bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Optic Neuritis, T2 Lesions, and Microstructural Diffusion Integrity in the Visual Pathway on Cortical Thickness in Pediatric‐Onset Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Datta Ritobrato , Sollee John R. , Lavery Amy M. , Ficerai‐Garland Gabriella , Karoscik Krystle , Liu Geraldine , Banwell Brenda L. , Waldman Amy T. 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND AND PURPOSEPediatric‐onset multiple sclerosis (POMS) is associated with focal inflammatory lesions and the loss of cortical and deep gray matter. Optic neuritis (ON) and white matter (WM) lesions in the visual pathway can directly contribute to visual cortical mantle thinning. We determine the relative contributions of MS insult on anterior and posterior visual pathway integrity.METHODSHigh‐ and low‐contrast visual acuity, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and 3T MRI scans were obtained from 20 POMS patients (10 with remote ON) and 22 age‐ and sex‐matched healthy controls. Cortical mantle thickness was measured using FreeSurfer. Fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity were calculated for postchiasmal optic radiations (with and without WM lesions). Groups were compared using Student's t‐test (adjusted for multiple comparisons), and simple linear regression was used to investigate interrelationships between measures.RESULTSMean cortical thickness of the whole brain was reduced in patients (2.49 mm) versus controls (2.58 mm, P = .0432) and in the visual cortex (2.07 mm vs. 2.17 mm, P = .0059), although the foveal confluence was spared. Mean FA of the optic radiations was reduced in POMS (.40) versus controls (.43, P = .0042) and correlated with visual cortical mantle thickness in POMS (P = .017). Visual acuity, OCT measures, and lesion volumes in the optic radiations were not associated with cortical mantle thickness.CONCLUSIONSPOMS negatively impacts the integrity of the anterior visual pathway, but it is the loss of WM integrity that drives anterograde loss of the cortical mantle. Preserved visual acuity and foveal sparing imply some degree of functional and structural resilience.
Pathways through organizational socialization: A longitudinal qualitative study based on the psychological contract
Authors: Woodrow Chris , Guest David E. 
Published: July 2019

In this study, we explore different pathways during organizational socialization through the lens of the psychological contract using in‐depth longitudinal qualitative methods. Analysis of 112 critical incident interviews with 27 newcomers across their first year of work reveals five distinct psychological contract pathways through socialization, within which fulfilment and breach influence adjustment by facilitating or restricting opportunities to learn and integrate, as well as influencing attitudes and behaviour. The analysis reveals that whilst perceived psychological contract fulfilment facilitates newcomer adjustment, perceived breach can disrupt the process. We provide a detailed account of the way socialization and the psychological contract unfold for newcomers over time, and show that psychological contract events can significantly alter the course of adjustment.Practitioner points

Delivery of perceived promises that are of particular importance to newcomers during early tenure can accelerate adjustment. Managers should therefore attempt to find out which promised contributions are important to employees and prioritize their delivery.

The negative effects of perceptions of broken promises on newcomer adjustment may be reversed by later delivery. Managers should explain the reasons for any broken promises and seek to fulfil them in the future.

Ongoing support from managers can help newcomers to negotiate the difficult period after organizational entry, even where promises are perceived to have been broken.

Direct managers should be made aware of information provided and promises made to newcomers by those responsible for recruitment.
Patients' experiences of initiating unplanned haemodialysis
Authors: Nilsson Eva‐Lena 
Published: July 2019

