bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recent progress in homogeneous Lewis acid catalysts for the transformation of hemicellulose and cellulose into valuable chemicals, fuels, and nanocellulose
Authors: Chen You Wei , Lee Hwei Voon 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe evolution from petroleum-based products to the bio-based era by using renewable resources is one of the main research challenges in the coming years. Lignocellulosic biomass, consisting of inedible plant material, has emerged as a potential alternative for the production of biofuels, biochemicals, and nanocellulose-based advanced materials. The lignocellulosic biomass, which consists mainly of carbohydrate-based polysaccharides (hemicellulose and cellulose), is a green intermediate for the synthesis of bio-based products. In recent years, the re-engineering of biomass into a variety of commodity chemicals and liquid fuels by using Lewis acid catalysts has attracted much attention. Much research has been focused on developing new chemical strategies for the valorization of different biomass components. Homogeneous Lewis acid catalysts seem to be one of the most promising catalysts due to their astonishing features such as being less corrosive to equipment and being friendlier to the environment, as well as having the ability to disrupt the bonding system effectively and having high selectivity. Thus, these catalysts have emerged as important tools for the highly selective transformation of biomass components into valuable chemicals and fuels. This review provides an insightful overview of the most important recent developments in homogeneous Lewis acid catalysis toward the production and upgrading of biomass. The chemical valorization of the main components of lignocellulosic biomass (hemicellulose and cellulose), the reaction conditions, and process mechanisms are reviewed.
The approach of ‘successive approximations over characteristic interactions’ for inverse problems of nuclear-geophysical technologies
Authors: Khisamutdinov Alfred I. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe paper is focused on problems for transport equations and random processes related to nuclear-geophysical technologies. The main attention is paid to problems of medium parameters evaluation on the base of measurement data. The results of the development of the approach and numerical methods for ‘successive approximations over characteristic interactions’ developed for solution of such problems are presented.
Comparative analysis of vector algorithms for statistical modelling of polarized radiative transfer process
Authors: Mikhailov Gennady A. , Prigarin Sergei M. , Rozhenko Sergey A. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
The comparative efficiency of different algorithms of statistical modelling of polarized radiation transfer process is studied for the problem with molecular matrix of scattering. The vector illumination and brightness are calculated for passing and reflected radiation. A statistical nuclear estimator is developed for evaluation of the corresponding angular distributions taking into account the weights of registered quanta.
Experimental study on the durability of FRP bars reinforced concrete beams in simulated ocean environment
Authors: Dong Zhiqiang , Wu Gang , Lian Jinlong 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
In this paper, the flexural performance of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) bars reinforced concrete (RC) beams after conditioning in a simulated seawater wet-dry cycling environment for 6, 9 and 12 months is experimentally investigated. Two types of FRP bars, i.e. basalt FRP (BFRP) bars and steel-FRP composite bars (SFCBs), are adopted. Steel bars are employed for comparison. During the conditioning, a constant load is coupled to the beams. A total of 24 simply supported beams are tested. In addition, microscopic damage to the conditioned BFRP bars is detected by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The test results indicated that total corrosion was observed at the surface of the bottom longitudinal steel bars after a maximum exposure of 12 months. However, the degradation of the macro-mechanical properties of the steel bars RC beam was not distinct. The ultimate load of the BFRP bars RC beams after 6 months, 9 months and 12 months was reduced by 22%, 33% and 42%, respectively. The yield load and ultimate load of the SFCBs RC beams were reduced by a maximum of 18% and 38%, respectively. The SEM observations revealed that there were distinct damages at the outer layer of the BFRP bars after 12-month conditioning.
Free and forced vibration analysis of rectangular/circular/annular plates made of carbon fiber-carbon nanotube-polymer hybrid composites
Authors: Ahmadi Masoud , Ansari Reza , Rouhi Hessam 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
A multiscale finite element method is adopted in this paper to study the vibrational characteristics of polymer matrix composite plates reinforced with the combination of carbon fibers (CFs) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The effects of nanoscale and microscale are coupled through a two-step procedure. In the first step, random dispersion of CNTs into the polymer matrix is modelled using a three-phase representative volume element (RVE). In the selected RVE, the influence of the interphase formed because of non-bonded interactions between the polymer matrix and CNTs is taken into account. In the second step, the distribution of CFs into the composite is modelled, and the elastic properties of CF-CNT-polymer matrix hybrid composite are calculated for various values of volume fractions of reinforcement phases. Then, the free and forced vibration behaviors of composite plates are analyzed. It is considered that the plates have rectangular, circular, and annular shapes and are under clamped/simply supported edge conditions. The effects of CNT/CF reinforcement on the elastic modulus and density of composite and on the free/forced vibration response of the considered structures are investigated. It is shown that the vibrational behavior of plates is significantly affected by the hybrid reinforcement with CNT and CF.
