bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Black carbon, organic carbon, and co-pollutant emissions and energy efficiency from artisanal brick production in Mexico
Authors: Zavala Miguel , Molina Luisa T. , Maiz Pablo , Monsivais Israel , Chow Judith C. , Watson John G. , Munguia Jose Luis , Cardenas Beatriz , Fortner Edward C. , Herndon Scott C. , Roscioli Joseph R. , Kolb Charles E. , Knighton Walter B. 
Published: April 2018

Abstract. In many parts of the developing world and economies in transition, small-scale traditional brick kilns are a notorious source of urban air pollution. Many are both energy inefficient and burn highly polluting fuels that emit significant levels of black carbon (BC), organic carbon (OC) and other atmospheric pollutants into local communities, resulting in severe health and environmental impacts. However, only a very limited number of studies are available on the emission characteristics of brick kilns; thus, there is a need to characterize their gaseous and particulate matter (PM) emission factors to better assess their overall contribution to emissions inventories and to quantify their ecological, human health, and climate impacts. In this study, the fuel-, energy-, and brick-based emissions factors and time-based emission ratios of BC, OC, inorganic PM components, CO, SO2, CH4, NOx, and selected volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from three artisanal brick kilns with different designs in Mexico were quantified using the tracer ratio sampling technique. Simultaneous measurements of PM components, CO, and CO2 were also obtained using a sampling probe technique. Additional measurements included the internal temperature of the brick kilns, mechanical resistance of bricks produced, and characteristics of fuels employed. Average fuel-based BC emission factors ranged from 0.15 to 0.58 g (kg fuel)−1, whereas BC∕OC mass ratios ranged from 0.9 to 5.2, depending on the kiln type. The results show that both techniques capture similar temporal profiles of the brick kiln emissions and produce comparable emission factors. A more integrated inter-comparison of the brick kilns' performances was obtained by simultaneously assessing emissions factors, energy efficiency, fuel consumption, and the quality of the bricks produced.
Phytoplankton response to a plume front in the northern South China Sea
Authors: Li Qian P. , Zhou Weiwen , Chen Yinchao , Wu Zhengchao 
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Due to a strong river discharge during April–June 2016, a persistent
salinity front, with freshwater flushing seaward on the surface but seawater
moving landward at the bottom, was formed in the coastal waters west of the
Pearl River estuary (PRE) over the northern South China Sea (NSCS) shelf.
Hydrographic measurements revealed that the salinity front was influenced by
both the river plume and coastal upwelling. On shipboard nutrient-enrichment
experiments with size-fractionation chlorophyll a measurements were taken
on both sides of the front as well as in the frontal zone to diagnose the
spatial variations of phytoplankton physiology across the frontal system. We
also assessed the size-fractionated responses of phytoplankton to the
treatment of plume water at the frontal zone and the sea side of the front.
The biological impact of vertical mixing or upwelling was further examined by
the response of surface phytoplankton to the addition of local bottom water.
Our results suggested that there was a large variation in phytoplankton
physiology on the sea side of the front, driven by dynamic nutrient fluxes,
although P limitation was prevailing on the shore side of the front and at
the frontal zone. The spreading of plume water at the frontal zone would
directly improve the growth of microphytoplankton, while nano- and
picophytoplankton growths could have become saturated at high percentages of
plume water. Also, the mixing of bottom water would stimulate the growth of
surface phytoplankton on both sides of the front by altering the surface
N∕P ratio to make it closer to the Redfield stoichiometry. In summary,
phytoplankton growth and physiology could be profoundly influenced by the
physical dynamics in the frontal system during the spring–summer of 2016.
Brief communication: Unabated wastage of the Juneau and Stikine icefields (southeast Alaska) in the early 21st century
Authors: Berthier Etienne , Larsen Christopher , Durkin William J. , Willis Michael J. , Pritchard Matthew E. 
Published: April 2018

