bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Do Large Blockholders Reduce Risk?
Authors: Newton David , Paeglis Imants 
Published: May 2019

The conventional assumption in the asset pricing literature is that the identity of a company's owners is largely irrelevant, but studies of companies with “blockholders”—shareholders with large positions in a particular company—provide grounds for questioning this assumption. Unlike the well‐diversified investors of modern portfolio theory, blockholders have strong incentives to monitor corporate performance and, when necessary, to exert control over ineffective managements and boards. The findings of many studies support the idea that blockholders have a positive effect on rates of return.The authors of this article report the findings of their recent investigation of whether blockholders might also have a positive effect on shareholder value by reducing the risk of the companies in which their holdings are concentrated. After distinguishing between companies with individual as opposed to corporate blockholders, and those with one share, one vote as opposed to those with dual‐class shares, the authors find that ownership of large positions by individuals—but not corporations—was associated with lower systematic risk (when using both Fama‐French multiple factor and CAPM models). At the same time, they find that the firm‐specific risk of such companies was higher, but “biased” toward positive outcomes—that is, smaller downsides with larger upsides. What's more, this upward shift in performance and risk‐profile was achieved at least partly through increases in productivity as reflected in higher profit margins, profitability, profit per employee, and operating leverage, and lower costs of goods sold, SGA, and cash holdings. By contrast, in the case of blockholders in companies with dual‐class share structures, all of these positive associations with blockholders were either significantly weaker, or reversed. That is, whereas the presence of individual blockholders appears to increase productivity and value under a one share, one vote governance regime, blockholders in companies with dual‐class structures were associated with higher systematic risk and reduced productivity and value.
The importance of the nurse leader’s proactivity and intellectual stimulation in the nursing team workload–learning relationship: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Rashkovits Sarit 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAimsTo test the role of the nursing team leader's (nurse leader) proactivity in attenuating the adverse effect of the nursing team's workload on the team learning and subsequent performance and to consider the role of intellectual stimulation by the nurse leader in this moderated mediation effect.DesignA cross‐sectional design.MethodsData on 63 nursing teams were collected from various healthcare organizations by having 455 nursing team members and 63 nurse leaders complete validated questionnaires during 2016–2017.ResultsAs was hypothesized, the nurse leader's proactivity significantly attenuated the adverse effect of nursing team workload on both nursing team learning and intellectual stimulation. Furthermore, intellectual stimulation significantly predicted nursing team learning. Overall, when the nurse leader's proactivity was low, there was a significant indirect effect of nursing team workload on nursing team performance mediated successively by intellectual stimulation and nursing team learning. When the nurse leader's proactivity was high, however, this indirect effect faded.ConclusionsProactive nurse leaders attenuate the adverse effect of nursing team workload on nursing team learning and subsequent performance. While less proactive nurse leaders demonstrate lower levels of intellectual stimulation under high nursing team workloads, the highly proactive nurse leaders sustain its level and thus maintain nursing team learning.ImpactThis study addresses the nursing team workload–learning relationship. It was found that the indirect negative effect of nursing team workload on team performance, which is mediated by intellectual stimulation, followed by team learning, is substantially reduced when the nurse leader's proactivity is high rather than low.
