bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Case against Collateral Legal Consequences as Civil Measures
Authors: Hoskins Zachary 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter offers a general case against burdensome civil measures on offenders. It contends that we should take seriously the idea of punishment as the institution by which offenders pay their debts to society, and that it follows from this that imposing additional burdensome measures beyond the scope and duration of punishment is presumptively unjustified. Those who complete punishment should be regarded as having regained full, equal standing as citizens, with the same rights as everyone else. Also, those still serving their sentences should not be subject to additional measures. Policies that target offenders during and after their terms of punishment, that are not part of their formal sentences, and that restrict their access to important goods to which the rest of us have access, are presumptively unjustified.
Prosecutors, Guilty Pleas, and Collateral Legal Consequences
Authors: Hoskins Zachary 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines a practical problem arising from the proliferation of collateral legal consequences (CLCs). Courts have recently suggested that defendants considering guilty pleas have a right to be notified not only about the range of formal sentences they are likely to face, but also about additional legal consequences that are likely to follow from a guilty plea. This chapter examines who should bear the central responsibility for ensuring that defendants are properly informed about the range of CLCs they may face. Most assume that this responsibility falls to defense counsel. This chapter argues, instead, that the central responsibility for providing defendants access to relevant information about CLCs should fall to prosecutors. Shifting this burden from defense counsel to prosecutors is justifiable in principle and would have desirable implications in practice.
Are US Industries Becoming More Concentrated?*
Authors: Grullon Gustavo , Larkin Yelena , Michaely Roni 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Since the late 1990s, over 75% of US industries have experienced an increase in concentration levels. We find that firms in industries with the largest increases in product market concentration show higher profit margins and more profitable mergers and acquisitions deals. At the same time, we find no evidence for a significant increase in operational efficiency. Taken together, our results suggest that market power is becoming an important source of value. These findings are robust to the inclusion of (i) private firms; (ii) factors accounting for foreign competition; and (iii) the use of alternative measures of concentration. We also show that the higher profit margins associated with an increase in concentration are reflected in higher returns to shareholders. Overall, our results suggest that the US product markets have undergone a shift that has potentially weakened competition across the majority of industries.
IMPACT OF THE TABLE HEIGHT AND THE OPERATOR’S HEIGHT ON THE LEVEL OF RADIATION DELIVERED TO INTERVENTIONAL CARDIOLOGISTS
Authors: Faroux Laurent , Blanpain Thierry , Fernandez Anthony , Nazeyrollas Pierre , Tassan-Mangina Sophie , Heroguelle Virginie , Tourneux Christophe , Metz Damien 
Published: April 2019

ABSTRACTInterventional cardiologists count among the health professionals that are most exposed to ionising radiation. To minimise exposure, it is recommended that the patient be placed at the maximum distance possible from the X-ray source, but this recommendation has not been clinically validated. We aimed to investigate the impact of the average table height on the level of radiation delivered to cardiologists performing coronary interventions. The population for analysis included all invasive coronary procedures performed in our centre from March to June 2017. The primary endpoint was operator radiation exposure, as assessed using personal electronic dosimeters located on the operator’s left arm. In total, 225 invasive coronary procedures were analysed. When the average table height was 1126 mm or more, the operators received a radiation dose that was, on average, 53% lower than when the table was lower than 1126 mm. This reduction remained significant by multivariate analysis adjusted for the operator.
The Impact of Childhood Adversity on Cognitive Development in Schizophrenia
Authors: Wells Ruth , Jacomb Isabella , Swaminathan Vaidy , Sundram Suresh , Weinberg Danielle , Bruggemann Jason , Cropley Vanessa , Lenroot Rhoshel K , Pereira Avril M , Zalesky Andrew , Bousman Chad , Pantelis Christos , Weickert Cynthia Shannon , Weickert Thomas W 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Childhood adversity, such as physical, sexual, and verbal abuse, as well as neglect and family conflict, is a risk factor for schizophrenia. Such adversity can lead to disruptions of cognitive function during development, undermining intellectual capabilities and academic achievement. Schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is associated with cognitive impairments that may become evident during childhood. The Australian Schizophrenia Research Bank database comprises a large community cohort (N = 1169) in which we previously identified 3 distinct cognitive groups among people with schizophrenia: (1) Compromised, current, and estimated premorbid cognitive impairment; (2) Deteriorated, substantial decline from estimated premorbid function; and (3) Preserved, performing in the normal cognitive range without decline. The compromised group displayed the worst functional and symptom outcomes. Here, we extend our previous work by assessing the relationship among these categories of cognitive abilities and reported childhood adversity in 836 patients and healthy controls. Exploratory factor analysis of the Childhood Adversity Questionnaire revealed 3 factors (lack of parental involvement; overt abuse; family breakdown and hardship). People with schizophrenia reported significantly more childhood adversity than healthy controls on all items and factors. People with schizophrenia in the compromised group reported significantly more lack of parental involvement and family breakdown and hardship and lower socioeconomic status than those in the deteriorated group. The cognitive groups were not related to family history of psychosis. These findings identify specific social and family factors that impact cognition, highlighting the important role of these factors in the development of cognitive and functional abilities in schizophrenia.
Habitual late sleep initiation is associated with increased incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Korean adults: the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study
Authors: Seo Ji A , Lee Da Young , Yu Ji Hee , Cho Hyunjoo , Lee Seung Ku , Suh Sooyeon , Kim Sin Gon , Choi Kyung Mook , Baik Sei Hyun , Shin Chol , Kim Nan Hee 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Study Objectives
Although sleep duration and quality were significant risk factors of type 2 diabetes (T2D), the impact of sleep initiation time on the development of T2D has not been studied in large longitudinal studies.

