bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
FACHADAS ATIVAS E SUA INFLUÊNCIA NA QUALIDADE DE VIDA URBANA
Authors: Teixeira Bárbara K. , Silva André De Souza 
Published: December 2018

O objetivo deste artigo é determinar diretrizes que promovam o uso de fachadas ativas, analisando os aspectos que proporcionam maior variedade de experiências percebidas pelas pessoas em movimento pelo espaço aberto público em busca de orientar a elaboração de projetos urbanísticose arquitetônicos. Os procedimentos metodológicos estão centrados na abordagem da cidade sob o ponto de vista da escala humana e no estudo de caso, realizado no bairro Moinhos de Vento – Porto Alegre, que, em razão de sua diversidade socioespacial, contribuiu para a análise interpretativa dos resultados. As principais diretrizes estabelecidas consistem em: (i) diversidade de usos; (ii) centralidade; (iii) acessos; (iv) permeabilidade nas fachadas; (v) altura das edifcações; (vi) regularidade no alinhamento; (vii) identidade; (viii) zona de proteção; (ix) extensão das quadras; e (x) transformação dos espaços. Dessa forma, é possível incentivar a aplicação de fachadas ativas no espaço urbano de modo a contribuir com a qualidade de vida do ambiente.
An Overview of the Current State of Linked and Open Data in Cataloging
Authors: Ullah Irfan , Khusro Shah , Ullah Asim , Naeem Muhammad 
Published: December 2018

Linked Open Data (LOD) is a core Semantic Web technology that makes knowledge and information spaces of different knowledge domains manageable, reusable, shareable, exchangeable, and interoperable. The LOD approach achieves this through the provision of services for describing, indexing, organizing, and retrievingknowledge artifacts and making them available for quick consumption and publication. Thisis also alignedwith the role and objective of traditional library cataloging. Owing to this link, majorlibraries of the world are transferring their bibliographic metadata to the LOD landscape. Some developments in this direction include the replacement of Anglo-American Cataloging Rules 2nd Edition by the Resource Description and Access (RDA) and the trend towards the wideradoption of BIBFRAME 2.0. An interestingand related development in this respect arethe discussions among knowledge resources managers and library community on the possibility of enriching bibliographic metadata with socially curated or user-generated content. The popularity of Linked Open Data and its benefit to librarians and knowledge management professionals warrant a comprehensive survey of the subject. Althoughseveral reviews and survey articles on the application of Linked Data principles to cataloging have appeared in literature, a generic yet holistic review of the current state of Linked and Open Data in cataloging is missing. To fill the gap, the authors have collected recent literature (2014–18) on the current state of Linked Open Data in cataloging to identify research trends, challenges, and opportunities in this area and, in addition, to understand the potential of socially curated metadata in cataloging mainlyin the realm of the Web of Data. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this review article is the first of its kind that holistically treats the subject of cataloging in the Linked and Open Data environment. Some of the findings of the review are: Linked and Open Data is becoming the mainstream trend in library cataloging especially in the major libraries and research projects of the world; with the emergence of Linked Open Vocabularies (LOV), the bibliographic metadata is becoming more meaningful and reusable; and, finally, enriching bibliographic metadata with user-generated content is gaining momentum.Conclusions drawn from the study include the need for a focus on the quality of catalogued knowledge and the reduction of the barriers to the publication and consumption of such knowledge, and the attention on the part of library community to the learning from the successful adoption of LOD in other application domains and contributing collaboratively to the global scale activity of cataloging.
Synthesis, characterization and antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles using Rhazya stricta
Authors: Shehzad Adeeb , Qureshi Munibah , Jabeen Saima , Ahmad Rizwan , Alabdalall Amira H. , Aljafary Meneerah Abdulrahman , Al-Suhaimi Ebtesam 
Published: December 2018

Background
Green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles has gained significant attention in the field of nanomedicine as an environment-friendly and cost-effective alternative in comparison with other physical and chemical methods. Several metals such as silver, gold, iron, titanium, zinc, magnesium and copper have been subjected to nanoformulation for a wide range of useful applications. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are playing a major role in the field of nanomedicine and nanotechnology. They are widely used in diagnostics, therapeutic and pharmaceutical industries. Studies have shown potential inhibitory antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and antiangiogenesis activities of AgNPs.

