bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in attitude towards LAI antipsychotic maintenance treatment: A two-year follow-up study
Authors: Pietrini Francesco , D’Anna Giulio , Tatini Lorenzo , Talamba Gabriela Alina , Andrisano Costanza , Calderani Enrico , Manetti Mara , Rossi Prodi Paolo , Ricca Valdo , Ballerini Andrea 
Published: June 2018

AbstractBackground:To present real-world evidence on the effects of switching from oral to long-acting injectable (LAI) antipsychotic maintenance treatment (AMT) in a sample of clinically stable patients with schizophrenia, with regard to subjective experience of treatment, attitude towards drug and quality of life.Methods:50 clinically stable adult schizophrenic outpatients were recruited. At the time of enrolment (T0), all patients were under a stabilized therapy with a single oral second-generation antipsychotic (SGA) and were switched to the equivalent maintenance regimen with the long-acting formulation of the same antipsychotic. 43 patients completed the 24-month prospective, longitudinal, open-label, observational study. Participants were assessed at baseline (T0), after 12 (T1) and 24 months (T2), using psychometric scales (PANSS, YMRS and MDRS) and patient-reported outcome measures (SWN-K, DAI-10 and SF-36).Results:The switch to LAI-AMT was associated with a significant clinical improvement at T1 and T2 compared to baseline (T0). All of the psychometric indexes, as well as patients’ subjective experience of treatment (SWN-K), and quality of life (SF-36) showed a significant improvement after one year of LAI-AMT, with stable results after two years. Patients’ attitude towards drug (DAI-10) increased throughout the follow-up period, with a further improvement during the second year.Conclusions:The switch to LAI-AMT may help to address the subjective core of an optimal recovery in stabilized schizophrenic patients. A sustained improvement in patients’ attitude towards drug may help to achieve patient’s compliance. The size of this study needs to be expanded to produce more solid and generalizable results.
ANIMAL WELFARE PERCEPTIONS OF THE U.S. PUBLIC AND COW-CALF PRODUCERS
Authors: McKENDREE MELISSA G.S. , TONSOR GLYNN T. , WOLF CHRISTOPHER A. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe U.S. livestock industry is increasingly faced with pressure to adjust practices in response to societal concerns—specifically related to farm animal welfare. Using best-worst scaling, we determine which practices the U.S. public and cow-calf producers view as the most effective and most practical practices to improve beef cattle welfare. Latent class models are used to understand heterogeneity within and across the public and producers. Fresh, clean feed and water was viewed by most groups as both effective and practical. Furthermore, castrate with pain control and dehorn with pain control were seen as the least effective and practical practices.
Reconfiguring Rights in Austerity Britain: Boundaries, Behaviours and Contestable Margins
Authors: MORRIS LYDIA 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThis paper addresses policy change in Britain since 2010 across the three fields of domestic welfare, migration and asylum, and analyses the association between welfare, conditionality and control through the lens of civic stratification. Drawing on the work of Richard Munch and Mary Douglas, it moves beyond existing literature in this area to show that the more complex the classification in play, and the more severe its boundary implications, the more likely the emergence of contestable margins. Informed by Munch's ‘battlefield’ approach, it provides a discussion of contestable margins in each of the three policy fields and outlines the nature and source of challenges that emerge within the ‘institutional battlefield’. A concluding section reflects on what is revealed by viewing welfare, migration and asylum within the same conceptual frame, identifying an emergent welfare paradigm that displays recurrent problems across all three fields.
Significant enhancement in the propagation of cosh-Gaussian laser beam in a relativistic–ponderomotive plasma using ramp density profile
Authors: Kumar Harish , Aggarwal Munish , Richa  , Sharma Dinkar , Chandok Sumit , Gill Tarsem Singh 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe paper presents an investigation on self-focusing of cosh-Gaussian (ChG) laser beam in a relativistic–ponderomotive non-uniform plasma. It is observed numerically that the selection of decentered parameter and initial beam radius determines the focusing/defocusing of ChG laser beam. For given value of these parameters, the plasma density ramp of suitable length can avoid defocusing and enhance focusing effect significantly. Focusing length and extent of focusing may also be controlled by varying slope of the ramp density. A comparison with Gaussian beam has also been attempted for optimized set of parameters. The results establish that ChG beam focuses earlier and sharper relative to Gaussian beam. We have setup the non-linear differential equation for the beam width parameter using Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin and paraxial ray approximation and solved it numerically using Runge–Kutta method.
