bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Body Image and Religiosity among Veiled and Non-Veiled Turkish Women
Authors: Demmrich Sarah , Atmaca Sümeyya , Dinç Cüneyt 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The positive relationship between body image and religiosity, as found in Christian samples, is often explained in terms of a moderate dress style of highly religious women. Unfortunately, almost nothing is known about the relationship between body image, religiosity, and dress style among female Muslims who live in Muslim-majority countries. Therefore, we conducted an exploratory questionnaire study among 59 female Muslims between 17 and 46 years (n = 29 veiled, n = 30 non-veiled) in Turkey, measuring social appearance anxiety and religiosity (intrinsic, extrinsic, normative, popular religiosity). The results show that veiled women score much lower on social appearance anxiety than non-veiled women. All four forms of religiosity are highly negatively correlated with social appearance anxiety for the whole sample and the veiled subsample. The results are discussed in the context of wearing the hijab and normative religiosity as important buffering factors against a negative body image among Turkish-Muslim women.
Can Empirical Research Predict the Future of the Church?
Authors: Schweitzer Friedrich , Ilg Wolfgang 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This article first discusses the question of how empirical research can contribute to the ongoing discussions concerning the future of the church. Among others, German research on church membership is used as a case study for gaining insights into the interplay between theoretical assumptions, empirical research and designing strategies for church development. The need for comparisons over time, for longitudinal studies and the identification of long-term predictors is discussed. Against this background, recent research on confirmation work in Germany and Europe is taken up as an example. The article draws on data from a European study on confirmation work with a longitudinal research approach. The results show that confirmation work, as one of the major educational programs of the Protestant Church, can influence adolescents’ views of Christian faith and the church. Predictors for future commitment to the church in terms of believing, belonging and volunteerism are not only dependent on religious socialization in childhood but also on experiences and activities during confirmation time in adolescence.
Theological Frames for Social Research
Authors: Smith Michael 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
In this article, theological frames are introduced as a qualitative tool for empirical theological research on Christian organisations. Theological frames are defined as frameworks for the theological interpretation of social life and are offered to further comparative and explanatory research on lived religion. Theological frames are developed by integrating frame theory (Bateson 1972; Goffman 2974; Snow et al. 1986) with the four voices of theology Bhatti et al. (2010) to understand the effects of nuanced theological expressions on social life. A methodology for constructing theological frames in social research is given, then applied to a socially engaged Australian Christian advocacy organisation.
Stress Levels among Anglican Clergy: The Beneficial Effects of Feeling Supported
Authors: Francis Leslie J. , Village Andrew , Voas David 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The present study draws on data generated by the Church Growth Research Programme among 1,268 full-time stipendiary Church of England clergy aged 68 or under to test the extent to which the sense of feeling supported by professional advisers (positive affect) may offset the sense of feeling stressed (negative affect), after taking into account a range of personal, psychological, environmental and theological or ecclesial factors. The data found that the sense of feeling supported by professional advisers reduced the levels of self-reported stress after controlling for personal, psychological, environmental, and theological or ecclesial factors. The implications of these findings for the provision of formal support mechanisms within dioceses is discussed.
Withdrawal from the eu and Bilateral Free Trade Agreements
Authors: Silvereke Siri 
Published: June 2019

Ambiguity still remains around the legal effects of a Member State’s withdrawal from the eu in relation to the new generation of Free Trade Agreements (‘ftas’), which are concluded as bilateral mixed agreements. Such withdrawal may have secondary implications in relation to the international obligations towards the other party of the ratified agreement. According to article 70(1)(a) of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (‘
vclt
’), the termination of a treaty under its provision releases the parties from the obligation further to perform the treaty. However, mixed agreements that are signed by both the Member State and the eu may cause complications. The obligation of sincere cooperation could play a large role in respect of the Member State’s compliance with its commitments under the agreement. Indeed, there are many concerns regarding the effect of the withdrawal on the eu and the withdrawing Member State in respect to mixed ftas. Could a withdrawal lead to an automatic termination or renegotiation of a trade agreement? Would it be possible to argue for fundamentally changed circumstances? Or could the principle of continuity in the
vclt
in the context of succession of states affect the outcome?This contribution aims to clarify the legal situation in regard to bilateral mixed ftas that are ratified or provisionally applied—such as the
eu-Canada Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (‘
ceta
’)—in the event of a Member State’s withdrawal from the eu. It considers the Member State’s responsibilities and obligations when the withdrawal has been effectuated. Additionally, it explores the rights of the non-eu party to the agreements, as well as the consequences that the eu might face as a remaining party to the agreement.
