bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chronic Heroin Self-Administration Desensitizes μ Opioid Receptor-Activated G-Proteins in Specific Regions of Rat Brain
Authors: Sim-Selley Laura J. , Selley Dana E. , Vogt Leslie J. , Childers Steven R. , Martin Thomas J. 
Published: April 2018

In previous studies from our laboratory, chronic noncontingent morphine administration decreased μ opioid receptor-activated G-proteins in specific brainstem nuclei. In the present study, μ opioid receptor binding and receptor-activated G-proteins were examined after chronic heroin self-administration. Rats were trained to self-administer intravenous heroin for up to 39 d, achieving heroin intake up to 366 mg · kg−1 · d−1. μ opioid-stimulated [35S]GTPγS and [3H]naloxone autoradiography were performed in adjacent brain sections. Agonist-stimulated [35S]GTPγS autoradiography also examined other G-protein-coupled receptors, including δ opioid, ORL-1, GABAB, adenosine A1, cannabinoid, and 5-HT1A. In brains from heroin self-administering rats, decreased μ opioid-stimulated [35S]GTPγS binding was observed in periaqueductal gray, locus coeruleus, lateral parabrachial nucleus, and commissural nucleus tractus solitarius, as previously observed in chronic morphine-treated animals. In addition, decreased μ opioid-stimulated [35S]GTPγS binding was found in thalamus and amygdala after heroin self-administration. Despite this decrease in μ-activated G-proteins, [3H]naloxone binding demonstrated increased μ opioid receptor binding in several brain regions after heroin self-administration, and there was a significant decrease in μ receptor G-protein efficiency as expressed as a ratio between agonist-activated G-proteins and μ receptor binding. No effects on agonist-stimulated [35S]GTPγS binding were found for any other receptor examined. The effect of chronic heroin self-administration to decrease μ-stimulated [35S]GTPγS binding varied between regions and was highest in brainstem and lowest in the cortex and striatum. These results not only provide potential neuronal mechanisms that may contribute to opioid tolerance and dependence, but also may explain why various chronic effects of opioids develop to different degrees.
Signaling Cascade Regulating Long-Term Potentiation of GABAAReceptor Responsiveness in Cerebellar Purkinje Neurons
Authors: Kawaguchi Shin-ya , Hirano Tomoo 
Published: April 2018

Synaptic plasticity, a cellular basis of learning and memory, has been studied extensively at excitatory synapses. Although synaptic plasticity has also been reported at inhibitory synapses, the molecular mechanism remains elusive. Here we attempted to clarify the overall signaling cascades regulating the induction of inhibitory synaptic plasticity in the cerebellum.Rebound potentiation (RP), a long-lasting increase in GABAAreceptor (GABAAR) responsiveness, is induced by postsynaptic depolarization of a Purkinje neuron (PN) at synapses formed with inhibitory interneurons (stellate or basket neurons). Previously, we showed that RP is suppressed by homosynaptic activation during depolarization through activation of the postsynaptic GABABreceptor (GABABR). Activation of GABABR reduces cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) activity via the Gi/Go-protein. Here we examined the molecular pathway through which PKA activity affects RP induction.We confirmed that inhibition of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) or PKA suppresses RP. We also found that inhibition of protein phosphatase 1 (PP-1) or calcineurin (PP-2B) impaired suppression of RP induction. Inhibition of either PP-1 or calcineurin abolished RP impairment by PKA inhibition, but not that by CaMKII inhibition. Antisense oligonucleotide-mediated knock down of DARPP-32, which is a substrate of PKA and calcineurin and inhibits PP-1 when phosphorylated by PKA, suppressed RP. Furthermore, activation of GABABR inhibited CaMKII activation through PKA inhibition and PP-1 activity. These results suggest that calcineurin activation accompanied by PKA inhibition in a PN causes dephosphorylation of DARPP-32, which releases PP-1 from inhibition. PP-1 in turn inhibits CaMKII activity, which is then directly involved in the RP induction.
Functional Imaging and Optogenetics in Drosophila
Authors: Simpson Julie H , Looger Loren L 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Understanding how activity patterns in specific neural circuits coordinate an animal’s behavior remains a key area of neuroscience research. Genetic tools and a brain of tractable complexity make Drosophila a premier model organism for these studies. Here, we review the wealth of reagents available to map and manipulate neuronal activity with light.
PENILAIAN KONDISI EKOLOGI PERAIRAN UNTUK PENGEMBANGAN BUDIDAYA KERANG HIJAU (Perna viridis L.) DI PESISIR KUALA LANGSA, ACEH
Authors: Sagita Andi , Kurnia Rahmat , Sulistiono Sulistiono 
Published: April 2018

