bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Technical Note: Monte Carlo study on the reduction in x‐ray contamination of therapeutic electron beams for Intraoperative Radiation Therapy by means of improvements in the design of scattering foils
Authors: Adrich Przemyslaw 
Published: June 2019

PurposeThis work is aimed at studying the feasibility of reducing stray x‐ray contamination of therapeutic electron beams used in Intraoperative Radiation Therapy (IOERT) through improvements in the design of the dual foil beam forming system.MethodsWe assess the validity of a known method for designing the primary scattering foil. To this end, we perform, for the first time, a systematic computational study of the performance of beam forming systems equipped with primary scattering foils of different thicknesses, including a foil designed according to the currently used method. In this study, we further develop and apply a recently proposed method for optimization of dual foil systems.ResultsFor each of the considered primary foils, a secondary foil that minimizes the stray x‐ray contamination was designed under additional conditions on the clinically acceptable therapeutic range and flatness of off‐axis dose profile. For comparison, we also designed secondary foils that enable the production of the best flattened beams irrespective of x‐ray contamination and therapeutic range.ConclusionsBy means of a comparative analysis, we demonstrated that currently employed design methods do not lead to an optimal solution in terms of stray x‐ray contamination and therapeutic range. It is further demonstrated that, in comparison to older designs, reduction in x‐ray contamination exceeding 30% may be expected in a system designed using the novel method developed here. Such a reduction is beneficial for IOERT delivered in a regular, unshielded operating room.
Prenatal findings in 1p36 deletion syndrome: New cases and a literature review
Authors: Guterman Sarah , Beneteau Claire , Redon Sylvia , Dupont Céline , Missirian Chantal , Jaeger Pauline , Herve Berenice , Jacquin Clémence , Douet‐Guilbert Nathalie , Till Marianne , Tabet Anne‐Claude , Moradkhani Kamran , Malan Valérie , Doco‐Fenzy Martine , Vialard François 
Published: June 2019

AbstractObjective/Method1p36 deletion syndrome is considered to be the most common deletion after 22q11.2 deletion. It is characterized by specific facial features, developmental delay, and organ defects. The primary objective of the present multicenter study was to survey all the cases of 1p36 deletion diagnosed prenatally by French cytogenetics laboratories using a chromosomal microarray. We then compared these new cases with the literature data.ResultsTen new cases were reported. On average, the 1p36 deletion was diagnosed at 19 weeks of gestation. The size of the deletion ranged from 1.6 to 16 Mb. The 1p36 deletion was the only chromosomal abnormality in eight cases and was associated with a complex chromosome 1 rearrangement in the two remaining cases. The invasive diagnostic procedure had always been prompted by abnormal ultrasound findings: elevated nuchal translucency, structural brain abnormality, retrognathia, or a cardiac defect. Multiple anomalies were present in all cases.DiscussionWe conclude that 1p36 deletion is not associated with any specific prenatal signs. We suggest that a prenatal observation of ventriculomegaly, congenital heart defect, or facial dysmorphism should prompt the clinician to consider a diagnosis of 1p36 deletion syndrome.
Quantized feedback control for nonlinear feedforward systems with unknown output functions and unknown control coefficients
Authors: Wang Ping , Yu Chengpu , Sun Jian 
Published: June 2019

SummaryThis paper investigates the quantized feedback control for nonlinear feedforward systems with unknown output functions and unknown control coefficients. The unknown output function is Lipschitz continuous but may not be derivable, and the unknown control coefficients are assumed to be bounded. To deal with this challenging quantized control problem, a time‐varying low‐gain observer is designed and a delicate time‐varying scaling transformation is introduced, which can avoid using the derivative information of the output function. Then, based on the well‐known backstepping method and the sector bound approach, a time‐varying quantized feedback controller is designed using the quantized output, which can achieve the boundedness of the closed‐loop system states and the convergence of the original system states. Moreover, a guideline is provided for choosing the parameters of the input and output quantizers such that the closed‐loop system is stable. Finally, two simulation examples are given to show the effectiveness of the control scheme.
Density‐driven water circulation in a typical tributary of the Three Gorges Reservoir, China
Authors: Long Lianghong , Ji Daobin , Yang Zhengjian , Ma Jun , Wells Scott A. , Liu Defu , Lorke Andreas 
Published: June 2019

