bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interannual variability of wind climates and wind turbine annual energy production
Authors: Pryor Sara C. , Shepherd Tristan J. , Barthelmie Rebecca J. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract. The interannual variability (IAV) of expected annual energy production (AEP)
from proposed wind farms plays a key role in dictating project financing. IAV
in preconstruction projected AEP and the difference in 50th and
90th percentile (P50 and P90) AEP derive in part from variability in
wind climates. However, the magnitude of IAV in wind speeds at or close to wind
turbine hub heights is poorly defined and may be overestimated by assuming
annual mean wind speeds are Gaussian distributed with a standard deviation
(σ) of 6 %, as is widely applied within the wind energy industry.
There is a need for improved understanding of the long-term wind resource and
the IAV therein in order to generate more robust predictions of the financial
value of a wind energy project. Long-term simulations of wind speeds near
typical wind turbine hub heights over the eastern USA indicate median gross
capacity factors (computed using 10 min wind speeds close to wind turbine
hub heights and the power curve of the most common wind turbine deployed in
the region) that are in good agreement with values derived from operational
wind farms. The IAV of annual mean wind speeds at or near typical wind
turbine hub heights in these simulations and AEP computed using the power
curve of the most commonly deployed wind turbine is lower than is implied by
assuming σ=6 %. Indeed, rather than 9 out of 10 years
exhibiting AEP within 0.9 and 1.1 times the long-term mean AEP as implied by
assuming a Gaussian distribution with σ of 6 %, the results
presented herein indicate that in over 90 % of the area in the eastern USA
that currently has operating wind turbines, simulated AEP lies within 0.94 and
1.06 of the long-term average. Further, the IAV of estimated AEP is not
substantially larger than IAV in mean wind speeds. These results indicate it
may be appropriate to reduce the IAV applied to preconstruction AEP
estimates to account for variability in wind climates, which would decrease
the cost of capital for wind farm developments.
Rhetorical Listening, Silence, and Cultural (Dis)identifications in Adventures of Huckleberry Finn: Revisiting the “Raft Episode” Again, Ugh!
Authors: Click Ben 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
This article offers a new interpretation of the thirteen-page “raft episode,” originally intended as part of Adventures of Huckleberry Finn yet never appearing in any edition during Twain's lifetime. The episode has been problematic for both editors and readers, to say the least. Editors must decide whether to include it or not, and readers must decide how to interpret it if it is included. This article focuses on the episode as the longest stretch of Huck's silence in the book and argues that it models the kind of work silence performs in achieving a basic coherence for the narrative. More broadly, it shows how Twain imbues the book with silences wherein the trope of rhetorical listening, as witnessed through and practiced by Huck, enacts a stance of openness for Huck and engenders that stance for the reader in order to encounter and make sense of the cross-cultural exchanges that occur in Huck's silent dialectics. The argument briefly contextualizes the editorial problem and the episode's rhetorical exigence for both Life on the Mississippi and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. It then clarifies the theoretical uses of silence, rhetorical listening, and identification. And, finally, it analyzes how silence and rhetorical listening function before, during, and after the raft episode.
The Colorless History of That Dull Country Town: Color-Blind Racism in Pudd'nhead Wilson
Authors: Maresca Virginia 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
This article draws parallels between Twain's critique of racial ideology in Pudd'nhead Wilson and the modern concept of color-blind racism to argue that Twain's seeming avoidance of racial issues actually highlights a new, burgeoning racial ideology. Using Eduardo Bonilla-Silva's four classifications of color-blind racism, the article explores how Twain's characters, narrator, and setting exhibit the frames of naturalization, minimization, cultural racism, and abstract liberalism that enable this ideological bias. Twain diagnoses a social evil that takes shape in the Jim Crow era but continues today, outlining how our institutions not only create and reinforce systemic racism but also our blindness to it.
This Way to the Egress: The Humbug of Barnum and Twain
Authors: Dixon Christine Benner 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
When P. T. Barnum needed to move dawdling spectators out of his museum, he posted signs over the exits that read, “This Way to the Egress.” Standing suddenly on the street, Barnum's gullible patrons were left with two choices: pay for reentry or choose to see the world as the grand spectacle, the ultimate humbug. Barnum's sly redirection of his audience is re-created in Mark Twain's writing. Like Barnum, Twain challenges the boundaries of the joke, the fiction, the text. What begins as a romantic spectacle of fiction bleeds into the more inscrutable (and participatory) spectacle of its context: reality. This article examines this literary tactic in three texts: Pudd'nhead Wilson and Those Extraordinary Twins, The Mysterious Stranger, and Mark Twain's Autobiography. Here, the humbugs of society, self, and celebrity stand under close scrutiny. The exhibition of the Barnumesque real-or-manufactured marvels forces us to the exit without ever admitting that the show is over.
Mark Twain's “Assault of Laughter”: Reflections on the Perplexing History of an Appealing Idea
Authors: Kersten Holger 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
“Against the assault of laughter nothing can stand,” one of Mark Twain's most famous quotes, propounds the idea that humor can serve as a social corrective in American political life. Mark Twain scholars and the general public have tended to regard these words as a condensed version of the writer's credo as a humorist. By retracing the history of the phrase, which first appeared in The Mysterious Stranger, six years after Mark Twain's death, and by placing it in the context of nineteenth-century American political humor, this article draws attention to the tensions between the original meaning and its popular interpretation. At the same time, it illustrates the difficulties and complexities involved in the attempt to portray Mark Twain's concept of humor.
Miles to Go: The Prince and the Pauper in Film and Television
Authors: Davis Hugh H. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
In its 130-year history, The Prince and the Pauper has held a legacy of being one of Mark Twain's most-popular works, but it has often been dismissed as a children's book or simplistic tale, a likely result of popular culture presentations of the narrative. A survey of the many adaptations of the novel reveals an apparent case of diminishing returns, with successive versions connecting less to Clemens's original vision, and the plot reduced to an outline in which lookalikes switch places and discover some variation of the idea that the grass is not truly greener on the other side. Where more serious versions reveal the social themes of the novel, many adaptations replace the potential for mature commentary with a simplistic comedy of errors. A review of The Prince and the Pauper through its pop cultural transformations reveals the popularity of the story while also showing filmmakers' tendencies to reshape Twain's narrative.
When the Candle Goes Out: The Complexity of Simple Jokes and the Limits of Satire
Authors: Melton Jeffrey 
Published: September 2018

