bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Typification of Arctotis plantaginea and names in the Arctotis semipapposa species complex (Asteraceae, Arctotideae)
Authors: McKenzie Robert J. , Hjertson Mats P. , Barker Nigel P. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe name Arctotis plantaginea L. was published by Linnaeus in Species plantarum ed. 2, but application of this name has been uncertain and no original elements or illustrations can be traced. Consequently, it is still untypified. In early applications the name was applied to specimens of at least five species until Thunberg unequivocally applied the name to an element of the species currently known as A. semipapposa (DC.) Beauverd. Subsequently, A. plantaginea has been placed as a synonym of A. semipapposa, but it has nomenclatural priority over the latter name. In order to maintain nomenclatural stability, we herein designate a neotype for A. plantaginea, which results in its falling into the synonymy of A. angustifolia L., thus preserving usage of the well‐established name A. semipapposa. Names in the A. semipapposa species complex are typified and nomenclatural issues concerning some of the names are resolved. In addition, A. macrosperma (DC.) Beauverd is placed in the synonymy of A. semipapposa.
Neotypification of Odontitella virgata (Link) Rothm. and lectotypification of Macrosyringion longiflorum (Lam.) Rothm. (Scrophulariaceae s.l.)
Authors: Rico Enrique , Delgado Luis , Santos-Vicente María , Herrero Alberto 
Published: February 2019

AbstractOriginal material for the endemic Iberian species Odontitella virgata, initially described as Euphrasia linifolia sensu Brot., non L., does not exist. A specimen from Valorado's herbarium (LISU) is chosen here as neotype for the name of the species now placed in the monotypic genus Odontitella. The same specimen is selected as neotype for Euphrasia tenuifolia Pers., basionym of Odontites tenuifolia (Pers.) G. Don, the correct name for these plants in Odontites. In addition, a lectotype is selected for the synonym Odontites aragonensis Willk. Macrosyringion longiflorum, the type of the generic name Macrosyringion, is lectotypified here by a specimen deposited in the Lamarck collections in Paris (P‐LA), since that French botanist was the author of the basionym Euphrasia longiflora and not Vahl, to whom authorship has hitherto been generally attributed.
Paradigms in biological classification (1707–2007): Has anything really changed?
Authors: Stuessy Tod F. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractEfforts of humans to understand the living world have involved observing and describing life forms, followed by interpreting that information and ordering it hierarchically for efficient storage, retrieval, and prediction. All human societies have done this. In an historical context, the Greeks and Romans emphasized observations. In the Age of the Herbalists (1470–1670), observations were refined, descriptions were elaborated, and botanical illustrations were perfected to complement the descriptions. The early classifiers emphasized development of an hierarchy of information. Linnaeus continued this trend and made the hierarchy more stable and consistent, but he relied mainly on his sexual system of classification, which greatly reduced the predictive quality of the constructed classifications. Jussieu in the late 18th century and others in the early 19th century focused more on increasing the information content of classifications. Darwin had little impact on observation, description, and ordering of information about organisms, but he provided a new interpretation of mechanisms for explaining relationships. Phenetics and cladistics stressed quantitative observations and descriptions, the latter also emphasizing evolutionary relationships. A paradigm is a way of conceptualizing about some portion of the world, i.e., a philosophical or theoretical framework. During this long period of more than two millennia, therefore, obviously no paradigm shift has occurred regarding observation and description of diversity. As evolutionary insights are not needed for the process of classification, these can only relate to the interpretation of relationships. Post‐Darwinian phylogenetic systems interpreted the hierarchy of nature in evolutionary terms, and this has continued to the present day. From a broad perspective, therefore, the paradigm of classification in systematic biology has also never really changed. Different approaches simply reflect varying attempts to observe, describe, and order information about organisms.
Rediscovery of Malagasy Lathraeocarpa allows determination of its taxonomic position within Rubiaceae
Authors: Groeninckx Inge , de Block Petra , Rakotonasolo Franck , Smets Erik , Dessein Steven 
Published: February 2019

