bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Disaggregating International Regimes
Authors: Stokke Olav Schram 
Published: December 2018

A methodology for evaluating and comparing the effectiveness of international regimes is developed and applied to a successful example of such a regime.
Evaluating the effectiveness of international regimes presents challenges that are both general and specific. What are the best methodologies for assessment within a governance area and do they enable comparison across areas? In this book, Olav Schram Stokke connects the general to the specific, developing new tools for assessing international regime effectiveness and then applying them to a particular case, governance of the Barents Sea fisheries. Stokke's innovative disaggregate methodology makes cross-comparison possible by breaking down the problem and the relevant empirical evidence.
Stokke employs fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis, and his approach is disaggregate in three ways: it separates the specific governance problem into its cognitional, regulatory, and behavioral components; it splits into three the counterfactual analysis of what the outcome would have been if the regime had not existed; and it decomposes the empirical evidence to maximize the number of observations. By applying this methodology to a regional resource regime known as one of the world's most successful, Stokke bridges the gap between the intensive case study analyses that have dominated the field and increasingly ambitious efforts to devise quantitative methods for examining the causal impacts of regimes. Stokke's analysis sheds light on the implementation and the interaction of international institutions, with policy implications of regime design and operation.
Disconnected
Authors: James Carrie 
Published: December 2018

How young people think about the moral and ethical dilemmas they encounter when they share and use online content and participate in online communities.
Fresh from a party, a teen posts a photo on Facebook of a friend drinking a beer. A college student repurposes an article from Wikipedia for a paper. A group of players in a multiplayer online game routinely cheat new players by selling them worthless virtual accessories for high prices. In Disconnected, Carrie James examines how young people and the adults in their lives think about these sorts of online dilemmas, describing ethical blind spots and disconnects.
Drawing on extensive interviews with young people between the ages of 10 and 25, James describes the nature of their thinking about privacy, property, and participation online. She identifies three ways that young people approach online activities. A teen might practice self-focused thinking, concerned mostly about consequences for herself; moral thinking, concerned about the consequences for people he knows; or ethical thinking, concerned about unknown individuals and larger communities. James finds, among other things, that youth are often blind to moral or ethical concerns about privacy; that attitudes toward property range from “what's theirs is theirs” to “free for all”; that hostile speech can be met with a belief that online content is “just a joke”; and that adults who are consulted about such dilemmas often emphasize personal safety issues over online ethics and citizenship.
Considering ways to address the digital ethics gap, James offers a vision of conscientious connectivity, which involves ethical thinking skills but, perhaps more important, is marked by sensitivity to the dilemmas posed by online life, a motivation to wrestle with them, and a sense of moral agency that supports socially positive online actions.
Making Democracy Fun
Authors: Lerner Josh A. 
Published: December 2018

Drawing on the tools of game design to fix democracy.
Anyone who has ever been to a public hearing or community meeting would agree that participatory democracy can be boring. Hours of repetitive presentations, alternatingly alarmist or complacent, for or against, accompanied by constant heckling, often with no clear outcome or decision. Is this the best democracy can offer? In Making Democracy Fun, Josh Lerner offers a novel solution for the sad state of our deliberative democracy: the power of good game design. What if public meetings featured competition and collaboration (such as team challenges), clear rules (presented and modeled in multiple ways), measurable progress (such as scores and levels), and engaging sounds and visuals? These game mechanics would make meetings more effective and more enjoyable—even fun.
Lerner reports that institutions as diverse as the United Nations, the U.S. Army, and grassroots community groups are already using games and game-like processes to encourage participation. Drawing on more than a decade of practical experience and extensive research, he explains how games have been integrated into a variety of public programs in North and South America. He offers rich stories of game techniques in action, in children's councils, social service programs, and participatory budgeting and planning. With these real-world examples in mind, Lerner describes five kinds of games and twenty-six game mechanics that are especially relevant for democracy. He finds that when governments and organizations use games and design their programs to be more like games, public participation becomes more attractive, effective, and transparent. Game design can make democracy fun—and make it work.
Why Architects Still Draw
Authors: Belardi Paolo 
Published: December 2018

