bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Community Composition and Year-round Abundance of Vector Species of Mosquitoes make Miami-Dade County, Florida a Receptive Gateway for Arbovirus entry to the United States
Authors: Wilke André B. B. , Vasquez Chalmers , Medina Johana , Carvajal Augusto , Petrie William , Beier John C. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractVector-borne diseases are a heavy burden to human-kind. Global warming and urbanization have a significant impact on vector-borne disease transmission, resulting in more severe outbreaks, and outbreaks in formerly non-endemic areas. Miami-Dade County, Florida was the most affected area in the continental United States during the 2016 Zika virus outbreak. Miami is an important gateway and has suitable conditions for mosquitoes year-round. Therefore, it was critical to establish and validate a surveillance system to guide and improve mosquito control operations. Here we assess two years of mosquito surveillance in Miami established after the 2016 Zika virus outbreak. Our results show that the most abundant mosquito species are either well adapted to urban environments or are adapting to it. The five most abundant species comprised 85% of all specimens collected, with four of them being primary vectors of arboviruses. Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus were found year-round throughout Miami regardless of urbanization level, vegetation, or socioeconomic variations. This study serves as a foundation for future efforts to improve mosquito surveillance and control operations.
The role of three-dimensionality and alveolar pressure in the distribution and amplification of alveolar stresses
Authors: Sarabia-Vallejos Mauricio A. , Zuñiga Matias , Hurtado Daniel E. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractAlveolar stresses are fundamental to enable the respiration process in mammalians and have recently gained increasing attention due to their mechanobiological role in the pathogenesis and development of respiratory diseases. Despite the fundamental physiological role of stresses in the alveolar wall, the determination of alveolar stresses remains challenging, and our current knowledge is largely drawn from 2D studies that idealize the alveolar septal wall as a spring or a planar continuum. Here we study the 3D stress distribution in alveolar walls of normal lungs by combining ex-vivo micro-computed tomography and 3D finite-element analysis. Our results show that alveolar walls are subject to a fully 3D state of stresses rather than to a pure axial stress state. To understand the contributions of the different components and deformation modes, we decompose the stress tensor field into hydrostatic and deviatoric components, which are associated with isotropic and distortional stresses, respectively. Stress concentrations arise in localized regions of the alveolar microstructure, with magnitudes that can be up to 27 times the applied alveolar pressure. Interestingly, we show that the stress amplification factor strongly depends on the level of alveolar pressure, i.e, stresses do not scale proportional to the applied alveolar pressure. In addition, we show that 2D techniques to assess alveolar stresses consistently overestimate the stress magnitude in alveolar walls, particularly for lungs under high transpulmonary pressure. These findings take particular relevance in the study of stress-induced remodeling of the emphysematous lung and in ventilator-induced lung injury, where the relation between transpulmonary pressure and alveolar wall stress is key to understand mechanotransduction processes in pneumocytes.
A Universal Theoretical Framework in Material Characterization for Tailored Porous Surface Design
Authors: Burhan Muhammad , Shahzad Muhammad Wakil , Ng Kim Choon 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe distinct interaction of adsorbate-adsorbent pair is attributed to the characteristics of heterogeneous surface and structure of porous materials. In material science, the porous structure is modified in response to certain applications. Backed by the chemical recipes, such conventional approach rely on the material characterization techniques to verify the resultant porous structure and its interaction with the adsorbate molecules. Such a practice is best assisted by a theoretical approach that can pre-define the required heterogeneous structure of porous surfaces and its role in selective adsorbate-adsorbent interaction, to facilitate material scientists for the synthesis of only those energy sites which can enhance or tailor its responses for a certain application or target. It has been reported here that the understanding of porous structure in terms of energy sites and their distribution, which controls the adsorbate-adsorbent interaction, is the key for porous surface engineering. Understanding of such porous surface characteristics empower the scientists to alter kinetics and thermodynamics of material according to the ‘sweet spots’ of an application. Therefore, a theoretical framework, to express the energy sites and their distribution over the porous heterogeneous surface, is demonstrated here as a prerequisite criterion for porous material development and characterization.