AbstractLathraeocarpa acicularis, a small woody Rubiaceae endemic to Madagascar, was rediscovered after more than 50 years. A phylogenetic reconstruction based on four plastid markers (atpB‐rbcL, rps16, trnL‐trnF, petD) proves that its previous position within the monogeneric tribe Lathraeocarpeae can no longer be supported. Our data clearly show that Lathraeocarpa acicularis has its closest relatives among taxa of the Hedyotis‐Oldenlandia group of the herbaceous tribe Spermacoceae sensu lato. The taxon falls within the Pentanopsis clade and is sister to a group comprising the Madagascan genus Gomphocalyx and the Afro‐Madagascan genus Phylohydrax. A detailed survey of the morphology and anatomy of the genus based on our recently collected material of Lathraeocarpa acicularis is presented, providing additional arguments for the new taxonomic position.
An analysis of new angiosperm species discoveries in Brazil (1990–2006)
Authors: Sobral Marcos , Stehmann João Renato 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThis paper uses information from the 2,875 angiosperm species described from Brazil between the years 1990 and 2006 to provide insights into the present status of botanical collections and taxonomic research in this country. The analysis shows that approximately one new species is described every two days, mostly from the Atlantic rainforest and cerrado biomes. Most species described belong to Orchidaceae (297 species), Fabaceae (288), Bromeliaceae (280), Asteraceae (166) or Poaceae (126). The average number of collections per square kilometer in Brazil is 0.59, a number well below with the ideal index of three collections per square kilometer and indicates a need for more intensive collection efforts, especially in view of the land‐use pressures causing loss of vegetational types before their floristic composition is known. We conclude that reaching an adequate knowledge of the Brazilian flora is a goal that can only be achieved through intensive investment in improving scientific collections and training human resources.
Typification of Linnaean names relevant to algal nomenclature
Authors: Spencer Mark A. , Irvine Linda M. , Jarvis Charles E. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractLectotypes (61), neotypes (4) and epitypes (6) are designated here by 15 specialists for Linnaean algal names. These newly designated types support the current usage of the names concerned. All Linnaean names that have been linked with algal taxa are listed, and earlier but ineffective or supersedable type selections are discussed where appropriate.
Mesembryanthemum—back to the roots?
Authors: Liede-Schumann Sigrid , Hartmann Heidrun E. K. 
Published: February 2019

ABSTRACTThe drastic reduction of twelve genera to one in Mesembryanthemoideae (Aizoaceae) following molecular analysis is critically discussed. It is suggested to return to the previous classification recognizing eleven genera until more and better resolving data are available.
Rupichloa, a new genus segregated from Urochloa (Poaceae) based on morphological and molecular data
Authors: Salariato Diego L. , Giussani Liliana M. , Morrone Osvaldo , Zuloaga Fernando O. 
Published: February 2019

ABSTRACTRupichloa, a new genus of Paniceae restricted to Bahia and Minas Gerais, Brazil, and including two species, R. acuminata and R. decidua, is here described on the basis of morphological and molecular characters. Analyses of DNA sequence data from plastid rpl16 and ndhF indicate that the two included species do not belong to Urochloa, in which they were previously placed. The affinities of the new genus with other genera of Paniceae are discussed.
Evolution and reproduction modes in the Roccella galapagoensis aggregate (Roccellaceae, Arthoniales)
Authors: Tehler Anders , Irestedt Martin , Bungartz Frank , Wedin Mats 
Published: February 2019