An architect's defense of drawing as a way of thinking, even in an age of electronic media.
Why would an architect reach for a pencil when drawing software and AutoCAD are a click away? Use a ruler when 3D-scanners and GPS devices are close at hand? In Why Architects Still Draw, Paolo Belardi offers an elegant and ardent defense of drawing by hand as a way of thinking. Belardi is no Luddite; he doesn't urge architects to give up digital devices for watercolors and a measuring tape. Rather, he makes a case for drawing as the interface between the idea and the work itself.
A drawing, Belardi argues, holds within it the entire final design. It is the paradox of the acorn: a project emerges from a drawing—even from a sketch, rough and inchoate—just as an oak tree emerges from an acorn. Citing examples not just from architecture but also from literature, chemistry, music, archaeology, and art, Belardi shows how drawing is not a passive recording but a moment of invention pregnant with creative possibilities.
Moving from the sketch to the survey, Belardi explores the meaning of measurement in a digital era. A survey of a site should go beyond width, height, and depth; it must include two more dimensions: history and culture. Belardi shows the sterility of techniques that value metric exactitude over cultural appropriateness, arguing for an “informed drawing” that takes into consideration more than meters or feet, stone or steel. Even in the age of electronic media, Belardi writes, drawing can maintain its role as a cornerstone of architecture.
BJHS special issue: On time: history, science and commemoration
Authors: AGAR JON , ASHWORTH WILLIAM J. , HUGHES JEFF 
Published: July 2002

Time is a fundamental concept that we typically take for granted in our everyday lives.
Rarely do we look at our wristwatch and think how seconds, minutes and hours came to
take on such importance. Even less do we reflect on all the work that goes into making
seconds, minutes and hours appear as something as natural as the world around us.What is time? How is it we have come to order our lives in such regulated and precise
ways? How has our conception of time changed throughout history? The idea to reflect
upon such weighty questions emerged at a conference organized by the British Society for
the History of Science on the subject of ‘space’ held at the University of Kent in 1994. It
seemed to many participants that the topic of time would make an equally interesting
subject for a meeting. In particular, one question came to the fore: did space dominate time
or time dominate space? In the event it took the dawning of a new century to provide the
impetus, excuse and opportunity to organize a meeting to discuss such matters. It also
quickly became clear that other historical societies and institutions had similar aims. The
result was a joint three-day meeting, co-organized by the BSHS, the Royal Historical
Society and the National Museums and Galleries on Merseyside, held at the impressive
Merseyside Maritime Museum, Liverpool, in September 1999.This unprecedented coalition demonstrated the importance and productivity of bringing
together historians of different backgrounds and interests. The bridging of traditional
boundaries was also symbolized by Ludmilla Jordanova's unique position as both
president of the BSHS and vice-president of the Royal Historical Society. The whole event,
not surprisingly, attracted significant media attention and was deemed by all concerned a
great success. This special issue of the BJHS is a small sample of the diversity and richness
that characterized the meeting.
‘Juglers or Schollers?’: negotiating the role of a
mathematical practitioner
Authors: HILL KATHERINE 
Published: July 2002

Until the first quarter of the seventeenth century there
was a great deal of agreement about
the nature of mathematical practice. Mathematicians, as well as their patrons
and clients,
viewed all possible aspects of their work, both theoretical and practical,
as being included
within their discipline. Although the mathematical sciences were a fairly
recent foreign
import to England, which can barely be traced back beyond the mid-sixteenth
century, by
the beginning of the seventeenth century there was a large and growing
body of
practitioners with a unified view of their subject's identity. Divisions
began to appear,
however, and they were often framed in terms of the proper mixture of theory
and practice
in mathematical education.One early sign of the emergence of this tension is the kind of accusation
made in the
priority dispute between William Oughtred and Richard Delamain taking place
around
1632. Their bitter conflict began over who first invented the Horizontal
Quadrant, a form
of sundial, and the Circles of Proportion, a logarithmic calculating device
that can be
considered a precursor of the slide rule, and ended in a dispute over what
constituted
proper mathematical practice. Oughtred accused Delamain of making his students
‘only
doers of tricks, and as it were Juglers’ by teaching them
the use of instruments without any
theoretical foundation. Instruments, Oughtred claimed, could only be used
with
understanding by students who had a proper theoretical foundation. He advocated

postponing their use until after the theoretical foundations of a subject
had been
thoroughly mastered. Delamain, on the other hand, was perfectly willing
to teach practical
instrumental operations without insisting upon a theoretical grounding.
This paper will
use the dispute between Oughtred and Delamain to investigate the breakdown
of
consensus over internal mathematical boundaries, the rhetoric and strategies
involved in
attempts to gain authority by mathematical practitioners, and the extent
to which their
roles were negotiated, both with other practitioners, and with their patrons
and students.
Review Article: Biopolitics After Three Decades – A Balance Sheet
Authors: SOMIT ALBERT , PETERSON STEVEN A. 
Published: July 2002

