bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Validation of the stability of paracetamol in extemporaneously compounded suppositories
Authors: Yang Tianzhi , Shin Hae Jung , Nguyen Kayla , Bai Shuhua 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackgroundAlthough compounded pain suppositories have been widely used in medical practice to accommodate specific patients’ needs, few studies have systemically evaluated the stability of compounded pain relief suppositories in different bases.AimThe aim of this study was to conduct long‐term stability studies on two types of compounded paracetamol suppositories under different storage conditions.MethodsSuppositories were compounded in cocoa butter substitute Fattibase® and polyethylene glycol (PEG) bases using a double‐casting fusion method with a dose of 325 mg paracetamol. Suppositories were stored at 4°C and 25°C, and sampled at 0, 7, 14, 30, 90 and 180 days. Samples were first assessed by weight, colour and the morphology of the suppositories. The pH of the extracted solution was measured and the amount of paracetamol was analysed by HPLC.ResultsThe mean weight of the paracetamol suppository in PEG and Fattibase® was 2.21 ± 0.02 and 1.89 ± 0.00 g, respectively. Initial paracetamol levels in the PEG and Fattibase® suppositories were 103.7 ± 5.2% and 102.5 ± 6.5%, respectively. After 6 months, no significant changes were observed in the weight and morphology of the suppositories. However, the drug amount in the suppositories was slightly decreased in Fattibase® at 25°C (p < 0.05). The measured pH values of the extracted drug solutions were significantly increased at 6 months in both bases (p < 0.05).ConclusionTwo compounded paracetamol suppositories remained stable for 3 months at 4°C and 25°C. Three months could be assigned as the expiry date of compounded products.
Administration error of benzathine penicillin G in a Saudi male
Authors: Hassan Alzahrani Khalid , Abdelmageed Imam Ethar , Mohamed Ibrahim Mohamed Izham , Palaian Subish 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackgroundBenzathine penicillin G is indicated for intramuscular (IM) administration. There have been reports of unintentional intravenous (IV) administration, which has been associated with cardiorespiratory arrest and death. This article reports on a case of inadvertent IV administration of benzathine penicillin G instead of IM injection.Clinical detailsA 29‐year‐old Saudi army male with no history of any chronic illness visited the Security Forces Hospital in Makkah because of injuries to his left hand and left ear as a result of a bomb blast. The patient underwent surgery, and was conscious, oriented and vitally stable after the operation. He was prescribed benzathine penicillin G to prevent wound infection, but the injection was incorrectly administered IV instead of IM.OutcomesThe patient did not exhibit any visible clinical symptoms after receiving the drug via the wrong route. The patient's vital signs were fine and he did not have a fever. The full complete blood count was normal, except for a mild elevation in the neutrophil count (84%) and a mild decrease in lymphocytes (8.8%). Random blood glucose was 149 mg/dL and the activated partial thromboplastin time was 39.3 s. All other laboratory investigations were within the normal range. The creatinine concentration fluctuated between 0.8 and 1 mg/dL.ConclusionThis was an obvious case of a drug‐related problem categorised as a ‘wrong route error’. The role of clinical pharmacists in preventing such errors is important to ensure patient safety.
Moral Injury, Substance Use, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms Among Military Personnel: An Examination of Trait Mindfulness as a Moderator
Authors: Davies Rachel L. , Prince Mark A. , Bravo Adrian J. , Kelley Michelle L. , Crain Tori L. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractMindfulness‐based approaches have been suggested as possible methods to treat moral injury in military personnel. However, empirical research has yet to evaluate if mindfulness acts as a protective factor for the possible negative effects of moral injury, such as alcohol use, drug use, or posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. In this study, we investigated if five facets of mindfulness (i.e., observing, nonjudging, nonreactivity, awareness, and describing) moderated associations between moral injury and the outcomes of PTSD symptoms, alcohol misuse, and drug abuse symptoms in a sample of military personnel. Participants were 244 military personnel (the majority were former military members) who had been deployed at least once during the Iraq War, War in Afghanistan, other wars, or humanitarian missions. The study results indicated that nonjudging, β = −.22, and awareness, β = −.25, had significant attenuating effects on the association between moral injury and drug abuse symptoms. However, observing, β = .17; nonreactivity, β = .23; and describing, β = .15, had significant synergistic effects (i.e., they strengthened the association between moral injury and drug abuse symptoms). There were no significant moderation effects on the associations between moral injury and PTSD symptoms or between moral injury and alcohol misuse. Our results provide initial evidence that not all facets of mindfulness may protect against the challenges of coping with moral injury. Directions for future research and implications for practice are discussed.
