bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Efficacy and Safety of High‐Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) Therapy for Benign Thyroid Nodules—A Single Center Experience from Singapore
Authors: Prakash Prajwala S. , Oh Han Boon , Tan Wee Boon , Parameswaran Rajeev , Ngiam Kee Yuan 
Published: March 2019

AbstractBackgroundHigh‐intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) is a recent noninvasive technique of treating thyroid nodules. Our study aims to investigate the efficacy and safety of HIFU in treating benign thyroid nodules.MethodsThis is a retrospective analysis of consecutive patients who underwent HIFU of benign thyroid nodules at our institution from July 2017–2018. All procedures were performed by a single surgeon. Patients were evaluated immediately post‐procedure, and at subsequent intervals of 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months. The primary endpoint was thyroid nodule volume reduction at 6 months posttreatment. Secondary endpoints were post‐procedure local complications.ResultsTen patients with 13 thyroid nodules were included. The median follow‐up period was 426 days (range 238–573). Mean maximum diameter reduced from 2.6 cm (±0.8) pretreatment to 1.4 cm (±0.7, P < 0.05) 6 months posttreatment. Mean nodule volume reduced from 5.2 cm3 (±4.2) pretreatment to 1.5 cm3 (±1.3, P = 0.01) 6 months posttreatment. Mean volume reduction ratio (VRR) at 6 months posttreatment was 63.2% (±22.5, P < 0.05), with volume reduction of ≥50% in 10 of 13 (76.9%) nodules. Two nodules (15.4%) showed size increases from 4 months posttreatment. No patients experienced local skin burns or hematomas. Mean pain scores were 1.5 (±1.2) immediate post‐procedure, 0.8 (±1.5) at 1 week, and 0.6 (±1.2) at 1 month post‐procedure, respectively, with no reports of pain beyond 1 month. Only two (20.0%) patients had early, temporary posttreatment voice hoarseness.ConclusionOur study shows HIFU ablation to be efficacious and safe—with significant thyroid nodule volume reductions, and no significant or prolonged local complications.
Short-term risk factors for a second hip fracture in a UK population
Authors: Sheikh Hassaan Q. , Hossain Fahad S. , Khan Sayeed , Usman Mohammad , Kapoor Harish , Aqil Adeel 
Published: March 2019

AbstractIntroductionA hip fracture carries significant morbidity and mortality—a second fracture of the contralateral hip carries even higher complications. Most second hip fractures occur within 48 months of the first. The aim of this study was to comprehensively analyse all identifiable variables that may increase the risk of a contralateral hip fracture within this time period.MethodsWe retrospectively analysed 1242 consecutive patients with hip fractures presenting to our institution. All patient-related, surgery-related and inpatient variables were collected from the index admission. We then identified patients with a subsequent contralateral hip fracture in the following 2 years. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify risk factors associated with a second fracture.ResultsA total of 66 patients (5.3%) had a contralateral hip fracture in the 2 years following initial hip fracture. Mean age at first presentation was 81 years, and mean time to second fracture was 305 days. Following multivariate analysis, the patients at highest risk of a second fracture were those with dementia, acute inpatient chest infection, urinary tract infection and multiple comorbidities as measured by the Charlson score. Discharge destination after initial fracture was not associated with the risk of a second fracture.ConclusionsWe have identified a number of discrete risk factors that are associated with a short- to medium-term risk of contralateral hip fracture that may be useful in screening for patients at risk and provide them with focused medical rehabilitation.
Intergenerational transmission of delay discounting: The mediating role of household chaos
Authors: Peviani Kristin M. , Kahn Rachel E. , Maciejewski Dominique , Bickel Warren K. , Deater‐Deckard Kirby , King‐Casas Brooks , Kim‐Spoon Jungmeen 
Published: March 2019

