bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Radiometric calibration of a non-imaging airborne spectrometer to measure the Greenland ice sheet surface
Authors: Crawford Christopher J. , van den Bosch Jeannette , Brunt Kelly M. , Hom Milton G. , Cooper John W. , Harding David J. , Butler James J. , Dabney Philip W. , Neumann Thomas A. , Cleckner Craig S. , Markus Thorsten 
Published: March 2019

Abstract. Methods to radiometrically calibrate a non-imaging airborne
visible-to-shortwave infrared (VSWIR) spectrometer to measure the Greenland
ice sheet surface are presented. Airborne VSWIR measurement performance for
bright Greenland ice and dark bare rock/soil targets is compared against the
MODerate resolution atmospheric TRANsmission (MODTRAN®)
radiative transfer code (version 6.0), and a coincident Landsat 8
Operational Land Imager (OLI) acquisition on 29 July 2015 during an
in-flight radiometric calibration experiment. Airborne remote sensing
flights were carried out in northwestern Greenland in preparation for the
Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite 2 (ICESat-2) laser altimeter
mission. A total of nine science flights were conducted over the Greenland ice sheet,
sea ice, and open-ocean water. The campaign's primary purpose was to
correlate green laser pulse penetration into snow and ice with
spectroscopic-derived surface properties. An experimental airborne
instrument configuration that included a nadir-viewing (looking downward at
the surface) non-imaging Analytical Spectral Devices (ASD) Inc. spectrometer
that measured upwelling VSWIR (0.35 to 2.5 µm) spectral radiance
(Wm-2sr-1µm-1) in the two-color Slope Imaging
Multi-polarization Photon-Counting Lidar's (SIMPL) ground instantaneous
field of view, and a zenith-viewing (looking upward at the sky) ASD
spectrometer that measured VSWIR spectral irradiance
(W m−2 nm−1) was flown. National Institute of Standards and
Technology (NIST) traceable radiometric calibration procedures for
laboratory, in-flight, and field environments are described in detail to
achieve a targeted VSWIR measurement requirement of within 5 % to support
calibration/validation efforts and remote sensing algorithm development. Our
MODTRAN predictions for the 29 July flight line over dark and bright targets
indicate that the airborne nadir-viewing spectrometer spectral radiance
measurement uncertainty was between 0.6 % and 4.7 % for VSWIR wavelengths
(0.4 to 2.0 µm) with atmospheric transmittance greater than 80 %.
MODTRAN predictions for Landsat 8 OLI relative spectral response functions
suggest that OLI is measuring 6 % to 16 % more top-of-atmosphere (TOA)
spectral radiance from the Greenland ice sheet surface than was predicted
using apparent reflectance spectra from the nadir-viewing spectrometer.
While more investigation is required to convert airborne VSWIR spectral
radiance into atmospherically corrected airborne surface reflectance, it is
expected that airborne science flight data products will contribute to
spectroscopic determination of Greenland ice sheet surface optical
properties to improve understanding of their potential influence on ICESat-2
measurements.
La ciència i els reptes del nostre temps: Una reflexió sobre el paper futur de la recerca científica
Authors: Puigdomènech Pere 
Published: March 2019

La ciència s’ha desenvolupat com una activitat intel·lectual de forma especialment extensa i intensa des del final del segle XIX. Els seus resultats i els d’un conjunt complex de tecnologies estan marcant la vida dels nostres ciutadans i influeixen en alguns dels paràmetres globals del planeta. En aquesta situació els professionals de la ciència es plantegen els objectius del seu treball en termes de les problemàtiques a les quals s’enfronten les seves disciplines per la seva pròpia dinàmica interna, però també per les demandes que la societat planteja. Reflexionar sobre aquestes diferents perspectives per definir les activitats de la recerca és una necessitat per als investigadors. D’aquesta manera haurien de participar també en la reflexió social sobre aquelles qüestions que pensem que són importants per al futur de la nostra societat.
Pharmacokinetic comparison of quercetin, isoquercitrin, and quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucuronide in rats by HPLC-MS
Authors: Yin Hongli , Ma Ji , Han Jichun , Li Maoru , Shang Jing 
Published: March 2019

Background
Quercetin (Qr), isoquercitrin (IQ), and quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucuronide (QG) are powerful phytochemicals that have been shown to exhibit disease prevention and health promotion properties. However, there may exist transformations between Qr, IQ, and QG in vivo. And the pharmacokinetic profiles of Qr, IQ, and QG have not been systematically compared. The pharmacokinetics study would be helpful to better understand the pharmacological actions of them.