Freestanding flexible, pure and composite form of reduced graphene oxide paper for ammonia vapor sensing
Authors: Selvakumar D. , Sivaram H. , Alsalme A. , Alghamdi A. , Jayavel R. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractMetal oxides based graphene nanocomposites were used for ammonia vapour sensing. The self-assembly process was adopted to prepare freestanding flexible pure rGO, CeO2-rGO and SnO2-rGO composite papers. The structural studies confirmed the formation of rGO composite papers. The ammonia vapor sensing was demonstrated using an impedance analyzer at different humidity levels as well as concentration. The CeO2-rGO composite paper achieved a sensitivity of 51.70 ± 1.2%, which was higher than that of pure rGO and SnO2-rGO composite paper. Both the surfaces (top and bottom) of the papers are active in efficiently sensing ammonia, which makes the present work unique. The results reveal that metal oxide/rGO papers can be effectively utilized in real time sensor application.
Morphometric signals of population decline in diademed sifakas occupying degraded rainforest habitat in Madagascar
Authors: Irwin Mitchell T. , Samonds Karen E. , Raharison Jean-Luc , Junge Randall E. , Mahefarisoa Karine Lalaina , Rasambainarivo Fidisoa , Godfrey Laurie R. , Glander Kenneth E. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractAnthropogenic habitat change can have varied impacts on primates, including both negative and positive outcomes. Even when behavioural shifts are seen, they may reflect decreased health, or simply behavioural flexibility; understanding this distinction is important for conservation efforts. This study examines habitat-related variation in adult and immature morphometrics among diademed sifakas (Propithecus diadema). We collected morphometric data from sifakas at Tsinjoarivo, Madagascar (19 years, 188 captures, 113 individuals). Captures spanned 12 groups, five within continuous forest (“CONT”), and seven in degraded fragments (“FRAG”) where sifakas have lower nutritional intakes. Few consistent differences were found between CONT and FRAG groups. However, using home range quality as a covariate rather than a CONT/FRAG dichotomy revealed a threshold: the two FRAG groups in the lowest-quality habitat showed low adult mass and condition (wasting), and low immature mass and length (stunting). Though less-disturbed fragments apparently provide viable habitat, we suggest the sifakas in the most challenging habitats cannot evolve fast enough to keep up with such rapid habitat change. We suggest other long-lived organisms will show similar morphometric “warning signs” (wasting in adults, stunting in immatures); selected morphometric variables can thus be useful at gauging vulnerability of populations in the face of anthropogenic change.
Redox-Active Ferrocene grafted on H-Terminated Si(111): Electrochemical Characterization of the Charge Transport Mechanism and Dynamics
Authors: Fontanesi Claudio , Como Enrico Da , Vanossi Davide , Montecchi Monica , Cannio Maria , Mondal Prakash Chandra , Giurlani Walter , Innocenti Massimo , Pasquali Luca 
Published: June 2019

AbstractElectroactive self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) bearing a ferrocene (Fc) redox couple were chemically assembled on H-terminated semiconducting degenerate-doped n-type Si(111) substrate. This allows to create a Si(111)|organic-spacer|Fc hybrid interface, where the ferrocene moiety is covalently immobilized on the silicon, via two alkyl molecular spacers of different length. Organic monolayer formation was probed by Laser Ablation-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements, which were also used to estimate thickness and surface assembled monolayer (SAM) surface coverage. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements allowed to ascertain surface morphology and roughness. The single electron transfer process, between the ferrocene redox probe and the Si electrode surface, was probed by cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements. CVs recorded at different scan rates, in the 10 to 500 mV s−1 range, allowed to determine peak-to-peak separation, half-wave potential, and charge-transfer rate constant (KET). The experimental findings suggest that the electron transfer is a one electron quasi-reversible process. The present demonstration of surface engineering of functional redox-active organometallic molecule can be efficient in the field of molecular electronics, surface-base redox chemistry, opto-electronic applications.
