bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Factors influencing beef eating quality 1. Effects of nutritional regimen and genotype on organoleptic properties and instrumental texture
Authors: Sinclair K. D. , Lobley G.E. , Horgan G.W. , Kyle D.J. , Porter A.D. , Matthews K.R. , Warkup C.C. , Maltin C. A. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAn experiment was conducted to determine if growth rate, as affected by level of feeding, during a 10-or 20-week period prior to slaughter could influence the tenderness and palatability of beef from young (approx. 14 months old at the start of experiment) steers. Steers, comprising 18 Aberdeen Angus (AA), 18 Charolais (CH) and 18 Holstein (HO) purebreds, were allocated, within genotype, to one of three levels of feeding: (a) moderate ((M/M) 750 kJ metabolizable energy (ME) per day per kg M0·75), (b) high ((H/H) 1050 kJ ME per day per kg M0·75) both for 20 weeks; or (c) moderate for the first 10 weeks followed by high for the remaining 10 weeks (M/H). The steers were slaughtered at a fixed age (approx. 19 months old) and samples ofm. longissimus lumborum(from all three genotypes) m. vastus lateralis and m. biceps femoris (from AA and CH only) separated, vacuum packed and stored at 2ºC for both 7 and 14 days before freezing. These cuts were subsequently assessed by a 12 member taste panel and texture analysis performed using Volodkevitch-type jaws.Growth rates during the final 10 weeks of the experimental period differed between dietary regimen (M/M = 0·87; M/H = 1·25; and H/H = 1·02 kg/day; s.e.d. = 0·08;P< 0·001). Steers offered the M/M level of feeding grew more slowly (0·97 kg/day) than those offered the M/H and H/H level of feeding (1·20 kg/day; s.e.d. = 0·06;P< 0·001) over the entire 20 week experimental period. In spite of these differences in growth rate, there were no consistent effects on beef tenderness and general palatability. Mean growth rates for CH, HO and AA steers were 1·21, 1·13 and 1·03 kg/day (s.e.d. = 0·06;P< 0·05). Beef samples from AA steers consistently scored better for various sensory attributes than those from CH and HO steers; this may have been due, in part, to level of carcass fatness and rate of carcass cooling post mortem. Accounting for factors such as genotype within the experimental design and slaughtering animals at a relatively constant age reduced the variance associated with each sensory attribute to 0·6 of that observed in commercial practice. The data suggest that there is little opportunity to improve beef eating quality by increasing growth rate by dietary means in steers provided that moderate levels of gain (equivalent to the UK average) are maintained.
Effect of fibre source on ileal apparent digestibility of non-starch polysaccharides in rabbits
Authors: Carabaño R. , García J. , Blas J. C. de 
Published: May 2019

AbstractSixteen New Zealand White ✕ Californian doe rabbits (four per diet) weighing 3397 (s.e. 378) g, and surgically fitted with a glass T-cannula at the terminal ileum were used to determine the apparent ileal digestibility of non-starch polysaccharides of four fibrous foods. Four diets were formulated to contain paprika meal, olive leaves, lucerne hay or soya-bean hulls as the sole source of fibre. Fibre sources were supplemented with different proportions of soya protein isolate, wheat flour, lard, sodium chloride, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, DL-methionine and a mineral/vitamin mix, to obtain diets containing at least 185 g crude protein and 50 g starch per kg. All diets included 2 g/kg of the respective fibre source marked with chromium. Diets were assigned to individually caged rabbits in a completely randomized design and were offered ad libitum throughout the experiment. Dry matter intake was not affected by type of diet. Fibre source affected (P< 0·05) corrected ileal apparent digestibility of total non-strach polysaccharides (NSP), xylose, galactose, glucose and uronic acids. Uronic acids were the best digested monomer at the ileum in all the foodstuffs studied, ranging from 0·195 to 0·522 for olive leaves and paprika meal, respectively. Corrected ileal apparent digestibility of uronic acids was correlated with the uronic acids insoluble in NDF solution, expressed as proportion of total uronic acid content (r=–0·74;P= 0·001), the proportion of large particles (> 1·25 mm;r= –0·71;P< 0·01) and the proportion of fine particles (< 0·315 mm;r= 0·65;P= 0·01). Other monomers (arabinose, mannose, rhamnose and galactose) usually related to pectic substances, also showed in general a greater ileal digestibility than that of total NSP. Taking into account the uronic acids content of the diet and their digestibility, digestible uronic acids accounted for 0·572, 0·528, 0·93 and 0·353 of the total ileal digestible NSP of paprika meal, olive leaves, lucerne hay and soya-bean hulls based diets, respectively. The sum of arabinose, mannose, rhamnose and galactose accounted for 0·15 of total NSP digested at the ileum on average, over the different fibre sources studied. Glucose and xylose were the monomers least digested at the ileum. Their corrected ileal apparent digestibilities were close to zero, except for the paprika meal (0·266 and 0·216) and soya-bean hulls (0·137 and 0·057) based diets. In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that a valuable amount of total NSP is hydrolysed before the caecum in rabbits. However, this hydrolysis affects mainly pectic and readily fermentable substances.
