bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Tree Seedling Mortality and Protective Strategies in Riparian Forest Restoration
Authors: Keeton William S. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Riparian forest restoration can be severely constrained by tree seedling mortality. I evaluated the effects of tree shelters and planting density on herbivory and seedling mortality at a restoration site in the Lake Champlain Basin of Vermont. Eighteen experimental units were established along a 5th-order stream and planted with bare-root seedlings of seven species associated with northern hardwood floodplain forests. Two treatments were applied in a factorial design: shelters versus no shelters and high versus low planting density. Mortality and herbivory data were collected over three growing seasons. Survivorship declined to 56.4% after three growing seasons and varied significantly by species. Planting density, presence/absence of shelters, and their interaction had significant effects on survival, browse, or girdling intensity when tested for all species combined. Browse rates were high (44%), whereas girdling rates were low (3.4%). Both browse (P < 0.001) and girdling (P = 0.022) contributed to seedling mortality. High rates of deer browse on seedlings in shelters were due, in part, to the short height (60 cm) of the shelters, suggesting a need for taller shelters. A large portion (39%) of dead seedlings were neither browsed nor girdled, signaling the importance of other mortality agents. An adaptive approach is recommended to compensate for high seedling mortality and the limited effectiveness of protective devices.
Oak Ecosystem Management Considerations for Central Hardwoods Stands Arising from Silvicultural Clearcutting
Authors: Groninger John W. , Long Michael A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Silvicultural clearcutting was widely used during the late 20th century to regenerate stands on upland sites and achieve timber production objectives within the central hardwood region. As these even-aged stands develop, silvicultural guidelines are needed to address newer management objectives emphasizing oak ecosystem maintenance. The US Forest Service Common Stand Exam procedure (Common Stand Exam Users Guide, 2003, Ver. 1.5.1, US Forest Service, Washington, DC, 87 p.) was modified to assess stand stocking, composition, oak (Quercus) competitive status, and other emerging management concerns. A total of 74 randomly selected upland stands that had been silviculturally clearcut between 1980 and 1990 were sampled across the Shawnee National Forest in southern Illinois. Maples (Acer spp.) and yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) predominated across all landscape positions 15–26 years after stand initiation. Oak (Quercus spp.) trees per acre was related to landscape position and averaged less than 50 trees/ac on the more productive lower slope positions and north aspects. However, when yellow-poplar was present, oaks were in a competitively inferior canopy position regardless of slope position or aspect. Our results show that for sustaining oak ecosystems in this region, management interventions favoring oaks should focus on the most productive sites, where crop tree release would reduce yellow-poplar interference with a sparse oak resource, as well as on less productive sites, where thinning to reduce stocking may be needed to maintain stand health.
Owner Intentions, Previous Harvests, and Future Timber Yield on Fifty Working Nonindustrial Private Forestlands in New York State
Authors: Munsell John F. , Germain René H. , Luzadis Valerie A. , Bevilacqua Eddie 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Harvesting on nonindustrial private forestland (NIPF) has increased dramatically in recent years, and projections suggest the trend will continue. Working NIPFs in New York State are not immune to this pressure. Managing these stands to supply a sustained yield of high-quality sawtimber into the future is necessary if working NIPFs are to avoid significant timber stock depletion. In large part, this outcome depends on the intentions of owners and productive potential of their stands. Combining these aspects helps assess whether and how sustained-yield management can be achieved. To demonstrate, we present a case study that used <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2-2264">Ajzen's (2005)</xref> theory of planned behavior to explain sustained-yield management intentions and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8-2264">Fajvan et al.'s (1998)</xref> silviculture classification chart to describe potential yield on 50 recently harvested NIPFs in New York. Predictors of an owner's intention were modeled, and intentions and silviculture classifications were cross-tabulated. Nearly all owners plan to manage for a sustained yield of sawtimber, but previous cutting will force most to regenerate or convert to uneven-age management to achieve this goal.
