bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Digital natives: Online audiovisual content consumption, creation and dissemination
Authors: Fernández-de-Arroyabe-Olaortua Ainhoa , Lazkano-Arrillaga Iñaki , Eguskiza-Sesumaga Leyre 
Published: July 2018

Teenagers inhabit a virtual universe with their own model of entertainment, learning and communication. This research work defines the consumption, creation and diffusion patterns of online audiovisual contents young students of Guipúzcoa have acquired in the fields of leisure and complementary information resources for school use, attending to three different variables: gender, grade (age) and type of educational institution (public or private). The research methodology focuses on a self-administered questionnaire filled out by 2,426 adolescents of secondary school (12 to 16 years old). The sample consists of a random selection of 120 student groups, which are distributed in 60 schools and 30 groups each course. The results verify the existence of monolithic and opposed male/female patterns in the way young people consume, create and diffuse leisure contents. Video games are the central backbone of male consumption and creation, as long as girls prefer to take pictures and videos of themselves using smartphones and to share them on social networks. These practices repeat gender stereotypes, transforming the education in equality into a relevant issue. Finally, sources of information that are complementary to formal education, especially Wikipedia, are the main references among adolescents. Consequently, it seems essential to guarantee their solvency for appropriate knowledge acquisition.
Los adolescentes viven inmersos en un universo virtual en el que han construido un modelo propio de entretenimiento, aprendizaje y comunicación. El objetivo de este trabajo es definir los patrones de consumo, creación y difusión de contenidos audiovisuales de Internet en los ámbitos del ocio y las fuentes de información complementarias para uso escolar de los jóvenes guipuzcoanos, atendiendo a las variables de género, curso y tipo de centro. La metodología partió del diseño de un cuestionario autorrellenable que cumplimentaron 2.426 adolescentes (de 12 a 16 años), estudiantes de los cuatro cursos de ESO. La muestra es una selección aleatoria de 60 centros de Guipúzcoa y un total de 120 grupos, 30 por cada curso. Los resultados corroboran que los patrones de consumo, creación y difusión de contenidos de ocio masculinos y femeninos son monolíticos y opuestos entre sí. Los videojuegos son el eje vertebrador del consumo y creación masculino, mientras que la toma y difusión de fotografías y vídeos de sí mismas es el de las chicas. Estas prácticas repiten los estereotipos de género, por lo que la formación en igualdad se perfila como en un aspecto relevante. Por último, las fuentes de información complementarias a la educación reglada, principalmente Wikipedia, se imponen como referencia entre los adolescentes, por lo que es imprescindible garantizar su solvencia para una adecuada adquisición de conocimientos.
Use of Over-the-Counter Topical Medications in Dermatophytosis
Authors: Dabas Rajeshwari , Janney Manasa Shettisara , Subramaniyan Radhakrishnan , Arora Sandeep , Lal V Sandeep , Donaparthi Navya 
Published: July 2018

Background:
Dermatophytosis is a common, superficial fungal infection of the skin. In developing countries like India, casual attitude toward seeking medical attention and lax drug control policies lead to indiscriminate use of irrational over-the-counter (OTC) medications. Studies on OTC topical medication abuse in dermatophytosis are lacking despite its frequent occurrence.

Aims:
To assess the magnitude of OTC topical medication use in dermatophytosis by studying the demographic variables, source of prescription, and their adverse effects.

Materials and Methods:
This cross-sectional, observational, questionnaire-based pilot study was carried out in a tertiary care center. One hundred consecutive, mycologically confirmed dermatophytosis patients were questioned about the use of OTC medications and examined for adverse effects of the preparations used. Results were documented in a predesigned pro forma and the data were expressed in terms of means and proportions.

Results:
The study population consisted of 75 males and 25 females. Tinea cruris was the most common pattern observed. Only 32% of the patients consulted a dermatologist on developing a rash, whereas the majority (68%) used medicines suggested by others. Clobetasol-based preparations were commonly misused, and 63.23% of the study population experienced adverse effects. Furthermore, majority (89%) of the study population were unaware of steroids and their adverse effects.