AbstractA 2‐D hydrodynamic model was developed for modelling water circulation from 2008 to 2011 in a typical tributary of the Three Gorges Reservoir. The model is capable of describing flow behaviour and mixing mechanisms for different density current patterns and performs well in computing the velocity, the intrusion layer at the plunge point, and the travel distance of the density current. The effects of 10 flow patterns on thermal stratification, hydrodynamics, and algal bloom risk are discussed and classified in terms of algal growth. Patterns (6) and (10) can effectively prevent algal blooms; Patterns (7) and (8) are good for algal blooms. More frequent transformations of flow‐driven patterns, as observed in 2010–2011, could create more eddies and mixing and thus reduce bloom risk. Further studies are necessary and recommended for more accurate predictions, assessing the impact of water level fluctuations on transform flow patterns and water quality.
Microwave‐Assisted Ultrafast Synthesis of Molybdenum Carbide Nanoparticles Grown on Carbon Matrix for Efficient Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Huang Huawei , Yu Chang , Huang Hongling , Guo Wei , Zhang Mengdi , Han Xiaotong , Wei Qianbing , Cui Song , Tan Xinyi , Qiu Jieshan 
Published: June 2019

AbstractMolybdenum carbide (Mo2C) coupled with carbon materials has received widespread attention in catalysis and energy storge/conversion. However, most of the existing synthetic pathways involve high operating temperature, time‐consuming processes, and flammable gases. Herein, a novel, facile, and rapid method to synthesize Mo2C nanoparticles grown on a series of carbon substrates (such as graphene, carbon nanotubes, and commercial carbon black) in a few minutes by using the strong interaction between the microwave and the carbon materials, in which the carbon matrix acts as the in situ heating media and carbon sources to accelerate carbon diffusion during the formation of Mo2C, is presented. Moreover, this method can also be extended to prepare a self‐standing electrode (Mo2C/CF) in just 10 s, the uniformly dispersed Mo2C nanoparticles anchored on carbon fiber paper, which demonstrates superior catalytic performance and long‐term stability (>100 h) in both acid and alkaline conditions for hydrogen evolution reaction.
Characterization of respiratory compromise and the potential clinical utility of capnography in the post-anesthesia care unit: a blinded observational trial
Authors: Chung Frances , Wong Jean , Mestek Michael L. , Niebel Kathleen H. , Lichtenthal Peter 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe utility of capnography to detect early respiratory compromise in surgical patients after anesthesia is unclear due to limited prospective data. The purpose of this trial was to determine the frequency and duration of capnography-detected respiratory adverse events in the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU). In this prospective observational trial, 250 consenting patients undergoing elective surgery with general anesthesia were monitored by standard monitoring together with blinded capnography and pulse oximetry monitoring. The capnography notification settings were adjusted to match nursing (Level II) and physician (Level I) alarm thresholds. 163 (95%) patients had a Level II notification and 135 (78%) had a Level I notification during standard monitoring. The most common events detected by the capnography monitor included hypocapnia, apnea, tachypnea, bradypnea and hypoxemia, with silent notification duration for these events ranging from 17 ± 13 to 189 ± 127 s. During standard monitoring, 15 respiratory adverse events were reported, with 8 events occurring when valid blinded/silenced capnography and pulse oximetry data was collected simultaneously. Capnography and the Integrated Pulmonary Index™ algorithm (IPI) detected respiratory adverse events earlier than standard monitoring in 75% and 88% of cases, respectively, with an average early warning time of 8 ± 11 min. Three patients’ blinded capnography was unblinded to facilitate clinical care. Respiratory adverse events are frequent in the PACU, and the addition of capnography and IPI to current standard monitoring provides potentially clinically relevant information on respiratory status, including early warning of some respiratory adverse events.Trial registration ClinialTrials.gov Identifier NCT02707003 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02707003).
On a Simple Method for Calculating Laminar
Boundary Layers
Authors: Wieghardt K. E. G. 
Published: June 2019

