bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Methods to manufacture regulatory T cells for cell therapy
Authors: MacDonald K N , Piret J M , Levings M K 
Published: March 2019

SummaryRegulatory T cell (Treg) therapy has shown promise in early clinical trials for treating graft-versus-host disease, transplant rejection and autoimmune disorders. A challenge has been to isolate sufficiently pure Tregs and expand them to a clinical dose. However, there has been considerable progress in the development and optimization of these methods, resulting in a variety of manufacturing protocols being tested in clinical trials. In this review, we summarize methods that have been used to manufacture Tregs for clinical trials, including the choice of cell source and protocols for cell isolation and expansion. We also discuss alternative culture or genome editing methods for modulating Treg specificity, function or stability that could be applied to future clinical manufacturing protocols to increase the efficacy of Treg therapy.
Creating a Market Where There Is None: Spatial Practices of Street Vendors in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Authors: Malefakis Alexis 
Published: March 2019

AbstractAlthough practices of mobile street vendors might appear fleeting, they are not transient and without effect on the urban landscape. The spatial practices of street vending transform public spaces into markets by inscribing the vendors’ knowledge necessary to conduct business in the urban landscape. With reference to ethnographic material on mobile street vendors in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, I will show how street traders learned to locate the relevant social, material, and symbolic goods and people at specific nodes in the spatiotemporal dynamic of the city and jointly created an understanding of the relations of these elements to one another and to themselves. By means of a shared jargon vocabulary with which they named places, customer groups, or kinds of encounters, the vendors inscribed their experiential knowledge into urban space and thus transformed it into a market as an epistemic landscape, a layer of meaning and knowledge that spanned the spatiotemporal topography of the city and allowed the vendors to organize their practices. The concept of the epistemic landscape refers to the structuring potential of recursive spatial practices and emphasizes the socially and culturally creative potential of street vending. [Africa; Tanzania; Urban Economy; Informal Economy; Street Vending; Temporality; Practice; Space; Knowledge; Landscape]
Did New Zealand’s new alcohol legislation achieve its object of facilitating public input? Qualitative study of Māori communities
Authors: Kypri Kypros , Maclennan Brett , Brausch Shawnee , Wyeth Emma , Connor Jennie 
Published: March 2019

AbstractBackground and AimsThe Treaty of Waitangi stipulates equality between Māori and non‐Māori, yet Māori continue to have substantially poorer health, a driver of which is alcohol‐related morbidity. In 2012, the New Zealand government introduced legislation claiming it would facilitate community input on decisions about alcohol. We investigated the experience of Māori communities with the new law.Design and MethodsWe obtained submissions made to local governments and invited a diverse range of submitters from iwi (tribes), hapū (sub‐tribes/clan groups) and Māori service providers, to participate in semi‐structured interviews with Māori researchers. We used template analysis to develop hypotheses, and searched for disconfirmatory evidence within interview transcripts and recordings.ResultsParticipants had committed substantial human resources to write submissions informed by technical knowledge of liquor licensing and relevant research. They reported that local governments did not seem to engage meaningfully with the content of their submissions, and failed in many instances to update participants on how the consultation was progressing. Some observed that the alcohol industry had easier access to local politicians, and therefore expected outcomes to reflect industry interests.Discussion and ConclusionsIn their response to Māori constituents on proposed alcohol policies, local governments were felt to lack the inclination or capacity to consult meaningfully. By devolving responsibility for alcohol availability while failing to compel and resource local government to give regard to treaty obligations, the new legislation risks widening existing health inequalities between Māori and non‐Māori.
Multispecies Phytophthora disease patterns in declining beech stands
Authors: Ruffner Beat , Rigling Daniel , Schoebel Corine N. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractDecline diseases are typically caused by complex abiotic and biotic interactions and characterized by a suite of symptoms indicative of low plant vigour. Diseased trees are frequently infected by Phytophthora, but the complex interactions between pathogen, host and the heterogeneous forest environment mask a comprehensive understanding of the aetiology. In the present study, we surveyed European beech (Fagus sylvatica) stands in Swiss forests with recent increases in bleeding lesions for the presence of Phytophthora. We used a combined approach of analysing soil and bark samples from trees displaying bleeding lesions and trees free from bleeding lesions. Soil baiting revealed a higher prevalence of Phytophthora spp. around trees with bleeding lesions than around trees without bleeding lesions. For the bark samples from bleeding lesions, we used several detection methods. Phytophthora spp. were detected in 74% of the trees by an immunological on‐site diagnostic kit, in 64% by a specific PCR assay, and 38% by isolation on selective media. All samples tested were negative for P. ramorum using qPCR. Overall, nine Phytophthora species were identified by ITS sequencing, the most common of which were P. plurivora, P. gonapodyides, P. × cambivora and P. syringae. We identified distinct species in bleeding lesions and the rhizosphere of the same host tree which suggests a multispecies Phytophthora disease patterns in these declining beech. Among the recovered species, P. × cambivora and P. × serendipita were identified as hybrid genotypes with the former abundant in bleeding lesions.
Are There Gender Differences inHowStudents Write Their Essays? An Analysis of Writing Processes
Authors: Zhang Mo , Bennett Randy E. , Deane Paul , van Rijn Peter W. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThis study compared gender groups on the processes used in writing essays in an online assessment. Middle‐school students from four grades responded to essays in two persuasive subgenres, argumentation and policy recommendation. Writing processes were inferred from four indicators extracted from students’ keystroke logs. In comparison to males, on average females not only obtained higher essay scores but differed from males in their writing processes. Females entered text more fluently, engaged in more macro and local editing, and showed less need to pause at locations associated with planning (e.g., between bursts of text, at sentence boundaries). That these differences were detected after controlling for essay scores suggests that they cannot be attributed solely to disparities in group writing skill.
Impact of Developmental enamel defects on quality of life in 5‐year‐old children
Authors: Andrade Natália Silva , dos Santos Isaac Torres , Lima Laynna Marina Santos , Lima Cacilda Castelo Branco , Moura Lúcia de Fátima Almeida de Deus , Barros Simone Souza Lobão Veras , Moura Marcoeli Silva de , Lima Marina de Deus Moura de 
Published: March 2019

