bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Formation and Destruction of SiS in Space
Authors: Zanchet Alexandre , Roncero Octavio , Agúndez Marcelino , Cernicharo José 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
The presence of SiS in space seems to be restricted to a few selected types of astronomical environments. It is long known to be present in circumstellar envelopes around evolved stars and it has also been detected in a handful of star-forming regions with evidence of outflows, like Sgr B2, Orion KL, and more recently, L1157-B1. The kinetics of reactions involving SiS is very poorly known and here we revisit the chemistry of SiS in space by studying some potentially important reactions of the formation and destruction of this molecule. We calculated ab initio potential energy surfaces of the SiOS system and computed rate coefficients in the temperature range of 50–2500 K for the reaction of the destruction of SiS in collisions with atomic O, and of its formation, through the reaction between Si and SO. We find that both of the reactions are rapid, with rate coefficients of a few times 10−10 cm3 s−1, almost independent of temperature. In the reaction between Si and SO, SiO production is 5–7 times more efficient than SiS formation. The reaction of SiS with O atoms can play an important role in destroying SiS in envelopes around evolved stars. We built a simple chemical model of a postshock gas to study the chemistry of SiS in protostellar outflows and we found that SiS forms with a lower abundance and later than SiO, that SiS is efficiently destroyed through reaction with O, and that the main SiS-forming reactions are Si + SO and Si + SO2.
Human Extrafollicular CD4+ Th Cells Help Memory B Cells Produce Igs
Authors: Kim Sang Taek , Choi Jin-Young , Lainez Begona , Schulz Vincent P. , Karas David E. , Baum Eric D. , Setlur Jennifer , Gallagher Patrick G. , Craft Joe 
Published: July 2018

AbstractFollicular helper T (Tfh) cells are necessary for germinal center B cell maturation during primary immune responses; however, the T cells that promote humoral recall responses via memory B cells are less well defined. In this article, we characterize a human tonsillar CD4+ T cell subset with this function. These cells are similar to Tfh cells in terms of expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR5 and the inhibitory receptor PD-1, IL-21 secretion, and expression of the transcription factor BCL6; however, unlike Tfh cells that are located within the B cell follicle and germinal center, they reside at the border of the T cell zone and the B cell follicle in proximity to memory B cells, a position dictated by their unique chemokine receptor expression. They promote memory B cells to produce Abs via CD40L, IL-10, and IL-21. Our results reveal a unique extrafollicular CD4+ T cell subset in human tonsils, which specialize in promoting T cell–dependent humoral recall responses.
South African Invasive Tree: Studies of the Chemical and Biological Profiles of Acacia Decurrens (Wild)
Authors: Okoli B. , Jummai A. , Molefe N , Ledwaba I , Modis S. 
Published: July 2018

In this study, we aimed to profile the stem bark of Acacia decurrens biochemically. Extracts obtained by maceration were phytochemically screened, spectroscopically analysed with the aid of UV-visible, FT-IR, GC-MS, and, ICP-OES and subjected to primary biological assay. Spectra obtained from the UV-visible and FT-IR confirm the presence of n ® p* which are characteristic of compounds with oxygenated backbones such as the glycoside, phenols, terpenoids, tannins, and flavonoids. On further analysis, the chromatogram revealed the presence of thirty-five major compounds of which eight bioactive compounds had previously been isolated. The metal profile of the stem bark registered high concentrations of Cr, K, and Fe. Quantitative phytochemical evaluation showed, large amount of tannins (30.87 – 55. 81 mgTAE/g), steroids (13.92-41.2%), and phenols (40.6 - 65.5 mgGAE/g) in all fractions. The ethyl acetate and methanol fractions were found to be rich sources of antibacterial compounds with MIC value of 12.5 μg/mL while the chloroform fraction is a potent antioxidant fraction with IC50 values of 37.00 ± 0.06 g/mL and 42.20 ± 0.72 µg/mL against DPPH and ABTS radicals, respectively. The presence of these secondary metabolites and the hyper-tolerance capacity for metals can be exploited pharmaceutically and for phytoremediation purpose, respectively.
Clinical Utility of the Combined Positive Score for Programmed Death Ligand-1 Expression and the Approval of Pembrolizumab for Treatment of Gastric Cancer
Authors: Kulangara Karina , Zhang Nancy , Corigliano Ellie , Guerrero Lindsay , Waldroup Stephanie , Jaiswal Dipeshkumar , MS Malinka Jansson , Shah Supriya , Hanks Debra , Wang Jiangdian , Lunceford Jared , Savage Mary J. , Juco Jonathan , Emancipator Kenneth 
Published: July 2018

Context.—
Regulatory approval of pembrolizumab for treatment of gastric and gastroesophageal junction (G/GEJ) adenocarcinoma required a reproducible scoring method for use of programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) protein expression as a companion diagnostic to identify likely responders to therapy.

