bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genotype‐specific fitness cost of resistance to Bt toxin Cry1Ac in pink bollworm
Authors: Carrière Yves , Williams Jennifer L , Crowder David W , Tabashnik Bruce E 
Published: March 2018

AbstractBACKGROUNDTo improve resistance management strategies for Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) crops, a better understanding of the relative fitness of pest genotypes with resistance alleles in the absence of Bt toxins is needed. Here, we evaluated the impact of costs of resistance to Bt toxin Cry1Ac on the relative fitness of specific pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella) genotypes. We created two heterogeneous strains with an intermediate frequency of mutant cadherin alleles linked with resistance to Cry1Ac, reared the strains on diet without Bt and tracked the decline in frequency of resistant genotypes for 15–30 generations using polymerase chain reaction amplification. We used a population genetics model and sensitivity analyses to estimate the relative fitness of resistant genotypes.RESULTSCosts were completely recessive in one strain and almost completely recessive in the other. Estimates of the decline in relative fitness of the resistant homozygotes fed on a diet without Bt were 14–22% in one strain and 21–36% in the other.CONCLUSIONOur genotype‐specific cost estimates and the results of studies discussed herein indicate that costs associated with resistance to Bt are often large enough to significantly delay the evolution of resistance to pyramided Bt crops in pests with recessive inheritance of resistance. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Automated calibration of laser spectrometer measurements of δ18O and δ2H values in water vapour using a Dew Point Generator
Authors: Munksgaard Niels C. , Cheesman Alexander W. , Gray‐Spence Andrew , Cernusak Lucas A. , Bird Michael I. 
Published: March 2018

RationaleContinuous measurement of stable O and H isotope compositions in water vapour requires automated calibration for remote field deployments. We developed a new low‐cost device for calibration of both water vapour mole fraction and isotope composition.MethodsWe coupled a commercially available dew point generator (DPG) to a laser spectrometer and developed hardware for water and air handling along with software for automated operation and data processing. We characterised isotopic fractionation in the DPG, conducted a field test and assessed the influence of critical parameters on the performance of the device.ResultsAn analysis time of 1 hour was sufficient to achieve memory‐free analysis of two water vapour standards and the δ18O and δ2H values were found to be independent of water vapour concentration over a range of ≈20,000–33,000 ppm. The reproducibility of the standard vapours over a 10‐day period was better than 0.14 ‰ and 0.75 ‰ for δ18O and δ2H values, respectively (1 σ, n = 11) prior to drift correction and calibration. The analytical accuracy was confirmed by the analysis of a third independent vapour standard. The DPG distillation process requires that isotope calibration takes account of DPG temperature, analysis time, injected water volume and air flow rate.ConclusionsThe automated calibration system provides high accuracy and precision and is a robust, cost‐effective option for long‐term field measurements of water vapour isotopes. The necessary modifications to the DPG are minor and easily reversible.
Stomata‐Inspired Photomechanical Ion Nanochannels Modified by Azobenzene Composites
Authors: Chun Kyoung‐Yong , Son Young Jun , Jo Sunghwan , Han Chang‐Soo 
Published: April 2018

AbstractA low‐powered and highly selective photomechanical sensor system mimicking stomata in the epidermis of leaves harvested from nature is demonstrated. This device uses a light‐responsive composite consisting of 4‐amino‐1,1′‐azobenzene‐3,4′‐disulfonic acid monosodium salt (AZO) and poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA) coated on a membrane with tens of nanometer‐size pores. The ionic current change through the pore channels as a function of pore size variation is then measured. The tran–cis isomerism of AZO–PDDA during light irradiation and the operation mechanism of photomechanical ion channel sensor are discussed and analyzed using UV–vis spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy analysis. It presents the discriminative current levels to the different light wavelengths. The response time of the photoreceptor is about 0.2 s and it consumes very low operating power (≈15 nW) at 0.1 V bias. In addition, it is found that the change of the pore diameter during the light irradiation is due to the photomechanical effect, which is capable of distinguishing light intensity and wavelength.
Cobalt Sulfide Nanowires Core Encapsulated by a N, S Codoped Graphitic Carbon Shell for Efficient Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Han Ce , Li Qun , Wang Dewen , Lu Qingqing , Xing Zhicai , Yang Xiurong 
Published: April 2018

