bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A randomised controlled trial of a cognitive skills programme for offenders with mental illness
Authors: Kingston Drew A. , Olver Mark E. , McDonald Jared , Cameron Colin 
Published: May 2018

AbstractBackgroundInterventions for offenders with mental illness have tended to be confined to treatment of illness, with the expectation that symptom reduction will be accompanied by reduced criminal recidivism, but recent evidence suggests that other treatment targets may be more effective against recidivism.AimThe aim of this study was to examine the effect of a cognitive skills programme (Reasoning and Rehabilitation 2: Short Version for Adults [R&R2]) among offenders with mental illness. Our first hypothesis was that participation in this programme would result in significantly greater improvement in antisocial attitudes than among similar prisoners who did not participate; both groups received “treatment as usual” (TAU). Our second hypothesis was that those receiving R&R2 would show less post‐treatment violent or general recidivism than those receiving TAU alone.MethodIncarcerated offenders with serious mental illness (N = 101) were randomly assigned to R&R2 or TAU alone. Criminal attitudes and mental state were examined before and after treatment. Violent and non‐violent recidivism was measured, on average, 18 months after release.ResultsIn both intervention and TAU alone trial arms, there were significant pre‐ to post‐treatment changes in criminal attitudes and symptoms or signs of mental disorder. There was no difference between groups in these respects. These pre/post changes were not associated with reductions in recidivism over time, whether or not controlling for baseline risk.ConclusionsAlthough there was no demonstrable advantage of R&R2 over TAU alone, non‐significant trends towards lower violent recidivism in the R&R2 group and general recidivism in the TAU group suggest that it may be worth repeating the trial in a larger sample with more differentiated control groups.
Use of the thyroid imaging, reporting, and data system (TI‐RADS) scoring system for the evaluation of subcentimeter thyroid nodules
Authors: Weiss Vivian L. , Andreotti Rochelle F. , Ely Kim A. 
Published: May 2018

BACKGROUNDThe American Thyroid Association (ATA) recommends fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy of nodules measuring >1.5 cm with low‐suspicion sonographic patterns or >1.0 cm with high/intermediate‐suspicion features. Routine biopsy of nodules <1 cm is not recommended. However, despite these recommendations, subcentimeter nodules are often referred for FNA biopsy.METHODSThis was a retrospective chart review of consecutive thyroid FNAs during an 18‐month period (1157 patients, 1491 nodules, 2016‐2017) to evaluate age, sex, medical history, diagnoses, and follow‐up. Radiographic information was used to identify 61 subcentimeter nodules (4%) from 57 patients. Ultrasound studies were re‐evaluated using criteria according to the American College of Radiology Thyroid Imaging, Reporting, and Data System (TI‐RADS).RESULTSReported reasons for biopsy included a larger companion nodule (44%), a personal or family history of cancer (26%), or a suspicious sonogram, including calcification and/or irregular contours (16%). FNA diagnoses included: 69% benign (42 of 61 nodules), 10% papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) (6 of 61 nodules), and 15% atypia of undetermined significance/follicular lesion of undetermined significance (AUS/FLUS) (9 of 61 nodules). Seven percent of nodules were unsatisfactory/nondiagnostic (4 of 61 nodules) compared with a 3% nondiagnostic rate for all sized nodules. Fifty‐one nodules had an ultrasound available for re‐review using the TI‐RADS scoring system. A high TI‐RADS score (4‐5) was indicative of PTC in 29.4% of nodules. A low TI‐RADS score (1‐2) was indicative of PTC in 0% of nodules (P < .01). High and intermediate TI‐RADS scores (3 and 4‐5, respectively) were indicative of PTC/AUS/FLUS in 32% of nodules compared with 0% in those with low TI‐RADS scores (P < .01).CONCLUSIONSThe current results demonstrate successful use of the TI‐RADS scoring system in evaluation of the risk of malignancy in subcentimeter nodules. Larger studies will be necessary to determine whether biopsy is warranted for TI‐RADS high‐subcentimeter nodules. Cancer Cytopathol 2018. © 2018 American Cancer Society.
Relationship between desired weight constructs and eating disorder severity following treatment for anorexia nervosa
Authors: Boyd Hope K. , Bodell Lindsay P. , Jennings Karen M. , Graham Andrea K. , Crosby Ross D. , Wildes Jennifer E. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractBackgroundDesired weight is an indicator of illness severity in youth with anorexia nervosa (AN), but its impact on eating disorder symptoms over time and in adults is unknown. This study examined longitudinal associations between two desired weight constructs (desired weight percentage, weight difference percentage) and eating disorder severity and body mass index (BMI) in patients aged 16–62 years old with AN presenting for inpatient or day hospital treatment.MethodParticipants (N = 160) completed the Eating Disorder Examination and measures of height and weight at treatment admission, discharge, and 3, 6, and 12 months post‐discharge. Desired weight percentage was calculated as [desired BMI(desired weight in kg/height in meters2)/healthy BMI] × 100. weight difference percentage was calculated as [(actual weight‐desired weight)/actual weight] × 100.ResultsAt admission, participants were approximately 78.6% of a healthy BMI and desired to be 81% of a healthy BMI. During the year following treatment, participants were 89% of a healthy BMI, but wanted to be 86% of a healthy BMI. Individuals with lower desired weight percentage (wanting to be a lower percentage of a healthy BMI) or higher weight difference percentage (wanting to lose a larger percentage of weight) at treatment admission endorsed greater eating disorder severity across time. Additionally, individuals with higher desired weight percentage or weight difference percentage had higher BMIs at intake, and greater increases in BMI over time.DiscussionResults highlight that desired weight constructs represent correlates of illness severity in AN and may inform an individual's likely weight trajectory during and after treatment.
Ethanol and lactic acid production from sugar and starch wastes by anaerobic acidification
Authors: Darwin  , Cord‐Ruwisch Ralf , Charles Wipa 
Published: May 2018

