bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Skeletal, Dentoalveolar, and Periodontal Changes of Skeletally Matured Patients with Maxillary Deficiency Treated with Microimplant-assisted Rapid Palatal Expansion Appliances: A Pilot Study
Authors: Ngan Peter , Nguyen Uyen Kelly , Nguyen Tung , Tremont Timothy , Martin Chris 
Published: June 2018

Introduction
Microimplant-assisted rapid palatal expansion (MARPE) has recently been offered to adult patients for correcting maxillary transverse deficiency. However, there is limited information in the literature on the success of this appliance and its skeletal and dental effects on skeletally matured patients. The purpose of this study was to investigate the immediate skeletal, dentoalveolar, and periodontal response to MARPE appliance using cone-beam computed tomography in a skeletally matured patient as assessed by the cervical vertebral maturation method.

Materials and Methods
Eight consecutively treated patients (2 females, 6 males; mean age of 21.9 ± 1.5 years) treated with a maxillary skeletal expander were included in the study. Measurements were taken before and after expansion to determine the amount of midpalatal suture opening, upper facial bony expansion, alveolar bone bending, dental tipping, and buccal bone thickness (BBT). Data were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA and matched-pair t-test (α = 0.05).

Results
Midpalatal suture separation was found in 100% of the patients with no dislodged microimplants. Total maxillary expansion was attributed to 41% skeletal, 12% alveolar bone bending, and 48% dental tipping. Pattern of midpalatal suture opening was found to be parallel in both the coronal and axial planes. On average, the absolute dental tipping ranged from 4.17° to 4.96° and the BBT was reduced by an average of 39% measured at the premolars and molars.

Conclusions
The MARPE appliance can be a clinically acceptable, nonsurgical treatment option for correcting mild to moderate maxillary transverse discrepancies for skeletally matured adult patients with a healthy periodontium.
A Fokker–Planck control framework for stochastic systems
Authors: Annunziato Mario , Borzì Alfio 
Published: June 2018

A new framework for the optimal control of probability density functions (PDF) of stochastic processes is reviewed. This framework is based on Fokker–Planck (FP) partial differential equations that govern the time evolution of the PDF of stochastic systems and on control objectives that may require to follow a given PDF trajectory or to minimize an expectation functional.
Corresponding to different stochastic processes, different FP equations are obtained. In particular, FP equations of parabolic, fractional parabolic, integro parabolic, and hyperbolic type are discussed. The corresponding optimization problems are deterministic and can be formulated in an open-loop framework and within a closed-loop model predictive control strategy. The connection between the Dynamic Programming scheme given by the Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman equation and the FP control framework is discussed. Under appropriate assumptions, it is shown that the two strategies are equivalent. Some applications of the FP control framework to different models are discussed and its extension in a mean-field framework is elucidated.
A noção de pathos divino em Abraham J. Heschel - DOI 10.5752/P.1983-2478.2014v10n17p128
Authors: Almeida Edson Fernando 
Published: June 2018

ResumoEste artigo tem como objetivo apresentar a noção de pathos divino no pensamento de Abraham J. Heschel. Foi a partir de uma abordagem fenomenológica da religião que Heschel encontrou um espaço de dignidade para o profetismo bíblico. Operando a partir dos pressupostos da crítica husserliana, Heschel descobriu no profeta bíblico alguém que compreende a si mesmo na situação de Deus, na preocupação divina, não nas ideias e conceitos que tenha a respeito de Deus. A tal situação Heschel chamou de pathos divino e a resposta a tal situação Heschel chamou de simpatia. A noção de pathos divino é o mais importante legado deixado pela filosofia da religião ou teologia profunda de Abraham Heschel.Palavras-Chave: Heschel. Pathos divino. Profetismo bíblico. Simpatia. AbstractThis article aims to present the notion of divine pathos in the thought of Abraham J. Heschel. It was from a phenomenological approach to religion that Heschel found a dignified space for biblical prophecy. Operating from the assumptions derived from Husserl's criticism, Heschel found in the biblical prophet someone who understands himself in God's situation, in the divine concern, not from ideas and concepts about God. This situation Heschel called the divine pathos and the answer to this situation Heschel called sympathy.The notion of divine pathos is the most important legacy of the philosophy of religion or profound theology of Abraham Joshua Heschel. Keywords: Heschel. Divine pathos. Biblical prophecy. Sympathy.
Experiência Mística: Identidade em Debate - DOI 10.5752/P.1983-2478.2014v10n17p25
Authors: Bingemer Maria Clara 
Published: June 2018

