bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of autostereoscopic holograms on anatomical knowledge: a randomised trial
Authors: Hackett Matthew , Proctor Michael 
Published: October 2018

ContextThree‐dimensional (3‐D) visualisation in anatomical education has been shown to be broadly beneficial for students. However, there is limited research on the relative efficacy of 3‐D modalities. This study compares knowledge performance, mental effort and instructional efficiency between autostereoscopic 3‐D visualisation (holograms), monoscopic 3‐D visualisation (3‐DPDFs) and a control (2‐D printed images).MethodsA cardiac anatomy model was used to generate holograms, 3‐DPDFs and 2‐D printed images. Nursing student participants (n = 179) were randomised into three groups: holograms (n = 60), 3‐DPDFs (n = 60) and printed images (n = 59). Participants completed a pre‐test followed by a self‐study period using the anatomical visualisation. Afterwards, participants completed the NASA‐Task Load Index (NASA‐TLX) cognitive load instrument and a knowledge post‐test.ResultsPost‐test results showed participants studying with holograms (median = 80.0, interquartile range [IQR] = 66.7–86.7) performed significantly better regarding cardiac anatomy knowledge than participants using 3‐DPDF (median = 66.7, IQR = 53.3–80.0, p = 0.008) or printed images (median = 66.7, IQR = 53.3–80.0, p = 0.007). Mental effort scores, on a scale from 1 to 20, showed hologram (mean = 4.9, standard deviation [SD] = 3.56) and 3‐DPDF participants (mean = 4.9, SD = 3.79) reported significantly lower cognitive load than printed images (mean = 7.5, SD = 4.9, p < 0.005). Instructional efficiency (E) of holograms (E = 0.35) was significantly higher than printed images (E = −0.36, p < 0.001), although not significantly higher than 3‐DPDF (E = 0.03, p = 0.097).ConclusionsParticipants using holograms demonstrated significant knowledge improvement over printed images and monoscopic 3‐DPDF models, suggesting additional depth cues from holographic visualisation provide benefit in understanding spatial anatomy. Mental effort scores and instructional efficiency of holograms indicate holograms are a cognitively efficient instructional medium. These findings highlight the need for further study of novel 3‐D technologies and learning performance.
Education or regulation? Exploring our underlying conceptualisations of remediation for practising physicians
Authors: Bourgeois‐Law Gisèle , Varpio Lara , Regehr Glenn , Teunissen Pim W 
Published: October 2018

