bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of H2O2 and DTPA on the characteristics and treatment of TCF (totally chlorine-free) and ECF (elementally chlorine-free) kraft pulping effluents
Authors: Larisch B. C. , Duff S. J. B. 
Published: May 2018

Perceived negative environmental effects associated with chlorine bleaching have led to the development and implementation of pulp bleaching technologies which eliminate the use of elemental chlorine (ECF) or any chlorine containing compounds (TCF). Commercial implementation of these technologies has moved forward; however, the research necessary to fully understand the impact of effluents from these new bleaching technologies on the environment and on existing biological treatment processes has lagged behind, and is for many novel bleaching sequences, non-existent. This study examined the impact of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and chelating agents on the characteristics and treatment of TCF and ECF kraft effluents.
Effluent BOD was reduced approximately 25% by addition of H2O2 concentrations from 20-640 mg/L, however, effluent toxicity was not affected by hydrogen peroxide concentrations of up to 640 mg/L. Unacclimated activated sludge was inhibited by sudden exposure to shock doses of hydrogen peroxide. While the viability of the sludge (as measured by the rate of substrate metabolism) was profoundly affected, the effect was reversible, with full recovery of metabolic activity restored within approximately 10 hours of the shock. In continuous trials, as the activated sludge reactor became acclimated to H2O2, the kinetics of degradation of hydrogen peroxide increased.
Chelating agents, particularly diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA), were also found to have a dramatic impact on sludge viability and reactor performance. Batch tests indicated a DTPA dose-dependent decrease in oxygen uptake rate. Introduction of DTPA at levels commonly found in TCF effluents to continuous reactors resulted in a disruption of floc structure and a 39% decrease in BOD removal efficiency. Removal of acute toxicity as measured by Microtox was maintained despite the poor BOD removal efficiency.
A study on the effects of urban runoff controls in the sandsli research catchment, Bergen, Norway
Authors: Thorolfsson Sveinn T. 
Published: May 2018

This paper describes a case study on a new alternative drainage system for urban stormwater management, the so-called “Sandsli-system”. The aim of this study is to evaluate the Sandsli system and the effects of the solution on ground water conditions. The study is carried out in the Sandsli research catchment in Bergen, Norway. The idea behind the “Sandsli-system is not to mix the polluted and the clean stormwater combined with a source control for both stormwater quantity and quality. The clean stormwater is percolated as quickly as possible, while the polluted stormwater is collected and conducted to an appropriate site for disposal or treatment.
The Sandsli-system was developed as an alternative drainage system to the conventional drainage system. The system has been functioning satisfactorily since 1981 to date. The advantages of the use of the Sandsli-system is highlighted i.e. recharging the stormwater to the ground water. The Sandsli-system is appropriate to locations with climate and geology similar to that found in the coastal part of Norway
Socio economic influences on the restoration and maintenance of the water environment
Authors: Matthews Peter 
Published: May 2018

Protection of the water environment has become a modern socio economic issue in which the sociological pressures for a healthy water environment must be balanced with affordability. Reconciliation of these aspects requires clear political thinking and rigorous methodologies. It also requires a shift in mind-set which considers members of the public as customers.
Water utilities are the major users of the water environment and potentially its greatest threat – so good delivery of water services is very important. The presentation addresses the topic through the experience of Anglian Water, a privatised water utility serving Eastern England.
The effects of untreated municipal sewage discharge to the marine environment off Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Taylor L. A. , Chapman P. M. , Miller R. A. , Pym R. V. 
Published: May 2018

