bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Incentivizing Medical Teachers: Exploring the Role of Incentives in Influencing Motivations
Authors: Wisener Katherine M. , Eva Kevin W. 
Published: October 2018

Purpose
Medical education is dependent on clinicians and other faculty who volunteer time and expertise to teaching. Unfortunately, the literature reports increasing levels of dissatisfaction, burnout, and attrition. Incentivization provides an obvious intervention, but rewards must be implemented judiciously or risk unintended consequences. With little known about the effects of incentives in medical education, the authors investigate key insights across three disciplines to explain how, why, and when incentives can be used effectively.

Method
In this critical synthesis, a purposeful and iterative literature search was conducted by exploring a variety of databases to identify seminal articles, key concepts, and generative search terms. Particularly fruitful disciplines were then explored more deliberately.

Results
Psychologists argue that the impact of an incentive depends on an individual’s motivational drives. Organizational behaviorists draw attention to environmental incentives and disincentives that build or detract from motivation. Behavioral economists posit that size, type, and way in which an incentive is provided affect motivation differently.

Conclusions
The influence of an incentive depends on how it interacts with underlying mechanisms deemed important for motivation. These mechanisms change across tasks, individuals, and contexts. Recommendations derived from the effort include being deliberate about (1) determining what is driving the individual to act, (2) considering the unique interactions between incentives and motivation types, and (3) considering barriers that may interfere with incentive effectiveness. In examining each of these, the authors argue that the field needs greater clarity regarding how, when, and why incentives operate within the many contexts in which medical educators work.
Enduring Effects of One-Day Training in Good Psychiatric Management on Clinician Attitudes About Borderline Personality Disorder
Authors: Masland Sara Rose , Price Daniel , MacDonald Jacob , Finch Ellen , Gunderson John , Choi-Kain Lois 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Time-limited interventions may attenuate stigma and negative beliefs about borderline personality disorder (BPD) among mental health clinicians. This study examined whether a 1-day training in good psychiatric management (GPM) changed clinician attitudes and beliefs and whether those changes persisted over time. Fifty-two mental health clinicians attended a 1-day GPM training and completed a 13-item assessment of attitudes about BPD before and after the training and again 6 months later. One-way repeated-measures analysis of variances and dependent sample t-tests demonstrated significant changes for all items, 11 of which were in the direction of more positive attitudes about BPD. For six items, attitudes did not change immediately after training, but 6 months later had changed significantly. Findings indicate that brief training can foster enduring improvements in clinician attitudes and beliefs about BPD.
The Emotional Cost of Caring for Others
Authors: Walden Marlene , Adams Greg , Annesley-Dewinter Elissa , Bai Shasha , Belknap Nici , Eichenlaub Amy , Green Angela , Huett Amy , Lea Katie , Lovenstein Austin , Ramick Amy , Salassi-Scotter Mary , Webb Tammy , Wessel Valerie 
Published: October 2018

OBJECTIVE
This study examined the prevalence of compassion fatigue and life stress of pediatric nurses.

BACKGROUND
Distressing patient situations over time may affect nurses' professional quality of life and result in compassion fatigue. If not addressed, compassion fatigue may have personal and organizational consequences.

METHODS
Using a descriptive, correlational design, a convenience sample of 268 nurses completed a web-based survey.

RESULTS
High compassion satisfaction and moderate to low burnout and secondary traumatic stress were described by 49% of participants. Education was statistically associated with burnout and secondary traumatic stress. Life stress scores were significantly associated with age, experience, organizational tenure, and professional engagement. Narrative commentary yielded 5 themes: staffing, recognition, boundaries, expectations, and hopelessness. Organizational initiatives to prevent or mitigate compassion fatigue focused on awareness, balance, and connections.

