bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Reforestation of a Degraded Imperata Grassland on Dominant Flow Pathways and Streamflow Responses in Leyte, the Philippines
Authors: van Meerveld H. J. (Ilja) , Zhang Jun , Tripoli Roger , Bruijnzeel L. Adrian 
Published: April 2019

AbstractReforestation of degraded grasslands can increase the soil hydraulic conductivity and number of preferential flow pathways. However, it is not clear to what extent these changes affect streamflow responses and whether this depends on the event size. We, therefore, studied the hydrological response of two small catchments near Tacloban, Leyte (the Philippines): a degraded Imperata grassland catchment and a catchment that was reforested 23 years prior to our study. Precipitation, stream stage, and electrical conductivity were measured continuously from June to November 2013. Samples were taken from streamflow, precipitation, groundwater, and soil water for geochemical and stable isotope analyses. Streamflow and electrical conductivity changed rapidly during almost every event in the grassland catchment, but in the reforested catchment, these responses were much smaller and only occurred during large events. Streamflow was a mixture of groundwater and precipitation for both catchments, but the maximum event water contributions to streamflow were much larger for the degraded grassland than for the reforested catchment. The differences in the event water contributions and timing of the streamflow responses were observed across all event sizes, including a large tropical storm. Together with the low saturated hydraulic conductivity in the degraded catchment, these results suggest that overland flow occurred more frequently and was much more widespread in the degraded grassland than in the reforested catchment. We, therefore, conclude that reforestation of a degraded grassland can change the dominant flow pathways and restore the hydrological functioning if the forest soil is allowed to develop over a sufficiently long period.
Isotopic Characteristics of Neogene‐Quaternary Tephra From IODP Site U1438: A Record of Explosive Volcanic Activity in the Kyushu‐Ryukyu Arc
Authors: McCarthy Anders , Yogodzinski Gene , Tepley Frank J. , Bizimis Michael , Arculus Richard , Ishizuka Osamu 
Published: April 2019

AbstractInternational Ocean Discovery program (IODP) Site U1438 is located within the Amami‐Sankaku Basin, ~50 km SW of the Kyushu‐Palau Ridge and ~500 km SE of the present‐day volcanic front of the Kyushu‐Ryukyu arc. Thirty‐eight rhyolitic tephra layers (1–15 cm thick) deposited over the last 4 Myr were recovered at this site. Representative ash layers dominated by unaltered, colorless glass shards reaching 100–300 μm in size, in association with rare pyroxene, amphibole, biotite, and zircon, were sampled for isotopic analysis. The isotopic compositions of the tephra have a narrow range in 87Sr/86Sr (0.704 to 0.706), 206Pb/204Pb (18.32 to 18.46), 207Pb/204Pb (15.57 to 15.62), and 208Pb/204Pb (38.46 to 38.75) and are more variable in εNd (−3.5 to +4.8) and εHf (+2.0 to +13.3). This record indicates the tephra were not sourced from the Izu‐Bonin‐Mariana arc or from Central Japan but derived from felsic volcanism from the Kyushu‐Ryukyu arc. The 4.8‐km‐deep Amami‐Sankaku Basin was located up to 600–900 km from the Kyushu‐Ryukyu arc over the last 4 Ma, which is significantly more distal than other drill sites from which extensive tephra layers sourced from SW Japan have been recovered. Site U1438 tephra are thus likely related to widely distributed (M > 6) rhyolitic eruptions. We propose the unique tephra record and high‐precision isotope analysis of recovered tephra from Site U1438 can be used as an important marker to identify submerged calderas within the Ryukyu arc and/or constrain the history of activity (>1 Ma) of major calderas‐forming eruptions within the Kyushu‐Ryukyu arc.
Seasonal Evolution of Oceanic Upper Layer Processes in the Northern Bay of Bengal Following a Single Argo Float
Authors: Shee Abhijit , Sil Sourav , Gangopadhyay Avijit , Gawarkiewicz Glen , Ravichandran M. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractSeasonal evolution of the barrier layer (BL) and temperature inversion in the northern Bay of Bengal and their role on the mixed layer temperature (MLT) is examined using observations from a single Argo during December 2013 to July 2017. During fall, low salinity at surface generates BL in this region. It thickens to almost 80 m in winter enhanced by deepening of isothermal layer depth due to remote forcing. During winter, surface cooling lowers near‐surface temperature, and thus, the subsurface BL experiences a significant temperature inversion (~2.5 °C). This temperature inversion diffuses to distribute heat within ML and surface heating begins deep penetration of shortwave radiation through ML during spring. Hence, the ML becomes thermally well stratified, resulting in the warmest MLT. The Monin‐Obukhov length attains its highest value during summer indicating wind dominance in the ML. During spring and fall, upper ocean gains heat allowing buoyancy to dominate over wind mixing.
A Modeling Study of the Responses of Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere Winds to Geomagnetic Storms at Middle Latitudes
Authors: Li Jingyuan , Wang Wenbin , Lu Jianyong , Yue Jia , Burns Alan G. , Yuan Tao , Chen Xuetao , Dong Wenjun 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Electrodynamics General Circulation Model (TIMEGCM) simulations are diagnostically analyzed to investigate the causes of mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) wind changes at middle latitudes during the 17 April 2002 storm. In the early phase of the storm, middle‐latitude upper thermospheric wind changes are greater and occur earlier than MLT wind changes. The horizontal wind changes cause downward vertical wind changes, which are transmitted to the MLT region. Adiabatic heating and heat advection associated with downward vertical winds cause MLT temperature increases. The pressure gradient produced by these temperature changes and the Coriolis force then drive strong equatorward meridional wind changes at night, which expand toward lower latitudes. Momentum advection is minor. As the storm evolves, the enhanced MLT temperatures produce upward vertical winds. These upward winds then lead to a decreased temperature, which alters the MLT horizontal wind pattern and causes poleward wind disturbances at higher latitudes.
Magnetic Mineralogical Approach for the Exploration of Gas Hydrates in the Bay of Bengal
Authors: Badesab Firoz , Dewangan Pawan , Gaikwad Virsen , Kars Myriam , Kocherla Muralidhar , Krishna Kolluru S. , Sangode Satish J. , Deenadayalan Kannan , Kumar Pushpendra , Naikgaonkar Omkar , Ismaiel Mohammad , Khan Aarbaz 
Published: April 2019

