bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigating the Candidate Displaced Active Galactic Nucleus in NGC 3115
Authors: Jones Megan L. , Burke-Spolaor Sarah , Nyland Kristina , Wrobel Joan M. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The nearby galaxy NGC 3115 contains a known radio-emitting, low-luminosity active galactic nucleus (AGN), and was recently claimed to host a candidate AGN displaced 14.3 pc from the galaxy’s optical photocenter. Our goal is to understand whether this represents a single offset AGN, an AGN in orbit around a central black hole, or something else. We present a new, sensitive (rms = 4.4 μJy beam−1) 10 GHz image, which finds evidence for only one AGN. We place a stringent limit on the radio luminosity of any secondary supermassive black hole of

erg s−1. An analysis of the relative positioning of the radio core, X-ray nucleus, and stellar bulge in this galaxy indicate that the radio source is centrally located, and not offset from the galactic bulge. This provides an argument against a single offset AGN in NGC 3115; however, it does not provide conclusive evidence against the purported offset AGN as an inspiralling secondary black hole.
Activity Patterns of Bats During the Fall and Spring Along Ridgelines in the Central Appalachians
Authors: Muthersbaugh Michael S. , Ford W. Mark , Powers Karen E. , Silvis Alexander 
Published: March 2019

AbstractMany central Appalachian ridges offer high wind potential, making them attractive to future wind-energy development. Understanding seasonal and hourly activity patterns of migratory bat species may help to reduce fatalities at wind-energy facilities and provide guidance for the development of best management practices for bats. To examine hourly migratory bat activity patterns in the fall and spring in Virginia in an exploratory fashion with a suite of general temporal, environmental, and weather variables, we acoustically monitored bat activity on five ridgelines and side slopes from early September through mid-November 2015 and 2016 and from early March through late April 2016 and 2017. On ridges, bat activity decreased through the autumn sample period, but was more variable through the spring sample period. In autumn, migratory bat activity had largely ceased by mid-November. Activity patterns were species specific in both autumn and spring sample periods. Generally, migratory bat activity was negatively associated with hourly wind speeds but positively associated with ambient temperatures. These data provide further evidence that operational mitigation strategies at wind-energy facilities could help protect migratory bat species in the Appalachians; substantially slowing or locking wind turbine blade spin during periods of low wind speeds, often below where electricity is generated, and warm ambient temperatures may minimize mortality during periods of high bat activity.
Factors Influencing Athletic Trainers' Professional Development Through Continuing Education
Authors: Edler Jessica R. , Eberman Lindsey E. 
Published: March 2019

Context
Continuing education (CE) is a form of professional development intended to improve knowledge and skill beyond entry-level practice; however, we lack data to understand how athletic trainers (ATs) choose to implement CE experiences into clinical practice.

Objective
To explore ATs' motivators for pursuing professional development through CE and how they choose to implement CE experiences in clinical practice.

Design
Qualitative study.

Setting
Individual telephone interviews.

Patients or Other Participants
Fourteen ATs (5 male, 9 female; age = 33 ± 11 years, experience = 11 ± 11 years) participated voluntarily.

Main Outcome Measure(s)
Interviews were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim, redacting all personal information. After transcription, 2 members of the research team used a consensual qualitative research approach to analyze data. Both members were engaged in constant discussions to ensure consistency in analysis. A third member served as an external reviewer to ensure accuracy in coding and confirm data saturation.

Results
We identified 4 major themes regarding ATs' motivation and implementation of CE: (1) perceived benefits of CE, (2) factors influencing CE selection, (3) improving CE, and (4) implementation of CE learning into clinical practice. Among perceived benefits of CE, participants discussed maintenance of evidence-based practice and lifelong learning. Participants were motivated to choose CE sessions based on patient population, perceived need for CE, or area of interest, whereas they chose conferences based on travel distance and cost. Participants provided a variety of suggestions for CE improvement including handouts, discussion of barriers, and more hands-on sessions. Within implementation, participants discussed barriers, their confidence in integrating skills, and their patients' responses.

