bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simulation of heterogeneous photooxidation of SO2 and NOx in the presence of Gobi Desert dust particles under ambient sunlight
Authors: Yu Zechen , Jang Myoseon 
Published: October 2018

Abstract. To improve the simulation of the heterogeneous oxidation of SO2 and
NOx in the presence of authentic mineral dust particles
under ambient environmental conditions, the explicit kinetic mechanisms were
constructed in the Atmospheric Mineral Aerosol Reaction (AMAR) model. The
formation of sulfate and nitrate was divided into three phases: the gas phase,
the non-dust aqueous phase, and the dust phase. In particular, AMAR established the
mechanistic role of dust chemical characteristics (e.g., photoactivation,
hygroscopicity, and buffering capacity) in heterogeneous chemistry. The
photoactivation kinetic process of different dust particles was built into
the model by measuring the photodegradation rate constant of an impregnated
surrogate (malachite green dye) on a dust filter sample (e.g., Arizona test
dust – ATD – and Gobi Desert dust – GDD) using an online reflective
UV–visible spectrometer. The photoactivation parameters were integrated with
the heterogeneous chemistry to predict the formation of reactive oxygen
species on dust surfaces. A mathematical equation for the hygroscopicity of
dust particles was also included in the AMAR model to process the multiphase
partitioning of trace gases and in-particle chemistry. The buffering capacity
of dust, which is related to the neutralization of dust alkaline carbonates
with inorganic acids, was included in the model to dynamically predict the
hygroscopicity of aged dust. The AMAR model simulated the formation of
sulfate and nitrate using experimental data obtained in the presence of
authentic mineral dust under ambient sunlight using a large outdoor smog
chamber (University of Florida Atmospheric
Photochemical Outdoor Reactor, UF-APHOR). Overall, the influence of GDD on the heterogeneous
chemistry was much greater than that of ATD. Based on the model analysis, GDD
enhanced the sulfate formation mainly via its high photoactivation
capability. In the case of NO2 oxidation, dust-phase nitrate
formation is mainly regulated by the buffering capacity of dust. The measured
buffering capacity of GDD was 2 times greater than that of ATD, and
consequently, the maximum nitrate concentration with GDD was nearly 2 times
higher than that with ATD. The model also highlights that in urban areas with
high NOx concentrations, hygroscopic nitrate salts quickly
form via titration of the carbonates in the dust particles, but in
the presence of SO2, the nitrate salts are gradually depleted by
the formation of sulfate.
Cloud scavenging of anthropogenic refractory particles at a mountain site in North China
Authors: Liu Lei , Zhang Jian , Xu Liang , Yuan Qi , Huang Dao , Chen Jianmin , Shi Zongbo , Sun Yele , Fu Pingqing , Wang Zifa , Zhang Daizhou , Li Weijun 
Published: October 2018

Abstract. Aerosol–cloud interactions remain a major source of uncertainty
in climate forcing estimates. Few studies have been conducted to characterize
the aerosol–cloud interactions in heavily polluted conditions worldwide. In
this study, cloud residual and cloud interstitial particles were collected
during cloud events under different pollution levels from 22 July to 1 August
2014 at Mt. Tai (1532 m above sea level) located in the North China Plain (NCP). A
transmission electron microscope was used to investigate the morphology, size,
and chemical composition of individual cloud residual and cloud interstitial
particles, and to study mixing properties of different aerosol components in
individual particles. Our results show that S-rich particles were predominant
(78 %) during clean periods (PM2.5<15 µg m−3), but a large number of anthropogenic refractory particles (e.g.,
soot, fly ash, and metal) and their mixtures with S-rich particles (defined as “S-refractory”)
were observed during polluted periods. Cloud droplets collected
during polluted periods were found to become an extremely complicated mixture
by scavenging abundant refractory particles. We found that 76 % of cloud
residual particles were S-refractory particles and that 26 % of cloud
residual particles contained two or more types of refractory particles.
Soot-containing particles (i.e., S-soot and S-fly ash/metal-soot) were the
most abundant (62 %) among cloud residual particles, followed by fly
ash/metal-containing particles (i.e., S-fly ash/metal and S-fly
ash/metal-soot, 37 %). These complicated cloud droplets have not been
reported in clean continental or marine air before. Our findings provide an
insight into the potential impacts on cloud radiative forcing from black
carbon and metal catalyzed reactions of SO2 in micro-cloud droplets
containing soluble metals released from fly ash and metals over polluted air.
A comparison of plume rise algorithms to stack plume measurements in the Athabasca oil sands
Authors: Gordon Mark , Makar Paul A. , Staebler Ralf M. , Zhang Junhua , Akingunola Ayodeji , Gong Wanmin , Li Shao-Meng 
Published: October 2018

