bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Annual Brush Control Increases Early Growth of Loblolly Pine
Authors: Cain M. D. , Mann W. F. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Hardwoods and herbaceous vegetation quickly invaded a north Louisiana loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) site following chopping and planting. In the sixth year, more than 20,000 stems per acre were competing with the pines. Where hardwoods were cut down annually, loblolly volume at age 6 was 49 percent higher than on untreated areas. Annually cutting and grubbing-out hardwood roots resulted in a larger increase in volume, but not significantly greater than topping alone.
Five-Year-Old Cottonwood Plantation on a Clay Site: Growth, Yield, and Soil Properties
Authors: Krinard R. M. , Kennedy H. E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A random sample of Stoneville select cottonwood (Populus deltoides Bartr.) clones planted on recent old-field clay soils at 12- by 12-foot spacing averaged 75-percent survival after five years. The growth and yield was about half that expected from planted cottonwood on medium-textured soils. Soil moisture analysis showed more height growth in years with greater moisture late in the growing season. Significantly less soil N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and organic matter were in the plantation after five years than at the start. Also, no clear relationship existed between nutrient level and fifth-year average height.
Nutrient Conservation in Forestry: A Perspective
Authors: Bengtson George W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Losses of plant nutrients and costs of their replacement after various methods of harvest and site preparation are estimated and discussed. Current fertilization practice in southern pine silviculture is reviewed, and factors limiting its effectiveness and means of maximizing benefits are emphasized. The intent is to encourage southern forest managers to use presently available information to evaluate alternative techniques of harvest, site preparation, and fertilization, and to devise more ecologically acceptable and cost-effective practices.
Field Performance of Container-Grown Loblolly Pine Seedlings with Specific Ectomycorrhizae on a Reforestation Site In South Carolina
Authors: Ruehle John L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Container-grown loblolly pine seedlings (Pinus taeda L.) with Pisolithus tinctorius, Thelephora terrestris, or no ectomycorrhizae (control) were outplanted on a South Carolina reforestation site. Two years after planting, seedlings initially colonized with Pisolithus or Thelephora had greater survival, height, and root collar diameter than control seedlings. Growth data were integrated into seedling volume indices (D²H). Seedlings with ectomycorrhizae at planting had nearly a three-fold greater D²H than seedlings initially without ectomycorrhizae. These results provided additional field validation for the hypothesis regarding benefits of ectomycorrhizae on this type of planting stock.
Application of a Small Forwarder in Plantation Thinning
Authors: Lanford B. L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Thinning the South's managed pine stands is a major problem facing forest landowners in the immediate future. A small log-length forwarder–the Gafner Iron Mule–was examined as a potential improvement to the most common current method–he bobtail truck system. Forwarders are less sensitive to weather and terrain, require less access area in a stand, provide more man-day productivity, and allow greater payloads and less maintenance on highway haul vehicles than the bobtail truck. Travel speeds of the forwarders studied were influenced only by the distance traveled. Loading and unloading were a constant time per swing cycle. Large piles of wood were less expensive to forward than small piles. Production rates were increased and cost rates decreased by increasing the length of logs forwarded.
Black Locust Biomass Prediction on Eastern Kentucky Strip Mines
Authors: Rowell Charles E. , Carpenter Stanley B. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Regression equations to predict dry weight of above-ground biomass are developed from a sample of 1,371 trees collected in 130 direct-seeded black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) stands on ten reclaimed surface mines in the Cumberland Plateau region of eastern Kentucky. Equations using the log 10 transformation of diameter squared times height were derived for each of the one- to ten-year age classes within the sample. Two equations were selected that best estimated woody biomass of trees after consolidating the one- to four-year and five- to ten-year age classes. An equation was also provided that encompasses all age classes; however, the estimation of individual tree woody biomass was not as representative as was the value provided by each of the two separate equations.
Characteristics and Cavity-Nesting Bird Use of Picloram-Created Snags in the Central Appalachians
Authors: McComb William C. , Rumsey Robert L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A soil-applied herbicide rate of 40 lb/acre TORDON 10K created snags (dead trees) and/or habitat characteristics desirable for foraging and nesting cavity-nesting birds in eastern Kentucky. Integration of picloram pellet application into TSI programs would allow stand quality improvement and a sustained supply of potential feeding and nesting sites for cavity-dependent birds.
