bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hydrogels Self‐Assembled from an Azobenzene Building Block: Stability toward UV Irradiation in the Gel and Thin‐Film States
Authors: Cheng Qiuhong , Zhang Yimeng , Luan Tianxiang , Wang Zhuoer , Tang Ruipeng , Xing Pengyao , Hao Aiyou 
Published: February 2019

AbstractAzobenzene and its derivatives are widely used as photoresponsive units for the fabrication of photoresponsive smart materials. In this work, two azobenzene derivatives were designed and investigated as hydrogelators, namely N‐4‐azodiphenyl‐maleimic acid (ADPMA) and N‐4‐azodiphenyl‐succinic acid (ADPSA) bearing azobenzene and carboxylic acid segments. In the process of deprotonation/protonation of the carboxylic acids by pH variation, the self‐assembly of these two gelators was triggered. ADPMA could transform from solution to hydrogel while the solution of ADPSA formed a precipitate under the same conditions. The solution‐gel/precipitate transformation can be repeated by changing the pH. In contrast to the conventional responsiveness to UV‐light irradiation for azobenzene‐based gels, the ADPMA hydrogel shows typical trans‐cis isomerization of the azobenzene unit in solution, yet the hydrogel demonstrates remarkable stability to UV light irradiation in both the bulk gel and thin film states.
A General and Facile Approach for the Electrochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide Inspired by Deep Eutectic Solvents
Authors: Vasilyev Dmitry V. , Rudnev Alexander V. , Broekmann Peter , Dyson Paul J. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractDeep eutectic solvents (DESs) were applied to the electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR). Choline‐based DESs represent a non‐toxic and inexpensive alternative to room‐temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) as additives to the system or as electrolyte. Following the study on choline‐based DESs this approach was generalized and simple and organic‐soluble systems were devised based on the combination of organic chloride salts with ethylene glycol (EG), allowing the chlorides to be readily used as cocatalysts in the CO2RR. This approach negates the need for anion exchange and, because the chloride salt is usually the least expensive one, substantially reduces the cost of the electrolyte and opens the way for high‐throughput experimentation.
Double‐probe measurement in recombining plasma using NAGDIS‐II
Authors: Hayashi Y. , Nishikata H. , Ohno N. , Kajita S. , Tanaka H. , Ohshima H. , Seki M. 
Published: February 2019

We have studied the validity of the double‐probe method in recombining plasmas. Electron temperature (Te) measured with a double probe was quantitatively evaluated by taking into account the influences of plasma potential fluctuation, plasma resistivity, and electron density fluctuation on the current–voltage characteristics. Differential potential fluctuation and plasma resistivity between two electrodes have a minor effect on Te especially when the inter‐distance is small (typically 1 mm). Scattering of measured Te due to the density fluctuation was sufficiently suppressed by making the data acquisition time long (typically 4 s) and taking the average. There is a good agreement between Te measured with the optimized double‐probe method and that with laser Thomson scattering diagnostics.
