bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimating Seasonally Frozen Ground Depth From Historical Climate Data and Site Measurements Using a Bayesian Model
Authors: Qin Yue , Chen Jinsong , Yang Dawen , Wang Taihua 
Published: May 2018

AbstractWe develop a Bayesian model to predict the maximum thickness of seasonally frozen ground (MTSFG) using historical air temperature and precipitation observations. We use the Stefan solution and meteorological data from 11 stations to estimate the MTSFG changes from 1961 to 2016 in the Yellow River source region of northwestern China. We employ an antecedent precipitation index model to estimate changes in the liquid soil water content. The marginal posterior probability distributions of the antecedent precipitation index parameters are estimated using Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling methods. We compare the results of our stochastic method with those obtained from the traditional deterministic method and find that they are consistent in general. The stochastic approach is effective for estimating the historical changes in the frozen ground depth (root‐mean‐square errors = 0.13–0.35 m), and it provides more information on model uncertainty regarding soil moisture variations. Additionally, simulation shows that the MTSFG has decreased by 0.31 cm per year over the last 56 years on the northeastern Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau. This decrease in frost depth accelerated in the 1990s and 2000s. Considering the lack of data on seasonally frozen soil monitoring, the Bayesian method provides a pragmatic approach to statistically model frozen ground changes using available meteorological data.
Sea Ice Versus Storms: What Controls Sea Salt in Arctic Ice Cores?
Authors: Rhodes Rachael H. , Yang Xin , Wolff Eric W. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe sea ice surface is thought to be a major source of sea salt aerosol, suggesting that sodium records of polar ice cores may trace past sea ice extent. Here we test this possibility for the Arctic, using a chemical transport model to simulate aerosol emission, transport, and deposition in the satellite era. Our simulations suggest that sodium records from inland Greenland ice cores are strongly influenced by the impact of meteorology on aerosol transport and deposition. In contrast, sodium in coastal Arctic cores is predominantly sourced from the sea ice surface and the strength of these aerosol emissions controls the ice core sodium variability. Such ice cores may therefore record decadal to centennial scale Holocene sea ice changes. However, any relationship between ice core sodium and sea ice change may depend on how sea ice seasonality impacts sea salt emissions. Field‐based observations are urgently required to constrain this.
The Seismic Signature of Debris Flows: Flow Mechanics and Early Warning at Montecito, California
Authors: Lai Voon Hui , Tsai Victor C. , Lamb Michael P. , Ulizio Thomas P. , Beer Alexander R. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractDebris flows are concentrated slurries of water and sediment that shape the landscape and pose a major hazard to human life and infrastructure. Seismic ground motion‐based observations promise to provide new, remote constraints on debris flow physics, but the lack of data and a theoretical basis for interpreting them hinders progress. Here we present a new mechanistic physical model for the seismic ground motion of debris flows and apply this to the devastating debris flows in Montecito, California on 9 January 2018. The amplitude and frequency characteristics of the seismic data can distinguish debris flows from other seismic sources and enable the estimation of debris‐flow speed, width, boulder sizes, and location. Results suggest that present instrumentation could have provided 5 min of early warning over limited areas, whereas a seismic array designed for debris flows would have provided 10 min of warning for most of the city.
Local Radiative Feedbacks Over the Arctic Based on Observed Short‐Term Climate Variations
Authors: Zhang Rudong , Wang Hailong , Fu Qiang , Pendergrass Angeline G. , Wang Minghuai , Yang Yang , Ma Po‐Lun , Rasch Philip J. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractWe compare various radiative feedbacks over the Arctic (60–90°N) estimated from short‐term climate variations occurring in reanalysis, satellite, and global climate model data sets using the combined Kernel‐Gregory approach. The lapse rate and surface albedo feedbacks are positive, and their magnitudes are comparable. Relative to the tropics (30°S–30°N), the lapse rate feedback is the largest contributor to Arctic amplification among all feedbacks, followed by surface albedo feedback and Planck feedback deviation from its global mean. Both shortwave and longwave water vapor feedbacks are positive, leading to a significant positive net water vapor feedback over the Arctic. The net cloud feedback has large uncertainties including its sign, which strongly depends on the data used for all‐sky and clear‐sky radiative fluxes at the top of the atmosphere, the time periods considered, and the methods used to estimate the cloud feedback.
GPS Interferometric Reflectometry Reveals Cyclic Elevation Changes in Thaw and Freezing Seasons in a Permafrost Area (Barrow, Alaska)
Authors: Hu Yufeng , Liu Lin , Larson Kristine M. , Schaefer Kevin M. , Zhang Jiahua , Yao Yibin 
Published: May 2018

