bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nuclear Physicists at the Crossroads
Authors: Stuewer Roger H. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
The Nazi Civil Service Law of April 7, 1933, prompted the establishment of refugee organizations to cope with the greatest intellectual migration in history, a difficult task in the Great Depression. It was in full swing in October when the seventh Solvay Conference was convened to address fundamental questions in nuclear physics. Foremost was the exact value of the mass of the neutron. Chadwick, Curie and Joliot, and Lawrence advanced very different values, and Lawrence soon had to admit that his very low value was mistaken. In January 1934, Fermi published his far-reaching theory of beta decay, which assumed that an electron and a neutrino are created when a neutron in the nucleus is transformed into a proton, which obviated the need to assume that electrons are present in nuclei. In August 1934, Chadwick and Goldhaber proved experimentally that the neutron is an unstable elementary particle.
Exiles and Immigrants
Authors: Stuewer Roger H. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
In the fall of 1933, English physiologist A.V. Hill forcibly denounced the brutal Nazi racial policies, which the Nazi anti-Semite Johannes Stark then defended. Rutherford was drawn into the dispute in early 1934 and responded by first reviewing the long history of racial tolerance and academic freedom in England, and then by appealing for support for the Academic Assistance Council to help refugees. Among them were nuclear physicists Rudolf Peierls, Otto Robert Frisch, Maurice and Gertrude Goldhaber, Felix Bloch, Hans Bethe, and Walter Elsasser, who like many before him never forgot the first time he saw the Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor, knowing that he had been given the chance for a new start in life.
Beta Decay Redux, Slow Neutrons, Bohr and his Realm
Authors: Stuewer Roger H. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
A large conference on nuclear physics was held in London and Cambridge from October 1–6, 1934. Six German refugee physicists were present, but Werner Heisenberg was not. Czech theoretical physicists Guido Beck and Kurt Sitte had proposed a theory of beta decay that challenged Fermi’s, which Beck presented but apparently gained no support for. On October 22, Fermi serendipitously discovered the efficaciousness of slow neutrons in producing nuclear reactions. Niels Bohr would be the greatest beneficiary of Fermi’s discovery. In 1935 Bohr, with the assistance of refugee Otto Robert Frisch, began to develop experimental nuclear physics at his institute, which after its inauguration in 1920 became a mecca for young physicists. On September 29, 1943, Bohr and his family were among the 7220 Danish and other Jews who were transported to Sweden in the greatest mass rescue operation of the war.
Aposematism
Authors: Ruxton Graeme D. , Allen William L. , Sherratt Thomas N. , Speed Michael P. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractAposematism is the pairing of two kinds of defensive phenotype: an often repellent secondary defence that typically renders prey unprofitable to predators if they attack them and some evolved signal that indicates the presence of that defence. Aposematic signals often work to modify the behaviours of predators both before and during attacks. Warning coloration, for example, may increase wariness and hence improve the chances that a chemically defended prey is released unharmed after an attack. An aposematic signal may therefore first tend to reduce the probability that a predator commences attack (a primary defence) and then (as a component of secondary defence) reduce the probability that the prey is injured or killed during any subsequent attack. In this chapter we will consider both the primary and the secondary effects of aposematic signals on prey protection. We begin first by describing the common features of aposematic signals and attempting to show the wide use to which aposematic signalling is deployed across animals (and perhaps plants too). We then review the interesting evolutionary issues aposematic signals raise, including their initial evolution and their integration with sexual and other signals. We also discuss important ecological, co-evolutionary, and macroevolutionary consequences of aposematism.
Intersectionality in American Sign Language Hip Hop Interpreting
Authors: Marrero Elyse 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Viral videos of American Sign Language (ASL) hip hop interpreters at music festivals have circulated the online mediascape, bringing attention to music interpreting, ASL, and Deaf culture. Hip hop interpreters create intersectional embodied texts challenging our assumed ideas of hip hop, Black masculinity, white femininity, and the connections between ASL, music, and Deaf people. Many hip hop interpreters are white women, which creates an interesting dynamic between interpreter and musical artist, specifically how both parties intersect and meet through their own expressions of hip hop music and culture. Using the concept of dialogical performance, this chapter provides textual analyses of a televised “sign language rap battle” and ASL interpretations of Kendrick Lamar’s “Swimming Pools” and Wiz Khalifa’s “Black and Yellow.” An interpreter’s presence, and how she adds news layers of meaning to a song and to her identity in relation to a song and performance, is explored in each presented scenario.
Video-Game–Based Exercises for Older People With Chronic Low Back Pain: A Randomized Controlledtable Trial (GAMEBACK)
Authors: Zadro Joshua R , Shirley Debra , Simic Milena , Mousavi Seyed J , Ceprnja Dragana , Maka Katherine , Sung Jennie , Ferreira Paulo 
Published: September 2018