Methods
Herein, we developed a reliable HPLC-MS method to compare the pharmacokinetics of Qr, IQ, and QG after separate (50 mg/kg) oral administration of them in rats, using puerarin as internal standard. The detection was performed using negative selected ion monitoring. This method was validated in terms of selectivity, linearity, precision, accuracy, extraction recovery, matrix effect, and stability; and shows reliabilities in monitoring the pharmacokinetic behaviors of these three compounds.

Results
Our results showed that after separate oral administration of Qr, IQ, and QG, all of the compounds could be detected in plasma. In addition, QG could be detected in the Qr group; Qr and QG could be measured in the IQ group; and Qr could be found in rat plasma after 1.5 h of QG administration. Moreover, the AUC0−t of Qr in the; Qr group (2,590.5 ± 987.9 mg/L*min), IQ group (2,212.7 ± 914.1 mg/L*min), and QG group (3,505.7 ± 1,565.0 mg/L*min) was larger than the AUC0−t of QG in the; Qr group (1,550.0 ± 454.2 mg/L*min), IQ group (669.3 ± 188.3 mg/L*min), and QG group (962.7 ± 602.3 mg/L*min). The AUC0−t of IQ was the lowest among all groups.

Discussion
Quercetin, IQ, and QG can all be absorbed into plasma. A mutual transformation exists between Qr and QG, and IQ can be metabolized into Qr and QG in SD rats. These results would provide a meaningful basis for understanding the pharmacological actions of these three compounds.
Polymeric Composite Membranes Enabled by Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene for Water Purification
Authors: Pandele Andreea Madalina , Tuncel (Netoiu) Cristina , Voicu Stefan Ioan 
Published: March 2019

AbstractA membrane is a functional material that acts essentially as a barrier to certain species of ions, molecules, and particles but remains permeable to the rest of the species in a multicomponent system. Composite membranes can provide increased selectivity, separation efficiency, and improved properties (e.g. mechanical and thermal resistance) by using specific fillers. Among various fillers, carbon nanotubes (CNT) and graphene occupy a special place due to their remarkable properties, such as high mechanical and thermal resistance as well as high adsorption capacity at the surface. This article overviews synthesis, characterization, and performance of composite polymer membranes with CNT and graphite for water purification of any kind of pollutants – from dyes to heavy metals.
Hard Magnetic Properties of
MnBi
Low‐Temperature Phase
Authors: Yang Jinbo , Yang Wenyun , Zhao Hui , Shao Zhuyin 
Published: March 2019

Abstract

MnBi low‐temperature phase (LTP) with NiAs‐type hexagonal crystal structure exhibits attractive magnetic and structural properties. In contrast to most of the ferromagnetic materials, coercivity of the LTP MnB increases with increasing temperature, which is above 20 kOe at 270 °C, making it a promising candidate as high‐temperature magnet. The high coercivity at high temperature is attributed to its large magnetocrystalline anisotropy and microstructure. In this work, the melt‐spinning MnBi ribbons, its powders, and bulk magnets were used to investigate the high‐temperature properties of MnBi compounds. It was found that the high‐temperature properties of the MnBi magnets show strong dependence on the initial composition and forms since there exists always a small amount of extra Bi and Mn/MnO phases in the magnetic powders as a result of the peritectic reaction and processing. It should be noted that the bulk magnets show better stability and magnetic properties compared to the ribbons. In addition, the mechanism of magnetization reversal for the bulk magnet changes with increasing temperature. At
T
= 300 and 350 K, the coercivity is mainly controlled by nucleation, while both inhomogeneous pinning and nucleation determine the magnetization reversal at temperatures higher than 400 K. The impurity phases of Bi and MnO at grain boundaries may act as a pinning center of the domain wall, thus reducing the exchange coupling and enhancing the coercivity at high temperatures.
On‐Package Heterogeneous System Integration
Authors: Swaminathan Raja , Viswanath Ram , Mahajan Ravi , Radhakrishnan Kaladhar , Aygun Kemal , Mokler Scott , Sabi Babak 
Published: March 2019

