bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Maintenance antipsychotic treatment versus discontinuation strategies following remission from first episode psychosis: systematic review
Authors: Thompson Andrew , Winsper Catherine , Marwaha Steven , Haynes Jon , Alvarez-Jimenez Mario , Hetrick Sarah , Realpe Alba , Vail Laura , Dawson Sarah , Sullivan Sarah A. 
Published: July 2018

BackgroundUnderstanding the relative risks of maintenance treatment versus discontinuation of antipsychotics following remission in first episode psychosis (FEP) is an important area of practice.MethodA systematic review and meta-analysis. Prospective experimental studies including a parallel control group were identified to compare maintenance antipsychotic treatment with total discontinuation or medication discontinuation strategies following remission in FEP.ResultsSeven studies were included. Relapse rates were higher in the discontinuation group (53%; 95% CIs: 39%, 68%; N = 290) compared with maintenance treatment group (19%; 95% CIs: 0.05%, 37%; N = 230). In subgroup analyses, risk difference of relapse was lower in studies with a longer follow-up period, a targeted discontinuation strategy, a higher relapse threshold, a larger sample size, and samples with patients excluded for drug or alcohol dependency. Insufficient studies included psychosocial functioning outcomes for a meta-analysis.ConclusionsThere is a higher risk of relapse for those who undergo total or targeted discontinuation strategies compared with maintenance antipsychotics in FEP samples. The effect size is moderate and the risk difference is lower in trials of targeted discontinuation strategies.Declaration of interestA.T. has received honoraria and support from Janssen-Cilag and Otsuka Pharmaceuticals for meetings and has been has been an investigator on unrestricted investigator-initiated trials funded by AstraZeneca and Janssen-Cilag. He has also previously held a Pfizer Neurosciences Research Grant. S.M. has received sponsorship from Otsuka and Lundbeck to attend an academic congress and owns shares in GlaxoSmithKline and AstraZeneca. J.H. has attended meetings supported by Sunovion Pharmaceuticals.
Cytokinin signalling regulates organ identity via the AHK4 receptor in Arabidopsis
Authors: Pernisova Marketa , Grochova Martina , Konecny Tomas , Plackova Lenka , Harustiakova Danka , Kakimoto Tatsuo , Heisler Marcus G. , Novak Ondrej , Hejatko Jan 
Published: July 2018

ABSTRACT
Mutual interactions of the phytohormones, cytokinins and auxin determine root or shoot identity during postembryonic de novo organogenesis in plants. However, our understanding of the role of hormonal metabolism and perception during early stages of cell fate reprogramming is still elusive. Here we show that auxin activates root formation, whereas cytokinins mediate early loss of the root identity, primordia disorganisation and initiation of shoot development. Exogenous and endogenous cytokinins influence the initiation of newly formed organs, as well as the pace of organ development. The process of de novo shoot apical meristem establishment is accompanied by accumulation of endogenous cytokinins, differential regulation of genes for individual cytokinin receptors, strong activation of AHK4-mediated signalling and induction of the shoot-specific homeodomain regulator WUSCHEL. The last is associated with upregulation of isopentenyladenine-type cytokinins, revealing higher shoot-forming potential when compared with trans-zeatin. Moreover, AHK4-controlled cytokinin signalling negatively regulates the root stem cell organiser WUSCHEL RELATED HOMEOBOX 5 in the root quiescent centre. We propose an important role for endogenous cytokinin biosynthesis and AHK4-mediated cytokinin signalling in the control of de novo-induced organ identity.
Ammonia and urea handling by early life stages of fishes
Authors: Zimmer Alex M. , Wright Patricia A. , Wood Chris M. 
Published: July 2018

