bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vaping as an alternative to smoking relapse following brief lapse
Authors: Notley Caitlin , Ward Emma , Dawkins Lynne , Holland Richard , Jakes Sarah 
Published: November 2018

AbstractBackground and AimsE‐cigarettes are the most popular aid to quitting smoking in the UK. Although many smokers quit, relapse is common. Historically, the literature has reported strong associations between tobacco smoking lapse and relapse following a quit attempt. This article aims to explore how smoking lapse is experienced by those who vape to quit smoking.Design and MethodsA purposive sample of 40 UK vapers were matched to a sampling frame from a representative sample of UK quitters. Semi‐structured qualitative interviews were conducted. Data were thematically analysed iteratively situating reported experiences of smoking lapse within narrative descriptions of vaping. Iterative categorization was used as a technique to further explore a subset of data specifically focused on smoking lapse.ResultsAnalysis revealed that smoking lapse is perceived qualitatively differently when using e‐cigarettes as compared to past quit attempts. Having the pleasurable alternative of vaping meant that full relapse to smoking was not inevitable. Instead, lapses were perceived as ‘permissive’ or ‘purposive’, intentional and contextualised, or for some as unintentional, with the resulting emotional response negatively reinforcing ongoing tobacco smoking abstinence.Discussion and ConclusionsOur novel findings suggest that the role of tobacco smoking lapse in relation to relapse status may be theoretically redefined, drawing on data from vapers. These findings question the utility of previous theories of the role of smoking lapse in the relapse process. For ex‐smokers, vaping offers a pleasurable, viable pharmacological, but also social and psychological, substitution option for smoking and potentially powerfully alters the experience and threat of any lapse.
The effect of rearing history and aphid density on volatile‐mediated foraging behaviour of Diaeretiella rapae
Authors: Cascone Pasquale , Gols Rieta , Fatouros Nina E. , Ponzio Camille , Dicke Marcel , Guerrieri Emilio 
Published: November 2018

1. Parasitoid females foraging for hosts rely on cues derived from the insect host, the host plant and/or their interaction, and all of these can be learned during the immature and adult stages.2. The present study investigated the importance of rearing history on foraging behaviour of Diaeretiella rapae, an endoparasitoid often associated with aphids feeding on brassicaceous plant species.3. Parasitoids were reared on one of the four possible combinations, comprising two brassicaceous host plant species, Brassica nigra or Raphanus sativus, and two aphid species Brevicoryne brassicae or Myzus persicae. These parasitoids were tested in a Y‐tube olfactometer and given the choice between volatiles emitted by an aphid‐infested plant (25 or 100 aphids per plant) and an uninfested control plant. The parasitoid's responses were compared when offered: (i) the same plant–aphid combination as the one on which it had been reared; (ii) the same host plant infested with the alternative aphid species; or (iii) an alternative plant with the alternative aphid species.4. Aphid density did affect the behavioural responses to the various odour sources, but rearing history did not. Diaeretiella rapae only preferred aphid‐induced to non‐induced plant volatiles at low aphid infestation level, whereas they did not discriminate between volatiles at high aphid infestation level.5. It is concluded that aphid‐induced volatiles of brassicaceous plants play an important role during host habitat location, but seem less important for parasitoids to locate the aphid host itself. The data are discussed in the light of manipulation of host plant defences by aphids.
The Influences of Aesthetic Life Experience and Expertise on Aesthetic Judgement and Emotion in Mundane Arts
Authors: Yeh Yu‐chu , Peng Yueh‐Yin 
Published: November 2018