AbstractExploration of economical electrocatalysts for highly efficient and stable oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is believed to be essential for diverse future renewable energy applications. Herein, cobalt sulfide nanowire core encapsulated in a N, S codoped graphitic carbon shell (CoS NWs@NSC) is successfully fabricated via the calcination of polydopamine‐coated Co(CO3)0.5(OH)0.11H2O NWs with sulfur powder under argon atmosphere. The uniform encapsulation of CoS core by N, S codoped graphitic carbon shell favors the interaction of the core–shell structure for generating stable and numerous ORR active sites homogeneously dispersed throughout the materials. Meanwhile, the wire‐like CoS NWs@NSC stacks to form 3D mesoporous conductive networks, which improves the mass and charge transport capability of catalyst. Accordingly, the resultant CoS NWs@NSC electrocatalysts possess excellent ORR activity through the four‐electron pathway with superior stability and methanol tolerance over the Pt/C in 0.1 m KOH. This strategy can offer inspiration for designing and fabricating novel core–shell‐structured nanomaterials with active sites derived from uniform morphology as potential electrocatalysts for various vital renewable energy devices.
A Novel Zr‐MOF as Fluorescence Turn‐On Probe for Real‐Time Detecting H2S Gas and Fingerprint Identification
Authors: Guo Lin , Wang Meng , Cao Dapeng 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe development of fluorescence turn‐on probes for selectively sensing toxic gases and visualization identification of fingerprints is significantly important for society security and human health. Here, Zr is used as the metal center and 1,3,6,8‐tetra (4‐carboxylphenyl) pyrene (TBAPy) and tetrakis(4‐carboxyphenyl)porphyrin (TCPP) as double linkers to synthesize a novel Zr(TBAPy)5(TCPP) material. Results indicate that Zr(TBAPy)5(TCPP) can be used as a fluorescence turn‐on probe for highly selective and sensitive detection of H2S gas and its derivatives S2− in aqueous solutions with an extremely low concentration (≈1 ppb) and fast response time (<10 s). Moreover, by tailoring the particle size of samples, it is found that Zr(TBAPy)5(TCPP) can efficiently achieve the visualization identification of fingerprints due to the fluorescence turn‐on effect. All the results indicate that the Zr(TBAPy)5(TCPP) is a promising multifunctional fluorescence turn‐on probe.
Ultrathin Planar Cavity Metasurfaces
Authors: Wang Hsiang‐Chu , Chu Cheng Hung , Wu Pin Chieh , Hsiao Hui‐Hsin , Wu Hui Jun , Chen Jia‐Wern , Lee Wei Hou , Lai Yi‐Chieh , Huang Yao‐Wei , Tseng Ming Lun , Chang Shu‐Wei , Tsai Din Ping 
Published: April 2018

AbstractAn ultrathin planar cavity metasurface is proposed based on ultrathin film interference and its practicability for light manipulation in visible region is experimentally demonstrated. Phase of reflected light is modulated by finely adjusting the thickness of amorphous silicon (a‐Si) by a few nanometers on an aluminum (Al) substrate via nontrivial phase shifts at the interfaces and interference of multireflections generated from the planar cavity. A phase shift of π, the basic requirement for two‐level phase metasurface systems, can be accomplished with an 8 nm thick difference. For proof of concept, gradient metasurfaces for beam deflection, Fresnel zone plate metalens for light focusing, and metaholograms for image reconstruction are presented, demonstrating polarization‐independent and broadband characteristics. This novel mechanism for phase modulation with ultrathin planar cavity provides diverse routes to construct advanced flat optical devices with versatile applications.
A General Strategy of Aerolysin Nanopore Detection for Oligonucleotides with the Secondary Structure
Authors: Liao Dong‐Fang , Cao Chan , Ying Yi‐Lun , Long Yi‐Tao 
Published: March 2018

