bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
De rechtsfilosofische grondslagen van John Griffiths’ rechtssociologie
Authors: Kiewiet Jeroen 
Published: January 2019

The legal philosophical foundation of John Griffiths’s sociology of law
The topic of this article is the legal philosophical foundation of John Griffiths’s sociology of law. Griffiths has developed his foundation of sociology of law in discussion with three positions: legal realism, Hart and Dworkin. These three positions give three different answers on the question ‘what is law?’. In the first part Griffiths’s discussion of legal realism is analyzed. From the outset, a legal realistic approach to law has the benefit of its strong focus on the empirical determinants of predicting the outcomes of cases. Problematic, according to Griffiths, is a naïve instrumentalism, often related to legal realism. The second part on Hart’s theory discussed Hart’s notion of rule-following as the core of Griffiths’s sociology of law. Also the different perspectives on law are discussed. According to Griffiths, Black’s extreme external perspective is problematic, but Hart’s moderate external perspective is also not suitable for the external comparative purpose of sociology of law. In the third part, Dworkin’s theory is discussed. Griffiths, in my opinion, unsuccessfully, tried to reconcile Dworkin’s theory with legal positivism. Dworkin’s theory is an interpretive theory from the participant’s point of view, which makes it hard to use it as an adequate foundation of an empirical theory of law. For a sociologist of law, choosing an adequate conception of law is just as important as the choice for an empirical method. The contribution of Griffiths to sociology of law is in this sense unique and of great value for the sociology of law.
De rol van intermediairs in het Nederlandse prostitutiebeleid
Authors: Zeegers Nicolle 
Published: January 2019

The role of intermediaries in Dutch prostitution policy. Top-down application or bottom-up adjustment of rules?
Similar to the more current Regulator Intermediary Target (RIT) model, Griffiths’ Social Working (SW) theory points to the relevance of intermediaries for explaining rule following behavior. In this article, the author applies both theories (RIT and SW) concerning the role of intermediaries in rule following to explain developments in Dutch prostitution policy: the non-implementation of the emancipatory, sex workers’ rights based approach, and its replacement by a more repressive policy of closing down sex facilities. The analysis shows that although both theories contain useful starting point for explaining these developments, the SW theory’s special value is its acknowledgement of how regulatory intermediaries operate in a social field with existing social rules and a specific balance of power. Such rules and power relations have put barriers to the implementation of the Dutch prostitution policy as formulated in 1999. As illustrated in the article, the SW- theory offers more tools than the RIT- model for an analysis of how legal rules work in practice.
Verdergaan met de sociale-werkingsbenadering
Authors: Weyers Heleen 
Published: January 2019

Continuing to develop the social working approach
John Griffiths’ social working approach of legislation tries to estimate the direct effects of laws which prescribe certain behavior. The basic idea of the approach is that rule-guided behavior (direct effect) is influenced by the different groups citizens belong to. Griffiths refers to these groups using the concept coined by Sally Moore (1971) ‘semi-autonomous social fields’. Although Griffiths never formulated hypotheses regarding the relation between SASFs and direct effects, the article explores two of them: If the relevant SASFs accept the new norm, direct effects will occur; and if the relevant SASFs are not ‘though’ (and don’t accept the new norm) direct effects will occur. These two hypotheses are related to the results of smoking bans in bars in the Netherlands. The acceptance of the smoking bans in bars is low. The thoughness of the SASFs in bars and their organization differ in time and so did the compliance with the smoking bans. Because this article is not based on research that depart from the hypotheses, further research based on the hypotheses is needed to draw firm conclusions. The article is rounded up with a plea to use Griffiths approach in impact assessments of legislation.
Boundary Regularity and Nontransversal Intersection for the Fully Nonlinear Obstacle Problem
Authors: Indrei Emanuel 
Published: January 2019

AbstractIn this paper a classification is given of blowup solutions at the intersection of the free and fixed boundary corresponding to obstacle problems generated by fully nonlinear, uniformly elliptic operators. As a consequence, nontransversal intersection is shown to hold in any dimension. Several regularity results are also obtained. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
MRI breast screening revisited
Authors: Heller Samantha L. , Moy Linda 
Published: January 2019

