bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inside the Community
Authors: Cerón-Anaya Hugo 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Chapter 3 elaborates on the analysis of class, demonstrating how a multitude of mundane and ordinary actions reproduced class inequalities. First, it reflects on the connection between everyday language and the reproduction of social hierarchies inside clubs. Then follows a discussion of how perceptions of honor, honesty, intelligence, and civility informed a narrative that separates golf from popular sports, associating the latter with negative traits. This account allows club members to claim a form of athletic exceptionalism for golf, justifying exclusionary practices on arguments beyond wealth. The second part of the chapter explores the internal class divisions within the golf community, including an internal struggle between old-timers and newer club members. The former insisted on the importance of non-monetary forms of capital to determine the boundaries of the community, whereas the latter put more weight on financial assets to determine the limits of the group.
An Ostensibly Raceless Nation
Authors: Cerón-Anaya Hugo 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Chapter 4 presents the thesis of the racialization of class, arguing that racial understandings are deeply interconnected to class principles. The analysis starts by showing how despite the assumption that mestizaje eradicated all racial ideas, people employ a wide range of racialized notions in everyday interactions. Second, it shows how the class system deeply influences these racial ideas. This argument does not assume that the wealthier the person, the whiter they are perceived to be. Instead, it is explained why racial notions change from more fluid cultural assumptions at the bottom and middle part of the class hierarchy to more rigid biological views at the top of the socioeconomic order. The transformation is linked to both the changing nature of capital and the phenotypical composition of the upper classes. The chapter ends by using a series of concrete ethnographic examples to illustrate the argument of the racialization of class.
Gender on the Golf Course
Authors: Cerón-Anaya Hugo 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Chapter 6 uses the concept of hegemonic masculinity to explain why women golfers occupy a position subordinate to their male peers. The analysis first examines how female club members enjoy a higher-class position and white(r) racial identity, granting them a dominant position relative to lower-class women and men. Despite their advantaged position, the class-based hegemonic masculinity prevailing in these clubs produces a wide range of mechanisms that keep women in a secondary place. The gender distribution of playing time and the exclusion of women from the bar are two examples that illustrate how hegemonic masculinity dominates women golfers inside these clubs. The chapter ends by showing how some women possess enough privilege to subvert this form of gender subordination. Ironically, however, the possibility of creating a more gender-inclusive space has been hindered by the class and racial benefits that initially gave these women a privileged position in society.
Epilogue—Privilege
Authors: Cerón-Anaya Hugo 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The Epilogue demonstrates that the interwoven relation between class, race, gender, and privilege greatly interests ordinary people. Using the 2018 presidential election in Mexico, this chapter explains how the broader issues examined in the book played a central role in the public debates during the political campaigns. The analysis uses the comments, sayings, and criticism expressed by political candidates, journalists, and pundits to demonstrate how Mexicans are aware of and also interested in debating the large class differences that rife this nation. The class debate, however, is permanently intertwined with racialized perceptions, demonstrating the value of the racialization of class argument presented in the book. Finally, the analysis illustrates how a form of hegemonic masculinity profoundly shapes the public sphere, relegating women to a second class condition. This concluding chapter represents a renewed “call to arms” for social scientists interested in studying privilege. We cannot understand impoverished groups without paying attention to the other face of the same coin, privileged communities.
Introduction
Authors: Kerr Gaven 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
In this introduction, the context of Aquinas’s metaphysical thought is considered and how his metaphysics of creation is drawn from that. In particular it is observed that Aquinas’s metaphysics is wholly a result of natural reasoning and so cannot be inconsistent with other disciplines which also depend on natural reason such as natural science. Furthermore, Aquinas’s metaphysics is characterized as existentialist such that the central unifying theme of his thinking in this regard is the act of existence without which there would be nothing. This notion of an existentialist metaphysics carves out a space for Thomism independent of contemporary analytic approaches to metaphysics which are somewhat distanced from the actual existence of things, and the more continental approach of Sartre for whom existence is a given to be determined in the life choices that one makes.
The Agent of Creation
Authors: Kerr Gaven 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
In this chapter Aquinas’s thinking on God as the agent of creation is explored. The main focus of this chapter is to consider what God must be like in order to be a creator. Given what the previous chapter showed, He must be the source of existence of all things, but beyond that He must also have certain attributes without which He cannot be creator; this chapter explores those divine attributes. It begins with a consideration of how we can have any philosophical knowledge of God, and then proceeds to consider several of the divine attributes constitutive of classical theism before considering the creative attributes of intellect, will, and power.
