bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cowpea (Vigna Unguiculata (L.) Walp.): Traditional and improved Cropping Methods in northern Nigeria
Authors: Sampers Wim , Van Damme Patrick , Pauwels Frans 
Published: February 2018

The present article describes the traditional cowpea cropping system in Dambatta, Kano State, Nigeria. Through a baseline survey it becomes clear that traditionally cowpea is mostly intercropped with cereals, that the importance of land preparation is marginal, that yields are low and that, in general, the technical level of the cowpea grower is low (low inputs of fertilizer and pesticide). In a second part some data are given about a project that introduced a new cowpea variety, T.V.X.-3.236, and improved methods. It is shown that, although better yields are possible, the extension service does not succeed in motivating the farmers enough so that the outcome of the project intervention is uncertain.KEYWORDS : Vigna unguiculata, cowpea, Nigeria, extension.
Integrated Development Project Identification an Follow-Up Methods (Dapaong, Northern Togo)
Authors: Counet Myriam , Van Damme Patrick 
Published: February 2018

The article treats the methodological aspects of the creation of a Vredeseilanden (Flemish N.G.O., "Islands of Peace") project through an example in Dapaong, northern Togo. The philosophy of Vredeseilanden and problematics of the region are presented in the introduction. Interventions were defined through an active participation of the target group during a so-called active listening phase. This participatory approach is also used when evaluating project interventions.KEY WORDS : Identification, integrated development, feasibility study, cereal banks, evaluation, participatory approach.
Traditional Uses of Euphorbia Tirucalli
Authors: Van Damme Patrick 
Published: February 2018

This article reviews the traditional uses of E. tirucalli. This succulent latex plant, although originating from southern Africa, is now growing as a hedge plant in tropical and subtropical regions all over the world. Its special chemical properties have induced people to use it as a source of poison against bacteria, amoebas, nematodes, insects, fish, birds and mammals. Its medicinal use has also been recorded in a wide variety of settings. In a few cases, the latex has been used for the production of varnish and paint. KEY WORDS: ethnobotany, latex, rubber, poisonous plants
Conceptions of Time and Time Experience. A problem in Intercultural Communication. Case-Study: Rwanda
Authors: Cammaer Gerda 
Published: February 2018

The confrontation between people from different cultures causes a lot of problems, most of all communication problems. They are too often considered as only langu- age-problems, but the so-called "cultural-shock" is a lot more comprehensive. Reducing any cultural problem to language troubles, means ignoring the non-verbal and other cultural principles that make cultures so rich and different. The experience of time and the concepts of time are such principles, rooted in culture and traditions. For the members of the culture in question, these time-principles have become so natural that they remain unexperienced or even unconscious, but they might surprise, even irritate, the members of other cultures. The scientific discipline called "chronemics" examines how humans perceive, structure and use time as communication. Every culture has its own conception of time and its own customs for the use of time. In this sense the Western culture is totally different from the Central African culture in Rwanda. This often causes intercultural conflicts when Europeans working in Rwanda are confronted with the different attitudes towards time of the Rwandese people and vice versa. The purpose of this research is to find an answer to the question whether the intercultural communication between Rwandese people and Europeans (sometimes, often, always) is disturbed because of misunderstandings caused by the differences in their time-codes. This survey contains two parts: first, a literature study on intercultural communication and time as a message system with references to the two cultures in question and second, a field study in Rwanda consisting of 120 questionnaires answered by Europeans and Rwandese people who work together.KEY WORDS: chronemics, communication science, intercultural communication, formal time, informal time, Rwanda
Promotion of Total Castration in the Ram of the Far North Cameroon: an Example of a not Justified Promotion of a Technology
Authors: Thys Eric 
Published: February 2018

The problem of a not justified promotion of a technique is explained through the example of the total castration in sheep in a sahelo-soudanian area of Africa. The actual situation of the total castration in sheep and the influence on some zootechnical parameters are studied in the far north of Cameroon. No benefit of this promotion has been observed in the local socio-economical environment. More emphasis has to be laid on the improvement of feeding and on a better flock management. In regard to the better understanding of problems in livestock extension, a multidisciplinary approach is recommended. KEY WORDS: castration, meat production, multidisciplinarity, sahelo-soudanian Africa, sheep, transfer of technology, zootechny
A Survey of Kiswahili Literature: 1970-1988
Authors: Mulokozi Mugyabuso M. 
Published: February 2018