Methods
A total of 3689 participants without diabetes aged 40–69 years at baseline were enrolled from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study and followed up for 12 years. Participants were categorized based on habitual sleep initiation time by questionnaire as follows: 20:00–22:59 (early sleepers, ES, n = 766), 23:00–00:59 (usual sleepers, US, n = 2407), and 1:00–5:59 (late sleepers, LS, n = 516). Incident T2D was identified biennially by fasting plasma glucose or 2-hour glucose after 75-g oral glucose loading or use of anti-diabetes medication.

Results
During follow-up, 820 cases of T2D were documented and the LS group showed the highest increase in insulin resistance. Hazard ratio (HR) (95% confidence interval) for T2D of LS compared to ES was 1.34 (1.04–1.74) after adjustment for covariates including sleep duration. The impact of late sleep on the development of T2D was more evident in older individuals (≥65 years at baseline) (HR = 4.24 [1.42–12.68] in older LS vs. older ES, HR = 1.27 [1.00–1.62] in younger LS vs. younger ES, pinteraction = 0.002). In addition, LS with low insulin secretion and sensitivity showed an approximately fivefold increased risk for T2D compared to ES with high insulin secretion and sensitivity.

Conclusions/Interpretation
Habitual late sleep initiation is a significant risk factor for T2D in Koreans, especially in people with lower insulin sensitivity, lower β-cell function, and older age.
Higher amounts of sedentary time are associated with short sleep duration and poor sleep quality in postmenopausal women
Authors: Creasy Seth A , Crane Tracy E , Garcia David O , Thomson Cynthia A , Kohler Lindsay N , Wertheim Betsy C , Baker Laura D , Coday Mace , Hale Lauren , Womack Catherine R , Wright Kenneth P , Melanson Edward L 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Study Objectives
To evaluate the associations between sedentary time, total (total-PA), light (light-PA), moderate (MOD-PA), and vigorous (VIG-PA) physical activity with indices of sleep in postmenopausal women.

Methods
Baseline self-reported data from the Women’s Health Initiative Observational Study (n = 75 074) were used in this cross-sectional analysis. Total-PA, light-PA, MOD-PA, and VIG-PA were categorized by metabolic equivalents of the activity (MET-hour [hr]/week [wk]) and were estimated using validated questionnaires. Sedentary time was categorized by hr/day and was estimated via questionnaire. Logistic regression was used to examine the associations between these variables and short sleep (≤6 hr/night), long sleep (≥10 hr/night), poor sleep quality, and insomnia symptoms after adjustment for age, race, socioeconomic status, body mass index, health status, depressive symptoms, smoking status, alcohol use, hormone therapy, and comorbidities.

