bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Marnold
Authors: Kieffer Alexandra 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
One of the most vociferous of Debussy’s early defenders, Jean Marnold, the critic for the Mercure de France, bolstered his account of Debussy’s music with appeals to the acoustic discoveries of Hermann von Helmholtz. Debussy’s unconventional uses of seventh and ninth chords, Marnold claimed, represented the “artistic confirmation” of Helmholtz’s theories. Widely influential in early Debussy criticism, Marnold became a conduit through which recent developments in German acoustics and music theory were disseminated into Parisian musical culture. The technical nature of his arguments also instigated controversies within Debussy criticism, most notably with the homme de lettres Camille Mauclair. Marnold’s responses to these controversies demonstrate a sustained, and distinctively debussyste, engagement with a problem that had wide salience in musical discourse around the turn of the twentieth century: how to conceptualize the nebulous space between physiology and culture in which musical listening happens.
Rewriting Modernism
Authors: Kieffer Alexandra 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
By 1910, Debussy occupied a very different position in Parisian musical culture from where he had been at the premiere of Pelléas et Mélisande in 1902—now the acknowledged patriarch of modern French music rather than its intrepid trailblazer. Debussy’s writings in the decade after the Pelléas premiere, emphasizing the importance of listening and reevaluating the relationship between music and emotion, betray a significant debt to the critical discourse of debussysme. At the same time, debussysme, even for such Debussy stalwarts as Jean Marnold and Louis Laloy, was itself losing its relevance after 1910, overshadowed by other modernist currents that were then taking hold of critics’ attention. As a new music aesthetics defined by logical universals redefined the significance of Debussy’s music, the work of Henri Bergson and Albert Bazaillas inspired a new intellectual-historical relationship between the practice of music criticism and a modern psychology of the unconscious.
Can Rehabilitation Last?
Authors: Kruglanski Arie W. , Bélanger Jocelyn J. , Gunaratna Rohan 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses the conditions that may lead to the recidivism of violent extremists and examine them from the conceptual perspective represented in the 3N model of radicalization. It specifically considers macro-, mezzo-, and micro-level factors assumed to bear on the recidivism of deradicalized extremists. The macro-level factors include state failure, population demographics, and economic conditions; the mezzo-level factors include the interrelated phenomena of community resistance (to the reintegration of deradicalized extremists), the social stigmatization that befalls them, and the social vacuum in which these individuals may find themselves upon their release into society; and the micro-level factors relate to vocational education, age, wear and tear, and aftercare (monitoring and follow-up).
A Critical Analysis of the Evidence for Sexual Division of Tasks in the European Upper Paleolithic
Authors: de Beaune Sophie A. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter provides a critical analysis of the evidence for technical activity specialization in the European Upper Paleolithic by sex. It reviews the arguments based on the kind of evidence researchers are likely to collect (e.g., direct, indirect, and analogical). Some hypotheses are based on suppositions generated by ethnographic comparisons, while others rely on direct or indirect indices (task diversification, activity zone locations, skill level identification, diversity of grave goods, and body evidence like handprints and skeletons). The aim of this chapter is to show that there was a reasoned distribution of activities within groups, accompanied by an emerging social hierarchy, but that it is very difficult to account exactly for what women and men did. And even if we suspect that some tasks were respectively performed by males or females, it is possible that there was also a certain amount of technical specialization that was not related to gender.
The Enhanced Working Memory Model
Authors: Coolidge Frederick L. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter traces the origins and currents of Frederick Coolidge’s collaborations with archaeologist Thomas Wynn. It begins with their first article, in 2001, in which they traced a cultural explosion some 50,000 years ago in the archaeological record (as attested by the appearance of things like cave paintings, highly ritualized burials, depictive figurines) to enhanced executive functions (i.e., temporal sequencing, inhibition, planning, and organization) that perhaps resulted from an earlier genetic or epigenetic event not shared by Neandertals. As evidence of enhanced executive functioning in Homo sapiens, Wynn and Coolidge offered barbed points from Katanda, bow-and-arrow technology, agriculture, and the colonization of the Sahul. In their more recent papers, they labeled the cognitive consequence of this genetic event enhanced working memory, thus incorporating their ideas into Baddeley’s multicomponent model of working memory. The chapter ends with speculations on the evolutionary origins of learning and memory systems, looking back to the very beginnings of life on earth.