AbstractAnaerobic conversion of carbohydrates can generate various end‐products. Besides physical parameters such as pH and temperature, the types of carbohydrate being fermented influences the fermentation pattern. Under uncontrolled pH, microbial mixed cultures from activated sludge and anaerobic digester sludge anaerobically produced ethanol from glucose while producing lactic acid from starch conversion. This trend was not only observed in batch trials. Also, continuous chemostat operation of anaerobic digester sludge resulted in the reproducible predominance of ethanol fermentation from glucose solution and lactic acid production from starch. Different feeding regimes and substrate availability (shock load versus continuous feeding) in glucose fermentation under non‐controlled pH did not affect the ethanol production as the major end product. Shifts in feed composition from glucose to starch and vice versa result in an immediate change of fermentation end products formation.
The Influence of Ti Doping on Morphology and Photoelectrochemical Properties of Hematite Grown from Aqueous Solution for Water Splitting
Authors: Zhao Xin , Feng Jianyong , Wang Ning , Yao Xin , Chen Wei , Chen Shi , Huang Zhaohong , Chen Zhong 
Published: May 2018

AbstractHematite (α‐Fe2O3) is a promising material for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting. However, the poor conductivity and short hole diffusion length have limited its energy conversion efficiency. Nanorod structure could improve the transport of charge carriers and increase the reaction sites. Herein, we have investigated the influence of Ti doping on the morphology change and find that insufficient precursor concentration is the main reason for the morphology deviation from the optimized nanorod structure. The photoelectrochemical performance of the Ti‐doped nanorod hematite was investigated and optimized. Analysis shows Ti plays a crucial role in improving both the bulk charge separation and surface charge transfer. We have also analyzed the limiting factor of the performance and the corresponding solution. Our systematic investigation indicates that the electron transport is still a limiting factor for the PEC performance of hematite. Further improvement can be obtained through replenishing the Ti source during the nanorod growth, and by subsequent nitrogen treatment.
Wear properties of poly‐ether‐ether‐ketone bearing combinations under zero and cross shear kinematics in total knee arthroplasty
Authors: Chamberlain Kathryn A. , Rankin Kenneth S. , Briscoe Adam , Deehan David , Hyde Philip J. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractPoly‐ether‐ether‐ketone (PEEK), having shown favorable biocompatibility in spinal applications is being considered as an alternative biomaterial in orthopaedics, either as part of an all‐polymer bearing couple, or a replacement for the metallic component in hard‐on‐soft bearings. Throughout the literature ultra‐high molecular weight polyethylene exhibits a range of wear behavior dependent upon the amount of cross shear (CS) present in the bearing motion; in comparison, the behavior of PEEK bearing combinations subject to cross shear conditions is less understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of cross shear on PEEK‐on‐PEEK and PEEK‐on‐Metal bearing couples. Wear tests were conducted using a four station pin‐on‐plate rig capable of uni‐directional motion (zero cross shear) and multidirectional motion (cross shear); reciprocation (1 Hz), rotation (0 or 1 Hz), with gravimetric wear analysis used to determine the wear factors. The combined wear factors from the PEEK pins articulating on either PEEK or metal plates in this study suggest that it is preferable to use PEEK‐on‐Metal bearing couples under zero cross shear kinematic conditions and PEEK‐on‐PEEK for high cross shear applications. PEEK appears to demonstrate a CS dependency when articulating on hard surfaces. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 107B: 445–453, 2019.
Dynamic Analyses of the Short‐Term Effects of Different Bisphosphonates Using Intravital Two‐Photon Microscopy
Authors: Kikuta Junichi , Shirazaki Mai , Sudo Takao , Mizuno Hiroki , Morimoto Akito , Suehara Riko , Minoshima Masafumi , Kikuchi Kazuya , Ishii Masaru 
Published: May 2018

