bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Absolute Real Modality and Kant’s Amodalism Regarding Noumena
Authors: Abacı Uygar 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This final chapter focuses on the two theses Kant introduces in §76 of the Critique of the Power of Judgment: the epistemic thesis that while it is a necessary feature of our discursive understanding to distinguish between the merely possible and the actual, an intuitive or divine understanding would cognize only actual objects, and the metaphysical thesis that things in themselves do not have modal properties. Both theses are rooted in Kant’s revolutionary theory of modality. Modal categories express only the various ways in which the representations of objects are related to the cognitive subject, and thus do not signify anything in isolation from this representational relation. Modalization is thus an exclusive feature of a discursive mind to which representations of objects can be related in various ways, as opposed to an intuitive mind which would represent the whole of everything all at once and thus only in one way.
Drought and Hunger
Authors: Drèze Jean 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter presents first‐hand accounts of drought and hunger in different parts of India in the early 2000s. It begins with a general discussion of the drought situation, and of the government's misguided response to it. The accumulation of gigantic food stocks in the early 2000s, in the name of food security, aggravated hunger instead of relieving it. The chapter discusses the possibility of alternative relief policies and also makes a case for permanent social security measures backed by legal rights. Some of these measures, such as school meals and employment guarantee, did see the light of day later on.
School Meals
Authors: Drèze Jean 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter makes the case for free midday meals in Indian schools. School meals have wide‐ranging social benefits. First, they help to ensure regular school attendance. Second, they contribute to better child nutrition. Third, midday meals help to impart egalitarian values among children, who learn to sit together and share a meal irrespective of caste and class. Fourth, India's school meal programme is a major source of employment for poor rural women, and also helps other women to join the workforce by liberating them from the burden of having to prepare lunch for their children. All this, of course, depends on midday meals meeting adequate quality standards. In that respect, one recent breakthrough in many Indian states is the inclusion of eggs in school meals. Alas, this is being resisted in some states under the influence of upper‐caste vegetarian lobbies.
Child Development and Elementary Education
Authors: Drèze Jean 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter focusses on early child care and school education. Two essays discuss India's schooling system, drawing on the seminal Public Report on Basic Education (known as PROBE report) as well as on a re‐study of the PROBE villages ten years later, in 2006. This re‐study found evidence of rapid improvement in schooling facilities as well as in school participation, especially among underprivileged groups. However, there was no improvement in classroom activity: in both surveys, half of the sample schools were idle at the time of the investigators’ visit. The other essays in this chapter discuss the Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS), India's only national programme for children under the six, in a rights perspective. In the mid‐2000s, far‐reaching Supreme Court orders gave a new lease of life to ICDS. Further improvement in this programme, it is argued, could make a big difference to the well‐being and future of Indian children.
Food Security and the Public Distribution System
Authors: Drèze Jean 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses India's National Food Security Act (NFSA), with a special focus on the public distribution system (PDS). The PDS had a very poor record until recently, but is now improving significantly in many states. In north India, Chhattisgarh took the lead by initiating a series of PDS reforms in the mid‐2000s, with impressive results. Similar reforms were initiated later on in many other states. Even the reformed PDS is far from perfect, but it does protect millions of rural households from hunger and food insecurity. Recent evidence from the National Sample Survey also suggests that the PDS has a substantial impact on poverty. The NFSA is an opportunity to extend PDS reforms across the country and put the PDS on a new footing.
Corporate Power and Technocracy
Authors: Drèze Jean 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter scrutinises the growing influence of corporate power on public policy in India. The opening essay discusses a startling case of attempted invasion of child nutrition programmes by commercial interests: in 2008, the biscuit industry used devious means to lobby for the replacement of cooked midday meals in Indian schools with biscuit packets. The attempt failed, but similar efforts continue to this day. Corporate interests also loom large on the annual Union Budget, as discussed in the second essay. The rest of this chapter is largely concerned with Aadhaar, India's attempt to give everyone a unique identity number linked with his or her biometrics. The official purpose of Aadhaar is to reduce corruption in social programmes, but a more plausible reading is that social programmes have been used to fast‐track Aadhaar enrolment. Whatever its initial or intended purpose, the Aadhaar project is increasingly driven by the personal data business.
