bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evidence of Intermediate-scale Energy Spectrum Anisotropy of Cosmic Rays E ≥ 1019.2 eV with the Telescope Array Surface Detector
Authors: Abbasi R. U. , Abe M. , Abu-Zayyad T. , Allen M. , Azuma R. , Barcikowski E. , Belz J. W. , Bergman D. R. , Blake S. A. , Cady R. , Cheon B. G. , Chiba J. , Chikawa M. , Matteo A. Di , Fujii T. , Fujita K. , Fukushima M. , Furlich G. , Goto T. , Hanlon W. , Hayashi M. , Hayashi Y. , Hayashida N. , Hibino K. , Honda K. , Ikeda D. , Inoue N. , Ishii T. , Ishimori R. , Ito H. , Ivanov D. , Jeong H. M. , Jeong S. , Jui C. C. H. , Kadota K. , Kakimoto F. , Kalashev O. , Kasahara K. , Kawai H. , Kawakami S. , Kawana S. , Kawata K. , Kido E. , Kim H. B. , Kim J. H. , Kim J. H. , Kishigami S. , Kitamura S. , Kitamura Y. , Kuzmin V. , Kuznetsov M. , Kwon Y. J. , Lee K. H. , Lubsandorzhiev B. , Lundquist J. P. , Machida K. , Martens K. , Matsuyama T. , Matthews J. N. , Mayta R. , Minamino M. , Mukai K. , Myers I. , Nagasawa K. , Nagataki S. , Nakamura R. , Nakamura T. , Nonaka T. , Nozato A. , Oda H. , Ogio S. , Ogura J. , Ohnishi M. , Ohoka H. , Okuda T. , Omura Y. , Ono M. , Onogi R. , Oshima A. , Ozawa S. , Park I. H. , Pshirkov M. S. , Rodriguez D. C. , Rubtsov G. , Ryu D. , Sagawa H. , Sahara R. , Saito K. , Saito Y. , Sakaki N. , Sakurai N. , Scott L. M. , Seki T. , Sekino K. , Shah P. D. , Shibata F. , Shibata T. , Shimodaira H. , Shin B. K. , Shin H. S. , Smith J. D. , Sokolsky P. , Stokes B. T. , Stratton S. R. , Stroman T. A. , Suzawa T. , Takagi Y. , Takahashi Y. , Takamura M. , Takeishi R. , Taketa A. , Takita M. , Tameda Y. , Tanaka H. , Tanaka K. , Tanaka M. , Thomas S. B. , Thomson G. B. , Tinyakov P. , Tkachev I. , Tokuno H. , Tomida T. , Troitsky S. , Tsunesada Y. , Tsutsumi K. , Uchihori Y. , Udo S. , Urban F. , Wong T. , Yamamoto M. , Yamane R. , Yamaoka H. , Yamazaki K. , Yang J. , Yashiro K. , Yoneda Y. , Yoshida S. , Yoshii H. , Zhezher Y. , Zundel Z. 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
Evidence for an intermediate-scale energy spectrum anisotropy has been found in the arrival directions of ultra-high energy cosmic rays for energies greater than 1019.2 eV in the northern hemisphere using 7 years of Telescope Array surface detector data. A relative energy distribution test is done comparing events inside oversampled spherical caps of equal exposure, to those outside, using the Poisson likelihood ratio. The center of maximum significance is at 9h16m, 45°, and has a deficit of events with energies 1019.2 ≤ E < 1019.75 eV and an excess for E ≥ 1019.75 eV. The post-trial probability of this energy anisotropy, appearing by chance anywhere on an isotropic sky, is found by Monte Carlo simulation to be 9 × 10−5 (3.74σ
global).
First ALMA Light Curve Constrains Refreshed Reverse Shocks and Jet Magnetization in GRB 161219B
Authors: Laskar Tanmoy , Alexander Kate D. , Berger Edo , Guidorzi Cristiano , Margutti Raffaella , Fong Wen-fai , Kilpatrick Charles D. , Milne Peter , Drout Maria R. , Mundell C. G. , Kobayashi Shiho , Lunnan Ragnhild , Duran Rodolfo Barniol , Menten Karl M. , Ioka Kunihito , Williams Peter K. G. 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
We present detailed multiwavelength observations of GRB 161219B at z = 0.1475, spanning the radio to X-ray regimes, and the first Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) light curve of a γ-ray burst (GRB) afterglow. The centimeter- and millimeter-band observations before 8.5 days require emission in excess of that produced by the afterglow forward shock (FS). These data are consistent with radiation from a refreshed reverse shock (RS) produced by the injection of energy into the FS, signatures of which are also present in the X-ray and optical light curves. We infer a constant-density circumburst environment with an extremely low density,

