bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Functional Evidence of Pulmonary Extracellular Vesicles in Infectious and Noninfectious Lung Inflammation
Authors: Lee Heedoo , Zhang Duo , Laskin Debra L. , Jin Yang 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI)/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a highly complex process that can be triggered by both noninfectious (sterile) and infectious stimuli. Inflammatory lung responses are one of the key features in the pathogenesis of this devastating syndrome. How ALI/ARDS-associated inflammation develops remains incompletely understood, particularly after exposure to sterile stimuli. Emerging evidence suggests that extracellular vesicles (EVs) regulate intercellular communication and inflammatory responses in various diseases. In this study, we characterized the generation and function of pulmonary EVs in the setting of ALI/ARDS, induced by sterile stimuli (oxidative stress or acid aspiration) and infection (LPS/Gram-negative bacteria) in mice. EVs detected in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were markedly increased after exposure of animals to both types of stimuli. After sterile stimuli, alveolar type-І epithelial cells were the main source of the BALF EVs. In contrast, infectious stimuli–induced BALF EVs were mainly derived from alveolar macrophages (AMs). Functionally, BALF EVs generated in both the noninfectious and infectious ALI models promoted the recruitment of macrophages in in vivo mouse models. Furthermore, BALF EVs differentially regulated AM production of cytokines and inflammatory mediators, as well as TLR expression in AMs in vivo. Regardless of their origin, BALF EVs contributed significantly to the development of lung inflammation in both the sterile and infectious ALI. Collectively, our results provide novel insights into the mechanisms by which EVs regulate the development of lung inflammation in response to diverse stimuli, potentially providing novel therapeutic and diagnostic targets for ALI/ARDS.
Qat-induced intestinal obstruction: A case series of a new entity
Authors: Safadi Mhd Firas 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
Background: Qat-induced intestinal obstruction is an acute manifestation of qat chewing which was not described previously in the literature. The aim of this case series is to describe the clinical presentation, the diagnostic and therapeutic measures, and the course of the disease. Methods: This retrospective case series included all patients who presented with qat-induced intestinal obstruction between July 1, 2013, and December 31, 2015. Results: The study included seven patients (five males and two females). The mean age was 41.4 years (22–60 years). All patients presented after 8–12 h of prolonged qat chewing with abdominal pain, severe abdominal distension, and inability to pass stool. Laboratory results were normal apart from slight leukocytosis (<15 × 109/L) in three patients. All patients showed air–fluid levels on the erect abdominal X-ray. The management included intravenous fluids and symptomatic therapy. The symptoms resolved in 1–2 days and the follow-up after 1 week showed no residual complaints. Conclusions: Qat-induced intestinal obstruction is associated with the heavy and prolonged consumption of qat. The presentation mimics acute intestinal obstruction, but the course is benign. Spontaneous resolution with supportive inpatient treatment is the rule.
What Characterizes Excessive Online Stock Trading? A Qualitative Study
Authors: Dixon Melanie Rose , Giroux Isabelle , Jacques Christian , Grégoire Philippe 
Published: July 2018

Excessive online stock trading appears to share similarities with gambling disorder. However, using gambling disorder criteria to assess excessive trading may not allow a full understanding of this phenomenon as specific aspects of the trading context that differ from gambling may be overlooked. This study explores the manifestations and consequences of excessive trading and its links with gambling disorder via the perceptions of online stock traders themselves. Data for thematic analysis were collected from a sample of online stock traders (N = 13) divided into two focus groups based on trading frequency (i.e., on a regular or occasional basis). Perceived manifestations of excessive trading included excessive preoccupation and frequent behaviors, and consequences that affect finances, relationships, work and health. Perceived links between gambling disorder and excessive trading concerned a shared incapacity to control behaviors, and chasing losses. Though excessive trading and gambling disorder are similar on many grounds, the assessment of trading behaviors should consider specific aspects such as the context within which they occur (e.g., state of the market). Implications for future research on excessive trading behaviors are discussed. RésuméLes transactions d’actions excessives peuvent présenter des