bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Large Language Models May Help Patients Understand Peer-Reviewed Scientific Articles About Ophthalmology: Development and Usability Study
Authors: Kianian Reza , Sun Deyu , Rojas-Carabali William , Agrawal Rupesh , Tsui Edmund 
Published: November 2024

Background
Adequate health literacy has been shown to be important for the general health of a population. To address this, it is recommended that patient-targeted medical information is written at a sixth-grade reading level. To make well-informed decisions about their health, patients may want to interact directly with peer-reviewed open access scientific articles. However, studies have shown that such text is often written with highly complex language above the levels that can be comprehended by the general population. Previously, we have published on the use of large language models (LLMs) in easing the readability of patient-targeted health information on the internet. In this study, we continue to explore the advantages of LLMs in patient education.

Objective
This study aimed to explore the use of LLMs, specifically ChatGPT (OpenAI), to enhance the readability of peer-reviewed scientific articles in the field of ophthalmology.

Methods
A total of 12 open access, peer-reviewed papers published by the senior authors of this study (ET and RA) were selected. Readability was assessed using the Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level and Simple Measure of Gobbledygook tests. ChatGPT 4.0 was asked “I will give you the text of a peer-reviewed scientific paper. Considering that the recommended readability of the text is 6th grade, can you simplify the following text so that a layperson reading this text can fully comprehend it? - Insert Manuscript Text -”. Appropriateness was evaluated by the 2 uveitis-trained ophthalmologists. Statistical analysis was performed in Microsoft Excel.

Results
ChatGPT significantly lowered the readability and length of the selected papers from 15th to 7th grade (P<.001) while generating responses that were deemed appropriate by expert ophthalmologists.

Conclusions
LLMs show promise in improving health literacy by enhancing the accessibility of peer-reviewed scientific articles and allowing the general population to interact directly with medical literature.
Peningkatan Produksi Edamame Melalui Aplikasi Biostimulan PGPR dan Biourine Sapi
Authors: Soelaksini Liliek Dwi , Krismiratsih Fitri , Arofah Yustika Apriliya 
Published: November 2024

Aplikasi pupuk kimia secara berlebih menyebabkan turunnya kualitas tanah dan menurunkan produksi Edamame. Upaya yang bisa dilakukan untuk meningkatkan produksi Edamame yaitu pengaplikasian pembenah tanah berupa kombinasi biostimulan PGPR (Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria) dan bio urine sapi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk (1) mengetahui konsentrasi yang optimum dan pengaruh aplikasi biostimulant PGPR pada edamame, (2) mengetahui konsentrasi yang optimum dan pengaruh biourine sapi pada edamame dan (3) mengetahui interaksi antara konsentrasi biostimulant PGPR dan Biourine sapi untuk tanaman edamame. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan Mei – Juli 2022 di Lahan Penelitian Politeknik Negeri Jember. Rancangan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) Faktorial dan diulang sebanyak tiga kali. Faktor pertama yaitu konsentrasi biostimulant PGPR yaitu tanpa Aplikasi (P0), Aplikasi 10 mL/L (P1), dan aplikasi 20 mL/L (P2) dan faktor kedua Konsentrasi Biourine sapi yaitu tanpa aplikasi (B0), aplikasi 60 mL/L (B1) dan aplikasi 120 mL/L (B2). Hasil Penelitian menunjukkan aplikasi 20 ml/l biostimulant PGPR memberikan hasil terbaik pada parameter jumlah polong segar pertanaman, berat polong segar pertanaman dan berat polong segar per plot. aplikasi biourine sapi 60 mL/L memberikan hasil terbaik pada berat polong segar pertanaman dan berat polong segar perplot. Interaksi PGPR 20 mL/L dan Biourine sapi 60 mL/L menunjukkan hasil terbaik pada jumlah cabang produktif, berat polong segar pertanaman dan berat polong segar per plot, dan kombinasi aplikasi biostimulant PGPR 20 mL/L dan Biourine sapi 120 mL/L menunjukkan hasil terbaik pada variabel jumlah polong segar pertanaman.
Tanggapan Tanaman Jagung Manis terhadap Aplikasi Tiga Jenis Pupuk
Authors: Nafi'ah Hanny Hidayati , Rosmayanti Raihan , Sativa Novriza 
Published: November 2024

