bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Slavery and Sexual Availability
Authors: Glancy Jennifer A. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Any investigation of slavery in the Roman Empire must contend with the sexual exploitation of slaves endemic to the system. Given the diversity of ancient Christian attitudes toward sexuality, there is no reason to expect that a slaveholding ethos touched all Christian communities in a uniform fashion. At issue, however, is not whether the wider context of a slaveholding empire affected the formation of Christian attitudes toward sexuality. At issue is how. The purpose of this essay is to question whether early Christian silence on the issue should be construed as wholesale rejection of a system in which social status scripted social morality, or as complicity with that system. In the end, it is difficult to imagine how the churches could have challenged the right of a male slaveholder to exploit his domestic slaves sexually without challenging his right to claim ownership of other human beings.
Feminist Biblical Interpretation
Authors: Shaner Katherine A. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This essay argues that throughout its long history, feminist biblical interpretation has varied widely in definition, in its interpretive commitments, and in strategies for interpreting texts and contexts. It introduces readers to the major strategies used in feminist biblical interpretation as a way of showcasing the project’s diversity within the Western academy. It contextualizes feminist interpretation within conversations about the patriarchal nature of biblical texts, the intersectional identities of women and representations of women, and the ethics of biblical interpretation. In addition, the essay argues that archaeology (images, sculpture, inscriptions, architecture, and/or objects) needs to be incorporated more fully into feminist biblical interpretation.
The Resurrection Body
Authors: Petrey Taylor G. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter surveys the relevant ancient Christian and Jewish texts on the resurrection that discuss gender and sexuality and the scholarship about these topics. It provides particular emphasis on the Jesus of the Synoptic Gospels, Paul, and the early Christian reception of their ideas in the second through fourth centuries. The saying of Jesus that those who are resurrected shall be “as angels” is central to early Christian theologies of the body and sexuality. Paul’s discussion of the nature of the resurrected body and the importance of the parts also informs how early Christians developed these ideas. The tension in early Christian writing about the resurrection was between those who emphasized continuity between the mortal and resurrected self, and those who emphasized a radical change between the two. Further, the chapter provides an overview to major scholarly methods and approaches to studying the resurrection, including feminist scholarship.
Gender and Sexuality in Postcolonial Perspective
Authors: Tong M. Adryael 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter analyzes postcolonial biblical criticism as it emerged out of liberation theology, empire studies, and postcolonial theory. It argues that this convergence of disparate theoretical and disciplinary genealogies is what gives postcolonial biblical studies its unique appearance. It then turns to the place of gender and sexuality in postcolonial readings of the New Testament, exploring ways in which such readings both rely on and critique feminist and queer hermeneutics. The chapter highlights some prominent examples and discusses future challenges for scholars engaged in this approach. An extended case study of the problem of anti-Judaism in postcolonial feminist biblical scholarship illustrates key methodological challenges but also new interpretive possibilities.
Who Is the Text? The Gendered and Racialized New Testament
Authors: Lin Yii-Jan 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter contends that the study of gender, sexuality, and the New Testament is not limited to the content of texts or their historical contexts. On the contrary, how we formulate a textual entity and how we approach that entity contribute to the dynamics that constitute identity, and are thus important to the discussion. In the case of the New Testament, Western Christianity has understood the active Word, or Logos, of God as “masculine” in its creative power. The text of the New Testament, on the other hand, requires historical and philological study, and is decidedly “feminine” in its vulnerability to disease and adulteration, especially in the field of textual criticism. Disrupting metaphors and conceptions of text and speech, masculine and feminine, can be found in ancient Judaism’s formulation of the Written and Oral Torah, as well as in Clement of Alexandria, the Odes of Solomon, and in Plato.
The New Testament and Early Christian Literature in the History of Gender and Sexuality
Authors: Dunning Benjamin H. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
What is the place of the New Testament and early Christianity in the history of gender and sexuality? This essay explores this question in conversation with feminist and queer theory. It considers the terminology of sex, gender, sexual difference, sex acts, and sexuality both as theoretical concepts and in relation to New Testament and Early Christian Studies. It then surveys the question of ancient androcentrism and the methodological problem posed by the so-called linguistic turn, arguing that the ongoing study of gender and sexuality in the New Testament and early Christianity will, of necessity, continue to be a prismatic, if contested, exercise in writing “the history of the present.”
“Laying Hands” and Learning to Touch and Grab in the Police Academy
Authors: Lande Brian 
Published: October 2019

