bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Einstein's gravitation is Einstein-Grossmann's equations
Authors: Gomez Alfonso Leon Guillen 
Published: November 2018

While the philosophers of science discuss the General Relativity, the mathematical physicists do not question it. Therefore, there is a conflict. From the theoretical point view â€œthe question of precisely what Einstein discovered remains unanswered, for we have no consensus over the exact nature of the theory's foundations. Is this the theory that extends the relativity of motion from inertial motion to accelerated motion, as Einstein contended? Or is it just a theory that treats gravitation geometrically in the spacetime setting?â€. â€œThe voices of dissent proclaim that Einstein was mistaken over the fundamental ideas of his own theory and that their basic principles are simply incompatible with this theory. Many newer texts make no mention of the principles Einstein listed as fundamental to his theory; they appear as neither axiom nor theorem. At best, they are recalled as ideas of purely historical importance in the theory's formation. The very name General Relativity is now routinely condemned as a misnomer and its use often zealously avoided in favour of, say, Einstein's theory of gravitation What has complicated an easy resolution of the debate are the alterations of Einstein's own position on the foundations of his theoryâ€, (Norton, 1993) [1]. Of other hand from the mathematical point view the â€œGeneral Relativity had been formulated as a messy set of partial differential equations in a single coordinate system. People were so pleased when they found a solution that they didn't care that it probably had no physical significanceâ€ (Hawking and Penrose, 1996) [2]. So, during a time, the declaration of quantum theorists: â€œI take the positivist viewpoint that a physical theory is just a mathematical model and that it is meaningless to ask whether it corresponds to reality. All that one can ask is that its predictions should be in agreement with observation.â€Â (Hawking and Penrose, 1996) [2] seemed to solve the problem, but recently achieved with the help of the tightly and collectively synchronized clocks in orbit frontally contradicts fundamental assumptions of the theory of Relativity. These observations are in disagree from predictions of the theory of Relativity. (Hatch, 2004a, 2004b, 2007)Â [3,4,5]. The mathematical model was developed first by Grossmann who presented it, in 1913, as the mathematical part of the Entwurf theory, still referred to a curved Minkowski spacetime. Einstein completed the mathematical model, in 1915, formulated for RiemannÂ´s spacetimes. In this paper, we present as of General Relativity currently remains only the mathematical model, darkened with the results of Hatch and, course, we conclude that a EinsteinÂ´s gravity theory does not exist.
Traveling wave solutions for the Couple Boiti-Leon-Pempinelli System by using extended Jacobian elliptic function expansion method
Authors: Khater Mostafa , Abdelrahman Mahmoud A.E. 
Published: November 2018

In this work, an extended Jacobian elliptic function expansion method is pro-posed for constructing the exact solutions of nonlinear evolution equations. The validity andÂ reliability of the method are tested by its applications to the Couple Boiti-Leon-PempinelliÂ System which plays an important role in mathematical physics.
Stagnation-Point Flow Towards a Heated Porous stretching Sheet Through a Porous Medium with Thermal Radiation and Variable Viscosity
Authors: Salama Faiza Ahmed 
Published: November 2018

An analysis is made for the steady two-dimensional stagnation-point flow in a porous medium of an incompressible viscous fluid towards a permeable stretching surface with variable viscosity and thermal radiation. The viscosity of the fluid is assumed to be an inverse linear function of the fluid temperature. The stretching velocityÂ and the surface temperature are assumed to vary linearly with the distance from the stagnation point. The governing equations for the problem where changed to dimensionless ordinary differential equations using scaling group of transformations. The transformed governing equations in the present study wereÂ solved numerically by usingÂ Rung-Kutta and Shooting method. Favorable comparison with previously published work is performed. A comparison between the analytical and numerical solutions hasÂ been included. The numericalÂ solutions are presented to illustrate the influence of the various values of the ratio of free stream velocity and stretching velocity, the viscosity variation parameter and the porosity parameter. These effects of the different parameter on the velocity and temperature profiles in the boundary layer as well as the coefficient of heat flux and shearingÂ stress at the surface are presented graphically to show interesting aspects of the solution.
Carbon nanotube: An indirect ~ 0 eV band gap material
Authors: Sharon Maheshwar , Kawale S. S. , Afre Rakesh , Sharon Madhuri , Bhosale C. H. 
Published: November 2018

