bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fall Fertilization Helps Longleaf Pine Nursery Stock
Authors: Hinesley L. Eric , Maki T. E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Fall fertilization resulted in substantial overwinter dry weight gains and increases in nutrient content and concentrations in one-year-old longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) nursery stock. Recovery of applied nutrients in the seedling crop was greatest for N. In the field, height growth and the rate of emergence from the grass stage were improved as a result of fall fertilization in the nursery. This practice thus offers a means of increasing seedling size and nutrient reserves prior to out-planting on the relatively infertile sites where seedlings are normally established.
Assessing the Accuracy of a Sectional Pole, Haga Altimeter, and Alti-Level for Determining Total Height of Young Coniferous Stands
Authors: Bell John F. , Gourley Robert 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The total heights of 35 Douglas-fir trees [Pseudo tsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco] were measured with a sectional measuring pole, a Haga altimeter, and an alti-level. After the trees were measured by all three methods, they were felled and carefully measured. The sectional pole proved significantly more accurate than the alti-level, which was more accurate than the Haga altimeter. Because the sectional pole was only slightly slower to use than the other two indirect methods, it should be useful for inventory or research work.
Tree Volume and Taper Functions for Site-Prepared Plantations of Slash pine
Authors: Brister G. H. , Clutter J. L. , Skinner T. M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Forest industry in the lower coastal plain of Georgia and Florida is becoming increasingly dependent on harvests from site-prepared plantations. Sound planning for utilization of this plantation resource requires the availability of adequate growth and yield information. This paper presents total and merchantable tree volume equations for cubic foot volumes outside- and inside-bark and taper relationships derived from these equations. The equations are based on 677 trees sampled from 174 site-prepared slash pine (Pinus Elliottii Engelm.) plantations in the flatwoods of Georgia and Florida.
Analysis of a Virginia Pine Seed Source Trial in the Interior South
Authors: Talbert John , White Gordon , Webb Charles 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In a comparison of three diverse seed sources of improved Virginia pine (Pinus virginiana Mill.) planted at two locations in north Alabama and south-central Tennessee, only stem straightness differences were statistically significant at six years of age. Families and seed sources tended to maintain the same ranking relative to each other at both locations. A majority of families performed significantly better than a Virginia pine commercial check lot, indicating substantial improvement in growth and straightness characteristics in one generation of selection. Two improved loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seed orchard mixes from the South Carolina Piedmont showed a 27-percent height advantage over the Virginia pine at age 6.
Survival and Height Growth of Sycamore Following Different Site-Preparation Treatments
Authors: Daniels K. R. , Sarigumba T. I. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Nursery-grown American sycamore (Plantanus occidentalis L.) seedlings were planted following four site-preparation treatments: solid harrow, harrow and bed, single bed, and double bed. Analysis of height and survival data collected six years after planting showed that site-preparation effects were masked by block-to-block variability. The data were reanalyzed excluding the block within which plot-to-plot variability was greatest. In the reanalysis the harrow and bed treatment was superior in its effect on sycamore height growth, but significantly more trees survived when single- or double bedding treatments were used. A soil profile analysis revealed that patches of low survival and poor tree growth were invariably associated with Mascotte soil, a spodosol, while the better growing trees were situated on Ocilla soil.
Site Preparation for Natural Regeneration of Slash Pine
Authors: McMinn James W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The effects of site preparation and overstory density on establishment of slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) seedlings in north Florida are evaluated. Scarification proved beneficial to seedling establishment while even a thin layer of litter proved detrimental. For natural regeneration, site preparation should be accomplished shortly before seedfall to minimize the litter cover and probably should result in a range in microrelief. Overstories up to 50 square feet of basal area per acre had no influence on seedling establishment or growth in the first 9 months.
Some Implications of Using Wood as Fuel
Authors: Murphey W. K. , Massey J. G. , Blankenthorn P. R. , Bowersox T. W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In the current environment of rising fuel costs the use of wood for energy is becoming increasingly attractive. The present paper examines the economics of burning wet wood and the implications of using wood for fuel rather than for traditional, nonfuel products. Issues discussed include: (1) the effects of moisture content on available heat, (2) the effect of diverting wood from nonfuel markets, and (3) the economics of using logging or manufacturing residues for fuel.
Financial Return Estimates of Alternative Management Strategies for 9- to 15-Year-Old Southern Pine Plantations in Mississippi
Authors: Alig Ralph J. , Kurtz William B. , Mills Thomas J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
There was generally no significant difference in estimated present net worths (based on a 6-percent discount rate) between passive management and immediate treatment of 9- to 15-year-old southern pine plantations in Mississippi. The immediate management strategy only produced considerably larger financial returns in plantations that contained high hardwood basal areas. Management regimes that delayed treatment until the stand was 30 years of age produced lower financial returns than either the passive or immediate treatment regimes. Increases in site index and conifer stocking generally led to higher present net worths for all management strategies.
