bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CFTC amends chief compliance officer duties and annual report requirements
Authors: Hammar Julian E. 
Published: March 2019

Purpose
This paper summarizes the requirements of rule amendments promulgated by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) in 2018 regarding the duties of Chief Compliance Officers (CCOs) of swap dealers, major swap participants, and futures commission merchants (collectively, Registrants) and the requirements for preparing, certifying and furnishing to the CFTC the CCO’s annual report.

Design/methodology/approach
This paper provides a close analysis of the CFTC’s final rule amendments that make clarifications regarding the CCO’s duties and seek to harmonize with similar rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) applicable to security-based swap dealers.It also analyzes rule amendments for the CCO’s report that provide clarifications and simplify certain requirements.In each case, it discusses comments from the public and the CFTC’s responses to those comments.

Findings
This paper finds that the rule amendments provide a number of helpful clarifications and simplify certain existing requirements for Registrants and their CCOs subject to the rules.While the rules overall achieve greater harmonization with similar rules of the SEC governing CCOs of security-based swap dealers, this paper notes that care will need to be taken by CFTC Registrants who also become registered with the SEC to be cognizant of remaining differences between the CFTC’s and SEC’s rules in order to ensure compliance with the rules of each agency.

Originality/value
This paper provides valuable information regarding the duties of CCOs of Registrants and CCO annual report requirements from an experienced lawyer focused on commodities, futures, derivatives, energy, corporate, and securities regulatory matters.
Global environmental policies with innovation spillovers
Authors: Kumar Manoj 
Published: March 2019

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to explore automobile fuel efficiency policies in the presence of two externalities: a global environmental problem and international innovation spillovers.

Design/methodology/approach
Using a simple model with two regions, the authors show that both a fuel tax and a tax on vehicles based on their fuel economy rating are needed to decentralize the first best.

Findings
If standards are used instead of taxes, the authors find that spillovers may alleviate free-riding. Under some conditions, a strict standard in one region may favor the adoption of a strict standard in the other one.

Originality/value
The authors also show that if policies are not coordinated between regions, the resulting gas taxes will be set too low and each region will use the tax on fuel rating to reduce the damage caused by foreign drivers.
The internationalisation of service-sector SMEs in an emerging market
Authors: Ooi Shir May , Richardson Christopher 
Published: March 2019

PurposeThis paper aims to explore the internationalisation of service-sector small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) from an emerging market, focussing on the entry modes, psychic distance, business network, internationalisation challenges and capabilities of business training and consultancy firms from Malaysia.Design/methodology/approachA multiple-case study approach is adopted, and 31 in-depth interviews were conducted with the top management and executives from eight business training and consultation (BT&C) firms in Malaysia. The Uppsala model is used for theoretical guidance to analyse the internationalisation of the firms.FindingsThe results suggest that psychic distance, business network and business capabilities influence the internationalisation of BT&C firms from Malaysia. However, the discussion of entry modes in the framework of service internationalisation does not accurately explain the internationalisation of the studied firms.Research limitations/implicationsThis study is a qualitative research based on the experiences of eight firms. The basis of this study is inadequate for scientific generalisation. Quantitative research should be conducted in the future to provide a statistical test and empirical results. This study is concerned with the emerging-market context. The study could be expanded to include more industries and other emerging markets in the future.Practical implicationsThis study explored the application of internationalisation theories to the BT&C industry in an emerging market, with particular emphasis on firms’ entry modes, psychic distance, business networks, international challenges and capabilities. This study also highlighted some of the key internationalisation challenges facing emerging market small- and medium-sized enterprises (EMSMEs), underlining the importance of business networks and capabilities.Social implicationsNevertheless, this study shares useful and practical discoveries concerning the internationalisation process of BT&C firms from the emerging market, focussing on entry modes, psychic distance, business network, the challenges faced and the required capabilities.Originality/valueThe study provides new insights into service internationalisation in SMEs from an emerging market. The application of internationalisation theories to the BT&C industry in an emerging market is analysed.
The monistic diversity of continuum informatics
Authors: Upward Frank 
Published: March 2019

Purpose
The Information Age during the transition from the paper era to the digital one saw the fracturing and fragmenting of the information-based specialisations. More recently, professional norms for governance have been swept aside within new business models based on information based business applications. This paper aims to support an advance towards networked cohesion based on informatics, regenerating professionalism for the complex networked age.

Design/methodology/approach
New regulatory approaches will have to manage monistic diversity, connecting the deeper logic of continuum thinking in which information governance exists as part of a simple whole (the monistic component) with a recognition that the parts of information governance are much more complex than the whole (the expanding diversity). A continuum approach of this type involves studying things in motion as part of evolutionary processes.

