bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Becoming Breastfeeding Friendly Index: Development and application for scaling‐up breastfeeding programmes globally
Authors: Pérez‐Escamilla Rafael , Hromi‐Fiedler Amber J. , Gubert Muriel Bauermann , Doucet Katie , Meyers Sara , dos Santos Buccini Gabriela 
Published: February 2018

AbstractGlobal efforts to further improve exclusive breastfeeding rates have not been successful, in part because effective scaling‐up frameworks and roadmaps have not been developed. The Becoming Breastfeeding Friendly (BBF) toolbox includes an evidence‐based index, the BBF Index (BBFI), to guide the development and tracking of large scale, well‐coordinated, multisector national breastfeeding promotion programmes. This paper describes the development of the BBFI, which is grounded in the Breastfeeding Gear Model complex adaptive systems framework. The BBFI was developed by the BBF Steering Committee in collaboration with a high‐level Technical Advisory Group following the Delphi consensus methodology. Key benchmarks and definitions were informed by evidence‐based health, nutrition, and newborn survival initiatives identified from the academic and grey literature. The BBFI consists of 8 gears (54 benchmarks): Advocacy (4); Political Will (3); Legislation and Policies (10); Funding and Resources (4); Training and Program Delivery (17); Promotion (3); Research and Evaluation (10); and Coordination, Goals, and Monitoring (3). Scores are generated for 8 gear scores plus a total country score to gauge the scaling‐up enabling environment. The BBFI provides an evidence‐based index to assist countries in (a) assessing their readiness to scale up breastfeeding programmes and (b) tracking scaling‐up progress.
The co‐occurrence of anaemia and stunting in young children
Authors: Gosdin Lucas , Martorell Reynaldo , Bartolini Rosario M. , Mehta Rukshan , Srikantiah Sridhar , Young Melissa F. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractAnaemia and stunting are prevalent nutritional problems among children of low‐income countries that have profound effects on development, morbidity, and mortality. Many use a single conceptual framework to identify the basic determinants of these and other forms of malnutrition. One would expect that problems with matching underlying determinants should co‐occur in affected individuals to a greater degree than by chance. In 2 populations of children—ages 6–18 months in Bihar, India, (n = 5,664) and 6–36 months in Lambayeque, Peru (n = 688)—we measured the frequency of the co‐occurrence of anaemia and stunting. We compared this value with the value expected by chance, the product of the prevalence of anaemia and stunting, using a chi‐square test. We also built logistic regression models for each condition. The frequency of co‐occurrence in the Indian population was 21.5%, and in the Peruvian population, it was 30.4%, which are similar to frequencies expected by chance, 21.3% (p = .97) and 31.5% (p = .85). In Peru, anaemia was associated with age and consumption of treated water. Stunting was associated with age, sex, dietary diversity, hand washing, language spoken, and wealth. In India, anaemia was associated with age, sex, caste, dietary diversity, and household hunger. Stunting was associated with age, sex, caste, wealth, and maternal illiteracy. Despite some basic shared factors, anaemia and stunting are more independent than commonly assumed. Interventions that target children based on 1 condition may miss children with the other form of malnutrition.
Cryo‐electron tomography analyses of terminal organelle mutants suggest the motility mechanism of Mycoplasma genitalium
Authors: Seybert Anja , Gonzalez‐Gonzalez Luis , Scheffer Margot P. , Lluch‐Senar Maria , Mariscal Ana M. , Querol Enrique , Matthaeus Franziska , Piñol Jaume , Frangakis Achilleas S. 
Published: February 2018

