bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Radioactive Diisopropyl Fluorophosphate as a Platelet Label: An Evaluation of in Vitro and in Vivo Technics
Authors: BITHELL T. C. , ATHENS J. W. , CARTWRIGHT G. E. , WINTROBE M. M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A technic for the in vitro labeling of human platelets with DFP32 is presented, critically evaluated, and compared to in vivo methods employing DFP32 and to in vitro methods using Cr51. The initial recovery of platelets labeled in vitro with DFP32 averaged 79 per cent, but the survival curve was characterized by an irreversible initial loss of platelet radioactivity. Experiments in which platelets were simultaneously labeled in vitro with both DFP32 and Cr51 suggest that this is not due to elution of DFP32. The survival curve of platelets labeled in vivo with DFP32 shows an initial transient reduction in platelet radioactivity. It is suggested that both of these aberrations in initial survival are the result of platelet injury by DFP32. Significant "tailing" was observed in the survival curves obtained with DFP32, and possible explanations of this phenomenon are discussed. DFP32-labeled platelets circulating after 5 hours apparently survive normally and disappear from the circulation as a rectilinear function over the next 6-8 days. Although both in vitro and in vivo labeling methods employing DFP32 provide a meaningful approximation of platelet lifespan, the initial and terminal aberrations of the survival curves greatly complicate further interpretation. Dextran had no detectable effect on platelet survival, and epinephrine, Mecholyl, and cutaneous vasodilatation did not alter the platelet count or the specific activity of circulating labeling platelets in human subjects. The problem of initial platelet survival and the question of an extravascular or marginal platelet pool is discussed in the light of these data.
Studies on the Regulation of Hemopoietic Spleen Colonies
Authors: BLEIBERG ILAN , LIRON MEIR , FELDMAN MICHAEL 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The in vivo intrasplenic cloning of haemopoietic cells was used as an experimental system for the study of some aspects concerned with the regulation of erythropoiesis. Experiments on the effects of polycythemia on the formation of erythroid clones demonstrated that the "feedback" suppression of such clones was inhibited if the polycythemic animals were kept under hypoxic conditions. Overloading with oxygen is, thus, an essential factor in the polycythemia-induced suppression of erythroid clones. Polycythemic animals which were transferred to hypoxic conditions for only 48 hours before the termination of the experiment showed the formation of erythroid clones. Analysis of clone formation following such short exposures to hypoxia suggests that the endogenous erythropoietin which had been functioning in this situation acted not upon the single clone-forming cell, but rather on small cell populations which derived from the clone-forming cells in the absence of erythropoietin. There is, therefore, an early, erythropoietin-independent phase of replication of the clone-forming cells. The application of erythopoietin only during this "early" phase of replication resulted in the formation of erythroid clones, which, following the discontinuation of erythropoietin, disappeared from the spleen. Similar results were obtained when the action of endogenous erythropoietin was terminated by subjecting animals to polycythemic conditions a few days after the injection of bone marrow. It appears that in both these cases the reduction in the number of spleen colonies following discontinuation of erythropoietin activity is due to the total maturation of the erythroid colonies, ending in the evacuation from the spleen of the mature red blood cells. The differentiation of the cloned cells is, thus, causally related to the cessation of the replicating effect of erythropoietin.
A New Technic for the Production of an in Vivo Labeled Fibrinogen
Authors: GANS HENRY , MC LEOD JAMES , LOWMAN JAMES T. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The fact that in vitro labeled proteins, as a rule, exhibit faster turnover rates than in vivo labeled materials led us to explore means of obtaining in vivo labeled fibrinogen of high specific activity. It was found that defibrination of the rat provides a stimulus for the liver to regenerate fibrinogen at an accelerated rate. Administration of seleno75 methionine shortly after thrombin-induced defibrination of the animal resulted in the incorporation of large quantities of the label. The rate of incorporation was further increased if the amino acid was administered as a slow infusion during the entire period of fibrinogen regeneration. In addition, prior nephrectomy of the animal would appear to result in a slight increase in specific activity of the fibrinogen preparation obtained.
