bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reasoning, rational requirements, and occurrent attitudes
Authors: Lee Wooram 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThis paper explores the sense in which rational requirements govern our attitudes like belief and intention. I argue that there is a tension between the idea that rational requirements govern attitudes understood as standing states and the attractive idea that we can directly satisfy the requirements by performing reasoning. I identify the tension by (a) illustrating how a dispositional conception of belief can cause trouble for the idea that we can directly revise our attitudes through reasoning by considering John Broome's view, and (b) advancing a general argument that a standing state cannot be directly affected by reasoning. I then propose a solution: by recognizing the proper targets of rational requirements as occurrent, rather than dispositional attitudes, we can preserve the idea that we can directly satisfy rational requirements through reasoning.
You meta believe it
Authors: Levy Neil 
Published: March 2018

AbstractBecause of the privileged place of beliefs in explaining behaviour, mismatch cases—in which agents sincerely claim to believe that p, but act in a way that is inconsistent with that belief—have attracted a great deal of attention. In this paper, I argue that some of these cases, at least, are at least partially explained by agents believing that they believe that p, while failing to believe that p. Agents in these cases do not believe that ~p; rather, they have an indistinct first‐order, beliefy, representation that p. The indistinctness of this first‐order representation provides the leeway for the inconsistency seen in their behaviour.
Climate and soil moisture content during development of the first palaeosol in the southern Loess Plateau
Authors: Zhao J.‐B. , Luo X.‐Q. , Ma Y.‐D. , Zhou Q. , Chen B.‐Q. , Yue Y.‐L. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryThe scientific problems concerning Quaternary soil water content and the water cycle have not been researched. This study examined the soil water content and depth of distribution of gravitational water in the south Loess Plateau during development of the first palaeosol layer (S1) by methods such as field investigation, electron microscopy, energy spectrum analysis, chemical analysis, and so on. The purpose was to reveal the climate, water balance and vegetation type at the time when S1 developed. The depth of migration of CaCO3 and Sr were 4.2 m below the upper boundary of the S1 palaeosol, and the depth of weathered loess beneath the argillic horizon was 4.0 m. Ferri‐argillans developed well in the argillic horizon and their depth of migration was 1 m below the argillic horizon. These findings suggest that the climate during the last interglacial was subtropical and humid, and the soil‐water balance was positive. Gravitational water was present to a depth of least 4.2 m from the top of S1, and the water content was adequate for tree growth. The chemical weathering index showed that this palaeosol has been moderately weathered.Highlights
We studied the palaeo-water content index during development of the first palaeosol.
Soil water balance during development of S1 palaeosol in the south Loess plateau was positive.
Available water content was 14% during development of S1 palaeosol.
We suggest that a subtropical climate and forest vegetation prevailed.
Effects of transcranial pulsed electromagnetic field stimulation on quality of life in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Morberg B. M. , Malling A. S. , Jensen B. R. , Gredal O. , Bech P. , Wermuth L. 
Published: March 2018

