bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Systemic Risks: Theory and Mathematical Modeling
Authors: Lucas Klaus , Renn Ortwin , Jaeger Carlo 
Published: August 2018

AbstractIn a globally connected world, new opportunities are associated with new types of risks. These new types of risks do not respect national boundaries nor are they restricted to particular locations or systems. Instead, they are characterized by contagion and proliferation processes, frequently on the basis of a network structure, with the result that a seemingly harmless local event is able to cause a complete system collapse. The proposal has been made to refer to these types of new risks as systemic risks. It turns out that key phenomena associated with systemic risks can quite naturally be categorized and analyzed in terms of notions originally established in the natural sciences, such as those of chaos, order, and self‐organization, or, more concisely, of dynamic structure generation in complex open systems. In this Essay, the claim is made that there is a homomorphism within the dynamic structure generation across very different domains of systemic risks. Furthermore, there are structural similarities between complex structures in general, and systemic risks in particular. Based on this assumption, one can use established methodologies of complexity science to reveal general macroscopic patterns that seem to govern the dynamics of complex systems.
N, P, and S Codoped Graphene‐Like Carbon Nanosheets for Ultrafast Uranium (VI) Capture with High Capacity
Authors: Chen Zhe , Chen Wanying , Jia Dashuang , Liu Yang , Zhang Anrui , Wen Tao , Liu Jian , Ai Yuejie , Song Weiguo , Wang Xiangke 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe development of functional materials for the highly efficient capture of radionuclides, such as uranium from nuclear waste solutions, is an important and challenging topic. Here, few‐layered N, P, and S codoped graphene‐like carbon nanosheets (NPS‐GLCs) that are fabricated in the 2D confined spacing of silicate RUB‐15 and applied as sorbents to remove U(VI)ions from aqueous solutions are presented. The NPS‐GLCs exhibit a large capacity, wide pH suitability, an ultrafast removal rate, stability at high ionic strengths, and excellent selectivity for U(VI) as compared to multiple competing metal ions. The 2D ultrathin structure of NPS‐GLCs with large spacing of 1 nm not only assures the rapid mass diffusion, but also exposes a sufficient active site for the adsorption. Strong covalent bonds such as POU and SOU are generated between the heteroatom (N, P, S) with UO2
2+ according to X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis and density functional theory theoretical calculations. This work highlights the interaction mechanism of low oxidation state heteroatoms with UO2
2+, thereby shedding light on the material design of uranium immobilization in the pollution cleanup of radionuclides.
Resveratrol and ivacaftor are additive G551D CFTR‐channel potentiators: therapeutic implications for cystic fibrosis sinus disease
Authors: Cho Do‐Yeon , Zhang Shaoyan , Lazrak Ahmed , Grayson Jessica W. , Peña Garcia Jaime A. , Skinner Daniel F. , Lim Dong Jin , Mackey Calvin , Banks Catherine , Matalon Sadis , Woodworth Bradford A. 
Published: August 2018

BackgroundMutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene result in defective Cl− transport and cause chronic bacterial infections in the upper and lower airways of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. Ivacaftor is a CFTR potentiator that improves Cl− transport in CF patients with at least 1 copy of the G551D mutation. Resveratrol is also a potent CFTR potentiator that increases determinants of mucociliary transport. The objective of this study is to determine whether resveratrol and ivacaftor improve Cl− secretion in G551D CFTR over either agent alone.MethodsFisher rat thyroid cells (FRT) transfected with G551D CFTR and human sinonasal epithelial cells (HSNE) containing the CFTR G551D mutation were subjected to pharmacologic manipulation of transepithelial ion transport in Ussing chambers. Activity was further evaluated using whole‐cell patch clamp methods in G551D FRT cells.ResultsIn G551D FRT cells, resveratrol (100 μM) and ivacaftor (10 μM) significantly increased Cl− transport (change in short‐circuit current, δISC = μA/cm2) compared with single‐agent and dimethylsulfoxide vehicle controls (resveratrol + ivacaftor 4.97 ± 0.57 vs ivacaftor 0.74 ± 0.12 vs resveratrol 2.96 ± 0.52 vs control 0.74 ± 0.12; p < 0.001). Maximal Cl− secretion (20 μM forskolin) was also significantly enhanced (p < 0.0001). Activity was confirmed in G551D HSNE (resveratrol + ivacaftor 4.48 ± 0.39 vs ivacaftor 1.05 ± 0.11 vs. resveratrol 0.84 ± 0.3 vs control, 0.0 ± 0.02; p < 0.001), and whole‐cell patch clamp analysis in G551D FRT cells (resveratrol + ivacaftor −2535 ± 179.3 pA vs ivacaftor −1408.9 ± 101.3 pA vs resveratrol; −766.2 ± 71.2 pA; p < 0.0001).ConclusionAdditive improvement in G551D CFTR‐mediated Cl− secretion suggests that resveratrol could enhance ivacaftor therapy in these patients and improve CF‐related rhinosinusitis.
Revisiting Arene C(sp2)−H Amidation by Intramolecular Transfer of Iridium Nitrenoids: Evidence for a Spirocyclization Pathway
Authors: Hwang Yeongyu , Park Yoonsu , Kim Yeong Bum , Kim Dongwook , Chang Sukbok 
Published: August 2018

