bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
For a Human Rights Approach to Reforming the American Penal State
Authors: Simon Jonathan 
Published: July 2019

AbstractEconomic arguments seem to be the most promising avenue for driving reform of America’s bloated penal state in the aftermath of mass incarceration. Raising human rights concerns has limited appeal beyond cultural elites and, on occasion, courts, but today reform is coming from elected branches. Talk of human rights for criminals, or human dignity for prisoners, can risk backlash as happened around the death penalty in the 1970s. This essay challenges this conventional account in three ways. First, I argue that historical conditions make the potential for backlash limited. Second, that economic arguments will always be limited by the political and institutional frameworks that define the current meanings of criminal justice; only a human rights approach can drive a truly abolitionist reform agenda, one aimed at rethinking the institutions themselves, not just their budgets. Third, human rights campaigns can, if properly conceived, expand the constituency for deep criminal justice reform.
Nonparametric Dynamic Conditional Beta
Authors: Maheu John M , Shamsi Zamenjani Azam 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This article derives a dynamic beta representation using a Bayesian semiparametric multivariate generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH) model. The conditional joint distribution of excess stock returns and market excess returns is modeled as a countably infinite mixture of normals. This allows for deviations from the elliptic family of distributions. Empirically, we find the time-varying beta of a stock nonlinearly depends on the expected value of excess market returns. The nonlinear dependence is robust to different GARCH specifications as well as more factors in the model. In highly volatile markets, beta is almost constant, while in stable markets, the beta coefficient can depend asymmetrically on the expected market excess return. We extend the model to several factors and find empirical support for a three-factor model with nonlinear factor sensitives.
Role of Asparagine Endopeptidase in Mediating Wild-Type p53 Inactivation of Glioblastoma
Authors: Lin Yingying , Liao Keman , Miao Yifeng , Qian Zhongrun , Fang Zhaoyuan , Yang Xi , Nie Quanmin , Jiang Gan , Liu Jianhua , Yu Yiyi , Wan Jieqing , Zhang Xiaohua , Hu Yaomin , Jiang Jiyao , Qiu Yongming 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Background
Isocitrate dehydrogenase wild-type (WT) glioblastoma (GBM) accounts for 90% of all GBMs, yet only 27% of isocitrate dehydrogenase WT-GBMs have p53 mutations. However, the tumor surveillance function of WT-p53 in GBM is subverted by mechanisms that are not fully understood.

Methods
We investigated the proteolytic inactivation of WT-p53 by asparaginyl endopeptidase (AEP) and its effects on GBM progression in cancer cells, murine models, and patients’ specimens using biochemical and functional assays. The sera of healthy donors (n = 48) and GBM patients (n = 20) were examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Furthermore, effects of AEP inhibitors on GBM progression were evaluated in murine models (n = 6–8 per group). The statistical significance between groups was determined using two-tailed Student t tests.

Results
We demonstrate that AEP binds to and directly cleaves WT-p53, resulting in the inhibition of WT-p53-mediated tumor suppressor function in both tumor cells and stromal cells via extracellular vesicle communication. High expression of uncleavable p53-N311A-mutant rescue AEP-induced tumorigenesis, proliferation, and anti-apoptotic abilities. Knock down or pharmacological inhibition of AEP reduced tumorigenesis and prolonged survival in murine models. However, overexpression of AEP promoted tumorigenesis and shortened the survival time. Moreover, high AEP levels in GBM tissues were associated with a poor prognosis of GBM patients (n = 83; hazard ratio = 3.94, 95% confidence interval = 1.87 to 8.28; P &lt; .001). A correlation was found between high plasma AEP levels and a larger tumor size in GBM patients (r = 0.6, P = .03), which decreased dramatically after surgery.

Conclusions
Our results indicate that AEP promotes GBM progression via inactivation of WT-p53 and may serve as a prognostic and therapeutic target for GBM.
