bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
1H‐indazole molecules reduced the activity of human erythrocytes carbonic anhydrase I and II isoenzymes
Authors: Alim Zuhal 
Published: July 2018

AbstractCarbonic anhydrase (CA) is an important metabolic enzyme family closely related to many physiological and pathological processes. Currently, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors are the target molecules in the treatment and diagnosis of many diseases. In present study, we investigated the inhibitory effects of some indazole molecules on the CA‐I and CA‐II isoenzymes isolated from human erythrocytes. We showed that human CA‐I and CA‐II activities were reduced by of some indazoles at low concentrations. IC50 values, Ki constants, and inhibition types for each indazole molecule were determined. The indazoles showed Ki constants in a range of 0.383 ± 0.021 to 2.317 ± 0.644 mM, 0.409 ± 0.083 to 3.030 ± 0.711 mM against CA‐I and CA‐II, respectively. Each indazole molecule exhibited a noncompetitive inhibition effect. Bromine‐ and chlorine‐bonded indazoles were found to be more potent inhibitory effects on carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes. In conclusion, we conclude that these results may be useful in the synthesis of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors.
Opioid Therapy in Acute and Chronic Pain
Authors: Nafziger Anne N. , Barkin Robert L. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThis is an article in the Core Entrustables in Clinical Pharmacology series that describes opioid therapy in acute and chronic pain. Opioid use during surgical procedures or anesthesia is not discussed. Basic pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of opioids are reviewed. The safe and effective use of opioids, including clinical assessment and treatment plan, equianalgesic dosing, opioid rotation, opioid risks and side effects, and clinical adherence monitoring are discussed. Individualized opioid use can be a safe and effective component of a patient‐specific multimodal treatment plan for acute or chronic pain. Adverse effects and risks can be prevented or effectively managed when anticipated and recognized. The article is followed by 4 clinical vignettes with discussions.
Multivariate analysis of Raman spectra of carbonaceous black drawing media for the in situ identification of historic artist materials
Authors: Daly Nathan S. , Sullivan Michelle , Lee Lynn , Trentelman Karen 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe identification of black drawing materials in works of art on paper is often important for their conservation and crucial to gain insight about artists' methodologies and the historic use of drawing materials. Traditionally, conservators and curators have had to rely upon visual observation with multiple wavelengths of light and magnification to characterize the materials in drawings, a challenging task further complicated if the media have been manipulated by the artist. The use of carbon‐based pigments in black drawing materials, ranging from charcoals and chalks to pastels and crayons, can be verified in situ using Raman microspectroscopy based on the presence of the two broad spectral bands characteristic of carbonaceous materials. However, the subtle differences in these spectral features between pigments can be difficult to discern, especially in cases with high background fluorescence. Here, we utilized principal component analysis to distinguish a group of 14 reference black drawing materials, both contemporary and historic, in the Raman spectral region of 800–2,000 cm−1. The model generated successfully differentiates between charcoal, chalk, and fabricated stick media, with sensitivity to both the Raman bands of carbon‐based materials as well as the fluorescent background profile. We validated the model using Raman spectra of black media on 19th‐century French drawings from the J. Paul Getty Museum collection that were previously classified visually by microscopic evaluation.
Automating neurosurgical tumor resection surgery: Volumetric laser ablation of cadaveric porcine brain with integrated surface mapping
Authors: Ross Weston A. , Hill Westin M. , Hoang Kimberly B. , Laarakker Avra S. , Mann Brian P. , Codd Patrick J. 
Published: July 2018

