bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Source control in urban sanitation and waste management: ten systems with reuse of resources
Authors: Otterpohl Ralf , Albold Andrea , Oldenburg Martin 
Published: May 2018

This paper is a follow up of one presented by Otterpohl et al. (1997) in Water Science & Technology. This extension emphasises the responsibility of the professionals in waste- and wastewater management for future development. It shows a lists of 10 technological options for sanitation with source control. The political discussion about future sanitation systems seems to lack input of those working on further development. Even Agenda 21 is a complete failure in this respect - sadly, in a core subject for survival of future generations. The main task of sanitation besides highest hygienic standards is to keep soil fertile.
Sanitation with the mixing up of food and water cycles washes all those substances out to the seas that are extremely harmful there (accumulation) and extremely necessary on the land (depletion of fertility and fossil resources). New integrated sanitation and waste management systems will mostly have to respect different qualities of matter from human settlements: blackwater with biowaste, greywater, stormwater runoff and non-biodegradable waste. Based on this distinction, nine differentiating and one mixing systems with resources management are presented. Some of them require careful examination in selected pilot projects.
Retrofitting an existing trickling filter plant to BNR standard - Selfs Point, Tasmania's first
Authors: Morgan Scott , Farley Ray , Pearson Rob 
Published: May 2018

Hobart City Council has three separate wastewater catchments. Prior to 1997 one catchment discharged untreated sewage to the Derwent River estuary. The State environmental authority required this wastewater to be treated to nutrient removal standard. Following extensive investigations to determine options, Council decided to transfer this wastewater to the existing Selfs Point trickling filter plant. Augmentation of this facility to biological nutrient removal standard was selected to meet the more stringent licence conditions. Council required the new treatment process to utilise current best industry practice, to have proven performance and to make best use of the existing infrastructure, while maintaining cost effectiveness.
This paper discusses the rationale for incorporating trickling filters into the process specification. It also describes the maximal use of previously existing plant, with over 90% incorporated into the design. A significant feature is that the anaerobic digesters have been retained to ensure good biosolids stabilisation.
Selfs Point has shown that retrofitting a trickling filter plant to BNR performance can be very cost effective where existing facilities are in good condition.
Fate of Conventional/Priority Organic Pollutants Associated with Wastewater Reuse in Soil Irrigation in Kuwait
Authors: Al-Muzaini Saleh , Ghosn Ahmad A. 
Published: May 2018

Soil contamination from conventional/priority organic pollutants associated the reuse of wastewater for agricultural irrigation in selected sites in Kuwait is assessed in this paper using a laboratory pilot plant designed for this purpose.
The permeated wastewaters included industrial and tertiary treated wastewaters from different industrial and wastewater treatment plants in Kuwait. Tab (potable) water will be also used as a reference base.
The investigated soil sites covered representative agricultural areas in Kuwait including Al-Wafra, Al-Abdally and Sulaibiya agricultural sites. The soil characteristics in these sites are presented.
The preliminary results of pilot plant tests for Abdally area soils are discussed herein and related conclusions and remarks are outlined.
Excess Sludge Discharge Frequency for UASB Reactors
Authors: Cavalcanti Paula Frassinetti Feitosa , Medeiros Erly Joan Souto , Silva Jean Kanuto Menezes , van Haandel Adrianus 
Published: May 2018

