bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EVALUASI ATAS PENERAPAN SENTRALISASI PADA DIREKTORAT AUDIT KEPABEANAN DAN CUKAI
Authors: Yunindhar Shinta Ayu Sri , Nugroho Ario Seno 
Published: April 2018

ABSTRACT: Since an organization tries to reach the optimum performance, there is a need for a change to the organization. Therefore, Directorate Audit of Customs and Excise makes a change to optimize its performance. One of the changes occurred in 2013 is audit centralization. This is a major change since Directorate Audit of Customs and Excise and Regional Directorate General Customs and Excise offices previously conducted decentralized audit. This paper aims to evaluate the implementation of centralization policy by using qualitative method. Seven factors to evaluate are identified after interviewing customs and excise audit experts. Those factors are audit findings, audit accomplishing time, audit cost, audit coverage ratio, standardization of audit quality, information dissemination, and determination of audit object criterion. In general, the centralization shows a satisfying result, five factors show positive result, while audit accomplishing time and audit coverage ratio show the negative one. The reasons of the negative results are the number of unfinished audit task before centralization period, increasing in auditee complexity, and human resource capacity problem.Keywords: centralization, audit customs and excise, organization changesABSTRAK: Direktorat Audit Kepabeanan dan Cukai melakukan suatu perubahan untuk meningkatkan kinerjanya. Suatu perubahan yang terjadi pada tahun 2013 adalah sentralisasi audit. Ini merupakan suatu perubahan yang besar karena terjadi perubahan pelaksanaan audit dari desentralisasi menjadi sentralisasi oleh Direktorat Audit Kepabeanan dan Cukai. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengevaluasi penerapan sentralisasi dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif. Terdapat tujuh faktor yang dapat digunakan untuk melakukan evaluasi atas penerapan sentralisasi. Faktor tersebut diperoleh setelah melakukan wawancara kepada para ahli audit kepabeanan dan cukai. Faktor-faktor tersebut adalah: nilai temuan audit, jangka waktu penyelesaian audit, biaya perjalanan dinas, audit coverage ratio, standardisasi kualitas audit, pertukaran informasi dan komunikasi internal tim audit dan antar pegawai, dan kebijakan penentuan objek audit. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan sentralisasi menunjukkan hasil yang memuaskan, lima dari tujuh faktor memberikan hasil positif, sedangkan dua faktor (jangka waktu penyelesaian audit dan audit coverage ratio) menunjukkan hasil negatif. Alasan atas hasil negatif adalah beban utang audit sebelum masa sentralisasi, kompleksitas auditee setelah sentralisasi, dan masalah sumber daya manusia.Kata kunci: sentralisasi, audit kepabeanan dan cukai, perubahan organisasi
El neoconstitucionalismo. Una definición y una taxonomía latinoamericana
Authors: Solano Paucay Vicente 
Published: April 2018

Con el objetivo de poder definir algunos elementos principales de las tesis neoconstitucionalistas debemos hacernos algunas preguntas fundamentales que pueden ayudarnos a distinguir la relación que existe de esta “corriente” frente a las teorías del derecho tradicionales. Estas preguntas serán las que nos permitirán ubicar a las diferentes nociones denominadas neoconstitucionalistas o no, en el objetivo de su identificación y clasificación. La primera tendría que ver con la tesis de la conexión existente entre Derecho y moral; la segunda, revisar la tesis de la necesidad de la moral para la identificación y validez del derecho; la tercera, explorar la tesis de que los principios o valores constitucionales remiten a la moral y como implicación la tesis de cómo se deben aplicar los principios y reglas.
De esta forma, podremos encontrar que existen en las tesis neoconstitucionalistas convergencias o divergencias que puedan llevarnos a esclarecer de mejor forma criterios plausibles para la identificación de los elementos trascendentales. Estos elementos denotarían si el “neoconstitucionalismo” es una nueva “teoría” del derecho superadora de la dicotomía entre el no-positivismo y positivismo jurídico.
Grüne Wirtschaft: eine Annäherung an mögliche Zielkonflikte und Synergien im Wald
Authors: Zabel Astrid , Schulz Tobias , Lieberherr Eva 
Published: April 2018

