bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chromobacterium violaceum ATCC12472: Multi-drug and ethidium bromide resistant
Authors: Dal'Molin Cristiana , Antônio Regina , Porto Luismar 
Published: July 2019

AbstractChromobacterium violaceum is an opportunistic human pathogen causing a range of gastric infections and occasionally septicemia. This Gram-negative bacillus is a common inhabitant of soil and water in tropical and subtropical areas of the world. Infection occurs after contamination of damaged skin exposed to soil or environmental water. Alternatively, systemic infection can follow the aspiration or ingestion of contaminated water. The major features of infections by C. violaceum are, in generally, rapid clinical course, multiple visceral abscesses, and high mortality. Genomic data on the type strain ATCC 12472 has provided a comprehensive basis for detailed studies of pathogenicity, virulence and drug resistance genes. In this study, the susceptibility of this organism was tested on a variety of drugs at different concentrations, in solid and liquid media. C. violaceum shown to be resistance to ampicilin, penicillin, rifampicin, erythromycin, vancomycin and also to ethidium bromide. The bacteria was susceptible to gentamicin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, cotrimoxazole, kanamycin, streptomycin and nalidixic acid, at the tested concentrations.
Aboveground Net Primary Productivity in Grazed and Ungrazed pastures: Grazing Optimisation Hypothesis or Local Extinction of Vegetation Species
Authors: Otieno Silvanus , Njoka Jesse , Young Truman , Mureithi Stephen , Ngugi Robinson 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe controversy that has surrounded herbivory studies in the last few decades prompted our investigation to establish the extent to which herbivore optimisation hypothesis or compensatory growth evidence is real. We used the traditional movable cage method to collect primary productivity data on herbage, functional groups and key individual grass species in various controlled large herbivore treatments in an east African savanna. The herbivore treatments in triplicate blocks included cattle, wild herbivores with and without mega herbivores and combinations of cattle and wild herbivores also with and without mega herbivores. The findings revealed that at herbage level, most grazed treatments (four out of five) had higher productivity than the ungrazed control and three showed grazing optimisation curve at sixth polynomial degree between monthly productivity and grazing intensity (1-g/ng). At functional group level forbs productivity was higher in the ungrazed control than in any of the grazed treatments while at individual grass species level Themeda triandra productivity was higher in all grazed treatments than in ungrazed control. We conclude against presence of herbivore optimisation hypothesis at herbage, functional group and species level because of lack of attributable grazing effect in grazed treatments that matches complex ecological effects in the ungrazed treatment.
The Bond Between a Horse and a Human
Authors: Crews Debbie 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe bond that exists between a horse and human was examined using EEG from the horse and human simultaneously. Three volunteers ranging from novice to elite horse experience participated with an unfamiliar horse. The elite participant was also recorded with her own horse. A dose-response effect was tested using 6 conditions requiring increasing interaction between the horse and human (baseline - apart, standing together, petting, grooming, sitting, and riding). EEG was recorded from 10 locations on the horse and the human. EEG brain maps illustrated that increasing interaction between the horse and human showed more synchronous EEG. The elite horse person showed greater synchronization with her own familiar horse. Perhaps these findings illustrate the bond that exists between horses and humans.
Data Mining for Simple Sequence Repeats in Oil Palm Expressed Sequence Tags
Authors: Riju Aikkal , Arunachalam Vadivel 
Published: July 2019

