bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The replacement of mercury thermometers in Stevenson screens
Authors: Strangeways Ian 
Published: February 2019

AbstractWith the withdrawal of mercury thermometers from use and sale due to a perceived health hazard, a suitable alternative is required for meteorological observations. This article looks at the possible alternatives and describes an electronic design that will simulate the response of traditional meteorological thermometers and thereby prevent a major discontinuity in the long‐term temperature and humidity records. The design also enables a simple, direct, physical exchange of thermometers using the same screen fixtures. It uses a platinum resistance thermometer as the sensor, exposed within a ‘bulb’ designed to replicate the thermal characteristics of traditional mercury thermometers. Being electrical, the measurements can also be logged automatically, allowing unattended operation.
Towards multiscale modeling of the CD8+T cell response to viral infections
Authors: Baral Subhasish , Raja Rubesh , Sen Pramita , Dixit Narendra M. 
Published: February 2019

The CD8+T cell response is critical to the control of viral infections. Yet, defining the CD8+T cell response to viral infections quantitatively has been a challenge. Following antigen recognition, which triggers an intracellular signaling cascade, CD8+T cells can differentiate into effector cells, which proliferate rapidly and destroy infected cells. When the infection is cleared, they leave behind memory cells for quick recall following a second challenge. If the infection persists, the cells may become exhausted, retaining minimal control of the infection while preventing severe immunopathology. These activation, proliferation and differentiation processes as well as the mounting of the effector response are intrinsically multiscale and collective phenomena. Remarkable experimental advances in the recent years, especially at the single cell level, have enabled a quantitative characterization of several underlying processes. Simultaneously, sophisticated mathematical models have begun to be constructed that describe these multiscale phenomena, bringing us closer to a comprehensive description of the CD8+T cell response to viral infections. Here, we review the advances made and summarize the challenges and opportunities ahead.This article is categorized under:Analytical and Computational Methods > Computational MethodsBiological Mechanisms > Cell FatesBiological Mechanisms > Cell SignalingModels of Systems Properties and Processes > Mechanistic Models
Incremental column-wise verification of arithmetic circuits using computer algebra
Authors: Kaufmann Daniela , Biere Armin , Kauers Manuel 
Published: February 2019

AbstractVerifying arithmetic circuits and most prominently multiplier circuits is an important problem which in practice still requires substantial manual effort. The currently most effective approach uses polynomial reasoning over pseudo boolean polynomials. In this approach a word-level specification is reduced by a Gröbner basis which is implied by the gate-level representation of the circuit. This reduction returns zero if and only if the circuit is correct. We give a rigorous formalization of this approach including soundness and completeness arguments. Furthermore we present a novel incremental column-wise technique to verify gate-level multipliers. This approach is further improved by extracting full- and half-adder constraints in the circuit which allows to rewrite and reduce the Gröbner basis. We also present a new technical theorem which allows to rewrite local parts of the Gröbner basis. Optimizing the Gröbner basis reduces computation time substantially. In addition we extend these algebraic techniques to verify the equivalence of bit-level multipliers without using a word-level specification. Our experiments show that regular multipliers can be verified efficiently by using off-the-shelf computer algebra tools, while more complex and optimized multipliers require more sophisticated techniques. We discuss in detail our complete verification approach including all optimizations.
Psychometric evaluation of the Questionnaire on Attitudes Towards Suicide (ATTS) in Poland
Authors: Stecz Patryk 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe Questionnaire on Attitudes Towards Suicide (ATTS) is widely used to evaluate the views of an individual regarding acceptability of suicide and orientation towards suicide prevention. However, recent findings suggest that it requires some revision. The present study examines the factor structure of the ATTS questionnaire in two Polish samples, consisting of 239 students (sample one) and 128 students (sample two) of the helping professions. The previously-established 10-factor model was not supported by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Theoretical revaluation of the scale followed by factor analysis suggested that the best fit was provided by a five-factor model accounting for 48.2% of the variance. The adapted Polish ATTS questionnaire showed satisfactory reliability and validity; however, the factor loading patterns and factor structure varied from earlier studies. These improvements in the ATTS theoretical base and construct validity may enhance the utility of the revised scale.
