bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adverse Inferences and Penalty Default Rules in International Investment Arbitration: A Policy Approach to the Production of Evidence
Authors: Florou Aikaterini 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Investor-state dispute settlement relies heavily on the production of evidence. Evidence is certainly a necessary condition for a fair trial, but is it sufficient? Instances of ‘guerrilla tactics’ and non-substantiated claims are increasingly common. In a world of costly litigation, the availability of appropriate and reliable evidence is crucial for avoiding accusations of ideologically-driven decisions and achieving a ‘fair and equitable’ resolution of a dispute. Against this background, the present article uses an interdisciplinary analysis drawn from contract theory and transaction cost economics to explore the potential of two evidentiary tools for the disclosure of material information: adverse inferences and penalty default rules. The article shows that penalty default rules can be a valuable complement to adverse inferences, as they allow for the strategic interpretation of inherently incomplete treaty standards, thus attaching concrete legal consequences to the denial of a party to disclose material evidence to the tribunal.
Drawing up plans
Authors: Lankester Ted 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter describes how to draw up a community plan and how to use planning tools within the community, for example, problem trees, a SWOT analysis, and SMART objectives. It describes how to write and use a logical framework (logframe) and provides examples. It covers the importance of establishing village health committees and community action groups, and how using these can assist with engaging the target communities, It also discusses other alternatives to assist in writing proposals, for example, using findings from the participatory appraisal (PA) or a community survey, but also as working programme tools. Finally, it gives practical examples.
Making a programme sustainable
Authors: Lankester Ted 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter describes a wide variety of ways to help programmes become financially sustainable. It begins by defining sustainability, and discusses way to encourage community involvement in making the programme sustainable. It also discusses reducing costs, accessing free supplies, co-financing, utilizing revolving drug funds (RDFs), health insurance schemes, and other methods of cost recovery. It provides some background information about funding health development, and briefly covers the 1978 Alma-Ata Declaration. It mentions partnerships with donors and emphasizes the needs of communities to develop their own funds through entrepreneurship and micro-enterprise. It also emphasizes the need to employ, train, educate, and retain team members, and how dedicated team members also contribute to programme sustainability.
Inner Ear Genes Underwent Positive Selection and Adaptation in the Mammalian Lineage
Authors: Pisciottano Francisco , Cinalli Alejandro R , Stopiello Juan Matías , Castagna Valeria C , Elgoyhen Ana Belén , Rubinstein Marcelo , Gómez-Casati María Eugenia , Franchini Lucía F 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe mammalian inner ear possesses functional and morphological innovations that contribute to its unique hearing capacities. The genetic bases underlying the evolution of this mammalian landmark are poorly understood. We propose that the emergence of morphological and functional innovations in the mammalian inner ear could have been driven by adaptive molecular evolution.In this work, we performed a meta-analysis of available inner ear gene expression data sets in order to identify genes that show signatures of adaptive evolution in the mammalian lineage. We analyzed ∼1,300 inner ear expressed genes and found that 13% show signatures of positive selection in the mammalian lineage. Several of these genes are known to play an important function in the inner ear. In addition, we identified that a significant proportion of genes showing signatures of adaptive evolution in mammals have not been previously reported to participate in inner ear development and/or physiology. We focused our analysis in two of these genes: STRIP2 and ABLIM2 by generating null mutant mice and analyzed their auditory function. We found that mice lacking Strip2 displayed a decrease in neural response amplitudes. In addition, we observed a reduction in the number of afferent synapses, suggesting a potential cochlear neuropathy.Thus, this study shows the usefulness of pursuing a high-throughput evolutionary approach followed by functional studies to track down genes that are important for inner ear function. Moreover, this approach sheds light on the genetic bases underlying the evolution of the mammalian inner ear.
Gene therapy with apoptosis-associated speck-like protein, a newly described schwannoma tumor suppressor, inhibits schwannoma growth in vivo
Authors: Ahmed Sherif G , Abdelnabi Ahmed , Maguire Casey A , Doha Mohamed , Sagers Jessica E , Lewis Rebecca M , Muzikansky Alona , Giovannini Marco , Stemmer-Rachamimov Anat , Stankovic Konstantina M , Fulci Giulia , Brenner Gary J 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Background
We evaluated apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (ASC) as a schwannoma tumor suppressor and explored its utilization in a schwannoma gene therapy strategy that may be translated to clinical use.

