bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predicting Cardiac Surgery-Associated Acute Kidney Injury Using a Combination of Clinical Risk Scores and Urinary Biomarkers
Authors: Grieshaber Philippe , Möller Sina , Arneth Borros , Roth Peter , Niemann Bernd , Renz Harald , Böning Andreas 
Published: February 2019

Background Prediction, early diagnosis, and therapy of cardiac surgery-associated acute kidney injury (CSA-AKI) are challenging. We prospectively tested a staged approach to identify patients at high risk for CSA-AKI combining clinical risk stratification and early postoperative quantification of urinary biomarkers for AKI.
Methods All patients, excluding those on chronic hemodialysis, undergoing scheduled surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass between August 2015 and July 2016 were included. First, patients were stratified by calculating the Cleveland clinic score (CCS) and the Leicester score (LS). In high-risk patients (defined as LS > 25 or CCS > 6), urinary concentrations of biomarkers for AKI ([TIMP-2]*[IGFBP-7]) were evaluated 4 hours postoperatively. CSA-AKI was observed until postoperative day 6 and classified using the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes criteria.
Results AKI occurred in 352 of613 patients (54%). In high-risk patients, AKI occurred more frequently than in low-risk patients (66 vs. 49%; p = 0.001). In-hospital mortality after AKI stage 2 (15%) or AKI stage 3 (49%) compared with patients without AKI (1.8%; p = 0.001) was increased. LS was predictive for all stages of AKI (area under the curve [AUC] 0.601; p < 0.001) with a poor or fair accuracy, while CCS was only predictive for stage 2 or 3 AKI (AUC 0.669; p < 0.001) with fair accuracy. In 133 high-risk patients, urinary [TIMP-2]*[IGFBP-7] was significantly predictive for all-stage AKI within 24 hours postoperatively (AUC 0.63; p = 0.017). However, for the majority of AKI (55%), which occurred beyond 24 hours postoperatively, urinary [TIMP-2]*[IGFBP-7] was not significantly predictive. Sensitivity for all-stage AKI within 24 hours was 0.38 and specificity was 0.81 using a cutoff value of 0.3.
Conclusion CSA-AKI is a relevant and frequent complication after cardiac surgery. Patients at high risk for CSA-AKI can be identified using clinical prediction scores, however, with only poor to fair accuracy. Due to its weak test performance, urinary [TIMP-2]*[IGFBP-7] quantification 4 hours postoperatively does not add to the predictive value of clinical scores.
A Regression Model for Prediction of Cesarean-Associated Blood Transfusion
Authors: Albright Catherine M. , Spillane Timothy E. , Hughes Brenna L. , Rouse Dwight J. 
Published: February 2019

Objective To develop a model to predict cesarean-associated red blood cell transfusion.
Study Design Secondary analysis of all cesarean deliveries in the Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network Cesarean Registry. Using a split-sample technique, the derivation group was used to identify associated factors and build predictive models, and the validation group was used to estimate classification errors and determine test characteristics. Using factors available at the time of cesarean, we developed a multivariable logistic regression prediction model.
Results A total of 59,468 women were split evenly and randomly into the derivation and validation groups. The overall rate of transfusion was 2.7%. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for the derivation and validation groups were 0.82 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.80–0.84) and 0.84 (95% CI: 0.82–0.85), respectively (p = 0.16). The strongest predictors of transfusion were placenta previa (odds ratio [OR]: 7.06, 95% CI: 5.19–9.61) and eclampsia/Hemolysis Elevated Liver Enzymes Low Platelets syndrome (OR: 5.67, 95% CI: 3.77–8.51). In the validation group, the model had a sensitivity, specificity, positive, and negative predictive values of 55.8, 91.5, 16.2, and 98.6%, respectively. Overall, 90.5% of patients were correctly classified.
Conclusion A regression model incorporating variables available at the time of cesarean accurately predicts the need for intra- or postoperative transfusion.
Global virtual water trade and the hydrological cycle: patterns, drivers, and socio-environmental impacts
Authors: D’Odorico Paolo , Carr Joel , Dalin Carole , Dell’Angelo Jampel , Konar Megan , Laio Francesco , Ridolfi Luca , Rosa Lorenzo , Suweis Samir , Tamea Stefania , Tuninetti Marta 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
The increasing global demand for farmland products is placing unprecedented pressure on the global agricultural system and its water resources. Many regions of the world, that are affected by a chronic water scarcity relative to their population, strongly depend on the import of agricultural commodities and associated embodied (or virtual) water. The globalization of water through virtual water trade (VWT) is leading to a displacement of water use and a disconnection between human populations and the water resources they rely on. Despite the recognized importance of these phenomena in reshaping the patterns of water dependence through teleconnections between consumers and producers, their effect on global and regional water resources has just started to be quantified. This review investigates the global spatiotemporal dynamics, drivers, and impacts of VWT through an integrated analysis of surface water, groundwater, and root-zone soil moisture consumption for agricultural production; it evaluates how virtual water flows compare to the major ‘physical water fluxes’ in the Earth System; and provides a new reconceptualization of the hydrologic cycle to account also for the role of water redistribution by the hidden ‘virtual water cycle’.
Association Between Antipsychotics and All-Cause Mortality Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults
Authors: Kheirbek Raya Elfadel , Fokar Ali , Little John T , Balish Marshall , Shara Nawar M , Boustani Malaz A , Llorente Maria 
Published: February 2019