Supernaturalism among the Pastoral Societies of Iran
Authors: Amanolahi Sekandar 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe article is a brief examination of the beliefs in supernatural and the relevant practice among the Baharvand (Bahārvand) of Lorestān (Luristān) and the Basseri (Bāser ī) of Fārs provinces prior to the Islamic Revolution in Iran. Most of the previous research on this subject at that time failed to note the existence of such beliefs and practices among the Iranian pastoral nomads, mainly because supernaturalism was explained in terms of readily observable phenomena. The author, however, intends to show that supernaturalism has always been a constant element of the spiritual life of the pastoral societies of Iran.
The Chained Hero: The Cave and the Labyrinth
Authors: Abrahamian Levon 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe article is a comparative study of the well-known mythological sujet of the chained hero and another popular motif, that of the labyrinth. The author lists in brief various versions of the legend about the chained hero, widespread in the Caucasian-Near Eastern region, emphasising the most significant details: tracing the motif of theomachy as a sin, and retribution common for all of them. The paper includes the analysis of such features of the chained hero as his ambivalence going back to the archetypal twoness; twins representing a positive character and that of the snake (dragon) nature. Another reason for the ambivalence of the chained hero is his chthonic nature, observable in the place of his imprisonment or his environment. The cave here is approximating to a labyrinth-like covert, and the idea of a labyrinth, in its turn, points to the motif of initiation. The Caucasian-Near Eastern complex of the stories about the chained/neutralised chthonic heroes allows to anew elucidate the cave-labyrinth theme in the vast proto-Caucasian context, and to probably give original interpretations to newly found artefacts depicting respective symbols.
Should the Church Be Committed to a Particular Order of the Old Testament Canon?
Authors: Goswell Gregory 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This article argues that Hebrew and Greek ot canonical orders are both ancient, and that there is no evidence that the Hebrew canon represents the oldest arrangement or that the Greek way of ordering the biblical books was due to Christian influence. This finding precludes the idea that either order is to have hermeneutical priority over the other, or that either organization can be made the exclusive basis for a theological appreciation of the ot. The Hebrew and Greek ot canons need not be read as competing traditions in early Jewish communities, and, in terms of interpretive method, the contemporary reader is not required to decide which sequence of books is to have precedence as a frame for interpretation. The various canonical arrangements are better viewed as interpretive options available to ancient readers and now offered to present-day readers for their pondering.
Irony and Inspiration: Homer as the Test of Plato’s Philosophical Coherence in the Sixth Essay of Proclus’ Commentary on the Republic
Authors: Watson Daniel James 
Published: June 2019

AbstractEven among sympathetic readers, there abides a sense that Proclus’ attachment to his authorities at least partially blinds him to Socratic irony. This has serious implications for his conciliation of Homer and Plato in the Sixth Essay of his Commentary on the Republic. A significant number of the passages in Plato’s dialogues, which Proclus takes as necessitating their agreement, appear to be examples of Socrates’ ironic mode. If this apparent necessity exists only through a failure to recognize the ironic character of these statements, it would seem to indicate the truth of E.R. Dodds’ famous judgement of Proclus, that he is properly philosophical only insofar as his thought is not subject to the irrationalisms of his pagan piety. The contention of this essay is that Proclus’ project of conciliation is not, in fact, driven by a refusal to recognize Socratic irony, but by his nuanced interpretation of it, an interpretation that is clarified through a consideration of the striking parallels it has with his understanding of poetic symbol. In following this path of inquiry, it will become evident that Proclus’ position on Socratic irony, and the theological conciliation it necessitates, is not an irrational interruption of his otherwise rational system, but an integral feature of its philosophical coherence.
Entangled in Orientalism: How the Hyksos Became a Race
Authors: Candelora Danielle 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This paper presents a historiographical critique of Hyksos scholarship and the impact of Imperialism and Orientalism on the foundations of such studies. I trace the creation and maintenance of the misconception of the Hyksos as a race through the scholarship, examining the context and influences behind the research, and discuss the appeal of new scientific techniques for the question of Hyksos origins.
Official Identity and Ethnicity: Comparing Ptolemaic and Early Roman Egypt
Authors: Fischer-Bovet Christelle 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The study of ancient states brings a historical perspective to the creation of official identities. By looking at legal and fiscal documents preserved on papyri from Hellenistic and Early Roman Egypt (323 BCE to c. 70 CE), this study compares how the Ptolemies and then the Romans established official identities, that is, what priorities they gave to occupation, social status, citizenship, and/or ethnicity in order to construct legal and fiscal identities. It explores how these different priorities created overlaps between the categories, for instance, by an occupation permitting some flexibility with ethnicity, in order to include those in service of the state into privileged official categories. First, it shows that the fiscal and cleruchic policies of the Ptolemies partially reshaped societies so that social status became preeminent and ethnicity did no longer matter to the state already before the Roman annexation. Second, it compares how the demographic and social configuration in Egypt at the time of each conquest stimulated slightly different priorities when constructing official identities.
