bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Discovery, properties, and biosynthesis of pseudouridimycin, an antibacterial nucleoside-analog inhibitor of bacterial RNA polymerase
Authors: Maffioli Sonia I , Sosio Margherita , Ebright Richard H , Donadio Stefano 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Pseudouridimycin (PUM) is a novel pseudouridine-containing peptidyl-nucleoside antibiotic that inhibits bacterial RNA polymerase (RNAP) through a binding site and mechanism different from those of clinically approved RNAP inhibitors of the rifamycin and lipiarmycin (fidaxomicin) classes. PUM was discovered by screening microbial fermentation extracts for RNAP inhibitors. In this review, we describe the discovery and characterization of PUM. We also describe the RNAP-inhibitory and antibacterial properties of PUM. Finally, we review available information on the gene cluster and pathway for PUM biosynthesis and on the potential for discovering additional novel pseudouridine-containing nucleoside antibiotics by searching bacterial genome and metagenome sequences for sequences similar to pumJ, the pseudouridine-synthase gene of the PUM biosynthesis gene cluster.
Female Migration to ISIS: Conclusions and Recommendations
Authors: Viano Emilio C. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractTo effectively address/counter/neutralize the areas in which ISIS/ISIL/IS/DAESH has had
success in its strategy, operation and tactics, the international community must deal with
the following three issues: (A) multifaceted recruitment counter-efforts; (B) looking at
women as survivors of ISIS on a continuum from free agent to victim; (C) the need to
investigate and monitor the movement of people with concern and respect for human rights and
international treaties. The role of different actors is examined in detail. The need for
international efforts and coordination is also addressed. Concrete recommendations are
provided. The list of members of the International Task Force that worked on this
Conclusions and Recommendations is given.
THE POLITICAL ORIGINS OF ISLAMIC COURTS IN DIVIDED SOCIETIES: THE CASE OF MALAYSIA
Authors: Hamayotsu Kikue 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe way in which Islamic courts and laws are developed and how religious legal apparatuses shape the relations between—and within—religious communities has been a common source of debate among scholars. This article analyzes the growing institutional power and authority of Islamic courts and judges in Malaysia since the late 1980s to contribute to this theoretical debate. Specifically, it compares two critical phases of institutional development of Islamic courts in Malaysia's largely secular judicial system: the first under the premiership of Mahathir Mohamad before the dismissal of his deputy, Anwar Ibrahim (1980–1998), and the second under the post-reformasi(reform) period (1999–present). Original data gathered at the Jabatan Kehakiman Syariah Malaysia (Department of Syariah Judiciary Malaysia) and other government and legal agencies, fieldwork, and semistructured interviews with Islamic and civil court officials both at the federal and state levels document the institutional expansion and administrative independence that the Islamic courts and judges have successively gained in relation to their civil counterparts. It is argued that the gradual bureaucratization of Islamic courts can best be explained with reference to the interests—and strategic coalitions—of politicalandreligious elites within the majority community to sustain a dominant regime and majoritarian rule based on communal identity.
Frontostriatal functional connectivity and striatal dopamine synthesis capacity in schizophrenia in terms of antipsychotic responsiveness: an [18F]DOPA PET and fMRI study
Authors: Kim Seoyoung , Jung Wi Hoon , Howes Oliver D. , Veronese Mattia , Turkheimer Federico E. , Lee Yun-Sang , Lee Jae Sung , Kim Euitae , Kwon Jun Soo 
Published: November 2018

AbstractBackgroundGiven that only a subgroup of patients with schizophrenia responds to first-line antipsychotic drugs, a key clinical question is what underlies treatment response. Observations that prefrontal activity correlates with striatal dopaminergic function, have led to the hypothesis that disrupted frontostriatal functional connectivity (FC) could be associated with altered dopaminergic function. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between frontostriatal FC and striatal dopamine synthesis capacity in patients with schizophrenia who had responded to first-line antipsychotic drug compared with those who had failed but responded to clozapine.MethodsTwenty-four symptomatically stable patients with schizophrenia were recruited from Seoul National University Hospital, 12 of which responded to first-line antipsychotic drugs (first-line AP group) and 12 under clozapine (clozapine group), along with 12 matched healthy controls. All participants underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging and [18F]DOPA PET scans.ResultsNo significant difference was found in the total PANSS score between the patient groups. Voxel-based analysis showed a significant correlation between frontal FC to the associative striatum and the influx rate constant of [18F]DOPA in the corresponding region in the first-line AP group. Region-of-interest analysis confirmed the result (control group: R2 = 0.019, p = 0.665; first-line AP group: R2 = 0.675, p < 0.001; clozapine group: R2 = 0.324, p = 0.054) and the correlation coefficients were significantly different between the groups.ConclusionsThe relationship between striatal dopamine synthesis capacity and frontostriatal FC is different between responders to first-line treatment and clozapine treatment in schizophrenia, indicating that a different pathophysiology could underlie schizophrenia in patients who respond to first-line treatments relative to those who do not.
