bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Radiosynthesis and validation of [Carboxy‐11C]4‐Aminobenzoic acid ([11C]PABA), a PET radiotracer for imaging bacterial infections
Authors: Holt Daniel P. , Kalinda Alvin S. , Bambarger Lauren E. , Jain Sanjay K. , Dannals Robert F. 
Published: August 2018

In this practitioner protocol, the radiochemical synthesis of [11C] PABA is described in detail, and a quality control summary of three validation productions is presented. The results indicate that the radiotracer product can be produced in good radiochemical yield (14% at end‐of‐synthesis (EOS)) at high specific activity (molar activity 11 Ci/μmole EOS; 407 GBq/μmole) and high chemical and radiochemical purity as a sterile, pyrogen‐free solution suitable for injection conforming to current Good Manufacturing Practice (cGMP) requirements.
Hyper‐Raman investigation of intermolecular vibrations of water and ice
Authors: Korepanov Vitaly , Yu Chun‐Chieh , Hamaguchi Hiro‐o 
Published: August 2018

AbstractWe have constructed a hyper‐Raman optimized spectrometer using a high repetition rate (200 kHz) picosecond‐pulsed Nd:YAG laser. This system has been applied to measure liquid water and ice (H2O and D2O) to obtain their hyper‐Raman spectra with high signal‐to‐noise ratios. Unique vibrational spectra of water and ice, distinct either from infrared absorption and Raman scattering, have been obtained. The intermolecular bands in the low‐wavenumber region are observed in the hyper‐Raman spectra with intensities higher than those of the intramolecular ones. They show H/D isotope shifts fully consistent with their assignments to the librational and translational motions of assembled water. The librational bands are found to shift to higher wavenumber on going from liquid water to ice, indicating a more confining environment in ice than in water. Hyper‐Raman spectroscopy will shed new light, complementary to the traditional infrared and Raman vibrational spectroscopies, on intermolecular interactions in liquid water and ice.
CO2 Raman thermometer improvement: Comparing hot band and Stokes and anti‐Stokes Raman scattering thermometers
Authors: Hagiwara Yuuki , Takahata Kohei , Torimoto Junji , Yamamoto Junji 
Published: August 2018

AbstractCO2 fluid inclusions are popular in the mantle‐derived rock. CO2 Raman densimeter is widely used for estimating depth provenance and magma plumbing system. However, in order to obtain precise CO2 density, we should also measure CO2 temperature simultaneously because the densimeter has temperature dependency. In this study, we measured CO2 Raman spectra with densities of 0.8–1.0 g/cm3 at temperatures of 15, 25, 35, 45, and 55°C using a high‐pressure optical cell. We propose a new equation relating hot bands to the Fermi diad intensity ratio, temperature, and distance between the Fermi diad (delta, cm−1), which has higher accuracy than those of previous studies (±3.9–4.7°C) across all measurement conditions. The change in temperature engenders thermal expansion or shrinkage of mineral, resulting in change in CO2 density of fluid inclusion. Simultaneous measurement of both density and temperature of CO2 will be a probe for elastic property of minerals.
Military Sexual Assault as a Mediator of the Association Between Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Depression Among Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Veterans
Authors: Lucas Carrie L. , Goldbach Jeremy T. , Mamey Mary Rose , Kintzle Sara , Castro Carl Andrew 
Published: August 2018

AbstractLesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) civilians report higher rates of sexual assault, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and depression compared to their heterosexual counterparts. In this study, we compared military sexual assault (MSA), PTSD, and depression in LGB individuals and their non‐LGB peers in two community samples of veterans (N = 2,583). Participants were selected for inclusion if they identified as LGB (n = 110) and were matched 1 to 3 on gender and age with non‐LGB veterans (n = 330). Chi‐square analyses showed significant differences for LGB veterans compared to non‐LGB veterans for experiencing MSA (32.7% vs. 16.4%, respectively), p < .001; probable PTSD (41.2% vs. 29.8%, respectively), p = .039; and probable depression (47.9% vs. 36.0%, respectively), p = .039. Multivariable logistic regression analyses showed LGB veterans were 1.93 times more likely to have experienced MSA compared to non‐LGB veterans, 95% CI [1.30, 2.88], p = .001. The experience of MSA significantly mediated associations with probable PTSD, odds ratio (OR) = 1.43, 95% CI [1.13, 1.80], p = .003, and probable depression, OR = 1.32, 95% CI [1.07, 1.64], p = .009. As the experience of MSA fully mediates the presence of PTSD and depression among LGB veterans, we highly recommend health providers assess for MSA among LGB veterans, especially those who meet clinical thresholds for PTSD and depression.
Use of remote sensing to analyse peatland changes after drainage for peat extraction
Authors: Torabi Haghighi Ali , Menberu Meseret Walle , Darabi Hamid , Akanegbu Justice , Kløve Bjørn 
Published: August 2018

