bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multiple Criteria Evaluation and the Inverse Hierarchy Model for Justifying the Choice of Rail Transport Mode
Authors: Sivilevičius Henrikas , Maskeliūnaitė Lijana 
Published: March 2018

The choice of a particular mode of transport as an alternative to another one is subjective and usually based on an individual passenger’s approach to the evaluation of advantages and disadvantages of some particular means of transport. The paper presents the methods of analysing the reasons for passengers’ choice of travelling by train as an alternative to using air transport and the results obtained in the research. The 16 criteria (sub-criteria), describing the advantages of travelling by rail over air travel, are defined. The data of the survey questionnaire filled by 52 passengers of the Vilnius–Moscow train and the ranks assigned by them to the considered criteria are described. The average ranks of all 16 criteria and their normalized subjective weights are calculated by using a new method of average rank transformation into weight (ARTIW). The average ranks assigned by the passengers of the train to sub-criteria and the calculated global weights show what criteria are most important. Using the inverse hierarchy model based on the sub-criteria weights, the most and the least important groups of criteria are determined. The institutions and companies engaged in passenger transportation by rail, which give priority to improving the services described by the most important criteria, can make this mode of transport more attractive to people.
BANHEIRO REQUEER: PROTOCOLO TEATRAL VERBO-VISUAL EM DISCURSO
Authors: Gonçalves Jean Carlos , Araújo Reinaldo Kovalski 
Published: March 2018

O artigo trata de uma experiência de formação vivenciada em um grupo de pesquisa no ano de 2013 na Faculdade de Artes do Paraná. O projeto envolveu dez professoras acadêmicas e egressas do curso de Licenciatura em Teatro, e teve por objetivo a montagem de um espetáculo que abordasse as discussões sobre gênero, corpo e identidades, mediadas pelo teatro educação. As narrativas das professoras participantes desse grupo compõem o corpus de uma pesquisa de mestrado, que teve a análise do discurso (AD) na produção de sentidos sobre corpo e identidades a partir de protocolos teatrais confeccionados pelas participantes do projeto.
Nonlinear Electrostatic Steepening of Whistler Waves: The Guiding Factors and Dynamics in Inhomogeneous Systems
Authors: Agapitov O. , Drake J. F. , Vasko I. , Mozer F. S. , Artemyev A. , Krasnoselskikh V. , Angelopoulos V. , Wygant J. , Reeves G. D. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractWhistler mode chorus waves are particularly important in outer radiation belt dynamics due to their key role in controlling the acceleration and scattering of electrons over a very wide energy range. The efficiency of wave‐particle resonant interactions is defined by whistler wave properties which have been described by the approximation of plane linear waves propagating through the cold plasma of the inner magnetosphere. However, recent observations of extremely high‐amplitude whistlers suggest the importance of nonlinear wave‐particle interactions for the dynamics of the outer radiation belt. Oblique chorus waves observed in the inner magnetosphere often exhibit drastically nonsinusoidal (with significant power in the higher harmonics) waveforms of the parallel electric field, presumably due to the feedback from hot resonant electrons. We have considered the nature and properties of such nonlinear whistler waves observed by the Van Allen Probes and Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions define during Substorms in the inner magnetosphere, and we show that the significant enhancement of the wave electrostatic component can result from whistler wave coupling with the beam‐driven electrostatic mode through the resonant interaction with hot electron beams. Being modulated by a whistler wave, the electron beam generates a driven electrostatic mode significantly enhancing the parallel electric field of the initial whistler wave. We confirm this mechanism using a self‐consistent particle‐in‐cell simulation. The nonlinear electrostatic component manifests properties of the beam‐driven electron acoustic mode and can be responsible for effective electron acceleration in the inhomogeneous magnetic field.
