bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative terrestrial atmospheric circulation regimes in simplified global circulation models. Part II: Energy budgets and spectral transfers
Authors: Read Peter L. , Tabataba‐Vakili Fachreddin , Wang Yixiong , Augier Pierre , Lindborg Erik , Valeanu Alexandru , Young Roland M. B. 
Published: November 2018

The energetics of possible global atmospheric circulation patterns in an Earth‐like atmosphere are explored using a simplified global General Circulation Model (GCM) based on the University of Hamburg's Portable University Model for the Atmosphere (designated here as PUMA‐S), forced by linear relaxation towards a prescribed temperature field and subject to Rayleigh surface drag and hyperdiffusive dissipation. Results from a series of simulations, obtained by varying planetary rotation rate Ω with an imposed equator‐to‐pole temperature difference, were analysed to determine the structure and magnitude of the heat transport and other contributions to the energy budget for the time‐averaged, equilibrated flow. These show clear trends with rotation rate, with the most intense Lorenz energy cycle for an Earth‐sized planet occurring with a rotation rate around half that of the present‐day Earth (i.e., Ω∗ = Ω/Ω
E
= 1/2, where Ω
E
is the rotation rate of the Earth). Kinetic energy (KE) and available potential energy (APE) spectra, E

K
(n) and E

A
(n) (where n is total spherical wavenumber), also show clear trends with rotation rate, with n
−3 enstrophy‐dominated spectra around Ω∗ = 1 and steeper (∼n
−5) slopes in the zonal mean flow with little evidence for the n
−5/3 spectrum anticipated for an inverse KE cascade. Instead, both KE and APE spectra become almost flat at scales larger than the internal Rossby radius, L

d
, and exhibit near‐equipartition at high wavenumbers. At Ω∗ < <1, the spectrum becomes dominated by KE with E

K
(n)∼(2–3)E

A
(n) at most wavenumbers and a slope that tends towards n
−5/3 across most of the spectrum. Spectral flux calculations show that enstrophy and APE are almost always cascaded downscale, regardless of rotation rate. KE cascades are more complicated, however, with downscale transfers across almost all wavenumbers, dominated by horizontally divergent modes, for . At higher rotation rates, transfers of KE become increasingly dominated by rotational (horizontally nondivergent) components with strong upscale transfers (dominated by eddy–zonal flow interactions) for scales larger than L

d
and weaker downscale transfers for scales smaller than L

d
.
The First Systematic Study on the Conditions Affecting the Ionothermal Synthesis of Silicoaluminophosphates
Authors: Azim Muhammad Mohsin , Stark Annegret 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe first systematic study on the ionothermal synthesis of silicoaluminophosphates (SAPOs) was performed to study the influence of reaction time, Si/Al or F/Al ratios and changing ionic liquid (cation, anion and alkyl group). The resulting materials were characterised by XRD, liquid (1H) and solid state (29Si) NMR, TPDA, SEM images, Volhard titration, as well as thermogravimetric and nitrogen sorption analyses. 1‐Butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium bromide ([C4mim]Br) as both solvent and structure‐directing agent (SDA) produced the AFI framework. It was found that the resulting Si/Al ratio of SAPO‐AFI increases with an increase in initial Si/Al ratio but decreases with F/Al ratio in the reaction mixture. Different ionic liquids giving the same framework type have no effect on the silicon uptake. The formation of Si‐islands is favoured at extended reaction times or higher silicon content. The framework type of SAPOs can be changed from AEL to AFI by changing either the alkyl chain from ethyl to butyl, substituting the C2‐position of the cation with a methyl moiety, or altering the cation (imidazolium vs. pyridinium). The framework selectivity was altered from AFI to LTA by changing the anion (of [C4py]Br to Cl−), and to CHA by 1‐methylimidazole addition. The first successful ionothermal synthesis of the AFI, LTA and CHA framework types of SAPOs is presented, providing a more efficient method than the conventional hydrothermal synthesis.
Rational Design of IR820‐ and Ce6‐Based Versatile Micelle for Single NIR Laser–Induced Imaging and Dual‐Modal Phototherapy
Authors: Hu Xu , Tian Hailong , Jiang Wei , Song Aixin , Li Zhonghao , Luan Yuxia 
Published: November 2018

