bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Homeopathic Approach to Addiction
Authors: Constantinides Avghi , Modir Shahla J. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter describes the homeopathic approach to the treatment of addiction, exploring both how homeopathy works and how it is helpful in the treatment of various addictions. It reviews the history of homeopathy, the homeopathic paradigm of disease, and the principles of remedy choice from a homeopathic perspective. It discusses the laws of homeopathy, including the law of similar vital force, treatment of the whole person, and the principle of minimum dose. The chapter provides case examples for alcohol, stimulants, and opiate addictions that utilize case study and observational data suggesting the value of homeopathic remedies. It reviews the administration of a homeopathic remedy including potency, frequency, contraindications, and side effects. It discusses the differences between acute and chronic homeopathy including the contrasting relationship between Western and homeopathic medicine.
Nutritional Support and Addiction
Authors: Krochmal Robert 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Nutrition occupies a central position in the treatment of SUDs. Given the paradox that food can have apparently opposing effects in either causing addiction or in influencing its remedy, it is important to clarify this difference. Evidence is mounting that diseases such as obesity, heart disease, diabetes, and mental health disorders including addiction have a common root cause related to the increase in sugar and processed food consumption rather than fat consumption as has been commonly held. In addition to new integrative approach models encompassing a holistic perspective, new developments in genetics and epigenetics as well as the human microbiome and gut-brain health provide further evidence of the mechanisms by which a healthy approach to nutrition can change outcomes. Building upon the neurobiological theory of addiction and reward deficiency, these breakthroughs lead to new hope for a successful approach to recovery.
Functional Medicine Approach to Addiction
Authors: Muñoz George E. , Garcia Isabella Leoni 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
The functional medicine protocol complements and enhances the traditional approach to recovery. Seen from a functional medicine perspective, the path to substance/and or food addiction recovery involves a multimodal approach. It shifts the focus from the imbalances in the brain and neurotransmitters to treat the whole person. It does so by considering the metabolic, hormonal, psychologic, immunologic, and neurologic functions that have been disturbed by addiction and that further perpetuate the inflammatory state of active addiction and during recovery phases. The gut-brain axis is reviewed from all aspects. Specific microbiome interventions, micronutrient, and vitamin deficiency support is reviewed. These interventions can be addressed through lifestyle modifications (including stress-reduction techniques), nutrition, supplementation, and in-depth case protocols, which will be further reviewed in the chapter.
Exercise for Addiction and Recovery
Authors: Muñoz George E. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
The role of a healthy, balanced exercise program is reviewed by Dr. Munoz from the perspective of an integrative, sports, wellness, and chronic pain specialist. The concepts are applied to the whole person approach of integrative recovery. The science involved in addiction systemic and brain inflammation is reviewed as well as the beneficial impact of exercise on these disturbances at the cytokine and molecular levels. The why, how, and what questions regarding exercise are reviewed. The role of a balanced exercise prescription in recovery and addiction treatment is reviewed with special attention to the needs of the recovering individual. Relevant supplements, specific types of exercise, and appropriate nutrition for a successful exercise prescription are reviewed including managing pain before and after exercise with safe supplements and other techniques.
Nutraceutical Treatments for Addiction Recovery
Authors: Becker Jeffrey 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Current medical treatment in substance-use disorders and addiction recovery often fails to address the underlying molecular pathophysiologic mechanisms of addiction morbidity. Psychopharmacology and behavioral interventions do not directly address the cellular patterns of dysfunction in addiction but natural treatments can and should be employed in a research-based manner to support existing treatment protocols. Research into addiction pathophysiology is clear: removing the offending agent through sobriety is often not enough to restore natural premorbid physiology. Drug-induced oxidative stress and inflammation may inhibit full recovery by damaging molecular health, homeostasis, and neurological function. Prolonged activation of stress systems likely affects judgment during the “white-knuckle” stage of recovery. The author discusses research characterizing the following 3 functional categories of addiction pathophysiology: inflammation and antioxidant system degradation, stress system activation, and vitamin and mineral depletion patterns. Each section is followed by discussion of research-based natural treatments employed to support addiction recovery at the cellular level.
Interaction of Spirituality and Religion with Health, Mental Health, and Substance Abuse
Authors: Lee Bruce Y. , Newberg Andrew B. , Modir Shahla J. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Medical and scientific communities have become interested in the effects of religion on health, mental health, and substance abuse. Coverage of the interplay of religion and health is more frequent in the main stream media. There is a surge in the popularity of spiritual activities, such as yoga and mindfulness meditation, that aim to improve physical and mental health, as well as help with substance abuse. Many patients consider religion to be important and have indicated they would like to discuss religious issues with their psychiatrists. This chapter reviews the clinical effects of religious and spiritual practices on physical, mental health and health-related behaviors. Additionally, we will review the interactive effect of AA on spirituality and recovery, and the impact spirituality can have on improving abstinence from substance abuse. We also will discuss future directions in the roles of religion and spirituality in health care.
