bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Large-scale preparation of β-1,2-glucan using quite a small amount of sophorose
Authors: Kobayashi Kaito , Nakajima Masahiro , Aramasa Hiroki , Kimura Satoshi , Iwata Tadahisa , Nakai Hiroyuki , Taguchi Hayao 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACT
A large amount of β-1,2-glucan was produced enzymatically from quite a small amount of sophorose as an acceptor material through three synthesis steps using a sucrose phosphorylase and a 1,2-β-oligoglucan phosphorylase. The first synthesis step was performed in a 200 μL of a reaction solution containing 5 mM sophorose and 1.0 M sucrose. β-1,2-Glucan in a part of the resultant solution was hydrolyzed to β-1,2-glucooligosaccharides by a β-1,2-glucanase. The second synthesis was performed in 25 times the volume for the first synthesis. The hydrolysate solution (1% volume of the reaction solution) was used as an acceptor. After treatment with the β-1,2-glucanase again, the third synthesis was performed 200 times the volume for the second synthesis (1 L). The reaction yield of β-1,2-glucan at each synthesis was 93%, 76% and 91%. Finally, more than 140 g of β-1,2-glucan was synthesized using approximately 20 μg of sophorose as the starting acceptor material.
Abbreviations: DPs: degrees of polymerization; SOGP: 1,2-β-oligoglucan phosphorylase; Sopns: β-1,2-glucooligosaccharides with DP of n; Glc1P: α-glucose 1-phosphate; SucP: sucrose phosphorylase from Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum; SGL: β-1,2-glucanase; CaSGL: Chy400_4174 protein; TLC: thin layer chromatography; GOPOD: glucose oxidase/peroxidase; PGM: phosphoglucomutase; G6PDH: glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase
Recent development of respiratory rate measurement technologies
Authors: Liu Haipeng , Allen John , Zheng Dingchang , Chen Fei 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Respiratory rate (RR) is an important physiological parameter whose abnormality has been regarded as an important indicator of serious illness. In order to make RR monitoring simple to perform, reliable and accurate, many different methods have been proposed for such automatic monitoring. According to the theory of respiratory rate extraction, methods are categorized into three modalities: extracting RR from other physiological signals, RR measurement based on respiratory movements, and RR measurement based on airflow. The merits and limitations of each method are highlighted and discussed. In addition, current works are summarized to suggest key directions for the development of future RR monitoring methodologies.
Food flows between counties in the United States
Authors: Lin Xiaowen , Ruess Paul J , Marston Landon , Konar Megan 
Published: June 2019

AbstractFood consumption and production are separated in space through flows of food along complex supply chains. These food supply chains are critical to our food security, making it important to evaluate them. However, detailed spatial information on food flows within countries is rare. The goal of this paper is to estimate food flows between all county pairs within the United States. To do this, we develop the Food Flow Model, a data-driven methodology to estimate spatially explicit food flows. The Food Flow Model integrates machine learning, network properties, production and consumption statistics, mass balance constraints, and linear programming. Specifically, we downscale empirical information on food flows between 132 Freight Analysis Framework locations (17 292 potential links) to the 3142 counties and county-equivalents of the United States (9869 022 potential links). Subnational food flow estimates can be used in future work to improve our understanding of vulnerabilities within a national food supply chain, determine critical infrastructures, and enable spatially detailed footprint assessments.
Calcination process on chanos chanos forsk (CCF) of milkfish bones to get Hydroxyapatite (HAp) as Composites Application
Authors: Pramono Agus , Sulaiman Fatah , Suryana  , Milandia Anistasia 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The material hydroxyapatite (HAp) from fish bone, Ca5(PO4)3(OH)2 used as a material of composite. HAp is an inorganic material that shows good biocompatibility for bone-connection material. It has excellent ability to form direct bonds with hard tissue in bone, when used as bone filler or as a ceramic coating on surgical implants. In this work, investigation focused on the suitability of fish bone material as a hydroxyapatite matrix with two additive elements ie magnesium (Mg), titanium (Ti) or copper (Cu) or another kind of coupling agent. Aluminium (Al) powder as a reinforcement in the composite materials. Investigation of morphological and structural properties of HAp samples derived from bone fish-chanos-chanos forsk (CCF) traced by microscope optical (M.O) to show the interconnected relative morphology grains to form complex compact matrix in hybrid composite materials. Analysis of sample elements using XRD to reveal the decomposition occurring at each calcination temperature. As well as a Finite Element Machine, type ANSYS R.18.2 trace simulation to ascertain how much actual temperature is occurring in the sample, it is necessary to trace the heat transformation that occurs within the HAp based composites of material. The test variable is the use of intermediate compositions, between the use of wetting agents between Mg-Cu, Mg-Ti or another combination of coupling agent. By high score software of XRD tracing to show how the hexagonal/monolith structures on HAp powder diffuses well against the wetting and reinforcing elements, so the process of the calcination will be applied for hybrid composite.
