bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detecting village‐level regional development differences: A GIS and HLM method
Authors: Wang Yanhui , Liang Chenxia , Li Jiacun 
Published: November 2018

AbstractTo respond to the problems that the previous research mainly targeted the poverty at larger scale and ignored individual effect or contextual effect during exploring poverty contributing factors, we attempt to use spatial cluster analysis and multilevel linear regression model to target the poverty at village level from the perspective of spatial poverty, so as to identify where the poor villages are, and why they are so poor, thereby targeting poverty interventions. Specially, we adopt four types of spatial cluster indices to detect the spatial aggregation distribution of villages, and design HLM model to examine the poverty contributing factors from both village level and county level. The case study from Wuling contiguous destitute area show that: (1) The overall distribution shows a spatial pattern of large scattered but small concentration, scatters‐polar core‐axis‐clump coexisted. (2) Poverty contributing factors at village level from high to low are: per cultivated area, safe drinking water access ratio, terrain type, suffered frequency of natural disasters, road access ratio, and distance from the nearest town’s bazaar. The contribution degree of county‐level factors to the villages’ poverty from high to low are: second gross enrollment ratio, per capita GDP. (3) 45.1% of the difference among the villages’ poverty degrees comes from the development differences among poverty‐stricken villages themselves, and 54.9% from that among counties they belong to. Contributing factors at village level account for 61.4% of the variation of village‐level independent variables, and factors at county level contributed to 65.3% of the variation of county‐level independent variables.
Functional integrity of honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) resistant to dieldrin γ‐aminobutyric acid receptor channels conjugated with three fluorescent proteins
Authors: Huang Q.‐T. , Sheng C.‐W. , Jiang J. , Jia Z.‐Q. , Han Z.‐J. , Zhao C.‐Q. , Liu G.‐Y. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractTo generate an efficient tool used in Xenopus oocyte expression for in situ investigation of channel receptor expression, distribution and function, the C‐terminus of the honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) resistant to dieldrin (RDL) subunit was fused with *FP, including monomeric red, enhanced yellow or enhanced green fluorescent protein (referred to as mRFP, EYFP and EGFP, respectively). In the present study, all fused *FP‐AmRDLs could be visualized using fluorescence and laser confocal microscopy in cRNA‐injected oocytes. Fluorescence was distributed isotropically in the cellular membrane. The potencies of the agonist γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA), but not β‐alanine, and the test antagonists (fipronil, flufiprole, dieldrin, α‐endosulfan, bifenazate and avermectin B1a) in the *FP‐AmRDL receptor did not significantly differ from that of the untagged receptor with two‐electrode voltage clamp detection. The half maximal effective concentrations (EC50s) of GABA in AmRDL, EGFP‐AmRDL, EYFP‐AmRDL and mRFP‐AmRDL receptors were 11.98, 12.61, 18.92 and 22.11 μM, respectively, and those of β‐alanine were 651.6, 629.6, 1643.0 and 2146.0 μM, respectively. Inhibition percentages of test antagonists against *FP‐AmRDL and AmRDL were not significantly different from each other. Overall, the consistency in functional properties between *FP‐AmRDL and AmRDL receptors makes pGH19‐*FP a promising tool for further in situ investigation of GABA receptors.
The effect of blended learning on the development of clause combining as an aspect of the acquisition of written discourse by Jordanian learners of English as a foreign language
Authors: Zibin Aseel , Altakhaineh Abdel Rahman Mitib 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThis study investigates the effect of blended learning on the development of clause combining as an aspect of the acquisition of written discourse by Jordanians who are learning English as a foreign language. Sixty participants majoring in English language at the University of Jordan took part in this study. The participants were divided into treatment and control groups, and the experimental design of a pretest and posttest was employed to test the effectiveness of blended learning on the ability of these participants to combine clauses in English using parataxis or subordination through a writing task. The results reveal that the treatment group outperformed their control group counterpart on the posttest in terms of verb morphology, distinguishing between nucleus and subordinate clauses, use of parataxis, use of subordinate clauses for temporal reference and to structure information, among others. The results also show that the use of technological devices improved students' attitudes to learning clause combining and made the learning process easier and more enjoyable. We suggest that blended learning develops the techniques of clause combining by learners of English as a foreign language, which in turn enhances their discourse knowledge in the target language and positively affects their ability to package information.
Effect of technetium‐99 conjugated with methylene diphosphonate (99Tc‐MDP) on OPG/RANKL/RANK system in vitro
Authors: Shen Shiying , Wang Weihong , Yang Chun , Xu Biao , Zeng Ling , Qian Yemei 
Published: November 2018