AbstractTwo mechanistic pathways, that is, electrocyclization and electrophilic aromatic substitution, are operative in most intramolecular C−H amination reactions proceeding by metal nitrenoid catalysis. Reported here is an alternative mechanistic scaffold leading to benzofused δ‐lactams selectively. Integrated experimental and computational analysis revealed that the reaction proceeds by a key spirocyclization step followed by a skeletal rearrangement. Based on this mechanistic insight, a new synthetic route to spirolactams has been developed.
Biobased waterborne, tough hyperbranched polyester thermosets as environmentally benign polymeric materials
Authors: Hazarika Deepshikha , Karak Niranjan 
Published: August 2018

ABSTRACTHigh‐performing water‐dispersible polyester synthesized under facile and ecofriendly reaction conditions has gained substantial interest because it has zero volatile organic compounds and is nontoxic. However, such polyester suffers from poor mechanical performance, so it is unsuitable for modern applications. In the present study, we focused on synthesis of a water‐dispersible polyester that contains aromatic and aliphatic moieties in the polymer backbone and can be readily synthesized from biobased and well‐defined reactants. We have synthesized water‐dispersible hyperbranched polyesters using three different weight percents of glycerol‐based hyperbranched polyol as a branch‐generating moiety containing both aromatic and aliphatic units along with citric acid, poly(ethylene glycol), and 2,2‐bis(hydroxymethyl) propionic acid through a solvent‐, catalyst‐, and neutralizing agent‐free facile route. The chemical structures of these polyesters were elucidated using various instrumental analyses. Hyperbranched epoxy and poly(amido amine) cured thermosets of these polyesters exhibited high tensile strength, toughness, impact resistance, scratch resistance, high gloss, biodegradability, and good chemical resistance without much effect on their elongation at break. Therefore, this high‐performing, sustainable, tough water‐dispersible thermosetting polyester has strong potential as an environmentally friendly polymeric material. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46738.
Preparation of a novel supermacroporous molecularly imprinted cryogel membrane with a specific ionic liquid for protein recognition and permselectivity
Authors: Fan Jie‐Ping , Zhang Feng‐Yan , Yang Xue‐Meng , Zhang Xue‐Hong , Cao Ya‐Hui , Peng Hai‐Long 
Published: August 2018

ABSTRACTA novel supermacroporous molecularly imprinted cryogel membrane (MICM) was prepared via cryopolymerization using a functionalized ionic liquid {(1‐vinyl‐3–(2‐amino‐2‐oxoethyl) imidazolium chloride, [VAMIM]Cl]} as functional monomer. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) was selected as the model protein. The novel membrane has the advantages of several concepts, such as, the easy mass transport of cryogel, the multiple weak interactions of ionic liquid with protein, high selectivity of molecularly imprinted polymer, and continuous separation of membrane separation. The membrane was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FT‐IR), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Ovalbumin (Ova), lysozyme (Lys), and bovine hemoglobin (BHb) were selected as reference proteins to examine the selective recognition of BSA on MICM. The results of SEM images and the swelling ratios showed that MICM had a larger amount of interconnected supermacropores compared with NMICM, which was beneficial for BSA to be adsorbed onto and pass through MICM. The adsorption and permeation results indicated that MICM had better recognition selectivity and permselectivity to the objective protein BSA than NMICM. Overall, the results showed that the functionalized ionic liquid was a good choice to prepare supermacroporous MICM via cryopolymerization for selective recognition of BSA. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2018,135, 46740.
Smart behavior of elastomeric composites produced by injection molding
Authors: Volpe V. , Davino D. , Sorrentino L. , Gorrasi G. , Pantani R. 
Published: August 2018