Abstract

Background
Antipsychotics are prescribed to treat various symptoms in older adults, however, their safety in this context has not been fully evaluated. The objective was to evaluate mortality risks associated with off-label use of antipsychotics among older adults with no preexisting mental illness or dementia relative to those with diagnosis of dementia.

Methods
Data (2007–2015) were derived from Department of Veterans Affairs registries for 730,226 patients (≥65 years) with no baseline serious mental illness, dementia). We estimated the cumulative incidence of antipsychotics prescription and 10-year all-cause mortality. The extended Cox models were used to estimate Hazard Ratios (HRs) associated with antipsychotics prescription, adjusted for time-varying covariates, dementia diagnosis, comorbidity index score, and age at time of first exposure to antipsychotics.

Results
The study included 98% males, 13% African Americans, and 81% Caucasian. Patients with dementia and antipsychotics had the highest risk of mortality (78.0%), followed by (73.0%) for patients with dementia alone and compared with patients without dementia or antipsychotics exposure who had the lowest mortality risk (42.0%). Exposure to typical antipsychotics was associated with (HR: 2.1, confidence interval [CI] 2.0–2.2) compared with atypical antipsychotics (HR: 1.5, CI 1.4–1.5, p = &lt;.0001).

Conclusion
In a large cohort of older adults, antipsychotics were associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality. While significant increase in mortality was attributable to the diagnosis of dementia, the addition of antipsychotics resulted in added mortality risk among all patients. Antipsychotic medications should be used cautiously in all older adults, not only those with dementia.
Suppressed CO emission and high G/D ratios in z = 2 galaxies with sub-solar gas-phase metallicity
Authors: Coogan R T , Sargent M T , Daddi E , Valentino F , Strazzullo V , Béthermin M , Gobat R , Liu D , Magdis G 
Published: February 2019

