bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Combining in vitro data and modelling to predict in vivo animal response
Authors: Dijkstra Jan , France James 
Published: June 2019

SummaryExisting feed evaluation systems for ruminants assess the feed value in a rather empirical way, with a limited ability to integrate metabolism in a meaningful framework. For the quantitative description of the mechanisms, appropriate biological data can be obtained using in vitro methods. The aim of this paper is to examine the use of modelling and in vitro data to predict digestion processes in vivo. Suitable mathematical methods are required to describe and interpret substrate disappearance profiles or gas production profiles. The derivation of such models is important since this allows a clear definition of the underlying assumptions made. Such assumptions are related to the change in fractional rate of degradation (kd) during incubation that will determine the shape of the profile. Furthermore, the value of the fractional passage rate (kp) is of crucial importance in the prediction of extent of degradation in the rumen. The development and application of models, based on classic microbial growth equations, clearly shows that observed variation in microbial efficiency in batch cultures (including the gas production technique) is not necessarily related to that in vivo. Rather, kp is again a major factor contributing to explanation of variation in microbial efficiency. Similarly, the end products of fermentation (VFA) and the VFA molar proportions can be estimated in vitro, but its direct applicability to the in vivo situation is limited. It is concluded that some potential uses of in vitro techniques are ultimately misleading. Mechanistic models indicate that mechanisms governing microbial efficiency and VFA molar proportions in vitro are not necessarily valid for the in vivo situation. Therefore, the in vitro data cannot be used directly for a uniform system of feed evaluation to predict animal responses. Rather, the in vitro data obtained for substrate degradation may be used in whole rumen models as a basal input value to indicate the degradation potential.
Consequences for immune function of metabolic adaptations to load
Authors: Sinclair M. C. , Nielsen B. L. , Oldham J. D. , Reid H. W. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractProlonged periods of stress have been associated with impaired immune function; the experiment reported here investigates a potential link between level of metabolic load and immune function in lactating dairy cattle. A group of 111 Holstein-Friesian dairy cows was used. The cows belonged to one of two genetic lines: a selection line (S) with high genetic merit for fat plus protein yield and an unselected control line (C). The cows were offered one of two silage-based total mixed diets containing either 200 g (LC) or 450 g (HC) of concentrate per kg dry matter. Combination of genetic selection and food gave four groups: S-LC, S-HC, C-LC and C-HC. All cows were inoculated with a live attenuated BHV-1 vaccine soon after parturition and the primary antibody response in whey monitored. The number of BHV-1 antibody positive cows was not significantly different between the four groups; but, the initial antibody response was lower in cows of high genetic merit which were given a low concentrate diet. Statistical analysis demonstrated that the contribution of diet to this effect was highly significant. One year later, again after parturition, the experiment was repeated, this time using serum as the test sample. The average antibody response of the BHV-1 antibody positive cows was not significantly different between the four groups but the number of antibody positive cows was group-dependent. In conclusion, diet type but not genetic merit for high fat plus protein yield made a highly significant contribution to the antibody response of dairy cows to BHV-1 vaccination, both initially and a year later.
The effect of cow genetic index and grass-based feeding system on the performance of spring-calving Holstein-Friesian cows in second lactation
Authors: Dillon P. , Buckley F. , Snijders S. , Crosse S. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe objective of this study was to investigate the effect of both cow genetic index (CGI) and feeding system on the performance of second lactation Holstein-Friesian dairy cows on grass-based feeding systems. There was no interaction between CGI and feeding system for any of the parameters measured. Cows of high genetic index (HGI) produced significantly higher yields of milk (P < 0.001), fat (P < 0.001) protein (P < 0.0001) and lactose (P < 0.001) than medium genetic index cows (MGI). CGI had no effect on the concentration of milk constituents. Averaged across four intake measurements the HGI cows had significantly (P < 0.001) higher grass dry-matter intake (GDMI) and total dry-matter intake (TDMI). Live weight was similar for both genotypes during lactation. The HGI cows had significantly (P < 0.05) higher live-weight loss in the first 10 weeks of lactation, significantly lower live-weight gain from week 10 to the end of lactation and higher (P < 0.05) live-weight gain during the dry period. Condition score was significantly lower with the HGI (P < 0.001) at all stages of lactation. There was a higher proportion (P < 0.05) of the HGI cows non-pregnant at the end of the 13-week breeding season. Feeding system had a significant effect on the yield of milk (P < 0.001), fat (P < 0.001), protein (P < 0.001) and lactose (P < 0.001). Feeding system B produced significantly higher (P < 0.05) milk yield and yield of constituents (when compared with feeding systems A and C). Over the period when feeding systems were being applied, feeding system C had significantly higher (P < 0.05) milk protein concentration. Feeding system had a significant effect (P < 0.001) on both GDMI and TDMI. Feeding system had no effect on live weight, condition score or fertility performance.
Relationships between energy balance and health traits of dairy cattle in early lactation
Authors: Collard B. L. , Boettcher P. J. , Dekkers J. C. M. , Schaeffer L. R. , Petitclerc D. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractData were records of daily food intake and milk production, periodic measures of milk composition and all health and reproductive information from 140 multiparous Holstein cows involved in various experiments at the Agriculture Canada dairy research station in Lennoxville, Quebec. Energy concentrations of the total mixed rations were also available. Daily energy balance was calculated by multiplying the food intake by the concentration of energy in the diet and then subtracting from this quantity the expected (National Research Council) amount of energy required for maintenance (based on parity and body weight) and for milk production (based on yield and concentrations of fat, protein and lactose). Four energy balance traits were defined: (1) average daily energy balance within the first 10 to 100 days of lactation, (2) minimum daily energy balance, (3) days in negative energy balance and (4) total energy deficit during the period of negative energy balance. Health traits were the numbers of incidences of each of the following: (1) all udder problems, (2) mastitis, (3) all locomotive problems, (4) laminitis, (5) digestive problems and (6) reproductive problems. Reproductive traits were the number of days to first observed oestrous and number of inseminations. Phenotypic relationships between energy balance and health were investigated by regressing the energy balance traits on each health trait. Parity and treatment (according to the research trial that the cow was involved with) were also included in the model. Genetic parameters were estimated with restricted maximum likelihood and a model that included effects of parity, treatment and animal. Phenotypically, several significant (P<0.10) relationships between energy balance and health were observed. Cows with longer periods of negative energy balance had increased digestive problems. Cows with greater total energy deficit had more digestive problems and laminitis. Estimates of heritabilities for energy intake and milk energy were 0.42 and 0.12, respectively but estimates of heritability for all energy balance traits were zero. The low estimates for these traits may have been due to (1) low true additive genetic variance, (2) small amount of data, or (3) relatively few genetic ties among cows.
Advance care planning in different settings for people with dementia: A systematic review and narrative synthesis
Authors: Kelly Adele J. , Luckett Tim , Clayton Josephine M. , Gabb Liam , Kochovska Slavica , Agar Meera 
Published: June 2019