ABSTRACT
Nitrogen metabolism in fishes has been a focus of comparative physiologists for nearly a century. In this Review, we focus specifically on early life stages of fishes, which have received considerable attention in more recent work. Nitrogen metabolism and excretion in early life differs fundamentally from that of juvenile and adult fishes because of (1) the presence of a chorion capsule in embryos that imposes a limitation on effective ammonia excretion, (2) an amino acid-based metabolism that generates a substantial ammonia load, and (3) the lack of a functional gill, which is the primary site of nitrogen excretion in juvenile and adult fishes. Recent findings have shed considerable light on the mechanisms by which these constraints are overcome in early life. Perhaps most importantly, the discovery of Rhesus (Rh) glycoproteins as ammonia transporters and their expression in ion-transporting cells on the skin of larval fishes has transformed our understanding of ammonia excretion by fishes in general. The emergence of larval zebrafish as a model species, together with genetic knockdown techniques, has similarly advanced our understanding of ammonia and urea metabolism and excretion by larval fishes. It has also now been demonstrated that ammonia excretion is one of the primary functions of the developing gill in rainbow trout larvae, leading to new hypotheses regarding the physiological demands driving gill development in larval fishes. Here, we highlight and discuss the dramatic changes in nitrogen handling that occur over early life development in fishes.
Studying emotion in invertebrates: what has been done, what can be measured and what they can provide
Authors: Perry Clint J. , Baciadonna Luigi 
Published: July 2018

ABSTRACTUntil recently, whether invertebrates might exhibit emotions was unknown. This possibility has traditionally been dismissed by many as emotions are frequently defined with reference to human subjective experience, and invertebrates are often not considered to have the neural requirements for such sophisticated abilities. However, emotions are understood in humans and other vertebrates to be multifaceted brain states, comprising dissociable subjective, cognitive, behavioural and physiological components. In addition, accumulating literature is providing evidence of the impressive cognitive capacities and behavioural flexibility of invertebrates. Alongside these, within the past few years, a number of studies have adapted methods for assessing emotions in humans and other animals, to invertebrates, with intriguing results. Sea slugs, bees, crayfish, snails, crabs, flies and ants have all been shown to display various cognitive, behavioural and/or physiological phenomena that indicate internal states reminiscent of what we consider to be emotions. Given the limited neural architecture of many invertebrates, and the powerful tools available within invertebrate research, these results provide new opportunities for unveiling the neural mechanisms behind emotions and open new avenues towards the pharmacological manipulation of emotion and its genetic dissection, with advantages for disease research and therapeutic drug discovery. Here, we review the increasing evidence that invertebrates display some form of emotion, discuss the various methods used for assessing emotions in invertebrates and consider what can be garnered from further emotion research on invertebrates in terms of the evolution and underlying neural basis of emotion in a comparative context.
Eco-immunology in the cold: the role of immunity in shaping the overwintering survival of ectotherms
Authors: Ferguson Laura V. , Kortet Raine , Sinclair Brent J. 
Published: July 2018

ABSTRACT
The effect of temperature on physiology mediates many of the challenges that ectotherms face under climate change. Ectotherm immunity is thermally sensitive and, as such, environmental change is likely to have complex effects on survival, disease resistance and transmission. The effects of temperature on immunity will be particularly profound in winter because cold and overwintering are important triggers and regulators of ectotherm immune activity. Low temperatures can both suppress and activate immune responses independent of parasites, which suggests that temperature not only affects the rate of immune responses but also provides information that allows overwintering ectotherms to balance investment in immunity and other physiological processes that underlie winter survival. Changing winter temperatures are now shifting ectotherm immunity, as well as the demand for energy conservation and protection against parasites. Whether an ectotherm can survive the winter will thus depend on whether new immune phenotypes will shift to match the conditions of the new environment, or leave ectotherms vulnerable to infection or energy depletion. Here, we synthesise patterns of overwintering immunity in ectotherms and examine how new winter conditions might affect ectotherm immunity. We then explore whether it is possible to predict the effects of changing winter conditions on ectotherm vulnerability to the direct and indirect effects of parasites.
Relato de una estrategia lúdica educativa que promueve el control de insectos de importancia médica e interés en Salud Pública
Authors: De Santana Síria Ferreira , Aguiar Naara de Azevedo , Santos Junior Edemilton Ribeiro , Santos Luis Eduardo de Oliveira , Trzan Gabriela Ferraz Libório , Fonsêca Carlos Henrique Araújo , Amor Ana Lúcia Moreno 
Published: July 2018