ABSTRACT
We study a population of significantly sub-solar enrichment galaxies at z = 1.99, to investigate how molecular gas, dust, and star formation relate in low-metallicity galaxies at the peak epoch of star formation. We target our sample with several deep Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array and Very Large Array datasets, and find no individual detections of CO[4–3], CO[1–0], or dust, in stark contrast to the  &gt;60 per cent detection rate expected for solar-enrichment galaxies with these MS H α star formation rates (SFRs). We find that both low- and high-density molecular gas (traced by CO[1–0] and CO[4–3], respectively) are affected by the low enrichment, showing sample average (stacked) luminosity deficits &gt;0.5–0.7 dex below expectations. This is particularly pertinent for the use of high-J CO emission as a proxy of instantaneous SFR. Our individual galaxy data and stacked constraints point to a strong inverse dependence ∝ Zγ of gas-to-dust ratios (G/D) and CO-to-H2 conversion factors (αCO) on metallicity at z ∼ 2, with γG/D &lt;−2.2 and $\gamma _{\alpha _{\rm CO}}\lt $−0.8, respectively. We quantify the importance of comparing G/D and αCO versus metallicity trends from the literature on a common, suitably normalized metallicity scale. When accounting for systematic offsets between different metallicity scales, our z ∼ 2 constraints on these scaling relations are consistent with the corresponding relations for local galaxies. However, among those local relations, we favour those with a steep/double power-law dependence of G/D on metallicity. Finally, we discuss the implications of these findings for (a) gas mass measurements for sub-M* galaxies, and (b) efforts to identify the characteristic galaxy mass scale contributing most to the comoving molecular gas density at z = 2.
Detection of a 14-d atmospheric perturbation peak at Paranal associated with lunar cycles
Authors: Cavazzani S , Ortolani S , Scafetta N , Zitelli V , Carraro G 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
In this paper we investigate the correlation between the atmospheric perturbations at Paranal Observatory and the Chilean coast tides, which are mostly modulated by the 14-d syzygy solar–lunar tidal cycle. To this aim, we downloaded 15 yr (2003–2017) of cloud coverage data from the Aqua satellite, in a matrix that includes also Armazones, the site of the European Extremely Large Telescope. By applying the Fast Fourier transform to these data we detected a periodicity peak of about 14 d. We studied the tide cycle at Chanaral De Las Animas, on the ocean coast, for the year 2017, and we correlated it with the atmospheric perturbations at Paranal and the lunar phases. We found a significant correlation ($96{\rm {per\, cent}}$) between the phenomena of short duration and intensity (1–3 d) and the tidal cycle at Chanaral. We then show that an atmospheric perturbation occurs at Paranal in concomitance with the low tide, which anticipates the full (or the new) moon by 3–4 d. This result allows to improve current weather forecasting models for astronomical observatories by introducing a lunar variable.
Current state of clinical trials in breast cancer brain metastases
Authors: Fares Jawad , Kanojia Deepak , Cordero Alex , Rashidi Aida , Miska Jason , Schwartz Charles W , Savchuk Solomiia , Ahmed Atique U , Balyasnikova Irina V , Cristofanilli Massimo , Gradishar William J , Lesniak Maciej S 
Published: February 2019

Abstract

Background
Breast cancer brain metastases (BCBM) are the final frontier in neuro-oncology for which more efficacious therapies are required. In this work, we explore clinical trials in BCBM, and determine the shortcomings in the development of new BCBM therapies to shed light on potential areas for enhancement.

Methods
On July 9, 2018, we searched ClinicalTrials.gov for all interventional and therapeutic clinical trials involving BCBM, without limiting for date or location. Information on trial characteristics, including phase, status, start and end dates, study design, primary endpoints, selection criteria, sample size, experimental interventions, results, and publications were collected and analyzed.

Results
Fifty-three trials fulfilled the selection criteria. Median trial duration across phases ranged between 3 and 6 years. More than half of the trials were conducted in the United States. Although 94% of the trials were in early phases (I-II), 20% of patients were in phase III trials. Two phase III trials were anteceded by phase II trials that were non-randomized; one reported positive results. Approximately one-third of the trials were completed, whereas 23% of trials were terminated early; mostly due to inadequate enrollment. Only 13% of all trials and 22% of completed trials had published results directly linked to their primary outcomes.

Conclusions
The low number of trials and accrual numbers, the lack of diversity, and the scarcity of published results represent the main troubles in clinical BCBM research. Optimization of BCBM trials is necessary to achieve effective therapies.
Increasing Babesiosis in Southeastern Pennsylvania, 2008–2017
Authors: Liu Hans H , Cushinotto Lisa , Giger Olarae , Daum Gary , McBride Patricia , Negron Elizabeth A , Vandegrift Kurt , Kapelusznik Luciano 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Tick-borne illnesses are increasing but are often underreported. Few cases of babesiosis have been reported from Pennsylvania. Our 4-hospital system in southeastern Pennsylvania saw a rise in cases from 7 or fewer yearly in 2008–2014 to 26 cases in 2015. There appear to be multiple potential causes of this increase in frequency.
Predictors of Hepatitis C Treatment Failure After Using Direct-Acting Antivirals in People Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Authors: Cachay Edward R , Mena Alvaro , Morano Luis , Benitez Laura , Maida Ivana , Ballard Craig , Hill Lucas , Torriani Francesca , Castro Angeles , Dore Elena , Castro Sheila , Mendoza Fernández Carmen de , Soriano Vicente , Mathews Wm C ,   HCV-TREN Cohort
Published: February 2019

Abstract

Background
Little is known about the influence of ongoing barriers to care in the persistence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) viremia after treatment with direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) among people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH).

