bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Electron Microscopic Study of the Changes in Platelets during Viscous Metamorphosis
Authors: CASTALDI P. A. , FIRKIN B. G. , BLACKWELL P. M. , CLIFFORD K. I. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Viscous metamorphosis of platelets has been studied with the light microscope, and ultra-thin sections have been prepared at progressive stages for examination in the electron microscope.
The phase contrast light microscope reveals rapid aggregation and distortion of platelets and gives the impression of their fusion into structureless aggregates during viscous metamorphosis.
Sectioned material collected during viscous metamorphosis of platelets and examined in the electron microscope reveals a remarkable degree of retention of structure in a majority of the platelets. All become deficient in granules and devoid of vesicular spaces, but most retain intact cell membranes, and the structureless masses seen with the light microscope are found to consist of densely aggregated platelets. Fusion and complete loss of identity occurs in the minority.
The retracted clot was found to contain densely aggregated, distorted and elongated platelets, empty of granules and intimately related to fibrin particles.
Plasma Concentration of Chloramphenicol and Bone Marrow Suppression
Authors: MCCURDY PAUL R. , Gieschen Mona M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The appearance of reticulocytopenia and of vacuolated marrow blast cells has been correlated with elevated plasma levels and prolonged marrow exposure to free chloramphenicol. It is suggested that chloramphenicol may have produced bone marrow suppression in these patients in part by acting as an antimetabolic agent.
Homologous Bone Marrow Transplantation in Dogs Receiving X-Radiation plus Urethan or 6-Mercaptopurine
Authors: COLE LEONARD J. , ALPEN EDWARD L. , Maki S. , Lacina F. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Mongrel dogs were treated with 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) or urethan prior to x-irradiation (900 r, delivered at a dose rate of 15 r/min.). The marrow dose was 7-11 x 109 cells, given on the day following irradiation; urethan (175 or 350 mg./Kg.) and 6-MP (12.5 or 25 mg./Kg.) were administered at three or four daily intervals during the week prior to irradiation. Mean survival time (MST) in this group of 13 dogs was 23 days, with a maximum of 63 days. MST in a group of dogs given homologous marrow after 900 r, but not treated with the chemicals, was 10 days The treated animals characteristically showed good recovery of peripheral blood granulocyte count by 8-10 days, together with objective evidence of marrow "take"; recovery of mononuclear cell count was not observed, except in the single case which survived for 63 days. None of the control animals showed any rise in the peripheral blood count after initial depression, and all died with marrow aplasia. Secondary disease in treated dogs was characterized by anorexia, weight loss, infection, and lymphoid tissue aplasia in all the animals; skin atrophy, liver lesions, jaundice and anemia were seen in some of the animals. The marrow showed active hematopoiesis and moderate to good cellularity in most of the treated animals, although megakaryocyte activity was deficient in some. Pneumonia and pulmonary edema were found in many of the dogs at autopsy. It is evident that the use of these antimetabolites permits the successful transplantation of homologous marrow in dogs at a dose of x-radiation (900 r) which, by itself, is insufficient. These compounds (urethan and 6-mercaptopurine) are, therefore, additive to x-radiation with respect to suppressing the homograft reaction in dogs, as well as in rodents.
Sulfhemoglobinemia and Acute Hemolytic Anemia with Heinz Bodies Following Contact with a Fungicide— Zinc Ethylene Bisdithiocarbamate—in a Subject with Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency and Hypocatalasemia
Authors: PINKHAS JACK , DJALDETTI MEIR , JOSHUA HENRY , RESNICK CHAIM , DE VRIES ANDRÉ 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Sulfhemoglobinemia associated with Heinz body formation and acute hemolytic anemia following contact with a fungicide, zinc ethylene bisdithiocarbamate, is described in a Persian Jew whose red blood cells had low glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity with low and unstable reduced glutathione and low catalase activity.
The fungicide, similarly to acetylphenylhydrazine, was capable of decreasing in vitro the reduced glutathione of the patient’s red blood cells, as well as of those of other subjects with the same enzymatic defect.
