bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Город и деревня в имперской, советской и современной России
Authors: Нефедова Татьяна Григорьевна 
Published: February 2018

Татьяна Григорьевна Нефедова – доктор географических наук, главный научный сотрудник, Институт географии РАН. Адрес: 119017, Москва, Старомонетный пер., д. 29. E-mail: trene12@yandex.ru
Цитирование: Нефедова Т.Г. (2018) Город и деревня в имперской, советской и современной России // Мир России. Т. 27. № 1. С. 183–202. DOI: 10.17323/1811-038X-2018-27-1-183-202

Выход в свет трехтомника Бориса Николаевича Миронова «Российская империя: от традиции к модерну» является ценным подарком для тех, кто не только интересуется российской историей, но и пытается объяснить многие современные процессы. Его  труд настолько огромен и всеобъемлющ, что рассматривать его можно лишь по частям. Статья представляет собой попытку некоторой рефлексии на пятую главу первого тома трехтомника. В ней анализируются лишь несколько сюжетов, показывающих, как продолжалась описанная Б.Н. Мироновым история модернизации города и деревни в ХХ–ХХI вв. В статье сравниваются основные особенности городов и сельской местности дореволюционной России с их современными чертами. Выявляются различия взаимодействия городов и деревень в XVI–XX веках и более 100 лет спустя. Изучается, что представляют собой современные города и деревни, как менялось их население, как при росте числа городов происходила их поляризация, особенно в постсоветское время. Прослеживаются процессы урбанизации и кризисной дезурбанизации в ХХ веке. Особое внимание уделяется возрождению отходничества в современной России, его отличиям от такового в конце XIX – начале ХХ веков, масштабам и географическим особенностям современной трудовой мобильности населения, связывающей города разного размера и сельскую местность.
Трактовки и способы измерения продовольственной безопасности в современной России: дискурсивные и реальные противоречия
Authors: Троцук Ирина Владимировна , Никулин Александр Михайлович , Вегрен Стивен 
Published: February 2018

Ирина Владимировна Троцук – доктор социологических наук, доцент, ведущий научный сотрудник, Центр аграрных исследований, Российская академия народного хозяйства и государственной службы при Президенте РФ; доцент, кафедра социологии, Российский университет дружбы народов. Адрес: 119571, Москва, просп. Вернадского, д. 82. E-mail: irina.trotsuk@yandex.ru
Александр Михайлович Никулин – кандидат экономических наук, директор, Центр аграрных исследований, Российская академия народного хозяйства и государственной службы при Президенте РФ. Адрес: 119571, Москва, просп. Вернадского, д.  82. E-mail: nikulin@ranepa.ru
Стивен Вегрен – профессор политологии, Южный методистский университет. Адрес: Dallas, Texas, 75275, USA. E-mail: swegren@smu.edu
Цитирование: Троцук И.В., Никулин А.М., Вегрен С. (2018) Трактовки и способы измерения продовольственной безопасности в современной России: дискурсивные и реальные противоречия // Мир России. Т. 27. № 1. С. 34–64. DOI: 10.17323/1811-038X-2018-27-1-34-64

В статье охарактеризованы форматы внимания политиков и ученых к проблемам продовольственной безопасности, особенно к ее противоречивым определениям в интеллектуальных и идеологических дискуссиях в связи с разработкой программ и доктрин продовольственной безопасности. Также отмечена важность концепции продовольственного суверенитета как критически альтернативного ей подхода. Обращаясь к историческому и современному опыту обеспечения продовольственной безопасности в России, авторы отмечают зигзаги продовольственной политики – переход от советской автаркической модели продовольственного самообеспечения через попытки либерализации продовольственной политики 1990-х гг. к новой протекционистской и автаркической доктрине 2000-х гг. Критическому осмыслению в статье подвергаются индикаторы продовольственной безопасности: так, показатели валового роста производства разных видов продовольствия все же недостаточны для оценки национальной продовольственной безопасности, поскольку ключевыми являются индикаторы эффективности аграрного производства, доступности качественных продуктов питания для всех слоев населения и возможность потребителей контролировать вопросы продовольственного обеспечения. В заключительной части статьи представлен обзор социологических исследований продовольственной безопасности в России и прежде всего результатов мониторингов Центра аграрных исследований РАНХиГС в 2015–2017 годах, зафиксировавших противоречивую «двойную автаркию» в ответах респондентов: с одной стороны, они поддерживают политический курс на продовольственный протекционизм и национализм (автаркия государственная); с другой стороны, стремятся к продовольственному суверенитету (автаркия семейная), интенсифицируя натуральное самообеспечение.
Основные смыслы жизненного мира сельских жителей России
Authors: Тощенко Жан Терентьевич , Великий Петр Панфилович 
Published: February 2018