Introducción: Lugares sin baños y sin agua limpia, combinados con falta de higiene y bajo desarrollo económico, son condiciones que favorecen la aparición de insectos. Estos pueden actuar como vectores de peligrosos agentes patógenos, y por tal motivo su control es importante para la salud pública. Objetivo: Promover la importancia de controlar y combatir los insectos vectores de patógenos mediante la planificación y presentación de actividades lúdicas (fábulas/ teatro infantil) en una comunidad rural de Santo Antonio de Jesús - Bahia – Brasil. Materiales y métodos. Planificamos y trabajamos una actividad lúdica, con contenido científico teórico en entomología (insectos vectores) que mimetiza con la realidad presentada y la cultura de la población objetivo: niños en edad escolar de una comunidad rural. Donde los personajes principales eran diversos tipos de insectos (moscas, mosquitos, vichunca, piojos, pulgas, chinches y abejas). Resultados. En la fábula participaron los estudiantes y la comunidad siguiendo un texto preparado llamado “La fiesta de los insectos”, era una escuela de educación infantil. Tanto los niños como los maestros, los padres y otras personas entendidas y aportaban en el diálogo de la fábula utilizando la música de mayor alegría y de integración. Conclusiones. La actividad lúdica permite una mejor asimilación y expresión del niño en los temas tratados (insectos vectores), por tanto, permite y fomenta una interpretación a través de la creatividad y la conciencia crítica, lo que permite una mayor eficacia en la multiplicación de lo trabajo de información para su entorno sociocultural.al.
Service Agreement Trifecta: Backup Resources, Price and Penalty in the Availability-Aware Cloud
Authors: Yuan Shuai , Das Sanjukta , Ramesh R. , Qiao Chunming 
Published: July 2018

Service Level Agreements (SLA) for cloud services entail complex trade-offs between interrelated variables such as price, penalty, and service availability (uptime) guarantee, with resource management strategies affecting fulfillment of the SLA. In this study, we address three key components of the SLA-based cloud resource management and pricing problem, from the service-provider’s perspective: (1) availability-aware backup resource provisioning; (2) price-penalty schedule determination; and (3) penalty-deferred pricing over two periods. Using the convexity of the provider’s expected total cost over the number of backup resources, we present a dichotomous search algorithm to derive the total cost minimizing number of backup resources for a given level of SLA-specified service availability guarantee. Next, we derive closed-form solutions for the lower bound of the feasible price range, yielding a schedule of breakeven price-penalty combinations, which establishes the baseline required in the economic modeling of the service contracts and related negotiation processes, and may also elicit client preference information. We then model a two-period pricing problem specifically designed to incentivize penalty deferrals in the event of an SLA violation. Detailed experimental studies of the proposed models have been carried out using real-world datacenter log data. The computational study validates the convexity of the probability density function of SLA violations over the number of backup resources. The results demonstrate significant interaction effects between the SLA parameters (price, penalty rate, and provisioning cost) and the backup resource provisioning decisions made by the provider, leading to key practical managerial implications for SLA design and resource deployment in the availability-aware cloud. The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.2017.0755 .
Development of a core outcome set to evaluate physical activity interventions for people living with dementia
Authors: Gonçalves Ana-Carolina , Marques Alda , Demain Sara , Samuel Dinesh 
Published: July 2018

Background/Aims: Evidence on the benefits of physical activity for people with dementia remains disparate, mainly due to the selection of heterogeneous outcomes and measurement tools. This delays clear and specific recommendations for research and clinical practice. The development of a core outcome set can contribute to overcoming this heterogeneity. Methods: This is a study protocol for the development of a core outcome set applicable to physical activity interventions in any setting for people with dementia, across all stages of disease progression. This is a mixed methods study divided into four phases: 1) a literature review to identify outcomes used in previous literature; 2) a qualitative study to explore valued outcomes from the perspectives of different stakeholders; 3) a Delphi survey and consensus meeting to reach a minimum set of outcomes; and 4) a literature review to link the agreed core outcomes to the most appropriate measurement tool. Conclusions: A core outcome set in this field has the potential to allow fast-tracking recommendations for application in research and clinical practice. However, dissemination activities are required to encourage researchers to implement the core outcome set.
Intraoperative low field MRI in transsphenoidal pituitary surgery
Authors: Møller Morten Winkler , Andersen Marianne Skovsager , Pedersen Christian Bonde , Kristensen Bjarne Winther , Poulsen Frantz Rom 
Published: July 2018

Background
Intraoperative low field MRI (iMRI, 0.15 T) during transsphenoidal surgery on pituitary adenomas (PAs) may significantly improve tumor removal. However, extensive surgery can lead to pituitary hormone deficiency. Furthermore, introduction of iMRI will prolong duration of surgery, which may elevate risk of postoperative infections.

