bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Calculated Pressure Distributions and Shock Shapes on Conical Wings with Attached Shock Waves
Authors: Squire L. C. 
Published: June 2019

SummaryRecently Messiter has proposed a first-order correction to simple Newtonian theory for the pressure distribution on the lower (compression) surfaces of lifting conical bodies. Although the basic theory holds for bodies with and without attached shock waves, solutions have so far only been obtained for bodies with detached shocks. In the present paper an approximate method of applying the theory to bodies with attached shocks is given. In spite of the approximations involved the calculated shock shapes and pressure distributions are in good agreement with some exact solutions for flat wings, except near the incidence for shock detachment. Like the detached shock case, the present solution can be applied to Nonweiler wings in certain off-design conditions. The combined results for the detached shock and for the attached shock enable the off-design behaviour of Nonweiler wings to be discussed in a systematic manner.
The Isobars in Boundary Layers at Supersonic Speeds
Authors: Myring D. F. , Young A. D. 
Published: June 2019

SummaryFor boundary layer flows over curved surfaces at moderately high supersonic speeds the existence of normal pressure gradients within the boundary layer becomes important even for small curvatures and they cannot be ignored. The describing equations are basically parabolic in form so that the simplifications inherent in hyperbolic flows would not at first sight seem to be relevant. However, the equations of motion for a two-dimensional, supersonic, rotational, viscous flow are analysed along the lines of a hyperbolic flow and the individual effects of viscosity and vorticity are examined with regard to the isobar distributions. It is found that these two properties have compensating effects and the experimental evidence presented confirms the conclusion that inside the boundary layer the isobars follow much the same rules as those which determine the isobars in the external hyperbolic flow. Since for turbulent boundary layers the fullness of the Mach number profile produces almost linear Mach lines in the boundary layer, this provides a simple extension to the methods of analysis, and the momentum integral equation is reformulated using a swept element bounded by linear isobars. The final equation is similar in form to the conventional one except that the momentum and displacement thicknesses are now defined by integrals along the swept isobars, and all normal pressure gradients due to centrifugal effects are accounted for.
On the Initial Structure of the Interaction between Wings and Bodies at Supersonic Speeds
Authors: Stewartson K. 
Published: June 2019

SummaryUsing the methods of the linearised theory of supersonic flow, the shape of the pressure curve (or the potential curve) on the root chord of a wing, extending symmetrically from a fuselage of circular cylindrical cross-section, and near its leading edge is calculated in the following three cases: (a) the wing has a rounded leading edge and is non-lifting, (b) the wing is a flat plate at incidence with a supersonic leading edge, (c) the same as (b) except that the leading edge is subsonic. In all cases the fuselage is non-lifting and the plan form of the wing is a half delta. The results in (a) and (b) can be expressed in terms of elementary functions; the results in (b) and (c) are tabulated.
The Triangular Equilibrium Element in the Solution of Plate Bending Problems
Authors: Morley L. S. D. 
Published: June 2019

SummaryFurther details are given of a recently developed triangular equilibrium element which is then applied, in conjunction with the complementary energy principle, to the finite element analysis of some plate bending problems. The element is demonstrated to have a straightforward and satisfactory application and to possess advantages over the conventional triangular displacement element.
A Driver Gas Contamination Probe for Shock Tunnels
Authors: Stalker R. J. 
Published: June 2019

SummaryA probe is described which will detect contamination, by driver gas, of the test section flow in a shock tunnel. It is a continuously sampling device, which responds to the difference between the ambient speed of sound in the driver gas and the test gas. The probe is compact, easy to construct, and can be used for detection of driver gas in routine testing. The theory of the probe is explained, and experiments are reported which confirm its effectiveness.
The Origin, Environment and Description of the Mashona Cattle of Rhodesia
Authors: Oliver J. 
Published: June 2019

SummaryThe Mashona cattle of Rhodesia are a strain of the Sanga type, which is found in specific areas of Central and Southern Africa. They are descended from protogenic Bos taurus, Bos indicus and Bos brachyceros cattle which were cross-bred in ancient times. in spite of the pandemics which ravaged herds at the turn of the last century, it seems that Mashona cattle have changed little since first brought to the country. An account is given of the Central African environment and the way it affects the physiological processes of cattle. Because Mashona cattle have lived in the Rhodesian environment for many centurites they are well adapted to it. A description is given of Mashona cattle which are being developed as a distinct breed in Rhodesia.
Climatic Factors and Potato Growth
Authors: Gooding E. G. B. 
Published: June 2019

