bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A statistical Model to simulate the Geometry of the Tunnel Gates Lips
Authors: Mustafa Al-Taie Mustafa Tariq 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The determination of the down pull force for the tunnel gates requires the estimation of the water pressure coefficient (KB), which is affected by the geometry of the gate lip and the water flow beneath the gate. The prediction of (KB) is depended upon the mean head pressure and the distribution of velocity along the bottom gate surface for each lip geometry. A statistical model is predicted to estimate the bottom water pressure coefficient (KB) of the down pull force for a tunnel gate lip.
This model is developed from relevant experimental data obtained from hydraulic model tests conducted in laboratory for nine gate lip geometries with nine gate openings for each gate lip geometry to ensure the correctness of the model results by comparing them these data. The statistical model is verified with (SPSS) software for a good correlation coefficient equal to (0.95). The statistical model is applied to reveal the distribution of the (KB) values on the gate bottom surface along the gate lips with different openings ratios between (0.1-0.9) and is indicated the extensions with round edge of the inclined gates lips. From the distribution of the (KB) values indicate that these values are high and vary smoothly along the gate lip for openings ratio between (0.1-0.5), with complete attachment from the leading edge to the trailing edge of the gate bottom surface. For other gate openings (0.6-0.9), the flow is attached at the leading edge of gate bottom and then decreased toward the trailing edge of gate with smooth variation. While the inclined gate lips with extensions reveal that the values of (KB) are approximately constant and uniform which representing stability of gate along the bottom gate surface for openings ratio between (0.1-0.5), and for other gate openings ratio these values vary smoothly from the leading edge to the trailing edge of the bottom surface of gate. Also, the influence of rounded edge of gate lip with (r/d = 1) on the distribution of pressure head along the bottom surface of gate is investigated, where the values of the (KB) values are dropped and decreased toward the trailing edge of gate.
Exergy Analysis of Flat Plate Solar Air Heaters Having Obstacles and Filled with Wire Mesh Layers
Authors: Mahmood Afaq Jasim 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Two new experimental studies are presented in this research for improving the convection heat transfer and efficiency of flat plate solar air heater (SAH). An exergetic analysis is applied for evaluating the efficiency of a flat plate (SAH) with and without porous media. It was specially designed, low height bed filled with aluminium wire mesh layers and four aluminium longitudinal obstacles that increase the air path flow through the bed and the area of the absorber plate. Six wire mesh layers as an alternative of absorber plate, the layers had an internal diameter of 0.31 cm and a cross-sectional area of 0.22 cm × 0.22 cm. The wire mesh layers and the obstacles, improve the heat transfer from the absorber mesh layers in the moving air inside the heater. The plotted exergetic efficiency curves are a function of solar intensity, ambient temperature, bed temperature and temperature rise parameter (To-Ti / I). These efficiency curves are in bed with and without porous media through different airflow rate. The results illustrate that the heater with porous media SAH is more efficient, from exergy point of view, then the heater without porous media. The maximum exegetic enhanced efficiency with and without porous media SAH in this study has been found to be 3.42 % and 5.16 %, respectively. These results correspond to the low airflow rate of 0.015 kg/s and 2.5 cm channel depth. A significant improvement in the exergetic efficiency discovered when comparing the proposed system with other conventional SAHs.
Reducing the cooling load of an residence building by humidifying ventilation air (experimental and numerical study)
Authors: Hasan Atif Ali , Hilal Kifah H. , Jehhaf Kadhum Audaa 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The study investigates the benefit of utilizing the waste water which washed the walkway of residential buildings to humidity the ventilation air that supplied to the building. The water will collect in a concrete channel section (100 * 100 mm) in contact with the wall of the building towards the drainage network. The side adjacent to the wall contains (5mm) diameter holes ending with an air gap located behind the external wall metallic finishing. The ventilation (environmental) air (naturally or forcibly) passes through the holes to the air gap through the holes. This causes the temperature to decrease and the moisture content of the air is increased. The moving air passes through the gap towards the environment through the openings at the top of the wall. The study is carried out Baghdad city (latitude 33.2 ° North) using two types of external finishing material (Aluminum sheets) reflector and plates coated with thermal dyes. Also, employed an air gap or an air gap with thermal insulation thickness (50 mm) placed behind the plate. As well as the case of the air gap is open to the environment during day and night or closed day and “open at night” with an exhaust fan that worked by solar energy. The results showed that in the case of the air gap behind the external finishing material with thermal insulation, the fan operates during the day hours of the day and the area (1 m2 ), the cooling load required during the summer is (306 kW-hr / m2-cooling season). While the cooling load of the common wall is (609 kW-hr / m2-cooling season. Thus, the savings rate is (49.8%) when used this technique.
