bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inducing Isotropic Growth in Multidimensional Cesium Lead Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals
Authors: Bhaumik Saikat , Veldhuis Sjoerd A , Muduli Subas Kumar , Li Mingjie , Begum Raihana , Sum Tze Chien , Mhaisalkar Subodh , Mathews Nripan 
Published: June 2018

AbstractA new two‐step synthetic protocol to yield monodisperse spherical zero‐dimensional (0D) Cs4PbX6 nanocrystals (NCs) and three‐dimensional (3D) CsPbX3 NCs is described. The first step of the reaction involves the colloidal synthesis of spherical PbX2 seed NCs, which are subsequently converted to Cs4PbX6 and CsPbX3 NCs through hot injection of a Cs precursor at the desired reaction temperatures. By employing less reactive Pb and halide precursors, the reaction time was extended from several seconds to about five minutes, thereby allowing greater control during the crystallization and growth stages. The adjustment of halide ratios allows color tuning over a wide spectral range (411–669 nm) for CsPbX3 NCs, with high photoluminescence quantum yields (6–65 %) and narrow emission line widths (ca. 13–30 nm). We envisage our spherical NCs to become a starting point for shell growth (e.g., ZnS, CdS, PbS) by overcoming the difficulty of shell growth around thermodynamically unfavorable (i.e., high surface free energy) cuboid‐shaped NCs.
Correlation between markers of peripheral nerve function and structure in type 1 diabetes
Authors: Borire Adeniyi A. , Issar Tushar , Kwai Natalie C. , Visser Leo H. , Simon Neil G. , Poynten Ann M. , Kiernan Matthew C. , Krishnan Arun V. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractBackgroundClinical and experimental studies in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes have demonstrated changes in ion channel function and nerve structure. In this study, we investigated the relationship between axonal dysfunction and morphological change in diabetic polyneuropathy by using neuromuscular ultrasound and nerve excitability techniques. We also explored possible differences in this relationship between type 1 and type 2 diabetes.MethodsNerve ultrasound and corresponding motor excitability studies were undertaken in 110 diabetes patients (50 type 1; 60 type 2) and 60 age‐matched controls (30 for each group). Neuropathy severity was assessed by using total neuropathy score. Median and tibial nerve cross‐sectional areas were measured at nonentrapment sites by using high‐resolution linear probe.ResultsMedian and tibial nerve cross‐sectional areas were significantly higher in diabetes patients compared with controls: type 1 (median = 7.6 ± 0.2 mm2 vs 6.3 ± 0.1 mm2; tibial = 14.5 ± 0.7 mm2 vs 10.8 ± 0.3 mm2, P < .05) and type 2 (median = 9.1 ± 0.3 mm2 vs 7.2 ± 0.1 mm2; tibial = 18.5 ± 1.0 mm2 vs 12.8 ± 0.5 mm2, P < .05). In the type 1 cohort, significant correlations were found between nerve cross‐sectional area and excitability parameters including resting current‐threshold slope (median: r = 0.523, P < .0001; tibial: r = −0.571, P = .004) and depolarizing threshold electrotonus at 90 to 100 ms (median: 0.424, P < .01; tibial: r = 0.435, P = .030). In contrast, there was no relationship between excitability values and nerve cross‐sectional area in the type 2 cohort.ConclusionsThis study has identified correlation between markers of axonal membrane function and structural abnormalities in peripheral nerves of type 1 diabetes patients. The differential relationship in nerve function and structure between type 1 and type 2 diabetes provides clinical evidence that different pathophysiological mechanisms underlie the development of neuropathy in these patient groups.
Phylogeographic mitogenomics of Atlantic codGadus morhua: Variation in and among trans‐Atlantic, trans‐Laurentian, Northern cod, and landlocked fjord populations
Authors: Lait Linda A. , Marshall H. Dawn , Carr Steven M. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe historical phylogeography, biogeography, and ecology of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) have been impacted by cyclic Pleistocene glaciations, where drops in sea temperatures led to sequestering of water in ice sheets, emergence of continental shelves, and changes to ocean currents. High‐resolution, whole‐genome mitogenomic phylogeography can help to elucidate this history. We identified eight major haplogroups among 153 fish from 14 populations by Bayesian, parsimony, and distance methods, including one that extends the species coalescent back to ca. 330 kya. Fish from the Barents and Baltic Seas tend to occur in basal haplogroups versus more recent distribution of fish in the Northwest Atlantic. There was significant differentiation in the majority of trans‐Atlantic comparisons (ΦST = .029–.180), but little or none in pairwise comparisons within the Northwest Atlantic of individual populations (ΦST = .000–.060) or defined management stocks (ΦST = .000–.023). Monte Carlo randomization tests of population phylogeography showed significantly nonrandom trans‐Atlantic phylogeography versus absence of such structure within various partitions of trans‐Laurentian, Northern cod (NAFO2J3KL) and other management stocks, and Flemish Cap populations. A landlocked meromictic fjord on Baffin Island comprised multiple identical or near‐identical mitogenomes in two major polyphyletic clades, and was significantly differentiated from all other populations (ΦST = .153–.340). The phylogeography supports a hypothesis of an eastern origin of genetic diversity ca. 200–250 kya, rapid expansion of a western superhaplogroup comprising four haplogroups ca. 150 kya, and recent postglacial founder populations.
Functional traits associated with plant colonizing and competitive ability influence species abundance during secondary succession: Evidence from subalpine meadows of the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Zhang Hui , Qi Wei , Liu Kun 
Published: June 2018