Findings
The production of information is galloping ahead of its authoritative management, and this is at the heart of many of the failings of the post-truth information era. Informatics with its emphasis upon the joint operation of technologies, social processes and knowledge forming and its ability to be an umbrella term for many specialisations can be a cohering force.

Practical implications
The alignment of thought, action and ethical information governance across inter-connected practices for individuals, groups and organisations can be supported by the deeper logic and grounded experience of continuum thinking.

Originality/value
This paper will look to expand the array of sympathisers who wish to get more in touch with studying things in motion, including those trying to cope with the need to develop more adequate ways for managing nanosecond archiving processes.
Impostor phenomenon in STEM: occurrence, attribution, and identity
Authors: Chakraverty Devasmita 
Published: March 2019

Purpose
This study aims to explore different themes related to impostor phenomenon, as experienced by graduate students and postdocs in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) fields.

Design/methodology/approach
Open-ended survey responses from 120 US-based participants from 40 states and Washington, D.C., describing an occasion when they felt like an impostor, were analyzed thematically.

Findings
Following content analysis, three themes emerged: occurrence, attribution and identity. While impostor-like feelings were experienced as early as high school or college, the majority experienced it during PhD application, on being admitted to a PhD program and throughout PhD training. The people experiencing impostor phenomenon attributed their achievements and success to others (other’s name, prestige, or connections, other’s mistake, other’s lies or misrepresentation, or other’s kindness) or self (self-inadequacy, pretense, luck or self-doubt) rather than their own hard work or ability. Gender-based and race/ethnicity-based identity also shaped the experiences of the impostor phenomenon.

Research limitations/implications
Open-ended survey responses varied in length and level of detail. Responses provided a one-time snapshot of a memory related to impostor-feelings that stood out, not indicating if the feeling persisted or evolved with time. The findings are not generalizable over a larger population.

Originality/value
This study identified multiple themes related to the impostor phenomenon not investigated before, enriching existing research while also providing methodological rigor for the development of follow-up studies.
Use of trichoscopy for the diagnosis of alopecia areata coexisting with primary scarring alopecia in a female hair loss patient
Authors: Fukuyama Masahiro , Ohyama Manabu 
Published: March 2019

AbstractDespite patchy hair loss being typically observed in alopecia areata (AA), similar lesions can be seen in other forms of alopecia and the diagnosis is sometimes challenging. Of note, patchy primary scarring alopecia (SA) needs to be clearly distinguished from AA as SA can leave permanent hair loss. Herein, we report a previously unreported case of AA coexisting with SA successfully diagnosed by detailed trichoscopic investigation. A 42‐year‐old woman visited us with patchy hair loss lesions on the scalp. On physical examination, alopecic lesions sized up to 2 cm in diameter were observed in the right temporal and parietal regions. A gentle hair pull test collected dystrophic anagen hairs from some patches. Trichoscopy detected tapering hairs and black dots. The diagnosis of AA was made. However, some reddish patches were totally hair pull test negative, urging us to further evaluate the remaining lesions. Additional trichoscopic investigation revealed the disappearance of follicular ostia and the presence of a white and milky‐red area and peripilar scales, suggestive of SA. In histology, the clinically AA lesion showed peribulbar cell infiltration, while the potentially SA lesion demonstrated inflammatory cell infiltration around the isthmus and the decrease in hair follicles, some of which were replaced by fibrotic tissue. The final diagnosis of AA coexisting with SA was made. Intralesional corticosteroid injection improved AA but not SA. These findings emphasize the need for thorough trichoscopic examination for accurate diagnoses of rare hair loss conditions.
Linearized amplitude variation with offset and azimuth and anisotropic poroelasticity
Authors: Pan Xinpeng , Zhang Guangzhi , Yin Xingyao 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACTThe normal‐to‐shear weakness ratio is commonly used as a fracture fluid indicator, but it depends not only on the fluid types but also on the fracture intensity and internal architecture. Amplitude variation with offset and azimuth is commonly used to perform the fluid identification and fracture characterization in fractured porous rocks. We demonstrate a direct inversion approach to utilize the observable azimuthal data to estimate the decoupled fluid (fluid/porosity term) and fracture (normal and shear weaknesses) parameters instead of the calculation of normal‐to‐shear weakness ratio to help reduce the uncertainties in fracture characterization and fluid identification of a gas‐saturated porous medium permeated by a single set of parallel vertical fractures. Based on the anisotropic poroelasticity and perturbation theory, we first derive a linearized amplitude versus offset and azimuth approximation using the scattering function to decouple the fluid indicator and fracture parameters. Incorporating Bayes formula and convolution theory, we propose a feasible direct inversion approach in a Bayesian framework to obtain the direct estimations of model parameters, in which Cauchy and Gaussian distribution are used for the a priori information of model parameters and the likelihood function, respectively. We finally use the non‐linear iteratively reweighted least squares to solve the maximum a posteriori solutions of model parameters. The synthetic examples containing a moderate noise demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed approach, and the real data illustrates the stabilities of estimated fluid indicator and dry fracture parameters in gas‐saturated fractured porous rocks.
Physician age and the abandonment of episiotomy
Authors: Howard David H. , Hockenberry Jason 
Published: March 2019

