bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Healthcare professionals' level of medication knowledge in Africa: a systematic review
Authors: Berhe Derbew Fikadu , Taxis Katja , Haaijer‐Ruskamp Flora M. , Mol Peter G. M. 
Published: September 2018

AimsUnderstanding how much healthcare professionals (HCPs) know about medication can help in devising strategies to improve rational medication use. This study aimed to synthesize information on the level of medication knowledge of HCPs in Africa.MethodWe performed a systematic literature study in Embase and PubMed. We included original studies quantifying HCPs' medication knowledge, published between 2012 and 2016. We extracted disease focus, country, number and type of HCPs included and all medication‐related knowledge questions and scored the quality of papers. The outcome measure was the percentage of HCPs who correctly answered medication knowledge questions.ResultsWe identified 64 studies from 12 African countries, comprising 13 911 HCPs, mostly nurses/midwifes and physicians. We extracted 306 medication‐related knowledge questions, and only 52% (SD 28) of HCPs correctly answered them. Knowledge questions were mainly about medication prescribed for communicable diseases (70%), followed by non‐communicable diseases (11%), and family planning/gynaecology (10%). Most papers concluded that there was a considerable medication knowledge gap among HCPs.ConclusionWe found a low level of medication knowledge across different disease areas, countries and HCPs. This underlines the continuous need to strengthen the undergraduate and postgraduate education in (clinical) pharmacology and therapeutics in Africa.
Risk factors for linezolid‐induced thrombocytopenia in patients without haemato‐oncologic diseases
Authors: Choi Go Wun , Lee Ju‐Yeun , Chang Min Jung , Kim Young Kyung , Cho Yoonsook , Yu Yun Mi , Lee Euni 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThis study aimed to describe the occurrence and to evaluate the predictive factors of thrombocytopenia caused by parenteral linezolid in hospitalised patients without haemato‐oncologic diseases. Using electronic medical records, a retrospective safety evaluation was performed among all hospitalised adult patients who received parenteral linezolid therapy between January 2005 and June 2016. Of all identified 264 patients with an average age of 63.4 (SD 15.8) years, thrombocytopenia occurred at a rate of 29.2% after an average of 11.2 (SD 7.4) days of the initiation of linezolid therapy. Significant predictive factors for thrombocytopenia included the duration of linezolid therapy longer than or equal to 7 days (adjusted odds ratios [ORs] 7.25, 19.51 and 28.80; 95% confidence intervals [CIs] 1.92‐27.38, 4.76‐79.95 and 6.48‐127.92 for 7‐13 days, 14‐20 days and ≥21 days, respectively; P < 0.01 for all values), baseline platelet count <150 × 103/mm3 (adjusted OR, 5.08; 95% CI, 2.06‐12.55; P < 0.001), creatinine clearance <30 mL/min (adjusted OR, 4.19; 95% CI, 1.59‐11.06; P = 0.004) and concurrent low‐dose aspirin therapy (adjusted OR, 2.99; 95% CI, 1.26‐7.08; P = 0.013). Baseline platelet count less than 150 × 103/mm3 was an independent predictor of early‐onset (≤6 days) thrombocytopenia (adjusted OR, 5.07; 95% CI, 1.46‐17.58; P = 0.011). Closer monitoring of platelet count is required in patients who receive parenteral linezolid therapy for 7 days or more, and have low baseline platelet counts or impaired renal function.
Revising the Bantu tree
Authors: Whiteley Peter M. , Xue Ming , Wheeler Ward C. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractPhylogenetic methods offer a promising advance for the historical study of language and cultural relationships. Applications to date, however, have been hampered by traditional approaches dependent on unfalsifiable authority statements: in this regard, historical linguistics remains in a similar position to evolutionary biology prior to the cladistic revolution. Influential phylogenetic studies of Bantu languages over the last two decades, which provide the foundation for multiple analyses of Bantu sociocultural histories, are a major case in point. Comparative analyses of basic lexica, instead of directly treating written words, use only numerical symbols that express non‐replicable authority opinion about underlying relationships. Building on a previous study of Uto‐Aztecan, here we analyse Bantu language relationships with methods deriving fromDNAsequence optimization algorithms, treating basic vocabulary as sequences of sounds. This yields finer‐grained results that indicate major revisions to the Bantu tree, and enables more robust inferences about the history of Bantu language expansion and/or migration throughout sub‐Saharan Africa. “Early‐split” versus “late‐split” hypotheses for East and West Bantu are tested, and overall results are compared to trees based on numerical reductions of vocabulary data. Reconstruction of language histories is more empirically based and robust than with previous methods.
Diagnosis and management of PNH: Review and recommendations from a Belgian expert panel
Authors: Devos Timothy , Meers Stef , Boeckx Nancy , Gothot Andre , Deeren Dries , Chatelain Bernard , Chatelain Christian , Devalet Bérangère 
Published: September 2018