The Victoria area (British Columbia, Canada) discharges screened wastewater through two long deep outfalls (Macaulay and Clover Point) into an oceanic environment characterized by strong turbulent tidal flows. Monitoring of the receiving waters has indicated that conventional water quality parameters have not been affected by the discharges. Fecal coliform levels above the outfalls are periodically elevated but remain well below the swimming standard. Shoreline studies of fecal coliform levels have shown that the deep outfalls have not measurably affected water quality at beaches.
Recently, monitoring efforts have concentrated on effects to the seafloor environment. At Macaulay Point, sediment chemical levels of concern were confined to within 100 to 400 m of the outfall. Similarly, sediment toxicity was detected at stations up to 400 m from the diffusers. This toxicity was limited to effects on growth and development. Survival was not affected. The benthic infaunal community exhibited a typical response to organic enrichment. Within 100 m of the outfall abundance was increased and richness depressed. At Clover Point sediment chemical levels of concern were confined to within 100 to 200 m of the outfall. Tissue chemistry of resident mussels showed no consistent pattern with distance from the outfall. Some tissue chemicals increased with distance from the diffuser while others decreased. Overall the impact of the outfalls on the seafloor was found to be minimal and restricted in extent.
Wastewater diffusion in the estoril coast: theoretical calculations and field studies
Authors: Matos J. , Monteiro A. , Costa P. , Neves R. , Bettencourt A. , Frazao A. , Santos C. 
Published: May 2018

The Costa do Estoril sewerage system is located on the west side of the Lisbon region, off the mouth of the Tagus river. This system was planned in order to free the pleasant beaches of the region from any wastewater discharge and is prepared to serve, at the final phase, more than one million inhabitants.
In the Costa do Estoril a long sea outfall with two diffusers is used for final wastewater disposal. This system has been operating since 1994. In this paper nearfield dilution corresponding to present working conditions are presented. For simulation of nearfield dilution CORMIX 1 and CORMIX 2 (Cornel Mixing Zone Expert System) were applied. The basic data for modelling was selected according to field studies obtained under an ongoing environmental monitoring program.
Facilities development and planning model - a management tool for the strategic planning process and application thereof
Authors: Wilken J. W. , Nel N. J. , Hugo W. 
Published: May 2018

The comprehensive content of the planning process for wastewater conveyance and treatment facilities, and the optimization thereof, resulted in the development of the Facilities Development and Planning Model (FDP). The FDP model was developed for the operators of wastewater care facilities in order to obtain an efficient and dynamic means of assessing the regional inputs, evaluating the existing system and situation, and for considering various generic scenarios.
The FDP model can be adapted to be utilized for the planning of facilities for other bulk services infrastructure.
The paper describes the application of the FDP model in an wastewater treatment environment.
Substrate utilization characteristics of the predominant filamentous and floc-forming bacteria isolated from a chemical fiber factory wastewater treatment plant
Authors: Tsai Yi-Chen , Lee Chi-Mei 
Published: May 2018

To supply theoretical verification of the function of a selector to control aerobic activated sludge bulking in the wastewater treatment plant for a chemical fiber factory in Taiwan, the filamentous and floc-forming bacteria in the aeration tank in the full-scale plant were examined microscopically and isolated. The kinetic characteristics of filamentous and floc-forming bacteria were also investigated.
The predominant filamentous organism was Sphaerotilus natans. In addition to this organism, 21 strains of non-filamentous bacteria were isolated using the plate count method. These included Aeromonas jandaei DNA group 9, Acinetobacter johnsonii/genospecies 7, Bacillus pasteurii and Bacillus sp. (using the Biolog identification system). Nine strains showed the ability to form flocs when cultivated in glucose mineral salts medium.
With glucose and acetate as sole substrates, the 4 floc-forming bacteria tested showed different substrate utilization characteristics. The 4 strains could be divided into 3 groups. The first group was the substrate degrading bacteria, the second group was the acid degrading bacteria and the other strains were those that had the highest substrate degradation rates at low substrate concentrations (below 800 mg/l). None of the floc-formers could utilize ethylene glycol, which is the major wastewater component. The kinetic characteristics of filamentous bacterium S. natans (Km = 4.0 mg glucose/l, Vm = 0.43 μl O2/l) and the floc-forming bacterium Aeromonas jandaei DNA group 9 (Km = 34.8 mg glucose/l, Vm = 0.59 μl O2/l) provided information for selector design.
Mathematical modeling – a tool for coastal water quality management
Authors: Mahajan A. U. , Chalapatirao C. V. , Gadkari S. K. 
Published: May 2018