The End of Creation
Authors: Kerr Gaven 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Chapter 4 considered God as the primary cause of all things, and the following chapters considered the things that God creates. Chapter 7, the final chapter, considers God as the final cause of all things. In doing so this chapter integrates final causality into the account of per se causal series outlined in chapter 4. God then will be seen to be not only the primary cause of all things, but their ultimate end. Aquinas’s view that God is the ultimate end of all things then has implications for what Aquinas sees as the whole purpose of creation and the role of creatures, particularly human beings, therein.
What’s the Relevant Sort of Control?
Authors: Portmore Douglas W. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Our options include all and only those events over which we exert the relevant sort of control. This chapter argues that the relevant sort of control must be complete as opposed to partial and synchronic as opposed to diachronic (i.e., the sort of control that we exercise at a moment in time rather than over a span of time). And it’s argued that the relevant sort of control is personal as opposed to subpersonal (i.e., the sort of control that makes our actions intelligible in terms of reasons and not just in terms of cause and effect). Last, it’s argued that the relevant sort of control is not the sort that we exert directly over our intentional acts by forming certain volitions, but the sort that we exert directly over our reasons-responsive attitudes (e.g., our beliefs, desires, and intentions) by being both receptive and reactive to reasons.
Rationalist Maximalism
Authors: Portmore Douglas W. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Rationalism holds that our current options consist in all and only those events over which we presently exert rational control. Maximalism holds that the only options that have their deontic status in virtue of their own goodness are maximal options. When we combine these two, we get rationalist maximalism. This chapter argues that there are reasons to accept rationalist maximalism apart from the reasons that were already given for accepting each of its two components. First, it avoids the sorts of objections to which other versions of maximalism are susceptible. Second, it provides us with a plausible alternative to both actualism and possibilism. And, third, it is uniquely well situated to accommodate the idea that a moral theory ought to be such that the agents who satisfy it, whoever and however numerous they may be, are guaranteed to produce the morally best world that they could (in the relevant sense) together produce.
Adherents and constituents
Authors: Owen Nicholas 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Chapter 2 develops a new definition, based on motivations rather than expected outcomes, renaming the conscience constituent as the adherent. An adherent puts resources into the movement in order that others, of whom she is not one, will benefit directly from the movement’s success. The adherent is contrasted with the constituent, who puts resources into the movement in order that she herself, or others of whom she is one, will benefit. The use of adherents depends on two features of a social movement’s activity. The first feature is orientation: the nature of the work that a social movement (or a group within it) is doing. There are four orientations: outward (pursuing interests); expressive (expressing identities); empowerment (empowering activists); and solidarity (increasing the movement’s cohesion). The second feature is ambition, which concerns the extent of the change the movement seeks and the degree to which it presumes equality.
Causes and combinations in the long nineteenth century
Authors: Owen Nicholas 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Chapter 4 develops, through a historical illustration, the arguments concerning motivation presented in chapter 3. It makes a distinction between causes—movements made up of adherents motivated (disjointly) by others’ gains—and combinations—movements made up of constituents motivated (conjointly) by their own gains. This distinction is applied to three British historical cases from the long nineteenth century, to explain why—and with what consequences—the place of adherents differed between the metropolitan antislavery movement of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century, the Chartists of the mid-nineteenth century, and movements of and for the poor (“neighboring” and “charity”) in the Victorian slums in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
Problems of agency in empowerment work
Authors: Owen Nicholas 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Chapter 7 examines dilemmas of agency in the empowerment orientation, in which participants develop their capabilities as activists. Empowerment is ultimately non-transferable and perishable: it must end or fail. Whether adherents can empower others turns on whether the capabilities are ones that they do not themselves possess; or, more ambitiously, ones they already have but have not yet discovered; and on whether they are willing to acquire such capabilities passively—as pupils—rather than, more ambitiously, through interactive discussion between teacher and taught. The chapter distinguishes between three approaches: disjoint “instruction,” conjoint “co-learning,” and “self-empowerment.” The supporting case study for this chapter concerns British supporters of the Indian anticolonial movement. The historical puzzle is why some Indian anticolonial activists sought the help of such British supporters but others rejected such help even when it was offered and potentially useful to them.
Conjointness restored?
