bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CandidatusPhytoplasma
Authors: Harrison Nigel A. , Gundersen‐Rindal Dawn , Davis Robert E. , May Meghan , Brown Daniel R. 
Published: August 2018

Phy.to.plas'ma. Gr. neut. n.phyton, a plant; Gr. neut. n.plasmasomething formed or molded, a form; N.L. neut. n.Phytoplasma, a form from a plant.Tenericutes / Mollicutes / Acholeplasmatales / Incertae Sedis ‐ Family II /CandidatusPhytoplasmaThe generic name ‘CandidatusPhytoplasma’ has been adopted by specialists to refer to a monophyletic clade of wall‐less phytopathogenic bacteria affiliated with the orderAcholeplasmatalesin the classMollicutes. These small (<1 µm) pleomorphic cells occur within the nutritionally‐rich phloem sap and sieve elements of plants, and in the gut or hemolymph of insects that feed on plants. Sustained culture in cell‐free media has not yet been demonstrated for any phytoplasma, and a recent report of successful axenic culture remains to be independently replicated. Reference strains are maintained in plants by periodic graft inoculation. Sequence analysis of PCR‐amplified rDNA, plus considerations of the plant host range and vector species, provide a basis for phytoplasma strain identification and assignment to phylogenetic groups. Hundreds of plant species are susceptible to infection, with signs including discoloration, stunting, virescence, phyllody, proliferation of flowers or shoots, or sterility. The necessity for strict quarantine regulations to control the spread of phytoplasmas among important plants such as fruit trees, palms, and grapevines illustrates the importance of accurate identification and nomenclature for these organisms.
T
epidicella
Authors: Albuquerque Luciana , Rainey Fred A. , da Costa Milton S. 
Published: August 2018

Te.pi.di.cel'la. L. adj.
tepidus
, warm; L. fem. n.
cella
, chamber and in biology a cell; N.L. fem. n.
Tepidicella
, a cell living in a warm environment.

Proteobacteria / Betaproteobacteria / Burkholderiales / Comamonadaceae / Tepidicella
Rod‐shaped cells, 0.5–1.0 µm in width and 1.0–2.0 µm in length. Motile by one polar flagellum. Endospores are not observed. Stain Gram‐negative. Colonies are creamy‐white pigmented. Slightly thermophilic and slightly alkaliphilic. Strictly aerobic. Oxidase and catalase positive. Chemoorganotrophic with a respiratory type of metabolism. Reduced sulfur compounds are oxidized to sulfate. Cofactors are necessary for growth. Organic acids and amino acids are used as carbon and energy sources; sugars and polyols are not assimilated. Major respiratory quinone is ubiquinone 8 (U‐8). Major polar lipids are phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG). Straight‐chained saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids. Isolated from hydrothermal areas.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 64.9–65.5 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Tepidicella xavieri
França, Rainey, Nobre and da Costa 2006, 910
VP
.
Dynamic Extracellular Imaging of Biochemical Cell Activity Using InGaN/GaN Nanowire Arrays as Nanophotonic Probes
Authors: Hölzel Sara , Zyuzin Mikhail V. , Wallys Jens , Pouokam Ervice , Müßener Jan , Hille Pascal , Diener Martin , Parak Wolfgang J. , Eickhoff Martin 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe application of InGaN/GaN nanowire heterostructure arrays as photonic probes for dynamic imaging of biochemical and cellular processes in an incident light fluorescence microscope is demonstrated. The photoluminescence intensity of InGaN/GaN nanowires sensitively depends on the pH value of the surrounding solution, making them suitable probes for the optical detection of biochemical processes accompanied by local pH variations. Grown on a conductive substrate, the nanowire arrays can be operated in a well‐defined electrochemical working point with high sensitivity and stability. The achievable pH and bias resolution as well as signal‐to‐noise ratio are assessed as a function of the working point and for different integration times. A bias resolution of 1 mV and a pH resolution of 0.03 are achieved at a time resolution below 25 ms. The application for dynamic imaging of the activity of isolated intestinal crypts from Wistar rats is demonstrated. Here, the pH change in the vicinity of the crypt is quantified and attributed to the activity of the sodium‐proton exchanger (NHE). Imaging of the effect of amiloride and NH4Cl on its activity is demonstrated with a spatial resolution of <0.63 µm and reveals that NH4Cl‐induced NHE activation preferentially occurs in the upper part of the crypt.
Short‐Wavelength Lasing‐Spasing and Random Spasing with Deeply Subwavelength Thin‐Film Gain Media
Authors: Tracey Jill I. , O'Carroll Deirdre M. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractLasing‐spasers are subwavelength‐sized metal/dielectric structures that emit light via stimulated emission of surface plasmons. Here, it is demonstrated that silver nanoparticles combined with deeply subwavelength, blue‐emitting conjugated polymer thin films can function as room‐temperature lasing‐spasers and random spasers with quality factors up to 250. In contrast to other thin‐film‐based spaser and plasmonic random laser studies, which have used gain films ranging from ≈200 nm to 500 nm in thickness and which monitor emission guided to the sample edges, in this study, the thickness of the thin‐film gain medium ranges from 30 nm to 70 nm and emission is collected normal to the plane of the film. This eliminates effects that arise from optical trapping of scattered emission within the gain medium that is typically associated with plasmonic random lasing. The use of the conjugated polymer thin‐film gain medium allows higher chromophore densities compared to organic dye‐doped layers, which enables spasing using deeply subwavelength gain layers. Samples implementing gold nanoparticles and the conjugated polymer gain medium do not exhibit stimulated emission, demonstrating that it is the spectral overlap between the silver nanoparticle's surface plasmon resonance and the gain medium's emission that is necessary for observation of stimulated emission from this material system.
On the Origin of Ion Selectivity in Ultrathin Nanopores: Insights for Membrane‐Scale Osmotic Energy Conversion
Authors: Cao Liuxuan , Wen Qi , Feng Yaping , Ji Danyan , Li Hao , Li Ning , Jiang Lei , Guo Wei 
Published: August 2018

