bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How to design psychiatric facilities to foster positive social interaction – A systematic review
Authors: Jovanović Nikolina , Campbell Justin , Priebe Stefan 
Published: May 2019

AbstractPsychiatric facilities are often criticised of being poorly designed which may contribute to violent incidents and patients’ complaints of feeling bored and lacking meaningful interactions with peers and staff. There is a lack of understanding how to design environments for staff, patients and visitors to engage in positive social interactions (e.g. conversation, sharing, peer support). We conducted a systematic literature review on which architectural typologies and design solutions facilitate helpful social interactions between users of psychiatric facilities. Several interventions were identified such as choosing a community location; building smaller (up to 20 beds) homelike and well integrated facilities with single/double bedrooms and wide range of communal areas; provision of open nursing stations; ensuring good balance between private and shared spaces for patients and staff; and specific interior design interventions such as arranging furniture in small, flexible groupings, introduction of plants on wards, and installing private conversation booths. These interventions range from simple and non-costly to very complex ones. The evidence should inform the design of new hospitals and the retrofitting of existing ones.
Differential default mode network trajectories in asymptomatic individuals at risk for Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Chiesa Patrizia A. , Cavedo Enrica , Vergallo Andrea , Lista Simone , Potier Marie‐Claude , Habert Marie‐Odile , Dubois Bruno , Thiebaut de Schotten Michel , Hampel Harald ,   and the INSIGHT‐preAD study group,   for theAlzheimer Precision Medicine Initiative (APMI)
Published: May 2019

AbstractIntroductionThe longitudinal trajectories of functional brain dynamics and the impact of genetic risk factors in individuals at risk for Alzheimer's disease are poorly understood.MethodsIn a large‐scale monocentric cohort of 224 amyloid stratified individuals at risk for Alzheimer's disease, default mode network (DMN) resting state functional connectivity (FC) was investigated between two serial time points across 2 years.ResultsWidespread DMN FC changes were shown in frontal and posterior areas, as well as in the right hippocampus. There were no cross‐sectional differences, however, apolipoprotein E ε4 (APOE ε4) carriers demonstrated slower increase in FC in frontal lobes. There was no impact of individual brain amyloid load status.DiscussionFor the first time, we demonstrated that the pleiotropic biological effect of the APOE ε4 allele impacts the dynamic trajectory of the DMN during aging. Dynamic functional biomarkers may become useful surrogate outcomes for the development of preclinical targeted therapeutic interventions.
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis for Sexual Dysfunction in Women With Hypertension
Authors: Choy Chia Lip , Sidi Hatta , Koon Chong Siew , Ming Ooi Soon , Mohamed Isa Naina , Guan Ng Chong , Alfonso Cesar A. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Introduction
Sexual dysfunction in hypertensive women is an often-neglected subject despite a reported prevalence of 42.1%. Although few reviews exist, a definitive relationship between hypertension and sexual dysfunction in women has not been clearly established.

Aim
To review the existing literature to definitively examine sexual dysfunction in women with hypertension, in both treated and untreated subjects.

Methods
We performed a systematic search for published literature of 3 electronic databases (Scopus, EBSCOhost Medline Complete, and Cochrane Library) in August 2018. The search terms with relevant truncation and Boolean were developed according to a population exposure-comparator-outcome model combining pilot searches. The quality of included studies was assessed with the McMaster Critical Review Form for Quantitative Studies. Initial search, limited to the English language, included a total of 2,198 studies. 31 studies (18,260 subjects) met our inclusion criteria and were included in the review. Sexual dysfunction in these studies was measured using different tools. We extracted information of study setting, country, number of subjects, participants’ age and blood pressure, comparators, and outcome. We ran a meta-analysis on the presence of sexual dysfunction as an outcome from the following comparisons: (i) hypertensive vs normotensive (ii) treated vs untreated hypertension, and (iii) exposure vs absence of specific class of anti-hypertensive drug.

