bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
"Musulmani in Italia: La Condizione Giuridica delle Comunità Islamiche" A Cura di Silvio Ferrari: Articolo Recensione
Authors: Cilardo Agostino 
Published: March 2019

The Muslim presence in Italy, and in Europe generally, is steadily increasing. This encounter of two so different cultures is a source of mutual enrichment, but it also creates a new situation, making it necessary for Europe to discuss the position of such a presence in its borders. The legislation of Spain, Germany, Belgium, and France, in addition to that of Italy, is examined in the book edited by Ferrari. The system followed in Italy with regard to religious denominations is based on a legal agreement between the State and the religious group concerned, the agreement always safeguarding the supreme principle of a non-denominational State. However, a series of questions must first be resolved in the case of Islam. Since three proposals have been presented up to now, the first question is to determine the association that truly represents Muslims. Once this has been done, many of the requests made by Muslims will find an answer in existing legislation. Only a few will need to be the subject of special agreements.
Sedentary and Bedouin Dialects in Contact: Remarks on Karaki and Salṭi (Jordan)
Authors: Palva Heikki 
Published: March 2019

El-Karak and es-Salṭ are two Jordanian towns which have traditionally been in close contact with Bedouin neighbours. Part of their population also claims Bedouin origin. The dialects spoken in the towns can be classified as rural dialects of mixed type. They display a number of Bedouin-type features, e.g. the voiced g variant of *q. The Bedouin traits of Karaki are typical of the dialects spoken in Arabia Petraea, in Salṭi they belong to the dialects of the Syro-Mesopotamian group. Diachronically, some of the features shared with Bedouin dialects may be regarded as conservative sedentary traits, e.g. the retention of interdentals as well as gender distinction in plural of finite verbs and personal pronouns. Both Karaki and Salṭi use the b-imperfect, whereas they differ from each other in the use of negations. Salṭi makes use of the compound negation, in Karaki it is not used.
Ajami Scripts in the Senegalese Speech Community
Authors: Ngom Fallou 
Published: March 2019

Wolofal (from Wolof: Wolof language or ethnic group and ‘-al’: causative morpheme) is an Ajami writing (a generic term commonly used to refer to non-Arabic languages written with Arabic scripts) used to transliterate Wolof in Senegal. It results from the early Islamization of the major Muslim ethnic groups in the country, especially the Pulaar, the Wolof and the Mandinka. Although Senegal is considered to be a French-speaking country, ironically over 50% of the Senegalese people are thought to be illiterate in French. French literacy is restricted to the minority educated group mostly found in urban areas. Because the literacy rate in French is very small in the country, especially among older people, Wolofal remains a major means of written communication among people who are illiterate in French and who have attended Qurʾānic schools. It is used by these people to write letters, run their informal businesses and read religious poems and writings. This paper is based upon fieldwork conducted in Senegal in the summer of 2004. It discusses the orthographic system of Wolofal (compared to Arabic) and provides a sociolinguistic profile of communities in which it serves as major means of written communication.
"Like the Wick of the Lamp, Like the Silkworm They Are": Stupid Schoolteachers in Classical Arabic Literary Sources
Authors: Ghersetti Antonella 
Published: March 2019

The alleged stupidity of schoolteachers was a common topos in adab literature of the Abbasid period as well as in later sources. Indeed, ‘the stupid schoolteacher’ was a stereotype much like ‘the dull person’, ‘the smart sponger’ and ‘the ridiculous bedouin’. Frequent references to such images indicate that the intended audience revelled in this kind of literary device. This article examines diverse ways of reading and interpreting the adab sources which deal as much in fantasy as reality. Indeed, while the standard stereotypes of schoolteachers are varied, amusing and predominantly negative, they are not always as they at first appear.
The Notion "Weapon" in Arabic Idioms: Characterization of Persons and Objects
Authors: Torlakova Ludmila 
Published: March 2019

The present study is a sequel to an investigation published in volume 8 (2008) of this Journal that discussed a group of Arabic idioms that have as at least one of their components a word denoting a weapon and that describe situations or behavior. Here weaponry idioms denoting characteristics and features of people and objects are examined in order to understand their semantic structure and motivation. Since the majority of the idioms studied have been collected from dictionaries, an attempt is made to present an assessment of their current use in Modern Standard Arabic based on Internet sources.
Public Execution in the Umayyad Period: Early Islamic Punitive Practice and its Late Antique Context
Authors: Marsham Andrew 
Published: March 2019

