bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Management of long‐lasting phantosmia: a systematic review
Authors: Saltagi Mohamad Z. , Rabbani Cyrus C. , Ting Jonathan Y. , Higgins Thomas S. 
Published: February 2018

BackgroundInterest in the pathophysiology and management of phantom smells has increased rapidly over the last decade. A PubMed search for the term “phantosmia” demonstrated a near‐doubling of articles published on phantosmia within the past 7 years. We aimed to systematically review the literature on the management of phantosmia.MethodsThe PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases were searched for articles published since January 1990, using terms combined with pertinent Boolean search operators. We included articles evaluating management of phantosmia written in the English language, with original data and a minimum of 6 months of follow‐up, on at least 2 patients and with well‐defined and measurable outcomes.ResultsA total of 2151 unique titles were returned upon the initial search. Of these, 146 abstracts were examined, yielding 7 articles meeting the inclusion criteria. All articles were predominantly level 4 evidence. One prospective level 3 study was included. The studies included a total of 96 patients, with follow‐up ranging from 6 months to 11 years. Endpoints were primarily based on subjective patient responses. Management options included observation and medical and surgical therapy. Olfactory mucosa excision was the only surgical intervention studied, with short‐term symptomatic improvement in 10 of 11 patients. Forty‐one patients were treated medically, which included antipsychotic, antimigraine, and antiseizure medications, transcranial stimulation, and topical cocaine application.ConclusionDespite increasing interest in the treatment of phantosmia and reports of successful therapies, there remains a paucity of data and lack of consensus regarding optimal management of this difficult condition.
Low‐Coordinate Single‐Ion Magnets by Intercalation of Lanthanides into a Phenol Matrix
Authors: Meng Yin‐Shan , Xu Ling , Xiong Jin , Yuan Qiong , Liu Tao , Wang Bing‐Wu , Gao Song 
Published: February 2018

AbstractIt is very challenging to synthesize stable trivalent rare‐earth complexes in which the coordination number is lower than 3 for the high oxidation state, there is a large ion radius and nearly non‐bonding character of trivalent lanthanide ions. The bulky phenol ligand ArOH (Ar=2,6‐Dipp2C6H3, Dipp=2,6‐diisopropylphenyl) was utilized to construct low‐coordinate lanthanide compound [(ArO)Ln(OAr′)] (Ar′=6‐Dipp‐2‐(2′‐iPr‐6′‐CHMe(CH2−)C6H3)C6H3O−; Ln=Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm). These complexes and the free ligand ArOH were isostructural. Magnetic measurements and theoretical studies demonstrated that both the oblate‐type dysprosium and prolate‐type erbium analogues exhibited single‐ion magnet (SIM) behavior. The bulky phenol ligands provided strong uniaxial ligand field, making the dysprosium SIM possessing blocking barrier up to 961 K.
Designing Homogeneous Bromine Redox Catalysis for Selective Aliphatic C−H Bond Functionalization
Authors: Becker Peter , Duhamel Thomas , Martínez Claudio , Muñiz Kilian 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe potential of homogeneous oxidation catalysis employing bromine has remained largely unexplored. We herein show that the combination of a tetraalkylammonium bromide and meta‐chloroperbenzoic acid offers a unique catalyst system for the convenient and selective oxidation of saturated C(sp3)−H bonds upon photochemical initiation with day light. This approach enables remote, intramolecular, position‐selective C−H amination as demonstrated for 20 different examples. For the first time, an N‐halogenated intermediate was isolated as the active catalyst state in a catalytic Hofmann–Löffler reaction. In addition, an expeditious one‐pot synthesis of N‐sulfonyl oxaziridines from N‐sulfonamides was developed and exemplified for 15 transformations. These pioneering examples provide a change in paradigm for molecular catalysis with bromine.
Rechen‐ und Messwerte der Rissbreite im Stahlbetonbau
Authors: Meichsner Heinz , Röhling Stefan 
Published: February 2018