Methods
ASC protein expression and mRNA level were assessed in human schwannoma by immunohistochemistry and quantitative PCR, respectively. Methylation- specific PCR was used to assess ASC promoter methylation. The effect of ASC overexpression in schwannoma cells was evaluated through ATP-based viability, lactate dehydrogenase release, and apoptosis staining. Western blotting and colorimetric assay were used to test the effect of ASC overexpression on endogenous pro-apoptotic pathways. Bioluminescence imaging, behavioral testing, and immunohistochemistry in human xenograft and murine allograft schwannoma models were used to examine the efficacy and toxicity of intratumoral injection of adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector encoding ASC.

Results
ASC expression was suppressed via promoter methylation in over 80% of the human schwannomas tested. ASC overexpression in schwannoma cells results in cell death and is associated with activation of endogenous caspase-9, caspase-3, and upregulation of BH3 interacting-domain death agonist. In a human xenograft schwannoma model, AAV1-mediated ASC delivery reduced tumor growth and resolved tumor-associated pain without detectable toxicity, and tumor control was associated with reduced Ki67 mitotic index and increased tumor-cell apoptosis. Efficacy of this schwannoma gene therapy strategy was confirmed in a murine schwannoma model.

Conclusion
We have identified ASC as a putative schwannoma tumor suppressor with high potential clinical utility for schwannoma gene therapy and generated a vector that treats schwannomas via a novel mechanism that does not overlap with current treatments.
Outpatient Antibiotic Prescribing in Massachusetts, 2011–2015
Authors: Klevens R Monina , Caten Evan , Olesen Scott W , DeMaria Alfred , Troppy Scott , Grad Yonatan H 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Background
The objectives of this study were to develop methods to measure population-based outpatient antibiotic prescribing in Massachusetts and to describe the findings as a first step toward institution of ongoing surveillance.

Methods
We analyzed outpatient prescription claims from the Massachusetts All-Payers Claims Database from 2011 to 2015. We grouped claims for antibiotics according to the World Health Organization’s Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System using the National Library of Medicine’s RXNorm database. We grouped prescribers into 17 specialties. Antibiotic use rates were calculated, and simple frequencies were used to describe patterns.

Results
The overall annual rate of outpatient antibiotic use for individuals aged 0–64 years was 696 prescriptions per 1000 people. During 2015, 68% of people in Massachusetts had no antibiotic prescription, and 17% had only 1 prescription. There was dramatic variability in antibiotic use rates by census tract within the state (rates of penicillin use ranged from 31 to 265 prescriptions per 1000 people, macrolides from 28 to 333, cephalosporins from 8 to 89, quinolones from 13 to 118). Antibiotic use rates were generally lower in urban census tracts. From 2011 to 2015, there was a 17% decline in antibiotic prescribing, with the greatest decline for macrolides (28%).

Conclusions
There was variability in antibiotic prescribing within Massachusetts by age, sex, and antibiotic class. Variation in antibiotic use across census tracts within the state was similar to the variation in use across US states. Continued measurement and detailed local population rates of antibiotic use in Massachusetts will provide feedback for local prescribers.
Reconceptualizing Canadian Federal Political Culture: Examining Differences between Quebec and the Rest of Canada
Authors: McGrane David , Berdahl Loleen 
Published: April 2019