AbstractWe evaluate the environmental magnetic, geochemical, and sedimentological records from three sediment cores from potential methane‐hydrate bearing sites to unravel linkages between sedimentation, shale tectonics, magnetite enrichment, diagenesis, and gas hydrate formation in the Krishna‐Godavari basin. Based on downcore rock magnetic variations, four sedimentary magnetic property zones (I–IV) are demarcated. A uniform band of enhanced magnetic susceptibility (zone III) appears to reflect a period of high‐sedimentation events in the Krishna‐Godavari basin. Highly pressurized sedimentary strata developed as a result of increased sedimentation that triggered the development of a fault system that provided conduits for upward methane migration to enter the gas hydrate stability zone, leading to the formation of gas hydrate deposits that potentially seal the fault system. Magnetic susceptibility fluctuations and the presence of iron sulfides in a magnetically enhanced zone suggest that fault system growth facilitated episodic methane venting from deeper sources that led to multiple methane seepage events. Pyrite formation along sediment fractures resulted in diagenetic depletion of magnetic signals and potentially indicates paleo sulfate‐methane transition zone positions. We demonstrate that a close correlation between magnetic susceptibility and chromium reducible sulfur concentration can be used as a proxy to constrain paleomethane seepage events. Our findings suggest that the interplay between higher sedimentation events and shale tectonism facilitated fluid/gas migration and trapping and the development of the gas hydrate system in the Krishna‐Godavari basin. The proposed magnetic mineralogical approach has wider scope to constrain the understanding of gas hydrate systems in marine sediments.
Simultaneous Estimation of Ocean Tides and Underwater Topography in the Weddell Sea
Authors: Zaron Edward D. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractA new model for the M2, S2, K1, and O1 tides in the Weddell Sea is developed by assimilating CryoSat‐2 data into a barotropic tide model. A variational approach is used, which explicitly allows for errors in the water depth, that is, the bottom topography in open water and the water column thickness under floating ice shelves, so that an optimized estimate of the topography is obtained together with the tidal fields. In preparation for assimilation, the sensitivity of the tidal elevation to the interfacial drag at the sea floor and the ice‐water interface (under the floating ice shelves) is investigated; this motivates the development of a new drag parameterization which is more accurate and physically plausible in comparison with the interfacial drag alone. The assimilation of CryoSat‐2 data into the model results in tidal elevations with essentially the same accuracy as previous estimates, which is demonstrated by comparisons with independent in situ data and withheld CryoSat‐2 data. The novelty of the present tidal estimates is that they are consistent with well‐defined dynamics based on the Laplace Tidal Equations—augmented with the new parameterization of drag—and modifications of the prior estimate of underwater topography and water column thickness. Analysis of the sensitivity to the topography finds that, at this level of precision, the topography is not uniquely determined by the observed data.
Heart sound signals can be used for emotion recognition
Authors: Xiefeng Cheng , Wang Yue , Dai Shicheng , Zhao Pengjun , Liu Qifa 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThis article studies whether heart sound signals can be used for emotion recognition. First, we built a small emotion heart sound database, and simultaneously recorded the participants’ ECG for comparative analysis. Second, according to the characteristics of the heart sound signals, two emotion evaluation indicators were proposed: HRV of heart sounds (difference between successive heartbeats) and DSV of heart sounds (the ratio of diastolic to systolic duration variability). Then, we extracted linear and nonlinear features from two emotion evaluation indicators to recognize four kinds of emotions. Moreover, we used valence dimension, arousal dimension and valence-arousal synthesis as evaluation standards. The experimental results demonstrated that heart sound signals can be used for emotion recognition. It was more effective to achieve recognition results by combining the features of HRV and DSV of heart sounds. Finally, the average accuracy of four emotion recognitions on valence dimension, arousal dimension and valence-arousal synthesis was up to 96.875%, 88.5417% and 81.25%, respectively.
Dissociated vacancies and screw dislocations in MgO and UO2: atomistic modeling and linear elasticity analysis
Authors: Liu Xiang-Yang , Martinez Enrique , Uberuaga Blas P. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractUnderstanding the effect of dislocations on the mass transport in ionic ceramics is important for understanding the behavior of these materials in a variety of contexts. In particular, the dissociated nature of vacancies at screw dislocations, or more generally, at a wide range of low-angle twist grain-boundaries, has ramifications for the mechanism of defect migration and thus mass transport at these microstructural features. In this paper, a systematic study of the dissociated vacancies at screw dislocations in MgO is carried out. The important role of stress migration in the atomistic modeling study is identified. Another aspect of the current work is a rigorous treatment of the linear elasticity model. As a result, good agreement between the atomistic modeling results and the linear elasticity model is obtained. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the proposed vacancy dissociation mechanism can also be extended to more complicated ionic ceramics such as UO2, highlighting the generality of the mechanism.
Temporal-order information can be maintained in non-conscious working memory
Authors: Trübutschek Darinka , Marti Sébastien , Dehaene Stanislas 
Published: April 2019