A LIVING LIBRARY: AMADOU HAMPÂTÉ BÂ AND THE ORAL TRANSMISSION OF ISLAMIC RELIGIOUS KNOWLEDGE
Authors: Brenner Louis 
Published: June 2019

This paper presents three previously unpublished texts that provide insight into Amadou Hampâté Bâ’s personal understanding of Islam and Sufism. Two of the texts are examples of Hampâté Bâ’s earliest attempts to translate the oral teachings of his spiritual teacher, Tierno Bokar, into French; the third text consists of extracts from interviews with Hampâté Bâ in 1978 during which he reflected on themes that appear in the earlier texts, as well as more broadly on Islamic theology and Sufism.
In addition to contributing to our understanding of Hampâté Bâ’s own religious ideas, these texts illustrate something of both the content and the intellectual vitality that can inform the oral transmission of religious knowledge, an aspect of Islamic religious culture that has been less explored by students of Islam and Muslim history in Africa than the region’s rich literary heritage. An introduction contextualizes the texts and analyzes their content.
The Ring Analogy according to al-Ḥakīm al-Tirmidhī and Its Implications for Understanding walāya in Ibn ʿArabī’s Fuṣūṣ al-ḥikam
Authors: Palmer Aiyub 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The ring analogy is generally associated with Ibn ʿArabī and his Fuṣūṣ al-ḥikam. However, al-Ḥakīm al-Tirmidhī uses this same analogy as a way of expressing various aspects of walāya within his original and multi-layered doctrine of the concept. The present article’s understanding of Tirmidhī’s ring analogy and its relationship to his doctrine of walāya builds upon the work of Radtke and others who have sought to explain the major features of Tirmidhī’s doctrine. The use of the ring analogy by Tirmidhī and Ibn ʿArabī after him leads us to posit a shared mode of thought and expression that helps situate and elucidate Ibn ʿArabī’s esoteric doctrine of walāya within a framework developed by Tirmidhī.
Weighing Knowledge
Authors: Ames Robert Landau 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis article studies the influence of late Qajar cultures of politics and ethics upon a Sufi theory of knowledge. It argues that Mīrzā Ḥasan Iṣfahānī (known in Sufi circles as Ṣafī ʿAlī Shāh) performed the role of public intellectual in his treatise on knowledge and ethics Mīzān al-maʿrifah (The Scale of Knowledge). I propose that the text’s ethical directives actually serve to dictate the conditions under which a particularly modern subject can claim knowledge. Being someone who knows does not mean being someone who has access to data; it means being someone who can look, and act, as a knower should. Humanity is book’s titular “scale of knowledge,” but, in that text, to truly be human entails the cultivation of virtue and the correct performance of one’s role, as coded in norms of class, profession, and gender, norms conveyed within many of the text’s explanatory analogies.
Faith, Devotion, and Doctrinal Knowledge
Authors: Hayes Matthew 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The genre of kōshiki 講式 (ceremonial lectures) has, over the last decade, gained significant traction in the fields of Buddhist studies and Japanese religions, but its commentarial sub-genre remains largely unexplored. While kōshiki offer fertile ground for understanding devotional practices across nearly all Buddhist schools in Japan, commentaries reveal how Buddhists understood their liturgical content and, more narrowly, how this content was consumed and re-purposed through intellectual endeavor. This article contributes to this understudied area in two ways. First, it demonstrates how the medieval Shingon cleric Gahō 我寶 (1239–1317) wielded the Shari kuyō shiki 舎利供養式, a ceremonial lecture written by Kakuban 覺鑁 (1095–1143), as a textual and performative embodiment of faith and devotion. Second, it suggests that his commentary gave shape to expressions of these very themes in various intellectual, performative, and editorial forums in later periods at the Kyoto temple Chishakuin 智積院.
Heian Jingū
Authors: Van Goethem Ellen 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The founding of Heian Jingū 平安神宮 in 1895 is usually explained in very simple terms: it was established to commemorate the 1100th anniversary of the move to the Heian capital and was, therefore, dedicated to the city’s founder, Kanmu Tennō 桓武天皇. A closer look at the shrine’s founding story, however, reveals a much more complex account that illustrates the fits and starts of State Shintō in the third decade of the Meiji period. By disentangling the standard narrative of Heian Jingū’s founding, this article touches not only on doctrinal issues such as the deification of past emperors, but also on material aspects such as early attempts at reconstructing long-lost structures and the Meiji government’s creation of a set of plans that regulated the appearance of newly erected shrines. Doing so will help explain how the design of this major imperial shrine could deviate so significantly from the stipulated template and be so replete with Chinese influences at a time when the relationship between the two countries was one of outright hostility.
The Policy and Politics of the Cohort Participation Rate in Universities
Authors: Loke Hoe-Yeong , Gopinathan S. 
