bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optimization Conditions for Crystal Growth of Novel Nanolayers, Nanohybrids and Nanocomposites Based on Cobalt, Zirconium, Titanium and Silicon
Authors: Saber Osama , Aljaafari Abdullah , Osama Aya , Alshoaibi Adil 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe present study has a triple aim for producing three novel nanostructures through incorporation of zirconium, titanium and silicon in the host layer of layered double hydroxides (LDH) beside cobalt. These four metals were designed in ordered structures for creating novel nanolayers inside LDH. By modifying these nanolayers with fatty acid, another novel nanohybrid material was produced. This nanohybrid contains 38% of inorganic species in addition to 62% of hydrocarbons fatty acid. In addition, the thermal treatment of the nanolayered structure converted the nanolayers of Co‐Si‐Zr‐Ti LDH to nanocomposites consisting of nanoparticles of cobalt oxide doped by triple dopants in an order manner: zirconium titanium and silicon. The crystals growth of Co‐Si‐Ti‐Zr LDH was studied from 9 h to 32 h through four stages. These stages were followed by different techniques. Finally, this study concluded that the nanolayered structure of Co‐Si‐Zr‐Ti, which is not yet published in the literature, could be formed with well‐crystallized phase. This novel 2D nanomaterial has positive impact to open the way for creating novel nanocomposites and nanohybrids.
One‐Pot Synthesis and Structure Evolution of Copper‐Containing Ethane‐Silica Induced by Copper Sources
Authors: Lin Feng , Meng Xiangyan , Lu Shengjie , Wu Lishun 
Published: January 2019

AbstractCu‐PMOs materials are prepared through a simply one‐step synthesis approach with the addition of different copper sources respectively under basic conditions. The obtained materials have been characterized by X‐ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and N2 adsorption‐desorption measurement. The results show that the choice of copper precursor is very important in determining the final structure of the materials. By using Cu(NO3)2 as the copper source, Cu‐PMOs exhibits a cubic Fm3 m mesoporous structure at lower copper loading amount, and a mesostructure transformation of Cu‐PMOs from cubic Fm3 m to 2‐D hexagonal P6 mm structure is occurred at higher copper loading amount. While in case of CuCl2 or CuSO4, only Cu‐PMOs with cubic Fm3 m mesostructure can be obtained.
Transition‐Metal‐free C5, C7‐Dihalogenation and the Switchable C5 Halogenation of 8‐Hydroxyquinolines
Authors: Xiong Jin , Liu Yunyun 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe first example on the C5, C7‐dihalogenation of 8‐hydroxyquinolines based on an in situ O‐acyl 8‐hydroxyquinoline formation is realized under catalyst‐free condition in toluene. Modifying the reaction conditions by directly utilizing O‐acylated 8‐hydroxyquinolines in the presence of AlCl3 enables the electrophilic halogenation in the C5 position, leading to the tunable synthesis of C5 halogenated products. The O‐acyl group can be easily removed from the product to provide halogenated quinolines containing free hydroxyl group by simple hydrolysis.
Holo‐Lactoferrin Modified Liposome for Relieving Tumor Hypoxia and Enhancing Radiochemotherapy of Cancer
Authors: Zhang Zheng , Yang Jingrong , Min Qingqing , Ling Chenjie , Maiti Debabrata , Xu Jiaying , Qin Liqiang , Yang Kai 
Published: January 2019

