bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gongylonema infection of wild mammals in Japan and Sardinia (Italy)
Authors: Setsuda A. , Varcasia A. , Scala A. , Ozawa S. , Yokoyama M. , Torii H. , Suzuki K. , Kaneshiro Y. , Corda A. , Dessì G. , Tamponi C. , Cabras P.A. , Sato H. 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
The gullet worms, classical Gongylonema pulchrum and newly differentiated Gongylonema nepalensis, are prevalent in various mammals in Japan and Sardinia, Italy, respectively. The former species is cosmopolitan in distribution, dwelling in the mucosa of the upper digestive tract of a variety of domestic and wild mammals, and also humans. At present, the geographical distribution of G. nepalensis is known in Nepal and Sardinia, with the nematode having been recorded from the oesophagus of water buffaloes (Nepal), cattle, sheep, goats and wild mouflon (Sardinia). To clarify their natural transmission cycles among domestic and wild mammals, the present study analysed the ribosomal RNA gene (rDNA) and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene (cox1) of worms of various origins: G. pulchrum worms from sika deer, wild boars, Japanese macaques, and feral alien Reeves's muntjacs in Japan, and G. nepalensis worms from a red fox and a wild boar in Sardinia. Although the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of rDNA and partial cox1 nucleotide sequences of G. pulchrum from native wild mammals in Japan were distinct from those of the worms in cattle, the worms from feral alien Reeves's muntjacs showed the cattle-type ITS genotype and cox1 cattle-I and II haplotypes. The rDNA and cox1 nucleotide sequences of G. nepalensis from a red fox in Sardinia were almost identical to those of the worms from domestic and wild ruminants on the island. The ecological interaction between domestic and wild mammals and their susceptibility to different Gongylonema spp. must be considered when trying to elucidate this spirurid's transmission dynamics in nature.
Tongue base mucosectomy for carcinoma of unknown primary using endoscopic electrocautery: rationale for wider implementation of an institutionally restricted technique
Authors: Davies-Husband C R 
Published: November 2018

AbstractBackgroundCervical metastasis from an unknown primary site invariably results in pan-mucosal irradiation if a primary tumour is not identified. Transoral robotic and laser-assisted mucosectomy are valid techniques to increase diagnostic rates, but these remain restricted to certain centres. This paper describes, in detail, a technique in which mucosectomy is performed via endoscopic electrocautery.MethodsPatients were prospectively recruited between May 2017 and June 2018. Inclusion criteria stipulated biopsy-proven metastatic cervical squamous cell carcinoma, with negative findings on magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography/computed tomography, in addition to examination under anaesthetic, tonsillectomy and ‘blind’ tongue base biopsies without tumour identification, prior to mucosectomy.ResultsOf nine patients, a mucosal primary was identified in four (44.4 per cent), for which ipsilateral intensity-modulated radiotherapy was advocated in three and completion tongue base resection in the fourth. Dysplasia was demonstrated in two further patients, which provided information relevant to radiotherapy fields and post-treatment surveillance. No surgical complications were identified.ConclusionTongue base mucosectomy using electrocautery and conventional tonsillectomy equipment is a safe, effective technique in the identification of cervical metastasis from an unknown primary site. It expands the potential breadth of use, quickens prolonged diagnostic pathways and obviates the necessity for pan-mucosal irradiation.
Frustrated sovereigns: the agency that makes the world go around
Authors: Epstein Charlotte , Lindemann Thomas , Sending Ole Jacob 
Published: November 2018

AbstractIn this article, the introduction to this Special Issue, we underline the importance of the dynamics of misrecognition for the study of world politics. We make the case for shifting the focus from ‘recognition’, where it has long been cast in social, political and, more recently, International Relations theory, tomisrecognition. We do so by returning to the original theorisation of misrecognition, Hegel’s dialectic of the master and servant. Our point of departure is not only that the desire for recognition is key social dynamic, but that thefailureto obtain this recognition is built into this very desire. It is a crucial factor for understanding how international actors behave, including, but not only, states.Thus understood, the desire for recognition is not simply a desire for social goods, for status or for statehood, but for more agency – more capacity to act. We explore the logic of misrecognition and show how the international system is a symbolic structure that is ordained by an unrealisable ideal of what we call ‘sovereign agency’.
Policy-Relevant Publications and Tenure Decisions in International Relations
Authors: Maliniak Daniel , Peterson Susan , Tierney Michael J. 
Published: November 2018