Effects of Stump Diameter on Sprout Number and Size for Three Oak Species in a Pennsylvania Clearcut
Authors: Sands Benjamin A. , Abrams Marc D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In a 2004 clearcut of a former even-aged oak (Quercus) forest, we examined the number and maximum height of stump sprouts for three oak species in east-central Pennsylvania. The greatest number of sprouts was produced by black oak (Quercus velutina) and chestnut oak (Q.montana) as compared with white oak (Q. alba). Logistic regression showed that diameter of stumps was a significant factor in determining the probability of sprouting for black oak, and an inverse relationship between stump diameter and the number of sprouts per stump was foundfor all three species. The number of white oak sprouts peaked in the 10‐20-cm diameter class and declined on larger stumps. The number of black oak sprouts peaked in the 20‐50-cm classes, and trees in the 70‐80-cm class produced the fewest sprouts. The mean annual growthof the tallest sprout on each stump was greater for black oak and chestnut oak than white oak.
Relating Ecological Properties of Habitat Types to Differences in Aspen Stand Structure and Succession for Managing Timber and Wildlife Resources
Authors: Felix Alexandra , Campa Henry 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Because aspen (Populus spp.) can grow on a range of site conditions, understanding spatial and temporal variability in aspen physiognomy is challenging but critical for developing plans to meet economic and ecological objectives. The objectives of this study were to quantify temporal differences in aspen physiognomy within and among different habitat types (HTs) in Michigan and to recommend how these results could be used to sustain timber and wildlife resources. We spatially defined HT boundaries and investigated ecological differences of aspen in three age classes (20‐29, 50‐59, and >70 years) and five HTs, ranging from xeric sand to mesic loamy soils. HTs characterized by xeric soils supported bigtooth aspen (Populus grandidentata) and oak (Quercus), mesic sandy soils supported the greatest (P < 0.10) conifer cover, and mesic loamy soils supported a thick understory and mixed hardwood species. Timber (pulpwood) volume of stands >50 years differed (P < 0.10) between HTs (58.40‐82.15 m3/ha in the 50-year age class; 77.94‐100.84 m3/ha in the 70-year age class) and was lowest in HTs on extremes of the soil moisture and texture gradient. The results define geographic areas with different potentials for vegetation development, aspen structure, timber production, and wildlife habitat suitability.
New Models for Predicting Diameter at Breast Height from Stump Dimensions
Authors: Westfall James A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Models to predict dbh from stump dimensions are presented for 18 species groups. Data used to fit the models were collected across thirteen states in the northeastern United States. Primarily because of the presence of multiple measurements from each tree, a mixed-effects modeling approach was used to account for the lack of independence among observations. The heterogeneous error variance was described as a function of stump diameter, which allowed for more accurate representation of prediction intervals. Application of the mean response model (fixed-effects parameters only) to independent data indicated an average absolute error between 0.2 and 0.7 in. for most groups. An additional advantage is that random-effect parameters allow the model to be calibrated to local conditions if some additional data are available. An example is provided that indicates the local calibration results in a mean residual value that is closer to zero compared with the mean response model. Efforts in other locales to use stump information to inform dbh predictions can obtain the same advancements by adopting a similar modeling methodology.
Spatial Tree Mapping Using Photography
Authors: Dick Adam R. , Kershaw John A. , MacLean David A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Stem maps describing the spatial location of trees sampled in a forest inventory are used increasingly to model relationships between neighboring trees in distance-dependent growth and yield models, as well as in stand visualization software. Current techniques and equipment available to acquire tree spatial locations prohibit widespread application because they are time-consuming, costly, and prone to measurement error. In this report, we present a technique to derive stem maps from a series of digital photographs processed to form a seamless 360° panorama plot image. Processes are described to derive distance from plot center and azimuth to each plot tree. The technique was tested on 46 field plots (1,398 sample trees) under a range of forest conditions and compared with traditional methods. Average absolute distance error was 0.38 ± 0.44 m, and average absolute azimuth error was 2.3 ± 2.5°. Computed average horizontal accuracy was 0.40 ± 0.42 m, with 85% of measured trees being within 0.5 m of the field-measured tree location.