Executions can be understood as symbolic events and part of wider political culture. Recent commentators on early Islamic execution have observed that Umayyad punishment of apostates, rebels and brigands was ‘pre-classical’. There is less agreement about the extent to which ‘Islam’ affected Umayyad practice. Epistles and poetry provide a more secure basis for understanding Umayyad public capital punishment than the problematic anecdotal evidence of other sources. Umayyad punitive practice was indeed not ‘classical’, and its justification does not seem to have explicitly invoked Prophetic precedent. However, it was sometimes justified with reference to the Qurʾān, and in particular with reference to ideas about violation of God’s covenant (nakth) and public violence (khurūj and fasād fī l-arḍ). Furthermore, when the supposed forms of punishment are considered in their late antique context, features of Umayyad-era penal culture that appear to have been shaped by the wider, monotheist context can be identified.
Libri e Artigiani del Libro: Le Raccomandazioni dei Giuristi Musulmani (XIV Secolo)
Authors: Canova Giovanni 
Published: March 2019

The paper deals with the comments 14th-century jurists, Ibn Jamāʿa, Ibn al-Ḥājj and al-Subkī made about books and bookmaking, which highlight their ambivalent attitude towards the craftsmanship of those involved in the production of books. While extolling the merits of papermakers, scribes and bookbinders in connection with the production of religious books, the jurists urged these craftsmen to proceed in strict compliance with the Islamic code. Copying and binding certain kinds of books, such as folk romances, was severely censured or even prohibited. Some suggestions aiming at the prevention of fraud and illicit behaviour were also included in sections of legal treatises dealing with the crafts of book-production.
Ultraviolet disinfection impacts the microbial community composition and function of treated wastewater effluent and the receiving urban river
Authors: Kauser Imrose , Ciesielski Mark , Poretsky Rachel S 
Published: March 2019

Background. In the United States, an estimated 14,748 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) provide wastewater collection, treatment, and disposal service to more than 230 million people. The quality of treated wastewater is often assessed by the presence or absence of fecal indicator bacteria. UV disinfection of wastewater is a common final treatment step used by many wastewater treatment plants in order to reduce fecal coliform bacteria and other pathogens; however, its potential impacts on the total effluent bacterial community are seemingly varied. This is especially important given that urban wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) typically return treated effluent to coastal and riverine environments and thus are a major source of microorganisms, genes, and chemical compounds to these systems. Following rainfall, stormflow conditions can result in substantial increases to effluent flow into these systems.
Methods. Here, we conducted a lab-scale UV disinfection on WWTP effluent using UV dosage of 100 mJ/cm2 and monitored the active microbiome in UV-treated effluent and untreated effluent over the course of 48h post-exposure using 16S rRNA sequencing. In addition, we simulated stormflow conditions with effluent UV-treated and untreated effluent additions to river water and compared the microbial communities to those in baseflow river water. We also tracked the functional profiles of genes involved in tetracycline resistance (tetW) and nitrification (amoA) in these microcosms using qPCR.
Results. We showed that while some organisms, such as members of the Bacteroidetes, are inhibited by UV disinfection and overall diversity of the microbial community decreases following treatment, many organisms not only survive, but remain active. These include common WWTP-derived organisms such as Comamonadaceae and Pseudomonas. When combined with river water to mimic stormflow conditions, these organisms can persist in the environment and potentially enhance microbial functions such as nitrification and antibiotic resistance.
Oceanographic moorings as year-round laboratories for investigating growth performance and settlement dynamics in the Antarctic scallopAdamussium colbecki(E. A. Smith, 1902)
Authors: Schiaparelli Stefano , Aliani Stefano 
Published: March 2019

BackgroundOceanographic moorings (OMs) are standard marine platforms composed of wires, buoys, weights and instruments, and are used as in situ observatories to record water column properties. However, OMs are also comprised of hard substrates on which a variety of invertebrates can settle when they encounter these structures along their dispersal routes. In this contribution, we studied the fouling communities found on two OMs deployed in the Ross Sea (Antarctica). Furthermore, a cage containing the Antarctic scallopAdamussium colbecki(E. A. Smith, 1902) was incorporated in the OM. The growth of the cagedA. colbeckiwere evaluated after 1 year and their shells used as biological proxy for seawater temperature and salinity.MethodsA variety of settlers were collected from two different OMs deployed in the Ross Sea (Antarctica) and species identified using a combination of morphological and genetic (mainly through DNA barcoding) characteristics. Caged scallops were individually marked with permanent tags and their growth studied in terms of size-increment data (SID). Cages were specifically designed to prevent damage to individuals due to water drag during OM deployment and retrieval. Growth parameters from the caged individuals were applied to theA. colbeckijuveniles that had settled on the mooring, to trace the likely settlement period.ResultsThe growth performance of cagedA. colbeckiwas similar to that from previous growth studies of this species. The remarkable survival rate of caged specimens (96.6%) supports the feasibility of caging experiments, even for a species with a fragile shell such as the Antarctic scallop. Some of the new recruits found on the mooring wereA. colbecki, the same species we put into special cages fixed to it. The settlement of theA. colbeckijuveniles started during the Austral spring with a peak in summer months and, remarkably, coincided with seasonal changes in water temperature and flow direction, which were recorded by the mooring’s instruments. Genetic data from other settlers provided new information about their larval ecology and connectivity.DiscussionOceanographic moorings are expensive and complex experimental platforms that, at present, are strictly used for the acquisition of physical and biogeochemical data. Their use for in situ ecological experiments on model organisms suitable for caging and to study fouling species has yet to be fully explored. We present the outcomes of a study, which represents a baseline for the characterization of Antarctic fouling biodiversity. We hope that in the near future an internationally coordinated systematic study of settlers could be initiated around the Antarctic continent. This could utilize “new generation OMs” equipped with standardized settlement structures and agreed sampling protocols for the study of fouling communities.
Plant Salinity Tolerance
Authors: Al‐shareef Nouf Owdah , Tester Mark 
Published: March 2019

