bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A rapid assessment of the political economy of health at district level, with a focus on maternal, newborn and child health, in Bangladesh, Indonesia, Nepal and the Philippines
Authors: Hipgrave David B , Anderson Ian , Sato Midori 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) face many challenges and competing demands in the health sector, including maternal and newborn mortality. The allocation of financial and human resources for maximum health impact is important for social and economic development. Governments must prioritize carefully and allocate scarce resources to maximum effect, but also in ways that are politically acceptable, financially and institutionally feasible, and sustainable. Political economy analysis (PEA)—that gets what, when and why—can help explain that prioritization process. We used PEA to investigate how four Asian LMICs (Bangladesh, Indonesia, Nepal and the Philippines) allocate and utilize resources for maternal, newborn and child health (MNCH). Using mixed research methods including a literature review, field interviews at national and sub-national level, and policy, process and budget analysis in each country, we examined three political economy issues: (1) do these countries demonstrably prioritize MNCH at policy level; (2) if so, is this reflected in the allocation of financial and other resources and (3) if resources are allocated to MNCH, do they achieve the intended outputs and outcomes through actual programme implementation? We also considered the influence of transnational developments. We found that all four countries demonstrate political commitment to health, including MNCH. However, the health sector receives comparatively low public financing, governments often do not follow through on plans or pronouncements, and capacity for related action varies widely. Poor governance and decentralization, lack of data for monitoring and evaluation of progress, and weak public sector human resource capacity were frequent problems; engagement of the private or non-government sectors is an important consideration. Opportunities exist to greatly improve equity and MNCH outcomes in these nations, using a mix of evidence, improved governance, social engagement and the media to influence decisions, increase resource allocation to and improve accountability in the health sector.
Impact of integrated healthcare: Taiwan’s Family Doctor Plan
Authors: Liang Li-Lin 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Integration of health services has been pursued worldwide. Diversity in integration approaches and in the contexts in which integrated programmes operate, however, hinders comparative analysis of care integration in both high-income countries (HICs) and low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This study evaluates an HIC programme implemented in a delivery system resembling those of LMICs, especially its weak primary care system. The programme, Taiwan’s Family Doctor Plan (FDP), targets high-cost and chronic patients, incorporating key elements of integrated care, viz., case management, multidisciplinary teams and care pathways. This study estimates the effects of shifting from usual to integrated care and locates contextual factors that may distort programme implementation. To estimate programme effects, difference-in-differences analysis is applied to a balanced panel comprising >160 000 patients over 2009–13. Because physician participation is voluntary, a propensity score matching method is used to match providers. The research findings reveal that introduction of the FDP has not reoriented the model of care from fragmented towards integrated health services. It reduces continuity of care and has no effect on co-ordination of care. Regarding quality of care, the FDP is shown to have no effect on avoidable admissions and increases drug injections and emergency department visits. Several contextual factors may serve as barriers that impede elements of FDP from generating desirable outcomes. These include absence of registration and gatekeeping systems; limited capacities of clinics; and preponderance of fee-for-service remuneration. These findings suggest that HIC design elements may not be directly transferrable to settings with weak primary care systems, as is typical of LMIC healthcare. Changes at the system level, such as establishing regular sources of care, may be necessary before elements of integrated care are introduced to a weaker primary care system.
Responses of ecological indicators to fishing pressure under environmental change: exploring non-linearity and thresholds
Authors: Fu Caihong , Xu Yi , Grüss Arnaud , Bundy Alida , Shannon Lynne , Heymans Johanna J , Halouani Ghassen , Akoglu Ekin , Lynam Christopher P , Coll Marta , Fulton Elizabeth A , Velez Laure , Shin Yunne-Jai 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Marine ecosystems are influenced by multiple stressors in both linear and non-linear ways. Using generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to outputs from a multi-ecosystem, multi-model simulation experiment, we investigated 14 major ecological indicators across ten marine ecosystems about their responses to fishing pressure under: (i) three different fishing strategies (focusing on low-, high-, or all-trophic-level taxa); and (ii) four different scenarios of directional or random primary productivity change, a proxy for environmental change. From this work, we draw four major conclusions: (i) responses of indicators to fishing mortality in shapes, directions, and thresholds depend on the fishing strategies considered; (ii) most of the indicators demonstrate decreasing trends with increasing fishing mortality, with a few exceptions depending on the type of fishing strategy; (iii) most of the indicators respond to fishing mortality in a linear way, particularly for community and biomass-based indicators; and (iv) occurrence of threshold for non-linear-mixed type (i.e. non-linear with inflection points) is not prevalent within the fishing mortality rates explored. The conclusions drawn from the present study provide a knowledge base in indicators’ dynamics under different fishing and primary productivity levels, thereby facilitating the application of ecosystem-based fisheries management worldwide.
