bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
130 Young Scholar Presentation: Can exogenous carbohydrase supplementation to higher-fiber diets improve gut function, microbiota, and growth performance of weaned pigs?
Authors: Li Qingyun , Gabler Nicholas K , Burrough Eric R , Loving Crystal L , Schmitz-Esser Stephan , Patience John F , Peng Xiyu 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
There is increasing interest in feeding higher-fiber coproducts to weaned pigs due to their potential benefits on gut function and microbiota. However, young pigs are not efficient at utilizing fibrous coproducts. Exogenous carbohydrases can be used to improve nutrient utilization and growth of pigs fed higher levels of coproducts. Previous results regarding the impact of carbohydrases on performance in pigs have been inconsistent, thus a better understanding of associated mechanisms is needed. Using 460 weaned pigs (6.4 ± 0.1 kg), our first study showed that a carbohydrase enzyme blend (EB) improved ADG of weaned pigs fed higher-fiber diets (with added DDGS and wheat middlings) over a 28-d experimental period (P < 0.05). Pigs fed EB-supplemented diets had lower urinary lactulose:mannitol ratio, decreased plasma IL-8 concentration, and greater ileal CLDN3 (claudin 3) mRNA abundance, compared with those fed diets without EB (P < 0.05). These changes may partly explain the improved growth, providing mode of action evidence for carbohydrase in improving performance of weaned pigs. Carbohydrases may also exert prebiotic effects through release of oligosaccharides from fiber degradation. Thus, carbohydrases and dietary fiber may improve disease resilience of young pigs against bacterial infections, for example, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) induced post-weaning diarrhea. Our second study evaluated the impact of soluble versus insoluble fiber with or without carbohydrases in newly weaned pigs (n = 60; 6.9 ± 0.07 kg) challenged with F18 ETEC. A diet containing a soluble and highly fermentable fiber from sugar beet pulp with added carbohydrases improved (P < 0.05) ADG, tended to increase (P < 0.10) ileal OCLN (occludin) mRNA, increased (P < 0.05) colonic OCLN mRNA, and tended to decrease (P < 0.10) ileal Escherichia-Shigella compared with ETEC-challenged control. Collectively, appropriate use of exogenous carbohydrases in higher-fiber diets (with the right type and amount of enzyme substrate) is promising in improving gut health and growth performance in weaned pigs.
137 Effects of micro-encapsulated formula of organic acids and essential oils on performance and gut integrity of weaned piglets challenged with ETEC K88
Authors: Xu Yetong , Lahaye Ludovic , He Zhengxiao , Zhang Jinxiao , Yang Chengbo , Piao Xiangshu , Bodin Jean-Christophe 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Control of post-weaning scours is a major concern in pig production. This study intended to evaluate the effects of a selected formula of micro-encapsulated organic acids and essential oils [P(OA+EO)] on performance and intestinal integrity of weaned piglets challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC-K88). A three-wk cage study was conducted using 30 crossbred (Duroc×Landrace×Large-White) 28 days old weaned barrows with initial body weight of 7.41 kg individually housed in metabolic cages with six replications randomly assigned to one of the following five treatments: PC) non-challenged control; NC) ETEC-K88-challenged control; FA): NC + 50 mg/kg kitasamycin + 100 ppm olaquindox + 5 kg/t Free acids; P1): NC + 50 mg/kg kitasamycin + 100 ppm olaquindox + 1 kg/t P(OA+EO) (Jefo, Canada); and P2): NC + 50 mg/kg kitasamycin + 100 ppm olaquindox + 2 kg/t P(OA+EO). Pigs of groups NC, FA, P1 and P2 received an oral dose of 10 mL of ETEC-K88 culture (1×109 CFU/mL) at d 7. Data were subjected to statistical analyses (GLM procedure, SAS). Differences among treatments were separated using Student-Newman-Keul’s range test with a level of significance at P ≤ 0.05. Supplementation of FA and P(OA+EO) tended (P = 0.06) to improve ADG over NC in the two weeks after challenge (424, 486 and 529 g for FA, P1 and P2 respectively vs 390 g for NC). P1 significantly (P < 0.05) improved G:F over NC and FA. One week after challenge, P1 had significantly (P < 0.05) higher ileal occludin protein expression compared to NC, FA and P2. Ileal Zonula occludens-1 expression was decreased (P < 0.05) in NC, while there was no difference between PC and P1 (Table 1). In conclusion, the formula of [P(OA+EO)] could improve growth performance and intestinal integrity of weaned piglets facing E. coli challenge.
