bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Calibration of a rumen bolus to measure continuous internal body temperature in moose
Authors: Herberg Andrew M. , St‐Louis Véronique , Carstensen Michelle , Fieberg John , Thompson Daniel P. , Crouse John A. , Forester James D. 
Published: June 2018

ABSTRACTMortality implant transmitters (MITs), a device that can record continuous rumen temperature, have been deployed in wild moose (Alces alces) in Minnesota, USA, to understand physiological and behavioral responses of moose to increasing ambient temperatures. We compared temperatures collected using MITs to temperatures collected using vaginal implant transmitters (VITs) in 8 captive female moose (>2 yr old) at the Kenai Moose Research Center in Alaska, USA, during 2015. Both devices collected continuous body temperature measurements at 5‐min intervals for 1 year. We directly observed moose behavior for 384 hr during 4 2‐week windows distributed seasonally within the sampling period, to assess potential effects of behavior on MIT‐recorded temperatures. We documented a decrease in MIT‐recorded temperatures following water intake and developed an approach for censoring these observations. After removing these observations, MIT‐based temperatures were, on average, 0.03° C (95% CI = −0.57–0.55° C;  = 38.14° C) lower than VIT‐based temperatures ( = 38.17° C; n = 760,439). We fit linear mixed‐effects models to test the relationship between MIT and VIT‐based temperatures across seasons and individuals. On average, the difference between predicted and observed temperatures was 0.05° C (95% PI = −0.19–0.29° C) and 0.33° C (95% PI = 0.01–0.63° C) for winter and summer seasons, respectively. We conclude that minimally invasive MITs can accurately record internal body temperature in moose, and thus provide a tool for understanding physiological and behavioral responses of moose to environmental stressors. © 2018 The Wildlife Society.
Jets Downstream of Collisionless Shocks
Authors: Plaschke Ferdinand , Hietala Heli , Archer Martin , Blanco-Cano Xóchitl , Kajdič Primož , Karlsson Tomas , Lee Sun Hee , Omidi Nojan , Palmroth Minna , Roytershteyn Vadim , Schmid Daniel , Sergeev Victor , Sibeck David 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe magnetosheath flow may take the form of large amplitude, yet spatially localized, transient increases in dynamic pressure, known as “magnetosheath jets” or “plasmoids” among other denominations. Here, we describe the present state of knowledge with respect to such jets, which are a very common phenomenon downstream of the quasi-parallel bow shock. We discuss their properties as determined by satellite observations (based on both case and statistical studies), their occurrence, their relation to solar wind and foreshock conditions, and their interaction with and impact on the magnetosphere. As carriers of plasma and corresponding momentum, energy, and magnetic flux, jets bear some similarities to bursty bulk flows, which they are compared to. Based on our knowledge of jets in the near Earth environment, we discuss the expectations for jets occurring in other planetary and astrophysical environments. We conclude with an outlook, in which a number of open questions are posed and future challenges in jet research are discussed.
Simultaneous Monitoring of Hemodynamic Response in the Pre-Frontal Cortex and Genital Organ During Sexual Arousal Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Kim Evgenii , Kim Sungchul , Zephaniah Phillips V. , Lee Songhyun , Anguluan Eloise , Park Kwangsung , Kim Jae Gwan 
Published: June 2018

Abstract

Background
The monitoring of brain activity along with genital organ response to sexual stimulation can play an important role in understanding the under-lying mechanisms of sexual arousal as well as diagnosing erectile dysfunction. Several studies have observed brain activity corresponding to sexual stimuli, but only a few studies have shown a simultaneous measurement of brain activation and penile response.

Aim
To introduce near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) as a portable, easily implemented, and low-cost technique to simultaneously record brain activity and hemodynamics in the genital organ during sexual arousal.

Methods
Hemodynamic measurements of 15 healthy men were obtained using a home-built NIRS system. In the initial experiment, hemodynamics in the pre-frontal cortex (N = 10) were measured during visual sexual stimulation (VSS) and neutral visual stimulation (NVS) to identify brain activity related to sexual arousal. In the subsequent experiment, cerebral and penile hemodynamics were simultaneously measured (N = 5) using NIRS during VSS and NVS.

Results
The pre-frontal cortex showed activity related to VSS but not to NVS. Simultaneous measurements showed a corresponding increase of penile oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin concentration indicating an increase of blood volume associated with sexual arousal in healthy men. An average response delay of 4 seconds was observed in the hemodynamic changes between the brain and genital organ.