Conclusions
Although ATs are completing required CE, how they choose opportunities and subsequently how they implement learning is limited. We must consider an alternative mechanism for identifying CE needs to improve patient care focused on patient needs and outcomes, while still considering the financial and time barriers to attendance.
Simulations and Standardized Patients in Athletic Training: Part 1 Athletic Training Educators' Use and Perceptions
Authors: Cuchna Jennifer W. , Walker Stacy E. , Van Lunen Bonnie L. 
Published: March 2019

ContextAthletic training educators incorporate various educational strategies to teach and assess a student's clinical skill competency. These strategies vary and include simulations and standardized patients (SPs). There is currently a lack of information about the ways in which simulations and SPs are used in athletic training education and the perceptions that faculty of athletic training programs have about their use within their curricula.ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to explore how athletic training educators are using simulations, including SPs, and their associated perceptions regarding the use of these strategies.DesignQualitative focus groups.SettingSemicircular table facing research team in a conference room at a regional educators' conference.Patients or Other ParticipantsTwenty-one athletic training educators (6 males and 15 females, 39.4 ± 7.96 years) who currently used simulations in the education of their students participated.Main Outcome Measure(s)Semistructured focus group interviews, lasting 45 to 60 minutes, were used with a general inductive approach to analyze the data. Trustworthiness of the data was established via member checking, peer debriefing, and multiple-analyst triangulation.ResultsFour themes emerged from the interviews: (1) SPs, (2) simulations, (3) valued educational experiences, and (4) barriers. From these overarching themes, subthemes were also identified for each. This article will focus on the first 3 themes. Simulation includes the subthemes of group encounters, individual encounters, and feedback. Valued educational experiences include the subthemes of acute care and nonorthopaedic, orthopaedic evaluation, and communication. Six of the 21 participants were using SPs in the education of their students, while all participants were using some form of simulations.ConclusionsBoth simulations and SP encounters were identified as valuable educational experiences. Simulations and SP encounters were most often used in instruction or assessment of acute care or nonorthopaedic cases, orthopaedic cases, or to provide opportunities to enhance communication skills of student learners.
Simulations and Standardized Patients in Athletic Training: Part 2 Athletic Training Educators' Perceived Barriers to Use
Authors: Cuchna Jennifer W. , Walker Stacy E. , Van Lunen Bonnie L. 
Published: March 2019

ContextSimulations and standardized patients (SPs) are currently being used by athletic training educators to teach and evaluate students. There is currently a lack of information about the ways in which simulations and SPs are used in athletic training education. Understanding their use and any barriers to their use could assist with development of future resources for faculty.ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to explore how athletic training educators are using simulations, including SPs, and their associated perceptions of the barriers to the use of these strategies.DesignQualitative.SettingConference room with table and chairs.Patients or Other ParticipantsTwenty-one athletic training educators (6 males and 15 females, 39.4 ± 7.96 years) participated who currently used SPs and/or simulations in the education of their students.Main Outcome Measure(s)Semistructured focus group interviews, lasting 45 to 50 minutes, were conducted, and a general inductive approach was used to analyze the data. Trustworthiness was established via member checking, peer debriefing, and multiple-analyst triangulation.ResultsFour themes emerged: (1) standardized patient encounters, (2) simulations, (3) valued educational experiences, and (4) barriers. This article will focus on the theme of barriers. Six of the 21 participants were using SPs in the education of their students, while all participants were using some form of simulations. The overarching theme of barriers was further divided into the subthemes of faculty time, access to resources, and financial cost.ConclusionsBarriers exist regarding the implementation of simulations and/or SP use in athletic training educational curricula. These barriers place restraints on faculty time and institutional resources. Institutional and program access to resources as well as the financial cost associated with the use of SPs and/or simulations are concerns that should be discussed when considering the use of these educational strategies within a program.
Monitoring and assimilation tests with TROPOMI data in the CAMS system: near-real-time total column ozone
Authors: Inness Antje , Flemming Johannes , Heue Klaus-Peter , Lerot Christophe , Loyola Diego , Ribas Roberto , Valks Pieter , van Roozendael Michel , Xu Jian , Zimmer Walter 
Published: March 2019

