bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detecting leaks in plastic pipes
Authors: Hunaidi Osama , Chu Wing , Wang Alex , Guan Wei 
Published: February 2018

Commercial leak‐noise correlators were generally able to locate leaks in plastic pipe, but modifications could increase their effectiveness.Water utilities commonly use acoustic equipment to locate leaks. Although acoustic equipment is generally considered satisfactory for metallic pipes, its application to plastic pipes could be problematic. This study found that leaks in plastic pipes could be located using acoustic techniques; however, there were several difficulties. Professional leak detection teams using leak noise correlators rarely succeeded in locating leaks because the frequency range selected automatically by correlators (or manually by operators) was usually too high. The frequency content of leak signals from plastic pipes was mostly below 50 Hz. Listening devices were ineffective unless they were used very close to leaks. Acoustic leak detection methods can be made more effective by revising the automatic‐mode algorithms of correlators, using finely tunable noise filters, and measuring leak signals with hydrophones or highly sensitive vibration sensors. Nonacoustic methods such as radar, thermography, and tracer gases, appear promising.
Water and world population growth
Authors: Postel Sandra L. 
Published: February 2018

As global population mushrooms, water managers must adopt new strategies to make the most of limited supplies.Freshwater is renewable but finite. Over the next 50 years, world population growth will reduce the renewable water supply per capita by approximately one third. By 2025, an estimated 3 billion people—38 percent of the projected global population—will live in countries classified as water‐stressed. In many regions, numerous signs that water use is not sustainable are already in evidence in the widespread overpumping of aquifers and excessive depletion of river flows. Meeting the water demands of 8–9 billion people while at the same time protecting the health of the aquatic environment will greatly challenge water professionals. This article makes the case for a new water management paradigm—one that strives to balance water's economic and ecological functions. A key to success is increasing water productivity, i.e., doing more with less water.
Helping people help themselves
Authors: Murphy Maripat 
Published: February 2018

Through water‐related projects and other development efforts, Water For People is improving the quality of life in communities worldwide.In 1991, AWWA established the nonprofit international development organization Water For People (WFP) with the mission of improving lives worldwide through drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene projects. Since then, nearly 400 WFP projects have been completed, benefiting rural and urban communities in 38 developing and transitioning countries. To be eligible, projects must address critical needs, use appropriate technology and local materials, and be sustainable by the community. To facilitate projects and make the most of limited funding and resources, WFP partners with indigenous private institutions, public agencies, and nongovernmental organizations. As WFP enters a new century, the organization is evolving to meet the changing needs of communities and investing more in education, training, and basic skills to help people help themselves.
Comparison of three TOC methodologies
Authors: Kaplan Louis A. 
Published: February 2018

Using samples from a variety of US water sources, a study finds that different methodologies for analyzing total organic carbon yield equivalent data.The Stage 1 Disinfectants/Disinfection By‐products Rule requires analyses of total organic carbon (TOC) in drinking water sources. In this study, water samples from 102 watersheds across North America were used to compare three TOC methodologies. All analyses were performed on filtered samples, eliminating particles and permitting a focus on the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) constituents. High‐temperature combustion yielded significantly lower DOC concentration estimates than methods based on either wet chemical oxidation (9 percent difference) or ultraviolet‐promoted oxidation (10.5 percent difference). All three methodologies gave similar concentration estimates (no significant differences) after correction for a pH‐dependent loss of nonvolatile DOC during the external sparging of samples to remove inorganic carbon. The author concludes that current TOC technologies are capable of providing accurate and equivalent estimates of DOC concentrations; nonetheless, he contends that appropriate dissolved and particulate performance standards for TOC analyses would constitute an important tool for analysts in the drinking water industry.
Committee Report: Disinfection at large and medium‐size systems
Authors:   AWWA Water Quality Division Disinfection Systems Committee
Published: February 2018