AbstractLarge‐scale peat extraction, in Finland and elsewhere, typically takes place on rather small extraction sites but has major impacts on surrounding aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. The environmental conditions prior to drainage (baseline conditions) must be quantified in a statutory environmental impact assessment (EIA), but this is generally difficult due to lack of historical data. In this study, we developed and tested a method for EIA based on a reference area approach and remote sensing. The method calculates the normalized difference vegetation index in preextraction and postextraction periods using Landsat images of affected areas and reference surrounding areas. In a case study, we applied the method to assess changes after peat extraction at a site in northern Finland. The peat extraction area showed significant transformation from peatland vegetation to bare soil. Adjacent areas downstream and upstream were also affected by extraction. These results indicate that our method is a useful tool for EIA of peatland drainage.
Short‐term estimates of phytoplankton growth and mortality in a tidal estuary
Authors: Anderson Sean R. , Diou‐Cass Quintin P. , Harvey Elizabeth L. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractRates of phytoplankton growth and mortality are poorly defined over short‐time scales (hours to days), despite these scales being relevant over the daily tidal cycle in coastal marine areas. To assess the influence of tidal variability on phytoplankton rates, we performed eight, same‐day dilution experiments at high and low tide (6‐h intervals) in the Skidaway River Estuary, Georgia, measuring phytoplankton growth, microzooplankton grazing, and virus‐induced mortality. Chlorophyll and group‐specific biomass (Synechococcus spp., picoeukaryotes, and nanoeukaryotes) varied between tides and multidimensional scaling clustering of tidal biomass revealed separation in community composition based on tide. Rates also varied significantly over the tidal cycle, especially microzooplankton grazing, which was higher at low tide in most experiments with rates ranging from 0–3.77 d−1 at low tide to 0–1.51 d−1 at high tide. Virus‐induced mortality rates were rarely detected, only being observed in Synechococcus spp. in three experiments (0.3–0.8 d−1) and picoeukaryotes twice (~ 0.36 d−1). The differences in grazing and growth rates observed between the two tides were not explained by temperature, salinity, or sunlight (i.e., time of day) and grazing was only weakly explained by initial chlorophyll concentration (R2 = 0.36), highlighting the influence of community composition on rate measurements. These results suggest that within tidally influenced areas, short‐term sampling over the tidal cycle is essential to accurately characterize daily phytoplankton dynamics and reliably monitor and predict shifts in primary production and coastal ecosystem health.
Mohr–Coulomb plasticity for sands incorporating density effects without parameter calibration
Authors: Choo Jinhyun 
Published: August 2018

SummaryA simple approach is proposed for enabling the conventional Mohr–Coulomb plasticity to capture the effects of relative density on the behavior of dilative sands. The approach exploits Bolton's empirical equations to make friction and dilation angles state variables that depend on the current density and confining pressure. In doing so, the material parameters of Mohr–Coulomb plasticity become void ratios for calculating the initial relative density and the critical state friction angle, all of which are measurable without calibration. A Mohr–Coulomb model enhanced in this way shows good agreement with experimental data of different sands at various densities and confining pressures. In this regard, the proposed approach permits a significant improvement in the conventional Mohr–Coulomb plasticity for sands, without compromising its practical merits.
Randomized controlled trial comparing single‐incision mini‐sling and transobturator midurethral sling for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence: 3‐year follow‐up results
Authors: Pascom Ana L.G. , Djehdian Lucyana M. , Bortolini Maria A.T. , Jarmy‐Di Bella Zsuzsanna I.K. , Delroy Carlos A. , Tamanini Jose T.N. , Castro Rodrigo A. 
Published: August 2018