Conclusions:
The growing threat of OTC drug abuse in India is evident from this study. Stringent drug control policies and awareness of adverse effects of OTC topical medication abuse are truly the need of the hour to control this menace.
Erythrocyte membrane fatty acid profile & serum cytokine levels in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Amirkalali Bahareh , Sohrabi Masoud Reza , Esrafily Ali , Jalali Mahmoud , Gholami Ali , Hosseinzadeh Payam , Keyvani Hossein , Shidfar Farzad , Zamani Farhad 
Published: July 2018

Background & objectives:
Fatty acids may affect the expression of genes, and this process is influenced by sex hormones. Cytokines are involved in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), so this study was aimed to assess the association of erythrocyte membrane fatty acids with three cytokines and markers of hepatic injury in NAFLD patients and to explore whether these associations were the same in both sexes.

Methods:
In this cross-sectional study, 62 consecutive patients (32 men and 30 women) with NAFLD during the study period. Tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase were measured in a fasting serum sample, and Fibroscan was conducted for each individual. Gas chromatography was used to measure erythrocyte membrane fatty acids. Univariate and multiple linear regressions were used to analyze data.

Results:
In men, IL-6 had a significant (P <0.05) positive association with total ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). In women, TNF-α had a significant positive association with total ω-3 (P <0.05) and ω-6 (P <0.01) PUFAs, IL-6 had a significant (P <0.05) positive association with total monounsaturated fatty acids and MCP-1 had a significant positive association with total trans-fatty acids (P <0.05). No significant associations were observed between erythrocyte membrane fatty acids and liver enzymes or Fibroscan report in both sexes. In this study, women were significantly older than men [51 (42.75-55) vs 35.5 (29-52), P <0.01], so the associations were adjusted for age and other confounders.

Interpretation & conclusions:
Erythrocyte membrane fatty acid profile was not associated with serum liver enzymes or Fibroscan reports in NAFLD patients, but it had significant associations with serum TNF-α, IL-6 and MCP-1 and these associations were probably sex dependent.
Lymphopenia-induced proliferation of CD4 T-cells is associated with CD4 T-lymphocyte exhaustion in treated HIV-infected patients
Authors: Saidakova Evgeniya V. , Shmagel Konstantin V. , Korolevskaya Larisa B. , Shmagel Nadezhda G. , Chereshnev Valeriy A. 
Published: July 2018

Background & objectives:
Under the lymphopenic condition, T-cells divide to maintain their peripheral pool size. Profound chronic lymphopenia in some treated HIV-infected patients, characterized by poor T-cell recovery, might result in intensive homeostatic proliferation and can cause T-cell exhaustion and/or senescence. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the homeostatic proliferation of CD4+ T-cells in treated HIV-infected individuals, and to determine the amount of phenotypically exhausted and senescent CD4 T-lymphocytes.

Methods:
Thirty seven treated HIV-infected patients with suppressed HIV viral load (<50 copies/ml) were studied. Patients were divided into two groups: immunological non-responders (INRs) with CD4+ T-cells <350/μl (n=16) and immunological responders (IRs) with CD4+ T-cells >350/μl (n=21). T-cell subsets [naïve, central memory (CM), and effector memory (EM)] and proportions of cycling (Ki-67+), senescent (CD57+) and exhausted (PD-1+) T-lymphocytes were assessed using flow cytometry.

Results:
CD4+ T-cell cycling rate was higher in INRs than in IRs due to more extensive proliferation of CM, 4.7 vs 2.7 per cent (P <0.01) and EM, 4.8 vs 3.2 per cent (P <0.05). The percentages of CD4+ Ki-67+ CM and EM T-lymphocytes were inversely related to the CD4+ T-cell counts in the appropriate subset, r=–0.584 (P <0.001) and r=–0.556, (P <0.001), respectively. Exhaustion [24.2 vs 16.7% (P <0.01)], but not senescence [7.1 vs 10.8% (P>0.05)] was more pronounced in the INR group than in the IR group. The frequency of CD4+ Ki-67+ CM T-cells was related to the proportion of CD4+ PD-1+ cells of the same subset, r=0.789 (P <0.001). The numbers of CD4+ Ki-67+ PD-1+ CM and EM T-cells were substantially higher in INRs than in IRs.

Interpretation & conclusions:
The present data indicated that intensive homeostatic proliferation contributed to the T-cell exhaustion in HIV-infection.
Association of furanone C-30 with biofilm formation & antibiotic resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Zhao Jingming , Cheng Wei , He Xigang , Liu Yanli , Li Ji , Sun Jiaxing , Li Jinfeng , Wang Fangfang , Gao Yufang 
Published: July 2018

Background & objectives:

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that can cause nosocomial bloodstream infections in humans. This study was aimed to explore the association of furanone C-30 with biofilm formation, quorum sensing (QS) system and antibiotic resistance in P. aeruginosa.

