bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in HIV-uninfected, rituximab treated non-Hodgkin lymphoma patients
Authors: Wei Kai-Che , Sy Chenglen , Wu Shang-Yin , Chuang Tzu-Jung , Huang Wei-Chun , Lai Ping-Chin 
Published: May 2018

AbstractRituximab is associated with a higher incidence of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia infection. Pneumocystis prophylaxis is advised in many immunocompromised populations treated with rituximab. However, the beneficial effect of pneumocystis prophylaxis in HIV-uninfected, rituximab-treated non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) patients has not been assessed. Thus, we conducted this retrospective study to explore pneumocystis infection in HIV-uninfected NHL patients who received at least three courses of chemotherapy without haematopoietic stem cell transplantation using the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database. Patients who had rituximab-based chemotherapy were included in the experimental (rituximab) group, while the rest of the patients who did not receive any rituximab-based chemotherapy throughout the study period formed the control group. The prevalence rate of pneumocystis infection in the rituximab group (N = 7,554) was significantly higher than that in the control group (N = 4,604) (2.95% vs. 1.32%). The onset of pneumocystis infection occurred between 6 and 16 weeks after chemotherapy. Patients who had pneumocystis prophylaxis, whether or not they had a pneumocystis infection later in their treatment course, had significantly better first-year survival rates (73% vs. 38%). Regular pneumocystis prophylaxis should be considered in this group of patients.
Re-entrant bimodality in spheroidal chiral swimmers in shear flow
Authors: Nili Hossein , Naji Ali 
Published: May 2018

AbstractWe use a continuum model to report on the behavior of a dilute suspension of chiral swimmers subject to externally imposed shear in a planar channel. Swimmer orientation in response to the imposed shear can be characterized by two distinct phases of behavior, corresponding to unimodal or bimodal distribution functions for swimmer orientation along the channel. These phases indicate the occurrence (or not) of a population splitting phenomenon changing the swimming direction of a macroscopic fraction of active particles to the exact opposite of that dictated by the imposed flow. We present a detailed quantitative analysis elucidating the complexities added to the population splitting behavior of swimmers when they are chiral. In particular, the transition from unimodal to bimodal and vice versa are shown to display a re-entrant behavior across the parameter space spanned by varying the chiral angular speed. We also present the notable effects of particle aspect ratio and self-propulsion speed on system phase behavior and discuss potential implications of our results in applications such as swimmer separation/sorting.
A multi-component model for observed astrophysical neutrinos
Authors: Palladino Andrea , Winter Walter 
Published: May 2018

Aims. We investigated the origin of observed astrophysical neutrinos.
Methods. We propose a multi-component model for the observed diffuse neutrino flux. The model includes residual atmospheric backgrounds, a Galactic contribution (e.g., from cosmic ray interactions with gas), an extragalactic contribution from pp interactions (e.g., from starburst galaxies), and a hard extragalactic contribution from photo-hadronic interactions at the highest energies (e.g., from tidal disruption events or active galactic nuclei).
Results. We demonstrate that this model can address the key problems of astrophysical neutrino data, such as the different observed spectral indices in the high-energy starting and through-going muon samples, a possible anisotropy due to Galactic events, the non-observation of point sources, and the constraint from the extragalactic diffuse gamma-ray background. Furthermore, the recently observed muon track with a reconstructed muon energy of 4.5 PeV might be interpreted as evidence for the extragalactic photo-hadronic contribution. We perform the analysis based on the observed events instead of the unfolded fluxes by computing the probability distributions for the event type and reconstructed neutrino energy. As a consequence, we give the probability of each of these astrophysical components on an event-to-event basis.
The perturbed sublimation rim of the dust disk around the post-AGB binary IRAS08544-4431
Authors: Kluska J. , Hillen M. , Van Winckel H. , Manick R. , Min M. , Regibo S. , Royer P. 
Published: May 2018