ABSTRACT
Much attention over the decades has been devoted to the nuances of humor in literature, especially regarding the power of satire to comment on American culture. This article focuses on the fragile collaboration between those who produce humor and those who respond to it as audiences to consider, in particular, the limits of laughter and comic satire to affect readers. This article uses two precise examples of humor in Mark Twain's Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884) as symbolic representations of distinct types of humor, one exhibiting the often overlooked complexity of simple jokes and the other an example of cultural satire. Juxtaposing these two examples exposes the tenuous relationship between humorists and audiences, a fragility that has troubling implications for the persuasive power of satire.
“Scribbling to excite the laughter of God's creatures”: Some Thoughts on “Mere” Humor, Entertainment, and Pleasure
Authors: Wuster Tracy 
Published: September 2018

ABSTRACT
This article posits that entertainment and pleasure should be key aspects of humor studies—both in the study of so-called mere humor and so-called serious humor. Contrary to Satan's formulation—in Mark Twain's work—of humor as a metaphysical weapon (the idea that against “the assault of laughter” nothing can stand), this article argues for the relevance of other metaphors and other experiences in discussing humor and its impacts on human beings and human society.
Mark Twain's “Assault of Laughter” and the Limits of Political Humor
Authors: Kersten Holger 
Published: September 2018

ABSTRACT
Soon after it first appeared in The Mysterious Stranger: A Romance (1916), the phrase “against the assault of laughter nothing can stand” became one of the most popular quotes from the work of Mark Twain. The present article draws attention to the complications that arise in the endeavor to examine the substance of a catch phrase that has enjoyed widespread popularity. To explore this issue, the article places Twain's phrase in the context in which it emerged. Drawing on examples of political humor from different phases of American literary and cultural history, the article then goes on to explore the implications of imagining humor and laughter as a subversive force. By supplementing this material with a brief survey of empirical research on the effects of humor and laughter, the article ultimately challenges the contention that humor and laughter might function as a corrective force in American culture.
Generation of a versatile BiFC ORFeome library for analyzing protein–protein interactions in live Drosophila
Authors: Bischof Johannes , Duffraisse Marilyne , Furger Edy , Ajuria Leiore , Giraud Guillaume , Vanderperre Solene , Paul Rachel , Björklund Mikael , Ahr Damien , Ahmed Alexis W , Spinelli Lionel , Brun Christine , Basler Konrad , Merabet Samir 
Published: September 2018

Transcription factors achieve specificity by establishing intricate interaction networks that will change depending on the cell context. Capturing these interactions in live condition is however a challenging issue that requires sensitive and non-invasive methods.We present a set of fly lines, called ‘multicolor BiFC library’, which covers most of the Drosophila transcription factors for performing Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation (BiFC). The multicolor BiFC library can be used to probe two different binary interactions simultaneously and is compatible for large-scale interaction screens. The library can also be coupled with established Drosophila genetic resources to analyze interactions in the developmentally relevant expression domain of each protein partner. We provide proof of principle experiments of these various applications, using Hox proteins in the live Drosophila embryo as a case study. Overall this novel collection of ready-to-use fly lines constitutes an unprecedented genetic toolbox for the identification and analysis of protein-protein interactions in vivo.
Perceived Value of a Skills Laboratory With Virtual Reality Simulator Training in Arthroscopy: A Survey of Orthopedic Surgery Residents
Authors: Keith Kevin , Hansen Danielle M. , Johannessen Molly Ann 
Published: September 2018

Abstract

Background
Arthroscopy is one of the most common procedures performed by orthopedic surgeons. Virtual reality (VR) simulation in general surgery residency training has been increasing over the past decade, but it has seen little use in the field of orthopedic surgery.

Objective
To determine osteopathic orthopedic surgery residents’ perceived value of having access to a VR simulator before performing an arthroscopic procedure on a live patient.

Methods
A survey was developed and sent to all US osteopathic orthopedic surgery residency programs to be disseminated to all of their current residents. The survey consisted of 12 questions, which included Likert-type scale responses and yes or no responses.

Results
Fifty-eight residents out of approximately 507 responded. Forty-one of 57 respondents (72%) were in year 1 of residency when they performed their first arthroscopy, and 53 of 57 (93%) were not very comfortable when they performed their first arthroscopy. With respect to VR simulator exposure, approximately 31of 51 (61%) reported no exposure to a VR simulator, and 40 of 50 (80%) reported that their program did not provide a skills laboratory where they could practice arthroscopy. Of 50 respondents, 37 (74%) believed that a skills laboratory was important, 28 (56%) believed that a resident should perform 1 to 10 arthroscopies in a skills laboratory before performing one in the operating room, 34 (60%) believed that skills acquired in a skills laboratory would transfer to the operating room, and 33 (66%) agreed that every residency program should provide a skills laboratory. However, 29 (58%) believed that a skills laboratory would not improve patient safety.

