bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Attitudes and Preferences Regarding the Use of Rapid Self-Testing for Sexually Transmitted Infections and HIV in San Diego Area Men Who Have Sex With Men
Authors: Cushman Teresa A , Graves Susannah K , Little Susan J 
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Background
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) increase the risk of HIV transmission and are present at high rates among men who have sex with men (MSM). Adherence to HIV/STI testing guidelines is low in the United States. Testing programs that utilize rapid self-administered HIV/STI tests improve testing rates, though multiple factors influence their uptake.

Methods
MSM were recruited at an HIV/STI testing and treatment program in 2014 and provided consent, demographics, risk behaviors, HIV/STI test preferences, and perceived testing barriers via an online questionnaire. Comparisons of testing preferences and barriers were made based on age, risk group, and HIV serostatus using the Fisher exact test.

Results
HIV testing preferences included rapid oral test (71.1%), home test location (78.5%), electronic delivery of HIV-negative test results (76.4%), and direct provider notification for HIV-positive test results (70%), with respondents age &gt;45 years being significantly more likely to prefer home testing (P = .033). STI testing preferences included self-collection of specimens (73.2%), home test location (61%), electronic delivery of negative STI test results (76.4%), and direct provider notification for positive STI test results (56.6%) with no significant differences between age, HIV serostatus, or risk groups. The most frequently reported HIV and STI testing barrier was lack of known prior HIV/STI exposure (57.3% for HIV, 62.9% for STI) with respondents age &lt;45 years more frequently citing inconvenience as a barrier to testing (HIV: 50.9% vs 17.4%, P = .010; STI: 58.3% vs 31.8%, P = .070).

Conclusions
Although additional research is needed, increasing resources directed specifically toward home testing has the potential to translate into improved uptake of rapid HIV/STI testing. Efforts to improve convenience in testing programs must be balanced with the need for continued educational outreach.
Association of Cytomegalovirus DNA and Immunologic Markers of Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Garg Ankita , Gianella Sara , Nakazawa Masato , Trout Rodney , Spector Stephen A 
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Background
Persons living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (PLWH) with high cytomegalovirus (CMV)–specific interferon (IFN) γ response have increased numbers of endothelium homing receptor (CX3CR1)+–expressing cells that are associated with cardiovascular disease. The current study was performed to investigate the effect of cellular levels of CMV DNA on these markers.

Methods
Eighty paired peripheral blood mononuclear cell samples were collected ≥12 months apart from 40 CMV-seropositive PLWH with suppressed HIV RNA, who started antiretroviral therapy at median of 3-months of infection. The samples were assessed for CMV-specific IFN-γ response by means of enzyme-linked immunospot assay, and participants were classified as low responders (LRs) or high responders (HRs) based on IFN-γ production (≤100 or &gt;100 spot-forming units [SFUs]/105 cells).

Results
Of the 40 participants, 26 (65%) were HRs and 14 (35%) LRs at baseline, which did not change over time or by CMV levels (median at first/second time points, 383/308 SFUs/106 cells for HRs vs 21/41 SFUs/106 for LRs). A decrease in IFN-γ over time was associated with higher CMV DNA levels (P &lt; .01). High CMV response was also associated with increased CD28+CD27−CD4+ T cells expressing CX3CR1 (P &lt; .001). Similarly, increased IFN-γ production was associated with increased CMV-specific CX3CR1+CD28+CD27−CD4+ and CD8+ T cells (P &lt; .001).

