bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Digital Image Analysis as a Technique for Alewife Fecundity Estimation in a New Hampshire River
Authors: Sullivan Kevin M. , Bailey Michael M. , Berlinsky David L. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Fecundity estimates are important in fisheries management to determine the reproductive potential and spawning stock biomass of a population. Traditional methods for determining these estimates, however, have been time consuming and tedious, often requiring long-term sample storage in toxic preservatives. Recently, studies incorporated the use of scanners and image analysis software to produce equally reliable fish fecundity estimates. This study was undertaken to demonstrate the application of this technique with Alewife Alosa pseudoharengus, “a species of concern.” Ovaries were collected from fish ranging in size from 25 to 34 cm throughout their annual spawning migration (Newmarket, New Hampshire) and used to compare fecundity estimated gravimetrically following long-term storage and by use of a flatbed scanner. Gonadosomatic indices were calculated throughout the collection period but were not found to differ over time. Comparisons within ovaries demonstrated that oocyte size and number did not differ among anterior, center, and posterior sections. Fecundity estimates did not differ between the two methods and increased with fish age and size ranging from 121,000 and 130,200 oocytes/female (25 cm) to 332,500 and 364,900 oocytes/females (34 cm), respectively. These results demonstrate that fecundity estimates using digital image analysis software were equally reliable as those produced by traditional methods but were generated more quickly and with less reliance on toxic preservatives.
Cover Image, Volume 75, Issue 3
Authors: Stella de Freitas Thais F , Stout Michael J , Sant'Ana Josué 
Published: February 2019

The front cover image is based on the Research Artice Effects of exogenous methyl jasmonate and salicylic acid on rice resistance to Oebalus pugnax by Thais F Stella de Freitas et al., DOI: 10.1002/ps.5174. Image Credit: Thais Fernanda Stella de Freitas, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul.
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Robotic‐assisted minimally invasive esophagectomy versus the conventional minimally invasive one: A meta‐analysis and systematic review
Authors: Jin Dacheng , Yao Liang , Yu Jun , Liu Rong , Guo Tiankang , Yang Kehu , Gou Yunjiu 
Published: February 2019

AbstractBackgroundConventional video‐assisted minimally invasive esophagectomy (MIE) is safe and associated with low rates of morbidity and mortality, but the two‐dimensional monitor reduces eye‐hand harmony and viewing yield. Robotic‐assisted minimally invasive esophagectomy (RAMIE) with its virtual reality simulators offers a realistic three‐dimensional environment that facilitates dissection in the narrow working space, but it is expensive and requires longer operative time. Therefore, the aim of this meta‐analysis was to assess the safety and feasibility of RAMIE versus MIE in patients with esophageal cancer.Material and MethodsPubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane library, and Chinese Biomedical Literature databases were systematically searched up to 21 September 2018 for case‐controlled studies that compared RAMIE with MIE.ResultEight case‐controlled studies involving 1862 patients (931 under RAMIE and 931 under MIE) were considered. No statistically significant difference between the two techniques was observed regarding R0 resection rate (OR = 1.1174, P = 0.8647), conversion to open (OR = 0.7095, P = 0.7519), 30‐day mortality rate (OR = 0.8341, P = 0.7696), 90‐day mortality rate (OR = 0.3224, P = 0.3329), in‐hospital mortality rate (OR = 0.3733, P = 0.3895), postoperative complications, number of harvested lymph nodes (mean difference [MD] = 0.8216, P = 0.2039), operation time (MD = 24.3655 min, P = 0.2402), and length of stay in hospitals (LOS) (MD = −5.0228 day, P = 0.1342). The meta‐analysis showed that RAMIE was associated with a significantly fewer estimated blood loss (EBL) (MD = −33.2268 mL, P = 0.0075). And the vocal cord palsy rate was higher in the MIE group compared with RAMIE, and the difference was significant (OR = 0.5696, P = 0.0447).ConclusionThis meta‐analysis indicated that RAMIE and MIE display similar feasibility and safety when used in esophagectomy. However, randomized controlled studies with larger sample sizes are needed to evaluate the benefit and harm in patients with esophageal cancer undergoing RAMIE.
Autonomous tracking of an oceanic thermal front by a Wave Glider
Authors: Zhang Yanwu , Rueda Carlos , Kieft Brian , Ryan John P. , Wahl Christopher , O’Reilly Thomas C. , Maughan Thom , Chavez Francisco P. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractTemporal variation in the structure and location of dynamic ocean features make them challenging to observe. Beyond requiring sufficient persistence and speed of the sensor platform, effective observation is augmented by autonomous feature detection coupled with adaptive localization of mapping effort. These capabilities enable observations to remain localized within and around features of interest, thereby enhancing spatial and temporal resolution in their depiction. A Wave Glider is a wave‐propelled unmanned surface vehicle with solar energy collection to support payload and a backup propeller in calm sea state. The efficiency of this platform enables persistence (months), and its propulsion system provides speed (~1 m/s). Building on these capabilities, we aim at enabling the Wave Glider to autonomously recognize and track oceanic features that have strong surface expressions, accessible to near‐surface sensors. We present a method of using a Wave Glider to autonomously track an oceanic thermal front known to have biological importance and dynamic evolution. In October 2017, this method was applied to tracking and mapping an upwelling front in Monterey Bay, CA, over 39 hr. The field result demonstrates adaptive localization of mapping based on autonomous feature detection.
Top management team demographic‐faultline strength and strategic change: What role does environmental dynamism play?
Authors: Richard Orlando Curtae' , Wu Jie , Markoczy Livia Anna , Chung Yunhyung 
Published: February 2019

