bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tanoak Sprout Development After Cutting and Burning in a Shade Environment
Authors: Wilkinson William H. , McDonald Philip M. , Morgan Penelope 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Mean height and number of sprouts from tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflorus) stumps treated by repeated burning (propane weed burner) and by double decapitation (cutting twice within 24 hr) were compared to sprouts from untreated stumps in a shaded environment on the Hoopa Valley Indian Reservation in northern California. Much is known about tanoak sprout growth in full sunlight, but little is known about its development in shade. Four years after burning or cutting, sprouts from stumps treated by burning were significantly (P < 0.001) more numerous and shorter than sprouts in the double decapitation and control treatments. Double decapitation was ineffective as a sprout manipulation technique. Some natural events affected the treatments. Mold negatively affected vigor and growth of sprouts in the control and double-decapitation treatments; deer browsing shortened sprout length in the burning treatment; shade delayed sprouting for up to 1 yr after treatment. West. J. Appl. For. 12(1):21-26.
Laminated Root Rot: New Considerations For Surveys
Authors: Thies Walter G. , Nelson Earl E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In 1981, Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) trees were placed into 3 disease classes of 45 trees each based on signs and symptoms of Phellinus weirii infection: infected, probably infected, and probably not infected. Trees that died during the course of the study were felled and their stumps and roots removed from the soil, cleaned carefully, dissected, and examined. In August 1991, the remaining study trees were similarly treated. Eight trees recorded as infected in 1981, based on the presence of ectotrophic mycelium, were found to be not infected in 1991. Only one-third of the trees near inoculum sources, and thus expected to be infected, were infected. Of the trees thought to be not infected, one-third were infected. Based on limited observations, laminated root rot appears to be distributed both as "pockets" (aggregated) that appear as openings early in stand development and in a more "diffuse" manner that may lead to openings late in stand development. These findings have implications for disease survey and disease management. West. J. Appl. For. 12(2):49-51.
Evaluation of Tree Height Prediction Models for Stand Inventory
Authors: Martin Fred C. , Flewelling James W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The study appraised nine models that predict total tree height from diameter by species within individual stands. Models were fitted with nonlinear least squares by species within individual stands using inventory data from western Washington. Stand-level models were examined with respect to species, geographic regions, dominance characteristics, and sample sizes. Models were evaluated for mean square error, bias by diameter class, overfitting, and consistency in relative ranking. No substantial differences in model performance were noted with respect to geographic regions, but small differences were evident by species, dominance characteristics, and sample sizes. Model bias occurred with some but not all models. Overfitting was detected and considered a problem in fitting three-parameter models with the often small height sample in some stands. Some models were consistently good across species and sample sizes, whereas others were consistently poor. Yet the performance of other models varied by species and sample sizes. For predicting heights by species within individual stands, a single model was recommended Height = 1.37 + b0eb1dbh-1.0 A method was examined for constraining height predictions for trees beyond the range of sample data. West. J. Appl. For. 13(4):109-119.
Assessing the Salability of Timber Offerings
Authors: Gebert Krista M. , Niccolucci Michael J. , Schuster Ervin G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Given the complex and expensive nature of timber sale planning, timber offerings that receive no bids waste valuable time and resources for the managers of national forests. This article compares several tools for predicting the salability of timber offerings. These tools include probability-based techniques and appraisal-based techniques. The probability-based techniques include probit regression and discriminant analysis. The appraisal-based techniques use various modifications of the standard transaction evidence appraisal equations to predict salability. Results show probability-based techniques do better at correctly classifying timber offerings as sold or unsold. They correctly classify nearly 100% of the sold offerings, which constitute most of the offerings in the sample. However, if the user's primary interest is to predict unsold offerings correctly, appraisal-based techniques outperform probability-based techniques. West. J. Appl. For. 13(4):129-136.
