bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nominal speech act structure: Evidence from the structural deficiency of impersonal pronouns
Authors: Ritter Elizabeth , Wiltschko Martina 
Published: June 2019

AbstractIn this paper, we propose that there is a speech-act structure in the nominal spine, just as there is in the clausal spine. Its function is to encode what we do when we utter a nominal: that is, we name, describe, or track individuals. Thus, speech-act structure establishes a link between the discourse referent and the speech-act situation. The evidence we discuss comes from nominals that lack this speech-act structure, namely impersonal pronouns. We argue that impersonal pronouns have in common that they lack nominal speech-act structure but are not otherwise a natural class: they vary in syntactic structure. Thus, we propose a novel formal typology of impersonal pronouns.
Addressing Disease-Related Stigma During Infectious Disease Outbreaks
Authors: Fischer Leah S. , Mansergh Gordon , Lynch Jonathan , Santibanez Scott 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACTOutbreaks of emerging infectious disease are a constant threat. In the last 10 years, there have been outbreaks of 2009 influenza A (H1N1), Ebola virus disease, and Zika virus. Stigma associated with infectious disease can be a barrier to adopting healthy behaviors, leading to more severe health problems, ongoing disease transmission, and difficulty controlling infectious disease outbreaks. Much has been learned about infectious disease and stigma in the context of nearly 4 decades of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome pandemic. In this paper, we define stigma, discuss its relevance to infectious disease outbreaks, including how individuals and communities can be affected. Adapting lessons learned from the rich literature on HIV-related stigma, we propose a strategy for reducing stigma during infectious disease outbreaks such as Ebola virus disease and Zika virus. The implementation of brief, practical strategies such as the ones proposed here might help reduce stigma and facilitate more effective control of emerging infectious diseases.
Adapting culturally appropriate mental health screening tools for use among conflict-affected and other vulnerable adolescents in Nigeria
Authors: Kaiser B. N. , Ticao C. , Anoje C. , Minto J. , Boglosa J. , Kohrt B. A. 
Published: June 2019

BackgroundThe Boko Haram insurgency has brought turmoil and instability to Nigeria, generating a large number of internally displaced people and adding to the country's 17.5 million orphans and vulnerable children. Recently, steps have been taken to improve the mental healthcare infrastructure in Nigeria, including revamping national policies and initiating training of primary care providers in mental healthcare. In order for these efforts to succeed, they require means for community-based detection and linkage to care. A major gap preventing such efforts is the shortage of culturally appropriate, valid screening tools for identifying emotional and behavioral disorders among adolescents. In particular, studies have not conducted simultaneous validation of screening tools in multiple languages, to support screening and detection efforts in linguistically diverse populations. We aim to culturally adapt screening tools for emotional and behavioral disorders for use among adolescents in Nigeria, in order to facilitate future validation studies.MethodsWe used a rigorous mixed-method process to culturally adapt the Depression Self Rating Scale, Child PTSD Symptom Scale, and Disruptive Behavior Disorders Rating Scale. We employed expert translations, focus group discussions (N= 24), and piloting with cognitive interviewing (N= 24) to achieve semantic, content, technical, and criterion equivalence of screening tool items.ResultsWe identified and adapted items that were conceptually difficult for adolescents to understand, conceptually non-equivalent across languages, considered unacceptable to discuss, or stigmatizing. Findings regarding problematic items largely align with existing literature regarding cross-cultural adaptation.ConclusionsCulturally adapting screening tools represents a vital first step toward improving community case detection.
Fertilizer Requirements of Rice on the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area of New South Wales: The Importance of the Rice-Pasture Rotation
Authors: Boerema E. B. , D. J. McDonald  
Published: June 2019

SummaryNitrogen is the most important, and usually the only, nutrient necessary for high yields of rice in the South Western Riverina of N.S.W. Inclusion of a legume pasture phase in the rotation is a very effective method of improving the nitrogen status of the soil, but small additions of artificial fertilizer at sowing may still be necessary for maximum yields. The addition of phosphatic fertilizers is rarely necessary, except on a few isolated virgin soils, and where pastures are included in the rotation ample phosphate for the rice crop is usually present as a residue from topdressing. Potash and trace-elements do not improve rice yields in this area.
The United Nations in West Irian: A Critique
Authors: van der Veur Paul W. 
Published: June 2019

