bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enhanced Production of Hypocrellin A in Submerged Cultures of Shiraia bambusicola by Red Light
Authors: Ma Yan Jun , Sun Chun Xiao , Wang Jian Wen 
Published: October 2018

AbstractHypocrellin A (HA), a promising photosensitizer for anticancer photodynamic therapy (PDT), is a fungal perylenequinone pigment from the fruiting body of Shiraia bambusicola, a traditional Chinese medicine for treating skin diseases. The mycelial cultures are becoming a biotechnological alternative for HA production. In this study, light of different wavelengths was investigated to develop an effective eliciting strategy for HA production in the cultures. Under red LED light (627 nm) at 200 lux, the maximum HA production (175.53 mg L−1) in mycelium cultures was reached after 8 days, about 3.82‐fold of the dark control. Red light not only promoted HA biosynthesis in mycelia (intracellular HA), but also stimulated HA secretion into the medium (extracellular HA). We found 14 of 310 transcripts differentially expressed under red light treatment were possible candidate genes for HA biosynthetic pathway. Gene ontology (GO) analysis revealed that red light treatment could change the gene expressions responsible for HA biosynthesis and the transmembrane activity, suggesting both intracellular HA and its secretion could contribute to the enhancement of total HA production in the cultures. The results provided new insights of red light elicitation and effective strategy for HA production in mycelium cultures.
Improving, but could do better: Trends in gestation‐specific stillbirth in Australia, 1994‐2015
Authors: Hilder Lisa , Flenady Vicki , Ellwood David , Donnolley Natasha , Chambers Georgina M. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractBackgroundStillbirth remains a public health concern in high‐income countries. Over the past 20 years, stillbirth rates globally have shown little improvement and large disparities. The overall stillbirth rate, which measures risk among births at all gestations, masks diverging trends at different gestations. This study investigates trends over time in gestation‐specific risk of stillbirth in Australia.MethodsAnalytical epidemiological study using nationally reported gestational age data for births in Australia, 1994‐2015. Average annual change in gestation‐specific prospective risk of stillbirth (per 1000 fetuses at risk [FAR]) was calculated among births in 1994‐2009 and 2010‐2015 at term (37‐41 weeks) and for preterm gestational age subgroups: 28‐36, 24‐27, and 20‐23 weeks.ResultsThe decline in risk of stillbirth at term from 2010 to 2015 from 1.43 to 1.16 per 1000 FAR was more rapid than from 1994 to 2009; for preterm gestations from 24 to 27 weeks, there were no discernible trends; from 28 to 36 weeks, the decline between 1994 and 2009 was not sustained; among births from 20 to 23 weeks, the risk of stillbirth plateaued in 2010‐2015, fluctuating around 3.3 per 1000 FAR.ConclusionsImprovement in the stillbirth rate from 28 weeks’ gestation aligns with changes in other high‐income countries, but more work is needed in Australia to achieve the levels of reduction seen elsewhere. Gestation‐specific risk of stillbirth is more informative than the overall stillbirth rate. The message that the overall risk of stillbirth is not changing disregards gains at different stages of pregnancy.
Attitudes to ageing and their relationship with quality of life in older adults in Turkey
Authors: Korkmaz Aslan Gülbahar , Kulakçı AltıntaŞ Hülya , Özen Çınar İlgün , Veren Funda 
Published: October 2018