SummaryIn connection with the processing of potatoes grown at Tarland, Aberdeenshire, certain field data were obtained over a period of eight years. It was found that the yield per acre was inversely correlated with rainfall and positively correlated with sunshine for the period May to September; the indications were that the period May to July was more important in this respect, high rainfall and low sunshine during this period depressing the crop more than high rainfall in the August to September period. It has been possible, statistically, to separate the effect of rainfall from that of sunshine (and temperature), and an analysis shows that sunshine (or temperature) is die dominant factor. The number of tubers produced was greatest in those years when sunshine was high and rainfall low. The dry matter content of die tubers was also highest when the sunshine was high and the rainfall low, the closest inverse correlation being with the rainfall for the month of August. The combination of high yield of potatoes and high dry matter content meant that the actual food produced was highest in the drier, more sunny, years.
דחיח In lQS And τò κοινόν: An Instance of Early Greek and Jewish Synthesis
Authors: Dombrowski Bruno W. 
Published: June 2019

Whenever Western Semitic people, i.e., primarily Phoenicians and Hebrews, and later Jews, considered it advisable or faced the necessity to adjust their social groupings to virtually superior institutions of the Greek-speaking realms of the Eastern Mediterranean, they were soon confronted with the problem of how to reproduce the respective Greek sociological terms in their native tongue.Regarding this kind of Semitization of terms as a consequence of Hellenization, my interest was recently drawn to the relationship of hayyaḥad and to koinon. This apparently deserves further examination.
Theological Language and the Nature of Man in Jean-Paul Sartre's Philosophy
Authors: Hopkins Jasper 
Published: June 2019

There is no more prominent atheist today than Jean-Paul Sartre. Yet serious students of Sartre's philosophy are struck by his unabashed use of theological idiom. This use is so extensive that Professor Hazel Barnes in her translator's introduction to Being and Nothingness comments:Many people who consider themselves religious could quite comfortably accept Sartre's philosophy if he did not embarrass them by making his pronouncement, “There is no God,” quite so specific.
Some Points on Equity-Linked Contracts
Authors: Bailey W. G. 
Published: June 2019

I. Equity-linked contracts have been the subject of discussions at the Faculty of Actuaries (J. B. Maclean, T.F.A.23, 327), the Institute of Actuaries Students' Society (R. H. Blunt and L. H. Lane, J.S.S.14, 259) and the Institute of Actuaries (J.I.A.84, 37). The papers delivered and the discussions devoted considerable space to the question of the desirability, from the point of view of both the industry and the public, of the issue of such contracts.Since these discussions, several offices have entered the market both for assurances and for ‘self-employed’ annuity contracts, and this paper, recognizing the de facto position, is concerned with practical points arising from the issue of the contracts.
Premium Rates and Insurance Protection in Britain and Canada
Authors: Pedoe Arthur 
Published: June 2019

That great numbers of His Majesty's subjects, whose subsistence principally depends on the salaries, stipends, and other incomes payable to them, during their natural lives, or on the profits arising from their several trades, occupation, labour, and industry, are very desirous of entering into a society for insuring the lives of each other, in order to extend after their decease the benefit of their present incomes to their families and relations, who may otherwise be reduced to extreme poverty and distress, by the premature death of their several husbands, fathers and friends, which humane intention the petitioners humbly apprehend cannot be effectually carried into execution without His Majesty's royal authority to incorporate them for that purpose.This is the preamble to the petition presented to the Secretary of State's office of the British Parliament in April 1757 by the promoters of ‘The Corporation for Equitable Assurances on Lives’, the seed from which modern life insurance has sprung. It is undoubtedly the clearest statement made as to the purpose and justification of the life insurance industry and stands as a challenge to those engaged in it.
Knowledge which Reached a High Degree of Probability
Authors: Bein D. 
Published: June 2019

In the decisions of the Israel Supreme Court delivered since the establishment of the State, one sometimes comes across the express or implied statement of the rule that:
“the knowledge possessed by the accused at the time of the act that his conduct would lead to a consequence which the legislature desired to prevent, is by a construction of the law regarded as intention to bring about this consequence. ‘Knowledge’ in this context does not necessarily mean ‘full and certain’ knowledge that this consequence is inevitable but on the other hand it must be knowledge which reached a high degree of probability.”The object of this article is to clarify a few aspects of this rule (which, for the sake of brevity, will be referred to as the rule of “constructive intention”).
Criteria of Liability for Breach of Contract
Authors: Livneh Ernst 
Published: June 2019