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menilai kondisi ekologi untuk pengembangan budidaya kerang hijau di pesisir Kuala Langsa, Aceh. Data ekologi perairan dikumpulkan di 12 titik sampling pada Agustus, September dan Oktober untuk mewakili musim hujan, serta Maret, April dan Mei untuk mewakili musim kemarau. Data dianalisis dengan analisis komponen utama (principal component analysis/PCA). Suhu perairan pesisir Kuala Langsa berkisar 25,5 – 35,6 oC dengan rata-rata 30,5 ± 1,7 oC; salinitas 25,9 – 34,0 ppt dengan rata-rata 29,9 ± 1,3 oC; pH 7,0 – 9,2 dengan rata-rata 8,1 ± 0,3; oksigen terlarut 3,9 – 6,8 mg/l dengan rata-rata 5,5 ± 0,5 mg/l; kecepatan arus berkisar 0,1 – 0,9 m/s dengan rata-rata 0,3 ± 0,1 m/s; serta kelimpahan fitoplankton berkisar 1,32 x 105 sel/m3 hingga 6,86 x 105 sel/m3 dengan rata-rata 3,88 x 105 ± 1,08 x 105 sel/ m3. PCA yang diaplikasikan pada seluruh data menghasilkan dua komponen utama, yaitu PC1 dan PC2 dengan nilai akar ciri (eigenvalue) sebesar 2,096 dan 1,770; dimana PC1 secara kumulatif dapat menjelaskan ragam seluruh data sebesar 34,9% yang dibangun oleh parameter salinitas, suhu dan plankton, sedangkan PC2 sebesar 64,4% yang dibangun oleh parameter oksigen terlarut dan salinitas. Berdasarkan analisis dengan membandingkan parameter ekologi perairan untuk budidaya kerang hijau berdasarkan literatur maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa kondisi ekologi perairan pada musim hujan dan kemarau dapat mendukung pengembangan budidaya kerang hijau di pesisir Kuala Langsa, Aceh. The research aims to assessment of waters ecology condition for the development of green mussel cultivation in coastal of Kuala Langsa, Aceh. Data of waters ecology parameters collected at 12 sampling points in August, September and October to represent the rainy season, while March, April and May to represent the dry season. Data analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA). Temperature of waters coastal Kuala Langsa ranged from 25.5 – 35.6 oC average of 30.5 ± 1.7 oC; salinity 25.9 – 34.0 ppt average of 29.9 ± 1.3 oC; pH 7.0 – 9.2 average of 8.1 ± 0.3; dissolved oxygen from 3.9 – 6.8 average of 5.5 ± 0.5 mg/l; current velocity of 0.1 – 0.9 m/s average of 0.3 ± 0.1 m/s; and abundance of fitoplankton ranged of 1.32 x 105 cell/m3 to 6.86 x 105 cell/m3. PCA applied to all data produced two principal component is PC1 and PC2 with a eigenvalue of 2.096 and 1.770; where PC1 on cumulatively can explain 34.9% of all data collected, with built by parameters of salinity, temperature and plankton, while PC2 is 64.4% with built by parameters dissolved oxygen dan salinity. Based on the analysis by comparing waters ecology parametes for green mussel culture based on the literature, it can be concluded that the waters ecology condition can support development of green mussel culture in coastal Kuala Langsa, Aceh.
Exogenous Carbon Magnifies Mycorrhizal Effects on Growth Behaviour and Sucrose Metabolism in Trifoliate Orange
Authors: TIAN Li , LI Yan , WU Qiang-Sheng 
Published: April 2018

