bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The interaction of phylogeny and community structure: linking clades’ ecological structures and trait evolution
Authors: Pearse William D. , Legendre Pierre , Peres-Neto Pedro , Davies T. Jonathan 
Published: August 2018

1AbstractAimCommunity phylogenetic studies use information about species’ evolutionary relationships to understand the processes of community ecological assembly. A central premise of the field is that species’ evolution maps onto ecological patterns, and phylogeny reveals something more than species’ traits alone. We argue, therefore, that there is a need to better understand and model the interaction of phylogeny with species’ traits and community composition.InnovationWe outline a new method that identifies clades with unusual ecological structures, based around partitioning the variation of species’ site occupancies (β-diversity). Eco-phylogenetic theory would predict that these clades should also demonstrate distinct evolutionary trajectories. We suggest that modelling the evolution of independent trait data in these clades represents a strong test of whether there is an association between species’ ecological structure and evolutionary history.Main conclusionsUsing an empirical dataset of mammals from around the world, we identify two clades of rodents that tend not to co-occur (are phylogenetically overdispersed), and then find independent evidence of slower rates of body mass evolution in these clades. We suggest that our approach, which assumes nothing about the mode of species’ trait evolution but rather seeks to explain it using ecological information, presents a new way to examine eco-phylogenetic structure.
Inter-organisational learning in public safety management system
Authors: Sienkiewicz-Małyjurek Katarzyna Ewa , Kożuch Barbara , Szczygłowski Jeremi 
Published: August 2018

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to recognition and understanding of the inter-organisational learning processes in the public safety management system.Design/methodology/approachThe findings presented in this paper are based on empirical data including: first, desk research in the scope of inter-organisational learning; second, participant observation conducted in the Provincial Headquarters of the State Fire Service in the Silesia Province in the years 2013–2014; third, hermeneutic process within a focus group of scholars conducted in December 2014 within a four-person group of researchers. The carried out studies have shown the usefulness of the three-loop learning model appliance.FindingsThe paper analyses the course of inter-organisational learning in dynamic and uncertain operating conditions. As a result, the main methods and effects of inter-organisational learning in the public safety management system are identified.Originality/valueThe paper adds a new value to understanding of inter-organisational learning in the framework of public safety management by driving attention to the importance of inter-organisational learning and its practical use. It also provides a useful research model for investigating inter-organisational learning and effective public safety management.
Trust-culture leadership in local public administrators’ work
Authors: Fairholm Matthew R. , Dzordzormenyoh Michael K. , Binda Godlove A. 
Published: August 2018

Purpose
Trust and culture are common themes in leadership literature and research. The purpose of this paper is it to describe an emergent model of trust-culture leadership from the comments of local government managers in the USA. The environment of local government requires a level of trust between government and citizens. Comments from local government managers suggest trust is also a component of leading public organizations. The elements of the model culled from practical insights serve to both verify and elucidate much of what is found in leadership theory in a local government context.

Design/methodology/approach
This research is based on qualitative interviews of practicing local government managers coupled with an analysis of essays on leadership also written by local government managers.

Findings
The research indicates eight elements of a model divided into three categories (descriptions of leadership in practice, tools and behaviors, and approaches to followers) that help to both describe and perhaps prescribe the work of trust-culture leadership in a local government context.

Originality/value
While some of what is summarized below is found in leadership literature already, the fact that these elements of leadership are intuitive to local government managers and internalized in their practice is significant. Linking both trust and culture in leadership literature is limited, and linking them both to the practical insights of public managers is even more unique. The findings verify that public leaders at the local level actually engage in leadership of a particular sort, that of trust-culture leadership. It highlights the priority of trust in local government administration. The elements of the model serve to offer public managers specific things to focus on to promote trust-culture leadership and suggest to public leadership scholars specific avenues for further investigation.
Crowdfunding – revealing preferences for environmental goods
Authors: Frey Ulrich J. 
Published: August 2018