AbstractGround surface over permafrost area undergoes seasonal subsidence and uplift caused by the annual thawing and freezing of the active layer. Applying the Global Positioning System (GPS) interferometric reflectometry technique to the signal‐to‐noise ratio data collected by a continuously operating GPS station in a permafrost area in Barrow, we retrieve the daily surface elevation changes on snow‐free days over a decade (2007–2016). Among these years, 2016 had the longest snow‐free season, offering the longest and most complete records of elevation changes. Use this year as an example, we show that the ground subsided in thaw season and then uplifted from September to early November (freezing season) with an amplitude of 5.1 ± 0.2 cm. We also develop a composite model that includes both thaw and freeze indices to characterize the cyclic movements. Our composite model effectively explains the observed cyclic elevation changes and could be used in other permafrost studies.
Evaluation of Triple‐Frequency Radar Retrieval of Snowfall Properties Using Coincident Airborne In Situ Observations During OLYMPEX
Authors: Chase Randy J. , Finlon Joseph A. , Borque Paloma , McFarquhar Greg M. , Nesbitt Stephen W. , Tanelli Simone , Sy Ousmane O. , Durden Stephen L. , Poellot Michael R. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractScattering models of precipitation‐size ice particles have shown that aggregates and spheroidal particles occupy distinct regions of the Ku‐Ka‐W‐band dual‐frequency ratio (DFR) plane. Furthermore, past ground‐based observations suggest that particle bulk density and characteristic size can be retrieved from the DFR plane. This study, for the first time, evaluates airborne DFR observations with coincident airborne microphysical measurements. Over 2 hr of microphysical data collected aboard the University of North Dakota Citation from the Olympic Mountains Experiment are matched with Airborne Precipitation and cloud Radar Third Generation triple‐frequency radar observations. Across all flights, 31% (63%) of collocated data points show nonspheroidal (spheroidal) particle scattering characteristics. DFR observations compared with in situ observations of effective density and particle characteristic size reveal relationships that could potentially be used to develop quantitative dual‐ and triple‐frequency DFR ice property retrievals.
First Simultaneous Rocket and Radar Detections of Rare Low Summer Mesospheric Clouds
Authors: Havnes O. , Latteck R. , Hartquist T. W. , Antonsen T. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractOn 30 June 2016 a layer of dust, possibly meteoric smoke particles (MSPs), was observed with a rocket borne probe at 69.29°N, 16.02°E and altitudes of ~74 km where patchy thin cloud layers, detected with the Middle Atmosphere Alomar Radar System, were present. The rocket traversed a layer with a net positive dust charge density of ~107 unit charges per cubic meters and a number density of neutral dust particles with sizes ≥4 nm of ~108 m−3. The positive charge density may require that elements that lower the photoelectric work function coat MSPs. The presence of this relatively large dust is consistent with smaller MSPs being swept out of the low mesospheric cloud region during the summer, while larger MSPs remain where their fall velocities equals the circulation updraught velocities. Large MSPs initially embedded in icy particles that subsequently sublimate may also fall until their fall velocities match the updraught velocities.
Advanced Molecular Techniques Provide New Rigorous Tools for Characterizing Organic Matter Quality in Complex Systems
Authors: Wilson Rachel M. , Tfaily Malak M. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractCarbon flux rates are widely understood to be substrate controlled; however, characterizing substrate quality continues to be a challenge. We suggest that, while optical measurements have their place, they are not the only, or the best, tool for characterizing organic matter quality. Nominal oxidation state of the carbon provides a thermodynamically relevant measure, which could be used as a metric of organic matter quality. Calculating nominal oxidation state of the carbon requires a suite of advanced complementary analysis but is then trivial to calculate from the resulting data sets.
High-resolution multimodal flexible coherent Raman endoscope
Authors: Lombardini Alberto , Mytskaniuk Vasyl , Sivankutty Siddharth , Andresen Esben Ravn , Chen Xueqin , Wenger Jérôme , Fabert Marc , Joly Nicolas , Louradour Frédéric , Kudlinski Alexandre , Rigneault Hervé 
Published: May 2018