Jagung manis adalah salah satu tanaman hortikultura yang memiliki kandungan gizi yang banyak. Untuk mencapai pertumbuhan dan hasil yang baik tanaman jagung memerlukan unsur hara, karena tanah digunakan secara terus menerus sehingga menyebabkan unsur hara yang terkandung dalam tanah ikut terangkut pada saat panen dan ada pula yang terkikis oleh air hujan. Jadi penyediaan pupuk dan bahan organik adalah hal yang diperlukan untuk lahan pertanian. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimental dengan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) dengan pola Faktorial 2x2x3 dengan tiga kali kali ulangan. Faktor pertama adalah komposisi Dosis pupuk organik (O), yaitu : o1 = 5 ton.ha-1 (1,25 kg.plot-1) dan o2 = 10 ton.ha-1 (2,25 kg.plot-1). Faktor yang kedua adalah konsentrasi pupuk hayati yang terdiri dari dua taraf h1 = tanpa pupuk hayati dan h2 = 20 ml.l-1. Faktor yang ketiga adalah dosis pupuk anorganik yang terdiri dari tiga taraf : a0 = 300 kg.ha-1 (4,8 g.tanaman-1), a1 = 225 kg.ha-1 (3,6 g.tanaman-1), a2 = 150 kg.ha-1 (2,4 g.tanaman-1). Hasil percobaan menunjukkan perlakuan pupuk organic 10 ton.ha-1, pupuk hayati 20 ml.l-1, dan pupuk anorganik 300 kg/ha dapat mengoptimalkan lahan bekas padi sehingga meningkatkan pertumbuhan dan hasil jagung manis.
Surrogate End Points in Apolipoprotein L1–Associated Kidney Disease
Authors: Rosenberg Alix T. , Flaherty Carina , Anderson Amanda H. , Appel Lawrence J. , Coresh Josef , He Jiang , Lash James P. , Liu Celina , Rao Panduranga S. , Taliercio Jonathan , Surapaneni Aditya , Grams Morgan E. ,   on behalf of the CRIC Study Investigators
Published: November 2024

Key Points

Apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) high-risk genotype had higher risk of 3-year GFR-related surrogate end points and long-term kidney failure than those with the low-risk genotype.No consistent difference in surrogate–clinical outcome associations by APOL1 genotype, supporting the use of surrogates in APOL1 kidney disease.

Background
Surrogate end points for the clinical outcome of kidney failure have been accepted by the US Food and Drug Administration. However, they have not been specifically evaluated in Apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1)-associated kidney disease.

Methods
This random-effects meta-analysis included Black participants in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study (N=3071), Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (N=998), and African American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension (N=609). Surrogate end points included a 3-year 30% and 40% decline in GFR, doubling of urine protein–creatinine ratio, and >3 ml/min per 1.73 m2 per year decline in GFR. Clinical outcomes included kidney failure requiring KRT, heart failure, cardiovascular disease, and death after 3 years.

Results
22% in the African American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension, 18% in the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort, and 13% in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study had the APOL1 high-risk genotype. Participants with the APOL1 high-risk genotype had higher risk of all 3-year GFR outcomes but not doubling of urine protein–creatinine ratio, as well as kidney failure after 3 years. The 3-year outcomes were strongly associated with kidney failure with weaker but statistically significant associations with the development of heart failure, cardiovascular disease, and mortality. There were no differences in associations between short-term and long-term clinical outcomes by APOL1 risk status.