AbstractPhototherapy as a promising cancer diagnostic and therapeutic strategy has aroused extensive attention. However, single‐wavelength near‐infrared (NIR) light–triggered combinational treatment of photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) is still a great challenge. Herein, a multifunctional micelle activated by a single‐wavelength laser for simultaneous PTT and PDT as well as fluorescence imaging is developed. Briefly, new indocyanine green (IR820) is conjugated to d‐α‐tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS) via the linker 6‐aminocaproic acid, and then, chlorin e6 (Ce6) is encapsulated into the micelles formed by TPGS–IR820 conjugates to fabricate TPGS–IR820/Ce6 micelles. As the well‐designed TPGS–IR820 conjugate shares a similar peak absorption wavelength with Ce6, this micelle can be applied with a single NIR laser (660 nm). The stable micelles exhibit excellent photothermal conversion efficiency in vitro and in vivo as well as high singlet oxygen generation capacity in tumor cells. After efficient cellular internalization, the as‐prepared micelles display outstanding anticancer activity upon single NIR laser irradiation in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, TPGS–IR820/Ce6 micelles show negligible systemic toxicity. The highly safe and effective TPGS–IR820/Ce6 micelles can offer an innovative strategy to construct single NIR light–induced PTT and PDT combined phototherapy nanoplatforms via suitable modification of organic phototherapeutic agents.
Construction of Soft Base Tongs on Separator to Grasp Polysulfides from Shuttling in Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Dong Qin , Shen Runping , Li Cunpu , Gan Ruiyi , Ma Xiaotong , Wang Jianchuan , Li Jing , Wei Zidong 
Published: November 2018

AbstractRechargeable lithium–sulfur batteries, which use sulfur as the cathode material, promise great potentials to be the next‐generation high‐energy system. However, higher‐order lithium polysulfides, Li2Sx (x = 4, 6, and 8), regardless of in charge or in discharge, always form first, dissolve subsequently in the electrolyte, and shuttle to the cathode and the anode, which is called “shuttle effect.” The polysulfides shuttle effect leads to heavy loss of the active‐sulfur materials. Literature works mostly “cover or fill” the pores to block polysulfides from shuttling, which also hinder the lithium ion transfer. Here a protocol is invented to grasp polysulfides based on the “soft and hard acid–base” theory. Tertiary amine layer (TAL) polymerized on a polypropylene separator selectively coordinates with the dissolved high‐order Li2Sx in the cathode. Meanwhile, the transportation of lithium cations is not interrupted because of enough pores left for their transportation. After 400 cycles of charge/discharge at 0.5C, the TAL modified separator battery still possesses a capacity of 865 mAh g−1, which is among the best of the state‐of‐the‐art performances of lithium–sulfur batteries. The flexible “polysulfides tongs” construction method paves a new way for Li–S batteries to reach desired performances with less worry about polysulfides shuttle.
Dynamic characteristics and seismic response of frame–core tube structures, considering soil–structure interactions
Authors: Shen Chao , Qian Deling 
Published: November 2018

SummaryIn order to study the dynamic characteristics and seismic response of high‐rise buildings with a frame–core tube structure, while considering the effect of soil–structure interactions (SSIs), a series of shaking table tests were conducted on test models with two foundation types: fixed‐base (FB), in which the superstructure was directly affixed to the shaking table, and SSI, consisting of a superstructure, pile foundation, and soil. To increase the applicability of the model to the dynamic characteristics of real‐world tall buildings, the superstructure of test models was built at a scale of 1/50. This simulated a 41‐floor high‐rise building with a frame–core tube structure. The mode shape, natural frequency, damping ratio, acceleration and displacement response, story shear, and dynamic strain were determined in each of the test models under the excitation of simulated minor, moderate, and large earthquakes. The SSI effect on frame–core tubes was analyzed by comparing the results of the two test models. The results show that the dynamic characteristics and seismic response of the two systems were significantly different. Finally, these results were verified by performing a numerical analysis on the differences in the seismic responses of the FB and SSI numerical models under various simulated seismic conditions.
Introduction
Authors: Scholten Peter , Crul Maurice , van de Laar Paul 
Published: November 2018

