bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
I MILITANTI DELLE ORGANIZZAZIONI TERRORISTE DI SINISTRA IN ITALIA
Authors: della Porta Donatella 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneFra i fenomeni che caratterizzarono la storia italiana degli anni Settanta, il terrorismo è certamente quello piò drammaticamente presente nella memoria collettiva. Vari interrogativi vennero posti nel dibattito di quegli anni sulle cause di una violenza politica di tale intensità e durata. Le condizioni ambientali per il suo emergere vennero individuate ora nelle peculiarità della cultura politica, ora nella gravità che alcuni problemi sociali assunsero nel corso della lunga crisi economica. Alcune organizzazioni legali vennero accusate di avere offerto strutture o legittimazione alle formazioni clandestine. La percezione dell'estensione raggiunta dal fenomeno accrebbe il bisogno di capire le motivazioni che avevano spinto tanti individui, appartenenti ad una generazione socializzata alla politica in un regime democratico ormai consolidato, verso comportamenti di un tale livello di violenza.
LE DIMENSIONI DELL'EFFICACIA POLITICA: ASPETTI METODOLOGICI
Authors: Mattei Franco 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneIl senso di efficacia politica definito inizialmente come «la percezione che l'azione politica individuale ha, o può avere, un peso nel processo politico » ovvero come « la percezione che il mutamento politico e sociale è possibile e che i cittadini possono avere una parte nella determinazione di questo mutamento », ha rappresentato una variabile-chiave in numerose ricerche su cultura e comportamenti politici di massa nei sistemi democratici.
LINGUAGGIO SCIENTIFICO O TORRE DI BABELE?
Authors: Marradi Alberto 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzionePer fermare gli orgogliosi babilonesi che scalavano il cielo, Jahvé non fece ricorso al fulmine, ai Titani o a una cavalcata delle Walkirie. Si limitò, dice la Bibbia, a « confondere le loro favelle ». Lo sterminato cantiere attorno alla ziqqurat piombò nel caos, e nemmeno un mattone fu piò trasportato fino alla cima della costruzione. Gli estensori del testo sacro erano già consapevoli del ruolo essenziale di un linguaggio comune in un'impresa comune.
Design and Experimental Evaluation of Wearable Lower Extremity Exoskeleton with Gait Self-adaptivity
Authors: Wang Wenkang , Zhang Liancun , Cai Kangjian , Wang Zhiheng , Zhang Bainan , Huang Qiang 
Published: May 2019

SummaryIn this paper, we present a passive lower extremity exoskeleton with a simple structure and a light weight. The exoskeleton does not require any external energy source and can achieve energy transfer only by human body’s own gravity. The exoskeleton is self-adaptive to human gait to achieve basic matching therewith. During walking, pulling forces are generated through Bowden cables by pressing plantar power output devices by feet, and the forces are transmitted to the exoskeleton through a crank-slider mechanism to enable the exoskeleton to provide torques for the ankle and knee joints as required by the human body during the stance phase and the swing phase. Our self-developed gait detection system is used to perform experiments on kinematics, dynamics and metabolic cost during walking of the human body wearing the exoskeleton in different states. The experimental results show that the exoskeleton has the greatest influence on motion of the ankle joint and has the least influence on hip joint. With the increase in elastic coefficient of the spring, the torques generated at the joints by the exoskeleton increase. When walking with wearing k3EF exoskeleton at a speed of 0.5 m/s, it can save the most metabolic cost, reaching 13.63%.
The ecology and reproductive cycle of a population of Marenzelleria viridis (Annelida: Polychaeta: Spionidae) in the Tay Estuary
Authors: Atkins S. M. , Jones A. M. , Garwood P. R. 
Published: May 2019

SynopsisThe occurrence of a population of the spionid polychaete Marenzelleria viridis (Verrill 1873) in the middle reaches of the Tay Estuary is reported. This is a new British and European record of a North American species, and its principal characteristics are described and compared with earlier accounts. Size frequency analysis of the population showed it to be dominated by large animals from July 1984 to May 1986. The population matured coelomic gametes during winter 1985–86 and spawned in March 1986 to produce a heavy settlement in May, which subsequently grew rapidly. The distribution of M. viridis in relation to other species, sediment and other ecological parameters is described from a single survey of the Invergowrie Bay mudflats. Marenzelleria population densities of up to 1500 m 2 were negatively correlated with all other species of a low diversity macrofaunal community dominated by predatory polychaetes and filter feeding bivalves. Marenzelleria was abundant down to sediment depths of 20–30 cm. The significance and origin of this population is discussed.
