bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Temporal dynamics of unmet long-term care needs in China: an age period cohort analysis
Authors: Zhang Jingwen 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Rapid demographic changes and heavy reliance on informal care pose significant challenges to meeting long-term care (LTC) needs in China. Understanding changes in unmet LTC needs across different times and places can inform future LTC system planning and care resource allocation, identifying emerging care needs and services gaps in different regions. Drawing on data from 6,030 urban and 5,070 rural residents in the Chinese Longitudinal Health Longevity Survey 2005–2017/18, this study investigates variations in unmet LTC needs across different age groups, periods and birth cohorts among Chinese older adults and their place-based rural–urban differences. We applied the age-period-cohort interaction model to disentangle the three temporal processes, and found that, overall, rural older adults experienced higher risk of unmet LTC needs and had larger variation in age effects, yet the age, period and cohort effects on unmet needs among rural older people differed from their urban counterparts. Although ‘younger’ older adults (aged below 85) had fewer care needs than older adults, they had a higher risk of experiencing unmet needs. The risk of having unmet needs did not change significantly over the 12 years, though unmet LTC needs were more pronounced among more-recent cohorts than previous generations, especially in urban areas. The findings contribute to the social gerontology debate regarding changing patterns in unmet LTC needs, and provide crucial policy insights, underscoring the necessity of targeted interventions to address ‘younger’ older adults’ care needs and increased investmed in the formal LTC system to tackle the escalating care gap.
The COVID-19 lockdown paradox: democratic support during democratic restrictions
Authors: Oana Ioana-Elena , Bojar Abel , Wang Chendi 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Previous research has shown that positive perceptions of government performance are linked to higher levels of citizens’ support for democracy. However, the policy response to the COVID-19 crisis presented a unique paradox as relative success in preventing the virus spread depended on expanding executive powers, often at the cost of individual freedoms. Exploring this paradox, we investigate whether the link between perceptions of government performance and support for democracy holds in a situation where positive performance essentially means a restriction of freedoms. Using original survey data from seven European countries, we show that notwithstanding the democratic sacrifices, people with positive evaluations of the government’s response are more likely to maintain support for the democratic system. Nevertheless, people weighed responses to the health domain more heavily than to the economic domain, suggesting that the output legitimacy – democratic support link varies across domain-specific evaluations.
Trifludimoxazin mixtures for preplant burndown weed control in soybean
Authors: Steppig Nicholas R. , Johnson William G. , Young Bryan G. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Trifludimoxazin is a novel protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO)-inhibiting herbicide currently under development for foliar and residual control of several problematic weeds in preplant applications for soybean production. Field experiments were conducted in 2017 and 2018 to evaluate the foliar efficacy of trifludimoxazin applied alone and in combination with other herbicides on waterhemp, giant ragweed, and horseweed. Foliar applications of trifludimoxazin alone at 12.5 or 25.0 g ai ha−1 were highly efficacious on glyphosate-resistant waterhemp (94% to 99% control) and moderately effective on giant ragweed (78% to 79% control) and resulted in minor efficacy on horseweed (≤20% control). Combinations of trifludimoxazin with glufosinate, glyphosate, paraquat, or saflufenacil remained highly effective (≥91% control) on waterhemp and giant ragweed. All herbicide mixtures with trifludimoxazin applied to horseweed were classified as additive interactions. Greenhouse experiments and Isobole analysis indicated that trifludimoxazin mixtures with glyphosate and glufosinate on waterhemp and giant ragweed were additive. Mixtures of trifludimoxazin + paraquat were slightly antagonistic under greenhouse conditions when applied to either waterhemp or giant ragweed, whereas trifludimoxazin + saflufenacil was synergistic when applied to giant ragweed. Overall, trifludimoxazin applied alone at 12.5 or 25.0 g ha−1 is effective for managing waterhemp and, to an extent, giant ragweed, but not horseweed, in preplant burndown applications. Furthermore, the addition of glufosinate, glyphosate, paraquat, or saflufenacil to applications of trifludimoxazin does not appreciably reduce weed control for these mixtures. As such, applications of trifludimoxazin alone and in combination with these herbicides may be utilized for effective preplant management of several problematic weeds in soybean.
