bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Should Australia's police‐imposed public area banning powers be subject to independent oversight and review?
Authors: Farmer Clare 
Published: August 2019

AbstractIntroduction and AimsJurisdictions across Australia have implemented policies to tackle problems associated with alcohol consumption in and around licensed premises. Patron banning is one measure which has become increasingly popular. Discretionary police‐imposed bans can exclude recipients from expansive public areas for extended periods of time. Concern has been expressed regarding the potential for bans to be imposed inappropriately or unfairly and their capacity to undermine due process. This article examines an aspect of police‐imposed banning that has received little attention, the general absence of options for independent or judicial review of the imposition of a ban.Design and MethodsSemi‐structured interviews were conducted with Magistrates in Victoria. Key themes are examined with reference to Victoria's published police banning data, parliamentary debates and other relevant literature.ResultsThe findings draw attention to issues of procedural fairness, the risk of misuse and consequential effects for police legitimacy arising from the operation of discretionary police‐imposed bans.Discussion and ConclusionsThe Victorian Parliament dismissed the option of an independent post‐hoc appeal process for police‐imposed bans. The discretionary nature of police bans, the absence of meaningful oversight and the attendant potential for their misuse point to the need for the legislation covering police bans to be revised to introduce an independent process of review. This issue extends beyond Victoria, as six of the eight Australian jurisdictions do not permit any independent review of a police decision to impose a public area ban.
BANKS, DEBT AND RISK: ASSESSING THE SPILLOVERS OF CORPORATE TAXES
Authors: Fatica Serena , Heynderickx Wouter , Pagano Andrea 
Published: August 2019

We find evidence of tax‐driven strategic allocation of debt and asset risk across group entities of European banks. We evaluate the effects that establishing tax neutrality between debt and equity finance has on systemic risk, and show that the degree of coordination in implementing the hypothetical tax reform matters. In particular, a coordinated elimination of the tax advantage of debt would significantly reduce systemic losses in the event of a severe banking crisis. By contrast, uncoordinated tax reforms are not equally beneficial precisely because national tax policies generate spillovers through cross‐border bank activities. (JEL G21, G28, H25)
Training‐, muscle‐ and task‐specific up‐ and downregulation of cortical inhibitory processes
Authors: Taube Wolfgang , Gollhofer Albert , Lauber Benedikt 
Published: August 2019

AbstractMotor cortical contribution was shown to be important for balance control and for ballistic types of movements. However, little is known about the role of cortical inhibitory mechanisms and even less about long(er)‐term adaptations of these inhibitory processes. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the role of intracortical inhibition before and after four weeks of explosive or balance training. Two groups of subjects participated for four weeks either in an explosive training programme of the plantar flexor muscles or in a balance training programme on unstable devices. Adaptations in short‐interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) were assessed by applying paired‐pulse TMS to the soleus muscle during dynamic plantar flexions, balance perturbations and at rest. Furthermore, SICI was assessed for the untrained tibialis anterior muscle. The results show task‐, muscle‐ and group‐specific adaptations in SICI after the training (p = .021) with significantly increased SICI after balance training in the balance task and decreased SICI after explosive training in the ballistic task. The training also caused task‐ and group‐specific behavioural adaptations indicated by improved balance performance after balance training and increased ballistic performance after explosive training. There were no changes in SICI when measured at rest or in the untrained tibialis anterior muscle. This study shows that long(er)‐term training improves the ability to modulate cortical inhibitory processes in a task‐ and muscle‐specific manner.
Does snowmelt constrain spring migration progression in sympatric wintering Arctic‐nesting geese? Results from a Far East Asia telemetry study
Authors: Li Hongbin , Fang Lei , Wang Xin , Yi Kunpeng , Cao Lei , Fox Anthony D. 
Published: August 2019

Telemetry data from sympatric Eastern Tundra Bean Geese Anser serrirostris captured on their winter quarters in the Yangtze River Floodplain, China, tracked to two discrete breeding areas (the Anadyr Region (AR) at 65°N and Central Russian Arctic (CRA) at 75°N) showed that, despite longer migration distance (6300 vs. 5300 km), AR geese reached their destination 23 days earlier than CRA geese as a result of increasingly delayed date of 50% snow cover along the route of CRA geese (based on satellite imagery data). Both groups arrived at breeding areas 8–9 days prior to the local date of 50% snow cover thaw, suggesting optimal timing of arrival for subsequent reproduction. Despite small sample sizes from one season of tracking, these intra‐specific data are the first to suggest that, in time‐limited Arctic‐nesting geese, snowmelt conditions regulated the individual progress and duration of spring migration along the flyway to coincide with arrival at optimal spring conditions on breeding areas.