AbstractAesthetics has been regarded as a fundamental personal value. Most of the previous studies regarding aesthetic experience (AE) have focused on fine arts, rather than the everyday arts that are closely related to our everyday life. This study analysed the relationships among aesthetic life experience, expertise and different types of AE outcomes (aesthetic judgement and emotion) inspired by everyday designed products. The participants in this study were 115 college students, and an E‐prime program that included 120 pictures of designed products were employed to measure aesthetic judgement (beautiful, ordinary, or ugly) and aesthetic emotion (fearful, disgusting, neutral, or pleasure). The results revealed three major phenomena. (1) Two major types of AE outcomes are perceiving beauty with positive emotion and perceiving ugliness with negative emotion. (2) Although there are similar patterns for how aesthetic life experience and expertise influence personal tastes regarding beauty and aesthetic emotion, abundant expertise in designed products contributes more in differentiating emotion when viewing the beautiful designed products. (3) The consensus of the evaluation of ugliness is stronger than when evaluating beauty. In addition, a model of AE with regard to everyday designed products was proposed. The findings of this study shed light on the cultivation of aesthetic abilities and product design that could be utilised in education.
Sodium intake and blood pressure in children with clinical conditions: A systematic review with meta‐analysis
Authors: Rios‐Leyvraz Magali , Bloetzer Clemens , Chatelan Angeline , Bochud Murielle , Burnier Michel , Santschi Valérie , Paradis Gilles , Tabin René , Bovet Pascal , Chiolero Arnaud 
Published: November 2018

Little is known on the effect of sodium intake on BP of children with clinical conditions. Our objective was therefore to review systematically studies that have assessed the association between sodium intake and BP in children with various clinical conditions. A systematic search of several databases was conducted and supplemented by a manual search of bibliographies and unpublished studies. Experimental and observational studies assessing the association between sodium intake and BP and involving children or adolescents between 0 and 18 years of age with any clinical condition were included. Out of the 6861 records identified, 51 full texts were reviewed, and 16 studies (10 experimental and 6 observational), involving overall 2902 children and adolescents, were included. Ten studies were conducted in children with elevated BP without identifiable cause, two in children with familial hypertension, one in children with at least one cardiovascular risk factor, one in children with chronic renal insufficiency, one in children with urolithiasis, and one in premature infants. A positive association between sodium intake and BP was found in all studies, except one. The meta‐analysis of six studies among children with elevated BP without identifiable cause revealed a difference of 6.3 mm Hg (95% CI 2.9‐9.6) and 3.5 mm Hg (95% CI 1.2‐5.7) in systolic and diastolic BP, respectively, for every additional gram of sodium intake per day. In conclusion, our results indicate that the BP response to salt is greater in children with clinical conditions, mainly hypertension, than in those without associated clinical conditions.
Effect of periodic health exam on provider management of preventive services
Authors: Hoang Phuong T. , Hodgkin Dominic , Thomas John P. , Ritter Grant , Chilingerian Jon 
Published: November 2018

AbstractRationale and objectiveTo evaluate the relationship between receipt of annual physicals and the receipt of provider recommendation for preventive services, during a period when Medicare did not cover annual physicals (before 2011).MethodsElectronic medical records of patients aged 65 years and older from a US health care system were extracted for the 2001 to 2007 period. A fixed‐effects logistic model was used to assess the relationship between receipt of periodic health examination (PHE) and receipt of provider recommendation for mammogram screening for 6466 female Medicare beneficiaries. Logistic regression models were used to assess the relationship between receipt of PHE and receipt of provider recommendation for colonoscopy screening and pneumococcal vaccination for 10 318 Medicare beneficiaries. Nine primary care providers from the network were also interviewed, selected by random sampling stratified by care model.ResultsElectronic medical record analyses suggest that patients with a PHE were more likely to obtain provider recommendations for mammogram screening (OR = 2.17, P < 0.0001), colonoscopy screening (OR = 1.54, P < 0.0001), and pneumococcal vaccination (OR = 1.10, P < 0.0001). Providers suggested that prevention care quality improves with the PHE because certain screening measures (eg, skin cancer screening, breast exam) would be neglected without it, and healthy patients could miss recommended preventive services entirely. Without the PHE, some providers reported having tried to incorporate discussions of preventive services by scheduling more frequent follow‐up chronic care visits than they would have otherwise, and some routinely charged Medicare for a more complex follow‐up visit than they would have charged without the preventive service discussions.ConclusionPeriodic health examination is important in connecting patients to recommended preventive services. Provider interviews suggested that, indirectly, Medicare ended up paying for the PHE via greater frequency of follow‐up visits or higher visit charges from providers integrating the services with other visits.
Potential diagnostic and prognostic value of serum and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in traumatic spinal cord injury: A systematic review
Authors: Yousefifard Mahmoud , Sarveazad Arash , Babahajian Asrin , Baikpour Masoud , Shokraneh Farhad , Vaccaro Alexander R. , Harrop James S. , Fehlings Michael G. , Hosseini Mostafa , Rahimi‐Movaghar Vafa 
Published: November 2018

