bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conservation in the Anthropocene
Authors: Corlett Richard T. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter considers options for conserving the biodiversity of Tropical East Asia in the face of the pervasive threats described in previous chapters. Sources of funding are first considered, including domestic governments, foreign aid, non-governmental organizations, businesses, payments for ecosystem services, REDD+, biodiversity offsets, tourism, and eco-certification. The next section discusses the use of surrogates in conservation planning, methods of prioritizing species, and various approaches to prioritizing areas and ecosystems. The establishment of new protected areas is dealt with along with alternative models for protection. This is followed by the options for reducing unsustainable exploitation of timber, wildlife, and other forest products, controlling fires, managing invasive species, and minimizing the magnitude and impacts of climate change. The potential for restoring forests and reintroducing species is then discussed. The chapter ends with sections on education and related issues, and a discussion of possible ways forward for biodiversity conservation in Tropical East Asia.
Literature Machines
Authors: Duncan Dennis 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In the group’s Second Manifesto, François Le Lionnais writes that ‘structurAlist’ (his own capitalization) is ‘a term that many of us consider with circumspection’. Therefore, as a way of describing the Oulipo’s interest in structures without getting it mixed up with the method of thinkers like Roman Jakobson or Claude Lévi-Strauss, he proposes the neologism structurElist. And yet, in their analyses of the literary canon and their fascination with cybernetics and authorless texts, much of the Oulipo’s early work does exhibit unignorable affinities with the structuralists. Using material from the BnF archives, this chapter shows how the apparent distaste for structuralism is bound up with the Oulipo’s own moves into narratological—as opposed to linguistic—constraints, and moreover is not felt uniformly by all members. Some, like Le Lionnais, had a role in structuralism’s early development, while others like Queneau are acutely aware of the contested space that the two groups occupy.
The Punning Muse
Authors: Duncan Dennis 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
One method much-practised by the Oulipo is ‘homophonic translation’: taking the sounds of one language and trying to recreate them in another. Thus Keats’s ‘A thing of beauty is a joy forever’ becomes in French ‘Ah, singe débotté, hisse un jouet fort et vert’ [‘Oh, unshod monkey, raise a stout green toy’]. But this type of extended punning has also always had a crucial role in psychoanalytic interpretation, and in this chapter we find members of the Oulipo framing their exercises in homophonic translation as spoof scholarship, thereby sending up reductive or overzealous reading in both psychoanalysis and literary criticism. The chapter also introduces two of the Oulipo’s acknowledged precursors: the poet Raymond Roussel, and the quack etymologist J.-P. Brisset, who believed that phonetic similarity was never merely coincidental (thus, if grammar sounds like grandma, then this tells us something about grammars, grandmas, and the world at large).
Conclusion
Authors: Duncan Dennis 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The conclusion points forwards from the debates of the 1960s and early 70s, suggesting that if the group is to continue to engage with the intellectual concerns of its milieu, then these will be concerns of the politics of identity. In one, sense, in co-opting Anne Garréta the group now has a member who has used constrained writing to extraordinary effect to demonstrate the inescapability of declarative binary gendering for the speaking subject in French. At the same time, as Garréta herself has pointed out, the Oulipo remains very much an old boys’ club. The chapter also looks at the critique of the Oulipo delivered by Juliana Spahr and Stephanie Young at the CalArts Oulipo conference of 2005.
The Place of Cicero in Locke’s Moral Theology
Authors: Stuart-Buttle Tim 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Locke’s published and unpublished works disclose a marked contempt for classical moral philosophy, with one signal exception: Cicero. This chapter reconstructs Locke’s interpretation of Cicero, to explain why he was held to be an exception to Locke’s more general disdain for ancient ethical theories. This approach also illuminates our understanding of the relationship between Locke’s moral theory, political philosophy, writings of Christian apologetic, and theory of toleration. It suggests that Locke’s moral philosophy is decidedly more complex, and richer, than is often recognized: pregnant with naturalistic impulses that were nonetheless subordinated to a grounding of morality in the authority, will, and command of a divine legislator. These aspects of Locke’s moral theory proved to be immensely stimulating to later British philosophers such as Hume, even if they sought systematically to decouple moral philosophy from Christian theology.
