bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficiency of Sampling Sunfishes Using Snorkeling in Clear, Warm-Water Streams of the South-Central United States
Authors: Mollenhauer Robert , Brewer Shannon K. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe continued evaluation of fish-sampling gears and methods is essential to identify their applicability across environmental conditions and among species. Although limited by visibility, snorkeling has potential advantages relative to other fish-sampling gears in wadeable streams (e.g., minimally intrusive, cost effective, and appropriate in deeper areas). Clear water is common to warm-water streams; however, the use of snorkeling for monitoring stream-fish populations has largely focused on cold-water systems. To assess relative snorkeling efficiency in warm-water streams, we compared standardized single-pass snorkel counts to tow-barge electrofishing abundance estimates for six sunfishes (Centrarchidae) in the Ozark Highlands ecoregion of northwest Oklahoma and southwest Missouri under relatively similar environmental conditions (i.e., clear water, cobble substrates, low-flow conditions). Snorkeling efficiency was variable among sunfishes and consistently low for species with cryptic traits and habitat use. We also did not detect cryptic sunfishes (i.e., a single individual was not encountered) using snorkeling at multiple stream reaches where estimated abundance was &gt; 50 within a 0.5- to 1.0-km stream reach. Our findings indicate that snorkeling has applications for monitoring sunfish populations and assemblages when using an abundance estimator or accounting for imperfect detection; however, it is inappropriate for estimating population size of cryptic sunfishes. We encourage continued research into the applicability of snorkeling to estimate warm-water stream fish abundance.
Designing a Protected Area to Safeguard Imperiled Species from Urbanization
Authors: Romañach Stephanie S. , Stith Brad , Johnson Fred A. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractReserve design is a process that can address ecological, social, and political factors to identify parcels of land needed to sustain wildlife populations and other natural resources. Acquisition of parcels for a large terrestrial reserve is difficult because it typically occurs over a long timeframe and thus invokes consideration of future conditions such as climate and urbanization changes. In central Florida, the U.S. government has authorized a new protected area, the Everglades Headwaters National Wildlife Refuge. The new refuge will host important threatened and endangered species and habitats, and will be located to allow for species adaptation from climate change impacts. For this study we combined habitat objectives defined by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and projections from two urbanization models to provide guidance for Everglades Headwaters National Wildlife Refuge design. We used Marxan with Zones to find near-optimal solutions for protecting explicit amounts of five target habitats. We identified parcels for inclusion into the reserve design that the models allocated among two zones representing different methods of protection: fee-simple purchase (up to 20,234 ha authorized by the U.S. government), and conservation easement agreements (up to 40,469 ha authorized). As expected, for all scenarios we found an increase in costs as the proportion of fee-simple purchases was increased, reflecting the lesser cost of easements, but the number of parcels required for protection differed little among scenarios. The two urbanization models showed considerable agreement over which habitat patches they did not forecast to be developed, and some agreement over which parcels might be developed. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service may benefit from focusing on parcels that our analyses select frequently under both urban scenarios because these parcels are more likely to be in areas where there are fewer urbanization threats and a lower demand for land. The reserve designs we generated met U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service habitat goals within fee and easement zone restrictions, and we found reserve configurations that fell well below the mandated size limit.
Production of highly oxygenated organic molecules (HOMs) from trace contaminants during isoprene oxidation
Authors: Bernhammer Anne-Kathrin , Fischer Lukas , Mentler Bernhard , Heinritzi Martin , Simon Mario , Hansel Armin 
Published: August 2018

