bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interactions betweenMoniliformis(Acanthocephala) andNippostrongylus(Nematoda) in the small intestine of laboratory rats
Authors: Holland Celia 
Published: May 2019

SUMMARYRats harbouring a 35-day-old primary infection ofMoniliformis dubiuswere inoculated with constant doses ofNippostrongylus brasiliensisand 10 days later, afterpost mortemexamination, rats with concurrent infections harboured significantly fewerNippostrongylusthan rats with single infections. Similar infections ofMoniliformiswere carried out, but withpost mortemtaking place on days 8,9, 12 and 14 of theNippostrongylusinfections. On days 8 and 9 of infection, rats with concurrent infections did not harbour significantly fewerNippostrongyluscompared with single infections. Both single and concurrent infections of 12-and 14-day-oldNippostrongyluswere found to harbour lower numbers of worms. In the single infection this corresponds to the timing of the typical immune expulsion of a primary single infection which takes place on approximately day 12 of infection. TheMoniliformispopulation was not significantly affected, in terms of numbers, dry weight and length, although each parasite population did show a slight shift in site in the presence of the other. A significant reduction in egg production byNippostrongyluswas detected throughout concurrent infection. The possible role of non-reciprocal cross-immunity is discussed as an explanation for the apparent early expulsion of theNippostrongyluspopulation in the presence ofMoniliformis.
Loss of behavioural dominance in male mice infected with Trichinella spiralis
Authors: Rau M. E. 
Published: May 2019

SUMMARYTrichinella spiralis infections may lead to the loss of behavioural dominance among male mice. Reversals of dominance order first appear at the time when newborn larvae are released into the circulation of the host. The duration of dominance reversals bears no relationship to the number of muscle larvae harboured.
LE CONTRADDIZIONI INTERNE DEL SISTEMA PARLAMENTARE-INTEGRALE
Authors: Miglio Gianfranco 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneLa mia tesi è nota: io sostengo che le gravi disfunzioni di cui soffre il sistema politico italiano non potranno essere corrette finché verrà mantenuto l'ordinamento «parlamentare-integrale» (o«puro») adottato dai costituenti del 1946–1947. La così detta «ingovernabilità» è infatti il prodotto necessario di quel modello.
LE «LEGGI» SULLA INFLUENZA DEI SISTEMI ELETTORALI
Authors: Sartori Giovanni 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneNei testi di filosofia della scienza e di metodologia ci viene quasi sempre detto che senza leggi non si dà scienza. La scienza «spiega» quando arriva a formulare leggi, e cioè generalizzazioni di tipo causale. Un atto o fatto è spiegato (scientificamente) quando viene sussunto nell'ambito di una legge ricomprendente. Se così è, allora le cosiddette scienze sociali non avanzano, o avanzano di poco. Da più di trent'anni i progressi scientífici delle scienze dell'uomo sono progressi in sede di quantificazione e di misurazione, non in sede nomotetica. Come mai? Potremmo rispondere che solo il mondo fisico è governato da leggi, non quello dell'uomo. Ma il grosso dei cultori delle scienze sociali resta fedele al modello di una scienza nomotetica. I più rispondono, dunque, che le leggi che governano gli aggregati umani restano da scoprire perché sono «difficili», più difficili delle leggi che governano la natura. Che siano difficili è ben certo. Ma la verità è, mi sembra, che le «leggi» che non troviamo sono leggi che nemmeno cerchiamo. Tanto poco le cerchiamo che non sappiamo nemmeno come sono da cercare (e ancor meno da formulare). La tesi di questo scritto è dunque che la nostra retorica metodologica fa a pugni con la nostra pratica di ricerca. Fatte le dovute riverenze alla retorica nomotetica, il ricercatore se la cava lasciando intendere che, quantomeno pro tempore, l'impresa è troppo difficile per essere tentata. Ma cavarsela così è troppo facile.
Fear and international law-making: An exploratory inquiry
Authors: Bianchi Andrea , Saab Anne 
Published: May 2019

