bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effects of income distribution and fiscal policy on aggregate demand, investment and the budget balance: the case of Europe
Authors: Obst Thomas , Onaran Özlem , Nikolaidi Maria 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This paper develops a multi-country post-Kaleckian model that incorporates the role of the government. One key novelty of the model is that it integrates cross-country effects of changes in both income distribution and fiscal policy. The model is used to estimate econometrically the effects of income distribution and fiscal policy on the components of aggregate demand and the budget balance in EU15 countries. The results show that a simultaneous increase in the wage share in all EU15 countries would increase demand and the primary budget balance in all countries. A simultaneous increase in government spending turns out to boost economic activity in all the EU15 countries, indicating the positive economic effects of expansionary fiscal policy. Moreover, a progressive tax policy that would be implemented simultaneously at the EU level would lead to an increase in output in all countries.
Staged surgical intervention to treat dysphagia caused by Kommerell’s diverticulum
Authors: Hashimoto Makoto , Nishida Hidefumi , Milner Ross , Ota Takeyoshi 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Kommerell’s diverticulum is a rare congenital vascular anomaly. Dysphagia is one indication for surgical intervention. We report on 4 consecutive patients who presented with dysphagia caused by Kommerell’s diverticulum and underwent staged surgical treatment. The key to surgical treatment for such patients is to remove the vascular structure completely from the vicinity of the oesophagus.
Hippocampus Mediates the Effect of Emotional Support on Cognitive Function in Older Adults
Authors: Kim Grace Eun , Han Ji Won , Kim Tae Hui , Suh Seung Wan , Bae Jong Bin , Kim Jae Hyoung , Kim Ki Woong 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Background
Despite strong evidence that emotional support has a protective effect on cognitive decline, the neural basis for how an individual’s emotional support is associated with cognition is unknown. We investigated if the hippocampus mediates the relationship between emotional support and cognition in older adults.

Method
Four hundred and ten nondemented Korean older adults were classified into two groups according to their Medical Outcomes Study–Social Support Survey emotional support scores: the poor emotional support (score ≤ 25th percentile of entire sample) and normal emotional support (score &gt; 25th percentile of entire sample) groups. Cognitive function was assessed using the Verbal Memory Score and Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Packet Neuropsychological Assessment Battery total score (CERAD-TS). Left and right hippocampal volume were obtained using 3T T1-weighted magnetic resonance images. Mediation analyses were conducted.

Results
In the association of emotional support with Verbal Memory Score, left hippocampal volume played a mediating role (indirect effect = 0.40, SE = 0.21, bias-corrected 95% confidence interval = 0.04, 0.86). In the association of emotional support with CERAD-TS, both left (indirect effect = 0.82, SE = 0.45, bias-corrected 95% confidence interval = 0.09, 1.83) and right (indirect effect = 0.51, SE = 0.32, bias-corrected 95% confidence interval = 0.02, 1.24) HPVs played mediating roles.

Conclusions
The hippocampus may mediate the association between emotional support and cognition. Higher levels of emotional support may be associated with better verbal memory and global cognition via larger HPV.
Hurry Up and Get Out of the Way! Exploring the Limits of Muscle-Based Latch Systems for Power Amplification
Authors: Abbott Emily M , Nezwek Teron , Schmitt Daniel , Sawicki Gregory S 
Published: August 2019

AbstractAnimals can amplify the mechanical power output of their muscles as they jump to escape predators or strike to capture prey. One mechanism for amplification involves muscle–tendon unit (MT) systems in which a spring element (series elastic element [SEE]) is pre-stretched while held in place by a “latch” that prevents immediate transmission of muscle (or contractile element, CE) power to the load. In principle, this storage phase is followed by a triggered release of the latch, and elastic energy released from the SEE enables power amplification (PRATIO=PLOAD/PCE,max &gt;1.0), whereby the peak power delivered from MT to the load exceeds the maximum power limit of the CE in isolation. Latches enable power amplification by increasing the muscle work generated during storage and reducing the duration over which that stored energy is released to power a movement. Previously described biological “latches” include: skeletal levers, anatomical triggers, accessory appendages, and even antagonist muscles. In fact, many species that rely on high-powered movements also have a large number of muscles arranged in antagonist pairs. Here, we examine whether a decaying antagonist force (e.g., from a muscle) could be useful as an active latch to achieve controlled energy transmission and modulate peak output power. We developed a computer model of a frog hindlimb driven by a compliant MT. We simulated MT power generated against an inertial load in the presence of an antagonist force “latch” (AFL) with relaxation time varying from very fast (10 ms) to very slow (1000 ms) to mirror physiological ranges of antagonist muscle. The fastest AFL produced power amplification (PRATIO=5.0) while the slowest AFL produced power attenuation (PRATIO=0.43). Notably, AFLs with relaxation times shorter than ∼300 ms also yielded greater power amplification (PRATIO&gt;1.20) than the system driving the same inertial load using only an agonist MT without any AFL. Thus, animals that utilize a sufficiently fast relaxing AFL ought to be capable of achieving greater power output than systems confined to a single agonist MT tuned for maximum PRATIO against the same load.