similitudes avec le jeu pathologique. Cependant, appliquer des critères propres au jeu pathologique à des pratiques de transactions excessives en ligne ne permet pas nécessairement de bien comprendre ce phénomène, car il pourrait arriver qu’on néglige certains aspects particuliers du contexte transactionnel qui diffèrent du contexte du jeu. Cette étude explore les manifestations et les conséquences de pratiques transactionnelles excessives et ses liens avec le jeu pathologique, en se penchant sur les perceptions personnelles des négociateurs. Les données ont été recueillies pour une analyse thématique à partir d’un échantillon de négociateurs en ligne (N = 13), divisé en deux groupes de discussion en fonction de la fréquence des transactions (soit sur une base régulière ou occasionnelle). Parmi les manifestations perçues à propos de transactions excessives, on a pu voir des préoccupations excessives et de fréquents comportements et leurs conséquences sur les finances, les relations, le travail et la santé. Les liens communs perçus entre les troubles du jeu et la négociation excessive étaient l’incapacité à contrôler ses comportements et la récupération des pertes. Bien que la négociation excessive et les problèmes du jeu soient semblables sous divers aspects, l’évaluation de comportements de négociateurs devrait prendre en compte des aspects particuliers tels que le contexte dans lequel ces comportements se manifestent (par exemple, l’état du marché). Dans l’étude, on aborde aussi la portée de futures recherches sur les comportements de négociation excessive.
Observations and source investigations of the boundary layer bromine monoxide (BrO) in the Ny-Ålesund Arctic
Authors: Luo Yuhan , Si Fuqi , Zhou Haijin , Dou Ke , Liu Yi , Liu Wenqing 
Published: July 2018

Abstract. During polar spring, the presence of reactive bromine in the polar boundary
layer is considered to be the main cause of ozone depletion and mercury
deposition. However, many uncertainties still remain regarding understanding the
mechanisms of the chemical process and source of the bromine. As Arctic
sea ice has recently been dramatically reduced, it is critical to investigate
the mechanisms using more accurate measurements with higher temporal and
spatial resolution. In this study, a typical process of enhanced bromine and
depleted ozone in the Ny-Ålesund boundary layer in late April 2015 was
observed by applying ground-based multi-axis differential optical absorption
spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) technique. The results showed that there were bromine monoxide
(BrO) slant columns as high as 5.6 × 1014 molec cm−2 above the
Kings Bay area on 26 April. Meanwhile, the boundary layer ozone and gaseous
elemental mercury (GEM) were synchronously reduced by 85 and 90 %,
respectively. Based on the meteorology, sea ice distribution and air mass
history, the sea ice in the Kings Bay area, which emerged for only a very
short period of time when the enhanced BrO was observed, was considered to be
the major source of this bromine enhancement event. The oxidized GEM may be
directly deposited onto snow/ice and thereby influence the polar ecosystem.
Technical note: Application of geophysical tools for tree root studies in forest ecosystems in complex soils
Authors: Rodríguez-Robles Ulises , Arredondo Tulio , Huber-Sannwald Elisabeth , Ramos-Leal José Alfredo , Yépez Enrico A. 
Published: July 2018

Abstract. While semiarid forests frequently colonize rocky substrates, knowledge is scarce on how roots garner resources in these extreme habitats. The Sierra San Miguelito Volcanic Complex in central Mexico exhibits shallow soils and impermeable rhyolitic-rock outcrops, which impede water movement and root placement beyond the soil matrix. However, rock fractures, exfoliated rocks and soil pockets potentially permit downward water percolation and root growth. With ground-penetrating radar (GPR) and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), two geophysical methods advocated by Jayawickreme et al. (2014) to advance root ecology, we advanced in the method development studying root and water distribution in shallow rocky soils and rock fractures in a semiarid forest. We calibrated geophysical images with in situ root measurements, and then extrapolated root distribution over larger areas. Using GPR shielded antennas, we identified both fine and coarse pine and oak roots from 0.6 to 7.5 cm diameter at different depths into either soil or rock fractures. We also detected, trees anchoring their trunks using coarse roots underneath rock outcroppings. With ERT, we tracked monthly changes in humidity at the soil–bedrock interface, which clearly explained spatial root distribution of both tree species. Geophysical methods have enormous potential in elucidating root ecology. More interdisciplinary research could advance our understanding in belowground ecological niche functions and their role in forest ecohydrology and productivity.