AbstractRisse gehören zum Alltag im Stahlbetonbau. Trotzdem gibt es keine Norm für die Rissbreitenmessungen, sondern nur für die Ermittlung von Rechenwerten der Rissbreite. Es besteht auch keine Regelung, wie Mess‐ und Rechenwerte abgeglichen werden müssen. Ein Vergleich zwischen Mess‐ und Rechenwerten ist derzeit noch mit größeren Streuungen verbunden.Mit den verwendeten Messverfahren – optische Messung oder Wegmessung – werden für den gleichen Riss unterschiedliche Messwerte gewonnen. Die Rissuferverschiebung (Wegmessung) ist immer etwas größer als die Rissbreite (optisch gemessen). Die Ursache sind plastische Verformungen der Rissuferflächen während der Rissbildung mit einem Dehnungsanteil bis zu etwa 0,1 mm, die bei der Wegmessung, aber nicht bei der optischen Messung erfasst werden. Den beiden Messwerten steht nur ein Rechenwert der Rissbreite gegenüber. Ein bestimmter Anteil der Streuungen im Vergleich zwischen Rechen‐ und Messwerten wird dieser Differenz zugerechnet.Die Mikrorissbildung entlang der Einleitungslänge führt zu Verformungen und einer Verminderung der Rissbreite an der Bewehrungsstahloberfläche. Daraus resultieren die nachgewiesenen Veränderungen der Rissbreite innerhalb der Betondeckung, die zu unzutreffenden Definitionen der rechnerischen Rissbreite geführt haben.Die Differenzen in den Messergebnissen haben Auswirkungen auf die Kalibrierung und die Vorhersage der Rechenwerte bei kleinen Rissbreiten sowie die Annahmen über die Selbstheilungswahrscheinlichkeit.
Thalamic functional connectivity and its association with behavioral performance in older age
Authors: Goldstone Aimée , Mayhew Stephen D. , Hale Joanne R. , Wilson Rebecca S. , Bagshaw Andrew P. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractIntroductionDespite the thalamus’ dense connectivity with both cortical and subcortical structures, few studies have specifically investigated how thalamic connectivity changes with age and how such changes are associated with behavior. This study investigated the effect of age on thalamo‐cortical and thalamo‐hippocampal functional connectivity (FC) and the association between thalamic FC and visual–spatial memory and reaction time (RT) performance in older adults.MethodsResting‐state functional magnetic resonance images were obtained from younger (n = 20) and older (n = 20) adults. A seed‐based approach was used to assess the FC between the thalamus and (1) sensory resting‐state networks; (2) the hippocampus. Participants also completed visual–spatial memory and RT tasks, from the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB).ResultsOlder adults exhibited a loss of specificity in the FC between sensory thalamic subregions and corresponding sensory cortex. Greater thalamo‐motor FC in older adults was associated with faster RTs. Furthermore, older adults exhibited greater thalamo‐hippocampal FC compared to younger adults, which was greatest for those with the poorest visual–spatial memory performance.ConclusionAlthough older adults exhibited poorer visual–spatial memory and slower reaction times compared to younger adults, “good” and “poorer” older performers exhibited different patterns of thalamo‐cortical and thalamo‐hippocampal FC. These results highlight the potential role of thalamic connectivity in supporting reaction times and memory in aging. Furthermore, these results highlight the importance of including the thalamus in studies of aging to fully understand how brain changes with age may be associated with behavior.
Release of Singlet Oxygen from Organic Peroxides under Mild Conditions
Authors: Fudickar Werner , Linker Torsten 
Published: February 2018

AbstractSinglet oxygen can be released in the dark in nearly quantitative yield from endoperoxides of naphthalenes, anthracenes and pyridones as an alternative to its generation by photosensitization. Recently, new donor systems have been designed which operate at very low temperatures but which are prepared from their parent forms at acceptable rates. Enhancement of the reactivity of donors is conveniently achieved by the design of the substitution pattern or through the use of plasmonic heating of nanoparticle‐bound donors. The most important aim of these donor molecules is to transfer singlet oxygen in a controlled and directed manner to a target. Low temperatures and the linking between donors and acceptors reduce the random walk of oxygen and may force an attack at the desired position. By using chiral donor systems, new stereocenters might be introduced into prochiral acceptors.
Effect of maternal foraging habitat on offspring quality in the loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta)
Authors: Hatase Hideo , Omuta Kazuyoshi , Itou Koutarou , Komatsu Teruhisa 
Published: February 2018