Kinematic and Kinetostatic Analysis of Parallel Manipulators with Emphasis on Position, Motion, and Actuation Singularities
Authors: Ozgoren M. Kemal 
Published: November 2018

SummaryThis paper provides a contribution to the singularity analysis of the parallel manipulators by introducing the position singularities in addition to the motion and actuation singularities. The motion singularities are associated with the linear velocity mapping between the task and joint spaces. So, they are the singularities of the relevant Jacobian matrices. On the other hand, the position singularities are associated with the nonlinear position mapping between the task and joint spaces. So, they are encountered in the position-level solutions of the forward and inverse kinematics problems. In other words, they come out irrespective of the velocity mapping and the Jacobian matrices. Considering these distinctions, a kinematic singularity is denoted here by one of the four acronyms, which are PSFK (position singularity of forward kinematics), PSIK (position singularity of inverse kinematics), MSFK (motion singularity of forward kinematics), and MSIK (motion singularity of inverse kinematics). There may also occur an actuation singularity (ACTS) concerning the kinetostatic relationships that involve forces and moments. However, it is verified that an ACTS is the same as an MSFK. Each singularity induces different consequences in the joint and task spaces. A PSFK imposes a constraint on the active joint variables and makes the end-effector position indefinite and uncontrollable. Therefore, it must be avoided. An MSFK imposes a constraint on the rates of the active joint variables and makes the end-effector motion indefinite and easily perturbable. Besides, since it is also an ACTS, it causes the actuator torques or forces to grow without bound. Therefore, it must also be avoided. On the other hand, a PSIK imposes a constraint on the end-effector position but provides freedom for the active joint variables. Similarly, an MSIK imposes a constraint on the end-effector motion but provides freedom for the rates of the active joint variables. A PSIK or MSIK need not be avoided if the constraint it imposes on the position or motion of the end-effector is acceptable or if the task can be planned to be compatible with that constraint. Besides, with such a compatible task, a PSIK or MSIK may even be advantageous, because the freedom it provides for the active joint variables can sometimes be used for a secondary purpose. This paper is also concerned with the multiplicities of forward kinematics in the assembly modes of the manipulator and the multiplicities of inverse kinematics in the posture modes of the legs. It is shown that the assembly mode changing poses of the manipulator are the same as the MSFK poses, and the posture mode changing poses of the legs are the same as the MSIK poses.
Caregiver Out-of-Pocket Costs for Octogenarian Intensive Care Unit Patients in Canada
Authors: Boyes Randy D. , Bielska Iwona A. , Fong Raymond , Johnson Ana P. 
Published: November 2018

RÉSUMÉLes problèmes médicaux affectant la population vieillissante sont de plus en plus préoccupants et ont des impacts sur les patients et leurs soignants familiaux. Cette étude a permis de déterminer les coûts directs et indirects encourus par les soignants familiaux de personnes âgées hospitalisées en unités de soins intensifs (USI) au Canada. Les soignants familiaux de patients hospitalisés en USI ont répondu à un sondage portant à la fois sur les coûts directs qu’ils assumaient pour les soins de ces patients et sur les coûts indirects, tels que les heures de travail et de loisirs perdues lors de la prestation de ces soins. Les coûts totaux mensuels des soins ont été stratifiés selon le sexe, l’âge et la région géographique du soignant. La moyenne des coûts directs pour les soignants était de 791 $ ($CA en 2016) par patient au cours du premier mois de soins intensifs. Le coût total quotidien moyen par patient était de 162 $ par jour pour ces soignants. Les hommes ayant le rôle de soignant principal ont payé davantage de frais que les femmes. Des programmes de subvention seraient nécessaires pour aider les soignants familiaux à couvrir les frais considérables liés aux soins qu’ils apportent à des patients en USI, en incluant aussi les frais de déplacements, de repas, d’hébergement et de stationnement.