Abstract

Background
Video game technology increases adherence to home exercise and could support self-management for older people with chronic low back pain (LBP).

Objective
The objective was to investigate the effects of home-based video game exercises on pain self-efficacy and care-seeking in older people with chronic LBP.

Design
The study was a randomized controlled trial.

Setting
The setting was a community and waiting list.

Participants
Sixty participants, aged &gt; 55 years with chronic LBP, were randomized (1:1) to Wii Fit U exercises or to continue their usual activities for 8 weeks.

Intervention
The intervention was home-based Wii Fit U flexibility, strengthening, and aerobic exercises for 60 minutes, 3 times per week, with fortnightly calls from a physical therapist.

Measurements
Measurements included pain self-efficacy and care-seeking (primary outcomes), and physical activity, pain, function, disability, fear of movement/reinjury, falls efficacy, recruitment and response rates, adherence, experience with the intervention, and adverse events (secondary outcomes).

Results
The mean age of participants was 67.8 (standard deviation = 6.0) years. Adherence to the total recommended exercise time was 70.8%, and no adverse events were reported. Participants completing Wii Fit U exercises had significantly higher pain self-efficacy at 6 months, but not immediately postintervention or at 3 months; there were no between-group differences in care-seeking. Compared with the control group, participants completing Wii Fit U exercises demonstrated significantly greater improvements in pain and function at 8 weeks and were more likely to engage in flexibility exercises at 6 months. There were no significant between-group differences for the remaining outcomes.

Limitations
Participants and therapists were not blinded.

Conclusions
Wii Fit U exercises improved pain self-efficacy at 6 months, and pain and function immediately postintervention in older people with chronic LBP, but the clinical importance of these changes is questionable. Wii Fit U exercises had no effect on care-seeking, physical activity, disability, fear of movement/reinjury, or falls efficacy.
Addressing Ill Health: Sickness and Retirement in the Victorian Post Office
Authors: Green David R , Brown Douglas H L , McIlvenna Kathleen 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
This article explores ill health and retirement in the Victorian Post Office. Compared to other branches of the Civil Service, ill health was of greater importance as a cause of retirement. Post Office doctors kept careful records of sickness absence, which rose over the period for all workers. These records were also used to determine if employees should be pensioned off on grounds of ill health. Employees in different sections of the Post Office experienced varying levels of sickness depending on their place of employment and the type of work undertaken. Feminisation of the workforce also affected the prevalence of sickness absences, especially in London. Place of work was an important influence on the pattern of sickness with urban areas having higher levels of sickness than rural districts, with distinct sets of conditions linked to each.
A novel core genome approach to enable prospective and dynamic monitoring of infectious outbreaks
Authors: van Aggelen Helen , Kolde Raivo , Chamarthi Hareesh , Loving Joshua , Fan Yu , Fallon John T. , Huang Weihua , Wang Guiqing , Fortunato-Habib Mary M. , Carmona Juan J. , Gross Brian D. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractWhole-genome sequencing is increasingly adopted in clinical settings to identify pathogen transmissions. Currently, such studies are performed largely retrospectively, but to be actionable they need to be carried out prospectively, in which samples are continuously added and compared to previous samples. To enable prospective pathogen comparison, genomic relatedness metrics based on single nucleotide differences must be consistent across time, efficient to compute and reliable for a large variety of samples. The choice of genomic regions to compare, i.e., the core genome, is critical to obtain a good metric.We propose a novel core genome method that selects conserved sequences in the reference genome by comparing its k-mer content to that of publicly available genome assemblies. The conserved-sequence genome is sample set-independent, which enables prospective pathogen monitoring. Based on clinical data sets of 3436 S. aureus, 1362 K. pneumoniae and 348 E. faecium samples, we show that the conserved-sequence genome disambiguates same-patient samples better than a core genome consisting of conserved genes. The conserved-sequence genome confirms outbreak samples with high accuracy: in a set of 2335 S. aureus samples, it correctly identifies 44 out of 45 outbreak samples, whereas the conserved gene method confirms 38 out of 45 outbreak samples.
rMETL: sensitive mobile element insertion detection with long read realignment
Authors: Jiang Tao , Liu Bo , Wang Yadong 
Published: September 2018

