bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dosimetry in a mammography phantom using TLD‐300 dosimeters
Authors: Muñoz I. D. , Gamboa‐deBuen I. , Avila O. , Brandan M. E. 
Published: July 2018

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the photon field effective energy (Eeff) distribution and percentage depth‐dose (PDD) within a mammography phantom by the analysis of the CaF2:Tm (TLD‐300) thermoluminescent (TL) glow curve. The experimental procedure involves the use of TLD‐300 to determine with single dosimeter exposures both the relative dose and the beam quality.MethodsTLD‐300 chips were exposed to x rays from a GE Senographe 2000D mammography unit at the surface and different depths within a BR12 phantom. X‐ray beams were generated with Mo/Mo, Mo/Rh, and Rh/Rh anode/filter combinations and voltages between 25 and 34 kV. Glow curves were deconvoluted into component peaks and the high‐ to low‐temperature ratio (HLTR) was evaluated. The photon field Eeff was obtained from the HLTR values using a calibration curve determined previously. PDD was established from the peak 5 TL signal (TLSP5) at depths between 0.0 and 3.5 cm inside the phantom. Taking into account the differences in density and composition between CaF2:Tm and breast tissue, an energy‐dependent correction factor (β(E)) was applied to TLSP5. Measurements were compared with radiation transport Monte Carlo (MC) simulations performed with PENELOPE‐2008.ResultsA typical 5% change in the HLTR from the phantom top surface to 3.5 cm depth was measured, which corresponds to a 2.2 keV increase in photon field Eeff. Values of the β(E) correction factor were 0.33 and 0.13 for Eeff equal to 15.1 and 22.5 keV, respectively. This strong energy dependence of β(E) is mostly due to the differences in fluence attenuation between CaF2 and breast tissue. According to PDD measurements, dose decreased to half the surface value at depths between 0.7 and 1.0 cm for Mo/Mo/25 and Rh/Rh/34 beams, respectively. Values of PDD, less than 10% at 3.5 cm depth, would have been overestimated by about 3.5% (a large relative error) if an energy‐independent correction factor had been assumed. Mean differences between experiments and MC simulations were 0.8 keV and 1.2% in the determination of Eeff and PDD, respectively.ConclusionThe TLD‐300 glow curve was used to accurately measure the photon field Eeff and PDD within a mammographic phantom. This work has demonstrated that Eeff and dose can be established simultaneously by using solely TLD‐300.
Developing Safe Lathing Parameters for PBX 9501
Authors: Woodrum Randall B. , Barnett David H. , Dickens James C. , Neuber Andreas A. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThis paper presents the work performed on dry‐lathing PBX 9501 to gather and analyze cutting force as well as temperature data during the machining process. The data is compared to present USA federal‐regulation‐constrained machining limits of high explosives. The effects of machining parameters depth of cut, surface meters per minute, and feed per revolution on cutting force and cutting interface were evaluated. Cutting tools of tip radius 0.013 cm and 0.127 cm were tested to determine the effect of the tool shape on the machining process. Empirically, a pronounced dependence of the maximum tool temperature on the depth of cut and surface meters per minute was found, while the dependence on the feed per revolution was found much weaker. It is elucidated that rapid, shallow cuts optimize machining time for a billet of PBX 9501 while minimizing temperature increase and cutting force.
Environmental degradation and inclusive human development in sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: Asongu Simplice A. , Odhiambo Nicholas M. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractIn the light of challenges to sustainable development in the post‐2015 development agenda, this paper assesses how increasing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions affect inclusive human development in 44 countries in sub‐Saharan Africa for the period 2000–2012. The following findings are established from Fixed Effects and Tobit regressions: first, unconditional effects and conditional impacts are respectively positive and negative from CO2 emissions per capita, CO2 emissions from liquid fuel consumption, and CO2 intensity. This implies a Kuznets‐shaped curve because of consistent decreasing returns; and second, the corresponding net effects are consistently positive. The following findings are apparent from Generalized Method of Moments regressions: first, unconditional effects and conditional impacts are respectively negative and positive from CO2 emissions per capita, CO2 emissions from liquid fuel consumption, and CO2 intensity. This implies a U‐shaped curve because of consistent increasing returns; and second, the corresponding net effects are overwhelmingly negative. Based on the robust findings and choice of best estimator, the net effect of increasing CO2 emissions on inclusive human development is negative. Policy implications are discussed.
Green supplier selection for sustainable development of the automotive industry using grey decision‐making
Authors: Jiang Peng , Hu Yi‐Chung , Yen Ghi‐Feng , Tsao Shu‐Ju 
Published: July 2018

