bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epidemiology of Trauma Patients from the Mosul Offensive, 2016–2017: Results from a Dedicated Trauma Center in Erbil, Iraqi Kurdistan
Authors: Nerlander Maximilian P. , Haweizy Rawand Musheer , Wahab Moayad Abdullah , Älgå Andreas , von Schreeb Johan 
Published: October 2018

AbstractIntroductionMost epidemiological studies from conflicts are restricted to either combatants or civilians. It is largely unknown how the epidemiology differs between the two groups. In 2016, an Iraqi‐led coalition began retaking Mosul from the terrorist group Islamic State of Iraq and Syria. One key institution that received trauma patients from Mosul was Emergency Management Center (EMC) in Erbil, 90 km away. The aim of this study was to describe the epidemiology, morbidity, and mortality of civilians and combatants admitted during the ongoing conflict.MethodThis retrospective cohort study utilized routinely collected data on patients with conflict‐related injuries who were admitted to EMC between October 16, 2016, and July 10, 2017. Data processing and analysis was carried out using JMP 13. Categorical variables were compared using Fisher’s exact test.ResultsThe analysis included 1725 patients, out of which 46% were civilian. Ordnance accounted for most injuries (68%), followed by firearms (18%) and improvised explosive devices (IEDs) (14%). The proportion of IED‐related injuries among combatants were almost three times that of civilians. The proportions of abdominal injuries, need for surgery, laparotomies, and amputations were significantly higher among civilians than among combatants. The mortality rate was 0.5%.DiscussionThe fact that civilians had greater surgical needs than combatants may be explained by several factors including a lack of ballistic protection. The extremely low mortality rate indicates significant gaps in prehospital care and transport. Our results may provide useful information to guide medical preparedness and response during future conflicts.Clinicaltrials.gov IDNCT03358758.
Supply chain sustainability performance measurement of small and medium sized enterprises using structural equation modeling
Authors: Malesios Chrisovalantis , Dey Prasanta K. , Abdelaziz Fuad Ben 
Published: October 2018

AbstractSustainability of small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) is significant as SMEs contribute to GDP substantially in every economy. This research develops an innovative sustainable supply chain performance measurement model for SMEs. Prior researches predominantly use balanced score card (BSC) approach that presume causal relationship of criteria and Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), which derive efficiency of units from a few input and output criteria. While DEA is effective for policymakers, BSC is more suitable for individual SME. The proposed method that uses structural equation modeling (SEM) approach to derive the relationship of criteria and criteria weights formulates regression-type models for a specific region as well as for specific SME. The SEM-based supply chain sustainability performance measurement model is beneficial to policymakers as they can determine means for improvement at a regional level. The proposed method could also facilitate managers/owners of individual SMEs with measures for improving their supply chain sustainability performance. The method has been applied to three varied geographical locations in the UK, France and India in order to demonstrate its effectiveness.
Action-based versus cognitivist perspectives on socio-cognitive development: culture, language and social experience within the two paradigms
Authors: Mirski Robert , Gut Arkadiusz 
Published: October 2018

AbstractContemporary research on mindreading or theory of mind has resulted in three major findings: (1) There is a difference in the age of passing of the elicited-response false belief task and its spontaneous–response version; 15-month-olds pass the latter while the former is passed only by 4-year-olds (in the West). (2) Linguistic and social factors influence the development of the ability to mindread in many ways. (3) There are cultures with folk psychologies significantly different from the Western one, and children from such cultures tend to show different timetables of mindreading development. The traditional accounts of the data are nativism, rational constructivism, and two-systems theory. In this paper, we offer criticism of these traditional cognitivist accounts and explore an alternative, action-based framework. We argue that even though they all seem to explain the above empirical data, there are other, theoretical reasons why their explanations are untenable. Specifically, we discuss the problem of foundationalism and the related problem of innateness. Finally, we explore an alternative, action-based framework that avoids these theoretical limitations and offer an interpretation of the empirical data from that perspective.
Simulation Training in Penile Implant Surgery: Assessment of Surgical Confidence and Knowledge With Cadaveric Laboratory Training
Authors: Lentz Aaron C. , Rodríguez Dayron , Davis Leah G. , Apoj Michel , Kerfoot B. Price , Perito Paul , Henry Gerard , Jones LeRoy , Carrion Rafael , Mulcahy John J. , Munarriz Ricardo 
Published: October 2018

