bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How Does the Trend in Thunder Days Relate to the Variation of Lightning Flash Density?
Authors: Lavigne Thomas , Liu Chuntao , Liu Nana 
Published: April 2019

AbstractA longstanding question for scientists has been whether or not any observable trends or shifts in global lightning activity have occurred since the Industrial Revolution. This study utilized over 8,000 certified ground‐based stations over a 43‐year period, as well as 16 years of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) data, to provide a better understanding of the processes behind these trends. Ground station results show that many global regions have observed significant increases or decreases in thunder day occurrence. The Amazon, Maritime Continent, India, Congo, Central America, and Argentina display increases in annual thunder days since the 1970s, whereas China, Australia, and the Sahel among others observe decreases in the number of thunder days. The corresponding change in lightning flash density from the TRMM‐LIS, as well as the number of thunderstorm features and lightning flashes per thunderstorm feature, is compared to the thunder day trends during the TRMM lifespan. Results show a positive correlation between the changes of thunder day occurrence and flash density over most regions of the TRMM domain, including the Maritime Continent, China, South Africa, and Argentina. However, there are several regions with disagreements between the flash density and thunder day trends, such as India and Western Africa. The disagreements are related to the changes in the number of flashes per thunderstorm, which suggest other reasons to interpret the long term trends in thunder day occurrence over various regions. Understanding these regional trends in lightning activity is important in understanding the changes of precipitation systems under a varying climate.
A Modular Framework for Modeling Unsaturated Soil Hydraulic Properties Over the Full Moisture Range
Authors: Weber Tobias K. D. , Durner Wolfgang , Streck Thilo , Diamantopoulos Efstathios 
Published: April 2019

AbstractA generalized modular framework for partitioning soil hydraulic property (SHP) functions into a capillary and a noncapillary part is developed. The full water retention curve (WRC) is modeled as a weighted sum of a parametric capillary saturation function and a new general model for the noncapillary saturation function. This model is directly computed from any selected capillary saturation function. With it, a physically complete, continuous, and flexible representation of the WRC is achieved, ensuring zero water content at oven dryness. In a modular and hierarchical framework, the expressions for the capillary and noncapillary saturation function are used to calculate the respective hydraulic conductivity curves (HCC). This is achieved by adopting Mualem's integral for the capillary part of the HCC only and calculating the noncapillary HCC directly from the new noncapillary saturation function. This leads to consistent descriptions of measured HCC data, including the often observed change in slope beyond −100 cm pressure head. Compared to the classical van Genuchten‐Mualem approach, it requires only one additional model parameter. The SHP framework model describes both WRC and HCC adequately and coherently. We demonstrate the suitability of the SHP framework and versatility by describing measured WRC and HCC data across the full moisture range using soil samples from a wide range of textures and origins. The modular framework was implemented in the soil physics and soil hydrology (spsh) R‐package, available from the Comprehensive R Archive Network. It contains several SHP models, model parameter estimation, and features options for goodness of fit statistics, and model selection.
Dithiothreitol‐Measured Oxidative Potential of Size‐Segregated Particulate Matter in Fukuoka, Japan: Effects of Asian Dust Events
Authors: Nishita‐Hara Chiharu , Hirabayashi Motohiro , Hara Keiichiro , Yamazaki Akihiro , Hayashi Masahiko 
Published: April 2019

AbstractOxidative potential is an important property of particulate matter (PM) that has been regarded as a more health‐relevant metric than PM mass. We investigated the oxidative potential of size‐segregated PM and effects of Asian dust events in Fukuoka, western Japan. Aerosol particles with diameters smaller and larger than 2.5 μm (fine and coarse particles, respectively) were collected continually from 16 March through 26 May 2016. The oxidative potential was analyzed using dithiothreitol (DTT) assay; chemical components of PM were also found. Air‐volume normalized oxidative potential quantified by DTT assay (DTTv) was significantly higher during Asian dust events than during nondust‐event days. The mean DTTv of fine and coarse particles during Asian dust events were, respectively, 1.5 and 2.7 times higher than that during nonevent days. DTTv of fine particles was highly correlated with elements dominated by anthropogenic combustion sources and with the elements emitted from multiple sources including mineral dust and combustion sources. DTTv of coarse particles strongly correlated with the mineral dust derived elements, suggesting concentration of mineral dust particles as an important controlling factor especially for the oxidative potential of the coarse particles. We estimated the contributions of water‐soluble transition metals to the oxidative potential of PM. Water‐soluble transition metals (mainly Cu and Mn) can explain only approximately 37% and 60% of the measured oxidative potential of fine and coarse particles, respectively, suggesting substantial contributions of aerosol components other than water‐soluble transition metals such as quinones and insoluble minerals.
