bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
STUDI PEMIKIRAN ABU ALI AL-FARISI TENTANG GRAMMATIKA ARAB (REPRESENTASI TOKOH NAHWU MADRASAH BAGHDAD)
Authors: Fatoni Ahmad Sirfi 
Published: July 2019

Introduction The nahwu science is a very urgent science in the context to understand about the Arabic texts both classical or modern texts. The conversation related to this science could not be released just like that with the figures of nahwu who played an important role in it. This article will examine Abu Ali al-Farisi’s thought about the development of nahwu as a representative figure from Baghdad’s madrasah. This article also investigates Abu Ali’s partiality to Bashra’s nahwu experts on one hand, while Kuffa’s experts formulation of nahwu on another. In addition, this article also inspects the method that used by Baghdad’s nahwu experts and his characteristic.
Data Collection Method The data collection method used is the refer’s method with the noted technique.
Analysis Data This article is a qualitative research, the presentation of the analysis is descriptive and critical.
Results and Discussions One of Abu Ali’s thoughts is the origin of language is tauqifi’, he also argues that adawatu al-nida are isim fi’il which act on munada, similar to maf’ul bih. As for the partiality of Abu Ali’s nahwu theory which chooses Bashra’s opinion is related to huruf kaanna that sometimes comes as zaidah. In this case, Abu Ali follows the opinion of Khalil and Sibawaih. While the partiality of Abu Ali which chooses Kuffa’s opinion, it comes when he argues that the application of first fi’il in tanazu’ chapter.
Conclusion In the general, it can be concluded that the method of Baghdad’s madrasah is ecletic method. This method can be classified into three patterns: Qiyas, Sima’, and Ta’lil. As for the characteristic of Baghdad’s madrasah pattern are: inclusive, flexible, taqlid and logical. Keywords: Ecletic Method, Baghdad Nahwu, Abu Ali’s thought.
Keywords: Ecletic Method, Baghdad Nahwu, Abu Ali’s thought.
KEABSAHAN LELANG EKSEKUSI HAK TANGGUNGAN KARENA ADANYA GUGATAN DARI DEBITOR LEGALITY OF AUCTION EXECUTION OF LAND MORTGAGE REGARDING UNLAWFUL ACT LAWSUIT
Authors: Abidin Muhammad Zainal 
Published: July 2019

AbstrakDengan diundangkannya Undang-Undang Nomor 4 Tahun 1996 tentang Hak Tanggungan, pemegang hak tanggungan dapat melakukan eksekusi atas obyek hak tanggungan tanpa persetujuan dari debitor terlebih dahulu (Parate Executie) dan tanpa memerlukan fiat pengadilan yaitu dengan penjualan melalui lelang, sehingga memberikan kemudahan kepada pemegang hak tanggungan untuk memperoleh pelunasan piutangnya dari debitor. Namun dalam pelaksanaannya seringkali menemui hambatan dalam pelaksanaan lelang eksekusi Pasal 6 Undang-Undang Hak Tanggungan tersebut dikarenakan ada gugatan dari debitor yang menghambat proses lelang maupun pada saat pengosongan obyek lelang dimana pemenang lelang sudah ditentukan dan risalah lelang sudah diterbitkan. Gugatan tersebut didasarkan pada perbuatan melawan hukum karena menganggap proses lelang tidak sah ataupun nilai limit terlalu rendah dan berbagai alasan lain. Kata Kunci : Parate Executie, Lelang Eksekusi, Perbuatan Melawan HukumAbstractSince the enactment of Law Number 4 of 1996 concerning Land Mortgage, mortgage holders can execute objects on regarding land mortgage without prior approval from the debtor (Parate Executie) and without requiring fiat court, namely by selling through auction, thus this makes it easy for the mortgage holders to obtain repayment of their receivables. However, in practice, they often encounter obstacles in the execution regarding parate executie procedure on the Article 6 of the Land Mortgage Law if there is a lawsuit from the debtor that impedes the auction process, or, when emptying the auction object where the auction winner has been determined and the auction minutes have been issued. The lawsuit is based on an unlawful act (tort) because it considers the auction process invalid, or the limit value is too low, and various other reasons. Keywords: Parate Executie, Execution by Auction, Unlawful Act.