AimWith the increase in life expectancy, it has become necessary to expand our knowledge of how older individuals perceive their own ageing and how ageing affects their quality of life. The aim of the study was to determine older adults’ attitudes towards ageing and the relationship between attitudes and quality of life among community‐dwelling older adults in Turkey.MethodsThis cross‐sectional and correlational study was conducted in Zonguldak, Turkey. The sample included 999 community‐dwelling older adults, who were selected from five family health centres. The data were collected between April and June 2015 by using the Attitudes to Aging Questionnaire and the World Health Organization Quality of Life Instrument‐Older Adults Module. A hierarchical multiple regression analysis was conducted to test the predictive value of attitude to ageing on quality of life.ResultsMultiple regression analysis revealed that the subscales of Attitudes to Ageing Questionnaire (psychosocial loss (β = −0.289), physical change (β = 0.296), and psychological growth (β = 0.279)) were statistically significant predictors of quality of life. Attitudes to ageing explained 46.6% of the quality of life among community‐dwelling older adults in Turkey (R2 = 0.466).ConclusionThe significant impact of attitudes to ageing on quality of life suggests the need for better recognition of attitudes to ageing in older adults.
Gone in sixty (milli)seconds: Disentangling the effects of location context on attention bias
Authors: Rubin Mikael , Telch Michael J. 
Published: October 2018

Attention bias is associated with a broad range of emotional disorders. Because of its transportability, attention bias modification (ABM) training can be administered outside of the laboratory; however, some evidence suggests that ABM training may be less effective when conducted in the individual's natural environment. The aim of this study was to examine factors that might account for the attenuated effects of attentional bias (AB) when assessed remotely. One hundred fifty‐eight undergraduate psychology students completed the Emotional Stroop Task on two occasions – once in the laboratory and once remotely. To help disentangle the influences of emotional state and location on attention bias, participants were randomized to view either an emotionally provocative clip or an emotionally neutral clip prior to completing the emotional Stroop task. Results showed evidence of an attentional bias only in the laboratory, among participants in the neutral emotion condition (b = –19.67, P = .008, 95% CI [–34.18, –5.15]). Exploratory analyses revealed that emotion provocation was associated with attentional bias among individuals with greater symptoms of depression, but only remotely (b = –15.70, P = 0.046, 95% CI [–31.15, –0.25]). These findings suggest that caution should be used when conducting attention bias research remotely. Limitations and future directions are discussed.
What IF? Building interactive fiction for teaching and learning religious studies
Authors: Lester G. Brooke 
Published: October 2018

AbstractGames offer unique possibilities for learning, and text‐based interactive fiction (“IF”) in particular lends itself as a low barrier to entry for instructors and students wishing to build interactive narrative games. Understanding by Design provides a framework by which to determine the best possible places for instructor‐ and learner‐built IF in any given course, whether face‐to‐face or online. A thick description of how an instructor conceived and developed two IF games follows, explicitly tied to course‐design considerations like learning goals and assessment performances. The value of IF as a student project is explored, and finally an appendix provides resources for instructors and students to begin building their own interactive fiction.
War and Peace in Canaan: Connecting geography with political and military affairs in ancient Israel through a classroom game
Authors: Trimm Charlie 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThis essay provides a brief overview of an educational board game developed by the author for use in upper division Old Testament classes. The game, extending in stages across the semester, heightens student learning by requiring strategic thinking about various historical, political, and geographical relationships. Appendices and links to online material provide full details necessary to adapt the game in local classrooms.
The Utility and Cross-Validation of a Composite Physical Activity Score in Relation to Cardiovascular Health Indicators: Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults
Authors: Pettee Gabriel Kelley , Pérez Adriana , Jacobs David R. , Lee Joowon , Kohl Harold W. , Sternfeld Barbara 
Published: October 2018

Background: Single-method assessment of physical activity (PA) has limitations. The utility and cross-validation of a composite PA score that includes reported and accelerometer-derived PA data has not been evaluated. Methods: Participants attending the Year 20 exam were randomly assigned to the derivation (two-thirds) or validation (one-third) data set. Principal components analysis was used to create a composite score reflecting Year 20 combined reported and accelerometer PA data. Generalized linear regression models were constructed to estimate the variability explained (R2) by each PA assessment strategy (self-report only, accelerometer only, composite score, or self-report plus accelerometer) with cardiovascular health indicators. This process was repeated in the validation set to determine cross-validation. Results: At Year 20, 3549 participants (45.2 [3.6] y, 56.7% female, and 53.5% black) attended the clinic exam and 2540 agreed to wear the accelerometer. Higher R2 values were obtained when combined assessment strategies were used; however, the approach yielding the highest R2 value varied by cardiovascular health outcome. Findings from the cross-validation also supported internal study validity. Conclusions: Findings support continued refinement of methodological approaches to combine data from multiple sources to create a more robust estimate that reflects the complexities of PA behavior.
Gram-Positive Anaerobic Cocci
Authors: Murdoch D. A. 
Published: October 2018

