bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Land Surface Temperature Derived From Landsat 7 ETM+ and Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS for Drought Monitoring
Authors: Nugraha A S A , Gunawan T , Kamal M 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The thermal infrared bands of Landsat 7 ETM+ and Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS have ability to provide Land Surface Temperature (LST) information. This information is important to map and monitor Earth surface’s temperature-related events such as drought. However, these two Landsat sensors have different conversion methods of deriving LST information from their image pixels. Landsat 7 ETM+ applies a simple algorithm using single thermal band to produce an index of surface temperature; while Landsat 8 TIRS applies two thermal bands and a more sophisticated Split Windows Algorithm (SWA). This research aims to compare and contrast the ability of Landsat 7 ETM+ and Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS to map LST for drought monitoring in part of East Java Province, Indonesia. Drought detection was conducted using two different algorithms, namely Temperature Condition Index (TCI) with a range of values from 0-100 and Crop Water Stress Index (CWSI) with a range of 0-1. These algorithms have an opposite index value explanation; zero in TCI indicates drought condition, but wet condition in CWSI. The differences in the LST results from Landsat images showed that SWA method provides more similar results to the corresponding land cover conditions as compared to the result of Landsat 7 ETM+. Drought detection results demonstrate that TCI and CWSI would be optimally useful for area have a potential drought. Both methods have similar results in terms of the condition of Land Surface Temperatures.
Geographic Object Based Image Analysis (GEOBIA) for Mangrove Canopy Delineation Using Aerial Photography
Authors: Kamal M , Kanekaputra T , Hermayani R , Juniansah A 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Mangrove canopy cover is one of the important indicators for monitoring mangrove ecosystem’s health. Measuring and monitoring mangrove canopy cover using direct field measurement is tedious and inefficient work. This study implements the advanced geographic object-based image analysis (GEOBIA) approach to a very high-spatial resolution aerial photograph taken from unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). This new technology has ability to capture mangrove canopy information in the field rapidly and present it in a spatially explicit manner. The aims of this study are to (1) establish a rule set to discriminate mangrove canopy to other coastal objects from UAV images; and (2) map mangrove canopy and calculate its accuracy. The image data used in this study was acquired on 27 April 2018, covering part of dwarf Avicennia marina and Ceriops tagal stands in Karimunjawa Island, Jepara, Central Java. Based on this image the rule set was then developed to delineate mangrove canopy borders by considering the color and shape properties of the object of interest on the image. An iterative classification process was conducted to find the most operational rule set to map the targeted object. Once the map produced, the area-based accuracy assessment was then applied to assess the quality of the canopy delineation. The results of this study show that UAV image – although handicapped with limited spectral information – is a valuable input for GEOBIA to delineate and map mangrove canopy borders with high level of accuracy. This study contributes to the development of canopy delineation methods using the emerging remote sensing technology and mapping approach.
Silanization Efficiency of Silica/Silane in Dependence of Amines in Natural Rubber-based Tire Compounds
Authors: Hayichelaeh C , Reuvekamp L A E M , Dierkes W K , Blume A , Noordermeer J W M , Sahakaro K 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Silica-silane technology for low rolling resistance tire compounds requires efficient bridging between the silica surface and rubber molecules through silanization and coupling reactions. The presence of diphenylguanidine (DPG) as secondary vulcanization accelerator is also needed to catalyze the silanization reaction between the alkoxy groups of silane coupling agents and the silanol groups on the silica surface. However, DPG can liberate toxic aniline under high mixing temperatures and therefore safer alternatives are required. This study investigates the influence of amines with different structures, i.e. hexylamine (HEX), octadecylamine (OCT), cyclohexylamine (CYC) and dicyclohexylamine (DIC) on the primary silanization reaction rate constant in a model system, and on interfacial compatibility of practical silica-reinforced NR compounds. Compared to the system without, the amines clearly increase the reaction rate constant for which linear aliphatic amines work better than cyclic ones. This is due to better accessibility of the amines towards the silica surface, in agreement with the values of Payne effect as observed in the rubber compounds, except for the OCT case. The lowest Payne effect of the OCT-containing rubber compound is attributed to the additional shielding effect obtained from the long alkyl-chain that leads to more hydrophobicity, resulting in good physical interaction between silica and rubber. The presence of all amines improves the cure properties in which the linear aliphatic amines give shorter cure times than the cyclic aliphatic ones. As a result of good interfacial compatibility, the OCT-containing compound which shows lowest filler-filler interaction gives good mechanical properties that are closest to the reference compound with DPG.