ContextThe remediation of practising physicians is coming to the fore in several countries in response to increasing demands for physician accountability and quality improvement initiatives in health care. However, the profession continues to grapple with the concepts and processes of remediation, particularly for physicians in practice who struggle with performance issues related to clinical competence. This suggests that current conceptualisations of remediation might be contributing to this situation. This study therefore, explored how various administration‐level stakeholders conceptualise remediation in order to construct a description of the nature and meaning of remediation.MethodsSemi‐structured interviews were conducted using purposive sampling across the range of Canadian stakeholders involved in the remediation of practising physicians, including regulatory authorities, universities, national certifying bodies and medical organisations. With the use of constructivist grounded theory processes, analysis proceeded apace with data collection in an iterative process, with initial insights guiding subsequent interviews.ResultsParticipants often simultaneously held two different conceptualisations of remediation: (i) remediation as part of an educational continuum involving different degrees of support, and (ii) remediation as a regulatory process removing an individual's educational autonomy. Interviewees moved between these two conceptualisations but did not always appear to be aware of doing so. These conceptualisations each had different implications regarding the degree to which remediation can be incorporated into professional processes of maintaining competence.ConclusionsUnderstanding that stakeholders frequently approach the complex issue of remediation with two different perspectives without conscious awareness of doing so may help to explain several challenges in the field, including the issues of what falls under the umbrella of remediation and who should be responsible for offering remediation support. Our findings suggest the need for conceptual clarity around remediation, both to ensure that we illuminate logistical dilemmas in enacting remediation and to address the stigma of ‘de‐professionalisation’ that the provision of even minor educational supports (such as feedback) might invoke by association.
Erythropoietin signal protected human umbilical vein endothelial cells from high glucose‐induced injury
Authors: Yasuda Haruka , Iwata Yasunori , Nakajima Satoshi , Furuichi Kengo , Miyake Taito , Sakai Norihiko , Kitajima Shinji , Toyama Tadashi , Shinozaki Yasuyuki , Sagara Akihiro , Miyagawa Taro , Hara Akinori , Shimizu Miho , Kamikawa Yasutaka , Sato Kouichi , Oshima Megumi , Yoneda‐Nakagawa Shiori , Kaneko Shuichi , Wada Takashi 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTAimHigh glucose (HG) induces endothelial injury in vasculature, leading to tissue injury in diabetic condition. Therefore, diabetes is one of the major cause of end‐stage kidney disease as well as cardiovascular diseases. Chronic inflammation is involved in the progression of HG‐induced cell injury. Recently, it has been reported that erythropoietin (EPO) protects the tissues from some kind of injury, such as hypoxia and mechanical stress. However, the contribution of EPO to HG‐induced tissue injury remains to be explored. Therefore, we hypothesized that EPO protects endothelial cells from HG‐induced injury via the regulation of inflammatory and anti‐inflammatory balance.MethodsWe performed genome‐wide transcriptome profiling in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), which were stimulated by HG with/without EPO treatment and detected the expression of inflammation associated genes.ResultsThe expression pattern of mRNA expression in HG stimulated HUVEC with/without EPO were different in hieralchial clustering analysis. While inflammatory cytokines/chemokines mRNA expression were increased by the HG stimulation in HUVEC, Th2‐related cytokine receptors and intracellular signaling molecules showed the reduced mRNA expression levels. EPO treatment reduced inflammatory cytokines/chemokines mRNA expression and increased Th2‐related cytokine mRNA expression levels. Moreover, EPO stimulation increased mRNA expression of EPO receptor and β‐common receptor.ConclusionEPO signaling protects HG‐induced cell injury by the regulation of immune balance.
Accumulation of phosphoinositides in distinct regions of the periarbuscular membrane
Authors: Ivanov Sergey , Harrison Maria J. 
Published: October 2018

Summary

Phosphoinositides and phosphatidic acid are small anionic lipids that comprise a minor proportion of total membrane lipids in eukaryotic cells but influence a broad range of cellular processes including endomembrane trafficking, signaling, exocytosis and endocytosis.

To investigate the spatial distribution of phosphoinositides during arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis, we generated fluorescent reporters of PI(4,5)P2 and PI4P, as well as phosphatidic acid and diacylglycerol and used them to monitor lipid distribution on the cytoplasmic side of membrane bilayers in colonized cortical cells.

The PI4P reporter accumulated strongly on the periarbuscular membrane (PAM) and transiently labeled Golgi bodies, while the PA reporter showed differential labeling of endomembranes and the PAM. Surprisingly, the PI(4,5)P2 reporter accumulated in small, discrete regions of the PAM on the arbuscule trunks, frequently in two regions on opposing sides of the hypha. A mutant reporter with reduced PI(4,5)P2 binding capacity did not show these accumulations.

The PI(4,5)P2‐rich regions were detected at all phases of arbuscule development following branching, co‐localized with membrane marker proteins potentially indicating high membrane bilayer content, and were associated with an alteration in morphology of the hypha. A possible analogy to the biotrophic interfacial membrane complex formed in rice infected with Magnaporthe orzyae is discussed.
Comparison of host susceptibilities to native and exotic pathogens provides evidence for pathogen‐imposed selection in forest trees
Authors: Freeman Jules S. , Hamilton Matthew G. , Lee David J. , Pegg Geoff S. , Brawner Jeremy T. , Tilyard Paul A. , Potts Brad M. 
Published: October 2018

Summary

The extent to which spatial structuring of host resistance in wild plant populations reflects direct pathogen‐imposed selection is a subject of debate. To examine this issue, genetic susceptibilities to an exotic and a coevolved native fungal pathogen were compared using two Australian host tree species.

