bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enhanced Electron Collection and Light Harvesting of CH3NH3PbI3 Perovskite Solar Cells Using Nanopatterned Substrates
Authors: Chan Chia‐Hua , Lin Chang‐Rong , Liu Mai‐Chih , Lee Kun‐Mu , Ji Zhong‐Jia , Huang Bo‐Chiau 
Published: October 2018

AbstractIn this study, a CH3NH3PbI3‐based perovskite solar cell (PSC) with high power conversion efficiency (PCE) has achieved by incorporating a nanopatterned fluorine‐doped tin oxide (FTO) substrate (NPFS). This NPFS‐PSC is prepared with different structural depths (100, 150, and 200 nm) using both self‐assembly and sphere lithography techniques. As determine through the optical and electrical analysis of different PSC devices, the NPFS‐PSCs not only display the enhanced light absorption (due to the 2D diffraction grating) but also improve the electron collection efficiency by increasing the FTO/electron transport layer (ETL) and ETL/perovskite effective interface area. Compared to a planar PSC, the photocurrent density of the 200 nm etched NPFS‐PSC is enhanced from 19.27 to 23.81 mA cm−2 leading to an increase in the PCE from 14.21% to 17.85%. These results indicate that introducing the NPFS into the TiO2‐based PSC can improve both light absorption ability and electron extraction and, therefore, represents a novel, promising, high‐performance photovoltaic device.
Sensitive and Wearable Optical Microfiber Sensor for Human Health Monitoring
Authors: Li Jin‐hong , Chen Jin‐hui , Xu Fei 
Published: October 2018

AbstractSilica‐fiber‐based sensors have the advantage of being small, electrically isolated, immune to electromagnetic fields, and easily incorporated into networks. However, only few of them were used for monitoring physiological signals directly, due to their limited sensitivity, comfort, and safety. In this work, a simple architecture for sensitive and wearable photonic sensors, which are capable of strain and pressure detection for healthcare applications is reported. The proposed sensor consists of a hybrid plasmonic microfiber knot resonator embedded in a polydimethylsiloxane membrane. The mechanical sensitivity is more than one order of magnitude larger than exhibited by traditional electronic devices or other fiber devices, including Bragg gratings. In addition, the sensing of wrist pulse, respiration, and finger pulse are also experimentally demonstrated. This novel photonic‐based platform may provide a new basis for designing sensitive and wearable sensors for personalized diagnostics and physiological monitoring applications. With their potential to be embedded into networks of smart clothing and remote health monitoring of patients, these sensors possessing great biocompatibility will have a distinguished advantage in military, aerospace, and medical applications, particularly in high‐magnetic‐field environments, e.g., magnetic resonance imaging.
Impact of Phosphorescent Sensitizers and Morphology on the Photovoltaic Performance in Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Popp Johannes , Kaiser Waldemar , Gagliardi Alessio 
Published: October 2018

AbstractPhosphorescent sensitizers (PSs) are considered as a promising alternative for increasing the internal quantum efficiency (IQE) in organic solar cells (OSCs). By converting short‐lifetime singlet into long‐living triplet excitons, enhanced exciton diffusion and dissociation have been reported previously. However, only a limited increase in the OSC performance has been achieved. In this work, the interplay of the PS with both singlet and triplet excitons within organic blends is examined using kinetic Monte Carlo simulations including a comprehensive model of excitonic processes. Different morphologies of the conventional P3HT:PCBM solar cell are simulated, and the excitonic properties and their influence on the photovoltaic performance under doping are studied. The use of phosphorescent sensitization ensures high intersystem crossing and enlarges the diffusion length. An increase in the IQE of 34% is observed for a bilayer OSC. The increasing decay of triplets in proximity to the PS due to a strong spin‐orbit coupling limits the IQE. Unlike expected, triplet‐triplet annihilation does not provide a significant loss of excitons. A doped planar‐mixed molecular heterojunction outperforms an undoped bulk‐heterojunction OSC due to the enhanced exciton diffusion. A further study of optimal PS parameters predicts an increase in the IQE within bilayer solar cells by about 100%.
Twin Structure in BiVO4 Photoanodes Boosting Water Oxidation Performance through Enhanced Charge Separation and Transport
Authors: Huang Meirong , Li Changli , Zhang Li , Chen Qiao , Zhen Zhen , Li Zhihong , Zhu Hongwei 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe homojunction induced by twin structure in semiconductors is found to be highly effective in decreasing the bulk recombination. Theoretical and experimental results have demonstrated the “back to back” potentials and directional diffusion that originate from the homojunction could facilitate the charge separation and transport of BiVO4 (BVO) single crystals. As expected, the resultant homojunction can lead to significantly enhanced photocatalytic activity. To eliminate the significant reduction of performance caused by solution mediated interface recombination on exposed fluorine‐doped tin oxide (FTO), a strategy for improving substrate coverage by a new “n‐step” method is applied. The BVO photoanode with preferable twin structure and high substrate coverage ratio reaches a photocurrent density of ≈3.1 mA cm−2 at 1.23 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) and exhibits over 1.35% half‐cell solar‐to‐hydrogen conversion efficiency at 0.6 V versus RHE. This finding offers a new and effective way of fabricating twin structures to reduce bulk recombination of BVO photoanodes, which can also be applied to other semiconductors.
Nanowires in Energy Storage Devices: Structures, Synthesis, and Applications
Authors: Yu Kesong , Pan Xuelei , Zhang Guobin , Liao Xiaobin , Zhou Xunbiao , Yan Mengyu , Xu Lin , Mai Liqiang 
Published: October 2018