AbstractIt remains unclear whether biomarkers in the serum or CSF can be used for diagnosis or prognosis of spinal cord injuries (SCI). Therefore, a systematic review was undertaken to evaluate the prognostic or diagnostic value of serum and CSF biomarkers in assessing the severity of SCI and the outcome of patients. Two independent reviewers summarized the human studies retrieved from the electronic databases of Medline, Embase, Scopus and ISI Web of Science until April 2018. Seventeen studies were included (1065 patients aged 16–94 years old). Although the findings of the included studies suggest that inflammatory and structural proteins may be useful in assessing the severity of SCI and prediction of neurological outcome, the level of evidence is generally low. Given limitations to the available evidence, further investigation in this field is required using large prospective data sets with rigorous analysis of sensitivity, specificity and prediction.
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Immunologic Parameters and Prognosis in Cervical Cancer Patients Treated with Radiotherapy
Authors: Saito Toshiaki , Jimi Shoji , Watanabe Yukio , Kurano Akihiko , Mashiba Harukazu 
Published: November 2018

Responsiveness of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) to phytohemagglutinin (PHA), cell‐mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) and antibody‐dependent cell‐mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) of sera were examined in 24 patients with cervical cancer before and after radiotherapy to evaluate whether these parameters could be of prognostic value.Only the responsiveness of PBL to PHA before radiation therapy was significantly higher in patients with a good clinical course as compared to patients with a poor clinical course (p<0.05). CMC in patients with a poor clinical course was reduced after radiation therapy whereas it showed a stable value in patients with a good clinical course. ADCC activity of sera showed no significant difference in relation to the clinical course of patients. The present study indicates the superiority of PHA response of lymphocytes to CMC and ADCC activity of sera to predict the clinical course of patients.
Experience with Real Time Ultrasound Directed Transcervical Chorionic Villus Biopsy
Authors: Liu David T.Y. , Norman Sandie , Richardson Ros , Cooke Pat , Johnson Jane , Symonds E. Malcolm 
Published: November 2018

The introduction of real time ultrasound to transcervical chorionic villus biopsy allowed successful collection from 65% of 107 consecutive studied patients. The collection rate was obtained despite the need for time to develop scanning skills and a limit of only two attempts at biopsy. The quantity in 69% of biopsy samples was· considered sufficient for use in prenatal diagnosis.Biopsy was most successful between 8 and 10 weeks gestation. No amniotic sac was perforated. Bleeding of varying severity associated with 65% of biopsies was not improved despite use of ultrasound.Both linear array or sector scanners were suitable for our purpose. Clarity of the scan picture is affected by many factors. Successful biopsy is not always dependent on visualisation of the placenta or tip of the collecting cannula.Apart from expertise and ultrasound guidance, better design in biopsy implements can improve successful collection to levels acceptable for clinical applications.
A 5‐Year Clinicopathological Study of 2000 Postmenopausal Women from Northern India†
Authors: Sarin Ashi R. , Singla Prem , Gupta Sudershan K. 
Published: November 2018

To correlate the clinical picture with the endometrial pattern, 2000 symptomatic postmenopausal Indian women were studied over a 5‐year period (1977–82). Patients were categorized into two groups:—