Quo vadis, plasmonic optical tweezers?
Authors: Crozier Kenneth B. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractConventional optical tweezers based on traditional optical microscopes are subject to the diffraction limit, making the precise trapping and manipulation of very small particles challenging. Plasmonic optical tweezers can surpass this constraint, but many potential applications would benefit from further enhanced performance and/or expanded functionalities. In this Perspective, we discuss trends in plasmonic tweezers and describe important opportunities presented by its interdisciplinary combination with other techniques in nanoscience. We furthermore highlight several open questions concerning fundamentals that are likely to be important for many potential applications.
Cancer testis antigen 55 deficiency attenuates colitis-associated colorectal cancer by inhibiting NF-κB signaling
Authors: Zhao Huan , Pan Wen-Ming , Zhang Hui-Hui , Song Yang , Chen Jie , Xiang Ying , Gu Bo , Li Shang-Ze , Du Run-Lei , Zhang Xiao-Dong 
Published: April 2019

AbstractColitis-associated cancer (CAC), a prototype of inflammation-associated cancer, is one of the most common gastrointestinal tumors. As a potential cancer testis antigen (CT antigen), cancer testis antigen 55 (CT55) is expressed in different tumors and normal testes. However, its role in CAC remains unknown. Here, we identified CT55 as a new potent promoter of CAC. We discovered that Ct55 deficiency alleviated inflammatory responses, decreased cell proliferation and colitis-associated tumorigenesis in an azoxymethane/dextran sulfate sodium (AOM/DSS) mouse model. Mechanistically, CT55 acts as an accelerator of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-induced nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling. Upon stimulation with TNF-α, CT55 interacts with the IκB kinase (IKK) complex, which increases the phosphorylation of IKKα/β and activates IKK–p65 signaling, while knockout of CT55 blocks IKK–p65 signaling. Notably, inhibition of IKK abolished the positive effect of CT55 on NF-κB activation. Collectively, our findings strongly indicate that CT55 deficiency suppresses the development of CAC and that the CT55-TNF-α-induced NF-κB axis may represent a promising target for CAC therapy.
Temporal dynamic reorganization of 3D chromatin architecture in hormone-induced breast cancer and endocrine resistance
Authors: Zhou Yufan , Gerrard Diana L. , Wang Junbai , Li Tian , Yang Yini , Fritz Andrew J. , Rajendran Mahitha , Fu Xiaoyong , Stein Gary , Schiff Rachel , Lin Shili , Frietze Seth , Jin Victor X. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractRecent studies have demonstrated that chromatin architecture is linked to the progression of cancers. However, the roles of 3D structure and its dynamics in hormone-dependent breast cancer and endocrine resistance are largely unknown. Here we report the dynamics of 3D chromatin structure across a time course of estradiol (E2) stimulation in human estrogen receptor α (ERα)-positive breast cancer cells. We identified subsets of temporally highly dynamic compartments predominantly associated with active open chromatin and found that these highly dynamic compartments showed higher alteration in tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer cells. Remarkably, these compartments are characterized by active chromatin states, and enhanced ERα binding but decreased transcription factor CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) binding. We finally identified a set of ERα-bound promoter–enhancer looping genes enclosed within altered domains that are enriched with cancer invasion, aggressiveness or metabolism signaling pathways. This large-scale analysis expands our understanding of high-order temporal chromatin reorganization underlying hormone-dependent breast cancer.
