bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interpretation of the Storet Data Base for Atrazine in Ground Water Using a Geographic Information System
Authors: Paulsen R. T. , Moose A. E. , Whitledge V. M. 
Published: May 2018

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agencies (USEPA) STORET data base for atrazine was analyzed using a Geographic Information System (GIS) to determine: 1) How the publicly available data base (STORET) for atrazine in ground-water related to the results from other studies including the USEPA's National Pesticide Survey; 2) If there existed any geographical trends in the data; and, 3) The general quality of data in STORET.
The STORET data base confirms that in general atrazine was detected in less than 10-percent (6.6%) of the 4,224 wells sampled in 34 states and usually detected in trace quantities (less than 0.5 parts per billion (ppb)). The occurrence of atrazine in ground-water above the Health Advisory was limited to less than 1-percent (0.7%) of detections. Over 50-percent of the data was generated by the U.S. Geological Survey and can be considered of good quality complying in general with Good Laboratory Practices for sample collection, preservation, and analysis.
There appears to be two geographic regions where the bulk of detections, including those exceeding the 3.0 ppb Health Advisory, are common. Thematic maps for atrazine in ground-water showed that the Northern Corn Belt, defined by Minnesota, Iowa, and Nebraska, contains the most detections; the Mid-Atlantic states of Maryland, Delaware, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania also show considerable detections of atrazine.
Overall, the STORET data base for atrazine in ground-water is of good quality. Few wells were poorly located and those with inaccurate locations generally had no detections of atrazine.
New Technology for Wastewater Treatment
Authors: Secerov-Sokolovic R. , Sokolovic S. , Galesev B. 
Published: May 2018

New technology for wastewater treatment has been designed as modular technology. For specific physical–chemical operations, a new equipment has been developed on the basis of modern principles of the processed industry.
The following modules represent the main elements of the suggested technology :Multipurpose column reactor (KA/OO)Deep bed filter for separation of suspended solids (SUM)Coalesced filter (WO/04)
Pilot plant investigation of the new technology was tested on the wastewater from a car wash shop.
The efficiency of the modular technology was observed using the changes of the following parameters: COD value, suspended solids content and oil content.
The average decrease of COD value is 83.2 %, suspended solids content 94.5 % and oil content 97.8 %, in comparison to the values before treatment by modular technology.
Improvement of Dewatering Characteristics of Aerobically Digested Sludges
Authors: Sarikaya Hasan Z. , Al-Marshoud Salah 
Published: May 2018

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of both sludge characteristics and operational parameters on polymer selection and optimal dose requirements to improve the dewatering characteristics of aerobically digested sludges of a contact stabilization activated sludge plant in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. In order to determine the dewatering characteristics of the sludge samples, capillary suction time (CST) and specific resistance to filtration (SRF) were measured.
Cationic conditioning polymers were found more effective than the anionic types. The optimum polymer dose was equal to 4.2 kg of polymer/ton of dry matter for three of the cationic polymers used in this study namely Zeetag 57, Superfloc C420, and Zeetag 92.
The optimum dose requirements are increased substantially with increasing pH values. A linear relationship was found between the optimal polymer dose in mg/l and the sludge solids concentration. The optimum total mixing time was found to be 2 min: 30 sec of rapid mixing at 100 rpm and 90 sec of slow mixing at 40 rpm. The sludge temperature variations were found to have a slight effect on polymer dose requirements.
A linear relationship was obtained between the CST and SRF with a correlation coefficient of 0.99.
The Evaluation of Sawdust Swine Waste Compost on the Soil Ecosystem, Pollution and Vegetable Production
Authors: Kao M.-M. 
Published: May 2018

We have successfully developed so called “biological sawdust bed pig-feeding technique” to prevent the production of swine waste water and reduction of offensive odor from piggeries by means of a specific microbial agent under mesophilic, aerobic and solid fermentation conditions. The mixture of swine feces, urine, microbial agent and sawdust is the only by-product in this pig-feeding technique. This type of compost is called “sawdust swine waste compost or SSW compost.”
The main characteristics of SSW compost include as follows: pH 8.0, moisture content 40%, total N 2.2%, P2O5 3.9%, K20 3.0%, Zn 480 ppm, Cu 190 ppm, total C 39.8%, C/N ratio 18.0 and some special microorganisms such as Asperqillusterreus, Bacillussubtilis etc. Field experiment has shown that when the SSW compost was applied to the acidic soil (pH 5.0) and neutral soil (pH 7.1) at the rate of 50 Tons/ha (w/w), respectively, after 1 year application, the amount of Zn and Cu in acidic soil was significantly increased from 15 to 22.8 ppm and 14.5 to 26.7 ppm, respectively. However, the amount of Zn and Cu in neutral soil was only slightly increased from 5.7 to 6.3 ppm and 6.5 to 7.0ppm, respectively, as compared with the check (noncompost) treatment. Furthermore, the production of Chinese cabbage in acidic soil was remarkably increased 18-19% in 25 and 50 Tons/ha SSW compost treatment and Zn and Cu content of leaves in SSW compost treatment was 30-36% and 20-30% higher than in check treatment, respectively.
The proper application of SSW compost not only improves the soilfertilitybut also increases the vegetable production. However, the accumulation of Zn and Cu in acidic soil and in crop leaves should be carefully considered if the compost was treated for the long term application.
Reuse of Sludge from Pulp and Paper Industry Pilot and Full Scale Applications
Authors: Eroǧlu V. , Saatçi A. M. 
Published: May 2018

