bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
YAMC? Why are we here? Why are we here again?
Authors: Usdin B. Tommie 
Published: July 2018

There is nothing new about markup, or even generic markup. (I have been working with generic markup for 40 years!) So what is there to talk about after all this time? What are we accomplishing by gathering at Balisage: The Markup Conference? Why do some of us find events like this one valuable? What can you do to make it valuable to you and to the others here? Not only is markup old hat, XML is 20 years old, and some people in the outside world keep trying to tell us that its time has passed.
Groups are still gathering to create shared markup vocabularies in order to enable high quality information sharing. Scholars are using bespoke markup vocabularies to enable them to focus on the works they are reading, interpreting, and writing. Trendy end user displays are being populated by solid maintainable XML content. An ever-improving tool set is available to users of marked-up documents. We learn from each others’ projects, tools, techniques, and experiences — and enjoy the process!
A Comparison of the Corrosion Response of Zinc-Rich Coatings with and Without Presence of Carbon Nanotubes Under Erosion and Corrosion Conditions
Authors: Wang Dailin , Sikora Elzbieta , Shaw Barbara 
Published: July 2018

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy tests were conducted on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) enriched zinc-rich epoxy coating and a commercial zinc-rich coating. Coating performances were examined after exposure to a corrosive environment (a CO2 saturated aqueous electrolyte with 2,000 ppm chloride concentration and pH 3.5 to 5.3) at an elevated temperature of 60°C. The coatings’ response after solid particle impingement erosion was also studied. Equivalent circuit models were proposed to elucidate the degradation mechanisms of the zinc-rich coatings under the synergic effect of corrosion and erosion. Results showed that the addition of CNTs into zinc-rich coatings provided better barrier protection for the steel substrate than traditional zinc-rich coatings in the noneroding environment. However, the CNT-filled zinc-rich epoxy coatings did not provide adequate protection when the coated specimens were exposed to an erosive and corrosive environment. CNTs could help with maintaining continuous electrical paths within zinc-rich coatings; however, the conductivity of the coating decreased significantly when zinc particles were partially oxidized. When defects caused by erosion are present in the coatings, CNTs may form galvanic couples with the steel and thus increase the corrosion rate of steel substrate.
A possible source mechanism for magnetotail current sheet flapping
Authors: Juusola Liisa , Pfau-Kempf Yann , Ganse Urs , Battarbee Markus , Brito Thiago , Grandin Maxime , Turc Lucile , Palmroth Minna 
Published: July 2018

Abstract. The origin of the flapping motions of the current sheet in the Earth's
magnetotail is one of the most interesting questions of magnetospheric
dynamics yet to be solved. We have used a polar plane simulation from the
global hybrid-Vlasov model Vlasiator to study the characteristics and source
of current sheet flapping in the center of the magnetotail. The
characteristics of the simulated signatures agree with observations reported
in the literature. The flapping is initiated by a hemispherically asymmetric
magnetopause perturbation, created by subsolar magnetopause reconnection,
that is capable of displacing the tail current sheet from its nominal
position. The current sheet displacement propagates downtail at the same pace
as the driving magnetopause perturbation. The initial current sheet
displacement launches a standing magnetosonic wave within the tail resonance
cavity. The travel time of the wave within the local cavity determines the
period of the subsequent flapping signatures. Compression of the tail lobes
due to added flux affects the cross-sectional width of the resonance cavity
as well as the magnetosonic speed within the cavity. These in turn modify the
wave travel time and flapping period. The compression of the resonance cavity
may also provide additional energy to the standing wave, which may lead to
strengthening of the flapping signature. It may be possible that the
suggested mechanism could act as a source of kink-like waves that have been
observed to be emitted from the center of the tail and to propagate toward
the dawn and dusk flanks.
The Case for Technological Mysticism
Authors: Landau Iddo 
Published: July 2018