SummaryThe terminal organelle of Mycoplasma genitalium is responsible for bacterial adhesion, motility and pathogenicity. Localized at the cell tip, it comprises an electron‐dense core that is anchored to the cell membrane at its distal end and to the cytoplasm at its proximal end. The surface of the terminal organelle is also covered with adhesion proteins. We performed cellular cryoelectron tomography on deletion mutants of eleven proteins that are implicated in building the terminal organelle, to systematically analyze the ultrastructural effects. These data were correlated with microcinematographies, from which the motility patterns can be quantitatively assessed. We visualized diverse phenotypes, ranging from mild to severe cell adhesion, motility and segregation defects. Based on our observations, we propose a double‐spring ratchet model for the motility mechanism that explains our current and previous observations. Our model, which expands and integrates the previously suggested inchworm model, allocates specific functions to each of the essential components of this unique bacterial motility system.
Applied zooarchaeology and Oregon Coast sea otters (Enhydra lutris)
Authors: Wellman Hannah P. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe sea otter (Enhydra lutris) was nearly driven to extinction on the Pacific Coast in the 19th century due to intensive commercial hunting and the maritime fur trade. Despite successful reintroduction efforts elsewhere in North America, the Oregon sea otter population remains locally extirpated and listed as endangered. Prior study addressed precontact sea otter teeth from Oregon and found they were not significantly different in absolute size from modern California sea otter (Enhydra lutris nereis) teeth, and smaller than modern Alaska sea otter (Enhydra lutris lutris) teeth. These geographic groupings were later confirmed by an ancient DNA study. The conclusion that distinct geographic populations exist based on tooth size was founded on small samples. Larger samples of teeth, as well as new data on humeri and femora, indicate dimensions vary significantly along a latitudinal cline from California to Alaska. Morphometric analyses of ancient animal remains can be used to examine spatial relationships of phenotypic features and inform conservation biology decisions.
The metabolic cost of swimming and reproduction in harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) as predicted by a bioenergetic model
Authors: Gallagher Cara A. , Stern S. Jonathan , Hines Ellen 
Published: February 2018

AbstractWhile harbor porpoises currently enter San Francisco Bay year‐round, evidence suggests a disappearance that spanned approximately 65 yr. The range of energetic costs of basal metabolism, locomotion, thermoregulation, and reproduction was estimated for porpoises, using a velocity‐dependent bioenergetic model to estimate the potential food requirements of this returning predator. The costs of thermoregulation and locomotion varied with velocity while basal metabolism and reproduction did not. The total metabolic rate in W was analyzed for all possible adult reproductive states. Estimated biomass uptake in kg/d for a 68.5 ± 26.5 km daily swimming distance was assessed using a mixed diet of northern anchovy and rockfish for all possible reproductive states and was found to be highest for simultaneously pregnant and lactating females (4.1 ± 1.6 kg/d) and lowest for male porpoises (1.7 ± 0.6 kg/d). Total energy requirements found for harbor porpoises ranged from 79.3 ± 29.0 W to 186.0 ± 58.5 W. The daily energetic intake for lactating porpoises was estimated to be 105% greater than for a nonreproductive female porpoise. Harbor porpoises in SF Bay were found to require approximately 30.4 ± 22.0 metric tons of fish per year from Bay waters.
I: INTRODUCTION
Authors: Floccia Caroline , Sambrook Thomas D. , Delle Luche Claire , Kwok Rosa , Goslin Jeremy , White Laurence , Cattani Allegra , Sullivan Emily , Abbot‐Smith Kirsten , Krott Andrea , Mills Debbie , Rowland Caroline , Gervain Judit , Plunkett Kim 
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACTThe majority of the world's children grow up learning two or more languages. The study of early bilingualism is central to current psycholinguistics, offering insights into issues such as transfer and interference in development. From an applied perspective, it poses a universal challenge to language assessment practices throughout childhood, as typically developing bilingual children usually underperform relative to monolingual norms when assessed in one language only. We measured vocabulary with Communicative Development Inventories for 372 24‐month‐old toddlers learning British English and one Additional Language out of a diverse set of 13 (Bengali, Cantonese, Dutch, French, German, Greek, Hindi‐Urdu, Italian, Mandarin, Polish, Portuguese, Spanish, and Welsh). We furthered theoretical understanding of bilingual development by showing, for the first time, that linguistic distance between the child's two languages predicts vocabulary outcome, with phonological overlap related to expressive vocabulary, and word order typology and morphological complexity related to receptive vocabulary, in the Additional Language. Our study also has crucial clinical implications: we have developed the first bilingual norms for expressive and receptive vocabulary for 24‐month‐olds learning British English and an Additional Language. These norms were derived from factors identified as uniquely predicting CDI vocabulary measures: the relative amount of English versus the Additional Language in child‐directed input and parental overheard speech, and infant gender. The resulting UKBTAT tool was able to accurately predict the English vocabulary of an additional group of 58 bilinguals learning an Additional Language outside our target range. This offers a pragmatic method for the assessment of children in the majority language when no tool exists in the Additional Language. Our findings also suggest that the effect of linguistic distance might extend beyond bilinguals’ acquisition of early vocabulary to encompass broader cognitive processes, and could constitute a key factor in the study of the debated bilingual advantage.
Long‐term clinicopathologic observation in a case of steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome caused by a novel Crumbs homolog 2 mutation
Authors: Watanabe Shojiro , Aizawa Tomomi , Tsukaguchi Hiroyasu , Tsugawa Koji , Tsuruga Kazushi , Shono Akemi , Nozu Kandai , Iijima Kazumoto , Joh Kensuke , Tanaka Hiroshi 
Published: February 2018