Recent advances made in the reuse of pulp and paper industry sludges in hardboard production are explained. Data obtained from pilot and full-scale plants using primary sludge of a pulp and paper industry as an additive in the production of hardboard is presented. An economic analysis of the reuse of pulp and paper primary sludge in hardboard manufacturing is given.
The quality of the hardboard produced is tested and compared with the qualities of the hardboard produced by the same plant before the addition of primary sludge. The hardboard with primary sludge additive has been used in Turkey for about a year in the manufacturing of office and home furniture. The results are very satisfactory when the primary sludge is used at 1/4 ratio.
Solid Waste from the Instant Coffee Industry as a Substrate for Anaerobic Thermophilic Digestion
Authors: Kostenberg D. , Marchaim U. 
Published: May 2018

In the process of producing “instant coffee”, large quantities of relatively solid waste (20%) are left, causing ecological harm to the area by polluting ground water, and which therefore have to be carted from the factory and dumped, at considerable expense. Several solutions and alternative uses of the coffee wastes have already been examined (as fertilizers, livestock feed, compost) without giving economically viable results.
The aim of this research was to develop biogas technology for the treatment of coffee wastes and the evaluation of the digested material as a growth medium for horticulture. The study included anaerobic, thermophilic, methanogenic digestion of solid coffee wastes in laboratory scale digesters. Optimal conditions for the process in loading rates, retention time, solids concentration and chemical parameters were examined. The results of these experiments showed that digestion of instant coffee waste is a feasible process, not requiring the expected addition of nitrogen, nor prior grinding of the coffee waste, though pH control was necessary. The continuous anaerobic digestion process can achieve a steady state of fermentation at loading rates up to 4.7 g VS/l/d.
The overall qualities of the digested slurry were determined, with a view to their suitability for horticulture. It was found that there is a clear similarity in both root and plant growth using peat-moss or digested coffee slurry, after thermophilic digestion, as soil growth media for growing Gypsophila. Growth promotion effects on Phlox plants were found, as well as a positive effect on the growth-rate of rootlets sprouting in Lysimachiafontuni.
Combined Digestion and Composting of Organic Industrial and Municipal Wastes in Switzerland
Authors: Edelmann W. , Engeli H. 
Published: May 2018

The potential of the organic solid wastes in Switzerland from household, industry, gardens, public grounds and treatment of wood has been determined to be about 955 000 tons Total Solid (TS) per year. While lignified wastes have to be composted, wet and easily degradable wastes are suitable for anaerobic digestion. These humid wastes cause odor problems in composting facilities. For more than one third of the total potential digestion is a better solution than composting.
Combined plants, where the digestion is directly combined with composting, show many advantages, such as the appropriate treatment for different substrate fractions, use of the same machineries for the pre- and the post-treatment, self-sufficiency in energy as well as utilization of the waste water derived from liquid-solid separation at the end of the digestion for the irrigation of the windrows. Detailed investment and operating costs for different aerobic and anaerobic treatment methods are presented. It is shown, that anaerobic digestion is significantly cheaper than composting. Combined plants cost rather less than plants which treat the wastes exclusively by way of composting. Therefore, the treatment of solid organic wastes in combined plants is recommended.
A Swine Waste Package Biotreatment Plant for the Tropics
Authors: Yang P. Y. , Chen H. , Kongsricharoern N. , Polprasert C. 
Published: May 2018

