bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Economic Policies Amid Political Instability in Latin America
Authors: Del Tedesco Lins Maria Antonieta 
Published: October 2024

AbstractLatin America has grappled with a history marked by economic crises, posing ongoing challenges for the region’s inclusive development. Focusing on the three largest economies in the region, the analysis sheds light on the intricacies of their responses to crises, particularly in the context of external shocks like the COVID-19 pandemic or the effects of Russia’s invasion to Ukraine. Despite governmental interventions, these economies faced pronounced impacts on inequality and poverty, highlighting the pressing need for nuanced economic strategies in the face of political turbulence. This chapter delves into the dynamic relationship between economic policies and political transformations during the last 15 years, emphasizing the deleterious effects of political instability on economic performance.
Digital Currencies, Monetary Power, and Inequalities: Discussing the Potential Impacts of the Brazilian Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC)
Authors: Del Tedesco Lins Maria Antonieta , Ribeiro Hoffmann Andrea 
Published: October 2024

AbstractIn the different forms they can take, private or issued by central banks, digital currencies are becoming a reality around the world. In addition to the alleged advantages in terms of transaction cost reduction and agility, the creation of central banks digital currencies can alter the distribution of monetary power in a global context marked by instability and crisis. Economic, social, and political impacts at the domestic level have been underexplored. The huge success of the instant payment system launched by the central bank in 2020 (Pix) and the launching of the Brazilian Central Bank digital currency (Drex) foreseen to take place in 2024 make this an interesting case for understanding in more depth the potential impacts of the digitalization of finance and the creation of central banks digital currencies at the domestic, regional, and global levels.
Financial Technology in Global Context: Risks and Opportunities
Authors: Kotovskaia Anastasia 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThe 2008 financial crisis became a milestone in the development of financial technology (FinTech). Leveraging innovative technologies and data science, FinTech companies have introduced entirely new products and services for lending, wealth management, and payments. At the same time, new market players entering financial markets necessitate a regulation dealing with the risks stemming from innovative technologies. This chapter unveils the security challenges arising in FinTech sector focusing on vulnerabilities in data management, cybersecurity, and operational resilience. These risks require an enhanced regulatory framework to uphold the safety of financial markets considering technological innovation. Nonetheless, FinTech opens significant opportunities for growth and transformation. FinTech is promising in addressing the problem of financial inclusion for those who lack access to basic financial services such as savings and credit. Assessing the specific landscape of the Latin American market, FinTech’s development in this region appears particularly promising in terms of tackling the issue of financial inclusion. Furthermore, there is evidence that FinTechs may reduce the gender gap in access to finance for women in some developing economies. In this chapter, those technological innovations and their implications for the financial market in the era of permacrisis are discussed.
European Union–Latin American Interregional Relations: Taking Stock and Looking Ahead
Authors: Bianculli Andrea C. , Brossa Laia , Jordana Jacint 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThe European Union (EU) and Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) have a long and deep-rooted history of economic and political relations, which has shown fluctuations, due to a diverse combination of structural and agential variables. On the EU side, different mechanisms and strategies have been put in place, at different levels, ranging from bilateral dialogues to formal agreements and interregional summits. Moreover, relations revolve around three main agendas, including political dialogue, cooperation, and trade, and involve a wide array of state and nonstate, private and public actors. The literature on EU–LAC relations is vast and widely scattered across fields, but it often remains limited to examining specific dimensions, either a particular policy area, analytical level, or period. This chapter attempts to move forward by proposing a wider perspective on the interregional relations, based on an analytical policy approach. It introduces a novel database, which provides a mapping of the policy instruments that have been employed by the EU to activate such relations, including the agreements governing the relations between the EU and LAC, and the cooperation programs funded by the EU in LAC. Based on this, the chapter will provide an encompassing insight into how interregional relations have evolved, considering their variations across instruments, policy areas, territorial levels, and over time.
Democratic Crises in Latin America and the Responses of Regional Institutions: An Evaluation of the Case of the OAS
Authors: Briceño-Ruiz José 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThe objective of this paper is to evaluate the role the Organization of American States (OAS) in addressing the democratic crises the Latin American countries have experienced since the 1990s. It is argued that despite initial successes such as the OAS’ response in the cases of Perú and Haiti in the 1990s or in the mediation in Venezuela in 2003, after 2009, the efficiency of the OAS was much lower. The first two sections of this chapter are devoted to the analysis of the concept of democratic crisis and the role of international institutions in the protection and promotion of democracy. The two last sections of the chapter examine the democratic crises in Latin America and the role of the OAS in the solution of these crises.
