bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Le sexe, le genre et la plume ou Du masculin-féminin à l’épicène
Authors: Philippe Isabelle D. 
Published: October 2019

D’après les linguistes, la langue anglaise est structurellement moins genrée que la française. Dans une pratique de traduction de textes anglais littéraires contemporains, une traductrice est moins assignée à sa féminité, au genre féminin, dans sa langue de départ que dans sa langue cible, le français, sa langue maternelle – ce que le sujet ressent comme une liberté. Constat phénoménologique en contradiction avec les adeptes de l’écriture inclusive, qui réclament la féminisation de la langue ! Faut-il absolument se donner un genre ou accepter la confusion des genres ?
Peut-on parler de création de valeur sociétariale ?
Authors: Caby Jérôme , Lamarque Éric 
Published: October 2019

La finance mutualiste s'appuie sur une spécificité statutaire en décalage avec la structure actionnariale traditionnelle. Pour autant, cette différenciation n'a pas su jusqu'ici s'appuyer sur des indicateurs eux-mêmes spécifiques de mesure de la création de valeur. La caractérisation des attentes des clients des banques coopératives montre leur caractère multiforme où différents types de performances sont attendus : financière, commerciale, territorial et communautaire. L'examen des rapports annuels d'organes centraux de banques mutualistes et de leurs caisses régionales confirme cette diversité, aucune ne parvenant pas à proposer des indicateurs de mesure de la création de valeur sociétariale généralisables et réplicables. Le secteur financier coopératif ne pourra pas durablement s'affranchir de cet impératif au risque de devenir des établissements financiers comme les autres. Classification JEL : G32, L21, M14, M40, P13.
Les innovations organisationnelles dans l’entrepreneuriat social : le cas des startups sociales françaises
Authors: Ndour Mamour 
Published: October 2019

Cet article examine les innovations organisationnelles très peu traitées dans la littérature en comparaison avec les innovations technologiques et encore moins dans le cas particulier des organisations de l’entrepreneuriat social. Pour contribuer à combler ce manque de connaissances théoriques, notre recherche propose d’explorer les innovations organisationne lles des startups sociales. Pour cela, nous avons adopté une étude de cas multiple de startups sociales françaises. Ainsi, notre recherche montre que l’innovation organisationnelle de ces jeunes entreprises prend des formes variées qui ont pour point commun la souplesse et la transversalité des équipes internes. L’innovation organisationnelle se caractérise aussi par un mode de gouvernance ouvert à la diversité des parties prenantes de l’organisation pour répondre simultanément à des objectifs pluriels. JEL codes : L31, M13, O3.
Expliquer les « marchés mixtes » à l’aune de l’échec du contrat : le cas des établissements de prise en charge des personnes âgées dépendantes aux États-Unis
Authors: Quéinnec Erwan 
Published: October 2019

Selon la théorie de l’échec du contrat, les organisations sans but lucratif surmontent un problème radical d’asymétrie informationnelle affectant certains services personnels complexes (« biens de confiance ») ; la raison d’être du secteur sans but lucratif résiderait donc dans cette fonction de résolution d’un « échec du marché ». Encore faut-il que les consommateurs de services personnels préfèrent effectivement les producteurs associatifs aux producteurs commerciaux, comme l’implique la théorie. Est-ce réellement le cas ? La réponse à cette question demeure ambiguë puisque la plupart des marchés de biens de confiance sont « mixtes » (composés de producteurs à et sans but lucratif). Au travers d’une analyse du marché de la prise en charge des personnes âgées dépendantes aux Etats-Unis, ce papier entend délimiter le périmètre de validité de la théorie de l’échec du contrat. Notre argument accouche ici de cinq hypothèses de comportement du consommateur en ligne avec la théorie. JEL Codes : D01, D02, D11, D12, D18, D21, D22, D23, D40, D82, D86, I11, I12, I18, L14, L15, L31.
La mémoire du conflit carliste et ses enjeux : entre usage politique et mise en ordre du passé
Authors: Rubio Laetitia Blanchard 
Published: October 2019