Bioactive Compounds of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) essential oil from different parts of the plant and distillation methods as natural antioxidant in broiler meat
Authors: Hartatie E S , Prihartini I , Widodo W , Wahyudi A 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate bioactive compounds of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) essential oil from different parts of the plant and distillation methods as natural antioxidant in broiler meat. Distillation of lemongrass leaves, stalk and whole plant was done by using steam water distillation and water distillation. Physical analysis conducted to lemongrass EO. Bioactive compounds identification by GC-MS and antioxidant activity was analyzed by DPPH radical scavenging test. The EO composition of lemongrass leaves, stalks and whole plant which been distilled using steam-water distillation and water distillation are very varied and have different inhibition. On steam water distillation, the EO was distilled from lemongrass stalk have the highest antioxidant activity up to 72.724% inhibition. While in water distillation method, the EO was distilled from whole plant of lemongrass have the highest antioxidant activity up to 70.113 % inhibition. Lemongrass oil can use as natural antioxidant in broiler meat.
Production of Reducing Sugar from Coffee Pulp Waste Using Mixture of Microorganisms, Enzymes, and Surfactants
Authors: Widjaja T , Hendrianie N , Ningrum E O , Erliana W H , Iswanto T 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This study has successfully investigated the effect of microorganisms, enzymes, and surfactants mixture to produce a reducing sugar from Coffee pulp waste. The experiment consisted of microbial pretreatment to reduce lignin content followed by comparing the hydrolysis by enzymes and microorganism using a surfactant and without surfactant to get a higher yield of reducing sugar. Pretreatment was conducted by mixture of Bacillus subtilis (BS) with Trichoderma reesei (TR) in the ratio of 2:1 (v/v) and Aspergillus niger (AN) with TR in the ratio of 1:1 (v/v). BS-TR mixture increased the cellulose content to 10.939 % and decreased the lignin and pectin content to 71.261 % and 55.046 %, respectively. Whereas, AN:TR mixture increased the cellulose content to 12.572 % and decreased the lignin and pectin content to 69.941 % and 52.294 %, respectively. Afterward, the result of enzymatic hydrolysis with 3 g of Tween 80 and biological hydrolysis showed increasing of reducing sugar yield of 0.5831 and 0.0341 %, respectively. Further investigation was described as the crystallinity index and the fructose, glucose, and sucrose contents. The addition of both PEG 4000 and Tween 80 as a surfactant in the enzymatic hydrolysis process could significantly increase the concentration of reducing sugar.
Biodiesel Production Through Waste Cooking Oil (WCO) Esterification Using Sulfated Alumina as Catalyst
Authors: Ulfah M , Firdaus  , Octavia S , Suherman H , Subagjo  
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Biodiesel produced from waste cooking oil (WCO) with initial free fatty acids (FFA) of 6.67 % through one-stage reaction (transesterification) and two-stage reaction (esterification followed by transesterification) had been studied. The esterification process was catalyzed by solid catalyst of synthesized sulfated alumina and transesterification reaction was catalyzed by NaOH. The objective of this research is to determine the optimum condition of biodiesel production from WCO using sulfated alumina catalysts by esterification reaction and to compare biodiesel yield using homogeneous catalysts of sulfuric acid with a heterogeneous catalyst of sulfated alumina. The results showed that the optimum conditions for esterification reactions using sulfated alumina catalyst is at the volume ratio of methanol/oil of 1.5, the amount catalyst of 1 wt %/v of oil at 1 hour reaction time. With the optimum condition, the maximum conversions of free fatty acid using a sulfuric acid and sulfated alumina catalyst were 90.4 % and 89.97 % respectively. The yield of biodiesel from waste cooking oil by two-stage transesterification process is 86.67 % and one-stage transesterification is 66.67 %.
