bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antidepressant use during pregnancy and the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: a nested case–control study
Authors: Dandjinou Maëlle , Sheehy Odile , Bérard Anick 
Published: October 2019

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to determine the association between antidepressant (AD) classes, types and duration of use during pregnancy and the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).Design and settingA nested case–control study was conducted within the Quebec Pregnancy Cohort (QPC), a Canadian provincial database which includes data on all pregnancies and children in Quebec from January 1998 to December 2015.Primary outcome measuresGestational diabetes mellitus.ParticipantsCases of GDM were identified after week 20 of pregnancy and randomly matched 1:10 to controls on gestational age at index date (ie, calendar date of GDM) and year of pregnancy. AD exposure was assessed by filled prescriptions between the beginning of pregnancy (first day of last menstrual period) and index date. Conditional logistic regression models were used to estimate crude and adjusted odds ratios (aOR).ResultsAmong 20 905 cases and 209 050 matched controls, 9741 (4.2%) women were exposed to ADs. When adjusting for potential confounders, AD use was associated with an increased risk of GDM (aOR 1.19, 95% CI 1.08 to 1.30); venlafaxine (aOR 1.27, 95% CI 1.09 to 1.49) and amitriptyline (aOR 1.52, 95% CI 1.25 to 1.84) were also associated with an increased risk of GDM. Moreover, the risk of GDM was increased with longer duration of AD use, specifically for serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, tricyclic ADs and combined use of two AD classes. No statistically significant association was observed for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.ConclusionThe findings suggest that ADs—and specifically venlafaxine and amitriptyline—were associated with an increased risk of GDM.
Prompt closure versus gradual weaning of extraventricular drainage for hydrocephalus in adult patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage: a systematic review protocol with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis
Authors: Capion Tenna , Lilja-Cyron Alexander , Juhler Marianne , Mathiesen Tiit Illimar , Wetterslev Jørn 
Published: October 2019

IntroductionIn Neuro Intensive Care Units (NICU) and neurosurgical units, patients with an external ventricular drain (EVD) due to hydrocephalus following aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) are commonly seen. Cessation of the EVD involves the dilemma of either closing the EVD directly, or gradually weaning it before removal. Development of increased intracranial pressure (ICP) and acute hydrocephalus with subsequent need of a permanent shunt has been associated with prompt closure of theEVD, whereas increased risk of infection with possible spreading to the brain and subsequent patient fatality is suspected in connection to a longer treatment as seen in gradual weaning. Sparse data exist on the recommendation of cessation strategy and patients are currently being treated on the basis of personal experience and expert opinion. The objective of this systematic review is to assess the available evidence from clinical trials on the effects of prompt closure versus gradual weaning of EVD treatment for hydrocephalus in adult patients with SAH.Methods and analysisWe will search for randomised clinical trials in major international databases. Two authors will independently screen and select references for inclusion, extract data and assess the methodological quality of the included randomised clinical trials using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. Any disagreement will be resolved by consensus. We will analyse the extracted data using Review Manager and trial sequential analysis. To assess the quality of the evidence, we will create a ‘Summary of Findings’ table containing our primary and secondary outcomes using the GRADE assessment.Ethics and disseminationResults will be published widely according to the interest of the society. No possible impact, harm or ethical concerns are expected doing this protocol.Trial registration numberPROSPERO CRD42018108801
Effects of active smoking on postoperative outcomes in hospitalised patients undergoing elective surgery: a retrospective analysis of an administrative claims database in Japan
Authors: Yoshikawa Reiko , Katada Jun 
Published: October 2019