Estimating the biodiversity of terrestrial invertebrates on a forested island using DNA barcodes and metabarcoding data
Authors: Dopheide Andrew , Tooman Leah K. , Grosser Stefanie , Agabiti Barbara , Rhode Birgit , Xie Dong , Stevens Mark I. , Nelson Nicola , Buckley Thomas R. , Drummond Alexei J. , Newcomb Richard D. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractInvertebrates are a major component of terrestrial ecosystems, however, estimating their biodiversity is challenging. We compiled an inventory of invertebrate biodiversity along an elevation gradient on the temperate forested island of Hauturu, New Zealand, by DNA barcoding of specimens obtained from leaf litter samples and pitfall traps. We compared the barcodes and biodiversity estimates from this data set with those from a parallel DNA metabarcoding analysis of soil from the same locations, and with pre‐existing sequences in reference databases, before exploring the use of combined data sets as a basis for estimating total invertebrate biodiversity. We obtained 1,282 28S and 1,610 COI barcodes from a total of 1,947 invertebrate specimens, which were clustered into 247 (28S) and 366 (COI) OTUs, of which ≤ 10% were represented in GenBank. Coleoptera were most abundant (730 sequenced specimens), followed by Hymenoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera, and Amphipoda. The most abundant OTU from both the 28S (153 sequences) and COI (140 sequences) data sets was an undescribed beetle from the family Salpingidae. Based on the occurrences of COI OTUs along the elevation gradient, we estimated there are ~1,000 arthropod species (excluding mites) on Hauturu, including 770 insects, of which 344 are beetles. A DNA metabarcoding analysis of soil DNA from the same sites resulted in the identification of similar numbers of OTUs in most invertebrate groups compared with the DNA barcoding, but less than 10% of the DNA barcoding COI OTUs were also detected by the metabarcoding analysis of soil DNA. A mark–recapture analysis based on the overlap between these data sets estimated the presence of approximately 6,800 arthropod species (excluding mites) on the island, including ~3,900 insects. Estimates of New Zealand‐wide biodiversity for selected arthropod groups based on matching of the COI DNA barcodes with pre‐existing reference sequences suggested over 13,200 insect species are present, including 4,000 Coleoptera, 2,200 Diptera, and 2,700 Hymenoptera species, and 1,000 arachnid species (excluding mites). These results confirm that metabarcoding analyses of soil DNA tends to recover different components of terrestrial invertebrate biodiversity compared to traditional invertebrate sampling, but the combined methods provide a novel basis for estimating invertebrate biodiversity.
The terrestrial organism and biogeochemistry spatial sampling design for the National Ecological Observatory Network
Authors: Barnett David T. , Duffy Paul A. , Schimel David S. , Krauss Rachel E. , Irvine Kathryn M. , Davis Frank W. , Gross John E. , Azuaje Elena I. , Thorpe Andrea S. , Gudex‐Cross David , Patterson Michael , McKay Jalynda M. , McCorkel Joel T. , Meier Courtney L. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON) seeks to facilitate ecological prediction at a continental scale by measuring processes that drive change and responses at sites across the United States for thirty years. The spatial distribution of observations of terrestrial organisms and soil within NEON sites is determined according to a “design‐based” sample design that relies on the randomization of sampling locations. Development of the sample design was guided by high‐level NEON objectives and the multitude of data products that will be subjected to numerous analytical approaches to address the causes and consequences of ecological change. A requirement framework permeates the NEON design, ensuring traceability from each facet of the design to the high‐level requirements that make the NEON mission statement actionable. Requirements were developed for the terrestrial sample design to guide the key components of the design:

Randomizing the sample locations ensures the unbiased collection of data, is appropriate for organisms and soil, and provides data suitable for a variety of analyses.
Stratification increases efficiency and allows sampling to focus on those parts of the landscape measured by other NEON observation platforms.
Attention to the sample size and spatial plot allocation ensures that data products will be sufficient to inform questions asked of the data and the NEON objectives.
Establishing a framework with the capacity for re‐evaluate and design iteration allows for adaption to unexpected challenges and optimization of the sample design based on early data returns.
The utility of the NEON sampling design is highlighted by its application across terrestrial systems. The data generated from this unique design will be used to quantify patterns in: the abundance and diversity of small mammals, breeding birds, insects, and soil microbes; vegetation structure, biomass, productivity, and diversity; and soil biogeochemistry.
On spatial conditional extremes for ocean storm severity
Authors: Shooter R. , Ross E. , Tawn J. , Jonathan P. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractWe describe a model for the conditional dependence of a spatial process measured at one or more remote locations given extreme values of the process at a conditioning location, motivated by the conditional extremes methodology of Heffernan and Tawn. Compared to alternative descriptions in terms of max‐stable spatial processes, the model is advantageous because it is conceptually straightforward and admits different forms of extremal dependence (including asymptotic dependence and asymptotic independence). We use the model within a Bayesian framework to estimate the extremal dependence of ocean storm severity (quantified using significant wave height, HS) for locations on spatial transects with approximate east–west (E‐W) and north–south (N‐S) orientations in the northern North Sea (NNS) and central North Sea (CNS). For HS on the standard Laplace marginal scale, the conditional extremes “linear slope” parameter α decays approximately exponentially with distance for all transects. Furthermore, the decay of mean dependence with distance is found to be faster in CNS than NNS. The persistence of mean dependence is greatest for the E‐W transect in NNS, potentially because this transect is approximately aligned with the direction of propagation of the most severe storms in the region.
