bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The EU’s Regulatory Commitment to a European Harmonized Pension Product (PEPP): The Portability of Pension Rights vis-à-vis the Free Movement of Capital
Authors: Borg Kyra , Minto Andrea , van Meerten Hans 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
European demographic structure and age composition are currently in a state of flux—life expectancy has increased, fertility rates have dropped, and baby-boomers have reached retirement age. The implications of these changes, coupled with the fragmented market for personal pension products throughout the EU are vast and call for close scrutiny of the relationship between financial and pension markets.
This article examines the current regulatory efforts aimed at creating a Pan-European Personal Pension Product (PEPP). In doing so, it pursues two primary objectives: firstly, it seeks to explain the relevance of a European harmonized pension product to the overall concept of the single market; and secondly, it aims to explore the looming regulatory challenges stemming from the portability of social and pension rights. This is done by elaborating upon established law and economics scholarship on capital markets, including the Legal Theory of Finance developed by Katharina Pistor. By assessing the costs faced by prospective pensioners against the benefits of legislative harmonization (and other policy-related alternatives), from both a normative perspective as well as a positive one, this article attempts to make a case for an effective and sustainable governance response.
The article ultimately seeks to provide a well-balanced, albeit modern outlook to the regulatory endeavours that have more recently been made applicable to the EU personal pension market in virtue of the creation of the PEPP and the wide-ranging effects of such reforms on law, finance, and society.
Self-reliance as a Concept and a Spatial Practice for Urban Refugees: Reflections from Delhi, India
Authors: Field Jessica , Tiwari Anubhav Dutt , Mookherjee Yamini 
Published: June 2019

