bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Study on Statistical Characteristics of Nonpoint Pollutants Deposited in Urban Areas
Authors: Yamada Kiyoshi , Umehara Tatsuya , Ichiki Atsushi 
Published: May 2018

The objective of this study is to clarify the statistical characteristics of pollutants deposited in urban areas, taking account of stages (road surfaces, street inlets and streams) and land uses where they accumulated, from surveys over a period of 16 years in Kyoto City. The result of correlation analysis showed that there are intimate relationship between grain size and such pollutants as organic matter and nutrients. It showed the dependence of pollutants on grain size. After principal component analysis, the distribution of principal factor loading showed that the first and the second components meant the type of pollution and the physical property of pollutants. The distribution of the principal factor score showed that each land use had different pollutant characteristics. On the other hand, the characteristics of the pollutants that accumulated on a road surface were shown to be affected by storms, and nutrients were more likely to run off in a storm than organic matter. The content rate of pollutants accumulated in a stream was shown to decrease in proportion to the progress of sewer construction, but it was also shown that the rate of some pollutants has not changed in the area of a separate sewer system.
As a result, some valuable information for the control of nonpoint pollutants in urban area was obtained.
Three Types of Approaches to Controlling Non-Point Source Pollution of Agrochemicals from Golf Links in Water Resources Management
Authors: Morioka Tohru 
Published: May 2018

In recent years Japan has had an opportunity to develop a strategy to control diffused pollution of agrochemicals in watersheds upstream of drinking water intakes. Three types of approaches to controlling probable pollution have been examined. These are (1) risk based assessment approach, (2) regulatory approach supported by standard setting and (3) planning based guide to land use. In this paper, based on the results of pilot studies in several golf links, the practical procedures of these approaches are systematically structured.
First, risk-based assessment approach includes typical exposure assessment and quantitative risk assessment (QRA) coupled with fate analysis of runoff into reservoirs. The basic process of QRA of indicative herbicides, insecticides and fungicides, generated the result that additional cancer risk would be around minus 5-6 order of life time risk for citizens to drink water from reservoirs receiving contaminated river water.
Second, appropriate standard setting enhances a reasonable regulatory approach. In 1990, concentration of twenty agrochemicals in effluents from golf links and rivers at receiving outlets from golf links were evaluated in a nation-wide program in terms of the ratios of samples having higher concentrations than the tentative quality standard. Both seasonal change of observed concentration in dry weather and high concentration in rainfall events are evaluated.
Concerning a planning based guide to land use, zoning of forest conservation districts for water resources conservation would be responsible for appropriate land use management and water quality control. The author proposed the skeleton of a water resources conservation plan for safe drinking water supply for a local government as a client, especially emphasizing land use suitability mapping, development guides and mitigation techniques.
The Research Programme “RWZI 2000”: State of Affairs and a Look into the Future
Authors: Dirkzwager A. H. , de Jong J. , Stamperius P. C. , Rijs G. B. J. 
Published: May 2018

Nowadays, in spite of the high treatment capacity in the Netherlands, problems relating to the treatment of municipal waste water are still not completely solved. They are related to stricter effluent requirements, environmental nuisance, sludge disposal and the costs of waste water purification.
A research programme entitled “Future Treatment Techniques for Municipal Waste Water” or briefly “RWZI 2000” is being carried out to develop and evaluate potential treatment techniques in different stages of development. These techniques must result in a better performance from the point of view of environmental protection and/or lower annual treatment costs than the technology available at present.
In the paper a description is given of the studies carried out and the results obtained will be presented with respect to the problems occurring in the treatment of municipal waste water.
Evaluation of the Water Quality Effects of Combined Sewer Overflow (CSO) Control Measures
Authors: van Sluis J. W. 
Published: May 2018

