bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Under What Conditions Can Recursion Be Learned? Effects of Starting Small in Artificial Grammar Learning of Center‐Embedded Structure
Authors: Poletiek Fenna H. , Conway Christopher M. , Ellefson Michelle R. , Lai Jun , Bocanegra Bruno R. , Christiansen Morten H. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractIt has been suggested that external and/or internal limitations paradoxically may lead to superior learning, that is, the concepts of starting small and less is more (Elman, ; Newport, ). In this paper, we explore the type of incremental ordering during training that might help learning, and what mechanism explains this facilitation. We report four artificial grammar learning experiments with human participants. In Experiments 1a and 1b we found a beneficial effect of starting small using two types of simple recursive grammars: right‐branching and center‐embedding, with recursive embedded clauses in fixed positions and fixed length. This effect was replicated in Experiment 2 (N = 100). In Experiment 3 and 4, we used a more complex center‐embedded grammar with recursive loops in variable positions, producing strings of variable length. When participants were presented an incremental ordering of training stimuli, as in natural language, they were better able to generalize their knowledge of simple units to more complex units when the training input “grew” according to structural complexity, compared to when it “grew” according to string length. Overall, the results suggest that starting small confers an advantage for learning complex center‐embedded structures when the input is organized according to structural complexity.
Ethnic variations in the risk of hypoglycaemia among people with Type 2 diabetes prescribed insulins and/or sulfonylureas: a historical cohort study using general practice‐recorded data
Authors: Malawana M. , Hutchings A. , Mathur R. , Robson J. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractAimTo identify ethnic differences in hypoglycaemic risk among people with Type 2 diabetes prescribed insulins and/or sulfonylureas in community settings.MethodsUsing routine general practice‐recorded data, two cohorts of adults with Type 2 diabetes from east London were studied between January 2013 and December 2015: (1) adults prescribed insulins ± other antidiabetes medications (n=7269) and (2) adults prescribed sulfonylureas ± other antidiabetes medications excluding insulins (n=12 502). Incidence rate ratios of hypoglycaemia by ethnicity, adjusting for age, sex, socio‐economic status and clustering within Clinical Commissioning Groups, were estimated using random effects Poisson regression.ResultsCompared with white British people prescribed insulins, those of black Caribbean ethnicity were at increased hypoglycaemic risk [adjusted incidence rate ratio 1.56 (95% CI 1.21,2.01)], while Bangladeshi people had a lower risk [adjusted incidence rate ratio 0.49 (95% CI, 0.38,0.64)]. In the sulfonylurea cohort, black Caribbean, black African and Indian people all had increased risks of hypoglycaemia compared with white British people [adjusted incidence rate ratios 1.63 (95% CI 1.15,2.29), 1.90 (95% CI 1.32,2.75) and 1.93 (95% CI 1.39,2.69), respectively].ConclusionThe differences in hypoglycaemic risk among people with Type 2 diabetes prescribed insulin and/or sulfonylureas warrant further investigation of any differing biological responses and/or cultural attitudes to antidiabetes therapy among ethnic groups, and should be considered by clinicians evaluating the treatment goals of people with Type 2 diabetes using insulins or sulfonylureas.
Accounting for success and failure in policy implementation: The role of commitment in India's MGNREGA
Authors: Chopra Deepta 
Published: September 2018

AbstractCommitment or political will is often notable by its absence. While lack of commitment is a key factor in policy failure, it has been challenging to identify and operationalize how commitment can shape successful implementation. This article applies Brinkerhoff's (2000) framework of expressions of commitment to explain how commitment of policy elites shape policy implementation processes. Evidence for five characteristics of commitment traces these expressions from two types of policy elites — politicians and bureaucrats. Primary data from four Indian states were used—Chhatisgarh, Assam, Bihar and Andhra Pradesh—to examine the case of the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Act (MGNREGA). The data were collected through interviews with state‐level elites, supplemented by secondary data on the political economy of these states. In explaining how successes and failures of the MGNREGA are attributable to the commitment of these actors, the article considers the politics of policy implementation. It argues that commitment is critical at the sub‐national level in India, and explains the different outcomes of MGNREGA in the four states. The article considers how to strengthen policy implementation, and demonstrates that this can be done through capitalizing on positive feedback loops between different strands of commitment, as well as between commitment of administrative elites and political party leaders. The paper concludes that commitment and capacity feed off each other, improving implementation of social policies.