AbstractEmotions play an important role in cognition and have a significant and all too often neglected influence on (international) law-making processes. Fear, in particular, can be a driver of reasoning and decision-making. Fear of terrorism / immigrants / health threats / food contamination / environmental hazards – to give a few notable examples – influences the perception of risks associated with these issues and consequently impacts international policy- and law-making. International law rules and doctrines are often adopted – if not overtly justified – on the basis of fear and other emotions. This article aims to explore how fear – as both an individual and collective emotion – may affect decision-making processes, be determinative of normative outcomes, and shape security policies at the domestic and international levels. This approach deviates from traditional rationalist understandings of law and emphasizes the role of emotions in apprehending the nature and functioning of legal processes. Hopefully, this exploration will open up interesting avenues for further research on the role of emotions in international legal processes.
De-industrialization: strengths and weaknesses as a key concept for understanding post-war British history
Authors: Tomlinson Jim 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis article argues for a central role for the concept of de-industrialization in understanding the evolution of the economies of urban Britain in the years since 1945. Above all, it is suggested, this concept is crucial because it focuses attention on the consequences of the transition from an industrial to a service-dominated labour market. To make this argument requires a careful definition of the term, along with recognition of its potential weaknesses as well as strengths. Key issues are highlighted by drawing on three diverse urban areas, which help to show the ubiquity of the process, but also its diverse patterns, chronologies and impacts. These examples are a stereotypical ‘post-industrial city’ (Dundee); a major city where de-industrialization has played an under-regarded role in developments (London); and a medium-size town in the south of England (High Wycombe), where the decline of a core industry (furniture) was crucial to its recent history. The final sections analyse the relationship between de-industrialization and other key frameworks commonly deployed to shape understanding of the recent history of Britain: ‘decline’, ‘globalization’ and ‘the triumph of neo-liberalism’.
Canadian economic impact of improved workplace productivity in patients with major depressive disorder treated with vortioxetine
Authors: Lachaine Jean , Beauchemin Catherine , Bibeau Joëlle , Patenaude Julie , Chokka Pratap , Proulx Jean , Bougie Joanna 
Published: May 2019