Unusual variants of pre‐excitation: From anatomy to ablation: Part I—Understanding the anatomy of the variants of ventricular pre‐excitation
Authors: Anderson Robert H , Sánchez‐Quintana Damián , Mori Shumpei , Lokhandwala Yash , Correa Frederico Soares , Wellens Hein JJ , Sternick Eduardo Back 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe famous quotation of Winston Churchill, made in his radio broadcast of 1939 regarding Russia's next move, specifically “A riddle wrapped up in a mystery, inside an enigma,” perfectly fits the current understanding of unusual accessory atrioventricular pathways, including the variants producing ventricular pre‐excitation. It was many decades after their original descriptions that we came better to begin to understand most of their structure‐function relationships. Their mysterious pathophysiology was sometimes unveiled after invasive treatments, such as surgical ablation of the atrioventricular conduction axis instead of the accessory pathway itself. Speculations made on this basis have largely been validated by subsequent clinical experience. Most of the names suggested for description of the pathways have stood well the test of time. For some of them, however, this is not the case, with the initial names becoming confusing. In a series of reviews, we re‐visit those accessory pathways producing ventricular pre‐excitation other than classical Wolff‐Parkinson‐White syndrome. To set the scene, in this initial review, we describe the development and anatomy of the normal atrioventricular conduction axis, along with the insulating tissues of the atrioventricular junctions. We have sought to illustrate our explanations by using virtual dissection of computerized tomographic datasets, since they retain the intact heart within the setting of the body. These images illustrate well the value of attitudinally appropriate terminology. Thereafter, we discuss the electrophysiological manifestations of the abnormal anatomical pathways which provide the potential for both accessory atrioventricular and intraventricular conduction.
A comprehensive multi‐index cardiac magnetic resonance‐guided assessment of atrial fibrillation substrate prior to ablation: Prediction of long‐term outcomes
Authors: Chubb Henry , Karim Rashed , Mukherjee Rahul , Williams Steven E. , Whitaker John , Harrison James , Niederer Steven A. , Staab Wieland , Gill Jaspal , Schaeffter Tobias , Wright Matthew , O'Neill Mark , Razavi Reza 
Published: August 2019

AbstractIntroductionMultiple cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR)‐derived indices of atrial fibrillation (AF) substrate have been shown in isolation to predict long‐term outcome following catheter ablation. Left atrial (LA) fibrosis, LA volume, LA ejection fraction (EF), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), LA shape (sphericity) and pulmonary vein anatomy have all been shown to correlate with late AF recurrence. This study aimed to validate and assess the relative contribution of multiple indices in a long‐term single‐center study.Methods and ResultsEighty‐nine patients (53% paroxysmal AF, 73% male) underwent comprehensive CMR study before first‐time AF ablation (median follow‐up 726 days [IQR: 418‐1010 days]). The 3D late gadolinium‐enhanced acquisition (1.5T, 1.3 × 1.3 × 2 mm) was quantified for fibrosis; LA volume and sphericity were assessed on manual segmentation at atrial diastole; LAEF and LVEF were quantified on multislice cine imaging. AF recurred in 43 patients (48%) overall (31 at 1 year). In the recurrence group, LA fibrosis was higher (42% vs 29%; hazard ratio [HR]: 1.032; P = .002), left atrial ejection fraction (LAEF) lower (25% vs 34%; HR: 0.063; P = .016) and LVEF lower (57% vs 63%; HR: 0.011; P = .008). LA volume (135 vs 124 mL) and sphericity (0.819 vs 0.822) were similar. Multivariate Cox regression analysis was adjusted for age and sex (Model 1), additionally AF type (Model 2) and combined (Model 3). In Models 1 and 2, LA fibrosis, LAEF, and LVEF were independently associated with outcome, but only LA fibrosis was independent in Model 3 (HR: 1.021; P = .022).ConclusionsLAEF, LVEF, and LA fibrosis differed significantly in the AF recurrence cohort. However, on combined multivariate analysis only LA fibrosis remained independently associated with outcome.
