bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bacterial taxonomic composition of the postpartum cow uterus and vagina prior to artificial insemination1
Authors: Ault Taylor B , Clemmons Brooke A , Reese Sydney T , Dantas Felipe G , Franco Gessica A , Smith Tim P L , Edwards J Lannett , Myer Phillip R , Pohler Ky G 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe current study characterized the taxonomic composition of the uterine and vaginal bacterial communities during estrous synchronization up to timed artificial insemination (TAI). Postpartum beef cows (n = 68) were subjected to pre-synchronization step 21 d prior to TAI (day −21), followed by an industry standard 7 Day Co-Synch on day −9 and TAI on day 0. Uterine and vaginal flushes were collected on days −21, −9, and −2 of the protocol and pH was immediately recorded. Pregnancy was determined by transrectal ultrasound on day 30. Bacterial DNA was extracted and sequenced targeting the V1 to V3 hypervariable regions of the 16S rRNA bacterial gene. Results indicated 34 different phyla including 792 different genera present between the uterus and vagina. Many differences in the relative abundance of bacterial phyla and genera occurred between resulting pregnancy statuses and among protocol days (P < 0.05). At day −2, multiple genera were present in >1% abundance of nonpregnant cows but <1% abundance in pregnant cows (P < 0.05). Uterine pH increased in nonpregnant cows but decreased in pregnant cows (P > 0.05). Overall, our study indicates bacterial phyla and genera abundances shift over time and may potentially affect fertility by altering the reproductive tract environment.
Nitrogen utilization of lactating sows fed increasing dietary protein1
Authors: Pedersen Trine F , Bruun Thomas S , Trottier Nathalie L , Theil Peter K 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The objectives of the study were 1) to quantify dietary N utilized for milk N and N loss in urine and feces, in sows fed increasing dietary CP with a constant amount of Lys, Met, Thr, and Trp to meet their standardized ileal digestible (SID) requirement and 2) to determine the optimal dietary CP concentration based on dietary N utilization for milk production. Seventy-two sows were fed 1 of 6 dietary treatments, formulated to increase the SID CP as followed: 11.8, 12.8, 13.4, 14.0, 14.7, and 15.6% and formulated to be isocaloric (9.8 MJ NE/kg). Diets were fed from day 2 after parturition until weaning at day 28 (± 3 d). Litters were equalized to 14 piglets and weighed within 48 h following parturition. Sows were weighed and back fat scanned, at day 18 (± 3 d) and day 28 (weaning; ± 3 d). Litter weight was recorded at day 11, 18 (± 3 d), and 28 (± 3 d). Nitrogen balances were conducted on approximately day 4, 11, and 18 (± 3 d). Daily milk yield was estimated from recorded litter gain and litter size. To calculate sows mobilization of fat and protein, body pools of fat and protein were estimated by D2O (deuterated water) enrichment on day 4 and 18 (± 3 d). No linear, quadratic, or cubic effects of increasing dietary CP was observed for sows total feed intake, sow BW, body pools of protein and fat, protein and fat mobilization, total milk yield, and piglet performance. The protein content in milk increased linearly with increasing dietary CP in week 1 (P < 0.05), week 2 (P < 0.05), and week 3 (P < 0.001). Urine production did not differ among treatments and N output in urine increased linearly with increasing dietary CP concentration in week 1 (P = 0.05), week 2 (P < 0.001), and week 3 (P < 0.001). Urine N excretion relative to N intake increased linearly with increasing dietary CP (P < 0.001). Milk N utilization relative to N intake decreased linearly from 77.8% to 63.1% from treatment 1 through 6 (P < 0.001). Corrected milk N utilization decreased from 68.6% to 64.2% from treatment 1 through 6 (P < 0.05). In conclusion, a low dietary CP concentration for lactating sows with supplemented crystalline AA improved the efficiency of dietary N utilization and reduced the N output in urine without affecting lactation performance.
Technical note: Effects of pegylation and route of administration on leptin kinetics in newborn lambs1
Authors: Ramos-Nieves Jose M , Giesy Sarah L , Schwark Wayne S , Gertler Arieh , Boisclair Yves R 
Published: June 2019