A: Symptoms other than bleeding (1250 patients)
B: Postmenopausal bleeding (750 patients)High incidence of genital malignancy (37.8%) was observed in Group B compared to Group A (0.4%). Atrophic endometrium was found in 49.6% in Group A in contrast to 4.1% in Group B. Proliferative endometrium was similar in A and B groups (40.5% and 41.1% respectively). Hyperplastic endometrium was found in 20.1% in Group B compared to 7.7% in Group A.Incidence of associated genital lesions was much higher in Group B (66.8%) as compared to Group A (20.4%). Menopausal syndrome was infrequent (4.2%) and menopause occurred relatively earlier (Mean age: 46.2 ± 2.46 years [mean ± SD]).
The role of appetite‐regulating hormones: Ghrelin and leptin in the nutritional status of children with neurogenic bladder due to myelomeningocele
Authors: Bagińska Joanna O , Liszewska Alicja , Wasilewska Anna , Korzeniecka‐Kozerska Agata 
Published: November 2018

AimWe wanted to investigate serum levels of ghrelin and leptin – appetite‐regulating hormones – and their correlation with the nutritional status of children with neurogenic bladder (NB) due to myelomeningocele (MMC) in comparison to healthy individuals.MethodsThis prospective analysis was conducted on 67 children with NB after MMC and 20 healthy children. Children's medical charts were analysed to determine age, gender, anthropometric measurements, body mass index (BMI), activity assessment using Hoffer's scale and renal function parameters. Serum total ghrelin and leptin levels were measured using the enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.ResultsThere were no differences in the age, gender, weight and BMI between the studied groups. Median serum levels of ghrelin and leptin were higher compared with the reference group. A significant negative correlation between serum leptin concentration and Hoffer's scale was found in children with NB.ConclusionsElevated levels of leptin and ghrelin could be considered factors influencing nutritional status in children with NB due to MMC. Children with NB after MMC may have disturbed endocrine regulation of energy homeostasis. Physical activity may be the factor that affects serum leptin concentration.
Fever after meningococcal B immunisation: A case series
Authors: Campbell Gillian , Bland Ruth M , Hendry Scott J 
Published: November 2018

AimTo document the clinical features and management of infants presenting with fever after their first meningococcal B vaccination and develop guidance for clinicians.MethodsA prospective case series over 12 months was conducted in a tertiary paediatric hospital. Infants ≤3 months of age with fever who had received their first set of immunisations within the preceding 72 h were included.ResultsA total of 92 infants met the inclusion criteria, accounting for 0.78% of the local vaccinated population. The most commonly described associated features were poor feeding, sleepiness and irritability; 66 patients (72%) were admitted to hospital. Median C‐reactive protein (CRP) was 12 mg/L, and median white cell count (WCC) was 16 × 109/L. Fifteen patients (16%) had a lumbar puncture and were commenced on antibiotics. There was one confirmed bacterial infection in an infant who had presented with fever starting 54 h after immunisation. All other microbiology samples were negative. There were no cases of missed serious bacterial infection (SBI) in those patients who were observed or discharged.ConclusionsThe routine investigation of infants presenting with post‐immunisation fever is not warranted if the infant appears otherwise well on examination. Where other common associated features are present or there is clinical concern, a period of observation is a prudent course of action. Paracetamol should be given peri‐immunisation as per the national guidance. We suggest selective use of investigations, especially inflammatory markers, which are unlikely to discriminate between SBI and post‐immunisation response. We advocate extra caution in infants presenting with fever more than 48 h after immunisation.
Terrestrial slugs (Mollusca: Gastropoda) share common anti‐predator defence mechanisms but their expression differs among species
Authors: O'Hanlon A. , Williams C. D. , Gormally M. J. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractPredation is a key selective force in the evolution and maintenance of multiple traits in prey animals. Terrestrial slugs (Mollusca: Gastropoda) are an interesting group in which to study anti‐predator behaviour because few predators are mollusc‐specialists. Ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae), however, are important slug predators and slugs appear to possess general defences when carabids are encountered. Slugs may avoid areas recently visited by carabids (primary defence) or, when attacked, exude highly viscous mucus (secondary defence). Slugs are, however, a polyphyletic group which are present in diverse habitats with varying predation risk. We examined whether avoidance of cues from Pterostichus niger, a generalist carabid predator, is a primary defence shared by a number of slug species from different taxonomic families representing varying degrees of ecological specialization and found, for the first time, that multiple slug species appear to exhibit a general avoidance of carabid scents. Additionally, we examined whether mucus chemistry is altered in response to predation attempts, and whether this is a secondary defence common to multiple species. We found that calcium, a vital element for molluscs, is secreted in greater amounts when slugs are attacked. Choice experiments with P. niger demonstrated that calcium did not affect beetle feeding behaviour but that high‐viscosity gel deterred feeding. We discuss how calcium secretion may contribute to mucus viscosity and represent an effective secondary defence mechanism common to slugs. Results from no‐choice feeding trials suggest that carabid beetles may prevent slugs from exuding defensive mucus by attacking the mantle region. Overall, we show that slugs share common primary and secondary defences but that their expression varies among species, possibly reflecting the natural risk of predation experienced by each slug species. Additionally, some species‐specific anti‐predator traits were observed which cannot be explained as responses to carabids alone, highlighting the importance of considering multiple predators when interpreting anti‐predator behaviour in prey animals.
ZmPBF and ZmGAMYB transcription factors independently transactivate the promoter of the maize (Zea mays) β‐carotene hydroxylase 2 gene
Authors: Jin Xin , Bai Chao , Bassie Ludovic , Nogareda Carmina , Romagosa Ignacio , Twyman Richard M. , Christou Paul , Zhu Changfu 
Published: November 2018

