bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anisotropy in Coastal Ocean Relative Dispersion Observations
Authors: Ohlmann J. C. , Romero L. , Pallàs‐Sanz E. , Perez‐Brunius P. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractHorizontal relative dispersion is investigated with Lagrangian drifter and dye tracer observations on relatively small scales (~100 to 850 m) in coastal waters. Anisotropy is quantified with an aspect ratio of the spreading in two orthogonal directions. Individual observations generally appear highly anisotropic. However, the ensemble mean computed in a coordinate system aligned with bathymetry indicates only weak anisotropy due to averaging highly anisotropic observations over a wide range of principal‐axis directions. The strong anisotropy is preserved when the mean is computed in a principle‐axis coordinate system. In fact, the ensemble mean in principle‐axis coordinates gives antidispersion or convergence in the minor‐axis direction. This result suggests gradients in buoyant materials such as spilled oil and other contaminants are not necessarily smoothed as the standard eddy‐diffusivity parameter suggests. Flow kinematics computed with clusters of four drifters indicate that approximately 72% of energy in the observed dispersing flows can be attributed to organized submesoscale structures.
Nucleation of Characteristic Earthquakes in Simulated Cycles Involving Deep Huge Slow Slip Events
Authors: Ohtani Makiko , Kame Nobuki , Nakatani Masao 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe 1944 Tonankai and 1946 Nankai megathrust earthquakes are likely to have been immediately preceded by a huge slow slip event (SSE) in the deeper brittle‐to‐ductile transition zone, which accumulates slip of a meter or more within several days. The present study investigates the interaction between such huge SSEs and the characteristic earthquakes through earthquake cycle simulations obeying the rate‐ and state‐dependent friction. To simulate huge SSEs, we employ a cutoff velocity (Vcx) above which the friction changes from velocity weakening to velocity strengthening. We assume that Vcx decreases from 10 to 10−9 m/s with depth over the transition zone located between 20‐ and 35‐km depths. Depending on the characteristic slip distance L of rate and state friction, simulation results showed three patterns of earthquake nucleation. If L is small, an SSE in the transition zone directly grows into an earthquake without experiencing a separate nucleation at the brittle zone (brittle nucleation). If L is moderate, an SSE triggers brittle nucleation, which develops into an earthquake. If L is large, an SSE occurs but ceases without triggering an earthquake nor brittle nucleation, then slip deficit accumulates further to finally start brittle nucleation without the direct help of SSE, and an earthquake occurs without a large precursor. In addition, isolated huge SSEs, resembling precursory ones, occur in all cases, at most a few times per cycle.
Northern Hemisphere Blocking in ∼25‐km‐Resolution E3SM v0.3 Atmosphere‐Land Simulations
Authors: Jiang Tianyu , Evans Katherine , Branstetter Marcia , Caldwell Peter , Neale Richard , Rasch Philip J. , Tang Qi , Xie Shaocheng 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe fidelity of a prerelease Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM) in reproducing atmospheric blocking is evaluated with ∼100‐ and ∼25‐km horizontal resolution within ensembles of simulations with Atmospheric Modeling Intercomparison Protocol‐type active atmosphere and land surface configurations. This evaluation is conducted via a hybrid bidimensional blocking index based on geopotential height. The lower‐resolution model correctly reproduces the spatial distribution of blocking frequency maxima over the Northern Hemisphere. However, it overestimates the blocking frequency over western North America, the Pacific Northeast, and Eastern Europe regions and largely underestimates blocking frequency over the North Atlantic. The high‐resolution model significantly reduces the bias over the North Pacific region, particularly over western North America, but the biases over the North Atlantic blocking sector mostly persist. A diagnosis of the mean flow reveals that the subtropical jet is displaced poleward in the high‐resolution model with a jet core speed that is generally more realistic. A time scale analysis of eddies suggests that synoptic eddies associated with the blocking events are increased in the high‐resolution configuration. The discrepancy between the models implies that both synoptic and low‐frequency eddies play significant roles in determining North Pacific blocking, whereas North Atlantic blocking is mainly driven by low‐frequency eddies. The characteristic time scale associated with blocking events is also investigated, and it shows that both model resolutions produce events that are overly persistent. However, the bias in the high‐resolution model is reduced, which reflects more efficient energy dispersion with higher resolution.
