bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trial and error mathematics: Dialectical systems and completions of theories
Authors: Amidei Jacopo , Andrews Uri , Pianigiani Duccio , San Mauro Luca , Sorbi Andrea 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThis paper is part of a project that is based on the notion of a dialectical system, introduced by Magari as a way of capturing trial and error mathematics. In Amidei et al. (2016, Rev. Symb. Logic, 9, 1–26) and Amidei et al. (2016, Rev. Symb. Logic, 9, 299–324), we investigated the expressive and computational power of dialectical systems, and we compared them to a new class of systems, that of quasi-dialectical systems, that enrich Magari’s systems with a natural mechanism of revision. In the present paper we consider a third class of systems, that of $p$-dialectical systems, that naturally combine features coming from the two other cases. We prove several results about $p$-dialectical systems and the sets that they represent. Then we focus on the completions of first-order theories. In doing so, we consider systems with connectives, i.e. systems that encode the rules of classical logic. We show that any consistent system with connectives represents the completion of a given theory. We prove that dialectical and $q$-dialectical systems coincide with respect to the completions that they can represent. Yet, $p$-dialectical systems are more powerful; we exhibit a $p$-dialectical system representing a completion of Peano Arithmetic that is neither dialectical nor $q$-dialectical.
Molecular detection of Blastomyces in an air sample from an outbreak associated residence
Authors: Anderson Jennifer L , Meece Jennifer K 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Based on epidemiologic data during a blastomycosis outbreak, exposure within the home was suspected for two case patients that resided together. Soil and air samples were collected from the basement of their residence. Samples were tested for Blastomyces by culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to compare with an available clinical isolate. An air sample from the basement of the residence was PCR positive for Blastomyces. Sequence data from the air sample and the outbreak clinical isolate were identified as different Blastomyces spp. Despite this, our findings suggest that the basement was suitable for the growth of Blastomyces and airborne organism was circulating.
Urinary mitochondrial DNA associates with delayed graft function following renal transplantation
Authors: Jansen Marcel P B , Pulskens Wilco P C , Uil Melissa , Claessen Nike , Nieuwenhuizen Gerrie , Standaar Dorien , Hau Chi M , Nieuwland Rienk , Florquin Sandrine , Bemelman Frederike J , Leemans Jaklien C , Roelofs Joris J T H 
Published: November 2018

Abstract

Background
Ischaemia-reperfusion (IR) injury is an important determinant of delayed graft function (DGF) affecting allograft function. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is released upon cell death and platelet activation into the extracellular environment and has been suggested to be a biomarker in several diseases. Whether extracellular mtDNA accumulates in plasma and/or urine upon renal IR and predisposes DGF is unknown.

Methods
C57BL/6J wild-type mice were subjected to renal IR. In addition, an observational case–control study was set up enrolling 43 patients who underwent kidney transplantation. One day post-IR in mice and a few days following renal transplantation in human, blood and urine were collected. Patients were stratified into DGF and non-DGF groups.

Results
mtDNA-encoded genes accumulate in urine and plasma in both mice subjected to renal IR injury and in humans following renal transplantation. In human renal transplant recipients, cold ischaemia time and renal function correlate with urinary mtDNA levels. Urinary mtDNA levels but not urinary nuclear DNA levels were significantly higher in the DGF group compared with the non-DGF group. Multiple receiver operating characteristic curves revealed significant diagnostic performance for mtDNA-encoded genes cytochrome c oxidase III (COXIII); nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydrogen subunit 1 (NADH-deh); mitochondrially encoded, mitochondrially encoded nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase 2 (MT-ND2) with an area under the curve of, respectively, 0.71 [P = 0.03; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.54–0.89], 0.75 (P = 0.01; 95% CI 0.58–0.91) and 0.74 (P = 0.02; 95% CI 0.58–0.89).

Conclusions
These data suggest that renal ischaemia time determines the level of mtDNA accumulation in urine, which associates with renal allograft function and the diagnosis of DGF following renal transplantation.
An exciting time for genome editing: an interview with David R. Liu
Authors: Zhao Weijie , Zhao Kevin T 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
In 1987, several Osaka University researchers discovered a special kind of clustered DNA repeats in bacteria. Within a few years, two other groups independently discovered the same phenomenon but no one knew its function at the time. Only a small handful of scientists studied this property from its discovery in 1987 to 2005. It was then that the function of these DNA repeats, which were named Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR), was finally elucidated. Researchers found that CRISPR, when combined with its CRISPR-associated partner (Cas), is crucial for the functioning of the bacterial adaptive immune system against viral phage infection. CRISPR sequences can be transcribed into targeting RNA molecules, and Cas enzymes are guided by these RNAs to cut specific viral DNA loci, rendering resistance against the viral infection.