Three Dynamic Healing Modalities for the Treatment of Substance Use and Co-Occurring Disorders: Aromatherapy, Equine Therapy, and Creative Arts Therapies
Authors: Scott E. Hitchcock 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter comprises three subchapters, and each subchapter offers a brief introduction to 1 of 3 healing modalities: (1) aromatherapy, (2) equine therapy, and (3) creative arts therapies. All 3 healing processes are considered to be well regarded in the field of addiction treatment. Yet the credibility of each one could benefit from more well-designed, large-scale, randomized controlled trials. Even so, there is significant research supporting the efficacy of each of the 3 treatment modalities. Safety is especially important with impulsive patient populations, such as those with dual diagnoses, addiction and trauma. All three modalities are able to be powerful, and at times transformative, when practiced by qualified health practitioners. For patients who struggle with substance abuse, co-occurring disorders and adverse childhood experiences, especially those who have felt as if they were failed by traditional treatment programs, a non-traditional treatment modality may provide just the right intervention.
Creative Arts Therapies: An Integrative Modality for Addiction and Trauma Treatment
Authors: Scott E. Hitchcock 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This textbook subchapter examines how the creative arts therapies are an important modality for addiction treatment. A valid argument can be made regarding art as an essential tool for effective healing, based in part upon a comprehensive review of current research. Unfortunately, due to inadequately educated staff many addiction programs are mislabeling arts and crafts projects as “creative arts psychotherapy.” This subchapter seeks to address this misnomer as well as the remarkable healing potential of art therapy when facilitated by certified professionals. The benefits and challenges of art therapy will be addressed in a preliminary fashion by providing a definition, case study overview, examples of art, an example each of the journal writing and poetry produced, and a subjective description of the impact of the creative and expressive arts via the client’s perceptions. These will be followed by a Haiku that foreshadowed the client’s success with long-term sobriety after treatment.
The Role of Aromatherapy in the Treatment of Substance Use and Co-Occurring Disorders
Authors: Skipper Cathy , Birkmayer Florian 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Aromatherapy can be an important tool in the treatment of substance abuse and co-occurring disorders. When used by trained specialists, essential oils are safe, simple, and effective both in alleviating symptoms as well as helping increase self-awareness and transform consciousness. Olfaction is a powerful sensory modality, and olfactory receptors have been found in nearly every tissue of the body and parts of the Central Nervous System (CNS) relevant to addiction and motivation. Essential oils are widely used to support and alleviate nervous symptom disorders such as those triggered by addiction (i.e., anxiety, sleep problems, panic attacks, depression, stress etc.). The available scientific literature supports the traditional uses of the most common essential oils in this domain and is encouraging for the continued development of these powerful plants extracts for addiction support.
Equine-Assisted Psychotherapy for Substance Use and Co-Occurring Disorders
Authors: Birkmayer Florian 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Equine-assisted psychotherapy is a promising emerging treatment for clients with substance-use and co-occuring disorders that can cause rapid transformation away from self-defeating thought and behavior patterns to a deeper sense of self-awareness, connectedness, and resilience. Reviewed here are the unique characteristics of horses as prey and as herd animals willing to interact with humans. This section will show how they become powerful therapeutic partners. Standards of practice of several equine-assisted therapy organizations are introduced. Studies and data on the effectiveness of equine-assisted therapy in substance use and co-occuring disorders are discussed.
Shamanism: Addiction and Soul Sickness
Authors: Taraborelli Dean , Villoldo Alberto , Muñoz George E. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
The path of healing, self-discovery, and tackling the existential questions as to why people use drugs is addressed in this chapter. The chapter outlines the healing concepts within the Quero tradition, as these peoples were direct descendants of the Inca from ancient Andean Peru. The cosmology and oral traditions through healing motifs are timeless irrespective of cultural and chronological differences. The case examples serve as an ideal platform to launch this chapter on healing and the shamanic path in addiction treatment. Exploration of time, space, relativity, quantum physics—and their interconnectivity to the healing path—are explored. As a valuable addition to the classic approach to addiction and recovery, this chapter conforms to the whole person spiritual approaches available through medical anthropology cultural exploration: in this case, the Inca descendants, the Quero and their wisdom healing traditions.
