bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Frameworks for supporting patient and public involvement in research: Systematic review and co‐design pilot
Authors: Greenhalgh Trisha , Hinton Lisa , Finlay Teresa , Macfarlane Alastair , Fahy Nick , Clyde Ben , Chant Alan 
Published: April 2019

AbstractBackgroundNumerous frameworks for supporting, evaluating and reporting patient and public involvement in research exist. The literature is diverse and theoretically heterogeneous.ObjectivesTo identify and synthesize published frameworks, consider whether and how these have been used, and apply design principles to improve usability.Search strategyKeyword search of six databases; hand search of eight journals; ancestry and snowball search; requests to experts.Inclusion criteriaPublished, systematic approaches (frameworks) designed to support, evaluate or report on patient or public involvement in health‐related research.Data extraction and synthesisData were extracted on provenance; collaborators and sponsors; theoretical basis; lay input; intended user(s) and use(s); topics covered; examples of use; critiques; and updates. We used the Canadian Centre for Excellence on Partnerships with Patients and Public (CEPPP) evaluation tool and hermeneutic methodology to grade and synthesize the frameworks. In five co‐design workshops, we tested evidence‐based resources based on the review findings.ResultsOur final data set consisted of 65 frameworks, most of which scored highly on the CEPPP tool. They had different provenances, intended purposes, strengths and limitations. We grouped them into five categories: power‐focused; priority‐setting; study‐focused; report‐focused; and partnership‐focused. Frameworks were used mainly by the groups who developed them. The empirical component of our study generated a structured format and evidence‐based facilitator notes for a “build your own framework” co‐design workshop.ConclusionThe plethora of frameworks combined with evidence of limited transferability suggests that a single, off‐the‐shelf framework may be less useful than a menu of evidence‐based resources which stakeholders can use to co‐design their own frameworks.
PD‐L1, B7‐H3 and VISTA are highly expressed in gestational trophoblastic neoplasia
Authors: Zong Liju , Zhang Ming , Wang Wenze , Wan Xirun , Yang Junjun , Xiang Yang 
Published: April 2019

AimsThe B7 family check‐point molecules are potential therapeutic targets in cancer immunotherapy. However, their expression status in human gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) remains unknown. We investigated the expression profiles of the B7 family check‐point proteins PD‐L1, PD‐L2, B7‐H3, B7‐H4, VISTA and B7‐H6 in GTN and their clinical significance.Methods and resultsWe identified 112 patients with GTN, including 68 with choriocarcinoma, 33 with placental‐site trophoblastic tumour (PSTT) and 11 with epithelioid trophoblastic tumour (ETT). Immunohistochemical staining was performed on whole‐tissue GTN sections using anti‐B7 family antibodies. VISTA expression was immunohistochemically analysed using microarrays of normal human tissues and of 20 common cancers. PD‐L1 and B7‐H3 were highly expressed in all GTN tumours, while PD‐L2 was expressed in 87.5% of the samples. B7‐H4 and B7‐H6 were negative in 100% and 98.2% of the samples, respectively. PD‐L1, B7‐H3 and VISTA levels were significantly higher in choriocarcinomas and PSTTs than in ETTs. There was no association between B7 family check‐point expression in tumour cells and disease stage, prognostic score or patient outcomes (complete remission versus death). VISTA protein was widely overexpressed in 98.2% of all the GTN, but its expression varied in other cancer types and was negative in normal adult and fetal tissues except placental trophoblasts and splenic lymphocytes.ConclusionsThe GTN trophoblast cells show high expression of PD‐L1, B7‐H3 and VISTA in a manner that is independent of clinical outcomes. These proteins may be potential immunotherapeutic targets when treating GTN.
STABILIZATION POLICY AT THE ZERO LOWER BOUND
Authors: Boel Paola , Waller Christopher J. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractWe construct a monetary economy with aggregate liquidity shocks and heterogeneous idiosyncratic preference shocks. In this environment, not all agents are satiated at the zero lower bound (ZLB) even when the Friedman rule is the best interest‐rate policy the central bank can implement. As a consequence, central bank stabilization policy, which takes the form of repo arrangements in response to aggregate demand shocks, temporarily relaxes the liquidity constraint of impatient agents at the ZLB. Due to a pecuniary externality, this policy may have beneficial general equilibrium effects for patient agents even if they are unconstrained in their money balances.
Understanding the difference of 4‐hydroxyhexenal and 4‐hydroxynonenal formation in various vegetable oils during thermal processes by kinetic and thermodynamic study
Authors: Ma Lukai , Liu Guoqin , Zhang Hua , Liu Xinqi 
Published: April 2019

