bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
V. The Conclusions from the Experiment
Authors: Mueller James W. 
Published: June 2018

In this experiment, the frequencies of occurrence of prehistoric cultural traits have been used to evaluate various alternatives of the process of sampling a hypo the tic ally unknown region. The sampling process is manifestly useful in archaeological survey.The experimental results are only as valid as the methods, data, and theory on which the results are based. The sampling theory has been presented in Chapter III. Therefore, a synopsis of the research methods of the Paria Plateau survey is presented in this section so that the reader can continue to evaluate the data and the results of the experiment.As frequently happens in contract archaeology, the topic of this experiment was formulated after the completion of the fieldwork. Therefore, the experiment depends on data that were collected to solve non-sampling problems. If the problem of this study had been conceived prior to fieldwork, it would have been possible to collect interval level data (such as the area of the site, of surface refuse, and of dwelling units) and to perform controlled, probabilistic surface collections. This would have added 2 interval variables—artifact and debris densities—and allowed for the employment of more powerful statistical tests.
Chapter 1: Theoretical Foundations
Authors: Weiss Kenneth M. 
Published: June 2018

The approach to population structure followed in this work is that of stable population theory as developed by A. J. Lotka and others. An early exposition of this theory is found in Lotka (1956); more recently it has been summarized by Coale (1972), Keyfitz (1968), and Shryock and Siegel(1971).The theory of stable populations requires that a population is infinite in size, has no net immigration or outmigration, and has fixed rates of fertility and mortality at each age. These assumptions are often approximated closely enough by real populations for the theory to be useful. Given the stated conditions, a population is described by its age distribution, or the number of individuals at each age. Since the theoretical population is infinite, the age distribution is defined in terms of relative numbers or percentages rather than finite numbers of individuals at each age.The age structure is determined by the rates of mortality and fertility. It has been proved by Lotka that, no matter what the initial age distribution, a population under these assumptions approaches a certain age distribution which is determined by those rates. The result is the so-called stable age distribution since it will no longer change if mortality and fertility remain fixed. In fact, a temporary perturbation in these rates will only temporarily disturb the age distribution, which will quickly return to the stable form. Human populations approach the stable age distribution in well under 100 yr after the rates become fixed.
Chapter 9: The History of Human Life Expectancy
Authors: Weiss Kenneth M. 
Published: June 2018

Many authors have written comparative articles on the history of human mortality and life expectancy; for example, see Acsádi and Nemeskéri (1970), Angel (1969), Brothwell (1971), Gejvall (1960), Genovés (1969), Goldstein (1953), Howells (1960), Kobayashi (1967), Russell (1958), Şenyürek (1951), Todd (1927), Vallois (1937, 1960). These studies are based on skeletal or historical material. Many of these studies have been used as data sources earlier in this work, and in fact several of the same data series are used by many of these authors.Drawing on many of these sources, Deevey (1960) has recently analyzed the history of human life expectancies. This article has been reprinted and cited more than the others combined, and the life expectancies given by Deevey are used in many textbooks of ecology and anthropology. Deevey acknowledges the poorness of his source data, in particular the lack of juvenile skeletons. He also stresses that his life expectancies are only the adult mean ages at death. Yet, since Deevey's values are frequently taken as representative of total life expectancy, it seems appropriate to reexamine them in the light of this work and of material published since his paper. The life expectancies given by Deevey are shown in Table 22.
Mortuary Practices: Their Study and Their Potential
Authors: Binford Lewis R. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe explanations of burial customs provided by previous anthropologists are examined at length together with the assumptions and data orientations that lay behind them. Both the assumptions and explanations are shown to be inadequate from the point of view of systems theory and from a detailed examination of the empirical record. A cross-cultural survey drawn from the Human Relations Area Files shows that associations do exist between measures of mortuary ritual variety and structural complexity. It was found that both the number and specific forms of the dimensions of the social persona commonly recognized in mortuary ritual vary significantly with the organizational complexity of the society as measured by different forms of subsistence practice. Moreover, the forms that differentiations in mortuary ritual take vary significantly with the dimensions of the social persona symbolized. Hence, much of contemporary archaeological conjecture and interpretation regarding processes of cultural change, cultural differentiation, and the presence of specific burial customs is inadequate as well as the ideational propositions and assumptions underlying these notions. Inferences about the presumed “relationships” compared directly from trait lists obtaining among archaeological manifestations are useless without knowledge of the organizational properties of the pertinent cultural systems.
2 Site Description
Authors: Binford Lewis R. , Binford Sally R. , Whallon Robert , Hardin Margaret Ann 
Published: June 2018