The evolution of stage-specific virulence: Differential selection of parasites in juveniles
Authors: Iritani Ryosuke , Visher Elisa , Boots Mike 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe impact of infectious disease is often very different in juveniles and adults, but theory has focused on the drivers of stage-dependent defense in hosts rather than the potential for stage-dependent virulence evolution in parasites. Stage structure has the potential to be important to the evolution of pathogens because it exposes parasites to heterogeneous environments in terms of both host characteristics and transmission pathways. We develop a stage-structured (juvenile–adult) epidemiological model and examine the evolutionary outcomes of stage-specific virulence under the classic assumption of a transmission-virulence trade-off. We show that selection on virulence against adults remains consistent with the classic theory. However, the evolution of juvenile virulence is sensitive to both demography and transmission pathway with higher virulence against juveniles being favored either when the transmission pathway is assortative (juveniles preferentially interact together) and the juvenile stage is long, or in contrast when the transmission pathway is disassortative and the juvenile stage is short. These results highlight the potentially profound effects of host stage structure on determining parasite virulence in nature. This new perspective may have broad implications for both understanding and managing disease severity.
Analysis of microbial diversity in apple vinegar fermentation process through 16s rDNA sequencing
Authors: Song Juan , Zhang Ji‐Hong , Kang San‐Jiang , Zhang Hai‐Yan , Yuan Jing , Zeng Chao‐Zhen , Zhang Fang , Huang Yu‐Long 
Published: February 2019

AbstractBased on SPME‐GC‐MS analysis, it could be found that the production of acetic acid, phenethyl acetate, and isoamyl acetate gradually increased in the apple vinegar fermentation broth with the fermentation time. Consequently, in order to systematically explore the dynamic changes of microbial diversity and metabolites in the process of apple vinegar fermentation, 16S rDNA were sequenced and analyzed in this work. The present results showed that bacterial diversity was rich and exhibited a certain variation during the dynamic fermentation process of apple vinegar. Furthermore, Lactococcus and Oenococcus were the predominant bacteria in the pre‐fermentation (alcoholic fermentation) of apple vinegar, while the dominant bacteria in the middle and late fermentation stages (acetic acid fermentation) were Lactococcus and Acetobacter. In addition, during the whole fermentation process of apple vinegar, Lactococcus was the most dominant bacteria, Oenococcus was the unique species in the stage of alcohol fermentation, and Acetobacter increased rapidly in the stage of acetic acid fermentation. In conclusion, our finding provided a theoretical basis for the processing technology of apple vinegar fermentation, and a theory evidence for the safety and health assessment of apple vinegar.
Effect of clove (Syzygium aromaticum) and seaweed (Kappaphycus alvarezii) water extracts pretreatment on lipid oxidation in sun‐dried sardines (Rastrineobola argentea) from Lake Victoria, Tanzania
Authors: Chaula Davis , Laswai Henry , Chove Bernard , Dalsgaard Anders , Mdegela Robinson , Jacobsen Charlotte , Hyldig Grethe 
Published: February 2019

AbstractSmall indigenous fish species play a significant role in food and nutritional security of poor communities in developing countries. Sardines (Rastrineobola argentea) are fish species of Lake Victoria known to be a good source of health‐promoting omega‐3 fatty acids. Open sun drying is a common and traditional sardine processing and preservation method. Sun‐dried products suffer from characteristic off‐flavor due to lipid oxidation which discourage product consumption and limit diversification. This study investigated the use of clove (Syzygium aromaticum) and seaweed (Kappaphycus alvarezii) water extracts as natural antioxidants to impede lipid oxidation in sun‐dried sardines. Lipid oxidation was assessed by peroxide value, volatile secondary oxidation products, and fatty acid profiles. The antioxidant capacity of extracts was evaluated by total phenolic content, 1, 1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, and iron (Fe2+) chelating ability. Results showed that 5, 10, and 20 g/L clove extracts significantly reduced peroxidation in sun‐dried sardines by 38.7%, 54.6%, and 56%, respectively. Clove extracts resulted in higher retention of omega‐3 fatty acids and lower concentrations of secondary lipid oxidation products as opposed to seaweed counterpart. This research has demonstrated feasibility of pretreating whole, omega‐3‐rich small sardines with natural antioxidants to avert lipid oxidation during sun drying.