ObjectiveCurrent surgical instruments for soft tissue resection including neurosurgical procedures rely on the accuracy and precision of the human operator and are fundamentally constrained by the human hand. Automated surgical action with the integration of intraoperative data sources can enable highly accurate and fast tissue manipulation using laser ablation. This study presents the first experiments with a prototype designed for automated tumor resection via laser ablation. We demonstrate targeted soft tissue resection in porcine brain with an integrated device that combines 3D scanning capabilities with a steerable surgical laser and discuss implications for future automated robotic neurosurgical procedures.Study Design and MethodsA device consisting of a two‐axis galvanometer for steering a cutting laser and a 3D surface profiler is used to perform volumetric removal of tissue of ex vivo porcine brain. Three‐dimensional surface profiles are gathered between cuts and used to estimate ablation rate.ResultsVolumetric ablation of porcine brain tissue is performed and subsequently surface profiled. The average ablation rates across the area cutting areas were 2.6 mm3/s and 3.7 mm3/s for the initial and subsequent cuts, respectively. A Kruskal–Wallis and post‐hoc Tukey test show statistical significance between the initial and subsequent cuts. Accuracy between cuts when benchmarked against a human surgeon varied from 47 to 88%.ConclusionA feed‐forward volumetric resection is demonstrated with sensing and cutting housed within a single device, thereby opening the potential for automated soft tissue resection as necessary during the surgical removal of pathologic tissues. High variance around target cut depths motivates future work in developing a closed‐loop ablation tool as well as characterization of laser‐tissue interactions for predictive modelling. Objective Lasers Surg. 50:1017–1024, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nanoclay Reinforced Self‐Cross‐Linking Poly(N‐Hydroxyethyl Acrylamide) Hydrogels with Integrated High Performances
Authors: Yu Xianqiang , Li Yu , Yang Jia , Chen Feng , Tang Ziqing , Zhu Lin , Qin Gang , Dai Yahui , Chen Qiang 
Published: July 2018

AbstractDespite recent significant progress in fabricating tough hydrogels, it is still a challenge to realize high strength, large stretchability, high toughness, rapid recoverability, and good self‐healing simultaneously in a single hydrogel. Herein, Laponite reinforced self‐cross‐linking poly(N‐hydroxyethyl acrylamide) (PHEAA) hydrogels (i.e., PHEAA/Laponite nanocomposite [NC] gels) with dual physically cross‐linked network structures, where PHEAA chains can be self‐cross‐linked by themselves and also cross‐linked by Laponite nanoplatelets, demonstrate integrated high performances. At optimal conditions, PHEAA/Laponite NC gels exhibit high tensile strength of 1.31 MPa, ultrahigh tensile strain of 52.23 mm mm−1, high toughness of 2238 J m−2, rapid self‐recoverability (toughness recovery of 79% and stiffness recovery of 74% at room temperature for 2 min recovery without any external stimuli), and good self‐healing properties (strain healing efficiency of 42%). The work provides a promising and simple strategy for the fabrication of dual physically cross‐linked NC gels with integrated high performances, and helps to expand the fundamentals and applications of NC gels.
The effect of a dysfunctional upper limb on community‐dwelling stroke survivors and their carers: An interpretative phenomenological analysis
Authors: Smith Rebecca , Burgess Caroline , Sorinola Isaac 
Published: July 2018

AbstractObjectivesThe poststroke upper limb continues to pose a myriad of physical and psychological challenges for patients and caregivers. To optimize existing services, this study firstly aimed to explore the experiences of both stroke survivors and caregivers and secondly identify their ongoing needs.MethodsA qualitative approach was utilized for this study. Six participants (three stroke survivors and three caregivers) were purposively sampled from community stroke groups. Semi structured interviews were utilized to collect experiential data, which were analysed using an interpretative phenomenological approach.ResultsThree master themes emerged from data analysis: “Finding a way forwards from a poor start,” “The battle with the upper‐limb,” and “Relationships with self and society.” All participants, seemingly affected by disappointing services, expressed negative views of rehabilitation. Misplaced or persistent hope, losses in control, and reduced autonomy may have contributed to poor functional outcomes and perceptions of rehabilitation services. The complex physical and psychological impact of the experience of the dysfunctional upper limb was also associated with ongoing and unmet support needs for stroke survivors and carers.ConclusionsHealthcare professionals may consider the varying impact of the dysfunctional upper limb during decision‐making and treatment planning, particularly during acute rehabilitation. Future research could explore therapists' perceptions and experiences of upper‐limb rehabilitation during this period.
Design and analysis of a 3‐arm noninferiority trial with a prespecified margin for the hazard ratio
Authors: Hida Eisuke , Tango Toshiro 
Published: July 2018