PurposeA major problem in environmental economics is to estimate the monetary value of non-market goods. This is especially relevant for environmental goods. To assess their non-use value, different approaches have been used measuring stated and revealed preferences. However, both methodologies are associated with criticism. The purpose of this paper is to propose a new method to estimate non-use values of environmental goods, i.e., to calculate revealed preferences in crowdfunded projects.Design/methodology/approachSince millions of individuals invest in various crowdfunded projects, the willingness to pay (WTP) can be robustly derived for any kind of project. Here, data on 19 projects on three endangered species are collected from various crowdfunding platforms.FindingsWith the new method introduced to estimate the monetary value of non-market goods, the WTP could be determined for a number of projects. Across projects, the average WTP per person is $42 for dolphins, $45 for falcons and $38 for butterflies. This new approach is validated by comparing these values to a meta-analysis of contingent valuation studies reporting on average $42 for dolphins, $37 for falcons and $24 for butterflies.Research limitations/implicationsThe limitation of this study is the small number of projects which are for demonstration only.Practical implicationsValidating this method by a comparison with a meta-analysis of contingent valuation shows that estimating WTP via crowdfunding may serve as a new instrument. Given the large number of subjects and diversity of projects in crowdfunding, a robust WTP could be derived for many topics in the future.Originality/valueA new method to estimate the monetary value of non-market goods is introduced. Estimating the WTP via crowdfunded projects makes it possible to measure revealed preferences for a large variety of environmental and other projects.
Identifying causes of perceptual differences in problematic activities of daily life between patients with COPD and proxies: A qualitative study
Authors: Nakken Nienke , Spruit Martijn A. , van den Bogaart Esther H. A. , Crutzen Rik , Muris Jean W. M. , Wouters Emiel F. M. , Janssen Daisy J. A. 
Published: August 2018

Background/aimProxies of patients with COPD are often unable to identify the patients’ most important problematic activities of daily life (ADLs). The aim was to explore causes of perceptual differences between patients with COPD and their proxies about the problematic ADLs of the patient.MethodsTen open structured interviews were conducted in the presence of both the patient and proxy. Patients’ five most important problematic ADLs identified by the couple were compared and discussed. For data analysis, open coding, axial coding and selective coding were conducted.ResultsTen main causes were identified: differences in the level of satisfaction, or acceptance; estimation of own capabilities; problematic ADL goes unnoticed; proxy is not present during problematic ADL; problematic ADL is not performed (often or anymore), or not (longer) talked about; masked by another problematic ADL; value judgement; solution for problematic ADL.ConclusionThe causes of perceptual differences between patients and proxies about patients’ problematic ADLs were related to both the patient's and the proxy's perception.
The experiences of social and community participation of people with non‐traumatic spinal cord injury
Authors: Barclay Linda , Lentin Primrose , Bourke‐Taylor Helen , McDonald Rachael 
Published: August 2018

Background/aimIncidence of non‐traumatic spinal cord injury in Australia is increasing, which will result in more occupational therapists being involved in the rehabilitation of this group in the future. The profile of people with non‐traumatic spinal cord injury differs from people with traumatically acquired spinal cord injuries, and their long‐term health and well‐being outcomes are not known. The aim of this study was to explore the experience of returning to social and community participation following non‐traumatic spinal cord injury.MethodsQualitative methods were used for this study. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with seventeen people with non‐traumatic spinal cord injury who had returned home. Data were analysed inductively utilising the thematic analysis method.ResultsThe process of returning to social and community participation following non‐traumatic spinal cord injury was identified as occurring in three main stages: withdrawal; re‐emergence into society; and stability. Each stage consisted of adjustment and adaptation in a number of areas, including: the loss of independence; the experience of being out in public; social networks; participation in productivity roles; and expectations regarding satisfactory social and community participation. Many of the participants had developed or were developing strategies to adapt to the changes experienced in these stages.ConclusionBy using a qualitative approach, this study adds to the understanding of the adjustment process experienced by people following non‐traumatic spinal cord injury when they return to living in the community. Although findings parallel those of studies conducted with people with TSCI, there are some differences that may warrant alternative approaches from occupational therapists working with people with NTSCI. Such approaches include assisting people with NTSCI to modify their expectations regarding how they will participate in the community, assisting them to find new meaningful roles, and facilitating the development of new social networks to replace lost ones.
The roles of PD‐1/PD‐L1 and its signalling pathway in gastrointestinal tract cancers
Authors: Cui Chunguo , Yu Bo , Jiang Qi , Li Xingfang , Shi Kaiyao , Yang Zecheng 
Published: August 2018

