bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Urbanization and Oppida
Authors: Fichtl Stephan 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The first examples of urbanization in Celtic Europe were the princely residences of the early Iron Age, but it was not until the late third century BC that urban centres began to flourish across Europe. The first were open settlements, followed by fortified oppida. Characterized by very large surface areas (up to hundreds of hectares) and defended by ramparts with strong symbolic and ostentatious connotations, oppida are widely considered the first cities north of the Alps. Craft and commercial activities were prominent, but they were also important political and religious centres, displaying a coherent internal organization, with functional zoning and public spaces. Oppida appeared in the late second century BC, disappearing in the mid-first century BC in the east, but surviving until the Augustan period in Gaul. The structuring of Gaulish civitas territories implies that some oppida were true capitals.
Trade and Exchange
Authors: Gosden Chris 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
This chapter challenges prevailing paradigms which have structured discussion of trade and exchange in Iron Age Europe around the dichotomies of gifts vs commodities, or socially generated exchanges in the earlier Iron Age vs production for profit in the later Iron Age. It begins by reviewing the debate on markets and gifts, and what is still useful, and goes on to suggest new directions for research, focusing more on what brought people together as much as the items exchanged. Early Iron Age links between the Mediterranean and Europe north of the Alps are reconsidered in the light of recent work, with a focus on the Heuneburg and Massalia. For the later period, the role of oppida is considered; evidence of production for profit is absent from many areas, and the long-distance exchanges evident at oppida were part of broader European links connected to changes in power and identity.
Food, Foodways, and Subsistence
Authors: Küster Hansjörg 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
In the first millennium BC, three major subsistence ‘belts’ can be distinguished in Europe: one around the Mediterranean, a second in temperate Europe, and the third in the north. Shifting colonization was still practised in places, but cereal farming was well developed across most of the continent, with less amenable soils now brought into cultivation. Farmers relied on at least two cereal crops, sometimes with millet cultivated as a third cereal, possibly for fodder. Cultivated legumes included beans, peas, and lentils, while linseed was the predominant oil plant, and was also used for textiles, along with hemp. Rare finds of exotica, such as walnuts, figs, vines, and spices were imports from the Mediterranean zone. Woodland exploitation is also considered. During the Roman Iron Age, new crops and agricultural innovations are seen in areas beyond the limes. Along with iron technology, these laid the foundations for the early medieval farming system.
Horses, Wagons, and Chariots
Authors: Rebay-Salisbury Katharina 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
It is hard to imagine the Iron Age without horses, as they played an important part in identity formation and status expression of Iron Age elites. This article illustrates their role as riding, pack, and draught animals in peace and war, as useful companions for hunting and partners in sport, as aids in agriculture, providers of milk and, in the end, meat and hides. Four-wheeled ceremonial wagons and two-wheeled chariots were status symbols in funerary and ritual contexts, and some Iron Age communities in central and eastern Europe even buried horses. Images of horses and their riders, and of gods and goddesses connected with horses further demonstrate their role in Iron Age religion across the continent. This chapter describes some of the regional patterns of how humans engaged with horses in Iron Age Europe.
Writing, Writers, and Iron Age Europe
Authors: Briggs Daphne Nash 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
This chapter has two parts. The first describes the origins, types, and uses of alphabetic and semi-syllabic writing systems in Iron Age Europe from the eighth century BC to c.AD 1000, and their spread through three main networks of long-range contact and exchange. It illustrates the typical progression from short labels naming craftsmen, owners, and the dead, to practical records of contracts and law codes, then canonical versions of elite oral tradition, and the ultimate generalized literacy of the urban civilizations. Inscribed coinage provides well-dated evidence in many otherwise non-literate places. The second part reviews first-hand accounts by travellers, historians, and geographers, from Hecataeus (c.550–476 BC) to Ahmad Ibn Fadlan and Adam of Bremen (tenth to eleventh centuries AD), tracking incremental changes over time in the range of what was known, and in motives for writing about foreign peoples.
History of Neuropsychology in Germany
Authors: Eling Paul 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
German neuroscientists played a crucial role in the foundation of neuropsychology. In the 19th century, Gall formulated new assumptions with respect to the nature and localization of mental functions in the brain. Wernicke popularized an approach in which mental functions were represented as networks of centers of more elementary functions. His followers, like Kussmaul, Lissauer and Liepmann, using this approach, created influential theories of aphasia, agnosia, and apraxia. In the 20th century, Goldstein and others opposed to this approach, arguing in favor of a more holistic view of the behavior of brain-injured patients. Many neuropsychological tests originate from assessment and rehabilitation procedures developed in German clinics for brain-injured soldiers. Because of the Nazi regime, individuals like Goldstein, Quadfasel, and Teuber emigrated to the United States and there contributed significantly to the rise of modern neuropsychology. From the 1960s, Poeck played a significant role in the “resurrection” of neuropsychology in Germany.
The Art and Archaeology of the Giza Plateau
Authors: Flentye Laurel 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe pyramid complexes of kings Khufu, Khafra, and Menkaura of the Fourth Dynasty of the Old Kingdom period with their surrounding cemeteries at the Giza Necropolis contribute to our understanding of the development of a royal necropolis. Although there is evidence for pre-Fourth Dynasty settlement and burial, Khufu’s pyramid complex of the early Fourth Dynasty included a decorative program with reliefs and presumably statuary; while the decoration of the mastabas ranges from slab stelae and reserve heads to fully decorated chapels. Khafra’s and Menkaura’s pyramid complexes of the mid to late Fourth Dynasty probably focused more on statuary reflecting an evolving ideology of kingship. The quarrying of local limestone provided the necessary core blocks for the pyramids and mastabas, creating areas for the Sphinx and rock-cut tombs of the late Fourth Dynasty into the Fifth. The Heit el-Ghurab settlement (HeG), a center of production, and the tombs of the pyramid builders also contribute to our understanding of the necropolis’ functioning and its hierarchical structure. Giza continued to be used for burial through the Late Period.
Incidence, Risk Factors, and Definition for Nonunion in Pediatric Lateral Condyle Fractures
Authors: Pace J. Lee , Arkader Alexandre , Sousa Ted , Broom Alexander M. , Shabtai Lior 
Published: March 2018