The Impact of Environment and Nursery on Survival and Early Growth of Douglas-fir, Noble Fir, and White Pine--A Case Study
Authors: Randall William , Johnson G. R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Survival and third-year height were examined on 2,383 reforestation units from 1983 to 1994 to determine which factors impact reforestation success. Survival of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) varied by as much as 20% from year to year. The most significant factor affecting reforestation success was the nursery that provided the seedlings. Nursery impacted both survival and height of Douglas-fir and impacted height for noble fir (Abies procera) and white pine (Pinus monticola). No nursery was best for all species. Other factors that were important for all three species were the administrative unit where the seedlings were planted, initial plant height, aspect, and length of storage prior to planting. Other significant factors that were important for Douglas-fir were seed origin, planting month, protection, stock type, and aspect. For noble fir, other important factors were planting month and stock type; for white pine, the other important factor was slope. Elevation of the seed source and the planting unit affected Douglas-fir survival and height but did not affect the other two species. This supports the smaller elevational bands for Douglas-fir compared with noble fir and white pine. West. J. Appl. For. 13(4):137-143.
The Transferability of Western White Pine to and within British Columbia Based on Early Survival, Environmental Damage, and Juvenile Height
Authors: Meagher M. D. , Hunt R. S. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Survival, environmental damage, and juvenile height of 27 provenances of western white pine (Pinus monticola) in three plantation series were analyzed after 5 to 13 yr on site to assist in evaluating seed-transfer practices. Survival averaged 79.2% on nine sites in the "root-rot" series and 84.1% on six sites in the "provenance-test" series. Trends of survival on seed-source parameters differed between series, generally increasing with both elevation and latitude in the root-rot series, while generally decreasing with latitude in the provenance-test series. Analysis by seed zone (coast or interior) and plantation region (coast, southern interior, or northern interior) showed that coastal sources on interior sites caused much of these anomalies. Substantial environmental damage was found only on sites near to or beyond the species' northern limit. Differences in the trend of damage with source parameters were found between the test series: interior sources were damaged less than coastal sources on two root-rot sites, whereas interior sources were damaged more heavily than coastal sources on the provenance-test site exhibiting substantial damage. Damage increased with increasing provenance latitude and elevation in the root-rot series, while it dropped with increasing elevation in the "provenance-test" series. In general, taller seedlings in taller provenances were damaged. Coastal seed should not be used on interior sites, but transfer of seed from the BC interior to the BC coast seems safe. We recommend that the present limits for latitudinal transfer be doubled, except where late-spring-frost risk is high, and that elevational transfer of seeds for the interior zone be reduced by about half West. J. Appl. For. 14(1)41-47.
Wildlife Use of Dwarf Mistletoe Brooms in Douglas-Fir in Northeast Oregon
Authors: Parks Catherine G. , Bull Evelyn L. , Tinnin Robert O. , Shepherd Jay F. , Blumton Arlene K. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) trees with and without dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium douglasii) brooms were examined for evidence of use by wildlife. Evidence of foraging occurred in 51% of the broomed trees and in 29% of the trees without brooms. Evidence of nesting by mammals occurred in 18% of the broomed trees and in none of the trees without brooms. Brooms used and those not used by wildlife were significantly different in type and volume. These findings suggest that retaining mistletoe brooms in stands may be important to provide nesting, foraging, resting and roosting habitat for mammals and birds. West. J. Appl. For. 14(2):100-105.
Influence of Streamside Cover and Stream Features on Temperature Trends in Forested Streams of Western Oregon
Authors: Zwieniecki Maciej A. , Newton Michael 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Clearcut harvesting along low-elevation western Oregon streams with forest buffers (8.6 to 30.5 m wide) was followed by little direct local effect on water temperature. A study of 14 streams demonstrated that all have a tendency to warm with downstream direction even under full forest cover. After the natural warming trend of the stream water was accounted for, water at slightly higher temperatures within the buffered clearcut zones cooled to the trend line of temperature by 150 m downstream. Because of the natural warming trends in streams, estimating the net temperature effect associated with management practices requires use of a warming trend line as the norm for fully covered forests for each general level of discharge. West. J. Appl. For. 14(2):106-113.
