bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Numerical recipes for elastodynamic virtual element methods with explicit time integration
Authors: Park Kyoungsoo , Chi Heng , Paulino Glaucio H. 
Published: July 2019

SummaryWe present a general framework to solve elastodynamic problems by means of the virtual element method (VEM) with explicit time integration. In particular, the VEM is extended to analyze nearly incompressible solids using the B‐bar method. We show that, to establish a B‐bar formulation in the VEM setting, one simply needs to modify the stability term to stabilize only the deviatoric part of the stiffness matrix, which requires no additional computational effort. Convergence of the numerical solution is addressed in relation to stability, mass lumping scheme, element size, and distortion of arbitrary elements, either convex or nonconvex. For the estimation of the critical time step, two approaches are presented, ie, the maximum eigenvalue of a system of mass and stiffness matrices and an effective element length. Computational results demonstrate that small edges on convex polygonal elements do not significantly affect the critical time step, whereas convergence of the VEM solution is observed regardless of the stability term and the element shape in both two and three dimensions. This extensive investigation provides numerical recipes for elastodynamic VEMs with explicit time integration and related problems.
Fetal aqueductal stenosis: Prenatal diagnosis and intervention
Authors: Emery Stephen P. , Narayanan Srikala , Greene Stephanie 
Published: July 2019

AbstractFetal severe central nervous system ventriculomegaly is associated with poor neurologic outcomes, usually driven by a primary malformation, deformation, or disruption of brain parenchyma. In utero shunting of excess cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in hopes of improving neurologic outcomes was attempted in the 1980s but was abandoned due to perceived lack of effect, likely due to technological limitations of the time that precluded proper patient selection. Little progress on the antenatal management of severe ventriculomegaly has been made in the intervening decades. A multidisciplinary, evidence‐based reassessment of ventriculoamniotic shunting for isolated fetal aqueductal stenosis (FAS), a unique form of severe ventriculomegaly (supratentorial intracranial hypertension), is currently underway. An accurate diagnosis of FAS must precede in utero intervention. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) will be an excellent adjunct to high‐resolution prenatal ultrasound and next‐generation genetic testing to correctly diagnose FAS in a timely fashion while excluding other intracranial and extracranial anomalies. This manuscript will briefly discuss the history, current management, and future directions of the prenatal diagnosis and potential intervention for FAS.
Generalized multi‐release modelling of software reliability growth models from the perspective of two types of imperfect debugging and change point
Authors: Saraf Iqra , Iqbal Javaid 
Published: July 2019

AbstractOwing to release of software in multiple releases, code changes take place in software. Because of this added complexity in software, the testing team may be unable to correct the fault upon detection, leaving the actual fault to reside in the software, termed as imperfect debugging or there may be replacement of original fault by other fault, leading to error generation. Many other factors exist that affect the testing phase of software like strategies of testing, test cases, skill, efficiency, and learning of testing team. All these factors cannot be kept stable during the whole process of testing. They may change at any time moment causing the background processes to experience change, which is known as change‐point. Keeping all these critical testing environment factors under consideration, a new software reliability growth model has been proposed, which is derived from an non homogenous Poisson process (NHPP)based unified scheme for multi‐release two‐stage fault detection/observation and correction/removal software reliability models. The developed model is numerically illustrated on tandem data set for four releases.
Heparin‐Mediated Growth of Self‐Organized ZnO Quasi‐Microspheres with Twinned Donut‐Like Hierarchical Structures
Authors: Li Ming , Bao Lu‐zi , Yin Zhi‐chen , Ji Xun‐ming 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe insight into the rational design of nanostructure with complex functionality is a significant challenge for the advanced application of Zinc Oxide (ZnO) in various areas. Herein, heparin, as a biotemplate, was introduced to manipulate growth of ZnO nanoparticle into hierarchical structures with unusual morphology. The formation process of the morphology and microstructure of the as‐achieved products were investigated. The heparin could alter nucleation and growth rates during the primary nanocrystal formation of ZnO, and promote the formation of two‐dimensional nanoplates and subsequently self‐assembly into novel quasi‐microspherical ZnO superstructures with twinned donut‐like hemispheres. The self‐assembled quasi‐microspheres displayed well crystallinity with a hexagonal wurtzite structure and a nearly uniform size‐distribution with a value of 452.9 ± 51.2 nm. The concentrations of heparin and zinc precursor played a vital role in determining the morphology of the resulting products. The possible growth mechanism of the obtained spherical like ZnO microparticles was proposed and discussed in detail. Our results are of fundamental importance to understanding crystal growth, and beneficial to promote the potential applications of ZnO with novel hierarchical structures in nanoscale devices.
Graphene Quantum Dots for Optical Bioimaging
Authors: Lu Huiting , Li Wenjun , Dong Haifeng , Wei Menglian 
Published: July 2019