AbstractExpressed Sequence Tags or ESTs are small pieces of DNA sequence that are generated by sequencing either one or both ends of an expressed gene. ESTs provide researchers with a quick and inexpensive route for discovering new genes, for obtaining data on gene expression and regulation, and for constructing genome maps. Oil palm EST sequences as available in public domain are downloaded. They were grouped and made contigs using CAP3 and Phrap. Microsatellite repeats are located using 5 softwares (MISA, TRA, TROLL, SSRIT, SSR primer). Among the 5 methods MISA is found to be the best. It can elucidate the compound repeat also. Frequency and total number (202) of SSR were detected. Mononucleotide repeat is more abundant especially ‘A/T’ repeats in Oil palm. Flanking primers were designed using primer3, SSR primers. The results of the study are given as an online database ‘MEMCO’ to help Oil palm researchers.
Global warming is reducing thermal stability and mitigating the effects of eutrophication in Lake Victoria (East Africa)
Authors: Marshall Brian , Ezekiel Charles , Gichuki John , Mkumbo Oliva , Sitoki Lewis , Wanda Fred 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe impacts of global warming have been reported from several deep lakes in the African Rift Valley and in each thermal gradients within the water column have increased thus strengthening already existing oxyclines, below which the water is permanently anoxic^1,2,3,4^. The temperature of Lake Victoria rose by 0.9°C between 1960 and 1990 raising fears that thermal stability would increase resulting in more extensive and severe anoxia in the deeper waters^5^. This is of concern because of the eutrophication of the lake, which began in the 1960s,^6,7^ and led to dense blooms of sometimes toxic cyanobacteria, increased deoxygenation of the bottom waters, and fish kills in some parts of the lake^8,9,10^. Here we show that thermal gradients in the water column have weakened over the last decade and that deoxygenation of deeper waters is less pronounced than expected. Since 1927 the temperature of the deeper waters has risen by 1.3°C compared to only 1.0°C in the surface layers, thereby decreasing thermal and density differentials in the water column. This contradicts the view that eutrophication would increase deoxygenation of the water column perhaps to the point where fish production could not be sustained^11^. Our results suggest that the impacts of global warming on tropical lakes are likely to highly variable and may not, in the short term at least, be uniformly detrimental.
CO2 Enhancement of Forest Productivity Constrained by Limited Nitrogen Availability
Authors: Norby Richard , Warren Jeffrey , Iversen Colleen , Garten Charles , Medlyn Belinda , McMurtrie Ross 
Published: July 2019

AbstractStimulation of terrestrial productivity by rising CO~2~ concentration is projected to reduce the airborne fraction of anthropogenic CO~2~ emissions; coupled climate-carbon (C) cycle models, including those used in the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4), are sensitive to this negative feedback on atmospheric CO~2~^1^. The representation of the so-called CO~2~ fertilization effect in the 11 models used in AR4 and subsequent models^2,3^ was broadly consistent with experimental evidence from four free-air CO~2~ enrichment (FACE) experiments, which indicated that net primary productivity (NPP) of forests was increased by 23 +/- 2% in response to atmospheric CO~2~ enrichment to 550 ppm^4^. Substantial uncertainty remains, however, because of the expectation that feedbacks through the nitrogen (N) cycle will reduce the CO~2~ stimulation of NPP^5,6^; these feedbacks were not included in the AR4 models and heretofore have not been confirmed by experiments in forests^7^. Here, we provide new evidence from a FACE experiment in a deciduous Liquidambar styraciflua (sweetgum) forest stand in Tennessee, USA, that N limitation has significantly reduced the stimulation of NPP by elevated atmospheric CO~2~ concentration (eCO~2~). Isotopic evidence and N budget analysis support the premise that N availability in this forest ecosystem has been declining over time, and declining faster in eCO~2~. Model analyses and evidence from leaf- and stand-level observations provide mechanistic evidence that declining N availability constrained the tree response to eCO2. These results provide a strong rationale and process understanding for incorporating N limitation and N feedback effects in ecosystem and global models used in climate change assessments.
Iron (FeSO4) Bioavailability in Obese Subjects Submitted to Bariatric Surgery
Authors: Bueno Luciana , Pizzo Juliana , dos Santos José Ernesto , Marchini Julio Sérgio , Dutra de Oliveira José Eduardo 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Objective:
To determine iron bioavailability in obese subjects after the ingestion of a nutritional supplement containing multiple nutrients. Methods: Fourteen persons were studied before and after bariatric surgery after the ingestion of a nutritional formulation containing 25 mg iron, 25 g fiber and 800 mg calcium. Serum iron levels were measured basally and every hour after the ingestion of 200 mL of the formulation, and serum ferritin, unsaturated iron binding capacity (UIBC), hemoglobin, albumin, total proteins, total triglycerides, total cholesterol and fractions (LDL-cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol) sere determined at the same time points.

