bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Review of the Surgical Management of Perineal Hernias in Dogs
Authors: Gill Sukhjit Singh , Barstad Robert D. 
Published: May 2018

ABSTRACTPerineal hernia refers to the failure of the muscular pelvic diaphragm to support the rectal wall, resulting in herniation of pelvic and, occasionally, abdominal viscera into the subcutaneous perineal region. The proposed causes of pelvic diaphragm weakness include tenesmus associated with chronic prostatic disease or constipation, myopathy, rectal abnormalities, and gonadal hormonal imbalances. The most common presentation of perineal hernia in dogs is a unilateral or bilateral nonpainful swelling of the perineum. Clinical signs do occur, but not always. Clinical signs may include constipation, obstipation, dyschezia, tenesmus, rectal prolapse, stranguria, or anuria. The definitive diagnosis of perineal hernia is based on clinical signs and findings of weak pelvic diaphragm musculature during a digital rectal examination. In dogs, perineal hernias are mostly treated by surgical intervention. Appositional herniorrhaphy is sometimes difficult to perform as the levator ani and coccygeus muscles are atrophied and unsuitable for use. Internal obturator muscle transposition is the most commonly used technique. Additional techniques include superficial gluteal and semitendinosus muscle transposition, in addition to the use of synthetic implants and biomaterials. Pexy techniques may be used to prevent rectal prolapse and bladder and prostate gland displacement. Postoperative care involves analgesics, antibiotics, a low-residue diet, and stool softeners.
Safety and Tolerability of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy in Cats and Dogs
Authors: Birnie Gemma L. , Fry Darren R. , Best Matthew P. 
Published: May 2018

ABSTRACTThis prospective clinical trial was designed to evaluate the safety of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) in a population of cats and dogs with a variety of naturally occurring diseases. Seventy-eight dogs and twelve cats with various naturally occurring disease conditions, who had the potential to benefit from HBOT, were enrolled in the study. These patients were treated with HBOT in a monoplace hyperbaric oxygen chamber at 2 air pressure absolute for a treatment length of either 45 min or 60 min. There were 230 hyperbaric oxygen treatments performed during the study period. No major adverse effects were observed. There were 76 minor adverse effects recorded, which were not considered to be of clinical significance. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy was well tolerated and there were no major adverse effects recorded during treatment.
Comparison of Compounded, Generic, and Innovator-Formulated Itraconazole in Dogs and Cats
Authors: Renschler Janelle , Albers Amanda , Sinclair-Mackling Hanna , Wheat Lawrence Joseph 
Published: May 2018

ABSTRACT
The triazole antifungal itraconazole may be cost prohibitive in brand name form; therefore, compounded and generic products are often used as alternatives. Itraconazole blood concentrations have not been studied in clinical patients receiving these formulations. Itraconazole bioassay was performed on serum/plasma from 95 dogs and 20 cats receiving itraconazole (compounded from bulk powder, generic pelletized, or brand name) for systemic mycosis treatment. Mean itraconazole concentration was lower in the compounded group (n = 42) as compared with the generic (n = 40) or brand name (n = 33) groups (0.5 µg/mL versus 8.3 µg/mL and 6.5 µg/mL, respectively; P &lt; .001). No statistical difference was observed between itraconazole concentrations in the generic and brand name groups. Forty animals (95.2%) in the compounded group had subtherapeutic (&lt;1.0 µg/mL) values. All cats in this group (n = 10) had undetectable itraconazole concentrations. Some animals in the generic and brand name groups had subtherapeutic values (12.5 and 12.1%, respectively) or potentially toxic values (&gt;10 µg/mL; 37.5 and 24%, respectively). Compounded itraconazole should be avoided, but generic itraconazole appears to serve as a reasonable alternative to brand name itraconazole. Therapeutic drug monitoring may be beneficial in all cases.
Study of the relationships between brachytherapy plan parameters in an attempt to verify total dwell time in vaginal cylinder applications
Authors: Oyekunle Emmanuel O. , Akinlade Bidemi I. , Jimoh Mutiu A. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractPurposeSource strength (Sk), sizes of vaginal cylinder applicators (VCA), number of dwell positions (DPs), and the prescribed dose (D) are basic parameters in brachytherapy (BT) treatment planning contributing to total dwell time (TDT). This study was aimed at assessing the relationships between the specified variables in an attempt to verify the TDT in high‐dose‐rate (HDR) vaginal cylinder applications.MethodsOne hundred and twenty‐one patients treated with Gynesource‐Co60 (Bebig, Germany) using VCAs of diameters 20, 25, and 30 mm at University College Hospital, Nigeria, were enrolled in this study. Brachytherapy doses ranging from 3 to 7 Gy were always prescribed to points 5 mm away from the cylinder's surface. Treatment planning was undertaken on HDR‐Basic treatment planning system (TPS) which utilizes source step size of 5 mm. Data on the stated parameters related to the first BT fractions of the patients were acquired. With the aid of EViews statistical software, two forms of mathematical models were thereafter developed. The resulting TDTs from the models were compared with the TPS values using Minitab statistical software.ResultsThe relationships obtained for the increasing sizes of the VCA were The model‐based TDTs correlate with the TPS‐calculated values with r1 = 0.80 (P = 0.412) and r2 = 0.97 (P = 0.468).ConclusionsThe findings of this study could suggest likely variations in the treatment time when certain changes occur in the related parameters. The increasing size of the vaginal cylinder has a positive influence on the brachytherapy treatment time. The latter model has been a useful tool in the verification of the dose delivery time at the first HDR brachytherapy center in Nigeria and West Africa.
An Ultrahigh Output Rechargeable Electrode of a Hydrophilic Radical Polymer/Nanocarbon Hybrid with an Exceptionally Large Current Density beyond 1 A cm−2
Authors: Hatakeyama‐Sato Kan , Wakamatsu Hisato , Katagiri Ryu , Oyaizu Kenichi , Nishide Hiroyuki 
Published: May 2018