Objective.—
To develop an immunohistochemical scoring algorithm that includes PD-L1 expression for tumor and immune cells, that is, the combined positive score.

Design.—
Four previously treated tumor types in the KEYNOTE-012 and KEYNOTE-028 studies were analyzed descriptively with a version of the PD-L1 immunohistochemical 22C3 pharmDx assay labeled for investigational use only to determine the relative importance of PD-L1 expression in tumor versus immune cells as a biomarker for pembrolizumab response. A combined positive score was developed as a novel scoring method and was compared with the tumor proportion score in cohort 1 from the KEYNOTE-059 study (G/GEJ cancer). External reproducibility was assessed.

Results.—
Per combined positive score cutoff of 1 or more, the prevalence of PD-L1 expression in patients with G/GEJ cancer was 57.6% (148 of 257 patients), with reasonable enrichment of responses (odds ratio, 2.8). Per tumor proportion score cutoff of 1% or more, prevalence was 12.5% (32 of 257 patients), with minimal enrichment (odds ratio, 1.4). External reproducibility assessments demonstrated interpathologist overall agreement of 96.6% (591 of 612; 95% CI, 94.0%–98.7%) and intrapathologist overall agreement of 97.2% (595 of 612; 95% CI, 95.3%–98.9%).

Conclusions.—
Combined positive score is a robust, reproducible PD-L1 scoring method that predicts response to pembrolizumab in patients with G/GEJ cancer. This novel scoring method supported US Food and Drug Administration approval of pembrolizumab as third-line therapy for G/GEJ cancer and has facilitated investigation in other indications.
Nanogenerators Begin to Light Up: A Novel Poling‐Free Piezoelectric System with Multicolor Photoluminescence as an Efficient Mechatronics Development Platform
Authors: Ma Songyuan , Jin Long , Huang Xi , Riziotis Christos , Huang Rui , Zhang Chaoliang , Lu Jun , Yang Weiqing 
Published: July 2018

AbstractIn this work, a novel design of poly (vinylidene fluoride)/carbon quantum dots (PVDF/CQDs) based flexible poling‐free hybrid material system able to efficiently convert small amounts of mechanical energy into electricity through the intrinsic piezoelectric nanostructures is reported. The PVDF/CQDs composite is fabricated through solution casting followed by a high‐pressure crystallization process. The introduction of 3D quasi‐spherical CQDs has in situ induced the self‐assembly of polymorphic substructures in the PVDF crystallites at high pressure, and piezoelectric 3D nanosheet arrays, 1D nanometer small sticks, and 1D nanowires, respectively, are formed in situ with the increase of CQDs concentration. Without any electrical polarization treatment, the maximum open‐circuit voltage output density of the durable composite system reaches 19.2 V cm−2and short‐circuit current output density of 550 nA cm−2, both far exceeding that of pure PVDF. Simultaneously, owing to the successful incorporation of CQDs, the material shows excellent fluorescent effect with high stability, and its multicolor photoluminescence is well retained even after the endurance for a rigorous treatment at high pressure and high temperature. The as‐developed environmental friendly PVDF/CQDs compound may diversify niche applications in a new‐generation of self‐powered autonomous optoelectronic devices, biosensors, cell imaging, and so on.
Encapsulation of CoSx Nanocrystals into N/S Co‐Doped Honeycomb‐Like 3D Porous Carbon for High‐Performance Lithium Storage
Authors: Yin Bo , Cao Xinxin , Pan Anqiang , Luo Zhigao , Dinesh Selvakumaran , Lin Jiande , Tang Yan , Liang Shuquan , Cao Guozhong 
Published: July 2018