139 Bioavailability of valine in a fermentation biomass product relative to the bioavailability in crystalline L-valine when fed to weanling pigs
Authors: Faria de Oliveira Maryane S , Htoo John K , González-Vega Caroline J , Thomson John E , Stein Hans H 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that Val from a Val-containing fermentation biomass product (Val-FB; 64.4% L-Val) has a bioavailability of 100% relative to L-Val (98% Val) when fed to weanling pigs. A Val-deficient basal diet containing 0.63% standardized ileal digestible (SID) Val was formulated. Six additional diets were prepared by supplementing the basal diet with 0.08, 0.16, or 0.24% L-Val or 0.12, 0.25, or 0.37% Val-FB to create experimental diets containing 0.71, 0.79, or 0.87% SID Val. A total of 224 weanling pigs (6.87 ± 0.64 kg) were allotted to a randomized complete block design with 7 diets and 8 replicate pens per diet. Diets were fed for 21 d and growth performance was measured on a pen basis. Orthogonal-polynomial contrasts were used to determine linear and quadratic effects of L-Val and Val-FB levels on performance and the effect of Val sources. A linear regression model based on performance was used to estimate the relative bioavailability (RBV) of Val in Val-FB relative to L-Val. The final body-weight (BW) and average-daily-gain (ADG) were greater (P < 0.01) for pigs fed diets supplemented with Val-FB than pigs fed diets supplemented with L-Val (Table 1). The average-daily-feed-intake (ADFI) decreased linearly (P < 0.01), whereas gain-to-feed ratio (G:F) increased (P < 0.01) by supplementing graded levels of both Val sources to the diets. The RBV of Val in Val-FB as determined by ADG, G:F, and final BW was 146, 135, and 143%, respectively, with 95% confidence intervals of 99 to 191%, 83 to 187%, and 70 to 217%, respectively. In conclusion, the linear regression estimated a RBV of at least 100% for Val-FB relative to L-Val, and pigs fed diets supplemented with Val-FB had greater ADG and final BW than pigs fed diets supplemented with the same amount of L-Val.
145 Effects of titrated levels of water soluble zinc amino acid complex on growth performance of nursery pigs
Authors: Aparachita Pornpim , Carter Scott , Sawyer Afton , Harshman Jared , Rambo Zach , Ward Terry 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Previously, we reported that supplementing a water soluble zinc via drinking water (0 to 80 mg/L) to nursery pigs improved ADG and G:F. To evaluate the efficacy of higher titrated levels of this water soluble zinc amino acid complex (ProPath®Zn LQ, Zinpro Corporation, Eden Prairie, MN) on growth performance, 280 crossbred pigs (5.5 kg BW; 19 d of age) were randomly allotted to four water treatments (7 pens/treatment; 10 pigs/pen). The water treatments were 0, 40, 80 and 160 mg Zn/L of water. Pigs were fed in 4 dietary phases with complex, nutrient-dense, corn-soybean meal-based diets: Phase 1 and 2 (2,500 and 1,750 mg Zn as ZnO/kg; d 1–7 and 7–14, respectively) and Phase 3 and 4 (200 mg Cu as CuSO4/kg; d 14–23 and 23–42, respectively). Pigs and feeders were weighed weekly to determine ADG, ADFI, and G:F. Water meters were used to record and calculate water disappearance and zinc intake. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design. Orthogonal polynomial contrasts were used to determine linear and curvilinear effects. Water and total zinc intake increased linearly (P < 0.001) with increasing water zinc concentration. From d 0–14 when high dietary zinc was fed, there were no differences (P > 0.10) in ADG, ADFI, or G:F. However, from d 14–42 when basal levels of zinc were fed, quadratic improvements in ADG (0.545, 0.561, 0.578, 0.546 kg; P < 0.05) and G:F (0.686, 0.706, 0.723, 0.702; P < 0.01) were observed with increasing zinc via water. Similarly for d 0–42, ADG (0.435, 0.440, 0.454; 0.434 kg; P = 0.07), G:F (0.726, 0.740, 0.763, 0.749; P = 0.05) and average ending wt (23.73, 23.97, 24.55, 23.70 kg; P = 0.07) improved quadratically with increasing zinc. In conclusion, supplementing ProPath®Zn LQ via water resulted in improvements in ADG and G:F for nursery pigs.