Group Therapy and Support in Addiction Treatment
Authors: Ginsberg Rick 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter examines and defines the differences between group therapy and group support for people with substance abuse and addiction and investigates how these therapeutic interventions are used. A model providing guidance to integrative health-care providers on how to best assess the quality and appropriateness of various group interventions (group therapy and group support) is presented, and calls for future research are made to assist providers, clients, and researchers in determining the specific curative factors in these group interventions.
Integrative Approaches to Post-acute Withdrawal and Relapse Prevention
Authors: Modir Shahla J. , Ling Walter , Muñoz George E. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Dr. Walter Ling begins this chapter by discussing the distinction between the process of detoxification and role relapse prevention. He reviews the post acute withdrawal period, its neurobiological underpinnings, and discusses the role of stress hormones, neuro-circuity, and the importance of relapse prevention. The existential question as to why people take drugs is posed. Complex aspects of the neurobiology of post-acute withdrawal and subsequent treatment ramifications are reviewed. Drug-specific neurochemical changes are explained, including treatment to reduce cortisol and noradrenergic responses pharmacologically. Then the integrative approach to relapse prevention is reviewed by Dr. Munoz. The concept of “relapse prevention plan” is introduced and the roles of exercise, 12-step social support, and the use of novel neuro-diagnostics including Event Related Potentials (ERP) to aid in personalized risk stratification of potential future relapse. The importance and evidence of multidisciplinary approaches and social 12-step-type support are also reviewed and close out the neuroscience of the first 2 sections.
Preoperative Patient Evaluation for Anesthesia Care Outside of the Operating Room
Authors: Beg Yasmeen , Sweitzer BobbieJean 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Increasing numbers of patients with serious comorbidities undergo procedures that require anesthesia services outside of the operating room (OOOR). A general anesthetic requiring instrumentation of the airway may pose a greater risk than many procedures performed in OOOR settings. A thorough review of the patient’s history and medical records should be undertaken as part of the preanesthetic assessment. Preprocedure testing is often unnecessary unless there is a medical indication or the results will alter management. The patient’s comorbidities and the nature of the procedure are considered when managing medications. Preparation to lower the risk of complications and improve outcomes during and after procedures requiring anesthesia is the most important goal. Identification and modification of risk are essential. As the numbers of patients having anesthesia in OOOR locations increase, anesthesiologists must continue to innovate to provide patients with the best preoperative services.
Recovery and Discharge for Procedures Conducted Outside of the Operating Room
Authors: Abdullah Hairil R. , Chung Frances 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter provides contemporary perspectives on the issues of recovery assessment and monitoring, as well as an overview of the criteria-related discharge following anesthesia outside the operating room. The need for appropriate monitoring in the recovery period is argued based on data from an outcomes and claims registry. Discharge scoring systems are also discussed together with pertinent postanesthesia issues that may delay discharge from the postanesthesia care unit, such as nausea and vomiting, significant pain, as well as the need for mandatory patient escort. The standards and guidelines mentioned in this chapter apply not only to the anesthesiologists, but also to other physicians who supervise the recovery of patients in different units.
CT- and PET/CT-Guided Interventional Radiology Procedures
Authors: Bhagavatula Sharath K. , Souza Daniel A. T. , Flusberg Milana , Silverman Stuart G. , Shyn Paul B. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Computed tomography (CT) has become a valuable guidance modality for a large number of diagnostic and therapeutic percutaneous interventions. Diagnostic and therapeutic interventions guided by CT are among the most common interventional radiology procedures performed in clinical practice. Common diagnostic CT-guided interventions include tissue biopsies, fluid aspirations, and catheter drainages. Needle biopsies can be used to obtain tissue for cytologic or histologic assessment from almost any anatomical region of the body. Positron emission tomography (PET)/CT–guided diagnostic and therapeutic interventions have emerged recently and are increasing in frequency and number of indications. This chapter discusses common interventional procedures that are performed in both the interventional CT and PET/CT suites and outlines patient issues, procedural techniques, radiation/safety, and other clinical considerations that pertain to both interventionalists and anesthesiologists.