Oak Forest Composition on Contrasting Soil Types at the Mohonk Preserve, Eastern New York
Authors: Abrams Marc D. , Sands Benjamin A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This research investigated overstory and understory forest composition for 10 sites derived from either shale or sandstone conglomerate parent material on the Shawangunk Ridge in eastern New York. Overstory composition in both soil types was dominated by red oak (Quercus rubra) and chestnut oak (Quercus montana), but the overstory on shale sites was more diverse (14 tree species) and had less oak than sandstone sites (with only 6 tree species). A total of 17 species were recorded as regeneration on shale sites, where seedlings averaged 21,466/ha and saplings averaged 1,833/ha. Dominant seedling on shale sites were chestnut oak (7,100/ha) and red oak (3,583/ha); chestnut oak had significantly more seedlings on shale versus sandstone sites. Saplings on shale sites were predominantly Hamamelis virginiana and Acer pensylvanicum. On sandstone sites, seedlings averaged 6,425/ha (including 2,075 oaks and 2,250 red maple per ha). Sapling numbers for all species were low (1,400/ha) and were mostly red maple. These forests are unique because of the relatively high density of oak seedlings on certain sites and low density of red maple across all sites. This variation in regeneration as well as management strategies to promote additional oak regeneration and canopy recruitment are discussed for these and similar forests.
Logging Business Practices and Perspectives on Harvesting Forest Residues for Energy: A Minnesota Case Study
Authors: Dirkswager Anna L. , Kilgore Michael A. , Becker Dennis R. , Blinn Charlie , Ek Alan 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Timber harvesting residues, specifically the nonmerchantable tree tops and limbs associated with a commercial roundwood harvest, have the capacity to supply substantial feedstock for energy production. Phone interviews of Minnesota's logging business owners who process residual woody biomass for energy using chippers and grinders were conducted in summer 2008 to characterize their practices on harvesting and processing these residues and to collect qualitative data describing biomass harvesting opportunities and constraints. Minnesota's logging businesses are highly variable with respect to many aspects of woody biomass harvesting, such as preferred tree species, equipment configurations, strategies for collecting and processing residual biomass, and utilization efficiency. Factors cited as having a substantial influence on future biomass harvesting opportunities included the environmental benefits of burning woody biomass over traditional nonrenewable fuels and the potential for biomass harvesting to positively affect wildlife habitat and forest health. Low prices received for delivered wood chips and grindings, high fixed and variable operating costs, and resource uncertainty about future harvesting restrictions due to environmental concerns were cited as important issues that could limit growth in the state's woody biomass harvesting sector.
Cavity Trees, Snags, and Overstory Density in a Riparian Forest in Northeastern Missouri
Authors: Gwaze David , Elliott Anthony 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Snags and cavity trees are important for wildlife habitat, yet knowledge about their abundance and effects of forest management on these components is lacking for riparian forests. We evaluated the effects of clearcutting with reserves, basal area retention, and no harvest on snags and cavity trees in a riparian forest in northeastern Missouri. We also determined whether the established guidelines for snags and cavity trees in Missouri are being met. Preharvest results indicated that 11.3% of standing trees were snags, and 7% of live standing trees were cavity trees at this site. The proportion of snags was greater in small-diameter trees; however, the proportion of live trees with cavities increased as dbh increased. Preharvest snag density (20.6 trees/ac) and cavity trees (21.2 trees/ac) were well above the current minimum recommendations for wildlife tree retention on bottomland forests in Missouri. Following the harvest and girdling of residual trees >8 in. dbh, the abundance of snags increased, whereas cavity tree densities decreased. If the bottomland hardwood forest is going to contribute habitat of cavity tree-using wildlife, greater attention is needed to retaining cavity trees when harvesting.