Sensitivity of direct metal laser sintering Maraging steel fatigue strength to build orientation and allowance for machining
Authors: Croccolo Dario , De Agostinis Massimiliano , Fini Stefano , Olmi Giorgio , Robusto Francesco , Ćirić‐Kostić Snežana , Morača Slobodan , Bogojević Nebojša 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThis work deals with the effect of build orientation and of allowance for machining on DMLS‐produced Maraging Steel MS1. The experimental results, arranged by tools of Design of Experiment, have been statistically processed and compared. The outcomes were that, probably due to effect of the thermal treatment, machining, and material properties, the aforementioned factors do not have a significant impact on the fatigue response. This made it possible to work out a global curve that accounts for all the results, consisting in a high amount of data points. This can be regarded as one of the most complete and reliable fatigue models in the current literature. Fractographic and micrographic studies have been performed as well, to individuate the crack initiation points, usually located at subsurface porosities, and to investigate the location of internal inclusions and the actual martensitic microstructure along the stacking direction and on the build plane.
The Sirius Passet Lagerstätte of North Greenland—A geochemical window on early Cambrian low‐oxygen environments and ecosystems
Authors: Hammarlund Emma U. , Smith M. Paul , Rasmussen Jan A. , Nielsen Arne T. , Canfield Donald E. , Harper David A. T. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe early Cambrian Sirius Passet fauna of northernmost Greenland (Cambrian Series 2, Stage 3) contains exceptionally preserved soft tissues that provide an important window to early animal evolution, while the surrounding sediment holds critical data on the palaeodepositional water‐column chemistry. The present study combines palaeontological data with a multiproxy geochemical approach based on samples collected in situ at high stratigraphic resolution from Sirius Passet. After careful consideration of chemical alterations during burial, our results demonstrate that fossil preservation and biodiversity show significant correlation with iron enrichments (FeHR/FeT), trace metal behaviour (V/Al), and changes in nitrogen cycling (δ15N). These data, together with Mo/Al and the preservation of organic carbon (TOC), are consistent with a water column that was transiently low in oxygen concentration, or even intermittently anoxic. When compared with the biogeochemical characteristics of modern oxygen minimum zones (OMZs), geochemical and palaeontological data collectively suggest that oxygen concentrations as low as 0.2–0.4 ml/L restricted bioturbation but not the development of a largely nektobenthic community of predators and scavengers. We envisage for the Sirius Passet biota a depositional setting where anoxic water column conditions developed and passed over the depositional site, possibly in association with sea‐level change, and where this early Cambrian biota was established in conditions with very low oxygen.
Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial disease: 2014–2018 update
Authors: Rosain Jérémie , Kong Xiao‐Fei , Martinez‐Barricarte Ruben , Oleaga‐Quintas Carmen , Ramirez‐Alejo Noé , Markle Janet , Okada Satoshi , Boisson‐Dupuis Stéphanie , Casanova Jean‐Laurent , Bustamante Jacinta 
Published: September 2018

AbstractMendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial disease (MSMD) is caused by inborn errors of IFN‐γ immunity. Since 1996, disease‐causing mutations have been found in 11 genes, which, through allelic heterogeneity, underlie 21 different genetic disorders. We briefly review here progress in the study of molecular, cellular and clinical aspects of MSMD since the last comprehensive review published in 2014. Highlights include the discoveries of (1) a new genetic etiology, autosomal recessive signal peptide peptidase‐like 2 A deficiency, (2) TYK2‐deficient patients with a clinical phenotype of MSMD, (3) an allelic form of partial recessive IFN‐γR2 deficiency, and (4) two forms of syndromic MSMD: RORγ/RORγT and JAK1 deficiencies. These recent findings illustrate how genetic and immunological studies of MSMD can shed a unique light onto the mechanisms of protective immunity to mycobacteria in humans.