Thin film of carbon was synthesized from camphor (C10H16O) by CVD technique in hydrogen atmosphere. For the first time it is confirmed the presence of almost zero indirect band gap in addition to its direct band gap.. Carrier concentration with intrinsic carbon is found to be around 1021 n/cm3. It is suggested that unless the zero indirect band gap is Â increased carbon thin film Â Â cannot be used for making a p:n junction. XRD, Raman and SEM analysis are performed.
The efficiency of application of virtual cross-sections method and hypotheses MELS in problems of wave signal propagation in elastic waveguides with rough surfaces
Authors: Avetisyan Ara Sergey 
Published: November 2018

The efficiency of virtual cross sections method and MELS (Magneto Elastic Layered Systems) hypotheses application is shown on model problem about distribution of wave field in thin surface layers of waveguide when plane wave signal is propagating in it. The impact of surface non-smoothness on characteristics of propagation of high-frequency horizontally polarized wave signal in isotropic elastic half-space is studied. It is shown that the non-smoothness leads to strong distortion of the wave signal over the waveguide thickness and along wave signal propagation direction as well. Â Numerical comparative analysis of change in amplitude and phase characteristics of obtained wave fields against roughness of weakly inhomogeneous surface of homogeneous elastic half-space surface is done by classical method and by proposed approach for different kind of non-smoothness.
Acceleration of Radiative Decay of Photon Counts With Increasing Numbers of Measurement Units: A Potential Large Scale Negative Zeno Effect That Matches With Lorentz Contraction and Photon Acceleration Durations
Authors: Dotta Blake T , Vares David A , Persinger Michael A 
Published: November 2018

Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â The reverse Zeno effect whereby an unstable quantum state associated with radiative decay is accelerated by frequent measurements was demonstrated experimentally for numbers of â€œspontaneousâ€ photons in a 3 m3 hyperdark chamber during the 60 s following a burst of applied photons.Â Numbers of photon counts were measured from one digital photomultiplier unit when either 1 (the reference) or 2, 3, or 4 units were measuring simultaneously. There was a median decrease of 50 photons per s with the addition of each additional simultaneous measurement by another unit. The energy was ~ 10-17 J per s and is equivalent to a wavelength of 10 nm. This quantity is equivalent to the energy of one neuron in the human brain displaying its upper limit (~1 kHz).Â The results suggest that this increment of energy may be a standard quantity that reflects the numbers of measurements by similar photoelectric currents to the decay of a single photon burst. The approximately 30 to 40 s required for the decay of photons per unit to inflect towards asymptote is consistent with the solution for the Lorentz contraction for the shift in electron mass-energy (10-17 J) with a wavelength of ~10 nm. The 30 to 40 s value is a solution for several applications to novel calculations involving fundamental parameters within the structure of space-time.
Study Of Some Mechanical Properties For Epoxy/ SiO2 Nano Particles Reinforced With 6 Layers Of CM E-Glass Fibers Composites
Authors: Farhan Ahmed Jadah , Hilal Ruaa 
Published: November 2018

In this study, the neat epoxy and nanocomposites with volume fraction (1, 3, 5, 7 and10%) of nano SiO2 particles reinforced with six layers of chopped mat E-glass fibers (CM) specimens were prepared by molding method. The results of Impact strengths of EP/SiO2 nanocomposites reinforced with 6 layers of CM E-glass fibers showed that Impact strength has a random behaviour with increasing volume fraction of SiO2 nanoparticles. The results showed an increase of Impact strengths with increasing the SiO2Â nanoparticles volume fraction at 1% vol. of SiO2 nanoparticles, then decreases with increasing volume fraction at 3% vol. of SiO2 nanoparticles, then the Impact strength increases with increasing volume fraction of SiO2 nanoparticles until the Impact strength reach to maximum values Â (78.93KJ/m2) at 7% vol. of SiO2 nanoparticles. And then Impact strength decreases with increasing volume fraction at 10% vol. of SiO2 nanoparticles.Also the results of shore D hardness of EP/SiO2 nanocomposites Â reinforced with 6 layers of CM E-glass fibers showed that Hardness No. an increase with increasing the SiO2Â nanoparticles volume fraction at 1% vol. of SiO2 nanoparticles, then decreases with increasing volume fraction at 3% vol. of SiO2 nanoparticles, then the Hardness No. increases with increasing volume fraction of SiO2 nanoparticles until the Hardness No. reach to maximum valuesÂ (85.03) at 10% vol. of SiO2 nanoparticles.Â
Effects of Structure and Morphology of Hydrothermally Grown ZnO Particles on the Photovoltaic Performance of Dye Sensitized Solar Cell
Authors: Alkahlout Amal Mahmoud 
Published: November 2018