Conclusions
Individuals with the APOL1 high-risk genotype were more susceptible to 3-year GFR-related end points and long-term kidney failure than individuals with the APOL1 low-risk genotype. There was no consistent difference in short-term clinical outcome associations by APOL1 genotype, supporting the use of surrogates in APOL1-associated kidney disease.
Bisphosphonate Use after Kidney Transplantation Is Associated with Lower Fracture Risk
Authors: Kahwaji Joseph M. , Yang Su-Jau , Sim John J. , Parke Chong Young , Lee Roland L. 
Published: November 2024

Key Points

Bisphosponate use may decrease the risk of fracture in patients receiving kidney transplant.Identifying those at risk of fracture after kidney transplant is critical.

Background
Kidney transplant recipients are at higher risk of fractures compared with the general population. The use of bisphosphonates has been shown to increase bone mineral density after transplantation but has not been shown to lower fracture rates. In this study, we aim to determine whether exposure to bisphosphonates is associated with lower incidence of nonvertebral fractures after kidney transplantation.

Methods
We conducted a retrospective review for all Southern California Kaiser Permanente kidney transplant recipients with osteoporosis transplanted between 2000 and 2019. Baseline variables were collected. Those prescribed an oral bisphosphonate were compared with those who were not. The primary outcome was nonvertebral fracture. Chi-square test was used to evaluate categorical variables and Wilcoxon rank-sum test for continuous variables. Propensity scores were generated to balance covariates in the bisphosphonate and nonbisphosphonate groups. Cause-specific hazard and subdistribution (Fine–Gray) methods were performed for competing risk analysis. Death-censored graft survival was evaluated as a secondary outcome using standard Cox regression.

Results
There were 489 patients included in the study, 203 of which were in the bisphosphonate group. The cause-specific hazard model suggested a 64% lower risk of nonvertebral fracture in the bisphosphonate group (P = 0.02). The Fine–Gray hazard model treating death as a competing risk did not show lower relative incidence of nonvertebral fracture. Bisphosphonate treatment was associated with lower death-censored graft failure (P = 0.002).

Conclusions
Bisphosphonate use after kidney transplantation may be associated with a lower risk of nonvertebral fracture after transplant. Bisphosphonate use in this study was also associated with lower death-censored graft failure. Caution is advised when interpreting these results given the retrospective nature of the study.
Crinoides del Misisípico de la región de El Bísani, noroeste del Estado de Sonora, México
Authors: Buitrón-Sánchez Blanca E. , Vachard Daniel , Clausen Sebastién , Palafox Juan José , Gómez-Espinosa Catalina 
Published: November 2024

En el Estado de Sonora existen varias localidades con rocas sedimentarias del Misisípico. Particularmente, en el área de El Bísani que se localiza en la región de Caborca al noroeste del Estado de Sonora, afloran rocas de la formaciones Represo y Venada, cuya edad misisípica (Osageano inferior), se dató, inicialmente, por la presencia del coral colonial Lithostrotionela confluens Easton y por los conodontes de las especies Gnathodus cuneiformis (Mehl y Thomas) y Gnathodus typicus Cooper.
La composición litológica de la Formación Represo corresponde principalmente a calizas dolomíticas con un alto contenido de fragmentos del tallo y placas articulares de crinoides muy pequeños que por su abundancia forman encrinita.
Los afloramientos contienen abundantes y diversos fósiles de invertebrados marinos entre ellos, se encuentran foraminíferos, ostrácodos, conodontos, corales, briozoarios, braquiópodos, crinoides y con menor presencia moluscos pelecípodos y gasterópodos.
Procedentes de la Formación Represo, se identificaron cuatro especies de crinoides que fueron descritas anteriormente de Estados Unidos de Norteamérica y corresponden a Goniocion turgidus Moore y Jeffords 1968, del Misisípico temprano de Iowa, Flucticharax undatus Moore y Jeffords 1968 y Euloncherostigma impunitum Moore y Jeffords, 1968 del Misisípico temprano de Kentucky y Pentagonomischus plebeius Moore y Jeffords 1968 del Misisípico Tardío de Illinois.
Con base en la composición de la comunidad biótica, se infiere que el ambiente de depósito tuvo lugar en plataformas carbonatadas de mares tropicales, someros, bien oxigenados que prevalecieron durante el Misisípico en la región de Bísani-Caborca, Sonora.
El análisis de la distribución de las especies de crinoides y de la fauna asociada del noroeste de Sonora, permitió establecer relaciones paleogeográficas con faunas del Misisípico (Osageano) de Iowa, Illinois y Kentucky, EUA, pertenecientes a la Provincia del Cratón Norteamericano.
Roedores y lagomorfos blancanos (Plioceno tardío) del Lago de Chapala, Jalisco, México
Authors: Vasconcelos Ginzo Ricardo , Montellano Ballesteros Marisol 
Published: November 2024

