bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Solunum yolu enfeksiyonu bulguları ile başvuran 2 yaş altı çocuklarda respiratory syncytial virus enfeksiyonlarının sıklığı ve klinik özellikleri
Authors: KARAKOYUN Miray , AKINCI ATAOĞLU Emel , BÜYÜKKAYHAN Derya , ELEVLİ Murat 
Published: May 2018

Respiratuar Sinsityal Virüs (RSV) 2 yaş altı süt çocuklarında en önemli
alt solunum yolu enfeksiyonu (ASYE) etkenidir. Özellikle 6 aydan küçük süt
çocuklarını, prematüreleri, doğumsal kalp hastalığı olanları ve immün sistem
hastalığı olan çocukları etkilemektedir. Ayrıca yaştan ve kişiden bağımsız
olarak düşük sosyoekonomik düzey, nisan ve eylül arası aylarda doğum, kreş ve
yurtlarda kalmak, kalabalık yaşam koşulları, okula giden kardeşin varlığı,
sigara dumanına maruziyet, ailede astım ve atopi gibi risk faktörlerine sahip
olmak da RSV ye bağlı enfeksiyon ihtimalini artırmaktadır. Çalışmamızda klinik
olarak ASYE tanısı konulan 0-2 yaş grubundaki hastaların RSV sıklığının ve
klinik özelliklerinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. ASYE tanısı 100 hasta
çalışmaya alındı. Tekrarlayan hışıltılı solunum öyküsü olan bebekler, eşlik
eden ciddi hastalığı bulunanlar, nörolojik ve metabolik bozukluğu olanlar,
önceden bilinen immün yetersizliği olanlar, 24 aydan büyük olanlar çalışma dışı
bırakılmıştır. Hastalardan nazofaringeal sürüntü örneği alınarak RSV
respi-strip ile RSV antijeni tarandı. RSV pozitif saptanan ve saptanmayan hastalar
klinik, laboratuvar, özgeçmiş, aile özellikleri açısından karşılaştırıldı.
Hastalarımızda RSV sıklığı % 63 olarak saptandı. Cinsiyete göre RSV sıklığı
açısından anlamlı fark saptanmadı. RSV antijeni pozitif saptanan çocukların
beslenme ve bakım şekilleri, kardeş sayısı, gelir düzeyi, doğumsal kalp
hastalığı, ailede astım öyküsü, evde sigara içilmesi, arasında anlamlı
farklılık saptanmadı. RSV, 2 yaş altındaki Türk çocuklarında önemli alt solunum
yolu enfeksiyonu nedenidir. Ayrıca süt çocukluğu döneminde özellikle riskli
gruptaki hastalarda önemli oranda mortalite ve morbiditeye yol açmaktadır.
Nazofaringeal sürüntü örneğinden RSV antijen saptanması uygun ve etkin bir tanı
yöntemdir.
Análisis determinístico de la red de regulación génica involucrada en la expresión y función del factor de transcripción σ^32 en E. coli.
Authors: Clavijo Buriticá Diana Carolina , Mejía Bárbara Valeria , Rojas Lina María , Sáenz Leandro , Yosa Juvenal 
Published: May 2018

Motivación: La expresión del factor es una respuesta de E.Coli bajo condiciones de choque térmico. El mecanismo de inducción de las proteínas chaperonas y proteasas de choque térmico ha sido bastante estudiado, pero gran parte de la red de regulación del factor no se comprende completamente. Por esto, en este trabajo se plantea un modelo determinístico de la red, el cual se soluciona por medio de las herramientas presentes en Matlab® y en seguida se evalúa la influencia de la velocidad de transcripción, de traducción y de degradación sobre todas las concentraciones de las especies involucradas en la red, con el fin de determinar cuál de estos factores es el que la célula posiblemente emplea para regular la expresión del factor .Resultados: En la resolución del sistema de ecuaciones ordinarias mediante el algoritmo ode45, se corroboró que el tiempo de vida media de sigma 32 es de 1 minuto por la concentración en estado estacionario. Además se encontró que las variaciones en las constantes de transcripción de rpoH y degradación de mRNA de la red ( no son significativas en la producción del factor, ni en la producción de las proteínas de choque térmico. Por otro lado, del análisis de sensibilidad se infirió que la constante de traducción de mRNA es la velocidad más crítica para la regulación de la expresión del factor en la red. Finalmente, con respecto a se concluye que es un término importante en la estabilización del factor .Disponibilidad e Implementación: El análisis se llevó a cabo en MatLab_R 2011a y el código fuente se encuentra en el Material Suplementario.
SİLAHLI İNSANSIZ HAVA ARAÇLARININ KULLANIMINDA KARAR MEKANİZMALARI
Authors: AK Tarık 
Published: May 2018