Methods:
An in vitro model of P. aeruginosa bacterial biofilm was established using the standard P. aeruginosa strain (PAO-1). After treatment with 2.5 and 5 μg/ml of furanone C-30, the change of biofilm morphology of PAO-1 was observed, and the expression levels of QS-regulated virulence genes (lasB, rhlA and phzA2), QS receptor genes (lasR, rhlR and pqsR) as well as QS signal molecule synthase genes (lasI, rhlI, pqsE and pqsH) were determined. Besides, the AmpC expression was quantified in planktonic and mature biofilm induced by antibiotics.

Results:
Furanone C-30 treatment significantly inhibited biofilm formation in a dose-dependent manner. With the increase of furanone C-30 concentration, the expression levels of lasB, rhlA, phzA2, pqsR, lasI, rhlI, pqsE and pqsH significantly decreased in mature biofilm bacteria while the expression levels of lasR and rhlR markedly increased. The AmpC expression was significantly decreased in both planktonic and biofilm bacteria induced by imipenem and ceftazidime.

Interpretation & conclusions:
Furanone C-30 may inhibit biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance in P. aeruginosa through regulating QS genes. The inhibitory effect of furanone C-30 on las system appeared to be stronger than that on rhl system. Further studies need to be done with different strains of P. aeruginosa to confirm our findings.
AdeR-AdeS mutations & overexpression of the AdeABC efflux system in ciprofloxacin-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates
Authors: Lari Abdolaziz Rastegar , Ardebili Abdollah , Hashemi Ali 
Published: July 2018

Background & objectives:
Overexpression of efflux pumps is a cause of acquired resistance to fluoroquinolones in Acinetobacter baumannii. The present study was done to investigate the presence and overexpression of AdeABC efflux system and to analyze the sequences of AdeR-AdeS regulatory system in ciprofloxacin-resistant A. baumannii isolates.

Methods:
Susceptibility of 50 clinical A. baumannii isolates to ciprofloxacin, imipenem, ceftazidime, cefepime and gentamicin antimicrobials was evaluated by agar dilution method. Isolates were screened for the evidence of active efflux pump. Isolates were also examined for adeR-adeS and adeB efflux genes by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The adeR and adeS regulatory genes were sequenced to detect amino acid substitutions. Expression of adeB was evaluated by quantitative reverse-transcriptase PCR.

Results:
There were high rates of resistance to ciprofloxacin (88%), ceftazidime (88%), cefepime (74%) and imipenem (72%) and less resistance rate to gentamicin (64%). Phenotypic assay showed involvement of active efflux in decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin among 16 isolates. The 12.27-fold increase and 4.25-fold increase were found in adeB expression in ciprofloxacin-full-resistant and ciprofloxacin-intermediate-resistant isolates, respectively. Several effective mutations, including A91V, A136V, L192R, A94V, G103D and G186V, were detected in some domains of AdeR-AdeS regulators in the overexpressed ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates.

Interpretation & conclusions:
The results of this study indicated that overexpression of the AdeABC efflux pump was important to reduce susceptibility to ciprofloxacin and cefepime in A. baumannii that, in turn, could be triggered by alterations in the AdeR-AdeS two-component system. However, gene expression alone does not seem adequate to explain multidrug resistance phenomenon. These results could help plan improved active efflux pump inhibitors.
Plasma & urinary catecholamines & urinary vanillylmandelic acid levels in patients with generalized vitiligo
Authors: Basnet Binamra , Bhushan Aditya , Khan Rehan , Kumar Guresh , Sharma Vinod Kumar , Sharma Alpana , Gupta Somesh 
Published: July 2018

Background & objectives:
Vitiligo is an acquired skin disease characterized by depigmented areas of the skin. Increased release of catecholamines from autonomic nerve endings in microenvironment of melanocytes in affected skin might be involved in the aetiopathogenesis of vitiligo. Levels of catecholamines are considered as being related to onset or worsening of the disease. Therefore, in this study, the role of catecholamines was evaluated in mapping disease stability and outcome of vitiligo patients undergoing melanocyte transfer.