AbstractChronic energy insufficiency resulting from inadequate feed intake or increased nutrient demand reduces plasma leptin in ruminants. Treatment of energy-deficient ruminants with exogenous leptin has identified some physiological consequences of reduced plasma leptin, but their full complement remains unknown. Additional leptin-dependent responses could be identified by using strategies that interfere with leptin signaling such as administration of leptin mutants that act as competitive antagonists. The effectiveness of these antagonists depends on their fold excess over endogenous leptin, and this condition can be achieved under in vivo conditions by extending the half-life (t1/2) of the antagonist by addition of a polyethylene glycol (PEG) molecule (pegylation). Use of this approach in ruminants, however, is limited by the lack of information on the t1/2 of native and pegylated leptin and on the most effective route of administration. To answer these questions, newborn lambs (n = 3) were injected with an intravenous (i.v.) bolus of 150 µg of human leptin followed by blood sampling over the next 12 h. Analysis of the semilog plasma leptin concentration over time yielded a t1/2 of 43 ± 4.9 min; an i.v. bolus of 276 µg of bovine leptin yielded a comparable t1/2 (P > 0.05). Next, newborn lambs (n = 4) received a single dose of 229 μg/kg of metabolic body weight (BW0.75) of pegylated super human leptin antagonist (PEG-SHLA) via the i.v. or subcutaneous (s.c.) route. Plasma PEG-SHLA concentration reached a peak of 1,528 ± 78 ng/mL after 1 min and a nadir of 71 ± 9 ng/mL after 24 h with the i.v. route versus a peak of 423 ± 43 ng/mL after 300 min and a nadir of 146 ± 22 ng/mL after 24 h for the s.c. route; the t1/2 of PEG-SHLA was 394 ± 29 min for the i.v. route and 433 ± 58 min for the s.c. route. Finally, plasma concentration of PEG-SHLA was modeled when given either i.v. or s.c. at a dose of 229 μg/kg BW0.75 every 12 h. Once a steady state was reached, peak and lowest concentrations PEG-SHLA over the 12-h windows were 2,269 and 403 ng/mL for the i.v. route and 814 and 555 ng/mL for the s.c. route. Weighted PEG-SHLA concentrations over the 12-h period were 1,455 and 713 ng/mL for the i.v. and s.c. route, translating into 364- and 178-fold excess over endogenous plasma leptin. These data confirm the effectiveness of pegylation in extending the t1/2 of leptin antagonists in newborn lambs and in increasing their circulation in fold excess over endogenous leptin.
Empirically Supported Principles of Psychotherapy
Authors: Wolf Abraham W. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter describes how the author would implement each of the empirically based principles of change identified in Chapter 2, as they specifically relate to the three cases of depression presented in Chapter 3. The chapter begins with the author’s initial reaction to the list of principles, as well as to the task of describing their implementation in his day-to-day clinical work. Also included in the chapter are the author’s case formulation and treatment for each case, which serve as the general context for the author’s detailed explanation of why and how he would apply the principles in ways that are best attuned to the needs of particular clients. The chapter ends with the description of the author’s thoughts and experience about writing this chapter.
EPAS1 Gain-of-Function Mutation Contributes to High-Altitude Adaptation in Tibetan Horses
Authors: Liu Xuexue , Zhang Yanli , Li Yefang , Pan Jianfei , Wang Dandan , Chen Weihuang , Zheng Zhuqing , He Xiaohong , Zhao Qianjun , Pu Yabin , Guan Weijun , Han Jianlin , Orlando Ludovic , Ma Yuehui , Jiang Lin 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
High altitude represents some of the most extreme environments worldwide. The genetic changes underlying adaptation to such environments have been recently identified in multiple animals but remain unknown in horses. Here, we sequence the complete genome of 138 domestic horses encompassing a whole altitudinal range across China to uncover the genetic basis for adaptation to high-altitude hypoxia. Our genome data set includes 65 lowland animals across ten Chinese native breeds, 61 horses living at least 3,300 m above sea level across seven locations along Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, as well as 7 Thoroughbred and 5 Przewalski’s horses added for comparison. We find that Tibetan horses do not descend from Przewalski’s horses but were most likely introduced from a distinct horse lineage, following the emergence of pastoral nomadism in Northwestern China ∼3,700 years ago. We identify that the endothelial PAS domain protein 1 gene (EPAS1, also HIF2A) shows the strongest signature for positive selection in the Tibetan horse genome. Two missense mutations at this locus appear strongly associated with blood physiological parameters facilitating blood circulation as well as oxygen transportation and consumption in hypoxic conditions. Functional validation through protein mutagenesis shows that these mutations increase EPAS1 stability and its hetero dimerization affinity to ARNT (HIF1B). Our study demonstrates that missense mutations in the EPAS1 gene provided key evolutionary molecular adaptation to Tibetan horses living in high-altitude hypoxic environments. It reveals possible targets for genomic selection programs aimed at increasing hypoxia tolerance in livestock and provides a textbook example of evolutionary convergence across independent mammal lineages.
Same-Day HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Initiation During Drop-in Sexually Transmitted Diseases Clinic Appointments Is a Highly Acceptable, Feasible, and Safe Model that Engages Individuals at Risk for HIV into PrEP Care
Authors: Kamis Kevin F , Marx Grace E , Scott Kenneth A , Gardner Edward M , Wendel Karen A , Scott Mia L , Montgomery Angela E , Rowan Sarah E 
Published: June 2019

