bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Design of Water Stable 1,3‐Dialkyl‐ 2‐Methyl Imidazolium Basic Ionic Liquids as Reusable Homogeneous Catalysts for Aza‐Michael Reaction in Neat Condition
Authors: Boruah Kabita , Borah Ruli 
Published: March 2019

AbstractIn this study, new members of mono cationic basic ionic liquids were synthesized as water stable viscous liquid consisting of 1, 3‐dialkyl‐2‐methyl imidazolium cation and acetate (or hydroxide) anion. Their structures were determined using 1H NMR, 13C NMR, FT‐IR and elemental analysis. Thermogravimetric analysis displayed maximum stabilities of six ionic liquids up to 260 °C. The UV‐Vis technique was employed to determine their comparable Hammett basicity order. Thermally stable five ionic liquids with less moisture content showed their catalytic activities by formation of 85–97% yields of β‐amino carbonyl compound for the model Aza‐Michael reaction of piperidine and acrylonitrile in neat condition with 2 and 5 mol % of catalysts for 5–15 min at room temperature. The optimized two catalysts [dbIm]OH and [daIm]OAc were reused efficiently with slight loss of activity for four cycles after the 1st run.
Visible‐Light‐Assisted Photocatalytic Degradation of Phenolic Compounds Using Bi2S3/Bi2W2O9 Heterostructure Materials as Photocatalyst
Authors: Bhoi Yagna P. , Majhi Dibyananda , Das Krishnendu , Mishra Braja G. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractIn this work, bismuth sulphide (Bi2S3)/bismuth tungstate (Bi2W2O9) heterostructure materials were prepared and studied as photocatalyst for decomposition of phenolic compounds under visible light. The Bi2S3 nanomaterial was deposited over the combustion synthesized Bi2W2O9 material using a hydrothermal procedure. The heterostructures were characterized using X‐ray diffraction (XRD), photoluminescence (PL), photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), ultraviolet‐visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV‐Vis‐DRS), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. The presence of crystalline orthorhombic Bi2S3 and Bi2W2O9 phases was confirmed from XRD analysis. Morphologically, the heterostructure materials contained Bi2S3 nano‐rods grown uniformly over Bi2W2O9 micron size plates. The heterostructure materials displayed improved absorption features in visible region and enhanced separation of excitons. The Bi2S3/Bi2W2O9 materials displayed excellent photocatalytic activity towards the degradation of phenolic compounds from aqueous sources. Structurally diverse phenol moieties could be mineralized effectively with high efficiency (> 80%) within 2 h. The hydroxyl and superoxide radicals were identified as reactive species for phenol degradation, the formation of which was confirmed from spectroscopic analysis. The mechanism of photocatalytic degradation of phenol over the Bi2S3/Bi2W2O9 photocatalyst surface was also described.
RbB11O16(OH)2: First Hydroxyl Rubidium Borate with the B‐O 2D Layer Featuring Large Birefringence in the Rb‐B‐O‐H System
Authors: Hu Shuaishuai , Li Shuwei , Su Zhi 
Published: March 2019

AbstractA new hydroxyl rubidium borate, RbB11O16(OH)2, has been obtained in the sealed system. Its structure consists of a two‐dimensional layered anionic framework, which is composed of the fundamental building block, [B11O18(OH)2]5−. Detailed structural comparison with other hydroxyl rubidium borates indicates that RbB11O16(OH)2 is the first hydroxyl rubidium borate with a B−O layered structure. First‐principle theoretical studies have been conducted to help understand the electronic structure and its optical properties, and the results suggest that RbB11O16(OH)2 can be regarded as the potential birefringent crystal.
A Cut‐and‐Weld Process to 3D Architectures from Multiresponsive Crosslinked Liquid Crystalline Polymers
Authors: Zheng Xiaoxiong , Guan Song , Zhang Chen , Qu Ting , Wen Wei , Zhao Yongbin , Chen Aihua 
Published: March 2019