Main Outcome Measures
Women with sexual dysfunction and hypertension were included.

Results
We found significant sexual dysfunction in women with hypertension compared with the normotensive group (pooled odds ratio [OR] = 2.789, 95% CI = 1.452–5.357, P = .002). However, there was no statistical difference of sexual dysfunction in women with treated or untreated hypertension (OR = 1.229, 95% CI = 0.675–2.236, P = .5). Treatment with alpha-/beta-blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, and diuretics resulted in no statistical difference in sexual dysfunction in hypertensive women.

Clinical Implications
Because sexual dysfunction is prevalent in women with hypertension, it is imperative to address the underlying medical condition to manage this important clinical problem.

Strength & Limitations
Many studies had to be excluded from the meta-analysis, due to unavailability and incompleteness of data. Nevertheless, results of the review are useful to derive recommendations for alerting physicians of the need to routinely assess the sexual functioning of women with hypertension.

Conclusion
We conclude that women with hypertension are at increased risk for sexual dysfunction, and our findings imply that evaluation for sexual dysfunction needs to be part of the clinical management guidelines for women with hypertension.
Food Crop Potential of Tropical Trees
Authors: Cannell M. G. R. 
Published: May 2019

SUMMARYTrees are important sources of food in both the humid and semi-arid tropics. Some species have been exploited for centuries and are widely distributed around the world, others have been cultivated only in limited areas, while most are still essentially wild. The potential for rapid genetic improvement by clonal selection is enormous and well-proven by the recent history of some species. Trees can yield as much food per hectare as most C3 annual crops – although special problems may have to be overcome to ensure regular bearing of fruit and nut trees. Trees also offer great ecological and social benefits.
Studies on Maize (Zea mays) at Bunda, Malawi. II. Yield in Short Rotations with Legumes
Authors: MacColl D. 
Published: May 2019

SUMMARYMaize was grown for six years on two soil series in annual rotation with groundnuts, soyabean, lab-lab and sunflowers, and for up to four years after two year crops of pigeonpea. Nitrogen left by the annual legumes was estimated to vary from 0.0 to 52.2 kg ha−1 depending on year, soil and species. Summed over three successive maize crops, nitrogen left by two year crops of pigeonpea varied from 23.5 to 109.6 kg ha−1. Vigorous vegetative growth and low seed yield in the legume were associated with increased residual nitrogen. Groundnuts left more nitrogen on the more fertile soil. High rainfall at the beginning of the maize cropping season was associated on one soil series with the complete disappearance of residual nitrogen from the immediately preceding legume crop.
Effect of Leaf Removal on the Growth And Yield of Okra (Abelmoschus Esculentus) and its Relevance to Leaf Harvesting Patterns and Pest Damage
Authors: Olasantan F. O. 
Published: May 2019

SummaryExperiments on okra to determine the economic loss caused by insect damage to the leaves or by harvesting young leaves as a vegetable are described. Leaf harvests at 1-weekly intervals yielded 30-50% more fresh leaf than harvests at 2 or 3-weekly intervals. Removing a quarter of each leaf or single leaves from the upper or lower parts of the plant at 3-weekly intervals did not affect marketable fruit yield, but yield was reduced by about 30% when one young leaf was harvested at 1 or 2-weekly intervals or when two or three leaves were harvested at S-weekly intervals. Removing more than one quarter of each leaf or two or three fully expanded leaves from the lower three-quarters of the plant at 3-weekly intervals also caused up to 40% yield loss.Harvesting single leaves at S-weekly intervals is therefore recommended if okra is to be grown for both leaves and pods. The plant can tolerate at least 25% defoliation, as can happen with insect damage, before any yield loss occurs.F. O. Olasantan: Efecto de la deshojadura sobre el crecimiento y rendimiento del gombo (Abelmoschus esculentus,) y su importancia para modelos de cosecha de hojas y dano causado porplagas.
Reassessment of the Effects of Broadcast and Line Sowing on the Fibre Yield of Jute
Authors: Palit P. , Bhattacharyya A. C. , Samanta B. K. 
Published: May 2019

