bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EBV Latency III–Transformed B Cells Are Inducers of Conventional and Unconventional Regulatory T Cells in a PD-L1–Dependent Manner
Authors: Auclair Héloïse , Ouk-Martin Catherine , Roland Lilian , Santa Pauline , Al Mohamad Hazar , Faumont Nathalie , Feuillard Jean , Jayat-Vignoles Chantal 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
EBV infects and immortalizes B cells in vitro and in vivo. It is the causative agent of most immune deficiency–related lymphoproliferative disorders and is associated with various lymphomas. EBV latency III–transformed B cells are known to express two immunosuppressive molecules, IL-10 and PD-L1, two characteristics of regulatory B cells (Bregs). In this study, we show that, in addition to secretion of the Breg immunosuppressive cytokines IL-10, IL-35, and TGF-β1, EBV latency III–transformed B cells were able to repress proliferation of their autologous T cells preactivated by CD2, CD3, and CD28. This inhibitory effect was likely caused by CD4+ T cells because EBV latency III–transformed B cells induced a strong proliferation of isolated autologous CD8 T cells. Indeed, EBV was able to promote expansion of autologous FOXP3+ CD39high CTLA4+, Helios+, GITR+, LAG3+ CD4 T cells (i.e., regulatory T cells [Tregs]). Two types of Tregs were induced: unconventional CD25neg and conventional CD25pos Tregs. These Tregs expressed both the latency-associated peptide (LAP) and the PD-1 receptor, two markers of functional Tregs. Expansion of both Treg subtypes depended on PD-L1, whose expression was under the control of LMP1, the main EBV oncogene. These results demonstrate that, like Bregs, EBV latency III–transformed B cells exhibit strong immunoregulatory properties. These data provide clues to the understanding of how after EBV primo-infection, EBV-proliferating B cells can survive in an aggressive immunological environment and later emerge to give rise to EBV-associated B cell lymphomas such as in elderly patients.
Different gene expression profiles in subcutaneous & visceral adipose tissues from Mexican patients with obesity
Authors: Ronquillo María D. , Mellnyk Alla , Cárdenas-Rodríguez Noemí , Martínez Emmanuel , Comoto David A. , Carmona-Aparicio Liliana , Herrera Norma E. , Lara Eleazar , Pereyra Armando , Floriano-Sánchez Esaú 
Published: August 2019

Background & objectives:
Obesity is a health problem that requires substantial efforts to understand the physiopathology of its various types and to determine therapeutic strategies for its treatment. The objective of this study was to characterize differences in the global gene expression profiles of subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) between control patients (normal weight) and patients with obesity (IMC≥30) using microarrays.

Methods:
Employing RNA isolated from SAT and VAT samples obtained from eight control and eight class I, II and III patients with obesity, the gene expression profiles were compared between SAT and VAT using microarrays and the findings were validated via real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction.

Results:
A total of 327 and 488 genes were found to be differentially expressed in SAT and VAT, respectively (P≤0.05). Upregulation of PPAP2C, CYP4A11 and CYP17A1 genes was seen in the VAT of obese individuals.

Interpretation & conclusions:
SAT and VAT exhibited significant differences in terms of the expression of specific genes. These genes might be related to obesity. These findings may be used to improve the clinical diagnosis of obesity and could be a tool leading to the proposal of new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of obesity.
Distribution of Chlamydia trachomatis ompA genotypes in patients attending a sexually transmitted disease outpatient clinic in New Delhi, India
Authors: Rawre Jyoti , Dhawan Benu , Khanna Neena , Sreenivas Vishnubhatla , Broor Shobha , Chaudhry Rama 
Published: August 2019

Background & objectives:
Limited data are available on the typing of Chlamydia trachomatis in India. Serovars D to K of C. trachomatis are chiefly responsible for urogenital infections. Thus, this study was conducted to determine the distribution of C. trachomatis serovars in patients with urogenital infections and to characterize ompA gene of the detected C. trachomatis isolates by sequence analysis. Presence of other co-infections was also evaluated.

