bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multiple mating is linked to social setting and benefits the males in a communally rearing mammal
Authors: Ebensperger Luis A , Correa Loreto A , Ly Prieto Álvaro , Pérez de Arce Felipe , Abades Sebastian , Hayes Loren D 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Individuals in social species may mate with multiple opposite-sex individuals, including members of the same or different social groups. This variation may be linked to genetic benefits, where multiple mating decreases risk of inbreeding. Multiple mating may also be constrained by the sociospatial setting through its effect on availability of mates. Because multiple mating with individuals from same or different groups may determine sex-specific fitness effects, we also examined how multiple mating modulates social benefits of females and males. We used 7 years of data on demography, social organization, and genetics of a natural population of the group-living and colonial rodent, Octodon degus, to determine how kin and sex composition within social groups, and spatial relations between these groups (i.e., colonial habits) influence multiple mating and its fitness consequences. Males (81.3%) and females (64.9%) produced offspring with multiple opposite-sex individuals within groups and with individuals of neighboring groups. Thus, polygynandry was the dominant mating system in the degu population examined. Multiple mating in degus was high when compared with estimates reported in other social mammals. Variation in female and male multiple mating was better explained by social setting through its effect on availability of potential mates rather than by benefits derived from decreasing risk of inbreeding. Finally, our study revealed how multiple mating enhances male, but not female reproductive success.
Characterization and identification of long non-coding RNAs based on feature relationship
Authors: Wang Guangyu , Yin Hongyan , Li Boyang , Yu Chunlei , Wang Fan , Xu Xingjian , Cao Jiabao , Bao Yiming , Wang Liguo , Abbasi Amir A , Bajic Vladimir B , Ma Lina , Zhang Zhang 
Published: January 2019

Abstract

Motivation
The significance of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in many biological processes and diseases has gained intense interests over the past several years. However, computational identification of lncRNAs in a wide range of species remains challenging; it requires prior knowledge of well-established sequences and annotations or species-specific training data, but the reality is that only a limited number of species have high-quality sequences and annotations.

Results
Here we first characterize lncRNAs in contrast to protein-coding RNAs based on feature relationship and find that the feature relationship between open reading frame length and guanine-cytosine (GC) content presents universally substantial divergence in lncRNAs and protein-coding RNAs, as observed in a broad variety of species. Based on the feature relationship, accordingly, we further present LGC, a novel algorithm for identifying lncRNAs that is able to accurately distinguish lncRNAs from protein-coding RNAs in a cross-species manner without any prior knowledge. As validated on large-scale empirical datasets, comparative results show that LGC outperforms existing algorithms by achieving higher accuracy, well-balanced sensitivity and specificity, and is robustly effective (&gt;90% accuracy) in discriminating lncRNAs from protein-coding RNAs across diverse species that range from plants to mammals. To our knowledge, this study, for the first time, differentially characterizes lncRNAs and protein-coding RNAs based on feature relationship, which is further applied in computational identification of lncRNAs. Taken together, our study represents a significant advance in characterization and identification of lncRNAs and LGC thus bears broad potential utility for computational analysis of lncRNAs in a wide range of species.

Availability and implementation
LGC web server is publicly available at http://bigd.big.ac.cn/lgc/calculator. The scripts and data can be downloaded at http://bigd.big.ac.cn/biocode/tools/BT000004.

Supplementary information
Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
A Cross-National Analysis of the Psychometric Properties of the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory
Authors: Molde Helge , Nordhus Inger Hilde , Torsheim Torbjørn , Engedal Knut , Bendixen Anette Bakkane , Byrne Gerard J , Márquez-González María , Losada Andres , Feng Lei , Ow Elisabeth Kuan Tai , Pisitsungkagarn Kullaya , Taephant Nattasuda , Jarukasemthawee Somboon , Champagne Alexandra , Landreville Philippe , Gosselin Patrick , Ribeiro Oscar , Diefenbach Gretchen J , Blank Karen , Beaudreau Sherry A , Laks Jerson , de Araújo Narahyana Bom , Fonseca Rochele Paz , Kochhann Renata , Camozzato Analuiza , van den Brink Rob H S , Fluiter Mario , Naarding Paul , Pelzers Loeki P R M , Lugtenburg Astrid , Oude Voshaar Richard C , Pachana Nancy A 
Published: January 2019