AbstractRecent advances in high‐throughput sequencing for clinical genetic testing have revealed novel disease‐causing genes, such as Crumbs homolog 2 (CRB2) for early‐onset steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS). We report the long‐term clinicopathologic observation of a Japanese female patient with SRNS caused by a newly identified compound heterozygous mutation of CRB2 (p.Arg628Cys and p.Gly839Trp located in the 10th and 11th epidermal growth factor‐like domains, respectively). She was initially examined during a mass urinary screening for 3.5‐year‐old children in Japan. Although she developed long‐standing SRNS without any extrarenal clinical signs thereafter, her renal function was well‐preserved over the next 17 years. In total, six sequential renal biopsy specimens revealed histologic alterations ranging from minor glomerular abnormalities to advanced focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). A genetic analysis for SRNS performed at 19 years of age revealed a newly identified compound heterozygous mutation in CRB2. Glomerular CRB2 immunoreactivity in biopsy specimens from the patient was scanty, whereas intense expression was observed in those from patients with idiopathic FSGS or in controls. To our knowledge, this is the first report regarding a long‐term outcome in a case of SRNS due to an identified CRB2 mutation. Although the phenotype of CRB2 mutation‐related syndrome is now expanding, we believe that this case might provide a novel clinicopathologic aspect of this syndrome.
Quantification of complex modular architecture in plants
Authors: Reeb Catherine , Kaandorp Jaap , Jansson Fredrik , Puillandre Nicolas , Dubuisson Jean‐Yves , Cornette Raphaël , Jabbour Florian , Coudert Yoan , Patiño Jairo , Flot Jean‐François , Vanderpoorten Alain 
Published: February 2018

Summary

Morphometrics, the assignment of quantities to biological shapes, is a powerful tool to address taxonomic, evolutionary, functional and developmental questions. We propose a novel method for shape quantification of complex modular architecture in thalloid plants, whose extremely reduced morphologies, combined with the lack of a formal framework for thallus description, have long rendered taxonomic and evolutionary studies extremely challenging.

Using graph theory, thalli are described as hierarchical series of nodes and edges, allowing for accurate, homologous and repeatable measurements of widths, lengths and angles.

The computer program MorphoSnake was developed to extract the skeleton and contours of a thallus and automatically acquire, at each level of organization, width, length, angle and sinuosity measurements.

Through the quantification of leaf architecture in Hymenophyllum ferns (Polypodiopsida) and a fully worked example of integrative taxonomy in the taxonomically challenging thalloid liverwort genus Riccardia, we show that MorphoSnake is applicable to all ramified plants. This new possibility of acquiring large numbers of quantitative traits in plants with complex modular architectures opens new perspectives of applications, from the development of rapid species identification tools to evolutionary analyses of adaptive plasticity.
Identification of an algal xylan synthase indicates that there is functional orthology between algal and plant cell wall biosynthesis
Authors: Jensen Jacob Krüger , Busse‐Wicher Marta , Poulsen Christian Peter , Fangel Jonatan Ulrik , Smith Peter James , Yang Jeong‐Yeh , Peña Maria‐Jesus , Dinesen Malene Hessellund , Martens Helle Juel , Melkonian Michael , Wong Gane Ka‐Shu , Moremen Kelley W. , Wilkerson Curtis Gene , Scheller Henrik Vibe , Dupree Paul , Ulvskov Peter , Urbanowicz Breeanna Rae , Harholt Jesper 
Published: February 2018

Summary

Insights into the evolution of plant cell walls have important implications for comprehending these diverse and abundant biological structures. In order to understand the evolving structure–function relationships of the plant cell wall, it is imperative to trace the origin of its different components.