SUMMARYGram-positive anaerobic cocci (GPAC) are a heterogeneous group of organisms defined by their morphological appearance and their inability to grow in the presence of oxygen; most clinical isolates are identified to species in the genus Peptostreptococcus. GPAC are part of the normal flora of all mucocutaneous surfaces and are often isolated from infections such as deep organ abscesses, obstetric and gynecological sepsis, and intraoral infections. They have been little studied for several reasons, which include an inadequate classification, difficulties with laboratory identification, and the mixed nature of the infections from which they are usually isolated. Nucleic acid studies indicate that the classification is in need of radical revision at the genus level. Several species of Peptostreptococcus have recently been described, but others still await formal recognition. Identification has been based on carbohydrate fermentation tests, but most GPAC are asaccharolytic and use the products of protein degradation for their metabolism; the introduction of commercially available preformed enzyme kits affords a physiologically more appropriate method of identification, which is simple and relatively rapid and can be used in routine diagnostic laboratories. Recent reports have documented the isolation in pure culture of several species, notably Peptostreptococcus magnus, from serious infections. Studies of P. magnus have elucidated several virulence factors which correlate with the site of infection, and reveal some similarities to Staphylococcus aureus. P. micros is a strongly proteolytic species; it is increasingly recognized as an important pathogen in intraoral infections, particularly periodontitis, and mixed anaerobic deep-organ abscesses. Comparison of antibiotic susceptibility patterns reveals major differences between species. Penicillins are the antibiotics of choice, although some strains of P. anaerobius show broad-spectrum β-lactam resistance.
Clinical, Cellular, and Molecular Factors That Contribute to Antifungal Drug Resistance
Authors: White Theodore C. , Marr Kieren A. , Bowden Raleigh A. 
Published: October 2018

SUMMARY
In the past decade, the frequency of diagnosed fungal infections has risen sharply due to several factors, including the increase in the number of immunosuppressed patients resulting from the AIDS epidemic and treatments during and after organ and bone marrow transplants. Linked with the increase in fungal infections is a recent increase in the frequency with which these infections are recalcitrant to standard antifungal therapy. This review summarizes the factors that contribute to antifungal drug resistance on three levels: (i) clinical factors that result in the inability to successfully treat refractory disease; (ii) cellular factors associated with a resistant fungal strain; and (iii) molecular factors that are ultimately responsible for the resistance phenotype in the cell. Many of the clinical factors that contribute to resistance are associated with the immune status of the patient, with the pharmacology of the drugs, or with the degree or type of fungal infection present. At a cellular level, antifungal drug resistance can be the result of replacement of a susceptible strain with a more resistant strain or species or the alteration of an endogenous strain (by mutation or gene expression) to a resistant phenotype. The molecular mechanisms of resistance that have been identified to date in Candida albicans include overexpression of two types of efflux pumps, overexpression or mutation of the target enzyme, and alteration of other enzymes in the same biosynthetic pathway as the target enzyme. Since the study of antifungal drug resistance is relatively new, other factors that may also contribute to resistance are discussed.
Dengue and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever
Authors: Gubler Duane J. 
Published: October 2018

