bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CityNet—Deep learning tools for urban ecoacoustic assessment
Authors: Fairbrass Alison J. , Firman Michael , Williams Carol , Brostow Gabriel J. , Titheridge Helena , Jones Kate E. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract

Cities support unique and valuable ecological communities, but understanding urban wildlife is limited due to the difficulties of assessing biodiversity. Ecoacoustic surveying is a useful way of assessing habitats, where biotic sound measured from audio recordings is used as a proxy for population abundance and/or activity. However, existing algorithms systematically over and underestimate measures of biotic activity in the presence of typical urban non‐biotic sounds in recordings.

We develop CityNet, a deep learning system using convolutional neural networks (CNNs), to measure audible biotic (CityBioNet) and anthropogenic (CityAnthroNet) acoustic activity in cities. The CNNs were trained on a large dataset of annotated audio recordings collected across Greater London, UK. Using a held‐out test dataset, we compare the precision and recall of CityBioNet and CityAnthroNet separately to the best available alternative algorithms: four Acoustic Indices: Acoustic Complexity Index, Acoustic Diversity Index, Bioacoustic Index, and Normalised Difference Soundscape Index, and a state‐of‐the‐art bird call detection CNN (bulbul). We also compare the effect of non‐biotic sounds on the predictions of CityBioNet and bulbul. Finally we apply CityNet to describe acoustic patterns of the urban soundscape in two sites along an urbanisation gradient.

CityBioNet was the best performing algorithm for measuring biotic activity in terms of precision and recall, followed by bulbul, whereas the Acoustic Indices performed worst. CityAnthroNet outperformed the Normalised Difference Soundscape Index, but by a smaller margin than CityBioNet achieved against the competing algorithms. The CityBioNet predictions were impacted by mechanical sounds, whereas air traffic and wind sounds influenced the bulbul predictions. Across an urbanisation gradient, we show that CityNet produced realistic daily patterns of biotic and anthropogenic acoustic activity from real‐world urban audio data.

Using CityNet, it is possible to automatically measure biotic and anthropogenic acoustic activity in cities from audio recordings. If embedded within an autonomous sensing system, CityNet could produce environmental data for cites at large‐scales and facilitate investigation of the impacts of anthropogenic activities on wildlife. The algorithms, code and pretrained models are made freely available in combination with two expert‐annotated urban audio datasets to facilitate automated environmental surveillance in cities.
A dual‐process exploration of binge drinking: Evidence through behavioral and electrophysiological findings
Authors: Lannoy Séverine , Dormal Valérie , Billieux Joël , Brion Mélanie , D'Hondt Fabien , Maurage Pierre 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe dual‐process model, describing addictive disorders as resulting from an imbalance between increased automatic approach behaviors towards the substance and reduced abilities to control these behaviors, constitutes a sound theoretical framework to understand alcohol‐use disorders. The present study aimed at exploring this imbalance at behavioral and cerebral levels in binge drinking, a pattern of excessive alcohol consumption frequently observed in youth, by assessing both reflective control abilities and automatic processing of alcohol‐related stimuli. For this purpose, 25 binge drinkers and 25 comparison participants performed a Go/No‐Go task during electrophysiological recording. Inhibition abilities were investigated during explicit (ie, distinguishing alcoholic versus nonalcoholic drinks) and implicit (ie, distinguishing sparkling versus nonsparkling drinks, independently of their alcohol content) processing of beverage cues. Binge drinkers presented poorer inhibition for the explicit processing of beverage cues, as well as reduced N200 amplitude for the specific processing of alcohol‐related stimuli. As a whole, these findings indicated inhibition impairments in binge drinkers, particularly for alcohol cues processing and at the attentional stage of the cognitive stream. In line with the dual‐process model, these results support that binge drinking is already characterized by an underactivation of the reflective system combined with an overactivation of the automatic system. Results also underlined the influence of explicit processing compared with implicit ones. At the clinical level, our findings reinforce the need to develop intervention methods focusing on the inhibition of approach behaviors towards alcohol‐related stimuli.
“The Inevitable Products of Racial Segregation”: Multigenerational Consequences of Exclusionary Housing Policies on African Americans, 1910–1960
Authors: Woods Louis Lee 
Published: October 2018

