bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Performance of rc low encoding techniques for reducing coupling transitions
Authors: V Shavali. , Sreerama Reddy G.M Dr. , Ramana Reddy.P Dr. 
Published: April 2019

RC Network has delay propagation by wire and dynamic power dissipation. Basically it can perform two encoding techniques. They are Firstly it will reduce more dynamic power dissipation and delay propagation of wire simultaneously. Its simulation results of coupling activityÂ and switching activity is more when the input is in Toggle state on 8-bitÂ and forÂ 32-bit data buses It increases. To reduce dynamic power is bus and total propagation delayÂ the encoding techniques is Introduced which reduces coupling Coupling transitions, Dynamic power. Secondly it will also reduce more total power consumption when Width of Bus and Length of Bits Increases Its coupling activity is Reduced Gradually when the Data moves for one state to another State and switching activity is ReducedÂ Â
Performance of New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM) in Weak Rock Case Study
Authors: Kamal Heba , . . 
Published: April 2019

The decline in the over ground utilizable space and increment in development of metro structures, cut and cover structures are winding up fairly difficult to conceptualize and build. In this examination, a nonlinear two dimensional limited component investigation was completed to show the New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM) burrow developed in frail shake utilizing the business limited component with joint programming PHASE 2.The validity of the numerical modeling procedure performed by the author was checked by making back-analysis for an actual case study of Strengen Tunnel which is one of the biggest expressways in western Austria. A comprehensive parametric study was performed on a hypothetical circle tunnel. Two dimensional numerical simulations with the finite element with joint software PHASE 2 have been performed to ground behaviour with the results of the numerical analysis are presented and discussed for recommendations for future work. In general the tangential stress at side wall and crown obtained from finite element with joints are nearly equal or higher than the closed form solution and equivalent continuum.
Chelating-Agent-Enhanced Copper, Lead and Zinc Extraction From Iraqi Contaminated Sandy Soil.
Authors: Asal Gzar Hatem , Mohsin Ksee Khamaal 
Published: April 2019

This research aims to investigate extraction of copper, lead, and zinc from Iraqi sandy contaminated soil. Two systems were tested single and ternary component systems. Chelating agent ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt (Na2EDTA) was utilized as extractant. Amount of 500 mg of metal per kg soil was prepared to form artificially contaminated soil. Extraction of metals was achieved using column extraction mode. Experimental tests were conducted at different conditions of Na2EDTA concentration,flow rate, and contact time. The results illustrated that the maximum removal percentages for single component system were 92% ,76% and 68% at equilibrium time 6, 8, and 8 hours for Pb , Cu and Zn, respectively. While for ternary system were 82%, 72% and 65%, respectively, at equilibrium time 6 hours for Cu and 8 hours for Pb and Zn. In addition to the best equilibrium time, the other optimum conditions for both systems were 0.1 mol/L extractant concentration, pH 4 and flow rate 20 ml/hr. The sequence of heavy metals removal was Pb > Cu >Zn. The experimental data were tested by applying it in four kinetic models; first order, two constant, parabolic diffusion, and Elovich model. Elovich and parabolic diffusion were the most fitted models to the experimental data.
Salinity Management in the Shatt Al-Arab River
Authors: Amtair Rahi Khayyun 
Published: April 2019

Shatt al-Arab River is originated at the confluence of Tigris and Euphrates in al-Qurna town in southern Iraq. Two other tributaries; the Karun and the Karkheh rivers; join the river downstream from the eastern bank. The length of Shatt al-Arab is about 192 km from its origin to its mouth in the Gulf. The width of the Shatt varies between 250 m at Qurna and 750 m at its mouth at Rass al-Bisha. The salinity of Shat al-Arab has increased steadily for the last four decades. High salinity of the shatt waters hindered their use and made them unfit for most domestic, agricultural and industrial uses. Salinity as high as 18500 ppm was recorded in the City of Basra on the year 2009. The prime cause of the salinity problem is the reduction of fresh water inflow from all the contributing rivers; the high salinity of the inflow from the Euphrates; the marshes; and Garmat Ali River. The research paper recommends an environmental (a minimum instream) flow of 145 cms and several engineering works on the lower parts of the Euphrates and the Tigris rivers to assure the delivery of the proposed flow.
Halabjah-Iraq Earthquake, Comparisons and General Review
Authors: Y. Al-Ghalibi Furat , Kh. Al-Hadithy Laith 
Published: April 2019

