bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Constraining Conceptual Hydrological Models With Multiple Information Sources
Authors: Nijzink R. C. , Almeida S. , Pechlivanidis I. G. , Capell R. , Gustafssons D. , Arheimer B. , Parajka J. , Freer J. , Han D. , Wagener T. , van Nooijen R. R. P. , Savenije H. H. G. , Hrachowitz M. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe calibration of hydrological models without streamflow observations is problematic, and the simultaneous, combined use of remotely sensed products for this purpose has not been exhaustively tested thus far. Our hypothesis is that the combined use of products can (1) reduce the parameter search space and (2) improve the representation of internal model dynamics and hydrological signatures. Five different conceptual hydrological models were applied to 27 catchments across Europe. A parameter selection process, similar to a likelihood weighting procedure, was applied for 1,023 possible combinations of 10 different data sources, ranging from using 1 to all 10 of these products. Distances between the two empirical distributions of model performance metrics with and without using a specific product were determined to assess the added value of a specific product. In a similar way, the performance of the models to reproduce 27 hydrological signatures was evaluated relative to the unconstrained model. Significant reductions in the parameter space were obtained when combinations included Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer ‐ Earth Observing System and Advanced Scatterometer soil moisture, Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment total water storage anomalies, and, in snow‐dominated catchments, the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer snow cover products. The evaporation products of Land Surface Analysis ‐ Satellite Application Facility and MOD16 were less effective for deriving meaningful, well‐constrained posterior parameter distributions. The hydrological signature analysis indicated that most models profited from constraining with an increasing number of data sources. Concluding, constraining models with multiple data sources simultaneously was shown to be valuable for at least four of the five hydrological models to determine model parameters in absence of streamflow.
Strong Influence of Eddy Length on Boreal Summertime Extreme Precipitation Projections
Authors: Tandon Neil F. , Nie Ji , Zhang Xuebin 
Published: September 2018

AbstractPrevious research has shown that projected changes in the horizontaleddy lengthof ascending anomalies likely drive subtropical changes in large‐scale ascent during extreme precipitation events (extreme ascent), which in turn strongly influence regional projections of extreme precipitation. Here we present evidence that this eddy length effect extends into the Northern Hemisphere extratropics during the summer season. This is shown by analyzing output from a large ensemble of the Canadian Earth System Model version 2 as well as models participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5. As found previously, the changes in eddy length are associated with changes in aneffective stabilityquantity that combines dry and moist effects. It is shown that the change of extreme ascent associated with a projected change of eddy length agrees with expectations based on analysis of internal variability of extreme ascent and eddy length during the historical period.
Chemical Effects on Subcritical Fracture in Silica From Molecular Dynamics Simulations
Authors: Rimsza Jessica M. , Jones Reese E. , Criscenti Louise J. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractFracture toughness of silicates is reduced in aqueous environments due to water‐silica interactions at the crack tip. To investigate this effect, classical molecular dynamics simulations using the bond‐order‐based reactive force field (ReaxFF) were used to simulate silica fracture. The chemical and mechanical aspects were separated by simulating fracture in (a) a vacuum with dynamic loading, (b) an aqueous environment with dynamic loading, and (c) an aqueous environment with static subcritical mechanical loading to track silica dissolution. The addition of water to silica fracture reduced the silica fracture toughness by ~25%, a trend consistent with experimentally reported results. Analysis of Si─O bonds in the process zone and calculations of dissipation energy associated with fracture indicated that water relaxes the entire process zone and not just the surface. Additionally, the crack tip sharpens during fracture in water and an increased number of microscopic propagation events occur. This results in earlier fracture in systems with increasing mechanical loading in aqueous conditions, despite the lack of significant silica dissolution. Therefore, the threshold for Si─O bond breakage has been lowered in the presence of water and the reduction in fracture toughness is due to structural and energetic changes in the silica, rather than specific dissolution events.
Calculation of Thermal Conductivity of Low‐Porous, Isotropic Plutonic Rocks of the Crust at Ambient Conditions From Modal Mineralogy and Porosity: A Viable Alternative for Direct Measurement?