Comparison of the Fat‐to‐Lesion Strain Ratio and the Gland‐to‐Lesion Strain Ratio With Controlled Precompression in Characterizing Indeterminate and Suspicious Breast Lesions on Ultrasound Imaging
Authors: Chee Charlyn , Lombardo Paul , Schneider Michal , Danovani Rameysh 
Published: May 2019

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to compare the diagnostic performance of the fat‐to‐lesion strain ratio (FLR) and gland‐to‐lesion strain ratio (GLR) for patients with indeterminate or suspicious breast lesions on ultrasound (US) imaging under a controlled precompression technique and to see whether the technique improves the reproducibility of FLR and GLR measurement.MethodsFifty‐three lesions in 39 consecutive patients who had scheduled core biopsy or excision surgery based on US findings were examined by US elastography. Each lesion was acquired under controlled precompression by 2 sonographers independently. Both the FLR and GLR of the lesion were calculated. For diagnostic performance, the sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value, positive predictive value, and accuracy were obtained. Interobserver reliability between different sonographers was assessed by the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC).ResultsForty lesions were benign, and 13 lesions were malignant. Both the FLR and GLR were significantly higher in malignant than benign lesions (P < .05). The FLR yielded higher accuracy and specificity compared to the GLR (accuracy, 79.2% versus 60.4%; and specificity, 87.5% versus 50.0%). With the controlled precompression applied at less than 25% during elastography, the interobserver agreement was excellent for FLR measurements (ICC, 0.853; 95% confidence interval, 0.738–0.920) and GLR measurements (ICC, 0.779; 95% confidence interval, 0.619–0.87).ConclusionsThe FLR performed better than the GLR in the detection of breast malignancy; thus, fatty tissue was a better reference tissue for calculating the strain ratio on malignant breast tumor elastography. Keeping precompression to less than 25% will enable different operators to acquire similar elastograms with reproducible FLR and GLR readings.
Fish‐scale pit effects on erosion and water runoff dynamics when positioned on a soil slope in the Loess Plateau region, China
Authors: Guo Huili , Zhang Binbin , Hill Robert L. , Wu Shufang , Dong Qingge , Sun Liquan , Zhang Kuandi 
Published: May 2019

AbstractSoil moisture construction is a very important way to reduce soil erosion and maintain crop growth in arid and semiarid regions of China. A microcatchment technique for soil erosion prevention widely used on soil slopes on the Loess Plateau are fish‐scale pits (FSPs). This technique is combined with afforestation techniques to store runoff, interrupt the dynamics of soil erosion, and help mitigate frequent water deficiencies encountered by forest trees. This study investigated the effects of FSPs on soil erosion dynamics including rill formation and runoff. A three‐dimensional (3D) laser scanner was used to evaluate the erosion resistance of a 15° slope treated with FSPs arranged in a triangular pattern and the hydraulic characteristics of the flow on this slope during several intermittent simulated rainfall events. The following results were obtained. (a) The FSP‐treated slope displayed eight progressive stages of erosion: splash erosion, sheet erosion, scouring by water streams, formation of the scour pits, rill erosion, down‐slope erosion, up‐slope erosion, and collapse of the pit walls. (b) As the rainfall duration increased, the runoff velocities at various locations on the slope fluctuated, but generally, the runoff velocities were significantly higher in the down‐slope positions than for the midslope and upslope positions. When the cumulative rainfall duration reached approximately 58 min and the total rainfall reached approximately 88.5 mm, the ability of the FSPs to intercept and store runoff rapidly decreased. In the first two rainfall events, both the runoff reduction benefits (RRB) and sediment reduction benefits (SRB) were positive, but following the third rainfall event, the SRB and RRB of the FSPs were negative. The accuracy of erosion parameters extracted using the 3D laser equipment and the ArcGIS software in comparison with the measured rill erosion parameters all less than 10%. The relative error between the measured sediment and the calculated sediment is within 5.66–22.13%. (c) During the rainfall process, the flow on the upslope was constantly in the laminar regime, but after the FSPs were completely filled with water, the laminar flow on the downslope transitioned into a turbulent flow. (d) As the cumulative rainfall duration increased, the degree of topographic relief and the number of rills increased, as did the measurements of surface roughness and flow resistance. In conclusion, the microcatchment methods reduced the rill erodibility and enhanced the soil's resistance to concentrated flow erosion.
