bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neuroimaging Profiles and Neurodevelopmental Outcome in Infants With Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection
Authors: Giannattasio Antonietta , Bruzzese Dario , Di Costanzo Pasquale , Capone Eleonora , Romano Antonia , D’Amico Alessandra , Bravaccio Carmela , Grande Claudia , Capasso Letizia , Raimondi Francesco 
Published: March 2018

Background:
The accurate stratification of infants with congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection at risk for more severe outcome may help in the management of patients. Aim of this study was to investigate the ability of a comprehensive neuroimaging investigation in predicting the long-term neurodevelopmental outcome in patients with congenital CMV. We analyzed the prognostic accuracy of a traditional score and a recently proposed scale applied to head ultrasound (HUS), computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Methods:
All consecutive neonates born from 2002 to 2015 with congenital CMV infection were considered eligible for the study. Neuroimaging findings were scored according to both scores.

Results:
One hundred seventy infants were included (112 symptomatic patients). One-hundred eighteen infants received both HUS, CT and MRI. CT and MRI were normal in all 56 asymptomatic patients, while 32% of them presented an abnormal HUS. The prevalence of abnormal findings differed according to the neuroimaging study. The sensitivity of the new neuroimaging score in detecting patients at risk for poor neurologic outcome was higher than the traditional one for all neuroimaging examinations. CT and MRI showed higher positive predictive value compared with HUS. No neuroimaging examination showed a negative predictive value equal to 100%.

Conclusions:
Although HUS is the safest neuroimaging technique, it performs less well in detecting some brain abnormalities that can be associated with a poor neurodevelopmental outcome. A comprehensive neuroimaging evaluation is mandatory in infants with congenital CMV infection to decide for treatment and make a prognostic evaluation.
Toxoplasma gondii Exposure and the Risk of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Khademvatan Shahram , Riahi Forough , Izadi-Mazidi Maryam , Khajeddin Nilufar , Yousefi Elham 
Published: March 2018

Background:
Evidence suggests that Toxoplasma gondii, which causes toxoplasmosis, changes the metabolism of neurotransmitters, especially dopamine, resulting in both neurologic and psychiatric disorders. On the other hand, the dysregulation of catecholamines, especially of both norepinephrine and dopamine, has been proposed in the pathophysiology of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The aim of the present study was to investigate anti-toxoplasma antibodies in children and adolescents with ADHD and compare it with a control group, to determine whether toxoplasmosis is a risk factor for ADHD.

Methods:
A total of 200 children and adolescents (117 patients with ADHD and 83 individuals without ADHD) participated in the study. Participants were tested for the presence of anti-T. gondii antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A Parent ADHD Rating Scale and Clinical Global Impression-severity Scale were also completed. Data were analyzed using a χ2 test and Fisher exact test.

Results:
Anti-toxoplasma antibodies were detected in 18.1% of patients with ADHD disorder and 24% of individuals without ADHD. There was no significant difference in seropositivity between the 2 groups (P > 0.05). The number of patients with T. gondii infection in the 3 subgroups was 0, 9 and 12, respectively. The differences in infection rate among subgroups were not statistically significant (P > 0.05).

Conclusion:
Although not conclusive, the present study does not support the theory that T. gondii is a risk factor for ADHD.
Systematic Review
Authors: Kamath Binita M. , Baker Alastair , Houwen Roderick , Todorova Lora , Kerkar Nanda 
Published: March 2018