UNTEA served the important function of buffer between contending forces and in general accomplished a remarkably smooth transfer. In this regard the United Nations operation was a major success. The smooth transfer was achieved, however, at the cost of rights specifically guaranteed in the agreement—the rights of free speech and assembly. Furthermore, the United Nations preparatory task and responsibility in the future “act of self-determination” was minimized.It may be argued that UNTEA policy in West Irian merely reflects the weakness of the United Nations in a nation-state world. Lack of UNTEA power certainly was an important aspect. The explanation, however, is more complex. It is significant to recall that the United Nations assumed its task under severe handicaps: It was given no time for adequate recruitment and preparation; from the start it was confronted with the legitimized presence of Indonesian troops; the status of the “Papuan flag” was never mentioned in the agreement; and general Papuan primitivity along with political naïveté and schisms among the small and newly created Papuan élite influenced UNTEA's approach.UNTEA also met continuous Indonesian pressure aimed at shortening the period of its administration and weakening its authority in general. Statements by Indonesian officials cast doubt on Indonesia's willingness to adhere to the wording of the agreement. In trying to interpret Indonesian feelings it might be conceded that most Dutch-Indonesian agreements have imposed conditions which could be considered obnoxious to Indonesia. The rights of self-determination for the Papuan inhabitants—stipulated in the August 15 agreement—fall into this category.
Bioactive peptides from milk: animal determinants and their implications in human health
Authors: Vargas-Bello-Pérez Einar , Márquez-Hernández Roberto I. , Hernández-Castellano Lorenzo E. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractMilk is an important protein source in human diets, providing around 32 g protein/l (for bovine milk, which constitutes some 85% of global consumption). The most abundant milk proteins are α-lactalbumin, β-lactoglobulin, αs-casein, β-casein, and κ-casein. Besides their nutritional value, milk proteins play a crucial role in the processing properties of milk, such as solubility, water bonding, heat stability, renneting and foaming, among others. In addition, and most importantly for this review, these proteins are the main source of bioactive components in milk. Due to the wide range of proposed beneficial effects on human health, milk proteins are considered as potential ingredients for the production of health-promoting functional foods. However, most of the evidence for bioactive effects comes from in vitro studies, and there is a need for further research to fully evaluate the true potential of milk-derived bioactive factors. Animal genetics and animal nutrition play an important role in the relative proportions of milk proteins and could be used to manipulate the concentration of specific bioactive peptides in milk from ruminants. Unfortunately, only a few studies in the literature have focused on changes in milk bioactive peptides associated to animal genetics and animal nutrition. The knowledge described in the present review may set the basis for further research and for the development of new dairy products with healthy and beneficial properties for humans.
Is association of preterm birth with cognitive-neurophysiological impairments and ADHD symptoms consistent with a causal inference or due to familial confounds?
Authors: James Sarah-Naomi , Rommel Anna-Sophie , Rijsdijk Fruhling , Michelini Giorgia , McLoughlin Gráinne , Brandeis Daniel , Banaschewski Tobias , Asherson Philip , Kuntsi Jonna 
Published: June 2019

