bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unexpected significant findings non‐related to prostate cancer identified using combined prostate‐specific membrane antigen positron emission tomography/CT and diagnostic CT scan in primary staging for prostate cancer
Authors: McEwan Louise , McBean Rhiannon , Yaxley John , Wong David 
Published: March 2019

AbstractIntroductionThere is increasing scientific evidence that whole‐body Gallium‐68 prostate‐specific membrane antigen (68Ga‐PSMA) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) improves the sensitivity of prostate cancer detection above standard staging radiology. Diagnostic IV‐contrasted CT scanning offers high‐quality recognition and delineation of organs and structures with a high sensitivity and specificity for diagnoses of many non‐prostate pathologies. At our institution, imaging for prostate cancer staging and restaging involves a 68Ga‐PSMA PET/CT scan combined with a diagnostic IV‐contrasted CT scan of the head, neck, chest, abdomen and pelvis. In this study, we aimed to determine the incidence of significant findings unrelated to prostate cancer identified when this combined imaging approach is utilized for prostate cancer imaging.MethodsIn this single‐centre retrospective review, 68Ga‐PSMA PET/CT and diagnostic IV‐contrasted CT scans undertaken for prostate cancer staging over a 12‐month period (n = 1200) were reviewed for significant findings not related to prostate cancer. In cases with a significant other finding, follow‐up imaging and/or pathology results were reviewed, where available. The overall incidence of significant other non‐prostate cancer findings was determined, as was the incidence of unsuspected neoplasms.ResultsSignificant findings, unrelated to prostate cancer, were identified in a total of 5.7% of scans (n = 68) with 3.2% (n = 38) of findings being unsuspected neoplasms.ConclusionDiagnostic quality IV‐contrasted CT combined with 68Ga‐PSMA PET/CT for staging of prostate cancer identified significant other non‐prostate cancer findings, including renal, lung, gastrointestinal and haematological malignancies. Many of these conditions impact on patient management and required further investigation or treatment prior to management of the prostate cancer.
FLOT1 promotes tumor development, induces epithelial–mesenchymal transition, and modulates the cell cycle by regulating the Erk/Akt signaling pathway in lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Zhang Louqian , Mao Yuan , Mao Qixing , Fan Weifei , Xu Li , Chen Yan , Xu Lin , Wang Jun 
Published: March 2019

BackgroundFLOT1 is a scaffolding protein of lipid rafts that is believed to be involved in numerous cellular processes. However, few studies have explored the function of FLOT1 in the development of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and the underlying mechanisms of FLOT1 activity.MethodsFLOT1 knockdown and overexpression models were constructed via lentivirus. Cell growth, invasion, migration, and apoptosis were detected to evaluate the role of FLOT1 in LUAD development. Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cell cycle regulatory markers were then examined. Finally, the influence of FLOT1 on the Erk/Akt signaling pathway was investigated.ResultsFLOT1 promoted cell growth, invasion, and migration and inhibited cell apoptosis. In addition, FLOT1 induced EMT and modulated the cell cycle by activating the Erk/Akt signaling pathway.ConclusionThe findings indicate a significant role of FLOT1 in LUAD development. Targeting FLOT1 may be a potential therapeutic strategy for LUAD.
A comparison of deep learning and citizen science techniques for counting wildlife in aerial survey images
Authors: Torney Colin J. , Lloyd‐Jones David J. , Chevallier Mark , Moyer David C. , Maliti Honori T. , Mwita Machoke , Kohi Edward M. , Hopcraft Grant C. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Fast and accurate estimates of wildlife abundance are an essential component of efforts to conserve ecosystems in the face of rapid environmental change. A widely used method for estimating species abundance involves flying aerial transects, taking photographs, counting animals within the images and then inferring total population size based on a statistical estimate of species density in the region. The intermediate task of manually counting the aerial images is highly labour intensive and is often the limiting step in making a population estimate.

Here, we assess the use of two novel approaches to perform this task by deploying both citizen scientists and deep learning to count aerial images of the 2015 survey of wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus) in Serengeti National Park, Tanzania.

Through the use of the online platform Zooniverse, we collected multiple non‐expert counts by citizen scientists and used three different aggregation methods to obtain a single count for the survey images. We also counted the images by developing a bespoke deep learning method via the use of a convolutional neural network. The results of both approaches were then compared.