AbstractIn India, urban refugees sit within a legal vacuum and often struggle to make ends meet in the socio-economic periphery. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and its implementing partners have focused on supporting refugees to achieve a level of self-reliance, primarily through market-based livelihood interventions. However, refugee lives in India’s cities continue to be characterized by economic insecurity, exploitation and marginalization. This article explores the limitations of a market-orientated approach to fostering refugee self-reliance in the context of Delhi and departs from the burgeoning literature on refugee self-reliance by examining it from a spatial perspective. Building on recent work in political geography, the article highlights historic and ongoing practices of spatial exclusion of refugees and other poor migrant groups in India’s capital city, as well as a diverse range of (non-economic) social networks and activities that have emerged as safety nets. We argue that, in addition to livelihoods, humanitarian actors must also explore non-economic initiatives that might contribute to refugee self-reliance and, importantly, must pay more attention to how the urban environment both delimits and enables these activities.
Star-forming clumps in the Lyman Alpha Reference Sample of galaxies – I. Photometric analysis and clumpiness
Authors: Messa Matteo , Adamo Angela , Östlin Göran , Melinder Jens , Hayes Matthew , Bridge Johanna S , Cannon John 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACTWe study young star-forming clumps on physical scales of 10–500 pc in the Lyman-Alpha Reference Sample (LARS), a collection of low-redshift (z = 0.03–0.2) UV-selected star-forming galaxies. In each of the 14 galaxies of the sample, we detect clumps for which we derive sizes and magnitudes in five UV-optical filters. The final sample includes ∼1400 clumps, of which ∼600 have magnitude uncertainties below 0.3 in all filters. The UV luminosity function for the total sample of clumps is described by a power law with slope $\alpha =-2.03^{+0.11}_{-0.13}$. Clumps in the LARS galaxies have on average ΣSFR values higher than what is observed in H ii regions of local galaxies and comparable to typical star formation rate (SFR) densities of clumps in z = 1–3 galaxies. We derive the clumpiness as the relative contribution from clumps to the UV emission of each galaxy, and study it as a function of galactic-scale properties, i.e. ΣSFR and the ratio between rotational and dispersion velocities of the gas (vs/σ0). We find that in galaxies with higher ΣSFR or lower vs/σ0, clumps dominate the UV emission of their host systems. All LARS galaxies with Ly α escape fractions larger than 10% have more than 50% of the UV luminosity from clumps. We tested the robustness of these results against the effect of different physical resolutions. At low resolution, the measured clumpiness appears more elevated than if we could resolve clumps down to single clusters. This effect is small in the redshift range covered by LARS; thus, our results are not driven by the physical resolution.
The search for multiple populations in Magellanic Clouds clusters – V. Correlation between cluster age and abundance spreads
Authors: Martocchia S , Dalessandro E , Lardo C , Cabrera-Ziri I , Bastian N , Kozhurina-Platais V , Salaris M , Chantereau W , Geisler D , Hilker M , Kacharov N , Larsen S , Mucciarelli A , Niederhofer F , Platais I , Usher C 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACT
In our HST photometric survey, we have been searching for multiple stellar populations (MPs) in Magellanic Clouds (MCs) massive star clusters which span a significant range of ages (∼1.5–11 Gyr). In the previous papers of the series, we have shown that the age of the cluster represents one of the key factors in shaping the origin of the chemical anomalies. Here, we present the analysis of four additional clusters in the MCs, namely Lindsay 38, Lindsay 113, NGC 2121, and NGC 2155, for which we recently obtained new UV HST observations. These clusters are more massive than ∼104 M⊙ and have ages between ∼2.5 and ∼6 Gyr, i.e. located in a previously unexplored region of the cluster age/mass diagram. We found chemical anomalies, in the form of N spreads, in three out of four clusters in the sample, namely in NGC 2121, NGC 2155, and Lindsay 113. By combining data from our survey and HST photometry for three additional clusters in the Milky Way (namely 47 Tuc, M15, and NGC 2419), we show that the extent of the MPs in the form of N spread is a strong function of age, with older clusters having larger N spreads with respect to the younger ones. Hence, we confirm that cluster age plays a significant role in the onset of MPs.
Evolution of the hard X-ray photon index in black-hole X-ray binaries: hints for accretion physics
Authors: Liu Hao , Dong AiJun , Weng ShanShan , Wu Qingwen 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACT
Negative and positive correlations between the X-ray photon index and the Eddington-scaled X-ray luminosity were found in the decay phase of X-ray binary outbursts and a sample of active galactic nuclei in former works. We systematically investigate the evolution of the X-ray spectral index, along with the X-ray flux and Eddington ratio, in eight outbursts of four black-hole X-ray binaries, where all selected outbursts have observational data from the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer in both rise and decay phases. In the initial rise phase, the X-ray spectral index is anticorrelated with the flux and the X-ray spectrum quickly softens when the X-ray flux is approaching the peak value. In the decay phase, the X-ray photon index and the flux follow two different positive correlations and they become anticorrelated again when the X-ray flux is below a critical value, where the anticorrelation part follows the same trend as found in the initial rise phase. Compared with other X-ray binaries, GRO J1655−40 has an evident lower critical Eddington ratio for the anticorrelation and positive transition, which suggests that its black-hole mass and distance are not well constrained, or its intrinsic physics is different.
Fundamental uncertainty levels of 21 cm power spectra from a delay analysis
Authors: Lanman Adam E , Pober Jonathan C 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Several experimental efforts are underway to measure the power spectrum of 21 cm fluctuations from the epoch of reionization (EoR) using low-frequency radio interferometers. Experiments like the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array (HERA) and Murchison Widefield Array Phase II (MWA) feature highly redundant antenna layouts, building sensitivity through redundant measurements of the same angular Fourier modes, at the expense of diminished UV coverage. This strategy limits the numbers of independent samples of each power spectrum mode, thereby increasing the effect of sample variance on the final power spectrum uncertainty. To better quantify this effect, we measure the sample variance of a delay-transform based power spectrum estimator, using both analytic calculations and simulations of flat-spectrum EoR-like signals. We find that for the shortest baselines in HERA, the sample variance can reach as high as 20 per cent, and up to 30 per cent for the wider fields of view of the MWA. Combining estimates from all the baselines in a HERA- or MWA-like 37 element redundant hexagonal array can lower the variance to 1−3 per cent for some Fourier modes. These results have important implications for observing and analysis strategies, and suggest that sample variance can be non-negligible when constraining EoR model parameters from upcoming 21 cm data.
The mass density profile and star formation history of Gaussian and non-Gaussian clusters
Authors: de Carvalho R R , Costa A P , Moura T C , Ribeiro A L B 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACT
This paper is the third of a series in which we investigate the discrimination between Gaussian (G) and Non-Gaussian (NG) clusters, based on the velocity distribution of the member galaxies. We study a sample of 177 groups from the Yang catalog in the redshift interval of 0.03 ≤ z ≤ 0.1 and masses ${\ge }10^{14}\, \rm M_{\odot }$. Examining the projected stellar mass density distributions of G and NG groups, we find strong evidence of a higher infall rate in the outskirts of NG groups over the G ones. There is a 61 per cent excess of faint galaxies in NGs when contrasted with G groups, when integrating $\rm from \, 0.8 \,to\, 2.0R/R_{200}$. The study of the star formation history (SFH) of ellipticals and spirals in the three main regions of the projected phase space reveals also that the star formation in faint spirals of NG groups is significantly different from their counterpart in the G groups. The assembled mass for faint spirals varies from 59 per cent at 12.7 Gyr to 75 per cent at 8.0 Gyr, while in G systems this variation is from 82 per cent to 91 per cent. This finding may also be interpreted as a higher infall rate of gas-rich systems in NG groups. This accretion process through the filaments, disturbing the velocity distribution and modifying not only the stellar population of the incoming galaxies but also their SFH, should be seriously considered in modelling galaxy evolution.
Variation in Recombination Rate Is Shaped by Domestication and Environmental Conditions in Barley
Authors: Dreissig Steven , Mascher Martin , Heckmann Stefan 
Published: June 2019

