bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Protect, modify, deprotect (PMD): A strategy for creating vaccines to elicit antibodies targeting a specific epitope
Authors: Weidenbacher Payton A. , Kim Peter S. 
Published: April 2019

SignificanceThe discovery of broadly neutralizing Abs (bnAbs) against infectious agents such as influenza virus and HIV-1 has sparked interest in creating vaccines that focus an Ab response toward a particular epitope of a protein. These “immunofocusing” strategies have shown promise but are also burdened with inherent limitations. We introduce an immunofocusing method called protect, modify, deprotect (PMD) that uses a bnAb as a molecular stencil to create vaccine candidates that direct the immune response toward the epitope of the bnAb. PMD has the potential to provide epitope-specific immunofocusing, in a generalizable manner.
Pyrophosphate amplification reaction for measuring amino acid concentrations with high sensitivity using aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase from Escherichia coli
Authors: Nakatsuka Tomoko , Aoki Hideyuki , Kida Mikiko , Kugimiya Akimitsu 
Published: April 2019

ABSTRACT
To measure amino acid concentrations with high sensitivity, the pyrophosphate amplification reaction conditions of histidyl-tRNA synthetase (HisRS) and tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase (TyrRS) were examined. The amount of pyrophosphate produced by reactions involving HisRS and TyrRS was amplified compared with the amount of the initial substrate L-amino acid after the addition of excess adenosine-5′-triphosphate and magnesium ions, with incubation at 50°C in an alkaline pH. The amount of pyrophosphate produced in the HisRS and TyrRS reactions was approximately 24- and 16-fold higher than the initial amount of L-His and L-Tyr, respectively. The pyrophosphate amplification reactions involving HisRS and TyrRS showed high substrate specificity for L-His and L-Tyr, respectively. Products of pyrophosphate amplification were identified as p1, p4-di(adenosine) 5′-tetraphosphate, and adenosine-5′-monophosphate using high-performance liquid chromatography. A strong positive correlation was observed for 0 to 50 μM of L-His and L-Tyr in the pyrophosphate amplification reaction (R = 0.98 and R = 1.00, respectively).
Abbreviations: L-His: L-histidine; L-Tyr: L-tyrosine; aaRSs: aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases; ATP: adenosine-5′-triphosphate; aminoacyl-AMP-aaRS: aminoacyl-adenylate intermediate; Ap4A, P1, P4-di(adenosine) 5ʹ-tetraphosphate; AMP: adenosine-5′-monophosphate; PAR: pyrophosphate amplification rate
A study of the portrayal of information related to (central) auditory processing disorder on social media
Authors: Deshpande Shruti Balvalli , Deshpande Aniruddha K. , O’Brien Colleen A. , McMonagle Kristen L. 
Published: April 2019

Purpose:
Individuals and family members of people with health-related conditions such as suspected or diagnosed (central) auditory processing disorder ((C)APD), often turn to social media to gain information, find support and connect with peers and professionals as they navigate through their challenges. The purpose of this investigation was to study the portrayal of (C)APD related information on social media platforms.

Method:
Information related to (C)APD on popular social media platforms like Facebook (pages and groups), Twitter, YouTube and Instagram was systematically categorized, quantified and analysed. Keywords ‘central auditory processing disorder’ and ‘auditory processing disorder’ were used to identify and categorize posts across the platforms. Social media metrics such as ‘likes’, ‘dislikes’, ‘members’, ‘subscribers’, ‘views’ and ‘comments’ were utilized to study trends.

Results:
Instagram, YouTube and Facebook Pages were popular among service provides, were used for sharing information as well as personal stories. YouTube was popular for sharing videos of assessment and management of (C)APD. We found significant differences on the Kruskal–Wallis test with post-hoc Bonferroni corrections between different functional categories of YouTube videos based on the number of likes, views, comments and the interaction quotient. Facebook groups served as virtual support groups and we did not find significant differences between public and closed groups with respect to membership on the Mann–Whitney U test (p = .085). Instagram and Twitter were popular for sharing research.

