bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How do arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi handle phosphate? New insight into fine‐tuning of phosphate metabolism
Authors: Ezawa Tatsuhiro , Saito Katsuharu 
Published: April 2018

Contents

Summary
1116

I.
Introduction
1116

II.
Foraging for phosphate
1117

III.
Fine‐tuning of phosphate homeostasis
1117

IV.
The frontiers: phosphate translocation and export
1119

V.
Conclusions and outlook
1120

Acknowledgements
1120

References
1120

SummaryArbuscular mycorrhizal fungi form symbiotic associations with most land plants and deliver mineral nutrients, in particular phosphate, to the host. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms of phosphate acquisition and delivery in the fungi is critical for full appreciation of the mutualism in this association. Here, we provide updates on physical, chemical, and biological strategies of the fungi for phosphate acquisition, including interactions with phosphate‐solubilizing bacteria, and those on the regulatory mechanisms of phosphate homeostasis based on resurveys of published genome sequences and a transcriptome with reference to the latest findings in a model fungus. For the mechanisms underlying phosphate translocation and export to the host, which are major research frontiers in this field, not only recent advances but also testable hypotheses are proposed. Lastly, we briefly discuss applicability of the latest tools to gene silencing in the fungi, which will be breakthrough techniques for comprehensive understanding of the molecular basis of fungal phosphate metabolism.
Higher grain yield and higher grain protein deviation underline the potential of hybrid wheat for a sustainable agriculture
Authors: Thorwarth Patrick , Piepho Hans P. , Zhao Yusheng , Ebmeyer Erhard , Schacht Johannes , Schachschneider Ralf , Kazman Ebrahim , Reif Jochen C. , Würschum Tobias , Longin Carl Friedrich Horst 
Published: April 2018

AbstractGrain yield and protein content are traits of major importance in wheat breeding, but their combination is challenging due to a tight negative correlation. Protein yield and grain protein deviation have been proposed as selection criteria to simultaneously improve both traits. Sedimentation volume is an indicator of protein quality, which plays an important role for bread‐making quality in wheat. All these traits have been investigated in our study with 135 parental inbred lines, their 1,604 hybrids and 10 commercial check varieties evaluated at five environments. The focus of our study was to investigate the usefulness of the grain protein deviation and to define a bivariate model for calculating the grain protein deviation. Further, we compared line and hybrid wheat for grain yield and quality‐related parameters such as protein content and sedimentation volume. The grain protein deviation determined with a bivariate model delivered robust estimates of variance components and enabled a balanced selection of genotypes with improved protein content and grain yield across different quality classes. Although heterosis for protein content and sedimentation volume was negative, hybrids had a higher grain protein deviation as well as higher grain yield at a given sedimentation volume or a given protein content than line varieties.
Bernard Williams on the Human Prejudice
Authors: Diamond Cora 
Published: April 2018

AbstractIn “The Human Prejudice”, Bernard Williams discusses our treating human beings differently in our moral thinking from the ways we treat other creatures. He criticises the idea that this expresses a prejudice, speciesism, analogous to racism and sexism. His essay has been misunderstood by some of its critics, including Peter Singer and Jeff McMahan. My essay sets out several questions one may have about Williams's essay, and explains how they can be answered. I make clear the connections between “The Human Prejudice” and some main elements in Williams's thinking about ethics, including his criticisms of moral theory.
Psychopathic traits are differentially associated with efficiency of neural communication
Authors: Tillem Scott , van Dongen Josanne , Brazil Inti A. , Baskin‐Sommers Arielle 
Published: April 2018