Abstract

Introduction
Constraints on surgical resident training (work-hour mandates, shorter training programs, etc.) and availability of expert surgical educators may limit the acquisition of prosthetic surgical skills. As a result, training courses are being conducted to augment the prosthetic surgery learning experience.

Aim
To evaluate the impact of a hands-on cadaver-based teaching program on resident procedural knowledge and procedural confidence with placement of a penile prosthesis.

Main Outcome Measure
Changes in procedural knowledge and self-confidence following a focused training program on penile prosthetics.

Methods
As part of the 2017 Society of Urologic Prosthetic Surgeons and the Sexual Medicine Society of North America Annual Meeting, 31 urology residents participated in a simulation lab in prosthetic urology. The lab included didactic lectures and a hands-on cadaveric laboratory. Participants completed surveys before and after the course. Wilcoxon Signed Rank tests for matched pairs were used to compare respondents’ pre- and postcourse knowledge (% questions answered correctly) and confidence ratings. Prior implant experience was assessed.

Results
31 residents participated in this study. The majority of the participants were 4th- (41.9%) and 5th-year residents (38.7%). Participants showed a significant improvement in procedural knowledge test scores (68.8±13.4 vs 74.2 ± 13.0, P &lt; .05) and self-reported increased median surgical confidence levels (4 vs 3, P value &lt; .001) after completion of the cadaveric course. Subgroup analysis demonstrated that residents with prosthetic surgery experience of &lt;10 cases benefited the most. In addition, improvement in surgical confidence levels observed was greater than the improvement in surgical knowledge. The overall cost of the simulation training course was approximately $1,483 per resident.