Conclusion
In this preliminary study, we presented a NIRS system capable not only of detecting cerebral hemodynamic changes related to sexual arousal but also the simultaneous measurement of penile hemodynamics. We believe the NIRS system can be a potential technique to supplement the field of sexual medicine and can be expanded further to diagnose erectile dysfunction.
Use of nonintrusive sensor‐based information and communication technology for real‐world evidence for clinical trials in dementia
Authors: Teipel Stefan , König Alexandra , Hoey Jesse , Kaye Jeff , Krüger Frank , Robillard Julie M. , Kirste Thomas , Babiloni Claudio 
Published: June 2018

AbstractCognitive function is an important end point of treatments in dementia clinical trials. Measuring cognitive function by standardized tests, however, is biased toward highly constrained environments (such as hospitals) in selected samples. Patient‐powered real‐world evidence using information and communication technology devices, including environmental and wearable sensors, may help to overcome these limitations. This position paper describes current and novel information and communication technology devices and algorithms to monitor behavior and function in people with prodromal and manifest stages of dementia continuously, and discusses clinical, technological, ethical, regulatory, and user‐centered requirements for collecting real‐world evidence in future randomized controlled trials. Challenges of data safety, quality, and privacy and regulatory requirements need to be addressed by future smart sensor technologies. When these requirements are satisfied, these technologies will provide access to truly user relevant outcomes and broader cohorts of participants than currently sampled in clinical trials.
The National Institute on Aging—Alzheimer's Association Framework on Alzheimer's disease: Application to clinical trials
Authors: Cummings Jeffrey 
Published: June 2018

AbstractIntroductionThe National Institute on Aging—Alzheimer's Association Research Framework on Alzheimer's disease (AD) represents an important advance in the biological characterization of the AD spectrum.MethodsThe National Institute on Aging—Alzheimer's Association Framework is considered as it applies to clinical trials.ResultsUsing the combination of amyloid (A), tau (T), and neurodegeneration (N) biomarkers, the Framework provides a means of defining the state of patients with regard to Alzheimer pathologic change. The Framework is relevant to clinical trials of disease‐modifying agents, allowing participants to be characterized biologically at baseline. The ATN Framework can also inform trial outcomes. The preclinical phase of the disease after amyloid deposition is defined by A+T−N−, and the transition to prodromal disease and dementia is characterized by the addition of T and N. Most symptomatic patients in clinical trials are in the class of A+T+N− and A+T+N+.DiscussionThe National Institute on Aging—Alzheimer's Association Framework on AD represents progress in providing biomarker profiles of participants in the AD spectrum that can be used to help design clinical trials.
Mobilization as Mediation
Authors: VanValkenburgh Parker , Silva Luiza O. G. , Repetti-Ludlow Chiara , Gardner Jake , Crook Jackson , Ballsun-Stanton Brian 
Published: June 2018