AbstractRecent advances in the application of graph theory made it possible to quantify the efficiency of communication within a neural network, going beyond traditional connectivity methods that only identify the degree to which neural regions are connected. Psychopathic traits, namely, interpersonal‐affective and impulsive‐antisocial traits, have been linked to widespread and distinct disruptions in neural connectivity. The efficiency of neural communication for individuals high on these psychopathic traits, though, is unknown. In the present study, resting‐state EEG was used to generate a connectivity matrix (i.e., weighted phase lag index) for multiple frequency bands. These connectivity matrices were examined using minimum spanning tree analysis, a graph theory approach that allows for the examination of neural efficiency, and regressed on Self‐Report Psychopathy‐Short Form scores (n = 158, unselected community sample). Results indicated that individuals with higher interpersonal‐affective traits had significantly less efficient communication within alpha1 (i.e., long‐range neural communication) and gamma (i.e., short‐range neural communication) frequency bands. Conversely, individuals with higher impulsive‐antisocial traits had more efficient communication within these same frequency bands. Overall, elevated psychopathic traits were related to alterations in the basic efficiency of neural communication. Moreover, this unique application of graph analysis provides a new avenue for inquiry into the mechanisms underlying the chronic and severe behavior of individuals with psychopathic traits.
Physiological characterization of ocular melanosis‐affected canine melanocytes
Authors: Dawson‐Baglien Ethan M. , Noland Erica L. , Sledge Dodd G. , Kiupel Matti , Petersen‐Jones Simon M. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractObjectiveCairn terriers with ocular melanosis (OM) accumulate large, heavily pigmented melanocytes in the anterior uvea. Darkly pigmented plaques develop within the sclera, leading us to hypothesize that OM uveal melanocytes may have an abnormal migratory capacity.Animals studiedGlobes from OM‐affected Cairn terriers and unaffected control eyes enucleated for reasons unrelated to this study were used for immunohistochemistry and to culture melanocytes for in vitro cell behavior assays.ProceduresThe scleral plaques of six dogs were immunolabeled for HMB‐45, MelanA, PNL2, CD18, CD204, and Iba‐1 and compared with the pigment cells accumulated within the irides. Cultured uveal melanocytes from OM‐affected and control dogs were compared using conventional assays measuring cell proliferation, invasion capability, and melanin production.ResultsMelanocytes isolated from OM eyes had significantly elevated levels of per‐cell melanin content and production compared to controls. The majority of pigmented cells in the scleral plaques were HMB45 positive indicating a melanocytic origin. Many were also CD18 positive. No differences were observed between cultured melanocytes from OM‐affected and control uvea for standard in vitro proliferation or invasion assays.ConclusionPigmented cells which accumulate in the sclera of OM‐affected Cairn terriers are predominantly melanocytes; however, in vitro assays of uveal melanocytes did not reveal differences in migratory behavior between OM and control cells. Migratory behavior of OM‐melanocytes may be environment‐dependent. We suggest that RNA sequencing and differential expression analysis would be a useful next step in understanding this disease.
Decline of adolescent smoking in Ireland 1995–2015: trend analysis and associated factors
Authors: Li Shasha , Keogan Sheila , Taylor Keishia , Clancy Luke 
Published: April 2018

ObjectivesThe study examines trends in smoking among Irish adolescents aged 15–16 years between 1995 and 2015 and the factors associated with their smoking behaviours between 2007 and 2015.MethodsData were obtained from the European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs Ireland between 1995 and 2015. To examine the gender gap, two-sample proportion tests were used. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to examine the factors associated with smoking behaviours. Dependent variable is whether a respondent is a smoker in last 30 days. Independent variables include gender, survey years, perceived ease of access to cigarettes, perceived risk of smoking, perceived relative wealth, parental monitoring, maternal relationship, family structure, truancy and peer smoking.ResultsSmoking prevalence has dropped from 41% in 1995 to 13% in 2015. The prevalence was much higher among girls than boys in 1995. The gender gap was closed by 2015. Multivariate regression results show that peer smoking, perceived access to cigarettes, perceived risks of smoking, parental monitoring, truancy, maternal relationship, perceived relative wealth and family structure were all significantly associated with adolescent smoking, and some of the factors had different effects for female and male students.ConclusionIreland has successfully achieved a considerable decrease of adolescent smoking from 1995 to 2015, during which various tobacco control policies have been implemented. In addition, the gender gap on adolescent smoking has been closed during the period. Adolescent smoking could be further improved through strengthening enforcement on adolescent access to cigarettes and maintaining a high-intensity tobacco control media campaign targeting adolescents. Parents could also contribute by enhancing monitoring.
Incidence of major complications after percutaneous native renal biopsies in adults from low-income to middle-income countries: a protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Kajawo Shepherd , Moloi Mothusi Walter , Noubiap Jean Jacques , Ekrikpo Udeme , Kengne Andre Pascal , Okpechi Ikechi G 
Published: April 2018