Conclusion
Simulation training in prosthetic surgery seems to improve surgical confidence and knowledge. Further research is needed to better understand the benefits and limitations of simulation training.
Teacher Identities as Key to Environmental Education for Sustainability Implementation: A Study From Australia
Authors: Almeida Sylvia C. , Moore Deborah , Barnes Melissa 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThis article presents findings from a study that evaluated the impact of an Australian sustainability initiative, with a view to unravelling the realities of teachers’ implementation approaches. The paper outlines a study that reviews a government initiative in early years, primary and secondary educational settings that uses the Data Collection, Storage and Visualisations System (DCSVS) aimed at enhancing sustainability awareness and embedding sustainability as part of everyday practice in schools and early childhood services. It was also intended to offer school leaders, teachers and students avenues to engage with their consumption of natural resources. This in turn was anticipated to increase awareness about conservation, with the long-term aim to engage with the broader themes of sustainability. This article focuses on the role of teachers’ identities in enacting these policy initiatives. It highlights teachers’ enactment of the policies, the crucial role of school leaders in the process, as well as the deeper connections between curriculum and pedagogy.
PROPOSITIONAL LEARNING: FROM IGNORANCE TO KNOWLEDGE
Authors: Le Morvan Pierre 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTIn this paper, I offer an account of propositional learning: namely, learning that p. I argue for what I call the “Three Transitions Thesis” or “TTT” according to which four states and three transitions between them characterize such learning. I later supplement the TTT to account for learning why p. In making my case, I discuss mathematical propositions such as Fermat's Last Theorem and the ABC Conjecture, and then generalize to other mathematical propositions and to non-mathematical propositions. I also discuss some interesting applications of the TTT, and reply to some noteworthy objections.
SHMIP The subglacial hydrology model intercomparison Project
Authors: DE FLEURIAN BASILE , WERDER MAURO A. , BEYER SEBASTIAN , BRINKERHOFF DOUGLAS J. , DELANEY IAN , DOW CHRISTINE F. , DOWNS JACOB , GAGLIARDINI OLIVIER , HOFFMAN MATTHEW J. , HOOKE ROGER LeB , SEGUINOT JULIEN , SOMMERS ALEAH N. 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTSubglacial hydrology plays a key role in many glaciological processes, including ice dynamics via the modulation of basal sliding. Owing to the lack of an overarching theory, however, a variety of model approximations exist to represent the subglacial drainage system. The Subglacial Hydrology Model Intercomparison Project (SHMIP) provides a set of synthetic experiments to compare existing and future models. We present the results from 13 participating models with a focus on effective pressure and discharge. For many applications (e.g. steady states and annual variations, low input scenarios) a simple model, such as an inefficient-system-only model, a flowline or lumped model, or a porous-layer model provides results comparable to those of more complex models. However, when studying short term (e.g. diurnal) variations of the water pressure, the use of a two-dimensional model incorporating physical representations of both efficient and inefficient drainage systems yields results that are significantly different from those of simpler models and should be preferentially applied. The results also emphasise the role of water storage in the response of water pressure to transient recharge. Finally, we find that the localisation of moulins has a limited impact except in regions of sparse moulin density.
Effects of dietary interventions on DNA methylation in adult humans: systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: ElGendy Khalil , Malcomson Fiona C. , Lara Jose G. , Bradburn David Michael , Mathers John C. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractDNA methylation is a key component of the epigenetic machinery that is responsible for regulating gene expression and, therefore, cell function. Patterns of DNA methylation change during development and ageing, differ between cell types, are altered in multiple diseases and can be modulated by dietary factors. However, evidence about the effects of dietary factors on DNA methylation patterns in humans is fragmentary. This study was initiated to collate evidence for causal links between dietary factors and changes in DNA methylation patterns. We carried out a systematic review of dietary intervention studies in adult humans using Medline, EMBASE and Scopus. Out of 22 149 screened titles, sixty intervention studies were included, of which 65% were randomised (n 39). Most studies (53%) reported data from blood analyses, whereas 27% studied DNA methylation in colorectal mucosal biopsies. Folic acid was the most common intervention agent (33%). There was great heterogeneity in the methods used for assessing DNA methylation and in the genomic loci investigated. Meta-analysis of the effect of folic acid on global DNA methylation revealed strong evidence that supplementation caused hypermethylation in colorectal mucosa (P=0·009). Meta-regression analysis showed that the dose of supplementary folic acid was the only identified factor (P<0·001) showing a positive relationship. In summary, there is limited evidence from intervention studies of effects of dietary factors, other than folic acid, on DNA methylation patterns in humans. In addition, the application of multiple different assays and investigations of different genomic loci makes it difficult to compare, or to combine, data across studies.
‘Simple’ can be good, too: testing three hard bottom sampling methods on macrobenthic and meiobenthic assemblages
Authors: Keklikoglou Kleoniki , Chatzigeorgiou Georgios , Faulwetter Sarah , Kalogeropoulou Vassiliki , Plaiti Wanda , Maidanou Maria , Dounas Costas , Lampadariou Nikolaos , Arvanitidis Christos 
Published: October 2018

AbstractSubtidal hard bottoms are of particular scientific and economic value as they are highly productive systems. They are less well studied compared with soft bottoms, as they often require manual sample collection via scuba diving. Although a multitude of sampling devices is available for soft bottoms, only a few are suitable for hard substrates, and their performance is largely unstudied. In the present study, three hard bottom sampling methods were compared, regarding their sampling efficiency and the damage they may cause to macrobenthic and meiobenthic organisms. Two of the sampling methods examined are typically employed for the study of hard bottom substrates (manual collection, airlift device), while the third involves a newly constructed sampler (MANOSS – Manual Operated Suction Sampler). All three sampling methods were tested at 12 m depth on a hard bottom substrate with algal coverage dominated by Cystoseira spp. No overall significant differences were observed between the sampling efficiency and the damage caused by the three sampling methods regarding the macrofaunal assemblages, with the exception of the MANOSS method which collected more species than the manual method. In addition, significant differences were observed in the collecting performance for the meiobenthic assemblages, presenting significantly higher densities of meiofauna sampled by the MANOSS compared with the manual collection method, while the airlift device presented an intermediate efficiency. However, taking into account other factors such as cost, ease of use and the scope of each study, none of the methods clearly outperforms the others.
Religion and Education in Romania: Social Mobilization and the “Shadow” of the European Court of Human Rights
Authors: Popa Mihai , Andreescu Liviu 
Published: October 2018

