bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Remake cinématographique, remake phonologique ? La (non-)réalisation du schwa dansMarius1931 et 2013
Authors: JANSEN LUISE 
Published: April 2018

RÉSUMÉCet article vise à examiner la mise en scène de l'accent marseillais dans le film le plus emblématique de Marseille, Marius (1931) et son remake de 2013 par une une analyse du comportement du schwa. La réalisation fréquente desegraphiques fait en effet partie des particularités phonético-phonologiques de l'accent prototypique de Marseille. Pourtant, aujourd'hui, le nombre de réalisations des schwas semble diminuer continuellement. Notre étude a pour but de découvrir à quel degré l'accent mis en scène diffère de l'accent des locuteurs marseillais actuels et si les deux films, qui ont été tournés avec 80 ans d’écart, soulignent le changement linguistique en cours dans le Midi. Les deux films ont été transcrits et codés selon le protocole du programme phonologie du Français contemporain (PFC). Par la suite, les données ont été comparées à celles des enquêtes PFC. Les résultats montrent que l'accent mis en scène se distingue nettement de l'accent authentique d'aujourd'hui. Le schwa ne se comporte cependant pas différemment dans les deux films.
Die Another Day: Zeroing in on Targeted Dumping – Did the AB Hit the Mark in US–Washing Machines?
Authors: MAVROIDIS PETROS C. , PRUSA THOMAS J. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractIn US–Washing Machines, the WTO Appellate Body (AB) extended the prohibition of zeroing to the so-called exceptional (or W-T) methodology, where the dumping margin is established by comparing the weighted average normal value to export price of specific transactions. Given that the exceptional method was the only method under which the AB had not definitively rejected zeroing, this dispute may have hammered the last nail in the coffin of zeroing. Or, maybe not. The AB did not address a key issue, namely: What is the evidentiary standard that an investigating authority must meet in order to have legitimate recourse to W-T? In addition, the AB's suggested approach to aggregating dumping amounts across targeted and non-targeted groups may produce zeroing-like outcomes even if the authority does not resort to zeroing. It seems inevitable that future disputes will be required to address these issues, since history shows that at least some investigating authorities are gearing towards using this methodology ad nauseam. The AB has left zeroing to die another day.
National Tax Regulation, Voluntary International Standards, and the GATS:Argentina–Financial Services
Authors: DELIMATSIS PANAGIOTIS , HOEKMAN BERNARD 
Published: April 2018

AbstractCan a WTO Member discriminate against foreign suppliers of services located in jurisdictions that refuse to share information with a government to permit it to determine if its nationals engage in tax evasion? Does it matter if the Member uses standards developed by an international body as the criterion for deciding whether to impose measures? InArgentina–Financial Services,the WTO Appellate Body held that services from jurisdictions that share financial tax information may be different from services provided by jurisdictions that do not cooperate in supplying such information. It overruled a Panel finding that measures to increase taxes on financial transactions with non-cooperative jurisdictions were discriminatory. We argue that the AB reached the right conclusion on the basis of the wrong arguments; that it missed an important opportunity to clarify what WTO Members are permitted to do to enforce their domestic regulatory regimes; and increased the scope for confusion and future litigation by considering that the likeness of services and service suppliers may be a function of prevailing domestic regulatory regimes.
Comparative Study of Earthquake Clustering in Relation to Hydraulic Activities at Geothermal Fields in California
Authors: Martínez‐Garzón Patricia , Zaliapin Ilya , Ben‐Zion Yehuda , Kwiatek Grzegorz , Bohnhoff Marco 
Published: April 2018