CONCLUSIONS
Nurses are negatively impacted by the emotional cost of caring. Future studies need to identify interventions to minimize compassion fatigue.
Quantitative Dual-Energy Computed Tomography Predicts Regional Perfusion Heterogeneity in a Model of Acute Lung Injury
Authors: Kay Fernando Uliana , Beraldo Marcelo A. , Nakamura Maria A. M. , De Santis Santiago Roberta , Torsani Vinicius , Gomes Susimeire , Roldan Rollin , Tucci Mauro R. , Abbara Suhny , Amato Marcelo B. P. , Amaro Edson 
Published: October 2018

Objective
The aims of this study were to investigate the ability of contrast-enhanced dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) for assessing regional perfusion in a model of acute lung injury, using dynamic first-pass perfusion CT (DynCT) as the criterion standard and to evaluate if changes in lung perfusion caused by prone ventilation are similarly demonstrated by DECT and DynCT.

Methods
This was an institutional review board–approved study, compliant with guidelines for humane care of laboratory animals. A ventilator-induced lung injury protocol was applied to 6 landrace pigs. Perfused blood volume (PBV) and pulmonary blood flow (PBF) were respectively quantified by DECT and DynCT, in supine and prone positions. The lungs were segmented in equally sized regions of interest, namely, dorsal, middle, and ventral. Perfused blood volume and PBF values were normalized by lung density. Regional air fraction (AF) was assessed by triple-material decomposition DECT. Per-animal correlation between PBV and PBF was assessed with Pearson R. Regional differences in PBV, PBF, and AF were evaluated with 1-way analysis of variance and post hoc linear trend analysis (α = 5%).

Results
Mean correlation coefficient between PBV and PBF was 0.70 (range, 0.55–0.98). Higher PBV and PBF values were observed in dorsal versus ventral regions. Dorsal-to-ventral linear trend slopes were −10.24 mL/100 g per zone for PBV (P < 0.001) and −223.0 mL/100 g per minute per zone for PBF (P < 0.001). Prone ventilation also revealed higher PBV and PBF in dorsal versus ventral regions. Dorsal-to-ventral linear trend slopes were −16.16 mL/100 g per zone for PBV (P < 0.001) and −108.2 mL/100 g per minute per zone for PBF (P < 0.001). By contrast, AF was lower in dorsal versus ventral regions in supine position, with dorsal-to-ventral linear trend slope of +5.77%/zone (P < 0.05). Prone ventilation was associated with homogenization of AF distribution among different regions (P = 0.74).

Conclusions
Dual-energy computed tomography PBV is correlated with DynCT-PBF in a model of acute lung injury, and able to demonstrate regional differences in pulmonary perfusion. Perfusion was higher in the dorsal regions, irrespectively to decubitus, with more homogeneous lung aeration in prone position.
FDG PET for Evaluation of Bone Marrow Status in T-Cell Lymphoma
Authors: Koh Youngil , Lee Jung Min , Woo Go-Un , Paeng Jin Chul , Youk Jeonghwan , Yoon Sung-Soo , Kim Inho , Kang Keon Wook 
Published: October 2018

Purpose
In T-cell lymphoma, the role of FDG PET for bone marrow (BM) evaluation is not established yet. We investigated diagnostic performance and prognostic implication of FDG PET for BM evaluation in peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) and extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma (NKTCL).

Patients and Methods
Patients with PTCL or NKTCL, who underwent initial staging with FDG PET and BM biopsy, were retrospectively enrolled and analyzed. PET BM finding was evaluated using visual analysis and a quantitative index (marrow-to-liver ratio [MLR]). Diagnostic performance of PET for BM involvement was assessed with biopsy as the gold standard. Prognostic value of PET findings was also assessed regarding progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS).

Results
A total of 109 (63 PTCL and 46 NKTCL) patients were analyzed. Biopsy revealed BM involvement in 35.8% of cases. Sensitivity and specificity of PET for diagnosing positive BM biopsy were 61.5% and 75.7% by visual analysis and 64.1% and 72.9% by MLR. Diagnostic performance of PET was not different across lymphoma types. Survival analysis revealed that MLR and BM biopsy result is significant for both PFS and OS. In multivariate analysis, MLR was an independent prognostic factor for both PFS and OS. Marrow-to-liver ratio was also a significant prognostic factor in BM biopsy-negative patients.

