bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Priming as a Motivating Factor in Sociophonetic Variation and Change
Authors: Clark Lynn 
Published: April 2018

AbstractUnderstanding how and why pronunciations vary and change has been a dominant theme in variationist sociolinguistics (Labov, , ). Linguistic variability has also been an area of focus in psychology and cognitive science. Work from these two fields has shown that where variation exists in language, an alternative form, once used, persists in working memory and has a greater chance of reuse (Bock, ; Bock & Loebell, ; Branigan, Pickering, & Cleland, ). While there have been efforts to connect priming research with sociolinguistics at the level of grammar (Poplack, ; Travis, ), there has been less work which explicitly considers the potential role of priming as a motivating factor in accent variation and change. This paper explores the role of priming in a socially conditioned sound change. There are two main findings: (a) phonetic variants with the same voicing tend to cluster together in naturally occurring speech and (b) repetition of phonetic form interacts with widely attested sociolinguistic predictors of variation. I argue that there are benefits to both cognitive science and sociolinguistics from this synergy: Incorporating research from cognitive science into sociolinguistics provides us with a better understanding of the factors underpinning a sound change in progress; incorporating insights from sociolinguistics into cognitive science shows that priming does not always operate in the same way for all speakers.
The Lotus japonicus acyl‐acyl carrier protein thioesterase FatM is required for mycorrhiza formation and lipid accumulation of Rhizophagus irregularis
Authors: Brands Mathias , Wewer Vera , Keymer Andreas , Gutjahr Caroline , Dörmann Peter 
Published: April 2018

SummaryArbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) fungi establish symbiotic interactions with plants, providing the host plant with minerals, i.e. phosphate, in exchange for organic carbon. Arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi of the order Glomerales produce vesicles which store lipids as an energy and carbon source. Acyl‐acyl carrier protein (ACP) thioesterases (Fat) are essential components of the plant plastid‐localized fatty acid synthase and determine the chain length of de novo synthesized fatty acids. In addition to the ubiquitous FatA and FatB thioesterases, AM‐competent plants contain an additional, AM‐specific, FatM gene. Here, we characterize FatM from Lotus japonicus by phenotypically analyzing fatm mutant lines and by studying the biochemical function of the recombinant FatM protein. Reduced shoot phosphate content in fatm indicates compromised symbiotic phosphate uptake due to reduced arbuscule branching, and the fungus shows reduced lipid accumulation accompanied by the occurrence of smaller and less frequent vesicles. Lipid profiling reveals a decrease in mycorrhiza‐specific phospholipid forms, AM fungal signature fatty acids (e.g. 16:1ω5, 18:1ω7 and 20:3) and storage lipids. Recombinant FatM shows preference for palmitoyl (16:0)‐ACP, indicating that large amounts of 16:0 fatty acid are exported from the plastids of arbuscule‐containing cells. Stable isotope labeling with [13C2]acetate showed reduced incorporation into mycorrhiza‐specific fatty acids in the fatm mutant. Therefore, colonized cells reprogram plastidial de novo fatty acid synthesis towards the production of extra amounts of 16:0, which is in agreement with previous results that fatty acid‐containing lipids are transported from the plant to the fungus.
Changes in the prevalence of Salmonella serovars associated swine production and correlations of avian, bovine and swine‐associated serovars with human‐associated serovars in the United States (1997–2015)
Authors: Yuan C. , Krull A. , Wang C. , Erdman M. , Fedorka‐Cray P. J. , Logue C. M. , O'Connor A. M. 
Published: April 2018

SummaryAs Salmonella enterica is an important pathogen of food animals, surveillance programmes for S. enterica serovars have existed for many years in the United States. Surveillance programmes serve many purposes, one of which is to evaluate alterations in the prevalence of serovars that may signal changes in the ecology of the target organism. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate changes in the proportion of S. enterica serovars isolated from swine over a near 20‐year observation period (1997–2015) using four longitudinal data sets from different food animal species. The secondary aim was to evaluate correlations between changes in S. enterica serovars frequently recovered from food animals and changes in S. enterica serovars associated with disease in humans. We found decreasing proportions of S. enterica serovar Typhimurium, serovar Derby and serovar Heidelberg and increasing proportions of S. enterica serovar 4,[5],12:i:‐, serovar Infantis and serovar Johannesburg in swine over time. We also found positive correlations for the yearly changes in S. enterica serovar 4,[5],12:i:‐, serovar Anatum and serovar Johannesburg between swine and human data; in S. enterica Worthington between avian and human data; and in S. enterica serovar 4,[5],12:i:‐ between bovine and human data. We found negative correlations for the yearly changes in S. enterica serovar 4,[5],12:i:‐ and serovar Johannesburg between avian and human data.
Injury and Disordered Eating Behaviors: What is the Connection for Female Professional Dancers?
Authors: Reel Justine J. , Podlog Leslie , Hamilton Lindsey , Greviskes Lindsey , Voelker Dana K. , Gray Cara 
Published: April 2018