Informant-specific reports of peer and teacher relationships buffer the effects of harsh parenting on children's oppositional defiant disorder during kindergarten
Authors: Roubinov Danielle S. , Boyce W. Thomas , Bush Nicole R. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractHarsh and restrictive parenting are well-established contributors to the development of oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) among children. However, few studies have explored whether interpersonal relationships that develop outside the family environment attenuate the risk for ODD that is associated with harsh parenting. The current study tested multireporter measures of teacher–child closeness and peer acceptance as moderators of the association between harsh parenting and children's ODD as children's social worlds widen during the kindergarten year (N= 338 children, 48% girls, M age = 5.32 years). Harsh parenting interacted withpeer nominationsof peer acceptance andchildren's reportof teacher–child closeness to predict children's ODD symptoms in the spring, adjusting for fall symptoms. Children exposed to harsh parenting exhibited greater symptom increases when they were less liked/accepted playmates and in the context of lower teacher–child closeness. However, harsh parenting was not associated with symptom change among children with higher levels of peer-nominated acceptance and those who reported closer relationships with teachers. There were no significant interactions usingteacher's reportof peer acceptance orteacher's reportof teacher–child closeness. Findings highlight positive peer and teacher relationships as promising targets of intervention among children exposed to harsh parenting and support the importance of assessing multiple perspectives of children's social functioning.
Reducing Herbicide Particle Drift: Effect of Hooded Sprayer and Spray Quality
Authors: Foster Henry C. , Sperry Benjamin P. , Reynolds Daniel B. , Kruger Greg R. , Claussen Steve 
Published: November 2018

AbstractA field study was conducted in 2015 and 2016 to compare particle drift of glyphosate using a fluorescent tracer dye applied with hooded and open sprayers at four spray qualities (Fine [F], Medium [M], Very-Coarse [VC], and Ultra-Coarse [UC]). F and M spray qualities exhibited up to 86% and 56% less drift, respectively, out to 31 m downwind with the hooded sprayer than with the open sprayer. Conversely, VC and UC spray qualities were not affected by sprayer type out to 31 m downwind. From 43 to 104 m downwind, hooded sprayer applications exhibited approximately 50% less drift than open sprayer applications, regardless of spray quality. From 43 to 89 m downwind, F spray qualities, regardless of sprayer type, exhibited higher drift than all other spray qualities. These data indicate that hooded sprayers considerably reduce drift of all spray qualities at short distances downwind. Additionally, at longer distances downwind, both larger spray qualities and sprayer hoods reduced drift independently.
Key Morphological Events following Late-Season Goosegrass (Eleusine indica) Germination
Authors: Kerr Robert Andrew , McCarty Lambert B. , Bridges William C. , Cutulle Matthew 
Published: November 2018

AbstractGoosegrass is a weedy C4species throughout the world and a major pest in turfgrass systems. Further research is needed to characterize morphological events of goosegrass germinating in late summer to enhance long-term management programs. The objective of this study was to determine whether goosegrass germinating on August 15 will complete a life cycle before the first killing frost, typically November 15 in Clemson, SC. A biotype from Clemson, SC, was collected and a growth-chamber experiment was conducted to simulate autumn maximum and minimum temperatures. Culm, leaf, root, and raceme biomass measurements were recorded weekly, and growth curves were modeled. The inflection point (i.e., point of maximum growth) occurred for the following growth parameters: culm dry weight at 26.5 d after emergence (DAE), leaf dry weight at 26.6 DAE, number of racemes per plant at 50.7 DAE, raceme dry weight (including germinable seed) at 56.0 DAE, and root dry weight at 42.1 DAE. The completion of the life cycle occurred on October 22 (68 DAE), approximately 3 wk before the typical first killing frost in Clemson, SC. In summary, turf managers need to address goosegrass that germinates through approximately the first week of September at this location to avoid production of viable seed.