Lung procurement after circulatory death from donor supported on biventricular assist devices and functional assessment with portable normothermic ex vivo organ care system
Authors: Ali Jason M , Kaul Pradeep , Jenkins David P , Berman Marius 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The criteria for donor organ acceptance are broadening. We describe a successful lung transplantation following donation after circulatory death of extended criteria donor supported with biventricular assist devices. During the redo sternotomy, we used the biventricular assist devices cannulae to perfuse the lungs through the pulmonary artery cannula and draining via the left and right ventricle cannula, significantly minimizing the ischaemic time. Following procurement, we utilized portable ex vivo lung system (Transmedics™ Lung OCS) to optimize, assess and eventually to proceed to a successful transplant.
Moving frames and Noether’s finite difference conservation laws I
Authors: Mansfield E L , Rojo-Echeburúa A , Hydon P E , Peng L 
Published: September 2019

AbstractWe consider the calculation of Euler–Lagrange systems of ordinary difference equations, including the difference Noether’s theorem, in the light of the recently-developed calculus of difference invariants and discrete moving frames. We introduce the difference moving frame, a natural discrete moving frame that is adapted to difference equations by prolongation conditions. For any Lagrangian that is invariant under a Lie group action on the space of dependent variables, we show that the Euler–Lagrange equations can be calculated directly in terms of the invariants of the group action. Furthermore, Noether’s conservation laws can be written in terms of a difference moving frame and the invariants. We show that this form of the laws can significantly ease the problem of solving the Euler–Lagrange equations, and we also show how to use a difference frame to integrate Lie group invariant difference equations. In this Part I, we illustrate the theory by applications to Lagrangians invariant under various solvable Lie groups. The theory is also generalized to deal with variational symmetries that do not leave the Lagrangian invariant. Apart from the study of systems that are inherently discrete, one significant application is to obtain geometric (variational) integrators that have finite difference approximations of the continuous conservation laws embedded a priori. This is achieved by taking an invariant finite difference Lagrangian in which the discrete invariants have the correct continuum limit to their smooth counterparts. We show the calculations for a discretization of the Lagrangian for Euler’s elastica, and compare our discrete solution to that of its smooth continuum limit.
Replicative Fitness of Seasonal Influenza A Viruses With Decreased Susceptibility to Baloxavir
Authors: Chesnokov Anton , Patel Mira C , Mishin Vasiliy P , De La Cruz Juan A , Lollis Lori , Nguyen Ha T , Dugan Vivien , Wentworth David E , Gubareva Larisa V 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Susceptibility of influenza A viruses to baloxavir can be affected by changes at amino acid residue 38 in the polymerase acidic (PA) protein. Information on replicative fitness of PA-I38-substituted viruses remains sparse. We demonstrated that substitutions I38L/M/S/T not only had a differential effect on baloxavir susceptibility (9- to 116-fold) but also on in vitro replicative fitness. Although I38L conferred undiminished growth, other substitutions led to mild attenuation. In a ferret model, control viruses outcompeted those carrying I38M or I38T substitutions, although their advantage was limited. These findings offer insights into the attributes of baloxavir-resistant viruses needed for informed risk assessment.