The results of these studies indicate that defibrination, nephrectomy, and the prolonged infusion of the labeled amino acid selenomethionine provided us with a technic for obtaining a biosynthetically labeled, γ-emitting, fibrinogen preparation of high specific activity.
A Method for Counting Phytohemagglutinin-Stimulated Lymphocytes
Authors: STEWART C. C. , INGRAM M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A technic is described for accurately enumerating the number of viable. PHA-stimulated lymphocytes in culture. This technic is both simple and fast.
The technic depends upon the elimination of debris by means of the proteolytic enzyme, pronase, and the removal of cell cytoplasm by cetrimide leaving clean, intact nuclei which can be counted and sized.
Serially determined absolute lymphocyte counts in cultures with phytohemagglutinin are reported. These show that there is a net gain in both cellularity and number of cells incorporating tritiated thymidine and that there is logarithmic growth throughout the 72-hour culturing interval. Quantitative studies of this lymphocyte response as a function of PHA concentration are in progress.
The Effect of Phytohemagglutinin upon Glucose Catabolism in Lymphocytes
Authors: MACHAFFIE R. A. , WANG C. H. , Woransberg Julia , Spangler Jackie 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The glucose metabolism in intact lymphocyte cells was found to be altered in the presence of phytohemagglutinin. The operation of the pentose phosphate pathway and, to some extent, the pentose cycle pathway in lymphocytes was found to be significantly enhanced. This finding is interpreted to reflect an additional need of biosynthetic intermediates and TPNH by the lymphocytes to accommodate mitotic activity induced by phytohemagglutinin.
Brief Report: An Evaluation of Human Lymphocyte Nuclear RNA with Acridine Orange
Authors: JOHNSON DAVID M. , PRATT PEYTON T. , RIGBY PERRY G. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Lymphocytes from human peripheral blood have been evaluated by fluorescent microscopy using acridine orange-stained preparations. The nuclear RNA has been quantitatively rated and correlated with the diagnoses. These observations were performed on normals and patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia, pertussis, hypogammaglobulinemia, acute leukemia, uremia, other malignancies, and a miscellaneous group. RNA added to in vitro normal lymphocyte cultures showed an apparent inhibition of cell proliferation in PHA-stimulated cells.
STUDY OF THALASSEMIA MINOR IN THREE GENERATIONS OF AN ITALIAN FAMILY
Authors: HEINLE ROBERT W. , READ MARGARET RUTH 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. Three generations of a family of Italian descent were studied. Nine of 13 members were found to have thalassemia minor.
2. Genetic studies indicate that this mild, microcytic hypochromic anemia characterized by the presence of target and elliptical cells and other bizarre forms and by increased resistance to hypotonic saline, results from heterozygosity of an inherited factor, which, when homozygous, produces thalassemia major or Cooley’s Mediterranean anemia.
3. If individuals heterozygous for this factor (thalassemia minor) marry other heterozygous individuals, one quarter of the offspring can be expected to be homozygous (thalassemia major), one half heterozygous (thalassemia minor) and one quarter free of the trait.
4. The presence of thalassemia minor apparently did not interfere with the general health of affected members of this family and did not appear to shorten life expectancy. The importance of the condition lies in its relation to thalassemia major.
PROPHYLAXIS OF HOOKWORM ANEMIA-DEFICIENCY DISEASE
Authors: CRUZ W. O. , DE MELLO R. PIMENTA 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. In individuals severely infested with Ancylostoma or Necator, it is possible to maintain the normality of blood value by the administration of a sufficient dose of an iron salt.
2. The minimum dose necessary to maintain normality of the blood in an individual weighing 45 kilograms, with 1051 helminths, was 0.2. Gm. daily of ferrous sulfate, administered in mixture with manioc flour.
3. The patient observed became clinically normal two weeks after the beginning of blood regeneration up to the end of the trial period one year later. In this period, with the various doses of iron tried, hemoglobin varied from 8.0 to 11.0 per 100 ml. of blood.
