bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
(Un)settling home during the Brexit process
Authors: Miller Rebekah Grace 
Published: September 2018

AbstractBuilding upon extensive literature on the concept of home, this article uses narrative interviews to argue that home can be (un)settled. The process of (un)settling home can occur in relation to various circumstances such as widowhood, ill health, or geopolitical changes. This article presents (un)settling home as a process constituted by three intertwined dimensions; practical and material, emotional, and temporal. This article explores how the Brexit process is (un)settling home for older British migrants, a population of lifestyle migrants, living in Spain. This geopolitical event has an ongoing destabilising and unsettling effect upon individual's sense of home and belonging. Brexit is a process experienced simultaneously by older British migrants living across the European Union. Consequently, this article provides useful insights into how these relatively privileged migrants negotiate an unprecedented shift in their status, their uncertain future as lifestyle migrants, and their understandings of home in this shifting geopolitical context.
Influence of Electrolyte on the Electrochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide Using Boron‐Doped Diamond Electrodes
Authors: Tomisaki Mai , Natsui Keisuke , Ikemiya Norihito , Nakata Kazuya , Einaga Yasuaki 
Published: September 2018

AbstractElectrochemical reduction of CO2 to useful compounds have been actively investigated. The faradaic efficiency and selectivity for products of CO2 reduction depend on some factors, such as electrode materials and electrolytes. Recently, boron‐doped diamond (BDD) was found to be a promising electrode material for production of formic acid by CO2 reduction, but the influence of electrolytes has not been sufficiently elucidated. Here, we studied the impact of various cations and anions on CO2 reduction using BDD electrodes. The faradaic efficiency for producing formic acid became higher by using larger alkali metal cations, because these hydrated cations would keep the pH near the cathode suitable for CO2 reduction by their buffer effect. Moreover, formic acid was efficiently obtained by using specifically‐adsorbed anions such as halides and sulfate. Finally, we achieved the maximum faradaic efficiency for producing formic acid as high as 95% in RbBr aqueous solution.
Selective and Sensitive Colorimetric Recognition of Ba2+ Ion Using Guanine‐Functionalized Silver Nanoparticles
Authors: Patel Krishna , Bhamore Jigna R. , Park Tae Jung , Kailasa Suresh Kumar 
Published: September 2018

AbstractHerein, a novel silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) based colorimetric method was explored for selective recognition of Ba2+ ion in water samples using guanine‐Ag NPs as a sensor. The colorimetric recognition strategy was based on the significant change in the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band of guanine‐Ag NPs with Ba2+ ion. The electron‐rich groups (‐NH2, ‐CO‐NH and ‐NH‐) on the surfaces of guanine‐Ag NPs allow to act as an excellent probe for selective colorimetric recognition of Ba2+ ion. The absorption ratio at A504/A420 was shown linear response with Ba2+ ion concentration (0.005‐0.5 μM), with limit of detection of 0.003 μM (3.0 nM). The color change of guanine‐Ag NPs in water samples is ascertained facile, rapid, selective and sensitive recognition of Ba2+ ion at trace levels (nanomolar) without use of sophisticated analytical technique. The developed probe simplifies the sample preparations and provides a rapid analytical tool for sensing of Ba2+ ion environmental samples at minimal volume of samples.
A Novel Approach for Water‐Insoluble Ammonium Polyphosphate Crystal Form II and V
Authors: Pan Detao , Wu Yanyang , Wu Bin , Kui Chen , Ji Lijun , Zhu Jiawen 
Published: September 2018

