bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What the replication reformation wrought
Authors: Spellman Barbara A. , Kahneman Daniel 
Published: July 2018

AbstractReplication failures were among the triggers of a reform movement which, in a very short time, has been enormously useful in raising standards and improving methods. As a result, the massive multilab multi-experiment replication projects have served their purpose and will die out. We describe other types of replications – both friendly and adversarial – that should continue to be beneficial.
Verifiability is a core principle of science
Authors: Srivastava Sanjay 
Published: July 2018

AbstractScientific knowledge is supposed to be verifiable. Replications promote verifiability in several ways. Most straightforwardly, replications can verify empirical claims. Replication research also promotes dissemination of information needed for other aspects of verification; creates meta-scientific knowledge about what results to treat as credible even in the absence of replications; and reinforces a broader norm of scientists checking each other's work.
Data replication matters to an underpowered study, but replicated hypothesis corroboration counts
Authors: Witte Erich H. , Zenker Frank 
Published: July 2018

AbstractBefore replication becomes mainstream, the potential for generating theoretical knowledge better be clear. Replicating statistically significant nonrandom data shows that an original study made a discovery; replicating a specified theoretical effect shows that an original study corroborated a theory. Yet only in the latter case is replication a necessary, sound, and worthwhile strategy.
Improving social and behavioral science by making replication mainstream: A response to commentaries
Authors: Zwaan Rolf A. , Etz Alexander , Lucas Richard E. , Donnellan M. Brent 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe commentaries on our target article are insightful and constructive. There were some critical notes, but many commentaries agreed with, or even amplified our message. The first section of our response addresses comments pertaining to specific parts of the target article. The second section provides a response to the commentaries' suggestions to make replication mainstream. The final section contains concluding remarks.
The American Voter in 1932: Evidence from a Confidential Survey
Authors: Norpoth Helmut 
Published: July 2018

ABSTRACTIn 1932, the American electorate was surveyed in a poll that has languished in the archives. The survey was conducted by Houser Associates, a pioneer in market research. It interviewed face-to-face a representative cross section about voter choices and issue attitudes. Although conducted on behalf of the Hoover campaign, the poll was not biased in his favor. The most striking revelation is that the electoral sway of the Depression was quite limited. The government wasnotseen by most voters as the major culprit or as having been ineffective in alleviating it. Even many FDR voters agreed. Moreover, there was no widespread “doom and gloom” about the future. What loomed larger in 1932 was the issue of Prohibition. The American people overwhelmingly favored repeal. The Democratic stand on it—that is, outright repeal—was a sure electoral winner, given Hoover’s staunch defense of Prohibition.
The effect of morphology in named entity recognition with sequence tagging
Authors: GÜNGÖR ONUR , GÜNGÖR TUNGA , ÜSKÜDARLI SUZAN 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThis work proposes a sequential tagger for named entity recognition in morphologically rich languages. Several schemes for representing the morphological analysis of a word in the context of named entity recognition are examined. Word representations are formed by concatenating word and character embeddings with the morphological embeddings based on these schemes. The impact of these representations is measured by training and evaluating a sequential tagger composed of a conditional random field layer on top of a bidirectional long short-term memory layer. Experiments with Turkish, Czech, Hungarian, Finnish and Spanish produce the state-of-the-art results for all these languages, indicating that the representation of morphological information improves performance.
Table space designs for implicit and explicit concurrent tabled evaluation
Authors: AREIAS MIGUEL , ROCHA RICARDO 
Published: July 2018