Parents' beliefs of the Black Church's role in teen pregnancy prevention
Authors: Wright LaNita S. , Branscum Paul , Maness Sarah , Larson Daniel , Taylor E. Laurette , Mayeux Lara , Cheney Marshall K. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIntroductionParents are important decision makers in black churches. The objective of this qualitative study was to identify African American parents' beliefs of the Black Church's role in preventing teen pregnancy and promoting healthy teen relationships.MethodsParent members (n = 36) of 27 predominately Black churches in two southwestern US cities participated in semi‐structured interviews from February–June 2017. A question path was developed based on literature searches, key informant interviews, and a previous study with local pastors, and questions focused on parents' knowledge/beliefs about 1) sexuality education, 2) the church's role in preventing teen pregnancy, and 3) implementation obstacles. Interviews were transcribed verbatim, coded using NVivo, and open‐coded for themes to investigate patterns across codes and participants. Transcripts were then reviewed for quotes to represent each theme.ResultsFive themes were identified, with multiple subthemes. Most parents said there should be no boundaries on the type of sexuality information shared by their church, but later changed their minds after reviewing a list of potential topics. Parents listed ‘parent‐child communication’, ‘goals and dreams’, and ‘relationships’ as the most important topics for teen pregnancy prevention intervention. Parents said information shared during workshops should be judgement‐free and realistic. Parents most often said pastors and/or youth pastors/directors should deliver sexual health information. Parents believed older adults and other parents may oppose sexual education.ConclusionsBy understanding parents' beliefs of teen pregnancy prevention programs, public health practitioners can understand concerns, modify implementation strategies, and utilize parental support to gain buy‐in before planning and implementing programs.
Longitudinal relations between emotional awareness and expression, emotion regulation, and peer victimization among urban adolescents
Authors: Riley Tennisha N. , Sullivan Terri N. , Hinton Tiffany S. , Kliewer Wendy 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIntroductionThere are potential long‐term psychosocial effects of experiencing peer victimization during adolescence, including: internalizing symptoms, externalizing behaviors, and risks behaviors such as substance use. While social‐emotional theories of development note associations between deficits in emotion competencies and peer victimization in childhood, these associations are less established among adolescent samples. Identifying which inadequacies in emotional competence place particular adolescents at risk for peer victimization may provide insight into the developmental pathways leading to unfavorable outcomes.MethodsThe current study examined the relation between emotional competence and overt peer victimization among adolescents. Adolescents living in a mid‐sized urban city in the southeastern region of the United States (N = 357; Mage = 12.14 years, 92% African American) reported their emotional awareness and reluctance to express emotion at baseline. Two years later, adolescents reported their regulation of anger and caregivers reported on adolescents' global emotion regulation. Adolescents also reported on occurrences of overt peer victimization during the previous 30 days at baseline and during the two‐year follow up.ResultsOur hypothesized model fit the data adequately. Greater emotion awareness was associated with higher scores on caregiver‐rated emotion regulation and adolescent‐rated anger regulation two years later, and in turn, lower frequencies of overt victimization by peers. Further, greater expressive reluctance was associated with greater anger regulation, and in turn, lower frequencies of overt victimization by peers. Patterns of associations did not vary by sex or age.ConclusionsThe present study extends models of social‐emotional development and peer interactions into the development age stage of adolescence.