Breast and cervical cancer screening for women with physical disabilities: A qualitative study of experiences and barriers
Authors: Kilic Ayse , Tastan Sevinc , Guvenc Gulten , Akyuz Aygul 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAimTo determine the experiences of women with physical disabilities regarding the barriers to their participation in breast and cervical cancer screening.DesignQualitative descriptive study.MethodSixteen women who use wheelchairs were recruited. Data were collected via semi‐structured face‐to‐face interviews between January ‐ March 2017. Interviews were transcribed and data were analysed thematically.ResultsThree main themes were uncovered: (a) Personal factors; such as lack of knowledge, fear and embarrassment, feeling anxious about the examination process and dependency on others; (b) Environmental and structural factors; and (c) expectations and suggestions of women with disabilities to enable their participation in screening.ConclusionThe participation rate of women with physical disabilities in screening is low. The participation of women with disabilities in breast and cervical cancer screening may increase if physical barriers to accessing healthcare services are removed, appropriate and less time‐consuming examination conditions are met, and healthcare personnel are informed about the needs of persons with disabilities.ImpactKnowing the barriers for women with physical disabilities to participate in cancer screening can help health professionals develop new procedures to increase their participation to cancer screening. Women with physical disabilities encountered various barriers such as; lack of knowledge, fear and embarrassment, feeling anxious about the examination process and dependency on others, access to the healthcare services, environmental, physical limitations, and inadequate knowledge of healthcare professional about their disability. This study will guide healthcare professionals in developing strategies to increase the participation of women with physical disabilities in screening.
Translating the WHA resolution in a member state: towards a German programme on ‘Destigmatization’ for individuals with visible chronic skin diseases
Authors: Augustin M. , Mrowietz U. , Luck‐Sikorski C. , von Kiedrowski R. , Schlette S. , Radtke M.A. , John S.M. , Zink A. , Suthakharan N. , Sommer R. ,   the German ECHT research group
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackgroundEven today, a substantial number of individuals with visible skin diseases still suffer from incomprehension and stigmatization. About 10 million people are affected by such diseases in Germany. The WHO strongly urges member states to take measures against stigmatization in skin diseases.ObjectivesObjectives are the development of an action programme to raise awareness and address stigmatization. Therefore, conception, development and testing of interventions for the destigmatization of persons with skin diseases in Germany will be carried out.MethodsA series of actions addressing decision makers, politicians and the Federal Ministry of Health were initiated, all based on the World Health Assembly (WHA). Argumentation was largely based on data from health services research. Supported by the Federal Ministry of Health, a concept against stigmatization was developed by an expert consortium of researchers, dermatologists and patients. Specific strategies of structured destigmatization between those affected and those not will be developed and scientifically evaluated.ResultsThe activities addressed to politics were – to a large extent – successfully and financially supported by a 3‐year programme (2018–2020), designed to develop interventions against stigma. It was funded by the Federal Ministry of Health. The project includes conception and development, intervention and evaluation, data analyses and development of a long‐term concept.ConclusionsThe WHO's call against stigmatization in psoriasis (resolution WHA67.9 and global report on psoriasis 2016) was taken into account and developed into a destigmatization programme supported by the German government and German politicians. This has been achieved by successful collaborations between dermatologists, researchers, patients and policymakers. Next step will be the testing of interventions in situations and surroundings, where stigmatization usually occurs. The data will be used for the implementation of a long‐term concept that can be used to continue destigmatization in Germany far beyond the project′s initial phase.
Does capital structure differently affect incumbents' responses to entry threat and actual entry?
Authors: Ma Chao 
Published: May 2019

AbstractSome theories predict that firms with higher financial leverage compete more aggressively in product markets than firms with lower financial leverage, whereas others predict that lower‐leverage firms compete more aggressively than higher‐leverage firms. This paper studies how incumbent airlines' capital structure affects their responses to Southwest Airlines' entry threat and actual entry. The results indicate that, when responding to entry threat, lower‐leverage incumbents cut prices more aggressively than higher‐leverage incumbents; in contrast, when responding to actual entry, higher‐leverage incumbents cut prices more aggressively than lower‐leverage incumbents.
