bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
19 G aspiration needle versus 19 G core biopsy needle for endoscopic ultrasound-guided liver biopsy: a prospective randomized trial
Authors: Ching-Companioni Rafael A. , Diehl David L. , Johal Amitpal S. , Confer Bradley D. , Khara Harshit S. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Background Endoscopic ultrasound-guided liver biopsy (EUS-LB) is a safe and effective method for accomplishing parenchymal liver biopsy. The aim of this study was to compare a 19 G aspiration needle (FNA) with a 19 G Franseen-tip core biopsy needle (FNB) for EUS-LB.
Methods This was a prospective, parallel group, randomized trial comparing the tissue yields and adequacy of a 19 G FNA needle vs. a 19 G FNB needle for EUS-LB. The primary outcome was length of the longest piece of liver core specimen. Secondary outcomes were aggregate specimen length, number of complete portal triads (CPTs), and adverse events. One transgastric pass and one transduodenal pass were performed with the same needle in each patient. Specimen lengths were measured before and after histological processing.
Results 40 patients referred for EUS-LB were randomized to either the FNA group (n = 20) or the FNB group (n = 20). Both groups had similar patient characteristics. FNB biopsies yielded longer mean (standard deviation) specimen lengths (pre-processing mean 2.09 cm [0.41] vs. mean 1.47 cm [0.46], and post-processing mean 1.78 cm [0.66] vs. mean 1.05 cm [0.42]; both P < 0.001), a longer aggregate specimen length (pre-processing mean 15.78 cm [5.19] vs. 10.89 cm [4.38]; P = 0.003), and more CPTs (mean 42.6 25 vs 18.1 [9.3]; P < 0.001) compared with the FNA needle. There were no severe adverse events or difference in adverse event rate between the two needles. Post-biopsy pain was noted in 37.5 %.
Conclusion EUS-LB using the FNB needle delivered longer liver biopsy specimens with more CPTs than the regular (non-core) needle.
Neonatal Resuscitation: State of the Art
Authors: Trevisanuto Daniele , Galderisi Alfonso 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe objective of this study is to revise novel evidence and forthcoming clinical trials that focused on the gap of knowledge raised during the 2015 guidelines for neonatal resuscitation. Literature search on main topics on neonatal resuscitation published after 2015 edition of the consensus on science and guidelines was performed. Only relevant articles (mainly randomized controlled trials [RCTs] and meta-analyses) were included and presented as descriptive review. In the past years, new RCTs and/or meta-analyses have become available on umbilical cord clamping and umbilical cord milking, oxygen concentrations to start resuscitation in term and preterm infants, use of laryngeal mask, sustained lung inflation, less invasive surfactant administration, and heart rate assessment. Despite the increasing available literature on neonatal resuscitation in the past years, many interventions are still performed without robust scientific evidence. Adequately powered and well-designed RCTs are needed to optimize management of neonates at birth.
Fungal Ecology in a Tertiary Neonatal Intensive Care Unit after 16 Years of Routine Fluconazole Prophylaxis: No Emergence of Native Fluconazole-Resistant Strains
Authors: Luparia Martina , Landi Francesca , Mesini Alessio , Militello Maria Angela , Galletto Paolo , Farina Daniele , Castagnola Elio , Manzoni Paolo 
Published: July 2019

Objective We analyzed the fungal ecology of a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) over a period of 20 consecutive years following the introduction of routine fluconazole prophylaxis for all very low birth weight (VLBW; <1,500 g at birth) preterm babies. The aim was to detect the possible appearance of any ecological shifts toward the emergence of native fluconazole-resistant (NFR) fungal species.
Study Design This was a retrospective analysis of clinical and microbiological data of VLBW preterm neonates admitted to a large tertiary NICU in Italy from 1997 to 2016 and surviving more than 3 days. Colonization and infection incidence rates, both for fluconazole-sensitive Candida spp and NFR Candida spp, were calculated for each year. We compared the first 4-year period without prophylaxis (1997–2000) with the last 16-year period with use of routine fluconazole prophylaxis (2000–2016).
Results Overall, the incidence of fungal colonization significantly decreased after the introduction of prophylaxis (from 43.4% to 16.5%) as well as the systemic fungal infection incidence (from 16% to 3.7%). The proportion of colonization and infection by NFR Candida spp, on the other hand, did not increase, remaining stable throughout the 16 years of exposure to fluconazole. During the prophylaxis period, 42 of 1,172 VLBW neonates were colonized by NFR species (3.6%), and of them 11 developed a systemic infection (0.9%). During the preprophylaxis period, colonization by these particular species affected 11 of 285 VLBW neonates (3.8%), and a systemic infection involved 4 neonates (1.4%).