, and show that this is a characteristic of all strong RS detections to date. The Karl G. Lansky Very Large Array (VLA) observations exhibit unexpected rapid variability on roughly minute timescales, indicative of strong interstellar scintillation. The X-ray, ALMA, and VLA observations together constrain the jet break time,

days, yielding a wide jet opening angle of

, implying beaming-corrected γ-ray and kinetic energies of

erg and

erg, respectively. Comparing the RS and FS emission, we show that the ejecta are only weakly magnetized, with relative magnetization,

, compared to the FS. These direct, multifrequency measurements of a refreshed RS spanning the optical to radio bands highlight the impact of radio and millimeter data in probing the production and nature of GRB jets.
Heuschrecken (Orthoptera) in Biodiversitätsförderflächen der voralpinen Kulturlandschaft Schönenbergs (Schweiz, Kanton Zürich) mit Trends seit 1990
Authors: Schlegel Jürg , Schnetzler Stefan 
Published: July 2018

Unsere Untersuchungen in der voralpinen Kulturlandschaft Schönenbergs (Schweiz, Kanton Zürich) haben ergeben, dass die Biodiversitätsförderflächen-Typen Streuefläche, Extensivweide und Extensivwiese im Vergleich zu konventionell bewirtschafteten Fettwiesen einen stark positiven Effekt auf die Diversität und Individuendichte von Heuschrecken ausüben. Innerhalb der Biodiversitätsförderflächen wiesen Heuschrecken in Streueflächen wiederum signifikant höhere Diversitätswerte und Individuendichten auf als in Extensivwiesen und Extensivweiden. Sie beherbergten zudem fast 95% aller beobachteten Individuen der Heuschrecken der Roten Liste. Innerhalb der Streueflächen war in Pfeifengraswiesen und Hochstaudenfluren eine signifikant höhere Heuschreckendiversität zu verzeichnen als in Kleinseggenrieden, Grossseggenrieden und verschilften Teilflächen. Die Individuendichten in Pfeifengraswiesen und Hochstaudenfluren erwiesen sich im Vergleich zu Grossseggenrieden als signifikant höher.
Im Vergleich zu früheren Erhebungen in Schönenberg ZH aus den Jahren 1990 und 2000 veränderte sich die Heuschreckendiversität in den Fettwiesen 2016 nicht signifikant, jedoch zeigten sich auf Artebene deutliche Verschiebungen der relativen Häufigkeiten. So kam die eher trockenheitsliebende Art Chorthippusbiguttulus in den Fettwiesen 2016 bedeutend häufiger vor als 1990 und 2000, während die in der Region eher feuchtigkeitsliebende Art Chorthippusdorsatus einen gegenteiligen Trend aufwies. Die 1990 und 2000 noch nicht beobachtete Art Chorthippusalbomarginatus fand sich 2016 in einigen Fettwiesen, welche zu den östlichsten Fundorten im Voralpenraum gehören.
In den Streueflächen wurde 2016 eine signifikant höhere Heuschreckendiversität als 1990 festgestellt. Die in der Schweiz gefährdete Art Conocephalusfuscus erlitt seit 1990 massive Einbussen, dafür nahmen andere Arten in ihrer relativen Häufigkeit markant zu, z.B. die potenziell gefährdeten Arten Chrysochraondispar und Decticusverrucivorus.
Zusätzliche Massnahmen zur Heuschreckenförderung werden erörtert, mit Schwerpunkt auf der asynchronen Nutzung, schonenden Mähtechniken sowie räumlich und zeitlich wechselnden Altgrasinseln.
Riparian evapotranspiration is essential to simulate streamflow dynamics and water budgets in a Mediterranean catchment
Authors: Lupon Anna , Ledesma José L. J. , Bernal Susana 
Published: July 2018