Like all biological wastewater treatment systems, the UASB reactor produces sludge that accumulates in the reactor. Since the storage capacity is limited, the sludge will eventually be discharged together with the effluent, when the reactor is full of sludge. To avoid the discharge of sludge in the effluent, it is necessary that excess sludge be discharged periodically from the reactor before its storage capacity is exhausted. For minimum operational costs it is preferable to have large discharges with a low frequency. On the other hand the discharges cannot be excessive in order to avoid deterioration of the reactor performance after the discharges.
An experimental investigation was carried out at pilot scale to establish the influence of the magnitude of excess sludge discharge on the performance of UASB reactors, treating municipal sewage. UASB reactors were operated at hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 4 and 8 h, and excess sludge discharges of varying magnitude were applied. The performance and operational stability of these reactors after the discharges were observed and the sludge accumulation and unintentional discharge (wash-out) with the effluent were determined. During periods of steady state without excess sludge discharge, the sludge production was determined from the settleable solids in the effluent.
The data show that for discharges of up to 50% of the sludge mass in reactors with HRT = 4 hours and 60% with HRT = 8 hours, the reactor efficiency and operational stability were affected very little and only during the first few days after the discharge. Discharges of up to 80% of the sludge did not cause instability, but a reduction of the COD removal efficiency was observed during 1 to 2 weeks after the discharge. Independent of the magnitude of sludge discharge, the effluent pH remained in the narrow range of 6.8 to 7.0 and the ratio between alkalinity (average 275 ppm CaCO3) and VFA concentration (average of 28 ppm HAc) was always very high so that there was never a danger of souring of the reactor contents. Based on the obtained experimental data an operational procedure for optimisation of excess sludge discharges was developed.
It is believed that along with the favourable natural conditions during the experimental investigation (average temperature of 27°C), the observed reactor stability can be attributed to a large extent to the design of the used phase separator, which is much more efficient than the conventional one. It is possible that results with a conventional UASB reactor would have been different.
Prediction of sediment build-up from analysis of physical network data
Authors: Gérard C. , Chocat B. 
Published: May 2018

The localization of solid deposits in sewerage networks is basically due to clearly identified structural causes: shallow slope, loops, geometry of pipes, special structures, etc. Our purpose is to analyse the major role played by the structure of the network itself in localisation and development of the deposits it conveys.
The conceptual model proposed determines the theoretical risk of sediment build-up in each section of the sewerage network. It is a set of simple parametrized expert rules (and/or, if/then) based on the fact that silting-up is mainly a conjunction of several causes, and therefore occurs in preferential locations. These rules are then implemented by processing each section in three separate and successive stages: assessment of the different criteria used to estimate the vulnerability of the network, i.e. its likelihood of trapping solids at specific locations; assessment of the different criteria used to estimate hazard, i.e. the probability that there are effectively some solids to be trapped; combination of vulnerability and hazard rankings used logical operators, thereby classifying theoretical sediment build-up risk as very high, high, average, low, very low. The model's performance compared to measurements are: 67% accurate forecasts (zero theory-measurement deviation), 25% average forecasts (1 or 2 classes deviation), 8% incorrect forecasts (3 or 4 classes deviation).
Adsorption of Humic Substances onto β-FeOOH and its Chemical Regeneration
Authors: Teermann I. P. , Jekel M. R. 
Published: May 2018

Removing humic substances is a challenge for process engineering in drinking water treatment. Various processes have been developed in the past. However, due to problems in efficiency, waste disposal or high operating costs, the search for new solutions still persists. In this investigation we tested a new sorbent, a highly active granulated iron hydroxide with the β-FeOOH modification, regarding its adsorption capacity and regenerability.
Three fulvic acids were used differing in molecular weight distribution and calcium content. Iron hydroxide showed high adsorption capacities for each of these fulvic acids. The dependency of adsorption on pH was comparatively small, whereas calcium improved DOC removal especially at pH-values higher than 6. Larger fulvic acid molecules were preferably adsorbed. Calcium free sodium hydroxide solution allowed complete regeneration. In a pilot plant study kinetic restrictions were obvious due to pore exclusion of high molecular weight substances. However the good results concerning adsorption capacity and regenerability encourage us to enlarge the pore sizes of β-FeOOH granules.
Water Quality Management Options for a Downstream Transboundary River Basin - The Sajó River Case Study
Authors: Fehér János , Galambos István , Lehoczki Zsuzsa 
Published: May 2018