Abstract. Plume rise parameterizations calculate the rise of pollutant plumes due to
effluent buoyancy and exit momentum. Some form of these parameterizations is
used by most air quality models. In this paper, the performance of the
commonly used Briggs plume rise algorithm was extensively evaluated, through
a comparison of the algorithm's results when driven by meteorological
observations with direct observations of plume heights in the Athabasca oil
sands region. The observations were carried out as part of the Canada-Alberta
Joint Oil Sands Monitoring Plan in August and September of 2013. Wind and
temperature data used to drive the algorithm were measured in the region of
emissions from various platforms, including two meteorological towers, a
radio-acoustic profiler, and a research aircraft. Other meteorological
variables used to drive the algorithm include friction velocity,
boundary-layer height, and the Obukhov length. Stack emissions and flow
parameter information reported by continuous emissions monitoring systems
(CEMSs) were used to drive the plume rise algorithm. The calculated plume
heights were then compared to interpolated aircraft SO2 measurements,
in order to evaluate the algorithm's prediction for plume rise. We
demonstrate that the Briggs algorithm, when driven by ambient observations,
significantly underestimated plume rise for these sources, with more than
50 % of the predicted plume heights falling below half the observed
values from this analysis. With the inclusion of the effects of effluent
momentum, the choice of different forms of parameterizations, and the use of
different stability classification systems, this essential finding remains
unchanged. In all cases, approximately 50 % or more of the predicted
plume heights fall below half the observed values. These results are in
contrast to numerous plume rise measurement studies published between 1968
and 1993. We note that the observations used to drive the algorithms imply
the potential presence of significant spatial heterogeneity in meteorological
conditions; we examine the potential impact of this heterogeneity in our
companion paper (Akingunola et al., 2018). It is suggested that further study
using long-term in situ measurements with currently available technologies is
warranted to investigate this discrepancy, and that wherever possible,
meteorological input variables are observed in the immediate vicinity
of the emitting stacks.
Diagnosing transit times on the northwestern North Atlantic continental shelf
Authors: Rutherford Krysten , Fennel Katja 
Published: October 2018

Abstract. The circulation in the northwestern North Atlantic Ocean is
highly complex, characterized by the confluence of two major western boundary
current systems and several shelf currents. Here we present the first
comprehensive analysis of transport paths and timescales for the northwestern
North Atlantic shelf, which is useful for estimating ventilation rates,
describing circulation and mixing, characterizing the composition of water
masses with respect to different source regions, and elucidating rates and
patterns of biogeochemical processing, species dispersal, and genetic
connectivity. Our analysis uses dye and age tracers within a high-resolution
circulation model of the region, divided into nine subregions, to diagnose
retention times, transport pathways, and transit times. Retention times are
shortest on the Scotian Shelf (∼ 3 months), where the inshore and
shelf-break branches of the coastal current system result in high along-shelf
transport to the southwest, and on the Grand Banks (∼ 3 months). Larger
retention times are simulated in the Gulf of St. Lawrence (∼ 12 months)
and the Gulf of Maine (∼ 6 months). Source water analysis shows that
Scotian Shelf water is primarily comprised of waters from the Grand Banks and
Gulf of St. Lawrence, with varying composition across the shelf.
Contributions from the Gulf of St. Lawrence are larger at near-shore
locations, whereas locations near the shelf break have larger contributions
from the Grand Banks and slope waters. Waters from the deep slope have little
connectivity with the shelf, because the shelf-break current inhibits
transport across the shelf break. Grand Banks and Gulf of St. Lawrence waters
are therefore dominant controls on biogeochemical properties, and on setting
and sustaining planktonic communities on the Scotian Shelf.
Reducing sitter use in acute medicine while maintaining safety and quality
Authors: Long Delois , Dennis Janice 
Published: October 2018

