bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
894. NICOTIANA STENOCARPA
Authors: Chase Mark W. , Christenhusz Maarten J. M. 
Published: November 2018

SummaryNicotiana stenocarpa has long been considered a synonym of N. rosulata subsp. rosulata, to which it is only distantly related. It grows in the Goldfields area of Western Australia, often sympatrically with N. rosulata subsp. rosulata. The plant illustrated here was collected on the Leonora–Agnew Road in Western Australia and cultivated at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Its ecology, cytology and cultivation are discussed.
Justice and global care chains: Lessons from Singapore
Authors: Jecker Nancy S. , Chin Jacqueline Joon‐Lin 
Published: November 2018

AbstractGrowing demand for direct care workers to assist care‐dependent elderly people has created an opening for migrant workers from low‐ income nations to sell their services to middle and high‐income nations. Using Singapore as a case example, we draw on capability theory to make the case that receiving nations that import direct care workers should be held to global justice standards that protect workers’ floor level human capabilities. Specifically, we (1) show that Singapore and other receiving nations fail to protect human capabilities at a threshold level required by dignity; (2) identify specific human capabilities placed at risk; and (3) recommend standards for receiving nations that support central capabilities. As populations in both developed and developing nations are rapidly aging, these concerns could not be timelier.
Transdiagnostic school‐based intervention for adolescents with early persistent psychiatric symptoms: An initial single‐group effect study
Authors: el Bouhaddani Saliha , Veling Wim , Schaefer Barbara , Doreleijers Theo , van Domburgh Lieke 
Published: November 2018

AimMental health intervention programs for adolescents generally focus on specific symptoms, such as anxiety or depression. Psychiatric symptoms in adolescence are often heterogeneous, transient and shift over time. These characteristics require a transdiagnostic approach with emphasis on positive psychological development. This study aimed to examine the feasibility and effectiveness of Mastermind, a novel transdiagnostic intervention targeting general underlying mechanisms of psychiatric symptoms in adolescents.MethodsAdolescents were screened for psychiatric symptoms with the Strengths and Difficulties Scale in a school‐based program in two consecutive years. Adolescents were eligible for the intervention when they had psychiatric symptoms at both screening assessments. Participants received an 8 weeks program containing elements of empowerment and attention bias modification. Psychiatric symptoms were assessed before the start of the intervention, immediately after the intervention and at 6‐month follow‐up.ResultsA total of 241 adolescents were eligible for the intervention, of whom 80 participated (mean age 12.5 years). Generalized Estimating Equations, adjusted for gender and educational level, showed a decrease of negative attention bias, psychotic, anxiety, depression and behavioural symptoms immediately after intervention. The effects remained at follow‐up. Overall risk for psychiatric disorders, distress and low self‐esteem had decreased at follow‐up.ConclusionsA simple two‐step school‐based screening can identify adolescents with persistent psychiatric symptoms. The Mastermind transdiagnostic group intervention may be effective to reduce psychiatric symptoms, enhance self‐esteem and lower the risk for developing psychiatric disorders.
Epidemiology of status epilepticus in adults: A population‐based study on incidence, causes, and outcomes
Authors: Leitinger Markus , Trinka Eugen , Giovannini Giada , Zimmermann Georg , Florea Cristina , Rohracher Alexandra , Kalss Gudrun , Neuray Caroline , Kreidenhuber Rudolf , Höfler Julia , Kuchukhidze Giorgi , Granbichler Claudia , Dobesberger Judith , Novak Helmut F. , Pilz Georg , Meletti Stefano , Siebert Uwe 
Published: November 2018