Effect of Nd-YAG laser treatment on corrosion behavior of AISI316L stainless steel in artificial saliva solution
Authors: Abbass Muna Khethier 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This work aims to study the effect of Nd-YAG laser treatment on surface modification and corrosion behavior of AISI 316L stainless steel which is the most widely used as implant bio material in the artificial saliva solution at 37 ±1°C. The samples were irradiated with Nd:YAG laser with various pulse repetition rates (or frequencies) of 1,3 and 6 Hz and with two wavelengths of 1064 nm and 532 nm at fixed energy of 1000 mj. Microstructure examinations by optical and SEM were performed before and after laser treatment. Corrosion tests were carried out by using potentiostat instrument and the corrosion rate was measured by Tafel extrapolation method, also cyclic polarization was done to study the active- passive behavior of stainless steel 316L in saliva solution. It has been found that the treated samples at different laser conditions have hardness higher than that of untreated sample. The results showed that the hardness increased slightly with decreasing the pulse repetition rate or frequency from 6 to 1 Hz at 1064nm, also a surface modification and grain refinement were noticed. Corrosion results indicated that the treated samples with 1Hz with 532 nm and 1064 nm showed higher corrosion resistance than untreated base alloy and other treated samples.
Enhancement the Thermal Effects Produce by EDM Using Hybrid Machining
Authors: Shather Saad K , Aghdeab Shukry H. , Khudhier Waqass S. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The present work is aimed to improve the thermal effects of electrical discharge machining (EDM) by EDM/ECM hybrid process. A hybrid method of EDM-ECM combined processing involve EDM shaping as well as electrochemical machining (ECM) finishing, also, they are conducted in sequence one same machine tool, same electrode, yet on the different dielectric. Concerning the process of EDM, the material will be removed via the vaporization and melting throughout all electric discharges. Thus, thermally damaged layers make the machined surface. In this study, the used workpiece material is the A2-Tool Steel material, while the electrode material is copper. The influence of controllable parameters could be identified via RSM, which is an abbreviation for Response surface methodology, these controllable effects include: pulse current, pulse on time, pulse off time, gap, voltage, and electrolyte concentration on white layer thickness (WLT) and Surface Roughness (SR). It has been noticed that model adequacy is acceptable because the coefficient of determination is closest to one for WLT and SR, in addition to that, the generated surface doesn’t have thermally affected layers as the SR and recast layers which have been generated via EDM are removed entirely through ECM finishing.
The Fresnel Coefficient of Thin Film Multilayer Using Transfer Matrix Method TMM
Authors: Mohammed Zahraa Hummam 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
When the light incident on a multilayer planar mound, it is reflected, transmitted, and absorbed in the method that derived the Fresnel equations. The metal used in this work is the thin film of gold put on the glass. The properties of the preparation of waveform for dielectric charged surface Plasmon polariton structure of the bearing surface of the carrier plasma were studied using a simple transport matrix method(TMM), The Transfer Matrix Method (TMM) used to calculate the reflection, transmission & absorption for both TE (transverse wave) and TM (magnetic browser for the oblique incident plane wave. The relation between the incident angle with the Fresnel coefficient plotted at the different wavelength regimes (300nm,700nm,1200nm) was plotted using the program of the TMM written in Matlab (R2013). The best result for this Fresnel coefficient in the visible incident plane wave with wavelength = 700nm.
An Investigation on Chemical Machining of NiTi SMA Prepared by Powder Metallurgy
Authors: Al-Ethari Haydar , Haleem Ali Hubi , Gased Noora Mohammed 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Chemical machining is very important in solving problems constantly arising due to the requirement of high surface finish along with high productivity through machining of metals and alloys. Such requirement appears in machining of NiTi shape memory alloy (55wt%Ni and 45wt% Ti) which has widespread engineering applications. The present work aimed at utilizing of Taguchi design of experiments with the method of desirability function to optimize the chemical machining parameters (machining temperature and machining time) of NiTi alloy prepared by powder metallurgy technique. Taguchi experimental design concept, L25 (2×5) orthogonal array was used to determine the S/N ratio. Based on the analyses of multiple regression method, mathematical predictive models for the studied parameters had designed and validated. To achieve the objectives of the present work Datafit ver9, and Mini Tab14 softwares had employed. The powders with the required percentages were mixed for 5hours, compacted at pressure of 900MPa, and sintered in two stages, at 500°C for 2 hours and then at 950°C for 6hours under vacuum conditions (10-4 torr ). The X-ray diffraction test showed that the prepared sample are consisting of three phases (NiTi monoclinic phase, NiTi cubic phase, and Ni3Ti hexagonal phase). Machining temperature appears as the most significant factor, which controls both surface roughness and metal removal rate. Two mathematical models were developed to predict the metal removal rate and the surface roughness for any collection of machining temperature, and machining time. A minimum surface roughness of 0.666μm with a maximum metal removal rate of 0.0041g/min can be associated with machining temperature of 650C and machining time of 2min in solution consisting of 6%HCl, 19%HNO3, and 75%H2O.
