bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High-coverage genomes to elucidate the evolution of penguins
Authors: Pan Hailin , Cole Theresa L , Bi Xupeng , Fang Miaoquan , Zhou Chengran , Yang Zhengtao , Ksepka Daniel T , Hart Tom , Bouzat Juan L , Argilla Lisa S , Bertelsen Mads F , Boersma P Dee , Bost Charles-André , Cherel Yves , Dann Peter , Fiddaman Steven R , Howard Pauline , Labuschagne Kim , Mattern Thomas , Miller Gary , Parker Patricia , Phillips Richard A , Quillfeldt Petra , Ryan Peter G , Taylor Helen , Thompson David R , Young Melanie J , Ellegaard Martin R , Gilbert M Thomas P , Sinding Mikkel-Holger S , Pacheco George , Shepherd Lara D , Tennyson Alan J D , Grosser Stefanie , Kay Emily , Nupen Lisa J , Ellenberg Ursula , Houston David M , Reeve Andrew Hart , Johnson Kathryn , Masello Juan F , Stracke Thomas , McKinlay Bruce , Borboroglu Pablo García , Zhang De-Xing , Zhang Guojie 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Background
Penguins (Sphenisciformes) are a remarkable order of flightless wing-propelled diving seabirds distributed widely across the southern hemisphere. They share a volant common ancestor with Procellariiformes close to the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary (66 million years ago) and subsequently lost the ability to fly but enhanced their diving capabilities. With ~20 species among 6 genera, penguins range from the tropical Galápagos Islands to the oceanic temperate forests of New Zealand, the rocky coastlines of the sub-Antarctic islands, and the sea ice around Antarctica. To inhabit such diverse and extreme environments, penguins evolved many physiological and morphological adaptations. However, they are also highly sensitive to climate change. Therefore, penguins provide an exciting target system for understanding the evolutionary processes of speciation, adaptation, and demography. Genomic data are an emerging resource for addressing questions about such processes.

Results
Here we present a novel dataset of 19 high-coverage genomes that, together with 2 previously published genomes, encompass all extant penguin species. We also present a well-supported phylogeny to clarify the relationships among penguins. In contrast to recent studies, our results demonstrate that the genus Aptenodytes is basal and sister to all other extant penguin genera, providing intriguing new insights into the adaptation of penguins to Antarctica. As such, our dataset provides a novel resource for understanding the evolutionary history of penguins as a clade, as well as the fine-scale relationships of individual penguin lineages. Against this background, we introduce a major consortium of international scientists dedicated to studying these genomes. Moreover, we highlight emerging issues regarding ensuring legal and respectful indigenous consultation, particularly for genomic data originating from New Zealand Taonga species.

Conclusions
We believe that our dataset and project will be important for understanding evolution, increasing cultural heritage and guiding the conservation of this iconic southern hemisphere species assemblage.
Is Global Governance Fragmented, Polycentric, or Complex? The State of the Art of the Network Approach
Authors: Kim Rakhyun E 
Published: September 2019