At present, design guidelines for combined sewer systems ere being formulated by the water pollution control authorities in the Netherlands. These guidelines are aimed at the reduction of pollutant loads by means of stormwater sedimentation tanks and the increase of storage capacity. To obtain better knowledge of the water quality aspects of the guidelines, the effects of combined sewer overflows from systems with stormwater sedimentation tanks of varying storage capacity were studied. Three receiving water bodies, with different dimensions and base flow, were reviewed.
For the evaluation of effects on the oxygen balance a combined simulation model was used to predict the pollutant load and the dissolved oxygen response of individual overflow events. Eutrophication effects and accumulation of micropollutants were judged from the annual discharge data.
It appeared that in small, stagnant ditches, the guidelines will induce a sharp reduction of the number of violations of the dissolved oxygen standard. In larger, flowing waters, the guidelines may adequately protect the water against violation of these standards.
The discharge of total phosphorus and micropollutants is largely reduced by the prescribed measures. However, other sources of phosphorus must be eliminated as well to combat eutrophication effectively.
Prevention of Concrete Corrosion and Odour Annoyance with Biofiltration
Authors: Heuer J. J. M. B. , Kaskens H. J. 
Published: May 2018

In many Dutch sewerage systems the sewage is pumped from small villages through pipelines to larger cities. These pressurized pipelines often end up in the pump sump of another pumping-station or in another sewerage system which transports the sewage under atmospheric conditions to the waste water treatment installation.
When the waste water in these pipelines stays stationary for a longer period often sulphurous compounds are formed. At the downstream end of the pipeline, where the sewerage system meets atmospheric, aerobic circumstances, the hydrogen sulphide can be converted into sulphuric acid by micro-organisms.
The above described process(es) can lead to the following problems:corrosion of concrete caused by sulphuric acid;odour annoyance caused by hydrogen sulphide and other sulphurous compounds.
A good solution against concrete corrosion developed by HASKONING consists of stripping the sulphurous compounds out of the sewage and eliminating them. The most economic way to eliminate H2S is the use of a biological filter. Measurements carried out at a pump sump show that this type of filter is highly effective in eliminating H2S.
Nevertheless, the installed biofilter did not completely avoid odour annoyance. Therefore the outcoming air after the biofilter was led back into the sewerage system. No complaints occurred anymore.
Denitrification of Sewage Effluents in Deep Bed Sand Filters
Authors: Upton John 
Published: May 2018

The European waste water industry will need to develop denitrification processes to remove nitrogen as pressures increase to reduce nutrient levels discharged in effluents.
In the USA deep bed filter technology has been used extensively to provide denitrification to levels less than 5 mg/l TN. This paper describes this technology and the full scale performance at some waste water plants in Florida, USA. This paper also describes a pilot study in the United Kingdom at Severn Trent Water. The results of the pilot plant study indicate that denitrification in deep bed sand filters is a sound robust technology using methanol addition. Nitrogen removals greater than the 70% required in the EC Directive 1991 are possible at winter sewage temperatures.
The process is most suitable for achieving nitrogen removal at trickling filter plants. The cost of methanol addition is calculated to be ₤10/1000m3.
Handling of Anaerobic Digester Supernatant Combined with Full Nitrogen Removal
Authors: la Cour Jansen Jes , Nyberg Ulf , Aspegren Henrik , Andersson Bengt 
Published: May 2018

In order to meet future standards of 8 mg/l total-nitrogen, 0.3 mg/l total-phosphorous and 10 mg/l BOD7, the Klagshamn wastewater treatment plant in Malmö has to be upgraded. A concept where the standards could be met within the existing activated sludge plant has been found.
Primary precipitation is followed by a single sludge post-denitrifying process where methanol is added as external carbon source. The system is high rate with only 7 hours retention time in the biological reactor. In order to improve the process stability and make a future increase in load possible within the existing plant, handling of digester supernatant has been examined.
The normal operation of the sludge handling system leads to discharge of a supernatant with a high content of ammonium. The load from the supernatant made about 15% of the total-nitrogen load on the plant on an average basis but could reach up to 65% during working hours. This extra load could be recognized as peaks of ammonium and nitrate in the effluent. The digester supernatant and its impact on daily variations in ammonium and nitrate have been examined in detail and the examination has formed the basis for a mathematical modelling of the system in order to test strategies for optimized handling.
Equalization of the supernatant flow, separate nitrification of the supernatant, and completely separate treatment of the supernatant have shown to be able to improve process stability. Flow equalization seems to be as effective as the two other more expensive and complicated solutions.
Turbidity Related to Surface Temperature in Oxidation Ponds: Studies toward Development of a Remote Sensing Method
Authors: Dor I. , Furer O. , Adin A. , Ben-Yosef N. 
Published: May 2018

