bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Management of moderate and severe traumatic brain injury
Authors: Abdelmalik Peter A. , Draghic Nicole , Ling Geoffrey S. F. 
Published: April 2019

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a common disorder with high morbidity and mortality, accounting for one in every three deaths due to injury. Older adults are especially vulnerable. They have the highest rates of TBI‐related hospitalization and death. There are about 2.5 to 6.5 million US citizens living with TBI‐related disabilities. The cost of care is very high.Aside from prevention, little can be done for the initial primary injury of neurotrauma. The tissue damage incurred directly from the inciting event, for example, a blow to the head or bullet penetration, is largely complete by the time medical care can be instituted. However, this event will give rise to secondary injury, which consists of a cascade of changes on a cellular and molecular level, including cellular swelling, loss of membrane gradients, influx of immune and inflammatory mediators, excitotoxic transmitter release, and changes in calcium dynamics. Clinicians can intercede with interventions to improve outcome in the mitigating secondary injury. The fundamental concepts in critical care management of moderate and severe TBI focus on alleviating intracranial pressure and avoiding hypotension and hypoxia. In addition to these important considerations, mechanical ventilation, appropriate transfusion of blood products, management of paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity, using nutrition as a therapy, and, of course, venous thromboembolism and seizure prevention are all essential in the management of moderate to severe TBI patients. These concepts will be reviewed using the recent 2016 Brain Trauma Foundation Guidelines to discuss best practices and identify future research priorities.
The use of cryopreserved platelets in the treatment of polytraumatic patients and patients with massive bleeding
Authors: Bohonek Milos , Kutac Dominik , Landova Ludmila , Koranova Michaela , Sladkova Eliska , Staskova Eva , Voldrich Martin , Tyll Tomas 
Published: April 2019

BACKGROUNDThe short shelf‐life of fresh platelets limits their efficient inventory management and availability during a massive transfusion protocol. Risk of insufficient availability can be mitigated by building an inventory of cryopreserved platelets (CPs).METHODSA comparative study of fresh apheresis platelets (FAPs) and CPs was performed. Type‐O CPs were processed with DMSO frozen at −80°C and reconstituted in thawed AB plasma. All patients enrolled in the study had the following parameters evaluated on admission: vital signs (body temperature, heart rate, mean arterial pressure), blood count, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, fibrinogen level, and, in trauma patients, international severity score. Several outcomes were evaluated: 30‐day survival, adverse events, quantity of administered blood products, fibrinogen concentrate and thromboxane (TXA), and laboratory parameters after transfusion (blood count, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, fibrinogen level).RESULTSTwenty‐five (25) patients in the study group received transfusions totaling 81 units of CPs. Twenty‐one (21) patients in the control group received a total of 67 units of FAPs. There were no significant differences in patient characteristics (p > 0.05) between groups. Both groups were comparable in clinical outcomes (30‐day survival, administered blood products, fibrinogen concentrate, TXA, and adverse events). Among posttransfusion laboratory parameters, platelet count was higher in the group transfused with FAPs (97.0 ×109/L) than in the group transfused with CPs (41.5 ×109/L), p = 0.02025. Other parameters were comparable in both groups.CONCLUSIONThe study suggests that CPs are tolerable and a feasible alternative to FAPs. However, larger randomized studies are needed to draw definitive conclusions.
Human primary fibroblasts perform similarly to MSCs in assays used to evaluate MSC safety and potency
Authors: Christy Barbara A. , Herzig Maryanne C. , Delavan Christopher , Cantu Carolina , Salgado Christi , Bynum James A. , Cap Andrew P. 
Published: April 2019