Arbuscular mycorrhizas (AMs) need the carbohydrates from host plants for its growth, whereas it is not clear whether exogenous carbon affects mycorrhizal roles. A two-chambered rootbox was divided into root + hyphae chamber and hyphae chamber (free of roots) by 37-μm nylon mesh, in which trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata) seedlings and Funneliformis mosseae were applied into root + hyphae chamber, and exogenous 40 mmol/L fructose, glucose and sucrose was applied to hyphae chamber. Application of exogenous sugars dramatically elevated root mycorrhizal colonization. Sole arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation significantly promoted plant growth and root morphology than non-AMF treatment. Mycorrhiza-improved plant growth and root modification could be enlarged by exogenous carbon, especially fructose. Exogenous carbon markedly increased root fructose, glucose and sucrose accumulation in mycorrhizal plants, especially sucrose. Exogenous fructose significantly reduced leaf and root sucrose synthase (SS) activity in synthesis direction and increased them in cleavage direction in AMF seedlings. Exogenous glucose and sucrose heavily elevated root SS activity of mycorrhizal seedlings in synthesis and cleavage direction and reduced leaf SS activity in synthesis direction. Leaf acid invertase (AI) and neutral invertase (NI) activities of mycorrhizal seedlings were decreased by exogenous carbon, except sucrose in NI. Exogenous fructose significantly increased root AI and NI activity in mycorrhizal plants. These results implied that mycorrhizal inoculation represented positive effects on plant growth, root morphology, and sucrose metabolism of trifoliate orange, which could be magnified further by exogenous carbon, especially fructose.
ANKARA İLİ KEÇİÖREN İLÇESİNDEKİ İLKÖĞRETİM OKULLARINDA GÖREV YAPAN ÖĞRETMENLERİN BOŞ ZAMAN ETKİNLİKLERİNE KATILIM MOTİVASYONU
Authors: ALTUNAY Bahadır Rıza , BALCI Velittin 
Published: April 2018

Teknolojinin
gelişmesi ile birlikte artan boş zamanların değerlendirilmesi günümüzde önemli
bir konu haline gelmiştir. Öğretmenlerin bu tip boş zaman etkinliklerine
katılımları ve motivasyon düzeyleri ise eğitim sektörü açısından son derece
önemlidir. Bu amaçla çalışmada; öğretmenlerin çalışma dışı zamanları içerisinde
yaptıkları etkinliklere katılım motivasyonları incelenmiştir. Araştırmanın
evrenini Ankara ili Keçiören ilçesindeki ilköğretim okullarında çeşitli
branşlarda görev yapan öğretmenler oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmanın örneklem grubunu ise
Keçiören ilçesindeki ilköğretim okullarında görev yapan yaklaşık 4700
öğretmenden rasgele seçilmiş 1075 kadın ve erkek öğretmen hhtoluşturmuştur. Araştırmada Mutlu
(2008) tarafından geliştirilen Boş Zaman Motivasyonu Ölçeği kullanılmış ve
sonuçlar istatistiki yöntemlerle analiz edilmiştir. Çıkan sonuçlara göre, Boş Zaman
Motivasyon Ölçeği’nde yer alan beş alt boyutta ele alınan bağımsız
değişkenlerden dolayı farklılıkların ortaya çıktığı ancak bu farklılıkların en
çok motivasyonsuzluk, bilmek başarmak ve dışsal düzenleme boyutlarında arttığı
görülmüştür. 45 ve üzeri yaş grubundaki
öğretmenlerin boş zaman aktivitelerine katılım motivasyonunun daha çok dışsal
faktörlere, daha genç yaştaki öğretmenlerin ise içsel faktörlere bağlı olduğu
görülmüştür. Kadın öğretmenlerin erkek
öğretmenlere nispeten, dışsal düzenleme boyutu haricinde diğer tüm boyutlarda
motivasyonlarının daha yüksek olduğu fakat 24 yıl ve üzeri hizmet süresine
sahip öğretmenlerin daha az motivasyona sahip oldukları sonucuna varılmıştır.
Sosyal Bilimler branş grubundaki öğretmenlerin, Sınıf Öğretmenliği ve Görsel
Sanatlar &amp; Beden Eğitimi branş grubundaki öğretmenlere nispeten hem bilmek
başarmak boyutunda hem de özdeşim/içe atım boyutunda daha yüksek değerlere
sahip olduğu görülmüştür. Ayrıca, Eğitim faktörünün bilmek/başarmak alt
boyutunda motivasyonu artırdığı ancak gelir düzeyi ve medeni durum
değişkenlerinin öğretmenlerin etkinliklere katılım motivasyonunu artırmadıkları
sonucuna varılmıştır.
ÖĞRETMENLERE YÖNELİK MATEMATİK KAYGI ÖLÇEĞİ (Ö-MKÖ) GELİŞTİRME ÇALIŞMASI
Authors: YILDIRIM Kenan , GÜRBÜZ Ramazan 
Published: April 2018