Damage to common host germplasm of Corymbia citriodora ssp. variegata (CCV) and Eucalyptus globulus, caused by recently introduced (Austropuccinia psidii) and native (Quambalaria pitereka and Teratosphaeria sp.) pathogens was evaluated in common‐garden experiments.

There was significant additive genetic variation within host species for susceptibility to both the exotic and native pathogens. However, susceptibility to A. psidii was not genetically correlated with susceptibility to either native pathogen, providing support for pathogen‐specific rather than general mechanisms of resistance.

Population differentiation (QST) for susceptibility to the native pathogens was greater than neutral expectations (molecular FST), arguing for divergent selection. Coupled with lower native, but not exotic, pathogen susceptibility in host populations from areas climatically more prone to fungal proliferation, these findings suggest that pathogen‐imposed selection has contributed directly to a geographic mosaic of host resistance to native pathogens.
Evolution of phytolith deposition in modern bryophytes, and implications for the fossil record and influence on silica cycle in early land plant evolution
Authors: Thummel Ryan V. , Brightly William H. , Strömberg Caroline A. E. 
Published: October 2018

Summary

Anecdotal evidence indicating substantial silica accumulation in tissues of bryophytes suggests that silica (phytolith) deposition evolved early on in embryophytes. To test this hypothesis, we conducted the first survey of phytolith content representing the major liverwort, moss and hornwort clades. We also assessed the diagnostic value of bryophyte phytoliths.

Silica extracted from bryophyte material through wet‐ashing was described, focusing on abundance, classifying taxa as nonproducers, light producers and higher producers; and phytolith morphotypes. Ancestral state reconstruction of these characters was performed for mosses and liverworts using published phylogenies.

Phytoliths are present in multiple subclades within liverworts, mosses and hornworts, but these phyla were not ancestrally high silica‐producers. Higher deposition occurs in liverworts and mosses with specialized water‐conducting cells.

We hypothesize that active, high silica accumulation was not ancestral for embryophytes, but became possible in clades with increased water conductance. Phytoliths of diagnostic structures (e.g. pegged rhizoids) could help track bryophyte clades or water conductance evolution in the fossil record.
Provision of micronutrients in coexisting public health programs and risk of excessive intake: regulatory considerations
Authors: Mejia Luis A. , Kuo Wan‐Yuan , Beltran‐Velazquez Filiberto 
Published: October 2018

AbstractCountries around the world have been implementing public health interventions to provide vitamins and minerals. There is a concern that the cumulative micronutrient contribution of coexisting programs, when targeting the same population, may exceed their safe levels of intake, thus potentially challenging the primum non nocere principle. We assessed the regulatory framework of such interventions and determined qualitatively whether there were provisions in the regulations that called for coordination among programs to ensure their innocuousness. Country cases from various WHO regions were selected for the study: (1) the Americas: Chile, Costa Rica, and Guatemala; (2) Africa: Malawi, Uganda, and Zambia; (3) South Asia: Bangladesh; and (4) the Western Pacific Region: China and the Philippines. We did not identify any provisions in the existing regulations requiring coordination mechanisms among interventions. However, in some countries, governments have established national micronutrient fortification commissions or alliances aimed to foster interprogram coordination. Their focus, however, has been mostly on the efficacy of the programs and less on their safety. A regulatory framework for coexisting micronutrient interventions should be comprehensive, accounting for all micronutrient sources and including regulatory provisions for coordination among programs.
Integrating intraoperative physiology data into outcome analysis for the ACS Pediatric National Surgical Quality Improvement Program
Authors: Görges Matthias , Afshar Kourosh , West Nicholas , Pi Shanshan , Bedford Julie , Whyte Simon D. 
Published: October 2018