Background and purposePulsed electromagnetic fields induce a protective and anti‐inflammatory effect in the nervous system primarily due to growth factor upregulation that possibly abates neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD). This study investigated treatment effects of transcranial pulsed electromagnetic fields (T‐PEMFs) on quality of life in PD and the feasibility and safety of this treatment.MethodsIn this double‐blinded clinical study, 97 participants with idiopathic PD (Hoehn & Yahr stage I–IV), on optimal medical anti‐parkinsonian treatment, were block randomized (3:3) to either active (n = 49) or placebo treatment (n = 48). Treatment with T‐PEMFs entailed one daily 30‐min home treatment for eight consecutive weeks. The 39‐item Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire (PDQ‐39) was assessed at baseline and endpoint. A special questionnaire was used to profile adverse events by interviewing the participants over the full treatment period. Treatment compliance was accounted for by daily treatment registration.ResultsThe active group improved with respect to clinical effect size for the two dimensions, i.e. mobility and activities of daily living, compared with the placebo group. No between‐group differences were found for the remaining PDQ‐39 dimensions. There were no between‐group difference in adverse events. Treatment compliance was 97.9%.ConclusionTreatment with T‐PEMFs improved mobility and activities of daily living scores for clinical effect size only in the active group, indicating a positive treatment response for motor symptoms. No difference was found between the two groups for the remaining PDQ‐39 dimensions. The treatment had no or only mild adverse events and was performed with high compliance.
Molecular and morphological evidence for new genera in the click‐beetle subfamily Cardiophorinae (Coleoptera: Elateridae)
Authors: Douglas Hume B. , Kundrata Robin , Janosikova Dominika , Bocak Ladislav 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe Cardiophorinae is consistently at the subfamily rank in recent classifications. Conversely, generic limits and relationships remain unstable. Here, we use two nuclear (18S and 28S) and three mitochondrial (rrnL, cox1–3′ and cox1–5′) markers to test phylogenetic hypotheses for the Cardiophorinae. We investigate the positions of Paracardiophorus buettikeri Chassain from the Arabian Peninsula and a simple‐clawed Argentinian Horistonotus Candèze species, neither of which matches the diagnoses of their assigned genera. Additionally, we test the monophyly of the widely defined Cardiophorus Eschscholtz by including representatives of Cardiophorus (Cardiophorus), Cardiophorus (Coptostethus Wollaston) and the former subgenus Zygocardiophorus Iablokoff‐Khnzorian and Mardjanian. Molecular analyses recover three clades, which are also supported by morphological traits. Using inferred relationships we propose three new genera: Arandelater Douglas and Kundrata gen. nov., Chassainphorus Douglas and Kundrata gen. nov., and Huarpelater Douglas and Kundrata gen. nov. for Horistonotus canescens Steinheil, P. buettikeri and an undescribed species perhaps historically mistaken for H. canescens.Horistonotus tumidicollis Schwarz is synonymized under H. canescens.Coptostethus is raised from a subgenus of Cardiophorus to the genus level with revision of its definition. Eighteen Cardiophorus (Cardiophorus) and Dicronychus Brullé species are newly assigned to Coptostethus. All species currently included in Coptostethus are listed. All Coptostethus species from South Africa are transferred to Cardiophorus (Cardiophorus). Huarpelater cordobae Douglas and Kundrata sp. nov. is described, and Horistonotus quillu Aranda is transferred to Huarpelater gen. nov. The replacement name Coptostethus cobosi nom. nov. and comb. nov. is proposed for Cardiophorus inflatus Cobos. We provide diagnoses and illustrated descriptions for the new genera and their types.
The face of risk: CEO facial masculinity and firm risk
Authors: Kamiya Shinichi , Kim Y. Han (Andy) , Park Soohyun 
Published: March 2018