Green economy: an approximation of possible goal conflicts and synergies in the forest
The development of sectors of a “sustainable” or “green” economy often involve trade-offs with other demands for resources and scarce land. The ambition to use agricultural areas more economically and to promote renewable energy production, has led to several recent changes in the legislation in Switzerland. These changes are likely to create a dynamic that will intensify trade-offs in forests. In this paper we discuss two examples of the renewable energy sector – wood biomass and wind power. We explore how these growing sectors could affect the provision of forest ecosystem services. We identify both conflicts as well as synergies, whereby we find that especially effects of increased energy wood use will strongly depend on the sylvicultural practices applied. The research project “ATREE” will broaden this analysis, including further sectors of the “green” economy and will present corresponding policy recommendations to resolve such tradeoffs.
Spin-orbital Tidal Dynamics and Tidal Heating in the TRAPPIST-1 Multiplanet System
Authors: Makarov Valeri V. , Berghea Ciprian T. , Efroimsky Michael 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
We perform numerical simulations of the TRAPPIST-1 system of seven exoplanets orbiting a nearby M dwarf, starting with a previously suggested stable configuration. The long-term stability of this configuration is confirmed, but the motion of planets is found to be chaotic. The eccentricity values are found to vary within finite ranges. The rates of tidal dissipation and tidal evolution of orbits are estimated, assuming an Earth-like rheology for the planets. We find that under this assumption, the planets b, d, and e were captured in the 3:2 or higher spin–orbit resonances during the initial spin-down, but slipped further down into the 1:1 resonance. Depending on its rheology, the innermost planet b may be captured in a stable pseudosynchronous rotation. Nonsynchronous rotation ensures higher levels of tidal dissipation and internal heating. The positive feedback between the viscosity and the dissipation rate—and the ensuing runaway heating—are terminated by a few self-regulation processes. When the temperature is high and the viscosity is low enough, the planet spontaneously leaves the 3:2 resonance. Further heating is stopped either by passing the peak dissipation or by the emergence of partial melt in the mantle. In the post-solidus state, the tidal dissipation is limited to the levels supported by the heat transfer efficiency. The tides on the host star are unlikely to have had a significant dynamical impact. The tides on the synchronized inner planets tend to reduce these planets’ orbital eccentricity, possibly contributing thereby to the system’s stability.
Opacity Limit for Supermassive Protostars
Authors: Becerra Fernando , Marinacci Federico , Inayoshi Kohei , Bromm Volker , Hernquist Lars E. 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
We present a model for the evolution of supermassive protostars from their formation at

until their growth to

. To calculate the initial properties of the object in the optically thick regime, we follow two approaches: one based on idealized thermodynamic considerations, and another based on a more detailed one-zone model. Both methods derive a similar value of

for the density of the object when opacity becomes important, i.e., the opacity limit. The subsequent evolution of the growing protostar is determined by the accretion of gas onto the object and can be described by a mass–radius relation of the form

during the early stages, and of the form

when internal luminosity becomes important. For the case of a supermassive protostar, this implies that the radius of the star grows from

to

during its evolution. Finally, we use this model to construct a subgrid recipe for accreting sink particles in numerical simulations. A prime ingredient thereof is a physically motivated prescription for the accretion radius and the effective temperature of the growing protostar embedded inside it. From the latter, we can conclude that photoionization feedback can be neglected until very late in the assembly process of the supermassive object.
Species conservation profiles of a random sample of world spiders I: Agelenidae to Filistatidae
Authors: Seppälä Sini , Henriques Sérgio , Draney Michael , Foord Stefan , Gibbons Alastair , Gomez Luz , Kariko Sarah , Malumbres-Olarte Jagoba , Milne Marc , Vink Cor , Cardoso Pedro 
Published: April 2018