The sulfhemoglobinemia and the hemolytic anemia are considered to have been produced independently by the fungicide, the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency having played a role only in the latter. The possibility that the hypocatalasemia was a factor in rendering the patient’s red blood cells sensitive to the hemolysis- and sulfhemoglobin-producing action of the fungicide is discussed.
The importance of zinc ethylene bisdithiocarbamate as a sulfhemoglobin-producing and hemolytic agent is stressed, in view of the widespread use of this fungicide.
The Amount of Sr90 in the Bones of People Who Have Died of Leukemias
Authors: ALEKSANDROWICZ J. , TUTAJ L. , WAZEWSKA-CZYZEWSKA M. , MARCHAND B. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The authors have compared the amounts of Sr90 in the bones of persons who have died of leukemias and in the bones of those deceased from causes other than tumors or hemocytopathic diseases.
The first group shows an abnormally low level of Sr90 which the authors believe to be due to disturbed calcium metabolism.
Studies on Hemoglobin
Authors: IZAK G. , RACHMILEWITZ E. A. , NELKEN D. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Immune sera produced against adult human, fetal, canine and rabbit hemoglobin solutions were found to agglutinate specifically the papain-treated red cells of the respective donors to a high titer. Intact red cells were also specifically agglutinated by the same antibody-containing sera in the presence of dextran, suggesting that the antibodies produced are incomplete ones.
A marked shortening of the life span of rabbit erythrocytes followed the intravenous injection of anti-rabbit hemoglobin serum into normal rabbits.
The possible implications of the above findings in human pathology are discussed.
Radioautographic Studies of Bone Marrow Lymphocytes in Vivo and in Diffusion Chamber Cultures
Authors: OSMOND D. G. , EVERETT N. B. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Radioautography with tritiated thymidine has been utilized to examine the turnover rate and origin of small lymphocytes in the bone marrow of the guinea-pig.
Very few marrow lymphocytes were initially labeled by a single injection of tritiated thymidine, but thereafter the number of labeled lymphocytes rapidly increased to high maximum levels at 3 days. Analysis of the labeling curves and grain counts indicates that the population of marrow lymphocytes is maintained in a dynamic steady state with an average turnover time of 3 days or less.
Suspensions of bone marrow cells were isolated from the circulation within intraperitoneal diffusion chambers after short-term labeling with tritiated thymidine in vivo. Although very few small lymphocytes were labeled when introduced into the diffusion chambers, a considerable percentage became labeled during the subsequent culture period.
Tritiated thymidine was also administered intravenously whilst excluded from one hind limb by the application of an occlusive compression bandage for 20 minutes. Very few labeled small lymphocytes were found after 72 hours in the tibial marrow of the initially occluded limb, whereas the normal high percentage was labeled in the control tibial marrow.
These experiments do not demonstrate any large-scale influx of small lymphocytes from the blood stream into the marrow parenchyma. They suggest that newly formed small lymphocytes appear in the marrow as a result of the division of locally situated precursor cells, but the mechanism of intramedullary lymphocytopoiesis is uncertain. "Transitional" cells, intermediate in morphology between blast cells and small lymphocytes, synthesize DNA and are actively proliferative, but they do not appear to account fully for the rate of lymphocyte production.
Certain large, undifferentiated labeled cells appeared in the bone marrow as a result of hematogenous migration. Some implications of these findings are discussed.
Effect of Thymectomy on the Golden Hamster (Mesocricetus Auratus)
Authors: SHERMAN JOSEPH D. , ADNER MARVIN M. , DAMESHEK WILLIAM 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Thymectomy in our hamster colony produced two major changes: (1) wasting disease, and (2) impaired immune response. Wasting occurred in 36 per cent of all males of all ages and was noted even when thymectomy was performed at 4 weeks of age. Lymphoid atrophy was profound and lymphocytopenia sustained. In the non-wasted hamster, the lymphoid atrophy was less striking and there was only transient lymphocytopenia. Experiments in this study were limited to the non-wasted animals. An impaired immune response was demonstrated in both humoral antibody production and in delayed hypersensitivity (heterograft rejection). Male and female hamsters thymectomized at 2 weeks showed an impaired ability to make antibodies against HGG and exhibited prolonged survival of mouse (AJAX) skin. In animals thymectomized at 4 to 8 weeks of age, impaired humoral antibody production could not be demonstrated. Antigen administered on the day of thymectomy was not associated with impaired humoral antibody production. Splenectomy appeared to be more effective than thymectomy in the adult (8-week) hamster in inhibiting humoral antibody production. From these studies, it is evident that the thymectomized, non-wasted male and female hamster has an impaired immune mechanism for both humoral antibody production and heterologous skin rejection.
