bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polycentric Sovereignty: The Medieval Constitution, Governance Quality, and the Wealth of Nations
Authors: Salter Alexander William , Young Andrew T. 
Published: March 2019

ObjectiveIt is widely accepted that good institutions caused modern economic prosperity. But what caused good institutions? In this article we challenge recent explanations that favor state capacity, pointing instead to the polycentric governance structures of medieval Europe.MethodsWe develop a novel theory of constitutions, which we call “polycentric sovereignty,” based on political property rights. We use this theory to reinterpret the historical evidence concerning the relationship between the medieval patrimony and good governance.ResultsOur analysis suggests the de facto balance of power among the “owners of the realm” in medieval Europe are crucial in explaining the rise of pro‐growth institutions, especially those that respect and uphold the rule of law.ConclusionMedieval institutions set the background conditions for good governance. We cannot understand the bounty of economic modernity without reference to the received political‐economic traditions from medieval Europe.
Trends in transfusion practice over 20 years in paediatric liver transplant programme
Authors: Milan Zoka , Katyayani Katyayani , Cubas Georgina , Unic‐Stojanovic Dragana , Cooper Mariese , Bras Paul , Macmillan Joseph 
Published: March 2019

BackgroundWe investigated changes to transfusion practices over time in paediatric liver transplant centre and evaluated the effect of transfusion practice to mortality.MethodsA pilot retrospective study included two cohorts each with 101 sequential paediatric LT recipients: an Early group (1994–1998) and a Recent group (2009–2013). Demographic characteristics and data on the intraoperative transfusion of red blood cells (RBC), fresh‐frozen plasma (FFP), platelets and cryoprecipitate were collected. Postoperative laboratory results were also obtained, together with donor and data regarding 1‐ and 5‐year survival. Appropriate intergroup comparisons, univariate and multivariate analysis were made and P ≤ 0·05 was considered statistically significant.ResultsThere were no significant group differences in demographic data (except patient height). Despite the fact that median total blood loss did not differ between groups (111 ml/kg in both groups), the Early group had greater levels of intraoperative RBC transfusion (75 vs. 59 ml/kg, respectively, P = 0·04) and less use of FFP (53 vs. 62 ml/kg, respectively, P = 0·01). Overall we noted a lower 1‐ and 5‐year survival in the Early group (88·2% vs. 96%, P = 0·04 and 82·4% vs. 89·1%, P = 0·01, respectively). Univariate, but not multivariate regression analyses demonstrated that higher PELD score, RBC and FFP transfusion, and inclusion in the Early group were contributing factors to 1‐year higher mortality.ConclusionsThis retrospective analysis of blood loss and replacement in paediatric LT patients demonstrates that the majority of our patients suffer major haemorrhage and require large‐volume RBC and FFP replacements. In our pilot study, large volume of RBC and FFP replacement did not contribute to mortality. Paediatric LT involves a number of multidisciplinary teams. Thus, all care‐related factors and combinations thereof that may contribute to outcome and should be evaluated in the future.
Heat Transfer Characteristics in a Rotating Pin Finned Duct With
Different Protrusion Locations
Authors: Du Wei , Luo Lei , Wang Songtao , Bi Shaokang , Zhang Xinghong 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The heat transfer in a pin finned duct is augmented by the protrusion in this study. The realizable k–ε turbulence model coupled with the enhanced wall function is used to obtain the flow structure and heat transfer characteristics. Six different rotational numbers (Ro = 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0) and three different protrusion locations have been introduced. The pin fins and protrusions are placed on a simplified three-dimensional rectangular duct. Numerical results reveal that the Nusselt number in the pin finned channel has remarkable increase after adoption of the protrusions. In addition, the protrusion location and the rotational number have significant influence on the heat transfer distribution. The high rotational number is in favor of heat transfer enhancement on the endwall surface. Furthermore, the highest Nusselt number is occurred where protrusion is near the pin fin windward side.