ResumoNos dias em que vivemos, a experiência – exilada pela rigidez moderna a um status de alienação e dubiedade – volta a ocupar o lugar de frente no debate de ideias. Essa volta, no entanto, não é isenta de problemas. Entre eles destaca-se uma certa ambiguidade na compreensão do que seja esta experiência. Este texto procura refletir sobre a experiência mística. Se a experiência volta ao centro dos interesses hoje, com a experiência mística sucede algo parecido. E a experiência mística, portanto, busca sempre sua identidade em meio a várias formas de compreender-se e identificar-se. O texto procura descrevê-la como aquilo que é: algo eminentemente humano. Em seguida recorre a dois dos maiores teólogos do século XX, Karl Rahner e Hans Urs Von Balthasar, que escreveram sobre o tema.Palavras-Chave: Experiência mística. Karl Rahner. Hans Urs Von Balthasar. AbstractIn the days we live in, the experience - exiled by modern stiffness to a status of alienation and ambiguity - is back to the front place in the debate of ideas. This return, however, is not without problems. Among them stands out a certain ambiguity in understanding what is experience. This text seeks to reflect on the mystical experience. If the experience is back to the focus of interest today, with the mystical experience happens something similar. And the mystical experience therefore always seeks its identity in the midst of several ways to understand and identify. The text seeks to describe it as what it is: something eminently human. Then reflects on the contribution oftwo of the greatest theologians of the twentieth century, Karl Rahner and Hans Urs von Balthasar, who wrote on the topic.Keywords: Mystical experience. Karl Rahner. Hans Urs Von Balthasar.
Hyperbranched Polymers as Nanocarriers
Authors: Houston Zachary H. , Bell Craig A. , Thurecht Kristofer J. 
Published: June 2018

Abstract

Hyperbranched polymers (HBPs) have shown widespread academic and commercial success in the preparation of films and novel materials, and now are emerging into the biomedical research space as nanocarriers for use in drug delivery and diagnostics. HBPs exhibit ideal sizes for delivery
in vivo
, have well‐established chemistries for their synthesis, as well as offering multiple methods of incorporation of a variety of targeting, therapeutic, and diagnostic moieties. By choice of material and functionality, their biostability or biodegradability can be fine‐tuned for multistaged or time‐delayed release of therapeutics. With significant advances in the development of nanomedicines, in particular chemistries surrounding biomolecule conjugation and the evolution of imaging techniques, the multimodal capabilities of HBPs combined with facile and controlled synthetic engineering of HBPs have resulted in properties that are ideal for their application as nanocarriers. While HBP nanocarriers offer limitless synthetic opportunity, to address the many biological challenges that are now well‐established in nanotherapeutics, new approaches to how HBPs are designed are required. This overview aims to address the points that must be considered in the biologically driven nanomaterial design of HBP nanocarriers.
Thermotropic Liquid Crystalline Polymers
Authors: Jaffe Michael , Cheng Si‐Xue , Chung Tai‐Shung , Freidzon Yakov , East Anthony J. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractHerein we present recent studies on the nature of thermotropic liquid crystalline polymers (LCPs) and their progress. Side‐chain liquid crystals are also discussed briefly, showing the similarities and differences between these closely related molecules. We summarize and review the newly developed thin‐film polymerization technique for the investigation of liquid crystalline formation as a function of monomer moieties, and for the study of reaction kinetics, evolution of liquid crystal texture, and surface energy during polycondensation reactions. We also highlight various modification approaches to yield main‐chain LCPs suitable for conventional processing equipment, without compromising the unique liquid crystalline characteristics and superior mechanical properties. The thermal stability, degradation behavior, and crystallization kinetics of commercially available main‐chain LCPs are recapitulated. Attention is also given to the rheology, polymer blends, micro‐ and nanostructures, processing of LCPs, and their applications. In the past decade, investigations of thermotropic LCPs have decreased from the high interest and publication rate of the latter part of the twentieth century. However, the number of monomer combinations giving rise to main‐chain thermotropic polymers has increased and the origin of LCP rheology and morphology have been elucidated. The most important new work is the invention and description of thermotropic thermosets.
Aromatic Polyamides
Authors: Trigo‐López Miriam , García José M. , Ruiz José A. Reglero , García Félix C. , Ferrer Ramón 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThis article presents the preparation and properties of aromatic polyamides as well as the fibers and films made from these polymers. Particular focus is placed on the polymers that have achieved commercial status, namely, poly(m‐phenylene isophthalamide), poly(p‐phenylene terephthalamide), and copoly(p‐phenylene/3,4′‐diphenyl ether terephthalamide). The production processes of the corresponding monomers for these three polymers are described in detail, analyzing both laboratory and commercial‐scale processes for the preparation of the polymers in the form of fibers and films. A brief review of new developments in the synthesis and applications of functional aromatic polyamides is also given, analyzing new applications in which polyamides are being employed, such as electronics, sensors, and biomaterials. Finally, a brief analysis of the economic impact of the polyamide market is described, including also environmental aspects.
Ziegler–Natta Catalysts
Authors: Fan Zhiqiang , Yu Yue 
Published: June 2018