Survival Functions for Site-Prepared Slash Pine Plantations in the Flatwoods of Georgia and Northern Florida
Authors: Pienaar Leon V. , Shiver Barry D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Survival functions are derived for site-prepared slash pine plantations in the flatwoods of Georgia and northern Florida. Two functions are presented. The first is a function which may be used with any planting-survival count or estimate. This function is probably most useful in conjunction with available yield-prediction systems (with stems/acre as an input) to evaluate alternative management strategies. The second function, the difference equation form of the first function, is most useful in predicting future growth and yield based on inventory data.
Thirty Years of Management on a Small Longleaf Pine Forest
Authors: Boyer William D. , Farrar Robert M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A management demonstration in an understocked 40-acre tract of second-growth longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) forest in south Alabama was begun in 1948. The management goal for this "farm forty" is to produce high-quality poles and logs on a 60-year rotation. Initial sawlog volume averaged 3,559 board feet per acre. Although periodic harvests removed 3,833 board feet per acre, standing volume after 30 years of management had increased to 5,408 board feet per acre. Over half the Forty has been harvested and naturally regenerated to longleaf, with the shelterwood system, and now supports stands ranging in size from grass-stage seedlings to small poles. Management costs have been minor. Continued management will lead to optimum stocking and a balanced distribution of age classes.
Sand Pine Performance on South Carolina Sandhills
Authors: McNab W. Henry , Carter Allen R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Fifteen plantations of sand pine (Pinus clausa var. clausa (Chapm.) Vasey; P. clausa var. immuginata D. B. Ward) in the sandhills of South Carolina were examined. Stands ranged from 3 to 16 years of age, and sand depth ranged from 3.5 to more than 9 feet. Most stands were adequately stocked with more than 400 trees/acre. At this density, an average 14-year-old stand of sand pine produced an annual increment in excess of 60 ft³/acre of wood, which was approximately twice that of other commonly planted species. There were no serious problems from insects or diseases, and ice storms had not caused noticeable damage in the stands that were sampled.
A Comparison of Two Aerial Photo Volume Tables for Pine Stands in Central Mississippi
Authors: Smith James L. , Mead Roy A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Two aerial photo volume prediction models, Avery's Composite Aerial Volume Table, and Mead's Quadratic Model, were compared using graphs and a small independent test set. The graphs indicated that Mead's model predicted higher merchantable volumes for pine stands in central Mississippi than did Avery's model. Both models tended to underpredict ground merchantable volume. However, only Avery's model underpredicted in a statistically significant manner. Even though the possibility of negative volume predictions exists when using Mead's Quadratic Model, it was deemed the superior model of the two investigated.
Urea and Ammonium Nitrate as Nitrogen Sources for Southern Pine Plantations
Authors: Ballard R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Urea and ammonium nitrate, applied in February, June, and October, were compared as nitrogen fertilizer sources in 11 southern pine plantations ranging in age from 6 to 18 years old. Over a 4-year assessment period all but one of the plantations responded significantly to nitrogen fertilization. Differences between urea and ammonium nitrate were nonsignificant at all sites for all three dates of application. Average responses for February and October applications were quantitatively very similar at each site. However, at 3 of the 11 sites June applications of both urea and ammonium nitrate gave significantly poorer responses than February and October applications.
A Site-Index Function for Naturally Regenerated Longleaf Pine in the East Gulf Area
Authors: Farrar Robert M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A site-index function is presented for naturally regenerated stands of longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) in the East Gulf area. The equation resulted in minimum average differences in consecutive site-index estimates five years apart in 170 stands, when compared to two equations currently in use.
Stand Structure and Yield Relationships in a 20-Year-Old Loblolly Pine Spacing Study
Authors: Harms William R. , Lloyd F. Thomas 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) spacing study on a Piedmont site (SI 75, base age 25) had at age 20 a maximum yield of 49 cords per acre with a near maximum basal area of 187 square feet at a spacing of 8 x 8 feet. Comparative yields on the other spacings tested were: 6 x 6, 188 ft² and 43 cords; 10 x 10, 166 ft² and 45 cords; 12 x 12, 152 ft² and 43 cords. Sawtimber volume in trees larger than 9.5 inches in diameter rose from zero at 6 x 6 feet to almost 10,000 board feet per acre at 12 x 12 feet. Survival on the 6 x 6 plots was 71 percent; 8 x 8, 87 percent; 10 by 10, 92 percent; and 12 x 12, 93 percent.