AbstractInternational institutions such as treaties and organizations shape, and are shaped by, the large web-like architecture of global governance. Yet we know little about what this architecture looks like, why certain structures are observed, and how they are linked to the functioning of international institutions as well as the overall effectiveness of global governance. Over the past decade, network science has emerged as a promising and indispensable approach to unraveling structural nuances and complexities of the system of international institutions. This article presents a state-of-the-art review of this emerging field of research and seeks to stimulate its further development. In this article, I draw connections between various network analyses of global governance that are found in different bodies of literature. In so doing, I integrate three separate but overlapping strands of work on institutional fragmentation, polycentricity, and complexity and bring much-needed conceptual clarity to the debate. Building on previous studies, I propose a framework for operationalizing fragmentation, polycentricity, and complexity in network terms in order to enable systematic and comparative analysis of global governance systems. This article argues that there is much potential in the network approach and makes a case for advancing the “network science of global governance.”
Opportunities and challenges to advance the use of electronic patient-reported outcomes in clinical care: a report from AMIA workshop proceedings
Authors: Austin Elizabeth , LeRouge Cynthia , Hartzler Andrea L , Chung Arlene E , Segal Courtney , Lavallee Danielle C 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Despite the demonstrated value of patient-centered care, health systems have been slow to integrate the patient’s voice into care delivery through patient-reported outcomes (PROs) with electronic tools. This is due in part to the complex interplay of technology, workflow, and human factors that shape the success of electronic PROs (ePROs) use. The 2018 American Medical Informatics Association Annual Symposium served as the setting for a half-day interactive workshop with diverse stakeholders to discuss proposed best practices for the planning, design, deployment, and evaluation of ePROs. We provide this collective commentary that synthesizes participant feedback regarding critical challenges that prohibit the scale and spread of ePROs across healthcare delivery systems, including governance and leadership, workflow and human factors, informatics, and data science. In order to realize the promise of ePROs at scale, adaptable approaches are critical to balance the needs of individual users with health systems at large.
Pesticide Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Among Small-Scale Hmong Farmers in the San Joaquin Valley of California
Authors: Thao Chia , Burke Nancy , Ha Sandie , Joyce Andrea 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
A survey was conducted to assess the pesticide knowledge, attitudes, and practices of small-scale Hmong farmers in the Fresno area of the San Joaquin Valley of California. Hmong farmers in this region were found to cultivate 35 crops, most of which were Asian specialty crops with economic significance. The majority of farmers used pesticides on their farms, primarily to control diseases and insects. Long beans and sweet peas were perceived to require more pesticides than other crops. Participants were aware of pesticide-related health risks, yet 71% had no formal education. Most participants used proper personal protection equipment (PPE) and followed safe application practices, yet 84% reported that they wear work clothing from the farm into their home, which could contribute to the take home pesticide exposure pathway. Seventy-five percent of participants were not familiar with the concept of integrated pest management (IPM) as a formal pest management practice; however, many participants were using some components of IPM such as crop rotation. Nearly all participants (96%) requested more pesticide safety training be made available in Hmong. This study contributes to the understanding of potential pesticide exposure and health risks of Hmong farmers in the San Joaquin Valley of California, and the need for additional pest management training for the community.
Local Control and Toxicity of Multilevel Spine Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy
Authors: Beeler Whitney H , Speth Kelly A , Broderick Michael T , Jairath Neil K , Ballouz Dena , Gharzai Laila A , Jackson William C , Kim Michelle M , Owen Dawn , Szerlip Nicholas J , Paradis Kelly C , Spratt Daniel E 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Spine stereotactic body radiotherapy (sSBRT) is commonly limited to 1 or 2 vertebral levels given a paucity of efficacy and toxicity data when more than 2 levels are treated.

OBJECTIVE
To prove our hypothesis that multilevel sSBRT could provide similar rates of local control (LC) (primary endpoint) and toxicity as single-level treatment using the same clinical target, planning target, and planning organ-at-risk volumes.

METHODS
We analyzed consecutive cases of sSBRT treated from 2013 to 2017. Time-to-event outcomes for single-level and multilevel cases were compared using mixed effect Cox models and differences in toxicity rates were evaluated using linear mixed effect models. All models incorporate a patient-level random intercept to account for any within-patient correlation across cases.

RESULTS
There were 101 single-level and 84 multilevel sSBRT cases (2-7 continuous vertebral levels). One-year LC was 95% vs 85%, respectively. After adjusting for baseline covariates, dose delivered, and accounting for within-patient correlation, there was no significant difference in time to local failure (hazard ratio, HR 1.79 [0.59-5.4]; P = .30). Pain improved in 83.5% of the 139 initially symptomatic tumors. There were no significant differences in grade 2+ acute or late toxicities between single-level and multilevel sSBRT.