Enhanced Electrical Conductivity of Sb2S3 Thin Film via C60 Modification and Improvement in Solar Cell Efficiency
Authors: Guo Chunsheng , Chen Jingwei , Li Gang , Liang Xiaoyang , Lai Weidong , Yang Lin , Mai Yaohua , Li Zhiqiang 
Published: February 2019

AbstractSb2S3 has attracted great research interest very recently as a promising absorber material for photoelectric and photovoltaic devices because of its unique optical and electrical properties and single, stable phase. However, the intrinsic high resistivity property of Sb2S3 material is one of the major factors restricting the further improvement of its application. In this work, the C60 modification of Sb2S3 thin films is investigated. The conductivity of Sb2S3 thin films increases from 4.71 × 10−9 S cm−1 for unmodified condition to 2.86 × 10−8 S cm−1 for modified thin films. Thin‐film solar cells in the configuration of glass/(SnO2:F) FTO/TiO2/Sb2S3(C60)/Spiro‐OMeTAD/Au are fabricated, and the conversion efficiency is increased from 1.10% to 1.74%.
High‐resolution manometry and swallow outcomes after vocal fold injection medialization for unilateral vocal fold paralysis/paresis
Authors: Kammer Rachael E. , Jones Corinne A. , Johnson Aaron M. , Dailey Seth H. , McCulloch Timothy M. , Thibeault Susan L. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractBackgroundInjection medialization is performed to improve glottic closure, thereby airway protection. Overall objective to determine if unilateral injection medialization changes glottal area with concomitant adjustments in penetration/aspiration scale (PAS) scores and pharyngeal high‐resolution manometry (HRM) parameters.MethodsEnrolled 17 adults with unilateral vocal fold paralysis/paresis and aspiration/penetration. Fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing and pharyngeal HRM completed at (1) baseline (within 1 week before injection), (2) postinjection (within 1 week post injection), and (3) 1‐month postinjection. Comparisons between time points for PAS scores, glottal area, pharyngeal pressure, and timing.ResultsNo significant differences in normalized glottal area. No significant differences in PAS scores, for any consistency. Significantly increased rate of mesopharynx pressure rise and maximum pressure at 1 month postinjection (P = .01 and .02, respectively) compared to baseline. Significant decrease in mesopharynx integral from baseline to 1 week postoperative (P = .03).ConclusionFindings suggest unilateral vocal fold injection medialization had limited effect on swallow function.