AbstractHypoxic microenvironments in the solid tumor play a negative role in radiotherapy. Holo‐lactoferrin (holo‐Lf) is a natural protein, which acts as a potential ligand of transferrin receptor (TfR). In this work, an anticancer drug, doxorubicin (Dox)‐loaded liposome‐holo‐Lf nanocomposites, is developed for tumor targeting and imaging guided combined radiochemotherapy. Dox‐loaded liposome‐holo‐Lf (Lf‐Liposome‐Dox) nanocomposites exhibit significant cellular uptake likely owing to the TfR receptor‐mediated targeting accumulation of Lf‐Liposome‐Dox nanocomposites. Additionally, the nanocomposites exhibit high accumulation in the tumor site after intravenous injection as evidenced from in vivo fluorescence imaging. More importantly, it is found that the holo‐Lf has the ability to catalyze the conversion of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to oxygen for relieving the tumor hypoxic microenvironment. Photoacoustic imaging further confirms the abundant generation of oxygen in the presence of Lf‐Liposome‐Dox nanocomposites. Based on these findings, in vivo combined radiochemotherapy is performed using Lf‐Liposome‐Dox as therapeutic agent, achieving excellent cancer treatment effect. The study further promotes the potential biomedical application of holo‐Lf in cancer treatment.
Beam‐column connections of concrete‐filled double steel tubular frame structures
Authors: Zhang Yufen , Zhou Zhijun 
Published: January 2019

SummaryFour types of concrete‐filled double steel tubular (CFDST) columns were introduced in this paper, which had the advantage of higher bearing capacity, stronger stiffness, and better fire‐resistant and explosion‐resistant performance. To research a reasonable form of beam‐column connection is the top priority in CFDST frame structures. After a brief historical background concerning the development of CFDST columns, this study conducted an investigation and comparison of several existing beam‐column connections. The constructional detail and force transfer mechanism of each beam‐column connection were analyzed according to the present research achievements. Several finite element models were established to discuss the various connection configurations and main factors affecting their behaviors. In general, connection design can take full advantage of the characteristic of double tubes in CFDST structure, so a series of construction improvements for joint design parameters in CFDST frame structures was proposed to improve the seismic performance and the relevant study for the future work was also discussed.
Towards Green Synthesis and Processing of Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Huang Yunping , Luscombe Christine K. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractIn 2018, several major breakthroughs have been achieved in organic solar cells (OSCs) with the record power conversion efficiency (PCE) reaching over 17 %. With this increased efficiency, it is time to take a step forward to consider how to convert this technology into large scale production. For this, the economic and environmental profile of OSCs should be taken seriously‐simplified synthetic routes and green chemistry methods should be applied. According to previous studies, OSCs are competitive and profitable in the commercial market. However, toxic and/or hazardous chemicals are currently used in materials synthesis and device fabrication of OSCs. In this account, we will talk about contributions and efforts we have made to minimize the economic and environmental disadvantages in the production of OSCs. We will start with the background on how our projects were conceived and will specifically discuss our work on direct arylation and green solvent. Developments of direct arylation for synthesizing conjugated polymers will be illustrated along with our recent finding regarding the effect of green solvents on device performance and stability.
Postmortem fetal imaging: prospective blinded comparison of two‐dimensional ultrasound with magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Kang X. , Sanchez T. Cos , Arthurs O. J. , Bevilacqua E. , Cannie M. M. , Segers V. , Lecomte S. , Sebire N. J. , Jani J. C. 
Published: January 2019