Context. Post-asymptotic giant branch (post-AGB) binaries are surrounded by stable dusty and gaseous disks similar to the ones around young stellar objects. Whereas, significant effort has been spent on modeling observations of disks around young stellar objects, the disks around post-AGB binaries have received significantly less attention, even though they pose significant constraints on theories of disk physics and binary evolution.
Aims. We want to examine the structure of and phenomena at play in circumbinary disks around post-AGB stars. We continue the analysis of our near-infrared interferometric image of the inner rim of the circumbinary disk around IRAS08544-4431. We want to understand the physics governing this inner disk rim.
Methods. We use a radiative transfer model of a dusty disk to reproduce simultaneously the photometry as well as the near-infrared interferometric dataset on IRAS08544-4431. The model assumes hydrostatic equilibrium and takes dust settling self-consistently into account.
Results. The best-fit radiative transfer model shows excellent agreement with the spectral energy distribution up to millimeter wavelengths as well as with the PIONIER visibility data. It requires a rounded inner rim structure, starting at a radius of 8.25 au. However, the model does not fully reproduce the detected over-resolved flux nor the azimuthal flux distribution of the inner rim. While the asymmetric inner disk rim structure is likely to be the consequence of disk-binary interactions, the origin of the additional over-resolved flux remains unclear.
Conclusions. As in young stellar objects, the disk inner rim of IRAS08544-4431 is ruled by dust sublimation physics. Additional observations are needed to understand the origin of the extended flux and the azimuthal perturbation at the inner rim of the disk.
Schlaganfallprophylaxe
Authors: Kleinecke Caroline , Zintl Konstantin , Kögler Kai , Schnupp Steffen , Brachmann Johannes 
Published: May 2018

ZusammenfassungVorhofflimmern (VHF) ist weltweit die häufigste Herzrhythmusstörung. 20–30 % aller ischämischen Schlaganfälle sind auf kardioembolische Ereignisse infolge VHF zurückzuführen. Goldstand zur Schlaganfallprophylaxe bei VHF bleibt nach wie vor die orale Antikoagulation (OAK). Hier hat sich in den letzten Jahren bei geeigneten Patienten eine Überlegenheit der nicht nicht-Vitamin-K-abhängigen oralen Antikoagulanzien (NOAK) gegenüber den Vitamin-K-Antagonisten (VKA) gezeigt. Bei lebenslanger Einnahme birgt die OAK jedoch das Risiko von Blutungskomplikationen. Zudem zeigt die Realität, dass etwa ein Drittel der Patienten mit eindeutiger Indikation für eine OAK, diese aus diversen Gründen wie vergangene Blutungsereignisse, Sturzneigung oder Incompliance nicht erhält. Der interventionelle Vorhofohrverschluss hat sich in den letzten Jahren in der Praxis als Alternative zur Schlaganfallprophylaxe bei VHF etabliert. Aktuelle Studien zeigen, dass diese Maßnahme verglichen mit den VKA einen ähnlichen Schutz vor Schlaganfall bietet – bei weniger Blutungskomplikationen im Langzeitverlauf. Darüber hinaus konnte die initial relativ hohe periprozedurale Komplikationsrate in den letzten Jahren deutlich gesenkt werden. Durch Innovationen im Bereich von Bildgebung, Okkludertypen und Schleusenmaterial ist für die Zukunft mit einer noch höheren Sicherheit des Eingriffs zu rechnen. Ein direkter Vergleich zwischen NOAK und dem interventionellen Vorhofohrverschluss steht noch aus. Daher wird von den Leitlinien empfohlen, den Verschluss des linken Vorhofohrs nur bei Patienten mit eindeutiger Kontraindikation gegen eine OAK in Erwägung zu ziehen (Empfehlungsgrad IIb, Evidenzgrad B).
Einfluss einer OSA-Therapie auf etabliertes polyphasisches Schlafverhalten
Authors: Kerl J. , Dellweg D. 
Published: May 2018

Zusammenfassung
Ziel der Arbeit Die Studie untersucht die Prävalenz polyphasischen Schlafverhaltens (PSV) bei Schlafapnoe (OSA)-Patienten. Bei Einstellung auf OSA-Therapie wurde bei PSV-Patienten das resultierende Schlafverhalten untersucht.
Methodik Schlafzeiten in 24 Stunden wurden bei OSA-Erstaufnahmen per Fragebogen erfasst (n = 163). Polyphasische Patienten wurden bzgl. der Therapiewirkung auf das Schlafverhalten nachuntersucht. Zusätzlich wurden andere Patienten per Telemonitoring auf polyphasische Gerätenutzung untersucht (n = 487).
Ergebnisse 39,6 % der Patienten hatten PSV. Unter Therapie resultierte 97,0 % monophasische und 3,0 % biphasische Gerätenutzung. 81,8 % wurden unter Therapie monophasisch. 15,2 % hatten erhaltenes biphasisches Schlafverhalten ohne Therapie beim Tagschlaf, während 3,0 % das Gerät auch am Tag nutzten. Im Telemonitoring zeigten 2,9 % polyphasische Gerätenutzung.
Schlussfolgerung Die Prävalenz von PSV bei OSA ist mit 39,6 % höher als in der Normalbevölkerung. Dies ist zu 81,8 % rückläufig unter OSA-Therapie. Bei erhaltenem biphasischem Schlafverhalten wird Tagschlaf überwiegend ohne Gerät absolviert. Polyphasische Gerätenutzung beträgt 2,9 % (Telemonitoring) bzw. 3,0 % der Kontrollpatienten.
Fokussierte Ultraschallanwendungen in der Anästhesiologie
Authors: Siebers Christian , Schwartz Lisa , Nebelsiek Tim , Scheiermann Patrick 
Published: May 2018