ABSTRACTThere is significant empirical evidence that some types of physical incitement may spur mystical enlightenment. In a matter of a few years, technology may well provide people with a reliable, easy, and safe way to attain mystical experiences. Suppose it were technologically very easy to attain mystical enlightenment by, say, activating an electronic device that temporarily stimulated certain areas in the brain. If such an option were available, should we opt for it? And should we try to develop such a device? I argue in this article that the answer to both questions is positive, defending a position that might be called technological mysticism. Part I discusses some preliminary assumptions. Part II presents arguments for technological mysticism, such as that it would allow more people to attain mystical enlightenment and would diminish suffering and frustration. Part III replies to possible arguments against technological mysticism, such as that it would lead to devaluation of mystical enlightenments or that the technologically achieved enlightenments would not be authentic. I conclude by discussing some of the implications of the claims made in this article.
El laberinto de las movilizaciones: la protesta social en El Salvador
Authors: Tobar Quintero Luis Antonio 
Published: July 2018

<p>En la actualidad, las formas de conflictividad social son muy comunes en los países latinoamericanos; los diversos grupos sociales encuentran su resguardo en las formas de movilizarse y con ello pretenden exponer sus demandas al Estado. En El Salvador, al firmarse los Acuerdos de Paz, los diversos movimientos sociales pusieron en marcha nuevas formas de movilización, repertorios de lucha y con ello, nuevas demandas sociales en un contexto diferente. Los nuevos movimientos sociales también ya no presentaron un carácter clasista como lo habían hecho antes de los Acuerdos; esto es así porque la pluralidad de sus actores les dio, en cierta manera, otro enfoque. A ello contribuyó también el carácter de la movilización: no se enfocan en la toma de poder sino en mejoras de las propias condiciones de trabajo, salario, atención al medio ambiente, libertad sexual, entre otras. Este artículo expone algunos aspectos característicos de la conflictividad social expresada por los nuevos movimientos sociales en el contexto de la posguerra.</p><p>Realidad y Reflexión Año 18, No 47, 48 Enero-Junio 2018; pp.21-37</p><p> </p>
The necessity of impure sovereignty
Authors: Grimshaw Mike 
Published: July 2018

This essay arises from an engagement with the reflections and letters of Jacob Taubes to Carl Schmitt (Taubes 2013); central to these writings is the question of the sovereign. If the sovereign is the one who decides the exception, then sovereignty is focused on this decision of what is/is not the exception – and who gets to decide. An engagement with these writings of Taubes as a Jew and friend-enemy of the Nazi jurist offers a way toward what I term the necessity of impure sovereignty. For Taubes the central question is what does pure mean and thus, dialectically, what does impure mean? To engage with this question, I begin with a discussion of Weimar and the situation that gave rise to Schmitt’s work on sovereignty. I make use of the diaries of Count Harry Kessler and also of an essay of Schmitt’s from 1926. I then turn to the writings of Taubes to Schmitt. In my view, sovereignty as understood by both Schmitt and Taubes is problematic because of its central decision for homogeneity and dictatorial democracy. Therefore, I argue for three counter-decisions. Firstly, for the necessity of the impure sovereign-decision for heterogeneity. Secondly, against the Schmittean katechon, I argue for identification with the chaotic, impure Antichrist. Finally, against history, I argue for hope and so we must make the alternative sovereign-decision to remain impure.
Hemiplegic Syndrome After Chopstick Penetration Injury in the Lateral Soft Palate of a Young Child
Authors: Daudfar Syna , Gorman Codee , Pham John T. 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
Soft palate penetrating injuries have been reported among children, particularly in children falling with objects in their mouth. The authors present a case of a healthy 14-month-old child who fell onto a blunt-ended chopstick, the subsequent cerebrovascular accident, and the role of the osteopathic tenets thereafter. The child had an acute infarction to the region of his right middle cerebral artery secondary to right internal carotid artery occlusion. Physicians should consider the neurologic sequelae of lateral soft palate injuries and damage to the surrounding anatomical structures. A thorough, whole-patient approach to physical examination is critical.
Attendance, engagement and performance in a medical school curriculum: early findings from competency-based progress testing in a new medical school curriculum
Authors: Laird-Fick Heather S. , Solomon David J. , Parker Carol J. , Wang Ling 
Published: July 2018