Joining the crowd: The career anchors of information technology workers participating in crowdsourcing
Authors: Taylor Joseph , Joshi K.D. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractAs technology platforms and online communities evolve, the nature of the relationship between workers and firms is changing. Crowdsourcing is an emerging phenomenon that exemplifies the changing relationship between workers and firms. Although significant research has been conducted on worker motivation within the traditional firm‐worker relationship, relatively little work has examined motivation in crowdsourcing engagements. This study utilizes the revealed causal mapping methodology to conduct an exploratory analysis of the motivations and career outcomes of technology workers based in the United States who participate in compensation‐based technology crowdsourcing platforms such as oDesk or Rent‐a‐coder. The findings reveal ways in which the career anchors of technology workers participating in crowdsourcing are evolving in the face of the emerging dynamics in the information technology (IT) employment marketplace
A qualitative evaluation of healthcare professionals’ perceptions of adverse events focusing on communication and teamwork in maternity care
Authors: Rönnerhag Maria , Severinsson Elisabeth , Haruna Megumi , Berggren Ingela 
Published: September 2018

AbstractAimThe aim of this study was to explore healthcare professionals’ (HCPs) perceptions of adverse events (AE) during childbirth with focus on communication and teamwork.BackgroundInadequate communication, a poor teamwork climate and insufficient team training are harmful to women. Reviews of reported AE can be used to develop a safety culture based on preparedness for preventing AE and strengthening patient safety (PS).DesignAction research principles were used to facilitate the implementation and evaluation of this study.MethodsAn interprofessional team of HCPs comprising obstetricians, registered midwives and assistant nurses employed at a labour ward agreed to take part. Data were collected from multistage focus group interviews (March 2016–June 2016) and analysed by means of interpretative thematic analysis.FindingsTwo analytical themes based on five sub‐themes emerged; promoting interprofessional teamwork and building capabilities by involving HCPs and elucidating relevant strategies. The findings reveal the importance of facilitating relationships based on trust and respectful communication to ensure a safe environment and provide safe maternity care.ConclusionThere is a need for formal and informal support for quality interprofessional teamwork. Research on PS may reduce AE related to miscommunication and poor teamwork. We recommend different forms of communication and teamwork training in interprofessional teams to increase the ability to provide feedback. Accumulated research is required for the evaluation of evidence‐based models in the PS context.
Supporting people with intellectual disabilities in psychological therapies for depression: A qualitative analysis of supporters’ experiences
Authors: Scott Katie , Hatton Chris , Knight Rosie , Singer Kevanne , Knowles Dawn , Dagnan Dave , Hastings Richard P. , Appleton Kim , Cooper Sally‐Ann , Melville Craig , Jones Rob , Williams Chris , Jahoda Andrew 
Published: September 2018

AbstractBackgroundClinicians recommend including carers or others in a supporting role in the therapy as an important adaptation of psychological therapies for people with intellectual disabilities. This nested qualitative study from a larger trial explored supporters’ experiences of supporting people with intellectual disabilities receiving behavioural activation or guided self‐help therapies for depression.MethodTwenty‐one purposively sampled supporters were interviewed. The semi‐structured interviews were subject to framework analysis, covering expectations of therapy, views of therapy sessions, relationships with therapist and participant, and perceived changes.ResultsSupporters were positive about both therapies and reported both therapy‐specific and nonspecific therapeutic factors that had significant positive impacts on people's lives. Most supporters reported their involvement contributed to the interventions’ effectiveness, and helped establish closer relationships to the people they were supporting.ConclusionsThe presence of supporters within psychological therapies for people with intellectual disabilities can be an effective adaptation to therapies for this population.