A 3‐arm trial design that includes an experimental treatment, an active reference treatment, and a placebo is useful for assessing the noninferiority of an experimental treatment. The inclusion of a placebo arm enables the assessment of assay sensitivity and internal validation, in addition to the testing of the noninferiority of the experimental treatment compared with the reference treatment. In 3‐arm noninferiority trials, various statistical test procedures have been considered to evaluate the following 3 hypotheses: (i) superiority of the experimental treatment over the placebo, (ii) superiority of the reference treatment over the placebo, and (iii) noninferiority of the experimental treatment compared with the reference treatment. However, hypothesis (ii) can be insufficient and may not accurately assess the assay sensitivity for the noninferiority of the experimental treatment compared with the reference treatment. Thus, demonstrating that the superiority of the reference treatment over the placebo is greater than the noninferiority margin (the nonsuperiority of the reference treatment compared with the placebo) can be necessary.Here, we propose log‐rank statistical procedures for evaluating data obtained from 3‐arm noninferiority trials to assess assay sensitivity with a prespecified margin Δ. In addition, we derive the approximate sample size and optimal allocation required to minimize the total sample size and that of the placebo treatment sample size, hierarchically.
Differentiating plant functional types using reflectance: which traits make the difference?
Authors: Kattenborn Teja , Fassnacht Fabian Ewald , Schmidtlein Sebastian 
Published: July 2018

AbstractAbiotic ecosystem properties together with plant species interaction create differences in structural and physiological traits among plant species. Certain plant traits cause a spatial and temporal variation in canopy reflectance that enables the differentiation of plant functional types, using earth observation data. However, it often remains unclear which traits drive the differences in reflectance between plant functional types, since the spectral regions in which electromagnetic radiation is influenced by certain plant traits are often overlapping. The present study aims to assess the relative (statistical) contributions of plant traits to the separability of plant functional groups using their reflectance. We apply the radiative transfer model PROSAIL to simulate optical canopy reflectance of 38 herbaceous plant species based on field‐measured traits such as leaf area index, leaf inclination distribution, chlorophyll content, carotenoid content, water and dry matter content. These traits of the selected grassland species were measured in an outdoor plant experiment. The 38 species differed in growth form and strategy types according to Grime′s CSR model and hence represented a broad range of plant functioning. We determined the relative (statistical) contribution of each plant trait for separating plant functional groups via reflectance. Therein we used a separation into growth forms, that is graminoids and herbs, and into CSR strategy types. Our results show that the relative contribution of plant traits to differentiate between the examined plant functional types (PFT) groups using canopy reflectance depends on the PFT scheme applied. Plant traits describing the canopy structure were more important in this regard than leaf traits. Accordingly, leaf area index (LAI) and leaf inclination showed consistently high importance for separating the examined PFT groups. This indicates that the role of canopy structure for spectrally differentiating PFT might have been underestimated.
Application of a variance‐based sensitivity analysis method to the Biomass Scenario Learning Model
Authors: Jadun Paige , Vimmerstedt Laura J. , Bush Brian W. , Inman Daniel , Peterson Steve 
Published: July 2018

AbstractVariance‐based sensitivity analysis can provide a comprehensive understanding of the input factors that drive model behavior, complementing more traditional system dynamics methods with quantitative metrics. This paper presents the methodology of a variance‐based sensitivity analysis of the Biomass Scenario Learning Model, a published STELLA model of interactions among investment, production, and learning in an emerging competitive industry. We document the methodology requirements, interpretations, and constraints, and compute estimated sensitivity indices and their uncertainties. We show that application of variance‐based sensitivity analysis to the model allows us to test for non‐additivity, identify influential and interactive variables, and confirm model formulation. To enable use of this type of sensitivity analysis in other system dynamics models, we provide this study's R code, annotated to facilitate adaptation to other studies. A related paper describes application of these techniques to the much larger Biomass Scenario Model.
An Innovative Light Trapping Structure Fabrication Method on Diamond‐Wire‐Sawing Multi‐Crystalline Silicon Wafers
Authors: Liu Youbo , Zhang Junna , Wang Lei , Shen Hao , Chen Jie , Tang Xun , Yang Deren 
Published: July 2018