El Lago de Chapala, ubicado en el estado de Jalisco, es un sitio donde se han recuperado restos fósiles de varios grupos de vertebrados de edad plio-pleistocénica, entre ellos fósiles de roedores y lagomorfos. Se identificaron molares de los roedores cricétidos Postcopemys chapalensis, Neotoma magnodonta, Sigmodon sp. y Sigmodon minor y el lepórido Hypolagus vetus provenientes de la localidad denominada Chapala 1. Esta asociación faunística sugiere una edad blancana, corroborada por estudios anteriores de datación radiométrica de U-Pb, indicando una edad de 3.44 Ma (Plioceno tardío). En el caso de Hypolagus vetus es el primer registro de esta especie en la región de Chapala e incrementa su distribución durante el Plioceno tardío. La diversidad de taxa de micromamíferos presentes en Chapala 1 es moderada y se asemeja a la de asociaciones de otras localidades blancanas estadounidenses y mexicanas, resaltando la ausencia de geómidos y esciúridos. Esto se puede explicar por el esfuerzo de colecta, pero con más trabajos, esto podría corroborarse.
Efeitos emocionais elicitados por imagens de futebol: Um estudo sobre o fanatismo
Authors: Kort-Kamp Monick Leonora Inês , Rocha Porto Thauan , Silveira de Oliveira Roberdson , Conde Erick Francisco 
Published: November 2024

O presente estudo investigou os efeitos da visualização de imagens de times favoritos e rivais nos indicadores de valência e ativação emocional, averiguando possíveis interações com os níveis de fanatismo em torcedores de futebol. Participaram deste experimento 27 voluntários (M = 22 anos; DP = 3,25), que avaliaram a agradabilidade (valência hedônica) e a excitação emocional (ativação) desencadeada por um conjunto de imagens neutras, positivas e negativas do Sistema Internacional de Figuras Afetivas (IAPS), acrescido de 30 imagens experimentais pareadas, sendo 15 do time favorito e 15 do time rival. As avaliações foram realizadas através da escala Self Assessment Manikin (SAM) e da Escala de Fanatismo em Torcedores de Futebol (EFTF). Análises comparativas demonstraram que o nível de fanatismo não influenciou na atribuição da valência hedônica às imagens. Contudo, o grupo com níveis mais altos de fanatismo apresentou maior excitação emocional em resposta a imagens neutras (p < 0,01; d = 0,914), do time favorito (p < 0,01; d = 1,49) e do time rival (p < 0,01; d = 0,83). A análise de dispersão sugeriu o envolvimento dos sistemas motivacionais apetitivo e aversivo em reação às imagens do time favorito e rival, respectivamente. Os resultados do estudo auxiliam na compreensão do fenômeno do fanatismo no futebol.
Operaciones unitarias para la producción de chocolate negro, con leche y blanco. Una revisión sistemática
Authors: Villafuerte-Carrillo Franklin Rolando , Sancho Aguilera David , Enríquez-Estrella Miguel Ángel , Basantes-Basantes Edwin Fernando , Ruíz-Mármol Hernán Patricio 
Published: November 2024