ABSTRACTBackground and Aim:Alagille syndrome (ALGS) is an inherited multisystem disorder typically manifesting as cholestasis, and potentially leading to end‐stage liver disease and death. The aim of the study was to perform the first systematic review of the epidemiology, natural history, and burden of ALGS with a focus on the liver component.Methods:Electronic databases and proceedings from key congresses were searched in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) 2009 guidelines. This analysis included publications reporting epidemiology, natural history, economic burden or health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) outcomes in patients with ALGS.Results:Of 525 screened publications, 20 met the inclusion criteria. Liver‐related features included cholestasis (87%–100% of patients), jaundice (66%–85%), and cirrhosis (44%–95%). Between 15% and 47% of patients underwent liver transplantation and 4% to 14% received partial biliary diversion. Pruritus affected the majority of patients (59%–88%, of whom up to 45% had severe pruritus) and manifested during the first 10 years of life. Children with ALGS had significantly impaired HRQoL compared with healthy controls and those with other diseases. Itching was the symptom that most affected children with ALGS. No study assessed the economic burden of ALGS.Conclusions:Our findings consolidate information on the clinical course of ALGS, and highlight gaps in knowledge, most notably the absence of any research on the economic consequences of the disease. Further research is needed to establish the incidence of genetically confirmed ALGS. Disease‐specific tools are also needed to improve the measurement of symptoms, such as itching, and better understand the impact of ALGS on HRQoL.
Characteristics of Persons With Repeat Syphilis—Idaho, 2011 to 2015
Authors: Kassem Ahmed M. , Bartschi Jared L. , Carter Kris K. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
During 2011 through 2015 in Idaho, 14 (7%) of 193 persons with early syphilis had repeat syphilis. Persons with repeat infections were more likely to have had secondary or early latent syphilis (P = 0.037) and be infected with human immunodeficiency virus (P < 0.001) compared with those having 1 infection.
Clinical Notes on Chiari Malformation
Authors: Singh Rajani , Arora Rajnish , Kumar Raj 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Chiari malformations (CMs) are variant structural setup of cerebellum and brain stem at the craniovertebral junction. Normally the cerebellum and parts of the brain stem lie above the foramen magnum. When the part of the cerebellum and/or brainstem protrudes into the upper spinal canal through foramen magnum, it is defined as CM. Chiari malformations may develop when part of the skull is smaller than normal or misshapen, due to which the cerebellum herniates into spinal canal through foramen magnum. This compresses the cerebellum and brainstem affecting functions controlled by these parts and blocks the flow of cerebrospinal fluid that surrounds and cushions the brain and spinal cord. Chiari malformation may cause sensory loss, ataxia, weakness, nystagmus, spastic limbs to name a few. Thus, various morbid and mortal neurologic disorders result from CM. Therefore, sound and thorough knowledge of CM and its variant anatomy are essential for diagnosis and management of neurologic disorders. Therefore, review study has been carried out for updating and consolidating the knowledge of all the variations of CMs. Literature search was carried out using databases, SciELO, ScopeMed, MEDLINE, PubMed, and Wiley Online Library. Papers containing original data were selected and secondary references retrieved from bibliographies. Various terms related to CMs were used for net surfing. The knowledge will be of immense importance to neurologists and neurosurgeons to diagnose and treat the CMs and decrease the mortality associated with CM and to radiologists for correctly interpreting the magnetic resonance imaging.
Open Rhinoplasty Using Concealing Incisions for Mild Bifid Nose With Unilateral Mini-Microform Cleft Lip
Authors: Tuersunjiang Mireguli , Long Xing , Fu Yuchuan , Ke Jin , Huijun He , Li Jian 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Bifid nose, an indicator of Tessier No.0, is a rare congenital malformation. Because of its rarity, few cases were reported and the optimal surgical procedure and the best time for surgery have not been widely acknowledged. In this brief report, a 9-year-old girl with mild bifid nose and unilateral mini-microform cleft lip, and its surgical management, is presented. We focused our attention on modifying the shape of the nose through open rhinoplasty without excising the surplus skin on the nasal dorsum and achieved good results.
Eyebrow Shapes of Chinese Empresses of the Ming and Qing Dynasties
Authors: Hwang Kun , Yoo Seong Kyung 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze eyebrow shapes in portraits of Chinese empresses of Ming and Qing dynasties.
The frontal portraits of 20 Ming empresses and 24 of Qing in which the eye and eyebrows were identifiable were measured and analyzed. The arch shape did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) between Ming and Qing. The head-up type (66.6%) was significantly more common (P < 0.001), than tail-up (13.6%), horizontal (13.6%), and arched (6.8%). The brow arches of Ming and Qing empresses were classified as 5 arch types: L (Lamas), A (Anastasia), H (Hwang), M (Empress Ma), and D (Empress Du). In Ming, type-H (45.0%) was the most frequent, followed by type-D (25.0%). In Qing, type-L (45.8%) was the most frequent, followed by type-H (16.7%) and type-D (16.7%). The relative eyebrow width (REW) of Ming and Qing was 1.59 ± 0.28. The REW of Qing (1.63 ± 0.30) and Ming (1.55 ± 0.26) did not differ significantly. The relative medial height (RMH, 1.05 ± 0.20) and relative lateral height (RLH; 1.05 ± 0.21) were the same, and greater than the relative mid-pupillary height (RPH; 0.84 ± 0.19; P < 0.001). The RMH of Ming (1.09 ± 0.24) and Qing (1.02 ± 0.16) did not differ significantly. The RLH likewise did not differ significantly between Ming (1.01 ± 0.21) and Qing (1.08 ± 0.22). However, the RPH of Ming (0.91 ± 0.21) was significantly (P = 0.042) greater than Qing (0.79 ± 0.17). The relative brow thickness (RBT) of Qing (0.13 ± 0.06) was significantly (p = 0.033) greater than Ming (0.17 ± 0.06). The RBT of Ming and Qing was 0.15 ± 0.06 and increased with time (P = 0.023).
The results of this study may be useful for brow lift or the tattooing.
Prophylactic probiotics for cancer therapy-induced diarrhoea: a meta-analysis
Authors: Wardill Hannah R. , Van Sebille Ysabella Z.A. , Ciorba Matthew A. , Bowen Joanne M. 
Published: March 2018