ZusammenfassungDer Einsatz von Ultraschalltechnologie in der Anästhesiologie hat in den letzten Jahren erheblich zugenommen und beschränkt sich nicht mehr nur auf die
perioperative ultraschallgesteuerte Anlage von Nervenblockaden oder zentralen Venenkathetern, sondern umfasst mittlerweile auch die prä- und innerklinische
Notfallversorgung sowie die postoperative Nachbetreuung auf der Intensivstation. Die Sonografie wird dabei bettseitig im Sinne eines Point-of-Care-Verfahrens
vor allem für die Beurteilung von Herz, Lunge und Abdomen eingesetzt. Charakteristischerweise kommt Ultraschall hier als diagnostisches und therapeutisches
Werkzeug fokussiert – das heißt, mit einer klar definierten qualitativen Fragestellung, die idealerweise mit ja oder nein zu beantworten ist – zum Einsatz. Für
Befunde, die einer weiteren Abklärung oder komplexeren Intervention bedürfen, kann der jeweilige Spezialist (z. B. Kardiologe, Radiologe, Gastroenterologe)
hinzugezogen werden. Da die Bedeutung der Sonografie im Bereich der Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin für Assistenten in Weiterbildung und Fachärzte
voraussichtlich auch in Zukunft weiter zunehmen wird, ist die fundierte Ausbildung in der Ultraschallanwendung für das Fachgebiet von zentraler Bedeutung.
Does GastroPlus Support Similarity and Dissimilarity Factors of in vitro-in vivo Prediction in Biowaiver Studies? A Lower Strength Amlodipine As a Model Drug
Authors: Zaid Abdel , Shraim Naser , Radwan Asmaa , Jaradat Nidal , Hirzallah Samah , Issa Ibrahim , Khraim Aya 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Background Many generic pharmaceutical products are currently available on the market place worldwide. Recently, there is a growing concern on the quality and efficacy of generic products. However, health care professionals such as physicians and pharmacists are in difficult situations to choose among alternatives.
Purpose The aim of this study is to assess the effectiveness of the in silico technique (Gastro Plus®) in the biowaiver study and whether similarity and dissimilarity factors (f
2 and f
1 respectively) are effective in this regard.
Method The concentration of amlodipine in the sample was calculated by comparing the absorbance of the sample with that of a previously prepared amlodipine standard solution using validated HPLC method. The dissolution profile for each product (brand and generics) was constructed. The similarity (f2) and dissimilarity (f
1) factors were calculated for the generic product according to equation 1 and 2. GastroPlus™ software (version 9.0, Simulations Plus Inc., Lancaster, CA, USA) was used to predict the absorption profiles of amlodipine from the generic product Amlovasc® and the reference Norvasc®.
Conclusion These results may provide a rationale for the interchangeability between the RLD and generic version based on in vitro release profiles in silico technique especially in a lower strength dose drug.
An Update of N-Tosylhydrazones: Versatile Reagents for Metal-Catalyzed and Metal-Free Coupling Reactions
Authors: Deng Yu-Hua , Shao Zhihui , Wang Hui 
Published: May 2018

N-Tosylhydrazones have had widespread application in organic synthesis for more than a half century. In most of cases, N-tosylhydrazones, as masked diazo compounds, have been generally used in a series of important carbon–carbon and carbon–heteroatom bond-forming reactions. This review provides an update on progress in diverse coupling reactions of N-tosylhydrazones since 2012. The examples selected are mainly categorized by metal-catalyzed and metal-free systems, wherein four main types of transformations including insertion, olefination, alkynylation, and cyclization are discussed for each system.1	Introduction2	Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Coupling Reactions3	Metal-Free Coupling Reactions4	Conclusion and Outlook
Ultrasound-Guided Treatment of Peripheral Nerve Pathology
Authors: Dettori Nathan , Choudur Hema , Chhabra Avneesh 
Published: May 2018