The European Failure to Tackle ‘Too-Big-to-Fail’ Banks
Authors: Mäkipää Mikael , Howarth David , James Scott 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThis chapter evaluates the reach of post-crisis banking regulation adopted in the United Kingdom (UK), France, Germany, the Netherlands, and at the European Union (EU) level, with specific focus upon its effectiveness in addressing issues connected to too-big-to-fail (TBTF) universal banks: notably, incentives for excessive risk-taking and the potential financial burden imposed upon the public sector. Examining capital requirements, liquidity rules, resolution and structural reform, and contrasting European experiences with those of the United States (US), we highlight the inability of all adopted regulations except for UK and US structural reforms to effectively tackle TBTF. At national and supranational levels, domestic and European sectoral ‘specificities’ and worries over competitiveness led to significant derogations from Basel III capital and liquidity requirements, shaped a politically unreliable resolution regime and contributed to a failed structural reform package. The inadequacy and uncertainty of European banking regulation, together with the unstable nature of finance, demonstrate the usefulness of the concept of ‘permacrisis.’
From Bailouts to Bail-Ins: Political Economy Constraints to Effective Crisis Resolution in the EU
Authors: Katsikas Dimitris 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThe global financial crisis and the ensuing Eurozone crisis proved catalytic for the reform of the EU’s financial regulatory and supervisory framework. One of the most important innovations of the Banking Union, EU’s flagship reform, was the adoption of the bail-in principle in the resolution of failing banks. The bail-in principle was introduced to eliminate publicly funded bailouts, break the link between banks and sovereigns and instil discipline in financial market participants. Although the adoption of bail-in as a resolution tool undoubtedly constitutes a step forward, it has its own limitations. In this chapter, we focus on the constraints imposed on bail-in implementation, by the political economy dynamics of banking crises, by examining in detail two such crises, in Cyprus and Italy. The analysis shows that both before and after the introduction of the new European resolution regime, bail-in requirements were not fully and equally implemented across all creditors, while public bailouts were not averted. Our tentative explanation for this result is that structural transformations such as globalization, securitization and financialization have complicated the resolution of banks by creating new interest constellations, which resist incurring the losses of bail-in. Accordingly, unless more radical reforms are introduced, banking crises will continue to disrupt financial stability and impose significant fiscal burdens on states.
Hydrogen Gains Momentum
Authors: Nuttall William J. , Powell Joseph B. , Anaya-Stucchi Karim L. , Bakenne Adetokunboh T. , Wilson Andy 
Published: October 2024

AbstractIf hydrogen is to fulfil its potential in the energy system then infrastructure will be important. This chapter introduces infrastructure considerations and points to the importance of pipeline systems and the regional context for innovation. The chapter also stresses the role of public policy in supporting bold hydrogen futures, whether based on fossil fuel conversion with carbon capture utilization and storage or renewable energy.
Hydrogen in the Near Term
Authors: Nuttall William J. , Powell Joseph B. , Anaya-Stucchi Karim L. , Bakenne Adetokunboh T. , Wilson Andy 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the major near-term opportunities whereby hydrogen can contribute to modern energy policy goals. Key applications of hydrogen are described in areas such as industrial applications (both established and emerging), domestic heating, transport and mobility. Concerning the latter: ground, air and maritime opportunities are discussed. One aspect of transportation usage is highlighted – the use of hydrogen in fuel cell electric vehicles or in hydrogen combusting internal combustion engines. The industrial use of hydrogen is still dominated by the needs of the traditional petroleum industry together with demands from ammonia producers for agricultural fertilizer manufacture. Emerging industrial opportunities include low-carbon primary steel making.
The Way Ahead
Authors: Nuttall William J. , Powell Joseph B. , Anaya-Stucchi Karim L. , Bakenne Adetokunboh T. , Wilson Andy 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThis chapter concludes the book and points to some key ideas going forward. Rather than a future premised on the notion of colours of hydrogen the future of hydrogen is likely to be shaped by the need to manage two supply chains dedicated to separate products. One will be pipeline purity hydrogen and the other will be high purity hydrogen for mobile fuel cell applications. Ammonia is likely to be an important commodity, as may also be the case for other hydrogen carrier molecules. The world faces a pressing challenge to decarbonize and this book, and this chapter point to the fact that molecular energy carriers will have a major role to play. Electricity will grow greatly in importance in the low carbon future, but it is most unlikely to be the entire solution to the challenges that we face.