Water quality management has been a priority in Hungary in the past decades. Focus was especially upon improving water supply and stimulating economic development.
On 1st January 1996 new Law on General Regulations for Environmental Protection (No. 53/1995) and the Act on Water Management (No. 57/1995) came into force. These laws are framework laws providing objectives to the development of the legal instrumentation of environmental and water protection. These new regulations should reflect the transitional nature of Hungary and should stimulate and facilitate the use of the most cost-effective and efficient forms of water quality management. Furthermore the regulations should aim at harmonization with EC directives.
To support the elaboration of the new regulations case studies were carried out in the frame of a EU PHARE financed project to give answers to several water quality management and economic questions, such as (a) the way in which water quality objectives can be set when dealing with transboundary loads and vulnerable groundwater resources; (b) how to address industries in sanitation; (c) how to formulate collection and treatment requirements in the case of a very sensitive surface water originating in a river basin with predominantly non-vulnerable groundwater resources; (d) the cost effective sanitation strategy; (e) the determination of permissible loads by using water quality models; and (f) how to allocate this load among pollution sources. The paper is gives an overview of the case study with the discussion of the conclusions.
Wet weather control demonstration activities in southeast Michigan: some lessons learned
Authors: Murray J. E. , Cave K. A. , Bryson D. S. 
Published: May 2018

Wayne County's Rouge River National Wet Weather Demonstration Project (Rouge Project) is a comprehensive program to restore the water quality of the Rouge River, a tributary to the Detroit River in southeast Michigan. The Rouge River Watershed is largely urbanized with over 1.5 million people in 48 communities and 3 countries. Sources of pollution to the river include industrial and municipal point sources, storm water runoff, combined sewer overflows (CSOs) and other minor sources.
While the Rouge Project first focused on controlling the 150 CSO discharges the focus shifted to other sources of pollution, such as storm water in order to restore the river. This paper describes the lessons learned in building institutional and regulatory frameworks necessary to accommodate a watershed approach to wet weather pollution management. Also described are the consensus building strategies which were used to engage numerous stakeholders, provide them opportunities to influence decisions, and participate in the Rouge River restoration.
The Rouge Project is demonstrating that a watershed-based pollution management program is achieving faster and more cost-effective restoration and protection of water resources.
Wastewater Biofilters Used for Advanced Treatment of Papermill Effluent
Authors: Möbius Christian H. 
Published: May 2018

The application of tertiary biofilters -- submersed aerated upflow filmreactors -- can be classified as follows:
1. treatment of biologically treated wastewater with BOD below 25 mg/l;
2. treatment of biologically treated wastewater with BOD between 20 and 50 mg/l;
3. treatment of biologically treated wastewater with BOD below 30 mg/l followed by partial oxidation with ozone, resulting in BOD of up to 80 mg/l.
These three types have to be discussed seperately. Conditions in these plants are quite different from the well-known secondary biofilters following chemical-mechanical pretreatment. The differences have to be regarded in design and operation of the plants. Several questions still have to be evaluated. Based on operational experience about details of microbiota, biofilm growth and attachment, treatment efficiency and stability of elimination, virtual independence of COD elimination from BOD elimination, retention of suspended solids, criteria for design and operation of these plants are discussed. Biofilters following the ozonation plants after biological treatment are quite different to operate. Special points of view to be taken into account at this are: no entry of microorganisms, possible ozone influences, inert solids produced in ozonation (mainly oxalate). These items are discussed based on experimental results.
Effects of Chemical Spills on Activated Sludge Treatment Performance in Pulp and Paper Mills
Authors: Sarlin T. , Halttunen S. , Vuoriranta P. , Puhakka J. 
Published: May 2018

