bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effectiveness of training in emergency obstetric care: a systematic literature review
Authors: Ameh Charles A , Mdegela Mselenge , White Sarah , van den Broek Nynke 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Providing quality emergency obstetric care (EmOC) reduces the risk of maternal and newborn mortality and morbidity. There is evidence that over 50% of maternal health programmes that result in improving access to EmOC and reduce maternal mortality have an EmOC training component. The objective was to review the evidence for the effectiveness of training in EmOC. Eleven databases and websites were searched for publications describing EmOC training evaluations between 1997 and 2017. Effectiveness was assessed at four levels: (1) participant reaction, (2) knowledge and skills, (3) change in behaviour and clinical practice and (4) availability of EmOC and health outcomes. Weighted means for change in knowledge and skills obtained, narrative synthesis of results for other levels. One hundred and one studies including before–after studies (n = 44) and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) (n = 15). Level 1 and/or 2 was assessed in 68 studies; Level 3 in 51, Level 4 in 21 studies. Only three studies assessed effectiveness at all four levels. Weighted mean scores pre-training, and change after training were 67.0% and 10.6% for knowledge (7750 participants) and 53.1% and 29.8% for skills (6054 participants; 13 studies). There is strong evidence for improved clinical practice (adherence to protocols, resuscitation technique, communication and team work) and improved neonatal outcomes (reduced trauma after shoulder dystocia, reduced number of babies with hypothermia and hypoxia). Evidence for a reduction in the number of cases of post-partum haemorrhage, case fatality rates, stillbirths and institutional maternal mortality is less strong. Short competency-based training in EmOC results in significant improvements in healthcare provider knowledge/skills and change in clinical practice. There is emerging evidence that this results in improved health outcomes.
D1-Dopamine Receptor Availability in First-Episode Neuroleptic Naive Psychosis Patients
Authors: Stenkrona Per , Matheson Granville J , Halldin Christer , Cervenka Simon , Farde Lars 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Background
Positron emission tomography studies examining differences in D1-dopamine receptor binding between control subjects and patients with schizophrenia have been inconsistent, reporting higher, lower, and no difference in the frontal cortex. Exposure to antipsychotic medication has been suggested to be a likely source of this heterogeneity, and thus there is a need for studies of patients at early stages of the disorder who have not been exposed to such drugs.

Methods
Here, we compared 17 healthy control subjects and 18 first-episode neuroleptic naive patients with schizophrenia or schizophreniform psychosis using positron emission tomography and the D1-dopamine receptor radioligand [11C]SCH23390.

Results
We observed a statistically significant difference in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Contrary to our expectations, patients had less D1-dopamine receptor availability with a moderate effect size. In a Bayesian analysis, we show that the data are over 50 times more likely to have occurred under the decrease as opposed to the increase hypothesis. This effect was not global, as our analysis showed that the null hypothesis was preferred over either hypothesis in the striatum.