Results
Higher sedentary time (>11 hr/day) was associated with higher odds of short sleep (odds ratio [OR] = 1.80, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.72–1.88), poor sleep quality (OR = 1.85, 95% CI: 1.74–1.97), and insomnia symptoms (OR = 1.56, 95% CI: 1.49–1.64). Light-PA (>0 MET-hr/wk) was associated with lower odds of short sleep (OR = 0.96, 95% CI: 0.92–1.00), and higher amounts of total-PA (OR = 0.90, 95% CI: 0.84–0.97), light-PA (OR = 0.94, 95% CI: 0.89–1.00), and MOD-PA (OR = 0.91, 95% CI: 0.86–0.97) were associated with lower odds of poor sleep quality.

Conclusions
Our findings suggest that higher levels of light and moderate intensity physical activity are associated with better sleep quality, whereas higher amounts of sedentary time are associated with short sleep and lower quality sleep. Future studies should investigate the directionality of these associations and potential causal pathways.
Treatment-seeking behavior and practices among caregivers of children aged ≤5 y with presumed malaria in rural Uganda
Authors: Lee Yang Jae , Adusumilli Gautam , Kazungu Rauben , Anywar Godwin , Kyakulaga Francis , Katuura Esther , Parikh Shanti , Willcox Merlin 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Background
We aimed to determine the rate of herbal medicine usage and the treatment-seeking patterns of children aged ≤5 y with presumed or confirmed malaria in an endemic area of Uganda.

Methods
We interviewed guardians of 722 children aged 6 months to 5 y, who had experienced an episode of presumed malaria in the previous 3 months, about the illness history.

Results
Overall, 36.1% of patients took herbal medicines but most also sought modern medical care; 79.2% received Artemether-Lumefantrine (AL), but only 42.7% received the correct AL dose. Of the 36.6% of patients treated in drug shops, 9.8% had a diagnostic test and 30.2% received the correct dose of AL. Antibiotics were frequently provided with AL at drug shops (62%) and formal health centers (45%). There were no significant differences in the self-reported outcomes associated with different treatments.

Conclusion
Almost all of the patients who took herbal medicine also took modern antimalarials, so further research is needed to explore potential interactions between them. Although formal health facilities provided the correct diagnosis and dose of AL to a majority of children with malaria, many children still received inappropriate antibiotics. Quality of care was worse in drug shops than in formal health facilities.
Re-description of two contemporaneous mesorostrine teleosauroids (Crocodylomorpha: Thalattosuchia) from the Bathonian of England and insights into the early evolution of Machimosaurini
Authors: Johnson Michela M , Young Mark T , Brusatte Stephen L 
Published: April 2019

AbstractTeleosauroidea was a clade of successful, morphologically diverse, ancient crocodylomorphs that were integral in coastal marine/lagoonal environments during the Jurassic. Within Teleosauroidea, the macrophagous/durophagous tribe Machimosaurini evolved specialized feeding strategies (e.g. hypertrophied jaw musculature and blunt, heavily ornamented dentition) and large body sizes (&gt; 7 m), becoming an important component of Middle and Late Jurassic ecosystems. These ocean-dwelling giants are well known from the Callovian (Lemmysuchus) of Europe and the UK, and from the Kimmeridgian–Tithonian (Machimosaurus) of Europe and northern Africa. There are reports of fragmentary machimosaurin material from the Bathonian of Africa, but the overall Bathonian teleosauroid material is poorly understood. While multiple specimens were described during the 19th and 20th centuries, little research has been done since. Here we re-describe two historically important Bathonian species from near Oxford, UK. We demonstrate that both ‘Steneosaurus’ larteti and ‘Steneosaurus’ boutilieri are valid taxa and we establish neotypes for both species and two new genera, Deslongchampsina and Yvridiosuchus. Our cladistic analysis finds Yvridiosuchus boutilieri as a basal member of Machimosaurini and Deslongchampsina lartetito be closely related to Steneosaurus heberti. Interestingly, four distinct teleosauroid ecomorphotypes are present in the Bathonian of Europe and teleosauroid ecomorphological diversity continued throughout the Callovian and Kimmeridgian/Tithonian in Europe and England.
The nascent RNA binding complex SFiNX licenses piRNA-guided heterochromatin formation
Authors: Batki Julia , Schnabl Jakob , Wang Juncheng , Handler Dominik , Andreev Veselin I. , Stieger Christian E. , Novatchkova Maria , Lampersberger Lisa , Kauneckaite Kotryna , Xie Wei , Mechtler Karl , Patel Dinshaw J. , Brennecke Julius 
Published: April 2019