Love from the Point of View of the Universe
Authors: Nussbaum Martha C. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
A surprising connection was recently discovered between the proper Victorian philosopher Henry Sidgwick, great Utilitarian theorist, and Walt Whitman. I explore the deep affinity between Utilitarianism, often mischaracterized as cold, obtuse, and economistic, and Whitman’s radical poetic humanism. The Utilitarian vision of the founders also sought a radical equality, aiming to increase the average utility of each individual, regardless of social status. Like Whitman’s poetry, its vision of human desire resisted the hypocritical hierarchies of conventional morality. Jeremy Bentham, Utilitarianism’s founder, criticized conventional morality by arguing that pleasures differed only in quantity rather than quality. He rejected the distinction between “higher” and “lower” pleasures as a screen behind which to condemn the behavior of others while validating one’s own desires. Yet where Utilitarian critique may seem obtuse or fail to provide a positive vision for human endeavor, it benefits from Whitman’s poetic vision of cosmic unity and democratic equality. Whitman’s poetry could recognize qualitative differences in political values without a return to hierarchy. Considering the affinity between these figures and their ideas may lead us to an economics informed by both utilitarian critical reason and a passionate, qualitative assessment of political values.
Irish [and English and American] Poets, Learn Your Trade
Authors: McCloskey Deirdre Nansen 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
he puzzle is why poetry has so little contact with the business of ordinary life. Robert Frost is an exception, but even so ideological a poet as Auden refrains from being bleared with trade. Yeats in particular, a conservative, disdained trade, though urging poets to learn theirs. The very word “poetry,” of course, is from “thing made,” and the puzzle deepens. St. Thomas Aquinas had raised making by people to the dignity of God’s making, at least poetically. And yet. We have The Oxford Book of Love Poetry and The Oxford Book of the Sea, with battles and botanical observations (“Nothing gold can stay”), and yet the economy, even after the invention of economics by the Scots in the eighteenth century, is set aside. It has left poets and their readers in law and literature and politics proud to be thus ignorant. The sacred and the profane in fact are entangled.
Introduction
Authors: Jeung Russell M. , Fong Seanan S. , Kim Helen Jin 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Chapter 1 introduces two key concepts, familism and liyi, and concludes with methodology and chapter overviews. While nonreligious Chinese Americans are heterogeneous in their worldviews, they are bound together by their familism, a transpacific lived tradition that prioritizes interdependence and right relationships through the meaningful rituals of being family. Moreover Chinese Americans tend to be heterodox and nonsystematic in their beliefs and practices, affirming the existence of spiritual beings and keeping home shrines, in spite of their nonreligious affiliations. American sociological accounts of “religious nones,” however, emphasize categories of belief and belonging that obscure Chinese Americans’ rituals, values, and practices. Thus this chapter discusses appropriating liyi as an indigenous Chinese framework in parallel with the Western category of religion. Liyi is a compound composed of two uniquely Chinese concepts: li (禮), which means “ritual propriety,” and yi (義), which means “righteousness.”
Translation
Authors: Jeung Russell M. , Fong Seanan S. , Kim Helen Jin 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Chapter 4 reveals that immigrant parents had mixed success in translating the liyi practices of Chinese Popular Religion to their Chinese American children due to four major barriers. First, Chinese American families transmitted practices by modeling rituals without explaining them. The second generation performed customs without fully understanding the symbols and meanings. Second, the dissonant acculturation between parents and children led the second generation to be more Americanized and less receptive to traditional, hierarchical values. Third, Christian dominance and privilege in the United States rendered Chinese practices exotic and superstitious. Fourth, gendered and racialized experiences “othered” Chinese traditions as foreign and outdated. In spite of these barriers, Chinese Americans distilled and hybridized what was most important to them from these practices to sustain familism.
Beyond Haidt’s New Synthesis
Authors: Gibbs John C. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter reviews—and moves beyond—Haidt’s new synthesis of trends in disciplines (such as social psychology, neuroscience, and evolutionary psychology) pertinent to morality and enculturation. Reviewed are his major themes: ingroup solidarity, intuitive primacy, and social persuasion (rather than truth or objectivity) as the function of moral reasoning. His work reminds us of our pretensions and the major role of innately prepared, fast, preconscious intuitions in morality. He discusses the phylogenetic history and neurology of those intuitions and their shaping through culture. We are also reminded of the values of phylogenetic humility, scientific description, and cultural diversity. In the final analysis, however, three serious limitations of Haidt’s theory—a negative skew or inadequacy in descriptive work; an unwarranted exclusion of the prescriptive implications of the higher reaches in morality; and moral relativism—overshadow its contributions.
