bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Understanding plot‐scale hydrology of Lesser Himalayan watershed—A field study and HYDRUS‐2D modelling approach
Authors: Nanda Aliva , Sen Sumit , Jirwan Vijay , Sharma Anupma , Kumar Vikram 
Published: March 2018

AbstractSoil moisture dynamics have a significant effect on overland flow generation. Catchment aspect is one of the major controlling factors of overland flow and soil moisture behaviour. A few experimental studies have been carried out in the uneven topography of the Himalayas. This study presents plot‐scale experiments using portable rainfall simulator at an altitude of 1,230 m above mean sea level and modelling of overland flow using observed datasets. Two plots were selected in 2 different aspects of Aglar watershed of Lesser Himalaya; the agro‐forested (AF) plot was positioned at the north aspect whereas the degraded (DE) plot was located at the south aspect of the hillslope. HS flumes and rain gauges were installed to measure the runoff at the outlet of the plot and the rainfall depth during rainfall simulation experiments. Moreover, 10 soil moisture sensors were installed at upslope and downslope locations of both the plots at 5, 15, 25, 35, and 45 cm depth from ground level to capture the soil moisture dynamics. The tests were conducted at intensities of 79.8 and 75 mm/hr in AF plot and 82.2 and 72 mm/hr in the DE plot during Test 1 and Test 2, respectively. The observed data indicate the presence of reinfiltration process only in the AF plot. The high water holding capacity and the presence of reinfiltration process results in less runoff volume in the AF plot compared with the DE plot. The Hortonian overland flow mechanism was found to be the dominant overland flow mechanism as only a few layers of top soil get saturated during all of the rainfall–runoff experiments. The runoff, rainfall, and soil moisture data were subsequently used to calibrate the parameters of HYDRUS‐2D overland flow module to simulate the runoff hydrograph and soil moisture. The components of hydrograph were evaluated in terms of peak discharge, runoff volume and time of concentration, the results were found to be within the satisfactory range. The goodness of fit of simulated hydrographs were more than 0.85 and 0.95 for AF and DE plot, respectively. The model produced satisfactory simulation results of soil moisture for all of the rainfall–runoff experiments. The HYDRUS‐2D overland flow module was found promising to simulate the runoff hydrograph and soil moisture in plot‐scale research.
Preschool children and young adults' preferences and expectations for helpers and hinderers
Authors: Hinten Ashley E. , Labuschagne Lisa G. , Boden Hannah , Scarf Damian 
Published: March 2018

AbstractSeveral studies suggest infants and young children prefer prosocial over antisocial individuals and expect individuals will selectively approach prosocial rather than antisocial others. There is, however, confusion regarding (a) the methods used to assess preference versus those used to assess expectations and (b) the interpretation of previous studies. In the current study, utilizing eye‐tracking technology, we dissect children and young adults' preferences and expectations after watching the hill paradigm, in which one character (the Helper) helps a protagonist ascend a hill whereas another character (the Hinderer) prevents the protagonist from doing so. Neither children nor young adults displayed a looking preference for the Helper over the Hinderer. With respect to expectations, children shown an animation in which the protagonist approached its Helper looked significantly longer than children shown an animation in which it approached its Hinderer, whereas young adults' looking times were comparable across the two scenarios. We argue longer looking time to the Helper‐approach animation may reflect that children expect the Helper to move in concert/coordination with the protagonist and are surprised when this does not occur. We discuss our findings in relation to arguments about boundaries between different techniques used to measure preferences versus expectations in developmental research.Highlights

We address whether clear boundaries exist between developmental paradigms that aim to test preferences, predictions, and expectations.
Eye tracking was used to collect data on children's and young adult's looking behaviour on a commonly used paradigm in social evaluation research.
We demonstrate that measures of preferences, predictions, and expectations can be extracted from a single paradigm and, therefore, that the boundaries between paradigms are far from clear cut.
Birth and Death of Invading Standing Waves in the BZ‐AOT Reaction‐diffusion System
Authors: Gaskins Delora K. , Soohoo Jamie S. , Dolnik Milos , Epstein Irving R. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractWe report our experimental observation of modulated standing waves that invade bulk oscillations exhibited by the Belousov‐Zhabotinsky‐Aerosol OT reverse microemulsion system. The modulated standing waves form within domains bounded by a traveling wave. We also observe that the modulated standing waves give way to traveling waves, which we connect to numerical simulations in a simple chemical model.
The Deletion of Hdac4 in Mouse Osteoblasts Influences Both Catabolic and Anabolic Effects in Bone
Authors: Nakatani Teruyo , Chen Tiffany , Johnson Joshua , Westendorf Jennifer J , Partridge Nicola C 
Published: March 2018