El proceso de producción de chocolate implica varias etapas críticas con rangos de operación específicos, por ende, este artículo tuvo por objetivo analizar las operaciones unitarias para la producción de chocolate negro, con leche y blanco, a través de una revisión sistemática. El estudio siguió las directrices PRISMA aplicando criterios de elegibilidad y exclusión para la selección de artículos científicos, tesis, libros y normas. Esto permitió la inclusión final de 78 estudios de un total de 396 seleccionados para revisión. La investigación se enfocó en el proceso de búsqueda y selección por criterio de inclusión de documentos considerando la recepción del grano de cacao fermentado y seco hasta el almacenamiento del producto final. Los principales hallazgos incluyeron: A) el proceso de producción de chocolate con varias etapas cruciales, así: recepción del grano con un contenido de humedad del 6 % - 8 % del cacao; su tostado a temperaturas entre 110 °C - 160 °C por 5 a 120 min contribuyen al desarrollo del sabor característico del chocolate; la alcalinización eleva el pH de 5,2 a 7,5 disminuyendo la acidez del producto; el refinado de la masa de chocolate para obtener un tamaño de partícula de 15 - 35 micrones a temperaturas de entre 45 °C a 70 °C; el conchado de la masa de chocolate a 60 °C - 90 °C durante 6 - 20 horas mejora la textura y el perfil de sabor del chocolate; el templado del chocolate con un perfil de temperaturas específico para cada tipo de chocolate (por ejemplo, para chocolate con leche: 50 °C → 32 °C → 27 °C → 30 °C - 32 °C) es esencial para lograr la cristalización adecuada de la manteca de cacao, afectando la textura y apariencia del chocolate en tableta producto final; culminando con el almacenamiento del chocolate a temperaturas menores de 20 °C. Cada tipo de chocolate (negro, con leche y blanco) tiene variaciones en su proceso de producción y composición. En conclusión, los rangos de trabajo son cruciales para lograr las características sensoriales y de calidad deseadas en el producto final, y pueden variar según el tipo específico de chocolate que se esté produciendo.
Odobenus rosmarus divergens (Odobenidae) groups in the waters adjacent to coastal haulouts (Chukchi Peninsula, Russia)
Authors:   Saint Petersburg State University, Giljov Andrey N. , Seredinskaya Maria V. ,   Saint Petersburg State University, Kryukova Natalia V. ,   A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of the RAS, Skorobogatov Danila O. ,   A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of the RAS, Karenina Karina A. ,   Saint Petersburg State University
Published: November 2024

The distance between individuals is one of the key characteristics of the spatial structure of a group. Here, we investigated inter-individual distances in Odobenus rosmarus divergens (hereinafter – walrus) aggregations in waters adjacent to four coastal haulouts in the Chukchi Sea, Russia. The analysis of aerial images showed that the majority of the individuals in water were in tight groups (binomial z > 11.37, p < 0.001), in which the distances between walruses were significantly shorter than those outside such groups (LMM coefficient ± SE: 0.14 ± 0.03; p < 0.001). The number of individuals within the groups did not influence the inter-individual distances (LMM coefficient ± SE: 0.05 ± 0.05; p = 0.376) and the density of them was similar across haulouts studied (omnibus χ2(3) = 7.78, p = 0.051). The water areas adjacent to haulouts may provide optimal conditions for social interactions of walruses and potentially play an important role in their social life. The investigation of walrus aggregations in water may become increasingly important in the context of the reducing Arctic ice cover.
Review: Formulasi dan Evaluasi Tablet Pelepasan Tertunda dan Pelepasan Terkontrol
Authors: Fatma Ira Dwi , Kartika Yuni , Maryana Ulfah Raden Roro , Rinaldi Muhammad Dodit , Pratama Reza , Pahlevi Muhamad Reza 
Published: November 2024