ABSTRACTBisphosphonates are commonly used for the treatment of bone disorders such as osteoporosis; however, the mechanism by which they affect the dynamics of living mature osteoclasts in vivo remains unknown. Here, we describe the short‐term effects of different bisphosphonates on controlling the bone resorptive activity of mature osteoclasts in living bone tissues of mice using intravital two‐photon microscopy with a pH‐sensing chemical fluorescent probe. Three types of nitrogen‐containing bisphosphonates, risedronate, alendronate, and minodronate, inhibited osteoclastic acidification during osteoporotic conditions just 12 hours after i.v. injection. Among the three types of drugs, risedronate was the most effective at increasing osteoclast motility and changing the localization of proton pumps, which led to an inhibition of bone resorption. Together, these results demonstrate that the intravital imaging system is a useful tool for evaluating the similarities and differences in currently used antibone resorptive drugs. © 2018 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Postnatal Skeletal Deletion of Dickkopf-1 Increases Bone Formation and Bone Volume in Male and Female Mice, Despite Increased Sclerostin Expression
Authors: Colditz Juliane , Thiele Sylvia , Baschant Ulrike , Niehrs Christof , Bonewald Lynda F , Hofbauer Lorenz C , Rauner Martina 
Published: May 2018

ABSTRACT The Wnt antagonist Dickkopf-1 (Dkk1) is a negative regulator of osteoblast function and bone mass. However, because of the lack of appropriate models, many aspects of its role in the regulation of postnatal bone turnover and its cellular source have remained unknown. In this study, we deleted Dkk1 postnatally and in different cell types using various Cre-drivers (Rosa26-ERT2-Cre, Osx-cre, Dmp1-Cre) and assessed to which extent cells of the osteoblastic lineage contribute to the effects of Dkk1 on bone turnover and homeostasis. Female and male mice were examined at 12 weeks of age. Mice with a global or cell type–specific deletion of Dkk1 showed a two- to threefold higher bone volume compared with their Cre-negative littermates. The mineral apposition rate and the bone formation rate were increased two- to fourfold in all three mouse lines, despite a significant increase in systemic and skeletal levels of sclerostin. Dkk1 deletion further reduced the number of osteoclasts about twofold, which was accompanied by a strong decrease in the receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand/osteoprotegerin mRNA ratio in femoral bone. Despite similar increases in bone mass, the deletion of Dkk1 in osterix-expressing cells reduced circulating Dkk1 significantly (males, –79%; females, –77%), whereas they were not changed in Dkk1fl/fl;Dmp1-Cre mice. However, both lines showed significantly reduced Dkk1 mRNA levels in bone. In summary, we show that lack of Dkk1 in cells of the osteoblastic lineage leads to high bone mass with increased bone formation, despite increased levels of sclerostin. Moreover, the majority of systemic Dkk1 appears to originate from osteoprogenitors but not from mature osteoblasts or osteocytes. Nevertheless, the amount of Dkk1 produced locally by more mature osteogenic cells is sufficient to modulate bone mass. Thus, this study highlights the importance of local Wnt signaling on postnatal bone homeostasis. © 2018 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Tolerability of Concomitant Multiple Dose Administration of Verinurad (RDEA3170) and Allopurinol in Adult Male Subjects With Gout
Authors: Kankam Martin , Hall Jesse , Gillen Michael , Yang Xiaojuan , Shen Zancong , Lee Caroline , Liu Sha , Miner Jeffrey N. , Walker Susan , Clauson Vicki , Wilson David , Nguyen Mai 
Published: May 2018