ÖZ

İnsansız Hava Araçları son on yılda
teknolojik gelişmelerle birlikte daha çok görünür olmuş, araçlara silah monte
edilmesi ile birlikte kamuoyu tarafından bilinirliği artmıştır. Ancak aracın
teknolojik gelişmişliği, -insanlı uçaklardan farklı olarak- kullanımında çoklu
karar mekanizmasını da gerekli kılmıştır. Bu nedenle silahlı insansız hava
aracı kullanımında aracın kendisinden operatörüne, sorumlu komutanından politik
karar alıcısına kadar kimlerin ne ölçüde yetkili ve sorumlu olacağı hususu
çözüm gerektiren konular olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu kapsamda çalışmanın amacı,
araçların kullanımına ilişkin karar mekanizmalarını belirlemek ve karar
vericilerin sorumluluklarına yönelik öneriler getirmektedir..
A high-level estimate of the material footprints of the ICT and the E&M sector
Authors: Malmodin Jens , Bergmark Pernilla , Matinfar Sepideh 
Published: May 2018

This paper attempts to make a high-level estimate of the material footprints of the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and Entertainment and Media (E&amp;M) sectors for one year from four different perspectives while including the full life cycle of products and applying a top-down perspective. The four perspectives explored are: i) amount of materials used; ii) carbon footprint of the materials focusing on Raw Materials Acquisition (RMA) and End of Life Treatment (EoLT) stages; iii) material resource depletion; and iv) toxicity of materials.For the given assumptions, it is estimated that the sectors represent about 0,5% of the global annual usage of the selected materials, and for several materials (indium, gallium and germanium), ICT and E&amp;M usage represents as much as 80-90% of the overall usage. Their use of materials represents about 0.9% of the carbon footprint for the selected materials, and about 0.1% of the total global carbon footprint, while the sectors material resource depletion potential is estimated to be between 13% and 48% of overall global depletion for the selected materials, depending on impact assessment method. Finally, the for toxicity of the selected materials, plus cement production, ICT and E&amp;M are estimated to represent about 3.3%, based on ReCiPe. Toxicity and resource depletion results and the mass result for specific materials all indicate that the ICT and E&amp;M sectors play a larger role than their average share of the total annual materials usage indicates, and gold and copper are identified as the most impacting materials. The applied top-down method provide only coarse estimates and further research is needed based on bottom-up methods.
Regional Variation in Changes in Agricultural Production in Poland in the Context of Environmental Impact
Authors: Kopiński Jerzy 
Published: May 2018

AbstractSubject and purpose of work: Agricultural production activity brings about specific environmental effects. The aim of the study was to analyse changes in agricultural production in regions of Poland (NUTS-2) in the context of environmental impact using the gross nitrogen balance. Materials and methods: The analysis covered the medium-term perspective of 2001-2016. The primary source of information was statistical data of the Polish Central Statistical Office (Główny Urząd Statystyczny - GUS). Results: During the 2002-2004 period, the balance of gross nitrogen balance in Poland did not change and amounted to an average of 47.5 kg N∙ha-1 UAA (Utilized Agricultural Area). The progressive extensification of plant production in the following provinces: Slaskie, Malopolskie, Podkarpackie and Swietokrzyskie, is accompanied by a rapid reduction in the stocking density of livestock. Conclusions: The nitrogen balance, highly differentiated regionally, just as its individual elements, show the potential differentiation scale of the agricultural impact on the state of the environment. Very high balance surpluses occurring in the Kujawsko-Pomorskie, Lodzkie and Wielkopolskie provinces may indicate high environmental pressure from the agricultural production.
DNA‐based population estimate for grizzly bears Ursus arctos in northeastern British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Poole Kim G. , Mowat Garth , Fear Darcy A. 
Published: May 2018