Recent results obtained from a pilot plant study showed that the rate of morning temperature increase in surface water is significantly correlated with the degree of water pollution expressed as turbidity.
The aim of the present study was to validate the above findings under field conditions. Two oxidation ponds differing in their effluent quality were investigated during the summer. In clear weather and moderate winds the ponds were thermally stratified. Continuous records of subsurface temperature and parallel measurements of turbidity provided data for statistical analysis.
The variables tested appeared significantly correlated and the more polluted pond exhibited consistently a higher rate of morning temperature increase.
Temperature measurements can be carried out remotely using airborn IR radiometric equipment. The thermal method should be applied together with visible spectrum imaging, which can identify pollution components according to the specific waveband of the reflected light.
Liability of Groundwater and Depth of Soil to Contamination by Pesticides and Other Organic Xenobiotics: Two Case Histories
Authors: Muszkat Lea , Raucher Daniel , Bir Lina , Magaritz Mordeckai , Ronen Daniel 
Published: May 2018

We discuss the penetration of organic pollutants into the depth of soil and into groundwater under different environmental and geological conditions. In one case a field study was conducted on the impact of prolonged irrigation by effluents on groundwater and vadose zone contamination. The studied site was rich in sandy soil which allowed vertical penetration of pollutants into the depth. A significant difference has been observed in the distribution of organic pollutants in the effluent irrigated site, where the pollution increased markedly while descending from the top soil into the unsaturated zone, compared to the two control sites, where the extent of pollution decreased strongly with the depth. It seems that detergents and other surfactants present in the effluents strongly enhance the transport of organic components via the unsaturated zone.
The second case study deals with the transport of organic pollutants in a site where the subsoil is interspaced with clay layers. In this case groundwater pollution derived from the chemical waste of a pesticides plant. A long term follow up of groundwater pollution indicates that the typical contaminant distribution pattern remained unchanged during the years. The pollutants distribution indicates that in this area the penetration of organic pollutants does not occur vertically but rather by horizontal flow, due to inhibition of vertical migration by a thick clay layer present in this area.
The Effect of PCB on the Induction of Cytochrome P450 Enzyme, Detected by Monoclonal Antibody against the P450IA1 Gene Products, in Barn Owl and Marsh Turtle Hepatic Microsomes
Authors: Yawetz A. , Goldman D. , Stegeman J. J. , Woodin B. 
Published: May 2018

Induction of P450 species belonging to the P450IA1 gene family was demonstrated in liver microsomes of the barn owl Tytoalba and the marsh turtle Mauremyscaspicarivulata, after treatment with Aroclor 1254, using immunoblotting technique with monoclonal antibody (Mab) specific to P450IA1 (anti scup P450E, 1-12-6 Mab).
P450IA1 could hardly be detected in barn owls collected from their natural habitat. Significant induction (p&lt;0.05), of up to three times, in the content of the barn owls hepatic microsomal P450IA1 was recorded after intraperitoneal injection of Aroclor 1254, although the proportion of P450IA1 from total P450 content, did not exceed 5 percent.
The content of P450IA1 in liver microsomes of marsh turtles collected from their natural habitat was relatively high, and values up to 225 pmol/mg protein were recorded. Treatment with Aroclor 1254 increased the mean content of P450IA1 in the turtle livers up to 5 times, and the proportion of P450IA1 from total hepatic P450 was about 20 percent.
Rodent Populations Recovering from Fire in an East Mediterranean Woodland*
Authors: Izhaki I. , Haim A. , Zohar O. 
Published: May 2018