ABSTRACTThe “species pair” concept obscures both intra‐ and interspecific relationships and should be abandoned, evolutionarily and taxonomically. Based on our molecular phylogenetic work on the genus Roccella we are able to show for the first time that sexually and vegetatively dispersed entities in an anticipated “species pair” (Roccella galapagoensis/R. lirellina) actually form several distinct monophyletic genotypes, here interpreted as species in which sexual reproduction has been repeatedly evolved. The species accepted here are based on a phylogenetic hypothesis supported by data from the ITS rDNA region and an unidentified locus possibly related to calmodulin. Altogether 89 sequences from both loci were newly produced and used in phylogenetic analyses. The Roccella galapagoensis aggregate was resolved as monophyletic. The sister group includes Roccella decipiens (sexual) and R. gracilis (asexual). Based on the present data it is equally parsimonious to suggest a sorediate or a fertile ancestor to the Roccella galapagoensis aggregate. The ancestor must have arrived in the Galapagos Islands through long distance dispersal and have included the ability to reproduce both sexually with ascospores and asexually with soredia. Taxonomy, nomenclature and phylogeny are provided for five American Roccella species in the Roccella galapagoensis aggregate with geographical focus on the Galapagos Islands. One species is obligatory sexual, one is obligatory asexual and three species are facultative sexual/asexual. Roccella albida Tehler is newly described. Roccella canariensis is united with R. tinctoria.
Huerteales sister to Brassicales plus Malvales, and newly circumscribed to include Dipentodon, Gerrardina, Huertea, Perrottetia, and Tapiscia
Authors: Worberg Andreas , Alford Mac H. , Quandt Dietmar , Borsch Thomas 
Published: February 2019

ABSTRACTSequence data from the matK gene, the trnK group II intron, the trnL group I intron and the trnL‐F spacer were analysed for a broad sampling of the rosids and other eudicots. For the first time all putative genera of Dipentodontaceae and Tapisciaceae (Dipentodon, Huertea, Perrottetia, Tapiscia), as well as the recently described Gerrardinaceae were included in a molecular phylogenetic dataset. All genera were found in a well supported Huerteales clade. Moreover, with the rapidly evolving and non‐coding plastid sequence data we were able to resolve the Huerteales clade to branch after Sapindales, and to be sister to a Brassicales‐Malvales clade. Increased resolution and support among the malvids underscore the potential of plastid introns and spacers as well as the matK gene as phylogenetic markers in rosids.
Androsace komovensis sp. nov., a long mistaken local endemic from the southern Balkan Peninsula with biogeographic links to the Eastern Alps
Authors: Schönswetter Peter , Schneeweiss Gerald M. 
Published: February 2019

ABSTRACTIn the course of molecular phylogeographical investigations in Androsace sect. Aretia a previously unrecognised entity from Crna Gora/Montenegro was identified as a genetically and morphologically clearly separated lineage and is described here as a new species, Androsace komovensis Schönswetter & Schneew. It is restricted to a single high‐alpine rock‐cliff in the Komovi mountain range in Montenegro. The new species morphologically resembles A. mathildae Levier from the Abruzzo mountains (Italy), but differs in the persistent, dense and regular indumentum of the leaf margin. Molecular phylogenetic data indicate that A. komovensis Schönswetter & Schneew. is not closely related to A. mathildae Levier, but instead is sister species to the Eastern Alpine endemic A. hausmanni Leyb.
Geophytes diverging in rivers—a study on the genus Crinum, with two new rheophytic taxa from Cameroon
Authors: Bjorå Charlotte S. , Kwembeya Ezekeil G. , Bogner Josef , Nordal Inger 
Published: February 2019

ABSTRACTMost species of the genus Crinum (Amaryllidaceae) are bulbous geophytes and grow in areas with strong seasonality. A few have abandoned their geophytic habit and grow inundated in rivers and possess leaves without stomata and seeds without buoyancy. Traditionally the genus has been divided into sections, based on flowers being star‐shaped or bell‐shaped. Analysis of DNA sequences of ITS and trnL‐trnF regions has resolved a new clade of star‐shaped Crinum species: the Crinum natans clade of West Africa. From the rain forest of Cameroon two new river taxa are described: Crinum amphibium Bjorå & Nordal sp. nov. and Crinum natans Baker subsp. inundatum Kwembeya & Nordal subsp. nov. A key to the Crinum species of Cameroon is provided. The new name Crinum exile Bjorå & Nordal nom. nov. is proposed for Crinum humile A. Chev. (1950) non Herb. (1826).
Systematics of Hypnea asiatica sp. nov. (Hypneaceae, Rhodophyta) based on morphology and nrDNA SSU, plastid rbcL, and mitochondrial cox1
Authors: Geraldino Paul John L. , Yang Eun Chan , Sook Kim Myung , Min Boo Sung 
Published: February 2019