Abstract

Objective
Strategies to increase pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) uptake are needed. We hypothesized that same-day PrEP initiation in a sexually transmitted diseases (STD) clinic would be acceptable, feasible, and safe, and that individuals would engage in ongoing PrEP care.

Method
Individuals aged ≥ 18 years were evaluated for PrEP. Exclusion criteria were HIV, history of renal dysfunction or chronic hepatitis B infection, pregnancy, indications for HIV post-exposure prophylaxis, or positive screen for acute HIV symptoms. One hundred individuals received a free 30-day PrEP starter pack and met with a patient navigator to establish ongoing care. Bivariate analysis and multivariable logistic regression were used to compare individuals who did and did not attend at least 1 PrEP follow-up appointment within 180 days of enrollment. Client satisfaction surveys were given 3 months after enrollment.

Results
The majority (78%) of participants completed at least 1 PrEP follow-up appointment, and 57% attended at least 2 follow-up appointments. After adjusting for race and ethnicity, age, health insurance status, and annual income, only income was associated with follow-up appointment attendance. Each additional $10,000 increase in income was associated with a 1.7-fold increase in the odds of attending a PrEP follow-up appointment (95% confidence interval, 1.07–2.66, P = .02). The majority (54%) of individuals completed the satisfaction survey and all respondents liked the option of same-day PrEP initiation.

Conclusions
Our study suggests STD clinic-based, same-day PrEP initiation is acceptable, feasible, safe, and links a high proportion of individuals into ongoing PrEP care. Additional resources may be needed to support low-income individuals’ retention in care.
More II It than Meets the Eye: Outcomes After Single-Fraction Stereotactic Radiosurgery in a Case Series of Low-Grade Arteriovenous Malformations
Authors: Graffeo Christopher S , Link Michael J , Stafford Scott L , Garces Yolanda I , Foote Robert L , Pollock Bruce E 
Published: June 2019

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Surgical resection is typically cited as the optimal treatment of patients with Spetzler-Martin Grade I-II arteriovenous malformation (AVM).

OBJECTIVE
To report our experience with single-fraction stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for Spetzler-Martin Grade I-II AVM.

METHODS
A prospectively maintained registry was reviewed for patients with nonsyndromic Spetzler-Martin Grade I-II AVM having SRS from 1990 to 2011. Patients with <24 mo of follow-up or prior radiotherapy/SRS were excluded, resulting in a study population of 173 patients. Actuarial analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier method, and Cox proportional hazards modeling was performed with excellent outcomes (obliteration without new deficits) as the dependent variable.

