bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Getting out of an egg: Merging of tooth germs to create an egg tooth in the snake
Authors: Fons Juan M. , Gaete Marcia , Zahradnicek Oldrich , Landova Marie , Bandali Hussein , Khannoon Eraqi R. , Richman Joy M. , Buchtova Marcela , Tucker Abigail S. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe egg tooth is a vital structure allowing hatchlings to escape from the egg. In squamates (snakes and lizards), the egg tooth is a real tooth that develops within the oral cavity at the top of the upper jaw. Most squamates have a single large midline egg tooth at hatching, but a few families, such as Gekkonidae, have two egg teeth. In snakes the egg tooth is significantly larger than the rest of the dentition and is one of the first teeth to develop.ResultsWe follow the development of the egg tooth in four snake species and show that the single egg tooth is formed by two tooth germs. These two tooth germs are united at the midline and grow together to produce a single tooth. In culture, this merging can be perturbed to give rise to separate smaller teeth, confirming the potential of the developing egg tooth to form two teeth.ConclusionsOur data agrees with previous hypotheses that during evolution one potential mechanism to generate a large tooth is through congrescence of multiple tooth germs and suggests that the ancestors of snakes could have had two egg teeth.
Subsidiary power: Loaned or owned? The lenses of agency theory and resource dependence theory
Authors: Cuervo‐Cazurra Alvaro , Mudambi Ram , Pedersen Torben 
Published: October 2019

AbstractResearch SummaryWe analyze power relationships in subsidiaries of multinational corporations. We explain how despite many advances in the literature, there is still an unresolved debate with respect to the critical question of whether subsidiary power is loaned or owned. We develop an overarching framework that encompasses both agency theory and resource dependence theory as the two pillars to understand decision‐making by managers in subsidiaries. We propose that agency theory applies more when the subsidiary's decision rights are “loaned” by headquarters, while resource dependence theory applies more when the subsidiary “owns” its decision rights. We also explain how subsidiary evolution integrates the arguments of these two theories. Agency appears to apply earlier while resource dependence is more relevant at later stages.Managerial SummaryWe provide a framework that helps address the challenges of managing power relationships in subsidiaries of multinational firms. Traditionally, studies have proposed to explain these relationships using either agency theory and the idea that subsidiary managers need to be controlled by headquarters or resource dependence and the idea that subsidiary managers can chart their own path. We solve this conflict by proposing that agency theory applies when the subsidiary's decision rights are “loaned” by headquarters, while resource dependence theory applies when the subsidiary “owns” its decision rights. We also explain how the analysis of subsidiary evolution integrates the arguments of these two theories as agency seems to apply earlier in the evolution of the subsidiary while resource dependence seems to apply at a later stage.
Pretest in forced circulation molten salt heat transfer loop: Studies with thermia‐B
Authors: Gajbhiye Bhavesh D. , C. S. Sona , Mathpati Channamallikarjun S. , Patwardhan Ashwin W. , Borgohain Ananta , Maheshwari Naresh K. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractMolten salts have potential application as an efficient heat transfer medium in a primary and secondary heat exchanger in high temperature next‐generation nuclear power plant. Thermal hydraulic studies are vital for reliable and cost‐effective design of the nuclear power plant. Therefore heat transfer study of molten salts will play a vital role in this area. In this work, an experimental system was designed to study thermal hydraulics of the molten salt system up to 700°C. This work describes the pretest results of the experimental facility for extremely corrosive molten fluoride salts with a simulant thermia‐B as the working fluid. In the present work, the details of the system are discussed and thermal‐hydraulic data for heat transfer fluid thermia‐B has been presented. Experiments were carried out at Reynolds number in the range of 4500 to 40 500 and Prandtl number in the range of 34 to 144. Effect of Reynolds number, melting tank temperature, and heat input to test section on forced convective heat transfer was studied under turbulent conditions. Comparison of the experimental data with different empirical correlations has been presented.