Results:
The following ferremia values (median/minimum - maximum) were obtained before and after bariatric surgery, respectively: Fasting, 105 (70 - 364) &x00B5;g/dL and 198 (38 - 617) &x00B5;g/dL; 1 hour, 103 (63 - 305) &x00B5;g/dL and 160 (11 - 207) &x00B5;g/dL; 2 hours, 103 (62 - 150) &x00B5;g/dL and 141 (10 - 412) &x00B5;g/dL; 3 hours. 97 (63 - 190) &x00B5;g/dL and 153 (6 - 270) &x00B5;g/dL; 4 hours, 91 (58 - 163) &x00B5;g/dL and 156 (40 - 251) &x00B5;g/dL (p&gt;0.05), with no association of serum iron levels with time. There was a difference in total triglycerides (95 &177; 29 mg/dL and 60 &177; 10 mg/dL) which were correlated with a decrease in serum ferritin levels (r = 0,926, p = 0.008), UIBC (r = 0.910, p = 0.01), total cholesterol (r = 0,918, p = 0.01) and LDL-c fraction (r = 0.830, p = 0.04), with an increase in HDL-c fraction (r = 0,807, p = 0.05). Conclusion: Iron bioavailability in obese subjects was affected by the ingestion of the nutritional formulation containing calcium and fiber and the serum ferritin and UIBC values involved in the body metabolism of iron were reduced by the surgery, a fact that may cause these patients to develop iron deficiency.
Limusaurus and bird digit identity
Authors: Vargas Alexander , Wagner Günter , Gauthier Jacques 
Published: July 2019

AbstractLimusaurus is a remarkable herbivorous ceratosaur unique among theropods in having digits II, III and IV, with only a small metacarpal vestige of digit I. This raises interesting questions regarding the controversial identity of avian wing digits. The early tetanuran ancestors of birds had tridactyl hands with digital morphologies corresponding to digits I, II & III of other dinosaurs. In bird embryos, however, the pattern of cartilage formation indicates that their digits develop from positions that become digits II, III, & IV in other amniotes. Limusaurus has been argued to provide evidence that the digits of tetanurans, currently considered to be I, II and III, may actually be digits II, III, & IV, thus explaining the embryological position of bird wing digits. However, morphology and gene expression of the anterior bird wing digit specifically resemble digit I, not II, of other amniotes. We argue that digit I loss in Limusaurus is derived and thus irrelevant to understanding the development of the bird wing.
Earth History and the Evolution of Caribbean Bats
Authors: Dávalos Liliana 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAlthough the natural history of the Caribbean is better understood now than ever before, a general biogeographic explanation for the peculiar faunal composition of the islands remains elusive. New molecular phylogenetic and divergence analyses presented here show that dispersal and diversification in Caribbean bats are synchronous with sea level drops during inter-stage transitions in the Miocene. The phylogenies indicate that several continental bat species descended from West Indian ancestors, as the exceptionally low sea level of the Miocene transitions allowed for two-way biotic exchange between the islands and the continent. These results suggest a common mechanism underlies colonization and subsequent speciation in the Caribbean, and underscore the importance of geological history in all biogeographic scenarios, including dispersal.
Accurate telemonitoring of Parkinson’s disease progression by non-invasive speech tests
Authors: Tsanas Athanasios , Little Max , McSharry Patrick , Ramig Lorraine 
Published: July 2019