AbstractNanopores in ultrathin or atomically thin membranes attract broad interest because the infinitesimal pore depth allows selective transport of ions and molecules with ultimate permeability. Toward large‐scale osmotic energy conversion, great challenges remain in extrapolating the promising single‐pore demonstration to really powerful macroscopic applications. Herein, the origin of the selective ion transport in ultrathin nanopores is systematically investigated. Based on a precise Poisson and Nernst–Planck model calculation, it is found that the generation of net diffusion current and membrane potential stems from the charge separation within the electric double layer on the outer membrane surface, rather than that on the inner pore wall. To keep the charge selectivity of the entire membrane, a critical surface charged area surrounding each pore orifice is therefore highly demanded. Otherwise, at high pore density, the membrane selectivity and the overall power density would fall down instead, which explains the giant gap between the actual experimental achievements and the single‐pore estimation. To maximize the power generation, smaller nanopores (pore diameter ≈1–2 nm) are appropriate for large‐scale osmotic energy conversion. With a porosity of ≈10%, the total power density approaches more than 200 W m‐2, anticipating a substantial advance toward high‐performance large‐scale nanofluidic power sources.
Chemical Growth of 1T‐TaS2 Monolayer and Thin Films: Robust Charge Density Wave Transitions and High Bolometric Responsivity
Authors: Wang Xinsheng , Liu Haining , Wu Juanxia , Lin Junhao , He Wen , Wang Hui , Shi Xinghua , Suenaga Kazutomo , Xie Liming 
Published: August 2018

AbstractUltrathin two‐dimensional (2D) charge density wave (CDW) materials, with sharp resistance change at the phase‐transition temperature, yet with ultrathin thickness, hold great potential for electrical device applications. However, chemical synthesis of high‐quality samples and observation of the CDW states down to the monolayer limit is still of great challenge. Chemical vapor deposition of 1T‐TaS2 sheets on hexagonal boron nitride (h‐BN) with robust CDW states even down to the monolayer extreme is reported here. Further, based on the near commensurate CDW to incommensurate CDW phase transition with a high temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR), highly responsive room‐temperature bolometers are fabricated by suspending the as‐grown 1T‐TaS2 sheets.
Direct C−H Trifluoromethylation of Quinoxalin‐2(1H)‐ones under Transition‐Metal‐Free Conditions
Authors: Wang Liping , Zhang Yuecheng , Li Fanfan , Hao Xinyu , Zhang Hong‐Yu , Zhao Jiquan 
Published: August 2018