Nuclear spin assisted quantum tunnelling of magnetic monopoles in spin ice
Authors: Paulsen C. , Giblin S. R. , Lhotel E. , Prabhakaran D. , Matsuhira K. , Balakrishnan G. , Bramwell S. T. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractExtensive work on single molecule magnets has identified a fundamental mode of relaxation arising from the nuclear-spin assisted quantum tunnelling of nearly independent and quasi-classical magnetic dipoles. Here we show that nuclear-spin assisted quantum tunnelling can also control the dynamics of purely emergent excitations: magnetic monopoles in spin ice. Our low temperature experiments were conducted on canonical spin ice materials with a broad range of nuclear spin values. By measuring the magnetic relaxation, or monopole current, we demonstrate strong evidence that dynamical coupling with the hyperfine fields bring the electronic spins associated with magnetic monopoles to resonance, allowing the monopoles to hop and transport magnetic charge. Our result shows how the coupling of electronic spins with nuclear spins may be used to control the monopole current. It broadens the relevance of the assisted quantum tunnelling mechanism from single molecular spins to emergent excitations in a strongly correlated system.
Proteogenomics and Hi-C reveal transcriptional dysregulation in high hyperdiploid childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Yang Minjun , Vesterlund Mattias , Siavelis Ioannis , Moura-Castro Larissa H. , Castor Anders , Fioretos Thoas , Jafari Rozbeh , Lilljebjörn Henrik , Odom Duncan T. , Olsson Linda , Ravi Naveen , Woodward Eleanor L. , Harewood Louise , Lehtiö Janne , Paulsson Kajsa 
Published: April 2019

AbstractHyperdiploidy, i.e. gain of whole chromosomes, is one of the most common genetic features of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), but its pathogenetic impact is poorly understood. Here, we report a proteogenomic analysis on matched datasets from genomic profiling, RNA-sequencing, and mass spectrometry-based analysis of >8,000 genes and proteins as well as Hi-C of primary patient samples from hyperdiploid and ETV6/RUNX1-positive pediatric ALL. We show that CTCF and cohesin, which are master regulators of chromatin architecture, display low expression in hyperdiploid ALL. In line with this, a general genome-wide dysregulation of gene expression in relation to topologically associating domain (TAD) borders were seen in the hyperdiploid group. Furthermore, Hi-C of a limited number of hyperdiploid childhood ALL cases revealed that 2/4 cases displayed a clear loss of TAD boundary strength and 3/4 showed reduced insulation at TAD borders, with putative leukemogenic effects.
In-situ electron microscopy mapping of an order-disorder transition in a superionic conductor
Authors: Heo Jaeyoung , Dumett Torres Daniel , Banerjee Progna , Jain Prashant K. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractSolid-solid phase transitions are processes ripe for the discovery of correlated atomic motion in crystals. Here, we monitor an order-disorder transition in real-time in nanoparticles of the super-ionic solid, Cu2−xSe. The use of in-situ high-resolution transmission electron microscopy allows the spatiotemporal evolution of the phase transition within a single nanoparticle to be monitored at the atomic level. The high spatial resolution reveals that cation disorder is nucleated at low co-ordination, high energy sites of the nanoparticle where cationic vacancy layers intersect with surface facets. Time-dependent evolution of the reciprocal lattice of individual nanoparticles shows that the initiation of cation disorder is accompanied by a ~3% compression of the anionic lattice, establishing a correlation between these two structural features of the lattice. The spatiotemporal insights gained here advance understanding of order-disorder transitions, ionic structure and transport, and the role of nanoparticle surfaces in phase transitions.
Synergistic Mn-Co catalyst outperforms Pt on high-rate oxygen reduction for alkaline polymer electrolyte fuel cells
Authors: Wang Ying , Yang Yao , Jia Shuangfeng , Wang Xiaoming , Lyu Kangjie , Peng Yanqiu , Zheng He , Wei Xing , Ren Huan , Xiao Li , Wang Jianbo , Muller David A. , Abruña Héctor D. , Hwang Bing Joe , Lu Juntao , Zhuang Lin 
Published: April 2019

AbstractAlkaline polymer electrolyte fuel cells are a class of fuel cells that enable the use of non-precious metal catalysts, particularly for the oxygen reduction reaction at the cathode. While there have been alternative materials exhibiting Pt-comparable activity in alkaline solutions, to the best of our knowledge none have outperformed Pt in fuel-cell tests. Here we report a Mn-Co spinel cathode that can deliver greater power, at high current densities, than a Pt cathode. The power density of the cell employing the Mn-Co cathode reaches 1.1 W cm−2 at 2.5 A cm−2 at 60 oC. Moreover, this catalyst outperforms Pt at low humidity. In-depth characterization reveals that the remarkable performance originates from synergistic effects where the Mn sites bind O2 and the Co sites activate H2O, so as to facilitate the proton-coupled electron transfer processes. Such an electrocatalytic synergy is pivotal to the high-rate oxygen reduction, particularly under water depletion/low humidity conditions.
