bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genomic analysis of the four ecologically distinct cactus host populations of Drosophila mojavensis
Authors: Allan Carson W. , Matzkin Luciano M. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackgroundRelationships between an organism and its environment can be fundamental in the understanding how populations change over time and species arise. Local ecological conditions can shape variation at multiple levels, among these are the evolutionary history and trajectories of coding genes. This study examines the rate of molecular evolution at protein-coding genes throughout the genome in response to host adaptation in the cactophilicDrosophila mojavensis. These insects are intimately associated with cactus necroses, developing as larvae and feeding as adults in these necrotic tissues.Drosophila mojavensisis composed of four isolated populations across the deserts of western North America and each population has adapted to utilize different cacti that are chemically, nutritionally, and structurally distinct.ResultsHigh coverage Illumina sequencing was performed on three previously unsequenced populations ofD. mojavensis. Genomes were assembled using the previously sequenced genome ofD. mojavensisfrom Santa Catalina Island (USA) as a template. Protein coding genes were aligned across all four populations and rates of protein evolution were determined for all loci using a several approaches.ConclusionsLoci that exhibited elevated rates of molecular evolution tend to be shorter, have fewer exons, low expression, be transcriptionally responsive to cactus host use and have fixed expression differences across the four cactus host populations. Fast evolving genes were involved with metabolism, detoxification, chemosensory reception, reproduction and behavior. Results of this study give insight into the process and the genomic consequences of local ecological adaptation.
The cost-effectiveness of incentive-based active case finding for tuberculosis (TB) control in the private sector Karachi, Pakistan
Authors: Hussain Hamidah , Mori Amani Thomas , Khan Aamir J. , Khowaja Saira , Creswell Jacob , Tylleskar Thorkild , Robberstad Bjarne 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackgroundIn Asia, over 50% of patients with symptoms of tuberculosis (TB) access health care from private providers.These patients are usually not notified to the National TB Control Programs, which contributes to low notification rates in many countries.MethodsFrom January 1, 2011 to December 31, 2012, Karachi’s Indus Hospital - a private sector partner to the National TB Programme - engaged 80 private family clinics in its catchment area in active case finding using health worker incentives to increase notification of TB disease. The costs incurred were estimated from the perspective of patients, health facility and the program providing TB services. A Markov decision tree model was developed to calculate the cost-effectiveness of the active case finding as compared to case detection through the routine passive TB centers. Pakistan has a large private health sector, which can be mobilized for TB screening using an incentivized active case finding strategy. Currently, TB screening is largely performed in specialist public TB centers through passive case finding. Active and passive case finding strategies are assumed to operate independently from each other.ResultsThe incentive-based active case finding program costed USD 223 per patient treated. In contrast, the center based non-incentive arm was 23.4% cheaper, costing USD 171 per patient treated. Cost-effectiveness analysis showed that the incentive-based active case finding program was more effective and less expensive per DALY averted when compared to the baseline passive case finding as it averts an additional 0.01966 DALYs and saved 15.74 US$ per patient treated.ConclusionBoth screening strategies appear to be cost-effective in an urban Pakistan context. Incentive driven active case findings of TB in the private sector costs less and averts more DALYs per health seeker than passive case finding, when both alternatives are compared to a common baseline situation of no screening.
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor modulates stroke-induced astrogliosis and neurogenesis in the adult mouse brain
Authors: Chen Wan-Ci , Chang Li-Hsin , Huang Shiang-Suo , Huang Yu-Jie , Chih Chun-Lien , Kuo Hung-Chih , Lee Yi-Hsuan , Lee I-Hui 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Background
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a ligand-dependent transcription factor activated by environmental agonists and dietary tryptophan metabolites for the immune response and cell cycle regulation. Emerging evidence suggests that AHR activation after acute stroke may play a role in brain ischemic injury. However, whether AHR activation alters poststroke astrogliosis and neurogenesis remains unknown.