Introduction:
Lateral condyle fractures are a common pediatric elbow injury. Nonunion is a known complication of this injury but its incidence and causative risk factors are unknown. Further, a clear and consistent definition of nonunion for pediatric lateral condyle fractures does not exist. The purpose of this study is to determine the rate of nonunion, the risk factors associated with it and to provide a clear definition.

Methods:
A retrospective chart review of all pediatric lateral condyle fractures treated at an urban, tertiary pediatric care center between 2001 and 2014. Data collected included demographics, Weiss classification, type of treatment, follow-up, time from injury to surgery and complications. For patients with nonunions, additional treatments and final range of motion were also recorded. A nonunion was defined as lack of callus with fragment migration by 8 weeks after initiation of treatment.

Results:
A total of 530 patients were identified of which 500 were available for review. There were 7/500 (1.4%) nonunions in the cohort. Nonunion occurred in 1.4% (2/140) of type I fractures, 0% (0 /178) of type II fractures, and 3% (5/168) of type III fractures. The only significant risk factor for nonunion was the presence of a type III fracture (P=0.05). Five patients with nonunion underwent revision surgery with a partially threaded cannulated cancellous screw. All of these patients went on to union. Four of the 5 patients had their screws removed after union.

Conclusion:
Nonunion after pediatric lateral condyle fracture is rare and is defined by lack of any callus with fragment migration at 8 weeks. The only significant risk factor for nonunion development was the presence of a type III fracture. Revision surgery with a partially threaded screw achieved union in all cases.

Level of Evidence:
Level IV—retrospective case review.
Childhood Obesity is Associated With Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Knee, Ankle, and Elbow in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Kessler Jeffrey I. , Jacobs John C. , Cannamela Peter C. , Shea Kevin G. , Weiss Jennifer M. 
Published: March 2018

Background:
Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) is a joint disorder of the subchondral bone and articular cartilage whose association with obesity in children is not clearly known. The purpose of this study was to assess the magnitude of the association between childhood obesity and the occurrence of OCD of the knee, ankle, and elbow in children.