The Effects of Vacuum Evaporation on Amino Acid Contents in Pureed Aloe Chinensis Baker Gel using HPLC
Authors: Hendrawati T Y , Nugrahani R A , Ramadhan A I , Susanty S , Siswahyu A 
Published: June 2019

Abstract

Aloe Chinensis Baker is an aloe species that is frequently utilized in Asia, including Indonesia. Aloe vera contains various compounds in its leaves, such as vitamins, enzymes, and amino acids. The largest component of Aloe vera leaves is water. Vacuum evaporation is considered to be a potential method in the process to reduce the water content while maintaining the integrity of the nutrients. The objective of this research is to reduce the water content in pureed Aloe vera gel to obtain extracts. Evaporation using a rotary vacuum evaporator is conducted at an pressure of 110 mBar and temperature of 40 °C, and a varied time of 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes. Analyses of amino acid contents are performed with HPLC. The results show that at 120 minutes, the preserved amino acid contents include: L-Isoleucine 29.3 ppm, L-Proline 10.8 ppm, L-Arginine 9.0 ppm, L-Asparagine 243 ppm, L-Threonine 56.9 ppm, L-Leucine 30.9 ppm, L-Methionine 38.4 ppm, L-Histidine 15.4 ppm, Aspartic Acid 24.4 ppm, L-Lysine 108.9 ppm, L-Cysteine 131.0 ppm, L-Alanine 40.2 ppm, and Glycine 230.7 ppm. The resulting Aloe vera extract show the following characteristics, density of 0.99 g/ml and pH of 6.5. Yield of 120 minutes evaporation is 40 %.
The utilization of gadung (dioscorea hispida dennst) starch for edible coating making and its tomato packaging
Authors: Alam P N , Mukhlishien  , Husin H , Asnawi T M , Santia  , Yustira A 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
An edible coating is one method that could be utilized in preserving and coating on fruits. The utilization of gadung (Dioscorea hispida Dennst) starch as a raw material in edible coating making can be used as an alternative renewable raw material due to of high starch content and its potential still not been utilized optimally. This study has been evaluated the influences of hydrocolloids and plasticizers contents of the mixture to produce proper tensile strength and elongation of the coating produced. The quality and characterization of edible coating have been evaluated using weight loss test, thickness test, elongation test, tensile strength test and oxygen permeability test. The gadung starch edible coating was shown to be effective in tomato fruit preserved until 21 days. Mechanical properties of edible coating were obtained the tensile strength ranging from 5.76 to 7.03 kgf.mm-2, elongation ranging from 13.57 - 38.56%, thickness ranging from 0.01 - 0.05 mm and optimum oxygen permeability of 3.739 g.m-2.h-1 by adding of the CMC of 1% and glycerol of 10%.
The Influence of Strong Reduced Water and Fresh Coconut Oil in Viscosity of Liquid Hand Soap
Authors: Sulistiawati E , Astuti E , Santosa I 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Innovation of liquid hand soap continues to be done, among others, using natural local raw materials. This research used strong reduced water (SRW), an alkali produced from a water ionizer machine (with enhancer Sodium Chloride solution), which is eco-friendly and comfortable on the skin. The study also used fresh coconut oil (FCO), was produced by drying process and zero waste. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of utilization of SRW and FCO in the making process of liquid hand soap, which gave good viscosity. Fresh coconut oil (FCO) was reacted with SRW (pH 11.5) for 30 minutes at room temperature (30 °C), then mixed with sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium sulfate, other additives such as dyes, fragrances, electrolyzed oxydized water (EOW, pH 2.5), Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and distilled water. EOW was produced from the ionizer machine too. After saponification process was completed (about 24 hours), the viscosity and density of the liquid soap was measured. The better composition of FCO-SRW yielding good viscosity of liquid soap was 30 to 50 ml based on 500 ml distilled water production. The viscosities of this product were 982.55 to 1,782.25 centipoises, density of 1.0049-1.1175 g/ml, and pH 7. The using of reaction product of fresh coconut oil (FCO) and strong reduced water (SRW) can increase the viscosity of liquid hand soap.