AbstractBackgroundPreterm birth is associated with an increased risk for cognitive-neurophysiological impairments and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Whether the associations are due to the preterm birth insult per se, or due to other risk factors that characterise families with preterm-born children, is largely unknown.MethodsWe employed a within-sibling comparison design, using cognitive-performance and event-related potential (ERP) measures from 104 preterm-born adolescents and 104 of their term-born siblings. Analyses focused on ADHD symptoms and cognitive and ERP measures from a cued continuous performance test, an arrow flanker task and a reaction time task.ResultsWithin-sibling analyses showed that preterm birth was significantly associated with increased ADHD symptoms (β = 0.32, p = 0.01, 95% CI 0.05 to 0.58) and specific cognitive-ERP impairments, such as IQ (β = −0.20, p = 0.02, 95% CI −0.40 to −0.01), preparation-vigilance measures and measures of error processing (ranging from β = 0.71, −0.35). There was a negligible within-sibling association between preterm birth with executive control measures of inhibition (NoGo-P3, β = −0.07, p = 0.45, 95% CI −0.33 to 0.15) or verbal working memory (digit span backward, β = −0.05, p = 0.63, 95% CI −0.30 to 0.18).ConclusionsOur results suggest that the relationship between preterm birth with ADHD symptoms and specific cognitive-neurophysiological impairments (IQ, preparation-vigilance and error processing) is independent of family-level risk and consistent with a causal inference. In contrast, our results suggest that previously observed associations between preterm birth with executive control processes of inhibition and working memory are instead linked to background characteristics of families with a preterm-born child rather than preterm birth insult per se. These findings suggest that interventions need to target both preterm-birth specific and family-level risk factors.
The intergenerational transmission of childhood maltreatment: Nonspecificity of maltreatment type and associations with borderline personality pathology
Authors: Paul Sarah E. , Boudreaux Michael J. , Bondy Erin , Tackett Jennifer L. , Oltmanns Thomas F. , Bogdan Ryan 
Published: June 2019

AbstractOne generation's experience of childhood maltreatment is associated with that of the next. However, whether this intergenerational transmission is specific to distinct forms of maltreatment and what factors may contribute to its continuity remains unclear. Borderline personality pathology is predicted by childhood maltreatment and characterized by features (e.g., dysregulated emotion, relationship instability, impulsivity, and inconsistent appraisals of others) that may contribute to its propagation. Among 364 older adults and 573 of their adult children (total n = 937), self-reported exposure to distinct forms of childhood maltreatment (i.e., emotional, physical, and sexual abuse, and emotional and physical neglect as assessed by the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire) showed homotypic and heterotypic associations across generations with little evidence that latent factors unique to specific forms of maltreatment show generational continuity. General nonspecific indices of childhood maltreatment showed evidence of intergenerational transmission after accounting for demographic factors and parent socioeconomic status (b = 0.126, p = 9.21 × 10−4). This continuity was partially mediated by parental borderline personality pathology (assessed longitudinally through a variety of measures and sources, indirect effect: b = 0.031, 95% confidence interval [0.003, 0.060]). The intergenerational continuity of childhood maltreatment may largely represent general risk for nonspecific maltreatment that may, in part, be propagated by borderline personality pathology and/or shared risk factors.
Does Perceiving Discrimination Influence Partisanship among U.S. Immigrant Minorities? Evidence from Five Experiments
Authors: Hopkins Daniel J. , Kaiser Cheryl R. , Pérez Efrén O. , Hagá Sara , Ramos Corin , Zárate Michael 
Published: June 2019

AbstractPerceived discrimination (PD) is reliably and strongly associated with partisan identity (PID) among US immigrant minorities such as Latinos and Asian Americans. Yet whether PD causes PID remains unclear, since it is possible that partisanship influences perceptions of discrimination or that other factors drive the observed association. Here, we assess the causal influence of group-level PD on PID using five experiments with Latino and Asian American adults. These experiments varied in important ways: they took place inside and outside the lab, occurred prior to and during Donald Trump’s presidential campaign, and tested different manifestations of PD and partisan attitudes (total n = 2,528). These efforts point to a simple but unexpected conclusion: our experiments and operationalizations do not support the claim that group-targeted PD directly causes PID. These results have important implications for understanding partisanship among immigrants and their co-ethnics and the political incorporation of Latinos and Asian Americans.
Evaluation of the Stationarity Assumption for Meteorological Drought Risk Estimation at the Multidecadal Scale in Contiguous United States
Authors: Apurv Tushar , Cai Ximing 
Published: June 2019