ABSTRACTMany observers of the international relations (IR) discipline express concern about the decline in policy-relevant research within the academy. Some blame an academic culture and academic institutions that incentivize abstract, quantitative, or theoretical work that speaks to scholarly debates rather than real-world problems. This article asks how IR scholars value both scholarly and policy publications. Using data from the TRIP survey, we found that publications generally considered policy relevant are undervalued in academic tenure decisions. These findings hold regardless of whether faculty have attained tenure or whether they consider their own research to be policy relevant. However, scholars who consult, teach at colleges rather than research universities, or teach in Association of Professional Schools of International Affairs schools rather than political science departments are likely to believe: (1) that policy-relevant research products are currently valued more highly than their colleagues estimate; and (2) on the normative question, that these policy publications should be valued even more highly than they are. Overall, these results suggest an openness to increasing the value of policy-relevant research in tenure decisions as part of an effort to increase the amount of policy-focused work in the discipline.
Research Data Sharing: Practices and Attitudes of Geophysicists
Authors: Tenopir C. , Christian L. , Allard S. , Borycz J. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractOpen data policies have been introduced by governments, funders, and publishers over the past decade. Previous research showed a growing recognition by scientists of the benefits of data‐sharing and reuse, but actual practices lag and are not always compliant with new regulations. The goal of this study is to investigate motives, attitudes, and data practices of the community of Earth and planetary geophysicists, a discipline believed to have accepting attitudes toward data sharing and reuse. A better understanding of the attitudes and current data‐sharing practices of this scientific community could enable funders, publishers, data managers, and librarians to design systems and services that help scientists understand and adhere to mandates and to create practices, tools, and services that are scientist‐focused. An online survey was distributed to the members of the American Geophysical Union, producing 1,372 responses from 116 countries. The attitudes of researchers to data sharing and reuse were generally positive, but in practice, scientists had concerns about sharing their own research data. These concerns include the possibility of potential data misuse and the need for assurance of proper citation and acknowledgement. Training and assistance in good data management practices are lacking in many scientific fields and might help to alleviate these doubts.
Combined Effects of Unsteady River Discharges and Wave Conditions on River Mouth Bar Morphodynamics
Authors: Gao Weilun , Shao Dongdong , Wang Zheng Bing , Nardin William , Yang Wei , Sun Tao , Cui Baoshan 
Published: November 2018

AbstractRiver mouth bar formation, a key process in fluvial‐deltaic morphodynamics, is subject to both river discharge and waves. Given the increasing variability of both forcings under continuous climate change and human interventions, assessing their combined effects on mouth bar formation is an imperative issue. In this study, an extensive set of combined high and low river flows coupled with varying wave conditions and sediment grain sizes was assumed for numerical experiments conducted in Delft3D‐SWAN. The results suggested that three regimes existed for mouth bar formation, namely, stable, ephemeral, and absent. These regimes corresponded to consistently weak, initially‐weak‐then‐strong, and initially strong relative wave strengths, respectively, during the onset and reworking stages. Suppression of mouth bar formation further led to the inhibition of deltaic distributary networks. These findings have important implications for water and sediment management strategies, such as water diversion and dam regulation, in estuaries and deltas to prevent coastal erosion.
Shallow Cross‐Equatorial Gyres of the Indian Ocean Driven by Seasonally Reversing Monsoon Winds
Authors: L'Hégaret Pierre , Beal Lisa M. , Elipot Shane , Laurindo Lucas 
Published: November 2018

