bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structural insights into the interaction between phytoplasmal effector causing phyllody 1 and MADS transcription factors
Authors: Liao Yi‐Ting , Lin Shih‐Shun , Lin Shin‐Jen , Sun Wan‐Ting , Shen Bing‐Nan , Cheng Han‐Pin , Lin Chan‐Pin , Ko Tzu‐Ping , Chen Yi‐Fan , Wang Hao‐Ching 
Published: July 2019

SummaryPhytoplasmas are bacterial plant pathogens which can induce severe symptoms including dwarfism, phyllody and virescence in an infected plant. Because phytoplasmas infect many important crops such as peanut and papaya they have caused serious agricultural losses. The phytoplasmal effector causing phyllody 1 (PHYL1) is an important phytoplasmal pathogenic factor which affects the biological function of MADS transcription factors by interacting with their K (keratin‐like) domain, thus resulting in abnormal plant developments such as phyllody. Until now, lack of information on the structure of PHYL1 has prevented a detailed understanding of the binding mechanism between PHYL1 and the MADS transcription factors. Here, we present the crystal structure of PHYL1 from peanut witches’‐broom phytoplasma (PHYL1PnWB). This protein was found to fold into a unique α‐helical hairpin with exposed hydrophobic residues on its surface that may play an important role in its biological function. Using proteomics approaches, we propose a binding mode of PHYL1PnWB with the K domain of the MADS transcription factor SEPALLATA3 (SEP3_K) and identify the residues of PHYL1PnWB that are important for this interaction. Furthermore, using surface plasmon resonance we measure the binding strength of PHYL1PnWB proteins to SEP3_K. Lastly, based on confocal images, we found that α‐helix 2 of PHYL1PnWB plays an important role in PHYL1‐mediated degradation of SEP3. Taken together, these results provide a structural understanding of the specific binding mechanism between PHYL1PnWB and SEP3_K.
Lithological and structural controls on river profiles and networks in the northern Sierra Nevada (California, USA)
Authors: Gabet Emmanuel J. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
In this study, the strong lithological heterogeneity of the northern Sierra Nevada (California, USA) is exploited to elucidate the role of lithology on river profiles and patterns at the mountain-range scale. The analyses indicate that plutonic, metavolcanic, and quartzite bedrock generally host the steepest river reaches, whereas gentle reaches flow across non-quartzite metasedimentary rocks and fault zones. In addition, the largest immobile boulders are often in the steepest reaches, suggesting that wide joint spacing plays a role in creating steep channels, and a positive relationship between boulder size and hillslope angle highlights the coupling of the hillslope and fluvial systems. With respect to river network configurations, dendritic patterns dominate in the plutonic bedrock, with channels aligned down the slope of the range; in contrast, river reaches in the metamorphic belts are mainly longitudinal and parallel to the structural grain. River profiles and patterns in the northern Sierra Nevada, therefore, bear a strong lithological imprint related to differential erosion. These observations indicate that attempts to infer uplift and tilting of the range based on the gradients and orientations of paleochannel remnants should first account for the effect of bedrock erodibility. Indeed, the differences in gradients of Tertiary paleochannel remnants used to argue for late Cenozoic uplift of the range can be wholly explained by differences in lithology.
Perinatal palliative care: a dedicated care pathway
Authors: Rusalen Francesca , Cavicchiolo Maria Elena , Lago Paola , Salvadori Sabrina , Benini Franca 
Published: July 2019

ObjectiveEnsure access to perinatal palliative care (PnPC) to all eligible fetuses/infants/parents.DesignDuring 12 meetings in 2016, a multidisciplinary work-group (WG) performed literature review (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) method was applied), including the ethical and legal references, in order to propose shared care pathway.SettingMaternal-Infant Department of Padua’s University Hospital.PatientsPnPC eligible population has been divided into three main groups: extremely preterm newborns (first group), newborns with prenatal/postnatal diagnosis of life-limiting and/or life-threatening disease and poor prognosis (second group) and newborns for whom a shift to PnPC is appropriate after the initial intensive care (third group).InterventionsThe multidisciplinary WG has shared care pathway for these three groups and defined roles and responsibilities.Main outcome measuresPrenatal and postnatal management, symptom’s treatment, end-of-life care.ResultsThe best care setting and the best practice for PnPC have been defined, as well as the indications for family support, corpse management and postmortem counselling, as well suggestion for conflicts’ mediation.ConclusionsPnPC represents an emerging field within the paediatric palliative care and calls for the development of dedicated shared pathways, in order to ensure accessibility and quality of care to this specific population of newborns.
Man versus machine: comparison of naked-eye estimation and quantified capillary refill
Authors: Toll John Rani , Henricson Joakim , Anderson Chris D , Björk Wilhelms Daniel 
Published: July 2019

