bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigation of Anti-inflammatory activity of Hemedesmus indicus L. on Carrageenan induced paw oedema in rats
Authors: Pathan Javed Khan , Gautam Girendra , Gupta Arun Kumar 
Published: September 2018

Hemidesmus indicus L. (Family: Apocynaceae), is commonly referred as Indian sarsaparilla, Anantamool or Nannari, commonly available perennial climbing plant had been widely used for its reported biological activities in indigenous system of medicine. The present investigation was carried out to find the effect of aqueous and ethanolic extract of leaves and stem of Hemidesmus indicus for its anti-inflammatory activity. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using acute inflammatory models viz., carrageenan induced paw oedema. Oral administration of the extract at the doses 200 and 400 mg/kg b.w. exhibited dose dependent and significant anti-inflammatory activity in (p < 0.05). Hence, present investigation established pharmacological evidences to support the folklore claim that Hemidesmus indicus is used as anti-inflammatory agent.
Keywords: Hemidesmus indicus (H. indicus), Leaves, Stem, Anti-inflammatory activity
Formulation and evaluation of in situ herbal gel containing aqueous and methanolic extract of fruits of Quercus infectoria Oliv. for vaginal application
Authors: Tiwari Sarika Sharma , Gupta Shailesh K. , Dwivedi Sumeet , Dubey Raghvendra 
Published: September 2018

Conventional vaginal dosage forms frequently produce leakages and drip. There is a need for the development of innovative vaginal formulation technology that fulfills certain criteria such as desirable product dispersion throughout the vagina, retention for intended intervals, and adequate release of drug. These features can be achieved by the use of bioadhesive based novel delivery systems. In-situ gelation is a process of gel formation at the site of application after the composition or formulation has been applied the site. Formulation and evaluation of one such bioadhesive based novel drug delivery system for an effective and patient friendly use of an antifungal drug to formulated In-situ gel. Quercus infectoria is medicinally important plant grown wildly in India and is useful in the treatment of fungal and microbial infection by tribal’s of India. The plant is used by tribal women to treat vaginal infection as mentioned in folk-lore. Therefore, the present plant as selected to formulate in-situ herbal gel using Quercus infectoria as active ingredients for the treatment of vaginal infection.
Keywords: Herbal Gels, Quercus infectoria, bioadhesive, vaginal drug delivery
IMPROVING THE EFFICACY OF CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE BY USING VERAPAMIL AS A P-GLYCOPROTEIN INHIBITOR IN BREAST CARCINOMA
Authors: Balakrishnan Babu , Dhandapani Muthu , Pitchaikutti Sasikala , Sivamani Ganesan 
Published: September 2018

In women, breast carcinoma is the leading cause of cancer death globally. By the combination of better screening and treatments that moderately improved the survival however much to be done for the women who are refractory to the current therapies. Among Indian females, breast cancer has ranked number one cancer with mortality 12.7 per 100,000 women and age adjusted rate as high as 25.8 per 100,000 women. Statistics reports from various recent national cancer registries were compared for incidence, mortality rates. The age adjusted incidence rate of carcinoma of the breast was found as high as 41 per 100,000 women for Delhi, followed by Chennai (37.9), Bangalore (34.4) and Thiruvananthapuram District (33.7). One of the most common factor for the drug resistance in breast cancer is high expression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) which is associated with a poor prognosis in patients. Consequently, P-gp represents a potential biomarker of drug resistance. However, a direct role of P-gp as a cause of clinical drug resistance has not been adequately tested in breast cancer. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of cyclophosphamide with and without verapamil on P-gp expression. Verapamil was found specific and effective against P-gp expression in breast cancer. In conclusion, treatment efficacy of cyclophosphamide is increased in combination with verapamil against most advanced breast cancer.
Keywords: P-Glycoprotein; Breast Carcinoma; Verapamil; Cyclophosphamide
FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF MUCOADHESIVE MICROSPHERES OF AN ANTI-MIGRAINE DRUG
Authors: PADMA PRIYA S , Rajalakshmi AN , Ilaveni P 
Published: September 2018

