bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adaptive restart of accelerated gradient methods under local quadratic growth condition
Authors: Fercoq Olivier , Qu Zheng 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
By analyzing accelerated proximal gradient methods under a local quadratic growth condition, we show that restarting these algorithms at any frequency gives a globally linearly convergent algorithm. This result was previously known only for long enough frequencies. Then as the rate of convergence depends on the match between the frequency and the quadratic error bound, we design a scheme to automatically adapt the frequency of restart from the observed decrease of the norm of the gradient mapping. Our algorithm has a better theoretical bound than previously proposed methods for the adaptation to the quadratic error bound of the objective. We illustrate the efficiency of the algorithm on Lasso, regularized logistic regression and total variation denoising problems.
Prevention of opportunistic non-communicable diseases
Authors: Hegelund Maria H , Faurholt-Jepsen Daniel , Bygbjerg Ib C 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
As strategies targeting undernutrition and infections become increasingly successful in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), a second challenge has appeared, namely premature onset of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). In LMICs, NCDs are often related to exposure to undernutrition and infections. As NCDs strike societies and individuals with impaired resistance or a deficient health (care) state, why not label such diseases ‘opportunistic’, in analogy with opportunistic infections attacking individuals with HIV? We propose the concept of opportunistic NCDs, hoping that fighting against infections, and for better maternal and child health, is becoming acknowledged as essential for the early prevention of NCDs.
Association between HIV knowledge and stigmatizing attitudes towards people living with HIV in Afghanistan: findings from the 2015 Afghanistan Demographic and Health Survey
Authors: Alemi Qais , Stempel Carl 
Published: February 2019

Abstract

Background
Afghanistan has witnessed a dramatic increase in HIV infections. Public health officials have responded with campaigns to educate the public about HIV prevention and transmission. We examine the association between HIV prevention and transmission knowledge and stigma towards people living with HIV (PLHIV) in Afghanistan.

Methods
We conducted a secondary analysis of cross-sectional data (n=11 930) from the 2015 Afghanistan Demographic and Health Survey. Hierarchical linear regression analysis was used to examine the effects of accurate HIV knowledge related to safer sex and local misconceptions about the virus’s transmission (e.g. mosquitos and witchcraft) on two stigma outcomes, namely, stigma towards public others with HIV (teachers and food vendors) and stigma towards close family members with HIV.

Results
Stigmatizing attitudes were highly prevalent and HIV knowledge varied widely. Multivariate analyses show that correct knowledge related to local misconceptions about HIV prevention and transmission is significantly associated with lower stigma towards public others (ΔR2adjusted=0.07); however, knowledge had little and contradictory influence in the model predicting stigma towards close family members with HIV (ΔR2adjusted=0.005).

Conclusions
These findings suggest that it would be worthwhile designing interventions that dispel local misconceptions about HIV. This may be helpful in reducing stigma towards PLHIV in public positions but not towards family members, which calls for alternative strategies for reducing HIV-related stigma.
Creating strategic couplings in global production networks: regional institutions and lead firm investment in the Humber region, UK
Authors: Dawley Stuart , MacKinnon Danny , Pollock Robert 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This article aims to unpack and analyse the institutional and political dynamics of strategic coupling from a host region perspective, adopting an actor-centred approach that focuses on regional institutions’ efforts to attract and embed lead firm investments within global production networks. We are particularly concerned with understanding the strategic agency and shifting coalitions of actors that create couplings and shape their evolution over time. This involves opening up the institutional underpinnings of strategic couplings by focusing more specifically on the key episodes in their creation and the organisation of the temporary coalitions that do the work of creating couplings. This approach is operationalised through a case study of the Siemens offshore wind turbine plant in the Humber region of England. In conclusion, we emphasise the need for regional institutions to develop adaptive coupling creation strategies that co-evolve with the reconfiguration of production networks and the reshaping of national institutional and political environments.
Self-assembled structure of dendronized CdS nanoparticles
Authors: Nakajima Hiroshi , Matsuki Daichi , Fukunaga Yumi , Toriyama Takaaki , Shigematsu Koji , Matsubara Masaki , Kanie Kiyoshi , Muramatsu Atsushi , Murakami Yasukazu 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Self-assembled dendronized CdS nanoparticles have been attracting considerable attention because of their photoluminescence properties depending on annealing treatments. In this study, their annealing-induced self-assembled structure was investigated via scanning transmission electron microscopy; thin foil specimens of self-assembled dendronized CdS nanoparticles were prepared by ultramicrotomy and the STEM images revealed their ordered structure and the effect of the annealing treatment. In addition, a structural order belonging to the P213 space group was identified via an autocorrelation analysis. The results indicated that this structural order could be achieved only over a few tens of nanometers.
Methylation-Based Biological Age and Breast Cancer Risk
Authors: Kresovich Jacob K , Xu Zongli , O’Brien Katie M , Weinberg Clarice R , Sandler Dale P , Taylor Jack A 
Published: February 2019

