bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Longitudinal change in blood pressure is associated with cardiovascular disease mortality in a Chinese cohort
Authors: Fan Jin-Hu , Wang Jian-Bing , Wang Shao-Ming , Abnet Christian C , Qiao You-Lin , Taylor Philip R 
Published: April 2018

BackgroundA number of studies have demonstrated a J-shaped curve between blood pressure (BP) and all-cause mortality, but few studies have used longitudinal change in BP to study mortality in the Chinese population.MethodsWe performed a 30-year follow-up study to examine the association between BP (at baseline and longitudinal change) and risk of mortality in the Linxian General Population Trial Cohort. At baseline, a total of 29 584 healthy adults were enrolled in the Linxian General Population Trial in 1985 and followed through to the end of 2014. The final analysis was restricted to 29 439 participants (55% women) after exclusion of outliers. We also examined the potential effects of BP trajectory patterns during the period of 1985–1999 on sequent risk of mortality. Adjusted Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate HRs and 95% CIs.ResultsCompared with participants with normal BP, patients with prehypertension, stage 1, stage 2 or stage 3 hypertension had an increased risk of all-cause mortality, with HRs of 1.09 (95% CI 1.05 to 1.14), 1.34 (95% CI 1.28 to 1.40), 1.69 (95% CI 1.60 to 1.79) and 2.14 (95% CI 2.01 to 2.28), respectively. Relative to stable BP of normotension, having a rise in BP from normotension to hypertension or from prehypertension to hypertension both conferred an increased risk of total and cardiovascular disease and stroke mortality (total: HRs 1.22 (95% CI 1.12 to 1.34) and 1.36 (95% CI 1.23 to 1.51); cardiovascular disease: HRs 1.42 (95% CI 1.17 to 1.73) and 1.55 (95% CI 1.24 to 1.93); stroke: HRs 2.29 (95% CI 1.88 to 2.80) and 2.61 (95% CI 2.11 to 3.24), respectively).ConclusionsThese findings emphasise that development of incident hypertension in middle age could increase the risk of total, cardiovascular disease and stroke mortality, and suggest that current BP targets could be revised.Trial registration numberNCT00342654;Post-results.
Optimal location of emergency stations in underground mine networks using a multiobjective mathematical model
Authors: Lotfian Reza , Najafi Mehdi 
Published: April 2018

BackgroundEvery year, many mining accidents occur in underground mines all over the world resulting in the death and maiming of many miners and heavy financial losses to mining companies. Underground mining accounts for an increasing share of these events due to their special circumstances and the risks of working therein. Thus, the optimal location of emergency stations within the network of an underground mine in order to provide medical first aid and transport injured people at the right time, plays an essential role in reducing deaths and disabilities caused by accidentsObjectiveThe main objective of this study is to determine the location of emergency stations (ES) within the network of an underground coal mine in order to minimize the outreach time for the injured.MethodsA three-objective mathematical model is presented for placement of ES facility location selection and allocation of facilities to the injured in various stopes.ResultsTaking into account the radius of influence for each ES, the proposed model is capable to reduce the maximum time for provision of emergency services in the event of accident for each stope. In addition, the coverage or lack of coverage of each stope by any of the emergency facility is determined by means of Floyd-Warshall algorithm and graph. To solve the problem, a global criterion method using GAMS software is used to evaluate the accuracy and efficiency of the model.Conclusions7 locations were selected from among 46 candidates for the establishment of emergency facilities in Tabas underground coal mine.
Cognitive function trajectories and their determinants in older people: 8 years of follow-up in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing
Authors: Zaninotto Paola , Batty G David , Allerhand Michael , Deary Ian J 
Published: April 2018