Coordinated control strategy of DC microgrid with hybrid energy storage system to smooth power output fluctuation
Authors: Wu Tiezhou , Ye Fanchao , Su Yuehong , Wang Yubo , Riffat Saffa 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
As the fossil energy crisis and environmental pollution become more and more serious, clean renewable energy becomes the inevitable choice of energy structure adjustment. The power system planning and operation has been greatly influenced by the instability of the power output of distributed renewable energy systems such as solar energy and wind energy. The hybrid energy storage system composed of accumulator and supercapacitor can solve the above problems. Based on the analysis of the energy storage requirements for the stable operation of the DC microgrid, battery–supercapacitor cascade approach is adopted to form hybrid energy storage system, in a single hybrid energy storage subsystem for battery and supercapacitor and in the microgrid system of different hybrid energy storage subsystem, respectively, and puts forward the corresponding power allocation method to realize the smooth control of the battery current, to reduce the battery charge and discharge times, to prolong the service life of battery and to improve the running stability of the microgrid.
In vitro antimicrobial combination testing of and evolution of resistance to the first-in-class spiropyrimidinetrione zoliflodacin combined with six therapeutically relevant antimicrobials for Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Authors: Foerster Sunniva , Drusano George , Golparian Daniel , Neely Michael , Piddock Laura J V , Alirol Emilie , Unemo Magnus 
Published: August 2019

AbstractObjectivesResistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae to all gonorrhoea therapeutic antimicrobials has emerged. Novel therapeutic antimicrobials are imperative and the first-in-class spiropyrimidinetrione zoliflodacin appears promising. Zoliflodacin could be introduced in dual antimicrobial therapies to prevent the emergence and/or spread of resistance. We investigated the in vitro activity of and selection of resistance to zoliflodacin alone and in combination with six gonorrhoea therapeutic antimicrobials against N. gonorrhoeae.MethodsThe international gonococcal reference strains WHO F (WT) and WHO O, WHO V and WHO X (strains with different AMR profiles) were examined. Zoliflodacin was evaluated alone or combined with ceftriaxone, cefixime, spectinomycin, gentamicin, tetracycline, cethromycin or sitafloxacin in chequerboard assays, time–kill curve analysis and selection-of-resistance studies.ResultsZoliflodacin alone or in combination with all six antimicrobials showed rapid growth inhibition against all examined strains. The time–kill curve analysis indicated that tetracycline or cethromycin combined with zoliflodacin can significantly decrease the zoliflodacin kill rate in vitro. The frequency of selected zoliflodacin-resistance mutations was low when evaluated as a single agent and further reduced for all antimicrobial combinations. All resistant mutants contained the GyrB mutations D429N, K450T or K450N, resulting in zoliflodacin MICs of 0.5–4 mg/L.ConclusionsZoliflodacin, alone or in combination with sexually transmitted infection therapeutic antimicrobials, rapidly kills gonococci with infrequent resistance emergence. Zoliflodacin remains promising for gonorrhoea oral monotherapy and as part of dual antimicrobial therapy with low resistance emergence potential. A Phase III trial evaluating efficacy and safety of zoliflodacin for uncomplicated gonorrhoea treatment is planned in 2019.