War and Peace
Authors: Drèze Jean 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with the abolition of violence, or at least of armed conflict, as an aspect of social development. While nuclear strategists pride themselves on being “realists”, their realism is collectively self‐defeating and creates a dangerous world where minor conflicts could easily escalate into a nuclear war. The chapter exposes the logical fallacies of “mutually assured destruction” and related doctrines, as well as the illusions behind India's “nuclear deal” with the United States. Two essays deal with the Kashmir conflict. In 2016, a massive popular uprising took place in Kashmir, mainly in the form of an extended general strike. This event, however, was barely reported in the mainstream Indian media, except for occasional reports of stone pelting. A first‐hand account of the strike brings out that the real purpose of India's massive military presence in Kashmir is to control the civilian population and suppress all protests, however peaceful.
Conceptualism and Perceptual Knowledge
Authors: Ayers Michael 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Brief accounts of the motivation and form of some pre-Kantian conceptualist theories and of Kant’s transcendental idealism lead into discussion of the source of the conceptualist assumptions of much twentieth-century analytic philosophy. The arguments of a currently leading exponent, John McDowell, are critically examined, and his emphatic endorsement of two main conclusions of Chapter II are noted—that perception is direct cognitive contact with the world, and that perceptual knowledge is perspicuously so to the subject. But according to the phenomenological analysis in Chapter II these features are intrinsic to the content of preconceptual perceptual awareness, whereas McDowell sees concepts, coming only with language, as a necessary means to the former, and assigns the latter, in effect, to reason and the capacity for second-order reflection. Epistemological and logico–linguistic considerations relating to the identity, individuation and classification of material things present a further, arguably decisive challenge to conceptualist theory.
Making Do with Less
Authors: Toprani Anand 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
After analyzing the role of oil in Germany experience during World War I, this chapter reveals how German civilian and military leaders appreciated the many benefits of fuel synthesized from coal years before the National Socialists came to power. Military planners were especially interested, since they had learned the hard way between 1914 and 1918 just how vulnerable Germany was economically to a British blockade. Synthetic fuel was strategically irreplaceable because it was Germany’s only reliable source of petroleum in wartime if it lost access to overseas imports. Private firms such as IG Farben also used synthetic fuel to build fruitful partnerships with other multinational firms. While the National Socialists reaffirmed government support of synthetic fuel after 1933, they also went much further by championing domestic oil exploration and the stockpiling of imports.
Double or Nothing
Authors: Toprani Anand 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter places oil at the center of the Third Reich’s plans for the economic exploitation of the Soviet Union. It begins by reviewing Germany’s preoccupation with the Caucasian oilfields during World War I. The chapter then considers the strategic context behind Germany’s decision to launch Operation Barbarossa in 1941. It moves on to review technical details of seizing and rehabilitating the Soviet oilfields. Time was running out for the Germans, however—their supply position was already tenuous by the spring of 1941, and by the autumn Germany had burned through its entire operational reserve even as the German war plan against the Soviet Union began to stall. The failure of Operation Barbarossa ultimately doomed the German war effort, since the Third Reich lacked the means to destroy the Soviet Union before the entry of the United States into the war tipped the scales irrevocably against Germany.
Epilogue
Authors: Lecky Katarzyna 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The epilogue to this book reinforces the assertion that the physical scale of little maps, atlases, playing cards, and distance tables altered the very essence of what they represented. It synopsizes how pocket cartography and nation-building poetry together recalibrated the British topography to accommodate an expansive public, at a critical time when the nation was shifting from a realm to a commonwealth. It also explores the ramifications of current archiving systems and the scholarly practices associated with them, both of which tend to dismiss or conceal the material evidence of ordinary practitioners and their everyday practice in early modern Britain.
Trade and investment liberalization
Authors: Labonté Ronald , Ruckert Arne 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
One of the major drivers of contemporary global market integration is trade and investment liberalization. Disease risks and health opportunities have long travelled the same routes of trade and commerce. Today’s binding and complex trade rules introduce new health complications. Using a number of recent trade agreements as exemplars, this chapter reviews the basic premises of liberalization, its claimed benefits, its purported or actual health risks, and how different provisions in trade and investment treaties (which unlike most global governance rules carry economic enforcement measures) are constraining important public health policy flexibilities in countries that are party to such agreements. From initial opposition to trade liberalization in general, progressive global health movements now focus more on how such rules could be written or revised in order to protect governments’ regulatory policy space, and to promote greater global health equity.