ST2 blockade mitigates peritoneal fibrosis induced by TGF‐β and high glucose
Authors: Kim Yong Chul , Kim Kyu Hong , Lee Sunhwa , Jo Ji‐won , Park Jae Yoon , Park Mi‐seon , Tsogbadrakh Bodokhsuren , Lee Jung Pyo , Lee Jae Wook , Kim Dong Ki , Oh Kook‐Hwan , Jang In‐Jin , Kim Yon Su , Cha Ran‐hui , Yang Seung Hee 
Published: August 2019

AbstractPeritoneal fibrosis (PF) is an intractable complication of peritoneal dialysis (PD) that leads to peritoneal membrane failure. This study investigated the role of suppression of tumorigenicity (ST)2 in PF using patient samples along with mouse and cell‐based models. Baseline dialysate soluble (s)ST2 level in patients measured 1 month after PD initiation was 2063.4 ± 2457.8 pg/mL; patients who switched to haemodialysis had elevated sST2 levels in peritoneal effluent (1576.2 ± 199.9 pg/mL, P = .03), which was associated with PD failure (P = .04). Baseline sST2 showed good performance in predicting PD failure (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve = 0.780, P = .001). In mice with chlorhexidine gluconate‐induced PF, ST2 was expressed in fibroblasts and mesothelial cells within submesothelial zones. In primary cultured human peritoneal mesothelial cells (HPMCs), transforming growth factor‐β treatment increased ST2, fibronectin, β‐galactosidase and Snail protein levels and decreased E‐cadherin level. Anti‐ST2 antibody administration reversed the up‐regulation of ST2 and fibronectin expression; it also reduced fibrosis induced by high glucose (100 mmol/L) in HPMCs. Thus, high ST2 level in dialysate is a marker for fibrosis and inflammation during peritoneal injury, and blocking ST2 may be an effective therapeutic strategy for renal preservation.
Effect of Fabrication Technique and Thermal Cycling on the Bond Strength of CAD/CAM Milled Custom Fit Anatomical Post and Cores: An In Vitro Study
Authors: Eid Rita Y. , Koken Serhat , Baba Nadim Z. , Ounsi Hani , Ferrari Marco , Salameh Ziad 
Published: August 2019

AbstractPurposeThis study is to investigate the effect of milling custom fit anatomical post and cores from fiber reinforced composite and high‐density polymer blocks using CAD/CAM technology on the bond strength to root canal dentin compared with prefabricated fiber posts, and to evaluate the influence of thermal cycling on the push out bond strength of the tested materials.Materials and MethodsEighty extracted single‐rooted premolars, endodontically treated and prepared to receive the posts, were randomly divided into four groups (n = 20): BLC: Custom‐milled fiber‐reinforced composite posts and cores (Trilor, Bioloren), AMC: Custom‐milled high‐density polymer posts and cores (Ambarino, Creamed), BLP: Prefabricated fiber‐reinforced composite posts and composite core buildups (Bioloren; Filtek Bulk Fill Posterior, 3M). The posts used have the same matrix and fiber composition as BLC, RXP: Prefabricated posts and composite core buildups (RelyX fiber post, 3M; Filtek Bulk Fill Posterior); used as a control group. All of the posts were cemented using a self‐adhesive resin cement (RelyX U200, 3M). Half of the sample was randomly assigned to thermal cycling in distilled water for 6,000 cycles to simulate aging, while the other half was tested for bond strength without thermal cycling. A push‐out test was conducted using a universal testing machine until failure. Bond strength values were calculated in megapascals (MPa). The mode of failure was observed using a stereo microscope. Results were analyzed by two‐way ANOVA followed by a Bonferroni post hoc test for comparison. The level of significance was set at p < 0.05.ResultsPush‐out bond strength was significantly higher (p <0.001) in the CAD/CAM post groups than in the groups with prefabricated posts regardless of the post material, while aging of the teeth did not significantly affect the push‐out strength (p = 0.536). Failures were adhesive between cement and dentin for all groups except for AMC, where adhesive failure between the cement and the post was also observed.ConclusionThe CAD/CAM manufacturing technique was proved to ameliorate the retention of the post and cores in the root canal. Thermal cycling did not affect the bond strength of the tested groups.