Influence of application timing and cultivar on soybean tolerance and weed control from diflufenican or a diflufenican-containing premixture
Authors: Woolard Matthew C. , Norsworthy Jason K. , Barber L. Tom , Roberts Trenton L. , Thrash Benjamin C. , Sprague Christy L. , Godar Amar S. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Bayer Crop Science anticipates launching several premixtures for use in soybean, targeted at control of Palmer amaranth. One of the premixtures will contain diflufenican (Weed Science Society of America [WSSA] Group 12), metribuzin (WSSA Group 5), and flufenacet (WSSA Group 15) (DFF-containing premixture), offering an alternative site of action for soybean producers. Field experiments were conducted in Arkansas and Michigan to evaluate application timings of the DFF-containing premixture for soybean tolerance and weed control and possible cultivar tolerance differences to diflufenican and the DFF-containing premixture. Soybean injury from the 1X and 2X rates of the DFF-containing premixture ranged from 0% to 60% 14 d after planting (DAP), with injury increasing the closer the herbicide was applied to soybean emergence. Excluding the 2X rate applied 3 DAP in Arkansas in 2023, soybean injury was <20% regardless of location, site-year, application timing, and rate. For weed control experiments, only a 1X rate of the DFF-containing premixture was applied at the various application timings. Control of five weed species, encompassing broadleafs and grasses, ranged from 81% to 98%, regardless of application timing, by 28 DAP. By 42 DAP, weed control ranged from 71% to 97%, with the 14-d preplant application timing typically being the least effective. The DFF-containing premixture and diflufenican alone were applied PRE at 1X and 2X rates for the soybean cultivar study. Soybean metribuzin sensitivity did not affect the degree of crop response, even in a high-pH soil, and injury to soybean never exceeded 20%. Overall, the DFF-containing premixture will be a tool that soybean producers can integrate into a season-long herbicide program for use across the United States regardless of soybean cultivar.
Axant™ Flex cotton response to topramezone applied early- or mid-postemergence
Authors: Singletary Megan M. , Dotray Peter A. , Baldwin Gregory , Pabuayon Irish L.B. , Asher Scott , Hixson Adam C. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The continued development of herbicide-resistant weeds, such as Palmer amaranth, represents a growing concern across the United States Cotton Belt. To mitigate this issue, BASF Corporation developed Axant™ Flex cotton, the first quadruple-stacked herbicide resistance germplasm to improve the control of troublesome weed species in cotton. Field studies were conducted in 2022 and 2023 at the Texas Tech University Research Farm near New Deal, TX, to evaluate the response of Axant Flex cotton to topramezone applied alone or in combinations when applied to 3-leaf cotton (early-postemergence (EPOST)) or to 7-leaf cotton (mid-postemergence (MPOST)). No difference in cotton stand was observed between isoxaflutole or prometryn PRE treatments compared to the nontreated control. In 2022, no EPOST treatment caused greater than 6% crop response at 7 and 14 d after application (DAA). When treatments were made to 7-leaf cotton, crop response did not exceed 18% at 7 and 14 DAA. In 2023, crop response was ≤ 2% at 28 DAA regardless of application timing. No differences in lint yield were observed following any herbicide treatment when compared to the nontreated control in either year. Additionally, fiber length and strength were not adversely affected by treatments containing topramezone EPOST or MPOST in 2022 and 2023. These results support the potential use of topramezone in Axant Flex cotton to help manage troublesome weeds without detrimental effects on yield and fiber quality.
