bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A propos de la lex Scantinia. Réflexions sur la répression des relations homosexuelles entre citoyens romains durant la République et sous l’Empire
Authors: Jalet Nicolas 
Published: October 2018

Cet article est consacré au contenu de la lex Scantinia, qui a déjà fait couler beaucoup d’encre. Punissait-elle, comme on l’a écrit, les stupra, c’est-à-dire tout type de relations sexuelles illicites entre citoyens romains, ou visait-elle les seuls actes homosexuels entre citoyens romains, enfants et jeunes adolescents y compris ? Après un examen attentif de la documentation, il semble que la loi ne concernait que les relations homosexuelles entre citoyens romains ayant dépassé l’âge légal de la pueritia. Cette hypothèse permet de revenir sur sa date probable de création en 149 a. c., à une période durant laquelle se développaient les premiers iudicia publica.
Le mode d’application de la loi appartenant à un schéma républicain, nous essaierons de comprendre si ce texte ne serait pas devenu désuet avec le développement d’une justice mieux organisée à partir de l’époque d’Auguste.
The macula servitutis of Roman freedmen. Neque enim aboletur turpitudo, quae postea intermissa est?
Authors: Vermote Kristof 
Published: October 2018

Le macula servitutis des affranchis romains. Neque enim aboletur turpitudo, quae postea intermissa est ?
Les limitations dans la vie publique des affranchis romains sont traditionnellement expliquées par leur stigmatisation due à leur passé d’esclaves. Cette macula servitutis
est devenue le slogan répandu dans les études sur des affranchis. Le but principal de cette contribution est de montrer que les efforts visant à réduire la condition sociale des affranchis à de telles descriptions essentialistes souffrent d’incohérences et des lacunes importantes. En analysant des sources littéraires, épigraphiques et juridiques, on aspire à déconstruire ce modèle de macula. L’expression et ses dérivés seront situés dans leur contexte historique et juridique et, en utilisant une perspective comparative, on situera sémantiquement aussi bien que sur le plan du contenu la notion de tache et de stigmatisation en termes généraux. Les remarques finales présentent une alternative au modèle de macula et servent à stimuler le débat en l’élargissant aux autres domaines et aspects de la vie des affranchis.
Educators in the Late Ancient City of Rome (300 - 700 CE)
Authors: Laes Christian 
Published: October 2018

Educateurs à Rome dans l'Antiquité Tardive (300-700 après J.-C.).
Dans cet article, je propose une compilation approfondie des sources littéraires et épigraphiques concernant les éducateurs dans l’Antiquité tardive. Pour l’épigraphie, je me concentre sur les nombreuses inscriptions provenant de la ville de Rome. Les éducateurs professionnels, la plupart d ´ origine servile, étaient fréquents dans les ménages riches et aristocratiques de l’époque impériale. Dans l’Antiquité tardive, les ménages comptaient surtout sur les membres de famille. Ce changement fondamental dans les valeurs hiérarchiques de la société romaine – toujours soucieuse de l ´ honneur – n` apparaît pas explicitement dans les sources. Il y a des indications dans la littérature, mais les inscriptions ne peuvent pas être utilisées pour prouver ce changement de façon statistique. Cependant, il était profond : les tâches éducatives qui dans la mentalité de la classe supérieure romaine avaient été tellement liées à la main-d’oeuvre servile, étaient désormais confiées à d’autres membres de familles. Ce changement fondamental s’aperçoit seulement si tenons compte du contexte général,. Bien sûr, les conceptions concernant la hiérarchie sociale étaient encore fortes à la fin de l’antiquité, et les esclaves éducateurs existaient encore. Mais à la fin du sixième siècle, tout cela était maintenant intégré dans une société qui était à peine reconnaissable pour ceux qui avaient vécu deux siècles plus tôt.
The “New Negro”, the Sermon, and the Postwar Modernism of Baldwin and Ellison
Authors: Somers Matthias 
Published: October 2018

De “ New Negro”, de preek, en het naoorlogse modernisme van Baldwin en Ellison.