Contrast‐enhanced breast MRI is a standard evidence‐based component of supplemental screening in conjunction with mammography for higher‐risk populations because of its high sensitivity for detecting breast cancer; the use of breast MRI for screening in high‐risk populations is recommended in multiple national and international guidelines. The current MRI exam, however, is expensive relative to other screening technologies such as mammography, and relatively more time‐intensive. Recent investigations have focused on techniques that have the potential for improving efficiency of the breast MRI exam, decreasing acquisition and reading times, without impacting diagnostic accuracy. The purpose of this article is therefore to provide an overview of current MRI guidelines for screening for breast cancer and to discuss evolving technological approaches to breast MRI, in particular abbreviated and ultrafast MRI protocols, as well as MRI protocols without contrast that have the potential to improve MRI screening.Level of Evidence: 5Technical Efficacy Stage: 2J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;49:1212–1221.
Pride in my past: Influencing sustainable choices through behavioral recall
Authors: Rowe Zoe O. , Wilson Hugh N. , Dimitriu Radu , Charnley Fiona J. , Lastrucci Giovanna 
Published: January 2019

AbstractEmotional appraisal research has demonstrated that recalling a past behavior and its associated emotions can influence future behavior. However, how such recalled emotions shape sustainable consumer choice has not been examined. This study examines the role of recalled pride and guilt in shaping sustainable purchase intentions and the mediating role of anticipated pride and guilt. A conceptual model is proposed for motivating sustainable purchase intentions through the emotions associated with the behavioral recall. The model is applied in two experiments with online consumers examining purchase intentions of low carbon cars. Recalling feelings of pride associated with a past sustainability‐related behavior increases sustainable purchase intention, as compared with a neutral recall. This effect occurs through the mediation of both anticipated pride at the prospect of a sustainable behavior choice and anticipated guilt if the future choice is not sustainable. Similar hypotheses relating to recalled guilt at past unsustainable behavior were not supported. The study contributes to research on sustainable consumption, revealing an emotional route by which past behavior can influence future behavior. It also adds to emotional appraisal research by showing the role of specific self‐conscious emotions in forming this route, as prior research has focused more broadly on emotional valence.
Retrospective Application of the 2015 American Thyroid Association Guidelines for Ultrasound Classification, Biopsy Indications, and Follow-up Imaging of Thyroid Nodules: Can Improved Reporting Decrease Testing?
Authors: Mohammadi Manijeh , Betel Carrie , Burton Kirsteen Rennie , Higgins Kevin McLughlin , Ghorab Zeina , Halperin Ilana Jaye 
Published: January 2019

Introduction Thyroid ultrasound has been widely used to determine which nodules need further investigation. The goal of this study is to determine if using an ultrasonographic features checklist based on 2015 American Thyroid Association (ATA) guidelines can improve reporting and decrease unnecessary further testing. Methods In this retrospective study, ultrasonographic images of all nodules biopsied at our institution in 2014 and 2015 were reviewed by radiologists blinded to fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy result using a checklist. The checklist was prepared based on 2015 ATA guidelines. The ultrasonographic characteristics of thyroid nodules were compared with the result of biopsy to determine positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), sensitivity, and specificity for predicting malignancy. Radiologists also made an overall recommendation on need for FNA. Results A total of 425 thyroid nodule ultrasound scans were reviewed by radiologists. Biopsy results of 31 nodules were malignant and 394 were non-malignant. Malignant nodules showed higher frequency of solid composition, hypoechoechogenicity, and cervical lymph node involvement compared to benign nodules. Solid nodule composition had the highest PPV (13%) and NPV (94.7%). Extra-thyroid extension had the highest specificity (90.1%). Lesion vascularity had the highest sensitivity (83.8%), followed by hypoechogenicity (65.6%). Overall, the checklist had a positive predictive value of 9%, negative predictive value of 97.5%, sensitivity of 96.8%, and specificity of 11.14%. Radiologists determined that 10% of the nodules were very low-risk and did not require FNA. Conclusion Using a checklist based on 2015 ATA guideline thyroid nodule ultrasonographic features is a sensitive tool with high NPV to predict benign thyroid nodule, thereby preventing unnecessary FNAs.
The Efficacy of Computed Tomography-Guided Percutaneous Spine Biopsies in Determining a Causative Organism in Cases of Suspected Infection: A Systematic Review
Authors: Sertic Madeleine , Parkes Leighanne , Mattiassi Sabrina , Pritzker Kenneth , Gardam Michael , Murphy Kieran 
Published: January 2019