ObjectiveTo determine whether women treated by older physicians are more likely to undergo episiotomy.Data Sources/Study SettingHospital discharge data from Pennsylvania for the period 1994 to 2010.Study DesignWe examined the impact of the year in which physicians started delivering babies (a proxy for age) in Pennsylvania on episiotomy rates using a linear probability model with hospital fixed effects.Data Collection/Extraction MethodsUsing diagnosis and procedure codes, we identified women delivering vaginally (N = 1 658 327) and determined the proportion who had an episiotomy.Principal FindingsThe average physician‐level episiotomy rate declined from 54 percent in 1994 to 13 percent in 2010. Rates declined among older and younger physicians, but, at any point in time, women treated by older physicians were more likely to have an episiotomy. A 10‐year difference in physician age is associated with a 6 percentage point increase in episiotomy rates.ConclusionsResults indicate that older physicians, who entered practice when episiotomy was common, were slow to adjust their practices in response to evidence showing that routine episiotomy is unnecessary.
Frequent fires do not affect sexual expression and reproduction in Vachellia caven
Authors: Marquez Victoria , Carbone Lucas M. , Aguilar Ramiro , Ashworth Lorena 
Published: March 2019

AbstractIn environments with high fire frequency the impoverishment of abiotic resources may favour male sexual expression in plants as it is less costly than female expression. Also, fire can modify pollinator communities and thus affect plant reproduction. Here we evaluate the effect of frequent fires on sexual expression, pollination and reproductive success of Vachellia caven (Leguminosae), an andromonoecious tree that is highly dependent on animal pollination and is abundant in burned sites. We expect that increased fire frequency will favour maleness but it will decrease reproductive success due to abiotic resource depletion in repeated burned sites. To test this, we selected focal plants in three unburned sites and three frequently burned sites and measured their sexual expression, basal diameter, pollination and fruit set. The proportion of male inflorescences per plant was not affected by fire and it was negatively related with the diameter of the plant. The proportion of pollinated flowers was not affected by fire, and fruit set increased with maleness only in frequently burned sites. These results indicate that V. caven is adapted to regimes of high fire frequency: not only was there similar fruit set in both burned and unburned sites, but more male plants had higher fruit set in burned sites. Despite the soil impoverishment triggered by repeated fires, V. caven is able to maintain its sexual and reproductive functions, allowing it to persist and maintain viable populations in fire‐prone environments.Abstract in Spanish is available with online material.
The epigenetics of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis in fetal development
Authors: Montenegro Yorran Hardman A. , de Queiroga Nascimento Denise , de Assis Thiago Oliveira , Santos‐Lopes Simone Silva Dos 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis is an important hormonal mechanism of the human body and is extremely programmable during embryonic and fetal development. Analyzing its development in this period is the key to understanding in fact how vulnerabilities of congenital diseases occur and any other changes in the phenotypic and histophysiological aspects of the fetus. The environment in which the mother is exposed during the gestational period can influence this axis. Knowing this, our objective was to analyze in recent research the possible impact of epigenetic programming on the HPA axis and its consequences for fetal development. This review brought together articles from two databases: ScienceDirect and PUBMED researched based on key words such as “epigenetics, HPA axis, cardiovascular disease, and circulatory problems” where it demonstrated full relevance in experimental and scientific settings. A total of 101 articles were selected following the criteria established by the researchers. Thus, it was possible to verify that the development of the HPA axis is directly related to changes that occur in the cardiovascular system, to the cerebral growth and other systems depending on the influence that it receives in the period of fetal formation.
First‐in‐human phase I study of infusional and bolus schedules of Deflexifol, a novel 5‐fluorouracil and leucovorin formulation, after failure of standard treatment
Authors: Clingan Philip R. , Ackland Stephen P. , Brungs Daniel , de Souza Paul , Aghmesheh Morteza , Garg Madhu B. , Ranson Richard D. , Parker Suzanne , Jokela Rebecca , Ranson Marie 
Published: March 2019