Conclusions
This investigation represents the largest single sample of neuroleptic-naive patients examined for D1-dopamine receptor availability using PET and suggests a reduction of prefrontal D1-dopamine receptor density in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. However, further work will be required to reach a consensus.
The Strange History of the Right to Bear Arms in the French Revolution
Authors: Shusterman Noah 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
French Revolutionaries shared many of the same beliefs as their American counterparts about the relationship between citizenship and bearing arms. Both nations’ leaders viewed standing armies as a threat to freedom, and both nations required militia participation from a portion of the citizenry. Yet the right to bear arms is a legacy only of the American Revolution. The right to bear arms came up several times in debates in France’s National Assembly. The deputies never approved that right, but they never denied it either. During the first years of the Revolution, the leading politicians were wary of arming poor citizens, a concern that was in tension with the egalitarian language of the Declaration of the Rights of Man. Moreover, militias thrived during the early years of the French Revolution and became instruments—albeit unstable ones—for maintaining a social domination that played out along class lines. In response to the contradictions in their positions, French revolutionary leaders remained silent on the issue. In France as in the United States, the question of whether or not there was a right to bear arms was less important than the question of who had the right to bear arms.
Jet kinematics of the quasar 4C+21.35 from observations with the KaVA very long baseline interferometry array
Authors: Lee Taeseok , Trippe Sascha , Kino Motoki , Sohn Bong Won , Park Jongho , Oh Junghwan , Hada Kazuhiro , Niinuma Kotaro , Ro Hyunwook , Jung Taehyun , Zhao Guang-Yao , Lee Sang-Sung , Algaba Juan-Carlos , Akiyama Kazunori , Wajima Kiyoaki , Sawada-Satoh Satoko , Tazaki Fumie , Cho Ilje , Hodgson Jeffrey , Lee Jeong Ae , Hagiwara Yoshiaki , Honma Mareki , Koyama Shoko , An Tao , Cui Yuzhu , Yoo Hyemin , Kawaguchi Noriyuki , Roh Duk-Gyoo , Oh Se-Jin , Yeom Jae-Hwan , Jung Dong-Kyu , Oh Chungsik , Kim Hyo-Ryoung , Hwang Ju-Yeon , Byun Do-Young , Cho Se-Hyung , Kim Hyun-Goo , Kobayashi Hideyuki , Shibata Katsunori M , Shen Zhiqiang , Jiang Wu , Lee Jee Won 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
We present the jet kinematics of the flat spectrum radio quasar (FSRQ) 4C+21.35 using time-resolved KaVA very long baseline interferometry array radio maps obtained from 2014 September to 2016 July. During two out of three observing campaigns, observations were performed bi-weekly at 22 and 43 GHz quasi-simultaneously. At 22 GHz, we identified three jet components near the core with apparent speeds up to (14.4 ± 2.1)c. The timing of the ejection of a new component detected in 2016 is consistent with a γ-ray flare in 2014 November. At 43 GHz, we found four inner jet (&lt;3 mas) components with speeds from (3.5 ± 1.4)c to (6.8 ± 1.5)c. Jet component speeds tend to be higher with increasing distances from the core. We compared our data with archival Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) data from the Boston University (BU) 43 GHz and the Monitoring Of Jets in Active galactic nuclei with VLBA Experiments (MOJAVE) 15.4 GHz monitoring programmes. Whereas MOJAVE data and our data are in good agreement, jet speeds obtained from the BU programme data in the same time period are about twice as high as the ones we obtain from the KaVA data. The discrepancy at 43 GHz indicates that radio arrays with different angular resolution identify and trace different jet features even when the data are obtained at the same frequency and at the same time. The flux densities of jet components decay exponentially, in agreement with a synchrotron cooling time-scale of ∼1 yr. Using known electron Lorentz factor values (∼9000), we estimate the magnetic field strength to be ∼1–3 $\mu$T. When adopting a jet viewing angle of 5°, the intrinsic jet speed is of order 0.99c.
Totally homogeneous networks
Authors: Shi Dinghua , Lü Linyuan , Chen Guanrong 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
In network science, the non-homogeneity of node degrees has been a concerning issue for study. Yet, with today's modern web technologies, the traditional social communication topologies have evolved from node-central structures into online cycle-based communities, urgently requiring new network theories and tools. Switching the focus from node degrees to network cycles could reveal many interesting properties from the perspective of totally homogenous networks or sub-networks in a complex network, especially basic simplexes (cliques) such as links and triangles. Clearly, compared with node degrees, it is much more challenging to deal with network cycles. For studying the latter, a new clique vector-space framework is introduced in this paper, where the vector space with a basis consisting of links has a dimension equal to the number of links, that with a basis consisting of triangles has the dimension equal to the number of triangles and so on. These two vector spaces are related through a boundary operator, for example mapping the boundary of a triangle in one space to the sum of three links in the other space. Under the new framework, some important concepts and methodologies from algebraic topology, such as characteristic number, homology group and Betti number, will play a part in network science leading to foreseeable new research directions. As immediate applications, the paper illustrates some important characteristics affecting the collective behaviors of complex networks, some new cycle-dependent importance indexes of nodes and implications for network synchronization and brain-network analysis.
Diet quality indices for research in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review
Authors: Trijsburg Laura , Talsma Elise F , de Vries Jeanne H M , Kennedy Gina , Kuijsten Anneleen , Brouwer Inge D 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Context
Dietary intake research has increasingly focused on improving diet quality in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Accompanying this is the need for sound metrics to assess diet quality.