AbstractIt is widely recognized that colonists and competitors dominate early and late succession, respectively, with selected species having different colonizing and competitive abilities. However, it remains unknown whether colonizing and competitive ability can determine species abundance directly over succession. The data for five key functional traits were collected (photosynthesis rate, leaf turgor loss point, leaf proline content, seed mass, and seed germination rate), which are direct indicators of plant competitive and colonizing abilities including growth, drought and cold stress resistance, dispersal, and seed dormancy. Here, we tested the effects of colonizing and competitive abilities on species abundance, by employing a linear mixed‐effects model to examine the shifts in the relationship between species abundance and these five colonization and competition‐related traits in species‐rich subalpine secondary successional meadows (at 4, 6, 10, 13 years of age, and undisturbed, respectively) of the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau. The abundant species at the early‐successional meadows tend to have high photosynthetic rate, high leaf proline content, low seed mass, and seed germination rate for having high colonizing ability, but low competitive ability. By contrast, late‐successional communities tend to be dominated by species with high competitive ability, but low colonizing ability, indicated by large seeds, high seed germination rate, low photosynthetic rate, and leaf proline content. The observed directional shifts in the relationships between traits (photosynthetic rate, leaf proline content, seed mass, and seed germination rate) and abundance with successional age, bring two new understandings of community assembly during succession of subalpine meadows in the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau. First, it discloses that the differences in species abundance over succession can be directly attributed to differences in colonizing and competitive abilities of different species. Second, it expands the effects of multiple life historical differences including growth, resource competitive ability, cold stress resistance, dispersal, and seed germination strategy, represented by functional traits on community assembly along succession, that is, from the species to the community level.
Thin Films and Composites Based on Graphene for Electrochemical Detection of Biologically‐relevant Molecules
Authors: Raymundo‐Pereira Paulo A. , Baccarin Marina , Oliveira Osvaldo N. , Janegitz Bruno C. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractGraphene is one of the most studied materials ever, owing to its exceptional electronic, mechanical and thermal properties, which allow for many different types of application. In this review, we shall concentrate on the use of graphene and derivatives for electrochemical sensors and biosensors, where emphasis is placed on the importance of surface functionalization as this permits synergistic combinations with other nanomaterials and biomolecules. In addition to describing recent advances in graphene‐based electroanalytical applications, we discuss a few examples of their use in detecting small biomolecules and in immunosensing for a few diseases using films and composites. Also discussed are the possible methods for mass production of graphene, which is key to low‐cost biosensors for implantable devices and portable systems in point‐of‐care diagnosis.
Nonictal EEG biomarkers for diagnosis and treatment
Authors: Engel Jerome , Bragin Anatol , Staba Richard 
Published: June 2018