BackgroundDevelopmental enamel defects (DDE) represent one of the prevalent oral problems in childhood; however, few studies have evaluated its impact on quality of life in the children's own perception.AimTo evaluate the DDE impact on quality of life of 5‐year‐old children.MethodsThis cross‐sectional observational study assessed 566 children aged 5 years old, in Teresina, Piauí, Brazil, according to their self‐perceptions. Children answered the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory™ Version 4.0 and Oral Health Scale. The dmft index, modified DDE index and Foster and Hamilton criteria were used to diagnose dental caries, DDE and malocclusion, respectively. A single examiner performed the clinical examination. Descriptive analyses and Poisson regression with robust variance were performed.ResultsThe prevalence of DDE was 33.7%. For children's self‐reports, the presence of DDE had a negative association with oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL; PR 1.09, 95% CI 1.02‐1.15). Enamel hypoplasia had a negative impact on the physical function (PR 1.05; 95% CI 1.01‐1.10) and oral health (PR 1.06, 95% CI 1.01‐1.11) domains. Diffuse opacity had a negative impact on the social aspect (PR 1.09, 95% CI 1.02‐1.18).ConclusionsEnamel defects had a negative impact on OHRQoL according to the self‐reports of the children.
Dense SiCf/MoSi2 composite via liquid silicon infiltration
Authors: Huang Minzhong , Wang Qi , Li Siwei , Chen Lifu , Xiao Hongrui , Su Xiaohui 
Published: March 2019

AbstractSilicon carbide fiber reinforced MoSi2 matrix composite (SiCf/MoSi2) is prepared by liquid silicon infiltration at 1450°C. SiC fiber preform is first impregnated with phosphomolybdic acid (PMA) solution in ethyl alcohol. After calcinations, the PMA is converted into MoO3. Following the heating in hydrogen atmosphere, the MoO3 is reduced into metallic Mo, leading to a porous SiCf/Mo. The porous preform is then infiltrated with liquid silicon above silicon melting point to produce SiCf/MoSi2. The microstructure evolution and the underlying mechanism are studied. It is found that MoSi2 is formed by dissolution‐precipitation. Through multiple impregnation‐calcination cycles, a fully dense SiCf/MoSi2 can be obtained with MoSi2 as the continuous matrix phase. The presence of Mo is found to significantly reduce the attack of liquid silicon the silicon carbide fiber reinforcements.
PPARγ inhibition regulates the cell cycle, proliferation and motility of bladder cancer cells
Authors: Cheng Songtao , Qian Kaiyu , Wang Yejinpeng , Wang Gang , Liu Xuefeng , Xiao Yu , Wang Xinghuan 
Published: March 2019

AbstractPeroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is a member of the nuclear receptor family of ligand‐activated transcription factors and plays an important role in regulating cell proliferation, inflammation and lipid and glucose homeostasis. Our results revealed that PPARγ was up‐regulated in human bladder cancer (BCa) tissues both at transcriptional and translational levels. Moreover, down‐regulation of PPARγ mRNA or inhibition of PPARγ function (using GW9662, antagonist of PPARγ) could significantly suppress the proliferation of BCa cells. Furthermore, the cell cycle arrested in G0/G1 phase was also induced by the down‐regulated PPARγ possibly through AKT‐mediated up‐regulation of p21/p27, whereas no significant transformation of apoptosis was observed. In addition, knockdown or inhibition of PPARγ might reduce the invasion and migration of BCa cells by affecting epithelial‐mesenchymal transition‐related proteins through AKT/GSK3β signalling pathway. Additionally, in vivo studies showed that BCa cell proliferation was significantly suppressed by GW9662. In conclusion, our results indicated that PPARγ might be crucial for BCa tumorigenesis by interfering with the motility and viability of BCa cells.
Entomopathogenic fungi naturally infecting the eucalypt bronze bug,Thaumastocoris peregrinus(Heteroptera: Thaumastocoridae), in Uruguay
Authors: Corallo Belén , Simeto Sofia , Martínez Gonzalo , Gómez Demian , Abreo Eduardo , Altier Nora , Lupo Sandra 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThaumastocoris peregrinusCarpintero & Dellapé (Heteroptera: Thaumastocoridae) is a sap‐sucking insect that feeds on leaves ofEucalyptus.In Uruguay, it was detected in 2008 causing significant economic losses inEucalyptusplantations. At present, there is no efficient control for this pest; thus, the use of biological control agents seems to be an environmentally friendly alternative to reduce the damage caused by this insect. The aims of this study were to isolate and identify the species of entomopathogenic fungi that naturally infectT. peregrinusin Uruguay and to characterize and select the most virulent isolates towards this pest.Individuals ofT. peregrinuswere collected in eightEucalyptusplantations infested by the pest. The entomopathogenic fungi were isolated and identified by observation of their micromorphological characteristics, and their identity was confirmed by molecular methods. The pathogenicity and virulence againstT. peregrinusof the isolated entomopathogenic fungi were evaluated. Isolates causing the highest insect mortality were selected to evaluate the effect of temperature and water activity on conidial viability. Entomopathogenic fungi were found in very low number with the prevalence of less than 3%. Isolates corresponded toBeauveria,Fusarium,Isaria,Lecanicillium,Paecilomyces,Pochonia,PurpureocilliumandSimplicilliumgenera. Two species,B. pseudobassianaandL. muscarium,were first recorded in Uruguay. Among all the tested species, an isolate ofB. bassiana(FI 2403) showed the highest virulence followed by an isolate ofB. pseudobassiana. The isolate ofB. bassianapresented the highest percentage of spore germination at the three temperatures and the highest viability at low water activities. Isolate FI 2403 was selected as a promissory candidate for the development of a commercial formulation againstT. peregrinus.
In situ hybridization assay for the diagnosis of chagas myocarditis and orchitis in a rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta): A case report
Authors: DeLorenzo Megan , Carias Elvira , Mustonen Allison , Gonzalez Olga , Dick Edward J. , Kumar Shyamesh 
Published: March 2019