Influence of nano-SiO2 on the bonding strength and wear resistance properties of polyurethane coating
Authors: Wang Fangfang , Feng Lajun , Ma Huini , Zhai Zhe , Liu Zheng 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
To improve the wear resistance of polyurethane (PU) coating and its adhesion to the steel substrate, a series of simple and practicable techniques were designed to mix nano-SiO2 with PU powder to cast a coating layer onto the steel. When the addition of nano-SiO2 was small, a network structure of PU-SiO2 was produced. It improved the wear resistance of the composite coating and its adhesion to the steel substrate. When the addition of nano-SiO2 was excessive, agglomerated nano-SiO2 particles not only affected the bond between the PU resin and the steel substrate but also became abrasive materials, intensifying the abrasion of the composite coating during friction. It resulted in lower bonding strength and poorer wear resistance of the composite coating. The wear rate and friction coefficient of 2 wt.% SiO2/PU composite coating were 1.52×10−6 cm3/min N and 0.31, respectively. Its wear resistance was about 10 times as high as that of the pure PU coating. Furthermore, a simple and practicable installation was designed to test the bonding strength between the coating and the steel substrate. The bonding strength between 2 wt.% SiO2/PU composite coating and the steel substrate was 7.33 MPa, which was 39% higher than that of the pure PU coating.
Health-Related Inequalities in Life Satisfaction Among the 50+ Population in Europe: Evidence From SHARE
Authors: Ryser Valérie-Anne , Weaver France , Gonçalves Judite 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBased on the theory of Cumulative (Dis)Advantage over the life course, this study makes three contributions. Using the concentration index, it documents the extent to which life satisfaction (LS) is unequally distributed with respect to health status (HS) in the 50+ population of SHARE. It shows that HS, widowhood and adaptation processes are important factors that correlate significantly with these inequalities in all countries studied. Finally, this study reveals that the 50+ population across Europe experiences cumulative disadvantage, both in terms of HS and LS.
The codes of ethics of Chilean corporations: An investigation of the functions they serve
Authors: Salas Millaray 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
In the last seven years, several corporate scandals have shaken public confidence in Chilean corporations. Considering this scenario and the fact that business ethics is an under-researched area in Chile, this study set out to examine one corporate genre, namely, codes of ethics. The codes of ethics from eight Chilean companies were analyzed. This sample offers both typicality and systematic variety as the eight texts have been produced by large-sized companies, five of which have been involved in media scandals. Each sentence was analyzed in order to determine what function it serves. The functions that exhibit the highest occurrence frequency in the corpus are educational (35.8% of sentences) and regulatory (33.9%). The other functions which emerge from the data are self-promotional (8.8%), inspirational (8.5%), commissive (7.8%), and aspirational (4.9%). The predominance of educational and regulatory functions evidences a deontological, compliance-based approach, while the striking salience of the self-promotional function, which ranks third, suggests the strong sense of pride which, according to some Chilean scholars, characterizes the Chilean entrepreneurial class. A critical analysis of the quantitative results and the language used in these documents points to some rhetorical flaws, which may render these texts ineffective.
New insights into the interaction between mammalian butyrylcholinesterase and amitriptyline: a combined experimental and computational approach
Authors: Teralı Kerem , Dalmizrak Ozlem , Uzairu Sani Muhammad , Ozer Nazmi 
Published: August 2018

Abstract

Background
Today, there is a growing recognition in the scientific community of the many roles of butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) in both physiological and pathological contexts.

Objective
Here, we aim at providing an accurate and comprehensive understanding of the mechanistic and structural aspects of mammalian BChE inhibition by the tricyclic antidepressant amitriptyline (AMI).

Materials and methods
The present work involves enzyme kinetic studies as well as protein–ligand docking and interaction profiling studies.