A survey is given of the development of Kiswahili written literature during the past two decades. Particular attention is given to (a) the rise of the socially critical literature, (b) the emergence of experimental forms of literature, (c) the growing popularity of pop'fiction, (d) the continued development of the nationalistic-cum- cultural novel and (e) the quantitative and qualitative growth of Kiswahili translations. All this is placed against the background of East-African cultural and political developments since Independence.KEY WORDS: Tanzania, Swahili, literature (poetry, drama, fiction), East African historical and political development
The 'Ancient' Rwanda Photo-Documentation in the Museum of Tervuren
Authors: Creemers-Palmers Magda 
Published: February 2018

In september 1989 the 'Musée national du Rwanda' was inaugurated in Butare (Rwanda). Construction and arrangement of the Museum were completed by the 'Musée royal de l'Afrique centrale' of Tervuren. For this occasion, Tervuren started to collect an 'ancient' photo-documentation of Rwanda, to supply the new Rwanda-Museum with pictorial sources.Public as well as some private collections were gathered so that a final selection could be done. Up till now this photo-documentation is still kept in the Museum of Tervuren. For the sake of the historical research about Rwanda, our final purpose is, in co-operation with the Rwanda-Museum, to complete and to gather as much the photographic evidence as possible. Moreover, these sources need to be identified and described; only future and elaborated research will reveal more data about this important photographic documentation. KEY WORDS: African photo-history, photography, 'Musée national du Rwanda' (Butare), 'Musée royal de l'Afrique centrale'(Tervuren), photo-documentation, Rwanda
Voluntary Reading and Narrative Speaking Instructional Strategies to Enhance Students' Speaking Ability
Authors: Dianawati Heffy 
Published: February 2018

This research aimed at investigating classroom strategies to encourage students’ participation in speaking activity. Specifically, the study addressed three research questions: 1) what are the strategies to help students encounter difficulty in speaking English in classroom, 2) to what extent does voluntary reading prior speaking activity help students develop ideas and motivation to speaking English in the classroom, 3) does the application of narrative speaking strategy in speaking classroom affect students’ speaking achievement? The participants of the research were students at Al Azhar 28 Islamic Junior Secondary School aged 13 to 14 who joined English extracurricular program. A mix method design combining two research strands, qualitative and quantitative, was adopted. The data were collected through multiple methods: speaking test, focus group interview, and observation. The study showed positive finding. Based on the qualitative data drawn, doing a voluntary reading could diminish students’ anxieties in speaking, decrease speaking block, increase students’ motivation to do good speaking task, and improve students’ social awareness. Meanwhile, the narrative speaking fostered students’ speaking fluencies, grammar accuracy, pronunciation, and knowledge measured through observations and speaking rubrics to achieve the data analysis. The result showed there was significant improvement on students’ speaking skill shown by significance or p-value <0.001 or less than α = 0.05 with standard deviation of the pretest was 3.70 and posttest was 3.96.
Keywords: voluntary reading, speaking skill, teaching and learning speaking, conference publications
Tax Liability Issues Associated with United States Income Tax Filing Statuses for Married Taxpayers and Proposals for Enhanced Equity
Authors: Tassin Kerri L. 
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACT
Throughout the history of the United States income tax code, Congress has struggled with equitable treatment of married taxpayers. In the early years, married taxpayers dealt with uncertainty regarding the liability they assumed depending upon whether they filed one single return together, or two separate returns. Congress ultimately concluded that married taxpayers who filed together should incur joint and several liability. In the meantime, married taxpayers who filed separately eventually found themselves losing out on several tax benefits simply by virtue of their filing status. Yet, many married taxpayers file separately for compelling non-tax reasons. The following legal analysis of tax liability issues faced by married taxpayers begins with a brief history of the evolution of the income tax laws as they applied to married taxpayers, with focus on congressional intent behind joint and several liability, and the preclusion of several tax benefits for married taxpayers who filed separately. The analysis will indicate areas in the tax law that should be refined in order to enhance equity in the law for married taxpayers. Finally, a review of state tax policies will reveal possibilities for proposals for enhanced equity, including suggestions for greater transparency regarding joint and several liability, and opportunities for extending valuable tax benefits to married taxpayers who file separately.
Maquiavelo, la guerra y el «soldado ciudadano»
Authors: Jiménez Jiménez Luis Felipe 
Published: February 2018