Hatchery Site West is located on the east bank of the Kaskaskia River just east of the town of Carlyle, Illinois, and immediately downstream from the location of the Carlyle Reservoir dam being constructed (Fig. 1). The site is located on the crest of the T-2 terrace where the river is currently cutting into this old terrace system. The old terrace bends to the east just north of the site while the present river channel continues north resulting in a broad, low T-0 terrace formation just north of the site. The terrace on which the site is located is very broad and not heavily dissected and extends eastward joining with a fairly good-sized hill formed of glacial till concentrated in what was probably crevasse fill.The accurate definition of the boundary of the site was made possible by the controlled surface collection and is shown on Fig. 1. The total area of the distribution of ceramics definitive of the site is approximately 1.23 acres. Within this distribution there are two distinct concentrations of ceramic debris (see Fig. 2). In addition, there was a recognizable difference in the color of the soil within the area defined by the ceramic distribution with two distinct areas of heavy humus content and brown coloration. These two areas corresponded well with the areas of high ceramic concentration. These two areas will be described separately since, as will be shown, they represent distinct components of the several present on the Hatchery West site.
5 Structure of the Site Defined by the Cultural Features and Correlation with the Surface Distribution of Cultural Items
Authors: Binford Lewis R. , Binford Sally R. , Whallon Robert , Hardin Margaret Ann 
Published: June 2018

It has previously been argued (Binford 1964) that because of the differences in the formal properties of cultural items (as distinguished from cultural features) that there are different problems associated with obtaining an adequate and representative sample of both items and features. Excavation and recovery techniques which might be adequate to the recovery of a fair sample of cultural items might not be sufficient for supplying similar information regarding a population of cultural features.The investigation of Hatchery West was conducted with an eye to this problem, and the methods employed were aimed toward insuring an adequate and representative sample of both cultural items and cultural features. These sampling procedures allowed us to investigate the relationship between these two classes of archaeological data and to assess the degree to which the formal-spatial structure of a population of items is correlated with the formal-spatial structure of a population of features.
3 Location and Environment of the Olsen-Chubbuck Site
Authors: Wheat Joe Ben 
Published: June 2018

Today, all that remains of the High Plains in eastern Colorado thrusts westward like a blunt wedge, the point of which rests near Limon (Fig. 2). Westward from Limon, a low divide extends to the foot of the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains, between Denver and Colorado Springs, separating the northeasterly oriented drainage of the Platte river system from the southeasterly oriented system of the Arkansas. At one time, the High Plains extended to the Rocky Mountains, but during the geologic past these two great river systems, which rise in the Rockies and flow eastward across the High Plains of Colorado, have cut broad, deep valleys, largely destroying the Plains which once encroached upon and buried the lower slopes of the mountains. This area of stripped alluvial plains is known as the Colorado Piedmont (Fenneman 1931). On the surface of the High Plains, streams flow eastward down the long, gentle slope toward the Plains border in central Kansas (Fig. 2).The northwestern border of the High Plains is formed by a low escarpment carved by the northand northeastward-flowing waters of the South Platte River. The southwestern border is formed by another low escarpment cut by the southward- and southeastward-flowing tributaries of the Arkansas River.
The Use of Life Tables in Paleodemography
Authors: Moore James A. , Swedlund Alan C. , Armelagos George J. 
Published: June 2018

