bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Colorectal cancer knowledge and screening adherence among low-income Hispanic employees
Authors: Ou Judy Y , Warner Echo L , Nam Gina E , Martel Laura , Carbajal-Salisbury Sara , Fuentes Vicky , Wetter David W , Kirchhoff Anne C , Kepka Deanna 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Hispanics have the lowest colorectal cancer (CRC) screening rates of all racial/ethnic groups and comprise the largest proportion of low-income manual laborers in the nation. We partnered with businesses to implement a community health worker (CHW)-led intervention among Hispanic workers in service-related and manual labor occupations, which often pay low wages and do not provide health insurance. CHWs measured knowledge, screening adherence and perceptions of CRC risk before and after educational interventions via interview. CHWs provided fecal immunochemical tests (FITs) to participants aged ≥50 years. Chi-square tests and logistic regression identified pre-intervention predictors of CRC knowledge of all participants and adherence among eligible participants. Adherence among participants increased from 40% (n = 307) pre-intervention to 66% post-intervention. Knowledge about CRC was associated with age ≥50 years (OR = 8.90 [95% CI = 2.61–30.35]; ref = 18–30) and perceived personal risk for CRC (Likely, OR = 3.06 [95% CI = 1.40–6.67]; ref = Not likely). Insurance status was associated with screening adherence pre-intervention (OR = 3.00 [95% CI 1.10–8.12]; ref = No insurance). Improvement in adherence post-intervention was associated with income between $25 000 and ≥$55 000 (OR = 8.49 [95% CI 1.49–48.32]; ref = $5000–<$10 000). Community-based health programs can improve CRC screening adherence among Hispanic workers in service-related and manual labor positions, but lowest-income workers may need additional support.
Queer Muslim Challenges to the Internationalization of LGBT Rights
Authors: Rahman Momin 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter has three aims. First, it uses intersectional analysis to deconstruct the assumed opposition between Muslims and LGBT rights. It focuses on LGBT Muslim identities and experiences which disrupt the dichotomous positioning of mainstream Muslim and mainstream LGBT identities and politics. The second aim is to move from theoretical inquiry to practical politics, relying here on the praxis element of intersectionality, demonstrating how practical strategies derived from the critical theoretical analysis of intersectionality can be developed. The final aim is to show how intersectional theories and methods can aid in decolonizing knowledge production and theorizing of LGBT politics. The chapter argues in conclusion that this decolonizing strategy can be generalized to broader contexts than LGBT Muslim populations.
The Credit Rating Agencies and Their Role in the Financial System
Authors: White Lawrence J. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Despite extensive criticism, the major credit rating agencies (CRAs)—Moody’s, Standard & Poor’s, and Fitch—remain central entities in the financial markets of the United States and Europe, especially with respect to bonds and similar financial instruments. This chapter provides a discussion of the role that the CRAs continue to play in the financial system and how and why they play that role. After a brief overview of the CRAs as providers of information that lessens the problems of asymmetric information in lending/borrowing markets, the chapter discusses the expanded use of the CRAs’ ratings in the prudential regulation of financial institutions and the problems that contributed to the financial crisis of 2008. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the likely direction of the CRAs and their regulation.
Beyond Conditionality
Authors: Carruthers Bruce G. , Lockwood Erin 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the direct and indirect means through which foreign lenders have influenced borrowing states’ autonomy, beyond the conventional focus on multilateral loan conditionality. We focus on four historical periods, beginning with nineteenth-century relational banking, when underwriting banks exercised considerable power in the form of private information on borrowers’ creditworthiness and bondholder committees allowed creditors to collectively restructure debt. We look next at the era of early twentieth-century dollar diplomacy, when the United States leveraged private credit to Latin American states as a tool of expanding its regional influence. The next major changes occurred in the interwar era, when regulatory changes chipped away at prestige banks’ monopoly on credit markets and empowered private credit rating agencies. Finally, we examine contemporary sovereign lending, focusing on contractual clauses that have constrained borrowers’ autonomy and on how derivative contracts written on sovereign debt indirectly affect state issuers of debt.