Switching stable patients with schizophrenia from their oral antipsychotics to aripiprazole lauroxil: a post hoc safety analysis of the initial 12-week crossover period
Authors: Weiden Peter J. , Du Yangchun , Liu Chih-Chin , Stanford Arielle D. 
Published: June 2018

ObjectiveSwitching antipsychotic medications is common in patients with schizophrenia who are experiencing persistent symptoms or tolerability issues associated with their current drug regimen. This analysis assessed the safety of switching from an oral antipsychotic to the long-acting injectable antipsychotic aripiprazole lauroxil (AL).MethodsThis was a post hoc analysis of outpatients with schizophrenia who were prescribed an oral antipsychotic and who enrolled in an international, open-label, long-term (52-week) safety study of AL. The analysis focused on the first 3 injections of AL 882 mg over 12 weeks, divided into the immediate 4-week crossover period between the first and second AL injections (initiation phase) and the subsequent 8 weeks (stabilization phase). Patients were grouped by preswitch oral antipsychotic medication, and safety and clinical symptoms were assessed.ResultsIn total, 190 patients had switched from one of the following oral antipsychotic medications: aripiprazole, conventional antipsychotics, risperidone/paliperidone, olanzapine, or quetiapine. The 12-week completion rate was high (92.1%) and similar across the different preswitch oral antipsychotic groups. Overall, adverse event (AE) rates experienced over 12 weeks were modest; no AEs were considered serious. The most common AEs in the initiation phase were injection site pain (5.8%), insomnia (5.8%), and akathisia (3.2%). No apparent relationship was observed between preswitch medication and early-onset AEs. Mean Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale total scores remained stable during this period across preswitch antipsychotic groups.ConclusionSwitching from an oral antipsychotic to AL was feasible in an outpatient setting for patients with schizophrenia, and the 12-week retention rate was favorable.
Soft Separation Democracy
Authors: Menchik Jeremy 
Published: June 2018

AbstractHow do nonsecular democracies govern religion? Despite two decades of research on the many ways that church and state overlap in modern democracies, scholars lack an adequate answer to this question. Many consolidated democracies have a soft separation between church and state rather than a wall. These are not defective versions of democracy, but rather poorly understood institutional arrangements. To remedy this lacuna, this paper investigates institutional arrangements in six consolidated democracies with a soft separation between church and state: Bulgaria, Greece, Romania, India, Indonesia, and Switzerland. After describing the institutional workings of these states, the paper develops hypotheses for the origins of soft separation democracy as well as addressing the challenges of this form of government. The paper concludes by suggesting three other potentially fruitful lines of analysis as well as elucidating the implications of soft separation democracy for U.S. foreign policy.
Storm Events Restructured Bacterial Community and Their Biogeochemical Potentials
Authors: Kan Jinjun 
Published: June 2018

AbstractLarge rainstorms deliver significant amounts of upland materials to headwater streams, thereby introducing the particle‐associated microorganisms from complex soil environments into stream networks. “Seeding and mixing” from terrestrial sources may generate “new” in‐stream microbial consortia and facilitate nutrient transformations and export to receiving waters. In order to investigate how large storm events influence the microbial community, bacterial community structure from White Clay Creek (Chester Co., PA, USA) was characterized following the Hurricane Irene and the Tropical Storm Lee. High‐throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA genes was used to track changes of bacterial community before, during, and after the events. Detailed bacterial community structures based on analyses of 3,004,072 sequences indicated an increase of bacterial diversity during peak discharge of the storm. Significant successional changes of bacterial community structure during the events were observed: Betaproteobacteria decreased in relative abundance, while members of Deltaproteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Chloroflexi, Nitrospirae, Planctomycetes, and Verrucomicrobia increased with the discharge suggesting potential impacts from terrestrial inputs and re‐suspended sediments. Cyanobacteria bloomed after the storm events, indicating that photosynthesis was one of the primary recovering processes. Real‐time polymerase chain reaction (quantitative polymerase chain reaction) analyses on functional genes (amoA for nitrification and nirS/nirK for denitrification) suggested that storm events also changed the functional perspectives of the microbial communities, with the potential for alteration of subsequent biogeochemical transformations. Thus, large storm events inoculate microbes from terrestrial and streambeds to headwaters, and downslope dispersal (“mass‐effect”) and “species‐sorting” likely restructure the microbial community as well as potential nutrient cycling.