Abstract. Riparian trees can regulate streamflow dynamics and water
budgets by taking up large amounts of water from both soil and groundwater
compartments. However, their role has not been fully recognized in the
hydrologic literature and the catchment modeling community. In this study, we
explored the influence of riparian evapotranspiration (ET) on streamflow by
simulating daily stream water exports from three nested Mediterranean
catchments, both including and excluding the riparian compartment in the
structure of the PERSiST (Precipitation, Evapotranspiration and Runoff
Simulator for Solute Transport) rainfall–runoff model. The model goodness of fit for the calibration period
(September 2010–August 2012) significantly improved with the inclusion of
the riparian compartment, especially during the vegetative period, when
according to our simulations, the riparian zone significantly reduced the
overestimation of mean daily streamflow (from 53 % to 27 %). At the
catchment scale, simulated riparian ET accounted for 5.5 % to 8.4 % of
annual water depletions over a 20-year reference period (1981–2000), and its
contribution was especially noticeable during summer (from 8 % to 26 %).
Simulations considering climate change scenarios suggest large increases in
riparian ET during the dormant period (from 19 % to 46 %) but only small
increases (from 1 % to 2 %) in its contribution to annual water budgets.
Overall, our results highlight that a good assessment of riparian ET is
essential for understanding catchment hydrology and streamflow dynamics in
Mediterranean regions. Thus, the inclusion of the riparian compartment in
hydrological models is strongly recommended in order to establish proper
management strategies in water-limited regions.
Potential Energy of the Electron in a Hydrogen Atom and a Model of a Virtual Particle Pair Constituting the Vacuum
Authors: Suto Koshun 
Published: July 2018

In a previously published paper, the author made some mistakes in calculating the potential energy of the electron in a hydrogen atom. Those mistakes occurred due to applying a potential energy formula with a certain range of application in a region where it is not applicable. Therefore, this paper corrects that error by deriving a formula for potential energy with no range of application. The paper also proposes a model in which a virtual particle pair present in the vacuum region inside a hydrogen atom simultaneously has a photon with positive energy and a photon with negative energy (In this paper, these photons are called dark photons). In the state where the relativistic energy is zero, the sum of the positive energy and negative energy of the virtual particle pair becomes zero. According to this model, this makes it possible for the particles to release photons, and capture negative energy.
The Harmonization Potential of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union
Authors: Fontanelli Filippo , Arena Amedeo 
Published: July 2018

The Harmonization Potential of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union
This article discusses two underrated and connected aspects that determine the applicability of the EU Charter on Fundamental Rights to Member State measures. First, the Charter can be a decisive standard of review for domestic measures only when they are covered by EU law but are not precluded by it. In this respect, the distinction between non-preclusion and non-application of EU law has been overlooked by legal scholarship. Second, because the scope of application of EU law and that of the Charter are identical, the latter suffers from the same uncertainties as the former. This article concludes that the entry into force of the Charter has exposed the blurred contours of the application of EU law, in particular in the area of the market freedoms. As a result, a certain spontaneous harmonization of human rights protection has emerged.
The Sovereign Strikes Back
Authors: Uitz Renáta , Sajó András 
Published: July 2018

The Sovereign Strikes Back: A Judicial Perspective on Multi-Layered Constitutionalism in Europe
The supranational web of public law is often described as a new constitutionalism. It emerged in a globalized world together with global markets. In the course of the multilayered constitutional experiment, the old, national constitutional framework had lost its ability to deliver on the key features associated with constitutionalism: limiting the exercise of political powers and preventing the arbitrary exercise thereof. In the multilayered era it has become difficult to pinpoint the centre of authority. Ultimately, someone needs to govern, if not for other reasons, at least to avoid chaos. Is it possible to have the guarantees of freedom, rule of law and efficiency that a constitutional democracy seems to provide in a system where there is no sovereign with authority?
Perspectives on Comparative Federalism
Authors: Stevens Kenneth R. 
Published: July 2018