Early Field Performance of Loblolly Pine Seedlings with
Pisolithus Tinctorius Ectomycorrhizae on Two Lower Coastal Plain Sites
Authors: Leach Gregory N. , Gresham Homer H. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Bare root seedlings of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) with Pisolithus tinctorius (Pers.) Coker and Couch (Pt) ectomycorrhizae were outplanted on typical reforestation sites in the lower coastal plain in Florida and Georgia. After two growing seasons, survival and height growth of seedlings with heavy Pt colonization at planting were not significantly different from control seedlings naturally infected with other ectomycorrhizae. Mycelial inoculum added to the nursery soil resulted in greater Pt colonization of seedlings than basidiospore inoculum applied in an inert coating on encapsulated seed.
Regenerating Southern Appalachian Mixed Hardwood Stands with the Shelterwood Method
Authors: Loftis David L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Shelterwood cuts, with understory treatment by cutting or herbicide application, can be used to regenerate southern Appalachian hardwoods. Cuts with residual basal area ranging from 25 to 66 square feet per acre and overwood retained from 5 to 13 years established desirable, well-stocked stands. However, species composition was essentially the same as in clearcuts with intolerant species, especially yellow-poplar, dominating. Oak regeneration did not benefit from either higher residual basal area or longer periods of overstory retention, even though oaks were prominent in the overstories of all stands. Only where larger oak advance reproduction was numerous before the initial cut did oaks become a prominent component of the new stand.
Feasibility of Aerial Spraying of Southern Pine Seed Orchards¹
Authors: Barry John W. , Barber Larry R. , Kenney Patricia A. , Overgaard Neil 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A series of aerial applications were made with a helicopter and a biplane to evaluate the feasibility of using aircraft to apply 5 gallons per acre of a water-base spray to southern pine seed orchards. Application parameters were established by a mathematical model which predicts spray coverage. Data obtained on spray deposition at the canopy top and in the tree crown provide a basis for using aircraft to apply pesticides to seed orchards. More spray deposits were found in the upper tree crown than in the lower tree crown. The helicopter achieved higher quantities of deposit in the crown than the biplane. On a percentage basis, however, spray observed at each of the 3 crown levels was comparable in both aircraft. A greater number of spray drops was observed on the slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) needles than on the Ocala sand pine (Pinus clausa var. clausa (Chapm. Ex Engelm.) Vasey ex Sarg.), suggesting that higher application rates may be required to achieve comparable coverage in densely foliated pines. Under conditions similar to these trials, i.e. aircraft tank mix, drop size, foliage, meteorology, release height, and swath width, one should expect comparable results when treating southern pine seed orchards.
Using a Makeri Harvester to Thin a Natural Loblolly Pine Stand for the First Time
Authors: Jackson Ben D. , Hackfeld Michael C. , Jenkins Michael W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The Makeri, a small tracked harvester, was performance tested in the first commercial thinning of a 14-year-old natural loblolly pine stand (Pinus taeda L.) in the flatwoods of Louisiana. Productivity of the machine in winter conditions on wet, poorly drained soils was studied. Results from work sampling and a time study indicated a 73% utilization rate and an hourly output of 45.9 trees or 88.1 ft³.
Sediment Concentrations from Intensively Prepared Wetland Sites¹
Authors: Askew George R. , Williams Thomas M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Suspended sediment concentrations were measured in water draining from a 5,900-acre Carolina bay undergoing conversion to loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations. Samples were collected during the first storm-flow event of each month between January 1981 and December 1982 from subwatersheds involved in some of several phases of conversion. Suspended sediment concentration in water leaving the bay averaged only 16 mg/1 for 13 storms. Road erosion and ditch installation produced the highest suspended sediment concentrations. Suspended sediment concentrations decreased substantially with increasing distance from the sediment source. Logging and site preparation activities did not cause an appreciable increase in suspended sediment when equipment did not operate in the drainage ditches.