Effect of different protocols on the mitigation of exercise‐induced pulmonary hemorrhage in horses when administered 24 hours before strenuous exercise
Authors: Bayly Warwick , Lopez Carolina , Sides Raymond , Bergsma Gerald , Bergsma Jenyka , Gold Jenifer , Sellon Debra 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBackgroundPublic pressure exists in the United States to eliminate race‐day furosemide administration despite its efficacy in decreasing the severity of equine exercise pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH). No effective alternative prophylaxis strategies have been identified.ObjectiveTo investigate alternative protocols to race‐day furosemide that might mitigate EIPH.AnimalsSeven fit Thoroughbreds with recent EIPH.MethodsDouble‐blinded placebo‐controlled Latin square crossover using a treadmill followed by a blinded placebo‐controlled crossover study at a racetrack. First, horses exercised supramaximally to fatigue 24 hours after initiating 5 EIPH prophylaxis protocols: 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg furosemide IV 24 hours pre‐exercise with and without controlled access to water, and 24 hour controlled access to water. Effects were compared to those measured after giving a placebo 24 hours pre‐exercise, and 0.5 mg/kg furosemide IV 4 hours pre‐exercise. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) erythrocyte count was determined 45‐60 minutes postexercise after endoscopy to assign an EIPH score. Data were analyzed using linear mixed effects models. The most promising protocol from the treadmill study was further evaluated in 6 horses using endoscopy and BAL after 1100 m simulated races.ResultsIntravenous furosemide (0.5 mg/kg) administered 24 hours pre‐exercise combined with controlled access to water decreased the severity of EIPH on the treadmill and at the racetrack.Conclusion and Clinical ImportanceAdministering 0.5 mg/kg furosemide 24 hours pre‐racing combined with controlling water intake may be a strategy to replace race‐day furosemide administration for the management of EIPH. A larger study is indicated to further evaluate whether this protocol significantly mitigates EIPH severity.
Clinical findings, diagnostic test results, and treatment outcome in cats with hiatal hernia: 31 cases (1995‐2018)
Authors: Phillips Heidi , Corrie Jessica , Engel Danielle M. , Duffy Daniel J. , Holt David E. , Kendall Allison R. , Schmiedt Chad W. , Vetter Autumn , Meren Ilyssa L. , Follette Christelle , Schaeffer David J. , Mayhew Philipp D. , Marks Stanley L. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBackgroundInformation regarding clinical signs, assessment, treatment, and outcome in cats with hiatal hernia (HH) is limited.ObjectivesTo characterize the clinical presentation of HH and medical and surgical outcomes in a cohort of affected cats.AnimalsThirty‐one client‐owned cats with HH.MethodsMedical records of cats with HH were retrospectively reviewed for signalment, history, results of diagnostic tests, details of surgical and medical treatments, complications, and outcome. Long‐term follow‐up data were obtained by telephone communication. Relationships between clinical variables and outcome were evaluated by regression analysis.ResultsType I HH was present in 85.7% (24/28) of cats, and 64.5% (20/31) were >3 years of age at diagnosis. Twenty‐one of 31 (67.7%) cats underwent surgical repair including phrenoplasty, esophagopexy, and left‐sided gastropexy, and 10 of 31 cats were treated medically without surgery. Concurrent illness was common, and 77.4% cats had comorbidities. All cats survived to discharge, and median time to death or follow‐up was 959 days (range, 3‐4015 days). Cats treated medically survived longer than cats treated surgically, with median time to death or follow‐up of 2559 and 771 days, respectively.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceType I HH is the most common type of HH in cats. A congenital etiology is possible, but many cats with HH were >3 years of age at diagnosis and suffered from comorbidities, including upper airway obstruction. Case selection and the presence of comorbidities likely influenced the outcome. Cats with HH may not be diagnosed until disease is advanced or concurrent illness draws attention to clinical signs.