Methods:
In this study, circulatory and urinary levels of catecholamine (CA) and vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) were determined in 45 individuals (30 vitiligo patients and 15 healthy controls) using ELISA.

Results:
A significant increase for plasma and urinary catecholamines along with VMA was observed as compared to healthy controls. When the pre- and post-intervention levels were analyzed in responders and non-responders, respectively, only dopamine showed significant decline in urine, rest of the molecules in plasma as well as urine showed non-significant decline except VMA which showed insignificant increase.

Interpretation & conclusions:
Levels of plasma/urinary epinephrine, and plasma dopamine, could not be established as biomarkers for disease stability or successful outcome of autologous melanocyte transfer in generalized vitiligo patients. However, dopamine (urine) might be of help in determining the stability in patients with generalized vitiligo undergoing melanocyte transfer. Further studies need to be done on a large sample of patients to confirm our findings.
On the dynamic nature of hydrological similarity
Authors: Loritz Ralf , Gupta Hoshin , Jackisch Conrad , Westhoff Martijn , Kleidon Axel , Ehret Uwe , Zehe Erwin 
Published: July 2018

Abstract. The increasing diversity and resolution of spatially
distributed data on terrestrial systems greatly enhance the potential of
hydrological modeling. Optimal and parsimonious use of these data sources
requires, however, that we better understand (a) which system characteristics
exert primary controls on hydrological dynamics and (b) to what level of
detail do those characteristics need to be represented in a model. In this study we develop and test an approach to explore these questions
that draws upon information theoretic and thermodynamic reasoning, using
spatially distributed topographic information as a straightforward example.
Specifically, we subdivide a mesoscale catchment into 105 hillslopes and
represent each by a two-dimensional numerical hillslope model. These
hillslope models differ exclusively with respect to topography-related
parameters derived from a digital elevation model (DEM); the remaining setup and
meteorological forcing for each are identical. We analyze the degree of
similarity of simulated discharge and storage among the hillslopes as a
function of time by examining the Shannon information entropy. We
furthermore derive a “compressed” catchment model by clustering the
hillslope models into functional groups of similar runoff generation using
normalized mutual information (NMI) as a distance measure. Our results reveal that, within our given model environment, only a portion
of the entire amount of topographic information stored within a digital
elevation model is relevant for the simulation of distributed runoff and
storage dynamics. This manifests through a possible compression of the model
ensemble from the entire set of 105 hillslopes to only 6 hillslopes, each
representing a different functional group, which leads to no substantial
loss in model performance. Importantly, we find that the concept of
hydrological similarity is not necessarily time invariant. On the contrary,
the Shannon entropy as measure for diversity in the simulation ensemble
shows a distinct annual pattern, with periods of highly redundant
simulations, reflecting coherent and organized dynamics, and periods where
hillslopes operate in distinctly different ways. We conclude that the proposed approach provides a powerful framework for
understanding and diagnosing how and when process organization and
functional similarity of hydrological systems emerge in time. Our approach
is neither restricted to the model nor to model targets or the data source
we selected in this study. Overall, we propose that the concepts of
hydrological systems acting similarly (and thus giving rise to redundancy)
or displaying unique functionality (and thus being irreplaceable) are not
mutually exclusive. They are in fact of complementary nature, and systems
operate by gradually changing to different levels of organization in time.
Precipitation downscaling using a probability-matching approach and geostationary infrared data: an evaluation over six climate regions
Authors: Guo Ruifang , Liu Yuanbo , Zhou Han , Zhu Yaqiao 
Published: July 2018