Cardioprotective role of metformin against sodium arsenite‐induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis
Authors: Wang Lei , Shi Wenbin , Gao Xuewei , SreeHarsha Nagaraja , Zhang Daisong 
Published: October 2019

AbstractArsenic is a universal component and a notable natural poison. Its exposure to people occurs primarily through natural, therapeutic, and occupational sources. This investigation intended to discover the defensive impact of metformin (100 and 150 mg/kg body weight) against sodium arsenite (SA)‐induced cardiotoxicity in experimental animals. The study was conducted on Sprague Dawley rats (n = 50), which were separated into five different groups as follows: control, met‐150, SA, SA + met‐100, and SA + met‐150. The results demonstrated that SA caused a significant increase in the level of malondialdehyde and also reduced activities of antioxidative enzyme. SA similarly increased inflammatory reactions by increasing the level of interleukin‐6, tumor necrosis factor‐α, and interleukin‐1β. In addition, SA provoked the apoptosis by expanding the p53 and Bax levels, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling, and expression of caspase‐3. SA altered the histological integrity of cardiac tissue and 8‐hydroxy‐2′‐deoxyguanosine expression. In conclusion, metformin significantly reduced oxidative stress, inflammatory reaction, and apoptotic pathway. The present investigation showed that metformin has a cardioprotective impact because of its protective role against oxidation, inflammation, and apoptosis.
Evaluation of breast carcinoma regression after preoperative chemotherapy by label‐free multiphoton imaging and image analysis
Authors: Li Lianhuang , Han Zhonghua , Qiu Lida , Kang Deyong , Zhan Zhenlin , Tu Haohua , Chen Jianxin 
Published: October 2019

AbstractNeoadjuvant chemotherapy is increasingly being used in breast carcinoma as it significantly improves the prognosis and consistently leads to an increased rate of breast preservation. How to accurately assess tumor response after treatment is a crucial factor for developing reasonable therapeutic strategy. In this study, we were in an attempt to monitor tumor response by multimodal multiphoton imaging including two‐photon excitation fluorescence and second‐harmonic generation imaging. We found that multiphoton imaging can identify different degrees of tumor response such as a slight, significant, or complete response and can detect morphological alteration associated with extracellular matrix during the progression of breast carcinoma following preoperative chemotherapy. Two quantitative optical biomarkers including tumor cellularity and collagen content were extracted based on automatic image analysis to help monitor changes in tumor and its microenvironment. Furthermore, tumor regression grade diagnosis was tried to evaluate by multiphoton microscopy. These results may offer a basic framework for using multiphoton microscopic imaging techniques as a helpful diagnostic tool for assessing breast carcinoma response after presurgical treatment.
Adjuvant therapy with γ‐tocopherol‐induce apoptosis in HT‐29 colon cancer via cyclin‐dependent cell cycle arrest mechanism
Authors: Bazzaz Roya , Bijanpour Hossain , Pirouzpanah Seyed M. B. , Yaghmaei Parichehreh , Rashtchizadeh Nadereh 
Published: October 2019

AbstractResistance to chemotherapy with 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU) in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) is the major obstacle to reach the maximum efficiency of CRC treatment. Combination therapy has emerged as a novel anticancer strategy. The present study evaluates the cotreatment of γ‐tocopherol and 5‐FU in enhancing the efficacy of chemotherapy against HT‐29 colon cancer cells. Cytotoxic effect of this combination was examined using the 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay and a synergistic effect was evaluated by a combination index technique. Nuclear morphology was studied via 4′,6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindole staining and flow cytometric assays were conducted to identify molecular mechanisms of apoptosis and cell cycle progression. We investigated the expression of Cyclin D1, Cyclin E, Bax, and Bcl‐2 by a quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction. The IC50 values for 5‐FU and γ‐tocopherol were 21.8  ± 2.5 and 14.4 ± 2.6 μM, respectively, and also this combination therapeutic increased the percentage of apoptotic cells from 35% ± 2% to 40% ±  4% (P  <  .05). Furthermore, incubation HT‐29 colon cells with combined concentrations of two drugs caused significant accumulation of cells in the subGsubG1 phase. Our results presented the combination therapy with 5‐FU and γ‐tocopherol as a novel therapeutic approach, which can enhance the efficacy of chemotherapy.