AbstractAccompanied by the development and utilization of renewable energy sources, efficient energy storage has become a key topic. Electrochemical energy storage devices are considered to be one of the most practical energy storage devices capable of converting and storing electrical energy generated by renewable resources, which are also used as the power source of electric vehicles and portable electronic devices. The ultimate goals of electrochemical energy storage devices are long lifespan, high safety, high power, and high energy density. To achieve the above goals, researchers have attempted to use various nanomaterials to improve electrochemical performance. Among these, 1D materials play a critical role. This review classifies nanowires according to morphologies (simple nanowires, core–shell/coated nanowires, hierarchical/heterostructured nanowires, porous/mesoporous nanowires, hollow structures) and combined forms (nanowire arrays, nanowire networks, nanowire bundles) and introduces their characteristics and corresponding synthetic methods. The characteristics and advantages of nanowires in lithium‐ion, sodium‐ion and zinc‐ion batteries, and supercapacitors, along with in situ characterization of nanowire electrode are reflected in the application examples. In the summary and outlook section, some comments are presented to provide directions for further exploring nanowire based electrochemical energy storage in the future.
CanadiEM: Accessing a Virtual Community of Practice to Create a Canadian National Medical Education Institution
Authors: Ting Daniel K. , Thoma Brent , Luckett‐Gatopoulos S. , Thomas Adam , Syed Shahbaz , Bravo Michael , Zaver Fareen , Purdy Eve , Kwok Edmund S.H. , Chan Teresa M. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractBackgroundThe rise of free open‐access medical education (FOAM) has led to a wide range of online resources in emergency medicine. Canadian physicians have been active contributors to FOAM.ObjectivesWe aimed to create a virtual community of practice that would serve as a national platform for collaboration, learning, and knowledge dissemination.MethodsCanadiEM was formed in 2016 from the merger of two Canadian websites and a podcast. Using a community‐of‐practice model, we introduced two training programs to support junior community members in becoming core editorial team members and employed asynchronous Web technologies to facilitate collaboration. We also introduced a coached peer review process and formed strategic alliances that aim to ensure a high quality of publication.ResultsCanadiEM has become a portal for readers to access a broad range of FOAM content. The website has published 782 articles. Of these, 71 have undergone a coached peer review process. The website has received over 2.5 million page views from 217 countries, and the associated CRACKCast podcast has been downloaded over 750,000 times.ConclusionsCanadiEM has succeeded in building a national multi‐interface dissemination network that fosters collaboration and knowledge sharing in emergency medicine while fostering junior digital scholars. The construction of a community of practice has been facilitated by quality assurance, training programs, and the use of asynchronous Web technologies. Ongoing challenges in sustainability include a volunteer workforce with high turnover.
Mutual Conversions Between Knill–Laflamme–Milburn and W States
Authors: Shen Cai‐Peng , Gao Ya , Su Shi‐Lei , Mao Yanchao , Liang Erjun , Chen Shu 
Published: October 2018