AbstractClassical theories hold conscious perception and working memory to be tightly interwoven. Recent work has challenged this assumption, demonstrating that information may be stored for several seconds without any subjective awareness. Does such non-conscious working memory possess the same functional properties as conscious working memory? Here, we probe whether non-conscious working memory can maintain multiple items and their temporal order. In a visual masking task with a delayed response, 38 participants were asked to retain the location and order of presentation of two sequentially flashed spatial positions, and retrieve both after a 2.5 second delay. Even when subjective visibility was nil, subjects’ objective forced-choice performance exceeded chance level and, crucially, distinct retrieval of the first and second location was observed on both conscious and non-conscious trials. Non-conscious working memory may therefore store two items in proper temporal order. These findings can be explained by recent models of activity-silent working memory.
Understanding the regulation of overwintering diapause molecular mechanisms in Culex pipiens pallens through comparative proteomics
Authors: Zhang Chongxing , Wei Dongdong , Shi Guihong , Huang Xiaoli , Cheng Peng , Liu Gongzhen , Guo Xiuxia , Liu Lijuan , Wang Huaiwei , Miao Feng , Gong Maoqing 
Published: April 2019

AbstractTo reveal overwintering dormancy (diapause) mechanisms of Culex pipiens pallens (L.), global protein expression differences at three separate time points represent nondiapause, diapause preparation and overwintering diapause phases of Cx. pipiens pallens were compared using iTRAQ. Cx. pipiens pallens females accumulate more lipid droplets during diapause preparation and overwintering diapause maintenance than during the nondiapause phase. A total of 1030 proteins were identified, among which 1020 were quantified and compared. Gene Ontology, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), Domain and Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COG) analyses revealed key groups of proteins, pathways and domains differentially regulated during diapause preparation and overwintering diapause maintenance phases in this mosquito, including major shifts in energy production and conversion, fatty acid metabolism, the citrate (TCA) cycle, and the cytoskeletal reorganization pathway. Our results provide novel insight into the molecular bases of diapause in mosquitoes and corroborate previously reported diapause-associated features in invertebrates. More interestingly, the phototransduction pathway exists in Cx. pipiens pallens, in particular, actin, rather than other proteins, appears to have substantial role in diapause regulation. In addition, the differential changes in calmodulin protein expression in each stage implicate its important regulatory role of the Cx. pipiens pallens biological clock. Finally, 24 proteins were selected for verification of differential expression using a parallel reaction monitoring strategy. The findings of this study provide a unique opportunity to explore the molecular modifications underlying diapause in mosquitoes and might therefore enable the future design and development of novel genetic tools for improving management strategies in mosquitoes.
Glucagon reduces airway hyperreactivity, inflammation, and remodeling induced by ovalbumin
