Ankle Fracture Complications in the Elderly
Authors: Polk Andrew , Buck Brian , Robertson Michael , Cook James , Felton Courtney 
Published: September 2018

Category: Trauma Introduction/Purpose: In the geriatric patient population, pre-existing medical conditions and poor bone quality often make operative fixation of unstable ankle fractures and fracture-dislocations more challenging. The objective of this study was to characterize the complications that occurred following operative fixation of these injuries at our institution and to determine whether complication rates were higher in our geriatric patient population (65 years and older) as compared to our younger patient population. We hypothesized that complication rates in the geriatric population would be significantly higher relative to complication rates in the younger population. We also hypothesized that in elderly patients, the soft tissue envelope would be less forgiving and require significantly more time for swelling to decrease to a level considered appropriate for definitive surgical fixation to occur. Methods: With IRB approval, a review of medical records for patients diagnosed with ankle fractures or fracture-dislocations and operated on between January of 2015 and December of 2016 was performed. Major complications were defined as any adverse outcomes requiring further surgical intervention such as irrigation and debridement for infection or exposed hardware, nonunion, major hardware failure, or amputation. Minor complications included other adverse outcomes which did not require further surgical intervention such as wound dehiscence, loss of reduction, or delayed union. Data were compared for statistically significant (p<0.05) differences. Results: Medical record review produced 110 patients meeting criteria for inclusion with a mean follow-up of 179 days (range, 0 to 601 days). No significant (p>0.08) differences were noted in rates of major, minor, or total complications between geriatric and younger patients treated at our institution (Fig. 1). An analysis of patient characteristics, demonstrated a significantly (p=0.035) higher proportion of trimalleolar ankle fractures within the geriatric population, but the proportions of other injury types were not significantly (p>0.198) different between age groups. Prevalence of tobacco use, alcohol use, illicit drug use, or diabetes mellitus was not found to be significantly different (p>0.058) between age groups. No significant (p=0.12) difference was found in time from injury to definitive surgical treatment between age groups. Conclusion: Complication rates following operative treatment of ankle fractures and fracture-dislocations were not significantly higher in our geriatric patient population, although the incidence of minor complications in the geriatric population was markedly increased relative to the younger population. A lack of significant difference in time from injury to definitive surgical treatment between age groups suggests that geriatric patients may not require a prolonged time for soft tissue swelling to decrease prior to surgery. Further study with a larger sample size is needed to determine if these findings are clinically significant.