bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Method and Apparatus for the Automated Delivery of Continuous Neural Stem Cell Trails Into the Spinal Cord of Small and Large Animals
Authors: Kutikov Artem B , Moore Simon W , Layer Richard T , Podell Pamela E , Sridhar Nithya , Santamaria Andrea J , Aimetti Alex A , Hofstetter Christoph P , Ulich Thomas R , Guest James D 
Published: July 2018

Abstract

Background
Immature neurons can extend processes after transplantation in adult animals. Neuronal relays can form between injected neural stem cells (NSCs) and surviving neurons, possibly improving recovery after spinal cord injury (SCI). Cell delivery methods of single or multiple bolus injections of concentrated cell suspensions thus far tested in preclinical and clinical experiments are suboptimal for new tract formation. Nonuniform injectate dispersal is often seen due to gravitational cell settling and clumping. Multiple injections have additive risks of hemorrhage, parenchymal damage, and cellular reflux and require additional surgical exposure. The deposition of multiply delivered cells boluses may be uneven and discontinuous.

Objective
To develop an injection apparatus and methodology to deliver continuous cellular trails bridging spinal cord lesions.

Methods
We improved the uniformity of cellular trails by formulating NSCs in hyaluronic acid. The TrailmakerTM stereotaxic injection device was automatized to extend a shape memory needle from a single-entry point in the spinal cord longitudinal axis to “pioneer” a new trail space and then retract while depositing an hyaluronic acid-NSC suspension. We conducted testing in a collagen spinal models, and animal testing using human NSCs (hNSCs) in rats and minipigs.

Results
Continuous surviving trails of hNSCs within rat and minipig naive spinal cords were 12 and 40 mm in length. hNSC trails were delivered across semi-acute contusion injuries in rats. Transplanted hNSCs survived and were able to differentiate into neural lineage cells and astrocytes.