AbstractIntroductionAdolescence is a period when impulsive decision making may be especially vulnerable to environmental influences. Impulsive decision making is often assessed using a delay discounting paradigm, which measures the preference for smaller rewards sooner over larger rewards with a delay. Research is needed to clarify the relationship between parents' and adolescents' delay discounting and to identify related environmental processes that might facilitate the intergenerational transmission of delay discounting. The current prospective longitudinal study examined the competing mediating processes of household chaos and harsh parenting in the intergenerational transmission of delay discounting between parents and adolescents.MethodsParticipants included 167 adolescents (mean age = 14.07 years at Time 1; 53% male) and their parents (mean age = 41.98 years at Time 1; 87% female) recruited from the southeast United States. Parents' delay discounting was collected at Time 1, and adolescents' delay discounting was collected both at Time 1 and at Time 3 via a computerized delay discounting task. Parents and adolescents reported household chaos and harsh parenting at Time 2.ResultsA parallel mediation model indicated that parents' delay discounting at Time 1 indirectly predicted adolescents' delay discounting Time 3 residualized change scores (regressing Time 3 delay discounting onto baseline delay discounting) through household chaos but not through harsh parenting at Time 2.ConclusionsThese results underline the importance of household chaos in facilitating the intergenerational transmission of delay discounting between parents and adolescents. Furthermore, our findings point to household chaos as a potential environmental target for interrupting intergenerational impulsivity.
GL-EQUIVARIANT MODULES OVER POLYNOMIAL RINGS IN INFINITELY MANY VARIABLES. II
Authors: SAM STEVEN V , SNOWDEN ANDREW 
Published: March 2019

Twisted commutative algebras (tca’s) have played an important role in the nascent field of representation stability. Let $A_{d}$ be the tca freely generated by $d$ indeterminates of degree 1. In a previous paper, we determined the structure of the category of $A_{1}$-modules (which is equivalent to the category of $\mathbf{FI}$-modules). In this paper, we establish analogous results for the category of $A_{d}$-modules, for any $d$. Modules over $A_{d}$ are closely related to the structures used by the authors in previous works studying syzygies of Segre and Veronese embeddings, and we hope the results of this paper will eventually lead to improvements on those works. Our results also have implications in asymptotic commutative algebra.
Motion-capture system to assess intraoperative staff movements and door openings: Impact on surrogates of the infectious risk in surgery
Authors: Birgand Gabriel , Azevedo Christine , Rukly Stephane , Pissard-Gibollet Roger , Toupet Gaëlle , Timsit Jean-François , Lucet Jean-Christophe ,   the ARIBO Study Group
Published: March 2019

AbstractObjectives:We longitudinally observed and assessed the impact of the operating room (OR) staff movements and door openings on surrogates of the exogenous infectious risk using a new technology system.Design and setting:This multicenter observational study included 13 ORs from 10 hospitals, performing planned cardiac and orthopedic surgery (total hip or knee replacement). Door openings during the surgical procedure were obtained from data collected by inertial sensors fixed on the doors. Intraoperative staff movements were captured by a network of 8 infrared cameras. For each surgical procedure, 3 microbiological air counts, longitudinal particles counts, and 1 bacteriological sample of the wound before skin closure were performed. Statistics were performed using a linear mixed model for longitudinal data.Results:We included 34 orthopedic and 25 cardiac procedures. The median frequency of door openings from incision to closure was independently associated with an increased log10 0.3 µm particle (ß, 0.03; standard deviation [SD], 0.01; P = .01) and air microbial count (ß, 0.07; SD, 0.03; P = .03) but was not significantly correlated with the wound contamination before closure (r = 0.13; P = .32). The number of persons (ß, −0.08; SD, 0.03; P &lt; .01), and the cumulated movements by the surgical team (ß, 0.0004; SD, 0.0005; P &lt; .01) were associated with log10 0.3 µm particle counts.Conclusions:This study has demonstrated a previously missing association between intraoperative staff movements and surrogates of the exogenous risk of surgical site infection. Restriction of staff movements and door openings should be considered for the control of the intraoperative exogenous infectious risk.
Drag force on an accelerating submerged plate
Authors: Grift E. J. , Vijayaragavan N. B. , Tummers M. J. , Westerweel J. 
Published: March 2019