ABSTRACTIn this essay, we examine the potentials and challenges of mobile computing for a core activity of archaeological laboratory research—the typological analysis of ceramics. We discuss the collaborative development, implementation, and evaluation of the PAZC Ceramics module in the FAIMS Mobile platform. Our deployment of the module yielded significant improvements in the efficiency of data collection, as well as reduced numbers of missing fields and higher user satisfaction scores. However, it did not improve data consistency between users and yielded a classificatory system that was somewhat more challenging to update than our previous mode of operation. These results underscore some of the trade-offs that may be entailed in employing mobile technologies for archaeological applications and highlight the ways in which specific media configurations impact the production of archaeological knowledge.
Quality improvement primer part 3: Evaluating and sustaining a quality improvement project in the emergency department
Authors: Chartier Lucas B. , Vaillancourt Samuel , Cheng Amy H. Y. , Stang Antonia S. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractQuality improvement (QI) and patient safety are two areas that have grown into important operational and academic fields in recent years in health care, including in emergency medicine (EM). This is the third and final article in a series designed as a QI primer for EM clinicians. In the first two articles we used a fictional case study of a team trying to decrease the time to antibiotic therapy for patients with sepsis who were admitted through their emergency department. We introduced concepts of strategic planning, including stakeholder engagement and root cause analysis tools, and presented the Model for Improvement and Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) cycles as the backbone of the execution of a QI project. This article will focus on the measurement and evaluation of QI projects, including run charts, as well as methods that can be used to ensure the sustainability of change management projects.
Going with the flow: Integrated Water Resources Management, the EU Water Framework Directive and ecological flows
Authors: Howarth William 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThis paper seeks to relate strategic themes in water resources management to the practicalities of imposing particular regulatory measures on water uses and to protect aquatic ecosystems. Specifically, a contrast is drawn between the global imperative of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) and the sectoral (issue-by-issue) approach to water regulation that has traditionally prevailed in both regional (EU) and national legislation. The intuitive attractions of ‘integration’ are contrasted with the challenges of interrelating this to the diverse purposes for which water legislation is adopted, both for human needs and for ecological purposes. These challenges are well illustrated in the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) which purports to adopt an ‘integrated’ approach, but is actually concerned with water quality, largely to the exclusion of other water-related concerns. Insofar as the Directive does seek to secure integration between water quality and water quantity concerns in surface water, this is only done in a secondary or incidental way. Water flow becomes relevant only where specified environmental objectives under the Directive are not being met. However, the legally contingent status of flow has been bolstered markedly by recent guidance on ecological flows under the WFD Common Implementation Strategy. The significance of this guidance is discussed and related to the implementation challenges that it raises. In relation to the UK, and particularly England, it is argued that the response to addressing water flow issues arising under the WFD had been dilatory and inadequate. Concluding observations reflect on the global, regional and national challenges to integration of water legislation as they have been illustrated by the discussion of regulating for ecological water flows.
Palaeogeography in exploration
Authors: MARKWICK PAUL J. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractPalaeogeography is the representation of the past surface of the Earth. It provides the spatial context for investigating how the Earth evolves through time, how complex processes interact and the juxtaposition of spatial information. In hydrocarbon exploration, palaeogeographies have been used to map and investigate the juxtaposition, distribution and quality of play elements (source, reservoir, seal and trap), as boundary conditions for source-to-sink analysis, climate modelling and lithofacies retrodiction, but most commonly as the backdrop for presentations and montages. This paper demonstrates how palaeogeography has been and can be used within an exploration workflow to help mitigate exploration risk. A comprehensive workflow for building palaeogeographies is described which is designed to provide a standard approach that can be applied to a range of tasks in exploration and academia. This is drawn from an analysis of the history of palaeogeography and how it has been applied to exploration in the past and why. Map applications, resolution and content depend on where in the exploration and production (E&P) cycle the map is used. This is illustrated here through three case studies, from the strategic decisions of global new ventures exploration to the more detailed basin and petroleum analyses of regional asset teams evaluating basins and plays. Through this, the paper also addresses three commonly asked questions: (1) How can I use palaeogeography in my workflow? (2) How reliable are the maps? (3) How do I build a palaeogeography?
Deep desires
Authors: MCPHERSON DAVID 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThis article seeks to get clear on an important feature of a theistic way of life: namely, the appeal to ‘deep desires’ as part of an ethical and spiritual life-orientation. My main thesis is that such appeals should primarily be seen as pertaining to our acquired second nature and the space of meaning it makes possible, rather than first nature or innateness. To appeal to the ‘depth’ of a desire, on this account, is to say something about its normative importance: it is something of profound significance for our human fulfilment about which we ought to be concerned, and it correlates with the normative ‘height’ of the object of desire. Thus, our deepest desire correlates with what is seen as the highest or most worthy object of our desire (or love), which the theist claims is God. This view is contrasted with subjectivist accounts where desires are seen as ‘deep’ in that they structure our identity. My account affirms that deep desires structure our identity, but they do so because of their perceived objective normative importance. I also seek to show how we should affirm Alasdair MacIntyre's claim that ‘the deepest desire of every [human] being, whether they acknowledge it or not, is to be at one with God’.
The role of morphology in word naming in Spanish-speaking children
Authors: D'ALESSIO MARIA JOSEFINA , JAICHENCO VIRGINIA , WILSON MAXIMILIANO A. 
Published: June 2018

ABSTRACTThe role of morphology in word recognition during reading acquisition in transparent orthographies is a subject that has received little attention. The goal of this study is to examine the variables affecting the fluency and accuracy for morphologically complex word reading across grade levels in Spanish. We conducted two word-naming experiments in which morphological complexity and word frequency were factorially manipulated. Experiment 1 was a cross-sectional study with 2nd-, 4th- and 6th-grade children as participants. In Experiment 2, a longitudinal study, a sample of the children in 2nd and 4th grades in Experiment 1 were retested with the same stimuli 2 years later in order to explore the evolution of morphology and frequency effects. Analyses of reading latencies and accuracy in both experiments showed that grade and frequency affected both reading fluency and accuracy. Morphology only affected fluency, irrespective of grade. In accordance with previous literature in Italian, we conclude that when learning to read in transparent orthographies, morphology mostly benefits reading fluency since accurate pronunciation can be achieved through grapheme-to-phoneme conversion rules.
Applicative bidirectional programming
Authors: MATSUDA KAZUTAKA , WANG MENG 
Published: June 2018