AbstractResearch on the formation of police officers generally focuses on the beliefs, accounts, and categories that recruits must master. Becoming a police officer, however, is not simply a matter of acquiring new attitudes and beliefs. This article attends to an unexplored side of police culture—the sensorial and tactile education that recruits undergo at the police academy. Rubenstein wrote in 1973 that a police officer’s first tool is his or her body. This article examines the formation of the police body by examining how police recruits learn to use their hands as instruments of control. In police vernacular, this means learning to “lay hands” (a term borrowed from Pentecostal traditions) or going “hands on.” This chapter focuses on two means of using the hands: searching and defensive tactics. It describes how instructors teach recruits to use their hands for touching, manipulating, and grabbing the clothing and flesh of others to sense weapons and contraband. It also examines how recruits are taught to grab, manipulate, twist, and strike others in order to gain control of “unruly” bodies. It concludes by discussing the implications of “touching like a cop” for understanding membership in the police force.
Objective and Subjective Time in Comparative Politics
Authors: Hanson Stephen E. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
There has been a marked resurgence of interest in the study of time and temporality in the political science discipline. Scholars working within the tradition of comparative historical analysis have explored what might be termed “objective” temporal processes, tracing causal relationships that unfold slowly through long periods of time and analyzing “critical historical junctures” with enduring social effects. Meanwhile, scholars influenced by developments in behavioral economics and social psychology have devoted increasing attention to the problem of “subjective” time: how time is perceived differently by actors with varying psychological profiles and risk appetites. To date, these two literatures have developed largely in isolation from one another. Thus there has been comparatively little attention paid to the problem of explaining the origin and persistence of collective interpretations of political time. In this context, returning to the study of political ideology can help link the objective and subjective approaches to political temporality.
Accuracy of Personality Trait Judgments Based on Environmental and Social Media Cues
Authors: Wall Helen J. , Campbell Claire 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the role of physical (e.g., offices, bedrooms) and virtual contexts (e.g., social media such as Facebook and Twitter profiles) on the accuracy of personality judgments. Personality, context, and accuracy are defined, and evidence from studies on trait accuracy are outlined within and across contexts. The availability of cues in online and offline contexts are discussed in terms of Funder’s realistic accuracy model (RAM) and Brunswik’s lens model. In doing so, the chapter provides some insight into the ways various aspects of a context might affect trait accuracy; specifically, it allows us to consider what aspects of a context affect the cues that are available. The literature described in this chapter sheds light on the importance of the physical and virtual contexts in personality judgments. Context has a differential effect on judgment accuracy in terms of the specific trait, or traits, being judged. The literature presented has also highlighted the need for more research on this topic.
Meditation and the Modern Encounter between Asia and the West
Authors: King Richard E. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In the West, meditation has been particularly associated with Asian religions and seen as illustrative of the mystical nature of eastern culture. This chapter explores the impact of the colonial encounter between Europe and Asia. In this context, Asian meditative practices became abstracted from their traditional cosmological, ritualistic, and cultural contexts and reframed in terms of key conceptual binaries and assumptions deriving from modern Western culture. These include a Cartesian distinction between mind and body (with mind being associated with meditation and Buddhist mindfulness, and the body linked to “Hindu” yoga and its modern postural forms). Asian forms of meditation were translated according to a modern psychological framework and encountered in relation to the dichotomies between science and religion on the one hand and religious tradition and a de-traditionalized notion of spirituality on the other. The approaches taken in the Western encounter with Asian meditation tell us as much about the intellectual grooves of the modern Western episteme as they do about the Asian meditative traditions to which they relate.
Meditation and Emotion