Highly ordered microporous ZnO materials with crystalline structure were synthesized hydrothermally from three different Zn-precursorsnamely: Zinc-acetate, chloride, and nitrate. XRD investigations revealed that all the obtained powders have single phase zincite structure. The powder morphology was investigated by SEM which showed that the starting Zn-precursor affects the shape as well as the size of the obtained particles. A photoelectrodes fabricated using the three different synthesized microporous ZnO particles showed variation in photocurrent density (Jsc) dye loading and hence the efficiency with variation in structure texture, morphology and particle size.Â DSSC built with photoelectrodes made from Zn-acetate has the highest efficiency (5.4%) which is attributed to having lowest particle size and largest surface area available for dye loading. This increases light harvesting at the photoelectrode which in turn increases short circuit current density. On the other hand, the lowest current density (5.65mA/cm2) is obtained for DSSC with photolelctrodes made from Zn-nitrate.
Translocations In Space-Time and Simultaneous States of the Universe: Convergent Quantifications and Alternative Solutions from the Principles of Physics for the Challenges of â€œTime Travelâ€ and â€œParallel Universesâ€
Authors: Persinger Michael A 
Published: November 2018

Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Translation of four dimensional axes anywhere within the spatial and temporal boundaries of the universe would require quantitative values from convergence between parameters that reflect these limits. The presence of entanglement and volumetric velocities indicates that the initiating energy for displacement and transposition of axes would be within the upper limit of the rest mass of a single photon which is the same order of magnitude as a macroscopic Hamiltonian of the modified SchrÃ¶dinger wave function. The representative metaphor is that any local 4-D geometry, rather than displaying restricted movement through Minkowskian space, would instead expand to the total universal space-time volume before re-converging into another location where it would be subject to cause-effect. Within this transient context the contributions from the anisotropic features of entropy and the laws of thermodynamics would be minimal.Â The central operation of a fundamental unit of 10-20 J, the hydrogen line frequency, and the Bohr orbital time for ground state electrons would be required for the relocalized manifestation. Similar quantified convergence occurs for the ~1012 parallel states within space per Planckâ€™s time which solve for phase-shift increments where Casimir and magnetic forces intersect. Â Experimental support for these interpretations and potential applications is considered. The multiple, convergent solutions of basic universal quantities suggest that translations of spatial axes into adjacent spatial states and the transposition of four dimensional configurations any where and any time within the universe may be accessed but would require alternative perspectives and technologies.
Structural and Physical Properties Study of Some Phosphate Glasses Used for Radiation Shielding
Authors: Amer Taghreed Zaghloul 
Published: November 2018