Abstract. During nucleation studies from pure isoprene oxidation in the CLOUD chamber
at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) we observed
unexpected ion signals at m∕z = 137.133
(C10H17+) and m∕z = 81.070
(C6H9+) with the recently developed
proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight (PTR3-TOF) mass spectrometer
instrument. The mass-to-charge ratios of these ion signals typically
correspond to protonated monoterpenes and their main fragment. We identified
two origins of these signals: first secondary association reactions of
protonated isoprene with isoprene within the PTR3-TOF reaction chamber and
secondly [4+2] cycloaddition (Diels–Alder) of isoprene inside the gas
bottle which presumably forms the favored monoterpenes limonene and
sylvestrene, as known from literature. Under our PTR3-TOF conditions used in
2016 an amount (relative to isoprene) of 2 % is formed within the
PTR3-TOF reaction chamber and 1 % is already present in the gas bottle.
The presence of unwanted cycloaddition products in the CLOUD chamber impacts
the nucleation studies by creating ozonolysis products as the corresponding
monoterpenes and is responsible for the majority of the observed highly
oxygenated organic molecules (HOMs), which in turn leads to a significant
overestimation of both the nucleation rate and the growth rate. In order to
study new particle formation (NPF) from pure isoprene oxidation under
relevant atmospheric conditions, it is important to improve and assure the
quality and purity of the precursor isoprene. This was successfully achieved
by cryogenically trapping lower-volatility compounds such as monoterpenes
before isoprene was introduced into the CLOUD chamber.
Use of coarse woody debris by aquatic insects in Elk Creek, Erie County, Pennsylvania
Authors: Phillips Edward 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Aquatic insects were sampled monthly from Elk Creek in northwestern Pennsylvania, from both coarse woody debris (CWD) and benthic habitats, to determine the density and species composition of insects colonizing both habitat types. Degree of conditioning of CWD was evaluated to determine if insects preferred to colonize wood in a particular state of decay. One-way ANOVA revealed that mean overall density of aquatic insects was significantly greater (F = 102.34, p &lt; .001) in cobble benthic habitats (1235/m2) than on CWD (448/m2). Stage of decay was a significant (F = 94.67, p &lt; .001) factor in colonization of CWD by insects. The greatest mean annual densities of insects were collected from CWD in decay stages III (905/m2) and V (826/m2), which did not differ significantly from one another. Overall, this study shows that CWD is an important habitat in Elk Creek and that wood condition is a significant factor in colonization.
Inaktivasi In Situ Pencemaran Kadmium pada Tanah Pertanian Menggunakan Amelioran dan Pupuk pada Dosis Rasional untuk Budidaya Tanaman
Authors: Sudadi Untung , Sabiham Supiandi , Sutandi Atang , Saeni Muchammad Sri 
Published: August 2018

Arable soils located in the vicinity of urban and industrial area are considered vulnerable to heavy metals pollution. Chemical inactivation, an in situ remediation method that used inexpensive chemicals to reduce pollutant solubility in polluted soil, was examined on a Cd-spiked arable soil. The study was aimed at to investigate the effectiveness of ameliorants and fertilizers normally recommended for crop cultivation, using tomato as the test plant, from the point of view to reduce soil Cd extractability and plant Cd concentration. A 100-day greenhouse experiment in completely randomized de­sign consisting of three rates of rationale dosage of ameliorants and fertilizers (RDAF) [0, 50, 100%] and four levels of soil Cd spike [0, 10, 20, 40 mg Cd kg-1 soil, using 3CdSO4.8H2O] in triplicate was conducted. The 100% rate of RDAF applied was: 4 ton dolomite ha-1, 30 ton cow dung ha-1, 150 kg N ha-1 (½ Urea + ½ Ammonium Sulfate), 150 kg P2O5 ha-1 (SP-36) and 100 kg K2O ha-1 (KCl). Significant reductions in soil extractable Cd (CdNH4OAc-EDTA) [from 13.35 to 8.77 mg kg-1, 34%] and plant shoots-Cd (Cdps) [from 8.66 to 5.46 μg g-1, 37%] were measured at 100% RDAF treatment as compared to the control soil, indicating the occurrence of an in situ soil Cd inactivation and plant element selective-uptake phenomenon. Multiple regression analysis that incorporating all 36 data pairs resulted in the following equations: (1) soil CdNH4OAc-EDTA = – 0.18 pHH2O + 0.21 PBray#1 + 0.51 organic-C – 0.57 exch.-Mg + 0.65 Cdaqua regia (R2 = 0.76), and (2) Cdps = 0.08 Nps – 0.17 Kps – 0.19 Mgps – 0.24 Pps + 0.27 Sps – 0.41 Caps (R2 = 0.54, 3 outliers removed). These results suggest that a proper amelioration and fertilization program may be prospective to be recommended as a low-cost Cd pollution remediation strategy for arable soils
Penentuan Kebutuhan Pupuk Kalium dengan Uji K-Tanah untuk Tanaman jagung di Typic Kandiudox
Authors: Sutriadi Mas Teddy , Setyorini Diah , Nursyamsi Deddi , Murni Andarias Makka 
Published: August 2018

