bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dilution of oral D3‐Creatine to measure creatine pool size and estimate skeletal muscle mass: development of a correction algorithm
Authors: Shankaran Mahalakshmi , Czerwieniec Gregg , Fessler Chancy , Wong Po‐yin Anne , Killion Salena , Turner Scott M. , Hellerstein Marc K. , Evans William J. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractBackgroundMuscle mass can be measured directly in vivo by isotope dilution, using Creatine‐(methyl‐d3) monohydrate (D3‐Cr) by mouth followed by measurement of the steady‐state enrichment of D3‐creatinine (D3‐Crn) in urine. Isotope dilution methods require knowledge of the amount of tracer delivered to the pool of interest. In a subset of human subjects, a small amount of orally administered D3‐Cr ‘spills’ into urine after absorption and prior to transport into skeletal muscle cells. The objectives were to develop a method to correct for spillage to compare the estimate of muscle mass by D3‐Cr dilution to other assessments of fat‐free mass.MethodsSubjects (19 males, 23–81 years old; 20 females, 20–77 years old) ingested a single dose of 60 mg D3‐Cr and urine was collected prior to and daily for 4 days following the dose. Fasting morning urine samples was assessed for D3‐Cr, total Cr, D3‐Crn, and total Crn concentrations, as well as isotopic enrichments of D3‐Crn, by LC/MS. The 24‐h urine collections over 3 days after the dose of D3‐Cr were also performed to determine D3‐Cr spillage. Total body water, fat mass, and fat‐free mass were assessed by bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (BIS).ResultsSpillage of D3‐Cr in the urine was greater in women than men. D3‐Crn enrichment and the ratio of Cr/Crn were used in an algorithm to calculate Cr pool size and muscle mass. Specifically, an algorithm was developed for the estimation of spillage based on the relationship between the fasting Cr/Crn ratio and the cumulative proportion of the D3‐Cr dose excreted over 3 days based on 24‐h urine collections. Muscle mass corrected using the algorithm based on fasting urine levels correlated (r = 0.9967, P < 0.0001) with that corrected by measuring D3‐Cr dose excreted. Muscle mass measured by D3‐Crn enrichment also correlated (r = 0.8579, P < 0.0001, algorithm corrected) with that measured by 24‐h Crn excretion. Muscle mass measured by D3‐Cr dilution method correlated with intracellular water by BIS, whether using spillage corrected by the algorithm (r = 0.9041, P < 0.0001) or measured by 3 day D3‐Cr losses (r = 0.91, P < 0.0001) and similarly correlated with fat‐free mass by BIA (r = 0.8857 and 0.8929, P < 0.0001, respectively).ConclusionsThe D3‐Cr dilution method is further validated here as a non‐invasive, easy‐to‐use test for measuring muscle mass. The technical issue of D3‐Cr spillage can be corrected for with a simple algorithm based on fasting spot urine samples. Muscle mass by Cr dilution potentially has broad applications in clinical and research settings.
Validation of a motion‐robust 2D sequential technique for quantification of hepatic proton density fat fraction during free breathing
Authors: Pooler B. Dustin , Hernando Diego , Ruby Jeannine A. , Ishii Hiroshi , Shimakawa Ann , Reeder Scott B. 
Published: April 2018