Episodic Neoglacial expansion and rapid 20th century retreat of a small ice cap on Baffin Island, Arctic Canada, and modeled temperature change
Authors: Pendleton Simon L. , Miller Gifford H. , Anderson Robert A. , Crump Sarah E. , Zhong Yafang , Jahn Alexandra , Geirsdottir Áslaug 
Published: July 2018

Abstract. Records of Neoglacial glacier activity in the Arctic constructed from moraines are often incomplete due to a preservation bias toward the most extensive advance, often the Little Ice Age. Recent warming in the Arctic has caused extensive retreat of glaciers over the past several decades, exposing preserved landscapes complete with in situ tundra plants previously entombed by ice. The radiocarbon ages of these plants define the timing of snowline depression and glacier advance across the site, in response to local summer cooling. Erosion rapidly removes most dead plants that have been recently exposed by ice retreat, but where erosive processes are unusually weak, dead plants may remain preserved on the landscape for decades. In such settings, a transect of plant radiocarbon ages can be used to construct a near-continuous chronology of past ice margin advance. Here we present radiocarbon dates from the first such transect on Baffin Island, which directly dates the advance of a small ice cap over the past two millennia. The nature of ice expansion between 20 BCE and ∼ 1000 CE is still uncertain, but episodic advances at ∼ 1000 CE, ∼ 1200, and  ∼ 1500 led to the maximum Neoglacial dimensions ~ 1900 CE. We employ a two-dimensional numerical glacier model calibrated using the plant radiocarbon ages ice margin chronology to assess the sensitivity of the ice cap to temperature change. Model experiments show that at least ∼ 0.44 °C of cooling over the past 2 kyr is required for the ice cap to reach its 1900 CE margin, and that the period from ∼ 1000 to 1900 CE must have been at least 0.25° C cooler than the previous millennium, results that agree with regional temperature reconstructions and climate model simulations. However, significant warming since 1900 CE is required to explain retreat to its present position, and, at the same rate of warming, the ice cap will disappear before 2100 CE.
Long-Term Adverse Effects and Complications After Prostate Cancer Treatment
Authors: Unger Joseph M. , Till Cathee , Tangen Catherine M. , Hershman Dawn L. , Goodman Phyllis J. , LeBlanc Michael , Barlow William E. , Vaidya Riha , Minasian Lori M. , Parnes Howard L. , Thompson Ian M. 
Published: November 2024

ImportanceDue to the often indolent nature of prostate cancer (PCA), treatment decisions must weigh the risks and benefits of cancer control with those of treatment-associated morbidities.ObjectiveTo characterize long-term treatment-related adverse effects and complications in patients treated for PCA compared to a general population of older males.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cohort study used a novel approach linking data from 2 large PCA prevention clinical trials (the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial and the Selenium and Vitamin-E Cancer Prevention Trial) with Medicare claims records. This analysis included patients with PCA who had been treated with prostatectomy or radiotherapy compared with an untreated control group. Multivariable Cox regression was used, with a time-varying covariate for the occurrence of PCA treatment, adjusted for age, race, and year of time-at-risk initiation, and stratified by study and intervention arm. Data analyses were performed from September 21, 2022, to March 18, 2024.ExposureProstatectomy and radiotherapy occurring after a PCA diagnosis, identified from trial data or Medicare claims records.Main Outcomes and MeasuresTen potential PCA treatment-related complications identified from Medicare claims data.ResultsThe study sample comprised 29 196 participants (mean [SD] age at time-at-risk initiation, 68.7 [4.8] years). Of these, 3946 participants had PCA, among whom 655 were treated with prostatectomy and 1056 with radiotherapy. The 12-year hazard risk of urinary or sexual complications was 7.23 times greater for those with prostatectomy (95% CI, 5.96-8.78; P &amp;lt; .001) and 2.76 times greater for radiotherapy (95% CI, 2.26-3.37; P &amp;lt; .001) compared to untreated participants. Moreover, among participants treated with radiotherapy, there was a nearly 3-fold greater hazard risk of bladder cancer than in the untreated (hazard ratio [HR], 2.78; 95% CI, 1.92-4.02; P &amp;lt; .001), as well as an approximately 100-fold increased hazard risk of radiation-specific outcomes including radiation cystitis (HR, 131.47; 95% CI, 52.48-329.35; P &amp;lt; .001) and radiation proctitis (HR, 87.91; 95% CI, 48.12-160.61; P &amp;lt; .001). The incidence per 1000 person-years of any 1 of the 10 treatment-related complications was 124.26 for prostatectomy, 62.15 for radiotherapy, and 23.61 for untreated participants.Conclusions and RelevanceThis cohort study found that, even after accounting for age-related symptoms and disease, PCA treatment was associated with higher rates of complications in the 12 years after treatment. Given the uncertain benefit of PCA treatment for most patients, these findings highlight the importance of patient counseling before PCA screening and treatment and provide a rationale for pursuing opportunities for cancer prevention.
Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma Polygenic Risk Score and Risk of Disease Onset
Authors: Sekimitsu Sayuri , Ghazal Nabil , Aziz Kanza , Zhao Yan , Singh Rishabh K. , Fingert John H. , Gordon Mae O. , Kass Michael A. , Scheetz Todd , Segrè Ayellet V. , Pasquale Louis R. , Wiggs Janey L. , Brandt James D. , Zebardast Nazlee 
Published: November 2024

ImportancePrimary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is a heritable disease. A polygenic risk score (PRS) threshold may be used to identify individuals at low risk of disease onset.ObjectiveTo assess the utility of a POAG PRS to identify ocular hypertensive individuals at low risk of disease onset.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis is a post hoc analysis of the Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study (OHTS), a multicenter randomized clinical trial across 22 centers in the US conducted among 1636 participants with ocular hypertension from February 1994 to April 2019 with available genetic data. Of the 1636 original participants, 1077 had available genetic data; after excluding 67 for missing data, data quality concerns, or ancestry other than European or African, 1010 were included in the present analysis. Data for this report were analyzed from November 2023 to June 2024.ExposureFrom 1994-2002, participants were randomized to receive topical intraocular pressure (IOP)–lowering medications. From 2002 onwards, all participants were given topical IOP-lowering medications.Main Outcome and MeasureTwenty-year conversion rates by POAG PRS threshold, baseline randomization status, and OHTS clinical risk tertile.ResultsAmong the 1010 participants in this study, 563 (65.8%) were female, and the mean (SD) age was 55.9 (9.4) years. In a mixed-effects logistic regression model adjusted for OHTS risk factors for conversion to POAG and randomization status, a PRS under the 48th percentile was associated with a 1.49 times higher likelihood of disease-free status after 20 years of follow-up (95% CI, 1.04-2.15; P = .03; unadjusted hazard ratio [HR], 1.64; 95% CI, 1.13-2.38; P = .009), compared with high polygenic risk. When we stratified the trial cohort into nongenetic OHTS clinical risk tertiles, the largest differences in survival probability at 20 years based on PRS threshold was observed in eyes in the highest tertile, initial observation group (20-year conversion rate: 61.1% in the high polygenic risk group vs 23.8% in the low polygenic risk group; 95% CI, −63.0 to −11.6; P = .01), with randomization to early treatment partially mitigating the effect of high genetic risk (20-year conversion rate: 37.3% in the high polygenic risk group vs 24.1% in the low polygenic risk group; 95% CI, −35.6 to 9.3%; P = .32).Conclusions and RelevanceThese findings support considering use of a POAG PRS threshold to identify individuals at low risk of disease onset, with those below the PRS threshold more likely to have lower conversion rates over 20 years. Among those considered at highest risk based on the OHTS clinical risk model, early treatment may partially offset the association with high genetic risk but provide limited benefit for those with low genetic risk.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00000125
Large language models as a diagnostic support tool in neuropathology
Authors: Hewitt Katherine J , Wiest Isabella C , Carrero Zunamys I , Bejan Laura , Millner Thomas O , Brandner Sebastian , Kather Jakob Nikolas 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThe WHO guidelines for classifying central nervous system (CNS) tumours are changing considerably with each release. The classification of CNS tumours is uniquely complex among most other solid tumours as it incorporates not just morphology, but also genetic and epigenetic features. Keeping current with these changes across medical fields can be challenging, even for clinical specialists. Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated their ability to parse and process complex medical text, but their utility in neuro‐oncology has not been systematically tested. We hypothesised that LLMs can effectively diagnose neuro‐oncology cases from free‐text histopathology reports according to the latest WHO guidelines. To test this hypothesis, we evaluated the performance of ChatGPT‐4o, Claude‐3.5‐sonnet, and Llama3 across 30 challenging neuropathology cases, which each presented a complex mix of morphological and genetic information relevant to the diagnosis. Furthermore, we integrated these models with the latest WHO guidelines through Retrieval‐Augmented Generation (RAG) and again assessed their diagnostic accuracy. Our data show that LLMs equipped with RAG, but not without RAG, can accurately diagnose the neuropathological tumour subtype in 90% of the tested cases. This study lays the groundwork for a new generation of computational tools that can assist neuropathologists in their daily reporting practice.