Conclusions
Despite fair correlation with BM biopsy result, PET may not replace BM biopsy in PTCL and NKTCL. However, the BM finding on PET is an independent prognostic factor, suggesting additional biological implication of PET findings.
Occult Cerebral Abscess Revealed by FDG PET/CT in a Case of Unresponsive Wakefulness Syndrome
Authors: Bund Caroline , Coca Hugo Andres , Kremer Stéphane , Pottecher Julien , Namer Izzie-Jacques 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
A 51-year-old woman developed profound coma complicating subarachnoid hemorrhage after aneurysmal rupture. An external ventricular drain was inserted. FDG PET/CT was performed for prognostication purposes and showed global cortical hypometabolism. This was consistent with the clinical findings of an unresponsive wakefulness syndrome. During the follow-up, ventriculitis was diagnosed. Because of no clinical improvement under focused, high-dose antimicrobial treatment, a second FDG PET/CT was performed. It showed an improved diffuse cortical fixation and an intense intraventricular hyperfixation, suggestive of intraventricular abscess. A third functional imaging, performed to monitor treatment, showed progressive metabolic recovery with especially uptake in frontoparietal areas over time.
99mTc-MAG3 Renography of Intrathoracic Renal Ectopia
Authors: ten Broek Marc R.J. , te Beek Erik T. , Stuurman-Wieringa Roos E. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractWe report a case of a 49-year-old woman with a rare anomaly, intrathoracic renal ectopia. Her medical history includes a surgically corrected congenital diaphragmatic hernia, which can cause late presentations of diaphragmatic hernia in adult life. The99mTc-MAG3 renogram demonstrated slower emptying of the dilated pelvis of the ectopic kidney than the normal kidney. The curve confirmed a delayed Tmax, followed by a distinct decline. These features are not indicative of a complete obstruction, but can result from partial obstruction, renal dysfunction with poor response to diuresis, pelvic dilatation (such as in our patient), or a combination.
American Urogynecologic Society Best-Practice Statement on Evaluation of Obstructed Defecation
Authors: Ridgeway Beri M. , Weinstein Milena M. , Tunitsky-Bitton Elena 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
The symptoms of constipation and obstructed defecation are common in women with pelvic floor disorders. Female pelvic medicine and reconstructive surgery specialists evaluate and treat women with these symptoms, with the initial consultation often occurring when a woman has the symptom or sign of posterior compartment pelvic organ prolapse (including rectocele or enterocele) or if a rectocele or enterocele is identified in pelvic imaging. This best-practice statement will review techniques used to evaluate constipation and obstructed defecation, with a special focus on the relationship between obstructed defecation, constipation, and pelvic organ prolapse.
A derivation of Maxwell's equations using the Heaviside notation
Authors: Hampshire Damian P. 
Published: October 2018

Maxwell's four differential equations describing electromagnetism are among the most famous equations in science. Feynman said that they provide four of the seven fundamental laws of classical physics. In this paper, we derive Maxwell's equations using a well-established approach for deriving time-dependent differential equations from static laws. The derivation uses the standard Heaviside notation. It assumes conservation of charge and that Coulomb's law of electrostatics and Ampere's law of magnetostatics are both correct as a function of time when they are limited to describing a local system. It is analogous to deriving the differential equation of motion for sound, assuming conservation of mass, Newton's second law of motion and that Hooke's static law of elasticity holds for a system in local equilibrium. This work demonstrates that it is the conservation of charge that couples time-varyingE-fields andB-fields and that Faraday's Law can be derived without any relativistic assumptions about Lorentz invariance. It also widens the choice of axioms, or starting points, for understanding electromagnetism.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Celebrating 125 years of Oliver Heaviside's ‘Electromagnetic Theory’’.
CellTool: an open source software combining bio-image analysis and mathematical modeling
Authors: Danovski Georgi , Dyankova Teodora , Stoynov Stoyno 
Published: October 2018