Childhood Leukemia in Connecticut, 1940-1962
Authors: CUTLER SIDNEY J. , HEISE HERMAN , EISENBERG HENRY 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This study reviews the experience of all leukemia patients under 20 years of age seen in Connecticut hospitals during the period 1940-1962. The survival experience in this series compares favorably with that in several specialty treatment centers, and improved markedly from the 1940’s to the middle 1950’s. There has been little change in survival since. Improvement in survival was substantially greater among patients with acute lymphocytic compared with patients with acute myelogenous leukemia.
During the period that patient survival increased rapidly, the rate of leukemia incidence increased only moderately. There was little change over time with respect to patient characteristics such as initial white blood cell count and the presence of bleeding and hemorrhage. There was a marked increase in the use of steroid and chemotherapy, but the continued increase in the use of chemotherapy after the middle 1950’s and changes in the specific agents used were not associated with further improvement in patient survival. How the new and modified treatment regimens introduced since 1962 will be reflected in unselected series such as the one in Connecticut remains to be seen.
Production of Granulocytic Progeny by Transplanted Bone Marrow in Irradiated Mice
Authors: HELLMAN SAMUEL , GRATE HELEN E. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The production of granulocytic progeny by transplanted mouse bone marrow is described. Normal marrow is injected into lethally irradiated recipients. Seven to 9 days is allowed for stem cells in the marrow to proliferate and differentiate. The granulocytic response to a bacterial endotoxin is then measured. This response bears a linear relationship with the number of bone marrow cells injected and can be used as an assay of granulocytic progenitor cells in bone marrow.
Leukocyte Counts of Germ-Free Neonatally Thymectomized CFW Mice
Authors: BEALMEAR PATRICIA M. , WILSON RAPHAEL 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Examination of hematologic data from germ-free, germ-free thymectomized, conventional, and conventional thymectomized CFW mice revealed few statistically significant differences in hematocrit values or total leukocyte counts. Germ-free thymectomized and conventional thymectomized mice had significantly higher counts than their controls on 8 and 9 days out of the first 2 weeks following thymectomy, but not after 2 weeks. A slight decrease in agranulocytes was noted in both groups of thymectomized mice only during the first 2 weeks postthymectomy. With the onset of wasting disease both granulocyte and agranulocyte counts increased in the conventional thymectomized mice.
Histochemical Demonstration of 5-Hydroxytryptamine in Platelets and Megakaryocytes
Authors: TANAKA CHIKAKO , KURUMA ISAMI , KURAMOTO ATSUSHI 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A histochemical fluorescence method for the demonstration of biogenic monoamines was applied to the smear preparation of peripheral blood platelets and bone marrow megakaryocytes of rabbits and humans. The fluorescence obtained was identified as 5-HT by histochemical and pharmacologic criteria. With this technic, the following results were obtained: (1) A large amount of 5-HT was present in platelets and in mature platelet-forming megakaryocytes. (2) Only a small amount of 5-HT was demonstrable in the intermediate maturation forms of megakaryocytes with lack of platelet budding.
The possibility that the 5-HT detected was derived from (a) transport of 5-HT formed elsewhere, and/or (b) 5-HT formation from 5-HTP in the megakaryocytes themselves during their maturation was discussed.
Energy Metabolism of Human Leukemic Lymphocytes and Granulocytes
Authors: LASZLO JOHN , Ellis Clarence 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. Leukocytes taken from patients having acute lymphocytic leukemia and chronic lymphocytic leukemia are characterized by high respiratory rates and low to absent aerobic glycolysis. Leukemic granulocytes have low respiratory rates and high aerobic glycolysis.
2. Lymphocytes and granulocytes have the capacity for high glycolytic rates under anaerobic conditions.
3. Lymphocyte respiration is independent of glucose concentration in contrast to granulocyte respiration.
4. High energy phosphate levels of lymphocytes and granulocytes are unchanged if these cells are incubated aerobically, either with or without glucose, or anaerobically in the presence of glucose.
5. Aerobic glycolysis can be induced in lymphocytes by the addition of foreign plasma. Foreign plasma may also alter granulocyte metabolism.
