bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lesions of the Tunica Media in Traumatic Rupture of Vertebral Arteries: Histologic and Biochemical Studies
Authors: Pollanen M.S. , Deck J.H.N. , Boutilier L. , Davidson G. 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACT:Discontinuous non-circumferential lesions of tunica media were observed in four cases of traumatic rupture of the vertebral artery. We hypothesize that these lesions were due to mechanical disruption of smooth muscle cells and the liberation of catabolic enzymes with subsequent degradation of the arterial media. To test this hypothesis, healthy vertebral arteries were incubated with crude extracts of bovine smooth muscle cytosol in attempt to reproduce the histological changes of the arterial media in traumatized vertebral arteries. We observed cytosol-induced degradation of tunica media, characterized by pallor of staining with the Masson’s Trichrome method, which was due to catabolic enzyme activity that was effectively inhibited by heat inactivation of the cytosol. The cytosol-induced tinctorial changes were similar to the lesions of the tunica media in naturally-occurring cases of traumatic vertebral artery rupture. We conclude that although vertebral arteries can be ruptured by physical distortion alone, associated lesions of the tunica media are due to in situ trauma-associated release of heat-labile catabolic enzymes.
Concerning the Mechanism of Recovery in Stroke Hemiphegia
Authors: Fisher C. Miller 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACT:Two patients with pure motor hemiplegia were regaining strength in the affected limbs when a pure motor stroke developed on the opposite side. At the same time as the new hemiplegia appeared, the recovering side became re-paralyzed, suggesting that activity in the contralateral corticospinal tract had participated in the recovery process. Pathological studies were confirmatory. The literature pertaining to contralateral motor compensation is reviewed.
Prevalence of Multiple Sclerosis in Barrhead County, Alberta, Canada
Authors: Warren Sharon , Warren K.G. 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACT:A prevalence study of multiple sclerosis (MS) was carried out in the town of Barrhead and surrounding county of Barrhead, in Alberta, Canada. The prevalence rate for clinically probable/definite multiple sclerosis on January 1, 1990 was 196/100,000. The average annual incidence rates for patients living in the area at onset were 1.31/100,000 for 1950–59, 4.97/100,000 for 1960–69, 3.77/100,000 for 1970–79, and 4.22/100,000 for 1980–89. Fifty per cent of the patients were relapsing-remitting. Sixty per cent were still walking without assistance. The female-to-male ratio was 1:1. Mean current age, age at onset and duration of illness were 49, 27 and 22 years respectively. The majority of patients (40%) experienced multiple symptom onset. Fifty per cent were of single ethnic origin (either British or German); the rest were predominantly North European combinations. Forty per cent of patients reported another MS relative. MS had affected the work status of 60% of the patients, 15% of whom were confined to an extended care centre.
Molecular mechanisms relating to amino acid regulation of protein synthesis
Authors: Cao Yangchun , Liu Shimin , Liu Kai , Abbasi Imtiaz Hussain Raja , Cai Chuanjiang , Yao Junhu 
Published: May 2019

AbstractSome amino acids (AA) act through several signalling pathways and mechanisms to mediate the control of gene expression at the translation level, and the regulation occurs, specifically, on the initiation and the signalling pathways for translation. The translation of mRNA to protein synthesis proceeds through the steps of initiation and elongation, and AA act as important feed-forward activators that are involved in many pathways, such as the sensing and the transportation of AA by cells, in these steps in many tissues of mammals. For the translation, phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) is a critical molecule that controls the translation initiation and its functions can be regulated by some AA. Another control point in the mRNA binding step in the translation initiation is at the regulation by mammalian target of rapamycin, which requires a change of phosphorylation status of ribosomal protein S6. In fact, the change of phosphorylation status of ribosomal protein S6 might be involved in global protein synthesis. The present review summarises recent work on the molecular mechanisms of the regulation of protein synthesis by AA and highlights new findings.