Conclusion Fluconazole prophylaxis is effective in decreasing Candida colonization and systemic infections in preterm neonates in NICU and did not cause emergence or shifts toward NFR Candida spp over a 16-year surveillance period.
Pulmonary Recruitment Strategy in Preterm Neonates < 29 Weeks of Gestational Age to Reduce the Need for Intubation in the Delivery Room
Authors: Petrillo Flavia , Valenzano Luigia , Franco Caterina , Calò Giovanna , Dentico Domenico , Manzoni Paolo , D'Amato Gabriele , Del Vecchio Antonio 
Published: July 2019

Background The application of noninvasive ventilation (NIV) modalities from birth in the delivery room (DR) during fetal–neonatal transition reduces the need for invasive mechanical ventilation, mortality, and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). The use of a RAM nasal cannula (RAM NC) in the DR for resuscitation results in less need for intubation, chest compressions, and epinephrine administration when compared with using a face mask for PPV in the DR.
Objective To evaluate the need for endotracheal intubation in the DR among extremely low gestational age neonates treated at birth with sustained inflation (SI) followed by a nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) (range: 6–8 cm of H2O) delivered through the RAM NC.
Study Design A retrospective study was conducted to compare the use of NIV techniques in the DR and the need for intubation in the DR in premature infants 23 to 28 weeks' gestational age from December 2016 to July 2018 (group A). These data were compared with those of premature inborn infants with similar GA born between April 2015 and November 2016 (group B). In the DR, immediately after birth, neonates in group A received SI through RAM NC followed by CPAP ranging from 6 to 8 cm H2O, whereas the neonates in group B were treated in the DR with SI administered through a face mask followed by the application of CPAP of 5 cm H2O delivered through a nasopharyngeal tube.
Results A total of 65 preterm infants 23 to 28 weeks of gestational age, 31 in group A and 34 in group B, were included in the study. The percentage of neonates intubated in the DR was significantly lower in group A (p < 0.008). In both groups, no neonates died in the DR, and no one required epinephrine and/or chest compressions. For those neonates who did not require intubation in the DR, there was no significant difference in the average FiO2 on arrival in the neonatal intensive care unit, rate of intubation within 24 hours, and use of surfactant. The incidence of BPD was similar in the two groups. Only one infant in group A developed moderate BPD, and no one needed oxygen and/or ventilatory assistance at discharge. Mortality was similar in the two groups, with a slight prevalence in group B (27.7 vs. 19.2%).
Conclusion SI with RAM NC followed by NCPAP ranging from 6 to 8 cm H2O, administered with RAM NC resulted in a significant reduction of intubation in the DR.
Concordancia Interobservador para la Validación del PI-RADS v2
Authors: Labra W Andrés , Fuente-Alba Claudio Silva , Schiappacasse F Giancarlo , Barahona Z Daniela , Skoknic B Velimir 
Published: July 2019

Objetivo Evaluar la variabilidad interobservador en el uso de la versión 2.0 del PI-RADS (PI-RADS v2), en lectores experimentados y no experimentados.
Materiales y Métodos Estudio retrospectivo de análisis de concordancia de lectores. Entre enero de 2015 y diciembre de 2016, 1.656 sujetos fueron estudiados mediante resonancia magnética multiparamétrica (RMmp) de próstata en nuestra institución. Se estimó la distribución porcentual del reporte en categoría PI-RADS v2, y con esa información, se realizó una selección de 150 casos con esquema de aleatorización estratificada a las distribuciones porcentuales de cada categoría. Dichos casos fueron anonimizados, presentados a tres lectores con cinco, cuatro y dos años de experiencia en lectura de RMmp además de tener más de un año de experiencia en el uso del PI-RADS v2 siendo leídos en forma individual. Los datos resultantes fueron analizados en forma independiente por un cuarto investigador.
Resultados El valor de kappa ponderado para los observadores fue de 0,69 (IC 95: 0,64 a 0,75). La mayor concordancia correspondió a los lectores de mayor experiencia, donde alcanza un valor de 0,72 (IC 95%: 0,69 a 0,76). La concordancia entre los valores PI-RADS que determinan seguimiento o bien una intervención de acuerdo a elementos clínicos (1–2–3) y conducta activa (4–5) correspondió a 0,70 (IC 95%: 0,59 a 0,78).
Discusión Se logró demostrar un acuerdo sustancial entre radiólogos utilizando el PI-RADS v2 para la detección en RMmp de lesiones sospechosas, mayor entre los dos lectores más experimentados. Sin embargo, la comparación del lector de menor experiencia con los de mayor experiencia también presentó una importante concordancia. Los valores de concordancia entre observadores para PI-RADS ≥4 fueron similares a los reportados en la literatura.
Conclusiones El PI-RADS v2 ha demostrado en nuestro centro, con radiólogos dedicados a imágenes de abdomen y estudios de próstata, un alto nivel de acuerdo en la interpretación de la RMmp de próstata, encontrándose a tono con lo reportado en la literatura.