Evaluations of Plastic Mesh Tubes for Protecting Conifer Seedlings from Pocket Gophers in Three Western States
Authors: Engeman Richard M. , Anthony Richard M. , Barnes Victor G. , Krupa Heather W. , Evans James 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The efficacy of plastic mesh tubes for protecting conifer seedlings from pocket gopher damage was evaluated on three national forest lands in three states. In each area, cohorts of 640 protected seedlings and 640 unprotected seedlings (3,840 total) were individually monitored for damage, survival, and growth twice each summer for 5 yr after planting. Substantial differences were found between protected and unprotected seedlings for time until occurrence of damage, survival time, proportion damaged and proportion surviving, as well as differences in growth. Over the three forest study sites, the proportion of unprotected seedlings damaged ranged from 60-89%, whereas the proportion of protected seedlings damaged after 5 yr ranged from 18-27%. The proportion of unprotected seedlings that died of gopher damage over 5 yr ranged from 46-64%, versus 1-19% for protected seedlings. Height growth was 25% greater for protected seedlings. Even when only undamaged seedlings were considered, protected seedlings exhibited superior height growth, possibly due to a more favorable microclimate provided by the tubes. These results were reflected in the higher and more uniform stocking rates for protected seedlings. West. J. Appl. For. 14(2):86-90.
Antelope Bitterbrush and Scouler's Willow Response to a Shelterwood Harvest and Prescribed Burn in Western Montana
Authors: Ayers Dayna M. , Bedunah Donald J. , Harrington Michael G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In many western Montana ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) stands, fire suppression and past selective logging of large trees have resulted in conditions favoring succession to dense stands of shade-tolerant, but insect- and disease-prone Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii). Stand thinning and understory prescribed burning have been proposed as surrogates for pre-Euro-American settlement ecological processes and as potential treatments to improve declining forest condition and reduce the probability of severe wildfire. To test the effectiveness of these silvicultural techniques on overstory and understory conditions, research is ongoing in the Lick Creek Demonstration Site in the Bitterroot National Forest, Montana. Our research examined the response (mortality and vigor) of the dominant browse species, antelope bitterbrush (Purshia tridentata) and Scouler's willow (Salix scouleriana), to a ponderosa pine stand restoration project utilizing four treatments: (1) a shelterwood cut that removed 53% of the tree basal area; (2) a shelterwood cut with a low fuel consumption burn; (3) a shelterwood cut with a high fuel consumption burn; and (4) a control. Prior to the application of treatments, 1,856 bitterbrush and 871 willow were located, and their survival and vigor subsequently monitored for 2 yr posttreatment. The cut and burn treatments resulted in the greatest reduction in antelope bitterbrush and Scouler's willow density averaging 66% and 24% of pretreatment density, respectively. The shelterwood cut reduced bitterbrush and Scouler's willow density by 35% and 14%, respectively. On treatments receiving a shelterwood cut (all treatments but the control), but where antelope bitterbrush and Scouler's willow did not have fire damage, mortality was 45% for bitterbrush and 20% for willow, respectively. For bitterbrush and Scouler's willow plants that received fire damage, mortality was 72% for bitterbrush and 19% for willow. Although the burn and shelterwood harvest treatments resulted in reduced density of antelope bitterbrush and Scouler's willow 2 yr posttreatment, these treatments increased vigor of both species and created mineral seedbeds that may be necessary for establishment of seedlings. West. J. Appl. For. 14(3):137-143.
