bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anti-Money Laundering Measures Versus European Union Fundamental Freedoms and Human Rights in the Recent Jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights and the European Court of Justice
Authors: De Vido Sara 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThis article will evaluate whether, and to what extent, preventive measures in the fight against money laundering may limit fundamental freedoms and human rights within the European Union (“EU”). It will analyze two judgments rendered by the European Court of Justice (“ECJ”) and one judgment rendered by the European Court of Human Rights (“ECtHR”). In these three cases, the courts were asked to investigate the compatibility of specific Anti-Money Laundering (“AML”) preventive measures with the freedom to provide services enshrined in the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (“TFEU”) and human rights. Considering the gravity of the phenomenon, AML measures have gradually emerged as a “European general interest.” The Fourth EU Anti-Money Laundering Directive, which has been recently adopted, displays this compelling need.
Revolutionary Constitutional Lawmaking in Germany—Rediscovering the German 1989 Revolution
Authors: Jaggi Stephan 
Published: March 2019

AbstractToday, the 1989 Revolution in East Germany is recognized and celebrated as the event that abolished the German Democratic Republic (GDR) and brought about German unification. What is mostly overlooked, however, is that these are not the Revolution's only and, from the perspective of constitutional law, not even its most important achievements. More important with respect to understanding constitutional lawmaking in Germany is that the 1989 Revolution did not lead to an unconditional adoption of West German constitutional law in the new East German states. Instead, the Revolution had its own constitutional agenda, which went beyond the West German Basic Law and was transferred to unified Germany where it then needed to be integrated into the existing West German constitutional order. The Article reinterprets the 1989 Revolution and shows how a revolutionary popular movement in the GDR developed its own constitutional agenda, which first found legal manifestation in GDR legislation, and then was transferred to unified Germany through the Unification Treaty and the new state constitutions.
“Gender Quotas” in French and Italian Public Law: A Tale of Two Overlapping and Then Diverging Trajectories
Authors: Möschel Mathias 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThis Article compares the French and Italian experiences with gender quotas—understood as mechanisms intended to increase women's participation in public life, including but not limited to, the reservation of seats in certain positions and the modulation of electoral lists— in public entities such as legislative and executive bodies (including political parties), the judiciary, and public universities. The comparison between France and Italy demonstrates that even between two countries whose constitutional history and trajectory with regard to gender quotas has been portrayed as being essentially identical, a closer analysis of the recent developments in both countries’ constitutional and administrative case law shows a slightly more nuanced picture. Using Rodolfo Sacco's approach of legal formants, this Article argues that the difference stems mainly from the different attitude and interpretation of equality by the judicial formant.
Observing the Local Emergence of the Southern Ocean Residual‐Mean Circulation
Authors: Sévellec F. , Naveira Garabato A. C. , Vic C. , Ducousso N. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe role of mesoscale turbulence in maintaining the mean buoyancy structure and overturning circulation of the Southern Ocean is investigated through a 2‐year‐long, single‐mooring record of measurements in Drake Passage. The buoyancy budget of the area is successively assessed within the Eulerian and the Temporal‐Residual‐Mean frameworks. We find that a regime change occurs on time scales of 1 to 100 days, characteristic of mesoscale dynamics, whereby the eddy‐induced turbulent horizontal advection balances the vertical buoyancy advection by the mean flow. We use these diagnostics to reconstruct the region's overturning circulation, which is found to entail an equatorward downwelling of Antarctic Intermediate and Bottom Waters and a poleward upwelling of Circumpolar Deep Water. The estimated eddy‐induced flow can be accurately parameterized via the Gent‐McWilliams closure by adopting a diffusivity of ∼2,000 m2 s−1 with a middepth increase to 2,500 m2 s−1 at 2,100 m, immediately underneath the maximum interior stratification.