AbstractDisclosed herein is a direct C−H trifluoromethylation of quinoxalin‐2(1H)‐ones with sodium trifluoromethanesulfinate. This protocol affords a series of 3‐trifluoromethylquinoxalin‐2(1H)‐one derivatives in moderate to excellent yields under transition‐metal‐free conditions. The present methodology features utilization of the inexpensive trifluoromethyl source without transition‐metal‐catalysts, mild reaction conditions and high functional group tolerance, which promises a convenient and efficient access to pharmaceutically interesting quinoxalinones.magnified image
Eisenaufnahme in Pilzen der Gattung Aspergillus: strukturelle und biochemische Einblicke in Siderophoresterasen
Authors: Ecker Felix , Haas Hubertus , Groll Michael , Huber Eva M. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractPilze nutzen hoch‐affine Chelatoren, so genannte Siderophore, um das essentielle Spurenelement Eisen aus ihrer Umgebung aufzunehmen. Siderophore zeichnen sich durch ihr breites Spektrum an chemischen Strukturen aus und bilden mit Fe3+‐Ionen einige der stabilsten Komplexe. Die intrazelluläre Freisetzung des Schwermetallions kann dabei durch die Aktivität spezifischer Hydrolasen erleichtert werden. Hier werden die biochemische Charakterisierung sowie Röntgenkristallstrukturen der Siderophoresterasen AfEstB und AfSidJ aus Aspergillus fumigatus sowie AnEstB und AnEstA aus Aspergillus nidulans beschrieben. Obwohl diese Enzyme alle der Klasse der α/β‐Hydrolasen angehören, konnten entscheidende Unterschiede hinsichtlich der Erkennung chemisch ähnlicher sowie strukturell unterschiedlicher Substrate festgestellt werden. Eine Komplexstruktur zwischen AfEstB und dessen Substrat Triacetylfusarinin C gibt Einblicke in eine aktive Siderophoresterase mit einem tetraedrischen Intermediat zwischen dem katalytischen Serin und der zu spaltenden Esterbindung.
Nanoscopic Visualization of Cross‐Linking Density in Polymer Networks with Diarylethene Photoswitches
Authors: Siemes Eric , Nevskyi Oleksii , Sysoiev Dmytro , Turnhoff Sarah K. , Oppermann Alex , Huhn Thomas , Richtering Walter , Wöll Dominik 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe in situ nanoscopic imaging of soft matter polymer structures is of importance to gain knowledge of the relationship between structure, properties, and functionality on the nanoscopic scale. Cross‐linking of polymer chains effects the viscoelastic properties of gels. The correlation of mechanical properties with the distribution and amount of cross‐linkers is relevant for applications and for a detailed understanding of polymers on the molecular scale. We introduce a super‐resolution fluorescence‐microscopy‐based method for visualizing and quantifying cross‐linker points in polymer systems. A novel diarylethene‐based photoswitch with a highly fluorescent closed and a non‐fluorescent open form is used as a photoswitchable cross‐linker in a polymer network. As an example for its capability to nanoscopically visualize cross‐linking, we investigate pNIPAM microgels as a system known with variations in internal cross‐linking density.
Photochemical “In‐Air” Combinatorial Discovery of Antimicrobial Co‐polymers
Authors: Richards Sarah‐Jane , Jones Adam , Tomás Ruben M. F. , Gibson Matthew I. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThere is an urgent need to identify new, non‐traditional antimicrobials. The discovery of new polymeric antimicrobials is limited by current low‐throughput synthetic tools, which means that limited chemical space has been explored. Herein, we employ photochemical “in‐air” reversible addition–fragmentation chain‐transfer (RAFT) polymerization with microwell plates, using liquid‐handling robots to assemble large libraries of cationic polymers, without the need for degassing or purification steps, facilitating transfer to screening. Several lead polymers were identified including a co‐polymer with propylene glycol side chains with significantly enhanced antimicrobial activity and increased therapeutic window. Mechanistic studies showed that this polymer was bacteriostatic, and surprisingly did not lyse the cell membranes, implying an alternative mode of action. This versatile method using simple robotics will help to develop new biomaterials with emergent properties.
Near‐Infrared Phosphorescent Supramolecular Alkyl/Aryl‐Iridium Porphyrin Assemblies by Axial Coordination
Authors: Qin Lin , Guan Xiangguo , Yang Chen , Huang Jie‐Sheng , Che Chi‐Ming 
Published: August 2018