Faster Traveling Atmosphere Disturbances Caused by Polar Ionosphere Turbulence Heating
Authors: Liu Jing , Wang Wenbin , Burns Alan , Oppenheim Meers , Dimant Yakov 
Published: March 2018

AbstractA new module, which includes both the turbulence electron heating and the electron‐neutral cooling rate correction associated with the Farley‐Buneman onstability (FBI) in the National Center for Atmospheric Research‐Thermosphere Ionosphere Electrodynamics Global Circulation Model, enables us, for the first time, to investigate the intimate coupling between polar turbulence electron heating and thermosphere disturbances in the context of a first‐principle, self‐consistent model. Our simulation results show that during geomagnetic storms, after taking the FBI effects into account, Joule heating is almost doubled in the E region at these locations of strong convection electric field. This increases (~6%) the phase speed of traveling atmosphere disturbances at around 400 km that are launched from both hemispheres. Additional heating sources also directly produce a divergence in the zonal wind with magnitudes of 20 m/s in the lower thermosphere. However, the FBI impact on the thermosphere at F region altitudes is not so straightforward. E region anomalous electron heating in association with the FBI can change the phase speeds and magnitudes of traveling atmosphere disturbances from high latitudes in both hemispheres and consequently modify global neutral wind circulation at F region altitudes. This, in turn, can affect the neutral temperature through adiabatic compressional heating and expansive cooling by about 40 K. This study demonstrates how the ionosphere‐thermosphere physical processes across different temporal and spatial scales are tightly coupled together throughout the whole upper atmosphere domain.
A Study of Observations of Ionospheric Upwelling Made by the EISCAT Svalbard Radar During the International Polar Year Campaign of 2007
Authors: David T. W. , Wright D. M. , Milan S. E. , Cowley S. W. H. , Davies J. A. , McCrea I. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractWe have used EISCAT Svalbard Radar data, obtained during the International Polar Year 2007 campaign, to study ionospheric upflow events with fluxes exceeding 1013 m−2 s−1. In this study, we have classified the upflow events into low, medium, and high flux upflows, and we report on the incidence and seasonal distribution of these different classes. It is observed that high upflow fluxes are comparatively rare and low flux upflow events are a frequent phenomenon. Analysis shows that occurrence peaks around local noon at 31%, 16%, and 2% for low, medium, and high‐flux upflow, respectively, during geomagnetically disturbed periods. In agreement with previous studies on vertical and field‐aligned flows, ion upflow is observed to take place over a wide range of geomagnetic conditions, with downflow flux occurrence being lower than upflow occurrence. In contrast to previous observations, however, the upflow occurrence is greater around noon during highly disturbed geomagnetic conditions than for moderate geomagnetic conditions. Analysis of the seasonal distribution reveals that, while high‐flux upflow has its peak around local noon in the summer, with its occurrence being driven predominantly by high geomagnetic disturbance, the occurrence of low‐flux upflow is broadly distributed across all seasons, geomagnetic activity conditions, and times of day. The medium‐flux upflow events, although distributed across all seasons, show an occurrence peak strongly related to high Kp. Furthermore, during highly disturbed conditions, the low‐flux and medium‐flux upflow events show a minimum occurrence during the winter, whereas minimum occurrence for the high‐flux upflow events occurs in autumn.
Assessment of the Impact of FORMOSAT‐7/COSMIC‐2 GNSS RO Observations on Midlatitude and Low‐Latitude Ionosphere Specification: Observing System Simulation Experiments Using Ensemble Square Root Filter
Authors: Hsu C.‐T. , Matsuo T. , Yue X. , Fang T.‐W. , Fuller‐Rowell T. , Ide K. , Liu J.‐Y. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe Formosa Satellite‐7/Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate‐2 (FORMOSAT‐7/COSMIC‐2) Global Navigation Satellite System radio occultation (RO) payload can provide global observations of slant total electron content (sTEC) with an unprecedentedly high spatial temporal resolution. Recently, a new ionospheric data assimilation system, the Community Gridpoint Statistical Interpolation (GSI) Ionosphere, is constructed with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration GSI Ensemble Square Root Filter and the Global Ionosphere Plasmasphere and the Thermosphere Ionosphere Electrodynamic General Circulation Model. The paper demonstrates the capability of the GSI Ionosphere to improve the ionospheric specification and make a quantitative assessment of the impact of FORMOSAT‐7/COSMIC‐2 RO data on the ionospheric observing system simulation experiments conducted to calibrate key Ensemble Square Root Filter parameters that control detrimental effects of the sampling errors, particularly on the ensemble‐based estimation of the correlation between observations and model states, in order to yield high‐quality assimilation analysis. Results from the observing system simulation experiments show that (1) an ensemble size larger than 70 is recommended for assimilation of RO sTEC data with the GSI Ionosphere and (2) localizing the impact of observations around the tangent points in the horizontal direction with a length scale of 5,000 km is effective in improving assimilation analysis quality. Assimilation of sTEC data from FORMOSAT‐7/COSMIC‐2 can considerably improve the global ionospheric specification through the application of the GSI Ionosphere. The GSI Ionosphere can provide instantaneous global pictures of the ionosphere variability and help characterize day‐to‐day variability of the ionosphere and deepen our understanding of the observed day‐to‐day variability.