Equal relevance of omega‐3 and omega‐6 polyunsaturated fatty acids for the fitness of Daphnia spp.
Authors: Ilić Maja , Werner Christian , Fink Patrick 
Published: May 2019

AbstractEssential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have been recognized as a crucial factor that determines the trophic transfer efficiency in plankton communities. As many animals cannot synthesize the classes of ω3‐ and ω6‐PUFAs, the dietary availability of these PUFAs can constrain the fitness of freshwater zooplankton such as Daphnia spp. In particular, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5ω3) is considered to be a crucial determinant of the transfer of biomass at the freshwater plant‐herbivore interface. In contrast to ω3‐PUFAs, the group of ω6‐PUFAs has previously been considered to be of less ecological relevance, although the potential role of the ω6‐PUFA arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4ω6) remains controversial. To investigate its potential role, we conducted dose‐response growth experiments with two Daphnia species, D. pulex and D. magna, supplemented with EPA or ARA, which allowed us to calculate EPA and ARA saturation thresholds for growth and reproduction of both Daphnia species. Our results provide evidence that not only the availability of ω3‐PUFAs, but also the availability of a ω6‐PUFA, namely ARA, can limit both the growth and reproduction of Daphnia spp. to an equal extent. The saturation thresholds for growth and reproduction were consistently, but not significantly, higher for EPA than for ARA in both Daphnia species. As shifts in phytoplankton community composition might result in environmental fluctuations in the dietary availability of ω3‐ and ω6‐PUFAs, our findings present a significant step in understanding the consequences of the ongoing global biodiversity loss for trophic transfer efficiency at the phytoplankton‐zooplankton interface.
Combined Markers to Assess Meat Intake—Human Metabolomic Studies of Discovery and Validation
Authors: Cuparencu Cătălina , Rinnan Åsmund , Dragsted Lars O. 
Published: May 2019

ScopeBiomarkers of red meat may clarify the relationship between meat intake and health. This paper explores the discovery of biomarkers of intake for three types of meat with varying heme iron content. Candidate biomarkers for red and general meat are further evaluated based on defined validation criteria.Methods and resultsIn a randomized cross‐over meal study, healthy volunteers consume a randomized sequence of four test meals: chicken, pork, beef, and a control made of egg white and pea. Fasting and postprandial urine samples are collected to cover 48 h and profiled by untargeted LC‐ESI‐qTOF‐MS metabolomics. The profiles following the meal challenges are explored by univariate and multivariate analyses. Nine red, four white, and eight general meat biomarkers are selected as putative biomarkers, originating from collagen degradation, flavour compounds, and amino acid metabolism. Heme‐related metabolites are masked by the chlorophyll content of the control meal. The candidate biomarkers are confirmed in an independent meal study and validated for plausibility, robustness, time‐response, and prediction performance. Combinations of biomarkers are more efficient than single markers in predicting meat intake.ConclusionNew combinations of partially validated biomarkers are proposed to assess terrestrial meat intake and thus help disentangle the effects of meat consumption on human health.
Online evaluation of the process noise covariance matrix for event‐based state estimators
Authors: Martínez‐Rey Miguel , Santos Carlos , Nieto Rubén , Losada Cristina , Espinosa Felipe 
Published: May 2019

SummaryIn state estimation, adjusting the process noise covariance matrix is an important and often difficult task. Well‐known methods use the innovation vector to perform an adaptive adjustment, but when using event‐based sensors, the innovation vector is not available for the estimator. We propose an online method for adjusting the process noise covariance matrix using the expected and observed event rates, which is based on the golden section search optimization algorithm. Simulation results confirm the suitability and efficiency of our proposed method. The process noise covariance parameter converges to the actual covariance iteratively, reducing the sensor transmission rate and the estimation error.