AbstractSummaryMobile element insertion (MEI) is a major category of structure variations (SVs). The rapid development of long read sequencing provides the opportunity to sensitively discover MEIs. However, the signals of MEIs implied by noisy long reads are highly complex, due to the repetitiveness of mobile elements as well as the serious sequencing errors. Herein, we propose Realignment-based Mobile Element insertion detection Tool for Long read (rMETL). rMETL takes advantage of its novel chimeric read re-alignment approach to well handle complex MEI signals. Benchmarking results on simulated and real datasets demonstrated that rMETL has the ability to more sensitivity discover MEIs as well as prevent false positives. It is suited to produce high quality MEI callsets in many genomics studies.Availability and Implementation: rMETL is available from https://github.com/hitbc/rMETL.Contact:ydwang@hit.edu.cnSupplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Theta-Gamma Cascades and Running Speed
Authors: Sheremet A. , Kennedy J.P. , Qin Y. , Zhou Y. , Lovett S.D. , Burke S.N. , Maurer A. P. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe local field potentials (LFPs) of the hippocampus are primarily generated by the spatiotemporal accretion of electrical currents via activated synapses. Oscillations in the hippocampal LFP at theta and gamma frequencies are prominent during awake-behavior and have demonstrated several behavioral correlates. In particular, both oscillations have been observed to increase in amplitude and frequency as a function of running velocity. Previous investigations, however, have examined the relationship between velocity and each of these oscillation bands separately. Based on energy cascade models where “…perturbations of slow frequencies cause a cascade of energy dissipation at all frequency scales” (Buzsaki 2006), we hypothesized that the cross-frequency interactions between theta and gamma should increase as a function of velocity. We examined these relationships across multiple layers of the CA1 subregion and found a reliable correlation between the power of theta and the power of gamma, indicative of an amplitude-amplitude relationship. Moreover, there was an increase in the coherence between the power of gamma and the phase of theta, demonstrating increased phase-amplitude coupling with velocity. Finally, at higher velocities, phase entrainment between theta and gamma becomes stronger. These results have important implications and provide new insights regarding how theta and gamma are integrated for neuronal circuit dynamics, with coupling strength determined by the excitatory drive within the hippocampus.
Non-neutral evolution of H3.3-encoding genes occurs without alterations in protein sequence