Along‐Strike Variations in Structure of the Continent‐Ocean Transition at the Northeastern Nova Scotia Margin From Wide‐Angle Seismic Observations
Authors: Lau K. W. Helen , Nedimović Mladen R. , Louden Keith E. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractOur 2‐D‐layered velocity model along strike northeastern Nova Scotian margin, constrained by wide‐angle seismic Profile OCTOPUS and coincident 9‐km streamer Profile GXT‐5100, displays highly variable basement structures interpreted to define four distinct zones within the continent‐ocean transition: Zone I, with thin (1–2 km) and laterally uniform upper crust (5.2–5.5 km/s) and high‐velocity lower crust (6.5–7.7 km/s); Zone II, with velocities of 5.5–7.5 km/s and a high vertical velocity gradient (∼1.1/s) characteristic of exhumed serpentinized (up to 90%) mantle (ESM) above ∼3.5‐km‐thick slightly (<30%) serpentinized mantle layer of reduced mantle velocities (7.5–8.0 km/s); Zone III, with 1‐ to 2‐km‐thick upper crust and velocity of ∼5.2 km/s above a ∼6‐km‐thick, moderately (<60%) serpentinized mantle layer (velocity ∼6.4–7.9 km/s); and Zone IV, with lower crust (∼0.7–3.0 km thick and with velocity of 6.1–6.6 km/s) between upper crust (velocity ∼5.0–5.4 km/s) and a slightly serpentinized mantle layer (<40%; velocity ∼7.3–8.0 km/s). These continent‐ocean transition structures represent embryonic oceanic or rifted continental crust, and ESM. By combining our results with those from two dip‐oriented crossing profiles, we map a regional track of non‐ESM landward of Profile OCTOPUS with mostly uniform along‐dip width, but a limited extent and variable width section of ESM seaward. Our results indicate that there can be a remarkable amount of short‐wavelength (e.g., 50 km) lateral structural variability within individual rifted margin segments but that mapping it requires a grid of modern wide‐angle profiles.
AGRP neurons modulate fasting-induced anxiolytic effects
Authors: Li Changhong , Hou Yanjun , Zhang Jia , Sui Guangzhi , Du Xueliang , Licinio Julio , Wong Ma-Li , Yang Yunlei 
Published: March 2019

AbstractRecent studies indicate that activation of hypothalamic Agouti-related protein (Agrp) neurons can increase forage-related/repetitive behavior and decrease anxiety levels. However, the impact of physiological hunger states and food deprivation on anxiety-related behaviors have not been clarified. In the present study, we evaluated changes in anxiety levels induced by physiological hunger states and food deprivation, and identified the neuron population involved. Ad libitum fed and fasted mice were tested in the open field and elevated plus-maze behavioral tests. The DREADD approach was applied to selectively inhibit and stimulate neurons expressing Agrp in hypothalamic arcuate nucleus in Agrp-Cre transgenic mice. We found that anxiety levels were significantly reduced in the late light period when mice have increased need for food and increased Agrp neurons firing, in contrast to the levels in the early light period. Consistently, we also found that anxiety was potently reduced in 24-h fasted mice, relative to 12-h fasted mice or fed ad libitum. Mechanistically, we found that chemogenetic activation of Agrp neurons reduced anxiety in fed mice, and inactivation of Agrp neurons reduced fasting-induced anxiolytic effects. Our results suggest that anxiety levels may vary physiologically with the increasing need for food, and are influenced by acute fasting in a time-dependent manner. Agrp neurons contribute to fasting-induced anxiolytic effects, supporting the notion that Agrp neuron may serve as an entry point for the treatment of energy states-related anxiety disorders.
Motor cortex excitability and inhibitory imbalance in autism spectrum disorder assessed with transcranial magnetic stimulation: a systematic review
Authors: Masuda Fumi , Nakajima Shinichiro , Miyazaki Takahiro , Yoshida Kazunari , Tsugawa Sakiko , Wada Masataka , Ogyu Kamiyu , Croarkin Paul E. , Blumberger Daniel M. , Daskalakis Zafiris J. , Mimura Masaru , Noda Yoshihiro 
Published: March 2019

AbstractCortical excitation/inhibition (E/I) imbalances contribute to various clinical symptoms observed in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, the detailed pathophysiologic underpinning of E/I imbalance remains uncertain. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) motor-evoked potentials (MEP) are a non-invasive tool for examining cortical inhibition in ASD. Here, we conducted a systematic review on TMS neurophysiology in motor cortex (M1) such as MEPs and short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) between individuals with ASD and controls. Out of 538 initial records, we identified six articles. Five studies measured MEP, where four studies measured SICI. There were no differences in MEP amplitudes between the two groups, whereas SICI was likely to be reduced in individuals with ASD compared with controls. Notably, SICI largely reflects GABA(A) receptor-mediated function. Conversely, other magnetic resonance spectroscopy and postmortem methodologies assess GABA levels. The present review demonstrated that there may be neurophysiological deficits in GABA receptor-mediated function in ASD. In conclusion, reduced GABAergic function in the neural circuits could underlie the E/I imbalance in ASD, which may be related to the pathophysiology of clinical symptoms of ASD. Therefore, a novel treatment that targets the neural circuits related to GABA(A) receptor-mediated function in regions involved in the pathophysiology of ASD may be promising.
