bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Soil contamination sampling intensity: determining accuracy and confidence using a Monte Carlo simulation
Authors: Sorenson P.T. , McCormick S. , Dyck M. 
Published: June 2019

Soil pollution is an extensive global problem, and effective management depends on accurate characterization and mapping of the extent of soil contamination. The objectives of this study were to determine the accuracy of different sampling intensities and the optimal number of samples required to minimize remediation project costs. To determine the accuracy associated with different sampling intensities, a Monte Carlo simulation was conducted. A simulated contaminant plume was created based on inverse distance weighting, kriging, or multivariate adaptive regression splines. Different sampling intensities, with grid spacing ranging from approximately 10% to 50% of the site extent, were used to generate a plume map using random forest model with a Euclidean distance matrix as predictors. The relative error was then determined as part of a Monte Carlo simulation that ran 10 000 simulations for each grid intensity for a total of 90 000 simulations. The optimal number of samples was determined based on economic factors, and the error functions generated with the Monte Carlo simulations. Average error ranged from 57% for 25 data points to 5% for 2800 data points. The 90th percentile error ranged from 100% to 0.3% for the sample data point range. Based on these results, the optimal number of samples, depending on pricing, ranged from 31 samples for a 10 m3 contaminant plume to 3475 samples for a 10 000 m3 soil contaminant plume.
Geoforensics in Italy: education and research standards
Authors: Di Maggio R. M. , Barone P. M. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Forensic investigations in Italy have no geoforensic protocols or standard protocols to provide the country's law enforcement agencies with the materials to create a multidisciplinary approach to crime scene investigation, using the correct personnel and appropriate tools. Several factors contribute to this situation in Italy, but the main two are: (i) a lack of education, which allows the CSI effect to spread at all levels of society; and (ii) a lack of proper financial and environmental resources to support research. Moreover, the stressful context and psychological pressure of working in such an environment impedes the creation and implementation of proper protocols and standard procedures to the level attained in other more famous forensic sciences.
Portable X-ray fluorescence (PXRF) spectrometry of earth materials: considerations for forensic analysis
Authors: Bergslien Elisa 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Miniaturization of components and other advances in technology have resulted in significantly increased availability of portable X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (PXRF) units, leading to a boom in their use in a variety of fields. An unfortunate corollary, however, is that there has also been a boom in the publication of data of doubtful quality, based on misunderstandings of PXRF and the underlying physics of X-ray fluorescence. Many manufacturers sell the units as point-and-shoot black boxes, capable of generating usable data under a range of conditions but, in reality, all of the assumptions and limitations inherent in laboratory-based XRF systems still apply or are even amplified in portable units. This paper highlights some of the areas of highest concern to alert readers and practitioners alike, and provides examples of some issues that may arise during analysis.
QoE for Mobile Clients with Segment-aware Rate Adaptation Algorithm (SARA) for DASH Video Streaming
Authors: Yarnagula Hema Kumar , Juluri Parikshit , Mehr Sheyda Kiani , Tamarapalli Venkatesh , Medhi Deep 
Published: June 2019

Dynamic adaptive streaming over HTTP (DASH) is widely used for video streaming on mobile devices. Ensuring a good quality of experience (QoE) for mobile video streaming is essential, as it severely impacts both the network and content providers’ revenue. Thus, a good rate adaptation algorithm at the client end that provides high QoE is critically important. Recently, a segment size-aware rate adaptation (SARA) algorithm was proposed for DASH clients. However, its performance on mobile clients has not been investigated so far. The main contributions of this article are twofold: (1) We discuss SARA’s implementation for mobile clients to improve the QoE in mobile video streaming, one that accurately predicts the download time for the next segment and makes an informed bitrate selection, and (2) we developed a new parametric QoE model to compute a cumulative score that helps in fair comparison of different adaptation algorithms. Based on our subjective and objective evaluation, we observed that SARA for mobile clients outperforms others by 17% on average, in terms of the Mean Opinion Score, while achieving, on average, a 76% improvement in terms of the interruption ratio. The score obtained from our new parametric QoE model also demonstrates that the SARA algorithm for mobile clients gives a better QoE among all the algorithms.
Fault Tolerance Technique Offlining Faulty Blocks by Heap Memory Management
Authors: Jun Jaeyung , Paik Yoonah , Min Gyeong Il , Kim Seon Wook , Han Youngsun 
Published: June 2019