AbstractHerein, two proposals are speculated to realize mutual conversions between Knill–Laflamme–Milburn (KLM) and W entangled states via X homodyne measurement (HM). By one of these proposals three‐qubit mutual conversions can be realized between these two photonic polarization entangled states. The other can be generalized to convert an arbitrary‐qubit KLM state to a W state adopting a control‐NOT gate. With the increasing number of qubits, the utilization ratio of photons in the second proposal would be close to unity. Analyses of the three‐qubit mutual conversions show that the proposal has a low error rate and high utilization ratio of photons. Moreover, the fidelity can also be very high even in consideration of decoherence. The P homodyne measurement is analyzed as well to improve the precision. The proposals, especially the second one, are expected to be helpful to reveal the relationship between these two robust multiple‐qubit entanglements.
PIP2 Phospholipid‐Induced Aggregation of Tau Filaments Probed by Tip‐Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Talaga David , Smeralda Willy , Lescos Laurie , Hunel Julien , Lepejova‐Caudy Nad'a , Cullin Christophe , Bonhommeau Sébastien , Lecomte Sophie 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe morphology and secondary structure of peptide fibers formed by aggregation of tubulin‐associated unit (Tau) fragments (K18), in the presence of the inner cytoplasmic membrane phosphatidylinositol component (PIP2) or heparin sodium (HS) as cofactors, are determined with nanoscale (<10 nm) spatial resolution. By means of tip‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS), the inclusion of PIP2 lipids in fibers is determined based on the observation of specific C=O ester vibration modes. Moreover, analysis of amide I and amide III bands suggests that the parallel β‐sheet secondary structure content is lower and the random coil content is higher for fibers grown from the PIP2 cofactor instead of HS. These observations highlight the occurrence of some local structural differences between these fibers. This study constitutes the first nanoscale structural characterization of Tau/phospholipid aggregates, which are implicated in deleterious mechanisms on neural membranes in Alzheimer's disease.
Polymer blending or fiber blending: A comparative study using chitosan and poly(ε‐caprolactone) electrospun fibers
Authors: Valente Tiago , Ferreira José Luís , Henriques Célia , Borges João Paulo , Silva Jorge Carvalho 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTNonwoven membranes of poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) and chitosan (CS) were produced according to the two methods: by blending the polymers in solution followed by electrospinning – polymer blending method – and by simultaneous deposition of fibers electrospun from separate solutions – fiber blending (FB) method. The two production methods were compared by assessing fiber morphology, mass loss, swelling degree, water contact angle, and mechanical properties of the resulting electrospun membranes. Furthermore, the adhesion, proliferation, and morphology of human dermal fibroblasts on the eight types of scaffold produced were evaluated to assess if the blending method used would influence cell–scaffold interaction. Cell adhesion to the different scaffolds lied in the interval 40–60%, with the CS scaffold presenting the lowest value. Interestingly, cell proliferation was the same when comparing polymer blending and FB scaffolds having 3:1 or 1:3 PCL/CS ratios but very different when the ratio was 1:1 – the FB scaffold sustained a proliferation rate double that of the polymer blending scaffold. This work shows that, when blending polymers to improve the properties of a scaffold for tissue engineering or 3D cell culture, their spatial distribution may considerably affect scaffold's properties and should be considered as another parameter requiring optimization. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47191.
The Chemistry and Properties of Energetic Materials Bearing [1,2,4]Triazolo[4,3‐b][1,2,4,5]tetrazine Fused Rings
Authors: Wang Guilong , Lu Tian , Fan Guijuan , Li Chengqiu , Yin Hongquan , Chen Fu‐Xue 
Published: October 2018

AbstractTreatment of heterocyclic amines featuring fused rings of [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3‐b][1,2,4,5]tetrazine with fuming HNO3/P2O5 leads to six fully characterized explosives through multiple nitration and reduction or oxidation mechanism. Thus, 4‐nitro‐N‐(3‐nitro[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3‐b][1,2,4,5]tetrazin‐6‐yl)‐1,2,5‐oxadiazol‐3‐amine (3 b, TTDNF) showed high performance (D=9180 m s−1, P=36.7 GPa) and low impact sensitivity (IS>40 J) while N‐([1,2,4]triazolo[4,3‐b][1,2,4,5]tetrazin‐6‐yl)‐3‐nitro‐1,2,4‐oxadiazol‐5‐amine (4 a, TTNOA) exhibited a potential cast explosive component with low melting point at 88.2 °C and high onset decomposition temperature at 226.2 °C.
Recent Advancements in Graphene‐Based Supports of Metal Complexes/Oxides for Epoxidation of Alkenes
Authors: Li Zhifang , Yang Changlong , Cui Jinxing , Ma Yuanyuan , Kan Qiubin , Guan Jingqi 
Published: October 2018