Most of the systems surveyed reported plans for process changes to address new regulations, treatment optimization, increased capacity, equipment upgrades, and safety.As a followup to its surveys of 1979 and 1989, the Disinfection Systems Committee conducted a survey in 1998 of disinfection practices at large and medium (i.e., those serving 10,000 or more people) systems using both surface water and groundwater supplies. Chlorine, either as gas or hypochlorite, remained the predominant choice for primary disinfection. Moderate increases were seen in the use of alternative forms of chlorine such as chloramines, chlorine dioxide, and ozone. Based on the results of this survey, large and medium systems appear well‐prepared to meet the new Stage 1 disinfection by‐product requirements, and many appear to be capable of meeting the proposed Stage 2 requirements if they are implemented in their current form. These systems also appear to be meeting existing Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR) and pending Interim Enhanced SWTR turbidity and disinfection C X T requirements. But, based on data submitted by only about half of the respondents, almost 10 percent may have to further enhance treatment to meet Stage 1 total organic carbon removal requirements.
Endocrine‐disrupting chemicals in a source water
Authors: Roefer Peggy , Snyder Shane , Zegers Ronald E. , Rexing David J. , Fronk John L. 
Published: February 2018

New detection methods have increased awareness of chemicals with the potential to interfere with the normal function of the endocrine system.As a result of new and more sensitive methods for detecting chemicals and the development of scientific methods that better determine their biological effects, unregulated contaminants that were previously undetected by water professionals have become of interest to the public and the press. A source water issue that has taken a high profile in Las Vegas, Nev., relates to chemicals with the potential to act as endocrine disruptors. Las Vegas is one of the first large urbanized areas in the United States where studies have been conducted to determine the presence of these chemicals in the drinking water supply. This article discusses the potential health effects, detection methods, and regulatory considerations of these chemicals.
Membrane filtration as posttreatment
Authors: States Stanley , Scheuring Michele , Evans Rulison , Buzza Eric , Movahed Ben , Gigliotti Thomas , Casson Leonard 
Published: February 2018

To preserve the parklike appearance of an open finished water reservoir and meet a state mandate for increased protection of stored finished water, the Pittsburgh Water and Sewer Authority investigated postreservoir treatment options.Faced with a state mandate to cover a 125‐mil‐gal‐ (0.4 × 106–m3‐) capacity finished water reservoir and with public opposition to using a floating cover, the Pittsburgh Water and Sewer Authority explored the possibility of postreservoir treatment options. The regulatory agency indicated that any acceptable posttreatment must ensure 4‐log reduction of viruses, 3‐log reduction of Giardia, and 2‐log reduction of Cryptosporidium. The authority studied ozonation and membrane filtration for this application. Ozone inactivation trials resulted in a 1.0‐ to 1.2‐log inactivation of Cryptosporidium oocysts at bench scale and 0.1‐ to 0.5‐log inactivation at pilot scale. Membrane filter challenge studies demonstrated a 5‐log removal of Giardia cysts and 6‐log removal of Cryptosporidium oocysts. Based on the results of pilot testing and additional considerations, the authority is constructing a 20‐mgd (0.07 × 106–m3/d) microfiltration plant to treat water leaving the finished water reservoir.
AOP/biofilm processes for DOX precursors
Authors: Speitel Gerald E. , Symons James M. , Mialaret Julie M. , Wanielista Marlo Marie E. 
Published: February 2018