As dynamic random access memory (DRAM) cells continue to be scaled down for higher density and capacity, they have more faults. Thus, DRAM reliability becomes a major concern in computer systems. Previous studies have proposed many techniques preserving the reliability in various system components, such as DRAM internal, memory controller, caches, and operating systems. By reviewing the techniques, we identified the following two considerations: First, it is possible to recover faults with reasonable overhead at high fault rate only if the recovery unit is fine-grained. Second, since hardware modification requires additional cost in the employment of a technique, a pure software-based recovery technique is preferable. However, in the existing software-based recovery technique, the recovery unit is too coarse-grained to tolerate the high fault rate.
In this article, we propose a pure software-based recovery technique with fine-granularity. Our key idea is based on heap segments being managed by the system library with variable-sized chunks to handle dynamic allocation in user applications. In our technique, faulty blocks in pages are offlined by marking them as allocated chunks. Thus, not only fault-free pages but also the remaining clean blocks in faulty pages are allowed to be usable space. Our technique is implemented by modifying the operating system and the system library. Since hardware assistance is unnecessary in the implementation, we evaluated our method on a real machine. Our evaluation results show that our technique has negligible performance overhead at high bit error rate (BER) 5.12e-5, which a hardware-based recovery technique could not tolerate without unacceptable area overhead. Also, at the same BER, our method provides 5.22× usable space, compared with page-offline, which is the state-of-the-art pure software-based technique.
Slow-wave coupling across a gastroduodenal anastomosis as a mechanism for postsurgical gastric dysfunction: evidence for a “gastrointestinal aberrant pathway”
Authors: Wang Tim H.-H. , Angeli Timothy R. , Beban Grant , Du Peng , Bianco Francesca , Gibbons Simon J. , Windsor John A. , Cheng Leo K. , O’Grady Gregory 
Published: June 2019