Morphology, Effusion Rates, and Petrology of Postglacial Lavas of Laguna del Maule Volcanic Field, Chilean Andes, and Implications for Their Plumbing System
Authors: Cáceres Francisco , Castruccio Ángelo , Parada Miguel A. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractWe analyzed the dimensions, morphology, and petrography of nine postglacial lava flows, ranging from andesites to rhyolites, located at the Laguna del Maule Volcanic Field in the Southern Andes of Chile. Our data were used in conjunction with theoretical models of magma ascent and lava flow advance to estimate time scales of lava emplacement, effusion rates, magma chamber volume, and conduit dimensions. The results indicate that the parameters of these past eruptions correspond to eruptions of months to a few years in duration, with peak effusion rates <100 m3/s, and were fed by magma chambers of 6 to 30 km3 and conduits of radius 20 to 70 m. Thermobarometric results indicate crystallization pressures between 260 and 450 MPa and temperatures of 780 to 1060 °C for the analyzed units. These results, taken together with recent geophysical studies, suggest that the most likely scenario, in case of an eruption, corresponds to a medium size eruption (0.1–1 km3). Initial activity would be explosive, followed by the extrusion of lava flows that can last several months.
Future Nuisance Flooding in Norfolk, VA, From Astronomical Tides and Annual to Decadal Internal Climate Variability
Authors: Burgos A. G. , Hamlington B. D. , Thompson P. R. , Ray R. D. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractIncreasing sea level rise will lead to more instances of nuisance flooding along the Virginia coastline in the coming decades, causing road closures and deteriorating infrastructure. These minor flood events can be caused by astronomical tides alone, in addition to internal climate variability on annual to decadal timescales. An assessment of nuisance flooding from these two effects is presented up until the year 2050 for Norfolk, Virginia. The analysis of water levels indicates that nuisance flooding from tides alone in conjunction with a medium‐high sea level scenario will result in flooding beginning in 2030 with frequency increasing thereafter. The addition of climate variability, by use of an empirical mode decomposition, leads to a substantial increase of flooding relative to the tides‐alone analysis and shows flood events beginning as soon as 2020. High tides in the future will produce nuisance flooding without the need of other drivers such as coastal storms.
Initial Geostationary Lightning Mapper Observations
Authors: Rudlosky Scott D. , Goodman Steven J. , Virts Katrina S. , Bruning Eric C. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM) continuously observes lightning throughout a near‐hemispheric field of view, capturing spatiotemporal variability on unprecedented scales. This study documents GLM lightning distributions during the initial 9 months in the operational Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite‐East position (December 2017 to August 2018). Spatial maps, summary statistics, and time series illustrate seasonal, regional, and diurnal lightning patterns. Lightning activity shifts from south to north during the study period with most lightning over land (83%). The average GLM flash extends over a 454‐km2 area, lasts 301 ms, produces 262 fJ of optical energy, and consists of 16.4 (42.2) groups (events). On average, GLM flashes over the oceans are larger (570 km2), of longer duration (345 ms), and brighter (420 fJ) than flashes over land (431 km2, 293 ms, and 230 fJ). The baseline values and early insights reported herein aim to guide the early development and application of GLM observations.