BackgroundRANKL and RANK play an important role in jaw resorption during the development of the ameloblastomas. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the effect of 99Tc‑MDP on OPG/RANKL/RANK system on RAW264.7 and MC3T3‐E1 cell lines in vitro and provide the theoretical basis for the clinical treatment of the jaw ameloblastoma.MethodsDifferent concentrations of 99Tc‐MDP were used to treat RAW264.7 and MC3T3‐E1 cell lines. The cell proliferative inhibition rate was analyzed by CCK‐8. Cell apoptosis and cell cycle were detected by flow cytometry. Western blot was used to detect the expression of OPG, RANKL, and RANK.ResultsTreatment of RAW264.7 cell lines with different concentrations of 99Tc‐MDP had inhibitory effects and decreased the expression of RANK protein. The cell proliferation of 99Tc‐MDP on MC3T3‐E1 cell lines was stronger at 48 hours than at 24 hours except for 100 μg/mL concentration group. Compared with the concentration of 0.01 μg/mL, the treatment of MC3T3‐E1 cells with 100 μg/mL 99Tc‐MDP showed that the cell proliferative effect decreased at 24 hours and 48 hours (P < 0.05). After treatment with 0.01 μg/mL 99Tc‐MDP, the expression of OPG in MC3T3‐E1 cells was significantly increased (P < 0.05). Compared with 0.01 μg/mL, the expression of RANKL was decreased after treatment with 100 μg/mL 99Tc‐MDP (P < 0.05).Conclusion99Tc‐MDP can induce apoptosis of RAW264.7 cells and inhibit the expression of RANK protein. The effect of 0.01 μg/mL of low concentration of 99Tc‐MDP can promote the proliferation of MC3T3‐E1 cells and increase the expression of OPG and RANKL protein. 99Tc‐MDP may have adjuvant therapeutic effects on the treatment of jaw ameloblastoma.
Habitat‐related differences in the adult longevity of two ecotypes of a specialized butterfly
Authors: Sielezniew M. , Kostro‐Ambroziak A. , Klimczuk P. , Deoniziak K. , Pałka K. , Nowicki P. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe life expectancy of adult butterflies is highly diverse. Substantial variation may be found among closely related species, and even on the intraspecific level, where it could be associated with sex, genetic differentiation, diet and weather conditions. We compared the demographic parameters of populations of the regionally endangered Boloria eunomia butterfly living in two different habitats. Across its boreal‐mountane distribution range in Europe, B. eunomia occurs in two ecotypes associated with wet meadows and raised bogs using distinct both larval and nectar plants. We carried out simultaneous studies of both ecotypes through mark–recapture surveys of two large populations in NE Poland, located close to each other. A total number of 1124 and 644 individuals were marked at the bog and meadow sites respectively, and 51 and 33% of them were recaptured at least once. The estimated adult population size of the bog population (about 3000) was twice as large as that of the meadow population, which however was characterized by more than three‐fold higher density. The emergence of imagoes was highly synchronized, and protandry was evident. The sex ratio was slightly male‐biased and the mean capture probability was significantly higher for males. More importantly, the estimated life span of males was considerably shorter than that of females at each site. Finally, both sexes of the ‘meadow’ ecotype lived significantly longer than those from the raised bog. The detected pattern can be related to distinct larval food plants and/or nectar resources, different pressures from predators, genetic variation and morphological differences affecting thermal properties. Further investigations would be useful to reveal if the shorter adult life span translates into reduced viability of bog populations and consequently whether they are potentially more threatened, at least in the southern margins of the distribution range in Central Europe.
Measuring the effects of bronchial thermoplasty using oscillometry
Authors: Langton David , Ing Alvin , Sha Joy , Bennetts Kim , Hersch Nicole , Kwok McKinny , Plummer Virginia , Thien Francis , Farah Claude 
Published: November 2018