AbstractDespite its considerable morbidity and mortality, paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH) is still underdiagnosed. Patients with PNH can suffer from cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, neurological or haematological symptoms and refer to several specialists. The aim of this paper is to review the diagnosis and the management of PNH patients, with the primary focus on identifying high‐risk groups. Additionally, the implementation and prognostic value of the defined high‐risk groups will be commented on and the management of PNH patients is discussed from a Belgian perspective. Finally, based on the available data, recommendations are provided. Eculizumab is a potent C5 complement inhibitor and reduces intravascular haemolysis and thrombosis in PNH patients and improves their quality of life. As thrombosis is the main cause of death in PNH patients, identifying high‐risk PNH patients in need of therapy is essential. Currently, novel complement inhibitors are in development and the first data seem promising. Another challenge in PNH is to identify new markers to assess the thrombotic risk to achieve a better risk‐based prophylactic anti‐thrombotic management. Finally, because of the low prevalence of the disease, PNH patients should be included in the prospective PNH registry, which will offer new insights on the natural course of the disease and the impact of treatment of PNH.
Deceleration of glycometabolism impedes IgG‐producing B‐cell‐mediated tumor elimination by targeting SATB1
Authors: Liu Jiajing , Li Yifan , Lu Zhou , Gu Jie , Liang Yun , Huang Enyu , Wang Zhiming , Zhang Hushan , Wang Luman , Zhang Dan , Yu Hongxiu , Liu Ronghua , Chu Yiwei 
Published: September 2018

SummaryB lymphocytes, known as antibody producers, mediate tumor cell destruction in the manner of antibody‐dependent cell‐mediated cytotoxicity; however, their anti‐tumor function seems to be weakened during tumorigenesis, while the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we found that IgG mediated anti‐tumor effects, but IgG‐producing B cells decreased in various tumors. Considering the underlying mechanism, glycometabolism was noteworthy. We found that tumor‐infiltrating B cells were glucose‐starved and accompanied by a deceleration of glycometabolism. Both inhibition of glycometabolism and deprivation of glucose through tumor cells, or glucose‐free treatment, reduced the differentiation of B cells into IgG‐producing cells. In this process, special AT‐rich sequence‐binding protein‐1 (SATB1) was significantly silenced in B cells. Down‐regulating SATB1 by inhibiting glycometabolism or RNA interference reduced the binding of signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) to the promoter of germline Cγ gene, subsequently resulting in fewer B cells producing IgG. Our findings provide the first evidence that glycometabolic inhibition by tumorigenesis suppresses differentiation of B cells into IgG‐producing cells, and altering glycometabolism may be promising in improving the anti‐tumor effect of B cells.
Job-exposure matrices addressing lifestyle to be applied in register-based occupational health studies
Authors: Bondo Petersen Sesilje , Flachs Esben Meulengracht , Prescott Eva Irene Bossano , Tjønneland Anne , Osler Merete , Andersen Ingelise , Juel Knud , Budz-Jørgensen Esben , Kolstad Henrik A , Schlünssen Vivi , Bonde Jens Peter 
Published: September 2018

ObjectivesInformation about lifestyle factors in register-based occupational health studies is often not available. The objective of this study was therefore to develop gender, age and calendar-time specific job-exposure matrices (JEMs) addressing five selected lifestyle characteristics across job groups as a tool for lifestyle adjustment in register-based studies.MethodsWe combined and harmonised questionnaire and interview data on lifestyle from several Danish surveys in the time period 1981–2013 for 264 054 employees registered with a DISCO-88 code (the Danish version of International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO)-88) in a nationwide register-based Danish Occupational Cohort. We modelled the probability of specified lifestyles in mixed models for each level of the four-digit DISCO code with age and sex as fixed effects and assessed variation in terms of intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and exposure-level percentile ratios across jobs for six different time periods from 1981 through 2013.ResultsThe ICCs were overall low (0.26%–7.05%) as the within-job group variation was large relative to the between job group variation, but across jobs the calendar period-specific ratios between highest and lowest predicted levels were ranging from 1.2 to 6.9, and for the 95%/1% and the 75%/5% percentile ratios ranges were 1.1–2.8 and 1.1–1.6, respectively, thus indicating substantial contrast for some lifestyle exposures and some occupations.ConclusionsThe lifestyle JEMs may prove a useful tool for control of lifestyle-related confounding in register-based occupational health studies where lacking information on individual lifestyle factors may compromise internal validity.
Neglected exposure route: cobalt on skin and its associations with urinary cobalt levels
Authors: Kettelarij Jolinde , Midander Klara , Lidén Carola , Bottai Matteo , Julander Anneli 
Published: September 2018