Жан Терентьевич Тощенко – член-корреспондент РАН, доктор философских наук, заведующий, кафедра теории и истории социологии, РГГУ; главный научный сотрудник, Институт социологии РАН. Адрес: 117218, Москва, ул. Кржижановского, 24/35, к.  5. E-mail: zhantosch@mail.ru
Петр Панфилович Великий – доктор философских наук, ведущий научный сотрудник, Институт аграрных проблем РАН. Адрес: 410012, Саратов, ул. Московская, 94. E-mail: iagpran@mail.ru
Цитирование: Тощенко Ж.Т., Великий П.П. (2018) Основные смыслы жизненного мира сельских жителей России // Мир России. Т. 27. № 1. С. 7–33. DOI: 10.17323/1811-038X-2018-27-1-7-33

В статье раскрываются основные смыслы жизненного мира жителей современной российской деревни. Теоретико-методологической основой анализа является концепция социологии жизни, которая исходным, базовым понятием считает «жизненный мир» людей, где структурными компонентами выступают общественное сознание, поведение (деятельность) и объективные условия (макро-, мезо- и микромир). Такой подход позволяет раскрыть палитру общественной (публичной) и личной (приватной) жизни людей, в том числе и проживающих в сельской местности. Особое внимание уделяется обоснованию и необходимости применения в социологических исследованиях такого понятия, как «смысл жизни», который трактуется как цели-принципы, которыми руководствуется человек (осознанно или стихийно) в своей повседневной жизни. Исходя из этих теоретико-методологических оснований, жизненный мир сельских жителей раскрывается через его главные смыслы, находящие отражение в основных ценностных ориентациях и соответствующей мотивации: остаться на селе, переехать из села в город, компромиссные установки (жить на селе, а работать и/или отдыхать в городе). Все эти смыслы, в конечном счете, замыкаются на обобщающий смысл – стремление к социальной справедливости, которая касается специфики жизни сельчан как граждан (уровень общества), как жителей (уровень поселения), как индивидов (уровень непосредственно окружения). Все эти смысложизненные ценностные ориентации также серьезно различаются в зависимости от социального положения, возраста, отношения к землепользованию (формам собственности) и семейного положения. Анализ основных смыслов жизни дается на базе всероссийских исследований 2014–2016 гг., проведенных социологами Российского государственного гуманитарного университета (РГГУ) по гранту Российского научного фонда  – «Жизненный мир россиян и эволюция форм их участия в реализации государственных и  общественных преобразований (1990–2010-е годы)». В статье также использована статистическая информация Росстата РФ, данные Института социологии РАН, ВЦИОМ, Левада-Центра и других, в том числе и региональных, исследовательских организаций.
How determinants of health determine health?
Authors: Khan Ramsha , Qureshi Muhammad Salman Haider 
Published: February 2018

<p>In this article, a broader discussion of determinants of health will be provided by giving the relevant examples, demonstrating how these determinates influence the health at individual and community level. Moreover, the definitions of the terms such as determinants of health, health inequalities and inequities, will be given. Although there are many factors that influences health, the article will focus on lifestyle, biological and environmental determinants of health. At the end a brief conclusion about the key points discussed in the essay will be provided. </p>
Status of thyroid autoantibodies among Nigerian vitiligo patients
Authors: Amadi Collins , Odum Ehimen P. 
Published: February 2018