AbstractFirst invented in 1953, Ziegler–Natta catalysts have been used widely in the industrial production of polyolefins and other important polymers since the 1960s. In recent years, polymers synthesized with these catalysts account for more than 30% of the total production of polymers. This article briefly introduces the history and main developments of Ziegler–Natta catalysts and explains their preparation, composition, and mechanism of the catalysis process. Particular emphasis is put on the currently more important MgCl2‐supported Ziegler–Natta catalysts. Main features of the olefin polymerization with MgCl2‐supported Ziegler–Natta catalysts are presented, including the formation and structure of active sites, main reactions with the active sites, origin of stereospecificity, reaction kinetics, and morphology of the nascent polymer particles. The main olefin polymerization processes with these catalysts are also briefly discussed.
Drawing what lies ahead: False intentions are more abstractly depicted than true intentions
Authors: Calderon Sofia , Mac Giolla Erik , Ask Karl , Granhag Pär Anders 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe aim of this study was to examine how people mentally represent and depict true and false statements about claimed future actions—so‐called true and false intentions. On the basis of construal level theory, which proposes that subjectively unlikely events are more abstractly represented than likely ones, we hypothesized that false intentions should be represented at a more abstract level than true intentions. Fifty‐six hand drawings, produced by participants to describe mental images accompanying either true or false intentions, were rated on level of abstractness by a second set of participants (N = 117) blind to the veracity of the intentions. As predicted, drawings of false intentions were rated as more abstract than drawings of true intentions. This result advances the use of drawing‐based deception detection techniques to the field of true and false intentions and highlights the potential for abstractness as a novel cue to deceit.
A Facet‐Dependent Schottky‐Junction Electron Shuttle in a BiVO4{010}–Au–Cu2O Z‐Scheme Photocatalyst for Efficient Charge Separation
Authors: Zhou Chenguang , Wang Shaomang , Zhao Zongyan , Shi Zhan , Yan Shicheng , Zou Zhigang 
Published: June 2018