Dancers, like athletes, frequently endure injuries and disordered eating as a result of performance-specific demands. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between severe injuries and disordered eating from the perspectives of female professional dancers. In-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 13 female professional dancers ages 18–38 (M = 23;SD = 6.2) whose dance participation was suspended for 4–36 weeks (M = 12.69;SD = 10.09) due to a dance-related injury. We adopted a social constructivist stance to view the experiences of dancers through the lens of a phenomenon highly influenced by environmental and cultural factors. A thematic analysis yielded five themes including negative emotions associated with injury, anxiety and uncertainty around future involvement, modifications in nutritional intake (e.g., reduction of calories), coping with injury, and the need for an effective and holistic injury rehabilitation program.
Glycine Betaine Monooxygenase, an Unusual Rieske-Type Oxygenase System, Catalyzes the Oxidative
N
-Demethylation of Glycine Betaine in Chromohalobacter salexigens DSM 3043
Authors: Shao Ya-Hui , Guo Li-Zhong , Zhang Yu-Qing , Yu Hao , Zhao Bai-Suo , Pang Hai-Qiang , Lu Wei-Dong 
Published: April 2018

ABSTRACT

Although some bacteria, including
Chromohalobacter salexigens
DSM 3043, can use glycine betaine (GB) as a sole source of carbon and energy, little information is available about the genes and their encoded proteins involved in the initial step of the GB degradation pathway. In the present study, the results of conserved domain analysis, construction of in-frame deletion mutants, and an
in vivo
functional complementation assay suggested that the open reading frames Csal_1004 and Csal_1005, designated
bmoA
and
bmoB
, respectively, may act as the terminal oxygenase and the ferredoxin reductase genes in a novel Rieske-type oxygenase system to convert GB to dimethylglycine in
C. salexigens
DSM 3043. To further verify their function, BmoA and BmoB were heterologously overexpressed in
Escherichia coli
, and
13
C nuclear magnetic resonance analysis revealed that dimethylglycine was accumulated in
E. coli
BL21(DE3) expressing BmoAB or BmoA. In addition, His-tagged BmoA and BmoB were individually purified to electrophoretic homogeneity and estimated to be a homotrimer and a monomer, respectively.
In vitro
biochemical analysis indicated that BmoB is an NADH-dependent flavin reductase with one noncovalently bound flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) as its prosthetic group. In the presence of BmoB, NADH, and flavin, BmoA could aerobically degrade GB to dimethylglycine with the concomitant production of formaldehyde. BmoA exhibited strict substrate specificity for GB, and its demethylation activity was stimulated by Fe
2+
. Phylogenetic analysis showed that BmoA belongs to group V of the Rieske nonheme iron oxygenase (RO) family, and all the members in this group were able to use quaternary ammonium compounds as substrates.

IMPORTANCE
GB is widely distributed in nature. In addition to being accumulated intracellularly as a compatible solute to deal with osmotic stress, it can be utilized by many bacteria as a source of carbon and energy. However, very limited knowledge is presently available about the molecular and biochemical mechanisms for the initial step of the aerobic GB degradation pathway in bacteria. Here, we report the molecular and biochemical characterization of a novel two-component Rieske-type monooxygenase system, GB monooxygenase (BMO), which is responsible for oxidative demethylation of GB to dimethylglycine in
C. salexigens
DSM 3043. The results gained in this study extend our knowledge on the catalytic reaction of microbial GB degradation to dimethylglycine.
Ultra-High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry for Identification of Closely Related Dermatophytes with Different Clinical Predilections
Authors: Dukik Karolina , Freeke Joanna , Jamalian Azadeh , van den Ende Bert Gerrits , Yip Ping , Stephenson James L. , de Hoog G. Sybren , Stielow J. Benjamin 
Published: April 2018

