bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Look Back and Look Forward: The Growth of Astronomy in Japan
Authors: Hayashi Saeko S. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractAstronomy in Japan has long history and has its own “light”. The foresight of leaders in the early 20th century helped Japan to become a founding member of the International Astronomical Union. In this paper, a brief description will show the growth in its more recent history with particular emphasis on two important issues: large research facilities and women participation. On the ground or above, the large observational facilities are nowadays outside of the land of Japan, not only in terms of physical presence but also the community they serve. Domestic membership of the Astronomical Society of Japan at the same time is expanding, thanks to the increased opportunities for women. Continuing global cooperation with more diverse composition of members are the keys for sustaining the growth to carry the astronomy in Japan with IAU into the next century, and hopefully to another planet.
The Role of the IAU Gleaned From Oral Histories of Individuals Involved in Astronomy in South Africa
Authors: Leeuw Lerothodi L. , Holbrook Jarita 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe South African Astronomical Observatory (SAAO), formerly known as the Royal Observatory, Cape of Good Hope, will be 200 years old in 2020. Also, South Africa (SA), formerly a British colony known as the Cape of Good Hope, will celebrate her 100-year anniversary as an International Astronomical Union (IAU) member in 2020, following the IAU centenary in 2019 that this IAU Symposium 349 celebrates. In light of all this, particularly in anticipation of the 200-year anniversary of SAAO in 2020, the SA National Research Foundation (NRF) has developed a Roadmap for the History of Astronomy in South Africa. As part of this we are conducting an oral history of astronomers to complement the historical celebrations of the institutions and science relating to astronomy in SA, supported by the SA NRF. Primarily drawing on literature and setting the scene for this work, here we present a snippet of the on-going oral histories, to glean the role of the IAU in astronomy in South Africa and show the potential of the oral histories to inform and complement written history.
Astronomy in Mexico during the first years of the IAU
Authors: Schuster William J. , Moreno-Corral Marco Arturo 
Published: April 2019

AbstractIn 1918 the only Mexican institution dedicated professionally to astronomical work was the National Astronomical Observatory, which had begun operations in 1878. In that year of the 20th century, Mexico was immersed in the armed movement known as the Mexican Revolution, which strongly affected the social and economic structure of the country. The Mexican astronomers saw their group drastically reduced and their infrastructure limited; however, they made great efforts to continue their participation in the international project of the Carte du Ciel, since they were part of the 18 observatories that originally participated in it. Despite the limitations they suffered, they soon joined the group of seven nations that in 1919 formed the IAU, and two members of that observatory actively participated in the first general assembly held in Rome in May 1922.
Relativistic Astrophysics in Uzbekistan
Authors: Ahmedov Bobomurat 
Published: April 2019

AbstractDuring the last twenty years, due to the extensive help and assistance of the international scientific community, there has been a great success in the development and establishment of new well-functioning and competitive scientific groups specialized in general relativity and relativistic astrophysics in Uzbekistan (Tashkent), Kazakhstan (Astana and Almaty), Kyrgyzstan (Bishkek) and great achievements have been made on the study in Central Asia in relativistic cosmology and astrophysics of compact gravitational objects.
The IAU, from Commissions to Divisions… to Commissions
Authors: Montmerle Thierry 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThis paper tells the story behind the succession of reforms that, for the last twenty years, progressively brought the IAU in line with the fast developments of astronomy and the public awareness of the sky worldwide. One major difficulty was how to organize the scientific activities of an exponentially growing population of astronomers, from 200 at its creation in 1919, in the aftermath of WW I, to over 13 500 a century later. The first attempts at “restructuring the IAU”, as the expression went, can be dated back to the 1988–1991 triennium. As shown by the Minutes of the successive meetings of the Executive Committee, the attempted strategy was to encourage and even propose Commission mergers, but this policy met with strong opposition, even though a need for change was felt increasingly necessary. The new approach proposed by L. Woltjer, then incoming IAU President, during the 1994 General Assembly at The Hague, was to retain the existing Commissions (along with their Working Groups) but grouping them, more or less topically, into a dozen Divisions. Putting an end to the Commission merger deadlock, this new structure was adopted very quickly, and confirmed at the following GA in Kyoto (1997). But even after this restructuring, there was little evolution of the Commissions, and in some areas the scientific classification and breakdown of the IAU activities reflected by Divisions became questionable. As a result, a new reform was undertaken in 2009, based on a more global approach, but keeping the Division/Commission/Working Group three-tier structure as the backbone of the reforming efforts. Thanks to a close collaboration between the Executive Committee and the Division Presidents, the Divisions were first redefined and approved at the Beijing GA in 2012, followed by a historic, full-fledged “Commission reset”, itself approved at the Honolulu GA in 2015. This marked the end of a structure created almost a century before, at the foundation of the IAU: the Standing Committees, precursors to the Commissions. But in response to a Call for Proposals issued by the Executive Committee, the “reset” gave birth to a whole new Commission structure, conceived by the community itself.
The IAU C41 Working Groups and their contribution to international history of astronomy research
Authors: Orchiston Wayne 
Published: April 2019