AbstractHigh-resolution ultrasound serves as a fast, accessible, reliable, and radiation-free tool for anatomical and dynamic evaluation of various peripheral nerves. It can be used not only to identify and diagnose peripheral nerve and perineural pathology accurately but also to guide various nerve and perineural interventions. We describe the normal and pathologic appearances of peripheral nerves, the pathologies commonly affecting the individual peripheral nerves, and the current ultrasound-guided peripheral nerve interventions and techniques. Future directions are also highlighted.
Imaging Patterns of Muscle Atrophy
Authors: Wolf Marcel , Wattjes Mike , Weber Marc-André 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe role of muscle imaging in the diagnosis of inherited and acquired muscle diseases has gained clinical relevance. In particular, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is increasingly being used for diagnostic purposes, especially with its capability of whole-body musculature assessment. The assessment and quantification of muscle involvement in muscle diseases can be of diagnostic value by identifying a certain involvement pattern and thus narrowing the differential diagnosis and supporting the clinical diagnosis. In addition, more recently the role of imaging has gone beyond diagnostic purposes and includes disease as well as treatment monitoring. Conventional and quantitative muscle MRI techniques allow for the detection of subclinical disease progression (e.g., in muscular dystrophies) and is a powerful surrogate outcome measure in clinical trials. We present and discuss recent data on the role of conventional and quantitative MRI in the diagnosis and monitoring of inherited dystrophic muscle diseases as well as muscle denervation.
Getting Started with Magnetic Resonance Neurography
Authors: Bolog Nicolae , Andreisek Gustav 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThis article provides a review of magnetic resonance neurography (MRN) and how to get started. It explains step by step how to establish MRN at an institution: how to set up MRN protocols, how to train technicians, what a report needs to contain, and how relevant findings should be communicated to the referring physician. Advanced imaging techniques such as diffusion tensor imaging are only briefly discussed at the end of the article because most of those techniques are difficult for beginners and are still not considered standard in the clinical routine.
Nerve Entrapment Syndromes at the Wrist and Elbow by Sonography
Authors: Klauser Andrea , Taljanovic Mihra , Strobl Sylvia , Rauch Stefan , Teh James , Wanschitz Julia , Löscher Wolfgang , Martinoli Carlo , Buzzegoli Tommaso 
Published: May 2018

AbstractNerve entrapment syndromes of the upper extremity are associated with structural abnormalities or by an intrinsic abnormality of the nerve. Nerve entrapment syndromes generally have a typical clinical presentation, and findings on physical examination and in conjunction with electrodiagnostic studies imaging is used to evaluate the cause, severity, and etiology of the entrapment. With the development of high-frequency linear array transducers (12–24 MHz), ultrasound (US) is incomparable in terms of spatial resolution to depict morphological aspects and changes in nerves. US can identify the abnormalities causing entrapment, such as fibrous bands, ganglia, anomalous muscles, and osseous deformities, with the advantage of dynamic assessment under active and passive examination. US is a unique diagnostic modality that allows superb visualization of both large and small peripheral terminal nerve branches of the upper extremity and enables the correct diagnosis of various nerve entrapment syndromes.
Ultrasound of the Brachial Plexus
Authors: Griffith James 
Published: May 2018

AbstractExamination of the brachial plexus with ultrasound is efficient because it allows many parts of the brachial plexus as well as the surrounding soft tissues to be assessed with high spatial resolution. The key to performing good ultrasound of the brachial plexus is being familiar with the anatomy and the common variants. That makes it possible to concentrate solely on the ultrasound appearances free of simultaneously wondering about the anatomy. Ultrasound of the brachial plexus is particularly good for assessing nerve sheath tumor, perineural fibrosis, metastases, some inflammatory neuropathies, neuralgic amyotrophy, and posttraumatic sequalae. It is limited in the assessment of thoracic outlet syndrome and in the acute/subacute trauma setting. This review addresses the anatomy, ultrasound technique, as well as pathology of the brachial plexus from the cervical foramina to the axilla.
Neurology Training Worldwide
Authors: Hillis James , Berkowitz Aaron 
Published: May 2018