Planting strategy influences vegetable response to glyphosate and glufosinate applied preplant in plasticulture
Authors: Randell-Singleton Taylor , Hand Lavesta C. , Wright-Smith Hannah E. , Vance Jenna C. , Culpepper A. Stanley 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
In Georgia plasticulture vegetable production, a single installation of plastic mulch is used for up to five cropping cycles over an 18-mo period. Preplant applications of glyphosate and glufosinate ensure fields are weed-free before transplanting, but recent data suggest that residual activity of these herbicides may pose a risk to transplanted vegetables. Glyphosate and glufosinate were applied preplant in combination with three different planting configurations, including 1) a new plant hole into new mulch, 2) a preexisting plant hole, 3) or a new plant hole spaced 15 cm from a preexisting plant hole (adjacent). Following herbicide application, overhead irrigation was used to remove residues from the mulch before punching transplanting holes for tomato, cucumber, or squash. Visible injury; widths; biomass; and yield of tomato, cucumber, or squash were not influenced by herbicide in the new mulch or adjacent planting configurations. When glyphosate was applied at 5.0 kg ae ha−1 and the new crop was planted into preexisting holes, tomato was injured by 45%, with reduced heights, biomass, and yields; at 2.5 kg ae ha−1 injury of 8% and a biomass reduction was observed. Cucumber and squash were injured by 23% to 32% by glyphosate at 5.0 kg ae ha−1, with reductions in growth and early-season yield; lower rates did not influence crop growth or production when the crop was placed into a preexisting plant hole. Glufosinate applied at the same rates did not affect tomato growth or yield when planted into preexisting plant holes. Cucumber, when planted into preexisting plant holes, was injured by 43% to 75% from glufosinate, with reductions in height and biomass, and yield losses of 1.3 to 2.6 kg ai ha−1; similar results from glufosinate were observed in squash. In multi-crop plasticulture production, growers should ensure vegetable transplants are placed a minimum of 15 cm away from soil exposed to these herbicides.
Multiple herbicide resistance among kochia (Bassia scoparia) populations in the southcentral Great Plains
Authors: Dhanda Sachin , Kumar Vipan , Manuchehri Misha , Bagavathiannan Muthukumar , Dotray Peter A. , Dille J. Anita , Obour Augustine , Yeager Elizabeth A. , Holman Johnathan 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Multiple herbicide–resistant (MHR) kochia [Bassia scoparia (L.) A.J. Scott] is a concern for farmers in the Great Plains. A total of 82 B. scoparia populations were collected from western Kansas (KS), western Oklahoma (OK), and the High Plains of Texas (TX) during fall of 2018 and 2019 (from the various locations), and their herbicide resistance status was evaluated. The main objectives were to (1) determine the distribution and frequency of resistance to atrazine, chlorsulfuron, dicamba, fluroxypyr, and glyphosate; and (2) characterize the resistance levels to glyphosate, dicamba, and/or fluroxypyr in selected B. scoparia populations. Results indicated that 33%, 100%, 48%, 30%, and 70% of the tested B. scoparia populations were potentially resistant (≥20% survival frequency) to atrazine, chlorsulfuron, dicamba, fluroxypyr, and glyphosate, respectively. A three-way premixture of dichlorprop/dicamba/2,4-D provided 100% control of all the tested populations. Dose–response studies further revealed that KS-9 and KS-14 B. scoparia populations were 5- to 10-fold resistant to dicamba, 3- to 6-fold resistant to fluroxypyr, and 4- to 5-fold resistant to glyphosate as compared with the susceptible (KS-SUS) population. Similarly, OK-10 and OK-11 populations were 10- to 13-fold resistant to dicamba and 3- to 4-fold resistant to fluroxypyr and glyphosate compared with the OK-SUS population. TX-1 and TX-13 B. scoparia populations were 2- to 4-fold resistant to dicamba, and TX-1 was 5-fold resistant to glyphosate compared with the TX-SUS population. These results confirm the first report of dicamba- and fluroxypyr-resistant B. scoparia from Oklahoma and glyphosate- and dicamba-resistant B. scoparia from Texas. These results imply that adopting effective integrated weed management strategies (chemical and nonchemical) is required to mitigate the further spread of MHR B. scoparia in the region.
