bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In Harm's Way: Family Separation, Immigration Enforcement Programs and Security on the US-Mexico Border
Authors: Slack Jeremy , Martínez Daniel E. , Whiteford Scott , Peiffer Emily 
Published: August 2018

The Consequence Delivery System (CDS) is a suite of border and immigration enforcement programs designed to increase the penalties associated with unauthorized migration in order to convince people not to return (Rosenblum 2013). Despite its inauguration in 2011, many aspects of the CDS are not new. CDS does however, mark a shift from the deterrent strategy that, in the 1990s that relied heavily on the dangers of the natural terrain to dissuade unauthorized border crossers, to one that actively punishes, incarcerates, and criminalizes them. This article presents findings from the Migrant Border Crossing Study, a random sample survey of 1,100 recently deported migrants in six cities in Mexico conducted between 2009 and 2012. It examines the demographics and family ties of deportees, their experiences with immigration enforcement practices and programs under the CDS, and how these programs have reshaped contemporary migration and deportation along the US-Mexico border. The article covers programs such as criminal prosecutions of illegal entries under Operation Streamline, and the Alien Transfer and Exit Program (ATEP) or lateral repatriation program which returns immigrants to different locations from where they illegally entered. In relationship to these programs, it considers issues of due process and treatment of deportees in US custody. It also examines interior enforcement under Secure Communities, which, during the study period, comprised part of the overarching border security plan, and screened virtually everybody arrested in the United States against immigration databases. The article concludes that these programs do not have a strong deterrent effect. Instead, immigration enforcement has led to a “caging effect” over the past two decades which has disrupted seasonal migration flows, increased familial and social ties to the United States, and decreased the probability of returning to Mexico once in the United States. The development of strong family and other ties to the United States contributes to a greater resolve to return post-deportation.
Humanitarian Protection for Children Fleeing Gang-Based Violence in the Americas
Authors: Carlson Elizabeth , Gallagher Anna Marie 
Published: August 2018

By the end of 2011, the US Customs and Border Protection (CBP) began to see a steady rise in the number of Unaccompanied Alien Children (UAC) from Central America, particularly from the Northern Triangle countries— El Salvador, Honduras and Guatemala—arriving to the US-Mexico border. The number of children entering the United States from these countries more than doubled during fiscal year (FY) 2012 and continued to grow through FY 2014. In FY 2013, CBP apprehended over 35,000 children. That number almost doubled to 66,127 in FY 2014, with Central American children outnumbering their Mexican counterparts for the first time. Research has identified high levels of violence perpetrated by gangs and drug cartels in the Northern Triangle countries and Mexico as a primary reason for this surge. Under the William Wilberforce Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act (TVPRA) passed with bi-partisan support in 2008, children from Central America cannot be deported immediately and must be given a court hearing. In contrast, unless there are indicia of trafficking, Mexican children are returned immediately to their country. Advocates have expressed concern that expedited removal of Mexican children places children with valid humanitarian claims at risk of being returned to harm, including forcible recruitment into drug cartels and trafficking rings. After the spike in arrivals in FY 2014, several members of Congress called for a change in the TVPRA, urging that Central American children be treated like Mexican children and undergo expedited procedures for their removal. Many of their constituents supported such measures. The Obama administration requested additional funds to strengthen border security, speed up deportation procedures and implement measures to address the humanitarian crisis in Central America. Groups and individuals across the country came together to provide shelter, medical and psychological care, and legal representation to many of these children. Despite these efforts, much needs to be done to ensure that their rights are protected. This paper provides an overview of the violence perpetrated by gangs and other criminal organizations which compels many children to flee their communities. It describes the US government's obligations to protect UAC upon arrival, and good practices of other governments relating to the protection of child migrants and refugees. It also discusses Special Immigrant Juvenile Status, gang-related asylum case law, and the difficulty of prevailing in asylum claims based on persecution by gangs. It concludes with recommendations to the administration and policymakers to ensure compliance with US obligations under national and international laws.
The Impact of Externalization of Migration Controls on the Rights of Asylum Seekers and Other Migrants
Authors: Frelick Bill , Kysel Ian M. , Podkul Jennifer 
Published: August 2018