Quantitative Evaluation of Radial Diffusion and Local Acceleration Processes During GEM Challenge Events
Authors: Ma Q. , Li W. , Bortnik J. , Thorne R. M. , Chu X. , Ozeke L. G. , Reeves G. D. , Kletzing C. A. , Kurth W. S. , Hospodarsky G. B. , Engebretson M. J. , Spence H. E. , Baker D. N. , Blake J. B. , Fennell J. F. , Claudepierre S. G. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractWe simulate the radiation belt electron flux enhancements during selected Geospace Environment Modeling (GEM) challenge events to quantitatively compare the major processes involved in relativistic electron acceleration under different conditions. Van Allen Probes observed significant electron flux enhancement during both the storm time of 17–18 March 2013 and non–storm time of 19–20 September 2013, but the distributions of plasma waves and energetic electrons for the two events were dramatically different. During 17–18 March 2013, the SYM‐H minimum reached −130 nT, intense chorus waves (peak Bw ~140 pT) occurred at 3.5 < L < 5.5, and several hundred keV to several MeV electron fluxes increased by ~2 orders of magnitude mostly at 3.5 < L < 5.5. During 19–20 September 2013, the SYM‐H remained higher than −30 nT, modestly intense chorus waves (peak Bw ~80 pT) occurred at L > 5.5, and electron fluxes at energies up to 3 MeV increased by a factor of ~5 at L > 5.5. The two electron flux enhancement events were simulated using the available wave distribution and diffusion coefficients from the GEM focus group Quantitative Assessment of Radiation Belt Modeling. By comparing the individual roles of local electron heating and radial transport, our simulation indicates that resonant interaction with chorus waves is the dominant process that accounts for the electron flux enhancement during the storm time event particularly near the flux peak locations, while radial diffusion by ultralow‐frequency waves plays a dominant role in the enhancement during the non–storm time event. Incorporation of both processes reasonably reproduces the observed location and magnitude of electron flux enhancement.
Seismicity During Continental Breakup in the Red Sea Rift of Northern Afar
Authors: Illsley‐Kemp Finnigan , Keir Derek , Bull Jonathan M. , Gernon Thomas M. , Ebinger Cynthia , Ayele Atalay , Hammond James O. S. , Kendall J.‐Michael , Goitom Berhe , Belachew Manahloh 
Published: March 2018

AbstractContinental rifting is a fundamental component of plate tectonics. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of magmatic activity in accommodating extension during late‐stage rifting, yet the mechanisms by which crustal thinning occurs are less clear. The Red Sea rift in Northern Afar presents an opportunity to study the final stages of continental rifting as these active processes are exposed subaerially. Between February 2011 and February 2013 two seismic networks were installed in Ethiopia and Eritrea. We locate 4,951 earthquakes, classify them by frequency content, and calculate 31 focal mechanisms. Results show that seismicity is focused at the rift axis and the western marginal graben. Rift axis seismicity accounts for ∼64% of the seismic moment release and exhibits a swarm‐like behavior. In contrast, seismicity at the marginal graben is characterized by high‐frequency earthquakes that occur at a constant rate. Results suggest that the rift axis remains the primary locus of seismicity. Low‐frequency earthquakes, indicative of magmatic activity, highlight the presence of a magma complex ∼12 km beneath Alu‐Dalafilla at the rift axis. Seismicity at the marginal graben predominantly occurs on westward dipping, antithetic faults. Focal mechanisms show that this seismicity is accommodating E‐W extension. We suggest that the seismic activity at the marginal graben is either caused by upper crustal faulting accommodating enhanced crustal thinning beneath Northern Afar or as a result of flexural faulting between the rift and plateau. This seismicity is occurring in conjunction with magmatic extension at the rift axis, which accommodates the majority of long‐term extension.