Abstract

Background
Age is one of the strongest predictors of cancer, chronic disease, and mortality, but biological responses to aging differ among people. Epigenetic DNA modifications have been used to estimate “biological age,” which may be a useful predictor of disease risk. We tested this hypothesis for breast cancer.

Methods
Using a case-cohort approach, we measured baseline blood DNA methylation of 2764 women enrolled in the Sister Study, 1566 of whom subsequently developed breast cancer after an average of 6 years. Using three previously established methylation-based “clocks” (Hannum, Horvath, and Levine), we defined biological age acceleration for each woman by comparing her estimated biological age with her chronological age. Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for breast cancer risk were estimated using Cox regression models. All statistical tests were two-sided.

Results
Each of the three clocks showed that biological age acceleration was statistically significantly associated with increased risk of developing breast cancer (5-year age acceleration, Hannum’s clock: hazard ratio [HR] = 1.10, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.00 to 1.21, P = .04; Horvath’s clock: HR = 1.08, 95% CI = 1.00 to 1.17, P = .04; Levine’s clock: HR = 1.15, 95% CI = 1.07 to 1.23, P < .001). For Levine’s clock, each 5-year acceleration in biological age corresponded with a 15% increase in breast cancer risk. Although biological age may accelerate with menopausal transition, age acceleration in premenopausal women independently predicted breast cancer. Case-only analysis suggested that, among women who develop breast cancer, increased age acceleration is associated with invasive cancer (odds ratio for invasive = 1.09, 95% CI = 0.98 to 1.22, P = .10).