AbstractMeiotic recombination generates genetic diversity upon which selection can act. Recombination rates are highly variable between species, populations, individuals, sexes, chromosomes, and chromosomal regions. The underlying mechanisms are controlled at the genetic and epigenetic level and show plasticity toward the environment. Environmental plasticity may be divided into short- and long-term responses. We estimated recombination rates in natural populations of wild barley and domesticated landraces using a population genetics approach. We analyzed recombination landscapes in wild barley and domesticated landraces at high resolution. In wild barley, high recombination rates are found in more interstitial chromosome regions in contrast to distal chromosome regions in domesticated barley. Among subpopulations of wild barley, natural variation in effective recombination rate is correlated with temperature, isothermality, and solar radiation in a nonlinear manner. A positive linear correlation was found between effective recombination rate and annual precipitation. We discuss our findings with respect to how the environment might shape effective recombination rates in natural populations. Higher recombination rates in wild barley populations subjected to specific environmental conditions could be a means to maintain fitness in a strictly inbreeding species.
Identifying Clusters of High Confidence Homologies in Multiple Sequence Alignments
Authors: Ali Raja Hashim , Bogusz Marcin , Whelan Simon 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Multiple sequence alignment (MSA) is ubiquitous in evolution and bioinformatics. MSAs are usually taken to be a known and fixed quantity on which to perform downstream analysis despite extensive evidence that MSA accuracy and uncertainty affect results. These errors are known to cause a wide range of problems for downstream evolutionary inference, ranging from false inference of positive selection to long branch attraction artifacts. The most popular approach to dealing with this problem is to remove (filter) specific columns in the MSA that are thought to be prone to error. Although popular, this approach has had mixed success and several studies have even suggested that filtering might be detrimental to phylogenetic studies. We present a graph-based clustering method to address MSA uncertainty and error in the software Divvier (available at https://github.com/simonwhelan/Divvier), which uses a probabilistic model to identify clusters of characters that have strong statistical evidence of shared homology. These clusters can then be used to either filter characters from the MSA (partial filtering) or represent each of the clusters in a new column (divvying). We validate Divvier through its performance on real and simulated benchmarks, finding Divvier substantially outperforms existing filtering software by retaining more true pairwise homologies calls and removing more false positive pairwise homologies. We also find that Divvier, in contrast to other filtering tools, can alleviate long branch attraction artifacts induced by MSA and reduces the variation in tree estimates caused by MSA uncertainty.
Fierce Selection and Interference in B-Cell Repertoire Response to Chronic HIV-1
Authors: Nourmohammad Armita , Otwinowski Jakub , Łuksza Marta , Mora Thierry , Walczak Aleksandra M 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
During chronic infection, HIV-1 engages in a rapid coevolutionary arms race with the host’s adaptive immune system. While it is clear that HIV exerts strong selection on the adaptive immune system, the characteristics of the somatic evolution that shape the immune response are still unknown. Traditional population genetics methods fail to distinguish chronic immune response from healthy repertoire evolution. Here, we infer the evolutionary modes of B-cell repertoires and identify complex dynamics with a constant production of better B-cell receptor (BCR) mutants that compete, maintaining large clonal diversity and potentially slowing down adaptation. A substantial fraction of mutations that rise to high frequencies in pathogen-engaging CDRs of BCRs are beneficial, in contrast to many such changes in structurally relevant frameworks that are deleterious and circulate by hitchhiking. We identify a pattern where BCRs in patients who experience larger viral expansions undergo stronger selection with a rapid turnover of beneficial mutations due to clonal interference in their CDR3 regions. Using population genetics modeling, we show that the extinction of these beneficial mutations can be attributed to the rise of competing beneficial alleles and clonal interference. The picture is of a dynamic repertoire, where better clones may be outcompeted by new mutants before they fix.
The guanylate cyclase C agonist linaclotide ameliorates the gut–cardio–renal axis in an adenine-induced mouse model of chronic kidney disease
Authors: Nanto-Hara Fumika , Kanemitsu Yoshitomi , Fukuda Shinji , Kikuchi Koichi , Asaji Kei , Saigusa Daisuke , Iwasaki Tomoyuki , Ho Hsin-Jung , Mishima Eikan , Suzuki Takehiro , Suzuki Chitose , Tsukimi Tomoya , Matsuhashi Tetsuro , Oikawa Yoshitsugu , Akiyama Yukako , Kure Shigeo , Owada Yuji , Tomioka Yoshihisa , Soga Tomoyoshi , Ito Sadayoshi , Abe Takaaki 
Published: June 2019