miR825 and miR825* function as negative regulators in Bacillus cereus AR156-elicited systemic resistance to Botrytis cinerea in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Nie Pingping , Chen Chen , Yin Qian , Jiang Chunhao , Guo Jianhua , Zhao Hongwei , Niu Dongdong 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Background: Small RNAs function to regulate plant defense responses to pathogens. We previously showed that miR825 and miR825* downregulate Bacillus cereus AR156 (AR156)-triggered systemic resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 in Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis). The aim of this study was to unravel the role of miR825 and miR825* in AR156-mediated systemic resistance to Botrytis cinerea B1301 in Arabidopsis.
Results: Northern blotting revealed that miR825 and miR825* were more strongly downregulated in wild type Arabidopsis Col-0 (Col-0) plants pretreated with AR156 than in non-treated plants upon B. cinerea B1301 infection. Furthermore, compared with Col-0, transgenic plants with attenuated miR825 and miR825* expression were more resistant to B. cinerea B1301, yet miR825- and miR825*-overexpressing (OE) plants were more prone to it. With AR156 pretreatment, the transcription of four defense-related genes (PR1, PR2, PR5, and PDF1.2) and cellular defense responses (hydrogen peroxide production and callose deposition) were faster and stronger in miR825 and miR825* knockdown lines, but weaker in their OE plants than in Col-0 plants upon pathogen attack. Also, AR156 pretreatment caused stronger phosphorylation of MPK3 and MPK6 and expression of FRK1 and WRKY53 genes upon B. cinerea B1301 inoculation in miR825 and miR825* knockdown plants than in Col-0 plants. Additionally, the assay of agrobacterium-mediated transient co-expression in Nicotiana benthamiana confirmed that AT5G40910, AT5G38850, AT3G04220, and AT5G44940 are target genes of miR825 or miR825*. Compared with Col-0, the target mutant lines showed higher susceptibility to B. cinerea B1301 while still expressing AR156-triggered ISR. The two-way ANOVA revealed a significant (P < 0.01) interactive effect of treatment and genotype on the defence responses.
Conclusion: miR825 and miR825* act as negative regulators of AR156-mediated systemic resistance to B. cinerea B1301 in Arabidopsis. Our research have significant implications for effectively applying the two miRNAs to plant protection.
HIV testing and risks of sexual behavior among HIV-negative men who have sex with men in Ningbo, China
Authors: jiang haibo , Hong Hang , Dong Hongjun , Jiang Jun , He Lin 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Background: The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing had been confirmed as a preventive strategy for HIV control. The testing rate and risk behavior of HIV-negative men who have sex with men (MSM) are still unclear. The aim of this study was to examine the factors associated with HIV testing, and high-risk behavior among HIV-negative MSM in Ningbo, China.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted between July 2016 and June 2017. Using snowball sampling to recruit MSM. Participants were recruited from Blued (an app for the gay community), QQ/Wechat groups, voluntary counseling and testing clinics, baths, bars, and other types of venues. Before the interview, all participants had HIV testing. MSM were included if their result of HIV screening test were negative. Face-to-face questionnaires were conducted mainly focused on HIV testing in the past year and high-risk behavior in the past 3 months.
Results: In total, 988 MSM were included, 57.1% (564/988) of participants had HIV testing in the past year. The proportion of high-risk sexual behavior was 49.9%. Factors associated with HIV testing were bisexual orientation (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 0.57, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.42–0.78), drug use to adjust psychological abnormalities (AOR 1.39, 95 CI 1.04–1.85), and receiving HIV interventions (AOR 4.03, 95 CI 3.00–5.42). Being married (AOR 1.72, 95% CI 1.15–2.58), bisexual orientation (AOR 2.13, 95% CI 1.54–2.95), and receiving HIV interventions (AOR 1.65, 95% CI 1.25–2.20) were risk factors for high-risk sexual behavior, while college degree or above (AOR 0.52, 95% CI 0.35–0.77) were the protective factor.