BackgroundMaintaining cognitive function is an important aspect of healthy ageing. In this study, we examined age trajectories of cognitive decline in a large nationally representative sample of older people in England. We explored the factors that influence such decline and whether these differed by gender.MethodsLatent growth curve modelling was used to explore age-specific changes, and influences on them, in an 8-year period in memory, executive function, processing speed and global cognitive function among 10 626 participants in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. We run gender-specific models with the following exposures: age, education, wealth, childhood socioeconomic status, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, physical function, body mass index, physical activity, alcohol, smoking, depression and dementia.ResultsAfter adjustment, women had significantly less decline than men in memory (0.011, SE 0.006), executive function (0.012, SE 0.006) and global cognitive function (0.016, SE 0.004). Increasing age and dementia predicted faster rates of decline in all cognitive function domains. Depression and alcohol consumption predicted decline in some cognitive function domains in men only. Poor physical function, physical inactivity and smoking were associated with faster rates of decline in specific cognitive domains in both men and women. For example, relative to study members who were physically active, the sedentary experienced greater declines in memory (women −0.018, SE 0.009) and global cognitive function (men −0.015, SE 0.007 and women −0.016, SE 0.007).ConclusionsThe potential determinants of cognitive decline identified in this study, in particular modifiable risk factors, should be tested in the context of randomised controlled trials.
Association between admission haematocrit and mortality among men with acute ischaemic stroke
Authors: Sico Jason J , Myers Laura J , Fenton Brenda J , Concato John , Williams Linda S , Bravata Dawn M 
Published: April 2018

ObjectiveAnaemia is associated with higher mortality among patients with non-stroke cardiovascular conditions; less is known regarding the relationship between anaemia and mortality among patients with acute ischaemic stroke.MethodsMedical records were abstracted for n=3965 veterans from 131 Veterans Health Administration facilities who were admitted with ischaemic stroke in fiscal year 2007. Haematocrit values within 24 hours of admission were classified as ≤27%, 28%–32%, 33%–37%, 38%–42%, 43%–47% or ≥48%. Multivariate logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between anaemia and in-hospital, 30-day, 6-month and 1-year mortality, adjusting for age, medical comorbidities, modified Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation-III and stroke severity. Impact factors were calculated to standardise comparisons between haematocrit tier and other covariates.ResultsAmong n=3750 patients included in the analysis, the haematocrit values were ≤27% in 2.1% (n=78), 28%–32% in 6.2% (n=234), 33%–37% in 17.9% (n=670), 38%–42% in 36.4% (n=1366), 43%–47% in 28.2% (n=1059) and ≥48% in 9.1% (n=343). Patients with haematocrit ≤27%, compared with patients in the 38%–42% range, were more likely to have died across all follow-up intervals, with statistically significant adjusted ORs (aORs) ranging from 2.5 to 3.5. Patients with polycythaemia (ie, haematocrit ≥48%) were at increased risk of in-hospital mortality (aOR=2.9; 95% CI 1.4 to 6.0), compared with patients with mid-range admission haematocrits. Pronounced differences between patients receiving and not receiving blood transfusion limited our ability to perform a propensity analysis. Impact factors in the 1-year mortality model were 0.46 (severe anaemia), 0.06 (cancer) and 0.018 (heart disease).ConclusionsAnaemia is independently associated with an increased risk of death throughout the first year post stroke; high haematocrit is associated with early poststroke mortality. Severe anaemia is associated with 1-year mortality to a greater degree than cancer or heart disease. These data cannot address the question of whether interventions targeting anaemia might improve patient outcomes.
Gate length scaling optimization of FinFETs
Authors: Chen Shoumian , Shang Enming , Hu Shaojian 
Published: April 2018

This paper introduces a device performance optimization approach for the FinFET through optimization of the gate length. As a result of reducing the gate length, the leakage current (I[Formula: see text]) increases, and consequently, the stress along the channel enhances which leads to an increase in the drive current (I[Formula: see text]) of the PMOS. In order to sustain I[Formula: see text], work function is adjusted to offset the effect of the increased stress. Changing the gate length of the transistor yields different drive currents when the leakage current is fixed by adjusting the work function. For a given device, an optimal gate length is found to provide the highest drive current. As an example, for a standard performance device with I[Formula: see text] = 1 nA/um, the best performance I[Formula: see text] = 856 uA/um is at L = 34 nm for 14 nm FinFET and I[Formula: see text] = 1130 uA/um at L = 21 nm for 7 nm FinFET. A 7 nm FinFET will exhibit performance boost of 32% comparing with 14 nm FinFET. However, applying the same method to a 5 nm FinFET, the performance boosting is out of expectance comparing to the 7 nm FinFET, which is due to the severe short-channel-effect and the exhausted channel stress in the FinFET.
High USP6NL Levels in Breast Cancer Sustain Chronic AKT Phosphorylation and GLUT1 Stability Fueling Aerobic Glycolysis
Authors: Avanzato Daniele , Pupo Emanuela , Ducano Nadia , Isella Claudio , Bertalot Giovanni , Luise Chiara , Pece Salvatore , Bruna Alejandra , Rueda Oscar M. , Caldas Carlos , Di Fiore Pier Paolo , Sapino Anna , Lanzetti Letizia 
Published: April 2018

