bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immune Pharmacodynamic Responses of the Novel Cancer Immunotherapeutic Imprime PGG in Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Bose Nandita , Ottoson Nadine R. , Qiu Xiaohong , Harrison Ben , Lowe Jamie R. , Uhlik Mark T. , Rathmann Blaine T. , Kangas Takashi O. , Jordan Lindsay R. , Ertelt Kathleen E. , Jonas Adria Bykowski , Walsh Richard M. , Chan Anissa S. H. , Fulton Ross B. , Leonardo Steven M. , Fraser Kathryn A. , Gorden Keith B. , Matson Mark A. , Graff Jeremy R. , Huhn Richard D. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Imprime PGG (Imprime) is an i.v. administered, yeast β-1,3/1,6 glucan in clinical development with checkpoint inhibitors. Imprime-mediated innate immune activation requires immune complex formation with naturally occurring IgG anti-β glucan Abs (ABA). We administered Imprime to healthy human volunteers to assess the necessity of ABA for Imprime-mediated immunopharmacodynamic (IPD) changes. Imprime (4 mg/kg) was administered i.v. in single and multiple infusions. Subsets of subjects were premedicated with antihistamine and corticosteroid. Peripheral blood was measured before, during and after Imprime administration for IPD changes (e.g., ABA, circulating immune complexes, complement activation, complete blood counts, cytokine/chemokine, and gene expression changes). IPD changes were analyzed based on pretreatment serum ABA levels: low-ABA (&lt;20 μg/ml), mid-ABA (≥20–50 μg/ml), and high-ABA (≥50 μg/ml). At the end of infusion, free serum ABA levels decreased, circulating immune complex levels increased, and complement activation was observed. At ∼1–4 h after end of infusion, increased expression of cytokines/chemokines, a 1.5-4-fold increase in neutrophil and monocyte counts and a broad activation of innate immune genes were observed. Low-ABA subjects typically showed minimal IPD changes except when ABA levels rose above 20 μg/ml after repeated Imprime dosing. Mild-to-moderate infusion-related reactions occurred in subjects with ABA ≥20 μg/ml. Premedications alleviated some of the infusion-related reactions, but also inhibited cytokine responses. In conclusion, ABA levels, being critical for Imprime-mediated immune activation may provide a plausible, mechanism-based biomarker to identify patients most likely to respond to Imprime-based anticancer immunotherapy.
Osmium-Labeled Microspheres for Bead-Based Assays in Mass Cytometry
Authors: Budzinski Lisa , Schulz Axel R. , Baumgart Sabine , Burns Tyler , Rose Thomas , Hirseland Heike , Mei Henrik E. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Polystyrene beads are broadly applied in flow cytometry. Implementing bead-based assays in mass cytometry is desired but hampered by the lack of an elemental label required for their detection. In this study, we introduce stable osmium tetroxide labeling as a universal approach for generating functionalized beads readily detectable by mass cytometry. We demonstrate the utility of osmium-labeled beads for signal spillover compensation in mass cytometry, and, strikingly, their application in quantitative Ab-binding capacity assays combined with high-dimensional profiling of human PBMC enabled the systematic assessment of receptor expression profiles across large numbers of cellular phenotypes. This analysis confirmed increased monocytic Siglec-1 expression in active systemic lupus erythematosus patients and, additionally, revealed interrelated reductions of CD4 expression by regulatory and memory CD4 T cells and HLA-DR expression by myeloid dendritic cells, pointing toward defective cross-talk at the immunological synapse that may limit immune responses in systemic lupus erythematosus. By converting conventional flow cytometry beads into beads suitable for mass cytometry, our approach paves the way toward the broad implementation of bead-based assays in high-dimensional cell profiling studies by mass cytometry in biomedical research.
Where Else Would I Look for It? A Five-Country Qualitative Study on Purposes, Strategies, and Consequences of Online Health Information Seeking
Authors: Diviani Nicola , Fredriksen Eva Haukeland , Meppelink Corine S. , Mullan Judy , Rich Warren , Sudmann Tobba Therkildsen 
Published: April 2019

Background Online health information (OHI) is widely available and consulted by many people in Western countries to gain health advice. The main goal of the present study is to provide a detailed account of the experiences among people from various demographic backgrounds living in high-income countries, who have used OHI. Design and methods Thematic analysis of 165 qualitative semi-structured interviews conducted among OHI users residing in Australia, Israel, the Netherlands, Norway, and Switzerland was performed. Results The lived experience of people using OHI seem not to differ across countries. The interviews show that searches for OHI are motivated from curiosity, sharing of experiences, or affirmation for actions already taken. Most people find it difficult to appraise the information, leading them to cross-check sources or discuss OHI with others. OHI seems to impact mostly some specific types of health behaviors, such as changes in diet or physical activity, while it only plays a complementary role for more serious health concerns. Participants often check OHI before seeing their GP, but are reluctant to discuss online content with health care personnel due to expected negative reception. Conclusions This study adds to the body of knowledge on eHealth literacy by demonstrating how OHI affects overall health behavior, strengthens patients’ ability to understand, live with, and prepare themselves for diverse health challenges. The increasing digitalization of health communication and health care calls for further research on digital divides and patient-professional relations. Health care professionals should acknowledge OHI seeking and engage in discussions with patients to enable them to appreciate OHI, and to support shared decision making in health care. The professionals can utilize patient's desire to learn as a resource for health prevention, promotion or treatment, and empowerment.