BACKGROUNDCellular therapeutic agents may benefit trauma patients by modulating the immune response to injury, and by reducing inflammation and vascular leakage. Administration of allogeneic mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) shows some benefit in preclinical and clinical trials, but less testing has been performed with other cell types. Human primary fibroblasts (FBs) were compared to MSCs in assays designed to evaluate MSCs to determine if these assays actually evaluate properties unique to MSCs or whether related cell types perform similarly.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSMSC‐related surface marker expression, tissue factor, and human leukocyte antigen–D related were evaluated by flow cytometry, and in vitro adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation potential were determined. Procoagulant activity was determined by thromboelastography. Two potency assays correlated with immunomodulation potential were utilized: the mixed lymphocyte reaction and indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase enzyme activity assays.RESULTSHuman primary FBs performed similarly to MSCs in assays designed to evaluate MSC characteristics and potency. Although similar for MSC‐positive cell surface marker expression, FBs did not show robust adipose differentiation and expressed some level of markers not expected on MSCs.CONCLUSIONSHuman primary FBs are very similar to human MSCs, at least in assays currently used to evaluate MSC potency. Preclinical and clinical testing are required to determine if FBs show similar activity to MSCs in vivo. If FBs show inferior activity in vivo, development of new MSC‐specific potency assays will be necessary to evaluate properties relevant to their unique clinical benefits.
Effect of plasma processing and storage on microparticle abundance, nitric oxide scavenging, and vasoactivity
Authors: Rogers Stephen C. , Moynihan Francis T. , McDonough Ryan , Timm David D. , Hovmand‐Warner Eyvind , Frazier Elfaridah , Thomas Kimberly A. , Spinella Philip C. , Doctor Allan 
Published: April 2019

BACKGROUNDWe set out to define the impact of collection, processing, and storage on plasma product microparticle (MP) abundance, potential for nitric oxide (NO) scavenging, and vasoactivity.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSThree currently US licensed products were tested: liquid plasma (LP), fresh frozen plasma (FFP), and solvent detergent plasma (SDP), along with a product under development, spray‐dried solvent detergent plasma (SD‐SDP) with/without beads. Vasoactivity was assessed in vitro using rabbit aortic vascular rings; MP abundance was determined by flow cytometry; and NO scavenging capacity/rate was determined using a biochemical NO consumption assay. All samples were analyzed unprocessed and following centrifugation at two speeds (2,500× g to remove platelets, and 25,000× g to remove microparticles).RESULTSSignificant differences in vasoactivity were observed, with SD‐SDP minus beads demonstrating the greatest constriction and FFP the lowest constriction response. All products exhibited the same total NO scavenging capacity; however, significant differences were observed in the maximal rate of scavenging, with SD‐SDP minus beads and FFP reacting fastest and SDP the slowest. Across all products, platelet and microparticle depletion had no effect on vasoactivity or NO scavenging (total or rate). Microparticles (RBC derived) were found only in FFP and LP, with relative abundance (LP > FFP). Additionally, storage had no effect on total or RBC‐derived MP abundance, NO scavenging, or vasoactivity.CONCLUSIONAlthough vasoactivity differed between plasma products, we did not find similar differences in either total or RBC‐derived MP abundance or NO scavenging capacity/rate.
Plasma for burn shock resuscitation: is it time to go back to the future?
Authors: Gurney Jennifer M. , Kozar Rosemary A , Cancio Leopoldo C. 
Published: April 2019

Patients with burn shock can be challenging to resuscitate. Burn shock produces a variety of physiologic derangements: Patients are hypovolemic from volume loss, have a increased systemic vascular resistance, and may have a depressed cardiac output depending on the extent of the thermal injury. Additionally, the burn wound produces a significant inflammatory cascade of events that contributes to the shock state. Fluid resuscitation is foundational for the initial treatment of burn shock. Typical resuscitation is with intravenous lactated Ringer's in accordance with well‐established formulas based on burn wound size.In the past century, as therapies to treat thermal injuries were being developed, plasma was the fluid used for burn resuscitation; in fact, plasma was used in World War II and throughout the 1950s and 1960s. Plasma was abandoned because of infectious risks and complications. Despite huge strides in transfusion medicine and the increased safety of blood products, plasma has never been readopted for burn resuscitation.Over the past 15 years, there has been a paradigm shift in trauma resuscitation: Less crystalloid and more blood products are used; this strategy has demonstrated improved outcomes. Plasma is a physiologic fluid that stabilizes the endothelium. The endotheliopathy of trauma has been described and is mitigated by transfusion strategies with a 1:1 ratio of RBCs to plasma. Thermal injury also results in endothelial dysfunction: the endotheliopathy of burns. Plasma is likely a better resuscitation fluid for patients with significant burn wounds because of its capability to restore intravascular volume status and treat the endotheliopathy of burns.
Platelet enhancement of bacterial growth during room temperature storage: mitigation through refrigeration
Authors: Ketter Patrick M. , Kamucheka Robin , Arulanandam Bernard , Akers Kevin , Cap Andrew P. 
Published: April 2019