The collapsed seismic force level depends on region nature where the construction isÂ to beÂ built because of an earthquake released an energy which generated by a sudden randomly movement of earth segments (plate tectonics). Structure geographic location plays a major role in seismic analysis and design of structures because of the global seismicity influenced by the earthquakeÂ hypocenterÂ and plate tectonics nature. An earthquake will occur if earth tectonic plate shaft and the mass of earth materials moved with plates stress interface and energy released because of ground vibration which its amplitudeÂ reducedÂ with rupture distance. Also the earth vibration generates a large random inertia force thatÂ shouldÂ carried by the structural components safety. In the present study, a comparisons of Halabjah-Iraq Earthquake with many world earthquake is investigated, generally Halabjah earthquake classified as medium risk earthquakeÂ Â
Effect of Loading Speed on Direct and Indirect Tensile Strength of Rock and Concrete
Authors: Riyadh Mohammed Ali Hayder Mohammed , Fahimifar Ahmad , Al Khafaji Hazim 
Published: April 2019

The trial work and numerical demonstrating were considered to examine the impacts of strain rate in the rigidity of rocks and cement in the research facility. Three trial of the exploratory work were considered, guide pressure test to get immediate elastic outcomes, Brazilian split test, and three-point flexural stacking test, to get roundabout ductile outcomes. While the numerical displaying utilizing limited component programming ABAQUS, to examined numerically the examples of 48 research facility tests. Immediate and roundabout rigidity tests, arranged two kinds of totals (0-6) mm and (0-12) mm for solid examples and shake tests (sedimentary and changeable) utilizing distinctive strain rates (10-2, 10-4, 10-5)s-1. The test and numerical outcomes demonstrated that strain rate articulated impacts on the elasticity of shake and cement and impacts are reliant upon the kind of shake and cement consolidated materials, and the broke surfaces of the considerable number of examples in all tests turned out to be more straightened with the expanding strain rate. The numerical and test results demonstrate a decent assention. The surmised (11%-18%) contrast between the tests results acquired through trial and numerical demonstrating might be ascribed to the disentanglement utilized in the numerical displaying.Â Â
Effect of Using River Sand on The Strength of Normal and High Strength Concrete
Authors: Al-Thairy Haitham 
Published: April 2019

The shortage and high cost of quarries sand in some regions around the world has motivated engineers and researchers to investigate the possibility and feasibility of using other materials to be used as a fine aggregate in concrete mixtures. The main objective of this research is to experimentally investigate the effect of using river sand as a partial replacement of the ordinary quarries sand on the mechanical properties of normal and high strength concrete. Nine concrete mixtures were prepared and tested in terms of fresh and hardened properties using different replacement ratios of the required proportion of the normal sand. Four replacement ratios were used for normal strength concrete (NSC) which are: 0%, 25%, 50% and 75%, whereas, five replacement ratios were used for high strength concrete (HSC) namely: 0%, 35%, 60% and 90%. For each strength grade, the test parameters of the prepared mixtures included compressive and tensile strength. The experimental test results have revealed that it is possible to obtain a normal and high strength concrete with acceptable compressive and flexural strengths values by using river sand with replacement ratios up to 25% and 35% for NSC and HSC, respectively. When the replacement ratios were increased to more than the aforementioned ratios, the strength of the concrete decreased accordingly.Â Â
Experimental Study and ANFIS Modeling for Scour Behind Al-Shamiya Barrage
Authors: Razzak Al-Husseini Thulfikar , Janna Hussein , M. Hamza Walaa 
Published: April 2019