Abstract

Objectives
Assessing late-life anxiety using an instrument with sound psychometric properties including cross-cultural invariance is essential for cross-national aging research and clinical assessment. To date, no cross-national research studies have examined the psychometric properties of the frequently used Geriatric Anxiety Inventory (GAI) in depth.

Method
Using data from 3,731 older adults from 10 national samples (Australia, Brazil, Canada, The Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Singapore, Thailand, and United States), this study used bifactor modeling to analyze the dimensionality of the GAI. We evaluated the “fitness” of individual items based on the explained common variance for each item across all nations. In addition, a multigroup confirmatory factor analysis was applied, testing for measurement invariance across the samples.

Results
Across samples, the presence of a strong G factor provides support that a general factor is of primary importance, rather than subfactors. That is, the data support a primarily unidimensional representation of the GAI, still acknowledging the presence of multidimensional factors. A GAI score in one of the countries would be directly comparable to a GAI score in any of the other countries tested, perhaps with the exception of Singapore.

Discussion
Although several items demonstrated relatively weak common variance with the general factor, the unidimensional structure remained strong even with these items retained. Thus, it is recommended that the GAI be administered using all items.
Fundamental Concepts for Semiquantitative Tissue Scoring in Translational Research
Authors: Meyerholz David K , Beck Amanda P 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Failure to reproduce results from some scientific studies has raised awareness of the critical need for reproducibility in translational studies. Macroscopic and microscopic examination is a common approach to determine changes in tissues, but text descriptions and visual images have limitations for group comparisons. Semiquantitative scoring is a way of transforming qualitative tissue data into numerical data that allow more robust group comparisons. Semiquantitative scoring has broad uses in preclinical and clinical studies for evaluation of tissue lesions. Reproducibility can be improved by constraining bias through appropriate experimental design, randomization of tissues, effective use of multidisciplinary collaborations, and valid masking procedures. Scoring can be applied to tissue lesions (eg, size, distribution, characteristics) and also to tissues through evaluation of staining distribution and intensity. Semiquantitative scores should be validated to demonstrate relevance to biological data and to demonstrate observer reproducibility. Statistical analysis should make use of appropriate tests to give robust confidence in the results and interpretations. Following key principles of semiquantitative scoring will not only enhance descriptive tissue evaluation but also improve quality, reproducibility, and rigor of tissue studies.
Antibiotic prescribing for residents in long-term-care facilities across the UK
Authors: Thornley Tracey , Ashiru-Oredope Diane , Normington Andrew , Beech Elizabeth , Howard Philip 
Published: January 2019

Abstract

Background
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major public health problem. Elderly residents in long-term-care facilities (LTCFs) are frequently prescribed antibiotics, particularly for urinary tract infections. Optimizing appropriate antibiotic use in this vulnerable population requires close collaboration between NHS healthcare providers and LTCF providers.

Objectives
Our aim was to identify and quantify antibiotic prescribing in elderly residents in UK LTCFs. This is part of a wider programme of work to understand opportunities for pharmacy teams in the community to support residents and carers.

Methods
This was a retrospective longitudinal cohort study. Data were extracted from a national pharmacy chain database of prescriptions dispensed for elderly residents in UK LTCFs over 12 months (November 2016–October 2017).

Results
Data were analysed for 341536 residents in LTCFs across the four UK nations, from which a total of 544796 antibiotic prescriptions were dispensed for 167002 residents. The proportion of residents prescribed at least one antibiotic over the 12 month period varied by LTCF, by month and by country.