198 An in vivo model to investigate the effects of host stress and Salmonella typhimurium infection on nursery pigs
Authors: Helm Emma T , Burrough Eric R , Gabler Nicholas K 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
In animals, the sympathoadrenal and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis release chemicals that can act on and alter host microbiota. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to investigate if host stress (via adrenocorticotropin and catecholamine challenge) would increase the severity of a salmonella typhimurium infection. A total of 32 nursery pigs (7.6 ± 1.5 kg BW) were selected and split into treatment groups using a 2 x 2 factorial design to examine the impacts of stress hormone challenge, S. Typhimurium challenge, and their interaction. The resulting treatment groups (n = 8 pigs/treatment) were: 1) non-challenged controls (CON), 2) stress challenged, S. Typhimurium negative (CAT), 3) stress challenge negative, S. Typhimurium challenged (SAL), and 4) stress challenged, S. Typhimurium challenged (CAT+SAL). On days post inoculation (dpi) -1, the stress challenge was initiated and continued daily until dpi 4. The stress challenge consisted of an adrenocorticotropin injection (intramuscular, 0.2 IU/kg BW), a norepinephrine injection (intramuscular, 45 μg/kg BW), and an oral drench of L-DOPA (50 mg/kg BW). On dpi 0, pigs were inoculated with a field strain of S. Typhimurium. On dpi 5, plasma was collected and all pigs were necropsied for tissue collection. Plasma and colon samples were assayed for cortisol, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine. Colon contents and the ileocecal lymph node were cultured for S. Typhimurium. At dpi 5, plasma norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine concentrations were increased (P < 0.05) and plasma cortisol tended to be increased (P = 0.077) due to stress challenge. However, only colon dopamine concentrations were increased (P = 0.050) due to stress challenge. Further, CAT+SAL pigs didn’t have increased colon colonization of S. typhimurium or increased translocation to the ileocecal lymph node compared with SAL pigs. This suggests that host driven stress may not specifically exacerbate the severity of an S. Typhimurium infection.
205 Neuroendocrine pathways and the nutritional control of puberty in heifers
Authors: Cardoso Rodolfo C , Williams Gary L 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Approximately 5 million beef heifers enter the U.S. cow herd annually, and their lifetime productivity is heavily-dependent upon their ability to attain puberty and produce a calf by 24 mo of age. However, a significant proportion of heifers within existing U.S. production systems fail to achieve these objectives. Therefore, approaches are needed that facilitate nutritional programming of the reproductive neuroendocrine axis, while minimizing feeding costs and optimizing the consistent establishment of puberty by 14–15 mo of age. Accelerated rates of BW gain during early calfhood, particularly between 4 and 9 mo of age, facilitate pubertal development by programming hypothalamic centers that regulate GnRH secretion. Among the different metabolic hormones, leptin plays a critical role in conveying nutritional information to the brain and controlling pubertal progression. Two hypothalamic neuronal populations that express the orexigenic peptide neuropeptide Y (NPY) and the anorexigenic peptide alpha melanocyte-stimulating hormone (αMSH) are key components of afferent pathways that convey inhibitory (NPY) and excitatory (αMSH) inputs to GnRH neurons. Our studies have demonstrated that short-term increases in dietary energy intake during juvenile development result in epigenetic, structural, and functional modifications in these hypothalamic pathways to promote high-frequency, episodic release of GnRH/LH. However, integrating the foundational knowledge of metabolic imprinting of the brain for early puberty with issues related to lifetime performance is complex. One approach has been to employ a novel stair-step nutritional regimen involving alternating periods of dietary energy-restriction and re-feeding during juvenile development. This approach is designed to support early onset of puberty by imprinting genomic, biochemical and morphologic alterations in the hypothalamus during key periods of brain development while optimizing other aspects of growth and performance. Finally, our recent findings suggest that maternal nutrition during gestation can also induce neuroendocrine changes that are likely to persist long after puberty and influence reproductive performance throughout adulthood in cattle.