Objective: The objective of this research work is to develop and evaluate mucoadhesive microspheres of an anti-migraine drug for sustained release. Materials and Methods: Mucoadhesive microspheres were prepared by emulsification method using Sodium alginate (SA), polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) and Chitosan in the various drug-polymer ratios of 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3. Nine formulations were formulated and evaluated for possible drug polymer interactions, percentage yield, micromeritic properties, particle size, drug content, drug entrapment efficiency, drug loading, swelling index, In-vitro wash off test, in vitro drug release, surface morphology and release kinetics. Results: The results showed that no significant drug polymer interaction in FTIR studies. Among all the formulations SF3 containing sodium alginate showed 77.18% drug release in 6hrs. Conclusion: Amongst the developed mucoadhesive microspheres, SF3 formulation containing sodium alginate exhibited slow and sustained release in a controlled manner and it is a promising formulation for sustained release of Sumatriptan succinate.
Keywords: Mucoadhesive microspheres, Sodium alginate, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, Chitosan, sustained release.
DEVELOPMENT OF NANOCRYSTAL FORMULATION WITH IMPROVED DISSOLUTION
Authors: Saini Jaspreet Kaur , Kumar Sandeep 
Published: September 2018

With the advancement in modern pharmaceutical technologies, Nanotechnology is the one of the most establish technology which is used to improve the therapeutic index and to overcome the formulation challenges of poorly water-soluble compounds. Nanocrystals, in nano range, is the interesting approach for poorly soluble drugs. Due to the small size, increased surface area enhanced the dissolution rate and solubility of drug. In this paper, current technologies and methods in nanocrystal preparation, stabilization, pharmaceutical applications and limitations of nanocrystal are reviewed.
Keywords: Nanocrystal, limitations, stabilization, preparation, applications
PREVALENCE AND ASSOCIATED FACTORS OF ORAL NON-CANDIDA ALBICANS CANDIDA CARRIAGE IN DENTURE WEARERS IN SANA'A CITY- YEMEN
Authors: Abdulsalam Al-Haddad Khaled , Al-dossary Omar Ahmed Esma’il , A. Al-Shamahy Hassan 
Published: September 2018

The objective of this study was to contrast the prevalence and species of colonization of Non-Candida albicans (NCAC) in the oral cavity of denture wearers and non-denture wearers; also asses associated risk factors of their colonization.
A total of 208 subjects were studied: 104 denture wearers and 104 non-denture wearers, matched by age, sex, comprised the experimental control groups, respectively. Each subject was instructed to perform oral rinsing using a phosphate-buffered saline solution, which was expectorated processed for the recovery of Candida species on on Sabouraud dextrose agar. Isolates were identified by culturing on chromogenic Candida agar noting species-specific colony characteristics. There was a significant oral carriage rate of NCAC among denture wearers (5.83% versus 11.1% in controls) with associated risk factor (5.4) (PV<0.001). The most common isolated NCAC were C. Krusi C.tropicalis with significant OR (5.5 4.7 respectively). When co-infections were considered, there was highly significant association of C. albicans + C. krusi oral colonization in cases (OR=4.56, PV<0.001). There was a significant oral carriage rate of NCAC among male denture wearers (36.9%, OR=6.6, PV˂0.001). In addition, there was a significant rate of NCAC colonization with complete denture (rate= 50%, OR=2.4, PV= 0.02). While no significant increase associated with colonization of NCAC with partial, acrylic /or chrome cobalt denture. Based on the results of this study ability of NCAC were greater in denture wearers than non-denture wearers, also greater risk of NCAC were found with males, older ages, complete denture.
IN VITRO ANTI-LEISHMANIAL ACTIVITY AGAINST CUTANEOUS LEISHMANIA PARASITES AND PRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF FOUR YEMENI MEDICINAL PLANTS
Authors: Ali Al- Hajj Manal Mutahar , Al-Shamahy Hassan A , Alkhatib Bushra Y , Moharram Bushra A 
Published: September 2018