AbstractGraphene quantum dots (GQDs) have shown great potential in bioimaging applications due to their excellent biocompatibility, low cytotoxicity, feasibility for surface functionalization, physiological stability, and tunable fluorescence properties. This Review first introduces the intriguing optical properties of GQDs that are suitable for biological imaging, and is followed by the GQDs' synthetic strategies. The emergent and latest development methods for tuning GQDs' optical properties are further described in detail. The recent advanced applications of GQDs in vitro, particularly in cell imaging, targeted imaging, and theranostic nanoplatform fabrication, are included. The applications of GQDs for in vivo bioimaging are also covered. Finally, the Review is concluded with the challenges and prospectives that face this nascent yet exciting field.
Programmable Liquid Adhesion on Bio‐Inspired Re‐Entrant Structures
Authors: Liu Xiaojiang , Gu Hongcheng , Ding Haibo , Du Xin , He Zhenzhu , Sun Liangdong , Liao Junlong , Xiao Pengfeng , Gu Zhongze 
Published: July 2019

AbstractSurfaces combining antispreading and high adhesion can find wide applications in the manipulation of liquid droplets, generation of micropatterns and liquid enrichment. To fabricate such surfaces, almost all the traditional methods demand multi‐step processes and chemical modification. And even so, most of them cannot be applied for some liquids with extremely low surface energy. In the past decade, multiply re‐entrant structures have aroused much attention because of their universal and modification‐independent antiadhesion or antipenetration ability. Unfortunately, theories and applications about their liquid adhesion behavior are still rare. In this work, inspired by the springtail skin and gecko feet in the adhered state, it is demonstrated that programmable liquid adhesion is realized on the 3D‐printed micro doubly re‐entrant arrays. By arranging the arrays reasonably, three different Cassie adhesion behaviors can be obtained: I) no residue adhesion, II) tunable adhesion, and III) absolute adhesion. Furthermore, various arrays are designed to tune macro/micro liquid droplet manipulation, which can find applications in the transportation of liquid droplets, liquid enrichment, generation of tiny droplets, and micropatterns.
Out of time ordered quantum dissipation
Authors: Chakrabarty Bidisha , Chaudhuri Soumyadeep , Loganayagam R. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWe consider a quantum Brownian particle interacting with two harmonic baths, which is then perturbed by a cubic coupling linking the particle and the baths. This cubic coupling induces non-linear dissipation and noise terms in the influence functional/master equation of the particle. Its effect on the Out-of-Time-Ordered Correlators (OTOCs) of the particle cannot be captured by the conventional Feynman-Vernon formalism.We derive the generalised influence functional which correctly encodes the physics of OTO fluctuations, response, dissipation and decoherence. We examine an example where Markovian approximation is valid for the OTO dynamics.If the original cubic coupling has a definite time-reversal parity, the leading order OTO influence functional is completely determined by the couplings in the usual master equation via OTO generalisation of Onsager-Casimir relations. New OTO fluctuationdissipation relations connect the non-Gaussianity of the thermal noise to the thermal jitter in the damping constant of the Brownian particle.
A systematic review of tools used to screen and assess for externalising behaviour symptoms in low and middle income settings
Authors: Nezafat Maldonado B. , Chandna J. , Gladstone M. 
Published: July 2019