Aggregation and Labor Supply Elasticities
Authors: Kneip Alois , Merz Monika , Storjohann Lidia 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
We outline a formal procedure for deriving the aggregate wage-elasticity of labor supply for a large group of heterogeneous workers who operate under uncertainty. Heterogeneity relates to preferences, income, wealth, and the labor market status. If each worker faces a small, possibly nonuniform wage change, the implied aggregate wage-elasticity can be represented by a closed-form expression. This expression captures an extensive and an intensive margin. We empirically implement the procedure for a dynamic model of individual labor supply and a micro panel of men in Germany from 2000 to 2013. We find that the extensive margin is less time-varying than the intensive margin, and that its size varies with the measure of reservation wages. Self-reported reservation wages render a larger extensive margin than other proxies. The estimated aggregate Frisch wage-elasticity varies between 0.85 and 1.06, and the two margins matter equally strongly for the unbalanced sample.
“Health is Wealth”: Valuing Health in the Nineteenth-Century United States
Authors: Kiechle Melanie A 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This essay traces the evolution of the motto “health is wealth” from its origins as an anticapitalist argument made by antebellum sanitary reformers to its acceptance as a fundamental principle of organized public health in the United States. Sanitarians originally coined the phrase “health is wealth” to counter the capitalist maxim “labor is wealth.” Because city leaders were businessmen who understood economic arguments, public health reformers increasingly gave health a monetary value in order to win over this audience and change urban governance. Although “health is wealth” momentarily co-opted the logic of capitalism in order to successfully make the case for institutionalizing public health within municipal and state governments, the phrase ultimately wrote economic values into the purpose and functions of public health boards and departments. In the course of advancing a proactive public health that prevented both endemic and epidemic diseases, sanitarians reduced the perception of health from a common good to a commodity. The economic logic employed by early reformers is critical, not only for understanding how the long reach of early American capitalism touches us today but also for recognizing that modern public health functions in the way it was created, as a capitalist system.
A 70-Year-Old Female with Unexpected Platelet Function Testing Results
Authors: Kim Moon Joo , Patel Pragna , Vyas Niti , Leveque Christopher , Diaz Orlando , Salazar Eric 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
A 70-year-old female with a history of hypertension and left A2 segment aneurysm was scheduled for pipeline embolization device (PED) placement. Preinterventional antiplatelet prophylaxis included aspirin and ticagrelor. Unexpectedly, after 13 days of treatment, VerifyNow showed a P2Y12 reaction unit (PRU) value of 216, approximately &gt;5 times the mean PRU of other patients on aspirin and ticagrelor. We confirmed platelet reactivity and ticagrelor resistance with light transmission aggregometry. Antiplatelet therapy was switched to prasugrel, and aspirin was continued. Eight days later, the P2Y12 reaction value (PRU) was 164. PED was placed without complications. Unlike clopidogrel, ticagrelor is a direct P2Y12 inhibitor that does not require metabolism to an active metabolite. Ticagrelor resistance is very rarely reported. To the best of our knowledge, there has been no case of ticagrelor resistance reported in the context of pre-PED placement prophylaxis.
Scintillation Arc Brightness and Electron Density for an Analytical Noodle Model
Authors: Gwinn Carl R , Sosenko Evan B 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
We show that narrow filaments or sheets of over- or under-dense plasma, or “noodles,” with fluctuations of scattering phase of less than a radian, can form the scintillation arcs seen for many pulsars. The required local fluctuations of electron density are indefinitely small. We assume a cosine profile for the electron column and find the scattered field by analytic Kirchhoff integration. For a large electron column, corresponding to large amplitude of phase variation, the stationary-phase approximation is accurate; we call this regime “ray optics”. For smaller-amplitude phase variation, the stationary-phase approximation is inaccurate or inapplicable; we call this regime “wave optics”. We show that scattering is most efficient when the width of the strip equals that of one pair of Fresnel zones, and in the wave-optics regime. We show that the resolution of present observations is about 100 Fresnel zones on the scattering screen. Incoherent superposition of strips within a resolution element tends to increase the scattered field. We find that observations match a single noodle per resolution element with phase of up to 12 radians; or many noodles per resolution element with arbitrarily small phase variation each, for net phase of less than a radian. Observations suggest a minimum radius for noodles of about 650 km, comparable to the ion inertial scale or the ion cyclotron radius in the scattering plasma.