We present results on the drag on, and the flow field around, a submerged rectangular normal flat plate, which is uniformly accelerated to a constant target velocity along a straight path. The plate aspect ratio is chosen to be$AR=2$to resemble an oar blade in (competitive) rowing, the sport which inspired this study. The plate depth, i.e. the distance from the top of the plate to the air–water interface, the plate acceleration and the plate target velocity are varied, resulting in a plate width based Reynolds number of$4\times 10^{4}\lesssim Re\lesssim 8\times 10^{4}$. In our analysis we distinguish three phases; (i) the acceleration phase during which the plate drag is enhanced, (ii) the transition phase during which the plate drag decreases to a constant steady value upon which (iii) the steady phase is reached. The plate drag force is measured as function of time which showed that the steady-phase plate drag at a depth of$1/5$plate height (20 mm depth for a plate height of 100 mm) increased by 45 % compared to the plate top at the surface (0 mm). Also, it is shown that the drag force during acceleration of the plate increases over time and is not captured by a single added mass coefficient for prolonged accelerations. Instead, an entrainment rate is defined that captures this behaviour. The formation of starting vortices and the wake development during the time of acceleration and transition towards a steady wake are studied using hydrogen bubble flow visualisations and particle image velocimetry. The formation time, as proposed by Gharibet al.(J. Fluid Mech., vol. 360, 1998, pp. 121–140), appears to be a universal time scale for the vortex formation during the transition phase.
Multidimensional regular C-fraction with independent variables corresponding to formal multiple power series
Authors: Dmytryshyn R. I. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractIn the paper the correspondence between a formal multiple power series and a special type of branched continued fractions, the so-called ‘multidimensional regular C-fractions with independent variables’ is analysed providing with an algorithm based upon the classical algorithm and that enables us to compute from the coefficients of the given formal multiple power series, the coefficients of the corresponding multidimensional regular C-fraction with independent variables. A few numerical experiments show, on the one hand, the efficiency of the proposed algorithm and, on the other, the power and feasibility of the method in order to numerically approximate certain multivariable functions from their formal multiple power series.
Regularity results for the 2D critical Oldroyd-B model in the corotational case
Authors: Ye Zhuan 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThis paper studies the regularity results of classical solutions to the two-dimensional critical Oldroyd-B model in the corotational case. The critical case refers to the full Laplacian dissipation in the velocity or the full Laplacian dissipation in the non-Newtonian part of the stress tensor. Whether or not their classical solutions develop finite time singularities is a difficult problem and remains open. The object of this paper is two-fold. Firstly, we establish the global regularity result to the case when the critical case occurs in the velocity and a logarithmic dissipation occurs in the non-Newtonian part of the stress tensor. Secondly, when the critical case occurs in the non-Newtonian part of the stress tensor, we first present many interesting global a priori bounds, then establish a conditional global regularity in terms of the non-Newtonian part of the stress tensor. This criterion comes naturally from our approach to obtain a global L∞-bound for the vorticity ω.
Violence Exposure and Ethnic Identification: Evidence from Kashmir
Authors: Nair Gautam , Sambanis Nicholas 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThis article studies the conditions that lead peripheral minorities to identify with the state, their ethnic group, or neighboring countries. We contribute to research on separatism and irredentism by examining how violence, psychological distance, and national status determine identification. The analysis uses data from a novel experiment that randomized videos of actual violence in a large, representative survey of the Kashmir Valley region in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir, an enduring site of separatist and irredentist conflict. We find that a strong regional identity is a counterweight to irredentism, but violent repression by the state can push members of the minority to identify with an irredentist neighbor. Violence increases perceived distance from the nation and reduces national identification. There is suggestive evidence that these effects are concentrated among individuals with attributes that otherwise predict higher levels of identification with the state. Information about integrative institutions and increased national status brought about by economic growth is insufficient to induce national identification in a context where psychological distance from the nation is large.
Malacosporean myxozoans exploit a diversity of fish hosts
Authors: Naldoni Juliana , Adriano Edson A. , Hartigan Ashlie , Sayer Carl , Okamura Beth 
Published: March 2019

