bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The rise of an apex predator following deglaciation
Authors: Williams Perry J. , Hooten Mevin B. , Esslinger George G. , Womble Jamie N. , Bodkin James L. , Bower Michael R. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractAimSea otters (Enhydra lutris) are an apex predator of the nearshore marine community and nearly went extinct at the turn of the 20th century. Reintroductions and legal protection allowed sea otters to re‐colonize much of their former range. Our objective was to chronicle the colonization of this apex predator in Glacier Bay, Alaska, to help understand the mechanisms that governed their successful colonization.LocationGlacier Bay is a tidewater glacier fjord in southeastern Alaska that was entirely covered by glaciers in the mid‐18th century. Since then, it has endured the fastest tidewater glacier retreat in recorded history.MethodsWe collected and analysed several data sets, spanning 20 years, to document the spatio‐temporal dynamics of an apex predator expanding into an area where they were formerly absent. We used novel quantitative tools to model the occupancy, abundance and colonization dynamics of sea otters, while accounting for uncertainty in the data collection process, the ecological process and model parameters.ResultsTwenty years after sea otters were first observed colonizing Glacier Bay, they became one of the most abundant and widely distributed marine mammal. The population grew exponentially at a rate of 20% per year. They colonized Glacier Bay at a maximum rate of 6 km per year, with faster colonization rates occurring early in the colonization process. During colonization, sea otters selected shallow areas, close to shore, with a steep bottom slope, and a relatively simple shoreline complexity index.Main conclusionsThe growth and expansion of sea otters in Glacier Bay demonstrate how legal protection and translocation of apex predators can facilitate their successful establishment into a community in which they were formerly absent. The success of sea otters was, in part, a consequence of habitat that was left largely unperturbed by humans for the past 250 years. Further, sea otters and other marine predators, whose distribution is limited by ice, have the potential to expand in distribution and abundance, reshaping future marine communities in the wake of deglaciation and global loss of sea ice.
Assembly processes of waterbird communities across subsidence wetlands in China: A functional and phylogenetic approach
Authors: Li Chunlin , Zhang Yong , Zha Daode , Yang Sen , Huang Zheng Y. X. , de Boer Willem F. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractAimAlthough assembly processes have been studied in a wide range of taxa, determining assembly rules remains controversial, particularly in assemblages consisted of species with strong dispersal capacities. Moreover, few studies focused on communities in recently human‐created habitats. We tested two prevailing but opposing hypotheses, environmental filtering and limiting similarity, in waterbird communities across subsidence wetlands created by underground coal mining in China, with an aim to better understand assembly processes in communities composed of highly mobile species in human‐dominated landscape.LocationThe North China Plain.MethodsWe quantified taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic diversity of the waterbird assemblages in different seasons and compared the mean pairwise distances (MPD) and the mean nearest taxon distances (MNTD) with null models to examine whether co‐occurring species were clustered or overdispersed on the functional dendrogram or phylogenetic tree. Independent contributions of multi‐scale habitat variables therein were determined using a hierarchical partitioning method.ResultsWe showed asynchronous patterns of seasonal dynamics among the multiple diversity metrics, with highest species diversity during autumn migration. Generally, the co‐occurring species were functionally and phylogenetically clustered. Habitat variables had stronger effects on the functional structure than on the phylogenetic structure of the communities. The degree of functional clustering increased in older and larger wetlands, while the assemblages shifted from functional clustering to overdispersion with increasing habitat diversity, landscape connectivity and human disturbance.Main conclusionsThe waterbird assemblages were mainly structured by environmental filtering, and the assembly processes were significantly affected by habitat variables, with stronger effects on functional diversity. Our study highlights the importance of environmental filtering and habitat variables in structuring assemblages dominated by species with high dispersal capacities and suggests that increasing habitat diversity and reducing disturbances will contribute to waterbird conservation in this human‐dominated landscape.
Fatigue, depression, and quality of life in children with multiple sclerosis: a comparative study with other demyelinating diseases
Authors: Florea Anca , Maurey Helene , Le Sauter Melanie , Bellesme Celine , Sevin Caroline , Deiva Kumaran 
Published: April 2019

AimTo evaluate fatigue, depression, and quality of life (QoL) of children with multiple sclerosis and compare to other acute demyelinating syndromes (ADS).MethodChildren followed in the National Referral Centre of rare inflammatory brain and spinal diseases were included in this study. The Expanded Disability Status Scale, the fatigue severity scale, the Multiscore Depression Inventory for Children, and the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory were used for evaluation.ResultsThirty‐seven children (23 females, 14 males) were included in this study. Multiple sclerosis was diagnosed in 26 children and ADS in 11 children. Although not significant, severe fatigue was less frequently reported by patients with multiple sclerosis than children with ADS (44% vs 63%, p=0.2). Depression was reported more often in the multiple sclerosis group compared to the ADS group (24% vs 18%, p=0.6). Concerning the QoL in patients with multiple sclerosis, both parents and children reported poor emotional and school functioning. Physical and social functioning were rated as being good in both groups, and was significantly higher in the children's group (p=0.007).InterpretationThis study highlights the importance of fatigue and depression in children with ADS and particularly in paediatric onset multiple sclerosis. Moreover, difficulties in school and emotional functioning were the main concerns for parents and children in the multiple sclerosis group which need to be taken in account during their care and treatment proposal.What this paper adds