Contribution of altitude and Alpine origin of forage to the influence of Alpine sojourn of cows on intake, nitrogen conversion, metabolic stress and milk synthesis
Authors: Leiber F. , Kreuzer M. , Jörg B. , Leuenberger H. , Wettstein H. -R. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractA two-factorial experiment was conducted in order to quantify and distinguish the influences of altitude and forage origin on metabolism and milk synthesis of dairy cows kept at Alpine locations. Each of four experimental groups comprised six dairy cows in early to mid lactation which were kept tethered in barns at altitudes of either 2000 (Alpine) or 400 m above sea level (a.s.l.) (lowland). Two groups (Alpine and lowland) received hay ad libitum, a third group kept in the lowlands was pair-fed to the Alpine group and a control group was offered silages and concentrates according to milk yield. Two hay types, with origin either from 2000 or 400 m a.s.l., were offered to all hay-alone groups following a change-over design over three 21-day periods. Transferring cows to high altitude triggered a complex adaptation process, which resulted in depressions of food intake at the beginning of the experiment and changed plasma levels of metabolic traits indicating an energy deficit. On average over the entire experiment, high altitude sojourn elevated plasma β-hydroxybutyrate and decreased plasma glucose levels. Yields of milk and of main milk constituents were not significantly affected, but milk protein content was reduced in both the Alpine and in the pair-fed group. No generally elevated maintenance requirements as a consequence of hypoxia were found. Hay-alone feeding caused a co-limitation of net energy and absorbable protein in both hay types which was almost completely compensated by a reduction of milk yield. The hay of Alpine origin had a lower digestibility and crude protein content than the lowland hay which resulted in changes in blood plasma traits and a further suppression of milk yield and milk protein and lactose contents. Due to the low N content of the Alpine hay, N utilization for milk protein synthesis remained similar to that found with lowland hay, and manure N of these cows contained the lowest proportion of easily-volatile urine N. In conclusion, forage origin in conjunction with diet type seems to explain the major part of the adverse effects that the Alpine sojourn exerts on lactating dairy cows while the effects of hypoxia appear to be of lesser importance.