Evaluation of Vulcanization Depth of Thick Rubber Products by Terahertz Radiation
Authors: Yasumoto Y , Hirakawa Y , Gondo T 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
An evaluation of the vulcanization depth of thick rubber products was performed using terahertz (THz) time-domain spectroscopy. The sample herein was a styrene -butadiene rubber (SBR)-based cylindrical products with a 35 mm diameter and 20 mm thickness, vulcanized under 10 MPa of pressure and a temperature of 150 °C. To clarify the vulcanization effect, no carbon black (CB) was included in the sample, because its apparent THz absorbance is extremely large compared with that of polymers and other additives. To perform the THz absorbance imaging, the thick sample was sliced parallel to the upper and lower heating plates of the cure mold into six thin specimens a few millimeters thick. Herein, the samples cured for two different cure times (T90 and T100) were investigated and compared. It was found that the coefficient of variation (CV) of the THz absorbance in the sliced specimens was suitable for evaluating the cure condition in the thick sample. The THz imaging results were used to compare the crosslinking densities of the sliced specimens using the Flory-Rehner equation.
Evaluation of Specialty Natural Rubbers for Engine Mount Application
Authors: Kamaruddin S. , Ramly A. F. , Mohd Shukri N. , Bakri A. G. , Fourrier Q. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractAn engine mount secures the engine of a vehicle to its chassis. Successful application of elastomeric mounts as vehicle engine mounts has been observed over the years. Epoxidised Natural Rubber (ENR) and Deproteinised Natural Rubber (DPNR) are specialty rubbers with a potential for application in the development of engine mounts. In this study, a blend comprising natural rubber (NR) and polybutadiene rubber (BR) is used to produce the Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) part. Epoxidised Natural Rubber (ENR25 and ENR50) and Deproteinised Natural Rubber (DPNR) developed by Malaysian Rubber Board were used and compared with NR by evaluating both physical and mechanical properties of the rubbers with different filler loadings. The physical properties of NR exhibited excellent results opposed to other rubbers. However, a blend of ENR25 and BR reflected good compression set at 100°C for 96 hours. The performance of an engine mount comprising a blend of ENR50 and BR is promising in reference to the excellent mechanical properties over that of other rubbers. Dynamic stiffness and damping characteristics of the engine mount play an important role to achieve vibration isolation with acceptable engine motion control in a vehicle’s engine mount system. It is perceived that engine mounts produced with a blend of ENR50 and BR can improve vibration effects in dynamic conditions.
Rheological Properties of Carbon Black/Silica Hybrid Filler in Acrylonitrile Butadiene Rubber
Authors: Mohd Hasan MH , Kler JK , Ong SK , Manroshan S 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Filler is a common additive added into rubber vulcanizate to achieve reinforcing performance. Typically, filler is compounded via two-roll mill which results in filler agglomeration and lower reinforcing efficiency. To gain higher reinforcing efficiency, filler agglomeration must be minimized via masterbatch preparation. This study investigates colloidal stability of carbon black/silica (CB/SiO2) hybrid filler and effectiveness between typical compounding and masterbatch process for NBR vulcanizate production. CB/SiO2 hybrid filler was fixed at 20 wt.% with ratios of 100/0, 75/25, 50/50, 25/75 and 0/100 were dispersed separately in sodium hydroxide (NaOH) via ball milling. The zeta potential, particle size and viscosity results showed CB and SiO2 dispersions stabilized after 48 hours of ball milling. NBR masterbatch with 50/50 ratio has highest flow resistance. SiO2 reinforced NBR masterbatch showed higher flow resistance compared to CB due to finer silica particle size. However, scorch and cure time for SiO2 reinforced NBR is slower than CB reinforced NBR as silica deactivate the accelerator. CB/SiO2 at 50/50 has highest Tmax and ΔT while 100/0 and 0/100 has insignificant differences. As conclusion, CB and SiO2 dispersions were stable based on zeta potential analysis and particle size reduced as ball milling time increased.