The present study is focused on plant 1,4‐β‐xylan, tracing its evolutionary origin by genome and transcriptome mining followed by phylogenetic analysis, utilizing a large selection of plants and algae. It substantiates the findings by heterologous expression and biochemical characterization of a charophyte alga xylan synthase.

Of the 12 known gene classes involved in 1,4‐β‐xylan formation, XYS1/IRX10 in plants, IRX7, IRX8, IRX9, IRX14 and GUX occurred for the first time in charophyte algae. An XYS1/IRX10 ortholog from Klebsormidium flaccidum, designated K. flaccidumXYLAN SYNTHASE‐1 (KfXYS1), possesses 1,4‐β‐xylan synthase activity, and 1,4‐β‐xylan occurs in the K. flaccidum cell wall.

These data suggest that plant 1,4‐β‐xylan originated in charophytes and shed light on the origin of one of the key cell wall innovations to occur in charophyte algae, facilitating terrestrialization and emergence of polysaccharide‐based plant cell walls.
Neutropenia in pediatric heart transplant recipients
Authors: Rose‐Felker Kirsten , Mukhtar Ayesha , Kelleman Michael S. , Deshpande Shriprasad R. , Mahle William T. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractNeutropenia has been reported in pediatric heart transplant recipients, but its association with infectious morbidity and mortality is unknown. We sought to determine neutropenia's prevalence and impact on infection, rejection, and survival. A retrospective analysis of pediatric heart transplant recipients from March 2005 to August 2015 was performed. Demographics, medications, infection, and rejection data were collected. Of 142 pediatric heart transplant recipients, 77 (54.2%) developed neutropenia within 4.7 months [3.3‐12.1 months] of transplant. In all patients, the adjusted 5‐year cumulative incidence of neutropenia was 30.2%. Fifty‐one patients (66.2%) had recurrent neutropenia. Six of 14 tested had positive antineutrophil antibodies. Medications associated with neutropenia were decreased in 15 (19.5%) and discontinued in 42 (54.4%) patients with no change in 1‐year rejection rates compared to published data. Fifteen patients developed infection within 30 days of neutropenia and two from 30 days to 1 year, with an infection rate similar to the non‐neutropenic group. There was no significant difference in survival, ANC, rate of rejection or PTLD in neutropenic patients with and without infection at median follow‐up (5.5 years). Neutropenia is common in pediatric heart transplant recipients. Neutropenia had <20% risk of associated infection, similar to non‐neutropenic patients. Infection in neutropenic patients did not increase mortality.
Providing Public Servants What They Need: Revealing the “Unseen” through Data Visualization
Authors: Isett Kimberley R. , Hicks Diana M. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractElectronic media has enabled new forms of communication with the potential to provide more effective means of conveying evidence to public servants. This article explores what is known about the use of these new capacities in public affairs to visualize the results of research. The authors first explore the value of visual engagement for increasing comprehension. Then, they examine what is known of studies of the effectiveness of visualization and offer basic design principles that underpin effective visualization. Finally, two original public affairs examples are presented to illustrate what is possible.
Testing the Plagioclase Discriminator on the GEOROC Database to Identify Porphyry‐Fertile Magmatic Systems in Japan
Authors: Williamson Benedict J. , Hodgkinson Matthew , Imai Akira , Takahashi Ryohei , Armstrong Robin N. , Herrington Richard J. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractDespite showing favorable geology, there are no known porphyry‐type deposits in Japan. This, therefore, provides an ideal porphyry‐“barren” case area on which to test the recently developed plagioclase‐based discriminator for porphyry‐“fertile” calc‐alkaline systems. The discriminator was applied to plagioclase data for Japan in the online GEOROC database for convergent margin settings. Of the 3933 data points available, and considered reliable, 91% fall in the “barren” field, which compares with 73% for equivalent data worldwide. “Fertile” signatures in certain parts of Kyushu and central Honshu should be further investigated, as well as areas where there are magnetite‐series magmatic systems with elevated whole‐rock Sr/Y but for which there are currently little or no plagioclase data (SW‐, N‐central‐, and NE‐Honshu). Why the Japanese arcs appear to show anomalously poor potential for porphyry deposits compared with other arcs worldwide, including Western Luzon, is as yet unclear but possibly relates to tectonic factors or the nature of the magmatic source or because melt PH2O in many of the magmatic systems was too low, as suggested from low average excess Al in plagioclase.
Benchmarking the “Question, Persuade, Refer” Program Against Evaluations of Established Suicide Prevention Gatekeeper Trainings
Authors: Hangartner Renee Brown , Totura Christine M. Wienke , Labouliere Christa D. , Gryglewicz Kim , Karver Marc S. 
Published: February 2018