Postsurgical gastric dysfunction is common, but the mechanisms are varied and poorly understood. The pylorus normally acts as an electrical barrier isolating gastric and intestinal slow waves. In this report, we present an aberrant electrical conduction pathway arising between the stomach and small intestine, following pyloric excision and surgical anastomosis, as a novel disease mechanism. A patient was referred with postsurgical gastroparesis following antrectomy, gastroduodenostomy, and vagotomy for peptic ulceration. Scintigraphy confirmed markedly abnormal 4-h gastric retention. Symptoms included nausea, vomiting, postprandial distress, and reflux. Intraoperative, high-resolution electrical mapping was performed across the anastomosis immediately before revision gastrectomy, and the resected anastomosis underwent immunohistochemistry for interstitial cells of Cajal. Mapping revealed continuous, stable abnormal retrograde slow-wave propagation through the anastomosis, with slow conduction occurring at the scar (4.0 ± 0.1 cycles/min; 2.5 ± 0.6 mm/s; 0.26 ± 0.15 mV). Stable abnormal retrograde propagation continued into the gastric corpus with tachygastria (3.9 ± 0.2 cycles/min; 1.6 ± 0.5 mm/s; 0.19 ± 0.12 mV). Histology confirmed ingrowth of atypical ICC through the scar, defining an aberrant pathway enabling transanastomotic electrical conduction. In conclusion, a “gastrointestinal aberrant pathway” is presented as a novel proposed cause of postsurgical gastric dysfunction. The importance of aberrant anastomotic conduction in acute and long-term surgical recovery warrants further investigation. NEW & NOTEWORTHY High-resolution gastric electrical mapping was performed during revisional surgery in a patient with severe gastric dysfunction following antrectomy and gastroduodenostomy. The results revealed continuous propagation of slow waves from the duodenum to the stomach, through the old anastomotic scar, and resulting in retrograde-propagating tachygastria. Histology showed atypical interstitial cells of Cajal growth through the anastomotic scar. Based on these results, we propose a “gastrointestinal aberrant pathway” as a mechanism for postsurgical gastric dysfunction.
Sentinel Lymph Node–Targeted Therapy by Oncolytic Sendai Virus Suppresses Micrometastasis of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma in an Orthotopic Nude Mouse Model
Authors: Tanaka Yuya , Araki Koji , Tanaka Shingo , Miyagawa Yoshihiro , Suzuki Hiroshi , Kamide Daisuke , Tomifuji Masayuki , Uno Kosuke , Kimura Eiko , Yamashita Taku , Ueda Yasuji , Shiotani Akihiro 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
In clinical N0 (cN0) cases with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), a treatment selection is still controversial: elective neck dissection or watchful waiting. We focused on sentinel lymph node (SLN)–targeted therapy using the urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA)-dependent oncolytic Sendai virus “BioKnife.” The objectives of this study were to investigate BioKnife migration into SLNs and elucidate its antitumor effect on lymph node metastases (LNM). We established an orthotopic nude mouse model of HNSCC, with LNM being frequently induced. We inoculated HSC-3-M3, human highly metastatic tongue squamous cell carcinoma cells, in the tongue of the nude mice, and after 2 weeks, we injected BioKnife into the primary tumor. We tracked BioKnife migration into the SLNs by immunostaining, RT-PCR, and an in vivo imaging system. We also examined its antitumor effects and mechanisms through serial section analysis of lymph nodes. GFP reporter expression was clearly visible in the lymph nodes of virus groups, which corresponded to SLNs. Relative GFP mRNA was significantly increased in both the tongues and lymph nodes in the virus groups compared with that in the control group (P &lt; 0.05). Serial section analysis showed that BioKnife infected cancer cells and exhibited significant antitumor effect against LNM compared with the control groups (P &lt; 0.05). We detected apoptosis in LNM infected by BioKnife. BioKnife migrated into SLNs after its injection into the primary tumor and effectively suppressed LNM, suggesting that SLN-targeted therapy using BioKnife has great potential to provide a novel and promising alternative to elective neck dissection in cN0 patients with HNSCC.
Apparent Declining Prognostic Value of a Negative Stress Echocardiography Based on Regional Wall Motion Abnormalities in Patients With Normal Resting Left Ventricular Function Due to the Changing Referral Profile of the Population Under Study
Authors: Cortigiani Lauro , Urluescu Mădălina-Loredana , Coltelli Maico , Carpeggiani Clara , Bovenzi Francesco , Picano Eugenio 
Published: June 2019

Background:
Cardiology guidelines identify the low-risk response during stress echocardiography as the absence of regional wall motion abnormalities.

Methods:
From 1983 to 2016, we enrolled 5817 patients (age 63±12 years; 2830 males) with suspected coronary artery disease, normal regional, and global left ventricular function at rest and during stress (exercise in 692, dipyridamole in 4291, and dobutamine in 834). Based on timing of enrollment, 4 groups were identified in chronological order of recruitment: years 1983 to 1989, group 1 (n=211); years 1990 to 1999, group 2 (n=1491); years 2000 to 2009, group 3 (n=3285); and years 2010 to 2016, group 4 (n=830).

Results:

There were 240 (4%) events (119 deaths and 121 infarctions) in the follow-up. At 1-year follow-up, the event rate was 0.5% (95% CI, 0.05–0.95), 1.5% (95% CI, −1.18 to 1.82), 1.9% (95% CI, 1.63–2.17), and 1.7% (95% CI, 1.01–2.39; χ
2
, 9.0;
P
=0.03) in groups 1 to 4, respectively. At multivariable Cox analysis, independent predictors of future events were age (hazard ratio (HR), 1.05; 95% CI, 1.04–1.07;
P
<0.0001), male sex (HR, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.20–2.04;
P
=0.001), diabetes mellitus (HR, 1.78; 95% CI, 1.34–2.37;
P
<0.0001), smoking habit (HR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.05–1.85;
P
=0.02), and ongoing anti-ischemic therapy (HR, 1.50; 95% CI, 1.15–1.97;
P
=0.003)

Conclusions:
Over the past 3 decades, we observed a progressive decline in the prognostic value of a negative test based on regional wall motion abnormalities, likely reflecting both an increase in risk in patients, as well as a potential decrease in test performance due to concomitant anti-ischemic therapy.
Safety of Next-Day Discharge After Transfemoral Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement With a Self-Expandable Versus Balloon-Expandable Valve Prosthesis
Authors: Moriyama Noriaki , Vento Antti , Laine Mika 
Published: June 2019

Background:
The safety of next-day discharge (NDD) after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) with a self-expandable valve is unknown. We investigated the safety of NDD after TAVR in patients who received a self-expandable valve or balloon-expandable valve.