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo compare the diagnostic rate and accuracy of 3‐Tesla (T) postmortem magnetic resonance imaging (PM‐MRI) and postmortem ultrasound (PM‐US) in an unselected fetal population.MethodsWe performed prospectively, in a blinded manner, 3‐T PM‐MRI and PM‐US on 160 unselected fetuses at 13–41 weeks of gestation. All imaging was reported according to a prespecified template, for five anatomical regions: brain, thorax, heart, abdomen and spine. The rates of non‐diagnostic results for PM‐US and PM‐MRI were compared and, for results that were diagnostic, we calculated sensitivity, specificity and concordance rates for each anatomical region, using conventional autopsy as the reference standard.Results3‐T PM‐MRI performed significantly better than did PM‐US overall and in particular for fetuses ≥ 20 weeks' gestation. Specifically, the non‐diagnostic rates for PM‐MRI vs PM‐US were 4.4% vs 26.9% (7/160 vs 43/160; P < 0.001) for the brain, 5.2% vs 17.4% (8/155 vs 27/155; P < 0.001) for the thorax, 3.8% vs 30.6% (6/157 vs 48/157; P < 0.001) for the heart and 3.2% vs 23.6% (5/157 vs 37/157; P < 0.001) for the abdomen. For the spine, both techniques showed an equally low non‐diagnostic rate. When both postmortem imaging techniques were diagnostic, they had similar accuracy, with no difference in sensitivity or specificity, and similar concordance with autopsy (PM‐US, 79.5–96.5%; PM‐MRI, 81.6–99.1%).ConclusionsPM‐MRI performed significantly better than PM‐US in this unselected population, due mainly to a lower non‐diagnostic rate. PM‐MRI should remain the first‐line imaging investigation for perinatal autopsy, but PM‐US could be considered if MRI is not available, albeit with a higher non‐diagnostic rate. Copyright © 2019 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Sub-eikonal corrections to scattering amplitudes at high energy
Authors: Chirilli Giovanni Antonio 
Published: January 2019

AbstractMost of the progress in high-energy Quantum Chromodynamics has been obtained within the eikonal approximation and infinite Wilson-line operators. Evolution equations of Wilson lines with respect to the rapidity parameter encode the dynamics of the hadronic processes at high energy. However, even at high energy many interesting aspects of hadron dynamics are not accessible within the eikonal approximation, the spin physics being an obvious example. The higher precision reached by the experiments and the possibility to probe spin dynamics at future Electron Ion Colliders make the study of deviations from eikonal approximation especially timely. In this paper, I derive the sub-eikonal quark and gluon propagators which can serve as a starting point of studies of these effects.
The irreducibility of collective obligations
Authors: Tamminga Allard , Hindriks Frank 
Published: January 2019

AbstractIndividualists claim that collective obligations are reducible to the individual obligations of the collective’s members. Collectivists deny this. We set out to discover who is right by way of a deontic logic of collective action that models collective actions, abilities, obligations, and their interrelations. On the basis of our formal analysis, we argue that when assessing the obligations of an individual agent, we need to distinguish individual obligations from member obligations. If a collective has a collective obligation to bring about a particular state of affairs, then it might be that no individual in the collective has an individual obligation to bring about that state of affairs. What follows from a collective obligation is that each member of the collective has a member obligation to help ensure that the collective fulfills its collective obligation. In conclusion, we argue that our formal analysis supports collectivism.
Europe’s ‘Other’ Open-Border Zone: The Common Travel Area under the Shadow of Brexit
Authors: BUTLER Graham , BARRETT Gavin 
Published: January 2019

AbstractIn recent years, the Schengen Area—and the suppression within its territory of border controls—has become a strong focus of attention. This article focuses on another region of Europe where such controls have been suppressed: the Common Travel Area (‘CTA’). Historically, both Ireland and the United Kingdom have rejected membership of the Schengen system—albeit securing certain ‘opt-in’ rights—and instead maintained the CTA between their respective jurisdictions. The CTA has, however, garnered relatively little public attention until recently, when concerns as to the implications of Brexit for the maintenance of an open border between Ireland and Northern Ireland have gained ground, and threatened to be a deal breaker in the negotiations under Article 50 TEU on UK exit from the EU (‘Brexit’). This article examines the background to the CTA, exploring its surprisingly fluid legal framework; its development in the legal systems of Ireland and the United Kingdom; and subsequently, how it was exempted from what is now EU law as the Schengen arrangements were integrated into the Union. The recent introduction of the British-Irish Visa Scheme, which formalises some visa rules regarding citizens of third states, and which tends in the direction of consolidating CTA arrangements, is also examined. The article further explores the challenges that confront the CTA in coping with the outcome of the June 2016 Brexit referendum, which should result in the UK leaving the European Union in March 2019, and the implications of Brexit for the CTA. Finally, it seeks to identify some key characteristics of the CTA in light of experience to date.
‘Hiding their troubles’: a qualitative exploration of suicide in Bhutanese refugees in the USA
Authors: Brown F. L. , Mishra T. , Frounfelker R. L. , Bhargava E. , Gautam B. , Prasai A. , Betancourt T. S. 
Published: January 2019