Seasonal Deuterium Excess Variations of Precipitation at Summit, Greenland, and their Climatological Significance
Authors: Kopec B. G. , Feng X. , Posmentier E. S. , Sonder L. J. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe hydrogen and oxygen isotopic composition of ice cores from Summit, Greenland, has provided invaluable information about variations in past climate. However, interpretations of these isotopic data have been made despite a paucity of direct isotopic studies of Summit precipitation. We provide insight to such interpretations by examining the annual cycle of deuterium excess (d‐excess) in precipitation samples from Summit and by considering the climatic controls on the annual cycle. Precipitation was collected daily from July 2011 to September 2014 at heights of 1, 2, and 4 m. The isotopic composition of precipitation sampled at 4 m above the snow surface is free of contamination from blowing snow. Precipitation d‐excess is high in the summer and low in the winter, a pattern opposite to that found at most high‐latitude locations, where summer d‐excess is low relative to winter. Low winter d‐excess values at Summit can be explained by varying degrees of Rayleigh distillation of moisture sourced from isotopically similar marine sources. However, the observed summer d‐excess maximum at Summit is anomalously high compared with other Arctic locations, and we propose that this is due to high d‐excess moisture contributed by sublimation of surface snow on the Greenland Ice Sheet. We demonstrate the plausibility of this hypothesis through simple isotopic mass balance calculations, analyses of cloud heights, and back trajectories to identify moisture sources. We show that Rayleigh distillation, sublimation, and the phase of the d‐excess annual cycle are all important factors that should be considered in ice core d‐excess interpretations.
Advancing Terrestrial Ecosystem Science With a Novel Automated Measurement System for Sun‐Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence for Integration With Eddy Covariance Flux Networks
Authors: Gu L. , Wood J. D. , Chang C. Y.‐Y. , Sun Y. , Riggs J. S. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractSun‐induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) provides critical information on the dynamics of gross primary productivity, a unique role not readily achievable using other methods. Long‐term continuous SIF observations have the potential to advance terrestrial ecosystem science. Realizing this potential, however, requires synergistic implementation of SIF measurements within eddy covariance (EC) flux networks. There is a need for SIF systems that can integrate seamlessly with EC instrumentation to maximize synergistic use of obtained data. Here we introduce the Fluorescence Auto‐Measurement Equipment (FAME) and protocol that fulfill such a purpose. FAME is designed specifically for plug‐and‐play integration with existing EC data acquisition systems. Its innovative hardware and software designs provide versatility, extensibility, autonomous operation, and ease of maintenance for acquiring SIF data of high quality and quantity. A major novel feature of FAME is its synchronized sampling of spectral irradiance and environmental variables, allowing for more precise interpretation of the SIF signal. FAME has been deployed since September 2016 at the Missouri Ozark AmeriFlux site, providing high‐quality measurements even when air temperatures approached 40 °C. Results reveal that canopy SIF saturated or even slightly decreased at high light, similar to leaf‐level photosynthesis. Clear diurnal hysteresis was observed: For the same light, morning SIF was higher than afternoon. Dynamic energy dissipation processes and stress‐induced movements of chloroplasts and leaves may explain the observed pattern. The technology and measurement protocol introduced here advances the coordinated observation of SIF and EC fluxes and represents a step change in observational ecosystem and carbon cycle science research.
Broad Consistency Between Satellite and Vegetation Model Estimates of Net Primary Productivity Across Global and Regional Scales
Authors: Liu Laibao , Peng Shushi , AghaKouchak Amir , Huang Yuanyuan , Li Yan , Qin Dahe , Xie Aili , Li Shuangcheng 
Published: November 2018

AbstractDrought has the potential to significantly decrease net primary production (NPP). However, the drought sensitivity of NPP remains unclear globally. Here we investigated the response of NPP to drought for the period 1982–2011 using NPP derived from satellite models, eight dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs), and several drought indices. Our results indicate that the sign of drought response of NPP is consistent across satellites and DGVMs globally. Both the model and satellite data show a unimodal distribution of drought sensitivity across climatic gradients and indicate that semiarid regions are the most drought‐sensitive areas. In addition, a decreasing drought trend was significantly correlated with an increasing trend in satellite‐derived NPP or DGVM‐derived NPP globally. However, the DGVM‐derived NPP is more sensitive to drought than the satellite‐derived NPP over most vegetated land areas and presents a stronger correlation with drought, higher drought sensitivity, and larger slopes between NPP and drought trends. The overresponse of the DGVM‐derived NPP to drought relative to the satellite‐derived NPP could be attributed to the higher drought sensitivity of the simulated leaf area index and overresponse of the DGVM‐derived NPP to the vapor pressure deficit. Overall, large uncertainties remain in the response of NPP to drought and additional long‐term observations are required to better represent NPP responses to water stress in DGVM models.