Efficacy and safety of 25 and 50 μg desmopressin orally disintegrating tablets in Japanese patients with nocturia due to nocturnal polyuria: Results from two phase 3 studies of a multicenter randomized double‐blind placebo‐controlled parallel‐group development program
Authors: Yamaguchi Osamu , Juul Kristian V. , Falahati Ali , Yoshimura Toru , Imura Futoshi , Kitamura Mikiya 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThis study assessed the efficacy and safety of desmopressin orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs) in Japanese males (50 and 25 μg) and females (25 μg) with nocturia due to nocturnal polyuria (NP). Two Phase 3 randomized double‐blind placebo‐controlled studies of 342 males and 190 females with nocturia due to NP were conducted. The primary endpoint was change from baseline in mean number of nocturnal voids. In addition, time to first awakening to void, nocturnal urine volume, NP index (NPI), and quality of life were assessed during a 12‐week treatment period. In males, 50 and 25 μg desmopressin ODTs significantly reduced the number of nocturnal voids by −1.21 (P < .0001) and − 0.96 (P = .0143), respectively, and significantly prolonged the time to first awakening to void by 117.60 minutes (P < .0001) and 93.37 minute (P = .0009), respectively, with no safety concerns. In females, 25 μg desmopressin ODT significantly prolonged the time to first awakening to void by 116.11 minutes (P = .0257), with no safety concerns. The reduction in the number of nocturnal voids (−1.11) was not significantly different compared with placebo (P = .0975). Desmopressin ODTs (50 and 25 μg) were an effective and well‐tolerated treatment for nocturia due to NP in Japanese males, and desmopressin ODT 50 μg is an appropriate dose in these patients. For patients who are likely to experience hyponatremia, such as elderly males, starting with 25 μg desmopressin ODT should be considered.
Cognitive dissonance: how self‐protective distortions can undermine clinical judgement
Authors: Klein Jill , McColl Geoff 
Published: August 2019

ContextWhen errors occur in clinical settings, it is important that they are recognised without defensiveness so that prompt corrective action can be taken and learning can occur. Cognitive dissonance – the uncomfortable tension we experience when we hold two or more inconsistent beliefs – can hinder our ability to respond optimally to error.ObjectivesThe aim of this paper is to describe the effects of cognitive dissonance, a construct developed and tested in social psychology. We discuss the circumstances under which dissonance is most likely to occur, provide examples of how it may influence clinical practice, discuss potential remedies and suggest future research to test these remedies in the clinical context.MethodsWe apply research on cognitive dissonance from social psychology to clinical settings. We examine the factors that make dissonance most likely to occur. We illustrate the power of cognitive dissonance through two medical examples: one from history and one that is ongoing. Finally, we explore moderators at various stages of the dissonance process to identify potential remedies.ResultsWe show that there is great opportunity for cognitive dissonance to distort judgements, delay optimal responses and hinder learning in clinical settings. We present a model of the phases of cognitive dissonance, and suggestions for preventing dissonance, reducing the distortions that can arise from dissonance and inhibiting dissonance‐induced escalation of commitment.ConclusionsCognitive dissonance has been studied for decades in social psychology but has not had much influence on medical education research. We argue that the construct of cognitive dissonance is very relevant to the clinical context and to medical education. Dissonance has the potential to interfere with learning, to hinder the process of coping effectively with error, and to make the accepting of change difficult. Fortunately, there is the potential to reduce the negative impact of cognitive dissonance in clinical practice.
Investigating Effects of Working Memory Training on Foreign Language Development
Authors: HAYASHI YUKO 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe current 2‐part study investigated the relative contributions of English language training (ELT) and computerized Cogmed working memory training (WMT) to improvements in English‐as‐a‐foreign language (EFL) proficiency and working memory capacity. In Study 1, Japanese undergraduate EFL learners were randomly allocated to 1 of 3 experimental groups (ELT only, WMT only, and both WMT and ELT) and a control group. The dual intervention (WMT + ELT) group, who received 5 weeks of both WMT and ELT, retained the training effects on verbal short‐term memory and working memory at 6 months post‐training. No significant gains were made, however, in a standardized EFL test of vocabulary, grammar, reading, and listening comprehension abilities. Addressing the absence of a measure of more productive skills in Study 1, Study 2 was carried out on a new cohort of Japanese undergraduate EFL learners comprising a WMT group and a control group. No significant far‐transfer effects (on the language‐based measures) were identified. Descriptive and correlational analyses revealed that the higher general oral proficiency scores tended to be associated with larger improvements in a verbal working memory task (involving storage and manipulation of letter sequences) completed during the Cogmed WMT program. These analyses indicate the possibility of more specialized WMT programs translating into more tangible gains in second or foreign language performance. Further insights into the limited far‐transfer effects of WMT could be gleaned by exploring a modular approach to studying working memory.