Catastrophic ongoing decline in Cambodia’s Bengal Florican Houbaropsis bengalensis population
Authors: MAHOOD SIMON P. , HONG CHAMNAN , VIRAK SON , SUM PHEARUN , GARNETT STEPHEN T. 
Published: May 2019

SummaryIn 2013 a prediction was made that the South-East Asian subspecies of Bengal Florican Houbaropsis bengalensis blandini would be extinct within 10 years. In 2018 we conducted a survey in the Tonle Sap floodplain, Cambodia, of the last population of Bengal Florican in South-East Asia. We found that the rate of decline in displaying males was 55% over five years, a decline comparable to that recorded between 2005–2007 and 2012. The estimated number of displaying males in 2018 was 104 (95% CI: 89–117), down from 216 (156–275) in 2012. We also conducted surveys by flushing birds in the non-breeding season, which indicated that the sex ratio of males to females is 3:1. We therefore estimate that the total population of adult Bengal Floricans in Cambodia in 2018 was 138 (119–156), making H. b. blandini the most threatened bustard taxon. The number of sites that support displaying male Bengal Floricans was reduced from 10 to four between 2012 and 2018. Between 2012 and 2018 we monitored numbers of displaying males in most years at the sites that support 80% of the total population. The only site where numbers of birds are stable is Stoung-Chikraeng Bengal Florican Conservation Area, where there were 44 (25–63) displaying males in 2018. This is the only site that has an ongoing NGO-government conservation programme. Our data indicate that Bengal Floricans are lost from sites when the area of grassland falls below 25 km2. We found evidence that displaying male Bengal Floricans abandon display territories when grassland is lost, this also creates hope that they may disperse and could colonise newly created habitat. All remaining sites that support Bengal Floricans in Cambodia are imperilled and we outline what must be done to reduce the possibility that H. b. blandini will be extinct by 2023.
Elimination of arrhythmogenesis after subtotal resection of congenital cardiac fibroma: a case report
Authors: Nabeshima Taisuke , Sato Seiichi , Nakayashiro Mami 
Published: May 2019

AbstractSubtotal tumour resection is used to treat infants with congenital cardiac fibroma and medication-resistant ventricular arrhythmias; however, complete elimination of arrhythmogenic substrates has been unclear. A 4-month-old male infant with congenital cardiac fibroma and ventricular fibrillation underwent subtotal tumour resection and implantable cardioverter-defibrillator implantation. Five years later, angiography revealed impending compression of the left coronary artery. Elimination of the arrhythmogenic substrate was confirmed and the device was removed successfully.
First steps to a clinical research unit for developmental research in paediatric cardiology: conception and progress of the LEADER project (Long Term Early Development Research) in CHD
Authors: Pfitzer Constanze , Ferentzi Hannah , Rosenthal Lisa-Maria , Kramer Peter , Berger Felix , Schmitt Katharina R. L. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractObjective:We developed the Long-term Early Development Research (LEADER) project to investigate the development of children with CHD and/or after cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Both populations are at risk for delays in motor, cognitive, and language development. However, few studies to date have investigated the longitudinal development in these children.Methods:To establish a clinical research unit, we planned three studies: a cross-sectional study in children after cardiopulmonary resuscitation (LEADER-REA Pilot Study), a longitudinal study in children after cardiopulmonary resuscitation, with a focus on evaluating various biomarkers as predictors for developmental outcome (LEADER-CPR study), and a longitudinal study in children with ventricular septal defect, tetralogy of Fallot, or transposition of the great arteries after cardiac surgery (LEADER-CHD study).Results:Implementation of all three LEADER studies was successful and study protocols were conducted as planned. Findings from the LEADER-REA Pilot study have been recently published and data collection for both prospective trials is ongoing. Descriptive analysis of the first 20 assessments of the LEADER-CHD study showed no severe deficits in overall cognitive, motor, and language developments in the children.Conclusions:Children with CHD and/or after cardiopulmonary resuscitation are at risk for developmental delay. Therefore, a detailed developmental assessment is necessary as a pre-requisite for individual developmental support. Our LEADER project has been shown to be feasible in a clinical setting and is the first step towards the establishment of a clinical research unit in our clinic with a focus on longitudinal research.