AbstractFrom 1910 to 1960, whites fought viciously and persistently to prevent African Americans from living in decent housing in racially integrated neighborhoods. In 1910, Baltimore was the first city to adopt an ordinance banning African Americans from white neighborhoods. In part, this law was justified as a means to restrain the violent behavior of white citizens who might otherwise act as vigilantes against their black neighbors. Other cities followed suit. These racial zones were declared unconstitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court. However, for 31 years this Court sanctioned the adoption of private restrictive covenants that were effective at blocking African Americans from buying or renting a house in a white neighborhood. In the 1930s, the insertion of racially restrictive covenants became both a protective mechanism and a prerequisite for federal mortgage lending, insurance, and guarantees by a variety of national housing agencies. In effect, the federal government enforced racial segregation even though local governments were not allowed to. The net effect of three decades of federal housing programs was to drive an economic wedge between federally subsidized housing for whites and federally enforced denial of housing loans in African American neighborhoods. Those policies made whites wealthy at the expense of African Americans, a condition that still persists and will continue to do so in the absence of federal intervention to reverse the wealth gap it helped to create.
Land Gains, Land Losses: The Odyssey of African Americans Since Reconstruction
Authors: Hinson Waymon R. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe history of African American land acquisition and dispossession is a long and torturous story from the shores of Africa, through the Middle Passage, to enslavement in America in both urban and rural settings, and into the complexities of freedom under Reconstruction and Jim Crow. Prior to enslavement, Africans lived in agricultural settings. Despite the horrors of slavery, their cultural attachment to the land in their homelands would prove beneficial after emancipation. Developing an agrarian spirit and accumulating land at a rate beyond that of whites in the first few decades of freedom, despite seemingly insurmountable obstacles, black land ownership peaked in the early 1900s. Thereafter, African Americans began to lose their land faster than whites. This article explores the larger context of the South, the creativity African Americans showed in resistance and in declaring themselves human, the movement toward land ownership, and the ways and means by which African Americans lost their land. Narrative and data reveal the complexities and the lived experience of African Americans.
Race and Location: The Role Neighborhoods Play in Family Wealth and Well‐Being
Authors: Thomas Hannah , Mann Alexis , Meschede Tatjana 
Published: October 2018

AbstractA household’s wealth provides an important form of economic security for a family, as well as enabling parents to invest in children to help them realize their aspirations. Yet in the United States, wealth inequality between white families and families of color who are earning the same incomes has reached startling levels. The racial wealth gap, which reduces the opportunities available to African American families, has proved to be a pernicious and enduring phenomenon since it was first identified in 1990. This article identifies and explores the role of neighborhoods in creating and perpetuating the ongoing racial wealth gap. Wealth available to a family influences the neighborhood a family is able to afford to live in: through wealth available to purchase a home or wealth available to put down a deposit on an apartment. This article makes the case that the neighborhood a family lives in not only influences social outcomes, but also influences how much wealth a family can build over the years, either as a homeowner or a renter. It also discusses the key wealth mechanisms that influence neighborhood access as well as how a household’s neighborhood location influences wealth accumulation. Historical government policies created an inequitable landscape of neighborhoods across the United States. Government policies must seek to address this historical injustice.
The History of Residential Segregation in the United States, Title VIII, and the Homeownership Remedy
Authors: McGrew Teron 
Published: October 2018