AbstractWe present the first documented case of Trypanosoma cruzi‐induced orchitis in a rhesus macaque. Additionally, we describe an in situ hybridization–based assay to confirm T. cruzi infection in formalin‐fixed tissues.
Age‐dependent regulation by androgens of gene expression in the anterior hypothalamus and stress‐induced release of adrenal hormones in adolescent and adult male rats
Authors: Green Matthew R. , Zeidan Mostafa , Hodges Travis E. , McCormick Cheryl M. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractAdolescents show greater and/or more prolonged activation of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis in response to stressors than adults, although the basis for such an age difference is not understood. We investigated developmental shifts in the regulation of HPA function by testosterone using androgen replacement in orchiectomised (OCX) pre‐pubertal and post‐pubertal adolescent rats and in adults, as well as using inhibitors of testosterone synthesis in non‐operated rats. The expected dampening effect of testosterone in adult OCX rats did not meet statistical significance in all of the three experiments. Nevertheless, in each, adolescents had higher post‐stress concentrations of corticosterone compared to adults despite similar concentrations of testosterone. The effect of testosterone was in the opposite direction in post‐pubertal adolescents compared to that in adults, with testosterone replacement leading to increased rather than lower corticosterone concentration. Testosterone replacement decreased arginine vasopressin and corticotrophin‐releasing hormone immune‐reactive cell counts in the paraventricular nucleus at all ages. In a fourth experiment, we provide evidence that the basis of the age difference in corticosterone release is because of a greater conversion of testosterone to oestradiol in adolescents and a greater conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone in adults: aromatase inhibition had little effect in adults and attenuated the age difference by decreasing stress‐induced corticosterone release in adolescents. By contrast, 5α‐reductase inhibition or an androgen receptor antagonist had little effect in adolescents and attenuated the age difference by increasing stress‐induced corticosterone release in adults. In the adrenal gland, adolescents had reduced 5α‐reductase and androgen receptor gene expression. There also were age differences in the regulation of hypothalamic mRNA expression of androgen receptors, oestrogen receptors and aromatase by testosterone. In sum, the results suggest that developmental shifts in the synthesis of testosterone and the regulation of gene expression are factors with respect to age differences in corticosterone release in response to stressors.
Mayer‐Rokitansky‐Küster‐Hauser syndrome with a uterine cervix and normal vagina associated with gonadal dysgenesis in a 46,XX female
Authors: Kisu Iori , Ono Ayumi , Iijma Tomoko , Katayama Motoko , Iura Ayaka , Hirao Nobumaru 
Published: March 2019

AbstractCoexistence of Mayer‐Rokitansky‐Küster‐Hauser syndrome and gonadal dysgenesis is extremely rare, and a case of Mayer‐Rokitansky‐Küster‐Hauser syndrome with a uterine cervix and normal vagina has not been reported. Here, we report such a case associated with gonadal dysgenesis. A 17‐year‐old female presented with primary amenorrhea and undeveloped secondary sexual characteristics. Genital examination revealed a uterine cervix and normal vagina without a uterine body and ovaries. An endocrine study showed hypergonadotrophic hypogonadism. The karyotype was 46,XX. Laparoscopy revealed a rudimentary uterus, normal fallopian tubes and bilateral streak ovaries. There were no other associated malformations. Hormonal substitution therapy was started for development of secondary sexual characteristics and prevention of osteoporosis, but the problem of infertility is unresolved.
Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid lymphocytosis in 104 dogs (2006‐2016)
Authors: Johnson Lynelle R. , Vernau William 
Published: March 2019

AbstractBackgroundBronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid cytology and culture are used to characterize respiratory diseases in dogs. Little is known about disorders associated with increased numbers of lymphocytes in BAL fluid.ObjectiveTo evaluate duration of clinical signs and detection of specific respiratory diagnoses in dogs with BAL lymphocytosis.AnimalsOne‐hundred four client‐owned dogs evaluated for respiratory signs.MethodsMedical records of dogs that had >300 cells/μL and >20% lymphocytes on a differential cell count of BAL fluid between January 1, 2006, and January 1, 2016, were reviewed retrospectively. Cases were evaluated for the duration of clinical signs and respiratory diagnoses, including aspiration injury, infectious or inflammatory respiratory disease, and airway collapse.ResultsDogs ranged in age from 0.5 to 16 years (median, 7.9 years) and had a median body weight of 11.4 kg (range, 2.0‐42.7 kg). Eosinophilic lung disease was documented in 13 of 104 dogs (Group 1) and airway neutrophilia associated with infectious or inflammatory disease was found in 59 of 104 dogs (Group 2). Lymphocytosis alone in BAL fluid was described in 32 dogs (Group 3). Duration of cough did not differ among groups, but airway collapse was significantly more common in dogs with solitary lymphocytosis than in those with other types of inflammation.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceLymphocytosis in BAL fluid is common in dogs and, in many cases, likely represents a common response to airway injury, independent of the type or duration of insult. It is unknown whether airway collapse leads to lymphocytosis or if the inflammatory process causes airway collapse.
Gregory of Nyssa and Divine Simplicity: A Conceptualist Reading
Authors: Radde‐Gallwitz Andrew 
Published: March 2019