Anesthesia for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Radiologic Procedures
Authors: Amin Annie , Cutter Thomas W. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter discusses the use of anesthetics in a variety of diagnostic and therapeutic radiologic procedures. Diagnostic procedures are anatomic or functional, minimally or noninvasive, and seldom require anesthesia support; anesthesia is typically only requested for these procedures because of a patient’s physiological or psychological needs. Recognizing and addressing a patient’s comorbidities and other concerns are similar to care given in the surgical setting. The imaging environment and procedures pose additional requirements and constraints, which are unique and require specific solutions; there is frequently no single best anesthetic technique for a given procedure. Radiologists serve the critical function of deciding whether to consult the anesthesiologist or perform a procedure alone. If the decision is to proceed with moderate sedation (administered by a nonanesthesia professional), the importance of vigilant clinical monitoring cannot be understated. In all cases, the patient deserves care that is consistent with the parameters, guidelines, and standards established by the various accrediting agencies and professional societies
Anesthesia in the Radiation Oncology Suite
Authors: Harris Eric A. , Candiotti Keith 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Cancer continues to be a leading cause of mortality worldwide and ranks second among the pediatric population. Radiation therapy (XRT) is a potent tool used by oncologists to manage this disease. Although treatment is typically painless, the need for immobilization has resulted in anesthesiologists frequently being consulted to provide service to these patients during their treatment. In addition to the challenges of providing anesthesia in a non–operating room environment, the provider must tailor an appropriate anesthetic for the simulation or XRT treatment sessions. Complications are rare but may be exacerbated by the distance between the patient and the anesthesia provider. Finally, the anesthesiologist must be prepared to discuss issues related to multiple anesthetic exposures with the patient and caregivers.
Anesthesia for Assisted Reproductive Technologies
Authors: Kovacheva Vesela , Sequeira Patricia M. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter provides a review of the current sedation and anesthetic approaches for in vitro fertilization (IVF). It starts with a concise overview of the medical fundamentals of IVF, including controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH), oocyte retrieval (OR), sperm retrieval, embryo transfer, and dilation and curettage. Next follows a description of the facilities and roles of the personnel involved. The main part of the chapter focuses on the sedation goals, risks, and selection of anesthetic techniques for IVF. At the end of the chapter, the most common postsedation considerations—like pain, postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), vasovagal syncope, and bleeding—are discussed.
Anesthesia for Urologic Procedures
Authors: Maani Christopher V. , Horne Gaelen 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
With advances in technology over the past few decades and the development of new and less invasive surgical techniques, procedures that once required a traditional operating room can now be accomplished in smaller outpatient settings. Maximizing efficiency and improving patient outcomes, while minimizing hospitalization and recovery time has become a focus of many anesthetic practices throughout the United States. Because more procedures are being performed in outpatient and outside of the OR (OOOR) settings, it is increasingly important for the anesthesiologist to ensure patient and personnel safety in addition to providing an optimal anesthetic for the patient. This chapter will discuss anesthesia for common urologic outpatient/OOOR procedures, including cystourethroscopy, ureteroscopy, transurethral procedures except TURP, laser use, percutaneous renal procedures, and extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy.
Anesthesia for Procedures in the Emergency Department
Authors: Andruchow James E. , Easter Benjamin 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
The practice of emergency medicine has changed significantly over the past several decades. It has evolved into a separate and distinct specialty with a unique knowledge base and training program. As the specialty has evolved, so too has the complexity of patients being cared for in the emergency department (ED), as well as the range of tests and treatments being performed. For many of these patients, the acute management of pain and anxiety is an essential component of their ED care and fundamental to the performance of diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. Consequently, possessing an arsenal of anesthesia techniques is essential to the safe and effective practice of modern emergency medicine. This chapter reviews the provision of such anesthesia in the ED setting.
Procedures in the Adult and Neonatal Intensive Care Units
Authors: Read Matthew , Maani Christopher V. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Bedside procedures in the ICU are an integral component of critical care medicine. Anesthesiologists who are assigned to the ICU must adapt principles of safe and effective anesthesia practice to this novel outside-of-the-operating-room environment. There are several reasons for surgical procedures to sometimes be performed at the bedside in the ICU, such as the avoidance of transporting unstable patients from the ICU to the OR, or the lack of adequate time to mobilize resources to perform an urgent procedure in the OR. Readiness of the entire ICU team is essential to avoid compromising care due to production pressure or lack of standards routine to the OR environment. This chapter discusses the types of procedures performed in the ICU and reviews the requirements of performing them successfully.
Pain Management Procedures
Authors: Maani Christopher V. , Lopez LT Col Edward M. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Patients referred to pain clinics are often those with the most severe pain, who have failed more conservative approaches or strictly medical modalities. In other instances, the patients are referred for concerns of comorbidities or lack of pain management resources such as a clinic and procedure room with fluoroscopic capabilities. While the goal for these percutaneous interventions is improved pain control, they should be considered adjuncts and not replacements for a comprehensive pain management strategy. Most patients benefit from multimodal pain medication strategies, physical therapy, stress management and relaxation training, occupational therapy, acupuncture, or other treatment therapies. This chapter provides an overview and discussion of several of the most common pain procedures encountered in clinical pain management practices today. Each procedure is discussed with an initial description of the strategy, including technical aspects, medical indications, and relevant complications important for the pain management physician to understand. This will be followed by a section on considerations for anesthetic management.