Rare case of bilateral anterolateral and symmetrical bowing of tibia successfully treated with a distal tibial opening wedge osteotomy
Authors: Miranda Margarida , Afonso Carolina , Martins Carla , Carvalho João , Campos Armando 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The anterolateral bowing of the tibia is closely associated with the development of its pseudarthrosis. Roughly, all deformities are unilateral so the shortening and angulation are easy to identify. We present a 6-year-old boy with an exuberant bilateral anterolateral bowing of tíbia. He has short stature, disturbed gait and callosity at the lateral border of the foot. Deformity was successfully treated by opening wedge tibia osteotomy and filled the remaining gap with structural fibular graft. It was fixed with two crossed K-wires and cast immobilization for 6 weeks. We decided to correct it before skeletal maturity due to the significant disturbance of the gait and esthetic impairment. It was obtained a satisfactory morphological and functional result with a simple and fast technique.
Appendiceal mucocele secondary to torsion in an asymptomatic patient
Authors: Aggarwal Nikhil , Bhargava Aman 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Torsion of the appendix associated with an appendiceal mucocele is extremely rare with just a few published cases. To our knowledge, we report the first case of appendiceal mucocele secondary to torsion in an asymptomatic patient. In this case, numerous adhesions were found attaching the tip of the appendix mucocele to the peritoneum contributing to torsion as well as a lack of evidence for appendiceal neoplasm. Complications of appendiceal mucocele include obstruction, intussusception and pseudomyxoma peritonei, which has a particularly poor prognosis. Clinicians should, therefore, consider prompt surgical resection for definitive histopathological diagnosis and management.
Autopolyploidization in switchgrass alters phenotype and flowering time via epigenetic and transcription regulation
Authors: Yan Haidong , Bombarely Aureliano , Xu Bin , Wu Bingchao , Frazier Taylor P , Zhang Xinquan , Chen Jing , Chen Peilin , Sun Min , Feng Guangyan , Wang Chengran , Cui Chenming , Li Qi , Zhao Bingyu , Huang Linkai 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Polyploidization is a significant source of genomic and organism diversification during plant evolution, and leads to substantial alterations in plant phenotypes and natural fitness. To help understand the phenotypic and molecular impacts of autopolyploidization, we conducted epigenetic and full-transcriptomic analyses of a synthesized autopolyploid accession of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) in order to interpret the molecular and phenotypic changes. We found that mCHH levels were decreased in both genic and transposable element (TE) regions, and that TE methylation near genes was decreased as well. Among 142 differentially expressed genes involved in cell division, cellulose biosynthesis, auxin response, growth, and reproduction processes, 75 of them were modified by 122 differentially methylated regions, 10 miRNAs, and 15 siRNAs. In addition, up-regulated PvTOE1 and suppressed PvFT probably contribute to later flowering time of the autopolyploid. The expression changes were probably associated with modification of nearby methylation sites and siRNAs. We also experimentally demonstrated that expression levels of PvFT and PvTOE1 were regulated by DNA methylation, supporting the link between alterations in methylation induced by polyploidization and the phenotypic changes that were observed. Collectively, our results show epigenetic modifications in synthetic autopolyploid switchgrass for the first time, and support the hypothesis that polyploidization-induced methylation is an important cause of phenotypic alterations and is potentially important for plant evolution and improved fitness.
Axial anatomy of the leaf midrib provides new insights into the hydraulic architecture and cavitation patterns of Acer pseudoplatanus leaves
Authors: Lechthaler Silvia , Colangeli Pierluigi , Gazzabin Moira , Anfodillo Tommaso 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe structure of leaf veins is typically described by a hierarchical scheme (e.g. midrib, 1st order, 2nd order), which is used to predict variation in conduit diameter from one order to another whilst overlooking possible variation within the same order. We examined whether xylem conduit diameter changes within the same vein order, with resulting consequences for resistance to embolism. We measured the hydraulic diameter (Dh), and number of vessels (VN) along the midrib and petioles of leaves of Acer pseudoplatanus, and estimated the leaf area supplied (Aleaf-sup) at different points of the midrib and how variation in anatomical traits affected embolism resistance. We found that Dh scales with distance from the midrib tip (path length, L) with a power of 0.42, and that VN scales with Aleaf-sup with a power of 0.66. Total conductive area scales isometrically with Aleaf-sup. Embolism events along the midrib occurred first in the basipetal part and then at the leaf tip where vessels are narrower. The distance from the midrib tip is a good predictor of the variation in vessel diameter along the 1st order veins in A. pseudoplatanus leaves and this anatomical pattern seems to have an effect on hydraulic integrity since wider vessels at the leaf base embolize first.