Lack of KBTBD4 Mutations in Molecularly Classified Brazilian Medulloblastomas
Authors: Leal Letícia Ferro , Cavagna Rodrigo de Oliveira , Campanella Nathalia Cristina , Mançano Bruna , Almeida Gisele Caravina , Matsushita Marcus , Almeida Junior Carlos Roberto , Saggioro Fabiano , Stavale João Norberto , Malheiros Suzana M F , Lima Matheus , Hajj Glaucia N M , Neder Luciano , Reis Rui Manuel 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Medulloblastoma is the most frequent malignant brain tumor in children, representing 20% of all childhood brain tumors. Currently, medulloblastomas are molecularly classified in 4 subgroups that are associated with distinctive clinicopathological features. KBTBD4 mutations were recently described in a subset of MBGRP3 and MBGRP4 medulloblastomas subgroups. However, no other studies reported KBTBD4 mutations in medulloblastomas. Thus, our aim was to investigate KBTBD4 mutations in a Brazilian series of medulloblastoma. We evaluated 128 medulloblastoma patients molecularly classified from 4 Brazilian reference centers. DNA from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded samples was screened for KBTBD4 hotspot mutations by Sanger sequencing. Most of the patients were male, average age was 16.5 years old and average overall survival was 55.9 months. The predominant histological subtype was the classic subtype, followed by nodular/desmoplastic, and the predominant medulloblastoma molecular subtype was the MBSHH subgroup (46%), followed by MBGRP3 and MBGRP4 (19%/each), and MBWNT (16%). Among the 128 samples, 111 were successfully sequenced. No KBTBD4 mutations were identified in 111 samples. Our findings suggest that KBTBD4 mutations are uncommon in Brazilian MBGRP3 and MBGRP4 medulloblastomas subgroups. Further studies in a larger series of MBGRP3 and MBGRP4 medulloblastomas are warranted to better assess role of KBTBD4 mutations.
MicroRNA Alteration in Developing Rat Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells Induced by Hypoxia-Ischemia
Authors: Su Xiaojuan , Xiao Dongqiong , Huang Lingyi , Li Shiping , Ying Junjie , Tong Yu , Ye Qianghua , Mu Dezhi , Qu Yi 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in the pathogenesis of white matter injury (WMI). However, their roles in developing rat brains under hypoxia-ischemia (HI) insult remain unknown. Here, we examined the expression profiles of miRNAs in oligodendrocyte precursor cells using microarray analysis. We identified 162 miRNAs and only 6 were differentially regulated in HI compared with sham. Next, we used these 6 miRNAs and 525 extensively changed coding genes (fold change absolute: FC(abs) ≥2, p < 0.05) to establish the coexpression network, the result revealed that only 3 miRNAs (miR-142-3p, miR-466b-5p, and miR-146a-5p) have differentially expressed targeted mRNAs. RT-PCR analysis showed that the expression of the miRNAs was consistent with the microarray analysis. Further gene ontology and KEGG pathway analysis of the targets of these 3 miRNAs indicated that they were largely associated with neural activity. Furthermore, we found that 2 of the 3 miRNAs, miR-142-3p, and miR-466b-5p, have the same target gene, Capn6, an antiapoptotic gene that is tightly regulated in the pathogenesis of neurological diseases. Collectively, we have shown that a number of miRNAs change in oligodendrocyte precursor cells in response to HI insult in developing brains, and miR-142-3p/miR-466b-5p/Capn6 pathway might affect the pathogenesis of WMI, providing us new clues for the diagnosis and therapy for WMI.
Effects of long-wavelength fluctuations in large galaxy surveys
Authors: Klypin Anatoly , Prada Francisco 
Published: August 2019

ABSTRACT
In order to capture as much information as possible large galaxies surveys have been increasing their volume and redshift depth. To face this challenge theory has responded by making cosmological simulations of huge computational volumes with equally increasing numbers of dark matter particles and supercomputing resources. Thus, it is taken for granted that the ideal situation is when a single computational box encompasses the whole volume of the observational survey, e.g. $\sim 50\, h^{-3}\,{\rm Gpc}^3$ for the DESI and Euclid surveys. Here we study the effects of missing long waves in a finite volume using several relevant statistics: the abundance of dark matter haloes, the probability distribution function (PDF), the correlation function and power spectrum, and covariance matrices. Finite volume effects can substantially modify the results if the computational volumes are less than $\sim (500\mbox{$\, h^{-1}$Mpc})^3$. However, the effects become extremely small and practically can be ignored when the box size exceeds ∼1 Gpc3. We find that the average power spectra of dark matter fluctuations show remarkable lack of dependence on the computational box size with less than 0.1 per cent differences between $1$ and $4\mbox{$\, h^{-1}\,$Gpc}$ boxes. No measurable differences are expected for the halo mass functions for these volumes. The covariance matrices are scaled trivially with volume, and small corrections due to supersample modes can be added. We conclude that there is no need to make those extremely large simulations when a box size of $1-1.5\mbox{$\, h^{-1}$Gpc}$ is sufficient to fulfil most of the survey science requirements.