AbstractCoherent Raman scattering microscopy is a fast, label-free, and chemically specific imaging technique that shows high potential for future in vivo optical histology. However, the imaging depth in tissues is limited to the sub-millimeter range because of absorption and scattering. Realization of coherent Raman imaging using a fiber endoscope system is a crucial step towards imaging deep inside living tissues and providing information that is inaccessible with current microscopy tools. Until now, the development of coherent Raman endoscopy has been hampered by several issues, mainly related to the fiber delivery of the excitation pulses and signal collection. Here, we present a flexible, compact, coherent Raman, and multimodal nonlinear endoscope (4.2 mm outer diameter, 71 mm rigid length) based on a resonantly scanned hollow-core Kagomé-lattice double-clad fiber. The fiber design enables distortion-less, background-free delivery of femtosecond excitation pulses and back-collection of nonlinear signals through the same fiber. Sub-micrometer spatial resolution over a large field of view is obtained by combination of a miniature objective lens with a silica microsphere lens inserted into the fiber core. We demonstrate high-resolution, high-contrast coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering, and second harmonic generation endoscopic imaging of biological tissues over a field of view of 320 µm at a rate of 0.8 frames per second. These results pave the way for intraoperative label-free imaging applied to real-time histopathology diagnosis and surgery guidance.
Weight loss and mortality risk in patients with different adiposity at diagnosis of type 2 diabetes: a longitudinal cohort study
Authors: Owusu Ebenezer S. Adjah , Samanta Mayukh , Shaw Jonathan E. , Majeed Azeem , Khunti Kamlesh , Paul Sanjoy K. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Background
Undiagnosed comorbid diseases that independently lead to weight loss before type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) diagnosis could explain the observed increased mortality risk in T2DM patients with normal weight.

Objectives
To evaluate the impact of weight change patterns before the diagnosis of T2DM on the association between body mass index (BMI) at diagnosis and mortality risk.

Methods
This was a longitudinal cohort study using 145,058 patients from UK primary care, with newly diagnosed T2DM from January 2000. Patients aged 18–70, without established disease history at diagnosis (defined as the presence of cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and renal diseases on or before diagnosis) were followed up to 2014. Longitudinal 6-monthly measures of bodyweight three years before (used to define groups of patients who lost bodyweight or not before diagnosis) and 2 years after diagnosis were obtained. The main outcome was all-cause mortality.

Results
At diagnosis, mean (SD) age was 52 (12) years, 56% were male, 52% were current or ex-smokers, mean BMI was 33 kg/m2, and 66% were obese. Normal weight and overweight patients experienced a small but significant reduction in body weight 6 months before diagnosis. Among all categories of obese patients, consistently increasing body weight was observed within the same time window.
Among patients who did not lose body weight pre-diagnosis (n = 117,469), compared with the grade 1 obese, normal weight patients had 35% (95% CI of HR: 1.17, 1.55) significantly higher adjusted mortality risk. However, among patients experiencing weight loss before diagnosis (n = 27,589), BMI at diagnosis was not associated with mortality risk (all p > 0.05).

Conclusions
Weight loss before the diagnosis of T2DM was not associated with the observed increased mortality risk in normal weight patients with T2DM. This emphasises the importance of addressing risk factors post diagnosis for excess mortality in this group.
Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus HD100, a predator of Gram-negative bacteria, benefits energetically from Staphylococcus aureus biofilms without predation
Authors: Im Hansol , Dwidar Mohammed , Mitchell Robert J 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus HD100 is a predatory bacterium which lives by invading the periplasm of Gram-negative bacteria and consuming them from within. Although B. bacteriovorus HD100 attacks only Gram-negative bacterial strains, our work here shows attack-phase predatory cells also benefit from interacting with Gram-positive biofilms. Using Staphylococcus aureus biofilms, we show this predator degrades the biofilm matrix, obtains nutrients and uses these to produce and secrete proteolytic enzymes to continue this process. When exposed to S. aureus biofilms, the transcriptome of B. bacteriovorus HD100 was analogous to that seen when present intraperiplasmically, suggesting it is responding similarly as when in a prey. Moreover, two of the induced proteases (Bd2269 and Bd2692) were purified and their activities against S. aureus biofilms verified. In addition, B. bacteriovorus HD100 gained several clear benefits from its interactions with S. aureus biofilms, including increased ATP pools and improved downstream predatory activities when provided prey.
The homeobox protein VentX reverts immune suppression in the tumor microenvironment
Authors: Le Yi , Gao Hong , Bleday Ronald , Zhu Zhenglun 
Published: May 2018