BackgroundThe role of single‐incision mini‐slings (SIMS) in stress urinary incontinence (SUI) management is still not elucidated.ObjectiveTo compare efficacy and safety of SIMS and transobturator sling (TOT) for SUI after 36‐month follow‐up.MethodsA randomized controlled clinical trial involving 130 women with SUI that had either SIMS or TOT. Primary outcomes: objective cure defined as negative cough stress and pad tests, and subjective cure reported as satisfaction and no desire for additional treatment. Secondary outcomes: quality‐of‐life by IQOL and UDI‐6 questionnaires, complications and reoperation rates. Student's t, χ2, Fisher's exact, and Mann‐Whitney tests, ANOVA and P < 0.05 as cut‐off point were used for statistics.ResultsA total of 82 patients (n:41 each arm) completed 36‐month follow‐up. Objective cure was lower in the SIMS compared to TOT groups by both per protocol (68.3% and 90.2%, respectively, P = 0.027) and intention‐to‐treat analysis considering missing data as failures (40.6% and 60.7%, respectively, P = 0.035), while similar in both groups (81.2% and 93.4%, respectively) considering missing data as successes. Subjective cure rates were similar for both groups. TOT group presented better outcome regarding the avoidance and limiting behavior domain of IQOL (P = 0.021), and UDI‐6 scores (P = 0.026). Seven out of 69 (10.1%) women in the SIMS group compared with two out of 61 (3.3%) in the TOT group (P = 0.172) had repeat surgery due to recurrent SUI at year follow up.ConclusionTOT was associated to higher objective cure rate than SIMS for SUI treatment although satisfaction rate was similar for both groups 3 years postoperative.
Challenges facing copper‐plated metallisation for silicon photovoltaics: Insights from integrated circuit technology development
Authors: Lennon Alison , Colwell Jack , Rodbell Kenneth P. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractCopper‐plated interconnects were widely adopted for volume manufacture of integrated circuits after more than a decade of intensive research to demonstrate that use of Cu would not impact device reliability. However, although Cu‐plated metallisation promises significantly reduced costs for Si photovoltaics, its adoption in manufacturing has not gained the same traction. This review identifies some key challenges facing the introduction of Cu‐plated metallisation for Si photovoltaics. These include the following: (1) increased carrier recombination due to the use of Cu for metal contact formation; (2) reduced module reliability due to adhesion or contact integrity failures; and (3) limited availability of cost‐effective processes and equipment for metal plating. For integrated circuits, Cu's low electrical resistance and high resistance to electromigration provided an impetus for the large investment in process development that was required to realise Cu‐plated interconnects. However, the technical advantages of using Cu for Si solar cell contacts are not as compelling, as solar cells can tolerate larger feature sizes thus reducing the criticality of the contact metal's conductivity and electromigration properties. Additionally, for Si photovoltaics, low cost is paramount, and new challenges arise from the need for modules to absorb light and operate in the field for 25+ years in diverse outdoor climates. However, with the scale of Si photovoltaic manufacturing expected to increase dramatically in the next decade, the use of large quantities of silver for cell metallisation will provide an incentive to address reliability concerns regarding the use of Cu for Si photovoltaic metallisation.
Control Synthesis of Air‐Stable Morphology Tunable Pb‐Free Cs2SnI6 Perovskite Nanoparticles and Their Photodetection Properties
Authors: Ghosh Sirshendu , Paul Sumana , De Subodh Kumar 
Published: August 2018