Comparative Characterization of Chitosan/Gelatin/Geothermal Silica Biocomposites in Two-Dimensional Film and Three-Dimensional Scaffold Forms
Authors: Kusumastuti Y , Larasati F , Gunawan D R , Najmina M , Putri N R E , Petrus H T B M , Kobayashi M 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Scaffold, a template resemble an extracellular matrix, contributes a necessary part in tissue engineering to accommodate the growth of cells. In the development of scaffold made from organic materials such as chitosan and gelatin, researchers have done various ways to modify its properties and one of them is by incorporate it with inorganic materials. This research explored the potential of silica derived from geothermal power plant waste as a biocomposite material for scaffold. Biocomposites with two-dimensional (2-D) film form were prepared by simple drying process at room temperature and ambient pressure, while three-dimensional (3-D) scaffold form were fabricated by freeze-drying. The obtained biocomposites were characterized by Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). In addition, swelling and degradation tests were also performed on the films and scaffolds. The results showed that there are interactions between each component in chitosan/gelatin/geothermal silica biocomposites and the addition of geothermal silica decreases the swelling and degradation rates of the biocomposites. These results indicate that geothermal silica has a high potential to be used as an additive for controlling the physical properties of chitosan/gelatin scaffolds.
The Adsorption Behaviors of Thermosensitive poly(DMAAPS) Grafted Onto EVA Porous Support
Authors: Ningrum E O 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The adsorption ability of poly(DMAAPS) grafted onto ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) porous support prepared using various polymerization times was investigated at a variety of temperatures and permeated sample volumes. The permeability coefficient through Poly(DMAAPS) was also investigated. The poly(DMAAPS) was successfully grafted onto a EVA porous support through graft polymerization in water containing DMAAPS monomer with polymerization time of 4, 6 days, and 7 days. The permeability coefficient of Poly(DMAAPS) onto a EVA porous support decreased with increasing the temperature. Additionally, the adsorption amount of cation increased as permeated volume increased.
Alternative of LNG cold exergy utilization for generating electrical energy at Gresik LNG receiving terminal
Authors: Putra S B A , Sudibandriyo M 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Gresik LNG receiving terminal will be built to meet the needs of combined-cycle power plant (PLTGU) with natural gas regasification rate of 60.95 MMSCFD. In conventional regasification process using open rack vaporizer (ORV), the potential of LNG cold exergy will be wasted to seawater which is used as a heat source from the environment. The commercially proven scheme of the regasification process with the utilization of LNG cold exergy to generate electrical energy such as Direct Expansion, Rankine Cycle and combined Direct Expansion+Rankine Cycle is simulated with Unisim computer software. The purpose of this study is to assess technically and economically three scheme mention above. The results show that the combined scheme has the ability to produce the largest electricity surplus of 39.80 kWh per ton LNG regasified with potential revenue from electrical energy sales of USD 1,140,935 per year. The energy and exergy analysis shows that this scheme also has highest thermal efficiency of 14.48% and highest exergy efficiency of 60.71%. However, based on the results of economic analysis found that Direct Expansion scheme has the highest NPV among the three schemes with a value of USD 695,032.
Thermal Pyrolysis of Polypropylene Plastic Waste into Liquid Fuel: Reactor Performance Evaluation
Authors: Martynis M , Mulyazmi  , Winanda E , Harahap A N 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe amount of plastic waste is growing over years due to the vast applications of plastics in many sectors. Of the various processes that can be used to convert solid waste into fuels, the pyrolysis process has been identified as having significant potential. Pyrolysis thermally degrading long chain polymer molecules into smaller, less complex molecules, through heat and pressure with little or in absence of oxygen. In this study, a 125 dm3pyrolysis reactor was designed and its performance was evaluated. The feedstock for the reactor was 1 kg polypropylene type of plastic waste and conducted at temperature of 250 °C, 300 °C, 350 °C and 400 °C, each process was carried out at 30 minutes and 60 minutes of operating time. The results showed that at a temperature of 400 °C, for a period of 60 minutes, a maximum yield of 88.86% liquid fuel was achieved. Obtained pyrolysis liquid fuel is comparable with the commercial fuel set by Indonesian Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources. Furthermore, the viscosity and calorific value of liquid fuel produced are close to those of kerosene, meanwhile the density is close to the density of gasoline.
