bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical and Personality Characteristics of Problem and Pathological Gamblers With and Without Symptoms of Adult ADHD
Authors: Cairncross Molly , Milosevic Aleks , Struble Cara A. , Ellis Jennifer D. , Ledgerwood David M. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The study examined the differential clinical and personality characteristics of problem and pathological gamblers (PPGs) with and without clinically significant symptoms of adult attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD). Adults (N = 150, n = 75 women) with PPG were assessed by the SCID-IV, Conners' Adult ADHD Rating Scales, Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire, Gambling Motivation Questionnaire, and the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale. PPGs who reported symptoms of ADHD were more likely to be male, endorse psychiatric comorbidities (i.e., alcohol dependence, anxiety disorders, and antisocial personality disorder), report maladaptive personality traits (i.e., higher negative emotionality and lower positive emotionality), as well as higher impulsivity (attention impulsiveness, motor impulsiveness, and nonplanning impulsiveness). PPGs with symptoms of ADHD reported gambling for social, coping, and enhancement reasons. A multivariate binary logistic regression revealed that sex, higher scores on social reasons for gambling, and lack of premeditation were associated with an increased likelihood of reporting ADHD symptoms. The findings demonstrate important differences of PPGs with symptoms of ADHD and provide information for treatment consideration.
Validity of the Early Activity Scale for Endurance and the 6-Minute Walk Test for Children With Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Fiss Alyssa LaForme , Jeffries Lynn , Yocum Allison , Westcott McCoy Sarah 
Published: March 2019

Purpose:
This study aimed to describe Early Activity Scale for Endurance (EASE) scores and 6-minute walk test (6MWT) distances of children with cerebral palsy (CP) by functional ability level, sex, and age and to examine the convergent validity of the 2 tests.

Methods:
A total of 708 participants with CP, Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) levels I to V, completed the EASE, and 376 of the study participants (3-12years), GMFCS levels I to III, completed the 6MWT.

Results:
Children with CP vary in EASE scores and 6MWT distances based on GMFCS level and, to a lesser extent, age. The EASE and the 6MWT demonstrate a statistically significant but low, positive correlation.

Conclusions:
Understanding the relationship between these outcomes and GMFCS levels and age assists clinicians in establishing plans of care targeted at improving endurance for activity and functional walking capacity for children with CP.
An Exploration of Parental Satisfaction With an Advanced Practice Physical Therapy Clinic in Pediatric Orthopedics
Authors: O Mir Marie , O' Sullivan Cliona , Blake Catherine , Lennon Olive 
Published: March 2019

Purpose:
To evaluate parent satisfaction of patients attending a novel advanced practice physical therapy clinic in pediatric orthopedics.

Methods:
A cross-sectional survey collected data using 2 approaches: a modified version of the VSQ-9 and open-ended responses. The component structure of the Visit Specific Satisfaction Questionnaire (VSQ) was explored and the Cronbach alpha assessed internal consistency. Responses were summarized as mean (95% CI). An inductive content analysis was performed for open-ended responses.

Results:
Satisfaction ratings were excellent. A 2-component structure for the VSQ was confirmed. The Cronbach alpha coefficient was 0.85, indicating high internal consistency. Emergent themes were mostly positive in relation to Time, Communication, Professionalism, and Service Delivery, with Physical Resources receiving negative comments.

Conclusions:
This study evaluated parent satisfaction with a novel advanced practice in pediatric orthopedics, demonstrating high levels of satisfaction and identifying positive and negative themes that impact parent perceptions of quality of care.
Critical Care Beds With Continuous Lateral Rotation Therapy to Prevent Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia and Hospital-Acquired Pressure Injury: A Cost-effectiveness Analysis
Authors: Kang So-Yeon , DiStefano Michael J. , Yehia Farah , Koszalka Maria V. , Padula William V. 
Published: March 2019

Objectives
Mechanical ventilation increases the risk of hospital-acquired conditions (HACs) such as ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) and pressure injury (PrI). Beds with continuous lateral rotation therapy (CLRT) are shown to reduce HAC incidence, but the value of switching to CLRT beds is presently unknown. We compared the cost-effectiveness of CLRT beds with standard care in intensive care units.