AbstractSummaryWe present CellTool, a stand-alone open source software with a Graphical User Interface for image analysis, optimized for measurement of time-lapse microscopy images. It combines data management, image processing, mathematical modeling and graphical presentation of data in a single package. Multiple image filters, segmentation and particle tracking algorithms, combined with direct visualization of the obtained results make CellTool an ideal application for rapid execution of complex tasks. In addition, the software allows for the fitting of the obtained results to predefined or custom mathematical models. Importantly, CellTool provides a platform for easy implementation of custom image analysis packages written on a variety of programing languages.Availability and ImplementationCellTool is a free software available for MS Windows OS under the terms of the GNU General Public License. Executables and source files, supplementary information and sample data sets are freely available for download at URL: https://dnarepair.bas.bg/software/CellTool/Contactdanovski@bio21.bas.bg; stoynov@bio21.bas.bg;Supplementary informationSupplementary data are available at URL: https://dnarepair.bas.bg/software/CellTool/Program/CellTool_UserGuide.pdf
Reporter assays for Ebola virus nucleoprotein oligomerization, virion-like particle budding, and minigenome activity reveal the importance of nucleoprotein amino acid position 111
Authors: Lin Aaron E. , Diehl William E. , Cai Yingyun , Finch Courtney L. , Akusobi Chidiebere , Kirchdoerfer Robert N. , Bollinger Laura , Schaffner Stephen F. , Brown Elizabeth A. , Saphire Erica Ollmann , Andersen Kristian G. , Kuhn Jens H. , Luban Jeremy , Sabeti Pardis C. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractFor highly pathogenic viruses, reporter assays that can be rapidly performed are critically needed to identify potentially functional mutations for further study under maximal containment (e.g., biosafety level 4 [BSL-4]). The Ebola virus nucleoprotein (NP) plays multiple essential roles during the viral life cycle, yet few tools exist to study the protein under BSL-2 or equivalent containment. Therefore, we adapted reporter assays to measure NP oligomerization and virion-like particle (VLP) production in live cells and further measure transcription and replication using established minigenome assays. As a proof-of-concept, we examined the NP-R111C substitution, which emerged during the 2013–2016 Western African Ebola virus disease epidemic and rose to high frequency. NP-R111C slightly increased NP oligomerization and VLP budding but slightly decreased transcription and replication. By contrast, a synthetic charge-reversal mutant, NP-R111E, greatly increased oligomerization but abrogated transcription and replication. These results are intriguing in light of recent structures of NP oligomers, which reveal that the neighboring residue, K110, forms a salt bridge with E349 on adjacent NP molecules. By developing and utilizing multiple reporter assays, we find that the NP-111 position mediates a complex interplay between NP’s roles in protein structure, virion budding, and transcription and replication.
Ultra-sensitive measurement of brain penetration with microscale probes for brain machine interface considerations
Authors: Obaid Abdulmalik , Wu Yu-Wei , Hanna Mina , Nix William , Ding Jun , Melosh Nicholas 
Published: October 2018