Research summaryDrawing on the demographic faultline perspective and the concept of attribute‐specific faultlines, we investigate the effect of top management team (TMT) relationship‐related (gender, age, educational level) and task‐related (functional background, tenure) faultline strengths on strategic change. In a panel study (2003–2015), we find that TMT relationship‐related faultline strength (especially educational‐level) negatively influences strategic change whereas TMT task‐related faultline strength positively affects strategic change. Environmental dynamism reduces the negative effect of TMT gender and educational‐level faultline strengths on strategic change while in fact revealing a notable positive effect between TMT age‐faultline strength and strategic change. Additionally, environmental dynamism strengthens the positive effects of task‐related TMT faultline strength on strategic change. We offer theoretical and practical implications to both the demographic faultlines and upper echelons research domains.Managerial summaryTop management teams (TMTs) in firms can fracture into subgroups based on demographic characteristics (e.g., age, gender, and education level) as well as based on task‐related characteristics (e.g., functional background, and tenure). We call the former relationship‐related faultlines and the latter task‐related faultlines. We predict and find that stronger relationship based faultlines hinders between subgroup cohesion, reducing TMTs' ability to initiate strategic change. We also predict and find that stronger task‐related faultlines facilitate inter‐subgroup knowledge‐sharing, improving TMTs' ability to initiate strategic change. We find that environmental dynamism reduces the negative effect of most relationship‐related faultlines (except age where this effect is positive) on strategic change, while strengthening the positive effect of task‐related faultline strengths on strategic change.
Foundations of entrepreneurial strategy
Authors: Gans Joshua S. , Stern Scott , Wu Jane 
Published: February 2019

Research SummaryThis paper develops an integrated framework linking the nature of the entrepreneurial choice process to the foundations of entrepreneurial strategy. Because entrepreneurs face many alternatives that cannot be pursued at once, entrepreneurs must adopt (implicitly or explicitly) a process for choosing among entrepreneurial strategies. The interplay between uncertainty and learning has the consequence that commitment‐free analysis yields multiple, equally viable alternatives from which one must be chosen. This endogenous gap between optimization and choice is a central paradox confronting entrepreneurs. Resolving this allows for a reformulation of the foundations of entrepreneurial strategy, emphasizing the role of choice rather than the centrality of the strategic environment.Managerial SummaryThe central strategic challenge for an entrepreneur is how to choose: entrepreneurs often face multiple potential strategies for commercializing their idea but due to the constraint of limited resources, cannot pursue them all at once. At the same time, entrepreneurs are venturing into new domains and as such, must choose under conditions of high uncertainty with only noisy learning available. This paper explores the interplay between these unique conditions that shape the entrepreneurial choice process, finding that often, the process will not yield a single best strategy but instead several equally attractive strategic alternatives. A key implication is that entrepreneurs cannot simply choose what not to do, but instead must proactively decide which equally viable alternatives to leave behind when choosing an entrepreneurial strategy.
Modeling Growth: Consequences from Selecting Samples by Size
Authors: Goodyear C. Phillip 
Published: February 2019

