bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sub-Ångstrom Resolution
Authors: Carmichael Stephen W 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek showed the practical use of the light microscope in the 1600s after much effort to improve the quality of optical lenses. Pioneering microscopists such as Ernst Abbé, Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz, Lord John Rayleigh, Carl Zeiss, and August Köhler then brought us to the brink of optimal performance of the light microscope approximately a century ago, Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll showed in the 1930s that high-energy electrons could be used in place of light, giving greatly improved resolution. In the 1970's Albert Crewe and co-workers developed the scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) and used the Z-contrast method to improve resolution in the electron microscope by about a factor of two. The scanning probe (nonoptical) microscopes aside, there hasn't been a significant advance in spatial resolution since.
Cellulose Acetate Replication of Plant Surfaces for SEM
Authors: Ahlstrand Gib 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Replicas of botanical surfaces are sometimes preferred for imaging in the SEM, instead of original surfaces, in cases where it is not possible or desirable, for a variety of reasons, to prepare originais using conventional techniques (chemical fixation followed by dehydration and critical point drying, freeze drying, or cryo-SEM). Samples may be rare (herbarium specimens), or impossible to bring into the lab for processing, and field replication may be the only alternative.
Is An Atomic Microscope In Our Future?
Authors: Carmichael Stephen W 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
When you read the header to this article, you probably thought I made a mistake. Doesn't he mean atomic force microscope, the familiar AFM? And isn't that microscope in our present, not in our future? Well, I'm not confused. The reference is to a beam of atoms that some day may be used in an atomic microscope, just like a beam of electrons is used in an electron microscope. It would be even more accurate to refer to an “atomic de Broglie microscope,” but that's a rather awkward label.
Part 3: Justification Of Cost, Cost Recovery: Electronic Bookkeeping And Billing
Authors: Sherman Debby 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
This article is the third of a series transcribed from the discussion taped during the Facility Management session at M&M 2000. it is printed with permission of the Microscopy Society of America, Bulleted paragraphs indicate comments by individuals attending the session.
D. Sherman: I am sure that there are many different schemes to try to recoup some costs in facilities we manage. Probably very few of us are really happy with the schemes we have at present. Hopefully this discussion will provide us with information that will be useful in refining the financial management of our different facilities.
A Pump For Liquid Nitrogen
Authors: Couger Gordon 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
On the Microscopy ListServer, a thread came up about problems with safety when loading cold traps from ladders. Working from a ladder is not a very safe proposition and being up there with a Dewar full of liquid nitrogen brings the safety officer to attention.
An alternative to trying to climb a ladder with a Dewar flask and pour the liquid nitrogen into the trap would be to have a pump for the liquid nitrogen in a Dewar flask on the ground that could be controlled from the top of a ladder.
A Fool-Proof Method For Mounting Serial Sections On Single Hole Grids
Authors: Sherman Debbie 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
I did serial sectioning for years on large single hole grids using a very simple technique that made the potential problems of film thickness, wrinkles and section loss very minor. I was not the original developer of the method and do not remember who originally gave it to me. It goes as follows:
1) Have your machine shop cut some thin pieces of Plexiglas into the size of glass slides. At one end, drill about a dozen holes, roughly 5 mm in diameter, in an area about the size of a formvar film cast on glass slides. These slides will serve as your template for holding your films.
Right at Your Fingertips
Authors: Carmichael Stephen W 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
They're right at your fingertips, but how often do you consider the microscopic anatomy of your fingernails? How is their form fitted to function? Primates, including humans, use fingernails to maintain the anatomic integrity at the distal end of our phalanges, which often serves as the leading edge of our physical sensory apparatus. The nails serve as a stiff backing to the soft pads of our fingers, helping to improve the grip and sensitivity by allowing the pad to “push back” on the object we are touching. Nails also serve specific functions in maneuvering within cracks, scratching, and fighting.
The gross structure of nails helps to resist upward bending forces that are encountered in these functions. The convex curvature contributes, just like a curved piece of paper has more stiffness than a flat sheet. The composition of nails is also suitable. As with the outer layer of skin, and the structure of hair, nails are also composed of keratin.
Comments on the Use of Digital Filters
Authors: Walck Scott D 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
At the Microscopy and Microanalysis 2003 meeting, a member of the audience in one talk sharply criticized a speaker of a talk for his use of a Savitsky-Golay (S-G) digital filter for smoothing Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS) data. The statement was made that the digital filter would decrease the resolution of the peak, i.e. widen the width, and that all digital filters do that, including the Top Hat filter. In support of this statement, he said to consider what would happen if the filter were applied to a Dirac delta function. I knew that his argument was not correct, but I didn't think of the reason until later. This interchange was on my mind because I was familiar with both of these filters due to implementing both the Top Hat and the Savitsky-Golay filters into my “Beerware” program, EELS-PLOT.