Wars, conflict, and persecution have forced more people to flee their homes and seek refuge and safety elsewhere than at any time since the end of World War II. As displaced people and other migrants increasingly move out of the conflict-ridden and less developed regions of their displacement and into relatively rich and stable regions of the world, the countries of destination are increasingly working to contain and even stem the migration flow before it reaches their shores. Perversely, countries that have developed generally rights-sensitive standards and procedures for assessing protection claims of asylum seekers within their jurisdictions have simultaneously established barriers that prevent migrants, including asylum seekers, from setting foot on their territories or otherwise triggering protection obligations. Consequently, those who would otherwise have been able to avail themselves of asylum procedures, social support, and decent reception conditions are often relegated to countries of first arrival or transit that have comparatively less capacity to ensure protection of human rights in accordance with international standards. This paper seeks to develop a working definition of the externalization of migration controls and how such externalization of the border implicates the human rights of migrants, and asylum seekers in particular. Although the majority of those migrants seeking legal protections stay in countries neighboring their own, hundreds of thousands continue their journeys in search of protection and stability in more distant states, including in the European Union, the United States, and Australia. In response to the significant increase in asylum seekers arriving at their borders, all three entities have significantly increased deterrence measures with the hopes of keeping new arrivals from entering. This paper will thus highlight a number of the most troubling externalization strategies used by the European Union, the United States, and Australia. Finally, because rights-threatening externalization law, policies, and practices implicate the international legal responsibility of the destination states pursuing them, the paper will conclude by presenting recommendations that could strengthen protection of human rights in the context of state actions seeking to manage migration.
How the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 Has Undermined US Refugee Protection Obligations and Wasted Government Resources
Authors: Acer Eleanor , Byrne Olga 
Published: August 2018

Seeking asylum is a human right, enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees (“Refugee Convention”) and its 1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees (“1967 Protocol”) prohibit the United States from returning refugees to persecution, and the 1980 Refugee Act set up a formal process for applying for asylum in the United States. However, the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 (IIRIRA) created a barrage of new barriers to asylum. These impediments have blocked many refugees from accessing asylum in the United States and inserted additional layers of technicalities, screening, and processing, undermining the effectiveness of the US asylum system. The barriers imposed by IIRIRA are significant. They include a filing deadline on asylum applications, which prevents genuine refugees from receiving asylum if they cannot prove they have filed the application within one year of arriving in the United States. IIRIRA also established summary deportation procedures, including “expedited removal” and “reinstatement of removal,” which block asylum seekers from even applying for asylum or accessing an immigration court removal hearing, unless they first pass through a screening process. Finally, IIRIRA imposed “mandatory detention” on certain immigrants, including asylum seekers who are placed in expedited removal proceedings upon their arrival at a US port of entry. Each of these provisions imposed new processes and procedures that have contributed to an increasingly ineffective immigration system. The current backlog in the immigration courts has reached a record high, surpassing half a million cases, while the backlog of affirmative asylum cases before the Asylum Division of US Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) has increased by a factor of six in just three years. Backlogs, which lead to long delays in adjudication, undermine system integrity as bona fide asylum seekers wait for years in legal limbo — some with families waiting abroad in dangerous and life-threatening situations — and individuals without meritorious claims may be encouraged to file applications to receive a work permit during the lengthy waiting period. Twenty years later, as the world faces the largest global refugee crisis since World War II, the asylum barriers injected into the US system under IIRIRA have proven harmful to refugees, and detrimental to the US asylum system. This paper highlights recent research, litigation, and advocacy efforts that have further brought to light the rights violations and systemic inefficiencies generated by IIRIRA. It concludes with a series of recommendations, calling on the US government to eliminate these counterproductive barriers and to take steps to assure access to asylum.
Evaluation of the airway microbiome in nontuberculous mycobacteria disease
Authors: Sulaiman Imran , Wu Benjamin G. , Li Yonghua , Scott Adrienne S. , Malecha Patrick , Scaglione Benjamin , Wang Jing , Basavaraj Ashwin , Chung Samuel , Bantis Katrina , Carpenito Joseph , Clemente Jose C. , Shen Nan , Bessich Jamie , Rafeq Samaan , Michaud Gaetene , Donington Jessica , Naidoo Charissa , Theron Grant , Schattner Gail , Garofano Suzette , Condos Rany , Kamelhar David , Addrizzo-Harris Doreen , Segal Leopoldo N. 
Published: August 2018

Aspiration is associated with nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) pulmonary disease and airway dysbiosis is associated with increased inflammation. We examined whether NTM disease was associated with a distinct airway microbiota and immune profile.297 oral wash and induced sputum samples were collected from 106 participants with respiratory symptoms and imaging abnormalities compatible with NTM. Lower airway samples were obtained in 20 participants undergoing bronchoscopy. 16S rRNA gene and nested mycobacteriome sequencing approaches characterised microbiota composition. In addition, inflammatory profiles of lower airway samples were examined.The prevalence of NTM+cultures was 58%. Few changes were noted in microbiota characteristics or composition in oral wash and sputum samples among groups. Among NTM+samples, 27% of the lower airway samples were enriched withMycobacterium. A mycobacteriome approach identifiedMycobacteriumin a greater percentage of samples, including some nonpathogenic strains. In NTM+lower airway samples, taxa identified as oral commensals were associated with increased inflammatory biomarkers.The 16S rRNA gene sequencing approach is not sensitive in identifying NTM among airway samples that are culture-positive. However, associations between lower airway inflammation and microbiota signatures suggest a potential role for these microbes in the inflammatory process in NTM disease.
Physical activity as a moderator for obstructive sleep apnoea and cardiometabolic risk in the EPISONO study
Authors: Mônico-Neto Marcos , Moreira Antunes Hanna Karen , dos Santos Ronaldo Vagner Thomatieli , D'Almeida Vânia , Alves Lino de Souza Altay , Azeredo Bittencourt Lia Rita , Tufik Sergio 
Published: August 2018

Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is positively associated with cardiometabolic diseases; however, high levels of physical activity could decrease the incidence of OSA and associated comorbidities.In this study we aimed to examine the incidence of OSA in relation to physical activity, and its role as a protective factor in individuals with OSA on the incidence of cardiometabolic diseases, in an 8–9-year follow-up study. We analysed data of 658 volunteers from the São Paulo Epidemiologic Sleep Study (EPISONO), a cohort study of individuals aged 20–80 years, collected through polysomnography, the International Physical Activity Questionnaire and an assessment of cardiometabolic profile.Active subjects had a lower risk of developing OSA compared with nonactive subjects (relative risk 0.877, 95% CI 0.296–0.855) and there was a reduced risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus in active/apnoeic subjects (relative risk 0.493, 95% CI 0.252–0.961) compared with nonactive subjects. Metabolic equivalent was negatively associated to cardiometabolic markers, such as C-reactive protein (exp(B)=0.720; p=0.001), interleukin-6 (exp(B)=0.991; p=0.03), insulin (exp(B)=0.982; p=0.03), triglycerides (exp(B)=0.997; p<0.001), homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (exp(B)≤0.946; p<0.024), quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (exp(B)=992.4; p<0.001) and mean arterial pressure (exp(B)=0.987; p=0.001).Physical activity was a protective factor against type 2 diabetes mellitus in apnoeic individuals; moreover, being active reduced the risk of developing OSA and was associated with a better cardiometabolic profile.
Addition of Vincristine and Irinotecan to Vincristine, Dactinomycin, and Cyclophosphamide Does Not Improve Outcome for Intermediate-Risk Rhabdomyosarcoma: A Report From the Children’s Oncology Group
Authors: Hawkins Douglas S. , Chi Yueh-Yun , Anderson James R. , Tian Jing , Arndt Carola A.S. , Bomgaars Lisa , Donaldson Sarah S. , Hayes-Jordan Andrea , Mascarenhas Leo , McCarville Mary Beth , McCune Jeannine S. , McCowage Geoff , Million Lynn , Morris Carol D. , Parham David M. , Rodeberg David A. , Rudzinski Erin R. , Shnorhavorian Margarett , Spunt Sheri L. , Skapek Stephen X. , Teot Lisa A. , Wolden Suzanne , Yock Torunn I. , Meyer William H. 
Published: August 2018

Purpose Intermediate-risk rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) includes patients with either nonmetastatic, unresected embryonal RMS (ERMS) with an unfavorable primary site or nonmetastatic alveolar RMS (ARMS). The primary aim of this study was to improve the outcome of patients with intermediate-risk RMS by substituting vincristine and irinotecan (VI) for half of vincristine, dactinomycin, and cyclophosphamide (VAC) courses. All patients received a lower dose of cyclophosphamide and earlier radiation therapy than in previous trials. Patients and Methods Patients were randomly assigned at study entry to either VAC (cumulative cyclophosphamide dose, 16.8 g/m2) or VAC/VI (cumulative cyclophosphamide dose, 8.4 g/m2) for 42 weeks of therapy. Radiation therapy started at week 4, with individualized local control plans permitted for patients younger than 24 months. The primary study end point was event-free survival (EFS). The study design had an 80% power (5% one-sided α-level) to detect an improved long-term EFS from 65% (with VAC) to 76% (with VAC/VI). Results A total of 448 eligible patients were enrolled in the study. At a median follow-up of 4.8 years, the 4-year EFS was 63% with VAC and 59% with VAC/VI ( P = .51), and 4-year overall survival was 73% for VAC and 72% for VAC/VI ( P = .80). Within the ARMS and ERMS subgroups, no difference in outcome by treatment arm was found. Severe hematologic toxicity was less common with VAC/VI therapy. Conclusion The addition of VI to VAC did not improve EFS or OS for patients with intermediate-risk RMS. VAC/VI had less hematologic toxicity and a lower cumulative cyclophosphamide dose, making VAC/VI an alternative standard therapy for intermediate-risk RMS.
Minor spliceosome inactivation causes microcephaly, owing to cell cycle defects and death of self-amplifying radial glial cells
Authors: Baumgartner Marybeth , Olthof Anouk M. , Aquino Gabriela S. , Hyatt Katery C. , Lemoine Christopher , Drake Kyle , Sturrock Nikita , Nguyen Nhut , al Seesi Sahar , Kanadia Rahul N. 
Published: August 2018