SummaryBackgroundThe Pediatric National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (P‐NSQIP) samples surgical procedures for benchmarking and quality improvement. While generally comprehensive, P‐NSQIP does not collect intraoperative physiologic data, despite potential impact on outcomes.AimsThe aims of this study were (a) to describe a methodology to augment P‐NSQIP with vital signs data and (b) demonstrate its utility by exploring relationships that intraoperative hypothermia and hypotension have with P‐NSQIP outcomes.MethodsVital signs from 2012 to 2016 were available in a research databank. Episodes of hypotension and hypothermia were extracted and recorded alongside local P‐NSQIP data. Multivariable regression analyses were performed to explore associations with undesired outcomes, including: surgical site infection, wound disruption, unplanned return to the operating room, and blood transfusion. Model variables were selected with the Akaike information criterion using 2012‐2014 as the training set and validated with receiver operating characteristics analysis using 2015‐2016 as the testing set.ResultsData from 6737 patients were analyzed, with 43.9% female, median [interquartile range] age 5.8 [1.3‐12.4] years, undergoing procedures lasting 118 [75‐193] minutes. Hypothermia, observed in 45% of cases, was associated with wound disruption (odds ratio 1.75, 95% CI 1.1‐2.83). Hypotension, observed in 60% of cases, was associated with unplanned returns (odds ratio 1.58, 95% CI 1.02‐2.51), and transfusions (odds ratio 1.95, 95% CI 1.14‐3.52). Surgical site infection, wound disruption, unplanned return, and transfusion models had areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.69/0.67, 0.59/0.63, 0.78/0.79, and 0.92/0.93 for validation models including hypothermia/hypotension respectively.ConclusionAdding intraoperative vital signs to P‐NSQIP data allowed identification of two modifiable risk factors: hypothermia was associated with increased wound disruption, and hypotension with increased blood transfusions and unplanned returns to the operating room. These findings may motivate prospective studies and prompt other centers and P‐NSQIP to augment outcome data with intraoperative physiological data.
IN PRAISE OF A LOGIC OF DEFINITIONS THAT TOLERATES Ω‐INCONSISTENCY
Authors: Gupta Anil 
Published: October 2018

AbstractI argue that a general logic of definitions must tolerate ω‐inconsistency. I present a semantical scheme, , under which some definitions imply ω‐inconsistent sets of sentences. I draw attention to attractive features of this scheme, and I argue that yields the minimal general logic of definitions. I conclude that any acceptable general logic should permit definitions that generate ω‐inconsistency. This conclusion gains support from the application of to the theory of truth.
An Investigation of Multidimensional Energy Poverty among South African Low‐income Households
Authors: Olawumi Israel‐Akinbo Sylvia , Snowball Jeanette , Fraser Gavin 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThis paper empirically assesses multidimensional energy poverty for low‐income households in South Africa using the four waves of the National Income Dynamics Study. The study adopts the Nussbaumer et al. (Measuring Energy Poverty, 2011) methodology, the multidimensional energy poverty index (MEPI), to estimate energy poverty on 10,801 low‐income households. The results indicate that low‐income households in rural areas are more energy deprived than those in the urban areas. The MEPI score across the years in low‐income urban and rural households depicts a moderate state of energy poverty. Furthermore, low‐income households in both the urban and the rural areas are mostly deprived in the dimension of heating fuel. The study recommends that suitable measures to combat energy poverty be rural–urban specific.
text4peds: a randomised text‐messaging trial
Authors: Brownsworth Christopher , Kaniecki Timothy , Broom Matthew 
Published: October 2018

