bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Cassis Youssef 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
The introductory chapter provides a historical perspective to the discussion of international centres after the Global Financial Crisis and Brexit. It addresses three sets of questions. The first concerns the definition and ranking of international financial centres; the second concerns the effects, over the long run, of global financial crises on international financial centres, in terms of rise, decline, recovery, and reconfiguration; and the third concerns the ability of international financial centres to reinvent themselves in the face of new adverse conditions. The last set of questions is relevant to the likely effects of Brexit, and takes into account the fact that, historically, leading economic powers have always given rise to a major financial centre. The final part of the introduction is devoted to a presentation, against this historical background, of the eight core chapters of the book.
Tokyo
Authors: Shirai Sayuri 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Japan has endeavoured to develop its capital Tokyo as one of the top global financial centres. Japan’s advantages are the sheer size of its economy (the third largest in terms of gross domestic product), the status of the Japanese yen as the third international currency after the United States dollar and the euro, and large financial and capital markets with abundant capital. Tokyo has the potential to become a regional financial centre that transfers excess capital to emerging Asian economies. This vision has not fully materialized because Japan’s financial investment continues to be destined towards the United States and Europe and in the form of relatively safe debt securities. Moreover, Japan’s capital remains largely risk-averse, contributing to lack of diversity in domestic capital markets and limited provision of risk capital to the world. This chapter takes an overview of Japan’s financial and capital market developments.
Conclusions
Authors: Wójcik Dariusz , Cojoianu Theodor F. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
The chapter summarizes observations made in the preceding chapters, and complements them from a geographical perspective, putting developments in the eight countries and eleven financial centres covered in the book in a global context. It starts by looking at the elite of the financial sector, comparing the world’s top centres of investment banking and asset management. Next, it broadens its focus by reviewing trends and patterns of employment in the financial and business services sector as a whole. The following section offers a glimpse of offshore finance and its development since the crisis. In addition, it provides an overview and comparison of developments in fintech and their potential impact on the global map of financial centres. The concluding section considers new geographical ways of conceptualizing relationships among financial centres, financial and business services, and offshore finance, and ends with suggestions for future research.
Plutarch's Rhythmic Prose
Authors: Hutchinson G. O. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractGreek literature is divided, like many literatures, into poetry and prose; but in the earlier Roman Empire, 31 bc to ad 300, much Greek (and Latin) prose was written in one organized rhythmic system. Whether most, or hardly any, Greek prose adopted this patterning has been entirely unclear; this book for the first time adequately establishes an answer. It then seeks to get deeper into the nature of prose-rhythm through one of the greatest Imperial works, Plutarch’s Lives. All its phrases, almost 100,000, have been scanned rhythmically. Prose-rhythm is revealed as a means of expression, which draws attention to words and word-groups. (Online readings are offered too.) Some passages in the Lives pack rhythms together more closely than others; the book looks especially at rhythmically dense passages. These do not occur randomly; they attract attention to themselves, and are marked out as climactic in the narrative, or as in other ways of highlighted significance. Comparison emerges as crucial to the Lives on many levels. Much of the book closely discusses particular dense moments, in commentary form, to show how much rhythm contributes to understanding, and is to be integrated with other sorts of criticism. These remarkable passages make apparent the greatness of Plutarch as a prose-writer: a side not greatly considered amid the huge resurgence of work on him. The book also analyses closely rhythmic and unrhythmic passages from three Greek novelists. Rhythm illuminates both a supreme Greek writer, Plutarch, and three prolific centuries of Greek literary history.
Rhythmic Prose in Plutarch’sLives
Authors: Hutchinson G. O. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractFrom this chapter the book goes more deeply into one productive and central author: Plutarch. The basis for the book is a scansion of all of Plutarch’s Lives, not just the end of sentences but every small phrase: 2,297 pages, almost 100,000 phrases. For the other half of Plutarch’s work, the philosophical and related writings, the end of every sentence has been scanned. There thus exists a much more abundant body of material for the consideration of Plutarch than for any other Greek author. It is possible to advance from scansion into interpretation. With many detailed examples, and with the help of ancient comments, a connection is indicated between rhythm and emphasis, or attention; thus a rhythmic close draws attention to the words that create it. This can be independently confirmed from context, word-order, etc., and is demonstrated on a large scale in the book as a whole.