SummaryA simple one parametric method, due to A. Walz and based on the momentum and energy equations, for calculating approximately laminar boundary layers is extended to cover axi-symmetric flow as well as plane flow. The necessary computing work is reduced a little.Another known method which requires still less computing work is also extended for axi-symmetric flow and, with the amendment of a numerical constant, proves adequate for practical purposes.
A Theory of Uniform Supersonic Flow Past a Thin Oscillating Aerofoil at Appreciable Incidence to the Main Stream
Authors: Sewell Geoffrey L. 
Published: June 2019

SummaryA number of authors (e.g., Refs. 1 and 2) have dealt with the problem of uniform two-dimensional supersonic flow past a thin oscillating aerofoil, whose angle of incidence to the main stream is small. In this special case, the effects of vorticity are negligible, while the fields of flow on either side of the aerofoil may be treated on the same footing.The object of this paper is to deal with the more general case in which the aerofoil performs small oscillations about a fixed position, in which its incidence to the main stream is appreciable.
Flame Stabilisation in High Velocity Gas Streams and the Effect of Heat Losses at Low Pressures
Authors: Spalding D. B. , Tall B. S. 
Published: June 2019

SummaryThe first object of this paper is to show the concordance between three different theoretical approaches to flame stabilisation and to compare published experimental data with the theoretical predictions. Good agreement between the theory and experimental results is obtained. The second object is to show that, at low pressures, the predictions of these theories must be qualified in view of the increasing importance of heat losses from the flame region. It is shown that there must exist a minimum pressure below which a flame cannot be maintained in a given combustible mixture, irrespective of the rate of flow of the mixture, unless heat losses are entirely eliminated.
A Simple Approach to the Theory of Secondary Flows
Authors: Preston J. H. 
Published: June 2019

SummaryA simple method is developed for computing the trailing vorticity which arises when a non-uniform stream is turned.It is shown that, for a sudden and constant deflection of a non-uniform stream, no net trailing vorticity is set up in the exit flow and hence there is no secondary motion.In the case of an impulse cascade of finite dimensions with constant turning, it is found that the trailing vorticity has three distinct components—the passage vorticity and two components which appear as vortex sheets springing from the trailing edges of the aerofoils. It is shown that for small angles of deflection there is no net circulation associated with the trailing vorticity downstream, of the cascade, and it is inferred that this should still be so for large deflections.
The Effect of Delta Vanes on Supersonic Wings
Authors: Gorgui M. A. 
Published: June 2019

SummaryFor supersonic wings it is known that the presence of a tip reduces the lift and the performance compared with the corresponding values for the two-dimensional wing. It appeared from some work by K. Stewartson that the addition of a vane at the wing tip might counteract this effect. The purpose of this paper is to determine the effect due to the presence of the vane. For this purpose a wing in the form of a semi-infinite wedge whose leading edge is swept back is supposed placed at incidence to the flow, with a symmetric triangular vane with diamond-shaped base attached to it, its vertex being at the tip of the leading edge, and its plane of symmetry parallel to the flow. The problem is of the “conical field” type and is solved by the method of S. Goldstein and G. N. Ward.The problem is divided into its anti-symmetrical and symmetrical parts. The results obtained in Ref. 1 are applied to determine the field in each case, both outside and inside the Mach cone of the vertex.
Estimation of the Effects of Distortion on the Longitudinal Stability of Swept Wing Aircraft at High Speeds (Sub-Critical Mach Numbers)
Authors: Campion B. S. 
Published: June 2019