WHO grade has no prognostic value in the pediatric high-grade glioma included in the HERBY trial
Authors: Varlet Pascale , Le Teuff Gwénaël , Le Deley Marie-Cécile , Giangaspero Felice , Haberler Christine , Jacques Thomas S , Figarella-Branger Dominique , Pietsch Torsten , Andreiuolo Felipe , Deroulers Christophe , Jaspan Tim , Jones Chris , Grill Jacques 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe World Health Organization (WHO) adult glioma grading system is questionable in pediatric high-grade gliomas (pHGGs), which are biologically distinct from adult HGGs. We took advantage of the neuropathological review data obtained during one of the largest prospective randomized pHGG trials, namely HERBY (NCT01390948), to address this issue in children with newly diagnosed non-brainstem HGG.MethodsHGG diagnosis was confirmed by pre-randomization, real-time central pathology review using WHO 2007 criteria, followed by a consensus review blinded to clinical factors and outcomes. We evaluated association between WHO 2007 grade and other clinical/radiological/biological characteristics and the prognostic value of WHO 2007 grade, midline location, and selected biomarkers (Ki-67 index/Olig2/CD34/EGFR/p53/H3F3A K27M mutation) on overall survival.ResultsReal-time central neuropathological review was feasible in a multicenter study, with a mean time of 2.4 days, and led to the rejection of HGG diagnosis in 20 of 163 cases (12.3%). The different grading criteria and resulting WHO grade were not significantly associated with overall survival in the entire population (n = 118) or in midline and non-midline subgroups. H3F3A K27M mutation was significantly associated with poor outcome. No significant prognostic value was observed for grade, even after regrading H3F3A K27M-mutated midline glioma as grade IV (WHO 2016). Midline location and a high Ki-67 index (≥20%) were associated with poor outcome (P = 0.004 and P = 0.04, respectively). A 10% increase in Ki-67 index was associated with a hazard ratio of 1.53 (95% CI: 1.27–1.83; P &lt; 0.0001).ConclusionOur findings suggest that WHO grade III versus IV has no prognostic value in pediatric HGG.
BSCI-06. FREQUENCY OF BRAIN METASTASIS FROM BREAST AND LUNG CANCER IN THE UNITED STATES -- A POPULATION-BASED ASSESSMENT
Authors: Ostrom Quinn , Ascha Mustafa , Kruchko Carol , Barnholtz-Sloan Jill 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
BACKGROUND: Brain metastases (BM) are the most common central nervous system tumor in the United States and occur with increasingly frequency due to improved screening and therapeutics leading to improved survival. Current estimates of frequency of BM vary significantly by cancer site and are typically not population-based. Population-based estimates of incidence have recently become possible due to collection of data on BM identified at diagnosis (“synchronous” BM, SBM). BM may occur at any point after cancer diagnosis. We report our recent population-based estimates of SBM and period incidence of BM (PBM) from breast (BC) and lung cancer (LC). METHODS: Data from Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER, 2010–2016 diagnoses) were used to estimate SBM and linked data from SEER-Medicare (2008–2012 diagnoses for individuals 65+, with 2007–2014 claims) were used to estimate PBM, for BC and LC overall and by BC and LC subtypes. RESULTS: Within the SEER data, 10.9% of LC cases presented with SBM (15.5% in small cell LC [SCLC], and 10.8% in non-small cell LC [NSCLC]); 0.4% of BC cases presented with SBM, 0.7% in triple negative (TNBC), 0.8% for HER2+, and 0.2% for ER+\PR+\HER2-. Within the SEER-Medicare data, 13.5% of LC overall had LBM with 23.1% for SCLC and 15.3% for NSCLC; 1.8% of BC overall had LBM with 4.2% in triple negative (TNBC), 3.1% for HER2+, and 1.1% for ER+\PR+\HER2. CONCLUSION: Frequency of synchronous and period BM varies by originating site as well as subtype. The new SBM variable in SEER allows for estimation of this important statistic, while the SEER-Medicare linked data allows for estimation of PBM, both on a population-level for the US population. These estimates are useful to clinical practice and critical for estimating morbidity and mortality due to BM.