AbstractWe examine whether a male CEO's facial masculinity, measured by facial width‐to‐height ratio (fWHR), predicts the riskiness of his firm. Using the face pictures of 1,162 CEOs in the Execucomp database, we find supporting evidence. Firms with more masculine‐faced CEOs have higher stock return volatility and higher financial leverage and are more acquisitive. Their frequency of acquisitions, the dollar amount spent on acquisitions, and the takeover premium are all higher. We find that more masculine‐faced CEOs’ compensation is more sensitive to the risk of the firm. The result is robust when we use AI (artificial intelligence)‐measured fWHR of the CEOs.
Digital analysis yields more reliable and accurate measures of dermal and epidermal thickness in histologically processed specimens compared to traditional methods
Authors: Turin Sergey Y. , Ledwon Joanna K. , Bae Hanna , Buganza‐Tepole Adrian , Topczewska Jolanta , Gosain Arun K. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractChanges in the thickness of the dermis and epidermis have been described in the scenario of tissue expansion as well as inflammatory skin processes (psoriasis, contact hypersensitivity and so on). These changes have previously been quantified using ocular micrometers to obtain and then average a limited number of spot measurements, leading to suboptimal accuracy. We describe a rapid method of using freely available ImageJ software to analyze digitized images of fixed skin specimens. By determining the cross‐sectional area and surface length of a skin layer, a simple calculation produces more accurate and reproducible measurements of its thickness compared to historical methods, with excellent inter‐rater reliability.
Friction stir welds in aluminium: Design S‐N curves from statistical analysis of literature data
Authors: Maggiolini E. , Benasciutti D. , Susmel L. , Hattingh D.G. , James M.N. , Tovo R. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractAppropriate S‐N fatigue design curves for friction stir welded joints in aluminium alloys are currently not specified in design codes and standards. The present paper is intended to assist in enabling standardised fatigue design for such joints, through a comprehensive statistical analysis of more than 500 individual sets of data gathered from published literature. These data are used to establish the usual design fatigue curves for welds that give a 97.7% survival probability with 95% confidence. Experimental fatigue data represent defect‐free butt joints and include both flat plate and tubular joints between similar aluminium alloys (across the range of 2xxx, 5xxx, 6xxx, and 7xxx series). Weld conditions include as‐welded, machined, and postweld heat treated under constant amplitude cyclic loading at various stress ratios in the range from R = −1 to 0.5. A systematic comparison is presented by categorising the data according to the alloy type, temper condition, postweld heat treatment, and stress ratio and the correlation with the S‐N design curves from Eurocode 9 is also considered. The fatigue curves presented in this paper will serve as a useful guideline for engineers involved in design of friction stir aluminium joints subjected to in‐service fatigue loading.
The influence of landscape and environmental factors on ranavirus epidemiology in a California amphibian assemblage
Authors: Tornabene Brian J. , Blaustein Andrew R. , Briggs Cheryl J. , Calhoun Dana M. , Johnson Pieter T. J. , McDevitt‐Galles Travis , Rohr Jason R. , Hoverman Jason T. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract

A fundamental goal of disease ecology is to determine the landscape and environmental processes that drive disease dynamics at different biological levels to guide management and conservation. Although ranaviruses (family Iridoviridae) are emerging amphibian pathogens, few studies have conducted comprehensive field surveys to assess potential drivers of ranavirus disease dynamics.

We examined the factors underlying patterns in site‐level ranavirus presence and individual‐level ranavirus infection in 76 ponds and 1,088 individuals representing five amphibian species within the East Bay region of California.

Based on a competing‐model approach followed by variance partitioning, landscape and biotic variables explained the most variation in site‐level presence. However, biotic and individual‐level variables explained the most variation in individual‐level infection.

Distance to nearest ranavirus‐infected pond (the landscape factor) was more important than biotic factors at the site level; however, biotic factors were most influential at the individual level. At the site level, the probability of ranavirus presence correlated negatively with distance to nearest ranavirus‐positive pond, suggesting that the movement of water or mobile taxa (e.g., adult amphibians, birds, reptiles) may facilitate the movement of ranavirus between ponds and across the landscape.

Taxonomic richness associated positively with ranavirus presence at the site level, but vertebrate richness associated negatively with infection prevalence in the host population. This might reflect the contrasting influences of diversity on pathogen colonisation versus transmission among hosts.

Amphibian host species differed in their likelihood of ranavirus infection: American bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) had the weakest association with infection while rough‐skinned newts (Taricha granulosa) had the strongest. After accounting for host species effects, hosts with greater snout–vent length had a lower probability of infection.