AbstractIAU Commission 41 (History of Astronomy) was founded in 1948, and between 1991 and its termination in 2015 this Commission hosted seven different Working Groups (one of which was shared with Commission 40 (Radio Astronomy). In this paper we list the objectives of these seven Working Groups and track their progress. We conclude by evaluating the role that each C41 Working Group played in furthering research on the history of astronomy.
International School for Young Astronomers (ISYA) since the 1960s: Participants and Host Institutions
Authors: Gerbaldi Michèle 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThis paper discusses the main outcomes of the International School for Young Astronomers (ISYA), an IAU programme developed since 1967 under the auspices of Commission 46 Astronomy Education & Development, at present Commission C1. An assessment of the impact of the ISYA is given from various surveys and communications with the participants and organizers of the past ISYAs.
Historical Telescopes and Astronomy Outreach
Authors: Spinelli Patrícia Figueiró , Ribeiro Alice 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe Night-Sky Observation Program (POC, acronym in Portuguese for Programa de Observação do Céu) is the most traditional education activity run by the Museum of Astronomy and Related Sciences (MAST), located in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The activity starts with a brief talk about the astronomical objects available for visibility and is followed by the sky observation with MAST’s telescopes, one of them being over a century old. A study conducted in 2015 pointed out that its participants perceive the historical value of the old refractor and declare that the activity brings them feelings of wonderment. These perceptions and declarations have motivated us to conduct a new study to identify and exchange experiences with institutions worldwide that also use historically valuable telescopes in their night-sky observation activities with the public. With the goal of gathering information from these institutions and making it into a guide, an online survey with open and close-ended questions was launched in late 2017. Nearly eighty institutions from all continents answered our questionnaire. The data collected are vast and rich and not only tell about the passion of those mediating such activities, but also the history of astronomy itself.
The Carte du Ciel and the Latin American Observatories
Authors: Paolantonio Santiago , García Beatriz 
Published: April 2019

Abstract2017 marked the 130th anniversary of the start of the Carte du Ciel project, an ambitious proposal by the Paris Observatory to map the entire sky using photographiy, which required the joint work of numerous observatories in the world. For this endeavour, an impressive organization was designed that included congresses, commissions and publications, which lasted through many years. The Carte du Ciel finally became one of the immediate antecedents of the International Astronomical Union, which in 2019 celebrates its first century. In Latin America, the observatories of Santiago de Chile, La Plata and Rio de Janeiro, the Argentine National Observatory and the Tacubaya Observatory, in Mexico, were involved in the project. In this presentation, we present part of the history of the failures and successes of one of the most important collaborative astronomical projects on the planet.
Uranometría Argentina and the constellation boundaries
Authors: Paolantonio Santiago , Garcia Beatriz 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe astronomical community accepts the division of the celestial sphere into 88 constellations, according to what was established by the IAU. In the first Assembly of 1922 the use of Latin names for constellations and their abbreviations was resolved. The pending issue of the limits of the constellations was discussed in the next meeting and Eugène Delporte had the responsibility for the complete theoretical demarcation. For his work, Delporte took into account what was done half a century earlier in the famous work Uranometría Argentina, published in 1877 and 1879, under the supervition of Benjamin Gould. In ths presentation we discusse the situation at the moment when the constellation boundaries were proposed using arcs of RA circles and parallels of declination, choosing them in such a way that they did not deviate too much from those used in the most important celestial atlas of the time, and minimizing the changes of which constellations stars would belong to.
Making Tycho Brahe’s Sky Accessible to Future Astronomers
Authors: Dorch Bertil Fabricius , Holck Jakob Povl , Rasmussen Kaare Lund , Christensen Majken Brahe Ellegaard 
Published: April 2019

AbstractCan we make a copy of Tycho’s “De Nova Stella” that can in fact survive a nova? At first, this may seem at best a nerdish, if not distinctly foolish question. However, it is also both a technological and a philosophical question: in fact, answering questions like this is linked to both technical, physical and sociological problems related to the long-term preservation and curation of objects from current and past civilizations.The undertaking presented here is two-fold: Firstly, we report on the results from a state-of the art short-term project, in which we have digitized and analysed three well-known rare books Pertain ing to astronomical observations by Tycho Brahe on the island of Hven. The project led to the creation of free e-books, enabling open access to the sky as recorded by Tycho.Secondly, we discuss some long-term issues related to the digital and physical preservation of scientific knowledge and heritage in general, exemplified by e.g. the works by Tycho.Future work includes further physical analysis of the books and fragments, a systematic extraction and digitization of the astronomical observations, digital curation and dissemination, as well as research into the possibility of creating representations and replicas of the works, durable on extremely long time-scales.
An environment conducive to mistakes? Lessons learnt from the attack on the Médecins Sans Frontières hospital in Kunduz, Afghanistan
Authors: Bouchet-Saulnier Françoise , Whittall Jonathan 
Published: April 2019

