bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Self‐compassion as mediator between coping and social anxiety in late adolescence: A longitudinal analysis
Authors: Ștefan Catrinel A. 
Published: August 2019

ABSTRACTIntroductionPrevious research uncovered that self‐compassion is related to coping strategies elicited during stressful situations, and might also contribute to less biased perceptions of social situations. Hence, the current study's objective was to investigate longitudinally the mediator role of self‐compassion in the relation between coping and social anxiety in late adolescence, with emphasis on the first months of adjustment to college life.MethodsThe sample included 63 first‐year students (75% women) from Romania with a mean age of 18.76 years. They filled out the Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced Inventory at Time 1 (beginning of the first semester), as well as the Self‐Compassion Scale‐Short Form and the Leibowitz Social Anxiety Scale‐Short Form at both T1 and Time 2 (3 months after the baseline assessment).ResultsThe results of the mediation analyses showed that both approach and avoidant coping at T1 exhibited a significant indirect effect on social anxiety levels at T2 through self‐compassion measured at T2 controlling for the effects of gender, self‐compassion and social anxiety at T1. These findings suggested that approach coping increases the likelihood of more compassionate views of oneself, which are likely to contribute to less social anxiety; conversely, avoidant coping decreases self‐compassionate attitudes, which in turn increase social anxiety symptoms.ConclusionsThese results provided added evidence to the fact that during the transition from adolescence to adulthood, teaching college students a more self‐accepting and kind perspective on one's imperfections could play a significant role in preventing and treating social anxiety.
Key factors for the assessment of mobility in advanced dementia: A consensus approach
Authors: Van Ooteghem Karen , Musselman Kristin E. , Mansfield Avril , Gold David , Marcil Meghan N. , Keren Ron , Tartaglia Maria Carmela , Flint Alastair J. , Iaboni Andrea 
Published: August 2019

AbstractIntroductionLoss of mobility is common in advanced dementia and has important negative consequences related to fall risk, loss of independence, and lack of participation in meaningful activities. The causes of decline are multifactorial, including disease‐specific changes in motor function, behavior, and cognition. To optimize clinical management of mobility, there is a need to better characterize capacity for safe and independent mobility. This study aimed to identify key factors that impact on mobility in dementia.MethodsExpert input was gathered using a modified Delphi consensus approach. The primary criterion for participation was specialist knowledge in mobility or dementia, either as a clinician or a researcher. Participants rated elements of mobility for importance and feasibility of assessment in advanced dementia and prioritized items for inclusion in a mobility staging tool. Descriptive statistics and qualitative content analysis were used to summarize responses.ResultsThirty‐six experts completed the first survey with an 80% retention rate over three rounds. One‐third of 61 items reached consensus for being both important and feasible to assess, representing five categories of elements. Items reaching agreement for a staging tool included walking, parkinsonism, gait, impulsivity, fall history, agitation, transfers, and posture control.DiscussionThis study highlights the need for a multidimensional, dementia‐specific approach to mobility assessment. Results have implications for development of assessment methods and management guidelines to support the clinical care of mobility impairment in people with dementia.
In Quest of Calibration Density and Consistency in Hydrologic Modeling: Distributed Parameter Calibration against Streamflow Characteristics
Authors: Yang Yuan , Pan Ming , Beck Hylke E. , Fisher Colby K. , Beighley R. Edward , Kao Shih‐Chieh , Hong Yang , Wood Eric F. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractConventional basin‐by‐basin approaches to calibrate hydrologic models are limited to gauged basins and typically result in spatially discontinuous parameter fields. Moreover, the consequent low calibration density in space falls seriously behind the need from present‐day applications like high resolution river hydrodynamic modeling. In this study we calibrated three key parameters of the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model at every 1/8° grid‐cell using machine learning‐based maps of four streamflow characteristics for the conterminous United States (CONUS), with a total of 52,663 grid‐cells. This new calibration approach, as an alternative to parameter regionalization, applied to ungauged regions too. A key difference made here is that we tried to regionalize physical variables (streamflow characteristics) instead of model parameters whose behavior may often be less well understood. The resulting parameter fields no longer presented any spatial discontinuities and the patterns corresponded well with climate characteristics, such as aridity and runoff ratio. The calibrated parameters were evaluated against observed streamflow from 704/648 (calibration/validation period) small‐to‐medium‐sized catchments used to derive the streamflow characteristics, 3941/3809 (calibration/validation period) small‐to‐medium‐sized catchments not used to derive the streamflow characteristics as well as five large basins. Comparisons indicated marked improvements in bias and Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiency. Model performance was still poor in arid and semiarid regions, which is mostly due to both model structural and forcing deficiencies. Although the performance gain was limited by the relative small number of parameters to calibrate, the study and results here served as a proof‐of‐concept for a new promising approach for fine‐scale hydrologic model calibrations.