PLCE1 promotes myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury in H/R H9c2 cells and I/R rats by promoting inflammation
Authors: Li WenHua , Li Yong , Chu Ying , Wu WeiMin , Yu QiuHua , Zhu XiaoBo , Wang Qiang 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Myocardial ischemia–reperfusion (I/R) injury is a major contributor to the morbidity and mortality associated with coronary artery disease. How to ensure the recovery of blood supply to ischemic myocardial tissue while avoiding or reducing I/R injury remains a critical problem in clinical practice. In the present study, we examined the function of phospholipase C ϵ-1 (PLCE1) by an H9c2 H/R (H/R, hypoxia–reoxygenation) model and a rat myocardial I/R injury model. The expression of PLCE1 and its effect on I/R injury-induced inflammatory response as well as its possible underlying mechanism were investigated. Our results have shown that PLCE1 was progressively increased along with the increase in hypoxia time in the H/R H9c2 and HL-1 cells. In myocardial I/R rats, PLCE1 presented a low expression level in the sham group, however, it was increased sharply in the I/R group. Overexpression of PLCE1 promoted the expression of IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1α, and decreased the expression of IL-10. Knockdown of PLCE1 decreased the expression of IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1α, and increased the expression of IL-10. Furthermore, overexpression of PLCE1 increased the phosphorylation of p38, ERK1/2, and nuclear factor-κ B (NF-κB) P65 while knockdown of PLCE1 inhibited their phosphorylation. In conclusion, the present study provided evidence that PLCE1 was up-regulated in H/R H9c2 cell and I/R rat. Overexpression of PLCE1 promoted the inflammatoion via activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway.
Internet-Based Audiological Interventions: An Update for Clinicians
Authors: Beukes Eldré W. , Manchaiah Vinaya 
Published: June 2019

PurposeAdvancements in digital and computing technologies have created opportunities for innovations in the provision of health care remotely. The aim of this article is to provide audiological professionals with a summary of literature regarding existing audiological Internet-based interventions (IBIs). The specific objectives are to (a) provide an overview of the range of audiological IBIs for adults with hearing loss, balance disorders, and tinnitus; (b) identify the features included in these IBIs and possible benefits; and (c) identify difficulties and challenges regarding the implementation and use of audiological IBIs.MethodRelevant articles were identified through literature review conducted in the PubMed database and gray literature. The relevant information from these sources, such as the type of intervention and main outcomes, were summarized.ResultsA range of IBIs were identified, with the majority addressing tinnitus distress. Those for hearing loss have been applied at different stages of the patient journey. Unguided IBIs for vestibular difficulties included self-help for Ménière's disease and vestibular rehabilitation. Most tinnitus IBIs provided cognitive behavioral therapy. Overall, IBIs showed benefits in terms of outcome and accessibility. Barriers include uncertainties surrounding cost-effectiveness, optimal level of support, and improving intervention compliance.ConclusionsTelehealth applications are expanding in audiology, and IBIs have been developed to provide auditory rehabilitation, vestibular rehabilitation, and tinnitus interventions. IBIs have the potential to offer accessible and affordable services. More work is required to further develop these interventions and optimize outcomes.
Sonografie peripherer Nerven: Immun-Neuropathien
Authors: Schminke Ulf , Holbe Christine 
Published: June 2019

ZusammenfassungImmun-Neuropathien sind seltene Erkrankungen, die allerdings frühzeitig einer kausalen Therapie zugeführt werden sollten, sodass es von großer Wichtigkeit ist, möglichst zuverlässig diese Immun-Neuropathie zu diagnostizieren. Der folgende Artikel hat zum Ziel, eine Übersicht über die typischen sonografischen Befunde sowie über den Zusatznutzen der Sonografie gegenüber der elektrophysiologischen Untersuchung bei Immun-Neuropathien wie der chronischen inflammatorischen demyelinisierenden Polyneuropathie (CIDP), systemischen Vaskulitiden, der multifokalen akquirieten demyelinisierenden sensiblen und motorischen Neuropathie (MADSAM), der multifokalen motorischen Neuropathie (MMN) und der neuralgischen Amyotrophie zu geben.