De literatuurgeschiedenis heeft traditioneel de verschillen en breuken benadrukt tussen Ralph Ellison en James Baldwin enerzijds en de schrijvers van de Harlem Renaissance anderzijds. Ellison en Baldwin zorgden zelf voor dit beeld, door in hun essays en commentaren hun eigen poëtica af te zetten tegen die van hun voorgangers, en door hun eigen romans expliciet te definiëren als modernistische romans in de traditie van James, Faulkner en Hemingway. Desondanks is het duidelijk dat debatten over de Afro-Amerikaanse literatuur, en over haar functie als kunst of als propaganda, zowel voor als na de Tweede Wereldoorlog in gelijkaardige termen gevoerd werden. Door de aandacht te richten op het element van de “ Negro sermon” (de preek) in de poëtica van Alain Locke en James Weldon Johnson, wegbereiders van de Harlem Renaissance, toont dit artikel aan dat Ellison en Baldwin, die ook veel ruimte gaven aan de kerk en aan het genre van de preek in Invisible Man (1952) and Go Tell it on the Mountain (1953), toch bepaalde poëticale principes van de Harlem Renaissance voortzetten. Bestaande ideeën en strategieën rond het wezen van een specifiek Afro-Amerikaans modernisme werkten dus duidelijk door na 1945.
La navigation fluviale en Moselle : état des sources départementales et piste de recherche
Authors: Mellard Sébastien 
Published: October 2018

De scheepvaart op de Moezel : stand van zaken van de departementale bronnen en pistes voor verder onderzoek.
De scheepvaart op de Moezel tussen de agglomeratie rond Nancy en de samenvloeiing met de Rijn, is sinds de negentiende eeuw op de zware industrie gericht, en is van essentieel belang voor de lokale economie. Dit bracht voortdurende aanpassingen aan de steeds groeiende behoeften van de economische actoren met zich. Deze ontwikkelingen hebben grote hoeveelheden aan informatiebronnen opgeleverd, die vooral draaiden om de werkzaamheden aan de waterwegen en de havens. Sommige bronnen over nooit uitgevoerde projecten brachten onderzoekers informatie over de economische en politieke bekommernis van belangengroepen en hun wensen, zoals het project om de Lotharingse steenkoolmijnen met een eigen waterweg uit te rusten.
Les grandes résidences urbaines en Europe (1500-1830). État de la question et nouvelles perspectives
Authors: Guri Shipé 
Published: October 2018

Grote stedelijke verblijven in Europa (1500-1830). Status quaestionis en nieuwe perspectieven.
Hoewel paleizen en voorname herenhuizen uit de vroegmoderne tijd het grote publiek weten te boeien, konden ze vorsers vooralsnog slechts op een zeer ongelijke manier interesseren. Het onderzoek kreeg daarbij voornamelijk gestalte binnen de stads-en de architectuurgeschiedenis ; twee domeinen die echter lange tijd doof en blind voor elkaar zijn geweest. Daarnaast heeft de geschiedenis van de elites, die tijdens de jaren ‘ 60 een heropleving heeft gekend, toegelaten de habitat van de betrokken personen beter te situeren in de globale omgeving van die elites. De voorbije twintig jaar hebben we verder heel wat bijgeleerd over het ontwerpen en bouwen van grote stedelijke verblijven, over hun ligging in de stad, over typische gebruiken en sociale praktijken in die residenties, alsook over het mentale beeld dat ze hebben gecreëerd. Dienaangaande kunnen Frankrijk, Engeland en Italië gerust koplopers worden genoemd. In België bestaan daarentegen nog maar weinig globale studies, hoewel er opmerkelijke vooruitgang werd geboekt met betrekking tot de architectuurgeschiedenis, de studie van de stedelijke ruimte en de studie van de leefgewoonten van aristocratische elites. Deze bundel wilt een weerspiegeling zijn van recente ontwikkelingen in het domein, België incluis, in een multidisciplinair en Europees kader.
