bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Food choices and distress in reservation-based American Indians and Alaska Natives with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Teufel-Shone Nicolette I , Jiang Luohua , Rockell Jennifer , Chang Jennifer , Beals Janette , Bullock Ann , Manson Spero M 
Published: April 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the association between food choice and distress in a large national sample of American Indians/Alaska Natives (AI/AN) with type 2 diabetes.DesignParticipants completed a sociodemographic survey, an FFQ and the Kessler-6 Distress Scale. Foods were identified as ‘healthy’ or ‘unhealthy’ using a classification grounded in the health education provided by the programme case managers; healthy and unhealthy food scores were calculated using reported intake frequencies. Pearson’s correlation coefficients for distress and food scores were calculated for all participants and by gender. Multiple linear regression models stratified by gender assessed the association between distress and food scores, controlling for sociodemographics and duration of type 2 diabetes.SettingRural AI reservations and AN villages.SubjectsAI/AN (n 2484) with type 2 diabetes.ResultsBoth males (34·9 %) and females (65·1 %) had higher healthy food scores than unhealthy scores. In bivariate analysis, distress level had a significant negative correlation with healthy food scores among female participants, but the association was not significant among males. Significant positive correlations between distress and unhealthy food scores were found in both genders. In the final multivariate models, healthy food scores were not significantly related to distress; however, unhealthy food scores showed significant positive relationships with distress for both genders (females: β=0·078, P=0·0007; males: β=0·139, P<0·0001).ConclusionsHealth professionals working with AI/AN diagnosed with type 2 diabetes should offer food choice strategies during difficult times and recognize that males may be more likely than females to select unhealthy foods when distressed.
Geochemical Discrimination and Characteristics of Magmatic Tectonic Settings: A Machine‐Learning‐Based Approach
Authors: Ueki Kenta , Hino Hideitsu , Kuwatani Tatsu 
Published: April 2018

AbstractGeochemically discriminating between magmatism in different tectonic settings remains a fundamental part of understanding the processes of magma generation within the Earth's mantle. Here we present an approach where machine learning (ML) methods are used for quantitative tectonic discrimination and feature selection using global geochemical data sets containing data for volcanic rocks generated in eight different tectonic settings. This study uses support vector machine, random forest, and sparse multinomial regression (SMR) approaches. All these ML methods with data for 24 elements and five isotopic ratios allowed the successful geochemical discrimination between igneous rocks formed in eight different tectonic settings with a discriminant ratio better than 83% for all settings barring oceanic plateaus and back‐arc basins. SMR is a particularly powerful and interpretable ML method because it quantitatively identifies geochemical signatures that characterize the tectonic settings of interest and the characteristics of each sample as a probability of the membership of the sample for each setting. We also present the most representative basalt composition for each tectonic setting. The new data provide reference points for future geochemical discussions. Our results indicate that at least 17 elements and isotopic ratios are required to characterize each tectonic setting, suggesting that geochemical tectonic discrimination cannot be achieved using only a small number of elemental compositions and/or isotopic ratios. The results show that volcanic rocks formed in different tectonic settings have unique geochemical signatures, indicating that both volcanic rock geochemistry and magma generation processes are closely connected to the tectonic setting.
How Choice of Depth Horizon Influences the Estimated Spatial Patterns and Global Magnitude of Ocean Carbon Export Flux
Authors: Palevsky Hilary I. , Doney Scott C. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractEstimated rates and efficiency of ocean carbon export flux are sensitive to differences in the depth horizons used to define export, which often vary across methodological approaches. We evaluate sinking particulate organic carbon (POC) flux rates and efficiency (e‐ratios) in a global earth system model, using a range of commonly used depth horizons: the seasonal mixed layer depth, the particle compensation depth, the base of the euphotic zone, a fixed depth horizon of 100 m, and the maximum annual mixed layer depth. Within this single dynamically consistent model framework, global POC flux rates vary by 30% and global e‐ratios by 21% across different depth horizon choices. Zonal variability in POC flux and e‐ratio also depends on the export depth horizon due to pronounced influence of deep winter mixing in subpolar regions. Efforts to reconcile conflicting estimates of export need to account for these systematic discrepancies created by differing depth horizon choices.