The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species is the most widely used information source on the extinction risk of species. One of the uses of the Red List is to evaluate and monitor the state of biodiversity and a possible approach for this purpose is the Red List Index (RLI). For many taxa, mainly hyperdiverse groups, it is not possible within available resources to assess all known species. In such cases, a random sample of species might be selected for assessment and the results derived from it extrapolated for the entire group - the Sampled Red List Index (SRLI). With the current contribution and the three following papers, we intend to create the first point in time of a future spider SRLI encompassing 200 species distributed across the world.
A sample of 200 species of spiders were randomly selected from the World Spider Catalogue, an updated global database containing all recognised species names for the group. The 200 selected species where divided taxonomically at the family level and the familes were ordered alphabetically. In this publication, we present the conservation profiles of 46 species belonging to the famillies alphabetically arranged between Agelenidae and Filistatidae, which encompassed Agelenidae, Amaurobiidae, Anyphaenidae, Araneidae, Archaeidae, Barychelidae, Clubionidae, Corinnidae, Ctenidae, Ctenizidae, Cyatholipidae, Dictynidae, Dysderidae, Eresidae and Filistatidae.
Role of Complement in a Rat Model of Paclitaxel-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy
Authors: Xu Jijun , Zhang Lingjun , Xie Mian , Li Yan , Huang Ping , Saunders Thomas L. , Fox David A. , Rosenquist Richard , Lin Feng 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a painful and debilitating side effect of cancer chemotherapy with an unclear pathogenesis. Consequently, the available therapies for this neuropathic pain syndrome are inadequate, leading to a significantly reduced quality of life in many patients. Complement, a key component of the innate immune system, has been associated with neuroinflammation, a potentially important trigger of some types of neuropathic pain. However, the role of complement in CIPN remains unclear. To address this issue, we developed a C3 knockout (KO) rat model and induced CIPN in these KO rats and wild-type littermates via the i.p. administration of paclitaxel, a chemotherapeutic agent associated with CIPN. We then compared the severity of mechanical allodynia, complement activation, and intradermal nerve fiber loss between the groups. We found that 1) i.p. paclitaxel administration activated complement in wild-type rats, 2) paclitaxel-induced mechanical allodynia was significantly reduced in C3 KO rats, and 3) the paclitaxel-induced loss of intradermal nerve fibers was markedly attenuated in C3 KO rats. In in vitro studies, we found that paclitaxel-treated rat neuronal cells activated complement, leading to cellular injury. Our findings demonstrate a previously unknown but pivotal role of complement in CIPN and suggest that complement may be a new target for the development of novel therapeutics to manage this painful disease.
Landing Kinematics in Elite Male Youth Soccer Players of Different Chronologic Ages and Stages of Maturation
Authors: Read Paul J. , Oliver Jon L. , De Ste Croix Mark B. A. , Myer Gregory D. , Lloyd Rhodri S. 
Published: April 2018

Context:
Despite the high frequency of knee injuries in athletes, few researchers have studied the effects of chronologic age and stage of maturation on knee-joint kinematics in male youth soccer players.

Objective:
To use a coach-friendly screening tool to examine knee-valgus scores for players of different ages and at different stages of maturation.

Design:
Cross-sectional study.

Setting:
Academy soccer clubs.

Patients or Other Participants:
A total of 400 elite male youth soccer players aged 10 to 18 years categorized by chronologic age and stage of maturation based on their years from peak height velocity (PHV).

Main Outcome Measure(s):
Knee valgus was evaluated during the tuck-jump assessment via 2-dimensional analysis. Frontal-plane projection angles were subjectively classified as minor (&lt;10°), moderate (10°–20°), or severe (&gt;20°), and using these classifications, we scored knee valgus in the tuck jump as 0 (no valgus), 1 (minor), 2 (moderate), or 3 (severe).

Results:
A trend toward higher valgus scores was observed in the younger age groups and the pre-PHV group. The lowest frequency of no valgus occurred in the U18 and post-PHV groups. The highest percentages of severe scores were in the U13 and pre-PHV groups for the right limb. Knee-valgus scores were lower for both lower extremities in the U18 group than in all other age groups (P &lt; .001) except the U16 group. Scores were lower for the post-PHV than the pre-PHV group for the right limb (P &lt; .001) and both pre-PHV and circa-PHV groups for the left limb (P &lt; .001). Noteworthy interlimb asymmetries were evident in the U14, U15, and circa-PHV groups.