SummaryThe formation of two toxic aldehydes, 4‐hydroxyhexenal (HHE) and 4‐hydroxynonenal (HNE) were monitored in five vegetable oils during thermal processing (100–200 °C) with the results modelled. HHE was only determined in rapeseed and linseed oil, while HNE was determined in all tested oils and the contents varied significantly depending on the oil type. For HHE/HNE‐detected oils, the evolution during heating was well described by the pseudo‐first‐order kinetic model. The equilibrium contents of HHE/HNE increased and the duration until equilibrium decreased as a function of temperature. The calculated reaction rate constants followed the Arrhenius law. The formation rate of HHE/HNE was remarkably oil‐dependent, which was also in accordance with the calculated kinetic and thermodynamic parameters. Accordingly, the above results can contribute to a prediction of HHE/HNE formation in different vegetable oils during thermal processing, especially the temperature/time required during frying, which is generally higher than 100 °C and 6 h., respectively.
A phase‐field model for the study of isothermal dissolution behavior of alumina particles into molten silicates
Authors: Xuan Changji , Mu Wangzhong 
Published: April 2019

AbstractParticle dissolution process refers to the dissolving of one liquid or solid phase into another solvent phase. This process is of vital importance in the engineering material science, and chemical engineering, etc. Here, we develop a phase‐field model with diffusion‐controlled processes at interfaces for isothermal dissolution of alumina inclusion particles in molten silicates, referred as “slag,” with comprehensive compositions applied in process metallurgy. The interfacial energy between solid inclusion particle and molten silicate can vary with different temperatures and chemical compositions. This model is validated using experimental data of high‐temperature confocal laser scanning microscopy (HT‐CLSM) technique. Moreover, the developed model is applicable to predict the dissolution behavior of solid particle in a realistic size scale. The possibility of the model application is illustrated with studies of different physical parameters that affect particle dissolution behavior. The phase‐field simulations show that inclusion morphology influences both the dissolution profile and time, and the influence decreases with the increased temperature. Increasing same amount of Al2O3 component in slag, the increased degrees of the alumina dissolution time in silicates with different V‐ratio values, a ratio between the mass percent of CaO and that of SiO2, are almost the same. If the V‐ratio of slag is relatively small, an increased MgO component in the silicate will significantly decrease the particle dissolution time. On the contrary, the change in MgO component in the silicate will have a minor effect if the value of V‐ratio is quite large. In order to rapidly dissolve the inclusion, basicity index (BI) of molten silicate should be larger than 1.4. A balance between BI and MgO component in slag is suggested to be considered to design or optimize molten silicate (slag) for its application in the refining process of steel manufacturing.
Celluloid zombies: A research study of nurses in zombie‐focused feature films
Authors: Stanley David , Stanley Karen , Magee Deborah 
Published: April 2019