First Dual‐Frequency Radar Observations of 150‐km Echoes From Gadanki and Implications
Authors: Patra A. K. , Pavan Chaitanya P. , Durga Rao M. , Kamaraj P. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractWe present the first dual‐frequency overlapping volume radar observations of daytime 150‐km echoes made at 30 and 53 MHz from Gadanki, India. We show remarkably different responses of the 150‐km echoing layers including the spectral characteristics of the echoes at 30 and 53 MHz. Results show that while the echoes in general are remarkably stronger with narrower spectral width at 30 MHz than that of 53 MHz the relationship between radar cross sections at the two frequencies varies depending on the echoing layer. We also show distinctly different spectral broadening in different echoing regions observed by the 53‐MHz radar, which is missing in the 30‐MHz radar observations. These new observations indicate involvement of naturally enhanced incoherent scattering as well as scattering from enhanced electron density fluctuations of plasma instability origin and hence are of utmost importance in understanding the origin of the puzzling 150‐km echoing phenomenon.
Comparison of SST Diurnal Variation Models Over the Tropical Warm Pool Region
Authors: Zhang Haifeng , Beggs Helen , Merchant Christopher J. , Wang Xiao Hua , Majewski Leon , Kiss Andrew E. , Rodríguez José , Thorpe Livia , Gentemann Chelle , Brunke Michael 
Published: April 2018

AbstractFour sea surface temperature (SST) diurnal variation (DV) models have been compared against Multifunctional Transport Satellite‐1R (MTSAT‐1R) SST measurements over the Tropical Warm Pool (TWP) region (90°E–170°E, 25°S–15°N) for 4 months from January to April 2010. The four models include one empirical model formulated by Chelle Gentemann (hereafter CG03), one physical model proposed by Zeng and Beljaars in 2005 (ZB05) and its updated version (ZB + T), and one air‐sea coupled model (the Met Office Unified Model Global Coupled configuration 2, GC2) with ZB05 warm layer scheme added on top of the standard configuration. The sensitivity of the v3 MTSAT‐1R data to the “true” changes in SST is first investigated using drifting buoys and is estimated to be 0.60 ± 0.05. This being significantly different from 1, the models are validated against MTSAT‐1R data and the same data scaled by the inverse of the sensitivity (representing an estimate of the true variability). Results indicate that all models are able to capture the general DV patterns but with differing accuracies and features. Specifically, CG03 and ZB + T underestimate strong (>2 K) DV events' amplitudes especially if we assume that sensitivity‐scaled MTSAT‐1R variability is most realistic. ZB05 can effectively capture the DV cycles under most DV and wind conditions, as well as the DV spatial distribution. GC2 tends to overestimate small‐moderate (< 2 K) DV events but can reasonably predict large DV events. One to three hour lags in warming start and peak times are found in GC2.
Evidence of Rural and Suburban Sources of Urban Haze Formation in China: A Case Study From the Pearl River Delta Region
Authors: Liu Junwen , Ding Ping , Zong Zheng , Li Jun , Tian Chongguo , Chen Weihua , Chang Ming , Salazar Gary , Shen Chengde , Cheng Zhineng , Chen Yingjun , Wang Xuemei , Szidat Sönke , Zhang Gan 
Published: April 2018

AbstractAlthough particulate matter (PM)‐driven haze is a common phenomenon in many Chinese cities, studies on the sources of its key components, such as organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC), are poorly constrained. In this study, PM with aerodynamic diameters less than 10 (PM10), 2.5 (PM2.5), and 1 μm (PM1) were collected at an urban site in the core city of the Pearl River Delta region in summer 2013. The average PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 mass concentrations were 109 ± 28.4, 57.7 ± 15.0, and 50.9 ± 13.2 μg/m3, respectively. A PM‐driven haze bloom‐decay process was observed from 9 to 14 July and studied based on radiocarbon (14C) and stable nitrogen isotope (15N). The 14C results revealed that 87% of EC and 53% of OC in PM2.5 were derived from fossil sources on a typical summer day (9 July), while these values fell to 79% and 40% on 12 July and 76% and 29% on 13 July, respectively, due to the invasion of nonfossil‐enriched air masses from rural/suburban areas. In addition, a 15N‐derived model showed that nonfossil sources contributed 5% of NH3 on 9 July, which increased to about 80% on 12 and 13 July. However, the 15N‐NO3− values were relatively stable, probably because of the large area of overlap in 15N‐NOx from biomass burning and traffic exhaust. To our knowledge, this work is the first study to report both daily 14C and 15N signals in China and identify nonfossil sources from rural/suburban areas as triggers of summer haze.