Current harvest management of grizzly bears Ursus arctos in British Columbia (B.C.), Canada, is based primarily on modeling of habitat capability/suitability. No research has been conducted in the northern half of B.C. to verify these habitat‐based estimates. We estimated grizzly bear population size in a 8,527 km2 study area in northeastern B.C. that included the east slopes of the northern Rocky Mountains (Northern Boreal Mountains ecoprovince) and the boreal plains (Taiga Plains ecoprovince) using hair removal to sample bears, microsatellite profiling to identify individuals, and mark‐recapture models. We placed bait sites encircled by barbed wire in a grid of 103 9 × 9 km (81 km2) cells. In each cell a different bait site was set for 12 days in each of five sessions. We collected 2,062 hair samples from 332 sites and detected grizzly bears at 113 sites. DNA profiling of grizzly bear samples identified 98 different bears; 44 of these individuals were females, 47 were males, and the remaining seven individuals could not be sexed. Forty‐one grizzly bears were caught at >1 site. We used a closed mark‐recapture model to obtain a naive population estimate of 148 grizzly bears (95% confidence interval (Cl): 124–182). We reduced this estimate by 6.8% to account for closure bias, which resulted in an adjusted population estimate of 138 grizzly bears (95% Cl: 114–172) within the study area (16 bears/1,000 km2; 95% Cl: 13–20). Within the two biophysical ecoprovinces we estimated a density (corrected for closure) of 29 bears/1,000 km2 (95% Cl: 23–37) for the Northern Boreal Mountains and 10 bears/1,000 km2 (95% Cl: 7–18) for the Taiga Plains. The current habitat‐based capability ratings for grizzly bears in the boreal ecoprovinces of B.C. are supported by our results in the Taiga Plains, but are lower than densities we obtained in the Northern Boreal Mountains by about half. With further testing, habitat‐based estimates of grizzly bear density in B.C. could be adjusted using the results of DNA‐based population estimates.
Can geese adjust their clocks? Effects of diurnal regulation of goose shooting
Authors: Madsen Jesper 
Published: May 2018

Since 1994, goose shooting in Denmark has only been allowed from 1½ hours before sunrise to 10 a.m. (since 1997 until 11 a.m.). The aim of the diurnal regulation was to provide autumn‐staging and wintering geese with more undisturbed feeding opportunities, and hence to extend the length of their stay in Danish haunts. A field study was carried out during 1994–1997 to investigate the effects of the regulation on the behaviour and site use by geese, focused on greylag geese Anser anser and pink‐footed geese Anser brachyrhynchus at three important Danish sites. Data from earlier studies and monitoring schemes provided baseline information. In one study area with low shooting intensity, greylag geese did not change the timing of their morning departure from the roost to the feeding areas. In two sites with higher shooting intensities, they gradually delayed their morning departure from the roosts over the years. In the two sites with intensive shooting, greylag geese redistributed themselves during the daytime, albeit in small numbers. In the site with low shooting intensity, greylag geese depleted the waste grain resources, the preferred food. In the two sites with higher shooting intensities, the geese left while food was still plentiful. Pink‐footed geese did not change their roost flight departure and only marginally redistributed themselves during the daytime. In sites where shooting‐free areas were established, numbers of greylag and pink‐footed geese immediately increased. The weak reaction by the geese to diurnal regulation was not due to a lack of behavioural flexibility in response, but reflected the fact that staying and adjusting to the diurnal regulation was a less attractive option than moving on to less disturbed sites. In conclusion, the diurnal shooting regulation did not achieve the intended management objectives.
An evaluation of methods for distinguishing between juvenile and adult mountain hares Lepus timidus
Authors: Kauhala Kaarina , Soveri Timo 
Published: May 2018