This study aimed at developing an instrument to determine the
mathematics anxiety of teachers. The study group constitutes 487 teachers from
different disciplines. First, a literature review was conducted to develop Math
Anxiety Scale for Teachers (MAS-T). Also, semi-structured interviews were
conducted with teachers of different subjects. An instrument consisting of 5
factors and 33 items were obtained after performing a factor analysis. Model's coherence indexes related to confirmatory
factor analysis were as follows: X²/sd = 2.71, RMSEA= 0.07, SRMR= 0.07, GFI= 0.91, CFI=
0.92, NNFI= 0.93 ve AGFI= 0.90. Total internal consistency coefficient Cronbach
Alpha (α) was obtained as .91. The findings of the criterion validity (.81)
showed that the scale served itspurpose. After the analyses, Math Anxiety Scale
for Teachers (MAS-T) was found to be a valid and reliable scale.
İNGİLİZCE DİL ÖĞRENİMİNDE GÜÇLÜKLER ÖLÇEĞİ GEÇERLİK VE GÜVENİRLİK ÇALIŞMASI
Authors: MEHDİYEV Esmira , UĞURLU Celal Teyyar , USTA H. Gonca 
Published: April 2018

This study aims to develop a
valid and reliable scale that can be used to determine the university students’
level of perception on the difficulties in learning English as a foreign
language. During the study process, the scale was applied to 147 students for
the preliminary assessment, and after validity and reliability analysis, it was
rearranged to be ready for the actual application. In the examination of the
validity of English Language Learning Difficulties Scale (ELLDS), an
exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were
conducted in order to determine its structural validity. AFA was carried out on
the data obtained from the first group of participants (275 students), and CFA
was carried out on the data obtained from the second group of participants (331
students). According to the value obtained as a result of the scale The total
reliability value of the scale was found to be.89. In this study, the load
value of each factor was calculated, and as a result, Cronbach’s Alpha value
for the items under the application factor was seen to be .85, and Cronbach’s
Alpha value for the items under environment – material factor was seen .77,
and for the items under interest –
willingness factor Cronbach’s Alfa value was found .80, and for the items under social facilities factor
Cronbach’s Alfa value was found to be .71. In the examination of the structural
validity of the ELLDS; according to the data obtained from the results of the
confirmatory factor analysis 𝜒2=247,23, sd=80, and p value
was found significant (p=.000).The calculated value was 𝜒2/sd=3,09. This value was
regarded as an indicator of a good harmony of the ELLDS in general.
development, 15 items were classified under four factors. When evaluations are
made considering all the findings; it can be said that, the scale, the validity
and the reliability of which were tested, can be used at determining students’
level of perception of difficulties in English language learning.
Immunological monitoring of brain tumour patients
Authors: Nayak Ashok , S. M. Sajith Babu , Singh Lal Mani 
Published: April 2018