BackgroundCurrent chemical‐shift‐encoded (CSE) MRI techniques for measuring hepatic proton density fat fraction (PDFF) are sensitive to motion artifacts.PurposeInitial validation of a motion‐robust 2D‐sequential CSE‐MRI technique for quantification of hepatic PDFF.Study TypePhantom study and prospective in vivo cohort.PopulationFifty adult patients (27 women, 23 men, mean age 57.2 years).Field Strength/Sequence3D, 2D‐interleaved, and 2D‐sequential CSE‐MRI acquisitions at 1.5T.AssessmentThree CSE‐MRI techniques (3D, 2D‐interleaved, 2D‐sequential) were performed in a PDFF phantom and in vivo. Reference standards were 3D CSE‐MRI PDFF measurements for the phantom study and single‐voxel MR spectroscopy hepatic PDFF measurements (MRS‐PDFF) in vivo. In vivo hepatic MRI‐PDFF measurements were performed during a single breath‐hold (BH) and free breathing (FB), and were repeated by a second reader for the FB 2D‐sequential sequence to assess interreader variability.Statistical TestsCorrelation plots to validate the 2D‐sequential CSE‐MRI against the phantom and in vivo reference standards. Bland–Altman analysis of FB versus BH CSE‐MRI acquisitions to evaluate robustness to motion. Bland–Altman analysis to assess interreader variability.ResultsPhantom 2D‐sequential CSE‐MRI PDFF measurements demonstrated excellent agreement and correlation (R2 > 0.99) with 3D CSE‐MRI. In vivo, the mean (±SD) hepatic PDFF was 8.8 ± 8.7% (range 0.6–28.5%). Compared with BH acquisitions, FB hepatic PDFF measurements demonstrated bias of +0.15% for 2D‐sequential compared with + 0.53% for 3D and +0.94% for 2D‐interleaved. 95% limits of agreement (LOA) were narrower for 2D‐sequential (±0.99%), compared with 3D (±3.72%) and 2D‐interleaved (±3.10%). All CSE‐MRI techniques had excellent correlation with MRS (R2 > 0.97). The FB 2D‐sequential acquisition demonstrated little interreader variability, with mean bias of +0.07% and 95% LOA of ± 1.53%.Data ConclusionThis motion‐robust 2D‐sequential CSE‐MRI can accurately measure hepatic PDFF during free breathing in a patient population with a range of PDFF values of 0.6–28.5%, permitting accurate quantification of liver fat content without the need for suspended respiration.Level of Evidence: 1Technical Efficacy: Stage 2J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2018;48:1578–1585
Evaluation of hernia of the male inguinal canal: sonographic method
Authors: Jansen Christopher J. , Yielder Paul C. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractSonography of the male inguinal canal for hernia is a common request. There is debate about the accuracy and even need for sonographic assessment of inguinal hernia. A clear, concise method is presented, with correlated diagrams and sonographic images, which aims to improve the ability of sonographers to easily identify inguinal herniae.
On the folly of punishing A while hoping for A: Exploring punishment in organizations
Authors: Skaggs Bruce C. , Manz Charles C. , Lyle Matthew C.B. , Pearce Craig L. 
Published: April 2018

SummaryThis Incubator complements Kerr's classic writing, extended by recent articles by Wright and colleagues, “On the Folly of Rewarding A, While Hoping for B.” Here, we focus on the potentially even more extreme, self‐sabotaging folly of punishing A while hoping for A (i.e., the behaviors and outcomes organizations want most).
Epilogue: Creativity as Immersed Detachment
Authors: Glăveanu Vlad Petre 
Published: April 2018

AbstractIn this short epilogue, I reflect on a final, basic paradox when it comes to creativity: the fact that creators are simultaneously deeply immersed into their environment and their work and, at the same time, capable of taking distance from both in order to develop new perspectives on the situation or problem at hand. This particular state of “immersed detachment” is enabled by our existence as social and cultural beings, a condition that both constrains and frees our thinking and our action. Understanding this paradoxical condition and fostering it can have wide‐ranging benefits at a theoretical and practical level. Conceptually, it helps us understand why creativity depends, at once, on individuals and society, uniqueness and sameness, continuity and difference. Practically, it encourages those forms of immersion and connectivity that help rather than hinder creative agency.
Higher yield of cherry tomato grown in culture medium with microbially inoculated feather compost without fertilizer application
Authors: Zeng You-Hong , Kuo Ya-Wen , Chen Hong-Tang 
Published: April 2018

AbstractArthrobacter ureafaciensK10, with multiple functions, such as feather degradation, phosphate solubilization, and IAA formation, andStreptomycessp. CP3, with pitaya cladode‐degrading ability, were co‐inoculated in compost composed of pitaya‐pruning waste (PPW), spent mushroom waste (SMW), and duck feathers (DF) in order to produce a compost called Sapf‐M. Another compost, called Sapf, was manufacturedviathe same composting procedure but without inoculation. The two compost products were slightly acidic and had a bulk density less than 0.25 g cm−3, a water‐holding capacity (WHC) greater than 85%, a C : N ratio of nearly 10, and a germination index higher than 85%. Higher IAA concentration, EC, phosphate‐solubilizing bacterial numbers, actinobacterial numbers, and water‐soluble nutrients, such as ammonium, magnesium, copper, manganese, and iron, were found in Sapf‐M compared to Sapf. Five different culture media were prepared: peat mixed with Sapf at a 2 : 1 volume ratio (P‐Sapf), peat mixed with Sapf‐M at a 2 : 1 volume ratio (P‐Sapf‐M), Sapf, Sapf‐M, and peat. Each of these was analyzed for its ability to produce cherry tomatoes without fertilization. Higher WHC and water‐soluble ammonium were found in P‐Sapf‐M than in P‐Sapf. Cherry tomato cultured in P‐Sapf‐M showed the highest fruit number and yielded 1.04 kg per plant. Fruit firmness, splitting rate, BER incidence, TSS/acidity, and nutrition were all analyzed. After eradication, the mineral concentrations of roots and culture media were also determined. The results of this study show that the bio‐inoculated Sapf‐M had longer‐lasting fertility and greater plant growth‐promoting abilities than the Sapf when used as the growing medium for cherry tomato production without further fertilization.
Comparison of transgenicBtrice and its non‐Btcounterpart in adaptability to nitrogen deficiency
Authors: Jiang Yang , Ling Lin , Zhan Ming , Li Chengfang , Cao Cougui 
Published: April 2018