The pre‐analytical stability of 25‐hydroxyvitamin D: Storage and mixing effects
Authors: Borai Anwar , Khalil Haitham , Alghamdi Basma , Alhamdi Raghad , Ali Najwa , Bahijri Suhad , Ferns Gordon 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackgroundThere is an increasing demand for serum 25‐OH VitD testing globally, and this has led to the greater use of automated immunoassays. These may be more prone to non‐specific interference, that is thought to be related to pre‐analytical stability of biological samples. We have investigated the changes in serum 25‐OH VitD concentrations that are caused by storage and mixing conditions, and if such changes are statistical, or clinically important.MethodsBlood samples were collected into plain tubes from 31 healthy donors. After separation, serum samples were stored at −20°C and analysis was carried out with and without mixing (vortexing) at different time intervals of days (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 15, and 30). All samples were analyzed using a chemiluminescent immunoassay.ResultsMean serum 25‐OH VitD concentrations for subsequent days of storage compared with day 0 showed a significant time effect (P < .05) except for the samples on day 1 (P = .654) in non‐vortexed samples and day 2 (P = .087), 5 (P = .118) and 30 (P = .118) in vortexed samples. Comparing values for vortexed and non‐vortexed samples on the same day, serum 25‐OH VitD showed a significant difference on days 1 (P = .003), 4 (P = .037), 5 (P = .002), and 30 (P = .025). However, the maximum change value was 8.85% which was less than the known total allowable error (TEa) and reference change value (RCV) for serum 25‐OH VitD.Conclusion25‐OH VitD is pre‐analytically stable after long‐term sample storage at −20°C and can be analyzed without vortexing. This may be beneficial for both research and diagnostic laboratories.
Organic anion transporters and PI3K–AKT–mTOR pathway mediate the synergistic anticancer effect of pemetrexed and rhein
Authors: Bu Tianci , Wang Changyuan , Jin Huan , Meng Qiang , Huo Xiaokui , Sun Huijun , Sun Pengyuan , Wu Jingjing , Ma Xiaodong , Liu Zhihao , Liu Kexin 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe aim of this study was to explore whether rhein could enhance the effects of pemetrexed (PTX) on the therapy of non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and to clarify the associated molecular mechanism. Our study shows that rhein in combination with PTX could obviously increase the systemic exposure of PTX in rats, which would be mediated by the inhibition of organic anion transporters (OATs). Furthermore, the toxicity of PTX was significantly raised by rhein in A549 cells in a concentration‐dependent manner. Concomitant administration of rhein and PTX‐induced cell apoptosis compared with PTX alone in flow cytometry assays, which was further validated by the protein expressions of the apoptotic markers B‐cell lymphoma‐2/Bcl‐2‐associated x (Bcl‐2/Bax) and Cleaved‐Caspase3 (Cl‐Caspase3). Meanwhile, the results of monodansylcadaverine (MDC) dyeing experiments showed that PTX‐induced autophagy could be enhanced by combination therapy with rhein in A549 cells. Western blot analysis indicated that the synergistic effect of rhein on PTX‐mediated autophagy may be interrelated to PI3K–AKT–mTOR pathway inhibition and to the enhancement of p‐AMPK and light chain 3‐II (LC3‐II) protein levels. From these findings, it could be surmised that rhein enhanced the antitumor activity of PTX through influencing autophagy and apoptosis by modulating the PI3K–AKT–mTOR pathway and Bcl‐2 family of proteins in A549 cells. Our findings demonstrated that the potential application of rhein as a candidate drug in combination with PTX is promising for treatment of the human lung cancer.