Authors: Muhire Brejnev M. , Booker Matthew A. , Tolstorukov Michael Y. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractHistone H3.3 is a developmentally essential variant encoded by two independent genes in human (H3F3A and H3F3B). While this two-gene arrangement is evolutionarily conserved, its origins and function remain unknown. Phylogenetics, synteny and gene structure analyses of the H3.3 genes from 32 metazoan genomes indicate independent evolutionary paths for H3F3A and H3F3B. While H3F3B bears similarities with H3.3 genes in distant organisms and with canonical H3 genes, H3F3A is sarcopterygian-specific and evolves under strong purifying selection. Additionally, H3F3B codon-usage preferences resemble those of broadly expressed genes and ‘cell differentiation-induced’ genes, while codon-usage of H3F3A resembles that of ‘cell proliferation-induced’ genes. We infer that H3F3B is more similar to the ancestral H3.3 gene and likely evolutionarily adapted for broad expression pattern in diverse cellular programs, while H3F3A adapted for a subset of gene expression programs. Thus, the arrangement of two independent H3.3 genes facilitates fine-tuning of H3.3 expression across cellular programs.
Molecular measurable residual disease testing of blood during AML cytotoxic therapy for early prediction of clinical response
Authors: Wong Hong Yuen , Sung Anthony D. , Lindblad Katherine E. , Sheela Sheenu , Roloff Gregory W. , Rizzieri David , Goswami Meghali , Mulé Matthew P. , Ramos Nestor R. , Tang Jingrong , Thompson Julie , DeStefano Christin B. , Romero Kristi , Dillon Laura W. , Kim Dong-Yun , Lai Catherine , Hourigan Christopher S. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract:PURPOSEMeasurable residual disease (MRD) testing after initial chemotherapy treatment can predict relapse and survival in AML. However, it has not been established if repeat molecular or genetic testing during chemotherapy can offer information regarding the chemotherapy sensitivity of the leukemic clone.PATIENTS AND METHODSBlood from 45 adult AML patients at day 1 and 4 of induction (n = 35) or salvage (n = 10) cytotoxic chemotherapy was collected for both quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) assessment (WT1) and next generation sequencing (NGS, >500x depth) of 49 gene regions recurrently mutated in MDS/AML.RESULTSThe median age was 62 (23-78); 42% achieved a complete response.WT1was overexpressed in most patients tested but was uninformative for very early MRD assessment. A median of 4 non-synonymous variants (range 0-7) were detected by DNA sequencing of blood on day 1 of therapy (median VAF: 29%). Only two patients had no variants detectable. All mutations remained detectable in blood on day 4 of intensive chemotherapy and remarkably the ratio of mutated to wild-type sequence was often maintained. This phenomenon was not limited to variants inDNMT3A, TET2andASXL1. The kinetics ofNPM1andTP53variant burden early during chemotherapy appeared to be exceptions and exhibited consistent trends in this cohort.CONCLUSIONSMolecular testing of blood on day 4 of chemotherapy is not predictive of clinical response in AML. The observed stability in variant allele frequency suggests that cytotoxic therapy may have a limited therapeutic index for clones circulating in blood containing these mutations. Further validation is required to confirm the utility of monitoringNPM1andTP53kinetics in blood during cytotoxic therapy.
Cyclic high temperature corrosion studies of carbon nanotubes-Cr2O3 composite coatings on boiler steel at 900°C in molten salt environment
Authors: Goyal Khushdeep , Singh Hazoor , Bhatia Rakesh 
Published: September 2018

