bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental Water/Rock Interaction Studies on Thermal Waters of the West Coast of Maharashtra, India
Authors: Muthuraman K. , Mathur P. K. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The major element chemistry of the thermal waters along the west coast of Maharashtra State, India, vis-a-vis volcanic thermal waters is discussed. The conventional geothermometry used for evaluating the deep temperatures from the chemistry of surface manifestations is found to be not reliable for these waters. This is thought to be due to the basic nature of the country rocks, which may form the deep reservoirs for these thermal waters. In order to verify this, hydrothermal experiments with a basic tuff and rhyolite under identical P-T conditions were conducted. These experiments yielded different chemical solutions. The results of the present experiments as well as those carried out elsewhere in the world, indicate that the chemistry of the west coast thermal waters cannot be explained by normal shallow water/rock interactions alone. Some seawater admixture appears to be probable in these thermal waters before interactions took place at elevated temperature.
Petrological and Structural Studies of the Manganiferous Horizons and Recrystallised Ultramafics around Gundlupet, Karnataka
Authors: Janardhan A. S. , Shadakshara Swamy N. , Ravindra Kumar G. R. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Petrography and chemistry of hitherto unreported manganiferous horizons and associated recrystallised ultramafics (sagvandites) - key horizons in the Precambrian high grade terrain around Gundlupet are discussed. The occurrence of spessartine-rich garnets from an area of dominant upper amphibolite grade of metamorphism suggests that bulk chemistry was the most important controlling factor. In their mineralogy, and decrease of MnO% in garnets during subsequent migmatisation, the manganiferous horizons exhibit remarkable similarity to the khondalites of the Eastern Ghats. The sagvandites and the other lithologies, occurring now, as huge enclaves in the granite/gneissic terrain are similar to the Sargur Supracrustals.
Structural studies show that the area has suffered from three deformational episodes. The early N-S episode of the Sargurs are rotated to N 60° E and then to E-W. The dominant N 60° E episode is possibly connected with large scale granite emplacementfmigmatisation and the E-W shears are due to the prominent Moyar-Bhavani shear.
Gudmundite from Base Metal Sulphide Deposit of Askot, Pithoragarh District, (U. P.)
Authors: Seetharam R. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Gudmundite occurs as a common mineral constituent in the polymetallic ores of Askot. Three distinct modes of formation of gudmundite have been observed: (a) as a product of decomposition of tetrahedrite, (b) as a substitution product in cubanite and (c) as a reaction rim around breithauptite. The breakdown of tetrahedrite to chalcopyrite-gudmundite intergrowth signifies the retrograde metamorphism of this high temperature ore body. The eutectoid intergrowth between cubanite and gudmundite has resulted from a late stage hypogene replacement by addition of antimony.
Heavy Mineral Assemblage of the Siwalik Group of Nepal Himalaya
Authors: Chaudhri R. S. , Gill G. T. S. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The heavy mineral assemblage of the Siwalik Group of Nepal Himalaya comprises non-opaque minerals like zircon, tourmaline, rutile, garnet, epidote (including zoisite and clinozoisite), staurolite, kyanile and sillimanite. The opaque minerals include ilmenite, magnetite, hematite and limonite. Staurolite serves as the marker mineral for the Lower Siwalik Formation, kyanite for the Middle Siwalik Formation and sillimanite for the Upper Siwalik Formation.
The over all heavy mineral assemblage and the mineralogical and textural properties of the various mineral species are suggestive of the derivation of a major part of the Siwalik sediments from metamorphic, acid and intermediate crystalline rocks.
Structure of the Western Termination of the Bhavani Lineament
Authors: Nair P. K. R. , Prasannakumar V. , Mathai Thomas 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
On the basis of structural investigations in an area of over 150 sq. km forming the western termination of the Bhavani lineament, the validity of the simple shear strain model adopted by Katz to explain movements along the lineament is examined. The model explains satisfactorily the formation of the first two of the three generation of folds recognised as well as the associated foliation and mineral lineation whereas it cannot be applied in the case of the last generation of folds.