Purpose In suspected spondylodiscitis and vertebral osteomyelitis, computed tomography (CT)-guided biopsies are often performed to determine a causative organism and guide antimicrobial therapy. The aim of this study is to determine the diagnostic culture yield of CT-guided biopsies performed in cases of suspected spinal infections. Methods A literature search of PubMed and MEDLINE up to April 2017 was performed for keywords “CT guided vertebral biopsy infection,” “CT-guided spine biopsy infection,” “CT guided spine biopsy yield,” and “CT guided vertebral biopsy yield.” Inclusion criteria primarily consisted of studies exclusively using CT-guided biopsies in cases of suspected infectious lesions only. After study selection, published articles were analysed to determine diagnostic culture yield. Descriptive statistics were applied. Results 220 search results were screened; 11 met our inclusion criteria and were reviewed. In total, 647 biopsies of suspected infectious spinal lesions were performed. Positive cultures were obtained in 241 cases. Upon excluding one paper's skewed results, the net pooled results culture yield was 33%. Several cultures grew multiple organisms, leading to a total of 244 species identified. Most common isolated organisms include S taphylococcus aureus (n = 83), coagulase-negative S taphylococcus (n = 45), and Mycobacteria (n = 38). Conclusions The diagnostic culture yield of CT-guided biopsies in cases of suspected spinal infection is 33%. In the majority of cases, a causative organism is not identified. This suggests that improvements can be made in biopsy technique and specimen transfer to optimize culture yield and increase the clinical value of the procedure.
Interobserver Variation of Colonic Polyp Measurement at Computed Tomography Colonography
Authors: Dulku Gurjeet , Hewavitharana Chandra , Halliday Tonya , Ramsay Duncan , Ho Richard , Phillips Michael , Mendelson Richard 
Published: January 2019

Background The concept of “advanced polyps” is well accepted and is defined as polyps ≥10 mm and/or those having a villous component and/or demonstrating areas of dysplasia. Of these parameters, computed tomography colonography (CTC) can only document size. The accepted management of CTC-detected “advanced polyps” is to recommend excision if feasible, whereas the management of “intermediate” (6–9 mm) polyps is more controversial, and interval surveillance may be acceptable. Therefore, distinction between 6-9 mm and ≥10 mm is important. Methods Datasets containing 26 polyps originally reported as between 8-12 mm in diameter were reviewed independently by 4 CTC-accredited radiologists. Observers tabulated the largest measurement for each polyp on axial, coronal, sagittal, and endoluminal views at lung-window settings. These measurements were also compared to those determined by the computer-aided detection (CAD) software. Results The interobserver reliability intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) for sagittal projection was 0.80 (“excellent” category of Hosmer and Lemeshow [2004]), 0.71 for axial (“acceptable”), 0.69 for coronal, and 0.41 for endoluminal (“unacceptable”). The largest of sagittal/axial/coronal measurement gave the best reliability with the smallest variance (ICC = 0.80; 95% CI 0.67–0.89). For 8 of 26 polyps, at least one radiologist's measurement placed the polyp in a different category compared to a colleague. For the majority of the polyps, the CAD significantly overestimated the readings compared to the largest of the manual measurements with an average difference of 1.6 mm ( P < .0001 for sagittal/axial/coronal). This resulted in 33% of polyps falling into a different category—10% were lower and 23% were higher ( P < .034). Conclusion It is apparent that around the cutoff point of 10 mm between “advanced” and “intermediate” polyps, interobserver performance is variable.
Imaging-Based 3-Dimensional Printing for Improved Maxillofacial Presurgical Planning: A Single Center Case Series
Authors: Guest Will , Forbes Diana , Schlosser Colin , Yip Stephen , Coope Robin , Chew Jason 
Published: January 2019