A SHARP view of H0LiCOW: H0 from three time-delay gravitational lens systems with adaptive optics imaging
Authors: Chen Geoff C-F , Fassnacht Christopher D , Suyu Sherry H , Rusu Cristian E , Chan James H H , Wong Kenneth C , Auger Matthew W , Hilbert Stefan , Bonvin Vivien , Birrer Simon , Millon Martin , Koopmans Léon V E , Lagattuta David J , McKean John P , Vegetti Simona , Courbin Frederic , Ding Xuheng , Halkola Aleksi , Jee Inh , Shajib Anowar J , Sluse Dominique , Sonnenfeld Alessandro , Treu Tommaso 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACTWe present the measurement of the Hubble constant, H0, with three strong gravitational lens systems. We describe a blind analysis of both PG 1115+080 and HE 0435−1223 as well as an extension of our previous analysis of RXJ 1131−1231. For each lens, we combine new adaptive optics (AO) imaging from the Keck Telescope, obtained as part of the SHARP (Strong-lensing High Angular Resolution Programme) AO effort, with Hubble Space Telescope (HST) imaging, velocity dispersion measurements, and a description of the line-of-sight mass distribution to build an accurate and precise lens mass model. This mass model is then combined with the COSMOGRAIL-measured time delays in these systems to determine H0. We do both an AO-only and an AO + HST analysis of the systems and find that AO and HST results are consistent. After unblinding, the AO-only analysis gives $H_{0}=82.8^{+9.4}_{-8.3}~\rm km\, s^{-1}\, Mpc^{-1}$ for PG 1115+080, $H_{0}=70.1^{+5.3}_{-4.5}~\rm km\, s^{-1}\, Mpc^{-1}$ for HE 0435−1223, and $H_{0}=77.0^{+4.0}_{-4.6}~\rm km\, s^{-1}\, Mpc^{-1}$ for RXJ 1131−1231. The joint AO-only result for the three lenses is $H_{0}=75.6^{+3.2}_{-3.3}~\rm km\, s^{-1}\, Mpc^{-1}$. The joint result of the AO + HST analysis for the three lenses is $H_{0}=76.8^{+2.6}_{-2.6}~\rm km\, s^{-1}\, Mpc^{-1}$. All of these results assume a flat Λ cold dark matter cosmology with a uniform prior on Ωm in [0.05, 0.5] and H0 in [0, 150] $\rm km\, s^{-1}\, Mpc^{-1}$. This work is a collaboration of the SHARP and H0LiCOW teams, and shows that AO data can be used as the high-resolution imaging component in lens-based measurements of H0. The full time-delay cosmography results from a total of six strongly lensed systems are presented in a companion paper.
Fast and precise light-curve model for transiting exoplanets with rings
Authors: Rein Edan , Ofir Aviv 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACT
The presence of silicate material in known rings in the Solar system raises the possibility of ring systems existing even within the snow line – where most transiting exoplanets are found. Previous studies have shown that the detection of exoplanetary rings in transit light curves is possible, albeit challenging. To aid such future detection of exoplanetary rings, we present the Polygon + Segments model for modelling the light curve of an exoplanet with rings. This high-precision model includes full ring geometry as well as possible ring transparency and the host star’s limb darkening. It is also computationally efficient, requiring just a 1D integration over a small range, making it faster than existing techniques. The algorithm at its core is further generalized to compute the light curve of any set of convex primitive shapes in transit (e.g. multiple planets, oblate planets, moons, rings, combination thereof, etc.) while accounting for their overlaps. The python source code is made available.