ABSTRACTThis work reports the preparation and characterization of composites based on ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) and iron based powder produced by an injection molding machine specifically designed to host an electromagnet connected to a power supply which generates a magnetic field during the forming phases. The magnetic field allows the repositioning of the particles along the magnetic field lines leading to an anisotropic structural reinforcement. Thermogravimetric analyses show that the addition of iron powder to the EVA allows thermal stabilization, delaying the first degradation step ascribed to the loss of acetic acid. Mechanical characterizations show that the samples present a higher tensile modulus in the direction of the magnetic field with respect to the same property measured in the direction perpendicular to the magnetic field and considerably higher than the modulus of the samples obtained without the application of magnetic field. Furthermore, the samples obtained in the presence of magnetic field present sensitivity to the application of an external magnetic field. These results demonstrate that the application of a magnetic field during the injection molding process of EVA/Fe composite induced an alignment of the particles, which therefore induce peculiar properties to the samples. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46863.
Associative and Dissociative Processes in Non‐Covalent Polymer‐Mediated Intracellular Protein Delivery
Authors: Posey Nicholas D. , Tew Gregory N. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractFunctional protein delivery has created new opportunities for studying intracellular processes and discovering new therapeutics. To that end, researchers have pursued intracellular protein delivery by using an increasing number of methods. This focus review will highlight polymeric carriers that non‐covalently bind and deliver protein cargo in vitro. The correlation between polymer–protein binding and delivery as well as the correlation between complex–membrane binding and delivery is reviewed. Finally, binding and its relation to the intracellular function of the protein post‐delivery is considered. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the role that binding interactions play in the non‐covalent protein‐delivery landscape. Presently, the literature does not adequately resolve how binding throughout the process ultimately affects delivery. The field does contain preliminary insights that are expected to impact future delivery applications when developed further.
Enzyme‐Embedded Metal–Organic Framework Colloidosomes via an Emulsion‐Based Approach
Authors: Zhu Guixian , Zhang Mizhen , Bu Yang , Lu Lidan , Lou Xiaoping , Zhu Lianqing 
Published: August 2018

AbstractImproving the activity and stability of enzymes is significant in enzyme immobilization. Here a facile approach to prepare ring‐like ZIF‐8 colloidosomes and spherical catalase‐embedded ZIF‐8 colloidosomes is developed via one‐step emulsion‐based technique at the water/butanol interface. The influence of the concentrations of ZIF‐8 nanocrystals and Pluronic F127 as well as the oil‐water ratio was investigated. Compared with in situ biomineralization, the colloidosomes prepared via the pickering emulsion method show successful encapsulation of positively charged enzymes. By using catalase as an immobilized model, the immobilized catalase exhibits high biocatalytic activity, stability and recyclability compared with free catalase.
Rhodium(III)‐Catalyzed Oxidative Annulation of Acrylic Acid with Alkynes: An Easy Approach to the Synthesis of α‐Pyrones
Authors: Li Yu‐Ting , Zhu Yan , Tu Guang‐Liang , Zhang Jing‐Yu , Zhao Ying‐Sheng 
Published: August 2018

AbstractA highly efficient rhodium(III)‐catalyzed direct oxidative annulation of acrylic acid with alkynes to form α‐pyrones was developed. Various substituted acrylic acids were compatible in this transformation, affording the corresponding products in moderate to excellent yields under mild conditions.
Catalytic dehydration of hexose sugars to 5‐hydroxymethylfural
Authors: Zou Xianli , Zhu Chang , Wang Qian , Yang Gang 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe catalytic conversion of cellulosic biomass to downstream products provides a viable solution to alleviate the energy crisis and global warming. This article provides a relatively comprehensive review of the dehydration of glucose (the monomer of cellulose) and fructose considering various catalyst and solvent systems. Biphasic solvents and heterogeneous systems are recommended from the point of view of industrial applications. A two‐step catalytic conversion of glucose via fructose has been envisaged: first, isomerization of glucose to fructose, which has been extensively discussed in this review, and then transformation of fructose to downstream products. Two‐step tandem catalytic reactions from glucose to downstream products (i.e., one‐pot synthesis via fructose) are also attractive for industrial applications and should be given more attention. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
The syndrome of proximal femur, fibula, and midline metatarsal long bone deficiencies
Authors: Hootnick David R. , Vargesson Neil 
Published: August 2018