Computational Models of Expertise
Authors: Kirlik Alex , Byrne Michael D. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter provides an introduction to and overview of both foundational and contemporary research using computational modeling to aid in the scientific understanding of human expertise. The authors note the distinction between computational models constructed within some molar or unified cognitive architecture and models that are more domain or task specific in their psychological assumptions, and present numerous examples of each type. The authors also provide their assessment of this body of research, one that highlights the need for extensive analysis, and even expert-level knowledge of both tasks and the environments in which expert behavior is manifest as a key requirement for successfully modeling high levels of skill or expert performance. Finally, the authors provide their thoughts about promising future directions for research using computational modeling, together with other emerging methodological techniques such as neuroimaging, to provide a comprehensive approach to advance the scientific understanding of human expertise.
EVALUATIONS OF INVENTORY AND ACTIVITY CONCENTRATION OF RADIOCESIUM IN SOIL AT A RESIDENTIAL HOUSE 3 YEARS AFTER THE FUKUSHIMA NUCLEAR ACCIDENT
Authors: Hosoda M , Hozumi W , Akata N , Endo A , Kelleher K , Yamanouchi K , Imajo Y , Fukuhara T , Shiroma Y , Iwaoka K , Tokonami S 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Soil samples from the surface to a 5 cm depth were collected at a residential house in Koriyama City, Fukushima Prefecture using a scraper plate every three months from March 2014 to September 2014 to evaluate the vertical distribution profiles and inventories of 134Cs and 137Cs in soil. The vertical distribution profiles of radiocesium (134Cs and 137Cs) in soil showed that greater than 86% of the total radiocesium was absorbed in the upper 2 cm 3 years after the accident. Radiocesium in the surface layer seems to move to the lower layer over time. The migration of radiocesium in surface layer might be influenced by the ground surface runoff by rainfall. Radiocesium inventories in June increased significantly over the short period between March and June. In contrast, the radiocesium inventories in September did not increase significantly compared to the values in June. Radiocesium resuspension and deposition caused by decontamination work and meteorological events might be one possible reason for the increased radiocesium inventories observed in June.
INVESTIGATION OF EXTERNAL RADIATION DOSES DURING RESIDENTS’ TEMPORAL STAY TO NAMIE TOWN, FUKUSHIMA PREFECTURE
Authors: Tsujiguchi T , Shiroma Y , Suzuki T , Tamakuma Y , Yamaguchi M , Iwaoka K , Hosoda M , Tokonami S , Kashiwakura I 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Namie Town in Fukushima Prefecture, the majority of which was an evacuation area as a result of the effects of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident, carried out a ‘temporal stay’ in September 2016 so that residents could check their houses. Therefore, in cooperation with the town authorities, the authors distributed personal dosemeters and behaviour record forms to record the personal dose equivalent rate and investigate the relationship between residents’ external radiation dose and their behaviour. When the personal dose equivalent rate was calculated from the measured personal dose equivalent per hour, the median was 0.12 μSv h−1, the maximum value and the minimum value were 0.58 and 0.06 μSv h−1, respectively. Meanwhile, since personal fluctuations were observed in personal dose equivalent, grasping the relationship between residents’ behaviour and exposed dose can be applied to risk communication.
Opposite effect of motivated forgetting on sleep spindles during stage 2 and slow wave sleep
Authors: Dehnavi Fereshteh , Moghimi Sahar , Sadrabadi Haghighi Shima , Safaie Mostafa , Ghorbani Maryam 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Memories selectively benefit from sleep. In addition to the importance of the consolidation of relevant memories, the capacity to forget unwanted memories is also crucial. We investigated the effect of suppressing unwanted memories on electroencephalography activity of subsequent sleep using a motivated forgetting (MF) paradigm as compared with a control non-forgetting task. Subjects were randomly assigned to nap or no-nap groups. We used a modified version of the think/no-think paradigm with dominant number of no-think words cued to be forgotten and included only subjects capable of suppressing unwanted memories by performing an initial subject inclusion experiment. In both groups and conditions, the performance of the subjects in recalling the word pairs learned in the beginning of the day was evaluated in a final recall test. We found that both nap and no-nap groups recalled significantly less no-think words in the MF condition compared to the control condition. Moreover, for the nap group, in the MF compared to the control condition, spindle power and density increased during stage 2 (S2) whereas they decreased during slow wave sleep (SWS). Interestingly, recall performance of no-think words was negatively correlated with spindle power during S2 whereas it was positively correlated with spindle power during SWS. These results indicate that sleep spindles are sensitive to the previous MF experiences and suggest a differential role of sleep spindles during S2 and SWS in memory processing during sleep.
