bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Warburg Effects in Cancer and Normal Proliferating Cells: Two Tales of the Same Name
Authors: Sun Huiyan , Chen Liang , Cao Sha , Liang Yanchun , Xu Ying 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
It has been observed that both cancer tissue cells and normal proliferating cells (NPCs) have the Warburg effect. Our goal here is to demonstrate that they do this for different reasons. To accomplish this, we have analyzed the transcriptomic data of over 7000 cancer and control tissues of 14 cancer types in TCGA and data of five NPC types in GEO. Our analyses reveal that NPCs accumulate large quantities of ATPs produced by the respiration process before starting the Warburg effect, to raise the intracellular pH from ∼6.8 to ∼7.2 and to prepare for cell division energetically. Once cell cycle starts, the cells start to rely on glycolysis for ATP generation followed by ATP hydrolysis and lactic acid release, to maintain the elevated intracellular pH as needed by cell division since together the three processes are pH neutral. The cells go back to the normal respiration-based ATP production once the cell division phase ends. In comparison, cancer cells have reached their intracellular pH at ∼7.4 from top down as multiple acid-loading transporters are up-regulated and most acid-extruding ones except for lactic acid exporters are repressed. Cancer cells use continuous glycolysis for ATP production as way to acidify the intracellular space since the lactic acid secretion is decoupled from glycolysis-based ATP generation and is pH balanced by increased expressions of acid-loading transporters. Co-expression analyses suggest that lactic acid secretion is regulated by external, non-pH related signals. Overall, our data strongly suggest that the two cell types have the Warburg effect for very different reasons.
The Numbered Treaties and the Politics of Incoherency
Authors: Starblanket Gina 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis article explores the role of the numbered treaties relative to the continuity of the settler colonial project in Canada. Although the treaties are often invoked to characterize the federal government's commitment toward strengthening or renewing its relationship with Indigenous peoples at a symbolic level, there remains a disjuncture between the “nation-to-nation” depictions of treaties and the complex political relationships that Indigenous peoples have called for since their signing. This article explores the inconsistent ways in which treaties have been taken up within Canadian legal and political institutions, arguing that the incoherency surrounding treaties promulgates the notion that treaties are being implemented while simultaneously obscuring, distorting and minimizing the rights of Indigenous peoples in practice. It demonstrates that the failure to engage with treaties as the locus of Indigenous peoples’ distinct political relationship with the Canadian state functions to continually produce conditions of colonization and dispossession through the denial of Indigenous sovereignty and jurisdiction as affirmed in treaties.
Do parasites live in extreme environments? Constructing hostile niches and living in them
Authors: Combes C. , Morand S. 
Published: May 2019

SUMMARYWe develop the hypothesis that parasites do not invade extreme environments, i.e. hostile hosts, but rather ‘create’ them. We argue that parasites may have driven the evolution of the constitutive and adaptive immune system. This leads to several implications. First, parasites respond to ‘genes to kill’ by ‘genes to survive’ and this triggers an indefinite selection of measures and counter-measures. Second, these revolutionary arms races may lead to local adaptation, in which parasite populations perform better on local hosts. Third, the evolution of the immune system, whose responses are predictable, may allow parasites to specialize, to evade and even to manipulate. Finally we show that the correlations between the increase in the antibody repertoire, the expansion of MHC loci and parasite pressures support our hypothesis that both host complexity and parasite pressures can be invoked to explain the diversity of antibodies, T-receptors and MHC molecules.
IS CAPITALISM CORRUPT?
Authors: Miller Richard W. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract:In one broad construal, corruption consists of deriving benefit from power over others in morally objectionable ways. The charge that capitalism is corrupt is usefully understood as a claim that modern capitalist economies inevitably and pervasively generate corrupt gains, in this sense, through conduct that does not transgress capitalist norms for individuals’ economic conduct. Modern capitalism has two features that would figure prominently in such an indictment: gains from the inferior bargaining power of most workers and gains from the superior political influence of those in the best economic situations. The taint of corruption should be reduced by political measures that move capitalist commerce toward Adam Smith’s commercial ideal of gains from exchanging help for help and that show appreciation of the equal importance of everyone’s presumed desire to have a life shaped by directives that he or she willingly accepts. Through such measures, capitalism could, in principle, become non-corrupt. In practice, unequal political influence will prevent this. Ending the corruptness of capitalism is an unattainable yet productive goal of reform.