<p class="p1">Alrededor de la obra política de Maquiavelo, se puede reconstruir su tesis sobre la guerra como uno de los instrumentos fundamentales para el ascenso al poder del príncipe nuevo, la cual también considera indispensable para la consolidación del Estado moderno; pero, sobre todo, permite observar cómo consigue garantizar la conservación del orden político mediante la creación de un cierto tipo de sujeto –el soldado-ciudadano–, con quien asegura la eficacia del Estado a través de la disciplina y la obediencia, adquiridas en su paso por la vida militar.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p><p class="p1">Recibido: 02/11/2016 • Aceptado: 31/08/2017</p><p class="p1"><span class="Apple-converted-space"><br /></span></p>
Una introducción a la relación entre Jacques Maritain y algunos redactores nucleares de la Declaración Universal de los Derechos Humanos
Authors: Pallares Yabur Pedro De Jesús 
Published: February 2018

<p class="p1">En este artículo se ofrece una introducción a la relación entre Jacques Maritain y algunos redactores de la <em>Declaración Universal de Derechos Humanos </em>de 1948. En primer lugar, se describen las breves participaciones y menciones formales del filósofo francés durante el proceso de composición del texto. Luego se exponen los encuentros de este profesor con los redactores más importantes de la <em>Declaración</em>. Con este trabajo pretende introducir al modo en que el francés pudo haber influido en el proceso de redacción y en el documento final.</p><p class="p1"> </p><p class="p1">Recibido: 02/03/2017 • Aceptado: 31/08/2017</p>
La crisis de la organización urbana y la optimación humana
Authors: Vargas Alberto I. 
Published: February 2018

<p class="p1">Este trabajo constituye un comentario filosófico sobre la peculiaridad del gobierno de la ciudad en nuestra situación histórica que se caracteriza por una <em>alta complejidad</em>. La finalidad de este comentario es inspirar a futuro las investigaciones sobre la gobernanza de las ciudades desde un enfoque antropológico en orden a proseguir la investigación.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p><p class="p1">Recibido: 25/06/2017 • Aceptado: 31/08/2017</p>
FERREIRA, José Ribeiro; GUIMARÃES, Carlos. Filoctetes em Sófocles e em Heiner Müller. Coimbra: Faculdade de Letras, 1987. 77p.
Authors: Santos Fernando Brandão dos 
Published: February 2018

FERREIRA, José Ribeiro; GUIMARÃES, Carlos. Filoctetes em Sófocles e em Heiner Müller. Coimbra: Faculdade de Letras, 1987. 77p.
Presidencies and Policy in Post-apartheid South Africa
Authors: Gumede Vusi 
Published: February 2018

From a policy perspective, the question naturally arises as to whether there have been major changes in policy making and associated issues in South Africa since 1994. Arguably, the first five years or so focused on institutional reforms and legislative interventions. In the late 1990s the South African government established specific processes and institutions for policy development and coordination. Â In 2005-6, specific processes and institutions for long-term planning and monitoring and evaluation were formally established. The paper examines the evolution of policy making and coordination in South Africa since the late 1990s, it also reflects on monitoring and evaluation as well as long-term planning. The erstwhile Policy Coordination and Advisory Services (PCAS), which had been the main engine of policy (coordination and other aspects) in post-apartheid South Africa that was established towards the end of 1997 in the Office of Deputy President Thabo Mbeki (at the time) was disbanded in 2010. The PCAS, popularly known as the Policy Unit, coordinated all policies and reforms, and led in planning as well as monitoring and evaluation, among other responsibilities. From 2010, functions were institutionalised or strengthened (e.g. government departments have been established to deal with planning as well as monitoring and evaluation). There have not been major shifts and/or changes in policy coordination, planning as well as monitoring and evaluation since the late 1990s. However, there appears to be a shift in emphasis to focusing more on implementation. This might have been one of the biggest mistakes of the Jacob Zuma administration because capacity for policy thinking is critical. It would seem that the Thabo Mbeki administration focused specifically on policy. The Nelson Mandela administration, which was a Government of National Unity, was largely focused on various policy, legislative and institutional reforms with very limited capacity for policy making, coordination and monitoring and evaluation as well as long-term planning.Â
Incidence and seasonality of respiratory syncytial virus hospitalisations in young children in Denmark, 2010 to 2015
Authors: Jepsen Martin T. , Trebbien Ramona , Emborg Hanne Dorthe , Krause Tyra G. , Schønning Kristian , Voldstedlund Marianne , Nielsen Jens , Fischer Thea K. 
Published: February 2018