Using the cover crop N calculator for adaptive nitrogen fertilizer management: a proof of concept
Authors: Gaskin Julia W. , Cabrera Miguel L. , Kissel David E. , Hitchcock Richard 
Published: May 2019

AbstractLegume cover crops can supply a significant amount of nitrogen (N) for cash crops, which is particularly important for organic farmers. Because N mineralization from cover crop residue depends on the amount of biomass, cover crop quality, as well as environmental conditions such as soil moisture and temperature, predicting the amount of N mineralized and the timing of release has been difficult. We have developed a Cover Crop Nitrogen Calculator based on the N subroutine of the CERES crop model and evaluated the use of the predicted N credits on yields of fall broccoli [Brassica oleracea L. (Italica group)] at a research farm and two working farms. Research farm trials consisted of a cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) cover crop and no cover crop treatments, each at four N rates (0N, 0.5N, 1N and 1.5N, with 1N the target N rate of 112 kg N ha−1 in 2013 and 168 kg N ha−1 in 2014 and 2015) in a randomized complete block design. On-farm trials consisted of a cowpea or sunn hemp (Crotolaria juncea L.) cover crop at four N rates (0N, 0.5N, 1N and 1.5N) and no cover crop treatment at the 1N rate in a completely randomized design. Cover crop biomass and quality (N%, carbohydrates%, cellulose% and lignin%) were measured and used with a 5-yr average soil moisture and soil temperature from a local weather station to predict an N credit. In the cover crop treatments, the N rate was modified by the predicted credit, while the no cover crop treatment received the full N fertilizer rate either as feathermeal (certified organic fields) or as urea (conventional field). At the research farm, broccoli yield increased up to the 0.5N rate, and there was no difference in yield between the no cover 0.5N rate and the cover crop 0.5N rate in 2013, 2014 and 2105. On-farm, we saw an N response in two site-years. In these site-years, there was no difference between the no cover 1N rate and the cover crop 1N rate. At the third site-year, no N response was seen. Overall, our results showed using the cover crop credit predicted by the Calculator did not reduce yields. The use of a decision support tool such as the Calculator may help farmers better manage N fertilizer when cover crops are used, and increase cover crop adoption.
3.5 THz quantum-cascade laser emission from dual diagonal feedhorns
Authors: Ellison B. N. , Valavanis A. , Auriacombe O. , Gerber D. , Rawlings T. , Brewster N. , Oldfield M. L. , Han Y. , Li L. H. , Zafar E. , Linfield E. H. , Davies A. G. , Savini G. , Emes M. , Winter B. , Walker D. , Saenz E. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAntenna-pattern measurements obtained from a double-metal supra-terahertz-frequency (supra-THz) quantum cascade laser (QCL) are presented. The QCL is mounted within a mechanically micro-machined waveguide cavity containing dual diagonal feedhorns. Operating in continuous-wave mode at 3.5 THz, and at an ambient temperature of ~60 K, QCL emission has been directed via the feedhorns to a supra-THz detector mounted on a multi-axis linear scanner. Comparison of simulated and measured far-field antenna patterns shows an excellent degree of correlation between beamwidth (full-width-half-maximum) and sidelobe content and a very substantial improvement when compared with unmounted devices. Additionally, a single output has been used to successfully illuminate and demonstrate an optical breadboard arrangement associated with a future supra-THz Earth observation space-borne payload. Our novel device has therefore provided a valuable demonstration of the effectiveness of supra-THz diagonal feedhorns and QCL devices for future space-borne ultra-high-frequency Earth-observing heterodyne radiometers.
Bayesian Inference of Subglacial Channel Structures From Water Pressure and Tracer‐Transit Time Data: A Numerical Study Based on a 2‐D Geostatistical Modeling Approach
Authors: Irarrazaval Inigo , Werder Mauro A. , Linde Niklas , Irving James , Herman Frederic , Mariethoz Gregoire 
Published: May 2019

AbstractCharacterizing subglacial water flow is critical for understanding basal sliding and processes occurring under glaciers and ice sheets. Development of subglacial numerical models and acquisition of water pressure and tracer data have provided valuable insights into subglacial systems and their evolution. Despite these advances, numerical models, data conditioning, and uncertainty quantification are difficult, principally due to high number of unknown parameters and expensive forward computations. In this study, we aim to infer the properties of a subglacial drainage system in two dimensions using a framework that combines physical and geostatistical processes. The methodology is composed of three main components: (i) a channel generator to produce networks of the subglacial system, (ii) a physical model that computes water pressure and mass transport in steady state, and (iii) Bayesian inversion in which the outputs (pressure and tracer‐transit times) are compared with synthetic data, thus allowing for parameter estimation and uncertainty quantification. We evaluate the ability of this framework to infer the subglacial characteristics of a synthetic ice sheet produced by a physically complex deterministic model, under different recharge scenarios. Results show that our methodology captures expected physical characteristics for each meltwater supply condition, while the precise locations of channels remain difficult to constrain. The framework enables uncertainty quantification, and the results highlight its potential to infer properties of real subglacial systems using observed water pressure and tracer‐transit times.