Generally, the scour behind hydraulic structures considered as an important matter the may be lead to failure. So, in this paper an experimental study and ANFIS modeling for a selected case study which is Al-Shamiya Barrage in Iraq. The M-9 device and GIS technique were used for collecting the data from field. The collection of data started from 1/12/2016 until to 1/3/2017 with monthly observation. A grid of (10 Ã— 10) m for the 40 m length behind the floor of barrage was used to collect the experimental data. Furthermore, samples of sand from bed in that region were collected in order to implement the sieve analysis to specify the d50 and then to specify the Manning coefficient. Some equations used to calculate depth of scour behind the barrage. Then the data obtained was divided randomly into two parts: 80 % for training and 20 % for testing the model to implement the model by using ANFIS technique. The ANFIS model gave RMSE equal to 3.3965 Ã— 10-6 m for training and 0.273 m for testing the model, respectively. This study concluded that the scour behind Al-Shamiya Barrage was clear experimentally using M-9 device and can be modeled using ANFIS model.Â Â Â Â Â Â
Utilization of Pervious Concrete in CO2 Capturing to Control Environmental Impact of Portland Cement
Authors: J. Alsaad Aymen , S.al-Attar Tareq , S. Alshathr Basil 
Published: April 2019

The cement industry is a main producer of greenhouse gases that is responsible for 5â€“7% of CO2Â emissions. Therefore, it is important to find a method to reduce the concentration of this gas in the environment especially in places such as tunnels. This work aims to use pervious concrete to capture CO2 from the environment and transform it to calcium carbonate inside its matrix. The pervious concrete exposed at 7, 14, and 28 days age to 25 and 50% concentration of CO2 for a period of 2 and 4 hours to study the extent of carbonation inside this concrete. In addition to that, the effects of carbonation on compressive strength, weight change, CO2-uptake and change in permeability were studied. The results showed that higher concentration of CO2 and longer exposure periods caused deeper penetration of carbonation. The maximum recorded CO2 uptake by pervious concrete occurs when it was exposed to higher CO2 % and longer duration of exposure at the age of 7 days.Â Â
Performance Evaluation of Conventional and High Modulus Asphalt Concrete with Novolac Polymer Modifier Using Aashtoware Software
Authors: H. Al-Humeidawi Basim , F. Jasim Abbas , A. Kadhim Huda 
Published: April 2019

In order to changes the original asphalt characteristics, there are many additives have been used to produce or modify the High Modulus Asphalt Binder (HMAB). Even though the hard grade asphalt binder has some disadvantages, such as the aging process due to high mixing and compacting temperature, which can negatively affect the pavement performance, some other advantages include increasing stiffness modulus of asphalt binder and high resistance to permanent deformation. Also, using the hard grade asphalt binder will save construction costs by reducing the asphalt pavement thickness due to its high stiffness modulus. In Iraq, the Novolac modifier and its Cross-linking Agent (Hexamine) was used for the first time as a modifier for asphalt which can significantly improve the rheological properties of asphalt and its role in HMA. This study focuses on estimating the thickness reduction of flexible pavement due to using High Modulus Asphalt Concrete (HMAC). The reduction in permanent deformation and thickness of pavement were estimated for suggested pavement structure sections implemented HMAC mixture compared with the pavement section implemented conventional mixtures using AASHTOWare software version 2.3. The analytical results indicate that adding 4% of Novolac modifier and 15 % of Hexamine (form weigth of Novolac) is reduced the permanent deformation and bottom up cracking by 30% and 46 % compared to conventional mix, respectively. However, it can be concluded that adding Novolac polymer modifier enhanced the pavement performance.Â Â
Experimental Investigation on Self-Compacting Concrete with Waste Carbon Black
Authors: Shober Saheb Alyhya Wajde , Alaa Abed Alameer Shober Saheb Alyhya , Mohammed Ridha Mahmmod Laith , . . 
Published: April 2019

One of the vital aspects in designing self-compacting concrete (SCC) is the amount and type of filler with respect to cement and water. These have a great impact not only on fresh SCC properties (segregation, filling, fluidity, etc.) but also on its hardened properties. In this experimental study, an attempt was conducted to diminish the pores occurrence in SCC by using carbon black as a filler, which is a waste from the rubber industry. The experimental work investigates the SCC properties when crusher dust filler from the aggregate plant was partially replaced by waste carbon black. SCC mixes of two carbon black replacement ratios (2.5% and 5%) were studied to reveal its effect on the fresh and hardened properties, through various tests. The fresh properties were investigated by means of slump flow (t500), J-ring and L-box. The compressive and splitting tensile strengths tests were implemented along with the mix density evaluation to characterize the hardened properties of SCC with black carbon. It has been found that the carbon black has a useful role for the fresh properties of SCC. Indeed, the carbon black provides superior performance for the compressive strength development than crusher dust. In contrast, it slightly worsened SCC splitting tensile strength.Â Â
Design, Manufacturing and Testing of Small Shaking Table
Authors: H. Humaish Asad , S. Shamkhi Mohammed , K. Al-Hachami Thualfiqar 
Published: April 2019