Methods:
Endocervical swabs were collected from 324 women and urethral swabs/urine were collected from 193 men attending the sexually transmitted diseases outpatient clinic. The samples were screened for C. trachomatis by cryptic plasmid PCR and ompA gene PCR. Genotyping was performed by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and sequencing of the ompA gene. Samples were screened for genital mycoplasmas, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Treponema pallidum and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

Results:

C. trachomatis was found in 15.0 per cent men and 10.8 per cent women. Serovar D was the most prevalent followed by serovars E, F, I and G. Twenty two C. trachomatis isolates were selected for ompA gene sequencing. No mixed infection was found. Variability in ompA sequences was seen in 31.8 per cent cases. Both PCR-RFLP and ompA gene sequencing showed concordant results. The presence of Ureaplasma spp. and Mycoplasma hominis was observed in 18.7 and 9.5 per cent patients, respectively. Co-infection of C. trachomatis was significantly associated with Ureaplasma urealyticum and HIV.

Interpretation & conclusions:
The high occurence of C. trachomatis infections warrants its screening in addition to other sexually transmitted infections namely U. urealyticum and HIV. Genotyping of the ompA gene may provide additional information for vaccine development.
Similar regeneration of articular cartilage defects with autologous & allogenic chondrocytes in a rabbit model
Authors: Boopalan P.R.J.V.C. , Varghese Viju Daniel , Sathishkumar Solomon , Arumugam Sabareeswaran , Amarnath Vijayaraghavan 
Published: August 2019

Background & objectives:
Articular cartilage defects in the knee have a very poor capacity for repair due to avascularity. Autologous chondrocyte transplantation (ACT) is an established treatment for articular cartilage defects. Animal studies have shown promising results with allogenic chondrocyte transplantation since articular cartilage is non-immunogenic. In addition to being economical, allogenic transplantation has less morbidity compared to ACT. This study was undertaken to compare ACT with allogenic chondrocyte transplantation in the treatment of experimentally created articular cartilage defects in rabbit knee joints.

Methods:
Cartilage was harvested from the left knee joints of six New Zealand white rabbits (R1-R6). The harvested chondrocytes were cultured to confluence and transplanted onto a 3.5 mm chondral defect in the right knees of 12 rabbits [autologous in 6 rabbits (R1-R6) and allogenic in 6 rabbits (R7-R12)]. After 12 wk, the rabbits were euthanized and histological evaluation of the right knee joints were done with hematoxylin and eosin and safranin O staining. Quality of the repair tissue was assessed by the modified Wakitani histological grading scale.

Results:
Both autologous and allogenic chondrocyte transplantation resulted in the regeneration of hyaline/mixed hyaline cartilage. The total histological scores between the two groups showed no significant difference.

Interpretation & conclusions:
Allogenic chondrocyte transplantation seems to be as effective as ACT in cartilage regeneration, with the added advantages of increased cell availability and reduced morbidity of a single surgery.
Effect of cell density on formation of three-dimensional cartilaginous constructs using fibrin & human osteoarthritic chondrocytes
Authors: Shamsul B.S. , Chowdhury Shiplu Roy , Hamdan M.Y. , Ruszymah B.H.I. 
Published: August 2019

Background & objectives:
Seeding density is one of the major parameters affecting the quality of tissue-engineered cartilage. The objective of this study was to evaluate different seeding densities of osteoarthritis chondrocytes (OACs) to obtain the highest quality cartilage.

Methods:
The OACs were expanded from passage 0 (P0) to P3, and cells in each passage were analyzed for gross morphology, growth rate, RNA expression and immunochemistry (IHC). The harvested OACs were assigned into two groups: low (1×107 cells/ml) and high (3×107 cells/ml) cell density. Three-dimensional (3D) constructs for each group were created using polymerised fibrin and cultured for 7, 14 and 21 days in vitro using chondrocyte growth medium. OAC constructs were analyzed with gross assessments and microscopic evaluation using standard histology, IHC and immunofluorescence staining, in addition to gene expression and biochemical analyses to evaluate tissue development.

Results:
Constructs with a high seeding density of 3×107 cells/ml were associated with better quality cartilage-like tissue than those seeded with 1×107 cells/ml based on overall tissue formation, cell association and extracellular matrix distribution. The chondrogenic properties of the constructs were further confirmed by the expression of genes encoding aggrecan core protein and collagen type II.