Precommercial Thinning in a Ponderosa Pine Stand Affected by Armillaria Root Disease in Central Oregon: 30 Years of Growth and Mortality
Authors: Filip Gregory M. , Fitzgerald Stephen A. , Ganio Lisa M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A 30-yr-old stand of ponderosa pine was precommercially thinned in 1966 to determine the effects of thinning on tree growth and mortality caused by Armillaria root disease in central Oregon. After 30 yr, crop tree mortality was significantly (P = 0.02) less in thinned plots than in unthinned plots. Tree diameter growth was not significantly (P = 0.17) increased by thinning. Crop-tree basal area/ac growth was significantly (P = 0.03) greater in thinned plots. Apparently, from a root disease perspective, precommercial thinning of pure ponderosa stands significantly decreases the incidence of crop-tree mortality after 30 yr and significantly increases basal area/ac growth but not individual tree diameter growth. Recommendations for thinning based on stand density index (SDI) are given. West. J. Appl. For. 14(3):144-148.
The Influence of Temporal and Spatial Factors on Clearcut Use by White-Tailed Deer in Northern Idaho
Authors: Secord Mark L. , Zager Peter E. , Pletscher Daniel H. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Relatively little is known about the response of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) to forest management practices currently used in northern Idaho. We used pellet group surveys and radiotelemetry to assess the influence of season, clearcut age, and clearcut size on deer use in the Priest Lake watershed of northern Idaho. Deer use of 14 clearcuts ranging from 1 to 25 yr in age and 4.05 to 14.75 ha in size was investigated. No association between pellet group density and clearcut size or age was found. Both pellet group and telemetry data, however, indicated seasonal shifts in white-tailed deer habitat use patterns. Deer displayed strong avoidance of nonforested sites during winter and concentrated on low elevation winter ranges characterized by dense overstories. With the advent of warm weather and reduced snow depths, nonforested sites received increasing use. Clearcut use peaked during early spring and declined with the onset of summer as deer migrated to higher elevations. Spring use of clearcuts was significantly higher than summer use on all sites sampled. Spring pellet group densities averaged 1.52 groups/plot, whereas summer densities averaged 0.50 groups/plot. In the Priest Lake drainage, cutting units should be restricted to less critical sites adjacent to wintering areas. Clearcuts within winter habitats will further fragment existing forested stands and will be at the expense of critical thermal cover. In other regions, vegetation structure and composition should not be the only criteria used to evaluate the influence of clearcutting on white-tailed deer habitat use. West. J. Appl. For. 14(4):177-182.
A Comparison of Felling Techniques on Stump Height and Log Damage with Economic Interpretations
Authors: Boston Kevin , Dysart Gerald 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This study investigated two of the many potential sources of value loss that occur during logging operations: stump heights and butt log damage. The potential value loss was determined for manual felling and five different felling heads for logging sites located in the central north island of New Zealand. Manual felling produced the highest stumps and three different felling heads (Hultdin, Timbco, and Warratah) produced second highest stumps. The group with the lowest stumps was felled with AFM Magnum and Koehring felling heads. The Warratah felling head had the lowest incidence of butt log damage, while manual felling had the highest proportion of damaged butt logs. The majority of the damage to the butt logs was slabbing damage; all felling techniques produced little stump pull damage. A comparison of the potential value loss showed that the Koehring produced the lowest potential value loss at US$128/ac, while manual felling had the highest potential value loss at over US$420/ac. West. J. Appl. For. 15(2):59-61.
Estimating Large Snag Recruitment Needs in Regeneration Timber Harvests
Authors: Harris Richard B. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Retaining snags after timber harvest is now a common silvicultural practice. However, little is known about silvicultural practices necessary to ensure timber-rotation length equilibrium of snag densities (existing snags all fall eventually). Large diameter snags in particular are important to many wildlife species and require long time periods to develop. Where timber harvest removes most of the existing stand, estimates of required retention density must be made ahead of time if long-term equilibrium in snag abundance is desired.A simple simulation model was used to investigate potential dynamics of snags for 80-120 yr following timber harvest. Parameters resulting in recovery of the initial number of snags at rotation length are presented. Whether or not equilibrium was achieved depended on three parameters usually beyond management control: annual mortality rate of live trees; snag fall rate; and transition rate from smaller to larger retention trees. At the time of timber harvest, managers can most easily adjust the density and size-class of live retention trees. I recommend erring on the side of retaining more, rather than fewer live trees to prevent long-term declines in the abundance of large snags. West. J. Appl. For. 15(3):140-146.