212 Ovarian ultrasound of sows by parity and season to determine effects of induced ovulation and single PCAI on farrowing rate and litter size
Authors: Arend Lidia S , Knox Robert V , Minton Amanda M , Schwab Clint R , Shull Caleb M , Buysse Steve , Johnston Mike E , Roaten Catherine M , Webel Stephen K 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Increasing the distribution of semen from genetically superior sires accelerates the rate of improvement of economically important traits. Using a single fixed time post-cervical AI (SFTI) with ovulation control, the number of inseminations per ejaculate can be doubled. The objective of the study was to determine whether ovarian ultrasound could help identify parity (P1, 2, 3-6, ≥ 7) and seasonal (May-Jun, Jul-Aug, Sep-Oct) effects on fertility following induced ovulation and SFTI. Sows received OvuGel® (n = 914) on Days 3-5 after weaning and a SFTI 24 h later. Control sows (n = 881) that expressed estrus on Days 3-6 received a post-cervical AI on each day standing. Ovaries of a sub-population of sows (n = 436) were scanned by ultrasound to assess follicle size and insemination to ovulation interval. Interval from insemination to ovulation > 24 h tended (P = 0.09) to reduce farrowing rate (FR, 74.1 ± 2.8%) compared to inseminations £ 24 h (83.4 ± 2.8%), regardless of treatment. In addition, sows that ovulated by Day 6 after weaning had greater (P = 0.03) total born (TB, 12.9 ± 0.5) than those ovulating ≥ 7 d (11.5 ± 0.5). Follicle number (16.3 ± 0.7) and size (7.0 ± 0.5 mm) on Day 4 did not differ between treatments. OvuGel increased (P = 0.002) the proportion of sows ovulating (88.9%) versus Controls (78.6%), but for both treatments, fewer P1 sows ovulated (75.0%) when compared to P3-6 (90.4%). Treatments did not differ in FR (78.5%), but seasonal interactions were observed (P = 0.05), most notably in Sep-Oct. Parity affected FR (P = 0.02), and was lower in P1 (66.1%) compared to 3 P2 (82.2%). Also, OvuGel and Control did not differ in TB (13.0) but parity ≥ 7 had the lowest TB (11.8) compared to younger parity females. In summary, OvuGel increased the proportion of sows ovulating by 10.3%, resulting in similar FR and TB compared to Control sows inseminated multiple times based on estrus.
214 Epigenetic marks within the swine placenta are differentially expressed due to factors associated with season
Authors: Rempel Lea A , Miles Jeremy R 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Seasonal reproductive inefficiency is still observed in modern swine facilities. We previously reported global placental methylation activity was reduced from summer breedings and tended to be less from semen collected during cooler periods. Our objective was to evaluate chromatin modification marks within swine placenta in relationship to breeding season, semen collection season, and semen storage. White composite gilts were artificially inseminated in August or January using single-sire semen that was collected during warm or cool periods and stored as either cryopreserved or cooled-extended. Gilts were harvested 45 d post-breeding and placental samples from the smallest, average, and largest fetus in each litter were collected and stored at -80C until RNA extraction. An RT2 Profiler assay featuring 84 known chromatin modification enzyme targets was performed using placental RNA pooled by litter. Real-time quantitative PCR results were analyzed using the MIXED procedure and p-values were Hochberg corrected using the MULTTEST procedure in SAS. The complete model included the fixed effects of: breeding season (winter or summer), semen collection season (cool or warm), semen storage (cooled-extended or cryopreserved), interactions; boar as repeated effect; and plate as random effect. If interactions were not significant, only main effects were tested. The genes; ATF2, AURKA, and KDM5 were different (P < 0.05) by interaction of breeding season, semen collection season, and semen storage. In general, the greatest (P < 0.05) expression was in placentas derived from summer breedings. Expression of AURKA was also influenced by semen collection and storage. Expression of placental KDM5 from winter breedings was also greater (P < 0.05) from semen collected during cool periods. Placental expression of; ASH2L, DNMT3B, ESCO1, HDAC2, ING3, KDM6B, MYSM1, and SMYD3 were greater (P < 0.05) from summer breedings. Increased expression of known chromatin modification genes, from placentas derived from summer breedings, are likely responsible for reduced global methylation activity.
