bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Costa Do Estoril Wastewater System: Interception, Inland Pretreatment and Ocean Treatment
Authors: Celestino da Costa P. , Saldanha Matos J. , Bénard Gliedes M. , di Berardino S. , Bettencourt A. , Gonçalves V. 
Published: May 2018

The “Costa do Estoril” is a large coastal zone located near the end of the Tagus estuary, that has became an urban extension, very densely populated, of the city of Lisbon.
The Costa do Estoril Wastewater System, nowadays under construction, is planned in order to free the marine waters of the beaches from any wastewater discharge. At the final phase (second stage) that system is prepared to serve more than one million inhabitants, from a tributary area of 22 000 ha, and consists, principally, of a large circular interceptor, a preliminary treatment plant and a long sea outfall with submerged multiport diffusere.
In this paper some important aspects concerning the geographical peculiarities of the region, the hydrodynamics of the marine environment near the coast and the general layout of the system are outlined. Special emphasis is given to the particular conditions that ruled out the sewerage facilities design, and to the characterization of the sanitary and hydraulic design of the long sea outfall.
Brief Historical Review of Membrane Development and Membrane Applications in Wastewater Treatment in Southern Africa
Authors: Botha G. R. , Sanderson R. D. , Buckley C. A. 
Published: May 2018

Away back in 1953 few people in the world, let alone South Africa, knew or had heard about membrane desalination, but there was an increasing awareness that electrodialysis had considerable potential for the desalination of brackish water.
In South Africa the development of the new gold fields in the northern Orange Free State and the problems posed by the presence of excessive volumes of very saline mine waters stimulated interest in desalination and the CSIR* in collaboration with the mining industry became involved in the development of the electrodialysis process. By 1959 the largest brackish desalination plant in the world had been built and commissioned. South Africans were thus in the forefront of this technology, even to the extent of making the required membranes locally.
Our historical review of membrane development and the applications of membrane technology in Southern Africa encompasses both pressure- and voltage-driven processes. Examples of the pressure processes are microfiltration, ultrafiltration and charged membrane ultrafiltration or nanofiltration, and finally reverse osmosis with fixed and dynamically formed membranes. The voltage-drive processes considered are electrodialysis and electrodialysis reversal.
Membrane Treatment Strategies for Red Meat Abattoir Effluents
Authors: Cowan J. A. C. , MacTavish F. , Brouckaert C. J. , Jacobs E. P. 
Published: May 2018

In water-scarce South Africa there is pressure on water-intensive industries to conserve water, and at the same time to reduce the organic and salinity concentrations discharged in effluents back (indirectly) to the water resources.
These requirements are usually contradictory: effective water conservation will generally lead to more concentrated effluents, motivating the need, in some cases, for effluent pretreatment before discharge.
Wide-ranging effluent pretreatment trials have been carried out at a number of red meat abattoirs over the past few years, under funding from the Water Research Commission. Fat removal, screening and dissolved air flotation (DAF) trials have confirmed the usefulness of such processes, but results from treatment with membranes have been both exciting and promising.
These treatment techniques have now been lifted from the research phase into commercial application on small scale (25 m3/d) using full size modules. The South African Abattoir Corporation, as the major representative of the industry in South Africa, has undertaken to assess the value of membrane treatment processes as a part of a number of effluent treatment strategies. This paper describes the experiences and future potential for abattoir effluent treatment by membrane processes.
Ultrafiltration will consistently remove 90% COD, 85% phosphate from the effluent, and provide a relatively non-fouling feed for reverse osmosis which produces a high quality reusable water for abattoir use.
Indicative costing shows the costs of membrane treatment compare favourably with anaerobic digestion as an alternative, and even to municipal effluent tariffs.
Artificial Recharge of Groundwater with Reclaimed Municipal Wastewater: Current Status and Proposed Criteria
Authors: Asano T. 
Published: May 2018