Body image issues and attitudes towards exercise amongst men undergoing androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) following diagnosis of prostate cancer
Authors: Gentili Caterina , McClean Stuart , Hackshaw‐McGeagh Lucy , Bahl Amit , Persad Raj , Harcourt Diana 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackgroundAndrogen deprivation therapy (ADT) is an established treatment for prostate cancer (PCa), but its side‐effects can affect body appearance and functioning. However, research into the impact of ADT on body image is limited. Exercise can help patients to counterbalance some side‐effects, potentially improving body image too. However, adherence to exercise recommendations is low. Therefore, we explored body image after ADT and attitudes towards exercise.MethodsTwenty two semi‐structured interviews were conducted with PCa patients receiving ADT (Mage = 67.9 years old, SD = 9.99).ResultsParticipants expressed appearance dissatisfaction focusing on body feminization. Participants exercised to counterbalance ADT side‐effects and improve mood. Exercise also helped them to re‐establish a sense of control over their body and experience a sense of achievement. However, some men described being worried that their appearance and physical performance would be judged by others, so they often exercised alone or gave up exercise. Time management and fatigue were also identified as exercise barriers.ConclusionThese findings highlight the need to further investigate body image concerns and exercise barriers in PCa patients undergoing ADT. These results could also inform support groups and health care professionals on the topic. However, further research should explore the most effective and acceptable ways to provide support to PCa patients on body image issues.
Wet Synthesis of Energetic Aluminum Hydride
Authors: Park Mijeong , Kim Wooram , Kwon Younja , Kim Junhyung , Jo Youngmin 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAluminum hydride (alane, AlH3) is a promising candidate material for solid propulsion, explosives and beyond, particularly in the aerospace field due to its high energetic capacity. This study attempted to produce a stable alane structure through a wet chemical synthesis process. Preliminary dissolution of starting reactants in ether produced a consistent crystal structure (cubic shape) and elemental constituents analogous to the theoretical composition. The chemical structure, when examined by XRD, matched well with the standard reference α‐type alane, and the resulting particle size of the precipitated α‐type alane ranged from 7 to 13 μm. A pivotal step in the alane synthesis was selective crystallization from the liquid phase alane−etherate (AlH3 ⋅ (Et2O)n), followed by acid treatment of the precipitated particulate alanes using an appropriately mixed solution.
A sticky situation: honeydew of the pear psylla disrupts feeding by its predator Orius sauteri
Authors: Ge Yang , Liu Pingping , Zhang Liu , Snyder William E , Smith Olivia M , Shi Wangpeng 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackgroundHoneydew is valuable food source for predators that can build predator numbers and strengthen biological control. Honeydew excreted by hemipterans often supplements the diets of their predators and parasitoids. However, dense sticky honeydew also creates a difficult foraging environment, potentially limiting predator efficiency.ResultsWe examined the benefits and costs of honeydew excreted by the pear psylla (Cacopsylla chinensis [Yang and Li]) for its key predator in much of Asia, the anthocorid bug Orius sauteri (Poppius). We found these predators spent more time foraging and laid more eggs in the presence of psyllid honeydew compared to the control. However, predators more often foraged among psylla without honeydew than those coated in honeydew. This suggests that while O. sauteri recognized honeydew as a useful cue to prey presence, the predators were more likely to attack pear psylla lacking the sugary excretion. In foraging trials, honeydew consistently reduced the number of psyllids killed by the predator, suggesting it limited O. sauteri mobility or reduced the nutritional value of psyllids as prey. We also found slowed development, reduced longevity, and reduced fecundity of O. sauteri reared on moth eggs (Sitotroga cerealella [Olivier]) coated in honeydew compared to those reared on moth eggs alone.ConclusionAltogether, our results suggest that psyllid honeydew could serve as a prey‐location and oviposition cue for O. sauteri. However, honeydew also limited predator foraging with the potential to limit biological control. More generally, honeydew might form an important type of defense for stationary feeders like psyllids. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Detecting bliss synergy in in vivo combination studies with a tumor kinetic model
Authors: Zhao Wei , Vicini Paolo , Novick Steven , Anderton Judith , Davies Gareth , DAngelo Gina , O'Day Terrance , Yu Binbing , Harper Jay , Narwal Rajesh , Roskos Lorin , Yang Harry 
Published: May 2019

SUMMARYLinear models are generally reliable methods for analyzing tumor growth in vivo, with drug effectiveness being represented by the steepness of the regression slope. With immunotherapy, however, not all tumor growth follows a linear pattern, even after log transformation. Tumor kinetics models are mechanistic models that describe tumor proliferation and tumor killing macroscopically, through a set of differential equations. In drug combination studies, although an additional drug‐drug interaction term can be added to such models, however, the drug interactions suggested by tumor kinetics models cannot be translated directly into synergistic effects. We have developed a novel statistical approach that simultaneously models tumor growth in control, monotherapy, and combination therapy groups. This approach makes it possible to test for synergistic effects directly and to compare such effects among different studies.