Age Data on Pegmatites Of South Kerala and their Tectonic Significance
Authors: Soman K. , Nair N. G. K. , Golubyev V. N. , Arakelyan M. M. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
K/Ar mica age of chrysoberyl-bearing pegmatites from four localities of Trivandrum district, Kerala ranges from 445 to 474 m.y., with a mean around 460 m.y. There is a close agreement between the ages of the concordant and cross-cutting pegmatites, between muscovite and biotite ages, as also between various size fractions. Chrysoberyl occurs within feldspars in association with quartz and muscovite. Since the formation of chrysoberyl-quartz association requires a higher pressure or temperature, the reported age would indicate the time of emplacement of the chrysoberyl-bearing pegmatites at the closing phase of a major tectonomagmatic event. It is interesting to note that these pegmatites of south-western India are younger compared to those of other localities viz., Rajasthan, Bihar. Nellore and Mysore.
Chromian Edenite from the Sinduvalli Ultramafic Body Karnataka, South India
Authors: Srikantappa C. , Friend C. R. L. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The occurrence of chromian edenite, confined to the degraded chromitite layers of the Sinduvalli ultramafic body is reported. Field, petrographic and chemical studies suggest that its development has occurred during the prograde metamorphism of the layered body. The enrichment of silicate phases in chrome-amphibole and chloritesis attributed to re-equilibration of chromite during the metamorphic episodes affecting the area and the formation of 'ferritchromit'.
Further Evidence of Biogenic Nature of Dodguni Microbiota, Dharwar Craton, India
Authors: Suresh R. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Evidence of life from Dharwar greenstone belts has been reported by previous workers. Biologic origin of these forms, however, has been doubted. Filamentous bodies described from the Dodguni cherts have been considered to be mineralogic artifacts, The present study adduces fresh evidences gathered from examination of thin sections under scanning electron microscope, microchemical tests, and organic geochemical studies, in support of biogenic origin of these microfossils.
Sedimentology of the Kakarhatti Limestone, Simla Hills (H.P.)
Authors: Bagati T. N. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Three major microfacies viz., micrite, sandy micrite and sparite recognised recur at various stratigraphic levels. Illite and chlorite are the only clay minerals present. By analogy with recent carbonates, the carbonate microfacies of the Kakarhatti limestone indicates deposition in shallow marine conditions, oscillating between supratidal and intertidal. The main diagenetic features observed are reduction in porosity, silicification, pressure solution and recrystallization.
Mode of Occurrence and Origin of Magnesite Deposits in Parts of Mysore District, Karnataka
Authors: Venkataramana P. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Magnesite occurs as a network of veins and bands within serpentinised peridotite and cap-rock (birbirite). Three stages by which the original peridotite is altered to give rise to magnesite and birbirite are recognised. Geochemical studies indicate that by the action of weakly acidic (with dissolved CO2) water vapour, the original ferromagnesian minerals in peridotite broke down releasing Mg2+ and to a minor extent Si4+ to be precipitated as magnesite and quartz in favourable locales. Ca2+, Al and Fe2+ were retained in the silicate matrix. Al and Fe2+ precipitated as hydroxides while Ca2+ formed CaCO3(calcite and aragonite).
The approximate P-T conditions at which magnesite crystallised is suggested to be between 500 to 1000 bars and 150 to 250°C respectively with XCO2 in the fluid phase around 0.05. Magnesite formation is related to late-stage hydrothermal activity associated with ultramafic-mafic magmatism in the area.
The Effects of Transportation on Roundness and Shape of River Tamar Sands, S. W. England
Authors: Samad Abdus 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The study on roundness and shape of the sand grains shows that both roundness and sphericity decrease as the grain size decreases. The sand sizes (0.5-0.063 mm) studied show no evidence of becoming rounded as a result of attrition during transportation. The study also reveals that a downstream decrease in sphericity values is mostly the result of a decrease in roundness produced mainly by progressive downstream decrease in the mean size of sediments (size sorting), rather than to sorting on the basis of shape.
Rb-Sr and Pb-Pb Whole Rock Isochron Ages of Basement Gneisses in Karnataka Craton
Authors: Ramakrishnan M. , Moorbath S. , Taylor P. N. , Anantha Iyer G. V. , Viswanatha M. N. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Rb-Sr and Pb-Pb whole rock isotopic systematics and petrochemical data for two suites of Peninsular Gneiss immediately underlying the first order regional unconformity at the base of the main greenstone successions of Dharwar Supergroup in Bababudan and Chitradurga belts are presented.