MARGINALIZED YET MOBILIZED
Authors: McGregor Alecia J. , Bogart Laura M. , Higgins-Biddle Molly , Strolovitch Dara Z. , Ojikutu Bisola 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBoth African American and LGBT voters can prove pivotal in electoral outcomes, but we know little about civic participation among Black LGBT people. Although decades of research on political participation has made it almost an article of faith that members of dominant groups (such as White people and individuals of higher socioeconomic status) vote at higher rates than their less privileged counterparts, recent work has suggested that there are circumstances under which members of marginalized groups might participate at higher rates. Some of this research suggests that political participation might also increase when groups perceive elections as particularly threatening. We argue that when such threats are faced by marginalized groups, the concern to protect hard-earned rights can activate a sense of what we call “political hypervigilance,” and that such effects may be particularly pronounced among members of intersectionally-marginalized groups such as LGBT African Americans. To test this theory, we use original data from the 2016 National Survey on HIV in the Black Community, a nationally-representative survey of Black Americans, to explore the relationship among same-sex sexual behavior, attitudes toward LGBT people, and respondent voting intentions in the 2016 presidential election. We find that respondents who reported having engaged in same-sex sexual behavior were strongly and significantly more likely to say they “definitely will vote” compared to respondents who reported no same-sex sexual behavior. More favorable views of LGBT individuals and issues (marriage equality) were also associated with greater intention to vote. We argue that these high rates provide preliminary evidence that political hypervigilance can, in fact, lead to increased political engagement among members of marginalized groups.
United States Heat Wave Frequency and Arctic Ocean Marginal Sea Ice Variability
Authors: Budikova Dagmar , Ford Trent W. , Ballinger Thomas J. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractRecent studies point to a significant rise in the number of summer extreme weather events that correspond with the presence of amplified, quasistationary midtropospheric planetary waves, weakened atmospheric circulation in the Northern Hemisphere, and coincide with reduced summer Arctic sea ice cover. This study explores potential connections between 1979 and 2016 summer heat wave frequency across the USA and regional Arctic sea ice extent (SIE) in various Arctic basins. Most notable SIE interannual relationships exist across the southern Plains and southeastern US during low Hudson Bay summer SIE. Locally increased frequencies of summer heat waves coincide with unseasonably warm conditions developed and sustained by the presence of an omega blocking pattern situated over the southern US throughout summer. The block appears following anomalous atmospheric warming and reduced mean zonal winds observed throughout spring (March–May) over northeastern Canada, the northwestern Atlantic basin, and Greenland. Spring preconditioning of summer ice melt is favored by the presence of strong negative phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation and positive Greenland Blocking Index. Summer synoptic flow related to Hudson Bay ice melt over North America appears to be influenced by the background state of atmospheric variability, namely, the positive phase of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation. Antecedent local humidity, soil moisture, and precipitation conditions are shown to influence the “flavor” of the heat waves, which are more likely to be oppressive in the southeastern US and extreme across the southern Plains during summers experiencing low Hudson SIE.
