bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New Insight into the Evolution of Symbiotic Genes in Black Locust-Associated Rhizobia
Authors: Liu Zhenshan , Chen Weimin , Jiao Shuo , Wang Xinye , Fan Miaochun , Wang Entao , Wei Gehong 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Nitrogen fixation in legumes occurs via symbiosis with rhizobia. This process involves packages of symbiotic genes on mobile genetic elements that are readily transferred within or between rhizobial species, furnishing the recipient with the ability to interact with plant hosts. However, it remains elusive whether plant host migration has played a role in shaping the current distribution of genetic variation in symbiotic genes. Herein, we examined the genetic structure and phylogeographic pattern of symbiotic genes in 286 symbiotic strains of Mesorhizobium nodulating black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia), a cross-continental invasive legume species that is native to North America. We conducted detailed phylogeographic analysis and approximate Bayesian computation to unravel the complex demographic history of five key symbiotic genes. The sequencing results indicate an origin of symbiotic genes in Germany rather than North America. Our findings provide strong evidence of prehistoric lineage splitting and spatial expansion events resulting in multiple radiations of descendent clones from founding sequence types worldwide. Estimates of the timescale of divergence in North American and Chinese subclades suggest that black locust-specific symbiotic genes have been present in these continent many thousands of years before recent migration of plant host. Although numerous crop plants, including legumes, have found their centers of origin as centers of evolution and diversity, the number of legume-specific symbiotic genes with a known geographic origin is limited. This work sheds light on the coevolution of legumes and rhizobia.
Predictive value of intraoperative factors for complications after oesophagectomy
Authors: Xi Yong , Jin Chenghua , Wang Lijie , Shen Weiyu 
Published: June 2019

AbstractOBJECTIVESOesophagectomy for malignancy is a highly complex and difficult procedure associated with considerable postoperative complications. In this study, we aimed to identify the ability of an intraoperative factor (IPFs)-based classifier to predict complications after oesophagectomy.METHODSThis retrospective review included 251 patients who underwent radical oesophagectomy from October 2015 to December 2017. Using the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression model, we extracted IPFs that were associated with postoperative morbidity and then built a classifier. Preoperative variables and the IPF-based classifier were analysed using univariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis. A nomogram to predict the risk of postoperative morbidity was constructed and validated using bootstrap resampling.RESULTSFollowing the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression analysis, we discovered that those 4 IPF (surgical approach, lowest heart rate, lowest mean arterial blood pressure and estimated blood loss) were associated with postoperative morbidity. After stratification into low-and high-risk groups with the IPF-based classifier, the differences in 30-day morbidity (7.2% vs 70.1%, P < 0.001, respectively) and mortality (0% vs 4.7%, P = 0.029, respectively) were found to be statistically significant. The multivariable analysis demonstrated that the IPF-based classifier was an independent risk factor for predicting postoperative morbidity for patients with oesophageal cancer. The performance of the nomogram was evaluated and proven to be clinically useful.CONCLUSIONSWe demonstrated that an IPF-based nomogram could reliably predict the risk of postoperative morbidity. It has the potential to facilitate the individual perioperative management of patients with oesophageal cancer.
Annual case volume on mortality after coronary artery bypass grafting: a dose–response meta-analysis
Authors: Tie Hong-Tao , Shi Rui , Zhou Quan , Wang Kang , Zheng Xiao-Qing , Wu Qing-Chen 
Published: June 2019

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
This study evaluated the effect of both hospital and surgeon annual case volumes on patient mortality following coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG).

METHODS
PubMed and Embase databases were searched for clinical studies on CABG. The outcome was mortality, including operative mortality, in-hospital mortality and 30-day mortality.