AbstractSustainable development is a common global theme of the 21st century. Global environmental issues have attracted increasing public attention in recent years. As one of the most important industries in Taiwan, the automotive industry needs to implement green supply chain management to comply with current trends, and the selection of suppliers of green parts is particularly important in this regard. Supplier selection is a classic case of multiple‐criteria decision‐making (MCDM). A traditional method, called the decision‐making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL)‐based analytical network process (ANP) (DANP), is appropriate to solve the problem of supplier selection. This study proposes a novel variant of DANP, called grey DANP, to effectively reduce the huge problem arising from pairwise comparisons. An empirical study was used to demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed grey DANP. It contributes to finding the key factors of selecting green suppliers for Taiwan's automotive industry, including technology, delivery time, environmental management system and pollution control. The cause–effect relationships among key factors indicate that the environmental management system should be given more attention by manufacturers in the selection of green suppliers.
ETFE‐Großkissendach über dem Lilienthalhaus in Braunschweig
Authors: Schäffer Michael , Stimpfle Bernd 
Published: July 2018

AbstractAm Forschungsflughafen Braunschweig wurde als erster Bauabschnitt des neuentstehenden Lilienthal‐Quartiers ein Verwaltungs‐ und Dienstleitungsgebäude fertiggestellt. Das viergeschossige Lilienthalhaus mit seinem gekrümmt dreiecksförmigen Grundriss besitzt ein Atrium in der selben Form. Vom Architekt und Bauherrn war für die Atriumüberdachung eine leichte, innovative Konstruktion gewünscht, die möglichst viel Tageslicht in den Innenbereich leitet.Diese Aufgabe wurde mit einem dreilagigen ETFE‐Großkissen gelöst. Die obere und untere nur 250 µm dicke ETFE‐Folie wird jeweils mit einem rautenförmigen Netz aus Edelstahlseilen gestützt. Die Folie übernimmt die Tragwirkung innerhalb der Seilrauten, die Weiterleitung der Kräfte zum Rand wird dann von den Seilen übernommen. Ein umlaufendes Randrohr sammelt dort die Kräfte, die über Streben zur Massivbaudecke geleitet werden. Die gesamte Atriumüberdachung ist geneigt und integriert den auf dem obersten Stockwerk aufgesetzten Besprechungsraum – die Skylounge. Die so entstehenden umlaufenden Fassadenflächen sind ebenfalls mit ETFE‐Folienkissen bespannt.
Digitaler Formschluss – Zahn‐Steckverbindungen für komplexe Stahlbauknoten
Authors: Lienhard Julian , Walz Arnold 
Published: July 2018

AbstractDer Stahlbau ermöglicht weite architektonische Gestaltungsspielräume, wie sie im Leichtbau bereits erfolgreich umgesetzt werden. Durch die immer komplexeren Anforderungen an die Gebäudehülle und den gleichzeitigen Trend zu freien Formen steigen auch die Anforderungen an die Konstruktionsprinzipien des Stahlbaus, hin zu digital beschreibbaren und geometrisch flexiblen Fügeprinzipien. In diesem Kontext wird im vorliegenden Aufsatz eine Steckverbindung als formschlüssiges Fügeprinzip vorgestellt, die sich besonders gut in eine digitale Wertschöpfungskette komplexer Stahlbauten integrieren lässt.
Seeking efficiency with carnivore survey methods: A case study with elusive martens
Authors: Moriarty Katie M. , Linnell Mark A. , Thornton Jamie E. , Watts G. Wesley 
Published: July 2018