Gradient Reference Specimens for Advanced Scanned Probe Microscopy
Authors: Julthongpiput Duangrut , Fasolka Michael J , Amis Eric J 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Scanned Probe Microscopy (SPM) techniques are attractive because they provide easily acquired micrographs that map specimen properties with nanometer scale resolution. SPM micrographs can be collected without the use of high vacuum (as opposed to many electron microscopies). Moreover, SPM methods allow in-situ imaging of specimens in a variety of environments, including under liquids and at higher temperatures. However, from a metrology perspective, the great promise of SPM must be balanced by the fact that SPM techniques generally provide qualitative data unless supplementary actions are taken. That is, quantification of SPM image contrast is difficult since it depends highly upon probe characteristics, probe/ sample interactions (both of which can be difficult Eo gauge), and instrument calibration.
Surveillance of Bioterrorism Agents: Considerations for EM Laboratories
Authors: Miller Sara E 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Biowarfare was first documented in the eighteenth century during the French and Indian War when the British distributed smallpox-contaminated blankets to the American Indians. Smallpox is considered a likely agent even today because the USSR was known to have produced and stockpiled large amounts of the virus even after signing the 1972 treaty prohibiting such production. Because of the large number of workers involved and the poor economy, the security of these stockpiles is unclear [1, txtwriler.com/Backgrounders/Bioterrorism/bioterrar4.html]. Since the terrorist attacks in the United States in 2001, world attention has been drawn to terrorism and potential release of dangerous biological organisms. Considerable efforts are being made to establish methods for rapidly recognizing these agents. Numerous electron microscopy (EM) laboratories have been approached to join rapid response teams for the detection of viral agents. However, several issues should be carefully considered before an EM laboratory agrees to participate in surveillance.
Assessing Microalgal Morphology from Century-Old Herbarium Sheets using SEM
Authors: Linton E W , Farmer M A , Triemer R E 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Traditionally, type specimens have not been deposited for most unicellular algae. There are few known holotypes and those that are available are often of limited use. Samples from taxa described before 1900 commonly consist of materials dried down on herbarium sheets or mica. Dried algal samples can be rehydrated, but preservation is very poor and little structure can be determined from them. Whether wet or dry, the amount of information that can be derived from such samples using conventional light microscopy is limited.
Microscopy in Ecuador
Authors: Eades Alwyn 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The present situation in Ecuador is not a happy one. You would think that this ought not to be the case. There are seven electron microscopes in the country and all of them are in working order (although with problems - see below), so why then are things not good. The problem begins with geography. Unlike most smaller countries, Ecuador is not dominated by a single large city. There are two major cities, locked in a continuous rivalry: Quito, the capital, is in the mountains, and Guayaquil, the larger city, is on the coast. They are about seven hours apart by road. Both cities have electron microscopes. Worse, however, is the fact that, in each city, the microscopes are in two different locations - making a total of four microscopy centers. This is too many and Ecuador can not support them all effectively.
Making Replicas of Surfaces for TEM and SEM
Authors: Mager Mary 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Before SEMs were invented and when they were still of relatively poor resolution, one way to see the fine details of a sample surface was to prepare an electron-transparent replica of the sample surface and view it in a TEM. The carbon-coated surface of the sample was shadowed with a heavy metal to make a replica that mimicked the topography of the original surface, in a sample that could be viewed in the TEM.
We have found some value in this old technique; to examine second-phase particles freed from the metal matrix for EDX, diffraction, and morphology studies—while preserving the original position and distribution of the particles, historically called “extraction replication.”
An Electron Optical Achromat
Authors: Carmichael Stephen W 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Spherical and chromatic aberrations have been the bane of optical lenses ever since they were first ground from a piece of glass. As light travels through a convex (converging) lens, the rays at the center of the optical axis are refracted (bent) less than the peripheral rays, so that the central rays are focused behind the peripheral rays. This is the essence of spherical aberration. Light of differing wavelengths (colors) interact differently with the lens so that longer wavelengths (red) are focused behind shorter wavelengths (blue). This is chromatic aberration. In the early days of light microscopy, these two inherent flaws seriously limited the quality of images.
Pretreating Epoxy Thin Sections With Sodium Periodate Prior To Immunostaining
Authors: Crowley Hildegard H 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Pretreatment of epoxy thin sections with strong oxidizing agents such as hydrogen peroxide, sodium methoxide, and sodium m-metaperiodate facilities the location of antigens with immunostaining procedures. Etching, or pretreatment, of sections unmasks antigenic sites on glutaraldehyde fixed and postosmicated tissue, partially removes osmium bonds, temporarily decreases the hydrophobicity of the epoxy surface layer of the section, reduces the electron density of the tissue and increases resistance to heavy rnetai poststaining.