High Prevalence of Antimicrobial Resistance among Gram Negative Bacteria Isolated from Poultry
Authors: Elmanama Abdelraouf A , Al-Reefi Mariam Raed , Albayoumi Mohammed A. , Marouf Alaa M. , Hassona Islam F. 
Published: October 2018

Background: Multidrug resistant bacteria (MDR), such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. are threat to the human health care system. In recent years, these MDR bacteria have been found increasingly inside and outside the hospital environment. Food animals (meat and poultry) are increasingly colonized with MDR bacteria, thus posing an additional concern. This study is intended to determine susceptibility and resistance pattern of pathogenic Gram negative bacteria isolated from rectal swabs of chicken against 16 antibiotics.
Methods: A total of 216 cloacal swab samples (Gaza strip poultry farms) and 87 frozen and fresh meat samples (from slaughter houses and retails) from June 2017 to June 2018 were collected. Isolation and identification of organisms were achieved using standard bacteriological techniques. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed according to standard protocols.
Results: 360 Enterobacteriaceae isolates, and 56 Gram-negative non fermenter were recovered. The predominant Enterobacteriaceae isolate was Citrobacter spp. (22.6%), followed by Enterobacter spp. (17.6%) and E. coli (16.5%). High rates of resistance against Ampicillin (85.4%) and Trimethoprim/ Sulfamethoxazole (80.1%) followed by Chloramphenicol (74%) were recorded. Six samples were positive for Salmonella spp. and Shigella spp. Of the tested Enterobacteriacae isolates, 94.7% were multidrug resistant (MDR), and 31.4% of None fermenting bacilli (NFB) were MDR. Carbapenem resistance was found to be high among isolates; 51.9% for imipenem and 1.8% for meropenem.
Conclusion: Isolated bacteria in the study area were MDR and this suggests that chickens may be important reservoir of antimicrobial resistant organisms which is a major public health concern.
Comparison Study Between Design Ice Load and Actual Measured Ice Load During Ice Trial of Arctic LNG Carrier
Authors: Jo Y. , Choi J. , Park S. , Lee J. , Ki H. , Han S. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe activities related to exploitation for oil and gas in the Arctic areas increase significantly. In order to transport increased resources in the Arctic areas, large Arctic commercial vessels such as gas carriers, oil tankers, bulk carriers, etc. are needed for mass transportation. In Arctic area, the ice load is the main factor of environmental load acting on Arctic vessel. The ice load is increased with the enlargement of vessel.The largest Arctic commercial vessel was built by DSME in 2016. The vessel was delivered after completion of ice trial in March 2017. The size of Arctic LNG carrier is larger than any other Arctic vessels have been constructed so far. The ice load monitoring system was installed for ice load measurement and structural safety of ice navigation of this large LNG carrier.This paper is concerned with comparison between estimated ice load for structural design and measured ice load for vessel navigation in Arctic area. Design ice load was calculated according to prescriptive rules of the Classification societies. Actual ice load during ice navigation was measured from ice load monitoring system. The arrangement of sensors in the monitoring system was determined for the precise measurement of ice induced loads acting on the hull. FE analyses were also carried out to compare between estimated ice load and measured ice load considering complex structural details in the Arctic LNG carrier.
Application of Remote Sensing Imagery and Ancillary Products to Improve Safety and Logistical Efficiency of Arctic Operations
Authors: Carey Tiffany , Soofi Khalid A. 
Published: October 2018

Remote Sensing Imagery and the derived ancillary products improved the efficiency and safety of upstream oil and gas operations on the North Slope of Alaska. These Arctic regions are remote, very difficult to access in general and sometimes only seasonably accessible. Our prudent and responsible Arctic Operations require regional-reconnaissance exploration, diligent monitoring of environment such as current state of vegetation, temporal changes of terrain, water drainage system and lakes. Finally, we also need very detailed logistical-planning of field operations. Remote sensing imagery and its derived ancillary products demonstrably improved all these aspects of our Arctic Operations.