Life as Art (Plutarch,Timoleon35)
Authors: Hutchinson G. O. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe book now looks at a series of passages, most of them rhythmically dense. These show the rhythmic system, and Plutarch’s writing, at its most intense or heavily loaded, and they thus throw light on both of them. Plutarch’s actual writing has not been very closely considered, unlike so many other aspects of him. A commentary format is used for the discussion; the analysis always grows out of the rhythm, but it shows how rhythm bears on the wider interpretation of passages. The first commentary comes from the Life of Timoleon, and provides a climactic encapsulation of his achievements in bringing freedom and peace to Sicily. Plutarch is here seen turning Timaeus or other source-material into exultant rhythmic prose.
What to Write under a Statue (Cato Maior19.4–6)
Authors: Hutchinson G. O. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThis chapter offers another passage of summary, but here not in exalted style. Rather, Plutarch uses the medium of a supposed inscription to show the Roman people’s appreciation of Cato the Elder’s censorship, and his moral rescue of the Roman res publica. The historicity of the inscription is extremely doubtful; but the passage shows a fruitful interaction between the austere moral ethos of the Middle Republic (as restored by Cato) and the rich and stylish eloquence of Greek Imperial prose. The passage is not mere hagiography: Cato’s stance on statues has changed. The passage moves away from dense rhythm into a witty and irresistible mot.
A Dangerous Leap (Alexander63.2–6)
Authors: Hutchinson G. O. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractA mass of comparative material, Greek and Latin, rhythmic and unrhythmic, enables us to scrutinize sharply Plutarch’s treatment in the Life of Alexander of Alexander’s leap into an Indian city full of enemies. Alexander’s life was a field cultivated with particular assiduity by ancient writers; Plutarch himself treats the incident at length in a philosophical work: De Alexandri Magni Fortuna aut Virtute, speech 2. The density of rhythm in this passage is crucial to making the moment a climax in the Life; the writing is actually sober and intently compact when compared both to Plutarch’s own treatment in the piece mentioned and to the Homeric account in Arrian. This sobriety is historiographical as well as stylistic.
Daggers and Dangers (Brutus1.5, 16.4, 52.1–4, 7–8; 19–20)
Authors: Hutchinson G. O. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe consideration of one specific Life—see ch. 9—is expanded by a look at passages which show density but more briefly than the criteria require, and at a substantial passage which exemplifies writing in a lower key. The passages more briefly or intermittently dense are more engaged with violent action—tyrannicide by an ancestor of Brutus’, a false alarm before the killing of Caesar, and Brutus’ last hours and suicide. The lesser extent of the density throws light on the Life, which portrays Brutus—with some straining of the evidence—as a gentle soul, guided by his philosophy. The rhythmically looser passage, like that from the Timoleon in ch. 5, shows loosening and tightening of rhythm to fit the content—particularly that of Antony’s incendiary speech. Passages from Appian and from Plutarch’s own Life of Caesar throw light on the specific treatments in these extracts.
A Surprise from Cato (Pompey54.5–9)
Authors: Hutchinson G. O. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractIn two Lives, Plutarch gives a detailed treatment of how Pompey became sole consul in 52 bc. The rhythmically dense account in the Life of Pompey can be compared in detail with the looser account in the Life of Cato the Younger. The account in the Life of Pompey involves a comparison with Cato which is important to the Life; it also evokes a political meeting in a way that brings the reader nearer to the speeches and the drama. More of Cato’s quirkiness appears in the Life of Cato the Younger. Accounts by Cassius Dio and Appian can also be brought in to the discussion; all the Greek authors are philosophically and politically interested in the constitutional question.