Frequency and Amplitude Dependence of Magnetorheological Elastomers Composites
Authors: Moksin N , Shuib R K , Ismail H , Harun M K 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In this study, anisotropic and isotropic magnetorheological elastomers (MREs) based on nickel zinc ferrite and natural rubber were prepared. The amount of nickel zinc ferrite was varied at five different levels (20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 phr) to assess its optimum content for enhancing dynamic mechanical performance of MREs. Tan δ was measured through parallel plate rheometer over frequency range of 0.1-100 Hz and strain amplitude range of 0.1-6%. The results revealed that tan δ increased with increasing waste nickel zinc ferrite content and reached maximum value at 100 phr for both isotropic and anisotropic MREs. SEM micrograph showed that anisotropic MREs had chain-like columnar structures of magnetic particles in the matrix as a consequence of an applied magnetic field during curing. For frequency sweep test, tan δ for anisotropic MRE improved 244% and for strain amplitude test 159% improvement compared to isotropic MRE.
Evaluation of Impact Absorbing Properties of Thermoplastic Elastomers
Authors: Yajima N , Kawahara S , Matsuda A 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs) are physical mixtures of polymers. Impact absorbing materials in sports equipment are one of the expected applications of TPEs due to good process ability and less-smell. For examples, face guards, head-gears and protectors are expected to be applied. In this paper, static and dynamic mechanical properties of TPEs were investigated to expand the applicability of TPEs to the impact absorbing material for the sports equipment. In this study, TPEs developed by the Kuraray Plastics Co., Ltd. were applied for static and dynamic tests. To investigate the static mechanical properties of TPEs, the uniaxial tensile loading tests were conducted. The nonlinear viscoelasticity considering damage were applied to representation of the experimental results. The FEM analysis showed good applicability to static mechanical properties including damage which was excited by the maximum deformation. TPE. To investigate the dynamic mechanical properties of TPEs, a drop weight impact testing machine was developed. Impact absorbing properties of TPEs were evaluated by the impact force and impact time with baseball weight.
Study on Voxel Finite Element Analysis of Open-Cell Polyurethane Foam
Authors: Kimura Y , Kato K , Matsuda A 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Establishment of a design method for the macroscopic stress-strain relationship of open-cell foam has been investigated because of the foam’s complicated microstructures. In this study, a material design method for the mechanical behavior of open-cell polyurethane foam using voxel finite element analysis is proposed to consider the microscopic structure and matrix properties. A finite-strain hyperelastic model was applied to a matrix of polyurethane foam. The Mooney-Rivlin model was adopted for the potential energy function of the hyperelastic model. To determine the mechanical properties of the matrix, original, solid specimens of polyurethane were prepared. The material parameters of the matrix were identified based on the tensile loading test results of the solid specimens. Microstructures of the open-cell polyurethane foam were determined using a CT-scanning system. Finite element models constrained by the original microstructural configurations were applied to numerical simulations. Periodic finite element models based on the modified microstructural configurations, the relative density of which was the same as that of the original models, were applied to the simulation. Based on the numerical results, verification of the design performance of the simulation code for open-cell polyurethane foam was performed. The simulation results were reasonably consistent with compression loading test results up to the plateau region.
