bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High‐Performance Wafer‐Scale MoS2 Transistors toward Practical Application
Authors: Xu Hu , Zhang Haima , Guo Zhongxun , Shan Yuwei , Wu Shiwei , Wang Jianlu , Hu Weida , Liu Hanqi , Sun Zhengzong , Luo Chen , Wu Xing , Xu Zihan , Zhang David Wei , Bao Wenzhong , Zhou Peng 
Published: October 2018

AbstractAtomic thin transition‐metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are considered as an emerging platform to build next‐generation semiconductor devices. However, to date most devices are still based on exfoliated TMD sheets on a micrometer scale. Here, a novel chemical vapor deposition synthesis strategy by introducing multilayer (ML) MoS2 islands to improve device performance is proposed. A four‐probe method is applied to confirm that the contact resistance decreases by one order of magnitude, which can be attributed to a conformal contact by the extra amount of exposed edges from the ML‐MoS2 islands. Based on such continuous MoS2 films synthesized on a 2 in. insulating substrate, a top‐gated field effect transistor (FET) array is fabricated to explore key metrics such as threshold voltage (V
T) and field effect mobility (μFE) for hundreds of MoS2 FETs. The statistical results exhibit a surprisingly low variability of these parameters. An average effective μFE of 70 cm2 V−1 s−1 and subthreshold swing of about 150 mV dec−1 are extracted from these MoS2 FETs, which are comparable to the best top‐gated MoS2 FETs achieved by mechanical exfoliation. The result is a key step toward scaling 2D‐TMDs into functional systems and paves the way for the future development of 2D‐TMDs integrated circuits.
Teleology as a tacit dimension of teaching and learning evolution: A sociological approach to classroom interaction in science education
Authors: Gresch Helge , Martens Matthias 
Published: October 2018

AbstractTeleology has been described as an intuitive cognitive bias and as a major type of student conception. There is controversy regarding whether teleological explanations are a central obstacle to, are legitimate in, or are even supportive of science learning. However, interaction in science classrooms has not yet been investigated with regard to teleology. Consequently, this study addresses the question of how teleological explanations emerge in science classroom interactions about evolution and how teachers and students address emerging teleology. In this article, we introduce a theoretical and methodological framework drawing from the sociology of knowledge and systems theory, suggesting that this framework may enrich the understanding of knowledge construction and of social practices in the science classroom because it enables distinguishing between explicit and tacit knowledge. We investigated seven secondary school units about evolution and present data from four grade‐12 classes in Germany, a country with very few creationists, to contrast two ways in which teleology is addressed. In the first type, the teachers combine intentional and need‐based teleological explanations with aspects of scientific theories in an ambiguous way. Contrastingly, in the second type, the teachers construct a duality between correct mechanistic and incorrect teleological explanations by discrediting preceding scientific theories. In the discussion, we argue that the presented sociological approach can also be valuable in other science education contexts, such as creationism, the nature of science and socio‐scientific issues, because classroom interaction involves tacit communication, such as a tacit epistemology, which are essential grounds for the students' knowledge construction.
Laboratory Accreditation the Next Generation of Quality Improvement in Thailand
Authors: Promptmas C. , Prijavudhi A. 
Published: October 2018

A Thailand quality assessment program called ìThe External Quality Assessment in Clinical Chemistry, EQAC” was found in 1986. A blind lyophilized control serum is monthly-cycle distributed to the participants and the returned test-report values are evaluated by a computed program. Evaluated report Mean Variance Index Scores (MVIS) and mean score of all tests are posted back to the participants. In 1999 the program was applied by 324 laboratory participants of which 59% of general hospital and community health hospital laboratory, 29% of private hospital laboratory including polyclinics, and 12% of the others. By now as many as 144 trials of 23 biochemistry tests at different methods were assessed from the EQAC program. Participant communication, knowledge update and enhanced quality encouragement have been managed by mean of participants' VIS from 120 to 93 during 1987–1998. For the next millennium, the implementation of ISO/IEC Guide 25 for quality system in clinical laboratory will be a promising strategy of quality improvement in Thailand. The Ministry of Public Health is step forward to adopt this guide for certifying standard laboratories. These efforts will be a first step towards the next generation of quality improvement for clinical laboratory in Thailand.
Flexible, Parameter-Controlled Nanoliter Pipetting on a Tecan xyz Platform
Authors: Schlegel Joerg 
Published: October 2018