Fire, Flood, and Drought: Extreme Climate Events Alter Flow Paths and Stream Chemistry
Authors: Murphy Sheila F. , McCleskey R. Blaine , Martin Deborah A. , Writer Jeffrey H. , Ebel Brian A. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractExtreme climate events—such as hurricanes, droughts, extreme precipitation, and wildfires—have the potential to alter watershed processes and stream response. Yet due to the destructive and hazardous nature and unpredictability of such events, capturing their hydrochemical signal is challenging. A 5‐year postwildfire study of stream chemistry in the Fourmile Creek watershed, Colorado Front Range, USA, focused on high‐frequency storm sampling. During the study, the watershed was impacted by three additional extreme climate events—drought and two periods of extreme rainfall totals. These events altered concentration‐discharge relationships in ways that elucidate how hydrologic flow paths and source material availability affect stream water chemistry. Reduced infiltration after wildfire led to overland flow during thunderstorms, which conveyed ash and soil into streams. This resulted in elevated stream concentrations of constituents elevated in ash—Ca, K, Mg, alkalinity, and dissolved organic carbon—along with sediment and nitrate. Subsurface flow paths were bypassed, leading to low concentrations of Na and SiO2, which are bedrock derived and not elevated in ash. During drought conditions, when stream discharge was <20% of average, concentrations of sediment, dissolved organic carbon, and Ca fell below average concentrations, but SiO2 did not. Extreme rainfall totals saturated the subsurface and led to prolonged elevated stream discharge. Concentration‐discharge relationships for bedrock‐derived constituents, such as Ca and SiO2, were altered in that time period, while those for dissolved organic carbon were not. Previous disturbances, including historical mining, also affect stream chemistry, and water‐quality impairment can be exacerbated by extreme climate events.
Spatial Development of the Dipolarization Region in the Inner Magnetosphere
Authors: Ohtani S. , Motoba T. , Gkioulidou M. , Takahashi K. , Singer H. J. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe present study examines dipolarization events observed by the Van Allen Probes within 5.8 RE from Earth. It is found that the probability of occurrence is significantly higher in the dusk‐to‐midnight sector than in the midnight‐to‐dawn sector, and it deceases sharply earthward. A comparison with observations made at nearby satellites shows that dipolarization signatures are often highly correlated (c.c. >0.8) within 1 hr in magnetic local time (MLT) and 1 RE in RXY, and the dipolarization region expands earthward and westward in the dusk‐to‐midnight sector. The westward expansion velocity is estimated at 0.4 hr (in MLT) per minute, or 60 km/s, which is consistent with the previously reported result for geosynchronous dipolarization. The earthward expansion is apparently less systematic than the westward expansion. Its velocity is estimated at 50 km/s (0.5 RE/min), comparable to the westward expansion velocity, but it is suggested that the earthward expansion slows down as the dipolarization region approaches Earth, and it eventually stops. This idea is consistent with the earthward reduction of the occurrence probability of dipolarization events. Whereas this earthward expansion is difficult to explain with the conventional wedge current system, it may be understood in terms of a current system with two wedges, one with the R1 polarity outside and the other with the R2 polarity closer to Earth. For such a current system the region of dipolarization is confined in radial distance between the two wedge currents, and it is considered to expand earthward as the R2‐sense wedge moves earthward along with injected plasma.