INTRODUCTIONDue to high risk of septic transfusion reactions arising from bacterial contamination, US Food and Drug Administration regulations currently limit platelet storage to 5 days at room temperature (RT). However, blood culturing methods can take up to 7 days to detect bacteria, allowing transfusion of potentially contaminated units. Thus, cold storage (CS) may be a viable means of extending shelf life and improving safety.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSPlatelets and fresh plasma (FP) were collected by apheresis from healthy donors, aliquoted, and challenged with Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, or Staphylococcus epidermidis. Aliquots were then stored at either RT or CS.RESULTSSignificant (p < 0.05) bacterial growth was detected at RT for most bacteria as early as Day 1 after collection, with peak growth occurring between Days 3 and 4. Growth remained static during CS. Additionally, platelets appeared to enhance bacterial replication with growth significantly lower (p < 0.05) in FP relative to RT‐stored platelets. Lactic acid promoted bacterial growth when added to FP at RT. Bacterial challenge also resulted in significantly increased platelet activation (p < 0.05) and significantly reduced platelet function (p < 0.05) in RT storage relative to uninfected controls by Day 5 after collection. Conversely, CS ablated bacteria growth, limited platelet metabolism, and preserved platelet function throughout the study.CONCLUSIONThese data suggest that CS presents an attractive alternative to RT to both extend storage life and reduce the risk of transfusion‐related sepsis.
Independent origins of coastal colonization in the tribe Athetini (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae)
Authors: Song Jeong‐Hun , Lee Seung‐Gyu , Lee Jae‐Seok , Ahn Kee‐Jeong 
Published: April 2019

AbstractLess than 1% of Staphylinidae are known to be confined to coastal habitats. To explore the origins of coastal colonization within the tribe Athetini Casey, we present a revised molecular phylogeny. The dataset comprised partial mitochondrial COI, COII, 16S rDNA, NADH1, partial nuclear 18S rDNA and 28S rDNA. We chose a total of 95 species in 51 genera, including 14 coastal species in eight genera and 21 outgroup species from other aleocharine tribes. The concatenated dataset was analysed simultaneously by both parsimony‐ and model‐based (Bayesian and maximum likelihood) methods. The tribe Athetini was not supported as a monophyletic group, but together with the tribes Tachyusini, Ecitocharini and Hygronomini did form a monophylum. The ecological association of species with a coastal habitat was mapped onto a phylogeny to assess the evolution of habitat specialization in the Athetini lineage. The results reveal that five independent origins of coastal colonization have occurred throughout the tribe Athetini: (a) Osakatheta + Adota minuta + coastal Atheta (Badura) (clade A); (b) Adota (clade B); (c) Pontomalota + Tarphiota + Thinusa (clade C); (d) Iotarphia (clade D); and (e) Psammostiba (clade E). The low species number of the coastal Athetini compared with the entire Athetini lineage indicates that coastal habitats are harsh environments and so only a few species were able to colonize this habitat. The following changes in classification are proposed: (a) Ad. minuta Lee and Ahn is removed from the genus Adota and tentatively included in Atheta (Badura); (b) The genus Saphocallus Sharp is transferred from Athetini to Geostibini.
Development and Reliability of an Athlete Introductory Movement Screen for Use in Emerging Junior Athletes
Authors: Rogers Simon A. , Hassmén Peter , Roberts Alexandra H. , Alcock Alison , Gilleard Wendy L. , Warmenhoven John S. 
Published: April 2019