Fertilization of K is very important to increase product agriculture besides fertilization of N and P. In this time usage fertilizer not yet proportional and rational, such as those which happened in usage rice field fertilizer of K for the crop of paddy tend to excessively. The other way in the upland needing more fertlizer but fertilized slimmer or is not fertlized K. Proportional and rational fertilization can reach if pay attention the nutrients dynamics and soil status, and also requirement of nutrient for this crop to reach optimum production. This approach can be executed better and profit if fertilization recommendation based on by result of research soil testing. Research goal to to determine requirement of K fertilizer for maize in Typic Kandiudox. The experiments used split-plot design, as main plot are five status nutrients and as sub plot are five treatments of K levels, three replications. The levels of K treatment were 0, 20, 40, 80, and 160 kg K/ha from KCl fertilizer and as indicator crop was maize cultivar P-12. The result showed that NH4OAc. pH 4,8, NH4OAc. pH 7,0, and HCl 25% were selected extraction methode to estimate K fertilizer requirement for Maize (Zea mays L.) in Typic Kandiudox and NH4OAc. 1 N pH 4,8 was the best extractan, because get highest coefisien corelation. The K status can be grouped into three classes of availability of K are low, medium, and high with the critical limit for each extractan are 5,0; 10,0; dan 130 mg kg-1 K2O for NH4OAc. 1 N pH 4,8, NH4OAc. 1 N pH 7,0, and HCl 25 % extractants respectively. Optimum dosages of K fertilizer was 150 kg ha-1 and 75 kg ha-1 KCl each for the low and medium status and do not be fertilized for the high status.
Kandungan Nitrogen dan Bobot Biji Kentang yang Diberi Pupuk Organik Difermentasi, Azospirillum Sp., dan Pupuk Nitrogen di Cisarua, Lembang, Jawa Barat
Authors: Nurmayulis . , Maryati . 
Published: August 2018

A research was conducted to study response of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) plant to the application of fermented organic matter (‘porasi’) (0, 7.5, 15.0, and 22.5 t ha-1), without or with inoculation of Azospirillum sp., and N fertilizer (0, 86, 172, and 258 kg ha-1 N) and also to determine optimal rate of application of ‘porasi’ and N fertilizer without or with inoculant Azospirillum sp. Field experiments were carried out in Cisarua, Lembang West Java, from June 2003 to Nov. 2003. The experiments were done in a Randomized Block Design of factorial pattern of three factors, were replicated three times. Results of the experiments showed that: (1) N contents were higher as rates of ‘porasi’ and N fertilizer increased and with inoculation of Azospirillum sp., whereas the highest N concentration was obtained due to application of 22.5 t ha-1 ‘porasi’ with inoculation of Azospirillum sp. and application of N fertilizer of 258 kg ha-1, and (2) the optimum rate of ‘porasi’ and N fertilizer without inoculation of Azospirillum sp. was 15.287 t ha-1 and 228.519 kg ha-1 N, respectively, to obtain maximum yield of 6.028 kg per plot or 25.117 t ha-1, whereas with inoculation of Azospirillum sp. the optimum rate of ‘porasi’ and N fertilizer was 16.464 t ha-1 and 190.110 kg ha-1 N, respectively, with maximum yield of 6.493 kg per plot or 27.054 t ha-1.
Femoral Derotation Osteotomy in Adults for Version Abnormalities
Authors: Buly Robert L. , Sosa Branden R. , Poultsides Lazaros A. , Caldwell Elaine , Rozbruch S. Robert 
Published: August 2018

Background:
Version abnormalities of the femur can cause pain and hip joint damage due to impingement or instability. A retrospective clinical review was conducted on patients undergoing a subtrochanteric derotation osteotomy for either excessive anteversion or retroversion of the femur.

