bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Torpor duration, more than temperature, is key to hummingbird nighttime energy savings
Authors: Shankar A , Schroeder RJ , Wethington SM , Graham CH , Powers DR 
Published: August 2018

ABSTRACTTorpor is an important energy saving strategy in small endotherms, but it has been insufficiently studied in natural field conditions. Building on what we know from laboratory studies, we compared torpor use across hummingbird species and different natural temperature regimes to explore predominant hypotheses about torpor use and evaluate the possible effects of environmental variation on energy management.We found that the probability of an individual entering torpor was correlated with mass and unrelated to nighttime temperature, and that hummingbirds at both warm tropical and cooler temperate sites used torpor.Energy savings in torpor were maximized as ambient temperatures approached a species’ minimum body temperature consistent with laboratory studies; energy savings ranged between 65-92% of energy per hour in torpor compared to normothermy.However, variation in total nighttime energy expenditure was more significantly influenced by torpor bout duration than by the variation in energy savings in torpor.Our results show that a small endotherm’s nighttime energy management in its natural habitat is more affected by torpor bout duration, which is linked to photoperiod, than by temperature. This result suggests that in their natural environments, hummingbirds are able to save energy in torpor across a range nighttime temperature, indicating that they may have sufficient physiological flexibility to tolerate climatic variation.
The Mechanical Power of Protein Folding
Authors: Eckels Edward C. , Haldar Shubhasis , Tapia-Rojo Rafael , Rivas Pardo Jaime Andres , Fernández Julio M. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe delivery of mechanical power, a crucial component of animal motion, is constrained by the universal compromise between force and velocity of its constituent molecular systems. Here we demonstrate a switchable power amplifier in an Ig domain of the massive muscle protein titin. Titin is composed of many tandem repeats of individually foldable Ig domains, which unfold and extend during muscle stretch and readily refold when the force on titin is quenched during a contraction. Cryptic cysteine residues are common in elastic proteins like titin where they can oxidize to form intra-domain disulfide bonds, limiting the extensibility of an unfolding domain. However, the functional significance of disulfide-bonds in titin Ig domains remains unknown and may be fundamental to muscle mechanics. Here we use ultra-stable magnetic tweezers force spectroscopy to study the elasticity of a disulfide bonded modular titin protein operating in the physiological range, with the ability to control the oxidation state of the protein in real time using both organic reagents and oxidoreductase enzymes. We show that presence of an oxidized disulfide bond allows the parent Ig domain to fold at much higher forces, shifting the midpoint folding probability from 4.0 pN to 12.8 pN after formation. The presence of disulfide bonds in titin regulates the power output of protein folding in an all-or-none manner, providing for example at 6.0 pN, a boost from 0 to 6,000 zeptowatts upon oxidation. At this same force, single molecular motors such as myosin are typically stalled and perform little to no work. We further demonstrate that protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) readily reintroduces disulfide bonds into unfolded titin Ig domains, an important mechanism for titin which operates under a resting force of several pNin vivo. Our results demonstrate, for the first time, the functional significance of disulfide bonds as potent power amplifiers in titin and provide evidence that protein folding can generate substantial amounts of power to supplement the myosin motors during a contraction.
Individual differences in dopamine are associated with reward discounting in clinical groups but not in healthy adults
Authors: Castrellon Jaime J. , Seaman Kendra L. , Crawford Jennifer L. , Young Jacob S. , Smith Christopher T. , Dang Linh C. , Hsu Ming , Cowan Ronald L. , Zald David H. , Samanez-Larkin Gregory R. 
Published: August 2018