SummaryCancer immunotherapy has been increasingly applied in the treatment of advanced malignancies. Consequently, immune checkpoints have become a major concern. As PD‐1 is an important immunomodulatory protein, the blockade of PD‐1 and its ligand PD‐L1 is a promising tumour immunotherapy for human carcinoma. In this review, we first discuss the role of the PD‐1/PD‐L1 interaction in gastrointestinal tract cancers. Targeting PD‐1 and PD‐L1 in immune cells and tumour cells may show remarkable efficiency in gastrointestinal tract cancers. Second, the PD‐1/PD‐L1‐associated signalling pathway involved in cancer immunotherapy in gastrointestinal tract cancers is discussed. Most importantly, this review summarizes the PD‐1/PD‐L1‐targeted immunotherapy combinations with relevant signalling pathways, which may result in a breakthrough for the treatment of gastrointestinal tract cancers, such as gastric cancer, colorectal cancer and liver cancer. Meanwhile, the review provides a deeper insight into the mechanism of checkpoint blockade immunotherapies.
Psychometric properties of discourse measures in aphasia: acceptability, reliability, and validity
Authors: Pritchard Madeleine , Hilari Katerina , Cocks Naomi , Dipper Lucy 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBackgroundDiscourse in adults with aphasia is increasingly the focus of assessment and therapy research. A broad range of measures is available to describe discourse, but very limited information is available on their psychometric properties. As a result, the quality of these measures is unknown, and there is very little evidence to motivate the choice of one measure over another.AimsTo explore the quality of a range of discourse measures, targeting sentence structure, coherence, story structure and cohesion. Quality was evaluated in terms of the psychometric properties of acceptability (data completeness and skewness), reliability (inter‐ and intra‐rater), and validity (content, convergent, discriminant and known groups).Methods & ProceduresParticipants with chronic mild‐to‐moderate aphasia were recruited from community groups. They produced a range of discourses which were grouped into Cinderella and everyday discourses. Discourses were then transcribed orthographically and analyzed using macro‐ and microlinguistic measures (Story Grammar, Topic Coherence, Local Coherence, Reference Chains and Predicate Argument Structure—PAS). Data were evaluated against standard predetermined criteria to ascertain the psychometric quality of the measures.Outcomes & ResultsA total of 17 participants took part in the study. All measures had high levels of acceptability, inter‐ and intra‐rater reliability, and had good content validity, as they could be related to a level of the theoretical model of discourse production. For convergent validity, as expected, 8/10 measures correlated with the Western Aphasia Battery—Revised (WAB‐R) spontaneous speech scores, and 7/10 measures correlated with the Kissing and Dancing Test (KDT) scores (r≥ 0.3), giving an overall positive rating for construct validity. For discriminant validity, as predicted, all measures had low correlations with Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices (RCPM) and WAB‐R Auditory Verbal Comprehension scores (r< 0.3), giving an overall positive rating for construct validity. Finally, for known groups validity, all measures indicated a difference between speakers with mild and moderate aphasia except for the Local Coherence measures. Overall, Story Grammar, Topic Coherence, Reference Chains and PAS emerged as the strongest measures in the current study because they achieved the predetermined thresholds for quality in terms of each of the psychometric parameters profiled.Conclusions & ImplicationsThe current study is the first to psychometrically profile measures of discourse in aphasia. It contributes to the field by identifying Story Grammar, Topic Coherence, Reference Chains and PAS as the most psychometrically robust discourse measures yet profiled with speakers with aphasia. Until further data are available indicating the strength of other discourse measures, caution should be applied when using them.
The brain as an agentic system: how the brain is articulated in the field of neuroenhancement
Authors: Brenninkmeijer Jonna 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThis article analyses the material of a European Project on Responsible Research and Innovation in Neuroenhancement (NERRI) to explore how the brain is articulated in this field. Since brains are closely connected to ideas of self, responsibility, free will and being human, and since brain metaphors have important effects on research practices and perspectives, it also matters how people talk about and use the brain. In the NERRI project, the brain is articulated as an agent interacting with or substituting the self; as a system that can, cannot or should not be analysed; and as the part of oneself that can potentially change human nature in positive and negative ways. Since most of the material analysed was produced by neuroscientists or other neuroenhancement experts, this article emphasises the responsibility of the experts in this process. By showing what brain images are disseminated within the field of neuroenhancement, and analysing how this depiction is related to ideas of self or being human, this article does not only intend to contribute to a more empirically based and societally relevant neuroenhancement debate, but also to a more realistic and societally relevant idea of the brain.
Leopold I, Louis XIV, William III and the Origins of the War of the Spanish Succession
Authors: TROOST WOUTER 
Published: August 2018

AbstractDrawing on the correspondence of contemporary rulers and diplomats and on the work of modern European and American historians, this article reinterprets the origins of the War of the Spanish Succession by examining the triangular relationship between Leopold I, Louis XIV and William III during the last quarter of the seventeenth century. It disposes of two ‘myths’: namely that Leopold I and William III were natural allies and that Louis XIV and William III were natural enemies. During the Dutch War and the Nine Years War, relations between the allies William and Leopold were strained for various reasons. And although William regarded Louis XIV as his main rival after the Peace of Nijmegen (1678), at Rijswijk (1697) his relationship with Louis improved significantly. This resulted in two treaties between Louis and William partitioning the Spanish Empire after the death of Carlos II. Leopold I, who took no part in the treaty negotiations, refused to accept the second treaty, which widened the rift between him and the stadholder‐king. As William III refused to force Leopold I to accept the second treaty, Louis XIV accepted Carlos II's will, which left the Spanish inheritance to Philip of Anjou, Louis's grandson. When Louis XIV started to behave like a Spanish king and invaded the Spanish Netherlands, whose independence was the cornerstone of William's foreign policy, a rapprochement between Leopold and William took place, leading to the renewal of their former alliance and the outbreak of the War of the Spanish Succession.
Risk of malnutrition is associated with poor physical function in patients undergoing cardiac rehabilitation following heart failure
Authors: Matsuo Haruyo , Yoshimura Yoshihiro , Fujita Shoji , Maeno Yuichi 
Published: August 2018