Retrobulbar Orbital Emphysema Associated With Medial Orbital Wall Fracture
Authors: Dong Quang Ngoc , Ide Taichi , Karino Masaaki , Okuma Satoe , Koike Takashi , Kanno Takahiro 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Retrobulbar emphysema is a rare condition compared to the more common orbital emphysema. It is often associated with medial orbital wall fracture with rupture of the periosteum. In some severe patients, retrobulbar emphysema can increase the intraorbital pressure and lead to orbital compartment syndrome. Less extreme patients require only conservative treatment with careful observation. There is still no standard protocol for the management of orbital emphysema in general or specifically for retrobulbar emphysema. Visual acuity is the most widely used indicator to determine whether surgical intervention is needed. The patient presented here suffered from large retrobulbar intraconal emphysema and exophthalmos without visual loss after head trauma and nose blowing. He was observed closely without surgical intervention. After the emphysema had resolved, the patient's medial orbital wall defect was reconstructed using unsintered hydroxyapatite particles/poly l-lactide via the transcaruncular approach. The postoperative course has been uneventful with more than 1 year of follow-up to date.
Visual and non-visual properties of filters manipulating short-wavelength light
Authors: Spitschan Manuel , Lazar Rafael , Cajochen Christian 
Published: April 2019

AbstractOptical filters and tints manipulating short-wavelength light (so-called “blue-blocking” or “blue-attenuating”) are used as a remedy for a range of ocular, retinal, neurological and psychiatric disorders. In many cases, the only available quantification of the optical effects of a given optical filter is the spectral transmittance, which specifies the amount of light transmitted as a function of wavelength. Here, we propose a novel physiologically relevant and retinally referenced framework for quantifying the visual and non-visual effects of these filters, incorporating the attenuation of luminance (luminance factor), the attenuation of melanopsin activation (melanopsin factor), the shift in colour, and the reduction of the colour gamut (gamut factor). We examined a novel data base of optical transmittance filters (n=120) which were digitally extracted from a variety of sources and find a large diversity in the alteration of visual and non-visual properties. We suggest that future studies and examinations of the physiological effects of optical filters quantify the visual and non-visual effects of the filters beyond the spectral transmittance, which will eventually aid in developing a mechanistic understanding of how different filters affect physiology.
Longitudinal Study of Leukocyte DNA Methylation and Biomarkers for Cancer Risk in Older Adults
Authors: Bartlett Alexandra H. , Liang Jane W , Sandoval-Sierra Jose Vladimir , Fowke Jay H , Simonsick Eleanor M , Johnson Karen C , Mozhui Khyobeni 
Published: April 2019

AbstractBackgroundChanges in DNA methylation over the course of life may provide an indicator of risk for cancer. We explored longitudinal changes in CpG methylation from blood leukocytes, and likelihood of a future cancer diagnosis.MethodsPeripheral blood samples were obtained at baseline and at follow-up visit from 20 participants in the Health, Aging and Body Composition prospective cohort study. Genome-wide CpG methylation was assayed using the Illumina Infinium Human MethylationEPIC (HM850K) microarray.ResultsGlobal patterns in DNA methylation from CpG-based analyses showed extensive changes in cell composition over time in participants who developed cancer. By visit year 6, the proportion of CD8+ T-cells decreased (p-value = 0.02), while granulocytes cell levels increased (p-value = 0.04) among participants diagnosed with cancer compared to those who remained cancer-free (cancer-free vs. cancer-present: 0.03 ± 0.02 vs. 0.003 ± 0.005 for CD8+ T-cells; 0.52 ± 0.14 vs. 0.66 ± 0.09 for granulocytes). Epigenome-wide analysis identified three CpGs with suggestive p-values ≤ 10−5for differential methylation between cancer-free and cancer-present groups, including a CpG located inMTA3, a gene linked with metastasis. At a lenient statistical threshold (p-value ≤ 3 × 10−5), the top 10 cancer-associated CpGs included a site nearRPTORthat is involved in the mTOR pathway, and the candidate tumor suppressor genesREC8, KCNQ1, andZSWIM5. However, only the CpG inRPTOR(cg08129331) was replicated in an independent data set. Analysis of within-individual change from baseline to Year 6 found significant correlations between the rates of change in methylation inRPTOR,REC8andZSWIM5, and time to cancer diagnosis.ConclusionThe results show that changes in cellular composition explains much of the cross-sectional and longitudinal variation in CpG methylation. Additionally, differential methylation and longitudinal dynamics at specific CpGs could provide powerful indicators of cancer development and/or progression. In particular, we highlight CpG methylation in theRPTORgene as a potential biomarker of cancer that awaits further validation.