AbstractImmune suppression in the tumor microenvironment (TME) is a central obstacle to effective immunotherapy. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are key components of the TME. Although TAMs have been viewed as an ideal target of intervention to steer immunity in cancer treatment, the approach has been hampered by the lack of knowledge of how TAM plasticity is controlled by cell intrinsic factors. VentX is a homeobox protein implicated in proliferation and differentiation of human hematopoietic and immune cells. Using clinical samples obtained from cancer patients, we find that VentX expression is drastically reduced in TAMs. We show here that VentX promotes M1 differentiation of TAMs, and that VentX-regulated TAMs, in turn, revert immune suppression at the TME. Using a NSG mouse model of human colon cancers, we demonstrate that VentX regulates TAM function in tumorigenesis in vivo. Our findings suggest a mechanism underlying immune suppression at TME and potential applications of VentX-regulated TAMs in cancer immunotherapy.
The global flood protection savings provided by coral reefs
Authors: Beck Michael W. , Losada Iñigo J. , Menéndez Pelayo , Reguero Borja G. , Díaz-Simal Pedro , Fernández Felipe 
Published: May 2018

AbstractCoral reefs can provide significant coastal protection benefits to people and property. Here we show that the annual expected damages from flooding would double, and costs from frequent storms would triple without reefs. For 100-year storm events, flood damages would increase by 91% to $US 272 billion without reefs. The countries with the most to gain from reef management are Indonesia, Philippines, Malaysia, Mexico, and Cuba; annual expected flood savings exceed $400 M for each of these nations. Sea-level rise will increase flood risk, but substantial impacts could happen from reef loss alone without better near-term management. We provide a global, process-based valuation of an ecosystem service across an entire marine biome at (sub)national levels. These spatially explicit benefits inform critical risk and environmental management decisions, and the expected benefits can be directly considered by governments (e.g., national accounts, recovery plans) and businesses (e.g., insurance).
In vivo base editing of post-mitotic sensory cells
Authors: Yeh Wei-Hsi , Chiang Hao , Rees Holly A. , Edge Albert S. B. , Liu David R. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractProgrammable nucleases can introduce precise changes to genomic DNA through homology-directed repair (HDR). Unfortunately, HDR is largely restricted to mitotic cells, and is typically accompanied by an excess of stochastic insertions and deletions (indels). Here we present an in vivo base editing strategy that addresses these limitations. We use nuclease-free base editing to install a S33F mutation in β-catenin that blocks β-catenin phosphorylation, impedes β-catenin degradation, and upregulates Wnt signaling. In vitro, base editing installs the S33F mutation with a 200-fold higher editing:indel ratio than HDR. In post-mitotic cells in mouse inner ear, injection of base editor protein:RNA:lipid installs this mutation, resulting in Wnt activation that induces mitosis of cochlear supporting cells and cellular reprogramming. In contrast, injection of HDR agents does not induce Wnt upregulation. These results establish a strategy for modifying posttranslational states in signaling pathways, and an approach to precision editing in post-mitotic tissues.
Amplitude mode in the planar triangular antiferromagnet Na0.9MnO2
Authors: Dally Rebecca L. , Zhao Yang , Xu Zhijun , Chisnell Robin , Stone M. B. , Lynn Jeffrey W. , Balents Leon , Wilson Stephen D. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractAmplitude modes arising from symmetry breaking in materials are of broad interest in condensed matter physics. These modes reflect an oscillation in the amplitude of a complex order parameter, yet are typically unstable and decay into oscillations of the order parameter’s phase. This renders stable amplitude modes rare, and exotic effects in quantum antiferromagnets have historically provided a realm for their detection. Here we report an alternate route to realizing amplitude modes in magnetic materials by demonstrating that an antiferromagnet on a two-dimensional anisotropic triangular lattice (α-Na0.9MnO2) exhibits a long-lived, coherent oscillation of its staggered magnetization field. Our results show that geometric frustration of Heisenberg spins with uniaxial single-ion anisotropy can renormalize the interactions of a dense two-dimensional network of moments into largely decoupled, one-dimensional chains that manifest a longitudinally polarized-bound state. This bound state is driven by the Ising-like anisotropy inherent to the Mn3+ ions of this compound.