RESULTS
Median post-SRS follow-up was 68 mo (range, 24-275). AVM obliteration was achieved in 132 (76%) after initial SRS. Eleven additional patients achieved obliteration after repeat SRS for an overall obliteration rate of 83%. The rate of obliteration was 60% at 4 yr and 78% at 8 yr. Post-SRS hemorrhage occurred in 7 patients (4%), resulting in 3 minor deficits (2%) and 1 death (<1%). Radiation-induced complications occurred in 5 patients (3%), resulting in minor deficits only. One hundred and thirty-seven patients (79%) had excellent outcomes at last follow-up.

CONCLUSION
SRS is a safe and effective treatment for patients with Spetzler-Martin Grade I-II AVM. Selection bias is likely a contributing factor to explain the superior outcomes generally noted in reported series of microsurgery for patients with low grade AVM.
Position or Preference? Explaining Parliamentary Party Group Leaders’ Role Orientations in Belgium
Authors: de Vet Benjamin 
Published: June 2019

AbstractParliamentary party group leaders (PPG leaders) are understudied but important actors in contemporary parliaments. This article examines the role orientations of PPG leaders in Belgium, using data from 66 semi-structured elite interviews. Contradictory to theoretical views on frontbench roles as institutionally determined ‘position roles’ and despite Belgian PPG leaders’ comparatively limited intra-party authority, the findings indicate role variation on two dimensions, resulting in five distinct PPG leader role types. These are explained using multi-value Qualitative Comparative Analysis (mvQCA). We find that, while some roles are indeed heavily shaped by contextual factors such as parties’ government status, size or electoral performance, others are more clearly driven by individual-level factors such as prior experience or progressive ambitions. As such, this article provides substantial insights into an underexposed aspect of legislative organisation, introduces QCA as a novel method to explain parliamentary roles and makes a theoretical case that also among frontbenchers preference-driven roles are possible.
A Patient-Based National Survey and Prospective Evaluation of Postoperative Pain Management in Spain: Prevalent but Possibly Preventable
Authors: Torres Luis M , Sánchez-del-Águila Manuel J , Salazar Rafael , Failde Inmaculada , Leal Ana , Villoria Jesús 
Published: June 2019

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate the national general prevalence of postoperative pain and the associated organizational/structural factors related to the provision of health care services.

Design and Setting
Observational prospective cohort study performed in 46 tertiary hospitals that were randomly selected from the Spanish National Inventory of Hospitals through a two-stage balanced and stratified procedure.

Subjects and Methods
Nine-hundred surgical patients representing a wide spectrum of surgical procedures and anesthetic methods were recruited. Those suffering moderate or worse pain while in the postanesthesia care unit/surgery ward (PACU/SW) were followed for 72 hours. Site characteristics were also surveyed. Multilevel models were used to evaluate center- and patient-level factors associated with pain and quality of recovery (QoR). Weighted generalized estimating equations were used to analyze the evolution of pain intensity.

Results
The prevalence while in and at discharge from the PACU/SW was 48.7% (cluster-adjusted 95% confidence interval [CI] = 38.1–59.2%) and 21.6% (95% CI = 15.4–27.8%), respectively. Pain intensity decreased significantly over time. Less than 20% of the patients received systemic patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) or regional analgesic techniques. Age, preexisting pain, type of surgery, use of general anesthesia, and postoperative potent opioids were associated with pain risk and intensity, as were center-level factors such as patient information, protocol availability, and coordination of care. In turn, QoR was related to pain intensity and patient satisfaction with analgesia and side effects.