‘Post-truth’ schooling and marketized education: explaining the decline in Sweden's school quality
Authors: Henrekson Magnus , Wennström Johan 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe Swedish school system suffers from profound problems with teacher recruitment and retention, knowledge decline, and grade inflation. Absenteeism is high, and psychiatric disorders have risen sharply among Swedish pupils. In this pioneering analysis of the consequences of combining institutionalized social constructivism with an extensive marketization of education, we suggest that these problems are to no small extent a result of an unlikely combination of a postmodern view of truth and knowledge, the ensuing pedagogy of child-centered discovery, and market principles. We show how the stipulated view of truth and knowledge and the design of the system impacts on the incentives for the various agents involved: pupils, parents, teachers, principals, school owners, the municipality, the central government, and, ultimately, the general public. Our study implies that caution is necessary for countries that have a tradition of social-constructivist practices in their education systems and are considering implementing or expanding market-based school reforms.
Entrepreneurs and ritual in China's economic culture
Authors: Herrmann-Pillath Carsten , Feng Xingyuan , Guo Man 
Published: May 2019

AbstractCulture, mainly defined as values and beliefs, has recently attracted much attention in economics. Cultural practices receive less attention, as emphasized in anthropology. We argue that the notion of ‘ritual’ can enrich economic research on culture as a specific form of socially standardized interactions that create shared contexts and emotions to build mutual trust and community. China is an important case in point, because ritual is a central concern in common interpretations of traditional Chinese culture. We look at practices of Chinese entrepreneurs that activate rituals in various settings. We conclude that these phenomena can be analytically condensed in the cultural complex of a ‘ritual economy’.
Beyond the Arbitral Ruling: A Transboundary Environmental Impact Assessment in the South China Sea
Authors: VALDEZ Amiel Ian 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe South China Sea is a common resource where ASEAN Member States derive multiple uses. Nevertheless, the competing claims and conflicting interests of ASEAN nations and other claimants, such as China, raise the issue of transboundary harm within this sea and the sustainability of its resources. This paper argues that, despite the absence of a region-based transboundary environmental impact assessment [EIA] regime covering the South China Sea, ASEAN Member States are bound by their commitments under the Law of the Sea Convention and other binding agreements, as complemented by customary international law, which provide guidance in applying a transboundary EIA over a shared resource. TheSouth China Sea Arbitrationparticularly sets the minimum requisites of not only preparing an EIA, but also communicating the EIA results to relevant international organizations. Here, ASEAN can play a vital role as a platform through which where EIA communication can be channelled.
Validity of Space Responses
Authors: Rosso Anna Maria , Camoirano Andrea , Chiorri Carlo 
Published: May 2019

Abstract. Divorcing couples who require the intervention of the court system to resolve their child custody disputes usually exhibit intense anger and experience strong resentment. The Rorschach Inkblot Method (RIM) is one of the most commonly used tests in child custody evaluations, in which one crucial issue is affectivity and its regulation, and, specifically, negative emotions such as anger and resentment. White Space (S) is one of the Rorschach Comprehensive System (CS) variables usually taken into account to assess anger and resentment, but to date the construct validity of S responses for this purpose is far from established. Our study addresses this issue by exploring the association between S responses (coded on the basis of the following classifications: the CS, the Rorschach Performance Assessment System, and Rosso, Chiorri, and Denevi, 2015 ) and the motor, emotional, and cognitive components of aggression reported by clinicians in a sample of divorcing couples engaged in child custody litigation ( n = 85). Our findings support the hypothesis that Space fusion responses may be a marker of separation and emptiness anxiety, whereas no support is provided by this study for the hypothesis that Space reversal and Space integration responses are indicative of anger.