Human lower limb congenital long bone deficiencies cluster primarily at three distinct skeletal locations. Proximal femoral and fibular reductions are known phenomena. In contrast, midline metatarsal deficiencies have been misrepresented as lateral. The popular term, “fibular hemimelia,” is inaccurate and its use is discouraged.All three locations correspond to discrete sites of evolving angiogenesis during transition from a single embryonic axial limb artery to the familiar and complex adult arterial pattern. Initiation of bone formation of cartilaginous primordia of the long bones at all three sites occurs in proximity to, and depends upon, successful invasion by mature nutrient vessels, formed during the 6th and 7th weeks of embryonic development. The adult arterial pattern is fully established by 8th embryonic week.Arterial transitions occur later in development, around the time of cessation of the molecular processes of patterning/specification of the embryonic limb. Evidence of flawed embryonic arterial transitions, involving missing, reduced and/or retained primitive vessels in association with congenital skeletal reductions have been demonstrated at all three sites.Current molecular models of limb development do not explain the distribution of this triad of congenital skeletal reductions. These dysmorphologies are most accurately described as post‐specification errors of limb development. Recognition of this distinctive model of limb maldevelopment demands further investigation to create a more exact taxonomy, one consistent with both clinical and molecular criteria. The established terminologies originated by Frantz and O'Rahilly should be reconsidered or abandoned. Designation of this clinical triad as a syndrome of proximal femur, fibula, and midline metatarsal dystrophisms initiates that endeavor.
Oral fluorouracil vs vinorelbine plus cisplatin as adjuvant chemotherapy for stage II‐IIIA non‐small cell lung cancer: Propensity score‐matched and instrumental variable analyses
Authors: Urushiyama Hirokazu , Jo Taisuke , Yasunaga Hideo , Michihata Nobuaki , Matsui Hiroki , Hasegawa Wakae , Takeshima Hideyuki , Sakamoto Yukiyo , Hiraishi Yoshihisa , Mitani Akihisa , Fushimi Kiyohide , Nagase Takahide , Yamauchi Yasuhiro 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBackgroundAdjuvant chemotherapy with vinorelbine plus cisplatin (VNR/CDDP) is a standard regimen for treatment of postoperative stage II‐IIIA non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, oral fluorouracil offers a feasible alternative adjuvant chemotherapeutic regimen. We compared the prognoses of patients with NSCLC treated with adjuvant chemotherapy with either VNR/CDDP or oral fluorouracil.MethodsWe identified patients with stage II‐IIIA NSCLC who underwent lung surgery followed by adjuvant chemotherapy with VNR/CDDP (n = 384) or oral fluorouracil (n = 268) between July 2010 and March 2015, using the national Japanese inpatient and outpatient Diagnosis Procedure Combination database. We compared recurrence‐free survival between the groups by multivariable Cox regression analysis for one‐to‐one propensity score‐matched patients and by instrumental variable analysis.ResultsYounger patients and patients with positive N2 nodes were more likely to receive VNR/CDDP, while older patients and those with T3N0 classification were more likely to receive oral fluorouracil. Among 172 pairs of propensity‐matched patients, time to adjuvant chemotherapy was shorter for oral fluorouracil compared with VNR/CDDP. Oral fluorouracil was also significantly associated with improved recurrence‐free survival compared with VNR/CDDP, according to multivariable Cox regression analysis (hazard ratio, 0.41; 95% confidence interval, 0.26‐0.64). Instrumental variable analysis showed a similar relationship (hazard ratio, 0.19; 95% confidence interval, 0.038‐0.92).ConclusionsOn a large nationwide cohort, adjuvant chemotherapy with oral fluorouracil prolonged recurrence‐free survival in patients with postoperative stage II‐IIIA NSCLC, compared with VNR/CDDP. Oral fluorouracil may thus be a useful alternative to VNR/CDDP for the adjuvant treatment of these patients.
Differentiation of atypical pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors from pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas: Using whole‐tumor CT texture analysis as quantitative biomarkers