Mechanisms for a Record‐Breaking Rainfall in the Coastal Metropolitan City of Guangzhou, China: Observation Analysis and Nested Very Large Eddy Simulation With the WRF Model
Authors: Huang Yongjie , Liu Yubao , Liu Yuewei , Li Huaiyu , Knievel Jason C. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractRecord‐breaking rainfall of 524.1 mm in 24 hr occurred in the coastal metropolitan city of Guangzhou, China, during 6–7 May 2017 and caused devastating flooding. Observation analysis and a nested very large eddy simulation (VLES) with Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model were conducted to investigate various factors that contributed to the heavy rainfall, including synoptic weather pattern, topographic effects, cold pool, and urban effects. First, the warm and moist southerly flow in the lower troposphere over the trumpet‐shaped topography of the Pearl River Delta continuously provided fuel for the development of the severe rainfall. Consequently, the southerly flow from the sea in the south strengthened with the development of the convection. Meanwhile, the precipitation‐produced weak cold pool supported a stationary outflow boundary, where new convective cells were continuously initiated and drifted downstream. The interaction between the cold outflows and the warm moist southerly flows in the lower troposphere formed a back‐building convective system, which produced local persistent heavy rainfall that lasted for more than 5 hr and reached record levels. Sensitivity experiments in which the urban area was removed from the model indicate that the urban forcing affected the timing and location of convective initiation and helped concentrate the maximum rain core. The nested WRF‐LES successfully simulated this heavy rainfall, and the model's advantages are noted for forecasting such local severe weather.
ExoMars Schiaparelli Direct‐to‐Earth Observation using GMRT
Authors: Esterhuizen S. , Asmar S. W. , De K. , Gupta Y. , Katore S. N. , Ajithkumar B. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractDuring the ExoMars Schiaparelli separation event on 16 October 2016 and Entry, Descent, and Landing (EDL) events 3 days later, the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT) near Pune, India, was used to directly observe UHF transmissions from the Schiaparelli lander as they arrive at Earth. The Doppler shift of the carrier frequency was measured and used as a diagnostic to identify key events during EDL. This signal detection at GMRT was the only real‐time aliveness indicator to European Space Agency mission operations during the critical EDL stage of the mission.
Fueled by methane: deep-sea sponges from asphalt seeps gain their nutrition from methane-oxidizing symbionts
Authors: Rubin-Blum Maxim , Antony Chakkiath Paul , Sayavedra Lizbeth , Martínez-Pérez Clara , Birgel Daniel , Peckmann Jörn , Wu Yu-Chen , Cardenas Paco , MacDonald Ian , Marcon Yann , Sahling Heiko , Hentschel Ute , Dubilier Nicole 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Sponges host a remarkable diversity of microbial symbionts, however, the benefit their microbes provide is rarely understood. Here, we describe two new sponge species from deep-sea asphalt seeps and show that they live in a nutritional symbiosis with methane-oxidizing (MOX) bacteria. Metagenomics and imaging analyses revealed unusually high amounts of MOX symbionts in hosts from a group previously assumed to have low microbial abundances. These symbionts belonged to the Marine Methylotrophic Group 2 clade. They are host-specific and likely vertically transmitted, based on their presence in sponge embryos and streamlined genomes, which lacked genes typical of related free-living MOX. Moreover, genes known to play a role in host–symbiont interactions, such as those that encode eukaryote-like proteins, were abundant and expressed. Methane assimilation by the symbionts was one of the most highly expressed metabolic pathways in the sponges. Molecular and stable carbon isotope patterns of lipids confirmed that methane-derived carbon was incorporated into the hosts. Our results revealed that two species of sponges, although distantly related, independently established highly specific, nutritional symbioses with two closely related methanotrophs. This convergence in symbiont acquisition underscores the strong selective advantage for these sponges in harboring MOX bacteria in the food-limited deep sea.