Global flows
Authors: Labonté Ronald , Ruckert Arne 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Health systems rely upon two groups of people: health workers and patients. In recent decades both groups have been on the move globally, with the creation of internationalized labour market opportunities (the hunt for skilled labour in the case of health workers) and private investments in high-end health care on lower-cost developing countries (one of the key incentives for patients seeking care outside of their own country, for uninsured or under-insured services). Both flows raise a number of health equity concerns. Health worker migration can pose undue hardships on low-resource, high-disease burden countries who lose their workers to richer nations, creating a ‘perverse subsidy’ of poor to rich. With medical tourism, private, fee-paying foreign patients in poorer countries could ‘crowd out’ access to care for domestic patients in those countries, while potentially returning with drug resistant infections or complications burdening their home country’s health systems.
Infectious diseases in the age of globalization
Authors: Labonté Ronald , Ruckert Arne 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Disease has long followed trade and migration pathways, although one of the disconcerting developments in the post-1980 globalization era has been the rise of pandemic risk due to inexpensive travel, mass migration, and the rapid movement of peoples worldwide. New and emergent infectious diseases (e.g. severe acute respiratory syndrome, Ebola, Zika) co-exist with extensively drug-resistant older infectious illnesses (e.g. tuberculosis, malaria), while the spread of other endemic infections is accelerated by climate change. Antimicrobial resistance has risen near the top of global health threats, posing health security risks within and between countries. Globalization-related weakening of health systems in poorer countries heightens these risks, alongside the medical misuse of existing antibiotics and inappropriate antibiotic use in industrial husbandry (animal farming). Fears of untreatable pandemics have galvanized initiatives at international levels for tighter health regulations and reporting systems, and rapid mobilizations in cases of new outbreaks.
Overcoming gridlock
Authors: Labonté Ronald , Ruckert Arne 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Global health governance describes when health organizations, such as the World Health Organization, hold the policy reins. The existence of too many global bodies often with too little authority and frequently with competing policy agendas is giving rise to gridlock in global health governance. At the same time, there are calls to expand this conceptualization to embrace global governance for health, where greater efforts are made to insert health priorities into the decision-making of non-health bodies such as the World Trade Organization, the International Monetary Fund, and other United Nations or international policy forums. The recently minted concept of global health diplomacy describes efforts to understand, and to encourage, greater government engagement with health issues in their international relations and foreign policy decision-making. Although such decision-making is often challenged by competing government goals or interests, the Sustainable Development Goals could be used as an anchor to create stronger global governance for health.
The Political Economy of Primary Education Reform in Cambodia
Authors: Kelsall Tim , Khieng Sothy , Chantha Chuong , Muy Tieng Tek 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Over the past sixty years, Cambodia has made great strides in expanding access to primary education. Much less progress has been made with respect to quality. That may be changing, however, with a new education minister promoting ambitious reforms with quality at their centre. The chapter explains the quality agenda as a product of new demands on the country’s political settlement, in which continued dominance of the Cambodian People’s Party (CPP) rests in part on ongoing economic transformation and job creation—for which a better educated workforce is a prerequisite. With a politically enfeebled opposition, the CPP has the benefit of being able to plan for the long term in this regard. At the same time, the personalized nature of its settlement, in which weak state organs are permeated by rent-seeking factions, will make delivering on quality an uphill struggle.
The Political Economy of Education Quality Initiatives in Uganda
Authors: Kjær Anne Mette , Muwanga Nansozi K. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Uganda has seen a significant increase in access to primary education since 1996 but without an increase in quality learning. We show that there are weak political incentives to undertake reforms to enhance quality learning, for three reasons: (i) A system of decentralized rent management renders quality improvements arbitrary; (ii) There is a legacy of fee-free education playing an important part in the electoral appeal of the National Resistance Movement for rural voters; (iii) The pressure to push through education quality-enhancing reforms, whether from civil society, powerful interest groups, or parliament, is too weak to overpower incentives to address the learning crisis head-on. At the local level, the school administrations in high-performing schools were able to draw upon resourceful networks in order to mobilize local council funds and parents’ contributions, in spite of the official policy of free education.