AbstractSimulated size–age observations were collected from hypothetical populations with known growth to quantify potential bias in estimates of growth and mortality that can result from size‐selective sampling. The population lengths at ages were normally distributed around means predicted by published von Bertalanffy (VB) equations for the Striped Marlin Kajikia audax or Vermilion Snapper Rhomboplites aurorubens. Parameter estimates for the VB equation were accurate when the data were collected with random and age‐stratified sampling. Size‐stratified sampling caused important bias in estimates of length at age and fitted VB parameters. The bias increased with the coefficient of variation of mean size at age and total mortality. It became more severe when sampling effort was increased to compensate for low sample numbers in bins within the upper tail of the distribution of sizes in the populations. Error occasionally exceeded 100% for asymptotic length L∞ and 50% for the Brody growth coefficient K. When a random sample was supplemented with ≤10% large fish, the bias was sometimes greater than that observed when a completely size‐stratified design was used. Such error could corrupt the reliability of analyses that depend on VB parameters. For Striped Marlins, natural mortality computed with the Pauly (1980) equation using results from length‐selective sampling strategies often deviated 50% or more from the values predicted using the “true” growth coefficients. Potential for nonrepresentative sampling of lengths at age should be routinely described when VB models are first published and should be considered whenever the growth estimates are later used for other purposes.
Bradycardia During Laparoscopic Surgeries: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Dabush‐Elisha Inbal , Goren Or , Herscovici Aviram , Matot Idit 
Published: February 2019

AbstractBackgroundA recent analysis found bradycardia during laparoscopy as a potential early warning sign of cardiac arrest. Knowledge regarding bradycardia frequency and its consequences during laparoscopy is limited.MethodsUsing the computerized record database, files of 9915 patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery, between June 2008 and August 2013 at a tertiary, academic medical center, were screened for intraoperative bradycardia (heart rate <50 beats/min for at least three consecutive measures).ResultsIntraoperative bradycardia occurred in 1540 (15.5%) patients, in the majority (945, 61.3%) heart rate decreased to <45 beats/min. Mean (SD) duration of bradycardia was 14.8 (16.8) min. Bradycardia was more prevalent in males, older patients, smokers, patients with comorbidities and those treated with β, α and calcium channel blockers. The majority of events were related to CO2 insufflation and bolus opioid administration. In 1343 (87%), noteworthy decreases in blood pressure were recorded; the average (SD) drop in systolic blood pressure was 35 (21) mmHg. Pharmacological intervention to alleviate bradycardia was used in up to 23% of episodes. Bradycardia did not result in intraoperative cardiac arrest, neither did it increase the frequency of intensive care unit admission or mortality rate.ConclusionBradycardia is common during laparoscopy. Despite being more prevalent in older and sicker patients, bradycardia did not significantly affect outcome, suggesting that routine preventive measures do not need to be implemented. Rather, intraoperative bradycardia events should be wisely followed with prompt response, when hemodynamic perturbations occur, the threshold of which is yet to be defined.
Proposal of a Scoring Scale to Estimate Risk of the Discontinuation of S‐1 Adjuvant Monotherapy in Patients with Stage II to III Gastric Cancer: A Multi‐Institutional Dataset Analysis
Authors: Iizuka Akimitsu , Kanda Mitsuro , Ito Seiji , Mochizuki Yoshinari , Teramoto Hitoshi , Ishigure Kiyoshi , Murai Toshifumi , Asada Takahiro , Ishiyama Akiharu , Matsushita Hidenobu , Tanaka Chie , Kobayashi Daisuke , Fujiwara Michitaka , Murotani Kenta , Kodera Yasuhiro 
Published: February 2019