RESULTS
Twenty-five studies involving 3 492 101 participants and 143 951 deaths were included for hospital volume, and 4 studies involving 108 356 participants and 2811 deaths were included for surgeon volume. The pooled estimate revealed that both hospital and surgeon annual case volumes were inversely associated with mortality in patients after CABG [odds ratio (OR) for hospital: 0.62, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.56–0.69; P < 0.001; OR for surgeon: 0.51, 95% CI 0.31– 0.83; P < 0.001] with high heterogeneity (hospital: I2 = 90.6%, Pheterogeneity < 0.001; surgeon: I2 = 86.8%, Pheterogeneity < 0.001). The relationship remained consistent and robust in most subgroup and sensitivity analyses. Our meta-regression analysis of time suggested that the strength of the negative associations between volume and mortality for both hospitals and surgeons remained unattenuated over time even though the CABG mortality gradually decreased over time. The dose–response analysis suggested a non-linear relationship between both hospital and surgeon annual case volumes and mortality (both Pnon-linearity = 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS
Both higher hospital and surgeon annual case volumes are associated with lower mortality in patients undergoing CABG, and the negative associations remain unattenuated over time.

Clinical registration number
The study was registered at PROSPERO as CRD42017067912.
Nine years of Indiana bat (Myotis sodalis) spring migration behavior
Authors: Roby Piper L , Gumbert Mark W , Lacki Michael J 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The endangered Indiana bat (Myotis sodalis) congregates in large hibernation groups in winter and travels after spring emergence to form summer maternity colonies, but information on migration behavior in this species remains limited to mostly band recovery observations. We tracked female Indiana bats in spring migration toward summer grounds using aerial radiotelemetry. Adult female Indiana bats were radiotagged in spring from 2009 through 2017, with 15 individuals successfully tracked to summer grounds and an additional 11 bats located in summer grounds via aerial telemetry after migration was complete. This resulted in the location of 17 previously unknown summer grounds for female Indiana bats, including adding Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi to the summer maternity range. Two of the colonies identified in this study were south of the previously known southernmost colony in Tennessee, expanding the summer maternity range for the species by 178 km. Time-stamped location fixes along the migration path provided information about nightly and overall distances traveled, duration of travel, migration speed, and weather-related influences on bat behavior. Bats traveled 164.6 ± 26.2 km (± SE) on average from hibernacula to summer grounds and were migrating for an average of 7.3 ± 1.4 calendar nights. Bats alternated between foraging and traveling throughout each night of their migration route. Nightly migration rate was 9.9 ± 0.8 km/h and bats were active on the landscape for an average of 6.1 ± 0.4 h/night. Lower nighttime temperatures and lower barometric pressure correlated with use of layover areas during a migration night. Understanding bat behavior during migration can provide pertinent information for land managers to consider in efforts to conserve potential migration corridors, foraging areas, and roosting habitats of species in decline.
Emergencies and Equivocality Under the Inherent Jurisdiction: A Local Authority v BF [2018] EWCA CIV 2962 and Southend-On-Sea Borough Council v Meyers [2019] EWHC 399 (FAM)
Authors: Pugh Amber 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
In A Local Authority v BF [2018] EWCA Civ 2962, the Court of Appeal refused to grant permission to appeal against an interim judgment that deprived a capacitous man, Mr Meyers, of his liberty. The deprivation of liberty was held to be justified on the basis that there was evidence suggesting that he was of unsound mind under Article 5(1)(e) of the European Convention on Human Rights and, in any event, it was an emergency which temporarily obviated the need to establish that he was of unsound mind. In this commentary, I argue that the decision was flawed in two respects. First, the need to establish ‘unsound mind’ could not be dispensed with because it was not an emergency and, secondly, the Court’s interpretation of ‘unsound mind’ was overly broad and cannot be reconciled with the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights. Subsequently, in Southend-On-Sea Borough Council v Meyers [2019] EWHC 399 (Fam), which was the substantive hearing of Mr Meyers’ case, Hayden J made an order preventing Mr Meyers from living with his son, with the decision being framed as a restriction on movement rather than a deprivation of liberty. I contend that the restrictions placed on Mr Meyers may amount to a deprivation of liberty. On a broader level, I argue that the use of the inherent jurisdiction to deprive vulnerable adults of their liberty is incompatible with Article 5, and that these cases demonstrate the potential for draconian decisions to be made when using a jurisdiction with shifting parameters to protect adults who are deemed to be ‘vulnerable’, a concept that is equivocal in nature.