Primäre entzündliche Ursachen zerebraler Ischämie im Kindesalter
Authors: Hedrich Christian Michael , Hahn Gabriele , Smitka Martin 
Published: June 2019

ZusammenfassungIschämische Hirninfarkte sind im Kindesalter selten, können aber bei den betroffenen Individuen zu irreversiblen Schäden und einer schwerwiegenden Beeinträchtigung der Lebensqualität führen. Ein signifikanter Anteil der Infarkte im Kindesalter geht auf primäre ZNS Vaskulitiden (PACNS) zurück. Zur sicheren Diagnose müssen Differenzialdiagnosen, inklusive Systemerkrankungen die mit Vaskulitis einhergehen können ausgeschlossen werden. In Analogie zur Klassifikation der systemischen Vaskulitis, wird die PACNS nach dem Kaliber der betroffenen Gefäße eingeteilt. Die Diagnose und Einteilung erfolgt anhand der klinischen Präsentation, laborchemischer und bildgebender Untersuchungen, sowie Hirnbiospien im Falle von Kleingefäß ZNS Vaskulitiden. In Ermangelung prospektiver und kontrollierter klinischer Studien orientiert sich das therapeutische Vorgehen derzeit an kleinen Fallserien und Expertenempfehlungen. Die zur Verfügung stehende Medikamententherapie umfasst systemische Antikoagulation, hochdosierte Kortikosteroide und, wenn nötig, Cyclophosphamid zur Remissionsinduktion, sowie Basismedikamente zur Remissionserhaltung. Die Pathophysiologie der PACNS wird aktuell nur sehr inkomplett verstanden. Die Untersuchung und Entdeckung genetischer Ursachen wird jedoch zu einer Neuklassifikation und zielgerichteten und individualisierten Therapieoptionen beitragen. Um dies voranzutreiben sind nicht zuletzt aufgrund der Seltenheit der PACNS im Kindesalter internationale Kooperationen notwendig.
Rheumatologische Differenzialdiagnostik bei Uveitis im Kindesalter
Authors: Foeldvari Ivan 
Published: June 2019

ZusammenfassungUngefähr 10% der Uveitiden beginnen im Kindesalter, mit einer Inzidenz von 6,9 auf 100 000 unter 14 Jahren und 26,6 auf 100 000 von 15 bis 24 Jahren. Sie werden unterteilt in infektiöse und nichtinfektiöse Uveitiden. Die Klassifikation der SUN-Gruppe erfolgt je nach Lokalisation des Auftretens und abhängend vom zeitlichen Verlauf. Die häufigste nicht-infektiöse Ursache bei Kindern ist die Juvenile idiopathische Arthritis, gefolgt von Morbus Behcet und Sarkoidose. Auch autoinflammatorischen Erkrankungen können mit einer Uveitis assoziiert sein. Die anteriore Uveitis tritt vorwiegend bei der Juvenilen idiopathischern Arthritis, der lokalisierten Sklerodermie und dem Kawasaki-Syndrom auf. Bei der intermediären Uveitis gibt es vor allem eine Assoziation mit Sarkoidose, Blau Syndrom, Tinu Syndrom und Multipler Sklerose. Eine posteriore Beteiligung ist für Morbus Behcet typisch, kann aber auch beim Cryopirin-assoziiertem Fiebersyndrom oder Cogan-Syndrom auftreten. Eine frühzeitige Diagnosestellung ist wichtig, um rechtzeitg eine effektive Therapie einleiten zu können und das Sehvermögen nicht zu gefährden.
Intracerebral Hemorrhage: A Brief Evidence-Based Review of Common Etiologies, Mechanisms of Secondary Injury, and Medical and Surgical Management
Authors: Sarma Anand K. , Ghoshal Shivani , Craven Spencer J. , Sarwal Aarti 
Published: June 2019

AbstractIntracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) accounts for only 10 to 15% of all strokes but remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Despite lengthy stays in critical care units, only one-half of those experiencing an ICH survive after 30 days, and those who do are often left with considerable disability. Treatment has traditionally focused on minimizing the hemorrhage expansion and reducing clot volume through both medical and surgical means. Management of ICH is a complex and multidisciplinary process. This review will discuss a few common etiologies, explore the pathophysiology of secondary neuronal injury after ICH, review the basics of ICH imaging with computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, and highlight latest practices in medical and surgical management. Secondary injury mechanisms such as perihematomal edema and disordered cerebral autoregulation are discussed as potential targets for new treatment modalities. Emergent treatment in the “golden hour” after ictus provides a template of measures to adopt from initial contact with emergency medical services, to the emergency department, and thereafter, triage to the intensive care unit. Medical management including blood pressure control, hemostasis, and coagulopathy reversal are discussed and evidence from trials such as INTERACT 2, ATACH 2, and ANNEXA-4 are given a clinical context. Surgical management including intracranial pressure monitoring, surgical evacuation with open craniotomy, and minimally invasive approaches such as stereotactic-guided aspiration and thrombolysis, ultrasound-induced thrombolysis, image-guided stereotactic endoscopic aspiration, and stereotactic ICH underwater blood aspiration are enumerated. The outcomes and relevance of STICH, MISTIE, and CLEAR trials to present surgical care are elaborated. The review summarizes the current guidelines for the treatment of ICH and the latest literature in the field they are based upon. It aims to provide a concise article beneficial to the emergency physicians and neurointensivists/neuroanesthesiologists.