This paper suggests an approach to solve the Indian coastal water quality management problem based on waste load allocation studies and application of modelling techniques. The waste load allocation procedure suggested in this paper assists in deriving a quantitative relationship between the waste load discharged and the receiving coastal water concentrations or effects of concern as presented by water quality standards. The approach sequentially addresses the topics of hydrodynamics, mass transport, water quality kinetics and problems of bioaccumulation and toxicity.
The water quality modelling section describes the role of water quality modelling in WLA procedure. The paper also discusses the criteria and procedures for formulation of coastal zone management plans. The second part of the paper illustrates the concept with the help of brief case studies wherein simple screening procedures and the water quality modeling techniques have been applied. The first case study describes the application of the WASP model to arrive at the level of treatment required for municipal wastewater being discharged into Mumbai coastal waters so that the designated coastal water quality criteria is not violated and the degree of treatment is optimized. The second case study deals with the study of different options relating to disposal of tailings from an iron ore beneficiation plant keeping in view the impact of these tailings on marine water quality and ecology.
Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment in Colombia
Authors: Williams J. B. , Zambrano D. , Ford M. G. , May E. , Butler J. E. 
Published: May 2018

A modular wastewater treatment system has been installed for the Colombian Coffee Growers Federation (FEDERACAFE) at the Fundacion Manuel Mejia residential training centre. This system was designed by the University of Portsmouth, UK, and based on previous experience with the Gravel Bed Hydroponic (GHB) constructed wetland system. The steep topography of the site posed constraints on the design and a modular system composed of a rock filter in gabions for primary treatment, GBH beds for secondary treatment and a pond for tertiary treatment was selected. This system was designed to follow the contours of the site and maximise treatment.
The GBH reed bed was planted with Typha angustifolia in early 1997. The system is being monitored by CENICAFE, the research division of FEDERACAFE. Monitoring of the system has shown large BOD removals from more than 350 to less than 20 mg/l. Initial results have also suggested 4 log cycle reductions in indicator bacteria.
It is hoped that the success of this system will result in the replication of the treatment process at many villages in the Colombian coffee growing region where conventional sanitation technologies are impractical.
The Removal of Urban Pollutants by Constructed Wetlands During Wet Weather
Authors: Scholes L. N. L. , Shutes R. B. E. , Revitt D. M. , Purchase D. , Forshaw M. 
Published: May 2018

The Environment Agency for England and Wales has developed urban runoff treatment wetlands at two selected sites in Outer London. The systems were monitored for a range of determinands including heavy metals, suspended solids and BOD. Initial analysis of the data indicates that during dry weather, removal efficiencies vary greatly. However, during storm events removal efficiencies are higher with mean values of 71% for Zn, 72% for Cd, 69% for Pb, 66% for Cu, 34% for Ni and 81% for Cr at the Dagenham wetland. Mean removal efficiencies of 20% for Cd, 40% for Pb, 36% for Cu, 34% for Ni and 38% for Cr were monitored during storm conditions at the Brentwood wetland, but an overall increase in Zn was measured. Removal of BOD was greater at both sites during storm events with mean removal efficiencies of 24% and 29% at Dagenham and Brentwood, respectively. Suspended solids are reduced on passing through both wetlands during dry weather, but, during storm events there is an overall increase.
The metal removal capability of microorganisms isolated from the rhizosphere of Typha latifolia and Phragmites australis is being investigated. Laboratory experiments are assessing the efficiency of two metal tolerant strains to accumulate Pb and Zn. It is believed that this ability may prove to be an important year-round pollutant removal process in the treatment of urban runoff by constructed wetland treatment systems, and preliminary data are presented.
Marine Pollution Due to Wastewater Discharge in Kuwait
Authors: Shatti Jassim A. , Abdullah Tamama H. A. 
Published: May 2018