AbstractInterior, cross‐equatorial transports are unique phenomena of the Indian Ocean, fluxing heat and salt between hemispheres. We use real and simulated surface drifter trajectories to reveal three cross‐equatorial gyres in the northern Indian Ocean that are driven by the seasonally reversing monsoon winds. Simulated trajectories are computed by advecting hundreds of thousands of particles through a monthly drifter climatology. Gyres are depicted using probabilistic pathlines, defined as the most common trajectories that cross the equator within the Somali Current. Northward pathlines in boreal spring and summer split into two gyres: A 1‐year loop contained west of the Maldives, described as a wind‐driven overshoot of the Southern Hemisphere equatorial gyre, and a 2‐year figure‐of‐eight, encompassing the Great Whirl and reaching the eastern boundary via the equatorial Wytrki jet, to return westward within the North Monsoon Current. Both these gyres include cross‐equatorial flow, driven by southward Ekman drift during the southwest monsoon. Southward pathlines through the Somali Current in winter originate in the dissipating Great Whirl and feed eastward into the South Equatorial Counter Current. Eighty‐five percent of simulated trajectories participate in these gyres, with significant leakage into the Bay of Bengal (14%) and Mozambique Channel (8%). A striking result of our analysis is the lack of pathlines connecting the Somali Current and coastal upwelling regions with the Arabian Basin, in contrast to the continuous coastal current that seasonal streamlines depict. Geostrophic pathlines reveal slow connectivity between these regions below the surface. Consideration of upwelling and subduction is reserved for subsequent modeling studies.
Source Sector Attribution of CO2 Emissions Using an Urban CO/CO2 Bayesian Inversion System
Authors: Nathan B. J. , Lauvaux T. , Turnbull J. C. , Richardson S. J. , Miles N. L. , Gurney K. R. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractWe assimilate multiple trace gas species within a single high‐resolution Bayesian inversion system to optimize CO2ff emissions for individual source sectors. Starting with carbon monoxide (CO), an atmospheric trace gas with fairly well‐known emissions, we use emission factors of CO and CO2ff (called RCO) defined for each source sector to enable us to jointly use CO and CO2 atmospheric mole fractions to constrain CO2ff sectoral emissions. We first show that our combined CO‐CO2 inversion is theoretically capable of estimating the relative magnitude of sectoral emissions for two, specially defined sectors over Indianapolis, while CO2‐only inversions failed at quantifying sectoral emissions. When assimilating hourly mole fractions collected over 4 months, inverse sectoral emissions converge toward high‐resolution CO2ff bottom‐up emissions from Hestia. The emission ratios between the two sectors agree within 15% with Hestia across various inversion configurations. The assimilation of CO mole fractions preferentially improves flux estimates from traffic emissions, because the CO levels originating from the combustion engine sector are large relative to those from other economic sectors. In a further investigation, we find that including an additional third tracer sensitive to the other sectors only slightly improves the accuracy of the inversion compared to our current two‐sector inversions with CO and CO2 mole fractions. We finally examined the impact of errors in trace gas emission factors and quantify their relative impact on sector‐based inverse emissions. We conclude that multispecies inversions can constrain sectoral emissions at policy‐level uncertainties if trace gas emission factors are sufficiently well known at the city level.
Stabilization Mechanisms and Decomposition Potential of Eroded Soil Organic Matter Pools in Temperate Forests of the Sierra Nevada, California
Authors: Stacy Erin M. , Berhe Asmeret Asefaw , Hunsaker Carolyn T. , Johnson Dale W. , Meding S. Mercer , Hart Stephen C. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe lateral destination and potential decomposition of soil organic matter mobilized by soil erosion depends on factors such as the amount and type of precipitation, topography, the nature of mobilized organic matter (OM), potential mixing with mineral particles, and the stabilization mechanisms of the soil OM. This study examined how the relative distribution of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) in different OM fractions varied in soils from eroding slopes and in eroded sediments in a series of low‐order forested catchments in the western Sierra Nevada, California. We found that precipitation amount played a major role in mobilizing OM. More than 40% of the OM exported from these forested catchments was free particulate OM, or OM physically protected inside relatively less stable macroaggregates, compared to OM inside microaggregates or chemically associated with soil minerals. Years with high amounts of precipitation generally transported more mineral‐associated OM, with lower C and N concentrations, while sediment transported in drier years was more enriched in unprotected, coarse particulate OM derived from surficial soils. When incubated under the same conditions, sediment C (from material captured in settling basins) produced 72–97% more CO2 during decomposition than soil C did. Our results suggest that without stabilization through burial or reconfigured organomineral associations, this sediment OM is prone to decomposition, which may contribute to little to no terrestrial CO2 sink induced from erosion in these Mediterranean montane forest ecosystems.
Unravelling the effect of charge dynamics at the plasmonic metal/semiconductor interface for CO2 photoreduction
Authors: Collado Laura , Reynal Anna , Fresno Fernando , Barawi Mariam , Escudero Carlos , Perez-Dieste Virginia , Coronado Juan M. , Serrano David P. , Durrant James R. , de la Peña O’Shea Víctor A. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractSunlight plays a critical role in the development of emerging sustainable energy conversion and storage technologies. Light-induced CO2 reduction by artificial photosynthesis is one of the cornerstones to produce renewable fuels and environmentally friendly chemicals. Interface interactions between plasmonic metal nanoparticles and semiconductors exhibit improved photoactivities under a wide range of the solar spectrum. However, the photo-induced charge transfer processes and their influence on photocatalysis with these materials are still under debate, mainly due to the complexity of the involved routes occurring at different timescales. Here, we use a combination of advanced in situ and time-resolved spectroscopies covering different timescales, combined with theoretical calculations, to unravel the overall mechanism of photocatalytic CO2 reduction by Ag/TiO2 catalysts. Our findings provide evidence of the key factors determining the enhancement of photoactivity under ultraviolet and visible irradiation, which have important implications for the design of solar energy conversion materials.
Spectral interferometry with waveform-dependent relativistic high-order harmonics from plasma surfaces
Authors: Kormin Dmitrii , Borot Antonin , Ma Guangjin , Dallari William , Bergues Boris , Aladi Márk , Földes István B. , Veisz Laszlo 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe interaction of ultra-intense laser pulses with matter opened the way to generate the shortest light pulses available nowadays in the attosecond regime. Ionized solid surfaces, also called plasma mirrors, are promising tools to enhance the potential of attosecond sources in terms of photon energy, photon number and duration especially at relativistic laser intensities. Although the production of isolated attosecond pulses and the understanding of the underlying interactions represent a fundamental step towards the realization of such sources, these are challenging and have not yet been demonstrated. Here, we present laser-waveform-dependent high-order harmonic radiation in the extreme ultraviolet spectral range supporting well-isolated attosecond pulses, and utilize spectral interferometry to understand its relativistic generation mechanism. This unique interpretation of the measured spectra provides access to unrevealed temporal and spatial properties such as spectral phase difference between attosecond pulses and field-driven plasma surface motion during the process.
Structural basis of RIP2 activation and signaling
Authors: Gong Qin , Long Ziqi , Zhong Franklin L. , Teo Daniel Eng Thiam , Jin Yibo , Yin Zhan , Boo Zhao Zhi , Zhang Yaming , Zhang Jiawen , Yang Renliang , Bhushan Shashi , Reversade Bruno , Li Zongli , Wu Bin 
Published: November 2018