Socioeconomic trajectories across the life course and risk of total and cause-specific mortality: prospective findings from the Moli-sani Study
Authors: Bonaccio Marialaura , Di Castelnuovo Augusto , Costanzo Simona , De Curtis Amalia , Persichillo Mariarosaria , Cerletti Chiara , Donati Maria Benedetta , de Gaetano Giovanni , Iacoviello Licia 
Published: March 2019

BackgroundA life course approach has been suggested as the most appropriate to establish the total impact of socioeconomic status (SES) on adult health outcomes; however, such an approach has been poorly used within Mediterranean populations. We aimed to examine the SES trajectories from childhood to adulthood associated with mortality risk in a large general population-based cohort and to test potential pathways (eg, inflammation) underlying such associations.MethodsLongitudinal analyses on 22 194 subjects recruited in the Moli-sani Study, Italy (2005–2010). Low and high SES in childhood, educational attainment (low/high) and SES during adulthood (measured by a score including material resources and dichotomised as low/high) were used to define overall trajectories.ResultsOver 8.3 years of follow-up, 1155 deaths occurred. In the group with poor childhood SES, an upward trajectory in both educational and material circumstances was associated with lower risk of all-cause death (HR=0.64; 95% CI 0.47 to 0.87), as opposed to subjects who remained stably low (low education and adulthood SES). Subjects with high childhood SES, but not educational achievement, were at increased risk of total and cardiovascular disease (CVD) death, although reporting higher material SES in adult life, as compared with the stably high SES group (HR=1.44; 1.02 to 2.02 and HR=1.90; 1.10 to 3.28, respectively). Inflammatory markers marginally accounted for such associations.ConclusionFor individuals with low SES in early life, an educational and material upward trajectory over the life course was associated with lower mortality risk. In the high SES childhood group, lack of a higher educational attainment appeared to be unfavourably associated with survival.
Occupation and motor neuron disease: a New Zealand case–control study
Authors: Chen Grace Xia , ’t Mannetje Andrea Martine , Douwes Jeroen , van den Berg Leonard , Pearce Neil , Kromhout Hans , D’Souza Wendyl , McConnell Melanie , Glass Bill , Brewer Naomi , McLean David J 
Published: March 2019

ObjectivesTo assess associations between occupation and motor neuron disease (MND).MethodsWe conducted a population-based case–control study with cases (n=321) recruited through the New Zealand Motor Neurone Disease Association and hospital discharge data. Controls (n=605) were recruited from the Electoral Roll. Information on personal and demographic details, lifestyle factors and a full occupational history was collected using questionnaires and interviews. Associations with ever/never employed and employment duration were estimated using logistic regression stratified by sex and adjusted for age, ethnicity, socioeconomic deprivation, education and smoking.ResultsElevated risks were observed for field crop and vegetable growers (OR 2.93, 95% CI 1.10 to 7.77); fruit growers (OR 2.03, 95% CI 1.09 to 3.78); gardeners and nursery growers (OR 1.96, 95% CI 1.01 to 3.82); crop and livestock producers (OR 3.61, 95% CI 1.44 to 9.02); fishery workers, hunters and trappers (OR 5.62, 95% CI 1.27 to 24.97); builders (OR 2.90, 95% CI 1.41 to 5.96); electricians (OR 3.61, 95% CI 1.34 to 9.74); caregivers (OR 2.65, 95% CI 1.04 to 6.79); forecourt attendants (OR 8.31, 95% CI 1.79 to 38.54); plant and machine operators and assemblers (OR 1.42, 95% CI 1.01 to 2.01); telecommunications technicians (OR 4.2, 95% CI 1.20 to 14.64); and draughting technicians (OR 3.02, 95% CI 1.07 to 8.53). Industries with increased risks were agriculture (particularly horticulture and fruit growing), construction, non-residential care services, motor vehicle retailing, and sport and recreation. Positive associations between employment duration and MND were shown for the occupations fruit growers, gardeners and nursery growers, and crop and livestock producers, and for the horticulture and fruit growing industry.ConclusionsThis study suggests associations between MND and occupations in agriculture and several other occupations.