AbstractResistances of newly bredBacillus thuringiensis(Bt) crops have been dramatically improved because of the effective and high expression ofBtprotein in the plant. However, poorer adaptabilities to environmental stresses were observed in someBtcrops compared to their non‐Btcounterparts. The biological reasons for the poorer adaptabilities were still unclear. A nitrogen (N) deficiency experiment was conducted to investigate variations in growth and physiology characteristics of a newly bredBtrice [Oryza sativaL. line MH63 (Cry2A*)] compared to its non‐Btcounterpart MH63. MH63 (Cry2A*) showed lower grain yields and lower biomass under low N levels compared to MH63. Earlier leaf senescence associated with disorder in protein metabolism was observed in MH63 (Cry2A*) when the N concentration was lower than 13.50 mg g−1in MH63 (Cry2A*) leaves and the ratio ofBtprotein to soluble protein (BT : SP) was higher than 2203 μg g−1in MH63 (Cry2A*) leaves. The lower grain yield, the lower biomass and the earlier leaf senescence associated with disorder in protein metabolism in MH63 (Cry2A*) were correlated to the high BT : SP in MH63 (Cry2A*) leaves. The results suggest that MH63 (Cry2A*) has a poorer adaptability to N deficiency compared to its non‐Btcounterpart MH63. This poorer adaptability might be related to the highBtprotein expression in MH63 (Cry2A*).
Characterization of vegetable nitrogen uptake and soil nitrogen transformation in response to continuous molybdenum application
Authors: Wen Xin , Hu Chengxiao , Sun Xuecheng , Zhao Xiaohu , Tan Qiling , Liu Peijie , Xin Juan , Qin Shiyu , Wang Pengcheng 
Published: April 2018

AbstractMolybdenum (Mo), a plant micronutrient, is involved in nitrogen (N) cycling of global ecosystem, but little is known about its effect on soil N transformation especially the key processes nitrification and denitrification. A long‐term field experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of continuous sufficient soil available Mo on vegetable N uptake and soil N transformation. The experiment consisted of three treatments: control (CK), Mo deficiency (NPK), and Mo application (NPK+Mo). The results show that (1) after a 7‐year‐experiment, continuous Mo application significantly increased soil available Mo content. (2) Compared to the NPK treatment, NPK+Mo treatment showed an increase of 11, 18, and 8% in the cumulative crop yield, plant N uptake, and N fertilizer use efficiency. (3) With continuous Mo application, the soil
,
, microbial biomass N, and total N contents were reduced by 14, 29, 40, and 12%, the soil nitrate reductase (NR) and nitrite reductase (NiR) activities were reduced by 14 and 8%, as well as the potential denitrification activity (PDA) and gross nitrification rate (GNR) were decreased by 64 and 80%, respectively. Additionally, continuous Mo application decreased the abundance of ammonia‐oxidizing archaea (AOA) and increased the abundance of narG‐containing denitrifiers (narG) and nirK‐type nitrite reducers (nirK) significantly. The data suggest that a deficiency in soil available Mo may induce the risk of soil N accumulation and environmental N emission in vegetable soil, whereas continuous Mo application could mitigate this risk by increasing crop yield and N uptake and, by decreasing soil N residues, soil nitrification and denitrification.
Phytolith‐rich biochar increases cotton biomass and silicon‐mineralomass in a highly weathered soil
Authors: Li Zimin , Delvaux Bruno , Yans Johan , Dufour Nicolas , Houben David , Cornelis Jean‐Thomas 
Published: April 2018