For Arctic Operations, remote sensing data consisted of optical satellite and aerial imagery at various spectral and spatial resolutions, high resolution LIDAR data for digital elevation and digital surface models and synthetic aperture radar imagery (SAR). A combination of in-house and commercial software was used to ingest and process these data. The optical imagery was processed and enhanced using various spectral combinations and high pass filtering to generate the highest possible spatial-resolution for each sensor. Classic neural networks analysis was used to classify the optical imagery for vegetation. The SAR imagery was calibrated (for all polarizations) and geometrically corrected to remove layover effects. The processed optical and SAR imagery, LIDAR and ancillary products were co-registered and imported into a GIS system for final analysis and applications.
The optical imagery provided information about surface feature such as lake outlines, general drainage, active channels in Colville River, general lake ice conditions, classification of vegetation types etc. The LIDAR data were used to generate slope maps (for arctic vehicles), general topographic conditions and field operations. The SAR imagery was used to monitor surface conditions when optical imagery was not available during the Arctic night conditions. SAR imagery was also used to calculate the ice thickness proxy maps for eventual field operations. All of these products contributed directly to our environmental baseline studies, improved our field operation efficiency and general safety of our Arctic Operations.
For a practicing engineer (individual or team) The remote sensing data and derived products for Arctic Operations were made available via GIS system. This allowed easy integration with other data layers as well as a common background for all different disciplines to monitor progress and to contribute their learnings and ideas to the entire team.
Transient Flow Assurance Analysis to Optimize Freeze Prevention Procedure in Alaska Nikaitchuq Oil Producers
Authors: Cresta D. , Hester K. C. , Lullo A. G. Di , Atencio L. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
In the Alaskan North Slope field of Nikaitchuq, the standard shut-down strategy of oil producers was to inject warm diesel inside the tubing of the wells for freeze prevention of the tubing. The procedure requires that a Gas Lift Valve (Shear Orifice Valve) located at 2,000 ft be ruptured to displace the tubing fluid inside the annulus. It was desired to evaluate whether this procedure could be avoided to reduce both operational risk and costs associated with this strategy.
An evaluation was performed using a transient fluid-dynamic simulator based on oil producers. Based on geothermal gradient acquired by DTS fiber optic technology and considering the salinity of formation water, the depth of the tubing under freezing risk was defined. Simulations were performed for both the rate of cooling of the produced fluids in the tubing and the time required to reach ice formation conditions.
In the paper, we will show that the sweeping effect of gas during production does not allow for water accumulation at the x-mas tree and surface piping. In addition, the vertical geometry in the tubing results that any water present falls below the permafrost line during shut-in conditions. As no bulk water is present in the well inside of the ice stability region, the risk of a blockage from ice is not present during a planned shutdown and the previous preservation strategy is not required.
The change in the standard operating procedure for planned shutdowns was successfully applied, leading to a marked reduction of costs and reduced down-time with a consequential recovery of otherwise lost production.
Ice Mode and Beyond: Electrical Propulsion for Efficient Ice-Breaking
Authors: Barisic Matko , Parrondo Yago Martinez , Lee Bo-Won , Wendt Frank 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This paper presents a novel electrical propulsion method, and a decentralized control system implementation, inclusive of hardware and software (algorithm), for LNG-fueled ice-breakers. The customer value of the method is the avoidance of switch-over of the prime movers on-board from LNG to Diesel on propeller stall-out due to heavy ice-breaking conditions. The paper describes an implementation running on the ice-breaking LNG carriers Christophe de Margerie and Eduard Toll. In addition to previous published work, this paper presents analyses of the installation of energy storage for the absorption and peak-shaving of generation-side over-production of electrical power in the event of intermittent propeller stall-outs when ice-milling.
Development of Propulsion Technology of Tankers Operating in Ice
Authors: Wilkman Göran , Hänninen Samuli , Heideman Torsten , Lehti Matti 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Ships transporting different liquids have been around for as long as there has been the need to trade between countries and nations. The first liquid transport happened in drums loaded into the ships like any cargo. During the last 120 years as ships have been built of steel/iron it has been possible to transport liquids in tanks built in to the structure of the ships.