SummaryThere are no reliable nonictal biomarkers for epilepsy, electroencephalography (EEG) or otherwise, but efforts to identify biomarkers that would predict the development of epilepsy after a potential epileptogenic insult, diagnose the existence of epilepsy, or assess the effects of antiseizure or antiepileptogenic interventions are relying heavily on electrophysiology. The most promising EEG biomarkers to date are pathologic high‐frequency oscillations (pHFOs), brief EEG events in the range of 100 to 600 Hz, which are believed to reflect summated action potentials from synchronously bursting neurons. Studies of patients with epilepsy, and experimental animal models, have been based primarily on direct brain recording, which makes pHFOs potentially useful for localizing the epileptogenic zone for surgical resection, but application for other diagnostic and therapeutic purposes is limited. Consequently, recent efforts have involved identification of HFOs recorded with scalp electrodes, and with magnetoencephalography, which may reflect the same pathophysiologic mechanisms as pHFOs recorded directly from the brain. The search is also on for other EEG changes that might serve as epilepsy biomarkers, and candidates include arcuate rhythms, which may reflect repetitive pHFOs, reduction in theta rhythm, which correlates with epileptogenesis in several rodent models of epilepsy, and shortened sleep spindles that correlate with ictogenesis.
Common data elements (CDEs) for preclinical epilepsy research: Introduction to CDEs and description of core CDEs. A TASK3 report of the ILAE/AES joint translational task force
Authors: Harte‐Hargrove Lauren C. , Galanopoulou Aristea S. , French Jacqueline A. , Pitkänen Asla , Whittemore Vicky , Scharfman Helen E. 
Published: June 2018

SummaryCommon data elements (CDEs) are becoming more common as more areas of preclinical research have generated CDEs. Herein we provide an overview of the progress to date in generating CDEs for preclinical epilepsy research. Currently there are CDEs that have been developed for Physiology (in vivo), Behavior, Pharmacology, and Electroencephalography (EEG). Together the CDEs and methodologic considerations associated with these CDEs are laid out in consecutive manuscripts published in Epilepsia Open, each describing CDEs for their respective topic area. In addition to the overview of progress for the 4 subjects, core characteristics (Core CDEs) are described and explained. Data collection using a case report form (CRF) is described, and considerations that are involved in using the CDEs and CRFs are discussed.
Characteristics of large patient‐reported outcomes: Where can one million seizures get us?
Authors: Ferastraoaru Victor , Goldenholz Daniel M. , Chiang Sharon , Moss Robert , Theodore William H. , Haut Sheryl R. 
Published: June 2018

SummaryObjectiveTo analyze data from Seizure Tracker, a large electronic seizure diary, including comparison of seizure characteristics among different etiologies, temporal patterns in seizure fluctuations, and specific triggers.MethodsZero‐inflated negative binomial mixed‐effects models were used to evaluate temporal patterns of seizure events (during the day or week), as well as group differences in monthly seizure frequency between children and adults and between etiologies. The association of long seizures with seizure triggers was evaluated using a mixed‐effects logistic model with subject as the random effect. Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and odds ratios were reported for analyses involving zero‐inflated negative binomial and logistic mixed‐effects models, respectively.ResultsA total of 1,037,909 seizures were logged by 10,186 subjects (56.7% children) from December 2007 to January 2016. Children had more frequent seizures than adults did (median monthly seizure frequency 3.5 vs. 2.7, IRR 1.26; p < 0.001). Seizures demonstrated a circadian pattern (higher frequency between 07:00 a.m. and 10:00 a.m. and lower overnight), and seizures were reported differentially across the week (seizure rates higher Monday through Friday than Saturday or Sunday). Longer seizures (>5 or >30 min) had a higher proportion of the following triggers when compared with shorter seizures: “Overtired or irregular sleep,” “Bright or flashing lights,” and “Emotional stress” (p < 0.004).SignificanceThis study explored a large cohort of patients with self‐reported seizures; strengths and limitations of large seizure diary databases are discussed. The findings in this study are consistent with those of prior work in smaller validated cohorts, suggesting that patient‐recorded databases are a valuable resource for epilepsy research, capable of both replication of results and generation of novel hypotheses.
From clinical trials of antiepileptic drugs to treatment
Authors: Perucca Emilio 
Published: June 2018