Background: Patient suffering from CNS tumours are among the best suited as regards the study of their immunologic status is concerned because these tumours rarely metastasize and general condition of patient is not much affected. Extensive research has been done on immunological response in neoplasms of other organs, but immunology of CNS tumours studied mainly during last five decades. It is now realized that immunologic reactions may be important in the development and growth of the CNS tumours. Although there is evidence that immunotherapy is helpful in control of some solid tumours but adequate knowledge of the immunology of glial tumours to guide the rational treatment is not yet available. Methods: This study was conducted on 60 cases that included 20 controls and 40 patients of primary intracranial brain tumors admitted to neurosurgical services of University Hospital, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi during the period of January 1987 to January 1988. Results: The study revealed, medulloblastoma and glioblastoma or anaplastic astrocytoma show more marked suppression of cell mediated immunity than astrocytoma grade +II and other malignant tumour subgroups. In case of humoral immune response, antigen of brain tumours elicit an Ig M response rather IgG response which is commonly elicited in other neoplasia.Conclusions: The results regarding Ig M, and Ig G levels are in agreement with most of the other studies. It appears that antigen of brain tumours elicits an Ig M response rather IgG response which is commonly elicited in other neoplasia.
Knowledge and Attitudes Towards Clinical Trial Participation in Oman: A cross-sectional study
Authors: Al-Lawati Hussain , Al-Baimani Khalid , Al-Zadjali Mahra , Al-Obaidani Nasra , Al-Kiyumi Ziyana , Al-Khabori Murtadha K. 
Published: April 2018

Objectives: Clinical trials are prospective studies on human subjects designed to answer various clinical questions. However, only a limited number of clinical trials have been conducted in Oman. This study aimed to assess the knowledge and attitudes of Omani patients and their relatives towards participating in clinical trials. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted between October 2015 and March 2016 among 174 patients and relatives attending the Haematology and Oncology Outpatient Clinics and Day Care Unit of the Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman. A self-administered questionnaire was designed to elicit participants’ knowledge of and attitudes towards participation in clinical trials. Results: A total of 100 patients and relatives agreed to take part in the study (response rate: 57.5%). The male-to-female ratio was 1:1.2. Only 31.3% of the studied population knew what clinical trials were and only 6.5% had themselves previously participated in a clinical trial. The majority agreed or strongly agreed that they would participate in clinical trials related to their own condition (59.2%). Overall, 89.7% expected to be informed about potential clinical trials by their treating physicians. Conclusion: Omanis had a low level of knowledge of clinical trials and a very low rate of previous participation in such trials, despite a moderate level of interest. Patients should therefore be educated and informed of ongoing clinical trials in order to improve participation rates for clinical trials conducted in Oman.
Item Analysis of Multiple Choice Questions at the Department of Paediatrics, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
Authors: Kheyami Deena , Jaradat Ahmed , Al-Shibani Tareq , Ali Fuad A. 
Published: April 2018