Interpretation & conclusions:
Our results confirmed that cell density was a significant factor affecting cell behaviour and aggregate production, and this was important for establishing good quality cartilage.
Investigating the applicability of emergent constraints
Authors: Winkler Alexander J. , Myneni Ranga B. , Brovkin Victor 
Published: August 2019

Abstract. Recent research on emergent constraints (ECs) has delivered promising results in narrowing down uncertainty in climate predictions. The method utilizes a measurable variable (predictor) from the recent historical past to obtain a constrained estimate of change in an entity of interest (predictand) at a potential future CO2 concentration (forcing) from multi-model projections. This procedure first critically depends on an accurate estimation of the predictor from observations and models and second on a robust relationship between inter-model variations in the predictor–predictand space. Here, we investigate issues related to these two themes in a carbon cycle case study using observed vegetation greening sensitivity to CO2 forcing as a predictor of change in photosynthesis (gross primary productivity, GPP) for a doubling of preindustrial CO2 concentration. Greening sensitivity is defined as changes in the annual maximum of green leaf area index (LAImax) per unit CO2 forcing realized through its radiative and fertilization effects. We first address the question of how to realistically characterize the predictor of a large area (e.g., greening sensitivity in the northern high-latitude region) from pixel-level data. This requires an investigation into uncertainties in the observational data source and an evaluation of the spatial and temporal variability in the predictor in both the data and model simulations. Second, the predictor–predictand relationship across the model ensemble depends on a strong coupling between the two variables, i.e., simultaneous changes in GPP and LAImax. This coupling depends in a complex manner on the magnitude (level), time rate of application (scenarios), and effects (radiative and/or fertilization) of CO2 forcing. We investigate how each one of these three aspects of forcing can affect the EC estimate of the predictand (ΔGPP). Our results show that uncertainties in the EC method primarily originate from a lack of predictor comparability between observations and models, the observational data source, and temporal variability of the predictor. The disagreement between models on the mechanistic behavior of the system under intensifying forcing limits the EC applicability. The discussed limitations and sources of uncertainty in the EC method go beyond carbon cycle research and are generally applicable in Earth system sciences.
A machine-learning-based global sea-surface iodide distribution
Authors: Sherwen Tomás , Chance Rosie J. , Tinel Liselotte , Ellis Daniel , Evans Mat J. , Carpenter Lucy J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract. Iodide in the sea-surface plays an important role in the Earth system. It modulates the oxidising capacity of the troposphere and provides iodine to terrestrial ecosystems. However, our understanding of its distribution is limited due to a paucity of observations. Previous efforts to generate global distributions have generally fitted sea-surface iodide observations to relatively simple functions using proxies for iodide such as nitrate and sea-surface temperature. This approach fails to account for coastal influences and variation in the bio-geochemical environment. Here we use a machine learning regression approach (random forest regression) to generate a high-resolution (0.125∘×0.125∘, ∼12.5km×12.5km), monthly dataset of present-day global sea-surface iodide. We use a compilation of iodide observations (1967–2018) that has a 45 % larger sample size than has been used previously as the dependent variable and co-located ancillary parameters (temperature, nitrate, phosphate, salinity, shortwave radiation, topographic depth, mixed layer depth, and chlorophyll a) from global climatologies as the independent variables. We investigate the regression models generated using different combinations of ancillary parameters and select the 10 best-performing models to be included in an ensemble prediction. We then use this ensemble of models, combined with global fields of the ancillary parameters, to predict new high-resolution monthly global sea-surface iodide fields representing the present day. Sea-surface temperature is the most important variable in all 10 models. We estimate a global average sea-surface iodide concentration of 106 nM (with an uncertainty of ∼20 %), which is within the range of previous estimates (60–130 nM). Similar to previous work, higher concentrations are predicted for the tropics than for the extra-tropics. Unlike the previous parameterisations, higher concentrations are also predicted for shallow areas such as coastal regions and the South China Sea. Compared to previous work, the new parameterisation better captures observed variability. The iodide concentrations calculated here are significantly higher (40 % on a global basis) than the commonly used MacDonald et al. (2014) parameterisation, with implications for our understanding of iodine in the atmosphere. We envisage these fields could be used to represent present-day sea-surface iodide concentrations, in applications such as climate and air-quality modelling. The global iodide dataset is made freely available to the community (https://doi.org/10/gfv5v3, Sherwen et al., 2019), and as new observations are made, we will update the global dataset through a “living data” model.
New insight into 3-D mesoscale eddy properties from CMEMS operational models in the western Mediterranean
Authors: Mason Evan , Ruiz Simón , Bourdalle-Badie Romain , Reffray Guillaume , García-Sotillo Marcos , Pascual Ananda 
Published: August 2019