Authors: Insuela Daniella B. R. , Azevedo Carolina T. , Coutinho Diego S. , Magalhães Nathalia S. , Ferrero Maximiliano R. , Ferreira Tatiana Paula T. , Cascabulho Cynthia M. , Henriques-Pons Andrea , Olsen Priscilla C. , Diaz Bruno L. , Silva Patricia M. R. , Cordeiro Renato S. B. , Martins Marco A. , Carvalho Vinicius F. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractGlucagon has been shown to be beneficial as a treatment for bronchospasm in asthmatics. Here, we investigate if glucagon would prevent airway hyperreactivity (AHR), lung inflammation, and remodeling in a murine model of asthma. Glucagon (10 and 100 µg/Kg, i.n.) significantly prevented AHR and eosinophilia in BAL and peribronchiolar region induced by ovalbumin (OVA) challenge, while only the dose of 100 µg/Kg of glucagon inhibited subepithelial fibrosis and T lymphocytes accumulation in BAL and lung. The inhibitory action of glucagon occurred in parallel with reduction of OVA-induced generation of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, TNF-α, eotaxin-1/CCL11, and eotaxin-2/CCL24 but not MDC/CCL22 and TARC/CCL17. The inhibitory effect of glucagon (100 µg/Kg, i.n.) on OVA-induced AHR and collagen deposition was reversed by pre-treatment with indomethacin (10 mg/Kg, i.p.). Glucagon increased intracellular cAMP levels and inhibits anti-CD3 plus anti-CD28-induced proliferation and production of IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, and TNF- α from TCD4+ cells in vitro. These findings suggest that glucagon reduces crucial features of asthma, including AHR, lung inflammation, and remodeling, in a mechanism probably associated with inhibition of eosinophils accumulation and TCD4+ cell proliferation and function. Glucagon should be further investigated as an option for asthma therapy.
Stellar activity and planetary atmosphere evolution in tight binary star systems
Authors: Johnstone C. P. , Pilat-Lohinger E. , Lüftinger T. , Güdel M. , Stökl A. 
Published: April 2019

Context. In tight binary star systems, tidal interactions can significantly influence the rotational and orbital evolution of both stars, and therefore their activity evolution. This can have strong effects on the atmospheric evolution of planets that are orbiting the two stars.
Aims. In this paper, we aim to study the evolution of stellar rotation and of X-ray and ultraviolet (XUV) radiation in tight binary systems consisting of two solar mass stars and use our results to study planetary atmosphere evolution in the habitable zones of these systems.
Methods. We have applied a rotation model developed for single stars to binary systems, taking into account the effects of tidal interactions on the rotational and orbital evolution of both stars. We used empirical rotation-activity relations to predict XUV evolution tracks for the stars, which we used to model hydrodynamic escape of hydrogen dominated atmospheres.
Results. When significant, tidal interactions increase the total amount of XUV energy emitted, and in the most extreme cases by up to factor of ~50. We find that in the systems that we study, habitable zone planets with masses of 1 M⊕ can lose huge hydrogen atmospheres due to the extended high levels of XUV emission, and the time that is needed to lose these atmospheres depends on the binary orbital separation. For some orbital separations, and when the stars are born as rapid rotators, it is also possible for tidal interactions to protect atmospheres from erosion by quickly spinning down the stars. For very small orbital separations, the loss of orbital angular momentum by stellar winds causes the two stars to merge. We suggest that the merging of the two stars could cause previously frozen planets to become habitable due to the habitable zone boundaries moving outwards.
Digital Subtraction Neuroangiography: What a Resident Should Know
Authors: Neelakantan Sankar , Samant Rohan , Prasad Jagadish , Reddy Bhavana , Reddy Prashanth , Das Bharath , Viswamitra Sanjaya , Mohan Dilip 
Published: April 2019