GFPLAIN250m, a global high-resolution dataset of Earth’s floodplains
Authors: Nardi F. , Annis A. , Di Baldassarre G. , Vivoni E. R. , Grimaldi S. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractIdentifying floodplain boundaries is of paramount importance for earth, environmental and socioeconomic studies addressing riverine risk and resource management. However, to date, a global floodplain delineation using a homogeneous procedure has not been constructed. In this paper, we present the first, comprehensive, high-resolution, gridded dataset of Earth’s floodplains at 250-m resolution (GFPLAIN250m). We use the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) digital terrain model and set of terrain analysis procedures for geomorphic floodplain delineations. The elevation data are processed by a fast geospatial tool for floodplain mapping available for download at https://github.com/fnardi/GFPLAIN. The GFPLAIN250m dataset can support many applications, including flood hazard mapping, habitat restoration, development studies, and the analysis of human-flood interactions. To test the GFPLAIN250m dataset, we perform a consistency analysis with floodplain delineations derived by flood hazard modelling studies in Europe.
Treatment of clinical T4 stage superior sulcus non-small cell lung cancer: a propensity-matched analysis of the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results database
Authors: Wen Junmiao , Liu Di , Chen Donglai , Chen Jiayan , Xu Xinyan , Chen Chang , Zhang Fuquan , Duan Shanzhou , Zhu Rongying , Fan Min , Chen Yongbing 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Purpose/Objective(s): Treatments for superior sulcus non-small cell lung cancer (SS-NSCLC) have evolved, but adequate treatments of T4 disease have not been found. The aim of our study was to evaluate the prognostic factors and optimal treatment strategy for patients with T4 SS-NSCLC. Materials/Methods: We utilized the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database (1973–2015) to identify patients diagnosed with T4 stage SS-NSCLC (according to the 7th edition American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system) from 2004 to 2015; those with M1 disease were excluded. Propensity score matching (PSM) with Kaplan–Meier and Cox proportional hazards’ models was performed to estimate prognosis. Results: A total of 384 patients were included. The majority was male (59.4%) at stage IIIB (56.6%), with N2 accounting for 45.3%. A total of 47 patients underwent cancer-directed surgery, while radiotherapy alone was received by 60.2% of patients. Median overall survival (OS) and lung cancer-specific survival (LCSS) were 12 and 17 months, respectively, and the 5-year OS and LCSS rates were 15.8 and 25.4%, respectively. In the matched population, the median survival outcomes were better following surgery (OS: 25 compared with 9.0 months, P&lt;0.001; LCSS: not available (NA) compared with 11.0 months, P&lt;0.001). Multivariate Cox analysis showed that ages ≥ 66 years (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.639, P=0.001), unmarried status (HR = 1.356, P=0.034), and tumor size ≥ 6.0 cm (HR = 1.694, P&lt;0.001) were associated with inferior OS. Cancer-directed surgery (HR = 0.537, P=0.009) and radiotherapy (HR = 0.644, P=0.006) were independent prognostic factors for patients with T4 SS-NSCLC. Conversely, in the subgroup analysis, favorable impacts of radiotherapy were observed for nonsurgical patients (OS: HR = 0.58, P&lt;0.001; LCSS: HR = 0.55, P&lt;0.001). Conclusion: Our study showed that T4 stage SS-NSCLC patients had a poor prognosis. Surgical resection remains the best option for those with resectable disease. For nonsurgical T4 SS-NSCLC patients, radiotherapy should be actively considered.