AimPatients who experience heart failure are prone to malnutrition. The aim of this study was to determine the association between risk of malnutrition and physical function in patients undergoing cardiac rehabilitation following heart failure.MethodsA cross‐sectional study was performed in consecutive patients hospitalised for cardiac rehabilitation following heart failure. Risk of malnutrition was evaluated using the Mini Nutritional Assessment‐Short Form (MNA‐SF). Physical function was evaluated using the Barthel index (BI). Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to determine whether nutritional status was associated with BI in these patients.ResultsThe present study included 105 patients (mean age of 77.3 years, 56 men and 49 women) for analysis. The median (interquartile range) scores of the MNA‐SF and BI were 11 (9–13) and 75 (45–90), respectively. Patients with high risk of malnutrition (MNA‐SF score < 7) were significantly older, had a lower body mass index, exhibited lower muscle mass and strength, could walk shorter distances, and had lower BI scores (all P < 0.05). On multivariate analysis, the MNA‐SF score was independently associated with BI (β = 0.409, P < 0.001) after adjusting for age, sex, muscle mass and strength, brain natriuretic peptide levels, ejection fraction of the left ventricle, and reason for admission.ConclusionsRisk of malnutrition is associated with physical function in patients undergoing cardiac rehabilitation following heart failure. Early detection of malnutrition and commencement of nutritional support may improve functional recovery in these patients.
Accuracy and Interobserver Reliability of the Simplified Pulmonary Embolism Severity Index Versus the Hestia Criteria for Patients With Pulmonary Embolism
Authors: Quezada Carlos Andrés , Bikdeli Behnood , Villén Tomás , Barrios Deisy , Mercedes Edwin , León Francisco , Chiluiza Diana , Barbero Esther , Yusen Roger D. , Jimenez David 
Published: August 2018

AbstractObjectivesThe objective was to assess and compare the accuracy and interobserver reliability of the simplified Pulmonary Embolism Severity Index (sPESI) and the Hestia criteria for predicting short‐term mortality in patients with pulmonary embolism (PE).MethodsThis prospective cohort study evaluated consecutive eligible adults with PE diagnosed in the emergency department (ED) at a large, tertiary, academic medical center in the era January 1, 2015, to December 30, 2017. We assessed and compared sPESI and Hestia criteria prognostic accuracy for 30‐day all‐cause mortality after PE diagnosis and their interobserver reliability for classifying patients as low risk or high risk. Two clinician investigators scored both prediction tools during the ED evaluation. We used the kappa statistic to test for agreement.ResultsThe 488‐patient cohort had a mean (±SD) age of 69.0 (±17.1) years and an approximately even sex distribution. The investigators classified one‐quarter of patients as low risk using the sPESI and Hestia criteria (28% vs. 27%, respectively). During the 30‐day follow‐up, 31 of the 488 (6.4%) patients died. Patients classified as low risk according to the sPESI and the Hestia criteria had a similar 30‐day mortality (sPESI 0.7% [1/135], 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.0%–4.0%; Hestia 2.3% [3/132], 95% CI = 0.5%–6.5%). The two observers had good agreement (κ = 0.80) for the Hestia criteria and very good agreement (κ = 0.97) for the sPESI.ConclusionThe sPESI and the Hestia criteria had similar risk classification determination and prognostic accuracy for 30‐day mortality after PE. However, the succinct and more objective sPESI had higher interobserver reliability than the Hestia criteria.
The Persistent Effect of U.S. Civil Rights Protests on Political Attitudes
Authors: Mazumder Soumyajit 
Published: August 2018

AbstractProtests can engender significant institutional change. Can protests also continue to shape a nation's contemporary politics outside of more formalized channels? I argue that social movements can not only beget institutional change, but also long‐run, attitudinal change. Using the case of the U.S. civil rights movement, I develop a theory in which protests can shift attitudes and these attitudes can persist. Data from over 150,000 survey respondents provide evidence consistent with the theory. Whites from counties that experienced historical civil rights protests are more likely to identify as Democrats and support affirmative action, and less likely to harbor racial resentment against blacks. These individual‐level results are politically meaningful—counties that experienced civil rights protests are associated with greater Democratic Party vote shares even today. This study highlights how social movements can have persistent impacts on a nation's politics.