bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fat from dairy foods and ‘meat’ consumed within recommended levels is associated with favourable serum cholesterol levels in institutionalised older adults
Authors: Liu Yusi , Poon Shirley , Seeman Ego , Hare David L. , Bui Minh , Iuliano Sandra 
Published: March 2019

AbstractCVD is common in older adults. Consumption of ‘meat’ (beef, pork, lamb, game, poultry, seafood, eggs) and dairy foods (milk, cheese, yoghurt) is encouraged in older adults as these foods provide protein and nutrients such as essential fatty acids, Ca, Fe, Zn and vitamins A, D and B12 required for healthy ageing. However, these foods also contain saturated fats considered detrimental to cardiovascular health. To determine the effect of their consumption on CVD risk we assessed associations between fat intake from ‘meat’ and dairy foods and serum cholesterol levels in 226 aged-care residents (mean age 85·5 years, 70 % female). Dietary intake was determined over 2 d using visual estimation of plate waste. Fat content of foods was determined using nutrition analysis software (Xyris, Australia). Fasting serum total cholesterol (TC), LDL-cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol were measured, and the TC:HDL-cholesterol ratio calculated. Associations were determined using random-effect models adjusted for CVD risk factors using STATA/IC 13.0. Total fat and saturated fat from ‘meat’ and dairy foods were associated with higher serum HDL-cholesterol levels, and dairy fat intake and number of servings were associated with a lower TC:HDL-cholesterol ratio. Every 10 g higher intake of fat and saturated fat from dairy products, and each additional serving was associated with a −0·375 (95 % CI −0·574, −0·175; P = 0·0002), a −0·525 (95 % CI −0·834, −0·213; P = 0·001) and a −0·245 (95 % CI −0·458, −0·033; P = 0·024) lower TC:HDL-cholesterol ratio, respectively. Provision of dairy foods and ‘meat’ in recommended amounts to institutionalised older adults potentially improves intakes of key nutrients with limited detriment to cardiovascular health.
Equality law obligations in higher education: reasonable adjustments under the Equality Act 2010 in assessment of students with unseen disabilities
Authors: Cameron Harriet , Coleman Bryan , Hervey Tamara , Rahman Sabrina , Rostant Philip 
Published: March 2019

Abstract8% of UK students have an ‘unseen disability’: a specific learning difficulty, autistic spectrum condition, or mental ill health. A department with 1000 students has, on average, 80 students with such unseen disabilities. These students have a variety of potential sources of legal redress if they consider a university has failed properly to accommodate their disability. The most plausible is a claim under the Equality Act 2010. We have experienced a lack of clarity in understanding the nature and extent of those Equality Act entitlements, and the corresponding obligations that fall upon universities, and their staff. These confusions occur in many contexts, but the one that is most important to students is their entitlements where assessments are concerned. We set out to explain the relevant law, and to consider how it applies to some, perhaps typical, unseen disabilities in the context of a range of approaches taken by universities in assessing their students. Our principal and important conclusion is that there is no ‘quick fix’ approach according to which someone may say that they are Equality Act compliant. However, there are several considerations which will increase (or decrease) the likelihood of compliance. In brief, these constitute: effective communication; procedures that secure individual decisions, rather than blanket policies or approaches; and what amounts to no more than good inclusive educational practice for all students.
Indigeneity, Dissent, and Solidarity: Māori and Strikes in the Meat Industry inAotearoaNew Zealand During the Long 1970s
Authors: Boraman Toby 
Published: March 2019

AbstractStudies of indigenous workers’ resistance focus largely on rural workers. In contrast, this article examines indigenous workers’ dissent in an industrialized and largely urbanized setting – that of Māori meat processing workers inAotearoaNew Zealand. I argue that far from being passive victims of colonization and capitalism, Māori meatworkers played an often vital role in the generally extensive informal and formal labour unrest that occurred in the meat industry during the late 1960s to the mid-1980s. However, Māori meatworkers’ resistance and solidarity was not universal, but instead varied significantly, both spatially and temporally. The dissent and solidarity that occurred were often a product of the multi-ethnic informal work groups that existed in many slaughterhouses. These workplace-whānau, in which Māori played a pivotal role, functioned similar to extended family networks on the killing floor. Workplace-whānaurepresented a significant intertwining of indigeneity and class. Nevertheless, as they were often based on masculine bonds, they frequently excluded female workers (including Māori women).