Invisible signs such as fatigue and depression affect all forms of acute demyelinating syndromes (ADS) in children.

Depression seems to be higher in children with multiple sclerosis than with other forms of ADS.

Fatigue seems to be lower in children with multiple sclerosis than with other forms of ADS.

Children with multiple sclerosis and their parents are most concerned with emotional and academic functioning.
Accuracy of the Childhood Autism Rating Scale: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Moon Sun Jae , Hwang Jin Seub , Shin Ah Lahm , Kim Jae Yup , Bae Seung Min , Sheehy‐Knight Jennifer , Kim Jung W 
Published: April 2019

AimTo assess the accuracy of the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) through systematic review and meta‐analysis.MethodStudies that provided quantitative values for the reliability and validity for all versions of CARS were searched through MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Embase, and OpenDissertations.ResultsA total of 24 studies with 4433 participants were included in our analysis. Meta‐analysis showed that the summary Cronbach's alpha regarding a team of physicians and psychologists or others subgroup, derived from six studies (952 participants), was considered to be acceptable at 0.90 (95% confidence interval, 0.87–0.92) with moderate heterogeneity. Analysis of two ‘low risk of bias’ studies on the criterion validity for CARS with a cut‐off of 30 and DSM‐IV resulted in sensitivity of 0.86 and 0.71 and specificity of 0.79 and 0.75.InterpretationThrough the results of the current systematic review and meta‐analysis, the internal consistency can be considered to be acceptable for a team of physicians and psychologists or others subgroup. In terms of the criterion validity, the sensitivity was thought to be acceptable although the specificity was not, suggesting that CARS should be used along with other confirmatory tools.What this paper adds

The Childhood Autism Rating Scale can be considered as a supplementary diagnostic tool for autism spectrum disorder.
Effects of life‐history traits on stream fish abundances across spatial scales
Authors: Midway Stephen R. , Peoples Brandon K. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractIdentifying cross‐scale patterns of ecological processes is imperative, especially in hierarchically structured riverine ecosystems. The role of abiotic factors in determining cross‐scale spatial structure of stream fish populations and communities is well studied, but less is known about how species traits drive cross‐scale patterns. We investigated the role of species traits for explaining autocorrelation of stream fish abundance at spatial scales ranging from local stream reaches to major basins. We calculated intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) representing abundance autocorrelation within species (N = 47) at each of five spatial scales. A hierarchical Bayesian regression then modelled ICCs against spatial scale with the resulting regression coefficients modelled as functions of species traits. Finally, we ordinated the scale‐by‐species ICC matrix to calculate an overall metric describing species whose abundances were autocorrelated along a gradient of large to small scales, and modelled this metric as a function of species traits. Abundances of most species were autocorrelated at smaller spatial scales. Maximum fecundity had a significant positive relationship with abundance patterns across spatial scales. Species habitat affinities and body forms were significantly associated with overall abundance patterns across spatial scales: populations of upland/lotic‐affiliated species adapted to streams with high flow correlated at small (≤10 km2) spatial scales. Lowland/lacustrine species with laterally compressed bodies showed little correlation across scales. The appropriate spatial scale for modelling abundance is determined not only by exogenous (e.g. environmental) factors, but also endogenous factors, like traits. Careful consideration of traits and life history will aid researchers in designing more effective and efficient surveys and analyses.
“I am NN”: A Reconstruction of Anscombe's “The First Person”
Authors: Haddock Adrian 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThis paper develops a way of understanding G. E. M. Anscombe's essay “The First Person” at the heart of which are the following two ideas: first, that the point of her essay is to show that it is not possible for anyone to understand what they express with “I” as an Art des Gegebenseins—a way of thinking of an object that constitutes identifying knowledge of which object is being thought of; and second, that the argument through which her essay seeks to show this is itself first personal in character. Understanding Anscombe's essay in this light has the merit of showing much of what it says to be correct. But it sets us the task of saying what it is that we understand ourselves to express with “I” if not an Art des Gegebenseins, and in particular what it is that we understand ourselves to express with sentences with “I” as subject that might seem to express identity judgments, such as “I am NN”, and “I am this body”.
Making social media an instrument of democracy
Authors: Wischmeyer Thomas 
Published: April 2019