Growth of Loblolly Pine Treated With Hexazinone, Sulfometuron Methyl, and Metsulfuron Methyl For Herbaceous Weed Control
Authors: Michael J. L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Aerial application of 0.25 pounds active ingredient per acre of sulfometuron methyl [Oust(TM), formerly DPX-5648] or 2.0 pounds of hexazinone [Velpar L (TM)] postemergent in May 1982, resulted in good weed control. Weeds controlled on the silty clay coastal plain soil included pokeweed (Phytolacca americana L.), ragweed (Ambrosia sp.), goldenrod (Solidago sp.), and evening primrose (Oenothera sp.). Growth of 1-year-old loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings released with sulfometuron methyl or hexazinone was significantly improved in comparison to untreated seedlings. No significant pine mortality was associated with either treatment. On similar sites where blackberry (Rubus sp.), honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica Thunberg), and herbaceous weeds are the major problem, application of sulfometuron methyl from pre-emergence to the postemergent stage (when weeds are up to 12 to 18 inches in height) is recommended. Hexazinone is recommended as a postemergent treatment for herbaceous weed control. Treatment with metsulfuron methyl (formerly DPX-T6376-21) did not result in any growth responses significantly greater than untreated seedlings. Impacts of deer browsing on seedlings resulted in a slight height reduction the first and second growing seasons following planting but by the end of the third growing season browsed seedlings had made up the difference. No diameter differences were associated with deer browsing at any time during the study.
Impact of Intensive Forest Management Practices on the Bulk Density of Lower Coastal Plain and Piedmont Soils
Authors: Gent J. A. , Ballard R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Trafficking during harvesting significantly increased soil bulk density to depths of 3 to 6 inches in areas outside of primary skid trails and 9 to 12 inches in primary skid trails. On the Coastal Plain site, bedding was effective in offsetting soil compaction in areas outside of primary skid trails, forming a new soil surface, 7 to 8 inches in height, over the surface trafficked during harvest. Bedding may not be so effective in the skid trails, because the original soil surface under the bed was so compacted that root growth may be inhibited. On the Piedmont site, disking was effective in restoring bulk density to preharvest levels in the upper 3 to 5 inches of soil, but soil compaction in the upper 3 to 9 inches of drum-chopped areas may result in reduced root growth, because of mechanical impedance.
Intensive Harvesting and Site Preparation Decrease Soil Nitrogen Availability in Young Plantations
Authors: Vitousek Peter M. , Matson Pamela A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Intensive harvesting and site preparation remove large amounts of nitrogen and other nutrients. The effects of these removals on the nitrogen-supplying power of remaining soil were examined in five 1- to 5-year-old loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) plantation trials. Whole-tree harvest and shear-pile-disk site preparation reduced nitrogen availability relative to stem-only harvest and chop-and-burn preparation. Net nitrogen mineralization during 30-day incubation averaged 7.8 μg N/g of soil in stem-only/chopped plots in the two youngest sites; the corresponding value in the whole-tree/ shear-pile-disk sites was 4.2 μg N/g of soil. Herbicide applications were associated with increased nitrogen availability up to 3 years after the last application.1
Site Index Curves for Loblolly Pine Plantations on Cutover Site-Prepared Lands
Authors: Amateis Ralph L. , Burkhart Harold E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Stem analysis data collected from dominant and codominant loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) trees in cutover, site-prepared plantations were used to develop site index curves. The data were collected over much of the natural range of loblolly pine. A separable differential equation which expresses height growth as a function of both height and age was used to develop the site index curves. These site index curves should be applicable to loblolly pine plantations on cutover, site-prepared lands through much of the South.1
Work Scheduling for American Mothers, 1990 and 2012
Authors: Hepburn Peter 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
American working conditions have deteriorated over the last 40 years. One commonly-noted change is the rise of nonstandard and unstable work schedules. Such schedules, especially when held by mothers, negatively affect family functioning and the well-being and development of children; they have implications for the intergenerational transmission of disadvantage. This article describes and compares the working schedules—in terms of type, duration, and variability—of American mothers in 1990 and 2012 in an attempt to assess whether nonstandard and unstable schedules are growing more common. Analyses demonstrate that evening work has increased in prevalence for single mothers but not for their partnered peers. Mothers in both single-mother and two-partner households experienced considerably greater within-week schedule variability and higher likelihood of weekend work in 2012 than they did in 1990. These changes resulted from widespread shifts in the nature of work, especially affecting less educated mothers.