Abstract. The TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) on board the Sentinel-5
Precursor (S5P) satellite launched in October 2017 yields a wealth of
atmospheric composition data, including retrievals of total column ozone
(TCO3) that are provided in near-real-time (NRT) and off-line. The NRT TCO3
retrievals (v1.0.0–v1.1.2) have been included in the data assimilation
system of the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS), and tests to
monitor the data and to carry out first assimilation experiments with them
have been performed for the period 26 November 2017 to 30 November 2018. The
TROPOMI TCO3 data agree to within 2 % with the CAMS analysis over large
parts of the globe between 60∘ N and 60∘ S and also with
TCO3 retrievals from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) and the Global
Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2 (GOME-2) that are routinely assimilated by
CAMS. However, the TCO3 NRT data from TROPOMI show some retrieval anomalies
at high latitudes, at low solar elevations and over snow/ice (e.g. Antarctica
and snow-covered land areas in the Northern Hemisphere), where the
differences with the CAMS analysis and the other data sets are larger. These
differences are particularly pronounced over land in the NH during winter and
spring (when they can reach up to 40 DU) and come mainly from the surface
albedo climatology that is used in the NRT TROPOMI TCO3 retrieval. This
climatology has a coarser horizontal resolution than the TROPOMI TCO3 data,
which leads to problems in areas where there are large changes in
reflectivity from pixel to pixel, e.g. pixels covered by snow/ice or not. The
differences between TROPOMI and the CAMS analysis also show some dependency
on scan position. The assimilation of TROPOMI TCO3 has been tested in the CAMS system for data
between 60∘ N and 60∘ S and for solar elevations greater
than 10∘ and is found to have a small positive impact on the ozone
analysis compared to Brewer TCO3 data and an improved fit to ozone sondes in
the tropical troposphere and to IAGOS aircraft profiles at West African
airports. The impact of the TROPOMI data is relatively small because the CAMS
analysis is already well constrained by several other ozone retrievals that
are routinely assimilated. When averaged over the periods February–April and
September–October 2018, differences between experiments with and without
assimilation of TROPOMI data are less than 2 % for TCO3 and less than
3 % in the vertical for seasonal mean zonal mean O3 mixing
ratios, with the largest relative differences found in the troposphere.
A Holocene black carbon ice-core record of biomass burning in the Amazon Basin from Illimani, Bolivia
Authors: Osmont Dimitri , Sigl Michael , Eichler Anja , Jenk Theo M. , Schwikowski Margit 
Published: March 2019

Abstract. The Amazon Basin is one of the major contributors to global
biomass burning emissions. However, regional paleofire trends remain
particularly unknown. Due to their proximity to the Amazon Basin, Andean ice
cores are suitable to reconstruct paleofire trends in South America and
improve our understanding of the complex linkages between fires, climate and
humans. Here we present the first refractory black carbon (rBC) ice-core
record from the Andes as a proxy for biomass burning emissions in the Amazon
Basin, derived from an ice core drilled at 6300 m a.s.l. from the Illimani
glacier in the Bolivian Andes and spanning the entire Holocene back to the
last deglaciation 13 000 years ago. The Illimani rBC record displays a
strong seasonality with low values during the wet season and high values
during the dry season due to the combination of enhanced biomass burning
emissions in the Amazon Basin and less precipitation at the Illimani site.
Significant positive (negative) correlations were found with reanalyzed
temperature (precipitation) data for regions in eastern
Bolivia and western Brazil characterized by substantial fire activity. rBC
long-term trends indirectly reflect regional climatic variations through
changing biomass burning emissions as they show higher (lower) concentrations
during warm–dry (cold–wet) periods, in line with climate
variations such as the Younger Dryas, the 8.2 ka event, the Holocene
Climatic Optimum, the Medieval Warm Period and the Little Ice Age. The highest
rBC concentrations of the entire record occurred during the Holocene Climatic
Optimum between 7000 and 3000 BCE, suggesting that this exceptionally warm and
dry period caused high levels of biomass burning activity, unprecedented in the
context of the past 13 000 years. Recent rBC levels, rising since 1730 CE
in the context of increasing temperatures and deforestation, are similar to
those of the Medieval Warm Period. No decrease in fire activity was observed
in the 20th century, in contradiction to global biomass burning
reconstructions based on charcoal data.
Glacial lake outburst flood hazard assessment by satellite Earth observation in the Himalayas (Chomolhari area, Bhutan)
Authors: Scapozza Cristian , Ambrosi Christian , Cannata Massimiliano , Strozzi Tazio 
Published: March 2019

