bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IL-22 and its receptors are increased in human and experimental COPD and contribute to pathogenesis
Authors: Starkey Malcolm R. , Plank Maximilian W. , Casolari Paolo , Papi Alberto , Pavlidis Stelios , Guo Yike , Cameron Guy J.M. , Haw Tatt Jhong , Tam Anthony , Obiedat Ma'en , Donovan Chantal , Hansbro Nicole G. , Nguyen Duc H. , Nair Prema Mono , Kim Richard Y. , Horvat Jay C. , Kaiko Gerard E. , Durum Scott K. , Wark Peter A. , Sin Don D. , Caramori Gaetano , Adcock Ian M. , Foster Paul S. , Hansbro Philip M. 
Published: June 2019

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the third leading cause of morbidity and death globally. The lack of effective treatments results from an incomplete understanding of the underlying mechanisms driving COPD pathogenesis.Interleukin (IL)-22 has been implicated in airway inflammation and is increased in COPD patients. However, its roles in the pathogenesis of COPD is poorly understood. Here, we investigated the role of IL-22 in human COPD and in cigarette smoke (CS)-induced experimental COPD.IL-22 and IL-22 receptor mRNA expression and protein levels were increased in COPD patients compared to healthy smoking or non-smoking controls. IL-22 and IL-22 receptor levels were increased in the lungs of mice with experimental COPD compared to controls and the cellular source of IL-22 included CD4+T-helper cells, γδ T-cells, natural killer T-cells and group 3 innate lymphoid cells. CS-induced pulmonary neutrophils were reduced in IL-22-deficient (Il22−/−) mice. CS-induced airway remodelling and emphysema-like alveolar enlargement did not occur inIl22−/−mice.Il22−/−mice had improved lung function in terms of airway resistance, total lung capacity, inspiratory capacity, forced vital capacity and compliance.These data highlight important roles for IL-22 and its receptors in human COPD and CS-induced experimental COPD.
Educational and health outcomes of children treated for asthma: Scotland-wide record linkage study of 683 716 children
Authors: Fleming Michael , Fitton Catherine A. , Steiner Markus F.C. , McLay James S. , Clark David , King Albert , Mackay Daniel F. , Pell Jill P. 
Published: June 2019

BackgroundThe global prevalence of childhood asthma is increasing. The condition impacts physical and psychosocial morbidity; therefore, wide-ranging effects on health and education outcomes are plausible.MethodsLinkage of eight Scotland-wide databases, covering dispensed prescriptions, hospital admissions, maternity records, death certificates, annual pupil census, examinations, school absences/exclusions and unemployment, provided data on 683 716 children attending Scottish schools between 2009 and 2013. We compared schoolchildren on medication for asthma with peers, adjusting for sociodemographic, maternity and comorbidity confounders, and explored effect modifiers and mediators.ResultsThe 45 900 (6.0%) children treated for asthma had an increased risk of hospitalisation, particularly within the first year of treatment (incidence rate ratio 1.98, 95% CI 1.93–2.04), and increased mortality (HR 1.77, 95% CI 1.30–2.40). They were more likely to have special educational need for mental (OR 1.76, 95% CI 1.49–2.08) and physical (OR 2.76, 95% CI 2.57–2.95) health reasons, and performed worse in school exams (OR 1.11, 95% CI 1.06–1.16). Higher absenteeism (incidence rate ratio 1.25, 95% CI 1.24–1.26) partially explained their poorer attainment.ConclusionsChildren with treated asthma have poorer education and health outcomes than their peers. Educational interventions that mitigate the adverse effects of absenteeism should be considered.
Effect of anthropogenic light on bird movement, habitat selection, and distribution: a systematic map protocol
Authors: Adams Carrie Ann , Blumenthal Arden , Fernández-Juricic Esteban , Bayne Erin , St. Clair Colleen Cassady 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Background
Anthropogenic light is known or suspected to exert profound effects on many taxa, including birds. Documentation of bird aggregation around artificial light at night, as well as observations of bird reactions to strobe lights and lasers, suggests that light may both attract and repel birds, although this assumption has yet to be tested. These effects may cause immediate changes to bird movement, habitat selection and settlement, and ultimately alter bird distribution at large spatial scales. Global increases in the extent of anthropogenic light contribute to interest by wildlife managers and the public in managing light to reduce harm to birds, but there are no evidence syntheses of the multiple ways light affects birds to guide this effort. Existing reviews usually emphasize either bird aggregation or deterrence and do so for a specific context, such as aggregation at communication towers and deterrence from airports. We outline a protocol for a systematic map that collects and organizes evidence from the many contexts in which anthropogenic light is reported to affect bird movement, habitat selection, or distribution. Our map will provide an objective synthesis of the evidence that identifies subtopics that may support systematic review and knowledge gaps that could direct future research questions. These products will substantially advance an understanding of both patterns and processes associated with the responses of birds to anthropogenic light.