AbstractVerinurad (RDEA3170) is a selective uric acid reabsorption inhibitor in clinical development for treatment of hyperuricemia and gout. This phase 1b, multiple‐dose, drug‐drug interaction study evaluated the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and tolerability of verinurad in combination with allopurinol. Adult males with gout were randomized to receive once‐daily oral doses of allopurinol 300 mg or verinurad 10 mg alone for 7 days, allopurinol 300 mg + verinurad 10 mg on days 8 to 14, and the alternative single agent on days 15 to 21. Colchicine 0.6 mg was taken prophylactically for gout flares. Plasma/serum and urine samples were assayed for verinurad, allopurinol, oxypurinol (allopurinol active metabolite), colchicine (plasma only), and uric acid. Safety was assessed by adverse events (AEs) and laboratory tests. Verinurad plasma exposure was unaffected by allopurinol. Verinurad increased the maximum observed plasma concentration (Cmax) for allopurinol by 33%; the area under the plasma concentration‐time curve (AUC) was unaffected. Oxypurinol Cmax and AUC were reduced 32% and 38%, respectively, by verinurad. Colchicine plasma exposure was unaltered by verinurad. The maximum decrease in serum urate was greater with verinurad + allopurinol (65%) than with verinurad (51%) or allopurinol (43%) alone. Compared with the baseline rate, the maximum rate of uric acid excreted in urine was +56% with verinurad, −46% with allopurinol, and unchanged with verinurad + allopurinol. No serious AEs, discontinuations due to AEs, or clinically significant laboratory abnormalities were noted. Despite decreased systemic exposure of allopurinol and oxypurinol in the presence of verinurad, the combination resulted in greater serum urate reduction compared with either drug alone and was well tolerated at the studied doses.
The Effect of Lesinurad in Combination With Allopurinol on Serum Uric Acid Levels in Patients With Gout
Authors: Baumgartner Scott , Yeh Li‐Tain , Shen Zancong , Kerr Bradley , Manhard Kimberly , Quart Barry 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of lesinurad, a selective uric acid uptake inhibitor, alone and in combination with the xanthine oxidase inhibitor allopurinol, on serum uric acid and urinary urate excretion in patients with gout and hyperuricemia. A phase 1b, multicenter, open‐label, multiple‐dose study was carried out in patients with gout with serum uric acid ≥8 mg/dL following washout of urate‐lowering therapy. Patients were treated with allopurinol 300 mg/day alone in week 1; lesinurad 400 or 600 mg/day was added in week 2, followed by lesinurad 400 or 600 mg/day alone in week 3. Serum uric acid and urine uric acid were evaluated each week. Safety was assessed throughout the study. Lesinurad 400 or 600 mg/day added to allopurinol 300 mg/day reduced serum uric acid by 60% and 72%, respectively, versus allopurinol alone (37%) or lesinurad 400 mg/day (44%) or 600 mg/day (47%) alone. A 100% response rate of serum uric acid <6 mg/dL was achieved by all combinations (serum uric acid <5 mg/dL by 50%‐90%). Mean 24‐hour urate excretion compared with baseline was –35% with allopurinol, +36% and +56.5% with lesinurad 400 mg/day and 600 mg/day, respectively, and –11.6% and –7.1% with the respective combination therapies. Treatments were well tolerated. In this phase 1 trial, lesinurad added to allopurinol resulted in greater serum uric acid reduction than did allopurinol or lesinurad monotherapy.
PAF‐11/poly (dimethylsiloxane) mixed matrix pervaporation membranes for dealcoholization of aqueous solutions
Authors: Jia Zhiqian , Hao Shuang , Jiang Mingchen 
Published: May 2018