Abstract. A case study of glacial lakes outburst flood (GLOF) hazard
assessment by satellite Earth observation (EO) and numerical modelling is
presented for the supraglacial and ice-contact lakes on Thangothang Chhu
glacier, Chomolhari area (Bhutan). Detailed geomorphological mapping,
including landslide and rock glacier inventories, as well as surface
displacement determination using an interferometric SAR (InSAR) satellite,
allowed a GLOF hazard assessment for lake Wa-007 to be performed. Outburst
scenario modelling was achieved by combining both empirical and numerical
modelling approaches, revealing that only a flood wave can have an impact on
the two human settlements located downslope of Wa-007 lake. The worst-case
scenario, modelled thanks to r.damflood, allowed the wave-front
arrival time, the maximum water depth and the arrival time of maximum water
height for the two human settlements to be quantified. A long-term monitoring strategy based
entirely on EO data, with an update cycle of 5 years, is proposed to assess
the future evolution of the area.
Farklı Soğutucu Akışkanların Kullanıldığı Kanatlı Borulu Bir Evaporatörün Matematiksel Modeli
Authors: MANÇUHAN Ebru , MUTLU Tutku , KIRAN YILDIRIM Berçem , TİTİZ-SARGUT Sibel 
Published: March 2019

Bu çalışmada farklı akışkanların soğutkan olarak
kullanıldığı kanatlı borulu kompakt ısı değiştiricisinin bir evaporatör olarak
matematiksel modellemesi yapılmıştır. Evaporatör olarak kullanılan ısı
değiştiricisinde (yüzey tipi 8.03/8T ve CF-7.0-5/8J), değişen çalışma parametrelerinde (kütlesel debi, sıcaklık,
basınç) bir
doğal (R290) ve üç sentetik (R410A, R134a, R404A) soğutucu akışkan kullanılarak soğutma kapasitesini
tahmin edebilen bir model geliştirilmiştir. Ayrıca seçilen soğutucu
akışkanların (hidro-floro karbon gruba giren R134a, R404A, R410A ve hidrokarbon
grubuna giren R290) çevreye olan etkileri küresel ısınma etkisi (GWP) değerleri
karşılaştırılarak incelenmiştir. Matematiksel model, EES (Engineering Equation Solver)
yazılımı kullanılarak hazırlanmıştır. Geliştirilen model aynı soğutma kapasitesinde farklı
soğutucu akışkan ve yüzeyler kullanıldığı durumlar için evaporatör buharlaşma
ve kızgın gaz bölgesine giren–çıkan hava sıcaklıkları, ısı taşınım katsayısı,
toplam ısı transfer katsayıları ve ısı akısının tahmin edilebilmektedir. Değişen kütle akısı değerlerinde (50-500
kg/m².s), buharlaşma bölgesinde en yüksek ısı taşınım katsayısı doğal akışkan
R290 için hesaplanmıştır. Tüm akışkanlar karşılaştırıldığında diğer sentetik
akışkanlara göre R290’nın daha düşük kütle akısı değerine sahip olduğu
görülmüştür. Elde edilen sonuçlar ve soğutucu akışkanların çevreye olan
etkileri göz önünde bulundurulduğunda, soğutma sistemlerinde doğal akışkan
R290’nın tercih edilebileceği belirlenmiştir.
Catalyst Screening for Conversion of Waste Polyethylentherphtalate Plastic in to Liquid Fuel
Authors: Siyoum Meskerem Tsehaye , Gabbiye Nigus 
Published: March 2019

The world-wide use of PET has gradually increased from time to time. And most of the PET waste is being dumped into the environment instead of recycling. This creates serious environmental pollutions. In thermal degradation process, PET is being decomposed to liquid fuels. Conversion of recycled PET bottle into fuel through effective catalyst has been investigated as a strategy for wastes into useful energy. The main objective of this research was to screen out an effective catalyst for the conversion of PETE into liquid hydrocarbon fuel. In this study, Zinc oxide, ZnO/AC, Calcium Hydroxide (Ca (OH) 2) and Ferric oxide (Fe2o3) catalysts was used at different operation condition of temperature ranging from 400 to 500°C. The optimum liquid fuel productions from PET plastic bottle were obtained. And the significance result of the maximum temperature through the use of catalyst was enhancing to identify the most effective Catalyst with respect to oil yield. The oil yield increase when the temperature increases within the range of temperature (400°C-500°C). It was observed that gas/liquid fuel yield significantly affected by type of catalyst and temperature. Ca (OH)2 catalyst result higher yield compared the two catalysts. Finally, during the characterization process it was categorized kerosene and crude oil; these oil were obtained by PET and PET with the combination of LDPE & HDPE respectively, and the analysis were under taken from the two types of oil samples and identified Benzene by the use of GC (Gas Chromatography).
Synthesis and Characterization of Nano-Strontium Oxide (SrO) Using Erzincan Cimin Grape (Vitis vinifera, Cimin)
Authors: Gungor Azize Alayli , Nadaroglu Hayrunnisa , Gultekin Demet Demirci 
Published: March 2019