AbstractPb‐free Cs2SnI6 perovskite nanoparticles with different morphologies are synthesized using hot injection process and precise control of ligand chemistry. Size dependent band gap variation is studied to evaluate quantum‐confinement effect in the system. Stable and fast photodetector with high current gain is fabricated by using the nanoparticles as colloidal ink.
Moving on and moving out: The implications of socio‐spatial mobility for union stability
Authors: Shapira Marina , Gayle Vernon , Graham Elspeth 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThis study explores the role of family migration in the life course of couples. We ask whether internal migration and residential mobility for contemporary dual‐earner couples has negative consequences for the stability of their partnership and investigate whether any negative changes in partners' employment characteristics following family migration are associated with higher risks of dissolution of their unions.We use the British Household Panel Survey, which provides nationally representative data on households and couples, over the period of 18 years and has a wide range of potentially important prospective and retrospective information on households and individuals. We undertake a duration analysis of union dissolution by modelling the hazard of union dissolution. The findings show that union stability is affected by spatial moves—geographically mobile couples are at higher risk of union dissolution. Long‐distance internal migration and frequent moves increase the risk, whereas short‐distance residential moves are associated with greater union stability. Overall, we found that the negative effect of family migration on union stability is relatively small and decreases over the time. Similarly, positive effects that some types of family migration might have on union stability also tend to decrease over the time. We found that the risk of union dissolution is better explained by partners' socio‐demographic characteristics (age and level of education), and by the characteristics of their union such as its type and duration. Union stability is also associated with the employment and occupational characteristics of both partners, as well as with changes in these characteristics. Negative changes in occupational position or employment status of either partner, but especially of the male partner, increase the risk of union dissolution. However, the effect of changes in the employment characteristics of each partner on the union stability is relatively small and tend to disappear over the time. We found some evidence that the impact of the negative changes in employment characteristics of geographically mobile couples postmigration on the stability of their union is mediated by the gender of the partner who experienced these changes. Negative changes in the employment status of the male partner postmigration slightly increase the risk of union dissolution, whereas negative changes in female partner's employment postmigration slightly decrease that risk. We found that the risk to the union's stability is highest immediately after the adverse changes in the male partner employment status happen, but that the risk reduces with the passage of time.
Neighbourhood attainment of children of immigrants in Greater Oslo: Intergenerational inertia and the role of education
Authors: Nordvik Viggo , Hedman Lina 
Published: August 2018

AbstractOne element in the integration of new groups of inhabitants is location in the neighbourhood hierarchy. We define neighbourhood hierarchy in Oslo according to the median income of working age males in the neighbourhood and use a rich register‐based data set to describe neighbourhood attainment (i.e., location in the hierarchy of neighbourhoods) subsequent to completion of education. We find that descendants of parents of Asian or African background systematically occupy lower status neighbourhoods than do descendants of natives. Higher education reduces differences in neighbourhood attainment between natives and descendants of African and Asian parents, but it does not eliminate the differences.Part of the differences can be due to some kind of intergenerational inertia; we test for this in a multivariate regression frame. The interdependency between median income in the neighbourhood when aged 16 and neighbourhood attainment is stronger than between parental income at 16 and attainment. Moreover, controlling for income variables, the educational premiums for natives vanish; for descendants of Asian and Africans, they are reduced but remain significant. These results lead us to ask whether higher education for children of immigrants is a vehicle for social mobility, whereas it for children of natives is a means for maintaining privileges.
Effect of neglecting autocorrelation in regression EWMA charts for monitoring count time series
Authors: Esparza Albarracin Orlando Yesid , Alencar Airlane Pereira , Ho Linda Lee 
Published: August 2018

AbstractExponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) charts and cumulative sum (CUSUM) control charts based on fitting a generalized linear model (GLM) to estimate the time‐varying mean of the process have been used for health surveillance due to its efficiency to detect soon small shifts in count data as morbidity or mortality rates. However, in these proposals, the serial correlation is usually omitted implying that the charts may fail.In this paper, generalized autoregressive moving average (GARMA) models that include lagged terms to model the autocorrelation are proposed to analyze the performance of regression EWMA control charts based on fitting of GLM models with negative binomial distribution for monitoring time series.The main contributions of the current paper are two new statistics based on the likelihood function to be monitored and three procedures to build one‐sided EWMA charts and to measure the impact on the performance of these EWMA charts when the serial correlation is neglected in the regression model. For the simulated scenarios, the statistics based on the likelihood and the winsorized EWMA presented the best performance. Also, a real data analysis detected outbreaks in the hospitalization time series due to respiratory diseases of elderly people in São Paulo city.
Iterative learning scheme‐based fault estimation design for nonlinear systems with varying trial lengths and specified constraints
Authors: Feng Li , Xu Shuiqing , Chai Yi , Zhang Ke 
Published: August 2018