Conclusions
These findings demonstrate that levels of CMV-specific IFN-γ response in PLWH are stable over time, and that HRs have increased circulating T cells expressing CX3CR1 that may put them at increased risk of cardiovascular disease and other inflammatory diseases.
Stellar wind accretion and accretion disk formation: Applications to neutron star high-mass X-ray binaries
Authors: Karino Shigeyuki , Nakamura Kenji , Taani Ali 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Recent X-ray observations have revealed the complexity and diversity of high-mass X-ray binaries (HMXBs). This diversity challenges a classical understanding of the accretion process on to the compact objects. In this study, we reinforce the conventional concept of the nature of wind-fed accretion on to a neutron star considering the geometrical effect of radiatively accelerated wind, and re-evaluate the transported angular momentum by using a simple wind model. Our results suggest that even in an OB-type HMXB fed by stellar wind, a large amount of angular momentum could be transported to form an accretion disk due to the wind-inhomogeneity, if the binary separation is tight enough and/or the stellar wind is slow. We apply our model to actual systems such as LMC X-4 and OAO 1657−415, and discuss the possibility of disk formations in these systems.
Searches for Population III pair-instability supernovae: Impact of gravitational lensing magnification
Authors: Wong Kenneth C , Moriya Takashi J , Oguri Masamune , Hilbert Stefan , Koyama Yusei , Nomoto Ken’ichi 
Published: March 2019

AbstractSuperluminous supernovae have been proposed to arise from Population III progenitors that explode as pair-instability supernovae (PISNe). Population III stars are the first generation of stars in the Universe, and are thought to have formed as late as z ∼ 6. Future near-infrared imaging facilities such as ULTIMATE-Subaru will potentially be able to detect and identify these PISNe with a dedicated survey. Gravitational lensing by intervening structure in the Universe can aid in the detection of these rare objects by magnifying the high-z source population into detectability. We perform a mock survey with ULTIMATE-Subaru, taking into account lensing by line-of-sight (LOS) structure to evaluate its impact on the predicted detection rate. We compare a LOS mass reconstruction using observational data from the Hyper Suprime Cam survey to results from cosmological simulations to test their consistency in calculating the magnification distribution in the Universe to high z, but find that the data-based method is still limited by an inability to accurately characterize structure beyond z ∼ 1.2. We also evaluate a survey strategy of targeting massive galaxy clusters to take advantage of their large areas of high magnification. We find that targeting clusters can result in a gain of a factor of about two in the predicted number of detected PISNe at z &gt; 5, and even higher gains with increasing redshift, given our assumed survey parameters. For the highest-redshift sources at z ∼ 7–9, blank field surveys will not detect any sources, and lensing magnification by massive clusters will be necessary to observe this population.
Complications of type II supracondylar humerus fractures treated at a specialized paediatric centre
Authors: Morrison Steven A , Pincus Daniel , Camp Mark W 
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Background
Supracondylar humerus (SCH) fractures are the most common operatively treated paediatric fracture in Canada. Previous literature describing the low-energy (Gartland type II) subtype reports varying complication rates from a variety of practice settings. We sought to examine complications of type II SCH fractures treated at a Canadian specialized paediatric centre.

Methods
We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients aged 0 to 14 admitted to SickKids, Toronto, Ontario for surgical treatment of a type II SCH fracture from 2008 to 2015. The primary outcome of this study was relevant perioperative complications including: open fracture, compartment syndrome, pre- and postoperative vascular compromise, pre- and postoperative neurological compromise, failure to obtain a closed reduction (i.e., open reduction), postoperative infection, and reoperation within 3 months.

Results
There were 370 patients included in the study with mean (standard deviation) age 5.14 years (±2.51). The overall rate of relevant complications in the study cohort was 3.6% (13/358, 12 missing), with 12 cases of nerve palsy (3.3%; 2 iatrogenic [0.6%]) that resolved by final follow-up and one case of preoperative nerve palsy (0.3%) that did not. Importantly, there were no cases of vascular compromise, open fracture, compartment syndrome, or infection.