IntroductionMedical students often do not value attending in-person large group sessions. It is also not clear from prior research whether attendance at large group sessions impact on performance in medical school. The goal of this study was to assess the relationship between voluntary attendance in large group sessions organized as a “flipped classroom” in a new innovative curriculum and students’ mastery of clinical applications of basic science knowledge.MethodologyOur students’ ability to apply basic science knowledge to clinical problems is assessed via progress testing using three methodologies: a locally developed multiple-choice examination, written examination developed through the National Board of Medical Examiners (NBME) Customized Assessment Services Program and post encounter questions included in a clinical skills examination. We analyzed the relationship between voluntary attendance at weekly large group “flipped classroom” sessions and the students’ performance on examinations given at four intervals over the initial 24-week module of the medical school curriculum.ResultsComplete data were available for 167 students. A total of 82 students (49.1%) attended all large group sessions, 65 students (38.9%) missed one or two sessions and 20 students (12.0%) missed three or more sessions. There were no difference between the students in the groups on their medical admission (MCAT) examination scores. The growth in performance from each time point until the next was statistically significant. There was no statistically significant difference in growth between the students who had no absences and those who had one or two absences. Students who missed three or more sessions performed significantly lower than their peers over the 24 week module and were more likely to score one or more standard deviations below the class mean on the assessments.ConclusionsWe found no relationship between attendance and MCAT scores suggesting the differences in performance on the progress tests was not due to initial differences in knowledge or reasoning skills. While the study was not experimental, it suggests large group sessions using a “flipped classroom” approach to provide reinforcement, feedback and practice may be effective for increasing learning and retention in the application of basic science knowledge among first year medical students.
Near‐Infrared Emitting Materials via Harvesting Triplet Excitons: Molecular Design, Properties, and Application in Organic Light Emitting Diodes
Authors: Zhang Youming , Wang Yafei , Song Jun , Qu Junle , Li Buhong , Zhu Weiguo , Wong Wai‐Yeung 
Published: July 2018

AbstractNear‐infrared (NIR) emitting materials have attracted considerable attention because of their potential applications in organic light emitting diodes, bioimaging, military, etc. The research on NIR‐emitting materials and devices is motivated by fundamental and practical application demands. In these developed NIR‐emitting materials, transition metal complexes, and thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) molecules, which can harvest triplet excitons, have exhibited significant potential because their theoretical internal quantum efficiency can reach 100%. Herein, the development of these NIR‐emitting materials of transition metal complexes and TADF molecules is reviewed and, furthermore, a clear outlook for a broad range of applications in many disciplinary areas is provided.
Stereospecific Synthesis of Fluorinated Pyrazolidinones and Isoxazolidines via a Catalyst‐Free 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition of β‐Fluoroalkylated α,β‐Unsaturated 2‐Pyridylsulfones
Authors: Kou Ying‐Da , Zhao Zhen‐Ni , Yang Xing , Kalita Subarna Jyoti , Chen Xue‐Jian , Xie Zhi‐Zhong , Zhao Yan , Huang Yi‐Yong 
Published: July 2018

AbstractA highly atom‐economic, regio‐ and stereospecific synthesis of fluorinated pyrazolidinones and isoxazolidines is disclosed under catalyst‐ and additive‐free mild conditions. The diastereoselectivity with different type of 1,3‐dipoles is elucidated by using DFT calculations in CH3CN. Furthermore, a reaction using a chiral azomethine imine, a gram‐scale synthesis, and a reductive desulfonylation are also presented.
Tests for specific nonparametric relations between two distribution functions with applications
Authors: Deshpande JV , Dewan Isha , Lam KF , Naik‐Nimbalkar UV 
Published: July 2018