SummaryThis technical note deals with a fault estimation (FE) problem for nonlinear systems with varying trial lengths subjected to specified constraints. An iterative learning observer is developed to achieve FE and state reconstruction simultaneously, which thus to consider the state error and fault estimating information from previous iteration to improve the FE performance in the current iteration. Compared with conventional observer‐based FE methods, the proposed method only requires the bounds of parameter matrices rather than the precise model of the system. To deal with the missing and redundancy problems caused by varying trial lengths, a truncation operator is presented to design the FE law. Different from existing iterative learning methods, the presented method aims at the nonlinear systems with specified constraints, such as filling systems. Furthermore, the λ‐norm method and mathematical induction are employed to obtain the solutions of iterative learning matrices and observer gain matrix. Finally, illustrative examples are introduced to demonstrate the validity and the effectiveness of the proposed FE approach.
Chemical conversion of carbon dioxide via target metal separation using seawater‐derived wastewater
Authors: Kang Dongwoo , Yoo Yunsung , Park Jinwon , Lee Min‐Gu 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThis study investigated the capture of carbon dioxide (CO2) and its chemical conversion to high‐purity calcium carbonate salt, which has potential uses in a range of industrial sectors. Indirect inorganic aqueous carbonation methods were used, with seawater‐based industrial wastewater as the source of metal ions. The alkanolamine absorbent solutions of monoethanolamine (MEA), diethanolamine (DEA), and methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) were used at typical industrial concentrations of 30 wt%. Calcium ions from industrial wastewater were extracted in the form of gypsum. Subsequently, a carbonation reaction afforded high‐purity calcium carbonate salt. The conversion yields of 33.16% for monoethanolamine, 33.86% for diethanolamine, and 55.18% for methyldiethanolamine were achieved. Thermogravimetric analysis demonstrated the purity of the product to be 93.6, 95.2 and 92.8 wt%, respectively. X‐ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy showed the crystal structure of the products to be aragonite mixed with vaterite. Furthermore, the CO2 capture capacity of each absorbent and the amount of CO2 desorbed by the carbonation reaction were investigated. The results may support the design of carbon capture and utilization plants and potential market research.
Chemoselective Synthesis and Human Ecto‐5′‐nucleotidase Inhibitory Activity of 2‐Trifluoromethyl‐4,6‐diarylquinolines
Authors: Rivera Rodisnel P. , Hassan Sidra , Ehlers Peter , Lecka Joanna , Sévigny Jean , Rodríguez Eugenio T. , Iqbal Jamshed , Langer Peter 
Published: August 2018

AbstractDiarylated 2‐(trifluoromethyl)quinolines, containing two identical aryl groups, were prepared by Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling reaction of 4,6‐dibromo‐2‐(trifluoromethyl)quinoline. In order to obtain quinolines, containing two different aryl groups, the starting material had to be modified in order to obtain a high degree of regioselectivity of the reaction. The 6‐bromo‐4‐chloro‐2‐(trifluoromethyl)quinoline with arylboronic acids allowed for a one‐pot, two‐step synthesis of various products in very good yields. The synthesized derivatives were evaluated for their potential to inhibit ecto‐5′‐nucleotidase, both human and rat source. Most derivatives exhibited selective inhibition on human ecto‐5′‐nucleotidases (h‐e5′NT) with significant inhibitory concentration (IC50) values. The results were evaluated by docking studies.
Ligand Free Approach for the Copper(II)‐Mediated C‐NH2 Arylation of 4‐Quinolone Derivatives Under Ambient Condition
Authors: Ghosh Prasanjit , Das Sajal 
Published: August 2018

AbstractCopper (II)‐mediated C‐NH2 arylation of both unprotected and protected 4‐quinolones under ambient condition has been developed. This is a ligand free, room temperature, rapid reaction protocol and found compatible with various sensitive functional groups. Moreover using this protocol, we have synthesized a library of diverse functionalized 4‐quinolone derivatives.