Purpose: A novel 4-task Athlete Introductory Movement Screen was developed and tested to provide an appropriate and reliable movement screening tool for youth sport practitioners. Methods: The overhead squat, lunge, push-up, and a prone brace with shoulder touches were selected based on previous assessments. A total of 28 mixed-sport junior athletes (18 boys and 10 girls; mean age = 15.7 [1.8] y) completed screening after viewing standardized demonstration videos. Athletes were filmed performing 8 repetitions of each task and assessed retrospectively by 2 independent raters using a 3-point scale. The primary rater reassessed the footage 3 weeks later. A subgroup (n = 11) repeated the screening 7 days later, and a further 8 athletes were reassessed 6 months later. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), typical error (TE), coefficient of variation (CV%), and weighted kappa (k) were used in reliability analysis. Results: For the Athlete Introductory Movement Screen 4-task sum score, intrarater reliability was high (ICC = .97; CV = 2.8%), whereas interrater reliability was good (intraclass correlation coefficient = .88; CV = 5.6%). There was a range of agreement from fair to almost perfect (k = .31–.89) between raters across individual movements. A 7-day and 6-month test–retest held good reliability and acceptable CVs (≤ 10%) for sum scores. Conclusion: The 4-task Athlete Introductory Movement Screen appears to be a reliable tool for profiling emerging athletes. Reliability was strongest within the same rater; it was lower, yet acceptable, between 2 raters. Scores can provide an overview of appropriate movement competencies, helping practitioners assess training interventions in the athlete development pathway.
Associations between markers of health and playing golf in an Australian population
Authors: Stenner Brad , Mosewich Amber D , Buckley Jonathan D , Buckley Elizabeth S 
Published: April 2019

ObjectiveTo investigate associations between markers of health and playing golf in an Australian population.MethodsSecondary analysis of data from the Australian National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey to compare selected health outcomes between golfers (n=128) and non-golfers (n=4999).ResultsGolfers were older than non-golfers (mean±SD 57.7±14.2 years, 48.5±17.6 years, p<0.05). A higher proportion of golfers were overweight or obese compared with non-golfers (76% vs 64%, p<0.05), and golfers were more likely to have been diagnosed with ischaemic heart disease (IHD) at some time in their life (OR 2.8, 95% CI 1.0 to 7.8). However, neither the risk of being overweight or obese (OR 1.4, 95% CI 0.9 to 2.2) or having been diagnosed with IHD (OR 2.1, 95% CI 0.8 to 5.8), were significant after controlling for age. Golfers were more physically active than non-golfers (8870±3810 steps/day vs 7320±3640 steps/day, p<0.05) and more likely to report high health-related quality of life (HRQoL) than non-golfers (OR 1.8; 95% CI 1.0 to 3.3), but not after adjusting for physical activity (OR 1.4, 95% CI 0.9 to 2.2).ConclusionCompared with non-golfers, golfers were more likely to be overweight or obese and to have been diagnosed with IHD, but not after adjusting for golfers being older. Golfers were more likely to report a higher HRQoL, but not after adjusting for golfers being more physically active. There may be an association between golfers being more physically active than non-golfers and reporting a higher HRQoL.
Assessment of the healthy worker survivor effect in the relationship between psychosocial work-related factors and hypertension
Authors: Massamba Victoria Kubuta , Talbot Denis , Milot Alain , Pearce Neil , Trudel Xavier , Brisson Chantal 
Published: April 2019

ObjectivesThe healthy worker survivor effect (HWSE) usually leads to underestimation of the effects of harmful occupational exposures. HWSE is characterised by the concomitance of three associations: (1) job status–subsequent exposure, (2) job status–disease and (3) previous exposure–job status. No study has reported the coexistence of these associations in the relationship between psychosocial work-related factors and health. We assessed if HWSE is present when measuring the effects of cumulative exposure to psychosocial work-related factors on the prevalence of hypertension in white-collar workers.MethodsData were obtained from two timepoints (1991–1993 at baseline and 1999–2001 at follow-up) of a prospective cohort study. At baseline, the population was composed of 9188 white-collar employees (women: 49.9%) in Quebec City. Job strain as psychosocial work-related factor and blood pressure were measured using validated methods. Job status (retirees vs employees) at follow-up was self-reported. Multiple multilevel robust Poisson regressions were used to estimate prevalence ratios of hypertension and risk ratios of retirement separately by gender. We performed multiple imputations to control selection bias due to missing values.ResultsRetirement eliminated the subsequent exposure to job strain de facto and was associated with the reduction in the prevalence of hypertension in younger (−33%) and older (−11%) men and in older women (−39%). Job strain was associated with job status in younger men and in women of any age.ConclusionData showed the presence of HWSE in younger men and older women given the coexistence of the three structural associations.
High burden of chlamydia and gonorrhoea in pharyngeal, rectal and urethral sites among Thai transgender women: implications for anatomical site selection for the screening of STI
Authors: Hiransuthikul Akarin , Janamnuaysook Rena , Sungsing Thanthip , Jantarapakde Jureeporn , Trachunthong Deondara , Mills Steve , Vannakit Ravipa , Phanuphak Praphan , Phanuphak Nittaya 
Published: April 2019