AbstractLet (X,Y) be a random vector and let G and H be the marginal distributions of X and Y, respectively. In this paper, we propose two tests, one of Kolmogorov‐Smirnov type and the other of Wilcoxon type, for the null hypothesis Ψ(G) = H against the alternative Ψ(G) < H, where Ψ() is a function such that Ψ(G) is a distribution function. The tests are based on the empirical distribution functions of the observations on X and Y, which are dependent. We obtain their asymptotic null distributions. A suspected relationship between the distribution functions of two dependent outcomes can be specified as a hypothesis to be tested in examples like the load sharing models, record values, and auction bidding models. As an application, we consider in detail the problem of testing the effect of load sharing in two component parallel systems.
Neural activity patterns between different executive tasks are more similar in adulthood than in adolescence
Authors: Moisala Mona , Salmela Viljami , Carlson Synnove , Salmela‐Aro Katariina , Lonka Kirsti , Hakkarainen Kai , Alho Kimmo 
Published: July 2018

AbstractBackgroundAdolescence is a time of ongoing neural maturation and cognitive development, especially regarding executive functions. In the current study, age‐related differences in the neural correlates of different executive functions were tracked by comparing three age groups consisting of adolescents and young adults.MethodsBrain activity was measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) from 167 human participants (13‐ to 14‐year‐old middle adolescents, 16‐ to 17‐year‐old late adolescents and 20‐ to 24‐year‐old young adults; 80 female, 87 male) while they performed attention and working memory tasks. The tasks were designed to tap into four putative sub‐processes of executive function: division of attention, inhibition of distractors, working memory, and attention switching.ResultsBehaviorally, our results demonstrated superior task performance in older participants across all task types. When brain activity was examined, young adult participants demonstrated a greater degree of overlap between brain regions recruited by the different executive tasks than adolescent participants. Similarly, functional connectivity between frontoparietal cortical regions was less task specific in the young adult participants than in adolescent participants.ConclusionsTogether, these results demonstrate that the similarity between different executive processes in terms of both neural recruitment and functional connectivity increases with age from middle adolescence to early adulthood, possibly contributing to age‐related behavioral improvements in executive functioning. These developmental changes in brain recruitment may reflect a more homogenous morphological organization between process‐specific neural networks, increased reliance on a more domain‐general network involved in executive processing, or developmental changes in cognitive strategy.
Understanding the evolution of consumer psychology research: A bibliometric and network analysis
Authors: Jia Han , Zhou Shuhua , Allaway Arthur W. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractConsumer psychology is an interdisciplinary subject that ties together theories and methods from psychology, marketing, advertising, economics, sociology, and anthropology. Since the 1960s, the field of consumer psychology has been the focus of hundreds of research contributions and has emerged as a major research field. However, no study has yet provided a unified perspective on the evolution of the field. This research provides a holistic, quantitative overview of 728 papers in consumer psychology from 1960 to 2016. Utilizing a bibliometric approach and networking methods, it maps out the evolution of the research, provides a comprehensive view of the dynamics of the field, and identifies the key authors and their collaboration networks. Results show that this field has grown dramatically, especially since 2006, with research focusing on psychology, business, and social science, with themes extending to cross culture and gender difference. The findings also indicate that the field of consumer psychology is still developing and many themes remain undeveloped.
Three good deeds and three blessings: The kindness and gratitude interventions with Chinese prisoners
Authors: Yang Ying , Zhao Haiyan , Aidi Ma , Kou Yu 
Published: July 2018