Using 3D printing technology with experiential learning strategies to improve preengineering students' comprehension of abstract scientific concepts and hands‐on ability
Authors: Hsiao Hsien‐Sheng , Chen Jyun‐Chen , Lin Chien‐Yu , Zhuo Pei‐Wen , Lin Kuen‐Yi 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThis study combined 3D printing technology with experiential learning strategies (ELS) to design a hands‐on curriculum for preengineering students. The participants learned interdisciplinary knowledge and abstract scientific concepts through the curriculum. The study implemented a quasi‐experimental design to examine whether the students who learned using the 3D printing technology with ELS demonstrated better learning performances regarding the comprehension of abstract scientific concepts and hands‐on ability. This study selected 184 10th‐grade students from five classes, which were divided into three groups. The experimental process was conducted over a period of 11 weeks (for a total duration of 960 min). It was found that all of the preengineering students improved their comprehension of abstract scientific concepts. The students who learned using the 3D printing technology understood abstract scientific concepts better than those who learned using the traditional hands‐on tools, and the students who learned using the 3D printing technology with ELS demonstrated better hands‐on ability than the other two groups. Using 3D printing technology with ELS resulted in significant positive effects on the participants' handmade processes, in which the students reinforced the connection between knowledge and handmade products, resulting in better comprehension of abstract scientific concepts and hands‐on ability.
Collateral Constraints and the Law of One Price: An Experiment
Authors: CIPRIANI MARCO , FOSTEL ANA , HOUSER DANIEL 
Published: September 2018

ABSTRACTWe test the asset pricing implications of collateralized borrowing (that is, of using assets as collateral to borrow money) in the laboratory. To this purpose, we develop a general equilibrium model with collateral constraints amenable to laboratory implementation and gather experimental data. In the laboratory, assets that can be leveraged fetch higher prices than assets that cannot, even though assets' payoffs are identical in all states of the world. Collateral value, therefore, creates deviations from the Law of One Price. The spread between collateralizeable and noncollateralizeable assets is significant and quantitatively close to theoretical predictions.
The effects of supplemental threonine on performance, carcass characteristics, immune response and gut health of broilers in subtropics during pre‐starter and starter period
Authors: Debnath Bikas C. , Biswas Purnendu , Roy Barun 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThree hundred thirty‐day‐old unsexed commercial broiler chicks (Vencobb‐400) with initial average body weight of 44.04 ± 0.42 g were allocated into five experimental groups, in a completely randomized design (CRD) with 21‐day experiment. Groups were formed according to dose of supplemental L‐threonine in various rations i.e., 100% NRC specification, 100% threonine of Vencobb‐400 strain specification, 110% threonine of Vencobb‐400 strain specification, 120% of threonine of Vencobb‐400 strain specification and 130% threonine of Vencobb‐400 strain specification. Average daily feed intake (ADFI), average daily body weight gain (ADG), cumulative feed conversion ratio (CFCR), carcass characteristics, immune response, intestinal morphometry and biochemical profile were studied. The ADFI and ADG increased linearly and quadratically as dietary threonine levels were increased. However, the CFCR did not differ (p ˃ 0.05) among the groups. Though the carcass weight and drumstick yield did not differ (p ˃ 0.05) among the groups, the relative breast yield increased linearly (p = 0.007). The relative dressing yield and relative thigh weight increased linearly (p = 0.05 and p = 0.03, respectively). The relative weight of immune organs like bursa and thymus increased linearly. The mean total serum immunoglobulin, ND‐ELISA titre and the mean lymphocyte proliferation response index increased linearly, whereas mean phagocytic activity index of neutrophil increased linearly (p < 0.001) and quadratically (p = 0.001). The mean villus height (VH), crypt depth (CD), villus surface area and mean goblet cell number/villus increased linearly and quadratically, whereas the villus width (VW) and goblet cell density increased quadratically. The serum glucose increased linearly (p = 0.001), whereas serum total protein concentration and serum globulin level increased both linearly and quadratically. The albumin: globulin ratio tended to decrease linearly. There was a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in serum cholesterol and VLDL cholesterol level. However, a linear increment (p = 0.04) in the blood serum HDL cholesterol level with a linear reduction (p = 0.01) in the blood serum LDL cholesterol was noticed.