Methods
We adopted conditional knockout of AHR from nestin-expressing neural stem/progenitor cells (AHRcKO) and wild-type (WT) mice in the permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model. WT mice were treated with either vehicle or the AHR antagonist 6,2′,4′-trimethoxyflavone (TMF, 5 mg/kg/day) intraperitoneally. The animals were examined at 2 and 7 days after MCAO.

Results
The AHR signaling pathway was significantly upregulated after stroke. Both TMF-treated WT and AHRcKO mice showed significantly decreased infarct volume, improved sensorimotor, and nonspatial working memory functions compared with their respective controls. AHR immunoreactivities were increased predominantly in activated microglia and astrocytes after MCAO compared with the normal WT controls. The TMF-treated WT and AHRcKO mice demonstrated significant amelioration of astrogliosis and microgliosis. Interestingly, these mice also showed augmentation of neural progenitor cell proliferation at the ipsilesional neurogenic subventricular zone (SVZ) and the hippocampal subgranular zone. At the peri-infarct cortex, the ipsilesional SVZ/striatum, and the hippocampus, both the TMF-treated and AHRcKO mice demonstrated downregulated IL-1β, IL-6, IFN-γ, CXCL1, and S100β, and concomitantly upregulated Neurogenin 2 and Neurogenin 1.

Conclusion
Neural cell-specific AHR activation following acute ischemic stroke increased astrogliosis and suppressed neurogenesis in adult mice. AHR inhibition in acute stroke may potentially benefit functional outcomes likely through reducing proinflammatory gliosis and preserving neurogenesis.
The effect of spinal manipulative therapy on heart rate variability and pain in patients with chronic neck pain: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Galaasen Bakken Anders , Axén Iben , Eklund Andreas , O’Neill Søren 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Background
Recent experimental research has suggested that spinal manipulative therapy (SMT) may reduce pain through modulation of the ascending pain signals and/or the central pain-regulating mechanisms. People with persistent neck pain (NP) have also been found to have disturbances in autonomic nervous system (ANS) regulation. A common way to study the ANS is to measure heart rate variability (HRV). It is not known whether deviations in HRV are related to changes in pain perception or to the treatment response to SMT.
Commonly, an individual in pain will experience pain reduction when exposed to a second pain stimulus, a mechanism known as conditioned pain modulation (CPM). Patients with persistent pain have been found to have a reduced CPM reaction. It is not known whether this is predictive of treatment response to SMT.
The aim of the study is to examine the effects of SMT on HRV and pain. Further, a secondary aim is to test whether a CPM test can be used to predict treatment response in a population of patients with recurrent and persistent NP.

Method/design
A multicentre randomized controlled clinical trial will be carried out in multidisciplinary primary care clinics. This setting is chosen to minimize bias resulting from patient preference for the treatment modality and provider.
The subjects are either self-referred or referred from other health care practitioners locally. The treatment modalities are two well-known interventions for NP; SMT and stretching exercises compared to stretching exercises alone.
HRV will be measured using a portable heart monitor. The subjective pain experience will be investigated by assessing pain intensity and the affective quality of pain. CPM will be measured with a standardized cold pressor test. Measurements will be performed three times during a 2-week treatment series.

Discussion
The study will utilize normal clinical procedures, which should aid the transferability and external validity of the results. The study will provide knowledge regarding the underlying mechanisms of the effects of SMT. Furthermore, the study will examine whether a CPM test is predictive of treatment outcome in a population of patients with recurrent and persistent NP.

Trial registration
ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03576846. Registered on 3 July 2018.
Identification of significant proxy variable for the physiological status affecting salt stress-induced lipid accumulation in Chlorella sorokiniana HS1
Authors: Oh Seung Hwan , Chang Yong Keun , Lee Jay Hyung 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Background
Current efforts on the optimization of the two-stage cultivation using stress-induced lipid accumulation have mostly focused only on the lipid induction stage. Although recent studies have shown that stress-induced lipid accumulation is affected by the physiological status of the cells harvested at the preceding cultivation stage, this issue has hardly been examined hitherto. Such a study needs to be carried out in a systematic way in order to induce lipid accumulation in a consistent and predictable manner with regard for variances seen at the cultivation stage.