After filtering of the citizen science counts, both approaches provided highly accurate total estimates. The deep learning method was far faster and appears to be a more reliable and predictable approach; however, we note that citizen science volunteers played an important role when creating training data for the algorithm. Notably, our results show that accurate, species‐specific, automated counting of aerial wildlife images is now possible.
Financial outreach and household financial constraint
Authors: Bai Yiyi , Li Zhisheng , Liu Huan 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThis paper analyses how financial outreach affects the probability of households having financial constraint (i.e. being ‘discouraged’ and ‘rejected’ for loan applications). We show that households residing in communities with more bank branches are less likely to be financially constrained. Using the distance to the closest fruit and vegetable (open) market as an instrument for financial outreach, we address the potential endogeneity problem and find our results remain robust. We further provide evidence on the negative relationship between the number of bank branches nearby and the probability of loan rejection, in particular for middle‐income young households.
Cross‐national patterns of substance use disorder treatment and associations with mental disorder comorbidity in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys
Authors: Harris Meredith G. , Bharat Chrianna , Glantz Meyer D. , Sampson Nancy A. , Al‐Hamzawi Ali , Alonso Jordi , Bruffaerts Ronny , Caldas de Almeida José Miguel , Cia Alfredo H. , de Girolamo Giovanni , Florescu Silvia , Gureje Oye , Haro Josep Maria , Hinkov Hristo , Karam Elie G. , Karam Georges , Lee Sing , Lépine Jean‐Pierre , Levinson Daphna , Makanjuola Victor , McGrath John , Mneimneh Zeina , Navarro‐Mateu Fernando , Piazza Marina , Posada‐Villa José , Rapsey Charlene , Tachimori Hisateru , ten Have Margreet , Torres Yolanda , Viana Maria Carmen , Chatterji Somnath , Zaslavsky Alan M. , Kessler Ronald C. , Degenhardt Louisa ,   on behalf of the World Health Organization's World Mental Health Surveys collaborators
Published: March 2019

AbstractAimsTo examine cross‐national patterns of 12‐month substance use disorder (SUD) treatment and minimally adequate treatment (MAT), and associations with mental disorder comorbidity.DesignCross‐sectional, representative household surveys.SettingTwenty‐seven surveys from 25 countries of the WHO World Mental Health Survey Initiative.ParticipantsA total of 2446 people with past‐year DSM‐IV SUD diagnoses (alcohol or illicit drug abuse and dependence).MeasurementsOutcomes were SUD treatment, defined as having either received professional treatment or attended a self‐help group for substance‐related problems in the past 12 months, and MAT, defined as having either four or more SUD treatment visits to a health‐care professional, six or more visits to a non‐health‐care professional or being in ongoing treatment at the time of interview. Covariates were mental disorder comorbidity and several socio‐economic characteristics. Pooled estimates reflect country sample sizes rather than population sizes.FindingsOf respondents with past‐year SUD, 11.0% [standard error (SE) = 0.8] received past 12‐month SUD treatment. SUD treatment was more common among people with comorbid mental disorders than with pure SUDs (18.1%, SE = 1.6 versus 6.8%, SE = 0.7), as was MAT (84.0%, SE = 2.5 versus 68.3%, SE = 3.8) and treatment by health‐care professionals (88.9%, SE = 1.9 versus 78.8%, SE = 3.0) among treated SUD cases. Adjusting for socio‐economic characteristics, mental disorder comorbidity doubled the odds of SUD treatment [odds ratio (OR) = 2.34; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.71–3.20], MAT among SUD cases (OR = 2.75; 95% CI = 1.90–3.97) and MAT among treated cases (OR = 2.48; 95% CI = 1.23–5.02). Patterns were similar within country income groups, although the proportions receiving SUD treatment and MAT were higher in high‐ than low‐/middle‐income countries.ConclusionsFew people with past‐year substance use disorders receive adequate 12‐month substance use disorder treatment, even when comorbid with a mental disorder. This is largely due to the low proportion of people receiving any substance use disorder treatment, as the proportion of patients whose treatment is at least minimally adequate is high.
Genetic determinants of paediatric food allergy: A systematic review
Authors: Suaini Noor H. A. , Wang Yichao , Soriano Victoria X. , Martino David J. , Allen Katrina J. , Ellis Justine A. , Koplin Jennifer J. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe genetic determinants of food allergy have not been systematically reviewed. We therefore systematically reviewed the literature on the genetic basis of food allergy, identifying areas for further investigation.MethodsWe searched three electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE and PubMed) on 9 January 2018. Two authors screened retrieved articles for review according to inclusion criteria and extracted relevant information on study characteristics and measures of association. Eligible studies included those that reported an unaffected nonatopic control group, had genetic information and were carried out in children.ResultsOf the 2088 studies retrieved, 32 met our inclusion criteria. Five were genome‐wide association studies, and the remaining were candidate gene studies. Twenty‐two of the studies were carried out in a predominantly Caucasian population with the remaining 10 from Asian‐specific populations or unspecified ethnicity. We found FLG, HLA, IL10, IL13, as well as some evidence for other variants (SPINK5, SERPINB and C11orf30) that are associated with food allergy.ConclusionsLittle genetic research has been carried out in food allergy, with FLG, HLA and IL13 being the most reproducible genes for an association with food allergy. Despite promising results, existing genetic studies on food allergy are inundated with issues such as inadequate sample size and absence of multiple testing correction. Few included replication analyses or population stratification measures. Studies addressing these limitations along with functional studies are therefore needed to unravel the mechanisms of action of the identified genes.
Urethral syringocele: unseen but existing
Authors: Saadat Paria , Borzi Peter , Patel Bhavesh , Winkle David 
Published: March 2019