Recovery and Reuse of Salvaged Products and Building Materials from Existing Structures
Authors: Ungureanu Viorel , Fohl François , Yang Jie , Hechler Oliver , Rajčić Vlatka , Buzatu Raluca 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThe recovery and reuse of salvaged products and building materials from existing structures is an essential practice in sustainable construction and environmental conservation. This process, often referred to as building deconstruction or architectural salvage, involves carefully dismantling buildings to preserve reusable materials. It offers numerous benefits, including significant environmental impact reduction, economic advantages, and historical preservation. Environmentally, it reduces the amount of construction and demolition debris in landfills, conserves natural resources by reusing existing materials, and reduces the carbon footprint by decreasing the need for new materials, thus reducing emissions from manufacturing and transportation. Recovery and reuse involve several steps. It begins with assessment and planning, where a detailed site assessment is performed to identify salvageable materials. A deconstruction plan is then developed that details the steps and methods to safely dismantle the structure. During the deconstruction phase, the building is carefully dismantled, starting from the top down, using manual labour and specialised tools to preserve the materials in good condition. These materials are then separated into categories such as steel, timber, concrete, bricks, etc. Next, the salvaged materials undergo cleaning and processing, making them ready for reuse. Proper storage and distribution are crucial to preserve the integrity of materials. However, practice faces challenges such as labour intensity, risks of contamination from hazardous materials such as asbestos and lead paint, fluctuating market demand, and ensuring the quality and safety of reused materials, which may require certification and compliance with building codes. The present chapter starts with aspects of pre-demolition/deconstruction audit that involves the collection of information about the materials and elements that will be recovered and continues with the evaluation of reusability of materials, mainly with steel, timber and concrete, structural components, entire primary and secondary structure.
Superconducting multi-vortices and a novel BPS bound in chiral perturbation theory
Authors: Canfora Fabrizio , Lagos Marcela , Vera Aldo 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
We derive a novel BPS bound from chiral perturbation theory minimally coupled to electrodynamics at finite isospin chemical potential. At a critical value of the isospin chemical potential, a system of three first-order differential field equations (which implies the second-order field equations) for the gauge field and the hadronic profile can be derived from the requirement to saturate the bound. These BPS configurations represent magnetic multi-vortices with quantized flux supported by a superconducting current. The corresponding topological charge density is related to the magnetic flux density, but is screened by the hadronic profile. Such a screening effect allows to derive the maximal value of the magnetic field generated by these BPS magnetic vortices, being Bmax = 2, 04 × 1014 G. The solution for a single BPS vortex is discussed in detail, and some physical consequences, together with the comparison with the magnetic vortices in the Ginzburg-Landau theory at critical coupling, are described.
Analytic amplitudes for a pair of Higgs bosons in association with three partons
Authors: Campbell John M. , De Laurentis Giuseppe , Ellis R. Keith 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The pair production of Higgs bosons at the LHC can give information about the triple Higgs boson coupling. We perform an analytic one-loop calculation of the amplitudes for a pair of Higgs bosons in association with three partons, retaining the exact dependence on the quark mass circulating in the loop. These amplitudes constitute the real radiation corrections in the calculation of Higgs boson pair production at next-to-leading order in the strong coupling. The results of an analytic generalised-unitarity computation are simplified via analytic reconstruction in spinor variables. Compact ansätze for kinematic pole residues are iteratively fitted via p-adic evaluations near said poles and subtracted until no pole remains. A new ansatz construction is introduced to minimally parametrise coefficients of amplitudes with multiple massive external legs. The simplified expressions are faster to evaluate than automatic codes and can lead to more stable results near singular regions.
Hidden zeros for particle/string amplitudes and the unity of colored scalars, pions and gluons
Authors: Arkani-Hamed Nima , Cao Qu , Dong Jin , Figueiredo Carolina , He Song 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Recent years have seen the emergence of a new understanding of scattering amplitudes in the simplest theory of colored scalar particles — the Tr(ϕ3) theory — based on combinatorial and geometric ideas in the kinematic space of scattering data. In this paper we report a surprise: far from the toy model it appears to be, the “stringy” Tr(ϕ3) amplitudes secretly contains the scattering amplitudes for pions, as well as non-supersymmetric gluons, in any number of dimensions. The amplitudes for the different theories are given by one and the same function, related by a simple shift of the kinematics. This discovery was spurred by another fundamental observation: the tree-level Tr(ϕ3) field theory amplitudes have a hidden pattern of zeros when a special set of non-planar Mandelstam invariants is set to zero. These zeros are not manifest in Feynman diagrams but are made obvious by the connection of these amplitudes to the new understanding of associahedra arising from “causal diamonds” in kinematic space. Furthermore, near these zeros, the amplitudes simplify, by factoring into a non-trivial product of smaller amplitudes. Remarkably the amplitudes for pions and gluons are observed to also vanish in the same kinematical locus. These properties for Tr(ϕ3) amplitudes hold and further generalize to the “stringy” Tr(ϕ3) amplitudes. The “kinematic causal diamond” picture suggests a unique shift of the kinematic data that preserves the zeros, and this shift is precisely the one that unifies colored scalars, pions, and gluons into a single object. We will focus in this paper on explaining the hidden zeros and factorization properties and the connection between all the colored theories, working for simplicity at tree level. Subsequent works will describe this new formulation for the Non-linear Sigma Model and non-supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory, at all loop orders.