Methods:
A retrospective chart review of an integrated health system was performed on OCD patients aged 2 to 19 from 2007 to 2011, with over 1 million patients in this cohort. Lesion location, laterality, and all patient demographics were recorded. The body mass index (BMI) for each patient in the cohort was used to stratify patients into 5 weight classes (underweight, normal weight, overweight, moderately obese, and extremely obese) based on BMI-for-age. The associations between the 5 weight classes and OCD of the ankle, knee, and elbow were assessed using multiple logistic regression models to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals using multivariate analysis to adjust for patient demographic variables.

Results:
In total, 269 patients fit the inclusion criteria. Mean BMI, both absolute and percentile, was significantly higher for patients with OCD of the knee, elbow, and ankle than patients without OCD. In the multivariate analysis, extremely obese patients were found to have an increased OR of OCD for all patients, with an 86% increased risk of any OCD compared with normal weight patients. In addition, assessment by different types of OCD revealed that extremely obese patients had an increased OR of OCD of the elbow and ankle individually, with a 3.1 times increased OCD elbow risk and 3.0 times increased risk of ankle OCD in extremely obese patients. Although extremely obese patients did not have a statistically significant increased risk of knee OCD, moderately obese patients did have a 1.8 times increased risk of knee OCD as compared with normal weight children. There were no significantly different risks of any type of OCD seen in overweight or underweight patients as compared with normal weight patients.

Conclusions:
In this population-based cohort study, extreme obesity is strongly associated with an increased risk of OCD overall and OCD of the elbow and ankle specifically. In addition, moderate obesity is associated with an increased risk of knee OCD. All types of OCD were also found to have a significantly greater average BMI when compared with patients without OCD.

Level of Evidence:
Level IV—descriptive epidemiology study.
Overall Survival Results of the Feasibility Study of Adjuvant Chemotherapy With Docetaxel Plus Cisplatin Followed by Long-term Single-agent Administration of S-1 in Patients With Completely Resected Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Niho Seiji , Ikeda Norihiko , Michimae Hiroshi , Suzuki Kenji , Sakai Hiroshi , Kaburagi Takayuki , Yoshiya Katsuo , Minato Koichi , Kato Terufumi , Okamoto Hiroaki , Seto Takashi , Hosomi Yukio , Shimizu Kimihiro , Saito Haruhiro , Tsuchida Masanori , Kunitoh Hideo , Tsuboi Masahiro , Takeuchi Masahiro , Watanabe Koshiro 
Published: March 2018

Objectives:
The TORG0809 study was a multicenter feasibility study of long-term single-agent therapy with S-1 after docetaxel plus cisplatin therapy in patients with completely resected stage II or stage IIIA non–small cell lung cancer. We report the results of the final overall survival (OS) analysis.

Patients and Methods:
A total of 129 eligible patients received 3 cycles of docetaxel (60 mg/m2, day 1) plus cisplatin (80 mg/m2, day 1), followed by S-1 at 40 mg/m2 twice daily for 14 consecutive days, for >6 months (maximum, 1 y).

Results:
At the cutoff date of April 13, 2016, the median follow-up time was 6.0 years. Of the 129 patients, 43 had died, and 74 patients developed disease recurrence or died. The median OS had not been reached. The 5-year OS rate was 71% [95% confidence interval (CI), 62-78]. The 5-year OS rates in the patients with stage II and stage IIIA were 76% and 68%, respectively. The median recurrence-free survival (RFS) duration was 3.4 years (95% CI, 2.3-5.7). The 5-year RFS rate was 44% (95% CI, 36-53). The 5-year RFS rates in patients with stage II and stage IIIA disease were 57% and 38%, respectively. Disease recurrence occurred in 68 patients, and 62 of these patients received second-line chemotherapy. The most common sites of recurrence were the brain (n=22) and mediastinal lymph nodes (n=22).