AbstractIn the past decade, there has been great progress in the preparation and catalytic applications of graphene‐supported metal complexes/oxide catalysts. Graphene‐based materials have attracted tremendous research interest owing to special physicochemical properties, for example, unique two‐dimensional structure, high theoretical specific surface area, high electrical conductivity, and outstanding acid–base resistance properties. Graphene‐supported metal complexes/oxides have been extensively investigated, and exhibit good catalytic activity and stability in water splitting (H2 generation or oxygen evolution), oxidation/epoxidation of alkenes, C−C bond formation, and so forth. Herein, recent developments in graphene‐supported metal complexes/oxides for the catalytic epoxidation of different alkenes are summarized. Site isolation and synergistic interactions between metal complexes/oxides and graphene are the two key roles for enhancing the catalytic activity, whereas the hydrophobicity of the support can efficiently improve epoxide selectivity. In addition, the possible mechanisms of catalytic epoxidation are summarized. This review provides a feasible scheme for the potential application of graphene‐based materials and guidance for the rational design of heterogeneous catalysts for catalytic applications.
Disparities in the management of paediatric splenic injury
Authors: Warwick A M , Jenks T , Fisher R , Garrett-Cox R , Lecky F , Yates D 
Published: October 2018

Abstract

Background
The non-operative management of splenic injury in children is recommended widely, and is possible in over 95 per cent of episodes. Practice appears to vary between centres.

Methods
The Trauma Audit and Research Network (TARN) database was interrogated to determine the management of isolated paediatric splenic injuries in hospitals in England and Wales. Rates of non-operative management, duration of hospital stay, readmission and mortality were recorded. Management in paediatric surgical hospitals was compared with that in adult hospitals.

Results
Between January 2000 and December 2015 there were 574 episodes. Children treated in a paediatric surgical hospital had a 95·7 per cent rate of non-operative management, compared with 75·5 per cent in an adult hospital (P &lt; 0·001). Splenectomy was done in 2·3 per cent of children in hospitals with a paediatric surgeon and in 17·2 per cent of those treated in an adult hospital (P &lt; 0·001). There was a significant difference in the rate of non-operative management in children of all ages. There was some improvement in non-operative management in adult hospitals in the later part of the study, but significant ongoing differences remained.

Conclusion
The management of children with isolated splenic injury is different depending on where they are treated. The rate of non-operative management is lower in hospitals without a paediatric surgeon present.
Absence of infratentorial lesions in Fabry disease contributes to differential diagnosis with multiple sclerosis
Authors: Ugga Lorenzo , Cocozza Sirio , Pontillo Giuseppe , Russo Camilla , Brescia Morra Vincenzo , Lanzillo Roberta , Riccio Eleonora , Pisani Antonio , Brunetti Arturo 
Published: October 2018

AbstractBackground and PurposeMultiple Sclerosis (MS) has been proposed as a possible differential diagnosis with Fabry Disease (FD). We evaluated the incidence of infratentorial lesions in FD patients, investigating whether their presence could help in differentiating these two conditions. We explored the diagnostic accuracy of this sign alone and in combination to the involvement of corpus callosum (CC).MethodsWhite Matter lesions were retrospectively evaluated on FLAIR images available from 136 MS and 144 FD patients. Infratentorial involvement was assessed considering the whole cerebellum, and the part of the brainstem included between the occipital foramen and the upper edge of the red nucleus. Furthermore, the presence of callosal lesions was also recorded, evaluating the portion of CC included between the two external walls of the lateral ventricles.ResultsInfratentorial involvement was detectable in 119/136 (87.5%) MS patients, while it was present in only 17/144 (11.8%) FD patients. When the diagnostic performance of a positive infratentorial involvement was evaluated in combination with the presence of CC lesions, a specificity of 97%, with a positive predictive value of 96% was reached.ConclusionsWe concluded that the absence of infratentorial lesions, especially when combined to the evaluation of other typical imaging features, can help in the differential diagnosis between MS and FD.
Would 1.0 cm be a more suitable cutoff to subdivide pT1 tumors in hormone receptor‐negative and HER2‐positive breast cancer?
Authors: Wang Changjun , Zhou Yidong , Zhu Hanjiang , Huang Wei , Chen Ziyuan , Mao Feng , Lin Yan , Zhang Xiaohui , Shen Songjie , Zhong Ying , Li Yan , Sun Qiang 
Published: October 2018