abstractSome people are more willing to make immediate, risky, or costly reward-focused choices than others, which has been hypothesized to be associated with individual differences in dopamine (DA) function. In two studies using PET imaging, one empirical (Study 1: N=144 males and females across 3 samples) and one meta-analytic (Study 2: N=307 across 12 samples), we sought to characterize associations between individual differences in DA and time, probability, and physical effort discounting in human adults. Study 1 demonstrated that individual differences in DA D2-like receptors were not associated with time or probability discounting of monetary rewards in healthy humans, and associations with physical effort discounting were inconsistent across adults of different ages. Meta-analytic results for temporal discounting corroborated our empirical finding for minimal effect of DA measures on discounting in healthy individuals, but suggested that associations between individual differences in DA and reward discounting depend on clinical features. Addictions were characterized by negative correlations between DA and discounting but other clinical conditions like Parkinson’s Disease, obesity, and ADHD were characterized by positive correlations between DA and discounting. Together the results suggest that trait differences in discounting in healthy adults do not appear to be strongly associated with individual differences in D2-like receptors. The difference in meta-analytic correlation effects between healthy controls and individuals with psychopathology suggests that individual difference findings related to DA and reward discounting in clinical samples may not be reliably generalized to healthy controls, and vice-versa.Significance StatementDecisions to forgo large rewards for smaller ones due to increasing time delays, uncertainty, or physical effort have been linked to differences in dopamine (DA) function, which is disrupted in some forms of psychopathology. It remains unclear whether alterations in DA function associated with psychopathology also extend to explaining associations between DA function and decision making in healthy individuals. We show that individual differences in dopamine D2 receptor availability are not consistently related to monetary discounting of time, probability, or physical effort in healthy individuals across a broad age range. By contrast, we suggest that psychopathology accounts for observed inconsistencies in the relationship between measures of dopamine function and reward discounting behavior.
Faded visual afterimages reappear after TMS over early visual cortex
Authors: T. Engelen , R.L. Rademaker , A.T Sack 
Published: August 2018

AbstractIn the complete absence of small transients in visual inputs (e.g. by experimentally stabilizing an image on the retina, or in everyday life during intent staring), information perceived by the eyes will fade from the perceptual experience. While the mechanisms of visual fading remain poorly understood, one possibility is that higher-level brain regions actively suppress the stable visual signals via targeted inhibitory feedback onto Early Visual Cortex (EVC). Here, we used positive afterimages and multisensory conflict to induce gestaltlike fading of participants’ own hands. In two separate experiments, participants rated the perceived quality of their hands both before and after Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) was applied over EVC. In a first experiment, triple pulse TMS was able to make a faded hand appear less faded after the pulses were applied, compared to placebo pulses. A second experiment demonstrated that this was because triple pulse TMS inoculated the removed hand from fading over time. Interestingly, TMS similarly affected the left and right hand, despite being applied only over right EVC. Together, our results suggest that TMS can lift inhibitory processes in EVC and reverse the effects of visual fading. And it might do so by crossing transcollosal connections, or via multimodal integration sites in which both hands are represented.
Management controls and pressure groups: the mediation of overflows
Authors: Jollands Stephen , Akroyd Chris , Sawabe Norio 
Published: August 2018

Purpose
Organisations produce effects that go beyond the economic framing within which they operate, referred to as overflows in this paper. When an organisation comes under pressure to address these overflows they must decide how to respond. Previous research has placed social and environmental reporting as an important tool organisations mobilise in their attempts to mediate these pressures and the groups that give rise to them. However, these reports are typically only released once a year while the pressures that organisations face can arise at any time and are ongoing and constant. The purpose of this paper is to explore situated organisational practices and examine if and how management controls are mobilised in relation to the actions of pressure groups.

Design/methodology/approach
This paper takes a case study approach to understand how an organisation attempts to mediate the pressures from a number of overflows: carbon emissions, changing lifestyles, aspartame and obesity. To undertake this research a performative understanding of management control is utilised. This focusses the research on if and how management controls are mobilised to assist with attempts to mediate pressures.

Findings
Analysis of the data shows that many different management controls, beyond just reports, were mobilised during the attempts to mediate the pressure arising from the actions of groups affected by the overflows. The management controls were utilised to: identify pressures, demonstrate how the pressure had been addressed, alleviate the pressure or to dispute the legitimacy of the pressure.

Originality/value
This paper shows the potential for new connections to be made between the management control and social and environmental accounting literatures. It demonstrates that future research may gain much from examining the management controls mobilised within the situated practices that constitute an organisations response to the pressures it faces.
When does motivation to learn reduce innovative behavior? An examination of mediated-moderation model
Authors: Yu Ming-Chuan , Zheng Xiao-Tao , Wang Greg G. , Dai Yi , Yan Bingwen 
Published: August 2018