AbstractWhile the concept of federal political culture has been attractive to federalism scholars, Canada has proved to be a puzzling case and generated contradictory results across studies. We test a new definition of Canadian federal political culture using original survey data and find that Canadians have moderate levels of federal political culture driven by a utopian view of federalism in which the promotion of diversity should be achieved without any negative consequences for the unity of the polity. We also find that Quebecers and other Canadians have similar levels of federal political culture and that the results are consistent when survey questions are altered to take out country-specific references.
Sound Words: Hymns in Twentieth-Century Literature
Authors: Masud Noreen 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Why, in the twentieth century, do atheist or agnostic authors write so many hymns into their poems and novels? This essay contends that attending to the frequent but overlooked hymn episodes in early to mid-twentieth-century literature, and to their historical contexts, can complicate our understanding of literary postures of faith, and of everyday sounds as ‘filler’ in modernist literature. Focusing on Stevie Smith and D. H. Lawrence, with reference to a range of other writers, it draws on unpublished archival material to argue that hymn-history reveals an alternative narrative to that of religious writing as conservative, and literary writing as radical. Hymn-compilers often sought modernity, while poets and novelists tended to privilege older, more dated hymns. This ideological clash led to a literary approach which defiantly accommodated ‘bad old hymns’ through nostalgic reminiscence and extensive quotation. Used in this way, hymn oscillates between a status as textual padding and as focal point: an embarrassingly excessive and solid substance which nevertheless enables embarrassment to be discharged. Ultimately, the muffling, ostensibly authoritative substance of hymn, in twentieth-century literature, fills up gaps in which too much might resound or be revealed: it offers literary writing an opportunity to accommodate and neutralize awkwardness, failure and error.
Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infections After Cosmetic Procedures: A Systematic Review and Management Algorithm
Authors: Jabbour Samer F. , Malek Alexandre E. , Kechichian Elio G. , Tomb Roland R. , Nasr Marwan W. 
Published: April 2019

BACKGROUND
Nontuberculous mycobacterium (NTM) infection following cosmetic procedures usually results from inadequate sterile techniques and contamination from nonsterile water. These infections are difficult to diagnose and treat.

OBJECTIVE
This study aimed to describe the characteristics of NTM infections acquired after an aesthetic procedure, identify high-risk patients and high-risk cosmetic procedures, and provide a diagnostic and management algorithm for NTM infections occurring after cosmetic procedures.

METHODS
On December 20, 2017 an online search of the Medline database was done. All articles describing NTM infection in cosmetic procedures were included in this review.

RESULTS
In total, 92 patients with a mean age of 38.35 years were included in this review. Cosmetic procedures performed in the Dominican Republic were the most common source of infection and were noted in 33 patients. The procedure that resulted in the highest proportion of the infections was mesotherapy (34%). In most of the cases, the diagnosis was missed at the initial presentation and a short course of inadequate antibiotics was unsuccessful.

CONCLUSION
Nontuberculous mycobacterium infections are hard to diagnose and difficult to treat, sometimes leading to severe irreversible sequalae. Aesthetic practitioners should know when to suspect and how to prevent, diagnose, and treat NTM infections.
REVERSE SUTURE TECHNIQUE FOR INTRAOCULAR LENS REFIXATION
Authors: Patel Shriji N. , Snyder Laura L. 
Published: April 2019

Purpose:
To describe a novel reverse suture approach to safely and securely refixate dislocated intraocular lenses (IOLs).

Methods:
We describe two cases herein where we use a reverse suture technique to refixate dislocated IOLs. By reversing the needle-holder grasp on a Gore-Tex suture needle, we can safely insert the base of the needle through the pars plana. This allows for looping of the suture around the haptic of subluxated or dislocated IOL. We use the technique in a case with a subluxed plate haptic IOL and a subluxed three-piece IOL with an encircling capsular tension ring.

Results:
The reverse suture technique allows for safe and effective looping of a subluxed IOL haptic or capsular tension ring. This technique can be performed without an assistant and prevents excessive manipulation and unnecessary explantation of dislocated IOL.

Conclusion:
The reverse suture technique is a safe, effective, and easily reproducible maneuver to refixate dislocated IOLs.
SPONTANEOUS CLOSURE OF A MACULAR HOLE RESULTING FROM YAG LASER CAPSULOTOMY IN A 13-YEAR-OLD GIRL
Authors: Parikh Pooja , Day Ghafoori Shelley , Dixit Lena , Harper Clio Armitage 
Published: April 2019

Purpose:
To describe the novel finding of spontaneous resolution of a full-thickness macular hole resulting from YAG laser capsulotomy in a 13-year-old girl with previous history of retinal detachment repair and cataract surgery.