Purpose of review
Strong preclinical data support prophylactic probiotics as an effective preventive strategy for diarrhoea secondary to anticancer therapies. To determine the composite evidence that this approach translates to the clinic, we performed a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of prophylactic probiotics for the prevention of cancer therapy-induced diarrhoea.

Recent findings
A three-step search strategy was used to identify relevant studies (1 June 2000–1 June 2017) investigating probiotic intervention for diarrhoea secondary to any cancer therapy (cytotoxic, targeted and immunotherapies). RCTs across PubMed, Embase, CINAHL and CENTRAL were assessed for eligibility and assessed using RevMan 5.3 (The Cochrane Collaboration). Seven trials with a total of 1091 patients were included in this meta-analysis. Compared with placebo, prophylactic probiotics did not prevent or reduce the overall incidence of diarrhoea or severe CTCAE Grade at least 3 diarrhoea [relative risk (RR) = 0.81, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 0.60–1.09, Z = 1.41, P = 0.16; RR = 0.54, 95% CI = 0.25–1.16, Z = 1.58, P = 0.11], nor did it influence the use of rescue medication (RR = 0.93, 95% CI = 0.53–1.65, Z = 0.24, P = 0.81).

Summary
Current evidence does not support widespread implementation of probiotics for diarrhoea secondary to cytotoxic therapy and the tyrosine kinase inhibitor, dacomitinib. Research efforts should be diverted to pair specific forms of gastrointestinal toxicity and their unique microbial phenotype to develop the ideal microbial protectant.
Addictive behaviour in experimental animals: prospects for translation
Authors: Everitt Barry J. , Giuliano Chiara , Belin David 
Published: March 2018

Since the introduction of intravenous drug self-administration methodology over 50 years ago, experimental investigation of addictive behaviour has delivered an enormous body of data on the neural, psychological and molecular mechanisms of drug reward and reinforcement and the neuroadaptations to chronic use. Whether or not these behavioural and molecular studies are viewed as modelling the underpinnings of addiction in humans, the discussion presented here highlights two areas—the impact of drug-associated conditioned stimuli—or drug cues—on drug seeking and relapse, and compulsive cocaine seeking. The degree to which these findings translate to the clinical state of addiction is considered in terms of the underlying neural circuitry and also the ways in which this understanding has helped develop new treatments for addiction. The psychological and neural mechanisms underlying drug memory reconsolidation and extinction established in animal experiments show particular promise in delivering new treatments for relapse prevention to the clinic.
This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Of mice and mental health: facilitating dialogue between basic and clinical neuroscientists'.
The thalamus in drug addiction: from rodents to humans
Authors: Huang Anna S. , Mitchell Jameson A. , Haber Suzanne N. , Alia-Klein Nelly , Goldstein Rita Z. 
Published: March 2018