Effect of emulsification and hydrolysis pretreatments of waste frying oil on surfactin production
Authors: Valenzuela‐Ávila Laura , Miliar Yuliia , Moya‐Ramírez Ignacio , Chyhyrynets Olena , García‐Román Miguel , Altmajer‐Vaz Deisi 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBACKGROUNDWaste oils are gaining interest as an alternative carbon source in fermentation processes as an option for the development of cost‐effective and renewable processes. In this study, the production of the biosurfactant surfactin by three different Bacillus subtilis strains was investigated using waste frying oils as carbon source in two different forms: (i) emulsified waste oil (EWO), and (ii) emulsified and enzymatically hydrolyzed waste oil (HWO). Thus, the objective of this work is to analyze the effect of a hydrolytic pretreatment on the increase in the bioavailability of the waste oil over the cell metabolism and surfactin yields.RESULTSUltra‐performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (UPLC‐MS) analyses confirmed that the biosurfactant produced by all three strains is surfactin, the congener distribution being dependent on the strain and medium composition. Although the emulsification of the waste oil led to an increase in biomass production, surfactin concentration did not improve significantly, whatever the strain used. However, HWO shifted the cell metabolism towards the production of the surfactin congener C15 (with 15 carbon atoms on its hydrophobic chain) almost exclusively.CONCLUSIONSThe reported behavior of B. subtilis strains growing on hydrolyzed frying oil could be of interest for the production of pure surfactin congeners from waste materials. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Precision brackets for upper lateral incisors in Bioprogressive therapy
Authors: Araujo Alfredo V. P. , Guedes Alan B. , Cunha Eriko F. A. , Frigo Lucio , Fernandes Ana P. R. , Pessoa Paulo S. R. , Carvalho Paulo E. G. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractOrthodontic brackets, specifically in their slots, are responsible for receiving active orthodontic forces and transferring them to the teeth to be moved. The presence of an altered slot or inaccurate dimensions can influence the mechanical relationship between the bracket and archwire, interfering with the biomechanics of tooth movement. The objective of this study was by comparing the accuracy of slot placement of upper right lateral incisor metal brackets for Bioprogressive Ricketts therapy from five trademarks. The following characteristics were evaluated: height, torque, and internal parallelism of the walls of the slot. The sample included 75 brackets, 15 each from the following trademarks: 3M Abzil, Forestadent, Morelli Rocky Mountain Orthodontics, and Tecnident. Images of the slot profiles were obtained through standardized techniques using scanning electron microscopy, measured by the AutoCAD 2017 software, and compared to Ricketts prescription, respecting standard deviation with the technical and tolerance parameters present in standard ISO 27020. The results indicated that most of the evaluated characteristics were in accordance with the standard parameters, considering the tolerance adopted. There were exceptions found to this pattern of precision in the 3M Abzil brackets with regard to torque variation, and the Morelli brackets in relation to height variation and parallelism between the walls of the slot. Considering the measured dimensional characteristics, the metal brackets used in Bioprogressive Ricketts therapy has satisfactory pattern accuracy; however, there are still some specific inaccuracies in brackets from certain brands that can require more attention during the detailing phase.
Bone mineral density is within normal range in most adult phenylketonuria patients
Authors: Lubout Charlotte M. A. , Arrieta Blanco Francisco , Bartosiewicz Katarzyna , Feillet François , Gizewska Maria , Hollak Carla , van der Lee Johanna H. , Maillot François , Stepien Karolina M. , Wagenmakers Margreet A. E. M. , Welsink‐Karssies Mendy M. , van Spronsen Francjan J. , Bosch Annet M. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractLow bone mineral density (BMD) as a risk factor for fractures has been a long‐standing concern in phenylketonuria (PKU). It is hypothesised that the disease itself or the dietary treatment might lead to a low BMD. Previous studies show conflicting results of BMD in PKU due to differences in age, techniques to assess BMD and criteria used. To assess the prevalence of low BMD and define possible risk factors in a large number of adult, early treated PKU (ETPKU) patients. European centres were invited for a survey, collecting retrospective data including results of dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans of adult ETPKU patients. BMD of 183 adult ETPKU patients aged 18‐46 (median age 28, all females premenopausal) years was lower than in the general population at most skeletal sites but the frequency of low BMD (Z‐score <−2) was at maximum 5.5%. No risk factors for low BMD in PKU patients could be identified. Low BMD occurs only in a small subset of PKU patients. DXA scans should be considered for well controlled patients from age 35‐40 years and up and on indication in those PKU patients considered to be at increased risk for fractures.