Modified dual buck–boost AC/DC converter with self‐balanced DC output voltages
Authors: Wang Houqing , Wu Weimin , Gao Ning , He Yuanbin , Chung Henry Shu‐hung , Blaabjerg Frede 
Published: January 2019

With wide applications of DC loads and renewable energy generation sources, the DC micro‐grid becomes more and more attractive, especially regarding active AC/DC converters. Recently, a high‐efficiency buck–boost AC/DC converter with three terminal outputs has been presented for DC micro‐grid. However, the main drawback of this converter is that the output voltages become unbalanced in the case of unequal DC loads, which causes a challenge in practical applications. In this study, a modified buck–boost AC/DC converter with self‐balanced DC output voltages is proposed. Equivalent circuits are used to analyse the operating principle of the proposed converter. As an important part of the proposed converter, the coupled inductor is designed, while the design procedure is described in detail. The dead‐beat control method is adopted to shape the waveform of the coupled inductor current. A 220 V/50 Hz/1.5 kW prototype is developed, and detailed experiments are carried out to corroborate the validity of the proposed converter.
Charge transport and accumulation around the cone‐type insulator in SF6 ‐filled 550 kV DC GIL
Authors: Zhang Bo , Guo Yujing , Yao Yongqi , Wang Zhijun , Zhang Hao , Jin Guangyao 
Published: January 2019

The gas‐insulated transmission line (GIL) has the advantages of large transmission capacity, high operation reliability and environmental friendliness. It is suitable for the high voltage direct current (HVDC) power transmission of hydropower stations or nuclear power stations. However, due to the serious surface charge accumulation problem of the cone‐type insulator under DC, its flashover performance is reduced, which restricts the engineering application of HVDC GIL. In this study, a charge transport model of SF6 gas and epoxy is established for a 550 kV cone‐type insulator and the charge accumulation characteristics of the concave and convex surfaces of the cone‐type insulator are obtained. Computational results show that the gas conductivity around the cone‐type insulator is not uniform due to the charged particles drifting under a constant electric field. Compared with the AC, the difference of the electric field distribution caused by charge accumulation under DC stress is analysed. Based on the established model, the influence of the gas ion‐pair generation rate and epoxy volume conductivity on the charge accumulation on the surface of 550 kV cone‐type insulator was studied. This study is helpful to further optimise the geometry and material properties of the cone‐type insulator and reduce the surface charge accumulation and critical area electric field to improve HVDC GIL insulation design.
The spatial evolution of young massive clusters
Authors: Buckner Anne S. M. , Khorrami Zeinab , Khalaj Pouria , Lumsden Stuart L. , Joncour Isabelle , Moraux Estelle , Clark Paul , Oudmaijer René D. , Blanco José Manuel , de la Calle Ignacio , Herrera-Fernandez José M. , Motte Frédérique , Salgado Jesús J. , Valero-Martín Luis 
Published: January 2019

Context. There are a number of methods that identify stellar sub-structure in star forming regions, but these do not quantify the degree of association of individual stars – something which is required if we are to better understand the mechanisms and physical processes that dictate structure.Aims. We present the new novel statistical clustering tool “INDICATE” which assesses and quantifies the degree of spatial clustering of each object in a dataset, discuss its applications as a tracer of morphological stellar features in star forming regions, and to look for these features in the Carina Nebula (NGC 3372).Methods. We employ a nearest neighbour approach to quantitatively compare the spatial distribution in the local neighbourhood of an object with that expected in an evenly spaced uniform (i.e. definitively non-clustered) field. Each object is assigned a clustering index (“I”) value, which is a quantitative measure of its clustering tendency. We have calibrated our tool against random distributions to aid interpretation and identification of significantIvalues.Results. Using INDICATE we successfully recover known stellar structure of the Carina Nebula, including the young Trumpler 14-16, Treasure Chest and Bochum 11 clusters. Four sub-clusters contain no, or very few, stars with a degree of association above random which suggests these sub-clusters may be fluctuations in the field rather than real clusters. In addition we find: (1) Stars in the NW and SE regions have significantly different clustering tendencies, which is reflective of differences in the apparent star formation activity in these regions. Further study is required to ascertain the physical origin of the difference; (2) The different clustering properties between the NW and SE regions are also seen for OB stars and are even more pronounced; (3) There are no signatures of classical mass segregation present in the SE region – massive stars here are not spatially concentrated together above random; (4) Stellar concentrations are more frequent around massive stars than typical for the general population, particularly in the Tr14 cluster; (5) There is a relation between the concentration of OB stars and the concentration of (lower mass) stars around OB stars in the centrally concentrated Tr14 and Tr15, but no such relation exists in Tr16. We conclude this is due to the highly sub-structured nature of Tr16.Conclusions. INDICATE is a powerful new tool employing a novel approach to quantify the clustering tendencies of individual objects in a dataset within a user-defined parameter space. As such it can be used in a wide array of data analysis applications. In this paper we have discussed and demonstrated its application to trace morphological features of young massive clusters.