Background and objective: Sitters are commonplace in acute care facilities throughout the country. Sitters are used to provide close observations and ensure safety for patients who are at risk for falls. These patients suffer from cognitive impairment, inability to follow instructions, and causing harm to themselves or others. The literature shows that one requirement for an effective sitter process is the use of an assessment tool. Sitter usage at the Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center (LSCVAMC) has escalated to the point that sitters are causing an overall shortage of nursing staff. This shortage causes excessive overtime, staff burnout, and reduces the quality of patient care provided to non-sitter patients. The purpose of this case-control descriptive pilot study was to reduce sitter usage on an inpatient acute medicine unit, by implementing the Patient Attendant Assessment Tool (PAAT), without reducing patient safety and quality of patient care. The PAAT was developed and utilized by a Midwest hospital for data collection and to assess the need for sitters.Methods: Patients were placed into the Pre- and Post-implementation cohorts, according to the order of their admission. Pre-interventional data was collected from the study group, using the Sitter Justification Form, the 24-hour nursing report and the electronic medical record. The intervention consisted of staff education on the use of a new tool, the PAAT. Following implementation of the tool, the data was collected and analyzed using the SPSS 20 for windows (SPSS.INC), over an 8-month period.Results and conclusions: Sitter usage was reduced without reducing patient safety or quality of care, with the implementation of the PAAT. Among individuals having at least one sitter day, patients in the post intervention group, were less likely to have as many sitter shifts (n = 343, 58.0%) as compared to patients in the Pre-interventional group (n = 451, 75.9%) (Chi Square = 42.88; df = 1, p < .001). As can be seen, there was a significant decrease in the number of sitter shifts after the implementation of the PAAT, as compared to the pre-interventional group. There was a slight increase in the quality of patient care.
Efeito potencializador do Cymbopogon citratus-Stapf sobre a ação da acetilcolina na contratilidade de músculo liso
Authors: Külzer Ana Maria , Silva Amauri Rodrigues da , Tabarelli Zuleica 
Published: October 2018

Authors searched actions of Cymbopogon citratus-Stapf aquous extract, 2% concentration, on montility of smooth muscle. It were performed 10 (ten) experiments, each of them consisted of the motility record of a segment of duodenum from male Wistar rats maintained in a Tyrode solution water-bath to isolated organ. Physiological parameters (temperature, pH, oxigen supply) were controled to obtain the functional nature of organ motility. It were realized three records to each experiment in this sequency: First record: control record (standard) from motility of duodenum smooth muscle in Tyrode bath. Second record: after addition of 0,5 ml physiological solution before the third record, the bath liquid was entirely substituted and the organ was washed tith Tyrode solution. Third record: after 15 (fifteen) minutes from the addition of Cymbopogon citratus-Stapf tea 2% concentration, it was add 0,5ml acetylcholine solution (11,8165 Mg in 50 ml physiological solution).It was verified that it shows a significant difference between 2nd and third record groups compared whit control records (first record groups) on smooth muscle motility of isolated duodenum from Wistar male rats.
Visual Ethnography as tool in exploring children's embodied making processes in preprimary education
Authors: Carlsen Kari 
Published: October 2018