CONCLUSION
With rigorous patient immobilization, quality assurance, and image guidance, multilevel sSBRT provides high rates of LC, similar to single-level treatment, without need for larger planning volume margins. Efforts to improve prognostication and case selection for multilevel sSBRT are warranted to ensure that the benefits of improved LC over palliative radiation are justified.
Investigating the gas-to-dust ratio in the protoplanetary disk of HD 142527
Authors: Soon Kang-Lou , Momose Munetake , Muto Takayuki , Tsukagoshi Takashi , Kataoka Akimasa , Hanawa Tomoyuki , Fukagawa Misato , Saigo Kazuya , Shibai Hiroshi 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
We present ALMA observations of the 98.5 GHz dust continuum and the ${}^{13}\mbox{CO}J = 1$–0 and $\mbox{C}^{18}\mbox{O}J = 1$–0 line emissions of the protoplanetary disk associated with HD 142527. The 98.5 GHz continuum shows a strong azimuthal-asymmetric distribution similar to that of the previously reported 336 GHz continuum, with a peak emission in dust concentrated region in the north. The disk is optically thin in both the 98.5 GHz dust continuum and the $\mbox{C}^{18}\mbox{O}J = 1$–0 emissions. We derive the distributions of gas and dust surface densities, $\Sigma _\mathrm{g}$ and $\Sigma _\mathrm{d}$, and the dust spectral opacity index, $\beta$, in the disk from ALMA Band 3 and Band 7 data. In the analyses, we assume the local thermodynamic equilibrium and the disk temperature to be equal to the peak brightness temperature of ${}^{13}\mbox{CO}\,J = 3$–2 with a continuum emission. The gas-to-dust ratio, $\mathrm{G/D}$, varies azimuthally with a relation $\mathrm{G/D} \propto \Sigma _\mathrm{d}^{-0.53}$, and $\beta$ is derived to be $\approx 1$ and $\approx 1.7$ in the northern and southern regions of the disk, respectively. These results are consistent with the accumulation of larger dust grains in a higher pressure region. In addition, our results show that the peak $\Sigma _\mathrm{d}$ is located ahead of the peak $\Sigma _\mathrm{g}$. If the latter corresponds to a vortex of high gas pressure, the results indicate that the dust is trapped ahead of the vortex, as predicted by some theoretical studies.
Choice of maintenance intravenous fluids among paediatric residents in Canada
Authors: Kinlin Laura M , Helmers Andrew J , Friedman Jeremy N , Beck Carolyn E 
Published: September 2019

AbstractBackgroundRecent literature and guidelines support routine use of isotonic intravenous (IV) fluids for maintenance therapy in hospitalized infants and children. Current prescribing practices are unknown.ObjectiveTo elicit paediatric residents’ choice of maintenance IV fluids, particularly with regard to tonicity, in a variety of clinical scenarios and patient ages. We hypothesized that residents would choose isotonic fluids in most cases, but there would be substantially more variability in fluid choice in the neonatal age group.MethodsAn Internet-based survey was e-mailed to trainees in the 17 paediatric residency programs across Canada, via the Canadian Paediatric Program Directors. The survey instrument included questions related to training, followed by a series of questions eliciting choice of IV fluid in a variety of clinical situations.ResultsA total of 147 survey responses were submitted (22% response rate). Isotonic solutions were selected by &gt;75% across all clinical scenarios involving infants and children. Very hypotonic fluids were seldom chosen. There was more variability in fluid choice in neonates, with evidence of significant differences in fluid tonicity based on senior versus junior resident status and geographical location.ConclusionsResults imply a predominance of isotonic fluid use in infants and children, suggesting that clinical practice has changed in response to risk of hyponatremia with hypotonic IV fluids. As hypothesized, there was more variability with respect to choice of maintenance fluids in neonates. This likely reflects a paucity of guidance in an age group with unique physiologic factors affecting fluid and electrolyte status.
Results of the Italian project ‘GiochiAMO’ to improve nutrition and PA among children
Authors: D’Egidio V , Lia L , Sinopoli A , Backhaus I , Mannocci A , Saulle R , Sestili C , Cocchiara Ra , Di Bella O , Yordanov T , Mazzacane Ms , La Torre G 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Background
Prevalence of overweight and obesity during childhood is still elevated in high-income countries. GiochiAMO is a health promotion program that uses knowledge-based education and games to teach healthy nutrition and physical activity among children (6–8 years old).

Methods
This study was a single arm field trial. Second and third grade classes of primary school attended an oral presentation about nutrition and physical activity and then were involved in three game sessions. Two multiple-choice questionnaires were administered at the beginning and at the end of the trail. The following scores were measured: nutrition behavior score (NTs), physical activity behavior score (PAs) and delta score (Ds). Wilcoxon, T-test and Mann Whitney were used to perform the univariate analysis.