Summary

The maize (Zea mays) enzyme β‐carotene hydroxylase 2 (ZmBCH2) controls key steps in the conversion of β‐carotene to zeaxanthin in the endosperm. The ZmBCH2 gene has an endosperm‐preferred and developmentally regulated expression profile, but the detailed regulatory mechanism is unknown.

To gain insight into the regulation of ZmBCH2, we isolated 2036 bp of the 5′‐flanking region containing the 263 bp 5′‐untranslated region (5′‐UTR) including the first intron. We linked this to the β‐glucuronidase reporter gene gusA.

We found that high‐level expression of gusA in rice seeds requires the 5′‐UTR for enhanced activation. Truncated variants of the ZmBCH2 promoter retained their seed‐preferred expression profile as long as a prolamin box and AACA motif were present.

We identified candidate genes encoding the corresponding transcription factors (ZmPBF and ZmGAMYB) and confirmed that their spatiotemporal expression profiles are similar to ZmBCH2. Both ZmPBF and ZmGAMYB can transactivate ZmBCH2 expression in maize endosperm. To eliminate potential confounding effects in maize, we characterized the regulation of the minimal promoter region of ZmBCH2 in transgenic rice. This revealed that ZmPBF and ZmGAMYB independently transactivate the ZmBCH2 promoter. The mechanism that underpins our data provides an exciting new strategy for the control of target gene expression in engineered plants.
What Does It Mean to Be Human? A Feminist and Anti‐Racist CritiqueT&T Clark Reader in Theological Anthropology, MarcCortez and Michael P.Jensen (eds), Bloomsbury T&T Clark, 2018 (ISBN 978‐0‐567‐65557‐8), viii + 424 pp., pb £33.99ReSourcing Theological Anthropology: A Constructive Account of Humanity in the Light of Christ, MarcCortez, Zondervan, 2017 (ISBN 978‐0‐310‐51643‐9), 304 pp., pb $29.99
Authors: O'Donnell Karen 
Published: November 2018

AbstractExamination and analysis of two recent publications on theological anthropology, one a monograph and the other an anthology of key texts co‐edited by the author of the monograph, raises questions of who is included and excluded in theological writing which considers what it means to be human. I argue that when the white male voice is privileged in these kinds of volumes, to the marginalization of the voices of women, of people of color, of LGBTQI people, of differently abled people, then the answer to this question—what does it mean to be human?—is skewed and incomplete. As theologians and teachers, we have a responsibility in our citation and text‐selection practices to be critically reflective about who we include: such selections are politically, pedagogically, and theologically significant.