SummaryObjectiveIn 2015, the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) proposed a new definition of status epilepticus (SE): 5 minutes of ongoing seizure activity to diagnose convulsive SE (CSE, ie, bilateral tonic–clonic SE) and 10 minutes for focal SE and absence SE, rather than the earlier criterion of 30 minutes. Based on semiology, several types of SE with prominent motor phenomena at any time (including CSE) were distinguished from those without (ie, nonconvulsive SE, NCSE). We present the first population‐based incidence study applying the new 2015 ILAE definition and classification of SE and report the impact of the evolution of semiology and level of consciousness (LOC) on outcome.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective population‐based incidence study of all adult patients with SE residing in the city of Salzburg between January 2011 and December 2015. Patients with hypoxic encephalopathy were excluded. SE was defined and classified according to the ILAE 2015.ResultsWe identified 221 patients with a median age of 69 years (range 20‐99 years). The age‐ and sex‐adjusted incidence of a first episode of SE, NCSE, and SE with prominent motor phenomena (including CSE) was 36.1 (95% confidence interval [CI] 26.2‐48.5), 12.1 (95% CI 6.8‐20.0), and 24.0 (95% CI 16.0‐34.5; including CSE 15.8 [95% CI 9.4‐24.8]) per 100 000 adults per year, respectively. None of the patients whose SE ended with or consisted of only bilateral tonic–clonic activity died. In all other clinical presentations, case fatality was lower in awake patients (8.2%) compared with patients with impaired consciousness (33%).SignificanceThis first population‐based study using the ILAE 2015 definition and classification of SE found an increase of incidence of 10% compared to previous definitions. We also provide epidemiologic evidence that different patterns of status evolution and LOCs have strong prognostic implications.
Homomeric Kv7.2 current suppression is a common feature in KCNQ2 epileptic encephalopathy
Authors: Gomis‐Pérez Carolina , Urrutia Janire , Marcé‐Grau Anna , Malo Covadonga , López‐Laso Eduardo , Felipe‐Rucián Ana , Raspall‐Chaure Miquel , Macaya Alfons , Villarroel Alvaro 
Published: November 2018

SummaryObjectiveTo gain insight into the mechanisms underlying KCNQ2 encephalopathy by examining the electrophysiologic properties of mutant Kv7.2 channels in different multimeric configurations.MethodsWe analyzed the genotype‐phenotype relationship in 4 patients with KCNQ2 encephalopathy and performed electrophysiologic analysis of M‐currents mediated by homomeric Kv7.2 or heteromeric Kv7.2/Kv7.3 channels.ResultsNegligible or no current was recorded in cells expressing homomeric E130K, W270R, or G281R de novo mutants, and it was reduced by more than 90% for the L243F maternally inherited mutant. The E130K and G281R mutants presented a marked dominant‐negative behavior, whereas the current density was partially reduced (L243F) or not affected (W270R) when coexpressed with wild‐type Kv7.2 subunits. In contrast, the extent of Kv7.3 “rescue,” which yields negligible currents on its own, followed the sequence E130K > L243F > W270R, whereas no rescue was observed with the G281R mutant. No significant effects on current density were observed when subunits were expressed in a 0.5:0.5:1.0 (Kv7.2:mutant:Kv7.3) DNA ratio to mimic the genetic balance. There was an increase in sensitivity to phosphatidylinositol 4,5‐bisphosphate (PIP2) depletion for W270R/Kv7.3, but no substantial differences were observed when the mutated subunits were coexpressed with Kv7.2 or both Kv7.2 and Kv7.3.SignificanceThere was a marked disparity of the impact of these mutations on Kv7.2 function, which varied on association with Kv7.2 or Kv7.3 subunits. Current density of homomeric channels was the most reliable property relating Kv7.2 function to encephalopathy, but other factors are required to explain the milder phenotype for some individuals carrying the maternally inherited L243F mutation. We hypothesize that the role of homomeric Kv7.2 channels for fine‐tuning neuronal connections during development is critical for the severity of the KCNQ2 encephalopathy.
Alterations in the hippocampal‐thalamic pathway underlying secondarily generalized tonic–clonic seizures in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy: A diffusion tensor imaging study
Authors: Chen Cong , Li Hong , Ding Fang , Yang Linglin , Huang Peiyu , Wang Shan , Jin Bo , Xu Cenglin , Wang Yi , Ding Meiping , Chen Zhong , Wang Shuang 
Published: November 2018

