bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What’s Wrong with Behrami and Saramati? Revisiting the Dichotomy between UN Peacekeeping and UN-authorized Operations in Terms of Attribution
Authors: Okada Yohei 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The Behrami and Saramati decision of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) has invited severe censure for discarding the well-established dichotomy between UN peacekeeping and UN-authorized operations, and applying the ultimate authority and control test instead of the effective control test for the purpose of attribution in the context of the UN-authorized operation in Kosovo. Harsh criticism notwithstanding, in Serdar Mohammed and Kontic, the domestic courts in the UK have recently followed the Behrami and Saramati approach. In Kontic, nearly 10 years after the Behrami and Saramati decision, the court found that the approach taken by the ECtHR was ‘persuasive authority of the very weightiest kind’. Therefore, it is high time for Behrami and Saramati to be revisited. This study argues that the ECtHR did apply the effective control test along with the ultimate authority and control test in Behrami and Saramati, and that the UK courts aligned themselves with this approach. The Behrami and Saramati decision was not fundamentally wrong as a matter of interpretation and the conclusion reached by the ECtHR that the misconduct was not attributable to the respondent states was not manifestly absurd. Nevertheless, the decision was not without deficiency because it failed to take full account of the delicate equilibrium that the effective control test seeks. The present study aims to precisely identify what was wrong with the decision.
Effects of Load Carriage and Step Length Manipulation on Achilles Tendon and Knee Loads
Authors: Willy Richard W , DeVita Paul , Meardon Stacey A , Baggaley Michael , Womble Christopher C , Willson John D 
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Introduction
Longer steps with load carriage is common in shorter Soldiers when matching pace with taller Soldiers whereas shorter steps are hypothesized to reduce risk of injury with load carriage. The effects of load carriage with and without step length manipulation on loading patterns of three commonly injured structures were determined: Achilles tendon, patellofemoral joint (PFJ) and medial tibiofemoral joint (mTFJ).

Materials and Methods
ROTC Cadets (n = 16; 20.1 years ± 2.5) walked with and without load carriage (20-kg). Cadets then altered preferred step lengths ±7.5% with load carriage. Achilles tendon, PFJ and mTFJ loads were estimated via musculoskeletal modeling.

Results
Large increases in peak Achilles tendon load (p &lt; 0.001, d = 1.93), Achilles tendon impulse per 1-km (p &lt; 0.001, d = 0.91), peak mTFJ load (p &lt; 0.001, d = 1.33), and mTFJ impulse per 1-km (p &lt; 0.001, d = 1.49) were noted with load carriage while moderate increases were observed for the PFJ (peak: p &lt; 0.001, d = 0.69; impulse per 1-km: p &lt; 0.001, d = 0.69). Shortened steps with load carriage only reduced peak Achilles tendon load (p &lt; 0.001, d = –0.44) but did not reduce Achilles impulse per km due to the resulting extra steps and also did not reduce peak or cumulative PFJ and mTFJ loads (p &gt; 0.05). Longer steps with load carriage increased PFJ loads the most (p &lt; 0.001, d = 0.68–0.75) with moderate increases in mTFJ forces (p &lt; 0.001, d = 0.48–0.63) with no changes in Achilles tendon loads (p = 0.11–0.20).