Conclusions
Whilst national data sets on antibiotic prescribing are available for hospitals and primary care, this is the first report on antibiotic prescribing for LTCF residents across all four UK nations, and the largest reported data set in this setting. Half of LTCF residents were prescribed at least one antibiotic over the 12 months, suggesting that there is an opportunity to optimize antibiotic use in this vulnerable population to minimize the risk of AMR and treatment failure. Pharmacy teams are well placed to support prudent antibiotic prescribing and improved antimicrobial stewardship in this population.
How a School Setting Can Generate Social Capital for Young Refugees: Qualitative Insights from a Folk High School in Denmark
Authors: Borsch Anne Sofie , Skovdal Morten , Jervelund Signe Smith 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Many of the refugees who have recently arrived in Denmark and other European countries are young people. In order to support refugee youth, it is important to understand how institutions and initiatives in the receiving countries may best facilitate their social inclusion. Drawing on the concept of social capital, this article explores school practices supporting refugees through a qualitative case study of a Danish folk high school—an informal residential college for young people. At the school, participant observation, 10 interviews (with school management, four refugee students and four majority ethnic Danish students) as well as two focus groups (with majority ethnic and refugee students, respectively) were carried out. We discuss the school resources that help create a setting in which students and teachers may work collaboratively to support the integration of young refugees, highlighting four key dimensions: (i) intensive instruction in the local language, (ii) a commitment to nurturing positive inter-ethnic relationships, (iii) a sense of collective responsibility and (iv) an inclusive school ethos. We conclude with a discussion on how lessons from our case study can inform a wider conceptualization of a ‘refugee-competent school’ setting.
Time-resolved image polarimetry of TRAPPIST-1 during planetary transits
Authors: Miles-Páez P A , Zapatero Osorio M R , Pallé E , Metchev S A 
Published: January 2019