AbstractMicroscale electrodes are rapidly becoming critical tools for neuroscience and brain-machine interfaces (BMIs) for their high spatial and temporal resolution. However, the mechanics of how devices on this scale insert into brain tissue is unknown, making it difficult to balance between larger probes with higher stiffness, or smaller probes with lower damage. Measurements have been experimentally challenging due to the large deformations, rapid events, and small forces involved. Here we modified a nanoindentation force measurement system to provide the first ultra-high resolution force, distance, and temporal recordings of brain penetration as a function of microwire diameter (7.5 µm to 100 µm) and tip geometry (flat, angled, and electrosharpened). Surprisingly, both penetration force and tissue compression scaled linearly with wire diameter, rather than cross-sectional area. Linear brain compression with wire diameter strongly suggest smaller probes will cause less tissue damage upon insertion, though unexpectedly no statistical difference was observed between angled and flat tipped probes. These first of their kind measurements provide a mechanical framework for designing effective microprobe geometries while limiting mechanical damage.
Identifying priority conservation areas for recovering large carnivores using citizen science data
Authors: Bonnet-Lebrun A-S. , Karamanlidis A.A. , de Gabriel Hernando M. , Renner I. , Gimenez O. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractUnderstanding the processes related to wildlife recoveries is not only essential in solving human – wildlife conflicts, but also for identifying priority conservation areas and in turn, for effective conservation planning. We used data from a large citizen science program to study the spatial processes related to the demographic and genetic recovery of brown bears in Greece and to identify new areas for their conservation. This was achieved by visually comparing our data with an estimation of the past distribution of brown bears in Greece and by using a Point Process Model to model habitat suitability, and then comparing our results with the current distribution of brown bear records and with that of protected areas. Our results indicate that in the last 15 years bears may have increased their range by as much as 100%, by occupying mainly anthropogenic landscapes and areas with suitable habitat that are currently not legally protected, thus creating a new conservation reality for the species in Greece. This development dictates the re-evaluation of the national management and conservation priorities for brown bears in Greece by focusing in establishing new protected areas that will safeguard their recovery. Our conservation approach is a swift and cheap way of identifying priority conservation areas, while gaining important insights on the spatial processes associated with population recoveries. It will help prioritize conservation actions for brown bears in Greece and may serve as a model conservation approach to countries facing financial and logistic constraints in the monitoring of local biodiversity or facing challenges in managing rapid population recoveries. Our conservation approach appeared also to be better suited to identifying priority areas for conservation in areas with recovering wildlife populations and may therefore be used as an “early-warning” conservation system.
SNAPPY: Single Nucleotide Assignment of Phylogenetic Parameters on the Y chromosome
Authors: Severson Alissa L. , Shortt Jonathan A. , Mendez Fernando L. , Wojcik Genevieve L. , Bustamante Carlos D. , Gignoux Christopher R. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractSummaryThe assignment of Y chromosome data to related clusters, or haplogroups, is a common application in human population genetics. To enable this at scale, we developed SNAPPY. SNAPPY is a software program used to assign Y-chromosome phylogeny-informed haplotypes using dense genotype data. The program efficiently tests all haplotypes in a provided Y-chromosome database to find the haplogroup that is best supported by the input genotypes. Importantly, the method considers both the amount of support for the specific haplogroup, as well as its ancestral haplogroups via parsimony. This accounts for the underlying genealogy the haplotypes represent, strengthening the accuracy of the assignments. SNAPPY is fast, scalable, and uses standard file formats, making it easy to integrate into analytical pipelines.Availability and ImplementationThe program is implemented in python. The program, a user manual, haplotype databases, and test datasets are available for download at github.com/chrisgene/snappy.ContactJonathan.shortt@ucdenver.edu, Chris.gignoux@ucdenver.edu
Salicylate increases fitness cost associated with MarA-mediated antibiotic resistance
Authors: Wang T. , Kunze C. , Dunlop M. J. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractAntibiotic resistance is generally associated with a fitness deficit resulting from the burden of producing and maintaining resistance machinery. This additional cost suggests that resistant bacteria will be outcompeted by susceptible bacteria in conditions without antibiotics. However, in practice this process is slow due in part to regulation that minimizes expression of these genes in the absence of antibiotics. This suggests that if it were possible to turn on their expression, the cost would increase, thereby accelerating removal of resistant strains. Experimental and theoretical studies have shown that environmental chemicals can change the fitness cost associated with resistance and therefore have a significant impact on population dynamics. MarA (multiple antibiotic resistance activator) is a clinically important regulator in Escherichia coli which activates downstream genes to increase resistance against multiple classes of antibiotics. Salicylate is an inducer of MarA which can be found in the environment and de-represses marA’s expression. In this study, we sought to unravel the interplay between salicylate and the fitness cost of MarA-mediated antibiotic resistance. Using salicylate as a natural inducer of MarA, we found that a wide spectrum of concentrations can increase burden in resistant strains compared to susceptible strains. Induction resulted in rapid exclusion of resistant bacteria from mixed populations of antibiotic resistant and susceptible cells. A mathematical model captures the process and predicts its effect in various environmental conditions. Our work provides a quantitative understanding of salicylate exposure on the fitness of different MarA variants, and suggests that salicylate can lead to selection against MarA-mediated resistant strains. More generally, our findings show that natural inducers may serve to bias population membership and could impact antibiotic resistance and other important phenotypes.