Mapping uncharted territory in ice from zeolite networks to ice structures
Authors: Engel Edgar A. , Anelli Andrea , Ceriotti Michele , Pickard Chris J. , Needs Richard J. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractIce is one of the most extensively studied condensed matter systems. Yet, both experimentally and theoretically several new phases have been discovered over the last years. Here we report a large-scale density-functional-theory study of the configuration space of water ice. We geometry optimise 74,963 ice structures, which are selected and constructed from over five million tetrahedral networks listed in the databases of Treacy, Deem, and the International Zeolite Association. All prior knowledge of ice is set aside and we introduce “generalised convex hulls” to identify configurations stabilised by appropriate thermodynamic constraints. We thereby rediscover all known phases (I–XVII, i, 0 and the quartz phase) except the metastable ice IV. Crucially, we also find promising candidates for ices XVIII through LI. Using the “sketch-map” dimensionality-reduction algorithm we construct an a priori, navigable map of configuration space, which reproduces similarity relations between structures and highlights the novel candidates. By relating the known phases to the tractably small, yet structurally diverse set of synthesisable candidate structures, we provide an excellent starting point for identifying formation pathways.
Systems medicine disease maps: community-driven comprehensive representation of disease mechanisms
Authors: Mazein Alexander , Ostaszewski Marek , Kuperstein Inna , Watterson Steven , Le Novère Nicolas , Lefaudeux Diane , De Meulder Bertrand , Pellet Johann , Balaur Irina , Saqi Mansoor , Nogueira Maria Manuela , He Feng , Parton Andrew , Lemonnier Nathanaël , Gawron Piotr , Gebel Stephan , Hainaut Pierre , Ollert Markus , Dogrusoz Ugur , Barillot Emmanuel , Zinovyev Andrei , Schneider Reinhard , Balling Rudi , Auffray Charles 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe development of computational approaches in systems biology has reached a state of maturity that allows their transition to systems medicine. Despite this progress, intuitive visualisation and context-dependent knowledge representation still present a major bottleneck. In this paper, we describe the Disease Maps Project, an effort towards a community-driven computationally readable comprehensive representation of disease mechanisms. We outline the key principles and the framework required for the success of this initiative, including use of best practices, standards and protocols. We apply a modular approach to ensure efficient sharing and reuse of resources for projects dedicated to specific diseases. Community-wide use of disease maps will accelerate the conduct of biomedical research and lead to new disease ontologies defined from mechanism-based disease endotypes rather than phenotypes.
Lateral intraparietal area (LIP) is largely effector-specific in free-choice decisions
Authors: Christopoulos Vassilios N. , Kagan Igor , Andersen Richard A. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractDespite many years of intense research, there is no strong consensus about the role of the lateral intraparietal area (LIP) in decision making. One view of LIP function is that it guides spatial attention, providing a “saliency map” of the external world. If this were the case, it would contribute to target selection regardless of which action would be performed to implement the choice. On the other hand, LIP inactivation has been shown to influence spatial selection and oculomotor metrics in free-choice decisions, which are made using eye movements, arguing that it contributes to saccade decisions. To dissociate between a more general attention role and a more effector specific saccade role, we reversibly inactivated LIP while non-human primates freely selected between two targets, presented in the two hemifields, with either saccades or reaches. Unilateral LIP inactivation induced a strong choice bias to ipsilesional targets when decisions were made with saccades. Interestingly, the inactivation also caused a reduction of contralesional choices when decisions were made with reaches, albeit the effect was less pronounced. These findings suggest that LIP is part of a network for making oculomotor decisions and is largely effector-specific in free-choice decisions.