The Israel law on damages for breach of contract is contained in arts. 106–11 (112) of the Ottoman Code of Civil Procedure, 1879 (OCCP), and the law on damages for torts in the Civil Wrongs Ordinance, 1944, (CWO)— enactments from two different worlds, built upon different foundations. The tests of liability are as follows.OCCPart. 109. “If the non-performance of an agreement be not due to bad faith on the part of the person who has undertaken to perform it, the damages awarded against him shall be equivalent only to the direct and determinate loss suffered by the other party owing to such non-performance.”art. 110. “If the non-performance of the agreement be due to fraud or bad faith on the part of the person bound to perform it, he shall be liable to pay damages which shall include both direct loss caused to the other party by such non-performance and also profits of which he may have been deprived owing to such non-performance.”CWOsec. 60, prov. (a), “…where the plaintiff has suffered damage, compensation shall only be awarded in respect of such damage as would naturally arise in the usual course of things and which directly arose from the defendant's civil wrong;…”Among all the criteria of liability for damages (which will hereafter be analysed) one only is common to both laws—“direct” damage. But neither law is original; it will be more interesting, and more instructive for the elucidation of their meaning, to go back to the sources and to compare both sets of provisions with their source, and the sources with each other.
On Rape and the Sanctity of Matrimony
Authors: Livneh Ernst 
Published: June 2019

“The morning after a certain night on which Soames at last had asserted his rights and acted like a man, he breakfasted alone….He ate steadily, but at times a sensation as though he could not swallow attacked him. Had he been right to yield to his overmastering hunger of the night before and break down the resistance which he had suffered now too long from the woman who was his lawful and solemnly constituted help-mate?The incident was really of no great moment; women made a fuss about it in books; but in the cool judgment of right-thinking men, of men of the world, such as he recollected often received praise in the Divorce Court, he had but done his best to sustain the sanctity of marriage, to prevent her from abandoning her duty ….”In these hints Galsworthy the artist describes the attitude of English society in 1886. Galsworthy the member of Lincoln's Inn writing in 1906 also knows it as the attitude of English law: a married person has the right of connubium at any time, not dependent on his spouse's love or willingness, and nothing a husband does to compel his wife to have with him normal sex relations will be considered as rape upon her.
Foreign Money Loans: The Rate of Conversion
Authors: Levontin A. V. 
Published: June 2019

“I should have thought this result, in the language of one of your Lordships, ‘manifestly impossible’; but rules of law have to be tested in these days, and must survive the application of first principles.” Lord Atkin, in Banco de Portugal v. Waterlow & Sons, Ltd. [1932] A.C. 452, 486–87.With the arrival upon the scene of the House of Lords' decision in Tomkinson v. First Pennsylvania Banking and Trust Co. [1961] A.C. 1007 it is now settled that whenever judicial occasion may arise to convert foreign into English money, the conversion should be performed in accordance with the rate of exchange prevailing on the day when the money first became due and was not paid. This “breach-date rate” is preferred to the rate at commencement of suit, to the rate during trial or at judgment, to the rate on the day of actual payment, and to any other possible rate. It is to be followed regardless of whether the shift in the exchange results in appreciation or in depreciation of English money vis-à-vis the foreign money in question, as also without regard to whether it is the creditor or the debtor who benefits therefrom. Conversion in accordance with this rate is also preferred to an adjustment of the rights of the parties on equitable lines, as by judicial compromise between creditor and debtor.
The Treatment Of Mentally-Sick Offenders: A Comparative Analysis Of Israel Law, Part II
Authors: Levy Yuval 
Published: June 2019

This question is closely connected with substantive law. It is interesting to note that whilst the Israel legislature has purported to revise only the procedure with respect to criminal insanity, the substantive issues were also attacked by the courts soon after the enactment of the procedural innovations in 1955, thus perhaps also reflecting the close interdependent relationship between the procedural and the substantive aspects of the problem. The setting up of a somewhat detailed procedural machinery has, curiously enough, led to far-reaching liberalization of the tests of irresponsibility by the Israel courts who, after a persistently strict adherence to the McNaghten Rules, are now willing to add the test of “irresistible impulse” by an ingenious interpretation of the Criminal Code Ordinance (the terms of which have not been changed in this respect since its enactment in 1936), straining the “natural” meaning of its provisions almost to breaking point.The first attempt to achieve this far-reaching change of policy was made by Justice Agranat (as he then was) in the Mandelbrot Case but despite his scholarly and forceful opinion he was overruled by the majority of the court. The same issue, however, came up again in the Mizan Case, where a panel of five Justices (two dissenting) confirmed Justice Agranat's minority opinion in the MandelbrotCase, thus incorporating in substantive law the additional test of pressure of irresistible impulse derived from mental illness.
The International Corporation—Its Status in International Law
Authors: Lador-Lederer J. J. 
Published: June 2019

