bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Latitude-dependent finescale turbulent shear generations in the Pacific tropical-extratropical upper ocean
Authors: Zhang Zhiwei , Qiu Bo , Tian Jiwei , Zhao Wei , Huang Xiaodong 
Published: October 2018

AbstractTurbulent mixing, which is critically important for the equilibrium of ocean circulation, is controlled by finescale turbulent shear (S2) of oceanic flows through shear instability. Although the relationship between S2 and mixing is well understood, the latitude-dependent generation processes of S2 remain poorly known due to the lack of geographically extensive, long-term finescale velocity measurements. Here, using one-year ADCP data from 17 moorings along 143°E, we first show that the upper-ocean S2 and its resultant mixing rate have a W-shaped latitudinal distribution in the tropical-extratropical northwest Pacific with peaks at 0–2°N, 12–14°N, and 20–22°N, respectively. Further analyses reveal that these S2 peaks are caused by vertically-sheared equatorial currents, parametric subharmonic instability of diurnal tide, and anticyclonic eddy’s inertial chimney effect, respectively. As climate model simulations are sensitive to the mixing parameterizations, our findings highlight the need to incorporate the latitude-dependent generation mechanisms of S2 to improve climate models’ prediction capabilities.
Evidence for magmatic carbon bias in 14C dating of the Taupo and other major eruptions
Authors: Holdaway Richard N. , Duffy Brendan , Kennedy Ben 
Published: October 2018

AbstractPrehistoric timescales, volcanic hazard assessment, and understanding of volcanogenic climate events rely on accurate dating of prehistoric eruptions. Most late Quaternary eruptions are dated by 14C measurements on material from close to the volcano that may be contaminated by geologic-sourced infinite-age carbon. Here we show that 14C ages for the Taupo (New Zealand) First Millennium eruption are geographically arrayed, with oldest ages closer to the vent. The current eruption wiggle match date of 232 ± 5 years CE is amongst the oldest. We present evidence that the older, vent-proximal 14C ages were biased by magmatic CO2 degassed from groundwater, and that the Taupo eruption occurred decades to two centuries after 232 CE. Our reinterpretation implies that ages for other proximally-dated, unobserved, eruptions may also be too old. Plateauing or declining tree ring cellulose δ13C and Δ14C values near a volcano indicate magmatic influence and may allow forecasting of super-eruptions.
Myelo-lymphoid lineage restriction occurs in the human haematopoietic stem cell compartment before lymphoid-primed multipotent progenitors
Authors: Belluschi Serena , Calderbank Emily F. , Ciaurro Valerio , Pijuan-Sala Blanca , Santoro Antonella , Mende Nicole , Diamanti Evangelia , Sham Kendig Yen Chi , Wang Xiaonan , Lau Winnie W. Y. , Jawaid Wajid , Göttgens Berthold , Laurenti Elisa 
Published: October 2018

AbstractCapturing where and how multipotency is lost is crucial to understand how blood formation is controlled. Blood lineage specification is currently thought to occur downstream of multipotent haematopoietic stem cells (HSC). Here we show that, in human, the first lineage restriction events occur within the CD19−CD34+CD38−CD45RA−CD49f+CD90+ (49f+) HSC compartment to generate myelo-lymphoid committed cells with no erythroid differentiation capacity. At single-cell resolution, we observe a continuous but polarised organisation of the 49f+ compartment, where transcriptional programmes and lineage potential progressively change along a gradient of opposing cell surface expression of CLEC9A and CD34. CLEC9AhiCD34lo cells contain long-term repopulating multipotent HSCs with slow quiescence exit kinetics, whereas CLEC9AloCD34hi cells are restricted to myelo-lymphoid differentiation and display infrequent but durable repopulation capacity. We thus propose that human HSCs gradually transition to a discrete lymphoid-primed state, distinct from lymphoid-primed multipotent progenitors, representing the earliest entry point into lymphoid commitment.
Direct electrical quantification of glucose and asparagine from bodily fluids using nanopores
Authors: Galenkamp Nicole Stéphanie , Soskine Misha , Hermans Jos , Wloka Carsten , Maglia Giovanni 
Published: October 2018