Impairments in response inhibition and salience attribution (iRISA) have been proposed to underlie the clinical symptoms of drug addiction as mediated by cortico-striatal-thalamo-cortical networks. The bulk of evidence supporting the iRISA model comes from neuroimaging research that has focused on cortical and striatal influences with less emphasis on the role of the thalamus. Here, we highlight the importance of the thalamus in drug addiction, focusing on animal literature findings on thalamic nuclei in the context of drug-seeking, structural and functional changes of the thalamus as measured by imaging studies in human drug addiction, particularly during drug cue and non-drug reward processing, and response inhibition tasks. Findings from the animal literature suggest that the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus, the lateral habenula and the mediodorsal nucleus may be involved in the reinstatement, extinction and expression of drug-seeking behaviours. In support of the iRISA model, the human addiction imaging literature demonstrates enhanced thalamus activation when reacting to drug cues and reduced thalamus activation during response inhibition. This pattern of response was further associated with the severity of, and relapse in, drug addiction. Future animal studies could widen their field of focus by investigating the specific role(s) of different thalamic nuclei in different phases of the addiction cycle. Similarly, future human imaging studies should aim to specifically delineate the structure and function of different thalamic nuclei, for example, through the application of advanced imaging protocols at higher magnetic fields (7 Tesla).This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Of mice and mental health: facilitating dialogue between basic and clinical neuroscientists’.
An optimized electroporation approach for efficient CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing in murine zygotes
Authors: Tröder Simon E. , Ebert Lena K. , Butt Linus , Assenmacher Sonja , Schermer Bernhard , Zevnik Branko 
Published: March 2018

AbstractElectroporation of zygotes represents a rapid alternative to the elaborate pronuclear injection procedure for CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing in mice. However, current protocols for electroporation either require the investment in specialized electroporators or corrosive pre-treatment of zygotes which compromises embryo viability. Here, we describe an easily adaptable approach for the introduction of specific mutations in C57BL/6N mice by electroporation of intact zygotes using a common electroporator with synthetic CRISPR/Cas9 components and minimal technical requirement. Direct comparison to conventional pronuclear injection demonstrates significantly reduced physical damage and thus improved embryo development with successful genome editing in up to 100% of living offspring. Hence, our novel approach for Easy Electroporation of Zygotes (EEZy) allows highly efficient generation of CRISPR/Cas9 transgenic mice while reducing the numbers of animals required.
Evaluating Tumor Evolution via Genomic Profiling of Individual Tumor Spheroids in a Malignant Ascites from a Patient with Ovarian Cancer Using a Laser-aided Cell Isolation Technique
Authors: Kim Sungsik , Kim Soochi , Kim Jinhyun , Kim Boyun , Kim Se Ik , Kim Min A , Kwon Sunghoon , Song Yong Sang 
Published: March 2018

AbstractBackgroundEpithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is a silent but mostly lethal gynecologic malignancy. Most patients present with malignant ascites and peritoneal seeding at diagnosis. In the present study, we used a laser-aided isolation technique to investigate the clonal relationship between the primary tumor and tumor spheroids found in the malignant ascites of an EOC patient. Somatic alteration profiles of ovarian cancer-related genes were determined for eight spatially separated samples from primary ovarian tumor tissues and ten tumor spheroids from the malignant ascites using next-generation sequencing.ResultsWe observed high levels of intra-tumor heterogeneity (ITH) in copy number alterations (CNAs) and single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) in the primary tumor and the tumor spheroids. As a result, we discovered that tumor cells in the primary tissues and the ascites were genetically different lineages. We categorized the CNAs and SNVs into clonal and subclonal alterations according to their distribution among the samples. Also, we identified focal amplifications and deletions in the analyzed samples. For SNVs, a total of 171 somatic mutations were observed, among which 66 were clonal mutations present in both the primary tumor and the ascites, and 61 and 44 of the SNVs were subclonal mutations present in only the primary tumor or the ascites, respectively.ConclusionsBased on the somatic alteration profiles, we constructed phylogenetic trees and inferred the evolutionary history of tumor cells in the patient. The phylogenetic trees constructed using the CNAs and SNVs showed that two branches of the tumor cells diverged early from an ancestral tumor clone during an early metastasis step in the peritoneal cavity. Our data support the monophyletic spread of tumor spheroids in malignant ascites.
Best Prediction of the Additive Genomic Variance in Random-Effects Models
Authors: Schreck Nicholas , Piepho Hans-Peter , Schlather Martin 
Published: March 2018