BackgroundBulbourethral syringocele is an uncommon and under‐diagnosed condition most commonly seen in the paediatric population, although there is increasing recognition in adults. Due to the difficulty in diagnosis, we report our experience of urethral syringocele in a quaternary paediatric hospital, with differing presentations, diagnosis and treatment.MethodsThis is a retrospective review of seven cases of children over a period of 14 years, including their presentations, diagnosis, treatment and follow‐up. A review of the current literature is presented.ResultsThe median age of these seven cases at presentation was 11 years (6 days to 16 years). Clinical features varied with age, with obstructive uropathy in a neonate, urinary tract infection in an infant, scrotal abscess in two children and lower urinary tract obstructive symptoms in three teenagers. Diagnostic voiding cystogram diagnosed the majority of syringoceles and two were seen on magnetic resonance imaging. Five boys underwent endoscopic transurethral deroofing and two children required transperineal marsupialization. Long‐term follow‐up showed all had complete resolution of symptoms.ConclusionUrethral syringocele presents from the neonatal period to late adolescence, with the presenting features reflective of age. Surgical management can be performed endoscopically or by open approach. Awareness of this condition and inclusion in the differential diagnosis, particularly in the setting of an atypical or recurrent scrotal abscess, could avoid a prolonged therapeutic course.
Focal radiation therapy for limited brain metastases is associated with high rates of local control and low subsequent whole brain radiation therapy
Authors: Or Michelle , Jayamanne Dasantha , Guo Lesley , Stevens Mark , Parkinson Jonathon , Cook Raymond , Little Nicholas , Back Michael 
Published: March 2019