Aims: Synthesis of Strontium oxide (SrO) is very remarkable for its applications in electrodes for gas sensors, lithium-ion batteries, solar cells, doped dye-sensitive solar cells, transistors, catalyst supports, super capacitors and semiconductors. This study aims to synthesize SrO nanoparticles using a new method, as they will find important and specific uses.
Experimental Design: Synthesis of SrO nanoparticles (NPs) was planned to be obtained by bio-reduction method using the plant extract of Erzincan Cimin grape (Vitis vinifera, Cimin).
Place and Duration of Study: The experimental steps of the study were carried out in the laboratories of Atatürk University, Erzurum Vocational College, Department of Chemical and Chemical Processing Technologies.
Methodology: In this study, the synthesis of SrO NPs was made by using aqueous extract of Erzincan Cimin grape (Vitis vinifera, Cimin). Biosynthesis medium containing 0.1 M Sr(NO3)2 was added to Cimin grape extract to synthesize SrO NPs.
Results: The structural characterization of the SrO NPs that were obtained as a result of the reaction was analyzed using SEM, EDAX and FTIR techniques. Using the X-ray diffraction pattern in the study, the mean particle size was calculated to be 28.6 nm. SEM analysis revealed that particles having a porous nanostructure in 20-50 nm of size were synthesized. It was determined that the maximum absorbance of SrO nanoparticles was at 203 nm. From the experimental data, it was determined that for SrO nanoparticles, the optimum synthesis rate was reached at 90 minutes, 40°C and pH 8.
Conclusion: The newly synthesized nanomaterial is expected to find applications in many different areas thanks to its physical and chemical properties.
Prevalence of Hypertension and Diabetes Mellitus among Haemodialysis Patients at Elobied Haemodialysis Unit –West Sudan
Authors: Hamed Elfaki Abdelsalam Mohamed , Abdalla Mohamed Samia Tarig 
Published: March 2019

Background and Objectives: Hypertension and diabetes mellitus are major risk factors of end – stage renal disease (ESRD). This study aimed to determine the prevalence of hypertension and diabetes mellitus among haemodialysis patients at Elobeid haemodialysis unit.
Patients and Methods: The study was a single – centre cross - sectional study including 130 patients on chronic haemodialysis in Elobeid hospital haemodialysis unit. Each patient was personally interviewed by the co-author in the haemodialysis unit using a structured questionnaire prepared by the investigators. Data collected include: socioeconomic data (gender, age, residence, and occupation), history of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, treatment of hypertension, treatment of diabetes mellitus, duration of hypertension, duration of diabetes mellitus and duration of dialysis. Hypertension was defined as blood pressure ≥ 140/90 or the use of antihypertensive medications. Diabetes mellitus is defined by use of insulin therapy. In this study both hypertension and diabetes mellitus were already diagnosed and on regular medications. Statistic package for social sciences (SPSS) version 20 was used for data analysis.
Results: One hundred and thirty patients were recruited. More than two thirds of patients were males with male to female ratio of 2.2: 1. Patient’s age ranged from 12 years to 90 years. The mean age was 46.3 ± 17.8 years. Forty (32%) patients were above 56 years of age. Ninety eight (75%) patients were hypertensive, the majority of hypertensive patients were males (90%). Eighty six hypertensive patients were on calcium channel blocker (88%). Amlodipine was the commonly used antihypertensive used. Twenty five (19%) patients were diabetics and all of them were males. All diabetic patients were also hypertensive. Fourteen diabetic patients (56%) were on insulin therapy, while 11 patients were using metformin.
Conclusion: The prevalence of hypertension among haemodialysis patients was high while the prevalence of diabetes is less than that reported globally. The blood pressure should be tidily controlled specially in diabetic patients and patients with impaired renal function. For early detection of chronic kidney disease and elevated blood pressure as a sequel, routine blood pressure measurement is highly recommended in adult patients attend the clinic for any reason.