Mechanisms of Isoimmunization. I. The Transplacental Passage of Fetal Erythrocytes in Homospecific Pregnancies
Authors: COHEN FLOSSIE , ZUELZER WOLF W. , GUSTAFSON DAVID C. , EVANS MARGARET M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A critical evaluation and discussion of certain technical aspects of the acid elution method and the immunofluorescent technic for the demonstration of fetal erythrocytes in maternal blood is presented. With appropriate precautions a close agreement between the two methods was obtained. Using one or both methods as applicable, base line data concerning transplacental passage were obtained in 622 unselected women, compatible with their offspring in the ABO system and not sensitized against the Rh factor. The intermittent entry of fetal erythrocytes into the maternal blood in small quantities was found to be a physiologic event. Postpartum, fetal erythrocytes were demonstrated in 50 per cent of the mothers. In approximately 10 per cent of the series, large fetal losses estimated to range from 0.5 to 40 ml. were observed. Massive transplacental hemorrhage was detected in nearly 1 per cent of the cases by examination of the maternal blood and usually but not always by overt anemia in the fetus. It was found to be the cause of stillbirth in one case. The evidence suggested that fetal bleeds usually began well before the onset of labor.
Though labor itself under pathologic circumstances may be associated with transplacental hemorrhage, under ordinary conditions it was found to be of little or no significance with regard to the entry of fetal erythrocytes into the maternal circulation.
Survival of fetal erythrocytes in the maternal circulation after delivery was generally found to correspond to the expected life span of red corpuscles. Apparent shortening of survival observed in several instances was probably due to the occurrence of the original spill some time before delivery. In two instances persistence of fetal erythrocytes well beyond the normal life span was observed. Both cases involved massive transplacental hemorrhage and fetal anemia with marked erythroblastemia, and mother and child were compatible to an exceptional degree with respect to blood group factors. The findings suggested the successful transplant of replicable erythroid precursor cells from fetus to mother with prolonged maternal tolerance, an interpretation supported by the results of skin homografts from offspring to mother in one case. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Simplified Determination of Blood Adenosine Triphosphate Using the Firefly System
Authors: BEUTLER ERNEST , BALUDA MARYELLEN C. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A simplified method is described for the determination of red cell ATP using the firefly lantern extract method. Variables investigated include the effect of the time of reading, dilution of firefly extract and the effective range of the method. Excellent recoveries were obtained. Optimal extraction of ATP from red cells was achieved with a hypotonic buffer at pH 9.2. The method could be used with acid-citrate-dextrose, heparin or EDTA as an anticoagulant. The method was found to be highly specific when the nucleotides found in normal human blood were investigated; only adenosine diphosphate and guanosine triphosphate gave slight readings, neither of which would significantly affect ATP determinations of human blood. Normal human values were found to be 5.45 µmoles of ATP/Gm. of hemoglobin or 1.83 µmoles/ml. red cells in heparinized blood samples. This method is believed to be more rapid, more reproducible and more accurate than any previously described method of ATP determination.
Cellular Activities in Tissue Cultures of Leukemic Human Bone Marrow
Authors: SINKOVICS JOSEPH G. , HOWE CLIFTON D. , SHULLENBERGER C. C. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1) The growth from human leukemic bone marrow particles begins with the emigration of cells having the morphologic characteristics of erythrocytic, granulocytic, monocytic and lymphocytic elements. Proliferation of fibroblastic-like cells replaces these elements within 3 to 4 weeks. Various types of immature leukocytes occur in larger numbers, and persist longer, in tissue cultures of human leukemic bone marrow than in bone marrow cultures from patients with no hematological disease.