AbstractFacile charge transport by a hydrophilic organic radical‐substituted polymer and the 3D current collection by a self‐assembled mesh of single‐walled carbon nanotube bundles lead to the operation of an ultrahigh‐output rechargeable electrode. Exceptionally large current density beyond 1 A cm−2 and high areal capacity around 3 mAh cm−2 are achieved, which are 101−2 times larger than those of the previously reported so‐called “ultrafast electrodes.” A sub‐millimeter‐thick, flexible, highly safe organic redox polymer‐based rechargeable device with an aqueous sodium chloride electrolyte is fabricated to demonstrate the superior performance.
Distributions of ectomycorrhizal and foliar endophytic fungal communities associated with Pinus ponderosa along a spatially constrained elevation gradient
Authors: Bowman Elizabeth A. , Arnold A. Elizabeth 
Published: May 2018

Premise of the StudyUnderstanding distributions of plant‐symbiotic fungi is important for projecting responses to environmental change. Many coniferous trees host ectomycorrhizal fungi (EM) in association with roots and foliar endophytic fungi (FE) in leaves. We examined how EM and FE associated with Pinus ponderosa each vary in abundance, diversity, and community structure over a spatially constrained elevation gradient that traverses four plant communities, 4°C in mean annual temperature, and 15 cm in mean annual precipitation.MethodsWe sampled 63 individuals of Pinus ponderosa in 10 sites along a 635 m elevation gradient that encompassed a geographic distance of 9.8 km. We used standard methods to characterize each fungal group (amplified and sequenced EM from root tips; isolated and sequenced FE from leaves).Key ResultsAbundance and diversity of EM were similar across sites, but community composition and distributions of the most common EM differed with elevation (i.e., with climate, soil chemistry, and plant communities). Abundance and composition of FE did not differ with elevation, but diversity peaked in mid‐to‐high elevations.ConclusionsOur results suggest relatively tight linkages between EM and climate, soil chemistry, and plant communities. That FE appear less linked with these factors may speak to limitations of a culture‐based approach, but more likely reflects the small spatial scale encompassed by our study. Future work should consider comparable methods for characterizing these functional groups, and additional transects to understand relationships of EM and FE to environmental factors that are likely to shift as a function of climate change.
Hole Mobility Modulation in Single‐Crystal Metal Phthalocyanines by Changing the Metal–π/π–π Interactions
Authors: Jiang Hui , Hu Peng , Ye Jun , Ganguly Rakesh , Li Yongxin , Long Yi , Fichou Denis , Hu Wenping , Kloc Christian 
Published: May 2018