Methods
Overall, 180 transsphenoidal surgeries for PAs from 2007 to 2015 were included. IMRI was available from 2011 to 2015, during this period 67/78 (86%) surgeries were with iMRI (iMRI, n = 67). A total of 113 surgeries were performed without iMRI (controls). All surgical procedures were performed by microscopic technique. Tumor size, hormonal status and vision were assessed before surgery and 3–5 months postoperatively.

Results
Gross total resection (GTR), mean tumor remnant volume and ∆-volumes were comparable between iMRI and controls: 15% (10/66) vs 23% (26/109) (P = 0.17), 2.97 cm3 (0.9–5) vs 2.1 cm3 (1.6–2.6) (P = 0.3) and 4.5 cm3 (3.6–5.5) vs 5.1 cm3 (4.2–6) (P = 0.4), respectively. Duration of surgery was significantly longer during iMRI vs controls: 126 min (117–135) vs 98 min (92–103) (P < 0.001). New pituitary–adrenal deficiency in iMRI vs controls was seen in 35% (17/48) and 35% (23/66) of surgeries, respectively (P = 0.95). New thyroid deficiency was found in 33% (13/29) and 41% (28/69) and visual field deficiencies improved in 44% (19/43) and 38% (23/60) in iMRI vs controls, respectively (P > 0.1).

Conclusion
Tumor remnant after pituitary surgery was not significantly reduced using intraoperative low field MRI. Duration of surgery was increased in iMRI, but was not associated with increased infection rate. Pituitary hormonal function and vision were comparable between iMRI and controls.
Neuroleptic Prescribing and Monitoring Practices in Pediatric Inpatient Medical and Psychiatric Settings
Authors: Le Lan , Bostwick Jolene R. , Andreasen Arnold , Malas Nasuh 
Published: July 2018

BACKGROUND:
Pediatric use of second-generation antipsychotics, or neuroleptics, has increased over the past decade. Neuroleptic use can have significant and lasting adverse neurologic, metabolic, and cardiovascular effects. In the current literature, neuroleptic prescribing and monitoring is described in outpatient settings, with little description of inpatient pediatric practice. In this study, we are the first to explore prescribing and monitoring in inpatient pediatrics, highlighting similarities and differences in practice between pediatric medicine and psychiatry.

METHODS:
This retrospective study included patients &lt;18 years of age who received a neuroleptic during inpatient hospitalization between September 2014 and March 2015, within either the pediatric inpatient medical or psychiatric setting. Data collected included sex, age, race, height, weight, length of stay, service providing care, details involving the neuroleptic(s) administered, comorbidities, lipid and glycemic monitoring, and results, monitoring for extrapyramidal symptoms, and mental health consultation.

RESULTS:
Factors associated with improved neuroleptic monitoring included longer length of stay and evidence of an adverse drug effect. Clearly specified indication for use was associated with improved neuroleptic monitoring. Although neuroleptic initiation during admission had improved indication documentation and monitoring practices compared with initiation before admission, a significant gap exists between inpatient psychiatry and medical settings in adverse drug effect monitoring, particularly extrapyramidal symptom monitoring and lipid collection.

CONCLUSIONS:
In our study, we describe current practice in the use and monitoring of neuroleptics in inpatient pediatric medical and psychiatric settings. In this study, we suggest that the use of neuroleptics in inpatient pediatrics, particularly inpatient medical settings, is conducted with suboptimal monitoring and, at times, without clear documented indication.
Accuracy of Administrative Codes for Distinguishing Positive Pressure Ventilation From High-Flow Nasal Cannula
Authors: Good Ryan J. , Leroue Matthew K. , Czaja Angela S. 
Published: July 2018

OBJECTIVES:
Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) is increasingly used in critically ill pediatric patients, despite limited data on safety and efficacy. Administrative data may be a good resource for observational studies. Therefore, we sought to assess the performance of the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision procedure code for NIPPV.