Authors: Fuchs S. , Förster H. ‐J. , Braune K. , Förster A. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThermal conductivity (λ) is an essential physical property of minerals and rocks and fundamental in constraining the thermal field of the lithosphere. In case that adequate samples to measure λ are not available, it could be indirectly inferred from calculation. One of the most widely applied indirect methods for rocks involve modal mineralogy and porosity as parameters that are incorporated into mathematical mean or mixing models. Robust inferences from these approaches for crystalline rocks were impeded by a small number of studied samples or restriction to certain rock types. We employ this method and examine its applicability to low‐porosity plutonic rocks by calculating bulk thermal conductivity λb for 45 samples covering the entire range from gabbro/diorite to granite. We show that the use of the harmonic‐mean model for both rock matrix and porosity provided a good match between λb.meas and λb.calc of <10% deviation (2σ), with relative and absolute errors amounting to 1.4 ± 9.7% and 4.4 ± 4.9%, respectively. The results of our study constitute a big step forward to a robust conclusion on the overall applicability of the harmonic‐mean model for inferring λb of isotropic, low‐porosity, mafic to silicic plutonic and metamorphic rocks with an acceptable magnitude of error. Drill cuttings and enclaves form particularly interesting objects for application of this method, as they are poorly suited for direct λ measurement. Well‐derived λ values for those rocks would permit to calculate heat flow and to model more profoundly the thermal state of the deeper lithosphere.
Observation of Quasiperiodic Structures in the Hydroxyl Airglow on Scales Below 100 m
Authors: Franzen Christoph , Espy Patrick Joseph , Hibbins Robert Edward , Djupvik Anlaug Amanda 
Published: September 2018

AbstractGravity waves are known to transport energy and momentum to the middle atmosphere. The breaking processes associated with divergence of fluxes of energy and momentum into the atmosphere occur on scales that cannot be resolved in models and therefore have to be parameterized. The question remains as to whether it is possible to use a turbulence model on scales below 100 m and what kind of turbulence model should that be. Here we use high spatial resolution observations of the OH nightglow located near 90‐km altitude from the Nordic Optical Telescope to observe quasiperiodic structures down to horizontal scales of 4.5 m. These results indicate that a Kolmogorov type of energy cascade model of turbulence with a −5/3 power law appears to be satisfied down to these short, 4.5‐m scales.
A Novel Calibration Method for Pure Rotational Raman Lidar Temperature Profiling
Authors: He Jingxi , Chen Siying , Zhang Yinchao , Guo Pan , Chen He 
Published: September 2018

AbstractWe propose a new calibration method for pure rotational Raman (PRR) lidar temperature profiling based on the different temperature sensitivities of Stocks and anti‐Stocks PRR lines. This method reconstructs the expression of the differential backscatter cross section according to the temperature dependencies of each component and forms a temperature factor and a calibration factor in the intensity ratio. With these factors, the temperature is retrievable from the lidar return. The effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed method have been verified through simulations and experiments. The inversion error can be reduced by ~50% compared with the commonly used calibration methods in weak signal‐to‐noise situations.
