bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Warehouse receipt financing for smallholders in developing countries: Challenges and limitations
Authors: Miranda Mario J. , Mulangu Francis M. , Kemeze Francis H. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractA warehouse receipt is a document issued by a warehouse operator as evidence that a specified commodity of stated quantity and quality has been deposited at a particular warehouse by a named depositor. When backed by an appropriate legal and regulatory framework, a warehouse receipt becomes a formal financial instrument that allows the depositor to confer a security interest in the stored commodity to another party without requiring physical delivery, allowing the warehouse receipt to serve as possessory collateral for a loan. Warehouse receipt financing, in theory, permits smallholders farmers in developing countries to store their surplus safely in a modern warehouse to sell at a later date when prices are higher, while allowing them to use the stored commodity as collateral to secure a loan to finance household consumption and investment needs in the interim. However, in practice, warehouse receipt financing generally has not been embraced by smallholders in developing countries in which it is available. Here, we develop and analyze a formal stochastic dynamic model of seasonal commodity marketing that exposes the transaction cost and risk reallocation problems that undermine the benefits of warehouse receipt financing to smallholders.
Subgaleal haematoma due to hair pulling: Review of the literature
Authors: Scheier Eric , Guri Alex , Balla Uri 
Published: August 2019

AbstractAimTo identify all cases of subgaleal haematoma (SGH) as a result of non‐abusive hair straightening or pulling without evidence of blunt trauma or coagulopathy.MethodsWe conducted a search in the English‐language literature of all cases of SGH in children. We excluded those in neonates, those in which the child was abused by a caregiver, those in which blunt trauma was not excluded, and those in which a coagulopathy or other blood dyscrasia was found.ResultsSixteen cases were identified in children from a range of ages. Time to presentation ranged from several days to a week and a half. In most cases, management is conservative, though SGH can cause fever, symptomatic anaemia and can threaten vision.ConclusionSubgaleal haematoma can occur in otherwise healthy children, can accumulate slowly and can result in sequelae. However, most cases of SGH are managed conservatively.
Efficacy of THN102 (a combination of modafinil and flecainide) on vigilance and cognition during 40‐hour total sleep deprivation in healthy subjects: Glial connexins as a therapeutic target
Authors: Sauvet Fabien , Erblang Mégane , Gomez‐Merino Danielle , Rabat Arnaud , Guillard Mathias , Dubourdieu Dominique , Lefloch Hervé , Drogou Catherine , Van Beers Pascal , Bougard Clément , Bourrrilhon Cyprien , Arnal Pierrick , Rein Werner , Mouthon Franck , Brunner‐Ferber Francoise , Leger Damien , Dauvilliers Yves , Chennaoui Mounir , Charvériat Mathieu 
Published: August 2019

AimsTHN102 is a novel combination of modafinil and low‐dose flecainide, targeting glial connexin activity to modulate modafinil effects. We investigated THN102 efficacy compared to modafinil and to placebo on vigilance and cognitive function during 40‐hour total sleep deprivation (TSD).MethodsTwenty healthy men participated in a double‐blind, randomized, incomplete‐block 3‐period cross‐over trial with 5 treatments (n = 12 per group): placebo (PBO), modafinil 100 mg (MOD100), THN102 100/1, 100/3, 100/9 (modafinil 100 mg and flecainide 1, 3 or 9 mg). Each period included a baseline day and a TSD day with treatments administered 3 times (01:00, 09:00 and 19:00). Reaction time in psychomotor vigilance test, subjective somnolence and vital signs were assessed before and during treatment. Working memory (2‐Back) and executive processes (Go/noGo for vigilance and inhibition, Wisconsin card sorting task for mental flexibility, and Tower of London test for planning) were evaluated at 16:30.ResultsAt 5 hours postdose−1 (after 23 hours TSD, primary endpoint), THN102 100/1 resulted in statistically higher psychomotor vigilance test speed vs MOD100 (3.97 ± 0.09 vs 3.74 ± 0.14, P < .05). No increase in effect was observed with higher flecainide doses in combinations. Most THN102 doses vs MOD100 also improved the number of correct responses in 2‐Back and Go errors in Go/noGo (P < .05 for all doses), and perseverative responses in Wisconsin card sorting task (for 100/1 and 100/9). No impact on cardiac conduction was noted with THN102, and safety was similar to MOD100.ConclusionsTHN102 seems more efficient than modafinil on vigilance, working memory and executive functions, opening new perspectives in management of hypersomnolence disorders.
Optimism and Wishful Thinking: Consistency Across Populations in Children’s Expectations for the Future
Authors: Bamford Christi , Lagattuta Kristin Hansen 
Published: August 2019