Discussion and conclusion
Complications associated with type II SCH fractures managed at a specialized paediatric centre that result in long-term morbidity are extremely rare (0.3%). Perioperative inpatient monitoring for patients with these fractures may not be justified based on these data. Prospective studies are required to confirm safety, evaluate patient perspectives, and demonstrate cost savings of outpatient surgical management.
Development and evaluation of a consumer information resource, including Patient Decision Aid, for lung cancer screening: a quasi-experimental study
Authors: Manners David , Pettigrew Simone , Lake Fiona R , Piccolo Francesco , McWilliams Annette M , Brims Fraser J H 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Lung cancer screening of high-risk individuals with computed tomography is a promising intervention to reduce lung cancer mortality. Patient Decision Aids (PtDAs) may assist eligible individuals assess the risks and benefits associated with screening. Screening preference is high among lower-risk, screening-ineligible individuals and strategies are needed to reduce screening demand among this group. We developed and evaluated a resource comprising a recruitment pamphlet combined with either a PtDA for screening-eligible individuals or an education pamphlet for screening-ineligible individuals. Quasi-experimental pre-post pamphlet exposure design. Ever-smokers aged 55–80 years attending hospital outpatient clinics were invited. Among screening-eligible participants, the assessed outcome was change in score on the Decisional Conflict Scale (DCS). Among screening-ineligible participants, the assessed outcomes were change in screening preference. In the study 51% (55/107) of invited individuals participated, with mean ± standard deviation age 66.9 ± 6.4 years, 53% (29/55) male, and 65% (36/55) eligible for screening. Median (interquartile range) DCS among screening-eligible participants reduced from 28.9 (22.7–45.3) pre-PtDA to 25 (1.6–29.7) post-PtDA (p &lt; .001), but there was no significant change in the proportion that reached the accepted threshold for decisional certainty (DCS &lt; 25, 10/36 [28%] pre-exposure vs. 14/36 [39%] post-exposure, p = .1). Screening preference among screening-ineligible individuals reduced after viewing the screening-ineligible brochure (pre-exposure median of “Prefer” to post-exposure median of “Unsure,” p = .001). Our consumer information pamphlets about lung cancer screening may reduce decisional conflict and improve alignment of screening preference with eligibility.
Memory and mental time travel in humans and social robots
Authors: Prescott Tony J. , Camilleri Daniel , Martinez-Hernandez Uriel , Damianou Andreas , Lawrence Neil D. 
Published: March 2019

From neuroscience, brain imaging and the psychology of memory, we are beginning to assemble an integrated theory of the brain subsystems and pathways that allow the compression, storage and reconstruction of memories for past events and their use in contextualizing the present and reasoning about the future—mental time travel (MTT). Using computational models, embedded in humanoid robots, we are seeking to test the sufficiency of this theoretical account and to evaluate the usefulness of brain-inspired memory systems for social robots. In this contribution, we describe the use of machine learning techniques—Gaussian process latent variable models—to build a multimodal memory system for the iCub humanoid robot and summarize results of the deployment of this system for human–robot interaction. We also outline the further steps required to create a more complete robotic implementation of human-like autobiographical memory and MTT. We propose that generative memory models, such as those that form the core of our robot memory system, can provide a solution to the symbol grounding problem in embodied artificial intelligence.This article is part of the theme issue ‘From social brains to social robots: applying neurocognitive insights to human–robot interaction’.
Social robotics and the modulation of social perception and bias
Authors: Skewes Joshua , Amodio David M. , Seibt Johanna 
Published: March 2019

The field of social robotics offers an unprecedented opportunity to probe the process of impression formation and the effects of identity-based stereotypes (e.g. about gender or race) on social judgements and interactions. We present the concept of fair proxy communication—a form of robot-mediated communication that proceeds in the absence of potentially biasing identity cues—and describe how this application of social robotics may be used to illuminate implicit bias in social cognition and inform novel interventions to reduce bias. We discuss key questions and challenges for the use of robots in research on the social cognition of bias and offer some practical recommendations. We conclude by discussing boundary conditions of this new form of interaction and by raising some ethical concerns about the inclusion of social robots in psychological research and interventions.This article is part of the theme issue ‘From social brains to social robots: applying neurocognitive insights to human–robot interaction’.
Imagine how to behave: the influence of imagined contact on human–robot interaction
Authors: Wullenkord Ricarda , Eyssel Friederike 
Published: March 2019