The aim of this research was to study the effects of chemical spills on activated sludge metabolic activity and settleability. On-site, laboratory-scale tests were carried out at three pulp and paper mill activated sludge plants. Oxygen uptake rate (OUR) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) removal were used for monitoring of metabolic inhibition. The effects of chemicals on 30-min settled sludge volume were studied. Accidental release reports from five pulp and paper mills were analysed.
Thirty-four chemicals were selected to the laboratory tests. Of the tested chemicals 2 biocides, monochloro acetic acid, soft soap and turpentine inhibited the OUR of the sludge and thus, had an acute toxic effect on the activated sludge. The biocides and disperging agent reduced DOC removal. Aluminium sulphate and optical brightener had a negative effect on sludge settleability and thus, they may cause losses of activated sludge from treatment plant. In conclusion, maximum possible spill of the five chemicals may reduce the performance of the activated sludge.
Advanced Effluent Treatment in the Pulp and Paper Industry with a Combined Process of Ozonation and Fixed Bed Biofilm Reactors
Authors: Helble Alfred , Schlayer Wolfgang , Liechti Pierre-André , Jenny Rudolf , Möbius Christian H. 
Published: May 2018

An advanced treatment process was developed during the last five years to improve the treated effluent quality in view of stronger environmental regulations and the possibility for the reuse of treated effluent in the Pulp and Paper Industry.
The combination of ozone with fixed bed biofilm reactors is one of the most efficient tertiary effluent treatment processes to give maximum elimination of COD, colour and AOX with a minimum of ozone dosage. Several laboratory and pilot tests with effluent from a full biological treatment works confirmed the expected targets.
Ozone diffusion parameters, i. e. bubble size, and distribution, reaction time and hydrodynamic pattern are decisive for interface/film or bulk reaction. This is the key economic factor for the elimination of certain kinds of organic matter by transferring persistent “hard” COD into biodegradable compounds (BOD).
Two-stage ozonation with intermediate biodegradation proved to be a valuable tool for obtaining high COD elimination efficiencies in the tertiary treatment of effluent with high persistent COD concentrations.
A fully equipped bench scale plant using the ozonation - biofiltration process is in operation since the beginning of 1998. A separate batch ozonation system allows tests for optimisations which are difficult to perform in a continuous process. Results with papermill effluent are presented. This equipment gives results sufficient for determination of design parameters for an industrial size.
Sewage treatment works odour measurement
Authors: Gostelow P. , Parsons S. A. 
Published: May 2018

Public concern over odours from sewage treatment works is increasing. More people are being exposed to odours, due to development around existing works or the construction of new works. Raised awareness of both the environment and individual rights has meant people are now more likely to complain. Odourabatement and control is a major issue for sewage works operators.
To control odours, they must first be measured. This is no easy task as response to odours is subjective and our understanding of the sense of smell is incomplete. In assessing an odour nuisance, odour formation, emission, dispersion and perception must be considered. There is no single measure that is suitable for this purpose. Odour measurements fall into two classes. Analytical measurements characterise odours in terms of their chemical composition and are more suited to formation, emission and dispersion models. Unfortunately, they tell us little about the perceived effect of the odour. Sensory measurements employ the human nose and characterise odours in terms of their perceived effect. A link between analytical and sensory measurements is clearly needed.
In this paper data collected from odour surveys at 17 different wastewater treatment sites are evaluated to explore possibilities for linking analytical and sensory measures. The relationship between hydrogen sulphide concentration and odour concentration as measured by threshold olfactometry is explored. Correlations suggest power-law relationships between hydrogen sulphide and odour concentration, with r2 values as high as 0.69. This paper will assess the use of hydrogen sulphide (H2S) and olfactometry measurements for a range of unit operations and abatement technologies.
The intensification of sludge digestion by the disintegration of activated sludge and the thermal conditioning of digested sludge
Authors: Dohányos M. , Zábranská J. , Jeníček P. , Štěpová J. , Kutil V. , Horejš J. 
Published: May 2018

