bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anti-receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand antibody treatment increases osteoclastogenesis-promoting IL-8 in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Morita Takayoshi , Shima Yoshihito , Fujimoto Kosuke , Tsuboi Hideki , Saeki Yukihiko , Narazaki Masashi , Ogata Atsushi , Kumanogoh Atsushi 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
The receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL) is an important factor for osteoclastogenesis and contributes to the pathology of rheumatoid arthritis (RA); thus, the anti-RANKL antibody (Ab) has been expected to protect joint destruction in RA patients. IL-8 also has osteoclastogenic activity; however, the role of IL-8 in the bone pathology of RA as well as the relation between IL-8 and RANKL remain unclear. In the present study, clinical observation revealed serum IL-8 levels of 611 pg ml−1 in RA patients with anti-RANKL Ab and 266 pg ml−1 in the same patients without anti-RANKL Ab. In vitro assay showed that anti-RANKL Ab induced production of IL-8 from pre-osteoclast-like cells (OCLs), and IL-8 promoted the formation of OCLs from peripheral monocytes even without RANKL activity. We further showed that treatment with FK506 (tacrolimus) possibly inhibits the increase in IL-8 levels in RA patients with anti-RANKL Ab, and in vitro assay confirmed that FK506 suppressed IL-8 production in pre-OCLs. These results suggest that inhibition of RANKL induces the change in osteoclastogenesis-promoting factor from RANKL to IL-8, and FK506 may be a valuable combination drug to support the use of anti-RANKL Ab in treatment of RA.
Crossing Borders in the Summer of 1935: Fritz Fürstenberg’s Photographs of Persecution in National Socialist Germany
Authors: Kreutzmüller Christoph , Ziehe Theresia 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
While there are hundreds of written accounts of the Holocaust, there are only a few photographs known to document the fate of the persecuted from their own point of view. This article presents the case study of a photographic series taken inside Germany by Jewish businessman Fritz Fürstenberg in order to provide evidence of National Socialist persecution beyond its borders. After a close reading that reveals where and under which circumstances Fürstenberg took his photographs, the article broadens its scope to discuss how the images were eventually used in the Netherlands as a means of documenting National Socialist persecution. In the process, the article’s authors add another layer to the ‘integrated history’ famously advocated by Saul Friedländer, and call attention to the astonishing fact that research into such private photographs is still a desideratum—and as such a promising field for future research.
Parameters to Be Measured during Exercise
Authors: Thomas Gregory S. , Ellestad Myrvin H. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
The chapter Parameters to be Measured During Exercise reviews the physiologic changes with exercise which indicate health and disease. Key parameters include blood pressure, heart rate, electrocardiographic changes, exercise duration, maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max), and anaerobic threshold. An in-depth review and consensus estimate is provided to estimate metabolic equivalents (METs) achieved based on exercise duration on the Bruce and Ellestad protocols. Use of bipolar leads for detection of exercise induced myocardial ischemia is discussed, typified by CM5 which captures up to 90% of patients with an electrocardiographic manifestation of ischemia. Changes in murmurs that occur with exercise are reviewed; walk-through angina and chronotropic incompetence.
Stress Testing Protocols
Authors: Thomas Gregory S. , Ellestad Myrvin H. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
The chapter Exercise Testing Protocols compares the types of protocols available. Historically, exercise testing began with protocols eliciting a submaximal effort. With time, other protocols were developed including intermittent exercise with rest between exercise stages, a ramp protocol with gradually increasing stages, bicycle ergometry, isometric testing and mental stress testing. Given their ability to measure or estimate maximal oxygen consumption (V̇02max) and assess myocardial ischemia during and a peak exercise, maximal treadmill exercise protocols became the most popular. Most commonly used have been those of Bruce, Ellestad, Balke and Ware, Astrand, and Cornell. All successfully achieve maximal workload in a predictable manner.
Supervision of Stress Testing by Nonphysicians
Authors: Coats Nancy P. , Oaks Lisa A. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
The chapter Supervision of Stress Testing by Nonphysicians reviews the opportunity and competency requirements of advanced practice nurses supervising exercise and vasodilator stress tests. The multisociety Task Force Statement on Clinical Competency is reviewed detailing the cognitive and skill competencies necessary for non-physician and physician supervision of stress testing. The impact of regulations of the US Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services on nonphysician supervision is analyzed. Step-by-step recommendations for test performance by nonphysicians is reviewed including preparation, review of patient history and past diagnostic testing, test supervision, and reporting. Guidelines for exercise physiologist supervision of exercise testing are discussed. Opportunities to maximize patient safety and manage adverse events are discussed. A comprehensive review of the impact of drug interactions with exercise and pharmacologic testing is included.
Making Clinical Decisions Based on Treadmill Exercise Testing without Imaging
Authors: Wann L. Samuel , Thomas Gregory S. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
The chapter Making Clinical Decisions Based on Exercise Testing without Imaging highlights the opportunities to diagnose and predict prognosis with exercise testing separate from the integration of myocardial perfusion imaging with single photon emission computed tomography or positron emission tomography, stress echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, and coronary calcium scoring. Exercise testing is increasing dominated by use of evermore sophisticated imaging techniques that have improved the sensitivity and specificity of stress testing for detecting and characterizing myocardial ischemia but greatly increasing cost and complexity. This chapter discusses the insights to be gained from direct, personal observation of a patient as he or she exercises, including changes in ECG, blood pressure, and pulse with the degree of exercise. The diagnostic algorithm of Bourque and Beller for the evaluation of stable angina is reviewed.
Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Responses to Exercise
Authors: Sylvies Fiona R. , Ellestad Myrvin H. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
The chapter Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Responses to Exercise reviews the changes in cardiac function when called upon to increase its output of oxygenated blood during exercise. A deep understanding of exercise physiology enhances one’s ability to understand the pathophysiology of ischemia and coronary artery disease (CAD) inherent in the performance of stress testing. With the onset of exercise, the body exhibits an almost immediate response through alterations in heart rate, preload, contractility, stroke volume, and coronary blood flow, all to compensate for augmented metabolic demands. Individual characteristics such as age, sex, and fitness impact a person’s physiological response to exertion. Differences in exercise modality, duration, intensity, and frequency will provoke unique responses, which can be utilized to design exercise prescriptions specific to a patient’s goals and medical needs.
The Pediatric Airway
Authors: Clark Lowell , Tomek Stephen 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
The practice of procedural sedation involves the use of medications that alter upper airway function and patency because of myoneural suppression of anatomic airway elements. It is the specific responsibility of the sedationist to ensure upper airway patency during conditions induced by pharmaceuticals in which the airway is almost certain to be threatened, if not totally obstructed. Soft tissue collapse during inspiration is modeled by the Starling resistor. Airway protective reflexes may be profoundly disturbed during deep sedation. The sedationist’s knowledge of the anatomy and physiology of the upper airway and proficiency in clinical application of airway supportive principles are essential.
Urgent Sedation (Unscheduled Procedural Sedation) in the Emergency Department
Authors: Jackson Benjamin F. , Pifko Elysha 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
The emergency department (ED) commonly manages patients who require urgent/emergent painful or anxiety-provoking diagnostic or therapeutic procedures. Safe, appropriate, high-quality procedural sedation/analgesia (PSA) is an essential aspect of ED care of pediatric patients that increases the likelihood of procedural success and improves overall patient satisfaction. Emergency Medicine physicians are trained to stratify the risks and benefits of PSA and to manage any complications. Important factors to consider prior to PSA in the ED include patient selection, procedural complexity, procedural urgency, necessary personnel, and pharmacologic options. In general, performing simple procedures with few anticipated complications on patients with favorable cardiorespiratory anatomy and physiology without prior sedation complications is the ideal situation for PSA in the ED.
Intravascular Access
Authors: Fine Jenna , Nwokorie Ndidi , Lowrie Lia H. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Vascular access is necessary for routine and emergent care of patients for delivery of fluids and medications. The vascular access devices (VADs) discussed here include peripheral intravascular catheters, intraosseous needles, peripherally inserted central catheters (PICC lines), and central venous catheters. VAD insertion can be painful and frightening for children, and their inherently smaller anatomy may also make the procedure more challenging. Children often require behavioral modification as well as medications to control pain and anxiety in order to tolerate placement of VADs. The sedationist must have a good knowledge of the demands of the procedure, the patient’s level of cooperation and cognitive ability, and pharmacologic resources available to aid in the performance of the procedure.
Regulatory Issues
Authors: Sturm Jesse J. , Connors Jerard (Mick) 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Under current Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) regulations, hospitals are responsible for establishing policies and procedures that differentiate anesthesia from analgesia/sedation. They are also responsible for determining the qualifications for practitioners who administer sedation based on nationally recognized guidelines. CMS regulations require the anesthesia service in CMS-certified hospitals to develop hospital policies and procedures governing the provision of all categories of anesthesia services, including specifying the minimum qualifications for practitioners permitted to provide procedural sedation. Additional regulatory bodies such as state survey agencies, which may include departments of health and accrediting organizations, follow CMS interpretive guidelines to determine a facility’s compliance with the Medicare Conditions of Participation. State laws, health department requirements, professional boards, accrediting organization standards, and facility bylaws and policy may exceed CMS requirements.
Controversies About Rates of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in U.S. Vietnam Veterans
Authors: Dohrenwend Bruce P. , Turner J. Blake , Turse Nick , Adams Ben G. , Koenen Karestan C. , Marshall Randall 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This chapter reexamines past estimates that 30.9% of veterans had developed PTSD during their lifetimes and that 15.2% were currently suffering from PTSD. The 1988 National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study (NVVRS) of a representative sample of 1,200 male veterans also found a strong dose–response relationship: as retrospective reports of combat exposure increased, PTSD occurrence increased. Skeptics have argued that these results are inflated by recall bias and other flaws. This chapter uses military records to construct a new exposure measure and to cross-check exposure reports in rigorous diagnoses of a subsample of 260 veterans. It finds little evidence of falsification, an even stronger dose–response relationship, and psychological costs that were lower than previously estimated but still substantial: 18.7% of the veterans had developed war-related PTSD during their lifetimes, and 9.1% were currently suffering from PTSD 11–12 years after the war.
Fungal immunology in clinical practice: Magical realism or practical reality?
Authors: Chang Christina C , Levitz Stuart M 
Published: January 2019