ABSTRACT

In the present study, an innovative top-down liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the identification of clinically relevant fungi is tested using a model set of dermatophyte strains. The methodology characterizes intact proteins derived from
Trichophyton
species, which are used as parameters of differentiation. To test its resolving power compared to that of traditional Sanger sequencing and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF), 24 strains of closely related dermatophytes,
Trichophyton rubrum
,
T. violaceum
,
T. tonsurans
,
T. equinum
, and
T. interdigitale
, were subjected to this new approach. Using MS/MS and different deconvolution algorithms, we identified hundreds of individual proteins, with a subpopulation of these used as strain- or species-specific markers. Three species, i.e.,
T. rubrum
,
T. violaceum
, and
T. interdigitale
, were identified correctly down to the species level. Moreover, all isolates associated with these three species were identified correctly down to the strain level. In the
T. tonsurans
-
equinum
complex, eight out of 12 strains showed nearly identical proteomes, indicating an unresolved taxonomic conflict already apparent from previous phylogenetic data. In this case, it was determined with high probability that only a single species can be present. Our study successfully demonstrates applicability of the mass spectrometric approach to identify clinically relevant filamentous fungi. Here, we present the first proof-of-principle study employing the mentioned technology to differentiate microbial pathogens. The ability to differentiate fungi at the strain level sets the stage to improve patient outcomes, such as early detection of strains that carry resistance to antifungals.
Morphologic and Genomic Analyses of New Isolates Reveal a Second Lineage of Cedratviruses
Authors: Rodrigues Rodrigo Araújo Lima , Andreani Julien , Andrade Ana Cláudia dos Santos Pereira , Machado Talita Bastos , Abdi Souhila , Levasseur Anthony , Abrahão Jônatas Santos , La Scola Bernard 
Published: April 2018

ABSTRACT

Giant viruses have been isolated and characterized in different environments, expanding our knowledge about the biology of these unique microorganisms. In the last 2 years, a new group was discovered, the cedratviruses, currently composed of only two isolates and members of a putative new family, “Pithoviridae,” along with previously known pithoviruses. Here we report the isolation and biological and genomic characterization of two novel cedratviruses isolated from samples collected in France and Brazil. Both viruses were isolated using
Acanthamoeba castellanii
as a host cell and exhibit ovoid particles with corks at either extremity of the particle. Curiously, the Brazilian cedratvirus is ∼20% smaller and presents a shorter genome of 460,038 bp, coding for fewer proteins than other cedratviruses. In addition, it has a completely asyntenic genome and presents a lower amino acid identity of orthologous genes (∼73%). Pangenome analysis comprising the four cedratviruses revealed an increase in the pangenome concomitant with a decrease in the core genome with the addition of the two novel viruses. Finally, phylogenetic analyses clustered the Brazilian virus in a separate branch within the group of cedratviruses, while the French isolate is closer to the previously reported
Cedratvirus lausannensis
. Taking all together, we propose the existence of a second lineage of this emerging viral genus and provide new insights into the biodiversity and ubiquity of these giant viruses.

IMPORTANCE
Various giant viruses have been described in recent years, revealing a unique part of the virosphere. A new group among the giant viruses has recently been described, the cedratviruses, which is currently composed of only two isolates. In this paper, we describe two novel cedratviruses isolated from French and Brazilian samples. Biological and genomic analyses showed viruses with different particle sizes, genome lengths, and architecture, revealing the existence of a second lineage of this new group of giant viruses. Our results provide new insights into the biodiversity of cedratviruses and highlight the importance of ongoing efforts to prospect for and characterize new giant viruses.
Real-world crude incidence of hypoglycemia in adults with diabetes: Results of the InHypo-DM Study, Canada
Authors: Ratzki-Leewing Alexandria , Harris Stewart B , Mequanint Selam , Reichert Sonja M , Belle Brown Judith , Black Jason Edward , Ryan Bridget L 
Published: April 2018