SummaryRational prescribing should be based on the assessment of high‐quality evidence about the benefits and risks of available treatment options. Because clinical trials, particularly randomized controlled trials (RCTs), provide the best source of evidence, their design and results need to be carefully scrutinized. The majority of RCTs of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) have been designed to address regulatory requirements, and generally they involve restrictive eligibility criteria, rigid dosing schemes, short duration of follow‐up, and comparison with placebo rather than standard treatments. Although these studies have high internal validity, they are conducted in a setting that is distant from routine clinical practice and therefore their usefulness in guiding treatment decisions is limited. Information more directly applicable to clinical practice can be derived from a relatively small number of comparative effectiveness monotherapy RCTs, although the design of some of these studies was probably biased in favor of the sponsor's product. Alarmingly, there is a paucity of well‐designed trials in epilepsy syndromes other than focal epilepsies, and no RCTs at all in most of the less common epileptic syndromes of infancy and childhood. In the light of these shortcomings, there is scope for re‐assessing regulatory requirements to facilitate generation of data more directly applicable to the routine clinical setting. Likewise, research‐funding organizations should be sensitized about the lack of adequate evidence to guide therapeutic practice in epilepsy, and the need to promote high‐quality comparative effectiveness trials. Future prospective pragmatic trials may benefit from the increasingly widespread availability of electronic health records.
Development of temporal and spatial high‐order schemes for two‐fluid seven‐equation two‐pressure model and its applications in two‐phase flow benchmark problems
Authors: Chao Fei , Liu Dong , Shan Jianqiang , Gou Junli , Wu Pan 
Published: June 2018

SummaryCurrent existing main nuclear thermal‐hydraulics (T‐H) system analysis codes, such as RALAP5, TRACE, and CATHARE, play a crucial role in the nuclear engineering field for the design and safety analysis of nuclear reactor systems. However, two‐fluid model used in these T‐H system analysis codes is ill posed, easily leading to numerical oscillations, and the classical first‐order methods for temporal and special discretization are widely employed for numerical simulations, yielding excessive numerical diffusion. Two‐fluid seven‐equation two‐pressure model is of particular interest due to the inherent well‐posed advantage. Moreover, high‐order accuracy schemes have also attracted great attention to overcome the challenge of serious numerical diffusion induced by low‐order time and space schemes for accurately simulating nuclear T‐H problems. In this paper, the semi‐implicit solution algorithm with high‐order accuracy in space and time is developed for this well‐posed two‐fluid model and the robustness and accuracy are verified and assessed against several important two‐phase flow benchmark tests in the nuclear engineering T‐H field, which include two linear advection problems, the oscillation problem of the liquid column, the Ransom water faucet problem, the reversed water faucet problem, and the two‐phase shock tube problem. The following conclusions are achieved. (1) The proposed semi‐implicit solution algorithm is robust in solving two‐phase flows, even for fast transients and discontinuous solutions. (2) High‐order schemes in both time and space could prevent excessive numerical diffusion effectively and the numerical simulation results are more accurate than those of first‐order time and space schemes, which demonstrates the advantage of using high‐order schemes.
Effect of combination of three texture‐improving ingredients on textural properties of emulsified sausage‐containing salted egg white
Authors: Wang Zhong Feng , Xu Tao , Wang Chu Yan , Deng Nan 
Published: June 2018

AbstractResponse surface methodology based on Box–Behnken was used to assess the effects of three kinds of texture‐improving ingredients, namely, mixed starch (MS) (6%–8%) of sweet potato starch and glutinous rice flour, k‐carrageenan (CG) (0.4%–0.6%), and konjac flour (KF) (0.8%–1.2%), on the firmness, elasticity, and water holding capacity (WHC) of emulsified sausage (ES) made from pork and salted egg white (SEW). The three kinds of texture‐improving ingredients individually presented different effects on firmness, elasticity, and WHC. Their synergistic effects were significant. The three response models obtained by ANOVA were suitable to predict firmness, elasticity, and WHC. These models can also be used to design formulations for different types of sausage with different firmness and elasticity. The combination of MS (7.36%), CG (0.60%), and KF (1.20%) can produce SEW‐containing ES with remarkable firmness (224.04 g), elasticity (8.62), and WHC (8.41).
Fuzzy logic system interference in ship accidents
Authors: Psarros George Ad 
Published: June 2018