The Study of SALL4 Gene and BMI-1 Gene Expression in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Patients
Authors: Swelem Rania Shafik , Elneely Dalia Abdelmoety , Shehata Ahmed Abdel Rahman 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Background
In acute myeloid leukemia (AML), many genes have been studied as prognostic markers. SALL4 is expressed constitutively in human leukemia cell lines and primary AML cells. BMI-1 is expressed highly in purified hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), and its expression declines with differentiation.

Objective
To study the expression levels of SALL4 and BMI-1 and their clinical significance in patients with AML.

Methods
The study was performed with 60 patients newly diagnosed with AML and 50 control individuals. SALL4 and BMI-1 expression detection were performed using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

Results
The expression of SALL4 and BMI-1 was significantly higher in cases of AML and showed a strong association with failure to achieve complete remission (CR) or with relapse (P = .02, P = .03, respectively). In multivariate analysis, these genes were the most powerful independent predictors of poor prognosis (P = .01 for SALL4, P = .02 for BMI-1).

Conclusion
SALL4 and BMI-1 are significant prognostic factors in AML and could be strong targets for novel types of therapy.
The Influence of the Test Operator on the Expressive Power of PDL-like Logics
Authors: Nguyen Linh Anh 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Berman and Paterson proved that test-free propositional dynamic logic (PDL) is weaker than PDL. One would raise questions: does a similar result also hold for extensions of PDL? For example, is test-free converse-PDL (CPDL) weaker than CPDL? In what circumstances the test operator can be eliminated without reducing the expressive power of a PDL-based logical formalism? These problems have not yet been studied. As the description logics $\mathcal{ALC}_{trans}$ and $\mathcal{ALC}_{reg}$ are, respectively, variants of test-free PDL and PDL, there is a concept of $\mathcal{ALC}_{reg}$ that is not equivalent to any concept of $\mathcal{ALC}_{trans}$. Generalizing this, we prove that there is a concept of $\mathcal{ALC}_{reg}$ that is not equivalent to any concept of the logic that extends $\mathcal{ALC}_{trans}$ with inverse roles, nominals, qualified number restrictions, the universal role and local reflexivity of roles. We also provide some results for the case with RBoxes and TBoxes. One of them states that tests can be eliminated from TBoxes of the deterministic Horn fragment of $\mathcal{ALC}_{reg}$.
The Type II superluminous SN 2008es at late times: near-infrared excess and circumstellar interaction
Authors: Bhirombhakdi Kornpob , Chornock Ryan , Miller Adam A , Filippenko Alexei V , Cenko S Bradley , Smith Nathan 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACTSN 2008es is one of the rare cases of a Type II superluminous supernova (SLSN), showing no narrow features in its early-time spectra, and therefore, its powering mechanism is under debate between circumstellar interaction (CSI) and magnetar spin-down. Late-time data are required for better constraints. We present optical and near-infrared (NIR) photometry obtained from Gemini, Keck, and Palomar Observatories from 192 to 554 d after explosion. Only broad H α emission is detected in a Gemini spectrum at 288 d. The line profile exhibits red-wing attenuation relative to the early-time spectrum. In addition to the cooling SN photosphere, an NIR excess with blackbody temperature ∼1500 K and radius ∼1016 cm is observed. This evidence supports dust condensation in the cool dense shell being responsible for the spectral evolution and NIR excess. We favour CSI, with ∼2–3 M⊙ of circumstellar material (CSM) and ∼10–20 M⊙ of ejecta, as the powering mechanism, which still dominates at our late-time epochs. Both models of uniform density and steady wind fit the data equally well, with an effective CSM radius ∼1015 cm, supporting the efficient conversion of shock energy to radiation by CSI. A low amount (≲0.4 M⊙) of 56Ni is possible but cannot be verified yet, since the light curve is dominated by CSI. The magnetar spin-down powering mechanism cannot be ruled out, but is less favoured because it overpredicts the late-time fluxes and may be inconsistent with the presence of dust.