AbstractOn 3 October 2015, the Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) Trauma Centre in Kunduz, Afghanistan was bombed during a US–Afghan joint military operation to retake the city. Even before that night, attacks on health-care facilities in war zones were already a worrying trend and a major concern for humanitarian organizations. Such attacks have led both MSF and the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) to launch campaigns1 addressing the need for greater protection of the medical mission in situations of armed conflict. Nonetheless, the scale and specific context of the attack on the Kunduz Trauma Centre have given rise to various specific investigations2 and provoked many more questions that this article will explore. The article will delve into the “many mistakes” scenario that has been presented by the US investigation in order to critically analyze whether these mistakes may originate from either incorrect or biased interpretations or implementation of international humanitarian law.
Autism and Faux Pas. Influences of Presentation Modality and Working Memory
Authors: Garcia-Molina Irene , Clemente-Estevan Rosa Ana 
Published: April 2019

AbstractPeople diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often have difficulties on Theory of Mind (ToM) tasks involving social situations, such as ‘faux pas’. The objective of this study was to find the modality of presentation (visual, verbal, or mixed) that yields the best understanding of a ‘faux pas’, and the possible influence of other variables, including intelligence (IQ), age, and working memory. Thirty autistic children and 30 neurotypical children, all aged 7 to 12 years old and comparable in age and IQ, participated in this study. They were asked to resolve nine ‘faux pas’ stories (three per modality). Significant between-groups differences were found in the visual (t= 2.99,p= .004) and verbal modalities (t= 2.64,p= .011), such that the neurotypical (NT) group had higher scores than the ASD group. The ASD group’s comprehension was better via the mixed modality than the verbal modality (t= 2.48,p= .019). In addition, working memory had a bigger impact on Faux Pas understanding in cases of autism than in typical development (R2explained between .19 and .28 of variance in Faux Pas test outcomes), and could therefore explain some of the difficulties previously reported in this area. Future research should include a measure of working memory and a control among the stimuli presented to test for group differences in faux pas understanding.
Association between dietary intake of some antioxidant micronutrients with some inflammatory and antioxidant markers in active Rheumatoid Arthritis patients
Authors: Arablou Tahereh , Aryaeian Naheed , Djalali Mahmoud , Shahram Farhad , Rasouli Latifeh 
Published: April 2019

Abstract. Background: Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease. Antioxidants intake and body antioxidants status are important in patients with RA. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between dietary intake of some antioxidant micronutrients with some inflammatory and antioxidant markers in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis and comparison with Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA). Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, eighty-seven patients with active rheumatoid arthritis were included. Dietary antioxidants intake was measured using 24-hour recall questionnaire and food record (3 days). Blood levels of inflammatory and antioxidant markers were determined by laboratory tests. The association between intake of antioxidants with inflammatory and antioxidant markers, and also with RDA were determined using Paired-Samples t-test and Pearson correlation by SPSS software. Results: The findings showed that intakes of vitamin E, zinc, and magnesium in patients were significantly lower and intakes of copper and selenium were significantly higher than RDA (P < 0.05). Significant negative correlations were observed between vitamin A intake with PGE2 [R = −0.31], vitamin C intake with IL-1β [R = −0.25], zinc intake with PGE2 [R = −0.30], IL-2 [R = −0.23], and the activity of glutathione reductase enzyme [R = −0.21], magnesium intake with PGE2 [R = −0.24], IL-1β [R = −0.23] and IL-2 [R = −0.25], and selenium intake with PGE2 [R = −0.21] (P < 0.05). Also, significant positive correlations were observed between intakes of vitamin E and copper with catalase enzyme activity [R = 0.22 and R = 0.21 respectively] (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Some of the antioxidant micronutrients play important roles in the reduction of inflammatory conditions and improve the function of antioxidant enzymes in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
Visuell-statisches Arbeitsgedächtnistraining bei Vorschulkindern
Authors: Seitz-Stein Katja , Berner Valérie-D. , Lehner Susanne 
Published: April 2019