ObjectivesCobalt (Co) exposure is associated with adverse health effects including skin sensitisation, asthma and interstitial lung fibrosis. Exposure to Co in industrial settings is often assessed using air samples or biomonitoring in urine. Skin exposure is rarely measured. Aim of this study was to quantify and compare the importance of Co skin exposure and respiratory exposure in determining urinary Co concentrations.MethodsCo skin exposure was measured in 76 hard metal workers by acid wipe sampling before and at the end of work shifts. Spot urine was collected during a 24-hour period from the start of a shift. Respiratory exposure was measured by personal inhalable dust sampling during a shift in 30 workers. Co was analysed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.ResultsQuantile regression modelling showed that a doubling of Co on skin before or at the end of shift increased the median urinary concentration of Co by 70% (p<0.001) or 32% (p<0.001), respectively. A doubling of Co in air increased median urinary Co by 38% (p<0.001). Co skin exposures were still significantly associated with urinary Co after excluding a group of workers with high respiratory exposure (33%, p=0.021 and 17%, p=0.002).ConclusionsThe results indicate an association between Co skin exposure and urinary Co concentrations. This should be considered when using urinary Co as a biomarker of exposure.
Marijuana and the lung: hysteria or cause for concern?
Authors: Ribeiro Luis , Ind Philip W. 
Published: September 2018

Increasing cannabis use and legalisation highlights the paucity of data we have on the safety of cannabis smoking for respiratory health. Unfortunately, concurrent use of tobacco among marijuana smokers makes it difficult to untangle individual effect of marijuana smoking. Chronic cannabis only smoking has been shown in large cohort studies to reduce forced expiratory volume in 1 s/forced vital capacityviaincreasing forced vital capacity in chronic use contrary to the picture seen in tobacco smoking. The cause of this is unclear and there are various proposed mechanisms including respiratory muscle training secondary to method of inhalation and acute anti-inflammatory effect and bronchodilation of cannabis on the airways. While cannabis smoke has been shown to increase symptoms of chronic bronchitis, it has not been definitively shown to be associated with shortness of breath or irreversible airway changes. The evidence surrounding the development of lung cancer is less clear; however, preliminary evidence does not suggest association. Bullous lung disease associated with marijuana use has long been observed in clinical practice but published evidence is limited to a total of 57 published cases and only one cross-sectional study looking at radiological changes among chronic users which did not report any increase in macroscopic emphysema. More studies are required to elucidate these missing points to further guide risk stratification, clinical diagnosis and management.Key pointsCannabis smoking has increased and is likely to increase further with relaxation of legalisation and medicinal use of cannabinoids.Chronic marijuana smoking often produces symptoms similar to those of chronic tobacco smoking such as cough, sputum production, shortness of breath and wheeze.Cessation of marijuana smoking is associated with a reduction in respiratory symptoms and no increased risk of chronic bronchitis.Spirometry changes seen in chronic marijuana smokers appear to differ from those in chronic tobacco smokers. In chronic marijuana smokers there is an increase in FVC as opposed to a definite decrease in FEV1.Multiple case series have demonstrated peripheral bullae in marijuana smokers, but no observational studies have elucidated the risk.There is currently no clear association between cannabis smoking and lung cancer, although the research is currently limited.Educational aimsTo update readers on legalisation of recreational and medicinal cannabis.To summarise the evidence base surrounding the respiratory effects of inhaled marijuana use.To provide clinicians with an understanding of the main differences between cannabis and tobacco to be able to apply this to patient education.To highlight common respiratory problems among cannabis users and the need for recreational drug history taking.
Praktische Theologie und Kirchengeschichte
Authors: Schröder Bernd 
Published: September 2018