AbstractEarthquake clustering properties are investigated in relation to fluid balance H(t) (the difference of fluid injection and production rates) using about nine years of data from The Geysers (both the entire field and a local subset), Coso, and Salton Sea geothermal fields in California. Individual earthquake clusters are identified and classified using the nearest‐neighbor approach of Zaliapin and Ben‐Zion (2013a, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120150211, 2013b, https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggw300). These are used to calculate nine complementary cluster statistics as time series with a step of about one month. Three alternative techniques (moving window correlation, analysis of variance, and regression) are employed to assess the relations between (possibly nonstationary) time series of cluster statistics and H(t). A total of 108 pairwise relations between cluster statistics and H(t) are analyzed to clarify effects of fluid activities on seismicity in different places. The seismic clustering response to the fluid balance differs among the examined fields. The Geysers and Salton Sea areas display the highest and lowest clustering responses, respectively. The proportion of clusters consisting of a single event with no offspring (singles) is correlated significantly with H(t) at all examined data sets, with a lower proportion of singles during periods of high fluid balance. This may reflect increased susceptibility to earthquake triggering in time intervals with high injection rates. The background seismicity rates significantly increase with H(t) at the Geysers and Coso, while an opposite relation holds at the Salton Sea. This could be related to the high structural and tectonic complexity at the Salton Sea compared to the other two geothermal fields.
The Impact of the Aerosol Direct Radiative Forcing on Deep Convection and Air Quality in the Pearl River Delta Region
Authors: Liu Z. , Yim Steve H. L. , Wang C. , Lau N. C. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractLiterature has reported the remarkable aerosol impact on low‐level cloud by direct radiative forcing (DRF). Impacts on middle‐upper troposphere cloud are not yet fully understood, even though this knowledge is important for regions with a large spatial heterogeneity of emissions and aerosol concentration. We assess the aerosol DRF and its cloud response in June (with strong convection) in Pearl River Delta region for 2008–2012 at cloud‐resolving scale using an air quality‐climate coupled model. Aerosols suppress deep convection by increasing atmospheric stability leading to less evaporation from the ground. The relative humidity is reduced in middle‐upper troposphere due to induced reduction in both evaporation from the ground and upward motion. The cloud reduction offsets 20% of the aerosol DRF. The weaker vertical mixing further increases surface aerosol concentration by up to 2.90 μg/m3. These findings indicate the aerosol DRF impact on deep convection and in turn regional air quality.
Climate Sensitivity Controls Uncertainty in Future Terrestrial Carbon Sink
Authors: Schurgers Guy , Ahlström Anders , Arneth Almut , Pugh Thomas A. M. , Smith Benjamin 
Published: April 2018

AbstractFor the 21st century, carbon cycle models typically project an increase of terrestrial carbon with increasing atmospheric CO2 and a decrease with the accompanying climate change. However, these estimates are poorly constrained, primarily because they typically rely on a limited number of emission and climate scenarios. Here we explore a wide range of combinations of CO2 rise and climate change and assess their likelihood with the climate change responses obtained from climate models. Our results demonstrate that the terrestrial carbon uptake depends critically on the climate sensitivity of individual climate models, representing a large uncertainty of model estimates. In our simulations, the terrestrial biosphere is unlikely to become a strong source of carbon with any likely combination of CO2 and climate change in the absence of land use change, but the fraction of the emissions taken up by the terrestrial biosphere will decrease drastically with higher emissions.
Epigenetic reprogramming using 5-azacytidine promotes an anti-cancer response in pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells
Authors: Gailhouste Luc , Liew Lee Chuen , Hatada Izuho , Nakagama Hitoshi , Ochiya Takahiro 
Published: April 2018

AbstractCurative management of pancreatic adenocarcinoma is limited because this malignancy remains resistant to most chemotherapeutic drugs. Strategies that reverse epigenetic alterations offer a unique opportunity for cancer cell reprogramming, which is valuable for development of new treatments. The aim of this work was to reprogram pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells toward a less aggressive and drug-responsive phenotype. The process applied is called “epigenetic reprogramming”. To evaluate the efficiency of PDAC epigenetic reprogramming, we assessed tumor growth and drug response in PANC-1 cells after exposure to non-cytotoxic doses of the demethylating agent 5-azacytidine (5-AZA). Here, we showed that an epigenetic regimen using 5-AZA promoted an anti-cancer response by inhibiting PDAC tumor growth in vivo after the engraftment of treated cells. Remarkably, the subsequent addition of gemcitabine (GEM) to the 5-AZA-mediated reprogramming resulted in a marked growth inhibition effect in GEM-resistant pancreatic cancer cells. We observed that various characteristic peptides expressed in the pancreas, which included the antiproliferative hormone somatostatin (SST) and the SST receptor 2 (SSTR2), were significantly upregulated in the epigenetically reprogrammed PDAC cells. The inhibitory effect of octreotide (OCT), an SST analog, was tested on PDAC cells and found to be improved after cell reprogramming. Furthermore, we found that SST gene expression restoration following 5-AZA treatment or following knockdown of the DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) 1 enzyme was associated with the reversion of SST epigenetic silencing through regional CpG demethylation. Lastly, we confirmed the efficacy of 5-AZA-based epigenetic reprogramming in vivo using a PDAC tumor growth model. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that epigenetic reprogramming using the demethylating compound 5-AZA shows anti-cancer effects in PANC-1 cells and is potentially attractive for the treatment of solid tumors.
DNA methylation, through DNMT1, has an essential role in the development of gastrointestinal smooth muscle cells and disease
Authors: Jorgensen Brian G. , Berent Robyn M. , Ha Se Eun , Horiguchi Kazuhide , Sasse Kent C. , Becker Laren S. , Ro Seungil 
Published: April 2018