Conclusion:
This investigation reveals that people in the (C)APD community leave their digital footprints via popular social media websites. Such information could be utilized by audiologists and speech language pathologists in counselling and for promoting authentic and reliable information. Also, this study provides insights regarding sharing research related findings and communicating with academicians/scientists via social media.
Happiness and the role of social protection: how types of social spending affected individuals’ life satisfaction in OECD countries, 1980–2012
Authors: Nordheim Oda , Martinussen Pål E. 
Published: April 2019

ABSTRACTThe growing literature on individual determinants of subjective well-being has given little attention to political factors. This paper considers the welfare state, and how social expenditure affects individuals’ self-reported life satisfaction. The statistical analysis uses indicators of subjective well-being, reflecting individuals from OECD-countries between 1980 and 2012, with data gathered from the Eurobarometer and the World Values Survey - which are analysed in comparison. The results suggest that social spending should be studied in terms of underlying branches when addressing its implications. The results find social spending to be uncorrelated with levels of subjective well-being when considered in terms of total levels. When considered as types of spending however, a majority of the elements are found to have significant impacts. The findings show mixed results among the two data sets; however, important similarities are found in the way social spending related to health care and poverty are having positive impacts, and spending associated with unemployment and labour market programmes have negative impacts. As the correlations of the underlying elements affect life satisfaction in different directions, total social spending appears to be uncorrelated with subjective well-being, although the true impact depends on which socialpolicies are being promoted through such spending.
Tailored emission to boost open-circuit voltage in solar cells
Authors: Anttu Nicklas , Kivisaari Pyry , Chen Yang 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Recently, a lot of research focus has been on how to make solar cells more efficient. One direction is to enhance the open-circuit voltage V
oc by optimizing the emission of photons in the cell, where emission is a necessary loss process due to the reciprocity between absorption and emission of light. Here, we performed a Shockley-Queisser detailed balance analysis to predict the benefit of managing emitted photons in a single-junction solar cell. First, at low internal luminescence efficiency η
int, non-radiative recombination dominates, and management of emitted photons plays negligible role for V
oc. Similarly, for an external luminescence efficiency η
ext < 10%, externally emitted photons play negligible role, and V
oc is set either by non-radiative recombination; or parasitic absorption of internally emitted photons. For higher η
ext, the V
oc can be boosted, maximally by 15%, by restricting the external emission to match the incidence cone of the AM1.5D sun light spectrum. Such emission restriction corresponds to lower escape probability of internally emitted photons, enhances photon recycling, drops η
ext, and actually makes the solar cell into a worse LED. Finally, for partly diffuse incident light, by restricting the angular emission for photons in a 130 nm wavelength range around the bandgap, we predict a maximum 14% relative boost in solar cell efficiency. The results of this paper are intended to serve as a general guideline on how to utilize emission-tuning possibilities to develop highly efficient photovoltaic devices.
Evidence of ferromagnetic ground state and strong spin phonon coupling in Zr2TiAl with bi-axial strain: first principles study
Authors: Reddy P V Sreenivasa , Lee Seung-Cheol , Bhattacharjee Satadeep 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
A detailed study on the inter-metallic alloy, Zr2TiAl, has been carried out using first principle electronic structure calculations. We found that a small value of bi-axial strain/stress cause a phase change from anti-ferromagnetic(AFM) to ferromagnetic(FM) with a structural transition from face center cubic (fcc) to body center tetragonal (bct). Calculated electronic band structures show that all strained structures are metallic in nature with Zr-d and Ti-d orbital dominated energy bands near the Fermi level(E
F
). The stability of FM phase is confirmed with phonon dispersion calculations by using density functional perturbation theory (DFPT). It has been observed that AFM state with both positive and negative bi-axial stress exhibits unstable modes while corresponding FM state shows no such instability. This clearly indicates the existence of large spin phonon coupling in this material.
Investment in reward by ant-dispersed plants consistently selects for better partners along a geographic gradient