Objectives: The current study aimed to carry out a post-validation item analysis of multiple choice questions (MCQs) in medical examinations in order to evaluate correlations between item difficulty, item discrimination and distraction effectiveness so as to determine whether questions should be included, modified or discarded. In addition, the optimal number of options per MCQ was analysed. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed in the Department of Paediatrics, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain. A total of 800 MCQs and 4,000 distractors were analysed between November 2013 and June 2016. Results: The mean difficulty index ranged from 36.70–73.14%. The mean discrimination index ranged from 0.20–0.34. The mean distractor efficiency ranged from 66.50–90.00%. Of the items, 48.4%, 35.3%, 11.4%, 3.9% and 1.1% had zero, one, two, three and four nonfunctional distractors (NFDs), respectively. Using three or four rather than five options in each MCQ resulted in 95% or 83.6% of items having zero NFDs, respectively. The distractor efficiency was 91.87%, 85.83% and 64.13% for difficult, acceptable and easy items, respectively (P <0.005). Distractor efficiency was 83.33%, 83.24% and 77.56% for items with excellent, acceptable and poor discrimination, respectively (P <0.005). The average Kuder-Richardson formula 20 reliability coefficient was 0.76. Conclusion: A considerable number of the MCQ items were within acceptable ranges. However, some items needed to be discarded or revised. Using three or four rather than five options in MCQs is recommended to reduce the number of NFDs and improve the overall quality of the examination.
Internal Laryngocele: Unusual onset in a 91-year-old female patient
Authors: Spinosi Maria. C , Mezzedimi Chiara , Monciatti Giovanni , Passali Desiderio 
Published: April 2018

While internal laryngoceles rarely cause major clinical complaints, they may lead to airway obstruction and require emergency intervention on rare occasions. We report a 91-year-old patient who was referred to the Ear, Nose & Throat Clinic of the Policlinico Santa Maria alle Scotte, Siena, Italy, in 2017 due to recurrent episodes of severe dyspnoea. A flexible nasopharyngolaryngoscopic examination revealed an internal laryngocele of approximately 1.5 cm in diameter that moved up and down the glottic plane, occasionally invading the subglottic space during inspiration and impeding airflow. This caused cyanosis and dyspnoea so severe that an emergency tracheotomy was considered. Luckily, after considerable effort, the patient was able to cough, causing the mass to move above the vocal plane and allowing normal breathing. The laryngocele was subsequently removed via laryngomicrosurgery. Although the incidence of internal laryngoceles is quite rare, physicians should consider this potentially life-threatening condition among patients with dyspnoea.
Analisis Risiko dalam Investasi Islam
Authors: Irkhami Nafis 
Published: April 2018

Business activities and investments could not be separated from risk, becausethe return was a result of the risk analysis. Based on its nature, it was no small investment activities, especially in the field of financial assets, which in fact exploit the conditions in a way to speculate. In many cases, these speculators caused often create economic inequality, even crisis. This article would find footing construction investment ethical analysis of Islamic pespectives, including the instruments of the screening process, as well as the concept of Islamic investment analysis of risk and return.
Perniagaan Online Syariah: Suatu Kajian dalam Perspektif Hukum Perikatan Islam
Authors: Suhartono Suhartono - 
Published: April 2018

Along the vast development in information technology, it creates a new variant in business relation, that once was primarily physical with papers as the transaction mechanism tools, shifts into a more virtual relationship pattern using digital media or well known as electronic commerce (ecommerce). There has been a transformation in the jurisdictional review towards agreement forms, from the conventional trading using textual document with “tinta basah” and physical contact in a real space, into a digital model where all the documents are made in a cyber space.This transaction model provides several benefits within its operational, nevertheless its presence also emerges new complex legal problems regarding the legality of a contract or an agreement, especially in the Islamic law perspective. Does an Islamic bonding law also accommodate this ecommerce transaction model?
Mereview Arah Undang-Undang Perbankan Syariah di Indonesia
Authors: Zuliansyah A. 
Published: April 2018

The application of Islamic law in the activities of banking/finance or other modern economic activities is not a simple job. The study of the banking law, or sharia finance law to be an interesting study and challenging for the world of law in Indonesia, where the positive law (law) in the country of Indonesia is different from that applicable to the religious law (Islam). Enforcement of religious law (Islam) must go through a process referred to as the ”positivisasi” Islamic law. In this case, Islamic law accepted by the state in positive laws and regulations that apply nationally. This paper will examine the law of Law no. 10 of 1998 concerning Amendment to law number 7 of 1992. Likewise, Law number 21 of 2008 has some interesting general provisions to be observed. General provisions referred to (Article 1) is a novelty and will provide certain implications