AbstractCrucial steps in the miniaturisation of biosensors are the conversion of a biological signal into an electrical current as well as the direct sampling of bodily fluids. Here we show that protein sensors in combination with a nanopore, acting as an electrical transducer, can accurately quantify metabolites in real time directly from nanoliter amounts of blood and other bodily fluids. Incorporation of the nanopore into portable electronic devices will allow developing sensitive, continuous, and non-invasive sensors for metabolites for point-of-care and home diagnostics.
Self-induced mechanical stress can trigger biofilm formation in uropathogenic Escherichia coli
Authors: Chu Eric K. , Kilic Onur , Cho Hojung , Groisman Alex , Levchenko Andre 
Published: October 2018

AbstractBacterial biofilms represent an important medical problem; however, the mechanisms of the onset of biofilm formation are poorly understood. Here, using new controlled methods allowing high-throughput and reproducible biofilm growth, we show that biofilm formation is linked to self-imposed mechanical stress. In growing uropathogenic Escherichia coli colonies, we report that mechanical stress can initially emerge from the physical stress accompanying colony confinement within micro-cavities or hydrogel environments reminiscent of the cytosol of host cells. Biofilm formation can then be enhanced by a nutrient access-modulated feedback loop, in which biofilm matrix deposition can be particularly high in areas of increased mechanical and biological stress, with the deposited matrix further enhancing the stress levels. This feedback regulation can lead to adaptive and diverse biofilm formation guided by the environmental stresses. Our results suggest previously unappreciated mechanisms of the onset and progression of biofilm growth.
Copy number load predicts outcome of metastatic colorectal cancer patients receiving bevacizumab combination therapy
Authors: Smeets Dominiek , Miller Ian S. , O’Connor Darran P. , Das Sudipto , Moran Bruce , Boeckx Bram , Gaiser Timo , Betge Johannes , Barat Ana , Klinger Rut , van Grieken Nicole C. T. , Cremolini Chiara , Prenen Hans , Mazzone Massimiliano , Depreeuw Jeroen , Bacon Orna , Fender Bozena , Brady Joseph , Hennessy Bryan T. , McNamara Deborah A. , Kay Elaine , Verheul Henk M. , Maarten Neerincx , Gallagher William M. , Murphy Verena , Prehn Jochen H. M. , Koopman Miriam , Punt Cornelis J. A. , Loupakis Fotios , Ebert Matthias P. A. , Ylstra Bauke , Lambrechts Diether , Byrne Annette T. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractIncreased copy number alterations (CNAs) indicative of chromosomal instability (CIN) have been associated with poor cancer outcome. Here, we study CNAs as potential biomarkers of bevacizumab (BVZ) response in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). We cluster 409 mCRCs in three subclusters characterized by different degrees of CIN. Tumors belonging to intermediate-to-high instability clusters have improved outcome following chemotherapy plus BVZ versus chemotherapy alone. In contrast, low instability tumors, which amongst others consist of POLE-mutated and microsatellite-instable tumors, derive no further benefit from BVZ. This is confirmed in 81 mCRC tumors from the phase 2 MoMa study involving BVZ. CNA clusters overlap with CRC consensus molecular subtypes (CMS); CMS2/4 xenografts correspond to intermediate-to-high instability clusters and respond to FOLFOX chemotherapy plus mouse avastin (B20), while CMS1/3 xenografts match with low instability clusters and fail to respond. Overall, we identify copy number load as a novel potential predictive biomarker of BVZ combination therapy.
Nickel nanoparticles set a new record of strength
Authors: Sharma A. , Hickman J. , Gazit N. , Rabkin E. , Mishin Y. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractMaterial objects with micrometer or nanometer dimensions can exhibit much higher strength than macroscopic objects, but this strength rarely approaches the maximum theoretical strength of the material. Here, we demonstrate that faceted single-crystalline nickel (Ni) nanoparticles exhibit an ultrahigh compressive strength (up to 34 GPa) unprecedented for metallic materials. This strength matches the available estimates of Ni theoretical strength. Three factors are responsible for this record-high strength: the large Ni shear modulus, the smooth edges and corners of the nanoparticles, and the thin oxide layer on the particle surface. This finding is supported by molecular dynamics simulations that closely mimic the experimental conditions, which show that the mechanical failure of the strongest particles is triggered by homogeneous nucleation of dislocation loops inside the particle. The nucleation of a stable loop is preceded by multiple nucleation attempts accompanied by unusually large local atomic displacements caused by thermal fluctuations.
High-performance nanomaterials formed by rigid yet extensible cyclic β-peptide polymers
Authors: Fears Kenan P. , Kolel-Veetil Manoj K. , Barlow Daniel E. , Bernstein Noam , So Christopher R. , Wahl Kathryn J. , Li Xianfeng , Kulp John L. , Latour Robert A. , Clark Thomas D. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractOrganisms have evolved biomaterials with an extraordinary convergence of high mechanical strength, toughness, and elasticity. In contrast, synthetic materials excel in stiffness or extensibility, and a combination of the two is necessary to exceed the performance of natural biomaterials. We bridge this materials property gap through the side-chain-to-side-chain polymerization of cyclic β-peptide rings. Due to their strong dipole moments, the rings self-assemble into rigid nanorods, stabilized by hydrogen bonds. Displayed amines serve as functionalization sites, or, if protonated, force the polymer to adopt an unfolded conformation. This molecular design enhances the processability and extensibility of the biopolymer. Molecular dynamics simulations predict stick-slip deformations dissipate energy at large strains, thereby, yielding toughness values greater than natural silks. Moreover, the synthesis route can be adapted to alter the dimensions and displayed chemistries of nanomaterials with mechanical properties that rival nature.
Aberrant expression of CITED2 promotes prostate cancer metastasis by activating the nucleolin-AKT pathway
Authors: Shin Seung-Hyun , Lee Ga Young , Lee Mingyu , Kang Jengmin , Shin Hyun-Woo , Chun Yang-Sook , Park Jong-Wan 
Published: October 2018