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of smoking on prognosis after elective surgeries. Incidence of 30-day postoperative complications was compared between propensity score-matched ‘ever-smoker’ and ‘never-smoker’ cohorts. Thirty-day mortality and medical costs during the hospital stay were also compared.Design and settingA large-scale retrospective study using deidentified administrative claims data obtained from 372 acute care hospitals across Japan using the Diagnosis Procedure Combination system (ie, a flat-fee payment system).ParticipantsInpatients who were hospitalised to undergo elective surgery.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe primary endpoint of this study was incidence of 30-day postoperative complications. Secondary endpoints were 30-day mortality and total medical costs during hospitalisation. Comparison between ever-smokers and never-smokers was conducted using matched cohorts created by 1:1 propensity score matching.ResultsUsing 561 598 eligible patients, matched ever-smoker and never-smoker cohorts (n=1 55 593 each) were created. Ever-smokers were defined as patients with Brinkman Index ≥1. The percentage of patients who were male was 76.7%, and mean ages for ever-smokers and never-smokers were 65.1±13.8 years old and 66.4±15.3 years old, respectively. The Brinkman Index of the ever-smoker cohort was 677.6±553.4. Smoking was significantly associated with higher risk of 30-day postoperative complications compared with not smoking (OR 1.15, 95% CI 1.13 to 1.17, p<0.001). Similarly, smoking was significantly associated with postoperative 30-day mortality, with OR of 1.22 (95% CI 1.08 to 1.39, p=0.002).ConclusionsOur results suggest that smoking could be associated with risk of poor postoperative outcomes. In particular, a history of smoking may increase the risk of 30-day postoperative complications as well as that of 30-day mortality. The results suggest that smoking might have a harmful effect on postoperative outcomes irrespective of types of surgery.
Modelling the costs and consequences of reducing healthcare-associated infections by improving hand hygiene in an average hospital in England
Authors: Guest Julian F , Keating Tomas , Gould Dinah , Wigglesworth Neil 
Published: October 2019

ObjectiveTo assess the potential clinical and economic impact of introducing an electronic audit and feedback system into current practice to improve hand hygiene compliance in a hypothetical general hospital in England, to reduce the incidence of healthcare-associated infections (HCAIs).MethodsDecision analysis estimated the impact of introducing an electronic audit and feedback system into current practice to improve hand hygiene compliance among front-line healthcare practitioners (HCPs).ResultsThe model assumed 4.7% of adult inpatients (ie, ≥18 years of age) and 1.72% of front-line HCPs acquire a HCAI in current practice. The model estimated that if use of the electronic audit and feedback system could lead to a reduction in the incidence of HCAIs of between 5% and 25%, then the annual number of HCAIs avoided could range between 184 and 921 infections per hospital and HCAI-related mortality could range between 6 and 31 deaths per annum per hospital. Additionally, up to 86 days of absence among front-line HCPs could be avoided and up to 7794 hospital bed days could be released for alternative use. Accordingly, the total annual hospital cost attributable to HCAIs could be reduced by between 3% and 23%, depending on the effectiveness of the electronic audit and feedback system. If introduction of the electronic audit and feedback system into current practice could lead to a reduction in the incidence of HCAIs by at least 15%, it would have a ≥0.75 probability of affording the National Health Service (NHS) a cost-effective intervention.ConclusionIf the introduction of the electronic audit and feedback system into current practice in a hypothetical general hospital in England can improve hand hygiene compliance among front-line HCPs leading to a reduction in the incidence of HCAIs by ≥15%, it would potentially afford the NHS a cost-effective intervention.
Conformal hypofractionated radiotherapy for dogs with large adrenal tumours
Authors: Maruo Takuya , Ito Tetsuro , Kanai Eiichi , Nemoto Yuki , Nishiyama Yuta 
Published: October 2019

Adrenalectomy has been recognised as the treatment of choice for adrenal tumours. However, excision of large tumours with or without vena caval tumour thrombi is difficult. The purpose of this case series was to describe the use of 3D conformal hypofractionated radiotherapy for unresectable adrenal tumours (over 7 cm long) in three dogs (bulldog, shih tzu and miniature dachshund). The tumours had invaded the caudal vena cava in two of the dogs. The irradiation protocols included 23.7 Gy/three fractions/three weeks or 26 Gy/four fractions/four weeks. Following the treatment, tumours in two cases showed a 34 and 40 per cent reduction in size. No radiation‐related adverse events were detected. Metastatic lesions developed in all cases. The overall survival in the three dogs was 19, 25 and 27 months. Therefore, 3D conformal hypofractionated radiotherapy can treat adrenal tumours without severe complications, and prolong the survival in dogs.
Effects of visuomotor delays on the control of movement and on perceptual localization in the presence and absence of visual targets
Authors: Avraham Guy , Sulimani Erez , Mussa-Ivaldi Ferdinando A. , Nisky Ilana 
Published: October 2019