Conclusion
Osteopathic orthopedic surgery residents indicated that they would benefit from the addition of an arthroscopic skills laboratory with a VR simulator. Furthermore, they believed that the skills learned in the skills laboratory would transfer to the operating room and would increase their comfort level with the procedure.
Periventricular nodular heterotopia in 22q11.2 deletion and frontal lobe migration
Authors: Rezazadeh Arezoo , Bercovici Eduard , Kiehl Tim‐Rasmus , Chow Eva W. , Krings Timo , Bassett Anne S. , Andrade Danielle M. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractObjectiveWe aimed to delineate the distribution of periventricular nodular heterotopia (PNH) in patients with 22q11.2 microdeletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) and place this in the context of other genetic forms ofPNH.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed brain imaging and postmortem data available for adult patients with 22q11.2DS. We included only those with good qualityMRIdata (n = 29) in addition to two patients withPNHidentified through postmortem studies. We also reviewed the pattern ofPNHin all genetic conditions reported with this phenotype.ResultsOf the total seven patients (M = 4, F = 3; age: 19–61 years) identified to havePNH, six had a history of seizures, six had schizophrenia, six had variable levels of intellectual disability, and two had obsessive compulsive disorder. In all seven patients, the nodules were located over the dorsal pole of the frontal horn of the lateral ventricles. The nodules were small, noncontiguous, and ranged in number from 1 to 10 per individual. Our review identified 37 genetic conditions associated withPNH. With the cases reported here, 22q11.2DSbecomes the fifth most commonly reported genetic condition, and the third most common copy number variation, associated withPNH.InterpretationThe neuropsychiatric manifestations in our patients withPNHsupport other data indicating abnormal neurodevelopment as part of the pathogenesis of 22q11.2DS.The location and cellular characteristics ofPNHin 22q11.2DSoverlaps with a group of migrating postnatal interneurons termed Arc cells, although more research is needed to confirm thatPNHin 22q11.2DSrepresents Arc cells arrested in their migratory pathway.
Ultrabroad Photoemission from an Amorphous Solid by Topochemical Reduction
Authors: Cao Jiangkun , Xu Shanhui , Zhang Qinyuan , Yang Zhongmin , Peng Mingying 
Published: September 2018

AbstractWideband near‐infrared (NIR)‐emitting materials are of current interest due to their practical utilization in light sources and tunable fiber lasers for optical sensing, imaging, and amplification. Though massive research is devoted to exploring materials activated by rare‐earth ions, transition metals, and semiconductor nanocrystals, the pursuit of photonic materials with ultra‐wideband emission over an extremely wide wavelength range is still not satisfied, especially for transparent amorphous solids which are suitable for active‐fiber applications. Here, such NIR emission is realized via topochemical reduction of bismuth in an amorphous solid. Constructing a local reduction environment around Bi extends its NIR emission to abnormal 0.8–1.9 µm with an incomparable bandwidth of >650 nm, which fully covers the whole NIR region under a single wavelength excitation, that is, from the transparency windows of biological tissue over the technically essential low‐loss optical communication. Furthermore, it is experimentally shown that the same scenario can be reproduced in other typical glass systems. It is anticipated that this strategy should help fundamentally improve the optical performance of Bi‐doped glasses and contribute to exploring new photonic materials.