Methods
A cost-effectiveness analysis from the healthcare sector and societal perspectives was conducted. A Markov model was constructed to predict health state transitions from time of ventilation through 28 days for the healthcare sector perspective and 1 year for the U.S. societal perspective. Value of information was calculated to determine whether parameter uncertainty warranted further research.

Results
Our analysis suggested that CLRT beds dominate standard care from both perspectives. From the healthcare sector perspective, expected cost for CLRT was U.S. $47,165/patient compared with a higher cost of U.S. $49,258/patient for standard care. The expected effectiveness of CLRT is 0.0418 quality-adjusted life years/patient compared with 0.0416 quality-adjusted life years/patient for standard care. Continuous lateral rotation therapy dominated standard care in approximately 93% of Monte Carlo simulations from both perspectives. Value of information analysis suggests that additional research is potentially cost-effective.

Conclusions
Continuous lateral rotation therapy is highly cost-effective compared with standard care by preventing HACs that seriously harm patients in the intensive care unit.
RACK1 on and off the ribosome
Authors: Johnson Alex G. , Lapointe Christopher P. , Wang Jinfan , Corsepius Nicholas C. , Choi Junhong , Fuchs Gabriele , Puglisi Joseph D. 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACTReceptor for activated C kinase 1 (RACK1) is a eukaryote-specific ribosomal protein implicated in diverse biological functions. To engineer ribosomes for specific fluorescent labeling, we selected RACK1 as an target given its location on the small ribosomal subunit and other properties. However, prior results suggested that RACK1 has roles both on and off the ribosome, and such an exchange might be related to its various cellular functions and hinder our ability to use RACK1 as a stable fluorescent tag for the ribosome. In addition, the kinetics of spontaneous exchange of RACK1 or any ribosomal protein from a mature ribosomein vitroremain unclear. To address these issues, we engineered fluorescently-labeled human ribosomes via RACK1, and applied bulk and single-molecule biochemical analyses to track RACK1 on and off the human ribosome. Our results demonstrate that, despite its cellular non-essentiality from yeast to humans, RACK1 readily re-associates with the ribosome, displays limited conformational dynamics, and remains stably bound to the ribosome for hoursin vitro. This work sheds insight onto the biochemical basis of ribosomal protein exchange on and off a mature ribosome and provides tools for single-molecule analysis of human translation.
Smoking, asthma and airway microbial disruption
Authors: Turek Elena M. , Cox Michael J. , Hunter Michael , Hui Jennie , James Phillip , Willis-Owen Saffron A.G. , Cuthbertson Leah , James Alan , Musk A. William , Moffatt Miriam F. , Cookson William O.C.M. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractBackgroundNormal airway microbial communities play a central role in respiratory health but are poorly characterized. Cigarette smoking is the dominant global environmental influence on lung function, and asthma has become the most prevalent chronic respiratory disease worldwide. Both conditions have major microbial components that are also poorly defined.MethodsWe investigated airway bacterial communities in a general population sample of 529 Australian adults. Posterior oropharyngeal swabs were analysed by sequencing of the 16S rRNA and methionine aminopeptidase genes. The microbiota were characterised according to their prevalence, abundance, and network memberships.FindingsMicrobial communities were similar across the population and were strongly organized into co-abundance networks. Smoking associated with diversity loss, negative effects on abundant taxa, profound alterations to network structure and expansion ofStreptococcusspp. By contrast, the asthmatic microbiota were selectively affected by an increase inNeisseriaspp. and by reduced numbers of low abundance but prevalent organisms.InterpretationOur study shows healthy airway microbiota are contained within a highly structured ecosystem, indicating balanced relationships between the microbiome and human host factors. The marked abnormalities in smokers may be pathogenic for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer. The narrow spectrum of abnormalities in asthmatics encourages investigation of damaging and protective effects of specific bacteria.FundingThe study was funded by the Asmarley Trust and a Wellcome Senior Investigator Award to WOCC and MFM (P46009). The Busselton Healthy Ageing Study is supported by the Government of Western Australia (Office of Science, Department of Health) the City of Busselton, and private donations.
Novel cholinesterase paralogs ofSchistosoma mansonihave perceived roles in cholinergic signaling, glucose scavenging and drug detoxification and are essential for parasite survival