Fire in woodlands causes a dramatic decrease in rodent populations. The aim of this study was to detect rodent succession in three different management regimes of a post-fire habitat on Mount Carmel: (1) a control area of mixed woodlands of burnt pine and oak; (2) a mixed burnt woodland in which the burnt pine trees were cut and left in situ; and (3) a mixed burnt woodland in which burnt pines were cut and removed from the plot. Two plots in an unburnt mixed woodland were used as controls.
The first invader species observed in the post-fire habitats were Mus macedonicus, which was the most abundant species in all burnt plots, Gerbillus dasyurus, which was mainly trapped in plots where the burnt pine trees were removed, and Meriones tristrami, which was mainly trapped in plots where the burnt pine trees were left in situ. The highest species diversity was recorded in the control plots of the burnt pine and oak woodland. In these burnt control plots the field mice (Apodemus) of both species reappeared. However, the numbers of trapped A. flavicollis were rather higher than of A. mystacinus. It is thus assumed that the invading species will be replaced by the originial woodland rodent species through resilience.
*This study is dedicated in the memory of our colleague Mr. D. Banin.
CSO-MASTERPLAN FOR THE CITY OF WALDENBURG, GERMANY
Authors: Michelbach S. , Weiß G. , Brombach H. 
Published: May 2018

The small town of Waldenburg in South Germany planned to continue the implementation of stormwater treatment. The CSO-Masterplan dated from the year 1976. Meanwhile, new guidelines were issued and new technologies became available, like mathematical sewer models. Since the ecological impact of stormwater treatment is today much more accounted for, it was decided to revise the CSO-Masterplan. The goal was to find a solution with minimized ecological impact at low costs.
This urban hydrological study featured some unusual approaches. First, the present state of city, sewer system, treatment plant and receiving waters was analyzed in an interdisciplinary field study. Using the quantity-quality sewer model ASMI, the annual pollutant loads for various planning alternatives were calculated. This allowed statements about the environmental impact of each alternative, taking into account the sensitivity of the receiving waters known from the biological field study. The proposed final alternative saved nearly 1 million DM at a much lower impact on the environment compared with the original planning, showing that it is possible to cope equally with ecological and economical requirements.
COMPUTATIONAL MODELLING OF A VORTEX CSO STRUCTURE
Authors: Saul Adrian J. , Svejkovsky Karel 
Published: May 2018

Vortex combined sewer overtlow (CSO) structures with a peripheral spill weir are sometimes used within UK sewerage systems for the prevention of tlooding and the retention of pollutants within the sewer system.
The velocity distribution within such a CSO chamber has been simulated using the 3D mathematical model FLUENT. Similarly the particle tracking routine of FLUENT has been utilised to predict the trajectory and final destination (treatment or spill) of individual particles with known size and terminal velocity which were introduced within the intlow to the chamber. From this data it has been possible to predict the solids separation retention efficiency for these particles and the results have been compared with previously published experimental data. Some agreement was observed between the two sets of results.
The paper is concluded by a discussion concerning the capability and limitations of the FLUENT model to predict the hydraulic and pollutant retention performance of a Vortex CSO chamber.
Surface Water and Sediment Contamination in an Old Industrial Region of Poland – Two Critical Examples
Authors: Suschka J. , Ryborz S. , Leszczynska I. 
Published: May 2018

The Upper Silesia Region, one of the most industrialized parts of Poland and also one of the oldest industrial regions in the world, has considerably contributed to the water pollution of the Vistula and Odra Rivers, the main watercourses in Poland. Wastewater from ferrous and non-ferrous metal industry, coal mines, coal-fired power and heat generation stations, chemical industry and large amounts of municipal sewage of the four million population have been discharged to the surface water for many years. Most rivers are highly polluted in spite of some remedial action which has been undertaken.
Studies on contamination of the river water and sediments, including analysis of their fate in the river course, have been carried out in order to find effective remediation actions. Special attention has been paid to heavy metals. The total concentration and their chemical form in suspended solids and in sediments was evaluated. Sediments deposited in the river bed serve not only as a historical record, but also demonstrate a serious hazard for the future, keeping in mind the continuous changes within the environment.
The paper shows the extent of contamination of two rivers in the examples of the Biala Przemsza River (tributary of the Vistula River) charged mainly by zinc-lead industry and the Klodnica River (tributary of the Odra River) charged mainly by coal mines, steel works wastewater and municipal sewage.
START-UP STRATEGY FOR SBR TREATMENT OF COMPLEX INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER
Authors: Muñiz M. , Lavin A. G. , Díaz M. 
Published: May 2018