AbstractBackgroundAdvance care planning (ACP) is identified as being an important process for people with dementia. However, its efficacy for improving outcomes relevant for the individual, carers and the health system has yet to be established.AimWe conducted a systematic review with the aims of testing the efficacy of ACP for people with dementia and describing the settings and population in which it has been evaluated.MethodsA search was completed of electronic databases in August 2016. Articles were included if they described interventions aimed at increasing planning for future care of people with dementia, delivered to the person with dementia, their carers and/or health professionals.ResultsOf 4,772 articles returned by searches, 30 met the inclusion criteria, testing interventions in nursing home (n= 16) community (n = 10) and acute care (n = 4) settings. Only 18 interventions directly involved the person with dementia, with the remainder focusing on surrogate decision-makers. In all settings, interventions were found effective in increasing ACP practice. In nursing homes, ACP was found to influence care and increase the concordance between end of life wishes and care provided. Interventions in the community were found to improve patient quality of life but were not shown to influence concordance.ConclusionFuture research should focus on ways to involve people with dementia in decision-making through supported means.
PROOF-THEORETIC ANALYSIS OF THE QUANTIFIED ARGUMENT CALCULUS
Authors: PAVLOVIĆ EDI , GRATZL NORBERT 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis article investigates the proof theory of the Quantified Argument Calculus (Quarc) as developed and systematically studied by Hanoch Ben-Yami [3, 4]. Ben-Yami makes use of natural deduction (Suppes-Lemmon style), we, however, have chosen a sequent calculus presentation, which allows for the proofs of a multitude of significant meta-theoretic results with minor modifications to the Gentzen’s original framework, i.e., LK. As will be made clear in course of the article LK-Quarc will enjoy cut elimination and its corollaries (including subformula property and thus consistency).
(-)-Epicatechin reduces adiposity in male offspring of obese rats
Authors: De los Santos Sergio , Reyes-Castro Luis Antonio , Coral-Vázquez Ramón Mauricio , Méndez Juan Pablo , Leal-García Marcela , Zambrano Elena , Canto Patricia 
Published: June 2019