IntroductionKidney biopsy is an essential tool for guiding clinicians towards diagnoses, treatment and determining prognosis in renal disease. However, the procedure can be marred by various complications. The reported occurrence of complications varies among countries or regions and is also affected by several clinical and technical factors. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to evaluate the incidence of major complications after percutaneous native renal biopsy in low-income to middle-income countries (LMICs).Methods and analysisWe will include studies of populations from LMIC as per World Bank 2017 country list. Relevant abstracts published from 1 January 1980 to 30 December 2017 will be searched in PubMed, Cochrane, Excerpta Medica Database (Embase) and African Journals Online, without language restriction. Two reviewers will independently screen, select studies, extract data and assess the risk of bias in each study. A third reviewer will arbitrate in cases of disagreements. The study-specific estimates will be pooled through a random-effects model meta-analysis to obtain an overall summary estimate of the incidence of major complications across studies. Clinical and statistical heterogeneity will be evaluated by Cochrane’s Q statistic. Funnel-plot analysis and Egger’s test will be used to assess publication bias. Results will be presented by geographical region and income group.Ethics and disseminationThis study will use published data. Therefore, there is no requirement for ethical approval. This systematic review and meta-analysis is expected to inform healthcare workers and providers about the occurrence of major complications following renal biopsies and highlight possible actions needed to improve the safety of the procedure in LMICs. The final report will be published as an original article in a peer-reviewed journal. Findings will also be presented at a conference and submitted to relevant health authorities.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42017077656.
Clonal T cell receptor gene rearrangements in coeliac disease: implications for diagnosing refractory coeliac disease
Authors: Hussein Shafinaz , Gindin Tatyana , Lagana Stephen M , Arguelles-Grande Carolina , Krishnareddy Suneeta , Alobeid Bachir , Lewis Suzanne K , Mansukhani Mahesh M , Green Peter H R , Bhagat Govind 
Published: April 2018

AimsRefractory coeliac disease type II (RCDII), a rare complication of coeliac disease (CD) associated with high morbidity, requires identification of a clonal population of phenotypically aberrant intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) for diagnosis. However, data regarding the frequency and significance of clonal T cell receptor (TCR) gene rearrangements (TCR-GRs) in small bowel (SB) biopsies of patients without RCDII are limited.MethodsWe analysed results of TCR-GR analyses performed on SB biopsies at our institution over a 3-year period, which were obtained from eight active CD, 172 CD on gluten-free diet (GFD), 33 RCDI, and three RCDII patients and 14 patients without CD. TCR-GR patterns were divided into clonal, polyclonal and prominent clonal peaks (PCPs) and these patterns were correlated with clinical and pathological features.ResultsClonal TCR-GR products were detected in biopsies from 67% of patients with RCDII, 17% of patients with RCDI and 6% of patients with GFD. PCPs were observed in all disease phases (range 12%–33%). There was no significant difference in the TCR-GR patterns between the non-RCDII disease categories (p=0.39). A higher frequency of surface CD3(−) IELs was noted in cases with clonal TCR-GR, but the PCP pattern did not show associations with any clinical or pathological feature. Persistence of clonal or PCP pattern on repeat biopsy was seen for up to 2 years without evidence of RCDII.ConclusionsClonal TCR-GRs are not infrequent in cases lacking features of RCDII, while PCPs are frequent in all disease phases. TCR-GR results should be assessed in conjunction with immunophenotypic, histological and clinical findings for appropriate diagnosis and classification of RCD.
The Benefits and Costs of the TARP Bailouts: A Critical Assessment
Authors: Berger Allen N. 
Published: April 2018