ABSTRACTObtaining reliable information on species distributions is often the first step in conservation. Distribution information can be used to focus survey efforts to estimate population size and examine drivers of occupancy or other population parameters. We compared detection rates and survey costs for 2 techniques (remote cameras and scent detection teams) used to evaluate distribution of a rare carnivore, Humboldt subspecies of Pacific marten (Martes caurina humboldtensis). We used remote cameras at randomly placed sites in coastal Oregon, USA, to compare camera set type (baited, unbaited), bait height (<0.5 m, 1.37 m), and bait types (chicken and lure, cat food) for a 21‐day survey period during winter (27 Jan–12 Apr) and summer (04 Jul–14 Oct) 2015. When a marten was detected, we completed an additional survey within 25 m. Scent detection teams (human handler and dog) performed area‐constrained searches for scat deposited. We used a Bayesian occupancy model to compare detection probabilities for baited camera treatments. We detected martens at 26 sites, and offset stations detected martens at 15 of 24 sites (62.5%). Survey‐level detection probability for martens (the probability of detecting ≥1 marten during a survey) was high for the camera survey during summer and winter (estimates ranged from 60% to 99% and 33% to 82%, respectively), and similar for all treatments. We surveyed 50 sites with both remote cameras and scent detection teams 25 April–25 May 2015. Of 33 sites with ≥1 marten detection, 36.4% of units had a marten detected only by scent detection teams, 30.3% only by remote camera, and 33.3% by both techniques. When the objective was marten detection, survey costs were less for scent detection teams. For identifying individual martens and their sex, cameras paired with hair snares were more cost‐efficient. Scent detection teams provided a complementary method to baited remote cameras for assessing distribution. Using multiple techniques provided an opportunity to quantify limitations of survey methods. © 2018 The Wildlife Society.
Caregiving, intellectual disability, and dementia: Report of the Summit Workgroup on Caregiving and Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
Authors: Heller Tamar , Scott Haleigh M. , Janicki Matthew P. ,   Pre‐Summit Workgroup on Caregiving and Intellectual/Developmental Disabilities, Heller Tamar , Esbensen Anna , Fazio Sam , Yoshizaki‐Gibbons Hailee , Hartley Dean H. , Janicki Matthew P. , Jokinen Nancy , Kallmyer Beth , Keller Seth , Magana Sandy , Marsack Christina , McCallion Philip , Perkins Elizabeth , Putnam Michelle , Qualls Sara , Rader Rick , Roberto Karen , Scott Haleigh M. , Wheeler Barbara 
Published: July 2018

AbstractIntroductionA specially commissioned working group produced a report on caregiving, intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDDs), and dementia for the National Institutes of Health–located National Research Summit on Care, Services, and Supports for Persons with Dementia and Their Caregivers.MethodsExperts in caregiving, dementia, and IDDs examined the current state of research, policy, and practice related to caregiving and supports; identified the similarities and dissimilarities between IDD‐related care and services and the general population affected by dementia; and considered how these findings might contribute to the conversation on developing a dementia care research and services development agenda.ResultsFive major areas related to programs and caregiving were assessed: (1) challenges of dementia; (2) family caregiving interventions; (3) supportive care settings; (4) effects of diversity; and (5) bridging service networks of aging and disability.DiscussionRecommendations included increasing supports for caregivers of adults with IDDs and dementia; increasing research on community living settings and including caregivers of persons with IDDs in dementia research; acknowledging cultural values and practice diversity in caregiving; increasing screening for dementia and raising awareness; and leveraging integration of aging and disability networks.
More than Elections: Rural Support and Regime Stability in Africa
Authors: Rabinowitz Beth S. 
Published: July 2018