AbstractWeak intermolecular interactions in organic semiconducting molecular crystals play an important role in determining molecular packing and electronic properties. Single crystals of metal‐free and metal phthalocyanines were synthesized to investigate how the coordination of the central metal atom affects their molecular packing and resultant electronic properties. Single‐crystal field‐effect transistors were made and showed a hole mobility order of ZnPc>MnPc>FePc>CoPc>CuPc>H2Pc>NiPc. Density functional theory (DFT) and 1D polaron transport theory reach a good agreement in reproducing the experimentally measured trend for hole mobility. Additional detail analysis at the DFT level suggests the metal atom coordination into H2Pc planes can tune the hole mobility via adjusting the intermolecular distances along the shortest axis with closest parallel π stackings.
Zwei bakterielle Diterpensynthasen aus Allokutzneria albata für Bonnadien sowie für Phomopsen und Allokutzneren
Authors: Lauterbach Lukas , Rinkel Jan , Dickschat Jeroen S. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractZwei Diterpensynthasen aus Allokutzneria albata wurden auf ihre Produkte untersucht. Das Produkt des ersten Enzyms wurde als die neue Verbindung Bonnadien identifiziert. Obwohl das zweite Enzym phylogenetisch nicht mit der pilzlichen Phomopsen‐Synthase in Verbindung steht, produzierte es eine Mischung aus Phomopsen und einer biosynthetisch verwandten neuen Verbindung, Allokutzneren, sowie Spiroviolen. Beide Enzyme wurden im Detail durch Isotopenmarkierungsexperimente, Variation des Metallcofaktors und ortsgerichtete Mutagenese auf ihren Mechanismus untersucht. Oxidationsprodukte von Phomopsen und Allokutzneren werden ebenfalls diskutiert.
Reversible SC‐SC Transformation involving [4+4] Cycloaddition of Anthracene: A Single‐Ion to Single‐Molecule Magnet and Yellow‐Green to Blue‐White Emission
Authors: Huang Xin‐Da , Xu Yan , Fan Kun , Bao Song‐Song , Kurmoo Mohamedally , Zheng Li‐Min 
Published: May 2018

AbstractIn search of magneto‐optic materials, the mononuclear compounds LnIII(depma)(NO3)3(hmpa)2 (Ln=Dy, Gd) were synthesized. The anthracene moieties undergo [4+4] dimerization when irradiated at 365 nm without loss of crystallinity. The Dy compound switches from a single‐ion to a single‐molecule magnet with doubling of the spin reversal barrier energy and from yellow‐green to blue‐white emission. The dimerization is reversed by heating at 100 °C or partially on light irradiating at 254 nm. The results suggest that lanthanide phosphonates with anthracene are promising smart materials displaying synergistic magneto‐optic property.
Stable Boron Dithiolene Radicals
Authors: Wang Yuzhong , Xie Yaoming , Wei Pingrong , Blair Soshawn A. , Cui Dongtao , Johnson Michael K. , Schaefer Henry F. , Robinson Gregory H. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractWhereas low‐temperature (−78 °C) reaction of the lithium dithiolene radical 1. with boron bromide gives the dibromoboron dithiolene radical 2., the parallel reaction of 1. with (C6H11)2BCl (0 °C) affords the dicyclohexylboron dithiolene radical 3.. Radicals 2. and 3. were characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, UV/Vis, and EPR spectroscopy. The nature of these radicals was also probed computationally. Under mild conditions, 3. undergoes unexpected thiourea‐mediated B−C bond activation to give zwitterion 4, which may be regarded as an anionic dithiolene‐modified carbene complex of the sulfenyl cation RS+ (R=cyclohexyl).
Bioactive efficacy of low‐density polyethylene films with natural additives
Authors: Moura Lídia Eloy , de Souza Carolina Oliveira , de Oliveira Eleidiana Andréia Seixas , Lemos Paulo Vitor França , Druzian Janice Izabel 
Published: May 2018

ABSTRACTActive packaging can be defined as packaging that includes additives that help to extend the shelf life of food; among the advantages of its use is the possibility to reduce the amount of additives added to the food during processing. The aim of this study was to develop, characterize, and apply active films of low‐density polyethylene, incorporating carotenoid and yerba mate extracts as active additives. Active films were obtained by extrusion and were characterized for water vapor permeability, thickness, color, and mechanical and thermal properties. The effectiveness of the films was evaluated using butter packed in the formulated films. There was a significant reduction in thickness, and mechanical, thermal, and water vapor barrier parameters of the films compared to the control. The concentration of additives directly influenced coloration and antioxidant and antimicrobial action of the films. The formulated films provided protection against oxidative action and inhibition of microbial growth. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2018,135, 46461.
Prodegradant effect of titanium dioxide nanoparticulates on polypropylene–polyhydroxybutyrate blends
Authors: Fonseca Flávio M. C. , Patricio Patrícia S. O. , Souza Sâmara D. , Oréfice Rodrigo L. 
Published: May 2018