Evolution of Deep Convolutional Neural Networks Using Cartesian Genetic
Programming
Authors: Suganuma Masanori , Kobayashi Masayuki , Shirakawa Shinichi , Nagao Tomoharu 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The convolutional neural network (CNN), one of the deep learning models, has demonstrated outstanding performance in a variety of computer vision tasks. However, as the network architectures become deeper and more complex, designing CNN architectures requires more expert knowledge and trial and error. In this article, we attempt to automatically construct high-performing CNN architectures for a given task. Our method uses Cartesian genetic programming (CGP) to encode the CNN architectures, adopting highly functional modules such as a convolutional block and tensor concatenation, as the node functions in CGP. The CNN structure and connectivity, represented by the CGP, are optimized to maximize accuracy using the evolutionary algorithm. We also introduce simple techniques to accelerate the architecture search: rich initialization and early network training termination. We evaluated our method on the CIFAR-10 and CIFAR-100 datasets, achieving competitive performance with state-of-the-art models. Remarkably, our method can find competitive architectures with a reasonable computational cost compared to other automatic design methods that require considerably more computational time and machine resources.
Divine Violence and Divine Presence: Reading the Story of Uzzah and the Ark in 2 Samuel 6 with Slavoj Žižek
Authors: Gilmour Rachelle 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This article interprets the story of the outbreak of God against Uzzah in 2 Samuel 6 as an act of “divine violence,” a concept described by Slavoj Žižek in his book Violence: Six Sideways Reflections. In previous interpretations of 2 Samuel 6, the violence against Uzzah has been understood either as a punishment for a transgression, or as a capricious act of God’s power. Slavoj Žižek describes “divine violence” as violence, which is not a means to an end, and which irrupts from a position of vulnerability and impotence. By looking at the details of the Masoretic Text of 2 Samuel 6, it will be argued that the violence of God in this story should also be interpreted as divine violence: it lacks meaning as a punishment for transgression, and it stems from the vulnerability of God’s presence in the ark rather than from God’s transcendent power.
Lyrical Slippage, Meaning-Making, and Proximity in Song 2:10-13
Authors: Zhang Sarah 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Where does lyric significance happen? With recent interdisciplinary studies from the fields of aesthetics and neuroscience offering support to Emmanuel Levinas’s idea of proximity, I propose that proximity is the maternal body of lyrical meaning. In this paper, I will illustrate the case by unpacking the mental processing of the lyrical imageries in Song 2:10–13, and highlight two aspects of proximity along the way. First, the perception of lyrical imagery is more complex than a representational correspondence between the word and the world. It covers the stages from the verbal cues to multisensory imageries, to evoked synaesthetic experiences, to accompanied feelings and provoked actions. Cognitively it is best described as one’s approximation toward the core semantic sense of the verbal cues, which is diversified by the reader’s embodied minds. Second, at the root of the aesthetic experience is one’s sense of self, which is susceptible to the intrigue of alterity. One’s reception of lyrical imageries in Song 2:10–13 can be characterized as an over-abundant synaesthetic experience. It directs one’s attention to an anterior receptivity embedded in subjectivity by way of the excess of the sensing over the semantic, and the sensed over the sensing. This reduction to the baseline level of function, or the sheer sensation of oneself, beckons the lyrical subject to become aware of one’s a prior proximity to alterity. In brief, while the readers’ individualized approximations preclude a verifiable universal reception, they do not warrant the kind of hermeneutic violence that overrides the text with the readers’ contexts. Rather, by being awakened to one’s susceptibility to the otherness of the poem, the lyrical subject realizes that proximity is the ethical precondition in making sense of the poem and oneself.
Masculinities of the Husbands in the Genealogy of Jesus (Matt. 1:2-16)
Authors: Doane Sébastien 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
From a narrative approach, and through the lens of masculinity studies, this article examines a particular group in the genealogy of Jesus: the men associated with a woman in their “begetting”: Judah with Tamar, Salmon with Rahab, Boaz with Ruth, and David with the wife of Uriah. What traits characterize this specific group of biblical men put forth as Jesus’s ancestors? What kind of husbands and fathers are they? What is the effect on readers as they peruse this list of masculine prototypes? These male figures are then compared to Joseph and to Jesus. The Gospel of Matthew does not present the masculinities of Joseph and Jesus in the same way as it portrays those of others in the genealogy. Basically, the genealogy supports and subverts ancient hegemonic constructions of masculinity, by proposing a reversal of the values associated with masculinity.