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> The prevalence of thyroid autoantibodies among vitiligo patients is higher than the general population. This study was therefore aimed to evaluate the status of thyroid autoantibodies in Nigerian patients with vitiligo.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> A retrospective study of thyroid autoantibody test parameters of vitiligo patients who visited the Department of Chemical Pathology and Metabolic Medicine of the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital between 1<sup>st</sup> January 2012 and 31<sup>st</sup> December 2016 was undertaken to evaluate the status of thyroid autoantibody. Data collected irrespective of vitiligo variant were age, sex, serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroid peroxidase antibody (anti-TPO) titers and thyroglobulin antibody (anti-Tg) titers. The analysis was done using Shapiro-Wilk, descriptive statistics, chi-square, and Fisher’s exact, two-sample t-test. The level of p&lt;0.05 was considered significant. </p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> There were a total of 102 subjects with 40 (39.2%) males and 62 (60.8%) females. Subjects’ age ranged from 4–61 with a median value of 23 years. The mean serum TSH, anti-TPO and anti-Tg were 2.6 IU/ml, 64.6 IU/ml, and 55.2 IU/ml respectively. Positive thyroid autoantibodies titers was documented in 35 (34.3%; &lt;0.001) subjects. Anti-TPO and anti-Tg positive titers were detected in 34 (33.3%) and 19 (18.6%) subjects respectively, while autoimmune thyroid disease was observed in 20 (19.6%) of the vitiligo subjects.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Thyroid autoantibodies are more prevalent among vitiligo patients than the general population. Regular screening for these thyroid autoantibodies should be made compulsory in the management of patients with vitiligo.</p>
A residential habitat quality model for population health vulnerability assessment in Urban Nigeria
Authors: Adewoyin Yemi 
Published: February 2018

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> The quality of the living environment affects the population’s exposure and susceptibility to diseases, yet most available indices for the measurement of residential environmental quality are based on the population’s perception of their environment rather than on objectively verifiable indicators. This paper develops an index based on the peculiarities of the urban environment in Africa.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> In constructing the residential habitat quality (RHQ) model, 30 indicators measuring residential environmental quality and housing conditions were employed The indicators follow from an adaptation of the major risk factors of unhealthy living conditions of the WHO and from disease promoting habitat conditions highlighted in relevant theories. Primary data on household incidence of malaria was also collected from the study area. </p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> The construct recorded a reliability coefficient of 0.979 while the factor-analytic procedure employed for validation identified three dimensions that accounted for 86.6% of the total variance in the construct. Its application in the analysis of the relationship between the quality of the living environment and the prevalence of malaria in urban Nigeria was further tested in the study. The result (r=-0.954, p&lt;0.001) shows that there is a very strong and statistically significant negative correlation between the quality of the living environment and household incidence of malaria in the study area.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> The RHQ model is sufficiently adequate to measure variations in residential environmental quality and becomes particularly useful in the identification of health risk habitats, and health planning for vulnerable population based on their places of residence.</p><p class="abstract"> </p>
Violating the Maxims of Quality and Quantity on the ‘Demo Sabun’ Sketch of Extravaganza Situation Comedy TV
Authors: Rini Setia 
Published: February 2018

This study focuses on analyzing the violation of maxims as proposed by Grice in his cooperative principles. The subject of the study is on one of TV sitcoms broadcasted by one of the private owned TV station in Indonesia. The writer collected the data by transcribing the dialogues among the comedian in one sketch. In this modern era there are many busy people who need such kind of entertainment to lead them release their fatigue after having a day work. This situation invites some creative people to produce humor which is then packaged in the form situation comedy. These sitcoms can be broadcasted in many television stations now. In creating such funny expressions, there must be the violation on some maxims. By violating the maxims; the humorous verbal interaction can be achieved. The writer found that there are two types of violation on maxims of quality and quantity in one of the extravaganza’s sketches.keywords; Violation; Maxims, Humor
The Teaching of Speaking in Big Classes
Authors: Ruwandi Ruwandi 
Published: February 2018