Conclusion:
The survival data obtained from this study are promising and comparable to those reported from a previous study conducted in Japan.
Keratoprosthesis Decentration and Tilt Results in Degradation in Image Quality
Authors: Helms Richard W. , Zhao Xiaowei , Sayegh Rony R. 
Published: March 2018

Purpose:
To study the effect of decentration and tilt of the type I Boston keratoprosthesis (KPro) on image quality in both aphakic and pseudophakic eyes.

Methods:
An optical ray-tracing program was used to simulate the image projected onto the retina in an eye with a perfectly centered KPro, and in eyes with varying degrees of KPro decentration and tilt. Decentration was modeled along a typical white-to-white distance of 12.0 mm, and the corresponding tilt was calculated assuming a radius of curvature of 8.0 mm, the radius of curvature of the backplate of the KPro. Both aphakic and pseudophakic eyes were simulated, and the corresponding modulation transfer function curves, point spread functions, and astigmatism were analyzed.

Results:
The perfectly centered KPro produced a high-quality image with no induced astigmatism. Increasing decentration beyond approximately 0.5 mm resulted in poorer image quality with a more pronounced effect in the presence of an intraocular lens. Using models of the normal eye as a threshold, image degradation due to decentration becomes clinically significant at approximately 1.4 mm and 0.9 mm for the aphakic and pseudophakic cases, respectively. Astigmatism introduced by decentration is approximately 0.25 D cylinders at those thresholds.

Conclusions:
Decentration of up to 0.5 mm had no significant impact on image quality and an attempt at good intraoperative centration of the KPro within this range is important. Conversely, decentration of 0.9 mm or more during surgical implantation can result in significant degradation in retinal image quality including astigmatism. The effect is greater in the pseudophakic eye.
Scleral Shape and Its Correlations With Corneal Astigmatism
Authors: Consejo Alejandra , Rozema Jos J. 
Published: March 2018

Purpose:
To assess the correlation between the scleral shape and corneal astigmatism.

Methods:
Twenty-two participants (11 nonastigmatic and 11 astigmatic) aged from 19 to 36 years and with no previous ocular surgeries were included in this study. Three-dimensional (3D) corneoscleral maps from both eyes (44 eyes) were acquired using a corneoscleral topographer (Eye Surface Profiler). Each 3D map was split into 13 concentric annuli, each 0.5-mm wide, starting at 1.0-mm radius from the corneal apex to the scleral periphery at 7.5 mm from the apex. Each ring was fitted to a quadratic function of the radial distance to the apex, to calculate the elevation difference between the raw data and the fitting surface ring. For each ring, the resulting elevation difference between the original and fit data profile was fit to a sum of sine function. Decentration and astigmatic terms obtained from the sinusoidal fit were analyzed and compared between nonastigmatic and astigmatic groups.

Results:
In astigmatic eyes, corneal and scleral asymmetry are highly correlated, but both appear independent of each other in nonastigmatic eyes. No significant difference between astigmatic and nonastigmatic eyes was found for the decentration term [P > 0.05/N (Bonferroni)], whereas for the astigmatic component, the differences were statistically significant [P < 0.05/N (Bonferroni)].

Conclusions:
Corneal and scleral shapes are correlated in astigmatic eyes, which suggests that astigmatism is not restricted to the cornea but should rather be considered a property of the entire eye globe.
Large Balloon Dilatation Versus Mechanical Lithotripsy After Endoscopic Sphincterotomy in the Management of Large Common Bile Duct Stones in Cirrhotic Patients
Authors: Radwan Mohamed I. , Emara Mohamed H. , Ibrahim Ibrahim M. , Moursy Mahmoud E. 
Published: March 2018

Background and Study Aim:
Removal of large common bile duct (CBD) stones is one of the challenges faced during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, and it seems more difficult in cirrhotic patients because of suspected higher rates of adverse events, especially bleeding diathesis. This study aimed at comparing the success rate and complications between mechanical lithotripsy (ML) and large balloon dilation (LBD) after endoscopic sphincterotomy in patients with liver cirrhosis.