The extent of marine pollution and sea beach contamination due to occasional untreated wastewater discharges through emergency outfall of different pumping stations was investigated. Pumping station A 3 has been selected for investigation in the present study. Fecal coliform and Fecal Streptococci as indicators and Salmonella the pathogenic bacteria were examined in the water and sand samples collected from Benid Al-Qar Sea beach.
Water samples and sand samples were collected for a span of 8 months. Sampling of sand was done at distances of 5 m and 10 m on both left and right sides away from the opening of emergency outfall. Shell samples were also collected to ascertain the presence of any contaminant.
The analytical data showed that occasional discharge of wastewater resulted in the accumulation of 710 colonies for F. coliform, 20 colonies for F. Streptococci and 125-colonies/100 ml for Salmonella in sand samples collected from 5 m distance on the left side of an emergency outfall. On moving to 10 m distance the intensity of accumulation was reduced about 50% i.e. 360 colonies, 10 colonies and 75 colonies/100 ml for F. coliform, F. Streptococci and Salmonella respectively. The intensity of accumulation was further reduced in the sand samples collected from the right side of the emergency outfall opening. Gradually all these accumulated types of bacterial cells showed inactivation due to solar radiation exposure and other oceanographic factors. Within a month no growth of any indicator or pathogenic microbe was noticed in the sand samples. Again the F. coliform bacteria started appearing in the sand samples collected during 7 months of the project due to discharge of untreated wastewater under the emergency situation, i.e. renovation of sewage networks. Again the same trend of inactivation of bacterial cells was noticed.
Thus Kuwait Sea beaches are not threatened of marine pollution due to occasional discharge of wastewater.
Anaerobic Treatment of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Wastewater from Lab to Full Scale
Authors: Fdz-Polanco F. , Hidalgo M. D. , Fdz-Polanco M. , Encina P. A. García 
Published: May 2018

In the last decade Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) production is growing. The wastewater of the “Catalana de Polimers” factory in Barcelona (Spain) has two main streams of similar flow rate, esterification (COD=30,000 mg/l) and textile (COD=4000 mg/l). In order to assess the anaerobic treatment viability, discontinuous and continuous experiments were carried out. Discontinuous biodegradability tests indicated that anaerobic biodegradability was 90 and 75% for esterification and textile wastewater. The textile stream revealed some tendency to foam formation and inhibitory effects. Nutrients, micronutrients and alkali limitations and dosage were determined.
A continuous lab-scale UASB reactor was able to treat a mixture of 50% (v) esterification/textile wastewater with stable behaviour at organic loading rate larger than 12 g COD/l.d (0.3 g COD/g VSS.d) with COD removal efficiency greater than 90%. The start-up period was very short and the recuperation after overloading accidents was quite fast, in spite of the wash-out of solids. From the laboratory information an industrial treatment plant was designed and built, during the start-up period COD removal efficiencies larger than 90% and organic loading rate of 0.6 kg COD/kg VSS.d (5 kg COD/m3.d) have been reached.
Water Treatment Practice and the Formation of Genotoxic Chlorohydroxyfuranones
Authors: Kronberg L. 
Published: May 2018

It is generally known that chlorine disinfection of drinking water that is derived from surface water leads to the formation of mutagenic compounds. A very significant portion (in some cases over 60%) of the mutagenicity has been attributed to the presence of various chlorohydroxyfuranones (CHFs). Besides producing mutagenicity in bacterial assays, the CHFs have been reported to alter the genetic properties of animal and human cells. Recently, one of the compounds, namely 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone (MX), was shown to be a potent multiorgan carcinogen in rats. These findings have led to concern about the health effects associated with the mutagens in drinking water.
This paper is a short review of the work aiming at the identification of hydroxyfuranones and related compounds in disinfected drinking water. In addition, results are presented that show how change in water treatment practice is reflected in the mutagenicity of the drinking water and in the concentration of the main mutagen, 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone (MX).
Citizen Participation in Water Management
Authors: House Margaret A. 
Published: May 2018