Zusammenfassung. Mit der vorliegenden Arbeit werden die Fördermöglichkeit von visuell-räumlichen Arbeitsgedächtnisprozessen und mögliche Transfereffekte bei Vorschulkindern untersucht. In zwei Studien wurde eine identische visuell-statische Arbeitsgedächtnisaufgabe (Matrix) trainiert. Die Stichprobe umfasste für die erste Studie n = 22 Kinder und für die zweite Studie n = 33 Kinder. Die insgesamt N = 55 Vorschulkinder aus beiden Teilstudien trainierten zur Hälfte mit der Matrix-Aufgabe, die andere Hälfte der Kinder bildete die aktive Kontrollgruppe. Das visuell-statische Trainingsprogramm fand ebenso wie die Beschäftigung (Zeichnen zu erzählten Geschichten) in der Kontrollgruppe 9-mal in ca. 10- bis 15-minütigen Einzelsitzungen statt. Erfasst wurden mittels der AGTB ( Hasselhorn et al., 2012 ) die visuell-statische und die räumlich-dynamische Komponente des visuell-räumlichen Notizblocks sowie die phonologische Schleife und die zentrale Exekutive. Indikatoren für mathematische Basiskompetenzen wurden in Anlehnung an Krajewski (2014) erhoben. Neben dem Prä- und Posttest fand eine Follow-up-Erhebung nach ca. 10 Wochen statt. Unmittelbar nach dem Training deutete sich eine Zunahme der visuellen Arbeitsgedächtnisfunktionalität an, was im Follow-up zu großen Leistungsvorteilen der Trainingsgruppe gegenüber der Kontrollgruppe in der Matrixspanne führte ( d = 0.72). Proximaler Transfer auf die zweite Komponente des visuell-räumlichen Notizblocks konnte ebenso wenig gefunden werden wie Transfereffekte auf andere Arbeitsgedächtnisfunktionen. Auch distale Transfereffekte auf mathematische Vorläuferfertigkeiten blieben aus. Die Befunde werden vor dem Hintergrund basaler Trainingsansätze im Vorschulalter diskutiert.
A Three‐Way Balance in the Beaufort Gyre: The Ice‐Ocean Governor, Wind Stress, and Eddy Diffusivity
Authors: Doddridge Edward W. , Meneghello Gianluca , Marshall John , Scott Jeffery , Lique Camille 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe Beaufort Gyre (BG) is a large anticyclonic circulation in the Arctic Ocean. Its strength is directly related to the halocline depth, and therefore also to the storage of freshwater. It has recently been proposed that the equilibrium state of the BG is set by the Ice‐Ocean Governor, a negative feedback between surface currents and ice‐ocean stress, rather than a balance between lateral mesoscale eddy fluxes and surface Ekman pumping. However, mesoscale eddies are present in the Arctic Ocean; it is therefore important to extend the Ice‐Ocean Governor theory to include lateral fluxes due to mesoscale eddies. Here, a nonlinear ordinary differential equation is derived that represents the effects of wind stress, the Ice‐Ocean Governor, and eddy fluxes. Equilibrium and time‐varying solutions to this three‐way balance equation are obtained and shown to closely match the output from a hierarchy of numerical simulations, indicating that the analytical model represents the processes controlling BG equilibration. The equilibration timescale derived from this three‐way balance is faster than the eddy equilibration timescale and slower than the Ice‐Ocean Governor equilibration timescales for most values of eddy diffusivity. The sensitivity of the BG equilibrium depth to changes in eddy diffusivity and the presence of the Ice‐Ocean Governor is also explored. These results show that predicting the response of the BG to changing surface forcing and sea ice conditions requires faithfully capturing the three‐way balance between the Ice‐Ocean Governor, wind stress, and eddy fluxes.
Hydrostatic Interfaces in Bodies With Nonhydrostatic Lithospheres
Authors: Wieczorek Mark A. , Beuthe Mikael , Rivoldini Attilio , Van Hoolst Tim 
Published: April 2019

AbstractBelow the lithospheres of the terrestrial planets, dwarf planets, and moons, density interfaces adjust over geologic time to align with surfaces of constant gravitational potential. It is well known that the shape of such hydrostatic surfaces is controlled by the pseudo‐rotational potential, tidal potential, and the induced potential of nonspherical density interfaces in the body. When a lithosphere is present, however, additional gravitational terms must be considered that arise from, for example, surface relief and crustal thickness variations. A first‐order formalism is presented for calculating the shape of hydrostatic density interfaces beneath the lithosphere when the gravity field and surface shape of the body are known. Using an arbitrary discretized density profile, the shapes are obtained by solving a simple matrix equation. As examples, lithospheric gravity anomalies account for about 10% of the relief along hydrostatic interfaces in Mars, whereas for the Moon, the lithospheric gravity is the dominant contributor to the core shape. Spherical harmonic degree‐1 mass anomalies in the lithosphere generate degree‐1 relief along the core‐mantle boundary, and for Mars and the Moon, the core is offset from the center of mass of the body by about 90 m. The moments of inertia of the core of these bodies are also misaligned with respect to the principal moments of the entire body. An improved crustal thickness map of Mars is constructed that accounts for gravity anomalies beneath the lithosphere, and the consequences of core relief on the Martian free core nutation are quantified.