ABSTRACT

Histone deacetylase 4 (Hdac4) is known to control chondrocyte hypertrophy and bone formation. We have previously shown that parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulates many aspects of Hdac4 function in osteoblastic cells in vitro; however, in vivo confirmation was previously precluded by preweaning lethality of the Hdac4-deficient mice. To analyze the function of Hdac4 in bone in mature animals, we generated mice with osteoblast lineage-specific knockout of Hdac4 (Hdac4ob-/-) by crossing transgenic mice expressing Cre recombinase under the control of a 2.3-kb fragment of the Col1a1 promoter with mice bearing loxP-Hdac4. The Hdac4ob-/- mice survive to adulthood and developed a mild skeletal phenotype. At age 12 weeks, they had short, irregularly shaped and stiff tails due to smaller tail vertebrae, with almost no growth plates. The tibial growth plate zone was also thinned, and Mmp13 and Sost mRNAs were increased in the distal femurs of Hdac4ob-/- mice. Immunohistochemistry showed that sclerostin was elevated in Hdac4ob-/- mice, suggesting that Hdac4 inhibits its gene and protein expression. To determine the effect of PTH in these mice, hPTH (1-34) or saline were delivered for 14 days with subcutaneously implanted devices in 8-week-old female Hdac4ob-/- and wild-type (Hdac4fl/fl) mice. Serum CTX, a marker of bone resorption, was increased in Hdac4ob-/- mice with or without PTH treatment. Tibial cortical bone volume/total volume (BV/TV), cortical thickness (Ct.Th), and relative cortical area (RCA) were decreased in Hdac4ob-/- mice, but PTH caused no further decrease in Hdac4ob-/- mice. Tibial trabecular BV/TV and thickness were not changed significantly in Hdac4ob-/- mice but decreased with PTH treatment. These results indicate that Hdac4 inhibits bone resorption and has anabolic effects via inhibiting Mmp13 and Sost/sclerostin expression. Hdac4 influences cortical bone mass and thickness and knockout of Hdac4 prevents the catabolic effect of PTH in cortical bone. © 2018 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Characterization of a two component system, Bas1213‐1214, important for oxidative stress in Bacillus anthracis
Authors: Gupta Vatika , Jain Kanika , Garg Rajni , Malik Anshu , Gulati Pooja , Bhatnagar Rakesh 
Published: March 2018