Mist or Smoke? (Flamininus4.8–12)
Authors: Hutchinson G. O. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThis chapter analyses an atmospheric and involving treatment of a key Roman victory, of Flamininus over Philip V. Plutarch and the non-rhythmic Livy are probably both drawing on the non-rhythmic Polybius; and most likely Plutarch wishes his divergence from Livy in content to be seen. Comparison with Livy certainly gives a closely related non-rhythmic account to set against Plutarch’s, and the rhythmic writing of Plutarch’s will certainly have differentiated it from Polybius’. We should not judge too confidently what actually happened, and what was in Plutarch and Livy’s source or sources; but it is apparent how Plutarch uses rhythm to build up the emotion and physicality of his depiction. Aeschylus on Salamis comes into the intertextuality.
A Blasé Mother (Plutarch,Cleomenes43 (22).4–5)
Authors: Hutchinson G. O. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe preceding passage of Chariton is set against another passage from Plutarch’s Agis and Cleomenes (cf. ch. 17). Cleomenes’ mother treats herself and her relationship with her son very differently from Chaereas’ mother. Her sense of humour and her Spartan nobility, and the delicate portrayal of interaction with the son, lead to a passage which is much wider in range and outlook than the passage from Chariton. This one shows a considerable degree of rhythmic density, although it does not quite meet the criteria set in ch. 3. The long sentences and the altering narrative display a very different exploitation of prose-rhythm from Chariton’s.
Bewilderments of Joy (Heliodorus 10.38.3–4)
Authors: Hutchinson G. O. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractA climactic non-rhythmic passage from a novelist is analysed, to show its difference from Chariton, and more especially from the passage in the next chapter. The passage is climactic, part of the great finale of Heliodorus’ novel. The language flows without rhythmic stopping-points, and perhaps even seeks to compensate for the absence of rhythm with arresting complication of expression and thought. Thucydides is the basis for developments which are obscure in meaning and recall in stylistic balance other prose of the fifth and fourth centuries. The writing is far from the sharpness of Chariton, to which rhythm makes such a contribution.
Chaereas Lives (Chariton 5.8.1–3)
Authors: Hutchinson G. O. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractA climactic point in Chariton contrasts with the passage of Heliodorus considered in the previous chapter. The language of theatre is used in both; but Chariton orchestrates an almost operatic complication of characters with contrasting feelings. Rhythm brings out the complication with pointed ingenuity. The account culminates in wry extremity on the king of Persia: love overcomes all. Thucydides is again an important layer, but all is turned in the direction of ingenious intricacy sharply mastered. It is also seen how rhythm helps to highlight exceedingly forceful links in language which run through the novel. Thus rhythm promotes structure on a large scale as on a small one.
The King of Persia is Put in His Place (Chariton 8.5.5–7)
Authors: Hutchinson G. O. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractAt another big moment in Chariton, the queen of Persia arrives by sea and is restored to her astonished husband. The passage conveys with refinement the mixed feelings of the king, who loves both his wife and Callirhoe, the heroine of the novel. It also conveys with refinement the meeting of the husband and wife, and the wife’s handling of the king’s mixed feelings, and her own. Rhythm helps the subtlety here, as well as the strong depiction of emotion. Apparently simple physical narrative is charged with point, as rhythm invites the reader to linger over phrases.
Lagrangian and Hamiltonian Dynamics
Authors: Mann Peter 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
This book explores the fascinating subject of classical mechanics, which is the pinnacle of nineteenth-century physics, from a fresh and exciting viewpoint. With its foundations laid down in ancient Greece, classical physics was truly born in the 1700s with Sir Isaac Newton’s discoveries and quickly developed into the modern scientific method that is commonplace today. After the Newtonian revolution, others reformulated classical mechanics into different descriptions and new formalisms, each uncovering novel aspects of the mathematical and geometrical laws of nature. Over the last 400 years, classical physics has been used to engineer bridges, railways, engines, antennas, planes and much, much more. Classical mechanics is still a vibrant field of active research in theoretical physics and, to this day, captures the excitement of many physicists. Classical mechanics persists today due to its incredible practicality and as the physical embodiment of many fields of abstract mathematics. In this book, the reader journeys from Newton’s three laws of motion to analytical mechanics and Lagrangian and Hamiltonian dynamics, as well as the formulations of Jacobi and many other hard-working natural philosophers who lend their names to classical mechanics.