On the riskiness of lower‐tier suppliers: Managing sustainability in supply networks
Authors: Villena Verónica H. , Gioia Dennis A. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractAlthough multinational companies (MNCs) have increasingly embraced a sustainability strategy for their own operations, fewer have tried to engage their (tier‐one) suppliers in their sustainability initiatives. It is even rarer that MNCs engage their suppliers' suppliers (lower‐tier suppliers), despite the latter having a higher incidence of violations with more acute environmental and social impacts that can jeopardize the MNCs’ operations and reputation. We conducted inductive research on three supply networks in the automotive, electronics, and consumer product/pharmaceutical industries. We collected data on three leading sustainable MNCs and a subset of 9 tier‐one suppliers and 22 lower‐tier suppliers and complemented that information with data on several NGOs and industry organizations. This study (1) reveals that many lower‐tier suppliers address their environmental and labor issues passively and constitute the riskiest suppliers in a supply network; (2) provides a grounded theoretical framework for managing a sustainable supply network that accounts for multiple network members as well as three sustainability dimensions (the 3Ps: profit, people, and planet); and (3) shows how processes MNCs use to manage their suppliers differ from processes these suppliers use with their own (lower‐tier) suppliers. The study reveals the practices that leading sustainable MNCs use to manage their supply networks and provides important future research directions.
Impact of spanwise non-uniform discrete gusts on civil aircraft loads
Authors: Lone M. , Dussart G. 
Published: February 2019

ABSTRACTThe drive for increasing flight efficiency is resulting in wing designs that are of higher aspect ratios, lower in weight, increased wingspans and, consequently, require greater attention in the disciplines of aeroelastics and loads. This trend in aircraft design, along with past research experience with flexible aircraft, motivate a review of assumptions in gust models; especially, that of the gust maintaining a uniform spanwise profile. In this paper, the authors investigate the use of spanwise varying 1−cos gust models for loads prediction using a non-linear aeroelastic model of a conventional large transport aircraft. The comparison between a test case using conventional uni-dimensional approach and another, using multidimensional gusts, illustrates the impact of stepping away from traditional discrete tuned gust processes and adding a spanwise varying gust component. A methodology for processing and analysing the loads data arising due to the added dimension is also developed and both envelope and correlated loads are considered. Gust characteristics and resulting load factor are, respectively, considered for comparison between the two models, as both metrics define realistic gust encounters. In this case, it has been shown that spanwise variation of gust profiles leads to lower envelope loads if viewed in terms of conventional gust gradients. However, higher envelope loads are found if the maximum load factors are matched.
Making medications stick: improving medication adherence by highlighting the personal health costs of non-compliance
Authors: JACHIMOWICZ JON M. , GLADSTONE JOE J. , BERRY DAN , KIRKDALE CHARLOTTE L. , THORNLEY TRACEY , GALINSKY ADAM D. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractPoor compliance of prescription medication is an ongoing public health crisis. Nearly half of patients do not take their medication as prescribed, harming their own health while also increasing public health care costs. Despite these detrimental consequences, prior research has struggled to establish cost-effective and scalable interventions to improve adherence rates. We suggest that one reason for the limited success of prior interventions is that they make the personal health costs of non-adherence insufficiently prominent, while a higher saliency of these costs may motivate patients to adhere more. In the current research, we test whether an intervention that makes the personal health costs of non-compliance more salient for patients will increase their medication adherence. To do so, we conducted a randomized controlled trial with 16,191 patients across 278 UK pharmacies over a 9-month time period and manipulated the perceived consequences of medication non-adherence. We find that patients who received a treatment highlighting the personal health costs of non-compliance were significantly more likely to adhere to their medication than three comparison groups (odds ratio = 1.84, 95% confidence interval = 1.37–2.47). Shifting patients’ focus to the personal health costs of non-compliance may thus offer a potentially cost-effective and scalable approach to improving medication adherence.