Methods
AgNPs have been synthesized using silver nitrate and methanolic root extract of Rhazya stricta that belongs to the Apocynaceae family. Stability and dispersion of nanoparticles were improved by adding xylitol. Synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by UV–Vis spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometer and Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy. Furthermore, the antibacterial effect of the plant extract and the nanoparticles were evaluated against gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis) and gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria.

Results
The average size of AgNPs synthesized, was 20 nm with the spherical shape. Rhazya stricta based nanoparticles exhibited improved antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and negative strains.
The Evaluation Of “Bahasa Inggris Maritim Dan Perikanan Paket Keahlian: Teknika Kapal Penangkapan Ikan Kelas X”
Authors: Mella Stellar Nube 
Published: December 2018

The purpose of this present study is to identify the extent to which the ESP textbooks Bahasa Inggris Maritim dan Perikanan Paket Keahlian: Teknika Kapal Penangkapan Ikan Kelas X Semester I(BIMP I)and Bahasa Inggris Maritim dan Perikanan Paket Keahlian: Teknika Kapal Penangkapan Ikan Kelas X Semester II (BIMP II) comply with the criterions of ESP textbooks evaluation checklist proposed by Cunningsworth (1995), namely the7th, 8th, 9th, and 11thcriterions of the checklist. This study is a qualitative research in which the writer read both ESP textbooks BIMP I and BIMP II and used content analysis to analyze the textbooks. Through the evaluation of both the ESP textbooks BIMP Iand BIMP II, the writer discovered that out of the four criterions used, the ESP textbooks partially met the ninth and eleventh criteria which are; the usability of the ESP textbooks for individual study, and the availability of outcomes of learning activities relevant to student’s future professions/ occupations. This present study would hopefully make several noteworthy contributions to the quality improvement of both BIMP Iand BIMP II textbooks.
Genetics of Vitiligo
Authors: Roberts Genevieve HL , Spritz Richard A 
Published: December 2018

AbstractVitiligo is an autoimmune disease that results in destruction of skin melanocytes and patches of white skin and hair. Family studies of vitiligo demonstrated that a strong, but complex genetic component underlies disease risk and that vitiligo often occurs with other autoimmune diseases, suggesting shared autoimmune susceptibility. Genome‐wide linkage and association studies have identified over 50 vitiligo susceptibility loci, with most loci harbouring genes involved in immune regulation, apoptosis or melanocyte function. The identified loci fit together in a model of melanocyte‐directed autoimmunity, and many loci are shared with other autoimmune diseases. Surprisingly, some genetic vitiligo susceptibility alleles are inversely associated with melanoma, suggesting that vitiligo represents enhanced immune surveillance against melanoma. Genetic studies of vitiligo have greatly advanced understanding of vitiligo pathobiology and may additionally provide insights into melanoma and other autoimmune disease.Key ConceptsVitiligo is a multifactorial disease, in which multiple genetic and environmental factors contribute to disease risk.The genetic architecture of vitiligo is typically (and perhaps always) polygenic, with a strong genetic component underlying disease risk.Over 50 genetic loci have been associated with vitiligo risk; these loci fit together in a model of melanocyte‐directed autoimmune pathobiology.Most variants associated with vitiligo are in noncoding regions and presumably affect gene regulation. Nevertheless, some associated coding variants and physical interaction among proteins encoded by some vitiligo susceptibility genes provide special insights into pathogenesis.Vitiligo shares many genetic risk factors with other autoimmune diseases with which it is epidemiologically associated, supporting a component of common autoimmune pathogenesis.
Redox Signalling and Role of Antioxidant in Heart and Kidney Disease
Authors: Sasikumar Sundaresan , Vasudevan Varadaraj , Abhishek Albert , Divya Ganesan , Selvam Govindan S , Saso Luciano 
Published: December 2018