BackgroundCapillary refill (CR) time is traditionally assessed by ‘naked-eye’ inspection of the return to original colour of a tissue after blanching pressure. Few studies have addressed intra-observer reliability or used objective quantification techniques to assess time to original colour. This study compares naked-eye assessment with quantified CR (qCR) time using polarisation spectroscopy and examines intra-observer and interobserver agreements in using the naked eye.MethodA film of 18 CR tests (shown in a random fixed order) performed in healthy adults was assessed by a convenience sample of 14 doctors, 15 nurses and 19 secretaries (Department of Emergency Medicine, Linköping University, September to November 2017), who were asked to estimate the time to return to colour and characterise it as ‘fast’, ‘normal’ or ‘slow’. The qCR times and corresponding naked-eye time assessments were compared using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Three videos were shown twice without observers’ knowledge to measure intra-observer repeatability. Intra-observer categorical assessments were compared using Cohen’s Kappa analysis. Interobserver repeatability was measured and depicted with multiple-observer Bland-Altman plotting. Differences in naked-eye estimation between professions were analysed using ANOVA.ResultsNaked-eye assessed CR time and qCR time differ substantially, and agreement for the categorical assessments (naked-eye assessment vs qCR classification) was poor (Cohen’s kappa 0.27). Bland-Altman intra-observer repeatability ranged from 6% to 60%. Interobserver agreement was low as shown by the Bland-Altman plotting with a 95% limit of agreement with the mean of ±1.98 s for doctors, ±1.6 s for nurses and ±1.75 s for secretaries. The difference in CR time estimation (in seconds) between professions was not significant.ConclusionsOur study suggests that naked-eye-assessed CR time shows poor reproducibility, even by the same observers, and differs from an objective measure of CR time.
Current status of use of big data and artificial intelligence in RMDs: a systematic literature review informing EULAR recommendations
Authors: Kedra Joanna , Radstake Timothy , Pandit Aridaman , Baraliakos Xenofon , Berenbaum Francis , Finckh Axel , Fautrel Bruno , Stamm Tanja A , Gomez-Cabrero David , Pristipino Christian , Choquet Remy , Servy Hervé , Stones Simon , Burmester Gerd , Gossec Laure 
Published: July 2019

ObjectiveTo assess the current use of big data and artificial intelligence (AI) in the field of rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases (RMDs).MethodsA systematic literature review was performed in PubMed MEDLINE in November 2018, with key words referring to big data, AI and RMDs. All original reports published in English were analysed. A mirror literature review was also performed outside of RMDs on the same number of articles. The number of data analysed, data sources and statistical methods used (traditional statistics, AI or both) were collected. The analysis compared findings within and beyond the field of RMDs.ResultsOf 567 articles relating to RMDs, 55 met the inclusion criteria and were analysed, as well as 55 articles in other medical fields. The mean number of data points was 746 million (range 2000–5 billion) in RMDs, and 9.1 billion (range 100 000–200 billion) outside of RMDs. Data sources were varied: in RMDs, 26 (47%) were clinical, 8 (15%) biological and 16 (29%) radiological. Both traditional and AI methods were used to analyse big data (respectively, 10 (18%) and 45 (82%) in RMDs and 8 (15%) and 47 (85%) out of RMDs). Machine learning represented 97% of AI methods in RMDs and among these methods, the most represented was artificial neural network (20/44 articles in RMDs).ConclusionsBig data sources and types are varied within the field of RMDs, and methods used to analyse big data were heterogeneous. These findings will inform a European League Against Rheumatism taskforce on big data in RMDs.
Nested Closed Invariant Curves in Piecewise Smooth Maps
Authors: Avrutin Viktor , Zhusubaliyev Zhanybai T. 
Published: July 2019

The paper describes how several coexisting stable closed invariant curves embedded into each other can arise in a two-dimensional piecewise-linear normal form map. Phenomena of this type have been recently reported for a piecewise smooth map, modeling the behavior of a power electronic DC–DC converter. In the present work, we demonstrate that this type of multistability exists in a more general class of models and show how it may result from the well-known period adding bifurcation structure due to its deformation so that the phase-locking regions start to overlap. We explain how this overlapping structure is related to the appearance of coexisting stable closed invariant curves nested into each other. By means of detailed, numerically calculated phase portraits we hereafter present an example of this type of multistability. We also demonstrate that the basins of attraction of the nested stable invariant curves may be separated from each other not only by repelling closed invariant curves, as previously reported, but also by a chaotic saddle. It is suggested that the considered kind of multistability is a generic phenomenon in piecewise smooth dynamical systems.
Encefalopatia por deficiência de glut-1
Authors: Simões Renato Arantes Lima , Nabhan Thaís , Delatore Lara Godela , Gazola Roberta Molinari , De Albuquerque Regina Celia Ajeje Pires , Fernandes Debora De Cassia Tomaz 
Published: July 2019