Results
We verify that AMI acts as an effective, mixed-type inhibitor of mammalian BChE, with an IC
50 value of 10 μM and a K
i value of 2.25 μM. We also provide evidence showing that AMI penetrates deep into the active-site gorge of BChE where it interacts noncovalently with both the choline-binding and catalytic residues.

Conclusion
These findings could facilitate the prevention of the adverse metabolic sequelae of acquired BChE deficiency and also the design of new reversible anticholinesterase drugs.
Towards solvent tuning of slow magnetic relaxation and ferroelectric properties in a dysprosium metal–organic framework system
Authors: Zhang Lina , Guan Shuyan , Fan Yunchang , Du Chenxia , Zhao Dan , Liu Baozhong 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
A new dysprosium metal–organic framework {[Dy2(L)3(H2O)4]·(acetone)2·(H2O)3}
n
(Dy2-Acetone) with single-molecule magnet and ferroelectric properties was synthesized through a solvent-induced single-crystal-to-single-crystal (SCSC) transformation. Notably, exchange of the coordinated and guest solvent molecules lead to different magnetic relaxation and ferroelectric properties in the dysprosium MOF system, Dy2-DMF and Dy2-Acetone. Study reveals that the tunable magnetic relaxation behaviors are most likely a result of different local coordination sphere and lattice solvent molecules within the pores which influenced and tuned the relaxation rates of the magnetization. Moreover, disparate polar solvent molecules confined in the MOFs may be the key factors for their different ferroelectric properties.
Eine Röntgenkleinwinkelkamera mittleren Auflösungsvermögens ohne Spaltlängsverschmierung / A Small-Angle-Scattering Camera of Medium Resolution without Slithigh-Error Small-Angle-X-Ray-Scattering, Bacterial Cell Walls, Fats
Authors: Wawra H. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
A small-angle-scattering camera of medium resolution without slithigh-error has been constructed and samples of biological materials as natural fats, murein and lipopolysaccharide preparates of gramnegative bacteria have been investigated.
Effect of Substituted Pyridazinone Herbicides and of Difunone (EMD-IT 5914) on Carotenoid Biosynthesis in Green Algae
Authors: Urbach D , Suchanka M , Urbach W 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
The carotenoid biosynthesis of the green alga Ankistrodesmus braunii is blocked if these cells are cultured in presence of sublethal doses of pyridazinone herbicides (San 9789, San 6706, BASF 44521) or of the herbicide difunone (EMD-IT 5914). The amount of colored carotenoids normally found in these algae is reduced drastically and the precursors phytoene and phytofluene are accumulated. Furthermore a decrease in the chlorophyll level occurs in the treated cells, but there is a stronger loss of chlorophyll a, resulting in a lowering of the chlorophyll a/b ratio with time. Concerning the activity of substituted pyridazinones leading to inhibition of carotenoid biosynthesis this effect can be related to the chemical structure of these compounds: a trifluoromethyl substitution of the phenyl ring and a mono- or dimethyl substitution of the amine (San 9789, San 6706) or a methoxy group instead of the substituted amine (BASF 44521) are required both for this effect. Other pyridazinone derivatives with either a trifluoromethyl substitution of the phenyl ring (San 9774) or a dimethyl substitution of the amine (San 9785) or a methoxy group (BASF 13761) are without any effect on the pigment pattern of these algae.
On the Mechanism of the Acridine Orange Sensitized Photodynamic Inactivation of Lysozyme II. Kinetics in Presence of N-Acetylglucosamine
Authors: Rosenkranz Peter , Schmidt Hartmut 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
The photodynamic deactivation of lysozyme in presence of acridine orange is caused by a reaction between singlet oxygen formed via the dye triplet state and the protein. In order to identify the region where the singlet oxygen reacts with the protein we have investigated the kinetics of the deactivation in presence of the inhibitor of the enzymatic reaction N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc). The overall experimental rate constant becomes slower with increasing saccharide concentrations. As we can exclude experimentally that this kinetical effect is caused in presence of the saccharide by a physical quenching of singlet oxygen or of the dye triplet state it has to be assumed that GlcNAc protects the surrounding of its binding place at subsite C of the enzymatic center sterically against an attack of singlet oxygen. In this region three tryptophan residues are located, which could be sensitive against singlet oxygen. Surprisingly, however, it has been found that only those species are protected, in which a second saccharide molecule is bound to the protein, probably at subsite E at the enzymatic center, where no sensitive amino acid side chains are located.