AbstractRedox signalling refers to oxidation–reduction reactions involved in cellular signalling pathways. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) regulates various physiological, pathological and stress response pathways through redox signalling. Low level of ROS is responsible for cellular processes such as immune response, metabolism, transcriptional signalling, cell cycle, apoptosis and cell differentiation. Elevated levels of ROS lead to oxidative stress and imbalance in redox equilibrium. Disruption of redox homeostasis triggers the onset of metabolic disorders especially diabetes, cardiovascular and chronic kidney diseases causing organ damage. Endogenous antioxidants molecules such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione reductase (GRD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) play significant role under pathophysiological conditions in maintaining redox balance. In this article, the importance of redox‐activated NF‐E2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2) is discussed as an example for transcriptional antioxidant response. Thus understanding the mechanism behind the modulation of transcription factors and receptors may provide therapeutic interventions in redox‐related diseases.Key ConceptsCellular ROS sensing and metabolism are tightly regulated by a variety of signalling molecules involved in the redox (reduction/oxidation) mechanism.Oxidative stress refers to the imbalance due to excess ROS and the incapability of the cell to respond to an effective antioxidant.Redox signalling through H2O2activates prosurvival transcriptional pathways including Nrf2.Both NADPH oxidase and mitochondrial electron gradient play roles in hyperglycaemia‐induced ROS generation.Normal redox signalling is disrupted in diabetes leading to several pathological mechanisms that cause tissue damage and further leading to organ dysfunction.Enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants defence system satiates ROS in heart.Nrf2/ARE (antioxidant response element) regulates expression of many detoxifying genes and confers protection against cardiac and vascular disorders.Imbalance between ROS and antioxidant enzymes results in pathology of chronic kidney disease.Hyperoxaluria plays an important role in excessive ROS generation leading to kidney damage.Modulation of cannabinoid receptors ameliorates chronic kidney disease.
Gene Therapy and Surgery for Retinal Diseases
Authors: Jiang David J , Xu Christine L , Tsang Stephen H 
Published: December 2018

Abstract

The past several decades have shown major advancements in both gene augmentation and gene surgery techniques, many of which are applicable to treating human retinal diseases. New vectors, such as dual and triple AAVs, have allowed the safe and accurate delivery of genes into both the intravitreal and subretinal space. The advent of CRISPR/Cas9, which advanced the field of gene editing upon its discovery, and introduction of stem cell therapy to the scientific community have created opportunities to accurately and safely treat autosomal dominant diseases. Already uniquely immune privileged and easily accessible, the eye is now a more promising target than ever with advances in imaging and surgical technologies. Recent clinical trials have demonstrated both safety and efficacy of viral vector administration, and treatments are beginning to make their way into commercial medicine.

Key Concepts

The eye is suitable for gene therapy because it is immunologically privileged and easily accessed and observed.

AAV vectors are predominantly used to deliver gene packages because of their low immunogenicity, and the development of dual and triple AAV vectors can overcome their size limitation.

CRISPR/Cas9 is a simple and effective way to edit genes in vivo, and the development of high fidelity variants and nickase enzymes have greatly increased its safety and precision.

Stem cell therapy with induced pluripotent stem cells are a promising alternative to traditional in vivo gene therapy and editing.

Gene therapeutic agents can be administered to the eye via subretinal or intravitreal injection, the former of which is more invasive and the latter more immunogenic and less precise.

Multiple clinical trials for specific inherited retinal dystrophies are currently being conducted within the US.
High‐Resolution Microscopy for Structural Studies of Biological Systems in Cells
Authors: Clarke David T , Zanetti‐Domingues Laura C , Martin‐Fernandez Marisa L 
Published: December 2018

Abstract

Atomic resolution structures of proteins are essential for understanding the biological roles played by these molecules. However, in order to understand fully how the molecules function in living systems, other techniques must be applied that provide insights into how they interact in cells and tissues. No single technique can provide all the information needed, but a multi‐technique approach can be applied to provide information on different aspects of molecular structure and interaction in cells and tissues. Methods that can be applied include a range of fluorescence‐based microscopy techniques, including ‘super‐resolution’ microscopy, which provides subdiffraction limit images. When accompanied by other techniques such as single particle tracking, electron microscopy and molecular dynamics simulation, these methods can provide new insights into the functioning of complex biological processes.