The Challenge of Identifying Controls on Cloud Properties and Precipitation Onset for Cumulus Congestus Sampled During MC3E
Authors: Mechem David B. , Giangrande Scott E. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractControls on precipitation onset and the transition from shallow cumulus to congestus are explored using a suite of 16 large‐eddy simulations based on the 25 May 2011 event from the Midlatitude Continental Convective Clouds Experiment (MC3E). The thermodynamic variables in the model are relaxed at various timescales to observationally constrained temperature and moisture profiles in order to better reproduce the observed behavior of precipitation onset and total precipitation. Three of the simulations stand out as best matching the precipitation observations and also perform well for independent comparisons of cloud fraction, precipitation area fraction, and evolution of cloud top occurrence. All three simulations exhibit a destabilization over time, which leads to a transition to deeper clouds, but the evolution of traditional stability metrics by themselves is not able to explain differences in the simulations. Conditionally sampled cloud properties (in particular, mean cloud buoyancy), however, do elicit differences among the simulations. The inability of environmental profiles alone to discern subtle differences among the simulations and the usefulness of conditionally sampled model quantities argue for hybrid observational/modeling approaches. These combined approaches enable a more complete physical understanding of cloud systems by combining observational sampling of time‐varying three‐dimensional meteorological quantities and cloud properties, along with detailed representation of cloud microphysical and dynamical processes from numerical models.
Winter Precipitation Efficiency of Mountain Ranges in the Colorado Rockies Under Climate Change
Authors: Eidhammer Trude , Grubišić Vanda , Rasmussen Roy , Ikdea Kyoko 
Published: March 2018

AbstractOrographic precipitation depends on the environmental conditions and the barrier shape. In this study we examine the sensitivity of the precipitation efficiency (i.e., drying ratio (DR)), defined as the ratio of precipitation to incoming water flux, to mountain shape, temperature, stability, and horizontal velocity of the incoming air mass. Furthermore, we explore how the DR of Colorado mountain ranges might change under warmer and moister conditions in the future. For given environmental conditions, we find the DR to be primarily dependent on the upwind slope for mountain ranges wider than about 70 km and on both the slope and width for narrower ranges. Temperature is found to exert an influence on the DR for all Colorado mountain ranges, with DR decreasing with increasing temperature, under both the current and future climate conditions. The decrease of DR with temperature under warmer climate was found to be stronger for wider mountains than the narrower ones. We attribute this asymmetry to the sensitivity of DR to reduced horizontal velocity under warmer conditions. Specifically, while DR for wider mountains shows no sensitivity to changes in horizontal velocity, the DR for narrow ranges increases as the horizontal velocity decreases and more time is provided for precipitation to form. Thus, for narrower ranges, the horizontal velocity appears to offset the temperature effect slightly. The percentagewise decrease of DR for all examined mountain ranges is about 4%K−1. In comparison, the increase in precipitation is about 6%K−1 while the vapor flux increase is about 9%K−1.
HCN Production via Impact Ejecta Reentry During the Late Heavy Bombardment
Authors: Parkos Devon , Pikus Aaron , Alexeenko Alina , Melosh H. Jay 
Published: March 2018

AbstractMajor impact events have shaped the Earth as we know it. The Late Heavy Bombardment is of particular interest because it immediately precedes the first evidence of life. The reentry of impact ejecta creates numerous chemical by‐products, including biotic precursors such as HCN. This work examines the production of HCN during the Late Heavy Bombardment in more detail. We stochastically simulate the range of impacts on the early Earth and use models developed from existing studies to predict the corresponding ejecta properties. Using multiphase flow methods and finite‐rate equilibrium chemistry, we then find the HCN production due to the resulting atmospheric heating. We use Direct Simulation Monte Carlo to develop a correction factor to account for increased yields due to thermochemical nonequilibrium. We then model 1‐D atmospheric turbulent diffusion to find the time accurate transport of HCN to lower altitudes and ultimately surface water. Existing works estimate the necessary HCN molarity threshold to promote polymerization that is 0.01 M. For a mixing depth of 100 m, we find that the Late Heavy Bombardment will produce at least one impact event above this threshold with probability 24.1% for an oxidized atmosphere and 56.3% for a partially reduced atmosphere. For a mixing depth of 10 m, the probability is 79.5% for an oxidized atmosphere and 96.9% for a partially reduced atmosphere. Therefore, Late Heavy Bombardment impact ejecta is likely an HCN source sufficient for polymerization in shallow bodies of water, particularly if the atmosphere were in a partially reduced state.