The sensory system constantly deals with delayed feedback. Recent studies showed that playing a virtual game of pong with delayed feedback caused hypermetric reaching movements. We investigated whether this effect is associated with a perceptual bias. In addition, we examined the importance of the target in causing hypermetric movements. In a first experiment, participants played a delayed pong game and blindly reached to presented targets. Following each reaching movement, they assessed the position of the invisible cursor. We found that participants performed hypermetric movements but reported that the invisible cursor reached the target, suggesting that they were unaware of the hypermetria and that their perception was biased toward the target rather than toward their hand position. In a second experiment, we removed the visual target, and strikingly, the hypermetria vanished. Moreover, participants reported that the invisible cursor was located with their hand. Taking these results together, we conclude that the adaptation to the visuomotor delay during the pong game selectively affected the execution of goal directed movements, resulting in hypermetria and perceptual bias when movements are directed toward visual targets but not when such targets are absent. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Recent studies showed that adaptation to visuomotor delays causes hypermetric movements in the absence of visual feedback, suggesting that visuomotor delay is represented using current state information. We report that this adaptation also affects perception. Importantly, both the motor and perceptual effects are selective to the representations that are used in the execution of goal-directed movements toward visual targets.
Recreational Physical Activity Is Associated with Reduced Breast Cancer Risk in Adult Women at High Risk for Breast Cancer: A Cohort Study of Women Selected for Familial and Genetic Risk
Authors: Kehm Rebecca D. , Genkinger Jeanine M. , MacInnis Robert J. , John Esther M. , Phillips Kelly-Anne , Dite Gillian S. , Milne Roger L. , Zeinomar Nur , Liao Yuyan , Knight Julia A. , Southey Melissa C. , Chung Wendy K. , Giles Graham G. , McLachlan Sue-Anne , Whitaker Kristen D. , Friedlander Michael , Weideman Prue C. , Glendon Gord , Nesci Stephanie , Investigators kConFab , Andrulis Irene L. , Buys Saundra S. , Daly Mary B. , Hopper John L. , Terry Mary Beth 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Although physical activity is associated with lower breast cancer risk for average-risk women, it is not known if this association applies to women at high familial/genetic risk. We examined the association of recreational physical activity (self-reported by questionnaire) with breast cancer risk using the Prospective Family Study Cohort, which is enriched with women who have a breast cancer family history (N = 15,550). We examined associations of adult and adolescent recreational physical activity (quintiles of age-adjusted total metabolic equivalents per week) with breast cancer risk using multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression, adjusted for demographics, lifestyle factors, and body mass index. We tested for multiplicative interactions of physical activity with predicted absolute breast cancer familial risk based on pedigree data and with BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation status. Baseline recreational physical activity level in the highest four quintiles compared with the lowest quintile was associated with a 20% lower breast cancer risk (HR, 0.80; 95% confidence interval, 0.68–0.93). The association was not modified by familial risk or BRCA mutation status (P interactions &gt;0.05). No overall association was found for adolescent recreational physical activity. Recreational physical activity in adulthood may lower breast cancer risk for women across the spectrum of familial risk.

Significance:
These findings suggest that physical activity might reduce breast cancer risk by about 20% for women across the risk continuum, including women at higher-than-average risk due to their family history or genetic susceptibility.
See related commentary by Niehoff et al., p. 23
Characterization of Oxidative Stress and Ammonia According to the Different Grades of Hepatic Encephalopathy
Authors: Montes-Cortes Daniel Hector , Olivares-Corichi Ivonne M. , Rosas-Barrientos José Vicente , Manuel-Apolinar Leticia , Martìnez-Godinez María de los Angeles , Hernández-López Juan Carlos , Cruz-Dominguez Maria del Pilar 
Published: October 2019