The public perception of risk
Authors: Lenihan J. 
Published: May 2019

SynopsisIf technology aims to direct natural forces for the use and convenience of man, the inconvenience or worse arising from the concomitant hazards requires attention. The quantitative assessment of risk practised by the actuary and engineer differs substantially from the public perception of the same risks. In several longestablished activities there is a remarkably stable, and presumably socially tolerated, accident rate. In newer and more extensively hazardous activities political control, social toleration and public perception of risk interdepend in ways which require further exploration.
Visual Object Discrimination Impairment as an Early Predictor of Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Gaynor Leslie S. , Curiel Cid Rosie E. , Penate Ailyn , Rosselli Mónica , Burke Sara N. , Wicklund Meredith , Loewenstein David A. , Bauer Russell M. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractObjective:Detection of cognitive impairment suggestive of risk for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) progression is crucial to the prevention of incipient dementia. This study was performed to determine if performance on a novel object discrimination task improved identification of earlier deficits in older adults at risk for AD.Method:In total, 135 participants from the 1Florida Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center [cognitively normal (CN), Pre-mild cognitive impairment (PreMCI), amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), and dementia] completed a test of object discrimination and traditional memory measures in the context of a larger neuropsychological and clinical evaluation.Results:The Object Recognition and Discrimination Task (ORDT) revealed significant differences between the PreMCI, aMCI, and dementia groups versus CN individuals. Moreover, relative risk of being classified as PreMCI rather than CN increased as an inverse function of ORDT score.Discussion:Overall, the obtained results suggest that a novel object discrimination task improves the detection of very early AD-related cognitive impairment, increasing the window for therapeutic intervention. (JINS, 2019,25, 688–698)
Feasibility and acceptability of a Takeaway Masterclass aimed at encouraging healthier cooking practices and menu options in takeaway food outlets
Authors: Hillier-Brown Frances , Lloyd Scott , Muhammad Louise , Summerbell Carolyn , Goffe Louis , Hildred Natalie , Adams Jean , Penn Linda , Wrieden Wendy , White Martin , Lake Amelia , Moore Helen , Abraham Charles , Adamson Ashley , Araújo-Soares Vera 
Published: May 2019

AbstractObjective:To evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of the Takeaway Masterclass, a three-hour training session delivered to staff of independent takeaway food outlets that promoted healthy cooking practices and menu options.Design:A mixed-methods study design. All participating food outlets provided progress feedback at 6 weeks post-intervention. Baseline and 6-week post-intervention observational and self-reported data were collected in half of participating takeaway food outlets.Setting:North East England.Participants:Independent takeaway food outlet owners and managers.Results:Staff from eighteen (10 % of invited) takeaway food outlets attended the training; attendance did not appear to be associated with the level of deprivation of food outlet location. Changes made by staff that required minimal effort or cost to the business were the most likely to be implemented and sustained. Less popular changes included using products that are difficult (or expensive) to source from suppliers, or changes perceived to be unpopular with customers.Conclusion:The Takeaway Masterclass appears to be a feasible and acceptable intervention for improving cooking practices and menu options in takeaway food outlets for those who attended the training. Further work is required to increase participation and retention and explore effectiveness, paying particular attention to minimising adverse inequality effects.