Cell signaling coordinates global Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 recruitment and gene expression in murine embryonic stem cells
Authors: Aljazi Mohammad B. , Gao Yuen , Wu Yan , Mias George I. , He Jin 
Published: April 2019

SummaryThe recruitment of Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) to gene promoters is critical for its function in repressing gene expression in murine embryonic stem cells (mESCs). However, previous studies have demonstrated although the expression of early lineage-specific genes is largely repressed, the genome-wide PRC2 occupancy is unexpectedly reduced in naïve mESCs. In this study, we provide evidence to show the FGF/ERK signaling determines the global PRC2 occupancy through regulating the expression of PRC2-recruting factor JARID2 in naïve mESCs. At the transcriptional level, the de-repression of bivalent genes is predominantly determined by the presence of cell signaling-associated transcription factors but not the status of PRC2 occupancy at gene promoters. Hence, this study not only reveals a key molecular mechanism by which the FGF/ERK signaling in regulating the PRC2 occupancy in mESCs, but also elucidates a fundamental question regarding the functional roles of transcription factors and Polycomb-mediated epigenetic mechanisms in transcriptional regulation.
A novel high-throughput molecular counting method with single base-pair resolution enables accurate single-gene NIPT
Authors: Tsao David S. , Silas Sukrit , Landry Brian P. , Itzep Nelda , Nguyen Amy B. , Kanne Celeste K. , Sheehan Vivien A. , Sharma Rani , Shukla Rahul , Arora Prem N. , Atay Oguzhan 
Published: April 2019

ABSTRACTNext-generation DNA sequencing is currently limited by an inability to count the number of input DNA molecules. Molecular counting is particularly needed when accurate quantification is required for diagnostic purposes, such as in single-gene non-invasive prenatal testing (sgNIPT) and liquid biopsy. We developed Quantitative Counting Template (QCT) molecular counting for reconstructing the number of input DNA molecules using sequencing data. We then used QCT molecular counting to develop sgNIPT of sickle cell disease, cystic fibrosis, spinal muscular atrophy, alpha-thalassemia, and beta-thalassemia. Incorporating molecular count information into a statistical model of disease likelihood led to analytical sensitivity and specificity of >98% and >99%, respectively. Validation of sgNIPT was further performed with maternal blood samples collected during pregnancy, and sgNIPT was 100% concordant with newborn follow-up.
Suppression of unwanted CRISPR/Cas9 editing by co-administration of catalytically inactivating truncated guide RNAs
Authors: Rose John C. , Popp Nicholas A. , Richardson Christopher D. , Stephany Jason J. , Mathieu Julie , Wei Cindy T. , Corn Jacob E. , Maly Dustin J. , Fowler Douglas M. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractCRISPR/Cas9 nucleases are powerful genome engineering tools, but unwanted cleavage at off-target and previously edited sites remains a major concern. Numerous strategies to reduce unwanted cleavage have been devised, but all are imperfect. Here, we report off-target sites can be shielded from the active Cas9•single guide RNA (sgRNA) complex through the co-administration of dead-RNAs (dRNAs), truncated guide RNAs that direct Cas9 binding but not cleavage. dRNAs can effectively suppress a wide-range of off-targets with minimal optimization while preserving on-target editing, and they can be multiplexed to suppress several off-targets simultaneously. dRNAs can be combined with high-specificity Cas9 variants, which often do not eliminate all unwanted editing. Moreover, dRNAs can prevent cleavage of homology-directed repair (HDR)-corrected sites, facilitating “scarless” editing by eliminating the need for blocking mutations. Thus, we enable precise genome editing by establishing a novel and flexible approach for suppressing unwanted editing of both off-targets and HDR-corrected sites.