THE NATURE OF THE UNDERSTANDINGAs many political scientists know, ‘biopolitics’ is the short-hand term used to describe the approach of those in the profession who believe that biological concepts — especially evolutionary theory, which treats behaviour as the product of both nature and nurture — and biological research techniques can help us study and understand political behaviour better.
The energy expenditure of cattle and buffaloes walking and working

in different soil conditions
Authors: DIJKMAN J. T. , LAWRENCE P. R. 
Published: July 2002

At the Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Scotland,

during the summer months of 1987, two adult water buffaloes, two

Brahman cattle and two Brahman × Friesian steers walked round a

circular track on concrete or through 300 mm deep mud. Average

walking speed (m/s) when unloaded, or average walking speed

(m/s) when pulling 324 N, energy for walking (J/m/kg) and

net mechanical efficiency (%) were 1·05 and 0·81 (P

< 0·01), 1·03 and 0·80 (P < 0·001),

1·49 and 3·34 (P < 0·001) and 31·0 and

31·8 for concrete and mud respectively. Energy values were

calculated from gaseous exchange measured with an open circuit

system.In Central Nigeria, from September 1991 to May 1992, the energy

expenditure of eight Bunaji (White Fulani) bulls was monitored using

portable oxygen measuring equipment (modified ‘Oxylog’)

when walking, ploughing and harrowing on six soil surfaces ranging

from hard, smooth earth to ploughed, waterlogged clay. Average

walking speeds (m/s), pulling speeds (m/s) and energy cost of

walking (J/m/kg) varied from 0·97 to 0·65,

0·55 to 0·47 and 1·47 to 8·58

respectively. Net mechanical efficiency averaged 31·4% and was

unaffected by ground surface.The energy cost of walking for the Bos indicus cattle on

smooth ground (1·47 J/m/kg) in this trial was less than

that previously reported for Bos taurus (1·80

J/m/kg) and the reported average value for cattle (Bos

indicus and Bos taurus) on treadmills (2·09

J/m/kg). The implications for practical agriculture of the

higher levels of energy expenditure for walking in muddy conditions are

discussed.
Effects of rainfall and temperature on the feeding value

of barley straw in a semi-arid Mediterranean environment
Authors: GOODCHILD A. V. 
Published: July 2002

Annual variation in the feeding value of barley straw

(Hordeum vulgare L. subsp. vulgare) is

economically significant in the Mediterranean region. The relationship
between

the feeding value for

sheep of several winter-planted barley cultivars and monthly meteorological
data

was analysed at Tel

Hadya, northwest Syria (mean annual precipitation 330 mm) in 11 years.

Indicators of feeding value

included contents of neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre and

nitrogen (11 years), voluntary

straw intake by sheep (10 years), voluntary digestible organic matter intake

(9 years), in sacco dry

matter loss and lignin content (8 years), in vitro digestibility

(7 years) and in vitro gas production (6

years). Monthly meteorological data included total precipitation, mean
minimum

and mean maximum air temperatures.Conditions likely to decrease grain yield tended to increase the feeding

value of straw. Low mean

minimum temperature in February, low precipitation in January, February,

March and April, and

high mean maximum temperature in March, April and May increased one or

more indicators of straw

feeding value (by both bivariate and multiple regression,

P<0·05). Precipitation before January

affected grain and straw yield but had little effect on the feeding

value of straw.Genotype × year interactions had a meteorological component; the
superior

feeding value of the

straw of locally-adapted cultivars v. exotic cultivars

was only seen in years with cool or wet springs.