SummaryObjectiveThe epileptogenic network underlying secondarily generalized tonic–clonic seizures (sGTCS) in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE) is not well understood. Here, we investigated alterations in the probabilistic hippocampal‐thalamic pathway (pHTP) underlying sGTCS using diffusion tensor imaging and resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging in a cohort of TLE patients with hippocampal sclerosis (HS).MethodsWe consecutively recruited 51 unilateral TLE‐HS patients (26 with and 25 without sGTCS) and 22 healthy controls. Probabilistic tractography was used to track the pHTP. Raw fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) of the pHTP were corrected by the FA/MD of the hemispheric white matter on the same side. The volume of the thalamic subregion connected to the hippocampus (TSCH) was investigated. Fractional amplitude of low‐frequency fluctuations of the hippocampus, the TSCH, and the thalamic subregion unconnected to the hippocampus in resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging were also calculated.ResultsAfter correction, the sGTCS group showed lower FA than the non‐sGTCS group (P = 0.03), and lower FA as well as higher MD than controls in the ipsilateral pHTP. The non‐sGTCS group only showed higher corrected MD in the ipsilateral pHTP relative to controls. Corrected FA or MD in the contralateral pHTP did not differ among groups. The TSCH was located in the mesial aspect of the thalamus, and it was atrophied in the sGTCS group compared to the non‐sGTCS group and controls. The sGTCS group had lower fractional amplitude of low‐frequency fluctuations in the ipsilateral hippocampus and TSCH compared to controls.SignificanceIn TLE‐HS, sGTCS was associated with impaired integrity of the pHTP as well as structural and functional abnormalities in the medial thalamus. The medial thalamus is important in seizure generalization in mTLE.
A comprehensive assessment of inbreeding and laboratory adaptation in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes
Authors: Ross Perran A. , Endersby‐Harshman Nancy M. , Hoffmann Ary A. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractModified Aedes aegypti mosquitoes reared in laboratories are being released around the world to control wild mosquito populations and the diseases they transmit. Several efforts have failed due to poor competitiveness of the released mosquitoes. We hypothesized that colonized mosquito populations could suffer from inbreeding depression and adapt to laboratory conditions, reducing their performance in the field. We established replicate populations of Ae. aegypti mosquitoes collected from Queensland, Australia, and maintained them in the laboratory for twelve generations at different census sizes. Mosquito colonies maintained at small census sizes (≤100 individuals) suffered from inbreeding depression due to low effective population sizes which were only 25% of the census size as estimated by SNP markers. Populations that underwent full‐sib mating for nine consecutive generations had greatly reduced performance across all traits measured. We compared the established laboratory populations with their ancestral population resurrected from quiescent eggs for evidence of laboratory adaptation. The overall performance of laboratory populations maintained at a large census size (400 individuals) increased, potentially reflecting adaptation to artificial rearing conditions. However, most individual traits were unaffected, and patterns of adaptation were not consistent across populations. Differences between replicate populations may indicate that founder effects and drift affect experimental outcomes. Though we find limited evidence of laboratory adaptation, mosquitoes maintained at low population sizes can clearly suffer fitness costs, compromising the success of “rear‐and‐release” strategies for arbovirus control.
Membrane‐enriched solute carrier family 2 member 1 (SLC2A1/GLUT1) in psoriatic keratinocytes confers sensitivity to 2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose (2‐DG) treatment
Authors: Huang Xiaoyan , Chen Junchen , Zeng Weiqi , Wu Xiang , Chen Mingliang , Chen Xiang 
Published: November 2018