Authors: Lomas Tim 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter offers an overview of the intricate connections between meditation and emotion. It begins by outlining a framework for understanding meditation, whereby practices can be classified according to four key parameters: behaviors of mind; object; attitude; and form. It also introduces some basic ideas around the nature of emotions, and affective experience more broadly. After that, the chapter has two main sections. The first explores direct interactions between meditation and emotion, where practices specifically target or elicit certain emotions. We shall look at four clusters of emotions: dysphoric; compassionate; reverential; and ambivalent. The second part then examines indirect interactions, in which the emotional effects of meditation are mediated by other processes. There we consider three such processes: physiology; cognition; and self-transcendence. Although the presentation is necessarily brief, the chapter gives an indication of the ways in which meditation may impact upon emotional experience. The chapter concludes by outlining directions for future research.
Buddhist Meditation in Tibet
Authors: Halkias Georgios T. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Tibetan Buddhism is characterized by an extensively diverse corpus of contemplative practices that draws from over one thousand years of Indian historical developments in Buddhist philosophical discourse and experimentation with contemplative techniques. Traditions of Chinese and Central Asian Buddhism also played a role in influencing some of the contents and structure of the Tibetan Buddhist canon that contains a voluminous collection of exoteric and esoteric meditations. The purpose of Tibetan Buddhist meditations (sgom pa) is to progress toward the cherished goal of Mahāyāna: to lead oneself and all others to liberation. In order to offer a general and useful overview of meditations across Indo-Tibetan lineages and schools, this chapter will resort to emic categories of classification, such as the distinction between exoteric (sutra) and esoteric (tantra), and between meditations with and without a “reference object” (sgom bya). By invoking traditional categories of distribution we will come to appreciate how Tibetan scholars and practitioners have organized and understood the rich Buddhist heritage they have inherited. At the end, we will consider rituals (cho ga), even if they are not strictly classified as meditation techniques, as an in-between category where contemplation is an integral part of the performance.
History of Neuropsychology in Latin America
Authors: Arango Lasprilla Juan Carlos , Olabarrieta-Landa Laiene , Gonzalez Isabel , Leal Giselle , Álvarez Alcántara José Enrique , Rivera Diego 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter presents the history of neuropsychology in Latin America during five main periods. Prior to 1950, the term “neuropsychology” was rarely used. The development of this specialty in Latin America did not take place until the second half of the 20th century, centered primarily in Argentina and Uruguay. Historically, the development of neuropsychology has been slowed down by local wars, armed conflicts, and dictatorships. During the Second World War, intellectuals and scientists in neuroscience emigrated to Latin America and helped to advance the field. The period between 1970 and 1999 was mainly characterized by the evolution of neuropsychology in Colombia and Mexico and by the influence of the United States in Latin American neuropsychology. From 2000 until 2017, neuropsychology experienced a rapid growth, including establishment of graduate programs, societies, clinics/centers, Latin American scientific journals, and research publications, as well as the creation of Spanish language neuropsychological tests. As of 2018, most professionals in neuropsychology in Latin America work in private practices or universities, and their main activity is assessment and diagnosis of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders, although they also engage in rehabilitation and teaching activities. Due to the lack of written records, there is scarce information regarding the history and current state of neuropsychology in some Latin American countries, including Belize, Haiti, and the Dominican Republic. Current barriers to the advancement of the field and future directions to improve the current situation are described.
Metabolomics analysis revealed significantly higher synovial Phe/Tyr ratio in reactive arthritis and undifferentiated spondyloarthropathy
Authors: Muhammed Hafis , Kumar Dinesh , Dubey Durgesh , Kumar Sandeep , Chaurasia Smriti , Guleria Anupam , Majumder Sanjukta , Singh Rajeev , Agarwal Vikas , Misra Ramnath 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Objective
To compare the synovial phenylalanine/tyrosine (Phe/Tyr) ratio between ReA/uSpA and RA and OA by NMR spectroscopy.