Authors: Tedla Bemnet , Sotillo Javier , Pickering Darren , Eichenberger Ramon M. , Becker Luke , Loukas Alex , Pearson Mark S. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractCholinesterase (ChE) function in schistosomes is essential for orchestration of parasite neurotransmission but has been poorly defined with respect to the molecules responsible. Interrogation of theS. mansonigenome has revealed the presence of three ChE domain-containing genes (Smche)s, which we have shown to encode two functional acetylcholinesterases (AChE)s (Smache1– smp_154600 andSmache3– smp_136690) and a butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) (Smbche1– smp_125350). Antibodies to recombinant forms of eachSmChE localized the proteins to the tegument and neuromusculature of adults and schistosomula and developmental expression profiling differed among the three molecules, suggestive of functions extending beyond traditional cholinergic signaling. For the first time in schistosomes, we identified ChE enzymatic activity in fluke excretory/secretory (ES) products and, using proteomic approaches, attributed this activity to the presence ofSmAChE1 andSmBChE1. To address the hypothesis that tegumental AChE mediates exogenous glucose scavenging by the parasite, we show that RNAi-mediated knockdown ofsmache1andsmache3, but notsmbche1, significantly reduces glucose uptake by schistosomes. Parasite survivalin vitroandin vivowas significantly impaired by silencing of eachsmche, either individually or in combination, attesting to the essential roles of these molecules. Lastly, in the first characterization study of a BChE from helminths, evidence is provided thatSmBChE1 may act as a bio-scavenger of AChE inhibitors as the addition of recombinantSmBChE1 to parasite cultures mitigated the effect of the anti-schistosome AChE inhibitor DDVP (DDVP), whereassmbche1-silenced parasites displayed increased sensitivity to DDVP.Author summaryCholinesterases - aceytlcholinesterases (AChE)s and butyrylcholinesterases (BChE)s - are multi-functional enzymes that play a pivotal role in the nervous system of parasites by regulating neurotransmission through acetylcholine hydrolysis. Herein, we provide a detailed characterization of schistosome cholinesterases using molecular, enzymatic and gene-silencing approaches and show evidence for these molecules having roles in glucose scavenging and drug detoxification, in addition to their neuronal function. Further, we demonstrate the importance of these proteins to parasite development and survival through gene knockdown experiments in laboratory animals, providing evidence for the use of these proteins in the development of novel intervention strategies against schistosomiasis.
Learning hierarchical sequence representations across human cortex and hippocampus
Authors: Henin Simon , Turk-Browne Nicholas B. , Friedman Daniel , Liu Anli , Dugan Patricia , Flinker Adeen , Doyle Werner , Devinsky Orrin , Melloni Lucia 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACTSensory input arrives in continuous sequences that humans experience as units, e.g., words and events. The brain’s ability to discover extrinsic regularities is called statistical learning. Structure can be represented at multiple levels, including transitional probabilities, ordinal position, and identity of units. To investigate sequence encoding in cortex and hippocampus, we recorded from intracranial electrodes in human subjects as they were exposed to auditory and visual sequences containing temporal regularities. We find neural tracking of regularities within minutes, with characteristic profiles across brain areas. Early processing tracked lower-level features (e.g., syllables) and learned units (e.g., words); while later processing tracked only learned units. Learning rapidly shaped neural representations, with a gradient of complexity from early brain areas encoding transitional probability, to associative regions and hippocampus encoding ordinal position and identity of units. These findings indicate the existence of multiple, parallel computational systems for sequence learning across hierarchically organized cortico-hippocampal circuits.
Untapped viral diversity in global soil metagenomes
Authors: Graham Emily B. , Paez-Espino David , Brislawn Colin , Hofmockel Kirsten S. , Wu Ruonan , Kyrpides Nikos C. , Jansson Janet K. , McDermott Jason E. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractViruses outnumber every other biological entity on Earth, and soil viruses are particularly diverse compared to other habitats. However, we have limited understanding of soil viruses because of the tremendous variation in soil ecosystems and because of the lack of appropriate screening tools. Here, we determined the global distribution of more than 24,000 soil viral sequences and their potential hosts, including >1,600 sequences associated with giant viruses. The viral sequences, derived from 668 terrestrial metagenomes, greatly extend existing knowledge of soil viral diversity and viral biogeographical distribution. We screened these sequences to identify a suite of cosmopolitan auxiliary metabolic genes (AMGs) encoding enzymes involved in soil organic carbon decomposition across soil biomes. Additionally, we provide evidence for viral facilitation of multi-domain linkages in soils by locating a fungal chitosanase in bacteriophages, generating a new paradigm of how viruses can serve as exchange vectors of carbon metabolism across domains of life.
Topological analysis reveals state transitions in human gut and marine bacterial communities
Authors: Chang William K. , VanInsberghe Dave , Kelly Libusha 
Published: March 2019