Abstract

Background
Cardiorenal syndrome is a major cause of mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, the involvement of detrimental humoral mediators in the pathogenesis of cardiorenal syndrome is still controversial. Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), a hepatic metabolic product of trimethylamine generated from dietary phosphatidylcholine or carnitine derived by the gut microbiota, has been linked directly with progression of cardiovascular disease and renal dysfunction. Thus, targeting TMAO may be a novel strategy for the prevention of cardiovascular disease and chronic kidney disease.

Methods
Linaclotide, a guanylate cyclase C agonist, was administered to adenine-induced renal failure (RF) mice and changes in renal function and levels of gut-derived uremic toxins, as well as the gut microbiota community, were analyzed using metabolomic and metagenomic methods to reveal its cardiorenal effect.

Results
Linaclotide decreased the plasma levels of TMAO at a clinically used low dose of 10 μg/kg in the adenine-induced RF mouse model. At a high concentration of 100 μg/kg, linaclotide clearly improved renal function and reduced the levels of various uremic toxins. A reduction in TMAO levels following linaclotide treatment was also observed in a choline-fed pro-atherosclerotic model. Linaclotide ameliorated renal inflammation and fibrosis and cardiac fibrosis, as well as decreased the expression of collagen I, transforming growth factor-β, galectin-3 (Gal-3) and ST2 genes. Plasma levels of Gal-3 and ST2 were also reduced. Because exposure of cardiomyocytes to TMAO increased fibronectin expression, these data suggest that linaclotide reduced the levels of TMAO and various uremic toxins and may result in not only renal, but also cardiac, fibrosis. F4/80-positive macrophages were abundant in small intestinal crypts in RF mice, and this increased expression was decreased by linaclotide. Reduced colonic claudin-1 levels were also restored by linaclotide, suggesting that linaclotide ameliorated the ‘leaky gut’ in RF mice. Metagenomic analysis revealed that the microbial order Clostridiales could be responsible for the change in TMAO levels.