The Chikmagalur granite (s.l.) and associated migmatite gneisses (CMG suite) underlying the Bababudan greenstones define an eleven point Rb-Sr isochron of 3080 ± 80 m.y. (MSWD4.5) with an initial 87Sr/8686 isotope ratio (I.R.) of 0.7016 ± 0004. Pb isotope data for the same samples yield a 3185 ± 60 m.y. isochron (MSWO 7.0) with single stage 238U/204Pb (μ1) ratio of 7.99. The crust-forming event in this area spans a range of 3000-3200 m.y. within the analytical error of the isochrons. The mantle-type I.R. and μ1 values preclude interaction with or reworking of earlier continental crust in their genesis. Petrological and chemical studies of the CMG suite show that the Chikmagalur 'granite' is a biotite granodiorite and the intruded gneisses are low alumina trondjhemites having a calc-alkaline trend. It is significant that the CMG suite is located within a low strain zone in Central Karnataka.
The gneisses and granitoids close to the western margin of the Chitradurga belt (CDG Suite) give a Rb-Sr age of 2970 ± 100 m.y. (MSWD 11) with I.R. of 0.7035 ± 0.0013. The corresponding Pb-Pb isochron defines a date of 3044 ± 150 m.y. with μ1 = 7.69. The μ1 and I.R. values suggest the possible involvement of previous sialic crust in their generation during the gneiss-forming event around 3000 m.y. ago. The CDG suite is heterogeneous, but all its components are regarded as a part of the Peninsular Gneiss. The composition of the CDG suite has a wide range from tonalite to granite, with a typical calcalkaline granitic trend.
Recent intensive geochronological studies in central Karnataka suggest a widespread crust-forming event around 3000 m.y. together with older gneissic components of Ca 3300 m.y. The present data bridge the time gap between 3000 and 3300 m.y. suggesting that continental crust was being generated in Karnataka craton from 3300 to 3000 m.y. semi-continuously. The unambiguous field relations in central Karnataka suggest that this event occurred prior to the deposition of main greenstone piles of Dharwar Supergroup.
Magnetic Polarity Stratigraphy of the Upper Siwalik Subgroup, East of Chandigarh, Punjab Sub-Himalaya, India
Authors: Tandon S. K. , Kumar Rohtash , Koyama M. , Niitsuma N. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
An approximately 900m thick succession of pre-Pinjor (Tatrot) and Pinjor beds of the Upper Siwalik Subgroup is exposed in the Khetpurali section which lies to the east of Chandigarh. Samples collected from the mudstone interval from forty-nine fluvial cyclic units exhibit a stable detrital remanent magnetisation. The study of magnetic polarity of these samples reveals the presence of six normal and six reverse magnetozones. The Tatrot-Pinjor faunal boundary has been interpreted to approximately lie at the Gauss-Matuyama boundary. Based on this interpretation, the Olduvai Event in Matuyama reversed polarity epoch spans 160m of the middle part of the Pinjor Formation. The local Pliocene/Pleistocene boundary in this section is interpreted to lie 170m higher in the sequence with reference to the Tatrot-Pinjor faunal boundary.
Changes in the fluvial domain in the post-Gauss Epoch are interpreted to reflect changes from 'meander belt' deposits to 'braided stream' deposits. The first appearance of conglomerates in the section has been interpreted to occur in the post-Olduvai time.
Genetic features of Gold Ore Deposit at Kolar, Dharwar Craton, India
Authors: Safonov Yu. G. , Genkin A. D. , Vasudev V. N. , Krishna Rao B. , Anantha Iyer G. V. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Twenty-five ore minerals have been identified from a study of ore-bearing samples from different reefs of the Kolar Goldfields. The mineral association includes fifteen minerals being reported for the first time: altaite, hessite hedleyite, tzumoite, volynskyite gudmundite, ullmannite, brethauptite, tetrahedrite, hawleyite, cotunite, electrum and native bismuth. Besides, two new minerals, as yet unnamed, have been determined through electronprobe - Pb3Te9Cl4S2 and PbTeCI2 They occur along with cotunite (PbCI2) and altaite.