Authors: Owen Nicholas 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Chapter 10 defines and assesses five new approaches to adherence which respond to the late-modern obligation of “having to be what one cannot be.” They are drawn from contemporary social and critical theories, especially those influenced by poststructuralist thinking. These involve loosening the obligation to be what one cannot be (intersectionality, chains of equivalence, translation); denying the impossibility of being what one cannot be (Judith Butler’s performativity); being it anyway (Slavoj Žižek’s unabashed approach); sharing incompleteness (Derridean approaches); and beginning from equality (Jacques Rancière). The chapter argues that that each response has its merits and will be attractive to some forms of social movement work, but none of them produces answers with which all movements can be content.
Becoming- work
Authors: Owen Nicholas 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Chapter 11 describes a new approach to adherence. Earlier chapters have examined the various forms of work that social movements do and asked whether and when such work can be pursued conjointly, by adherents as well as constituents. Chapter 11 reverses the question and looks beyond the answers so far given. It asks: what else would the work have to be, in order for it to be possible for adherents and constituents to pursue it conjointly? It defines a sixth approach, beyond the five already discussed in chapter 10—which it terms “becoming- work,” drawing on the work of Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari. It assesses the implication of becoming- work for the older dilemmas of adherence and describes some contemporary and emerging examples of the approach in alter-globalization politics and queer theory.
Conclusions and future work
Authors: Owen Nicholas 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The final chapter—chapter 12—reviews the main findings of the book and its implications. It also makes some proposals for future scholarly work on adherence. The chapter addresses the three principal audiences of the book—social movement theorists, political theorists, and historians, especially of Britain—indicating the possibilities for future work and interdisciplinary conversations between them. It also considers the ambivalence of contemporary responses to adherence and argues that exploring this ambivalence in greater depth is a good direction for future work.
Setting Health-Care Priorities
Authors: Tännsjö Torbjörn 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The three most promising theories of distributive ethics are presented: Utilitarianism, with or without a prioritarian amendment. The maximin/leximin theory. Egalitarianism. Utilitarianism urges us to maximize the sum-total of happiness. When prioritarianism is added to utilitarianism we are instead urged to maximize a weighted sum of happiness, where happiness weighs less the happier you are and unhappiness weighs more the more miserable you are. The maximin/leximin theory urges us to give absolute priority to those who are worst off. Egalitarianism gives us two goals: to maximize happiness but also to level out differences with regard to happiness between persons. All of these theories are justifiable. In abstract thought experiments they conflict. When applied in real life they converge in an unexpected manner: more resources should be directed to mental health and less to marginal life extension. It is doubtful if the desired change will take place, however. What gets in its way is human irrationality.
The Maximin/Leximin Theory
Authors: Tännsjö Torbjörn 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Presented in this chapter is the Rawlsian idea that one should take seriously the distinction between (and integrity of) persons. This distinction between, and integrity of, persons, is the metaphysical rationale behind the normative idea here discussed to the effect that absolute priority should be given to the person who is worst off. This is the maximin idea. Once the needs of those who are worst off have been catered to, we ought to tend to the needs of those who come next in line. This is the leximin idea. In the defence of these normative ideas it is taken for granted that interpersonal comparisons of happiness are possible and that compensation within lives but not between lives is permissible. This idea is contrasted with the utilitarian maxim that we ought to maximize the sum total of happiness. It is argued that the metaphysical rationale behind the maximin/leximin idea is consistent with utilitarianism so the choice between the maximin/leximin and utilitarianism relies in the final analysis on normative, not metaphysical, considerations.
Population Ethics
Authors: Tännsjö Torbjörn 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The three most promising theories of distributive justice are discussed in the context of population ethics. They all allow for what has been called the repugnant conclusion (i.e. the conclusion that some world, the Z-world, with an enormous population of persons living a life just worth living, is preferable to a world with ten billion extremely happy persons (the A-world). Utilitarianism implies the repugnant conclusion. It urges us to move from the A-world to the Z-world. It is different with the maximin/leximin theory and egalitarianism. They are person-affecting moralities. They refer to actual persons. These theories do not urge us to move to from the A-world to the Z-world but they allow for such a move. Does this spell problem for the theories? It does not, it is argued. The repugnant conclusion is after all acceptable. It is shown how the intuition that the Z world is worse than the A world tends to go away when submitted to cognitive psycho-therapy. It is typically not replaced by an intuition to the opposite effect, but there exists a sound argument to the effect that the Z-world is indeed better than the A-world.