Cost pressure and rising throughput requirements are important drivers for assay miniaturization. Typical examples for the trend “smaller is better” are found in BioChip applications and in High Throughput Screening (HTS), which is evolving from the 96-well standard to high-density microplates with 384, 864, 1536 or more wells. These applications require the automated pipetting of liquids in the submicroliter volume range, a difficult task for traditional automated liquid handling systems based on syringe pumps. Tecan developed a new device for the accurate pipetting of volumes in the nanoliter range. Based on ink-jet printer technology, this device allows the exact control of the volume of the ejected droplets via a set of parameters. The integration of this new technology into Tecan's flexible xyz-platforms allows an easy use of this powerful technology for several applications. Results such as volume range, accuracy and precision are discussed.
Data Management and Integration of Clinical Laboratory Information: Current Status and Future Perspectives of Physiological Function Examination Systems in Japan
Authors: Nagata Tatsuo Kuroki Shirou , Nakano Kazushi , Maruyama Ikuro 
Published: October 2018

The roles of the clinical laboratory department in each hospital are becoming more important than before. On the other hand, there have been endeavors to seek a way to integrate and systemize examinationsand testing and to add values to the results. The role of the laboratory department in the medical field is significant in making decisions on diagnosis and treatment. Increasingly, laboratory information of value is being more heavily demanded from the out-patient and in-patient clinics. Our department has been responsive to the current needs of those workplaces, and over the past 5 years has developed an examination system using computers. Currently this system is operating in the blood examination and physiological examination branches. Furthermore, we are developing a new system with the aim of establishing “electronic medical records.” At first, we explain in this paper the background and reason why we intend to manage and integrate the data of clinical laboratory information. Then we provide an overview of the present status and perspective of the physiological examination system in Japan.
Assay Development in High Density MicroWell® Plates: Use of Well Geometries, Format, Surface Modification and Optical Properties to Achieve Optimal Assay Performance
Authors: Sullivan Barbara M. , Simon Kathryn D. , Nanda Susan K. W. , Pocius Judy , Scholz Wendy K. 
Published: October 2018

While high density MicroWell plates, including 384 well and 1536 well plates, offer advantages of low volume reaction or growth vessels in a standardized footprint allowing robotic manipulation, the greatest benefits lie in the increased well surface area to reaction volume ratios. This surface area to volume benefit can be utilized to optimize assay development by utilizing the molecular surface as a reactant. The well geometry and optical properties are also enhanced in high-density plates, allowing microscopic imaging and increased signal detection for fluorescence and luminescence. The molecular characteristics of high density MicroWell plates were examined in regard to base materials and induced surface modification. Various modification methods including injection-molding parameters, exposure to high and low energy sources and exposure to specific physical conditions were studied. The surfaces were molecularly characterized and then utilized as reactants in high throughput and low volume in vitro assays. Polystyrene plates exhibited a natural relatively hydrophobic surface due to the hydrocarbon backbone of the polystyrene along with the repeating benzene ring. Exposure to direct electrical discharge, and several forms of irradiation in the presence of air and oxygenated atmosphere resulted in surfaces exhibiting various levels of oxidation. These levels were measured and the molecular species were calculated. These specific surfaces were utilized as reactants in solid phase, cell based and cell culture assays. Specific surfaces demonstrated specific efficacy in regard to particular applications. For example, a highly charged surface exhibiting hydroxyl, carbonyl, and some carboxyl moieties was best for adherent cell culture. Utilizing passive adsorption procedures, a variant surface exhibiting more hydroxyl and carbonyl groups did not bind IgG well but did bind phospholipids, providing a surface “high-binding” for lipids while maintaining low background due to non-specific adsorption. A surface, commonly referred to as “high binding,” having slightly lower surface energy than the other two studied and characterized by aromatic hydrocarbons, hydroxyl and some few carbonyl groups did not bind hydrophobic antigens, but did bind glycoproteins such as IgG very well under slightly basic, passive conditions. The geometries of wells were also examined. Well geometries contributed significantly by eliminating reagent wicking or creeping, enhancing detection of signals, and increasing the active surface area to reagent volume, allowing the utilization of decreased substrate concentrations along with low reagent volumes without loss of sensitivity.
Collecting Sample Weight Data on Various Liquid Handling Robots
Authors: Bruner Jimmy , Birkemo Larry , Jordan Kelly , Smith Glenn , Ormand James 
Published: October 2018