Interfrequency Performance Characterizations of GPS During Signal Outages From an Anomaly Crest Location
Authors: Biswas T. , Ghosh S. , Paul A. , Sarkar S. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIntroduction of new navigation signals L2C (1227.60 MHz) and L5 (1176.45 MHz) to the existing GPS (Global Positioning System) spectrum, under the modernization program of GPS offers the improvement of position accuracy. The present study aims to understand the relative robustness of the L2C and L5 signals compared to legacy L1 C/A signal during periods of scintillations in terms of durations of cycle slips encountered from an anomaly crest location, Calcutta (22.58°N, 88.38°E geographic; magnetic dip 32°N). The data analyzed in this study were recorded during the vernal equinox of 2014 (February–April), a period of high solar activity of cycle 24. Results obtained from the comparative analyses, which are perhaps one of the first from the Indian longitude sector, indicate GPS L5 to be more robust than L1 C/A and L2C in terms of occurrence and duration of cycle slips under adverse ionospheric conditions. Furthermore, loss‐of‐lock events of duration greater than 6 s are found to be more frequent for S4 ≥ 0.6. It is found that frequency sensitivity of the GPS spectrum, in terms of occurrence of cycle slips and loss of locks are in conformity with earlier results from the equatorial region but are different from the high latitudes with respect to local time of occurrence and geomagnetic activity.
Extension of an Empirical Electron Flux Model From 6 to 20 Earth Radii Using Cluster/RAPID Observations
Authors: Denton M. H. , Taylor M. G. G. T. , Rodriguez J. V. , Henderson M. G. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAn existing empirical model of the electron fluxes at geosynchronous orbit is extended radially outward in the equatorial plane to ~6–20 Earth radii (RE) using observations from the Research with Adaptive Particle Imaging Detectors (RAPID) instrument on the Cluster spacecraft. The new model provides electron flux predictions in the energy range ~45 eV to ~325 keV, as a function of local time and radial distance from the Earth, with geomagnetic activity parameterized by the Kp index. The model outputs include the mean and median electron fluxes along with the standard deviation and the 5th, 25th, 75th, and 95th percentiles for the given input conditions. The flux outputs from the model are tested against in‐sample observations from Cluster/RAPID and out‐of‐sample observations from Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS)/Solid State Telescope with good prediction efficiency during quiet and active intervals, as quantified by standard methods. This new model is intended to supplement current predictive capabilities in the magnetosphere for spacecraft operations, as well as providing the necessary boundary and/or input conditions for computational/physical models of the magnetospheric system when the necessary in situ observations are unavailable. While the new model can certainly not reproduce the rapid small‐scale fluctuations inherent in spacecraft observations, it does provide a coarse capability to predict the flux of electrons close to the equatorial plane, based on radial distance, energy, local time, and geomagnetic activity, in regions where no in situ assets are available.