Abstract. Precipitation is one of the most important components of the global water
cycle. Precipitation data at high spatial and temporal resolutions are
crucial for basin-scale hydrological and meteorological studies. In this
study, we propose a cumulative distribution of frequency (CDF)-based
downscaling method (DCDF) to obtain hourly
0.05∘ × 0.05∘ precipitation data. The main
hypothesis is that a variable with the same resolution of target data should
produce a CDF that is similar to the reference data. The method was
demonstrated using the 3-hourly 0.25∘ × 0.25∘
Climate Prediction Center morphing method (CMORPH) dataset and the hourly
0.05∘ × 0.05∘ FY2-E geostationary (GEO) infrared
(IR) temperature brightness (Tb) data. Initially, power function
relationships were established between the precipitation rate and Tb
for each 1∘ × 1∘ region. Then the CMORPH data were
downscaled to 0.05∘ × 0.05∘. The downscaled results
were validated over diverse rainfall regimes in China. Within each rainfall
regime, the fitting functions' coefficients were able to implicitly reflect
the characteristics of precipitation. Quantitatively, the downscaled
estimates not only improved spatio-temporal resolutions, but also performed
better (bias: −7.35–10.35 %; correlation coefficient, CC: 0.48–0.60)
than the CMORPH product (bias: 20.82–94.19 %; CC: 0.31–0.59) over
convective precipitating regions. The downscaled results performed as well as
the CMORPH product over regions dominated with frontal rain systems and
performed relatively poorly over mountainous or hilly areas where orographic
rain systems dominate. Qualitatively, at the daily scale, DCDF and CMORPH had
nearly equivalent performances at the regional scale, and 79 % DCDF may
perform better than or nearly equivalently to CMORPH at the point (rain gauge)
scale. The downscaled estimates were able to capture more details about
rainfall motion and changes under the condition that DCDF performs better
than or nearly equivalently to CMORPH.
Critiques de l’origine et historicité du monde chez Voltaire et Rousseau
Authors: Piqué Nicolas 
Published: July 2018

« Critiques de l’origine et historicité du monde chez Voltaire et Rousseau » : Shakespeare nous avertit : « Life […] : it is a tale/Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury/Signifying nothing », « La vie […] : une fable/Racontée par un idiot, pleine de bruit et de fureur, /Et qui ne signifie rien » (Macbeth, V, 5). Doit-on, peut-on se contenter de ce constat, dont les enjeux moraux risquent d’être fort déconcertants sinon même destructeurs? Il faudra, sinon, essayer de penser le dépassement de cette apparence chaotique en faisant apparaître un « ordre du monde », mobiliser ou même inventer une fiction à même de décrire cette origine pour assurer la stabilité du monde. Tel sera l’objet de cet article : suivre les tensions entre origine, ordre et sens de l’histoire, étudier les prétentions ordonnatrices du pouvoir de l’origine, analyser ses illusions et sa fragilité, circonscrire la capacité heuristique de la fiction dans sa prétention à décrire l’historicité du monde. Il faudra donc d’abord, brièvement, rappeler comment l’hypothèse chrétienne d’une origine aura permis de stabiliser et ordonner l’histoire des hommes. Suivre ensuite les critiques de cette hypothèse, sur le mode radical de la dénonciation de toute fiction pour Voltaire, sur un mode plus complexe chez Rousseau, fait d’emprunts et de transformations. On sera alors en mesure de suivre les métamorphoses des liens entre origine et fiction, du récit chrétien de l’origine à la fiction rousseauiste des commencements en passant par la critique voltairienne. De « l’ordre du monde » à « l’énigme du monde » donc, à la découverte de son historicité, de sa complexité au-delà de toute prétention originaire.
L’écriture et le problème de l’ancienne histoire chinoise
Authors: Wang Yan 
Published: July 2018

« L’écriture et le problème de l’ancienne histoire chinoise » : Dans l’Europe des XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles, les caractères de l’écriture chinoise sont considérés, en parallèle avec les pictogrammes mexicains et les hiéroglyphes égyptiens, comme des signes figuratifs que tracent les premiers peuples du monde. Par rapport à ces deux derniers, les caractères chinois occupent une place singulière : ils sont probablement les seuls qui aient toujours été utilisés et le soient encore. Sur les monuments de grande importance, l’écriture figurative des Chinois est censée véhiculer, aux yeux de certains philologues, historiens et théologiens, les secrets de l’origine de cette nation qu’on cherche en vain dans les livres mosaïques.
Se précisent ainsi les deux questions d’ordre plus historique que linguistique de cet article. L’une concerne l’écriture chinoise elle-même : les caractères chinois, soumis à diverses méthodes de décryptage, pourront-ils et devront-ils dévoiler l’antiquité et l’origine de ce peuple qu’ignorent les historiographies européennes, religieuses comme laïques ? L’autre concerne les annales chinoises : l’ancienne histoire chinoise qu’elles rapportent correspond-elle à celle que les chercheurs européens tiennent à retrouver dans l’écriture chinoise — leur perception de l’histoire de la Chine et du monde ? Les réponses à ces deux questions montreront dans quelle mesure l’Europe des Lumières construit et reconstruit sa perception de l’histoire universelle à la suite du surgissement d’un inconnu irréductible.