AbstractMicrobiome dynamics influence the health and functioning of human physiology and the environment and are driven in part by interactions between large numbers of microbial taxa, making large-scale prediction and modeling a challenge. Here, using topological data analysis, we identify states and dynamical features relevant to macroscopic processes.We show that gut disease processes and marine geochemical events are associated with transitions between community states, defined as topological features of the data density. We find a reproducible two-state succession during recovery from cholera in the gut microbiomes of multiple patients, evidence of dynamic stability in the gut microbiome of a healthy human after experiencing diarrhea during travel, and periodic state transitions in a marine Prochlorococcus community driven by water column cycling. Our approach bridges small-scale fluctuations in microbiome composition and large-scale changes in phenotype without details of underlying mechanisms, and provides a novel assessment of microbiome stability and its relation to human and environmental health.
Evaluating the Role of Fish as Surrogates for Amphibians in Pesticide Ecological Risk Assessment
Authors: Glaberman Scott , Kiwiet Jean , Aubee Catherine 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACTEcological risk of chemicals to aquatic-phase amphibians has historically been evaluated by comparing estimated environmental concentrations in surface water to surrogate toxicity data from standard fish species. Despite their obvious similarities, there are biological disparities among fish and amphibians that could affect their exposure and response to chemicals. Given the alarming decline in amphibians in which anthropogenic pollutants play at least some role, evaluating the potential risk of chemicals to amphibians is becoming increasingly important. Here, we evaluate relative sensitivity of fish and larval aquatic-phase amphibians to 45 different pesticides using existing data for three standardized toxicity tests: (1) amphibian metamorphosis assay (AMA) with the African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis); (2) fish short-term reproductive assay (FSTRA) with freshwater fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas); (3) fish early life stage test withP. promelasor rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The advantage of this dataset over previous work is that these studies show high consistency in exposure method and exposure concentration validation, study duration, test species, endpoints measured, and number of concentrations tested. We found very strong positive relationships between fish and tadpole lowest adverse effect concentrations (LOAEC) for survival (r2=0.85, slope=0.97), body weight (r2=0.77, slope=0.98), and length (r2=0.77, slope=0.92) with only one out of 45 chemicals exhibiting 100-folder greater sensitivity in frogs relative to fish. While these results suggest comparable toxicity for pesticides between these two groups of vertebrates, testing with a greater diversity of amphibians will help determine the generalizability of these results across all amphibians.DISCLAIMERThe views expressed in this manuscript are solely those of the authors and do not represent the policies of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Mention of trade names of commercial products should not be interpreted as an endorsement by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Pathogen Evolution when Transmission and Virulence are Stochastic
Authors: Aavani Pooya , Rice Sean H. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractEvolutionary processes are inherently stochastic, since we can never know with certainty exactly how many descendants an individual will leave, or what the phenotypes of those descendants will be. Despite this, models of pathogen evolution have nearly all been deterministic, treating values such as transmission and virulence as parameters that can be known ahead of time. We present a broadly applicable analytic approach for modeling pathogen evolution in which vital parameters such as transmission and virulence are treated as random variables, rather than as fixed values. Starting from a general stochastic model of evolution, we derive specific equations for the evolution of transmission and virulence, and then apply these to a particular special case; the SIR model of pathogen dynamics. We show that adding stochasticity introduces new directional components to pathogen evolution. In particular, two kinds of covariation between traits emerge as important: covariance across the population (what is usually measured), and covariance between random variables within an individual. We show that these different kinds of trait covariation can be of opposite sign and contribute to evolution in very different ways. In particular, probability covariation between random variables within an individual is sometimes a better way to capture evolutionarily important tradeoffs than is covariation across a population. We further show that stochasticity can influence pathogen evolution through directional stochastic effects, which results from the inevitable covariance between individual fitness and mean population fitness.
Environmental interactions with amoebae as drivers of bacterial-fungal endosymbiosis and pathogenicity
Authors: Itabangi Herbert , Sephton-Clark Poppy C. S. , Zhou Xin , Starling Georgina P. , Mahamoud Zamzam , Insua Ignacio , Probert Mark , Correia Joao , Moynihan Patrick J. , Gebremariam Teklegiorgis , Gu Yiyou , Ibrahim Ashraf S. , Brown Gordon D. , King Jason S. , Ballou Elizabeth R. , Voelz Kerstin 
Published: March 2019