During the 20th century cargo ships sailing in ice were assisted seasonally mostly by icebreakers. Most of the liquid transport did not really need any assistance in ice conditions as there was hardly any winter traffic. The continuous need for utilizing oil lead to new territories and the oil discovered in Alaska in the late 1960ies brought up the crude oil transport in ice conditions and Esso started the Manhattan project. This unfortunately did not start the arctic tanker transport. This paper discusses the development history of the propulsion of tankers working in ice conditions.
In the early 1970ies the winter traffic in Finland exploded as the Finnish government decided to keep all the major ports open year-round. This started serious development of ships capable of more independent ice operation. The first propulsion solutions were modifications of well proven technology. We had fixed pitch and controllable pitch propellers connected directly to low speed diesel engines or through a gearbox. In some applications the propeller was equipped with a nozzle. In the 1970ies and 1980ies we were already drafting different tankers with electric propulsion with huge power. However, it was needed a decade more and the development of the propulsion devices from direct shaft lines to azimuth devices to get the propulsion revolution going at full speed.
Today we have available and most commonly used; traditional fixed pitch propellers with conventional shaft lines, mechanical Z-drives and podded propulsors driven by electric motors. The operational profile and mission of the vessel will dictate how the tanker will be furbished.
Most of the new concepts have been tested and developed in conjunction of icebreaker development, where tankers have been closely following. Recently there have been delivered and designed new icebreakers, icebreaking shuttle tankers and LNG carriers. Many of these vessel concepts are relying on podded propulsion system. AZIPOD propulsion has been selected to many of these vessels as it provides excellent ice performance for the vessel, good torque characteristics for the propeller and there already exists proven track record of ice operations. This paper will introduce some outstanding full-scale experience from the revolutionary icebreaking LNG carrier Christopher de Margerie.
Continuous Improvement in Wellbore Position Accuracy: Ultra-Extended-Reach Drilling in Far Eastern Russia
Authors: Poedjono Benny , Maus Stefan , Rawlins Sheldon , Zachman Nicholas , Row Adam Paul , Li Xiong 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Drilling ultra-extended-reach (ultra-ERD) wellbores has redefined industry standards. Operators and service companies must fully assess the accompanying risks to maximize the overall productivity of an asset. New drilling technologies, such as improved drilling fluid design and geomechanics analyses, allow wellbores to be drilled to the lateral displacement of greater than 13 km. This requires improved absolute wellbore positioning, in conjunction with reduced uncertainties. When developing these drilling technologies, the economics must be considered so as not to exponentially increase the cost per barrel of oil. The increase in infill drilling of nearby offset wellbores requires developing improved methods that reduce wellbore position uncertainty when placing the wellbore in the reservoir, in addition to avoiding collisions.
The proposed geomagnetic referencing technique is suitable for the application to the Sakhalin-1 project in eastern Russia. Here there is a predominance of ultra-ERD wellbores coupled with considerable knowledge of the varying depth of the basement rock structure. This paper presents a process used for creating a geomagnetic crustal field model that can be updated to the actual survey location with the date and time for real-time application. This process can also be used in the reprocessing of legacy measurement-while-drilling (MWD) data. The application of this process significantly improves wellbore position accuracy. The ability to have a greater understanding of the overall geomagnetic field, along with enhanced techniques in multistation algorithm processing, removes the effects of drillstring and the cross-axial interference due to mud shielding effects. Additional benefits of this application include reduced wellbore tortuosity for planned wells, improved anticollision separation factors, and improved torque and drag profiles.
This new geomagnetic model, updated to the actual survey location, date, and time and incorporating realistic uncertainty determinations based on basement rock depth analysis, has resulted in a 50% improvement in the overall ellipse of uncertainty (EOU) when compared with previous definitive surveys, in addition to an accurate bottomhole location. Incorporating these advanced techniques reduces position uncertainty that improves overall 3D wellbore positioning. Other studies, such as a disturbance field study, evaluate the effects of the magnetospheric ring current, auroral electrojets, and secondary induced fields, and was conducted by analyzing the magnetic observatory data from the same magnetic latitude to quantify the maximum and minimum declination variations during a magnetic storm.