Conclusions
Compared with previous reports, the prevalence of moderate/severe postoperative pain has decreased but remains excessive. Organizational improvements to deploy procedure-specific, opioid-sparing analgesic strategies including regional techniques are recommended.
British Creoles: Nationhood, Identity, and Romantic Geopolitics in Robert Southey’s History of Brazil
Authors: Fermanis Porscha 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This essay considers the nationalist preoccupations underpinning Robert Southey’s three-volume History of Brazil (1810–1819), maintaining that there are important links between his historiographical practices and his rethinking of British imperialism in relation to the challenges raised by the Peninsular War and Napoleonic France. It argues that Southey’s rejection of many of the discourses associated with European encodings of the imperial frontier—such as climatic determinism, sentimental and stirring descriptions, and conquest narratives—forms part of the emergence of a new legitimatory style of British national historiography. While Southey deflates sublime or heroic tales of discovery and conquest, he nonetheless naturalizes the European experience in Brazil via a latent Anglocentric subtext, simultaneously co-opting the hegemonic tendencies of Spanish/Portuguese imperialism, and representing Britain as a benign colonial power divorced from the violence and cruelty associated with those regimes. As Southey’s Brazilians progress towards independence from Portugal, they are invested with more refined moral sensibilities and peculiarly ‘British’ national qualities, making their drift towards emancipation a vindication of a superior British colonial culture. Southey thus uses Brazil as a complex geopolitical space with which to examine a number of his most pressing national concerns, including his fears regarding French imperialism, his residual support for anti-slavery and emancipatory movements, his faith in British expansionism and missionary interventionism, his understanding of the British national character, and his endorsement of new models of ethnic and civic nationalism pioneered in South America.
Pediatric Proximal Radial Shaft Fractures Treated Nonoperatively Fail to Maintain Acceptable Reduction up to 70% of the Time
Authors: Wacker Elizabeth M. , Denning Jaime R. , Mehlman Charles T. 
Published: June 2019

Objective:
To compare early radiographic malalignment rates of conservatively treated proximal radial shaft fractures to more distal fractures.

Design:
Retrospective cohort study.

Setting:
A pediatric, Level 1 trauma center.

Patients/Participants:
We identified a group of 401 pediatric patients who were treated for a complete radial shaft fracture at our institution. Of this group, 309 patients met our inclusion criteria for attempted nonoperative management and were evaluated in our study.

Intervention:
Closed reduction and casting.

Main Outcome Measurement:
The primary outcome of the study was the failure rate of nonoperative management as defined by residual angulation of the radius assessed on follow-up radiographs.

Results:
Proximal third fractures were significantly more likely to fail conservative treatment (P < 0.0001) as they exceeded angulation criteria 70% (32/46) of the time compared with more distal fractures (33%; 87/263). In terms of halves (P = 0.0003), the proximal half fractures failed 50% (55/111) of the time while 29% (57/198) of distal half fractures failed conservative treatment. Failure of closed reduction and casting was 4.6 times higher (95% confidence interval, 2.3–9.1) in proximal third fractures and 2.4 times greater (95% confidence interval, 1.5–3.9) in proximal half fractures compared with their more distal counterparts.

Conclusions:
Given the impressive rate of failure of closed reduction and casting of proximal third radial shaft fractures, the treating orthopaedic surgeon should prudently consider all management options.

Level of Evidence:
Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
The Size of Intramedullary Fixation Affects Endochondral-Mediated Angiogenesis During Fracture Repair
Authors: Yuasa Masato , Saito Masanori , Blum Deke M. , Hysong Alexander A. , Egawa Satoru , Uppuganti Sasidhar , Yoshii Toshitaka , Okawa Atsushi , Schwartz Herbert S. , Moore-Lotridge Stephanie N. , Nyman Jeffry S. , Schoenecker Jonathan G. 
Published: June 2019

Objectives:
To explore the effect of intramedullary pin size on the biology of a healing fracture, specifically endochondral angiogenesis. We hypothesized that fracture fixation with a smaller pin would permit greater interfragmentary strain resulting in increased total amount of vascular endothelial growth factor within the callus and greater angiogenesis compared to fixation with a larger pin.

Methods:
Transverse mid-shaft femur fractures in 8-week-old mice were fixed with either a 23-gauge (G) or 30-G pin. Differences in interfragmentary strain at the fracture site were estimated between cohorts. A combination of histology, gene expression, serial radiography, and microcomputed tomography with and without vascular contrast agent were used to assess fracture healing and vascularity for each cohort.

Results:
Larger soft-tissue callus formation increased vascular endothelial growth factor—A expression, and a corresponding increase in vascular volume was observed in the higher strain, 30-G cohort. Radiographic analysis demonstrated earlier hard callus formation with greater initial interfragmentary strain, similar rates of union between pin size cohorts, yet delayed callus remodeling in mice with the larger pin size.

Conclusions:
These findings suggest that the stability conferred by an intramedullary nail influences endochondral angiogenesis at the fracture.