Anthropologists have become increasingly aware of the importance of population as a factor in a systematic view of human biological and cultural development. This awareness has generated an interest in the field of demography, and consequently, techniques once utilized almost exclusively by demographers are now frequently utilized for anthropological studies. Anthropological-paleodemographic inquiry traditionally starts with the excavation of a skeletal population sample. The sample is aged and sexed, and the data are put into a descriptive analytic model–the life table. The life table, through a process of inference, is taken to represent the life processes of a local biological population and often forms the basis for further inference on the relationships between populational and cultural processes (Green and others 1974; Howell-Lee 1971).Critics have questioned the assumption of life table construction and cited various sources of error in data collection to argue against the use of life tables as a source of inference concerning the biological population. In this paper we will attempt to address some of these sources of error. Specifically, we will discuss the effects of enumeration errors, population growth, and small population size on life table values. To assess the impact of these errors on life table values of “anthropological” populations, we make use of computer simulation. We conclude that, once the implications of these factors are understood, the life table can provide a useful model for paleodemographic research.
Mummy Lake Gray: A New Pottery Type
Authors: Rohn Arthur H. , Swannack Jervis D. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractA formal description is presented for a new type of plain gray pottery made during late Pueblo II and early Pueblo III at Mesa Verde and its surrounding territory. Significant characteristics include jar and pitcher shapes, small size, and the presence of a single unobliterated fillet around the rim. This type is seen as a continuation of the plain gray pottery tradition in the northern San Juan region.
Edge-abraded Flakes, Blades, and Cores in the Puebloan Tool Assemblage
Authors: Wheeler Richard P. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractSome of the use-modified stone artifacts obtained from Puebloan sites on Wetherill and Chapin mesas exhibit one technological attribute, edge-abrasion, which does not seem to have been reported previously from the Four Corners region nor from other sections of the United States. These artifacts are grouped under 38 styles, based on variations of edge-abrasion and other features resulting from use. They are assignable to each of the ceramic stages identified in the Mesa Verde district — Basketmaker III, Pueblo I, Pueblo II, and Pueblo III. Experiments suggest that edge-abrasion resulted from using the sharp-edged rock fragments to incise geometric designs on sandstone building elements and linear figures on fallen blocks of sandstone and, more commonly, to cut or saw “blanks” for artifacts and possibly many of the slabs and blocks (for architectural purposes) from larger pieces of the locally abundant, soft, fine-grained sandstone.
The Preparation of Yucca Fibers: An Experimental Study
Authors: Osborne Carolyn M. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractSeveral distinct structural fibers, all yucca, were observed in the twines taken from the Wetherill Mesa sites. Attempts were made to duplicate these fibers, using leaves from Yucca baccata and Yucca harrimaniae. Although our methods did not produce all fibers with the exact coloration of the prehistoric fibers, it is probable that our procedures approximated those of the ancient Indians.
Postulation of Socio-Economic Groups from Archaeological Evidence
Authors: Rohn Arthur H. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractExceptional preservation in a sheltered Pueblo III cliff site at Mesa Verde enables delineation of space units formerly occupied by socio-economic groups. These groups are not characterized by kinship relations but by durable remains of domestic cooperation, such as the juxtaposition of rooms with different functions, building sequences, patterns of movement indicated by doorway locations, and the placement of hearths and other domestic features. Three different groupings are recognized: household units or suites, courtyard units, and complete village-sized communities.
Pollen and Archaeology at Wetherill Mesa
Authors: Martin Paul S. , Byers William 
Published: June 2018