Conclusions
DNA methylation-based measures of biological age may be important predictors of breast cancer risk.
Subacute Aerococcus urinae Infective Endocarditis With Mycotic Aneurysms in a Pediatric Patient: Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Sous Natalie , Piwoz Julia A , Baer Aryeh Z , Bhavsar Sejal Makvana 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Aerococcus urinae has been found to cause urinary tract infection in elderly patients and has been reported as a rare cause of infective endocarditis associated with significant morbidity and death in adults. However, information regarding its occurrence in children is lacking. We report here the case of a pediatric patient with subacute A urinae infective endocarditis with mycotic aneurysms.
‘A New and Fierce Disorder’s Raging’: Monomania in Mary Barton (1848)
Authors: Stewart Lindsey 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This article examines Elizabeth Gaskell’s use of the early psychiatric idea of monomania in her novel Mary Barton (1848). Digital searches show a steep rise in the textual use of the word so that by the mid-1830s it might be described as popularly familiar, albeit still invested with the esotericism and prestige of medical vocabulary. The furore in the press circulating around monomaniacal assassins would not have escaped Gaskell’s notice as she began the novel, which was written intermittently between the years 1844 and 1847 and set in c. 1834 to 1840. John Barton, and his sister-in-law, fallen woman Esther, are gripped by obsessive, avenging missions fostered by the pathogenic environments they inhabit. Their trajectories are similar: the loss of a child, a recourse to opiates and alcohol to manage misery and hunger, and an expulsion from the normalizing world of domesticity. The narrative describes both as monomaniacs. I argue that these monomanias are equivalent to a tormenting class consciousness wherein their over-abundant imaginations refuse to accept their lot. A challenge to the notion that the working class were morally at fault, monomania is presented as a condition caused by an environment that can only foster despair. The text does not simply pathologize the characters, but presents the social structure itself as pathological. Gaskell uses a gothic formulation of the disease as ‘haunting’ and ‘incessant’. It is a novelistic version which is both proto-sensational in the projects its sufferers pursue (murder and detection) whilst also signifying a nervous collapse brought about by material deprivation. Gaskell’s monomaniacs come closest to replicating the aetiologies of their ‘real’ counterparts in County Asylums.
Considerations of the importance of redox state for reactive nitrogen species action
Authors: Hancock John T 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) and other reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are immensely important signalling molecules in plants, being involved in a range of physiological responses. However, the exact way in which NO fits into signal transduction pathways is not always easy to understand. Here, some of the issues that should be considered are discussed. This includes how NO may interact directly with other reactive signals, such as reactive oxygen and sulfur species, how NO metabolism is almost certainly compartmentalized, that threshold levels of RNS may need to be reached to have effects, and how the intracellular redox environment may impact on NO signalling. Until better tools are available to understand how NO is generated in cells, where it accumulates, and to what levels it reaches, it will be hard to get a full understanding of NO signalling. The interaction of RNS metabolism with the intracellular redox environment needs further investigation. A changing redox poise will impact on whether RNS species can thrive in or around cells. Such mechanisms will determine whether specific RNS can indeed control the responses needed by a cell.
Adolescents and Body Modification for Gender Identity Expression
Authors: Murphy Timothy F 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
As a matter of ethics and law, adults enjoy wide berth in securing hormonal and surgical interventions to align their bodies with their desired gender appearance. In contrast, the exercise of choice by minors is more constrained, because they can be less well situated to grasp the nature and consequences of interventions having life-long effects. Even so, some minors hope for body modifications prior to adulthood. Starting very young, some minors may assert atypical gender identity: those with female-typical bodies assert a male identity and those with male-typical bodies assert a female identity. This assertion of identity is atypical only in a descriptive sense, because it is uncharacteristic, not because it is normatively unacceptable. Not all minors persist in their atypical gender identities, but some do. For those who do, it is desirable to minimize unwanted secondary sex characteristics and to maximize desired secondary sex characteristics. I outline here a theory of respect for decisions by minors in regard to hormonal and surgical interventions that help align their bodies with their gender identity. Of particular ethical interest here are body modifications for fertility preservation since certain interventions in the body can leave people unable to have genetically related children. In general, I will show that the degree of respect owed to minors in regard to body modifications for gender identity expression should be scaled according to their decision-making capacities, in the context of robust practices of informed consent.
‘ … nur ein Gleichnis’: Heinrich Schenker and the Path To ‘Likeness’
Authors: Marston Nicholas 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This article introduces to Schenker scholarship a virtually unknown, unfinished text, ‘Der Weg zum Gleichniss’ (‘The Path to Likeness’). I date it to the decade following 1895, and more specifically to 1902–4: thus, between ‘Der Geist der musikalischen Technik’ and Harmonielehre (1906). ‘Geist’ has for more than thirty years been repeatedly re-examined for its negative account of organicism in music; I show that the ‘Gleichniss’ text both reiterates Schenker’s position and argues that, through the controlling concept of ‘likeness’, music succeeded in elevating itself to the level of ‘a distinct, second, artificial and higher nature’. In short, this text may represent the ‘missing link’ between ‘Geist’ and the more positively organicist Harmonielehre. Finally, I ponder the context of ‘Geist’ and the background to Schenker’s idiosyncratic use of the term ‘Gleichniss’: this leads both forwards to the 1933 article ‘Was wird aus der Musik?’ and backwards to the Old Testament.
Malassezia japonica is part of the cutaneous microbiome of free-ranging golden-headed lion tamarins (Leontopithecus chrysomelas – Kuhl, 1820)
Authors: Coutinho Selene Dall’ Acqua , Sacristán Carlos , Bueno Marina Galvão , Marigo Juliana , Pissinatti Alcides , Kierulff Maria Cecilia , Catão-Dias José Luiz 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
We investigated Malassezia spp. in external ear canal and haircoat of free-ranging golden-headed lion tamarins (Leontopithecus chrysomelas). A total of 199 animals were restrained, and 597 clinical samples were collected. After the amplification of the 26S ribosomal gene by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the RFLP technique was performed. Two additional PCR protocols were performed in 10 randomly selected strains. Malassezia sp. was isolated in 38.2% (76/199) of the animals and 14.6% (87/597) of the samples; all strains were lipodependent. The 10 sequenced strains showed a high identity with Malassezia japonica, species described in man, but not in animals, so far.
Zoonotic sporotrichosis with greater severity in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: 118 hospitalizations and 11 deaths in the last 2 decades in a reference institution
Authors: Falcão Eduardo Mastrangelo Marinho , Pires Mariah Castro de Souza , Andrade Hugo Boechat , Gonçalves Marcelo Luiz Carvalho , Almeida-Paes Rodrigo , do Valle Antonio Carlos Francesconi , Bastos Francisco Inacio , Gutierrez-Galhardo Maria Clara , Freitas Dayvison Francis Saraiva 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Since 1998, there has been an increase in the number of cat-transmitted cases of human sporotrichosis in Rio de Janeiro state, and severe forms are observed especially when associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). A retrospective search of the INI/ Fiocruz database was conducted to identify sporotrichosis cases, hospitalized and deceased patients, between 1999 and 2015. There were 3917 adult patients diagnosed, 75 of them hospitalized, and 11 died. We conclude there is still a progression toward hyperendemic levels and greater severity has been demonstrated mainly in a socially excluded population.
The power spectrum of the Lyman-α Forest at z &lt; 0.5
Authors: Khaire Vikram , Walther Michael , Hennawi Joseph F , Oñorbe Jose , Lukić Zarija , Prochaska J Xavier , Tripp Todd M , Burchett Joseph N , Rodriguez Christian 
Published: February 2019