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to test and explain the context where motivation to learn (MTL) reduces innovative behavior in the organizational context.Design/methodology/approachThe authors used questionnaire survey to collect data in a field study. In order to test the moderating effect of transfer climate, MTL on the relationship between MTL and innovative behavior, a sample of 606 employees was analyzed to examine the theoretical expectation by using multiple regression and bootstrapping.FindingsThe authors found employees motivated to learn showed less innovative behavior when perceived transfer climate is less favorable. The authors further revealed that motivation to transfer mediates the moderating effect of transfer climate for the relationship between MTL and innovative behavior.Research limitations/implicationsOne suggestion for further research is to investigate the relationship among the four constructs by using multi-source, multi-wave and multi-level method.Practical implicationsThis study provides several useful guidance of how organization and manager avoid the negative effects of MTL through encouraging employees to learn new knowledge and skills, and providing employee opportunities to use their acquired knowledge and skills.Originality/valueThe authors contribute to the motivational literature by taking a step further to understand the effect of MTL. The authors propose and confirm that employee MTL can lead to negative outcomes when individuals perceived transfer climate is low. The results offer new insight beyond previous findings on positive or non-significant relationship between MTL and innovative behavior. The results further show that this interactive effect is induced by motivation to transfer. Particularly, low transfer climate reduces individuals’ motivation to transfer, and individuals with high MTL have low innovative behavior when they are less motivated to transfer.
The “silent killers” of a STEM-professional woman’s career
Authors: Ruel Stefanie 
Published: August 2018

Purpose
The purpose of this paper was to provide a plausible answer to how there are so few science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM)-professional women managers in the Canadian space industry.

Design/methodology/approach
The author showcased one such individual and her experiences of the exclusionary order in this industry, by focusing on her discourses and those of her former supervisor. The author applied the critical sensemaking (CSM) framework to unstructured interview data and to various collected written documentation. To guide the author’s application of this CSM framework, the author asked and answered the following questions: what is the range of identity anchor points associated with, and available to, a STEM-professional woman within the Canadian space industry? What is the relationship between these anchor points and organizational rules and social values? And, how do these anchor points and their relationship with rules and social values influence the exclusion of STEM-professional women from management positions within this industry?

Findings
The author surfaced a STEM-professional woman’s range of ephemeral identities, captured within her range of attributed anchor points. The author also revealed some of the rules and social values of the organizational context she worked in. The author then analyzed the how of her exclusionary social order, by studying the relationship between these anchor points and these rules and social values.

Social implications
In addition to addressing the lack of STEM-professional women in management and to filling a gap in the literature, this study made a contribution to our understanding of social-identities, represented by anchor points, and to their discursive reproduction within organizational contexts. The author also suggested micro-political resistances to undo this social order for one particular individual.

Originality/value
This study’s value can be measured by its contribution to the postpositivist cisgender and diversity literature focused on intersectionality scholarship, specifically in the area of identity anchor points and their (re)creation within social interactions.
A new method for the prediction of network security situations based on recurrent neural network with gated recurrent unit
Authors: Feng Wei , Wu Yuqin , Fan Yexian 
Published: August 2018

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to solve the shortage of the existing methods for the prediction of network security situations (NSS). Because the conventional methods for the prediction of NSS, such as support vector machine, particle swarm optimization, etc., lack accuracy, robustness and efficiency, in this study, the authors propose a new method for the prediction of NSS based on recurrent neural network (RNN) with gated recurrent unit.

Design/methodology/approach
This method extracts internal and external information features from the original time-series network data for the first time. Then, the extracted features are applied to the deep RNN model for training and validation. After iteration and optimization, the accuracy of predictions of NSS will be obtained by the well-trained model, and the model is robust for the unstable network data.

Findings
Experiments on bench marked data set show that the proposed method obtains more accurate and robust prediction results than conventional models. Although the deep RNN models need more time consumption for training, they guarantee the accuracy and robustness of prediction in return for validation.

Originality/value
In the prediction of NSS time-series data, the proposed internal and external information features are well described the original data, and the employment of deep RNN model will outperform the state-of-the-arts models.
Do religiosity, gender and educational background influence zakat compliance? The case of Malaysia
Authors: Abdullah Mazni , Sapiei Noor Sharoja 
Published: August 2018

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to examine the influence of religiosity, gender and Islamic educational background of Muslims on zakat compliance. It also aims to identify which dimensions of religiosity are significantly related to zakat compliance.

Design/methodology/approach
The study uses a self-administered questionnaire that was distributed to working Muslims individuals in Klang Valley, Malaysia. Analysis of the data was based on 690 usable questionnaires.

Findings
The findings show that religiosity had a significant influence on zakat compliance and three dimensions of religiosity, namely obligation, virtues and vices, and optional ritual, were significantly related to zakat compliance. Gender was also significantly related to zakat compliance, but in a negative direction, suggesting that Muslim working females are less compliant to zakat obligations compared to their male counterparts. It is found that formal Islamic educational background had no significant influence on zakat compliance.

Practical implications
Given the importance of zakat collection to the growth of the economy and society, the findings of this paper might provide some insights to Muslim-majority countries and zakat institutions which areas require more attention to encourage zakat payment among Muslims.