AbstractOne of the main advantages of Prolog is its potential for theimplicit exploitation of parallelismand, as a high-level language, Prolog is also often used as a means toexplicitly control concurrent tasks. Tabling is a powerful implementation technique that overcomes some limitations of traditional Prolog systems in dealing with recursion and redundant sub-computations. Given these advantages, the question that arises is if tabling has also the potential for the exploitation of concurrency/parallelism. On one hand, tabling still exploits a search space as traditional Prolog but, on the other hand, the concurrent model of tabling is necessarily far more complex, since it also introduces concurrency on the access to the tables. In this paper, we summarize Yap's main contributions to concurrent tabled evaluation and we describe the design and implementation challenges of several alternative table space designs for implicit and explicit concurrent tabled evaluation that represent different trade-offs between concurrency and memory usage. We also motivate for the advantages of usingfixed-sizeandlock-freedata structures, elaborate on the key role that the engine'smemory allocatorplays on such environments, and discuss how Yap's mode-directed tabling support can be extended to concurrent evaluation. Finally, we present our future perspectives toward an efficient and novel concurrent framework which integrates both implicit and explicit concurrent tabled evaluation in a single Prolog engine.
REASSESSING “TOWARD A THEORY OF RACE, CRIME, AND URBAN INEQUALITY”
Authors: Sampson Robert J. , Wilson William Julius , Katz Hanna 
Published: July 2018

AbstractIn “Toward a Theory of Race, Crime, and Urban Inequality,” Sampson and Wilson (1995) argued that racial disparities in violent crime are attributable in large part to the persistent structural disadvantages that are disproportionately concentrated in African American communities. They also argued that the ultimate causes of crime were similar for both Whites and Blacks, leading to what has been labeled the thesis of “racial invariance.” In light of the large scale social changes of the past two decades and the renewed political salience of race and crime in the United States, this paper reassesses and updates evidence evaluating the theory. In so doing, we clarify key concepts from the original thesis, delineate the proper context of validation, and address new challenges. Overall, we find that the accumulated empirical evidence provides broad but qualified support for the theoretical claims. We conclude by charting a dual path forward: an agenda for future research on the linkages between race and crime, and policy recommendations that align with the theory’s emphasis on neighborhood level structural forces but with causal space for cultural factors.
A 260-GHz on-chip cavity-backed slot antenna
Authors: Xiao Jun , Qi Zihang , Li Xiuping , Feng Weiwei , Zhu Hua 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThis paper presents a cavity-backed dual-slot antenna in 0.13-μm SiGe BiCMOS technology. The dual-slot structure is excited by a cross-shaped strip line and a cavity which is formed by the topmost metal layer connected to the bottom metal layer through vias in between. By adopting dual-slot and cross-shaped feed line, the bandwidth is significantly enhanced by 196% compared with the single-slot antenna with straight feed line. The reason for bandwidth enhancement has been analyzed. The proposed antenna shows a measured impedance bandwidth of 15.2 GHz from 248.2 to 263.4 GHz for |S11| < −10 dB. The simulated and measured peak gains of the cavity-backed dual-slot antenna are −1.3 and −2.1 dBi, respectively. The simulated radiation efficiency is 31.1%. The total size of the antenna is 0.46 mm × 0.48 mm.
Globally Universal Fractal Pattern of Human Settlements in River Networks
Authors: Fang Yu , Ceola Serena , Paik Kyungrock , McGrath Gavan , Rao P. Suresh C. , Montanari Alberto , Jawitz James W. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractRiver networks play a key role in the spatial organization of human settlements. Both river networks and human settlements have been found to exhibit regular self‐similar patterns, but little is known about the generalized spatial patterns of human settlements embedded within river networks. Here based on night light data, we find a universal fractal structure at the global scale, with both robust Hortonian scaling relationships with the extent of human settlements and statistically significant power law scaling of the power spectra of human area functions. Globally, we find consistent patterns of power law preferential downstream clustering of human settlements across all six populated continents, typically up to 40% of the maximum flow length. This downstream clustering suggests an optimum distribution of humans in large river basins for trade, transport, and natural resource utilization but with attendant implications for human impacts on rivers. Recognition of such spatial patterns helps generalize assessments of human impacts on rivers, with direct implications for management of water quality and biological diversity in river networks.
Structural Inheritance Control on Intraplate Present‐Day Deformation: GPS Strain Rate Variations in the Saint Lawrence Valley, Eastern Canada
Authors: Tarayoun Alizia , Mazzotti Stéphane , Craymer Michael , Henton Joseph 
Published: July 2018