Understanding Antisocial Behavior
Authors: Gibbs John C. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The referent for social behavior shifts in this chapter to antisocial behavior and how to account for it. Most offenders, from petty pranksters to ideological terrorists, fail (except for self-serving purposes) to take the perspectives of their victims. Social perspective-taking limitations pervade the “three Ds” of antisocial youth: moral developmental delay, self-serving cognitive distortions, and social skills deficiencies. The latter variables are needed to supplement Kohlberg’s and Hoffman’s emphasis on developmental delay if we are adequately to account for antisocial behavior. The chapter concludes with the powerful illustrative case of Timothy McVeigh. This case makes particularly clear how cognitive distortions can insulate a self-centered worldview (itself a primary distortion, linked to feeling superior or inadequately respected); that is, self-serving distortions can preempt or neutralize social perspective-taking, moral understanding, and veridical empathy.
Capital Markets, Derivatives, and the Law
Authors: Rechtschaffen Alan N. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The American economy looks good. This is in the wake of a decade where dramatic failures in individual markets and institutions sparked a global financial crisis resulting in political, social, and economic unrest. In the United States, a host of legislative acts completely reshaped the regulatory landscape. This book investigates the structure and the workings of financial instruments and the capital markets; it considers market evolution after the crisis and the impact of Central Bank policy. In doing so, it provides the tools to recognize vulnerabilities in capital market trading activities. This edition serves to explain the legal and business considerations of capital market participation.
The Financial Crisis
Authors: Rechtschaffen Alan N. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses the origins of the 2007 financial crisis, subprime lending, and government-sponsored entities. It argues that the events driving financial markets to the precipice of collapse during the global financial meltdown gave rise to a regulatory framework that may have been a rational response to a market in free fall, but need to be reassessed in an era of recovery. In 2018, the U.S. economy may be, by many measures, viewed as wholly recovered from the economic impact of the crisis. The stock market is trading at record highs, having erased all the losses of the crisis period and then some. With this recovery, the Trump administration seeks to restrain the regulatory burden imposed during the crisis.
Financial Instruments and the Capital Markets
Authors: Rechtschaffen Alan N. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter begins with a discussion on the capital markets. It compares primary and secondary markets, and long-term versus short-term marketplaces. This is followed by a case study on the auction rate securities (ARS) market. The second section discusses financial instruments, covering the types of financial instruments (equity-based financial instruments, debt-based financial instruments, derivatives, cryptocurrency and digital assets), and the distinction between debt and equity, and federal regulation. The final section deals with the role of the attorney. It discusses competent representation, the duty to advise the client, drafting financial instruments, regulatory compliance, and the issuance of opinion letters to clients regarding the implications of financial transactions.
Types of Swaps
Authors: Rechtschaffen Alan N. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
A swap is a bilateral over-the-counter derivatives contract in which two parties agree to exchange cash flows on a “notional amount” over a period of time. The notional amount is a reference amount upon which the payment formula is based. The parties exchange cash flows pursuant to an agreed-upon payment schedule, made up of one or more payment dates throughout the life of the contract. Cash flows are computed by applying the agreed-upon formula relating to each party's respective set of payments of the swap to a notional amount, that is, a hypothetical underlying value that does not necessarily itself change hands. This chapter discusses “plain vanilla” interest rate swaps, currency swaps, credit-default swaps, and the move toward regulatory reform.
Securities Regulation
Authors: Rechtschaffen Alan N. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Prior to the 2007 financial crisis, financial regulation was compartmentalized along lines of segmented financial instruments. With the exception of the regulation of swaps as described in chapter 14, post-crisis regulatory reform maintains this bifurcation of regulation along product lines between the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC). The SEC and the CFTC have begun to issue rules establishing a coordinated approach to regulating certain derivatives under the Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (widely known as the Dodd-Frank Act) in particular as they relate to swaps. This chapter discusses the jurisdiction of the SEC, what constitutes a security, sellers’ representations, consequences of securities, hedge funds, and derivatives regulation.
Fiduciary Obligation to Manage Risk
Authors: Rechtschaffen Alan N. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter looks at controlling risk, operational risk management, and executive protection. Directors and officers have a duty to participate in risk management. Internal protocols and procedures are a subset of operational risk management. When there is a breakdown in internal controls, directors and officers will be held accountable for operational failures contributing to trading losses. The chapter discusses the duty to manage risk, risk management for financial and non-financial institutions, quantifying financial risk, portfolio dynamics, directors' and officers' understanding of financial instruments, risk policy, reporting lines and audit techniques, information flow, ethical concerns, responsibility for risk management, business judgment rule, education at financial institutions, and disclosure under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.