Conclusions:
Reductions in knee valgus with incremental age and during the later stages of maturation indicated that this risk factor was more prevalent in younger players. Interlimb asymmetry may also emerge around the time of the peak growth spurt and early adolescence, potentially increasing the risk of traumatic injury.
Modelling average maximum daily temperature using <i>r</i> largest order statistics: An application to South African data
Authors: Nemukula Murendeni M. , Sigauke Caston 
Published: April 2018

Natural hazards (events that may cause actual disasters) are established in the literature as major causes of various massive and destructive problems worldwide. The occurrences of earthquakes, floods and heat waves affect millions of people through several impacts. These include cases of hospitalisation, loss of lives and economic challenges. The focus of this study was on the risk reduction of the disasters that occur because of extremely high temperatures and heat waves. Modelling average maximum daily temperature (AMDT) guards against the disaster risk and may also help countries towards preparing for extreme heat. This study discusses the use of the r largest order statistics approach of extreme value theory towards modelling AMDT over the period of 11 years, that is, 2000–2010. A generalised extreme value distribution for r largest order statistics is fitted to the annual maxima. This is performed in an effort to study the behaviour of the r largest order statistics. The method of maximum likelihood is used in estimating the target parameters and the frequency of occurrences of the hottest days is assessed. The study presents a case study of South Africa in which the data for the non-winter season (September–April of each year) are used. The meteorological data used are the AMDT that are collected by the South African Weather Service and provided by Eskom. The estimation of the shape parameter reveals evidence of a Weibull class as an appropriate distribution for modelling AMDT in South Africa. The extreme quantiles for specified return periods are estimated using the quantile function and the best model is chosen through the use of the deviance statistic with the support of the graphical diagnostic tools. The Entropy Difference Test (EDT) is used as a specification test for diagnosing the fit of the models to the data.
The extent of logistics outsourcing among small and medium-sized manufacturing enterprises in Nairobi
Authors: Mageto Joash , Prinsloo Gerrie , Luke Rose 
Published: April 2018