AbstractDespite many efforts to develop hormone therapy and chemotherapy, no effective strategy to suppress prostate cancer metastasis has been established because the metastasis is not well understood. We here investigate a role of CBP/p300-interacting transactivator with E/D-rich carboxy-terminal domain-2 (CITED2) in prostate cancer metastasis. CITED2 is highly expressed in metastatic prostate cancer, and its expression is correlated with poor survival. The CITED2 gene is highly activated by ETS-related gene that is overexpressed due to chromosomal translocation. CITED2 acts as a molecular chaperone to guide PRMT5 and p300 to nucleolin, thereby activating nucleolin. Informatics and experimental data suggest that the CITED2–nucleolin axis is involved in prostate cancer metastasis. This axis stimulates cell migration through the epithelial–mesenchymal transition and promotes cancer metastasis in a xenograft mouse model. Our results suggest that CITED2 plays a metastasis-promoting role in prostate cancer and thus could be a target for preventing prostate cancer metastasis.
Orthogonal programming of heterogeneous micro-mechano-environments and geometries in three-dimensional bio-stereolithography
Authors: Yin Hang , Ding Yonghui , Zhai Yao , Tan Wei , Yin Xiaobo 
Published: October 2018

AbstractEngineering heterogeneous micro-mechano-microenvironments of extracellular matrix is of great interest in tissue engineering, but spatial control over mechanical heterogeneity in three dimensions is still challenging given the fact that geometry and stiffness are inherently intertwined in fabrication. Here, we develop a layer-by-layer three-dimensional (3D) printing paradigm which achieves orthogonal control of stiffness and geometry by capitalizing on the conventionally adverse effect of oxygen inhibition on free-radical polymerization. Controlled oxygen permeation and inhibition result in photo-cured hydrogel layers with thicknesses only weakly dependent to the ultraviolet exposure dosage. The dosage is instead leveraged to program the crosslink density and stiffness of the cured structures. The programmable stiffness spans nearly an order of magnitude (E ~ 2–15 kPa) within the physiologically relevant range. We further demonstrate that extracellular matrices with programmed micro-mechano-environments can dictate 3D cellular organization, enabling in vitro tissue reconstruction.
Thermal and electrical signatures of a hydrodynamic electron fluid in tungsten diphosphide
Authors: Gooth J. , Menges F. , Kumar N. , Süβ V. , Shekhar C. , Sun Y. , Drechsler U. , Zierold R. , Felser C. , Gotsmann B. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractIn stark contrast to ordinary metals, in materials in which electrons strongly interact with each other or with phonons, electron transport is thought to resemble the flow of viscous fluids. Despite their differences, it is predicted that transport in both conventional and correlated materials is fundamentally limited by the uncertainty principle applied to energy dissipation. Here we report the observation of experimental signatures of hydrodynamic electron flow in the Weyl semimetal tungsten diphosphide. Using thermal and magneto-electric transport experiments, we find indications of the transition from a conventional metallic state at higher temperatures to a hydrodynamic electron fluid below 20 K. The hydrodynamic regime is characterized by a viscosity-induced dependence of the electrical resistivity on the sample width and by a strong violation of the Wiedemann–Franz law. Following the uncertainty principle, both electrical and thermal transport are bound by the quantum indeterminacy, independent of the underlying transport regime.
Dynamic intercellular transport modulates the spatial patterning of differentiation during early neural commitment