Liquid-handling platforms often do not provide a mechanism for collecting weight data needed for instrument qualification and sample transfer confirmation. This paper discusses the development, implementation, and application of a system that facilitates liquid-handling confirmation required for Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) compliance and provides an avenue to track the amount of sample transferred for extraction. The Balance Data Collector (BDC) system was designed as a flexible generic balance tool to be used with Tecan Gemini© and Packard WinPrep® software. The BDC system provides a user interface for balance configuration, a pointer to a file for storing weight data, and an external interface through command-line arguments. BDC is currently used for instrument qualification and sample collection in bioanalytical applications. Instrument qualification includes refining instrument liquid classes and verifying pipetting accuracy and precision. For bioanalytical applications using 96-well plates, BDC collects individual aliquot weights of samples transferred during an assay. The BDC system provides the user with the capability to control a balance via liquid-handling programming platforms such as Tecan Gemini© and Packard WinPrep®. Integration of liquid-handling platforms and BDC reduces the time the scientist must spend recording weight data needed for GLP compliance and can be used to increase accuracy of calculated sample concentrations.
A Simple Filter Algorithm for Gene Expression Profiling Data
Authors: Hoffmann Georg 
Published: October 2018

Gene expression profiling with microarrays is a promising method to identify groups of genes, which are likely to differentiate between complex diseases, such as severe malignancies. 1 , 2 One problem, besides the well-known sample preparation and hybridization challenge 3 is the abundance of experimental results (typically thousands of oligonucleotide probes) for a small number of clinical samples (typically 10 to 100). Since traditional statistics require large data sets and are often tedious, I looked for a simpler and widely applicable filtering approach. The method is based on observations obtained with artificial neural nets (ANN), which we are using for the classification of tumor genes in a similar way as described by Khan, et al. 2 An ANN in its simplest structure calculates the relationships between input patterns and their respective output classes using weight factors ( Fig. 1 ). The higher the weight, the higher is the contribution of an input signal to the observed output pattern.
Solution Phase Synthesis and Workup Using an Integrated Approach
Authors: Wint Lewin T. , Kovacevic Marija , Waters Matt , AutoChem Mettler-Toledo 
Published: October 2018