Key Concepts

Linking structure and function requires methods that can provide structural information on molecules and molecular complexes in cells.

‘Super‐resolution’ optical methods that can image below the diffraction limit allow us to fill in the resolution gap between conventional optical and electron microscopy.

Single‐molecule techniques allow us to investigate individual interactions without the requirement to synchronise cellular processes.

Often no single technique can provide all the information needed so an approach combining different imaging methods is often required.

Molecular dynamics simulations can help in the interpretation of
in cellulo
structural data.
Informed Consent in Clinical Trials of Foetal Therapies
Authors: Sheppard Maria Kreszentia 
Published: December 2018

AbstractObtaining informed consent is an essential part of the doctor's duty of care when treating a patient and is governed by English common law. In the case of clinical trials, the duty to obtain consent from prospective trial participants pertains to the researcher and is laid down by statute. Informed consent refers to a duty to provide the person with information about the (experimental) treatment, its likely benefits and risks and any possible alternatives, and requires the information to be understood. While pregnant women used to be largely excluded from clinical trial participation because of a concern for the foetus, international and national regulations now accept the need for clinical trials in pregnancy and envisage special protective measures to safeguard pregnant women and their foetuses. Because of the possible vulnerability of pregnant women in clinical trials of foetal therapies, even more effort must be expended on obtaining properly informed consent.Key ConceptsThe duty of care of a doctor in common law involves obtaining informed consent from the patient.Clinical trials require the informed consent of the prospective trial participant in statutory law.Informed consent covers information about the experimental treatment, its benefits and risks and possible alternatives.Properly informed consent includes understanding by the trial participant. The concern for the foetus has prevented the inclusion of pregnant women in clinical trials. Pregnant women asked to participate in clinical trials of foetal therapy may be vulnerable in limited circumstances. Statutes provide for protective measures when including pregnant women in clinical trials. In clinical trials of foetal therapy, great care needs to be taken to obtain properly informed consent from the pregnant woman.
Environmental Changes and Sexually Antagonistic Selection
Authors: Connallon Tim , Hall Matthew D 
Published: December 2018

Abstract

Sexually antagonistic selection (SAS) occurs when the direction of natural selection on a trait, or a combination of traits, differs between the sexes. For example, the different roles of females and males in reproduction, along with different interactions between each sex and the environment, can generate selection for larger body size in one sex and smaller body size in the other – a pattern of selection that may eventually lead to the evolution of sexual size dimorphism. SAS has been documented in several animal and plant populations and is thought to constrain adaptation and reduce population fitness. Recent research has emphasised that the intensity of SAS depends, in part, on environmental conditions of the population, which may vary over time or across each species' geographic range. Theory predicts that SAS should be more common in stable compared to changing environments. These predictions have some experimental support, though the general manner with which environmental changes affect SAS remains an open question.

Key Concepts

Sexually antagonistic selection arises when the direction of natural selection differs between female and male traits.

Sexually antagonistic selection favours the evolution of sex differences (sexual dimorphism).

Conditions of the social environment, mating environment and habitat interact to influence the pattern of selection on female and male traits, including the potential for sexually antagonistic selection.

Genetic correlations between the sexes constrain the evolution of sex differences and can lead to persistent sexually antagonistic selection.