Combat–Débat: Parataxis and the Unavowable Community; or, The Joke
Authors: Murray Stuart J. , Lemieux Tad 
Published: April 2019

ABSTRACT
Invoking the work of Maurice Blanchot, this text is situated in the (im)possibility of contemporary debate and the impossible, but necessary, question of (un)avowable community. Arguing that identity politics today forecloses debate in the syntactical closures of the named name, we follow Blanchot to open onto a paratactical politics of community. The parataxis (polysyndeton) is here the key trope of community and communication: the side-by-side arrangement of fragments that puts into play the seeming self-evidence of contemporary conjunctions, relations of subordination, and temporal sequence. The parataxis configures relations of alterity, radicalized in death, where the (non)being-in-common of self-other and self-self are exposed. Taking as instance the disaster of Donald Trump's presidency and the digital conveyances of identity, we explore this joke, its common currents, and the possibility for a paratactical politics of community when the joke is on us.
Satellite and Local Measurements Based Services for Air Quality Improvement
Authors: de Vries Johan , Loenen Edo , Mijling Bas , van der Meulen Wencke , van der Meer Arthur 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
AIRBUS presents a global monitoring service on atmospheric composition and emission allocation. Air composition and meteorological data from satellites and local sensors are combined into a chemical transport model to build up or validate trace gas and particulate matter emission sources and their impact on air quality. The service is using the AIRBUS’ developed OMI and TROPOMI satellite sensors to be able to quickly disclose new regions around the globe at low cost, as has been done for eastern Asia and the Indian continent. This yields a database of up-to-date emission sources at a spatial resolution of about 3.5 km (and in the future 1 km) and provides daily observation data on regional and transboundary transport of pollutants. Target constituents are NO2, particulate matter, CH4, (tropospheric) ozone and SO2. The full blown service adds data from several measurement systems (on ground, aircraft, high-altitude solar powered drones or pseudo satelites (HAPS) and nanosatellites) and various data like land-use and traffic information to achieve street level spatial resolution while maintaining accuracy and validation status. The resulting database of emission sources has the same street level spatial resolution and is intended to serve local issues. It has presently been built for several EU cities. This advanced and cost-competitive Air Quality Monitoring service is used for awareness building, policy development and policy evaluation and enforcement. The intent is to realize a commercial global service, based on local cooperation. The paper will describe the service and status.
Représentations sociales comparées. Le regard des enseignants et des conseillers pédagogiques sur les finalités de l’enseignement de l’histoire
Authors: Lanoix Alexandre 
Published: April 2019

Cet article présente les résultats d’une enquête portant sur les représentations sociales des enseignants d’histoire et des conseillers pédagogiques en univers social à propos des finalités de l’enseignement de l’histoire. Les résultats montrent d’abord qu’il existe deux sous-groupes d’enseignants aux représentations contrastées : le premier accorde davantage d’importance au développement des compétences et de la méthode historique chez les élèves, tandis que le second porte son attention sur la transmission de la mémoire collective. Les conseillers pédagogiques, de leur côté, placent le développement des compétences et de la méthode historique au coeur de leur représentation des finalités de l’enseignement de l’histoire, et ce, encore plus que le premier sous-groupe d’enseignants. Ainsi, l’enquête révèle que trois représentations des finalités de l’enseignement de l’histoire semblent cohabiter dans le réseau scolaire québécois.
Lg = 25 nm InGaAs/InAlAs high-electron mobility transistors with both fT and fmax in excess of 700 GHz
Authors: Jo Hyeon-Bhin , Yun Do-Young , Baek Ji-Min , Lee Jung-Hee , Kim Tae-Woo , Kim Dae-Hyun , Tsutsumi Takuya , Sugiyama Hiroki , Matsuzaki Hideaki 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
In this paper, we report an L
g = 25 nm InGaAs/InAlAs HEMT on InP substrate that delivers excellent high-frequency characteristics. The device exhibited a value of maximum transconductance (g
m_max) = 2.8 mS μm−1 at V
DS = 0.8 V and on-resistance (R
ON) = 279 Ω μm. At I
D = 0.56 mA μm−1 and V
DS = 0.5 V, the same device displayed an excellent combination of f
T = 703 GHz and f
max = 820 GHz. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first demonstration of a transistor with both f
T and f
max over 700 GHz on any material system.