Annual Cycle of Gravity Wave Activity Derived From a High‐Resolution Martian General Circulation Model
Authors: Kuroda Takeshi , Yiğit Erdal , Medvedev Alexander S. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe paper presents results of simulations with a high‐resolution (equivalent to ∼67‐km grid size) Martian general circulation model (MGCM) from the surface up to the mesosphere for a full Martian year. The obtained climatology of the small‐scale disturbances can serve as a proxy for gravity waves (GWs) that are largely not resolved by MGCMs with conventional grid resolution and thus have to be parameterized. GW activity varies greatly with season and geographical location, which contradicts with the constant in space and time sources in the lower atmosphere adopted by GW parameterizations employed by coarse‐grid MGCMs. In particular, lower‐atmospheric GW activity is smaller in polar regions of the troposphere throughout all seasons, and the intensity is larger in southern spring and summer and in winter hemisphere at both solstices. In the mesosphere, the peak of GW activity shifts toward middle and high latitudes, and the interhemispheric symmetry is much larger compared to the lower atmosphere. The detailed climatology created in this study can be used for prescribing sources of GWs in parameterizations utilized by MGCMs as well as for validating the parameterizations in the middle and upper atmosphere.
Interplanetary Shock Parameters Near Jupiter's Orbit
Authors: Echer E. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractFast interplanetary shocks occurrence, their parameters, and drivers near Jupiter's orbit are determined in this paper. It was found that 70% of the fast shocks are forward (FS) and 30% are reverse (RS). Interplanetary coronal mass ejection‐driven FS occur more frequently in all solar cycle phases except in the declining phase, when corotating interaction region‐driven shocks predominate. Most of the shocks were quasi‐perpendicularly (65° to 70°) propagating relative to the ambient interplanetary magnetic field. The average shock magnetosonic Mach number is slightly higher for FS (2.6) than for RS (2.4), which in turn are stronger than shocks near 1 and 10 AU reported in previous works. This occurs because of the full development of corotating interaction region shocks and higher occurrence of strong interplanetary coronal mass ejections near 5 AU and that the magnetosonic speed at 5 AU has only 60% of its value at 1 AU.
Self‐Similarity of ICME Flux Ropes: Observations by Radially Aligned Spacecraft in the Inner Heliosphere
Authors: Good S. W. , Kilpua E. K. J. , LaMoury A. T. , Forsyth R. J. , Eastwood J. P. , Möstl C. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractInterplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) are a significant feature of the heliospheric environment and the primary cause of adverse space weather at the Earth. ICME propagation and the evolution of ICME magnetic field structure during propagation are still not fully understood. We analyze the magnetic field structures of 18 ICME magnetic flux ropes observed by radially aligned spacecraft in the inner heliosphere. Similarity in the underlying flux rope structures is determined through the application of a simple technique that maps the magnetic field profile from one spacecraft to the other. In many cases, the flux ropes show very strong underlying similarities at the different spacecraft. The mapping technique reveals similarities that are not readily apparent in the unmapped data and is a useful tool when determining whether magnetic field time series observed at different spacecraft are associated with the same ICME. Lundquist fitting has been applied to the flux ropes, and the rope orientations have been determined; macroscale differences in the profiles at the aligned spacecraft may be ascribed to differences in flux rope orientation. Assuming that the same region of the ICME was observed by the aligned spacecraft in each case, the fitting indicates some weak tendency for the rope axes to reduce in inclination relative to the solar equatorial plane and to align with the solar east‐west direction with heliocentric distance.
Effect of Unidirectional Vertical Wind Shear on Tropical Cyclone Intensity Change—Lower‐Layer Shear Versus Upper‐Layer Shear
Authors: Fu Hao , Wang Yuqing , Riemer Michael , Li Qingqing 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIn this study, a quadruply nested, nonhydrostatic tropical cyclone (TC) model is used to investigate how the structure and intensity of a mature TC respond differently to imposed lower‐layer and upper‐layer unidirectional environmental vertical wind shears (VWSs). Results show that TC intensity in both cases decrease shortly after the VWS is imposed but with quite different subsequent evolutions. The TC weakens much more rapidly for a relatively long period in the upper‐layer shear than in the lower‐layer shear, which is found to be related to the stronger storm‐relative asymmetric flow in the middle‐upper troposphere and the larger vertical vortex tilt in the former than in the latter. The stronger storm‐relative flow in the former imposes a greater ventilation of the warm core in the middle‐upper troposphere, leading to a more significant weakening of the storm. The storm in the lower‐layer shear only weakens initially after the VWS is imposed but then experiences a quasi periodic intensity oscillation with a period of about 24 hr. This quasi periodic behavior is found to be closely related to the boundary layer thermodynamic “discharge/recharge” mechanism associated with the activity of shear‐induced outer spiral rainbands. There is no significant intensity oscillation for the storm embedded in the upper‐layer shear, even though outer spiral rainbands develop quasi periodically also. The boundary layer inflow is very weak in that case and the low equivalent potential temperature air induced by downdrafts in outer spiral rainbands therefore cannot penetrate into the inner core but remains in the outer region.