Importância do problema: A síndrome da deficiência do transportador de glicose tipo 1 (GLUT1DS), descrita pela primeira vez por De Vivo em 1991, é causada por um deficitário transporte de glicose na barreira hematoencefálica e astrócitos por mutações na maioria das vezes de novo heterozigóticas no gene SLC2A1, responsável pela codificação do transportador de glicose tipo 1 (GLUT-1). Esta mutação limita a disponibilidade de glicose cerebral levando a sua deficiência energética, sendo o mecanismo gerador de suas manifestações clínicas. Os sintomas sugestivos são convulsões, atraso no desenvolvimento, microcefalia, hipotonia, espasticidade e complexas alterações no movimento consistindo de ataxia e distonia. Em pacientes GLUT1DS, substratos energéticos alternativos são de fundamental importância. Inúmeros trabalhos recomendam a utilização da dieta cetogênica de maneira imperiosa como mecanismo padrão ouro de tratamento. Esta, nos primeiros anos de vida em pacientes com GLUT1DS, garante um melhor resultado cognitivo e melhora nos aspectos psicomotores.
Comentários: A GLUT1DS por ser uma doença de recente descoberta, poucos casos descritos na literatura, características clínicas heterogêneas e falta substancial de casuística é muitas vezes subdiagnosticada. Neste sentido, critérios de suspeição e algoritmos diagnósticos se fazem necessários. Desta maneira, o objetivo deste artigo é chamar a atenção da comunidade médica brasileira a essa síndrome com vistas a incrementar seu diagnóstico e melhorar o prognóstico de epilepsias de difícil controle.
Decoding human screams: perception of emotional arousal from pitch and duration
Authors: Schwartz Jay W. , Gouzoules Harold 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Screams are phylogenetically widespread and typically associated with emotionally intense contexts, and thus present a window into the evolution of vocal emotion expression. Screams are distinct from other vocalizations, but nonetheless exhibit acoustic variation. The purpose of this study was to assess whether humans are sensitive to this variation, specifically, whether they base perceptions of screamer arousal on the pitch and/or duration of screams. A forced choice task revealed a significant tendency to perceive longer or higher-pitched (but otherwise acoustically identical) screams as more emotionally intense than shorter or lower-pitched screams, respectively. This pattern was independent of participants’ gender, empathy score, and previous exposure to screams in the media. Furthermore, scream pairs exhibiting greater differences in duration yielded more consistent responses. Evolutionary implications relating to the acoustic correlates of arousal across mammalian species, as well as the socioecological functions of screams in other primates, are discussed.
Impacts of Hydrometeor Drift on Orographic Precipitation: Two Case Studies of Landfalling Atmospheric Rivers in British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Mo Ruping , Brugman Melinda M. , Milbrandt Jason A. , Goosen James , Geng Quanzhen , Emond Christopher , Bau Jonathan , Erfani Amin 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Two severe winter storms in 2016 and 2017 caused by landfalling atmospheric rivers over British Columbia (BC) are investigated in this study. Our main concern is the impact of hydrometeor drift on the orographic precipitation. It is shown that the dominant contribution to the windward orographic precipitation was from the horizontal moisture convergence. The precipitation distributions across southern BC were also influenced by the convergence/divergence of condensed water due to the wind-driven effect on hydrometeors. Observed hourly and daily precipitation amounts are used to verify the performances of three Canadian numerical weather prediction systems. Our results indicate that these operational systems were capable of predicting the general features of orographic precipitation in BC. However, the two coarse-resolution systems used a diagnostic precipitation scheme that does not fully simulate the hydrometeor drift process. The High-Resolution Deterministic Prediction System (HRDPS) with a prognostic precipitation scheme was substantially more accurate and skillful in predicting the upwind precipitation as well as the spillover of precipitation on the leeward slopes for these two storms. There was evidence suggesting that the spillover effect was overpredicted by the HRDPS due to a systematic bias originating in the model microphysics. This problem has been improved in the current HRDPS with a new microphysics scheme. Based on our atmospheric water balance analysis, we also proposed two postprocessing schemes that could be applied to improve the quantitative precipitation forecasts of the diagnostic precipitation schemes.
The Endocrinology of Tuberculosis
Authors: Obermer Edgar 
Published: July 2019