The function(s) of bone ornamentation in the crocodylomorph osteoderms: a biomechanical model based on a finite element analysis
Authors: Clarac François , Goussard Florent , de Buffrénil Vivian , Sansalone Vittorio 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThis paper aims at assessing the influence of the bone ornamentation and, specifically, the associated loss of bone mass on the mechanical response of the crocodylomorph osteoderms. To this end, we have performed three-dimensional (3D) modeling and a finite element analysis on a sample that includes both extant dry bones and well-preserved fossils tracing back to the Late Triassic. We simulated an external attack under various angles on the apical surface of each osteoderm and further repeated the simulation on an equivalent set of smoothed 3D-modeled osteoderms. The comparative results indicated that the presence of an apical sculpture has no significant influence on the von Mises stress distribution in the osteoderm volume, although it produces a slight increase in its numerical score. Moreover, performing parametric analyses, we showed that the Young's modulus of the osteoderm, which may vary depending on the bone porosity, the collagen fiber orientation, or the calcification density, has no impact on the von Mises stress distribution inside the osteoderm volume. As the crocodylomorph bone ornamentation is continuously remodeled by pit resorption and secondary bone deposition, we assume that the apical sculpture may be the outcome of a trade-off between the bone mechanical resistance and the involvement in physiological functions. These physiological functions are indeed based on the setup of a bone superficial vessel network and/or the recurrent release of mineral elements into the plasma: heat transfers during basking and respiratory acidosis buffering during prolonged apnea in neosuchians and teleosaurids; compensatory homeostasis in response to general calcium deficiencies. On a general morphological basis, the osteoderm geometric variability within our sample leads us to assess that the global osteoderm geometry (whether square or rectangular) does not influence the von Mises stress, whereas the presence of a dorsal keel would somewhat reduce the stress along the vertical axis.
The evolution of the dicynodont sacrum: constraint and innovation in the synapsid axial column
Authors: Griffin Christopher T. , Angielczyk Kenneth D. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractConstraint is a universal feature of morphological evolution. The vertebral column of synapsids (mammals and their close relatives) is a classic example of this phenotypic restriction, with greatly reduced variation in the number of vertebrae compared with the sauropsid lineage. Synapsids generally possess only three sacral vertebrae, which articulate with the ilium and play a key role in locomotion. Dicynodont anomodonts are the exception to this rule, possessing seven or more sacral vertebrae while reaching a range of body sizes rivaled among synapsids only by therian mammals. Here we explore the evolution of this unusual sacral morphology in dicynodonts by (1) hypothesizing homologies of the additional sacral vertebrae, (2) using ancestral state reconstruction and phylogenetic regressions (e.g., logistic regression, Poisson regression) to track the coevolution of sacral count and body size, and (3) proposing mechanisms by which additional sacral vertebrae were incorporated during dicynodont evolution. We find that sacral vertebral morphology covaries with sacral count in consistent ways across dicynodonts, implying that sacra with a given number of vertebrae are composed of homologous elements. There is a correlation between increased sacral count and larger body size, especially at the shift from four to five sacrals near the origin of Bidentalia. Based on position, morphology, and the consistent number of presacral vertebrae among dicynodonts, we hypothesize that the additional sacrals anterior to the plesiomorphic three are duplications of the first sacral, and that a single caudosacral was incorporated by a shift in the identity of the anteriormost caudal vertebra. Although changes in sacral count appear to be correlated with shifts in body size in dicynodonts, the evolution of general morphological conservativism in the synapsid sacrum remains to be further explored.
Localisation of basic fibroblast growth factor in cholesteatoma matrix: an immunochemical study
Authors: Hamed M A , Sayed R H , Shiogama K , Eltaher M A , Suzuki K , Nakata S 
Published: February 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the expression of basic fibroblast growth factor in the matrix of human acquired cholesteatoma compared to the deep meatal skin. This topic does not appear to have been fully investigated before.MethodsAn immunochemical study was conducted. Cholesteatoma tissues from adult patients were collected during surgery (n= 19). Control specimens were taken from the deep meatal skin (n= 8) and compared.ResultsA highly significant difference in basic fibroblast growth factor expression was identified between cholesteatoma and skin (mean ± standard error = 58.53 ± 3.6 per cent in cholesteatomavs40.6 ± 3.5 per cent in skin;p= 0.005). Both basal and parabasal keratinocytes were stained positive with basic fibroblast growth factor. Additionally, there was specific staining in the basal columnar middle-ear epithelium and mast cell membrane.ConclusionBasic fibroblast growth factor plays an active role in proliferative activity of cholesteatoma through its overexpression in basal and parabasal layers of cholesteatoma matrix. Moreover, its expression in the mast cell membrane supports its role in bone resorption activity.