Zusammenfassung
Der Beitrag identifiziert mit den Stichworten »Historisierung«, »Pluralisierung« und »Per­spektivierung« einige grundlegende methodologische Herausforderungen historischen For­schens. Gleichzeitig weist er diese Dimension als unverzichtbaren Bestandteil praktisch-theo­logischer Urteilsbildung aus, benennt Themen historischer Arbeit in der jüngeren praktischen Theologie, potentielle Themen einer Zusammenarbeit zwischen praktischer Theologie und Kirchengeschichte und abschließend Funktionen historischer Arbeit innerhalb der Praktischen Theologie.
Kontextsensibel! Zum Gespräch zwischen Patristik und Poimenik
Authors: Heyden Katharina 
Published: September 2018

Zusammenfassung
Angesichts des Grabens zwischen normativen und präskriptiven Zugängen zur christlichen Seelsorge in der Antike plädiert dieser Beitrag für einen kontextsensiblen Dialog zwischen Patristik und Poimenik. Dies erfordert auf beiden Seiten eine methodisch sorgfältige Refle­xion von und einen angemessenen Umgang mit eigenem Nichtwissen und der Fremdheit des Gegenübers - und damit eine Haltung, die historische Forschung und Seelsorge miteinander verbindet. Die Autorin charakterisiert bischöfliche, monastische und freundschaftliche Seel­sorge unter Laien als drei Kontexte antiker Seelsorge und zeigt sowohl Anknüpfungspunkte als auch Stolpersteine für die heutige Theorie und Praxis von Seelsorge auf.
Geschichtswissenschaft – Kirchengeschichte – Praktische Theologie Eine Standortbestimmung
Authors: Westphal Siegrid , Leppin Volker , Weyel Birgit 
Published: September 2018

Zusammenfassung
Im Dialog zwischen Geschichtswissenschaft und Kirchengeschichte zeichnet sich Einigkeit über einerseits eine hochgradige interdisziplinäre Vernetzung, andererseits eine Gemeinsam­keit der Methoden ab. Letztere wird durch die Geschichtswissenschaft bestimmt, es besteht aber ebenfalls Einigkeit darüber, dass innerhalb des vorwiegend kulturwissenschaftlich ori­entierten Kanons die Kirchengeschichte eigenständig Akzente setzen kann und sollte. So spiegeln sich hier im Blick auf Interdisziplinarität und kulturwissenschaftliche Einbindung auf historischer Ebene Debatten, die der Praktischen Theologie vertraut sind, welche historische mit empirischen Perspektiven verknüpft.
Influence of pegylated interferon and ribavirin on insulin resistance and metabolic factors in chronic hepatitis C
Authors: Altın Zeynep , Diniz Gülden , Çolak Ayfer , Koyuncu Betül , Özer Serhat , Aslan Fatih , Ünsal Belkıs 
Published: September 2018

Abstract

Background
In this study it was aimed to evaluate the effect of pegylated interferon alfa-2a/2b and ribavirin, which are used for treatment of chronic hepatitis C (CHC), on insulin resistance and metabolic factors.

Materials and methods
A total of 104 CHC patients aged 20–75 years with available serum insulin data at 0 and 48 weeks, and hepatitis C virus (HCV)-RNA data at 0, 12, 24, 48 and 72 weeks were included in the study. All clinical para-meters were assessed according to the therapy response.

Results
Among 104 patients, sustained virologic response (SVR) was achieved in 55 cases. A statistically significant difference was noted between SVR and non-SVR groups regarding γ-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT), insulin level plus homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) score and insulin resistance at week 48, log HCV-RNA and stage of fibrosis.

Conclusion
Insulin resistance is accepted to have a negative effect on SVR. Insulin resistance may improve once SVR is achieved. Presence of IR at week 48 has been found associated with SVR. In this context, it can be advocated that insulin resistance at week 48 may be a predictive factor for prediction of SVR at week 72.
Barriers and enablers for cervical cancer screening in the Pacific: A systematic review of the literature.
Authors: Elia Clerah R , Devine Sue 
Published: September 2018