2) Lymphocytes from either leukemic or non-leukemic bone marrow cultures often appear to enter the cytoplasm of fibroblast-like cells, but those derived from cultures of chronic lymphocytic leukemic bone marrow appeared intracellularly in much larger numbers and persisted there longer. One of the mechanisms of this phenomenon may be the feeder layer principle. Extensive injury of certain fibroblast-like cells in relation to relatively few small lymphocytes suggests the possibility of an autoimmune attack. It is possible that both the lymphocytes and the "target cells" may disintegrate.
3) Two types of multinucleated giant cells have been observed. One type is syncytial in structure, suggesting a viral mechanism of initiation. Another type resembles the polyploid giant cells which are commonly seen in old tissue cultures of whatever origin, and in various malignant diseases in vivo as well as in vitro.
4) At times, poorly differentiated round cells may persist in old fibroblastic cultures. These cells may be derived from the original explant which continued to produce them, or they may originate from fibroblast-like cells reconverted into a morphologically undifferentiated mesenchymal cell type.
Granulocytopoiesis. I. Senescence and Random Loss of Neutrophilic Granulocytes in Human Beings
Authors: FLIEDNER T. M. , CRONKITE E. P. , ROBERTSON J. S. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Tritiated thymidine labeling of DNA with a subsequent autoradiographic and cytologic study of the peripheral blood and oral lavages reveal:
1. Direct cytologic evidence for a random loss of granulocytes from the blood into the oral cavity is given. Presumably there are larger random losses in the gastrointestinal tract. This observation supports the conclusions based upon disappearance of radioactivity from the blood after autotransfusion of DFP32 labeled granulocytes.
2. The delayed appearance of label in the pyknotic granulocytes (Ab-bauformen) is strong evidence that those cells are older degenerating granulocytes and that it takes about 24-30 hours for labeled granulocytes to age to the point of becoming pyknotic senescent granulocytes.
3. The process of senescence truncates the exponential curves of random disappearance of granulocytes from the blood.
4. A model showing the relationship between random loss and senesence is constructed and discussed.
5. A mathematical description of this model is presented. The equations developed are highly sensitive to variations in input data thus limiting their practical usefulness for computations unless precise measurements are possible and are made on each subject studied for each variant in the equation.
The Effect of Amelioration of Anemia on the Synthesis of Fetal Hemoglobin in Sickle Cell Anemia
Authors: REED L. JUDEN , BRADLEY THOMAS B. , RANNEY HELEN M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Two adult patients with sickle cell anemia of blood group A and A2B respectively, received sufficient transfusions of group O blood to maintain nearly normal hemoglobin concentrations for 4 months or longer.
Serial samples of the erythrocytes of each recipient were obtained by agglutination with anti-A (and anti-B) serum. The proportion of Hb F in the agglutinated erythrocytes was determined. Early in the transfusion period, a marked rise in the proportion of Hb F was noted. This rise was attributed to prolonged survival of erythrocytes which contained larger proportions of Hb F. In the later part of the transfusion period, the proportion of fetal hemoglobin declined to pre-transfusion levels or below. However, significant amounts of fetal hemoglobin in the erythrocytes of each patient were demonstrated throughout the period of study, and Fe59 incorporation into Hb F in vivo was demonstrated in one patient after 4 months of transfusion therapy. Under the conditions of these studies, synthesis of Hb F continued despite prolonged correction of the anemia. A decline in the proportion of Hb F in the erythrocytes of one patient after 5 months of transfusions suggested that Hb F synthesis may ultimately be depressed by transfusions. It was suggested that the proportion of fetal hemoglobin observed in the erythrocytes might in certain diseases reflect the degree of anemia present many months before.