Methods
Paired SF and serum of 30 patients with ReA/uSpA were collected and analysed using a 1D 1H Carr Purcell Meiboom Gill NMR spectra recorded on 800 MHz NMR spectrometer equipped with a TCI Cryoprobe (at 300 K). Phe and Tyr were quantified. SF from 25 patients with RA fulfilling ACR classification criteria and 21 patients with OA were taken as inflammatory and non-inflammatory controls.

Results
The synovial Phe/Tyr ratio was significantly higher in ReA/uSpA compared with RA and OA. Synovial Phe/Tyr ratios were comparable in RA and OA patients. Compared with serum, the Phe/Tyr was significantly higher in the SF in ReA/uSpA. The Phe/Tyr ratio was also found to be positively correlated between serum and SF samples, with a regression coefficient (r2) of 0.287.

Conclusions
This NMR-based metabolomics study demonstrates that the synovial Phe/Tyr ratio is specifically elevated in ReA/uSpA.
How (when) does technological innovation improve government effectiveness? An empirical investigation with cross-national evidence
Authors: Zang Leizhen , Xiong Feng 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
How to understand the impacts of government effectiveness (GE) on technological innovation has received full attention. But in turn, it is still a puzzle how technological innovation promotes GE. With the intention of providing rigorous empirical evidence to fill the gap, authors efficiently selected variables based on novel machine learning and analyzed the influence mechanism of technological innovation on GE through different models, using panel data from global countries over 20 years. The investigation has revealed that the relationship between technological innovation and GE is not a simple linear relation but a more complicated inverted U-shaped relation. We also distinguished the impacts of technological innovation on GE in countries with diverse democratic and developing levels. This pioneering work has provided new insights to our understanding of innovation diffusion and determinants of GE.
Ischemia-modified Albumin as a Biomarker for Prediction of Poor Outcome in Patients With Traumatic Brain Injury: An Observational Cohort Study
Authors: Radwan Tarek A.M. , Fahmy Rania S. , El Emady Mohamed F.M. , Khedr Ahmed S.E.D.M. , Osman Safinaz H. , ElSonbaty Mohamed I. , El-Kholy Badawy M. Badawy , Thabit Mohamed A. , Elkatatny Amr M. 
Published: October 2019

Background:
Biomarkers can assist in outcome prediction and therapeutic decision making after traumatic brain injury (TBI). The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of ischemia-modified albumin (IMA) in the prediction of mortality in patients with TBI.

Methods:
In this observational study IMA was measured on admission to intensive care unit (D0) and 24 hours later (D1) in a cohort of patients with mixed TBI severity. The primary outcome was the correlation between IMA and 28-day mortality. Secondary outcomes included the incidence of elevated IMA, and the correlation between the severity of TBI and IMA, and between IMA and change in Glasgow coma score (GCS). The area under receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed to detect optimal IMA cut-off value for the detection of mortality.

Results:
Fifty-four patients were included in the study; IMA was elevated in 49 (90.7%) on admission to the intensive care unit. Of the 49 patients with elevated IMA, 22 had a decrease in IMA while 27 had an increase by 24 hours. IMA levels were higher at D0 and D1 (P<0.001 for both) in patients who died compared with those who survived. Twenty-one patients died (mortality rate 38.9%); all had elevated IMA on D0 and D1 and higher IMA levels at D1 compared with D0. Optimal cut-off values for IMA predicted mortality with 76.2% sensitivity and 81.8% specificity at D0 and with 100% sensitivity and specificity at D1. IMA values at D0 and D1 were correlated with D0 and D1 GCS, respectively (both P<0.001).