Patients and Methods:
Ninety-eight cirrhotic patients with calcular obstructive jaundice were included and randomly divided into 2 groups: group A comprising 49 patients treated by LBD and group B comprising 49 patients treated by ML. All patients underwent sphincterotomy initially. All patients were subjected to thorough history taking and complete clinical examination. Pancreatic enzyme concentrations were measured 4 hours before and 24 hours after the procedure, and complete blood cell count and liver function tests were performed before and the morning after the procedure. Before and during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, stone size and number were verified.

Results:
The success rate for CBD clearance was 98% and 93.8% for LBD and ML, respectively. The rate of adverse events in this study was 10.2% (10/98), and bleeding was the commonest reported complication (5/10). Group B developed more (16.3%) adverse events than group A (4.1%), and the difference was statistically significant (P=0.04).

Conclusion:
Endoscopic sphincterotomy followed by LBD is a safe and effective treatment for large CBD stones in cirrhotic patients in comparison with sphincterotomy followed by ML.
Carbon Dioxide Insufflation Increases Colonoscopic Adenoma Detection Rate Compared With Air Insufflation
Authors: Mills Christopher D. , McCamley Chere , Swan Michael P. 
Published: March 2018

Goals:
To determine the effect of carbon dioxide insufflation on the most important outcome measure of colonoscopic quality: adenoma detection rate (ADR).

Background:
Bowel cancer is the second most common cause of cancer deaths in males and females in Australia. Carbon dioxide has in recent times become the insufflation methodology of choice for screening colonoscopy for bowel cancer, as this has been shown to have significant advantages when compared with traditional air insufflation.

Study:
Endoscopies performed over a period of 9 months immediately before and after the implementation of carbon dioxide insufflation at endoscopy centers were eligible for inclusion.

Results:
The difference in ADR between the carbon dioxide and air insufflation methods was statistically significant, with an increased ADR in the carbon dioxide group. The superiority of carbon dioxide insufflation was sustained with a logistic regression model, which showed ADR was significantly impacted by insufflation method.

Conclusions:
Carbon dioxide insufflation is known to reduce abdominal pain, postprocedural duration of abdominal pain, abdominal distension, and analgesic requirements. This study represents for the first time the beneficial effect of carbon dioxide insufflation upon the key quality colonoscopy indicator of ADR.
Lacrimal Drainage Obstruction and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
Authors: Rim Tyler Hyungtaek , Ko JaeSang , Kim Sung Soo , Yoon Jin Sook 
Published: March 2018

Goals:
This study aimed to evaluate the association between gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and development of lacrimal drainage obstruction (LDO).

Background:
It has been hypothesized that GERD may contribute toward the development of LDO.

Study:
This was a retrospective study of Koreans aged 40 to 79 years registered in the Korean National Health Screening Cohort from 2002 to 2013. Incident cases of LDO were identified according to the Korean Classification of Disease. We compared hazard ratios (HRs) for LDO between 22,570 patients with GERD and 112,850 patients without GERD by 1:5 propensity score-matched analysis.

Results:
A total of 135,420 patients, representing 1,237,909 person-years, were evaluated. LDO developed in 1998 (8.9%) patients with GERD and 8565 (7.6%) patients without GERD (P<0.001). The incidence of LDO per 1000 person-years in patients with GERD was 9.7 and 8.3 in those without GERD; the age-adjusted and sex-adjusted HR was 1.17 (95% confidence interval, 1.11-1.23). This association between GERD and LDO was more pronounced among younger individuals (HR, 1.20 for patients 40 to 59-y old; HR, 1.12 for patients 60 to 79-y old) and among men (HR, 1.20 for men; HR, 1.14 for women). Patients with GERD had a higher risk of LDO than those without GERD, irrespective of history of proton-pump inhibitor use. In the sensitivity analysis, GERD patients with esophagitis had a higher risk of LDO than those without esophagitis.

Conclusions:
Our findings suggest that GERD is associated with an increased risk of subsequent LDO and that this effect is more pronounced among adults aged 40 to 59-years old and men.