Abstract. The large Juneau and Stikine icefields (Alaska) lost mass rapidly in the
second part of the 20th century. Laser altimetry, gravimetry and field
measurements suggest continuing mass loss in the early 21st century. However,
two recent studies based on time series of Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) and
Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) digital elevation
models (DEMs) indicate a slowdown in mass loss after 2000. Here, the
ASTER-based geodetic mass balances are recalculated carefully avoiding the
use of the SRTM DEM because of the unknown penetration depth of the C-band
radar signal. We find strongly negative mass balances from 2000 to 2016
(−0.68 ± 0.15 m w.e. a−1 for the Juneau Icefield and
−0.83 ± 0.12 m w.e. a−1 for the Stikine Icefield), in
agreement with laser altimetry, confirming that mass losses are continuing at
unabated rates for both icefields. The SRTM DEM should be avoided or used
very cautiously to estimate glacier volume change, especially in the North
Hemisphere and over timescales of less than ∼ 20 years.
Reviewer Acknowledgements
Authors: John Albert 
Published: April 2018

International Journal of Chemistry wishes to acknowledge the following individuals for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Their help and contributions in maintaining the quality of the journal is greatly appreciated. Many authors, regardless of whether International Journal of Chemistry publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers.Reviewers for Volume 10, Number 2 Abdul Rouf Dar, University of Florida, USAAhmad Galadima, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, NigeriaAhmet Ozan Gezerman, Yildiz Technical University, TurkeyAna Silva, National Institute of Health Dr Ricardo Jorge, PortugalFarkhondeh Fathi, University of Toronto, CanadaJuan Rafael Garcia, INCAPE, FIQ, UNL-CONICET, ArgentinaLeiming Wang, Konica Minolta Laboratory, USAMaolin Lu, Yale University, USAMeriem Belhachemi, University of Bechar, AlgeriaMustafa Oguzhan Kaya, Siirt University, TurkeyPriyanka Singh, University of Iowa, USAR. K. Dey, Birla Institute of Technology (BIT), IndiaRabia Rehman, University of the Punjab, PakistanRodrigo Vieira Rodrigues, University of São Paulo, BrazilSeverine Queyroy, Aix-Marseille Université, FranceSitaram Acharya, Texas Christian University, USASyed A. A. Rizvi, Nova Southeastern University, USAThirupathi Barla, Harvard University, USAVijay Ramalingam, Columbia University, USAWaseem Hassan, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, BrazilZhixin Tian, TONGJI UNIVERSITY, CHINA Albert JohnOn behalf of,The Editorial Board of International Journal of ChemistryCanadian Center of Science and Education
Restorative justice: a framework for examining issues of discipline in schools serving diverse populations
Authors: Woods Carrie Ann , Stewart Martha Lue 
Published: April 2018

Restorative justice: a framework for examining issues of discipline in schools serving diverse populations
The purpose of this article is to explore the literature on restorative justice (RJ) as employed in educational settings and its relationship to student achievement and to present it as a model for working with high-needs populations. While there is no single measure to determine ‘need’ amongst students, the reference in this article is to particularly vulnerable populations of students, due to racial, linguistic, academic or other differences. Information sources utilised in this study were chosen based on their relevance to the application and assessment of RJ programmes implemented with youth in school systems, with a particular focus on its relevance in the context of the United States. This article points at the history of RJ and how particularly impactful such programmes can be with this target group, given the aims and desired outcomes of this philosophy.
New species of Troglomyces and Diplopodomyces (Laboulbeniales, Ascomycota) from millipedes (Diplopoda)
Authors: Santamaría Sergi , Enghoff Henrik , Reboleira Ana Sofía P.S. 
Published: April 2018

We describe five new species of fungi of the order Laboulbeniales Lindau growing on millipedes and belonging to the genera Diplopodomyces W.Rossi & Balazuc and Troglomyces S.Colla. Three new species of Diplopodomyces, viz. Diplopodomyces coronatus Santam., Enghoff & Reboleira sp. nov. living on Serboiulus spelaeophilus Gulicka, 1967 from Bulgarian caves, Diplopodomyces liguliphorus Santam., Enghoff & Reboleira sp. nov. on an unidentified species of Spirobolida from Sri Lanka, and Diplopodomyces ramosus Santam., Enghoff & Reboleira sp. nov. on Pachyiulus spp. from Turkey, Macedonia and Serbia; and two new species of Troglomyces, viz. Troglomyces dioicus Santam., Enghoff & Reboleira sp. nov. on Nepalmatoiulus sp. from Myanmar, and Troglomyces tetralabiatus Santam., Enghoff & Reboleira sp. nov. on Caucaseuma Strasser, 1970 and Heterocaucaseuma Antić & Makarov, 2016 from caves in Western Caucasus. Troglomyces dioicus sp. nov. is the first dioecious species described in the genus Troglomyces. Keys for all hitherto known species of Diplopodomyces and Troglomyces are presented, as is a discussion of the status of both genera. Additional records for Diplopodomyces lusitanipodos Santam., Enghoff & Reboleira and Troglomyces manfrediae S.Colla are also included.
La voix de l’enfant dans les procédures judiciaires qui le concernent : les rapports « voix de l’enfant » dans les affaires civiles au Nouveau-Brunswick*
Authors: Brideau Bianca , Bacon-Dussault Malaïka 
Published: April 2018