AbstractExploring a trade‐off between quantity and quality of offspring allows differences in the fitness between alternative life histories to be accurately evaluated. We addressed the mechanism that maintains alternative life histories (small oceanic planktivores vs. large neritic benthivores) observed in a loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) population, which has been suggested to be environmental, based on the lack of genetic structure and a large difference in reproductive output. We examined whether maternal foraging habitat affects offspring quality, by measuring the morphology, emergence success, and righting response of hatchlings following incubation in a common open sand area over the whole nesting season at Yakushima Island, Japan, and by recording early growth and survival of offspring that were reared in a common environment at a Japanese aquarium. Furthermore, we tested whether sea turtles adjust egg size in response to temporal shifts of the incubation environment. There were no significant differences in any hatchling traits between oceanic and neritic foragers (which were classified by stable isotope ratios), except for clutches laid during the warmest period of the nesting season. There were also no significant differences in the growth and survival of offspring originating from the two foragers. The size of eggs from both foragers significantly increased as the season progressed, even though the rookery had heavy rainfall, negating the need to counteract heat‐related reduction in hatchling morphology. In comparison, the sizes of adult body and clutches from both foragers did not vary significantly. The results further support our previous suggestions that the size‐related foraging dichotomy exhibited by adult sea turtles does not have a genetic basis, but derives from phenotypic plasticity. Adjustment in reproductive investment may be associated with: (1) predation avoidance, (2) founder effect, and/or (3) annual variation in egg size.
A new RelB‐dependent CD117+CD172a+ murine DC subset preferentially induces Th2 differentiation and supports airway hyperresponses in vivo
Authors: Andreas Nico , Riemann Marc , Castro Carla N. , Groth Marco , Koliesnik Ievgen , Engelmann Christian , Sparwasser Tim , Kamradt Thomas , Haenold Ronny , Weih Falk 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe NF‐κB transcription factor subunit RelB is important for the full activation of conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) during T‐cell‐dependent immune responses. Although the number of splenic DCs is greatly reduced in RelBnull mice, the cause and consequences of this deficiency are currently unknown. To circumvent the impact of the pleiotropic defects in RelBnull mice we used a reporter model for RelB expression (RelBKatushka mice) and conditionally deleted RelB in DCs (RelBCD11c‐Cre mice). Thereby, we can show here that RelB is essential for the differentiation of a CD117+CD172a+ cDC subpopulation that highly expresses RelB. Surprisingly, these DCs depend on p50 for their development and are negatively regulated by a constitutive p52 activation in absence of p100. The absence of p52/p100 had no influence on the homeostasis of CD117+CD172a+ cDCs. RelB‐dependent CD117+CD172a+ DCs strongly induce the production of the type 2 cytokines IL‐4 and IL‐13, as well as GM‐CSF from naïve Th cells. Consequently, mice lacking RelB in cDCs show an attenuated bronchial hyperresponsiveness with reduced eosinophil infiltration. Taken together, we have identified a new splenic RelB‐dependent CD117+CD172a+ cDC population that preferentially induces Th2 responses.
γδ cells and tumor microenvironment: A helpful or a dangerous liason?
Authors: Lo Presti Elena , Di Mitri Roberto , Pizzolato Gabriele , Mocciaro Filippo , Dieli Francesco , Meraviglia Serena 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
γδ T cells are a subset of T lymphocytes that have been implicated in immunosurveillance against infections and tumors. γδ T cells are endowed with antitumor activities, and hence several γδ T cell-based small-scale clinical trials have been conducted either by in vivo activation by intravenous administration of aminobiphosphonates or by adoptive transfer of in vitro expanded γδ T cells. Although both these strategies have yielded promising results, there are a number of limitations associated with each of them which, if overcome may help to further improve efficacy. One of the most important limits is the possible polarization of tumor-infiltrating γδ T cells toward different γδ T cells population with functional activities that help the progression and spread of the tumor. Here, we review the modalities and the possible mechanisms involved in the polarization of tumor-infiltrating γδ T cells upon interaction with several components of the tumor microenvironment and discuss their implications for the manipulation of γδ T cells in cancer immunotherapy.
Diet Composition and Feeding Strategy of the New World Silverside Odontesthes argentinensis in a Temperate Coastal Area (South America)
Authors: Thompson Gustavo A. , Volpedo Alejandra V. 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
The diet composition and feeding strategy of the New World silverside Odontesthes argentinensis were evaluated in a temperate coastal area during austral summer. This species is an economically significant resource for the fishing industry in South America. The food preference of O. argentinensis varied with its size-class: the smallest size-classes preferred diatoms and annelids, larger size-classes seemed to prefer barnacle cypris larvae, and the largest size-classes showed a preference for decapod megalopa larvae. Plankton samples were dominated by calanoid and cyclopoid copepods; however, contrary to what was expected, O. argentinensis showed negative selectivity for both groups. A selectivity index indicated that O. argentinensis selects the food it eats with regard to prey availability in the environment. The information obtained in this study demonstrates the importance of knowing the food preference of O. argentinensis to obtain a better condition factor, which will be key to its potential farming in closed systems.
Burden of illness in patients with treatment refractory myasthenia gravis
Authors: Engel‐Nitz Nicole M. , Boscoe Audra , Wolbeck Ryan , Johnson Jonathan , Silvestri Nicholas J. 
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACTIntroduction: This study assessed the clinical burden of refractory myasthenia gravis (MG), relative to nonrefractory MG. Methods: Rates of myasthenic crises, exacerbations, inpatient hospitalizations, and emergency room (ER) visits over a 1‐year period were measured for 403 refractory, 3,811 nonrefractory, and 403 non‐MG control patients from two administrative health plan databases. Results: Compared with nonrefractory patients, a significantly greater percentage of refractory patients had at least one myasthenic crisis (21.3% vs. 6.1%; P < 0.001) and at least one exacerbation (71.2% vs. 32.4%; P < 0.001) over a 1‐year period. Refractory patients were also significantly more likely to be hospitalized and/or have an ER visit than nonrefractory patients and non‐MG controls (P < 0.001 for all). Discussion: Refractory MG patients have significantly greater clinical burden and are more likely to utilize intensive healthcare resources than nonrefractory patients. Furthermore, refractory patients may be at greater risk of crises throughout the disease course than previous studies have suggested. Muscle Nerve 58: 99–105, 2018
Selective Inhibition of Enterovirus A Species Members’ Reproduction by Furano[2, 3‐d]pyrimidine Nucleosides Revealed by Antiviral Activity Profiling against (+)ssRNA Viruses
Authors: Kozlovskaya Liubov I. , Golinets Anastasia D. , Eletskaya Anastasia A. , Orlov Alexey A. , Palyulin Vladimir A. , Kochetkov Sergey N. , Alexandrova Liudmila A. , Osolodkin Dmitry I. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe rational design of broad‐spectrum antivirals requires data on antiviral activity of compounds against multiple viruses, which are often not available. We have developed a panel of (+)ssRNA viruses composed of Enterovirus and Flavivirus genera members allowing to study these activity spectra. Antiviral activity profiling of a set of nucleoside analogues revealed N4‐hydroxycytidine as an efficient inhibitor of replication of coxsackieviruses and other enteroviruses, but ineffective against tick‐borne encephalitis virus. Furano[2, 3‐d]pyrimidine nucleosides with n‐pentyl or n‐hexyl tails showed selective inhibition of Enterovirus A representatives. 5‐(Tetradec‐1‐yn‐1‐yl)‐uridine showed selective inhibition of tick‐borne encephalitis virus at the micromolar level.
Chiro‐Spintronics: Spin‐Dependent Electrochemistry and Water Splitting Using Chiral Molecular Films
Authors: Mondal Prakash Chandra , Mtangi Wilbert , Fontanesi Claudio 
Published: February 2018