SummaryLine sowing of jute has been advocated by some workers for the past 40 years as being more productive than the traditional broadcast method. But most cultivators still prefer broadcast sowing. A comparative study employing identical management practices showed that there is no significant difference in fibre yield per unit area between the two sowing methods. Under similar population pressures self-thinning is greater in line sown than in broadcast crops. Thus, provided similar seed rates and cultural conditions are maintained, farmers may use either sowing method.P. Palit, A. C Bhattacharyya y B. K. Samanta: Re-evaluación de los efectos de la siembra al voleo y en lineas sobre el rendimiento defibra del yute.
Comparative Effectiveness of Ordinary and Coated Urea and Nitrification Inhibitor Treated-Urea as a Source of Nitrogen for Maize
Authors: Prabhakaran Nair K. P. , Sharma P. B. 
Published: May 2019

SummaryMaize yields where the nitrogen source was sulphur-coated urea combined with ordinary urea were significantly greater than those where an equivalent amount of ordinary urea was applied at identical times. Urea blended with neem cake was less effective.K. P. Prabhakaran Nair y P. B. Sharma: Eficacia comparada de la urea normal y revestida y urea tratada con inhibidores de la nitrificación como fuente de nitrógeno para el maiz
Measurement of Total and Osmotic Potentials in Lucerne and Sunflower Tissues using Thermocouple Psychrometers
Authors: Wright G. C. , Whitfield D. M. 
Published: May 2019

SummaryThe measurement of leaf water and osmotic potential using thermocouple psychrometry was investigated in field grown stands of sunflower and lucerne. For the chamber size and tissue dimensions used, vapour pressure equilibrium was achieved after 4 to 6 h for leaf water and osmotic potential samples. In lucerne, as the time delay between excising the leaf and sealing it in the chamber was increased from 30 s to 8 min, water apparently evaporated from the leaf sample and leaf water and osmotic potential markedly decreased. For routine psychrometer determinations of leaf water and osmotic potential in lucerne (and presumably other species) leaf samples should therefore be sealed in the chambers as quickly as possible to minimize rapid water loss and associated errors in water potential determination. Vapour pressure equilibration for sunflower capitulum and root water and osmotic potential samples was achieved only after 6 and 24 h, respectively.G. C. Wright y D. M. Whitfield: Medición de los potentiates totales y osmóticos en tejidos de alfalfa y girasol usando psicrómetros termopar.
The International Committee of the Red Cross and the problem of excessively injurious or indiscriminate weapons
Authors: Aubert Maurice 
Published: May 2019

It is a truism to say that technical progress is not always beneficial to mankind because it also leads to the development of more sophisticated - i.e. more deadly - weapons. Any attempts to prohibit or restrict their use on the basis of international agreements come up against major obstacles. Even if only to ensure their own national security, States try to equip their armies with the most up-to-date weapons and, if possible, ones more sophisticated than those in a potential enemy's arsenal. But using a certain type of weapon cannot be justified if it runs counter to the general principles of law and humanity.Our remarks do not refer to particularly devastating and indiscriminate weapons such as atomic, bacteriological and chemical weapons; rather it limits itself to conventional weapons. To date, a ban on such weapons has been accepted only for those which, in view of the disparity between their military effectiveness and the degree of superfluous injury and unnecessary suffering they cause, are without any real interest as means of combat (i.e. dum-dum bullets, non-detectable fragments, exploding booby-traps in the form of harmless-looking objects). As regards militarily effective weapons (incendiary devices and mines), we cannot but hope that their use will be confined as far as possible to the actual combatants so as to avoid indiscriminate harm to civilians, civilian objects and the environment.
The Conventional Weapons Convention: Underlying Legal Principles
Authors: Kalshoven Frits 
Published: May 2019