Conclusion: We revealed low rate of HIV testing and high rate of risk sexual behavior among HIV-negative MSM in Ningbo. HIV transmission factors are widespread, but the proportion of 90% diagnosed for HIV are still a huge challenge in this population. Attention should be given to married, using substances or bisexual HIV-negative MSM, and HIV intervention should be strengthened to promote HIV testing and reduce risk behavior.
The Concept of ,,Lean“ Production Management and Value Creation System
Authors: Statkus Justinas 
Published: July 2019

One of the means for continuous improvement of quality is the implementation of “Lean” system. The purpose of this article is to reveal the essence of the “Lean” system, analyse its benefits in activities of different organizations. The efficiency of the system has been confirmed by experience of many companies. Improvements of the system in past decades and variety of methods used makes it useful and favoured by users. In scientific literature “Lean” is considered as philosophy of management – a system of production and management. The purpose of the system is to minimize volumes of work, which is considered a loss, and in turn to increase the amount of added-value work. An organization‘s management system must be evaluated to determine if it meets the requirements of the “Lean” system, identifying the need for implementation. As a result, such a system can be implemented in any company. This can be based on examples from various companies. The article discusses the implementation of the “Lean” system in a public catering company, a bank and even in a specialized personal health care institution.
Paauglių delinkventinio elgesio apraiškos mokykloje
Authors: Padgurskytė Vaida 
Published: July 2019

Paauglystė yra itin svarbus periodas žmogaus gyvenime. Noras tapti nepriklausoma asmenybe tampa prioritetu, kurio siekiama įvairiais būdais – priimtinais ir laužančiais nusistovėjusias visuomenės normas bei standartus. Tačiau dažnas paauglys sunkiai geba atsirinkti, koks elgesys ir veiksmai yra priimtini, o kurie visuomenėje laikomi žalingais. Jaunimas bando išmėginti viską, kad suprastų, ko nori iš jo visuomenė ir ko siekia jis pats. Mokykla yra antroji socialinė aplinka (po šeimos), kurioje paauglio elgesys yra atspindys, ko mokoma šeimoje ir kokios vertybės perteikiamos naujai susiformavusiai asmenybei.
Moksliniais tyrimais galima pagrįsti, kad Lietuvos ir užsienio mokslininkams delinkventinis paauglių elgesys, jo apraiškos, problematika yra itin aktuali tyrimų tema. Atlikus tyrimą išsiaiškinta, kad delinkventinio elgesio apraiškos mokykloje yra labai įvairios. Apibendrindami gautus apklausos rezultatus, galime teigti, jog rūkymas, patyčios, necenzūrinė leksika, konfliktai tarp mokinių, jaunesnių mokinių užkabinėjimas, siekis dominuoti paauglių rate yra dažni reiškiniai šių dienų mokykloje, todėl šie faktai leidžia sunerimti dėl kai kurių mokinių elgesio ugdymo aplinkoje. Tačiau dauguma apklaustųjų teigė, kad elgiasi tinkamai, daug dėmesio skiria mokslams ir neturi laiko užsiimti netinka veikla.
Teachers’ beliefs and practices regarding young children’s leadership: A comparison between New Zealand and Honduras
Authors: Cerrato Maria Auxiliadora , Thornton Kate , Haggerty Maggie 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Young children’s leadership is an under-researched area. This article reports how teachers of 4 and 5 year old children in New Zealand and Honduras conceptualise and encourage children’s leadership. Data were gathered through semi-structured interviews and observations of teaching practice. The findings suggest that there are differences between New Zealand and Honduran teachers’ beliefs and practices regarding children’s leadership. While teachers in New Zealand settings encouraged leadership by empowering children to assume leadership roles, teachers in the Honduran settings allocated leadership opportunities. In addition, New Zealand teachers viewed young leaders as sharing leadership and leading their learning, whereas Honduran teachers viewed them as influencing peers. These findings may encourage teachers to reflect on how their beliefs regarding children’s leadership guide their teaching practice.