The study of time relations of different ore and vein mineral assemblages in the Kolar gold-quartz reefs has revealed six stages of mineralization: 1) Early quartz, 2) quartz-feldspar (Pegmatite), 3) scheelite, 4) early sulphides with gold, 5) sulphide-gold-tellurides (with quartz) and 6) quartz-carbonate. Fluid inclusions indicate that the mineral association of quartz-feldspar stage has developed under high TP-conditions of 250-300°C and 1.8 and 3.5 kb. Isotope composition of sulphur in the sulphides indicate the juvenile nature of sulphur. Available data suggest that the quartz of first stage is of metasomatic origin, derived possibly from host amphibolites; gold-sulphide and gold-telluride mineralization took place through hydrothermal processes.
On the Anatectic Migmatites of Panchet Dam Area, Bihar
Authors: Pareek H. S. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Petrological and geochemical studies on a representative set of specimens of the basement gneissic rocks of Panchet dam area, district Dhanbad, Bihar, and district Purulia, West Bengal, have indicated that these rocks are derived from an anatectic migmatitic suite of granitic composition, formed at a possible temperature range ca 650°-700° C under 5 Kb. PH20.
Lithomarges from Goa - A Study Based on Infrared Spectroscopy and Differential Thermal Analysis
Authors: Dessai A. G. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The DTA and IR studies of the lithomarges (saprolites) from Goa have shown that they are predominantly made up of kaolinite, chlorite group minerals, goethite and quartz, with minor amounts of gibbsite and talc.
The lithomarges have resulted from weathering of rocks of varying lithologies under subtropical climatic conditions. Depending upon the microenvironments different alteration products may be derived from the same starting material. Absolute and relative accumulation of iron gives rise to the ferricretes while relative enrichment of aluminium as silicates leads to the formation of lithomarges at depth.
American Research in the Geochemical Modeling of Groundwater
Authors: Runnells Donald D. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The advent of digital computers has allowed the development of sophisticated geochemical models for describing and predicting the chemical behavior of complex natural waters. More than 50 such models have been developed and published in the North American literature. Much of the impetus for the development of geochemical computer models comes from the need to protect the chemical quality of groundwater, and from a search for safe methods of geologic disposal of nuclear wastes.
The geochemical computer codes can be broken down into three main categories, in order of increasing complexity: (1) equilibrium codes, (2) mass-transfer codes, and (3) mass-transport codes.
Much research still remains to be done in this area. Additional effort must be devoted to the complication and critical evaluation of the thermodynamic data which form the basis of all geochemical models, as well as to the determination of the kinetics of heterogeneous and homogeneous relations. A critical need exists for the investigation of the behavior of natural and synthetic organics in aqueous systems. Fundamental research must also continue on improving the mathematical and computational aspects of the increasingly complex models.
Spatial Analysis of Hydrogeological Subsystems
Authors: Seyhan E. , Nienhuis P. R. , Simmers I. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Regionalization based on multivariate statistical analyses of hydrochemical data proved successful in differentiating distinct groups of groundwater types and hence of varying hydrogeological origins within the Sasso Lungo dolomitic mountain stock, Northern Italy, and the Luz de Tavira area, Portugal.
Further studies have now indicated that universal kriging, cokriging and block kriging are not always suited for delineation and classification of groundwater systems, since the basic assumption that subsystems are internally homogeneous does not comply with reality. The shallow groundwater level which is mainly controlled by gravity drainage in Luz de Tavira area yielded satisfactory results using universal kriging technique. But the kriged maps of EC of either the Sasso Lungo (because of multi-layer aquifer system) or the Luz de Tavira (because of more than one controlling factor) were not error free. Therefore, for interpolation to unknown localities one cannot rely on kriging; additional information concerning the groundwater subsystems under study is needed.