AbstractSignals arising from bacterial infections are detected by pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) and are transduced by specialized adapter proteins in mammalian cells. The Receptor-interacting-serine/threonine-protein kinase 2 (RIPK2 or RIP2) is such an adapter protein that is critical for signal propagation of the Nucleotide-binding-oligomerization-domain-containing proteins 1/2 (NOD1 and NOD2). Dysregulation of this signaling pathway leads to defects in bacterial detection and in some cases autoimmune diseases. Here, we show that the Caspase-activation-and-recruitment-domain (CARD) of RIP2 (RIP2-CARD) forms oligomeric structures upon stimulation by either NOD1-CARD or NOD2-2CARD. We reconstitute this complex, termed the RIPosome in vitro and solve the cryo-EM filament structure of the active RIP2-CARD complex at 4.1 Å resolution. The structure suggests potential mechanisms by which CARD domains from NOD1 and NOD2 initiate the oligomerization process of RIP2-CARD. Together with structure guided mutagenesis experiments at the CARD-CARD interfaces, we demonstrate molecular mechanisms how RIP2 is activated and self-propagating such signal.
Competition between proton transfer and intermolecular Coulombic decay in water
Authors: Richter Clemens , Hollas Daniel , Saak Clara-Magdalena , Förstel Marko , Miteva Tsveta , Mucke Melanie , Björneholm Olle , Sisourat Nicolas , Slavíček Petr , Hergenhahn Uwe 
Published: November 2018