Abstract:It is generally recognized that rural constituents are critical for winning elections. Development economists also recognize the importance of pro-agricultural policies to economic growth. Yet, little attention has been paid to the effect of rural politics on regime stability. Against conventional wisdom, this article argues that leaders who supportruralareas andsuppressurban demands are better able to stabilize the state and avoid coups. Because Ghana was able to politically stabilize after a period of state decay and five coups, the article presents an in-depth analysis of the tactical decisions made by the Ghanaian head of state who presided over these changes, John Jerry Rawlings. Using process-tracing, the study illustrates the importance of rural coalitions to stability and regime success.
The contact hypothesis re-evaluated
Authors: PALUCK ELIZABETH LEVY , GREEN SETH A. , GREEN DONALD P. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThis paper evaluates the state of contact hypothesis research from a policy perspective. Building on Pettigrew and Tropp's (2006) influential meta-analysis, we assemble all intergroup contact studies that feature random assignment and delayed outcome measures, of which there are 27 in total, nearly two-thirds of which were published following the original review. We find the evidence from this updated dataset to be consistent with Pettigrew and Tropp's (2006) conclusion that contact “typically reduces prejudice.” At the same time, our meta-analysis suggests that contact's effects vary, with interventions directed at ethnic or racial prejudice generating substantially weaker effects. Moreover, our inventory of relevant studies reveals important gaps, most notably the absence of studies addressing adults' racial or ethnic prejudices, an important limitation for both theory and policy. We also call attention to the lack of research that systematically investigates the scope conditions suggested by Allport (1954) under which contact is most influential. We conclude that these gaps in contact research must be addressed empirically before this hypothesis can reliably guide policy.
Molecular evidence linking the larval and adult stages of Mexiconema cichlasomae (Dracunculoidea: Daniconematidae) from Mexico, with notes on its phylogenetic position among Dracunculoidea
Authors: May-Tec A.L. , Martínez-Aquino A. , Aguirre-Macedo M.L. , Vidal-Martínez V.M. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractWe describe the larval developmental stages and life cycle of the dracunculid nematodeMexiconema cichlasomaein both the intermediate,Argulus yucatanus(Crustacea: Branchiura), and definitive hosts,Cichlasoma urophthalmus(Perciformes: Cichlidae), from the Celestun tropical coastal lagoon, Yucatan, Mexico. The morphological analyses showed significant differences between the total length of L1 found inM. cichlasomaegravid female and L2–L3 inA. yucatanus.This result indicates that theM. cichlasomaelarval development occurs in the intermediate host. We obtained sequences from the small subunit (SSU) ribosomal marker from larval stages ofM. cichlasomaeinA. yucatanusand adult nematodes inC. urophthalmus. Our morphological and molecular results support conspecificity betweenM. cichlasomaelarvae inA. yucatanusand the adult stages inC. urophthalmus. We briefly discuss the phylogenetic position ofM. cichlasomaeamong the Daniconematidae, and provide evidence of the monophyly of the daniconematids associated with branchiurid intermediate hosts. Based on the phylogenetic results, we support the transfer of theMexiconemagenus to the family Skrjabillanidae and do not support the lowering of family Daniconematidae to subfamily.
Aquinas on divine impeccability, omnipotence, and free will
Authors: ECHAVARRÍA AGUSTÍN 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThis article analyses Aquinas's conception of divine impeccability, and replies to some contemporary objections to this view. The first three sections show that for Aquinas the proposition that expresses God's impeccability is necessaryde re, since God's moral goodness is grounded in His ontological goodness. The fourth section presents the connection between God's will and God's power and explains the sense of Aquinas's claim that God cannot sin because He cannot will to sin. The last three sections address the objections based on the apparent incompatibility between omnipotence and impeccability, and between impeccability, free will, and praiseworthiness.
CHALLENGES AND METHODOLOGIES IN USING PROGRESSION FREE SURVIVAL AS A SURROGATE FOR OVERALL SURVIVAL IN ONCOLOGY
Authors: Hernandez-Villafuerte Karla , Fischer Alastair , Latimer Nicholas 
Published: July 2018