Surface treatments of forged steel AISI6F3 by using high power CO2 laser
Authors: Thamer Amin D. , Kadhim Mohammid Jasim , Ahmed Ibrahim Abdu al kareem 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The hardness of forging dies is highly affected by the hot forming processes; especially by the long exposure to a wide thermal range, which leads to a decline in the level of hardness due to the tempering of the microstructure, thus failure occurs and the die breaks. The microstructure and hardness have been studied to demonstrate the relationship between them and their direct effect on the regions generated by the laser treatment of high capacity. The selected samples were chosen within a combination of laser variables to reach the appropriate structure that achieves the best hardness and indeed the highest hardness value (965 Hv) with laser processing parameters included the power 3000 W, beam diameter 1mm and scanning speed 25 mm/s with its characteristic microstructure as well as its high cooling rate.
CFD Modelling for flow and heat transfer in a closed Thermosyphon charged with water–A new observation for the two phase interaction
Authors: Temimy Alaa A B , Abdulrasool Adnan A 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
A three dimensional transient numerical model is done for a Thermosyphon heat pipe to visualize the steam and condensate flow patterns and interaction. The Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model was arranged using Volume of Fluid solution model (VOF)in Fluent. A copper vertical pipe with 14.2mm inside diameter, 400 mm length, and 0.9mm thickness is selected. The heat input varies from (20-120) Watt. The cooling is made with water jacket heat exchanger around the condenser with outer diameter of 55 mm. Filling ratios of (40,50,60,70 and 100) % are tested. All cases show that the classical known flow pattern where the steam flow upward in the core and the condensate flow downward attached to the inner surface of the pipe do not occurs. The simulation results clear out a behavior that both the rising hot steam and the downward condensate flows near the inner pipe wall. So that, both phases face each other near the wall. The high momentum phase continue it flow in its way and shift the other phase from the wall. This flow behavior leads the steam and condensate to flow in a spatial unstable flow upward and downward respectively. The flow continues even when steady state was achieved and create a secondary mass and heat transfer between the phases.
Study the Effect of Casting Method on the Mechanical Properties of ZA-27 Alloy Formed by Equal Channel Angular Extrusion
Authors: Ahmed Reham Raad , Saleh Ali Hassan , Jadee Khudhaye J. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
In this study the effect of casting technique or method of ZA-27 alloy and die angle of equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE) process on the mechanical properties of alloy after forming was studied. Two casting methods, New Rheocast (NRC) and Gravity Die Cast (GDC) were employed to produce the alloy. Four dies of ECAE with different angles (90°, 105°, 120° and 135°) were used in this process at (100° C). Test specimen was manufactured with circular cross section (12mm in diameter and 85mm in length). The results show that the (NRC) method and 90° angle of die in (ECAE) gave the best of compression strength and hardness due to refinement of microstructure more than other angles.The load in (ECAE) process strongly depends on angle of die and specimen product by (NRC) required higher load.
Using PC and Microcontroller to Implement Lab kits for Educational Purpose
Authors: AL-Yoonus Marwan Abdulkhaleq 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Undergraduate education usually characterized by a large number of students compared with graduate education. In laboratories, we mostly suffer from a limited number of lab boards compared to the students’ number. Also, we need to help the students to improve their skills in electrical engineering; therefore it is important to implement lab boards using a personal computer (PC) and a microcontroller to help encourage the students, making them interested enough in building their own private practical projects. In this work implementation of a lab board using a microcontroller and reusable electronic equipment have been done, also a pulse generation and random data sequence for digital circuit and control application are done by using PC serial port (RS232) with Matlab software (m-file). Two kinds of stepper motors (polar and bipolar) driver circuits have been presented in this work using discrete components. The pulses to the stepper motors are applied by Arduino board (Atmega 2560). The software which is used is Atmel studio-7 and the program has been written in assembly language. Trying to produce an efficient lab board using assembly method of electronics parts is necessary nowadays to reduce the importation for similar tools that are used for educational purposes in Iraqi universities.
Improvement of Image Steganography Scheme Based on LSB Value with Two Control Random Parameters and Multi-level Encryption
Authors: Mahdi Mohammed Hashim , Abdulrazzaq Ali Abdulwahhab , Mohd Rahim Mohd Shafry , Taha Mustafa Sabah , Khalid Hiyam Nadhim , Lafta Sameer Abdulsattar 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Recently, steganography has played an important part in the field of communication, especially in image steganography. The major points of image steganography are the image quality (imperceptibility) of the stego image and the security of the system towards stopping the recoverability of the secret data. A new steganography scheme based on two control random parameters and multi-level encryption can address the security challenge while the P_Even/P_Odd classification can ensure the imperceptibility of the stego image. The objectives of study to increase the security and PSNR of the image by using the Huffman coding technique to compress the secret data prior to embedding; this will also ensure an increase in the payload capacity. The proposed scheme takes effect after encrypting and compressing the secret data. It is deployed when matching the secret bits with the LSB during embedding to determine 0 (P_Even) and 1 (P_Odd) while classifying the secret message to track and map each bit in the stego image. The results showed the embedding of the secret message based on P_Even/P_Odd with two control random parameters and multi-level encryption to improve the steganography.