Phat ELVIS: The inevitable effect of the Milky Way’s disc on its dark matter subhaloes
Authors: Kelley Tyler , Bullock James S , Garrison-Kimmel Shea , Boylan-Kolchin Michael , Pawlowski Marcel S , Graus Andrew S 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACT
We introduce an extension of the ELVIS project to account for the effects of the Milky Way galaxy on its subhalo population. Our simulation suite, Phat ELVIS, consists of 12 high-resolution cosmological dark matter-only (DMO) zoom simulations of Milky Way-size ΛCDM haloes [Mv = (0.7−2) × 1012 M⊙] along with 12 re-runs with embedded galaxy potentials grown to match the observed Milky Way disc and bulge today. The central galaxy potential destroys subhalos on orbits with small pericentres in every halo, regardless of the ratio of galaxy mass to halo mass. This has several important implications. (1) Most of the Disc runs have no subhaloes larger than Vmax = 4.5 km s−1 within 20 kpc and a significant lack of substructure going back ∼8 Gyr, suggesting that local stream-heating signals from dark substructure will be rare. (2) The pericentre distributions of Milky Way satellites derived from Gaia data are remarkably similar to the pericentre distributions of subhaloes in the Disc runs, while the DMO runs drastically overpredict galaxies with pericentres smaller than 20 kpc. (3) The enhanced destruction produces a tension opposite to that of the classic ‘missing satellites’ problem: in order to account for ultra-faint galaxies known within 30 kpc of the Galaxy, we must populate haloes with Vpeak ≃ 7 km s−1 (M ≃ 3 × 107 M⊙ at infall), well below the atomic cooling limit of $V_\mathrm{peak}\simeq 16 \,{\rm km} \, {\rm s}^{-1}$ (M ≃ 5 × 108M⊙ at infall). (4) If such tiny haloes do host ultra-faint dwarfs, this implies the existence of ∼1000 satellite galaxies within 300 kpc of the Milky Way.
Quantitative analysis of mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline in F344 gpt delta transgenic rats
Authors: Gi Min , Fujioka Masaki , Totsuka Yukari , Matsumoto Michiharu , Masumura Kenichi , Kakehashi Anna , Yamaguchi Takashi , Fukushima Shoji , Wanibuchi Hideki 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Quantitative analysis of the mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of the low doses of genotoxic carcinogens present in food is of pressing concern. The purpose of the present study was to determine the mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of low doses of the dietary genotoxic carcinogen 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ). Male F344 gpt delta transgenic rats were fed diets supplemented with 0, 0.1, 1, 10 or 100 ppm IQ for 4 weeks. The frequencies of gpt transgene mutations in the liver were significantly increased in the 10 and 100 ppm groups. In addition, the mutation spectra was altered in the 1, 10 and 100 ppm groups: frequencies of G:C to T:A transversion were significantly increased in groups administered 1, 10 and 100 ppm IQ in a dose-dependent manner, and the frequencies of G:C to A:T transitions, A:T to T:A transversions and A:T to C:G transversions were significantly increased in the 100 ppm group. Increased frequencies of single base pair deletions and Spi− mutants in the liver, and an increase in glutathione S-transferase placental form (GST-P)-positive foci, a preneoplastic lesion of the liver in rats, was also observed in the 100 ppm group. In contrast, neither mutations nor mutation spectra or GST-P-positive foci were statistically altered by administration of IQ at 0.1 ppm. We estimated the point of departure for the mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of IQ using the no-observed-effect level approach and the Benchmark dose approach to characterise the dose–response relationship of low doses of IQ. Our findings demonstrate the existence of no effect levels of IQ for both in vivo mutagenicity and hepatocarcinogenicity. The findings of the present study will facilitate an understanding of the carcinogenic effects of low doses of IQ and help to determine a margin of exposure that may be useful for practical human risk assessment.
Pain Intensity in the First 96 Hours After Abdominal Surgery: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Cachemaille Matthieu , Grass Fabian , Fournier Nicolas , Suter Marc R , Demartines Nicolas , Hübner Martin , Blanc Catherine 
Published: June 2019