Seasonal dynamics and exports of elements from a first‐order stream to a large inland lake in Michigan
Authors: Hofmeister Kathryn L. , Nave Lucas E. , Drevnick Paul , Veverica Timothy , Knudstrup Renee , Heckman Katherine A. , Riha Susan J. , Schneider Rebecca L. , Walter M. Todd 
Published: February 2019

AbstractHeadwater streams are critical components of drainage systems, directly connecting terrestrial and downstream aquatic ecosystems. The amount of water in a stream can alter hydrologic connectivity between the stream and surrounding landscape and is ultimately an important driver of what constituents headwater streams transport. There is a shortage of studies that explore concentration–discharge (C‐Q) relationships in headwater systems, especially forested watersheds, where the hydrological and ecological processes that control the processing and export of solutes can be directly investigated. We sought to identify the temporal dynamics and spatial patterns of stream chemistry at three points along a forested headwater stream in Northern Michigan and utilizeC‐Qrelationships to explore transport dynamics and potential sources of solutes in the stream. Along the stream, surface flow was seasonal in the main stem, and perennial flow was spatially discontinuous for all but the lowest reaches. Spring snowmelt was the dominant hydrological event in the year with peak flows an order of magnitude larger at the mouth and upper reaches than annual mean discharge. All threeC‐Qshapes (positive, negative, and flat) were observed at all locations along the stream, with a higher proportion of the analytes showing significant relationships at the mouth than at the mid or upper flumes. At the mouth, positive (flushing)C‐Qshapes were observed for dissolved organic carbon and total suspended solids, whereas negative (dilution)C‐Qshapes were observed for most cations (Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+) and biologically cycled anions (NO3−, PO43−, SO42−). Most analytes displayed significantC‐Qrelationships at the mouth, indicating that discharge is a significant driving factor controlling stream chemistry. However, the importance of discharge appeared to decrease moving upstream to the headwaters where more localized or temporally dynamic factors may become more important controls on stream solute patterns.
Next‐generation sequencing improves molecular epidemiological characterization of thalassemia in Chenzhou Region, P.R. China
Authors: Zhang Haoqing , Li Caiyun , Li Jianbiao , Hou Shuai , Chen Danjing , Yan Haiying , Chen Shiping , Liu Saijun , Yin Zhenzhen , Yang Xiaoqin , Tan Jufang , Huang Xiaoyan , Zhang Liming , Fang Junbin , Zhang Caifen , Li Wei , Guo Jian , Lei Dongzhu 
Published: February 2019

AbstractObjectivesThalassemia is a highly prevalent monogenic inherited disease in southern China. It is important to collect epidemiological data comprehensively for proper prevention and treatment.MethodsIn this study, blood samples collected from 15 807 residents of Chenzhou were primarily screened by hematological tests. A total of 3973 samples of suspected thalassemia carriers were further characterized by combined next‐generation sequencing (NGS) and Gap‐PCR.ResultsIn total, 1704 subjects were diagnosed as thalassemia carriers with a total prevalence rate of 10.78%, including 943 α‐thalassemia carriers, 708 β‐thalassemia carriers, and 53 composite α and β‐thalassemia carriers. The prevalence rates of α‐thalassemia, β‐thalassemia, and composite α and β‐thalassemia were 5.97%, 4.48%, and 0.34%, respectively. Meanwhile, we characterized 19 α‐thalassemia variations and 21 β‐thalassemia variations in thalassemia carriers. Approximately 2.88% of thalassemia carriers would be missed by traditional genetic analysis. In addition, four novel thalassemia mutations and one novel abnormal hemoglobin mutation were identified.ConclusionsOur data suggest a high prevalence of thalassemia and a diverse spectrum of thalassemia‐associated variations in Chenzhou. Also, combined NGS and Gap‐PCR is an effective thalassemia screening method. Our findings might be helpful for prevention and treatment of thalassemia in this region.
What makes a difficult patient so difficult? Examining the therapist's experience beyond patient characteristics
Authors: Fischer Candice , Cottin Marianne , Behn Alex , Errázuriz Paula , Díaz Ruben 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe primary aim of this study is to improve our understanding of therapists’ experience of a “difficult patient” and consider the different variables involved in this label. What makes a patient be perceived as difficult by a therapist in public health services? Results of our analysis of 10 qualitative semistructured interviews of therapists working in public health service in Chile indicated that therapists’ perceptions of a “difficult patient” depend on variables that go beyond the patient's intrinsic characteristics, including patients’ negative attitude toward the therapist and treating team, patients’ negative effects on therapists, and a difficult treatment context (e.g., work overload, scarce resources, limited number, and frequency of sessions). We illustrate the interaction of these dimensions and focus on the impact of the treating context on therapists’ experience of a “difficult patient” through the case of a therapist working with a patient with complex depression in the public health system of Chile.