Snacking characteristics and patterns and their associations with diet quality and BMI in the Childhood Obesity Prevention and Treatment Research Consortium
Authors: LeCroy Madison N , Truesdale Kimberly P , Matheson Donna M , Karp Sharon M , Moore Shirley M , Robinson Thomas N , Berge Jerica M , Nicastro Holly L , Thomas Alicia J 
Published: May 2019

AbstractObjective:To describe snacking characteristics and patterns in children and examine associations with diet quality and BMI.Design:Children’s weight and height were measured. Participants/adult proxies completed multiple 24 h dietary recalls. Snack occasions were self-identified. Snack patterns were derived for each sample using exploratory factor analysis. Associations of snacking characteristics and patterns with Healthy Eating Index-2010 (HEI-2010) score and BMI were examined using multivariable linear regression models.Setting:Childhood Obesity Prevention and Treatment Research (COPTR) Consortium, USA: NET-Works, GROW, GOALS and IMPACT studies.Participants:Predominantly low-income, racial/ethnic minorities: NET-Works (n534, 2–4-year-olds); GROW (n610, 3–5-year-olds); GOALS (n241, 7–11-year-olds); IMPACT (n360, 10–13-year-olds).Results:Two snack patterns were derived for three studies: a meal-like pattern and a beverage pattern. The IMPACT study had a similar meal-like pattern and a dairy/grains pattern. A positive association was observed between meal-like pattern adherence and HEI-2010 score (Pfor trend < 0⋅01) and snack occasion frequency and HEI-2010 score (βcoefficient (95 % CI): NET-Works, 0⋅14 (0⋅04, 0⋅23); GROW, 0⋅12 (0⋅02, 0⋅21)) among younger children. A preference for snacking while using a screen was inversely associated with HEI-2010 score in all studies except IMPACT (βcoefficient (95 % CI): NET-Works, −3⋅15 (−5⋅37, −0⋅92); GROW, −2⋅44 (−4⋅27, −0⋅61); GOALS, −5⋅80 (−8⋅74, −2⋅86)). Associations with BMI were almost all null.Conclusions:Meal-like and beverage patterns described most children’s snack intake, although patterns for non-Hispanic Blacks or adolescents may differ. Diets of 2–5-year-olds may benefit from frequent meal-like pattern snack consumption and diets of all children may benefit from decreasing screen use during eating occasions.
Characteristics of the school food environment associated with hypertension and obesity in Brazilian adolescents: a multilevel analysis of the Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents (ERICA)
Authors: Gonçalves Vivian SS , Duarte Elisabeth C , Dutra Eliane S , Barufaldi Laura A , Carvalho Kênia MB 
Published: May 2019

AbstractObjective:To characterize the food environment in schools that participated in the Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents (ERICA) and to identify individual and contextual factors associated with hypertension and obesity.Design:National school-based survey.Setting:Blood pressure, weight and height were measured, and characteristics of the schools were obtained in interviews with the principals. For each outcome, multilevel models of mixed effects were applied by logistic regression.Participants:School-going adolescents aged 12–17 years.Results:A total of 73 399 adolescents were evaluated. The prevalence of hypertension was 9·6 (95 % CI 9·0, 10·3) % and that of obesity was 8·4 (95 % CI 7·9, 8·9) %. Approximately 50 % of the adolescents were able to purchase food at school and in its immediate vicinity and 82 % had access to no-charge meals through Brazil’s National School Feeding Program. In the adjusted analysis, hypertension was associated (OR; 95 % CI) with the consumption of meals prepared on the school premises (0·79; 0·69, 0·92), the sale of food in the school’s immediate vicinity (0·67; 0·48, 0·95) and the purchase of food in the school cafeteria (1·29; 1·11, 1·49). It was observed that there were lower odds of obesity among students who were offered meals prepared on the school premises (0·68; 0·54, 0·87).Conclusions:High frequency of sales of ultra-processed foods in schools was identified. Contextual and individual characteristics in the school food environment were associated with hypertension and obesity, pointing to the need for regulation and supervision of these spaces.
The importance of communication skills required to reduce set-up errors in the radiotherapy planning phase
Authors: Merlotti A. , Reali A. , Russi E. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractDuring the planning computed tomography (CT) scan, patients experience the position and any immobilisation technique required for radiotherapy.Patient’s stress and anxiety can cause muscle tension that can introduce systematic set-up errors if not recognised and corrected.We discuss two clinical cases that highlight the importance of time dedicated to communication and revision of the first CT acquisition during a virtual simulation procedure.