AbstractStructural inheritance is one of the key factors commonly proposed to control the localization of strain and seismicity in continental intraplate regions, primarily on the basis of a first‐order spatial correlation between seismicity and inherited tectonic structures. In this paper, we present new GPS (Global Positioning System) velocity and strain rate analyses that provide strong constraints on the magnitude and style of present‐day strain localization associated with the inherited tectonic structures of the Saint Lawrence Valley, eastern Canada. We analyze 143 continuous and campaign GPS stations to calculate velocity and strain rate patterns, with specific emphases on the combination of continuous and campaign velocity uncertainties, and on the definition of robustness categories for the strain rate estimations. Within the structural inheritance area, strain rates are on average 2–11 times higher than surrounding regions and display strong lateral variations of the style of deformation. These GPS velocity and strain rate fields primarily reflect ongoing glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA). Their comparison with GIA model predictions allows us to quantify the impact of the structural inheritance and the associated lithosphere rheology weakening. Outside of the major tectonic inheritance area, GPS and GIA model strain rates agree to first order, both in style and magnitude. In contrast, the Saint Lawrence Valley displays strong strain amplification with GPS strain rates 6–28 times higher than model‐predicted GIA strain rates. Our results provide the first quantitative constraints on the impact of lithospheric‐scale structural inheritance on strain localization in intraplate domains.
Cosmic Ray Neutron Sensing for Simultaneous Soil Water Content and Biomass Quantification in Drought Conditions
Authors: Jakobi J. , Huisman J. A. , Vereecken H. , Diekkrüger B. , Bogena H. R. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractUnderstanding the feedback mechanisms between soil water content (SWC) and biomass production is important for sustainable resources management. Here we present a new method enabling simultaneous noninvasive measurements of SWC and biomass dynamics based on cosmic ray neutron sensing (CRNS). Recently, it was suggested that the neutron ratio (Nr) between thermal neutron (TN) and fast neutron (FN) intensity contains information on other hydrogen pools like vegetation, canopy interception, and snow. The aim of this study is to evaluate the accuracy of simultaneous measurements of SWC and biomass dynamics during agricultural drought conditions using CRNS probes. To this end, we instrumented an arable field cropped with sugar beet with CRNS probes and a wireless in situ SWC sensor network. Belowground and aboveground biomass were sampled in monthly intervals. We found a linear relationship between Nr and the aboveground biomass that allowed to continuously quantify the dry aboveground biomass development throughout the growing season with a root‐mean‐square error from 0.14 to 0.22 kg/m2. This information was used together with measured belowground biomass to correct for the effect of biomass on SWC determination with CRNS probes, which increased the accuracy of the SWC estimates considerably as indicated by the decrease of the root‐mean‐square error from 0.046 to 0.013 cm3/cm3. We anticipate that future research on the Nr can further improve the accuracy of SWC and biomass estimates and extend the application of CRNS to include canopy interception, ponding water, and snow water equivalent estimation for both stationary and roving CRNS systems.
Polycystic ovary syndrome and autism: A test of the prenatal sex steroid theory
Authors: Cherskov Adriana , Pohl Alexa , Allison Carrie , Zhang Heping , Payne Rupert A. , Baron-Cohen Simon 
Published: July 2018