SummaryBackgroundThe use of cell phone text messaging in the medical field is of growing interest, but there are few data examining its value in medical education. The text4peds educational text‐messaging program was created for third‐year medical students preparing for the National Board of Medical Examiners (NBME) paediatric subject examination.MethodsA randomised, controlled trial was conducted with third‐year medical students on their paediatric clerkship. Students in the intervention group received daily messages consisting of multiple‐choice questions with links to online material. The control group received no text messages. The impact of the intervention was assessed by examining the participants’ NBME examination scores and by participant surveys.ResultsA total of 162 students participated in the study. There was no statistical difference between the two groups, with the texting group having a mean score of 77.7 and with the non‐texting group having a mean score of 77.8 on the NBME. Subgroup analysis examining the effect of anticipated specialty and online material interaction also failed to find any statistically significant difference. Students reported satisfaction with the program, with 84% rating the text messages as helpful. The students rated their participation as high, with 92% saying that they looked at the messages more than 60% of the time. Among those who received text messages, 90% would recommend the program to others.There was no statistical difference between the two groupConclusionA text‐messaging‐based educational tool had a perceived positive educational value for medical students. This study failed to show any statistically significant impact on NBME examination scores from the text‐messaging intervention.
Primary infection with human herpes virus type 6, post‐pediatric liver transplantation—A pathogen to remember
Authors: Pappo‐Toledano Adi , Dovrat Sara , Soufiev Zvia , Mozer‐Glassberg Yael , Krause Irit , Rom Eran , Shamir Raanan , Bilavsky Efraim 
Published: October 2018

AbstractBackgroundIn recent years, liver transplantation (LT) has become a well‐accepted therapeutic modality for children with end‐stage liver disease, with transplantation surgery being performed at a younger age. Human herpes virus 6 (HHV‐6) infection occurs in most children within the first 2 years of life, therefore, data on primary HHV‐6 infection in pediatric liver transplant recipients is scarce.ObjectiveTo describe the course of primary HHV‐6 infection after pediatric LT.MethodsMedical files, between the years 2015‐2016, of post‐LT pediatric patients with suspected primary HHV‐6 infection were reviewed. Clinical and laboratory data for enrolled cases were evaluated. Primary infection was defined as DNAemia in children who were seronegative prior to transplantation or seroconversion from negative to positive IgG posttransplantation.ResultsFour cases of primary HHV‐6 (type B) infection were identified among the 26 children who had undergone LT at our center during the study period. All patients were <1 year old and presented with fever, hepatitis, and elevated inflammatory markers, most (75%) within a short‐period posttransplantation. All were initially treated with empiric antibiotics for a suspected bacterial infection and three underwent liver biopsy, one showing signs of rejection. Three were treated with antiviral therapy with a gradual resolution of symptoms.DiscussionPrimary HHV‐6 should be taken into account in young children shortly after LT, especially when presenting with fever and elevated liver enzymes. Treatment with antiviral therapy should be considered.ConclusionsIn young infants post‐LT, a high index of suspicion may promote early detection of HHV‐6 primary infection and prevent serious complications.
The assembly pathway of complex I in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Ligas Joanna , Pineau Emmanuelle , Bock Ralph , Huynen Martijn A. , Meyer Etienne H. 
Published: October 2018

SummaryAll present‐day mitochondria originate from a single endosymbiotic event that gave rise to the last eukaryotic common ancestor more than a billion years ago. However, to date, many aspects of mitochondrial evolution have remained unresolved. Comparative genomics and proteomics have revealed a complex evolutionary origin for many mitochondrial components. To understand the evolution of the respiratory chain, we have examined both the components and the mechanisms of the assembly pathway of complex I. Complex I represents the first enzyme in the respiratory chain, and complex I deficiencies have dramatic consequences in both animals and plants. The complex is located in the mitochondrial inner membrane and possesses two arms: one embedded in the inner membrane and one protruding in the matrix. Here, we describe the assembly pathway of complex I in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Using a proteomics approach called complexome profiling, we have resolved the different steps in the assembly process in plants. We propose a model for the stepwise assembly of complex I, including every subunit. We then compare this pathway with the corresponding pathway in humans and find that complex I assembly in plants follows a different, and likely ancestral, pathway compared with the one in humans. We show that the main evolutionary changes in complex I structure and assembly in humans occurred at the level of the membrane arm, whereas the matrix arm remained rather conserved.