Purpose 3-D printing is an increasingly widespread technology that allows physical models to be constructed based on cross-sectional medical imaging data. We sought to develop a pipeline for production of 3-dimensional (3-D) models for presurgical planning and assess the value of these models for surgeons and patients. Methods In this institutional review board–approved, single-center case series, participating surgeons identified cases for 3-D model printing, and after obtaining patient consent, a 3-D model was produced for each of the 7 participating patients based on preoperative cross-sectional imaging. Each model was given to the surgeon to use during the surgical consent discussion and preoperative planning. Patients and surgeons completed questionnaires evaluating the quality and usefulness of the models. Results The 3-D models improved surgeon confidence in their operative approach, influencing the choice of operative approach in the majority of cases. Patients and surgeons reported that the model improved patient comprehension of the surgery during the consent discussion, including risks and benefits of the surgery. Model production time was as little as 4 days, and the average per-model cost was $350. Conclusions 3-D printed models are useful presurgical tools from both surgeon and patient perspectives. Development of local hospital-based 3-D printing capabilities enables model production with rapid turnaround and modest cost, representing a value-added service for radiologists to offer their surgical colleagues.
Retrospective Analysis of Emergency Computed Tomography Imaging Utilization at an Academic Centre: An Analysis of Clinical Indications and Outcomes
Authors: Seidel Jason , Bissell Mary Beth , Vatturi Sannihita , Hartery Angus 
Published: January 2019

Purpose To explore resource utilization through evaluation of computed tomography (CT) imaging trends in the emergency department by examining common indications/outcomes for imaging in this setting. Methods A retrospective analysis of clinical indications/outcomes for all CT imaging in 3 emergency departments over a 1-year period was conducted. Scans were divided by body part and the most common indications for each type of scan were determined. Clinical outcomes from each study were extracted from final interpretations by the reporting radiologist. Results A total of 4556 CT scans were performed in the emergency department over a 1-year period. A total of 3.6% of all-comers to our emergency departments underwent CT scan as part of their investigation. There were 2107 head CTs (46%), 1296 (28%) abdominal CTs, 468 (10%) CTs of the chest, 408 (9%) CTs of the neck/spine, and 101 (2%) extremity CTs performed. The most common clinical indication for performing a CT head was focal neurological defect comprising 1534 (73%) of all CT heads. Twenty-four percent of abdominal CTs were for investigation of right lower quadrant pain, followed by flank pain (19%). Chest pain and shortness of breath were the most common indications for CTs of the chest (315 [75%]) with 10% of these examinations for this indication positive for pulmonary embolism. Trauma was the most common indication for neck CTs (296 [73%]) and extremities (70 [69%]). Nil acute was the most common final interpretation in all categories (79% CT heads, 75% neck CTs, 38% abdominal CTs, 43% chest CTs). Conclusions Nil acute was the most common diagnosis; however, serious clinical outcomes were identified 40% of the time. Cross-sectional imaging remains an integral tool for triage and diagnosis in this environment as the cost of missing a diagnosis in this setting has a great impact on patient care.
Applicability of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Assessment of Fetal Urinary Tract Malformations
Authors: Fazecas Tatiana Mendonça , Araujo Júnior Edward , Werner Heron , Daltro Pedro , Peixoto Alberto Borges , Lima Glaucia Macedo , Barbosa Adauto Dutra 
Published: January 2019