ABSTRACTThe additive genomic variance in linear models with random marker effects can be defined as a random variable that is in accordance with classical quantitative genetics theory. Common approaches to estimate the genomic variance in random-effects linear models based on genomic marker data can be regarded as the unconditional (or prior) expectation of this random additive genomic variance, and result in a negligence of the contribution of linkage disequilibrium.We introduce a novel best prediction (BP) approach for the additive genomic variance in both the current and the base population in the framework of genomic prediction using the gBLUP-method. The resulting best predictor is the conditional (or posterior) expectation of the additive genomic variance when using the additional information given by the phenotypic data, and is structurally in accordance with the genomic equivalent of the classical additive genetic variance in random-effects models. In particular, the best predictor includes the contribution of (marker) linkage disequilibrium to the additive genomic variance and eliminates the missing contribution of LD that is caused by the assumptions of statistical frameworks such as the random-effects model. We derive an empirical best predictor (eBP) and compare its performance with common approaches to estimate the additive genomic variance in random-effects models on commonly used genomic datasets.
Forfeiting the founder effect: turnover defines biofilm community succession
Authors: Brislawn Colin J. , Graham Emily B. , Dana Karl , Ihardt Peter , Fansler Sarah J. , Chrisler William B. , Cliff John B. , Stegen James C. , Moran James J. , Bernstein Hans C. 
Published: March 2018

ABSTRACTMicrobial community succession is a fundamental process that effects underlying functions of almost all ecosystems; yet the roles and fates of the most abundant colonizers are poorly understood. Does early abundance spur long term persistence? How do deterministic and stochastic processes influence the roles of founder species? We performed a succession experiment within a hypersaline microbial mat ecosystem to investigate how ecological processes contributed to the turnover of founder species. Bacterial and micro-eukaryotic founder species were identified from primary succession and tracked through a defined maturation period using 16S and 18S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing in combination with high resolution imaging that utilized stable isotope tracers to evaluate basic functional capabilities. The majority of the founder species did not maintain high relative abundances in later stages of succession. Turnover (versus nestedness) was the dominant process shaping the final community structure. We also asked if different ecological processes acted on bacteria versus eukaryotes during successional stages and found that deterministic and stochastic forces corresponded more with eukaryote and bacterial colonization, respectively. Our results show that taxa from different kingdoms, that share habitat in the tight spatial confines of a biofilm, were influenced by different ecological forces and time scales of succession.
Measuring proteomes with long strings: A new, unconstrained paradigm in mass spectrum interpretation
Authors: Devabhaktuni Arun , Olsson Niclas , Gonzales Carlos , Rawson Keith , Swaminathan Kavya , Elias Joshua E. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryThousands of protein post-translational modifications (PTMs) dynamically impact nearly all cellular functions. Mass spectrometry is well suited to PTM identification, but proteome-scale analyses are biased towards PTMs with existing enrichment methods. To measure the full landscape of PTM regulation, software must overcome two fundamental challenges: intractably large search spaces and difficulty distinguishing correct from incorrect identifications. Here, we describe TagGraph, software that overcomes both challenges with a string-based search method orders of magnitude faster than current approaches, and probabilistic validation model optimized for PTM assignments. When applied to a human proteome map, TagGraph tripled confident identifications while revealing thousands of modification types on nearly one million sites spanning the proteome. We expand known sites by orders of magnitude for highly abundant yet understudied PTMs such as proline hydroxylation, and derive tissue-specific insight into these PTMs’ roles. TagGraph expands our ability to survey the full landscape of PTM function and regulation.