Different age determination methods were compared to find a practical method for distinguishing between young and adult mountain hares Lepus timidus. The age of the hares was determined using: 1) the ossification stage of the radius and ulna, and 2) the dry weight of the eye lens. The ossification stage of the bones was examined with the unaided eye and palpation, and by using radiography. The proportion of young was higher when the bones were examined using radiography rather than the unaided eye, except in early autumn when the two methods led to the same results. Age determination based on bone examination using the unaided eye gave more reliable results than age determination based on radiography; this became evident when the results were compared with the reproductive status of females or with the dry weight of the eye lens. Using an eye lens weight of 0.25 g as a discriminating value between young and adult hares, gave an age determination similar to that derived from bone examinations using the unaided eye in 90% of the cases. Age determination based on examination of the radius and ulna using the unaided eye and palpation, together with the eye lens weight thus forms a reliable and practical method for distinguishing between young and adult mountain hares, and radiography is only necessary when examining live animals.
Effects of paragliding on alpine chamois Rupicapra rupicapra rupicapra
Authors: Schnidrig‐Petrig Reinhard , Ingold Paul 
Published: May 2018

We studied the influence of paragliding flying activity on female chamois Rupicapra r. rupicapra behaviour and distribution in four areas in the Swiss Alps. We observed chamois as they were overflown by co‐operative pilots on controlled routes. Female chamois fled at great distances (up to a maximum of 900 m) in all areas and sought refuge within forest cover after paragliders appeared. Escape distances were larger when paragliders appeared over the animals than when they appeared at about the same heights, and were shorter when chamois were closer to forest cover than when they were in open alpine meadows above the timberline. Colour of the paragliders, distance to rocks, and group size did not affect the reactions of the chamois. In areas with regular paragliding, chamois moved away from the air traffic and eventually disappeared into the forest, and did so earlier with increasing flying activity. The chamois stayed within forest cover longer with increased duration of paragliding off the normal flight path. In an area with only sporadic paragliding, chamois sought refuge within the forest for up to four hours after single paraglider fly‐overs. In an area with no paragliding, chamois stayed in the pastures and rocks above the treeline all day. This study provides a basis for the development of control measures for paragliding in certain areas.
Temporal variation in annual survival probability of the Eurasian woodcock Scolopax rusticola wintering in France
Authors: Tavecchia Giacomo , Pradel Roger , Gossmann François , Bastat Claudine , Ferrand Yves , Lebreton Jean‐Dominique 
Published: May 2018

The Eurasian woodcock Scolopax rusticola is an important quarry species hunted all over its range. Some authors have reported local declines in both wintering and breeding woodcock numbers. In order to investigate whether these possible declines are the result of a negative trend in survival, we analysed 3,312 recoveries of 15,839 woodcocks ringed in France during 14 consecutive winters (1984/85–1997/98). We distinguished between winter (October–February) and summer (March–September) recoveries in order to estimate survival and recovery rate separately for each period because selective pressures during these two periods are likely to be different. Survival varied according to year during both winter and summer. Winter survival probability covaried positively with mean winter nocturnal temperature and ranged from 0.74 (SE = 0.057) during the winter of 1985/86 to 0.83 (SE = 0.042) during the winter of 1994/95. Mortality of first‐year birds was 22% higher than that of adults in any year. Results from a second analysis in which we compared survival of birds ringed during 1991–1997 in the three main woodcock wintering areas along the French Atlantic coast suggested a threshold effect of weather conditions. Mean winter survival covaried with temperature and rainfall mainly in the northernmost regions where weather conditions are more severe. We did not find any particular trend in survival probability that could explain the possible declines in woodcock numbers. However, the generally low adult annual survival, and the negative influence of stochastic events such as severe winter conditions might drive populations to a level from which it would be difficult to recover. Results of a two‐age‐class demographic model are discussed together with implications for management.
Factors affecting reproduction and population growth in a restored elkCervus elaphus nelsonipopulation
Authors: Larkin Jeffery L. , Maehr David S. , Cox John J. , Wichrowski Michael W. , Crank R. Daniel 
Published: May 2018