We assess benefits and costs of the Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) based on theory, data, and empirical research to date. TARP was intended to attenuate systemic risk and improve the real economy, and we focus on these as the most important potential effects of the program. Evidence suggests mostly short-term social benefits in reducing systemic risk and improving the real economy. However, long-term evidence is limited — suggesting relatively long-lasting real economic improvements that might be offset by long-term increases in systemic risk. We give TARP a grade of “incomplete,” pending further research, and suggest some directions for this research.
New Insights from Studies of Clonal Hematopoiesis
Authors: Gibson Christopher J. , Steensma David P. 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Clonal hematopoiesis (CH) describes an asymptomatic expansion of blood cells descended from a single hematopoietic stem cell. Recent studies have shown that CH increases in frequency with aging and is often driven by somatic mutations in genes that are recurrently mutated in hematologic malignancies. When CH is associated with a mutation in a leukemia-associated gene at a variant allele frequency of 0.02 or greater, it is termed “clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential” (CHIP). CHIP has a 0.5% to 1% risk per year of progression to hematologic neoplasia, and increases both all-cause mortality and the risk of myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke due to a proinflammatory interaction between clonally derived leukocytes and vascular endothelium. CH frequently emerges in the context of immune-mediated marrow failure syndromes such as aplastic anemia, whereas CH emerging after cytotoxic cancer therapy is strongly associated with subsequent development of a therapy-related myeloid neoplasm, especially if a TP53 mutation is present. However, risk factors for developing CH other than aging, marrow failure, and cytotoxic radiotherapy or chemotherapy are poorly defined. In this review, we discuss the epidemiology, molecular mechanisms, and clinical consequences of this common and clinically important biological state. Clin Cancer Res; 24(19); 4633–42. ©2018 AACR.
A HER2-Targeting Antibody–Drug Conjugate, Trastuzumab Deruxtecan (DS-8201a), Enhances Antitumor Immunity in a Mouse Model
Authors: Iwata Tomomi Nakayama , Ishii Chiaki , Ishida Saori , Ogitani Yusuke , Wada Teiji , Agatsuma Toshinori 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Trastuzumab deruxtecan (DS-8201a), a HER2-targeting antibody–drug conjugate with a topoisomerase I inhibitor exatecan derivative (DX-8951 derivative, DXd), has been reported to exert potent antitumor effects in xenograft mouse models and clinical trials. In this study, the immune system–activating ability of DS-8201a was assessed. DS-8201a significantly suppressed tumor growth in an immunocompetent mouse model with human HER2-expressing CT26.WT (CT26.WT-hHER2) cells. Cured immunocompetent mice rejected not only rechallenged CT26.WT-hHER2 cells, but also CT26.WT-mock cells. Splenocytes from the cured mice responded to both CT26.WT-hHER2 and CT26.WT-mock cells. Further analyses revealed that DXd upregulated CD86 expression on bone marrow–derived dendritic cells (DC) in vitro and that DS-8201a increased tumor-infiltrating DCs and upregulated their CD86 expression in vivo. DS-8201a also increased tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells and enhanced PD-L1 and MHC class I expression on tumor cells. Furthermore, combination therapy with DS-8201a and anti–PD-1 antibody was more effective than either monotherapy. In conclusion, DS-8201a enhanced antitumor immunity, as evidenced by the increased expression of DC markers, augmented expression of MHC class I in tumor cells, and rejection of rechallenged tumor cells by adaptive immune cells, suggesting that DS-8201a enhanced tumor recognition by T cells. Furthermore, DS-8201a treatment benefited from combination with anti–PD-1 antibody, possibly due to increased T-cell activity and upregulated PD-L1 expression induced by DS-8201a. Mol Cancer Ther; 17(7); 1494–503. ©2018 AACR.
MKAD-21 Suppresses the Oncogenic Activity of the miR-21/PPP2R2A/ERK Molecular Network in Bladder Cancer
Authors: Koutsioumpa Marina , Chen Hsiao-Wang , O'Brien Neil , Koinis Filippos , Mahurkar-Joshi Swapna , Vorvis Christina , Soroosh Artin , Luo Tong , Issakhanian Shawnt , Pantuck Allan J. , Georgoulias Vassilis , Iliopoulos Dimitrios , Slamon Dennis J. , Drakaki Alexandra 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Bladder cancer represents a disease associated with significant morbidity and mortality. MiR-21 has been found to have oncogenic activity in multiple cancers, including bladder cancer, whereas inhibition of its expression suppresses tumor growth. Here, we examine the molecular network regulated by miR-21 in bladder cancer and evaluate the effects of i.v. and i.p. administration of a novel miR-21 chemical inhibitor in vivo. LNA miR-21 reduced the oncogenic potential of bladder cancer cells, whereas the MKAD-21 chemically modified antisense oligo against miR-21 dose-dependently blocked xenograft growth. I.v. administration of LNA miR-21 was more effective in suppressing tumor growth than was i.p. administration. Integration of computational and transcriptomic analyses in a panel of 28 bladder cancer lines revealed a 15-gene signature that correlates with miR-21 levels. Protein Phosphatase 2 Regulatory Subunit Balpha (PPP2R2A) was one of these 15 genes and was experimentally validated as a novel miR-21 direct target gene. Gene network and molecular analyses showed that PPP2R2A is a potent negative regulator of the ERK pathway activation and bladder cancer cell proliferation. Importantly, we show that PPP2R2A acts as a mediator of miR-21–induced oncogenic effects in bladder cancer. Integrative analysis of human bladder cancer tumors and a large panel of human bladder cancer cell lines revealed a novel 15-gene signature that correlates with miR-21 levels. Importantly, we provide evidence that PPP2R2A represents a new miR-21 direct target and regulator of the ERK pathway and bladder cancer cell growth. Furthermore, i.v. administration of the MKAD-21 inhibitor effectively suppressed tumor growth through regulation of the PPP2R2A–ERK network in mice. Mol Cancer Ther; 17(7); 1430–40. ©2018 AACR.
New Light on the Ten Jubilees of 11QMelchizedek (11Q13)
Authors: Feldman Ariel 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
This note suggests a new reading and reconstruction of the oft-cited 11QMelchizedek 2:6–8. This passage is a part of the “pesher for the last days” expounding on Lev 25:13 and Deut 15:2. Its vision of future liberation from spiritual captivity to Belial relies on the language and conceptual framework of the Jubilee Year. Moreover, the pesher refers to a temporal scheme of ten Jubilees. The new reading helps clarify the precise timing of the eschatological redemption, “the beginning of the first Jubilee after [the] te[n] Jubilees,” and its implication for the scroll’s scriptural exegesis.
Autonomy or Disavowal of Socioeconomic Context
Authors: Praznik Katja 
Published: April 2018