Cutaneous leishmaniasis is one form of leishmaniasis that chiefly infected the poor sections of the society. The prototypical therapeutic interventions in vogue are handicapped due to toxicity and an alarming increase in drug resistance. Furthermore, the absence of vaccines has raised the quest for alternative therapies. So, the aim of our study was to assess the anti-leishmanial activity of Euphorbia cactus Ehrenb, Euphorbia ammak Forssk, Euphorbia inarticulate Schweinf, and Pergularia tomentosa L. The extracts of plants were prepared by maceration method and by Soxhlet extractor. The extracts were dried and re-dissolved in 2% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) 1% solvent. Leishmania spp. cells were then tested with serial concentrations (15.6 μgml-1 to 500 μg ml-1 ) of the extracts, using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthazolk-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. All experiments were performed in triplicate and analyzed by ANOVA test. The optical density values as measured by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) were used to calculate the IC50 values. The results indicated that the methanolic latex extract of Euphorbia cactus Ehrenb, Euphorbia ammak Forssk had potent anti-leishmanial activity against the promastigotes of Leishmania spp. based on a dose-dependent response analysis. The IC50 values for Euphorbia cactus Ehrenb and Euphorbia ammak Forssk after 24h incubation against Leishmania spp. promastigotes were less than <15.6 μgml-1. Furthermore, the phytochemical analysis of methanolic extracts showed the presence of alkaloids, phytosterols, phenols, saponins, and flavonoids in which these components have been proven previously to be the active compounds against Leishmania parasite. In conclusion, the present study reveals that latex extract of Euphorbia cactus Ehrenb and Euphorbia ammak Forssk contain active compounds that have anti-leishmanial activity, which could serve as an alternative agent in the treatment of Cutaneous leishmaniasis, but further studies would, therefore, be needed to assess the activity of these materials of this plants in vivo clinical response and study their toxicity on cell lines.
AWARENESS AMONGST YOUTH ABOUT USE AND ABUSE OF STEROIDS IN KARACHI, PAKISTAN
Authors: Khan Auwais Ahmed , Ghayas Sana , Mehtab Amna , Aaiman Umm-e- , Idrees Mehak , Anjum Fakhsheena 
Published: September 2018

Aim of present study was to analyze awareness regarding the use of steroids in the youth studying health sciences. A descriptive, observational study was conducted from September to December 2017. Youth studying health sciences aged 21–25 years in Karachi were recruited for the study, among which (n=179) 50.99% were pharmacy students and (n=172) 49% were studying allied health sciences. Descriptive statistics (SPSS version 16.0) was used to analyze the results. Out of 400 questionnaires, the response rate was 87.75%. Majority students were knowledgeable about steroids and (72.64%) agreed that steroids should be sold as prescription only medicine in Pakistan (p= 0.00).Most of them n=147 (41.88%) had no idea about various modes of steroid abuse (p=0.00).Many participants (n= 109;31.05%) thought that steroids were found in toothpaste and dentifrices, cosmetics and ophthalmic preparations; n= 135 (38.46%) had no idea whether or not the steroids had interactions with opiates and cocaine, alcohol and benzodiazepines. The perception was seen in n= 118 (33.61%) persons that nutritional alternative/supplements could be used to reduce steroid abuse; n= 79 (22.50%) used steroids for grooming upon prescription by medical practitioner. Allergic reactions were thought as the mild side effects of steroid use by n= 100 (28.24%) while n= 166 (47.29%) considered kidney and liver diseases as severe side effects of steroid use (p=0.00). It was noted that comprehensive information about the steroids was required by youth since they were studying health sciences. Some modifications in the curriculum have to be made for providing more information about substances like steroids to the health sciences students as steroids have a great impact not only physically but also psychologically.
Arah Kebijakan Kesehatan Mental: Tren Global dan Nasional Serta Tantangan Aktual
Authors: Ridlo Ilham Akhsanu , Zein Rizqy Amelia 
Published: September 2018