AbstractPoor lookout, lack of situation awareness, and delayed response have been continuously recognized as contributory causes of navigation accidents (i.e., collisions and groundings). It is claimed that such negative behavioral characteristics can be corrected when the navigation system is equipped with the automation capability to intervene upon their detection. Building on the results of my previous work, this study sets the starting line in exploring this technological innovation under a conceptual framework, where it is attempted to employ simple, quantifiable, and measurable ways to assess the deck officer's (navigator's) complex aspect of mental task reliability. To deal with this challenge, the navigator's behavior when performing navigation tasks is described by the Markov method and the uncertainty, ambiguity, and weakness in perceiving accurately the environment and traffic conditions is determined by fuzzy logic. The proposed concept is demonstrated through its practical application in collision and grounding accidents, where it is argued that further research is required for its validation.
Integration of Penman approach with complementary principle for evaporation research
Authors: Han Songjun , Tian Fuqiang 
Published: June 2018

AbstractNatural evaporation occurs with water transportation from an unsaturated land surface into an unsaturated atmosphere. The subprocesses at the land surface and in the atmosphere are one‐sidedly emphasized in the Penman approach and the complementary principle, in which the ratio of actual evaporation to the Penman potential evaporation is expressed as a function of the wetness state of the land surface and the atmosphere, respectively. The Penman approach and complementary principle can be integrated for completely conceptualizing the evaporation process, by expressing the evaporation ratio as a function of both the land surface and atmospheric wetness. The integrated approach has the potential to increase the accuracy of evaporation estimation while reducing the burdens of parameterization.
Spatial and temporal variability of 0‐ to 5‐m soil–water storage at the watershed scale
Authors: Fu Zihuan , Wang Yunqiang , An Zhisheng , Hu Wei , Mostofa Khan M.G. , Li Xuezhang , Liu Bingxia 
Published: June 2018

AbstractDynamic relationships among rainfall patterns, soil water distribution, and plant growth are crucial for sustainable conservation of soil and water resources in water‐limited ecosystems. Spatial and temporal variation in deep soil water content at a watershed scale have not yet been characterized adequately due to the lack of deep soil water data. Deep soil–water storage (SWS) up to a depth of 5 m (n = 73) was measured at 19 sampling occasions at the LaoYeManQu watershed on the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP). At a depth of 0–1.5 m, the annual mean SWS was highly correlated with rain intensity, and the correlation decreased with depth, but within the layers at 1.5–5.0 m, the changes in SWS indicated a lag between precipitation and the replenishment of soil water. Geostatistical parameters of SWS were also highly dependent on depth, and the mean SWS presented similar spatial structures in two adjacent layers. Temporal stability of SWS as indicated by mean relative difference, standard deviation of the relative difference (SDRD), and mean absolute bias error (MABE) was significantly weaker at the shallow than at deeper layers. Soil separates and organic carbon content controlled the spatial pattern of SWS at the watershed scale. One representative location (Site 57) was identified to estimate the mean SWS in the 1‐ to 5‐m layer of the watershed. Semivariograms of the SDRD and MABE were best fitted by an isotropic spherical model, and their spatial distributions were depth‐dependent. Both temporal stability and spatial variability of SWS increased over depth. This study is helpful for deep SWS estimation and sustainable management of soil and water on the CLP, and for other similar regions around the world.
Self‐Assembled Alkynyl Azoles and Benzoazoles as Colored Optical Waveguides
Authors: Torres‐Moya Iván , Martín Raúl , Díaz‐Ortiz Ángel , Prieto Pilar , Carrillo José Ramón 
Published: June 2018

AbstractDifferent alkynyl azoles and benzoazoles have been synthesized in good yields by carbon‐carbon coupling reactions. The self‐assembly of some of these compounds by the slow diffusion technique led to well‐defined ribbons and needle‐like aggregates. The X‐ray study of some materials showed that the CH‐π interactions involving the C≡C triple bond and the heteroatoms induce aggregation along with H‐bonds due to the methoxy groups. A fluorescence and confocal optical microscopy study of most of the aggregates indicated optical waveguide behavior with different colors.