AbstractAimTo explore how nurses, who are the principal character of zombie‐focused feature films are portrayed.DesignA mixed methods study with a quantitative exploration of 44,000 feature film synopsis and additional online material for films made between 1900 and 2018 was used. Zombie‐focused films (485) were reviewed for their genre, county, year of production, and plot‐lines. Ten zombie films featuring nurses in key roles were analysed via an interpretive, qualitative thematic analysis. The study was undertaken between May 2018 ‐ November 2018.MethodA quantitative review of film synopses and relevant movie specific web sites or key literature for the word, ‘zombie’ and/or ‘zombie nurse’ and an interpretive, qualitative thematic analysis of nurse specific zombie films.ResultsMost of the 485 zombie‐focused films located were produced or co‐produced in the USA. Only 115 zombie‐focused feature films were identified with health professionals, of these, 27 films featured nurses, 10 with nurses in the main role. Nurses were portrayed as romantic, sexualized, caring, self‐sacrificial and strong or evil, however, the over‐arching representation of nurses in zombie films was tied to the depravity from which zombie sub‐culture is based.ConclusionFew zombie films feature nurses in the main role. However, the negative, violent and deprived nature of this genre offers a poor reflection on nursing.ImpactHow nurses are portrayed in films is important because it influences how the public, patients, and nurses themselves view their profession and role. Understanding the way nurses are portrayed may help professional bodies to better prepare recruitment material.
Stepping outside the consultation room. On nurse–patient relationships and nursing responsibilities during a type 2 diabetes walking project
Authors: Stuij Mirjam , Elling‐Machartzki Agnes , Abma Tineke A. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractAimsTo examine the care practices of nurses during the organization of 20 weeks of walking sessions for people with type 2 diabetes and to reflect on implications for nurse–patient relationships and nursing responsibilities in the provision of physical activity (PA) care.DesignQualitative, ethnographic study.MethodsAlmost 70 hr of field work was completed by participant observations and informal conversations with nurses and participating patients of two different walking groups (April–October 2016). Analysis of field notes followed an inductive holistic‐content approach, using both within‐case and across‐case analysis.ResultsThe analysis revealed four main themes related to the nurses’ care practices: (a) organizational efforts; (b) combining group and individual care; (c) stepping in‐ and outside the patient mode; and (d) implications back inside the consultation room. Underlying these themes was a process of relational development, both with and among patients.ConclusionStepping outside the consultation room seems to offer more space for patients’ lifeworld narratives and contribute to more continuous and person‐centred care. However, it also raises new questions about the provision of PA care and nursing responsibilities in this.ImpactCurrent nursing repertoires for PA counselling in type 2 diabetes care are insufficient and might be extended by organizing walking sessions for patients. Related nursing care practices impacted relationships both with and among participating patients. These have consequences for boundaries of both nursing responsibilities and care provision.
Perception of clinical deterioration cues among medical‐surgical nurses
Authors: Orique Sabrina B. , Despins Laurel , Wakefield Bonnie J. , Erdelez Sanda , Vogelsmeier Amy 
Published: April 2019

AbstractAimTo examine medical‐surgical nurses’ capacity and tendency to perceive cues indicating clinical deterioration and nursing characteristics influencing deterioration cue perception.DesignCross‐sectional, explorative study design.MethodsData were collected over 10 weeks between September–November 2017. Medical‐surgical nurses completed an online survey consisting of a demographic questionnaire, the Occupational Fatigue, Exhaustion Recovery scale and 50 detection trials. Descriptive statistics and statistical tests were used to describe and interpret data.FindingsA significant association was found between nurses’ capacity and tendency to perceive deterioration cues. As nurses’ capacity to perceive deterioration cues increased, nurses were more likely to classify patient cues as indicators of deterioration. Fatigue, education, and certification were not identified as characteristics associated with deterioration cue perception. However, experience was observed to significantly influence nurses’ capacity to perceive deterioration cues based on levels of skills acquisition.ConclusionStudy findings imply that future research should be directed at determining whether other individual factors and organizational system dynamics influence deterioration cue perception.ImpactTo better understand how nurses perceive deterioration cues, this study integrated concepts from the Situation Awareness model and Signal Detection Theory. Novice, advanced beginner and competent nurses were found to have a lower capacity to perceive deterioration cues compared with proficient and expert nurses. With simulation increasingly being used as a primary teaching modality in nursing, the development of a simulation‐based signal detection training intervention may be beneficial in enhancing deterioration cue perception.
The roles of dispositional coping style and social support in helping people with respiratory disease cope with a breathlessness crisis
Authors: Garcia Maja Villanueva , Luckett Tim , Johnson Miriam , Hutchinson Ann , Lal Sara , Phillips Jane L. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractAimTo explore the role of coping moderators in self‐management of breathlessness crises by people with advanced respiratory disease.DesignA secondary analysis of semi‐structured interview data.MethodsInterviews with patients who had advanced respiratory disease, chronic breathlessness and at least one experience where they considered presenting to Emergency but self‐managed instead (a “near miss”). Participants were recruited from New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria, South Australia or Tasmania. Eligible caregivers were those who contributed to Emergency‐related decision‐making. Interviews were coded inductively and then deductively against the coping moderators social support and dispositional coping style, defined by the Transactional Model of Stress and Coping.ResultsInterviews were conducted between October 2015 ‐ April 2016 with 20 patients and three caregivers. Social networks offered emotional and practical support but also had potential for conflict with patients' ‘hardy’ coping style. Patient hardiness (characterized by a sense of ‘commitment’ and ‘challenge’) promoted a proactive approach to self‐management but made some patients less willing to accept support. Information‐seeking tendencies varied between patients and were sometimes shared with caregivers. An optimistic coping style appeared to be less equivocally beneficial.ConclusionThis study shows that social support and coping style may influence how people self‐manage through their breathlessness crises and identified ways coping moderators can facilitate or hinder effective self‐management.ImpactThis study confers insights into how social‐support and coping style can be supported and optimized to facilitate breathlessness self‐management. Acknowledging coping moderator interactions is beneficial for developing resources and strategies that recognise patient mastery.
Domains of planning for future long‐term care of adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities: Parent and sibling perspectives
Authors: Lindahl Jane , Stollon Natalie , Wu Katherine , Liang Angela , Changolkar Sujatha , Steinway Caren , Trachtenberg Symme , Coccia Audrey , Devaney Maureen , Jan Sophia 
Published: April 2019