AbstractElevated levels of prenatal testosterone may increase the risk for autism spectrum conditions (autism). Given that polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is also associated with elevated prenatal testosterone and its precursor sex steroids, a hypothesis from the prenatal sex steroid theory is that women with PCOS should have elevated autistic traits and a higher rate of autism among their children. Using electronic health records obtained from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) in the UK between 1990 and 2014, we conducted three matched case-control studies. Studies 1 and 2 examined the risk of PCOS in women with autism (n = 971) and the risk of autism in women with PCOS (n = 26,263), respectively, compared with matched controls. Study 3 examined the odds ratio (OR) of autism in first-born children of women with PCOS (n = 8588), matched to 41,127 controls. In Studies 1 and 2 we found increased prevalence of PCOS in women with autism (2.3% vs. 1.1%; unadjusted OR: 2.01, 95% CI: 1.22–3.30) and elevated rates of autism in women with PCOS (0.17% vs. 0.09%, unadjusted OR: 1.94 CI: 1.37–2.76). In Study 3 we found the odds of having a child with autism were significantly increased, even after adjustment for maternal psychiatric diagnoses, obstetric complications, and maternal metabolic conditions (unadjusted OR: 1.60, 95% CI: 1.28–2.00; adjusted OR: 1.35, 95% CI: 1.06–1.73). These studies provide further evidence that women with PCOS and their children have a greater risk of autism.
Developing China’s Ecological Redline Policy using ecosystem services assessments for land use planning
Authors: Bai Yang , Wong Christina P. , Jiang Bo , Hughes Alice C. , Wang Min , Wang Qing 
Published: July 2018

AbstractEcosystems services (ES) assessment is a significant scientific topic recognized for its potential to address sustainability issues. However, there is an absence of science–policy frameworks in land use planning that lead to the ES science being used in policy. China’s Ecological Redline Policy (ERP) is one of the first national policies utilizing multiple ES, but there is no standardized approach for working across the science–policy interface. We propose a transdisciplinary framework to determine ecological redline areas (ERAs) in Shanghai using: ES, biodiversity and ecologically fragile hotspots, landscape structure, and stakeholder opinions. We determine the five criteria to identify ERAs for Shanghai using multi-temporal, high resolution images (0.5 m) and biophysical models. We examine ERP effectiveness by comparing land use scenarios for 2040. Compared to alternative land uses, ES increase significantly under the ERP. The inclusion of ES in spatial planning led stakeholders to increase terrestrial habitat protection by 174% in Shanghai. Our analysis suggests that strategic planning for ES could reduce tradeoffs between environmental quality and development.
Silica-rich volcanism in the early solar system dated at 4.565 Ga
Authors: Srinivasan Poorna , Dunlap Daniel R. , Agee Carl B. , Wadhwa Meenakshi , Coleff Daniel , Ziegler Karen , Zeigler Ryan , McCubbin Francis M. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe ranges in chemical composition of ancient achondrite meteorites are key to understanding the diversity and geochemical evolution of planetary building blocks. These achondrites record the first episodes of volcanism and crust formation, the majority of which are basaltic. Here we report data on recently discovered volcanic meteorite Northwest Africa (NWA) 11119, which represents the first, and oldest, silica-rich (andesitic to dacitic) porphyritic extrusive crustal rock with an Al–Mg age of 4564.8 ± 0.3 Ma. This unique rock contains mm-sized vesicles/cavities and phenocrysts that are surrounded by quench melt. Additionally, it possesses the highest modal abundance (30 vol%) of free silica (i.e., tridymite) compared to all known meteorites. NWA 11119 substantially widens the range of volcanic rock compositions produced within the first 2.5–3.5 million years of Solar System history, and provides direct evidence that chemically evolved crustal rocks were forming on planetesimals prior to the assembly of the terrestrial planets.
Ultrafast Laser Filament-induced Fluorescence Spectroscopy of Uranyl Fluoride
Authors: Skrodzki P. J. , Burger M. , Finney L. A. , Poineau F. , Balasekaran S. M. , Nees J. , Czerwinski K. R. , Jovanovic I. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractUranyl fluoride (UO2F2) is a compound which forms in the reaction between water and uranium hexafluoride, a uranium containing gas widely used for uranium enrichment. Uranyl fluoride exhibits negligible natural background in atmosphere; as a result, its observation implies the presence and active operation of nearby enrichment facilities and could be used as a tracer for treaty verification technologies. Additionally, detection of UO2F2has a potential application in guiding remediation efforts around enrichment facilities. Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) has been proposed in the past as a viable technique for the detection and tracking of UO2F2. We demonstrate that ultrafast laser filamentation coupled with LIF extends the capabilities of standard LIF to enable remote detection of UO2F2. An intense femtosecond laser pulse propagated in air collapses into a plasma channel, referred to as a laser filament, allowing for the extended delivery of laser energy. We first investigate the luminescence of UO2F2excited by the second harmonic of an ultrafast Ti:sapphire laser and subsequently excite it using the conical emission that accompanies ultrafast laser filamentation in air. We measure the decay rates spanning 4.3–5.6 × 104 s−1and discuss the characteristics of the luminescence for both ultrafast- and filament-excitation. Larger decay rates than those observed using standard LIF are caused by a saturated component of prompt decay from annihilation of dense excited states upon excitation with an ultrafast source. The reproducibility of such decay rates for the given range of incident laser intensities 1.0–1.6 × 1011 W cm−2is promising for the application of this technique in remote sensing.
Dysregulated Neurotransmission induces Trans-synaptic degeneration in reconstructed Neuronal Networks
Authors: Deleglise Bérangère , Lassus Benjamin , Soubeyre Vanessa , Doulazmi Mohamed , Brugg Bernard , Vanhoutte Peter , Peyrin Jean-Michel 
Published: July 2018