CONCLUSION
The TrailmakerTM creates longitudinal cellular trails spanning multiple levels from a single-entry point. This may enhance the ability of therapeutics to promote functional relays after SCI.
Introduction
Authors: Inclán María 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThis chapter introduces the main argument of the book, namely that democratic transitions bring about opportunities for insurgent social movements to mobilize, succeed, and survive, but these opportunities do not necessarily follow each other progressively. A democratization process might open up opportunities to launch a cycle of protests, and the movement’s great mobilization capacity might create opportunities for it to survive. However, these openings might not be enough to reach significant concessions. Opportunities for success depend on whether negotiations with insurgents are included in democratizing pacts among political elites. To illustrate these arguments, the chapter provides an account of the development of the Zapatista movement from its public emergence in 1994 through 2003. This time frame contextualizes the movement within Mexico’s democratic transition. The chapter closes with an overview of the organization of the book.
Opportunities for Success
Authors: Inclán María 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThis chapter first identifies democratization processes in which insurgents have successfully achieved their goals. It then compares those scenarios to one in which insurgents failed to better distinguish the conditions that might work as opportunities for them to succeed. These conditions are (1) being able to negotiate directly with the authorities, (2) having their interests included within democratizing pacts, and (3) counting with allies among elite actors negotiating peace and democratizing reforms. By applying these expectations to the case of the Zapatista movement, the chapter argues that when peace negotiations between insurgents and authorities occur separately from democratizing pacts among political elites, concessions to insurgent interests can be limited. Although insurgents might have allies in power and among those negotiating the new, more democratic order, if they are excluded from democratizing negotiations, their demands can easily be ignored.
Opportunities for Survival
Authors: Inclán María 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThis chapter reviews the assumptions that the literature makes about the role that mobilizing networks and discourse framing play in sustaining and achieving a social movement’s objectives. It compares these assumptions to the development of the Zapatista movement. Using illustrations from Zapatismo, the chapter shows how despite lacking opportunities for success, mobilizing opportunities can be enough for a movement to construct a transnational solidarity network of support to maintain its campaign. In doing so, it also highlights the long-term effects of transnational organizations in shaping a local movement’s discourse through time, which in turn may contribute to the movement’s survival. The ability of the movement to reframe its discourse also enables it to adapt to changing national and international political environments.
Many Waters Cannot Quench Love
Authors: Larsen Timothy 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
At this point, Mill meets the great, passionate partner of his life, Harriet Taylor. This chapter endeavours to explain the complex relationship and way of life that they created for themselves during the lifetime of her first husband, John Taylor. The choice of celibacy is investigated. Even for freethinkers, chaste affairs were often pursued in this time period and milieu, including by people close to Mill such as W. J. Fox (with Eliza Flower) and Auguste Comte (with Clotilde de Vaux). This chapter also reveals the way that Harriet became a kind of substitute deity and religion for Mill. He frequently applied religious language to her, including deeming her judgement to be ‘perfect’ and ‘infallible’. With Harriet, Mill’s devotional sense finally found an outlet.
Spiritually Minded
Authors: Larsen Timothy 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
This chapter discusses Mill’s Examination of Sir William Hamilton’s Philosophy (1865) which was primarily an attack on intuitionism. It also engages with a theological controversy in which F. D. Maurice attacked H. L. Mansel, the author of The Limits of Religious Thought. Mill joined the attack on Mansel, becoming a champion of the goodness of God. Finally, this chapter examines Mill’s interest in Auguste Comte’s Religion of Humanity as a non-dogmatic alternative to traditional religion. Tellingly, ‘spiritual’ and ‘religion’ were positive words in Mill’s lexicon—they generally spoke of things that were good and needed to be retained. He assumed that the goal was to purify religion, not to eliminate it.
The Hope That is in You
Authors: Larsen Timothy 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
The focus of this chapter is on the posthumously published Three Essays on Religion: ‘Nature’, ‘Utility of Religion’, and ‘Theism’. The contents of all three are presented, including Mill’s addressing the problem of evil by denying divine omnipotence while affirming the goodness of God, his probabilist theism, his case for reasonable hope, and for the divine mission of Jesus Christ. There is also a discussion of Mill’s affinity with the Broad Church and liberal Anglicanism. Finally, there is a presentation of the negative reaction to ‘Theism’ by disciples of Mill who were religious unbelievers such as Alexander Bain and John Morley.
The Night Cometh When no Man can Work
Authors: Larsen Timothy 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
This chapter covers Mill’s final years and death. Despite wanting to live a quiet, retiring life, he was a celebrity whose private letters increasingly found their way into print, to his great annoyance. It presents his life at Avignon, including his friendship with the Reverend Louis Rey, and his annual donations to the Protestant church there. A particular stress is laid on Mill’s lifelong, Christian-inflected sense of vocation, duty, and calling. His relationship to the Bible is also explored, including his views on the correct method of scriptural interpretation. Finally, it gives an account of his deathbed, funeral, and tomb, including the successful effort by Abraham Hayward to prevent his being buried in Westminster Abbey.
Structural Correlations of Multiplex Networks
Authors: Bianconi Ginestra 
Published: July 2018

AbstractMultiplex networks encode relevant information in their correlated structure, including interlayer degree correlation, link overlap, weight–topology correlations in weighted multiplex networks and activity of the nodes. Interlayer degree correlations among a pair of layers indicates for instance whether or not the hub nodes of one layer are also hub nodes in the other. Link overlap indicates that a finite fraction of nodes are connected in more than one layer. Weight–topology correlations of weighted complex networks reveal that the weight of the links is not random, but often correlated with the link overlap. Finally, the nodes of a multiplex network might be connected only in a subset of the network, leading to a heterogeneity node activity. This chapter identifies the main multiplex network measures for characterizing these correlations, and evaluates their significance using statistical and information theory methods and novel multiplex network measures, including multilinks and multidegrees.
Communities
Authors: Bianconi Ginestra 
Published: July 2018