Operational Nowcasting of Electron Flux Levels in the Outer Zone of Earth's Radiation Belt
Authors: Coleman Tim , McCollough James P. , Young Shawn , Rigler E. Joshua 
Published: April 2018

AbstractWe describe a lightweight, accurate nowcasting model for electron flux levels measured by the Van Allen probes. Largely motivated by Rigler et al. (, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003SW000036), we turn to a time‐varying linear filter of previous flux levels and Kp. We train and test this model on data gathered from the 2.10 MeV channel of the Relativistic Electron‐Proton Telescope sensor onboard the Van Allen probes. Dynamic linear models are a specific case of state space models and can be made flexible enough to emulate the nonlinear behavior of particle fluxes within the radiation belts. Real‐time estimation of the parameters of the model is done using a Kalman filter, where the state of the model is exactly the parameters. Nowcast performance is assessed against several baseline interpolation schemes. Our model demonstrates significant improvements in performance over persistence nowcasting. In particular, during times of high geomagnetic activity, our model is able to attain performance substantially better than a persistence model. In addition, residual analysis is conducted in order to assess model fit and to suggest future improvements to the model.
Slow Unlocking Processes Preceding the 2015 Mw 8.4 Illapel, Chile, Earthquake
Authors: Huang Hui , Meng Lingsen 
Published: April 2018

AbstractOn 16 September 2015, the Mw 8.4 Illapel earthquake occurred in central Chile with no intense foreshock sequences documented in the regional earthquake catalog. Here we employ the matched‐filter technique based on an enhanced template data set of previously catalogued events. We perform a continuous search over an ~4‐year period before the Illapel mainshock to recover the uncatalogued small events and repeating earthquakes. Repeating earthquakes are found both to the north and south of the mainshock rupture zone. To the south of the rupture zone, the seismicity and repeater‐inferred aseismic slip progressively accelerate around the Illapel epicenter starting from ~140 days before the mainshock. This may indicate an unlocking process involving the interplay of seismic and aseismic slip. The acceleration culminates in a M 5.3 event of low‐angle thrust mechanism, which occurred ~36 days before the Mw 8.4 mainshock. It is then followed by a relative quiescence in seismicity until the mainshock occurred. This quiescence might correspond to an intermediate period of stable slip before rupture initiation. In addition, to the north of the mainshock rupture area, the last aseismic‐slip episode occurs within ~175–95 days before the mainshock and accumulates the largest amount of slip in the observation period. The simultaneous occurrence of aseismic‐slip transients over a large area is consistent with large‐scale slow unlocking processes preceding the Illapel mainshock.
Summer Drivers of Atmospheric Variability Affecting Ice Shelf Thinning in the Amundsen Sea Embayment, West Antarctica
Authors: Deb Pranab , Orr Andrew , Bromwich David H. , Nicolas Julien P. , Turner John , Hosking J. Scott 
Published: April 2018

AbstractSatellite data and a 35‐year hindcast of the Amundsen Sea Embayment summer climate using the Weather Research and Forecasting model are used to understand how regional and large‐scale atmospheric variability affects thinning of ice shelves in this sector of West Antarctica by melting from above and below (linked to intrusions of warm water caused by anomalous westerlies over the continental shelf edge). El Niño episodes are associated with an increase in surface melt but do not have a statistically significant impact on westerly winds over the continental shelf edge. The location of the Amundsen Sea Low and the polarity of the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) have negligible impact on surface melting, although a positive SAM and eastward shift of the Amundsen Sea Low cause anomalous westerlies over the continental shelf edge. The projected future increase in El Niño episodes and positive SAM could therefore increase the risk of disintegration of West Antarctic ice shelves.