AbstractObjective:To determine whether (-)-epicatechin (Epi) could decrease visceral adipose tissue and improve the metabolic profile of male offspring rats, after maternal obesity was induced by a high-fat diet (HFD).Design:Maternal obesity in albino Wistar rats was induced with a HFD, whereas male offspring were fed with chow diet throughout the study. Eight male offspring per group, from different litters, were randomly assigned to the experimental or to the control groups. In the experimental group, Epi was administered at a dose of 1 mg/kg of body weight to the male offspring twice daily for two weeks, beginning at postnatal day (PND).Main measures:Weight of visceral adipose tissue, adipocyte size, and several metabolic parameters.Results:Epi administration in the male offspring induced a significant decrease in the amount of visceral fat (11.61 g less, P < 0.05) and in the size of adipose cells (28% smaller, P < 0.01). Besides, Epi was able to decrease insulin, leptin, and Homeostasis Model Assessment -Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) (P < 0.05), as well as triglycerides, when the experimental group was compared to the untreated male offspring of obese rats (P < 0.01).Conclusions:Epi administration can reverse the negative effects that maternal obesity has on the male offspring. This could be because Epi reduces the amount of visceral fat and improves metabolic profile.
Post-colonial Boundaries, International Law, and the Making of the Rohingya Crisis in Myanmar
Authors: SHAHABUDDIN Mohammad 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe development of post-colonial states through the operation of theuti possidetisprinciple in international law is intrinsically connected to the suppression of ethnic minorities and the ensuing humanitarian catastrophes in these states. With the continuation of colonial boundaries in post-colonial states due to theuti possidetisprinciple, international law facilitates many of these catastrophes. Accordingly, through exploring the questionable legal status of theuti possidetisprinciple and the fallacy of its conflict-preventing potential, I argue thatuti possidetisitself is a key problem. The continuation of arbitrarily drawn colonial boundaries undermines the legitimate right to self-determination of numerous ethnic minorities. This paper specifically explores the application ofuti possidetisto Myanmar and how it contributed to the Rohingya crisis. In the process, the paper also highlights the inherent relationship between colonialism and international law and how it has shaped the development of post-colonial states.
Reports of the Death of Treaty Are Premature, but Customary International Law May Have Outlived Its Usefulness
Authors: Trachtman Joel P. 
Published: June 2019

Legal rules come and go. Methods of producing law may also flow and ebb. The authors of the call for papers in connection with this online Agora suggest that there is possible evidence that treaty as a method of producing international law is ebbing, and may be dying. I see no such evidence at present; rather, I argue here that the dying source of international law is not treaty but custom. In the more distant future, however, treaty, too, may become obsolete or at least less salient.There are four categories of tools of international social cooperation: (i) international law produced through treaty (referred to herein simply as treaty); (ii) international law produced through custom, known as customary international law (CIL); (iii) international law produced through international organization decision-making (international legislation); and (iv) non-legal cooperative institutions (soft law). One of the signal characteristics of treaty is that no state is bound that has not explicitly and specifically consented. In order to sharpen the difference between treaty and international legislation, let us focus on international legislation produced by majority voting, which today is rare outside the European Union, but which may bind states without their specific consent.
Anti-Trafficking Law as a key to Global Economic Contradictions: A Response to Janie Chuang
Authors: Thomas Chantal 
Published: June 2019