Atomic electrostatic maps of 1D channels in 2D semiconductors using 4D scanning transmission electron microscopy
Authors: Fang Shiang , Wen Yi , Allen Christopher S. , Ophus Colin , Han Grace G. D. , Kirkland Angus I. , Kaxiras Efthimios , Warner Jamie H. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractDefects in materials give rise to fluctuations in electrostatic fields that reflect the local charge density, but imaging this with single atom sensitivity is challenging. However, if possible, this provides information about the energetics of adatom binding, localized conduction channels, molecular functionality and their relationship to individual bonds. Here, ultrastable electron-optics are combined with a high-speed 2D electron detector to map electrostatic fields around individual atoms in 2D monolayers using 4D scanning transmission electron microscopy. Simultaneous imaging of the electric field, phase, annular dark field and the total charge in 2D MoS2 and WS2 is demonstrated for pristine areas and regions with 1D wires. The in-gap states in sulphur line vacancies cause 1D electron-rich channels that are mapped experimentally and confirmed using density functional theory calculations. We show how electrostatic fields are sensitive in defective areas to changes of atomic bonding and structural determination beyond conventional imaging.
Evidence for model-based encoding of Pavlovian contingencies in the human brain
Authors: Pauli Wolfgang M. , Gentile Giovanni , Collette Sven , Tyszka Julian M. , O’Doherty John P. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractProminent accounts of Pavlovian conditioning successfully approximate the frequency and intensity of conditioned responses under the assumption that learning is exclusively model-free; that animals do not develop a cognitive map of events. However, these model-free approximations fall short of comprehensively capturing learning and behavior in Pavlovian conditioning. We therefore performed multivoxel pattern analysis of high-resolution functional MRI data in human participants to test for the encoding of stimulus-stimulus associations that could support model-based computations during Pavlovian conditioning. We found that dissociable sub-regions of the striatum encode predictions of stimulus-stimulus associations and predictive value, in a manner that is directly related to learning performance. Activity patterns in the orbitofrontal cortex were also found to be related to stimulus-stimulus as well as value encoding. These results suggest that the brain encodes model-based representations during Pavlovian conditioning, and that these representations are utilized in the service of behavior.
Gas identification with graphene plasmons
Authors: Hu Hai , Yang Xiaoxia , Guo Xiangdong , Khaliji Kaveh , Biswas Sudipta Romen , García de Abajo F. Javier , Low Tony , Sun Zhipei , Dai Qing 
Published: March 2019

AbstractIdentification of gas molecules plays a key role a wide range of applications extending from healthcare to security. However, the most widely used gas nano-sensors are based on electrical approaches or refractive index sensing, which typically are unable to identify molecular species. Here, we report label-free identification of gas molecules SO2, NO2, N2O, and NO by detecting their rotational-vibrational modes using graphene plasmon. The detected signal corresponds to a gas molecule layer adsorbed on the graphene surface with a concentration of 800 zeptomole per μm2, which is made possible by the strong field confinement of graphene plasmons and high physisorption of gas molecules on the graphene nanoribbons. We further demonstrate a fast response time (<1 min) of our devices, which enables real-time monitoring of gaseous chemical reactions. The demonstration and understanding of gas molecule identification using graphene plasmonic nanostructures open the door to various emerging applications, including in-breath diagnostics and monitoring of volatile organic compounds.
