bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development and validation of the Vietnamese Primary Care Assessment Tool – provider version
Authors: Hoa Nguyen Thi , Derese Anselme , Markuns Jeffrey F. , Tam Nguyen Minha , Peersman Wim 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Aim:
To adapt the provider version of the Primary Care Assessment Tool (PCAT) for Vietnam and determine its internal consistency and validity.

Background:
There is a growing need to measure and explore the impact of various characteristics of health care systems on the quality of primary care. It would provide the best evidence for policy makers if these evaluations come from both the demand and supply sides of the health care sector. Comparatively more researchers have studied primary care quality from the consumer perspective than from the provider’s perspective. This study aims at the latter.

Method:
Our study translated and adapted the PCAT provider version (PCAT PE) into a Vietnamese version, after which a cross-sectional survey was conducted to examine the feasibility, internal consistency and validity of the Vietnamese PCAT provider version (VN PCAT PE). All general doctors working at 152 commune health centres in Thua Thien Hue province had been selected to participate in the survey.

Findings:
The VN PCAT PE is an instrument for evaluation of primary care in Vietnam with 116 items comprising six scales representing four core primary care domains, and three additional scales representing three derivative domains. From the translation and cultural adaptation stage, two items were combined, two items were removed and one item was added. Six other items were excluded due to problems in item-total correlations. All items have a low non-response or ‘don’t know/don’t remember’ response rate, and there were no floor or ceiling effects. All scales had a Cronbach’s alpha above 0.80, except for the Coordination scale, which still was above the minimum level of 0.70.

Conclusion:
The VN PCAT PE demonstrates adequate internal consistency and validity to be used as an effective tool for measuring the quality of primary care in Vietnam from the provider perspective.
Women’s views on contact with a health visitor during pregnancy: an interview study
Authors: Olander Ellinor K. , Aquino Maria Raisa Jessica (Ryc) , Chhoa Celine , Harris Erica , Lee Suzanne , Bryar Ros 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Aim:
To explore recent mothers’ views of the health visiting antenatal contact in England.

Background:
English health visitors are mandated to be in contact with all women in the third trimester of pregnancy. The aim of this antenatal contact is to assess the needs of the family before the birth and support preparation for parenthood. Recent data show that this contact is provided fragmentarily and not always face-to-face. More information on how women view this contact could inform service provision.

Methods:
Twenty-nine mothers with a baby less than 1 year old were recruited via social media and word of mouth. Having had antenatal contact with a health visitor was not a requirement to participate in the study. Women took part in face-to-face or phone interviews and all recordings were transcribed verbatim. Data were analysed using systematic thematic analysis.

Findings:
Eleven women had contact with a health visitor during pregnancy: nine through a home visit, one via a letter and one via a phone call. The remaining 18 women were asked about what they would have wanted from an antenatal contact. Three themes were identified: relationship building, information provision, and mode and time of contact. Some participants who had experienced a home visit reported building rapport with their health visitor before the postnatal period, but not everyone had this experience. Women reported requesting and receiving information about the health visiting service and the role of the health visitor. Finally, women suggested different modes of contact, suggesting a letter or that the information about health visiting could be provided by a midwife. A few women preferred a home visit. These study findings show women were unclear regarding the aim of the health visitor antenatal contact. As such, the contact is unlikely to reach its full potential in supporting parents-to-be.
Strengthened Indian Summer Monsoon Precipitation Susceptibility Linked to Dust‐Induced Ice Cloud Modification
Authors: Patel Piyushkumar N. , Gautam Ritesh , Michibata Takuro , Gadhavi Harish 
Published: July 2019