Mossbauer Effect (ME) and Infrared (IR) spectroscopes are used to study the structure of some iron-sodium phosphate glasses containing strontium, with composition [(70-x) mol% P2O5. x mol% SrO, 15 mol% Fe2O3.15 mol% Na2O, where x= 3, 6,9,12 and 15]. These glasses can have many interesting applications especially as gamma ray attenuators.The amorphous nature and the glassy state character of these glasses can be confirmed from comparing the experimental and empirical values of both their density and molar volume. It was found that, as SrO was gradually increased the density increased while the molar volume decreased which may be due to the gradual decrease of the number of oxygen ion density in the glass networks.The micro-hardness and magnetic susceptibility are also increased, which can be attributed to the gradual migration of iron from glass network modifier (GNM) to glass network former (GNF) positions, as confirmed by IR and ME results. IR and ME analysis indicated that both ferric and ferrous have tetrahedral and octahedral symmetry respectively and acting as GNF and GNM at different SrO contents. The gradual replacement of P2O5 by SrO force the iron to transfer from GNM to GNF.The gamma-ray mass attenuation coefficient increased with the gradual increase of Sr2+ as heavy metal, while the HVL decreased.Â On the other hand the attenuation coefficient decreased with the increase of gamma-ray photon energy. So, these glasses can be used as transparent shielding materials for low gamma-ray energies and to capsulate the radio-active wastes, while the sample containing 15 mol% SrO, exhibits the highest attenuation coefficient.Â Â
Excitonic quasimolecules containing of two quantum dots
Authors: Pokutnyi Sergey I. , Salejda Wlodzimierz 
Published: November 2018

The possibility of occurrence of the excitonicÂ quasimolecule formed of spatially separated electrons and holes in a nanosystem that consistsÂ ofÂ CuO quantum dots synthesized in a silicate glass matrix. It is shown that the major contribution to the excitonic quasimolecule binding energy is made by the energy of the exchange interaction of electrons with holes and this contribution is much more substantial than the contribution of the energy of Coulomb interaction between the electrons and holes.
A perpetuum mobile of second kind is possible
Authors: Jaik Kalev 
Published: November 2018

Â Great and important discoveries befall there seldom, but this one is just such a discovery. The discovery is in physics which disproves the validness of the second law of thermodynamics and several others up to now conceptions of the physics, and can open a new and inexhaustible energy resource for the mankind --- the low temperature thermal energy of the environment. In short is my discovery such that against the principles of the up to now physics and the second law of thermodynamics is a perpetuum mobile of the second kind possible, and entropy is not irreversible.
Calculation of the atomic properties of excited states for B-atom using Hartree â€“ Fock approximation
Authors: Hussein Wasan Ali , J.AL-Sharaa Mayada 
Published: November 2018

In this paper were studied some atomic properties for Boron atom and like ions such as ( C+1 and N+2) for different excited states( where nequal (3,4,5). This system consists of five â€“electron : two electron each in(1S,2S-Level) with same quantum number except spin component ,where the first electron with spin up (Î±)and the other â€“down(Î²) and the Fifth electron puts in(n S-Level)with spin up(Î±).using Hartree â€“Fock approximation in position spaceand electron density at the nucleus Ï(0)Â have been calculated for these states of the same atom .
Earth's journey
Authors: Van Zanten Leonard 
Published: November 2018

In the beginning the earth was flat and no one was to prove that it was round, but with the advent in science this is now quite obvious. Â But no less obvious will be the fact that the earth has its seasons due to a rotation of precession rather than the fixed immovable position that current science has given it.Â And that in a manner of speaking the earth, like unto the moon orbiting the earth, also appears to have a single period of rotation for each orbital period that it makes around the sun.The earth thus for each single orbit around the sun makes one full turn of precession which gives it its seasons.Â That turn of precession then comes short of that one full turn of orbit by about 20 minutes.Â And it is by those 20 minutes each year that the earth appears to have a precession lasting 26.000 years; the axis of the earth pointing to the star called Polaris and by one half thereof (13.000 years) graduating towards the star called Vega.It however is not a precession, but rather a "regression," even as the seasons do not come about by a fixed axis but rather by a precessional axis.Â Â Â
Quantitative Conditions and Convergent Operations That Are Compatible With the Universe as a Persistent Generator of Successive Simulations
Authors: Persinger Michael A , Koren Stanley A 
Published: November 2018

Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â The capacity for computer-like simulations to be generated by massive information processing from electron-spin potentials supports Bostromâ€™s hypothesis that matter and human cognition might reflect simulations. Quantitative analyses of the basic assumptions indicate the universe may display properties of a simulation where photons behave as pixels and gravitons control the structural organization. The Lorentz solution for the square of the light and entanglement velocities converges with the duration of a single electron orbit that ultimately defines properties of matter. The approximately one trillion potential states within the same space with respect to the final epoch of the universe indicate that a different simulation, each with intrinsic properties, has been and will be generated as a type of tractrix defined by Â±2 to 3 days (total duration 5 to 6 days). It may define the causal limits within a simulation. Because of the intrinsic role of photons as the pixel unit, phenomena within which flux densities are enhanced, such as human cognition (particularly dreaming) and the cerebral regions associated with those functions, create the conditions for entanglement or excess correlations between contiguous simulations. The consistent quantitative convergence of operations indicates potential validity for this approach. The emergent solutions offer alternative explanations for the limits of predictions for multivariate phenomena that could be coupled to more distal simulations.
Study of the Absorptance of Si-gratings and of arrays of SiO2-filled trenches on Si-grating substrate
Authors: Ghmari Faouzi , Mezni Ilhem 
Published: November 2018

The purpose of this paper is to study the radiative properties of two model structures. The first model (A-1) is a rectangular grating of silicon (Si). The second one (A-2) is obtained from A-1 by filling their trenches by SiO2. These patterned wafers are characterized by three geometrical parameters, the period d, the filling factorand the thickness h. To derive and compute the radiative properties we use a rigorous coupled wave analysis (RCWA) method. Our attention is focused on the absorptance of these structures when they are illuminated by a monochromatic plane wave. We investigate the effect of the filling factor on the absorptance versus the direction of the incident wave. At specific angles of incidence the effect of the period is also studied. Besides, the influence of the thickness h on the absorptance is included throughout this work. At the wavelengthÂ = 632,8nm, we especially show that we can identify several perfect absorber model structures characterized by specific parameters and by accurate angle of incidence. We show that this will be done in both transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) polarization cases.
The Geometry of Space and Its Application to Theory of General Relativity, Derivation of Field Equations
Authors: Yaremenko Nikolay Ivanovich 
Published: November 2018

In this paper we study the geometry of Â space and applications of this space to general theory of relativity. In Â space we obtained analog Ricci - Jacobi identity;Â the geodesic lines equation have been researched; we introduced analog of Darboux theory in case of Â space, so it was shown theÂ tensor Â can be presented as the sum of two tensors symmetrical and antisymmetrical with property Â We discussed some partial cases gravitational and electromagnetic interaction, and their connection to geometry structure; we considered stronger electromagnetic field in Â space. We derived the general field equations (electromagnetic and gravitational) from the variation principle.
Metallographic study of Sn-Bi-Sb-In alloy prepared by rapid solidification
Authors: Mahlab Sara Mosaad , Kamal Mustafa , Mohamed Abd el-raouf 
Published: November 2018

Sn70-X at.% -Bi15 at.% -Sb15 at.%- Inx at.%Â alloy ribbons were produced using melt-spinning technique.The surfaces were characterized with Optical Microscopy. Also, scanning electron microscopy combined with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDX). The results contribute to the understanding of the microstructure evolution in alloys of this type prepared by melt spinning technique. Microscopy can give information concerning a materialâ€™s composition, previous treatment and properties. Particular features of interest are grain size, phases present, Chemical homogeneity, distribution of phases and, elongated structures formed by melt spinning technique.
Effect of 3.0 wt% Indium doping on ethanol sensing properties of nanocrystalline Bi2O3
Authors: Kapse Dr. S D 
Published: November 2018

Nanocrystalline powders of pure and 3.0 wt% indium doped Bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) were prepared by ethyl alcohol mediated decomposition route. The prepared samples were then characterized in order to investigate the structural, electrical and reducing gas sensing properties of pure and In doped Bismuth oxide. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to confirm the material structure and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to depict the crystallite microstructure. Bismuth oxide based thick films were expose to study the conductance response of different reducing gases such as like liquefied petroleumÂ (LPG), ammonia (NH3), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and ethanol gas (C2H5OH) etc. The sensor exhibited various sensing responses to these gases at different operating temperatures. From result it is found that 3.0 wt% In-doped Bi2O3 shows the maximum response to 50 ppm ethanol at 260 0C also fast response and good recovery are the main features of investigated sensors.