Two studies investigated 5‐ to 10‐year‐olds’ (N = 194) positivity bias when forecasting the future. Children from two geographic locations (mostly Caucasian, higher income college town; mostly African American, lower income urban community) completed a future expectations task (FET). For multiple scenarios, children predicted whether a positive versus negative (optimism items) or a positive versus extraordinary positive (wishful thinking items) outcome would occur, including its likelihood. In both samples, optimism and wishful thinking decreased with age, optimism was higher than wishful thinking, children did not show a comparative self‐optimism bias, and individual differences in the FET optimism score correlated with self‐reported dispositional optimism and hope. Exploratory comparisons revealed between‐sample equivalence in responses to all measures, except for less tempered wishful thinking in the urban community.
Squamous cell carcinoma of the nasal cavity: A descriptive analysis of cases from the head and neck 5000 study
Authors: Dale Oliver T. , Pring Miranda , Davies Amy , Leary Sam , Ingarfield Kate , Toms Stu , Waterboer Tim , Pawlita Michael , Ness Andy R. , Thomas Steve J. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractObjectivesThis paper aims to provide contemporary epidemiological data on squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the nasal cavity, which represents a rare type of head and neck cancer.Design, Setting & ParticipantsA descriptive analysis of people with nasal cavity SCC treated with curative intent from the Head and Neck 5000 study; a multicentre clinical cohort study of people from the UK with head and neck cancer. People with tumours of the nasopharynx, paranasal sinuses and other sub‐sites of the head and neck were excluded.Main outcome measuresDemographic data and treatment details are presented for all participants. The main outcomes were overall survival and survival according to categories of characteristics (eg, smoker vs non‐smoker); these were explored using Kaplan‐Meier plots.ResultsThirty people with nasal cavity SCC were included in the study, of which most were male (67%) and current or ex‐smokers (70%). The majority (70%) presented with early‐stage (T1/2, N0) tumours. Cervical lymph node metastases at presentation were rare, occurring in only one person. Nine people died during the follow‐up period (30%). Worse survival outcomes were seen in people with moderate or severe co‐morbidities.ConclusionsThis paper provides epidemiological data on nasal cavity SCC in the UK. Patterns of disease and survival outcomes are described, identifying high‐risk groups. Further studies should explore whether primary treatment modality alters survival.
Inhibition of CREB‐mediated ZO‐1 and activation of NF‐κB‐induced IL‐6 by colonic epithelial MCT4 destroys intestinal barrier function
Authors: Zhang Shunxian , Xu Wanfu , Wang Hongli , Cao Meiwan , Li Musheng , Zhao Junhong , Hu Yan , Wang Yaodong , Li Songyu , Xie Yuanwen , Chen Guanhua , Liu Ruitao , Cheng Yang , Xu Zhaohui , Zou Kejian , Gong Sitang , Geng Lanlan 
Published: August 2019

AbstractObjectiveInflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a disorder intestinal inflammation and impaired barrier function, associated with increased epithelial expression of monocarboxylate transporter 4 (MCT4). However, the specific non‐metabolic function and clinical relevance of MCT4 in IBD remain to be fully elucidated.MethodsLentivirus‐mediated overexpression of MCT4 was used to assess the role of MCT4 in transcriptionally regulating ZO‐1 and IL‐6 expression by luciferase assays, WB and ChIP. IP was used to analyse the effect of MCT4 on the interaction NF‐κB‐CBP or CREB‐CBP, and these MCT4‐mediated effects were confirmed in vivo assay.ResultsWe showed that ectopic expression of MCT4 inhibited ZO‐1 expression, while increased pro‐inflammatory factors expression, leading to destroy intestinal epithelial barrier function in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, MCT4 contributed NF‐κB p65 nuclear translocation and increased the binding of NF‐κB p65 to the promoter of IL‐6, which is attributed to MCT4 enhanced NF‐κB‐CBP interaction and dissolved CREB‐CBP complex, resulting in reduction of CREB activity and CREB‐mediated ZO‐1 expression. In addition, treatment of experimental colitis with MCT4 inhibitor α‐cyano‐4‐hydroxycinnamate (CHC) ameliorated mucosal intestinal barrier function, which was due to attenuation of pro‐inflammation factors expression and enhancement of ZO‐1 expression.ConclusionThese findings suggested a novel role of MCT4 in controlling development of IBD and provided evidence for potential targets of IBD.
The availability and acquisition of modafinil on the internet
Authors: Dursun Suat , Dunn Matthew , McKay Fiona H. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractIntroduction and AimsPrescription medications are readily accessible on both the dark and surface web. This study focuses specifically on modafinil. Modafinal is a medication that is used to treat sleepiness due to a range of sleep disorders, but is also used off‐label as a cognitive enhancer. This study aimed to evaluate surface websites which sold modafinil to Australia to provide an overview of and to document the characteristics of surface web retailers.Design and MethodsAn online search to identify online retailers selling modafinil was performed using three search engines. Retailers were included if they sold modafinil to Australia, as verified through the purchasing process. Thirteen retailers were included in the final sample.ResultsMost retailers sold more than one product, with products being sold in tablet form the most common (88%). Retailers offered products of multiple strength, with the 200 mg product most common (51%). Most retailers included information on the side effects of the substances (77%), few listed any supporting evidence. Few listed information regarding legal status (24%). Most retailers used a number of features to indicate legitimacy.Discussion and ConclusionThis is the first study to document the characteristics of surface web retailers purporting to sell modafinil to Australia. Future studies may analyse purchased samples to identify potential counterfeit or poor‐quality medications.
Recurrent diabetic ketoacidosis and a brief history of brittle diabetes research: contemporary and past evidence in diabetic ketoacidosis research including mortality, mental health and prevention
Authors: Garrett C. J. , Choudhary P. , Amiel S. A. , Fonagy P. , Ismail K. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractPharmacological, technological and educational approaches have advanced the treatment of Type 1 diabetes in the last four decades and yet diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) continues to be a leading cause of admission in Type 1 diabetes.This article begins by reviewing the contemporary epidemiological evidence in DKA. It highlights a rise in DKA episodes in the last two decades, with DKA continuing to be the leading cause of death in young people with Type 1 diabetes, and that DKA episodes are a marker for subsequent all‐cause mortality. It also summarizes the limited evidence base for DKA prevention and associations with psychopathology.To emphasize the importance of this group with high‐risk Type 1 diabetes and the degree to which they have been overlooked in the past two decades, the article summarizes the research literature of recurrent DKA during 1976–1991 when it was extensively investigated as part of the phenomenon of ‘brittle diabetes’. This period saw numerous basic science studies investigating the pathophysiology of recurrent DKA. Subsequently, research centres published their experiences of brittle diabetes research participants manipulating their treatment under research conditions. Unfortunately, the driver for this behaviour and whether it was indicative of other people with ketoacidosis was not pursued.In summary, we suggest there has been a stasis in the approach to recurrent DKA prevention, which is likely linked to historical cases of mass sabotage of brittle diabetes research. Further investigation is required to clarify possible psychological characteristics that increase the risk of DKA and thereby targets for DKA prevention.
Neurophysiological correlates of collective perceptual decision‐making
Authors: Baumgart Kristina G. , Byvshev Petr , Sliby Alexa‐Nicole , Strube Andreas , König Peter , Wahn Basil 
Published: August 2019