ABSTRACTBackground and objectiveBronchial thermoplasty (BT) has been consistently shown to reduce symptoms, exacerbations and the need for reliever medication in patients with severe asthma. Paradoxically, no consistent improvement in spirometry has been demonstrated. It has been suggested that this is due to a reduction in peripheral resistance in small airways, not captured by spirometry. Therefore, in this study, we evaluate the response to BT using oscillometry.MethodsA total of 43 patients with severe asthma from two centres were evaluated at baseline, 6 weeks and 6 months post BT, using spirometry, plethysmography and oscillometry, in addition to medication usage, exacerbation frequency and the Asthma Control Questionnaire (5‐item version) (ACQ‐5).ResultsThe mean age was 58.4 ± 11.2 years, forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) 55.5 ± 20.1% predicted, forced expiratory ratio 53.0 ± 14.5% and FEV1 response to salbutamol was 14.0 ± 14.5%. Following BT, the group responded to treatment with an improvement in ACQ‐5 from 2.9 ± 0.9 at baseline to 1.7 ± 1.1 at 6 months (P < 0.005). There was an 81% reduction in exacerbation frequency (P < 0.001) and 50% of patients were weaned completely from maintenance oral corticosteroids. No changes after treatment were observed in spirometry but the residual volume reduced from 147 ± 38% to 139 ± 39% predicted (P < 0.01). Baseline oscillometry demonstrated high levels of resistance at 5 Hz with normal resistance at 20 Hz, indicating resistance in the small airways was elevated, but no changes were observed in any oscillometry parameter after BT treatment.ConclusionLung impedance measured with oscillometry did not change following BT despite marked clinical improvements in patients with severe asthma.
The effect of dynamic vulcanization on the morphological and mechanical properties of the toughened poly (lactic acid)/epoxidized natural rubber
Authors: Abdullah Nur Amira Sahirah , Mohamad Zurina 
Published: November 2018

Poly (lactic acid)/epoxidized natural rubber (PLA/ENR) was prepared by using counter-rotating twin-screw extruder. For dynamic vulcanization process, ENR was compounded with 3 phr of N, N’-m-phenylenebismaleimide (HVA-2) as a crosslinking agent. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of unvulcanized and dynamically vulcanized of ENR on the properties of PLA/ENR blend. The blending of PLA with ENR was prepared with the various composition of ENR (0 wt% to 30 wt%). The morphology and mechanical properties of the blends were investigated by using scanning electron microscope (SEM), tensile test, and impact test. The unvulcanized blend produced a co-continuous morphology of PLA and ENR and the dynamically vulcanized blend shows the dispersed ENR rubber particles in PLA continuous matrix. For both systems, the tensile strength value was dropped with the increasing amount of ENR content. The impact strength of both systems shows the maximum value at 20 wt% of ENR content. However, dynamically vulcanized PLA/ENR blend shows a better tensile strength and impact strength value as compared with unvulcanized blend.
Rack-Level Study of Hybrid Cooled Servers Using Warm Water Cooling With Variable Pumping for Centralized Coolant System
Authors: Sahini Manasa , Kshirsagar Chinmay , McGinn Patrick , Agonafer Dereje 
Published: November 2018