Current status and the proposed criteria for artificial recharge of groundwater with reclaimed municipal wastewater are discussed with special reference to controlling microbial pathogens and trace organic contaminants. The draft criteria have been developed by the State of California Interagency Water Reclamation Coordinating Committee, followed by the Groundwater Recharge Committee of the Department of Health Services (DHS). The proposed criteria are in the final review process and are expected to be adopted in late 1992 by the DHS as a part of the revised, state-wide Wastewater Reclamation Criteria.
The discussions and the draft criteria presented in this paper facilitate the approval of groundwater recharge projects by identifying the nature and characteristics of groundwater recharge projects that do not jeopardize the public water supply systems including use of groundwater for potable water supply. These criteria are intended to provide uniform state-wide application of regulations on which to regulate and design groundwater recharge projects using reclaimed municipal wastewater as a source of recharge water.
Phosphorus Release Kinetics in Biofilm Reactors
Authors: Ruiz-Treviño F. A. , González-Martínez S. , Doria-Serrano C. , Hernández-Esparza M. 
Published: May 2018

This paper presents the kinetic analysis, using Generalized Power-Law equations to describe the results of an experimental investigation conducted on a batch submerged biofilm reactor for phosphorus removal under an anaerobic/aerobic cycle. The observed rates and amounts of phosphorus release and organic substrate uptake in the anaerobic phase leads to a kinetic model in which these two variables are dependent on each other with a non-linear behaviour and reach equilibrium values in both cases, at different times and are function of rate constants ratio.
The model has a good fit with experimental data except for C uptake at anaerobic contact times longer than four hours, where other kinetics are implied.
Kinetic parameters were obtained with different initial substrate concentrations, anaerobic contact cycles, and type of substrates.
Transformation of Azo Dye AO-7 by Wastewater Biofilms
Authors: Harmer C. , Bishop P. 
Published: May 2018

Azo dyes are common contaminants in wastewater. Many are poorly removed by most typical municipal treatment processes. Those which are partially degraded may form toxic intermediates, particularly under anaerobic conditions. Acid Orange 7 (AO-7) is a simple azo dye which is biotransformable. In this study, bulk-phase factors affecting azo bond cleavage of AO-7 in a synthetic municipal wastewater were investigated using lab-scale, rotating drum biofilm reactors. A series of statistically designed experiments were used to characterize the response of the pseudo-steady state biofilms.
A variety of microorganisms from the activated sludge seed for the biofilm were found to be capable of transforming the AO-7. Biofilm removals of AO-7 ranged from 18 to 97%. Two maxima of AO-7 transformation rates were found-one at high bulk-phase dissolved oxygen and low COD removal flux, and another at low dissolved oxygen and high COD flux. No 1-amino 2-naphthol intermediate was detected. The sulfanilic acid intermediate was present at low dissolved oxygen levels. Suspended-phase COD removal was inhibited by AO-7, but the effect was not detected in the biofilm reactor system. AO-7 transformation and biological nitrification interact, but the impact is small.
Biofilm Reactors: A Compact Solution for the Upgrading of Waste Water Treatment Plants
Authors: Sagberg P. , Dauthuille P. , Hamon M. 
Published: May 2018

In order to obtain compact plants and to assure a greater treatment reliability, fixed film reactors have been developed. This biofiltration has been applied and proved for over a decade for carbon removal. Today, new applications appear in nitrogen and phosphate removals, which are able to respond to the upgrading of aging waste water treatment plants. Full scale plant results are presented in nitrification. The use of two stages of biofilm reactors (C + N) permits high effluent quality. Chemical phosphate removal and denitrification results obtained on pilot tests are also discussed. Some plants are now been built with such processes.
The VEAS concept, in Oslo, which includes four steps of fixed film reactors is discussed as an example of this present upgrading tendency.
Filtration at Bromma Sewage Treatment Plant
Authors: Andersson C. , Tendaj M. , Rothman M. 
Published: May 2018