This article presents and discuss Visual Ethnography as Methodological approach to research on embodied making and learning in preprimary education. Children’s making processes with materials and tools are visible. What children learn in and through these processes is not necessary visible. The article reflect on how visual ethnography (Pink, 2007) contribute to uncover and understand ongoing learning processes through visual documented making situations. The empirical material referred to, includes children from one to six years old and staff in Norwegian kindergarten as participants. Ethnographic methods are frequently used in educational research. Rose (2007) discusses visual methods within different methodological approaches.
Preschools and Early Childhood Centers in Reggio Emilia, Italy (Giudici, Rinaldi, Krechevsky, 2001; Rinaldi, 2006; Vecchi, 2010) has developed various ways of documentation that focus on visual readable material. Norwegian kindergartens inspired by the educational experiences in Reggio Emilia aims to develop pedagogical documentation as didactic tool in daily educational processes, with visual presentations as central part. The article discusses how visual ethnography as method gives the opportunity to present research findings also through visual representations, how these may give another insight in small children’s making than pure written text, and focus on ethical dilemmas concerning visual presentation. The connection between visual ethnography as research method and the presentation of research insights and findings, explore and visualize small children’s learning processes during embodied making with materials and tools, and contribute to research on children’s learning processes in preprimary education.
Key words: Visual ethnography, pictures, video, preprimary education, materials, embodied making and learning, Reggio Emilia atelier
Building interpretable models for polypharmacy prediction in older chronic patients based on drug prescription records
Authors: Kocbek Simon , Kocbek Primoz , Stozer Andraz , Zupanic Tina , Groza Tudor , Stiglic Gregor 
Published: October 2018

Background
Multimorbidity presents an increasingly common problem in older population, and is tightly related to polypharmacy, i.e., concurrent use of multiple medications by one individual. Detecting polypharmacy from drug prescription records is not only related to multimorbidity, but can also point at incorrect use of medicines. In this work, we build models for predicting polypharmacy from drug prescription records for newly diagnosed chronic patients. We evaluate the models’ performance with a strong focus on interpretability of the results.

Methods
A centrally collected nationwide dataset of prescription records was used to perform electronic phenotyping of patients for the following two chronic conditions: type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). In addition, a hospital discharge dataset was linked to the prescription records. A regularized regression model was built for 11 different experimental scenarios on two datasets, and complexity of the model was controlled with a maximum number of dimensions (MND) parameter. Performance and interpretability of the model were evaluated with AUC, AUPRC, calibration plots, and interpretation by a medical doctor.

Results
For the CVD model, AUC and AUPRC values of 0.900 (95% [0.898–0.901]) and 0.640 (0.635–0.645) were reached, respectively, while for the T2D model the values were 0.808 (0.803–0.812) and 0.732 (0.725–0.739). Reducing complexity of the model by 65% and 48% for CVD and T2D, resulted in 3% and 4% lower AUC, and 4% and 5% lower AUPRC values, respectively. Calibration plots for our models showed that we can achieve moderate calibration with reducing the models’ complexity without significant loss of predictive performance.

Discussion
In this study, we found that it is possible to use drug prescription data to build a model for polypharmacy prediction in older population. In addition, the study showed that it is possible to find a balance between good performance and interpretability of the model, and achieve acceptable calibration at the same time.
Fast robust adaptive tracker for uncertain nonlinear second‐order systems with time‐varying uncertainties and unknown parameters
Authors: Golestani Mehdi , Mobayen Saleh , Richter Hanz 
Published: October 2018

SummaryThis paper considers the problem of robust adaptive tracking control of nonlinear second‐order systems subjected to matched and unmatched uncertainties. This paper presents a control law derived by a new form of fast terminal sliding mode control that is combined with global sliding mode scheme. An adaptation mechanism is also employed to estimate the unknown parameters of the system. The proposed control law guarantees the finite‐time convergence of the sliding variable in the presence of uncertainties and unknown parameters. By elimination of the reaching phase, the robustness of the system is guaranteed throughout the entire response. Furthermore, there is no need for the upper bound of the system uncertainties or external disturbance to be known in advance. This feature makes the proposed controller more flexible in terms of implementation. The robustness of the proposed scheme is established by means of the Lyapunov stability theorem.
Electrocarving during Electrodeposition Growth
Authors: Wang Yanling , Zhao Liyan , Zhao Yu , Wang William Yi , Liu Yongfeng , Gu Changdong , Li Jinshan , Zhang Guigen , Huang Tony Jun , Yang Shikuan 
Published: October 2018