L’article 12 de la Convention relative aux droits de l’enfant prévoit qu’un enfant doit être entendu dans les procédures judiciaires qui le concernent. Bien que le Canada ait ratifié la Convention, chaque législateur provincial détermine la manière dont la voix de l’enfant peut être présentée au tribunal : témoignage des parents ou d’autres adultes en relation avec l’enfant, entretien privé entre un juge et l’enfant, représentation par un avocat ou dépôt d’un rapport d’un évaluateur externe. Bien que la Loi sur les services à la famille du Nouveau-Brunswick prévoie qu’un enfant de 12 ans et plus peut être représenté par un avocat dans les causes impliquant la garde et l’accès, les tribunaux de cette province privilégient le dépôt au tribunal d’un rapport « voix de l’enfant ». Cette note de réflexion a pour objet d’exposer le lecteur à la jurisprudence néobrunswickoise qui traite de cet aspect procédural.
Applying real-time quantitative PCR to diagnosis of freemartin in Holstein cattle by quantifyingSRYgene: a comparison experiment
Authors: Qiu Qinghua , Shao Taoqi , He Yang , Muhammad Aziz-Ur-Rahman , Cao Binghai , Su Huawei 
Published: April 2018

BackgroundFreemartinism generally occurs in female offspring of dizygotic twins in a mixed-sex pregnancy. Most bovine heterosexual twin females are freemartins. However, about 10% of bovine heterosexual twin females are fertile. Farmers mostly cull bovine fertile heterosexual twin females due to the lack of a practical diagnostic approach. Culling of such animals results in economic and genetic-material losses both for dairy and beef industry.MethodsIn this study, a comparative test, including qualitative detection ofSRYgene by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), quantitative detection of relative content ofSRYby real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and quantitative detection of H-Y antigen, was performed to establish the most accurate diagnosis for freemartin. Twelve Holstein heterosexual twin females were used in this study, while three normal Holstein bulls and three normal Holstein cows were used as a positive and negative control, respectively.ResultsPolymerase chain reaction results revealed thatSRYgene were absent in three heterosexual twin females and only two of them were verified as fertile in later age. The qPCR results showed that relative content ofSRYwas more than 14.2% in freemartins and below 0.41% in fertile heterosexual twin females. The H-Y antigen test showed no significant numerical difference between freemartin and fertile heterosexual twin female.DiscussionOur results show that relative content ofSRYquantified by qPCR is a better detection method for diagnosis of freemartin in Holstein cattle as compare to qualitative detection ofSRYgene by PCR or quantitative detection of H-Y antigen. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first time we applied qPCR to diagnosing freemartin by quantifyingSRYgene and got relativeSRYcontent of each freemartin and fertile heterosexual twin female. We concluded that low-level ofSRYwould not influence fertility of bovine heterosexual twin female.
Genetic Sequence Databases
Authors: Attwood Teresa K 
Published: April 2018

Abstract

From elucidation of the first protein sequence to publication of the human genome, sequence information has been transformative. High‐throughput technologies created torrents of genomic data, which needed to be annotated and stored for use in research. The sequencing revolution was remarkable; what made it a ‘game changer’ was the simultaneous innovation in Web technologies that opened the Internet to mass audiences and gave scientists the unique ability to collect, organise and immediately share information – the impact was huge. The cottage industry of sequence collection assumed industrial proportions, requiring worldwide cooperation to harness the deluge. Today, internationally available databases house the sequences of genes, information about their encoded proteins, their functions, disease associations and so on. Capturing data from worldwide genome projects, and making them freely available for research, these repositories continue to support the ongoing quest to understand our genetic ancestry and to address major challenges in the health, pharmaceutical and agricultural industries.