Deep Planting Has No Short- or Long-Term Effect on the Survival and Growth of White Spruce, Black Spruce, and Jack Pine
Authors: Paquette Alain , Girard Jean-Pierre , Walsh Denis 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Although studies in the past have reported that the deeper planting of conifers has no effect on seedling performance, most planting guidelines in use today still recommend that seedlings be planted to the rootcollar. Past studies were mostly observational, used bareroot seedlings, and often reported early results from just one or two depths of planting treatments. Most of the results available regarding planting depth for boreal species are anecdotal, although they are planted by the hundreds of millions every year. The present study reports no short-term (1 year) or long-term (15 to 19 years) negative effect of planting depth on the survival and height and diameter growth of black spruce, white spruce, and jack pine seedlings over three large, replicated experiments in the boreal forest of eastern and northern Quebec (eastern Canada). Four different depth treatments were compared, from manual planting at the rootcollar to the deepest mechanical planting treatment at 10 cm or more, making this the largest, longest-lasting study of its kind. Although, as expected, important differences in growth were present between species, all three commonly planted conifers reacted similarly to the planting depth treatments (no effect). This result can in part be attributed to an almost perfect control of frost heaving in the deepest two treatments. Planting depth effects were assessed using analysis of variance, multiple Tukey honestly significant difference, and uncorrected pairwise one-tailed t-tests to increase the probability of detecting a negative effect. Absolute differences and effect sizes (generally small and often positive with greater depths) were also analyzed.
Effects of Basal Area Factor and Plot Size on Precision and Accuracy of Forest Inventory Estimates
Authors: Becker Peter , Nichols Tom 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We tested the effects of plot size (0.05-0.30 ac) and basal area factor (BAF) (5-30) on the accuracy and precision of per-acre estimates of tree number, basal area, biomass (all for trees ≥4.5 in. dbh), and sawtimber volume (for trees ≥11.6 in. dbh). Field sampling errors, such as missing in-trees, did not affect our tests. Virtual variable- and fixed-radius plots were randomly located within an artificial matrix of 130 real plots in well-stocked upland hardwood forests of sawtimber-sized trees in the Missouri Ozarks. Inventory parameters were essentially independent of plot size and BAF, whereas their coefficients of variation decreased with plot size and increased with BAF. Thus, our results for random plots agreed with sampling theory, unlike a previous study using concentric virtual plots in West Virginia forests. A very concentrated zone of high tree density around some plot centers apparently caused the biased estimates by concentric plots. Compared with the entire composite forest, inventory means were accurately estimated (to within 5%) and size class distributions were well represented for plots ≥0.1 ac or ≤15 BAF. Our procedures provide a basis for selecting an efficient and cost-effective sampling design suited to forest characteristics and the inventory's purpose.
Distribution of American Beech (Fagus grandifolia) and Beech Scale (Cryptococcus fagisuga Lind.) in Michigan from 2005 to 2009
Authors: Wieferich Daniel J. , McCullough Deborah G. , Hayes Daniel B. , Schwalm Nancy J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Beech scale (Cryptococcus fagisuga Lind.) (Hemiptera; Coccidae), an invasive insect associated with beech bark disease, was discovered in 2000 in a localized area of northwest Lower Michigan and one area in the eastern Upper Peninsula. From 2005 to 2009, we surveyed 809 sites in 73 Michigan counties to determine whether American beech (Fagus grandifolia) trees were present and, if so, whether trees had been colonized by beech scale. Beech trees were present in 696 sites in forest, recreation, and residential areas. By 2009, beech scale had infested beech trees in 8 of 15 counties in the Upper Peninsula, 14 of 68 counties in the Lower Peninsula, one of three islands in Lake Michigan, and all three sampled islands in Lake Huron. Colonization of islands more than 20 km from infestations on the mainland suggest that beech scale was likely introduced by humans or birds. Rates of expansion of 12 discrete beech scale populations varied from 3.3 to 14.3 km per year.