Prediction of in Vivo Cytotoxicity of Chemotherapeutic Agents by Their Effect on Malignant Leukocytes in Vitro
Authors: CLINE MARTIN J. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In order to develop a test system for predicting the response to chemotherapeutic agents, leukocytes from patients with leukemia and leukolymphosarcoma were cultured in vitro and the effect of several drugs on the incorporation of H3-uridine into ribonucleic acid was measured. Cortisol, vincristine and cytosine arabinoside at concentrations near the therapeutic range produced inhibition of H3-uridine incorporation in sensitive leukocytes. The in vitro effects of 6-mercaptopurine and methotrexate were variable. In 39 trials on 25 patients with leukemia or lymphosarcoma, the in vitro test was used successfully to predict the response to treatment with prednisone and vincristine. It was concluded that the in vitro test system can predict the in vivo cytotoxicity of certain drugs for malignant cells, although it cannot be used to predict the likelihood of the induction of remissions with these drugs.
Defective ADP-Induced Platelet Factor 3 Activation in Uremia
Authors: HOROWITZ HERBERT I. , COHEN BURTON D. , MARTINEZ PABLO , PAPAYOANOU MITSU F. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A test for platelet thromboplastic function measuring the activation of platelet factor 3 on incubation of ADP with citrated platelet-rich plasma has been standardized in terms of ADP and platelet concentrations, and amount of agitation, to give sensitive and reproducible results. Abnormal results have been found in patients with elevated blood urea nitrogen; the abnormality is due to a plasma inhibitor and is reversible on the addition of small amounts of calcium. Guanidinosuccinic acid, a newly described metabolite found in the urine of patients with azotemia, also inhibits ADP-induced platelet factor 3 activation. The properties of guanidinosuccinic acid and the uremic inhibitor so far studied suggest that they may be identical.
Differences in Distribution of Erythropoietic and Reticuloendothelial Marrow in Hematologic Disease
Authors: VAN DYKE D. , SHKURKIN C. , PRICE D. , YANO Y. , ANGER H. O. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Although reticuloendothelial cells are an invariable component of normal marrow, the distribution of phagocytic acitivity may or may not correspond to the distribution of erythropoietic activity in the presence of disease affecting the marrow. A direct comparison of the distributions of reticuloendothelial marrow (using Tc99m-sulfur colloid) and erythropoietic marrow (using Fe52) in patients receiving treatment for various diseases affecting the bone marrow has been made. In the presence of hematologic disease, the correlation between the distributions of these two marrow functions has varied from identical to totally dissimilar.
Unless one is studying normal subjects, knows a priori that marrow composition is normal, or is specifically studying the reticuloendothelial component of the marrow, one must be cautious in equating marrow distributions obtained with colloidal material with erythropoietic marrow distribution.
Hypothesis: "Immunologic" Oncogenesis
Authors: FIALKOW PHILIP J. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The evidence that immunologic mechanisms may predispose to malignancy is reviewed, and an attempt is made to relate neoplasia possibly induced by immunologic or other reactions involving the recognition of self and not-self to known oncogenic mechanisms. It is suggested that "immunologic" oncogenesis as well as malignant transformation induced by known oncogenic agents may be mediated at least in part by chromosomal aberrations. These could act directly to promote neoplasia, or the cell death and proliferation consequent to them could promote other mutational events. Alternatively, the chromosomal changes themselves may not be sufficient for oncogenesis, but they may potentiate malignant transformation by other agents such as viruses.
Granulocytes and Red Cell Lysis
Authors: WALKER RICHARD I. , HERION J. C. , SMITH S. W. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Intact granulocytes from man and rabbit hemolyze red cells in vitro. The hemolytic activity is related to the lysosomes. A highly-basic protein fraction from the lysosomes and lysosomal membrane material produce hemolysis in isosmotic buffered saline and increase the osmotic fragility of red cells. Sucrose does not inhibit this hemolytic activity but low temperature incubation and heparin do.
The Relative Osmotic Resistance of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Lymphocytes
Authors: WESTRING DAVID W. , BRITTIN SUZANNE B. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Lymphocytes from healthy subjects and patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia were exposed to graded hypotonic salt solutions and to distilled water. Nucleoproteins released into the media from 5x106 cells were measured spectrophotometrically at 260 mµ as an estimate of cell fragility.