AbstractAndrew Radde‐Gallwitz probes Gregory of Nyssa on divine simplicity, a topic that Radde‐Gallwitz treated earlier in a book‐length monograph and takes further here in response to critics. As he notes, the Cappadocians and their opponents shared belief in divine simplicity. But for Gregory, simplicity functions as part of affirming the co‐equal divinity of the Father and Son, against his opponents. Radde‐Gallwitz lists six negative claims that Gregory’s understanding of divine simplicity supports: (1) God is immaterial; (2) God is without parts; (3) God does not possess any perfection “by acquisition”; (4) God does not possess any perfection “by participation”; (5) in God, there is no mixture or conflux of qualities, especially opposite qualities; (6) in God, there are no degrees of more or less. Yet with regard to positive statements about God’s perfections—for example the relation of God’s goodness to God’s wisdom—things are more difficult, as Radde‐Gallwitz shows. Interpreters of Gregory have differed sharply on this issue, in part because Gregory does not make his position crystal clear. Radde‐Gallwitz himself earlier held that Gregory considers God to have real but non‐definitive perfections distinct from the divine essence. Indebted to Richard Cross, however, Radde‐Gallwitz here adjusts his view, distinguishing more firmly between the divine essence itself and our limited concepts. He draws upon the Platonic distinction between natural and conventional naming, which differ in their accounts of what makes words meaningful. Arguing that Gregory is a “naturalist,” he reads Gregory’s texts on divine simplicity in this light.
Locating the lived body in client–nurse interactions: Embodiment, intersubjectivity and intercorporeality
Authors: Harrison Helen F. , Kinsella Elizabeth Anne , DeLuca Sandra 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe practice of nursing involves ongoing interactions between nurses' and clients' lived bodies. Despite this, several scholars have suggested that the “lived body” (Merleau‐Ponty, 1962) has not been given its due place in nursing practice, education or research (Draper, J Adv Nurs, 70, 2014, 2235). With the advent of electronic health records and increased use of technology, face‐to‐face assessment and embodied understanding of clients' lived bodies may be on the decline. Furthermore, staffing levels may not afford the time nurses need to be as “present” with their clients in embodied ways. The failure to attend to the lived body may contribute to missed opportunities for care and decreased quality of life for both clients and healthcare practitioners. In this paper, we undertake an analysis of selected aspects of the work of Maurice Merleau‐Ponty. The aim is to advance understanding of the affordances this work may offer to enhancing client–nurse interactions within the practice of nursing. Merleau‐Ponty's notions of embodiment, intersubjectivity and intercorporeality as articulated in his seminal texts The Phenomenology of Perception (New York, NY: Routledge, 2012) and The Visible and the Invisible (Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1968) are examined. These three constructs are discussed as they relate to the lived body in client–nurse interactions in nursing practice and education. Finally, implications of how attention to “the lived body” could shape interactions and have the potential to foster increased quality of life of clients and nurses are considered.
A large deletion in RYR2 exon 3 is associated with nadolol and flecainide refractory catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia
Authors: Kohli Utkarsh , Aziz Zaid , Beaser Andrew D. , Nayak Hemal M. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractWe report a 17‐year‐old boy with a large RYR2 exon 3 deletion who has a severe catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT) phenotype characterized by refractoriness to both nadolol and flecainide which has previously not been reported in this subgroup of CPVT patients. Treatment options in a patient like ours are therefore limited and sympathectomy and implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator implantation should be considered early in the treatment course as was done in this patient. In contrast to other CPVT patients who do not usually have structural cardiac abnormalities, these patients are at a high risk of developing left ventricular noncompaction or dilated cardiomyopathy and therefore might benefit from cardiac imaging at regular intervals.