Spectral Analysis of River Resistance and Aquifer Diffusivity in a River‐Confined Aquifer System
Authors: Wang Jun‐Zhi , Wörman Anders 
Published: August 2019

AbstractHydraulic connections between a river and an adjacent aquifer are controlled by the river resistance and aquifer diffusivity. In this paper, we derive a spectral solution linking the power spectrum of river stage fluctuations to that of the hydraulic head of a confined aquifer by means of a physical scaling factor. The physical scaling factor represents an algebraic expression of the river resistance and aquifer diffusivity and is included in an exact spectral solution derived herein. Statistical measures of the aquifer diffusivity and river resistance are provided by fitting the solution versus observed groundwater hydraulic head obtained at several distances and/or frequencies. At a study site in the middle reach of the Yangtze River and downstream of the Three Gorges Dam in China, we find systematic damping of the hydraulic head variations with distance from the river, which follows a fractal pattern driven by the river stage. In general, the estimated parameters are consistent with results reported in the literature, which supports the validity of the proposed spectral approach, although the paper discusses advantages and limitations due to application conditions.
Projected Changes in Permafrost Active Layer Thickness Over the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau Under Climate Change
Authors: Zhao Dongsheng , Wu Shaohong 
Published: August 2019

AbstractClimate warming would increase the active layer thickness (ALT) of permafrost, which can cause changes in the hydrological cycle, ecological processes, and carbon flux in cold regions. However, changes in permafrost ALT due to climate warming remain poorly quantified, which limits our understanding of environmental change in cold regions. In this study, the Lund‐Postam‐Jena dynamic vegetation model is coupled to the Kudryavtsev model to examine changes in permafrost ALT on the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau (QTP) under climate change scenarios based on the representative concentration pathways (RCPs). The results suggest that the permafrost ALT on the QTP would exhibit a significant increasing trend under the climate change scenarios, and a large increment of ALT may occur in the northwestern QTP. In the near‐term (2011–2040), the change in ALT on the QTP is different under the RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0, and RCP8.5 emissions scenarios, with an increment of 5–30 cm. In the mid‐term (2041–2070), ALT would deepen further with an obvious reduction in permafrost area, while the increase in ALT decreases from south to north. In the long‐term (2071–2099), the average increment of ALT would be greater than 30 cm under the RCP4.5, RCP6.0, and RCP8.5 scenarios, and the increment in ALT increases from south to north, with a remarkable retreat in permafrost area from south to north.
Drivers of Low Instream Large Wood Retention and Imprints of Wood Mobility in Mountain Nonperennial Streams of a Mediterranean Semiarid Environment
Authors: Galia T. , Horáček M. , Macurová T. , Škarpich V. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe majority of research on instream large wood (LW) focuses on perennial streams in temperate zones, and much less is known about wood distribution and its driving factors in other environments, such as semiarid bioclimatic regions. In this study, we sought to predict LW retention by assessing reach‐scale variables to infer the influence of external factors on the presence of LW in 37 independent reaches of ephemeral and intermittent streams draining a mountain range in a Mediterranean semiarid environment (Lefka Ori Mountains, Crete, Greece). In addition, we focused on LW pieces that had been mobilized by fluvial transport to find links between wood mobility and the external reach‐scale characteristics of this environment. Markedly low average LW frequency (6.5 LW/100 m) and volume (9.06 m3/ha) were observed in the studied reaches in comparison with streams draining other bioclimatic regions. Only one complex general linear model was found to predict LW volume (including valley confinement and basal area of coniferous trees), and five explanatory variables (elevation as a proxy of annual precipitation, valley type, valley confinement index, basal area of coniferous trees, and basal area of all trees) were significant in separated models predicting LW volume. Only two variables (valley floor width and the basal area of broadleaf trees) were significant in separated models for prediction of LW frequency. The mobilized LW in the studied streams tends to be stored as individual, dispersed pieces rather than in jams, likely due to overall low LW abundance which effectively prevents clustering of wood.
