bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Organic carbonates synthesis improved by pervaporation for CO2 utilisation
Authors: Décultot Marie , Ledoux Alain , Fournier-Salaün Marie-Christine , Estel Lionel 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This work is focused on the synthesis of organic carbonates from CO2 and ethanol. A parametric study of the synthesis of diethyl carbonate from ethanol is performed in a 100 mL batch reactor. The influence of pressure and temperature is studied and we prove that the presence of water strongly decreases the yield in diethyl carbonate as an equilibrium is quickly reached. One method to improve this yield is to remove water from the reaction mixture to shift the equilibrium toward the formation of carbonates. The chemical methods give good results but separation and regeneration associated steps are prohibitive. For these reasons, a physical technique like pervaporation is chosen to remove water. The study of a pervaporation cell with membrane PERVAP 4100 gives good results for the dehydration of ethanol alone even at low concentrations of water from 0.33 %wt to 0.15 %wt. Twelve experiments on the dehydration of a mixture of ethanol, diethyl carbonate and water are performed. The calculated separation factors show a very good selectivity for water. That means that even in the presence of diethyl carbonate, the membrane has still a selective water permeability.
Production of starch nanoparticles through solvent-antisolvent precipitation in a spinning disc reactor
Authors: Sana Sahr , Boodhoo Kamelia , Zivkovic Vladimir 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The spinning disc reactor (SDR) uses surface rotation to produce thin film flow with improved mixing and reduced residence times in chemical processing applications. Solvent-antisolvent precipitation is one such process that can benefit from these properties. This study investigates the film hydrodynamics and precipitation of starch nanoparticles by contacting starch dissolved in sodium hydroxide with ethanol as the antisolvent. One objective of this study is to understand how interactions of the disc surface topography (grooved and smooth) with other parameters such as liquid flowrate, antisolvent to solvent flow ratio and disc speed impact the mixing and precipitation processes. Results indicate that an increase in flow rate and rotational speed leads to smaller nano-particles and narrower size distributions, which is attributed to increased shear and instabilities within the liquid film. It was also observed that an increased antisolvent to solvent ratio caused a reduction in particle size, as increased antisolvent generated higher supersaturation. Results showed that although particle size was not significantly influenced by the disc texture, the size distribution was narrower and higher yields were obtained with the grooved disc surface. The grooved disc therefore offers the opportunity for higher throughput in the solvent-antisolvent precipitation of starch particles with better product quality.
Creep behaviour and life assessment of a cast nickel – base superalloy MAR – M247
Authors: Kvapilova Marie , Dvorak Jiri , Kral Petr , Hrbacek Karel , Sklenicka Vaclav 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The cast nickel-base MAR-M247 superalloy has been widely used for high-temperature components. In this work, the creep behaviour of two alternates of MAR-M247 superalloy with different grain size processed at different temperatures of casting are compared. Under the creep testing conditions used in this study, only negligible differences of creep behaviour of the alternate alloys were found and the evaluated creep characteristics correspond to the power-law or dislocation creep. The microstructure of the alloys consists of a 𝛾 matrix with a eutectic, 𝛾'
strengthening cubic precipitates, and M6C and M23C6 carbides. Increasing the temperature induces the dissolution of some M23C6 carbides. Fractures of both variants of alloys exhibit a more ductile character at higher temperatures, while at lower temperature a mixture of brittle and ductile fracture modes was observed, which changes the creep fracture ductility.
The refusal of request speech act in Persian, English, and Balouchi languages: A cross-cultural and cross-linguistic study
Authors: Moafian Fatemeh , Yazdi Naji , Sarani Abdullah 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe study examined the realization of refusal of request speech act in Persian, English, and Balouchi languages. 219 individuals participated in the study. Discourse completion task was employed to elicit the participants’ refusals. Descriptive statistics and Chi-square were used to analyze the data. The findings revealed the existence of statistically significant differences among the three groups of speakers concerning both the total frequencies and the frequencies of direct, indirect, and adjuncts to refusals strategies. Furthermore, concerning social status, no statistically significant differences were detected either for total number of strategies or for the number of strategies in main categories in each language, except for the indirect strategies among Persian speakers. In Persian language, with the increase in the interlocutors’ social status level, the increase in the number of indirect strategies was discerned. Likewise, the frequency differences of some semantic formulas were statistically significant regarding the social status in each language.