AbstractDNA methylation is a key epigenetic modification that can regulate gene expression. Genomic DNA hypomethylation is commonly found in many gastrointestinal (GI) diseases. Dysregulated gene expression in GI smooth muscle cells (GI-SMCs) can lead to motility disorders. However, the consequences of genomic DNA hypomethylation within GI-SMCs are still elusive. Utilizing a Cre-lox murine model, we have generated SMC-restricted DNA methyltransferase 1 (Dnmt1) knockout (KO) mice and analyzed the effects of Dnmt1 deficiency. Dnmt1-KO pups are born smaller than their wild-type littermates, have shortened GI tracts, and lose peristaltic movement due to loss of the tunica muscularis in their intestine, causing massive intestinal dilation, and death around postnatal day 21. Within smooth muscle tissue, significant CpG hypomethylation occurs across the genome at promoters, introns, and exons. Additionally, there is a marked loss of differentiated SMC markers (Srf, Myh11, miR-133, miR-143/145), an increase in pro-apoptotic markers (Nr4a1, Gadd45g), loss of cellular connectivity, and an accumulation of coated vesicles within SMC. Interestingly, we observed consistent abnormal expression patterns of enzymes involved in DNA methylation between both Dnmt1-KO mice and diseased human GI tissue. These data demonstrate that DNA hypomethylation in embryonic SMC, via congenital Dnmt1 deficiency, contributes to massive dysregulation of gene expression and is lethal to GI-SMC. These results suggest that Dnmt1 has a necessary role in the embryonic, primary development process of SMC with consistent patterns being found in human GI diseased tissue.
HOXA4, down-regulated in lung cancer, inhibits the growth, motility and invasion of lung cancer cells
Authors: Cheng Shaofei , Qian Fengying , Huang Qin , Wei Lirong , Fu Yawen , Du Yuzhen 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe involvement of HOXA4 in colorectal cancer and epithelial ovarian cancer has been reported. Although it has been reported that the Hoxa4 gene is involved in the patterning of the mouse lung during embryonic development, little is known about the biological functions of HOXA4 in lung cancer. In the current study, HOXA4 expression was down-regulated in lung cancer tissues when compared with non-cancerous tissues. HOXA4 expression was associated with tumor size, TNM stage, lymph node metastasis and prognosis. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that HOXA4 expression was negatively correlated with cell cycle, metastasis, and the Wnt signaling pathway. Moreover, HOXA4 overexpression in lung cancer cell lines suppressed cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. HOXA4 decreased the protein expression levels of β-catenin, Cyclin D1, c-Myc and Survivin, indicating the inhibition of Wnt signaling. HOXA4 significantly increased the protein and mRNA levels of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) by promoting its transcription. Furthermore, inhibition of GSK3β by LiCl abolished the suppression of cell growth, migration, and invasion mediated by HOXA4. Overexpression of HOXA4 in xenograft tumors also decreased tumor growth and Wnt signaling. Collectively, these data suggest that HOXA4 is a potential diagnostic and prognostic marker in lung cancer, and its overexpression could inhibit lung cancer progression in part by promoting GSK3β transcription.
Dual function of peroxiredoxin I in lipopolysaccharide-induced osteoblast apoptosis via reactive oxygen species and the apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 signaling pathway
Authors: Feng Hao , Li Ziyu , Du Juan , Sun Jing , Feng Wei , Li Dongfang , Liu Shanshan , Wang Wei , Liu Hongrui , Amizuka Norio , Li Minqi 
Published: April 2018

AbstractLipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced osteoblast apoptosis is a prominent factor to the defect in periodontal tissue repair in periodontal disease. LPS challenge contributes to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in periodontitis, and peroxiredoxin 1 (Prx1) is an antioxidant protein that protect cells against oxidative damage from ROS. Without LPS stimulation, apoptotic rates were higher in both Prx1 knockout (Prx1KO) and Prx1 overexpression (Prx1OE) cells compared with wild type. After LPS stimulation, intracellular ROS in Prx1KOcells showed the highest level and Prx1OEcells showed the least. Treatment with LPS significantly elevated the expression of Bax, Cyto-c, and caspase 3 in Prx1KOcells compared with wild type, although this could be completely abolished by NAC. In Prx1OEcells, the expression and activation of ASK1 were significantly increased, and this was slightly reduced by LPS stimulation. NQDI-1 completely abolished the increased phosphorylation of JNK and p38 and the expression of caspase 3 in LPS-stimulated cells. These results indicate that Prx1 eliminates intracellular ROS and exhibits a cytoprotective role in LPS-induced apoptosis. However, under physiological conditions, Prx1 overexpression acts as a H2O2messenger, triggering the expression of ASK1 and its downstream cascades.
Interplay of cell death signaling pathways mediated by alternating magnetic field gradient
Authors: Wong De Wei , Gan Wei Liang , Teo Yuan Kai , Lew Wen Siang 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe ability to control or manipulate the pathways leading to cell death plays a pivotal role in cancer treatment. We demonstrate magneto-actuation of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) to induce different cell death signaling pathways, exemplifying the intricate interplay between apoptosis and necrosis. In vitro cell experiments show the cell viabilities decreases with increasing field strength and is lower in cells treated with low aspect ratio MNPs. In a strong vertical magnetic field gradient, the MNPs were able to apply sufficient force on the cell to trigger the intracellular pathway for cell apoptosis, thus significantly reducing the cell viability. The quantification of apoptotic and necrotic cell populations by fluorescence dual staining attributed the cell death mechanism to be predominantly apoptosis in a magnetic field gradient. In contrast, the MNPs in an alternating magnetic field gradient can effectively rupture the cell membrane leading to higher lactate dehydrogenase leakage and lower cell viability, proving to be an effective induction of cell death via necrosis.
Snail promotes ovarian cancer progression by recruiting myeloid-derived suppressor cells via CXCR2 ligand upregulation
Authors: Taki Mana , Abiko Kaoru , Baba Tsukasa , Hamanishi Junzo , Yamaguchi Ken , Murakami Ryusuke , Yamanoi Koji , Horikawa Naoki , Hosoe Yuko , Nakamura Eijiro , Sugiyama Aiko , Mandai Masaki , Konishi Ikuo , Matsumura Noriomi 
Published: April 2018

AbstractSnail is a major transcriptional factor that induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). In this study, we explore the effect of Snail on tumor immunity. Snail knockdown in mouse ovarian cancer cells suppresses tumor growth in immunocompetent mice, associated with an increase of CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and a decrease of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). Snail knockdown reduces the expression of CXCR2 ligands (CXCL1 and CXCL2), chemokines that attract MDSCs to the tumor via CXCR2. Snail upregulates CXCR ligands through NF-kB pathway, and most likely, through direct binding to the promoters. A CXCR2 antagonist suppresses MDSC infiltration and delays tumor growth in Snail-expressing mouse tumors. Ovarian cancer patients show elevated serum CXCL1/2, which correlates with Snail expression, MDSC infiltration, and short overall survival. Thus, Snail induces cancer progression via upregulation of CXCR2 ligands and recruitment of MDSCs. Blocking CXCR2 represents an immunological therapeutic approach to inhibit progression of Snail-high tumors undergoing EMT.
The Ustilago maydis repetitive effector Rsp3 blocks the antifungal activity of mannose-binding maize proteins
Authors: Ma Lay-Sun , Wang Lei , Trippel Christine , Mendoza-Mendoza Artemio , Ullmann Steffen , Moretti Marino , Carsten Alexander , Kahnt Jörg , Reissmann Stefanie , Zechmann Bernd , Bange Gert , Kahmann Regine 
Published: April 2018