Physical inference from the γ-ray, X-ray, and optical time variability of a large sample of Fermi blazars
Authors: Majumder Anwesh , Mitra Kaustav , Chatterjee Ritaban , Urry C M , Bailyn C D , Nandi Prantik 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACT
We present cross-correlation studies of γ-ray (0.1–300 GeV), X-ray (0.2–10 keV), and optical (R band) variability of a sample of 26 blazars during 2008–2016. The light curves are from Fermi-LAT, Swift-XRT, and the Yale-SMARTS blazar monitoring program. We stack the discrete cross-correlation functions of the blazars such that the features that are consistently present in a large fraction of the sample become more prominent in the final result. We repeat the same analysis for two subgroups, namely, low synchrotron peaked (LSP) and high synchrotron peaked (HSP) blazars. We find that, on average, the variability at multiple bands is correlated, with a time lag consistent with zero in both subgroups. We describe this correlation with a leptonic model of non-thermal emission from blazar jets. By comparing the model results with those from the actual data, we find that the inter-band cross-correlations are consistent with an emission region of size 0.1 pc within the broad-line region for LSP blazars. We rule out large changes of magnetic field (>0.5 Gauss) across the emission region or small values of magnetic field (e.g., 0.2 Gauss) for this population. We also find that the observed variability of the HSP blazars can be explained if the emission region is much larger than the distance to the broad-line region from the central black hole.
Recombining Your Way Out of Trouble: The Genetic Architecture of Hybrid Fitness under Environmental Stress
Authors: Zhang Zebin , Bendixsen Devin P , Janzen Thijs , Nolte Arne W , Greig Duncan , Stelkens Rike 
Published: September 2019

AbstractHybridization between species can either promote or impede adaptation. But we know very little about the genetic basis of hybrid fitness, especially in nondomesticated organisms, and when populations are facing environmental stress. We made genetically variable F2 hybrid populations from two divergent Saccharomyces yeast species. We exposed populations to ten toxins and sequenced the most resilient hybrids on low coverage using ddRADseq to investigate four aspects of their genomes: 1) hybridity, 2) interspecific heterozygosity, 3) epistasis (positive or negative associations between nonhomologous chromosomes), and 4) ploidy. We used linear mixed-effect models and simulations to measure to which extent hybrid genome composition was contingent on the environment. Genomes grown in different environments varied in every aspect of hybridness measured, revealing strong genotype–environment interactions. We also found selection against heterozygosity or directional selection for one of the parental alleles, with larger fitness of genomes carrying more homozygous allelic combinations in an otherwise hybrid genomic background. In addition, individual chromosomes and chromosomal interactions showed significant species biases and pervasive aneuploidies. Against our expectations, we observed multiple beneficial, opposite-species chromosome associations, confirmed by epistasis- and selection-free computer simulations, which is surprising given the large divergence of parental genomes (∼15%). Together, these results suggest that successful, stress-resilient hybrid genomes can be assembled from the best features of both parents without paying high costs of negative epistasis. This illustrates the importance of measuring genetic trait architecture in an environmental context when determining the evolutionary potential of genetically diverse hybrid populations.
Unique and assay specific features of NOMe-, ATAC- and DNase I-seq data
Authors: Nordström Karl J V , Schmidt Florian , Gasparoni Nina , Salhab Abdulrahman , Gasparoni Gilles , Kattler Kathrin , Müller Fabian , Ebert Peter , Costa Ivan G ,   DEEP consortium, Pfeifer Nico , Lengauer Thomas , Schulz Marcel H , Walter Jörn 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Chromatin accessibility maps are important for the functional interpretation of the genome. Here, we systematically analysed assay specific differences between DNase I-seq, ATAC-seq and NOMe-seq in a side by side experimental and bioinformatic setup. We observe that most prominent nucleosome depleted regions (NDRs, e.g. in promoters) are roboustly called by all three or at least two assays. However, we also find a high proportion of assay specific NDRs that are often ‘called’ by only one of the assays. We show evidence that these assay specific NDRs are indeed genuine open chromatin sites and contribute important information for accurate gene expression prediction. While technically ATAC-seq and DNase I-seq provide a superb high NDR calling rate for relatively low sequencing costs in comparison to NOMe-seq, NOMe-seq singles out for its genome-wide coverage allowing to not only detect NDRs but also endogenous DNA methylation and as we show here genome wide segmentation into heterochromatic B domains and local phasing of nucleosomes outside of NDRs. In summary, our comparisons strongly suggest to consider assay specific differences for the experimental design and for generalized and comparative functional interpretations.