AbstractAn aerolysin nanopore is employed as a sensitive tool for single‐molecule analysis of short oligonucleotides (≤10 nucleotides), poly(ethylene glycol) (PEGs), peptides, and proteins. However, the direct analysis of long oligonucleotides with the secondary structure (e.g., G‐quadruplex topology) remains a challenge, which impedes the further practical applications of the aerolysin nanopore. Here, a simple and applicable method of aerolysin nanopore is presented to achieve a direct analysis of structured oligonucleotides that are extended to 30 nucleotides long by a cation‐regulation mechanism. By regulating the cation type in electrolyte solution, the structured oligonucleotides are unfolded into linear form which ensures the successive translocation. The results show that each model oligonucleotide of 5′‐(TTAGGG)n‐3′ can produce a well‐resolved current blockade in its unfolded solution of MgCl2. The length between 6 and 30 nucleotides long of model oligonucleotides is proportional to the duration time, showing a translocation velocity as low as 0.70–0.13 ms nt−1 at +140 mV. This method exhibits an excellent sensitivity and a sufficient temporal resolution, provides insight into the aerolysin nanopore methodology for genetic and epigenetic biosensing, making aerolysin applicable in practical diagnosing with long and structured nucleic acids.
Solid‐phase extraction of tobacco‐specific N‐nitrosamines with a mixed‐mode hydrophobic/cation‐exchange sorbent
Authors: Luo Yan‐Bo , Pang Yong‐Qiang , Jiang Xing‐Yi , Li Xiang‐Yu , Zhang Hong‐Fei , Hu Shao‐Dong , Zhu Feng‐Peng , Feng Yu‐Qi 
Published: April 2018

AbstractA mixed‐mode hydrophobic/cation‐exchange sorbent was used for the solid‐phase extraction of tobacco‐specific N‐nitrosamines. Several parameters including sample solution pH, washing solution, type and volume of desorption solution, and amount of sorbent were investigated. By combining solid‐phase extraction and high‐performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry, we successfully developed a method for tobacco‐specific N‐nitrosamines determination. The limit of detection for target analytes in our method ranged from 0.012 to 0.037 ng/mL, and the correlation coefficients were larger than 0.9994 for all target analytes indicating good linearities. Intra‐day (n = 5) and inter‐day (n = 3) precision showed good reproducibility, with relative standard deviations less than 11.7 and 10.9%, respectively. The results show that our method is capable of measuring tobacco‐specific N‐nitrosamines in tobacco, smokeless tobacco products and mainstream cigarette smoke. No significant deviation was found between our method and a similar analysis using standard methods.
Trauma Patients with an Open Abdomen Following Damage Control Laparotomy can be Extubated Prior to Abdominal Closure
Authors: Sujka Joseph A. , Safcsak Karen , Cheatham Michael L. , Ibrahim Joseph A. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractBackgroundThe open abdomen (OA) is commonly utilized as a technique during damage control laparotomy (DCL). We propose that a selected group of these OA patients can be extubated prior to abdominal closure to decrease ventilator days and risk of pneumonia.MethodsA retrospective chart review was performed at a Level I trauma center on all adult trauma patients with an OA following DCL. Patients were stratified into two groups: extubated prior to (PRE) and extubated after (POST) abdominal closure. Successful extubation in the PRE group was measured by the absence of re‐intubation. The two groups were compared using the Mann–Whitney U and Fisher’s exact tests. Multivariate logistic regression identified independent predictors for successful extubation prior to abdominal closure.ResultsThirty‐one patients were in the PRE group, and 59 patients in the POST group. There were no differences between the groups with regard to age, gender, or hours from admission to completion of DCL. The PRE group had a significantly higher incidence of penetrating trauma (77 vs. 53%; p = 0.02), a significantly lower number of days from OA to extubation [0.6 (0.2–1.1) vs. 3.4 (2–‐8) days; p < 0.001], and a significant decrease in pneumonia (10 vs. 31%; p = 0.04). Two patients in each group required re‐intubation [PRE (6%) vs. POST (3%); p = 0.61]. In a multivariate binominal logistic regression, penetrating trauma (p = 0.024), GCS on admission (p < 0.0001), and Injury Severity Score (p = 0.024) were identified as independent predictors for successful extubation.ConclusionPresence of an OA following DCL does not require mechanical ventilation. Extubation of appropriate trauma patients prior to abdominal closure decreases pneumonia and hospital length of stay.
Who are the European youths willing to engage in radicalisation? A multidisciplinary review of their psychological and social profiles
Authors: Campelo Nicolas , Oppetit Alice , Neau Françoise , Cohen David , Bronsard Guillaume 
Published: March 2018