Perspectives on Comparative Federalism: The American Experience in the Pre-incorporation Era
Today the Bill of Rights is understood to limit not only the federal government but also the power of the states to infringe on the civil liberties of citizens. This was not always the case. In the early days of the republic, most Americans feared federal authority far more than the states. This remained the case until passage of the 14th amendment to the Constitution followed by a series of interpretations over the years by the Supreme Court that broadened its scope. Some delegates at the convention of 1787 and other critics during ratification complained that the Constitution did not include a bill of rights, but others objected that the people needed such protections from government power. It became clear, however, that ratification could not be attained without inclusion of a Bill of Rights, which were adopted as amendments in 1791. In 1833, the Supreme Court ruled, in Barron v. Baltimore, that the provisions of the Bill of Rights imposed restrictions only on the federal government and not on the states. Passage of the 14th amendment in 1868 made the Bill of Rights restrictions on the states. Over the years, federal courts increasingly broadened the authority of the Bill of Rights as limitations on the states.
Producir textos en los inicios de la alfabetización: el impacto de diferentes enfoques pedagógicos en la expresión evaluativa
Authors: Zuccalá Gabriela , Sandbank Ana 
Published: July 2018

Esta investigación se propuso analizar las expresiones evaluativas de textos narrativos, producidos por niños del nivel inicial y primer grado a partir de una historieta, en tres modalidades: oral, dictado a un adulto y escrito. Participaron 33 niños del nivel inicial y 32 de primer grado educados con enfoque constructivista y 30 niños del nivel inicial y 28 de primer grado educados con enfoque formal. Los resultados muestran un porcentaje significativamente mayor de expresiones evaluativas en los textos producidos por niños educados con enfoque constructivista en ambos grupos de edad y en todas las modalidades. El análisis cualitativo se centró en la variedad de expresiones evaluativas. Las implicaciones educativas de estos resultados son discutidas.
Identity profiles and digital engagement among Finnish high school students
Authors: Mannerström Rasmus , Hietajärvi Lauri , Muotka Joona , Salmela-Aro Katariina 
Published: July 2018

Developing a stable personal identity is considered a more precarious task in today’s society than hitherto. Skilful digital engagement may, however, constitute a valuable asset in necessary identity exploration and commitment. Applying a person-oriented approach, we examined for the first time how identity profiles are associated with digital engagement, operationalized as digital competence, gaming seriousness, type of internet activity and excessive ICT use. After controlling for gender, life satisfaction and parental SES, this study of a Finnish high school sample (N = 932) revealed that adolescents with future commitments and some exploration of options (achievement, searching moratorium) were the most advanced in digital skills and, in the former case, least prone to excessive ICT use. By contrast, adolescents desperately trying to solve the identity task (ruminative moratorium) scored highest on friendship-driven internet activity and excessive ICT use, whereas diffused individuals had the weakest digital competence. No differences between the profiles emerged regarding gaming and interest-driven internet activity. The results suggest that the digital world and related devices are purposeful tools for shaping and maintaining healthy identity commitments.
O que se coloca no lugar da verdade
Authors: Fonseca Eduardo Ribeiro da 
Published: July 2018

Este artigo procura situar Schopenhauer em relação ao problema da verdade, já que ele pode ser tomado, de acordo com Nietzsche, como exemplo e inspiração para aqueles que se dedicam à Filosofia, mediante o que o filósofo de Frankfurt entendia como sendo o papel do filósofo, isto é, aquele que busca a verdade até mesmo no fundo dos poços escuros da loucura e do infortúnio, que tenta decifrar o enigma do mundo e da humanidade e que medita sobre o papel crítico da filosofia no âmbito da cultura.
Approche sociologique et typologique des logiques de croissance de l’entrepreneur
Authors: Grandclaude Didier , Nobre Thierry 
Published: July 2018

Cette recherche a pour objectif de développer de nouvelles pistes pour faire évoluer l’approche typologique en entrepreneuriat. Ces typologies sont effectivement remises en cause pour leur aspect simplificateur, voire stylisateur, de la complexité entrepreneuriale. Dans cette perspective, nous adoptons le raisonnement typologique tel qu’il est mobilisé en sociologie et l’appliquons à une thématique classique des typologies d’entrepreneur : les logiques d’action de croissance. À partir d’une étude empirique qualitative conduite en deux étapes, des entretiens individuels menés auprès de 29 entrepreneurs, puis deux entretiens collectifs menés auprès de huit témoins, nous élaborons d’abord une typologie aux catégories différenciées, avant d’interroger ensuite l’existence de liens et de transitions potentielles entre les types identifiés. Une analyse des variables qui influencent la typologie et ses variations complète ce travail. Cette démarche originale, qui vise à prendre du recul sur les types élaborés et insiste plutôt sur les nuances et les variations de la typologie, permet d’obtenir des résultats, qui, tout en demeurant intelligibles, reflètent la dynamique et la complexité du phénomène entrepreneurial observé.
Addendum to Xylene (all isomers) [BAT Value Documentation, 2016]
Authors: Jäger T. , Drexler H. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: July 2018