SummaryThe effects of distortion on the longitudinal stability of swept wing aircraft at high speeds (sub-critical Mach numbers) are considered on a quasi-static basis. The method is based on the theory of Gates and Lyon but involves some extension of this theory.The treatment of wing distortion is considered in some detail and the effects of built-in twist and camber and wing weight are included, using the so-called superposition method. The application of the analysis of Lyon and Ripley for investigating fuselage, tail and control circuit distortion is suggested, but means of modifying and simplifying this procedure where desirable are put forward.The analysis is illustrated by means of a simple example of a swept wing fighter aircraft for which wing, fuselage and tail distortion effects are considered, and the results are discussed with reference to the individual and combined distortion effects, as well as the effect of compressibility.
Some Integrals Relating to the Vibration of a Cantilever Beam and Approximation for the Effect of Taper on Overtone Frequencies
Authors: Martin A. I. 
Published: June 2019

SummaryIn the investigation of approximate numerical values of overtone frequencies of a turbine blade it is desirable to know formulae for certain integrals of the modes of vibration of an ordinary cantilever beam. The first object of this paper is to obtain such formulae and to arrange them in tabulated form. By proceeding along the lines of the calculus of perturbations, these results may then be used to obtain new formulae which give second order approximations for the effects of uniform breadth and thickness tapers on the overtone frequencies. The theory gives good agreement with experiments for tapers which do not exceed about 0·5, which is present-day practice for turbine blading.
A Further Discussion on Mixing and the Jet Flap
Authors: Stratford B. S. 
Published: June 2019

SummaryThe result derived in a previous paper for the primary effect of the jet mixing on the thrust is confirmed, both by an investigation using momentum principles and by a quantitative examination of the sink effect. Boundary layer behaviour still cannot be predicted with accuracy, but it is suggested that, even under cruising conditions, a jet flapped aerofoil may exhibit unconventional properties.
A histochemical approach to the study of helminth morphology
Authors: Johri L. N. , Smyth J. D. 
Published: June 2019

1. The egg-shell in many trematodes and pseudophyllidean cestodes is a quinone-tanned protein; and histochemical methods for polyphenol oxidase or for phenols may be used to demonstrate regions producing or containing shell material (i.e. the vitellaria, its ducts and the uterus) in whole mount preparations.2. Specimens so treated may be further stained by routine whole mount methods. Gower's carmine is particularly recommended.3. 70% alcohol was found to be the best general fixative for these methods.4. These histochemical methods—with certain modifications—may also be used for demonstrating the egg-shell producing regions in sections.5. Because of their affinity for basic proteins, bromo-phenol-blue and malachite green are suitable for staining these regions in sections. These stains are unsuitable for whole mounts.6. There is some evidence to suggest that all trematodes and pseudophyllidean cestodes do not form and harden their egg-shell by quinone tanning; consequently, some forms may give negative or unsatisfactory results with these methods.
Grahamella (Rickettsiales) in the common shrew Sorex araneus
Authors: Hoyte H. M. D. 
Published: June 2019

Nine out of thirty-three specimens of the common shrew Sorex araneus, caught at Rosta in north Norway in August 1953, were found to be infected with Grahamella (Rickettsiales). Nine specimens of Clethrionomys rutilus, nine of Microtus oeconomus ratticeps and one of M. agrestis, caught at the same time and place, were found to be free of Grahamella. No other blood parasites were found in any of the animals examined.Records by other authors of Grahamella in a variety of hosts are reviewed. The parasite is known to occur in mammalian hosts only: identifications of it in non-mammalian hosts can be discarded. Host specificity, tacitly assumed by most authors, is not proven, and therefore most of the specific names bestowed on Grahamella in different hosts are of doubtful validity. The morphology of the parasite varies little from host to host; and there is little evidence to show that its pathogenic effect on any host is serious. Grahamella has been cultured by a few authors: variations in characters of these cultures may be more reliable criteria for recognition of different species of Grahamella.These small mammals were collected while I was a member of the University of Edinburgh Expedition to Arctic Norway, 1953. I wish to thank all who were concerned, in particular Dr D. M. Steven, with whom I did the trapping. The rest of the work was done during the tenure of a Research Studentship awarded by the Agricultural Research Council. I also wish to thank Dr P. Tate for his advice and his criticisms of the manuscript.
Propertius and Cynthia: Elegy 1. 3
Authors: Lyne R. O. A. M. 
Published: June 2019