High-Resolution Imaging with Atomic Force Microscopy
Authors: Magonov Sergei 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The invention of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) in 1982 revolutionized surface analysis by providing atomic-scale surface imaging of conducting and semiconducting materials. Shortly after that, atomic force microscopy (AFM) was introduced as an accessory of STM for high-resolution imaging of surfaces independent of their conductivity. Mechanical force interactions between a sharp tip placed at one end of a micro fabricated cantilever and a sample surface were employed for imaging in this method. In the past decade, AFM has developed into a leading scanning probe technique applied in many fields of fundamental and industrial research. The progress of AFM has been made possible by implementation of an optical level detection scheme, which allows precise measuring of the cantilever deflection caused by the tip-sample forces, by mass microfabrication of probes consisting of cantilevers, and by developments of oscillatory imaging modes, particularly, Tapping ModeTM.
Endogenous Fluorescence Identifies Dead Cells In Plants
Authors: Ryerse Jan S , Feng Paul C C , Sammons R Douglas 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Various fluorescent stains and vital dyes have been used to identify dead cells in animal tissues and celi lines. In plants, fluorescein diacetate and propidium iodide have been used to label nuclei and to identify necrotic cells in plant protoplasts and 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) has been used to mark senescing cells in sections of roots. However, these dyes may be problematic when used with intact plant tissue with well-developed cells walls which may impede dye penetration. Endogenous fluorescence has been used to identify dead cells in intact and sectioned plant tissues. Published procedures typically employ ultraviolet (UV) excitation wavelengths of 340-380 nm and emission wavelengths of 400- 425 nm, thus requiring a UV filter set.
Fixing and Embedding Protocol for Octocorals and Their Sclerites
Authors: Bray Elizabeth 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Many organisms are mostly soft tissue, with hard bits embedded within them. This includes many invertebrates, and vertebrates with calcified areas in their tissues. This procedure works well for soft-bodied corals which have hard pieces of calcium carbonate (sclerites) embedded in their tissues. It should also work for similar soft-tissue/calcified bits in other animals.
Physics of Impregnation
Authors: Nelson J Roy 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
There appears to be some confusion as to how materials are impregnated or dried. Without getting into the exciting mathematical details best suited for persons who second language is Greek, I offer the following short explanation as to how materials are impregnated or dried.
If the object is porous, the porosity is described in terms of macropores (&gt;50 nm), mesopores (50 - 2 nm), and micropores (2 - 0.8 nm). These three size classes of pores represent different flow mechanisms for the impregnation of porous materials. Solvent penetration of a non-porous particle by imbibing is similar mathematically to solvent penetration of micropores although the actual mechanism is quite different.
An Affordable Digital Micrography to Interest Children (Of all Ages) in Science
Authors: Lazaroff Norman 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Inexpensive fixed-focus digital cameras can be used with homemade lens attachments to obtain good quality close-up images and photomicrographs. The current availability of inexpensive digital cameras with resolutions of 1024 x 768 pixels or better is brought about by technical advance and the continual introduction of competing new models and accessories. The digital camera which I use costs less than $150 now
at a liquidation sale or internet auction, and the price continues to decrease. Although more expensive digital cameras are great to have, their advanced features are not necessary for introducing young students to the digital revolution in photography and for exploring the microscopic world.
BioFilm©
Authors: van Hook Lee 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Photographic chemistry has long been a complex combination of inorganic metal-halide and organic chemistries and polymer science. We at the P.R.I, have managed to add biology to this stew.
Silver has long been known as a toxicelement to microbes, and so used as a drug to kill bacteria. But there are bacteria that can survive in environments high in silver. It has been reported that some bacteria can accumulate up to 25% of their dry biomass as silver, and so acquire resistance to the toxic effects of silver. Also, a recent article in the Proc. Nat. Acad.Sci. describes the intracellular deposition of silver grains in such shapes as hexagons and equilateral triangles.
A Comment on using FLIM with FRET
Authors: Garsha Karl 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Depending on the nature of the study and what sort of information one is trying to gather through the use of FRET, FLIM has some compelling advantages in certain situations, and can provide a quantitative evaluation of the donor, acceptor and FRET pair stoichiometry. It does require access to specialized equipment and software. Different approaches to FLIM data acquisition have different strengths and weaknesses. For dynamic studies requiring high time resolution, FLIM acquisition times can fall well short of ideal.
If a yes/no answer to whether FRET is occurring is all that is required, then the polarization anisotropy of the acceptor can be used to determine FRET between fluorescent proteins (Rizzo and Piston, 2005). This is a relatively simple and robust method for confirming the presence/absence of FRET.