AbstractMigration-related diversity manifests itself primarily in cities. Cities are usually the primary points of entry for new migrants and often the first places where integration in society starts. Many cities have experienced centuries of immigration and consider migration as a core element of their identity (such as New York and Amsterdam). In an increasing number of Western European cities, even more than half of the population has a migration background. These cities are referred to as ‘majority-minority’ cities. In Europe, this is already true for cities like Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Brussels or Malmö and substantial parts of greater London, Frankfurt or Paris. Of the children under the age of fifteen in Amsterdam and Rotterdam only one third is still of Dutch descent (Crul 2016).
The ‘Integration’ of People of Dutch Descent in Superdiverse Neighbourhoods
Authors: Crul Maurice , Lelie Frans 
Published: November 2018

AbstractIn the past 40 years, researchers into migration and integration have focussed almost exclusively on migrants and their children. This one-sided focus has persisted, even though it is generally acknowledged that integration is a two-way process in which not only migrants, but also the established population play an important role (see, for example, Garces-Mascareňas and Penninx 2016; Martinovic 2013). Amsterdam and Rotterdam have both become majority-minority cities where now all ethnic population groups – including that of Dutch descent – form a numerical minority. This new reality makes it even more urgent to examine the group without a migration background. In cities like Amsterdam and Rotterdam, only one out of three young people under the age of 15 are of Dutch descent (Crul 2016). The transformation of the former majority group to a numerical minority group may well be one of the most significant urban transformations of our time. The current backlash against migrants and refugees has made it clear that the integration of people of Dutch descent into today’s superdiverse majority-minority neighbourhoods and cities is a topic that begs attention.
Between Choice and Stigma: Identifications of Economically Successful Migrants
Authors: van Bochove Marianne , Burgers Jack 
Published: November 2018

AbstractIn this contribution, we draw on the unusual but interesting comparison between ‘immigrants’ and ‘expats’, with the aim of scrutinizing identity construction and the tensions between stigma and identity of choice against the background of the (reluctant) superdiverse city of Rotterdam. We focus on two types of socioeconomically successful migrants which, despite their similarities in class position, are generally regarded as rather different. First, middle-class migrants and members of the second generation from ‘classic’ migration groups in the Netherlands (with roots in Surinam, Turkey and Morocco, including descendants of former guest workers). Second, expatriates or knowledge workers of various national backgrounds (including American, English, Indian, Chinese) who came to the Netherlands on a temporary basis because of their highly-skilled jobs (or the jobs of their partners, as we also included trailing spouses). We address the questions of how these migrants perceive themselves, how they think that others perceive them, and how discrepancies between these two affect their feelings of belonging in the city of Rotterdam and the Netherlands. Our findings suggest that while both ‘immigrants’ and ‘expatriates’ combine various identities, immigrants have more difficulty to adopt alternative identities (such as ‘cosmopolitan’) than expatriates because of their dominant label as ‘allochtoon’ (non-native Dutch).
Local Politics, Populism and Pim Fortuyn in Rotterdam
Authors: van Ostaaijen Julien 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe focus in this chapter is on the local politics of Rotterdam and especially the local political turnover of power in 2002. Up until that year, during the time Rotterdam changed into a superdiverse city, the Labour Party had always been the largest political party in Rotterdam. In 2002 however, a new party won the elections with almost 37% of the votes. This victory is strongly associated with Pim Fortuyn, the party’s leader. Fortuyn, who by many was considered a populist, applied a fierce anti-establishment attitude and had been known for, among other things, critique on integration policy and the Islam. In this chapter, attention is given to the policy and political debate regarding immigration and integration before, during, and after this change of power. From an international perspective, this case sheds light on the question whether and how a populist/anti-establishment party can succeed to not only win elections, but to implement policy. Liveable Rotterdam was part of Rotterdam government from 2002 to 2006 (and became part of it again in 2014).
A Tale of Two Cities: Rotterdam, Amsterdam and Their Immigrants
Authors: Entzinger Han 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThis chapter compares the migrant situation in Rotterdam, second city of the Netherlands, with that in Amsterdam, the country’s largest city and capital. Roughly half of the population of either city has an immigrant background, but considerable differences exist in the nature of these migrant populations. Particularly striking is that Amsterdam’s immigrant population is much more highly skilled than Rotterdam’s. This is also the case for the native populations of both cities. A clear relationship exists between this fact and the strong differences in the economic structures of the two cities. Amsterdam is a typical ‘global city’ with a large service sector that employs professionals from all over the world, while Rotterdam is best characterised as a post-industrial city, where low-skilled workers of native and immigrant origin compete with one another. This difference is reflected in the cultural and political life of the two cities and also in their diversity policies.
Surgical Management of the Axilla in Breast Cancer Patients with Negative Sentinel Lymph Node: A Method to Reduce False‐Negative Rate
Authors: Yuan Qianqian , Wu Gaosong , Xiao Shu‐Yuan , He Yukun , Wang Kun , Zhang Dan 
Published: November 2018