Our study demonstrates the array of landscape, environmental, and individual‐level factors associated with ranavirus epidemiology. Moreover, our study helps illustrate that the importance of these factors varies with biological level.
Formation of stromatolite lamina at the interface of oxygenic–anoxygenic photosynthesis
Authors: Pace A. , Bourillot R. , Bouton A. , Vennin E. , Braissant O. , Dupraz C. , Duteil T. , Bundeleva I. , Patrier P. , Galaup S. , Yokoyama Y. , Franceschi M. , Virgone A. , Visscher P. T. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractIn modern stromatolites, mineralization results from a complex interplay between microbial metabolisms, the organic matrix, and environmental parameters. Here, we combined biogeochemical, mineralogical, and microscopic analyses with measurements of metabolic activity to characterize the mineralization processes and products in an emergent (<18 months) hypersaline microbial mat. While the nucleation of Mg silicates is ubiquitous in the mat, the initial formation of a Ca‐Mg carbonate lamina depends on (i) the creation of a high‐pH interface combined with a major change in properties of the exopolymeric substances at the interface of the oxygenic and anoxygenic photoautotrophic layers and (ii) the synergy between two major players of sulfur cycle, purple sulfur bacteria, and sulfate‐reducing bacteria. The repetition of this process over time combined with upward growth of the mat is a possible pathway leading to the formation of a stromatolite.
Tree mycorrhizal type predicts within‐site variability in the storage and distribution of soil organic matter
Authors: Craig Matthew E. , Turner Benjamin L. , Liang Chao , Clay Keith , Johnson Daniel J. , Phillips Richard P. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractForest soils store large amounts of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N), yet how predicted shifts in forest composition will impact long‐term C and N persistence remains poorly understood. A recent hypothesis predicts that soils under trees associated with arbuscular mycorrhizas (AM) store less C than soils dominated by trees associated with ectomycorrhizas (ECM), due to slower decomposition in ECM‐dominated forests. However, an incipient hypothesis predicts that systems with rapid decomposition—e.g. most AM‐dominated forests—enhance soil organic matter (SOM) stabilization by accelerating the production of microbial residues. To address these contrasting predictions, we quantified soil C and N to 1 m depth across gradients of ECM‐dominance in three temperate forests. By focusing on sites where AM‐ and ECM‐plants co‐occur, our analysis controls for climatic factors that covary with mycorrhizal dominance across broad scales. We found that while ECM stands contain more SOM in topsoil, AM stands contain more SOM when subsoil to 1 m depth is included. Biomarkers and soil fractionations reveal that these patterns are driven by an accumulation of microbial residues in AM‐dominated soils. Collectively, our results support emerging theory on SOM formation, demonstrate the importance of subsurface soils in mediating plant effects on soil C and N, and indicate that shifts in the mycorrhizal composition of temperate forests may alter the stabilization of SOM.
Reconstructing deep‐time palaeoclimate legacies in the clusioid Malpighiales unveils their role in the evolution and extinction of the boreotropical flora
Authors: Meseguer Andrea S. , Lobo Jorge M. , Cornuault Josselin , Beerling David , Ruhfel Brad R. , Davis Charles C. , Jousselin Emmanuelle , Sanmartín Isabel 
Published: March 2018