Objective.The AtWoRC study is an interventional, open-label Canadian study that demonstrated significant improvements in cognitive function and workplace productivity in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) treated with vortioxetine for a current major depressive episode. The objective of the present analysis was to assess the Canadian economic impact of improved workplace productivity based on the AtWoRC study results.Methods.The economic impact of improved productivity in patients with MDD treated with vortioxetine was assessed over a 52-week period considering productivity loss due to absenteeism and presenteeism using the standard human capital approach and an employer’s perspective. Absenteeism was measured with the Work Productivity and Activity Impairment questionnaire; and presenteeism with the Work Limitation Questionnaire. Productivity gains following treatment initiation with vortioxetine were estimated using the difference from baseline.Results.In the AtWoRC study, patients at baseline reportedly missed, in the past 7 days, an average of 8.1 h due to absenteeism and 3.0 h due to presenteeism. Following 52 weeks of treatment with vortioxetine, patients reportedly missed an average of 4.9 h due to absenteeism and 2.0 h due to presenteeism. This improved workplace productivity translated into savings of C$110.64 for 1 week of work following 52 weeks of treatment. The cumulative 52-week economic impact showed potential savings of C$4,550 when factoring in the cost of therapy.Conclusion.This study suggested that workplace productivity gain due to an improvement in symptoms of MDD following treatment with vortioxetine will lead to substantial cost savings for the Canadian economy.
Primary care doctors’ understandings of and strategies to tackle health inequalities: a qualitative study
Authors: Exworthy Mark , Morcillo Victoria 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAimTo examine general practitioners’ knowledge of and their role in tackling health inequalities, in relation to their professional responsibilities.BackgroundPrimary care is often seen as being in the frontline of addressing health inequalities and the social determinants of health (SDH).MethodsA qualitative study with a maximum variety sample of English General Practitioners (GPs). In-depth, semi-structured interviews were held with 13 GPs in various geographical settings; they lasted between 30 and 70 min. Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed. The analysis involved a constant comparison process undertaken by both authors to reveal key themes.FindingsGPs’ understanding of health inequalities reflected numerous perspectives on the SDH and they employ various different strategies in tackling them. This study revealed that GPs’ strategies were changing the nature of (medical) professionalism in primary care. We locate these findings in relation to Gruen’s model of professional responsibility (comprising a distinction between obligation and aspiration, and between patient advocacy, community participation and political involvement). We conclude that these GPs do not exploit the full potential of their contribution to tackling health inequalities. These findings have implication for policy and practice in other practitioners and in other health systems, as they seek to tackle health inequalities.
Phase‐Averaged Drag Force of Nonlinear Waves Over Submerged and Through Emergent Vegetation
Authors: Zhu Ling , Chen Qin 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAquatic vegetation protects the shoreline by dissipating the wave energy and reducing the mean water level. For the latter, the phase‐averaged depth‐integrated drag force induced by vegetation (
) plays an essential role. For linear waves, the
exerted by submerged vegetation (
) and by the submerged part of emergent vegetation (
) equal 0. As the wave nonlinearity increases, the profile of the horizontal velocity (u) becomes skewed and non–cosine shaped, and thus, both
and
are nonzero (phase average of u|u|≠0) and their significance increases. This study examines the effects of wave nonlinearity and vegetation submergence on
based on stream function wave theory. In deep water, it is found that the wave nonlinearity slightly affects
due to the negligible weight of
in the overall
. Both the wave nonlinearity and vegetation submergence have negligible effects on
as well. In shallow water,
takes up a large percentage in the overall
for emergent vegetation, and a linear relationship between
and vegetation submergence exists for waves with relatively small wave heights. The applicable range of the linear wave theory based
is determined using
from stream function wave theory as a reference solution. Moreover, a parametric model is developed for evaluating
for random waves. The mean water level changes, or wave setup, on a vegetated sloping beach are validated and quantified using experimental data obtained from literature.
Sources, Degradation, and Transport of Organic Matter in the New Britain Shelf‐Trench Continuum, Papua New Guinea
Authors: Luo Min , Gieskes Joris , Chen Linying , Scholten Jan , Pan Binbin , Lin Gang , Chen Duofu 
Published: May 2019