Ozone–hydrogen peroxide did not enhance performance, but ultraviolet–hydrogen peroxide performed comparably to ozone, and it is a much simpler process.Batch and continuous‐flow, bench‐scale experiments were performed to assess the performance of two advanced oxidation processes in combination with subsequent biodegradation for the removal of total organic carbon (TOC) and disinfection byproduct (DBP) precursors, as characterized by dissolved organic halogen formation potential (DOXFP). Ozone–hydrogen peroxide (O3–H2O2) and ultraviolet–hydrogen peroxide (UV–H2O2) were studied over a range of oxidation conditions for their ability to promote TOC and DOXFP removal in a subsequent biodegradation step. For the two waters studied, from Lake Austin and Lake Houston in Texas, the addition of H2O2 did not enhance performance after biodegradation relative to O3 alone, indicating that O3–H2O2 oxidation is not worthwhile in waters of this type, i.e., those with low specific UV absorbance. UV–H2O2–biodegradation performed comparably to O3–biodegradation, which suggests it is an alternative technology that may be worth considering for DBP precursor removal, especially for utilities that are interested in avoiding the operational complexities of ozonation.
Cellular localization and biological effects of 20nm‐gold nanoparticles
Authors: Tan Gamze , Onur Mehmet Ali 
Published: February 2018