Evaluating the Extent of North Atlantic Deep Water and the Mean Atlantic δ13C From Statistical Reconstructions
Authors: Bengtson Shannon A. , Meissner Katrin J. , Menviel Laurie , Sisson Scott A. , Wilkin John 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBenthic δ13C is often used to infer past changes in ocean circulation, though the interpretation of this proxy is difficult due to data scarcity and uncertainties. We present two methods for reconstructing the δ13C signal of North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) and Antarctic Bottom Water and calculating the average oceanic δ13C values for the Atlantic Ocean based on δ13C from benthic foraminifera. The two simple statistical models are described and tested for the Holocene and the Last Glacial Maximum. The first statistical model consists of regressions of the δ13C data, which vary quadratically with depth and linearly with latitude. It differentiates between two regions, one for NADW and another for Antarctic Bottom Water. The second method consists of a hyperbolic tangent regression, which is bound asymptotically by the water mass source region averages (end‐members). To test the robustness of the statistical models, two isotope‐enabled climate models, the UVic ESCM and LOVECLIM, are sampled randomly, generating “pseudoproxies.” These are then used for testing the accuracy of the statistical models against the complete climate model δ13C outputs. We quantitatively compare the average δ13C and NADW depth against the original climate model outputs. We find that both statistical approaches are robust, regardless of the spatial distribution of the pseudoproxies, with the quadratic approach better able to capture the shape of NADW δ13C signal. Hence, this method can potentially be applied to different δ13C data sets to evaluate past changes in NADW.
CAD/CAM for scalable nanomanufacturing: A network-based system for hybrid 3D printing
Authors: Yoon Hae-Sung , Lee Hyun-Taek , Jang Ki-Hwan , Kim Chung-Soo , Park Hyunseo , Kim Dae-Wook , Lee Kunwoo , Min Sangkee , Ahn Sung-Hoon 
Published: May 2019

AbstractMicro- and nano-structuring have been highlighted over several decades in both science and engineering fields. In addition to continuous efforts in fabrication techniques, investigations in scalable nanomanufacturing have been pursued to achieve reduced feature size, fewer constraints in terms of materials and dimensional complexity, as well as improved process throughput. In this study, based on recent micro-/nanoscale fabrication processes, characteristics and key requirements for computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM) systems for scalable nanomanufacturing were investigated. Requirements include a process knowledge database, standardized processing, active communication, adaptive interpolation, a consistent coordinate system, and management of peripheral devices. For scalable nanomanufacturing, it is important to consider the flexibility and expandability of each process, because hybrid and bridging processes represent effective ways to expand process capabilities. As an example, we describe a novel CAD/CAM system for hybrid three-dimensional (3D) printing at the nanoscale. This novel hybrid process was developed by bridging aerodynamically focused nanoparticle printing, focused ion beam milling, micromachining, and spin-coating processes. The system developed can print a full 3D structure using various inorganic materials, with a minimum process scale of 50 nm. The most obvious difference versus CAD/CAM at ‘conventional’ scales is that our system was developed based on a network to promote communication between users and process operators. With the network-based system, it is also possible to narrow the gap among different processes/resources. We anticipate that this approach can contribute to the development of CAD/CAM for scalable nanomanufacturing and a wide range of hybrid processes.