Conclusion:
IMA levels were elevated in patients following TBI, and can predict mortality with high sensitivity and specificity.
Drug causes of intracerebral haemorrhage
Authors: Burrage Daniel Richard 
Published: October 2019

Summary
Many drugs have the potential to cause intracerebral haemorrhage. The mechanisms that underlie this association include elevation of blood pressure and increasing bleeding tendency. The consequences of intracerebral haemorrhage can be devastating for the individual, so careful risk assessment prior to drug initiation and close monitoring during treatment should be enacted when using medicines with an established association with haemorrhagic stroke.
Central arterial stiffness and retinal vessel calibers: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study–Neurocognitive Study
Authors: Meyer Michelle L. , Klein Barbara E. , Klein Ronald , Palta Priya , Sharrett A. Richey , Heiss Gerardo , Nambi Vijay , Wong Tien Y. , Tanaka Hirofumi 
Published: October 2019

Background:
The retinal microvasculature provides a window to the cerebral vasculature and enables examination of changes in retinal caliber that may mimic those occurring in cerebrovascular disease. The association of central arterial stiffness and retinal vessel caliber in a population sample is not fully understood.

Methods:
In 1706 older adults (mean age 76.3, 58.1% women) from the population-based Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study, we examined the cross-sectional association of central arterial stiffness [carotid–femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV)] with retinal vessel calibers [central retinal arteriolar equivalent (CRAE) and central retinal vein equivalent (CRVE)]. We estimated the association of cfPWV with CRAE narrowing (<25th percentile) and CRVE widening (>75th percentile) after adjustment for age, sex, race-field center, BMI, smoking, and type 2 diabetes. We tested for effect modification by sex, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes.

Results:
Carotid–femoral PWV (m/s) was not associated with the odds of CRAE narrowing [odds ratio (OR): 0.99; 95% CI: 0.95–1.03]. The association of cfPWV with CRVE widening was stronger in those without hypertension (OR: 1.10; 95% CI: 1.01–1.20) versus those with hypertension (OR: 1.01 95% CI: 0.96–1.05) and slightly stronger in those with type 2 diabetes (OR: 1.07; 95% CI: 1.00–1.14) versus without type 2 diabetes (OR: 1.01; 95% CI: 0.96–1.06).

Conclusions:
In older adults, cfPWV was associated with wider retinal venular caliber, particularly in individuals without hypertension. Central arterial stiffening may be associated with cerebral microvascular changes, as exhibited in its retinal vasculature component.
Use of simulated patients to assess hypertension case management at public healthcare facilities in South Africa
Authors: Burger Ronelle , Christian Carmen S. , Gerdtham Ulf-G. , Haal Karel , Hompashe Dumisani M. , Smith Anja , Schutte Aletta E. 
Published: October 2019

Objective:
Our study aims to evaluate hypertensive case management in South Africa's public health sector using simulated patients.

Method:
Our study describes interactions between hypertensive simulated patients and primary healthcare workers at 39 public sector healthcare facilities in two metropolitan centres in the Eastern and Western Cape Provinces of South Africa. Our analysis focus on 97 interactions where our eight simulated patients tested within range for stage 1 hypertension, that is with SBP 140–159 mmHg and/or DBP 90–99 mmHg. For this subset, we describe how healthcare workers communicated the outcome of the blood pressure test, and whether they follow government guidelines on risk assessment and lifestyle advice.

Results:
Healthcare workers highlighted the risks associated with hypertension in one out of three cases and stressed the importance of regular monitoring of blood pressure in less than half of cases. Hypertensive patients received advice on all six lifestyle risk factors in 8% of cases. 39% of patients received no lifestyle advice at all. In one out of four cases, hypertensive patients left the facility without a hypertension diagnosis and with no prospect of a follow-up visit.

Conclusion:
Simulated patients can assess the quality of hypertension case management, yielding granular and comprehensive information that can help mobilize resources to improve care. The management of hypertension patients in South African public healthcare facilities is critically insufficient. Given that hypertension is responsible for a rising share of deaths in South Africa and many of these deaths are preventable, urgent intervention is needed.