ABSTRACTPolymers are gradually replacing conventional materials in various sectors of the economy because of their low cost and broad functionality. However, the high stability of polymers under most environmental conditions can lead to their accumulation in the form of waste. Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) is an alternative because of its biodegradability, but it is usually expensive and brittle. These aspects can be improved through the formation of blends, such as with polypropylene (PP). The objective of this study was to investigate the possibility of using titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles as a prodegradant agent in the PP–PHB–TiO2 system through the evaluation of the effects of these nanoparticles under UV light on the structure and properties of the materials. Samples were produced through extrusion and injection molding and were characterized by their mechanical and thermal properties and structural analyses. The results show that the TiO2 nanoparticles were able to act as a prodegradant agent for the PP–PHB blend; they also successfully improved some of the mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties of the blend. However, a TiO2 nanoparticle content higher than 7.5 wt % was not able to extend the photodegradation process further, possibly as a consequence of the agglomeration of nanoparticles during the processing of these more concentrated blends. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46636.
Silica Gel as a Promoter of Sequential Aza‐Michael/Michael Reactions of Amines and Propiolic Esters: Solvent‐ and Metal‐Free Synthesis of Polyfunctionalized Conjugated Dienes
Authors: Aleksić Jovana , Stojanović Milovan , Baranac‐Stojanović Marija 
Published: May 2018

AbstractWe present an efficient, simple, metal‐ and solvent‐free silica‐gel‐promoted synthesis of functionalized conjugated dienes by sequential aza‐Michael/Michael reactions by starting from commercially available primary amines and propiolic esters. The scope and usefulness of the method is demonstrated for 31 examples, including a range of propiolic esters, aliphatic amines, and differently substituted aromatic amines. For aliphatic amines, the products were obtained within 0.5 to 4 h in 52 to 85 % yield, compared with 3.5 to 22 h under classical solution‐phase synthesis, which proceeds with similar or lower yields. The method was found to be particularly useful for weakly nucleophilic aromatic amines, which provided products in 21 to 73 % yield over 2.5 to 9.5 h compared with yields of 0 to 49 % over 1 to 6 d under standard solution‐phase conditions, and for more hydrophobic esters that gave products in yields of 47 to 79 % over 1 to 3 h compared with 0 to 45 % over 4 to 114 h in solvent.
Adsorption and Electrochemical Oxidation of Small Sulfur−Containing Anions on Pt Electrodes in Organic Media
Authors: Chen Chang‐Hui , Brennan Colin , Lai Stanley C. S. , Fermin David J. , Unwin Patrick R. , Rodriguez Paramaconi 
Published: May 2018