Results
A total number of 74 and 76 children participated in the physical activity and nutrition interventions. NTs was 4.17 (SD: 2.23) before and 5.03 (SD: 2.79) after the intervention (P = 0.005). PAs was 27.4 (SD: 9.6) before and 30.5 (SD: 10.7) after the intervention (P = 0.003). No significant differences were obtained comparing males and females for all scores. Ds was 0.86 for nutrition and 3.1 for physical activity. Univariate analysis of Delta scores obtained no significant differences.

Conclusions
The present results confirm the effectiveness of ‘GiochiAMO’ to change nutrition and physical activity behavior.
Depression prevention via digital cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Cheng Philip , Kalmbach David A , Tallent Gabriel , Joseph Christine Lm , Espie Colin A , Drake Christopher L 
Published: September 2019

AbstractStudy ObjectivesInsomnia is a common precursor to depression; yet, the potential for insomnia treatment to prevent depression has not been demonstrated. Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) effectively reduces concurrent symptoms of insomnia and depression and can be delivered digitally (dCBT-I); however, it remains unclear whether treating insomnia leads to sustained reduction and prevention of depression. This randomized controlled trial examined the efficacy of dCBT-I in reducing and preventing depression over a 1-year follow-up period.MethodsPatients with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) insomnia disorder were randomly assigned to receive dCBT-I or an attentional control. The follow-up sample included 358 patients in the dCBT-I condition and 300 patients in the online sleep education condition. The primary outcome measure was relative rate ratios for depression at 1-year follow-up. Insomnia responses to treatment were also tested as predictors of incident depression at the 1-year follow-up.ResultsAt 1-year follow-up, depression severity continued to be significantly lower in the dCBT-I condition relative to control. In addition, the number of individuals who reported no depression at 1-year follow-up was 51% higher in the dCBT-I condition relative to control. In those with minimal to no depression at baseline, the incident rate of moderate-to-severe depression at 1-year follow-up was reduced by half in the dCBT-I condition relative to the control condition.ConclusiondCBT-I showed robust effects as an intervention that prevents depression. Future research should examine dose–response requirements and further characterize mechanisms of action of dCBT-I for depression prevention.Clinical TrialSleep to Prevent Evolving Affective Disorders; NCT02988375.
Assessment and treatment of dizziness and vertigo
Authors: Pfieffer Mary Lauren , Anthamatten Angelina , Glassford Melissa 
Published: September 2019

Abstract:
Dizziness is a common patient complaint with multiple etiologies. Many causes are benign, but NPs should consider red flags for serious differential diagnoses. A systematic patient history and physical exam are crucial to accurately diagnosing conditions related to dizziness. This article reviews common etiologies of dizziness and vertigo, assessment techniques, and treatment options.
Pharmacogenetic testing in primary care
Authors: Parve Julie , Carlile Jennifer , Parve Josiah 
Published: September 2019

Abstract:
The purpose of pharmacogenetic testing is to determine the risk of adverse reactions and/or likelihood of a medication's effectiveness. Pharmacogenetic testing can assist primary care providers in tailoring treatment according to a patient's genetic traits and his or her ability to metabolize certain medication. This article will discuss the benefits and limitations of pharmacogenetic testing and how to interpret results.
Recommendations for Measuring the Electrically Evoked Compound Action Potential in Children With Cochlear Nerve Deficiency
Authors: He Shuman , Chao Xiuhua , Wang Ruijie , Luo Jianfen , Xu Lei , Teagle Holly F. B. , Park Lisa R. , Brown Kevin D. , Shannon Michelle , Warner Cynthia , Pellittieri Angela , Riggs William J. 
Published: September 2019

Objectives:
This study reports a method for measuring the electrically evoked compound action potential (eCAP) in children with cochlear nerve deficiency (CND).

Design:
This method was developed based on experience with 50 children with CND who were Cochlear Nucleus cochlear implant users.

Results:
This method includes three recommended steps conducted with recommended stimulating and recording parameters: initial screen, pulse phase duration optimization, and eCAP threshold determination (i.e., identifying the lowest stimulation level that can evoke an eCAP). Compared with the manufacturer-default parameters, the recommended parameters used in this method yielded a higher success rate for measuring the eCAP in children with CND.