Leukemic lymphocytes were relatively more resistant to hypotonic stress than normal cells. Cell volume and extractable nucleoproteins were shown to be the same for both groups of cells. While nucleoproteins released from the healthy cells underwent a greater optical density increase in distilled water than anticipated, the leukemic cell products exhibited no significant color change in distilled water environment for periods up to 3 hours.
BRIEF REPORT: Appearance of Platelet-Clumping Substance in Plasma of Rabbits after Intravenous Injection of Agar-Solution, Bacterial Endotoxin or Adrenaline
Authors: YAMAZAKI HIROH , SHIMAMOTO TATSUO , MURASE HIROSHI , SHIMAMOTO TAKIO 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The platelet-clumping substance appeared statistically significant (p < 0.01 ∼ 0.05) in the heparinized plasma of 29 rabbits collected 5 minutes, 30 minutes, and 1 and 2 hours after the intravenous injection of either 5 ml./Kg. of 0.5 per cent agar-saline solution, 100 µg./Kg. of bacterial endotoxin derived from Escherichia coli, or 10 µg./Kg. of adrenaline, as compared with that in the platelet-saline suspension from the other 36 rabbits. At the same time, the circulating platelet count decreased significantly (p<0.01 ∼0.05). Twenty-four hours after the injection these changes disappeared. The platelet-clumping substance was detected only in heparinized plasma, and not in citrated, oxalated, and EDTA-plasma or serum. The addition or removal of calcium or magnesium ions did not affect the appearance of clumping of platelets. It is stable for storage at 4 C. and is not dialyzable. It induced clumping of platelets not only in the platelet-saline suspension, but also in the platelet-rich plasma, while ADP, serotonin, catecholamine or thrombin (0.001 ∼ 100µg./ml. or units/ml.) did not induce clumping of washed rabbit platelets even under the presence of the normal platelet-free heparinized plasma.
Marrow Engraftment by Allogeneic Leukocytes in Lethally Irradiated Dogs
Authors: STORB R. , EPSTEIN R. B. , RAGDE H. , BRYANT J. , THOMAS E. D. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Infusion of white blood cells separated from peripheral blood produced allogeneic bone marrow engraftment in lethally irradiated dogs. Approximately 100 x 109 leukocytes obtained from a single donor over an 8-day period were adequate to establish marrow repopulation. Marrow engraftment was indicated by rising blood count, marrow histology, and, in one instance, cytogenetic studies. Marrow grafts were associated with a severe secondary syndrome. Survival was prolonged with methotrexate.
The Use of Bovine Albumin in the Examination of Bone Marrow Obtained at Autopsy
Authors: RICKERT ROBERT R. , VIDONE ROMEO A. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This report presents the findings using a minor modification of Berenbaum’s albumin method of preparing bone marrow smears on post-mortem material. The method was used in 50 cases ranging in time from two to 23 hours after death and in the majority of cases (72 per cent) produced specimens of the superior cytologic quality to direct bone marrow smears obtained at the same time. This technique is especially valuable when used in conjunction with tissue sections and bone marrow cell blocks obtained at autopsy. This method has been successfully used with two histochemical techniques suggesting its usefulness in the application of other histochemical procedures in the study of autopsy marrows. The simplicity of this technique lends itself readily to routine use on a general autopsy service and should certainly be employed where hematologic disorders are suspected, especially when clinical bone marrow material is inadequate or not available.
Coexistence of Polycythemia Vera and Biclonal Gammopathy (γGK and γAL) with Two Bence Jones Proteins (BJK and BJL)
Authors: DITTMAR KLAUS , KOCHWA SHAUL , ZUCKER-FRANKLIN DOROTHEA , WASSERMAN LOUIS R. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A patient with long standing polycythemia vera, who was treated with P32, chemotherapy and phlebotomies recently developed a myeloma-like disease picture. Two paraproteins (γG type K and γA type L) were found in the serum together with two Bence Jones-like proteins in the urine (kappa and lambda). γM was increased to twice the normal value.
Immunofluorescence studies of the bone marrow showed two clones of plasma cells each of which produced only one type of heavy chain. No cells with double fluorescence were seen. The two types of immunologically different plasma cells were morphologically indistinguishable from one another.