Background.Suicide is a major global health concern. Bhutanese refugees resettled in the USA are disproportionately affected by suicide, yet little research has been conducted to identify factors contributing to this vulnerability. This study aims to investigate the issue of suicide of Bhutanese refugee communities via an in-depth qualitative, social-ecological approach.Methods.Focus groups were conducted with 83 Bhutanese refugees (adults and children), to explore the perceived causes, and risk and protective factors for suicide, at individual, family, community, and societal levels. Audio recordings were translated and transcribed, and inductive thematic analysis conducted.Results.Themes identified can be situated across all levels of the social-ecological model. Individual thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are only fully understood when considering past experiences, and stressors at other levels of an individual's social ecology. Shifting dynamics and conflict within the family are pervasive and challenging. Within the community, there is a high prevalence of suicide, yet major barriers to communicating with others about distress and suicidality. At the societal level, difficulties relating to acculturation, citizenship, employment and finances, language, and literacy are influential. Two themes cut across several levels of the ecosystem: loss; and isolation, exclusion, and loneliness.Conclusions.This study extends on existing research and highlights the necessity for future intervention models of suicide to move beyond an individual focus, and consider factors at all levels of refugees’ social-ecology. Simply focusing treatment at the individual level is not sufficient. Researchers and practitioners should strive for community-driven, culturally relevant, socio-ecological approaches for prevention and treatment.
On the breakup of spiralling liquid jets
Authors: Li Yuan , Sisoev Grigori M. , Shikhmurzaev Yulii D. 
Published: January 2019

The generation of drops from a jet spiralling out of a spinning device, under the action of centrifugal force, is considered for the case of small perturbations introduced at the inlet. Close to the inlet, where the disturbances can be regarded as small, their propagation is found to be qualitatively similar to that of a wave propagating down a straight jet stretched by an external body force (e.g. gravity). The dispersion equation has the same parametric dependence on the base flow, but the base flow is, of course, different. Further down the jet, where the amplitude of the disturbances becomes finite and eventually resulting in drop formation, the flow appears to be quite complex. As shown, for the regular/periodic process of drop generation, the wavelength corresponding to the frequency at the inlet, increasing as the wave propagates down the stretching jet, determines, in general, not the volume of the resulting drop but the sum of volumes of the main drop and the satellite droplet that follows the main one. The proportion of the total volume forming the main drop depends on how far down the jet the drops are produced, i.e. on the magnitude of the inlet disturbance. The volume of the main drop is found to be a linear function of the radius of the unperturbed jet evaluated at the point where the drop breaks away from the jet. This radius, and the corresponding velocity of the base flow, have to be found simultaneously with the jet’s trajectory by using a jet-specific non-orthogonal coordinate system described in detail in Shikhmurzaev & Sisoev (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 819, 2017, pp. 352–400). Some characteristic features of the nonlinear dynamics of the drop formation are discussed.
Sensitivity and feedback of wind-farm-induced gravity waves
Authors: Allaerts Dries , Meyers Johan 
Published: January 2019

