bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative study of leaf antioxidant activity as a possible mechanism for frost tolerance in ‘Hass’ and ‘Ettinger’ avocado cultivars
Authors: Weil A. , Sofer-Arad C. , Bar-Noy Y. , Liran O. , Rubinovich L. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractA major drawback of avocado (Persea americanaMill.) is susceptibility to frosts, which reduces yields and limits its geographic distribution and market growth. Whereas the frost-susceptible cultivar ‘Hass’ leads the global avocado market, cv. ‘Ettinger’, although commercially less important, is considered frost-tolerant. The mechanism behind the greater frost tolerance of ‘Ettinger’ has not yet been elucidated; therefore, the aim of the current study was to evaluate the differences between the frost responses of the two cultivars. The results showed that detached ‘Ettinger’ branches had greater tolerance than ‘Hass’ to controlled frost stress. Tissue browning caused by methyl viologen oxidative cell damage, superoxide accumulation in leaf discs following wounding and browning of cut surfaces in branches were much lower in ‘Ettinger’ than in ‘Hass’, suggesting greater antioxidant activity (AA) in the former. In leaf extracts, AA was significantly higher in ‘Ettinger’ than in ‘Hass’, but osmolarity was similar in the two cultivars. Total phenolics content was significantly higher in ‘Ettinger’ but addition of a protein mask did not significantly reduce AA in either cultivar. Interestingly, following the freezing treatment, AA increased in ‘Ettinger’ and remained almost unchanged in ‘Hass’, while osmolarity was unaffected in either cultivar. These results suggest that the greater frost-tolerance of ‘Ettinger’ than ‘Hass’ is due largely to its greater AA, which springs mainly from a non-enzymatic source, i.e. accumulation of phenolic compounds. Based on the current study, future applications may be developed to minimize frost damage in avocado orchards.
Physiological assessment of non–target site restistance in multiple-resistant junglerice (Echinochloa colona)
Authors: Rouse Christopher E. , Roma-Burgos Nilda , Barbosa Martins Bianca Assis 
Published: September 2019

AbstractHerbicide-resistant Echinochloa species are among the most problematic weeds in agricultural crops globally. Recurring herbicide selection pressure in the absence of diverse management practices has resulted in greater than 20% of sampled Echinochloa populations from rice (Oryza sativa L.) fields demonstrating multiple resistance to herbicides in Arkansas, USA. We assessed the resistance profile and potential mechanisms of resistance in a multiple herbicide–resistant junglerice [Echinochloa colona (L.) Link] (ECO-R) population. Whole-plant and laboratory bioassays were conducted to identify the potential mechanisms of non–target site resistance in this population. ECO-R was highly resistant to propanil (>37,800 g ha−1) and quinclorac (>17,920 g ha−1) and had elevated tolerance to cyhalofop (R/S = 1.9) and glufosinate (R/S = 1.2) compared to the susceptible standard. The addition of glufosinate (590 g ha−1) to cyhalofop (314 g ha−1), propanil (4,500 g ha−1), or quinclorac (560 g ha−1) controlled ECO-R 100%. However, cyhalofop applied with propanil (48% control) or quinclorac (15% control) was antagonistic. The application of the known metabolic enzyme inhibitors malathion, carbaryl, and piperonyl butoxide increased control of ECO-R with propanil (>75%) but not with other herbicides. Neither absorption nor translocation of [14C]cyhalofop or propanil was different between ECO-R and ECO-S. [14C]Quinclorac absorption was also similar between ECO-R and ECO-S; however, translocation of quinclorac into tissues above the treated leaf of ECO-R was >20% higher than that in ECO-S. The abundance of metabolites was higher (∼10%) in the treated leaves of ECO-R than in ECO-S beginning 48 h after treatment. The activity of β-cyanoalanine synthase, which detoxifies hydrogen cyanide, was not different between ECO-R and ECO-S following quinclorac treatment. Resistance to propanil was due to herbicide detoxification by metabolic enzymes. Resistance to quinclorac was due to a detoxification mechanism yet to be understood. The reduction in sensitivity to cyhalofop and glufosinate might be a secondary effect of the mechanisms conferring high resistance to propanil and quinclorac.
CAR exosomes derived from effector CAR-T cells have potent antitumour effects and low toxicity
Authors: Fu Wenyan , Lei Changhai , Liu Shuowu , Cui Yingshu , Wang Chuqi , Qian Kewen , Li Tian , Shen Yafeng , Fan Xiaoyan , Lin Fangxing , Ding Min , Pan Mingzhu , Ye Xuting , Yang Yongji , Hu Shi 
Published: September 2019