AbstractHumans frequently perform tasks collaboratively in daily life. Collaborating with others may or may not result in higher task performance than if one were to complete the task alone (i.e., a collective benefit). A recent study on collective benefits in perceptual decision‐making showed that dyad members with similar individual performances attain collective benefit. However, little is known about the physiological basis of these results. Here, we replicate this earlier work and also investigate the neurophysiological correlates of decision‐making using EEG. In a two‐interval forced‐choice task, co‐actors individually indicated presence of a target stimulus with a higher contrast and then indicated their confidence on a rating scale. Viewing the individual ratings, dyads made a joint decision. Replicating earlier work, we found a positive correlation between the similarity of individual performances and collective benefit. We analyzed event‐related potentials (ERPs) in three phases (i.e., stimulus onset, response and feedback) using explorative cluster mass permutation tests. At stimulus onset, ERPs were significantly linearly related to our manipulation of contrast differences, validating our manipulation of task difficulty. For individual and joint responses, we found a significant centro‐parietal error‐related positivity for correct versus incorrect responses, which suggests that accuracy is already evaluated at the response level. At feedback presentation, we found a significant late positive fronto‐central potential elicited by incorrect joint responses. In sum, these results demonstrate that response‐ and feedback‐related components elicited by an error‐monitoring system differentially integrate conflicting information exchanged during the joint decision‐making process.
Extensive ossification of the ungular cartilages and other osseous abnormalities of the proximal and distal phalanges
Authors: Tivey M.‐E. L. , Van Dijk J. , Dyson S. 
Published: August 2019

SummaryOssification of the ungular cartilages of the equine foot has been well documented. There is growing evidence to suggest that extensively ossified cartilages (≥grade 4) can be associated with injury, pain and lameness. The objectives of this study were to describe the locations and extent of new bone on the proximal and distal phalanges and to determine the frequency of occurrence related to the ossification grade of the ungular cartilages. It was hypothesised that new bone formation would be seen more commonly in horses with grades ≥4 ossification than those with ossification of grade ≤3. Data were collected from 929 sets of images from individual limbs of 589 horses. Logistic regression modelling was used to indicate predictor variables that were significant. In 15.4% of limbs, there was grade 4 or 5 ossification of one or both ungular cartilages. New bone formation was seen on the palmaromedial and palmarolateral aspects of the diaphyseal and distal metaphyseal regions of the proximal phalanx in 28.7% of limbs. New bone formation was seen on the dorsal, dorsomedial and dorsolateral aspects of the distal phalanx, midway between proximal and distal in 7.2% of limbs. New bone formation was seen more commonly on the proximal phalanx (P≤0.002) and the distal phalanx (P≤0.042) in feet with grade ≥4 ossification of the ungular cartilages than in feet with ossification grade ≤3. Thoroughbred (odds ratio [OR] 0.398) and Warmblood (OR 0.522) breeds had a lower risk of new bone formation on the proximal phalanx compared with other breeds. Increasing age was a risk factor for new bone formation on the proximal phalanx (OR 1.092) but was associated with reduced risk of new bone on the distal phalanx. New bone formation on the proximal and distal phalanges may contribute to pain and lameness.
A guide to Mycobacterium mutagenesis
Authors: Borgers Katlyn , Vandewalle Kristof , Festjens Nele , Callewaert Nico 
Published: August 2019

The genus Mycobacterium includes several pathogens that cause severe disease in humans, like Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb), the infectious agent causing tuberculosis. Genetic tools to engineer mycobacterial genomes, in a targeted or random fashion, have provided opportunities to investigate M. tb infection and pathogenesis. Furthermore, they have allowed the identification and validation of potential targets for the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of tuberculosis. This review describes the various methods that are available for the generation of mutants in Mycobacterium species, focusing specifically on tools for altering slow‐growing mycobacteria from the M. tb complex. Among others, it incorporates the recent new molecular biological technologies (e.g. ORBIT) to rapidly and/or genome‐wide comprehensively obtain targeted mutants in mycobacteria. As such, this review can be used as a guide to select the appropriate genetic tools to generate mycobacterial mutants of interest, which can be used as tools to aid understanding of M. tb infection or to help developing TB intervention strategies.
Newer and select maize, wheat, and rice varieties can help mitigate N footprint while producing more grain
Authors: Ying Hao , Yin Yulong , Zheng Huifang , Wang Yingcheng , Zhang Qingsong , Xue Yanfang , Stefanovski Darko , Cui Zhenling , Dou Zhengxia 
Published: August 2019