AbstractHadal trenches are considered as depocenters for organic matter and hotspots for microbial diagenetic activity. Here, we explore the sources, degradation, and transport of organic matter in the shelf‐trench continuum using seven short sediment cores collected along two transects with water depths ranging between 1,553 and 8,901 m in the New Britain Trench area, Papua New Guinea. Carbon isotopic compositions (δ13C) and radiocarbon contents (Δ14C) of sedimentary organic matter accompanied by total organic carbon/total nitrogen ratios suggest an important contribution from the preaged soil organic matter mixed by the marine algae and terrigenous C3 vascular plants. In addition, the trench axis sites are characterized by elevated accumulation of terrigenous organic materials. Rates of organic matter mineralization approximated by dissolved inorganic carbon fluxes at the sediment‐water interface reveal an approximately threefold higher rate at the trench axis sites than the abyssal sites. 210Pbxs profiles and burial of carbonate (up to 50%) at both trench axis sites reflect recent occurrence of mass‐wasting events possibly induced by earthquakes, which is responsible for the transport of preaged, terrigenous organic matter to the trench bottom. This tectonically triggered deposition event, which was also shown to occur in the Japan Trench, the Tonga Trench, and probably in many other trenches, is likely to efficiently transport terrigenous organic matter to hadal trenches, thereby underpinning the importance of terrigenous organic matter burial in hadal trenches for the ocean organic carbon budget. Furthermore, we hypothesize that hadal trenches may host a distinct microbial community that is capable of feeding on old, refractory terrigenous organic matter.
Initiation and Development of Wetlands in Southern Florida Karst Landscape Associated With Accumulation of Organic Matter and Vegetation Evolution
Authors: Zhang Xiaowen , Bianchi Thomas S. , Cohen Matthew J. , Martin Jonathan B. , Quintero Carlos J. , Brown Amy L. , Ares Angelica M. , Heffernan James B. , Ward Nicholas , Osborne Todd Z. , Shields Michael R. , Kenney William F. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBiological processes exert important controls on geomorphic evolution of karst landscapes because carbonate mineral dissolution can be augmented and spatially focused by production of CO2 and biogenic acids from organic matter (OM) decomposition. In Big Cypress National Preserve in southwest Florida, depressional wetlands (called cypress domes) dissolved into surface‐exposed carbonate rocks and exhibit regular patterning (size, depth, and spacing) within the pine upland mosaic. To understand when wetland basins began to form and the role of spatially varying OM decomposition on bedrock weathering, we constructed age profiles of sediment accretion using compound‐specific radiocarbon analysis of long‐chain fatty acids and measured bulk OM properties and biomarker proxies (fatty acids and lignin phenols) in different zones (center vs. edge) of the wetlands. Based on compound‐specific radiocarbon analysis, landscape patterning likely began in the middle to late Holocene, with wetlands beginning to form earlier at higher elevations than at lower elevations within the regional landscape. Dominant vegetation appears to have shifted from graminoids to woody plants around 3,000 calendar years before the present, as reflected in downcore bulk carbon isotope data and lignin concentration, likely from increased precipitation and hydroperiods. OM is mostly accumulated in wetland centers, and wetland centers exhibit more carbonate dissolution due to inundation limiting atmospheric ventilation of CO2. Landscape development and patterning thus arise from interactions between hydrology, ecology, and ecological community evolution that control carbonate mineral dissolution.
MMS Study of the Structure of Ion‐Scale Flux Ropes in the Earth's Cross‐Tail Current Sheet
Authors: Sun W. J. , Slavin J. A. , Tian A. M. , Bai S. C. , Poh G. K. , Akhavan‐Tafti M. , Lu San , Yao S. T. , Le G. , Nakamura R. , Giles B. L. , Burch J. L. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis study analyzes 25 ion‐scale flux ropes in the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) observations to determine their structures. The high temporal and spatial resolution MMS measurements enable the application of multispacecraft techniques to ion‐scale flux ropes. Flux ropes are identified as quasi‐one‐dimensional (quasi‐1‐D) when they retain the features of reconnecting current sheets; that is, the magnetic field gradient is predominantly northward or southward, and quasi‐2‐D when they exhibit circular cross sections; that is, the magnetic field gradients in the plane transverse to the flux rope axis are comparable. The analysis shows that the quasi‐2‐D events have larger core fields and smaller pressure variations than the quasi‐1‐D events. These two types of flux ropes could be the result of different processes, including magnetic reconnection with different dawn‐dusk magnetic field components, temporal transformation of flattened structure to circular, or interactions with external environments.
Deciphering the regulatory and catalytic mechanisms of an unusual SAM-dependent enzyme
Authors: Sun Qiu , Hu Yuehong , Gu Yijun , Huang Jiangkun , He Jun , Luo Lan , Yang Yi , Yin Shuo , Dou Chao , Wang Tianqi , Fu Xianghui , He Ling , Qi Shiqian , Zhu Xiaofeng , Yang Shengyong , Wei Xiawei , Cheng Wei 
Published: May 2019

AbstractS-adenosyl-1-methionine (SAM)-dependent enzymes regulate various disease-related behaviors in all organisms. Recently, the leporin biosynthesis enzyme LepI, a SAM-dependent enzyme, was reported to catalyze pericyclic reactions in leporin biosynthesis; however, the mechanisms underlying LepI activation and catalysis remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the molecular mechanisms of LepI. Here, we reported crystal structures of LepI bound to SAM/5′-deoxy-5′-(methylthio) adenosine (MTA), S-adenosyl-homocysteine (SAH), and SAM/substrate states. Structural and biochemical analysis revealed that MTA or SAH inhibited the enzyme activities, whereas SAM activated the enzyme. The analysis of the substrate-bound structure of LepI demonstrated that this enzymatic retro-Claisen rearrangement was primarily driven by three critical polar residues His133, Arg197, Arg295 around the active site and assisted by SAM with unclear mechanism. The present studies indicate that the unique mechanisms underlying regulatory and catalysis of the unusual SAM-dependent enzyme LepI, not only strengthening current understanding of the fundamentally biochemical catalysis, but also providing novel insights into the design of SAM-dependent enzyme-specific small molecules.
Microbial succession on decomposing root litter in a drought-prone Scots pine forest
Authors: Herzog Claude , Hartmann Martin , Frey Beat , Stierli Beat , Rumpel Cornelia , Buchmann Nina , Brunner Ivano 
Published: May 2019

