bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Elution of 51Cr from Labelled Leukocytes —a New Theory
Authors: RONAI PETER M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Chromium-51 elutes rapidly from labelled leukocytes and tumor cells both in vitro and in vivo. Eluted 51Cr is dialysable and is not precipitated with trichloracetic acid and it has therefore been assumed to be free chromium which has dissociated from the labelled cellular protein. In vitro studies with 51Cr-labelled albumin have, however, demonstrated the extreme stability of the covalent bond between chromium and protein.
Paper electrophoresis experiments are here described which show that the 51Cr which elutes from labelled mouse peritoneal cells behaves electrophoretically like 51Cr-labelled peptides and not at all like free 51Cr in either hexavalent or trivalent forms, or 51Cr-labelled lysine and arginine.
Whole body counting studies after the intravenous injection of the various 51Cr preparations into mice indicate that eluted 51Cr and 51Cr-labelled peptides also have similar biologic behavior.
Together, the electrophoretic and whole body counting studies exclude the presence of significant amounts of free 51Cr (either hexavalent or trivalent) in the 51Cr that elutes from labelled cells and supports the hypothesis that 51Cr elution results from turnover of labelled protein within the cell and loss of non-reutilisable labelled protein fragments.
Confirmation of this theory would provide a powerful technic for the study of intra and extracellular protein metabolism.
Fine Structural Studies of Leukocytes from Patients and Heterozygotes with the Chediak-Higashi Syndrome
Authors: DOUGLAS STEVEN D. , BLUME RALPH S. , WOLFF SHELDON M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Fine structural studies of leukocytes from four patients with the Chediak-Higashi syndrome, including two in the accelerated phase, demonstrate a pleomorphism of substructure of the giant lysosome-like organelles pathognomonic of this syndrome. These organelles differ in composition in relationship to the cell type in which they occur. Many circulating lymphoid cells have altered nuclear chromatin and a diminution in cytoplasmic constituents. Virus-like particles are not seen and there is no evidence of abnormal cytoplasmic sequestration. Large abnormal lysosome-like organelles are present in a small percentage of lymphoid cells from the six parents of these patients, demonstrating that heterozygotes exhibit a cellular abnormality in vivo.
Brief Report: On a Regulatory System of the Adenine Level in the Plasma Connected with Red Cell Maturation and its Effect on the Adenine Nucleotides of the Circulating Erythrocyte. Lack of Relation Between ATP-Level and Life Span of the Erythrocyte
Authors: SYLLM-RAPOPORT I. , JACOBASCH G. , PREHN S. , RAPOPORT S. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In 3 cases of Erythrogenesis imperfecta (Diamond-Blackfan) the concentration of adenine nucleotides in the red cells from normal donors was found to rise to twice the normal level. A factor in the plasma of the patients was postulated and proved to be an adenine compound. The concentration was 2-3 times as high in the plasma of patients as compared with normals and the excretion in the urine was likewise several fold higher. From these data it is deduced that the plasma adenine level is regulated by a hormonal interplay between the bone marrow and the liver. It is hypothesized that the bone marrow secretes an inhibitor of adenine production in the liver, which is connected with a maturation stage beyond the proerythroblast.
The life expectancy of the donor cells was not prolonged despite their high ATP level. It is concluded that factors other than ATP are limiting for the survival of the red cell.
Studies of Iron Transport in Portal and Systemic Circulation
Authors: KAJANI M. K. , DE LEEUW N. K. M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Simultaneous 59Fe absorption curves in portal and systemic venous blood showed different rates of entry of the isotope into the portal (and systemic) circulation: the most rapid entry was seen in two patients with decreased iron stores, whereas negligible counts were obtained in two patients with increased iron stores. These data, combined with 59Fe excretion data, indicate a barrier function of the intestinal mucosa for the passage of iron in two iron-sufficient patients, with evidence of prolonged excretion of 59Fe into the bowel in one of these. The data support a two-step mechanism of absorption of inorganic ferrous iron in humans, the first step being uptake of iron by the intestinal mucosa; the second step transfer of mucosal iron to the portal circulation.