Methods:
A total of 55 derotation osteotomies were performed in 43 patients: 36 females and 7 males. The average age was 29 years (range, 14 to 59 years). The osteotomies were performed closed with an intramedullary saw. Fixation was performed with a variety of intramedullary nails. Twenty-nine percent of patients had a retroversion deformity (average, −9° of retroversion; range, +2° to −23°) and 71% had excessive anteversion of the femur (average, +37° of anteversion; range, +22° to +53°). The etiology was posttraumatic in 5 patients (12%), diplegic cerebral palsy in 2 patients (5%), Prader-Willi syndrome in 1 patient (2%), and idiopathic in 35 patients (81%). Forty-nine percent underwent concomitant surgery with the index femoral derotation osteotomy, including hip arthroscopy in 40%, tibial derotation osteotomy in 13%, and a periacetabular osteotomy in 5%. Tibial osteotomies were performed to correct a compensatory excessive external tibial torsion that would be exacerbated in the correction of excessive femoral anteversion.

Results:
No patient was lost to follow-up. Failures occurred in three hips in three patients (5%): two hip arthroplasties and one nonunion that healed after rerodding. There was one late infection treated successfully with implant removal and antibiotics with an excellent final clinical outcome. At an average follow-up of 6.5 years (range, 2 to 19.7 years), the modified Harris Hip Score improved by 29 points in the remaining 52 cases (P < 0.001, Wilcoxon signed-rank test). The results were rated as excellent in 75%, good in 23%, and fair in 2%. Subsequent surgery was required in 78% of hips, 91% of which were implant removals.

Conclusions:
A closed, subtrochanteric derotation osteotomy of the femur is a safe and effective procedure to treat either femoral retroversion or excessive anteversion. Excellent or good results were obtained in 93%, despite the need for subsequent implant removal in more than two-thirds of the patients.
Drug therapy and other factors associated with the development of acute kidney injury in critically ill patients: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Soares Danielly Botelho , Mambrini Juliana Vaz de Melo , Botelho Gabriela Rebouças , Girundi Flávia Fialho , Botoni Fernando Antonio , Martins Maria Auxiliadora Parreiras 
Published: August 2018

Background
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is associated with a significant increase in morbidity, mortality, and health care costs. In intensive care units (ICU), AKI is commonly multifactorial and frequently involves diverse factors, such as hypovolemia, sepsis, and the use of nephrotoxic drugs. We aimed to investigate drug therapy and other factors associated with the development of AKI in a Brazilian public hospital.

Methods
This is a cross-sectional study involving critically ill patients at an ICU of a tertiary hospital. All data on sequential serum creatinine (SCr) level, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and urine output were collected during ICU stay. The primary outcome was the occurrence of AKI assessed by the Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) criterion. Sociodemographics, clinical data and drug therapy were considered as covariates. Factors associated with AKI were assessed using logistic regression.

Results
Overall, 122 participants were included in the study. Median age was 46.0 (interquartile range, IQ = 29.0–69.0) years, with a predominance of men (58.2%). Mean number of prescribed drugs throughout ICU stay was 22.0 ± 9.4. The number of potentially nephrotoxic drugs ranged from two to 24 per patient. A total of 29 (23.8%) ICU patients developed AKI. In the AKI-group, patients were older and showed higher Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) scores at admission, higher rates of sedation, mechanical ventilation, and infection. More drugs in general and specifically more vasoactive drugs were prescribed for AKI group. Patients who developed AKI tended to have extended stays in the ICU and a lower probability of being discharged alive than patients with no AKI development. Model adjustments of logistic regression showed that the number of medications (OR 1.15; 95% CI [1.05–1.27]) was the only factor associated with AKI in this study. This association was independent of drug nephrotoxicity.