Vibrogen‐2 vaccine trial in lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) against Vibrio anguillarum
Authors: Chakraborty Setu , Cao Trung , Hossain Ahmed , Gnanagobal Hajarooba , Vasquez Ignacio , Boyce Danny , Santander Javier 
Published: May 2019

AbstractLumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus), a native fish of the North Atlantic Ocean, is utilized as cleaner fish to biocontrol sea lice infestations in Atlantic salmon aquaculture. However, bacterial infections are affecting cleaner fish performance. Vibrio anguillarum, the aetiological agent of vibriosis, is one of the most frequent bacterial infections in lumpfish, and effective vaccine programmes against this pathogen have been identified as a high priority for lumpfish. Vibrogen‐2 is a commercial polyvalent bath vaccine that contains formalin‐inactivated cultures of V. anguillarum serotypes O1 and O2, and Vibrio ordalii. In this study, we evaluated Vibrogen‐2 efficacy in lumpfish against a local isolated V. anguillarum strain. Two groups of 125 lumpfish were bath‐immunized, bath‐boost‐immunized at four weeks post‐primary immunization, and intraperitoneally (i.p.) boost‐immunized at eight weeks post‐primary immunization. The control groups were i.p. mock‐immunized with PBS. Twenty‐seven weeks post‐primary immunization, the fish were i.p. challenged with 10 or 100 times the V. anguillarum J360 LD50 dose. After the challenge, survival was monitored daily, and samples of tissues were collected at ten days post‐challenge. Commercial vaccine Vibrogen‐2 reduced V. anguillarum tissue colonization and delayed mortality but did not confer immune protection to C. lumpus against the V. anguillarum i.p. challenge.
BAK1‐mediated phosphorylation of canonical G protein alpha during flagellin signaling in Arabidopsis
Authors: Xue Jiao , Gong Ben‐Qiang , Yao Xinran , Huang Xiangjuan , Li Jian‐Feng 
Published: May 2019

AbstractHeterotrimeric G proteins consisting of Gα, Gβ and Gγ are conserved signaling hubs in eukaryotes. Without analogs to canonical animal G protein‐coupled receptors, plant cells are thought to use RGS1 and a yet unknown mechanism to regulate the activity of Gα. Meanwhile, the exact role of canonical Gα in plant innate immunity remains controversial. Here, we report multiple immune deficiencies in the null allele of Arabidopsis Gα (GPA1) in response to bacterial flg22 elicitor, clarifying a positive regulatory role of GPA1 in flg22 signaling. We also detect overall increased phosphorylation of GPA1 but reduced phosphorylation at Thr19 upon flg22 elicitation. Interestingly, flg22 could not induce phosphorylation of GPA1T19A and GPA1T19D, suggesting that the dynamic Thr19 phosphorylation is required for GPA1 to respond to flg22. Moreover, flg22‐induced GPA1 phosphorylation is largely abolished in the absence of BAK1 in vivo, and BAK1 could phosphorylate GPA1 but not GPA1T19A in vitro at the phosphorylation sites identified in vivo, suggesting BAK1 is likely the kinase for GPA1 phosphorylation in response to flg22. Furthermore, the T19A mutation could promote flg22‐induced association, rather than dissociation, between GPA1 and RGS1. Taken together, our findings shed new insights into the function and regulation of GPA1 in Arabidopsis defense signaling.
Interference illumination of three nonzero‐order beams for LCOS‐based structured illumination microscopy
Authors: QU Y. , PAN H. , PENG R. , NIU J. , LI C. 