<b><i>Background:</i></b> Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) in patients with chronic liver disease (CLD) is one of the main causes of reentry to the emergency department. Oxidative stress (OxS) regulated by ammonia leads to cerebral edema and astrocytes senescence in animal models, but seems to be different in humans. <b><i>Objective:</i></b> To analyze if OxS and ammonia in plasma are related to each other in the different grades of HE-CLD and to compare them with healthy volunteers (HV). <b><i>Methods:</i></b> In a cross-sectional study, we included 60 subjects in 2 groups: (a) 30 HV and (b) 30 HE patients. Plasma levels of oxidation lipids/proteins, ammonia, and West-Haven score were evaluated. Student <i>t</i> test, Spearman’s correlation, and ANOVA with Dunn’s post hoc test were performed. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Ammonia in HV and HE patients was 39–49 vs. 95–345 μmol/L, respectively (<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.0001). Malondialdehyde (MDA) in HV was 6.58 ± 3.11 compared to 16.69 ± 6.19 μmol/L in HE (<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.0001). Protein oxidation by osazone (carbonyls), formazan, and dityrosines was higher in HE than in HV (<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.0001). Ammonia level was directly associated to HE severity, but without correlation with lipid MDA or protein OxS formazan, carbonyls, and dityrosines. Lipid peroxidation showed higher levels at degree 2 and protein oxidation at degree 3 of HE. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> We confirm that OxS accompanies hyperammonemia in HE; however they contribute in different proportions to their natural progression. Early reduction of OxS in HE could contribute to minimize the neurotoxicity into CLD.
Monoclonal Antibody to Marinobufagenin Downregulates TGFβ Profibrotic Signaling in Left Ventricle and Kidney and Reduces Tissue Remodeling in Salt‐Sensitive Hypertension
Authors: Zhang Yongqing , Wei Wen , Shilova Victoria , Petrashevskaya Natalia N. , Zernetkina Valentina I. , Grigorova Yulia N. , Marshall Courtney A. , Fenner Rachel C. , Lehrmann Elin , Wood William H. , Becker Kevin G. , Lakatta Edward G. , Bagrov Alexei Y. , Fedorova Olga V. 
Published: October 2019

Background

Elevated levels of an endogenous Na/K‐
ATP
ase inhibitor marinobufagenin accompany salt‐sensitive hypertension and are implicated in cardiac fibrosis. Immunoneutralization of marinobufagenin reduces blood pressure in Dahl salt‐sensitive (Dahl‐S) rats. The effect of the anti‐marinobufagenin monoclonal antibody on blood pressure, left ventricular (
LV
) and renal remodeling, and gene expression were investigated in hypertensive Dahl‐S rats.

Methods and Results

Dahl‐S rats were fed high NaCl (8%,
HS
; n=14) or low NaCl (0.1%,
LS
; n=14) diets for 8 weeks. Animals were administered control antibody (LS control antibody, LSC; HS control antibody, HSC; n=7 per group) or anti‐marinobufagenin antibody once on week 7 of diet intervention (n=7 per group). Levels of marinobufagenin, LV, and kidney mRNAs and proteins implicated in profibrotic signaling were assessed. Systolic blood pressure was elevated (211±8 versus 133±3 mm Hg,
P
<0.01), marinobufagenin increased 2‐fold in plasma (
P
<0.05) and 5‐fold in urine (
P
<0.01), LV and kidney weights increased, and levels of LV collagen‐1 rose 3.5‐fold in HSC versus LSC. Anti‐marinobufagenin antibody treatment decreased systolic blood pressure by 24 mm Hg (
P
<0.01) and reduced organ weights and level of LV collagen‐1 (
P
<0.01) in hypertensive Dahl salt‐sensitive rats with anti‐marinobufagenin antibody versus HSC. The expression of genes related to transforming growth factor‐β–dependent signaling was upregulated in the left ventricles and kidneys in HSC versus LSC groups and became downregulated following administration of anti‐marinobufagenin antibody to hypertensive Dahl‐S rats. Marinobufagenin also activated transforming growth factor‐β signaling in cultured ventricular myocytes from Dahl‐S rats.

Conclusions
Immunoneutralization of heightened marinobufagenin levels in hypertensive Dahl‐S rats resulted in a downregulation of genes implicated in transforming growth factor‐β pathway, which indicates that marinobufagenin is an activator of profibrotic transforming growth factor‐β–dependent signaling in salt‐sensitive hypertension.
Interplay of Objective Sleep Duration and Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases on Cause‐Specific Mortality
Authors: Fernandez‐Mendoza Julio , He Fan , Vgontzas Alexandros N. , Liao Duanping , Bixler Edward O. 
Published: October 2019

Background

Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases (
CBVDs
) and cancer are leading causes of death. Short sleep is a potential contributor to health; however, its role in predicting mortality associated with cardiometabolic risk factors (
CMRs
) and
CBVD
remains poorly understood. We tested whether objective short sleep duration increases the risk of mortality associated with
CMRs
and
CBVD
.