Background.Mental health issues, often manifested as behavioural difficulties, in children are estimated to be high in low and middle-income countries (LMIC) settings. There is a paucity of definitive data due to a lack of well-validated tools to use across settings. This review aims to provide evidence on what tools are used and which have been adapted and validated in LMIC settings.Methods.We performed a systematic review to identify tools used to assess or screen externalising behaviour problems in children and adolescents in LMIC and assess their cultural adaptations. We searched for studies measuring externalising behaviour in children from 0 to 19 years published up to September 2018. Articles were assessed to identify tools used and analysed using the Ecological Validity Framework.Results.We identified 82 articles from over 50 LMICs who had studied externalising behaviour in children. Twenty-seven tools were identified, with a predominance of studies using tools from the USA and Europe. Most studies did not describe an adaptation and evaluation process, with only one study following recommended criteria. New tools were identified which both screen and assess externalising behaviour which have not yet been utilised across settings.Conclusions.Although tools from the USA and Europe are often utilised to screen and assess for externalising behaviour problems in children in LMICs, the conceptual frameworks behind the use of these tools in other cultural contexts are not always carefully examined. In order to have valid data across cultures, we should aim to adapt and validate tools before use. Provision of processes to validate tools across LMIC settings would be beneficial.
Why microbes, not microbiomes, are better causal explanations in gut-brain research
Authors: Lynch Kate E. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Much microbiota-gut-brain research focuses on the causal role of microbiomes as a whole, rather than their component parts: microbes. Hooks et al. find these whole-community explanations inadequate; however, they do not provide suggestions for better explanations. By appealing to proportionality – a criterion that can be used to develop more appropriate causal explanations – more accurate causal claims can be made.
Microbiota-gut-brain research: A plea for an interdisciplinary approach and standardization
Authors: Andreoletti Mattia , Rescigno Maria 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Hooks et al. note that microbiota-gut-brain research suffers from serious methodological flaws and interpretative issues. We suggest two corrective measures: first, taking more seriously the need of interdisciplinary work; second, interpreting some of the methodological issues as ordinary challenges of standardization, typical of emerging disciplines.
Does having highly educated adult children reduce mortality risks for parents with low educational attainment in Europe?
Authors: Sabater Albert , Graham Elspeth , Marshall Alan 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIt is known that the education of significant others may affect an individual's mortality. This paper extends an emerging body of research by investigating the effect of having highly educated adult children on the longevity of older parents in Europe, especially parents with low educational attainment. Using a sample of 15,015 individuals (6,620 fathers and 8,395 mothers) aged 50 and above, with 1,847 recorded deaths, over a mean follow-up period of 10.9 years from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), we examine whether the well-established socio-economic gradient in mortality among parents is modified when their adult children have higher educational attainment than their parents. We find that having highly educated adult children is associated with reduced mortality risks for fathers and mothers with low educational attainment, compared to their counterparts whose adult children have only compulsory education. The association is stronger in early older age (ages 50–74) than in later older age (ages 75 and over). Part of the association appears to be explained by health behaviours (physical (in)activity) and health status (self-rated health). Our findings suggest that the socio-economic–mortality gradient among older parents might be better captured using an intergenerational approach that recognises the advantage of having highly educated adult children, especially for fathers and mothers with only compulsory education.
Plague – a disease of children and servants? A study of the parish records of St Peter upon Cornhill, London from 1580 to 1605
Authors: Evans Charles M. , Evans Angela E. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractA study of the parish records of St Peter upon Cornhill in London from 1580 to 1605 revealed that children suffered a greater increase in mortality than adults in the plague years of 1593 and 1603, and servants accounted for the majority of deaths within the 15–24 age group. Some family groups avoided the plague altogether, others suffered a single burial, however in some cases, individuals within the same family household were buried within a short period of each other. The epidemiological pattern is complex and is moderated by social and demographic networks. Comparisons are made with modern epidemics caused byYersinia pestis.
Married and not: Weston's grown children in 1268–1269
Authors: Bennett Judith M. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIn 1268–1269 Spalding Priory created an inventory of its male serfs in Weston and the whereabouts of their offspring. Historical demographers have long laboured over this unique document, but their efforts have brought more confusion than consensus. Aiming to revive the historical utility of the Weston inventory, this article provides context for the inventory and access to the text itself. It also reorients analysis of the inventory away from a focus on households and families (both unsatisfactorily reported) and towards the extensive information it contains about how a generation of serf children grew into adulthood.
UNIVERSES AND UNIVALENCE IN HOMOTOPY TYPE THEORY
Authors: LADYMAN JAMES , PRESNELL STUART 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe Univalence axiom, due to Vladimir Voevodsky, is often taken to be one of the most important discoveries arising from the Homotopy Type Theory (HoTT) research programme. It is said by Steve Awodey that Univalence embodies mathematical structuralism, and that Univalence may be regarded as ‘expanding the notion of identity to that of equivalence’. This article explores the conceptual, foundational and philosophical status of Univalence in Homotopy Type Theory. It extends our Types-as-Concepts interpretation of HoTT to Universes, and offers an account of the Univalence axiom in such terms. We consider Awodey’s informal argument that Univalence is motivated by the principle that reasoning should be invariant under isomorphism, and we examine whether an autonomous and rigorous justification along these lines can be given. We consider two problems facing such a justification. First, there is a difference between equivalence and isomorphism and Univalence must be formulated in terms of the former. Second, the argument as presented cannot establish Univalence itself but only a weaker version of it, and must be supplemented by an additional principle. The article argues that the prospects for an autonomous justification of Univalence are promising.
A Path‐Tracing Monte Carlo Library for 3‐D Radiative Transfer in Highly Resolved Cloudy Atmospheres
Authors: Villefranque Najda , Fournier Richard , Couvreux Fleur , Blanco Stéphane , Cornet Céline , Eymet Vincent , Forest Vincent , Tregan Jean‐Marc 
Published: July 2019