Tablet merupakan suatu bentuk sediaan padat yang mengandung zat aktif dan zat tambahan yang meliputi bahan pengikat, pengisi, penghancur, dan pelicin. Modified Release ini terbagi menjadi dua sistem pelepasan obat yaitu pelepasan tertunda (Delayed Release) dan pelepasan terkontrol (Controlled Release). Tablet lepas terkendali (Controlled Release tablet) adalah pelepasan senyawa yang dapat disesuaikan pada tingkat yang efektif sebagai respon terhadap waktu dan rangsangan. Tablet lepas tertunda (Delayed release tablet) adalah obat yang dilepaskan pada waktu yang lebih lambat setelah pemberian. Metode yang digunakan dalam review ini adalah dengan melakukan penelusuran studi pustaka secara elektronik dengan cara mengakses situs pencarian jurnal internasional dan nasional yang berkaitan dengan kata kunci “Modified Release, Delayed Release, Controlled Release”. Untuk menjamin suatu mutu sediaan obat perlu dilakukan evaluasi. Evaluasi tablet meliputi uji keseragaman bobot, kerapuhan tablet, kekerasan tablet dan disolusi tablet.
Uji Performa Pengaruh Gliserin dalam Formulasi Sabun Cair Cuci Piring
Authors: M Aras Neny Rasnyanti , Fia Lestari Mega 
Published: November 2024

Sabun merupakan produk yang wajib ada di rumah yang berpotensi untuk dikembangkan guna kenyamanan konsumen. Pembuatan sabun cuci cair menggunakan surfaktan sebagai bahan utama dengan berbagai bahan tambahan berguna meningkatkan kinerjanya. Dalam penelitian ini enam formulasi dibuat untuk menguji kinerja sabun cair cuci piring dengan menambahkan gliserin pada berbagai konsentrasi dengan bahan utama SLES (Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulphate) menggunakan metode dingin. Dengan memasukkan gliserin, SLES, dan bahan ramah lingkungan lainnya dalam formulasi sabun, dimungkinkan untuk menciptakan sabun berkualitas tinggi yang tidak hanya membersihkan secara efektif tetapi juga memberikan nutrisi dan hidrasi pada kulit, memenuhi permintaan yang terus meningkat akan produk yang berkelanjutan dan ramah kulit di industri kosmetik. Keenam variasi yang dihasilkan diukur sifat organoleptik fisik dan kimianya. Kinerja deterjen terbaik dalam hal kelembaban dan tinggi busa ditunjukkan pada formulasi F3 dengan bau yang tidak menyengat berwarna transparan, nilai FFA sebesar 0,09+0,00 dan pH 5,77+0,01 dengan kecenderungan viskositas dan kelembaban yang proporsional satu sama lain dengan campuran gliserin seiring dengan bertambahnya gliserin pada batas tertentu. Secara umum kinerja sabun yang dibuat pada enam formulasi untuk semua parameter tidak terpengaruh dengan penambahan gliserin. Dimana warna sabun yang dihasilkan transparan, bau yang agak menyengat, kesat, pH diantara 5,85 – 5,91 dan Free Fatty Acid (FFA) sebesar 0.09 %.
Understanding the Indian Startup Ecosystema Holistic Exploration of Dynamics, Profitability, and Employee Perspectives
Authors: Ananadapadmanabhan Archana , Klave Evija 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
India has established itself as the third-largest global startup ecosystem, with thriving start-ups. Despite commanding high valuations, startups across diverse sectors are grappling with challenges in achieving profitability. Increasing concerns about job security and the potential for additional layoffs in the absence of an improved funding environment are causing apprehension among talent, even within larger startups. The research intends to analyse the Indian startup ecosystem, analyse and compare the profitability of chosen Unicorns and Decacorns in both listed and unlisted categories, and understand the employee perception of working in startups. An analytical research design is followed. To understand employee perception, a survey facilitated through a structured questionnaire has been conducted among 100 employees of startups situated in Karnataka and Kerala, regions distinguished for their highly supportive ecosystems. Analysis depicted a discrepancy in profitability suggesting that Decacorns, with their startup status, robust valuations, and soaring operating revenue, have yet to establish themselves as consistently profitable entities. Findings from the employee survey highlight that learning opportunities and accelerated career growth stand out as motivating factors for choosing employment in startups. Conversely, the downsides include concerns about change, job insecurity, and workload. The comprehension of stock options at the knowledge level was evident, potentially serving as a stirring factor for startups to incorporate into their employee benefits.