Indirect Evidence for a Very Fast Recovery Kinetics of Chlorophyll-aII in Spinach Chloroplasts
Authors: Gläser M , Wolff Ch , Renger G 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
The 690 nm absorption change reflecting the turnover of the system-II-reaction center chlorophyll, Chl-aII (often referred to as P 680), has been investigated under different experimental conditions in spinach chloroplasts. A comparison was made with oxygen evolution and with absorption changes of Chl-aI measured at 703 nm, both indicating the number of electrons produced by system II. It was found:
1. The dependency on actinic flash intensity of the initial amplitudes of the measured 690 nm absorption change, ∆A0 (Chl-an), markedly differs for normal and for Tris-washed chloroplasts, respectively.
2. The saturation curve of ∆A0 (Chl-an) in Tris-washed chloroplasts is similar to that for the total amplitude of the 703 nm absorption change, ∆A0 (Chl-aI), in normal chloroplasts, and can be described by an exponential function. On the other hand, ∆A0 (Chl-aII) in normal chloroplasts exhibits a more complex biphasic dependency and much higher flash intensities are required for saturation.
3. Under repetitive flash group excitation and in the presence of an A D R Y (= acceleration of the deactivation reactions of the water-splitting enzyme system Y)-reagent the initial amplitude of the 690 nm absorption change oscillates in the same characteristic pattern as the oxygen evolution.
4. The initial amplitude of the 690 nm absorption change, ∆A0(Chl-aII), in Tris-washed chloroplasts becomes significantly smaller (more than 50%) by the addition of system-II-electron donors (benzidine, p-phenylendiamine, tetraphenylboron), whereas the total amplitude of the 703 nm absorption change, ∆A0(Chl-aI) increases 3 -4-fold.
In order to explain these results, the existance of a very fast reduction kinetics of Chl-aII
+ is postulated, which is not detectable by our measuring equipment. The half time of this reaction is ≦ 1 μs. Reaction centers with the very fast “undetected” Chl-aII
+-reduction are photochemically transformed into slower one by double hit processes with a comparatively low quantum yield. Furthermore, it is inferred, that the dark recovery kinetics of Chl-aII is dependent on the charge accumulation state of the watersplitting enzyme system Y. This phenomenon is shown to explain also the oscillation pattern of delayed fluorescence. On the basis of the present results two alternative reaction schemes for the functional organization of the electron transport on the donor side of system II are discussed.
Der Dotterkern in jungen Oocyten von Noemacheilus barbatulus (L.) (Teleostei, Cobitidae) / The Yolk Nucleus in Young Oocytes of Neomacheilus barbatulus (L.) (Teleostei, Cobitidae)
Authors: Riehl Rüdiger 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
The Yolk Nucleus in Young Oocytes of Neomacheilus barbatulus (L.) (Teleostei, Cobitidae) Yolk Nucleus, Oocytes, Electron Microscopy, Noemacheilus barbatulus The yolk nucleus in the young oocytes of the freshwater teleost Noemacheilus barbatulus (L.) was investigated by electron microscopy. Yolk nuclei are only found in stage I. They consist of nucleolar substance, mitochondria and partly of dictyosomes. The nucleolar material leaves the nucleus through the pores of the nuclear membrane and gets into the juxtanuclear cytoplasm. It mainly consists of ribonucleic acid. The yolk nuclei of Noemacheilus doesn’t have any relations to the formation of yolk.
Rhodopsin Particles in the Photoreceptor Membrane of an Insect
Authors: Boschek C. Bruce , Hamdorf Kurt 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Rhodopsin, Insect Photoreceptor, Freeze Fracture Electron-microscopic examination of freeze-fractured fly retinae has revealed the presence of particles, 80 to 100 Å in diameter, on the photoreceptor membrane. Flies which were raised on a vitamin-A deficient diet show a substantial reduction in the density of such particles. The reduction in particle density is in agreement with the reduction in visual-pigment concentration as measured spectrophotometrically for these flies. These results suggest that the particles are identical with molecules of the visual pigment, rhodopsin.