Rubber Particles Coating Layer on Macroballoons and Its Physical and Compression Properties in Syntactic Foam
Authors: Anusha L , Zakaria Z , Chew KK 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The effect of epoxy and acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) layers on physical and compression properties of macroballoons in syntactic foams was investigated. Epoxy mixture was used to coat on the surfaces of expended polystyrene (EPS) beads template, and the beads were cured to produced epoxy macroballoon (EM). The cured EM coat with NBR powders in order to form epoxy rubber macroballoon (ERM). Subsequently, the cured ERM was coated with epoxy mixture as the outermost layer on macroballoon to form epoxy rubber epoxy macroballoon (EREM). The EM, ERM, EREM were then filled into syntactic foam and post cured to ensure the shrinkage of EPS beads to produce hollow structures. Three syntactic foams with EM, ERM and EREM were characterized in terms of physical and compression properties, respectively. It was found that EREM exhibited the highest density and average wall thickness in syntactic foam. Overall, the inclusion of NBR powders as rubber coating of macroballoon with epoxy as the outermost layer resulted in improved compressive strength and toughness by absorbing energy with enhanced interfacial adhesion.
3-Dimensional Homogenization Finite Element Analysis of Foamed Rubber
Authors: Matsuda A , Oketani S 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In this study, 3-dimensional homogeneous finite element analysis of a truncated octahedral unit cell which consisted of hyperelastic beams was conducted to predict macroscopic mechanical characteristics of the foam rubbers considering its microscopic structure. The homogenization theory was applied to finite element analysis code and the unit cells for simulation were assumed to have the periodic boundary condition. An original finite-strain homogenization FEM code for hyperelastic material and truncated octahedral unit cell were developed. The relative density of the homogenization analysis was adjusted by width of the beams in unit cell model. The rubber matrix was assumed to be represented by the nearly-incompressible hyperelasticity. The Mooney-Rivlin model and nearly-incompressible condition were applied to the hyperelasticity. The material parameters of the Mooney-Rivlin model for foamed rubber matrix were identified by the tensile loading test results. The developed code showed enough stability to predict the mechanical property of foamed rubber in the large strain region.
Ultra High Molecular Weight NORDEL™ EPDM for TPV and Low Hardness Molded Goods Enabled by Advanced Molecular Catalyst
Authors: Wu S. , Han T. , Thakur V. , Weeks R. , Li Pi Shan C. , Tuberquia J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Ethylene propylene diene synthetic rubber (EPDM) is the material of choice to manufacture various automotive parts due to its natural stability and resistance to heat, UV, and ozone. In addition, its polyolefinic nature results in consistent processing and good filler and oil acceptance for use in compounds ranging from automotive weather sealing, under-the hood belts and coolant hoses, roofing membranes, gaskets and other general rubber articles. Building on a fifty-year history of performance, Dow’s Advanced Molecular Catalyst (AMC) and process technology advancements enable highly tailored design of EPDM molecular architecture including, composition, molecular weight and long chain branching (LCB). This is not only resulting in capacity efficiency and sustainable production but also increasing design options of the molecular features to tailor the performance for high in-use efficiency. This paper summarizes a new ultra high molecular weight (UHMW) NORDEL™ EPDM product and its potential applications. Case studies will be presented to showcase its use in thermoplastic vulcanizate (TPV), black color low hardness compounds, and lighter color (gray) washing machine gasket application. The EPDM polymer structure, compound formulation, mixing performance, compound rheology, vulcanization characteristics, and mechanical property improvements are discussed.
Oven Ageing versus UV Ageing Properties of Natural Rubber Cup Lump/EPDM Rubber Blend with Mangosteen Powder (MPP) as Natural Antioxidant
Authors: Rahmah M , Ahmad Khusyairi A R , Nur Khairunnisya H , Siti Nurbalqis M 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Natural Rubber (NR) are susceptible to oxidation due to the presence of diene double bond. Improvement of NR properties can be enhanced by presence of antioxidant. Natural antioxidant can be a new source of additives to prevent and delay oxidation process. In this work, mangosteen powder (MPP) is exploited to be good potential additive in improving the aging properties of NR cup lump (NRCL) blended with EPDM rubber. Blended NRCL with EPDM rubber as a sealant had been studied with and without MPP. Aging effects upon thermal and weather exposure after two weeks had been analyzed by FTIR. Increasing amount of MPP had retained the diene bonds upon further rubber degradation. The broad band absorbance peak at 3410 cm−1 corresponds to O-H stretching with H-bond which indicates the existence of phenols in the MPP. Carboxylate groups and amine presence in MPP also found to exhibit absorbance peak at 1028 and 1608 cm−1 respectively. MPP contained polyphenol proven to be effective antioxidant agent in reducing degradation upon thermal and sunlight exposure. Oven and weathering tests performed for two weeks showed different aging behavior with weathering exposure found to have greater degradation effect due to radical attack by free radical from UV sunlight.