Utilitarianism
Authors: Tännsjö Torbjörn 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Utilitarianism and prioritarianism are compared. It may seem that only prioritarianism takes suffering seriously enough. Even if utilitarianism is more sensitive to suffering than is the maximin/theory or egalitarianism, it does not take suffering seriously enough. According to prioritarianism, we should help a person in deep distress rather than improving the situation of a very happy person, even if this means some waste of happiness (the person in distress gains fewer hedons that the happy person would do if instead we tended to her needs). The prioritarian needs to tell us exactly how much weight should be given to momentary suffering and happiness, however. They need to specify the relevant function. This has been shown to be a difficult task to undertake. Moreover, according to prioritarianism a life with a net surplus of happiness may be worth not living. Some may give up on prioritarianism because of this implication of the theory. Others may stick to the rationale behind it, bite the bullet, and amend utilitarianism with prioritarianism. Both moves are considered justifiable.
Introduction
Authors: Cargill Robert R. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The introduction provides a summary of the research questions pursued and the arguments made in the book, focusing on two central theses regarding Melchizedek, with the second depending on the first. The first thesis is that Melchizedek, king of Shalem, was originally king of Sodom, and that his dominion was altered deliberately to prevent the Jewish patriarch Abram from having positive interactions with the king of Sodom, whose city would soon be destroyed by God. The second thesis is that Shalem was originally associated with the city of Shechem, in the shadow of Mt. Gerizim in Samaria, but later came to be associated with Jerusalem through a number of scribal and interpretative maneuvers designed to promote Jerusalem and denigrate Samaria.
Religious Engagement
Authors: Bettiza Gregorio 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The chapter shows how two epistemic communities embedded in postsecular modes of thinking provided the intellectual impetus since the 1990s that led to the creation of the Religious Engagement regime in 2013. It identifies how both epistemic communities shaped the regime during the Obama presidency. The chapter then assesses the multiple processes of foreign policy desecularization that the regime is both a product of and contributes to. In terms of global effects, it argues that the regime has potentially shaped religious landscapes internationally by empowering what it views as “good” religion; that it has tended to religionize world politics through mechanisms of elevation; and that it has contributed to the diffusion and consolidation of similar policies across Western governments and international institutions. The conclusion summarizes the chapter’s findings and compares the Religious Engagement regime to the previous three regimes. It then considers developments taking place under the Trump administration.
On the Origins of Political Societies and the Principles which are the Basis of their Organisation.
Authors: Allain Jean 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Book One considers the origins and formation of societies into States around Rayneval’s leitmotiv of self-preservation, as the essence of natural law. In so doing, Rayneval is setting the foundation for his examination of the Law of Nations to come in Books Two and Three. Within Book One, he considers the inner workings of a State: its societal norms; forms of government; and the division of powers as between the executive, legislative, and judicial branches. Rayneval then turns his attention to the place of law within a society and the objectives of public, private and criminal law; while dealing with the other, diverse, dynamics at play within a State including religion, education, and honour.
Nation to Nation Relations
Authors: Allain Jean 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
In Book Two, the emphasis of Rayneval’s text shifts from the development of the Nation and the internal dynamics of the State to consider the relationship between Nations via the Law of Nations. This Book considers the essence of the State, both in regard to independence and sovereignty. It provides an understanding of trade between Nations and of alliances and the European system of Balance of Power. Rayneval sets out a number of technical elements of the Law of Nations as well, including the acquisition of territory, of boundaries, of the treatment of foreigners, of the law of the sea, of reprisals, and of the titles and rank of diplomatic agents.
Mother Hagar
Authors: Junior Nyasha 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Chapter 1 examines Hagar as the mother of Ishmael in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. It analyzes the depiction of Hagar in the Hebrew Bible, in the New Testament, and in later Jewish, Christian, and Islamic texts. These texts provide the foundations for other interpretations of Hagar in different time periods. Although these texts provide limited details regarding Hagar’s origins or her appearance, this chapter analyzes how these interpretations of Hagar highlight particular elements of difference, including gender, ethnicity, and status. It demonstrates that early interpretations tend not to racialize Hagar or to link her to Blackness. Hagar’s distinctiveness is connected to her construction as mother of Ishmael and as mother of a people.
Egyptian Hagar
Authors: Junior Nyasha 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Chapter 2 explores the interpretation of Hagar in nineteenth-century pro- and anti-slavery literature in the United States. This chapter illustrates how nineteenth-century interpreters distance Hagar’s Egyptian ethnicity from any connection with African Americans. As well, it shows how they regard biblical enslavement as distinct from US chattel enslavement. While abolitionists and pro-slavery advocates argue using biblical texts, interpreters on both sides tend not to cite texts relating to the Hagar/Ishmael narrative. Although Hagar is an enslaved Egyptian woman, these interpreters tend not to regard her plight as analogous to that of enslaved African peoples in the United States.