Expression of Virus Specific Morphological Cell Transformation Induced in E nucleated Cells
Authors: Beug H. , Peters J. H. , Graf T. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Chick embryo fibroblasts infected by a temperature sensitive mutant of Rous sarcoma virus were enucleated with Cytochalasin B. The cytoplasts were still able to transform morphologically when shifted from nonpermissive to permissive temperature, and to revert to normal morphology when shifted from permissive to nonpermissive temperature. This indicates that the viral gene product responsible for transformation acts primarily on cytoplasmic or membrane components and not on the nucleus.
Kinetic Analysis of Unilateral Landings in Female Volleyball Players After a Dynamic and Combined Dynamic-Static Warm-up
Authors: Avedesian Jason M. , Judge Lawrence W. , Wang Henry , Dickin D. Clark 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Avedesian, JM, Judge, LW, Wang, H, and Dickin, DC. Kinetic analysis of unilateral landings in female volleyball players after a dynamic and combined dynamic-static warm-up. J Strength Cond Res 33(6): 1524–1533, 2019—A warm-up is an important period before training or competition to prepare an athlete for the physical demands of subsequent activity. Previous research has extensively focused on the effects of warm-up in relation to various jumping performance attributes; however, limited research has examined the biomechanical nature of landings after common warm-up practices. Twelve female, collegiate-level volleyball players performed unilateral landings on the dominant and nondominant limb before and after dynamic warm-ups and combined dynamic-static (CDS) warm-ups. Kinetic variables of interest were measured at the hip and knee during the landing phase of a volleyball-simulated jump-landing maneuver. A significant 3-way interaction (warm-up × limb × time) for peak internal knee adduction moment was observed, as this kinetic parameter significantly increased (p = 0.01; d = 0.79) in the nondominant limb at 1-minute post-CDS warm-up. No other warm-up differences were detected; however, significant main effects of limb were determined for dominant-limb internal hip abduction moment (p < 0.01; d = 1.32), dominant-knee internal rotation moment (p < 0.01; d = 1.88), and nondominant-knee external rotation moment (p < 0.01; d = 1.86), which may be due to altered hip and trunk mechanics during the jump landings. This information provides strength and conditioning professionals with biomechanical information to determine warm-up protocols that reduce the risk of injury in female volleyball athletes.
ПІДВИЩЕННЯ РОЛІ ІНТЕЛЕКТУАЛІЗАЦІЇ ТА ІННОВАТИЗАЦІЇ ПРАЦІ ТА УПРАВЛІНСЬКОЇ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ В УМОВАХ НОВОЇ ПРОМИСЛОВОЇ РЕВОЛЮЦІЇ
Authors: Galyuk I. B. 
Published: August 2018

Стаття спрямована на дослідження взаємозв’язку можливостей реалізації промислової революції в умовах України з існуючим рівнем інтелектуалізації та інноватизації діяльності з метою аналізу передумов забезпечення проривних результатів діяльності. На основі аналізу статистичних даних щодо наукової та інноваційної діяльності визначено, що на сьогоднішній день основні передумови для реалізації промислової революції не забезпечені. Дані питання можуть бути вирішені лише на основі аналізу тріади “інтелектуалізація – інноватизація – промислова революція” як взаємовизначаючих компонент проривних результатів діяльності.
ТЕОРЕТИЧНІ АСПЕКТИ ОЦІНЮВАННЯ ТРУДОВОГО ПОТЕНЦІАЛУ ПІДПРИЄМСТВА
Authors: Andriichuk Yu.A. , Hladun S.O. 
Published: August 2018

У статті розглянуто сучасні умови господарювання вітчизняних підприємств. Проаналізовано актуальність оцінювання трудового потенціалу підприємства. Розмежовано поняття оцінка та оцінювання трудового потенціалу підприємства. Визначено основну мету оцінювання трудового потенціалу. Конкретизовано завдання оцінювання трудового потенціалу підприємства.
Сьогодні зростає актуальність оцінювання трудового потенціалу підприємтсва як раціональне підгрунтя управління ним з метою підвищення ефективності менеджменту підприємства. Подальші наукові дослідження потрібно проводити в напрямку вивчення та систематизації показників з метою розроблення єдиної методики оцінювання трудового потенціалу підпиємства.