Imagined contact (IC), that is, mentally simulating an interaction with an outgroup member, reduces negative attitudes towards outgroup members, increases contact intentions, and reduces intergroup anxiety in human–human intergroup context. Our experiment tested the effectiveness of IC with a robot to improve human–robot interaction (HRI). Social psychological literature suggested that IC provides a behavioural script for an interaction. Hence, an imagined scenario similar to a real contact scenario should be more effective in eliciting the aforementioned positive effects. We therefore examined the effect of similarity between IC with a robot and the following actual HRI on interaction perception, and behaviours towards the robot. High similarity was expected to lead to a more positive perception of HRI and more positive interaction behaviour towards the robot (e.g. more social behaviour). Results showed that perceived HRI quality was evaluated more positively and participants displayed more social behaviour towards the robot when the imagined task resembled the HRI that followed, compared to when it did not resemble the subsequent HRI. When controlling for covariates, the effects on number of social behaviours and perceived interaction quality remained significant, however, there was no effect on the total amount of time spent producing social behaviours.This article is part of the theme issue ‘From social brains to social robots: applying neurocognitive insights to human–robot interaction’.
Feeling committed to a robot: why, what, when and how?
Authors: Powell Henry , Michael John 
Published: March 2019

The paper spells out the rationale for developing means of manipulating and of measuring people's sense of commitment to robot interaction partners. A sense of commitment may lead people to be patient when a robot is not working smoothly, to remain vigilant when a robot is working so smoothly that a task becomes boring and to increase their willingness to invest effort in teaching a robot. We identify a range of contexts in which a sense of commitment to robot interaction partners may be particularly important.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘From social brains to social robots: applying neurocognitive insights to human–robot interaction’.
Selective autophagic clearance of protein aggregates is mediated by the autophagy receptor, TAX1BP1
Authors: Sarraf Shireen A. , Shah Hetal V. , Kanfer Gil , Ward Michael E. , Youle Richard J. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractMisfolded protein aggregates can disrupt cellular homeostasis and cause toxicity, a hallmark of numerous neurodegenerative diseases. Protein quality control by the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) and autophagy is vital for clearance of aggregates and maintenance of cellular homeostasis1. Autophagy receptor proteins bridge the interaction between ubiquitinated proteins and the autophagy machinery allowing selective elimination of cargo2. Aggrephagy is critical to protein quality control, but how aggregates are recognized and targeted for degradation is not well understood. Here we examine the requirements for 5 autophagy receptor proteins: OPTN, NBR1, p62, NDP52, and TAX1BP1 in proteotoxic stress-induced aggregate clearance. Endogenous TAX1BP1 is both recruited to and required for the clearance of stress-induced aggregates while overexpression of TAX1BP1 increases aggregate clearance through autophagy. Furthermore, TAX1BP1 depletion sensitizes cells to proteotoxic stress and Huntington’s disease-linked polyQ proteins, whereas TAX1BP1 overexpression clears cells of polyQ protein aggregates by autophagy. We propose a broad role for TAX1BP1 in the clearance of cytotoxic proteins, thus identifying a new mode of clearance of protein inclusions.
Outbreak of murine infection withClostridium difficileassociated with the administration of a pre- and peri-natal methyl-donor diet
Authors: Mau Theresa , Eckley Samantha S. , Bergin Ingrid L. , Saund Katie , Villano Jason S. , Vendrov Kimberly C. , Snitkin Evan S. , Young Vincent B. , Yung Raymond 
Published: March 2019