AbstractCrosslinked liquid crystalline polymers (CLCPs) have garnered extensive attention in recent years for their significant values in the design of light‐driven soft actuators. However, poor processabilities due to the insoluble and infusible crosslinked networks prevent their practical applications severely. In this study, a weldable azobenzene‐containing CLCP is designed with photo‐ and humidity‐responsive actuations, which enables a cut‐and‐weld process to 3D CLCP architectures. The tensile properties and stability are almost unchanged after welding, much better than those of the films pasted by common adhesive tapes. Meanwhile, the mechanisms of the welding process are clarified on the base of surface hydrogen bonding and further crosslinking. By taking advantage of the cut‐and‐weld process, a 3D “claw” integrated into a robotic arm is realized for grabbing millimeter‐scale objects by remote control. This work enhances significantly not only the processability of CLCP films but also the utilization of leftover pieces, which provides an efficient approach to create functional 3D structures from film precursors for the potential application in the smart materials.
Concise Review: Reduction of Adverse Cardiac Scarring Facilitates Pluripotent Stem Cell-Based Therapy for Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Liang Jialiang , Huang Wei , Jiang Lin , Paul Christian , Li Xiangnan , Wang Yigang 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are an attractive, reliable source for generating functional cardiomyocytes for regeneration of infarcted heart. However, inefficient cell engraftment into host tissue remains a notable challenge to therapeutic success due to mechanical damage or relatively inhospitable microenvironment. Evidence has shown that excessively formed scar tissues around cell delivery sites present as mechanical and biological barriers that inhibit migration and engraftment of implanted cells. In this review, we focus on the functional responses of stem cells and cardiomyocytes during the process of cardiac fibrosis and scar formation. Survival, migration, contraction, and coupling function of implanted cells may be affected by matrix remodeling, inflammatory factors, altered tissue stiffness, and presence of electroactive myofibroblasts in the fibrotic microenvironment. Although paracrine factors from implanted cells can improve cardiac fibrosis, the transient effect is insufficient for complete repair of an infarcted heart. Furthermore, investigation of interactions between implanted cells and fibroblasts including myofibroblasts helps the identification of new targets to optimize the host substrate environment for facilitating cell engraftment and functional integration. Several antifibrotic approaches, including the use of pharmacological agents, gene therapies, microRNAs, and modified biomaterials, can prevent progression of heart failure and have been developed as adjunct therapies for stem cell-based regeneration. Investigation and optimization of new biomaterials is also required to enhance cell engraftment of engineered cardiac tissue and move PSCs from a laboratory setting into translational medicine.
Biomechanical Comparison of Two Pediatric Blade Plate Designs in Proximal Femoral Osteotomies
Authors: Ruzbarsky Joseph J. , Swarup Ishaan , Garner Matthew R. , Meyers Kathleen N. , Edobor-Osula Folorunsho , Widmann Roger F. , Scher David M. 
Published: March 2019

Background Blade plates are frequently used for internal fixation following proximal femoral varus rotational osteotomy to treat hip dysplasia in children with cerebral palsy. Recently, cannulated blade plates with the option for a proximal locking screw have demonstrated ease of insertion and low complication rates. Although there are two commonly used blade plates with a proximal screw option, no comparison of their biomechanical profiles has been undertaken. Questions/Purposes Our study sought to compare the structural properties under axial loading, as well as the biomechanical contribution of a proximal screw, of two different 90° cannulated blade plates designed for pediatric proximal femurs. Plate A has a hole distal to the blade designed to attach a plate inserter, through which a 3.5-mm non-locking cortical screw could be placed. Plate B has a threaded hole distal to the blade designed to accept a 3.5-mm locking screw. Methods Plate A and plate B were inserted into 33 left pediatric synthetic proximal femurs. Axial loading to failure of plate A with and without a proximal screw was compared to that of plate B with and without a proximal screw. An additional 10 samples using plate B, with and without a proximal locking screw, were tested in tension to quantify the effect of the proximal screw on pullout strength. Results Plate B failed at a higher axial load than plate A. The addition of a proximal screw did not affect the axial load to failure for either plate. Pullout testing revealed that blade plates fixed with the proximal screw failed in tension at a significantly higher load (856.3 ± 120.9 N) than those without proximal fixation (68.1 ± 9.3 N, p < 0.001). Conclusions Plate B failed at a higher axial load in biomechanical testing, likely related to differences in its design. The addition of a proximal screw did not increase the axial loading properties of the blade plate construct but did increase the pullout strength by a factor of 12. These results may be used to influence implant selection and post-operative rehabilitation following proximal femoral osteotomies in children.
Liver Resection After Selective Internal Radiation Therapy with Yttrium-90: Safety and Outcomes
Authors: Mafeld Sebastian , Littler Peter , Hayhurst Hannah , Manas Derek , Jackson Ralph , Moir John , French Jeremy 
Published: March 2019