Objective
This systematic literature review aims to describe existing diet quality indices for general populations and highlights recommendations for developing such indices for food system research in LMICs.

Data sources
Three electronic databases were searched for papers published between January 2008 and December 2017.

Data extraction
Articles published in English and describing the development of an index to measure overall diet quality, irrespective of whether they were for high-income countries or LMICs, were included.

Data analysis
Eighty-one indices were identified, over two thirds were based on national dietary guidelines from high-income countries. Of the 3 key diet quality dimensions, “diversity” was included in all 18 indices developed for LMICs, “moderation” was captured by most, and “nutrient adequacy” was included 4 times.

Conclusions
Indices need to be developed that include all dimensions, include foods and/or food groups rather than nutrients, use an optimal range for individual components in the score, and express the intake of healthy and unhealthy components separately. Importantly, validation of the index should be part of its development.
What is in a Name? Parent, Professional and Policy-Maker Conceptions of Consent-Related Language in the Context of Newborn Screening
Authors: Nicholls Stuart G , Etchegary Holly , Tessier Laure , Simmonds Charlene , Potter Beth K , Brehaut Jamie C , Pullman Daryl , Hayeems Robin Z , Zelenietz Sari , Lamoureux Monica , Milburn Jennifer , Turner Lesley , Chakraborty Pranesh , Wilson Brenda J 
Published: April 2019

AbstractNewborn bloodspot screening programs are some of the longest running population screening programs internationally. Debate continues regarding the need for parents to give consent to having their child screened. Little attention has been paid to how meanings of consent-related terminology vary among stakeholders and the implications of this for practice. We undertook semi-structured interviews with parents (n = 32), healthcare professionals (n = 19) and policy decision makers (n = 17) in two Canadian provinces. Conceptions of consent-related terms revolved around seven factors within two broad domains, decision-making and information attainment. Decision-making comprised: parent decision authority; voluntariness; parent engagement with decision-making; and the process of enacting choice. Information ascertainment comprised: professional responsibilities (including disclosure of information and time to review); parent responsibilities; and the need for discussion and understanding prior to a decision. Our findings indicate that consent-related terms are variously understood, with substantive implications for practice. We suggest that consent procedures should be explained descriptively, regardless of approach, so there are clear indications of what is expected of parents and healthcare professionals. Support systems are required both to meet the educational needs of parents and families and to support healthcare professionals in delivering information in a manner in keeping with parent needs.
Centre effects and case-mix in early rheumatoid arthritis observational cohorts: a narrative review
Authors: Yates Mark , Bechman Katie , Norton Sam , Nikiphorou Elena , Galloway James 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Objectives
Observational cohort studies in early RA are a key source of evidence, despite inconsistencies in methodological approaches. This narrative review assesses the spectrum of methodologies used in addressing centre-level effect and case-mix adjustment in early RA observational cohort studies.

Methods
An electronic search was undertaken to identify observational prospective cohorts of &gt;100 patients recruited from two or more centres, within 2 years of an RA or early inflammatory arthritis diagnosis. References and author publication lists of all studies from eligible cohorts were assessed for additional cohorts.

Results
Thirty-four unique cohorts were identified from 204 studies. Seven percent of studies considered centre in their analyses, most commonly as a fixed effect in regression modelling. Reporting of case-mix variables in analyses varied widely. The number of variables considered in case-mix adjustment was higher following publication of the STrengthening the Reporting of OBservational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement in 2007.