ABSTRACT
Mutation in minor spliceosome components is linked to the developmental disorder microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type 1 (MOPD1). Here, we inactivated the minor spliceosome in the developing mouse cortex (pallium) by ablating Rnu11, which encodes the crucial minor spliceosome small nuclear RNA (snRNA) U11. Rnu11 conditional knockout mice were born with microcephaly, which was caused by the death of self-amplifying radial glial cells (RGCs), while intermediate progenitor cells and neurons were produced. RNA sequencing suggested that this cell death was mediated by upregulation of p53 (Trp53 – Mouse Genome Informatics) and DNA damage, which were both observed specifically in U11-null RGCs. Moreover, U11 loss caused elevated minor intron retention in genes regulating the cell cycle, which was consistent with fewer RGCs in S-phase and cytokinesis, alongside prolonged metaphase in RGCs. In all, we found that self-amplifying RGCs are the cell type most sensitive to loss of minor splicing. Together, these findings provide a potential explanation of how disruption of minor splicing might cause microcephaly in MOPD1.
The role of collaboration for resilience of the sugarcane-energy supply chain
Authors: Sá Marcelo Martins de , Pereira Susana Farias , Miguel Priscila Lacsynski de Souza 
Published: August 2018

The drought in the sugarcane-energy supply chain of São Paulo occurred between 2014 and 2015 was the phenomenon observed in this case study whose starting point was the following question: how can collaboration bring on resilience in supply chains experiencing a disaster? Deductive qualitative approach has empirically contributed to the knowledge of possible disruptions focused on the agribusiness. For those purposes, aspects involving vertical (suppliers, focal company and buyers) and horizontal (NGOs, government, research centers, focal company and their competitors) collaboration was analyzed among the links of the chain (triad: farmers, processers and buyers). Vertical collaboration between buyers and focal company, if compared to that of focal company and suppliers (the weakest link) is more significant. The findings in this study, however, should be considered solely within the context of the supply chain analyzed once new researches in different cultures of the agribusiness, regions and types of disasters have yet to be done.
Exit, Voice, and Response on Digital Platforms: An Empirical Investigation of Online Management Response Strategies
Authors: Kumar Naveen , Qiu Liangfei , Kumar Subodha 
Published: August 2018

In the past decade, we have witnessed the growing importance of management responses to online reviews on digital platforms. In this study, we examine the impact of online management responses on business performance and their spillover effect on nearby businesses. By adopting multiple causal identification strategies to address the issue of self-selected responses, we find that the responses by a business owner play a significant role in the performance of the focal business as well as in the performance of the nearby businesses. We observe that, in general, the launch of the new management response feature benefits businesses. What is more interesting is that the benefit is not observed in a consistent manner across all businesses. Only the businesses that choose to use the management response feature observe increases in check-ins. On the other hand, the businesses that are unaware of the management response feature launch on digital platforms, or are aware but choose not to use the management response feature, tend to remain at a disadvantage. Interestingly, we also uncover that the spillover effect (externality) of online management responses on the nearby businesses crucially depends on whether the focal business and the nearby businesses are in direct competition. Furthermore, we identify conditions under which business owners are more likely to respond to consumer comments. Our findings have direct implications for both business owners and digital platforms: Digital platforms can help businesses develop the right engagement strategies by taking the online response strategies of the nearby businesses into account. The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.2017.0749 .
SUMBER DAYA GENETIK DAN PENGETAHUAN TRADISIONAL TERKAIT SUMBER DAYA GENETIK UNTUK KEMAKMURAN
Authors: Nuryanti Aktris 
Published: August 2018

Indonesia as a mega biodiversity country is very attractive for bioprospectors. The complementarity between SDG and PT-SDG in the SDG preservation considered those must be managed by the same institutions that their function as development resource could be fullest utilized. And look at the complexity of managing the SDG and PT-SDG it is recommended that National Competent Authority agencies is to be set up under the president or vice president responsibilityIndonesia adalah mega biodiversity country yang sangat menarik bagi para bioprospektor. Saling kelindan SDG dan PT-SDG dalam pelestarian SDG menyebabkan SDG dan PT-SDG harus dikelola oleh lembaga yang sama agar fungsinya sebagai sumber daya pembangunan dapat didayagunakan secara maksimal. Dan melihat pada kompleksitas pengelolaan SDG dan PT-SDG maka disarankan agar lembaga National Competent Authority yang akan dibentuk itu berada dalam tanggungjawab presiden/wakil presiden