Processing Value of Small-Diameter Sawtimber at Conventional Stud Sawmills and Modern High-Speed, Small-Log Sawmills in the Western United States—A Comparison
Authors: Wagner Francis G. , Fiedler Carl E. , Keegan Charles E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Past selective logging of early successional species [e.g., ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa)] and effective fire suppression have dramatically altered forest composition and health over millions of acres in the western United States. Implementation of ecological restoration treatments to address these conditions will produce large volumes of small-diameter sawtimber for processing. Since sawmills currently process a majority of sawtimber harvested in the West (more than 80% in some regions), this study concentrated on determining the value of small-diameter sawtimber delivered to sawmills. A conventional stud sawmill and a modern, high-speed, small-log sawmill were profiled. A simulator (MSUSP) was employed to describe these sawmills and to determine breakeven delivered-sawtimber values by dbh class for each sawmill. Data inputs included machinery type, mill layout, machine speeds, volume and grade recovery, product prices, and fixed and variable manufacturing costs. Results showed that sawtimber 9 in. dbh and under could not cover harvest and delivery costs and earn even a modest (10%) return on invested (ROI) capital at the conventional stud sawmill and that sawtimber 7.5 in. dbh and smaller had negative values. However with a 10% ROI capital, the value of all sizes of sawtimber at the modern, high-speed sawmill equaled or exceeded harvest and delivery costs. West. J. Appl. For. 15(4):208–212.
Cost Impacts of Management Alternatives to Achieve Habitat Conservation Goals on State Forestlands in Western Washington
Authors: Bare B. Bruce , Lippke Bruce R. , Xu Weihuan 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
An optimization approach to sustainable forest management that combines proactive habitat conservation practices and financial goals across an unzoned landscape outperforms a conservative, passive approach based on minimum management within large protective zones. The proactive approach simulta-neously solves the land allocation and harvest scheduling problem whereas the passive approach allocates land to restricted uses and then sequentially schedules timber harvests. Proactive management increases asset values, improves intergenerational equity, stabilizes revenue flows, and provides better habitat—especially for species requiring old forest habitat conditions. The magnitude of these differences is very large in the case tested—the development of habitat conservation plans for state trust lands in western Washington. West. J. Appl. For. 15(4) 217-226.
Effects of Swiss Needle Cast on Three Douglas-Fir Seed Sources on a Low-Elevation Site in the Northern Oregon Coast Range: Results after Five Growing Seasons
Authors: Kastner Walter W. , Dutton Steve M. , Roché David M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii) seedlings grown from three seed sources were evaluated for 5 yr on a high-disease-hazard site for their relative tolerance to Swiss needle cast. The seed sources were: (1) seed collected from trees showing an apparent degree of tolerance to Swiss needle cast in natural stands in the coastal fog belt, (2) open-pollinated seed orchard seed collected from random single-pair crosses of parent trees in natural stands outside of the coastal fog belt, but west of the Oregon Coast Range summit, whose progeny demonstrated an apparent degree of disease tolerance in coastal Douglas-fir progeny test sites, and (3) standard reforestation seed purchased from a commercial vendor. There were no significant differences among seed sources in basal diameter and total height for all five growing seasons. Needle retention varied among seed sources over the 5 yr period, but current-year needle retention did not vary significantly after the fifth growing season, and retention of 1- and 2-yr-old needles was relatively low for all seed sources. The intense disease pressure on this site may have overwhelmed expression of disease tolerance among seed sources. We do not recommend planting Douglas-fir on such high-hazard sites. West J. Appl. For. 16(1):31–34.