For future decisions on respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-vaccination strategies and implementation into national immunisation-programmes, we used national registry data (hospitalisation, microbiology and vital statistics) to determine the age-specific incidence and direct medical costs of annual RSV-associated admissions in children < 5 years-old for the period of 2010–2015. We identified ca 2,500 RSV-associated hospitalisations annually amounting to total direct medical-costs of ca EUR 4.1 million per year. The incidence of RSV-associated hospitalisations peaked in infants 1–2 months of age followed by infants 2–3 months of age, and infants < 1 month of age, respectively. Infant boys were at higher risk of severe RSV infection as compared to infant girls: male-to-female ratio peaked with 1.4 at four months of age and gradually levelled out with increasing age to 1.0 at 4 years of age. Five RSV-associated deaths were identified. Our findings demonstrate that in a western country as Denmark, RSV constitutes a considerable burden on childhood health. Furthermore, the best approach to reduce the high incidence of RSV-associated hospitalisations in young infants < 3 months of age may be maternal vaccination due to general challenges in achieving sufficient and protective immune responses in young infants.
Cyclic Behavior of Steel Beam-to-Column Moment Connections Using Different Sizes of Flange Plates and Reinforced by a Single Rib Plate
Authors: Haghollahi Abbas , Ahmadi Hassan 
Published: February 2018

This paper presents a numerical study on the behavior of connection between steel I-beam and H-column when are affected by cyclic loading. The connection used the flange plates to connect the beam flanges to the column flange. They were welded to the top and bottom flange plates and created a welded flange plate (WFP) connection. Specimens were six models of WFP connections with different beam geometry and flange plate sizes which were modeled and their cyclic behavior were investigated using finite element analysis in ABAQUS program. Three of them were reinforced by a vertical triangular top and bottom rib plates, and others remained unreinforced. The results showed that reinforcement with a vertical triangular rib plate attached to the top and bottom flange plates can improve cyclic behavior of WFP connections. By using a rib plate, the equivalent plastic strain was increased and showed better plastic hinge formation compared to those with no vertical rib plate. Those models with IPB beam sections had the best cyclic behavior compared to those with IPE beam sections and satisfied the acceptance criteria of AISC seismic provisions for intermediate and special moment frames. We concluded that those WFP connections which did not satisfy the criteria of AISC seismic provisions for special moment frames, can be upgraded by a vertical triangular rib plate in order to be used in special moment frames.
TINJAUAN LOVASTATIN DAN APLIKASINYA
Authors: Hardianto Dudi 
Published: February 2018

Lovastatin is a drug belonging to statins group that is used to decrease the cholesterol levels in blood. The action mechanism of lovastatin is inhibition of the activity of HMG-CoA reductase enzyme, hence reducing cholesterol production in the liver. Some filamentous fungi produce lovastatin, and Aspergillus terreus is known as the highest lovastatin-producing filamentous fungi, therefore it is generally used for production of lovastatin. Commercial production of lovastatin is based on submerged fermentation. But nowadays solid-state fermentation is becoming an alternative for production of lovastatin. Lovastatin is mainly used for antihypercholeterolemia. Other potential uses of lovastatin include therapy of Alzheimer’s disease, cancer, osteoporosis, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis.Keywords: Statin, lovastatin, Aspergillus terreus, fermentation, antihypercholeterolemia ABSTRAK Lovastatin merupakan obat golongan statin yang digunakan untuk menurunkan kadar kolesterol dalam darah. Mekanisme kerja lovastatin adalah menghambat enzim HMG-CoA reduktase sehingga produksi kolesterol di dalam hati berkurang. Beberapa kapang berfilamen memproduksi lovastatin dan Aspergillus terreus merupakan kapang penghasil lovastatin tertinggi sehingga digunakan dalam produksi lovastatin. Produksi lovastatin secara komersial menggunakan fermentasi cair tetapi sekarang ini fermentasi padat menjadi alternatif lain untuk memproduksi lovastatin. Lovastatin digunakan terutama untuk antihiperkolesterolemia. Lovastatin juga potensial digunakan untuk pengobatan penyakit alzheimer, kanker, osteoporosis, parkinson, multiple sclerosis, dan rheumatoid arthritis.Kata kunci: Statin, lovastatin, Aspergillus terreus, fermentasi, antihypercholeterolemia
PENANGANAN ANAKAN MUDA PADA KULTUR <i>EX VITRO</i> UNTUK MENGHASILKAN BIBIT SAGU (<i>Metroxylon sagu</i> Rottb.) SIAP TANAM
Authors: . Karyanti , Sigit Yusuf , Tajuddin Teuku , . Erwinda , . Minaldi , Haska Nadirman 
Published: February 2018