AbstractIntroductionSelective internal radiotherapy (SIRT) with yttrium-90 (Y-90) is an intra-arterial therapy for hepatic malignancy in patients who are unsuitable for surgical resection. This treatment is considered palliative, although some patients can demonstrate a response that is adequate to facilitate surgical resection with curative intent.MethodsAll patients who underwent liver resection post SIRT were reviewed. Data gathered included patient demographics, tumor type, surgical details, and post-operative outcomes.ResultsTwelve patients underwent SIRT followed by liver resection (7 males and 5 females). Pathologies were hepatocellular carcinoma (n = 5), metastatic colorectal cancer (n = 5), and neuroendocrine tumor (n = 2). Lesional response (size, volume, and RECIST (response evaluation criteria in solid tumors)) was calculated and where appropriate functional liver remnant (FLR) is presented. Mean FLR increase was 264cm3(range − 123 to 909), and all cases demonstrated a partial response according to RECIST with a mean largest lesion volume reduction of 475cm3(range 14–1632). No post-SIRT complications were noted. Hepatectomy occurred at a mean of 322 days from SIRT treatment. Ninety-day morbidity was 67% (n = 6), complications post-surgery were analyzed according to the Clavien-Dindo classification scale; a total of 15 events occurred in 6 patients. Ninety-day mortality of 11% (n = 1).ConclusionIn selected cases, liver resection is possible post SIRT. As this can represent a potentially curative option, it is important to reconsider resection in the follow-up of patients undergoing SIRT. Post-operative complications are noted following major and extended liver resection. Therefore, further studies are needed to improve patient selection.
The Impact of the Triple P Seminar Series on Canadian Parents’ Use of Physical Punishment, Non-Physical Punishment and Non-Punitive Responses
Authors: Gonzalez Miriam , Ateah Christine A. , Durrant Joan E. , Feldgaier Steven 
Published: March 2019