AbstractFive‐coordinated d6 metal complexes are relatively uncommon but can be useful building blocks for the construction of supramolecular assemblies. In this work we have used the strong trans effect of aryl and alkyl ligands for the synthesis of luminescent five‐coordinated organoiridium porphyrins, which are useful building blocks for the construction of metallamacrocycles and metallacages of iridium through metal–ligand interactions at the axial positions of iridium porphyrins (Ir(por)). Diverse di‐ or tritopic aryl or alkyl linkers were employed as the axial ligands to coordinate Ir(por) at an axial position to afford di‐ or trinuclear five‐coordinated [{Ir(ttp)}n(X)] (ttp=5,10,15,20‐tetrakis(p‐tolyl)porphyrinato(2−); n=2, X=diaryl; n=3, X=trialkyl). [{Ir(ttp)}n(X)] could be further coordinated with ditopic isocyanide or pyridine ligands at the other axial site of each Ir(ttp) to give unprecedented cyclic supramolecular metalloporphyrin assemblies, including tetra‐ and hexanuclear metallamacrocycles and hexanuclear metallacages. The Ir(por) metallamacrocycles and metallacages display phosphorescence in the near‐infrared region with quantum yields of around 2 % and microsecond emission lifetimes.
Social adjustment in adolescent survivors of pediatric central nervous system tumors: A report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study
Authors: Schulte Fiona , Brinkman Tara M. , Li Chenghong , Fay‐McClymont Taryn , Srivastava Deo Kumar , Ness Kirsten K. , Howell Rebecca M. , Mueller Sabine , Wells Elizabeth , Strother Douglas , Lafay‐Cousin Lucie , Leisenring Wendy , Robison Leslie L. , Armstrong Gregory T. , Krull Kevin R. 
Published: August 2018

BACKGROUNDThe purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence and predictors of social difficulties in adolescent survivors of central nervous system (CNS) tumors.METHODSSix hundred sixty‐five survivors of CNS tumors (53.8% male and 51.7% treated with cranial radiation therapy [CRT]), who had a current median age of 15.0 years (range, 2.0‐17.0 years) and were a median of 12.1 years (range, 8.0‐17.7 years) from their diagnosis, were compared with 1376 survivors of solid tumors (50.4% male), who had a median age of 15.0 years (range, 12.0‐17.0 years) and were a median of 13.2 years (range, 8.3‐17.9 years) from their diagnosis, and 726 siblings (52.2% male), who had a median age of 15.0 years (range, 12.0‐17.0 years). Social adjustment was measured with parent‐proxy responses to the Behavior Problems Index. Latent profile analysis defined social classes. Multinomial logistic regression, adjusted for age, sex, and age at diagnosis, identified predictors of class membership. Path analyses tested mediating effects of physical limitations, sensory loss, and cognitive impairment on social outcomes.RESULTSCaregivers reported that survivors of CNS tumors were more likely to have 0 friends (15.3%) and to interact with friends less than once per week (41.0%) in comparison with survivors of solid tumors (2.9% and 13.6%, respectively) and siblings (2.3% and 8.7%, respectively). Latent profile analysis identified 3 social classes for survivors of CNS tumors: well‐adjusted (53.4%), social deficits (16.2%), and poor peer relationships (30.4%). However, 2 classes were identified for survivors of solid tumors and siblings: well‐adjusted (86.2% and 91.1%, respectively) and social deficits (13.8% and 8.9%, respectively). CRT predicted class membership for CNS survivors (odds ratio [OR] for poor peer relationships, 1.16/10 Gy; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08‐1.25; OR for social deficits 1.14/10 Gy; 95% CI, 1.04‐1.25; reference, well‐adjusted). Cognitive impairment mediated the association between all social outcomes and CRT (P values < .001).CONCLUSIONAlmost 50% of survivors of CNS tumors experience social difficulties; the pattern is unique in comparison with solid tumor and sibling groups. Cognitive impairment is associated with increased risk, and this highlights the need for multitargeted interventions.
Microglia changes associated to Alzheimer's disease pathology in aged chimpanzees
Authors: Edler Melissa K. , Sherwood Chet C. , Meindl Richard S. , Munger Emily L. , Hopkins William D. , Ely John J. , Erwin Joseph M. , Perl Daniel P. , Mufson Elliott J. , Hof Patrick R. , Raghanti Mary Ann 
Published: August 2018