AbstractA honeycomb‐like 3D N/S co‐doped porous carbon‐coated cobalt sulfide (CoS, Co9S8, and Co1–xS) composite (CS@PC) is successfully prepared using polyacrylonitrile (PAN) as the nitrogen‐containing carbon source through a facile solvothermal method and subsequent in situ conversion. As an anode for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs), the CS@PC composite exhibits excellent electrochemical performance, including high reversible capacity, good rate capability, and cyclic stability. The composite electrode delivers specific capacities of 781.2 and 466.0 mAh g−1 at 0.1 and 5 A g−1, respectively. When cycled at a current density of 1 A g−1, it displays a high reversible capacity of 717.0 mAh g−1 after 500 cycles. The ability to provide this level of performance is attributed to the unique 3D multi‐level porous architecture with large electrode–electrolyte contact area, bicontinuous electron/ion transport pathways, and attractive structure stability. Such micro‐/nanoscale design and engineering strategies may also be used to explore other nanocomposites to boost their energy storage performance.
Understanding the CO Oxidation on Pt Nanoparticles Supported on MOFs by Operando XPS
Authors: Vakili Reza , Gibson Emma K. , Chansai Sarayute , Xu Shaojun , Al‐Janabi Nadeen , Wells Peter P. , Hardacre Christopher , Walton Alex , Fan Xiaolei 
Published: July 2018

AbstractMetal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) are playing a key role in developing the next generation of heterogeneous catalysts. In this work, near ambient pressure X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (NAP‐XPS) is applied to study in operando the CO oxidation on Pt@MOFs (UiO‐67) and Pt@ZrO2 catalysts, revealing the same Pt surface dynamics under the stoichiometric CO/O2 ambient at 3 mbar. Upon the ignition at ca. 200 °C, the signature Pt binding energy (BE) shift towards the lower BE (from 71.8 to 71.2 eV) is observed for all catalysts, confirming metallic Pt nanoparticles (NPs) as the active phase. Additionally, the plug‐flow light‐off experiments show the superior activity of the Pt@MOFs catalyst in CO oxidation than the control Pt@ZrO2 catalyst with ca. 28 % drop in the T50% light‐off temperature, as well as high stability, due to their sintering‐resistance feature. These results provide evidence that the uniqueness of MOFs as the catalyst supports lies in the structural confinement effect.
Monitoring Simultaneous Electrochemical Reactions with Single Particle Imaging
Authors: Sundaresan Vignesh , Monaghan Joseph W. , Willets Katherine A. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractStudying multiple simultaneous electrochemical reactions using typical electrochemical methods is challenging, because the measured current is a convolution of concurrent electrochemical reactions. Thus, to monitor multiple simultaneous electrochemical reactions, secondary techniques, such as imaging or spectroscopy are increasingly useful. Herein we use dark‐field optical microscopy to visualize the electrodeposition of silver oxide (AgxOy) particles using the Ag+ ions generated by the concurrent electrodissolution of individual Ag nanoparticles at high anodic potential. We propose that the formation of AgxOy particles is based on an aggregative growth mechanism, where electrodeposited AgxOy nanoclusters aggregate over time to form a larger AgxOy particle. The electrodeposited AgxOy particles catalyze water oxidation and decrease the local pH, which alters the reaction equilibrium by hindering continued growth of the AgxOy particles at 1.2 V and consuming the AgxOy particles and producing Ag+ ions at open circuit. Overall the understanding obtained by imaging these reactions is not possible to decode using the measured ensemble current.
Flame‐assisted spray pyrolysis of lithium and manganese precursors to polycrystalline LiMn2O4
Authors: Saadatkhah Nooshin , Aghamiri Seyedfoad , Talaie Mohammad Reza , Patience Gregory S. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractLithium manganese oxide cathodes have a smaller environmental footprint compared to cathodes with cobalt and nickel. Flame assisted spray pyrolysis (FASP) is an emerging technique that may improve the economics of the process at the commercial scale while controlling purity. reacts with to form . Carbon from the flame coats the particles and, together with the Mn oxides, they reduce electrical capacity. The reaction temperature and droplet residence time are the main parameters that determine manganese oxide content and therefore the product purity. LECO carbon analysis confirms that the fuel and precursor type affect carbon content. It increases from  % with nitrate precursors to 2  % with carbonate and acetate precursors. The temperature profile as well as the solute type and concentration change the product morphology. The particle surface is wrinkled at a mild temperature and blowholes form at a high temperature. Primary nano‐crystals (5–8 nm) agglomerate to form 1 polycrystalline particles from a 0.5 nitrate precursors solution, while a 5 solution produces 10 powders. We modelled the reaction kinetics based on thermogravimetric analyses to identify the principle reaction steps. Oxide formation increases below 400C and above 800C, while fast heating rates and short residence time reduce purity.
Making Spiroketal‐based Diphosphine (SKP) Ligands via a Catalytic Asymmetric Approach
Authors: Wang Xiaoming , Ding Kuiling 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe spiro concept for chiral ligand design represents an important contribution to the area of asymmetric catalysis. Due to the considerable difficulties in the construction of enantiopure all‐carbon spiro backbones, the development of catalytic asymmetric synthesis of chiral spiro structures via short steps is highly valuable. Herein we present our studies on the catalytic asymmetric synthesis of aromatic spiroketals and the corresponding diphosphine (SKP) ligands.
Pyroptosis Induction and Detection
Authors: den Hartigh Andreas B. , Fink Susan L. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractPyroptosis is a form of programmed pro‐inflammatory cell death that plays a protective role in the host response to infection, but can also promote pathogenic inflammation. Pyroptosis is mediated by the cysteine protease, caspase‐1. Caspase‐1 cleaves gasdermin D, releasing the N‐terminal pore‐forming domain, which inserts into the plasma membrane and drives osmotic lysis. Caspase‐1 also proteolytically activates the inflammatory cytokines interleukin 1β (IL‐1β) and IL‐18. This unit describes methods for stimulating pyroptosis and assessing subsequent loss of plasma membrane integrity. We also describe an ELISA to quantify released IL‐1β. These methods can be applied to many different types of experiments. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The relationship between corporate social responsibility and sustainable financial performance: firm‐level evidence from Taiwan
Authors: Hou Tony Chieh‐Tse 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThis study examines the relationship between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and corporate financial performance (CFP) in Taiwan. Using CSR awards as a social responsibility indicator, this study finds that socially responsible firms can achieve financial results superior to those of firms which do not pursue CSR initiatives. The relationship remains after endogeneity is treated. The Google Search Volume Index (SVI) is used as a specific proxy for firm visibility, observing that it has a positive influence on the CSR–CFP relationship. On further separation of the sample into electronics and non‐electronics industries, the results demonstrate that SVI has a positive influence on the CSR–CFP relationship in the electronics industry. For the non‐electronics industries, the results reveal that board ownership has a significant positive influence on the CSR–CFP relationship, and a negative relationship if it is a family business.
The pharmacokinetics of ketamine following intramuscular injection to F344 rats
Authors: Moeller Benjamin , Espelien Brenna , Weber Waylon , Kuehl Philip , Doyle‐Eisele Melanie , Garner C. Edwin , McDonald Jacob D. , Garcia Efrain , Raulli Robert , Laney Judith 
Published: July 2018