Flow blockage by large wind farms leads to an upward displacement of the boundary layer, which may excite atmospheric gravity waves in the free atmosphere and on the interface between the boundary layer and the free atmosphere. In the current study, we assess the sensitivity of wind-farm gravity-wave excitation to important dimensionless groups and investigate the feedback of gravity-wave-induced pressure fields to wind-farm energy extraction. The sensitivity analysis is performed using a fast boundary-layer model that is developed to this end. It is based on a three-layer representation of the atmosphere in an idealised barotropic environment, and is coupled with an analytical wake model to account for turbine wake interactions. We first validate the model in two-dimensional mode with data from previous large-eddy simulations of ‘infinitely’ wide wind farms, and then use the model to investigate the sensitivity of wind-farm-induced gravity waves to atmospheric state and wind-farm configuration. We find that the inversion layer induces flow physics similar to shallow-water flow and that the corresponding Froude number plays a crucial role. Gravity-wave excitation is maximal at a critical Froude number equal to one, but the feedback on energy extraction is highest when the Froude number is slightly below one due to a trade-off between amplitude and upstream impact of gravity waves. The effect of surface friction and internal gravity waves is to reduce the flow perturbation and the related power loss by dissipating or dispersing perturbation energy. With respect to the wind-farm configuration, we find that gravity-wave-induced power loss increases with wind-farm size and turbine height. Moreover, we find that gravity-wave effects are small for very wide or very long wind farms and attain a maximum at a width-to-depth ratio of approximately $3/2$.
Fully developed and transient concentration profiles of particulate suspensions sheared in a cylindrical Couette cell
Authors: Sarabian Mohammad , Firouznia Mohammadhossein , Metzger Bloen , Hormozi Sarah 
Published: January 2019

We experimentally investigate particle migration in a non-Brownian suspension sheared in a Taylor–Couette configuration and in the limit of vanishing Reynolds number. Highly resolved index-matching techniques are used to measure the local particulate volume fraction. In this wide-gap Taylor–Couette configuration, we find that for a large range of bulk volume fraction,$\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}_{b}\in [20\,\%{-}50\,\%]$, the fully developed concentration profiles are well predicted by the suspension balance model of Nott & Brady (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 275, 1994, pp. 157–199). Moreover, we provide systematic measurements of the migration strain scale and of the migration amplitude which highlight the limits of the suspension balance model predictions.
Kolmogorov's dissipation number and the number of degrees of freedom for the 3D Navier–Stokes equations
Authors: Cheskidov Alexey , Dai Mimi 
Published: January 2019

AbstractKolmogorov's theory of turbulence predicts that only wavenumbers below some critical value, called Kolmogorov's dissipation number, are essential to describe the evolution of a three-dimensional (3D) fluid flow. A determining wavenumber, first introduced by Foias and Prodi for the 2D Navier–Stokes equations, is a mathematical analogue of Kolmogorov's number. The purpose of this paper is to prove the existence of a time-dependent determining wavenumber for the 3D Navier–Stokes equations whose time average is bounded by Kolmogorov's dissipation wavenumber for all solutions on the global attractor whose intermittency is not extreme.
Variational characterization of Hp
Authors: Liu Honghai 
Published: January 2019

AbstractIn this paper, we obtain the variational characterization of Hardy space Hp for $p\in (((n)/({n+1})),1]$, and get estimates for the oscillation operator and the λ-jump operator associated with approximate identities acting on Hp for $p\in (((n)/({n+1})),1]$. Moreover, we give counterexamples to show that the oscillation and λ-jump associated with some approximate identity cannot be used to characterize Hp for $p\in (((n)/({n+1})),1]$.
Émigré Politics and the Cold War: The National Labor Alliance (NTS), United States Intelligence Agencies and Post-War Europe
Authors: Tromly Benjamin 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThis article examines the post-war activities of the National Labor Alliance (NTS), a far-right Russian exile organisation whose members had served in German intelligence and propaganda structures during the Second World War. Using declassified CIA documents and previously untapped sources pertaining to NTS, it analyses the transformation of a semi-fascistic, collaborationist and anti-Semitic organisation into a Cold War asset of the CIA. The NTS played a role in shaping its association with US power by applying deceptive political strategies it had adopted during the interwar period and the Second World War to the new geopolitical context of divided Europe.