Results
After a photoautotrophic cultivation of Chlorella sorokiniana HS1 in a modified BG11, harvested cells were re-suspended in the fresh medium, and then NaCl was added as the sole stress inducer with light illumination to induce additional accumulation of lipid. Effects of culture temperature on the lipid accumulation were analyzed by the Kruskal–Wallis test. From the microscopic observation, we had observed a definite increase in lipid body induced by the stress since the cell entered a stationary phase. A multiple linear regression model was developed so as to identify significant parameters to be included for the estimation of lipid induction. As a result, several key parameters at the end of cultivation, such as cell weight, total lipid content, chlorophyll a in a cell, and Fv/Fm, were identified as the important proxy variables for the cell’s physiological status, and the modeling accuracy was achieved by 87.6%. In particular, the variables related to Fv/Fm were shown to have the largest influence, accounting for 65.7% of the total variance, and the Fv/Fm had an optimal point of maximum induction at below its average. Clustering analysis using the K-means algorithm indicated that the algae which are 0.15 pg cell−1 or less in chlorophyll concentration, regardless of other conditions, had achieved high induction results.

Conclusion
Experimental results showed that it usually achieves high lipid induction after the cells naturally end their division and begin to synthesize lipid. The amount of lipid induction could be estimated by the selected proxy variables, and the estimation method can be adapted according to practical situations such as those with limited measurements.
The analysis of the Saltzman Collection of Peruvian dyes by high performance liquid chromatography and ambient ionisation mass spectrometry
Authors: Armitage Ruth Ann , Fraser Daniel , Degano Ilaria , Colombini Maria Perla 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Yarn samples from the Saltzman Collection of Peruvian dyes were characterized by several different analytical techniques: high performance liquid chromatography with both diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) and electrospray ionisation with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-Q-ToF), direct analysis in real time (DART) mass spectrometry and paper spray mass spectrometry. This report serves primarily as a database of chemical information about the colorants in these dye materials for those studying ancient South American textiles and their colorants. We also provide a comparison of the results obtained by currently widespread HPLC techniques with those of two different ambient ionisation direct mass spectrometry methods to highlight the advantages and disadvantages of these approaches.
DAKWAH BERBASIS KEBUDAYAAN SEBAGAI UPAYA MEMBANGUN MASYARAKAT MADANI DALAM SURAT AL-NAHL: 125
Authors: Kurdi Alif Jabal 
Published: October 2019

Islam has been present in Indonesia to bring change to a better direction. Islam is not directly accepted by the people of Indonesia. As a step of the initiative of Islamic missionaries in Indonesia, it uses an approach that deals with matters that are inherent in the everyday life of Indonesian society. One of the most effective approaches to spreading Islam is through culture. Indeed, what has been done by Indonesian Islamic preachers reflects the spirit of dakwah, which is recommended by Allah in his word (Q.S. al-Nahl: 125). As a contextualized form of the Rasulullah dakwah method, Islamic preachers in Indonesia have presented Islam really in its context as a religion, not as an Arabic cultural product, as it has recently been misunderstood by some. Through socio-historical-contextual approaches with linguistic analysis based on the interpretation of the scholar's linguistic and social use theory and the use of gratification theory introduced by Herbert Blumer and Elihu Katz, this paper will reveal the values and messages of practice preaching the Prophet to Arab society in his time linked to the practice of dakwah Ulama Indonesia so as to make people aware of the importance of culture in building a civil life, which through culture.Keywords: Dakwah, al-Nahl: 125, Civic Society
Optimal Incentives Under Gift Exchange
Authors: Khan Hayat 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This paper studies optimal incentives in the presence of an agent’s preference for generosity, where the principal optimally chooses the level of generosity (rent) as well as the performance-based pay. We show that some minimum level of reciprocity is required for generous contracts to become attractive. More reciprocal agents exert greater effort, but they may not necessarily receive more generous offers, as our model predicts a hump-shaped relationship between generosity and the reciprocity parameter. This means that moderately reciprocal agents tend to receive a premium relative to weakly or strongly reciprocal agents. Generosity and performance-based pay are likely to behave as complements when risk-sharing motives (determined by noise in the environment and the agent’s degree of risk-aversion) are strong, and they are likely to behave as substitutes when risk-sharing motives are relatively moderate. Moreover, base-wage gifts are always optimal, whereas piece-rate or composite gifts are only optimal in a low-noise environment.
Folic acid decorated metal-organic frameworks loaded with doxorubicin for tumor-targeted chemotherapy of osteosarcoma
Authors: Xu Weifan , Lou Yi , Chen WangShenjie , Kang Yifan 
Published: October 2019