AbstractIn recent years, the responsibility of social media platforms towards their users and society at large has become a major political issue. However, the regulatory responses to the crisis of social media are still mostly considered unsatisfactory, as demonstrated by the widespread criticism of the German Network Enforcement Act of 2017. This article compares the current constitutional discourse on social media regulation with the debates that accompanied the last major transformation of the media landscape: the rise of broadcasting. While we certainly do not find a roadmap for social media regulation in the past, the key concept of the broadcasting discourse—the idea of media as a sphere of ‘institutional freedom’—can be applied to the challenges of today and can be used to strengthen the democratic function of social media.
Chilling effects and transatlantic privacy
Authors: Penney Jonathon 
Published: April 2019

AbstractCan the European and American privacy divide be bridged? Bilyana Petkova, in this issue, offers compelling reasons to be sceptical. One recent solution, advanced by Pierluigi Perri and David Thaw, is that common concerns about chilling effects can bridge that divide. However, their discussion of chilling effects was narrow and their analysis limited to procedural transatlantic convergence. This essay explores this idea with a more systematic and sustained discussion of chilling effects theory and research, while arguing that chilling effects does, in fact, provide possibilities for substantive transatlantic privacy. I argue that “chilling effects” is often treated as an ahistorical singular idea but there are, in fact, three separate paradigms of chilling effects theory, research and understanding: (1) speech; (2) privacy and autonomy; and (3) collectivist. I set out each and argue that the conceptualisation of chilling effects exemplified by the second paradigm—focused on privacy‐related chilling effects—offers a shared normative and theoretical foundation to bridge the transatlantic privacy divide. I also explore how new chilling effects theory and research can impact substantive and procedural transatlantic privacy efforts, including re‐thinking consent; empowering stronger judicial enforcement of privacy claims; and balancing competing claims in substantive proposals like the Right to be Forgotten (RTBF).
Automatic assignment of reviewers in an online peer assessment task based on social interactions
Authors: Anaya Antonio R. , Luque Manuel , Letón Emilio , Hernández‐del‐Olmo Félix 
Published: April 2019

AbstractOnline peer assessment tasks are very popular and have unique characteristics that improve learning and encourage social interactions in a distance education environment. Unfortunately, social factors have usually been ignored in the process of selecting reviewers for online peer assessment tasks. We hypothesise that this fact could have some influence on the lack of engagement and participation by some learners. For this reason, we propose an approach in which social network analysis techniques, expert criteria, and Bayesian reasoning are applied to select reviewers with the objective of increasing participation in peer review tasks. The approach is divided into two elements. On the one hand, we have developed an influence diagram template that structures a set of proposed social network analysis variables in accordance with expert criteria. This influence diagram template can be easily updated for any course simply by eliciting a minimal set of parameters. On the other hand, we have instantiated the proposed influence diagram template to produce an influence diagram network to quantify the quality of reviewer assignment for an online peer assessment task. In an online experiment, we verified that the consideration of social factors can increase participation in a peer assessment task.
Thirty years of change and the future of Alaskan fisheries: Shifts in fishing participation and diversification in response to environmental, regulatory and economic pressures
Authors: Beaudreau Anne H. , Ward Eric J. , Brenner Richard E. , Shelton Andrew O. , Watson Jordan T. , Womack Jennifer C. , Anderson Sean C. , Haynie Alan C. , Marshall Kristin N. , Williams Benjamin C. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractHeterogeneity in human responses and decision‐making can contribute to the resilience of social–ecological systems in the face of environmental, political and economic pressures. In fishery systems worldwide, the ability of harvesters to maintain a diverse portfolio of fishing strategies is important for building adaptive capacity. We used a case‐study approach to examine the complexity of factors that inhibit or promote diversification in fisheries of Alaska, one of the major fishing regions of the world. Through a combination of harvest records and literature review, we explored shifts in participation and portfolio diversity in Alaskan fisheries over three decades. The four case‐studies examined the responses of fishers, fleets and communities to multiple, intersecting pressures, including biological declines, market and price dynamics, fishery privatization and the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill. These cases illustrate how stressors acting at multiple scales can encourage or constrain opportunities for diversification, and that these opportunities may be spread inequitably across participants. Overall, we found evidence for reduced participation and increasing specialization in Alaskan commercial fisheries. While numerous factors explain these trends, policies like individual quota systems and the increasing cost of entry into fisheries are forcing consolidation at local to regional scales. A portfolio approach to managing fisheries that reduces barriers to diversification and includes broad representation of resource users and communities in management may help to maintain opportunity and choice for fishers.
Spatial Variability of Nitrate and Ammonium in Pleistocene Aquifer of Central Yangtze River Basin
Authors: Du Yao , Deng Yamin , Ma Teng , Shen Shuai , Lu Zongjie , Gan Yiqun 
Published: April 2019