AbstractGlobally, during the last three decades, mental health has played significant role in regards to thediscourse of global health policy. Since two decades ago, WHO has firmly defined health as a roundedstate of condition where an individual reach “...not merely the absence of the illness, but also achievementof physical, mental and social well-being.” WHO’s definition of health implies a significant impact onglobal health policy – all members of states should adhere their health policy to this definition. TheGlobal Burden of Disease study carried out by IHME (The Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation)in 2012 that mapped out the burden of disease around the world revealed an appalling fact namelyworsened mental health condition. Years lost due to disability (YLD) study mentioned that 6 out to 20diseases that were most responsible in causing disability were mental illnesses. Therefore, this articleaimed to describe the mental illness prevalence in global and national level by reviewing several mentalillness epidemiological studies. Additionally, this article highlighted some of important challenges thatshould be considered by healthcare service providers and policymakers in tackling mental health issues,which are treatment gap and mental health stigma.Keywords: Mental Health Policy, Global and National Prevalence, Treatment Gap
AbstrakSecara global, dalam kurun waktu 30 tahun terakhir, isu mengenai kesehatan mental memainkanperan penting dalam perumusan kebijakan kesehatan global. Sejak dua dekade yang lalu, WHOmengeluarkan definisi sehat sebagai suatu kondisi dimana seorang indvidu mencapai “...tak sekedarbebas dari penyakit, melainkan mampu mencapai kesejahteraan fisik, mental dan sosial.” Definisidari WHO tersebut berkonsekuensi besar dalam perumusan kebijakan kesehatan mental, dimanaseluruh negara anggotanya harus menyandarkan garis besar kebijakan kesehatannya pada definisi ini.Studi mengenai Global Burden of Disease yang diselenggarakan oleh IHME (The Institute for HealthMetrics and Evaluation) mengungkapkan bahwa ada tren yang menunjukkan bahwa kondisi kesehatanmental menjadi ancaman serius. Studi mengenai jumlah tahun yang hilang akibat disabilitas (YLD)menyebutkan bahwa 6 dari 20 penyakit yang paling bertanggung jawab menyebabkan disabilitasadalah penyakit mental. Oleh karena itu, artikel ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan prevalensigangguan mental dalam skup global dan nasional dengan cara meninjau beberapa riset epidemiologisyang berfokus pada gangguan mental. Selain itu, artikel ini akan membahas mengenai isu-isu pentingyang merupakan tantangan bagi pelayanan kesehatan mental di Indonesia yang harus ditanggapi seriusoleh penyedia layanan kesehatan mental dan pembuat kebijakan, yaitu kesenjangan perawatan danstigma.Kata kunci: Kebijakan Kesehatan Mental, Prevalensi Global dan Nasional, Kesenjangan
Impacto social de los graduados de la Licenciatura en Educación Física, Recreación y Deporte UNIMINUTO
Authors: Urrea Pedro Nel , Bernate Jayson Andrey , Fonseca Ingrid , Martínez Adriana 
Published: September 2018