Methods
We conducted a retrospective cohort analysis of PLWH treated through the standard of care in 3 Western countries, to investigate the predictors of HCV treatment failure (clinical or virologic), defined as having a detectable serum HCV ribonucleic acid within 12 weeks after DAA discontinuation. In addition to HCV and liver-related predictors, we collected data on ongoing illicit drug use, alcohol abuse, mental illness, and unstable housing. Logistic regression analyses were used to identify predictors of HCV treatment failure.

Results
Between January 2014 and December 2017, 784 PLWH were treated with DAA, 7% (n = 55) of whom failed HCV therapy: 50.9% (n = 28) had a clinical failure (discontinued DAA therapy prematurely, died, or were lost to follow-up), 47.3% (n = 26) had an HCV virologic failure, and 1 (1.8%) was reinfected with HCV. Ongoing drug use (odds ratio [OR] = 2.60) and mental illness (OR = 2.85) were independent predictors of any HCV treatment failure. Having both present explained 20% of the risk of any HCV treatment failure due to their interaction (OR = 7.47; P &lt; .0001). Predictors of HCV virologic failure were ongoing illicit drug use (OR = 2.75) and advanced liver fibrosis (OR = 2.29).

Conclusions
People living with human immunodeficiency virus with ongoing illicit drug use, mental illness, and advanced liver fibrosis might benefit from enhanced DAA treatment strategies to reduce the risk of HCV treatment failure.
Decision-Making by Water Managers Despite Climate Uncertainty
Authors: Wilby Rob , Murphy Conor 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Some of the most profound impacts of climate variability and change are expected in the water sector. These include more frequent, severe, and persistent droughts; more frequent, widespread, and extreme floods; more episodic and harmful water pollution episodes. Coping with more variable water supplies alongside rising demand will involve institutional reform, new infrastructure, adjustments to operations, and water demand management. A smarter, decision-led approach to deploying climate information in water management will also be required. This chapter begins with an overview of analytical frameworks for assessing and adapting water resource systems to uncertain climate threats and opportunities. It then gives examples of the diverse sources of information that are being accessed by some water managers to establish plausible ranges of climate change as a basis for decision-making. Examples from Denver, Colorado, and Dublin, Republic of Ireland show how narratives of future system changes and historical data can help test the efficacy of decisions under uncertainty. These two case studies demonstrate how early dialogue and information exchange among practitioners and scientists are fundamental to adaptation planning. In both places, unconventional sources of climate risk information were used to more rigorously stress test water management and planning assumptions. The preferred adaptation decision frameworks were dynamic, iterative, and open-ended. The chapter closes by acknowledging that further development of the decision-making approaches described herein may be needed to evaluate mixtures of adaptation options across multiple sectors.
Global Norms, State Regulations, and Local Activism
Authors: Khor Diana , Tang Denise Tse-Shang , Kamano Saori 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses the intersection of sexual minority rights, global polity, and political economy through case studies of marriage equality in Japan and Hong Kong. Past research on the complex relationship between local activism and global norms in Japan and Hong Kong is limited. Through a detailed analysis of interconnecting discursive practices among governments, local nongovernmental organizations on LGBT rights, United Nations covenants on discrimination against sexual orientation, and perceived global standards of marriage equality, the authors explore the lone pursuit of same-sex partnership benefits and rights as a potential illusion of progress, hence forestalling fundamental changes in wider society. As Hong Kong and Tokyo strive to be world cities in the Asian region with the forthcoming Tokyo Olympics in 2020 and Gay Games in Hong Kong in 2022, the chapter further examines the challenges for global norms to be invoked and reworked in domestic contexts.
The Study on Ancient Israel and Its Relevance for Contemporary Politics
Authors: Weisz Eduardo 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
When Max Weber began his work on the historical importance of the relationship between the Protestant ethic and modern capitalism, he committed himself to the most enduring of his theoretical interests, the economic ethic of the most important religions. Investigating central issues in Max Weber’s study on ancient Judaism, this chapter points to its relevance for the understanding of contemporary populism. For this purpose, two key aspects of his work are emphasized: this religion’s rationality—inescapable for the understanding of Western modernity—and the charisma of the biblical prophets, based on their social and political position as well as on the affective bond they formed with the masses. Both aspects provide important insights for the assessment of contemporary populist movements.