AbstractAcetic acid is an important organic solvent for the chemical industry, such as in catalytic hydrogenation and for electrosynthesis reactions generally. In this work, the adsorption and electrochemical oxidation of several sulfur‐containing anions (S2−, S2O42−, S2O52− and SO32−) over Pt electrodes in a mixture of sulfuric acid/acetic acid was investigated by using cyclic voltammetry. Electrochemical oxidation provides a means of regenerating Pt catalysts and the sulfur‐containing anions studied are examples of species that might be produced under synthetic conditions or could be present as impurities in industrial feedstock. To determine the oxidation reaction mechanism and its surface‐structure sensitivity, Pt polycrystalline and single‐crystal electrodes are implemented in this study. It is found that the oxidation of the sulfur‐containing species on Pt polycrystalline electrode takes place at higher potentials in comparison to the same reactions in aqueous media. This is attributed to the low coverage of surface oxide, owing to the low concentration of water and the adsorption of acetate at the surface. Experiments on the Pt basal planes and stepped surfaces reveal a strong surface‐structure dependence for the oxidation of all the sulfur‐containing species. These results provide valuable information that will aid the engineering of nanocatalysts with specific crystalline structure less prone to contamination during catalytic process in mixtures of sulfuric/acetic acid.
Rational Design and Facile Synthesis of Boranophosphate Ionic Liquids as Hypergolic Rocket Fuels
Authors: Liu Tianlin , Qi Xiujuan , Wang Binshen , Jin Yunhe , Yan Chao , Wang Yi , Zhang Qinghua 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe design and synthesis of new hypergolic ionic liquids (HILs) as replacements for toxic hydrazine derivatives have been the focus of current academic research in the field of liquid bipropellant fuels. In most cases, however, the requirements of excellent ignition performances, good hydrolytic stabilities, and low synthetic costs are often contradictory, which makes the development of high‐performance HILs an enormous challenge. Here, we show how a fuel‐rich boranophosphate ion was rationally designed and used to synthesize a series of high‐performance HILs with excellent comprehensive properties. In the design strategy, we introduced the {BH3} moiety into the boranophosphate ion for improving the self‐ignition property, whereas the complexation of boron and phosphite was used to improve the hydrolytic activity of the borohydride species. As a result, these boranophosphate HILs exhibited wide liquid operating ranges (>220 °C), high densities (1.00–1.10 g cm−3), good hydrolytic stabilities, and short ignition delay times (2.3–9.7 milliseconds) with white fuming nitric acid (WFNA) as the oxidizer. More importantly, these boranophosphate HILs could be readily prepared in high yields from commercial phosphite esters, avoiding complex and time‐consuming synthetic routes. This work offers an effective strategy of designing boranophosphate HILs towards safer and greener hypergolic fuels for liquid bipropellant applications.
Acylation of Homoatomic Ge9 Cages and Subsequent Decarbonylation
Authors: Frischhut Sabine , Klein Wilhelm , Drees Markus , Fässler Thomas F. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe direct acylation of Ge9 Zintl clusters by the reaction of K[Ge9{Si(SiMe3)3}3] with acyl chlorides in hexane or toluene solutions is presented, leading to the neutral, carbonyl‐derivatized products [{Si(SiMe3)3}3Ge9(CO)R′] (R′=Me, iPr, tBu, Ph, Bz, cyclopropylmethyl, phenethyl, 4‐vinylphenyl). This reaction is applicable to a wide range of acyl chlorides and allows for diverse functionalization of Ge9 Zintl clusters. [{Si(SiMe3)3}3Ge9(CO)tBu] readily releases CO at ambient conditions under formation of [{Si(SiMe3)3}3Ge9tBu]. This temperature‐dependent decarbonylation most likely proceeds via a radical Norrish‐type I α‐bond cleavage. Except for R′=tBu and Bz all obtained acyl‐derivatized Ge9 cluster compounds do not release CO even at elevated temperatures. All compounds were characterized by NMR spectroscopy. [{Si(SiMe3)3}3Ge9(CO)R′] (R′=tBu, Ph, Me, iPr) as well as [{Si(SiMe3)3}3Ge9tBu] were further structurally characterized by single crystal X‐ray diffraction.
Cover Picture: Nitrogen Analogues of o‐Quinodimethane with Unexpected non‐Kekulé Diradical Character (Chin. J. Chem. 6/2018)
Authors: Li Tao , Cheng Cheng , Yuan Ningning , Wang Lei , Chen Chao , Tan Gengwen , Wang Xinping 
Published: May 2018

The cover picture shows  para‐Quinodimethane (p‐QDM) and ortho‐quinodimethane (o‐QDM) are two typical examples of Kekulé‐type delocalized diradicals. The cover picture shows that the replacement of the carbinyl centers with isoelectronic aminium centers leads to the formation of isolable nitrogen analogues of o‐QDM. In contrast to o‐QDM, the nitrogen analogues exhibit unexpected non‐Kekulé diradical characters and features open‐shell singlet ground states with thermally accessible triplet states. More details are discussed in the article by wang et al. on page 487–490.
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Influence of inlet ionization degree on performance of seed‐free MHD generator
Authors: Tsuruoka Mio , Tanaka Manabu , Okuno Yoshihiro 
Published: May 2018

AbstractPower generating characteristics of seed‐free linear shaped Faraday type and disk shaped Hall type MHD generators are examined by two‐dimensional numerical simulation with changing the inlet ionization degree. A liner shaped Faraday type generator can get stable and high power output at high inlet ionization degree. The net enthalpy extraction ratio, however, is reduced owing to the increase in the required pre‐ionization power. At low inlet ionization degree, on the other hand, ionization instability occurs and the enthalpy extraction ratio decreases. A disk shaped Hall type generator can get high net enthalpy extraction ratio even at low inlet ionization degree under a low pre‐ionization power. The net enthalpy extraction ratio decreases for an excessive inlet ionization degree because of a strong MHD interaction.