AbstractInteractions between clouds and radiation are at the root of many difficulties in numerically predicting future weather and climate and in retrieving the state of the atmosphere from remote sensing observations. The broad range of issues related to these interactions, and to three‐dimensional interactions in particular, has motivated the development of accurate radiative tools able to compute all types of radiative metrics, from monochromatic, local, and directional observables to integrated energetic quantities. Building on this community effort, we present here an open‐source library for general use in Monte Carlo algorithms. This library is devoted to the acceleration of ray tracing in complex data, typically high‐resolution large‐domain grounds and clouds. The main algorithmic advances embedded in the library are related to the construction and traversal of hierarchical grids accelerating the tracing of paths through heterogeneous fields in null‐collision (maximum cross‐section) algorithms. We show that with these hierarchical grids, the computing time is only weakly sensitive to the refinement of the volumetric data. The library is tested with a rendering algorithm that produces synthetic images of cloud radiances. Other examples of implementation are provided to demonstrate potential uses of the library in the context of 3‐D radiation studies and parameterization development, evaluation, and tuning.
Large Fugitive Methane Emissions From Urban Centers Along the U.S. East Coast
Authors: Plant Genevieve , Kort Eric A. , Floerchinger Cody , Gvakharia Alexander , Vimont Isaac , Sweeney Colm 
Published: July 2019