AbstractA growing body of research has underscored the radiative impact of mineral dust in influencing Indian summer monsoon rainfall variability. However, the various aerosol‐cloud‐precipitation interaction mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here we analyze multisatellite observations to examine dust‐induced modification in ice clouds and precipitation susceptibility. We show contrasting dust‐induced changes in ice cloud regimes wherein despite a 25% reduction in ice particle radius in thin ice clouds, we find ~40% increase in ice particle radius and ice water path in thick ice clouds resulting in the cloud deepening and subsequently strengthened precipitation susceptibility, under strong updraft regimes. The observed dust‐ice cloud‐precipitation interactions are supported by a strong correlation between the interannual monsoon rainfall variability and dust frequency. This microphysical‐dynamical coupling appears to provide negative feedback to aerosol‐cloud interactions, which acts to buffer enhanced aerosol wet scavenging. Our results underscore the importance of incorporating meteorological regime‐dependent dust‐ice cloud‐precipitation interactions in climate simulations.
Statistical Study of Heavy Ion Outflows From Mars Observed in the Martian‐Induced Magnetotail by MAVEN
Authors: Inui S. , Seki K. , Sakai S. , Brain D.A. , Hara T. , McFadden J.P. , Halekas J.S. , Mitchell D.L. , DiBraccio G.A. , Jakosky B.M. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIt is important to include the effects of cold ions when we consider heavy ion outflows from Mars. We here report on statistical properties of heavy ion outflows (including cold ion outflows) observed by Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN in the optical wake region. Using data from July 2015 to December 2017, we statistically investigate the effects of solar wind convection electric fields and crustal magnetic fields on the heavy ion outflows. Results show that the average density ratio of O+:O2+:CO2+ is ~29:68:04. In the southern hemisphere where the strong crustal magnetic fields are located, the heavy ion outflow flux becomes smaller and the relative contribution of molecular ions to heavy ion outflows is larger than the northern hemisphere. The solar wind convection electric field strongly affects the heavy ion outflows. Heavy ion density is larger in the −E (electric field) hemisphere than in the +E hemisphere, while the dependence of velocity is opposite. Acceleration by the solar wind convection electric field in the +E hemisphere is expected to cause these dependencies. The heavy ion flux is larger in the −E (total O: 8.6 × 106 cm–2/s) than in the +E hemisphere (2.9 × 106 cm–2/s) due to the large density in the −E hemisphere. Velocity ratios of O+ to O2+ suggest that heavy ion outflows with large velocities tend to have the same energy to each other, while the O+ to O2+ ions are more likely to have the same velocity in outflows with small velocities.
Lateral Fault Growth in the Kashi Anticline (Chinese Tian Shan): Insights From Seismic Interpretation, Shortening Distribution, and Trishear Methods
Authors: Li Zhigang , Li Tao , Almeida Rafael , Zhang Peizhen , Zheng Wenjun , Sun Chuang , Jia Dong , Chen Zhuxin , Wang Weitao 
Published: July 2019