AbstractBackgroundFalse‐negative rate (FNR) of sentinel lymph node dissection (SLND) has not been eliminated. The study was conducted to optimize the surgical resection of axilla in patients with negative sentinel lymph node (SLN) for the purpose of eradicating false‐negative (FN) events of SLND.MethodsA total of 312 clinically node‐negative patients without neoadjuvant therapy underwent SLND with indocyanine green (ICG), methylene blue and the combination of ICG and methylene blue. Axillary dissection was performed subsequently regardless of the status of SLN. Lymph nodes were sent for pathological examination separately by serial resection every 0.5 cm away from marginally visualized SLNs.ResultsSLND was successfully conducted in 98.1% (306/312) of patients using methylene blue, ICG, and its combination. Further examination revealed 97 true‐positive, 189 true‐negative, and 13 FN results. The overall FNR was 11.8% (13/110). A horizontal line 1.5 cm away from the superior vSLN and a vertical line 1.5 cm away from the medial vSLN formed a zone of lower outer quadrant (LOQ) in axilla. Surgical resection of LOQ ‘en bloc’ showed a FNR of zero.ConclusionsThe surgical management of axilla may benefit negative SLN patients with potential nodal involvement, reducing the FNR of SLND to zero.Trial registration number and agencyThis study was registered with the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR1800014247).
Early Laparoscopic Washout may Resolve Persistent Intra‐abdominal Infection Post‐appendicectomy
Authors: Allaway Matthew G. R. , Clement Kristenne , Eslick Guy D. , Cox Michael R. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractBackgroundIntra‐abdominal abscess (IAA) complicates 2–3% of patients having an appendicectomy. The usual management is prolonged antibiotics and drainage of the IAA. From 2006, our unit chose to use early re‐laparoscopy and washout in patients with persistent sepsis following appendicectomy. The aims of this study were to assess the outcomes of early laparoscopic washout in patients with features of persistent intra‐abdominal sepsis and compare those with percutaneous drainage and open drainage of post‐appendicectomy IAA.MethodsA retrospective case note review was performed for all patients having a laparoscopic washout, percutaneous drainage or open drainage following appendicectomy between January 2006 and December 2017.ResultsDuring the period, 4901 appendicectomies occurred. Forty‐one (0.8%) patients had a laparoscopic washout, 16 (0.3%) had percutaneous drainage, and 6 (0.1%) had an open drainage. The demographics, ASA grade and pathology at initial appendicectomy were similar. The mean time after appendicectomy was significantly shorter for laparoscopic washout (4.1 days vs. 10.1 and 9.0 days, p = <0.003). The mean time for resolution of SIRS was significantly shorter (2.0 days vs. 3.3 and 5.2 days, p <0.02). The morbidity and length of stay were similar.ConclusionEarly laparoscopic washout for persistent intra‐abdominal sepsis may be an alternative to non‐operative management and delayed intervention for IAA and may have better outcomes than either percutaneous drainage or open drainage. A prospective randomised comparison is required to further evaluate the indications and role of early laparoscopic washout post‐appendicectomy.
Morbid Obesity’s Silver Lining: An Armor for Hollow Viscus in Blunt Abdominal Trauma
Authors: Fu Chih‐Yuan , Bajani Francesco , Butler Caroline , Welsh Stanley , Messer Thomas , Kaminsky Matthew , Starr Frederick , Dennis Andrew , Schlanser Victoria , Mis Justin , Poulakidas Stathis , Bokhari Faran 
Published: November 2018