Treatment using diffuse laser energy of cochlear and vestibular fistulas caused by cholesteatoma
Authors: Basu S , Hamilton J 
Published: March 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo measure the outcomes of laser treatment of cholesteatoma covering cochlear and vestibular fistulas.MethodsCholesteatoma matrix over the fistula was denatured; the power density was sufficient only to gradually heat, but not vaporise, the keratin-forming matrix. The denaturing speed was controlled so that the integrity of the fistula cover was maintained. The change in bone conduction threshold and the residual rate of cholesteatoma at the fistula were measured.ResultsThirty-six fistulas were assessed. There were seven cochlear fistulas. All were 5 mm or less in maximum length. For the entire group, the average change in bone conduction threshold was −0.3 dB. For cochlear fistulas, the average change in bone conduction was + 0.2 dB. The distribution of hearing results for the entire group was Gaussian; the apparent changes in hearing could be attributed to errors associated with testing. All patients underwent second-stage surgery. In all cases, the cholesteatoma was completely cleared from the fistula site. There were no facial palsies.ConclusionLaser denaturing of cholesteatoma matrix over fistulas measuring 5 mm or less of vestibular apparatus and the cochlea is effective at eliminating cholesteatoma, and is not associated with cochlear hearing loss or facial palsy.
Exploring the Application of Cost-Effectiveness Evaluation in the Japanese National Health Insurance System
Authors: Ogura Hisayuki , Komoto Shigekazu , Shiroiwa Takeru , Fukuda Takashi 
Published: March 2019

AbstractObjectivesAdvances in health care due to the development and introduction of new drugs and medical devices have brought considerable benefits to people and patients in terms of upgraded quality of life and extended years of survival. However, some are concerned that the very advancement of health care would increase further the inflation of national healthcare costs. In response to these concerns, Japan's Central Social Insurance Medical Council (“Chuikyo”) began in 2012 to examine how cost-effectiveness evaluation might be applied to the national health insurance system, and has been working toward establishing a system for its usage.MethodsCost-effectiveness evaluation was adopted on a trial basis in fiscal year (FY) 2016, targeting seven drugs and six medical devices. Analyses and re-analyses were performed by manufacturers and a public expert organization, respectively. Based on these analyses, a cost-effectiveness evaluation expert organization conducted an overall assessment (“appraisal”). Results of the evaluation were used to adjust the prices of the target items.ResultsFollowing the trial adoption of cost-effectiveness evaluation, price adjustments were performed for three items in April 2018. Meanwhile, a decision was also made to examine seven items for which technical requirements were identified due to differences in the understanding of analysis methods between involved parties.ConclusionsThe Chuikyo will examine how to meet the newly identified technical requirements and discuss specific details with regard to establishing a system that incorporates cost-effectiveness evaluation. The Chuikyo plans to reach a conclusion by the end of FY 2018.
Scientific Productivity of Brazilian Ecological Stations
Authors: Alencar Heverton , Jepson Paul , Ladle Richard J , Correia Ricardo , Bragagnolo Chiara , Malhado Ana CM , Batista Vandick S 
Published: March 2019

SummaryProtected areas are frequently used loci for ecological and conservation research, with several national/international designations identifying scientific research as a key objective. For example, Ecological Stations (ESs) in Brazil are strictly protected areas with the explicit goals of protecting nature and hosting scientific research. Nevertheless, simply mandating scientific research does not necessarily translate into action. Here, we quantitatively assess the scientific productivity of ESs and identify the main socio-ecological factors associated with different levels of scientific research. Specifically, we adopt a multi-model inference approach with a hurdle regression model to independently evaluate the factors associated with the presence/absence of research and the volume of studies in ESs. Surprisingly, given their stated remit, a large proportion of ESs had little or no scientific productivity. Results also indicate that older ESs were more likely to be associated with published research and that the volume of publications was associated with the number of years since the first article was published. The presence of a management plan and a management council were also significant positive drivers of research. Our results strongly suggest that, despite their clear mandate, ESs are not effectively fulfilling their role as a policy instrument for generating valuable scientific data.