Neither the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to have Indiscriminate Effects, adopted in Geneva on 10 October 1980, nor the Protocols annexed to it specify in their operative parts the principles on which the prohibitions and restrictions rest. Such principles are, however, found in the preamble to the Convention.Four of the twelve preambular paragraphs are relevant here. They list: the “general principle of the protection of the civilian population against the effects of hostilities”; the principle “that the right of the parties to an armed conflict to choose methods or means of warfare is not unlimited”; the ban on “the employment in armed conflicts of weapons, projectiles and material and methods of warfare of a nature to cause superfluous injury or unnecessary suffering”; and the fact that it is prohibited “to employ methods or means of warfare which are intended, or may be expected, to cause widespread, longterm and severe damage to the natural environment.” The fifth paragraph reiterates the well-known Martens clause, in the formulation accepted for Article 1, paragraph 2, of Additional Protocol I of 1977.
Mines, Booby-traps and Other Devices
Authors: Rogers A. P. V. 
Published: May 2019

In the Declaration of St. Petersburg of 1868 the signatory States recognized that the object of war is to weaken the enemy's military forces, for which it is sufficient to disable the greatest possible number of men, and that this object would be exceeded by the employment of arms which uselessly aggravate the sufferings of disabled men or render their death inevitable.This principle was repeated in Article 23(e) of the Regulations annexed to The Hague Convention No. IV of 1907 concerning the laws and customs of war on land. That article forbids the employment of arms, projectiles or material calculated to cause unnecessary suffering. The authentic French text of the article referred to “des armes, des projectiles ou des matières propres à causer des maux superflus” whereas the English text of the same article referred to “arms, projectiles or material calculated to cause superfluous injury”.
The Protocol on Incendiary Weapons
Authors: Parks W. Hays 
Published: May 2019

From the time that man discovered fire and devised ways to use it as a tool for survival and advancement, it also has been employed as a weapon for destruction. Sun Tsu's The Art of War (500 B.C.) refers to incendiary arrows, while Thucydides’ The Peloponnesian War describes a flame weapon used by the Spartans in 42 B.C. Edward Gibbon, in The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, ascribes Roman success at Constantinople (1453 A.D.) to “Greek fire,” ignited naptha mixed with pitch and resin and spread upon the surface of the water. Great Britain employed Greek fire almost five centuries later as a defence along its coastlines in anticipation of an invasion in 1940.In the European wars of the 16th and 17th centuries, armies employed compulsory taxation of the countryside in lieu of looting to finance their activities. A defaulting town would have some of its buildings burned, leading to the tax being referred to as Brandschatzung, “burning money.” This practice became widespread during the Thirty Years war.
The development of new anti-personnel weapons
Authors: Doswald-Beck Louise , Cauderay Gérald C. 
Published: May 2019

Article 36 of Additional Protocol I of 1977 states that:“In the study, development, acquisition or adoption of a new weapon, means or method of warfare, a High Contracting Party is under an obligation to determine whether its employment would, in some or all circumstances, be prohibited by this Protocol or by any other rule of international law applicable to the High Contracting Party”.The provision is not new law, but codifies the customary law duty of implementing a treaty or customary rule in good faith. Article 36 does, however, draw attention to the fact that new developments in weapons are quietly going on, and that care must be taken, before their deployment, that their use in some or all circumstances does not violate international humanitarian law. Although the duty to determine in advance the legality of the use of new weapons lies with the State developing them, other States have a legal interest in ensuring that this is done.
Forty Years of Criminal Law — Further Comments
Authors: Kremnitzer Mordechai 
Published: May 2019

In the following lines, I shall attempt to expand somewhat the scope of the survey, as a supplement to Dr. Miriam Gur-Arye's excellent paper on the requirement of fault. In addition, I will refer to the principle of legality, and to legislation in the field of criminal law. I shall also indicate what I regard as the proper directions for future development, as well as point out novel and disturbing trends in the application and implementation of the law.Although Agranat J. had the courage to advance Israeli law beyond English law, by recognizing irresistible impulse in the wake of developments in the field of psychiatry and by a non-historical interpretation of the law, contemporary Israeli case law has refrained from taking another step forward in the light of further development in that science.
Procedure and Evidence in Criminal Trials
Authors: Naor Miriam 
Published: May 2019