Mitigation of Antibiotic-Inducted Toxicity in Equine Chondrocytes by Soybean/Glucosamine/Chondroitin Combination
Authors: Mochal-King Cathleen A. , Rashmir Ann M. , Fortuno Lowella V. , Grzanna Mark W. , Au Angela Y. , Dougherty Jillian , Frondoza Carmelita G. 
Published: July 2019

Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of amikacin (AK) and enrofloxacin (EF) at concentrations consistent with those obtained by intra-articular and intravenous regional limb perfusion on both cytotoxicity and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production by equine chondrocytes. This study also determines if PGE2 production could be reduced by avocado/soybean unsaponifiables (ASU), glucosamine (GLU) and chondroitin sulphate (CS).
Study Design Chondrocytes were grown in monolayer from the articular cartilage of 12 horses and treated with clinically relevant concentrations of AK and EF, with or without the combination of ASU + GLU + CS. Positive controls consisted of chondrocytes that were activated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Chondrocyte response was evaluated using both MTT cytotoxicity assay and immunoassay for PGE2 production.
Results Amikacin and EF generated a dose-dependent cytotoxicity. Amikacin induced 90% cell death at a concentration of 25 mg/mL. Enrofloxacin induced 90% cell death at 1.0 mg/mL and 98% cell death at 10 mg/mL (p < 0.05). Amikacin failed to induce PGE2 production at any of the concentrations studied. In contrast, EF and the positive control (LPS) induced PGE2 production at all concentrations. Induction of PGE2 by EF at all concentrations was significantly reduced (p < 0.05) by pre-treatment with ASU + GLU + CS.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance Horses receiving commonly used dosages of AK and EF may benefit from administration of ASU + GLU + CS.
Conclusion
Authors: Thibodeau Paul H. , Perrez Julien , Reuchamps Min 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The concluding chapter discusses political, linguistic, psychological, and methodological dimensions related to the study of political metaphor. It highlights common themes discussed in the primary chapters, noting points of convergence in the research questions being investigated, the methods used to investigate them, and the findings they reveal. In synthesizing some of these contributions, we hope to point towards potentially fruitful avenues of future research.
A narrative approach to media reporting of the Arab-Israeli conflict 2000–2010
Authors: Haj Omar Husam 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Narrative shapes conflict, influencing its outcomes and the parties involved in it. Translations reported by media
lie in the heart of this dynamism as translation plays a crucial role in enabling narratives to cross cultural and linguistic
barriers. This paper adopts a narrative approach to the analysis of media reporting of political discourse communicated during the
Arab-Israeli conflict. The data under analysis is mainly derived from three conflicts: The Second Intifada 2000–2005, Lebanon War
2006 and Gaza War 2008/9. The study suggests that competing narratives have manifested themselves differently in the media
reporting of the discourse. Statements have been framed and events labelled through the translations reported by media in line
with the agenda of politically affiliated media outlets. Using various forms of framing and features of narrativity, conflicting
parties have sought to promote their versions of the narrative on the conflict.
A Worldwide Web of Words
Authors: Wardle Mary 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe analogy of aréseauor network is one of the most powerful of our age and, while often represented as a neat set of interconnections with all points linked to others in geometrical patterns, the reality can be quite different: more useful is the Rhizome analogy, modelled on plants such as orchids and bamboo, with no centres and no defined boundaries; the Internet, for example, is a profoundly rhizomatic structure.The analysis presented is that of a ‘traditional’ printed text, Raymond Queneau’sExercices de style, itself a study in rewriting, and examines the ST within its intertextual web, touching on its interlingual translations into English and Italian, its intersemiotic translations into song, comic book and theatre work, and some of the countless paratextual elements surrounding theExercices, with the ultimate objective of analysing how all these elements cannot but now influence our reception of the original source text.
La restitution de l’« effet-monde » dans le récit
Authors: Zhang Wen 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This article aims to study the recreation of the “world-effect” in the translation of a narrative text.
Using a corpus made up of three Chinese translations of Charles Perrault’s Sleeping Beauty published in different
periods, we find that in the translation of children’s literature, the translator may face various difficulties (ex. the
sociohistorical constraints, editorial policy…). Thus, he often tends to adopt different strategies (Chinesizing, exotisizing,
infantilizing) which would inevitably lead to different effects for the target readership.
Challenges in the contrastive study of discourse markers
Authors: Aijmer Karin 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
I argue that the position of the discourse
markers in the utterance should be part of the contrastive analysis
on the basis of a corpus case study of then and its
Swedish cognate då. The focus for the contrastive
analysis has been on then which has been studied
both in the left and the right periphery while då
has been investigated only in its use in the right periphery.