The seismic performance and the dynamic response of concrete gravity dams can be verified by several techniques. Both geotechnical centrifuge apparatus (under N-g values) and shaking table (under 1-g) are the commonly used techniques in the world. This paper deals with designing, manufacturing, and testing of small shaking table to investigate different geotechnical and engineering problems. The main body of the designed shaking table consists of steel frame (local iron) manufactured as a hollow box with steel plate, 6mm in thickness and one-direction movable platform (as a basket carrying the container of the model).Â Inside this main box, all the mechanical parts that work as one system to generate the motion of the seismic wave with an acceleration that needed to the test.Â The facilities of this shaking table, the movable base has a dimension of 0.8m x1.2m and the platform mass approximately 2 kN, the maximum allowable model weight of 10kN, the range of frequency from 0 to 20 Hz, the maximum acceleration amplitude of 1.2g and maximum displacement of 14mm. It can simulate only the single frequency motion (i.e. sinusoidal wave). The measured accelerations at different soil model level for the tested shaker under 0.6g sinusoidal waveform gave a reasonable prediction for the dynamic response and the amplification characteristics.Â Â
Effect of the Rib Depth to the Overall Beam Depth Ratio in the Lightweight One-Way Ribbed Slabs
Authors: A. Abdulkareem Taif , A. Alfeehan Ashraf 
Published: April 2019

The ribbed slabs provide a lighter and stiffer slab than an equivalent traditional slab with minimizing the total volume of the materials. Four one-way lightweight concrete panels, including one flat and three ribbed panels were cast and tested under two-point load as simply supported up to the failure. The main investigated variable is a ratio of the rib depth (d) to the overall beam depth (h). All the panels have the same concrete volume and the same steel reinforcement ratio. Also, the width of the rib is equal to the slab thickness as a constraint condition in all the panels. Data were recorded at the loading stages to determine the load capacity and the deflection. A nonlinear finite element analysis carried out by using ANSYS-15 software program to analyze the panels and to verify the results. Increase the (d/h) ratio improved the structural behavior by increase the carrying load capacity and reduces the deflection to a certain limit. Compatibility results have been obtained between the numerical and experimental work.Â Â Â
Shear Strengthening of Composite Steel-Concrete Girders with Web Openings Using CFRP Sheets
Authors: Shawky AbdulSahib Wael , J. Hamood Mohammed , Mohammed Majeed Ahmed 
Published: April 2019

This study presents an experimental investigation of subjecting one-point load at mid-span of five composite steel-concrete girders that are loaded predominantly in shear. Three of girders are reference girders with no web openings, square web openings, and circular web openings, respectively. The both other girders are strengthened girders. The compressive strength of concrete, slab reinforcement and all dimensions of girders are kept. The CFRP laminates were adhesively attached to the webs of strengthened girders in various patterns and were done to estimate the effect of strengthening scheme by CFRP composite on increasing of the ultimate load capacity of the web openings girders. The research purposes to examine the behavior and effect of increasing in the ultimate shear capacity of strengthened girders that have constant dimensions and locations of web openings which is about 40 % of web depth. The results show the increase in ultimate load capacity of strengthened girders containing square and circular web openings with about 23.75% and 25.9%, respectively compared to that of reference girders. Furthermore, the ultimate shear strength was predicted by von Mises stresses were used for girders without and with square and circular web openings.Â Â
The Effect of Magnitude and Direction of Heat Flow on the Thermal Conductivity for Insulation Materials (Glass Wool) by Using Probe Method
Authors: Humaish Hussein , . . 
Published: April 2019