In the two patients with decreased iron stores the shape of the absorption curves ruled out significant hepatic deposition of isotope; the amount of isotope transported in the systemic circulation correlated closely with that utilized for hemoglobin synthesis.
Different rates of absorption of inorganic ferrous iron and folic acid were demonstrated in one patient.
Destruction of Immature Erythrocytes Measured by Bilirubin Excretion
Authors: NAGAI KIYOYASU , KAKISHITA EIZO 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The change in radioactivity of bilirubin with time was measured after injection of glycine 2-14C into rats with a bile fistula. The total radioactivity and specific activity of bilirubin were abnormally high in rats of which erythropoiesis was increased following hemorrhage.
When the newly formed erythrocytes labeled with glycine 2-14C in the peak of reticulocytosis were transfused into rats with a bile fistula, the excretion of labeled bilirubin increased rapidly.
The amount of newly formed erythrocytes destroyed within 7 days after transfusion into normal animals was calculated as 4.4 per cent of the total erythrocytes formed during maximum reticulocytosis and 1.1 per cent of those formed in the normal state in Sprague Dawley rats, while in the Wistar strain, the values were 13.4 per cent and 2.2 per cent, respectively.
These results provide direct evidence for increased production of short-lived erythrocytes during enhanced erythropoiesis, and the hemolysis of newly formed erythrocytes soon after they reach the general circulation may contribute to the production of shunt bilirubin.
The Action of Phytohemagglutinin in Rabbits. V. Morphological Changes Following Previous Immunization with and Daily Injections of Phytohemagglutinin
Authors: BLENNERHASSETT J. B. , NASPITZ C. K. , RICHTER M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The administration of a series of four or eight daily injections of PHA neither diminished nor enhanced the peripheral and parenchymal changes observed after a single injection of PHA. These changes include the peripheral leukopenia followed by a leukocytosis, the hyperplasia of the splenic white pulp, and the myeloid metaplasia or infiltration in the splenic red pulp.
The circulating leukocytes appear to become resistant to the leukopenic action of PHA following a series of injections of PHA. However, this stage of refractoriness lasts only one to two weeks in the absence of any further injection of PHA.
Immunization with PHA with formation of antibodies capable of neutralizing the mitogenic factor(s) in PHA did not affect the capacity of a subsequent challenge injection of PHA to induce the characteristic morphologic changes which follow a single injection of PHA. Thus, the presence of circulating antibodies does not invalidate the use of PHA as a chemotherapeutic agent.
Thymidine Salvage Pathway in Normal and Leukemic Leukocytes with Effects of ATP on Enzyme Control
Authors: RABINOWITZ YALE , WILHITE BETTY A. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The enzymes of the "salvage" pathway for thymidine in normal and leukemic leukocytes separated on glass-bead-columns were studied. Levels of thymidine kinase activity in blast cells were high, but were low in granulocytes, normal and leukemic lymphocytes, and in RBC. Phosphatase and thymidine phosphorylase activity was high in granulocytes and in normal and leukemic lymphocytes, but became apparent in blast cells only in the absence of ATP. All the cells studied could phosphorylate TMP to some extent, but the amount of TTP formed depended greatly on the presence of an optimum ATP concentration. Without added ATP breakdown to thymine was at its peak, while phosphorylation of TMP was negligible. Excess ATP reduced or inhibited the activity of most of the enzymes, preventing both phosphorylation and breakdown. Concentrations of Mg equimolar with the ATP gave maximum TTP production, while inhibition by high ATP concentrations occurred despite equimolar Mg concentrations. Both TTP and thymine production ceased in the absence of Mg. Changes in ATP levels in cell loci may function in regulating thymidine metabolism.