Gatekeeper training is a common approach for aiding suicidal youth. This study utilizes comparative effectiveness “benchmarks” from established programs to evaluate the Question, Persuade, Refer (QPR) program. The QPR program was implemented with adults (N = 2,389) working in youth‐serving community agencies. Questionnaires assessed suicide prevention knowledge, attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and behaviors. Consistent with benchmarked studies, participants in QPR demonstrated knowledge and suicide prevention behavior gains compared with control groups. Future research should utilize benchmarking methods as a measure of effectiveness, and more thoroughly assess mechanisms that promote behavior change.
Antibodies to human platelet antigens form a significant proportion of platelet antibodies detected in Indian patients with refractoriness to platelet transfusions
Authors: Abraham A. S. , Chacko M. P. , Fouzia N. A. , Srivastava A. , Daniel D. 
Published: February 2018

SUMMARYBackgroundThe transfusion of platelets is an important therapeutic strategy in bleeding patients with thrombocytopenia. However, some chronically transfused patients fail to achieve the appropriate platelet count increment following transfusion due to the presence of platelet alloantibodies.ObjectivesThe aims of this research were to study the prevalence of platelet alloimmunisation and to characterise the platelet‐reactive (PR) antibodies in haematology patients refractory to platelet transfusions in an Indian setting.Patients and methodsA total of 80 patients with a prior history of multiple transfusions (minimum of five cellular transfusions) were included in the study if they did not achieve an adequate corrected count increment within 24 h of the platelet transfusion. Patients with non‐immunological causes of platelet refractoriness were excluded from the study. The test was performed on a blood sample of 4 mL of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) blood sample in which plasma was separated and stored at –80 °C and underwent batch testing in PAK‐2LE.ResultsThe overall prevalence of platelet alloimmunisation in our study was 60%. Of the 48 patients who were detected to have platelet antibodies, the combination of anti‐human leucocyte antigen (HLA) and platelet‐specific (PS) antibodies together constituted the majority of 54·2%. The overall prevalence of anti‐HLA antibodies was 51·25% and of PS antibodies was 41·25% in the total study population of 80.ConclusionThe overall prevalence of PS antibodies in our study was greater than that reported by other groups in India and other countries. This needs to be considered, particularly in the management of patients refractory to platelet transfusions, where HLA‐matched platelets constitute current best practice.
CsSPL functions as an adaptor between HD‐ZIP III and CsWUS transcription factors regulating anther and ovule development in Cucumis sativus (cucumber)
Authors: Liu Xiaofeng , Ning Kang , Che Gen , Yan Shuangshuang , Han Lijie , Gu Ran , Li Zheng , Weng Yiqun , Zhang Xiaolan 
Published: February 2018

SummaryAnther and ovule genesis preconditions crop fertilization and fruit production; however, coordinative regulation of anther and ovule development and underlying molecular pathways remain largely elusive. Here, we found that SPOROCYTELESS (SPL)/NOZZLE (NZZ) expression was nearly abolished in a Cucumis sativus (cucumber) mutant with severely defective anther and ovule development. CsSPL was expressed specifically in the developing anthers and ovules. Knock‐down of CsSPL reduced male and female fertility with malformed pollen and suppressed ovule development. Importantly, CsSPL directly interacted with CsWUS (WUSCHEL) in the nucellus and YABBY family genes in integuments, and positively regulated CsWUS expression, meanwhile the HD‐ZIP III gene CsPHB (PHABULOSA), expressed specifically in the nucellus, promoted CsSPL expression by binding to the CsSPL promoter. Thus, CsSPL acts as an adaptor to link CsPHB and CsWUS functioning, underpinning a previously unidentified regulatory pathway orchestrating sex organ development in planta. In addition, auxin accumulation was reduced in the reproductive organs of CsSPL knock‐down plants. Biochemical analyses further showed that CsSPL stimulated the expression of AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR 3 (CsARF3), and was positively regulated by CsARF13 during reproductive organ development, indicating sequential interactions of CsSPL with auxin signaling components in orchestrating anther and ovule development.