ObjectiveComprehensive data onChlamydia trachomatis(CT) andNeisseria gonorrhoeae(NG) infections to guide screening services among transgender women (TGW) are limited. We studied the burden of CT/NG infections in pharyngeal, rectal and urethral sites of Thai TGW and determined missed CT/NG diagnoses if selected site screening was performed.MethodsThai TGW were enrolled to the community-led test and treat cohort. CT/NG screening was performed from pharyngeal swab, rectal swab and urine using nucleic acid amplification test. CT/NG prevalence in each anatomical site was analysed, along with the relationships of CT/NG among the three anatomical sites.ResultsOf 764 TGW included in the analysis, 232 (30.4%) had CT/NG infections at any anatomical site, with an overall incidence of 23.7 per 100 person-years. The most common CT/NG infections by anatomical site were rectal CT (19.5%), rectal NG (9.6%) and pharyngeal NG (8.1%). Among 232 TGW with CT/NG infections at any anatomical site, 22%–94.4% of infections would have been missed if single anatomical site testing was conducted, depending on the selected site. Among 668 TGW who tested negative at pharyngeal site, 20.4% had either rectal or urethral infections. Among 583 TGW who tested negative at the rectal site, 8.7% had either pharyngeal or urethral infections. Among 751 TGW who tested negative at the urethral site, 19.2% had either pharyngeal or rectal infections.ConclusionAlmost one-third of Thai TGW had CT/NG infections. All-site screening is highly recommended to identify these infections, but if not feasible rectal screening provides the highest yield of CT/NG diagnoses. Affordable molecular technologies and/or CT/NG screening in pooled samples from different anatomical sites are urgently needed.Trial registration numberNCT03580512.
Controlling Memory and Movement: The Early Ming Court and the Changing Chinggisid World
Authors: Robinson David 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe Mongol imperial enterprise produced memories and spurred migration on a continental scale among the conquerors, the vanquished, and agents of empire. During the 14th and early 15th centuries, the Ming court of China tried to shape the memory of the Mongol empire to enhance Ming political legitimacy, dampen hopes of a Mongolian revival, and facilitate the transfer of allegiance from the Mongol empire to Ming dynasty. The Ming court also integrated former Yuan personnel, including not just Chinese subjects but hundreds of thousands of Mongols and Jurchens, into the Ming polity. In examining these processes, the essay contributes to the wider discussion of how successor polities throughout Eurasia sought to turn the legacy of the Mongol empire to their own advantage, which had the unintended consequence of keeping memory of the Chinggisid age vital long after the empire’s fall.
osce Addresses Organized Crime through Police Co-operation
Authors: Lyzhenkov Alexey L. 
Published: April 2019

Organized crime, along with terrorism, drugs, corruption and cyber-crime remain among the most significant threats to security and co-operation in the osce region. What has been achieved over these years and what else still needs to be done to ensure that organized crime does not hinder sustainable economic and social development in the area from Vancouver to Vladivostok?To effectively defend the human rights of 1.2 billion people living in the region, the osce has to review its anti-crime toolbox from time to time, to strengthen its co-operation with other interested partners and to develop new mechanisms of co-operation among its 57 participating States. This article will focus on the ongoing efforts by the osce to combat organized crime through police co-operation.