Leukocyte Kinetics in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: I. DNA Synthesis Time in Blood and Marrow Myelocytes
Authors: VINCENT P. C. , CRONKITE E. P. , GREENBERG M. L. , KIRSTEN C. , SCHIFFER L. M. , STRYCKMANS P. A. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Using a double labeling technic the DNA synthesis time of CML blood myelocytes was found to be 14.2 ± 0.8 hours if all myelocytes were considered, and 13.6 ± 0.6 hours for large myelocytes only.
The DNA synthesis time of CML marrow myelocytes did not differ significantly from that for blood myelocytes.
These values are indistinguishable from previous estimates of DNA synthesis time in normal granulopoietic precursors.
Prolonged Survival in Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria
Authors: CHARACHE SAMUEL 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Some patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria survive for many years. Three such patients are reported with survivals of 43, 29, and 27 years. Their histories, and those of 14 other patients who survived for more than 20 years, suggest that prolonged survival is not necessarily related to amelioration of the disease. In some patients with apparent "remission" of the disease, laboratory abnormalities persisted for many years.
Studies on Red Cell Aplasia. II. Report of a Second Patient with an Antibody to Erythroblast Nuclei and a Remission After Immunosuppressive Therapy
Authors: KRANTZ SANFORD B. , KAO VINCENT 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
When the marrow from a patient with red cell aplasia was incubated in vitro a marked increase in heme synthesis occurred. Heme synthesis was further increased by the addition of erythropoietin. The patient’s plasma contained both a γG-antibody to erythroblast nuclei and a γG-fraction that inhibited heme synthesis. After the patient was treated with cyclophosphamide, the antinuclear antibody and the inhibitor to heme synthesis disappeared and erythropoiesis was normal. These experiments confirm our previous study and indicate that red cell aplasia may be due to an antibody to marrow erythroblasts.
Cytochemical and Immunohistologic Investigations on the Source and the Functional Changes of Mononuclear Cells in Skin Window Exudates
Authors: SCHMALZL F. , HUBER H. , ASAMER H. , ABBREDERIS K. , BRAUNSTEINER H. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The cellular exudates in skin windows of 10 normal controls, 3 patients with myeloblastic leukemia, 3 patients with acute monocytic leukemia and 4 patients with symptomatic monocytosis were evaluated by cytochemical methods (naphthol-AS-esterase, acid phosphatase, naphthylamidase, sudan-black B) and by immunofluorescence using a specific antiserum against human lysozyme. Monocytes and derived cells were identified by their content of characteristic NaF (1.5 mg./ml.) -sensitive naphthol-AS-esterase, whose presence was demonstrated by a double incubation method. After an initial decrease, corresponding to degranulation, the acid hydrolases appeared again in the Golgi zone. Macrophages with NaF-sensitive esterase and strong lysosomal enzyme activities became apparent after 12-16 hours, and there was no indication of a development of these cells from lymphocytes. In myeloblastic leukemia and symptomatic monocytosis the cellular exudate was comparable to that of normal humans. In monocytic leukemia an early exudation, predominantly of monocytoid cells, (instead of granulocytes) was a consistent finding. The transformation of monocytoid cells to typical macrophages with an increase of the lysosomal enzymes occurred with enzyme activities remaining lower than in normals.
Effects of Radiation on The Capacity of The Stem Cell Compartment to Differentiate into Granulocytic and Erythrocytic Progeny
Authors: HELLMAN SAMUEL , GRATE HELEN E. , CHAFFEY JOHN T. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Different methods have been used to measure the survival following radiation of the hematopoietic stem cell pool. Two of these systems measure the stem cell pool by its ability to proliferate and differentiate into mature progeny. In both methods, irradiated recipient mice receive syngeneic bone marrow. A period of time is allowed for the transplanted progenitor cells to divide and differentiate, and then the progeny produced are assayed. Ability to form red blood cells is assessed by the amount of radioactive iron incorporated into newly-formed erythrocytes. Capacity for granulocyte formation is measured by peripheral white blood cell counts following endotoxin stimulation. This latter is a granulocyte response and has been shown to be a measure of the marrow granulocyte reserve. The pool as measured by its ability to produce erythrocytic progeny appears to be more sensitive initially than as measured by its ability to produce granulocytic progeny. Erythropoietic repopulating ability begins recovery more promptly than the granulopoietic. These effects appear to be due to the host milieu rather than any direct effect of radiation on the stem cells, resulting in initial conservation of granulopoiesis relative to erythropoiesis with subsequent compensatory recovery of erythropoiesis. Because of recent evidence suggesting a common stem cell, these results are interpreted as consistent with the notion that radiation affects not only stem cell proliferation, but also the direction and extent of differentiation.