Abstract. Rapid evolution of operational ocean forecasting systems is driven by advances
in numerics and data assimilation schemes, and increase of in situ and satellite observations. The Copernicus Marine Service (CMEMS) is a major provider of operational products that are made available through an online catalogue. The service includes global and regional forecasts in near-real-time and reanalysis modes. Here, we apply an eddy tracker to daily sea surface height (SSH) fields from three such reanalysis products from the CMEMS catalogue, with the objective to evaluate their performance in terms of their eddy properties and three-dimensional composite structures over the 2013–2016 period. The products are (i) the Global Analysis Forecast, (ii) the Mediterranean Analysis Forecast and (iii) the Iberia–Biscay–Ireland Analysis Forecast. The common domain between these reanalyses is the western Mediterranean Sea (WMED) between the Strait of Gibraltar and Sardinia. This is a complex region with strong density gradients, especially in the Alboran Sea in the west where Atlantic and Mediterranean waters compete. Surface eddy property maps over the WMED of eddy radii, amplitudes and nonlinearity are consistent between the models, as well as with gridded altimetric data that serve as a reference. Mean 3-D eddy composites are shown only for three subregions in the Alboran Sea. These are mostly consistent between the models, with minor differences being attributed to details of the respective model configurations. This information can be informative for the ongoing development of these CMEMS operational modeling systems. The mesoscale data provided here may be of interest to CMEMS users and in the future could be a useful addition to a more diverse CMEMS catalogue.
Malakoplakia of the Bladder in a 4-Month-Old Puppy
Authors: Benzimra Caroline , Job Chloé , Pascal Quentin , Bureau Stéphane , Combes Anaïs , Bongrand Yannick , R. Faucher Mathieu 
Published: August 2019

ABSTRACTA 4 mo old female Staffordshire bull terrier puppy was presented with chronic Escherichia coli cystitis. Ultrasound and cystoscopic examination revealed innumerable, intraluminal, finger-like proliferations arising from the dorsal urinary bladder (UB) wall. Histological examination of mucosal biopsies obtained by cystoscopy was suggestive of granulomatous cystitis. The proliferative lesions were removed surgically and submitted for histological examination. The UB submucosa was heavily infiltrated by macrophages with periodic acid-Schiff–positive cytoplasm exhibiting rare Michaelis-Gutmann bodies, leading to the diagnosis of malakoplakia. The puppy was prescribed with sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim. The urinary signs disappeared despite the persistent UB wall thickening revealed by abdominal ultrasound. Urine culture performed during the ninth week of treatment showed a persistent infection by E coli resistant to sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim. The dog was switched to doxycycline but was then lost to follow-up. Malakoplakia is a chronic granulomatous inflammation well documented in humans. Its pathophysiology is not fully understood, but bacterial infection, immunodepression, and a defective lysosomal function may lead to the intracytoplasmic accumulation of partially degraded bacteria that can subsequently mineralize to form the Michaelis-Gutmann bodies. Malakoplakia should be suspected when UB mass lesions are identified in a young dog with bacterial cystitis.
ARBORIZAÇÃO URBANA EM JEQUITAÍ - MG: ATRIBUTOS FUNCIONAIS E DIVERSIDADE
Authors: Rodrigues dos Santos Gislene , Santos Fonseca Rúbia , Barros Gonçalves Cristieli 
Published: August 2019

Objetivou-se caracterizar a arborização urbana quanto à diversidade, ecologia e interação com ambiente, por meio de inventário em todas praças (sete) e avenidas (quatro) da cidade de Jequitaí, Minas Gerais. Foi realizado o levantamento de todos os indivíduos com circunferência a 1,30 m do solo, maior ou igual a 15 cm, incluindo troncos e estipes. O grupo de polinizadores foi definido por meio das síndromes de polinização e para a determinação do agente dispersor foram utilizadas as síndromes de dispersão. Foram avaliados 111 indivíduos, distribuídos em 16 famílias, 23 gêneros e 24 espécies. Em relação à origem das espécies, 37% são nativas (8% nativas de outras regiões do Brasil, 29% são nativas da região) e 63% são exóticas. A melitofilia se configura a síndrome de polinização mais frequente entre as espécies analisadas, enquanto a zoocoria foi o modo de dispersão mais ocorrente. A arborização da cidade de Jequitaí é composta em sua maioria por espécies exóticas. A arborização apresenta baixa diversidade, sendo Licania tomentosa a mais frequente. As espécies nativas da região como Cordia glabrata, Hymenaea courbaril e Genipa americana, se destacam por interagirem com a fauna e apresentarem bom estado de conservação.
Vulnerabilidade Ambiental aos processos erosivos lineares de parte dos municípios de Marabá Paulista-SP e Presidente Epitácio-SP, Brasil
Authors: Fushimi Melina , Nunes João Osvaldo Rodrigues 
Published: August 2019