Professor Harnon set a broad canvas. In the ten minutes allotted me, I shall address but a few of the topics he raised.I would like principally to devote my comments to the subject of unrepresented defendants, as viewed from the perspective of a trialcourt judge.Our rules of procedure and of evidence are fair and reasonable. There are differences of opinion as to the preferred approach to several of the issues mentioned by Prof. Harnon: the scope of the right to remain silent, the admissibility of out-of-court statements and the striking of a proper balance in this regard, etc. Notwithstanding the differences in approach to any particular topic, the system as a whole fulfils the purpose of the substantive criminal law — the establishing of the innocence or guilt of the accused.
Forty Years of Civil Procedure
Authors: Goldstein Stephen 
Published: May 2019

One may ask what changes have occurred in Israeli civil procedure in the 40 years of the existence of the State. The answer is clear—almost none. This is true as to both of the major concerns of civil procedure, i.e., (a) the conduct of the proceedings pursuant to the rules of civil procedure, and (b) the court structure and allocation of jurisdiction among the different courts.Of course there have been some changes in the last 40 years. Regarding the Rules of Civil Procedure one can point to changes such as the expansion of the use of summary process and originating summons, along with the abolition of the docket preference given to summary process proceedings after a right to defend has been granted; the adoption of the American pre-trial conference proceeding; important developments as to linkage differentials and interest that are added to money judgments; and expansion of third-party practice proceedings.
Is it Necessary to Apply “Physical Pressure” to Terrorists – and to Lie About it?
Authors: Dershowitz Alan M. 
Published: May 2019

It is a conundrum that has long intrigued philosophers, novelists, lawyers, and ordinary citizens: a captured terrorist knows the location of a ticking bomb that threatens hundreds of innocent lives; the only way to prevent the mass murder is to torture the terrorist into disclosing the bomb's location; there is no time for reflection; a decision must be made. Does the noble end of saving innocent lives justify the ignoble means of employing torture?We know, of course, what all governments would actually do under these conditions of tragic choice: they (or more precisely, some flack-catching underling) would torture (with the implicit approval of the powers-that-be). But could the government justify it? Would they write a law expressly authorizing such means? Or would they choose the “way … of the hypocrites: they declare that they abide by the rule of law, but turn a blind eye to what goes on beneath the surface” (R.,78).
The Landau Commission Report – Was the Security Service Subordinated to the Law, or the Law to the “Needs” of the Security Service?
Authors: Kremnitzer Mordechai 
Published: May 2019

The principal significance of the Landau Commission Report lies in its conclusion that, under the provisions of the necessity defence, the exertion of a moderate measure of physical pressure is both justifiable and permissible in the interrogation of persons suspected of hostile terrorist activity (HTA). This conclusion extends both forward to the future and backward to the past. For the future, it licenses the employment of physical pressure in such investigations; as to the past, it lends significant support to another of the Commission's conclusions, that no proceedings be instituted against persons who were found by the Commission to bearprima facieresponsibility for serious criminal offences (i.e., perjury at the very least). In my opinion, the Commission's central conclusion and its implications are unjustified. It is based upon factual findings and evaluative judgments which are, as I shall attempt to demonstrate, problematic.Before embarking, however, I should like to sketch a synoptic view of the Report for the reader, which will then enable me to expand upon the connection between the Commission's factual and evaluative findings and its normative conclusions. Regarding the facts, the Commission determined that: 1) GSS interrogators had systematically employed physical pressure on HTA suspects; and 2) interrogators had lied about this fact to the courts. The Commission's normative conclusions were that it is permissible to employ physical pressure in HTA interrogations, but forbidden to lie to the court.