Conclusion
Centre effect is unreported or inadequately accounted for in the majority of RA observational cohorts, potentially leading to spurious inferences and obstructing comparisons between studies. Inadequate case-mix adjustment precludes meaningful comparisons between centres. Appropriate methodology to account for centre and case-mix adjustment should be considered at the outset of analyses.
DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF POLY (VINYLIDENE FLUORIDE)/BARIUM TITANATE NANOCOMPOSITES UNDER GAMMA IRRADIATION
Authors: Waree K , Pangza K , Jangsawang N , Thongbai P , Buranurak S 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The main focus of this study is to investigate the effect of gamma irradiation on the electrical properties of PVDF/BT nanocomposites. A 1.25 MeV gamma-ray was delivered to the composite films with different BaTiO3-volume fraction, ƒBT = 0–0.4, and with different absorbed doses ranged 50–2500 Gy. Dielectric properties of PVDF/BaTiO3 composites under frequencies ranged from 100 Hz to 10 MHz at room temperature were investigated using an impedance analyser. An increase of 28% in the dielectric constant and a decrease of 15% in the loss tangent were observed in the PVDF/BT 40 vol% nanocomposite film under the accumulated dose of 1500 Gy. Scanning electron microscopy provided no significant difference in microscopic structures between non-exposed and gamma-exposed materials. Fourier-transform infra-red spectroscopy provides gamma-induced transition of PVDF-crystalline forms as alpha-PVDF into beta-PVDF/gamma-PVDF which has been reported as one of the main factors affected the change of dielectric constant in polymers. UV–visible spectrophotometry has been observed gamma-induced red shift in the absorption edge of the PVDF/BT 40 vol% nanocomposite film from 400 nm to 420 nm under the accumulated dose of 1500 Gy. However, a blue shift is observed with increase the accumulated dose up to 2000 Gy.
Multimodal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Data Fusion Reveals Distinct Patterns of Abnormal Brain Structure and Function in Catatonia
Authors: Hirjak Dusan , Rashidi Mahmoud , Kubera Katharina M , Northoff Georg , Fritze Stefan , Schmitgen Mike M , Sambataro Fabio , Calhoun Vince D , Wolf Robert C 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Catatonia is a nosologically unspecific syndrome, which subsumes a plethora of mostly complex affective, motor, and behavioral phenomena. Although catatonia frequently occurs in schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD), specific patterns of abnormal brain structure and function underlying catatonia are unclear at present. Here, we used a multivariate data fusion technique for multimodal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data to investigate patterns of aberrant intrinsic neural activity (INA) and gray matter volume (GMV) in SSD patients with and without catatonia. Resting-state functional MRI and structural MRI data were collected from 87 right-handed SSD patients. Catatonic symptoms were examined on the Northoff Catatonia Rating Scale (NCRS). A multivariate analysis approach was used to examine co-altered patterns of INA and GMV. Following a categorical approach, we found predominantly frontothalamic and corticostriatal abnormalities in SSD patients with catatonia (NCRS total score ≥ 3; n = 24) when compared to SSD patients without catatonia (NCRS total score = 0; n = 22) matched for age, gender, education, and medication. Corticostriatal network was associated with NCRS affective scores. Following a dimensional approach, 33 SSD patients with catatonia according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision were identified. NCRS behavioral scores were associated with a joint structural and functional system that predominantly included cerebellar and prefrontal/cortical motor regions. NCRS affective scores were associated with frontoparietal INA. This study provides novel neuromechanistic insights into catatonia in SSD suggesting co-altered structure/function-interactions in neural systems subserving coordinated visuospatial functions and motor behavior.
Searching for Work with a Criminal Record
Authors: Smith Sandra Susan , Broege Nora C R 
Published: April 2019