AbstractBackgroundResearch shows that adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) increasingly outlive caregivers, who often struggle to plan for the future and have little support and knowledge surrounding long‐term care planning.MethodsThe study team conducted interviews with parents and siblings of adults with IDD and performed qualitative coding using a modified grounded theory to explore domains of future planning and identify barriers and facilitators.ResultsThemes from the interviews revealed seven major domains of future planning that should be considered by caregivers of adults with IDD. These domains are housing, legal planning, identification of primary caregiver(s), financial planning, day‐to‐day care, medical management and transportation. Approaches to planning within each domain varied greatly.ConclusionsThe study team dentified the domain of “identification of primary caregiver(s)” as potentially the most important step for caregivers when planning for the future, but also observed that the domains identified are significantly interrelated and should be considered together.
Inverse association between physical activity and blood glucose is independent of sex, menopause status and first‐degree family history of diabetes
Authors: Hu Xiang , Yu Weihui , Yang Lijuan , Pan Wei , Si Qiya , Chen Xueqin , Li Qianqian , Gu Xuejiang 
Published: April 2019

AbstractAims/IntroductionExercise training is a recognized strategy central to the prevention, treatment, and management of diabetes and prediabetes. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between physical activity and blood glucose, as well as the influence of sex, menopause status and family history of diabetes.Materials and MethodsParticipants with normal weight were selected from Risk Evaluation of Cancers in Chinese Diabetic Individuals: A Longitudinal Study, and divided into inactive (moderate‐to‐vigorous‐intensity physical activity [MVPA] <30 min/week), low‐degree (MVPA ≥30 and ≤420 min/week) and high‐degree (MVPA >420 min/week) activity groups.ResultsA total of 2,601 individuals with an average age of 57.85 ± 8.39 years were enrolled. Multivariate anova uncovered that after adjustment for sex and menopause status, and family history of diabetes, respectively, fasting plasma glucose, 2‐h plasma glucose and glycated hemoglobin A1c decreased through inactive, low‐degree and high‐degree activity groups (all P for trend <0.05). The association of blood glucose indexes with physical activity was independent of this association with sex and menopause status, and first‐degree family history of diabetes, respectively. Multivariate linear regression analyses showed that MVPA was an independent factor associated negatively with fasting plasma glucose, 2‐h plasma glucose and glycated hemoglobin A1c, respectively (all P < 0.01).ConclusionsA higher degree of physical activity was associated with lower blood glucose regardless of sex, menopause status and first‐degree family history of diabetes. MVPA is a negative factor associated with blood glucose independently. Physical activity of adequate duration and intensity is strongly recommended to individuals with susceptibility to diabetes as a result of sex and family history, but without overweight/obesity.
Negative effect of fatty liver on visualization of pancreatic cystic lesions at screening transabdominal ultrasonography
Authors: Kashiwagi Kazuhiro , Seino Takashi , Makino Kanako , Shimizu‐Hirota Ryoko , Takayama Michiyo , Yoshida Toshifumi , Iwasaki Eisuke , Sugino Yoshinori , Inoue Nagamu , Iwao Yasushi , Kanai Takanori 
Published: April 2019