AbstractIn Alzheimer's disease (AD), the brain's primary immune cells, microglia, become activated and are found in close apposition to amyloid beta (Aβ) protein plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT). The present study evaluated microglia density and morphology in a large group of aged chimpanzees (n = 20, ages 37–62 years) with varying degrees of AD‐like pathology. Using immunohistochemical and stereological techniques, we quantified the density of activated microglia and morphological variants (ramified, intermediate, and amoeboid) in postmortem chimpanzee brain samples from prefrontal cortex, middle temporal gyrus, and hippocampus, areas that show a high degree of AD pathology in humans. Microglia measurements were compared to pathological markers of AD in these cases. Activated microglia were consistently present across brain areas. In the hippocampus, CA3 displayed a higher density than CA1. Aβ42 plaque volume was positively correlated with higher microglial activation and with an intermediate morphology in the hippocampus. Aβ42‐positive vessel volume was associated with increased hippocampal microglial activation. Activated microglia density and morphology were not associated with age, sex, pretangle density, NFT density, or tau neuritic cluster density. Aged chimpanzees displayed comparable patterns of activated microglia phenotypes as well as an association of increased microglial activation and morphological changes with Aβ deposition similar to AD patients. In contrast to human AD brains, activated microglia density was not significantly correlated with tau lesions. This evidence suggests that the chimpanzee brain may be relatively preserved during normal aging processes but not entirely protected from neurodegeneration as previously assumed.
Morphological and hemodynamical alterations in brachial artery and cephalic vein. An image‐based study for preoperative assessment for vascular access creation
Authors: Aristokleous Nicolas , Houston J. Graeme , Browne Leonard D. , Broderick Stephen P. , Kokkalis Efstratios , Gandy Stephen J. , Walsh Michael T. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe current study aims to computationally evaluate the effect of right upper arm position on the geometric and hemodynamic characteristics of the brachial artery (BA) and cephalic vein (CV) and, furthermore, to present in detail the methodology to characterise morphological and hemodynamical healthy vessels. Ten healthy volunteers were analysed in two configurations, the supine (S) and the prone (P) position. Lumen 3D surface models were constructed from images acquired from a non‐contrast MRI sequence. Then, the models were used to numerically compute the physiological range of geometric (n = 10) and hemodynamic (n = 3) parameters in the BA and CV. Geometric parameters such as curvature and tortuosity, and hemodynamic parameters based on wall shear stress (WSS) metrics were calculated with the use of computational fluid dynamics. Our results highlight that changes in arm position had a greater impact on WSS metrics of the BA by altering the mean and maximum blood flow rate of the vessel. Whereas, curvature and tortuosity were found not to be significantly different between positions. Inter‐variability was associated with antegrade and retrograde flow in BA, and antegrade flow in CV. Shear stress was low and oscillatory shear forces were negligible. This data suggests that deviations from this state may contribute to the risk of accelerated intimal hyperplasia of the vein in arteriovenous fistulas. Therefore, preoperative conditions coupled with post‐operative longitudinal data will aid the identification of such relationships.
A coupled approach for fluid saturated poroelastic media and immersed solids for modeling cell‐tissue interactions
Authors: Rauch Andreas D. , Vuong Anh‐Tu , Yoshihara Lena , Wall Wolfgang A. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractIn this paper, we propose a finite element–based immersed method to treat the mechanical coupling between a deformable porous medium model (PM) and an immersed solid model (ISM). The PM is formulated as a homogenized, volume‐coupled two‐field model, comprising a nearly incompressible solid phase that interacts with an incompressible Darcy‐Brinkman flow. The fluid phase is formulated with respect to the Lagrangian finite element mesh, following the solid phase deformation. The ISM is discretized with an independent Lagrangian mesh and may behave arbitrarily complex (it may, eg, be compressible, grow, and perform active deformations). We model two distinct types of interactions, namely, (1) the immersed fluid‐structure interaction (FSI) between the ISM and the fluid phase in the PM and (2) the immersed structure‐structure interaction (SSI) between the ISM and the solid phase in the PM. Within each time step, we solve both FSI and SSI, employing strongly coupled partitioned schemes. This novel finite element method establishes a main building block of an evolving computational framework for modeling and simulating complex biomechanical problems, with focus on key phenomena during cell migration. Cell movement is strongly influenced by mechanical interactions between the cell body and the surrounding tissue, ie, the extracellular matrix (ECM). In this context, the PM represents the ECM, ie, a fibrous scaffold of structural proteins interacting with interstitial flow, and the ISM represents the cell body. The FSI models the influence of fluid drag, and the SSI models the force transmission between cell and ECM at adhesions sites.
Noniterative design of IIR multiple‐notch filters with improved passband magnitude response
Authors: Nikolić Saša , Krstić Ivan , Stančić Goran 
Published: August 2018

SummaryA noniterative method for the all‐pass–based design of infinite impulse response multiple‐notch filters is proposed. This method ensures that specifications regarding positions of notch, left‐ and right‐hand cutoff frequencies, are exactly met, leading to a symmetric magnitude response about notch frequencies. Passband magnitude response can be improved by increasing the order of the corresponding all‐pass filter.