Authors: Levine Nataly , Ben-Zvi Gilad , Seifan Merav , Giladi Itamar 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Seed dispersal by ants (myrmecochory) is an asymmetric, presumably mutualistic interaction, where a few ant species benefit many plants. Myrmecochorous plants express specialized adaptations, most notably a large elaiosome, which promote interactions with efficient seed dispersers while decreasing interactions with poor dispersers, resulting in de facto partner choice. However, because variation in plants’ investment in reward and ant response to them may vary spatially and temporally, it is unclear whether such specialization is consistent along geographic gradients; especially towards myrmecochory’s range margin. To answer this question on context-dependent partner choice, we first estimated variation in reward investment by co-occurring myrmecochores along a steep environmental gradient in a Mediterranean region. Second, we tested whether variation in plant investment in reward was positively and consistently correlated with the quality of dispersal plant received along the same gradient. Using in situ cafeteria experiments, we simultaneously presented diaspores of locally co-occurring myrmecochorous species to ants of two guilds representing high- and low-quality dispersers. We then recorded ant-seed behaviour, seed preference and seed removal rates for each ant guild. We found both overall and within-site high variation among plant species in the total and relative investment in elaiosomes. Both ant guilds removed substantial proportion of the seeds. However, scavenging ants (high-quality dispersers) clearly preferred diaspores with larger elaiosomes, whereas granivorous ants (low-quality dispersers) exhibited no preference. Furthermore, both the variation in plant traits and the corresponding response of different ant guilds were consistent along the studied geographic gradient. This consistency holds even when granivores, which removed seeds in a non-selective fashion and provided apparently low-quality seed dispersal services, were, at least numerically, the dominant ant guild. This dominance and the consistency of the partner choice shed light on the functionality of elaiosomes at the margins of myrmecochory’s distribution.
Sepsis in the era of data-driven medicine: personalizing risks, diagnoses, treatments and prognoses
Authors: Liu Andrew C , Patel Krishna , Vunikili Ramya Dhatri , Johnson Kipp W , Abdu Fahad , Belman Shivani Kamath , Glicksberg Benjamin S , Tandale Pratyush , Fontanez Roberto , Mathew Oommen K , Kasarskis Andrew , Mukherjee Priyabrata , Subramanian Lakshminarayanan , Dudley Joel T , Shameer Khader 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Sepsis is a series of clinical syndromes caused by the immunological response to infection. The clinical evidence for sepsis could typically attribute to bacterial infection or bacterial endotoxins, but infections due to viruses, fungi or parasites could also lead to sepsis. Regardless of the etiology, rapid clinical deterioration, prolonged stay in intensive care units and high risk for mortality correlate with the incidence of sepsis. Despite its prevalence and morbidity, improvement in sepsis outcomes has remained limited. In this comprehensive review, we summarize the current landscape of risk estimation, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis strategies in the setting of sepsis and discuss future challenges. We argue that the advent of modern technologies such as in-depth molecular profiling, biomedical big data and machine intelligence methods will augment the treatment and prevention of sepsis. The volume, variety, veracity and velocity of heterogeneous data generated as part of healthcare delivery and recent advances in biotechnology-driven therapeutics and companion diagnostics may provide a new wave of approaches to identify the most at-risk sepsis patients and reduce the symptom burden in patients within shorter turnaround times. Developing novel therapies by leveraging modern drug discovery strategies including computational drug repositioning, cell and gene-therapy, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats -based genetic editing systems, immunotherapy, microbiome restoration, nanomaterial-based therapy and phage therapy may help to develop treatments to target sepsis. We also provide empirical evidence for potential new sepsis targets including FER and STARD3NL. Implementing data-driven methods that use real-time collection and analysis of clinical variables to trace, track and treat sepsis-related adverse outcomes will be key. Understanding the root and route of sepsis and its comorbid conditions that complicate treatment outcomes and lead to organ dysfunction may help to facilitate identification of most at-risk patients and prevent further deterioration. To conclude, leveraging the advances in precision medicine, biomedical data science and translational bioinformatics approaches may help to develop better strategies to diagnose and treat sepsis in the next decade.
iRNAD: a computational tool for identifying D modification sites in RNA sequence
Authors: Xu Zhao-Chun , Feng Peng-Mian , Yang Hui , Qiu Wang-Ren , Chen Wei , Lin Hao 
Published: April 2019