Environmental Issues in Africa's Cities
Authors: Myers Garth 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Cities are increasing in size and significance in Africa. The study of the environment is a mainstay of scholarship on or about the continent across many disciplines, and yet it is still rare to find environmental analyses of urban issues or urban analyses of environmental issues for Africa. This is beginning to change, but thus far most of the works produced target one issue – for example, water or solid waste – and usually for one city. This entry provides an overview of an array of environmental issues across the region's cities, to provide a fuller picture of urban Africa's diversity and complexity when it comes to urban environments.
Urban Assemblage
Authors: Wang June 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Assemblage has been called on to understand the city as both relational and territorial. Initially introduced by Deleuze and Guattari, assemblage refers to a dynamic process of forming provisional constellations of different elements. The concept is employed in large, loosely related bodies of work such as actor‐network theory, “new materialist” geographies, and politics of knowledge, among others. The two schools of political economy and poststructuralism treat assemblage in different ways and therefore focus on different scholarly questions. Concepts like splintering urbanism, global assemblage, worlding cities, and fast policy transfer are introduced.
Barcelona
Authors: García Marisol 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This entry traces the history of Barcelona since the foundation of the city during the Roman empire. In the Middle Ages it was a major commercial center in the western Mediterranean. It later became one of the first industrial cities in Spain and went through various stages of expansion. The city grew through newly planned large‐scale construction and through the annexation of surrounding villages. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth‐century building boom, the city saw the creation of remarkable architecture which has become a major attraction in modern times. Important spurts of urban development were the Universal Exhibition (1888), the International Exhibition (1929), and the Olympic Games (1992). Local democratic governance and planning have guided urban regeneration and distinctive public spaces. Today Barcelona is a globalized city that attracts large numbers of visitors.
Border Regions
Authors: Scott James W. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Border regions reflect the impacts of state borders on political spaces, economic relationships, and social life. As their constitution and function are very much context‐dependent, conceptualizations of border regions reveal a great deal of fluidity and ambiguity. Furthermore, the way in which border regions are comprehended, studied, and interpreted reflects the increasing complexity and scope of social geography. There is a clear difference between definitions that are nationally oriented and those that assume a cross‐border element to border “regionness.” During recent decades, the focus of border studies has shifted toward the latter understanding, reflecting increasing concerns with globalization, trade liberalization, political and economic integration, and the end of Cold War geopolitics.
Brasília
Authors: de Faria Rodrigo , Pescatori Carolina 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Brasília was inaugurated on April 21, 1960, and since then the city has been the seat of the Brazilian federal government. It is located in the Central Highlands, or Planalto Central, and the decision to construct the city should be interpreted as part of President Juscelino Kubitschek's political and macroeconomic actions formulated to guide national development. Brasília's master plan was chosen through a national competition for the new capital pilot plan, which selected Lucio Costa's proposal. The urban plan was conceived with two basic characteristics: mobility, with individual vehicles, and an urban configuration organized by superblocks: residential multifamily buildings and green open spaces. The original plan suffered some modifications, which interfered with the construction of the city. Today, Brasília is a sprawled metropolis comprising the satellite cities and municipalities of the Federal District Integrated Development Region (RIDE‐DF). Brasília is considered a World Heritage Site by UNESCO, as an icon of modernist urbanism and architecture.
Broadacre City
Authors: Grabow Stephen 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
In 1932, Frank Lloyd Wright created a proposal for a low density, decentralized linear settlement pattern called Broadacre City. Anticipating urban sprawl in the United States, it represented an intermediate form of settlement between urban and rural landscapes. Initially receiving support from leading reformers and progressive intellectuals, it eventually came under severe criticism – only to crop up nearly every decade from the 1960s on as people debated the future form of the city. As postindustrial forces seek to further decentralize urban concentrations, and more people choose to live outside central urban areas, Broadacre City seems increasingly relevant.
Buenos Aires
Authors: Bertoncello Rodolfo , Cerrutti Marcela 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
With a population of 13.6 million, the metropolis of Buenos Aires, the federal capital of Argentina, is the third largest city in Latin America and one of the twenty largest in the world. The origin of Buenos Aires goes back to the colonial period, when Juan de Garay founded it in 1580 on behalf of the Spanish crown. From the mid‐nineteenth century, the city saw accelerated population growth linked to radical transformations, including massive immigration flows at the turn of the nineteenth century. It is now the headquarters of the most advanced and productive activities of the country. A concentrated settlement of population, the metropolis has 35.1 percent of Argentina's urban population. It consists of the federal capital of Argentina and 24 municipalities of Buenos Aires province. The area has the highest concentration of universities, museums, and theaters of the country, and in the recent past has seen significant political developments. Buenos Aires is a global city but also a megacity of the Global South, with considerable social contrasts and inequalities that have been increasing over time.