Scientists realized that this natural bacterial immune response system could be engineered to become a powerful genome editing tool. Prior to CRISPR, existing genome editing tools such as Zinc Finger Nucleases (ZFNs) and Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases (TALENs) relied solely upon protein–DNA interactions to target an enzyme to specific DNA sequences. The design, engineering and evolution of proteins for various DNA sequences is difficult and time-consuming. In contrast, the CRISPR-Cas system uses Watson–Crick base pairing between a guide RNA and the target DNA to localize the complex to specific DNA sequences. This feature enables users to simply change an RNA sequence to match a DNA target to reposition the whole complex.
Since then, numerous talented scientists have headed into this field. Within a single decade, they have developed the CRISPR-Cas system into a powerful genome editing tool and applied it to the editing of microorganisms, plants, animals and even human embryos. David R. Liu, Professor of Harvard University and the Broad Institute, and an investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, is one of them. One of his major contributions to the field is the development of ‘base editing’. His group engineered the CRISPR system to transform it from being DNA scissors that cut DNA into specific DNA base pair rewriters that directly convert one base pair to a different base pair. This development opens the door to precision genome editing, raising the possibility of treating thousands of genetic diseases that are caused by single point mutations in the human genome. Here, David talks about this exciting time for genome editing.
2017 Infectious Diseases Society of America Physician Compensation Survey: Results and Analysis
Authors: Trotman Robin , Kim Alice I , MacIntyre Ann T , Ritter Jethro Trees , Malani Anurag N 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Analyzing health care reimbursement is a dynamic process. Infectious Diseases (ID) physicians have careers in diverse practice models. With current compensation models focusing on value and quality metrics, ID physicians are poised to be at the forefront of these delivery models. Monitoring and disseminating the current status of ID physician compensation are priorities of the Infectious Diseases Society (IDSA). In 2015, the IDSA conducted the largest ID physician compensation survey to date. The data were analyzed and disseminated, and the society subsequently responded with a plan to continue to develop and collect the most comprehensive and accurate data on ID physician compensation. Therefore, from May to June 2017, the IDSA conducted a follow-up compensation survey of its members. This survey resulted in the largest number of respondents of any ID compensation survey. It revealed that compensation across the different practice demographics had increased since the 2015 survey and is generally higher than salaries published in other comparable surveys. These data and the subsequent analyses focus on physicians who report patient care as their primary responsibility; they are presented by members of the IDSA’s Clinical Affairs Committee.
Violence
Authors: Pirelli Gianni 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
In this chapter, the authors address four areas particularly relevant to understanding important topics related to gun-involved violence. First, they provide a general overview of violence, setting forth commonly recognized definitions and types, psychological components and theories, and psychiatric disorders most closely associated with violence. Second, they address firearm-related violence and crime with respect to national and state-based statistics as well as relevant theories and empirical research in this domain. Third, they discuss various high-profile shootings, including an overview of some of the more infamous mass shootings in the modern-day United States, followed by theories and research relevant to mass shootings (including school shootings). The authors also focus on the relationship between mental illness and firearm-related violence.
Coda
Authors: Forster Chris 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
This brief coda compares two related Parisian anglophone publishers and their most notable publications: Jack Kahane’s Obelisk Press, publisher of Henry Miller’s The Tropic Cancer; and Maurice Girodias’s Olympia Press, publisher of Vladimir Nabokov’s Lolita. It argues that the similarities and differences between these presses, and these novels, illustrate how the “end of obscenity” for books obsolesced the role of the transgressive continental English-language publisher. In both cases, the work published was at odds with how the publisher imagined its role—Miller actively sought to distance himself from the modernism that Kahane took as the justification of his press, whereas Nabokov took exception to being published alongside the pornography that Girodias celebrated. Each captures a tension between modernism, obscenity, and print as a medium.
History and the Plant
Authors: Iversen Leslie 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Marijuana (cannabis) is among the most widely used of all psychoactive drugs. Despite the fact that its possession and use is illegal in many countries, cannabis is used regularly by as many as 20 million people in the United States and Europe and by millions more in other areas of the world. Thousands of patients with AIDS, multiple sclerosis, and a variety of other disabling diseases use marijuana in the firm belief that it makes their symptoms better, despite the relative paucity of medical evidence to substantiate this claim. This chapter reviews the long history of cannabis in human societies and its vilification and control in the 20th century. The plants Cannabis sativa and Cannabis indica are described, as are the various cannabis products derived from the plants and the more modern forms of concentrates.
Medical Uses of Marijuana—Fact or Fantasy?