AbstractIn this article, we discuss the relation between the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) and its jurisprudence and social mobilizations around the place of religion in the society. We focus on the struggles to define the intersection of religion and public education in Romania after the fall of communism. We show that secularist and counter-secularist civil society activists contending for the place of religion in public education in this country have made strategic use of the ECtHR and its case law, both in legal battles and in debates within the national public sphere. We argue that, since references to the ECtHR and its jurisprudence can be used in discursive battles as a form of symbolic “capital”, the strategies of mobilizing actors are at times more important than the strict doctrinal content of the ECtHR's judgments for understanding if and how the ECtHR's “shadow” is cast over religion-related mobilizations.
Shifts in the Community Dynamics and Activity of Ammonia‐Oxidizing Prokaryotes Along the Yangtze Estuarine Salinity Gradient
Authors: Gao Juan , Hou Lijun , Zheng Yanling , Liu Min , Yin Guoyu , Yu Chendi , Gao Dengzhou 
Published: October 2018

AbstractAmmonia oxidation, the first and rate‐limiting step in nitrification, plays a critical role in the nitrogen cycle. However, the links between the dynamics of ammonia‐oxidizing communities and ecosystem processes along the estuarine salinity gradient remain uncertain. In this study, we examined the diversity, abundance, and community structure of ammonia‐oxidizing prokaryotes, and the potential nitrification rates along the Yangtze estuarine salinity gradient. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the predominant ammonia‐oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and ammonia‐oxidizing archaea (AOA) fell within the Nitrosospira and Nitrosopumilus clusters, respectively. The AOB amoA gene abundance (4.67 × 105 to 3.90 × 107 copies per gram of dry sediment) outnumbered AOA (5.14 × 104 to 8.88 × 106 copies per gram of dry sediment). The potential nitrification rates varied between 0.13 and 0.63 μg N·g−1·day−1 and related only to AOA amoA gene abundance. Salinity had significant effects on AOA amoA gene abundance, nitrification rates, and the community structure of ammonia‐oxidizing prokaryotes. Principal coordinate analysis showed that the AOB amoA gene clones derived from the middle‐ and high‐salinity regions behaved as a cohesive group, while all the low‐salinity clone libraries were grouped together. Moreover, the distribution of AOA communities showed a distinct salinity differentiation. Overall, this study improves the understanding of the dynamic shifts in ammonia‐oxidizing microorganisms in the Yangtze Estuary.
Interdependencies and Risk to People and Critical Food, Energy, and Water Systems: 2013 Flood, Boulder, Colorado, USA
Authors: Romero‐Lankao Patricia , Norton Rachel 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThis paper examines the interdependencies mediating the cascading negative consequences triggered by the September 2013 flood, in Boulder, Colorado, USA. By illustrating the risks to people and critical food‐energy‐water systems of a low probability, high‐impact event, we draw lessons on what is likely to occur in the future. Other scholars have modeled the influence of interdependent infrastructures on cascading effects. But this is one of the first studies integrating stakeholders' understanding of the influence of interdependent actions, institutions, and infrastructures. These interdependencies create the conditions for vulnerability, which is a product of multiscale and dynamic sociodemographic, economic, technologic, environmental, and governance interactions. Political histories and historical decisions on where and how to design infrastructure exert a deep influence on short‐ and long‐term capacity to manage risk. Boulder's high socio‐institutional and learning capacity, while key, is not enough to influence integrative, transformative changes. Contrary to current approaches to nexus thinking, the regimes in which emergency and recovery actions are embedded are dynamically stable, thus imposing a logic for incremental change along established pathways of understanding and action. Our study offers some lessons on the challenges of bringing together diverse sectoral and jurisdictional sectors during and after an extreme event.
Evidence of Jet‐Scale Overturning Ocean Circulations in Argo Float Trajectories
Authors: Li Qian , Lee Sukyoung , Mazloff Matthew 
Published: October 2018