Research priorities for liver glycogen storage disease: An international priority setting partnership with the James Lind Alliance
Authors: Peeks Fabian , Boonstra Willemijn F. , de Baere Lut , Carøe Camilla , Casswall Thomas , Cohen Damián , Cowan Katherine , Ferrecchia Iris , Ferriani Alberto , Gimbert Caroline , Landgren Marcus , Maldonado Nerea L. , McMillan Jason , Nemeth Antal , Seidita Niccolò , Stachelhaus‐Theimer Ute , Weinstein David A. , Derks Terry G. J. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe international liver glycogen storage disease (GSD) priority setting partnership (IGSDPSP) was established to identify the top research priorities in this area. The multiphase methodology followed the principles of the James Lind Alliance (JLA) guidebook. An international scoping survey in seven languages was distributed to patients, carers, and healthcare professionals to gather uncertainties, which were consolidated into summary questions. The existing literature was reviewed to ensure that the summary questions had not yet been answered. A second survey asked responders to prioritize these summary questions. A final shortlist of 22 questions was discussed during an international multi‐stakeholder workshop, and a consensus was reached on the top 11 priorities using an adapted nominal group technique.In the first survey, a total of 1388 questions were identified from 763 responders from 58 countries. These original uncertainties were refined into 72 summary questions for a second prioritization survey. In total 562 responders from 58 countries answered the second survey. From the second survey, the top 10 for patients, carers and healthcare professionals was identified and this shortlist of 22 questions was taken to the final workshop. During the final workshop, participants identified the worldwide top 11 research priorities for liver GSD. In addition, a top three research priorities per liver GSD subtype was identified.This unique priority setting partnership is the first international, multilingual priority setting partnership focusing on ultra‐rare diseases. This process provides a valuable resource for researchers and funding agencies to foster interdisciplinary and transnational research projects with a clear benefit for patients.
Effects of temperature on protein phosphorylation in postmortem muscle
Authors: Ren Chi , Hou Chengli , Li Zheng , Li Xin , Bai Yuqiang , Zhang Dequan 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBACKGROUNDPhosphorylation is one of the most important post‐translational modifications. Currently, many postmortem protein phosphorylation studies in muscle have been related to meat quality such as tenderness and color stability. However, the effects of various storage temperatures (25, 15, 4 and −1.5 °C) on the phosphorylation level of protein are poorly understood. Changes in the protein phosphorylation levels in postmortem ovine muscle at various storage temperatures were determined in this study.RESULTSThe obtained data showed that pH decline rate was significantly inhibited at −1.5 °C from 12 h to 7 days postmortem (P < 0.05). The ATP consumption rate was higher at 25 °C than that at other three temperatures (P < 0.05). Analysis of the temperature, pH and ATP content revealed that the ATP content was related to the phosphorylation levels of individual protein bands. Phosphorylated myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic proteins, such as myosin binding protein C, troponin T3, myosin light chain 1, glucose‐6‐phosphate isomerase and pyruvate kinase, were mainly involved in glycolysis and muscle contraction.CONCLUSIONThe global and specific protein phosphorylation levels can be influenced by the postmortem storage temperature of muscle. Phosphorylation of proteins was correlated with glycolysis and muscle contraction. Certain phosphorylated proteins, such as heat shock proteins, require further study to clarify their effects on meat traits. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Time to treatment initiation and survival in adult localized, high‐grade soft tissue sarcoma
Authors: Featherall Joseph , Curtis Gannon L. , Lawrenz Joshua M. , Jin Yuxuan , George Jaiben  , Scott Jacob , Shah Chirag , Shepard Dale , Rubin Brian P. , Nystrom Lukas M. , Mesko Nathan W. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackgroundAlthough shorter delays in soft tissue sarcoma (STS) diagnosis may improve overall survival (OS), the influence of time to treatment initiation (TTI) on OS in STS has not been determined.ObjectiveTo determine if TTI influences OS in localized, high‐grade STS.MethodsAn analysis of the National Cancer Database identified 8648 patients meeting criteria with localized, high‐grade STS diagnosed between 2004 and 2012. TTI and secondary variable associations with OS were determined using Kruskal‐Wallis tests in univariate analyses, and a Cox regression multivariable model.ResultsIn a multivariable Cox regression, TTI was associated with OS in a nonlinear fashion with a minimum hazard ratio (HR) demonstrated at 42 days. Secondary variables significantly associated (P < .05) with decreased OS included, advanced age, increased Charlson/Deyo score, nonprivate insurance, axial tumor location, tumor size more than 5 cm, stage III disease, and a nonsurgical treatment modality.ConclusionsMinimum HR was observed at a TTI of 42 days, with HR = 0.64, when compared with TTI = 1 day. Appropriate referrals to a higher volume sarcoma centers may account for these delays and explain a potential OS advantage. This is important in counseling patients, who may seek referral to a higher volume treatment center.