Deep Ionospheric Hole Created by Sudden Stratospheric Warming in the Nighttime Ionosphere
Authors: Goncharenko L. P. , Coster A. J. , Zhang S.‐R. , Erickson P. J. , Benkevitch L. , Aponte N. , Harvey V. L. , Reinisch B. W. , Galkin I. , Spraggs M. , Hernández‐Espiet A. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractMultiple observational studies have demonstrated large ionospheric variations during the daytime associated with sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) events, but only limited evidence of ionospheric disturbances during the nighttime has been reported up to now. We focus on the American longitudinal sector with its extensive observational network of Global Navigation Satellite System receivers, four Digisondes located at low and middle latitudes, and the Arecibo and Millstone Hill incoherent scatter radars. The study focuses on a major SSW event of January 2013 to investigate large‐scale disturbances in the nighttime ionosphere. We report a deep decrease in total electron content that reaches a factor of 2–5 as compared to the background level and is observed between local midnight and local sunrise (6–12 UT). This decrease is observed for several consecutive days in the range of latitudes from ~55°S to ~45°N. It is accompanied by a strong downward plasma motion and a significant decrease in ion temperature, as observed by both Arecibo and Millstone Hill radars. These results demonstrate that SSW events cause changes in the nighttime ionosphere that are even larger than in the daytime ionosphere. We discuss variations in electric field and F‐region dynamics as possible drivers of this behavior and suggest that thermospheric winds play a much larger role than previously thought.
Crustal Deformation Process in the Mid‐Niigata Region of the Niigata‐Kobe Tectonic Zone as Observed by Dense GPS Network Before, During, and After the Tohoku‐Oki Earthquake
Authors: Meneses‐Gutierrez A. , Sagiya T. , Sekine S. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractWe evaluate response of Mid‐Niigata during the preseismic, coseismic, and postseismic periods of the 2011 Mw9.0 Tohoku‐oki earthquake by analyzing strain distributions based on a dense Global Positioning System network. Decomposition of the coseismic E‐W strain according to its wavelength shows localized elastic extension, while persistent localized contraction in the short‐wavelength component within a narrow zone of 40‐ to 60‐km width is significant before and after the event, implying the persistence of an inelastic process. Differences in the amplitude and horizontal location of the localized deformation suggest that elastic heterogeneities of the crust, acting in different sense before and after the earthquake, affect the deformation in Mid‐Niigata as well. We model localized deformation in the preseismic and postseismic period considering an aseismic fault slip and a weak elastic zone as deformation sources. Our kinematic models suggest vertical decoupling between the weak elastic layer and the basement rock, implying that the preseismic and postseismic strain rate patterns represent direct effects of the shallow portion of the crust in Mid‐Niigata. Although model parameters are not well constrained, we find that faults cutting the lower crust and a part of the upper crust, and an anomalously weak zone of a 40‐ to 60‐km width located above the fault explain the data. Our simple model shows that both inelastic and elastic sources are essential in the deformation mechanism of the Mid‐Niigata area in northern Niigata‐Kobe Tectonic Zone.
Melting Phase Relations and Element Partitioning in MORB to Lowermost Mantle Conditions
Authors: Tateno Shigehiko , Hirose Kei , Sakata Shuhei , Yonemitsu Kyoko , Ozawa Haruka , Hirata Takafumi , Hirao Naohisa , Ohishi Yasuo 
Published: June 2018

AbstractMelting phase relations and crystal‐melt element partitioning in a mid‐oceanic ridge basalt bulk composition were studied to 135 GPa using laser‐heated diamond‐anvil cell techniques. Using field‐emission‐type electron microprobe (FE‐EPMA), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and laser ablation‐inductively‐coupled plasma mass spectrometer (LA‐ICP‐MS), we obtained comprehensive analyses of major and trace elements in coexisting melt and solid phases. CaSiO3‐perovskite (Ca‐pv) was found to be the liquidus phase throughout the lower mantle pressure range. Whereas silica, followed by Mg‐perovskite, are the second and third crystallizing phases to pressures exceeding 100 GPa, postperovskite, closely followed by seifertite, succeed Ca‐pv at 135 GPa. The partitioning of trace elements between Ca‐pv and melts exhibited a strong pressure effect, possibly due to a combination of high compressibility of cations compared to the lattice site in Ca‐pv and melt compressional effects. The Ca‐pv/melt partition coefficients for Na and K (DNa and DK) increase with increasing pressure, with DNa close to unity and DK greater than unity at lowermost mantle pressures. Also, DNd becomes larger (or identical within uncertainty) than DSm in the deep lower mantle. Partial melt formed by 51% partial melting of mid‐oceanic ridge basalt at 135 GPa showed marked iron‐enrichment and should thus have negative buoyancy at the base of the mantle. The density of residual solid is almost identical to the PREM density, and therefore, it is likely to be involved in mantle convection and recycled to the surface.