Methods
The protocol describes the steps taken to ensure the search for evidence is comprehensive, transparent and replicable. We will find relevant studies in the grey and peer-reviewed literature using publication databases, Google Scholar, stakeholder suggestions, and organizational websites. We will select studies for inclusion in the map by identification of relevant: (i) population including any species of bird; (ii) intervention or exposure to anthropogenic light; and (iii) outcomes including changes in bird movement, habitat occupancy, population density, or distribution. We will extract and organize metadata into a systematic map that can support subsequent search by interested individuals. The quantity of evidence on particular topics will be characterized through heat maps and narrative syntheses, but subsequent work will be needed to evaluate evidence validity.
Diazoxide for the Treatment of Hypoglycemia Resulting From Dumping Syndrome in a Child
Authors: Mejia-Otero Juan D , Grishman Ellen K , Patni Nivedita 
Published: June 2019

AbstractDumping syndrome-associated hypoglycemia is caused by an exaggerated hyperinsulinemic response to glucose absorption in the small intestine. Diazoxide acts on the ATP-sensitive potassium channels and prevents insulin secretion and, thus, should be beneficial for the treatment of hypoglycemia secondary to dumping syndrome. We report on the efficacy of diazoxide in a pediatric patient with dumping syndrome. A 6-year-old girl born at 32 weeks’ gestation age with resultant short gut syndrome and liver failure, who had undergone liver, small bowel, and pancreas transplantation at 1 year of age, developed late dumping-like symptoms with postprandial hypoglycemia, headaches, tremors, and irritability. She experienced relief of symptoms with oral intake. An oral glucose tolerance test showed a fasting and 2-hour blood glucose of 3.9 and 2.8 mmol/L, respectively. A gastric emptying study confirmed the diagnosis of dumping. A diet with 2 g of fiber and cornstarch and antimotility medications failed to improve the dumping symptoms. Diazoxide was started orally at a dose of 3 mg/kg/d and was increased to 5 mg/kg/d, divided every 8 hours, after 1 month, with improvement of postprandial blood glucose values (3.6 to 5.0 mmol/L). No hypertrichosis, fluid retention, respiratory concerns, or other side effects were noted. Several duodenal dilations were performed, with resultant improvement of gastric emptying. She was eventually weaned from diazoxide, and no further episodes of substantial hypoglycemia occurred. In conclusion, diazoxide was efficacious and safe for the treatment of hypoglycemia secondary to dumping syndrome in children. It could be of particular use as a bridging therapy for children awaiting more definitive surgical interventions.
Stereotactic prostate focal reirradiation therapy for local recurrence: preliminary results of Hartmann Oncology Radiotherapy Group
Authors: Scher Nathaniel , Bauduceau Olivier , Bollet Marc , Lamallem Hanah , Charas Tomer , Garaud Pascal , Foster Denis , Fawzi Maher , Labidi Mona , Toledano Alain 
Published: June 2019