Lors de la Première guerre carliste, un grand nombre de Mémoires de militaires ont été publiés dans toute l'Europe par une lignée de « soldats-conteurs » engagés dans le camp des carlistes. Ces ouvrages, qui s'inscrivent dans un mouvement ample de parution au XIXe siècle d'une littérature centrée sur l'Espagne, deviennent très vite des succès éditoriaux. Nous allons démontrer que ces « entrepreneurs de mémoire » ont une forte identité collective et analyser leurs motivations concernant la conservation programmée du souvenir. Ces militaires portent différents projets de mémoire. Tout d'abord, leurs écrits cherchent à susciter un intérêt immédiat à propos de ce conflit. Des officiers, tout juste revenus du front, racontent l'épopée carliste afin de mobiliser des soutiens pour gagner la guerre. Ces auteurs s'attachent également à la construction et à la conservation de la mémoire collective de la communauté légitimiste à laquelle ils appartiennent afin de l'engager à poursuivre le combat partout où il se présentera. Lors de cette entreprise de mise en récit du passé, ils confondent souvent leur rôle de mémorialiste avec celui de l'historien. Enfin, certains se sentent investis d'une mission à plus long terme en tant que gardiens de la mémoire des vaincus. Ils sont mus par la volonté d'instruire les générations futures et de sauver l'oubli leur propre version de l'Histoire.
Ethno Apicultural Survey of Melliferous Plant Species in the Great Green Wall Widou and Koyli Alpha, Senegal
Authors: Diatta Kady , Diatta William , Dior Fall Alioune , Mbacké Dieng Serigne Ibra , Mbaye Amadou Ibrahima , Ly Racine 
Published: October 2019

This study has surveyed honey plants used by Apis mellifera in the Great Green Wall of Senegal by involving 38 people (21 in Widou, 17 in Koyli Alpha). The study revealed seventeen species divided into fourteen genera and nine families. Fabaceae was the most represented family with 5 species followed by Combretaceae (3 species), Malvaceae and Rutaceae each with 2 species, and Anacardiaceae, Balanitaceae, Rhamnaceae, Sterculiaceae, Meliaceae each with one species. The most frequent melliferous plant species were : Combretum glutinosum, Guiera senegalensis, Balanites aegyptiaca, Acacia radiana, Lannea acida, Terminalia avicennoides, Sclerocarya birrea, Sterculia setigera and Maytenus senegalensis. The trees were more large with 58.82% followed by shrubs (35.29%) and herbs (5.88%). Spontaneous plants represent 76.47% and cultivated plants represent 23.53%. The melliferous flora was largely dominated by African and Afro-Indian species, which together accounted for 70.58% of the species. According to their apicultural value, the nectariferous species represented 58.82% and the reamining were polleniferous (41.18%). The species that bloom in the rainy season were more numerous with 52.94% of the species. This study enabled us to identify nine (09) species with high melliferous value. Further studies on foraging activity and nectar production would be highly useful to test real melliferous potential of these plants and their value further.
Determination of the Effect of High-Dose Intralipid in Compared to Its Gradual Dose in Very Low Birth Weight Newborns: A Case-control Study
Authors: Kashaki Mandana , Bordbar Arash , Mazouri Ali , Nikbakht Nikta , Jafarvand Babak 
Published: October 2019

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of high dose intralipid in compared to its gradual dose in very low birth weight newborns in Iran.
Methods: This study was a case-control study that conducted on 104 very low birth weight infants (<1500 g) referred to Akbarabadi hospital of Tehran (Iran) in 2016. The infants were randomly assigned to two groups (case group: 52 vs. control group: 52). The control group received intralipid 20% with a dose of 1 g/kg/24 h in the first and second day of the study, then from 3rd day to 3 g/kg /24h was raised. But, the case group received 3 g/kg/24 h of intralipid 20% from the first day and continued until the end of the study. In both groups, the study lasted for up to 30 days. Data were collected and analyzed using SPSS22 software. Also P-Value <0.05 was considered as a significant level.
Results: The results showed mean daily weight gain in case group is higher than control group and this difference was significant statistically (P-Value < 0.05). Also, although the mean of blood sugar, triglyceride, HCO3, the number of positive blood culture and the number of positive CPR in case group were higher than control group, but these differences were not statistically significant (P-Value >0.05).
Conclusion: Given that the better and faster growth of newborns in the intralipid group with high-dose in compared to intralipid group with gradual dose, the use of higher initial doses is recommended in newborns with very low birth weight.
Neurological Pupil Index and Intracranial Hypertension in Patients With Acute Brain Injury
Authors: Petrosino Matteo , Gouvêa Bogossian Elisa , Rebora Paola , Galimberti Stefania , Chesnut Randall , Bouzat Pierre , Oddo Mauro , Taccone Fabio Silvio , Citerio Giuseppe ,   ORANGE Participants and Investigators
Published: December 2024