AbstractBackground:A new model of radicalisation has appeared in Western countries since the 2010s. Radical groups are smaller, less hierarchical and are mainly composed of young, homegrown individuals. The aim of this review is to decipher the profiles of the European adolescents and young adults who have embraced the cause of radical Islamism and to define the role of psychiatry in dealing with this issue.Methods:We performed a systematic search in several databases from January 2010 to July 2017 and reviewed the relevant studies that included European adolescents and/or young adults and presented empirical data.Results:In total, 22 qualitative and quantitative studies were reviewed from various fields and using different methodologies. Psychotic disorders are rare among radicalised youths. However, they show numerous risk factors common with adolescent psychopathologies. We develop a comprehensive three-level model to explain the phenomenon of radicalisation among young Europeans: (1) individual risk factors include psychological vulnerabilities such as early experiences of abandonment, perceived injustice and personal uncertainty; (2) micro-environmental risk factors include family dysfunction and friendships with radicalised individuals; (3) societal risk factors include geopolitical events and societal changes such as Durkheim’s concept of anomie. Some systemic factors are also implicated as there is a specific encounter between recruiters and the individual. The former use sectarian techniques to isolate and dehumanise the latter and to offer him a new societal model.Conclusion:There are many similarities between psychopathological manifestations of adolescence and mechanisms at stake during the radicalisation process. As a consequence, and despite the rarity of psychotic disorders, mental health professionals have a role to play in the treatment and understanding of radical engagement among European youth. Studies with empirical data are limited, and more research should be promoted (in particular in females and in non-Muslim communities) to better understand the phenomenon and to propose recommendations for prevention and treatment.
Duration of active psychosis and functional outcomes in first-episode non-affective psychosis
Authors: Pelayo-Terán José María , Gajardo-Galán Virginia , Gómez-Revuelta Marcos , Ortiz-García de la Foz Victor , Ayesa-Arriola Rosa , Tabarés-Seisdedos Rafael , Crespo-Facorro Benedicto 
Published: March 2018

AbstractBackground:The duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) has been associated with negative outcomes in psychosis; however, few studies have focused on the duration of active psychotic symptoms after commencing treatment (DAT). In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of DUP and DAT on functional long-term outcomes (3 years) in patients with early psychosis.Methods:We evaluated the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS) at frequent intervals for 3 years after presentation to determine the DAT for 307 individuals with first-episode psychosis together with DUP and clinical variables. The functional outcomes were assessed using the Disability Assessment Scale (DAS) at three years, and functional recovery was defined as minimal impairment and return to activity. Associated variables, DAT and DUP were included in logistic regression models to predict functional outcomes. Receiver operating characteristic curves and Youden’s index were applied to assess the best cut-off values.Results:DAT, (Wald: 13.974; ExpB: 1.097; p < 0.001), premorbid adjustment, initial BPRS score, gender, age of onset and schizophrenia diagnosis were significant predictors of social functioning, whereas only premorbid adjustment (Wald: 11.383; ExpB:1.009), DAT (Wald: 4.850; ExpB: 1.058; p = 0.028) and education were significant predictors of recovery. The optimal cut-off of DAT for predicting social functioning was 3.17 months for DAT (sensitivity: 0.68; specificity: 0.64; Youden’s index: 0.314).Conclusions:DAT is strongly related to functional outcomes independent of the DUP period or other variables. As a modifiable variable, the reduction of the DAT should be considered a main focus of intervention from the onset of the illness to improve long-term outcomes.
Neurotequeoma intraósseo da mão de um jovem de 16 anos
Authors: Cabral João José Lobato Guimarães Ferreira , Balacó Inês Maria Spencer , Alves Cristina Marta da Gama Gomes , Matos António Gabriel de Almeida 
Published: April 2018