AbstractBackgroundStudies have found lower well‐being among prisoners than in the general population. Positive psychological interventions provide fruitful ways of enhancing people's well‐being, but little is known about whether these contribute to prisoners' well‐being.AimsTo test the effects of two typical positive psychological interventions – kindness and gratitude – on Chinese prisoners' well‐being.MethodsOne hundred and forty‐four participants were randomly assigned to three conditions: kindness or gratitude groups in addition to ‘treatment as usual’ and a control condition of treatment as usual alone, with 48 men in each condition. Participants completed established well‐being measures before and after the 6‐week intervention and a similar period in control conditions.ResultsBoth kindness and gratitude interventions significantly increased prisoners' well‐being compared to the control group. The kindness intervention promoted higher well‐being than the gratitude intervention.ConclusionsAlthough both kindness and gratitude interventions enhanced prisoners' happiness and mitigated negative affect, the weaker effect of the gratitude condition reflects Chinese strongly communal culture, so further cross‐cultural studies would be of interest. Future research should also include longer term follow‐up and expand the work to include women in prison.
Pulmonary arterial hypertension in congenital heart disease
Authors: Frogoudaki A. A. , Gatzoulis M. A. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe number of patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension related to congenital heart disease (PAH‐CHD) seen in specialist centers continues to increase. The extreme end of the spectrum, namely Eisenmenger's syndrome, is further compromised with chronic cyanosis and multiorgan disease, In this review we present the current knowledge on definition, prevalence, pathophysiology, classification, diagnosis, and treatment of this entity that has great impact on CHD patients’ life.
Selenium Decorated Reduced Graphene Oxide Supported CoSe2 Nanoparticles as Efficient Electrochemical Catalyst for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Zhao Yuan , Zhang Chuanxiang , Fan Rong , Li Jingxiu , Hao Yanan , He Jianping , Alonso‐Vante Nicolas , Xue Jianjun 
Published: July 2018

AbstractDeveloping efficient electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) based on non‐precious catalytic centers is critical to improve the efficiency of low temperature fuel cells. Herein, we report on a catalyst containing CoSe2 supported on selenium decorated reduced graphene oxide (CoSe2/Se‐rGO), which was synthesized via a one‐pot solvothermal method using Se‐rGO as support. Importantly, the CoSe2/Se‐rGO showed an enhanced catalytic activity for ORR in alkaline medium with an onset potential of 0.903 V vs. RHE and a half‐wave potential of 0.803 V vs. RHE. Its stability and methanol tolerance ability were significantly improved as compared to 20 wt% Pt/C, respectively. The strategy developed here provided a novel and efficient approach to prepare non‐precious electrocatalysts for ORR.
Pharmacokinetics, Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacodynamics of Alicapistat, a Selective Inhibitor of Human Calpains 1 and 2 for the Treatment of Alzheimer Disease: An Overview of Phase 1 Studies
Authors: Lon Hoi‐Kei , Mendonca Nuno , Goss Sandra , Othman Ahmed A. , Locke Charles , Jin Ziyi , Rendenbach‐Mueller Beatrice 
Published: July 2018

AbstractAlicapistat is an orally active selective inhibitor of calpain 1 and 2 whose overactivation has been linked to Alzheimer disease (AD). Three studies were conducted in healthy subjects (18‐55 years), 1 in healthy elderly subjects (≥65 years), and 1 in patients with mild to moderate AD. Four studies assessed pharmacokinetics, 1 study in healthy subjects assessed pharmacodynamics (sleep parameters, particularly rapid eye movement [REM], as a measure of central nervous system [CNS] penetration and activity), and all studies assessed safety. Participants received single doses or multiple twice‐daily doses of alicapistat for up to 14 days. Maximum alicapistat plasma concentrations were reached in 2 to 5 hours; half‐life was 7 to 12 hours postdose. Alicapistat exposure was dose proportional in the alicapistat 50‐ to 1000‐mg dose range. Exposure of the alicapistat R,S diastereomer was approximately 2‐fold greater than exposure of the R,R diastereomer in healthy young and elderly subjects and patients with AD. Alicapistat at 400‐ or 800‐mg twice‐daily doses had no effect on REM sleep parameters, whereas the active control, donepezil at 10 mg twice daily, affected sleep parameters. Across all trials, the incidence of treatment‐emergent adverse events was similar in the placebo and alicapistat groups. There were no clinically significant changes in vital signs and laboratory measurements. The lack of an effect of alicapistat on sleep suggests that concentrations in the CNS were inadequate or that preclinical studies do not predict alicapistat effects in humans.