Natural Regeneration of Loblolly Pine: A Sound Strategy for Many Forest Landowners
Authors: Langdon O. Gordon 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The ecological and silvical characteristics of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) make it suitable for several evenaged methods of natural regeneration. The seed tree method can succeed if seed trees are released before the harvest cut to help provide sufficient seeds the first year after the harvest cut. The shelterwood method is recommended for the piedmont and other areas where seed production is erratic, for very wet sites on lower coastal plains where rising water table levels may impede seedling establishment, and for droughty sites where high overstory shelter may increase seedling survival. The seeds or seedlings-in-place variations of the clearcutting method are recommended where seed production is more than 30 thousand per acre and seedbeds have been prepared by prescribed burning or other methods and hardwood competition has been controlled.
Forestry Equipment Cost Index: 1968-1978
Authors: Tufts Robert A. , Izlar Bob , Simmons Don , Thurber John 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Prices were obtained for selected pieces of forest management and harvesting equipment for the 1968 to 1978 period.¹ These prices were compared to the inflation rate. Forest management equipment prices increased faster in the 1968-78 period than inflation while the increase for harvesting equipment was not as great as inflation. The effect on the individual user depended on his equipment mix: the greater the proportion of management equipment the faster his purchase costs rose.
Supplemental Mass Pollination to increase Seed Yields in Loblolly Pine Seed Orchards
Authors: Bridgwater F. E. , Bramlett D. L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Supplemental mass pollination was evaluated in a young and a mature loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seed orchard in two successive years. Supplemental mass pollination reduced both conelet and ovule abortion in one year in the young seed orchard and resulted in a 222 percent greater potential seed yield than untreated check ramets. The response was small and statistically nonsignificant in the other year. The potential seed yield was not increased in either year in the mature seed orchard.
High-Lead Yarding Costs in the Southern Appalachians
Authors: Robinson Vernon L. , Fisher Edward L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
An analysis was made of the time devoted to the various work-and-delay elements of a high-lead cable logging operation. A comparison of the resulting costs per unit volume with those of a conventional logging system shows that in spite of inefficiencies, the cable system is competitive, with a difference of only $2.85 per Mbm (Doyle rule) between the costs of the two systems. With better preplanning of sets, better crew organization, and more experience with the equipment, the cable yarding costs can be expected to decline, making it a viable alternative to conventional logging in the Southern Appalachians.
Variation in Cold Resistance and Growth in
Eucalyptus viminalis
Authors: Jahromi Siroos T. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
To isolate frost-hardy, fast-growing provenances of E. viminalis for the Southeastern United States, 98 seed lots were tested by International Paper Company during 1972-80. Annual rainfall and its seasonal distribution were not believed to be limiting factors in growing eucalypts in this region. However, freezing temperatures and their duration and fluctuations caused significant damage to many of the provenances. The degree of damage varied greatly among the provenances with the most frost-hardy sources not necessarily the best growers. Some individual trees performed well in both characteristics. Due to high variation in frost hardiness and growth, the actual yield of E. viminalis is much below the potential yield in the Southeast. Commerical reforestation using this species is not recommended unless more frost-hardy strains are developed through a genetic improvement program.
Cold Storage of Choctawhatchee Sand Pine Seedlings: Effect of Lifting Date and Length of Storage
Authors: Hebb Edwin A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Cold storage was found to keep Choctawhatchee sand pine (Pinus clausa var. immuginata Ward) seedlings in good condition for planting for as long as 12 weeks. Seedlings were lifted in mid-November, December, January, and February; stored in KP bags at temperatures in the thirties (°F) up to 12 weeks, and planted from November through May. Survival was good, averaging 90 percent despite significant differences in lifting date and storage interval. Survival was lower for seedlings stored longest. Those lifted early showed low survival only in the second installation of the study, where dormancy was delayed by warm, wet fall weather. Differences in survival could not be correlated with seedling size, morphology, or nutrient content, nor with temporary disruptions in the temperature regime of the cold storage unit due to heavy use or equipment failure.
Consideration of Organizational Structure and Design for Improved Efficiency in Southern Wood Departments
Authors: Eckstein Louis W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This paper analyzes organizational structure of wood departments within major industrial timber companies in the South and the influence such structure can have on department operations, such as communications, coordination, and personnel management.¹ Relationships among positions within an organization focus on expected behavior of position holders, grouping of positions, and degree of decision-making authority allocated to positions (Ullrich and Wieland 1980). Organizational structure has a direct effect on performance, and the problem managers face is to maintain a structure which best accomplishes company goals and objectives in a changing environment.
Yard-to-Mill Woodflow Scheduling by Microcomputer
Authors: Hokans R. H. , Stuart W. B. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Scheduling yard-to-mill woodflows requires the regular attention of wood procurement managers. While the calculations are routine, they are sufficiently time consuming to preclude evaluation of more than a first-guess schedule. A computer program implemented on a microcomputer provides a cost-effective means of doing the calculations and choosing an operationally feasible least-cost solution to the scheduling problem.