GENEALOGIES OF BAʿTHISM: MICHEL ʿAFLAQ BETWEEN PERSONALISM AND ARABIC NATIONALISM
Authors: WEISS MAX 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThis paper reframes the intellectual genealogy of Baʿthism in modern Syria through a close reading of the writings of one of its founding figures, Michel ʿAflaq. Rereading ʿAflaq's most important texts is part of a broader reconsideration of the intellectual history of modern Syria between nationalism and liberalism, revolution and reaction. While recognizing the traces of nineteenth-century German idealist philosophy and Romantic nationalism in ʿAflaq's thought, this piece complicates the conventional understanding of his work by showing a striking resemblance with the left-personalism of Emmanuel Mounier and theEspritgroup. This unexplored connection constitutes a “missing link” in the intellectual genealogy of Baʿthism. As such, this article contributes to a more expansive and complicated global history of personalism. At the same time, this reconsideration of Michel ʿAflaq suggests a more compelling account of the making of modern Syria, a history with roots more tangled than historians have hitherto imagined.
Understanding the Nature of Rural Change: The Benefits of Migration and the (Re)creation of Precarity for Men and Women in Rural Central Java, Indonesia
Authors: Nooteboom Gerben 
Published: March 2019

AbstractDuring the last two decades, rural-urban migration and government programs have improved livelihood conditions in Javanese villages and brought down levels of poverty considerably. This article, based on two extended surveys in nine villages in Central Java, aims to understand the nature of change in rural Java by focusing on gender and precarity. As a result of migration, old forms of precarity have not completely disappeared: Families without children, elderly and people unable to work continue to live precarious lives. For those who work in the cities, dependence on single-source, low incomes, predominantly earned by men who work in construction, continues to keep families and especially women vulnerable for livelihood shocks and stresses. Increasingly, women from poor families work in low-paid agricultural jobs or keep the family farm running.Migration to the cities makes it possible for many families to stay in the village and live the ‘good’ village life. The village is generally perceived, socially and ideologically, as a ‘better’ place. The flip-side of this preference is a reproduction of traditional family values and limited room to maneuver for women. Very few interesting and suitable jobs for educated women exist in rural areas. Women from poorer families need to work in agriculture. Their dependence on working men with single sources of income, continues the risk to end up or fall back into living precarious lives.
Intratidal and Fortnightly Variability of Vertical Mixing in a Macrotidal Estuary: The Gironde
Authors: Ross Lauren , Huguenard Kimberly , Sottolichio Aldo 
Published: March 2019

AbstractIntratidal and fortnightly variability of turbulence at the mouth of a macrotidal estuary is explored in this study. Profiles of turbulent kinetic energy dissipation were estimated from a Vertical Microstructure Profiler, and velocity shear measurements and current velocities were collected with a vessel‐mounted Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler. Gradient Richardson numbers were quantified using density measurements from a Conductivity, Temperature, Depth profiler and squared vertical shear quantified from current velocities. All measurements were collected over one complete semidiurnal tidal cycle in both neap and spring tide conditions. Vertical eddy viscosity (Az) was quantified from the available data and was used as a proxy for vertical mixing. Results showed intratidal asymmetries in bottom‐generated turbulence during neap with Az larger during ebb tide (∼10−2 m2/s) than flood tide (∼10−3 m2/s) with the opposite occurring during spring tide with larger Az during flood (10−1 m2/s) than ebb (10−2 m2/s). Lateral processes produced elevated near‐surface mixing decoupled from bottom‐generated turbulence at the end of flood and ebb tide during neap and spring. The secondary flows were driven by Coriolis, and these flows either enhanced (neap tide, end of flood) or maintained (spring tide, end of ebb) total shear through slack tides producing near‐surface to midwater column turbulence. These results are the first of their kind to show midwater column mixing from lateral circulation driven by Coriolis in a well‐mixed system, which vary from the lateral processes previously shown to destabilize water columns in estuaries more influenced by stratification.