BackgroundAssess clinical outcomes of focal radiotherapy (RT) in patients with limited brain metastasis (LBM) with whole brain RT (WBRT) avoidance.MethodsPatients diagnosed with LBM were entered into a database between January 2010 and February 2017. Patients were recommended WBRT avoidance with focal therapy and three‐monthly magnetic resonance imaging. The primary endpoint was overall survival. Secondary endpoints included progression‐free survival, initial‐site failure (ISF), distant brain relapse (DBF), leptomeningeal disease and rate of WBRT. Analysis involved Kaplan–Meier survival estimate with log‐rank tests and Cox‐regression analysis.ResultsOne hundred and sixty‐six patients were managed with median follow‐up of 13 months and median overall survival of 15 months (95% confidence interval (CI) 10.8–19.2). Eighty‐three patients had central nervous system (CNS) relapse with median progression‐free survival of 11 months (95% CI 6.7–15.3), of which most failures were DBF (83.1%) with 27 ISF (32.5%). Of the ISFs, 12 (43%) had surgery alone, six had chemotherapy alone and nine received RT. Surgery or chemotherapy alone compared with RT had a significantly higher incidence of ISF with a hazard ratio of 4.96 (P < 0.0001, 95% CI 2.10–11.83) and 6.54 (P = 0.001, 95% CI 2.26–18.87), respectively. WBRT was utilized in only 24 patients, with 83% patients free of WBRT at 12 months. On univariate analysis, number of metastases (P = 0.04), symptomatic extracranial disease (P = 0.04) and early CNS relapse within 6 months (P < 0.01) had worse survival. No grade 3–4 toxicity events were noted in 129 patients undergoing RT.ConclusionFocal RT has a low rate of ISF with low toxicity in patients with LBMs. CNS progression was mainly DBF with low rates of salvage WBRT.
Derivation and validation of a cardiovascular risk score for prediction of major acute cardiovascular events in non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease; the importance of an elevated mean platelet volume
Authors: Abeles Robin D. , Mullish Benjamin H. , Forlano Roberta , Kimhofer Torben , Adler Maciej , Tzallas Alexandros , Giannakeas Nikolaos , Yee Michael , Mayet Jamil , Goldin Robert D. , Thursz Mark R. , Manousou Pinelopi 
Published: March 2019

SummaryBackgroundAtherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is a key cause of morbidity in non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) but appropriate means to predict major acute cardiovascular events (MACE) are lacking.AimTo design a bespoke cardiovascular risk score in NAFLD.MethodsA retrospective derivation (2008‐2016, 356 patients) and a prospective validation (2016‐ 2017, 111 patients) NAFLD cohort study was performed. Clinical and biochemical data were recorded at enrolment and mean platelet volume (MPV), Qrisk2 and Framingham scores were recorded one year prior to MACE (Cardiovascular death, acute coronary syndrome, stroke and transient ischaemic attack).ResultsThe derivation and validation cohorts were well‐matched, with MACE prevalence 12.6% and 12%, respectively. On univariate analysis, age, diabetes, advanced fibrosis, collagen proportionate area >5%, MPV and liver stiffness were associated with MACE. After multivariate analysis, age, diabetes and MPV remained independently predictive of MACE. The “NAFLD CV‐risk score” was generated using binary logistic regression:0.06*(Age) + 0.963*(MPV) + 0.26*(DM1) – 16.44;1Diabetes mellitus: 1: present; 2: absent.(AUROC 0.84). A cut‐off of −3.98 gave a sensitivity 97%, specificity 27%, PPV 16%, and NPV 99%. An MPV alone of >10.05 gave a sensitivity 97%, specificity 59%, PPV 24% and NPV 97% (AUROC 0.83). Validation cohort AUROCs were comparable at 0.77 (NAFLD CV‐risk) and 0.72 (MPV). In the full cohort, the NAFLD CV‐risk score and MPV outperformed both Qrisk2 and Framingham scores.ConclusionsThe NAFLD CV risk score and MPV accurately predict 1‐year risk of MACE, thereby allowing better identification of patients that require optimisation of their cardiovascular risk profile.
Genomic data in prognostic models—what is lost in translation? The case of deletion 17p and mutantTP53in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia
Authors: Chin‐Yee Benjamin , Sadikovic Bekim , Chin‐Yee Ian H. 
Published: March 2019

SummaryGenomic technologies are revolutionizing the practice of haematology‐oncology, leading to improved disease detection, more accurate prognostication and targeted treatment decisions. These advances, however, have also introduced new clinical challenges, which include problems of prognostic underdetermination and its attendant risks of over‐ and undertreatment. Genomic data is generated from different technologies, from cytogenetics to next‐generation sequencing, which are often interpreted interchangeably and in a binary fashion—as the presence or absence of a given chromosomal deletion or mutation—an oversimplification which may lead to mistaken prognosis. We discuss the clinical use of one such prognostic marker, represented by sequence and copy number alterations inTP53, located on chromosome 17p. Mutations inTP53are strongly linked to poor prognosis in a variety of haematological malignancies, including chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). We review studies inCLLwhich utilize the 17p deletion orTP53mutations for prognostic stratification with specific focus on the technologies used for detection, the thresholds established for clinical significance, and the clinical contexts in which these alterations are identified. The case ofCLLillustrates issues arising from simplistic, binary interpretation of genetic testing and highlights the need to apply a critical lens when incorporating genomics into prognostic models.
L‐cysteine/cystathionine‐β‐synthase‐induced relaxation in mouse aorta involves a L‐serine/sphingosine‐1‐phosphate/NO pathway
Authors: Mitidieri Emma , Gurgone Danila , Caiazzo Elisabetta , Tramontano Teresa , Cicala Carla , Sorrentino Raffaella , d'Emmanuele di Villa Bianca Roberta 
Published: March 2019