METHODS:
Patients admitted to the PICU requiring NIPPV or heated high-flow nasal cannula (HHFNC) over the 11-month study period were identified from the Virtual PICU System database. The gold standard was manual review of the electronic health record to verify the use of NIPPV or HHFNC among the cohort. The presence or absence of a NIPPV procedure code was determined by using administrative data. Test characteristics with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were generated, comparing administrative data with the gold standard.

RESULTS:
Among the cohort (n = 562), the majority were younger than 5 years, and the most common primary diagnosis was bronchiolitis. Most (82%) required NIPPV, whereas 18% required only HHFNC. The NIPPV code had a sensitivity of 91.1% (95% CI: 88.2%–93.6%) and a specificity of 57.6% (95% CI: 47.2%–67.5%), with a positive likelihood ratio of 2.15 (95% CI: 1.70–2.71) and negative likelihood ratio of 0.15 (95% CI: 0.11–0.22).

CONCLUSIONS:
Among our critically ill pediatric cohort, NIPPV procedure codes had high sensitivity but only moderate specificity. On the basis of our study results, there is a risk of misclassification, specifically failure to identify children who require NIPPV, when using administrative data to study the use of NIPPV in this population.
The Strategy To Translate Metaphor
Authors: Widiyantari Yunita 
Published: July 2018

Metaphor is called as part of comparison figure of speech. It compares two thing implisitly without using any comparison words such as, like, resemble to, etc. As a figurative expression, metaphor requires a special treatment to translate. The ability of the translator is very much influence to the result of metaphorical translation. He is not only have to empower himself with both source and target languages but also he better has a deep cultural understanding especially about metaphor. There are four types of metaphor on Ullmann version (1972: 213 - 216), namely: Antropomorfis etmaphor, animal metaphor, the abstract to concrete transfer and vise versa, sinaestetic metaphor. Furthermore, there are three criteria that should be fulfilled to value the quality of a translation viz the accuracy, the acceptability, and the text readability.Keywords: Translation; Strategy; Metaphor
The Language of Street Children: A Sociolinguistic Study in the Regency of Klaten, Central Java
Authors: Miji Lestari Prembayun 
Published: July 2018

The object of this study is the Street Children in the region of Klaten, particularly in the area of Klaten. The purpose of this study is to determine how do the language variations and the characteristics of the communities of street children related to the contemporary multicultural culture. The data is obtained from direct observation which is taken from daily conversation. The data collection is collected by tapping/recording techniques, ‘Simak Bebas Libat Cakap’ technique (Uninvolved Conversation Observation Technique), ‘Simak Libat Cakap’ (involved conversation observation Technique), taking notes and recording technique. The result is the discovery of a unique variety of language in the community of Street Children, the more usage of the Javanese particularly Ngoko Lugu level of speech containing “Pisuhan” (words of profanity) and insults.Keywords: Street Children Community; unique characteristics; “Pisuhan” (words of profanity) ; insults.
Psychological Structural Analysis to “A Child Called It” by Dave Pelzer
Authors: Susilowati Endang 
Published: July 2018

This paper attempts to explore a child abuse, the reason and the effect of the character’s psychological development using the theory of psychological development and structural analysis. Two approaches are used in this paper. Those are structural approach and psychology, especially developmental psychology approach. The first approach focuses on literary intrinsic elements. The second approach focuses on the character’s psychological development based on the developmental stages and tasks. Those are integrated into a psychological structural analysis. The result shows that child abuse that experienced by David is physical and psychological. He got the first stage of abuse commited by his mother who didn’t give him food and the last stage evidenced by some physical abuses when he lived with his mother. The primary reasons of David abuses are disciplinary patterns and he was regarded as a trouble maker. Keywords:Psychological structural analysis; child abuse and psychological development.