Methods and Results

A total of 1654 adults (aged 20–74 years) from the Penn State Adult Cohort (47.5 years, 52.5% women, and 89.8% white) whose cause of death was determined after 19.2 years (5.2 years).
CMR
was defined as stage 2 hypertension and/or type 2 diabetes mellitus on the basis of blood pressure and glucose levels or a report of diagnosis or treatment for these conditions.
CBVD
was defined as a report of diagnosis or treatment for heart disease and/or stroke. Objective short sleep duration was defined as polysomnographic total sleep time <6 hours. Cox proportional hazard models estimated multivariable‐adjusted hazard ratios (
HRs
) and 95%
CI
s. Risk of all‐cause mortality associated with
CMR
or
CBVD
was significantly modified by objective sleep duration (
P
<0.05), and it was significantly higher in subjects who slept <6 hours (
HR,
2.14 [95%
CI,
1.52–3.02] and
HR,
3.17 [95%
CI
=2.16–4.65], respectively). In subjects who slept <6 hours,
CMR
was associated with a 1.83 higher (95%
CI,
1.07–3.13) risk of
CBVD
mortality and
CBVD
with a 2.92 higher (95%
CI,
1.28–6.65) risk of cancer mortality. In subjects who slept ≥6 hours,
CMR
was not significantly associated with
CBVD
mortality (
HR,
1.35; 95%
CI,
0.70–2.63) nor was
CBVD
significantly associated with cancer mortality (
HR,
0.55; 95%
CI
, 0.18–1.64).

Conclusions

Objective short sleep duration predicts the all‐cause mortality prognosis of middle‐aged adults with
CMR
and the cancer‐specific mortality prognosis of those with
CBVD
.
Spanish Islam in Arabic Script
Authors: Colominas Aparicio Mònica 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The present study discusses language as a tool of identity construction by Muslims from the Late Medieval and Early Modern Christian Iberian Peninsula who could practice Islam by law in exchange for paying taxes (Mudejars). Their writings, as well as those of the group who were later forced to convert to Christianity (Moriscos), are in various languages and scripts. The Arabic (Aljamiado) used to transcribe Romance is distinctive and abundant evidence of it is left from the later Morisco period. The earlier uses of language by the Mudejars are nonetheless essential to understand how Muslims negotiated their community boundaries within a Christian majority society. My analysis will concentrate on two Mudejar polemics against the Christians and the Jews, which were most likely composed in fourteenth-century Aragon. In these works, approaches to language and the interplay of Arabic—both as a target language and as a script—with Romance escape discrete definitions of religion and culture.1
Adopting Citizen Observations in Operational Weather Prediction
Authors: Nipen Thomas N. , Seierstad Ivar A. , Lussana Cristian , Kristiansen Jørn , Hov Øystein 
Published: October 2019

AbstractCitizen weather stations are rapidly increasing in prevalence and are becoming an emerging source of weather information. These low-cost consumer-grade devices provide observations in real time and form parts of dense networks that capture high-resolution meteorological information. Despite these benefits, their adoption into operational weather prediction systems has been slow. However, MET Norway recently introduced observations from Netatmo’s network of weather stations in the postprocessing of near-surface temperature forecasts for Scandinavia, Finland, and the Baltic countries. The observations are used to continually correct errors in the weather model output caused by unresolved features such as cold pools, inversions, urban heat islands, and an intricate coastline. Corrected forecasts are issued every hour. Integrating citizen observations into operational systems comes with a number of challenges. First, operational systems must be robust and therefore rely on strict quality control procedures to filter out unreliable measurements. Second, postprocessing methods must be selected and tuned to make use of the high-resolution data that at times can contain conflicting information. Central to resolving these challenges is the need to use the massive redundancy of citizen observations, with up to dozens of observations per square kilometer, and treating the data source as a network rather than a collection of individual stations. We present our experiences with introducing citizen observations into the operational production chain of automated public weather forecasts. Their inclusion shows a clear improvement to the accuracy of short-term temperature forecasts, especially in areas where existing professional stations are sparse.