This has implications for the genetic selection of crops with better

straw feeding value.Models based on monthly precipitation and temperature, calibrated for

locations in the

Mediterranean region, can predict the nutritive value of straw and aid

the planning of rations for small ruminants.
In vitro short-term study of ammonium–nitrogen
production from cattle urine: influence of ampicillin,
hydroquinone and animal litter materials
Authors: NIMENYA H. , DELAUNOIS A. , BLODEN S. , LA DUONG D. , CANART B. , NICKS B. , GUSTIN P. , ANSAY M. 
Published: July 2002

The production of NH+4-N following in vitro incubation of cattle
urine was monitored for 24 h in the
presence of ampicillin sodium salt (0, 32, 64, 128 mg/l), hydroquinone (0, 16·7, 33·4, 66·8 mg/l),
wheat straw (0, 3·3, 6·6, 13·2 g/l) or spruce sawdust (0, 3·3, 6·6, 13·2 g/l) with (20 IU) or without
urease. Each concentration of ampicillin, hydroquinone, wheat straw or spruce sawdust was tested
in triplicate.The equipment consisted of Woulff flasks containing 300 ml of a buffered solution (0·02 M; pH
7·50) with 1 ml of cattle urine. The cattle urine was characterized by measuring the main nitrogen
contents, which were 6·52 mg total-N/ml, 5·96 mg urea-N/ml and 0·026 mg ammonium-N/ml. The
initial pH of urine was 7·84. Ammonium and nitrate concentrations, and pH were monitored at zero-
time and after 3, 6 and 24 h of incubation with the cattle urine.The addition of urease to the flasks containing urine induced a significant increase in the
production of ammonium-N, from 1·83 to 6·32 mg NH+4-N/flask after 24 h of incubation.In the presence of urease, an inhibitory effect was recorded in NH+4-N production with ampicillin
and spruce sawdust. In contrast, hydroquinone inhibited urease activity and wheat straw adsorbed
the NH+4-N produced, both causing a dose-dependent relationship.In the absence of urease, ampicillin, hydroquinone, wheat straw or spruce sawdust caused a dose-
related decrease in NH+4-N production. However, the highest amounts of wheat straw (6·6 and
13·2 g/flask) exhibited a temporary increase in NH+4-N production during the first 6 h. This is
probably due to a generation of extra NH+4-N as compared to the control flasks without straw.
However, at 24 h, the situation paralleled the other materials.Although pH increased approximately from 7·50 to 7·65 during the hydrolysis of urea in the
presence of urease, no gaseous ammonia was volatilized into a 0·1 M HCl flask. Moreover, no increase
in nitrate concentration was found during the incubation.The present results suggest that ampicillin, hydroquinone and spruce sawdust could be used in
order to reduce NH+4-N production from cattle urine. The
NH+4-N already produced could probably be absorbed on wheat straw.
Immunomodulating effects of milks fermented by Lactobacillus helveticus and its non-proteolytic variant
Authors: MATAR CHANTAL , VALDEZ JUAN CARLOS , MEDINA MARCELA , RACHID MIRTHA , PERDIGON GABRIELA 
Published: July 2002

The effect of milks fermented by Lactobacillus helveticus and its non-proteolytic variant on mucosal and tumoral immunity was studied. Milks fermented by Lb. helveticus wild type or its non-proteolytic variant were administered orally to mice for different periods (3, 5 and 7 d). The immune response was assessed by analysing the activity of the peritoneal macrophages, the number of cells secreting IgA associated with the gut-associated lymphoid tissue and with the bronchial-associated lymphoid tissue. The number of cells was determined by direct immunofluorescence. The antitumour activity was monitored by studying the regression of the subcutaneously implanted fibrosarcomas. After 3 d feeding of milk fermented by Lb. helveticus wild type, the number of sIgA increased significantly at both the intestinal and bronchial levels, indicating that a cellular migration had occurred. This effect was not noticeable when milk fermented by Lb. helveticus Protease (−) was orally administered. Both fermented milks (wild type or its variant) exhibited an effect on the activity of the peritoneal macrophages, which might be indirectly correlated to the regression of the fibrosarcoma. Although the mechanism by which the lactic acid bacteria enhance the immune system is not clear, this study clearly suggests that the bioactive compounds released during milk fermentation might contribute to the immunoenhancing properties of these products. By releasing biopeptide, lactic acid bacteria have important implications in modulation of the host's immune response, more specifically its cellular immune response.
Inhibition of oxytocin release and milk let-down in postpartum primiparous cows is not abolished by naloxone
Authors: KRAETZL WOLF-DIETER , TANCIN VLADIMIR , SCHAMS DIETER 
Published: July 2002