Published: May 2019

SummaryTo avoid the need for a mask and polarisation‐adjusting devices, and to solve the problem of low fringe contrast caused by the reflected light along with 0th‐order diffraction beam, this paper presents an illumination method using three nonzero‐order diffraction beams in liquid crystal on silicon (LCOS)‐based structured illumination microscopy. Here, a LCOS‐based spatial light modulator (SLM) is used to diffract the collimated light and a rotating frosted film is used to reduce the spatial coherence of the laser; then, the fringe is produced by adjusting the SLM angle to allow three nonzero‐order diffraction beams to interfere on the sample surface. Interference fringes with high contrast in all directions can be obtained without considering polarisation control and the removal of the 0th‐order diffraction beam, which demonstrates that the optical setup is simple and easy to control. We carried out experiments on a photolithographic pattern on a silicon chip, and the resolution after reconstruction is 210 nm, reaching the theoretical resolution at our experiment condition and nearly half of the Rayleigh resolution limit (100× objective, NA = 0.8), which is 406 nm.Lay DescriptionSIM has been widely applied in imaging of biological sample owing to its advantage of super‐resolution. Commonly the structured illumination is produced by interfering two or three diffractive beams and the fringe contrast affects the reconstruction result directly. In this study about liquid‐crystal‐on‐silicon based structured illumination microscopy (LCOS‐based SIM), we presents an illumination method using three nonzero‐order diffractive beams.Our method can avoid the need for a mask and the polarisation‐adjusting devices, because three‐beam interference can reduce the influence of polarisation on the fringe contrast. Besides, 0th‐order beam is not used, because reflected light still exists even the grey level of the picture‐pixels uploaded to spatial light modulator are all 0, which means the 0th‐order beam will bring obvious noise. Using our method, interference fringe with high contrast in all directions can be obtained at a relatively high utilisation rate of laser intensity without considering the control of polarisation.Our setup is simple and easy to control, because the adjustment of the deflection angle of the spatial light modulator can realise the removal of the zero diffraction order. We have analysed and discussed the reasons why the interference of three nonzero‐order beams can avoid the influence of polarisation and amplitude. The experiments carried out on a photolithographic pattern on silicon chip showed that the resolution after reconstruction is 210 nm, reaching the half of the Rayleigh resolution limit (100× objective, NA=0.8), which is 406 nm.
Extranodal extension in oral cancer: A role for the nodal microenvironment?
Authors: Pilborough Alice E. , Lambert Daniel W. , Khurram Syed A. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractOral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and accounts for the majority of head and neck cancers. Metastasis of primary tumours, primarily to cervical lymph nodes in the neck, is associated with worsening prognosis. Furthermore, the prognosis of patients with extranodal extension of metastatic tumour from the lymph nodes into the neck tissues is particularly poor. The factors affecting this process are poorly understood, and detection is difficult pre‐surgery. Mounting evidence shows that components of the tumour microenvironment including cancer‐associated fibroblasts, vascular and lymphatic endothelial cells, the extracellular matrix and inflammatory immune cells, are important modulators of tumour behaviour in primary OSCC and other cancers. However, little is known about the lymph node microenvironment, its response to tumour presence and role in extranodal extension. In addition, there are many lymph node‐specific cell types and structures, such as fibroblast reticular cells and high endothelial venules, making the lymph node microenvironment distinct from that found at primary tumour sites, and which contribute to the nodal response to tumour presence. This review details the current knowledge regarding the lymph node tumour microenvironment in OSCC and its role in lymph node metastasis and extranodal extension and relates this to features of the primary tumour. Understanding the role that the lymph node microenvironment plays in promoting tumour development and extranodal extension may aid the identification of novel biomarkers and alternative treatment strategies to improve the prognosis of patients with advanced OSCC.
A Comparison of Pediatric Traumatic Injuries on Farms and Residences from 2009 to 2014
Authors: Cooper Gena , Zagel Alicia , Nickel Amanda , Ortega Henry 
Published: May 2019

AbstractPurposeChildren injured on farms in the United States are hospitalized at 14 times the rate of children with injuries unrelated to farming. This study characterizes pediatric injuries occurring on farms compared to injuries in homes.MethodsWe examined the National Trauma Data Bank from 2009 to 2014 to identify children ages 0‐17 with ICD‐9 E‐codes reflecting a farm or residential place of injury occurrence. Appropriate nonparametric tests were used to compare patient, injury, and hospitalization characteristics by injury locale. Mixed effects models for binary responses were used to examine the odds of an injury occurring on a farm versus at home, and we controlled for random effects of trauma center after adjustment for potential confounding variables including age, sex, and categorical injury severity.FindingsThere were 2,776 injuries on farms, and 133,119 injuries at homes. Children injured on farms had a median age of 10 years compared to 4 years at homes (P < .001). Machinery injuries were 19 times more frequent on farms (P < .001), and injuries to multiple anatomic locations were twice as frequent on farms (P < .001). Children injured on farms required helicopter transport 4 times as often as those injured at home. Additionally, children injured on farms were nearly 2.5 times more likely to have a length of stay greater than 7 days.ConclusionInjuries occur during the course of childhood; however, injuries sustained in a farming environment are more severe and require greater clinical management than injuries which occur in the home.