AbstractInvasive fungal infections (IFIs) occur predominantly in immunocompromised individuals but can also be seen in previously well persons. The human innate immune system recognizes key components of the fungal cell wall as foreign resulting in a myriad of signaling cascades. This triggers release of antifungal molecules as well as adaptive immune responses, which kill or at least contain the invading fungi. However, these defences may fail in hosts with primary or secondary immunodeficiencies resulting in IFIs. Knowledge of a patient's immune status enables the clinician to predict the fungal infections most likely to occur. Moreover, the occurrence of an opportunistic mycosis in a patient without known immunocompromise usually should prompt a search for an occult immune defect. A rapidly expanding number of primary and secondary immunodeficiencies associated with mycoses has been identified. An investigative approach to determining the nature of these immunodeficiencies is suggested to help guide clinicians encountering patients with IFI. Finally, promising adjunctive immunotherapy measures are currently being investigated in IFI.
Lessons from the curious case of the ‘fastest’ star in Gaia DR2
Authors: Boubert D , Strader J , Aguado D , Seabroke G , Koposov S E , Sanders J L , Swihart S , Chomiuk L , Evans N W 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Gaia DR2 5932173855446728064 was recently proposed to be unbound from the Milky Way based on the $-614.3\pm 2.5\, \mathrm{km}\, \mathrm{s}^{-1}$ median radial velocity given in Gaia DR2. We obtained eight epochs of spectroscopic follow-up and find a very different median radial velocity of $-56.5 \pm 5.3\, \mathrm{km}\, \mathrm{s}^{-1}$. If this difference were to be explained by binarity, then the unseen companion would be an intermediate-mass black hole; we therefore argue that the Gaia DR2 radial velocity must be in error. We find it likely that the spectra obtained by Gaia were dominated by the light from a star $4.3\, \mathrm{arcsec}$ away, and that, due to the slitless, time delay integration nature of Gaia spectroscopy, this angular offset corresponded to a spurious $620\, \mathrm{km}\, \mathrm{s}^{-1}$ shift in the calcium triplet of the second star. We argue that such unanticipated alignments between stars may account for 105 of the 202 stars with radial velocities faster than $500\, \mathrm{km}\, \mathrm{s}^{-1}$ in Gaia DR2 and propose a quality cut to exclude stars that are susceptible. We propose further cuts to remove stars where the colour photometry is suspect and stars where the radial velocity measurement is based on fewer than four transits, and thus produce an unprecedentedly clean selection of Gaia radial velocities for use in studies of Galactic dynamics.
Stereotactic Lesion in the Forel's Field H: A 2-Years Prospective Open-Label Study on Motor and Nonmotor Symptoms, Neuropsychological Functions, and Quality of Life in Parkinson Disease
Authors: Godinho Fabio , Magnin Michel , Filho Paulo Terzian , Reis Paul , Moraes Osmar , Nascimento Marivaldo , Costa Carlos , de Oliveira Maira Okada , Rocha Maria Sheila 
Published: January 2019