AbstractPhysical punishment of children is linked to negative developmental outcomes. The widely used Positive Parenting Program (Triple P) promotes alternative responses to physical punishment. Data on the effectiveness of the Triple P Seminar Series is limited. In this study, Canadian parents’ reports of physical punishment, non-physical punishment, and non-punitive responses were compared before and after they attended the Triple P Seminar Series. Twenty-seven parents of children aged 2 to 6 years attended the Seminar Series and completed pre- and post-intervention questionnaires measuring the number of times they used various physical punishments, non-physical punishments, and non-punitive responses in the past month. Hypotheses were tested using univariate descriptive analyses, paired samplesttests, and Wilcoxon Signed Rank Tests. Parents’ reports of physical punishment decreased on only one of the four physical punishment items (shaking/grabbing) from pre- to post-intervention. Over the course of the Seminar Series, parents became more likely to emphasise rules and to punish their children by taking things away from them. The findings suggest that the Seminar Series has limited effectiveness in reducing physical punishments or increasing non-punitive responses. Further research on this question is needed.
When the judge met P: the rules of engagement in the Court of Protection and the parallel universe of children meeting judges in the Family Court
Authors: Case Paula 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe importance of the subjects of litigation being able to tell their story directly to the decision maker is widely recognised as offering therapeutic benefits to all involved in the decision-making process. The Court of Protection makes life changing decisions for individuals on health and welfare matters, and it is clearly critical that the person at the centre of those proceedings (known as ‘P’) is given the opportunity for ‘direct engagement’ with the judge deciding their case. This paper interrogates the under-explored domain of the prevalence and forms in which ‘P’ has engaged directly with the judge (particularly by meeting with the judge without giving formal evidence) with the aid of a database of over 200 ‘health and welfare’ judgments. An integrated approach is adopted, drawing from these judgments, but also cross-referencing the far more advanced literature and case law on children meeting judges in the Family Court to explore some of the issues. This paper finds that the transplantation of practices from the Family Court to the Court of Protection has been problematic, has sometimes obscured P's direct contact with the judge in their own case, and jars with recent moves in the Court of Protection towards modelling empathetic judging and ‘standing in P's shoes’.
Spatiotemporal patterns of pre-Columbian people in Amazonia
Authors: McMichael Crystal N.H. , Bush Mark B. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractA current goal among many scientific disciplines is to incorporate data on past human land use and climate change into current global climate and vegetation models. Here, we used existing archaeological and paleoecological data to provide a spatiotemporal reconstruction of human history in Greater Amazonia over the Holocene. We used an ensemble distribution model based on a database of georeferenced14C-dated material and environmental factors to predict the changes in spatial distributions of past human occupation sites. We ran these models for the precultivation (13,000–6000 yr ago), early cultivation (6000–2500 yr ago), and late cultivation (2500–500 yr ago) periods. The ensemble models suggest that people mostly inhabited the peripheral areas of Greater Amazonia and the eastern sections of the main Amazon River and its larger tributaries during the precultivation period. Human populations began growing exponentially through the early cultivation period, and people spread and expanded into the interior forests and along river channels in western Amazonia. Populations continued growing through the late cultivation period in these same regions. Our results suggest that many forests, particularly in the peripheral regions and riverine locations, may still be in recovery from disturbances that have occurred repeatedly through the Holocene.
Global science meets ethnic diversity: Ian McGonigle interviews GenomeAsia100K Scientific Chairman Stephan Schuster
Authors: McGonigle Ian , Schuster Stephan C. 
Published: March 2019

SummaryGenomeAsia100K is a human genome project based at Nanyang Technological University in Singapore that aims to sequence one hundred thousand Asian genomes in an effort that addresses an ethnic bias towards Western populations in previous genomic research. GenomeAsia100K consists of a team of bioinformaticians, statisticians and population geneticists, and was initiated by the Nanyang Technological University in collaboration with industrial partners MedGenome (an Indian R&D company specializing in genomic data) and the California Biotech company Genentech. The GenomeAsia100K project is amongst the most ambitious precision medicine projects to date but it is not clear how the project will challenge or reshape understandings of ethnic and racial differences in Asian populations. Ian McGonigle, a scientist and cultural anthropologist, sat down with geneticist Stephan C. Schuster, the scientific chairman of GenomeAsia100K, to discuss the project and the implications of genomics for social identity in the 21st century.
Between the Plantation and the Port: Racialization and Social Control in Eighteenth-Century Paramaribo
Authors: Brandon Pepijn 
Published: March 2019

AbstractStarting from an incident in the colonial port city of Paramaribo in the autumn of 1750 in which, according to the Dutch governor Mauricius, many of the proper barriers separating rich and poor, men and women, adults and children, white citizens and black slaves were crossed, this article traces some of the complexities of everyday social control in colonial Suriname. As gateways for the trade in commodities and the movement of people, meeting points for free and unfree labourers, and administrative centres for emerging colonial settlements, early modern port cities became focal points for policing interaction across racial and social boundaries. Much of the literature on the relationship between slavery and race focuses on the plantation as “race-making institution” and the planter class as the immediate progenitors of “racial capitalism”. Studies of urban slavery, on the other hand, have emphasized the greater possibilities of social contact between blacks,mestizos, and whites of various social status in the bustling port cities of the Atlantic. This article attempts to understand practices of racialization and control in the port city of Paramaribo not by contrasting the city with its plantation environment, but by underlining the connections between the two social settings that together shaped colonial geography. The article focuses on everyday activities in Paramaribo (dancing, working, drinking, arguing) that reveal the extent of contact between slaves and non-slaves. The imposition of racialized forms of repression that set one group against the other, frequently understood primarily as a means to justify the apparent stasis of the plantation system with its rigid internal divisions, in practice often functioned precisely to fight the pernicious effects of mobility in mixed social contexts.
Liberated Africans, Slaves, and Convict Labor in the Construction of Rio de Janeiro's Casa de Correção: Atlantic Labor Regimes and Confinement in Brazil's Port City
Authors: Jean Martine 
Published: March 2019