Changes in the Fuel Pellet Industry in the Lake States, 2005 to 2008
Authors: Luppold William , Mace Terry , Weatherspoon Antony , Jacobson Keith 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Fuel pellets are becoming popular for home heating and electrical generation. Although wood residues such as sawdust, chips, and shavings have been a significant fiber feed stock pellet production, paper waste, agricultural residue, and roundwood also can be used. In 2005, 41% of the fiber feed stock used to produce pellets in the Lake States was wood residue, 27% was wastepaper or agricultural residue, and 32% was multiple or unspecified fiber feed stocks. Between 2005 and 2008, the number of wood pellet processing facilities in the Lake States region nearly doubled, and the volume of products manufactured increased by 300%. Facility expansion required an additional 592,000 dry tons of fiber feed stock. Forty-three percent of the additional feed stock was wood residue, 25% was roundwood, 18% was agricultural residue, and 13% was undefined or multiple feed stocks. In 2008, two facilities producing 67,000 tons of pellets were under construction, and four plants slated to produce an additional 600,000 tons of product were in the planning stage. The primary product manufactured in these new or planned facilities will be commercial fuel pellets, and the primary feed stock will be roundwood, harvest residues, and paper and agriculture waste. The potential increase in the demand for lower quality roundwood by these new facilities could replace the declining demand for this material by the paper industry. If the pellet industry continues to expand, it could compete for roundwood used by the fuel chips and pulpwood industries.
Break-Even Benefit/Cost Model: a Useful Tool for Forestry Decision-Making
Authors: Canham Hugh O. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Comparing benefits to costs is basic to decision-making. However, in forestry activities, particularly those involving multiple use, evaluating benefits is difficult. The break-even benefit/cost model eases the problem somewhat: it calculates the minimum benefit required for the project to just break even on a discounted basis. Examples are shown for pest control and soil erosion control.
North. J. Appl. For. 3:14-16, Mar. 1986.
A Key for the Forest Service Hardwood Tree Grades
Authors: Miller Gary W. , Hanks Leland F. , Wiant Harry V. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A dichotomous key organizes the USDA Forest Service hardwood tree grade specifications into a stepwise procedure for those learning to grade hardwood sawtimber. The key addresses the major grade factors, tree size, surface characteristics, and allowable cull deductions in a series of paired choices that lead the user to a decision regarding tree grade. Subtle grading rules, previously presented as footnotes to the major specifications, are included in the key. It simplifies the process so that the beginner can learn the system quickly, without detailed instruction from experienced tree traders.
North. J. Appl. For. 3:19-22, Mar. 1986.
A 22-Year Study of Stand Development and Financial Return in Northern Hardwoods
Authors: Reed David D. , Holmes Michael J. , Johnson James A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The stand development and financial returns from eight different cutting procedures in northern hardwood stands are evaluated. Stand tables recommended for northern hardwoods by Arbogast and others could be approximated following one or two 10-year cutting periods using light improvement or basal area limit cuts. Total economic return was greatest in the most severe diameter limit cuts (5-, 12-, and 16-in) but achieving these high initial returns may preclude any further returns for an extended period. The 16-in diameter limit cut provided what may be the best combination of total return and even flow of returns over the 22-year study period.
North. J. Appl. For. 3:35-38, Mar. 1986.
Financial Returns from Timber Stand Improvement Investments
Authors: Risbrudt Christopher D. , Pitcher John A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Capital investments in treating stands of upland oaks, northern hardwoods and pines generally show an annual real return on investment of more than 4% on medium and higher sites. The highest returns occurred when precommercial treatments were followed by repeated commercial thinnings until final harvest and regeneration. To achieve maximum returns, timber stand improvement measures should be applied only to the better sites at early ages. The internal rates of return were generally insensitive to changes in volume yield total over rotation or at harvest but were sensitive to small changes in stumpage prices or treatment costs. Standards for precommercial treatments are recommended. North. J. Appl. For. 3:52-58, June 1986.