AbstractShape‐ and size‐controlled synthesis of micro/nanostructures is of fundamental importance in many applications of physics and chemistry. Wet chemical growth methods have achieved shape‐ and size‐controlled synthesis of colloidal nanocrystals of various compositions. Compared with wet chemical methods, electrochemical deposition (ECD) yields micro/nanostructures affixed to a substrate, but the resulting structures are poorly controlled. Herein, the controllable electrochemical fabrication of well‐defined silver‐oxide clathrate micro/nanostructures is realized by intentionally manipulating the previously neglected electrocarving process during electrodeposition growth (MEDEG). Most importantly, the dominance of the electrocarving and the electrodeposition growth process can be immediately manipulated by varying the deposition voltage and/or the composition of the electrolyte. Unique delta‐wing‐, arrowhead‐, and butterfly‐like silver‐oxide clathrate structures are created using the MEDEG method. MEDEG complements the capability of ECD for controllable synthesis of micro/nanostructures of various materials directly on a substrate. The study details the mechanisms that may enable MEDEG to become a competitive alternative to traditional wet chemical methods in the controllable synthesis of micro/nanostructures. This understanding of MEDEG should motivate applications in fields which demand well‐defined micro/nanostructures affixed to a substrate.
White Paper—Geriatric Emergency Medicine Education: Current State, Challenges, and Recommendations to Enhance the Emergency Care of Older Adults
Authors: Ringer Thom , Dougherty Megan , McQuown Colleen , Melady Don , Ouchi Kei , Southerland Lauren T. , Hogan Teresita M. ,   the Academy of Geriatric Emergency Medicine
Published: October 2018

AbstractOlder adults account for 25% of all emergency department (ED) patient encounters. One in five Americans will be 65 or older by 2030. In response to this need, geriatric emergency medicine (GEM) has developed into a robust area of academic and clinical interest, with extensive evidence‐based research and guidelines, including clear undergraduate and postgraduate GEM competencies.Despite these developments, GEM content remains underrepresented in curricula and licensing examinations. The complex reasons for these deficits include a perception that care of older adults is not a core emergency medicine (EM) competency, a disjunction between traditional definitions of expertise and the GEM perspective, and lack of curricular capacity.This White Paper, prepared on behalf of the Academy of Geriatric Emergency Medicine, describes the state of GEM education, identifies the challenges it faces, and reviews innovations, including research presented at the 2018 Society for Academic Emergency Medicine (SAEM) Annual Scientific Meeting. The authors propose a number of recommendations. These include recognizing GEM as a core educational priority in EM, enhancing academic support for GEM clinician‐educators, using social learning and practical problem solving to teach GEM concepts, emphasizing a whole‐person multisystem approach to care of older adults, and identifying ageist attitudes as a hurdle to safe and effective GEM care.
Effects of glaciation and whole genome duplication on the distribution of the Campanula rotundifolia polyploid complex
Authors: Sutherland Brittany L. , Galloway Laura F. 
Published: October 2018

Premise Of The StudyBoth intrinsic and extrinsic factors contribute to a species distribution. Among plants, the extrinsic effects of glaciation and intrinsic effects of whole genome duplication are powerful drivers of biogeographical patterns, but the interplay of these factors is poorly understood. Here, we investigate the roles glaciation and whole‐genome duplication have played in the evolution of the widespread polyploid complex Campanula rotundifolia.MethodsWe assessed the cytotype of 37 populations that spanned the geographic and cytotypic range of the C. rotundifolia complex. We constructed a chloroplast phylogeny for these populations and used RAD‐seq to create nuclear phylogenies and networks for a subset of 23 populations; and estimated divergence times of major clades using Bayesian estimation of substitution rates.Key ResultsCampanula rotundifolia originated in south‐central Europe and underwent range expansion throughout much of Europe and North America. Multiple genome duplications have occurred in C. rotundifolia—at least two tetraploid and three hexaploid formations.ConclusionsNuclear and chloroplast phylogenies are largely congruent with a history of populations surviving glacial maxima in known Pleistocene refugia in Europe and North America. Divergent European clades are consistent with two disjunct glacial refugia within Europe. North America was colonized by hexaploids derived from Western European lineages. A glacial refugium in Midwestern North America likely facilitated post‐glacial recolonization of North America and limited genetic divergence. These results implicate both glaciation and whole‐genome duplication as contributing factors to the extant biogeography of C. rotundifolia.