AbstractNeurology training is essential for providing neurologic care globally. Large disparities in availability of neurology training exist between higher- and lower-income countries. This review explores the worldwide distribution of neurology training programs and trainees, the characteristics of training programs in different parts of the world, and initiatives aimed at increasing access to neurology training in under-resourced regions.
Emerging Viral Infections and Their Impact on the Global Burden of Neurological Disease
Authors: Muñoz Laura , Garcia Maria , Gordon-Lipkin Eliza , Parra Beatriz , Pardo Carlos 
Published: May 2018

AbstractEmerging viral infections of the nervous system represent a major global public health concern in the 21st century. They are caused primarily by RNA viruses and are mostly associated with acute or subacute encephalitis. The spectrum of associated central or peripheral nervous system disorders is broad, and results either from a direct viral effect or due to the host immune responses against the infection. Emerging viral infections impose substantial neurological morbidity and mortality, particularly in low- and middle-income regions. In the past five decades, vector-borne viruses primarily transmitted by arthropods, or arboviruses, have been responsible for epidemics with a high burden of neurological disease, like the 2015–2016 Zika virus epidemic in the Americas. Viruses that have become neurovirulent for humans after geographical expansion include West Nile, Dengue, and Zika viruses. Factors such as animal migration, disruption of ecological niches, and cross-species contact have caused old viruses to reappear and cause neurological disease, as is the case of Ebola virus. In addition to these biological challenges, current preventive strategies, vaccination, and diagnostic and therapeutic approaches remain limited. We review the clinical-virological features and global impact of the most relevant emerging viral infections of the nervous system as they are projected over the 21st century.
Global Health: Pediatric Neurology
Authors: Ciccone Ornella , Patel Archana , Bearden David 
Published: May 2018

AbstractNeurologic disorders contribute significantly to both morbidity and mortality among children in resource-limited settings, but there are a few succinct studies summarizing the epidemiology of neurologic disorders in these settings. A review of available literature was performed to identify data on the prevalence, etiology, outcomes, and treatment of neurologic disorders in children in resource-limited settings. The burden of neurologic disorders in children is high in resource-limited settings. Barriers to optimal care include lack of trained personnel, limited access to diagnostic technology, and limited availability of drugs used to treat common conditions. Several solutions have been suggested to deal with these challenges including increased collaborations to train neurologists willing to practice in resource-limited settings and increased training of physician extenders or community health workers. Further studies are necessary to improve our understanding of the epidemiology of neurologic disorders in resource-limited settings. Future epidemiologic studies should incorporate multiple countries in resource-limited settings and utilize standardized definitions and methodologies to enable comparison across regions.
Documenting Routinely What Matters to People: Standardized Headings for Health Records of Patients with Chronic Health Conditions
Authors: Prodinger Birgit , Rastall Paul , Kalra Dipak , Wooldridge Darren , Carpenter Iain 
Published: May 2018

Objective Specifying the content in electronic health records (EHRs) through standardized headings based on international reference classifications will facilitate their semantic interoperability. The objective of this study was to specify potential chapter headings for EHRs aligned with the World Health Organization's (WHO) International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) based on the perspectives of people living with chronic health conditions, carers, and professionals.
Methods A multistage process was established including (1) a patient workshop, (2) an online survey of both patients and carers, and (3) an online consultation with patient and professional bodies. The ICF served as a starting point. Based on the first stage, a first draft of the headings was developed and further refined based on the feedback at each stage. We examined in a fourth step whether items from existing assessment tools support the operationalization of the identified headings. Therefore, we used the WHO Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 (WHODAS2.0), a patient-reported instrument, and interRAI, a clinician-administered instrument.
Results The first workshop was attended by eight people, the survey was completed by 250 persons, and the online consultation received detailed feedback by 18 professional bodies. This study resulted in 16 potential chapter headings for EHRs which capture aspects related to the body, such as emotions, motivation, sleep, and memory or thoughts, to being involved in social life, such as mobility, social activities, and finances, as well as to the care process, such as understanding of health issues and treatment or care priorities and goals. When using the WHODAS2.0 and interRAI together, they capture all except one of the proposed headings.
Conclusion The identified headings provide a high level structure for the standardized recording, use, and sharing of information. Once implemented, these headings have the potential to facilitate the delivery of personalized care planning for patients with long-term health problems.