AbstractOpportunistic infections by environmental fungi are a growing clinical problem, driven by an increasing population of people with immunocompromising conditions. Spores of the Mucorales order are ubiquitious in the environment but can also cause acute invasive infections in humans through germination and evasion of the mammalian host immune system. How they achieve this, and the evolutionary drivers underlying the acquisition of virulence mechanisms, are poorly understood. Here we show that a clinical isolate ofRhizopus microsporuscontains aRalstonia pickettiibacterial endosymbiont required for virulence in both zebrafish and mice, and that this endosymbiosis enables secretion of factors that potently suppress growth of the soil amoebaDictyostelium discoideum, as well as their ability to engulf and kill other microbes. As amoebae are natural environmental predators of both bacteria and fungi, we propose this tri-kingdom interaction contributes to establishing the endosymbiosis, and acquisition of anti-phagocyte activity. Importantly, we show this activity also protects fungal spores from phagocytosis and clearance by human macrophages, and endosymbiont removal renders the fungal spores avirulentin vivo. Together, these findings describe a novel role for a bacterial endosymbiont inRhizopus microsporuspathogenesis in animals, and suggest a mechanism of virulence acquisition through environmental interactions with amoebae.In briefHow environmental fungi evolved the mechanisms that enable them to cause opportunistic infections in humans is unclear. Here, we identify a novel tri-kingdom interaction, whereby a bacterial endosymbiont, living within a clinical isolate of the ubiquitous environmental fungusRhizopus microsporus, causes the generation of a secreted activity that blocks the growth and predatory activity of amoebae. We suggest this provides a new evolutionary driver for the establishment of bacterial/fungal endosymbiosis and demonstrate this is critical for fungal pathogenicityin vivo.
Effects of healthy ageing on activation pattern within the brain during movement and motor imagery: an fMRI study
Authors: Budhdeo Sanjay , Baron Jean-Claude , Sharma Nikhil 
Published: March 2019

AbstractIntroductionMotor imagery (MI) has potential as an intervention to improve performance in neurological disease affecting the motor system and to modulate brain computer interfaces (BCI). We hypothesized that the shared networks of MI and executed movement (EM) would be affected by age. Understanding these changes is important in application of MI in neurological disorders.MethodsUsing tensor-independent component analysis (TICA), we mapped the neural networks involved during MI and EM in 31 healthy volunteers (ages 20-72), who were recruited and screened for their ability to perform imagery. We used an fMRI block-design with MI & rest and EM & rest.ResultsTICA defined 37 independent components (ICs). Eight remained after excluding ICs representing artifacts. These ICs accounted for 35% of variance. While all ICs had greater activation in EM than MI. Two ICs increased with greater age for EM only. These ICs contained a bilateral network of brain areas, including primary motor cortex and cerebellum.ConclusionThis study demonstrates the prominence of shared cerebral networks between MI and EM. There are age-dependent changes to EM activation, while MI activation appeared age independent. This strengthens the rationale for using MI to access the motor networks independent of age.