AbstractBackgroundDiscontinuation of postoperative S‐1 adjuvant monotherapy is a frequent problem in the management of patients with gastric cancer.MethodsA total of 355 stage II/III gastric cancer patients who underwent gastrectomy and adjuvant S‐1 were retrospectively analyzed using a multicenter dataset. We randomly assigned patients into either discovery or validation cohort in a 2:1 ratio. In the discovery cohort, 29 parameters were assessed as candidate factors to predict discontinuation of S‐1 adjuvant within 6 months. A scoring system was designed using independent risk factors identified by the multivariate analysis. Reproducibility was tested in the validation cohort.ResultsOverall, 92 patients (25.9%) discontinued the treatment within 6 months because of adverse effects. Age, preoperative urea nitrogen (UN) and the preoperative albumin‐to‐bilirubin index (ALBI) showed the highest area under the curve (AUC) for the discontinuation of S‐1 adjuvant within 6 months in each category: body status, blood tests and indices. In the multivariate analysis, age ≥ 64 years, preoperative UN ≥ 15.2 mg/dl and preoperative ALBI ≥ −0.265 were identified as independent risk factors. A scoring scale consisting of these three factors was developed for the prediction of drug discontinuation and demonstrated a greater AUC (0.728) than that of each of the three constituents. The time to treatment discontinuation decreased incrementally as the risk score increased. The reproducible findings were confirmed in the validation cohort.ConclusionsWe identified risk factors and developed a scoring scale to predict S‐1 adjuvant monotherapy discontinuation in patients with stage II/III gastric cancer.
Maxwell–Stefan model of multicomponent ion transport inside a monolayer Nafion membrane for intensified chlor-alkali electrolysis
Authors: Sijabat R. R. , de Groot M. T. , Moshtarikhah S. , van der Schaaf J. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
A mathematical model based on a generalized Maxwell–Stefan equation has been developed to describe multicomponent ion and water transport inside a cation-exchange membrane. This model has been validated using experimental data and has been used to predict concentration profiles, membrane potential drop, and transport numbers of ions and water for the chlor-alkali process at increased current densities. Several improvements have been made to previously developed Maxwell–Stefan models. In our model, the generalized Maxwell–Stefan equation is written in terms of concentration instead of mole fraction and the fixed group (membrane) concentration is assumed to be constant. We have adapted the Augmented matrix method using the built-in partial differential equation parabolic elliptic (pdepe) solver in Matlab®, and both the concentration and the electrical potential gradients have been solved simultaneously. The boundary conditions are determined with the Donnan equilibrium at the membrane–solution interface. We have also employed semi-empirical correlations to define the Maxwell–Stefan diffusivities inside the membrane. For the bulk diffusivities, we applied the correlations for the concentrated solution instead of the values at infinite dilution. With the diffusivities presented in this work, the model shows a better fit to the experimental data than with previously reported fitted diffusivities. Prediction of the sodium transport number and water transport number is generally good, whereas the deviations with regard to membrane potential might also be related to issues with the experimental data. The model predicts an increase in both sodium and water transport numbers at increased current density operation of chlor-alkali production.

Graphical abstract
Universal and Nonuniversal Aperture‐to‐Length Scaling of Opening Mode Fractures Developing in a Particle‐Based Lattice Solid Model
Authors: Mayrhofer Franziska , Schöpfer Martin P. J. , Grasemann Bernhard 
Published: February 2019