AbstractGenetically engineered T cells expressing a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) are rapidly emerging a promising new treatment for haematological and non-haematological malignancies. CAR-T therapy can induce rapid and durable clinical responses but is associated with unique acute toxicities. Moreover, CAR-T cells are vulnerable to immunosuppressive mechanisms. Here, we report that CAR-T cells release extracellular vesicles, mostly in the form of exosomes that carry CAR on their surface. The CAR-containing exosomes express a high level of cytotoxic molecules and inhibit tumour growth. Compared with CAR-T cells, CAR exosomes do not express Programmed cell Death protein 1 (PD1), and their antitumour effect cannot be weakened by recombinant PD-L1 treatment. In a preclinical in vivo model of cytokine release syndrome, the administration of CAR exosomes is relatively safe compared with CAR-T therapy. This study supports the use of exosomes as biomimetic nanovesicles that may be useful in future therapeutic approaches against tumours.
Personalausfallkonzept zum Nachweis von
Ausnahmetatbeständen
Authors: Leydecker Julia , Kutscher Jan 
Published: September 2019

ZusammenfassungSeit 1. Januar 2019 gelten die Pflegepersonaluntergrenzen, die die
Patientenversorgung sicherer machen und für Transparenz in der Schichtbesetzung
sorgen sollen. Doch wie ist mit kurzfristigen Krankheitsausfällen im Sinne der
PpUGV umzugehen? Hier ein Lösungsvorschlag.
Agendamelding
Authors: Minooie Milad 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe present study tests the agendamelding theory, which posits that public agenda is the result of a process whereby audiences “meld” agendas from various media along with their personal agenda to form a coherent picture of society. To that end, the contributions of the traditional media agenda, the social media agenda, and the personal agenda of Iranian audiences to their public agenda are independently measured and compared against values predicted by theory. The findings indicate a strong social media agenda-setting effect in Iran (ρ = .83,p < .05) and a weak, non-significant traditional media agenda-setting effect (ρ = .28,p = .48). On average, actual contributions closely mirror values predicted by theory, suggesting that agendamelding is a viable theory for studying the audience-media relationship.
Scientific arguments in policy-making
Authors: Andone Corina , Hernández José Alfonso Lomeli 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This paper focuses on the use of scientific insights for
justifying decisions in policy-making. Because in policy-making the politician
argues for a future course of action by pointing at its positive consequences,
the burden of proof should concern not only the scientific arguments, but also
the pragmatic arguments. We show how the political justificatory process takes
place that combines the two argument types, and we propose criteria for
assessing the quality of the justifications. Based on our theoretical findings,
we provide a case-study analysis of the Paris Agreement on climate change in
which we demonstrate how the politicians attempt to meet their burden of proof
imposed by pragmatic and scientific argumentation.
The reference corpus matters
Authors: Geluso Joe , Hirch Roz 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This study investigates the effect that reference corpora of different registers have on the content of keyword
lists. The study focusses on two target corpora and the keyword lists generated for each when using three distinct reference
corpora. The two target corpora consist of published research by faculty at two PhD-granting programs in applied linguistics in
North America. The reference corpora comprise published research in applied linguistics, newspaper and magazine articles, and
fiction texts, respectively. The findings suggest that while common keywords representing each target corpus emerge regardless of
the reference corpus used in the analysis, there are also substantial differences. Primarily, using a reference corpus of the same
sub-register as the target corpus better highlights content unique to each target corpus while using a reference corpus of a
different register better uncovers words that reflect the register that the target corpora represent. Implications for conducting
keyword analysis are discussed.
Time to Approach Similarity
Authors: Webber Joseph J , Huppert Herbert E 
Published: September 2019