SUMMARYDengue fever, a very old disease, has reemerged in the past 20 years with an expanded geographic distribution of both the viruses and the mosquito vectors, increased epidemic activity, the development of hyperendemicity (the cocirculation of multiple serotypes), and the emergence of dengue hemorrhagic fever in new geographic regions. In 1998 this mosquito-borne disease is the most important tropical infectious disease after malaria, with an estimated 100 million cases of dengue fever, 500,000 cases of dengue hemorrhagic fever, and 25,000 deaths annually. The reasons for this resurgence and emergence of dengue hemorrhagic fever in the waning years of the 20th century are complex and not fully understood, but demographic, societal, and public health infrastructure changes in the past 30 years have contributed greatly. This paper reviews the changing epidemiology of dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever by geographic region, the natural history and transmission cycles, clinical diagnosis of both dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever, serologic and virologic laboratory diagnoses, pathogenesis, surveillance, prevention, and control. A major challenge for public health officials in all tropical areas of the world is to devleop and implement sustainable prevention and control programs that will reverse the trend of emergent dengue hemorrhagic fever.
Epidemiology of Group B Streptococcal Disease in the United States: Shifting Paradigms
Authors: Schuchat Anne 
Published: October 2018

SUMMARYSince its emergence 25 years ago, group B streptococcus has become recognized as a cause of serious illness in newborns, pregnant women, and adults with chronic medical conditions. Heavy colonization of the genital tract with group B streptococcus also increases the risk that a woman will deliver a preterm low-birthweight infant. Early-onset infections (occurring at <7 days of age) are associated with much lower fatality than when they were first described, and their incidence is finally decreasing as the use of preventive antibiotics during childbirth increases among women at risk. New serotypes of group B streptococcus have emerged as important pathogens in adults and newborns. Clinical and laboratory practices—in obstetrics, pediatrics, and clinical microbiology—have an impact on disease and/or its prevention, and protocols established at the institutional level appear to be critical tools for the reduction of perinatal disease due to group B streptococcus. Since intrapartum antibiotics will prevent at best only a portion of the full burden of group B streptococcal disease, critical developments in vaccine evaluation, including study of polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines, offer the potential for enhanced prevention in the relatively near future.
Prostatitis
Authors: Domingue Gerald J. , Hellstrom Wayne J. G. 
Published: October 2018

SUMMARYThe laboratory diagnosis of acute bacterial prostatitis is straightforward and easily accomplished in clinical laboratories. Chronic bacterial prostatitis, and especially chronic idiopathic prostatitis (most often referred to as abacterial prostatitis), presents a real challenge to the clinician and clinical microbiologist. Clinically, the diagnosis of chronic idiopathic prostatitis is differentiated from that of acute prostatitis by a lack of prostatic inflammation and no “significant” (controversial) leukocytes or bacteria in the expressed prostatic secretions. Despite these diagnostic criteria, the etiology of chronic idiopathic prostatitis is unknown. While this review covers the entire spectrum of microbially caused acute prostatitis (including common and uncommon bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites) and microbially associated chronic prostatitis, a special focus has been given to chronic idiopathic prostatitis. The idiopathic syndrome is commonly diagnosed in men but is poorly treated. Recent data convincingly suggests a possible bacterial etiology for the condition. Provocative molecular studies have been published reporting the presence of 16S rRNA bacterial sequences in prostate biopsy tissue that is negative for ordinary bacteria by routine culture in men with chronic idiopathic prostatitis. Additionally, special culture methods have indicated that difficult-to-culture coryneforms and coagulase-negative staphylococci are present in expressed prostatic secretions found to be negative by routine culture techniques. Treatment failures are not uncommon in chronic prostatitis. Literature reports suggest that antimicrobial treatment failures in chronic idiopathic prostatitis caused by organisms producing extracellular slime might result from the virulent properties of coagulase-negative staphylococci or other bacteria. While it is difficult to definitively extrapolate from animal models, antibiotic pharmokinetic studies with a murine model have suggested that treatment failures in chronic prostatitis are probably a result of the local microenvironment surrounding the persistent focal and well-protected small bacterial biofilms buried within the prostate gland. These conclusions support the molecular and culture data implicating bacteria as a cause of chronic idiopathic prostatitis.
Management of Infections Due to Antibiotic-Resistant
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Authors: Kaplan Sheldon L. , Mason Edward O. 
Published: October 2018