Abstract

Objective
Multimodal pain management strategies aim to improve postoperative pain control. The purpose of this study was to analyze pain scores and risk factors for acute postoperative pain after various abdominal surgery procedures.

Methods
Data on 11 different abdominal surgery procedures were prospectively recorded. Pain intensity (rest, mobilization) and patient satisfaction at discharge were assessed using a visual analog scale (VAS; 0–10), and analgesic consumption was recorded until 96 hours postoperation. Demographic, surgery-related, and pain management–related univariate risk factors for insufficient pain control (VAS ≥ 4) were entered in a multivariate logistic regression model.

Results
A total of 1,278 patients were included. Overall, mean VAS scores were &lt;3 at all time points, and scores at mobilization were consistently higher than at rest (P &lt; 0.05). Thirty percent of patients presented a prolonged VAS score ≥4 at mobilization at 24 hours, significantly higher than at rest (14%, P &lt; 0.05). High pain scores correlated with high opioid consumption, whereas a variability of pain scores was observed in patients with low opioid consumption. The only independent risk factor for moderate and severe pain (VAS ≥ 4) was younger age (&lt;70 years, P = 0.001). The mean satisfaction score was 8.18 ± 1.29.

Conclusions
Among 1,278 patients, pain was controlled adequately during the first four postoperative days, resulting in high levels of patient satisfaction. Pain levels were higher at mobilization. Younger age was the only independent risk factor for insufficient pain control. Preventive treatment in patients &lt;70 years old and before mobilization could be evaluated for potential improvement.
Stuck in Place? A Field Experiment on the Effects of Reputational Information on Student Evaluations
Authors: Chu James , Li Guirong , Loyalka Prashant , Liu Chengfang , Rosa Leonardo , Li Yanyan 
Published: June 2019