AbstractMyxozoans are widespread and common endoparasites of fish with complex life cycles, infecting vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. There are two classes: Myxosporea and Malacosporea. To date about 2500 myxosporean species have been described. By comparison, there are only five described malacosporean species. Malacosporean development in the invertebrate hosts (freshwater bryozoans) has been relatively well studied but is poorly known in fish hosts. Our aim was to investigate the presence and development of malacosporeans infecting a diversity of fish from Brazil, Europe and the USA. We examined kidney from 256 fish belonging variously to the Salmonidae, Cyprinidae, Nemacheilidae, Esocidae, Percidae, Polyodontidae, Serrasalmidae, Cichlidae and Pimelodidae. Malacosporean infections were detected and identified by polymerase chain reaction and small subunit ribosomal DNA sequencing, and the presence of sporogonic stages was evaluated by ultrastructural examination. We found five malacosporean infections in populations of seven European fish species (brown trout, rainbow trout, white fish, dace, roach, gudgeon and stone loach). Ultrastructural analyses revealed sporogonic stages in kidney tubules of three fish species (brown trout, roach and stone loach), providing evidence that fish belonging to at least three families are true hosts. These results expand the range of fish hosts exploited by malacosporeans to complete their life cycle.
Psychological interventions for ICD-11 complex PTSD symptoms: systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Karatzias Thanos , Murphy Philip , Cloitre Marylene , Bisson Jonathan , Roberts Neil , Shevlin Mark , Hyland Philip , Maercker Andreas , Ben-Ezra Menachem , Coventry Peter , Mason-Roberts Susan , Bradley Aoife , Hutton Paul 
Published: March 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe 11th revision to the WHO International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) identified complex post-traumatic stress disorder (CPTSD) as a new condition. There is a pressing need to identify effective CPTSD interventions.MethodsWe conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of psychological interventions for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), where participants were likely to have clinically significant baseline levels of one or more CPTSD symptom clusters (affect dysregulation, negative self-concept and/or disturbed relationships). We searched MEDLINE, PsycINFO, EMBASE and PILOTS databases (January 2018), and examined study and outcome quality.ResultsFifty-one RCTs met inclusion criteria. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), exposure alone (EA) and eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR) were superior to usual care for PTSD symptoms, with effects ranging from g = −0.90 (CBT; k = 27, 95% CI −1.11 to −0.68; moderate quality) to g = −1.26 (EMDR; k = 4, 95% CI −2.01 to −0.51; low quality). CBT and EA each had moderate–large or large effects on negative self-concept, but only one trial of EMDR provided useable data. CBT, EA and EMDR each had moderate or moderate–large effects on disturbed relationships. Few RCTs reported affect dysregulation data. The benefits of all interventions were smaller when compared with non-specific interventions (e.g. befriending). Multivariate meta-regression suggested childhood-onset trauma was associated with a poorer outcome.ConclusionsThe development of effective interventions for CPTSD can build upon the success of PTSD interventions. Further research should assess the benefits of flexibility in intervention selection, sequencing and delivery, based on clinical need and patient preferences.
Strategic Violence during Democratization: Evidence from Myanmar
Authors: Christensen Darin , Nguyen Mai , Sexton Renard 
Published: March 2019