The prevalence of restless sleep disorder among a clinical sample of children and adolescents referred to a sleep centre
Authors: DelRosso Lourdes M. , Ferri Raffaele 
Published: May 2019

AbstractRestless sleep disorder (RSD) is a newly described sleep disorder in children characterized by large body movements and repositioning that lasts all night with at least five body movements per hour and a significant impact on daytime behaviours. The authors have previously identified and described the syndrome and compared the sleep parameters and sleep‐related movements to those in children with restless legs syndrome, normal controls and snorers. The current study is a retrospective review of the sleep diagnosis in 300 consecutive children seen and evaluated in a single sleep disorders centre; 252 children underwent polysomnography, as clinically indicated, to identify the proper diagnosis. The current research estimates the prevalence of RSD in a sleep clinical setting to be 7.7% and compares it to the prevalence of other common sleep disorders in the same setting. Another important addition to the literature is the fact that RSD can coexist with other sleep disorders, such as habitual snoring and parasomnia, without confounding the diagnosis.
The role of saliva in oral processing: Reconsidering the breakdown path paradigm
Authors: Boehm Michael W. , Yakubov Gleb E. , Stokes Jason R. , Baier Stefan K. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractWe discuss food oral processing research over the last two decades and consider strategies for quantifying the food breakdown model, originally conceptualized by Hutchings and Lillford. The key innovation in their seminal 1988 paper was shifting the focus from intact food properties, measured in the lab, toward strategies to capture the dynamic nature of eating. This has stimulated great progress in the field, but a key aspect missing in oral processing research is the conversion of the Hutchings and Lillford breakdown path conceptual model into quantifiable parameters considered in the context of physiological factors such as saliva and oral movements. To address these shortcomings, we propose the following analysis: Hutchings's and Lillford's definitions of “Structure” and “Lubrication” are incomplete and they comprise many and varied physicochemical properties. We offer, here, a deeper analysis of each parameter, and propose strategies for researchers to consider in their quantification as an update of the Hutchings and Lillford Breakdown path.
Alteration of liver‐infiltrated and peripheral blood double‐negative T‐cells in primary biliary cholangitis
Authors: Li Shu X. , Lv Ting T. , Zhang Chun P. , Wang Tian Q. , Tian Dan , Sun Guang Y. , Wang Yan , Zhao Xin Y. , Duan Wei J. , Chen Sha , Li Min , Ma Hong , Kong Yuan Y. , You Hong , Ou Xiao J. , Chen Guang Y. , Su Jian R. , Zhang Dong , Jia Ji D. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackground & AimsDouble‐negative (DN) T‐cell is a unique regulatory T‐cell, which is essential for maintaining immune system homoeostasis. However, the role of DN T‐cells in the pathogenesis of primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is still unknown.MethodsWe investigated the number and function of DN T‐cells in peripheral blood and liver biopsy specimens of PBC patients.ResultsThe number and frequency of DN T‐cells significantly decreased in peripheral blood and liver tissue of PBC patients. Furthermore, the frequency of DN T‐cells in PBC was negatively correlated with disease severity and positively correlated with ursodeoxycholic acid response. In vitro assays showed that perforin expression and the suppressive capability of DN T‐cells on the proliferation of CD4+ and CD8+ T‐cells were impaired in PBC. Finally, lithocholic acid, the most hydrophobic acid, could downregulate the proliferation and perforin expression of DN T‐cells.ConclusionsDecreased quantity and function of DN T‐cells in PBC may result in the loss of immune regulations on effector CD4+ and cytotoxic CD8+ T‐cells, and thereby may break the immune tolerance and promote the pathogenesis of PBC.