AbstractUSP6NL, also named RN-tre, is a GTPase-activating protein involved in control of endocytosis and signal transduction. Here we report that USP6NL is overexpressed in breast cancer, mainly of the basal-like/integrative cluster 10 subtype. Increased USP6NL levels were accompanied by gene amplification and were associated with worse prognosis in the METABRIC dataset, retaining prognostic value in multivariable analysis. High levels of USP6NL in breast cancer cells delayed endocytosis and degradation of the EGFR, causing chronic AKT (protein kinase B) activation. In turn, AKT stabilized the glucose transporter GLUT1 at the plasma membrane, increasing aerobic glycolysis. In agreement, elevated USP6NL sensitized breast cancer cells to glucose deprivation, indicating that their glycolytic capacity relies on this protein. Depletion of USP6NL accelerated EGFR/AKT downregulation and GLUT1 degradation, impairing cell proliferation exclusively in breast cancer cells that harbored increased levels of USP6NL. Overall, these findings argue that USP6NL overexpression generates a metabolic rewiring that is essential to foster the glycolytic demand of breast cancer cells and promote their proliferation.Significance: USP6NL overexpression leads to glycolysis addiction of breast cancer cells and presents a point of metabolic vulnerability for therapeutic targeting in a subset of aggressive basal-like breast tumors.Graphical Abstract: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/78/13/3432/F1.large.jpg. Cancer Res; 78(13); 3432–44. ©2018 AACR.
Enhanced Therapeutic Activity of Non-Internalizing Small-Molecule-Drug Conjugates Targeting Carbonic Anhydrase IX in Combination with Targeted Interleukin-2
Authors: Cazzamalli Samuele , Ziffels Barbara , Widmayer Fontaine , Murer Patrizia , Pellegrini Giovanni , Pretto Francesca , Wulhfard Sarah , Neri Dario 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Purpose: Antibody–drug conjugates and small-molecule-drug conjugates have been proposed as alternatives to conventional anticancer cytotoxic agents, with the potential to deliver bioactive payloads to the site of disease, helping spare normal tissues.
Experimental Design: Here, we describe a novel small-molecule-drug conjugate, based on a high-affinity ligand specific to carbonic anhydrase IX. The product featured a peptidic linker, suitable for cleavage in the tumor extracellular environment, and monomethyl auristatin E as cytotoxic payload.
Results: A potent anticancer activity was observed in nude mice bearing SKRC-52 renal cell carcinoma xenografts, but no durable complete responses could be observed in this model. However, when the product was administered together with L19-IL2 (a clinical-stage fusion protein capable of delivering IL2 to the tumor neovasculature), all treated mice in the combination group could be rendered tumor free, in a process that favored the influx of natural killer cells into the tumor mass. The combination of L19-IL2 and the new small-molecule-drug conjugate also eradicated cancer in 100% of immunocompetent mice, bearing subcutaneously grafted CT26 colorectal cancer cells, which stably expressed carbonic anhydrase IX.
Conclusions: These findings may be of clinical significance, because carbonic anhydrase IX is overexpressed in the majority of clear cell renal cell carcinomas and in approximately 30% of colorectal cancers. The targeted delivery of IL2 helps potentiate the action of targeted cytotoxics, leading to cancer eradication in models that cannot be cured by conventional chemotherapy. Clin Cancer Res; 24(15); 3656–67. ©2018 AACR.
Reciprocal Network between Cancer Stem-Like Cells and Macrophages Facilitates the Progression and Androgen Deprivation Therapy Resistance of Prostate Cancer
Authors: Huang Hai , Wang Chao , Liu Fei , Li Hui-Zhen , Peng Guang , Gao Xu , Dong Ke-Qin , Wang Hong-Ru , Kong De-Pei , Qu Min , Dai Li-He , Wang Kai-Jian , Zhou Zhe , Yang Jun , Yang Ze-Yu , Cheng Yan-Qiong , Tian Qin-Qin , Liu Dan , Xu Chuan-Liang , Xu Dan-Feng , Cui Xin-Gang , Sun Ying-Hao 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Purpose: Cancer stem-like cells (CSC) contribute to the progression and androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) resistance of prostate cancer. As CSCs depend on their specific niche, including tumor-associated macrophages (TAM), elucidating the network between CSCs and TAMs may help to effectively inhibit the progression and ADT resistance of prostate cancer.
Experimental Design: The underlying intracellular mechanism that sustains the stem-like characteristics of CSCs in prostate cancer was assessed via RNA sequencing, co-immunoprecipitation, chromatin immunoprecipitation, and other assays. A coculture system and cytokine antibody arrays were used to examine the interaction network between CSCs and TAMs. In addition, an orthotopic prostate cancer model was established to evaluate the in vivo effects of the combined targeting of CSCs and their interaction with TAMs on ADT resistance.
Results: Autophagy-related gene 7 (ATG7) facilitated the transcription of OCT4 via β-catenin, which binds to the OCT4 promoter, promoting CSC characteristics in prostate cancer, including self-renewal, tumor initiation, and drug resistance. In addition, CSCs remodeled their specific niche by educating monocytes/macrophages toward TAMs, and the CSC-educated TAMs reciprocally promoted the stem-like properties of CSCs, progression and ADT resistance of prostate cancer via IL6/STAT3. Furthermore, the combined targeting of CSCs and their interaction with TAMs by inhibiting ATG7/OCT4 and IL6 receptor effectively ameliorated ADT resistance in an orthotopic prostate cancer model.
Conclusions: Targeting CSCs and their niche may prove to be a more powerful strategy than targeting CSCs alone, providing a rational approach to ameliorating ADT resistance in prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res; 24(18); 4612–26. ©2018 AACR.
Morphological and molecular characterisation of Pratylenchus rwandae n. sp. (Tylenchida: Pratylenchidae) associated with maize in Rwanda
Authors: Singh Phougeishangbam Rolish , Nyiragatare Alliance , Janssen Toon , Couvreur Marjolein , Decraemer Wilfrida , Bert Wim 
Published: April 2018