Conclusion
A preferred step length is the safest strategy when walking with load carriage. Taking a shorter step is not an effective strategy to reduce loading on the Achilles tendon, PFJ, and mTFJ.
A high-fidelity realization of the Euclid code comparison N-body simulation with Abacus
Authors: Garrison Lehman H , Eisenstein Daniel J , Pinto Philip A 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
We present a high-fidelity realization of the cosmological N-body simulation from the Schneider et al. code comparison project. The simulation was performed with our AbacusN-body code, which offers high-force accuracy, high performance, and minimal particle integration errors. The simulation consists of 20483 particles in a $500\ h^{-1}\, \mathrm{Mpc}$ box for a particle mass of $1.2\times 10^9\ h^{-1}\, \mathrm{M}_\odot$ with $10\ h^{-1}\, \mathrm{kpc}$ spline softening. Abacus executed 1052 global time-steps to z = 0 in 107 h on one dual-Xeon, dual-GPU node, for a mean rate of 23 million particles per second per step. We find Abacus is in good agreement with Ramses and Pkdgrav3 and less so with Gadget3. We validate our choice of time-step by halving the step size and find sub-percent differences in the power spectrum and 2PCF at nearly all measured scales, with ${\lt }0.3{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ errors at $k\lt 10\ \mathrm{Mpc}^{-1}\, h$. On large scales, Abacus reproduces linear theory better than 0.01 per cent. Simulation snapshots are available at http://nbody.rc.fas.harvard.edu/public/S2016.
Anomalous outbursts of H 1743-322
Authors: Ghosh Arindam , Chakrabarti Sandip K 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Using soft (1.5–3 keV) and hard (3–12 keV) photon counts of All Sky Monitor (ASM) in Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) satellite, we have proposed recently that there is a significant time lag between the infall time-scales of two components in the Two-Component Advective Flow paradigm, where a standard slow moving Keplerian disc is surrounded by a fast moving halo. The time lag is clearly due to the difference in viscosity in the flow components and the size of the Keplerian disc may be considered to be proportional to this arrival time lag. In this paper, using RXTE/ASM (1.5–12 keV) data, we examine eight successive outbursts of the low-mass X-ray binary H 1743-322 since 2003 from a new perspective. The day-to-day temporal evolution of a dynamic photon index, Θ, as well as its cross-correlation with the soft and hard energy fluxes show that the aforesaid time lag was the longest during the brightest outburst of 2003 – thereby indicating its largest Keplerian disc. The disc size diminished thereafter during subsequent weaker outbursts. Moreover, Θ decides spectral transitions of any outburst. We show from the behaviour of Θ alone that the outburst of October 2008 was anomalous while the outburst of 2003 was twin (anomalous + normal). In fact, each normal outburst was either preceded or followed by an otherwise premature outburst showing different degrees of anomaly. This makes H 1743-322 an enigmatic source and a subject of further study.
The MUSE Ultra Deep Field (MUDF) – I. Discovery of a group of Lyα nebulae associated with a bright z ≈ 3.23 quasar pair
Authors: Lusso E , Fumagalli M , Fossati M , Mackenzie R , Bielby R M , Arrigoni Battaia F , Cantalupo S , Cooke R , Cristiani S , Dayal P , D’Odorico V , Haardt F , Lofthouse E , Morris S , Peroux C , Prichard L , Rafelski M , Simcoe R , Swinbank A M , Theuns T 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACT
We present first results from Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE) observations at the Very Large Telescope in the MUSE Ultra Deep Field (MUDF), a ≈1.2 × 1.4 arcmin2 region for which we are collecting ≈200 hours of integral field spectroscopy. The ≈40-h observation completed to date reveals the presence of a group of three Lyα nebulae associated with a bright quasar pair at $z$ ≃ 3.23 with projected separation of ${\approx } 500\rm ~kpc$. Two of the nebulae are physically associated with the quasars which are likely powering the Lyα emission, and extend for ${\gtrsim } 100~\rm kpc$ at a surface brightness level of ≈6 × 10−19 $\rm erg\,s^{-1}\,cm^{-2}\,arcsec^{-2}$. A third smaller (≈35 kpc) nebula lies at a velocity offset of ≈1550 km s−1. Despite their clustered nature, the two large nebulae have properties similar to those observed in isolated quasars and exhibit no sharp decline in flux at the current depth, suggesting an even more extended distribution of gas around the quasars. We interpret the shape and the alignment of the two brighter nebulae as suggestive of the presence of an extended structure connecting the two quasar host galaxies, as seen for massive galaxies forming within gas-rich filaments in cosmological simulations.
A Qualitative Examination of Stay Quit Coach, A Mobile Application for Veteran Smokers With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Authors: Herbst Ellen , McCaslin Shannon E , Hassanbeigi Daryani Shahrzad , Laird Kelsey T , Hopkins Lindsey B , Pennington David , Kuhn Eric 
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Introduction
Smoking is a lethal public health problem that is common in US military veterans, particularly those with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Mobile applications (apps) to promote smoking cessation are a scalable and low-cost approach that may facilitate treatment engagement.