AbstractWater‐insoluble ammonium polyphosphates (n‐APPs) are very important intumescent flame retardants for polymer materials. In this study, a novel preparation for n‐APPs has been proposed by using diammonium hydrogen phosphate (DAP) and dicyandiamide (DICY). In comparison to the reported processes, the synthesis in this paper has the following advantages such as more economic and energy‐saving, mild reaction conditions with less gas release. The preparation can be divided into two steps, the reaction and the crystallization. The reaction pathway has been studied by FTIR techniques. Relatively pure crystal form II and crystal form V were obtained under their specific conditions. Finally, TG analysis has shown that the products have high thermal stability; the linear structure of the n‐APPs products has been confirmed by the liquid NMR techniques; the element and solubility analysis have been conducted and they conform to the requirements of the HG/T 2770–2008 industrial standard.
Theoretical study on the formation mechanisms, dynamics and the effective catalysis of the nitrophenols
Authors: Ma Yuan , Jia Zi‐man , Bai Feng‐yang , Pan Xiu‐mei , Zhao Liang 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe hydrogen abstraction reactions of mono‐substituted phenols and nitrogen dioxide may be the sources of HONO and phenoxy radical. Further addition reaction of NO2 and phenoxy radical can form 2‐nitrophenol (2‐NP) and 4‐nitrophenol (4‐NP). The specific formation mechanisms and dynamics of NPs have drawn significant attention in recent days. The promoted reaction mechanisms by water, phenol and intermediate have also been studied. Compared with the naked reaction, the catalytic pathways can reduce the energy barrier from 48.40 kcal/mol to 18.23, 23.03 and 18.87 kcal/mol to form 2‐NP, respectively. Water molecules are the most effective catalysts, and the energy barrier could be further reduced to 8.20 kcal/mol when three water molecules are participating in the reaction. Water molecules can not only promote the formation of 4‐NP, but also simplify the reaction steps. In general, the water molecules serve as catalysts in the formation of NPs. The rate constants of 2‐NP and its hydrates have been predicted. The results are listed as follows: k2‐NP =3.82×10−13; k2‐NP‐1W =2.43×10−7; k2‐NP‐2W =3.39×10−4 cm3molecule−1s−1. The rate constants of mono‐substituted phenols (methylamino phenol, aminophenol and hydroquinone) and NO2 are also predicted by the traditional transitional state theory and variational transition state theory using the B3LYP/6‐311++G(3df,3pd)//6‐311++G(d). For the most dominant path, the rate constants for o/m/p‐methylaminophenol are 1.91×10−14, 4.28×10−20 and 8.78×10−15 cm3molecule−1s−1, respectively.
Effects of dihydromyricetin on ARPE‐19 cell migration through regulating matrix metalloproteinase‐2 expression
Authors: Wang Kai , Yang Shun‐Fa , Hsieh Yi‐Hsien , Chang Yuan‐Yen , Yu Nuo‐Yi , Lin Hui‐Wen , Lin Hung‐Yu 
Published: September 2018

AbstractDihydromyricetin (DHM), a flavanonol compound in Ampelopsis grossedentata, possesses several biological activities. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the effects of DHM on human proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) remains unclear. We explored the effects of DHM on cell migration and the metastasis‐promoting proteins in human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells (ARPE‐19 cells). Our results revealed that DHM attenuated ARPE‐19 cell invasion and migration by reducing matrix metalloproteinase‐2 (MMP‐2) expression. Furthermore, a Western blot analysis revealed that DHM significantly reduced levels of phosphorylated c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase 1/2, but not those of extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1/2 and p38. In conclusion, our findings shown that DHM inhibits human RPE cell migration through the inhibition of MMP‐2 expression; therefore, DHM may have potential therapeutic value in treating PVR as adjuvant therapy.
Enniatin B1 exerts embryotoxic effects on mouse blastocysts and induces oxidative stress and immunotoxicity during embryo development
Authors: Huang Chien‐Hsun , Wang Fu‐Ting , Chan Wen‐Hsiung 
Published: September 2018