The Standardized Normal Ivy Bleeding Time and Its Prolongation by Aspirin
Authors: MIELKE C. H. , KANESHIRO M. M. , MAHER I. A. , WEINER J. M. , RAPAPORT S. I. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A standardized, reproducible Ivy bleeding time technic has been described which permits one to obtain accurate bleeding time data in man. The technic was used to standardize an aspirin tolerance test in which 60 normal males had a control bleeding time; were given, on a double blind basis, either placebo or 1 Gm. of aspirin, and had a second bleeding time 2 hours later. The control values were: mean, 5 min.; mean ± 2 st. dev., 2 min., 30 sec. to 10 min. The values after placebo were: mean, 5 min., 30 sec.; mean ± 2 st. dev., 2 min., 30 sec. to 11 min. The values after aspirin were: mean, 9 min., 30 sec.; mean ± 2 st. dev., 4 min. to 21 min. The difference between the mean bleeding time after placebo and after aspirin was highly significant (p < 0.001). The distribution of the bleeding times after aspirin suggested that normal subjects do not respond to aspirin as a single population. The degree of prolongation of the bleeding time and the large size of the drops of blood observed in some subjects suggested to us that small amounts of aspirin may exert a significant effect upon hemostasis in normal individuals.
Impaired Pentose Phosphate Shunt and Decreased Glycolytic Activity in Lymphocytes of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Metabolic Pathway . . . ?
Authors: BRODY JEROME I. , OSKI FRANK A. , SINGER DANIEL E. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine whether proportional alterations in the hexose monophosphate shunt or Embden-Meyerhof pathways of leukemic lymphocyte glycolysis might provide a biochemical explanation for excess glycogen stored in these neoplastic cells in addition to delineating a possible cause for the decreased glucose tolerance shown by a large number of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). The experimental technic consisted of incubating leukemic lymphocytes separately in Krebs-bicarbonate buffer, and autologous and paired homologous normal plasma, along with glucose-1-14C. Normal, control lymphocytes were similarly handled except that corresponding leukemic plasma became the homologous substitute. Evolved 14CO2, trapped by sodium hydroxide, and collective glycolytic intermediates, isolated by anion exchange chromatography, were assayed by scintillation spectrometry. Compared to normal lymphocytes, the leukemic cells not only consumed less total sugar but also metabolized proportionately less carbohydrate via the hexose monophosphate shunt pathway as indicated by the diminished quantity of generated 14CO2. Although autologous normal plasma significantly increased all facets of normal lymphocyte glycolysis, autologous leukemic plasma failed to stimulate leukemic lymphocytes in a similar manner. In certain instances, this plasma further depressed neoplastic lymphocyte glucose utilization. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that leukemic lymphocyte glycogenosis may be a consequence of an augmented pool of one or several glycolytic intermediates ultimately available for glycogen synthesis, and with the idea that leukemic plasma restricts in vivo glucose utilization leading to clinically detected abnormal carbohydrate metabolism in many patients with CLL.
Studies in Iron Absorption V. Effect of Gastrointestinal Factors on Iron Absorption
Authors: HÖGLUND S. , REIZENSTEIN P. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. Since previous studies could not demonstrate that any of several general plasma factors played a major role in intestinal iron absorption, local intestinal factors were examined in 240 iron absorption studies on 150 healthy subjects.