AbstractDecomposition is a major flux of the carbon cycle in forest soils and understanding the involved processes is a key for budgeting carbon turnover. Decomposition is constrained by the presence of biological agents such as microorganisms and the underlying environmental conditions such as water availability. A metabarcoding approach of ribosomal markers was chosen to study the succession of bacterial and fungal decomposers on root litter. Litterbags containing pine roots were buried in a pine forest for two years and sequentially sampled. Decomposition and the associated communities were surveyed under ambient dry and long-term irrigation conditions. Early decomposition stages were characterized by the presence of fast-cycling microorganisms such as Bacteroidetes and Helotiales, which were then replaced by more specialized bacteria and litter-associated or parasitic groups such as Acidobacteria, white rots, and Pleosporales. This succession was likely driven by a decrease of easily degradable carbohydrates and a relative increase in persistent compounds such as lignin. We hypothesize that functional redundancy among the resident microbial taxa caused similar root decomposition rates in control and irrigated forest soils. These findings have important implications for drought-prone Alpine forests as frequent drought events reduce litter fall, but not litter decomposition, potentially resulting in lower carbon stocks.
A transparent stretchable sensor for distinguishable detection of touch and pressure by capacitive and piezoresistive signal transduction
Authors: Hwang Byeong-Ung , Zabeeb Arsalan , Trung Tran Quang , Wen Long , Lee Jae Deuk , Choi Young-In , Lee Han-Byeol , Kim Ju Hyun , Han Jeon Geon , Lee Nae-Eung 
Published: May 2019

AbstractTransparent stretchable (TS) sensors capable of detecting and distinguishing touch and pressure inputs are a promising development in wearable electronics. However, realization of such a device has been limited by difficulties in achieving optical transparency, stretchability, high sensitivity, stability, and distinguishable responsivity to two stimuli simultaneously. Herein, we report a TS sensor in which touch and pressure stimuli can be detected and distinguished on a substrate with a stress-relieving three-dimensional (3D) microstructured pattern providing multidirectional stretchability and increased pressure sensitivity. The TS capacitive device structure is a dielectric layer sandwiched between an upper piezoresistive electrode of a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate)/ionic liquid composite, which enables touch and pressure stimuli to be distinguished, and a lower electrode of metal/indium tin oxide/metal multilayer. The TS sensor array was demonstrated as a wearable input device for controlling a small vehicle. The TS touch-pressure sensor has great potential to be used as a multimodal input device for future wearable electronics.
Evidence for fungi and gold redox interaction under Earth surface conditions
Authors: Bohu Tsing , Anand Ravi , Noble Ryan , Lintern Mel , Kaksonen Anna H. , Mei Yuan , Cheng Ka Yu , Deng Xiao , Veder Jean-Pierre , Bunce Michael , Power Matthew , Verrall Mike 
Published: May 2019

AbstractMicrobial contribution to gold biogeochemical cycling has been proposed. However, studies have focused primarily on the influence of prokaryotes on gold reduction and precipitation through a detoxification-oriented mechanism. Here we show, fungi, a major driver of mineral bioweathering, can initiate gold oxidation under Earth surface conditions, which is of significance for dissolved gold species formation and distribution. Presence of the gold-oxidizing fungus TA_pink1, an isolate of Fusarium oxysporum, suggests fungi have the potential to substantially impact gold biogeochemical cycling. Our data further reveal that indigenous fungal diversity positively correlates with in situ gold concentrations. Hypocreales, the order of the gold-oxidizing fungus, show the highest centrality in the fungal microbiome of the auriferous environment. Therefore, we argue that the redox interaction between fungi and gold is critical and should be considered in gold biogeochemical cycling.