abstractDemocratic transitions are often followed by conflict. This article explores one explanation: the military’s strategic use of violence to retain control of economically valuable regions. The authors uncover this dynamic in Myanmar, a country transitioning from four decades of military rule. Fearing that the new civilian government will assert authority over jade mining, the military initiated violence in mining townships. Using geocoded data on conflict and jade mines, the authors find evidence for this strategic use of violence. As Myanmar started to transition in 2011, conflicts instigated by the military in jademining areas sharply rose. The article also addresses alternative explanations, including a shift in the military’s strategy, colocation of mines and military headquarters, commodity prices, opposition to a controversial dam, and trends specific to Kachin State. With implications beyond Myanmar, the authors argue that outgoing generals can use instability to retain rents where plausible challengers to state authority provide a pretense for violence.
Path to Centralization and Development: Evidence from Siam
Authors: Paik Christopher , Vechbanyongratana Jessica 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThis article investigates the role of colonial pressure on state centralization and its relationship to subsequent development by analyzing the influence of Western colonial threats on Siam’s internal political reform. Unlike other countries in the region, Siam remained independent by adopting geographical administrative boundaries and incorporating its traditional governance structures into a new, centralized governance system. The authors find that the order in which areas were integrated into the centralized system depended on the interaction between precentralization political structures and proximity to British and French territorial claims. The authors show that areas centralized early in the process had higher levels of infrastructure investment and public goods provision at the time the centralization process was completed in 1915 than those centralized later in the process. They also show that early centralization during the Western colonial era continued to be strongly associated with higher levels of public goods provision and economic development, and that this relationship persists today.
A Novel Robust Model Reference Adaptive Impedance Control Scheme for an Active Transtibial Prosthesis
Authors: Heidarzadeh Siamak , Sharifi Mojtaba , Salarieh Hassan , Alasty Aria 
Published: March 2019

SummaryIn this paper, a novel robust model reference adaptive impedance control (RMRAIC) scheme is presented for an active transtibial ankle prosthesis. The controller makes the closed loop dynamics of the prosthesis similar to a reference impedance model and provides asymptotic tracking of the response trajectory of this impedance model. The interactions between human and prosthesis are taken into account by designing a second-order reference impedance model. The proposed controller is robust against parametric uncertainties in the nonlinear dynamic model of the prosthesis. Also, the controller has robustness against bounded uncertainties due to unavailable ground reaction forces and unmeasurable feedbacks of accelerations at the socket place. Moreover, an appropriate Series Elastic Actuator (SEA) mechanism for the prosthetic ankle is included in this work and its effects are discussed. Tracking performance and stability of the closed-loop system are proven via the Lyapunov stability analysis. Using simulations on an overall amputee prosthetic foot system, the effectiveness of the proposed RMRAIC controller is investigated for the task of level ground walking.
Two Steps Forward, One Step Back: Chinese State Reactions to Labour Unrest
Authors: Elfstrom Manfred 
Published: March 2019

AbstractWhat impact is the current rise in workplace conflict having on governance in China? This article argues that, over time, protests are driving the state in two directions at once: towards greater repression and greater responsiveness. Using an original dataset of strikes, protests and riots by Chinese workers between 2003 and 2012, along with government budgetary and judicial statistics, the article demonstrates that significant, positive correlations exist at the provincial level between increased unrest on the one hand and both increased spending on the People's Armed Police (repression) and increasing numbers of pro-worker and split decisions in mediation, arbitration and court cases (responsiveness) on the other. Feedback effects exist with regard to responsiveness, though: more cases in which workers win something in turn seem to spur greater unrest. The article closes by noting the changes since Xi Jinping took office and examining the implications of the findings for China's political development.
Producing the Morally Captive Guest: Discourse and Power in Gratitude Education of Migrant Children in Beijing
Authors: Li Miao , Xiong Yihan 
Published: March 2019

AbstractTo promote a prosocial conscience and behaviour, gratitude education has long been perceived as an effective intervention in formal schooling. Built upon the Foucauldian account of the mutually constitutive relationship between knowledge and power, this paper investigates how an urban school for largely poor and low-income children of migrant workers in Beijing constructed and transmitted knowledge and discourses on gratitude. The authors argue that the students are positioned as what we term “morally captive guests”1 who possess an inferior position in the moral life compared to urbanites, and who are perceived as an instrument for attracting resources and attention to the lower-ranked school. This schooling reproduces extant class relations, whereas the student resistance questions practices of graduating citizenship and educational inequalities.