Mandeville and the Construction of Morality
Authors: Stuart-Buttle Tim 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Once considered primarily as a satirist, recent scholarship has drawn attention to the importance and originality of Bernard Mandeville’s moral philosophy and theory of sociability—and its influence on later philosophers including Rousseau, Hume, and Adam Smith. Mandeville’s close engagement with Epicurean writings, ancient and modern, is clear; less recognized is the extent to which he drew upon them to develop a naturalistic moral theory which could respond directly to Shaftesbury’s Stoic moral philosophy (and, less directly, to Locke’s Christian moral theology). In such a theory, God’s design, will, and sanctions played no meaningful role; but this did not preclude Mandeville from offering his own, strikingly original narrative of the intertwined histories of moral philosophy and moral theology. As had Locke, Mandeville drew particular attention to the individual’s craving for esteem and its importance in their habituation, in society, into norms of moral conduct to which they subsequently feel beholden.
At the Limits of Christian Humanism
Authors: Stuart-Buttle Tim 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Even as he has attracted little attention from historians, the writings of the determinedly heterodox Anglican clergyman Conyers Middleton incited a remarkable amount of critical response in mid-century Britain. Hume, for example, clearly read Middleton closely. Even more so than Locke, Middleton declared his admiration for Cicero’s moral philosophy. Middleton nonetheless alerts us to an alternative tradition of thinking about Cicero as an academic sceptic: that developed within Christian humanism, most notably by irenic figures such as Erasmus and William Chillingworth. On this reading, Ciceronian academic scepticism and Christian piety were complementary and mutually reinforcing: if the former recognized the limits of reason, then the Christian gospels provided what reason alone could not. Middleton’s biography of Cicero represents the most concerted, comprehensive attempt to present Cicero as an academic sceptic; and Cicero was a similarly presiding presence in Middleton’s deeply controversial theological writings.
Lines of Amity
Authors: Netzloff Mark 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
One of the abiding fictions underwriting the history of international law is the idea of lines of amity, the premise that territorial conflicts, acts of piracy, and other forms of extraterritorial violence that took place west of the Canaries and south of the Tropic of Cancer, did not infringe on interstate treaties or otherwise affect the amity among European states. Chapter 3 explores an alternative framework for the lines of amity, examining the ways that interstate competition in the Americas enabled unexpected alliances, forms of amity that traversed lines of nation, confessional identity, and race. Sir Francis Drake’s alliance with the nation of Cimarrons in Panama in 1572 forges modes of amity that not only traverse colony and metropole but additionally complicate the extent to which nonstate agents and stateless persons could wield political agency in the unstable political domain ‘beyond the line’. An examination of Vitoria’s De Indis reveals the means through which the lines of amity remained entrenched in the European political imagination, a transformation accomplished through a narrative strategy that relegated colonial history to its own tragic register. Vitoria transforms amity from a model of similitude and alliance to a defence of Spanish colonialism under the guise of diplomacy, free trade, and the defence of the innocent. Finally, Davenent’s The History of Sir Francis Drake rewrites Drake’s alliance with the Cimarrons in order to provide a spectacular precedent for representing England’s nascent imperial identity, ensured through entrance into the Spanish Caribbean.
A Diplomatic Narrative in the Archive
Authors: Antonini Fabio 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Just as critical approaches to diplomatic records should be mindful of their form and physicality, so too must they consider the context of their initial storage, preservation, and arrangement within a wider collection of texts. The recent ‘archival turn’ in historical studies has illustrated the pivotal role of record keeping institutions in the transmission of historical information across the centuries, and how their physical and organizational structures dictate the relationship between the historian and their sources. This chapter focuses on the Secret Chancery of the Republic of Venice, and its role in shaping contemporary historical narratives of the outbreak of the War of Cyprus in 1570. It demonstrates that changes in record keeping practices corresponded with a shift in historical paradigms, by analysing how individual dispatches were organized and relayed from the archive by state historians to the reading public; and it examines the early development of the diplomatic record from a political tool into a historical and cultural artefact.
Theorizing Presidential Rotation
Authors: Stone Peter 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Throughout history, democracies have practised rotation in office; that is, they have periodically required certain political officials to step down and allow others to take their places. Presidential term limits are a contemporary manifestation of this phenomenon. But why should democracies insist upon rotation? This chapter, revisits the practices of Classical Athens to see what lessons can be learned regarding rotation (especially the practice of presidential term limits) today. My conclusions are largely negative. Rotation did things for Athens that it does not do today, and rotation does things today that it did not do for Athens. This is because the context within which rotation took place was radically different in Athens than it is today. As a result, while rotation made a critical contribution to democracy in Athens, presidential term limits do not make this contribution today.