PAP treatment in patients with OSA does not induce long‐term nasal obstruction
Authors: Värendh Maria , Andersson Morgan , Björnsdóttir Erla , Arnardóttir Erna S. , Gislason Thorarinn , Pack Allan I. , Hrubos‐Strøm Harald , Johannisson Arne , Juliusson Sigurdur 
Published: September 2018

AbstractWe hypothesized that positive airway pressure treatment would induce nasal obstruction and decrease nasal cavity due to mucosal swelling. We further hypothesized that subjective and objective nasal obstruction at baseline would negatively affect positive airway pressure adherence. A total of 728 patients with sleep apnea were investigated in the Icelandic Sleep Apnea Cohort at baseline and 2 years after starting positive airway pressure. Patients underwent home sleep apnea testing at baseline. Questionnaires were answered and acoustic rhinometry was completed at baseline and follow‐up. The proportion of patients reporting subjective nocturnal nasal obstruction was reduced (baseline: 35% versus follow‐up: 24%; p < 0.001). Small interior nasal dimensions increased (p < 0.001) independent of adherence to treatment. Small nasal volume at baseline was a determinant for becoming a non‐user of positive airway pressure treatment (odds ratio 2.22, confidence interval 95% 1.35–3.67, p = 0.002). Subjective nasal obstruction decreased 2 years after initiating positive airway treatment in sleep apnea, and objectively small nasal dimensions increased. Small nasal volume at baseline was a negative predictor for positive airway pressure treatment adherence. Maybe most importantly, positive airway pressure treatment did not cause long‐term objective or subjective nasal obstruction.
Effectiveness and safety of elbasvir/grazoprevir therapy in patients with chronic HCV infection: Results from the Spanish HEPA‐C real‐world cohort
Authors: Hernández‐Conde Marta , Fernández Inmaculada , Perelló Christie , Gallego Adolfo , Bonacci Martin , Pascasio Juan M. , Romero‐Gómez Manuel , Llerena Susana , Fernández‐Rodríguez Conrado , Castro Urda José L. , García Buey Luisa , Carmona Isabel , Morillas Rosa M. , García Nuria Domínguez , Gea Francisco , Carrión José A. , Castellote Jose , Moreno‐Planas Jose M. , Piqueras Alcol Belén , Molina Esther , Diago Moises , Montoliu Silvia , de la Vega Juan , Menéndez Fernando , Sánchez Ruano Juan J. , García‐Samaniego Javier , Rosales‐Zabal Jose M. , Anton María D. , Badia Ester , Souto‐Rodríguez Raquel , Salmeron Francisco J. , Fernández‐Bermejo Miguel , Figueruela Blanca , Moreno‐Palomares Jose J. , Calleja Jose L. 
Published: September 2018

SummaryIn randomized controlled trials of patients with chronic HCV infection, elbasvir/grazoprevir (EBR/GZR) demonstrated high cure rates and a good safety profile. This study assessed the effectiveness and safety of EBR/GZR, with and without ribavirin, in a real‐world HCV patient cohort. HEPA‐C is a collaborative, monitored national registry of HCV patients directed by the Spanish Association for the Study of the Liver and the Networked Biomedical Research Centre for Hepatic and Digestive Diseases. Patients entered into HEPA‐C between December 2016 and May 2017, and treated with EBR/GZR with at least end‐of‐treatment response data, were included. Demographic, clinical and virologic data were analysed, and adverse events (AEs) recorded. A total of 804 patients were included in the study. The majority were male (57.9%), with a mean age of 60 (range, 19‐92) years. Genotype (GT) distribution was GT 1, 86.8% (1a, 14.3%; 1b, 72.5%); GT 4, 13.2% and 176 patients (21.9%) were cirrhotic. Overall, among 588 patients with available data, 570 (96.9%) achieved sustained virologic response at 12 weeks post‐treatment (SVR12). SVR12 rates by genotype were GT 1a, 97.7%; GT 1b, 98.6%; and GT 4, 98.1%. No significant differences in SVR12 according to fibrosis stage were observed. Eighty patients experienced an AE, resulting in treatment discontinuation in three. In this large cohort of patients with chronic HCV managed in a real‐world setting in Spain, EBR/GZR achieved high rates of SVR12, comparable to those observed in randomized controlled trials, with a similarly good safety profile.