Speaking is the most important language skill. The language user’s capability will be immediately understood and measured through the skill because this is the most visible proficiency. Difficulties of teaching speaking vary dependent upon the class size. Teaching speaking in big classes is more difficult than teaching of it in small classes. The main constraint is the time allotment. To answer the problem, speaking teachers should be creative to set the intensive classroom activities. If this is true, they need to identify students speaking skill to understand their alertness for the following language instructions. Besides that, they are also responsible to identify their basic need in the class whether this is only for question and answer, dialog, discussion, debate, or others. To anticipate the time constraints, the teachers engage to select the possible methods and strategies for presenting the interesting instructional materials. At the end, teachers should divide the time allotment adjust and proportionally for their students so they are able to self-express and share ideas in those interactive classroom situations.keywords; Speaking, Existing Skill; Need Analysis; Classroom Management; Methods & Strategies ; Presentation
Cross Cultural Conflicts in Not Without my Daughter
Authors: Setyoningsih Setyoningsih 
Published: February 2018

This study aims to identify and analyze the cultural conflicts between the main characters in the novel Not Without my Daughter (NW). The analysis was carried out through the following process. The first procedure related to problems of classification i.e. cross cultural conflicts. The next phase of data analysis related to the colletion data of cross cultural conflicts in NW. The last phase is presentation the result of the analysis that had been conducted in this research. Having analyzed the data, the researcher concludes that cultural conflicts occured in NW because of stereotype, prejudice, and ethnocentrism. Cultural conflicts can be prevented if we increase our awareness of our own attitudes and learn to be sensitive to cross-cultural differences. However, if we develop intercultural sensitivity, it does not mean that we need to lose our cultural identities-but rather that we recognize cultural influences within ourselves and within others.Keywords: Culture; Cross-Cultural Conflict; Culture Understanding
Библиотека у сопственој соби: ауторке, јунакиње и књиге од Вирџиније Вулф до данас
Authors: Гордић Петковић Владислава 
Published: February 2018