Improved accuracy and precision of water stable isotope measurements using the direct vapour equilibration method
Authors: Mattei Alexandra , Barbecot Florent , Guillon Sophie , Goblet Patrick , Hélie Jean‐François , Meyzonnat Guillaume 
Published: May 2019

RationaleA method to measure the δ2H and δ18O composition of pore water in soil samples using direct vapour equilibration and laser spectrometry was first described in 2008, and was rapidly adopted. Here, we describe an improved setup to measure pore water δ2H and δ18O values through direct vapour equilibration with a laser spectrometer, combining a liquid and a vapour mode for water isotope analyses, and resulting in improved accuracy.MethodsWe first tested new gas sampling bags as part of the equilibration protocol. Then, to assess measurement accuracy, vapour samples from equilibrated liquid waters of known isotope composition were measured in the liquid mode of the analyser using the new setup as well as the manufacturer's vapour mode. Various modes of preparing liquid water standards, namely equilibration, nebulisation, and vapourisation, were tested to determine the best calibration in terms of accuracy. Finally, the proposed modified liquid setup was validated by analysing water vapour equilibrated from soil pore water of a known composition.ResultsThe δ2H and δ18O measurements were found to be more accurate by the modified liquid mode than by the factory‐setup vapour mode. The strong and non‐linear dependence of measured δ2H and δ18O values on H2O concentration in vapour mode, especially at concentrations equal to the vapour pressure saturation typically found in laboratories, is problematic for corrections. Regarding calibration and standards, the use of two equilibrated liquid water standards was found to best calibrate measurements in the modified liquid setup. Finally, the modified liquid mode setup and its calibration, as described here, were shown to be appropriate for soil pore water analysis.ConclusionsThe proposed modified setup results in more precise δ2H and δ18O soil pore water values than the usual protocols. An average standard deviation of 0.04‰ for δ18O values and 0.3‰ for δ2H values, based on 228 soil sample analyses, was obtained.
44‐3: 3D Piezo‐Capacitive Touch with Capability to Distinguish Conductive and Non‐Conductive Touch Objects for On‐Screen Organic User Interface in LCD and Foldable OLED Display Application
Authors: de Dieu B. Mugiraneza Jean , Maruyama Takenori , Yamamoto Takuma , Sugita Yasuhiro 
Published: May 2019

We propose a 3D touch sensor technology that uses transparent P(VDF‐TrFE) layer and pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA) to allow high resolution dynamic and static pressure sensing. Combining with our proposed electrode design; inherent sensor is able not only detect multi touches and pressures but also to distinguish type of touching object. The pressure as low as 250g/cm2 comparable to make force of keyboards can be detected. The sensor is fabricated on display using thin film technology compatible to LCD and OLED displays process. Sensor potentially allows and distinguish conductive and non‐conductive touch which gives advantage for thick gloves touch input and reduces typo errors for pressure input.As a result, this technology is promising for good performance on‐screen keyboard application. As the fabrication process is suitable to flexible substrate, application in flexible and foldable display is anticipated.