Anti-trafficking law, with its rapid ascent to public visibility since the establishment of the Palermo Protocol fifteen years ago, offers a highly salient framework for understanding, and addressing, human exploitation. Yet this framework, as Professor Janie Chuang brilliantly illustrates in her article, Exploitation Creep and the Un-making of Human Trafficking Law,1 has proven both over-inclusive and, simultaneously and problematically, under-inclusive in its endeavors.The anti-trafficking framework is broad enough to have overlapped substantially with potentially competing legal and institutional regimes through the “exploitation creep” that Chuang identifies—regimes that ban, re-spectively, forced labor (“Creep 1”) and slavery (“Creep 2”). If brought to fruition, Chuang’s exposition suggests, the effect of anti-trafficking’s exploitation creep may be to marginalize the positive international law of forced labor and slavery treaties, and perhaps even to render them entirely superfluous.
Directed Network of Substorms Using SuperMAG Ground‐Based Magnetometer Data
Authors: Orr L. , Chapman S. C. , Gjerloev J. W. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractWe quantify the spatiotemporal evolution of the substorm ionospheric current system utilizing the SuperMAG 100+ magnetometers. We construct dynamical directed networks from this data for the first time. If the canonical cross‐correlation between vector magnetic field perturbations observed at two magnetometer stations exceeds a threshold, they form a network connection. The time lag at which canonical cross‐correlation is maximal determines the direction of propagation or expansion of the structure captured by the network connection. If spatial correlation reflects ionospheric current patterns, network properties can test different models for the evolving substorm current system. We select 86 isolated substorms based on nightside ground station coverage. We find, and obtain the timings for, a consistent picture in which the classic substorm current wedge forms. A current system is seen premidnight following the substorm current wedge westward expansion. Later, there is a weaker signal of eastward expansion. Finally, there is evidence of substorm‐enhanced convection.
MMS Measurements of the Vlasov Equation: Probing the Electron Pressure Divergence Within Thin Current Sheets
Authors: Shuster J. R. , Gershman D. J. , Chen L.‐J. , Wang S. , Bessho N. , Dorelli J. C. , da Silva D. E. , Giles B. L. , Paterson W. R. , Denton R. E. , Schwartz S. J. , Norgren C. , Wilder F. D. , Cassak P. A. , Swisdak M. , Uritsky V. , Schiff C. , Rager A. C. , Smith S. , Avanov L. A. , Viñas A. F. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractWe investigate the kinetic structure of electron‐scale current sheets found in the vicinity of the magnetopause and embedded in the magnetosheath within the reconnection exhaust. A new technique for computing terms of the Vlasov equation using Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) measurements is presented and applied to study phase space density gradients and the kinetic origins of the electron pressure divergence found within these current sheets. Crescent‐shaped structures in ∇⊥2fe give rise to bipolar and quadrupolar signatures in v·∇fe measured near the maximum ∇·Pe inside the current layers. The current density perpendicular to the magnetic field is strong (J⊥∼2 μA/m2), and the thickness of the current layers ranges from 3 to 5 electron inertial lengths. The electron flows supporting the current layers mainly result from the combination of E×B and diamagnetic drifts. We find nonzero J·E′ within the current sheets even though they are observed apart from typical diffusion region signatures.
Investigation of VLF Transmitter Signals in the Ionosphere by ZH‐1 Observations and Full‐Wave Simulation
Authors: Zhao Shufan , Zhou Chen , Shen Xuhui , Zhima Zeren 
Published: June 2019