Кад одлучи да пише о положају жене у свом времену, Вирџинија Вулф истраживање почиње од библиотечке претраге; есеј Сопствена соба (1929) може се данас читати као виртуелно путовање скривеном и потискиваном женском историјом која, ма како оскудна и анонимна, ипак постоји у оквирима Британске библиотеке. Роман Џепарош (2005) британске списатељице Саре Вотерс користи мотиве библиотеке, текста и читаоца да би проговорио о темама идентитета и утицаја. Колико су књиге и библиотеке важне у карактеризацији јунакиња британске прозе и есејистике двадесетог века, тема је овог рада. У самој анализи узима се у обзир и конфликтан однос према тематизацији женског искуства, које се рађа из свести о томе да књижевна традиција оскудева у јасном и артикулисаном промишљању женских тема.
Predicting vegetation phenology in response to climate change using bioclimatic indices in Iraq
Authors: Daham Afrah , Han Dawei , Matt Jolly W. , Rico-Ramirez Miguel , Marsh Anke 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
Although most phenology models can predict vegetation response to climatic variations, these models often perform poorly in precipitation-limited regions. In this study, we modified a phenology model, called the Growing Season Index (GSI), to better quantify relationships between weather and vegetation canopy dynamics across various semi-arid regions of Iraq. A modified GSI was created by adding a cumulative precipitation control to the existing GSI framework. Both unmodified and modified GSI values were calculated daily from 2001 to 2010 for three locations in Eastern Iraq: Sulaymaniyah (north), Wasit (central) and Basrah (south) and a countrywide mean and compared to the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) from MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) for the same time period. Countrywide median inter-annual correlations between GSI and NDVI more than doubled with the addition of the precipitation control and within-site correlations also show substantial improvements. The modified model has huge potential to be used to predict future phenological responses to changing climatic conditions, as well as to reconstruct historical vegetation conditions. This study improves our understanding of potential vegetation responses to climatic changes across Iraq, but it should improve phenological predictions across other semi-arid worldwide, particularly in the face of rapid climate change and environmental deterioration.
Full-scale dissolved air flotation (DAF) equipment for emergency treatment of eutrophic water
Authors: Tian Zhuang , Wang Can , Ji Min 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
Eutrophication of urban rivers has caused severe environmental problems due to the pollution from point and diffuse sources. Although eutrophication can be alleviated by reducing the input to the river system, fast-treating terminal control technologies, especially under emergent situations, should be developed to reduce risks induced by eutrophication. The present study developed an emergency purification device based on dissolved air flotation (DAF) technology. After equipment commissioning and parameter optimization for applications in the field of engineering, the device was found to effectively remove total phosphorus, chlorophyll a, chemical oxygen demand, and turbidity in water by controlling the coagulant dosage and adjusting the gas-liquid mixing pump parameters. Dissolved air in water could enhance dissolved oxygen, and dissolved oxygen in polluted rivers could be raised from 0.2–2 mg/L to 3–3.5 mg/L. Removal of total nitrogen was poor because the majority of nitrogen contents were dissolved. Finally, DAF has been proven to be a promising technology due to its ease of implementation, low equipment investment requirement, and low operation cost.
Model-based analysis of microbial consortia and microbial products in an anammox biofilm reactor
Authors: Azari M. , Le A. V. , Lübken M. , Denecke M. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractA mathematical model for a granular biofilm reactor for leachate treatment was validated by long-term measured data to investigate the mechanisms and drivers influencing biological nitrogen removal and microbial consortia dynamics. The proposed model, based on Activated Sludge Model (ASM1), included anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox), nitrifying and heterotrophic denitrifying bacteria which can attach and grow on granular activated carbon (GAC) particles. Two kinetic descriptions for the model were proposed: with and without soluble microbial products (SMP) and extracellular polymeric substance (EPS). The model accuracy was checked using recorded total inorganic nitrogen concentrations in the effluent and estimated relative abundance of active bacteria using quantitative fluorescence in-situ hybridization (qFISH). Results suggested that the model with EPS kinetics fits better for the relative abundance of anammox bacteria and nitrifying bacteria compared to the model without EPS. The model with EPS and SMP confirms that the growth and existence of heterotrophs in anammox biofilm systems slightly increased due to including the kinetics of SMP production in the model. During the one-year simulation period, the fractions of autotrophs and EPS in the biomass were almost stable but the fraction of heterotrophs decreased which is correlated with the reduction in nitrogen surface loading on the biofilm.
Evaluation of technology potential of Aloe arborescens biopolymer in galvanic effluent treatment
Authors: da Luz Tayla Gabriela , Sales Valber , da Rocha Raquel Dalla Costa 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
Biopolymers have the ability to form gels that can be used in coagulation/flocculation processes. For this reason, the present work evaluated the application of the Aloe arborescens gel as a biopolymer in the treatment of the effluent generated in galvanic processes. The centesimal, thermogravimetric and texture profiles, as well as the functional groups and the biopolymer's performance in the treatment was analyzed. The performance results were evaluated by central composite rotational design 23. The variables biopolymer concentration, aluminum sulphate and initial pH of the effluent were significant at the confidence level of 95%. The Cr(VI) removal efficiency ranged from 6.37% to 37.74%; significant reductions in dissolved solids (89.80% to 94.13%) and suspended solids (71.06% to 90.00%) were also observed. The treated effluent still presents parameters above the regulatory limits stated by the legislation, therefore, the biopolymer could be used as initial treatment for solids removal.
Experimental study of geysers through a vent pipe connected to flowing sewers
Authors: Huang Biao , Wu Shiqiang , Zhu David Z. , Schulz Harry E. 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
Geysers of air–water mixtures in urban drainage systems is receiving considerable attention due to public safety concerns. However, the geyser formation process and its relation with air release from pressurized pipes are still relatively little known. A large-scale physical model, that consisted of a main tunnel with a diameter of 270 mm and a length of 25 m connecting two reservoirs and a vertical vent pipe, was established to investigate geyser evolution and pressure transients. Experimental results including dynamic pressure data and high speed videos were analysed in order to characterize geysering flow through the vent pipe. Pressure transients were observed during geysering events. Their amplitudes were found to be about three times the driving pressure head and their periods were close to the classic surge tank predictions. The influence of flow rate and vent pipe size were examined: geyser heights and pressure peaks decreased for small flow rate and large diameter vent pipe. It is suggested that geyser heights are related with the pressure head and the density of the air–water mixture.