AbstractInterfacial charge separation and transfer are the main challenges of efficient semiconductor‐based Z‐scheme photocatalytic systems. Here, it is discovered that a Schottky junction at the interface between the BiVO4 {010} facet and Au is an efficient electron‐transfer route useful for constructing a high‐performance BiVO4{010}–Au–Cu2O Z‐scheme photocatalyst. Spectroscopic and computational studies reveal that hot electrons in BiVO4 {010} more easily cross the Schottky barrier to expedite the migration from BiVO4 {010} to Au and are subsequently captured by the excited holes in Cu2O. This crystal‐facet‐dependent electron shuttle allows the long‐lived holes and electrons to stay in the valence band of BiVO4 and conduction band of Cu2O, respectively, contributing to improved light‐driven CO2 reduction. This unique semiconductor crystal‐facet sandwich structure will provide an innovative strategy for rational design of advanced Z‐scheme photocatalysts.
Stable 2D Conductive Ga/Ga(OxHy) Multilayers with Controlled Nanoscale Thickness Prepared from Gallium Droplets with Oxide Skin
Authors: Runde Sebastian , Ahrens Heiko , Lawrenz Frank , Sebastian Amal , Block Stephan , Helm Christiane A. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe practical applicability of ultrathin films, which offer interesting and novel functionalities, is often limited by difficulties in achieving large area deposition while maintaining homogenous layer properties. Herein, a new deposition method allowing ultrathin, conductive gallium‐containing layers to be prepared at ambient conditions on wafer‐scaled areas is presented. Multilayers are formed by repetition of the deposition procedure. High‐resolution structural analysis using X‐ray reflectometry shows that the multilayer thickness is proportional to the number of deposition cycles, yielding a highly reproducible single layer thickness of 2.9 ± 0.2 nm. Furthermore, it is shown that single layers consist of a complex heterostructure composed of a nanometer‐thin metallic Ga core, which is surrounded by stabilizing gallium (hydr)oxide skin layers. The macroscopic electric conductivity of these multilayers increases with increasing number of deposited layers, approaching the value of bulk gallium after six deposition cycles, thereby showing that functional properties such as the multilayer's electrical conductivity can be fine‐tuned based on the chosen number of deposition cycles.
Janus Membranes via Diffusion‐Controlled Atomic Layer Deposition
Authors: Waldman Ruben Z. , Yang Hao‐Cheng , Mandia David J. , Nealey Paul F. , Elam Jeffrey W. , Darling Seth B. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe first use of atomic layer deposition (ALD) to produce Janus membranes is reported, with an example system consisting of a compositional gradient ranging from hydrophilic Al2O3 on one face to hydrophobic poly(propylene) on the opposite face. Alternating pulses of trimethyl aluminum and water vapor lead to the growth of covalently bonded Al2O3 conforming to the membrane pore surfaces. Precise control of ALD parameters significantly affects the surface wetting of the modified membrane face and the depth of Al2O3 infiltration into the porosity. This depth control derives from slow precursor diffusion through the 200 nm membrane pores compared to much faster ALD surface reactions. For a given precursor exposure and purge time, increasing the number of ALD cycles decreases the water contact angle at the modified surface from hydrophobic to hydrophilic, until the water droplet is completely imbibed by the membrane. To demonstrate the utility of these Janus membranes, a hydrophilic/superaerophobic Janus treatment is shown to greatly reduce the size of air bubbles generated through the membrane, enabling faster mixing. This technique represents the first application of vapor‐deposited covalently bonded metal oxides to form Janus membranes. Further opportunities are afforded by the ability to laterally pattern Al2O3 across the membrane surface via physical masking.
Copper‐Catalysed (Diacetoxyiodo)benzene‐Promoted Aerobic Esterification Reaction: Synthesis of Oxamates from Acetoacetamides
Authors: Zhang Zhiguo , Gao Xiaolong , Yu Haifeng , Zhang Guisheng , Liu Jianming 
Published: June 2018

AbstractA copper‐catalysed (diacetoxyiodo)benzene‐promoted aerobic esterification reaction of acetoacetamides was developed for the synthesis of oxamates, which are useful precursors in synthetic organic chemistry. This practical and mild synthetic approach proceeded at 25 °C under open‐air conditions and afforded methyl 2‐oxo‐2‐(phenylamino)acetates in good to excellent yields combined with C−C σ‐bond cleavage and formal oxidative C−H bond functionalization. A mechanism is proposed.magnified image
Grüne und rasche hydrothermale Kristallisation und Synthese vollständig konjugierter aromatischer Verbindungen
Authors: Taublaender M. Josef , Glöcklhofer Florian , Marchetti‐Deschmann Martina , Unterlass Miriam M. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractHochkondensierte, vollständig konjugierte aromatische Verbindungen sind interessante Kandidaten zur Anwendung in organischer Elektronik. Mit steigender Kristallinität verbessern sich ihre elektronischen Eigenschaften. Hier wird gezeigt, dass die Kristallisation von drei Archetypen solcher Moleküle – Pentacentetron, Indigo und Perinon – hydrothermal erreicht werden kann. Dieser Befund ist angesichts der Strukturen dieser Verbindungen höchst erstaunlich. Darüber hinaus wird gezeigt, dass Perinon ausgehend von Naphthalinbisanhydrid und o‐Phenylendiamin in ausschließlich hochtemperiertem Wasser und ohne Zusatz von Cosolventien oder Katalysatoren hergestellt werden kann. Weiterhin kann die Transformation durch den Einsatz von Mikrowellen‐Strahlung drastisch beschleunigt werden. Dies ist der erste Bericht über die hydrothermale Herstellung von zwei kondensierten Heterocyclen.
Ein hundert Jahre altes Experiment auf dem Prüfstand: hochgenaue Ab‐Initio‐Monte‐Carlo‐Schmelzsimulationen von Radon
Authors: Smits Odile R. , Jerabek Paul , Pahl Elke , Schwerdtfeger Peter 
Published: June 2018