Guide Field Reconnection: Exhaust Structure and Heating
Authors: Eastwood J. P. , Mistry R. , Phan T. D. , Schwartz S. J. , Ergun R. E. , Drake J. F. , Øieroset M. , Stawarz J. E. , Goldman M. V. , Haggerty C. , Shay M. A. , Burch J. L. , Gershman D. J. , Giles B. L. , Lindqvist P. A. , Torbert R. B. , Strangeway R. J. , Russell C. T. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractMagnetospheric Multiscale observations are used to probe the structure and temperature profile of a guide field reconnection exhaust ~100 ion inertial lengths downstream from the X‐line in the Earth's magnetosheath. Asymmetric Hall electric and magnetic field signatures were detected, together with a density cavity confined near 1 edge of the exhaust and containing electron flow toward the X‐line. Electron holes were also detected both on the cavity edge and at the Hall magnetic field reversal. Predominantly parallel ion and electron heating was observed in the main exhaust, but within the cavity, electron cooling and enhanced parallel ion heating were found. This is explained in terms of the parallel electric field, which inhibits electron mixing within the cavity on newly reconnected field lines but accelerates ions. Consequently, guide field reconnection causes inhomogeneous changes in ion and electron temperature across the exhaust.
Simulation of the 21 August 2017 Solar Eclipse Using the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model‐eXtended
Authors: McInerney Joseph M. , Marsh Daniel R. , Liu Han‐Li , Solomon Stanley C. , Conley Andrew J. , Drob Douglas P. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractWe performed simulations of the atmosphere‐ionosphere response to the solar eclipse of 21 August 2017 using the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model‐eXtended (WACCM‐X v. 2.0) with a fully interactive ionosphere and thermosphere. Eclipse simulations show temperature changes in the path of totality up to −3 K near the surface, −1 K at the stratopause, ±4 K in the mesosphere, and −40 K in the thermosphere. In the F region ionosphere, electron density is depleted by about 55%. Both the temperature and electron density exhibit global effects in the hours following the eclipse. There are also significant effects on stratosphere‐mesosphere chemistry, including an increase in ozone by nearly a factor of 2 at 65 km. Dynamical impacts of the eclipse in the lower atmosphere appear to propagate to the upper atmosphere. This study provides insight into coupled eclipse effects through the entire atmosphere from the surface through the ionosphere.
Appreciation of 2017 GRL Peer Reviewers
Authors: Diffenbaugh Noah , Beal Lisa , Bayani Cardenas M. , Cobb Kim , Cory Rose , Cronin Meghan , Dombard Andrew J. , Hogg Andrew , Ilyina Tatiana , Korte Monika , Lu Gang , Magnusdottir Gudrun , Newman Andrew V. , Opher Merav , Ritsema Jeroen , Sprintall Janet , Stroeve Julienne , Thornton Joel A. , Williams Paul D. , Yau Andrew 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThank you to those who reviewed in 2017 for Geophysical Research Letters.
A Quasi‐Physical Dynamic Reduced Order Model for Thermospheric Mass Density via Hermitian Space‐Dynamic Mode Decomposition
Authors: Mehta Piyush M. , Linares Richard , Sutton Eric K. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThermospheric mass density is a major driver of satellite drag, the largest source of uncertainty in accurately predicting the orbit of satellites in low Earth orbit (LEO) pertinent to space situational awareness. Most existing models for thermosphere are either physics based or empirical. Physics‐based models offer the potential for good predictive/forecast capabilities but require dedicated parallel resources for real‐time evaluation and data assimilative capabilities that are still under development. Empirical models are fast to evaluate but offer very limited forecasting abilities. This paper presents methodology for developing a reduced order dynamic model from high‐dimensional physics‐based models by capturing the underlying dynamical behavior. The quasi‐physical reduced order model for thermospheric mass density is developed using a large dataset of Thermosphere‐Ionosphere‐Electrodynamics General Circulation Model (TIE‐GCM) simulations spanning 12 years and covering a complete solar cycle. Toward this end, a new reduced order modeling approach, based on dynamic mode decomposition with control that uses the Hermitian space of the problem to derive the dynamic and input matrices in a tractable manner is developed. Results show that the reduced order model performs well in serving as a reduced order surrogate for TIE‐GCM while almost always maintaining the forecast error to within 5% of the simulated densities after 24 hrs.