Discussion
Intensive care is characterized by its complexity that combines unstable patients, severe diseases, high density of medical interventions, and drug use. We found that typical risk factors for AKI showed statistical association on bivariate analysis. The contribution of drug therapy in the occurrence of AKI in medical ICUs reinforces the need for prevention strategies focused on early recognition of renal dysfunction and interventions in drug therapy. These actions would help improve the quality of patient care and ensure progress towards medication safety.
Fraud Detection, Electoral
Authors: Jiménez Raúl , Thurner Stefan , Pericchi Luis Raúl , Klimek Peter 
Published: August 2018

AbstractEven in mature democracies, elections often end in controversies related to allegations of fraud. Many of them cannot be resolved on the basis of traditional audits, such as the scrutiny of the vote counting. In these cases, election forensics provides a means for testing the legitimacy of an electoral outcome, which is based on the statistical consistency of the election data. We review two recently developed tools that lead to the so‐called election fingerprints.
Combining Estimates from Multiple Surveys
Authors: Elliott Michael R. , Raghunathan Trivellore E. , Schenker Nathaniel 
Published: August 2018

AbstractCombining estimates from multiple surveys can be very useful, especially when the question of interest cannot be addressed well by a single, existing survey. In this article, we provide a brief review of the methodology for combining estimates, with a focus on dual frame, weighting‐based, joint‐modeling, missing‐data, and small‐area methods. Many such methods are useful in situations outside the realm of combining estimates from multiple surveys, such as combining information from surveys with administrative data and combining probability‐sample data with nonprobability sample, or “big” data. We also provide examples of comparability issues that must be kept in mind when information from different sources is being combined.
Reliability Analysis of Polymeric Materials
Authors: King Caleb , Xu Zhibing , Lee I.‐C. , Hong Yili 
Published: August 2018

AbstractPolymeric materials are widely used in many applications and are especially useful when combined with other polymers to make polymer composites. The appealing features of these materials come from their comparable levels of strength and endurance to what one would find in metal alloys while being more lightweight and economical. However, these materials are still susceptible to degradation over time and so it is of great importance to manufacturers to assess their product's lifetime. Because these materials are meant to last over a span of several years or even decades, accelerated testing is often the method of choice in assessing product lifetimes in a more feasible time frame. In this article, a brief introduction is given to the methods of accelerated testing and analysis used with polymer materials. Special attention is given to degradation testing and modeling owing to the growing popularity of these techniques along with a brief discussion of fatigue testing. References are provided for further reading in each of these areas.
Self‐Organizing Maps
Authors: Fattore Marco 
Published: August 2018

Abstract

A self‐organizing map (SOM), or Kohonen map, is a dimensionality reduction procedure, aimed at producing bidimensional representations of multidimensional numerical datasets. SOMs are a kind of neural networks trained by competitive learning, where input data are quantized by a set of representatives, called
codebooks
, arranged on a regular grid of cells. Each input vector is associated with the cell whose codebook is more similar to it, in the chosen metric. The resulting grid can be used to reveal patterns within the data, to build two‐dimensional histograms of multidimensional density distributions, or as a way to classify new inputs. Given the simplicity of the learning algorithm, and the existence of efficient software implementations, SOMs are widely used as tools for unsupervised classification, pattern recognition, and data visualization, in a variety of fields, such as socioeconomics, finance, linguistics, biology and genetics, chemistry, archaeology, engineering, robotics, image classification, and speech recognition.
Spatial Statistics along Networks
Authors: Okabe Atsuyuki 
Published: August 2018

AbstractSpatial statistics along networks is a branch of spatial statistics. Traditional spatial statistics deals with events occurring on a plane, referred to asplanar spatial statistics. By contrast, spatial statistics along networks, referred to in parallel asnetwork spatial statistics, deals with events occurring along networks. The events occurring “along” a network are of two types: those directly occurring on a network, for example, traffic accidents, and those occurring alongside a network, for example, stores facing a street. Networks may potentially include corridors, roads, railways, gas and oil pipelines, sewer systems, rivers, canals, electric wires, neurons, the Internet, social networks (e.g., SNS), and so on. Network spatial statistics is applied to various studies, for instance, pedestrian, car, and bicycle accidents, roadkill, street crimes, contamination of rivers, floods, facility locations, tree falls on a railway, etc. This article first describes the most basic hypothesis used in network spatial statistics, called thecompletely spatial randomness(CSR) hypothesis. Next, the article introduces nine methods used for network spatial statistics, that is, Voronoi diagrams, nearest‐neighbor distance method,Kfunction method, spatial autocorrelation, point cluster analysis, kernel density estimation, spatial interpolation, and software for network spatial statistics.