AbstractDeciphering the relationship between lateral growth of faults and along‐strike deformation (i.e., shortening and uplift) in the Earth's upper crust remains a challenge. Here we gain insight into the relation between these processes by studying the Kashi anticline, an asymmetric, doubly plunging thrust‐fault‐related fold located in the southwest Tian Shan, China. We use seismic interpretation and field observations, together with 2‐D trishear and excess area methods, to quantify the distribution of shortening along this structure. The shortening distribution along strike of the Kashi anticline is nonlinear and has a peaked, asymmetric, bell shape, with a maximum value of 5.9 ± 0.2 km. After comparing the 3‐D structural model of the Kashi anticline and our trishear models, we propose that lateral propagation‐to‐maximum shortening ratio, initiation fault length, and lateral propagation rate control the lateral fault propagation process and the fold terminations. Moreover, the 3‐D fault morphology and the ages of the growth strata suggest that the Kashi anticline experienced two stages of lateral growth with propagation rates of 60 km/Ma between 1.4 ± 0.2 Myr and 0.9 ± 0.3 Ma, and ~67 km/Myr from 0.9 ± 0.3 Ma to present. These observations highlight the relation between the evolution of lateral fault growth and the along‐strike shortening distribution, allowing us to use the latter (which we can measure) to infer the former (which we cannot). These novel insights from the Kashi anticline can be used to understand lateral growth of thrust and normal faults worldwide.
Challenging Vertical Turbulence Mixing Schemes in a Tidally Energetic Environment: 1. 3‐D Shelf‐Sea Model Assessment
Authors: Luneva Maria V. , Wakelin Sarah , Holt Jason T. , Inall Mark E. , Kozlov Igor E. , Palmer Matthew R. , Toberman Matthew , Zubkova Evgenia V. , Polton Jeff A. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractMixing in the ocean and shelf seas is critical for the vertical distribution of dynamically active properties, such as density and biogeochemical tracers. Eight different decadal simulations are used to assess the skill of vertical turbulent mixing schemes (TMS) in a 3‐D regional model of tidally active shelf seas. The TMS differ in the type of stability functions used and in the Ozmidov/Deardorff/Galperin limiter of the turbulence length scales. We review the dependence of the critical Richardson and Prandtl numbers to define the “diffusiveness” of the TMS. The skill in representing bias and variability of stratification profiles is assessed with five different metrics: surface and bottom temperatures and pycnocline depth, thickness, and strength. The assessment is made against hydrography from three data sets (28,000 profiles in total). Bottom and surface temperatures are found to be as sensitive to TMS choice as to horizontal resolution or heat flux formulation, as reported in other studies. All TMS underrepresent the pycnocline depth and benthic temperatures. This suggests physical processes are missing from the model, and these are discussed. Different TMSs show the best results for different metrics, and there is no outright winner. Simulations coupled with an ecosystem model show the choice of TMS strongly affects the ecosystem behavior: shifting the timing of peak chlorophyll by 1 month, showing regional chlorophyll differences of order 100%, and redistributing the production of chorophyll between the pycnocline and mixed layer.
Horizontal Atmospheric Delay Measurement Using Wireless Two‐Way Interferometry (Wi‐Wi)
Authors: Yasuda S. , Ichikawa R. , Hanado Y. , Kawamura S. , Hanado H. , Iwai H. , Namba K. , Okamoto Y. , Fukunaga K. , Iguchi T. , Shiga N. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractA method of estimating the propagation delay between two remote sites using a wireless communication module that is compatible with IEEE 802.15.4g is proposed. In our previous paper, we reported that propagation delay due to water vapor can be estimated using digital terrestrial broadcasting waves, which is a passive method from the user's view point. In this paper, we propose an active method that allows the propagation delay between two remote sites of the user's choice to be monitored, as long as a line of sight exists. A real‐time propagation delay monitoring system with wireless communication modules, (wireless two‐way interferometry [Wi‐Wi] modules,) is developed and tested. The data obtained using Wi‐Wi modules separated by 4.25 km show about 14‐cm variation of propagation delay in 1 day, in good agreement with values obtained by ground‐based meteorological observation. This study shows that this technique enables measurement of the surface propagation delay in the horizontal direction with millimeter precision and high spatial and temporal resolution at a low cost.
Climate Variability Alters Flood Timing Across Africa
Authors: Ficchì Andrea , Stephens Liz 
Published: July 2019