O objetivo principal do presente artigo foi analisar a vulnerabilidade ambiental aos processos erosivos lineares (sulcos, ravinas e voçorocas) das paisagens de parte dos municípios de Marabá Paulista (SP) e Presidente Epitácio (SP), Brasil. Para tanto, levaram-se em consideração os aspectos do relevo, da declividade, dos solos, do substrato rochoso, do uso da terra, da cobertura vegetal e da curvatura da superfície na elaboração do mapa de vulnerabilidade ambiental aos processos erosivos lineares. O referido documento cartográfico apresentou quatro classes de vulnerabilidade: baixa, média, alta e muito alta. Dessa forma, quatro pontos representativos de amostragem foram caracterizados e analisados. Este estudo poderá contribuir no sentido de orientar o implemento de práticas conservacionistas nas áreas indicadas como baixa e média vulnerabilidade e a implantação de técnicas de recuperação de áreas degradadas nos setores de alta e muito alta vulnerabilidade.
Inventariação e relevância dos sítios geopatrimoniais da Serra do Lenheiro - Minas Gerais
Authors: Ferreira Arlon Cândido , Rocha Leonardo Cristian , Figueiredo Múcio do Amaral , Gomes Ivair , Passarelli Ulisses 
Published: August 2019

A geoconservação é um termo recente, no âmbito da conservação dos recursos abióticos. Esta nova abordagem é essencial na compreensão e na preservação destes elementos. Considerando o quadrinômio geodiversidade, geoconservação, geoturismo e geopatrimônio, Minas Gerais é destaque, devido à sua rica geodiversidade. Entre as regiões deste estado, se destaca a Serra do Lenheiro, localizada nas adjacências da cidade de São João del-Rei. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi reconhecer, caracterizar, descrever e identificar os Lugares de Interesse Geoconservacionista (LIGs) na Serra do Lenheiro. Cada LIG foi devidamente descrito, e os dados coletados foram sistematizados a partir de sua tipologia, do seu interesse no campo das geociências, além do seu valor geoconservacionista e geopatrimonial. Como resultado do inventário efetuado, foram identificados e descritos 81 LIGs, distribuídos em 11 trilhas, demonstrando e reconhecendo o potencial dessa área, valorizando a geodiversidade local e auxiliando na difusão das geociências e no seu desenvolvimento.
De rol van de VNG bij de totstandkoming van gemeentelijke verordeningen
Authors: Smit V.K. 
Published: August 2019

De rol van de VNG bij de totstandkoming van gemeentelijke verordeningen
Het ontwerpen en beschikbaar stellen van modelverordeningen is een van de diensten die de VNG aan haar leden verleent. Naar hun aard zorgen de modelverordeningen voor uniformiteit tussen gemeenten die het model volgen. In het licht van het motief voor decentralisatie en omdat het de VNG niet past om in haar modelverordeningen eenzijdig beleidsmatige keuzes te maken, wordt er bij het opstellen van de modelverordeningen naar gestreefd gemeenten zo veel mogelijk beleidsruimte van betekenis te laten. In het kader van dit themanummer over decentrale regelgeving verschaft dit artikel inzicht in de totstandkoming van VNG-modelverordeningen en het gebruik daarvan door gemeenten.
Het vertrouwensbeginsel en de afstand tussen Kneuterdijk en Korte Voorhout
Authors: van der Veen G.A. (Gerrit) 
Published: August 2019

Het vertrouwensbeginsel en de afstand tussen Kneuterdijk en Korte Voorhout
Dit redactioneel gaat in op de uitspraak van de grote kamer van de Afdeling bestuursrechtspraak van de Raad van State over het vertrouwensbeginsel in het omgevingsrecht.