AbstractMotivationDihydrouridine (D) is a common RNA post-transcriptional modification found in eukaryotes, bacteria and a few archaea. The modification can promote the conformational flexibility of individual nucleotide bases. And its levels are increased in cancerous tissues. Therefore, it is necessary to detect D in RNA for further understanding its functional roles. Since wet-experimental techniques for the aim are time-consuming and laborious, it is urgent to develop computational models to identify D modification sites in RNA.ResultsWe constructed a predictor, called iRNAD, for identifying D modification sites in RNA sequence. In this predictor, the RNA samples derived from five species were encoded by nucleotide chemical property and nucleotide density. Support vector machine was utilized to perform the classification. The final model could produce the overall accuracy of 96.18% with the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.9839 in jackknife cross-validation test. Furthermore, we performed a series of validations from several aspects and demonstrated the robustness and reliability of the proposed model.Availability and implementationA user-friendly web-server called iRNAD can be freely accessible at http://lin-group.cn/server/iRNAD, which will provide convenience and guide to users for further studying D modification.
Electoral Cycles of Tax Performance in Advanced Democracies
Authors: Lami Endrit , Imami Drini 
Published: April 2019

AbstractIt is widely accepted that incumbents in democratic societies may use various economic policies to increase their chances of re-election. But incumbents in the most advanced democracies may be restrained in overtly manipulating economic policy instruments before elections, because more experienced voters could penalize them for such opportunistic behavior. Incumbents may embrace indirect and more ‘camouflaged’ means such as opportunistically relaxing the stance of tax revenue performance before elections, either by laxer collection efforts, additional tax exemptions or preferential treatments, or a combination of these. In this article, we present evidence of election-related cycles in the tax revenue performance of 25 Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development advanced democracies. We empirically analyze the collection effectiveness of Value Added Tax (VAT) around elections. The findings reveal significant deterioration of VAT revenue performance before elections.
Impact of age on cardiovascular drug use in patients with chronic kidney disease
Authors: Villain Cédric , Liabeuf Sophie , Metzger Marie , Combe Christian , Fouque Denis , Frimat Luc , Jacquelinet Christian , Laville Maurice , Briançon Serge , Pisoni Ronald L , Mansencal Nicolas , Stengel Bénédicte , Massy Ziad A 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Background
Elderly patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are often excluded from clinical trials; this may affect their use of essential drugs for cardiovascular complications. We sought to assess the impact of age on cardiovascular drug use in elderly patients with CKD.

Methods
We used baseline data from the Chronic Kidney Disease-Renal Epidemiology and Information Network (CKD-REIN) cohort including 3033 adult patients with CKD Stages 3 and 4. We studied the use of recommended drugs for coronary artery disease (CAD), stroke and atrial fibrillation by age, after adjusting for socio-demographic and clinical conditions.