Promiscuous πόρναι, Bad Bitches, and Misogynistic Masculinities: A Queer, Imperial-Critical Analysis of Revelation and Rap
Authors: Van Horn O’neil 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
If the Book of Revelation is anti-imperial resistance literature of the first order, hip-hop music is its contemporary equivalent – with Kendrick Lamar as one of its most politically sensitized “prophets.” I will explore the intersections, commonalities, and divergences between Revelation 17-18 and rapper Kendrick’s “For Sale? (Interlude),” especially regarding notions of empire, gender, and sexuality. I will draw connections between the characters of “For Sale” – Kendrick and Lucy – and those of Revelation 17-18 – John of Patmos and Babylon. This analysis will reveal the relationship between anti-imperial rhetoric and the troubling “effemination” of empire. I contend that Babylon and Lucy are both figures “in drag,” dis/closing the prevailing imperial and misogynistic forces of their respective cultures. This queer interpretation, playing off Catherine Keller’s and Stephen D. Moore’s reading of the text and J. Jack Halberstam’s study of drag kings, seeks to unveil the hypermasculine performances in both Revelation and contemporary hip-hop culture.
Bursaphelenchus pterocarpi n. sp. (Tylenchina: Aphelenchoididae) found in Pterocarpus sp. imported into China from Ghana
Authors: Gu Jianfeng , Fang Yiwu , Liu Lele , Pedram Majid , Li Hongmei 
Published: March 2019

Summary
Bursaphelenchus pterocarpi n. sp. isolated from Pterocarpus sp. logs imported from Ghana to Ningbo, China, is described and illustrated. The new species is characterised by a female body length of 630-946 μm, lateral field with four lines, a short 12.6-13.9 μm long stylet with small basal swellings, excretory pore located posterior to nerve ring, outstretched reproductive system with amoeboid sperm inside the spermatheca, a well-developed vulval flap, tail conical and straight with a 1.9-4.8 μm long mucron at the tip, and lacking males in both the wild type and fungal-cultured populations. In a concatenated tree, reconstructed on the basis of the partial 18S, full length ITS and partial 28S rDNA D2-D3 sequences, the new species occupied a basal placement to the clade of xylophilus-group and africanus-group species.
ʿĀmir b. ʿĀmir al-Baṣrī: Ismāʿīlī or Unorthodox Twelver Šīʿī-Ṣūfī?
Authors: Poonawala Ismail K. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
ʿĀmir b. ʿĀmir al-Baṣrī, according to evidence in his tāʾiyya, composed this long didactic mystical poem either in 700/1300-1301 or 731/1330-1331, while he was exiled to Sīwās in Anatolia. The object of this paper is fourfold. First, to give a brief sketch of his life gleaned from the extant Sunnī sources and determine the date of al-tāʾiyya’s composition or completion. Second, to review critically all the three editions of his al-tāʾiyya. Third, to scrutinize the contents of his poem, generally known as al-tāʾiyya l-ṣuġrā in contradistinction to al-tāʾiyya l-kubrā of Ibn al-Fāriḍ (d. 632/1235). This Ode is crucial in establishing an unequivocal argument that the poet was an unorthodox Imāmī (Twelver) Šīʿī-Ṣūfī. Fourth, to refute the claims of ʿĀrif Tāmir, Muṣṭafā Ġālib and Yves Marquet that al-Baṣrī was an Ismāʿīlī. The first two scholars do not present any tangible evidence to support their contention except the fact that copies of his tāʾiyya are to be found among the Syrian Ismāʿīlī-Nizārī communities. Yves Marquet, on the other hand, argues and speculates on the basis of his [mis]reading of certain internal and external evidences that the author was a high ranking Ismāʿīlī missionary. Unable to support his contention Marquet as a final point of defense opines that al-Baṣrī was probably affiliated with the Nizārī branch; however, he says this without any substantial internal or external verification. Contrarily, al-Baṣrī is not known at all in the Ismāʿīlī sources, either those of the Mustaʿlī-Ṭayyibīs in the Yemeni era, or of the Nizārīs during the post-Alamūt period.
The Exceptio Non Adimpleti Contractus in Public International Law
Authors: Xiouri Maria 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The position of the exceptio non adimpleti contractus in public international law as a response to the breach of a treaty is surrounded by uncertainty. This article offers an analytical examination of: i) the notion of the exceptio and its relationship to other responses to the breach of a treaty; ii) the question of its conditions of application; and iii) its character as a rule of international law. It argues that the exceptio is distinct both from responses pursuant to Article 60 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT) and from countermeasures; however, there is uncertainty with regard to its conditions of application. The exceptio can be considered as a general principle of law and, as such, can fill gaps in the regulation of responses to the breach of a treaty. However, it remains unclear whether the exceptio constitutes a rule of customary international law.