Objectives:A primary outcome in oncology trials is overall survival (OS). However, to estimate OS accurately requires a sufficient number of patients to have died, which may take a long time. If an alternative end point is sufficiently highly correlated with OS, it can be used as a surrogate. Progression-free survival (PFS) is the surrogate most often used in oncology, but does not always satisfy the correlation conditions for surrogacy. We analyze the methodologies used when extrapolating from PFS to OS.Methods:Davis et al. previously reviewed the use of surrogate end points in oncology, using papers published between 2001 and 2011. We extend this, reviewing papers published between 2012 and 2016. We also examine the reporting of statistical methods to assess the strength of surrogacy.Results:The findings from 2012 to 2016 do not differ substantially from those of 2001 to 2011: the same factors are shown to affect the relationship between PFS and OS. The proportion of papers reporting individual patient data (IPD), strongly recommended for full assessment of surrogacy, remains low: 33 percent. A wide range of methods has been used to determine the appropriateness of surrogates. While usually adhering to reporting standards, the standard of scholarship appears sometimes to be questionable and the reporting of results often haphazard.Conclusions:Standards of analysis and reporting PFS to OS surrogate studies should be improved by increasing the rigor of statistical reporting and by agreeing to a minimum set of reporting guidelines. Moreover, the use of IPD to assess surrogacy should increase.
Pertussis surveillance by small serosurveys of blood donors
Authors: Kennerknecht N. , Riffelmann M. , Voelker U. , Wirsing von König C. H. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractSerosurveys have established data about the distribution of immunoglobulin G (IgG)-antibodies to pertussis toxin (PT) in various populations. We tried to detect whether small serosurveys in blood donors could serve as a simple and inexpensive means to collect information about the circulation ofBordetella pertussis. We screened every donation in 307 adult blood donors aged 19–69 years for IgG-anti-PT by standardised enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), and the donors were followed between 2014 and 2016 for a total of 426 person-years. When we used a vertical survey with cut-offs of 100, 62.5 and 40 IU/ml, respectively, as an indicator for recent contacts withB. pertussis, nine (2.9%), 22 (7.2%) and 54 (17.6%) of donors had IgG-anti-PT titres above the respective levels. During the horizontal observation period of 426 person years, six significant increases and two conversions were found, which lead to an estimate of 1878 contacts/100.000 person-years (1.9% per year). Median and mean IgG-anti-PT concentrations remained relatively stable from year to year during the observation period. Our findings show that small serosurveys of blood donors offer a simple and cheap method for the surveillance ofB. pertussis.
Patients with Acute Stroke Presenting Like Conversion Disorder
Authors: Serinken Mustafa , Karcioglu Ozgur 
Published: July 2018

AbstractConversion disorder is a form of somatoform disorders which has a high prevalence among women, individuals with lower socioeconomic status, under-educated populations, and in developing countries. However, up to one-half of patients who had been initially diagnosed with conversion disorder were eventually shown to have an underlying organic pathology–mostly neurological or non-psychiatric conditions. In this article, two patients are presented who accessed the emergency department (ED) with an initial diagnosis of conversion disorder in the ambulance that turned out to be stroke.Serinken M, Karcioglu O. Patients with acute stroke presenting like conversion disorder. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2018;33(4):451–453
Multi-shot ASP solving with clingo
Authors: GEBSER MARTIN , KAMINSKI ROLAND , KAUFMANN BENJAMIN , SCHAUB TORSTEN 
Published: July 2018

AbstractWe introduce a new flexible paradigm of grounding and solving in Answer Set Programming (ASP), which we refer to as multi-shot ASP solving, and present its implementation in the ASP systemclingo. Multi-shot ASP solving features grounding and solving processes that deal with continuously changing logic programs. In doing so, they remain operative and accommodate changes in a seamless way. For instance, such processes allow for advanced forms of search, as in optimization or theory solving, or interaction with an environment, as in robotics or query answering. Common to them is that the problem specification evolves during the reasoning process, either because data or constraints are added, deleted, or replaced. This evolutionary aspect adds another dimension to ASP since it brings about state changing operations. We address this issue by providing an operational semantics that characterizes grounding and solving processes in multi-shot ASP solving. This characterization provides a semantic account of grounder and solver states along with the operations manipulating them. The operative nature of multi-shot solving avoids redundancies in relaunching grounder and solver programs and benefits from the solver's learning capacities.clingoaccomplishes this by complementing ASP's declarative input language with control capacities. On the declarative side, a new directive allows for structuring logic programs into named and parameterizable subprograms. The grounding and integration of these subprograms into the solving process is completely modular and fully controllable from the procedural side. To this end,clingooffers a new application programming interface that is conveniently accessible via scripting languages. By strictly separating logic and control,clingoalso abolishes the need for dedicated systems for incremental and reactive reasoning, likeiclingoandoclingo, respectively, and its flexibility goes well beyond the advanced yet still rigid solving processes of the latter.