The Dominant Global Modes of Recent Internal Sea Level Variability
Authors: Hamlington B. D. , Cheon S. H. , Piecuch C. G. , Karnauskas K. B. , Thompson P. R. , Kim K.‐Y. , Reager J. T. , Landerer F. W. , Frederikse T. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe advances in the modern sea level observing system have allowed for a new level of knowledge of regional and global sea level in recent years. The combination of data from satellite altimeters, Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellites, and Argo profiling floats has provided a clearer picture of the different contributors to sea level change, leading to an improved understanding of how sea level has changed in the present and, by extension, may change in the future. As the overlap between these records has recently extended past a decade in length, it is worth examining the extent to which internal variability on timescales from intraseasonal to decadal can be separated from long‐term trends that may be expected to continue into the future. To do so, a combined modal decomposition based on cyclostationary empirical orthogonal functions is performed simultaneously on the three data sets, and the dominant shared modes of variability are analyzed. Modes associated with the trend, seasonal signal, El Niño–Southern Oscillation, and Pacific decadal oscillation are extracted and discussed, and the relationship between regional patterns of sea level change and their associated global signature is highlighted.
Evidence of New Particle Formation Within Etna and Stromboli Volcanic Plumes and Its Parameterization From Airborne In Situ Measurements
Authors: Sahyoun Maher , Freney Evelyn , Brito Joel , Duplissy Jonathan , Gouhier Mathieu , Colomb Aurélie , Dupuy Regis , Bourianne Thierry , Nowak John B. , Yan Chao , Petäjä Tuukka , Kulmala Markku , Schwarzenboeck Alfons , Planche Céline , Sellegri Karine 
Published: March 2019

AbstractVolcanic emissions can significantly affect the Earth's radiation budget by emitting aerosol particles and gas‐phase species that can result in the new particle formation (NPF). These particles can scatter solar radiation or modify cloud properties, with consequences on health, weather, and climate. To our knowledge, this is the first dedicated study detailing how gas‐phase precursors emitted from volcanic plumes can influence the NPF. A series of airborne measurements were performed around the Etna and Stromboli volcanoes within the framework of the CLerVolc and STRAP projects. The ATR‐42 aircraft was equipped with a range of instrumentation allowing the measurement of particle number concentration in diameter range above 2.5 nm and gaseous species to investigate the aerosol dynamics and the processes governing the NPF and their growth within the volcanic plumes. We demonstrate that NPF occurs within the volcanic plumes in the free troposphere (FT) and boundary layer (BL). Typically, the NPF events were more pronounced in the FT, where the condensational sink was up to two orders of magnitude smaller and the temperature was ~20 °C lower than in the BL. Within the passive volcanic plume, the concentration of sulfur dioxide, sulfuric acid, and N2.5 were as high as 92 ppbV, 5.65 × 108 and 2.4 × 105 cm−3, respectively. Using these measurements, we propose a new parameterization for NPF rate (J2.5) within the passive volcanic plume in the FT. These results can be incorporated into mesoscale models to better assess the impact of the particle formed by natural processes, that is, volcanic plumes, on climate.