A New Coupled Ocean‐Waves‐Atmosphere Model Designed for Tropical Storm Studies: Example of Tropical Cyclone Bejisa (2013–2014) in the South‐West Indian Ocean
Authors: Pianezze J. , Barthe C. , Bielli S. , Tulet P. , Jullien S. , Cambon G. , Bousquet O. , Claeys M. , Cordier E. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractOcean‐Waves‐Atmosphere (OWA) exchanges are not well represented in current Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) systems, which can lead to large uncertainties in tropical cyclone track and intensity forecasts. In order to explore and better understand the impact of OWA interactions on tropical cyclone modeling, a fully coupled OWA system based on the atmospheric model Meso‐NH, the oceanic model CROCO, and the wave model WW3 and called MSWC was designed and applied to the case of tropical cyclone Bejisa (2013–2014). The fully coupled OWA simulation shows good agreement with the literature and available observations. In particular, simulated significant wave height is within 30 cm of measurements made with buoys and altimeters. Short‐term (< 2 days) sensitivity experiments used to highlight the effect of oceanic waves coupling show limited impact on the track, the intensity evolution, and the turbulent surface fluxes of the tropical cyclone. However, it is also shown that using a fully coupled OWA system is essential to obtain consistent sea salt emissions. Spatial and temporal coherence of the sea state with the 10 m wind speed are necessary to produce sea salt aerosol emissions in the right place (in the eyewall of the tropical cyclone) and with the right size distribution, which is critical for cloud microphysics.
VHF Radar Images of Artificial Field‐Aligned Ionospheric Irregularities in the Subauroral E Region
Authors: Hysell D. L. , Munk J. , McCarrick M. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractArtificial E region field‐aligned plasma density irregularities (AFAIs) have been generated using the High‐frequency Active Auroral Research Program (HAARP) ionospheric modification facility in Gakona and observed with a 30 MHz coherent scatter radar imager in Homer, Alaska. The AFAIs were generated using a distinctive, twisted‐beam antenna pattern that illuminated a particularly broad volume overhead. The broad beam facilitates studies of natural sporadic E layer patches when they are present. The center of the pattern was pointed at different angles between zenith and magnetic zenith to examine the effects on the AFAI morphology. Radar images of AFAIs generally resemble the radiation pattern of the high‐frequency source, but the irregularities are strongest within a narrow range of zenith angles bounded approximately by the Spitze angle. A number of factors which might influence AFAI generation and detection are examined. The most important is most likely the requirement for the pump mode to have a standing‐wave component for thermal parametric instability to operate.
Integration processes during frequency graph comprehension: Performance and eye movements while processing tree maps versus pie charts
Authors: Huestegge Lynn , Pötzsch Tristan Herbert 
Published: March 2018

SummaryFrequency graph types differ in the way how data are translated into visual representations. We compared 2 visualization methods, a traditional circular representation (pie chart) and a rectangular representation (constant column width tree map), which were hypothesized to differ regarding the cognitive ease of visual comparison processes. Performance was evaluated in tasks involving proportion and comparison judgments under both highly controlled and more realistic circumstances. The results showed performance benefits (in terms of reduced response times or error rates) for rectangular representations. Additional eye movement analyses revealed that this benefit was mainly due to a facilitation of scanning the graph for relevant information. The results suggest that facilitating comparison processes by representing the critical variable in less complex visual dimensions (i.e., straight length with constant orientation instead of surface area or curved length) eventually enhances the efficiency of integration processes during graph comprehension.