ImportanceInvasive intracranial pressure (ICP) is the standard of care in patients with acute brain injury (ABI) with impaired consciousness. The Neurological Pupil Index (NPi) obtained by automated pupillometry is promising for noninvasively estimating ICP.ObjectivesTo evaluate the association between repeated NPi and invasive ICP values.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis study is a secondary analysis of the Outcome Prognostication of Acute Brain Injury With the Neurological Pupil Index (ORANGE), a multicenter, prospective, observational study of patients with ABI performed from October 1, 2020, to May 31, 2022, with follow-up at 6 months after ABI. The ORANGE study was performed at neurologic intensive care units of tertiary hospitals in Europe and North America. In ORANGE, 514 adult patients receiving mechanical ventilatory support were admitted to the intensive care unit after ABI.ExposureInvasive ICP monitoring and automated pupillometry assessment every 4 hours during the first 7 days, considered as a standard of care.Main Outcomes and MeasuresAssociation between ICP and NPi values over time, using bayesian joint models, with linear and logistic mixed-effects longitudinal submodels.ResultsThe study included 318 adult patients (median [IQR] age, 58 [43-69] years; 187 [58.8%] male) who required intensive care unit admission, intubation, and mechanical ventilatory support due to acute traumatic brain injury (n = 133 [41.8%]), intracerebral hemorrhage (n = 104 [32.7%]), or aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (n = 81 [25.5%]) and had automatic infrared pupillometry used as part of the standard evaluation practice and ICP monitoring. A total of 8692 ICP measurements were collected, with a median (IQR) of 31 (18-37) evaluations per patient. The median (IQR) NPi and ICP for the study population were 4.1 (3.5-4.5) and 10 (5-14) mm Hg, respectively. In a linear mixed model, the mean change in the NPi value, as a continuous variable, was −0.003 (95% credible interval [CrI], −0.006 to 0.000) for each 1-mm Hg ICP increase. No significant association between ICP and abnormal NPi (&amp;lt;3; odds ratio, 1.01; 95% CrI, 0.99-1.03) or absent NPi (0; odds ratio, 1.03; 95% CrI, 0.99-1.06) was observed.Conclusions and RelevanceAlthough an abnormal NPi could indicate brainstem dysfunction, in this large and heterogeneous population of patients, NPi values were not significantly associated overall with ICP values. Repeated NPi measurements may not be a sufficient replacement for invasive monitoring.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04490005
Mycobacterium
: Clinical and Laboratory Characteristics of Rapidly Growing Mycobacteria
Authors: Brown‐Elliott Barbara A. , Harrington Susan M. , Morimoto Kozo , Wallace, Richard J. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract

Rapidly growing mycobacteria (RGM) contain long‐chain fatty acids, known as mycolic acids, that can be quantitated with chromatographic techniques such as high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Prior to the molecular era, HPLC was used for identification of RGM species in most major reference laboratories. The RGM are opportunistic pathogens that cause disease in a variety of clinical settings. RGM may also cause bone and joint infections. Chronic lung infections with RGM, most often in nonsmoking older women with bronchiectasis, are sometimes associated with the
Mycobacterium avium
complex. The use of mycobacterial smears is a rapid and reasonably sensitive step in the diagnosis of RGM disease. PCR amplification and sequencing has been used to detect and identify nontuberculous mycobacteria in specimens from sterile sites, but these tests are generally limited to larger, reference laboratories. The adjunctive nonmolecular tests, including antimicrobial susceptibility tests, have been utilized for preliminary identification of the RGM.
Neisseria
Authors: Lâm Thiên‐Trí , Vogel Ulrich , Claus Heike 
Published: December 2024