AbstractTo cause disease in maize, the biotrophic fungus Ustilago maydis secretes a large arsenal of effector proteins. Here, we functionally characterize the repetitive effector Rsp3 (repetitive secreted protein 3), which shows length polymorphisms in field isolates and is highly expressed during biotrophic stages. Rsp3 is required for virulence and anthocyanin accumulation. During biotrophic growth, Rsp3 decorates the hyphal surface and interacts with at least two secreted maize DUF26-domain family proteins (designated AFP1 and AFP2). AFP1 binds mannose and displays antifungal activity against the rsp3 mutant but not against a strain constitutively expressing rsp3. Maize plants silenced for AFP1 and AFP2 partially rescue the virulence defect of rsp3 mutants, suggesting that blocking the antifungal activity of AFP1 and AFP2 by the Rsp3 effector is an important virulence function. Rsp3 orthologs are present in all sequenced smut fungi, and the ortholog from Sporisorium reilianum can complement the rsp3 mutant of U. maydis, suggesting a novel widespread fungal protection mechanism.
The State of the World’s Beaches
Authors: Luijendijk Arjen , Hagenaars Gerben , Ranasinghe Roshanka , Baart Fedor , Donchyts Gennadii , Aarninkhof Stefan 
Published: April 2018

AbstractCoastal zones constitute one of the most heavily populated and developed land zones in the world. Despite the utility and economic benefits that coasts provide, there is no reliable global-scale assessment of historical shoreline change trends. Here, via the use of freely available optical satellite images captured since 1984, in conjunction with sophisticated image interrogation and analysis methods, we present a global-scale assessment of the occurrence of sandy beaches and rates of shoreline change therein. Applying pixel-based supervised classification, we found that 31% of the world’s ice-free shoreline are sandy. The application of an automated shoreline detection method to the sandy shorelines thus identified resulted in a global dataset of shoreline change rates for the 33 year period 1984–2016. Analysis of the satellite derived shoreline data indicates that 24% of the world’s sandy beaches are eroding at rates exceeding 0.5 m/yr, while 28% are accreting and 48% are stable. The majority of the sandy shorelines in marine protected areas are eroding, raising cause for serious concern.
Thymol nanoemulsion exhibits potential antibacterial activity against bacterial pustule disease and growth promotory effect on soybean
Authors: Kumari Sarita , Kumaraswamy R. V. , Choudhary Ram Chandra , Sharma S. S. , Pal Ajay , Raliya Ramesh , Biswas Pratim , Saharan Vinod 
Published: April 2018

AbstractAn antibacterial and plant growth promoting nanoemulsion was formulated using thymol, an essential oil component of plant and Quillaja saponin, a glycoside surfactant of Quillaja tree. The emulsion was prepared by a sonication method. Fifty minutes of sonication delivered a long term stable thymol nanoemulsion which was characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), cryogenic-field emission scanning electron microscopy (Cryo-FESEM) and fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy. Creaming index, pH and dilution stability were also studied for deliberation of its practical applications. The nanoemulsion (0.01–0.06%, v/v) showed substantial in vitro growth inhibition of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. glycine of soybean (6.7-0.0 log CFU/ml). In pot experiments, seed treatment and foliar application of the nanoemulsion (0.03–0.06%, v/v) significantly lowered the disease severity (DS) (33.3–3.3%) and increased percent efficacy of disease control (PEDC) (54.9–95.4%) of bacterial pustule in soybean caused by X. axonopodis pv. glycine. Subsequently, significant enhancements of plant growth were also recorded in plants treated with thymol nanoemulsion. This is the first report of a thymol based nanoemulsion obtained using Quillaja saponin as a surfactant. Our study claims that nano scale thymol could be a potential antimicrobial and plant growth promoting agent for agriculture.