AbstractResidential segregation was practiced by federal, state, and local governments as an instrument of racial domination in the United States throughout much of the 20th century. Systematic racial discrimination in housing was unconstitutionally developed and implemented by state and federal agencies. Laws, regulations, and private practices in the real estate industry were used to promote legally enforced residential segregation in the United States. Zoning, redlining, and blockbusting created the division of our urban landscape along the color line: black and white. Residential segregation has had debilitating impacts on African Americans in cities in terms of lost opportunities for economic prosperity and the denial of homeownership and the wealth‐building potential that comes from it. Oakland, California is at the center of this research, where urban renewal and an interstate highway destroyed whole neighborhoods in West Oakland. The Acorn Housing Project was built in the aftermath of the urban renewal program. Title VIII of the Fair Housing Act remains the most promising basis for developing strategies for African Americans to fully engage in American’s legacy of wealth building through homeownership—the American Dream. Historically, that dream was designed only for white America. The task now is to realize it for everyone.
On the Perils of Race Neutrality and Anti‐Blackness: Philosophy as an Irreconcilable Obstacle to (Black) Thought
Authors: Curry Tommy J. , Curry Gwenetta 
Published: October 2018

AbstractRace‐neutral philosophies often depend on the illusion of a universal humanist orientation. This philosophical position, while common, often misses what is concretely at stake in the diagnosis and analyses of anti‐Black racism in the United States. This article argues that racism is part of a deliberate strategy of academic philosophy to keep the discipline white. When one considers the demographic underrepresentation of Blacks compared to other groups in the academy, the use of universal pretenses to negate the experiences of racial minorities, and the sociological realities of race and racism in America, academic philosophy emerges as one of many ideological stratagems used to deny the realities of death and dying in our society. The authors argue that race neutrality and colorblindness cloak the societal consequences and disciplinary practices that allow segregation, violence, and anti‐Black death to continue unabated.
Prenatal particulate matter affects new asthma via airway hyperresponsiveness in schoolchildren
Authors: Yang Song‐I , Lee So‐Yeon , Kim Hyo‐Bin , Kim Hwan‐Cheol , Leem Jong‐Han , Yang Hyeon‐Jong , Kwon Hyeok , Seo Ju‐Hee , Cho Hyun‐Ju , Yoon Jisun , Lee Eun , Jung Young‐Ho , Kim Yeongho , Jung Sungsu , Kwon Ho‐Jang , Hong Soo‐Jong 
Published: October 2018

AbstractBackgroundThe most relevant time of PM10 exposure to affect airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and new development of asthma in school‐aged children is unclear. The aims of this study were to investigate the most critical time of PM10 exposure to affect AHR and new diagnosis of asthma from AHR in school‐aged children.MethodsElementary schoolchildren (n = 3570) have been enrolled in a nationwide prospective 4‐year follow‐up survey in Korea from 2005 to 2006. Individual annual PM10 exposure was estimated by using an ordinary kriging method from the prenatal period to 7 years of age. AHR at 7 years was defined by a methacholine PC20 ≤8 mg/mL.ResultsPM10 exposure during pregnancy and at 1 year of age showed significant effects on AHR (aOR: 1.694, 95% CI: 1.298‐2.209; and aOR: 1.750, 95% CI: 1.343‐2.282, respectively). PM10 exposure during pregnancy was associated with the risk of a new diagnosis of asthma (aOR: 2.056, 95% CI: 1.240‐3.409), with the highest risk in children with AHR at age 7 (aOR: 6.080, 95% CI: 2.150‐17.195). PM10 exposure in the second trimester was associated with the highest risk of a new diagnosis of asthma in children with AHR at age 7 (aOR: 4.136, 95% CI: 1.657‐10.326).ConclusionsPrenatal PM10 exposure in the second trimester is associated with an increased risk of a new diagnosis of asthma in school‐aged children with AHR at 7 years. This study suggests that PM10 exposure during a specific trimester in utero may affect the onset of childhood asthma via AHR.
Longitudinal trends in renal function in chronic hepatitis B patients receiving oral antiviral treatment
Authors: Udompap Prowpanga , Kim Donghee , Ahmed Aijaz , Kim W. Ray 
Published: October 2018