Prevention of canine ocular thelaziosis (Thelazia callipaeda) with a combination of milbemycin oxime and afoxolaner (Nexgard Spectra®) in endemic areas in France and Spain
Authors: Lebon Wilfried , Guillot Jacques , Álvarez Maria-Jesús , Antonio Bazaga José , Cortes-Dubly Marie-Laure , Dumont Pascal , Eberhardt Marianne , Gómez Héctor , Pennant Olivier , Siméon Noémie , Beugnet Frederic , Halos Lénaïg 
Published: January 2019

In the past decade, canine thelaziosis due to Thelazia callipaeda has been diagnosed in an increasing number of European countries, with endemic areas being identified. A multi-center field trial was conducted in endemic areas in France and Spain to evaluate the efficacy of monthly administrations of the oral milbemycin oxime/afoxolaner combination (NexGard Spectra®) for the prevention of T. callipaeda infection in at-risk dogs. A total of 79 dogs negative for T. callipaeda and with a clinical history of eyeworm infection in the past two years completed the study. Dogs were randomly allocated either to a negative control group (42 dogs) or to the NexGard Spectra® treated group (37 dogs). All dogs were followed up for a 6-month period and assessed monthly for the presence of nematodes on the eyes and for the signs of ocular thelaziosis (e.g., conjunctivitis, keratitis, and ocular discharge). When the presence of nematodes was confirmed, the conjunctival fornix was flushed with a saline solution for parasite recovery and counting, and the dogs were treated appropriately. Recovered parasites were stored in 70% alcohol for subsequent morphological identification. During the course of the study, 57.1% (24/42) of the control dogs were diagnosed positive for Thelazia infection, which illustrates a high incidence rate of parasite infection. Conversely, no eyeworm was recovered from any of the 37 dogs that received NexGard Spectra®. All parasites sampled were confirmed to be T. callipaeda. This clinical field study demonstrated that monthly administrations of NexGard Spectra® provided 100% preventive efficacy against canine thelaziosis.
Neural indicators of perceptual variability of pain across species
Authors: Hu L. , Iannetti G. D. 
Published: January 2019

SignificanceWhile several features of brain activity can be used to predict the variability of painful percepts within a given individual, it is much more difficult to predict pain variability across individuals. Here, we used electrophysiology to sample brain activity of humans and rodents, and demonstrated that laser-induced gamma oscillations sampled by central electrodes predict pain sensitivity across individuals both reliably and selectively: reliably, because they consistently predict between-subject pain intensity in both humans and rodents; selectively, because they do not track the between-subject reported intensity of nonpainful but equally salient auditory, visual, and nonnociceptive somatosensory stimuli. This discovery indicates that variability in an individual’s pain sensitivity is, at least partly, explained by variability in the amplitude of gamma oscillations of that individual.
Vaccine protection against SIVmac239 acquisition
Authors: Martins Mauricio A. , Bischof Georg F. , Shin Young C. , Lauer William A. , Gonzalez-Nieto Lucas , Watkins David I. , Rakasz Eva G. , Lifson Jeffrey D. , Desrosiers Ronald C. 
Published: January 2019

Significance
Given the extreme difficulty in developing an effective vaccine against HIV, monkey models are being used in an attempt to discover novel approaches that may result in protective immunity. The difficult-to-neutralize cloned virus strain SIVmac239 has proven notoriously refractory to a variety of vaccine approaches. Here we describe significant vaccine protection against SIVmac239 acquisition following intravenous challenge. Only live attenuated strains of SIV have previously provided such protection against SIVmac239 acquisition.