Global Meta‐Analysis on the Relationship Between Mercury and Dissolved Organic Carbon in Freshwater Environments
Authors: Lavoie Raphael A. , Amyot Marc , Lapierre Jean‐François 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIn freshwater ecosystems, several studies have shown a strong linear relationship between total mercury (THg) or methylmercury (MeHg) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations. Variations in this linear relationship have been reported, but the magnitude and causes of this variation are not well known. The objective of this study was to conduct a meta‐analysis to quantify and understand the global variation of this mercury (Hg)–DOC association. This meta‐analysis included 54 studies in lentic and lotic ecosystems for a total of 85 THg–DOC and 59 MeHg–DOC relationships. There was an increase in Hg with DOC concentrations in water with a global average slope of 0.25 (confidence interval (CI): 0.20–0.35) ng/mg for THg and 0.029 (CI: 0.014–0.044) ng/mg for MeHg. Relationships were stronger for (1) North American studies, (2) natural environments compared to those disturbed by anthropogenic activities, (3) spatial studies compared to temporal studies, (4) filtered samples (THg only), and (5) the aromatic fraction of DOC compared to the bulk DOC. Coupling with DOC was stronger for THg than for MeHg. Ecosystem type (lentic vs. lotic), geographical coordinates, and publication year did not influence the strength of relationships. Overall, we show that there is a strong but variable coupling between carbon and mercury cycles in freshwater ecosystems globally and that this link is modulated regionally by geographic location, temporal scale, and human activity, with implications for understanding these rapidly changing biogeochemical processes in response to global change.
Using Radar Data to Calibrate a Stochastic Parametrization of Organized Convection
Authors: Cardoso‐Bihlo E. , Khouider B. , Schumacher C. , De La Chevrotière M. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractStochastic parameterizations are increasingly becoming skillful in representing unresolved atmospheric processes for global climate models. The stochastic multicloud model, used to simulate the life cycle of the three most common cloud types (cumulus congestus, deep convective, and stratiform) in tropical convective systems, is one example. In this model, these clouds interact with each other and with their environment according to intuitive‐probabilistic rules determined by a set of predictors, depending on the large‐scale atmospheric state and a set of transition time scale parameters. Here we use a Bayesian statistical method to infer these parameters from radar data. The Bayesian approach is applied to precipitation data collected by the Shared Mobile Atmospheric Research and Teaching Radar truck‐mounted C‐band radar located in the Maldives archipelago, while the corresponding large‐scale predictors were derived from meteorological soundings taken during the Dynamics of the Madden‐Julian Oscillation field campaign. The transition time scales were inferred from three different phases of the Madden‐Julian Oscillation (suppressed, initiation, and active) and compared with previous studies. The performance of the stochastic multicloud model is also assessed, in a stand‐alone mode, where the cloud model is forced directly by the observed predictors without feedback into the environmental variables. The results showed a wide spread in the inferred parameter values due in part to the lack of the desired sensitivity of the model to the predictors and the shortness of the training periods that did not include both active and suppressed convection phases simultaneously. Nonetheless, the resemblance of the stand‐alone simulated cloud fraction time series to the radar data is encouraging.
Further Analysis of the Development of Vadose Water Profiles Over Deep Aquifers With Minimal Recharge
Authors: Selker John S. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractUnderstanding transport water from deep aquifers to the atmosphere in hyperarid environments is needed to evaluate potential waste storage facilities and reveals fundamental features of evolving scales of hydrologic processes on Earth. We seek a physical framework for the process and scales at which water and salt movement take place where there is no net recharge over long periods of time. We consider this extreme case as an end‐member of the driest possible situation, with homogeneous media. The analysis of Ross (1984, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR020i011p01627) and Selker (2017, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017WR021014) is expanded upon to provide a simple algebraic expression, derived from the governing physical processes, predicting the fluxes and the vertical extent of such systems. In much of such an unsaturated zone a counterflux region of downward liquid flow counter to upward vapor flow results from the geothermal gradient. Net upward transport is about 0.01 mm/year from the water table, which is augmented by the depletion of the residual water in the drained soil, resulting in surface fluxes of 1.0, 0.1, and 0.02 mm/year after 100 year, 10 kyr, and 150 kyr. Ten to thirty million years without recharge would be required for soil to dry to depths of 200 m. It is found that the influence of capillary flow to the upward transport of water is only influential within less than 5 m of the water table and so is insignificant to the overall flux but does imply a convergence line where vapor loss is predicted to leave behind salts delivered from above and below to the top of the capillary zone.