AbstractAn innovative fabrication method of light trapping structures on the surface of diamond‐wire‐sawing multi‐crystalline silicon (DWS mc‐Si) is proposed, which may trigger new progress in photovoltaic (PV) industry. A simple pre‐etching step with HNO3/HF solution is used to remove the saw marks of the wafers as well as amorphous silicon layers, and form vermicular micro‐hollows. Then, the HNO3/HF fog formed by ultrasonic vibration etches the silicon surface to fabricate nano‐scale porous structures on the above microstructures. This micro‐nano composite structure (MNCS) surface shows low average light reflectivity (∼5.5%) and relatively higher effective minority carrier lifetime (∼5.2 μs). The innovative method is applied to fabricate the 156 mm × 156 mm DWS mc‐Si solar cells and the conversion efficiency of 18.01% has been obtained, which is 0.93% higher than the cells without MNCS. This method matches well with current PV industrial processes, which shows a promising prospect.
A Recoverable Complex with Nitrogen‐Rich Double Rings for Hg(II) Sorption
Authors: Xu Wei‐Qin , Lin Chun‐Cheng , Qiu Yan‐Xuan , He Shan , Jiang Tao , Liu Xiao‐Jun , Xie Li‐Jun , Fuhr Olaf , Fenske Dieter , Jiang Ji‐Jun 
Published: July 2018

AbstractA discrete binuclear copper complex with nitrogen‐rich double rings has been synthesized by ether diffusion method, which was characterized by single crystal X‐ray diffraction. The crystal structure exhibits two connected rings as Arabic numeral “8” shape and stacks each other in the lattice leading to channels for ion sorption. Furthermore, this crystalline material is recoverable and displays high stability in water. The thermal stability has been confirmed by variable temperature powder X‐ray diffraction (VT‐PXRD). Flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) study has been carried out to confirm the ability of mercury(II) capture from aqueous solution, showing that the porous crystals have good adsorption capacity. The ion sorption kinetic process has been investigated, revealing a pseudo‐second‐order kinetics of mercury(II) adsorption.
The Evolution of Gold Nanoparticles in the Presence of Configurational Ion Cu2+ of Hydrotalcites Supports
Authors: Liu Na , Liu Dan , Tang Tian , Dong Wensheng , Liu Chunling , Xu Chunli 
Published: July 2018

AbstractControlled synthesis of gold nanoparticles had attracted much attention in catalysis. The evolution of gold nanoparticles by impregnation was investigated in the presence of configurational ion Cu2+ of hydrotalcites supports. The formation of Au nanoparticles experienced two steps. In the drying step, part of Au ions was reduced by H2O. The reducing extents of Au ions and the dispersion of Au nanoparticles were affected by configurational ion Cu2+ in the hydrotalcites supports. In the reduction step, all the residue Au ions were reduced by H2 and the Au nanoparticles formed in the previous step was redistributed. Both the redistribution of Au nanoparticles formed in the previous step and the distribution of Au nanoparticles formed in the second step was affected by the surface reaction between Au on the surface of supports and Cu embedded in the supports. The surface reaction controlled the dispersion of Au nanoparticles. The size of gold nanoparticles was 2.7 nm, which showed high activity in benzyl alcohol oxidation with benzaldehyde yield of 95%.
KI‐I2‐DMSO: An Improved Microwave‐Assisted Selective Oxidation of Alkenes into 1,2‐Diketones
Authors: Tamuli Kashyap J. , Bordoloi Manobjyoti 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe microwave assisted catalytic oxidation of olefins into diketones is a remarkable effort. A new metal free, efficient catalytic system was developed for the oxidation of alkenes into α‐diketones using KI‐I2‐DMSO under microwave irradiation. With various challenging functional groups such as stilbenes, simple alkenes, alkynes, phenanthrene and 1,4‐distyrylbenzene, this environment friendly approach afforded to its corresponding products in moderate to excellent yields in 5–12 minutes under the optimized condition. The resulting α‐diketone from chlorobenzil was found to undergo Suzuki‐Miyaura cross‐coupling reaction to obtain desired product in high yields. Thus, this methodology promises to be a cheaper and rapid synthesis for the production of different building blocks in the near future.
Magnetically Recoverable Fe3O4 Nanoparticles for the One‐Pot Synthesis of Coumarin‐3‐carboxamide Derivatives in Aqueous Ethanol
Authors: Payra Soumen , Saha Arijit , Banerjee Subhash 
Published: July 2018