Impact of Surface Turbulent Fluxes on the Formation of Roll Vortices in a Mediterranean Windstorm
Authors: Lfarh Wahiba , Pantillon Florian , Chaboureau Jean‐Pierre , Brumer Sophia E. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractRoll vortices can have a significant influence on the exchanges of momentum, sensible heat and moisture throughout the boundary layer. They have been shown to reinforce air‐sea interactions under strong wind conditions. This raises the question of how air‐sea exchanges can, in turn, affect the roll vortices. However, representing surface turbulent fluxes during extreme wind conditions is a major challenge in numerical weather prediction and can lead to large uncertainties in surface wind speed. The sensitivity of rolls to different representations of surface fluxes is investigated using large eddy simulations. The study focuses on Mediterranean windstorm Adrian, where rolls are responsible for the transport of strong winds to the surface. Considering the effects of sea spray increases surface heat fluxes and significantly influences the roll morphology. The rolls become narrower and extend over a greater height, while the downward transport of momentum is intensified and results in higher wind speed near the surface. Roll vortices vanish within a few minutes in the absence of momentum fluxes, which maintain the wind shear necessary for their organization. They also quickly weaken without sensible heat fluxes, which sustain the near‐neutral stratification required for their development. In contrast, latent heat fluxes play a minor role. These findings emphasize the necessity of precisely representing the processes occurring at the air‐sea interface, which do not only affect the thermodynamic surface conditions but also the vertical transport of momentum within the windstorm.
The Fate of Deep Permafrost Carbon in Northern High Latitudes in the 21st Century: A Process‐Based Modeling Analysis
Authors: Liu L. , Zhuang Q. , Zhao D. , Wei J. , Zheng D. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractWarming in permafrost regions stimulates carbon (C) release through decomposition, but increasing atmospheric CO2 and available soil nitrogen enhance plant productivity at the same time. To date, a large uncertainty in the regional C dynamics still remains. Here we use a process‐based biogeochemical model by considering C exposure from thawed permafrost and observational data to quantify permafrost C emissions and ecosystem C budget in northern high latitudes in the 21st century. Permafrost degradation will make 119.3 Pg and 251.6 Pg C available for decomposition by 2100 under the Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP)126 and SSP585, respectively. However, only 4–8% of the newly thawed permafrost C is expected to be released into the atmosphere by 2100. Cumulatively, permafrost degradation will reduce ecosystem C stocks by 3.37 Pg and 15.37 Pg under the SSP126 and SSP585, respectively. Additionally, CO2 fertilization effects would stimulate plant productivity and increase ecosystem C stocks substantially. The combined effects of climate change, CO2 fertilization, and permafrost degradation on C fluxes are typically more profound than any single factor, emphasizing the intricate interplay between these elements in shaping permafrost C‐climate feedbacks. Our study suggests that the majority of the thawed C will remain sequestered in previously frozen layers in this century, posing a significant challenge to climate change mitigation efforts once any process accelerates the decomposition of this huge amount of thawed C.
Contributions of Stationary and Transient Water Vapor Transports to the Extreme Precipitation Changes Over the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Liu Shijia , Zhou Tianjun , Jiang Jie , Zou Liwei , Zhang Lixia , Zhang Wenxia , He Linqiang 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThe Tibetan Plateau (TP) has experienced “south drying‐north wetting” extreme precipitation changes over the past half century. The effects of water vapor transport at different timescales on TP extreme precipitation changes remain unexplored. Here, we utilize the reanalysis data sets to quantify the contributions of stationary and transient processes of water vapor transport to the long‐term changes in the extreme precipitation (R95p) during wet season (Jun‐Jul‐Aug‐Sep) over the TP and surrounding regions. We find that the daily scale transient processes dominate the dipole trend of extreme precipitation with a contribution of 55.1% in the northern and 79.5% in the southern TP, respectively, whereas the contribution of monthly scale stationary processes is of 19.0% and 20.5%. The long‐term changes in extreme precipitation are dominated by the transient dynamic component. We identified the synoptic circulation patterns affecting the changes of R95p over the northern and southern TP by using k‐means clustering. The patterns featured with a 500 hPa trough, 200 hPa wind divergence and low transient geopotential height are identified. The frequency of the dominant circulation patterns increases in the northern TP and decreases in the southern TP, which leads to the dipolar changes of extreme precipitation over the TP and surrounding regions.