AbstractEnniatins are mycotoxins of Fusarium fungi that naturally exist as mixtures of cyclic depsipeptides. Previous reports have documented hazardous effects of enniatins on cells, such as apoptosis. However, their effects on pre‐ and post‐implantation embryonic development require further clarification. Here, we showed for the first time that enniatin B1 (ENN B1) exerts cytotoxic effects on mouse blastocyst‐stage embryos and induces intracellular oxidative stress and immunotoxicity in mouse fetuses. Co‐incubation of blastocysts with ENN B1 triggered significant apoptosis and led to a decrease in total cell number predominantly through loss of inner cell mass. In addition, ENN B1 appeared to exert hazardous effects on pre and postimplantation embryo development potential in an in vitro development assay. Treatment of blastocysts with 1‐10 μM ENN B1 led to increased resorption of post‐implantation embryos and decreased fetal weight in the embryo transfer assay in a dose‐dependent manner. Importantly, in an in vivo model, intravenous injection with ENN B1 (1, 3, and 5 mg/kg body weight/d) for 4 days resulted in apoptosis of blastocyst‐stage embryos and impairment of embryonic development from the zygote to blastocyst stage, subsequent degradation of embryos, and further decrease in fetal weight. Intravenous injection with 5 mg/kg body weight/d ENN B1 additionally induced a significant increase in total reactive oxygen species (ROS) content and transcription levels of genes encoding antioxidant proteins in mouse fetal liver. Moreover, ENN B1 triggered apoptosis through ROS generation and strategies to prevent apoptotic processes effectively rescued ENN B1‐mediated hazardous effects on embryonic development. Transcription levels of CXCL1, IL‐1β, and IL‐8 related to innate immunity were downregulated after intravenous injection of ENN B1. These results collectively highlight the potential of ENN B1 to exert cytotoxic effects on embryos as well as oxidative stress and immunotoxicity during mouse embryo development.
Antimetastatic effects of Terminalia catappa leaf extracts on cervical cancer through the inhibition of matrix metalloprotein‐9 and MAPK pathway
Authors: Lee Chung‐Yuan , Yang Shun‐Fa , Wang Po‐Hui , Su Chun‐Wen , Hsu Hua‐Fen , Tsai Hsiu‐Ting , Hsiao Yi‐Hsuan 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe effects of Terminalia catappa leaf extracts (TCE) have been widely investigated, including its antioxidative, anti‐inflammatory, and antidiabetic activity, as well as its antimetastatic effects on several types of human cancer. However, no study has examined the antimetastatic potential of TCE in cervical cancer cells. This study aimed to elucidate the potential antimetastatic properties of ethanol extracts of Terminalia catappa in 12‐O‐tetradecanoylphorbol‐13‐acetate treated human cervical cancer cells and investigate the signaling pathway of this process. We demonstrated that TCE elicited very low cytotoxicity and significantly inhibited cellular migration and invasion in human HeLa and SiHa cervical cancer cells. Moreover, the gelatin zymography, reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR), and real‐time PCR analysis revealed that the activity and mRNA level of matrix metalloproteinase‐9 (MMP‐9) were inhibited by TCE in a concentration‐dependent manner. The Western blot results demonstrated that the highest concentration of TCE (100 μg/ml) reduced the phosphorylation of extracellular signal‐regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) by 46% in the HeLa cell lines. In conclusion, it was revealed that TCE exerted antimetastatic effects on cervical cancer cells by inhibiting the expression of MMP‐9 through the ERK1/2 pathway.
Near‐wake flow simulation of a vertical axis turbine using an actuator line model
Authors: Mendoza Victor , Bachant Peter , Ferreira Carlos , Goude Anders 
Published: September 2018