Objective To assess the applicability of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to complement ultrasound in the diagnosis of fetal urinary tract anomalies. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study that included 41 women between 19 weeks and 37 weeks and 6 days of gestation carrying fetuses with malformations of the urinary tract which were initially diagnosed by ultrasound and then referred for MRI. In all cases, the diagnosis was confirmed after birth either through imaging or autopsy. A surface coil was positioned over the abdomen and T2-weighted sequences were obtained in the axial, coronal, and sagittal planes; T1 in at least one plane; and three-dimensional (3-D) TRUFI in fetuses with dilatation of the urinary tract. Results Mean gestational age at the time of MRI examination was 28.21 weeks. The rapid T2 sequences allowed all the anomalies of the fetal urinary tract to be assessed, whereas 3-D TRUFI sequencing proved very useful in evaluating anomalies involving dilatation of the urinary tract. The signs of pulmonary hypoplasia characterized by hypointense signal in the T2-weighted sequences were identified in 13 of the 41 fetuses. Conclusion MRI confirmed and added information to the ultrasound regarding fetal urinary tract anomalies, as well as information related to the other associated malformations, their progress in the prenatal period, and possible postnatal prognosis.
Trends in health service use and potentially avoidable hospitalizations before Alzheimer's disease diagnosis: A matched, retrospective study of US Medicare beneficiaries
Authors: Desai Urvi , Kirson Noam Y. , Ye Wenyu , Mehta Nori R. , Wen Jody , Andrews J. Scott 
Published: January 2019

AbstractIntroductionThis study evaluates rates of all‐cause emergency department visits, all‐cause hospitalizations, potentially avoidable hospitalizations, and falls in 3 years preceding Alzheimer's disease (AD) diagnosis.MethodsPatients with AD and controls with no cognitive impairment were identified from the Medicare claims data. Patients were required to be aged ≥ 65 years and have continuous Medicare enrollment for ≥4 years before the index date (AD cohort: first AD diagnosis in 2012–2014; controls: randomly selected medical claim). Outcomes for each preindex year were compared among propensity score‐matched cohorts.ResultsEach year, before index, patients with AD were more likely to have all‐cause emergency department visits, all‐cause hospitalizations, potentially avoidable hospitalizations, and falls (P < .05 for all comparisons) than matched controls (N = 19,679 pairs). Increasing absolute and relative risks over time were observed for all outcomes.DiscussionThe study findings highlight the growing burden of illness before AD diagnosis and emphasize the need for timely recognition and management of patients with AD.
Surface‐ and voxel‐based brain morphologic study in Rett and Rett‐like syndrome with MECP2 mutation
Authors: Shiohama Tadashi , Levman Jacob , Takahashi Emi 
Published: January 2019

AbstractRett syndrome (RTT) is a rare congenital disorder which in most cases (95%) is caused by methyl‐CpG binding protein 2 (MECP2) mutations. RTT is characterized by regression in global development, epilepsy, autistic features, acquired microcephaly, habitual hand clapping, loss of purposeful hand skills, and autonomic dysfunctions. Although the literature has demonstrated decreased volumes of the cerebrum, cerebellum, and the caudate nucleus in RTT patients, surface‐based brain morphology including cortical thickness and cortical gyrification analyses are lacking in RTT. We present quantitative surface‐ and voxel‐based morphological measurements in young children with RTT and Rett‐like syndrome (RTT‐l) with MECP2 mutations. The 8 structural T1‐weighted MR images were obtained from 7 female patients with MECP2 mutations (3 classic RTT, 2 variant RTT, and 2 RTT‐l) (mean age 5.2 [standard deviation 3.3] years old). Our analyses demonstrated decreased total volumes of the cerebellum in RTT/RTT‐l compared to gender‐ and age‐matched controls (t (22)=‐2.93, p = .008, Cohen's d = 1.27). In contrast, global cerebral cortical surface areas, global/regional cortical thicknesses, the degree of global gyrification, and global/regional gray and white matter volumes were not statistically significantly different between the two groups. Our findings, as well as literature findings, suggest that early brain abnormalities associated with RTT/RTT‐l (with MECP2 mutations) can be detected as regionally decreased cerebellar volumes. Decreased cerebellar volume may be helpful for understanding the etiology of RTT/RTT‐l.