AbstractMicrobial colonization is an outcome of appropriate sensing and regulation of its gene expression. Bacillus anthracis adapts and thrives in its environment through complex regulatory mechanisms, among them, the two component systems (TCS). Many bacteria respond to the oxygen fluctuations via TCS. In the present work, a previously uncharacterized TCS, Bas1213‐1214, of B. anthracis with a probable role in oxygen sensing has been characterized as a functional TCS. A substantial increase in the expression of Bas1213 was observed during the stationary growth phase, in presence of bicarbonate ions, and under oxidative stress thereby speculating the role of Bas1213 in toxin production and adaptive responses. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and ANS assay highlighted autoregulation of the system. Identification of Bas1213 regulon further suggested its regulatory function in metabolism and adaptive responses. A marked reduction in sporulation was observed on overexpression of Bas1213 in B. anthracis which can be correlated with the augmented expression of sporulation kinase D. Additionally, Bas1213 was shown to regulate catalase, and ABC transporter (mntH) further implicating its essential role during oxidative stress. Finally, crucial residues involved in the DNA binding activity of Bas1213 were also identified. This study reports that the role of Bas1213‐1214 in the regulation of metabolism and adaptive responses during oxidative stress. Both sporulation and response to environmental oxygen are important for the maintenance of B. anthracis lifecycle, therefore, characterization of Bas1213‐1214 provides a step closer toward understanding the regulatory network governing in B. anthracis.
Positive online attentional training as a means of modifying attentional and interpretational biases among the clinically depressed: An experimental study using eye tracking
Authors: Krejtz Izabela , Holas Paweł , Rusanowska Marzena , Nezlek John B. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractObjectiveThe present study examined the effectiveness of online positive attention bias modification training (ABMT) in inducing positive attention and positive interpretational biases in depressed individuals.MethodClinically depressed individuals (n = 60) were randomly assigned to one of two conditions of 14‐day online ABMT. In the positive ABMT condition, a probe replaced positive stimuli in 100% of trials. In the control condition, the probe replaced positive stimuli in 50% of trials. Before and after training, we recorded eye movements during the completion of a Scrambled Sentence Task in which participants created positive or negative sentences. Participants also completed measures of symptoms of depression and anxiety.ResultsAfter training, participants in the positive ABMT condition fixated longer on positive keywords than participants in the control group and experienced a significant reduction in anxiety.ConclusionThese findings suggest that positive AMBT can promote positive attention bias among clinically depressed individuals.
Aqueous salt solution liquid membranes, supported by nanoparticles, for water extraction from the atmosphere via air dehumidification
Authors: Kudasheva Alina , Liu Yi‐Jie , Ito Akira 
Published: March 2018

AbstractBACKGROUNDMembrane technology is a promising solution for the development of a sustainable air dehumidifier because it is, in general, considered a cost‐effective technology and, moreover, water recovered from the air via membrane‐based dehumidification process can be recycled.RESULTSThe efficiency of aqueous salt solution liquid membranes that were prepared by a nano‐sized additive supporting method and applied for the dehumidification of air, was evaluated in terms of the water permeability and condensed water recovery rate. It was found that not only the nature of the selective membrane material but also the type of membrane supporting material has an impact on the overall liquid membrane performance. Membranes supported by surface treated carbon black nanoparticles showed a water recovery rate of 12 g h−1 at 75–80%RH and average water permeability of 9 × 10−12 kmol m/(m2 s kPa). The most selective liquid membranes were LiBr and CaCl2, supported by surface treated carbon black, with water vapor/air separation factor of 34 300 and 21 700, respectively.CONCLUSIONSThis work for the first time demonstrates the applicability of aqueous inorganic salt solutions in liquid membranes for dehumidification applications. Prepared liquid membranes showed moderate condensed water recovery rates and membrane stability over 1 month. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Fusion of GFP and phase contrast images with complex shearlet transform and Haar wavelet‐based energy rule
Authors: Qiu Chenhui , Wang Yuanyuan , Guo Yanen , Xia Shunren 
Published: March 2018

AbstractImage fusion techniques can integrate the information from different imaging modalities to get a composite image which is more suitable for human visual perception and further image processing tasks. Fusing green fluorescent protein (GFP) and phase contrast images is very important for subcellular localization, functional analysis of protein and genome expression. The fusion method of GFP and phase contrast images based on complex shearlet transform (CST) is proposed in this paper. Firstly the GFP image is converted to IHS model and its intensity component is obtained. Secondly the CST is performed on the intensity component and the phase contrast image to acquire the low‐frequency subbands and the high‐frequency subbands. Then the high‐frequency subbands are merged by the absolute‐maximum rule while the low‐frequency subbands are merged by the proposed Haar wavelet‐based energy (HWE) rule. Finally the fused image is obtained by performing the inverse CST on the merged subbands and conducting IHS‐to‐RGB conversion. The proposed fusion method is tested on a number of GFP and phase contrast images and compared with several popular image fusion methods. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed fusion method can provide better fusion results in terms of subjective quality and objective evaluation.
Identification of monocot flora using pollen features through scanning electron microscopy
Authors: Bahadur Siraj , Ahmad Mushtaq , Mir Sehrosh , Zafar Muhammad , Sultana Shazia , Ashfaq Shomaila , Arfan Muhammad 
Published: March 2018