Modeling Variably Saturated Flow in Stratified Soils With Explicit Tracking of Wetting Front and Water Table Locations
Authors: Dai Yongjiu , Zhang Shupeng , Yuan Hua , Wei Nan 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe locations of wetting front and water table are key variables in an integrated surface‐groundwater modeling. In current land surface models, they are either diagnosed from pressure head profiles or predicted using certain parameterization schemes. Both approaches need to make assumptions on how pressure head changes vertically and numerical results may have large errors when these assumptions are violated. In this work, we propose a numerical framework, which can explicitly track the locations of wetting front and water table. Existing numerical solvers modeling soil water movement usually use water content, pressure head, or both of them as prognostic variables, while in this framework, two additional prognostic variables representing the locations of wetting front and water table are introduced. Besides, another two improvements are explored to make the framework stable and efficient. First, a new equivalent hydraulic conductivity formula accommodating nonlinear hydraulic curves is proposed. The formula is unconditionally stable and can yield oscillation‐free solution of Richards' equation in unsaturated homogeneous soils. Second, a mixed implicit‐explicit temporal discretization is adopted. It uses an implicit scheme initially at every time step to improve the stability and accuracy, while in case of failure in convergence it replaces the iterations with an explicit scheme to guarantee mass conservation. Based on all these improvements, the framework is potentially used to simulate variably saturated flow in stratified soils in land surface models. Seven numerical tests covering various flow situations, boundary conditions, and soil geometries are carried out and illustrate the characteristics of the proposed framework.
Implicit common‐mode resonance by parasitic capacitances in LC oscillators for Ka‐band satellite receiver
Authors: Alavi Lavasani Seyed Hossein , Medi Ali 
Published: August 2019

Parasitic capacitances in high frequency have a significant role in examining the inductor‐capacitor tank oscillators (LC oscillators) output signal quality. Here, the authors proposed a new idea for Ka‐band satellite receiver oscillator, which considers these parasitic elements, in order to maintain a specific precise frequency where there is no need for a broadband frequency range. By using tuned parasitic elements in differential LC oscillator to resonate the circuit's common mode at twice the oscillation frequency, a better phase noise performance and higher oscillator FOM can be achieved. The developed methodology is employed to design and fabricate an oscillator in 0.25 µm AlGaAs/InGaAs pseudomorphic high‐electron‐mobility transistors process for 19.25 GHz oscillations.
Social scientific research on the American West: current debates, novel methods, and new directions
Authors: Burow Paul Berne , McConnell Kathryn , Farrell Justin 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Reviewing recent social science research on the western United States from multiple disciplines, we present a state-of-the-art synthesis for scholars and policymakers focused on the socioecological future of this distinctive region. We address four core topics: (1) Migration and population change, focusing on the movements of people across the US West, and the ways that these population shifts are both shaped by and shaping the rise of ‘New West’ economies. (2) Environmental governance, synthesizing work on non-federal government institutions’ interactions with the environment, including local/regional government agencies, Indigenous nations, and non-governmental organizations—all of which shape environmental quality and resource access for communities. (3) Place, culture, and belonging, which concerns how people find meaning in their environment and locate their sense of place in the region given changing social and natural landscapes. (4) Research methodologies, with a specific focus on blending cutting-edge machine learning, and social network approaches with well-established ethnographic, demographic, and survey-based methods. We then map out a future interdisciplinary agenda for the policy-relevant study of social and environmental change in the US West. Our approach stresses the importance of mixed method social research and a robust understanding of how culture, values, and identities intersect with ecological changes on landscapes to shape the well-being of people and ecosystems.
Are global tropical cyclones moving slower in a warming climate?
Authors: Chan Kelvin T F 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The local tropical-cyclone-related rainfall totals largely depend on the rain rate near the center and the translation speed of a tropical cyclone. Understanding how they respond to a changing climate has been a hot topic. A recent astounding study reported a 10% slowdown in global tropical-cyclone translation speed over the past 68 years (1949–2016) and implicitly related this to the weakening of tropical circulation forced by the anthropogenic warming. It thereby suggested that it might result in more local rainfall totals in a warming climate. However, here this study shows that no robust and significant observational and modeling evidences reveal that they are. The data artefacts introduced by the changes in measurement practices, particularly the introduction of satellite capabilities since the 1970s, are likely the main source of heterogeneities leading to such disagreement. The global slowdown of tropical-cyclone translation speed becomes indeterminate and a significant global speedup trend is even found over land if the records in more reliable satellite sensing era period starting from 1970 are examined, where this period is also the most pronounced warming period in the last half-century. The relationship between the slowdown of tropical cyclones and anthropogenic warming is therefore not apparent and the relevant potential increase in local rainfall totals in the future warming climate is suspicious.