China
Authors: Wang Zhengxu , Vangeli Anastas 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In China, the ruling Chinese Communist Party’s rules govern the terms and tenures of party and state leaders. This chapter recounts the evolution of the party-state’s term-related rules from the Mao (1949–78) to the Deng (1980s–90s) and post-Deng (1990s–2012) eras. Formal rules developed from the 1980s through the 2010s to govern the tenure of party leaders and officials, which led to formal and predictable elite turnovers within the system, up to its very top level. By the turn of century, the paramount leader, who concurrently serves as general secretary of the Party, state president, and chairman of the Central Military Commission, had been brought under the same set of rules. The current president Xi Jinping appears to have opened a new era in which the rules governing the tenure and replacement of the top leader will have to be rewritten. We examine the various possibilities lying ahead.
The Politics of Presidential Term Limits in Latin America
Authors: Cheibub José Antonio , Medina Alejandro 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter revisits the conventional wisdom about term limits in Latin America by bringing into perspective the inherent tradeoffs between electoral accountability and restrictions to incumbency advantage. While the changes in constitutional term limits that have occurred in recent decades have mostly been understood as attempts by incumbents to usurp power, this chapter suggests that a large number of these changes can instead be attributed to a process of constitutional adjustment. Movement towards less restrictive term limits need not be solely the result of dictatorial ambitions. The chapter presents the historical record, as well as a series of descriptive statistics which help shed light into this alternative view of changes to term limits over the years with evidence suggesting the increasing prevalence of a term limit regime that implies de facto longer terms for presidents, but conditional on voters’ approval.
Effects of Presidential Term Limits
Authors: Suzuki Akisato 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores empirically what kind of effects presidential term limits have on political phenomena that are often of interest in political science. It first presents some of the existing empirical findings and also discusses a few tentative hypotheses on possible effects of presidential term limits on a variety of political outcomes. This serves as a brief overview of the possible effects of presidential term limits. It then focuses in greater detail on three political phenomena covering a broad range of leader behavior, which presidential term limits may influence: change in the composition of government expenditure, state repression, and international crises. This serves as detailed examples of how we can think of the effects that presidential term limits exert on leaders. The chapter set outs hypotheses regarding relationships between presidential term limits and these three phenomena, and tests these hypotheses, drawing on previously published papers and their replication datasets.
Neutral theories of molecular evolution
Authors: Cutter Asher D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Chapter 4, “Neutral theories of molecular evolution,” outlines the logic and predictions of the neutral theory of molecular evolution and its derivatives as a simple conceptual framework for understanding DNA sequence evolution. It introduces the standard neutral model as a null model of evolutionary change in DNA sequences to describe patterns of polymorphism within species and divergence between species. An overview is provided for the molecular clock concept and for predictions about the amount of polymorphism and allele frequency distributions within populations. This chapter covers how population size and selection intersect to define nearly neutral fitness effects and their implications, as well as misinterpretations and misapplications of Neutral Theory. This overview provides a foundation for how theoretical predictions offer null models for tests of molecular evolution developed in later chapters.
Genealogy in evolution
Authors: Cutter Asher D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Chapter 5, “Genealogy in evolution,” introduces branching tree diagrams as an intuitive way to visualize the evolutionary relationships between alleles, haplotypes, individuals, and species. It describes the nomenclature of gene tree topologies, the stochasticity in tree shape across genes, and the notion of a most recent common ancestor. This chapter also covers reverse-time genealogical thinking with coalescent theory and how it integrates with predictions about nucleotide polymorphism and the site frequency spectrum. An overview of how phylogenies show between-species genealogical relationships is used to highlight the concepts of orthology and homoplasy, how to calculate and interpret different metrics of DNA sequence divergence, the role of ancestral polymorphism in creating distinct gene trees, the multiple mutational hits problem, and factors that influence calculations of the time to the most recent common ancestor for species trees versus gene trees. This chapter surveys how to think of evolution in terms of genealogies that relate gene copies within a species or among species, and how to connect ideas about gene trees to other ideas in molecular population genetics.
Case studies in molecular population genetics
Authors: Cutter Asher D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Collections of DNA from nature for many individuals and loci give us the raw material for studying evolution at the molecular level. Chapter 9, “Case studies in molecular population genetics: genotype to phenotype to selection,” dives into several case studies of exciting real-world organisms that demonstrate the application from A to Z of the concepts developed throughout the book. It includes summaries of the natural context for each organism, ranging from armoring in fish (Eda, Pitx1) and color crypsis in mice (Mc1r) to butterfly flight ability (Pgi) and toxin metabolism in Drosophila fruit flies (Cyp6g1, Adh), then walks through the molecular data, their visualization, and their analysis. Complications and caveats to real-world analysis are discussed for how to identify demographic and selective effects in empirical datasets. The approaches include both candidate gene studies and genome scans, and show how different molecular population genetic analyses work in concert with one another. These population genetic analyses also can dovetail with functional molecular genetic experiments and with genetic mapping using crosses or genome-wide association study analysis. Chapter 9 ends by introducing a summary of several advanced topics in molecular population genetics, including concepts and tests for selection on standing variation, the genomic scale of data computation and evolutionary modelling, and connections to human evolution.