AbstractSoil salinity is one of the major abiotic stresses limiting plant growth and resulting in crop yield reductions. The adverse effects of salinity stress on plant growth happens in two phases: the osmotic phase, which occurs immediately after salt stress and results in a rapid inhibition in plant growth; and the ionic phase, which occurs after several days or weeks of salt stress, when ions accumulate to high toxic concentrations in the shoot and affects shoot function. Plants have evolved several mechanisms to deal with salt stress, which can be divided into three mechanisms: osmotic tolerance, ion exclusion and tissue tolerance.Key ConceptsOsmotic stress causes a rapid and immediate inhibition of plant growth as a result of high salt concentration around the roots.Ionic stress occurs after several days or weeks of salt exposure, when Na+accumulates in the shoot to toxic concentrations.Osmotic tolerance is the ability of plants to maintain growth immediately after salt stress; it appears as an ability to better maintain growth and stomatal opening.Ion exclusion is the ability to exclude Na+from the shoots by the roots, to prevent accumulation of Na+in the shoot; it depends on the up‐ and downregulation of specific ion transporters to control the amount of Na+being transported to the shoot.Tissue tolerance is the ability of plants to tolerate elevated levels of Na+in the shoot; it requires Na+compartmentalisation into the vacuole and accumulation of compatible solutes in the cytoplasm.Halophytes are plants native to saline environments and that have high salinity tolerance.Glycophytes are salt‐sensitive plants, being a large majority of plants.Stomatal closure is closing of the stomatal pores to prevent water loss during salt and drought stress; it is stimulated by ABA, among other triggersVacuolar Na+sequestration is an important tissue tolerance mechanism; It involves Na+transport from cytosol into vacuole to help maintain low cytosolic Na+.Salt bladders arise from epidermal cells; they are modified trichomes and provide an important mechanism of salt exclusion from the main part of leaves in halophytes.
Molecular Genetics of Uterine Sarcomas
Authors: Micci Francesca , Davidson Ben 
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Uterine sarcomas are a heterogeneous group of rare mesenchymal cancers, which includes tumours originating in both the smooth muscle of the myometrium and the endometrial stroma. They have variable course, although they are clinically aggressive as a group. Differentiating between various uterine sarcoma entities based on morphology and immunohistochemistry is feasible in many cases, but some specimens are challenging. Considerable knowledge has been gained in recent years regarding the molecular characteristics of these cancers, which may improve their diagnosis and impact on prediction, prognostication and treatment. This body of research has highlighted the genetic differences between leiomyosarcomas and their benign counterparts, leiomyomas, and allowed for classification of endometrial stromal sarcomas as low‐ or high‐grade. The relevance of these molecular changes in the therapeutic setting awaits future studies.

Key Concepts

Uterine sarcomas are a heterogeneous group of rare malignant mesenchymal tumours.

The diagnosis of uterine sarcomas based on morphology and immunohistochemistry may be challenging.

Analysis of fusion genes aids in the differential diagnosis between low‐ and high‐grade endometrial stromal sarcoma.

Undifferentiated uterine sarcoma is currently regarded as an aggressive variant of endometrial stromal sarcoma.

Uterine leiomyosarcomas have mutations in key cancer‐associated genes.