Methods:
A 13-year-old girl who had developed a macular hole after YAG laser was noted to have spontaneous resolution of the macular hole at 2-week follow-up visit with concurrent increase in visual acuity. Institutional review board was not applicable for this case.

Results:
Spontaneous resolution of a YAG laser–induced macular hole in a pediatric patient.

Conclusion:
This is a novel report in a pediatric patient of spontaneous resolution of a full-thickness macular hole induced by YAG laser capsulotomy. If a macular hole is noted after YAG capsulotomy, consideration should be given to initial close observation rather than surgical intervention as spontaneous resolution may occur.
Effect of Riboflavin Solution With Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose and Eyelid Speculum on Pachymetry Changes During Accelerated Collagen Crosslinking
Authors: Akkaya Turhan Semra , Aydin Fahri Onur , Toker Ebru 
Published: April 2019

Purpose:
To assess corneal thickness changes with isotonic riboflavin (RF) solution with hydroxylpropyl methylcellulose in patients undergoing accelerated corneal collagen crosslinking (CXL) with and without an eyelid speculum.

Methods:
Fifty-two eyes of 48 patients with progressive keratoconus were enrolled in this study. The patients in this study were divided into 2 groups: in group 1 an eyelid speculum was removed during 20-minute RF (0.1%) + hydroxylpropyl methylcellulose (Mediocross M; Avedro Inc, Waltham, MA) instillation, and in group 2 the eyelid speculum was retained in place during the entire CXL procedure. All patients underwent accelerated CXL using continuous ultraviolet-A (UVA) light exposure at 9 mW/cm2 for 10 minutes; total energy dose was 5.4 J/cm2. Intraoperative ultrasound pachymetry measurements were obtained before and after epithelial removal, after RF loading, and after UVA light exposure at 5 and 10 minutes.

Results:
The preoperative pachymetric measurements decreased in both groups after the removal of epithelium [group 1 (n = 26): −25 μm, group 2 (n = 26): −31 μm, P = 0.234]. Although the thinnest pachymetry significantly increased after soaking in both group 1 (52.26 μm) and group 2 (27.88 μm, P < 0.001), closure of the eyelids during RF instillation further increased the pachymetry readings (P < 0.0001). The corneal thickness remained stable in both groups during UVA irradiation at 5 and 10 minutes (P > 0.05).

Conclusions:
Closure of the eyelids further induces corneal swelling that may offer an advantage to improve safety of the procedure particularly in thin corneas.
Randomized Controlled Trial of Oropharyngeal Colostrum Administration in Very‐low‐birth‐weight Preterm Infants
Authors: Ferreira Daniela M.L.M. , Oliveira Angela M.M. , de Leves Débora V. , de Bem Érica B. , Fatureto Giovana G. , Navarro Natássia F. , Afonso Nathália G. , Santiago Fernanda M. , Mineo José R. , Sopelete Mônica C. , Martinez Francisco E. , Bernardino Neto Morun , Abdallah Vânia O.S. 
Published: April 2019