The requirements for purification of the sewage will be more stringent in Sweden. For the three plants in Stockholm - Henriksdal, Bromma and Loudden the proposed limit concentrations for BOD7, total phosphorus and total nitrogen are 10, 0.3 and 15 respectively. A limit value of 0.3 mg/l of phosphorus in the effluent will require a filtration stage.
In this paper results are presented from filter tests at Bromma sewage treatment plant. The tests were carried out during almost two years and included operation of different types of sand dual-media downflow filters and an upflow filter. The filters were tested with respect to sludge accumulation capacity, suspended solids removal and phosphorus removal at different operation conditions including chemical precipitation in the filters.
Fermentation of Raw Sludge and Elutriation of Resultant Fatty Acids to Promote Excess Biological Phosphorus Removal
Authors: Pitman A. R. , Lötter L. H. , Alexander W. V. , Deacon S. L. 
Published: May 2018

Research in South Africa has highlighted the dependence of biological phosphate removal mechanisms on the presence of certain minimum concentrations of some readily biodegradable materials including interalia volatile fatty acids. Generation of these compounds was achieved on an experimental basis at the Johannesburg Northern Works by the fermentation of primary sludge either in primary settling tanks or off-line in high rate “acid” digesters.
Elutriation of the volatile fatty acids from the sludge was achieved by recycling the sludge to the influent sewage stream. Significant improvements in phosphate removal were observed and it was decided to design primary sludge treatment facilities to specifically generate the volatile fatty acids.
This paper describes the design philosophy adopted and discusses the preliminary results obtained from the recently commissioned plant at the Johannesburg Northern Works and Bushkoppie plants.
Generation of an Effective Internal Carbon Source for Denitrification through Thermal Hydrolysis of Pre-Precipitated Sludge
Authors: Smith G. , Göransson J. 
Published: May 2018

Chemical pre-treatment with highly charged metal salts gives an effluent low in both organic substances and phosphorus. To use pre-precipitation as the first step in sewage treatment improves nitrification in the following biological step. The chemically precipitated sludge contains 75% or more of the organic substances in the raw sewage and can by a hydrolysis process be converted to readily degradable organic substances.
This paper will review experiences from tests with thermal hydrolysis in a full scale plant as well as results from laboratory studies.
Northern Europe's Largest Wastewater Treatment Plant in Copenhagen Upgraded to Nutrient Removal
Authors: Hansen J. L. , Nielsen P. S. 
Published: May 2018

In connection with the Danish Action Plan on the Aquatic Environment (APAE), the Copenhagen wastewater treatment plants are to be upgraded to nutrient removal. This paper describes the way in which the basis of the decision in respect of design load, choice of treatment process, upgrade type, etc. is achieved.
There are 2 wastewater treatment plants in Copenhagen and it is possible either to upgrade both plants or only to upgrade one and close the other one. It was decided to upgrade both plants and we describe the rationale for this decision.
An extensive effort has been made in order to choose the treatment process. The technical-financial evaluation of various methods will be described, as will the testing of the chosen methods in pilot plants. The design load criteria include the present load, industrial discharges of nutrients, runoff, infiltration, water consumption forecasts, and wastewater temperature.
Finally, the plans for a gradual extension are described. The first stage aims at an extension to the load expected in 1996 when the plant will be put into operation, however, with the possibility to adapt the size of the works during construction, if developments do not correspond to expectations.
Long-Term Sludge Disposal Policy in The Netherlands
Authors: Meijer H. A. 
Published: May 2018

The disposal of sewage sludge in The Netherlands will change in the coining ten years from predominantly beneficial use to landfill after optimum volume and solids reduction by technical means. A new regulation prohibits the beneficial use of sludge, even when pollutants are present in very small quantities.
Compared with limit values that are regarded as acceptable in regulations elsewhere in the world, the new Dutch standards are very stringent. Unfortunately the flue gas standards for sludge incineration are also more severe than in other countries, necessarily requiring high tech facilities to achieve these limits. As a result sludge treatment costs will rise immensely in the future. A secondary effect is that studies on the development of alternative technologies for sludge treatment, besides drying, composting and incineration, once again become meaningful. Such alternatives include melting and wet oxidation.
The Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Commission's Toxic Substances Control Program for the Ohio River
Authors: Tennant P. A. , Norman C. G. , Vicory A. H. 
Published: May 2018

The Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Commission (ORSANCO) is an interstate agency created in 1948 to administer a state compact which calls for the abatement of water pollution in the Ohio Valley. Since 1975, ORSANCO has conducted routine monitoring programs to detect the presence of toxic chemicals in the Ohio River and in fish taken from the river. Such information is particularly important as the Ohio River, a major river in the United States, serves as a water supply to over three million people and is used extensively for recreational purposes. The monitoring results have shown several problems: contamination of fish tissue by PCBs and chlordane, concentrations of certain metals which exceed chronic aquatic life criteria in 10 to 25 percent of the samples analyzed, and levels of certain volatile organic compounds which exceeded criteria established to prevent one additional cancer per one million population in almost half the samples analyzed.
In 1986, the Commission initiated a Toxic Substances Control Program which was designed to identify sources of the toxics problems and prescribe corrective actions. Because of the multitude of potential sources of toxics along the Ohio, the river was divided into seven segments for intensive study. To date, studies have been initiated on four segments. In addition, special topic studies have been conducted on the river as a whole to address the suitability of the river as a source of drinking water, trends in parameter levels, and the relationship between surface and ground water quality.
Findings to date:Point source discharges to the river do not cause widespread toxics problems.Nonpoint sources, including urban runoff and contaminated ground water, are significant sources of toxics to the river.Levels of certain toxics in tributaries are also an important source.Under “normal ” situations (i.e., excluding spills), the Ohio River provides a suitable source water for public supply after appropriate treatment.Levels of many metals and volatile organic compounds have decreased over the past 10 years.
Private Capital Participation: Choices and Constraints
Authors: Kinnersley D. 
Published: May 2018

The scope for involving private capital participation in wastewater treatment and pollution control is attracting attention in a number of countries. After noting briefly some influences giving rise to this trend, this paper discusses frameworks in which such participation may be developed.
In some aspects, there are choices available and it is essential to shape the private participation appropriately to the community's situation and problems, with due recognition of the hazards also involved. In other aspects, policy choices are more constrained, and there are requirements which it is suggested all private participation frameworks should provide for as clearly as possible.
Effective private participation generally depends on re-designing and strengthening the role of government as the scale of its former role is reduced. Getting this re-design of the government role right is at least as important as making appropriate choices for format of private participation.
Removal of Salmonella, Streptococci and Coliforms in Pig Breeding Effluent by Anaerobic Mesophilic Digestion
Authors: Duarte E. A. , Mendes B. , Oliveira J. S. 
Published: May 2018

Removal of bacteria has been followed in a continuously stirred reactor working at 37 °C and 54.9 °C on pig breeding effluents. The reduction of total and faecal coliforms, total and faecal Streptococci and Salmonella was extremely important, especially under thermophilic conditions.
Biomethanisation may be considered as an efficient treatment for organic load reduction and biogas production, and also for nutrients recovery and for pathogens removal, being an important contribution for a global and integrated scheme of pollution control and environmental protection.
Struvite (MgNH4PO4·6H2O) Solubility and Its Application to a Piggery Effluent Problem
Authors: Webb K. M. , Ho G. E. 
Published: May 2018

Struvite (MgNH4PO4·6H2O) solution chemistry was studied in order to understand a struvite scaling problem which exists in the pipe network of a series of 4 effluent lagoons at a piggery.
The conditional solubility constant (PS=SMG·SNH3−N·SPO4−P, equilibrium S values (M)) was determined over a range of pH values (6.8-8.5) and solution concentrations of Mg, NH3−N and PO4−P close to field conditions, and at a temperature of 30°C.
A comparison of field and laboratory data indicates struvite precipitates from the second lagoon onwards. The solubility data obtained also indicate potential for precipitation as a method of nutrient removal from wastewaters.
ION Exchange Characterisation of Modified Zeolite
Authors: Cerjan-Stefanovic Š , Kaštelan-Macan M. , Filipan T. 
Published: May 2018