AbstractTracking Parkinson's disease (PD) symptom progression often uses the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), which requires the patient's presence in clinic, and time-consuming physical examinations by trained medical staff. Thus, symptom monitoring is costly and logistically inconvenient for patient and clinical staff alike, also hindering recruitment for future large-scale clinical trials. Here, for the first time, we demonstrate rapid, remote replication of UPDRS assessment with clinically useful accuracy (about 7.5 UPDRS points difference from the clinicians’ estimates), using only simple, self-administered, and non-invasive speech tests. We characterize speech with signal processing algorithms, extracting clinically useful features of average PD progression. Subsequently, we select the most parsimonious model with a robust feature selection algorithm, and statistically map the selected subset of features to UPDRS using linear and nonlinear regression techniques, which include classical least squares and non-parametric classification and regression trees (CART). We verify our findings on the largest database of PD speech in existence (~6,000 recordings from 42 PD patients, recruited to a six-month, multi-centre trial). These findings support the feasibility of frequent, remote and accurate UPDRS tracking. This technology could play a key part in telemonitoring frameworks that enable large-scale clinical trials into novel PD treatments.
Analysis of Sustainable Water Resources Management (SWRM) in Agriculture
Authors: Ommani Ahmad Reza , Chizari Mohammad 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe purpose of this research was analysis Sustainable Water Resources Management (SWRM) in agriculture of Khouzestan Province of Iran. The research method was quantitative research. Total population of experts in the study included all agricultural extension experts (N=96) of Agricultural-Jihad Organization of Khuzestan Province, Iran. Based on frequency of respondents about importance rate of supportive policies regarding SWRM in agriculture, 70.8% of respondents stated that encouraging farmers for using sustainable methods had very high importance. In reference to the frequency of respondents about extension system roles on realization of SWRM dimensions in agriculture, 52.8% of respondents stated conservation of water resources had very high importance for supporting SWRM in agriculture.
Optimal Population Coding, Revisited
Authors: Berens Philipp , Ecker Alexander , Gerwinn Sebastian , Tolias Andreas , Bethge Matthias 
Published: July 2019

AbstractCortical circuits perform the computations underlying rapid perceptual decisions within a few dozen milliseconds with each neuron emitting only a few spikes. Under these conditions, the theoretical analysis of neural population codes is challenging, as the most commonly used theoretical tool – Fisher information – can lead to erroneous conclusions about the optimality of different coding schemes. Here we revisit the effect of tuning function width and correlation structure on neural population codes based on ideal observer analysis in both a discrimination and reconstruction task. We show that the optimal tuning function width and the optimal correlation structure in both paradigms strongly depend on the available decoding time in a very similar way. In contrast, population codes optimized for Fisher information do not depend on decoding time and are severely suboptimal when only few spikes are available. In addition, we use the neurometric functions of the ideal observer in the classification task to investigate the differential coding properties of these Fisher-optimal codes for fine and coarse discrimination. We find that the discrimination error for these codes does not decrease to zero with increasing population size, even in simple coarse discrimination tasks. Our results suggest that quite different population codes may be optimal for rapid decoding in cortical computations than those inferred from the optimization of Fisher information.
A Lateralized Brain Network for Visuo-Spatial Attention
Authors: Thiebaut de Schotten Michel , Dell’Acqua Flavio , Forkel Stephanie , Simmons Andrew , Vergani Francesco , Murphy Declan G.M. , Catani Marco 
Published: July 2019

AbstractLooking for a friend in the crowd, avoiding a sudden danger or contemplating a work of art are some examples of actions based on the efficiency of our visuo-spatial attention system. The specialization of the right brain hemisphere for visuo-spatial attention is a characteristic of most humans, but its anatomical basis remains largely unknown. Our study is the first to report in humans the existence of a bilateral parieto-frontal network whose hemispheric lateralization predicts the degree of specialization of the right hemisphere for visuo-spatial attention. Our results also suggest that this specialization is associated with an unbalanced speed of visuo-spatial processing between the two hemispheres. This lateralization may be predictive of visuo-spatial recovery in patients with lesions of parieto-frontal networks.
Non-specific binding of antibodies in immunohistochemistry: Fakes and facts
Authors: Buchwalow Igor , Samoilova Vera , Boecker Werner , Tiemann Markus 
Published: July 2019