Methods and Results:

We retrospectively evaluated consecutive patients who underwent elective minimalist TAVR between January 2017 and July 2018. We investigated the success rates and predictors of NDD after TAVR. Ninety-day and 1-year outcomes in patients managed with NDD after self-expandable ACURATE neo or balloon-expandable SAPIEN 3 replacement were compared. In 315 TAVRs, 249 patients received an ACURATE neo (n=146) or SAPIEN 3 (n=103) valve. There were no differences in baseline characteristics. In the ACURATE neo and SAPIEN 3 groups, NDD was achieved in 60% (n=87) and 55% (n=57) of patients, respectively (
P
>0.50). Predictors of NDD included chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (odds ratio, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.25–0.94) and low pre-TAVR hemoglobin (odds ratio, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.96–0.99) but not type of valve (odds ratio, 1.20; 95% CI, 0.71–1.98 for ACURATE neo). After excluding non-NDD cases, there were no significant differences in 90-day mortality (0% versus 0%;
P
>0.90) or new pacemaker implantation (1% versus 0%;
P
>0.40) between ACURATE neo and SAPIEN3, respectively. No significant difference in 1-year mortality between ACURATE neo and SAPIEN 3 groups after NDD (8% versus 10%; log-rank,
P
>0.80) was observed.

Conclusions:
The safety of NDD using ACURATE neo was similar that using SAPIEN 3, with comparable 90-day and 1-year outcomes.
R
2
eD AVM Score
Authors: Feghali James , Yang Wuyang , Xu Risheng , Liew Jason , McDougall Cameron G. , Caplan Justin M. , Tamargo Rafael J. , Huang Judy 
Published: June 2019

Background and Purpose—
The management of unruptured brain arteriovenous malformations remains unclear. Using a large cohort to determine risk factors predictive of hemorrhagic presentation of arteriovenous malformations, this study aims to develop a predictive tool that could guide hemorrhage risk stratification.

Methods—

A database of 789 arteriovenous malformation patients presenting to our institution between 1990 and 2017 was used. A hold-out method of model validation was used, whereby the data was randomly split in half into training and validation data sets. Factors significant at the univariable level in the training data set were used to construct a model based on multivariable logistic regression. Model performance was assessed using receiver operating curves on the training, validation, and complete data sets. The predictors and the complete data set were then used to derive a risk prediction formula and a practical scoring system, where every risk factor was worth 1 point except race, which was worth 2 points (total score varies from 0 to 6). The factors are summarized by R
2
eD arteriovenous malformation (acronym: R
2
eD AVM).

Results—

In 755 patients with complete data, 272 (36%) presented with hemorrhage. From the training data set, a model was derived containing the following risk factors: nonwhite race (odds ratio [OR]=1.8;
P
=0.02), small nidus size (OR=1.47;
P
=0.14), deep location (OR=2.3;
P<
0.01), single arterial feeder (OR=2.24;
P<
0.01), and exclusive deep venous drainage (OR=2.07;
P
=0.02). Area under the curve from receiver operating curve analysis was 0.702, 0.698, and 0.685 for the training, validation, and complete data sets, respectively. In the entire study population, the predicted probability of hemorrhagic presentation increased in a stepwise manner from 16% for patients with no risk factors (score of 0) to 78% for patients having all the risk factors (score of 6).