Characteristics And Use Of Multicopper Oxidases Enzymes
Authors: Góralczyk-Bińkowska Aleksandra , Jasińska Anna , Długoński Jerzy 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Multicopper oxidases (MCOs) are a large family of blue copper proteins which contain from one to six copper atoms per molecule. Their catalytic centre consists of three domains which involve type I Cu, type II Cu and a pair of type III Cu’s. They include laccases, ferroxidases, ascorbate oxidase, bilirubin oxidase, laccase-like multicopper oxidases. MCOs are capable of one-electron oxidizing of aromatic as well as non-aromatic compounds with a concomitant four-electron reduction of molecular oxygen to water. These properties make them a valuable tool in various industries (e.g. food, textile, pharmaceutical) medicine or environment protection.
1. Introduction. 2. Multicopper oxidases – classification, structure and properties. 3. Identification methods of MCOs. 4. Laccases vs. others MCOs. 5. Application of multicopper oxidases. 6. Summary
New Species Of Bacteria In Human Infections
Authors: Sękowska Alicja , Gospodarek-Komkowska Eugenia 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
In the last few years, there have been works in literature describing clinical cases of infections with bacteria previously considered to be non-pathogenic. So far, these bacteria have been commonly isolated from the natural environment: water, soil, plants, and isolation from a sample of clinical material has often been considered an impurity. Therefore, the aim of the paper was to draw attention to newly emerging bacterial species, their characteristics, biochemical properties, virulence factors and predisposition to selected forms of infection in groups of patients with specific risk factors. The impact on the more frequent isolation of species of bacteria previously considered to be non-pathogenic has several aspects: reliable diagnostic methods, including correct identification of the species, enabling the differentiation of closely related bacteria, the growing group of immune-compromised patients and with infectious risk factors (such as older age, diabetes, tumours, organ transplantation), more susceptible to infection, also with less pathogenic microorganisms. Greater adaptability of bacteria to new environmental conditions, including the human body, are also worth mentioning. The pathogenic effect of these bacteria, mainly related to the production of biofilms and factors conditioning adhesion to host cells or biomaterials, facilitating colonization and subsequent infection, is also important.
The progress in medicine that has taken place in recent years has positively influenced the life expectancy of patients with certain diseases and in many situations, it contributed to an improvement in its quality. Unfortunately, it also made it possible to cause infection with bacteria that were previously considered to be low or non-pathogenic.
1. Introduction. 2. Gram-positive rods 3. Streptococci with special nutritional requirements 4. Gram-negative rods. 5. Summary
Taxonomy Of Dermatophytes – The Classification Systems May Change But The Identification Problems Remain The Same
Authors: Gnat Sebastian , Nowakiewicz Aneta , Zięba Przemysław 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Fungal infections of the skin, hair, and nails are the most prevalent among all fungal infections, currently affecting over 20–25% of the world’s human and animal populations. Dermatophytes are the etiological factors of the most superficial fungal infections. Among other pathogenic filamentous fungi, what distinguishes them is their unique attribute to degrade keratin. The remarkable ability of this group of fungi to survive in different ecosystems results from their morphological and ecological diversity as well as high adaptability to changing environmental conditions. Dermatophytes, although they are one of the oldest groups of microorganisms recognised as pathogens, have not been classified in a stable taxonomic system for a long time. In terms of diagnostics, dermatophytes still pose a serious problem in the identification procedure, which is often related to therapeutic errors. The increasing number of infections (including zoonoses), the lack of taxonomic stability, and the ambiguous clinical picture of dermatomycosis cases necessitate the search for new methods for the rapid, cheap, and reproducible species identification of these fungi. In turn, the species identification is determined by the clarity of classification criteria combined with the taxonomic division generally accepted by microbiologists and referring to the views expressed by clinicians, epidemiologists, and scientists. In this paper, the authors present the evolution of taxonomic systems for dermatophytes over the history of microbiology development. The discovery of new facts about the biology and ecology of dermatophytes and the development of techniques applied in a mycological diagnosis laboratory facilitated the development of new identification strategies at various points in the history. The modern molecular classification system of these pathogens seems to be stable and widely accepted. However, will it end the long-standing classification confusion and the period of hundreds of nomenclatural changes, which are a diagnostician’s nightmare? It can be argued that the taxonomy of dermatophytes, in particular that of anthropophilic species, is sufficiently established and stable for the benefit of both clinicians and scientists.