AbstractModes of climate variability are known to influence rainy season onset, but there is less understanding of how they impact flood timing. We use streamflow reanalysis and gauged observation data sets to examine the influence of the Indian Ocean Dipole and El Niño–Southern Oscillation across sub‐Saharan Africa. We find significant changes in flood timing between positive and negative phases of both Indian Ocean Dipole and El Niño–Southern Oscillation; in some cases the difference in the timing of annual flood events is more than three months. Sensitivity to one or other mode of variability differs regionally. Changes in flood timing are larger than variability in rainy season onset reported in the literature, highlighting the need to understand how the hydrological system alters climate variability signals seen in rainy season onset, length, and rainfall totals. Our insights into flood timing could support communities who rely on flood‐based farming systems to adapt to climate variability.
How Did South China Connect to and Separate From Gondwana? New Paleomagnetic Constraints From the Middle Devonian Red Beds in South China
Authors: Xian Hanbiao , Zhang Shihong , Li Haiyan , Xiao Qisheng , Chang Linxi , Yang Tianshui , Wu Huaichun 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe paleogeographic relationship between South China and Gondwana is critical for understanding the dispersion of Gondwana, accretion of Asia, and evolution of the Paleo‐Tethys. However, the lack of robust Devonian paleomagnetic data prevents a confirmative reconstruction of South China's connection to Gondwana and its subsequent separation during the Paleozoic. Here we report a new paleopole (33.6°N, 236.4°E; A95 = 3°) from the Givetian red beds (~385 Ma) in central South China. Fitting apparent polar wander paths between South China and Gondwana suggests that South China was connected to East Gondwana from the earliest Cambrian to Early Devonian, with its position closed to NW Australia. Thereafter, South China separated from Gondwana during ~400–385 Ma, as evidenced by their decoupled apparent polar wander paths. The paleomagnetic data suggest that the Paleo‐Tethys Ocean between South China and East Gondwana had been up to ~1,600 km latitudinally wide by ~360 Ma.
The Young Age of the LAMP‐observed Frost in Lunar Polar Cold Traps
Authors: Farrell W. M. , Hurley D. M. , Poston M. J. , Hayne P. O. , Szalay J. R. , McLain J. L. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter/Lyman Alpha Mapping Project (LAMP) ultraviolet instrument detected a 0.5–2% icy regolith mix on the floor of some of the southern pole permanently shadowed craters of the Moon. We present calculations indicating that most or all of this icy regolith detected by LAMP (sensed to a depth of <1 μm) has to be relatively young—less than 2,000 years old—due to the surface erosional loss by plasma sputtering (external ionized gas‐surface interactions), meteoric impact vaporization, and meteoric impact ejection. These processes, especially meteoric impact ejection, will disperse water along the crater floor, even onto warm regions where it will then undergo desorption. We have determined that there should be a water exosphere over polar craters (e.g., like Haworth crater) and calculated that a model 40‐km‐diameter crater should emit ~1019 H2O per second into the exosphere in the form of free molecules and ice‐embedded particulates.
Seasonal Injection Strategies for Stratospheric Aerosol Geoengineering
Authors: Visioni Daniele , MacMartin Douglas G. , Kravitz Ben , Tilmes Simone , Mills Michael J. , Richter Jadwiga H. , Boudreau Matthew P. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractSimulations of stratospheric aerosol geoengineering have typically considered injections at a constant rate over the entire year. However, the seasonal variability of both sunlight and the stratospheric circulation suggests seasonally dependent injection strategies. We simulated single‐point injections of the same amount of SO2 in each of the four seasons and at five different latitudes (30°S, 15°S, equator, 15°N, and 30°N), 5 km above the tropopause. Our findings suggest that injecting only during one season reduces the amount of SO2 needed to achieve a certain aerosol optical depth, thus potentially reducing some of the side effects of geoengineering. We find, in particular, that injections at 15°N or 15°S in spring of the corresponding hemisphere results in the largest reductions in incoming solar radiation. Compared to annual injections, by injecting in the different seasons we identify additional distinct spatiotemporal aerosol optical depth patterns, thanks to seasonal differences in the stratospheric circulation.
Imaging of the Daytime Ionospheric Equatorial Arcs With Extreme and Far Ultraviolet Airglow
Authors: Stephan A. W. , Finn S. C. , Cook T. A. , Geddes G. , Chakrabarti S. , Budzien S. A. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWe present the first global images of the daytime ionosphere equatorial arcs as manifested in the 83.4‐nm airglow. These images were collected by the Limb‐Imaging Ionospheric and Thermospheric Extreme‐Ultraviolet Spectrograph that commenced operations on the International Space Station in early 2017. We compare these to simultaneous images of the ionospheric radiative recombination airglow at 135.6 nm measured between 250‐ and 350‐km tangent altitudes, where the emission is generated primarily by radiative recombination of ionospheric plasma. We find that these signatures of the dense crests of the Equatorial Ionization Anomaly, their symmetry, and daily variability at 1300–1600 LT over 1–6 April 2017 do not show any strong periodicity during this time. These results are also important to the joint interpretation of these two correlated extreme and far ultraviolet emission features measured under solar minimum conditions and the evaluation of absorption and radiative transfer effects that affect these emissions differently.