Harmonic Pulse Testing for Well Monitoring: Application to a Fractured Geothermal Reservoir
Authors: Salina Borello E. , Fokker P. A. , Viberti D. , Verga F. , Hofmann H. , Meier P. , Min K.‐B. , Yoon K. , Zimmermann G. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractHarmonic Pulse Testing (HPT) has been developed as a type of well testing applicable during ongoing field operations because a pulsed signal is superimposed on background pressure trend. Its purpose is to determine well and formation parameters such as wellbore storage, skin, permeability, and boundaries within the investigated volume. Compared to conventional well testing, HPT requires more time to investigate the same reservoir volume. The advantage is that it does not require the interruption of well and reservoir injection/production before and/or during the test because it allows the extraction of an interpretable periodic signal from measured pressure potentially affected by interference. This makes it an ideal monitoring tool. Interpretation is streamlined through diagnostic plots mimicking conventional well test interpretation methods. To this end, analytical solutions in the frequency domain are available. The methodology was applied to monitor stimulation operations performed at an Enhanced Geothermal System site in Pohang, Korea. The activities were divided into two steps: first, a preliminary sequence of tests, injection/fall‐off, and two HPTs, characterized by low injection rates and dedicated to estimate permeability prior to stimulation operations, and then stimulation sequence characterized by a higher injection rate. During the stimulation operations other HPT were performed to monitor formation properties behavior. The interpretation of HPT data through the derivative approach implemented in the frequency domain provided reliable results in agreement with the injection test. Moreover, it provided an estimation of hydraulic properties without cessation of stimulation operations, thus confirming the effectiveness of HPT application for monitoring purposes.
Modified inductive power transfer topology for electrical vehicle battery charging using auxiliary network to achieve zero‐voltage switching for full load variations
Authors: Nama Jitendra Kumar , Srivastava Manaswi , Verma Arun Kumar 
Published: May 2019

Wireless inductive chargers are benedictional over plug‐in chargers when human safety and convenience are the main concern. The advancement in the inductive chargers is yet less appreciable due to the loss of soft switching, low efficiency with load variation, and compatibility. In this study, a modified inductive power transfer capable DC–DC converter topology for electric vehicle battery charging is proposed. A simple auxiliary network is proposed and is supplemented with a modified pulse width modulation gating technique for achieving soft‐switching over full load variations. In addition to achieving zero‐voltage switching during turn‐on and turn‐off process, the proposed auxiliary network aids in the converter size reduction as compared with fourth order compensation topologies. This proposed topology also provides flexibility in switch selection, reduced switch stress. The operating principle and working of the proposed topology are validated through MATLAB simulations. Finally, experimental results obtained using a laboratory prototype rated for 600 W at 85 kHz are presented. The simulation and experimental results are found to be in good agreement with full load efficiency of 91.5%.
Weak lensing in the Horizon-AGN simulation lightcone
Authors: Gouin C. , Gavazzi R. , Pichon C. , Dubois Y. , Laigle C. , Chisari N. E. , Codis S. , Devriendt J. , Peirani S. 
Published: May 2019

Context. Accurate model predictions including the physics of baryons are required to make the most of the upcoming large cosmological surveys devoted to gravitational lensing. The advent of hydrodynamical cosmological simulations enables such predictions on sufficiently sizeable volumes.
Aims. Lensing quantities (deflection, shear, convergence) and their statistics (convergence power spectrum, shear correlation functions, galaxy-galaxy lensing) are computed in the past lightcone built in the Horizon-AGN hydrodynamical cosmological simulation, which implements our best knowledge on baryonic physics at the galaxy scale in order to mimic galaxy populations over cosmic time.
Methods. Lensing quantities are generated over a one square degree field of view by performing multiple-lens plane ray-tracing through the lightcone, taking full advantage of the 1 kpc resolution and splitting the line of sight over 500 planes all the way to redshift z ∼ 7. Two methods are explored (standard projection of particles with adaptive smoothing, and integration of the acceleration field) to ensure a good implementation. The focus is on small scales where baryons matter most.
Results. Standard cosmic shear statistics are affected at the 10% level by the baryonic component for angular scales below a few arcminutes. The galaxy-galaxy lensing signal, or galaxy-shear correlation function, is consistent with measurements for the redshift z ∼ 0.5 massive galaxy population. At higher redshift z ≳ 1, the effect of magnification bias on this correlation is relevant for separations greater than 1 Mpc.
Conclusions. This work is pivotal for all current and upcoming weak-lensing surveys and represents a first step towards building a full end-to-end generation of lensed mock images from large cosmological hydrodynamical simulations.