1. Introduction. 2. First dermatophyte classification systems. 3. Phenotypic classification systems. 4. “Biological” era in the classification. 5. Ecological division of dermatophytes. 6. Molecular revolution in the taxonomy of dermatophytes. 7. Taxonomic problems in mycology. 8. Clinical aspect of the taxonomy of dermatophytes. 9. Current classification system. 10. Indistinguishable «species complexes». 11. Summary
Endophytic Bacteria In The Phytodegradation Of Persistent Organic Pollutants
Authors: Chlebek Daria , Hupert-Kocurek Katarzyna 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Organic pollutants are released into the environment as a result of various human activities. Traditional physical and chemical methods for the clean-up of contaminated soil and water are often costly and invasive. A good alternative to the above methods is bacteria-assisted phytodegradation. Recently, particular attention has been focused on endophytic bacteria equipped with appropriate metabolic pathways, increasing the efficiency of organic compound degradation, and promoting plant growth. Endophytic bacteria are known to degrade various classes of organic compounds such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), volatile and monocyclic organic compounds, explosives as well as pesticides. They may also assist the bioremediation of greenhouse gases such as methane and carbon dioxide. Additionally, endophytic bacteria can promote the growth and development of plants through a wide range of direct and indirect mechanisms, which also affect the effectiveness of phytoremediation processes.
1. Introduction. 2. Phytodegradation of organic pollutants. 3. Sources of endophytic bacteria enhancing phytodegradation. 4. Organic pollutants degraded by endophytic bacteria. 5. Genetic basis of xenobiotics degradation in endophytic bacteria. 6. Mechanisms enhancing microbe-assisted phytodegradation. 7. Summary
New Data On Isopenicillin N Synthase And Peroxisome Co-Location In The Hyphal Cells Of Penicillium Chrysogenum PQ-96 – Pexophagy And Exocytosis
Authors: Kurzątkowski Wiesław , Górska Paulina , Główka Małgorzata , Woźnica Katarzyna , Zasada Aleksandra 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The machinery of antibiotic production by Penicillium chrysogenum PQ-96 is composed of co-located cytosolic and peroxisomal enzymes of the penicillin G biosynthesis pathway. Pexophagy and exocytosis should be currently considered as an alternative for penicillin G secretion from the mycelial cells. Penicillin G overproduction is a cellular detoxification process, protecting the mycelium from the toxicity of the antibiotic precursor.
1. Introduction. 2. Peroxisomal functions and penicillin G biosynthesis. 3. Immunoelectron microscopyof isopenicillin N synthase. 4. Ultrastructural localization of peroxisomes. 5. Pexophagy and exocytosis – secretion of penicillin G. 6. Conclusions
Cell Banks Preparation In Biopharmaceuticals Production
Authors: Sobolewska-Ruta Agnieszka , Zaleski Piotr 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The fast development of the biopharmaceutical market is correlated with the growing number and availability of technologies for the production of so-called biodrugs. One of the main procedures for therapeutic protein production is based on bacterial expression systems. In order to maintain the constant quality and homogeneity of the initial inoculum, the cell bank must be created in full accordance with quality standards. The first step should be the establishment of a Master Cell Bank (MCB), which must be performed in a laboratory that meets high quality standards and according to well-described main procedures. The MCB should be initiated from a single well-characterised bacterial colony. A Working Cell Bank (WCB) is usually prepared as a second step from one or few vials deposited in the MCB. The WCB must be characterised for bacterial strain homology and be free of any biological cross contamination. This paper describes the main requirements and good practises for the preparation of a cell bank suitable for constant and reproducible production of biopharmaceuticals.
1. Introduction. 2. Prokaryotic expression system. 3. Cell banking system. 4. Cell banks characterization. 4.1. Conformation of identity (properties) of the bacterial strain. 4.2. Confirmation of the purity of the bacterial strain. 5. Summary