SUMMARY
Antibiotic-resistant strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae are becoming more prevalent throughout the world; this has resulted in modifications of treatment approaches. Management of bacterial meningitis has the greatest consensus. Strategies for treating other systemic infections such as pneumonia, bacteremia, and musculoskeletal infections are evolving, in part related to the availability of new antibiotics which are active in vitro against isolates resistant to penicillin and the extended-spectrum cephalosporins. However, there are currently very limited data related to the clinical efficacy of these new agents. The studies upon which current recommendations are based are reviewed. Otitis media represents the single most common infection due to S. pneumoniae. Recommendations for treatment of acute otitis media due to drug-resistant strains and the rationale for these recommendations are discussed.
Current and Emerging Azole Antifungal Agents
Authors: Sheehan Daniel J. , Hitchcock Christopher A. , Sibley Carol M. 
Published: October 2018

SUMMARY
Major developments in research into the azole class of antifungal agents during the 1990s have provided expanded options for the treatment of many opportunistic and endemic fungal infections. Fluconazole and itraconazole have proved to be safer than both amphotericin B and ketoconazole. Despite these advances, serious fungal infections remain difficult to treat, and resistance to the available drugs is emerging. This review describes present and future uses of the currently available azole antifungal agents in the treatment of systemic and superficial fungal infections and provides a brief overview of the current status of in vitro susceptibility testing and the growing problem of clinical resistance to the azoles. Use of the currently available azoles in combination with other antifungal agents with different mechanisms of action is likely to provide enhanced efficacy. Detailed information on some of the second-generation triazoles being developed to provide extended coverage of opportunistic, endemic, and emerging fungal pathogens, as well as those in which resistance to older agents is becoming problematic, is provided.
Candida glabrata
: Review of Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Clinical Disease with Comparison to
C. albicans
Authors: Fidel Paul L. , Vazquez Jose A. , Sobel Jack D. 
Published: October 2018

SUMMARY
Until recently, Candida glabrata was considered a relatively nonpathogenic commensal fungal organism of human mucosal tissues. However, with the increased use of immunosuppressive agents, mucosal and systemic infections caused by C. glabrata have increased significantly, especially in the human immunodeficiency virus-infected population. A major obstacle in C. glabrata infections is their innate resistance to azole antimycotic therapy, which is very effective in treating infections caused by other Candida species. Candida glabrata, formerly known as Torulopsis glabrata, contrasts with other Candida species in its nondimorphic blastoconidial morphology and haploid genome. C. glabrata currently ranks second or third as the causative agent of superficial (oral, esophageal, vaginal, or urinary) or systemic candidal infections, which are often nosocomial. Currently, however, there are few recognized virulence factors of C. glabrata and little is known about the host defense mechanisms that protect against infection. Two established animal models (systemic and vaginal) have been established to study treatment, pathogenesis, and immunity. Treatment of C. glabrata infections can include azoles but often requires amphotericin B or flucytosine. This review summarizes all known clinical and experimental information about C. glabrata infections with comparisons to C. albicans as a means of contrasting the two species commonly observed and emphasizing the many recognized differences.
Clinical Microbiology Reviews
: Genesis of a Journal
Authors: Morello Josephine A. 
Published: October 2018

SUMMARY
In 1986 planning for a new ASM review journal, Clinical Microbiology Reviews (CMR), began. CMR would publish articles primarily of interest to persons concerned with pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, epidemiology, and control of human and veterinary pathogens. The first issue was published in January 1988, with quarterly publication since then. The journal quickly became successful in terms of subscribers and impact on the field, earning a strong national and international reputation. The achievements of CMR are owed to many persons, including the editorial board, the production team, and especially the contributing authors.