Impact of Pore Fluid Chemistry on Fine‐Grained Sediment Fabric and Compressibility
Authors: Jang Junbong , Cao Shuang C. , Stern Laura A. , Jung Jongwon , Waite William F. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractFines, defined here as grains or particles, less than 75 μm in diameter, exist nearly ubiquitously in natural sediment, even those classified as coarse. Macroscopic sediment properties, such as compressibility, which relates applied effective stress to the resulting sediment deformation, depend on the fabric of fines. Unlike coarse grains, fines have sizes and masses small enough to be more strongly influenced by electrical interparticle forces than by gravity. These electrical forces acting through pore fluids are influenced by pore fluid chemistry changes. Macroscopic property dependence on pore fluid chemistry must be accounted for in sediment studies involving subsurface flow and sediment stability analyses, as well as in engineered flow situations such as groundwater pollutant remediation, hydrocarbon migration, or other energy resource extraction applications. This study demonstrates how the liquid limit‐based electrical sensitivity index can be used to predict sediment compressibility changes due to pore fluid chemistry changes. Laboratory tests of electrical sensitivity, sedimentation, and compressibility illustrate mechanisms linking microscale and macroscale processes for selected pure, end‐member fines. A specific application considered here is methane extraction via depressurization of gas hydrate‐bearing sediment, which causes a dramatic pore water salinity drop concurrent with sediment being compressed by the imposed effective stress increase.
Spatial Scales in Topography and Strain Rate Magnitude in the Western United States
Authors: Bomberger C. , Bendick R. , Flesch L. , Ehlers T. A. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractSpatial spectral analyses of topography and strain rate magnitude across the western United States reveal the presence of at least two separable spectral peaks, representative of characteristic length scales, one short (~10–50 km) and one long (~150–250 km). Less spectral power at intermediate wavelengths aside from that expected for a red, or power law, spectrum occurs in either data set. These results quantify previous qualitative observations that the topography of western North America contains both short and long characteristic wavelength features. Comparing the spectral results to simplified bounding solutions for elastic, viscous, and layered models under tension shows that multiple spectral peaks of comparable power can be reproduced only by mechanical models with more than one layer. Therefore, the simplest model of lithospheric architecture capable of generating the observed dominant characteristic length scales is an elastoplastic lid over a viscous layer.
Agulhas Ring Transport Efficiency From Combined Satellite Altimetry and Argo Profiles
Authors: Nencioli Francesco , Dall'Olmo Giorgio , Quartly Graham D. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractAgulhas rings are one of the main processes contributing to the westward transport of Agulhas leakage water across the South Atlantic basin. Here we quantified the water transported and exchanged by three Agulhas rings by combining remote sensing altimetry and in situ Argo observations. Satellite velocities showed that two of the eddies formed within the Cape Basin west of South Africa at the beginning of 2013 and reached the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge by the end of 2014. There, they merged forming the third eddy that dissipated a year later when it approached the Brazilian continental shelf. Eddy structure reconstructed from Argo profiles showed that the eddies were at least 1,500 m deep and that their dynamics was strongly affected by the two open‐ocean ridges encountered along their path. Between the ridges, eddy volumes were mostly conserved, but waters were continuously exchanged. During eddy dissipation, volume losses and water exchanges were more pronounced at depth. These findings highlight the importance of combining surface with in situ information to accurately represent Agulhas ring transport and exchanges. Overall, the eddies transported roughly 0.5 × 1013 m3 of water from the Cape Basin to west of 30°W in a 3‐year span. Lagrangian diagnostics indicated that, after an initial period of instability, the surface waters exchanged by the eddies along their tracks dispersed roughly in the same direction as the eddies, albeit at a much slower rate. These results further confirm that Agulhas eddies are the most efficient process for westward transport across the South Atlantic basin.