The study is focused on the anaerobic degradation of different disintegrated materials containing a cell lysate. The aerobic cell lysate was produced by a disintegration of the excess activated sludge by means of a lysate-thickening centrifuge, and the anaerobic cell lysate, by a rapid thermal treatment of anaerobic digested sludge.
The improvement of both the methane yield and the biodegradability of thickened activated sludge is influenced by the quality of input excess activated sludge and the parameters and efficiency of the thickening centrifuge. The improvement of the methane yield was on average 11.5-31.3% depending on the sludge quality. The relation of the stimulation effect, the disintegration rate and the anaerobic sludge activity suggest that the efficiency of the disintegration will be probably higher in the more intensive digestion process.
The rapid thermal treatment of digested sludge produced a material with an active anaerobic lysate. The stimulation effect of the anaerobic lysate caused an improvement of the methane yield of raw sludge in the range of 35-49% depending on the lysate amount. The rapid thermal reactor produced a relatively very active cell lysate from anaerobic bacteria; the heat energy of the lysate can be utilised in the digester heating system.
Windrow composting of wastewater biosolids: process performance and product stability assessment
Authors: Lasaridi K. E. , Stentiford E. I. , Evans T. 
Published: May 2018

The composting process at the Thames Water composting facility at Little Marlow, Buckinghamshire, UK, was monitored in order to access the value of both process parameters (temperature, drying tendency) and compost stability indicators (VS, COD, respiration rate) for process performance evaluation. A simple model was developed to describe the process rate on the basis of volatile solids and respirometric results.
Pile core temperature exceeded 55°C in the first 2-3 days and reached ambient levels after 8-10 weeks. Compost stability, as determined by both wet (SOUR) and dry (DSOUR) respirometry increased with age, the two parameters correlating well with each other and composting time. The SOUR dropped from about 20 mg/g VS/hr for the fresh compost to 5 mg/g VS/hr at the end of the 4 weeks of turning and to 1.5 mg/g VS/hr after five months of maturation. The COD, optical density at 665, 465 and 280 nm, and the E4/E6 ratio of water extracts were also analysed as potential stability parameters, but the information revealed was limited.
An experimental study on iron removal with ferric sludge recycling
Authors: Tufekci N. , Sarikaya H.Z. , Ozturk I. 
Published: May 2018

An iron removal process, which makes use of the catalytic effect of ferric iron, is proposed. For this purpose, the reaction kinetics derived from the data of the batch experiments was applied to the continuous flow system. Based upon this reaction kinetics, it has been theoretically demonstrated that the volumes of aeration tanks can be significantly reduced by keeping a high concentration of ferric iron in the reactor. However, in natural waters, Fe(II) is found commonly to be in the range of 0.01–10 mg/l. These ferrous iron concentrations are not high enough to maintain the high concentrations of ferric iron in the aeration tank. Therefore, similar to the activated sludge processes used in wastewater treatment, it is suggested that the required Fe(III) concentrations can be maintained by recycling Fe(OH)3 sludge back to the aeration tank.
It is known that the oxygenation of ferrous iron is catalyzed by the reaction product, ferric hydroxide. Catalytic action of the ferric iron sludges on the oxidation of ferrous iron by aeration has been identified and the kinetics of this catalytic reaction has been formulated by the authors. The oxidation of Fe(II) was studied in batch reactors in which the concentration of Fe(III) was in the range of 0–600 mg/l.
The oxygenation rate increased linearly with the increasing Fe(III) concentrations up to 50 mg/l and a second-order polynomial relationship was found between the reaction rate and the Fe(III) concentrations in the range of 50–600 mg/l. The required volume (V) of the aeration tank and the effluent Fe(II) concentrations were determined as a function of the Fe(III) concentration. The volume of the aeration tank required for the same Fe(II) conversion was reduced by a factor of 15 when the Fe(III) concentration was raised from 0 to 600 mg/l at pH=6.7. No incremental benefit of the increase of Fe(III) concentration was observed at Fe(III) levels beyond the 600 mg/l.
This study has experimentally demonstrated that significant savings can be achieved in iron removal systems by recirculating the Fe(III) sludges back to the aeration tank.