Propagation Diversity of 20–40‐Day Oscillation of Summer Precipitation in the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River
Authors: Shi Yanfei , Yao Suxiang 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThe summer precipitation in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River (MLYR) is characterized by obvious intra‐seasonal oscillations. This study investigates the propagation diversity of the 20–40‐day summer precipitation oscillation in MLYR and its underlying mechanism. The 20–40‐day oscillation events manifest as three types: northward propagation, southward propagation, and local oscillation. For northward and southward events, the propagation of precipitation is accompanied by the movement of 20–40‐day low‐frequency cyclonic vortices in the lower troposphere. Further investigation into the mechanism of anomalous vorticity propagation accompanying low‐frequency vortices reveals that positive relative vorticity advection in the north of the vortex facilitates its northward propagation. Moreover, the positive advection is primarily reliant on the background southerly winds to transport the low‐frequency vorticity. Diabatic heating dominates the southward propagation of low‐frequency precipitation. The center of the latent heating is located in the south of the low‐frequency vortex, which steers its southward migration. Furthermore, the uneven spatial distribution of latent heating across the vortex may be attributed to the non‐uniform distribution of mean humidity. Based on the above results, sensitivity experiments are conducted using a regional climate model (RegCM4.6). The results demonstrate that when the southerly winds are increased (decreased) or the specific humidity gradient is decreased (increased), the southward (northward) events weaken and disappear, or transitioned into local oscillations or northward (southward) events. This further validates the physical processes through which the basic flow and humidity inhomogeneities affect the meridional propagation of the 20–40‐day oscillations of precipitation.
Balloon Baseline Stratospheric Aerosol Profiles (B2SAP)—Perturbations in the Southern Hemisphere, 2019–2022
Authors: Asher Elizabeth , Baron Alexandre , Yu Pengfei , Todt Michael , Smale Penny , Liley Ben , Querel Richard , Sakai Tetsu , Morino Isamu , Jin Yoshitaka , Nagai Tomohiro , Uchino Osamu , Hall Emrys , Cullis Patrick , Johnson Bryan , Thornberry Troy D. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractVolcanic and pyrocumulonimbus (pyroCB) injections into the stratosphere perturb the aerosol layer and can have important radiative and chemical impacts on timescales spanning from months to several years. Repeated in situ balloon‐borne measurements of aerosol size and number concentration (>140 nm in diameter), ozone, water vapor, and atmospheric state variables made at midlatitudes in the southern hemisphere (SH) since 2019 enable us to better characterize such events. We use this record and coincident lidar extinction profiles to study several moderate to large stratospheric perturbations in the SH between 2019 and 2022 in detail, including the Australian New Year Super Outbreak (ANYSO) pyroCB in 2020. Median vertical profiles of aerosol number concentration, effective radius, and surface area in SH midlatitudes are also compared with those recorded in Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes under baseline conditions using an identical payload. These data depict the variability in stratospheric aerosol properties in the SH midlatitudes during this period and provide a benchmark for global sectional aerosol models. They reveal that sulfate particle size distributions under baseline conditions and in volcanic plumes are relatively well represented in the Community Earth System Model—Community Aerosol Radiation Model for Atmospheres (CESM‐CARMA), but more observations of biomass burning plumes are needed to improve model skill in simulating pyroCB. Comparisons between in situ and lidar observations also highlight a need for more observations of aerosol composition and refractive index in both fresh and aging biomass burning plumes.