ABSTRACTHypnea is an economically and ecologically important red alga including about 53 species worldwide. Here, we describe H. asiatica sp. nov. from Korea, Japan, and Taiwan. Specimens of this species from the northwestern Pacific have often been assigned to H. charoides. Hypnea asiatica is distinguished by percurrent main axes, branches with abruptly curved adaxial branchlets, and the presence of lenticular thickening in the walls of medullary cells. It is abundant in wave‐exposed sites from summer through fall and produces tetrasporangial sori in fall. We analyzed three genes from three different genomes: nuclear SSU rDNA from 27 specimens, plastid rbcL from 51 specimens, and mitochondrial cox1 from 41 specimens, including putative relatives and H. charoides from Australia. All analyzed DNA datasets produced congruent trees in which H. asiatica was always separated from H. charoides. Network analysis of cox1 haplotypes indicated geographic structuring across the species distribution range. Although Hypnea was found to be monophyletic, the distant relationship between H. asiatica and the other species raises questions about divergence pathways within the genus.
Typification of names of Euro‐Mediterranean taxa of Boraginaceae described by Italian botanists
Authors: Selvi Federico , Cecchi Lorenzo 
Published: February 2019

ABSTRACTNomenclatural types for 26 names in the Boraginaceae genera Caccinia Savi, Cerinthe L., Cynoglossum L., Echium L., Lithospermum L., Myosotis L., Omphalodes Mill. and Onosma L., validly published by Italian botanists from Domenico Viviani to Adriano Fiori, are newly designated. Most of these names apply to taxa of the Eurasiatic flora which are accepted in the modern taxonomic and floristic literature. The new combinations Buglossoides incrassata (Guss.) I. M. Johnst. subsp. splitgerberi (Guss.) E. Zippel & Selvi and Omphalodes rupestris Rupr. ex Boiss. subsp. lojkae (Sommier & Levier) Selvi are proposed, and the new species Myosotis graui Selvi, previously known under the misapplied name M. ambigens (Bég.) Grau, is described.
Getting that grant: how to convince an evaluation panel that your proposal is worthy of funding
Authors: Smith Gideon F. , Figueiredo Estrela , Pennington Toby , Davila Patricia 
Published: February 2019

ABSTRACTFor some years the International Association for Plant Taxonomy (IAPT) has sponsored research grants in plant systematics to young scientists, predominantly from developing countries. At the meeting of Council, held on 12 January 2008 in Pretoria, South Africa, the first such meeting held in Africa, it was decided to review the programme and to provide applicants with advice on how to write a successful proposal. Guidelines for proposal writing are given here.
Discrimination and identification of morphotypes of Banksia integrifolia (Proteaceae) by an Artificial Neural Network (ANN), based on morphological and fractal parameters of leaves and flowers
Authors: Pandolfi Camilla , Messina Giuseppe , Mugnai Sergio , Azzarello Elisa , Masi Elisa , Dixon Kingsley , Mancuso Stefano 
Published: February 2019