AbstractPsoriasis is a common chronic disease with accelerated epidermal cell growth. Solute carrier family 2 member 1 (SLC2A1), also named GLUT1, transports glucose and its analogues into cells. With elevated membrane‐bound GLUT1, psoriatic keratinocytes uptake more glucose with increased glucose metabolism. Competition between glucose and its analogues can serve as a strategy to inhibit glycolysis as well as proliferation. In this study, we investigated the expression patterns of GLUT1 in keratinocytes in the human psoriasis vulgaris and imiquimod‐induced psoriasis model, and determined that the glucose metabolism inhibitor 2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose (2‐DG) can relieve the psoriatic lesions. We found membrane‐enriched GLUT1 in psoriasis keratinocytes, which suggested some potential for glucose metabolic target therapy based on the glycolytic microenvironment. Furthermore, 2‐DG was able to relieve the psoriatic lesions in an in vivo animal model which provides a new possible therapeutic strategy.
The origins and maintenance of global species endemism
Authors: Zuloaga Juan , Currie David J. , Kerr Jeremy T. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractAimWe test macroecological hypotheses (H1: long‐term climate stability; H2: climate seasonality; H3: climate distinctiveness or rarity; and, H4: spatial heterogeneity in contemporary climate, topography or habitat) proposed to explain broad‐scale patterns of total species endemism.LocationContinental areas worldwide and zoogeographical realms.MethodsUsing species distribution maps for mammals and amphibians, we calculated five metrics of species endemism, based on inverse and median range size, and range size cut‐offs. We performed multi‐model averaging. We tested the accuracy of fitted models using cross‐validation, comparing observed versus predicted values of endemism among zoogeographical realms.ResultsModel averaging showed that species endemism for amphibians and mammals was statistically related to all set of predictors (H1, H2, H4 and richness), except for climate distinctiveness (H3). Effect sizes for spatial heterogeneity were larger and more consistent among zoogeographical realms than the effect sizes of climate stability. The effect of species richness on species endemism varies widely and depends on the metric of endemism and taxonomic group used in the analysis. Cross‐validation across all zoogeographical realms showed that predictions of endemism systematically fail for both taxa. In most cases, low to moderate endemism is predicted reasonably well. However, areas with high numbers of endemic species are systematically under‐predicted.Main conclusionsOur results are not consistent with any of the processes hypothesized to create and maintain global patterns of endemism. Although we found statistically significant relationships, they failed the stronger test of a causal relationship: accurate prediction in independent data. The inconsistent effect of richness in our models suggests that patterns of endemism are not driven by the same variables as total richness. Patterns of endemism have no consistent relationships with climatic stability among zoogeographical realms, so suggestions that endemism reflect climatic stability are likely due to collinearity with other factors, especially spatial heterogeneity.
Low‐carbon evaluation of rural neighborhood: A case study of Yanhe Village, Hubei Province, China
Authors: Zhao Guochao , Yu Xiaofen , He Chenchen , Tu Fan 
Published: November 2018

AbstractClimate change has become a global issue influencing human survival and development while low‐carbon is the inevitable choice. As the world’s largest emitter of greenhouse gases, China has become an important force that influences the cooperation of climate change. China is a large agricultural country, and the rural carbon emissions have been gradually increasing. We consider rural neighborhood as an important space for the use of low‐carbon ideas to address climate change. There is no specific assessment system for a rural neighborhood. The studies of rural neighborhood low‐carbon mainly focus on the method of calculation carbon emissions. However, only quantifying rural carbon emissions is insufficient. In this paper, a low‐carbon evaluation indicator system has been proposed for rural neighborhood and Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation has been applied to get the low‐carbon degree. Considering the influence and feedback inside the indicator system, Analytic Network Process was applied to get the weights. Furthermore, a case study was carried out for the using of the proposed method in an eco‐village of China. Our practice has proved that the system is easy to operate in rural neighborhood.
Alcohol Enhances Lipopolysaccharide‐Induced Increases in Nitric Oxide Production by Kupffer Cells Via Mechanisms Dependent on Endotoxin
Authors: Enomoto Nobuyuki , Ikejima Kenichi , Kitamura Tsuneo , Oide Hirosumi , Takei Yoshiyuki , Sato Nobuhiro , Thurman Ronald G. 
Published: November 2018