Discovery of Major Basement‐Cored Uplifts in the Northern Galiuro Mountains, Southeastern Arizona: Implications for Regional Laramide Deformation Style and Structural Evolution
Authors: Favorito Daniel A. , Seedorff Eric 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe Laramide orogeny is poorly understood in southeastern Arizona, largely because of complex structural overprinting by mid‐Cenozoic extension that occurred over large areas. This study integrates new geological mapping with previous work, combined with structural reconstructions and forward modeling, to determine the primary structural style, timing, evolution, and kinematics of Laramide shortening in the northern Galiuro Mountains. Cenozoic normal faulting in the study area is minor and has only resulted in up to 13° of eastward tilting, as indicated by the gentle dips of synextensional strata. Detailed mapping has revealed newly identified reverse fault systems measuring at least 50 km in combined strike length. Each major fault strikes north‐northwest, dips moderately to the west, places older rocks on younger, and has related fault‐propagation folds. Once restored to their original orientation, reverse faults range in dip from 38° to 47°. These moderate dips of faults combined with related folds, the significant degree of basement involvement, and cover sequence lacking obvious penetrative deformation indicate that these faults are thick‐skinned, basement‐cored uplifts. Forward modeling and Cenozoic erosion surfaces suggest regionally extensive Laramide‐age tilting to the west‐southwest and gentle folding, possibly caused by a regional‐scale reverse fault underlying the study area. These results are consistent with the interpretation that Laramide shortening in southeastern Arizona was primarily characterized by thick‐skinned tectonics. Kinematic indicators, folded basement rocks, north‐northwest strikes of reverse faults, and lack of evidence for basin inversion suggest that preexisting basement faults and fabrics had little or no effect on the subsequent structural evolution.
Dependency and Redundancy: How Information Theory Untangles Three Variable Interactions in Environmental Data
Authors: Weijs S. V. , Foroozand H. , Kumar A. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractIn this paper, we comment on the recent two‐part paper by Goodwell and Kumar (2017a, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016WR020216, 2017b, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016WR020218) on quantifying three‐way interactions between variables using information theory. Their proposed method of partitioning interactions into unique, redundant, and synergistic information is valuable and has potential other applications in the field of water resources. We present an example to investigate the generality of their assumption that redundancy follows from dependency of the sources. In the broader context of information theoretical methods in the geosciences, we argue that implementation challenges stem mostly from issues that are intrinsic to learning patterns from limited data. These issues are only hidden by assumptions, but not absent, when using conventional correlation‐based methods. The flexibility of individually choosing assumptions in information theoretical methods gives them a myriad of potential applications in the study of complex systems.
A Statistical Approach to Mapping Flood Susceptibility in the Lower Connecticut River Valley Region
Authors: Giovannettone Jason , Copenhaver Tom , Burns Margot , Choquette Scott 
Published: September 2018

AbstractFlood susceptibility in the Lower Connecticut River Valley Region attributable to nonclimatic flood risk factors is mapped using a quantitative method using logistic regression. Flood risk factors considered include elevation, slope, curvature (concave, convex, or flat), distance to water, land cover, vegetative density, surficial materials, soil drainage, and impervious surface. Values of factors at point locations were correlated to whether a location was located within or outside of the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency 100‐year Special Flood Hazard Area (SFHA). The Lower Connecticut River Valley Region was divided into urban, rural, and coastal subregions to assess the differences in factor contributions to flood susceptibility between different region types; for each region flood risk factors were extracted from 4,000 points, of which an equal number were within or outside of the 100‐year SFHA. Logistic regression coefficients were obtained. It was found that elevation and distance to water have the greatest contribution to flood susceptibility in the urban and coastal subregions, whereas distance to water and surficial materials dominate in the rural subregion. The contribution of land use to flood susceptibility increased by over 200% between the rural and urban regions. Probabilities of flooding were computed using each regional logistic regression equation. Several areas classified as very high risk (80–100%) and high risk (60–80%) were located outside of the SFHA and included several types of infrastructure critical for human health, safety, and education. This study demonstrates the utility of logistic regression as an efficient methodology to map regional flood susceptibility.
Agmatine modulates spontaneous activity in neurons of the rat medial habenular complex—a relevant mechanism in the pathophysiology and treatment of depression?