Large Eddies Regulate Turbulent Flux Gradients in Coupled Stable Boundary Layers
Authors: Lan Changxing , Liu Heping , Katul Gabriel G. , Li Dan , Finn Dennis 
Published: May 2019

AbstractDue to strong mean wind shear, the stable boundary layer (SBL) becomes vertically coupled. In a coupled SBL, large turbulent eddies enhance cross‐layer mixing and vertically mix turbulent kinetic energy. However, large gradients in momentum and heat fluxes are frequently observed, degrading the performance of Monin‐Obukhov similarity theory. It is shown that increased vertical gradients of mean variables (i.e., wind speed and potential temperature) can cause flux gradients. This process is operated upon by downward penetrating large eddies with altered phase difference, contributing unevenly to fluxes and thus causing flux gradients. In the coupled SBL with small gradients in mean variables, large eddies are vertically synchronized, contributing evenly to fluxes across layers and thus causing small flux gradients. As turbulent production becomes weak and the cross‐layer difference in turbulent flux transport increases, large eddies become less vertically synchronized, contributing unevenly to fluxes across layers and thus causing large flux gradients.
A water mass history of the Southern California current system
Authors: Bograd Steven J. , Schroeder Isaac D. , Jacox Michael G. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe California Current System represents a confluence of different water masses originating in the subarctic, subtropical, and tropical eastern Pacific. Variations in their relative influence can alter regional biogeochemistry and ecosystem structure. We perform an optimum multiparameter analysis on historical hydrographic data to quantify the spatiotemporal variability of water mass contributions to the California Current. Within the pycnocline, a strong cross‐shore gradient in the primary water mass source reflects the dominant advective pathways within the California Current and California Undercurrent. The El Niño Southern Oscillation imparts variability in the relative contributions and depth structure of source waters, allowing stronger upwelling during La Niña to more effectively tap nutrient‐rich, oxygen‐poor waters originating in the eastern tropical North Pacific. This regional water mass history provides context for understanding the drivers and pathways of biogeochemical variability in the California Current and demonstrates that oceanic changes occurring far afield can have regionally heterogeneous impacts.
The Role of the Stratospheric Polar Vortex for the Austral Jet Response to Greenhouse Gas Forcing
Authors: Ceppi Paulo , Shepherd Theodore G. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractFuture shifts of the austral midlatitude jet are subject to large uncertainties in climate model projections. Here we show that, in addition to other previously identified sources of intermodel uncertainty, changes in the timing of the stratospheric polar vortex breakdown modulate the austral jet response to greenhouse gas forcing during summertime (December–February). The relationship is such that a larger delay in vortex breakdown favors a more poleward jet shift, with an estimated 0.7–0.8° increase in jet shift per 10‐day delay in vortex breakdown. The causality of the link between the timing of the vortex breakdown and the tropospheric jet response is demonstrated through climate modeling experiments with imposed changes in the seasonality of the stratospheric polar vortex. The vortex response is estimated to account for about 30% of the intermodel variance in the shift of the summertime austral jet and about 45% of the mean jet shift.