AbstractMolecular spintronics or spin‐based electronics, which utilizes both the spin degrees of freedom and electron charge, has become a hot topic in modern science. Since the introduction of spintronics in 1988, many efforts have been devoted to controlling spin‐polarized current using an external magnetic field, leading to the implementation of commercial solid‐state devices based on the giant magnetoresistance effect. In molecular spintronics, much progress has been achieved with organic molecules, but the role played by chiral molecules is yet to be explored in detail, while it promises to play a role in the future. It has been proved that the interaction of electrons with chiral molecules is spin specific, as supported by several experimental tools, and by theoretical studies. This effect is named “chiral‐induced spin selectivity” (CISS). CISS is based on the fact that chiral molecules exhibit spin‐specific transport properties, and hence can be used as a substitute for ferromagnetic materials. Here, recent spin‐dependent electrochemistry results are highlighted, where chiral molecules are immobilized on a ferromagnetic electrode. Practical applications of the CISS effect, for spin control of charge transport in complex molecular architectures, and in the water‐splitting process are also reviewed.
Nanostructured star‐shaped polythiophene dendrimer as a highly efficient sorbent for microextraction in packed syringe for HPLC analysis of the Clofentezine in milk and juice samples
Authors: Abolghasemi Mir Mahdi , Taheri Hoda , Jaymand Mehdi , Piryaei Marzieh 
Published: February 2018