Wave Mechanics & Elements of Mathematical Physics
Authors: Mann Peter 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
This chapter presents an in-depth look at classical wave mechanics and mathematical physics, containing key examples directly relevant to molecular physics. The separation of variables is used to construct the Helmholtz equation from the one-dimensional wave equation before considering the three-dimensional wave equation. From this, equations for the temporal, radial, azimuth and angular components are developed and solutions using the Bessel equations and Legendre polynomials are found. Boundary conditions are explained and the Rayleigh plane wave expansion as the general solution to the Helmholtz equation is reconstructed. Both the Hermite equation and the Legendre equation are derived using the series solution method, and the Laplace equation is discussed.
Point Transformations in Lagrangian Mechanics
Authors: Mann Peter 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
This chapter discusses point transformations in Lagrangian mechanics. Sometimes, when solving problems, it is useful to change coordinates in velocity phase space to better suit and simplify the system at hand; this is a requirement of any physical theory. This change is often motivated by some experimentally observed physicality of the system or may highlight new conserved quantities that might have been overlooked using the old description. In the Newtonian formalism, it was a bit of a hassle to change coordinates and the equations of motion will look quite different. In this chapter, point transformations in Lagrangian mechanics are developed and the Euler–Lagrange equation is found to be covariant. The chapter discusses coordinate transformations, parametrisation invariance and the Jacobian of the transform. Re-parametrisations are also included.
The Jacobi Energy Function
Authors: Mann Peter 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the Jacobi energy function, considering how the Lagrange formalism treats the energy of the system. This discussion leads nicely to conservation laws and symmetries, which are the focus of the next chapter. The Jacobi energy function associated with a Lagrangian is defined as a function on the tangent bundle. The chapter also discuss explicit vs implicit time dependence, and shows how time translational invariance ensures the generalised coordinates are inertial, meaning that the energy function is the total energy of the system. In addition, it examines the energy function using non-inertial coordinates and explicit time dependence.
Near-Equilibrium Oscillations
Authors: Mann Peter 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
In this chapter, the theory of near-equilibrium oscillations is developed and normal mode analysis is performed. This topic requires a little bit of linear algebra when dealing with matrices, as well as an understanding of differential equations. The chapter explores small perturbations (small nudges or tiny shifts) to a stable equilibrium point in configuration space and introduces the characteristic equation. Interdisciplinary examples are then investigated, including a surface science example in which the bond frequencies of surface adsorbates are calculated, an example in which the motion of atoms in a triatomic molecule is examined and an example in which the molecular physics of atomic force microscopy is analysed. The properties of the eigenvalue problem for small oscillations are also investigated.
Hamilton’s Equations & Routhian Reduction
Authors: Mann Peter 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
In this chapter, the Poisson bracket and angular momentum are investigated and first integrals are used to develop conservation laws as a canonical Noether’s theorem. The Poisson bracket was developed by the French mathematician Poisson in the late nineteenth century and it is a reformulation, or at least a tidying up, of Hamilton’s equations into one neat package. The Poisson bracket of a quantity with the Hamiltonian describes the time evolution of that quantity as one moves along a curve in phase space. The Lie algebra structure of symmetries in mechanics is highlighted using this formulation. The classical propagator is derived using the Poisson bracket.