Microscopic Artifacts In The History Of Biology
Authors: Davis Alan Eugene 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
I am posting a summary of responses to my request to the Microscopy Listserver on 3 December 2001, for Information about any roles microscopic artifacts may have played in the history of biology. I posted my own experience regarding Sidney Hickson's description of reproductive events in Miliepora spp. (A copy of my somewhat lengthy post is enclosed at the end of this summary.)
To be fair to Sidney Hickson, who drew and described the incredible, imagined sequence of reproductive events in Miliepora spp. as mentioned in my original, I believe that he did print a retraction of the findings in that paper.
Tips on Examining Metal-Coated Glass Beads for Cracks
Authors: Twilley John 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
I once had a problem looking for cracks in a graphite coating on quartz fibers. This problem is a good example of the general case of defining visible light microscopy inspection criteria. Since specimen lighting may influence critically what one can see. The answer to the question depends a bit on the size of the crack and the opacity and reflectivity of the oxide coated surface. First insure that the microscope has a lighting set up that allows one to dependably see the cracks before worrying about a camera. Most of the digital cameras that can be used with a microscope would probably be adequate to recording the crack, once the viewing situation is set up.
Some Thoughts on Vibrations in EM Laboratories
Authors: Garratt-Reed Anthony J 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Sometimes a scientist or laboratory manager has the opportunity to be involved in the design of a new building for housing sensitive instruments, such as electron microscopes. Unfortunately, few of us are trained in the necessary skills, and “learning the hard way”, by making mistakes, is not really satisfactory, given the expected lifetime of the resulting structure. It has to “right first time”!
Vibration, sound and electromagnetic interference are all huge unknowns, when it comes to microscope performance. Each manufacturer will provide you with a set of specifications which are “required” for their instrument to meet its guaranteed performance criteria.
Resolution Confusion
Authors: Sedgewick Jerry 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The most persistent misconception made in digital imaging among those who use our core facility involves the understanding of digital resolution; and the greatest mistakes result from a mis-use of the “Image Size” dialogue box in Adobe Photoshop. Add to that, an intractable desire to use Microsoft PowerPoint and to somehow make Photoshop and PowerPoint agree about the nature of images that open in both programs, weighted toward the miserable resolutions and compression required by PowerPoint, changes in original data become as common as dandelions on a lawn. Yet, changes in data that result from increasing or, more commonly, decreasing pixels (what is called re-sampling), can be avoided.
Resolution, as many of us have learned, is the ability to discriminate between two points in space, a phenomenon made easier by high contrast objects versus those that are low in contrast.
Calibration of Electron Microscopes: How to do this, how often, pit-falls and problems
Authors: Postek Michael T 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
SEM Instrument calibration is something most people don't always realize they need to do. Images look about right so the magnification seems close enough. Today, measurements are being done in specialized scanned beam metrology instruments everyday, so correct magnification calibration is very important. Calibration is probably more acknowledged from the point of the transmission electron microscope than for the scanning microscope. But, it still needs to be done. Today, people can buy SEM's that cost around $100,000 (refurbished ones somewhat less) to $2.5M with one instrument model from one manufacturer costing about $8M. Believe it or not, often the instrument buyer thinks that as soon as they get the instrument into their facility (since it is new and they paid a lot of money for it) that it is perfect and everything is correct.
Internet-Based Administration of Shared Instruments with Facility Online Manager
Authors: Li Shu-You , Dravid Vinayak P 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Resource sharing has become an absolute necessity for modern scientific research because of the increasing expense and complexity of instruments, and the ever changing funding paradigm which often requires sharing of major instrumentation resource across multiple disciplines. Many universities and even large companies have set up centralized facilities to serve researchers from different departments, divisions and units to minimize expenses and maximizing usage.
Just in the materials research area alone, it is estimated that there are more than 500 mid-size facilities existing nationwide, as reported in 2005 by the Committee on Smaller Facilities of National Research Council. Resource sharing is also common in large research groups, between Principal Investigators, as well as in corporate/industrial laboratories.
Andrew Paul Leonard: Capturing the Cover of Time Magazine
Authors: Stevens Lise Millay 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
If beauty is in the eye of the beholder, then microscopic photographer Andrew Paul Leonard might have a lot to explain. After all, touting the aesthetic merits of an eosinophil (picture that let alone pronounce it) hardly brings to mind the rugged splendor of Ansel Adam's “El Capitan” or the quirky languidness of Richard Avedon's “Dovima with Elephants.” Yet, one look at these starkly detailed images reveals a textured, beautiful world reminiscent of the fancy of Yellow Submarine and the graphic logic of M.C.Escher.