Summary
Pratylenchus rwandae n. sp., a root-lesion nematode associated with maize (Zea mays) from Rwanda, is described. This new species is characterised by females of medium to large size (469-600 μm) having an offset lip region with three annuli, stylet of 13-14.6 μm long with prominent rounded or anteriorly concave knobs, short to long pharyngeal gland overlap of 10.9-34.7 μm long, variable number of lateral lines (4-14) in different regions of the body, lateral field consisting of smooth bands, oval to slightly rounded spermatheca, vulva located at 75-80% of the total body length, post-vulval uterine sac (PUS) 20.3-26.5 μm long, tail subcylindrical to conoid with variation in tail tip shape from rounded to truncate or indented with generally smooth tip, and male unknown. The results of the phylogenetic analyses based on sequences of the D2-D3 expansion regions of 28S, partial 18S and ITS of rDNA and COI of mitochondrial DNA indicate that P. rwandae n. sp. is a species within the Penetrans group and appears as a sister species to a group comprising P. convallariae, P. dunensis, P. fallax, P. oleae, P. penetrans, P. pinguicaudatus, and three other unidentified species. A comparison of important morphological characters of the closely related Pratylenchus spp. is provided.
A new species of Klabonosa Bouček (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) reared from eggs of Endochus sp. (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) from India
Authors: GUPTA ANKITA , YESHWANTH H. M. , SURESHAN P. M. 
Published: April 2018

The genus Klabonosa Bouček (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) is recorded for the first time from the Oriental region, with both sexes of K. indica Gupta, Sureshan & Yeshwanth sp. n. reared from eggs of the assassin bug Endochus sp. (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) on Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. (Moraceae). The male is formally described and illustrated for the first time for the genus.
A Satellite Study of Cloud Clusters over the Tropical North Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Martin David W. , Suomi Verner E. 
Published: April 2018