AbstractIt becomes increasingly important and challenging for nitrogen pollution prevention to identify key controls for spatial variability of nitrogen in groundwater that could be affected by multiple factors, including anthropogenic input, groundwater flow, and local geochemistry. This study characterized spatial variability of both nitrate and ammonium in the Pleistocene aquifer of central Yangtze River Basin and assessed the effect of various factors in controlling nitrate and ammonium levels based on multiple statistical approaches (correlation, geostatistics, multiple liner regression). The results indicate that nitrate is mostly influenced by Cl− that represents anthropogenic input, while Eh representing local redox state is a secondary variable influencing nitrate concentrations. The groundwater with elevated nitrate concentrations are estimated to occur mainly in areas with higher‐permeability near‐surface sediments which can facilitate more anthropogenic nitrate transport and less nitrate removal owing to more oxidized state. Ammonium is mostly correlated to Eh, followed by dissolved organic carbon (DOC), but only DOC improves significantly the accuracy of co‐kriging prediction model. The groundwater with elevated ammonium concentrations are estimated to occur mainly in areas with more organic‐rich sediments within or around the aquifer which can facilitate more ammonium release owing to natural organic matter consumption accompanying strong reducing conditions. The regional groundwater flow is not a factor significantly controlling nitrate or ammonium levels owing to flat topography and sluggish lateral flow.
Assessment of 10‐year changes in liver stiffness using vibration‐controlled transient elastography in non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Nogami Asako , Yoneda Masato , Kobayashi Takashi , Kessoku Takaomi , Honda Yasushi , Ogawa Yuji , Suzuki Kaori , Tomeno Wataru , Imajo Kento , Kirikoshi Hiroyuki , Koide Tomoko , Fujikawa Hirotoshi , Saito Satoru , Nakajima Atsushi 
Published: April 2019

AimAlthough liver biopsy is the gold standard for the diagnosis and staging of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), repeated assessment of patients’ liver tissue conditions are impractical. We assessed the 10‐year changes in liver stiffness measurements (LSM) utilizing vibration‐controlled transient elastography in NAFLD patients.MethodsFrom January 2006 to September 2007, LSM was carried out for 97 biopsy‐proven NAFLD patients. Of these, 34 patients underwent 10‐year LSM reassessments (14 of them with paired biopsies).ResultsWe evaluated the changes in the fibrosis stage as estimated using LSM (FS‐LSM). Over a 10‐year period, 32.4% had FS‐LSM progression, 50% had static disease, and 17.6% had FS‐LSM improvement. From among the initially diagnosed non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis patients, 18% had progressed to considerable stage 4 (cirrhosis) 10 years later. In this cohort, none of the patients who had been initially diagnosed as FS‐LSM stage 0 had progressed to cirrhosis 10 years later. The changes in LSM were correlated with the change in the histological fibrosis stage, the NAFLD activity score, and the change in the sum of the steatosis, activity, and fibrosis score. Improving more than 1 body mass index (kg/m2) and having a higher initial aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), or ALT responder (>30% improvement or reduction to less than 40 IU/L) were factors contributing to LSM improvements (≥2 kPa).ConclusionsVibration‐controlled transient elastography is likely to become a more clinically important tool for the long‐term monitoring of NAFLD patients.
Improving patient‐centred care for persons with Parkinson's: Qualitative interviews with care partners about their engagement in discussions of “off” periods
Authors: Rastgardani Tara , Armstrong Melissa J. , Marras Connie , Gagliardi Anna R. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractObjectiveThis study explored how care partners (CPs) of persons with Parkinson's (PwP) are engaged in discussions of “off” symptoms.MethodsDuring qualitative interviews, CPs of PwP sampled by convenience through the Michael J Fox Foundation online clinical trial matching service were asked to describe their familiarity with “off” symptoms, how “off” symptoms were discussed with clinicians, and the impact of “off” symptoms on them. Data were analysed using constant comparative technique by all members of the research team.ResultsA total of 20 CPs were interviewed. Compared with PwP, they were more likely to describe “off” symptoms to clinicians. CPs identified important aspects of patient‐centred care for PD: establishing a therapeutic relationship, soliciting and actively listening to information about symptoms, and providing self‐management support to both PwP and CPs. CPs said that clinicians did not always engage CPs, ask about “off” symptoms or provide self‐management guidance, limiting their ability to function as caregivers.ConclusionBy not engaging and educating CPs, “off” symptoms may not be identified or addressed, leading to suboptimal medical management and quality of life for PwP. These findings must be confirmed on a broader scale through ongoing research but suggest the potential need for interventions targeted at clinicians and at CPs to promote patient‐centred care for PwP.