In 1997, the Kentucky Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources began a restoration program intended to translocate 200 elkCervus elaphus nelsoniper year over a nine‐year period. Initially, the age structure of males in this restored elk population was heavily skewed toward the yearling age class. We examined the reproductive performance of this elk herd for two years. During 1998, the male:adult female ratio was 35:65 (corresponding to 54:100). In 1999, the male:adult female ratio was 45:62 (corresponding to 73:100). The proportion of yearling males declined from 89% in 1998 to 31% in 1999. We used radio telemetry to locate males and females during the rut and to document calf production. Calving rates during 1998 and 1999 were 53 and 92%, respectively. Post‐release movements of adult cows (N = 22) to areas devoid of males averaged 21 km and ranged within 7–57 km. Temporary Allee effects may have been responsible for annual differences in calving rates. The calving season was 67 days when breeding was dominated by yearlings and 37 days when breeding was dominated by adults. A male age structure heavily skewed toward yearlings does not appear to limit population growth. Calving rates could be improved by reducing initial post‐release wanderings of adult females. Distribution of potential mates may be more important to population growth rather than balanced sex ratios and age structures.
Expectations and realities of GPS animal location collars: results of three years in the field
Authors: Johnson Chris J. , Heard Douglas C. , Parker Katherine L. 
Published: May 2018

GPS collars have the potential to automatically collect large numbers of relatively accurate animal relocations. Collar costs, levels of accuracy, and satellite signal reception have been reported by other studies, but there has been little discussion of long‐term performance under field conditions. Between March 1996 and April 1999, we placed 11 GPS collars on 23 individual woodland caribou Rangifer tarandus caribou for a total of 26 collar deployments. Reliability was highly variable; some collar deployments operated normally for their expected period of time, other deployments functioned for less than half of their expected lives. Collars attempted 41,822 locations and collected 15,247 3‐D and 10,411 2‐D locations, for an average acquisition rate of 59%. We recommend that researchers carefully consider project objectives, budget constraints, and available options such as differential correction and remote collar communication, before purchasing GPS collars.
Patterns in winter nutritional status of white‐tailed deerOdocoileus virginianuspopulations in Maine, USA
Authors: Ditchkoff Stephen S. , Servello Frederick A. 
Published: May 2018

We used urinary indices to determine temporal and regional patterns in nutritional status of white‐tailed deerOdocoileus virginianusin nine wintering areas in northern and central Maine, USA. Winter severity was greater in the northern region, and we expected deer in that region to exhibit greater evidence for nutritional restriction. We collected an average of 26 urine samples from snow on a biweekly basis during 1 January‐ 31 March 1993 in each wintering area and analyzed them for ratios of urea nitrogen (N):creatinine (C), an index of nutritional status, and potassium (K):creatinine (C), an index of forage intake. Mean urea N:C ratios increased to 3.0 and 3.3 during March in northern and central Maine, respectively, suggesting that nutritional status of deer in these populations was poor. There were no differences in ratios of urea N:C between regions within time periods, except for late March when urea N:C ratios were greater in the central region. The proportions of deer exhibiting severe nutritional restriction (urea N:C ≥3.5) were greatest in March in both regions (0.16–0.31); however, proportions were highly variable among populations (range: 0–0.44). K:C ratios decreased during winter, but did not differ among regions. Our results indicate that urinary indices of free‐ranging deer populations in wintering areas vary greatly, and we contend that high variability among populations is an important consideration for designing future deer research.
Relationship between calving time and physical condition in three wild reindeer Rangifer tarandus populations in southern Norway
Authors: Flydal Kjetil , Reimers Eigil 
Published: May 2018

Time of calving in reindeer Rangifer tarandus varies between populations, but takes place around the start of the green season to ensure a stable food supply for doe and calf. Causes of variation in calving time was investigated by studying the three adjacent populations of North Ottadalen, South Ottadalen and Snøhetta, in Norway. The peak calving time was 12–14 May during 1996–1998 in North Ottadalen, 10 May in 1997 and 11 May in 1998 in South Ottadalen, and 22–26 May during 1996–1998 in Snøhetta. Comparing these results with recordings from 1969–1972, 1978 and 1985, peak calving time has been delayed by 6–8 days in North Ottadalen, and has advanced by 2–6 days in Snøhetta. In South Ottadalen, the peak calving time has remained almost constant. Analyses of covariance showed that calving time was negatively related to autumn dressed weight (P < 0.05), but not to mandible length (P = 0.15), and that calving happened later in Snøhetta than in North Ottadalen for the same level of autumn dressed weight (P < 0.05; 11.5 days) and mandible length (P < 0.05; 14 days). These results strengthen the hypothesis that delayed conception and calving is a consequence of relatively poor doe condition in autumn.