Poisson Brackets & Angular Momentum
Authors: Mann Peter 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
This chapter discusses canonical transformations and gauge transformations and is divided into three sections. In the first section, canonical coordinate transformations are introduced to the reader through generating functions as the extension of point transformations used in Lagrangian mechanics, with the harmonic oscillator being used as an example of a canonical transformation. In the second section, gauge theory is discussed in the canonical framework and compared to the Lagrangian case. Action-angle variables, direct conditions, symplectomorphisms, holomorphic variables, integrable systems and first integrals are examined. The third section looks at infinitesimal canonical transformations resulting from functions on phase space. Ostrogradsky equations in the canonical setting are also detailed.
Hamilton-Jacobi Theory
Authors: Mann Peter 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Liouville’s theorem and classical statistical mechanics, deriving the classical propagator. The terms ‘phase space volume element’ and ‘Liouville operator’ are defined and an n-particle phase space probability density function is constructed to derive the Liouville equation. This is deconstructed into the BBGKY hierarchy, and radial distribution functions are used to develop n-body correlation functions. Koopman–von Neumann theory is investigated as a classical wavefunction approach. The chapter develops an operatorial mechanics based on classical Hilbert space, and discusses the de Broglie–Bohm formulation of quantum mechanics. Partition functions, ensemble averages and the virial theorem of Clausius are defined and Poincaré’s recurrence theorem, the Gibbs H-theorem and the Gibbs paradox are discussed. The chapter also discusses commuting observables, phase–amplitude decoupling, microcanonical ensembles, canonical ensembles, grand canonical ensembles, the Boltzmann factor, Mayer–Montroll cluster expansion and the equipartition theorem and investigates symplectic integrators, focusing on molecular dynamics.
Constrained Hamiltonian Dynamics
Authors: Mann Peter 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
This chapter focuses on autonomous geometrical mechanics, using the language of symplectic geometry. It discusses manifolds (including Kähler manifolds, Riemannian manifolds and Poisson manifolds), tangent bundles, cotangent bundles, vector fields, the Poincaré–Cartan 1-form and Darboux’s theorem. It covers symplectic transforms, the Marsden–Weinstein symplectic quotient, presymplectic and symplectic 2-forms, almost symplectic structures, symplectic leaves and foliation. It also discusses contact structures, musical isomorphisms and Arnold’s theorem, as well as integral invariants, Nambu structures, the Nambu bracket and the Lagrange bracket. It describes Poisson bi-vector fields, Poisson structures, the Lie–Poisson bracket and the Lie–Poisson reduction, as well as Lie algebra, the Lie bracket and Lie algebra homomorphisms. Other topics include Casimir functions, momentum maps, the Euler–Poincaré equation, fibre derivatives and the geodesic equation. The chapter concludes by looking at deformation quantisation of the Poisson algebra, using the Moyal bracket and C*-algebras to develop a quantum physics.
The Structure of Phase Space
Authors: Mann Peter 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
This chapter introduces the reader to canonical perturbation theory as a tool for studying near-integrable systems. Many problems in physics and chemistry do not have exact analytical solutions; these systems are in direct opposition to integrable systems and action-angle variables. The chapter starts by considering tiny perturbations to integrable Hamiltonians. Poincaré in 1893 claimed this was the fundamental question of classical mechanics and, fittingly, Hamilton–Jacobi theory is the starting point. The chapter develops Poincaré’s fundamental equation as well as Delaunay’s small divisor problem. Resonant, near–resonant and non-resonant tori are investigated in the context of Poincaré’s theorem and KAM theory is described in detail. Chaos and Poincaré maps are presented before discussing determinism, deterministic chaos and Laplace’s demon.
Hamiltonian Field Theory
Authors: Mann Peter 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
This chapter discusses classical electromagnetism. As an example of a classical field theory, electrodynamics is framed using a Lagrangian density. Until pioneers such as Faraday and Maxwell, electric vector fields and magnetic vector fields were regarded as separate phenomena entirely and it was only in the late nineteenth century that scientists saw them as components of a larger concept, the electromagnetic field. Maxwell’s equations are derived and the wave equations are revisited. The chapter discusses gauge fixing, the Hodge star, the Lorentz force law and molecular multipole moments and closes by defining the electromagnetic tensor and the Minkowski metric tensor.