AbstractBackgroundMorbid obesity is usually accompanied by both subcutaneous and visceral fat accumulation. Fat can mimic an air bag, absorbing the force of a collision. We hypothesized that morbid obesity is mechanically protective for hollow viscus organs in blunt abdominal trauma (BAT).MethodsThe National Trauma Data Bank (NTDB) was queried for BAT patients from 2013 to 2015. We looked at the rate of gastrointestinal (GI) tract injuries in all BAT patients with different BMIs. A subset analysis of BAT patients with operative GI tract injuries was performed to evaluate the need for abdominal operation. Multivariate analyses were carried out to identify factors independently associated with increased GI tract injuries and associated abdominal operations.ResultsA total of 100,459 BAT patients were evaluated in the NTDB. Patients with GI tract injury had a lower proportion of morbidly obese patients [body weight index (BMI) ≥ 40 kg/m2)] (3.7% vs. 4.2%, p = 0.015) and instead had more underweight patients (BMI < 18.5) (5.9% vs. 5.0%, p < 0.001). The risk of GI tract injury decreased 11.6% independently in morbidly obese patients and increased 15.7% in underweight patients. Of the patients with GI tract injuries (N = 11,467), patients who needed a GI operation had a significantly lower proportion of morbidly obese patients (3.2% vs. 5.3%, p < 0.001). The risk of abdominal operation for GI tract injury decreased 57.3% independently in morbidly obese patients. Compared with underweight patients, morbidly obese patients had significantly less GI tract injury (6.0% vs. 13.3%, p < 0.001) and associated abdominal operation rates (65.2% vs. 73.3%, p < 0.001).ConclusionObesity is protective in BAT. This translates into lower rates of GI tract injury and operation in morbidly obese patients. In contrast, underweight patients appear to suffer a higher rate of GI tract injury and associated GI operations.
Flexible Working, Work–Life Balance, and Gender Equality: Introduction
Authors: Chung Heejung , van der Lippe Tanja 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThis special brings together innovative and multidisciplinary research (sociology, economics, and social work) using data from across Europe and the US to examine the potential flexible working has on the gender division of labour and workers’ work–life balance. Despite numerous studies on the gendered outcomes of flexible working, it is limited in that the majority is based on qualitative studies based in the US. The papers of this special issue overcome some of the limitations by examining the importance of context, namely, family, organisational and country context, examining the intersection between gender and class, and finally examining the outcomes for different types of flexible working arrangements. The introduction to this special issue provides a review of the existing literature on the gendered outcomes of flexible working on work life balance and other work and family outcomes, before presenting the key findings of the articles of this special issue. The results of the studies show that gender matters in understanding the outcomes of flexible working, but also it matters differently in different contexts. The introduction further provides policy implications drawn from the conclusions of the studies and some thoughts for future studies to consider.
EU services trade liberalization and economic regulation: Complements or substitutes?
Authors: Fiorini Matteo , Hoekman Bernard 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThis paper investigates how national economic regulation shape the impacts of reducing external barriers to services trade for a sample of European countries. Notwithstanding far-reaching integration of services markets there is significant heterogeneity in domestic regulation and governance across European economies. We show this affects the potential downstream productivity effects of external services trade policy. In some cases, liberalization can substitute for weak regulation; in others there is a complementary relationship. Thus, the productivity effects associated with services market access liberalization depend on the quality of domestic economic regulation. EU-specific measures to promote internal trade in services – proxied by implementation of the Services Directive – are found not to have such moderating effects. An implication of our findings is that EU governments should do more to assess how specific dimensions of domestic regulatory regimes influence the size and distribution of the effects of services trade reforms.