The Histochemical Study of Zinc Content in Granulocytes in Normal Adults and in Hematologic Disorders
Authors: SZMIGIELSKI STANISLAW , LITWIN JOANNA 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Zinc in granulocytes was determined using a dithizone histochemical method. Investigations were performed in both bone marrow and in peripheral blood from ten healthy adults and in 62 patients with various hematologic disorders. In bone marrow, zinc appears in metamyelocytes. The amount increases with maturation. In the granulocytes of peripheral blood, zinc values are about 30 per cent higher than in bone marrow.
Zinc is significantly decreased in granulocytes in chronic granulocytic leukemia, acute myeloblastic leukemia, multiple myeloma and Hodgkin’s and increased in chronic lymphocytic leukemia and osteomyelosclerosis.
In Vivo Localization of Heterologous Anti-Erythrocyte Antibodies in the Rat Bone Marrow and Their Effect on the Proliferative Capacity of Immature Erythroid Cells
Authors: KUROYANAGI TAKEO , SAITO MASANOBU , KURISU AKIRA 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The in vivo localization of heterologous anti-erythrocyte antibodies in the rat bone marrow was determined by the I131-labeled antibody technic. I131-labeled anti-erythrocyte antibodies localized specifically in the bone marrow indicating the presence of localizing antibody. Both the localizing antibody and the incomplete antibody were thermostable, whereas hemolysins and hemagglutinins were thermolabile. Following an intravenous injection of antierythrocyte antibodies in rats, hemolysins and hemagglutinins were cleared rapidly from the plasma. The incomplete antibodies became attached to circulating red cells within 6 hours and red cell sensitization persisted for 1 week. The localizing antibody localized in the bone marrow within 30 minutes, leaving no activity in plasma.
The anti-erythrocyte antibodies markedly reduced the uptake of tritiated thymidine by erythroblasts in vitro, demonstrating their inhibitory effect on the proliferative capacity of erythroblasts.
Some Properties of Serum Obtained from Rabbits Immunized with Human Urinary Erythropoietin
Authors: SCHOOLEY JOHN C. , GARCIA JOSEPH F. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Sera obtained from rabbits after immunization with human urinary ESF can neutralize the biological activity of human urinary, sheep, rat, and rabbit plasma ESF. Such sera can depress erythropoiesis in normal mice. The neutralizing ability of such sera is found in the γ-globulins. The finding that absorptions of the immune sera with a wide variety of proteins did not alter the neutralizing ability suggests that considerable immunologic specificity is involved in the neutralization reaction. This suggestion is further supported by the finding that immune sera against a variety of proteins do not effect the erythropoietic response elicited by the injection of exogenous erythropoietin. The injection or addition of antisera against proteins or protein hormones known to be of importance in normal erythropoiesis has little or no effect on the ability of exogenous ESF to stimulate erythropoiesis in polycythemic mice. One exception is anti-ovine thyrotropin, which significantly decreased the erythropoietic response seen in polycythemic mice after the injection of sheep ESF. The finding that mild acid hydrolysis destroyed the biological activity of human urinary ESF and altered antigenic determinants on the ESF molecule suggests that the groups necessary for biological activity may be specific antigenic determinants.
These properties of the immune sera are consistent with the concept, which we previously proposed, that the neutralization of the biological activity of ESF by anti-ESF is the result of an immunologic reaction. The availability of such immune sera offers a potent tool for investigating many of the current problems on the role of ESF in the regulation of erythropoiesis.
Gastrointestinal Absorption, Plasma Transport, Surface Distribution, and Urinary and Fecal Excretion of Radioactive Vitamin B12 in Iron Deficiency
Authors: COOK J. D. , VALBERG L. S. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
No evidence of vitamin B12 deficiency or of any mechanism which might lead to vitamin B12 deficiency, such as defective absorption or increased urinary or fecal excretion of the vitamin, has been found in iron-deficient subjects in whom gastric acid secretion and gastric biopsies were normal. It is concluded that when vitamin B12 deficiency occurs in iron-deficient subjects it is the result of gastric atrophy. An unexplained finding was delayed disappearance of an intravenous dose of Co58-B12 from the plasma in iron-deficient subjects.