AbstractProtocols for blocking non-specific antibody (Ab) binding in immunohistochemistry are based on rather contradictory and outdated reports. This prompted us to prove, whether non-specific Ab binding may really lead to unwanted background staining in routinely processed cell and tissue probes. In this study, the probes were fixed and processed according to routine protocols with and without a blocking step (goat serum or BSA). Surprisingly, all Ab in probes processed without a blocking step did not show any propensity towards non-specific binding that might lead to background staining, thus implying that endogenous Fc receptors do not retain their ability to bind Fc portion of Ab after standard fixation. Likewise in routinely fixed probes, we did not find any non-specific Ab binding ascribed to a combination of ionic and hydrophobic interactions. The traditionally used protein blocking step is useless in immunostaining of routinely fixed tissues.
Alzheimer's disease is TH17 related autoimmune disease against misfolded beta amyloid
Authors: Hu Wan-Jiung 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAlzheimer's disease is a common neurodegenerative disorder. However, its exact etiology is still unknown. There were several mechanisms proposed such as the tau hypothesis and amyloid hypothesis. However, there is evidence challenging the above two hypotheses. Here, I propose the immune-amyloid hypothesis as a mechanism for Alzheimer's disease. Th17 related autoimmunity contributes to the disease pathogenesis. Accumulation of misfolded beta amyloid can trigger heat shock protein which in turn induces TH17 immunity. By microarray analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells, there is up-regulation of many TH17 related molecules after Alzheimer's disease. After knowing the exact disease pathogenesis, we can develop new therapeutic strategies to prevent or treat the detrimental disorder.
Topological Characterization of Protein-Protein Interaction Networks in Human and Mouse
Authors: Singh Bipin 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe elucidation of the cell's large-scale organization is a primary challenge for post-genomic biology, and understanding the structure and topological properties of protein-protein interaction networks offers an important starting point for such studies. We compare the protein-protein interaction network of the human and mouse, aiming to uncover the network's generic large-scale properties and the impact of the protein's function and cellular localization on the network topology. We show that both human and mouse protein-protein interaction supports a scale-free, topology with hierarchical modularity, indicating that these features represent a robust and generic property of the protein interactions network. We also find strong correlations between the network's structure and the functional role and sub cellular localization of its protein constituents, concluding that most functional and/or localization classes appear as relatively segregated sub networks of the full protein interaction network.
Biomimetic assemblage of nucleobase 5-fluorouracil into nano-size three-dimensional particles
Authors: Chauhan Arun , Zubair Swaleha , Zia Qamar , Tufail Saba , Sherwani Asif , Sajid Mohammad , Owais Mohammad 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBiomimetic nano-assembly formation offers a convenient and bio friendly approach to fabricate complex structures from simple components with sub-nanometer precision. Recently, extract from cells of microorganism/plant origin have emerged as a simple and viable route for the synthesis of metal and inorganic material nano-particles. In the present study, we have extended biological synthesis of nano-particles to organic molecules, namely the anticancer agent, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) using Aloe vera leaf extract. The formation of 5-FU nano- particles was assessed by UV, FT-IR and fluorescence spectroscopic techniques. Transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopic techniques confirmed nano-size of the synthesized particles. Importantly, the nano-assembled 5-FU retained its anticancer action against various cancer cell lines. Finally, the anti-tumor potential of 5-FU nano-particles was established against DMBA induced fibrosarcoma in Balb/c mice.
Partial Dissociation and Hydration Quantitatively Explain the Properties of Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions and hence Empirical Activity Concepts are Unnecessary
Authors: Heyrovska Raji 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe author shows that Arrhenius's theory of partial electrolytic dissociation was immaturely displaced about eight decades ago by the empirical concept of ionic activities and the assumption of complete dissociation of electrolytes at all concentrations. The latter brought the theory of electrolytes over the next decades into a complicated state without any physical significance. Therefore, the author started a systematic investigation of the available data and could completely restore the original theory of partial dissociation. Now solution properties can be easily understood and quantitatively explained in terms of absolute concentrations and volumes of ions and ion pairs and hydration.
Applications Of Microspectroscopy, Hyperspectral Chemical Imaging And Fluorescence Microscopy In Chemistry, Biochemistry, Biotechnology, Molecular And Cell Biology
Authors: Baianu I. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractChemical imaging is a technique for the simultaneous measurement of spectra (chemical information) and images or pictures (spatial information)^1,2^. The technique is most often applied to either solid or gel samples, and has applications in chemistry, biology^3-8^, medicine^9,10^, pharmacy^11^ (see also for example: Chemical Imaging Without Dyeing), food science, Food Physical Chemistry, Biotechnology^12,13^, Agriculture and industry. NIR, IR and Raman chemical imaging is also referred to as hyperspectral, spectroscopic, spectral or multi-spectral imaging (also see micro-spectroscopy). However, other ultra-sensitive and selective, chemical imaging techniques are also in use that involve either UV-visible or fluorescence microspectroscopy.