AbstractKetamine is a glutamate N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor antagonist that is a rapid‐acting dissociative anesthetic. It has been proposed as an adjuvant treatment along with other drugs (atropine, midazolam, pralidoxime) used in the current standard of care (SOC) for organophosphate and nerve agent exposures. Ketamine is a pharmaceutical agent that is readily available to most clinicians in emergency departments and possesses a broad therapeutic index with well‐characterized effects in humans. The objective of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetic profile of ketamine and its active metabolite, norketamine, in F344 rats following single or repeated intramuscular administrations of subanesthetic levels (7.5 mg/kg or 30 mg/kg) of ketamine with or without the SOC. Following administration, plasma and brain tissues were collected and analyzed using a liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry method to quantitate ketamine and norketamine. Following sample analysis, the pharmacokinetics were determined using non‐compartmental analysis. The addition of the current SOC had a minimal impact on the pharmacokinetics of ketamine following intramuscular administration and repeated dosing at 7.5 mg/kg every 90 minutes allows for sustained plasma concentrations above 100 ng/mL. The pharmacokinetics of ketamine with and without the SOC in rats supports further investigation of the efficacy of ketamine co‐administration with the SOC following nerve agent exposure in animal models.
Energy‐saving inferential control of an industrial furnace
Authors: Obika Masanobu , Yamamoto Toru 
Published: July 2018

AbstractIn process industries, there is a growing trend toward low carbon society. Especially in oil refinement and petrochemical industries, furnaces consume a lot of energy. In order to reduce the energy consumption, excess O2 has to be reduced safely. However, high gain O2 control cannot be done due to L/T > 1. Therefore, conventional O2 controllers are operated with low gains, that is, high stable control performance for disturbances has not been able to obtain, then minimum excess O2 control cannot be achieved. The proposed method that utilizes the estimated O2 variable can derive much better control performance. Moreover, since the proposed estimation technique consists of a physical model part and a stochastic soft‐sensor, both estimation accuracy and reliability for extrapolation can be obtained. The validity of the proposed scheme is verified through actual application results.
Novel phosphorus‐nitrogen‐silicon copolymers with double‐decker silsesquioxane in the main chain and their flame retardancy application in PC/ABS
Authors: Wang Zhang , Yonggang Li , Huijuan Ma , Wenpeng Song , Tao Lin , Cuifen Lu , Junqi Nie , Guichun Yang , Zuxing Chen 
Published: July 2018