ABSTRACTObjective:The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of oropharyngeal colostrum administration in the incidence of late‐onset clinical and proven sepsis and in concentrations of immunoglobulin A (IgA) in very‐low‐birth‐weight (VLBW) infants.Methods:We conducted a double‐blinded, randomized, placebo‐controlled trial and assigned 113 VLBW infants to receive 0.2 mL of maternal colostrum or sterile water (placebo) via oropharyngeal route every 2 hours for 48 hours, beginning in the first 48 to 72 hours of life. Neonates of both groups were fed breast milk from the first 3 days of life until a volume of at least 100 mL · kg−1 · day−1. IgA was measured in serum and urine before and after treatment. Clinical data during hospitalization were collected.Results:We found no statistically significant differences between colostrum and placebo groups in the incidence of late‐onset clinical sepsis (odds ratio 0.7602; CI 95% 0.3–1.6) and proven sepsis (odds ratio 0.7028; CI 95% 0.3–1.6). The measurement of IgA was similar in serum before (P value 0.87) and after treatment (P value 0.26 day 4 and 0.77 day 18). No differences were also observed in IgA in urine before (P value 0.8) and after treatment (P value 0.73 day 4 and 0.52).Conclusions:This study could not confirm the hypothesis that oropharyngeal administration of maternal colostrum to VLBW could reduce the incidence of late‐onset sepsis and increase the levels of IgA. We believe that this finding can be justified by the practice of feeding VLBW infants exclusively with breast milk in the first days of life and reinforces the prior knowledge of the importance of early nutrition, especially, with human milk. It also suggests that oropharyngeal administration of colostrum should be reserved for neonates who cannot be fed in first few days of life.
Impact of Environmental Noise Levels on Endotracheal Intubation Performance Among Pediatric Emergency Providers
Authors: Salzman Garrett A. , El Hanan , Chang Todd P. 
Published: April 2019

Background
The emergency department is a stressful workplace environment with environmental stimuli and distractions, including noise. This has potential effects on perceived stress for providers and critical procedure performance.

Objective
This study aimed to characterize the impact of environmental noise levels on the time to intubate, the quality of intubation, and physiologic stress response in pediatric emergency department providers.

Methods
This was a randomized control simulation-based study in which experienced pediatric providers intubated an adult manikin 3 times while experiencing 3 different ambient noise levels (60, 75, 80 dB) in random order. Participants' times to intubate were measured, as was the endotracheal tube depth. The quality of each intubation attempt was assessed via video review against a standardized checklist. Lastly, participants' heart rates were monitored in real time to assess for physiologic stress response. Differences in performance were analyzed using a repeated-measures analysis of variance.

Results
No significant difference was found between noise levels and time to intubate (P = 0.19), although each subsequent attempt shortened the time to intubate (P = 0.01). Physiological heart rate changes did not differ by noise level (P = 0.35). Subjectively, “time and economy of motion” and “overall performance” did not differ by noise level but did improve for each subsequent attempt number (P < 0.046).

Conclusions
Intubation performance improved with attempt number, but no differences in performance were seen between noise levels. This suggests that rehearsing and practice impacts performance more than environmental noise levels.
Differences in Measures of Strength and Dynamic Balance Among Individuals With Lower-Limb Loss Classified as Functional Level K3 Versus K4
Authors: Beisheim Emma Haldane , Horne John Robert , Pohlig Ryan Todd , Sions Jaclyn Megan 
Published: April 2019

Objective
For individuals with lower-limb loss, functional mobility (ie, K-level) classification can be subjective. Performance-based outcome measures improve the objectivity of K-level assignment; therefore, this study aimed to determine differences in functional strength– and dynamic balance–based outcome measures performance between K3- and K4-classified adults with lower-limb loss.

Design
Prosthetists used subjective information and prosthetic componentry to determine K-levels before outcome measures testing for adults with a unilateral transtibial (n = 50) or transfemoral amputation (n = 17). Outcome measures (ie, 5-Times Sit-to-Stand Test, Figure-of-8 Walk Test, 360-degree Turn Test, and modified Four-Square Step Test) were administered by a blinded examiner. Univariate analyses of variance were used to evaluate between-subgroup differences.

Results
K4-classified participants with a unilateral transfemoral amputation performed better on all outcome measures when compared with K3-classified peers, whereas K4-classified individuals with a transtibial amputation performed better on the modified Four-Square Step Test compared with K3-classified peers (P < 0.050).

Conclusions
K4-classified individuals demonstrated greater lower-limb functional strength and better dynamic balance compared with K3-classified peers. To assist with K-level classification, clinicians should consider selecting outcome measures that objectively differentiate between K-levels (ie, modified Four-Square Step Test for those with a unilateral transtibial or transfemoral amputation; 5-Times Sit-to-Stand Test, Figure-of-8 Walk Test, and 360-degree Turn Test for those with a transfemoral amputation).