Traditional organic synthesis is often cumbersome and time consuming. Significant effort by manufacturers of automated systems has been directed at increasing the speed, efficiency, and consistency of performing chemical reactions. To date, the numbers of integrated systems that combine all the relevant steps of compound preparation are few. Using the five automated systems in tandem can successfully streamline research and development of potential drug candidates. The features of these workstations offer a unique approach for supporting the convenient synthesis and workup of diverse compounds without compromising reagent types or conditions used for synthesis. This poster details an example of the automated drug discovery approach to high throughput organic synthesis using the solution phase synthesis of a series of 1-indanones as building blocks and subsequent reductive amination reactions to generate a diverse group of amines. The purpose of each automated system is outlined along with its role in generating the small library as an illustration of the importance of time saving devices in laboratories.
The inseparability of sampling and time and its influence on attempts to unify the molecular and fossil records
Authors: Hopkins Melanie J. , Bapst David W. , Simpson Carl , Warnock Rachel C. M. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe two major approaches to studying macroevolution in deep time are the fossil record and reconstructed relationships among extant taxa from molecular data. Results based on one approach sometimes conflict with those based on the other, with inconsistencies often attributed to inherent flaws of one (or the other) data source. Any contradiction between the molecular and fossil records represents a failure of our ability to understand the imperfections of our data, as both are limited reflections of the same evolutionary history. We therefore need to develop conceptual and mathematical models that jointly explain our observations in both records. Fortunately, the different limitations of each record provide an opportunity to test or calibrate the other, and new methodological developments leverage both records simultaneously. However, we must reckon with the distinct relationships between sampling and time in the fossil record and molecular phylogenies. These differences impact our recognition of baselines and the analytical incorporation of age estimate uncertainty.
Selective Dating of Paint Components: Radiocarbon Dating of Lead White Pigment
Authors: Hendriks Laura , Hajdas Irka , Ferreira Ester S B , Scherrer Nadim C , Zumbühl Stefan , Küffner Markus , Carlyle Leslie , Synal Hans-Arno , Günther Detlef 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTLead white is a man-made white pigment commonly used in works of art. In this study, the possibility of radiocarbon dating lead white pigments alone and in oil paints was explored using well-dated lead white pigments and paints. Resulting14C ages on lead white pigments produced following the traditional stack process, where carbonate groups results from the incorporation of CO2originating from fermentation, matched the production years, while radiocarbon dating of lead white made using other industrial processes indicate that14C depleted CO2was used in their production. The method was applied to two case studies, where lead carbonate samples were dated in two oil paintings, one Baroque and one from the 20th century. We hereby show that the lead white pigment can be dated by14C and used as proxy for the time of creation of an artwork. Additionally, a two-step method was developed to allow14C analysis of both the lead white pigment and oil binder from the same sample. A single lead white paint sample can yield two distinct radiocarbon ages, one from the carbonate and one from the natural organic binder. This study thus proposes new strategies for14C dating of artworks.
Distribution ofα-tocopherol stereoisomers in mink (Mustela vison) organs varies with the amount ofall-rac-α-tocopheryl acetate in the diet
Authors: Hymøller Lone , Lashkari Saman , Clausen Tove N. , Jensen Søren K. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractSyntheticα-tocopherol has eight isomeric configurations including four 2R (RSS,RRS,RSR,RRR) and four 2S (SRR,SSR,SRS,SSS). Only theRRRstereoisomer is naturally synthesised by plants. A ratio of 1·36:1 in biopotency ofRRR-α-tocopheryl acetate toall-rac-α-tocopheryl acetate is generally accepted; however, studies indicate that neither biopotency ofα-tocopherol stereoisomers nor bioavailability between them is constant, but depend on dose, time, animal species and organs. A total of forty growing young male mink were, after weaning, assigned one of the following treatments for 90 d: noα-tocopherol in diet (ALFA_0), 40 mg/kgRRR-α-tocopheryl acetate (NAT_40), 40 mg/kgall-rac-α-tocopheryl acetate (SYN_40) and 80 mg/kg feedall-rac-α-tocopheryl acetate (SYN_80). Mink were euthanised in CO2and blood was collected by heart puncture. Mink were pelted and liver, heart, lungs, brain and abdominal fat were collected forα-tocopherol stereoisomer analysis. The proportion ofRRR-α-tocopherol decreased in all organs and plasma with increasing amount of syntheticα-tocopherol stereoisomers in the diet (P≤0·05), whereas the proportion of all syntheticα-tocopherol stereoisomers increased with increasing amount of syntheticα-tocopherol stereoisomers in the diet (P≤0·05). The proportion ofα-tocopherol stereoisomers in plasma, brain, heart, lungs and abdominal fat showed the following order:RRR>RRS,RSR,RSS>Σ2S, regardless ofα-tocopherol supplement. The liver had the highest proportion of Σ2Sstereoisomers, and lowest proportion ofRRR-α-tocopherol. In conclusion, distribution ofα-tocopherol stereoisomers differs with dose and form ofα-tocopherol supplementation. The results did also reveal the liver’s role as the major organ for accumulation of Σ2S α-tocopherol stereoisomers.
Shifted baselines and the policy placebo effect in conservation
Authors: Lovell Samantha , Johnson Ayana Elizabeth , Ramdeen Robin , McClenachan Loren 
Published: October 2018