Understanding the Politics of the Learning Crisis
Authors: Pritchett Lant 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter reflects on the key contribution of this volume to debates around global education, and offers critical comments as to how this analysis can be further developed. Conventional analyses of education systems in developing countries typically identify what can be termed ‘proximate causes’ to poor quality education, often located within the sector itself, and on the basis of this, offer solutions that are either technocratic, or rest hope in electoral democracy. This volume offers a useful corrective to such understandings. Using the concepts of policy domains and political settlements, the framework developed here helps move beyond simplistic discourse of ‘democracy’ to examine the complexities in how government types influence outcomes in education. More work however remains to be done. The cases can only draw on limited data on education quality, we need to be cautious of claims that particular settlement ‘types’ lead to certain outcomes, and further linkages to policy and practice would be beneficial.
Is the Capability Theory an Adequate Normative Theory for Labour Law?
Authors: Del Punta Riccardo 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The chapter argues how the capability approach, taken essentially as a normative theory, can contribute towards providing a new and updated foundation for labour law. The conditions on the basis of which a political theory may be relevant to labour law are first discussed, while acknowledging that a unique theory cannot provide a justification for all labour law but, rather, for specific laws. As regards the discipline’s classical core, which is aimed at compensating the inequality of power inherent to the employment relationship, that is, at reducing (although never eliminating) the level of the employer’s domination over the employee in Pettit’s perspective, it is argued that these norms can also be interpreted in terms of the capability theory, provided that the latter goes beyond its methodological individualism and deals with the dimension of power inside social relationships. However, the theoretical gains provided by this interpretation do not seem decisive. Instead, it is argued that the latest generation of labour laws has proposed new regulatory perspectives that can be seen as aimed at promoting the workers’ capabilities. Several examples are made with regard to European labour law, which are characterized by a new philosophy of protection that goes beyond a merely paternalistic approach and aims at enhancing the worker’s autonomy and responsibility. In conclusion, the chapter suggests that the capability view could give a remarkable contribution to the renewal of the fundamentally social-democratic background of labour law in a perspective of advanced social liberalism.
Capabilities Approaches and Labour Law through a Relational and Restorative Regulatory Lens
Authors: Archibald Bruce P. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the question of whether the law should prohibit or prevent jobs that are robotic in the nature of their performance against two normative frameworks: first, the framework of human rights and, secondly, the framework of human capabilities. These two frameworks justify controls, albeit not necessarily the same, over the sorts of jobs that are available on the labour market. The chapter finds that both frameworks recognize the value of work as an important interest and an element of human flourishing, and both frameworks impose duties as to the content of work. The duties that human rights impose include the creation of work opportunities and the prohibition of exploitation at work, rather than the creation of meaningful work. Working like a robot, or like a cog in a machine, is not necessarily incompatible with human rights. However, it appears to be incompatible with Nussbaum’s account of human capabilities. It undermines both architectonic capabilities of practical reason and affiliation, the exercise of which affects all other capabilities. Even though boring and monotonous work is incompatible with this approach, it is less clear whether there should be a state duty to prohibit it, according to the theory of human capabilities. This is because work, even if boring and monotonous, may still be conducive to human flourishing for it is good for the enjoyment of several human capabilities. This lack of clarity as to the duties imposed in this area is a weakness of the capabilities approach.
(Re)Imagining the Trade–Labour Linkage
Authors: Gammage Clair 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores the role that international trade law can play in protecting and promoting workers’ rights. Using the capabilities approach to invert the normative foundation of the international trading system, this chapter proposes that the trade–labour linkage should be reimagined with a greater focus on human freedoms and capabilities. It will be argued that the increasingly formalist interpretation of trade rules at the multi-lateral level and in the context of free trade agreements (FTAs) has resulted in the marginalization of labour standards. A critical analysis of the recent Guatemala Labour Dispute, which is the first labour standards dispute to be brought under a FTA, is presented with a view to highlighting how the interpretation of international trade rules can result in the perpetuation of human unfreedoms. This chapter concludes by arguing that the capabilities approach offers an alternative vision for development, but the transformative potential for a just and equitable trade regime can only be realized if there is a meaningful commitment to human agency and participation.
Blue, White, and Red Heat
Authors: Saumarez Smith Otto 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter looks at central government’s role in directing the way in which local authorities enacted central-area redevelopment schemes. It shows how modernist ideas were sustained by a broadly consensual cross-party political culture in central government. It shows how the Joint Urban Planning Group, set up within the Ministry of Housing and Local Government, provided guidance to local authorities in how to form public–private partnerships to redevelop their city centres. The last section discusses the fate of these ideas during Labour’s first term after the 1964 election, and argues for an economic explanation of the initial reaction against modernist approaches to the built environment.