Objective: Our objective was to report our experience and to evaluate the feasibility and toxicity of focal salvage stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) in patients with post-radiation local recurrence of prostate cancer. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed medical records of patients treated with Cyberknife ® between October 2014 and April 2017 at our institution for a focal reirradiation delivered to the prostate/prostatic bed for local recurrence after radical or adjuvant radiotherapy. All patients underwent prostate biopsies at recurrence at the time of fiducial markers placement, had choline PET/CT and pelvic MRI. The treatment consisted in 36 Gy in six fractions delivered every other day. Post reirradiation toxicities were assessed according to the CTCAE v4 (Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events). Results: 42 patients were treated with followed with a median follow-up of 21 months (range 3 – 31). 34 patients had biopsy proven recurrence. The initial treatment was radical prostatectomy and radiation therapy for 9 patients and radiation therapy alone for 33 patients. 23 patients from the group of prostate reirradiation had placement of rectal spacers. No Grade 4 or 5 toxicity were observed. 27 acute urinary events were recorded: 18 patients experienced Grade 1, 9 patients experienced Grade 2 toxicity and 1 patient experienced Grade 3 urinary toxicity, namely cystitis and/or dysuria. No Grade 2 or more digestive toxicity was observed. Rectal doses were significantly lower with rectal spacers. Conclusion: Salvage focal Cyberknife ® seems feasible and show promising results. Advances in knowledge: SBRT for local prostate cancer recurrence after initial radiotherapy is well tolerated with short follow-up.
Investigating Pneumonia Etiology Among Refugees and the Lebanese population (PEARL): A study protocol
Authors: Kesteman Thomas , Ghassani Ali , Hajjar Crystel , Picot Valentina , Osman Marwan , Alnajjar Zahraa , Komurian-Pradel Florence , Messaoudi Melina , Pouzol Stéphane ,   PEARL Study Group, Soulaiman Hicham Ghazi , Vanhems Philippe , Ramilo Octavio , Karam-Sarkis Dolla , Najjar-Pellet Josette , Hamze Monzer , Endtz Hubert 
Published: June 2019

Background: Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), a leading cause of mortality, mainly affects children in developing countries. The harsh circumstances experienced by refugees include various factors associated with respiratory pathogen transmission, and clinical progression of CAP. Consequently, the etiology of CAP in humanitarian crisis situations may differ to that of settled populations, which would impact appropriate case management. Therefore, the Pneumonia Etiology Among Refugees and the Lebanese population (PEARL) study was initiated with the objective of identifying the causal pathogenic microorganisms in the respiratory tract of children and adults from both the refugee and host country population presenting with signs of CAP during a humanitarian crisis. Methods: PEARL, a prospective, multicentric, case-control study, will be conducted at four primary healthcare facilities in Tripoli and the Bekaa valley over 15 months (including two high-transmission seasons/winters). Sociodemographic and medical data, and biological samples will be collected from at least 600 CAP cases and 600 controls. Nasopharyngeal swabs, sputum, urine and blood samples will be analyzed at five clinical pathology laboratories in Lebanon to identify the bacterial and viral etiological agents of CAP. Transcriptomic profiling of host leukocytes will be performed. Conclusions: PEARL is an original observational study that will provide important new information on the etiology of pneumonia among refugees, which may improve case management, help design antimicrobial stewardship interventions, and reduce morbidity and mortality due to CAP in a humanitarian crisis.
Application of behavioral economics principles to reduce injectable contraceptive discontinuation in rural Ethiopia: A stratified-pair, cluster-randomized field trial
Authors: Karim Ali Mehryar , Guichon Dana , Yihun Bantalem Yeshanew , Zemichael Nebreed Fesseha , Lorenzana Karina , Barofsky Jeremy , Betemariam Wuleta 
Published: June 2019