AbstractEffective cancer therapy usually requires the assistance of well-designed drug carriers. In order to increase the drug accumulation to tumor tissue as well as to reduce the side effects of drug carriers, the hybrid drug delivery system (DDS) was developed by integrating folic acid (FA) and a metal-organic framework (MOF). The anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX) was preloaded into the MOF nanoparticles during the synthesis process of the MOF nanoparticles. After surface modification with FA, the resulting FA/MOF/DOX nanoparticles were capable of serving as a biocompatible osteosarcoma targeting a DDS to enhance the chemotherapy of osteosarcoma. The dynamic light scattering method revealed that the obtained FA/MOF/DOX nanoparticles were particles with a size around 100 nm. Moreover, FA/MOF/DOX nanoparticles could enhance the delivery efficacy of DOX into MG63 (human osteosarcoma) cells as compared to FA free nanoparticles (MOF/DOX), in which a folate receptor (FR) might be involved. It was worth mentioning that in vitro [methylthio tetrazole (MTT) study in the MG63 cells] and in vivo (anticancer study in the MG63 xenograft model) assays both revealed that FA/MOF/DOX nanoparticles possessed stronger anticancer capability than free DOX or MOF/DOX nanoparticles.
Synthesis and antioxidant activity of 2-methylthio-pyrido[3,2-e][1,2,4] triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines
Authors: Abuelizz Hatem A. , Taie Hanan A.A. , Marzouk Mohamed , Al-Salahi Rashad 
Published: October 2019

AbstractA series of 2-methylthio-pyrido-triazolopyrimidines (1-17) were prepared by the reaction of dimethyl-N-cyanoimidodithiocarbonate with hydrazinopyridine carboxylic acid as starting reactants. Their chemical structures were affirmed with HREI-MS, IR and NMR analyses. The target compounds (1-17) were evaluated for their antioxidant activity using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, ferric reduction antioxidant power (FRAP) and reducing power capability (RPC). The results revealed that some pyrido-triazolopyrimidines showed good activity as antioxidant agents, in particular, compounds 12 and 15 were found to possess good antioxidant activity. Butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT) was used as reference drug.
Is the Polish Smog a New Type of Smog?
Authors: Czerwińska Justyna , Wielgosiński Grzegorz , Szymańska Olga 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In recent years, every winter we face the problem of excessive air pollution in the cities in Poland. This phenomenon is usually called smog and is associated with the concept of acidic smog of London type. However, there is a fundamental difference between the Great Smog of London known from the literature and winter smog episodes in Poland. While in 1952 in London the smog occurred at low atmospheric pressure, in foggy and windless weather conditions, in Poland smog episodes occur most often at the influx of cold, high-pressure air masses from the east in sunny weather. There are also various harmful components of smog - in London it was dust (suspended particulate matter), sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide, while in Poland it is suspended particulate matter and polyaromatic hydrocarbons, especially benzo(a)pyrene. A common factor is the inversion of temperature in the ground level of the atmosphere. The chemical composition of the “Polish smog” is analyzed in the study justifying the need to distinguish the two types of smog described.
Bacillus subtilis BS-2 and Peppermint Oil as Biocontrol Agents Against Botrytis cinerea
Authors: Grata Katarzyna , Rombel-Bryzek Agnieszka , Ziembik Zbigniew 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess the activity of Bacillus subtilis BS-2 and peppermint oil against Botrytis cinerea. In this study parameters such as the age and the density of the bacterial culture and the incubation temperature were taken into consideration. Furthermore, the cellulolytic activity of the bacterium was determined. The effect of peppermint oil was evaluated at a concentration range of 0.5-4.0 %. The research was conducted with a dual culture plate method. The influence of B. subtilis BS-2 and peppermint oil on the growth of B. cinerea was evaluated based on the growth rate index. It was noted that the bacterial culture occurred at an initial density of OD
560 = 1.0, cultivated at 30 °C for 48 hours demonstrated the strongest antagonistic effect (57.07 % inhibition). Furthermore, it was observed that the highest cellulolytic activity occurred on the bacteria incubated for 48 hours at 37 °C. The effect of mint oil, at the lowest concentration of 0.5-1.0 %, was much weaker on bacterial activity (1.1-12.1 % inhibition). The highest concentration (4.0 %) of mint oil caused the maximum inhibition (31.9 %) of the mycelial growth. B. subtilis BS-2 may be environmental-friendly alternatives for protecting plants against B. cinerea
Near final adult height, and body mass index in overweight/obese and normal-weight children with idiopathic central precocious puberty and treated with gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs
Authors: Sinthuprasith Pattharaphorn , Dejkhamron Prapai , Wejaphikul Karn , Unachak Kevalee 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Background
The standard treatment of central precocious puberty (CPP) is gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues (GnRHa). It is a concern that children treated with GnRHa are at risk of developing obesity which could impair the treatment outcomes. This study aimed to investigate the effect of GnRHa on body mass index (BMI) standard deviation score (SDS), and the influence of BMI status on treatment outcomes in children with idiopathic CPP (iCPP).