Signal enhancement is advanced as a method for isolating selected features of ATS images. The discussion covers enhancement theory, limitations, and one important application, the isolation of deep convection within tropical cloud clusters. Comparisons of brightness contoured ATS images with radar images from BOMEX test the validity of associating deep convection with very bright clouds. The enhancement technique is then applied in a census of Atlantic cloud clusters, and in case studies of individual clusters.
It is shown that in spite of difficulties involving control of the ATS signal, enhancement is an effective, precise tool for isolating selected features of ATS images. Comparisons of ATS and radar images establish a high correlation of bright areas on ATS with large radar echoes; therefore, enhanced ATS pictures emphasizing the upper levels of the brightness range effectively isolate deep convection. The brightness structure of convective clouds is such that they can be studied over a three-to four-hour period around local noon on pictures uncorrected for changes of incident and reflected radiation. A simple cosine law correction for incident radiation can appreciably extend this period.
The census and case studies show that the eastern Atlantic was at least as convectively active as the western Atlantic during June and July, 1969, and had a significantly greater total area of cloud clusters in 1969 and 1970. Convective cores have a great range of size, spacing, and lifetime: nevertheless, an ordering invariably can be perceived. This most often is in the form of lines or bands; waves, spirals, or solitary cores are also observed. Lifetimes are a few minutes to several hours or more; large cores last longer. Displacement of cloud clusters is accomplished by a complex combination of band and cell movement and propagation. Structure, as evidenced by core behavior, is varied and complex.
The Air Mass Transformation Experiment (AMTEX): Preliminary Results from 1974 and Plans for 1975
Authors: Lenschow D. H. , Agee E. M. 
Published: April 2018

The first field phase of AMTEX was conducted during 14–28 February 1974 in the vicinity of the Southwest Islands of Japan, with the operational control center at Okinawa. Investigators from Japan, Australia, and the United States participated in the experiment. The measurements and synoptic situation during the field program as well as some preliminary results are presented. The weather was characterized by a warm period from 14 to 23 February, followed by a cold period from 24 to 28 February when extensive modification of the continental air took place.
Plans for the 1975 field program, scheduled for 16 February to 3 March, are discussed. No major changes from the 1974 program are expected in 1975.
Book review: Amit Kumar Gupta, Crises and Creativities: Middle Class Bhadralok in Bengal c. 1939–52, Parimal Ghosh, What Happened to the Bhadralok and Tanika Sarkar and Sekhar Bandyopadhyay, eds., Calcutta: The Stormy Decades
Authors: Roy Tirthankar 
Published: April 2018

Amit Kumar Gupta, Crises and Creativities: Middle Class Bhadralok in Bengal c. 1939–52, Delhi: Orient BlackSwan, 2009, 320 pp. Parimal Ghosh, What Happened to the Bhadralok, Delhi: Primus Books, 2016, 200 pp. Tanika Sarkar and Sekhar Bandyopadhyay, eds., Calcutta: The Stormy Decades, Delhi: Social Science Press, 2015, 474 pp.
Faculty Wellness: Educator Burnout among Otolaryngology Graduate Medical Educators
Authors: Kavanagh Katherine R. , Spiro Jeffrey 
Published: April 2018

ObjectivesBurnout is a well‐described psychological construct with 3 aspects: exhaustion, depersonalization, and lack of personal accomplishment. The objective of this study was to assess whether faculty members of an otolaryngology residency program exhibit measurable signs and symptoms of burnout with respect to their roles as medical educators.Study DesignCross‐sectional survey.SettingOtolaryngology–head and neck surgery residency program.Subjects and MethodsFaculty members from an otolaryngology residency program, all of whom are involved in resident education, completed the Maslach Burnout Inventory–Educators Survey (MBI‐ES). The surveys were completed anonymously and scored with the MBI‐ES scoring key.ResultsTwenty‐three faculty members completed the MBI‐ES, and 16 (69.6%) showed symptoms of burnout, as evidenced by unfavorable scores on at least 1 of the 3 indices (emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, or low personal accomplishment). The faculty consistently reported moderate to high personal accomplishment and low depersonalization. There were variable responses in the emotional exhaustion subset, which is typically the first manifestation of the development of burnout.ConclusionTo our knowledge, this is the first application of the MBI‐ES to investigate burnout among otolaryngology faculty members as related to their role as medical educators. Discovering symptoms of burnout at an early stage affords a unique and valuable opportunity to intervene. Future investigation is underway into potential causes and solutions.