Background: Contraceptive prevalence in Ethiopia jumped from 6% in 2000 to 36% in 2016, mainly due to increased injectable method use. However, discontinuation rates among injectable users were high (38%). Given that the public sector is the major source for injectable contraceptives, John Snow Inc. (JSI) in collaboration with ideas42 worked with Ethiopia’s flagship Health Extension Program to apply behavioral economics informed approaches to mitigate discontinuation of injectable contraceptives. Methods: Behavioral diagnosis was conducted to identify the primary drivers of discontinuation of injectable contraceptives. Using these insights, a user-centered behavioral design approach was implemented to create an intervention package, consisting of a health worker planning calendar, a client counseling job aid, and client appointment cards. The study area included two districts from the four regions where JSI was implementing a family planning program. One district from each region was randomly allocated to the intervention arm. Women visiting health posts to use injectable contraceptives were enrolled in the study. Regression methods adjusted for study design, participants’ backgrounds, and contextual factors, were used to estimate the intervention’s effect on discontinuation rates. Results: Intervention adherence was high for the appointment cards and counseling job aid, but not for the planning calendar. This was not surprising as using appointment cards and the job aid was within the routine workflow of health extension workers, but using the planner was not. The injectable discontinuation rate was 10.8 % points lower in the intervention area compared to the control area during the post intervention follow-up survey. Conclusion: The use of two behavioral economics informed tools—the appointment card and counseling job aid—effectively decreased injectable discontinuation even with the presence of other health system bottlenecks. Behavioral economics approaches have the potential to enhance family planning programs in Ethiopia and elsewhere. Trial registration: ISRCTN ISRCTN17390653 (10/04/2019)
Using ‘Theories of Change’ and responsive feedback to design a digital service business for patent and proprietary medicine vendors in Nigeria
Authors: Wright Richard L. , Gleek Abi , Bergin Nora , Williams R. Algy , Agha Sohail 
Published: June 2019

In a paper titled “Responsive feedback: Towards a new paradigm to enhance intervention effectiveness”, Viswanath et al. argue that dominant models of intervention design do not account for the complexity and unpredictability of implementation challenges. Particularly in the behavioural sciences, intervention designs need to consider many factors that will be uncertain, or unknown, at the beginning of a new project. This letter describes how we were able to respond to feedback during the design phase of a proof-of-concept project to create a digital service business for Nigerian patent and proprietary medicine vendors (PPMVs). Our approach was to create an initial ‘Theory of Change’ (ToC) based on a similar project with Kenyan shopkeepers. This ToC was revised following user feedback and a landscape analysis with key stakeholders. The new ToC required us to access additional funding to create a ‘digital ordering’ facility for the PPMVs. Digital ordering provides a mechanism whereby we can reduce the prevalence of counterfeit medicines, offer the PPMVs credit and group-buying facilities, and reduce supply chain costs through co-distribution with fast-moving consumer goods. An important learning point was that while our focus was on designing a platform to meet users’ needs, changes in regulation meant that we spent considerably more time than anticipated meeting the needs of multiple stakeholders. However, the importance of ensuring stakeholders’ continued buy-in cannot be underestimated and has likely increased the sustainability of the project in the longer term. As Viswanath et al. suggest, for responsive approaches to be widely adopted needs more flexibility than exists in current funding models and project plans. Both funding bodies and grantees will need to be more responsive to feedback coming from the field.
Trabalho noturno e alterações de peso corporal autopercebidas pelos profissionais de enfermagem
Authors: Mauro Maria Yvone Chaves , Rebelo Alcione Morais dos Santos , Ferreira Alexandra De Oliveira Matias , Sper Nathalia Pey Tournillon , Santos Maria Isabel Silva , Gallasch Cristiane Helena 
Published: June 2019

Objetivo: avaliar as alterações de peso corporal em trabalhadores de enfermagem do turno noturno. Metodologia: estudo quantitativo, exploratório, descritivo, realizado em um hospital federal de grande porte do Rio de Janeiro. Foram estudadas variáveis sóciodemográficas; influências do turno noturno sobre o organismo e índice de massa corporal, após aprovação do Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da instituição. Resultados: Os 89 trabalhadores de enfermagem apresentaram ganho de peso médio de aproximadamente 20Kg a partir da admissão no turno noturno, sendo que os enfermeiros referiram maior influência da ausência de sono sobre o organismo, e maior exaustão quando comparados aos dados das demais categorias. Conclusão: Considerando as desordens hormonais e os impactos sociais do serviço noturno, é imprescindível a implementação de mudanças para uma cultura prevencionista, seja por programas institucionais ou pesquisas intervencionista, capazes de desenvolver medidas que conduzam ao autorreconhecimento e à promoção do bem-estar físico, mental e social dos trabalhadores de enfermagem.
¿Democracia anembrionaria? El deterioro sociopolítico de Brasil tras el impeachment
Authors: Sousa Darcon 
Published: June 2019