Summary
In a recent article, Ball and Huppert (J. Fluid Mech., 874, 2019) introduced a novel method for ascertaining the characteristic timescale over which the similarity solution to a given time-dependent nonlinear differential equation converges to the actual solution, obtained by numerical integration, starting from given initial conditions. In this article, we apply this method to a range of different partial differential equations describing propagating gravity currents of fixed volume as well as modifying the techniques to apply to situations for which convergence to the numerical solution is oscillatory, as appropriate for gravity currents propagating at large Reynolds numbers. We investigate properties of convergence in all of these cases, including how different initial geometries affect the rate at which the two solutions agree. It is noted that geometries where the flow is no longer unidirectional take longer to converge. A method of time-shifting the similarity solution is introduced to improve the accuracy of the approximation given by the similarity solution, and also provide an upper bound on the percentage disagreement over all time.
Toward Cultural Competency in Health Care: A Scoping Review of the Diversity and Inclusion Education Literature
Authors: Brottman Melissa R. , Char Douglas M. , Hattori Robin A. , Heeb Rachel , Taff Steven D. 
Published: September 2019

Purpose
To explore best practices for increasing cultural competency and reducing health disparities, the authors conducted a scoping review of the existing literature.

Method
The review was guided by 2 questions: (1) Are health care professionals and medical students learning about implicit bias, health disparities, advocacy, and the needs of diverse patient populations? (2) What educational strategies are being used to increase student and educator cultural competency? In August 2016 and July 2018, the authors searched 10 databases (including Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, and Scopus) and MedEdPORTAL, respectively, using keywords related to multiple health professions and cultural competency or diversity and inclusion education and training. Publications from 2005 to August 2016 were included. Results were screened using a 2-phase process (title and abstract review followed by full-text review) to determine if articles met the inclusion or exclusion criteria.

Results
The search identified 89 articles that specifically related to cultural competency or diversity and inclusion education and training within health care. Interventions ranged from single-day workshops to a 10-year curriculum. Eleven educational strategies used to teach cultural competency and about health disparities were identified. Many studies recommended using multiple educational strategies to develop knowledge, awareness, attitudes, and skills. Less than half of the studies reported favorable outcomes. Multiple studies highlighted the difficulty of implementing curricula without trained and knowledgeable faculty.

Conclusions
For the field to progress in supporting a culturally diverse patient population, comprehensive training of trainers, longitudinal evaluations of interventions, and the identification and establishment of best practices will be imperative.
Improvements in Grip and Pinch Strength and Patient-reported Outcomes After Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion
Authors: Yoo Joon S. , Ahn Junyoung , Mayo Benjamin C. , Bohl Daniel D. , Ahn Junho , Hrynewycz Nadia M. , Brundage Thomas S. , Park Daniel D. , Colman Matthew W. , Phillips Frank M. , Singh Kern 
Published: September 2019

Study Design:
Prospective.

Objective:
To evaluate improvements in grip and pinch strength in patients with or without myelopathy and determine patient factors that are predictive of continued postoperative grip strength weakness.

Summary of Background Data:
The degree to which cervical myelopathy can diminish upper extremity muscle strength has not been objectively characterized. Few studies have investigated the association between the expected improvements in patient-reported outcomes (PROs) and strength in grip and pinch after anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF).

Methods:
Patients were asked to perform grip and pinch strength tests both preoperatively and at 6-month follow-up. Patients were also administered PRO surveys, which included Neck Disability Index, Short-Form-12 physical composite score and mental composite score, and Visual Analog Scale neck and arm pain scores. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to determine optimum cutoff values of preoperative patient factors to predict postoperative dominant handgrip weakness after ACDF.

Results:
Patients with radiculopathy demonstrated a significantly greater improvement in Visual Analog Scale arm pain compared with patients with myelopathy. The ROC curve analysis determined the optimum cutoff for preoperative dominant handgrip strength to be 22 kgf. This value demonstrated a sensitivity of 0.89 and a specificity of 0.62. The area under the ROC curve value was 0.71 (95% confidence interval, 0.55–0.88), indicating fair prognostic accuracy of the cutoff for postoperative dominant handgrip weakness.