AbstractPollen used to track structural and functional evolution in plants as well as to investigate the problems relative to plant classification. Pollen characters including ornamentation, shape, apertural pattern, pollen symmetry, colpus length, width, and margins used to detect the similarities and dissimilarities between genera and also species of the same genus. In this study pollen features of 20 monocot species belonging to 15 genera of the Amaryllidaceae, Asparagaceae, Iridaceae, Ixioliriaceae, Liliaceae, and Xanthorrhoeaceae were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and light microscopy (LM). In this study two species that isZephyranthes citrinaandTulbaghia violaceawere reported for the first time from Pakistan. Pollen grains were visualized with LM. Non‐acetolyzed and acetolyzed pollen were examined using SEM. A taxonomic key was developed to highlight the variation in pollen features in order to make their systematic application for correct species identification.
Tax Structures and Economic Growth: New Evidence from the Government Revenue Dataset
Authors: McNabb Kyle 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThis study uses the ICTD UNU‐WIDER Government Revenue Dataset in order to challenge and extend existing findings on the relationship between tax structures and economic growth, in a panel of 100 countries. The results suggest that, broadly, revenue‐neutral increases in income taxes are associated with lower long‐run GDP growth and that revenue‐neutral reductions in trade taxes have not always had positive effects. Crucially, many of the results presented differ according to income level, calling into question the validity of existing findings for developing countries and suggesting that policy advice on this issue in developing countries should be viewed through a more cautious lens. © 2018 UNU‐WIDER. Journal of International Development published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High Stakes, Low Resources: What Mode(s) Should Youth Employment Training Programs Use to Track Alumni? Evidence From South Africa
Authors: Lau Charles Q. , Johnson Eric , Amaya Ashley , LeBaron Patricia , Sanders Herschel 
Published: March 2018

AbstractAlumni tracking surveys are critical for evaluating and improving youth employment training programmes. However, there is little evidence about how to design these surveys, especially in less developed countries. We conducted short message service and Web surveys of alumni of a South African employment training programme. Short message service surveys returned higher response rates and more representative data than Web surveys, albeit at three times the cost. Combining modes increased data quality but may not be warranted, given the additional cost and complexity. This evidence suggests that training programmes can feasibly collect quality, actionable data on their alumni, even with constrained budgets and staff. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evolution of hindlimb bone dimensions and muscle masses in house mice selectively bred for high voluntary wheel‐running behavior
Authors: Castro Alberto A. , Garland Theodore 
Published: March 2018