La democracia brasileña, como en la gestación anembrionaria – en la que los aparentes síntomas de embarazo debidos a la acción de las hormonas no se corresponden con la presencia de un embrión – no ha encontrado en las instituciones formales constituidas valores y prácticas capaces de resguardar el desarrollo de una democracia sustancial. En distintos períodos de la historia del país, el impulso inicial en dirección a una mayor participación política e inclusión social se ha visto interrumpido por movimientos abruptos de intervención en el curso de la democracia. En 2016, una combinación de intereses de la oposición partidaria, del oligopolio de la comunicación y de sectores del poder judicial, creó las condiciones para el impeachment de la presidenta Dilma Rousseff por incumplimiento de las leyes presupuestarias. Bajo el rito formal de las instituciones, el golpe parlamentario aseguró el retorno de los conservadores al poder y puso en marcha una agenda de regresión social y de autoritarismo, con amplio apoyo de sectores ideológicamente contrarios al gobierno anterior. Como resultado, el proyecto democrático en Brasil se presenta una vez más amenazado y las señales de ello repercuten en el agravamiento de los problemas sociales. En este trabajo, analizamos los factores que determinaron el deterioro de la democracia brasileña y la profundización del golpe parlamentario que impide la fecundación de una democracia sólida en el país.
IKT és oktatás
Authors: Buda András 
Published: June 2019

Pár tucat év csak néhány pillanat az emberiség történelmében, ennyi ideje használhatjuk a számítógépet és az internetet magánemberként. Néhány másodperc pedig egy ember életének parányi töredéke, de ennyi idő alatt is több száz digitális eszközt adnak el a világon, az internetre több ezer új fotót, videót töltenek fel a világháló felhasználói, több százezer keresést indítanak, és e-mailek millióit küldik el. Bár néhányan eleinte megpróbáltak ellenállni, ilyen adatok mellett ma már fel sem merülhet, hogy a digitális technológia ne legyen hatással az oktatásra. Az viszont már korántsem egyértelmű, hogy ez a hatás milyen mértékű, hogy mi és hogyan változik meg a tanítási-tanulási folyamatban az információs és kommunikációs technológiáknak (IKT) köszönhetően.
A bonyolult kérdéskör számtalan irányból vizsgálható. A gazdasági szempontoktól kezdve az egészségügyi következményekig, az oktatáspolitikai dokumentumokban rögzített követelményektől a szülői elvárások számbavételéig jó néhány nézőpont elképzelhető. Jelen kötet tanulmányai elsősorban a tanárok szemszögéből tekintenek a kérdéskörre, a XXI. század pedagógusainak megváltozott helyzetét vizsgálják. Azt elemzik, hogyan változott a közoktatási intézményekben dolgozók attitűdje az új technológia használatával kapcsolatban, milyen okok, tényezők bújnak meg a használat vagy az elutasítás mögött. Vajon szervesen beépültek a különböző digitális eszközök, szoftverek az oktatási folyamatba vagy csak békésen meghúzódnak a hagyományos módszerek és a tábla-kréta páros árnyékban?
The Current State of the Monetary Sphere of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan within the Framework of Changes in the Legislation
Authors: MUKANOV Malik Rsbaevich , BEGALIEV Ernar Nurlanovich 
Published: June 2019

The article discusses the current state of the monetary – credit sphere in the former states of the Soviet Union. The authors note that, the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, which led to the defragmentation of the monetary system, is an important event in the formation of the financial sector in Central Asia. The single monetary and financial system, which was adapted to the conditions of the planned economy, had started rapidly falling apart. The result was a break of the traditionally existing economic ties.
It is important to note that the monetary policy has a direct impact on the major macro-economic indicators such as GDP, employment and the level of prices. It is thus important to have a solid legal base. The accelerated formation of national monetary systems in Central Asian states has required the creation of genuinely independent emission center as the Central Banks of Central Asia. Since 1994, Central Asian governments have begun to carry out macroeconomic regulation, mutual settlement in the economy and emission activity.
The next step was a reform of the banking system in Central Asia. At the beginning of the independence of the Central Asian states a legal framework was created and a transition was made to a two-tier banking system. According to the adopted laws in the countries of Central Asia, a two-tier banking system was formed, where the upper level was represented by the State Bank of the region (with emission rights), and the bottom were - commercial and government specialized. Creating second tier banks was a response to the needs of the Central Asian countries.