Higher order harmonics in the light curves of eccentric planetary systems
Authors: Penoyre Zephyr , Sandford Emily 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACTAs a planet orbits, it causes periodic modulations in the light curve of its host star. Due to the combined effects of the planet raising tides on the host star, relativistic beaming of the starlight, and reflection of light off the planet’s surface, these modulations occur at the planet’s orbital frequency, as well as integer multiples of this frequency. In particular, planets on eccentric orbits induce third and higher order harmonics in the stellar light curve which cannot be explained by circular-orbit models. Even at moderate eccentricities, such as those typical of Solar system planets, these harmonics are detectable in current and future photometric data. We present an analysis of the harmonics caused by tides, beaming, and reflection in eccentric planetary systems. We explore the dependence of these signals on the parameters of the system, and we discuss prospects for current and future observations of these signals, particularly by the NASA TESS mission. Finally, we present publicly available code for computation of light curves with tidal, beaming, and reflection signals, oot.
ERQs are the BOSS of quasar samples: the highest velocity [O iii] quasar outflows
Authors: Perrotta S , Hamann F , Zakamska N L , Alexandroff R M , Rupke D , Wylezalek D 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACT
We investigate extremely red quasars (ERQs), a remarkable population of heavily reddened quasars at redshift z ∼ 2−3 that might be caught during a short-lived ‘blow-out’ phase of quasar/galaxy evolution. We perform a near-IR observational campaign using Keck/NIRSPEC, VLT/X-shooter, and Gemini/GNIRS to measure rest-frame optical spectra of 28 ERQs with median infrared luminosity 〈log L(erg s−1)〉 ∼ 46.2. They exhibit the broadest and most blueshifted [O iii] λ4959,5007 emission lines ever reported, with widths (w90) ranging between 2053 and 7227 km s−1, and maximum outflow speeds (v98) up to 6702 km s−1. ERQs on average have [O iii] outflows velocities about three times larger than those of luminosity-matched blue quasar samples. This discrepancy can be explained by a strong correlation between [O iii] kinematics and i–W3 colour, and not by radio loudness, or higher Eddington ratios. We estimate for these objects that at least 3–5 per cent of their bolometric luminosity is being converted into the kinetic power of the observed wind. Our results reveal that ERQs have the potential to strongly affect the evolution of host galaxies.
BAT AGN Spectroscopic Survey – XVII. The parsec-scale jet properties of the ultrahard X-ray-selected local AGNs
Authors: Baek Junhyun , Chung Aeree , Schawinski Kevin , Oh Kyuseok , Wong O Ivy , Koss Michael , Ricci Claudio , Trakhtenbrot Benny , Smith Krista Lynne , Ueda Yoshihiro 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACT
We have performed a very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) survey of local (z &lt; 0.05) ultrahard X-ray (14–195 keV) selected active galactic nuclei (AGNs) from the Swift Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) using KVN, KaVA, and VLBA. We first executed fringe surveys of 142 BAT-detected AGNs at 15 or 22 GHz. Based on the result from the fringe surveys and archival data, we find 10/279 nearby AGN (∼4 per cent) VLBI have 22 GHz flux above 30 mJy. This implies that the X-ray AGNs with a bright nuclear jet are not common. Among these 10 radio-bright AGNs, we obtained 22 GHz VLBI imaging data of our own for four targets and reprocessed archival data for six targets. We find that, although our 10 AGNs observed with VLBI span a wide range of pc-scale morphological types, they lie on a tight linear relation between accretion luminosity and nuclear jet luminosity. Our result suggests that a powerful nuclear radio jet correlates with the accretion disc luminosity. We also probed the Fundamental Plane of black hole activity at VLBI scales (e.g. few milliarcsecond). The jet luminosity and size distribution among our sample roughly fit into the proposed AGN evolutionary scenario, finding powerful jets after the blow-out phase based on the Eddington ratio (λEdd)–hydrogen column density (NH) relation. In addition, we find some hints of gas inflow or galaxy–galaxy merger in the majority of our sample. This implies that gas supply via tidal interactions in galactic scale may help the central AGN to launch a powerful parsec-scale jet.