AbstractSustainably feeding the growing population amid a changing climate and dwindling resources is a grand challenge facing mankind. Decades‐long advancement in crop breeding has progressively elevated yield potential, markedly enhancing global food production capacity. However, relevant impact on reactive N (Nr) emissions associated with crop variety improvement has not been explicitly described. Here, we report multitiered evidence that newer and select maize, wheat, and rice varieties developed in China have the capacity to substantially lower Nr losses while producing more grain. First, we pooled studies featuring side‐by‐side comparison of different varieties, totaling 269 paired observations, to demonstrate that collectively, relatively newer varieties of maize, wheat, and rice had less Nr emissions (9.6%–23.5%) while yielding more grains (7.3%–11.2%) compared to older varieties under wide‐ranging conditions. Next, we built an extended database (142 field studies with 833 observations) and comprehensively evaluated the Nr‐loss reduction potential of newer varieties (2000 and after) versus older ones (1985–1999). We found that newer varieties had Nr emission factors (N loss as a percentage of N applied after correcting for background emissions) 18.2%–75.7% less for N2O, 18.3%–75.7% less for , and −8.5% to 22.8% less for NH3, while producing more grains (16.0%–24.4%). Individual varieties differed markedly in yield‐emission scores. A nationwide farmer survey (2.47 million responses) indicated tremendous opportunities for a new way of management intervention. Coupling variety selection with sound N and other agronomic management can help lower N footprint while producing more grain.
Elevated temperature impact on performance of Low Temperature Co‐fired Ceramic dielectrics
Authors: Polotai Anton , Voak Julie , Henry Jim , Thoss David , Yang Yi , Chitale Sanjay 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe need for electronics to operate at temperatures of 200°C and above continues to grow. These applications include avionics, aerospace, automotive, downhole drilling, mining, and many others. To satisfy this demand, a significant amount of research and development has been conducted. Despite the efforts, the number of new electronic components designed specifically for high‐temperature operation is still relatively limited. In Low Temperature Co‐fired Ceramic (LTCC) packages, LTCC materials are generally used as the host media for a number of pre‐fabricated semiconductor components. As a result, reliability of the entire LTCC package largely depends on the performance of the least robust component. Ferro A6M‐E and Ferro L8 are the two well‐established and recognized LTCC dielectrics widely used for mid and high frequency LTCC applications, including several high reliability aerospace and defense applications that require demanding Mil‐Spec qualifications. This study is our first attempt to characterize and understand basic high‐temperature dielectric properties of these two commercial LTCC materials. The secondary objective is to initiate a dialogue in attempt to establish reliability requirements for LTCC packages dedicated for high‐temperature operation.
Fabrication of Al2O3‐SiO2 ceramics through combined selective laser sintering and SiO2‐sol infiltration
Authors: Li Chen‐Hui , Hu Liang , Zou Yang , Liu Jiang‐An , Xiao Jian‐Hua , Wu Jia‐Min , Shi Yu‐Sheng 
Published: August 2019

AbstractIn this study, different posttreatment methods, including silica‐sol infiltration (SI), vacuum silica‐sol infiltration (vSI), debinding (DB), and pressure‐less sintering (PS), were combined with selective laser sintering (SLS) to fabricate Al2O3‐SiO2 ceramics. The macro‐morphology and microstructure of sample fabricated under different laser processing parameters and posttreatment process were investigated. Results show that the geometric dimension accuracy and surface quality of the final samples can be effectively improved with appropriate SLS parameters and posttreatment. The optimal SLS processing parameters are determined to be 0.15 mm, 10 W, 0.1 mm, and 1500 mm/s for the hatch spacing, laser power, layer thickness, and scanning speed, respectively. The SLS/DB/vIN/FS samples have the smallest linear shrinkage ratio (<1%), the least warpage degree (<3%), and the best surface quality (surface altitude difference <170 μm). Mullite, quartz, corundum, and cristobalite composed the phases of the sample, of which cristobalite came largely from the infiltrated silica‐sol. Since a higher amount of silica‐sol infiltrated into the sample under SLS/DB/vIN/FS process, more cristobalite phase formed in the pore of the sample during sintering, which avoided excessive microstructure shrinkage during sintering and ensured the high geometric accuracy and surface quality of the final sample.