Differentiating Combinations and Coalitions
Authors: Collins Stephanie 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter explains how coordination duties differ when held by members of combinations as compared with members of coalitions. It builds on the famous Hi-Lo problem to introduce the notions of we-framing and we-reasoning. It argues that the solution to Hi-Lo relies not on we-reasoning, but on a form of reasoning dubbed ‘coalition reasoning’. Crucially, this is reasoning in which the reasoner presumes that other agents will play their part in a particular pattern of actions. The chapter argues that when an agent holds a coordination duty as a member of a coalition, that duty requires the agent to coalition-reason. By contrast, when an agent holds a coordination duty as a member of a combination, that duty requires the agent to I-reason.
Membership Duties
Authors: Collins Stephanie 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter argues that collectives’ duties entail membership duties, which are duties (i) held by agents in virtue of the fact that they are members of a collective that has a duty and (ii) whose performance is a component of the collective’s doing its duty. It argues that collectives’ duties entail membership duties by arguing that whenever a collective fails to do a duty, a member has also failed to do an individually-held duty. The chapter reviews various accounts of membership duties and discusses their shortcomings. The chapter closes by proposing an account of membership duties that succeeds where these other accounts fail.
Protecting Vulnerable Languages
Authors: Patten Alan 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores an important but understudied argument in favor of protections for vulnerable languages. The argument observes that speakers of such languages can face a collective action problem. The question is what interventions by the state to correct such a problem would be consistent with, or even required by, a broadly liberal and egalitarian conception of justice. The chapter identifies two principles that are relevant to answering this question: the unanimity principle, which places strict limits on interventions, and the principle of correction, which licenses a more extensive range of interventions on behalf of vulnerable languages. The principles are in tension with one another but derive from a common source in liberal egalitarian thought. Overall, the right approach is to forge a compromise between the two principles, thus allowing for some interventions on behalf of vulnerable languages to protect against collective action problems.
Catch-up and Learning in Taiwan
Authors: Chu Wan-wen 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Taiwan’s post-war economic growth record has been phenomenal. This chapter examines how Taiwan managed to develop rapidly and catch up with the West. It shows that the state has played an important role and practised successful industrial policies. Industrial learning started with the import-substitution policy of the 1950s, then moved to export promotion in the 1960s and 1970s, and to entry into the high-tech sector from the 1980s. At every turn successful industrial upgrading was achieved due to suitable and adaptive industrial policies, in response to the changing environment.
In Code(rs) We Trust
Authors: Walch Angela 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter addresses the myth of ‘decentralized governance’ of public blockchains, arguing that certain people who create, operate, or reshape them function much like fiduciaries of those who rely on these data structures. It compares the role of leading software developers and Frankel’s conception of a ‘fiduciary’ and finds much in common, as users place extreme trust in the developers to be both competent and loyal (i.e. to be free of conflicts of interest). The chapter frames the cost–benefit analysis necessary to evaluate whether it is wise to treat these parties as fiduciaries, and outlines key questions needed to flesh out the fiduciary categorization. For example, which software developers are influential enough to resemble fiduciaries? Are all users of a blockchain ‘entrustors’ of the fiduciaries who operate the blockchain, or only a subset of those who rely on the blockchain? The chapter concludes by considering the broader implications of treating software developers as fiduciaries, given the existing accountability paradigm that largely shields them from liability for the code they create.
Smart Contracts
Authors: Brownsword Roger 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The main purpose of this chapter is to sketch two principal ways in which lawyers are likely to engage with new transactional technologies (such as smart contract applications of blockchain technologies), each form of engagement being characterized by its own questions and conversations. Whereas one form of engagement, ‘coherentism’, focuses on the fit between particular new technologies and the covering law of contract, the other, ‘regulatory-instrumentalism’, focuses on whether the law (relative to particular new technologies) is fit for regulatory purpose. The sketch is refined by drawing further distinctions between ‘transactionalist’ and ‘relationalist’ variants of ‘coherentism’ and ‘rule-based’ and ‘technocratic’ variants of regulatory-instrumentalism. With a view to decoding legal debates about emerging transactional technologies, this sketch is then applied to questions concerning smart contracts in, respectively, business-to-consumer, business-to-business, and peer-to-peer transactions.