AbstractMultilayer networks have a mesoscale structure organized in multilayer communities, spanning different layers and often revealing important functional properties of the network. In this chapter the major techniques proposed for detecting and characterizing the multilayer communities are described, including: generalized modularity, consensus clustering, multilayer infomaps, multilink communities, tensorial decomposition, Normalized Mutual Information, theta indicators. The main benefits and limitations of these approaches are discussed and revealed by analysing the results obtained on real datasets coming from sociology, technology, molecular biology and brain networks. Additionally, techniques for layer aggregation and disaggregation are here discussed. These methods are compared and commented in order to provide a general perspective on the subject.
Interdependent Multilayer Networks
Authors: Bianconi Ginestra 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThis chapter characterizes interdependent multilayer networks and their increased fragility. Interdependent networks are stylized models that can represent different complex systems, ranging from global infrastructures to molecular networks in the cell. When a fraction of nodes is initially damaged, interdependent networks are affected by dramatic cascades of failures that suddenly dismantle the multilayer network. The theory beyond this phenomenology is discussed in a pedagogical way by characterizing the percolation, discontinuous and hybrid transitions. The interplay between structure and function is studied in this context by considering multiplex networks without and with link overlap, and the effect of built-in correlations in the multilayer network structure. Finally, partial interdependencies and redundant interdependencies are discussed as major strategies to reduce the fragility of interdependent networks.
Opinion Dynamics and Game Theory
Authors: Bianconi Ginestra 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
This chapter is devoted to opinion dynamics and game theory on multilayer networks. Since in social systems multilayer networks are the rule, it is particularly relevant to extend the modelling opinion dynamics to the multilayer network scenario. This chapter focuses in particular on the Voter Model, its variants, the Co-evolving Voter Model and models of competing networks, including election models showing that multiplexity has a major role in determining opinion dynamics. In particular, opinion dynamics on multilayer networks is not reducible to opinion dynamics on single layer networks. Finally, the rich interplay between structure and function in multilayer networks is discussed in the framework of game theory.
‘Nature Concocts and Expels’
Authors: Newton Hannah 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
This chapter investigates the first stage of recovery in early modern perceptions, the removal of disease. It shows that three agents were responsible for ousting illness: God, Nature, and the physician. While scholars are familiar with the first and last of these forces, the vital agency of ‘Nature’, the divinely endowed ‘intrinsic agent’ of the body, has been largely overlooked. Personified both as a hardworking housewife and a warrior queen, Nature removed disease through processes that resembled cooking/cleaning and fighting, the ‘concoction’ and ‘expulsion’ of the humours. Particular attention is paid to the complex power–gender dynamic between female Nature and the male doctor: in theory, the physician was ‘Nature’s servant’, but in practice, he often became her commander, a situation which illuminates wider cultural attitudes to womankind. To demonstrate the prevalence of belief in Nature’s healing role, Galenic ideas are compared with those of the Flemish physician J. B. van Helmont.
‘She Sleeps Well and Eats an Egg’
Authors: Newton Hannah 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
Serious illness often left the body weak and lean, full of the ‘footsteps of disease’; it wasn’t until full strength and flesh had returned that the patient was pronounced back to health. This chapter explores the second stage of recovery in contemporary perceptions, the restoration of strength, or ‘convalescence’. It asks how the patient’s growing strength was measured and promoted, and unveils a concept of convalescent care, ‘analeptics’. The central argument is that both the mechanisms and the measures for the restoration of strength were intimately connected to the ‘non-natural things’, six dietary and life-style factors. The opening sections explain why the body was weak after illness, and categorize the convalescent within contemporary schemes of health. The rest of the chapter is structured around the signs of increasing strength, each of which was associated with a particular non-natural: ‘the final purge’, ‘sleeping through the night’, ‘feeling hungry’, ‘growing cheerful’, and ‘sitting up to going abroad’.
‘O, How Sweet is Ease!’
Authors: Newton Hannah 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
This is the first of four chapters devoted to the personal experience of recovery. It explores patients’ responses to the abatement of bodily suffering, investigating the transition from ‘feeling ill’ to ‘feeling better’. Focusing on the decline of pain, nausea, and sleeplessness—three of the most ubiquitous forms of suffering in accounts of illness—it is shown that feeling better was a double joy for patients, of their bodies and souls: they found that physical suffering produced distressing emotions, and the eventual ease brought rejoicing. The second half of the chapter turns to the reactions of relatives and friends, proposing that they shared the experience of the patient, a phenomenon known as ‘fellow-feeling’. Taking a new, sensory approach, it was chiefly through the ears and eyes that loved ones came to share patients’ suffering and eventual relief. The patient’s ‘doleful Groans’ and ‘sad Looks’ were replaced by joyful laughter and singing.