Authors: Weiss Torsten , Bernard René , Bernstein Hans-Gert , Veh Rüdiger W. , Laube Gregor 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe dorsal diencephalic conduction system connects limbic forebrain structures to monaminergic mesencephalic nuclei via a distinct relay station, the habenular complexes. Both habenular nuclei, the lateral as well as the medial nucleus, are considered to play a prominent role in mental disorders like major depression. Herein, we investigate the effect of the polyamine agmatine on the electrical activity of neurons within the medial habenula in rat. We present evidence that agmatine strongly decreases spontaneous action potential firing of medial habenular neurons by activating I1-type imidazoline receptors. Additionally, we compare the expression patterns of agmatinase, an enzyme capable of inactivating agmatine, in rat and human habenula. In the medial habenula of both species, agmatinase is similarly distributed and observed in neurons and, in particular, in distinct neuropil areas. The putative relevance of these findings in the context of depression is discussed. It is concluded that increased activity of the agmatinergic system in the medial habenula may strengthen midbrain dopaminergic activity. Consequently, the habenular–interpeduncular axis may be dysregulated in patients with major depression.
PYK2 negatively regulates the Hippo pathway in TNBC by stabilizing TAZ protein
Authors: Kedan Amir , Verma Nandini , Saroha Ashish , Shreberk-Shaked Michal , Müller Anna-Katharina , Nair Nishanth Ulhas , Lev Sima 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe tumor suppressor Hippo pathway negatively regulates the transcriptional coactivators Yes-associated protein (YAP) and transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) to inhibit cell growth and control organ size, whereas activation of YAP and TAZ is implicated in tumorigenesis and cancer metastasis. Here, we report that the nonreceptor tyrosine kinase PYK2 positively regulates TAZ and YAP transcriptional activity in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). We found that inhibition of PYK2 expression or its kinase activity substantially affects the steady-state level of TAZ and markedly facilitates its proteasomal degradation. This effect was specific to PYK2 inhibition and was not obtained by inhibition of FAK. Destabilization of TAZ was associated with profound effect of PYK2 inhibition on cell growth at low-density concomitant with reduced expression of TAZ-target genes and induction of cell apoptosis. We further show that PYK2 enhances the tyrosine phosphorylation of both TAZ and LATS1/2 and concomitantly TAZ stability, and that PYK2 protein level correlates with the level of TAZ protein in primary breast tumors. Together these observations suggest that PYK2 is an important regulator of the Hippo pathway, and its tyrosine kinase activity has a striking effect on TAZ stabilization and activation in TNBC.
High PGAM5 expression induces chemoresistance by enhancing Bcl-xL-mediated anti-apoptotic signaling and predicts poor prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma patients
Authors: Cheng Jingjing , Qian Dong , Ding Xiaofeng , Song Tianqiang , Cai Muyan , Dan Xie  , Wang Yuwen , Zhao Jinlin , Liu Zhuang , Wu Zhiqiang , Pang Qingsong , Zhu Li , Wang Ping , Hao Xishan , Yuan Zhiyong 
Published: September 2018

AbstractHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the one of most common and deadly cancers, and is also highly resistant to conventional chemotherapy treatments. Mitochondrial phosphoglycerate mutase/protein phosphatase (PGAM5) regulates mitochondrial homeostasis and cell death, however, little is known about its roles in cancer. The aim of this study was to explore the clinical significance and potential biological functions of PGAM5 in hepatocellular carcinoma. For the first time, our results show that PGAM5 is significantly upregulated in HCC compared with corresponding adjacent noncancerous hepatic tissues and high PGAM5 expression is an independent predictor of reduced survival times in both univariate and multivariate analyses. Additionally, in vivo and in vitro studies showed that depleting PGAM5 expression inhibited tumor growth and increased the 5-fluorouracil sensitivity of HCC cells. Conversely, restoring PGAM5 expression in PGAM5-knockdown cells dramatically enhanced HCC cell resistance to 5-fluorouracil. Importantly, we demonstrated that the mechanism of 5-fluorouracil resistance conferred to HCC cells by PGAM5 was via inhibiting BAX- and cytochrome C-mediated apoptotic signaling by interacting and stabilizing Bcl-xL. Consistently, in the same cohorts of HCC patient tissues, Bcl-xL expression was positively correlated with PGAM5, and together predicted poor prognoses. In Conclusion, Our data highlight the molecular etiology and clinical significance of PGAM5 in HCC. Targeting the novel signaling pathway mediated by PGAM5/Bcl-xL may represent a new therapeutic strategy to improve the survival outcomes of HCC patients.