Methods
This qualitative study examined the acceptability, user experience, and perceptions of a smoking cessation app, Stay Quit Coach (SQC), when incorporated into evidence-based smoking cessation treatment. US military veterans with PTSD who smoked at least five cigarettes per day for 15 of the past 30 days and stated an interested in cessation were eligible to participate. Participants’ baseline comfort levels with mobile technology was measured using the Perceptions of Mobile Phone Interventions Questionnaire–Patient version (PMPIQ-P). At treatment end, semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted.

Results
Twenty participants were enrolled and 17 (85.0%) participated in the qualitative interview at treatment end. PMPIQ-P scores at baseline ranged from 4.97 to 5.25 (SDs = 0.73–1.04), reflecting moderately high comfort with mobile technology among participants. Qualitative analyses indicated that most participants: (1) endorsed mobile technology as an appealing format for smoking cessation treatment, due to convenience and instantaneous access; and (2) expressed highest perceived helpfulness for interactive app features. Recommendations to improve SQC clustered into four thematic areas: (1) increasing personalization, (2) including more self-tracking features, (3) increasing visual cues, and (4) sharing progress with peers.

Conclusions
SQC was perceived as an acceptable and useful tool to support smoking cessation in a sample of veteran smokers with PTSD. Qualitative data provided valuable insights that can inform the continued development of SQC and other apps for smoking cessation.

Implications
Given the high lethality associated with cigarette smoking, it is crucial to identify scalable, low-risk strategies to promote smoking cessation, particularly in high-risk populations. Mobile technology is a promising approach that can be used to augment evidence-based smoking cessation treatment. Results of this qualitative study support the use of the SQC mobile app when incorporated into evidence-based smoking cessation treatment for veterans with PTSD and provide future directions for refinement of the SQC app. These findings also highlight the importance of using a patient-centered approach in designing apps intended for a clinical population.
Prognostic Factors in Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Type 1 Occurring in the Korean Army
Authors: Lee Won Joon , Jung Cheol Hee , Hwang Jae Yeon , Seong Su-Jeong , Han Chang Hwan , Park Jin Woo , Jang Joon Hwan , Lee Dasom , Kang Do-Hyung 
Published: March 2019

AbstractObjectivesIn Korea, patients diagnosed with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) in the army are typically discharged from the army; however, the course of the disease after discharge is not known. The purpose of this study was to investigate the course of CRPS that occurred in the army and to identify the influences of various clinical and psychosocial factors immediately before discharge on the disease course.MethodsClinical profiles and psychosocial status were collected from the medical records of 16 patients with CRPS type 1 who were discharged during the period between March 2017 and April 2018. The degree of improvement after discharge was assessed by follow-up evaluation through telephone contact. Cox proportional hazards regression was performed to identify clinical and psychosocial predictors for the rate of recovery.ResultsThe median time to recovery after discharge was 39 weeks (95% confidence interval [CI] = 8.8–69.2 weeks). The sole predictor for time to recovery after discharge was the time period from the onset of pain to discharge. Each one-week increase in the duration of pain experienced in the military was associated with a 18.2% (95% CI = 5.3%–29.5%) reduction in the rate of recovery after discharge (P = 0.007).ConclusionsPatients who experienced a short period of pain in the military demonstrated a relatively good prognosis after discharge. This may show how prolonged pain in the army could affect the experience of pain from a social point of view, in that it shows the disease course after a change in the social environment.
Observational evidence of the seasonal and demographic variation in experienced temperature from 77 743 UK Biobank participants
Authors: Kennard H R , Huebner G M , Shipworth D 
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Background
Exposure to cold is known to be associated with severe health impacts. The primary epidemiological evidence for this is the seasonal variation in mortality. However, there is a paucity of directly measured data for personal cold temperature exposure. This paper develops the concept of experienced temperature, and reports how it varies with season, demographics and housing factors.