AbstractBackgroundHER2+ and hormone receptor (HoR)‐negative breast cancer usually associated with poor outcome. However, it remained elusive for the prognosis of small (T1a‐T1c) HER2+/HoR‐ breast cancer. The present study retrospectively analyzed the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database to explore the clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of T1a‐T1c HER2+/HoR‐ breast cancer.Material and MethodsData for patients diagnosed with either HER2‐/HoR+or HER2+/HoR‐ T1a‐T1c breast cancer between 2010 and 2012 were obtained from SEER program. Survival analyses were conducted by Kaplan‐Meier method and Cox proportion hazard regression.ResultsTotally, 2648 HER2+/HoR‐ and 56387 HER2‐/HoR+T1a‐T1c breast cancer patients were enrolled. There was a clear trend that tumor size had a positive correlation with advanced AJCC stage (P < 0.001) and N‐stage (P < 0.001). T1a and T1b HER2+/HoR‐ breast cancer had great homogeneity in that these two subgroups had comparable survival and both showed no significant survival difference with its counterpart of HER2‐/HoR+subtype. Conversely, T1c HER2+/HoR‐ breast cancers revealed worse prognosis than T1a/T1b HER2+/HoR‐ and T1c HER2‐/HoR+tumors (BCSS HR 3.847, P < 0.001; OS HR 2.055, P < 0.001).ConclusionT1a and T1b HER2+/HoR‐ breast cancer had favorable prognosis and great homogeneity, indicating 1.0 cm may be a suitable cutoff for subclassification of T1 cancer. Future randomized clinical trials were warranted to verify this hypothesis and elucidate the biological behavior of small T1 tumor to facilitate precise medicine.
Reversible and Tunable Photoswitching of Protein Function through Genetic Encoding of Azobenzene Amino Acids in Mammalian Cells
Authors: Luo Ji , Samanta Subhas , Convertino Marino , Dokholyan Nikolay V. , Deiters Alexander 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe genetic encoding of three different azobenzene phenylalanines with different photochemical properties was achieved in human cells by using an engineered pyrrolysyl tRNA/tRNA synthetase pair. In order to demonstrate reversible light control of protein function, azobenzenes were site‐specifically introduced into firefly luciferase. Computational strategies were applied to guide the selection of potential photoswitchable sites that lead to a reversibly controlled luciferase enzyme. In addition, the new azobenzene analogues provide enhanced thermal stability, high photoconversion, and responsiveness to visible light. These small‐molecule photoswitches can reversibly photocontrol protein function with excellent spatiotemporal resolution, and preferred sites for incorporation can be computationally determined, thus providing a new tool for investigating biological processes.
Oxazoline or Oxazolinium Ion? The Protonation State and Conformation of the Reaction Intermediate of Chitinase Enzymes Revisited
Authors: Coines Joan , Alfonso‐Prieto Mercedes , Biarnés Xevi , Planas Antoni , Rovira Carme 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe enzymatic hydrolysis of chitin, one of the most abundant carbohydrates in nature, is achieved by chitinases, enzymes of increasing importance in biomedicine and industry. Unlike most retaining glycosidases, family GH18 chitinases follow a substrate‐assisted mechanism in which the 2‐acetamido group of one N‐acetylglucosamine monomer, rather than a basic residue of the enzyme, reacts with the sugar anomeric carbon, forming an intermediate that has been described as an oxazolinium ion. Based on QM/MM metadynamics simulations on chitinase B from Serratia marcescens, we show that the reaction intermediate of GH18 chitinases features instead a neutral oxazoline in a 4C1/4H5 conformation, with an oxazolinium ion being formed on the pathway towards the reaction products. The role of a well‐defined hydrogen‐bond network that operates around the N‐acetyl group, orchestrating catalysis by protonation events, is discussed.