Background and PurposeAmong the three enzymes involved in the transsulfuration pathway, only cystathionine β‐synthase (CBS) converts L‐cysteine into L‐serine and H2S. L‐serine is also involved in the de novo sphingolipid biosynthesis through a condensation with palmitoyl‐CoA by the action of serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT). Here, we have investigated if L‐serine contributes to the vasorelaxant effect.Experimental ApproachThe presence of CBS in mouse vascular endothelium was assessed by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. The relaxant activity of L‐serine (0.1–300 μM) and L‐cysteine (0.1–300 μM) was estimated on mouse aorta rings, with or without endothelium. A pharmacological modulation study evaluated NO and sphingosine‐1‐phosphate (S1P) involvement. Levels of NO and S1P were also measured following incubation of aorta tissue with either L‐serine (1, 10, and 100 μM) or L‐cysteine (10, 100 μM, and 1 mM).Key ResultsL‐serine relaxed aorta rings in an endothelium‐dependent manner. The vascular effect was reduced by L‐NG‐nitro‐arginine methyl ester and wortmaninn. A similar pattern was obtained with L‐cysteine. The S1P1 receptor antagonist (W146) or the SPT inhibitor (myriocin) reduced either L‐serine or L‐cysteine relaxant effect. L‐serine or L‐cysteine incubation increased NO and S1P levels in mouse aorta.Conclusions and ImplicationsL‐serine, a by‐product formed within the transsulfuration pathway starting from L‐cysteine via CBS, contributes to the vasodilator action of L‐cysteine. The L‐serine effect involves both NO and S1P. This mechanism could be involved in the marked dysregulation of vascular tone in hyperhomocysteinemic patients (CBS deficiency) and may represent a feasible therapeutic target.Linked ArticlesThis article is part of a themed section on Hydrogen Sulfide in Biology & Medicine. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v177.4/issuetoc
Readiness for transition and health‐care satisfaction in adolescents with complex medical conditions
Authors: Haarbauer‐Krupa Juliet , Alexander Nneka Morris , Mee Laura , Johnson Alcuin , Wise Justin , Arora Gupta Nitika , Schechter Michael S. , Wasilewski‐Masker Karen , Gilleland Marchak Jordan 
Published: March 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe purpose of this study is to examine contributions to patient perceptions of transition readiness and satisfaction with care amongst adolescents and young adults (AYAs) with complex health conditions engaging in paediatric care.MethodsParticipants included 94 patients aged 14–20 years (M = 16.41, SD = 1.56) with cystic fibrosis (n = 31), sickle cell disease (n = 27), and solid organ transplants (n = 36). Participants completed self‐report questionnaires and medical providers completed measures of their medication regimen complexity. One‐way analysis of variance compared differences between disease groups on study variables. Pearson product–moment correlation coefficients and linear regression models evaluated factors associated with AYA reported transition readiness and satisfaction with health care.ResultsThere were no significant differences between disease groups on patient‐reported transition readiness, barriers to medication adherence, health care self‐management, or satisfaction. Patient age, self‐reported health‐care responsibility, medication barriers, and academic performance predicted a large portion of the variance in AYA perceptions of transition readiness (R2 = 0.27, F (4, 83) = 7.74, p < 0.001, Cohen's f2 = 0.37). Patient gender, self‐reported health‐care responsibility, and medication barriers predicted a medium portion of the variance in AYA satisfaction with health care (R2 = 0.23, F (3, 88) = 8.56, p < 0.001, Cohen's f2 = 0.30).ConclusionsPatient perceptions of health care self‐management and barriers to medication adherence are important predictors of readiness for transition and satisfaction with care. Considering a holistic approach that includes these factors allows for improved understanding of individual needs for transition interventions that can improve adult outcomes for individuals with complex health conditions.