SUMMARYBackgroundMany patients with end stage kidney disease initiate dialysis in an unplanned fashion and as a result experience increased morbidity, mortality and make greater demands on health care resources. To deliver care appropriate to the needs of these patients it is imperative to gain insight into the perspective of each individual.AimTo describe the meaning of the phenomenon “initiating haemodialysis in an unplanned fashion” experienced by the participants.DesignThe study used a lifeworld perspective with a descriptive phenomenological approach.ParticipantsFive patients (M 4, F 1), with experiences of the phenomenon were recruited from two dialysis units in southern Sweden.ApproachIndividual in‐depth interviews were undertaken, recorded and transcribed. The texts were analysed according to Giorgi's (2009) method.FindingsThe essence of the phenomenon was described as a life situation characterised by a rapid decline in health and kidney function leading to unplanned initiation of haemodialysis, which resulted in not really being able to understand what had happened. The sudden initiation of haemodialysis affected each patient in various ways and gave rise to thoughts of life's meaning. Support from others, acceptance and inner strength were helpful. Patients wished for more in‐depth conversations with health care professionals.ConclusionPsychological support is critical. Health care professionals need to have the time and the necessary skills in communication and empathetic listening to understand the psychological trauma each patient goes through in the unplanned setting.
“Sassy Queens”: Stylistic orthographic variation in Twitter and the enregisterment ofAAVE
Authors: Ilbury Christian 
Published: July 2019

AbstractRecent computational sociolinguistic analyses of social media have emphasized the potential of using orthographic variation as a proxy for speech, thereby permitting macro‐level quantitative studies of regional and social variation (e.g. Eisenstein, 2015). However, the extent to which stylistic variation may affect these analyses remains largely unexplored. In this paper, I explore how authors use variant spellings stylistically to deploy personae and characterological figures (Agha, 2003), by examining the presence of African American Vernacular English (AAVE) features in a corpus of 15,804 tweets extracted from the timelines of 10 gay British men. I argue that the stylization ofAAVEsignals the development of a very specific persona—the “Sassy Queen”—which relies on an essentialized imagining of Black women as “fierce” and “sassy.” Concluding, I emphasize the value of micro‐level analyses in complementing quantitative analyses of linguistic variation in social media.
Assessing the appropriateness of the management of otitis media in Australia: A population‐based sample survey
Authors: Clay‐Williams Robyn , Stephens Jacqueline H , Williams Helena , Hallahan Andrew , Dalton Chris , Hibbert Peter , Ting Hsuen P , Arnolda Gaston , Wiles Louise , Braithwaite Jeffrey ,   on behalf of the CareTrack Kids Investigative Team
Published: July 2019