AbstractAn artificial neural network (back propagation neural network) based on morphological and fractal leaf and flower parameters was developed for the characterization of three Banksia integrifolia subspecies and the identification of nine unnamed morphotypes. Results indicated that the network can be effectively and successfully used to discriminate among morphotypes using simple dedicated instruments, such as a PC and an optical scanner. The new method also as a complementary approach to botanical identification, being capable of separating all the tested Banksia integrifolia accessions and of creating associations between the known subspecies and the unnamed accessions.
The transfer of types from the Escuela Agrícola Panamericana to the U.S. National Herbarium in 1956 by Louis O. Williams
Authors: Dorr Laurence J. , Pilz George E. , Boggan John 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIn 1956, Louis O. Williams transferred type specimens of Central American and Mexican plants that had been deposited in the Escuela Agrícola Panamericana (EAP), Honduras to the U.S. National Herbarium (US), Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. With only a few exceptions, the specimens typified names of taxa that had been described by Williams and his colleagues in Honduras, who had stated in their publications (numerous articles in the scientific serial Ceiba and the book The Rain Forests of Golfo Dulce) that the “types” (i.e., holotypes) were deposited in EAP. This transfer, which was neither publicly announced nor otherwise previously well‐documented, has led to confusion regarding the present location of the holotypes of many names. Details regarding Williams’s transaction and an accounting of the 195 collections and 219 specimens involved are presented.
Analysis of adoption rates for Needs Driven versus Value Driven innovation water technologies
Authors: O'Callaghan Paul , Adapa Lakshmi M. , Buisman Cees 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThis paper analyzes six case studies of new water technology innovations in the last three decades and investigates the differences in timelines for moving through the various stages of water technology commercialization. The concept of two different types of innovation was explored: Crisis/Needs Driven and Value Driven. It was found that the case studies that mapped to the Crisis/Needs Driven innovation moved relatively quickly compared to Value Driven innovations and in most cases involved new entrants. New entrants refer to new companies or start‐ups that have recently entered the water technology market. The case studies, which could be mapped to Value Driven innovation, had a slower rate of technology diffusion, and they involved a combination of existing companies as well as new entrants.Practitioner points

The paper identifies two key types of innovation: Crisis/Needs Driven and Value Driven.

Legislation was observed to be a key driver for the adoption of new technology innovation in the water sector.

The Crisis/Needs driven innovations studied were observed to diffuse through the Water Technology Diffusion model at up to twice the pace of Value driven innovation.

Crisis/Needs driven innovation typically involves disruptive innovation offered by new entrants, whereas with Value driven innovation, the solutions are provided by both existing companies as well as new entrants.

It is also observed that in most cases a technology that is adopted in order to meet a crisis or need in the market is more expensive at the outset compared with incumbent solutions.

While value driven adoption has a slower cycle for adoption, it presents a lower risk as it is less dependent on external factors and timing of implementation of regulations or the occurrence of some public health related or environmental crisis.
Modelling of Pathways and Movement Networks in Archaeology: An Overview of Current Approaches
Authors: Verhagen Philip , Nuninger Laure , Groenhuijzen Mark R. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThis chapter presents and discusses current approaches and trends in computer-based modelling of pathways and movement networks in archaeology. After an introduction to the theoretical concepts involved, we present a state of the art of methodologies applied for reconstructing pathways and movement in ancient landscapes and discuss the various difficulties in using these methods as well as the most important technical hurdles involved. The problems of integrating optimal pathfinding algorithms with ‘softer’ socio-cultural variables are highlighted, as well as the limitations of modelling connections between places using least-cost path techniques. Network analysis reconstruction and analysis approaches are then reviewed as tools to better understand the overall structure of movement and communication in ancient landscapes. It is concluded that, while the potential of current approaches for understanding ancient movement is considerable, improvement is still needed in three main areas: the integration of approaches, sensitivity analysis and validation, and the theoretical underpinning of models of ancient movement.
A Different Vision of Ancient Settlement Dynamics: Creation and Application of a Model of Evolution of Roman Settlement of the Plateau Lorrain (France)
Authors: Nüsslein Antonin 
Published: February 2019

AbstractResearch concerning settlement dynamics is mainly based on data from archaeological field survey. This method of investigation provides researchers with a lot of information that can help to identify trends and to model the evolution of settlement structure at different scales. Nonetheless, field survey data is sometimes incomplete and only shows a snapshot of the settlements. This static information lacks a certain number of parameters (evolution of architectural, economic, social features, etc.) which are essential to perceive the inherent evolution of the settlements and therefore to visualize their own evolution within the dynamics of settlement trajectory networks. On the other hand, data from archaeological excavations enable us to detect those phenomena. This paper aims to propose a methodological approach to try to resolve this lack of parameters: the creation of an evolutionary model of the settlements from the information collected during excavations. Applied to the sites discovered by field survey, and combined with other analytical tools, the model allows for a better understanding of the diversification phenomena and the processes of spatial development of the settlement pattern. This method, which offers solutions to enhance the static information provided by survey data, was designed for the study of Roman settlement of the Plateau Lorrain (France), but it can be applied to other periods and to other regions as well.