AbstractBackground5‐Fluorouracil (5‐FU) is administered with leucovorin (LV) to enhance clinical activity. However, simultaneous administration is not feasible due to their chemical incompatibility, so conditions for the maximum possible beneficial interaction cannot be met. To overcome this, we developed a novel all‐in‐one, pH neutral stable solution of 5‐FU plus LV with β‐cyclodextrin (termed Deflexifol) and assessed its safety and tolerability in a first‐in‐human phase I trial.MethodsPatients with advanced solid malignancy received Deflexifol as weekly bolus (375–575 mg/m²) or two‐weekly 46 h infusion (1200–3600 mg/m²) for six cycles in a 3+3 dose escalation design. Adverse events, pharmacokinetics and tumor response rates were assessed by standard methods.ResultsForty patients were treated (19 bolus, 21 infusional, median age 67) with no grade 4 adverse events reported. Dose‐limiting toxicities of grade 3 diarrhea and myelosuppression were reported for the bolus schedule at 575 mg/m2 (maximum tolerated dose 525 mg/m²), whereas none were reported for the infusional schedule. The recommended phase II infusional dose was declared as 3,000 mg/m², >25% that of 5‐FU used in standard‐of‐care regimens. Pharmacokinetic analyses showed evidence of inter‐patient variability, with no evidence of saturation in clearance, and a trend to linear increase in AUC with dose. Disease control rate was 64% despite most patients having failed previous 5‐FU regimens.ConclusionDeflexifol is safer and effective in bolus and infusion schedules at higher doses than that permitted by separate infusion of 5‐FU and LV. A phase II study evaluating Deflexifol is planned.
Virtual internships in blended environments to prepare preservice teachers for the professional teaching context
Authors: Theelen H. , Willems M. C. , van den Beemt A. , Conijn R. , den Brok P. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThis study investigated to what extent virtual internships in teacher education were able to reduce Preservice Teachers’ (PSTs) professional anxiety. Simultaneously, this study investigated how virtual internships in blended learning environments were evaluated by PSTs in terms of technological, social and educational affordances. PSTs followed virtual internships during two different Educational Pedagogy Master’s courses (27 and 16 participants) in a teacher education programme. A mixed methods design was employed, consisting of pre‐ and post‐test questionnaires, a focus group interview and individual interviews. A significant decrease was found in PSTs’ professional anxiety after having followed Virtual Internship 2. PSTs reported they obtained a more realistic image of teaching and felt better prepared for teaching in practice. Furthermore, regarding technological affordances, system usability was considered between acceptable and good. Concerning social affordances, PSTs appreciated collaboration within the virtual internships. As an educational affordance, it appeared that learning from videos with authentic classroom events is a good preparation for the professional teaching context. According to the PSTs, the scenarios within virtual internships could be improved in terms of authenticity and personalisation by offering more details and background information. The results of this study imply that virtual internships can be useful assets for teacher education.
Discontinuation of imatinib in children with chronic myeloid leukaemia in sustained deep molecular remission: results of the STOP IMAPED study
Authors: de Bruijn Clara M. A. , Millot Frédéric , Suttorp Meinolf , Borisevich Marina , Brons Paul , Lausen Birgitte , de Bont Eveline S. J. M. 
Published: March 2019

SummaryThis international study aimed to assess the effect of imatinib discontinuation in paediatric patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) after deep molecular remission (DMR) had been achieved and maintained for at least 2 years. The primary endpoint of this analysis was the molecular relapse‐free survival, estimated by the non‐parametric Kaplan‐Meier method. Major endpoint was the estimated rate of patients without molecular relapse at 6 months. Fourteen patients were enrolled; 4 patients maintained DMR with a follow‐up of 24 (two patients), 34 and 66 months, respectively, whereas 10 patients relapsed. All molecular relapses occurred within 6 months (median 3 months, range 1–6) after imatinib discontinuation. The overall probability of maintaining DMR at 6 months was 28·6%. No parameters associated with molecular relapse could be identified. Keeping in mind the rarity of paediatric CML, which contributed to the small size of the cohort, our findings illustrate that imatinib cessation after sustained DMR is successful in only limited numbers of patients, whereas much higher rates are reported in adult patients. Further research is needed to extend the cohort of paediatric CML patients who might achieve treatment‐free remission with an ideal prerequisite of predicting the occurrence of molecular relapse l after imatinib cessation.
Addressing Sexism With Children: Young Adults’ Beliefs About Bias Socialization
Authors: Hilliard Lacey J. , Liben Lynn S. 
Published: March 2019

College students’ beliefs concerning socializing children about sexism and other culturally important topics were investigated using mixed methods. In Study 1, participants (N = 71) defined sexism and explained their beliefs about addressing sexism with children. Thirty‐five percent argued against childhood sexism‐socialization. Emergent themes provided insights about how sexism is viewed and yielded data needed to design a closed‐ended socialization‐beliefs survey. In Study 2, students (N = 141) completed this survey and reported their feminist beliefs and childhood‐socialization experiences. Childhood sexism‐socialization was more commonly endorsed by women, stronger feminists, and those who had themselves experienced childhood sexism‐socialization. Descriptive data document socialization beliefs about 21 culturally important topics. Results suggest that programs aimed at socializing children about sexism should also address beliefs of the adults responsible for program implementation.