Trends in PM2.5 transition metals in urban areas across the United States
Authors: Hennigan Christopher J , Mucci Aidan , Reed Brian E 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Using data from the Environmental Protection Agency’s Chemical Speciation Network, we have characterized trends in PM2.5 transition metals in urban areas across the United States for the period 2001–2016. The metals included in this analysis—Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, V, and Zn—were selected based upon their abundance in PM2.5, known sources, and links to toxicity. Ten cities were included to provide broad geographic coverage, diverse source influences, and climatology: Atlanta (ATL), Baltimore (BAL), Chicago (CHI), Dallas (DAL), Denver (DEN), Los Angeles (LA), New York City (NYC), Phoenix (PHX), Seattle (SEA), and St. Louis (STL). The concentrations of V and Zn decreased in all ten cities, though the V decreases were more substantial. Cr concentrations increased in cities in the East and Midwest, with a pronounced spike in concentrations in 2013. The National Emissions Inventory was used to link sources with the observed trends; however, the causes of the broad Cr concentration increases and 2013 spike are not clear. Analysis of PM2.5 metal concentrations in port versus non-port cities showed different trends for Ni, suggesting an important but decreasing influence of marine emissions. The concentrations of most PM2.5 metals decreased in LA, STL, BAL, and SEA while concentrations of four of the seven metals (Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni) increased in DAL over the same time. Comparisons of the individual metals to overall trends in PM2.5 suggest decoupled sources and processes affecting each. These metals may have an enhanced toxicity compared to other chemical species present in PM, so the results have implications for strategies to measure exposures to PM and the resulting human health effects.
Framing management of social-ecological systems in terms of the cost of failure: the Sierra Nevada, USA as a case study
Authors: Wood Connor M , Jones Gavin M 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Managing complex social-ecological systems in an era of rapid climate change and changing human pressures represents a major challenge in sustainability science. The Sierra Nevada, USA is a large social-ecological system facing a tipping point that could result in major ecosystem changes. A century of fire suppression and climate change have set the stage for mega-disturbances that threaten biodiversity, human life and values, ecosystem services, and forest persistence. Stakeholders face multidimensional and often contentious trade-offs with costs and benefits that can be mismatched in space and time. If compromises cannot be reached, the status quo is likely to continue, resulting in the conversion of large portions of a 100 000 km2 predominately mixed-conifer forest ecosystem to a chaparral-dominated ecosystem. We describe the outcomes of a continuation of the ecological status quo on biodiversity, cultural history, fire management, recreational value, and climate control, including indirect effects on water and food security and recreation. The social-ecological ramifications of such a future are undesirable for most stakeholders. Therefore, we contend that forest management conflicts should be framed in terms of the cost of failure of negotiations among stakeholders. Specifically, negotiations may benefit from (1) stakeholders quantifying their definitions of success and failure, (2) quantification of trade-offs and recognition of their multidimensionality, and (3) allowing for solutions that are heterogeneous in space and time. This approach may help stakeholders navigate the wicked problem of managing Sierra Nevada forests and other complex social-ecological systems.
An early warning system to predict and mitigate wheat rust diseases in Ethiopia
Authors: Allen-Sader Clare , Thurston William , Meyer Marcel , Nure Elias , Bacha Netsanet , Alemayehu Yoseph , Stutt Richard O J H , Safka Daniel , Craig Andrew P , Derso Eshetu , Burgin Laura E , Millington Sarah C , Hort Matthew C , Hodson David P , Gilligan Christopher A 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Wheat rust diseases pose one of the greatest threats to global food security, including subsistence farmers in Ethiopia. The fungal spores transmitting wheat rust are dispersed by wind and can remain infectious after dispersal over long distances. The emergence of new strains of wheat rust has exacerbated the risks of severe crop loss. We describe the construction and deployment of a near real-time early warning system (EWS) for two major wind-dispersed diseases of wheat crops in Ethiopia that combines existing environmental research infrastructures, newly developed tools and scientific expertise across multiple organisations in Ethiopia and the UK. The EWS encompasses a sophisticated framework that integrates field and mobile phone surveillance data, spore dispersal and disease environmental suitability forecasting, as well as communication to policy-makers, advisors and smallholder farmers. The system involves daily automated data flow between two continents during the wheat season in Ethiopia. The framework utilises expertise and environmental research infrastructures from within the cross-disciplinary spectrum of biology, agronomy, meteorology, computer science and telecommunications. The EWS successfully provided timely information to assist policy makers formulate decisions about allocation of limited stock of fungicide during the 2017 and 2018 wheat seasons. Wheat rust alerts and advisories were sent by short message service and reports to 10 000 development agents and approximately 275 000 smallholder farmers in Ethiopia who rely on wheat for subsistence and livelihood security. The framework represents one of the first advanced crop disease EWSs implemented in a developing country. It provides policy-makers, extension agents and farmers with timely, actionable information on priority diseases affecting a staple food crop. The framework together with the underpinning technologies are transferable to forecast wheat rusts in other regions and can be readily adapted for other wind-dispersed pests and disease of major agricultural crops.