BSCI-12. COMPREHENSIVE GENOMIC ANALYSIS OF BRAIN METASTASES FROM MULTIPLE CANCER TYPES
Authors: Fukumura Kazutaka , Mao Xizeng , Song Xingzhi , Fischer Grant , Yang Jie , Sulman Erik , Davies Michael , Zhang Jianhua , Huse Jason 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
PURPOSE: Brain metastases occur in approximately 8–10% of patients with cancer, and the incidence has increased over the past decades. The most common primary tumors responsible for brain metastases are lung cancer, melanoma, renal cell carcinoma (RCC), breast cancer and colorectal cancer. The precise mechanisms by which genomic and transcriptional abnormalities drive the formation of brain metastases remain unclear. Here, we conducted comprehensive genomic and transcriptional analysis with paired primary tumor tissue (or extracranial metastasis tissue) and brain metastasis tissue using whole-exome sequencing (WES), mRNA-Seq and global methylation profiling. METHODS: Frozen, paired brain metastasis tissue and primary tumor tissue (or extracranial metastasis tissue) and white blood cells were acquired from RCC (n=12), breast cancer (n=17), lung cancer (n=15) and melanoma (n=14) patients, followed by extraction of DNA and RNA. WES and mRNA-Seq were performed on the Illumina HiSeq4000 platform. For methylation profiling, DNA was analyzed using Illumina Infinium MethylationEPIC Beadchip arrays. RESULTS: Somatic mutations or methylation of VHL gene were identified in 81.8% of RCC patients. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis revealed significant enrichment for hypoxia pathway transcripts in RCC brain metastases relative to primary tumors. The most common alterations in breast and lung cancer patients were TP53 mutations with frequencies of 50.0% and 73.3%, followed by ERBB2 alterations (43.8%) in breast cancer patients and mutually exclusive alterations of EGFR (33.3%) and KRAS (26.7%) in lung cancer patients. Mutually exclusive alterations of NRAS (42.9%) and BRAF (42.9%) were also observed in melanoma patients. Gene expression and epigenetic analysis revealed characteristics of brain metastases depending on primary cancer types. CONCLUSIONS: Comprehensive genomic analysis of brain metastases from four different cancer types revealed that brain metastasis tissues have unique genomic, transcriptional and epigenetic profiles according to histopathology groups. Therefore, the therapeutic strategies should be designed based at least in part on tumor histiogenesis.
BSCI-14. SYNTHETIC METASTATIC BRAIN DISEASE MRI IMAGES CREATED USING A GENERATIVE ADVERSARY NETWORK TO OVERCOME DEEP MACHINE LEARNING CHALLENGES IN HEALTHCARE
Authors: Dai Zhenzhen , Snyder James , Wen Ning 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Deep Machine Learning (DML) in commercial applications such as recognizing animal species in photographs occurred through analyzing large volumes of public data. To achieve similar success in brain tumor imaging, additional factors must be addressed such as the need to follow strict regulatory protocols, work with limited datasets, and protect patient privacy. Generative adversary network (GAN) restricted to intracranial disease is one possibility to overcome these challenges and enable training on small annotated datasets to synthesize new samples. Large fabricated brain metastases (BM) training datasets derived from patient MRI using GAN models may enable DML of BM MRI studies. METHOD: We randomly selected 82 glioma patient imaging studies from the MICCAI BraTS 2018 Challenge1. All patients underwent contouring of GD-enhancing tumor (C+), peritumoral T2 (pT2), necrotic and non-enhancing tumor core (NCR/NET). Images are co-registered to the anatomical template and skull-stripped. Our network consists of a GAN and a discriminative network. The generative model works to synthesize images from labels. Labels comprise the normal brain mask as well as the contoured C+, pT2 and NCR/NET. Normal brain mask is extracted from threshold segmentation on T2-weighted image (T2WI). A discriminative network compares the difference between synthetic and real patient image in both pixel and perceptual difference. The generative model is trained to minimize the difference from the discriminative network. This method was refined in the glioblastoma dataset and applied to BM MRI. RESULTS: Figure 1. Synthetic BM MRI images derived from human brain MRI studies using the GAN model with four modalities (T2, T2 FLAIR, T1 contrasted image, and T1 non-contrasted Image). CONCLUSION: Training DML in BM disease using GAN MRI models may overcome limitations in applying DML to healthcare, namely volume of high-quality data and patient privacy. GAN based modeling for BM needs to be further refined and validated.