Environmental change can reduce or eliminate sexually antagonistic selection.
Interleukin 6: Pathogenic Potential and Therapeutic Approaches in Autoimmunity and Transplant Rejection
Authors: Jordan Stanley C , Ammerman Noriko , Choi Jua , Huang Edmund , Toyoda Mieko , Kim Irene , Wu Gordon , Vo Ashley 
Published: December 2018

Abstract

Interleukin 6 (IL‐6) is a cytokine critical to the function of innate and adaptive immunity. IL‐6 has a diverse acumen of immunologic and physiologic activities including direction of immune cell differentiation and initial responses to invading pathogens and ischemic injury. Dysregulation of IL‐6 transcription is often seen in patients with autoimmune and inflammatory disorders. Emerging information also suggests IL‐6 transcription dysregulation is present in patients with kidney and heart transplant rejection and may account for perpetuation of inflammatory responses in the allograft. IL‐6 directed therapeutics include monoclonal antibodies aimed at IL‐6 and the IL‐6 receptor (IL‐6R) as well as Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors. IL‐6‐mediated signalling to cell targets is unique and involves classic signalling (IL‐6‐>IL‐6R) cell membrane receptors, trans‐signalling (IL‐6‐>soluble IL‐6R‐>gp130), which can activate any cell and the newly described IL‐6/IL‐6R trans‐presentation where antigen‐presenting cells (APC) express IL‐6/IL‐6R complexes and co‐stimulate T‐cells. Currently, there are new trials in autoimmunity and specifically heart and kidney transplantation to determine efficacy in blocking IL‐6/IL‐6R for amelioration of chronic allograft rejection.

Key Concepts

IL‐6 is a multifunctional cytokine, produced by almost every stromal cell and immune cell in the human body.

IL‐6 plays an important role in the induction of T
fh
cells that are critical for initiation of GC formation and progression of naïve B‐cells to plasma cells and production of high‐affinity antibodies.

IL‐6 signalling inhibition is emerging as a therapeutic approach to a number of conditions varying from autoimmune diseases, cancer and organ transplantation.

IL‐6 mediates injury to allografts in humans.

IL‐6 directed therapeutics may be a consideration for long‐term maintenance therapy to reduce chronic injury to the allografts.
Optoregulated Protein Release from an Engineered Living Material
Authors: Sankaran Shrikrishnan , del Campo Aránzazu 
Published: December 2018

AbstractDeveloping materials to encapsulate and deliver functional proteins inside the body is a challenging yet rewarding task for therapeutic purposes. High production costs, mostly associated with the purification process, short‐term stability in vivo, and controlled and prolonged release are major hurdles for the clinical application of protein‐based biopharmaceuticals. In an attempt to overcome these hurdles, herein, the possibility of incorporating bacteria as protein factories into a material and externally controlling protein release using optogenetics is demonstrated. By engineering bacteria to express and secrete a red fluorescent protein in response to low doses of blue light irradiation and embedding them in agarose hydrogels, living materials are fabricated capable of releasing proteins into the surrounding medium when exposed to light. These bacterial hydrogels allow spatially confined protein expression and dosed protein release over several weeks, regulated by the area and extent of light exposure. The possibility of incorporating such complex functions in a material using relatively simple material and genetic engineering strategies highlights the immense potential and versatility offered by living materials for protein‐based biopharmaceutical delivery.
Enzyme‐Driven Release of Loads from Nucleic Acid–Capped Metal–Organic Framework Nanoparticles
Authors: Chen Wei‐Hai , Luo Guo‐Feng , Sohn Yang Sung , Nechushtai Rachel , Willner Itamar 
Published: December 2018

AbstractNucleic acid–modified UiO‐68 metal–organic framework nanoparticles, NMOFs, are loaded with the anticancer drug camptothecin (or drug models), and the loaded NMOFs are capped with sequence‐specific duplex units. The NMOFs are unlocked by the biocatalytic decomposition of the duplex capping units that result in the release of the drug (or drug models). The enzymes used are DNase I, a nicking enzyme (Nt.BbvCI), an endonuclease (EcoRI), and an exonuclease III (Exo III). Camptothecin‐loaded NMOFs, capped by tailored hairpin nucleic acids being cooperatively unlocked by adenosine triphosphate (ATP), that is overexpressed in cancer cells, and Exo III are prepared. The camptothecin‐loaded NMOFs reveal that selective cytotoxicity toward MDA‐MB‐231 cancer cells and ≈55% apoptosis of the cancer cells is observed after 5 days of treatment with the NMOFs, while only ≈15% apoptosis of epithelial MCF‐10A breast cells is observed.