Management of small pig waste/wastewater in the tropics is considered as a rather difficult problem, especially in the land limited and populated areas. In order to eliminate the problem or difficulty in technology transfer, two bio-treatment processes, namely, modified hybrid anaerobic treatment (MHAT) and combined bio-fixed film and aquatic plant (CBFFAP), were investigated for the potential of developing a pre-fabricated package treatment plant for the application of a small pig wastewater. It was found that the MHAT process provides an effective treatment for high concentrated pig waste/wastewater. At a loading rate of 2.7-3.5 g TVS/L/day, a TVS removal efficiency of 59-80% and methane yield of 0.23-0.34 L/g TVS added can be achieved. Also, smaller amounts of digested effluent are discharged.
For the CBFFAP process, more than 90% of TCOD, 95% of TKN, and 99% of TSS can be removed in the pond in series system. Because it is simple in design and operation and low in maintenance, the two bio-treatment processes can be developed into a pre-fabricated plant for treating the small wastewater in the moderate land limited and tropical areas.
Patterns of Water Quality in Rural Areas of Assyut Governorate, Egypt
Authors: Platenburg Ruud J. P. M. , Zaki Magdi 
Published: May 2018

In 1990-1991 an action-research programme in the field of rural water supply and sanitation was implemented with the objective “To assess to what extent childhood diarrhoea is reduced by the delivery of hardware facilities which improve water quality, water availability and excreta disposal, and also including an intensive educational package directed toward improving behaviours concerning water use and personal and domestic hygiene”.
The intervention in Assyut Governorate comprising the construction of handpumps and latrines and a health education programme, was implemented during the second half of 1990. The data collection and data evaluation have been carried out during the period 1990-1991. Data were collected from the villages served with a complete intervention package as well as in control villages.
This paper deals mainly with the water quality issues which were part of the research programme. A comparison is presented for the water quality from both traditional and new handpumps. This comparison is supported by data collection throughout the research period within certain intervals, and by data collected from other handpumps installed at earlier times in areas within Upper Egypt. Findings concerning the actual drinking water quality, and the quality control of intervention and monitoring procedures are also discussed.
Major conclusions drawn from the results of the monitoring programme are:–The design, the drilling method and a proper development of handpump wells play an important role in the quality control of its water.–The bacteriological water quality improves only gradually after construction and eventually reaches acceptable levels. However, deep groundwater is thought to be of bacteriologically excellent quality. The most probable explanation for this gradual improvement is therefore the relatively long survival times of bacteria that entered the wells during construction.–Although it is not the intention of this paper to discuss the behavioural changes in the village communities during the research period, it was observed that, while water quality from handpumps is improving with time, the water quality from in-house zirs (storage reservoirs for drinking water) remained poor.
A Complete Treatment of Slaughterhouse Wastewater Combined with Sludge Stabilization Using Two Stage High Rate UASB Process
Authors: Sayed S. K. I. , van der Spoel H. , Truijen G. J. P. 
Published: May 2018

The main objectives of the present investigations were to assess the feasibility of two stage high rate UASB-reactors for complete treatment of slaughterhouse wastewater which contains approximately 55 % insoluble coarse suspended COD.
The study presented in this paper addresses the maximum loading rates (hydraulic and organic) the extent of sludge stabilization (i.e. conversion into methane) and the length of the sludge stabilization period (i.e. digestion time).
The experiments were performed in two stage high rate anaerobic sludge UASB-reactors. The wastewater treatment experiments were performed at an operational temperature of 18 °C, while the sludge stabilization experiments were performed at a process temperature of 30 °C. Two different types of anaerobic sludge were used in this experiment: flocculent sludge for the first stage and granular for the second stage of the system. The first stage of the reactor system consists of 2 reactors which are used alternately. In the second stage, one reactor is in operation permanently.
The results of the present study indicate that the system can satisfactorily handle organic space loads up to 15 kg COD m−3.day−1 at a liquid retention time of 4 h and 1.5 h. for the first and second stage of the system, respectively. For the whole system a treatment efficiency up to 90 % on CODtotal basis, 95 % on CODcoarse suspended solids basis, 80 % on CODcolloidal basis and 80% on CODsoluble basis was achieved. The maximum extent of sludge stabilization (i.e. conversion into methane) at 30 °C was approximately 50 % for the accumulated coarse suspended solids and colloidal fractions in the reactors of the first stage of the system. The length of the sludge stabilization period (i.e. digestion time) was 14 days.
Purification Efficiency of Danish Biological Sand Filter Systems
Authors: Nielsen J. , Lynggaard-Jensen A. , Hasling A. 
Published: May 2018

During an investigation in 1989 on small low technology treatment systems, particularly reed bed and biological sand filter systems in Denmark, it appeared that biological sand filter systems offer several advantages for the treatment of small wastewater sources. These observations gave rise to a new project concerning systematic registration of all biological sand filter systems in Denmark. Besides this registration the aim of the project was to indicate the reliability of these systems concerning removal ability and to give some general guidelines on different circumstances which seem to have positive or negative effects on the removal of particularly ammonium and phosphorus.
The paper summarizes the results and experiences that have been collected since the beginning of the use of biological sand filter systems in Denmark in the late 70s. Typical purification efficiencies of 90-95% for BI5, 30-45% for nitrogen and 40-60% for phosphorus were observed. The ripening of sand filters to their maximum removal capacity is often short, within a few months, but longer periods of about 6 months may be required to achieve full nitrification. High nitrogen removal depends on the nitrification processes and also of anoxic zones in the filter with denitrification. The best way to achieve good nitrification is to use coarse-grained sand. The removal of phosphorus is indeed affected by the chemical properties of the sand in question. In ferrous enriched sand it is possible to achieve removal efficiencies of 70-90% of the phosphorus at concentrations of 10-15 mg P/l in the inlet.
Pond Malfunction: Case Study of Three Plants in the South-West of France
Authors: Racault Y. 
Published: May 2018