Background: Small and medium-sized manufacturing enterprises (manufacturing SMEs) can facilitate economic growth and development by creating employment and spurring economic activities at low levels of the economy. The performance of SMEs in Kenya has, however, been poor, despite their significance. This poor performance is attributed to the high costs of logistics operations in the country. Manufacturing SMEs can, however, improve the performance of their logistics operations by adopting appropriate logistics outsourcing strategies.Aim: The purpose of this study is to determine the extent of logistics outsourcing among manufacturing SMEs in Nairobi.Setting: Manufacturing SMEs in Nairobi operate from the industrial zones of the Nairobi City County. The enterprises’ logistics operations are characterised by long cycle times, high transportation costs and limited resources. The high operational costs experienced by the SMEs threaten their survival, and they are therefore required, among other things, to manage their logistics more efficiently to improve overall performance.Method: A quantitative research design was used in this study. Data were collected from 163 manufacturing SMEs using a structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and (a one-way analysis of variance) ANOVA were used to analyse the data.Results: Most (94%) of the manufacturing SMEs opted to outsource their logistics operations, although the extent of outsourcing was limited (1% – 50% of logistics operations were outsourced). Logistics outsourcing by the SMEs is intended to reduce logistics costs and supplement the limited in-house capabilities. In addition, there were significant differences in the extent of outsourcing of operational, information processing and value-added categories of logistics activities.Conclusion: The results motivate SME owners and managers to acquire logistics resources and capabilities that are lacking in-house through logistics outsourcing to achieve the required efficiencies. Although the majority of SMEs have embraced logistics outsourcing, the low extent of its usage within the enterprises might have limited the ability to achieve high efficiencies.
Evaluation of SCIAMACHY Level-1 data versions using nadir ozone profile retrievals in the period 2003–2011
Authors: Shah Sweta , Tuinder Olaf N. E. , van Peet Jacob C. A. , de Laat Adrianus T. J. , Stammes Piet 
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Ozone profile retrieval from nadir-viewing satellite instruments operating in
the ultraviolet–visible range requires accurate calibration of
Level-1 (L1) radiance data. Here we study the effects of calibration
on the derived Level-2 (L2) ozone profiles for three versions of
SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric ChartograpHY
(SCIAMACHY) L1 data: version 7 (v7), version 7 with m-factors
(v7mfac) and version 8 (v8). We retrieve nadir ozone profiles
from the SCIAMACHY instrument that flew on board Envisat using the
Ozone ProfilE Retrieval Algorithm (OPERA) developed at KNMI with a focus on
stratospheric ozone. We study and assess the quality of these profiles and
compare retrieved L2 products from L1 SCIAMACHY data versions from the
years 2003 to 2011 without further radiometric correction. From validation of
the profiles against ozone sonde measurements, we find that the v8 performs
better than v7 and v7mfac due to correction for the scan-angle
dependency of the instrument's optical degradation. Validation for the years 2003 and 2009 with ozone sondes shows deviations of
SCIAMACHY ozone profiles of 0.8–15 % in the stratosphere
(corresponding to pressure range ∼ 100–10 hPa) and 2.5–100 % in
the troposphere (corresponding to pressure range
∼ 1000–100 hPa), depending on the latitude and the L1 version
used. Using L1 v8 for the years 2003–2011 leads to deviations of
∼ 1–11 % in stratospheric ozone and ∼ 1–45 % in
tropospheric ozone. The SCIAMACHY L1 v8 data can still be improved upon in the
265–330 nm range used for ozone profile retrieval. The slit function
can be improved with a spectral shift and squeeze, which leads to a few
percent residue reduction compared to reference solar irradiance spectra.
Furthermore, studies of the ratio of measured to simulated reflectance spectra
show that a bias correction in the reflectance for wavelengths below
300 nm appears to be necessary.
Characteristics of greenhouse gas concentrations derived from ground-based FTS spectra at Anmyeondo, South Korea
Authors: Oh Young-Suk , Kenea S. Takele , Goo Tae-Young , Chung Kyu-Sun , Rhee Jae-Sang , Ou Mi-Lim , Byun Young-Hwa , Wennberg Paul O. , Kiel Matthäus , DiGangi Joshua P. , Diskin Glenn S. , Velazco Voltaire A. , Griffith David W. T. 
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Since the late 1990s, the meteorological observatory established in Anmyeondo (36.5382° N, 126.3311° E, and 30 m above mean sea level) has been monitoring several greenhouse gases such as CO2, CH4, N2O, CFCs, and SF6 as a part of the Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) Program. A high resolution ground-based (g-b) Fourier transform spectrometer (FTS) was installed at this observation site in 2013 and has been operated within the frame work of the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) since August 2014. The solar spectra recorded by the g-b FTS cover the spectral range 3800 to 16 000 cm−1 at a resolution of 0.02 cm−1. In this work, the GGG2014 version of the TCCON standard retrieval algorithm was used to retrieve total column average CO2 and CH4 dry mole fractions (XCO2, XCH4) and from the FTS spectra. Spectral bands of CO2 (at 6220.0 and 6339.5 cm−1 center wavenumbers, CH4 at 6002 cm−1 wavenumber, and O2 near 7880 cm−1 ) were used to derive the XCO2 and XCH4. In this paper, we provide comparisons of XCO2 and XCH4 between the aircraft observations and g-b FTS over Anmyeondo station. A comparison of 13 coincident observations of XCO2 between g-b FTS and OCO-2 (Orbiting Carbon Observatory) satellite measurements are also presented for the measurement period between February 2014 and November 2017. OCO-2 observations are highly correlated with the g-b FTS measurements (r2 = 0.884) and exhibited a small positive bias (0.189 ppm). Both data set capture seasonal variations of the target species with maximum and minimum values in spring and late summer, respectively. In the future, it is planned to further utilize the FTS measurements for the evaluation of satellite observations such as Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT, GOSAT-2). This is the first report of the g-b FTS observations of XCO2 species over the Anmyeondo station.