AbstractAimDuring its entire history, the Earth has gone through periods of climate change similar in scale and pace to the warming trend observed today in the Anthropocene. The impact of these ancient climatic events on the evolutionary trajectories of organisms provides clues on the organismal response to climate change, including extinction, migration and persistence. Here, we examine the evolutionary response to climate cooling/warming events of the clusioid families Calophyllaceae, Podostemaceae and Hypericaceae (CPH clade) and the genus Hypericum as test cases.LocationHolarctic.Time periodLate Cretaceous–Cenozoic.Major taxa studiedAngiosperms.MethodsWe use palaeoclimate simulations, species distribution models and phylogenetic comparative approaches calibrated with fossils.ResultsAncestral CPH lineages could have been distributed in the Holarctic 100 Ma, occupying tropical subhumid assemblages, a finding supported by the fossil record. Expansion to closed‐canopy tropical rain forest habitats occurred after 60 Ma, in the Cenozoic, in agreement with earlier ideas of a post‐Cretaceous origin of current tropical rain forest. Posterior Cooling during the Eocene triggered diversification declines in CPH tropical lineages, and was associated with a climatic shift towards temperate affinities in Hypericum. Hypericum subsequently migrated to tropical mountains, where it encountered different temperate conditions than in the Holarctic.Main conclusionsWe hypothesize that most clusioid CPH lineages failed to adapt to temperate regimes during periods of Cenozoic climate change, and went extinct in the Holarctic. In contrast, boreotropical descendants including Hypericum that underwent niche evolution demonstrated selective advantages as climates became colder. Our results point toward macroevolutionary trajectories involving the altering fates of closely related clades that adapt to periods of global climate change versus those that do not. Moreover, they suggest the hypothesis that potentially many clades, particularly inhabitants of boreotropical floras, were likely extirpated from the Holarctic and persist today (if at all) in more southern tropical locations.
A global test of the cold‐climate hypothesis for the evolution of viviparity of squamate reptiles
Authors: Ma Liang , Buckley Lauren B. , Huey Raymond B. , Du Wei‐Guo 
Published: March 2018

AbstractAimThe evolution of viviparity in squamate reptiles has attracted considerable scientific attention since the beginning of last century. The cold‐climate hypothesis posits that cold regions favor viviparity (and therefore the incidence of viviparous squamates is increased in these regions) because viviparous females can use thermoregulatory behavior to shorten embryonic developmental time and to reduce exposure of embryos to stressful temperatures. However, a rigorous global‐scale test of the impact of viviparity on the developmental time and viability of embryos is still absent. Recently developed biophysical models and climate databases enable us to conduct a mechanistic test of this hypothesis.LocationGlobal.Time periodSummer.Major taxa studiedSquamata.MethodsWe integrated global climate data, a biophysical model, and developmental functions to quantify the effects of temperature on embryo developmental time, developmental viability, and energy consumption of oviparous versus viviparous embryos. To examine the accuracy of our predictions, we calculated the percentage of squamate reptiles that were viviparous in each region and assessed developmental temperature of gravid females, latitude and elevation as predictors for the percentage of squamate reptiles.ResultsCompared with oviparous embryos, viviparous embryos develop faster in cold regions, and experience similar embryonic developmental viability. Across most latitudes and elevations, the total energetic cost of development is lower for viviparous embryos than for oviparous embryos. Cold regions contain a higher proportion of viviparous species than do hot regions. By comparing the distribution pattern of viviparity and temperature effects on embryonic development, we found that shortened development time provided the strongest benefit of viviparity.Main conclusionsOur global and biophysical model based comparison generally supports the cold‐climate hypothesis. Moreover, viviparity in cold climates appears beneficial primarily by shortening developmental time.
The labor between farm and table: Cultivating an urban political ecology of agrifood for the 21st century
Authors: Coplen Amy K. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe variegated landscape of food production and consumption reveals a great deal about socionatural relations and processes of urbanization and globalization under capitalism. Food production has changed dramatically over time, shifting away (but never fully divorced) from the rural agrarian landscape to spaces that are characterized as industrial and/or urban. Workers transform nature at each stage in the food production process, not only on farms but also in processing plants, grocery stores, restaurants, and other spaces. This paper draws on urban political ecology (UPE) to position labor as central to understanding the socioecological relations embodied in food systems. It puts UPE in conversation with agrarian political economy, a decidedly un‐urban body of literature that nevertheless offers critical insight into the obstacles (and opportunities) that nature and labor pose to food systems development in an urbanizing world. Employing UPE's dialectic conception of humans and nature, this paper highlights the role that non‐agricultural and urban‐based food labor plays in an increasingly complex global political economy of agrifood. Seeing both the “labor” and “nature” of food from the farm all the way to the table can reveal the myriad transformations, exchanges, and socioecological relations operating within the food system.