AbstractBetween October 2016 and June 2017, a C57BL/6J mouse colony that was undergoing a pre- and peri-natal methyl-donor supplementation diet intervention to study the impact of parental nutrition on offspring susceptibility to disease was found to suffer from an epizootic of unexpected deaths. Necropsy revealed the presence of severe colitis, and further investigation linked these outbreak deaths to aClostridium difficilestrain of ribotype 027 we term 16N203.C. difficileinfection (CDI) is associated with antibiotic use in humans. Current murine models of CDI rely on antibiotic pretreatment to establish clinical phenotypes. In this report, theC. difficileoutbreak occurs in F1 mice linked to alterations in the parental diet. The diagnosis of CDI in the affected mice was confirmed by cecal/colonic histopathology, presence ofC. difficilebacteria in fecal/colonic culture, and detection ofC. difficiletoxins. F1 mice from parents fed the methyl-supplementation diet also had significantly reduced survival (p<0.0001) than F1 mice from parents fed the control diet. When we tested the 16N203 outbreak strain in an established mouse model of antibiotic-induced CDI, we confirmed that this strain is pathogenic. Our serendipitous observations from this spontaneous outbreak ofC. difficilein association with a pre- and perinatal methyl-donor diet suggest the important role diet may play in host defense and CDI risk factors.ImportanceClostridium difficileinfection (CDI) has become the leading cause of infectious diarrhea in hospitals worldwide, owing its preeminence to the emergence of hyperendemic strains, such as ribotype 027 (RT027). A major CDI risk factor is antibiotic exposure which alters gut microbiota, resulting in the loss of colonization resistance. Current murine models of CDI also depend on pretreatment of antibiotics of animals to establish disease. The outbreak we report here is unique in that the CDI occurred in mice with no antibiotic exposure and is associated to a pre- and peri-natal methyl-supplementation donor diet intervention study. Our investigation subsequently reveals that the outbreak strain we term 16N203 is an RT027 strain, and this isolated strain is also pathogenic in an established murine model of CDI (with antibiotics). Our report of this spontaneous outbreak offers additional insight into the importance of environmental factors, such as diet, and CDI susceptibility.
A Collaborative Multi-Model Ensemble for Real-Time Influenza Season Forecasting in the U.S
Authors: Reich Nicholas G , McGowan Craig J , Yamana Teresa K , Tushar Abhinav , Ray Evan L , Osthus Dave , Kandula Sasikiran , Brooks Logan C , Crawford-Crudell Willow , Gibson Graham Casey , Moore Evan , Silva Rebecca , Biggerstaff Matthew , Johansson Michael A , Rosenfeld Roni , Shaman Jeffrey 
Published: March 2019

AbstractSeasonal influenza results in substantial annual morbidity and mortality in the United States and worldwide. Accurate forecasts of key features of influenza epidemics, such as the timing and severity of the peak incidence in a given season, can inform public health response to outbreaks. As part of ongoing efforts to incorporate data and advanced analytical methods into public health decision-making, the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has organized seasonal influenza forecasting challenges since the 2013/2014 season. In the 2017/2018 season, 22 teams participated. A subset of four teams created a research consortium called the FluSight Network in early 2017. During the 2017/2018 season they worked together to produce a collaborative multi-model ensemble that combined 21 separate component models into a single model using a machine learning technique called stacking. This approach creates a weighted average of predictive densities where the weight for each component is based on that component’s forecast accuracy in past seasons. In the 2017/2018 influenza season, one of the largest seasonal outbreaks in the last 15 years, this multi-model ensemble performed better on average than all individual component models and placed second overall in the CDC challenge. It also outperformed the baseline multi-model ensemble created by the CDC that took a simple average of all models submitted to the forecasting challenge. This project shows that collaborative efforts between research teams to develop ensemble forecasting approaches can bring measurable improvements in forecast accuracy and important reductions in the variability of performance from year to year. Efforts such as this, that emphasize real-time testing and evaluation of forecasting models and facilitate the close collaboration between public health officials and modeling researchers, are essential to improving our understanding of how best to use forecasts to improve public health response to seasonal and emerging epidemic threats.