AbstractNon‐essential silicon (Si) is beneficial to plants. It increases the biomass of Si‐accumulator plants by improving photosynthetic activity and alleviating stresses. Desilication, however, takes place because of natural soil weathering and removal of harvested biomass. Pyrolysis transforms Si‐rich biomass into biochar that can be used to supply bioavailable Si.Here, we applied two biochar materials differing in Si content on soils differing in weathering stage: a young Cambisol and a highly weathered Nitisol. We studied the impact of biochar supply on the bioavailability of Si, cotton biomass, and Si mineralomass. The biochar materials derived from, respectively: Miscanthus × giganteus (Mi; 34.6 g Si kg−1 in biochar) and soft woody material (SW; 0.9 g Si kg−1 in biochar). They were compared to conventional Si fertilizer wollastonite (Wo; CaSiO3). Amendments were incorporated in soils at the rate of 3% (w/w). The content of bioavailable Si in soil was determined through 0.01 M CaCl2 extraction.In the Cambisol, the proportion (CaCl2 extractable Si: total Si content) was significantly smaller for Mi (0.9%) than for Wo (5.2%). In the Nitisol, this proportion was much larger for Mi (1.4%) than for Wo (0.7%). Mi‐biochar significantly increased Si‐mineralomass relatively to SW‐biochar in both soils. This increase was, however, much larger in the Nitisol (5.9‐fold) than in the Cambisol (2.2‐fold).Mi biochar is thus an alternative Si fertilizer to Wo to supply bioavailable Si, increase plant biomass, and promote the biological cycle of Si in the soil‐plant system in the Nitisol. Besides, it increased soil fertility and soil organic carbon content.
Design strategies for materials showing thermally activated delayed fluorescence and beyond: Towards the fourth‐generation OLED mechanism
Authors: Yersin Hartmut , Mataranga‐Popa Larisa , Li Shu‐Wei , Czerwieniec Rafal 
Published: April 2018

AbstractDesign strategies for molecules showing thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) are discussed, and a new emitter concept based on an almost “zero‐energy‐gap” is developed. Thermal activation is not substantial. Applied in an organic light emitting diode, all singlet and triplet excitons are harvested directly in the lowest singlet state without time‐delaying TADF. This landmarking mechanism, being beyond TADF, leads to emission decay times in the sub‐μs range.
4032 ppi High‐resolution OLED microdisplay
Authors: Fujii Takuma , Kon Chiaki , Motoyama Yosuke , Shimizu Kan , Shimayama Tsutomu , Yamazaki Takashi , Kato Takayoshi , Sakai Seigou , Hashikaki Koichi , Tanaka Koji , Nakano Yasuhiro 
Published: April 2018

AbstractA 0.5‐inch Ultra Extended Graphics Array (UXGA) organic light‐emitting diodes microdisplay has been developed with 6.3 μm pixel pitch. Not only 4032 ppi high resolution but high frame rate, low power consumption, wide viewing angle, and high luminance have been achieved. This newly developed organic light‐emitting diodes microdisplay is suitable for Near‐to‐Eye display applications, especially electronic viewfinders.
Brilliant cosmetic film for ambient displays, with cholesteric liquid crystal
Authors: Ishiguro Makoto , Ichihara Nobuhiko , Yanai Yujiro , Nagai Michio , Takada Katsuyuki , Suga Yoichi , Ito Yoji 
Published: April 2018

AbstractWe have successfully developed a cosmetic film with polymerized cholesteric material. The film features a variety of colors by helical pitch gradients, diffusive texture, and arbitrary color patterns. It hides the display when turned off, and transmits display images when turned on. We believe it could change the display in the OFF‐state from the conventional black wall to specially designed decorations. In addition, they can be applied to hidden sensors.
Accuracy of Ultrasound for Preoperative Assessment of Tumor Size in Patients With Newly Diagnosed Breast Cancer: Is It Affected by the Background Parenchymal Echotexture?
Authors: Ko Kyung Hee , Son Eun Ju , Kim In Wha 
Published: April 2018

ObjectivesTo assess the impact of the background parenchymal echotexture on the accuracy of tumor size estimation using breast ultrasound (US).MethodsA total of 140 women with newly diagnosed invasive breast cancer from January 2014 to December 2015 were enrolled in this study. Two radiologists retrospectively reviewed US images in consensus for background parenchymal echotexture interpretation. The maximum tumor diameter from static images was recorded. Tumor size measurements were considered as having agreement with histologic results if they were within ±5 mm compared to the pathologic size. The relationship between the accuracy of tumor size measurement by the background parenchymal echotexture and clinicopathologic characteristics was evaluated.ResultsOf these 140 patients, 77 (55.0%) showed a homogeneous background parenchymal echotexture, whereas 63 (45.0%) showed a heterogeneous echotexture. The mean tumor size was 1.9 cm (range, 0.5–4.9 cm). The overall accuracy of tumor size measurement was 76.4% (104 of 140). Tumors of women with a homogeneous background parenchymal echotexture were more accurately measured than those of women with a heterogeneous echotexture (87.0% versus 63.5%; P = .001). Tumors with a small size (<2 cm; P = .018) and ductal carcinoma in situ–negative (P = .031), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)‐negative (P = .053), and triple‐negative (P = .016) types were also more accurately measured. The independent factors associated with inaccurate tumor size measurement were a heterogeneous background parenchymal echotexture, a large tumor size, and the HER2‐enriched type (P < .05).ConclusionsThe background parenchymal echotexture affected the accuracy of tumor size estimation using breast US. Invasive breast cancers with large (≥2 cm) tumors and the HER2‐enriched type showed significantly lower breast US accuracy compared to others.
Three‐Dimensional Endoanal Ultrasound Features of the Anal Sphincter in Asian Primigravidae
Authors: Wickramasinghe Dakshitha Praneeth , Senaratne Supun , Senanayake Hemantha , Samarasekera Dharmabandu Nandadeva 
Published: April 2018