Principled Noncompliance
Authors: Haase Heather J 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Compliance with international law is highly valued, almost to the point of being sacrosanct. At the same time temporary treaty noncompliance in the midst of changing domestic laws and practice is a fairly common feature of regime modernisation, particularly in treaty regimes that are resistant to needed change. This article, utilising examples from various treaty regimes, will examine the concept of noncompliance as playing a functional, and even essential, role in the evolution of international law to address inefficiencies or bridge ‘operational’ gaps. It will consider whether states that wish to proceed with legal regulation of cannabis can take a stance of ‘principled noncompliance’, rather than resorting to a legally questionable denial of any compliance problem with the international drug control treaties. The paper presents six considerations states must take into account in choosing the path of principled noncompliance.
The Interactions of Function and Aesthetic Value in Artifacts
Authors: Stecker Robert 
Published: March 2019

In this paper, I ask: what is the role of function in appreciating artifacts? I will argue that several distinguishable functions are relevant to the aesthetic appreciation of artifacts, and sometimes more than one of these must be taken into account to adequately appreciate these objects. Second, I will claim that, while we can identify something we might call functional aesthetic value or functional beauty, the aesthetic properties that contribute to this value neither need to enhance the object’s performance of its primary function nor manifest that function. There are broader criteria for what properties are relevant to functional beauty. Finally, I suggest that the aesthetic appreciation of artifacts may contribute to a larger appreciative project: the understanding and evaluation of a way of life, or social or cultural practices in which the artifact plays a role.
Premodern Island-Southeast-Asian History in the Digital Age
Authors: Heng Derek 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Premodern Southeast Asian history has primarily been predicated upon the exploitation of Chinese written documents. Reliance has been placed on several texts that detail Southeast Asian polities, products, and their respective societies. As indigenously generated sources of data have become available, primarily through archaeology, the trend has been to seek convergence between these two bodies of information. The availability of searchable digital databases has rendered Chinese documents to be open to the discoveries of new information previously unknown to historians of premodern Southeast Asia. This unutilized information has the potential of throwing new light on previously held conclusions. This article seeks to make an argument for the exploitation and potential of digitized Chinese textual databases, through keyword search methodologies, in expanding our understanding of Southeast Asia’s past, as well as the potential challenges that need to be addressed so that this new source base can be made sufficiently utilizable for Southeast Asian studies.
The Sweat of the King
Authors: Ricklefs M.C. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Eighteenth-century Javanese sources indicate that in pre-colonial Javanese kingdoms, a distinction was drawn between the monarch’s personal wealth—called monies that were ‘pure in intent, from the sweat of the king’—and the revenues of the kingdom as an institution. The distinction was probably of Islamic origin. It seems probable that only such personal royal wealth was acceptable for funding acts of personal religious merit.
The Role of Binocular Vision in Driving Pseudoneglect in Visual and Haptic Bisection: Evidence From Strabismic and Monocular Blind Individuals
Authors: Ciricugno Andrea , Rinaldi Luca , Vecchi Tomaso , Merabet Lotfi B. , Cattaneo Zaira 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Prior studies have shown that strabismic amblyopes do not exhibit pseudoneglect in visual line bisection, suggesting that the right-hemisphere dominance in the control of spatial attention may depend on a normally developing binocular vision. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether an abnormal binocular childhood experience also affects spatial attention in the haptic modality, thus reflecting a supramodal effect. To this aim, we compared the performance of normally sighted, strabismic and early monocular blind participants in a visual and a haptic line bisection task. In visual line bisection, strabismic individuals tended to err to the right of the veridical midpoint, in contrast with normally sighted participants who showed pseudoneglect. Monocular blind participants exhibited high variability in their visual performance, with a tendency to bisect toward the direction of the functioning eye. In turn, in haptic bisection, all participants consistently erred towards the left of the veridical midpoint. Taken together, our findings support the view that pseudoneglect in the visual and haptic modality relies on different functional and neural mechanisms.