Key Concepts

Sequence information became available slowly, from pioneering work on the manual sequencing of proteins.

Elucidating nucleotide sequences was technically more difficult because of the size of DNA molecules.

Once molecular sequences were published, enthusiasts began to collect them in databases (the first ‘database’ was actually a book!).

Automatic, and then high‐throughput, technologies changed the pace of sequencing, and made whole‐genome sequencing feasible for the first time.

Landmark genome‐sequencing projects ushered in a new era of data generation.

The arrival of Web technologies coincided with the emergence of high‐throughput sequencing capabilities, and led to a proliferation of biological databases.

Sequence data are now generated on such a scale that the information has to be gathered via international consortia.

The first nucleotide sequence databases were the EMBL data library, GenBank and DDBJ, which now cooperate under the auspices of the INSDC.

Amongst the first protein sequence databases were the PIR‐PSD, Swiss‐Prot and TrEMBL, which now pool resources under the umbrella resource, UniProt.

Sequence databases play pivotal roles in all aspects of life‐science research, and will continue to make important contributions to research in the health, pharmaceutical and agricultural sciences.
Dangerous Giants
Authors: Jacobsen Michael Hviid 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
This entry concerns the notion of “dangerous giants” as formulated by Erving Goffman in a 1961 essay. It explores the concept of “dangerous giant,” which is concerned with pointing out the potential disruption that individuals or groups of people may exert in social situations either incidentally or deliberately. Such “dangerous giants,” according to Goffman, threaten the social situation because they question, ridicule, or undermine that which everybody else takes for granted. Although the notion of “dangerous giant” was only used once by Goffman, this entry discusses how the concept also has broader implications in social research.
European Values Survey
Authors: Gelissen John , Halman Loek 
Published: April 2018

AbstractHaving its origins in the 1970s and being fielded on a large scale for the first time in 1981, the European Values Study is one of the longest existing ongoing survey data collection projects. Its core aim is to map the values, beliefs, and attitudes that people living in the various European countries hold in important spheres of their private and social lives. This entry provides an overview of the goals and research design of this unique survey project and its historical development. It concludes with a discussion of the project's value for sociological research on human values structures and for advancing our knowledge of what Europeans ideationally have in common and what separates them.
Innovation
Authors: Dahlin Eric C. , Kim Daehyeon 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Sociological accounts of innovation are concerned with challenging the conventional wisdom that highlights the personal qualities and efforts of an individual inventor as the explanation of success. Alternatively, sociological explanations elucidate the social conditions that cultivate or inhibit innovation such as institutional, social network, and organizational arrangements. Recombination, or the notion that novelty emerges through merging two or more objects or ideas, is a common theme in the sociology literature on innovation. It figures in prominent strands of research within organizational sociology as well as in actor‐network theory. Several promising avenues for future research are also discussed, including inequality in the innovation process, the need for a better understanding of the antecedents of innovation in developing countries, and critically important issues related to the social impacts of innovation.
Institutional Isomorphism
Authors: Croucher Gwilym , Woelert Peter 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
The concept of institutional isomorphism has made an enduring contribution to sociological theories of organizations, elucidating distinctive ways in which institutional forces such as commonly shared norms and ideas shape organizations. Its core idea is that organizations' concerns for legitimacy constitute a major source of convergence and conformity in organizational forms and practices. Three major drivers of such convergence are identified: external pressure exerted by powerful organizations on dependent organizations to adopt specific forms and practices; conditions of uncertainty compelling organizations to emulate fellow organizations that are perceived to be more legitimate; and increasing professionalization within a sector or field. Institutional isomorphism has been applied to the study of a wide variety of organizations including government agencies, corporations, schools and universities, and nonprofit organizations. Institutional isomorphism's emphasis on convergence and conformity is seen to be limiting when it comes to accounting for more proactive and strategic kinds of organizational response to environmental conditions.
Gouldner,AlvinW. (1920–1980)
Authors: Lemert Charles 
Published: April 2018