In SBR processes, the start-up operation is of considerable interest, not only because of the effect of the efficiency on normal operation, but also because of the cost of the transport of sludge seed and the related feeding time with artificial substrate. The selection of the strategy bas not been studied previously as far as we know, although it is a problem of considerable economic importance. This is not only a problem of the relation between seed magnitude and the start-up timing, but also the effect on the process efficiency. The start-up in SBRs is more frequent than in conventional activated sludge when considering SBRs are mainly used for industrial wastewater treatment, where there are more stops and changes of organic load.
A start-up strategy for SBR biological treatment of industrial wastewater with several complex organic components, based on two steps (Filling and Conditioning Periods), bas been proposed and put into operation in a pilot plant column. The strategy looks for minimum time to achieve high steady state efficiency, and low cost of implementation, and sludge seeding. It makes a provision for feed on the basis of inhibition potential and organic needs, and introduces instructions during the operation, depending on the results being obtained.
The results of this strategy using a complex organic high salinity water are presented. The presence in this case of two types of solvents and very high salts concentration has been a good test problem for the proposed strategy because of the necessity of multiple adaptation of sludge and the considerably difficult problem to be solved.
Surface Flow and Particle Settling in a Coastal Reed Field
Authors: Hosokawa Y. , Furukawa K. 
Published: May 2018

Hydraulic roughness of reed stems in shallow surface flow under low current velocity is discussed. The roughness coefficient, defined as a Manning's formula, depends upon depth and velocity in this flow. Depth and velocity, in turn, are altered by roughness through water surface slope. The interaction between these three parameters must be solved simultaneously for the prediction of the surface flow in a reed wetland. Stem roughness can be expressed as a function of Reynolds' number, similar to that for a single cylinder. Assigning this function, an iteration method easily gives us a suitable set of three parameters.
Settling experiments show that stems promote vertical mixing of fine particles in shallow flow. The model of vertically uniform SS concentration is more suitable. Though the observed data fluctuated widely, the apparent settling velocity of fine particles in the flow was very close to the settling velocity in quiescent water.
Using the above two models, one for flow and the other for settling in shallow wetland, we can estimate the clarification potential of a reed field under given hydraulic conditions and particle load. Numerical experiments show that fine particles tend to accumulate on the bottom of a reed field, as often observed in natural wetlands.
Wetland Treatment for Trace Metal Removal from Mine Drainage: The Importance of Aerobic and Anaerobic Processes
Authors: Eger P. 
Published: May 2018

When designing wetland treatment systems for trace metal removal, both aerobic and anaerobic processes can be incorporated into the final design. Aerobic processes such as adsorption and ion exchange can successfully treat neutral drainage in overland flow systems. Acid drainage can be treated in anaerobic systems as a result of sulfate reduction processes which neutralize pH and precipitate metals.
Test work on both aerobic and anaerobic systems has been conducted in Minnesota. For the past three years, overland flow test systems have successfully removed copper, cobalt, nickel and zinc from neutral mine drainage. Nickel, which is the major contaminant, has been reduced around 90 percent from 2 mg/L to 0.2 mg/L. A sulfate reduction system has successfully treated acid mine drainage for two years, increasing pH from 5 to over 7 and reducing concentrations of all metals by over 90 percent.
Important factors to consider when designing wetlands to remove trace metals include not only the type of wetland required but also the size of the system and the residence time needed to achieve the water quality standards.