Isomorphous substitution of phosphorus into a natural zeolite affords the possibility to change the overall framework charge from negative to positive. The substances so created should be used for purification of waste waters.
The work describes the preparation of phosphated zeolite, their characterisation and examples of their anion exchange of NO3 on observed in deionized water, drinking water and in the solution containing varying amounts of nitrate.
Fine Bubble Aeration Using a High Density Diffuser System
Authors: Thatcher K. 
Published: May 2018

Current developments with the activated sludge processes with highly concentrated effluents highlight the requirement to (a) reduce energy usage (b) promote the production of high quality effluent.
Having observed the efforts being made to improve plant performance we became aware that current methods had to be improved. It was also noted that a period of stagnation had occurred in the development of effective aeration systems.
Improved aeration methods are needed which would allow for oxygen transfer efficiencies to be greater than 2kg/kWh. Such oxygen transfer rates should be continually variable in line with the oxygen demand prevailing at any given time.
In our study of activated sludge plants we found that operational and electrical/mechanical maintenance was proving to be time consuming and very costly.
With these problems in mind we have designed and developed the Fine Bubble High Density Diffuser System.
Sequencing Batch Reactors - An Overview
Authors: Norcross K. L. 
Published: May 2018

Sequencing Batch Reactors (SBR's) offer many advantages and few disadvantages to the wastewater treatment process selection. Due to the relatively recent surge of interest in SBR's, few plants have been on-line long enough for Engineers to have developed a thorough understanding of all design aspects and considerations. The author has been involved directly in the design, equipment supply, start-up and operation of almost 60 SBR's of all sizes. About two thirds of the installations are municipal and one-third of these installations are industrial sites involving wastes from food processors, dairies, distilleries, petro-chemical manufacturers, landfill leachate, tanneries, Government munition plants and pharmaceutical manufacturers. The control of filamentous bulking has also been excellent with SBR's.
This paper will consider the mechanical, process and control aspects for design of an SBR. The mechanical aspects will include HRT and basin sizing, selection of aeration equipment and effluent decanters. The process parameters discussed will include loading rates and F:M considerations, MLSS concentration, oxygen requirements and D.O. uptake rate, flow proportional aeration, the benefits of an anoxic fill cycle, and finally, nutrient removal. Control considerations are briefly discussed.
Determination of Some Kinetic Parameters by Respirometry
Authors: Roš M. , Dular M. 
Published: May 2018

Individual kinetic parameters such as BOD, biodegradation of wastewater, reaction time, maximal substrate rate can be determined by respirometry. For the determination of main respirometric parameters (STBOD, BODr, reaction time, etc.) overall oxygen transfer coefficient, KLa, is needed. This parameter can be determined with dynamic method in an open respirometer at limited conditions (constant temperature, constant stirring conditions).
It was found out that KLa is dependent upon concentration of the activated sludge; it can be determined with about 2% of relative standard deviation.
The objective of our research work was determination of maximal exogenous oxygen uptake, re max and maximal substrate utilisation, µmax, which is very important kinetic parameter at wastewater treatment. These parameters show us the maximal substrate (wastewater) utilisation for appointed activated sludge.
Anaerobic and Aerobic Submerged Bio-Filter System for Small Scale On-Site Domestic Sewage Treatment
Authors: Watanabe T. , Kuniyasu K. , Ohmori H. 
Published: May 2018

In order to prevent water pollution and satisfy the demands for flush toilets in regions where a public sewerage system has not been in service, some on-site small scale domestic wastewater treatment processes called GAPPEI JOHKASOU have been developed to treat black water and gray water together in an individual house. Prior to its technical development, the characteristics of wastewater discharged from individual houses should be measured.
The possibility of application of anaerobic filter is examined for processing organic wastewater at low concentration like in domestic wastewater, and an anaerobic filteris successfully developed to lengthen the sludge removal interval, since the flow rate of wastewater from individual houses is characterized by a large variation.
It is difficult to serve the centralized treatment systems in many regions. Thus, a small GAPPEI JOHKASOU has been developed and propagated for by individual houses in such regions.