Synthesis and Conclusion
Authors: Rechtschaffen Alan N. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter begins with a synthesis of key themes, covering derivatives, debt instruments, and structured notes. It considers the case study Securities and Exchange Commission v. Goldman, Sachs & Co. & Fabrice Tourre. It then describes the Erlanger “cotton” bonds issued by the Confederate States of America to raise money during the Civil War. This is followed by discussions on range notes, internal leverage and market risk, and risks (interest rate risk, liquidity risk, reinvestment risk). The chapter concludes by describing the bulletin issued by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency on May 22, 2002, to all national bank CEOs and all federal branches and agencies in regard to risky “yield-chasing” strategies that were returning to the markets.
Taxation as a Human Rights Issue
Authors: Fredman Sandra 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter suggests a four-dimensional conception of substantive equality to evaluate the gendered impacts of taxation policies from a human rights perspective. The four-dimensional framework of substantive equality in relation to gender regards the right to equality as aiming to, first, redress disadvantage (the redistributive dimension); second, address stigma, stereotyping, prejudice, and hatred (the recognition dimension); third, facilitate participation and voice (the participative dimension); and, fourth, accommodate difference and transform gendered structures in society (the transformative dimension). This multidimensional conception of substantive equality functions as a valuable tool in evaluating taxation systems for their impact on gender. The chapter then looks at two particularly challenging aspects of taxation and gender: the role of care work, and the role of value-added tax (VAT) and other indirect taxes.
The Search for Human Rights in Tax
Authors: Christians Allison 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores the prospects for bringing legal claims seeking accountability for human rights harms due to tax policies and practices. There are a number of ways in which an individual may raise a claim that their rights have been violated in connection with taxation, each of which generally depends on some recognized relationship between the claimant and the person, entity, or institution being asked to remedy the perceived wrong. Meanwhile, there are at least three distinct kinds of relationships involving the state that could theoretically give rise to human rights claims in respect of tax. These three relationships are those among, first, individuals and their own states; second, individuals and foreign states; and, third, states among themselves as members of the international community. In each case, organizations may be formed to represent the interests of individuals, but at stake in all cases is the protection of individual rights.
Procuring Profit Shifting
Authors: Cobham Alex 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the role of states in actively procuring profit shifting across borders. The effects of global profit shifting and the associated revenue losses suffered by countries at every income level can be attributed to those jurisdictions that procure the majority of global profit shifting. Measures against these state procurers of profit shifting can take a number of forms. First, human rights instruments can be used to highlight the extraterritorial damage being done, and to drive political salience and responses by shaming. Second, indicators of profit shifting can and should be established in international mechanisms such as the reporting of the Sustainable Development Goals to ensure continuing accountability for the state procurers. Finally, individual jurisdictions and regional blocs should consider unilateral defensive measures to eliminate the impact of profit shifting.
How the Cultural Frameworks Underpinning Democratic Practice Shaped the Politics of Crisis
Authors: Fishman Robert M. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines major differences between Portugal and Spain in the politics of crisis during and after the Great Recession and argues that the overall pattern of contrast is largely explained by the book’s central theoretical claims. In the economic arena Portugal has managed to diminish inequality during the crisis, whereas in Spain inequality has grown substantially during this period. This pattern of difference is evident under governments of both the Left and the Right. The chapter specifies how the Portuguese tendency to understand democracy in a manner that incorporates protest movements into the essence of the political system encouraged governments to address popular concerns in ways that influenced the distributional impact of crisis. In Spain the pattern was quite different. Consequences for the party systems of the two cases are also discussed. Portugal’s generally inclusive democratic practice tended to protect democratic institutions from decline during the economic crisis.
Does National Conflict within Spain Undermine or Reinforce the Argument?
Authors: Fishman Robert M. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines conflict over the status of Catalonia in response to the demand for independence. The chapter asks whether the Catalan crisis serves as evidence in favor of, or counter to, the book’s central argument. The discussion includes consideration of antecedents to crisis and the trajectory taken by conflict during 2017 and early 2018. Earlier historical antecedents are also examined. The chapter’s argument focuses on the impact of the predominant Spanish pattern of democratic practice on the magnitude of the crisis. The claim advanced here is that the tendency toward exclusion has been visible in this case in the treatment of cultural “others” with consequences that seriously aggravated the problem. The discussion examines the referendum of October 1, 2017, and many other significant episodes during the crisis. The chapter also provides evidence that democratic practice in Catalonia has been surprisingly similar to that of the rest of Spain.