To fulfill market demand and prevent its extinction, sago palm plantation need to be developed by planting elite varieties in other areas. For these reasons the large number of seedling is needed. In this study we developed the method for an ex vitro propagation technique combining with maintaining samples freshness for several days. Young suckers were treated using aquades, Na-hypochlorite or alcohol. After 3 days, suckers were sterilized, followed by dipping in vitamin solutions and IBA for an hour. The shoots were then planted in the mixture of soil and organic fertilizer. The results of our study showed that young sucker treated with alcohol 96% was the best treatment for maintaining the freshness of samples upto 3 days. During 20 weeks of culture, the optimum root induction was achieved after applying IBA 50 mg/L. Our result may serve as a base for mass propagation of sago palm.Keywords: Ex vitro, IBA, root induction, sample freshness, young suckers ABSTRAKUntuk memenuhi kebutuhan pasar serta mencegah kepunahannya, perkebunan sagu perlu dikembangkan dengan menanam tanaman sagu berkualitas di daerah lain yang sesuai. Untuk mendukung program ini, bibit sagu dibutuhkan dalam jumlah yang sangat besar. Dalam studi ini kami mengembangkan perbanyakan bibit sagu dengan teknik ex vitro yang dikombinasikan dengan metode untuk menjaga kesegaran sampel selama beberapa hari. Anakan muda sagu diberi perlakuan dengan aquades, Na-hipoklorit atau alkohol. Setelah disimpan selama 3 hari, anakan yang terlihat tetap segar dilanjutkan ke tahap sterilisasi, dan selanjutnya direndam dalam larutan campuran vitamin dan IBA selama 1 jam. Akhirnya anakan muda ditanam dalam media campuran tanah dan pupuk kandang. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan dengan alkohol 96% adalah yang terbaik untuk menjaga kondisi anakan tetap segar setelah disimpan hingga 3 hari. Selanjutnya setelah dikultur selama 20 minggu, induksi akar yang optimal dapat dicapai dari perlakuan IBA 50 mg/L. Hasil yang kami peroleh dapat menjadi acuan dalam perbanyakan bibit sagu secara masal.Kata kunci: Ex vitro, IBA, induksi akar, kesegaran sampel, anakan muda
Hegemonía y contrahegemonía en el fenómeno youtuber
Authors: Márquez Israel , Ardèvol Elisenda 
Published: February 2018

En un corto periodo, los youtubers —jóvenes usuarios de internet que han alcanzado cierta fama por los videos que publican en YouTube— se han convertido en nuevos modelos a seguir para niños y jóvenes, el tipo de público que habitualmente ve, sigue y comenta sus videos. Durante los últimos años, el fenómeno de los youtubers —y YouTube en conjunto— ha sufrido un proceso de “colonización” o “apropiación” capitalista, impulsado por grandes corporaciones mediáticas, que parecen reproducir la situación de control y hegemonía cultural no muy diferente de la era de la comunicación masiva. Sin embargo, es propio de toda hegemonía ser desafiada y resistida. Los youtubers estudiados se rebelan contra este poder hegemónico o critican de manera abierta estas nuevas formas culturales en las que se ven inmersos con recursos contrahegemónicos, como el humor y la ironía.