AbstractA nanostructured star‐shaped polythiophene dendrimer was prepared and used as an extraction medium for microextraction in packed syringe for clofentezine pesticide in milk and juice samples in combination with high‐performance liquid chromatography. The thermal behaviors, optical properties, and morphologies of the synthesized samples were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy and field‐emission scanning electron microscopy, respectively. A one‐at‐a‐time strategy was applied for optimizing the important extraction parameters such as the nature of desorption solvent, elution volume, pH, number of extraction cycles and sample volume. Under the optimized conditions, a detection limit of 2 × 10−4 μg mL−1 and a linear calibration curve with an R2 of 0.9983 were obtained for clofentezine. The average recovery of the analyte for juice and milk samples were 97.6 and 93% with relative standard deviation of 3.92 and 2.76%, respectively, for five replicates. The method was successfully applied to the high‐performance liquid chromatography determination of clofentezine in milk and juice samples.
Ensemble learning: A survey
Authors: Sagi Omer , Rokach Lior 
Published: February 2018

Ensemble methods are considered the state‐of‐the art solution for many machine learning challenges. Such methods improve the predictive performance of a single model by training multiple models and combining their predictions. This paper introduce the concept of ensemble learning, reviews traditional, novel and state‐of‐the‐art ensemble methods and discusses current challenges and trends in the field.This article is categorized under:

Algorithmic Development > Ensemble Methods
Technologies > Machine Learning
Technologies > Classification
Percutaneous Laser Ablation of Unifocal Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma: Utility of Conventional Ultrasound and Contrast‐Enhanced Ultrasound in Assessing Local Therapeutic Response
Authors: Zhang Lu , Zhou Wei , Zhan Weiwei , Peng Yan , Jiang Shan , Xu Shangyan 
Published: February 2018

AbstractPurposeTo investigate the use of conventional ultrasound and contrast‐enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in assessing local therapeutic response of percutaneous laser ablation (PLA) for papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC).MethodsSixty‐four patients with 64 PTMCs who were referred to our hospital from November 2013 to July 2016 were treated with PLA. The extent of ablation was assessed by CEUS at 10–20 min and 7 days after PLA. The size and volume of the ablation zone were evaluated on conventional ultrasound at 1 h, 1, 3, 6 and 12 months, and every half‐year thereafter, and recurrences were also recorded. Ultrasound‐guided fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) of the ablated area was performed at 1, 6 and 12 months after PLA.ResultsTwo incomplete ablations were detected by CEUS, and a second ablation was performed. The mean largest diameter and volume of the ablated area on CEUS at 10–20 min and 7 days after PLA were significantly larger than those of pre‐treatment on conventional ultrasound (p < 0.05, for both). At the last follow‐up, the mean largest diameter was reduced from 4.6 ± 1.5 to 0.6 ± 1.3 mm (p < 0.0.5), and the average volume was 41.0 ± 40.4 mm3, which decreased to 1.8 ± 6.7 mm3 (p < 0.0.5). A cervical metastatic lymph node was detected on ultrasound and confirmed by ultrasound‐guided FNAB at 30 months after PLA.ConclusionsCEUS could play a crucial role in assessing the completeness of PLA for treating PTMC, and conventional ultrasound can not only guide the FNAB process but also is important in the follow‐up of PTMC after PLA.