AbstractGold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have recently emerged as prominent vehicles for many biomedical applications from sensing to delivery. The relevant literature contains conflicting data about the effects of AuNPs on living cells. The aim of present study is the synthesis and characterization of AuNPs at nanoscale, tracking their cellular localization and determining their effects on cell viability, migration and angiogenesis. Within this scope, 20 nm AuNPs were synthesized and characterized using various spectrometric techniques to determine their size, shape and surface properties such as charge and texture. Two main cell types including mouse fibroblast (L929) and human cervix adenocarcinoma (HeLa) were used in the study to compare the biological effects of colloidal gold on both non‐cancer and cancer cells. AuNPs were allowed to interact with HeLa cells to determine their intracellular localization. AuNPs were mainly attached to the cell membrane/membranous compartments and to be captured in small amounts in cytoplasmic vacuoles or to be distributed freely in the cytosol. Scratch assay results showed that AuNPs reduced cancer cell migration especially at increasing concentrations. According to the chick chorioallantoic membrane assay, AuNPs exhibited strong anti‐angiogenetic properties and can inhibit vascularization during angiogenesis. In addition, the MTT assay confirmed that AuNP‐treated cells caused concentration dependent cytotoxic effects on both cell types. As a result, AuNPs not only have inhibitory effects on cancer cells, but also possess antiangiogenic activity, thus making them a multipotent agent for cancer therapy. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 106A: 1708–1721, 2018.
Prophylactic administration of carnosine and melatonin abates the incidence of renal toxicity induced by an over dose of titanium dioxide nanoparticles
Authors: Fadda Laila Mohamed , Mohamed Azza M. , Ali Hanaa Mahmoud , Hagar Hanan , Aldossari Manal 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe alleviative effects of two antioxidants, carnosine (Car) and melatonin (Mel), against titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2‐NPs) toxicity‐induced oxidative and inflammatory renal damage were examined in rats. Administration of these antioxidants along with TiO2‐NPs effectively reduced serum urea, uric acid, creatinine, glucose, tumor necrosis factor‐α, interleukin‐6, C‐reactive protein, immunoglobulin G, vascular endothelial growth factor, and nitric oxide, as well as a significant amelioration of the decrease in glutathione levels in renal tissue was observed, compared to those in rats treated with TiO2‐NPs alone. The renoprotective properties of the antioxidants were confirmed by reduced intensity of renal damage as demonstrated by histological findings. In conclusion, Car and Mel play protective roles against TiO2‐NPs‐induced renal inflammation and oxidative injury, likely due to their antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory properties.
Screening of key odorants and anthocyanin compounds of cv. Okuzgozu (Vitis vinifera L.) red wines with a free run and pressed pomace using GC‐MS‐Olfactometry and LC‐MS‐MS
Authors: Tetik Mehmet Ali , Sevindik Onur , Kelebek Hasim , Selli Serkan 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe principal purpose of the present work is to characterize the aroma, aroma‐active, and anthocyanin profiles of Okuzgozu wines and to observe the effect of the pomace pressing technique on these parameters. A total of 58 and 59 volatile compounds were identified and quantified in free‐run juice wine (FRW) and pressed pomace wine (PW). Alcohols were found as the most dominant group among aroma compounds followed by esters and acids. However, among all these compounds, only 11 and 13 of them could be considered as key odorants in aromatic extracts of FRW and PW, respectively. According to GC‐MS‐O analysis, ethyl octanoate (fruity), phenyl ethyl acetate (fruity), and 2‐phenyl ethanol (flowery) were found as the main contributors to the overall scent of both wines. Beyond the aroma profiles, anthocyanin contents of both types of wines were also investigated, and total 14 and 15 anthocyanins were identified and quantified in FRW and PW. Malvidin‐3‐glycoside and its acetyl and coumaroyl forms were identified as the dominant anthocyanins in both wines. It is worth noting the pressing application (2.0 atm) led to an increase of some unpleasant notes in the aroma providing chemical, pharmacy, and fermented aromas in wine. On the other hand, the wines produced with pressed pomace presented higher amounts of anthocyanins.
The prediction of cyclic proximal humerus fracture fixation failure by various bone density measures
Authors: Varga Peter , Grünwald Leonard , Windolf Markus 
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACTFixation of osteoporotic proximal humerus fractures has remained challenging, but may be improved by careful pre‐operative planning. The aim of this study was to investigate how well the failure of locking plate fixation of osteoporotic proximal humerus fractures can be predicted by bone density measures assessed with currently available clinical imaging (realistic case) and a higher resolution and quality modality (theoretical best‐case). Various density measures were correlated to experimentally assessed number of cycles to construct failure of plated unstable low‐density proximal humerus fractures (N = 18). The influence of density evaluation technique was investigated by comparing local (peri‐implant) versus global evaluation regions; HR‐pQCT‐based versus clinical QCT‐based image data; ipsilateral versus contralateral side; and bone mineral content (BMC) versus bone mineral density (BMD). All investigated density measures were significantly correlated with the experimental cycles to failure. The best performing clinically feasible parameter was the QCT‐based BMC of the contralateral articular cap region, providing significantly better correlation (R2 = 0.53) compared to a previously proposed clinical density measure (R2 = 0.30). BMC had consistently, but not significantly stronger correlations with failure than BMD. The overall best results were obtained with the ipsilateral HR‐pQCT‐based local BMC (R2 = 0.74) that may be used for implant optimization. Strong correlations were found between the corresponding density measures of the two CT image sources, as well as between the two sides. Future studies should investigate if BMC of the contralateral articular cap region could provide improved prediction of clinical fixation failure compared to previously proposed measures. © 2018 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:2250–2258, 2018.
Segmentation of hip cartilage in compositional magnetic resonance imaging: A fast, accurate, reproducible, and clinically viable semi‐automated methodology
Authors: Fernquest Scott , Park Daniel , Marcan Marija , Palmer Antony , Voiculescu Irina , Glyn‐Jones Sion 
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACTManual segmentation is a significant obstacle in the analysis of compositional MRI for clinical decision‐making and research. Our aim was to produce a fast, accurate, reproducible, and clinically viable semi‐automated method for segmentation of hip MRI. We produced a semi‐automated segmentation method for cartilage segmentation of hip MRI sequences consisting of a two step process: (i) fully automated hierarchical partitioning of the data volume generated using a bespoke segmentation approach applied recursively, followed by (ii) user selection of the regions of interest using a region editor. This was applied to dGEMRIC scans at 3T taken from a prospective longitudinal study of individuals considered at high‐risk of developing osteoarthritis (SibKids) which were also manually segmented for comparison. Fourteen hips were segmented both manually and using our semi‐automated method. Per hip, processing time for semi‐automated and manual segmentation was 10–15, and 60–120 min, respectively. Accuracy and Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) for the comparison of semi‐automated and manual segmentations was 0.9886 and 0.8803, respectively. Intra‐observer and inter‐observer reproducibility of the semi‐automated segmentation method gave an accuracy of 0.9997 and 0.9991, and DSC of 0.9726 and 0.9354, respectively. We have proposed a fast, accurate, reproducible, and clinically viable semi‐automated method for segmentation of hip MRI sequences. This enables accurate anatomical and biochemical measurements to be obtained quickly and reproducibly. This is the first such method that shows clinical applicability, and could have large ramifications for the use of compositional MRI in research and clinically. © 2018 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:2280–2287, 2018.
The effect of twice daily kiwifruit consumption on periodontal and systemic conditions before and after treatment: A randomized clinical trial
Authors: Graziani Filippo , Discepoli Nicola , Gennai Stefano , Karapetsa Dimitra , Nisi Marco , Bianchi Lea , Rosema Nanning A. Martijn , Van der Velden Ubele 
Published: February 2018