A Ca2+-regulated deAMPylation switch in human and bacterial FIC proteins
Authors: Veyron Simon , Oliva Giulia , Rolando Monica , Buchrieser Carmen , Peyroche Gérald , Cherfils Jacqueline 
Published: March 2019

AbstractFIC proteins regulate molecular processes from bacteria to humans by catalyzing post-translational modifications (PTM), the most frequent being the addition of AMP or AMPylation. In many AMPylating FIC proteins, a structurally conserved glutamate represses AMPylation and, in mammalian FICD, also supports deAMPylation of BiP/GRP78, a key chaperone of the unfolded protein response. Currently, a direct signal regulating these FIC proteins has not been identified. Here, we use X-ray crystallography and in vitro PTM assays to address this question. We discover that Enterococcus faecalis FIC (EfFIC) catalyzes both AMPylation and deAMPylation and that the glutamate implements a multi-position metal switch whereby Mg2+ and Ca2+ control AMPylation and deAMPylation differentially without a conformational change. Remarkably, Ca2+ concentration also tunes deAMPylation of BiP by human FICD. Our results suggest that the conserved glutamate is a signature of AMPylation/deAMPylation FIC bifunctionality and identify metal ions as diffusible signals that regulate such FIC proteins directly.
Inner lumen proteins stabilize doublet microtubules in cilia and flagella
Authors: Owa Mikito , Uchihashi Takayuki , Yanagisawa Haru-aki , Yamano Takashi , Iguchi Hiro , Fukuzawa Hideya , Wakabayashi Ken-ichi , Ando Toshio , Kikkawa Masahide 
Published: March 2019

AbstractMotile cilia are microtubule-based organelles that play important roles in most eukaryotes. Although axonemal microtubules are sufficiently stable to withstand their beating motion, it remains unknown how they are stabilized while serving as tracks for axonemal dyneins. To address this question, we have identified two uncharacterized proteins, FAP45 and FAP52, as microtubule inner proteins (MIPs) in Chlamydomonas. These proteins are conserved among eukaryotes with motile cilia. Using cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) and high-speed atomic force microscopy (HS-AFM), we show that lack of these proteins leads to a loss of inner protrusions in B-tubules and less stable microtubules. These protrusions are located near the inner junctions of doublet microtubules and lack of both FAP52 and a known inner junction protein FAP20 results in detachment of the B-tubule from the A-tubule, as well as flagellar shortening. These results demonstrate that FAP45 and FAP52 bind to the inside of microtubules and stabilize ciliary axonemes.
Heterologous biosynthesis and characterization of a glycocin from a thermophilic bacterium
Authors: Kaunietis Arnoldas , Buivydas Andrius , Čitavičius Donaldas J. , Kuipers Oscar P. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe genome of the thermophilic bacterium, Aeribacillus pallidus 8, encodes the bacteriocin pallidocin. It belongs to the small class of glycocins and is posttranslationally modified, containing an S-linked glucose on a specific Cys residue. In this study, the pallidocin biosynthetic machinery is cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli to achieve its full biosynthesis and modification. It targets other thermophilic bacteria with potent activity, demonstrated by a low minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value. Moreover, the characterized biosynthetic machinery is employed to produce two other glycopeptides Hyp1 and Hyp2. Pallidocin and Hyp1 exhibit antibacterial activity against closely related thermophilic bacteria and some Bacillus sp. strains. Thus, heterologous expression of a glycocin biosynthetic gene cluster including an S-glycosyltransferase provides a good tool for production of hypothetical glycocins encoded by various bacterial genomes and allows rapid in vivo screening.
Vaccination to prevent T cell subversion can protect against persistent hepacivirus infection
Authors: Hartlage Alex S. , Murthy Satyapramod , Kumar Arvind , Trivedi Sheetal , Dravid Piyush , Sharma Himanshu , Walker Christopher M. , Kapoor Amit 
Published: March 2019

AbstractEfforts to develop an effective vaccine against the hepatitis C virus (HCV; human hepacivirus) have been stymied by a lack of small animal models. Here, we describe an experimental rat model of chronic HCV-related hepacivirus infection and its response to T cell immunization. Immune-competent rats challenged with a rodent hepacivirus (RHV) develop chronic viremia characterized by expansion of non-functional CD8+ T cells. Single-dose vaccination with a recombinant adenovirus vector expressing hepacivirus non-structural proteins induces effective immunity in majority of rats. Resolution of infection coincides with a vigorous recall of intrahepatic cellular responses. Host selection of viral CD8 escape variants can subvert vaccine-conferred immunity. Transient depletion of CD8+ cells from vaccinated rats prolongs infection, while CD4+ cell depletion results in chronic viremia. These results provide direct evidence that co-operation between CD4+ and CD8+ T cells is important for hepacivirus immunity, and that subversion of responses can be prevented by prophylactic vaccination.