Originality/value
Compared to prior zakat studies, the findings of this study were derived from a larger sample size of Muslim working respondents. Furthermore, this study also identifies which dimensions of religiosity are significantly related to zakat compliance. Hence this study enriches the scarce literature on zakat and religiosity.
Social networks and unemployment exit in Great Britain
Authors: Sousounis Panos , Lanot Gauthier 
Published: August 2018

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the effect employed friends have on the probability of exiting unemployment of an unemployed worker according to his/her educational (skill) level.Design/methodology/approachIn common with studies on unemployment duration, this paper uses a discrete-time hazard model.FindingsThe paper finds that the conditional probability of finding work is between 24 and 34 per cent higher per period for each additional employed friend for job seekers with intermediate skills.Social implicationsThese results are of interest since they suggest that the reach of national employment agencies could extend beyond individuals in direct contact with first-line employment support bureaus.Originality/valueBecause of the lack of appropriate longitudinal information, the majority of empirical studies in the area assess the influence of social networks on employment status using proxy measures of social interactions. The current study contributes to the very limited empirical literature of the influence of social networks on job attainment using direct measures of social structures.
Identifying critical success factors for sustainable growth of Indian banking sector using interpretive structural modeling (ISM)
Authors: Shamshad Mohd , Sarim Mohd , Akhtar Asif , Tabash Mosab I. 
Published: August 2018

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to identify the critical success factors for sustainable growth of the Indian banking sector and develop a model for Indian banks by using interpretive structural modelling (ISM). It suggests some of the critical measures of sustainability for Indian banks.Design/methodology/approachThis paper aims to establish a relationship among the factors of sustainable banking through the opinion of experts from the banking sector. ISM approach is applied to bring down the complexity of relationship among factors. ISM ranked the factors as per their ability to facilitate and dependence on other factors and helps to develop a comprehensive, systematic model based on the relationship amongst those factors. After developing the model, second reviews by the experts are conducted for their comments and thus, the final model comes into existence.FindingsLegal and environmental compliance is determined as the key factor which is driving the other factors of sustainable banking. It will surely going to pose a challenge for business concerns for initiating various sustainable steps that will be a motivational factor for generating business opportunities and sustainable collaboration.Practical implicationsThe study provides a comprehensive framework of sustainable banking which can be applied to various Indian banks. It helps to develop coherence between conventional and sustainable dimensions of banking.Originality/valueThe ISM is applied for the first time in case of sustainability in the banking sector to bring about a model for sustainable banking in India.
Between social democracy and communism: an institutional and socioeconomic perspective
Authors: Sabry Mohamed Ismail 
Published: August 2018

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to explore which socioeconomic and institutional factors are responsible for different societies’ ideological choices, with reference to Marxist socialism. Which factors led to the rise of the popularity of socialism? And which factors made a socialist variant relatively more successful in one society but not the other, with social democracy and communism being the focus of the study?

Design/methodology/approach
Conducting a global theoretical and empirical study on the period between the late 1890s and 1945. The theoretical part discusses various perspectives presented in the literature, accounting for the works of major sociologists (e.g.: M. Mann, Lipset) and political theorists (e.g.: Marx, Engels, Lenin). The empirical part uses a number of OLS multivariate panel regressions using voting to various socialist movements as dependent variables, and socioeconomic and institutional factors as independent variables.

Findings
Some of the findings of the conducted empirical study are that: democracy, industrialization, high population growth rates, low linguistic or religious homogeneity, more years of schooling and less years since independence or creation increase the social democrat (SD) vote. The communist vote was affected positively by more urbanization; higher population growth; less years of schooling; more years since independence; recent experience of war; and the presence of insignificant religious minorities. Inequality seemed also to have been a strong significant factor for raising the popularity of various socialist parties, especially when countries were long-established or created. Countries which had a fresh experience with war devastation or which were highly urbanized while having higher levels of inequality witnessed an increasing vote share for the communists. More votes went to SD; however, when inequality existed in highly industrialized countries. High GDP growth, matched with higher inequalities, did not seem to have encouraged voting for various socialist parties, and even affected the communist vote negatively.

Research limitations/implications
There were data limitations on the available proxies.

Practical implications
This study suggests welfarism, public spending on education, social inclusion and democratization as remedies for radicalism, regardless of the ideological origins of such radicalism.

Originality/value
Its novelty is attributed to the deep analytical dimension for the issue done here, combining theory, an empirical study made possible by the newly available rich historical data.