Care and Domestic Work
Authors: Petitcorps Colette Le 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Care and domestic work are two concepts theorized by feminist researchers. They first shed light on the unpaid work undertaken by women in the household and located it within a sexual division of labor where men perform productive work in the public sphere while women are assigned to reproductive work in the private sphere. With the social transformation of the family structure and the rising rate of female employment, the provision of care has changed. Its commodification and externalization through the market has involved other social inequalities and power relations. Nowadays, care and domestic work are at the center of global labor markets within which migrant women represent a key workforce.
Central Place Analysis
Authors: Mori Tomoya 
Published: April 2019

AbstractCentral place analysis is a collection of theoretical and empirical attempts to explain the spatial coordination of the provision of goods and services. Goods and services whose production is subject to scale economies are called central goods, and they are supplied from central places, typically towns and cities. The degree of scale economies associated with each central good determines the size of each central place. The central places supplying the goods associated with larger scale economies are called higher order central places. The theory predicts the spatial coordination of central places leading to the hierarchy principle.
Cities in Developing Countries
Authors: Ren Xuefei 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This entry discusses the contested meaning of “developing countries,” and then examines the evolution of urban scholarship on developing countries through four different perspectives from the 1970s: the colonial city, the world city, the global city, and the neoliberal city. It concludes with a brief discussion on how comparative scholarship on cities in developing countries can make a meaningful contribution to urban theory.
City Branding
Authors: Kavaratzis Mihalis 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
City branding refers to the application of the philosophy and methods of branding to the development of cities. At the heart of city branding lies the attempt to create and maintain a series of associations with the branded city that are sourced in various functional, emotional, relational, and strategic elements. These associations are thought to generate a positive reputation, which, in turn, functions as background for various city‐related decisions by the key audiences of residents, visitors, and investors. While the practice has been welcomed by many, others have emphasized its adverse consequences for cities.
Collective Consumption
Authors: Dunleavy Patrick 
Published: April 2019

Abstract“Collective consumption” involves people consuming (using up) services (and some goods) that are particularly subject to political and state influence because their costs are partly socialized through government subsidies; or their provision is specially regulated to foster social equality; or government agencies organize service provision. In the 1980s, some theorists argued that collective consumption processes uniquely define the scope of urban studies within highly urbanized, industrial societies. This argument was rejected as overly restrictive from the 1990s on. Some older, more direct forms of collective consumption such as public housing also declined in importance. However, the concept has come back into focus under “austerity” economic policies. Collective consumption services remain centrally important to urban politics.
Colonial Cities
Authors: Wilde Guillermo 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe colonial city is essentially a Hispano‐American creation. Although it may seem provocative, this claim is well founded. It was from the expansion of the Spanish empire in the Americas, beginning in the late fifteenth century that the city as a permanent settlement with specific urban, social, economic, demographic, and legal traits became important for a proper colonial administration. Until then, European colonial expansion had not developed this kind of colonizing strategy. The implementation of colonial cities was not only a political and economic enterprise, but also a social, cultural, and religious endeavor, which strongly affected the conquered territories and societies. New cities responded to metropolitan planning but also adapted to preexisting ecological, social, and cultural conditions. In this process, the native populations appropriated the basic elements of the colonial regime, gaining an important degree of autonomy that they kept even after the end of colonial rule.
Community Gardening
Authors: Tornaghi Chiara 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Community gardening is the cultivation of edible and ornamental plants, commonly, although not exclusively, by groups of nonprofessional gardeners in urban or peri‐urban areas. Following a short historical overview, the entry discusses the three main dimensions that characterize community gardening as a phenomenon (land access, organizational structure of the community, and project goals); the main themes in existing research and policy (community‐building; health, nutrition, and the right to food; land and resource access); and future directions for research.
Costa, Lúcio
Authors: Atria Maximiano 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Lúcio Costa, known internationally as the creator of Brazil's modern capital, Brasília, was also one of Brazil's most influential architects and an early promoter of modern architecture. Using his political influence, he managed to place himself in the right place to receive the commissions that would allow him to design Brazil's modern masterpieces, like the Brazilian pavilion at the New York World's Fair, the Ministry of Education building in Rio de Janeiro, and the general plan of the new capital inaugurated in 1960.
D
haka
Authors: Rana Md Masud Parves 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Dhaka is one of the largest and most rapidly growing cities in the world. Its political history, huge population size, and contemporary development challenges have made this city an interesting area of study. The aim of this entry is to provide a brief description of these phenomena. Despite the city being called “a city of poverty,” it can still be “a city of opportunity.” Dhaka might be a safer place to do business and a more sustainable place to live if political stability and good governance could be ensured.