AbstractCoastal ecosystems have been degraded by human activity over centuries, with loss of memory about past states resulting in shifted baselines. More recently conservation efforts have resulted in localized recoveries of species and ecosystems. Given the dynamism of ecosystem degradation and recovery, understanding how communities perceive long-term and recent changes is important for developing and implementing conservation measures. We interviewed stakeholders on three Caribbean islands and identified a shifted baseline with respect to the extent and degree of long-term declines in marine animal populations; stakeholders with more experience identified more species as depleted and key species as less abundant than those with less experience. Notably, the average respondent with < 15 years of experience listed no species as depleted despite clear evidence of declines. We also identified a phenomenon we call the policy placebo effect, in which interviewees perceived some animal populations as recently recovering following passage of new conservation legislation but in the absence of evidence for actual recovery. Although shifted baselines have a negative effect on conservation as they can lower recovery goals, the outcomes of a policy placebo effect are unclear. If the public prematurely perceives recovery, motivation for continued conservation could decline. Alternatively, perception of rapid success could lead communities to set more ambitious conservation goals.
Neurococognitive and neuroimaging correlates of obesity and components of metabolic syndrome in bipolar disorder: a systematic review
Authors: Bora Emre , McIntyre Roger S. , Ozerdem Aysegul 
Published: October 2018

AbstractBackgroundIndividuals with bipolar disorder (BD) have a higher prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS) compared with the general population. Obesity and MetS are associated with cognitive deficits and brain imaging abnormalities in the general population. Obesity and components of MetS might potentially associate with neuroimaging and neurocognitive findings in BD.MethodsA literature search of studies investigating the association between obesity (and other components of MetS) and neurocognitive and neuroimaging findings in BD was conducted. In addition to a systematic review, a random-effects meta-analysis was conducted when sufficient data were available.ResultsTwenty-three studies were included in the current systematic review. Overweight/obese patients were significantly associated with impaired neurocognition compared normal weight individuals with BD (d= 0.37). The most robust association between obesity and cognitive deficits in BD was observed in the cognitive subdomain of executive functions (d= 0.61). There was also evidence for a significant relationship between cognitive impairment in BD and other components of MetS including hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes. Overweight/obese individuals with BD had more pronounced brain imaging abnormalities than normal weight individuals with BD.ConclusionsObesity and related cardiovascular risk factors significantly are associated with more severe cognitive and brain imaging abnormalities in BD. Medical co-morbidities can potentially contribute to functional decline observed in some patients throughout the course of BD.
Prosody perception and production by children with cochlear implants
Authors: VAN DE VELDE Daan J. , SCHILLER Niels O. , LEVELT Claartje C. , VAN HEUVEN Vincent J. , BEERS Mieke , BRIAIRE Jeroen J. , FRIJNS Johan H. M. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe perception and production of emotional and linguistic (focus) prosody were compared in children with cochlear implants (CI) and normally hearing (NH) peers. Thirteen CI and thirteen hearing-age-matched school-aged NH children were tested, as baseline, on non-verbal emotion understanding, non-word repetition, and stimulus identification and naming. Main tests were verbal emotion discrimination, verbal focus position discrimination, acted emotion production, and focus production. Productions were evaluated by NH adult Dutch listeners. All scores between groups were comparable, except a lower score for the CI group for non-word repetition. Emotional prosody perception and production scores correlated weakly for CI children but were uncorrelated for NH children. In general, hearing age weakly predicted emotion production but not perception. Non-verbal emotional (but not linguistic) understanding predicted CI children's (but not controls’) emotion perception and production. In conclusion, increasing time in sound might facilitate vocal emotional expression, possibly requiring independently maturing emotion perception skills.