AbstractNew architectures for semiconductor growth in the future are projected to be driven more by heterogeneous integration enabled by package and microsystem scaling compared to those in the last few decades, which were driven by silicon scaling and homogeneous system on chip integration. With an increasing need to add diverse functionality at smaller form factors for continued performance scaling, packaging is expected to deliver power‐efficient, high‐bandwidth on‐package links as well as enable a diversity of off‐package IO protocols, manage increasing cooling demands, provide complex power delivery architectures, and meet a broad spectrum of reliability requirements for different market segments and applications and provide cost‐effective, high‐precision quick‐turn assembly. New 3D and 2D multichip architectures are projected to be major enablers to sustain and enhance industry growth. This article provides a framework for the key building blocks of design/architecture, signaling, power delivery, and system in package (with specific product examples) to achieve successful on‐package heterogeneous integration, increasingly complement silicon scaling and continue to provide improved functionality.
The interpersonal context of depression and violent behavior: A social psychological interpretation
Authors: Berg Mark T. , Rogers Ethan M. , Liu Weiwei , Mumford Elizabeth A. , Taylor Bruce G. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractDepression is a particularly prevalent form of psychopathology affecting millions of individuals worldwide. It is associated with a variety of adverse social and behavioral outcomes. Numerous observational studies have found that depressed individuals have significantly elevated rates of interpersonal violence. As of now, the social mechanisms that explain the association between depression and violence remain understudied and not well understood. Drawing on the aggression and social psychology literatures, we argue that depressed actors suffer skills deficits and exhibit hostile communication styles that provoke grievances and disputes. We suggest that, because of these interpersonal tendencies, depression increases involvement in verbal disputes, and that frequent participation in verbal disputes foments social contexts where interpersonal violence is more common. Findings from a series of regression models based on a nationally representative sample of 2171 respondents offer support for our assumptions. The study suggests a consideration of interpersonal dynamics, particularly verbal disputes, might unlock clues about the association between depression and violence involvement.
Nonmyopic sensor scheduling for target tracking with emission control
Authors: Qiao Chenglin , Shan Ganlin , Yan Liping , Duan Xiusheng 
Published: March 2019

SummaryActive sensors obtain the measurements of targets by emitting energy that can be intercepted by enemy surveillance sensors. To satisfy the target tracking requirement and control the whole system emission, we propose a nonmyopic sensor scheduling to minimize the emission cost while maintaining a desired tracking accuracy. The processes of target tracking and emission control are formulated as a partially observable Markov decision process. Then, we translate our scheduling problem to a discrete unconstrained optimization problem, which consists of multistep emission cost and multistep tracking accuracy cost. Furthermore, the cubature Kalman filter is utilized to update the target belief state and predict the multistep tracking accuracy cost, whereas the multistep emission cost is obtained by hidden Markov model filter. Scheduling is implemented efficiently by constructing a decision tree and using a search algorithm, which combines uniform cost search with augmented branch and bound technique. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed method.
Ultrafast Fabrication of Gradient Nanoporous All‐Polysaccharide Films as Strong, Superfast, and Multiresponsive Actuators
Authors: Cui Huilin , Pan Na , Fan Wenxin , Liu Chunzhao , Li Yanhui , Xia Yanzhi , Sui Kunyan 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe design of smart hydrogel actuators fully constructed from natural polymers for assessing the biomedical applications is important but challenging. Herein, an extremely simple, green, and ultrafast strategy is presented for preparing robust gradient all‐polysaccharide polyelectrolyte complex hydrogel actuators. Driven by diffusing of low molecular weight chitosan into high molecular weight sodium alginate solution, a nanoporous, ultrastrong, and gradient chitosan/sodium alginate complex hydrogel film with adjustable thickness can be directly generated on the interface of two solutions within minutes. The as‐prepared film can provide superfast temperature, ionic strength, and pH‐triggered programmable deformations, and perform a distinct sequential double folding behavior due to the competitive effect between complexed and noncomplexed segments of polyelectrolyte. Besides, patterning Ca2+ to locally crosslink sodium alginate in the film enables various more complex shape transformations. This green and simple diffusion‐driven strategy provides significant guidance for fabricating bio‐friendly actuators with applications in drug delivery, tissue engineering, soft robotics, and active implants.
Anomalous Wave Propagation in Topological Transition Metasurfaces
Authors: Zheng Peixia , Xu Quan , Su Xiaoqiang , Wang Dongyang , Xu Yuehong , Zhang Xueqian , Li Yanfeng , Tian Zhen , Gu Jianqiang , Liu Liyuan , Ouyang Chunmei , Han Jiaguang , Zhang Weili 
Published: March 2019