Humidity‐Induced Decolorization of 1D Photonic Multilayers for Anti‐Counterfeiting Applications
Authors: Kim Yejin , Kim Jihyun , Lee Jong Hun , Jung Yu Jin , Na Hanah , Hwang Gaeun , Hwang Do‐Hoon , Lee Hyung‐il , Jung Seo‐Hyun 
Published: November 2024

AbstractHerein, a new concept is proposed for the humidity‐induced disappearance of the photonic stop band (PSB) in multilayer films of 1D photonic crystals (PCs). These films are fabricated via alternating spin‐coating of photo‐cross‐linkable high and low‐refractive‐index polymers onto a black polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate, followed by surface immobilization using UV light irradiation. The sensitivity to humidity is adjusted by varying the degree of quaternization (DQ) of the P(4VP‐co‐BPA) layers. The resulting films initially display vivid colors; however, as the humidity gradually increases, the PSB undergoes a red shift accompanied by a decrease in reflectivity, thus leading to the disappearance of the color. The reduction in reflectivity of the PSB can be attributed to the infiltration of water molecules (n = 1.33) into the quaternized high‐refractive‐index layers, thus resulting in a decrease in the refractive index and an increase in layer thickness. This leads to a diminished contrast between the refractive indices of the high‐ and low‐refractive‐index layers, ultimately causing the simultaneous disappearance of the PSB and the reflection color. Additionally, two patterned films are fabricated with high humidity responsiveness for application as anti‐counterfeiting labels. These findings advance photonic crystal research and offer innovative solutions for security and authentication.
Emerging Materials in Cultivated Meat: Engineering Sustainable Food Solutions – A Review
Authors: Wang Lingxiao , Li Gang , Li Xinxin , Zhang Ying , Liu Guo , Xie Maobin , Zheng Zhaozhu , Wang Xiaoqin , Chen Ying , Kaplan David L. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractAs the global population grows, the demand for protein‐enriched foods like meats is rising rapidly. Traditional farming practices face challenges including animal welfare, waste management, and carbon emissions, harming the environment. Consequently, meat substitutes have emerged as a promising area of research and as an alternative to traditional livestock‐sourced meats. Cultivated meat, produced through cell culture techniques, is a key area in cellular agriculture and offers a safe and well‐controlled production process for such future foods. The manufacturing of cultivated meat involves several disciplines, including cell culture, media optimization, scaffold design, and advanced manufacturing, along with nutrition, taste and safety topics to meet consumer acceptance and regulatory approvals. Although several review articles have addressed various aspects of cultivated meat, they tend to focus on specific domains rather than a comprehensive analysis of this transformative technology. This review highlights innovative and applied research findings in the field of cultivated meat, with a focus on critical aspects such as nutrition, cells, materials, and scaffold manufacturing technologies. Furthermore, the socio‐political and economic impacts of cultivated meat are explored, and practical recommendations for low‐cost and large‐scale production. Finally, the review also addresses existing challenges and outlines future directions for the development of cultivated meat.