Thinning Increases Forage Production in Southern Appalachian Cove Hardwoods
Authors: Beck Donald E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Understory response was studied for six years after thinning cove hardwood stands in the mountains of western North Carolina and northern Georgia. Understory vegetation increased from an average 294 lb/acre before thinning to 512 lb/acre the first year after thinning. Average peak production of 692 lb/acre was reached in the third year, more than twice the prethinning production and began to decline in the fourth year. Both the level and duration of the increase were related to degree of thinning. The increased production included a variety of woody and herbaceous vegetation known to be heavily utilized by both deer and grouse. The thinnings resulted in significant, if temporary, improvement in habitat for these and perhaps other species.
Forest Industry's Management Assistance Programs for Nonindustrial Private Forests in Louisiana, 1980
Authors: Cleaves David A. , O'Laughlin Jay 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
All the major wood-based companies in Louisiana offered Management Agreement Programs (MAPs) to nonindustrial private forest (NIPF) landowners in 1980. Five percent of all NIPF pinelands in Louisiana were enrolled in MAPs of the 11 companies that answered questions about the general features, extent, and possibilities for the future success of this type of program.
A Small Skidder for Thinning: The Holder A55 F Tractor
Authors: Lanford B. L. , Hoffman R. E. , Iff R. H. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The growing need for small equipment to thin young plantations prompted a study of a small skidder--the Holder A55 F. Time and production data were collected in a thinning application of the skidder equipped with a Farmi JL-30 cable winch. Cost averaged $15.63 per cunit for a 200-foot skid. The replacement of the winch with a small hydraulic grapple, such as the Power Tine Grapple, was simulated. Costs per unit volume were decreased by adding the grapple ($11.13 per cunit for a 200-foot skid).
Priorities for River Recreation Management in the Southern Appalachians
Authors: Smith Alan C. , Wellman J. Douglas , Roggenbuck Joseph W. , Killeen Kevin 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Research findings are presented on the river management preferences of a sample of Virginia canoeists. Results from a second study indicate how public resource managers in the Southern Appalachians rank the seriousness of social conflict associated with river recreation in the region. Comparisons of these data are made with a national survey and managerial assessments from the East and West. We conclude that in the Southern Appalachian region primary attention should be directed toward improving access and recreationist-landowner relations and controlling environmental degradation and development. Crowding is generally not considered an important problem and widespread application of use limitations is not now appropriate.
Carbofuran Affects Growth and Ectomycorrhizal Development of Loblolly Pine Seedlings
Authors: DeBarr Gary L. , Marx Donald H. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Soil-incorporated carbofuran (Furadan®) at 0.44 g active ingredient (AI) per seedling reduced ectomycorrhizal development by Pisolithus tinctorius and growth of 1-0 loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings after five months in a greenhouse test. Seedlings with P. tinctorius ectomycorrhizae and without carbofuran were significantly taller and had greater top, root, and total fresh weights than those with any other insecticide-symbiont combination. Ectomycorrhizal development by Thelephora terrestris was not significantly affected by carbofuran. Carbofuran, especially at 0.22 or 0.44 g AI per seedling, reduced seedling growth regardless of ectomycorrhizal status. Results of this greenhouse test suggest a biological interaction between carbofuran and ectomycorrhizal fungi; additional studies are needed to determine if this effect also occurs under field conditions. However, the use of this insecticide to control the Nantucket pine tip moth or the pales and the pitch-eating weevils in outplantings has the biological potential to decrease the benefits of specific ectomycorrhizae to the survival and growth of loblolly pine.
Effect of Crown Scorch on Survival And Growth of Young Loblolly Pine
Authors: Waldrop Thomas A. , Van Lear David H. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Unthinned, pole-size loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations in the South Carolina Piedmont were burned at different seasons under minimal wind conditions to evaluate the effects of fire intensity on crown scorch. Needle drop, an indicator of crown scorch, was significantly greater on areas burned with medium- to high-intensity fires than on unburned plots. There was a direct relation between bark char height, beyond a threshold value of 3 feet, and crown scorch. Scorched needles fell within three weeks following fire. Moderate crown scorch had no detrimental effects on survival and growth of trees in the upper crown classes. Complete crown scorch resulted in the death of 20 and 30 percent of trees in the codominant and intermediate crown classes, respectively.
Early Results of a Slash Pine Variety Trial
Authors: Kraus John F. , Farge Timothy La 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Open-pollinated seed from 15 slash pine seed orchards were tested at two locations, the flatwoods and lower piedmont, in Georgia. After five years in the field, there were significant differences in fusiform rust (Cronartium quercum (Berk.) Miyabe ex Shirai f. sp. fusiforme) infection at both locations, and in average total height in the lower piedmont. There was no significant difference for survival at either location. In general, good gains have been made for growth rate but some of these gains are offset by increased damage caused by fusiform rust.