Authors: Glen Chad M. , McDevitt Todd C. , Kemp Melissa L. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe initiation of heterogeneity within a population of phenotypically identical progenitors is a critical event for the onset of morphogenesis and differentiation patterning. Gap junction communication within multicellular systems produces complex networks of intercellular connectivity that result in heterogeneous distributions of intracellular signaling molecules. In this study, we investigate emergent systems-level behavior of the intercellular network within embryonic stem cell (ESC) populations and corresponding spatial organization during early neural differentiation. An agent-based model incorporates experimentally-determined parameters to yield complex transport networks for delivery of pro-differentiation cues between neighboring cells, reproducing the morphogenic trajectories during retinoic acid–accelerated mouse ESC differentiation. Furthermore, the model correctly predicts the delayed differentiation and preserved spatial features of the morphogenic trajectory that occurs in response to intercellular perturbation. These findings suggest an integral role of gap junction communication in the temporal coordination of emergent patterning during early differentiation and neural commitment of pluripotent stem cells.
Diverse definitions of the early course of schizophrenia—a targeted literature review
Authors: Newton Richard , Rouleau Alice , Nylander Anna-Greta , Loze Jean-Yves , Resemann Henrike K. , Steeves Sara , Crespo-Facorro Benedicto 
Published: October 2018

AbstractSchizophrenia is a debilitating psychiatric disorder and patients experience significant comorbidity, especially cognitive and psychosocial deficits, already at the onset of disease. Previous research suggests that treatment during the earlier stages of disease reduces disease burden, and that a longer time of untreated psychosis has a negative impact on treatment outcomes. A targeted literature review was conducted to gain insight into the definitions currently used to describe patients with a recent diagnosis of schizophrenia in the early course of disease (‘early’ schizophrenia). A total of 483 relevant English-language publications of clinical guidelines and studies were identified for inclusion after searches of MEDLINE, MEDLINE In-Process, relevant clinical trial databases and Google for records published between January 2005 and October 2015. The extracted data revealed a wide variety of terminology and definitions used to describe patients with ‘early’ or ‘recent-onset’ schizophrenia, with no apparent consensus. The most commonly used criteria to define patients with early schizophrenia included experience of their first episode of schizophrenia or disease duration of less than 1, 2 or 5 years. These varied definitions likely result in substantial disparities of patient populations between studies and variable population heterogeneity. Better agreement on the definition of early schizophrenia could aid interpretation and comparison of studies in this patient population and consensus on definitions should allow for better identification and management of schizophrenia patients in the early course of their disease.
The Quantum Mechanics of a Rolling Molecular “Nanocar”
Authors: Fernandez Oscar E. , Radhakrishnan Mala L. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractWe formulate a mathematical model of a rolling “molecular wheelbarrow”—a two-wheeled nanoscale molecular machine—informed by experiments on molecular machines recently synthesized in labs. The model is a nonholonomic system (briefly, a system with non-integrable velocity constraints), for which no general quantization procedure exists. Nonetheless, we successfully embed the system in a Hamiltonian one and then quantize the result using geometric quantization and other tools; we extract from the result the quantum mechanics of the molecular wheelbarrow, and derive explicit formulae for the quantized energy spectrum. We also study a few variants of our model, some of which ignore the model’s nonholonomic constraints. We show that these variants have different quantum energy spectra, indicating that in such systems one should not ignore the nonholonomic constraints, since they alter in a non-trivial way the energy spectrum of the molecule.
Single-mode, high-power, mid-infrared, quantum cascade laser phased arrays
Authors: Zhou Wenjia , Wu Donghai , Lu Quan-Yong , Slivken Steven , Razeghi Manijeh 
Published: October 2018