Entropy and Entropy Production in Multiscale Dynamics
Authors: Grmela Miroslav , Pavelka Michal , Klika Václav , Cao Bing-Yang , Bendian Nie 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Heat conduction is investigated on three levels: equilibrium, Fourier, and Cattaneo. The Fourier level is either the point of departure for investigating the approach to equilibrium or the final stage in the investigation of the approach from the Cattaneo level. Both investigations bring to the Fourier level an entropy and a thermodynamics. In the absence of external and internal influences preventing the approach to equilibrium the entropy that arises in the latter investigation is the production of the classical entropy that arises in the former investigation. If the approach to equilibrium is prevented, then the entropy that arises in the investigation of the approach from the Cattaneo level to the Fourier level still brings to the Fourier level the entropy and the thermodynamics even if the classical entropy and the classical thermodynamics are absent. We also note that vanishing total entropy production as a characterization of equilibrium state is insufficient.
The semantics of Scandinavian pancake constructions
Authors: Haugen Tor Arne , Enger Hans-Olav 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
A classical topic in the syntax of the mainland Scandinavian languages is so-called pancake clauses where there seemingly is disagreement between the subject and the predicative adjective, as in Pannekaker er godt ‘Pancakes(f):indf:pl be:prs good:n:sg’; the subject is in the plural, whereas the predicative adjective is in the neuter singular. According to one of the several approaches, these clauses display a type of semantic agreement. Recently, it has also been argued that there are at least four different types of pancake constructions.
In this article, the semantic relationship between the different constructions is investigated further. It is argued that, diachronically, pancake agreement started with subjects interpreted as virtual, ungrounded processes, and that the absence of grounding has been reinterpreted as absence of spatial boundedness in the latest kind of pancake construction. The analysis is supported by a diachronic corpus investigation. The emphasis on virtual reference is a new feature with the current paper, and it enables us to set aside an objection against the semantic agreement analysis. The diachronic corpus investigation enables us to revise, empirically, earlier suggestions as to when the pancake constructions originated: They are well attested from the mid-1800s, in both Swedish and Norwegian Nynorsk.
Variationist typology: Shared probabilistic constraints across (non-)null subject languages
Authors: Torres Cacoullos Rena , Travis Catherine E. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractA key parameter in received classifications of language types is the expression of pronominal subjects. Here we compare variation patterns in conversational data of English – considered a non-null-subject language – and Spanish – a well-studied null-subject language. English has a patently lower rate of expression (approximately 3% unexpressed 1sg and 3sg human subjects vs. 60% in Spanish). Despite the stark difference in rate of expression, the same probabilistic constraints are at work in the two languages. Contrary to popular belief, VP coordination is neither a discrete nor a distinguishing category of English. Instead, a shared constraint is linking with the preceding subject, a refinement of accessibility to include, alongside coreferentiality, measures of structural connectedness – both prosodic and syntactic. Other shared constraints on unexpressed subjects are coreferential subject priming (a tendency to repeat the form of the previous mention) and lexical aspect (reflecting the contribution of a temporal relationship to subject expression). Where the languages most differ is in the envelope of variation. In English, besides coreferential-subject verbs conjoined with a coordinating conjunction, unexpressed subjects are limited to prosodic initial-position in declarative main clauses, a restriction that is absent in Spanish. We propose that the locus of cross-language comparisons is the variable structure of each language, defined by the set of probabilistic constraints but also the delimitation of the variable context within which these are operative.
Art, Ethnic Identity and Frozen Actions: Conceptualising Art Created and Displayed in the Home of a Māori Visual Artist and a Samoan Visual Artist
Authors: Matelau-Doherty Tui 
Published: May 2019

AbstractDefining and understanding a positive and inclusive Māori or Pacific ethnic identity is difficult. Yet doing so is necessary in order to enhance the wellbeing of Māori and Pacific people in New Zealand. This paper argues that analysing the art of a Māori and Samoan visual artist using frozen actions as the analytical tool, reveals their fluid ethnic identity. Actions such as hanging the art, producing the art and researching the art are embedded as frozen actions in the art itself. These identity telling actions reveal a fluid ethnic identity, a positive and inclusive ethnic identity which combines ideas about the social environment and ethnicity.