A18 HIV-2 molecular epidemiology in Spain: 30 years since the first case
Authors: Requena S , Caballero E , Lozano A B , Tellez R , Morano L , Nieto M C , Margall N , Soriano V , de Mendoza C ,   on behalf of the HIV-2 Spanish Study Group
Published: August 2019

Abstract
HIV-2 is a retrovirus that mainly infects West Africans. In Europe, HIV-2 has been circulating since the 1980s, and more recent immigration has contributed to its spread. Excluding HIV-2 in all HIV seropositive individuals precludes misinterpretation of viral loads (VL) and antiretroviral (ART) choices. Surveillance registers enables tracking of epidemic spread and identification of major contributors, allowing the establishment of convenient preventive measures. The HIV-2 Spanish study group was founded in 1989. Since then, blood specimens from HIV-2 carriers have been collected. More than 40 Spanish hospitals are part of the group and provide clinical and epidemiological data. Records for each HIV-2 patient include country of origin, gender, age, transmission category, monitoring of HIV-2 VL, CD4 counts, drug resistance, and HIV-2 subtype. Up to December 2017, 354 HIV-2+ individuals were identified in Spain and incidence (15–20/year) has been stable within the last decade. At diagnosis, mean age was 44.6 years and 63 per cent were male. The majority were Africans (78%), whereas 16.5 per cent were native Spaniards. 78.2 per cent acquired HIV-2 by heterosexual contact. HIV-2 subtyping using the HIV2EU tool was performed in 126 subjects: 86 Africans and 27 native Spaniards. The subtype distribution was as follows: 108 (85.7%) HIV-2 subtype A and 18 (14.3%) B. Africans and Spaniards were mostly infected with subtype A (87.2% and 77.8%, respectively). HIV-2 subtype B was found in six native Spaniards (22.2%; 6/27), five patients from Equatorial Guinea (71.4%; 5/7), four from Senegal (18.1%; 4/22), two from Ivory Coast (100%; 2/2), and one from Burkina Faso (50%; 1/2). Using phylogenetic analyses, two clusters were identified among homosexual Spanish men (subtype A: 8 men and subtype B: 2 men with viral isolates related to Malian and Senegalese isolates). Before starting ART, CD4 count mean values for subtype A and B were 378 and 357, respectively. Corresponding VL values were 2.63 and 2.32 HIV-2 RNA log copies/ml, respectively.
A33 Using serological and surveillance data to infer the introduction date and unobserved transmission dynamics of Zika virus in Fiji 2013–7
Authors: Henderson A , Hué S , Kucharski A 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) has been circulating in the South Pacific since 2007, and transmission in Fiji was first confirmed in 2015. To better understand the history and transmission dynamics of ZIKV in Fiji, we combined a transmission dynamic model with serological and surveillance data from Central Division, Fiji. A longitudinal population representative of seroepidemiological data were available from participants sampled in 2013, 2015, and 2017. In addition, ZIKV case reports were available from 2015 and 2016. Using a Bayesian approach, we fitted a transmission dynamic model with a seasonally varying transmission to these data. We also estimated the virus introduction date, given the effect this has on transmission dynamics as it interacts with the observed seasonal pattern of transmission. We found evidence that the virus was introduced in October 2013 (95% credible interval: April 2013–April 2014) and that the strong seasonal transmission pattern meant the virus persisted for several years with multiple waves of infection in consecutive years. It is important to corroborate this evidence against other work done in the same area. A phylogenetic analysis was performed on 5 ZIKV strains obtained from Fiji in 2015 and 2016, which were aligned with 33 E gene sequences from the Pacific, Americas, and Africa. This analysis showed evidence of virus persistence over multiple years in Central Division, Fiji. The estimated most recent common ancestor of the group isolated from Central Division was November 2013 (95% credible interval: March 2013–July 2015). Our modeling estimate is consistent with these results despite the very different methods being used. The availability of detailed case and serology data in an island outbreak setting, combined with mathematical models, presented a unique opportunity to gain crucial insights into these infections. Our analysis provides evidence that seasonal variation in transmission, combined with other co-circulating flaviviruses, means the timing of ZIKV introduction can have a major impact on outbreak transmission dynamics.