The thermal energy of building is determined by the thermal properties of the materials and how to install these materials in the elements of buildings according to the direction of heat transfer. The effectiveness of thermal insulation (glass wool) is dependent on its thermal conductivity which is varies in different directions of fibers of glass wool. Glass wool is formed of fibers and binders tangled together during the industrial process to provide some elasticity. The experimental values of thermal conductivity of the insulation materials are changed according to magnitude of the heat power and direction of fiber arrangement. The thermal conductivity for insulation materials has been measured by using probe method,Â Huekseflux Â® TP02 used to measure the thermal conductivity by emit the flow perpendicular and parallel to the fibers of glass wool. Two samples of yellow glass wool (density 68 kg/m3) with dimensions (10 Ã—10 Ã—30) cm have been used. Hot Disk bulk isotropic module has been used to evaluate thermal conductivity. TPS source (Hot Disk probe reference: 4922) characterized by a diameter of 14.61 mm has been selected. COMSOLÂ® multiphysics axisymmetric 2D model has been used to follow the axial and the radial directions of the heat transfer.Â
Evaluation of Low Temperature Cracking of Asphalt Mixture Modified with PPA Using Acoustic Emission Technique
Authors: Kodadadi Mojtaba , Khodaii Ali 
Published: April 2019

In this study, the behavior of asphalt mixture was studied using non-destructive Acoustic Emission (AE) technique at low temperatures. For this purpose, two types of bitumen 60/70 and 85/100 with two types of limestone and Silica aggregate were used to construct asphalt mixtures. Polyphosphoric acid (PPA) was used to modify the bitumen in the dosage of 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% of bitumen weight. Semicircular bending test (SCB) under a steady increasing strain at a rate of 3mm/min was conducted at 0, -10-, and -20 Â°C. Two AE channels were used to record the Sinusoid output around the crack of SCB sample during crack growth. Analysis of the results obtained from this study using SPSS software indicates that there is a significant relationship between the failure energy of SCB samples and the number of impacts received from AEs. Furthermore, AE energy has a good agreement with the sample failure energy. According to the failure criterion, asphalt mixtures containing 85/100 bitumen modified by 1.0% of PPA and limestone aggregate exhibit more crack resistance among other compositions.Â Â
Finite Element Modeling for Self-Compacting Reinforced Concrete Deep Beams Containing Web Openings
Authors: Sader Mohammed Ahlam , Nasser Hussain Laith 
Published: April 2019

A nonlinear limited component display is utilized to approve the consequences of limited component investigation with that of test work got from written works with the end goal to foresee execution of self-compacted strengthened solid; profound pillars incorporate roundabout web openings. Six indistinguishable profound bars were considered for this reason; one of them was strong that considered as a control bar. ANSYS PC program was utilized to accomplish the investigation of these bars. Examination between the test and limited component strategy results shows a satisfactory understanding with the goal that the proposed model can be embraced in future for further investigations. The diagnostic tests which were improved the situation different cases considered showed that the heap redirection conduct and a definitive burdens are in great concurrence with the distributed libratory results. The outcomes demonstrate that most extreme contrast between the anticipated numerical extreme burdens to the trial extreme load for all cases was under (14%); while the greatest rate distinction for redirection esteems was about 11%. Likewise, the extent of the openings and its area influence the heap conveying limit of the shafts.Â Â
Improving the Properties of Clay Brick Using Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA)
Authors: S. Abo Dhaheer M. , H.K Ammash , M.T Albdiry 
Published: April 2019

In this study, an experimental research was dedicated to investigate the properties of clay brick treated by polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). Two methods of treatment were conducted. The first contained treating clay brick by submerging the specimens in 1%, 2% and 3% of PVA solution, whereas the second involved coating the brick specimens with 6% PVA (i.e. a high viscous solution). The treated specimens were allowed to dry under ambient temperature in the laboratory before being tested. Standard tests employed for brick specimens were applied. Regarding the specimens treated using the submerging method, results showed that there was a significant contribution of PVA to the compressive strength, total water absorption and efflorescence tests, in which the specimens reached the best performance when PVA was increased to 3%. However, the brick specimens coated by PVA showed a slight increase in the compressive strength, but a noticeable decrease in the water absorption and efflorescence.Â Â