AbstractNine profiles of prehistoric cultural deposits at Wetherill Mesa, Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado, were analyzed for fossil pollen content. Relatively large numbers of corn (Zea) pollen occur in certain deposits of Mug House. In the alluvium retained behind low walls of two check-dams, the frequency of Zea is relatively low (.07%) but approximates the frequency of Zea pollen in soil of a garden on Chapin Mesa planted in Indian corn since 1919. Evidently, soil behind the prehistoric checkdams served as corn plots. The abundance of pollen resembling bee-weed (Cleome serrulata) suggests a more important role for the caper family in prehistoric time than would be inferred from its macrofossil record alone. The Cieome-type is common in prehistoric refuse and in human coprolite in the Four Corners area.Pollen content of matrix within a single archaeological site may vary, depending on the nature of the deposit. Although parts of their deposits overlap in time, the pollen content of (1) a trash slope, (2) a kiva, and (3) a work area within Mug House pueblo varies greatly, especially in economic pollen. Variation between profiles is reduced considerably when they are taken from the same type of deposit, that is, adjacent kivas or trash profiles.The hope that the fossil record would shed new light on the cause of abandonment of Mesa Verde was largely unrealized. The main stratigraphic event in the pollen sequence of the last 1000 years is a relative increase in juniper and pine pollen following abandonment 700 years ago. Ecologically, this rise can be explained as the result of secondary plant succession with first juniper and then pinyon invading fields when human disturbance ended. It may or may not reflect climatic change.
Archaeological Bird Bones from Chapin Mesa, Mesa Verde National
Park
Authors: Hargrave Lyndon L. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractBird bones from sites on Chapin Mesa, in the collection of the Mesa Verde Museum,
were examined. From such a study, it is possible to learn something about the
distribution (temporal and spatial) of certain bird species, the use made of
them by prehistoric peoples, and certain aspects of the ecology. Birds
identified included Whistling Swan, Mallard or Mexican Duck, Hawk, Sage Grouse,
Turkey, Sandhill Crane, Great Horned Owl, Black-billed Magpie, Common Raven, and
Common Crow.
Three Applications of Edge-Punched Cards for Recording and Analyzing Field Data
Authors: Davis Emma Lou 
Published: June 2018

AbstractMaterials recovered in archaeological research expand in numbers, while increasingly refined analytical techniques make sorting more complicated than ever. Welldesigned data sheets, tailored to a specific job and carrying space for on-the-spot illustrations, expedite field reporting and report writing. For analysis and comparison of limited amounts of material, edge-punched cards provide accessible storage of information, as well as rapid means of comparing data. Cards are available in a number of types and sizes and may offer an excellent alternative step to rough sorting or computer programming. Examples are presented of three applications of edge-punched cards in analyzing various kinds of data in the hands of three persons who worked on the Wetherill Mesa Archeological Project. These individual approaches indicate the variety, flexibility, and sophistication of punch-card recording and analysis.
The View Camera in Archaeological Photography
Authors: Mang Fred E. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe view camera, with negative format of 4x5 or larger, is a versatile tool for accurately recording a site area and materials taken from an excavation. The camera can correct distortions and present a more natural perspective than either the 35 mm. or 2¼ × 2¼ camera. Examples show the need for using correct lenses when photographing artifacts. The large format negative does not require as much enlargement as does the 35 mm. or 2¼ × 2¼ negative, an important consideration when preparing prints for publication, thus minimizing slight defects in the negative. Filing the larger negatives is easier, and in subsequent handling (for making additional prints) there is less possibility that they will be damaged.
Houses
Authors: Newell H. Perry 
Published: June 2018

In general the same techniques were used in the excavation of all house outlines in the site, with, of course, modifications and adjustments to meet any unusual conditions. Whenever postholes were struck the immediate area wa's cleaned off and any suggested line of postholes followed until the entire outline was exposed or, as often happened, the postholes proved not to be part of a definite outline. The practice of profiling all postholes was soon instituted because the soil in them was often so nearly the color of the surrounding soil that their exact placement was impossible. These cross sections also gave exact depths and diameters, data otherwise impossible to obtain accurately.When an outline had been roughly established, the top of each posthole was troweled out slightly and photographs were taken. A trench was then dug around, and just outside of, the outline and its inner wall cut back by thin vertical slicing until all postholes were exposed in profile (Fig. 16, E). Measurements and plots were then made. Fireplaces and centerposts, if present, were also profiled.
Physical Stratigraphy
Authors: Krieger Alex D. 
Published: June 2018