AbstractUrban emissions remain an underexamined part of the methane budget. Here we present and interpret aircraft observations of six old and leak‐prone major cities along the East Coast of the United States. We use direct observations of methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), ethane (C2H6), and their correlations to quantify CH4 emissions and attribute to natural gas. We find the five largest cities emit 0.85 (0.63, 1.12) Tg CH4/year, of which 0.75 (0.49, 1.10) Tg CH4/year is attributed to natural gas. Our estimates, which include all thermogenic methane sources including end use, are more than twice that reported in the most recent gridded EPA inventory, which does not include end‐use emissions. These results highlight that current urban inventory estimates of natural gas emissions are substantially low, either due to underestimates of leakage, lack of inclusion of end‐use emissions, or some combination thereof.
Subtropical Cyclone Anita's Potential to Tropical Transition Under Warmer Sea Surface Temperature Scenarios
Authors: Reboita M. S. , Oliveira D. M. , da Rocha R. P. , Dutra L. M. M. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractOn 6 March 2010, Anita, the first subtropical cyclone observed over the South Atlantic Ocean, formed near the southeastern coast of Brazil, and during its life cycle, Anita almost acquired a tropical structure. The potential of Anita to undergo tropical transition in scenarios of increased sea surface temperature (SST) was investigated through a set of numerical sensitivity experiments. The results show that, if the SST had been 2°C warmer throughout Anita's life cycle, the system would have undergone tropical transition in its maturity stage; however, if the SST had increased only during Anita's quasi‐stationary period, the tropical transition completion would have occurred only with higher values of SST (6°C).
A Large Source of Atomic Chlorine From ClNO2 Photolysis at a U.K. Landfill Site
Authors: Bannan Thomas J. , Khan M. Anwar H. , Le Breton Michael , Priestley Michael , Worrall Stephen D. , Bacak Asan , Marsden Nicholas A. , Lowe Douglas , Pitt Joe , Allen Grant , Topping David , Coe Hugh , McFiggans Gordon , Shallcross Dudley E. , Percival Carl J. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractNitryl chloride (ClNO2) acts as a source of highly reactive chlorine atoms as well as an important NOx reservoir. Measurements of ClNO2 at an operational U.K. landfill site are reported here for the first time. A peak concentration of 4 ppb of ClNO2 was found with a peak mean nighttime maximum of 0.9 ppb. Using models based upon the photolysis of observed ClNO2 and atmospheric chlorine chemistry, chlorine atom concentrations reaching in excess of 1.20 × 105 molecules/cm3 in the early morning following sunrise are calculated. These concentrations are approximately 10 times higher than previously reported in the United Kingdom, suggesting a significant impact on the oxidizing capacity around such sites. Given the ubiquity of landfill sites regionally and globally, and the large abundances of Cl atoms from the photolysis of ClNO2, chlorine chemistry has a significant impact on ozone formation and volatile organic compounds oxidation as shown by WRF‐Chem modeling.
Plasma Pressures in the Heliosheath From Cassini ENA and Voyager 2 Measurements: Validation by the Voyager 2 Heliopause Crossing
Authors: Dialynas Konstantinos , Krimigis Stamatios M. , Decker Robert B. , Mitchell Donald G. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWe report “ground truth,” 28‐ to 3,500‐keV in situ ion and 5.2‐ to 55‐keV remotely sensed ENA measurements from Voyager 2/Low Energy Charged Particle detector and Cassini/Ion and Neutral Camera, respectively, that assess the components of the ion pressure in the heliosheath. In this process, we predict an interstellar neutral hydrogen density of ∼0.12 cm−3 and an interstellar magnetic field strength of ∼0.5‐nT upstream of the heliopause in the direction of V2, that is, consistent with the measured magnetic field and neutral density measurements at Voyager 1 from August 2012, when the spacecraft entered interstellar space, to date. Further, this analysis results in an estimated heliopause crossing by V2 of ∼119 AU, as observed, suggesting that the parameters deduced from the pressure analysis are valid. The shape of the >5.2‐keV ion energy spectra play a critical role toward determining the pressure balance and acceleration mechanisms inside the heliosheath.
Modeling of ARS-interacting multifunctional proteins p18 and p38.
Authors: Deineko Viktor 
Published: July 2019

AbstractARS-interacting multifunctional proteins (auxiliary components) – are nonezymatic proteins, associated with aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases – enzymes that catalyse the joining of amino acids with their corresponding tRNAs. All these proteins are complexed into large macromolecular multisynthetase complex in eukaryotes. It includes nine different ARSs and three auxiliary components. Their spatial structures precisely defined by X-ray analysis are still not known. Nevertheless, it very useful to have this structure while making biochemical studies. Bioinformatical tools were used to create structural models of two auxiliary components of multisynthetase complex – p18 and p38.