ObjectivesThe normal parameters of 3‐dimensional endoanal ultrasound (3DEAUS) of the anal sphincter have not been reported for primigravidae or pregnant women at present. 3DEAUS parameters in Asian primigravidae were assessed in this study.MethodsWe analyzed 3DEAUS data of 101 consecutives Asian primigravidae, assessed in the early third trimester. The assessment was performed with a rigid ultrasonic probe (Olympus® RU 12M‐R1 probe and EU‐ME1 ultrasound system (Olympus Corp., Shinjuku, Japan). The Wilcoxon signed‐rank test was used to detect the differences in pressure in different quadrants.ResultsThe participants had a mean age of 24.7 (standard deviation [SD], 5.1) years. The Cleveland Clinic Incontinence Score was normal in all participants. The anal sphincter complex had 3 characteristic segments that were identifiable: upper, middle and lower. The puborectalis muscle was identified as a striated “V”‐shaped sling, and its mean thickness was 7.44 (SD, 1.41) mm. The mean thickness of internal (IAS) and external (EAS) sphincters at the mid‐sphincter level were 1.78 (SD, 0.59) and 5.49 (SD, 1.21) mm, respectively. The EAS measured 6.02 (SD, 1.07) mm at the lower sphincter level. The statistically significant differences seen in the in quadrants were: the IAS was thicker anteriorly (Z = −2.642; P = .008), the EAS at both midsphincter level (Z = −3.70; P < .001) and lower sphincter level (Z = −7.712; P < .001) was thicker posteriorly, and the IAS was thicker at the 9 o'clock position (Z = −2.081; P = .037). Good symmetry at all 3 levels was seen in the EAS (including the puborectalis muscle).ConclusionsNormal values of 3DEAUS for primigravidae have been identified and may serve as reference values for other laboratories.
Quantitative Ultrasound Analysis of Proximal and Distal Cervical Tissue Echogenicity in Premature Cervical Remodeling
Authors: Blitz Matthew J. , Ghorayeb Sleiman R. , Pachtman Sarah L. , Murphy Megan , Rahman Zara , Prasannan Lakha , Sison Cristina P. , Vohra Nidhi , Rochelson Burton 
Published: April 2018

ObjectivesTo determine whether a novel, noninvasive quantitative ultrasound (US) technique can detect differences in proximal and distal cervical tissue echogenicity in women with and without a shortened cervical length (CL).MethodsWe conducted a retrospective case‐control study of singleton pregnancies at 16 to 26 weeks' gestation in which a transvaginal US examination was performed to measure CL from 2013 to 2015. Initial CLs in cases and controls were less than 2.5 cm and 2.5 cm or greater, respectively. For each US image, a region of interest was selected in the proximal and distal cervical stroma, in both the anterior and posterior cervical lips. The Floyd‐Steinberg dithering algorithm transformed grayscale pixels in each region of interest into a binary map. A histogram tabulated the number of black and white pixels, allowing determination of the percent echogenicity. The difference in the percent echogenicity was calculated by subtracting the distal cervical echogenicity (average of anterior and posterior lips) from the proximal cervical echogenicity (average of anterior and posterior lips).ResultsUltrasound images from 177 women were analyzed. There was a difference in the percent echogenicity (P < .0001) when comparing women with a short cervix (mean ± SD, 9.8 ± 10.1; n = 102) to women with a normal CL (17.2 ± 9.5; n = 75). Differences were attributable to changes in proximal (P < .008) rather than distal cervical echogenicity. Regardless of CL, the proximal cervix was more echogenic than the distal cervix.ConclusionsA quantitative US analysis of cervical tissue can detect differences in echogenicity between the proximal and distal cervix in the second trimester. Proximal cervical echogenicity is lower with CL of less than 2.5 cm compared to a normal CL.