The potential use of immobilized Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579 for biodegradation of natural rubber latex film added with Metroxylon Sagu pith form
Authors: Adzami N.S , Azura A.R. , Tajarudin H.A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The previous study reported that Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579 able to degrade natural rubber latex films added with Metroxylon Sagu pith waste form (MSPW/NR) and natural rubber (NR) latex films as main source of carbon and energy. Some attempts have been made to degrade them in the newly batch systems rather than disposing of them in landfill. Immobilization technique was performed to adsorb Bacillus cereus onto modified activated carbon. This work aims to study the potential of immobilized Bacillus cereus for biodegradation of MSPW/NR. The results revealed that 30% nitric acid for 2 hours impregnation time showed significant influence on Bacillus cereus adsorption. The highest adsorption capacity of Bacillus cereus was found to be 72.8% under its optimum conditions. The weight loss of MSPW/NR by 12.843 % were obtained after 14th days biodegradation period. Thus, immobilization of Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579 has potency to provide a biotechnological solution to the waste rubber and latex disposal problem.
Effect of Latex Compound Dwell Time for the Production of Prototyped Biodegradable Natural Rubber Latex Gloves
Authors: Rahman M F Ab , Rusli A , Kuwn M T , Azura A R 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The production of prototyped biodegradable natural rubber (NR) latex gloves with the addition of sago starch as a fillers in latex compounding using Lab Scale Batch Dipping Machine has been investigated. As biodegradable gloves, the progress of biodegradation of NR latex gloves is also being determined through weight loss measurement test. Results showed the optimum dwell time of latex dipping was achieved at 6 sec with optimum tensile properties and within normal examination glove thickness. The weight loss of biodegradable NR latex gloves after one month soil burial showed additional of sago starch into latex compounding can accelerate the biodegradation process.
Studies on the Influence of Mixed Culture from Buried Soil Sample for Biodegradation of Sago Starch Filled Natural Rubber Latex Gloves
Authors: Rahman M F Ab , Rusli A , Adzami N S , Azura A R 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The addition of sago starch into natural rubber (NR) latex compounds was aimed to accelerate the degradation process of the end products including gloves as an alternative to reduce solid waste disposal problem. In this research work, the degradation of sago starch filled natural rubber (SS/NR) latex gloves by a mixed culture from buried soil sample was investigated. The Gram staining test of mixed culture showed the Gram-negative bacteria are the dominant species as an effective bacterium to degrade the SS/NR latex gloves. The starch hydrolysis test was performed to confirm the existence of starch-degrading bacteria in mixed culture that consume sago starch from the gloves. Based on the biodegradation rate results obtained, the existence of starch-degrading bacteria together with rubber-degrading bacteria were observed, which accelerate the biodegradation of SS/NR latex gloves by 53.68%. Meanwhile, the biodegradation rate for sago starch unfilled natural rubber (control) latex gloves were only 50.31%. Thus, the addition of sago starch has shown an increased in the biodegradation rate, which can be used as alternative method to overcome the solid waste disposal problem.
Production of Poly(carbonate-co-ether) via Catalytic Polymerization of Epoxidized Linseed Oil, Propylene Oxide and Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Shaarani F W , Bou J J , Hakim R N 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Poly-(carbonate-co-ether) was synthesized via catalytic polymerization between epoxidized linseed oil (ELO), propylene oxide (PO) and carbon dioxide (CO2) using heterogeneous catalyst namely Co-Zn double metal cyanide (Co-Zn DMC). The influence of polymerization time was studied. It was revealed that the properties of the resultant polymers were affected by the polymerization time. Within the range of polymerization time studied, the maximum average molecular weight (Mn) of the resultant polymer obtained was 6.21 × 105 g⋅mol−1 with polydispersity index (PDI) of 1.05 at reaction time of 24 hours.