AbstractIn this study, we analyze the nonstationarity in meteorological droughts at the multidecadal scale in different parts of the contiguous United States during 1901–2017. We develop metrics to compare the drought risk calculated under the assumptions of stationarity and nonstationarity and identify their spatial and temporal patterns. By analyzing the variability of drought risk in the past and exploring its ongoing patterns, we evaluate in which regions of the contiguous United States the assumption of stationarity can be safely used for drought risk planning and management. We find statistically significant interdecadal changes in the probability distribution functions of drought severity in parts of the Northwest, upper Midwest, the Northeast, eastern parts of Great Plains and in parts of Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, and Nevada in the Southwest. In these regions, the nonstationary risk has been significantly higher than the stationary estimate of risk in the past, which shows that the assumption of stationarity can lead to the underestimation of drought risk in these regions. The multidecadal drought risk shows low variability in California, parts of northern and western Great Plains, Ohio Valley, and in the Southeast, since the statistical properties of droughts have not changed significantly in these regions during 1901–2017. However, the meteorological drought risk has increased in California and the Southeast in the recent decades due to the influence of global warming and hence the assumption of stationarity for risk estimation may lead to underestimation of drought risk in future in these regions if this effect of global warming persists.
Targeting EZH2 histone methyltransferase activity alleviates experimental intestinal inflammation
Authors: Zhou Jie , Huang Shuo , Wang Zhongyu , Huang Jiani , Xu Liang , Tang Xuefeng , Wan Yisong Y. , Li Qi-jing , Symonds Alistair L. J. , Long Haixia , Zhu Bo 
Published: June 2019

AbstractEnhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2)-mediated trimethylation of histone 3 lysine 27 (H3K27Me3) is critical for immune regulation. However, evidence is lacking to address the effect of EZH2 enzyme’s activity on intestinal immune responses during inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Here we report that suppressing EZH2 activity ameliorates experimental intestinal inflammation and delayed the onset of colitis-associated cancer. In addition, we identified an increased number of functional MDSCs in the colons, which are essential for EZH2 inhibitor activity. Moreover, inhibition of EZH2 activity promotes the generation of MDSCs from hematopoietic progenitor cells in vitro, demonstrating a previously unappreciated role for EZH2 in the development of MDSCs. Together, these findings suggest the feasibility of EZH2 inhibitor clinical trials for the control of IBD. In addition, this study identifies MDSC-promoting effects of EZH2 inhibitors that may be undesirable in other therapeutic contexts and should be addressed in a clinical trial setting.
Ampk regulates IgD expression but not energy stress with B cell activation
Authors: Waters Lynnea R. , Ahsan Fasih M. , ten Hoeve Johanna , Hong Jason S. , Kim Diane N. H. , Minasyan Aspram , Braas Daniel , Graeber Thomas G. , Zangle Thomas A. , Teitell Michael A. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractAmpk is an energy gatekeeper that responds to decreases in ATP by inhibiting energy-consuming anabolic processes and promoting energy-generating catabolic processes. Recently, we showed that Lkb1, an understudied kinase in B lymphocytes and a major upstream kinase for Ampk, had critical and unexpected roles in activating naïve B cells and in germinal center formation. Therefore, we examined whether Lkb1 activities during B cell activation depend on Ampk and report surprising Ampk activation with in vitro B cell stimulation in the absence of energy stress, coupled to rapid biomass accumulation. Despite Ampk activation and a controlling role for Lkb1 in B cell activation, Ampk knockout did not significantly affect B cell activation, differentiation, nutrient dynamics, gene expression, or humoral immune responses. Instead, Ampk loss specifically repressed the transcriptional expression of IgD and its regulator, Zfp318. Results also reveal that early activation of Ampk by phenformin treatment impairs germinal center formation but does not significantly alter antibody responses. Combined, the data show an unexpectedly specific role for Ampk in the regulation of IgD expression during B cell activation.
Classification and Temporal Variability in Urinary 8-oxodG and 8-oxoGuo: Analysis by UHPLC-MS/MS
Authors: Li Ziqi , Yao Yuan , Zhang Yanfei , Zhang Yining , Shao Yijun , Tang Chuanxi , Qu Weidong , Zhou Ying 
Published: June 2019