AbstractIn this study, we investigate the very low frequency (VLF) signals in the ionosphere propagating from ground‐based transmitters by using the data from the newly launched China Seismo‐Electromagnetic Satellite (CSES), which is also called ZH‐1. The simultaneous ionospheric perturbations and electron precipitations induced by the NWC transmitter are also analyzed, and the possible mechanisms are discussed. The ZH‐1 and DEMETER observations of VLF transmitters are compared morphologically, which are generally consistent with the full‐wave simulations. The results show that the electromagnetic waves excited by the VLF transmitters penetrate into the ionosphere and propagate in the magnetosphere to its conjugate hemisphere as a ducted or nonducted whistler. When the VLF transmitter is located at L < 1.5, the wave propagates more easily as a nonducted whistler. When the wave propagates as a ducted whistler, the point of maximum observed transmitter‐induced electric field in the conjugate hemisphere will move poleward in the northern hemisphere and equatorward in the southern hemisphere. The results also show that the data stability of electromagnetic field recorded by ZH‐1 satellite is almost the same as DEMETER satellite, and there is a good correlation between the ZH‐1 observation and simulated results. These conclusions demonstrate that the nightside VLF band electromagnetic observation of ZH‐1 satellite is stable and reliable.
Advancing the Evidence for Integrated Pediatric Primary Care Psychology: A Call to Action
Authors: Lines Meghan McAuliffe 
Published: June 2019

Objective: There has been recognition of the importance of integrating psychology services into the pediatric medical home to meet the developmental and behavioral needs of patients for the past 50 years. Momentum for integrated primary care has grown substantially over the past decade, related to an evolving health care landscape, including the passing of the Affordable Care Act, increased focus on patient-centered medical home models, and a shift in payment structures from fee-for-service to value-based care models. Method: There is a need to continue to develop the evidence base for pediatric integrated primary care to support clinical care models, roles in teaching and training, and advocacy efforts. Results: In this introduction, we present background and current state of integrated primary care with reference to several articles to follow in this issue. Conclusions: The paper concludes with a call for papers for an upcoming special issue of Clinical Practice in Pediatric Psychology focused on contributing to the literature base on integrated pediatric primary care. Implications for Impact Statement This introduction presents information on the history and current state of pediatric primary care psychology. This paper describes the existing literature, including contributions in the current issue, and the gaps in the literature. The paper includes a call for proposals for an upcoming special issue. This information is critical to guide pediatric primary care psychologists in their research and clinical practice.
Stain control with two experimental dentin hypersensitivity toothpastes containing spherical silica: a randomised, early-phase development study
Authors: Mason Stephen , Young Sarah , Araga Mako , Butler Andrew , Lucas Robert , Milleman Jeffery L. , Milleman Kimberly R. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Aims
To determine in human participants whether toothpastes containing small quantities of a novel spherical silica, added to provide enhanced cleaning properties, could achieve similar or greater extrinsic dental stain removal compared to toothpastes containing standard dental abrasive silica concentrations.

Materials and methods
One hundred and twenty-three adults with extrinsic dental stain were randomised to one of four parallel groups for 8 weeks’ twice-daily brushing with an experimental toothpaste containing either 0.5% or 1% spherical silica (with relative dentin abrasivity [RDA] of ~38 and ~58, respectively), or marketed toothpastes containing either 6% (RDA ~ 36) or 16% (RDA ~ 166) standard abrasive silica. The objective was to evaluate the ranking order in extrinsic dental stain removal at Week 8, as measured by MacPherson modification of Lobene stain index Area × Intensity.

Results
Small treatment differences were observed between toothpaste formulations. The ranking order in extrinsic dental stain removal was: experimental 1% spherical silica toothpaste >16% standard abrasive silica toothpaste >6% standard abrasive silica toothpaste >experimental 0.5% spherical silica toothpaste. Toothpastes were generally well tolerated.

Conclusion
This early-phase development study suggests that toothpaste formulations with low concentrations of a novel spherical silica abrasive with high-cleaning capability are generally well tolerated and appropriate for further development.