The accompanying Figure 26 was made by the writer from Newell's field notes and profiles. These profiles summarize the potential stratigraphy within the excavated leg of the mound in terms of the actual sequence of construction. (All remarks hereafter on the construction of “the mound” must be taken to apply only to the excavated eastern leg, subject to possible correction if and when the other leg is examined.) It will be shown that not all these stages of construction have determinable cultural significance; that is, some show no apparent differences in the associated cultural material and can be grouped into what we shall call “phases” of occupation.The reader should first examine NewelFs contour map of the site (Fig. 4), showing the peculiar L-shape of the complete mound, the grid system of numbered squares, and the position of the numerous house outlines.
Growth of quasiconvex subgroups
Authors: DAHMANI FRANÇOIS , FUTER DAVID , WISE DANIEL T. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractWe prove that non-elementary hyperbolic groups grow exponentially more quickly than their infinite index quasiconvex subgroups. The proof uses the classical tools of automatic structures and Perron–Frobenius theory.We also extend the main result to relatively hyperbolic groups and cubulated groups. These extensions use the notion of growth tightness and the work of Dahmani, Guirardel and Osin on rotating families.
Hydrotalcite Can Prevent the Damaging Effects of Helicobacter Pylori on Gastric Epithelial Cells
Authors: Yanyan Shi , Yanlei Guo , Ting Zhang , Shigang Ding 
Published: June 2018

AbstractBackground: Helicobacter pylori is a major cause of gastric diseases including gastric cancer. This study was aimed to explore whether hydrotalcite can inhibit H. pylori infection of gastric epithelial cells. Methods: the gastric epithelial cell line GES-1 and the gastric cancer cell line BGC823 were infected with H. pylori at multiplicities of infections (MOIs) of 50:1 and 100:1. Hydrotalcite was added to cell cultures. Cell apoptosis and cell cycle analysis were performed to measure the situation of cell growth. The main changes of cell ultrastructure were observed by transmission electron microscopy. H. pylori cell adhesion was observed by scanning electron microscopy. Results: hydrotalcite could significantly inhibit cell apoptosis of GES-1 and cell proliferation of BGC823 induced by H. pylori infection at an MOI of 50:1. Hydrotalcite treatment protected gastric cells from H. pylori infection, and H. pylori adhesion to gastric cells was reduced. However, hydrotalcite could not reverse damage induced by H. pylori infection at an MOI of 100:1. Conclusion: hydrotalcite can protect gastric cells from H. pylori infection when cell damage is not serious. It can weaken the damage of cells induced by H. pylori and decrease H. pylori adhesion to gastric cells.
Adaptive Modifications in Four Fish Species of the GenusGarra(Teleostei; Cyprinidae) in Basistha River, Assam, India
Authors: Hussain Jafrin F. , Bordoloi Sabitry 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThis paper deals with the study of the surface morphology of barbels, upper lips, and adhesive discs in four hill stream fish species collected from Basistha River, a torrential river in Guwahati city, Assam, India. The four species belonging to the genusGarranamely,Garra gotyla(Gray, 1830),Garra gravelyi(Annandale, 1919),Garra stenorhynchus(Jerdon, 1849), andGarra nasuta(McClelland, 1838) were collected from the same torrential habitat. These fish revealed anatomical peculiarities in their barbels, lips, and adhesive discs which are believed to help them in adapting to such habitats. Organs exhibiting adaptive modifications (barbels, lips, and adhesive discs) were studied with the scanning electron microscope. The study primarily revealed the presence of type I and type II taste buds in the barbels, lips, and adhesive discs, and numerous unculi surrounded by microridges in the upper lips and adhesive discs. A cumulative, intercalated action of these organs enables these fish to adhere and adapt to rocky, torrential streams. Special ability to adapt to these habitats was reflected from the two types of taste buds (I and II) present in the barbels, and the clustering of excrescencies bearing unculi in the lips and adhesive discs of the fish.