Purpose
Molten sulphate-vanadate induced hot corrosion is the main reason of failure of boiler tubes used at high temperatures in thermal power plants. The hot corrosion can be encountered by applying thermal spray coatings on the alloy steels. In this perspective, this paper aims to attempt to investigate the effect of carbon nanotubes reinforcement on Cr2O3 composite coatings on hot corrosion behaviour of ASTM-SA213-T22 steel in a corrosive environment of Na2SO4 – 60%V2O5 at 900°C for 50 cycles.

Design/methodology/approach
The coatings have been deposited with high velocity oxy fuel process. The samples were exposed to hot corrosion in a Silicon tube furnace at 900°C for 50 cycles. The kinetics of corrosion behaviour were analysed by the weight gain measurements after each cycle. Corrosion products were analysed with X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive and cross-sectional analysis techniques.

Findings
During investigations, the carbon nanotubes (CNT) reinforced Cr2O3 composite coatings on T22 steel were found to provide better corrosion resistance in the molten salt environment at 900°C. The coatings showed lower weight gain along with formation of protective oxide scales during the experiment. Improvement in protection against hot corrosion was observed with increase in CNT content in the coating matrix.

Research limitations/implications
The addition of CNT has resulted in reduction in porosity by filling the voids in chromium oxide coating, with interlocking of particle and has blocked the penetration of corroding species to enhance the corrosion resistance of the composite coatings. The corrosion rate was found to be decreasing with increase in CNT content in coating matrix.

Originality/value
It must be mentioned here that high temperature corrosion behaviour of thermally sprayed CNT-Cr2O3 composite coatings has never been studied, and it is not available in the literature. Hence, present investigation can provide valuable information for application of CNT-reinforced coatings in high temperature fuel combustion environments.
The effect of audit committee effectiveness and audit quality on corporate voluntary disclosure quality
Authors: Agyei-Mensah Ben Kwame 
Published: September 2018

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the linkages between audit committees’ (AC) effectiveness, audit quality and corporate voluntary disclosure quality (VDQ).Design/methodology/approachEmpirical tests address 144 firm-year observations drawn from Ghanaian listed companies during 2013–2016.FindingsThe results document a substitute and complementary effect between the presence of Big Four auditor and effective AC in increasing quality voluntary disclosure.Originality/valueThis study is one of the few that have examined the effect of AC effectiveness and audit quality on corporate VDQ. The findings lend credence to the belief that AC effectiveness and Big Four auditors complement each other to enhance quality of voluntary information disclosure.
The academic performance of primary school students from rural China
Authors: Liu Hongyan , Xue Hao , Shi Yaojiang , Rozelle Scott 
Published: September 2018

Purpose
Low levels of human capital in rural China are rooted in the poor schooling outcomes of elementary school students. The purpose of this paper is to provide insight into the distribution of academic performance in rural China and identify vulnerable groups.

Design/methodology/approach
The authors draw on a data set of 25,892 observations constructed from 11 school-level surveys spanning nine provinces and one municipality in China conducted from 2013 to 2015.

Findings
The authors find that the distribution of academic performance is uneven across provinces and subgroups. In general, male students, Han, living in richer counties, living with their parents and studying in rural public schools do better academically than female students, non-Han, living in poorer counties, left behind and studying in private migrant schools in cities.

Research limitations/implications
Using the results of this study, policymakers should be able to better target investments into rural education focusing on at risk subpopulations.

Originality/value
With limited data sources, the research on the academic performance of students in rural China is largely absent. The findings of this study help to fill the gaps in the literature base.
Diagnosis of rotor broken bars faults in squirrel cage induction motor using continuous wavelet transform
Authors: Abdi Monfared Omid , Doroudi Aref , Darvishi Amin 
Published: September 2018

Purpose
Squirrel cage induction motors suffer from several faults such as rotor broken bar. One of the powerful methods to detect induction motor faults is the line current signature analysis. This paper aims to present a novel algorithm based on continuous wavelet transform (CWT) to diagnose a rotor broken bar fault.

Design/methodology/approach
The proposed CWT has high flexibility in monitoring any frequency of interest in a waveform. Based on this transform, stator current frequency spectrum is analyzed to diagnose the rotor broken bar fault. The algorithm distinguishes the healthy motor from the faulted one based on a proper index. The method can be used in steady-state running time of induction motor and under different loading conditions. Experimental results are presented to show the validity of the proposed approach.

Findings
The proposed index considerably increases at the broken bars conditions compared to the healthy conditions. It can clearly diagnose the faulty conditions. The experimental results are found to be in good agreement with the theoretical and simulated results. The proposed method can reduce the noise and spectral leakage effects.

Originality/value
The main contribution of the paper are as follows: using CWT for detection of broken bar faults; introducing a proper index for diagnosing broken bars; and introducing a supplementary index to reduce the noise and spectral leakage effects.