Conclusion
Linaclotide reduced TMAO and uremic toxin levels and could be a powerful tool for the prevention and control of the cardiorenal syndrome by modification of the gut–cardio–renal axis.
Improved Oculomotor Physiology and Behavior After Unilateral Incremental Adaptation Training in a Person With Chronic Vestibular Hypofunction: A Case Report
Authors: Rinaudo Carlo N , Schubert Michael C , Cremer Phillip D , Figtree William V C , Todd Christopher J , Migliaccio Americo A 
Published: June 2019

Abstract

Background and Purpose
Traditional vestibular rehabilitation therapies are effective in reducing vestibular hypofunction symptoms, but changes to the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) are minimal. This controlled case report describes an increase in VOR after 6 months of incremental VOR adaptation (IVA) training in a person with chronic unilateral vestibular hypofunction.

Case Description
The participant was a 58-year-old female with a confirmed (Neurologist P.D.C.) left vestibular lesion stable for 2 years prior to entering a clinical trial examining the effects of daily IVA training. She was evaluated monthly for self-reported symptoms (dizziness handicap inventory), VOR function (video head impulse test), and VOR behavior (Dynamic Visual Acuity test). Intervention consisted of 6 months of 15 minutes per day unassisted training using the IVA training regime with a device developed in our laboratory. The take-home device enables the VOR response to gradually normalize on the ipsilesional side via visual-vestibular mismatch training. The intervention was followed by a 6-month wash-out and 3-month control period. The control condition used the same training device set to function like standard VOR training indistinguishable to the participant.

Outcomes
After the intervention, ipsilesional VOR function improved substantially. The VOR adapted both via a 52% increase in slow-phase response and via 43% earlier onset compensatory saccades for passive head movements. In addition, the participant reported fewer symptoms and increased participation in sports and daily activities.

Discussion
Here, a participant with chronic vestibular hypofunction showing improved oculomotor performance atypical for traditional vestibular rehabilitation therapies, subsequent to using the newly developed IVA technique, is presented. It is the first time to our knowledge an improvement of this magnitude has been demonstrated as well as sustained over an extended period of time.
Health Competency Standards in Physical Therapist Practice
Authors: Dean Elizabeth , Skinner Margot , Myezwa Hellen , Mkumbuzi Vyvienne , Mostert Karien , Parra Diana C , Shirley Debra , Söderlund Anne , de Andrade Armele Dornelas , Abaraogu Ukachukwu Okoroafor , Bruno Selma , Clark Diane , Gylfadóttir Sif , Jones Alice , Veluswamy Sundar Kumar , Lomi Constantina , Moffat Marilyn , Morris David , Stensdotter Ann-Katrin , Wong Wai Pong ,   Global Health Working Group
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Although the physical therapist profession is the leading established, largely nonpharmacological health profession in the world and is committed to health promotion and noncommunicable disease (NCD) prevention, these have yet to be designated as core physical therapist competencies. Based on findings of 3 Physical Therapy Summits on Global Health, addressing NCDs (heart disease, cancer, hypertension, stroke, diabetes, obesity, and chronic lung disease) has been declared an urgent professional priority. The Third Summit established the status of health competencies in physical therapist practice across the 5 World Confederation for Physical Therapy (WCPT) regions with a view to establish health competency standards, this article's focus. Three general principles related to health-focused practice emerged, along with 3 recommendations for its inclusion. Participants acknowledged that specific competencies are needed to ensure that health promotion and NCD prevention are practiced consistently by physical therapists within and across WCPT regions (ie, effective counseling for smoking cessation, basic nutrition, weight control, and reduced sitting and increased activity/exercise in patients and clients, irrespective of their presenting complaints/diagnoses). Minimum accreditable health competency standards within the profession, including use of the WCPT-supported Health Improvement Card, were recommended for inclusion into practice, entry-to-practice education, and research. Such standards are highly consistent with the mission of the WCPT and the World Health Organization. The physical therapist profession needs to assume a leadership role vis-à-vis eliminating the gap between what we know unequivocally about the causes of and contributors to NCDs and the long-term benefits of effective, sustained, nonpharmacological lifestyle behavior change, which no drug nor many surgical procedures have been reported to match.