A novel human IL-2 mutein with minimal systemic toxicity exerts greater antitumor efficacy than wild-type IL-2
Authors: Chen Xi , Ai Xiaojie , Wu Chunlian , Wang Heyong , Zeng Gang , Yang Peixin , Liu Gentao 
Published: September 2018

AbstractIL-2 is critical to the activation, growth, and survival of T cells and NK cells, and maintains the delicate balance between auto-immunity and anti-neoplasm surveillance. High IL-2 doses have clear antitumor capabilities, but also have severe side effects that limit its clinical use. Side effects include the vascular leak syndrome (VLS), which results in lung edema and liver damage. Therefore, a new version of IL-2 that does not induce organ toxicity would improve IL-2-based immunotherapy. We conducted a systematic screening by changing one amino acid at a time at the interaction area of IL-2 with its receptor IL-2R to select one particular mutant IL-2, FSD13, in which the proline at position 65 was substituted by lysine (P65L). FSD13 had a greater ability than wild-type IL-2 in stimulating CD4+ T, CD8+ T, and NK cell proliferation, enhancing the expression of CD69, CD183, CD44, and CD54 in these cells, and triggering cancer cell apoptosis. FSD13 had three-time lower than wild-type IL-2 in inducing CD4+ T to Tregs. Compared with wild-type IL-2, FSD13 greatly limited the growth, invasion into adjacent tissues, and metastasis of melanoma metastatic into the lung. In contrast to wild-type IL-2, high dose of FSD3 did not alter structures and induce any pathogenic changes in the liver and lung. Thus, we generated a novel the IL-2 mutant, FSD13, by targeting a different area than previously reported. FSD13 surpasses the wild-type IL-2’s ability in stimulating the antitumor immune cell functions, but exerts much less systemic toxicity.
Connecting nth order generalised quantum Rabi models: Emergence of nonlinear spin-boson coupling via spin rotations
Authors: Casanova Jorge , Puebla Ricardo , Moya-Cessa Hector , Plenio Martin B. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractWe establish an approximate equivalence between a generalised quantum Rabi model and its nth order counterparts, where spin-boson interactions are nonlinear as they comprise a simultaneous exchange of n bosonic excitations. Although there exists no unitary transformation between these models, we demonstrate their equivalence to a good approximation in a wide range of parameters. This shows that nonlinear spin-boson couplings, i.e., nth order quantum Rabi models, are accessible to quantum systems with only linear coupling between boson and spin modes by simply adding spin rotations and after an appropriate transformation. Furthermore, our result prompts novel approximate analytical solutions to the dynamics of the quantum Rabi model in the ultrastrong coupling regime improving previous approaches.
Sphaerocyclamide, a prenylated cyanobactin from the cyanobacterium Sphaerospermopsis sp. LEGE 00249
Authors: Martins Joana , Leikoski Niina , Wahlsten Matti , Azevedo Joana , Antunes Jorge , Jokela Jouni , Sivonen Kaarina , Vasconcelos Vitor , Fewer David P. , Leão Pedro N. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractCyanobactins are a family of linear and cyclic peptides produced through the post-translational modification of short precursor peptides. A mass spectrometry-based screening of potential cyanobactin producers led to the discovery of a new prenylated member of this family of compounds, sphaerocyclamide (1), from Sphaerospermopsis sp. LEGE 00249. The sphaerocyclamide biosynthetic gene cluster (sph) encoding the novel macrocyclic prenylated cyanobactin, was sequenced. Heterologous expression of the sph gene cluster in Escherichia coli confirmed the connection between genomic and mass spectrometric data. Unambiguous establishment of the orientation and site of prenylation required the full structural elucidation of 1 using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), which demonstrated that a forward prenylation occurred on the tyrosine residue. Compound 1 was tested in pharmacologically or ecologically relevant biological assays and revealed moderate antimicrobial activity towards the fouling bacterium Halomonas aquamarina CECT 5000.