Methods
A retrospective cohort study in children with iCPP who completed GnRHa treatment and had attained near final adult height (NFAH) was conducted. Children with a history of disease or drug ingestion which could affect their BMI were excluded. BMI, BMI SDS, height (Ht), Ht SDS, predicted adult height (PAH), and NFAH were compared at baseline, 1 and 2 years during treatment, and at NFAH according to the baseline BMI status; normal weight and overweight/obesity.

Results
Fifty-eight children with iCPP treated with GnRHa were enrolled. The BMI SDS was significantly increased at 1 and 2 years during treatment in the overweight/obese group and at 1 year during treatment in the normal-weight group. However, at NFAH (2 years after treatment discontinuation), the BMI SDS was not statistically different from baseline in both groups. Ht gain, change in Ht SDS and BMI SDS were not statistically different from the baseline in both groups.

Conclusions
GnRHa results in a transient increase in BMI SDS during treatment and returned to baseline after treatment cessation. The benefit of GnRHa treatment on final Ht improvement is similar between overweight/obese and normal-weight patients.
Point-of-care ultrasound for peripherally inserted central catheter monitoring: a pilot study
Authors: Motz Patrick , Von Saint Andre Von Arnim Amelie , Iyer Ramesh S. , Chabra Shilpi , Likes Maggie , Dighe Manjiri 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Objective
To assess the feasibility and accuracy of point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) in monitoring peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) location in neonates by non-radiologist physicians.

Methods
A prospective cohort study compared PICC localization by ultrasound in neonates with a recent radiograph. The ultrasound exam was performed using a standardized protocol with 13–6 MHz linear and 8–4 MHz phased array transducers by a neonatal-perinatal fellow who was blinded to PICC location on the radiograph.

Results
Of the 30 neonates included, 96.6% (n = 29) were preterm, with 63.3% (n = 19) weighing <1500 g. Nighty-four percent (n = 94) of ultrasound scans matched the radiograph report. The protocol had a sensitivity of 0.97, specificity of 0.66 and positive predictive value of 0.98.

Conclusion
Limited ultrasound exams to monitor PICC position in neonates using a standardized protocol by non-radiologist physicians are feasible and accurate in a single ultrasound user. Further study in multiple providers is needed before widespread use.