ABSTRACTThe PIWI-interacting RNA (piRNA) pathway protects animal genome integrity in part through establishing repressive heterochromatin at transposon loci. Silencing requires piRNA-guided targeting of nuclear PIWI proteins to nascent transposon transcripts, yet the subsequent molecular events are not understood. Here, we identify SFiNX (Silencing Factor interacting Nuclear eXport variant), an interdependent protein complex required for Piwi-mediated co-transcriptional silencing in Drosophila. SFiNX consists of Nxf2-Nxt1, a gonad-specific variant of the heterodimeric mRNA export receptor Nxf1-Nxt1, and the Piwi-associated protein Panoramix. SFiNX mutant flies are sterile and exhibit transposon de-repression because piRNA-loaded Piwi is unable to establish heterochromatin. Within SFiNX, Panoramix recruits the heterochromatin effectors, while the RNA binding Nxf2 protein licenses co-transcriptional silencing. Our data reveal how Nxf2 evolved from an RNA transport receptor into a co-transcriptional silencing factor. Thus, NXF-variants, which are abundant in metazoans, can have diverse molecular functions and might have been co-opted for host genome defense more broadly.
Gene regulatory network inference and analysis of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Filho Fernando Medeiros , do Nascimento Ana Paula Barbosa , dos Santos Marcelo Trindade , Carvalho-Assef Ana Paula D’Alincourt , da Silva Fabricio Alves Barbosa 
Published: April 2019

AbstractBackgroundHealthcare-associated infections caused by bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa are a major public health problem worldwide. Gene regulatory networks computationally represent interactions among regulatory genes and their targets, an important approach to understand bacterial behavior and to provide novel ways of overcoming scientific challenges, including the identification of potential therapeutic targets and the development of new drugs.ObjectivesOur goal in this manuscript is to present a reconstruction of multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa gene regulatory network and to analyze its topological properties.MethodsThe methodology was based on gene orthology inference by the reciprocal best hit method. We used the genome of P. aeruginosa CCBH4851 as the basis of the reconstruction process. This multidrug-resistant strain is representative of an endemic outbreak in Brazilian territory belonging to ST277.FindingsAs the main finding, we obtained a network with a larger number of regulatory genes, target genes and interactions compared to previous work. Topological analysis results are accordant to the complex network representation of biological processes.Main conclusionsThe network properties are consistent with P. aeruginosa biological features. To the best of our knowledge, the P. aeruginosa gene regulatory network presented here is the most complete version available to date.
Detection and characterization of a novel copper-dependent intermediate in a lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase
Authors: Singh Raushan K. , Oort Bart v. , Möllers Benedikt , Russo David A. , Singh Ranjitha , Weihe Høgni , Tiwari Manish K. , Croce Roberta , Jensen Paul E. , Felby Claus , Bjerrum Morten J. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractLytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are copper-containing enzymes capable of oxidizing crystalline cellulose and the enzyme has large practical application in the process of refining biomass. The LPMO catalytic mechanism still remains debated despite several proposed reaction mechanisms. Here, we report a long-lived intermediate (t½= 6 – 8 minutes) observed in an LPMO fromThermoascus aurantiacus(TaLPMO9A). The intermediate with a strong absorption around 420 nm is formed when reduced LPMO-Cu(I) reacts with H2O2. UV-vis absorption spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), and stopped-flow spectroscopy indicate that the observed long-lived intermediate involves the copper center and a nearby tyrosine (Tyr175). We propose that the reaction with H2O2first forms a highly reactive short-lived Cu(III)-intermediate which is subsequently transformed into the observed long-lived copper-dependent intermediate. Since sub-equimolar amount of H2O2to LPMO boosts oxidation of phosphoric acid swollen cellulose (PASC) suggests that the long-lived copper-dependent intermediate is part of the catalytic mechanism for LPMOs. The proposed mechanism offers new perspectives in the oxidative reaction mechanism of copper enzymes and hence for the biomass oxidation and the reactivity of copper in biological systems.
Incidence, predictors and reasons for initial regimen modifications in patients on antiretroviral therapy in Witbank, South Africa, 2003-2017
Authors: Bapela Moshibudi Poncho , Kuonza Lazarus Rugare , Musekiwa Alfred , Summers Robert 
Published: April 2019