Physical and optical properties of the International Simple Glass
Authors: Kaspar Tiffany C. , Ryan Joseph V. , Pantano Carlo G. , Rice Jarrett , Trivelpiece Cory , Hyatt Neil C. , Corkhill Claire L. , Mann Colleen , Hand Russell J. , Kirkham Michael A. , Crawford Charles L. , Jantzen Carol M. , Du Jincheng , Lu Xiaonan , Harrison Michael T. , Cushman Cody , Linford Matthew R. , Smith Nicholas J. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractRadioactive waste immobilization is a means to limit the release of radionuclides from various waste streams into the environment over a timescale of hundreds to many thousands of years. Incorporation of radionuclide-containing wastes into borosilicate glass during vitrification is one potential route to accomplish such immobilization. To facilitate comparisons and assessments of reproducibility across experiments and laboratories, a six-component borosilicate glass (Si, B, Na, Al, Ca, Zr) known as the International Simple Glass (ISG) was developed by international consensus as a compromise between simplicity and similarity to waste glasses. Focusing on a single glass composition with a multi-pronged approach utilizing state-of-the-art, multi-scale experimental and theoretical tools provides a common database that can be used to assess relative importance of mechanisms and models. Here we present physical property data (both published and previously unpublished) on a single batch of ISG, which was cast into individual ingots that were distributed to the collaborators. Properties from the atomic scale to the macroscale, including composition and elemental impurities, phase purity, density, thermal properties, mechanical properties, optical and vibrational properties, and the results of molecular dynamics simulations are presented. In addition, information on the surface composition and morphology after polishing is included. Although the existing literature on the alteration of ISG is not extensively reviewed here, the results of well-controlled static alteration experiments are presented here as a point of reference for other performance investigations.
MHz data collection of a microcrystalline mixture of different jack bean proteins
Authors: Grünbein Marie Luise , Bielecki Johan , Gorel Alexander , Stricker Miriam , Bean Richard , Cammarata Marco , Dörner Katerina , Fröhlich Lars , Hartmann Elisabeth , Hauf Steffen , Hilpert Mario , Kim Yoonhee , Kloos Marco , Letrun Romain , Messerschmidt Marc , Mills Grant , Nass Kovacs Gabriela , Ramilli Marco , Roome Christopher M. , Sato Tokushi , Scholz Matthias , Sliwa Michel , Sztuk-Dambietz Jolanta , Weik Martin , Weinhausen Britta , Al-Qudami Nasser , Boukhelef Djelloul , Brockhauser Sandor , Ehsan Wajid , Emons Moritz , Esenov Sergey , Fangohr Hans , Kaukher Alexander , Kluyver Thomas , Lederer Max , Maia Luis , Manetti Maurizio , Michelat Thomas , Münnich Astrid , Pallas Florent , Palmer Guido , Previtali Gianpietro , Raab Natascha , Silenzi Alessandro , Szuba Janusz , Venkatesan Sandhya , Wrona Krzysztof , Zhu Jun , Doak R. Bruce , Shoeman Robert L. , Foucar Lutz , Colletier Jacques-Philippe , Mancuso Adrian P. , Barends Thomas R. M. , Stan Claudiu A. , Schlichting Ilme 
Published: April 2019

AbstractWe provide a detailed description of a serial femtosecond crystallography (SFX) dataset collected at the European X-ray free-electron laser facility (EuXFEL). The EuXFEL is the first high repetition rate XFEL delivering MHz X-ray pulse trains at 10 Hz. The short spacing (<1 µs) between pulses requires fast flowing microjets for sample injection and high frame rate detectors. A data set was recorded of a microcrystalline mixture of at least three different jack bean proteins (urease, concanavalin A, concanavalin B). A one megapixel Adaptive Gain Integrating Pixel Detector (AGIPD) was used which has not only a high frame rate but also a large dynamic range. This dataset is publicly available through the Coherent X-ray Imaging Data Bank (CXIDB) as a resource for algorithm development and for data analysis training for prospective XFEL users.