Authors: Iversen Leslie 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Marijuana has a long history of medical use. This chapter discusses the modern revival of interest in marijuana in the United States, Europe, and elsewhere. The fully licensed cannabinoid medicines dronabinol (Marinol), nabilone (Cesamet), and nabiximols (Sativex) and their uses are discusses. Medical indications include multiple sclerosis, pain, nausea and vomiting, epilepsy, appetite stimulation, mood, sleep, and migraine. Apart from the treatment of spasticity and pain in multiple sclerosis, there is little or no scientific evidence of efficacy because of the lack of controlled clinical trials; nevertheless, there may be a significant placebo effect. The supply of cannabis to medical pharmacies is poorly controlled. The Dutch and Canadian models provide good quality control, but in the United States supplies are of patchy quality from state to state.
Is Cannabis Safe?
Authors: Iversen Leslie 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
The results of safety studies in animals have been negative. There are very few human cases of cannabis-related death, and these are probably related to other factors. This chapter discusses whether teenage cannabis use leads to subsequent psychotic illness. It also discusses the difficulty of proving cause and effect. Effects of cannabis on motivation and driving are considered. The teenage brain may be especially vulnerable. Tolerance and dependence are real. The special hazards of smoked cannabis are examined, as is whether cannabis is a “gateway drug.” Finally, the chapter discusses whether there any effects persist after cessation of cannabis use.
The Recreational Use of Cannabis
Authors: Iversen Leslie 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Until relatively recently, the use of cannabis has occurred largely in an underground world of illegality. In most countries, cannabis is considered a dangerous narcotic. Possession of cannabis, cultivation of the cannabis plant, or trafficking are criminal offenses, some of which can carry severe penalties. Although this is the official policy of many countries (including the United States and the United Kingdom), in practice cannabis-related offenses are treated leniently. Despite legal bans, there is a large-scale prevalence of cannabis use. Although legalization has occurred in Europe and some US states, this has not led to large increases in consumption. This chapter discusses the recreational use of cannabis, including prevalence, how it is consumed, and where it comes from. It also provides snapshots of legal cannabis use in the state of Colorado and elsewhere.
Contemporary International Tribunals
Authors: Augusto Antônio , Trindade Cançado 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
More recently, jurisprudential cross-fertilization has kept on being pursued in particular by international human rights tribunals and international criminal tribunals. This is reassuring, as, despite their distinct jurisdictions, their work is complementary, in their common mission of imparting justice, in distinct domains of international law. Jurisprudential cross-fertilization fosters cohesion and the unity of law. Particularly attention is currently devoted to the preservation of the legacy of the ad hoc international criminal tribunals.
Human Dignity as the Foundation for the Democratic Rule of Law
Authors: Grover Sonja C. 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
The notion of human dignity has in recent years come under attack from sectors of the interdisciplinary and legal academic community as vacuous and of little or no utility in judicial reasoning. This author holds instead that human dignity is the sine qua non of all human life and correlated with certain inviolable human rights that speak to human beings as other than property, as having legal personality and the right to be heard. The notion of human dignity then serves, it is argued here, as essential guidance in judicial reasoning on issues of individual and group fundamental human rights. Neglect in honouring the principle of respect for human dignity in judicial decision-making serves to erode the democratic rule of law and the interests of justice as will be illustrated through examination in particular of the U.S. Supreme Court case of J.C. Hernandez et al v. J. Mesa Jr.
Introductory Note
Authors: Merrills John G. 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
In 2016 the ICJ gave five judgments and made two significant orders. All five judgments concerned various issues of jurisdiction, while the orders concerned respectively the appointment of experts and provisional measures of protection. Three new cases were begun in 2016. These related to the status and use of a river, the alleged immunity of a minister and the legal status of an embassy building, and the alleged violation of a treaty between Iran and the United States. The Court was also able to hold public hearings on the preliminary objections in one case with a view to giving judgment in 2017. The Court's record in 2016 underlines the importance of jurisdictional issues in its work and shows that states continue to value its assistance in resolving their disputes peacefully.
Israeli Theatre
Authors: Yaari Nurit 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
This chapter reviews the state of Israeli theatre today, seventy-two years since the production of Racine’s Phaedra at Habima Theatre, and sums up its notable achievements, and the myriad forms, styles, artists, and institutions that together provide fertile ground for Israeli theatre’s encounters with classical drama. An overview of the seventy-two years of reception of Greek tragedy in Israeli theatre (1945–2017) demonstrates clearly that the most important development appears to be that local theatre makers have relinquished previous preconceived ideas about classical Greek drama and performance and of Aristotle’s theatrical doctrine, in favour of personal reading, study, research, and decoding of the classical works. It also presents the young and talented artists that are bringing the results of their studies and experimentations to the translation, writing, directing, and acting of classical drama to the Israeli stage, and using that drama to deliver innovative and challenging productions for today’s audiences.