Emergence of self-affine surfaces during adhesive wear
Authors: Milanese Enrico , Brink Tobias , Aghababaei Ramin , Molinari Jean-François 
Published: March 2019

AbstractFriction and wear depend critically on surface roughness and its evolution with time. An accurate control of roughness is essential to the performance and durability of virtually all engineering applications. At geological scales, roughness along tectonic faults is intimately linked to stick-slip behaviour as experienced during earthquakes. While numerous experiments on natural, fractured, and frictional sliding surfaces have shown that roughness has self-affine fractal properties, much less is known about the mechanisms controlling the origins and the evolution of roughness. Here, by performing long-timescale molecular dynamics simulations and tracking the roughness evolution in time, we reveal that the emergence of self-affine surfaces is governed by the interplay between the ductile and brittle mechanisms of adhesive wear in three-body contact, and is independent of the initial state.
Voluntary exercise in mice fed an obesogenic diet alters the hepatic immune phenotype and improves metabolic parameters – an animal model of life style intervention in NAFLD
Authors: Gehrke Nadine , Biedenbach Jana , Huber Yvonne , Straub Beate K. , Galle Peter R. , Simon Perikles , Schattenberg Jörn M. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractReproducible animal models to recapitulate the pathophysiology of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are urgently required to improve the understanding of the mechanisms of liver injury and to explore novel therapeutic options. Current guidelines recommend life-style interventions as first-line therapy for NAFLD and these types of intervention are considered standard-of-care. The current study establishes a reproducible mouse model of a life-style intervention in NAFLD using voluntary wheel running (VWR). Male C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat, high-carbohydrate diet (HFD) to induce NAFLD or a corresponding control diet for 12 weeks. Starting at week 9 of the obesogenic NAFLD diet, mice were randomized to either free access to a running wheel or being single caged resembling a sedentary (SED) life-style. VWR induced a transient weight reduction in HFD-fed mice up until week 10. In contrast to the SED mice, VWR mice exhibited normal ALT at the end of the intervention, while the metabolic alterations including elevated fasting glucose, insulin, triglyceride, and total cholesterol levels remained almost unchanged. Additionally, VWR prevented HFD-induced hepatic steatosis by alterations in key liver metabolic processes including the induction of fatty acid β-oxidation and lipogenesis inhibition following increased AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-α activity. Phosphorylation of the serine kinase Akt in hepatic tissue was enhanced following VWR. Furthermore, VWR mice were protected from HFD-induced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and liver macrophage infiltration. The SED/HFD group exhibited increasing activity of hepatic nuclear factor (NF)-κB p65, which was absent following exercise in the VWR/HFD group. In summary, in an obesogenic mouse model of NAFLD physical exercise improves fatty acid and glucose homeostasis and protects from macrophage-associated hepatic inflammation.
Deep-tissue optical imaging of near cellular-sized features
Authors: Dang Xiangnan , Bardhan Neelkanth M. , Qi Jifa , Gu Li , Eze Ngozi A. , Lin Ching-Wei , Kataria Swati , Hammond Paula T. , Belcher Angela M. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractDetection of biological features at the cellular level with sufficient sensitivity in complex tissue remains a major challenge. To appreciate this challenge, this would require finding tens to hundreds of cells (a 0.1 mm tumor has ~125 cells), out of ~37 trillion cells in the human body. Near-infrared optical imaging holds promise for high-resolution, deep-tissue imaging, but is limited by autofluorescence and scattering. To date, the maximum reported depth using second-window near-infrared (NIR-II: 1000–1700 nm) fluorophores is 3.2 cm through tissue. Here, we design an NIR-II imaging system, “Detection of Optically Luminescent Probes using Hyperspectral and diffuse Imaging in Near-infrared” (DOLPHIN), that resolves these challenges. DOLPHIN achieves the following: (i) resolution of probes through up to 8 cm of tissue phantom; (ii) identification of spectral and scattering signatures of tissues without apriori knowledge of background or autofluorescence; and (iii) 3D reconstruction of live whole animals. Notably, we demonstrate noninvasive real-time tracking of a 0.1 mm-sized fluorophore through the gastrointestinal tract of a living mouse, which is beyond the detection limit of current imaging modalities.