Cross Calibration of >16 MeV Proton Measurements From NOAA POES and EUMETSAT MetOp Satellites
Authors: Lin Ruilin , Zhang Jichun , Redmon Robert J. , Ni Binbin , Liu Siqing , Zhang Xiaoxin , Shi Liqin , Gong Jiancun , Chen Dong , Cheng Yonghong , Wang Hong , Cao Yong 
Published: May 2019

AbstractA long‐term data set of energetic proton omnidirectional integral fluxes with an 8‐s resolution from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Polar Operational Environmental Satellites (POES) and EUMETSAT MetOp satellites from 1978 to 2014 has been investigated comprehensively to capture the data bifurcations, calibration inconsistency, and some erroneous data. There are two categories of the data bifurcations. The upper and lower branches of both bifurcations can be clearly separated by magnetic local time or by magnetic latitude. The calibration inconsistency of POES and MetOp proton omnidirectional integral fluxes (>16 MeV) is solved by fitting the data from each pair of two satellites using a third‐degree polynomial function. The fitted curve is almost independent of Lm, B/B0, and time in the valid range. By these fitted functions, the >16 MeV proton omnidirectional integral fluxes from other POES and MetOp satellites are recalibrated to the NOAA‐15 measurements that are adopted as the reference standard. Analyses of the recalibrated data at the geomagnetic equator for about 3.5 solar cycles indicate that the maximal and minimal yearly values of >16 MeV proton omnidirectional integral fluxes are in 1987 and in 2002, respectively. By comparisons with the AP8 model predictions, the ratios of the observations in 1987 (in 2002) to the AP8 MIN (AP8 MAX) predictions are mainly within 0.5‐3 (0.1‐2), showing a dependence on Lm and B/B0.
FORESAIL‐1 CubeSat Mission to Measure Radiation Belt Losses and Demonstrate Deorbiting
Authors: Palmroth M. , Praks J. , Vainio R. , Janhunen P. , Kilpua E. K. J. , Afanasiev A. , Ala‐Lahti M. , Alho A. , Asikainen T. , Asvestari E. , Battarbee M. , Binios A. , Bosser A. , Brito T. , Dubart M. , Envall J. , Ganse U. , Ganushkina N. Yu. , George H. , Gieseler J. , Good S. , Grandin M. , Haslam S. , Hedman H.‐P. , Hietala H. , Jovanovic N. , Kakakhel S. , Kalliokoski M. , Kettunen V. V. , Koskela T. , Lumme E. , Meskanen M. , Morosan D. , Mughal M. Rizwan , Niemelä P. , Nyman S. , Oleynik P. , Osmane A. , Palmerio E. , Peltonen J. , Pfau‐Kempf Y. , Plosila J. , Polkko J. , Poluianov S. , Pomoell J. , Price D. , Punkkinen A. , Punkkinen R. , Riwanto B. , Salomaa L. , Slavinskis A. , Säntti T. , Tammi J. , Tenhunen H. , Toivanen P. , Tuominen J. , Turc L. , Valtonen E. , Virtanen P. , Westerlund T. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractToday, the near‐Earth space is facing a paradigm change as the number of new spacecraft is literally skyrocketing. Increasing numbers of small satellites threaten the sustainable use of space, as without removal, space debris will eventually make certain critical orbits unusable. A central factor affecting small spacecraft health and leading to debris is the radiation environment, which is unpredictable due to an incomplete understanding of the near‐Earth radiation environment itself and its variability driven by the solar wind and outer magnetosphere. This paper presents the FORESAIL‐1 nanosatellite mission, having two scientific and one technological objectives. The first scientific objective is to measure the energy and flux of energetic particle loss to the atmosphere with a representative energy and pitch angle resolution over a wide range of magnetic local times. To pave the way to novel model‐in situ data comparisons, we also show preliminary results on precipitating electron fluxes obtained with the new global hybrid‐Vlasov simulation Vlasiator. The second scientific objective of the FORESAIL‐1 mission is to measure energetic neutral atoms of solar origin. The solar energetic neutral atom flux has the potential to contribute importantly to the knowledge of solar eruption energy budget estimations. The technological objective is to demonstrate a satellite deorbiting technology, and for the first time, make an orbit maneuver with a propellantless nanosatellite. FORESAIL‐1 will demonstrate the potential for nanosatellites to make important scientific contributions as well as promote the sustainable utilization of space by using a cost‐efficient deorbiting technology.