ABSTRACT
We present new measurements of the flux power-spectrum P(k) of the z &lt; 0.5 H  i Lyman-α Forest spanning scales $k \sim 0.001\!-\!0.1\, \mathrm{s \, km}^{-1}$. These results were derived from 65 far-ultraviolet quasar spectra (resolution $R \sim 18\, 000$) observed with the Cosmic Origin Spectrograph (COS) on board the Hubble Space Telescope. The analysis required careful masking of all contaminating, coincident absorption from H  i and metal–line transitions of the Galactic interstellar medium and intervening absorbers as well as proper treatment of the complex COS line-spread function. From the P(k) measurements, we estimate the H  i photoionization rate ($\Gamma _{\rm H\,{\small I}}$) in the z &lt; 0.5 intergalactic medium. Our results confirm most of the previous $\Gamma _{\rm H\,{\small I}}$ estimates. We conclude that previous concerns of a photon underproduction crisis are now resolved by demonstrating that the measured $\Gamma _{\rm H\,{\small I}}$ can be accounted for by ultraviolet emission from quasars alone. In a companion paper, we will present constraints on the thermal state of the z &lt; 0.5 intergalactic medium from the P(k) measurements presented here.
Relationship between the line width of the atomic and molecular ISM in M33
Authors: Koch Eric W , Rosolowsky Erik W , Schruba Andreas , Leroy Adam , Kepley Amanda , Braine Jonathan , Dalcanton Julianne , Johnson Megan C 
Published: February 2019