AimAcute otitis media (AOM) is the most common infectious disease for which antibiotics are prescribed; its management is costly and has the potential to increase the antimicrobial resistance of this infection. This study measured the levels of adherence to the clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) of AOM and otitis media with effusion (OME) management in Australian children.MethodsWe searched for national and international CPGs relating to AOM and OME in children and created 37 indicators for assessment. We reviewed medical records for adherence to these indicators in 120 locations, across one inpatient and three ambulatory health‐care settings. Our review sample was obtained from three Australian states that contain 60% of the nation's children.ResultsWe reviewed the records of 1063 children with one or more assessments of CPG adherence for otitis media. Of 22 indicators with sufficient data, estimated adherence ranged from 7.4 to 99.1%. Overuse of treatment, particularly overprescribing of antibiotics, was more common than underuse. A frequent lack of adherence with recommended care was observed for children aged between 1 and 2 years with AOM. Adherence varied by health‐care setting, with emergency departments and inpatient settings more adherent to CPGs than general practices.ConclusionsOur assessment of a number of indicators in the common settings in which otitis media is treated found that guideline adherence varied widely between individual indicators. Internationally agreed standards for diagnosis and treatment, coupled with clinician education on the existence and content of CPGs and clinical decision support, are needed to improve the management of children presenting with AOM and OME.
The use of focused cardiac ultrasound to screen for occult heart disease in asymptomatic cats
Authors: Loughran Kerry A. , Rush John E. , Rozanski Elizabeth A. , Oyama Mark A. , Larouche‐Lebel Éva , Kraus Marc S. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackgroundFocused cardiac ultrasound (FCU) helps detect occult heart disease in human patients.HypothesisFocused cardiac ultrasound by a nonspecialist practitioner (NSP) will increase the detection of occult heart disease in asymptomatic cats compared with physical examination and ECG.AnimalsThree hundred forty‐three client‐owned cats: 54 excluded and 289 analyzed.MethodsMulticenter prospective cohort study. Twenty‐two NSPs were trained to perform FCU. Cats without clinical signs of heart disease were recruited, and NSPs performed the following in sequential order: physical examination, ECG, FCU, and point‐of‐care N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide assay (POC‐BNP). After each step, NSPs indicated yes, no, or equivocal as to whether they believed heart disease was present. The level of agreement between the NSP diagnosis and a blinded cardiologist's diagnosis after echocardiogram was evaluated using Cohen's kappa test.ResultsCardiologist diagnoses included 148 normal cats, 102 with heart disease, and 39 equivocal ones. Agreement between NSP and cardiologist was slight after physical examination (kappa 0.253 [95% CI, 0.172‐0.340]), did not increase after ECG (0.256 [0.161‐0.345];P= .96), increased after FCU (0.468 [0.376‐0.558];P= .002), and the level of agreement was similar after POC‐BNP (0.498 [0.419‐0.580];P= .67). In cats with mild, moderate, and marked occult heart disease, the proportion of cats having a NSP diagnosis of heart disease after FCU was 45.6%, 93.1%, and 100%, respectively.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceFocused cardiac ultrasound performed by NSPs increased the detection of occult heart disease, especially in cats with moderate to marked disease. Focused cardiac ultrasound appears to be a feasible and useful tool to assist NSPs in the detection of heart disease in cats.
Heritability and complex segregation analysis of diabetes mellitus in American Eskimo Dogs
Authors: Cai Stephen V. , Famula Thomas R. , Oberbauer Anita M. , Hess Rebecka S. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackgroundHeritability and mode of inheritance of spontaneous diabetes mellitus (DM) in American Eskimo Dogs (AED) are unknown.ObjectiveInvestigate the heritability and mode of inheritance of DM in AED.AnimalsAn extended family of AED including 71 AED without DM, 47 AED with an unknown phenotype, and 38 AED with spontaneous DM.MethodsRetrospective evaluation of inheritance. A logistic regression model was formulated to evaluate the heritability of DM, including effects of sex and neuter status. Subsequently, complex segregation analysis was employed to investigate the inheritance pattern of DM in AED. Six plausible models were considered, and the Akaike Information Criterion was used to determine the best of the biologically feasible models of inheritance of DM in AED.ResultsHeritability of DM in AED is estimated at 0.62 (95% posterior interval 0.01‐0.99). Predicted DM probabilities for neutered females (NF), intact females (IF), neutered males (NM), and intact males (IM) were 0.76, 0.11, 0.63, and 0.12, respectively. There was no overlap between the 95% posterior intervals of disease probabilities in NF and IF or in NF and IM. Complex segregation analysis suggested that the mode of inheritance of DM in AED is polygenic, with no evidence for a single gene of large effect.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceThe estimated heritability of DM in AED is high but has low precision. Diabetes mellitus transmission in AED appears to follow a polygenic inheritance. Breeders could successfully implement a breeding program to decrease the incidence of DM in AED.
Psychometric evaluation of the Nurse Competence Scale: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Juntasopeepun Phanida , Turale Sue , Kawabata Haruka , Thientong Hunsa , Uesugi Yuko , Matsuo Hiroya 
Published: July 2019

AbstractMeasuring nurses' competence for practice is critical for quality and safety improvement in nursing care and patient outcomes. While the Nurse Competence Scale is a widely used international measure of the generic nursing competence of nurses in various career stages, it has not been used in Thailand. This study involved the forward–backward translation of the scale into Thai and evaluation of its psychometric properties with 571 nurses at one public and one private hospital in Chiang Mai, Thailand. Participants also completed a demographic form. The content validity analysis revealed that the item‐level content validity index (I‐CVI) was .90, and the scale‐level content validity index (S‐CVI/Average) was .91. The principal component analysis with varimax rotation demonstrated that the six factor structure accounted for 58.45% of the total variance. The Mann–Whitney U‐test showed a significant difference between low and high work experience groups for all six factors, providing further support for the scale's construct validity. The reliability analysis showed an acceptable level of Cronbach's alphas in six factors ranging from .82 to .88. In conclusion, the Thai version demonstrated promising psychometric properties, but requires further testing with nurses in different settings before use in practice.
Panniculitis in a 3‐year‐old child with Fanconi anemia‐associated bone marrow hypoplasia heralds transformation to acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Webber Lucy , Cummins Michelle , Mann Rebecca , Shaw Lindsay , Ghinai Rosanna , Mahon Caroline 
Published: July 2019