A48 Identification and full-genome characterization of Alpha- and Beta-Coronaviruses viruses from bats in Italy
Authors: De Sabato L , Vaccari G , Lelli D , Lavazza A , Castrucci M R , Moreno A 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Bats are the natural reservoir of Coronaviruses (CoVs). Human CoVs cause mild respiratory diseases worldwide, but, in the last decade, two Beta-CoVs [Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)-CoV and severe acute respiratory syndrome] caused thousands of deaths and cases worldwide. Phylogenetic analysis suggested the evolutionary origin of mammalian CoVs is derived from bats. In this study, we characterized three Alpha-CoVs and two Beta-CoVs demonstrating the circulation of bat strains in Italy. Isolates were sequenced using a next-generation sequencing approach and genomes reconstructed using the online tool Galaxy Aries. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted using MEGA7 and MrBayes. Similarity plots were generated using SSE v1.2. The structure of the receptor binding domain (RBD) in the S protein was predicted by sequence-homology method using the protein data bank. Bioinformatics analysis permitted the identification of 2 Beta-CoV complete genomes of 30 kb and three Alpha-CoV of 28 kb (named BatCoV-ITA1-5). BatCoV-ITA1 and 2 formed a monophyletic group with MERS-CoV sequences. The comparison of the concatenated domains within ORF1ab confirmed their classification into the MERS-CoV species. The 3D structure of RBD of Italian strains showed two amino acid deletions located in a region corresponding to the external subdomain of MERS-RBD. BatCoV-Ita3 and BatCoV-Ita4/5 were classified into two novel Alpha-CoV species by comparison of concatenated domains within ORF1ab. Due to the high divergence with the Alpha human spike protein strains, it was impossible to establish the protein structure and the potential affinity to human receptor. The Italian strains showed the typical organization of Alpha and Beta-CoVs. We reported two Beta-CoVs closely related to MERS-CoVs from bats belonging to common Italian species (Pipistrellus kuhlii and Hypsugo savii). The analysis of the RBD in the spike protein indicates significant differences from human RBD known to date. The three Alpha-CoV strains were classified into two novel species, confirming the high heterogeneity of CoV strains in bats. Although the studies conducted cannot confirm a risk for humans, surveillance studies are needed to investigate the genetic diversity of CoVs in bats. Because this exceeds what is known for other hosts, it is compatible with bats being the major reservoir of mammalian CoVs.
A Lodgepole Pine Density Management Diagram
Authors: McCarter James B. , Long James N. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A diagram is presented that can greatly facilitate density management of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) stands. Together with site index tables or curves, the diagram can be used to estimate average tree sizes and total yields produced under various density management regimes. Its use is illustrated with three alternative regimes. West. J. Appl. For. 1:6-11, Jan. 1986
Cache and Nest Characteristics of the Red Squirrel in an Arizona Mixed-Conifer Forest
Authors: Patton David R. , Vahle J. Robert 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The red squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) is closely associated with mature- to old-growth forest conditions of large coniferous trees, dense canopy closure, and a structure of all-aged trees. In Arizona, mixed-conifer forests with these stand conditions provide red squirrels with suitable opportunities for food gathering, sites for food caching, and trees for nesting. Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), white fir (Abies con-color), and blue spruce (Picea pungens) are the most important species in red squirrel habitat. Red squirrels contribute to the functioning of the forest ecosystem by spreading the spores of mycorrhizal underground fungi, which may be necessary for the survival of coniferous trees. West. J. Appl. For. 1:48-51, April 1986