Origin of Improved Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting in Mixed Perovskite Oxides
Authors: Li Weiwei , Jiang Kai , Li Zhongguo , Gong Shijing , Hoye Robert L. Z. , Hu Zhigao , Song Yinglin , Tian Chuanmu , Kim Jongkyoung , Zhang Kelvin H. L. , Cho Seungho , MacManus‐Driscoll Judith L. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractOwing to the versatility in their chemical and physical properties, transition metal perovskite oxides have emerged as a new category of highly efficient photocatalysts for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting. Here, to understand the underlying mechanism for the enhanced PEC water splitting in mixed perovskites, ideal epitaxial thin films of the BiFeO3–SrTiO3 system are explored. The electronic structure and carrier dynamics are determined from both experiment and density‐functional theory calculations. The intrinsic phenomena are measured in this ideal system, contrasting to commonly studied polycrystalline solid solutions where extrinsic structural features obscure the intrinsic phenomena. It is determined that when SrTiO3 is added to BiFeO3 the conduction band minimum position is raised and an exponential tail of trap states from hybridized Ti 3d and Fe 3d orbitals emerges near the conduction band edge. The presence of these trap states strongly suppresses the fast electron–hole recombination and improves the photocurrent density in the visible‐light region, up to 16× at 0 VRHE compared to the pure end member compositions. This work provides a new design approach for optimizing the PEC performance in mixed perovksite oxides.
Resolving a Critical Instability in Perovskite Solar Cells by Designing a Scalable and Printable Carbon Based Electrode‐Interface Architecture
Authors: Mashhoun Sara , Hou Yi , Chen Haiwei , Tajabadi Fariba , Taghavinia Nima , Egelhaaf Hans‐Joachim , Brabec Christoph J. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThin‐film solar cells based on hybrid organo‐halide lead perovskites achieve over 22% power conversion efficiency (PCE). A photovoltaic technology at such high performance is no longer limited by efficiency. Instead, lifetime and reliability become the decisive criteria for commercialization. This requires a standardized and scalable architecture which does fulfill all requirements for larger area solution processing. One of the most highly demanded technologies is a low temperature and printable conductive ink to substitute evaporated metal electrodes for the top contact. Importantly, that electrode technology must have higher environmental stability than, for instance, an evaporated silver (Ag) electrode. Herein, planar and entirely low‐temperature‐processed perovskite devices with a printed carbon top electrode are demonstrated. The carbon electrode shows superior photostability compared to reference devices with an evaporated Ag top electrode. As hole transport material, poly (3′hexyl thiophene) (P3HT) and copper(I) thiocyanate (CuSCN), two cost‐effective and commercially available p‐type semiconductors are identified to effectively replace the costlier 2,2′,7,7′‐Tetrakis‐(N,N‐di‐4‐methoxyphenylamino)‐9,9′‐spirobifluorene (spiro‐MeOTAD). While methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3)‐based perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with an evaporated Ag electrode degrade within 100 h under simulated sunlight (AM 1.5), fully solution‐processed PSCs with printed carbon electrodes preserve more than 80% of their initial PCE after 1000 h of constant illumination.
Differences in relationships of maternal and paternal age at childbirth with body fat distribution in offspring
Authors: Liang Jingjing , Guo Yangfeng , Dai Meixia , Xiao Qipeng , Cai Weili , Wei Yuanhuan , Amakye William Kwame , Jing Jin , Zhang Zheqing 
Published: September 2018