Techno-economic analysis of Dimethyl Ether production using Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches as feedstock – a case study for Riau
Authors: Parbowo H S , Ardy A , Susanto H 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The increase of Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG) import in Indonesia made the government promote Dimethyl Ether (DME) as partial substitution of LPG as written in the General Planning of National Energy (RUEN) 2017. DME can be produced from biomass which abundantly exists in Indonesia. Such biomass is especially oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB) that consist of 49.07% C, 6.48% H, 0.70% N, 38.29% O, and 5.36% Ash. Techno-economic analysis of this bio-DME production plant was conducted based on literature data. The direct synthesis of DME was applied in this study, instead of using methanol as an intermediate product. Result calculated from mass and energy balance simulation was 4.1 EFB/DME. Thus, 1,090 ton per day of DME can be produced from EFB with a collecting radius of 100 km in Riau Province. Assuming 20 years plant operation with DME selling price of IDR 145,000/12-kg-LPG-equivalent and EFB price of 300 IDR/kg, economic evaluation showed that this business was economically feasible with 10.08% IRR generated. The CAPEX of this plant was 990.4 million USD and the OPEX was IDR 7,143 IDR/kg-LPG-equivalent. DME production from EFB will give the positive economics and environmental effects. Therefore, support and synergy from government, industries, and academics are needed to realize this business.
Utilization of Emission Carbon Dioxide Gas into High Economic Value Chemicals: Diethyl Carbonate
Authors: Aslya D , Febriani S , Adian F , Tetrisyanda R , Wiguno A , Gunawan S , Kurniawansyah F , Wibawa G 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Utilizing fossil fuel is always has a deficiency in the environmental aspect. The processing of fossil fuel produce high carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. It is required an effort to utilize CO2 emissions into feed of a high-economic value product of such as diethyl carbonate (DEC). The objective of this study was to develop the process of DEC synthesis from CO2 using ethanol and ethylene oxide as reactant and potassium iodide – based catalyst. The catalyst used in the experiment were binary catalyst potassium iodide (KI) – cerium oxide (CeO2) and KI – sodium ethoxide (EtoNa). The experiment conducted in cylindrical reactor equipped with stirrer and heating jacket. Reactant and catalyst were added into reactor and setting operation condition at initial pressure of 35 bar and temperature of 170 °C within 3 hours. The ratio of ethylene oxide to ethanol was investigated as well. Subsequently, the products of this synthesis were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively to determine the reaction products and DEC yield. From the experiment, DEC was successfully obtained and the highest DEC yield was found to be 7.1 % by using KI-EtoNa as catalyst at mole ratio of ethylene oxide to ethanol of 1:15 within 3 hours of reaction time.
Production of Liquid Smoke From the Process of Carbonization of Durian Skin Biomass, Coconut Shell and Palm Shell for Preservation of Tilapia Fish
Authors: Sari E , Khatab U , Burmawi  , Rahman E D , Afriza F , Maulidita A , Desti V 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The Liquid smoke can be use for food preservation, be obtained from pyrolysis of materials containing cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. The form of liquid smoke that has the ability to preserve,for their phenolic compounds,acids and carbonyl. The purpose of this research is to know the quality of liquid smoke from process of charcoal the biomass obtained from rotary pyrolysis carbonisator as fish preservative, the effect of liquid smoke on the chemical and organoleptic properties of fish, and the resilience of fish after being given smoke liquid. The metode of experiments with skin biomass of durian, coconut shell, and palm shell. Biomass is dried, then is burned in rotary carbonisator pyrolysis. The results ofthe process are namely liquid, tar and charcoal smoke. Next, Liquid smoke is precipitated and then it is distilled twice, namely ordinary distillation and vacuum distillation. Results combustion produces liquid smoke with a yield of 19% on the skin of durian, 23.6% on coconut shell, and 20.8% on palm shells. Organoleptic test results on the fish with the addition of liquid smoke from the skin of durian with a concentration of 5 % is most preferred by the panellists in terms of color, aroma, flavor, and texture.