SummaryBackgroundLong term renal safety of antiviral agents against hepatitis B virus (HBV) has been debated.AimTo compare longitudinal trends of renal function among HBV mono‐infected patients receiving entecavir (ETV), tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), and adefovir (ADV) in comparison to untreated subjects.MethodsA retrospective cohort consisting of 815 patients with chronic HBV infection was constructed. Serial estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was compared to the expected rate of age‐dependent decline in eGFR, derived from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data. Generalised estimating equations and linear mixed‐effects models were used to compare trends in eGFR (in mL/min/1.73m2 as a “unit”).ResultsIn NHANES data (n = 23 051), each year of age was associated with a 0.86 unit decrease in eGFR in subjects without hypertension and 0.96 units with hypertension. The Stanford cohort consisted of patients who received ETV (n = 207), TDF (n = 191), ADV (n = 46) or no therapy (n = 371). After a median follow‐up 4.0 (interquartile range: 1.9‐6.5) years, there was no significant difference in the expected and observed rates of eGFR decline in untreated HBV patients. Patients receiving antiviral treatment experienced steeper reduction in renal function than expected. In the multivariable model, ETV was associated with eGFR loss at 1.81 units per year (P = 0.06, compared to untreated patients). TDF‐ and ADV‐treated patients experienced significantly higher rate of eGFR loss at 2.21 and 2.63 units per year, respectively (both P < 0.01).ConclusionIn this longitudinal cohort study, HBV patients receiving antiviral therapy, particularly TDF and ADV, experienced more rapid loss in eGFR.
The Role of Self‐Efficacy and Identity in Mediating the Effects of STEM Support Experiences
Authors: Syed Moin , Zurbriggen Eileen L. , Chemers Martin M. , Goza Barbara K. , Bearman Steve , Crosby Faye J. , Shaw Jerome M. , Hunter Lisa , Morgan Elizabeth M. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractWe report results from two studies testing the Mediation Model of Research Experiences, which posits that science (or engineering) self‐efficacy and identity as a scientist (or engineer) mediate the association between support programs and students’ commitment to science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) careers. Study 1 included 502 matriculated and recently graduated undergraduate STEM students. Structural equation modeling analyses indicated that research experience, instrumental mentoring, and involvement in a community of scientists were associated with commitment to a STEM career, mediated through science/engineering self‐efficacy and identity as a scientist/engineer. There were few interactions with ethnicity and none with gender. In Study 2, 63 undergraduate students in science/engineering support programs were surveyed with a similar instrument at the beginning and end of their programs. Pre–post analyses indicated that increases over time in community involvement were associated with increases in science/engineering self‐efficacy, and increases over time in science/engineering identity were associated with increased commitment to a STEM career. Taken together, these two studies show the importance of psychological processes such as identity and self‐efficacy in understanding the specific ways in which science/engineering support programs lead to enhanced commitment to a career in STEM among White and underrepresented minority undergraduate students.
Baseline morphometric, haematological and plasma biochemical parameters in free‐ranging eastern water dragons (Intellagama lesueurii lesueurii)
Authors: Johnson RSP , Harlow PS , Phillips CA , Hall EJS 
Published: October 2018

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to determine baseline reference data for morphometric measurements and haematological and plasma biochemical parameters in clinically healthy eastern water dragons (Intellagama lesueurii lesueurii), accounting for the variables of season and sex. The clinical objective was to provide clinicians and researchers with baseline reference intervals (RIs) in order to assess accurately the health of a population or individual animals.MethodsThe study group comprised 39 free‐ranging eastern water dragons. To monitor seasonal changes in data two study periods were assigned: September–October 2009 (spring) and January–March 2010 (summer). The 18 males and 21 females were captured in the grounds of Taronga Zoo, Mosman (33°50′45′′ S, 151°15′20′′ E) in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Basic morphometric, haematological and plasma biochemical parameters were measured. RIs were generated in accordance with the American Society of Veterinary Clinical Pathology guidelines. Data were analysed for the effects of sex, season and sex–season interactions using restricted maximal likelihood modelling.ResultsReference values were established in eastern water dragons for morphometric data and RIs were generated for haematological and plasma biochemical levels. The study showed seasonal variation in uric acid. Weight, total length, snout–vent length and basophil % showed significant differences according to sex. Sex–season interactions were detected for calcium, monocyte % and total protein (refractometry).ConclusionMultiple parameters exhibited normal physiological variation between season and sex and an interaction between the two factors. These variables need to be considered in the clinical context when interpreting results of haematological and biochemical analyses in eastern water dragons. The RIs established from this population will provide a basis for further studies in both free‐living and captive eastern water dragons, and for comparison in clinical cases.
The trajectory of patients who die from metastatic prostate cancer: a population‐based study
Authors: Collins Anna , Sundararajan Vijaya , Millar Jeremy , Burchell Jodie , Le Brian , Krishnasamy Mei , McLachlan Sue‐Anne , Hudson Peter , Mileshkin Linda , Philip Jennifer 
Published: October 2018