AbstractIncreasing evidence suggests that pathological hallmarks of chronic degenerative syndromes progressively spread among interconnected brain areas in a disease-specific stereotyped pattern. Functional brain imaging from patients affected by various neurological syndromes such as traumatic brain injury and stroke indicates that the progression of such diseases follows functional connections, rather than simply spreading to structurally adjacent areas. Indeed, initial damage to a given brain area was shown to disrupt the communication in related brain networks. Using cortico-striatal neuronal networks reconstructed in a microfluidic environment, we investigated the role of glutamate signaling in activity-dependent neuronal survival and trans-synaptic degeneration processes. Using a variety of neuronal insults applied on cortical neurons, we demonstrate that acute injuries such as axonal trauma, focal ischemia, or alteration of neuronal rhythms, lead to glutamate-dependent striatal neuron dysfunction. Interestingly, focal pro-oxidant insults or chronic alteration of spontaneous cortical rhythms provoked dysfunction of distant striatal neurons through abnormal glutamate GluN2B-NMDAR-mediated signaling at cortico-striatal synapses. These results indicate that focal alteration of cortical functions can initiate spreading of dysfunction along neuronal pathways in the brain, reminiscent of diaschisis-like processes.
Effect of imidacloprid ingestion on immune responses to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus
Authors: Hernandez J. , Volland A. , Leyshon B. J. , Juda M. , Ridlon J. M. , Johnson R. W. , Steelman A. J. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractNicotine and acetylcholine cause immunosuppresion by signaling to the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7 nAChR) on immune cells. Neonicotinoids are nAChR agonists and widly used insecticides. We aimed to define the immunosuppressive potential of dietary exposure to the neonicotinoid imidacloprid (IMI) on the generation of innate and adaptive immune responses to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). Piglets were randomized into groups based on diet and infection. Behavioral signs of illness were recorded. Urine IMI levels were measured by high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Flow cytometry was used to determine the expression pattern of the α7 nAChR on porcine leukocytes as well as the effects of infection and treatment on circulating leukocyte populations. Serum cytokines and PRRSV-specific antibody levels were determined by ELISA. Viral RNA in lung, spleen and plasma was determined by RT-qPCR. Pigs in the treatment group had elevated urine levels of IMI. Treatment with IMI reduced body weight, caused bouts of hypothermia, increased serum IL-10 and elevated levels of virus-specific antibodies. Viral RNA levels in the spleen showed a trend toward being increased in pigs fed IMI. Our data indicates that IMI injection may modulate virus specific immune function during PRRSV infection.