Synchrotron self absorption and the minimum energy of optically thick radio flares from stellar mass black holes
Authors: Fender Rob , Bright Joe 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
We consider the case of radio flares from black hole X-ray binaries in which the flare spectrum evolves from optically thick to optically thin, under the assumption that this is due to decreasing optical depth to synchrotron self absorption. We are able to place upper and lower limits on the size of the emitting region associated with a radio flare, and determine the synchrotron source magnetic field and energy as a function of size. The energy has a clear minimum which occurs close to the condition that the magnetic field derived from synchrotron self absorption equals that calculated from equipartition. This minimum energy estimate is independent of the rise time of the event, and so may be applied to any event for which the peak flux is measured and there is evidence for self-absorption. This is a much more accurate approach to minimum energy estimation than assuming expansion at close to the speed of light. We apply this method to four examples of optically thick radio flares and find that in each case either the filling factor of the synchrotron source is considerably less than unity, or the expansion speed is considerably less than the speed of light. The combination of unity filling factor and expansion speeds close to the speed of light is completely ruled out on energetic grounds for three of the four events we consider. The inferred slowed expansion is consistent with detailed modelling of such events which has been recently reported in the literature. The minimum power requirements associated with the flares are found to be ∼1036 erg s−1, which are easily accomodated in the context of stellar mass black hole accretion at near-Eddington levels, when these flares typically occur. However, the true jet power could still be orders of magnitude higher.
Compositional characterization of V-type candidate asteroids identified using the MOVIS catalogue
Authors: Medeiros H , de León J , Lazzaro D , Popescu M , Lorenzi V , Pinilla-Alonso N , Landsman Z , Rizos J L , Morate D 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACTThe main objective of this work is to compositionally analyse the visible to near-infrared spectra of a total of six V-type candidates identified using the MOVIS (Y-J) versus (J-Ks) colour–colour plot and located outside the Vesta collisional family. We obtained visible and near-infrared spectra of these asteroids using the 2.54m Isaac Newton Telescope, the 2.5m Nordic Optical Telescope, and the 3.58m Telescopio Nazionale Galileo, all located at the El Roque de Los Muchachos Observatory (La Palma, Spain), as well as the 3.0m NASA Infrared Telescope Facility, located at the Mauna Kea Observatory in Hawaii. We computed several diagnostic spectral parameters (slopes, band centres, band depths, band area ratio, or BAR) and compared them to the ones known for HED meteorites and (4) Vesta. The taxonomic classification confirmed five out of the six candidates as V-types, leading to an identification success rate about 83 per cent. In general, the spectral parameters obtained for the five V-types are in good agreement with those of HED meteorites and (4) Vesta. The exception is asteroid (2452) Lyot, a V-type in the outer belt, located very close to (1459) Magnya, but showing distinct [Wo] and [Fs] molar contents both from Magnya and Vesta, pointing toward a diogenitic compostion. We also studied the dependency of the BAR parameter on the way it is computed (removing or not the continuum), the spectral slope, and the last point used to delimit the right wing of the absorption band at 2 μm.
Relativistic Fe Kα line in the composite X-ray spectra of radio-loud active galactic nuclei
Authors: Hu Jingwei , Liu Zhu , Jin Chichuan , Yuan Weimin 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACT
While a broad Fe Kα emission line is generally found in the X-ray spectra of radio quiet (RQ) active galactic nuclei (AGNs), this feature, commonly thought to be broadened by the relativistic effects near the central black hole, appears to be rare in their radio loud (RL) counterparts. In this paper, we carry out a detailed study of the ensemble property of the X-ray spectra, focusing on the Fe line, of 97 RL AGNs by applying the spectral stacking method to the spectra obtained with XMM–Newton. For comparison, the same analysis is also performed for 193 RQ AGNs. Both a narrow and a broad component of the Fe Kα line are detected at high significance in the stacked spectra of both samples. The broad lines can be well fitted with relativistically broadened line profiles. Our results suggest that, as in their RQ counterparts, a relativistic Fe line component is commonly present in RL AGNs, though it may not be detected unambiguously in individual objects with spectra of relatively low signal to noise. We try to constrain the average spin of the black holes for both the RL and RQ AGN samples by modelling their composite Fe line spectral profiles with relativistic disc line models. For the RL sample, the average spin is loosely constrained and a wide range is allowed except for very fast spins (&lt;0.78, 90 per cent confidence), while for the RQ sample, it is constrained to be low or moderate (&lt;0.24). We conclude that the more precise measurement of the black hole spins in RL AGNs has to await for the advent of future high-throughput X-ray telescopes.