ObjectiveVery few real-world studies have been conducted to assess the incidence of diabetes-related hypoglycemia. Moreover, there is a paucity of studies that have investigated hypoglycemia among people taking secretagogues as a monotherapy or in combination with insulin. Accordingly, our research team developed and validated the InHypo-DM Person with Diabetes Mellitus Questionnaire (InHypo-DMPQ) with the aim of capturing the real-world incidence of self-reported, symptomatic hypoglycemia. The questionnaire was administered online to a national sample of Canadians (≥18 years old) with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) treated with insulin and/or insulin secretagogues.Research design and methodsSelf-report data obtained from the InHypo-DMPQ were descriptively analyzed to ascertain the crude incidence proportions and annualized incidence densities (rates) of 30-day retrospective non-severe and 1-year retrospective severe hypoglycemia, including daytime and nocturnal events.ResultsA total of 552 people (T2DM: 83%; T1DM: 17%) completed the questionnaire. Over half (65.2%) of the total respondents reported experiencing at least one event (non-severe or severe) at an annualized crude incidence density of 35.1 events per person-year. The incidence proportion and rate of non-severe events were higher among people with T1DM versus T2DM (77% and 55.7 events per person-year vs 54% and 28.0 events per person-year). Severe hypoglycemia was reported by 41.8% of all respondents, at an average rate of 2.5 events per person-year.ConclusionsThe results of the InHypo-DMPQ, the largest real-world investigation of hypoglycemia epidemiology in Canada, suggest that the incidence of hypoglycemia among adults with diabetes taking insulin and/or insulin secretagogues is higher than previously thought.
‘To be a woman is to make a plan’: a qualitative study exploring mothers’ experiences of the Child Support Grant in supporting children’s diets and nutrition in South Africa
Authors: Zembe-Mkabile Wanga , Surender Rebecca , Sanders David , Swart Rina , Ramokolo Vundli , Wright Gemma , Doherty Tanya 
Published: April 2018

Food security and good nutrition are key determinants of child well-being. There is strong evidence that cash transfers such as South Africa’s Child Support Grant (CSG) have the potential to help address some of the underlying drivers of food insecurity and malnutrition by providing income to caregivers in poor households, but it is unclear how precisely they work to affect child well-being and nutrition. We present results from a qualitative study conducted to explore the role of the CSG in food security and child well-being in poor households in an urban and a rural setting in South Africa.SettingMt Frere, Eastern Cape (rural area); Langa, Western Cape (urban township).ParticipantsCSG recipient caregivers and community members in the two sites . We conducted a total of 40 in-depth interviews with mothers or primary caregivers in receipt of the CSG for children under the age of 5 years. In addition, five focus group discussions with approximately eight members per group were conducted. Data were analysed using manifest and latent thematic content analysis methods.ResultsThe CSG is too small on its own to improve child nutrition and well-being. Providing for children’s diets and nutrition competes with other priorities that are equally important for child well-being and nutrition.ConclusionsIn addition to raising the value of the CSG so that it is linked to the cost of a nutritious basket of food, more emphasis should be placed on parallel structural solutions that are vital for good child nutrition outcomes and well-being, such as access to free quality early child development services that provide adequate nutritious meals, access to adequate basic services and the promotion of appropriate feeding, hygiene and care practices.
In Vitro Inhibition of Helicobacter pylori Growth by Redox Cycling Phenylaminojuglones
Authors: Benites Julio , Toledo Héctor , Salas Felipe , Guerrero Angélica , Rios David , Valderrama Jaime A. , Calderon Pedro Buc 
Published: April 2018