AbstractIntermolecular Coulombic decay (ICD) is a ubiquitous relaxation channel of electronically excited states in weakly bound systems, ranging from dimers to liquids. As it is driven by electron correlation, it was assumed that it will dominate over more established energy loss mechanisms, for example fluorescence. Here, we use electron–electron coincidence spectroscopy to determine the efficiency of the ICD process after 2a1 ionization in water clusters. We show that this efficiency is surprisingly low for small water clusters and that it gradually increases to 40–50% for clusters with hundreds of water units. Ab initio molecular dynamics simulations reveal that proton transfer between neighboring water molecules proceeds on the same timescale as ICD and leads to a configuration in which the ICD channel is closed. This conclusion is further supported by experimental results from deuterated water. Combining experiment and theory, we infer an intrinsic ICD lifetime of 12–52 fs for small water clusters.
A quaternary tetramer assembly inhibits the deubiquitinating activity of USP25
Authors: Liu Bing , Sureda-Gómez Marta , Zhen Yang , Amador Virginia , Reverter David 
Published: November 2018

AbstractUSP25 deubiquitinating enzyme is a key member of the ubiquitin system, which acts as a positive regulator of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling by promoting the deubiquitination and stabilization of tankyrases. USP25 is characterized by the presence of a long insertion in the middle of the conserved catalytic domain. The crystal structure of USP25 displays an unexpected homotetrameric quaternary assembly that is directly involved in the inhibition of its enzymatic activity. The tetramer is assembled by the association of two dimers and includes contacts between the coiled-coil insertion domain and the ubiquitin-binding pocket at the catalytic domain, revealing a distinctive autoinhibitory mechanism. Biochemical and kinetic assays with dimer, tetramer and truncation constructs of USP25 support this mechanism, displaying higher catalytic activity in the dimer assembly. Moreover, the high stabilization of tankyrases in cultured cells by ectopic expression of a constitutive dimer of USP25 supports a biological relevance of this tetramerization/inhibition mechanism.
Molecular pain markers correlate with pH-sensitive MRI signal in a pig model of disc degeneration
Authors: Bez Maxim , Zhou Zhengwei , Sheyn Dmitriy , Tawackoli Wafa , Giaconi Joseph C. , Shapiro Galina , Ben David Shiran , Gazit Zulma , Pelled Gadi , Li Debiao , Gazit Dan 
Published: November 2018

AbstractIntervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is a leading cause of chronic low back pain that affects millions of people every year. Yet identification of the specific IVD causing this pain is based on qualitative visual interpretation rather than objective findings. One possible approach to diagnosing pain-associated IVD could be to identify acidic IVDs, as decreased pH within an IVD has been postulated to mediate discogenic pain. We hypothesized that quantitative chemical exchange saturation transfer (qCEST) MRI could detect pH changes in IVDs, and thence be used to diagnose pathologically painful IVDs objectively and noninvasively. To test this hypothesis, a surgical model of IVD degeneration in Yucatan minipigs was used. Direct measurement of pH inside the degenerated IVDs revealed a significant drop in pH after degeneration, which correlated with a significant increase in the qCEST signal. Gene analysis of harvested degenerated IVDs revealed significant upregulation of pain-, nerve- and inflammatory-related markers after IVD degeneration. A strong positive correlation was observed between the expression of pain markers and the increase in the qCEST signal. Collectively, these findings suggest that this approach might be used to identify which IVD is causing low back pain, thereby providing valuable guidance for pain and surgical management.