It is suggested that the endocrines hold the key position in the mechanism of resistance to all infection. In man the glands of internal secretion are divided into two counterbalancing groups. It is the function of the “katabolic” group—or glands of emergency—to react to acute infections. It is the function of the “anabolic” group—or glands of conservation of energy—to counterbalance the prolonged over-action of the katabolic group in chronic infections. In chronic pulmonary tuberculosis improvement is dependent on the predominance of the anabolic group. Clinical and biochemical evidence to this effect is brought forward. The individual ductless glands are discussed with a view to summarizing the known tests for detecting their functional variations during life. It is suggested that present methods for the determination of basal metabolic rate are inaccurate and cumbersome. An alternative biochemical method is described and illustrated, which, it is claimed, is both more simple and more accurate. Slides of the thyroid and parathyroid are shown indicating that the histological criteria of function correlate with these biochemical findings during life. The classification of cases of pulmonary tuberculosis according to the mode of reaction rather than to the extent of lung invasion, is advocated. A terminology and the clinical, endocrine, and applied biochemical tests by which the groups can be recognized are described. Emphasis is laid on the necessity for research into the hereditary and environmental factors which lead to injury of the ductless glands, and hence lowered resistance to disease.
Post-Encephalitis and its Problems
Authors: Parsons Allan C. 
Published: July 2019

Attention to-day is chiefly focussed upon the consequences of encephalitis lethargica; the disabled victims of the disease present many problems, both medical and administrative. The disease has a high case-mortality; though the majority of deaths occur during the primary attack, in many cases death occurs at much longer intervals after onset; the death-rate is estimated at 35 to 40 per cent. From the after-histories of some 3,000 patients in London, Glasgow, Belfast, Manchester, Bristol, Sheffield and other large towns, it appears that about 40 per cent. of notified patients become disabled. Generally speaking, severe sequels are preceded by severe symptoms in the original attack, but the Parkinsonian syndrome is a noteworthy exception to this rule. Broadly classifying the sufferers from post-encephalitis, rather than the sequelæ observed in this condition, the author discusses (a) those who suffer mainly from physical sequels; (b) those who chiefly show origin of mental deterioration; (c) those who exhibit demoralizations. The provision of suitable institutional accommodation for those with progressive physical disabilities (often combined with mental failing), the general re-training and education of the youngest victims and the training and control of adolescents with serious character-changes, constitute some of the problems of post-encephalitis. While advocating further research the author considers that for the present the welfare of the passive helpless adult is best secured by ad hoc arrangements under the Poor Law Authorities or Board of Guardians. The youngest patients, with a more hopeful prognosis, need special institutional care and training on some such lines as those of the Encephalitis Unit at Winchmore Hill. It is hoped that the Mental Deficiency Act, 1927, will prove of great help for the management of moral delinquents.
Some Notes on the Origin and Prevention of Gingivitis
Authors: Pritchard G. B. 
Published: July 2019

Gingivitis is a disease of local origin primarily, although in many cases a constitutional factor is concerned.—The predisposition arises during the eruptive period of the second dentition.—The developmental predisposing cause of most importance is a crowded condition of the permanent dentition.—Of acquired predisposing causes, calculus deposits on the teeth are the most important.—Others are those which either cause stagnation around the teeth, or produce definite mechanical injury to the gum margin.—They can take effect at any age. Orthodontic treatment directed towards the arrangement of the optimum number of teeth in well functioning order is the ideal prophylactic. Other preventive measures are to employ such methods of artificial cleansing as brushing and the use of floss silk.—These are the adjuncts to automatic cleansing best carried out by efficient mastication of a suitable diet.—This is only possible when the arrangement of the teeth is such that stagnation of any kind of food is reduced to a minimum.
Safar's Method for Treatment of Detachment of the Retina by Diathermy
Authors: Marshall J. Cole 
Published: July 2019

Safar's method aims at getting discrete areas of coagulation in the choroid without any injury to the retina. Larson produces areas of coagulation by surface cauterization with a small, ball-shaped electrode. Weve uses Larson's method, and also the encircling method with a fine needle. The advantages of Safar's method are: (a) The exact placing of the area of coagulation; (b) the possibility of using a more regular current; (c) less likelihood of the area of coagulation being too extensive; (d) the possibility of making large barrages without losing fluid and the eye becoming soft; (e) the avoidance of having to make a subsequent puncture to draw off the subretinal fluid. Technique.—(1) Nearly the same as Guist's encircling method or the formation of barrages. (2) Instruments: Special isolated needles to avoid sparking and also to limit the depth of entry. Special ivory-headed retractors; glass retractors are also useful. Treatment.—(1) Previous to operation: Rest in bed, with the use of Lindner's Lochbrille. (2) Subsequent to operation: Eight to fourteen days with both eyes bandaged. Wearing of the Lochbrille after the bandages have been removed. Scars.—Ideal scars about the size of optic disc, round, and stippled with small spots of pigment; the retina lies flat over these scars as seen by tracing the retinal vessels. Results. Up to 1932 (Safar's).—Thirty-nine unselected cases: Twenty-four reattachments, that is, more than 60% in recent cases of myopia, and after contusion more than 90%.