Physicians Voluntarily Using an EHR-Based CDS Tool Improved Patients' Guideline-Related Statin Prescription Rates: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Chang Timothy S. , Buchipudi Ashwin , Fonarow Gregg C. , Pfeffer Michael A. , Singer Jennifer S. , Cheng Eric M. 
Published: June 2019

Background In 2013, the American College of Cardiology (ACC) and the American Heart Association (AHA) released a revised guideline on statin therapy initiation. The guideline included a 10-year risk calculation based on regression modeling, which made hand calculation infeasible. Compliance to the guideline has been suboptimal, as many patients were recommended but not prescribed statin therapy. Clinical decision support (CDS) tools may improve statin guideline compliance. Few statin guideline CDS tools evaluated clinical outcome.
Objectives We determined if use of a CDS tool, the statin macro, was associated with increased 2013 ACC/AHA statin guideline compliance at the level of statin prescription versus no statin prescription. We did not determine if each patient's statin prescription met ACC/AHA 2013 therapy intensity recommendations (high vs. moderate vs. low).
Methods The authors developed a clinician-initiated, EHR-embedded statin macro command (“statin macro”) that displayed the 2013 ACC/AHA statin guideline recommendation in the electronic health record documentation. We included patients who had a primary care visit during the study period (January 1–June 30, 2016), were eligible for statin therapy based on the ACC/AHA guideline prior to the study period, and were not prescribed statin therapy prior to the study period. We tested the association of macro usage and statin therapy prescription during the study period using relative risk and mixed effect logistic regression.
Results Subjects included 11,877 patients seen in primary care, who were retrospectively recommended statin therapy at study initiation based on the ACC/AHA guideline, but who had not received statin therapy. During the study period, 125 clinicians used the statin macro command for 389 of the 11,877 patients (3.2%). Of the 389 patients for whom that statin macro was used, 108 patients (28%) had a statin prescribed during the study period. Of the 11,488 for whom the statin macro was not used, 1,360 (13%) patients received a clinician-prescribed statin (relative risk 2.3, p < 0.001). Controlling for patient covariates and clinicians, statin macro usage was significantly associated with statin therapy prescription (odds ratio 2.86, p < 0.001).
Conclusion Although the statin macro had low uptake, its use was associated with a greater rate of statin prescriptions (dosage not determined) for patients whom 2013 ACC/AHA guidelines required statin therapy.
Management of Acute Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Vanamoorthy Ponniah , Samy Kavu D. , Bidkar Prasanna U. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractAcute ischemic stroke (AIS) is a time-sensitive neurological emergency and it remains to be the most common type of stroke. Rapid neuroimaging is the cornerstone for initiating time-sensitive interventions in the treatment of AIS. Revascularization therapies that were once considered irreversible, including intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) and endovascular treatment (EVT), administered in a timely fashion have revolutionized the treatment of AIS. The indications for these therapies have expanded over the past few years and a lot of advancements are happening every year. IVT is offered to all eligible patients presenting within 3 hours of symptom onset and up to 4.5 hours with additional criteria. EVT with stent retrievers or aspiration devices, once limited to the first 6 hours of stroke onset, is now being offered up to 24 hours with advanced image-guided patient selection, which includes a computed tomography or magnetic resonance perfusion imaging. A protocol-based approach to the management of stroke, beginning from prehospital care reduces the time delay in the initiation of treatment. Providing access to these therapies by creating systems of care, hospital stroke team, and “stroke codes” improves the outcome of patients with AIS.