AbstractOpening‐mode fractures, such as joints, veins, and dykes, frequently exhibit power‐law aperture‐to‐length scaling, with scaling exponents typically ranging from 0.5 to 2. However, published high quality outcrop data and continuum‐based numerical models indicate that fracture aperture‐to‐length scaling may be nonuniversal, with scaling being superlinear for short fractures and sublinear for long fractures. Here we revisit these published results by means of a particle‐based lattice solid model, which is validated using predictions from linear elasticity and linear elastic fracture mechanics. The triangular lattice model composed of breakable elastic beams, with strengths drawn from a Weibull distribution, is used to investigate the fracture aperture‐to‐length scaling that emerges in a plate subjected to extension. The modeled fracture system evolution is characterized by two stages which are separated by the strain at which peak‐stress occurs. During the pre‐peak‐stress stage, aperture‐to‐length scaling is universal with a power‐law exponent of about one. Shortly after the material has attained its maximum load bearing capacity, which coincides with the formation of a multiple‐segment fracture zone, aperture‐to‐length scaling becomes nonuniversal, with power‐law exponents being consistent with earlier studies. The results presented here confirm that deviation from universal scaling laws is a consequence of fracture interaction. More specifically, the onset of nonuniversal aperture‐to‐length scaling coincides with the formation of a multiple‐segment fracture zone.
Transdimensional Bayesian Attenuation Tomography of the Upper Inner Core
Authors: Pejić Tanja , Hawkins Rhys , Sambridge Malcolm , Tkalčić Hrvoje 
Published: February 2019

AbstractFollowing the linearized attenuation tomography from our previous study (Pejić et al., 2017,https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JB013692), we perform hierarchical transdimensional Bayesian tomography of the upper ≈400 km of the inner core, using 398 globally distributedt∗estimates. The results are in good agreement with the ones obtained through linearized tomography: they show more complex attenuation pattern than the purely hemispherical one, and the noise estimated from the hierarchical inversion is in good agreement with estimates obtained from the Discrepancy Principle in the previous study. The attenuation pattern we observe gives more weight to the geodynamical models that couple the thermal anomalies of the lowermost mantle to the inner core boundary.
Groundwater Inflow Toward a Preheated Volcanic Conduit: Application to the 2018 Eruption at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai'i
Authors: Hsieh P. A. , Ingebritsen S. E. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe many successes in volcano forecasting over the past several decades owe mainly to pattern recognition, both in monitoring data and the geologic record. During the early stages of the 2018 Kīlauea eruption, the conceptual model of Stearns (1925, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02719505), based on the explosive 1924 Kīlauea eruption, was highly influential. This model postulates that explosions are triggered by liquid water inflow into a recently vacated magma conduit. Modern quantitative modeling approaches, supplemented by hydrogeologic data unavailable in 1925, yield a more nuanced view. Results demonstrate that liquid water inflow would likely be delayed by months to years, owing to the inability of liquid water to transit a zone of very hot rock surrounding the conduit. The exercise demonstrates the use of physically based modeling to supplement traditional volcano forecasting approaches during an ongoing event.
Convection Initiation Resulting From the Interaction Between a Quasi‐Stationary Dryline and Intersecting Gust Fronts: A Case Study
Authors: Bai Lanqiang , Meng Zhiyong , Huang Yipeng , Zhang Yunji , Niu Shuzhen , Su Tao 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThis study explores the convection initiation (CI) of a high‐impact squall line that occurred in central eastern China on 3 June 2009 based on observations and numerical modeling. The CI occurred in a scenario in which a set of intersecting gust fronts, organized in a distinct scalloped pattern, propagated toward an area of enhanced moisture produced by a near‐surface convergence line. This convergence line developed in a quasi‐stationary dryline zone. The dryline primed the preconvective environment by deepening the moist layer prior to the arrival of the intersecting gust fronts. The onset of CI occurred approximately 30 min after these intersecting gust fronts passed through the CI location, which was on the dry side of the dryline. Although these gust fronts acted as a strong signal for CI potential, CI did not occur along the entire length of the scalloped pattern of the intersecting gust fronts. The exact locations of the initiated convective cells were at the vertices of the scalloped pattern. An idealized simulation using a cloud model was conducted, demonstrating that the vertex regions were characterized by more favorable dynamical conditions for CI compared to the nonvertex regions along the scalloped outflow boundary. The greater CI probability over the vertex region was attributed to the greater magnitudes and larger vertical and horizontal extents of updrafts.