Conclusions—
The final model derived from this study can be used as a predictive tool that supplements clinical judgment and aids in patient counseling.
Gland composition in sexually dimorphic skin structures of two species of Hylid frogs: Plectrohyla guatemalensis and Ptychohyla hypomykter
Authors: Luna María Celeste , Vásquez-Almazán Carlos Roberto , Faivovich Julian , Brunetti Andrés Eduardo 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Secondary sexual characters form a diverse group of traits widely spread in amphibians. Within anurans, the Hylini tribe represents an interesting group to examine the evolution of this type of characters because it has different skin structure modifications, including ventrolateral glands, nuptial pads, and unique swollen upper lips. We analysed the skin gland composition in the upper lip of Plectrohyla guatemalensis and the ventrolateral gland of Ptychohyla hypomykter (Hylidae: Hylinae: Hylini). Each of these species is characterized by a different type of sexually dimorphic skin gland; specialized mucous glands (SMGs) in Pl. guatemalensis and specialized serous glands (SSGs) in Pt. hypomykter. The SMGs conform to the general type of sexually dimorphic skin glands in amphibians, whereas SSGs are very rare. Because SMGs are likely involved in the production of sexual pheromones, their distinctive location and their co-occurrence with other secondary sexual characters like long and pointed maxillary and premaxillary teeth in Pl. guatemalensis suggests that the system used for their delivery may be a distinguishing behavioral feature in this species. The presence of both types of glands in Pt. hypomykter (SMGs in nuptial pads, and SSGs in ventrolateral glands) suggests a different or, at least, a complementary role of these two types of glands during reproduction.
A Conceptual Spectral Plume Model for Understanding Tropical Temperature Profile and Convective Updraft Velocities
Authors: Zhou Wenyu , Xie Shang-Ping 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The tropical tropospheric temperature is close to but typically cooler than that of the moist adiabat. The negative temperature deviation from the moist adiabat manifests a C-shape profile and is projected to increase and stretch upward under warming in both comprehensive climate models and idealized radiative–convective equilibrium (RCE) simulations. The increased temperature deviation corresponds to a larger convective available potential energy (CAPE) under warming. The extreme convective updraft velocity in RCE increases correspondingly but at a smaller fractional rate than that of CAPE. A conceptual model for the tropical temperature deviation and convective updraft velocities is formulated to understand these features. The model builds on the previous zero-buoyancy model but replaces the bulk zero-buoyancy plume by a spectrum of entraining plumes that have distinct entrainment rates and are positively buoyant until their levels of neutral buoyancy. Besides the negative temperature deviation and its increasing magnitude with warming, this allows the spectral plume model to further predict the C-shape profile as well as its upward stretch with warming. By representing extreme convective updrafts as weakly entraining plumes, the model is able to reproduce the smaller fractional increase in convective velocities with warming as compared to that of CAPE. The smaller fractional increase is mainly caused by the upward stretch in the temperature deviation profile with warming, which reduces the ratio between the integrated plume buoyancy and CAPE. The model thus provides a useful tool for understanding the tropical temperature profile and convective updraft velocities.
Improving Soil Heat Flux Accuracy with the Philip Correction Technique
Authors: Tong Bing , Sauer Thomas J. , Gao Zhiqiu , Xiao Xinhua , Horton Robert 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Soil heat flux Gs is an important component of the surface energy balance. Soil heat flux plates (SHFPs) are widely used to measure Gs, although several errors are known to occur. The Philip correction has been applied to minimize errors in Gs measured by SHFPs (Gp) if the soil thermal conductivity λs, SHFP thermal conductivity λp, and plate geometry function H are known. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the Philip correction for a variety of SHFPs. The λp were determined without thermal contact resistance and differed from the manufacturer-specified λp. A simplified H formulation was similar to or less than the full H equation for different SHFP shapes. The G ratio (Gp/Gs) was sensitive to λs/λp and H when they were relatively small. Compared with the Gs determined by a gradient method (Gs_grad), the Gp measured under a full corn (Zea mays, L.) canopy in the field underestimated Gs by 38%–62%. After applying the Philip correction, almost all Gp agreed better with Gs_grad. Generally, the Gp corrected with measured plate parameters agreed better with Gs_grad than those corrected with manufacturer-specified values. The Gp corrected with the simplified and full H expression differed for different SHFPs. These results indicate that SHFPs always underestimate Gs and that the performance of the Philip correction is affected by λp, plate dimensions, and H. An alternative method to measure Gs by a three-needle heat-pulse sensor or a gradient method, in which soil temperature and water content are measured at several depths, is recommended.