Results
The patients’ mean age was 66.8 years (mean estimated glomerular filtration rate 32.9 mL/min/1.73 m2). The prevalence of CAD was 24.5% [81.3% receiving antiplatelet agents, 75.6% renin–angiotensin system (RAS) blockers, 65.4% β-blockers and 81.3% lipid-lowering therapy], that of stroke 10.0% (88.8% receiving antithrombotic drugs) and that of atrial fibrillation 11.1% (69.5% receiving oral anticoagulants). Compared with patients aged &lt;65 years, older age (≥65 years) was associated with greater use of antithrombotic drugs in stroke [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) (95% confidence interval) = 2.83 (1.04–7.73) for patients aged (75–84 years)] and less use of RAS blockers [aOR = 0.39 (0.16–0.89) for patients aged ≥85 years], β-blockers [aOR = 0.31 (0.19–0.53) for patients aged 75–84 years] and lipid-lowering therapy [aOR = 0.39 (0.15–1.02) for patients aged ≥85 years, P for trend = 0.01] in CAD. Older age was not associated with less use of antiplatelet agents in CAD or oral anticoagulants in atrial fibrillation.

Conclusions
In patients with CKD, older age per se was not associated with the underuse of antithrombotic drugs but was for other major drugs, with a potential impact on cardiovascular outcomes.
Evaluating School Connectedness of Students with Emotional and Behavioral Disorders
Authors: Marsh Robbie Jordon , Higgins Kyle , Morgan Joseph , Cumming Therese M , Brown Monica , McCreery Michael 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
School connectedness is the extent to which a student feels that adults and peers at school care about his or her overall well-being. Students with emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD) may experience difficulty with developing high levels of school connectedness, which may lead to engagement in health-risk behaviors. The purpose of this study was to determine the levels of school connectedness of students with EBD and compare them with their general education peers. A questionnaire was created for this study with participants attending elementary, middle, and high schools. The results of the analysis indicated that of the four factors of school connectedness (that is, school bonding, school attachment, school engagement, and school climate), the students with EBD reported significantly lower levels of school bonding than did their general education peers. The results indicate that students with EBD experience school differently than their general education peers, particularly in terms of school bonding.
Asymmetry in genitalia is in sync with lateralized mating behavior but not with the lateralization of other behaviors
Authors: Torres-Dowdall Julián , Rometsch Sina J , Aguilera Gastón , Goyenola Guillermo , Meyer Axel 
Published: April 2019

AbstractAsymmetries in bilateral organisms attract a lot of curiosity given that they are conspicuous departures from the norm. They allow the investigation of the integration at different levels of biological organization. Here we study whether and how behavioral and asymmetrical anatomical traits co-evolved and work together. We ask if asymmetry is determined locally for each trait or at a whole individual level in a species bearing conspicuous asymmetrical genitalia. Asymmetric genitalia evolved in many species; however, in most cases the direction of asymmetry is fixed. Therefore, it has been rarely determined if there is an association between the direction of asymmetry in genitalia and other traits. In onesided livebearer fish of the genus Jenynsia (Cyprinodontiformes, Anablepidae), the anal fin of males is modified into a gonopodium, an intromittent organ that serves to inseminate females. The gonopodium shows a conspicuous asymmetry, with its tip bending either to the left or the right. By surveying 13 natural populations of Jenynsia lineata, we found that both genital morphs are equally common in wild populations. In a series of experiments in a laboratory population, we discovered asymmetry and lateralization for multiple other traits; yet, the degree of integration varied highly among them. Lateralization in exploratory behavior in response to different stimuli was not associated with genital morphology. Interestingly, the direction of genital asymmetry was positively correlated with sidedness of mating preference and the number of neuromasts in the lateral line. This suggests integration of functionally linked asymmetric traits; however, there is no evidence that asymmetry is determined at the whole individual level in our study species.
The extent of citizenship in pre-industrial England, Germany, and the Low Countries
Authors: Minns Chris , Crowston Clare H , De Kerf Raoul , De Munck Bert , Hoogenboom Marcel J , Kissane Christopher M , Prak Maarten , Wallis Patrick H 
Published: April 2019

AbstractCitizenship was the main vehicle through which urban authorities granted political and economic rights to their communities. This article estimates the size of the citizenry and citizenship rates for over 30 European towns and cities between 1550 and 1849. While the extent of citizenship varied between European regions and by city size, our estimates show that citizenship was more accessible than previously thought.