Neurons to Consciousness and Creativity and Mind–Society: From Brains to Social Sciences and Professions. They can be read independently, but together they make up a Treatise on Mind and Society that provides a unified and comprehensive treatment of the cognitive sciences, social sciences, professions, and humanities.
Vulnerability to the Health Impacts of Drought in Canada in the Context of Climate Change
Authors: Berry Peter , Yusa Anna , Bizikova Livia 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Climate change is likely to increase drought globally and regionally, including within Canada, by the end of the century. In recent years, drought has affected communities across Canada and can have significant impacts on individuals. Health risks relate to the exacerbation of food and waterborne diseases, inadequate nutrition, impacts on air quality, vector-borne diseases, illnesses related to the exposure of toxins, mental health effects, and impacts from injuries (e.g., traffic accidents, spinal cord injuries). In Canada, the impacts of drought on human health and well-being are not well understood and monitoring and surveillance of such impacts is limited. In addition, important factors that make people and communities vulnerable to health impacts of drought require more investigation. These factors may differ significantly among the populations (e.g., rural vs urban) and regions (prairies, coastal, and northern). Vulnerability to drought health impacts in Canada due to climate change may be affected by: (1) changes in exposure as droughts increase or combine with other extreme events (wildfires, heat waves) to harm health; (2) changes in adaptive capacity due to impacts on, for example, health services from increasing extreme weather events; and (3) changes in susceptibility related to demographic (e.g., aging, chronic diseases) and socioeconomic trends. Effective measures to increase the resiliency of Canadians to drought health impacts require proactive adaptation efforts that increase knowledge of factors that make people and their communities vulnerable to this hazard, information as to how droughts might increase in the future, and integration of this information into future policies and programs. This paper identifies a set of indicators that may be used to gauge vulnerability to the impacts of drought on health in the context of climate change in Canada to inform adaptation actions.
“Where Were You When You Found Out Singer Bobby Caldwell Was White?”
Authors: Eidsheim Nina Sun , Whelden Schuyler 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
In this chapter, we discuss the dramatic narrative arc of what we call the timbre–race equilibrium, particularly how it unfolds in discourse around the career of singer Bobby Caldwell and during the blind auditions for the televised singing competition The Voice. We outline how audience confusion about Caldwell’s racial identity has served as a reliable source of conversation and so-called clickbait. We also examine two instances in which The Voice employs this narrative arc, with the show’s judges serving as listener-protagonists. These judges model a way of listening for the home audience, enacting what Eidsheim calls “informal listening pedagogy.” In witnessing an effort to repair the rupture that occurs when race and timbre fail to align as expected, the public is entrained into normative—in this case, racialized—listening. In short, these examples model how we train ourselves, through this cyclical narrative arc, to hear timbre as racialized essence.
Hyperpolarization-Activated Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Channels
Authors: Masi Alessio , Romanelli Maria Novella , Mannaioni Guido , Cerbai Elisabetta 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Hyperpolarization-activated, cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels are members of the voltage-gated K+ channels family, but with unique properties. In stark contrast to close relatives, HCN channels are permeable to both Na+ and K+, and they are activated by hyperpolarization. Activation by hyperpolarization is indeed a pretty funny feature, to the point that the physiologists who first characterized HCN current in heart muscle cells named it “funny current” or If. Since then, the funny current has also been recorded from several neuronal types in both the central and peripheral nervous systems, as well as from some non-excitable cells, becoming progressively less “funny” over the years. In fact, HCN current goes now by the more serious designation of “Ih,” for “hyperpolarization-activated.” Forty years after the first current recording, it is now established that HCN channels, by virtue of their special properties and a host of modulatory mechanisms, are profoundly involved in many critical aspects of neuronal function in physiological and pathological conditions.
Protein Synthesis and Translational Control in Neural Stem Cell Development and Neurogenesis
Authors: Mohammad Lamees , Wiseman Joscelyn , Erickson Sarah E. , Yang Guang 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Neural stem/progenitor cells (NSCs) are the origin of almost all neural cells in the mammalian brain and generate neurons throughout life. The balance of NSC maintenance and differentiation is thus critical for brain development and function. This balance is precisely controlled by sophisticated gene expression programs at multiple levels. While transcriptional regulation is vital for many aspects of neurogenesis from NSCs, recent studies highlight that protein synthesis controlled by spatiotemporal translational programs plays an equally important role in NSC lineage progression and fate decision. Alterations in coordinated translational programs underlie the pathogenesis of some human diseases. In this review, we discuss how protein synthesis changes in NSCs during neurogenesis, how it is regulated in a global or gene-specific manner by the orchestrated action of the translational machinery and RNA-binding proteins, and how deregulation of protein synthesis in NSCs contributes to neurodevelopmental disorders.
The Aesthetic Labor of Ethnographers
Authors: Gruys Kjerstin , Hutson David J. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter uses a comparative case method, drawing on autoethnographic accounts to explore how ethnographers perform aesthetic labor across two research sites: a women’s plus-size clothing store and a coed retail gym. The authors find that they engaged in aesthetic labor as they adapted to the aesthetic expectations of sites by either blending in or sticking out. In their studies, the successful accomplishment of aesthetic labor relied primarily on gender and body size, highlighting how the body functions as a status characteristic that influences existing power dynamics. Such insights suggest the need to conceptualize ethnographic research through the lens of labor—a lens that makes clearer how academic work is structured by the same intersectional inequalities prevalent in most occupational fields.
The Corporation in a Globalized World
Authors: Palan Ronen 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The chapter addresses the nature of the power relationships between the business world and the state as seen from the perspective of a relatively new field of study called international political economy. Theories of corporate power in a globalized economy evolved along two parallel lines. On the one hand, the globalization literature of the 1990s has tended to assume there was a marked shift of power from states to markets. Recent literature questions these assumptions, not least in light of the experience of the great recession of 2007–2008. In parallel, conceptualization of power has evolved from relatively simplistic theories of relational power to theories of structural power and, increasingly, arbitrage power. Arbitrage power is the ability to arbitrate legal systems against each other, or against themselves, for pecuniary purposes.
Markets for Knowledge
Authors: Silverman Brian S. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Markets for knowledge are increasingly important to innovation, economic growth, and international competitiveness. This chapter examines five distinct markets through which knowledge can be exchanged: the market for codified knowledge (licensing), the market for tacit knowledge (alliances), the market for encapsulated knowledge (sale/purchase of sophisticated products), the market for workers’ knowledge (labor mobility), and the market for firm-wide knowledge or capabilities (mergers and acquisitions). For each type of market, the chapter considers the implications for international economic activity and governance.
The Governance of Global Agri-food Value Chains, Standards, and Development
Authors: Swinnen Johan , Kuijpers Rob 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Understanding the development implications of agri-food standards and global value chains is crucial, as they are a fundamental component of developing countries’ growth potential and could increase rural incomes and reduce poverty, but at the same time they present serious challenges and could lead to further marginalization of the poor. This chapter reviews some of the implications of the spread of stringent standards associated with global value chains for developing countries and global poverty reduction. The chapter focuses on five aspects: the interaction between standards and value chain governance; the effects on agricultural productivity and smallholder welfare; farm-level and institutional spillovers; labor market and gender effects; and the interaction between liberalization policies and value chains.