ABSTRACT
We obtained linear polarization photometry (J-band) and low-resolution spectroscopy (ZJ-bands) of TRAPPIST-1, which is a planetary system formed by an M8-type low-mass star and seven temperate, Earth-sized planets. The photopolarimetric monitoring campaign covered 6.5 h of continuous observations including one full transit of planet TRAPPIST-1d and partial transits of TRAPPIST-1b and e. The spectrophotometric data and the photometric light curve obtained over epochs with no planetary transits indicate that the low-mass star has very low level of linear polarization compatible with a null value. However, the ‘in transit’ observations reveal an enhanced linear polarization signal with peak values of $p^* = 0.1\, {{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ with a confidence level of 3σ, particularly for the full transit of TRAPPIST-1d, thus confirming that the atmosphere of the M8-type star is very likely dusty. Additional observations probing different atmospheric states of TRAPPIST-1 are needed to confirm our findings, as the polarimetric signals involved are low. If confirmed, polarization observations of transiting planetary systems with central ultracool dwarfs can become a powerful tool for the characterization of the atmospheres of the host dwarfs and the validation of transiting planet candidates that cannot be corroborated by any other method.
Predicate Ellipsis
Authors: Aelbrecht Lobke , Harwood William 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThis chapter discusses the phenomenon of predicate ellipsis, which covers several types of ellipsis targeting the clausal predicate. The best-known type is VP-ellipsis, but there is also pseudogapping, and two lesser-known types, namely Modal Complement Ellipsis and British English do. For each type the basic properties and main research questions are discussed. Extra attention is given to the question of what is actually elided, and it turns out that many instances of predicate ellipsis delete more than just the verb phrase. Although this phenomenon is best studied in English, VP-ellipsis also occurs in other languages, where it often appears as so-called V-stranding VP-ellipsis: the main verb undergoes movement when it is finite, allowing it to move out of the ellipsis site and survive ellipsis. These languages will also be discussed.
Comparative Deletion
Authors: Lechner Winfried 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThis chapter presents a selective overview of three classes of ellipsis phenomena that manifest themselves in the comparative construction: Comparative Deletion (CD), Comparative Ellipsis (CE), and phrasal comparatives (PCs). A survey of some central empirical generalizations and their theoretical interpretation in the extant literature consolidates three findings. First, while CD displays all the characteristics of a syntactic ellipsis operation, its exact nature still remains elusive. Although some core properties of CD fall out from modeling CD in analogy to the matching analysis for the relative clause, the competing raising account is better equipped to tackle others, such as the identity condition on ellipsis and opacity. Second, CE proves less recalcitrant in that most of its core manifestations are reducible to independently attested ellipsis operations, specifically those found in coordinate structures. Finally, as for PCs, the evidence available at the moment is best compatible with a hybrid approach that treats PCs as base-generated constructions in some languages, but derives them by syntactic ellipsis in others.
Conjunction Reduction and Right-Node Raising
Authors: Wilder Christopher 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThis chapter reviews Conjunction Reduction (CR) phenomena—forward CR (stripping, Phrase Cluster Coordination), and backward CR (Right-Node Raising), and discusses theoretical concerns they raise and approaches to explaining them (ellipsis, across-the-board movement, flexible constituency, multiple dominance/MD). It covers the main empirical generalizations, illustrating mostly with English data but also some from German; and touches on important less well-known phenomena (non-coordinate RNR, Right-Node Wrapping). Striking right–left asymmetries indicate that different mechanisms lie behind forward and backward CR. Similarities between regular ellipsis types and forward CR, and evidence that non-deleted units inside conjuncts targeted by forward CR move to the conjunct periphery, are argued to support the move-and-elide approach. Difficulties afflicting both ellipsis and ATB-movement approaches to RNR are highlighted, and the MD approach is presented as a promising alternative.
Polish
Authors: Nykiel Joanna 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThis chapter walks the reader through a range of elliptical constructions available in Polish. The choice of constructions is determined by the degree of attention they have received in the ellipsis literature. I focus on those features of these constructions that warrant an ellipsis-based approach and address, as appropriate, the extent to which they fit in with the existing theoretical approaches to ellipsis. The task of explaining the behavior of elliptical constructions, both intralinguistically and cross-linguistically, has been successfully undertaken by proponents of the PF-deletion approach to ellipsis, but Polish continues to pose a challenge for this approach in some respects.
Statues
Authors: Kristensen Troels Myrup 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThis chapter reviews the archaeological evidence for different forms of Christian use and reception of statues in the period between the third and the seventh centuries. Previous scholarship has primarily been based on the heavily biased Christian literary tradition (notably hagiographies), whereas archaeology in recent years has begun to uncover a whole range of complex ways in which Christians negotiated the sculptural landscape of Late Antiquity. This landscape consisted of both new and old statues set up in temples, public buildings, and private residences. In turn, the chapter addresses newly erected statues, “residual” statues, the practices of marking crosses and carving Christian inscriptions on the heads and bodies of pagan statues, the destruction of statues, and the recycling of statues.
The Holy Island
Authors: Gordon Jody Michael , Caraher William R. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe archaeology of early Christian Cyprus represents one of the most significant case studies of how early Christianity developed because of the island’s unique geohistorical background and the diverse nature of its material remains. When combined with local hagiographical resources, Cyprus’s material culture illustrates the gradual development of a unique form of early Christian society between the fourth and seventh centuries that drew on both local and imperial influences. This chapter contributes to such perspectives by offering an introduction to early Christian Cyprus’s archaeological corpus vis-à-vis the island’s unique Late Antique eastern Mediterranean context. It examines basilicas, baptisteries, mosaics and church decor, funerary structures, coins and seals, metalwork, epigraphy, and ceramics to reveal the discipline’s main research foci and suggest topics for future investigation.
Amulets and the Ritual Efficacy of Christian Symbols
Authors: Cline Rangar H. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractAlthough “magical” amulets are often overlooked in studies of early Christian material culture, they provide unique insight into the lives of early Christians. The high number of amulets that survive from antiquity, their presence in domestic and mortuary archaeological contexts, and frequent discussions of amulets in Late Antique literary sources indicate that they constituted an integral part of the fabric of religious life for early Christians. The appearance of Christian symbols on amulets, beginning in the second century and occurring with increasing frequency in the fourth century and afterward, reveals the increasing perception of Christian symbols as ritually potent among Christians and others in the Roman Empire. The forms, texts, and images on amulets reveal the fears and hopes that occupied the daily lives of early Christians, when amulets designed for ritual efficacy if not orthodoxy were believed to provide a defense against forces that would harm body and soul.
James and Emerson
Authors: Goodman Russell B. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
When William James uses one of his schemes, such as tough- and tender-minded (in Pragmatism) or the once- and twice-born (in Varieties of Religious Experience), he is more interested in what these terms can do in confronting certain problems or conceptualizing a subject than in how they all fit together. This chapter considers James’s pragmatic and pluralistic use of language from some perspectives offered by the work of Ralph Waldo Emerson, who used different schemes in different essays, and whose thought is part of James’s intellectual formation. I pay particular attention to anticipations of James’s scheme of the tough- and tender-minded in Emerson’s “Nominalist and Realist” and “Montaigne, or the Skeptic.” The last section of the chapter considers ways in which James’s scheme of the tough- and tender-minded is designed to make room for religion in his pragmatist pictures.
Evolutionary Implications of Non-human Primate Diets
Authors: Schoeninger Margaret J. , McGrew William C. , Phillips Caroline A. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractExtant non-human primates are our closest living relatives and knowledge of their diets serves as a focus for hypotheses about past diets. We now know that the diets of extant primates vary from almost total folivory to considerable faunivory. Subsistence strategies of extant primates and stable isotope ratio data constrain dietary scenarios for fossil primates, including hominins. Among extant primates, significant faunivory occurs only in species of &lt;1 kg body weight. Among those &gt;1 kg body weight, smaller primates feed on fruit or fruit with insects, and larger ones on fruit and foliage, including leaves, pith, stems, flowers, and bark. Fossil hominins fall into the size range for fruit and foliage-eating.
Ozone Exposure During Implantation Increases Serum Bioactivity in HTR-8/SVneo Trophoblasts
Authors: Miller Colette N , Stewart Erica J , Snow Samantha J , Williams Wanda C , Richards Judy H , Thompson Leslie C , Schladweiler Mette C , Farraj Aimen K , Kodavanti Urmila P , Dye Janice A 
Published: January 2019