AbstractA bidirectional transformation is a pair of mappings between source and view data objects, one in each direction. When the view is modified, the source is updated accordingly with respect to some laws. One way to reduce the development and maintenance effort of bidirectional transformations is to have specialized languages in which the resulting programs are bidirectional by construction—giving rise to the paradigm of bidirectional programming. In this paper, we develop a framework for applicative-style and higher-order bidirectional programming, in which we can write bidirectional transformations as unidirectional programs in standard functional languages, opening up access to the bundle of language features previously only available to conventional unidirectional languages. Our framework essentially bridges two very different approaches of bidirectional programming, namely the lens framework and Voigtländer's semantic bidirectionalization, creating a new programming style that is able to obtain benefits from both.
Effects of Shape and Orientation of Pore Canals on Mechanical Behaviors of Lobster Cuticles
Authors: Lin Shiyun , Chen Bin , Fang Zhongqi , Ye Wei 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe work is to investigate the relationships between the microstructures and mechanical behaviors of lobster cuticles and reveal the inner mechanisms of the anisotropic mechanical properties of the cuticles and give the helpful guidance for the design of high-performance man-made composites. First, the tensile mechanical properties of the longitudinal and transverse specimens of the cuticles of American lobsters were tested with a mechanical-testing instrument. It is was found that the fracture strength and elastic modulus of the longitudinal specimens are distinctly larger than those of the transverse specimens. Then, the microstructural characteristics of the fracture surfaces of the specimens were observed with scanning electron microscope. It was observed that the pore canals in the cuticles are elliptic and their orientations are along the longitudinal orientation of the cuticles. Furthermore, the stresses and micro-damage of the longitudinal and transverse specimens were calculated with the rule of progressive damage by finite element method. It was revealed that the shape and orientation of the pore canals in the cuticles give rise to the anisotropic mechanical property of the cuticles and ensure that the cuticles possess the largest fracture strength and elastic modulus along their largest main-stress orientation.
The failure of ancient Greek growth: institutions, culture and energy cost
Authors: TRIDIMAS GEORGE 
Published: June 2018

AbstractAlong with introducing democracy, advancing philosophy and excelling at the arts, during the period 800–300bceancient Greece achieved substantial economic prosperity. Recent literature attributes the efflorescence to the institutions and culture of democratic city-states. However, the city-states failed to initiate sustained growth. Technological progress remained slow and the economic efflorescence ended after the prevalence of Macedon and the subsequent Roman conquest. The present study scrutinises the roles of city-state institutions and culture. It shows that ultimately ancient Greece could not sustain long-run growth because a multitude of independent small city-states prevented the exploitation of economies of scale and stoked continual wars that exhausted them financially and militarily, and because of a culture valuing landholding, self-sufficiency and collectivist attitudes.
Operando X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of solid electrolyte interphase formation and evolution in Li2S-P2S5 solid-state electrolytes
Authors: Wood Kevin N. , Steirer K. Xerxes , Hafner Simon E. , Ban Chunmei , Santhanagopalan Shriram , Lee Se-Hee , Teeter Glenn 
Published: June 2018

AbstractSolid-state electrolytes such as Li2S-P2S5 compounds are promising materials that could enable Li metal anodes. However, many solid-state electrolytes are unstable against metallic lithium, and little is known about the chemical evolution of these interfaces during cycling, hindering the rational design of these materials. In this work, operando X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and real-time in situ Auger electron spectroscopy mapping are developed to probe the formation and evolution of the Li/Li2S-P2S5 solid-electrolyte interphase during electrochemical cycling, and to measure individual overpotentials associated with specific interphase constituents. Results for the Li/Li2S-P2S5 system reveal that electrochemically driving Li+ to the surface leads to phase decomposition into Li2S and Li3P. Additionally, oxygen contamination within the Li2S-P2S5 leads initially to Li3PO4 phase segregation, and subsequently to Li2O formation. The spatially non-uniform distribution of these phases, coupled with differences in their ionic conductivities, have important implications for the overall properties and performance of the solid-electrolyte interphase.
Dissociable neural mechanisms track evidence accumulation for selection of attention versus action
Authors: Shenhav Amitai , Straccia Mark A. , Musslick Sebastian , Cohen Jonathan D. , Botvinick Matthew M. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractDecision-making is typically studied as a sequential process from the selection of what to attend (e.g., between possible tasks, stimuli, or stimulus attributes) to which actions to take based on the attended information. However, people often process information across these various levels in parallel. Here we scan participants while they simultaneously weigh how much to attend to two dynamic stimulus attributes and what response to give. Regions of the prefrontal cortex track information about the stimulus attributes in dissociable ways, related to either the predicted reward (ventromedial prefrontal cortex) or the degree to which that attribute is being attended (dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, dACC). Within the dACC, adjacent regions track correlates of uncertainty at different levels of the decision, regarding what to attend versus how to respond. These findings bridge research on perceptual and value-based decision-making, demonstrating that people dynamically integrate information in parallel across different levels of decision-making.