Methods
This study uses data from 77 743 UK Biobank participants. A novel method to directly measure participant’s exposure to low temperatures using a thermistor in a wrist-worn activity monitor is described. These readings are combined with demographic and housing factor variables in a multiple regression model to understand underlying relationships.

Results
The study reveals a significant difference in experienced temperature of ~1.8°C between the periods of coldest and hottest external temperature. A number of demographic differences were also observed—such as people of Chinese ethnic background experiencing 0.65°C lower temperatures than other groups.

Conclusions
This paper presents primary evidence for a seasonal variation in experienced temperature. This variation likely contributes to cold related mortality and morbidity. It is hypothesized that this relationship would be less strong in countries which suffer fewer impacts of cold winter temperatures.
CYTOGENETIC BIODOSIMETRY OF ACCIDENTAL EXPOSURES IN THE LONG TERMS AFTER IRRADIATION
Authors: Nugis V Yu , Kozlova M G , Nadejina N M , Galstyan I A , Nikitina V A , Khvostunov I K , Golub E V 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The group of radiation victims who had received radiation injures similar to those of Chernobyl accident victims was evaluated in terms of retrospective cytogenetic biodosimetry in the long term period of from 17 y up to 50 y after irradiation. Based on the existing results of the long-term cytogenetic examination of the victims injured after the Chernobyl accident, an original method was developed. This method of retrospective dose recovery was based on the use of a special computer program, the time elapsed after irradiation and the frequency of atypical chromosomes. Both patient groups were examined using conventional cytogenetic analysis. The new method of a retrospective biodosimetry was tested on the non-Chernobyl group. As a result the multiple regression equations which included frequency atypical chromosomes produced better results because the majority of the estimates of the retrospective doses fell into the 95%-prediction intervals for the reference group of the Chernobyl victims.
Diabloroter bolti, a short-bodied recumbirostran ‘microsaur’ from the Francis Creek Shale, Mazon Creek, Illinois
Authors: Mann Arjan , Maddin Hillary C 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian; 309–307 Mya) ‘Mazon Creek’ Lagerstätte produces some of the earliest tetrapod fossils of major Palaeozoic lineages. Previously, the Mazon Creek record of ‘microsaurs’ was known from a single specimen. However, the lack of key anatomy, such as the skull, precluded a confident taxonomic assignment, thus only a suggested affinity to the microbrachimorph ‘microsaur’ Hyloplesion was determined. Recently several new tetrapod specimens collected from Mazon Creek have come to light, of which some have recumbirostran ‘microsaur’ affinity. Here we describe a new genus and species of short-bodied recumbirostran, Diabloroter bolti, on the basis of a unique combination of autapomorphies. Both parsimony and Bayesian phylogenetic methods recover the new taxon in the Brachystelechidae clade, as sister to a clade including Carrolla and Batropetes. We determine Diabloroter to be the earliest known member of Brachytelechidae and thus establishing a Carboniferous origin of the family. We also provide an updated diagnosis for Brachystelechidae. Finally, we comment on the evolutionary trends in the clade, including dental adaptations for a proposed algivorous diet in derived clade members.
Retinal and Cortical Determinants of Cortical Magnification in Human Albinism
Authors: Woertz Erica N. , Wilk Melissa A. , Duwell Ethan , Mathis Jedidiah , Carroll Joseph , DeYoe Edgar A. 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACTThe human fovea lies at the center of the retina and supports high-acuity vision. In normal visual system development, foveal acuity is correlated with both a high density of cone photoreceptors at this location and a magnified retinotopic representation of the fovea in the visual cortex. Both cone density and the cortical area dedicated to each degree of visual space—the latter known as the cortical magnification function—steadily decline with increasing eccentricity from the fovea. In albinism, peak cone density at the fovea and visual acuity are reduced but appear to be normal in the periphery, thus providing a model to explore the correlation between retinal structure, cortical structure, and behavior. Here, we used adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscopy to assess retinal cone density and functional magnetic resonance imaging to measure cortical magnification in primary visual cortex of normal controls and individuals with albinism. We find that retinotopic organization is more varied in albinism than previously appreciated, yet cortical magnification outside the fovea is similar to that in controls. Moreover, cortical magnification in albinism and controls exceeds that which might be predicted based on cone density alone, suggesting that reduced foveal cone density in the albinotic retina may be partially counteracted by central connectivity. Together, these results emphasize that central as well as retinal factors must be included to provide a complete picture of aberrant structure and function in genetic conditions such as albinism.
Towards an individualised neural assessment of receptive language in children
Authors: Petit Selene , Badcock Nicholas A. , Grootswagers Tijl , Rich Anina N. , Brock Jon , Nickels Lyndsey , Moerel Denise , Dermody Nadene , Yau Shu , Schmidt Elaine , Woolgar Alexandra 
Published: March 2019