AbstractIn a recent study, it was proposed that Reynolds stress by oceanic mesoscale eddies not only drives jets such as Subantarctic Front but also can force overturning circulations that are composed of rising motion on the poleward flank and sinking motion on the equatorward flank of the jets. In that study, the thermally indirect, jet‐scale overturning circulations (JSOCs) were detected in an eddy‐resolving model simulation of the Southern Ocean. Here observational evidence of the existence of JSOCs is demonstrated by showing that the Argo floats tend to drift poleward across the jet with the maximum drift speed coinciding with the corresponding jet maximum. This finding has an implication for the observed deep mixed layer because it was previously shown that in the model the JSOCs play a key role in preconditioning the formation of a deep and narrow mixed layer at just ~1° north of the Subantarctic Front.
A Bimaterial Interface Along the Northern San Jacinto Fault Through Cajon Pass
Authors: Share Pieter‐Ewald , Ben‐Zion Yehuda 
Published: October 2018

AbstractWe investigate the existence of bimaterial interfaces along the San Jacinto fault zone (SJFZ) and the San Andreas fault (SAF) around their intersection at Cajon Pass (CP) to clarify if large earthquakes can rupture simultaneously parts of both faults. Analysis of fault zone head waves reveals a bimaterial interface along the northern SJFZ with a >7.5% velocity contrast (slower northeast side) that extends continuously through and perhaps slightly beyond CP. Other seismological studies show an opposite sense of velocity contrast across the nearby SAF. These observations, combined with expected properties of bimaterial ruptures, suggest that large earthquakes on the northern SJFZ are likely to propagate to the southeast and hence unlikely to trigger large SAF events. However, large earthquakes propagating on the SAF near CP can trigger continuing rupture on the SJFZ to the southeast. This inference is consistent with ruptures of large paleoseismic earthquakes and directivities of smaller events.
Seismic Anisotropy Reveals a Dynamic Link Between Adjacent Magmatic Segments Prior to Dyke Intrusion
Authors: Illsley‐Kemp Finnigan , Greenfield Tim , Keir Derek 
Published: October 2018

AbstractSeismic anisotropy has increasingly been proposed as a tool in the monitoring of magmatic systems and potential forecasting of volcanic eruptions. We present a detailed study of how seismic anisotropy evolves in an active magmatic rift segment before, during, and after a dyke intrusion in the Afar depression, Ethiopia. Results show that seismic anisotropy prior to the dyke intrusion is controlled by a complex and deforming magma plumbing system beneath the adjacent Dabbahu and Manda‐Hararo magmatic segments. Approximately eight days prior to the dyke intrusion in the Dabbahu segment, the pattern of anisotropy, coupled with lower crustal seismicity, is best explained by the inflation of a lower crustal magma reservoir in the Manda‐Hararo segment. This is the only clearly observed precursory change in seismic anisotropy. During the dyke intrusion, the magnitude of seismic anisotropy increases twofold, before rapidly returning to predyke values once the intrusion has ended. Combining our observations with models of magmatically induced crustal stress, we propose that when the deep magma reservoir beneath the Dabbahu segment becomes overpressured, inflation is triggered in the magma reservoir of the neighboring Manda‐Hararo segment. This provides strong evidence for a hydraulic link between the deep magma systems of the neighboring rift segments and that magma reservoirs beneath the Dabbahu segment can be fed by the lateral flow of magma from an adjacent segment. Our results demonstrate that seismic anisotropy has the potential to be a powerful tool for monitoring deformation in the magma plumbing systems of active volcanoes.