Abstract

In 2015 the German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated the biological tolerance value at the work place (BAT value) for xylene and its isomers [
1330‐20‐7
], considering xylene in blood and methylhippuric (toluric) acid (all isomers) to characterise the internal exposure. Xylene can easily pass through the skin, so biological monitoring is necessary for a valid individual risk assessment.

Xylene shows a fast elimination in the blood compartment. Thus, the concentration of xylene in blood is halved 30 minutes after the end of exposure. Therefore, sampling should be performed directly at the end of exposure. This is, however, difficult to realize in practice. Therefore, the BAT value for xylene (all isomers) in blood was withdrawn. Methylhippuric (toluric) acid in urine is available as a diagnostically specific parameter. The BAT value for methylhippuric acid is confirmed.
Addendum zu Cobalt und Cobaltverbindungen [BAT Value Documentation in German language, 2018]
Authors: Schmitz‐Spanke S. , Drexler H. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has derived a biological guidance value at the workplace (“Biologischer Leitwert”, BLW) and a biological reference value (“Biologischer Arbeitsstoff‐Referenzwert”, BAR) and has re‐evaluated the exposure equivalents for carcinogenic substances (EKA) for cobalt and cobalt compounds [CAS No.7440‐48‐4] in 2017. Available publications are described in detail.The evaluation of the BLW was based on the association between urinary concentration of cobalt to characterize the internal exposure and cardiotoxicity as critical effect. Moderate restrictive lung dysfunctions and slight interferences with thyroid metabolism (hypothyroidism) were observed at urinary cobalt concentrations of 79 µg/l urine and 84 µg/l urine, respectively. At urinary concentrations of 38 µg cobalt/l urine and 36 µg cobalt/l urine no adverse effects of restrictive lung dysfunction and cardiotoxicity were observed. Therefore, a BLW of 35 µg/l urine was derived. The sampling time is for long‐term exposures at the end of the shift after several shifts.In some biomonitoring studies, the excretion of cobalt in urine of persons occupationally not exposed to cobalt was examined. Due to geogenic differences, a German study was considered for the evaluation, where urine samples of 87 adults were analyzed and a 95th percentile of 1.53 µg cobalt/l urine was recorded. These results are in good accordance with other international studies. Therefore, a BAR of 1.5 µg cobalt/l urine was evaluated.The relationships between the concentration of cobalt in ambient air and that in urine derived from the more recent studies are in good accordance with the present EKA. The Commission therefore retains the EKA already derived in 1986 and extended in 2006 in the lower range between the concentration of cobalt in the air and in urine.
Essigsäureanhydrid [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2018]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: July 2018

Abstract

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated the maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value) and the Pregnancy Risk Group of acetic anhydride [
108‐24‐7
]. Furthermore genotoxicity and skin absorption have been evaluated.

Critical effects are irritation of mucous membranes in humans and inflammation reactions as well as hyper‐ and metaplasia in the upper respiration tract with a NOAEC of 1 ml/m
3
in a 90‐day‐inhalation study with rats. Since 2014 the Commission uses an empirical approach to set MAK values for such substances. According to this, the MAK value for acetic anhydride has been lowered to 0.1 ml/m
3
. As local effects are critical, the assignment to Peak Limitation Category I is confirmed. As the LOAEC is fivefold as high as the NOAEC in the 90‐day‐inhalation study with rats, the true NAEC might be higher and the excursion factor of 2 is set. Taking into consideration the low systemic bioavailability and the data for the metabolite acetic acid, damage to the embryo and fetus is unlikely when the MAK value for acetic anhydride is not exceeded. Therefore, acetic anhydride is classified in Pregnancy Risk Group C. Absorption of acetic anhydride via the skin is unlikely, due to the rapid hydrolysis to acetic acid in aqueous solution. In addition, the irritation of undiluted acetic anhydride precludes a skin contact over a longer period. The substance is not genotoxic.