AbstractPeople with a criminal record face substantial demand-side employment barriers that have clear implications for whether or not they search for work and what strategies they use. We know relatively little, however, about whether and how penal contact affects patterns of job search and how search patterns affect search success. Using the 2001–2011 waves of the 1997 cohort of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY97), we find that penal contact and penal dispositions—arrest, conviction, and incarceration—reduce odds of job search, decrease the number of search methods job seekers deploy, and direct job seekers away from search methods that are generally more efficient and effective at yielding offers. Further, altered search patterns contribute significantly to post-contact job seekers’ lower odds of search success, especially for blacks. Taken together, our findings suggest that job search engagement is another key mechanism linking penal contact and poorer job search outcomes.
Behavioral and social scientists’ reflections on genomics: a systematic evaluation within the Society of Behavioral Medicine
Authors: McBride Colleen M , Graves Kristi D , Kaphingst Kimberly A , Allen Caitlin G , Wang Catharine , Arredondo Elva , Klein William M P 
Published: April 2019

ABSTRACT
Clinical and public health translation of genomics could be facilitated by expertise from behavioral medicine, yet genomics has not been a significant focus of the Society of Behavioral Medicine (SBM). SBM convened a working group (WG) to lead a systematic exploration of members’ views on: (a) whether SBM should give a higher priority to genomic translation and (b) what efforts, if any, should be made to support this increased engagement. The WG used a stepped process over 2 years that began by gaining input from SBM leadership regarding key issues and suggestions for approach, engaging a cross section of membership to expand and record these discussions, followed by systematic qualitative analyses to inform priority action steps. Discussions with SBM leaders and members suggested that genomics was relevant to SBM, particularly for junior members. SBM members’ expertise in social and behavioral theory, and implementation study designs, were viewed as highly relevant to genomic translation. Participants expressed that behavioral and social scientists should be engaged in translational genomics work, giving special attention to health disparities. Proposed action steps are aligned with a “push–pull” framework of innovation dissemination. “Push” strategies aim to reach potential adopters and included linking members with genomics expertise to those wanting to become involved and raising awareness of evidence-based genomic applications ready for implementation. “Pull” strategies aim to expand demand and included developing partnerships with genomics societies and advocating for funding, study section modifications, and training programs.
The Influence of Prior Performance Information on Ratings of Current Performance and Implications for Learner Handover: A Scoping Review
Authors: Humphrey-Murto Susan , LeBlanc Aaron , Touchie Claire , Pugh Debra , Wood Timothy J. , Cowley Lindsay , Shaw Tammy 
Published: April 2019

Purpose
Learner handover (LH) is the sharing of information about trainees between faculty supervisors. This scoping review aimed to summarize key concepts across disciplines surrounding the influence of prior performance information (PPI) on current performance ratings and implications for LH in medical education.

Method
The authors used the Arksey and O’Malley framework to systematically select and summarize the literature. Cross-disciplinary searches were conducted in six databases in 2017–2018 for articles published after 1969. To represent PPI relevant to LH in medical education, eligible studies included within-subject indirect PPI for work-type performance and rating of an individual current performance. Quantitative and thematic analyses were conducted.

Results
Of 24,442 records identified through database searches and 807 through other searches, 23 articles containing 24 studies were included. Twenty-two studies (92%) reported an assimilation effect (current ratings were biased toward the direction of the PPI). Factors modifying the effect of PPI were observed, with larger effects for highly polarized PPI, negative (vs positive) PPI, and early (vs subsequent) performances. Specific standards, rater motivation, and certain rater characteristics mitigated context effects, whereas increased rater processing demands heightened them. Mixed effects were seen with nature of the performance and with rater expertise and training.

Conclusions
PPI appears likely to influence ratings of current performance, and an assimilation effect is seen with indirect PPI. Whether these findings generalize to medical education is unknown, but they should be considered by educators wanting to implement LH. Future studies should explore PPI in medical education contexts and real-world settings.