What makes (im)politeness for travellers?Spanish tourists’ perceptions at national and international hotels
Authors: López María de la O Hernández , Amaya Lucía Fernández 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAlthough hotel service encounters have been widely studied, the literature presents two main shortcomings: 1) receptionist-guest communication has not received much attention from a politeness perspective; and 2) the scarcity of studies regarding politeness1 (i. e., the interlocutors’ perception of politeness) has been overshadowed by the vast amount of literature concerning politeness2. Regarding customer perception, understanding what appropriate communicative behaviour is - i. e. whether (non)verbal actions are conducive to variation in terms of customer perception and satisfaction - is crucial to understand service success or failure. In this context, our study examines the opinion and perception of 183 Spanish participants who had stayed at national and international hotels and who assessed, on the one hand, to what extent the receptionists were polite or impolite, and why; and on the other, how communication with customers could improve in terms of politeness. The findings indicate that, despite the participants’ general preference for friendliness and solidarity, the politeness strategies that participants valued as adequate in this context are not necessarily those traditionally related to Peninsular Spanish (i. e. directness and/or involvement). Also, this study shows that what lay people consider politeness encompasses a great number of variables in which linguistic production is but one of them.
Impoliteness in English and Chinese online diners’ reviews
Authors: Lai Xiaoyu 
Published: May 2019

AbstractLinguistic impoliteness appears to be an important feature of online reviews. This paper examines how impoliteness is realized in English and Chinese negative reviews, and how these reviews are responded to. The data sets are composed of 32 English and 32 Chinese negative reviews with responses respectively from the websitesTripAdvisorandDazhongdianping. Building on the work of Culpeper (1996; 2011), English reviewers are found to adopt more of a mixture of approval and criticism, and “stuff-oriented” pointed complaints, while Chinese reviewers employ more indignant exclamations and “staff-oriented” pointed complaints. This suggests that the latter are more concerned about their own face needs, and thus have the potential to be perceived as more impolite and aggravating than the former. However, it is also found that Chinese respondents are potentially more polite and indirect than English respondents. Chinese respondents pay more attention to reviewers’ face wants rather than that of their own, while English respondents attach greater importance to maintaining a positive image for a restaurant, and hence attending to their own face needs. This paper reveals a sharp contrast in the use of impoliteness and its link to the concept of face in English and Chinese negative reviews and responses.
An Intergenerational Perspective on (Im)politeness
Authors: Bella Spyridoula , Ogiermann Eva 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe present paper provides an intergenerational perspective on Greek conceptualizations of (im)politeness. Based on interviews eliciting narratives of impolite behaviour of our participants’ parents’ generation, the study illustrates the contested and changing nature of politeness in contemporary Greece.Through critically evaluating the older generation’s behaviour, the participants not only provided insights into their own politeness norms but also showed a clear understanding of the previous generation’s politeness norms. The discrepancy between what is perceived as polite by the two generations points to a distinction between empirical (is) and moral (should) norms (Haugh 2010), with the former allowing the participants to classify their parents’ impoliteness as non-intentional and the latter reflecting the emergence of new conceptualizations of politeness in Greece.While Greece has been unanimously characterized as a positive politeness culture in previous research, the present study illustrates an increasing emphasis on values and norms associated with negative politeness.
Gerunds become prepositional infinitives in Romance Small Clauses: The effects of later Merge to the syntactic spine
Authors: Casalicchio Jan 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis article offers a comparative analysis of “predicative” gerunds (“PGs”) and prepositional infinitives (“PIs”), focussing on perception constructions in Spanish (PGs) and European Portuguese (PIs). I demonstrate that these two constructions are diachronically related and that they still have a similar syntax. The evidence discussed suggests that both constructions are Small Clauses headed by a preposition of central coincidence. In PGs, this preposition is merged in a low aspectual projection and incorporates into the verb. In PIs, an evolution of PGs, it is merged later in the structure. This leads to a layering process, i.e. the splitting of a single head into a series of heads and transferring the semantics of one functional head to more heads. Thus, PIs have a more expanded structure than gerunds. Finally, further empirical evidence for this analysis is discussed, such as the insertion of adverbs and the use ofsin(“without”) to negate the perceived event.
Valuation of Medieval Churches; Taking Account of Laypersons’ Views
Authors: van der Schoor Tineke , Colmenero-Acevedo Ezequiel , Vieveen Maarten 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Local voluntary groups often play an important role in the day-to-day care for historic churches, therefore the perspective of laypersons is very relevant for their conservation. In this paper, we investigate laypersons’ valuation of historic buildings, their experiences of thermal comfort in those buildings and contrast this with their views on the appropriateness of energy efficiency measures. This paper presents four case studies of medieval churches in Groningen, Netherlands. We applied interviews and photo-elicitation to investigate the values held by local committees that take daily care of the churches in our sample. Our theoretical contribution lies in the combination of valuation studies and heritage approaches. Valuation studies is used to investigate the values that are attached to historic buildings by various stakeholders. We apply the ‘heritage-as–a-spatial-vector’ approach which focuses on using heritage as a resource and to position heritage in relation to developments in society. We conclude that for a more balanced assessment of historic buildings, laypersons’ valuations should be further integrated in heritage studies. In particular, community values and comfort needs should be more fully addressed in value assessments.