Economics and Society and the Fate of Liberal Capitalism
Authors: Whimster Sam 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Weber’s writings on economic history, economic policy, and schools of economics and his teaching of economics are outlined. His engagement with, and expertise in, economics are revealed to be more extensive than is generally appreciated. The full potential of his major work Economy and Society has yet to be exploited, and this requires a clearer grasp of Weber as an economist. His critique of the scientific claims of modern economics is still relevant, and this is illustrated through his use of the Austrian marginalist school. The appropriation of Weber’s supposed individualist social science by Mises and Hayek is shown to be misplaced. The relevance of Weber’s writings as an economist for the analysis of contemporary “neoliberal” societies is explored. Weber combines a knowledge of neoclassical economics with an awareness of how economic power is deployed to seek out profit opportunities. The similarities between the liberal laissez-faire economics of his day and the neoliberal regime that has taken hold since the 1980s now allow us to appreciate fully his economic sociology and apply it to contemporary capitalist practices. Weber’s analysis of the economic division of labor yields a conceptual distinction between rentier and acquisitive capitalism and explains how rentiers can form a status group and intervene in bourgeois parliamentary democracy. Weber’s distinctive approach makes possible the analysis of the interrelation between economic power, economic ideas, and the spheres of politics and social stratification.
Students’ Individual Rights Safety and Privacy
Authors: Gardner Martin 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter addresses problems faced by educators attempting to provide their students with a safe and effective learning environment. Drugs and weapons in many schools pose serious safety and discipline problems, while threats of violence from sources outside the school have become increasingly serious. Educators deal with these problems while students enjoy Fourth Amendment rights. Often the privacy rights of students conflict with the interests of school officials. The task of the law is to accommodate the respective interests of educators and students. The discussion herein addresses some of these issues of student privacy and safety. The examination of school privacy focuses on the extent to which the Fourth Amendment’s protection against “unreasonable searches and seizures” applies to those attending public schools. The Fourth Amendment discussion illustrates the often-conflicting obligation of educators to keep those in their charge safe while at the same time respecting student privacy concerns. School safety interests also exist outside the context of the Fourth Amendment as illustrated by strategies to keep schools safe from threats such as those dramatically manifested by school shootings killing multiple students. Some such strategies, along with discussion of the dangers of cell phones in schools, will be reviewed in this chapter. The Fourth Amendment section considers the relevant U.S. Supreme Court decisions addressing student rights under the Fourth Amendment, as well as reviewing lower court cases treating issues left open by the Supreme Court. The chapter concludes by highlighting school safety issues not directly involving the Fourth Amendment.
Fire Fighting and Emergency Responding
Authors: Wiggins Mark , Auton Jaime , Taylor Melanie 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThis chapter examines the study of expertise in the context of firefighting and emergency responding. The distinction is made between descriptive and experimental approaches, and the need to develop and validate a theoretical perspective that explains expertise in situations that are high dynamic, uncertain, and where the consequences of errors can be significant. Gaps in current knowledge are identified, including the mechanisms by which expertise is acquired and maintained, how it can be measured accurately and reliably, and how and when the capacity for expertise degrades over time and in absence of exposure to emergency conditions. The outcomes of existing research initiatives are discussed, with an emphasis on accurate and precise mental models that are acquired through active interaction within the operational environment. The role of cues and cue utilization are also considered as triggers to activate mental models. Future research directions that will ensure the development of a comprehensive understanding of the nature expertise in firefighting and emergency responding are proposed.