Background: Globally cervical cancer is the fourth most common type of cancer in women and in some low-income countries is the most common cancer in women. Papua New Guinea has a particularly concerning incidence of cervical cancer where it ranks first as the leading cause of cancer in females. Screening is a reliable strategy to detect cervical cancer but implementation of screening in Papua New Guinea is poor. The aim of this review is to identify the enablers and barriers for cervical cancer screening in Papua New Guinea.
Methods: A systematic search of peer-reviewed literature was conducted using electronic databases; PubMed, Medline, Scopus, CINAHL and Google Scholar. Articles published between 2007 and 2017 that focused on the enablers and barriers to cervical cancer screening were included. Only one study from Papua New Guinea was identified so the search was extended to include other Pacific Island Countries and Low-Income Countries more broadly.
Findings: Twenty articles met the inclusion criteria. The main barriers for cervical cancer screening included a lack of women’s knowledge about cervical cancer and screening, a lack of health facilities for screening, diagnosis and treatment, lack of health care worker knowledge and training, cultural beliefs and financial burdens. The main enablers included women having access to education programs, availability of cervical cancer screening services, female friendly environments and health care workers being trained to undertake screening.
Conclusions: While the literature highlighted the importance of cervical cancer screening, a range of barriers limits the delivery of this service in low-income country settings. In particular, there is a gap in the knowledge of barriers and enablers within Papua New Guinea and further research in this country is required. Applying the knowledge learned from other low-income countries and gaining a clearer understanding of both the barriers and enablers for cervical cancer screening in the Papua New Guinea context may lead to clear recommendations to improve implementation and uptake of cervical cancer screening.
Um ensaio teórico sobre marca-país e sua gestão
Authors: Montanari Maria Gabriela , Giraldi Janaina de Moura Engracia 
Published: September 2018

Este artigo apresenta um ensaio teórico visando esclarecer o conceito de marca-país, diferenciando-o de imagem de país e efeito país de origem, e também detalhar sua gestão, explorando sua complexidade e suas diferenças em relação à gestão de marcas de produtos e serviços. Fundamentado na literatura, verificou-se que a marca-país deriva de um processo gerencial, o country branding (gestão de marca-país), que objetiva diferenciar a nação e suas ofertas no mercado internacional com base em sua cultura. Esse processo engloba desde a criação da marca-país até sua comunicação para os diversos públicos alvo, é mais complexo do que para produtos e serviços, e deve considerar os elementos de identidade, posicionamento e imagem de país. A imagem de país muitas vezes é o foco das ações de branding, pois consiste nas associações sobre o país que os consumidores internacionais sustentam em sua memória e é avaliada como uma ferramenta fundamental que pode aumentar o poder da marca-país. Assim, foi possível contribuir tanto para a teoria de marca-país e sua gestão, quanto para os governos, fornecendo informações relevantes que auxiliam na delimitação de ações estratégicas em relação à marca-país e a sua imagem.
PEMEROLEHAN BAHASA ANAK USIA 4 TAHUN KAJIAN SEMANTIK PENYIMPANGAN TUTURAN ANAK
Authors: Nugraha Oktavian Aditya 
Published: September 2018

Penyimpangan tuturan yang terjadi pada anak yang berusia 4 tahun terjadi karena pada usia tersebut, anak dalam proses penguasaan bahasa sesudah bahasa pertama dan setidaknya dipengaruhi oleh dua hal, yaitu faktor fisiologis dan psikologis. Faktor fisiologis meliputi organ-organ penghasil tuturan seperti mulut dan fungsi otak. Sementara itu, faktor psikologis meliputi perkembangan kognitif seorang anak dalam proses penguasaan bahasa pertamanya. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mendeskripsikan penyimpangan tuturan bahasa anak usia 4 tahun dengan kajian semantik yang didapatkan dari pemerolehan bahasanya. Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah menggunakan metode simak dengan teknik sadap. Teknik lanjutan yang digunakan adalah berupa simak libat cakap, rekam, dan catat. Metode analisis yang digunakan mencakup metode padan ekstralingual yang digunakan untuk menganalisis unsur yang bersifat ekstralingual, seperti menghubungkan masalah bahasa dengan hal yang berada di luar bahasa. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa penguasaan bahasa anak usia 4 tahun bisa dikatakan dalam taraf atau proses perkembangan bahasa yang nantinya bisa sempurna saat usia bertambah. Penyimpangan yang ditemukan meliputi 12 penyimpangan kata yang sering kali diucapkan oleh anak. Hubungan dengan semantik pemerolehan bahasa anak usia 4 tahun dinilai masih dalam tahap perkembangan sesuai dengan usia mereka. Penyimpangan tuturan yang ditemukan meliputi penyimpangan tuturan di bidang semantik yaitu ketidaksesuaian antara satu kata yang diucapkan dengan acuannya. Kata Kunci: Pemerolehan Bahasa, Semantik, Penyimpangan Tuturan.