AbstractIn the present work, the near‐wake generated for a vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) was simulated using an actuator line model (ALM) in order to validate and evaluate its accuracy. The sensitivity of the model to the variation of the spatial and temporal discretization was studied and showed a bigger response to the variation in the mesh size as compared with the temporal discretization. The large eddy simulation (LES) approach was used to predict the turbulence effects. The performance of Smagorinsky, dynamic k‐equation, and dynamic Lagrangian turbulence models was tested, showing very little relevant differences between them. Generally, predicted results agree well with experimental data for velocity and vorticity fields in representative sections. The presented ALM was able to characterize the main phenomena involved in the flow pattern using a relatively low computational cost without stability concerns, identified the general wake structure (qualitatively and quantitatively), and the contribution from the blade tips and motion on it. Additionally, the effects of the tower and struts were investigated with respect to the overall structure of the wake, showing no significant modification. Similarities and discrepancies between numerical and experimental results are discussed. The obtained results from the various simulations carried out here can be used as a practical reference guideline for choosing parameters in VAWTs simulations using the ALM.
O-folds. Orientifolds and orbifolds in exceptional field theory
Authors: Blair Chris D. A. , Malek Emanuel , Thompson Daniel C. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractWe describe conventional orientifold and orbifold quotients of string and M-theory in a unified approach based on exceptional field theory (ExFT). Using an extended spacetime, ExFT combines all the maximal ten and eleven dimensional supergravities into a single theory manifesting a global symmetry corresponding to the exceptional series of Lie groups. Here we will see how this extends to half-maximal theories by showing how a single ℤ2generalised orbifold(or O-fold), of ExFT gives rise to M-theory on an interval, type II with orientifold planes and the heterotic theories in an elegant fashion. We study in more detail such orbifold and orientifold actions preserving half-maximal supersymmetry, and show how the half-maximal structure of ExFT permits the inclusion of localised non-Abelian vector multiplets located at the orbifold fixed points. This allows us to reproduce for the ℤ2example the expected modifications to the gauge transformations, Bianchi identities and actions of the theories obtained from the single ExFT starting point. We comment on the prospects of studying anomaly cancellation and more complicated, non-perturbative O-folds in the ExFT framework.
Effect of Substrate Chemistry on Prenucleation
Authors: Fang C. M. , Men H. , Fan Z. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Understanding atomic ordering in a metallic liquid adjacent to a solid substrate is of both scientific and technological importance. In this study, we used ab initio molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to investigate systematically the effect of substrate chemistry on atomic ordering in the liquid adjacent to artificially created substrates that have the same crystal structure as the solid phase upon solidification but different chemical characteristics. We found that for a given liquid, an attractive chemical interaction (negative heat of mixing) between the liquid and the substrate strengthens atomic ordering in the liquid at the interface, while a repulsive interaction (positive heat of mixing) weakens atomic ordering. It is realized that although both structure and chemistry of the substrate affect atomic ordering in the liquid adjacent to the liquid/substrate interface, the structural effect dominates the atomic ordering process, while the chemical effect is but a secondary factor and affects atomic ordering through either strengthening or weakening the structural templating. Such knowledge of atomic ordering may help us to understand both prenucleation and heterogeneous nucleation, and to develop more effective approaches to grain refinement during solidification through effective manipulation of the interplay between structural and chemical effects of the substrate on atomic ordering in the liquid adjacent to the interface.
Neuropsychological comparison of incident MCI and prevalent MCI
Authors: Hansen Allison , Caselli Richard J. , Schlosser‐Covell Gretchen , Golafshar Michael A. , Dueck Amylou C. , Woodruff Bryan K. , Stonnington Cynthia M. , Geda Yonas E. , Locke Dona E.C. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractIntroductionLittle empirical work has been done to examine differences between mild cognitive impairment (MCI) diagnosed in research settings with longitudinal data (incident MCI) and MCI diagnosed in clinical settings (prevalent MCI). Because Alzheimer's disease progresses over a clinicopathological continuum, we examined the cognitive differences between these two different sources of MCI patients.MethodsWe compared 52 consecutively identified patients with prevalent amnestic MCI with 53 incident amnestic MCI participants from the Arizona APOE study. Neuropsychological data from common tests were compared encompassing four cognitive domains and one global indicator.ResultsPrevalent MCI cases performed significantly worse than incident MCI cases on global as well as domain‐specific measures.DiscussionBy the time patients seek evaluation for memory loss, they have more severe single domain, amnestic MCI than research subjects with incident MCI. Studies of MCI should distinguish incident and prevalent not just single‐ and multiple‐domain MCI.
Early posttraumatic changes in coagulation and fibrinolysis systems in isolated severe traumatic brain injury patients and its influence on immediate outcome
Authors: Albert Venencia , Arulselvi Subramanian , Agrawal Deepak , Pati Hara Prasad , Pandey Ravindra Mohan 
Published: September 2018

Objective/background:
Early coagulopathy in isolated severe traumatic brain injury occurs despite the lack of severe bleeding, shock, and fluid administration. We aimed to correlate coagulation activation/inhibition, thrombin generation and fibrinolysis with the development of acute trauma induced coagulopathy (TIC) and its effects on early mortality in isolated severe traumatic brain injury (iSTBI) patients.

Methods:
A prospective screening of iSTBI patients was done for two years. History of anticoagulants, liver disease, hypotension, extracranial injuries, transfusion, brain death were excluded. TIC was defined as international normalized ratio (INR) ≥ 1.27 and/or prothrombin time (PT) ≥ 16.7 seconds and/or activated partial thromboplastin Time (aPTT) ≥ 28.8 seconds on admission following iSTBI. Analysis of tissue factor (TF), tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI), protein C (PC), protein S (PS), thrombin/antithrombin complex (TAT), soluble fibrin monomer (sFM), tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) was done. Cases were categorized as presence or absence of TIC and 20 healthy controls participants were included.