Frequency‐Dependent Moment Tensors of Induced Microearthquakes
Authors: Yu Changpeng , Vavryčuk Václav , Adamová Petra , Bohnhoff Marco 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAnalysis of 984 induced microearthquakes from The Geysers geothermal reservoir in California reveals that the retrieved moment tensors depend on the frequency band of the inverted waveforms. The observed dependence is more significant for the percentages of the double‐couple, compensated linear vector dipole, and isotropic (ISO) components than for the focal mechanisms. The average root‐mean‐square of the moment tensors obtained in different frequency bands is correlated with spectra of ambient noise. The percentages of double‐couple and ISO components tend to decrease and increase with the upper cutoff frequency (fu), respectively. This suggests that shear rupture radiates energy preferentially in a lower frequency band and tensile rupture in a higher frequency band. Events displaying a strong increase of the ISO with fu are confined within the same depth interval as the injection points. This might be related to the strong thermoelastic effects in the vicinity of injection points that promote opening of small cracks adjacent to the main fractures.
Associational effects in the microbial neighborhood
Authors: Worrich Anja , Musat Niculina , Harms Hauke 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Even though “perfect” metagenomes or metatranscriptomes are close at hand, the implicit assumption of spatial homogeneity in the “omic” approaches makes it difficult if not impossible to relate those data to ecological processes occurring in natural and man-made ecosystems. In fact, the distribution of microbes in their habitats is far from being uniform and random. Microbial communities show a high degree of spatial organization that stems from environmental gradients and local interactions. These interactions can be very complex and may involve multiple species. Several studies highlighted the importance of indirect interactions for community stability, but the absence of a theoretical framework for microbial ecology restricts the possibilities to strike a balance between the investigation of simple communities with purely pairwise interactions and the attempts to understand interaction patterns in whole communities based on meta-omics studies. Here we suggest adapting the concept of Associational Effects (AE) from plant ecology, to better understand the link between ecological interactions, spatial arrangement, and stability in microbial communities. By bringing together a conceptual framework developed for plants and observations made for microbes, this perspective article fosters synthesis of related disciplines to yield novel insights into the advancing field of spatial microbial ecology. To promote the integration into microbial ecology, we (i) outline the theoretical background of AE, (ii) collect underlying mechanisms by literature synthesis, (iii) propose a three-point roadmap for the investigation of AE in microbial communities, and (iv) discuss its implications for microbial ecology research.
Opposing roles for amygdala and vmPFC in the return of appetitive conditioned responses in humans
Authors: Ebrahimi Claudia , Koch Stefan P. , Pietrock Charlotte , Fydrich Thomas , Heinz Andreas , Schlagenhauf Florian 
Published: May 2019

AbstractLearning accounts of addiction and obesity emphasize the persistent power of Pavlovian reward cues to trigger craving and increase relapse risk. While extinction can reduce conditioned responding, Pavlovian relapse phenomena—the return of conditioned responding following successful extinction—challenge the long-term success of extinction-based treatments. Translational laboratory models of Pavlovian relapse could therefore represent a valuable tool to investigate the mechanisms mediating relapse, although so far human research has mostly focused on return of fear phenomena. To this end we developed an appetitive conditioning paradigm with liquid food rewards in combination with a 3-day design to investigate the return of appetitive Pavlovian responses and the involved neural structures in healthy subjects. Pavlovian conditioning (day 1) was assessed in 62 participants, and a subsample (n = 33) further completed extinction (day 2) and a reinstatement test (day 3). Conditioned responding was assessed on explicit (pleasantness ratings) and implicit measures (reaction time, skin conductance, heart rate, startle response) and reinstatement effects were further evaluated using fMRI. We observed a return of conditioned responding during the reinstatement test, evident by enhanced skin conductance responses, accompanied by enhanced BOLD responses in the amygdala. On an individual level, psychophysiological reinstatement intensity was significantly anticorrelated with ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) activation, and marginally anticorrelated with enhanced amygdala-vmPFC connectivity during late reinstatement. Our results extend evidence from return of fear phenomena to the appetitive domain, and highlight the role of the vmPFC and its functional connection with the amygdala in regulating appetitive Pavlovian relapse.