Coastal Geomorphology and Beach Erosion and Accretion in the Northern Kerala Coast
Authors: Suchindan G. K. , Samsuddin M. , Thrivikramji K. P. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The coastal Zone of Kerala is characterised by typical broad strand plains and cliffed shoreline with or without a beach. A facsimile of such coastal settings have been identified between Mahe and Talapadi in northern Kerala. The strand plain consists of a series of sub parallel ridges formed by successive accretion of low narrow beach ridges parallel to the shoreline. The erosional and accretional behaviour of the beaches were monitored during a programme of field observation and survey during November 1980 to November 1981. In addition to the beach profiling at 64 survey locations, the breaker parameters and longshore currents were also monitored. It is estimated that 96.84m3/ linear meter of the beach has been eroded during the survey period.
Morphology of Sagar Island, A Part of Ganga Delta
Authors: Paul Ashis Kumar , Bandyopadhyay M. K. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The deltaic morphology of Sagar island is controlled by the river Hugli to the north and the Bay of Bengal to the south. The seasonal (summer and winter) and diurnal (two high tides and two low tides) fluctuations of sea level and the Hugli discharge with a large amount of silt contribute to the formation of the largest island in Ganga delta. Deposition of sand, silt, clay and mud from south to north is also characteristic of this deltaic island. The 12 km shoreline and its sand ridges are deformed by wind and waves. Mangroves in the swamp, some halophytic plants on the sand dunes and different marine organisms on the sea beaches and mud flats are responsible for the development of some micro-morphological features in this westernmost island of Sundarban. At present the nature of human settlement, reclamation of low land, indiscriminate resource utilisation and finally the mangrove destruction cause deterioration of the deltaic environment. Land erosion is severe in south, east and west of the island. The deposition in old creeks such as Phuldubi, Ganga Sagar etc. and the predominance of new creeks in the southwest of the island are the result of tidal scouring and deposition.
Relation of Coastal Faults and River Morphology to Sea Erosion in Dakshina Kannada, Karnataka
Authors: Ravindra B. M. , Krishna Rao B. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
A set of longitudinal and transverse faults have been recognised in the coastal tract of Dakshina Kannada district. The coastal faulting and the uplift of Western Ghats are attributed to sea-floor spreading centred on the Mid-Indian Ridge in the Arabian sea. St. Mary dacite eruption during Late Cretaceous must have heralded sea floor spreading in this part of the West Coast. Variations in the coastline and discrepencies in lithology of coastal Dakshina Kannada are explained by lateral movements along transverse faults. The unusual coast-parallel bends of west flowing rivers appear to be guided by longitudinal coastal faults.
Severe sea erosion in Dakshina Kannada was initiated by the increase of pore water pressure in the coast-parallel river bends and blind tributaries, resulting from massive fluvial discharge during monsoon period. The storm waves may have reactivated preexisting longitudinal faults and triggered slumping of the foreshore sea bed in preferential areas of pore water pressure accumulation and with this, destructive sea erosion commenced and it continued till the stumped area in the foreshore bed was filled up by sands brought back by backwash currents.
It is suggested that severe sea erosion in Dakshina Kannada can be controlled effectively by devising suitable canals to release the surplus stream discharge from the coast-parallel river segments and associated blind streams.
Environmental Impact of Coal Utilization in India - A Geochemical Approach
Authors: Sahu K. C. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The basic geochemical principle of coal formation indicates that coal deposits are sinks of a vatiety of toxic heavy metals. Burning of a large amount of high ash coal in a thermal power plant produces a considerable amount of solid waste in the form of ash. Coal ash has been found to have enriched concentration of many of the toxic metals as adsorbed species which on contact with rain water easily leach-out of the matrix only to disperse into various compartments of the ecosystem around the thermal plant. It is suggested that while recognising the deleterious environmental impact of use of a large amount ef high ash coal in thermal plants, precautionary measures should be taken to prevent the entry of the toxic metals into the ecosystem. The ash should be utilized for various developmental purposes.
A Comparative Study of Clay Minerals for Pollution Control
Authors: Raymahashay B. C. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The structure of montmorillonite provides two exchange sites; one at the surface and the other between the silicate layers. This is confirmed by the dibasic nature of H-montmorillonite. As a consequence, montmorillonite is capable of removing larger amounts of cationic pollutants compared with kaolinite. Anion uptake is relatively feeble and similar for the two clays. A review of recent experiments suggests that clayey soils could act as barriers against dispersion of toxic metals, detergents and dyes.