AbstractStudies suggest that students’ prior performance can shape subsequent teacher evaluations, but the magnitude of reputational effects and their implications for educational inequality remain unclear. Existing scholarship presents two major perspectives that exist in tension: do teachers primarily use reputational information as a temporary signal that is subsequently updated in response to actual student performance? Or do teachers primarily use reputational information as a filter that biases perception of subsequent evidence, thus crystallizing student reputations and keeping previously poor-performing students stuck in place? In a field experiment, we recruited a random sample of 832 junior high school teachers from the second-most populous province of China to grade a sequence of four essays written by the same student, and we randomly assign both the academic reputation of the student and the quality of the essays produced. We find that (1) reputational information influences how teachers grade, (2) teachers rely on negative information more heavily than positive information, and (3) negative reputations are crystallized by a single behavioral confirmation. These results suggest that students can escape their prior reputations, but to do so, they must contradict them immediately, with a single confirmation sufficient to crystallize a negative reputation.
Foundations in the wild west: the Wyoming Statutory Foundation Act
Authors: Chandler Jordan S , Cone Geoffrey , Panico Paolo , Staehr Amy M 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Traditionally a civil law concept, the use of foundations as wealth management and succession planning vehicles is gaining popularity in common law jurisdictions. Wyoming is the second state in the USA to adopt common law foundation legislation that will allow for the formation and administration of statutory foundations. The Wyoming Statutory Foundation Act, effective 1 July 2019, combines elements of well-established trust and corporate law in Wyoming with classical elements of foundation legislation found in civil law jurisdictions, while also providing access to Wyoming’s privacy and asset preservation laws.
‘Race’, Black Majority Churches, and the Rise of Ecumenical Multiculturalism in the 1970s
Authors: Maiden John 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
At the beginning of the 1970s, relations between the historic British churches and the new black-led churches were usually non-existent or marked by prejudices or ambivalences. This article examines the emergence, development, and significance of a cross-cultural ecumenical dialogue sponsored by the British Council of Churches. It places this in a context of both growing white liberal interest in the ‘multi-racial’ society and the increasing public assertiveness of collective black Christian consciousness. In doing so, it contributes to our understandings of religious change in the twentieth century: both in terms of perceptions of ‘secularization’ and the complex relationship between Christianity and race relations in the decades after Windrush.
Artificial General Intelligence and Contract
Authors: Linarelli John 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The aim of this article is to inquire whether contract law can operate in a state of affairs in which artificial general intelligence (AGI) exists and has the cognitive abilities to interact with humans to exchange promises or otherwise engage in the sorts of exchanges typically governed by contract law. AGI is a long way off, but its emergence may be sudden and come in the lifetimes of some people who are alive today. How might contract law adapt to a situation in which at least one of the contract parties could, from the standpoint of a capacity to engage in promising and exchange, be an AGI? This is not a situation in which artificial intelligence (AI) operates as an agent of a human or a firm, a frequent occurrence right now. Rather, the question is whether an AGI could constitute a principal—a contract party on its own. Contract law is a good place to start a discussion about adapting the law for an AGI future because it already incorporates a version of what is known as weak AI in its objective standard for contract formation and interpretation. Contract law, in some limited sense, takes on issues of relevance from the philosophy of the mind. AGI holds the potential to transform a solution to an epistemological problem of how to prove a contract exists into solution to an ontological problem about the capacity to contract. An objection might be that contract law presupposes the existence of a person who the law recognizes as possessing the capacity to contract. Contract law itself may not be able to answer the prior question of legally recognized personhood. The answer will be to focus on how AGI cognitive architecture could be designed for compatibility for human interaction. This article focuses on that question as well.
Transumbilical Vaginoplasty Through Fractionated Miniports
Authors: El Saman Ali M. , Abou-Taleb Hesham , Khalaf Mohamed , Salama Mohamed H. , Habib Dina M. , Bahlol Mostafa , Eleraky Alshymaa H. , El Saman Dina A. , Eldeen Sabaa Shogaa , Shazly Sherif A. 
Published: June 2019

BACKGROUND:
Vaginal agenesis is a müllerian anomaly characterized by congenital absence of the vagina. In this case series, the authors describe a novel, minimally invasive technique using microport entry for treatment of complete vaginal agenesis.

TECHNIQUE:
A balloon catheter is passed through a fenestrated perfluoroalkoxy polymer resin–supporting platform, then tied by a silk suture over the caudal end of the inserter. Two 4-mm microports are created intraumbilically; one to insert the scope and the other to introduce the catheter inserter that is advanced under direct vision. The inserter loaded with a catheter is passed across the pelvic floor to position the balloon at the vaginal dimple. The balloon is inflated and tightly positioned against the dimple. The perfluoroalkoxy polymer resin piece is clamped at the umbilicus. Traction is applied to the catheter stem and increased progressively to achieve desired vaginal depth.

EXPERIENCE:
Twenty-two women aged 17–28 years with vaginal agenesis underwent microport vaginoplasty. Twenty-one women were diagnosed with müllerian agenesis and one patient with androgen insensitivity syndrome. Preoperative vaginal depth ranged between 0.5 and 3 cm. The procedure was well tolerated with no intraoperative or postoperative complications. Patients achieved neovaginal depth between 9 and 11 cm and penetrations scores increased to 80–90%.

CONCLUSION:
Microport vaginoplasty is a feasible and effective procedure for management of vaginal agenesis.