Conclusions:
In this prospective, observational study, postoperative increase in grip and pinch strength demonstrated an association with improvement of pain and disability of the neck and overall quality of health regardless of the presence of cervical myelopathy. Preoperative grip strength weakness was found to be predictive of postoperative grip strength deficiency after ACDF. Our investigation suggests the recovery of hand function may be correlated with improvement of PROs after ACDF.
A Pharmaceutical Dispensing–based Index of Mortality Risk From Long-term Conditions Performed as well as Hospital Record–based Indices
Authors: Stanley James , Doughty Robert N. , Sarfati Diana 
Published: September 2019

Objective:The objective of this study was to develop and validate a mortality risk index from multimorbidity using pharmaceutical dispensing data.Design:The P3 (Pharmaceutical Prescribing Profile) mortality risk index was created (development n=2,331,645) using pharmaceutical dispensing records for the last 12 months for long-term conditions. β coefficients from a Cox proportional hazards model for mortality provided component scores for 30 medication categories. Index validity was tested (validation n=1,000,166) for risk of mortality and overnight hospitalization over 1 year, and predictive ability calculated for the P3 index relative to the hospital admission–based Charlson and M3 indices (all models adjusted for age/sex).Setting:This study was carried out in the setting of routine health data sources for the New Zealand adult general population, for an index date of January 1, 2012.Results:The P3 index performed equivalently to Charlson for 1-year mortality risk [c-statistics=0.920 and 0.921, respectively; difference=−0.001; 95% confidence interval (CI): −0.004, 0.001]; P3 outperformed Charlson for overnight hospitalization risk (c-statistics=0.712 and 0.682; difference=0.029; 95% CI: 0.028, 0.031). Adding P3 to a model already containing the M3 index led to only marginal improvement for mortality (difference inc-statistics=0.004; 95% CI: 0.002, 0.005) but some improvement for hospitalization risk (difference inc-statistics=0.020; 95% CI: 0.018, 0.021).Conclusions:The P3 index provides an appropriate alternative to measures like the Charlson and M3 index when analysts only have access to pharmaceutical dispensing data for determining multimorbidity. The P3 index had a performance advantage over Charlson when analyzing risk for overnight hospital admissions.
Enhancing rehabilitation and functional recovery after brain and spinal cord trauma with electrical neuromodulation
Authors: Hofer Anna-Sophie , Schwab Martin E. 
Published: September 2019

Purpose of review
This review discusses recent advances in the rehabilitation of motor deficits after traumatic brain injury (TBI) and spinal cord injury (SCI) using neuromodulatory techniques.

Recent findings
Neurorehabilitation is currently the only treatment option for long-term improvement of motor functions that can be offered to patients with TBI or SCI. Major advances have been made in recent years in both preclinical and clinical rehabilitation. Activity-dependent plasticity of neuronal connections and circuits is considered key for successful recovery of motor functions, and great therapeutic potential is attributed to the combination of high-intensity training with electrical neuromodulation. First clinical case reports have demonstrated that repetitive training enabled or enhanced by electrical spinal cord stimulation can yield substantial improvements in motor function. Described achievements include regaining of overground walking capacity, independent standing and stepping, and improved pinch strength that recovered even years after injury.

Summary
Promising treatment options have emerged from research in recent years using neurostimulation to enable or enhance intense training. However, characterizing long-term benefits and side-effects in clinical trials and identifying patient subsets who can benefit are crucial. Regaining lost motor function remains challenging.
Epigenomic analysis of Parkinson’s disease neurons identifies Tet2 loss as neuroprotective
Authors: Lee Marshall , Bryan Killinger , Peipei Li , Elizabeth Ensink , Katie Li , Wei Cui , Noah Lubben , Matthew Weiland , Juozas Gordevicius , Gerhard A. Coetzee , Stefan Jovinge , Viviane Labrie 
Published: September 2019