Published: June 2019

In the media and policy discourses in Singapore, comparisons have often been made with countries like Taiwan and South Korea to validate the Singapore government’s long time policy approach of maintaining the cohort participation rate (cpr) in public universities at around 25% to 30%. Considering the rates of youth unemployment in Taiwan (12.7%) and South Korea (9.5%), where the cpr in universities has hovered around 80% to 90%, it would appear that the problem is one of an over-supply of graduates. While Singapore has maintained a commitment to skills training and to fostering a well-resourced polytechnic sector and the technical and vocational education sector, the government announced in 2012 its plans to raise the country’s cpr in universities to 40% by the year 2020. It established new public-autonomous universities to fulfill this goal, and expanded study places in existing universities, nevertheless with the proviso that internships would central to the curriculum, and that the degrees on offer would be well-tuned to the job shortages in the economy. What policy and political factors explain this change in Singapore’s long-held approach to the cpr for universities, especially when compared to the cases of Taiwan and South Korea? This paper offers an explanation of the policy and politics that underpinned the issue of the number of university places in Singapore, and also an explanation of the Singapore government’s shift in policy in 2012—albeit a policy move that took place within the context and language of the government’s new SkillsFuture programme, in which the education institutions are expected to continue to be well plugged into the needs of industries.
On the relative sonority of PIE /m/
Authors: Zair Nicholas 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Cooper (2013: 11–12, 2015: 317–320) suggests that /m/ was less sonorous in PIE than /l/, /r/, and /n/. This article discusses the evidence proposed for this analysis and puts forward some further evidence, of differing degrees of strength, from Sanskrit, Oscan, Venetic, Celtic and Greek. It concludes that there is some evidence for a lower sonority of /m/ than /l/, /n/ and /r/ in Greek and Sanskrit, but that the evidence for other languages is inconclusive. There are a number of instances in which /m/ patterns with plosives rather than the other sonorants in a number of other contexts, whose relevance to questions of sonority, however, is not clear. Overall, it is plausible that /m/ may have had a lower sonority than the other sonorants in PIE, but this is not necessarily the explanation for all its odd behaviour relative to the other sonorants in PIE and its descendant languages.
Cutting the Enemy’s Line of Supply: The Rise of the Tactic and Its Use in Early Chinese Warfare
Authors: Tse Wicky W. K. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
As the logistical distance between a field army and its domestic base increased from being measured in days to weeks or even months during the Warring States period, how to maintain the continual provisioning of armies on campaigns of long duration conducted in faraway places became a crucial issue. On the other hand, a new tactic which capitalized on the fragility of the enemy’s supply lines arose subsequently, and became an option to break stalemates and to undermine the enemy’s will and ability to fight before a frontal assault. This study, by tracing four documented cases, aims to analyze the preconditions that gave rise to the tactic of cutting the enemy’s supply line, and through these to examine certain features in the development of early Chinese warfare.
Militia Command and Control in the Chinese National Revolution, Hunan 1926-1927
Authors: McCord Edward A. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This article uses a case study of Hunan province to examine the role of militia in the struggle for the control of local society during the 1926-1927 National Revolution. Although the Nationalist and Communist Parties both agreed on the need eliminate militia leadership by “local bullies and evil gentry,” differences quickly arose over how to reconstruct militia following this action. Nationalist Party activists tended to favor a “statist” approach that would replace abusive militia leaders with “upright” local elites but place them under stricter and more direct official control. Communist Party activists in contrast sought a “popular” mass militia free of elite influence and controlled by new peasant and worker unions. As such, this struggle over militia command and control became a key component in the broader political competition between the two parties and their alternative revolutionary visions.
Bobover Yiddish: “Polish” or “Hungarian?”
Authors: Sadock Benjamin , Masor Alyssa 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Contemporary Hasidic Yiddish speakers perceive a distinction between “Hungarian” and “Polish” Yiddish. This article explores that distinction by examining the Yiddish of the Bobover Hasidic community, the largest “Polish” Hasidic group in the United States; the Yiddish of its “Hungarian” counterpart, Satmar, and its rootedness in the Unterland Hungarian Yiddish was demonstrated by Krogh (2012), reflecting the origins of the Satmar dynasty. But is Bobover Yiddish similarly rooted in western Galician Yiddish? Interviews with informants from the Bobover community reveal a mixed picture. All showed phonological features of non-Hungarian Central Yiddish, but all featured “Hungarian” vocabulary. While most of the informants’ grandparents were from interwar Poland, several had grandparents from the Unterland region; one-third identified their spouses as “Hungarian” or were members of “Hungarian” Hasidic communities. This shows the permeability of the two groups, leading to a mixing of features, which creates the need for shibboleths as clear markers of identity.