Esta investigación propone reflexionar acerca del impacto social de los egresados de la universidad MINUTO DE DIOS, concretamente de los graduados de la licenciatura de educación física recreación y deporte, en las cohortes de 2014-10 (Primer semestre) hasta 2017-60 (segundo semestre). El desarrollo de este estudio se dio mediante actividades centradas en temas incidencia social que destacaran la importancia y significancia de las competencias desarrolladas laboralmente por los egresados de la licenciatura, todas estas enmarcadas en la metodología y modelo pedagógico propuesto desde la universidad como gestora de los profesionales graduados. La población está conformada por 491 egresados y aleatoriamente se seleccionó como muestra 191 estudiantes de las cohortes 2014-10 (primer semestre) hasta 2017-60 (segundo semestre), con edades entre 22 y 40 años, 5 empleadores del área específica entre los que se encuentra: dos colegios privados, Una caja de compensación, liga de natación y un Gimnasio deportivo. Todos ubicados en Bogotá, Colombia. Para el estudio se aplicó la metodología cualitativa y los instrumentos utilizados fueron: encuesta y entrevista abierta. Los resultados reflejan que los egresados tienen creatividad e innovación de servicio, a su vez la mayor la dificultad expresada por los Egresados es la limitada posibilidad de acceder actualización docente, lo que es fundamental para que los profesionales asuman un papel más dinámico y activo enmarcado en altos estándares de calidad, a su vez los empleadores identifican en el egresado gran calidad humana y axiológica.
Risk of Contrast-Induced Nephropathy after Repeated Contrast Medium Administration
Authors: Dinesch Violeta , Dinesch Mihail , Macarie Cosmin , Sirbu Ileana Voichita , Buruian Mircea 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Objective: Non-invasive coronary computed tomography angiography is frequently used to exclude coronary artery disease in patients with low-to-intermediate pre-test probability because of the high negative predictive value. The strategy of coronary computed tomography angiography and subsequent invasive coronary angiography in case of positive findings has risks owing to repeated contrast medium administration and the possibility of contrast-induced nephropathy. Methods: We retrospectively evaluated the changes in the serum creatinine level and estimated glomerular filtration rate (at baseline, 24 h, and 48 h after contrast administration) in patients with repeated contrast medium administration in order to evaluate contrast-induced nephropathy development. All patients were intravenously hydrated with 1000 ml sodium chloride (0.9%) per day during hospitalization. Results: The study included 17 patients. Of these patients, 7 (41.2%) had prior impaired renal function (estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 ml/min/1.73 m2). The mean coronary computed tomography angiography contrast medium (iopromide 769 mg/ml) volume was 114.11 ± 7.75 ml and the mean invasive coronary angiography contrast medium (iohexol 755 mg/ml) volume was 129.7 ± 19.24 ml. The serum creatinine level was significantly higher and the estimated glomerular filtration rate was significantly lower at 48 hours after the second contrast medium administration than at baseline (p = 0.05 and p = 0.03, respectively). None of the patients had contrast-induced nephropathy. Conclusion: Repeated contrast medium administration was not associated with contrast-induced nephropathy development at 48 hours after the second contrast medium administration, even in patients with prior impaired renal function.
Mathematical Models of Geometric Sizes of Cereal Crops’ Seeds as Dependent Random Variables
Authors: Inskyi Roman Kuzm , Kovalishyn Stefan , Kovalchyk Yurij , Sheremeta Roman 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Dimensions of 100 randomly selected wheat seeds of the Smuglyanka variety, rye seeds of the Puhovchanka variety and barley seeds of the Pejas variety were determined by measuring their length (l), width (b) and thickness (h). Results of the measurements were processed by the methods of mathematical statistics; parameters of distributions of individual sizes as random variables were calculated. On the basis of values of variation coefficient, the density function of normal distribution (Gaussian distribution) was taken as a model of individual sizes of seeds. Models of two-dimensional distributions of seed sizes as independent random variables were presented. Correlation coefficients between geometric sizes of seeds were calculated. Obtained values of the correlation coefficients indicate that the geometric sizes of seeds should be considered as dependent random variables. Mathematical models of geometric sizes of studied cereal crops’ seeds as dependent random variables in the form of density functions of their normal distribution were proposed. By values of the sums of squared deviations as a fitting criterion, it was established that the mathematical models of geometric sizes of seeds as dependent random variables in the form of density functions of their normal distribution provide better data approximation than the mathematical models of geometric sizes of some cereal crops’ seeds as independent random variables.
Helminths infecting the cat-eyed snake Leptodeira annulata Linnaeus 1758 (Squamata: Dipsadidae) in a semiarid region of Brazil
Authors: Fernandes De Carvalho E. F. , Ferreira Da Silva-Neta A. , De Sousa Silva C. , De Oliveira C. R. , Da Cunha Xavier Nunes J. , Gonçalves De Souza T. , Ávila R. W. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Snakes have diverse feeding and living habits, being exposed to a variety of endoparasite communities. However, more studies are still necessary to document these relationships. We examined 18 specimens of the cat-eyed snake Leptodeira annulata from a semi-arid region in Northeast Brazil. Eight taxa of parasites were found, with higher prevalence of cystacanths (Acanthocephala). Five nematode species (Hexametra boddaertii, Oswaldocruzia sp., Oxyascaris sp., Physaloptera sp. and Raillietnema spectans) and the pentastome Raillietiella furcocerca represent a new parasitism record for the host studied. Our results also showed that L. annulata could act as paratenic host for acanthocephalans. These results contribute to the knowledge of the helminth fauna of L. annulata.
Child Marriage and the Failure of International Law: a Comparison of American, Indian, and Canadian Domestic Policies
Authors: Robles Marcy J. 
Published: September 2018

Summary
What is child marriage? The recognized definition does not adequately encompass the experience of child marriage. Child marriage stems from many elements, including coercion, force, and economic deprivation. Furthermore, child marriages have a long-term effect on child spouses, ranging from psychological damage, to health complications, to education and personal limitations. This paper argues that current international treaties and agreements do not specifically or directly address the issue of child marriage. Of those that make an attempt to, fail as a result of lack of enforcement or too much deference to religion as an exception of child marriage prohibition. In comparing three countries – The United States, India, and Canada, it is clear that Canadian policies work best and should be implemented on a larger scale. Current U.S. policies do not fully combat the child marriage phenomena, and although it is ahead of India in this area, it still has a long way to go in terms of development.