AbstractWe have used selective breeding with house mice to study coadaptation of morphology and physiology with the evolution of high daily levels of voluntary exercise. Here, we compared hindlimb bones and muscle masses from the 11th generation of four replicate High Runner (HR) lines of house mice bred for high levels of voluntary wheel running with four non‐selected control (C) lines. Mass, length, diameter, and depth of the femur, tibia‐fibula, and metatarsal bones, as well as masses of gastrocnemius and quadriceps muscles, were compared by analysis of covariance with body mass or body length as the covariate. Mice from HR lines had relatively wider distal femora and deeper proximal tibiae, suggesting larger knee surface areas, and larger femoral heads. Sex differences in bone dimensions were also evident, with males having thicker and shorter hindlimb bones when compared with females. Several interactions between sex, linetype, and/or body mass were observed, and analyses split by sex revealed several cases of sex‐specific responses to selection. A subset of the HR mice in two of the four HR lines expressed the mini‐muscle phenotype, characterized mainly by an ∼50% reduction in hindlimb muscle mass, caused by a Mendelian recessive mutation, and known to have been under positive selection in the HR lines. Mini‐muscle individuals had elongated distal elements, lighter and thinner hindlimb bones, altered 3rd trochanter muscle insertion positions, and thicker tibia‐fibula distal widths. Finally, several differences in levels of directional or fluctuating asymmetry in bone dimensions were observed between HR and C, mini‐ and normal‐muscled mice, and the sexes. This study demonstrates that skeletal dimensions and muscle masses can evolve rapidly in response to directional selection on locomotor behavior.
Functional morphology of the cranio‐mandibular complex of the Guira cuckoo (Aves)
Authors: Pestoni Sofía , Degrange Federico Javier , Tambussi Claudia Patricia , Demmel Ferreira María Manuela , Tirao Germán Alfredo 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe cranio‐mandibular complex is an important structure involved in food capture and processing. Its morphology is related to the nature of the food item. Jaw muscles enable the motion of this complex and their study is essential for functional and evolutionary analysis. The present study compares available behavioral and dietary data obtained from the literature with novel results from functional morphological analyses of the cranio‐mandibular complex of the Guira cuckoo (Guira guira) to understand its relationship with the zoophagous trophic habit of this species. The bite force was estimated based on muscle dissections, measurements of the physiological cross‐sectional area, and biomechanical modeling of the skull. The results were compared with the available functional morphological data for other birds. The standardized bite force of G. guira is higher than predicted for exclusively zoophagous birds, but lower than for granivorous and/or omnivorous birds. Guira guira possesses the generalized jaw muscular system of neognathous birds, but some features can be related to its trophic habit. The external adductor muscles act mainly during food item processing and multiple aspects of this muscle group are interpreted to increase bite force, that is, their high values of muscle mass, their mechanical advantage (MA), and their perpendicular orientation when the beak is closed. The m. depressor mandibulae and the m. pterygoideus dorsalis et ventralis are interpreted to prioritize speed of action (low MA values), being most important during prey capture. The supposed ecological significance of these traits is the potential to widen the range of prey size that can be processed and the possibility of rapidly capturing agile prey through changes in the leverage of the muscles involved in opening and closing of the bill. This contributes to the trophic versatility of the species and its ability to thrive in different habitats, including urban areas.
Discriminative analysis of regional evolution of iron and myelin/calcium in deep gray matter of multiple sclerosis and healthy subjects
Authors: Elkady Ahmed M. , Cobzas Dana , Sun Hongfu , Blevins Gregg , Wilman Alan H. 
Published: March 2018

BackgroundCombined R2* and quantitative susceptibility (QS) has been previously used in cross‐sectional multiple sclerosis (MS) studies to distinguish deep gray matter (DGM) iron accumulation and demyelination.PurposeWe propose and apply discriminative analysis of regional evolution (DARE) to define specific changes in MS and healthy DGM.Study TypeLongitudinal (baseline and 2‐year follow‐up) retrospective study.SubjectsTwenty‐seven relapsing‐remitting MS (RRMS), 17 progressive MS (PMS), and corresponding age‐matched healthy subjects.Field Strength/Sequence4.7T 10‐echo gradient‐echo acquisition.AssessmentAutomatically segmented caudate nucleus (CN), thalamus (TH), putamen (PU), globus pallidus, red nucleus (RN), substantia nigra, and dentate nucleus were retrospectively analyzed to quantify regional volumes, bulk mean R2*, and bulk mean QS. DARE utilized combined R2* and QS localized changes to compute spatial extent, mean intensity, and total changes of DGM iron and myelin/calcium over 2 years.Statistical TestsWe used mixed factorial analysis for bulk analysis, nonparametric tests for DARE (α = 0.05), and multiple regression analysis using backward elimination of DGM structures (α = 0.05, P = 0.1) to regress bulk and DARE measures with the follow‐up Multiple Sclerosis Severity Score (MSSS). False detection rate correction was applied to all tests.ResultsBulk analysis only detected significant (Q ≤ 0.05) interaction effects in RRMS CN QS (η = 0.45; Q = 0.004) and PU volume (η = 0.38; Q = 0.034). DARE demonstrated significant group differences in all RRMS structures, and in all PMS structures except the RN. The largest RRMS effect size was CN total R2* iron decrease (r = 0.74; Q = 0.00002), and TH mean QS myelin/calcium decrease for PMS (r = 0.70; Q = 0.002). DARE iron increase using total QS demonstrated the highest correlation with MSSS (r = 0.68; Q = 0.0005).Data ConclusionDARE enabled discriminative assessment of specific DGM changes over 2 years, where iron and myelin/calcium changes were the primary drivers in RRMS and PMS compared to age‐matched controls, respectively. Specific DARE measures of MS DGM correlated with follow‐up MSSS, and may reflect complex disease pathology.Level of Evidence: 3Technical Efficacy: Stage 1J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2018;48:652–668.