AbstractBackgroundAntiretroviral therapy (ART) is associated with unpleasant adverse effects that may require modification of regimens. ART modifications may lead to poor treatment outcomes. We determined the incidence, reasons and predictors for modification of initial ART regimens.MethodsWe retrospectively analysed data from Witbank pharmacovigilance sentinel site, South Africa. Censoring targeted the first incident of ART modification from the initial regimen. We included human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients on ART, aged more than 18 years. We used the Cox-proportional hazard model to identify predictors for changing initial ART regimens.ResultsAmong 2, 045 eligible patients, 38% (n=783) had their initial ART regimens changed. The overall incidence rate of ART modification was 10.0 per 100 person-years within a follow-up period of 7 794.6 person-years (PYs). Reasons for changing were adverse drug reactions (ADRs) (60%), prescriber’s decisions (37%), drug toxicity (26%) and treatment failure (12%). The most commonly changed regimens were stavudine (68%) and zidovudine (44%) based regimens. Stavudine-based regimen had the highest changing rate of 13.6 per 100 PYs compared to zidovudine (8.0 per 100 PYs) and tenofovir (6.5 per 100 PYs). Using tenofovir as reference, stavudine (aHR 2.3; 95% CI 1.8-2.9; p<0.001) and zidovudine (aHR 1.5; 95% CI 1.2-3.2; p<0.001) based regimens were significantly associated with regimen modifications. The predictors for changing ART regimens included drug toxicity (aHR 2.6; 95% CI 2.1-3.1), ADRs (aHR 2.1; 95% CI 1.3-3.2), treatment failure (aHR 2.0; 95% CI 1.5-2.4), baseline cd4 count of ≥200 (aHR 1.7; 95% CI 1.3-2.1) and initiation regimens (stavudine and zidovudine).ConclusionThe findings were suggestive of a moderate incidence of initial ART regimen changing. Patients on stavudine and zidovudine based regimens changed primarily due to ADRs and drug toxicity. We recommended that clinicians should consider changing patients who are still on stavudine-containing regimens, however, changing should be individualized.
Identifying and validating housekeeping hybridPrunussp. genes for root gene-expression studies
Authors: Bastías Adriana , Oviedo Kristen , Almada Rubén , Correa Francisco , Sagredo Boris 
Published: April 2019

AbstractPrunus rootstock belonging to subgeneraAmygdalus(peach),Prunus(plum) andCerasus(cherry) are either from the same species as the scion or another one. The number of inter-species (including inter-subgenera) hybrids have increased as a result of efforts to broaden the genetic basis for biotic and abiotic resistance/tolerance. Identifying genes associated with important traits and responses requires expression analysis. Relative quantification is the simplest and most popular alternative, which requires reference genes (housekeeping) to normalize RT-qPCR data. However, there is a scarcity of validated housekeeping genes for hybrid Prunus rootstock species. This research aims to increase the number of housekeeping genes suitable for Prunus rootstock expression analysis.Twenty-one candidate housekeeping genes were pre-selected from previous RNAseq data that compared the response of root transcriptomes of two rootstocks subgenera to hypoxia treatment, ‘Mariana 2624’ (P. cerasiferaEhrh.×P. munsonianaW. Wight & Hedrick), and ‘Mazzard F12/1’ (P. aviumL.). Representing groups of low, intermediate or high levels of expression, the genes were assayed by RT-qPCR at 72 hours of hypoxia treatment and analyzed with NormFinder software. A sub-set of seven housekeeping genes that presented the highest level of stability were selected, two with low levels of expression (Unknown 3, Unknown 7) and five with medium levels (GTB 1, TUA 3, ATPase P, PRT 6, RP II). The stability of these genes was evaluated under different stress conditions, cold and heat with the hybrid ‘Mariana 2624’ and N nutrition with the hybrids ‘Colt’ (P. avium×P. pseudocerasusLindl.) and ‘Garnem’ [P. dulcisMill.× (P. persicaL.×P. davidianaCarr.)]. The algorithms of geNorm and BestKeeper software also were used to analyze the performance of these genes as housekeepers.Stability rankings varied according to treatments, genotypes and the software for evaluation, but the geneGBT 1often had the highest ranking. However, most of the genes are suitable depending on the stressor and/or genotype to be evaluated. No optimal number of reference genes could be determined with geNorm software when all conditions and genotypes were considered. These results strongly suggest that relative RT-qPCR should be analyzed separately with their respective best housekeeper according to the treatment and/or genotypes inPrunusspp rootstocks.