2. When the iron dose was increased 40 times, from 0.25 to 10 mg. the percentage absorption was halved.
3. Trebling the quantity of food (bread) in the intestine did not significantly decrease absorption.
4. Ascorbic acid in the intestinal lumen trebled the absorption even of ferrous iron. A stable pharmaceutical combination of iron and ascorbic acid was tested.
5. Sifted flour did not seem to inhibit the absorption of ferrous iron, but coarse ground flour did. When fat was added, no further decrease in absorption was found although iron soaps may be formed.
6. A further decrease in absorption was found after a complete meal.
7. When fine grain reduced iron was used to enrich flour—this is done in all Swedish flour—absorption was 50 per cent lower, and when a coarser grain reduced iron was used 85 per cent lower, than when ferrous sulfate was used for enrichment.
8. When oral iron treatment was given to persons with high iron absorption, absorption was decreased to normal.
Studies on Platelet Proteins. IV. Some Physical and Chemical Properties of Thrombosthenin
Authors: GANGULY P. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The contractile platelet protein thrombosthenin has been isolated with butanol and purified further by repeated precipitation and gel filtration. Thrombosthenin thus isolated shows all the typical properties of this protein as reported in the literature. 1 M NaCl-tris, pH 7.2 has been found to be a better solvent than 0.6 M KCl as far as stability, resolution and aggregation of the protein are concerned. In the ultracentrifuge, 0.7 per cent thrombosthenir in 0.6 M KCl shows three hypersharp boundaries with sedimentation coefficients of 36 S, 56 S and 83 S. However, at low protein concentration only the 36 S boundary is observed. In 1 M NaCl, all these components break down producing a single kinetic unit of 18 S which dissociates further to 7 S. The 7 S component retains the ATP-sensitivity typical of thrombosthenin, suggesting it to be the monomeric unit of this protein. A similar hypersharp boundary with similar sedimentation coefficient to purified thrombosthenin has been noted in platelet ghosts solubilized in presence of detergent. A combination of sedimentation and viscosity data leads to an approximate molecular weight 8.9 x 105 for thrombosthenin.
Intravascular Granulocyte Kinetics in Acute Leukemia
Authors: SPIVAK JERRY L. , BRUBAKER LEONARD H. , PERRY SEYMOUR 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Intravascular granulocyte kinetics in 11 patients with acute leukemia and 8 hematologically normal individuals were studied following the infusion of autologous leukocytes labeled in vitro with diisopropylfluorophosphate (DF32P). The kinetics of the labeled granulocytes in the control subjects was similar to that reported in previous studies. Ten of eleven leukemic subjects, however, had abnormal granulocyte disappearance curves and prolonged granulocyte disappearance rates. This was true for patients in remission as well as for untreated patients. The abnormal granulocyte kinetic patterns demonstrated here are in keeping with the disorderly and diminished granulocytopoiesis and defective granulocyte mobilization found in acute leukemia.
A Study of the Sickling Phenomenon and Oxygen Dissociation Curve in Patients with Hemoglobins SS, SD, SF and SC
Authors: CAWEIN M. J. , O’NEILL R. P. , DANZER L. A. , LAPPAT E. J. , ROACH THOMAS 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. Data on pO2, T50, n values and per cent of sickle cells were obtained in patients with hemoglobins SS, SD, SF (S-thalassemia) and SC. In general the per cent of sickle cells was proportional to the per cent of hemoglobin S. The number of sickle cells was, however, influenced by the other type of hemoglobin present and by the pO2. Values for T50 were greater than normal, and values for n were less than normal.
2. The effect of therapy with O2, CO2, NaHCO3 and MgSO4 on the per cent of sickle cells in arterial and venous blood was determined. Only inhalation of O2 reduced the per cent of sickle cells.
3. The rate of sickle cell formation and its reversal were determined under conditions of deoxygenation and oxygenation. These were found to be a function of the type of hemoglobin combinations present.
4. The oxygen dissociation curves were found to be shifted to the right of the normal curve indicating a decreased affinity for oxygen. In two patients the Bohr effect was determined and found to be normal.