About 10% of primiparous cows have no milk ejection during the first milkings after delivery. Therefore, 17 Brown Swiss dairy cows in their first lactation were used to evaluate the extent of disturbed milk let-down and the corresponding oxytocin (OT) plasma values in the 1st 5 days after delivery. The first milking was 9–22 h after parturition and served for classification of the cows to groups with inhibited (INH), bimodal (BIMO) or normal (NOR) milk let-down. The OT plasma levels before the start of manual teat stimulation and machine milking were comparably high during the first milking especially in NOR and BIMO cows. Ten minutes before the second milking (M2), 300 mg of the opioid antagonist naloxone was injected to test whether the disturbance was affected by the action of endogenous opioids on the neurohypophysis. The milk yield was not influenced by the naloxone treatment, and the INH cows had milk ejection only after a vaginal stimulation. Afterwards, the cows were milked twice every day, until the milk let-down and the OT release were unaffected (equal to control milking). Then, at the next milking, the cows were injected with 300 mg morphine 10 min before milking. The central OT release in response to manual teat stimulation and machine milking was completely blocked in all cows, but a vaginal stimulation was able to abolish this block, at least partially, in 16 cows. Thus, morphine produced a milk let-down characteristic as in the INH cows during the first three milkings. For the following milking, the cows were pre-treated with 300 mg naloxone (−15 min) plus 300 mg morphine (−10 min) before milking. The OT release and the milk yields were unaffected when compared with the control milking. This experiment demonstrates that exogenous opioids can affect the central release of OT in a naloxone-reversible manner even very soon after parturition. However, endogenous opioids are probably not the main mediators of disturbed central OT release and alveolar milk ejection in post-partum primiparous cows.
Naloxone and adrenergic blocking agents fail to abolish central
inhibition of milk ejection in cows
Authors: WELLNITZ OLGA , BRUCKMAIER RUPERT M. , BLUM JÜRG W. 
Published: July 2002

Emotional stress caused by moving to unfamiliar surroundings inhibits

oxytocin (OT) release and milk ejection in dairy cows, while blood concentrations

of β-endorphin and cortisol are elevated (Bruckmaier et al.

1993). β-Endorphin and
cortisol concentrations decrease with repeated relocation to unfamiliar
surroundings
while milking-related OT release and milk ejection gradually normalize
(Bruckmaier
et al. 1996). Exogenous cortisol has previously been shown to
exert
no inhibiting
effect on milk ejection in cows (Mayer & Lefcourt, 1987). Therefore,
it
seems likely that the inhibition of milk ejection in cows – as in
other species
– is mediated by
endogenous opioid peptides. The opioid antagonist naloxone abolishes the
inhibiting
effect of endogenous opioid peptides on OT release in several species
(Haldar et al.
1982; Seckl & Lightman, 1987; Gilbert et al. 1992; Aurich

et al. 1996).Milk ejection is inhibited by α-adrenergic receptor stimulation

in the mammary
gland without reduction of OT release (Bruckmaier et al. 1997).

Opioid-induced
inhibition of OT release may be mediated by noradrenergic neurons via
β-adrenergic
receptors (Crowley & Armstrong, 1992). If adrenergic receptors are

involved in the
blockade of OT release in cows during milking in unfamiliar surroundings,
the
inhibition may be abolished by adrenergic blocking agents.Cortisol synthesis is diminished by administration of metyrapone (Martindale,

1989). Because cortisol has a negative feedback effect on ACTH release,
the release
of ACTH and concomitantly of β-endorphin is elevated by metyrapone
in the rat
(Pettibone & Mueller, 1984). Thus, milk ejection should be
indirectly inhibited by
metyrapone administration via enhanced release of β-endorphin in
the familiar barn.Experiments were designed to investigate the importance of elevated

concentrations of β-endorphin in unfamiliar surroundings for disturbed

milk ejection in dairy cows.