Authors: Li Jiali , Lu Jingyu , Liang Ping , Li Anqin , Hu Yao , Shen Yaqi , Hu Daoyu , Li Zhen 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBackgroundTo explore the application value of computed tomography (CT) texture analysis in differentiating atypical pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNET) from pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDAC).Materials and methodsThis single‐center retrospective study was approved by local institutional review board, and the requirement for informed consent was waived. We retrospectively analyzed 127 patients with 50 PDACs and 77 pNETs in pathology database between January 2012 and May 2017.These patients successfully finished preoperative contrast‐enhanced CT test. Texture parameters (mean, median, 5th, 10th, 25th, 75th, 90th percentiles, skewness, kurtosis and entropy) were extracted from portal images and compared between PDAC and 77 pNET groups using proper statistical method. The optimal parameters for differentiating PDACs and atypical pNETs were gained through receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves.ResultsOn the basis of arterial enhancement, 52 pNETs (67%, 52/77) were typical hypervascular and 25 pNETs (32%, 25/77) were atypical hypovascular. Compared with PDACs, atypical pNETs had statistically higher mean, median, 5th, 10th, and 25th percentiles (P = 0.006, 0.024, 0.000, 0.001, 0.021, respectively) and statistically lower skewness (P = 0.017). However, there were no difference for 75th, 90th percentiles, kurtosis and entropy between these two tumors (P = 0.232, 0.415, 0.143, 0.291, respectively). For differentiating PDACs and atypical pNETs, 5th percentile and 5th+skewness were optimal parameters for alone and combined diagnosis, respectively.ConclusionVolumetric CT texture features, especially combined diagnosis of 5th+skewness can be used as a quantitative tool to distinguish atypical pNETs from PDACs.
Optimal Thickness of a Porous Micro‐Electrode Operating a Single Redox Reaction
Authors: Le Tien D. , Zhang Lin , Reculusa Stéphane , Vignoles Gérard , Mano Nicolas , Kuhn Alexander , Lasseux Didier 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThis article reports on a procedure to predict the optimal thickness of cylindrical porous electrodes operating a single redox reaction. This is obtained from a macroscopic model for the coupled diffusion‐reaction process that is first validated with voltammetry experiments of the H2O2/H2O reduction reaction carried out with a series of porous electrodes elaborated in this work. An analytical solution to this model is developed in the steady regime and for electrodes featuring a thickness to mean radius ratio small enough compared to unity. An analytical expression of the optimal electrode thickness is derived corresponding to the crossover value of two asymptotic regimes characterizing the dependence of the volume current density produced by the electrode upon its thickness. The predictive tool of the optimal thickness is general, regardless of the porous microstructure. The case of the electrodes used in the reported experiments illustrates that the optimal thickness is not intrinsic to the microsctructure characterized by the size of the representative volume, its specific area and effective diffusion coefficient. It also depends on the operating conditions reflected in the kinetic number, Ki, and the thickness of the diffusion layer surrounding the electrode. The dependence of the optimal thickness on these two parameters is quite significant in a range of very small values of Ki but remains quasi constant beyond a threshold value.
Improved Specific Capacity of Nb2O5 by Coating on Carbon Materials for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Yang Fan , Li Weiyang , Rui Yichuan , Tang Bohejin 
Published: August 2018

AbstractMaterials for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) with excellent electrochemical performance are of significance to meet the increasing demand for rechargeable batteries. Niobium pentoxide (Nb2O5), as an intercalation material with promising electrochemical properties has caught our attention. In this study, Nb2O5 nanoparticles were successfully synthesized through a classical sol‐gel process. The nanoparticles with a size of less than 5 nm were uniformly coated on carbon materials, i. e., reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and three‐dimensionally ordered macroporous (3DOM) carbon, under the same proportion, to explore which kind of carbon materials is more suitable to improve the electrochemical performance of Nb2O5 as an anode for LIBs. Nb2O5/3DOM carbon composite exhibited a superior electrochemical performance to the other two materials, where a high reversible capacity of 519 mA h g−1 could be maintained at the current density of 5.0C (C=201.7 mA g−1). Furthermore, the specific capacity of Nb2O5/3DOM carbon composite maintained 1163 mA h g−1 at the current density of 0.2C (C=201.7 mA g−1) after 100 cycles.