AbstractBackgroundTo assess the nutraceutical effects of twice/daily intake of kiwifruit on periodontal parameters and systemic health before and after initial periodontal treatment (IPT).MethodsAt baseline, participants were randomly assigned to test and control group, and either consumed two kiwifruits/day for 5 months or no kiwifruit. In the first 2 months, no periodontal treatment was delivered (2 M). Subsequently, a session of full‐mouth IPT within 24 hours was performed. Participants were then re‐assessed after 3 months (5 M). Blood samples, evaluating systemic biomarkers and vital signs, were also collected atbaseline, 2 M, and 5 M.ResultsGroups were balanced at baseline. At 2 M no within‐groups differences could be detected for any parameter but the bleeding score, which decreased significantly in the kiwifruit group by 6.67% ± 11.90% (P < 0.01). Comparison of test and control group showed that 2 months of kiwifruit consumption resulted in significant lower values of bleeding, plaque, and attachment loss. After IPT both groups demonstrated substantial significant clinical benefits however the control group showed significant greater reductions of bleeding, plaque and attachment loss than the test group. Systemic biomarkers and vital signs did not show clinically relevant differences between test and control group.ConclusionsKiwifruit consumption reduces gingival inflammation despite the lack of any periodontal instrumentation or patient's behavioral changes. No adjunctive effect to periodontal treatment of dietary intake of kiwifruit was noted. (NCT NCT03084484)
Periodontal response to orthodontic tooth movement in diabetes‐induced rats with or without periodontal disease
Authors: Ferreira Camila Lopes , da Rocha Vinicius Clemente , da Silva Ursi Weber José , De Marco Andrea Carvalho , Santamaria Milton , Santamaria Mauro Pedrine , Jardini Maria Aparecida Neves 
Published: February 2018

AbstractBackgroundSystemic conditions can influence orthodontic tooth movement. This study evaluates histologic periodontal responses to orthodontic tooth movement in diabetes‐induced rats with or without periodontal disease.MethodsForty Wistar rats were divided according their systemic condition (SC) into diabetic (D) and non‐diabetic (ND) groups. Each group was subdivided into control (C), orthodontic tooth movement (OM), ligature‐induced periodontitis (P) and ligature‐induced periodontitis with orthodontic movement (P+OM) groups. Diabetes mellitus (DM) was induced with alloxan monohydrate, and after 30 days, the P group received a cotton ligature around their first lower molar crown. An orthodontic device was placed in OM and P+OM groups for 7 days, and the animals were then euthanized.ResultsDifferences in OM between D and ND groups were not significant (6.87± 3.55 mm and 6.81 ± 3.28 mm, respectively), but intragroup analysis revealed statistically significant differences between the P+OM groups for both SCs. Bone loss was greater in the D group (0.16 ± 0.07 mm2) than in the ND group (0.10 ± 0.03 mm2). In intragroup analysis of the D condition, the P+OM group differed statistically from the other groups, while in the ND condition, the P+OM group was different from the C and OM groups. There was a statistically significant difference in bone density between D and ND conditions (18.03 ± 8.09% and 22.53 ± 7.72%) in the C, P, and P+OM groups.ConclusionDM has deleterious effects on bone density and bone loss in the furcation region. These effects are maximized when associated with ligature‐induced periodontitis with orthodontic movement.