English and Swedish then/då seem to have partly
overlapping polysemies reflecting the fact that they are not
completely grammaticalized. However, when we take the position of
then/då into account there are differences
between them reflecting both the uncertain distinction between their
uses as discourse marker or modal particle and that languages prefer
different strategies.
A preliminary typology of interactional figures based on a tool
for visualizing conversational structure
Authors: Espinosa-Guerri Guadalupe , García-Ramón Amparo 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The aim of this paper is to study interactional
structure based on the connections between interventions (or
turns) in a dialogue. Dialogic discourse is
understood as an organization that connects each intervention to
other interventions on both sides of it. We use a visualization tool
to connect interventions based on the types of reactive and
initiative relations between them. The result is a visual
representation of the whole conversation, which can be used for the
systematic analysis of structural phenomena and the detection of
phenomena which might have been previously unnoticed.
A corpus-based comparative study of concessive connectives in
English, German and Spanish
Authors: Gast Volker 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This contribution presents a comparative,
corpus-based study of the arguably most common concessive
connectives of English, German and Spanish, i.e., although,
obwohl and aunque. Concessive
connectives cover a broad range of contexts and the question arises
to what extent prima facie equivalents such as the
three connectives under analysis in this study differ with respect
to parameters of concessivity identified in the relevant literature.
The study shows that obwohl differs
significantly from aunque and
although in exhibiting a strong bias towards
‘canonical’ concessivity, while the latter connectives
(aunque to a greater extent than
although) are also commonly used in
non-canonical, specifically ‘relativizing’ concessives. Some further
distributional differences are identified (with respect to the level
of linking, the givenness status and the topic-comment structure of
the concessive), but they are largely consequences of the
asymmetries in the ‘basic’ type of semantic relation (canonical,
relativizing, adversative). As far as structural properties of the
concessive clauses are concerned, obwohl-clauses
differ from although- and
aunque-clauses in that they rarely precede the main
clause. This tendency cannot be explained in terms of length, or the
functional parameters under investigation, and is thus regarded as a
property of the connectives themselves.
Processing patterns of focusing in Spanish
Authors: Cruz Adriana , Loureda Óscar 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Different kinds of focusing relations that encode
different assumptions are expected to exhibit different kinds of
processing patterns (Loureda
et al. 2015; Lowder
and Gordon 2015; Nadal et al. 2016). In this paper, we present findings
of an eye tracking study that takes under consideration two
different types of focusing relations in pragmatic scales in Spanish
(Rooth 1985; König 1991; Rooth 1992; Kenesei 2006; Portolés 2007, 2009): (a1)
unmarked identificational foci that have primarily identificational
value, (a2) unmarked restrictive foci that present a conceptual
restriction, and (b) contrastive foci, marked by the focus operator
incluso (‘even’) that due to its procedural
meaning restricts the inferential processes in communication (Karttunen and Peters 1979;
Blakemore 1987, 1992; Portolés 2007). According to the findings,
this paper claims that (1) utterances with unmarked and marked focus
do not present different global processing efforts (utterances with
marked focus have more encoded information but the focus operator generates a
control and acceleration effect), (2) utterances with unmarked and
marked foci present different intern processing patterns: unmarked
(conceptual) and marked (procedural) patterns and (3) that different
processing patterns lead to different inferential processes.
Task preparedness
Authors: Ellis Rod 
Published: July 2019

The role of pre-task options in task-based language teaching has received considerable attention, most notably in the work of Peter Skehan. They constitute implementation variables that affect the complexity, accuracy and fluency (CAF) of language production and also, potentially language, development. Initially researchers focused on one preparedness option – pre-task planning – but subsequently broadened this to include within-task planning and rehearsal (i.e. task repetition). More recently a wider range of preparedness options have been investigated, including the pre-teaching of language and topic familiarity. This chapter reviews research on these different options, expanding the survey in Ellis (2005; 2009). In the case of rehearsal, I conclude that it enhances fluency and complexity but is only likely to lead to greater accuracy when combined with some other option such as form-focused instruction between repetitions. Pre-task planning is a complex activity that can vary in a number of ways – for example, the amount of time allocated to it and whether it is guided or unguided – and its impact on task performance depends on learner factors such as working memory. Overall, pre-task planning has been shown to lead to greater fluency and complexity but is less likely to enhance accuracy. Online planning has a powerful effect on how a task is performed, resulting in both increased accuracy and complexity. Relatively little research has investigated how pre-task instruction affects performance of a task but there is some evidence that it can result in increased accuracy albeit with a possible negative impact on fluency and complexity. The chapter concludes with some suggestions for future research, in particular the need to investigate the cognitive and affective processes involved when learners engage with different kinds of preparedness activities and how these processes relate to task performance, and also the impact that task options have on language development as well as language production.