AbstractOxidative stress damage has been found to be associated with exposure of children to environmental pollutants, but there are few data on the variability of urinary oxidative stress biomarkers and the accuracy of biomarker concentration classification. We performed a longitudinal study in Chinese school-aged children to investigate the variability of urinary 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanosine (8-oxoGuo) concentrations and the ability of a single first morning urine sample to assess accuracy and sensitivity of biomarkers concentration classification. After adjusting for both creatinine and specific gravity, we characterized the distribution and reproducibility of repeated measurement of 8-oxodG and 8-oxoGuo by using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) derived from linear mixed model and performed surrogate category analyses to determine whether a single spot sample could accurately classify 8-oxodG and 8-oxoGuo levels. Results indicated that the geometric mean (GM) concentrations of 8-oxodG and 8-oxoGuo were 3.865 ng/mL and 5.725 ng/mL, respectively. High variability of 8-oxodG and 8-oxoGuo was observed in the single spot first morning urine sample (ICC = 0.25 and 0.18, respectively). Three repeated urinary specimens achieved sensitivity of 0.87 for 8-oxodG and 0.83 for 8-oxoGuo in low tertile and sensitivity of 0.78 in high tertile. But classification in medium tertile was less accurate for both 8-oxodG and 8-oxoGuo. In conclusion, high variability of urinary 8-oxodG and 8-oxoGuo levels results in repeated samplings needed for accurate classification.
Measurement of collateral perfusion in acute stroke: a vessel-encoded arterial spin labeling study
Authors: Okell Thomas W. , Harston George W. J. , Chappell Michael A. , Sheerin Fintan , Kennedy James , Jezzard Peter 
Published: June 2019

AbstractCollateral perfusion is important for sustaining tissue viability in acute ischemic stroke. Conventional techniques for its visualization are invasive, require contrast agents and demonstrate collateral vessels, rather than measuring perfusion directly. In this study we utilize a non-invasive, non-contrast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based method to directly quantify collateral perfusion in acute stroke patients. Vessel-encoded multi-postlabeling delay arterial spin labeling (ASL) was used to separately quantify the blood flow and blood arrival time from four arteries supplying the brain in patients presenting within 18 hours of stroke onset. Twenty-nine acute ischemic stroke patients were scanned with a median time of onset to first MRI of 3 hours. Collateral perfusion at presentation was associated with tissue fate at 1-week. It sustained tissue prior to reperfusion, but was less effective than direct blood flow at maintaining tissue viability in patients who did not reperfuse. Delay in the blood arrival around the ischemic region was found at presentation and reduced over time but was not consistently associated with collateral perfusion. Vessel-encoded multi-postlabeling delay ASL provides a non-invasive tool for direct measurement of collateral perfusion and delayed blood arrival in acute stroke patients.
Comparative genomic analysis of monosporidial and monoteliosporic cultures for unraveling the complexity of molecular pathogenesis of Tilletia indica pathogen of wheat
Authors: Mishra Pallavi , Maurya Ranjeet , Gupta Vijai K. , Ramteke Pramod W. , Marla Soma S. , Kumar Anil 
Published: June 2019

AbstractTilletia indica (Ti) - a quarantined fungal pathogen of wheat and its pathogenesis is chiefly governed by pathogen effectors secreted inside the host plant. The de novo genome sequencing of several field isolates and stages available could be used for understanding the molecular pathogenesis. The presence of gaps and low coverage of assembled genomes poses a problem in accurate functional annotation of such functions. In the present study attempts were made to improve the Ti draft genome through reconciliation of globally available datasets of three highly virulent monoteliospore cultures of Ti field isolates. It has sequence depth of 107x and N50 scaffold size of 80,772 (more than 26 times as large as achieved in the draft assembly) with highest sequence contiguity, more accurate and nearly complete. Functional annotation revealed that Ti genome contains 9209 genes evolved with many expanded gene families and arranged mostly in a cluster. About 79% of Ti genes were orthologous to other basidiomycetes fungi, Around 7.93% proteins were having secretary signals and 6.66% were identified as highly virulent pathogenicity genes. Using improved Ti genome as a reference, the genomic variation was assessed with respect to repeats, SNPs/InDel, gene families and correct set of virulence associated genes during its life cycle. The comparative intra-species, inter-stage and inter-species genomic variation will have broader implications to understand the gene regulatory networks involved in growth, mating and virulence behaviour of Tilletia f. spp. and also for better appreciation of fungal biology and disease management.