AbstractFrom 1834 to 1850, Latin America's first penitentiary, the Casa de Correção in Rio de Janeiro, was a construction site where slaves, “liberated Africans”, convicts, and unfree workers interacted daily, forged identities, and deployed resistance strategies against the pressures of confinement and the demands of Brazil's eclectic labor regimes. This article examines the utilization of this motley crew of workers, the interactions among “liberated Africans”, slaves, and convict laborers, and the government's intervention between 1848 and 1850 to restrict slave labor at the prison in favor of free waged workers. It asserts that the abolition of the slave trade in 1850 and the subsequent inauguration of the penitentiary augured profound changes in Rio's labor landscape, from a predominantly unfree to a free wage labor force.
In situ growth rate estimates of Southern Ocean krill, Thysanoessa macrura
Authors: Wallis Jake R. , Melvin Jessica E. , King Robert , Kawaguchi So 
Published: March 2019

AbstractGrowth, which is intrinsically linked to environmental conditions including temperature and food availability are highly variable both temporally and spatially. Estimates of growth rates of the Southern Ocean euphausiid Thysanoessa macrura are currently restricted to limited studies which rely upon repeated sampling and length-frequency analysis to quantify growth rates. The instantaneous growth method (IGR) was used to measure the growth rate of T. macrura successfully in the southern Kerulen Plateau region during summer, providing the first IGR parameters for the Southern Ocean euphausiid species. Results of the four-day IGR incubation indicate a period of low somatic growth for adult T. macrura. Males had a longer intermoult period (IMP) (62 days) than females (42 days), but the sexes exhibited similar daily growth rates of 0.011 mm day−1 and 0.012 mm day−1 respectively. Juveniles exhibited the fastest growth, with an IMP of 13 days and daily growth rate of 0.055 mm day−1 indicating a prolonged growth season, similar to the Antarctic krill E. superba. Consequently, we highlight the usability of the IGR method and strongly encourage its use in developing a comprehensive understanding of spatial and seasonal growth patterns of T. macrura.
What determines immigrant caregivers’ adherence to health recommendations from child primary care services? A grounded theory approach
Authors: Mourão Susana , Bernardes Sónia F. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractAimTo investigate the diversity and specificity of the determinants of immigrant caregivers’ adherence to child primary care (CPC) health recommendations.BackgroundImmigrant caregiver’s adherence to CPC health recommendations is of utmost importance to minimize their children’s health-related vulnerabilities. Some research has been conducted on the determinants of immigrants’ access to health services, but much less is known about the determinants of their adherence to health professionals’ recommendations once they get there, especially in a primary health care context. This study contributes to bridge these gaps.MethodsInterviews and focus groups were conducted, with immigrant and non-immigrant caregivers living in Portugal (n=35), from heterogeneous socioeconomic backgrounds. Focus group and individual interview scripts were developed to explore caregivers’ understanding and use of CPC services and, particularly, their adherence to CPC recommendations. A socio-demographic questionnaire was also administered. Qualitative data were analyzed using a grounded theory methodology.Findings‘Adherence to CPC health recommendations’ is a core and multidimensional concept. Several determinants were identified at individual, interpersonal, organizational and structural levels. Some determinants were highlighted both by immigrant and non-immigrant caregivers: valuing children’s health, usefulness of recommendations, perceived health-care professionals’ competence, central role of vaccination in CPC and caregivers’ socio-economic conditions. Other determinants were specifically mentioned by immigrant caregivers: expectations about traditional versus pharmacological treatments, cultural mismatches in children’s care practices, perceived quality of Portuguese CPC services versus CPC from countries of origin. These results provide innovative theoretical and empirical contributions to the field of primary health care and, particularly, to immigrant caregivers’ adherence behaviors. Implications for research on treatment adherence in primary care contexts, the development of interventions that promote caregivers’ adherence to CPC health recommendations and for child protection will be discussed.