AbstractMetasurfaces become an effective route to the control of not only free‐space waves but also surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs). SPPs, propagating along the interface between a metal and a dielectric, show properties of strong enhancement of the local field. Thanks to these essential functionalities, manipulating SPPs in metasurfaces is of particular interest in current research. Here, observation of anomalous SPP propagation is presented when SPPs traverse an interface between two metasurfaces whose topologies of eigenmode equal‐frequency contours are different. By combining various complementary meta‐resonators, SPP propagation was ready to be redirected at the topological transition interface at will. The proposed integrated metasurfaces open unprecedented avenues for anomalous wave propagation and guidance, showing exceptional capabilities for designing photonic devices.
Transhalogenation Catalysed by Haloalkane Dehalogenases Engineered to Stop Natural Pathway at Intermediate
Authors: Beier Andy , Damborsky Jiri , Prokop Zbynek 
Published: March 2019

AbstractHaloalkane dehalogenases (HLDs) are α/β‐hydrolases that convert halogenated compounds to their corresponding alcohols. The overall kinetic mechanism proceeds via four steps: (i) binding of halogenated substrate, (ii) bimolecular nucleophilic substitution (SN2) leading to the cleavage of a carbon‐halogen bond and the formation of an alkyl‐enzyme intermediate, (iii) nucleophilic addition of a water molecule resulting in the hydrolysis of the intermediate to the corresponding alcohol and (iv) release of the reaction products – an alcohol, a halide ion and a proton. Although, the overall reaction has been reported as irreversible, several kinetic evidences from previous studies suggest the reversibility of the first SN2 chemical step. To study this phenomenon, we have engineered HLDs to stop the catalytic cycle at the stage of the alkyl‐enzyme intermediate. The ability of the intermediate to exchange halides was confirmed by a stopped‐flow fluorescence binding analysis. Finally, the transhalogenation reaction was confirmed with several HLDs and 2,3‐dichloropropene in the presence of a high concentration of iodide. The formation of the transhalogenation product 3‐iodo‐2‐chloropropene catalysed by five mutant HLDs was identified by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Hereby we demonstrated the reversibility of the cleavage of the carbon‐halogen bond by HLDs resulting in a transhalogenation. After optimization, the transhalogenation reaction can possibly find its use in biocatalytic applications. Enabling this reaction by strategically engineering the enzyme to stop at an intermediate in the catalytic cycle that is synthetically more useful than the product of the natural pathway is a novel concept.magnified image
New‐onset diabetes increases risk of hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhotics with ascites: A nationwide cohort study
Authors: Huang Yi‐Wen , Lee Chia‐Long , Hu Jui‐Ting , Yang Sien‐Sing 
Published: March 2019

AbstractHepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a major complication of cirrhosis, and the management of HE is an important issue. The link between new‐onset diabetes and the risk of HE in cirrhotic patients with ascites remains unclear. We aimed to evaluate the risk of HE in cirrhotic patients with new‐onset diabetes. The Taiwanese National Health Insurance Research Database comprises records of more than 99% of the entire population. Among randomly sampled one million enrollees, 4503 cirrhotic patients with ascites were enrolled. New‐onset diabetes was defined as patients who were given the diagnosis in the years 1999 to 2009 but not in 1997 to 1998. The cohorts of cirrhotic patients with new‐onset diabetes (n = 462) and 1:1 ratio age‐, gender‐, and inception point (onset date of diabetes)‐matched nondiabetes (n = 462) were followed up from the inception point until development of HE, withdrawal from insurance, or December 2009. The Cox proportional hazard model was used to evaluate HE risk associated with new‐onset diabetes in the study cohort. Cumulative incidence curve and Gray's test were used to explore the difference in the risk distribution by considering death a competing risk. Patients with new‐onset diabetes had a significantly higher cumulative incidence of HE (P = 0.03) compared to nondiabetes patients. After adjustment for age, gender, comorbidity index, decompensated cirrhosis, obesity, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, sepsis, hepatitis C infection, chronic pancreatitis, lactulose use after HE diagnosis, benzodiazepine/barbiturate, spironolactone, furosemide, potassium‐sparing diuretic, and diabetes treatment, diabetes was still an independent predictor for HE (hazard ratio = 1.920, 95% confidence interval = 1.135‐3.246, P = 0.02). Cirrhotic patients with ascites who develop newly diagnosed diabetes have an increased risk of HE.
Species‐area relationships of lemurs in a fragmented landscape in Madagascar
Authors: Steffens Travis S. , Lehman Shawn M. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractWe used species‐area relationships (SARs) to investigate the effects of habitat loss on lemur biogeography. We measured species richness via visual surveys on line transects within 42 fragments of dry deciduous forest at the Ambanjabe field site in Ankarafantsika National Park, Madagascar. We measured human disturbance and habitat characteristics within 38 of the 42 fragments. We measured the distance between each fragment and the nearest settlement, continuous forest, and nearest neighboring fragment. We fit 10 candidate SAR models to the data using nonlinear least squares regression and compared them using Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC). To determine how habitat characteristics, as well as area, influenced species richness, we ran a hierarchical partitioning procedure to select which variables to include in generalized additive models (GAMs) and compared them using AIC. Contrary to expectations, we found that lemurs form convex SARs, without a “small island effect”, and with the power model being the most likely SAR model. Although we found that four variables (area, survey effort, and total human disturbance, and mean tree height) independently contributed greater than 10% of the variation in lemur species richness, only area was included in the most likely model. We suggest that the power model was the most likely SAR model and our inability to detect a “small island effect” are the result ofMicrocebusspp. being edge tolerant and capable of dispersing through matrix, scale issues in the study design, and low γ‐diversity in the landscape. However, more study is needed to determine what role human disturbance plays in influencing species richness in lemurs.
Self‐Assembly of C3 Symmetric Rigid Macrolactams into Very Polar and Porous Trigonal Crystals
Authors: Marmin Thomas , Dory Yves L. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractCyclohexane and cyclotri‐β‐alanyl have been used as scaffolds for the design of new C3‐symmetric rings incorporating conjugated alkenes and dienes. All three C3‐symmetric lactams share the same triangular shape and their crystal system is trigonal. They all belong to the R3 space group, R3m, R3 and R3c, for the increasingly large 12‐, 18‐ and 24‐membered rigid rings, respectively. All lactams stack on top of each other, through H‐bonds and van der Waals noncovalent interactions, leading to endless supramolecular cylinders and tubes. The largest member of the family leads to tubes, the central pores of which is wide enough to let water in. A common feature of all the lactams is their very large dipole, of around 9 D, according to DFT calculations. Surprisingly, all the resulting cylinders and tubes pack side by side in the crystals, with all the dipoles pointing to the same direction. As a result, all three crystals are anisotropic and appear to be the first members of a new kind of highly polar crystals.
Which Parameter is Governing for Aqueous Redox Flow Batteries with Organic Active Material?
Authors: Hofmann Jonas D. , Schröder Daniel 
Published: March 2019

AbstractA multitude of factors contribute to the performance of redox flow batteries with organic active material. In this work, experimental and theoretical methods are elucidated to give information about the most important of these: redox potential, kinetic rate constant, diffusion constant, and solubility. They are found to be highly interdependent – especially for different solvents. By implication, novel organic active materials have to be analyzed jointly by chemists, materials scientists, and by reaction and process engineers to propel the redox flow battery as future energy storage device.