Reconceptualizing the Organism
Authors: Nicholson Daniel J. 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
This chapter draws on insights from non-equilibrium thermodynamics to demonstrate the ontological inadequacy of the machine conception of the organism. The thermodynamic character of living systems underlies the importance of metabolism and calls for the adoption of a processual view, exemplified by the Heraclitean metaphor of the stream of life. This alternative conception is explored in its various historical formulations, and the extent to which it captures the nature of living systems is examined. Next, the chapter considers the metaphysical implications of reconceptualizing the organism from complex machine to flowing stream. What do we learn when we reject the mechanical and embrace the processual? Three key lessons for biological ontology are identified. The first is that activity is a necessary condition for existence. The second is that persistence is grounded in the continuous self-maintenance of form. And the third is that order does not entail design.
From Organizations of Processes to Organisms and Other Biological Individuals
Authors: Arnellos Argyris 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
The emphasis on the collaborative dimension of life overlooks the importance of biological individuals (conceived of as integrated, self-maintaining organizations) in the build-up of more complex collaborative networks in the course of evolution. This chapter proposes a process-based organizational ontology for biology, according to which the essential features of unicellular organismicality are captured by a self-maintaining organization of processes integrated by means of a special type of collaboration (realized through regulatory processes entailing an indispensable interdependence) between its constitutive and its interactive aspects. This ontology is then used to describe different types of collaborations among cells and to suggest the type that yields a multicellular organism. The proposed organizational framework enables us to critically assess hypercollaborative views of life, especially issues related to the distinction between biological individuals and organisms and between life and non-life, without however underestimating the central biological role of collaboration.
A Processual Perspective on Cancer
Authors: Bertolaso Marta , Dupré John 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
This chapter attempts to illuminate the dynamic stability of the organism and the robustness of its developmental pathway by considering the biology of cancer. Healthy development and stable functioning of a multicellular organism require an exquisitely regulated balance between processes of cell division, differentiation, and death (apoptosis). Cancer involves a disruption of this balance, which results in unregulated cell proliferation. The thesis defended in this chapter is that the coupling between proliferation and differentiation, whether normal or pathological (as in cancer), is best understood within a process-ontological framework. This framework emphasizes the interactions and mutual stabilizations between processes at different levels and this, in turn, explains the difficulty in allocating the neoplastic process to any particular level (genetic, epigenetic, cellular, or histological). Understanding these interactions is likely to be a precondition of a proper understanding of how these mutual regulations are disrupted in the processes we call cancerous.
Mining, Political Settlements, and Inclusive Development in Peru
Authors: Bebbington Anthony , Abdulai Abdul-Gafaru , Bebbington Denise Humphreys , Hinfelaar Marja , Sanborn Cynthia A. , Achberger Jessica , Huber Celina Grisi , Hurtado Verónica , Ramírez Tania , Odell Scott D. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThis chapter examines how political factors have influenced mineral extraction, governance, and development in Peru since the late nineteenth century. It argues that the legacies of the past have weighed heavily in contemporary governance, but also points to periods in which shifting political alliances and agency aimed to alter past legacies and introduce positive institutional change. The chapter identifies three periods with distinct and relatively stable arrangements for the distribution of power. For the most recent, post-2000 period, it discusses how government responses to social conflict included the creation of institutions to redistribute mining rents, regulate environmental impacts, and promote indigenous participation. However, it argues that political instability and fragmentation have inhibited the effectiveness of these institutions and of longer-term policymaking in general, which in turn explains Peru’s persistent reliance on natural resource extraction and the challenges to more inclusive and sustainable development.
Systematic Review: What Is the Evidence for the Side-Lying Position for Feeding Preterm Infants?
Authors: Park Jinhee , Pados Britt Frisk , Thoyre Suzanne M. 
Published: July 2018