AbstractNeuroangiography (NA) is an integral investigation in the management of patients with neurovascular diseases. NA is basically used for diagnosis, but in many instances, it may be followed up with treatment in the same sitting. Indications for diagnostic NA range from extracranial diseases (vertebra-basilar insufficiency from subclavian steal, extracranial carotid stenosis, cavernous-carotid fistula, neck trauma, epistaxis, etc.) to intracranial diseases (nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage, cerebral aneurysms, cerebral arteriovenous malformations, cerebral vasospasm, acute stroke, etc.). A sound understanding of the principles of appropriate periprocedural care and anatomy, catheter technique, and basic disease pathology are vital for the test to be diagnostic. This pictorial review illustrates normal neurovascular anatomy along with an approach to analyze a spectrum of neurovascular pathologies and also explains a step-wise checklist for appropriate preprocedural assessment, technique of procedure, and postprocedural care of the patient. Basic knowledge on how to interpret these images and principles on how to perform it is important.
Telomere DNA G-quadruplex folding within actively extending human telomerase
Authors: Jansson Linnea I. , Hentschel Jendrik , Parks Joseph W. , Chang Terren R. , Lu Cheng , Baral Rishika , Bagshaw Clive R. , Stone Michael D. 
Published: April 2019

Significance
Telomeres protect the ends of linear chromosomes from illicit DNA processing events that threaten genome stability. Guanine-rich telomere DNA repeat sequences are protected by telomere-binding proteins, and are also prone to fold into structures called G quadruplexes (GQs). In highly proliferative cells, including the majority of human cancers, telomeres are maintained by the telomerase enzyme. Thus, telomerase and its telomere DNA substrates represent important targets for developing novel cancer drugs. The results of this study suggest GQ folding of newly synthesized DNA may occur within an actively extending telomerase enzyme. Our experiments highlight the importance of telomere DNA structure during the function of telomerase and its associated telomere-binding proteins.
Cystine–glutamate antiporter xCT deficiency suppresses tumor growth while preserving antitumor immunity
Authors: Arensman Michael D. , Yang Xiaoran S. , Leahy Danielle M. , Toral-Barza Lourdes , Mileski Mary , Rosfjord Edward C. , Wang Fang , Deng Shibing , Myers Jeremy S. , Abraham Robert T. , Eng Christina H. 
Published: April 2019

Significance
xCT, the cystine–glutamate antiporter, has been implicated in supporting both tumor growth and T cell proliferation; thus, antitumor effects of systemic xCT inhibition may be blunted by compromised antitumor immunity. This report details the unexpected finding that xCT is dispensable for T cell proliferation in vivo and for antitumor immune responses. Consequently, tumor cell xCT loss acts synergistically with the immunotherapeutic agent anti–CTLA-4, laying the foundation for utilizing specific xCT inhibitors clinically to expand the efficacy of existing anticancer immunotherapeutics.
Foam as a self-assembling amorphous photonic band gap material
Authors: Ricouvier Joshua , Tabeling Patrick , Yazhgur Pavel 
Published: April 2019

Significance
Recently discovered disordered materials with complete photonic band gap can enable the production of freeform wave guides, energy-efficient displays, or iridescent ultraresistant pigments. Surprisingly, the fabrication of such amorphous photonic materials is completely dominated by the top-down approach and suffers from its severe limitations (cost, timescale, defects, resolution, etc.). Here, we present a class of photonic band gap materials—“photonic foams”—that can be fabricated by self-assembly. We demonstrate that 2D photonic foams possess a large isotropic photonic band gap and discuss a pathway toward 3D structures.