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Stereotactic lesion in the Forel's field H (campotomy) was proposed in 1963 to treat Parkinson disease (PD) symptoms. Despite its rationale, very few data on this approach have emerged. Additionally, no study has assessed its effects on nonmotor symptoms, neuropsychological functions and quality of life.

OBJECTIVE
To provide a prospective 2-yr assessment of motor, nonmotor, neuropsychological and quality of life variables after unilateral campotomy.

METHODS
Twelve PD patients were prospectively evaluated using the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), the Dyskinesia Rating Scale and the Parkinson's disease quality of life questionnaire (PDQ39) before campotomy, and after 6 and 24 mo. Nonmotor, neuropsychiatric, neuropsychological and quality of life variables were assessed. The impact of PD on global health was also rated.

RESULTS
A significant reduction in contralateral rest tremor (65.7%, P < .001), rigidity (87.8%, P < .001), bradykinesia (68%, P < .001) and axial symptoms (24.2%, P < .05) in offmedication condition led to a 43.9% reduction in UPSDRS III scores 2 yr after campotomy (P < .001). Gait improved by 31.9% (P < .05) and walking time to cover 7 m was reduced by 43.2% (P < .05). Pain decreased by 33.4% (P < .01), while neuropsychiatric and neuropsychological functions did not change. Quality of life improved by 37.8% (P < .05), in line with a 46.7% reduction of disease impact on global health (P < .001).