AbstractRationale, aims, and objectivesThe aim of this observational study is to identify factors by which some pancreatic cystic lesions (PCLs) were undetectable at transabdominal ultrasonography (TAUS), using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as reference standard.MethodsThe database for 781 consecutive subjects who underwent a health checkup including fat computed tomography and upper abdominal MRI as option was searched. The presence of fatty liver and fatty pancreas was diagnosed by TAUS, and atrophic pancreas was determined by reevaluating the image of the pancreas in the chest computed tomography for screening. Subjects with PCL detected and those undetected at TAUS were statistically compared in clinical characteristics.ResultsThe prevalence of PCL detected at MRI was 17.8% in the general population. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that fatty liver, body mass index, and the size of PCL were significantly associated with the factors influencing the visualization of PCL at TAUS (odds ratio [OR]: 0.337, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.154‐0.734, P = 0.006; OR: 0.852, 95% CI: 0.737‐0.985, P = 0.030; OR:1.120, 95% CI: 1.045‐1.200, P = .001). Thirty‐six PCLs (64.3%) in a total of 56 PCLs were undermeasured by TAUS. Additionally, nine (56%) out of 16 PCLs (≥ 15 mm) were undermeasured by 5 mm or more by TAUS, although a significantly higher detection rate was observed for PCLs (≥ 15 mm) in comparison with that for PCLs (< 15 mm) (80% vs 33.6%, P = .000).ConclusionsIt should be noted that coexisting fatty liver may lower the detection of PCL, and its size may be underestimated by TAUS.
Effects of Interval Training on Visceral Adipose Tissue in Centrally Obese 70‐Year‐Old Individuals: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Ballin Marcel , Lundberg Emmy , Sörlén Niklas , Nordström Peter , Hult Andreas , Nordström Anna 
Published: April 2019

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effects of 10 weeks of progressive vigorous‐intensity interval training as a single intervention on body composition among 70‐year‐old individuals with central obesity.DESIGNRandomized controlled trial (ClinicalTrials.gov registration No. NCT03450655).SETTINGCommunity‐dwelling 70‐year‐old men and women living in the Umeå municipality in Sweden.PARTICIPANTSSeventy‐seven 70‐year‐old men and women with central obesity (greater than 1 kg visceral adipose tissue [VAT] for women and greater than 2 kg VAT for men).INTERVENTIONParticipants allocated to the intervention group were offered a 10‐week progressive concurrent exercise program performed three times per week. All participants in both groups had received tailored lifestyle recommendations focused on diet and physical activity at one occasion within 12 months prior to trial initiation.MEASUREMENTSThe primary outcome was changes in VAT, and secondary outcomes included changes in total fat mass (FM), total lean body mass (LBM), and body mass index.RESULTSComparing the groups, there were no significant differences in decrease of VAT mass (P = .10), although the intervention group significantly decreased FM by 716 g (P = .01) and gained LBM by 508 g (P = .03), compared to the control group. Furthermore, the effects of the training were significantly greater in the male subcohort (P < .05 for interaction), with positive effects also on VAT and FM, where men in the intervention group decreased VAT by 175 g (P < .05) and FM by 1364 g (P = .004), compared to the male controls.CONCLUSIONSThe present trial demonstrates that 10 weeks of progressive vigorous interval training is sufficient to significantly decrease FM in older adults with central obesity, with positive effects also on LBM. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:1625–1631, 2019