Changing Lake Dynamics Indicate a Drier Arctic in Western Greenland
Authors: Finger Higgens R. A. , Chipman J. W. , Lutz D. A. , Culler L. E. , Virginia R. A. , Ogden L. A. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe water balance of the Arctic tundra is shifting as permafrost stability, seasonality, and the ratio of precipitation to evaporation respond to amplified Arctic warming. While in some northern tundra locations there has been a notable increase in the number of water bodies, generally, the tundra landscape has experienced a decline in the number and area of lakes. We analyzed changes in small lake count (<10,000 m2), large lake count (>10,000 m2), and lake surface area across the periglacial tundra of western Greenland, using historical satellite and aerial imagery and weather data from the late 1960s to present. Overall, we found a decrease in lake count (21%) and surface area (2%) across our study region. Specifically, smaller ponds were particularly prone to change, with decreases of 28% in count and 15% in surface area. Shrinking lakes often became revegetated by both emergent aquatic and terrestrial vegetation, which captures potential successional trajectories following Arctic lake drying. Additionally, while annual precipitation may be increasing, it occurred primarily during the winter months in the form of snow, which may or may not contribute to the overall growing season water budget. Conversely, the peak growing season months of June, July, and August all have experienced significant increases in potential evaporation rates, thus likely creating a water deficit for much of the growing season. These results suggest that a large section of deglaciated Greenland appears likely to become drier in the summer months, which may result in widespread ecological consequences.
Large Vertical Migrations ofPyrosoma atlanticumPlay an Important Role in Active Carbon Transport
Authors: Henschke Natasha , Pakhomov Evgeny A. , Kwong Lian E. , Everett Jason D. , Laiolo Leonardo , Coghlan Amy R. , Suthers Iain M. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractPyrosomes are efficient grazers that can form dense aggregations. Their clearance rates are among the highest of any zooplankton grazer, and they can rapidly repackage what they consume into thousands of fecal pellets per hour. In recent years, pyrosome swarms have been found outside of their natural geographical range; however, environmental drivers that promote these swarms are still unknown. During the austral spring of 2017 aPyrosoma atlanticumswarm was sampled in the Tasman Sea. Depth‐stratified sampling during the day and night was used to examine the spatial and vertical distribution ofP. atlanticumacross three eddies. Respiration rate experiments were performed onboard to determine minimum feeding requirements for the pyrosome population.P. atlanticumwas 2 orders of magnitude more abundant in the cold core eddy (CCE) compared to both warm core eddies, with maximum biomass of 360 mg WW·m−3, most likely driven by high chlorophyllaconcentrations.P. atlanticumexhibited diel vertical migration and migrated to a maximum depth strata of 800–1,000 m. Active carbon transport in the CCE was 4 orders of magnitude higher than the warm core eddies. Fecal pellet production contributed to the majority (91%) of transport, and total downward carbon flux below the mixed layer was estimated at 11 mg C·m−2·d−1. When abundant,P. atlanticumswarms have the potential to play a major role in active carbon transport, comparable to fluxes for zooplankton and micronekton communities.
Minimizing Evaporation by Optimal Layering of Topsoil: Revisiting Ovsinsky's Smart Mulching‐Tillage Technology Via Gardner‐Warrick's Unsaturated Analytical Model and HYDRUS
Authors: Kacimov A. R. , Obnosov Yu.V. , Šimůnek J. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractOvsinsky (1899, https://www.rulit.me/books/novaya‐sistema‐zemledeliya‐read‐193251‐1.html) suggested and tested a water conserving soil no‐till technology for rain‐snow‐fed field crops in a semiarid environment in southern Russia. We model Ovsynsky's unsaturated flow fragment, in which 1‐D steady evaporation and evapotranspiration through a two‐layered soil from a horizontal static water table to a dry soil surface takes place. Gardner's exponential and algebraic functions are used for the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity‐suction head relations. The vertical evaporation flux depends on the dyads and triads (correspondingly) of the parameters of these functions, for example, the saturated hydraulic conductivity and the sorptive number of the two layers. The flux, as a function of the relative thickness of the upper stratum, is analytically found from the solution of one or two nonlinear equations. This relation can be nonmonotonic and exhibits either a minimum or maximum depending on whether this stratum is coarser or finer than the subjacent stratum fed from a horizontal isobar. HYDRUS‐1D simulations confirm these extrema. This explains the experimental results from the literature on mulching/tillage/soil crusting‐sealing, which can increase, decrease, or have no impact on evaporation from a shallow water table. Alterations of the soil's homogeneity to reduce evaporation losses can improve the hydrological balance of soil profiles.