AbstractBACKGROUNDPorous aromatic frameworks (PAFs) have received considerable attention due to their designable framework topologies and high stability. In this work PAF‐11 particles were synthesized and incorporated in poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) matrix for dealcoholation of aqueous solutions for the first time. The effects of PAF‐11 loading on the hydrophobilicity, sorption degree, partition coefficient and pervaporation (PV) performance of mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) were studied.RESULTSIt was found that, with the increased PAF‐11 loading, the contact angle of MMMs with water increased whereas the sorption degree in water, ethanol and n‐butanol declined, demonstrating the improved swelling stability of MMMs. Pristine PDMS and MMMs displayed alcohol sorption‐selectivity, and the partition coefficients of ethanol and n‐butanol in MMMs increased with PAF‐11 loading. In the pervaporation of ethanol and n‐butanol aqueous solutions, the MMMs showed an increase in permeation fluxes and separation factor, as well as good stability in long‐term running, demonstrating anti‐trade‐off effects and good application prospects.CONCLUSIONSIt was deduced that, in the pervaporation removal of organics from aqueous solutions, anti‐trade‐off effects could be fulfilled by introducing hydrophobic fillers with pore sizes larger than molecules of water and organics. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Influence of organic matter type in wastewater on soluble microbial products production and on further ultrafiltration
Authors: Ferrer‐Polonio Eva , Fernández‐Navarro Julian , Alonso‐Molina José L , Bes‐Piá Amparo , Mendoza‐Roca José A 
Published: May 2018

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDMembrane fouling is the main limiting factor for the application of ultrafiltration (UF) to wastewater treatment as tertiary treatment or in membrane bioreactors. Soluble microbial products (SMP) play the more important role on membrane fouling. In this work, four sequencing batch reactors were operated in parallel using two different simulated wastewaters under operating conditions maximizing and minimizing SMP production. The aim was to study the influence of the wastewater type, which until now has hardly been considered, on SMP production and, consequently, on membrane fouling.RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONResults showed that organic matter (OM) type in wastewater greatly influenced SMP production and composition (protein : carbohydrate ratio). The food‐to‐microorganisms (F : M) ratio also significantly influenced SMP production. The lowest protein : carbohydrate ratio was achieved for wastewater containing sodium acetate as OM source at a F : M = 0.2. Finally, both mixed liquor and treated effluent were subjected to an ultrafiltration (UF) process and it was confirmed that the carbohydrate concentration in SMP was the main parameter influencing membrane fouling when the reactor effluent was fed to the UF process. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Mechanisms of reproductive allocation as drivers of developmental plasticity in reptiles
Authors: Van Dyke James U. , Griffith Oliver W. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractDevelopmental plasticity in offspring phenotype occurs as a result of the environmental conditions embryos experience during development. The nutritional environment provided to a fetus is an important source of developmental plasticity. Reptiles are a particularly interesting system to study this plasticity because of their varied routes of maternal nutrient allocation to reproduction. Most reptiles provide their offspring with all or most of the nutrients they require in egg yolk (lecithotrophy) while viviparous reptiles also provide their offspring with nutrients via a placenta (placentotrophy). We review the ways in which both lecithotrophy and placentotrophy can lead to differences in the nutrients embryonic reptiles receive, and discuss how these differences lead to developmental plasticity in offspring phenotype. We finish by reviewing the ecological and conservation consequences of nutritional‐driven developmental plasticity in reptiles. If nutritional‐driven developmental plasticity has fitness consequences, then understanding the basis of this plasticity has exciting potential to identify how reptile recruitment is affected by environmental changes in food supply. Such knowledge is critical to our ability to protect taxa threatened by environmental change.
The second biennial meeting of the Pan‐American Society for Evolutionary Developmental Biology
Authors: Callier Viviane 
Published: May 2018

AbstractEvodevo is concerned with understanding how phenotypes develop and evolve, how organismal diversity is generated and maintained, and how evolutionary innovations originate. The second Pan‐American Society for Evolutionary Developmental Biology (PASEDB) meeting in Calgary, Canada, showcased a great variety of species and study systems, and a variety of approaches to address these questions. Although there were, like at the first PASEDB meeting, many developmental genetic and genomic studies, much of the work moved beyond comparative developmental genetics toward more integrative studies that seek explanations at different levels of the organismal hierarchy.