Gut microbiome features associated withClostridium difficilecolonization in puppies
Authors: Berry Alexander S. , Barnhart Denise , Kelly Brendan J. , Kelly Donna J. , Beiting Daniel P. , Baldassano Robert N. , Redding Laurel E. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractIn people, colonization withClostridium difficile, the leading cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea, has been shown to be associated with distinct gut microbial features, including reduced bacterial community diversity and depletion of key taxa. In dogs, the gut microbiome features that defineC. difficilecolonization are less well understood. We sought to define the gut microbiome features associated withC. difficilecolonization in puppies, a population where the prevalence ofC. difficilehas been shown to be elevated, and to define the effect of puppy age and litter upon these features andC. difficilerisk. We collected fecal samples from weaned (n=27) and unweaned (n=74) puppies from 13 litters and analyzed the effects of colonization status, age and litter on microbial diversity using linear mixed effects models.Colonization withC. difficilewas significantly associated with younger age, and colonized puppies had significantly decreased bacterial community diversity and differentially abundant taxa compared to non-colonized puppies, even when adjusting for age.C. difficilecolonization remained associated with decreased bacterial community diversity, but the association did not reach statistical significance in a mixed effects model incorporating litter as a random effect.Even though litter explained a greater proportion (67%) of the variability in microbial diversity than colonization status, we nevertheless observed heterogeneity in gut microbial community diversity and colonization status within more than half of the litters, suggesting that the gut microbiome contributes to colonization resistance againstC. difficile. The colonization of puppies withC. difficilehas important implications for the potential zoonotic transfer of this organism to people. The identified associations point to mechanisms by whichC. difficilecolonization may be reduced.
Action Potential Propagation and Synchronisation in Myelinated Axons
Authors: Schmidt Helmut , Knösche Thomas R. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractWith the advent of advanced MRI techniques it has become possible to study axonal white matter non-invasively and in great detail. Measuring the various parameters of the long-range connections of the brain opens up the possibility to build and refine detailed models of large-scale neuronal activity. One particular challenge is to find a mathematical description of action potential propagation that is sufficiently simple, yet still biologically plausible to model signal transmission across entire axonal fibre bundles. We develop a mathematical framework in which we replace the Hodgkin-Huxley dynamics by a spike-diffuse-spike model with passive sub-threshold dynamics and explicit, threshold-activated ion channel currents. This allows us to study in detail the influence of the various model parameters on the action potential velocity and on the entrainment of action potentials between ephaptically coupled fibres without having to recur to numerical simulations. Specifically, we recover known results regarding the influence of axon diameter, node of Ranvier length and internode length on the velocity of action potentials. Additionally, we find that the velocity depends more strongly on the thickness of the myelin sheath than was suggested by previous theoretical studies. We further explain the slowing down and synchronisation of action potentials in ephaptically coupled fibres by their dynamic interaction. In summary, this study presents a solution to incorporate detailed axonal parameters into a whole-brain modelling framework.Author summaryWith more and more data becoming available on white-matter tracts, the need arises to develop modelling frameworks that incorporate these data at the whole-brain level. This requires the development of efficient mathematical schemes to study parameter dependencies that can then be matched with data, in particular the speed of action potentials that cause delays between brain regions. Here, we develop a method that describes the formation of action potentials by threshold activated currents, often referred to as spike-diffuse-spike modelling. A particular focus of our study is the dependence of the speed of action potentials on structural parameters. We find that the diameter of axons and the thickness of the myelin sheath have a strong influence on the speed, whereas the length of myelinated segments and node of Ranvier length have a lesser effect. In addition to examining single axons, we demonstrate that action potentials between nearby axons can synchronise and slow down their propagation speed.