AbstractHere, we have demonstrated an efficient protocol for the synthesis of coumarin‐3‐carboxamides via one‐pot multicomponent reactions of 2‐hydroxy‐benzaldehyde, ethyl cyanoacetate and aromatic/aliphatic amines using magnetically separable nano‐Fe3O4 as reusable catalyst in aqueous ethanol. This is the first one‐pot protocol to produce coumarin‐3‐carboxamides. The reactions are very fast (5 min.) and high yielding (74‐99%). The nano‐Fe3O4 catalyst was separated simply by using an external magnet, after completion of the reaction and recycled up to 10 times without loss of catalytic activity.
Mesoporous MnMoO4 Nanorods for Enhanced Electrochemical Performance
Authors: Patil Shivaraj B. , Kishore Brij , Nagaraj Manukumar K. , Ganganagappa Nagaraju , Velu Udayakumar 
Published: July 2018

AbstractHigh energy demand has directed the present‐day research towards synthesis and applications of heterostructured nanomaterials such as molybdenum oxysalts over mono‐structured nanomaterials. Molybdenum oxysalt is a promising anode material for lithium ion batteries because of its high theoretical lithium storage capacity (998 mAh g−1) and flexible composition. Engineering the morphology and porosity of a material has proven to be a productive approach towards enhancing its performances. Here in, we have demonstrated a one pot synthesis of mesoporous MnMoO4 nanorods and its enhanced electrochemical performance for Li‐ion battery anode. Several physiochemical techniques have been used to validate the desired properties and purity of the synthesized material. It exhibits high lithiation capacity of 1050 mAh g−1 and stability over 100 cycles at 0.5 C. The enhanced performance is attributed to its structural stability and mesoporous nature.
Rhenium‐Carbonyl‐Based Supramolecular Coordination Complexes: Synthesis, Structure and Properties
Authors: Gupta Deepak , Sathiyendiran Malaichamy 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe facial‐Re(CO)3 core based supramolecular coordination complexes represent a unique class of functional 2D and 3D metallacycles possessing advantages such as high stability, one‐step synthesis, clean products and good solubility. Most of these metallacycles display interesting photophysical and redox properties leading to their applications in host‐guest chemistry, photo‐catalysis, biological activity and functional molecular devices. This review presents a comprehensive survey of reported Re‐based metallacycles describing the development of synthetic methodologies, properties, applications and future prospects.
Synthesis Conditions on the Nature of GdBO3 Phase Formed
Authors: Nair Ramya G. , Nigam Sandeep , Sudarsan Vasanthakumaran , Rao Rekha , Vatsa Rajesh Kumar , Jain Vimal Kumar 
Published: July 2018

AbstractPresent study has been carried out to develop a facile synthetic methodology for preparing single phase monoclinic and triclinic forms of GdBO3, a potential phosphor material. This is achieved by varying annealing temperatures and annealing steps. Detailed structural studies, using X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopic techniques confirmed that, Gd3+‐boric acid complexes formed initially at low temperatures (300 °C or less) get converted to monoclinic and triclinic forms of GdBO3 depending upon annealing temperatures, annealing steps and heating rates. Multiple steps with slow heating rates (∼3 °C/min) lead to the formation of single phase triclinic form of GdBO3. Two step heating with relatively faster heating rates (5 °C/min and above) results in single phase monoclinic GdBO3. FTIR and Raman studies also confirmed that boron exists only as BO4 structural units (in the form of B3O93− rings) in monoclinic GdBO3 and as BO3 structural units in triclinic GdBO3. Luminescence studies carried out with Eu3+ as a probe species confirmed more covalent nature around Eu3+/Gd3+ ions with improved red colour emission from triclinic form of GdBO3 compared to the monoclinic form.