Background:
Side-lying position is an increasingly common feeding strategy used by parents, nurses, and feeding therapists to support oral feeding in preterm infants. Better understanding of the research evidence on the effect of the side-lying position will help clinicians make informed decisions and guide future research in this important area.

Purpose:
To identify and summarize the available evidence on the effect of side-lying position on oral feeding outcomes in preterm infants.

Methods/Search Strategy:
PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science and PsycINFO were searched for (“preterm” OR “premature”) AND “feed*” AND “position*”. The full text of 47 articles was reviewed to identify eligible studies that use a quasi-experimental or experimental design to examine the intervention effectiveness; 4 studies met criteria.

Findings/Results:
Four studies compared the effect of the side-lying position with either the semi-upright, cradle-hold, or semi-reclined positions on various feeding outcomes. The findings were conflicting: 2 studies found the side-lying position to be beneficial for supporting physiologic stability during feeding compared with the semi-upright position whereas 2 studies did not find significant differences in any of their outcomes between the side-lying position and other feeding positions. However, this finding should be interpreted cautiously because of various methodological weaknesses and limited generalizability.

Implications for Practice:
This review does not provide strong or consistent evidence that the side-lying position improves preterm infants' oral feeding outcomes.

Implications for Research:
A large randomized controlled trial with a diverse group of preterm infants is needed to determine the effects of the side-lying position and identify infants who would receive the most benefit.

Video Abstract Available at
https://journals.lww.com/advancesinneonatalcare/Pages/videogallery.aspx.
Long-term (10 yr) MRI follow-up of paraspinal muscle quality after posterior fusion for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis
Authors: Faloon Michael , Widmann Roger F. , Blanco John S. , Cunningham Matthew E. , Rawlins Bernard A. , Green Daniel W. 
Published: July 2018

Background:
Posterior muscle-splitting approaches are the most commonly performed surgery for spinal fusion in those diagnosed with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). Although short-term postsurgical changes have been documented regarding the posterior paraspinal musculature, there is a paucity of studies regarding the long-term effects.

Methods:
Sixty-three consecutive patients with AIS were offered participation via mail invitation. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies were reviewed to analyze axial images at each level distal to the fusion mass. Symmetry, muscle quality, and fatty infiltration were graded according to the Goutallier classification of the iliocostalis, longissimus, and spinalis muscles.

Results:
Twenty patients were enrolled in this study with a mean age of 26 yr and a mean follow-up of 12 yr. These patients had a preoperative mean major curve of −55 degrees and a postoperative mean major curve of −25 degrees. The mean fusion length performed was approximately 11 levels. In total 49 levels were graded for change. Thirteen patients (65%) had no qualitative abnormalities across 34 levels (69.4%), and seven patients (35%) had abnormalities. Of those with abnormalities, five had unilateral greater than grade 2 right-sided changes and two had grade-4 changes in the spinalis muscle.

Conclusions:
The open posterior muscle splitting approach for spinal fusion demonstrates very little long-term qualitative fatty degeneration distal to the fusion mass on MRI. Future studies should focus on what patient-specific and surgery-specific factors may predispose someone to long-term damage to the paraspinal muscles after spinal fusion.