AbstractFanconi anemia is a rare, autosomal recessive genomic instability disorder characterized by congenital limb anomalies, panmyelopathy and a high risk of malignancy, principally acute myeloid leukemia. Hematologic malignancy presenting with acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis (Sweet syndrome), both deep and superficial forms, is well described in Fanconi anemia patients but is a rare phenomenon in otherwise healthy children. We present a case of panniculitis (presumptive subcutaneous Sweet syndrome) heralding transformation to acute myeloid leukemia in a 3‐year‐old boy with a severe Fanconi anemia phenotype.
Vampirovibrio chlorellavorus draft genome sequence, annotation, and preliminary characterization of pathogenicity determinants
Authors: Hovde Blake T. , Steichen Seth A. , Starkenburg Shawn R. , Brown Judith K. 
Published: July 2019

SUMMARYVampirovibrio chlorellavorus is recognized as a pathogen of commercially‐relevant Chlorella species. Algal infection and total loss of productivity (biomass) often occurs when susceptible algal hosts are cultivated in outdoor open pond systems. The pathogenic life cycle of this bacterium has been inferred from laboratory and field observations, and corroborated in part by the genomic analyses for two Arizona isolates recovered from an open algal reactor. V. chlorellavorus predation has been reported to occur in geographically‐ and environmentally‐diverse conditions. Genomic analyses of these and additional field isolates is expected to reveal new information about the extent of ecological diversity and genes involved in host‐pathogen interactions. The draft genome sequences for two isolates of the predatory V. chlorellavorus (Cyanobacteria; Ca. Melainabacteria) from an outdoor cultivation system located in the Arizona Sonoran Desert were assembled and annotated. The genomes were sequenced and analyzed to identify genes (proteins) with predicted involvement in predation, infection, and cell death of Chlorella host species prioritized for biofuel production at sites identified as highly suitable for algal production in the southwestern USA. Genomic analyses identified several predicted genes encoding secreted proteins that are potentially involved in pathogenicity, and at least three apparently complete sets of virulence (Vir) genes, characteristic of the VirB‐VirD type system encoding the canonical VirB1‐11 and VirD4 proteins, respectively. Additional protein functions were predicted suggesting their involvement in quorum sensing and motility. The genomes of two previously uncharacterized V. chlorellavorus isolates reveal nucleotide and protein level divergence between each other, and a previously sequenced V. chlorellavorus genome. This new knowledge will enhance the fundamental understanding of trans‐kingdom interactions between a unique cosmopolitan cyanobacterial pathogen and its green microalgal host, of broad interest as a source of harvestable biomass for biofuels or bioproducts.
The Clinton Effect? The (Non)Impact of a High‐Profile Candidate on Gender Stereotypes
Authors: Kromer Mileah , Parry Janine A. 
Published: July 2019

ObjectivesDoes the presence of a particular high‐profile female politician influence how citizens think about women in politics generally?MethodsWe randomly assigned respondents in four statewide polls either to receive a cue about Hillary Clinton followed by a battery of questions about women in politics generally, or to hear only the women in politics battery.ResultsDrawing on scholarship from social psychology about the role of exemplars in auto evaluation, our results indicate that most individuals still hold gendered perceptions toward women in public office, but also that pushing the Clinton button first neither diminishes nor aggravates gendered expectations broadly. This is true even among males and Republicans, whom past scholarship suggests would be most susceptible to exemplar effects, and regardless of whether respondents were primed to think about Clinton as a diplomat or a candidate.ConclusionsOur findings challenge the view that specific high‐profile female politicians will influence public perception of women's leadership qualifications generally.
Effects of conservation tillage drills on soil quality indicators in a wheat–oilseed rape rotation: organic carbon, earthworms and water‐stable aggregates
Authors: Giannitsopoulos Michail L. , Burgess Paul J. , Rickson R. Jane 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe effects of five conservation tillage drills with crop residue levels covering between 17% and 79% of the soil, and tillage depths ranging from 25 to 200 mm, were examined over 3 years. The tillage systems ranged from a relatively disruptive Farm System to a Low Disruption system, with three intermediate treatments labelled Sumo DTS, Claydon and Mzuri. The study involved field sites on a clay or clay loam soil, where winter wheat and oilseed rape were grown in rotation. In the clay field, the Mzuri and Low Disruption treatments, which produced the highest residue coverage, showed the greatest increase in surface total soil organic carbon (1.1 and 0.48 Mg C ha−1, respectively) between years 1 and 3. The least disruptive tillage system also resulted in the highest density of earthworms (181–228 m−2), and the most disruptive system produced the lowest densities (75–98 m−2). In the third year, the least disruptive system also showed a higher proportion of water‐stable aggregates (29.8%) than the other treatments (22.7%–25.3%). Linear regressions showed positive relationships of both soil organic carbon and earthworm density with surface residue cover, and of the proportion of water‐stable aggregates with soil organic carbon.
Caplacizumab treatment for acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (HERCULES trial)
Authors: Estcourt L. J. 
Published: July 2019