AbstractModerne, relativistische Coupled‐Cluster‐Methoden wurden verwendet, um Mehrkörperpotentiale des Edelgaselements Radon zu konstruieren und mit Parallel‐Tempering‐Monte‐Carlo‐Simulationen seine Festkörpereigenschaften, darunter den Phasenübergang von fest zu flüssig, zu studieren. Als Schmelztemperaturen wurden in Simulationen des ganzen Festkörpers und durch Extrapolation von finiten Clustern 200(3) K bzw. 200(6) K bestimmt. Dies ist in hervorragender Übereinstimmung mit dem oft angezweifelten (aber weitläufig zitierten) und einzigen experimentellen Wert von 202 K, der auf Messungen von Gray und Ramsay aus dem Jahre 1909 zurückgeht.
Getriggerte Freisetzung und Oxidation von Metallionen: Ferrocen als neuer Mechanophor in Polymeren
Authors: Di Giannantonio Michela , Ayer Mathieu A. , Verde‐Sesto Ester , Lattuada Marco , Weder Christoph , Fromm Katharina M. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractDie Einführung von Mechanophoren in Polymere erlaubt es, mechanische Kräfte in chemische Reaktionen umzuwandeln, was wiederum zu neuen Funktionalitäten führen kann, wie beispielsweise Selbstheilung, katalytischer Aktivität oder mechanochromen Eigenschaften. Diese Zuschrift beschreibt die mechanisch induzierte Freisetzung von Metallionen aus in Polymerketten (z. B. Poly(methylacrylat) und Polyurethan) eingebetteten Ferrocen‐Einheiten (Fc). Durch die Bestrahlung mit Ultraschall werden diese Sollbruchstellen bevorzugt gespalten, wie anhand kinetischer Molmassenbestimmungen von Fc‐haltigen und Fc‐freien Polymeren gezeigt werden konnte. Die freigesetzten und oxidierten Eisenionen konnten durch die Umsetzung mit KSCN oder K4[Fe(CN)6] als typisch roter [Fe(SCN)n(H2O)6−n)](3−n)+ Komplex, bzw. als Preußischblau nachgewiesen werden.
Three‐Component Gallium(III)‐Promoted Addition of Halide Anions and Acetylenes to Donor–Acceptor Cyclopropanes
Authors: Novikov Roman A. , Borisov Denis D. , Tarasova Anna V. , Tkachev Yaroslav V. , Tomilov Yury V. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractA new strategy for the three‐component addition of halide anions and acetylenes to donor–acceptor cyclopropanes (DACs) is presented. This reaction, which occurs with high E selectivity, is promoted by gallium(III) salts and based on the 1,2‐zwitterionic reactivity of DACs. It opens up a new group of processes involving DACs. The reaction occurs readily with a broad range of substrates and is tolerant of various functional groups. This methodology makes it possible to assemble highly functionalized vinyl halides, which are very convenient building blocks in organic synthesis. A possible mechanism of this reaction and its stereochemical aspects are discussed in detail.
On‐Line Polyketide Cyclization into Diverse Medium‐Sized Lactones by a Specialized Ketosynthase Domain
Authors: Sundaram Srividhya , Kim Hak Joong , Bauer Ruth , Thongkongkaew Tawatchai , Heine Daniel , Hertweck Christian 
Published: June 2018

AbstractKetosynthase (KS) domains of modular type I polyketide synthases (PKSs) typically catalyze the Claisen condensation of acyl and malonyl units to form linear chains. In stark contrast, the KS of the rhizoxin PKS branching module mediates a Michael addition, which sets the basis for a pharmacophoric δ‐lactone moiety. The precise role of the KS was evaluated by site‐directed mutagenesis, chemical probes, and biotransformations. Biochemical and kinetic analyses helped to dissect branching and lactonization reactions and unequivocally assign the entire sequence to the KS. Probing the range of accepted substrates with diverse synthetic surrogates in vitro, we found that the KS tolerates defined acyl chain lengths to produce five‐ to seven‐membered lactones. These results show that the KS is multifunctional, as it catalyzes β‐branching and lactonization. Information on the increased product portfolio of the unusual, TE‐independent on‐line cyclization is relevant for synthetic biology approaches.
Sensing Uranyl(VI) Ions by Coordination and Energy Transfer to a Luminescent Europium(III) Complex
Authors: Harvey Peter , Nonat Aline , Platas‐Iglesias Carlos , Natrajan Louise S. , Charbonnière Loïc J. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe release of uranyl(VI) is a hazardous environmental issue, with limited ways to monitor accumulation in situ. Here, we present a method for the detection of uranyl(VI) ions through the utilization of a unique fluorescence energy transfer process to europium(III). Our system displays the first example of a “turn‐on” europium(III) emission process with a small, water‐soluble lanthanide complex triggered by uranyl(VI) ions.