CONCLUSION
A significant 2-yr improvement of motor symptoms, gait performance and pain was obtained after unilateral campotomy without significant changes to cognition. Quality of life markedly improved in parallel with a significant reduction of PD burden on global health.
Management of Iatrogenic Internal Carotid Artery Dissection and Middle Cerebral Artery Restenosis during Endovascular Treatment of Acute Stroke: Video Case
Authors: Vakharia Kunal , Waqas Muhammad , Munich Stephan A , McPheeters Matthew J , Levy Elad I 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Iatrogenic dissection of the internal carotid artery (ICA) during endovascular approaches is challenging. This video illustrates a case of iatrogenic ICA dissection at the skull base during mechanical thrombectomy for M1 occlusion. This case was further complicated by post-thrombectomy M1 restenosis that did not improve with submaximal angioplasty. ICA dissection occurred while navigating the guide catheter into the distal cervical ICA over a 0.38 inch Glidewire (MicroVention-Terumo, Aliso Viejo, California). The dissection flap was crossed with a SofiaPlus intermediate catheter (MicroVention-Terumo), Velocity microcatheter (Penumbra, Alameda, California), and double-ended 0.18 inch wire. The M1 occlusion was crossed and treated with Solumbra technique by pulling a Solitaire stent-retriever (Medtronic, Dublin, Ireland) through a SofiaPlus aspiration catheter (MicroVention). Post-recanalization M1 stenosis was noted, which was believed to be due to underlying intracranial atherosclerotic disease because of the appearance of platelet aggregation instead of a typical vasospasm response to a stent-retriever. A noncompliant Gateway 2 × 12 mm balloon catheter (Stryker Neurovascular, Kalamazoo, Michigan) was used to cross the lesion and perform submaximal angioplasty. Next, the dissection was treated by advancing a NeuronMAX guide catheter (Penumbra) over the SofiaPlus into the vertical petrous carotid artery beyond the dissection flap and unsheathing a Wallstent (Stryker Neurovascular) across the flap. Because of progressive M1 restenosis, a Wingspan stent (Stryker Neurovascular) was deployed. Final runs demonstrated Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction 2C recanalization. Pre-stenting thrombectomy was chosen because the duration of symptoms was >48 h; thus, determining the risk of reperfusion hemorrhage by evaluating intracranial shunting before stenting was prudent. Reperfusion hemorrhage would complicate the antiplatelet agent therapy necessary for stent placement.
Consent was obtained from the patient prior to performing the procedure. Institutional review board approval is not required for the report of a single case.
Professionalizing Criminal Investigation—An Examination of an Early Attempt to Support Specialization in Criminal Investigation
Authors: Tong Stephen , O’Neill Martin 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This article explores perceptions of individuals involved in an early attempt to professionalize detective work in Kent, UK. In 2000, Kent Police developed a Strategic Policing Doctrine incorporating a learning and development strategy. These ideas resulted in a partnership between Kent Police and Canterbury Christ Church University producing the Advanced Detective Training (ADT) programme including a university qualification, the BSc (Hons) in Applied Criminal Investigation delivered between 2001 and 2006. This research, conducted in 2016, used semi-structured interviews with 27 participants including: trainers, academic staff, students, and the Chief Constable. The research revealed that there were challenges in the selection of candidates, use of the term ‘advanced’ in the programme title and the abstraction of ADT trainees. A very high proportion of ADT officers valued the ‘training’ part of the programme with the majority valuing the ‘academic input’. This research provides a useful analysis of previous attempts to develop detective professionalization and accredited learning relevant for programme designers responding to the introduction of the Police Education Qualification Framework and direct entry and fast track detective training.
Response to Conservative Treatment for Thumb Carpometacarpal Osteoarthritis Is Associated With Conversion to Surgery: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Tsehaie Jonathan , Porsius Jarry T , Rizopoulos Dimitris , Slijper Harm P , Feitz Reinier , Hovius Steven E R , Selles Ruud W 
Published: January 2019

Abstract

Background
The current guidelines for treatment of carpometacarpal osteoarthritis recommend starting with conservative treatment before a surgical procedure is considered.

Objective
The objective was to investigate how response to conservative treatment, in terms of pain and hand function, influences the hazard that patients convert to surgical treatment.

Design
This was a multicenter, prospective cohort study.

Methods
Participants comprised 701 patients who received 3 months of hand therapy and an orthosis. Pain and function were measured with the Michigan Hand Questionnaire (MHQ) at baseline and at 6 weeks and 3 months follow-up. Conversion to surgical treatment was recorded from clinical records. Joint modeling (a statistical method of combining prediction models) was used to perform the analysis and to calculate hazard ratios (HRs).

Results
The joint analytical model showed that both MHQ pain score at a certain point (HR = 0.93; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.92–0.94) and change in MHQ pain score (HR = 1.07; 95% CI = 1.06–1.09) during conservative treatment was significantly associated with conversion to surgical treatment. The joint analytical model between functional outcome and conversion to surgical treatment showed only a significant association between MHQ function at a certain point (HR = 0.97; 95% CI = 0.95–0.99), and no significant association between the change in MHQ score for function (HR = 1.0; 95% CI = 1.0–1.0) and conversion to surgical treatment.

Limitations
Missing data might have resulted in biased estimates.

Conclusions
Self-reported pain and function, as well as change in self-reported pain during treatment, were associated with the hazard of conversion to surgical treatment, whereas change in self-reported functioning was not associated with conversion. Because a reduction in pain during conservative treatment appears to decrease the rate of conversion to surgical treatment, it is advised to structurally monitor pain levels during treatment.
Listen to the author interview at https://academic.oup.com/ptj/pages/podcasts