Constraining the Early Eruptive History of the Mono Craters Rhyolites, California, Based on 238U‐230Th Isochron Dating of Their Explosive and Effusive Products
Authors: Marcaida Mae , Vazquez Jorge A. , Stelten Mark E. , Miller Jonathan S. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe Mono Craters are an overlapping chain of at least 28 domes and coulees located south of Mono Lake, east central California, and represent the most recent eruptions of high‐silica rhyolite magma in the Mono Lake‐Long Valley volcanic region. Regionally widespread tephra fall deposits from the Mono Craters serve as important chronostratigraphic markers for correlations of late Quaternary terrestrial archives in the western United States. A well‐resolved eruption chronology for the Mono Craters is thus not only critical for volcanic hazard considerations but also for paleoclimatic and paleomagnetic studies. Here we constrain the timing of early Mono Craters volcanism using ion microprobe 238U‐230Th dating of unpolished crystal faces of autocrystic zircon and allanite microphenocrysts, which samples the final stage of crystallization prior to eruption. The stratigraphically oldest domes (biotite‐bearing rhyolites) yield 238U‐230Th isochron dates between ca. 42 and ca. 19 ka and are unambiguously linked to dated tephras in the Wilson Creek formation of ancestral Mono Lake via coupled 238U‐230Th geochronology and titanomagnetite geochemistry. The second oldest set of domes (orthopyroxene‐bearing rhyolites) have overlapping 238U‐230Th isochron dates that are within uncertainty of published K/Ar and 40Ar/39Ar dates for the fayalite‐bearing rhyolite domes, suggesting a period of intense effusive activity for the Mono Craters near the Pleistocene‐Holocene boundary. Our new and previously published 238U‐230Th dates for tephras in the Wilson Creek formation provide robust geochronologic constraints for the controversial geomagnetic excursion recorded in the Wilson Creek formation.
Distinctive Seafloor Fabric Produced Near Western Versus Eastern Ridge‐Transform Intersections of the Northern Mid‐Atlantic Ridge: Possible Influence of Ridge Migration
Authors: Cormier Marie‐Helene , Sloan Heather 
Published: February 2019

AbstractMultibeam bathymetry compiled along fracture zones of the northern Atlantic reveals a striking morphological asymmetry. Seafloor fabric produced at western ridge‐transform intersections (RTIs) tends to consist of linear ridges, small in amplitude, and regularly spaced, and oceanic core complexes (OCCs) occur infrequently. In contrast, seafloor fabric produced at eastern RTIs is more irregular and blocky and displays characteristics usually associated with melt‐poor accretion: These include more than double the occurrence of OCCs as well as greater seafloor depths, even where seafloor is younger than that on the opposite side of the fracture zone. We propose that this asymmetry is a consequence of the westward migration of the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge. Such migration is expected to result in an enhanced melt supply at leading (western) RTIs compared to trailing (eastern) RTIs. The morphological asymmetry is observed for ridge offsets of ~40 to ~200 km, a range that may be related to the width of melting regimes that supply ridge segments. At slow spreading ridges, contrasting melt supplies across fracture zones may therefore be best expressed in the distinct seafloor fabrics preserved beyond the dynamically maintained relief of the axial rift valley and walls rather than in the contrasting axial depths documented for faster spreading ridges. Although OCCs appear to form preferentially at spreading rates lower than 30 mm/year, their common occurrence along the northern Mid‐Atlantic Ridge may also reflect the significantly higher rates at which it is migrating compared to the southern Mid‐Atlantic Ridge.