224 Impact of bunk management strategy on animal performance, carcass characteristics, and hydrogen sulfide gas concentrations in steers fed modified distillers grains with solubles
Authors: Lekatz Leslie , Neville Bryan 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the impacts of bunk management on animal performance, carcass characteristic, and hydrogen sulfide gas concentrations in beef steers fed modified distillers grains with solubles (MDGS; DM basis). One hundred and thirty-nine steers (initial BW = 240 ± 5.17 kg) were allocated into 16 pens and assigned to one of two treatments: 1) Control-managed bunks: bunks devoid of feed prior to feeding; and 2) Long-managed bunks: bunks with approximately 2.54cm of feed remaining at the time feeding. Treatments were applied during a 28-d adaptation period, during which time, steers were adapted to a common finishing ration containing 25% MDGS (DM basis). Ruminal hydrogen sulfide gas was collected by rumenocentesis from two steers from each of three pens per treatment on d 0, 7, 14, and 28, which correspond to days of diet transition. Animal performance data were collected throughout the study and carcass characteristic data were collected when steers reached market weight. There were no differences (P < 0.13) in BW, ADG, or F:G between treatments during the adaptation period or throughout the entire study. Steers managed with long bunks had greater (P = 0.001) intake during adaptation; however, overall DMI was not different (P = 0.14) between treatments. Hydrogen sulfide gas concentrations were not affected by the day x treatment interaction (P = 0.30) but were affected by day (P = 0.003) with hydrogen sulfide concentrations increasing throughout adaptation. Hydrogen sulfide concentrations tended (P = 0.07) to be greater in steers with long-managed bunks vs. control-managed bunks. There were no differences (P > 0.53) in carcass characteristics. In summary, bunk management had no effect on performance or carcass characteristics and only tended to impact hydrogen sulfide gas concentrations.
344 Effects of blended microbial feed additives on receiving cattle performance and health
Authors: VanDerWal Allison , Zeltwanger Josh , Compart Devan Paulus , DiCostanzo Alfredo 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Weaning and transit negatively affects DMI of newly received cattle. Restoring DMI is imperative to ensure rapid recovery and adequate response to immunological challenges. Eubiotics have the potential to increase DMI. The objective of this study was to evaluate effects of feeding a pre- and probiotic blend or a DFM-prebiotic blend on health and performance response by newly received crossbred cattle. Ninety-two Angus crossbred (Ranch 1) steers (n = 60; average BW 271 + 11 kg) and heifers (n = 32; Average BW 245 + 15 kg) and 89 Red Angus crossbred (Ranch 2) steers (average BW 264 + 11 kg), weaned immediately before trucking 1,520 km to the feedlot, were randomly allocated (5 to 7 hd/pen) within ranch and sex to one of 15 pens in each of two (north or south side) locations within a deep bedded confindment barn. Cattle were fed once daily for 49 d, orts were collected and weighed prior to feeding. Additives were incorporated daily into the total mixed ration as a premix using dried distillers grains. Performance data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS with pen and sex as random effects. Morbidity data were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX of SAS. By day 7, cattle fed either additive tended (P < 0.10) to have greater DMI; this effect did not persist past 7 d. Cattle fed either microbial blend had heavier BW and ADG (P < 0.003) at day 28 and 49, which led to greater feed conversion efficiency (P < 0.03). Fewer (P = 0.001) cattle fed microbial blends were treated for BRD. Feeding either the prebiotic/probiotic blend or a DFM-prebiotic blend reduced morbidity and improved cattle performance during a 49-d receiving period.
370 Predicting nitrogen and phosphorous flows in beef open lots
Authors: Homolka Megan , Erickson Galen E , Koelsch Richard 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This research summarizes a large existing data base collected over fifteen years to examine origin and fate of nitrogen and phosphorous in an open lot beef system, as impacted by seasonal changes, diets, and management practices. Data from 15 winter trials, including 200 pens, and 15 summer trials, including 216 pens were reviewed for nutrient mass balance, which was then used to determine the correlations of season, diet, and management with nitrogen and phosphorous intake, retention, manure harvested, loss, and runoff. All relationships were evaluated using linear regression SAS. Results suggested N in harvested manure for winter and summer averaged 90 and 51 g/steer daily, respectively (compared to ASABE standard of 88.5) and P harvested in manure for winter and summer averaged 26 and 17.7 g/steer daily, respectively (compared to ASABE standard of 37.5). Results of this summary show that the amount of nitrogen lost and retained in the manure is correlated to season (winter versus summer feeding period). Nitrogen in the manure (R2=0.21) and amount lost (R2=0.65) correlations with N intake in the summer were greater compared to winter (R2=0.06) and (R2=0.22). There is a greater correlation of phosphorous intake with amount harvested in manure (R2=0.32) in the winter versus the summer (R2=0.19). Results of the mass balance data compared with ASABE standards suggest greater observed dietary nutrient intakes than assumed by these standards. For example, average winter and summer nitrogen intakes of 220 and 250 g/steer daily exceeds the ASABE standard of 192 g/steer daily. These unique data describe the variability of nutrient recovery and losses from beef systems—and the importance of basing standard planning estimates on dietary concentration and evolving with current practices.