SummaryTwo novel phosphorus‐nitrogen‐silicon copolymers (DDSQ‐N‐P‐yne and DDSQ‐N‐P‐ene) were synthesized by hydrosilylation reaction with DDSQ and DOPO derivatives. DOPO derivatives with different end groups were designed and synthesized to compare the flame retardancy and compatibility of phosphorus‐nitrogen‐silicon copolymers by different linkers between DDSQ and DOPO derivatives. The synthesized copolymers have been evidenced by1H,29Si nuclear magnetic resonance, and gel permeation chromatography and then introduced into polycarbonate (PC)/acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) alloy to study their flame retardancy and explore whether they exhibit a synergistic effect on the flame retardancy. The flame‐retardant properties of DDSQ‐N‐P‐yne (or ene) systems as well as the morphology were investigated in detail by using limiting oxygen index, thermogravimetric analysis, UL‐94, microcalorimeter, energy dispersive X‐ray, and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. When DDSQ‐N‐P‐yne (or ene) content is 10 wt%, the composites of PC/ABS are identified to be very effective according to limiting oxygen index, UL‐94, and microcalorimeter. The microstructures of the char were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, and the results indicated a tight and compact graphitized layer shaped, which plays an important role in improving the excellent thermal stability and flame retardancy of PC/ABS alloy.
Retinol but not retinoic acid can enhance the glutathione level, in a manner similar to β‐carotene, in a murine cultured macrophage cell line
Authors: Mukai Yuuka , Yamanishi Rintaro 
Published: July 2018

AbstractScopeWe evaluated the potential of retinol and retinoic acid (RA) to enhance intracellular glutathione (GSH) levels in a murine cultured macrophage cell line, RAW264, to investigate whether the RA signaling pathway is involved in the β‐carotene‐induced GSH enhancement.Methods and resultsWe examined GSH levels in RAW264 cells cultured in media supplemented with β‐carotene and various inhibitors (ER50891 for RA receptor (RAR)α, CD2665 for RARβ/γ, or HX531 for all subtypes of retinoid X receptor (RXR)), to verify each inhibitor's activity against β‐carotene, as well as in media supplemented with various stimulants (AM80 for RARα, CD2314 for RARβ, CD437 for RARγ, or SR11237 for RXR), to compare their activity with that of β‐carotene. We also examined the GSH level and glutamate‐cysteine‐ligase (GCL) expression in RAW264 cells cultured in all‐trans RA‐ or retinol‐supplemented media. Enhanced GSH production was not inhibited by any tested antagonist, and, apart from β‐carotene, no agonist induced GSH production. Retinol, but not all‐trans RA, enhanced GSH synthesis and increased GCL expression, similar to that observed with β‐carotene.ConclusionThe RA signaling pathway may not be involved in the β‐carotene‐induced enhancement of GSH levels in RAW264 cells, whereas, like β‐carotene, retinol can enhance the GSH level and GCL expression.
Hepatic fatty acid biosynthesis in KK‐Ay mice is modulated by administration of persimmon peel extract: A DNA microarray study
Authors: Izuchi Ryoichi , Ishijima Tomoko , Okada Shinji , Abe Keiko , Nakai Yuji 
Published: July 2018

AbstractScopePreviously, we showed that the intake of a persimmon peel (PP) extract altered hepatic gene expression associated with the insulin signaling pathway and enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptors in nonobese type 2 diabetic Goto‐Kakizaki rats. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of fat‐soluble PP extract on obese type 2 diabetic KK‐Ay mice with insulin resistance.Methods and resultsKK‐Ay mice were fed a diet mixed with 0.1% of the extract for 8 weeks. The total ketone body levels in the plasma of PP extract‐fed mice were significantly lower than those in the normal diet‐fed mice. Hepatic nonesterified palmitic acid content was higher in the PP extract‐fed mice than in normal diet‐fed mice. The hepatic gene expression profiles of the treated mice indicated upregulation of fatty acid synthesis and downregulation of inflammation‐associated genes, predicting SREBP‐1c and PPARγ activation.ConclusionThese results suggest that the PP extract enhances hepatic fatty acid synthesis via SREBP‐1c and PPARγ, as well as anti‐inflammatory activity in KK‐Ay mice.