If rivers are to be managed sustainably, and the potential to resolve conflicts of use realised, the general public must be more involved in their management. Participation in water management in England and Wales occurs at three levels: formal consultation; public involvement; or actual direct participation by the public. Formal consultations often leave the public in the role of the “objector” and ignore the “silent majority” focusing on the more vociferous minority of the population. Public involvement is less formal and can take a variety of forms. Although not allowing the public to be directly involved in the decision making processes, it provides the public with the opportunity to comment upon plans for river works or the re-development of a river location, or to indicate what they want from the rivers that flow through their own local area and which they use for recreation and amenity. True participation is where the public are actively involved in the decision making processes. Citizen participation at all three levels provides environmental education, however, personal experience promotes a greater environmental awareness and understanding by the public.
This paper reflects upon approaches to citizen participation in the UK and provides examples of specific projects involving both formal organisations and the general public.
Ranking of toxics release inventory chemicals using a level III fugacity model and toxicity
Authors: Edwards F. G. , Egemen E. , Brennan R. , Nirmalakhandan N. 
Published: May 2018

In an effort to lessen the environmental impact of chemicals discharged by industry, some countries rank chemicals according to mass released each year and then set environmental protection policy based upon this ranking. These rankings have driven industries and companies to change their process configurations and their chemical releases to reduce the release of higher ranking chemicals. But, chemicals that are higher ranked due to mass release may not be particularly toxic nor persistent in the environment; conversely, lower ranked chemicals may be substantially more toxic and persistent in the environment.
The physical/chemical properties of forty five organic chemicals from the EPA's Toxic Release Inventory were used as inputs to a Level III fugacity model to estimate fate, transport, and steady state concentrations of chemicals in the environment. The resulting concentrations in the air and water, for each chemical, were determined using the fugacity model and were then compared with toxicity data, the ratio was used as an indication of the environmental impact of the release of each chemical. The chemicals were then ranked according to the degree of environmental impact and the results were compared to other ranking systems reported in the literature.
Modelling heavy metal mobilisation in solid waste deposits - a predictive tool for environmental risk assessment
Authors: Petersen J. , Petrie J. G. 
Published: May 2018

The release of heavy metal species from deposits of solid waste materials originating from minerals processing operations poses a serious environmental risk should such species migrate beyond the boundaries of the deposit into the surrounding environment. Legislation increasingly places the liability for wastes with the operators of the process that generates them. The costs for long-term monitoring and clean-up following a potential critical leakage have to be factored in the overall project plan from the outset. Thus assessment of the potential for a particular waste material to generate a harmful leachate is directly relevant for estimating the environmental risk associated with the planned disposal operation.
A rigorous mechanistic model is proposed, which allows prediction of the time-dependent generation of a leachate from a solid mineral waste deposit. Model parameters are obtained from a suitably designed laboratory waste assessment methodology on a relatively small sample of the prospective waste material. The parameters are not specific to the laboratory environment in which they were obtained but are valid also for full-scale heap modelling. In this way the model, combined with the assessment methodology, becomes a powerful tool for meaningful assessment of the risks associated with solid waste disposal strategies.
Biofiltering action on hydrogen sulfide by unmodified activated carbon in sewage treatment plants
Authors: Bandosz T. , Askew S. , Kelly W.R. , Bagreev A. , Adib F. , Turk A. 
Published: May 2018

Because effluents to atmosphere from sewage treatment typically include hydrogen sulfide (H2S) among other malodors, and because H2S is a light gas, it is commonly assumed that unmodified (“virgin”) activated carbon, which acts largely by physical adsorption, is inadequate for such applications. Instead, caustic-impregnated and other modified carbons have been used in the U.S.A., Europe, and Israel for odor control where H2S is an expected airborne component.
Our laboratory and full-scale comparative studies question this assumption and practice, and strongly support the advantages of virgin over impregnated or other special carbons for control of H2S as well as for general odor removal. In this report, we suggest that biofiltration in the carbon bed helps achieve such favorable outcomes.