Restored Forgetting
Authors: Beiner Guy 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Social forgetting is reinforced by prohibitions on memories that do not correspond to the official ethos. Following Partition, the unionist state in Northern Ireland effectively proscribed commemoration of the United Irishmen. Nonetheless, interest in 1798 found expression in various cultural productions that broke the silence on this taboo. Local folk history traditions persisted into the twentieth century. However, during the violent years of the Troubles, open remembrance was once again subject to decommemorating and forms of censorship. Silencing was undermined by a number of nonconformist writers, who unflinchingly engaged with the ambiguous legacy of the United Irish rebellion.
Post-Forgetting
Authors: Beiner Guy 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Popular commemoration of previously forbidden memories seems to signal the end of social forgetting. Though this is not necessarily the final word. The bicentenary of 1798 coincided with the signing of the Good Friday Agreement, which promised to bring to Northern Ireland a new ‘parity of esteem’, accommodating traditions that had hitherto been forbidden. The wide range of commemorative activities through which the legacy of the United Irishmen has been publicly celebrated at a local and provincial level since 1998 gives the impression that all inhibitions about speaking of ‘Ninety-Eight’ have been overcome. Yet, on the background of continuing sectarian tensions in post-conflict Northern Ireland, there are indications that social forgetting has not been entirely eradicated.
Conclusion
Authors: Beiner Guy 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
An understanding of the historical dynamics of social forgetting can be learned from the detailed case study of the vernacular historiography of the 1798 Rebellion in Ulster. It has far-reaching implications for a more meaningful appreciation of the relationship between history and memory. The political impasse in post-conflict Northern Ireland, which has stumbled over disagreements on ‘dealing with the past’ in the context of finding acceptable arrangements for transitional justice, could benefit from showing more sensitivity, not only to the role of oral history storytelling, but also to ingrained traditions of ‘vernacular silence’ that perpetuate social forgetting. A brief inspection of some prominent twentieth-century examples demonstrates the wider relevance of studying social forgetting. In today’s digital age, explorations of social forgetting suggest new possibilities for reconciling conflicts between an inner duty to remember and the right to be outwardly forgotten.
The Copper Sector, Fiscal Rules, and Stabilization Funds in Chile
Authors: Solimano Andres , Guajardo Diego Calderón 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Historically Chile’s economy has been dominated by mineral products (mainly copper) as a source of exports and fiscal revenues. Copper prices and other commodity prices are often volatile. Since the 1980s the authorities have developed various mechanisms to cope with copper price shocks and dampen their effects on the business cycle. These mechanisms include a fiscal rule and a stabilization fund under a flexible exchange rate and an inflation-targeting regime. Apparently, this macro framework has been associated (causality is another matter) with reasonably good macro outcomes. However, this framework entails more discretion and less flexibility than often portrayed. (i) The mechanisms described include frequent revisions in the target fiscal surplus. (ii) Sovereign wealth funds, while defining rules for accumulating resources in good times, provide no rules for using them in bad times. (iii) They entail a possible bias towards over-accumulation of funds, with an ensuing opportunity cost.
Protecting the Environment during and after Resource Extraction
Authors: Bell Ruth Greenspan 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Natural resources extraction inevitably imposes environmental damage including diversion of scarce water away from pressing local needs, disruption of fragile ecosystems, and longer-range and often irreparable harm. These fall most forcefully on the local populations at or near the extraction sites but also beyond. Effective regulation of extractive industries is critical to balance immediate needs with longer-term considerations. Unfortunately, much extraction takes place in countries with weak institutions and poor success rates in addressing any of their environmental challenges and often rampant corruption undercutting fair application of rules. This chapter concludes that improving practices requires a long and sustained commitment from everyone involved—the countries and industry.
Downstream Activities
Authors: Östensson Olle , Löf Anton 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
This chapter discusses the practical possibilities of achieving increased downstream processing in extractive industries and the policies that are commonly used for this purpose. It reviews the reasons why forward vertical integration is not always an optimal choice for extractive industry companies. It finds little support for the argument that differences in market power dictate the geography of downstream processing. The degree of vertical integration appears to be mainly driven by production economics. Market-determined processing margins fluctuate, which raises the risks of investing in downstream processing capacity. Industrial policy for downstream processing is discussed based on experiences in India, Indonesia, Zambia, and Tanzania. Results so far seem to indicate that unintended consequences dominate the outcomes.