Three waste stabilization ponds of a size ranging between 400 and 1500 eq.inhabitants, two of which are fed by long pipes, receiving in the head pond a load of 6 to 7 g BOD/m2.day, were monitored over 15 months with a sampling frequency of 1 to 3 weeks. The aim of the study was to determine the origin of malfunction phenomena causing at certain periods unpleasant smells, detrimental to the development of the ponding process. The behaviour of the head basins was analyzed by monitoring the trends of the following parameters: thermal gradient, active and degraded chlorophyll, sulfides, pH and EH profiles.
A thermal stratification was evidenced in the spring and summer at the 3 plants. The comparative analysis of the behaviour of the ponds revealed that the septicity of the raw effluent is not enough to explain the malfunctions. A set of factors act in synergy, upsetting the biological equilibrium when the organic load exceeds roughly 60 % of the nominal load. Treatment of the sulfides through the network was tested in one plant and its impact on the operation of the pond was assessed.
Influence of Algae and Their Exudates on Removal of Humic Substances and Optimal Dose of Coagulant
Authors: Dolejs P. 
Published: May 2018

There is still not enough information about the influence of several important variables, which occur in natural systems, on the coagulation of humic substances. One of these rarely studied variables is type and concentration of algal exudates. Thi s paper presents the results of research of the influence of alga Scenedesmus quadricauda and its exudates on the results of coagulation experiments with model humic water. The arrangement of experiments should simulate one possible way how algae might influence natural water systems and water treatment.
The results demonstrate that both the residual concentration of humic substances and residual aluminium are influenced during the time which elapses after the addition of the washed algae to the model humic water. But the influence of algae on residual colour is partly different from their influence on residual aluminium. Early after the algae addition to the model humic water, they influence the system predominantly with their surfaces, because the concentration of their exudates is low. This increases the residual concentration of aluminium. On the other hand, longer “algal residence time” in model humic water decreases the residual aluminium concentrations. Systems with algae are sensitive to overdosing with respect to both residual humic substances and residual aluminium.
Use of the Direct Viable Count (D.V.C.) For the Assessment of Survival of E. Coli in Marine Environments
Authors: Dupray E. , Pommepuy M. , Derrien A. , Caprais M. P. , Cormier M. 
Published: May 2018

The survival of the enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli H 10407 was observed in different marine seawaters, both in situ and in vitro by use of dialysis chambers and microcosms, exposed and not exposed to light. Survival was monitored during several days by measurement of plate counts (culturable bacteria), direct viable counts with yeast extract and nalidixic acid (DVC : viable bacteria), and acridine orange direct counts (total bacteria).
Without light, culturable E. coli counts decreased slowly (1.5 log unit), whereas viable and total bacteria counts remained almost the same through 8 days. When light stress emphasized the sea-water stress, the difference between culturable and viable counts increased from the very first two days (4 log units). In all the experiments, the number of viable bacteria remained very high. On the other hand, one experiment using dialysis chambers held in a turbid and brackish estuarine water showed no marked decrease in the initial counts. This better survival was probably due to the presence of organic matter. So culturability and viability of E. coli can change according to its environment. And because of the consequences for sanitary monitoring of seawaters, it must be kept in mind that viability of E. coli can be preserved within several days, in drastic conditions.
Interactions of Sewerage and Waste-Water Treatment: Practical Examples in The Netherlands
Authors: van der Graaf J. H. J. M. 
Published: May 2018

Various interactions of sewerage and waste-water treatment are discussed for the typical situation in the Netherlands.
Sewerage and waste-water treatment are no longer necessary when each house has its own integrated waste-water system; however, costs seem to be high.
The same applies for small-scale waste-water treatment versus centralisation.
However, centralized waste-water treatment plants suffer from specific problems due to high fluctuations, not only in hydraulic but also in biological load.
With stringent effluent standards the need increases for complete treatment instead of by-passing the peak flows.
Besides, the application of buffering tanks may change in favour of an increase in the hydraulic capacity of the waste-water treatment plant.
Finally, a new, integrated, attitude on water-cycle problems must be advocated.