SUMMARYClinical questionIn people with acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), does caplacizumab decrease the time to normalisation of the platelet count and the risk of death and complications caused by thrombotic events and organ damage?Evidence from trialIn adults with acquired TTP, caplacizumab decreased the time to normalisation of the platelet count and decreased the risk of TTP‐related death and recurrence of TTP.
The obstetrician's role in preventing cardiometabolic disease
Authors: Hirst Jane Elizabeth , Nagraj Shobhana , Henry Amanda , Mackillop Lucy , Norton Robyn , Kennedy Stephen 
Published: July 2019

Key content

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading causes of death in women and account for the majority of deaths in women living in the UK.

Pregnancy is a ‘stress test’ for cardiometabolic conditions, identifying women at increased risk during and after pregnancy. Antenatal and postnatal care may therefore be key times for primary and secondary prevention.

Given the growing burden of cardiometabolic diseases, pressure is mounting to integrate screening, management and preventive programmes into maternity services.

Learning objectives

To be familiar with the long‐term consequences that can follow gestational diabetes and hypertensive diseases of pregnancy.

To understand the evidence for interventions before and after birth to prevent future morbidity and mortality.

To recognise the important role of obstetricians in linking secondary care with primary and preventive care services to prevent cardiovascular and metabolic diseases.

Ethical issues

What is the role of the obstetrician in contributing to women's lifelong wellbeing?
Determination of protein‐only RNase P interactome in Arabidopsis mitochondria and chloroplasts identifies a complex between PRORP1 and another NYN domain nuclease
Authors: Bouchoucha Ayoub , Waltz Florent , Bonnard Géraldine , Arrivé Mathilde , Hammann Philippe , Kuhn Lauriane , Schelcher Cédric , Zuber Hélène , Gobert Anthony , Giegé Philippe 
Published: July 2019

SummaryThe essential type of endonuclease that removes 5′ leader sequences from transfer RNA precursors is called RNase P. While ribonucleoprotein RNase P enzymes containing a ribozyme are found in all domains of life, another type of RNase P called ‘PRORP’, for ‘PROtein‐only RNase P’, is composed of protein that occurs only in a wide variety of eukaryotes, in organelles and in the nucleus. Here, to find how PRORP functions integrate with other cell processes, we explored the protein interaction network of PRORP1 in Arabidopsis mitochondria and chloroplasts. Although PRORP proteins function as single subunit enzymes in vitro, we found that PRORP1 occurs in protein complexes and is present in high‐molecular‐weight fractions that contain mitochondrial ribosomes. The analysis of immunoprecipitated protein complexes identified proteins involved in organellar gene expression processes. In particular, direct interaction was established between PRORP1 and MNU2 a mitochondrial nuclease. A specific domain of MNU2 and a conserved signature of PRORP1 were found to be directly accountable for this protein interaction. Altogether, results revealed the existence of an RNA maturation complex in Arabidopsis mitochondria and suggested that PRORP proteins cooperated with other gene expression factors for RNA maturation in vivo.