Conclusions:
The eCAP can be measured successfully in children with CND using recommended parameters. This specific method is suitable for measuring the eCAP in children with CND in clinical settings. However, it is not suitable for intraoperative eCAP recordings due to the extensive testing time required.
A Practical Study of Diagnostic Accuracy
Authors: Chen Chao , Yu Ronghua , Xu Wei , Li Zhikun , Li Yifan , Hu Ruixi , Zhu Xiaodong 
Published: September 2019

Study Design.
Cross-sectional.

Objective.
This study aimed to assess the accuracy of smartphone-aided diagnosis of scoliosis by a trained nurse compared with scoliometer-based diagnosis by a spine surgeon.

Summary of Background Data.
Many assessments have been developed to estimate the reliability of smartphone-aided measurements in diagnosing scoliosis. However, clinical studies assessing the accuracy of smartphone-aided diagnosis with radiographs or scoliometers are scarce.

Methods.
A total of 2702 grade 7 students (mean age 13.56 yrs, range 13–15) at 10 middle schools were first screened with a smartphone by a trained nurse from the orthopedics department. Approximately half a year later, most of the students underwent a chest x-ray examination as part of a compulsory medical examination. Students with suspicious findings in either the first screen or the chest x-ray were recommended to a scoliosis clinic for single-blind tests, such as a forward bending test (FBT) and an analysis of the angle of trunk rotation (ATR) with a scoliometer, performed by an experienced spine surgeon. Finally, the Cobb method was conducted with full-spine radiographs to serve as the gold standard.

Results.
The agreement between the first screening by the nurse and the second test by the spine surgeon was low in cases with a Cobb angle <10° (κ = 0.128 [0.04–0.22], P = 0.035) and fair in cases with a Cobb angle >10° (κ = 0.349 [0.19–0.50], P < 0.001). The results of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis also suggested that these two tests were similar in their ability to diagnose scoliosis. However, when the Cobb angle cutoff was adjusted to 15°, the latter had markedly better diagnostic ability than the former. Overall, the sensitivity of the smartphone screening was not acceptable for recognizing scoliosis.

Conclusion.
This study revealed that smartphone-aided screening for scoliosis is risky.

Level of Evidence: 3
American Society of Anesthesiologists’ Status Association With Cost and Length of Stay in Lumbar Laminectomy and Fusion
Authors: Bronheim Rachel S. , Caridi John M. , Steinberger Jeremy , Hunter Samuel , Neifert Sean N. , Deutsch Brian C. , DeMaria Samuel , Hermann Luke , Gal Jonathan S. 
Published: September 2019

Study Design.
Retrospective cohort study.

Objective.
The objective of this study was to characterize the costs associated with American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) class, and to determine the extent to which ASA status is a predictor of increased cost and LOS following lumbar laminectomy and fusion (LLF).

Summary of Background Data.
Spinal fusion accounts for the highest hospital costs of any surgical procedure performed in the United States, and ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologists) status is a known risk factor for cost and length of stay (LOS) in the orthopedic literature. There is a paucity of literature that directly addresses the influence of ASA status on cost and LOS following LLF.

Methods.
This is a retrospective cohort study of an institutional database of patients undergoing single-level LLF at an academic tertiary care facility from 2006 to 2016. Univariate comparisons were made using χ
2 tests for categorical variables and t tests for continuous variables. Multivariate linear regression was utilized to estimate regression coefficients, and to determine whether ASA status is an independent risk factor for cost and LOS.

Results.
A total of 1849 patients met inclusion criteria. For every one-point increase in ASA score, intensive care unit (ICU) LOS increased by 0.518 days (P < 0.001), and hospital length of stay increased by 1.93 days (P < 0.001). For every one-point increase in ASA score, direct cost increased by $7474.62 (P < 0.001).

Conclusion.
ASA status is a predictor of hospital LOS, ICU LOS, and direct cost. Consideration of the ways in which ASA status contributes to increased cost and prolonged LOS can allow for more accurate reimbursement adjustment and more precise targeting of efficiency and cost effectiveness initiatives.

Level of Evidence: 3