In this article, I shall refer to the standard commentaries on Propertius by the name of the editor alone. I include under this heading Shackleton Bailey's Propertiana (CUP, 1954), whose comments on 1. 3 are on pp. 11–14. Another work I mention now, honoris causa, which will be referred to by name of author alone, is M. W. Edwards, ‘Intensification of Meaning in Propertius and Others’ (T.A.P.A. XCII (1961), 128–44). Edwards well illustrates and develops the growing awareness of the extent to which Propertius exploits the possibilities of ambiguity, shifting nuance, and linguistic innovation in the creation of his poetry.At dead of night, Propertius comes to Cynthia's bedside, apparently after leaving a fairly drunken party. He is first tempted by her beauty to take advantage of her there and then, but decides against such a hasty act, and contents himself with presenting her in her sleep with gifts which he has brought back from the party. The straying beams of the moon interrupt this tender scene and, filtering through the window, they wake Cynthia up. She then delivers an harangue to him, among other things accusing him of unfaithfulness. And so the poem closes. This is one of Propertius' best known poems, but one which, in my opinion, still lacks adequate exposition both in the details of its art and in its general purpose and effect.
La pollution maritime et la notion de passage inoffensif
Authors: Emanuelli Claude 
Published: June 2019

La Notion de Passage inoffensif constitue l’un des principes les plus anciens du droit de la mer.Actuellement confronté avec la menace croissante de la pollution maritime, ce principe se trouve fortement contesté dans un mouvement général de défense orchestré par les Etats côtiers. Parmi ceuxci se trouve le Canada, qui s’est fait récemment le champion de leur cause.
Les principes généraux de droit et la protection des Etats côtiers contre les risques de pollution des eaux navigables
Authors: Emanuelli Claude C. 
Published: June 2019

Les principes généraux de droit sont reconnus par l’article 38, I duStatut de la Cour Internationale de Justice, comme faisant partie des sources du droit international public. Get article énonce:La Cour, dont la mission est de régler conformément au droit international des différends qui lui sont soumis, applique: …c) les principes généraux de droit reconnus par les nations civilisées;Cependant ces principes ne sont pas définis au niveau de ce texte.L’article 38 précité reprend ainsi, presque mot pour mot, les dispositions correspondantes duStatut de la Cour Permanente de Justice Internationale. En fonction de celui-ci, la jurisdiction internationale a quelquefois fait application des principes généraux de droit, qu’elle a dû tenter de définir.
A Fresh Look at the Meaning of the Doctrine of Denial of Justice under International Law
Authors: Adede A. O. 
Published: June 2019

About four decades ago, an eminent jurist described the doctrine of denial of justice as “l'une des plus anciennes et “l'une des plus mal elucidees du droit international.” Another writer, also noting the persistent confusion over the meaning of the doctrine, suggested that the term denial of justice could as well be removed from the language of international law. Despite such suggestions, the doctrine of denial of justice, whose origin has been traced back to antiquity, has been retained, and international lawyers have constantly attempted to elucidate its meaning. In doing so, however, international lawyers, such as Alwyn Freeman in his classic book on the subject, have, for reasons explained elsewhere, eschewed the attempt to define the term justice as such. They have concentrated mainly upon the conduct that has most frequently been regarded as constituting a denial of justice. Thus, from its origin and development, the term denial of justice may be said to have been used in the following three senses:In its broadest sense, this term [denial of justice] seems to embrace the whole field of State responsibility, and has been applied to all types of wrongful conduct on the part of the State towards aliens. In its narrowest sense, this term has been limited to refusal of a State to grant an alien access to its courts or a failure of a court to pronounce a judgment. In an intermediate sense, the expression “denial of justice” is employed in connection with the improper administration of civil and criminal justice as regards an alien, including denial of access to courts, inadequate procedures, and unjust decisions.