Historical Variability of Southwest Pacific Tropical Cyclone Counts Since 1855
Authors: Magee A. D. , Verdon‐Kidd D. C. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractTropical cyclones (TCs) represent a significant threat to people and places of the southwest Pacific (0°–35°S, 135°E–120°W). TC modeling is hindered by exceptionally short TC records (typically from 1970/1982 to present) because the brevity of TC data does not allow us to appropriately quantify TC‐related risk and/or identify long‐term trends/variability. Therefore, in this paper, we derive a series of statistical hindcast models to reconstruct TC counts in the western (135°E–160°E) and eastern southwest Pacific (160°E–120°W) regions to 1855. Reanalysis data representing Indo‐Pacific sea surface temperature variability and genesis parameters required for tropical cyclogenesis were identified and trained on post‐1970 TC observations and applied to the pre‐1970 period. By hindcasting up to an additional 115 TC seasons, using four separate hindcasts, this study offers a unique perspective on historical TC variability and reiterates the need to place the recent downward trend in TC counts within the context of long‐term variability.
Single cell transcriptomic analysis of human mesenchymal stem cells reveals limited heterogeneity
Authors: Huang Yin , Li Qing , Zhang Kunshan , Hu Mingyuan , Wang Yu , Du Liming , Lin Liangyu , Li Siguang , Sorokin Lydia , Melino Gerry , Shi Yufang , Wang Ying 
Published: May 2019

AbstractMesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a population of multipotent cells with a superior ability to promote tissue repair by regulating regeneration and inflammation. Effective application of MSCs in disease treatment relies on the production of relatively homogeneous cell population. However, the cellular heterogeneity and the differentiation trajectories of in vitro expanded MSCs remain largely unclear. We profiled the transcriptomes of 361 single MSCs derived from two umbilical cords (UC-MSCs). These UC-MSCs were harvested at different passages and stimulated with or without inflammatory cytokines. Weighted gene correlation network analysis revealed that UC-MSCs surprisingly possess only limited heterogeneity, regardless of donors, and passages. We also found that upon pretreatment with inflammatory cytokines (IFNγ and TNFα), a classical strategy that can improve the efficiency of MSC-based therapy, MSCs exhibited uniformed changes in gene expression. Cell cycle-based principal component analysis showed that the limited heterogeneity identified in these UC-MSCs was strongly associated with their entrance into the G2/M phase. This was further proven by the observation that one featured gene, CD168, was expressed in a cell cycle-dependent manner. When CD168high UC-MSCs were sorted and cultured in vitro, they again showed similar CD168 expression patterns. Our results demonstrated that in vitro expanded UC-MSCs are a well-organized population with limited heterogeneity dominated by cell cycle status. Thus, our studies provided information for standardization of MSCs for disease treatment.
NCKAP1 improves patient outcome and inhibits cell growth by enhancing Rb1/p53 activation in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Zhong Xiao-ping , Kan Anna , Ling Yi-hong , Lu Liang-he , Mei Jie , Wei Wei , Li Shao-hua , Guo Rong-ping 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIn our previous report, we identified miR-34c-3p as an independent factor contributing to the carcinogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by targeting NCK Associated Protein 1 (NCKAP1). NCKAP1 has been known to promote the malignancy of cancer cells by disrupting the structural stability of WAS protein family member 1 (WASF1) and is correlated with poor prognosis of patients in several cancer types. Our results, however, show that NCKAP1 is correlated with a favorable outcome in HCC patients. The underlying mechanism of this contradictory phenomenon is unknown. The current study was designed to explore the mechanism of NCKAP1 in HCC. As a result, clinicopathological correlations and results from in vivo and in vitro models indicated that NCKAP1 was a tumor suppressor gene. Cell cycle analysis suggested that NCKAP1 inhibit cells from entering G2/M phase. Western blot analysis showed that WASF1 was barely expressed in HCC cell lines compared to that of breast cancer cell lines, which serve as positive controls. Furthermore, Rb1 and p53 expression was upregulated in cell lines overexpressing NCKAP1. Expression of several cell cycle regulating proteins also varied in the HCC cell lines. In conclusion, although previous studies have identified NCKAP1 as a cell invasion promoter by binding to WASF1, we found that NCKAP1 is a tumor suppress gene that modulates the cell cycle of HCC cell lines by targeting Rb1/p53 regulation.