The problem of personality in international law is destined, apparently, to remain an obstacle to development, control and responsibility-norms binding on international non-State and non-IGO entities. In short, is this international social phenomenon still subject to the dogma of “States only” in international law? Or, conversely, is international law still the law for inter-State relations only? This writer's views are on record with an analysis of the NGO-phenomenon; he would like to add a few observations on the subject of International Corporations (IC), and on the impact they might possibly have on the general problem of personality of the non-State international entity.When, thirty-six years ago, the structure and organization of the Bank for International Settlements (BIS), Basle, had been settled by a team of noted draftsmen, Sir John Fischer Williams noted in a paper on this subject: “We theorists have to take heed to build our doctrines on tendencies rather than on ‘facts’; otherwise, when we have finished constructing our systems, it may happen that the facts are no longer what they were when we started building, and the system is out of date before it is established.” In the meantime, several other corporations of a similar nature have been set up but in spite of a number of valuable papers on this subject, we are still without a systematic integration of what has gone on around us—although it is now clear that the traditional pedagogic categories have become unsatisfactory.
Two Paradoxes in the Recognition of Foreign Judgments
Authors: Levontin A. V. 
Published: June 2019

An oft-repeated proposition asserts that fraud “vitiates the most solemn proceedings of courts of justice. Lord Coke says it avoids all judicial acts, ecclesiastical or temporal”. Fraus omnia corrumpit. That great master of the common law, Willes J., said in 1863: “…a judgment or decree obtained by fraud upon a court binds not such court, nor any other; and its nullity upon this ground, though it has not been set aside or reversed, may be alleged in a collateral proceeding.”Nevertheless, such declarations cannot be accepted without reservation. Let us illustrate. A man sues for detention of his goods. The defendant asserts that plaintiff's case is a concocted deception; that the documents are forged and that the plaintiff himself and his witnesses are deliberately perjuring themselves. The defendant maintains, in fact, that the goods in question are, at the very time of trial, being concealed by the plaintiff. The court goes fully into the testimony, rejects the allegations of perjury and fraud, and awards the plaintiff damages. The absolute truth will perhaps never be known. What we do know is that the unsuccessful defendant is henceforth estopped by res judicata. He cannot resist the effect of the judgment, still less can he set it aside, unless he can avail himself of fresh evidence, discovered since the trial; and unless, moreover, he can satisfactorily account for not having known this evidence and made use of it at the trial. This has been clear law since at least early in the 17th century when it was expressly laid down by Bacon L. C. Indeed, the need for new evidence furnishes a major distinction between impeachment (or “review”, as it is also called) of a judgment, on the one hand, and an appeal proper, on the other. This distinction is further reflected in the rule that appeals must be lodged within a prescribed period of time—not so impeachments or reviews.
Some Reflections on the British Rule inSharkeyv.Wernherwith Special Reference to its Effects on Israel Tax Law
Authors: Lapidoth Arye 
Published: June 2019

Although legally the Israel Supreme Court is not bound by its own decisions, in practice it will normally follow them. It is therefore not surprising that when the Supreme Court recently deviated from a previous decision, the case raised considerable interest as well as some controversy. The case in question isCohenv.Assessing Officer, which was heard before a bench of five judges. By a majority of three to two the Court deviated from a decision which had been unanimously reached, by a bench of three judges, inBen Zviv.Assessing Officer. Both cases dealt with a tax problem which confronted the Israeli revenue for the last ten years. As will be shown, the problem is not limited to Israel Law. Indeed, one of the main points considered by the Court was the meaning and effect of the controversial decision of the House of Lords inSharkeyv.Wernher. This was the problem involved.It is a basic rule of Israel tax law that a man who sells land for a profit is not liable to pay income tax unless the profit has been derived from “any trade…or from any transaction or adventure in the nature of trade”.
A Survey of the Definition of International Straits and the Issue of “Status Mixtus”
Authors: Moser Mibi B. 
Published: June 2019

The issue of free navigation through international waterways is not academic nor need any hypothetical questions be posed. The concept of free navigation and international interest continues to confront the concept of sovereignty and national interest. To solve some of the acute problems thus engendered, it has become necessary to establish a body of rules within the scope of international law.This paper is devoted to one category of international waterways, the so-called international straits. “Still waters run deep” and it seems as if narrow strips of water are often the most troublesome.The most recent controversy concerning free navigation through straits arose in 1967 between Israel and the U.A.R. over the Tiran Straits. In the absence of an international power able to enforce the so-called international rule of free navigation or to convince the parties that the rule did not apply, the conflict was resolved by force of arms.No agreement exists between the littoral States as to the legal status of the Gulf of Aqaba and the Straits. The most cited document in this connection is the Geneva Convention on Territorial Sea and Contiguous Zone of 1958. Examination of the preparatory and subsequent material of the 1958 Geneva Conference on the law of the sea, leads to the conclusion that the problem of straits in international law is not so much a question of substantive rule as a problem of defining international straits. The rule as such of free navigation is well established and was articulated long ago by Grotius. The right of innocent passage and the freedom of the high seas is today basically derived from the rule as defined by Grotius.