ABSTRACT
We investigate how the spectral properties of atomic (H i) and molecular (H2) gas, traced by CO(2−1) , are related in M33 on 80 pc scales. We find the H i  and CO(2−1)  velocity at peak intensity to be highly correlated, consistent with previous studies. By stacking spectra aligned to the velocity of H i peak intensity, we find that the CO  line width (σHWHM = 4.6 ± 0.9 ${\rm km\, s^{-1}}$ ; σHWHM is the effective Gaussian width) is consistently smaller than the H i line width (σHWHM = 6.6 ± 0.1 ${\rm km\, s^{-1}}$), with a ratio of ∼0.7, in agreement with Druard et al. The ratio of the line widths remains less than unity when the data are smoothed to a coarser spatial resolution. In other nearby galaxies, this line width ratio is close to unity which has been used as evidence for a thick, diffuse molecular disc that is distinct from the thin molecular disc dominated by molecular clouds. The smaller line width ratio found here suggests that M33 has a marginal thick molecular disc. From modelling individual lines of sight, we recover a strong correlation between H i and CO line widths when only the H i located closest to the CO component is considered. The median line width ratio of the line-of-sight line widths is 0.56 ± 0.01. There is substantial scatter in the H i –CO(2−1) line width relation, larger than the uncertainties, that results from regional variations on &lt;500 pc scales, and there is no significant trend in the line widths, or their ratios, with galactocentric radius. These regional line width variations may be a useful probe of changes in the local cloud environment or the evolutionary state of molecular clouds.
What determines the shape of the local (z &lt; 0.1) infrared galaxy luminosity function?
Authors: Symeonidis M , Page M J 
Published: February 2019

ABSTRACT
We investigate what shapes the infrared luminosity function of local galaxies by comparing it to the local infrared active galactic nucleus (AGN) luminosity function. The former corresponds to emission from dust heated by stars and AGN, whereas the latter includes emission from AGN-heated dust only. Our results show that infrared emission from AGN starts mixing into the galaxy luminosity function in the luminous infrared galaxy (LIRG) regime and becomes significant in the ultraluminous infrared galaxy (ULIRG) regime, with the luminosity above which local ULIRGs become AGN-dominated being in the log$L_{\rm IR}/\rm L_{\odot }\sim 12.2$–12.7 range. We propose that as a result of the AGN contribution, the infrared galaxy luminosity function has a flatter high-luminosity slope than UV/optical galaxy luminosity functions. Furthermore, we note that the increased AGN contribution as a function of LIR is reflected in the average dust temperature (Tdust) of local galaxies, and may be responsible for the local LIR–Tdust relation. However, although our results show that AGN play a central role in defining the properties of local ULIRGs, we find that the dominant power source in the local ULIRG population is star formation.
Health status, health-related quality of life, and socioeconomic outcome in childhood brain tumor survivors: a German cohort study
Authors: Scholtes Cathy , Baust Katja , Weinhold Leonie , Creutzig Ursula , Gnekow Astrid , Hinz Andreas , Kaatsch Peter , Kreitz Kiana , Langer Thorsten , Rutkowski Stefan , Singer Susanne , Spix Claudia , Teske Carmen , Schmid Matthias , Dilloo Dagmar , Calaminus Gabriele 
Published: February 2019

Abstract

Background
With rising numbers of childhood cancer survivors, somatic and socioeconomic outcome as well as health-related quality of life (QoL) gain increasing relevance. Based on the first nationwide German Survey on Life Situation, State of Health, and Quality of Life of Childhood Cancer Survivors, the VIVE survey, we report the outcome of survivors of childhood brain tumors localized in the posterior fossa.

Methods
Two hundred seventy participants with a median follow-up period of 21.9 years completed a questionnaire on socioeconomic and somatic late effects as well as a standardized QoL questionnaire (European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer QLQ-C30). Comparisons were performed between World Health Organization (WHO) grades I–II, WHO grades III–IV brain tumor survivors (BTS), and the general population adjusting for potential confounders.

Results
The socioeconomic and QoL results of WHO grades I–II BTS were largely comparable to the general population, while grades III–IV BTS were at higher risk for significantly worse outcomes. Of WHO grades III–IV BTS, 36.8% were still living with their parents or in assisted living facilities compared with 16.1% of grades I–II BTS and 7.8% of the age-adjusted general population. Of grades III–IV BTS, 60.8% achieved at least an intermediate school degree in comparison to 80.5% of grades I–II BTS and 75.6% of the general population. Grades III–IV BTS developed up to 2 times more somatic late effects than survivors of grades I–II tumors.

Conclusion
Derived from a large and homogeneous cohort, these results stress the importance of an appropriate follow-up period focusing not only on physical aspects but encompassing the entire living situation to allow patient-tailored support.