Background: Ethanol causes both tolerance and sensitization of Kupffer cells. Accordingly, this study examines the effect of acute ethanol consumption on nitric oxide (NO) production from Kupffer cells with or without lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment.Methods: Rats were given ethanol (4 g/kg body weight) intragastrically, and Kupffer cells were isolated 2 and 24 hr later. Some rats were treated for 4 days with 150 mg/kg/day of polymyxin B and 450 mg/kg/day of neomycin to prevent growth of intestinal bacteria, the primary source of endotoxin in the gastrointestinal tract. After addition of LPS, NO was measured by the Griess reaction.Results: Two hours after ethanol administration, LPS‐induced NO production by Kupffer cells was diminished by 50% but was enhanced 2‐fold at 24 hr. Sterilization of the gut with antibiotics blocked this enhancement.Conclusions: Kupffer cells isolated from rats early after ethanol exhibited tolerance to LPS, whereas sensitization was observed later. It is likely that sensitization to Kupffer cell is caused by gut‐derived endotoxin.
Glutathione Depletion Enhances the Formation of Superoxide Anion Released Into Hepatic Sinusoids After Lipopolysaccharide Challenge
Authors: Moriya Susumu , Yokoyama Hirokazu , Fukuda Masahiko , Okamura Yukishige , Kamegaya Yoshitaka , Mizukami Takeshi , Ohgo Hideki , Ishii Hiromasa 
Published: November 2018

Background: We examined the effects of glutathione depletion on the level of superoxide anion released into hepatic sinusoids after lipopolysaccharide challenge.Methods: Rats were given 1 mg/kg of maleic acid diethyl ester to deplete glutathione in vivo and then 0.5 mg/kg body weight of lipopolysaccharide.Results: This treatment significantly depleted serum reduced glutathione (32.7 ±1.7 vs. 23.0 ± 3.2 mM, p = 0.002). However, it did not affect the serum oxidized glutathione concentration (2.88 ± 0.56 vs. 3.10 ± 0.78 mM, not significant). The lipopolysaccharide challenge caused significant superoxide anion formation as compared with controls (0.12 ± 0.04 vs. 0.22 ± 0.05 o.d., p < 0.001), and it was enhanced significantly by glutathione depletion (0.28 ± 0.04 o.d., p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in levels of lipopolysaccharide (2142 ± 452 vs. 2503 ± 612 pg/ml) and tumor necrosis factor α (277 ± 186 vs. 252 ± 88 pg/ml) after the lipopolysaccharide challenge between the glutathione‐depleted and nondepleted rats. Moreover, the purine nucleoside phosphorylase/glutamic‐pyruvic transaminase ratio in liver perfusates, a marker of damage to endothelial cells in hepatic sinusoids, was significantly higher in the glutathione‐depleted rats than in the nondepleted rats.Conclusions: The reduced form of glutathione can decrease levels of the superoxide anion released into hepatic sinusoids and can decrease subsequent damage to endothelial cells in these sinusoids caused by lipopolysaccharide; that is, it can reduce lipopolysaccharide‐induced liver injury.
Hepatic Veno‐Occhisive Lesions and Other Histopathological Changes of the Liver in Severe Alcoholic Hepatitis—A Comparative Clinicohistopathological Study of Autopsy Cases
Authors: Kishi Masaya , Maeyama Shiro , Iwaba Akiko , Ogata Seiichiro , Koike Junki , Uchikoshi Toshiyuki 
Published: November 2018

Background: The clinicopathological features of veno‐occlusive lesions (VOL) in the liver were studied in 18 autopsy cases of severe alcoholic hepatitis (sALH). All the cases were heavy drinkers and died of liver failure or variceal rupture.Methods: We performed histological evaluation by examining stained sections of liver blocks from each case. The severity of VOL was compared with the clinical findings and histopathological changes of alcoholic liver diseases (ALD).Results: Clinically, as the severity of VOL increased, the amount of ascites observed during autopsy increased significantly (p = 0.001) and the time from hospitalization to death was significantly longer (p < 0.05). The peripheral leukocyte count tended to increase and the serum bilirubin level increased significantly (p < 0.05) with increased VOL severity, after we excluded one case that was complicated by acute respiratory distress syndrome and bacterial endocarditis. Histopathologically, the appearance of Mallory bodies increased significantly as VOL became more severe (p < 0.05), but the VOL severity did not correlate with sinusoidal neutrophil infiltration. Fatty degeneration tended to be milder as VOL increased in severity although the difference was not significant, whereas bile retention tended to be more marked.Conclusions: We conclude that investigation of VOL is clinicopathologically important when assessing the pathophysiology and severity of sALH.