AbstractWe demonstrate single-mode, 16-channel, optical phased arrays based on quantum cascade laser technology, with emission wavelengths around 4.8 µm. The integrated device consists of a distributed feedback seed section, a highly-efficient tree array multi-mode interferometer power splitter, and a 16-channel amplifier array with a 4° angled facet termination. With a single layer Y2O3 coating, the angled facet reflectivity is estimated to be less than 0.1% for suppressing amplifier self-lasing. A peak output power of 30 W is achieved with an emission spectrum narrower than 11 nm and a side mode suppression ratio over 25 dB. Far field distribution measurement result indicates a uniform phase distribution across the array output. Using the same phased array architecture, we also demonstrate single-mode 3.8 µm QCL amplifier arrays with up to 20 W output power.
Epidemiology, microbiology and therapeutic consequences of chronic osteomyelitis in northern China: A retrospective analysis of 255 Patients
Authors: Ma Xianzhi , Han Shengshou , Ma Jun , Chen Xiaotao , Bai Wenbin , Yan Wenqi , Wang Kai 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe study aimed to explore the epidemiology and clinical characteristics of chronic osteomyelitis observed in a northern China hospital. Clinical data of 255 patients with chronic osteomyelitis from January 2007 to January 2014 were collected and analyzed, including general information, disease data, treatment and follow-up data. Chronic osteomyelitis is more common in males and in the age group from 41–50 years of age. Common infection sites are the femur, tibiofibular, and hip joint. More g+ than g- bacterial infections were observed, with S. aureus the most commonly observed pathogenic organism. The positive detection rate from debridement bacterial culture is 75.6%. The detection rate when five samples are sent for bacterial culture is 90.6%, with pathogenic bacteria identified in 82.8% of cases. The two-stage debridement method (87.0%) has higher first curative rate than the one-stage debridement method (71.2%). To improve detection rate using bacterial culture, at least five samples are recommended. Treatment of chronic osteomyelitis with two-stage debridement, plus antibiotic-loaded polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) beads provided good clinical results in this study and is therefore recommended.
Aromatic thermosetting copolyester bionanocomposites as reconfigurable bone substitute materials: Interfacial interactions between reinforcement particles and polymer network
Authors: Bakir Mete , Meyer Jacob L. , Sutrisno Andre , Economy James , Jasiuk Iwona 
Published: October 2018

AbstractDevelopment of porous materials consisting of polymer host matrix enriched with bioactive ceramic particles that can initiate the reproduction of cellular organisms while maintaining in vivo mechanical reliability is a long-standing challenge for synthetic bone substitutes. We present hydroxyapatite (HA) reinforced aromatic thermosetting copolyester (ATSP) matrix bionanocomposite as a potential reconfigurable bone replacement material. The nanocomposite is fabricated by solid-state mixing a matching set of precursor oligomers with biocompatible pristine HA particles. During endothermic condensation polymerization reaction, the constituent oligomers form a mechanochemically robust crosslinked aromatic backbone while incorporating the HAs into a self-generated cellular structure. The morphological analysis demonstrates near-homogenous distributions of the pristine HAs within the matrix. The HAs behave as a crack-arrester which promotes a more deformation-tolerant formation with relatively enhanced material toughness. Chain relaxation dynamics of the nanocomposite matrix during glass transition is modified via HA-induced segmental immobilization. Chemical characterization of the polymer backbone composition reveals the presence of a hydrogen-advanced covalent interfacial coupling mechanism between the HAs and ATSP matrix. This report lays the groundwork for further studies on aromatic thermosetting copolyester matrix bionanocomposites which may find applications in various artificial bone needs.