Results:
A total of 120 cases met the inclusion criteria, aged 35.7 ± 12.12 years, 96% males. TIC was identified in 50 (41.6%). TIC occurred independently of age, sex, Glasgow coma scale (GCS) but was associated with acidosis (60%; p = .01). Following iSTBI significant decline was seen in coagulation activation. Thrombin generation and fibrinolysis were markedly increased. TF, TFPI, PC and PS were low in TIC compared with control. Significant depletion of PS was seen in TIC versus No-TIC. TBI patients with depleted PS had an odds ratio (OR) of 7.10 (1.61–31.2) for TIC. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis depicted area under the curve (AUC) of 0.73 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.63–0.84) with a cut-off of ≥74 of PS (specificity 63.9%, sensitivity 72.7%). In-hospital mortality was higher in TIC group (44%) compared with no-TIC (20%) with OR of 4.73 (95% CI 1.68–13.3) and hazard ratio [HR] of 2.8 (95 % CI 1.2–6.4).

Conclusion:
Incidence of TIC in iSTBI is 41.6%, with 4.7 times odds for mortality. Traumatic brain injury causes enhanced coagulation activation, inadequate inhibition, exacerbation of thrombin generation, and subsequent increased fibrinolysis. ROC curve analysis revealed a cut-off of PS ≤ 74 with specificity 63.8%, sensitivity 72.7% for development of TIC.
Is Technology for Orthostatic Hypotension Ready for Primetime?
Authors: Sarafis Zoe K. , Monga Aaron K. , Phillips Aaron A. , Krassioukov Andrei V. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractSpinal cord injury (SCI) often results in the devastating loss of motor, sensory, and autonomic function. After SCI, the interruption of descending sympathoexcitatory pathways disrupts supraspinal control of blood pressure (BP). A common clinical consequence of cardiovascular dysfunction after SCI is orthostatic hypotension (OH), a debilitating condition characterized by rapid profound decreases in BP when assuming an upright posture. OH can result in a diverse array of insidious and pernicious health consequences. Acute effects of OH include decreased cardiac filling, cerebral hypoperfusion, and associated presyncopal symptoms such as lightheadedness and dizziness. Over the long term, repetitive exposure to OH is associated with a drastically increased prevalence of heart attack and stroke, which are leading causes of death in those with SCI. Current recommendations for managing BP after SCI primarily include pharmacologic interventions with prolonged time to effect. Because most episodes of OH occur in less than 3 minutes, this delay in action often renders most pharmacologic interventions ineffective. New innovative technologies such as epidural and transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation are being explored to solve this problem. It might be possible to electrically stimulate sympathetic circuitry caudal to the injury and elicit rapid modulation of BP to manage OH. This review describes autonomic control of the cardiovascular system before injury, resulting cardiovascular consequences after SCI such as OH, and the clinical assessment tools for evaluating autonomic dysfunction after SCI. In addition, current approaches for clinically managing OH are outlined, and new promising interventions are described for managing this condition.
Brain Computer Interfaces in Rehabilitation Medicine
Authors: Bockbrader Marcia A. , Francisco Gerard , Lee Ray , Olson Jared , Solinsky Ryan , Boninger Michael L. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractOne innovation currently influencing physical medicine and rehabilitation is brain–computer interface (BCI) technology. BCI systems used for motor control record neural activity associated with thoughts, perceptions, and motor intent; decode brain signals into commands for output devices; and perform the user's intended action through an output device. BCI systems used for sensory augmentation transduce environmental stimuli into neural signals interpretable by the central nervous system. Both types of systems have potential for reducing disability by facilitating a user's interaction with the environment. Investigational BCI systems are being used in the rehabilitation setting both as neuroprostheses to replace lost function and as potential plasticity‐enhancing therapy tools aimed at accelerating neurorecovery. Populations benefitting from motor and somatosensory BCI systems include those with spinal cord injury, motor neuron disease, limb amputation, and stroke. This article discusses the basic components of BCI for rehabilitation, including recording systems and locations, signal processing and translation algorithms, and external devices controlled through BCI commands. An overview of applications in motor and sensory restoration is provided, along with ethical questions and user perspectives regarding BCI technology.