AbstractImplantation is a sensitive window in reproductive development during which disruptions may increase the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes including intrauterine growth restriction. Ozone exposure during implantation in rats reduces fetal weight near the end of gestation, potentially though impaired trophoblast migration and invasion and altered implantation. The current study characterized changes in ventilation, pulmonary injury, and circulating factors including hormonal, inflammatory, and metabolic markers related to exposure to ozone (0.4–1.2 ppm) for 4-h on gestation days 5 and 6 (window of implantation) in Long-Evans dams. To determine the effects of this exposure on trophoblast function, placental-derived, first trimester, HTR-8/SVneo cells were exposed to serum from air- or ozone (0.8 ppm×4 h)-exposed dams and examined for impacts on metabolic capacity, wound-closure, and invasion. Peri-implantation exposure to ozone induced ventilatory dysfunction and lung vascular leakage in pregnant rats, with little effect on most of the circulating markers measured. However, ozone inhalation induced a significant reduction in several serum cytokines (interferon-γ, interleukin-6, and interleukin-13). Treatment of HTR-8/SVneo trophoblasts with serum from ozone-exposed dams for 16-h downregulated metabolic capacity, wound-closure, and invasion through a Matrigel membrane compared with both air-serum and fetal bovine serum-treated cells. Ozone-serum treated cells increased the release of a critical inhibitor of invasion and angiogenesis (soluble fms-like receptor 1; sFlt1) compared with air-serum treatment. Together, our data suggest that circulating factors in the serum of pregnant rats exposed to ozone during implantation receptivity can hinder critical processes of implantation (eg, invasion and migration) and impair trophoblast metabolic capacity.