AdS4 holography and the Hilbert scheme
Authors: Crew Samuel , Zhang Daniel , Zhang Ziruo 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
We elucidate a holographic relationship between the enumerative geometry of the Hilbert scheme of N points in the plane ℂ2, with N large, and the entropy of certain magnetically charged black holes with AdS4 asymptotics. Specifically, we demonstrate how the entropy functional arises from the asymptotics of ’t Hooft and Wilson line operators in a 3d $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 4 gauge theory. The gauge-Bethe correspondence allows us to interpret this calculation in terms of the enumerative geometry of the Hilbert scheme and thereby conjecture that the entropy is saturated by expectation values of certain natural operators in the quantum K-theory ring acting on the localised K-theory of the Hilbert scheme. We give numerical evidence that the large N limit is saturated by contributions from a certain vacuum/fixed point on the Hilbert scheme, associated to a particular triangular-shaped Young diagram, by evolving solutions to the Bethe equations numerically at finite (but large) N towards the classical limit. We thus conjecture a concrete geometric holographic dual of the so-called gravitational/Cardy block.
The role of nesfatin-1 in kidney diseases
Authors: Badeńska Marta , Badeński Andrzej , Janek Artur , Szczepańska Maria 
Published: October 2024

AbstractNesfatin-1 is a recently discovered protein with a pleiotropic function on various organs, including kidneys. This molecule presents antiapoptotic, antihyperglycemic, antioxidative, and anorectic features. Available data regarding the role of nesfatin-1 in kidney function and diseases focuses on chronic kidney disease, acute kidney injury, blood pressure, and renal cell carcinoma. Various studies have shown that the levels of nesfatin-1 were increased in patients with diabetic kidney disease (DKD); therefore, it was suggested that nesfatin-1 might act as an early DKD marker. Furthermore, the potential protective function of nesfatin-1 against inflammation, oxidative stress, fibrosis, and apoptosis in kidney tissues was described in several studies. Alternatively, as reported in the literature, a positive correlation between blood pressure elevation and nesfatin-1 levels was noted. Moreover, nesfatin-1 might exert influence on renal cell carcinoma progression and invasion of cancerous cells. Nesfatin-1 shows considerable potential for acting as a prognostic marker or a defensive factor for kidney diseases; however, further investigation, especially in the pediatric population, is still required.
Graphical abstract
A prospective randomized-controlled non-blinded comparative study of the JAK inhibitor (baricitinib) with TNF-α inhibitors and conventional DMARDs in a sample of Egyptian rheumatoid arthritis patients
Authors: Mahmoud Esraa M. , Radwan Abdullah , Elsayed Sahar A. 
Published: October 2024

AbstractTo evaluate the efficacy of baricitinib compared to TNF-α Inhibitors and conventional DMARDs (cDMARDs) in patients with RA. Our study included 334 RA patients classified into 3 groups: the first receiving baricitinib, the second receiving TNF-α Inhibitors, and the third receiving cDMARDs. Patients were evaluated at baseline, week 12, and week 24 using TJC, SJC, VAS, DAS28, CDAI, and HAQ-DI. Larsen score was measured at baseline and 24 weeks. The response to therapy was assessed at weeks 12 and 24 using ACR 20, ACR 50, and ACR 70 response criteria. Emerging treatment side effects were monitored. Patients receiving baricitinib showed significant improvement regarding all outcome measures at weeks 12 and 24. In addition, baricitinib was comparable to TNF Inhibitors in all outcome measures except the ACR 70 at week 12, which was higher in the baricitinib group. Furthermore, baricitinib group showed significantly better outcome measures and response to therapy in comparison to cDMARDs group. The most common side effects in the baricitinib group were infection, GIT, and CVS complications. The most common side effects in the TNF inhibitors group were infection and skin complications. The cDMARDs had the least side effects, mostly GIT complications. Baricitinib is an effective drug for treating RA refractory to cDMARDs, improving disease activity measures and functional status and reducing the progression of structural joint damage. It has a comparable efficacy and safety profile to TNF Inhibitors. Multicenter studies are recommended to support our results.

Key Points• Baricitinib is an effective therapeutic choice for rheumatoid arthritis refractory to cDMARDs.• Patients treated with baricitinib showed improvement in all outcome measures and functional status.• Bricitinib delayed the progression of radiographic joint damage more effectively than cDMARDs.• The efficacy and safety of baricitinib for treating rheumatoid arthritis is comparable to that of TNF inhibitors.