ResumoOs tumores dos tecidos moles são raros em idade pediátrica. Descrito pela primeira vez 1969 como um mixoma da bainha nervosa, o neurotequeoma é uma lesão tumoral benigna com presumível origem na bainha nervosa. Ocorre maioritariamente em crianças do sexo feminino e apresenta-se como uma massa de crescimento lento, subcutânea, assintomática e sem alteração da pigmentação local. Localiza-se predominantemente na cabeça, no pescoço, e nas extremidades dos membros superiores. Os autores apresentam um caso clínico de um jovem de 16 anos do sexo masculino com massa tumoral com origem na bainha nervosa no 4° metacarpo esquerdo, intraóssea e recidivada após ressecção cirúrgica 2 anos antes do estudo. Foi feita ressecção marginal da massa tumoral localizada sobre a região distal do quarto metacarpo e curetagem da falange proximal e preenchimento com enxerto ósseo autólogo corticoesponjoso. O paciente apresentou uma evolução clínica pós-operatória favorável, sem queixas álgicas e sem limitações da mobilidade dos dedos da mão. Radiologicamente, foi observado preenchimento trabecular progressivo da falange proximal do quarto metacarpo. Aos 17 meses de seguimento, o paciente se encontra assintomático e não apresenta quaisquer sinais de recidiva. Com a descrição deste caso, os autores pretendem aumentar a familiaridade com essa rara patologia, seu diagnóstico e tratamento.
Do not neglect calcium: a systematic review and meta-analysis (meta-regression) of its digestibility and utilisation in growing and finishing pigs
Authors: Misiura Maciej M. , Filipe João A. N. , Walk Carrie L. , Kyriazakis Ilias 
Published: April 2018

AbstractCa digestibility and utilisation in growing pigs are not well understood, and are usually neglected in diet formulation. This has implications not only for the accurate determination of its requirements but also for its interactions with other nutrients. A systematic review and meta-analysis (meta-regression) of published trials was carried out to quantify factors affecting Ca absorption and utilisation, and to derive an estimate of Ca endogenous excretion. The analysis was carried out on the data from forty studies, corresponding to 201 treatments performed on 1204 pigs. The results indicated that although Ca absorption and retention (g/kg of body weight per d) increased with increasing Ca intake (P<0·001), non-phytate-P intake (P<0·001) and exogenous phytase supplementation (P<0·001), these values decreased with increasing phytate-P intake (P<0·05). Interactions between exogenous phytase and Ca intake, indicating reduced efficacy of this enzyme (P<0·001), and between phytate-P intake and exogenous phytase, counteracting the direct negative effect of phytate-P (P<0·05) on Ca absorption and retention, were also detected. There were no effects of animal-related characteristics, such as pig genotype in Ca absorption and retention. The large amount of variance explained in Ca absorption (90 %) and retention (91 %) supported our choice of independent variables. Endogenous Ca losses obtained via linear regression were 239 mg/kg of DM intake (95 % CI 114, 364). These outcomes advance the current understanding of Ca digestibility and utilisation, and should contribute towards establishing requirements for digestible Ca. Consequently, pig diets will be more correctly formulated if digestible Ca values are used in estimating requirements for Ca.
Manipulation, oppression, and the deep self
Authors: Vargas Manuel R. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThis essay considers various kinds of manipulation cases (local and global, dispositional and situational), and how Doris's Deep Self-style theory of responsibility fares in light of them. Agents acting with preferences adaptively formed under oppression are an especially interesting challenge for this sort of view, and the article considers what options may be available to Doris and others.
The tangled web of agency
Authors: Pe-Curto Alain , Deonna Julien A. , Sander David 
Published: April 2018

AbstractWe characterize Doris's anti-reflectivist, collaborativist, valuational theory along two dimensions. The first dimension is socialentanglement, according to which cognition, agency, and selves are socially embedded. The second dimension isdisentanglement, the valuational element of the theory that licenses the anchoring of agency and responsibility in distinct actors. We then present an issue for the account: theproblem of bad company.
Combined algicidal effect of urocanic acid,N-acetylhistamine andl-histidine to harmful algaPhaeocystis globosa
Authors: Zhuang Luer , Zhao Ling , Yin Pinghe 
Published: April 2018

Ultrastructure ofPhaeocystis globosacells after treatment with EC50value for 72 h: (a) control, (b) ace (16 μg mL−1), (c) uro (8 μg mL−1), (d) uro + ace (1 : 1 TU, 8 : 16 μg mL−1) Chl, chloroplast; CW, cell wall; N, nucleus; PM, plasma membrane.