PAPR REDUCTION IN OFDM SYSTEM USING ADAPTIVE HYBRID TECHNIQUE
Authors: Ghaffoori Ali Jasim 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The Average Power Ratio (PAPR) in high peak is still a standout amongst the most critical difficulties in Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) framework. In this paper, we propose a new plan in light of Selected Mapping (SLM) method for PAPR decrease in OFDM system. The proposed plan is a versatile half and half plan, which depends on the SLM procedure and different change systems. In the proposed plan, rather than utilizing just Discrete Fourier Change (DFT) in OFDM structure, we propose to utilize Discrete Sine Transform (DST), Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) and Discrete wavelet Transform (DWT) too to get the least PAPR. What’s more, the duplicated stage in the SLM is adjusted to lessen the PAPR to an adequate low PAPR level. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed plan procedure can decrease the PAPR to around 7.5 dB in the event of 256 sub-transporters and if there should be an occurrence of 512 subcarriers around 8 dB at clipping probability of 10−3.
Design and Implementation WSN Based on Raspberry Pi for Medical Application
Authors: Mohsin Alabassby Bahaa Faiz Noory , Mahdi Jinan Fadhil , Kadhim Mohammed Aboud 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
In the last decade the healthcare monitoring schemes have drawn significant considerations of the researchers. With over a decennary concerning muscular lookup or improvement, wireless sensor network science has been rising as much an achievable solution in imitation of numerous revolutionary applications. In that paper, we outline a Wi-Fi sensor network blueprint as we bear advanced the usage of open-source hardware platforms, Arduino yet Raspberry Pi. The scheme is affordable yet very scalable each of phrases of the kind over sensors or the range concerning sensor nodes, who makes it pleasant applicable because of a large choice about functions associated to environmental monitoring. Whole plan construction then the diagram concerning hardware or software elements are offered into specifics in this paper. Some sample outgiving or excuse results are also to show the usefulness over the dictation toughness Moreover working with the intelligent backend scheme construction this scheme can too offer instant physician information in situation if emergency situation occurs without doctors near the side. The outcome of the study offers a present medical care through whole hospital, and the recently invented tag may bring an important change to typical health care process chiefly in patient care.
Improvement Ivestigation of the TCP Algorithms With Avoiding Network Congestion Based on OPNET
Authors: Noman Haeeder M. , Abdulrazzaq Ali A. , Kareem Marwah M. , Ali Adnan Hussein 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The aim of this paper is to determine the performance enhancement of the network for eliminating congestion through the use of the benefits of algorithms. These algorithms can be used in hindering the congestion which may occur within the network that relies on a Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) protocol. This paper specifically focuses on demonstrating the function of TCP, and most especially the four (slow start, congestion avoidance, fast retransmit and fast recovery algorithms) that are applied in the control of congestion. In the study, the varying effects of connection link from PPP DS1 to PPP DS3 on the network’s performance are investigated.
A Comparative Study of Chemical Material Additives On Polyacrylamide to Treatment of Waste Water in Refineries
Authors: Hassan Ali A. , Naeem Haider T. , Hadi Raid T. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
During extractions industries, particularly oil companies in Iraq such Ahdab oil field that consuming a huge amount of water which led to producing oil-contaminated water thus it made dangerous on natural life (agricultural lands and rivers) and infrastructural through cause complex corrosion for pipelines and equipment’s. Coagulation and flocculation processes are efficient to separate oil content and the suspended solids portion from the waste water. During the study have been used additives of the ferrous sulphate, aluminum sulphate and calcium sulphate in the range (10-40) ppm, for the processes of coagulant, and polyelectrolyte-(polyacrylamide) additional to the flocculent has used. Additives materials within the coagulant and flocculant treatments have been led to obtaining of the optimal eliminations amount total suspended solids, oil contents and others. It has been noted that the percentage of oil removing about 86.67%, 85.5% and 79.6 via using 30 ppm coagulant dose of ferric sulphate, aluminum sulphate and calcium sulphate with 2.5 mg/L of polyacrylamide at pH = 6.86 and room temperature (25 °C). Generally, ferrous sulphate has highly ability to adsorbing the oil particulates and suspended solids of the refinery wastewater, as well the reducing economic cost of water treatments.