ObjectivesTo describe health service use, symptom and survival characteristics in metastatic prostate cancer (mPCa) in order to outline usual care practices and identify future opportunities to improve the quality of care in this patient group.Patients and MethodsThis population cohort study, conducted in Victoria, Australia, used 10 years (2000–2010) of linked hospital discharge, emergency visit, and death registration data, to track patients from their first inpatient admission with mPCa until death. Descriptive statistics on inpatient health service use, symptoms, procedures, survival, and place of death are presented.ResultsIn all, 4436 patients survived a median (interquartile range [IQR]) of 4 (1, 12) months from their first multiday admission with mPCa. They had a median (IQR) of 3 (1, 9) admissions, 1 (0, 2) emergency department presentation, and 35 (18, 63) days admitted to hospital. Lower urinary tract symptoms were common (50%), and 21% underwent lower urinary tract procedures, whilst 48% had blood product transfusions. In the last month of life, 3685 (83%) had at least one indicator of aggressive end‐of‐life care, including 48% with more than one acute hospital admission, and 55% staying ≥14 days. Hospital‐based palliative care was accessed by 2657 (60%), occurring a median (IQR) of 30 (11, 74) days before death. In all, 23% died in the community, whilst 77% died in hospital, of whom 55% died in an acute hospital bed.ConclusionHalf of all decedents first admitted for a multiday stay with mPCa survived <4 months thereafter. They had a marked symptom burden, underwent multiple procedures and had multiple admissions. In all, 40% of patients did not receive any hospital‐based palliative care. Several opportunities exist to improve the timely transition to palliative care services with mPCa. These data form a benchmark against which future improvements to palliative care integration may be measured.
The Early Lake Ontario barrier beach: evidence for sea level about 12.8–12.5 cal. ka BP beneath western Lake Ontario in eastern North America
Authors: Lewis C. F. Michael , Todd Brian J. 
Published: October 2018

An overstepped, concave‐eastward, barrier beach beneath Holocene mud in western Lake Ontario has been delineated by acoustic and seismic reflection profiles and piston cores, and related to Early Lake Ontario (ELO). The average ELO barrier depth below present mean lake level is 77.4 to 80.6 m, or about −6 to −2.8 m above present sea level. Trend surface analysis of Champlain Sea (Atlantic Ocean) marine limits defined the contemporaneous marine water surface, and projections of this surface pass ~25 m above the outlet sill of the Lake Ontario basin and extend to the ELO palaeo‐barrier, a unique sand and gravel deposit beneath western Lake Ontario. ELO was connected to the Champlain Sea above the isostatically rising outlet sill for up to three centuries after about 12.8 cal. ka BP, while the glacio‐isostatically depressed St. Lawrence River Valley was inundated by the Atlantic Ocean. During the period of this connection, ELO level was confluent with slowly rising sea level, and the lake constructed a transgressive beach deposit with washover surfaces. ELO remained fresh due to a high flux of meltwater inflow. The marine water level connection stabilized water level in ELO relative to its shore and facilitated shore erosion, sediment supply and barrier construction. Glacio‐isostatic uplift of the outlet sill, faster than sea‐level rise, lifted ELO above the Champlain Sea about 12.5 cal. ka. Shortly after, a hydrological deficit due mainly to a combination of diverted meltwater inflow and dry climate, well known from regional pollen studies, forced the lake into a lowstand. The lowstand stranded the barrier, which remains as evidence of sea level, the farthest inland in eastern North America north of the Gulf of Mexico at the time. The highest palaeo‐washover surface provides a sea‐level index point.