Leiomyomatosis tumours of uncertain malignant potential may harbour the molecular changes which characterise leiomyosarcomas.
Learning to calibrate: Providing standards to improve calibration accuracy for different performance levels
Authors: Nederhand Marloes L. , Tabbers Huib K. , Rikers Remy M.J.P. 
Published: March 2019

SummaryThis experimental study explores whether feedback in the form of standards helps students in giving more accurate performance estimates not only on current tasks but also on new, similar tasks and whether performance level influences the effect of standards. We provided 122 first‐year psychology students with seven texts that contained key terms. After reading each text, participants recalled the correct definitions of the key terms and estimated the quality of their recall. Half of the participants subsequently received standards and again estimated their own performance. Results showed that providing standards led to better calibration accuracy, both on current tasks and on new, similar tasks, when standards were not available yet. Furthermore, with or without standards, high performers calibrated better than low performers. However, results showed that especially low performers' calibration accuracy benefitted from receiving standards.
Open Air Plasma Deposition of Superhydrophilic Titania Coatings
Authors: Hovish Michael Q. , Hilt Florian , Rolston Nicholas , Xiao Qiran , Dauskardt Reinhold H. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractA method for the deposition and functionalization of a nanostructured organotitanate thin film, which imparts superhydrophilicity to a surface with a one‐step, open‐air process, is described. Extreme wetting (Θ < 5°) is achieved through synergistic contributions from both nanoscale roughness, visible light absorption caused by nonmetal dopants, and oxygen vacancies and surface activation by reactive plasma species. To test the efficacy of this material as an antifog coating, glass is coated and subjected to aggressive changes in humidity. Under both fogging and defrosting conditions, the superhydrophilic coating achieves a high degree of transparency, showing nearly two orders of magnitude improvement over the bare glass. The measured adhesion of the superhydrophilic coating is 5.9 J m−2, nearly double that of the solution‐processed control. The reliability of the coating is further validated by demonstrating scratch‐resistance. Additionally, the incorporation of organic matter into the molecular structure of the coating disrupts long‐range crystallinity from developing. This structural and subsequent chemical analysis of the coating reveals that inorganic and organic species are intimately connected at the nanoscale via alkyl and alkoxy bridges. The amorphous organotitanate material is distinct from conventional TiO2, which requires high temperature crystallization and extensive UV irradiation to display similar superhydrophilic qualities.
Empowered Layer Effects and Prominent Properties in Few‐Layer Metasurfaces
Authors: Chen Shuqi , Zhang Yuebian , Li Zhi , Cheng Hua , Tian Jianguo 
Published: March 2019

AbstractMetamaterials are 3D artificial structures proposed to surpass conventional natural materials and realize novel functions beyond traditional optical elements. Nevertheless, they are usually bulky and difficult to be fabricated. As 2D equivalents of metamaterials, metasurfaces have been proposed to overcome the drawbacks of metamaterials and fully control the polarization, amplitude, phase, and dispersion of electromagnetic waves. Relative to single‐layer metasurfaces that have limited controllability and functionality, few‐layer metasurfaces have more degrees of freedom and abundant layer effects to design novel devices and achieve high‐efficiency applications. This review is focused on the empowered layer effects and prominent properties in few‐layer metasurfaces, and some distinctive applications proposed in recent years are discussed. It is expected that few‐layer metasurfaces will provide a promising road toward the novel intelligent photonic devices, multifunctional devices, and integrated photonic devices.
Can Machine Learning Revolutionize Directed Evolution of Selective Enzymes?
Authors: Li Guangyue , Dong Yijie , Reetz Manfred T. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractMachine learning as a form of artificial intelligence consists of algorithms and statistical models for improving computer performance for different tasks. Training data are utilized for making decisions and predictions. Since directed evolution of enzymes produces huge amounts of potential training data, machine learning seems to be ideally suited to support this protein engineering technique. Machine learning has been used in protein science for a long time with different purposes. This mini‐review focuses on the utility of machine learning as an aid in the directed evolution of selective enzymes. Recent studies have shown that the algorithms ASRA and Innov'SAR are well suited as guides when performing saturation mutagenesis at sites lining the binding pocket for enhancing stereoselectivity and activity.magnified image
The dynamics of monocytes in the process of collateralization
Authors: Liao Long‐Sheng , Bai Yong‐Ping 
Published: March 2019

AbstractCollateralization is an important way for patients with coronary heart disease to supply blood flow to the ischemic area. At present, research on the mechanism of collateral circulation mainly focuses on the inflammatory response. Monocytes are the kernel of inflammatory response during arteriogenesis. Therefore, we reviewed the recent developments in this field in terms of the dynamic changes of monocytes during collateralization. We searched and scanned PubMed for the following terms until November 2018: collateral, collateralization, monocyte, macrophage, and arteriogenesis. Articles were obtained and examined to figure out the dynamics of monocytes in the progress of collateralization. Substantial research shows that recruitment, infiltration, and phenotypic transformation of monocytes can affect function in various ways, respectively. Mechanical or chemical factors that can produce effects on collateral development may be due partly to impact on dynamics of monocytes. Although mechanisms of dynamics of monocytes during arteriogenesis are not elucidated clearly, there is no doubt that deeper exploration of the underlying mechanisms will contribute to pharmaceutical development aiming for promoting collateral development.