Abstract

Microaerobic growth by denitrification of nitrite via nitric oxide has also been shown for
Neisseria meningitidis
. The species
N. gonorrhoeae
and
N. meningitidis
are exclusively human pathogens. Identification of the serogroup of invasive
N. meningitidis
isolates is of interest with respect to vaccination of close contacts of the index case. A further level of differentiation to analyze local epidemiology is achieved by DNA sequence‐based typing schemes of hypervariable outer membrane proteins, which have been harmonized throughout Europe. Cultivation of
N. gonorrhoeae
is best performed on chocolate agar, which supports the growth of many other commensal bacteria. DNA‐based methods used for typing of
N. gonorrhoeae
include gel‐based methods such as
opa
typing and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis by pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis. Serologic tests are used for the determination of protection against invasive meningococcal disease after vaccination or for seroepidemiological studies. First‐catch urine is recommended for the molecular detection of genitourinary
N. gonorrhoeae
infections in men.
Aggregatibacter
,
Capnocytophaga
,
Eikenella
,
Kingella
,
Pasteurella
, and Other Fastidious or Rarely Encountered Gram‐Negative Rods
Authors: Zbinden Reinhard 
Published: December 2024

Abstract

This chapter covers the bacterial genera that are taxonomically diverse and belong to the families
Cardiobacteriaceae
,
Flavobacteriaceae
,
Leptotrichiaceae
,
Neisseriaceae
,
Pasteurellaceae
, and
Porphyromonadaceae
; common traits justify their discussion as a group. The taxonomy of the family
Pasteurellaceae
has undergone important changes; the family consists of over 100 named species distributed in over 25 genera, of which 4 include human pathogens:
Actinobacillus
,
Aggregatibacter
,
Haemophilus
, and
Pasteurella
. The chapter focuses on species commonly isolated from humans. Direct microscopy of specimens or of positive blood cultures supported by clinical information may help identify the corresponding bacteria, e.g., the typical morphology of spindle‐shaped cells in the Gram stain in the context of a dog bite allows the presumptive identification of
C. canimorsus
. Phenotypic identification of fastidious Gram‐negative rods presents several challenges.
Haemophilus
Authors: Gonzalez Mark D. , Ledeboer Nathan A. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract

Haemophilus
spp. are members of the family
Pasteurellaceae
. Members of the
Haemophilus
genus are small, nonmotile, non‐spore‐forming, non‐acid‐fast, pleomorphic, Gram‐negative bacilli with fastidious growth requirements.
Haemophilus
spp. can be found as part of the commensal microbiota of mucous membranes in humans.
H. influenzae
may also be found as part of the commensal bacterial microbiota of the mucosal surfaces of the upper respiratory tract (URT) of many healthy individuals; however, asymptomatic colonization of the URT with encapsulated strains of
H. influenzae
type b is rare. Isolates of
H. influenzae
constitute a diverse group of organisms that cause a broad range of human diseases. Collection of specimens for the diagnosis of
Haemophilus
infections is predicated on the nature of the infection being evaluated.
Yersiniaceae
Authors: Kingry Luke C. , Gladney Lori , Petersen Jeannine M. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract

The family
Yersiniaceae
includes two well‐known pathogenic genera,
Serratia
and
Yersinia
, and multiple other genera which inhabit a wide range of ecological niches.
Serratia marcescens
is the
Serratia
species most often isolated from clinical specimens and can cause urinary tract infections, pneumonia, bloodstream infections, endocarditis, and wound infections. This chapter primarily focuses on the taxonomy, detection, and identification of
Serratia
and
Yersinia
.
Yersiniaceae
members are Gram‐negative rods that are non‐spore‐forming, oxidase‐negative, catalase‐positive facultative anaerobes which display nonfastidious growth. The
Yersiniaceae
are widely distributed throughout the environment and transmitted to humans via arthropod bites, contact with infected animals, ingestion of contaminated food or water, or exposure to hospital environments and medical procedures. Serology can be used as an adjunct in the diagnosis of disease due to
Yersinia enterocolitica
or
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
. Many
S. marcescens
strains carry both chromosomally encoded and plasmid‐mediated resistance determinants for several different types of antimicrobials.
Francisella*
Authors: Dietrich Elizabeth A. , Petersen Jeannine M. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract

Francisella tularensis
is the causative agent of tularemia, an acute and fatal illness in animals and humans. Within the genus
Francisella
,
F. tularensis
is joined by several lesser‐known
Francisella
species which are largely environmental organisms.
F. novicida
,
F. philomiragia
,
F. hispaniensis
, and
F. opportunistica
cause rare opportunistic infections in immunocompromised individuals. The clinical spectrum of tularemia depends on the mode of transmission, the virulence of the infecting strain, the immune status of the host, and timely diagnosis and treatment. Once an isolate has been identified as a
Francisella
sp., supplemental tests can be used for additional characterization, including typing of species, subspecies, and strain. Agglutination testing, by either the tube agglutination or the microagglutination method, is a standard serological test for determining the presence of antibodies in tularemia.
Approaches to the Identification of Anaerobic Bacteria
Authors: Boyanova Lyudmila , Medeiros José Augusto da Silva 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on important requirements of anaerobic microbiology and methods and techniques used in the diagnostic workflow. Anaerobic bacteria (anaerobes) can cause infections in all tissues and organs of the human body. The chapter summarizes some important recommendations for specimen collection and handling for diagnosing anaerobic infections. Moreover, since antibiotic resistance in anaerobes and the proportion of patients with immunosuppressive diseases or immunosuppressive therapy are constantly increasing, anaerobic microbiology is becoming increasingly important and must not be neglected in any hospital center or country. The disk diffusion method may facilitate susceptibility testing of anaerobes. However, all microbiology laboratories should, at the minimum, be able to culture and perform basic identification of anaerobes and refer uncommon isolates to a reference laboratory. Both clinicians and laboratory staff should be familiar with the requirements for collection and transport of clinical samples for anaerobic microbiology.
Tropheryma whipplei
Authors: Geißdörfer Walter , Moter Annette , Bogdan Christian 
Published: December 2024

Abstract

Tropheryma whipplei
is the agent of classical Whipple disease, an infection originally described by the American pathologist George Hoyt Whipple in 1907 as intestinal lipodystrophy. Reasons are the rarity of the disease, the diversity and nonspecificity of symptoms, the fastidious nature of the pathogen, and the lack of serological tests. Data from two sequenced
T. whipplei
genomes reveal a small genome lacking key biosynthetic pathways. Whipple disease is a rare condition, with an estimated annual incidence of 1 case per 100,000 to 1,000,000. In classical Whipple disease, infection with
T. whipplei
probably occurs years before clinical manifestations point to the diagnosis.
T. whipplei
was detected in urine sediments by nucleic acid amplification testing in 9 of 12 patients and 10 of 13 patients with classical Whipple disease and in one patient with isolated endocarditis, but not in control persons, including healthy carriers.
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test Methods: Dilution and Disk Diffusion Methods
Authors: Koeth Laura M. , Miller Linda A. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
The performance of antimicrobial susceptibility tests (ASTs) to help guide patient therapy is one of the most important functions of a clinical microbiology laboratory. The most commonly used AST methods to date can be categorized into dilution methods that generate minimum inhibitory concentration values and disk diffusion methods that generate a zone diameter result. Most clinical microbiology laboratories in the United States and in many developed countries utilize manual or automated commercial dilution products that provide AST results which are demonstrated to correspond to the International Organization for Standardization/Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute broth microdilution reference method. This chapter provides descriptions, context, advantages, and disadvantages for each of the methods: broth microdilution, broth macrodilution, agar dilution, and disk diffusion. The convenience afforded by the availability of sterile microdilution trays with round or conical bottoms for use in dilution susceptibility testing led to the widespread use of broth microdilution methods.
Susceptibility Test Methods: Anaerobic Bacteria
Authors: Schuetz Audrey N. , Carpenter Darcie E. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Anaerobic bacterial pathogens cause serious infections, particularly in the hospital environment. Antimicrobials are a mainstay of treatment, and as with aerobic pathogens, resistance in anaerobic bacteria is increasingly becoming problematic. This chapter covers resistance in specific anaerobe‐antimicrobial agent combinations. It outlines susceptibility testing methods and emphasizes the advantages and disadvantages of each approach. The chapter summarizes susceptibility data for major antimicrobials within four groups of anaerobic pathogens (Gram‐negative bacilli, Gram‐positive spore‐forming bacilli, Gram‐positive non‐spore‐forming bacilli, and cocci). It presents pertinent trends of increasing resistance for each group, and reviews specific recommendations for testing and reporting. A quality control program is designed to monitor the accuracy and precision of the susceptibility testing process being performed. Clinical laboratories should provide susceptibility testing of anaerobes to optimize patient care. More frequent susceptibility testing of anaerobes will lead to a better understanding of the epidemiology of resistance.