Large-scale fabrication of highly ordered sub-20 nm noble metal nanoparticles on silica substrates without metallic adhesion layers
Authors: Le-The Hai , Berenschot Erwin , Tiggelaar Roald M. , Tas Niels R. , van den Berg Albert , Eijkel Jan C. T. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractPeriodic noble metal nanoparticles offer a wide spectrum of applications including chemical and biological sensors, optical devices, and model catalysts due to their extraordinary properties. For sensing purposes and catalytic studies, substrates made of glass or fused-silica are normally required as supports, without the use of metallic adhesion layers. However, precise patterning of such uniform arrays of silica-supported noble metal nanoparticles, especially at sub-100 nm in diameter, is challenging without adhesion layers. In this paper, we report a robust method to large-scale fabricate highly ordered sub-20 nm noble metal nanoparticles, i.e., gold and platinum, supported on silica substrates without adhesion layers, combining displacement Talbot lithography (DTL) with dry-etching techniques. Periodic photoresist nanocolumns at diameters of ~110 nm are patterned on metal-coated oxidized silicon wafers using DTL, and subsequently transferred at a 1:1 ratio into anti-reflection layer coating (BARC) nanocolumns with the formation of nano-sharp tips, using nitrogen plasma etching. These BARC nanocolumns are then used as a mask for etching the deposited metal layer using inclined argon ion-beam etching. We find that increasing the etching time results in cone-shaped silica features with metal nanoparticles on the tips at diameters ranging from 100 nm to sub-30 nm, over large areas of 3×3 cm2. Moreover, subsequent annealing these sub-30 nm metal nanoparticle arrays at high-temperature results in sub-20 nm metal nanoparticle arrays with ~1010 uniform particles.
Striatopallidal neurons control avoidance behavior in exploratory tasks
Authors: LeBlanc Kimberly H. , London Tanisha D. , Szczot Ilona , Bocarsly Miriam E. , Friend Danielle M. , Nguyen Katrina P. , Mengesha Marda M. , Rubinstein Marcelo , Alvarez Veronica A. , Kravitz Alexxai V. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe dorsal striatum has been linked to decision-making under conflict, but the mechanism by which striatal neurons contribute to approach-avoidance conflicts remains unclear. We hypothesized that striatopallidal dopamine D2 receptor (D2R)-expressing neurons promote avoidance, and tested this hypothesis in two exploratory approach-avoidance conflict paradigms in mice: the elevated zero maze and open field. Genetic elimination of D2Rs on striatopallidal neurons (iMSNs), but not other neural populations, increased avoidance of the open areas in both tasks, in a manner that was dissociable from global changes in movement. Population calcium activity of dorsomedial iMSNs was disrupted in mice lacking D2Rs on iMSNs, suggesting that disrupted output of iMSNs contributes to heightened avoidance behavior. Consistently, artificial disruption of iMSN output with optogenetic stimulation heightened avoidance of open areas of these tasks, while inhibition of iMSN output reduced avoidance. We conclude that dorsomedial striatal iMSNs control approach-avoidance conflicts in exploratory tasks, and highlight this neural population as a potential target for reducing avoidance in anxiety disorders.
Predator and prey biodiversity relationship and its consequences on marine ecosystem functioning—interplay between nanoflagellates and bacterioplankton
Authors: Yang Jinny Wu , Wu Wenxue , Chung Chih-Ching , Chiang Kuo-Ping , Gong Gwo-Ching , Hsieh Chih-hao 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
The importance of biodiversity effects on ecosystem functioning across trophic levels, especially via predatory–prey interactions, is receiving increased recognition. However, this topic has rarely been explored for marine microbes, even though microbial biodiversity contributes significantly to marine ecosystem function and energy flows. Here we examined diversity and biomass of bacteria (prey) and nanoflagellates (predators), as well as their effects on trophic transfer efficiency in the East China Sea. Specifically, we investigated: (i) predator diversity effects on prey biomass and trophic transfer efficiency (using the biomass ratio of predator/prey as a proxy), (ii) prey diversity effects on predator biomass and trophic transfer efficiency, and (iii) the relationship between predator and prey diversity. We found higher prey diversity enhanced both diversity and biomass of predators, as well as trophic transfer efficiency, which may arise from more balanced diet and/or enhanced niche complementarity owing to higher prey diversity. By contrast, no clear effect was detected for predator diversity on prey biomass and transfer efficiency. Notably, we found prey diversity effects on predator–prey interactions; whereas, we found no significant diversity effect on biomass within the same trophic level. Our findings highlight the importance of considering multi-trophic biodiversity effects on ecosystem functioning in natural ecosystems.