AbstractPD pathogenesis may involve the epigenetic control of enhancers that modify neuronal functions. Here, we comprehensively profile DNA methylation at enhancers, genome-wide, in neurons of 57 PD patients and 48 control individuals. We found a widespread increase in cytosine modifications at enhancers in PD neurons, which is partly explained by elevated hydroxymethylation levels. Epigenetic dysregulation of enhancers in PD converge on transcriptional abnormalities affecting neuronal signaling and immune activation pathways. In particular, PD patients exhibit an epigenetic and transcriptional upregulation of TET2, a master-regulator of cytosine modification status. TET2 inactivation in a neuronal cell line results in cytosine modification changes that are reciprocal to those observed in PD neurons. Furthermore, Tet2 inactivation in mice fully prevents dopaminergic neuronal loss in the substantia nigra induced by prior inflammation. Tet2 loss in mice also attenuates transcriptional immune responses to an inflammatory trigger. Thus, widespread epigenetic dysregulation of enhancers in PD neurons may, in part, be mediated by increased TET2 expression. Decreased Tet2 activity is neuroprotective, in vivo, and may be a novel therapeutic target for PD.
Flaming as part of aseptic technique increases CO2 (g)and decreases pH in freshwater culture media
Authors: Zepernick Brittany N. , Krausfeldt Lauren E. , Wilhelm Steven W. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractAseptic technique has historically served as a fundamental practice in microbiology, helping maintain culture purity and integrity. This technique has been widely encouraged and employed for use with cultures of heterotrophic bacteria as well as freshwater and marine algae. Yet, recent observations have suggested these approaches may bring their own influences. We observed variations in growth amongst replicate experimental cyanobacterial cultures upon flaming of the culture tube opening during sample transfer and collection. Investigation revealed the pH of culture media had decreased from the initial pH established during media preparation. Flaming of sterile culture media alone confirmed a significant decrease, by as much as 1.7 pH units, and correlated with increased flaming events over time. We hypothesized that the causative factor was the introduction of carbon dioxide into the media. To test this hypothesis, qualitative and quantitative analyses were used to identify the primary driver of pH decline. We further assessed the direct effects of flaming and subsequent pH changes onMicrocystis aeruginosacultures, showing flame-driven pH changes and/or the introduction of carbon dioxide influenced experimental results. Our observations provide a cautionary tale of how classic and well-accepted approaches may not always provide the results promised, suggesting new approaches may be necessary in research areas assessing pH or carbon related-effects on microbial communities.
RNA interference of NADPH-Cytochrome P450 reductase increases susceptibilities to multiple acaricides inTetranychus urticae
Authors: Adesanya Adekunle W. , Cardenas Antonio , Lavine Mark D. , Walsh Doug B. , Lavine Laura C. , Zhu Fang 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe two-spotted spider mite,Tetranychus urticae, is a polyphagous pest feeding on over 1,100 plant species, including numerous highly valued economic crops. The control ofT. urticaelargely depends on the use of acaricides, which leads to pervasive development of acaricide resistance. Cytochrome P450-mediated metabolic detoxification is one of the major mechanisms of acaricide resistance inT. urticae. NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) plays as a crucial co-factor protein that donates electron(s) to microsomal cytochrome P450s to complete their catalytic cycle. This study seeks to understand the involvement of CPR in acaricide resistance inurticae. The full-length cDNA sequence ofT. urticae’s CPR (TuCPR) was cloned and characterized.TuCPRwas ubiquitously transcribed in different life stages ofT. urticaeand the highest transcription was observed in the nymph and adult stages.TuCPRwas constitutively over-expressed in six acaricide resistant populations compared to a susceptible one.TuCPRtranscriptional expression was also induced by multiple acaricides in a time-dependent manner. Down-regulation ofTuCPRvia RNA interference (RNAi) inT. urticaeled to reduced enzymatic activities of TuCPR and cytochrome P450s, as well as a significant reduction of resistance to multiple acaricides, abamectin, bifenthrin, and fenpyroximate. The outcome of this study highlights CPR as a potential novel target for eco-friendly control ofT. urticaeand other related plant-feeding pests.HighlightsPipernoyl butoxide significantly reduced abamectin, bifenthrin, and fenpyroximate resistance inT. urticaepopulationsT. urticae’s cytochrome P450 reductase (TuCPR) was cloned, sequenced and phylogenetically analyzedAbamectin, bifenthrin and fenpyroximate treatment induced TuCPR gene expressionSilencing ofTuCPRinT. urticaecaused a reduction in acaricide resistance