Infection by Helicobacter pylori increases 10 times the risk of developing gastric cancer. Juglone, a natural occurring 1,4‐naphthoquinone, prevents H. pylori growth by interfering with some of its critical metabolic pathways. Here, we report the design, synthesis, and in vitro evaluation of a series of juglone derivatives, namely, 2/3‐phenylaminojuglones, as potential H. pylori growth inhibitors. Results show that 5 out of 12 phenylaminojuglones (at 1.5 μg/mL) were 1.5–2.2‐fold more active than juglone. Interestingly, most of the phenylaminojuglones (10 out of 12) were 1.1–2.8 fold more active than metronidazole, a known H. pylori growth inhibitor. The most active compound, namely, 2‐((3,4,5‐trimethoxyphenyl)amino)‐5‐hydroxynaphthalene‐1,4‐dione 7, showed significant higher halo of growth inhibitions (HGI = 32.25 mm) to that of juglone and metronidazole (HGI = 14.50 and 11.67 mm). Structural activity relationships of the series suggest that the nature and location of the nitrogen substituents in the juglone scaffold, likely due in part to their redox potential, may influence the antibacterial activity of the series.
Andecaliximab/GS-5745 Alone and Combined with mFOLFOX6 in Advanced Gastric and Gastroesophageal Junction Adenocarcinoma: Results from a Phase I Study
Authors: Shah Manish A. , Starodub Alexander , Sharma Sunil , Berlin Jordan , Patel Manish , Wainberg Zev A. , Chaves Jorge , Gordon Michael , Windsor Kevin , Brachmann Carrie Baker , Huang Xi , Vosganian Greg , Maltzman Julia D. , Smith Victoria , Silverman Jeffrey A. , Lenz Heinz-Josef , Bendell Johanna C. 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Purpose: Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) is implicated in protumorigenic processes. Andecaliximab (GS-5745, a monoclonal antibody targeting MMP9) was evaluated as monotherapy and in combination with mFOLFOX6.
Patients and Methods: Three dosages of andecaliximab monotherapy [200, 600, and 1800 mg i.v. every 2 weeks (q2w)] were investigated in patients with advanced solid tumors (n = 13 in a 3+3 design). After determining a recommended dose, patients with advanced HER2-negative gastric/gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) adenocarcinoma (n = 40) received 800 mg andecaliximab + mFOLFOX6 q2w. Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety, and efficacy were assessed.
Results: Andecaliximab monotherapy demonstrated no dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) in any cohort, displaying target-mediated drug disposition at the lowest dose (200 mg) and linear pharmacokinetics at higher doses. Based on target engagement, recommended doses for further study are 800 mg q2w or 1,200 mg q3w. Maximal andecaliximab target binding, defined as undetectable andecaliximab-free MMP9 in plasma, was observed in the gastric/GEJ adenocarcinoma cohort. We observed no unusual toxicity, although there were four deaths on study not attributed to andecaliximab treatment. In first-line patients (n = 36), median progression-free survival (PFS) was 9.9 months [95% confidence interval (CI), 5–13.9 months], and the overall response rate (ORR) was 50%. Among all patients (n = 40), median PFS was 7.8 (90% CI, 5.5–13.9) months, and ORR was 48%, with a median duration of response of 8.4 months.
Conclusions: Andecaliximab monotherapy achieved target engagement without DLT. Andecaliximab + mFOLFOX6 showed encouraging clinical activity without additional toxicity in patients with HER2-negative gastric/GEJ adenocarcinoma. A phase III study evaluating mFOLFOX6 ± andecaliximab in this setting is ongoing. Clin Cancer Res; 24(16); 3829–37. ©2018 AACR.
Drug-Induced Senescent Multiple Myeloma Cells Elicit NK Cell Proliferation by Direct or Exosome-Mediated IL15 Trans-Presentation
Authors: Borrelli Cristiana , Ricci Biancamaria , Vulpis Elisabetta , Fionda Cinzia , Ricciardi Maria Rosaria , Petrucci Maria Teresa , Masuelli Laura , Peri Agnese , Cippitelli Marco , Zingoni Alessandra , Santoni Angela , Soriani Alessandra 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Treatment of multiple myeloma (MM) cells with sublethal doses of genotoxic drugs leads to senescence and results in increased NK cell recognition and effector functions. Herein, we demonstrated that doxorubicin- and melphalan-treated senescent cells display increased expression of IL15, a cytokine involved in NK cell activation, proliferation, and maturation. IL15 upregulation was evident at the mRNA and protein level, both in MM cell lines and malignant plasma cells from patients’ bone marrow (BM) aspirates. However, IL15 was detectable as a soluble cytokine only in vivo, thus indicating a functional role of IL15 in the BM tumor microenvironment. The increased IL15 was accompanied by enhanced expression of the IL15/IL15RA complex on the membrane of senescent myeloma cells, allowing the functional trans-presentation of this cytokine to neighboring NK cells, which consequently underwent activation and proliferation. We demonstrated that MM cell–derived exosomes, the release of which was augmented by melphalan treatment in senescent cells, also expressed IL15RA and IL15, and their interaction with NK cells in the presence of exogenous IL15 resulted in increased proliferation. Altogether, our data demonstrated that low doses of chemotherapeutic drugs, by inducing tumor cell senescence and a senescence-associated secretory phenotype, promoted IL15 trans-presentation to NK cells and, in turn, their activation and proliferation, thus enhancing NK cell–tumor immune surveillance and providing new insights for the exploitation of senescence-based cancer therapies. Cancer Immunol Res; 6(7); 860–9. ©2018 AACR.