AbstractIn the context of late capitalism, cultural producers have contributed to the process of precarisation by embracing ideas of autonomy, concomitantly contributing to neoliberal policies and political-economy. I scrutinise the claim for the autonomy of the arts in Eastern Europe, a context that exemplifies the transition from socialism to the neoliberal era. The analysis foregrounds the precarious working conditions of cultural producers during the transition from self-managed socialism to the independent nation-state of Slovenia. In Slovenia, the precarisation of artists had already begun in the 1980s when the socialist government implemented the Law for the Independent Cultural Workers, still in place today. I demonstrate that cultural producers address their working conditions in ideological terms (autonomy), instead of approaching them in terms of class relations that govern cultural production (labour issues). Hence, the claim for autonomy is a strategically misguided response to the dismantling of the welfare state.
Climate Response to Aerosol Geoengineering: A Multimethod Comparison
Authors: Muri Helene , Tjiputra Jerry , Otterå Odd Helge , Adakudlu Muralidhar , Lauvset Siv K. , Grini Alf , Schulz Michael , Niemeier Ulrike , Kristjánsson Jón Egill 
Published: April 2018

AbstractConsidering the ambitious climate targets of the Paris Agreement to limit global warming to 2°C, with aspirations of even 1.5°C, questions arise on how to achieve this. Climate geoengineering has been proposed as a potential tool to minimize global harm from anthropogenic climate change. Here, an Earth system model is used to evaluate the climate response when transferring from a high CO2 forcing scenario, RCP8.5, to a middle-of-the-road forcing scenario, like RCP4.5, using aerosol geoengineering. Three different techniques are considered: stratospheric aerosol injections (SAI), marine sky brightening (MSB), and cirrus cloud thinning (CCT). The climate states appearing in the climate geoengineering cases are found to be closer to RCP4.5 than RCP8.5 and many anthropogenic global warming symptoms are alleviated. All three techniques result in comparable global mean temperature evolutions. However, there are some notable differences in other climate variables due to the nature of the forcings applied. CCT acts mainly on the longwave part of the radiation budget, as opposed to MSB and SAI acting in the shortwave. This yields a difference in the response, particularly in the hydrological cycle. The responses in sea ice, sea level, ocean heat, and circulation, as well as the carbon cycle, are furthermore compared. Sudden termination of the aerosol injection geoengineering shows that the climate very rapidly (within two decades) reverts to the path of RCP8.5, questioning the sustainable nature of such climate geoengineering, and simultaneous mitigation during any such form of climate geoengineering would be needed to limit termination risks.