Delivery of multiple ecosystem services in pasture by shelter created from the hybrid sterile bioenergy grass Miscanthus x giganteus
Authors: Littlejohn Christopher P. , Hofmann Rainer W. , Wratten Stephen D. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe benefits of shelter in increasing crop yields and accelerating ripening has been well researched in fruit, arable and horticultural crops. Its benefits to pasture, despite its importance for livestock production, is less well researched. In this work, Miscanthus shelterbelts were established on an intensively irrigated dairy farm. Seven key ecosystem services associated with these belts were identified and quantified. Pasture yield and quality were recorded in Miscanthus-sheltered and control field boundaries with little shelter. Pasture yield increased by up to 14% in the sheltered areas downwind of Miscanthus. Pasture quality was equivalent in the sheltered and open areas. Miscanthus provided more favourable nesting sites for bumblebees and for New Zealand endemic lizards (skinks) compared to field boundaries. The sheltered areas also had higher mineralisation rates of organic matter and higher numbers of earthworms. Using a high-yielding sterile grass such as Miscanthus to deliver a wide range of ecosystem services also produced a bioenergy feedstock. In conclusion, full benefits of shelterbelts to the farming system cannot be fully assessed unless direct and indirect benefits are properly assessed, as in this work.
Characterization of transgenic mouse lines for labeling type I and type II afferent neurons in the cochlea
Authors: Vyas Pankhuri , Wu Jingjing Sherry , Jimenez Adrian , Glowatzki Elisabeth , Fuchs Paul Albert 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe cochlea is innervated by type I and type II afferent neurons. Type I afferents are myelinated, larger diameter neurons that send a single dendrite to contact a single inner hair cell, whereas unmyelinated type II afferents are fewer in number and receive input from many outer hair cells. This strikingly differentiated innervation pattern strongly suggests specialized functions. Those functions could be investigated with specific genetic markers that enable labeling and manipulating each afferent class without significantly affecting the other. Here three mouse models were characterized and tested for specific labeling of either type I or type II cochlear afferents.Nos1CreERmice showed selective labeling of type I afferent fibers,Slc6a4-GFPmice labeled type II fibers with a slight preference for the apical cochlea, andDrd2-Cremice selectively labeled type II afferent neurons nearer the cochlear base. In conjunction with theTh2A-CreERandCGRPα-EGFPlines described previously for labeling type II fibers, the mouse lines reported here comprise a promising toolkit for genetic manipulations of type I and type II cochlear afferent fibers.
All-Optical Rotational Ultrasound Imaging
Authors: Colchester Richard J. , Little Callum , Dwyer George , Noimark Sacha , Alles Erwin J. , Zhang Edward Z. , Loder Christopher D. , Parkin Ivan P. , Papakonstantinou Ioannis , Beard Paul C. , Finlay Malcolm C. , Rakhit Roby D. , Desjardins Adrien E. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractMiniaturised high-resolution imaging devices are valuable for guiding minimally invasive procedures such as vascular stent placements. Here, we present all-optical rotational B-mode pulse-echo ultrasound imaging. With this device, ultrasound transmission and reception are performed with light. The all-optical transducer in the probe comprised an optical fibre that delivered pulsed excitation light to an optical head at the distal end with a multi-walled carbon nanotube and polydimethylsiloxane composite coating. This coating was photoacoustically excited to generate a highly directional ultrasound beam perpendicular to the optical fibre axis. A concave Fabry-Pérot cavity at the distal end of an optical fibre, which was interrogated with a tuneable continuous-wave laser, served as an omnidirectional ultrasound receiver. The transmitted ultrasound had a −6 dB bandwidth of 31.3 MHz and a peak-to-peak pressure of 1.87 MPa, as measured at 1.5 mm from the probe. The receiver had a noise equivalent pressure <100 Pa over a 20 MHz bandwidth. With a maximum outer probe diameter of 1.25 mm, the probe provided imaging with an axial resolution better than 50 µm, and a real-time imaging rate of 5 frames per second. To investigate the capabilities of the probe, intraluminal imaging was performed in healthy swine carotid arteries. The results demonstrate that the all-optical probe is viable for clinical rotational ultrasound imaging.