Guidance for Finding a Sustainable Balance between Energy Savings and Heritage Preservation When Retrofitting Heritage Buildings
Authors: Héberlé E. , Borderon J. , Burgholzer J. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
A guidance was developed to find a sustainable balance between energy savings and heritage preservation when retrofitting heritage buildings. It was applied in a study on the retrofitting of typical Alsatian heritage buildings. Seven buildings were analysed before retrofitting to evaluate them on five criteria: energy savings, heritage preservation but also comfort in winter and in summer and moisture damage. Then, compatible retrofitting works on walls, ceilings, floors, front door, windows, ventilation and heating and hot production water systems were selected in order to create three retrofitting scenarios: a high-energy efficiency scenario with moisture-permeable materials, a balance scenario between energy efficiency and heritage preservation and a high heritage preservation scenario. The results of the study showed that these sustainable retrofitting scenarios preserve heritage while saving energy and are available in a web publication headed to Alsatian private individuals. The guidance in itself can be easily replicated to other types of heritage buildings.
Building Performance Evaluation – A Design Approach for Refurbishment of a Small Traditional Building in Scotland
Authors: Foster Janice A. , Poston Anna , Foster Samuel A. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
In recent years, thermal performance improvements have been applied to an increasing number of historic buildings towards the achievement of the legally binding Scottish carbon dioxide (CO2) emission reductions. Over 20 % of the built environment in Scotland was constructed pre 1919 and the targeting of fabric improvements in these buildings can pose a performance risk if inappropriate measures are applied. This paper discusses through a case study a Building Performance Evaluation (BPE) approach used in conjunction with the design process for refurbishment of a community owned historic building, located in Arisaig, Scotland. The community received funding to improve the energy performance of this nineteenth century stone building and committed to a 75 % reduction in CO2 emissions. BPE was conducted in 2014 as part of the design process and repeated post-refurbishment in 2015 to validate the design. The initial BPE identified high heat losses, inefficient heating and lighting systems that resulted in occupant discomfort, high running costs and consequently the loss of a community facility during the winter months. The resulting BPE quantified improvements to the building fabric, occupant comfort and reduced energy consumption, which advocated this design approach as a beneficial tool for informing historic building refurbishment.
An Investigation of the Energy Efficiency of Traditional Buildings in the Oporto World Heritage Site
Authors: Flores Joaquim Moura 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Oporto’s traditional buildings are the major contributors for shaping the World Heritage Site Despite this, and as is the case in most European historic cities, they are not individually listed and any adaptations to make them comply with current energy efficiency requirements may cause negative impacts on their authenticity and integrity. This paper aims to identify which energy efficiency improvement measures can be applied without damaging the buildings’ heritage value. For this purpose, fieldwork and simulation data of ten case studies were used. On-site results revealed that the energy consumption in Oporto’s traditional buildings was below European average and the households expressed that their home comfort sensation was overall positive. Simulations showed that introducing insulation and solar thermal panels would be ineffective in terms of energy and cost efficiency as well as comfort improvement.
This study reinforces the idea that traditional buildings perform better than expected in terms of energy consumption and can be retrofitted and updated at a low-cost and with passive solutions.
‘You’ll need help from your adult assistant’: Readership accommodation in children’s recipes
Authors: Brunner Marie-Louise 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This article investigates how children’s recipes are adapted structurally and linguistically for their young readership. It is based on comparative data, using 24 children’s and 24 adults’ versions of the same recipes, and additional online and printed children’s recipes as reference. Even though recipes have been researched extensively, research on recipes for children in particular is rare. Based on general research on facilitation methods in recipe writing, the article analyzes how children, as the target readership, are accommodated in the analyzed recipes and how they differ from recipes intended for adults. Findings suggest that children’s recipes often have an appealing title, are more detailed and clearer, and use visual support. There is a tendency to reduce presuppositions and include additional advice. However, they seem less consistent than adult recipes and, in contrast to the general trend for accommodation, often use technical terminology without further explanations. The request for an adult helper distinguishes children’s from adults’ recipes and serves as a differentiating feature. These findings indicate that children’s recipes are adapted to the particular context and needs of a young and inexperienced audience.