Investigation of Mass‐/Charge‐Dependent Escape of Energetic Ions Across the Magnetopauses of Earth and Jupiter
Authors: Mauk B. H. , Cohen I. J. , Haggerty D. K. , Hospodarsky G. B. , Connerney J. E. P. , Anderson B. J. , Bagenal F. , Ebert R. W. , Bolton S. J. , Burch J. L. , Levin S. M. , Torbert R. B. , Vines S. K. , Westlake J. H. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWe present a continuing investigation of mass‐/charge‐dependent interactions between energetic ions (greater than tens of kiloelectron volts) and planetary magnetopauses and of the escape of the ions across the boundary. Previous studies at Earth using Magnetospheric Multiscale mission data are refined and advanced showing profound behavior differences between light (H, He) and singly charged heavy ions (O+). We highlight a distinctive feature of oxygen ions: an angular distribution bifurcation providing clear indication of entrainment along the magnetopause in Speiser‐like orbits during relatively stable magnetic conditions. This signature, interpreted using a simple kinetic model, suggests that these ions tend to be carried substantial distances along the boundary (even with boundary‐normal magnetic fields) in a fashion that impedes their full dayside escape. While large fluctuations and waves can likely sometimes disrupt the observed ordering, the following picture emerges. Energetic particles with gyroradii much smaller than the magnetopause thickness (e.g., electrons and absent boundary‐normal magnetic fields) and ions with gyroradii much larger than the thickness (e.g., O+) are impeded from fully escaping across the boundary. However, energetic ions with intermediate‐sized gyroradii commensurate with the thickness (e.g., H+, He++, and O6+) can be effectively scattered within the boundary causing them to escape much more readily, with and without boundary‐normal fields. This picture is supported by observations from the Juno spacecraft at the near‐dawn meridian side of Jupiter's magnetopause. There it is observed that energetic electrons and heavy ions are more strongly contained by the magnetopause than are the energetic protons and helium ions.
Superfountain Effect Linked With 17 March 2015 Geomagnetic Storm Manifesting Distinct F3 Layer
Authors: Venkatesh K. , Patra A.K. , Balan N. , Fagundes P.R. , Tulasi Ram S. , Batista I.S. , Reinisch B.W. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe existence of an additional stratification in the daytime equatorial ionospheric F region (the F3 layer) was known since the 1940s. However, its characteristics and the underlying physical mechanism have been uncovered only recently. In this paper, we present and discuss the F3 layer characteristics observed by six ionosondes distributed over equatorial and low latitudes (−20° to +25° dip latitudes) in the Brazilian longitude sector during the strongest geomagnetic storm (DstMin = −223 nT) of solar cycle 24, the St. Patrick's Day storm of 17 March 2015. Two eastward prompt penetration electric field (PPEF) events, as seen in equatorial electrojet, occurred during the main phase of the storm on 17 March 2015, a strong one (~100 nT) at around ~1200 UT and a weak one (~50 nT) at around ~1725 UT. Local time variations in the F3 layer occurrence and ionospheric base height (h′F), peak height (hmF), and peak electron density (Nmax) are investigated. Notably, the F3 layer occurred at all six locations, more distinctly during the stronger PPEF event. The large latitudinal extend in the occurrence of the F3 layer in opposite hemispheres (−20° to +25° dip latitudes) covering the equatorial ionization anomaly crests observed for the first time is interpreted in terms of the combined effect of the super plasma fountain generated by the eastward PPEF and storm time equatorward neutral wind.
Abnormal Subauroral Ion Drifts (ASAID) and Pi2s During Cross‐Tail Current Disruptions Observed by Polar on the Magnetically Quiet Days of October 2003
Authors: Horvath Ildiko , Lovell Brian C. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIn this study we further investigate the development of abnormal subauroral ion drifts/polarization streams (ASAID/ASAPS) during the magnetically quiet days of 9–10 October 2003. Our main aim is to provide direct observational evidence verifying that the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program F15 detected quiet‐time ASAID/ASAPS features developed due to the formation of a magnetospheric cold plasma ripple‐hot ring current interface. By utilizing multisatellite and multi‐instrument Cluster_C2, Polar, and Defense Meteorological Satellite Program observations, we investigate plasma rippling and Pi2 pulsation events. In good agreement with the associated empirical scenario of plasma sheet rippling, we demonstrate with various C2 and Polar events the following observational results. (1) The rippling of the plasma sheet's inner edge was related to the process of cross‐tail current disruption and its earthward propagation. (2) The Pi2 pulsation of the cross‐tail EY field reversed the local convection flow when EY was dawnward directed and thus caused plasma ripples while (3) energy was provided by the earthward flows' braking/deceleration. (4) The ASAID/ASAPS feature's underlying EY is antisunward (or dawnward) and EZ is inward (or earthward). By tracking the cross‐tail current disruptions' tailward (by Cluster_C2) and earthward (by Polar) propagations, almost simultaneously, our results demonstrate also that the convection flows' local reversal by the dawnward EY is a common feature of both the tailward and the earthward flows. This study demonstrates also, with multiple plasmapause and EY detections made by Polar, the multiple and mixed occurrences of ASAID and SAID in the plasmasphere's rippled outer edge.