AbstractPurposeWe aimed to develop a non-invasive neural test of language comprehension to use with non-speaking children for whom standard behavioural testing is unreliable (e.g., minimally-verbal autism). Our aims were three-fold. First, we sought to establish the sensitivity of two auditory paradigms to elicit neural responses in individual neurotypical children. Second, we aimed to validate the use of a portable and accessible electroencephalography (EEG) system, by comparing its recordings to those of a research-grade system. Third, in light of substantial inter-individual variability in individuals’ neural responses, we assessed whether multivariate decoding methods could improve sensitivity.MethodsWe tested the sensitivity of two child-friendly covert N400 paradigms. Thirty-one typically developing children listened to identical spoken words that were either strongly predicted by the preceding context or violated lexical-semantic expectations. Context was given by a cue word (Experiment 1) or sentence frame (Experiment 2) and participants either made an overall judgement on word relatedness or counted lexical-semantic violations. We measured EEG concurrently from a research-grade system, Neuroscan’s SynAmps2, and an adapted gaming system, Emotiv’s EPOC+.ResultsWe found substantial inter-individual variability in the timing and topology of N400-like effects. For both paradigms and EEG systems, traditional N400 effects at the expected sensors and time points were statistically significant in around 50% of individuals. Using multivariate analyses, detection rate increased to 88% of individuals for the research-grade system in the sentences paradigm, illustrating the robustness of this method in the face of inter-individual variations in topography.ConclusionsThere was large inter-individual variability in neural responses, suggesting inter-individual variation in either the cognitive response to lexical-semantic violations, and/or the neural substrate of that response. Around half of our neurotypical participants showed the expected N400 effect at the expected location and time point. A low-cost, accessible EEG system provided comparable data for univariate analysis but was not well suited to multivariate decoding. However, multivariate analyses with a research-grade EEG system increased our detection rate to 88% of individuals. This approach provides a strong foundation to establish a neural index of language comprehension in children with limited communication.
Testing the role of cognitive inhibition in physical endurance using high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation over the prefrontal cortex
Authors: Denis Gauthier , Zory Raphael , Radel Rémi 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe aim of this study was to clarify the role of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) in physical effort regulation. We hypothesized that the PFC would be progressively involved in physical endurance through the engagement of cognitive inhibition, which would be necessary to maintain effort by inhibiting fatigue-related cues. This hypothesis was examined using a double-blind, sham-controlled, within-subjects study (N= 20) using high-definition (HD) transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC). Participants had to maintain a knee extensor contraction at 30% of their maximal force while simultaneously performing an Eriksen flanker task to evaluate their inhibition performance during the task. Anodal stimulation of the dlPFC influenced response to the cognitive task during exercise, as seen by slower response times and better accuracy. However, it did not lead to any measureable improvement in cognitive inhibition and did not influence endurance time. There was no correlation between cognitive inhibition and the maintenance of physical effort. This result could be explained by some methodological limitations of our protocol, and we also provide alternative explanations for the contribution of the PFC in physical endurance.