As global demand for data centers grows, so does the size and load placed on data centers, leading constraints on power and space available to the operator. Cooling power consumption is a major part of the data center energy usage. Liquid cooling technology has emerged as a viable solution in the process of optimization of the energy consumed per performance unit. In this data center rack level evaluation, 2OU (Open U) hybrid (liquid+air) cooled web servers are tested to observe the effects of warm water cooling on the server component temperatures, IT power and cooling power. The study discusses the importance of variable speed pumping in a centralized coolant configuration system.
The cooling setup includes a mini rack capable of housing up to eleven hybrid cooled web servers and two heat exchangers that exhaust the heat dissipated from the servers to the environment (the test rig data center room). The centralized configuration has two redundant pumps placed in series with heat exchanger at the rack. Each server is equipped with two passive (i.e. no active pump) cold plates for cooling the CPUs while rests of the components are air cooled. Synthetic stress load has been generated on each server using stress-testing tools. Pumps in the servers are separately powered using an external power supply. The pump speed is proportional to the voltage across the armature [1]. The pump rpm has been recorded with input voltages ranging from 11V to 17V. The servers are tested for higher inlet temperatures ranging from 25°C to 45°C which falls within the ASHRAE liquid cooled envelope W4 [2]. Variable pumping has been achieved by using different input voltages at respective inlet temperatures.
Next Gen Test-Vehicle to Simulate Thermal Load for IoT FPGA Applications
Authors: Parameswaran Suresh , Refai-Ahmed Gamal , Ramalingam Suresh , Ang Boon 
Published: November 2018

As semiconductor device feature size scales and circuit performance increases, power dissipation and thermal management are becoming very important. Attention to thermal considerations is required throughout the chip development cycle from preliminary architecture planning to deployment on customer board and beyond. This paper describes a versatile thermal test vehicle that can be used to address these requirements. We discuss the architecture and implementation of a specially designed test-vehicle chip, followed by its operation. The programmability and flexibility of this vehicle will be highlighted. In addition, we cover other usage of this vehicle which includes modelling of chip-level thermal behavior with different floorplan, simulating thermal loads in IoT FPGA applications, cross-calibrating thermal numerical simulators with measured silicon data and evaluating the thermal impact of different package form-factor / material (such as thermal interface material) and cooling solutions.
The abovementioned chip was fabricated using 0.18um technology and assembled in a flip-chip package. The reminder of this evaluation system is a simple, inexpensive tester from which a software is run to program the chip and to measure the spatial & temporal temperature values. Measured thermal data from different use cases are presented in this paper.
Improving Energy Efficiency in Data Centers by Controlling Task Distribution and Cooling
Authors: Nakajo Yusuke , Athavale Jayati , Yoda Minami , Joshi Yogendra , Nishi Hiroaki 
Published: November 2018

The rapid growth in cloud computing, the Internet of Things (IoT), and data processing via Machine Learning (ML), have greatly increased our need for computing resources. Given this rapid growth, it is expected that data centers will consume more and more of our global energy supply. Improving their energy efficiency is therefore crucial. One of the biggest sources of energy consumption is the energy required to cool the data centers, and ensure that the servers stay within their intended operating temperature range. Indeed, about 40% of a data center’s total power consumption is for air conditioning[1].
Here, we study how the server air inlet and outlet, as well as the CPU, temperatures depend upon server loads typical of real Internet Protocol (IP) traces. The trace data used here are from Google clusters and include the times, job and task ID, as well as the number and usage of CPU cores. The resulting IT loads are distributed using standard load-balancing methods such as Round Robin (RR) and the CPU utilization method.
Experiments are conducted in the Data Center Laboratory (DCL) at the Georgia Institute of Technology to monitor the server outlet air temperature, as well as real-time CPU temperatures for servers at different heights within the rack. Server temperatures were measured by on-line temperature monitoring with Xbee, Raspberry PI, Arduino, and hot-wire anemometers. Given that the temperature response varies with server position, in part due to spatial variations in the cooling airflow over the rack inlet and the server fan speeds, a new load-balancing approach that accounts for spatially varying temperature response within a rack is tested and validated in this paper.
Orientation Effects in Two-Phase Microgap Flow
Authors: Robinson Franklin L. , Bar-Cohen Avram 
Published: November 2018