AbstractAlvin W. Gouldner (1920–1980) was a contradiction in the sense that his literary career began in 1954 with two traditional sociological studies of industrial bureaucracy and ended with a series of books on revolutionary intellectuals, Marxist social theories, and the new culture of techno‐media.The Coming Crisis of Western Sociology(1970) was a challenge to academic sociology to become, in effect, more partisan. By 1980 he had proven himself no less critical of Marxism. He was, quite intentionally, both a loyal sociologist with a proven scholarly record and a serious Marxist social theorist.
In‐Groups and Out‐Groups
Authors: Gundelach Birte 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
An in‐group is a social grouping which an individual feels belonging to, feels shared salient similarities with, as well as attaches an explicit sense of togetherness or “we‐ness” to. In‐group membership is not the mere result of cognitive classification according to salient social categories. Rather, it simultaneously involves emotional significance. In‐group affiliation evokes liking, trust, solidarity, and co‐operation toward in‐group members which are not extended to out‐groups. An out‐group is defined with direct reference to the in‐group. The out‐group refers to “the others,” to the people outside of the in‐group. It is a social grouping which an individual neither feels belonging to, nor identifies with, nor shares salient similarities with. An out‐group can imply a diffuse and abstract group of others, or instead a social group with specific social characteristics from which a given in‐group aims to be clearly distinguished.
Regression and Regression Analysis
Authors: Lindner Andrew M. , Larson Ryan P. 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Regression is among the most common statistical techniques used to analyze correlational data. By controlling for intercorrelated variables, researchers attempt to isolate the effect of independent variables on a dependent variable. Due to limitations in ordinary least squares (OLS) regression, quantitative researchers use various extensions that allow for the analysis of more complex forms of data.
A New Treatment Modality for Rheumatoid Arthritis: Combined Photothermal and Photodynamic Therapy Using Cu7.2S4 Nanoparticles
Authors: Lu Yao , Li Lihua , Lin Zefeng , Wang Liping , Lin Lijun , Li Mei , Zhang Yu , Yin Qingshui , Li Qi , Xia Hong 
Published: April 2018

AbstractRheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a worldwide inflammatory disease that seriously threatens human health and needs more effective treatment approaches. Near infrared (NIR) light can efficiently penetrate inflamed joints affected by RA, so phototherapy, including photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT), may provide new opportunities. In this work, the unique Cu7.2S4 nanoparticles (NPs) are prepared for RA treatment enlightened by the fact that copper (Cu)‐based nanomaterials can simultaneously serve as PTT agents and photosensitizers (for PDT). Meanwhile, Cu can promote ostogenesis and chondrogenesis. The Cu7.2S4 NPs combined with NIR (808 nm, 1 W cm−2) irradiation not only achieve better bone preservation, including higher bone mineral density (BMD) and bone volume/total volume, but also inhibit inflamed synovial invasion, cartilage erosion, and expression of proinflammatory cytokines in vivo. Moreover, the Cu7.2S4 NPs can effectively kill clinical pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli to prevent bacterial infection during intra‐articular injection. Therefore, the combined PTT and PDT using the multifunctional Cu7.2S4 NPs could be a novel RA treatment modality with full potential.
Mesoporous Cobalt Tungsten Oxide Heterostructured Nanotoroids for Gas Sensing
Authors: Nguyen Thanh‐Dinh , Nguyen Cuong Duc , Hieu Nguyen Van , MacLachlan Mark J. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractMesoporous semiconducting nanotoroids of cobalt and tungsten oxides (CoO/Co3O4/WO3) are made by a hydrothermal reaction of binary metal ionic precursors with aminocaproic acid. The toroidal organization of the primary nanoparticles into the cobalt tungsten oxide nanorings presents a straightforward, interesting approach for amino acid–induced self‐aggregation of hierarchical metal‐based nanostructures. The semiconducting properties of the as‐prepared nanotoroids are exploited in gas‐sensing experiments with three analytes (CO, H2, NH3) to demonstrate the toroids as promising gas sensor components. Toroidal geometry, porosity, and semiconductor p–n heterojunction make the new mesoporous Co‐W oxide nanomaterials attractive as novel functional supports for host–guest chemistry, electrocatalysis, and electrochromism.