AbstractObjectivesAlthough delayed parenthood has been linked to various adverse health outcomes in offspring, little attention has been given to the relationship between an increased parental age at childbirth and fat distribution in offspring. We aimed to determine the relationship between parental age at childbirth and body fat partitioning in Chinese children.MethodsA total of 463 children (mean age, 8 years; 43% female) were recruited. Dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry was used to determine the fat mass (FM) and percentage of fat mass (%FM) in various areas of the body. Weight and height were measured. The body mass index (BMI) and fat mass index (FMI) were calculated. A questionnaire was used to collect information about parental variables and other confounders.ResultsMultiple linear regression analyses suggested that for each additional year of maternal age at delivery, the BMI, FMI, and FM at whole‐body, trunk, android, gynoid, and appendicular region increased by 0.115 kg/m2, 0.076 kg/m2; 128.4 g, 57.71 g, 10.96 g, 25.07 g, and 67.88 g, respectively, after adjusting for covariates (P = .002–.017). In the analysis of covariance, children of mothers aged ≥31 years exhibited higher BMI, FMI, total‐body and segmental FM, compared to those of mothers aged ≤25 years (P‐trend = 0.002–0.017). Similar tendencies were also observed for the %FM (P‐trend = 0.002–0.017). However, there was no significant relationship between paternal age at childbirth and any of the body fat measures in children.ConclusionsAn increasing maternal age at childbirth was associated with increased body fat accumulation in offspring, whereas paternal age at childbirth appeared to have no such association.
Piezochromic Luminescence of Donor–Acceptor Cocrystals: Distinct Responses to Anisotropic Grinding and Isotropic Compression
Authors: Liu Yingjie , Zeng Qingxin , Zou Bo , Liu Yu , Xu Bin , Tian Wenjing 
Published: September 2018

AbstractPiezochromic luminescent materials that exhibit distinct luminescence responses to different types of mechanical stresses have been emerging as new kinds of materials which are rarely investigated. Herein, we report a donor–acceptor (D–A) charge‐transfer (CT) cocrystal, which shows distinct hypochromatic and bathochromatic shifts upon anisotropic grinding and isotropic compression, respectively. Detailed spectroscopic and structural analyses revealed that the hypochromatic shifted emission under grinding is attributable to a structural reorganization from a loosely segregated‐stack to a mixed‐stack, while the bathochromatic shifted emission originates from the formation of a tighter packing structure. We present rare evidence of a distinct luminescent response to anisotropic grinding and isotropic compression on the basis of structural rearrangement in a D–A cocrystal, and thus enriches our insight into piezochromic luminescence.