The high power density of emerging electronic devices is driving the transition from remote cooling, which relies on conduction and spreading, to embedded cooling, which extracts dissipated heat on-site. Two-phase microgap coolers employ the forced flow of dielectric fluids undergoing phase change in a heated channel within or between devices. Such coolers must work reliably in all orientations for a variety of applications (e.g., vehicle-based equipment), as well as in microgravity and high-g for other applications (e.g., spacecraft and aircraft). The lack of acceptable models and correlations for orientation- and gravity-independent operation has limited the use of two-phase coolers in such applications. Previous research has revealed that gravitational acceleration plays a diminishing role in establishing flow regimes and transport rates as the channel size shrinks, but there is considerable variation among the proposed microscale criteria and limited research on two-phase flows in low aspect ratio microgap channels. Reliable criteria for achieving orientation- and gravity-independent flow boiling would enable emerging systems to exploit this thermal management technique and streamline the technology development process.
As a first step toward understanding the effect of gravity on two-phase microgap flow and transport, in the present effort the authors have studied the effect of evaporator orientation and mass flux on near-saturated flow boiling of HFE7100 in a 1.01 mm tall by 13.0 mm wide by 12.7 mm long microgap channel. Orientation-independence, defined as achieving similar critical heat fluxes, heat transfer coefficients, and flow regimes across evaporator orientations, was achieved for mass fluxes of 400 kg/m2-s and greater. The present results are compared to published criteria for achieving gravity-independence.
A Novel Activated Carbon Enabled Steam Generation System Under Simulated Solar Light
Authors: Mishra Ashreet , Nnanna A. G. Agwu 
Published: November 2018

A number of studies on CNT, Au and Ag solar enabled steam generation with potential application in water purification, distillation and sterilization of medical equipment. The key challenge with these nanoparticles is cost of production hence limiting its wide application for clean water production. This work for the first time, reports on activated carbon enabled steam generation hence addressing the cost limitations of metallic nanoparticles. Activated carbon has high solar absorptivity at various wavelengths of visible light under low concentration.
Experiments were carried out using activated carbon and CNT nanofluids and polyurethane membrane with immobilized activated carbon and CNT. A simulated solar light of 1 KW ∼1 Sun was used. The rate of evaporation, temporal and spatial evolution of bulk temperature in the water were monitored automatically and recorded for further data reductions. Parametric studies of the effect of nanoparticle concentration, water quality and salinity were performed. Experimental evidence showed that activated carbon has potential. We reported for the first time that optimal activated carbon concentration for maximum steam generation is 60 % vol. We also obtained a 160 % increase in steam production rate at 60 % concentration of activated carbon when compared with D.I water.
Nanoindentation Measurements of the Mechanical Properties of Individual Phases Within Lead Free Solder Joints Subjected to Isothermal Aging
Authors: Fahim Abdullah , Ahmed Sudan , Suhling Jeffrey C. , Lall Pradeep 
Published: November 2018

Exposure of lead free solder joints to high temperature isothermal aging conditions leads to microstructure evolution, which mainly includes coarsening of the intermetallic (IMC) phases. In our previous work, it was found that the coarsening of IMCs led to degradation of the overall mechanical properties of the SAC solder composite consisting of β-Sn matrix and IMC particles. However, it is not known whether the isothermal aging changes properties of the individual β-Sn and IMC phases, which could also be affecting to the overall degradation of properties.
In this study, the aging induced variations of the mechanical properties of the β-Sn phase, and of Sn-Cu IMC particles in SAC solder joints have been explored using nanoindentation. SAC solder joints extracted from SuperBGA (SBGA) packages were aged for different time intervals (0, 1, 5, 10 days) at T = 125 °C. Nanoindentation test samples were prepared by cross sectioning the solder joints, and then molding them in epoxy and polishing them to prepare the joint surfaces for nanoindentation. Multiple β-Sn grains were identified in joints using optical polarized microscopy and IMCs were also observed. Individual β-Sn grains and IMC particles were then indented at room temperature to measure their mechanical properties (elastic modulus and hardness) and time dependent creep deformations. Properties measured at different aging time were then compared to explore aging induced degradations of the individual phases. The properties of the individual phases did not show significant degradation. Thus, IMC coarsening is the primary reason for the degradation of bulk solder joint properties, and changes of the properties of the individual phases making up the lead free solder material are negligible.