bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Landau-level terahertz emission from electrically biased graphene
Authors: Inamura Fumiyuki , Ueda Gen , Kim Sunmi , Patrashin Mikhail , Hosako Iwao , Komiyama Susumu , Ikushima Kenji 
Published: November 2024

Terahertz (THz) emission from electrically biased graphene is studied under high magnetic fields. A quantum well (QW)-based charge-sensitive infrared phototransistor (CSIP) is used to detect weak THz emission from a graphene Hall bar. THz emission is clearly observed at around 5 T when the Hall voltage exceeds the corresponding Landau-level (LL) energy spacing between the zero-energy (N = 0) and first excited (N = +1 or N = −1) LLs, suggesting that the emission occurs primarily at the carrier entry and exit corners of the current contacts in the Hall bar. We also investigate the emission spectra through measurements of the QW spectrum of the CSIP. The emission spectra are well explained by the N = +1 → 0 (or N = −1 → 0) inter-LL radiative transition in monolayer graphene. The linewidth of the emission spectra is estimated to be on the order of 10 meV, even though no explicit LL splitting is observed in the magnetotransport at 5 T.
TM and P dual sites on polymeric carbon nitride enable highly selective CO reduction to C2 products with low potentials: A theoretical perspective
Authors: Ji Shuang , Lin Wei 
Published: November 2024

The CO reduction reaction (CORR) for the production of high-value-added multi-carbon (C2+) products is currently being actively investigated, where searching for high-efficiency catalysts with moderate CO intermediate binding strength and low kinetic barrier for C–C coupling poses a significant challenge. In this study, we employed density functional theory computations to design four synergistic coupling dual sites catalysts for CORR to C2 products, namely, TM-P@melon, by co-doping transition metals (TM = Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni) and phosphorus (P) into the polymeric carbon nitride (i.e., melon-CN). Mn–P@melon and Ni–P@melon exhibit higher selectivity toward C2H5OH and C2H6, respectively, with limiting potentials (C–C coupling kinetic energy barriers) of −0.43 V (0.52 eV) and −0.17 V (0.26 eV), respectively. The introduction of TM and P atoms not only narrows the band gap of melon-CN but also favors the coupling of CO and *CHO, providing an active site for C–C coupling, thus facilitating the catalytic reaction. Our work provides rational insights for the design of stable, low-cost, and efficient CORR dual sites catalysts that facilitate the sustainable production of high-value C2 chemicals and fuels.
Classical characters of spinor fields in torsion gravity
Authors: Fabbri Luca 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
We consider the problem of having relativistic quantum mechanics re-formulated with hydrodynamic variables, and specifically the problem of deriving the Mathisson–Papapetrou–Dixon equations (describing the motion of a massive spinning body moving in a gravitational field) from the Dirac equation. The problem will be answered on a general manifold with torsion and gravity. We will demonstrate that when plane waves are considered the MPD equations describe the general relativistic wave-particle duality with torsion (Guedes and Popławski 2024 Class. Quantum Grav.
41 065011), but we will also see that in such a form the MPD equations become trivial.
The linearization of the boundary rigidity problem for MP-systems and generic local boundary rigidity
Authors: Muñoz-Thon Sebastián 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
We consider an

MP

-system, that is, a compact Riemannian manifold with boundary, endowed with a magnetic field and a potential. On simple

MP

-systems, we study the

MP

-ray transform in order to obtain new boundary rigidity results for

MP

-systems. We show that there is an explicit relation between the

MP

-ray transform and the magnetic one, which allows us to apply results from Dairbekov et al (2007 Adv. Math.
216 535–609) to our case. Regarding rigidity, we show that there exists a generic set

G

m

of simple

MP

-systems, which is open and dense, such that any two

MP

-systems close to an element in it and having the same boundary action function, must be k-gauge equivalent.
Nanosecond resolved vibrational kinetics of

CO
2

in

CO
2

/

N
2

mixtures measured in a pulsed discharge jet
Authors: Busch Christian A , Lepikhin Nikita D , Orel Inna , Kuhfeld Jan , Luggenhölscher Dirk , Czarnetzki Uwe 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This work studies the vibrational kinetics of CO2/N2 mixtures in a nanosecond pulsed near atmospheric pressure plasma jet. Quantum-cascade laser absorption spectroscopy is used to measure the populations of rovibrationally excited states of CO2 without any assumption on a particular vibrational distribution function and with a variable time resolution of as high as 8 ns. These studies are complemented by measurements using electric field induced second harmonic generation and electrical measurements to characterize the discharge. The nanosecond pulsing, combined with fast diagnostics, allows for a temporal separation of processes on different timescales, namely, electron impact excitation (e-V) during the discharge and vibrational-vibrational (V-V) and vibrational-translational (V-T) transfer in the afterglow. During the discharge, the Fermi resonant

10
0

01

state is excited at a higher rate than the energetically close

02
2

01

state of the bending mode, leading to different effective vibrational temperatures. In the afterglow, the two vibrational temperatures converge to a combined vibrational temperature T
12 within

200

ns

. This equilibration process is observed here for the first time. In the afterglow, the populations of all vibrational states increase for several 10

μ
s

. This can be attributed to the V-V transfer from N2 to the asymmetric stretch mode of CO2 and from the latter to the other vibrational modes of CO2. An increase of the N2 admixture, which acts as an energy reservoir for the CO2, enhances the increase of the vibrational populations of CO2 in the afterglow and slows down the decay of the asymmetric mode in the late afterglow through continuous replenishment via V-V transfer. The combined data of all diagnostics allow for a detailed comparison with kinetic models.
Sulfur hexafluoride multiple breath washin and washout outcomes in infants are not interchangeable
Authors: Kentgens Anne-Christianne , Wyler Florian , Oestreich Marc-Alexander , Latzin Philipp , Yammine Sophie 
Published: October 2024

Abstract

Objective. Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) multiple-breath washout (MBW) assesses ventilation inhomogeneity, as an early marker of obstructive respiratory diseases. Primary outcomes are customarily washout-derived, and it is unclear whether the preceding SF6-washin can provide similar estimates. We aimed to assess comparability of primary SF6-MBW outcomes between washin and washout phases of infant SF6-MBW data measured with the WBreath (ndd Medizintechnik AG, Zurich, Switzerland) and Spiroware (Eco Medics AG, Duernten, Switzerland) MBW-setups, respectively. Approach. We assessed mean relative differences in lung clearance index (LCI) and functional residual capacity (FRC) between the washin and washout of existing SF6-MBW data from healthy infants and infants with cystic fibrosis (CF). We assessed whether these differences exceeded the mean relative within-test between-trial differences of washout-derived outcomes, which can be attributed to natural variability. We also explored non-physiological factors using a pediatric lung simulator. Main results. LCI and FRC from washin and washout were not comparable, for both setups. The mean difference (SD) in LCI between washin and washout was 2.3(10.8)% for WBreath and −9.7(8.0)% for Spiroware, while in FRC it was −4.7(8.4)% for WBreath and −2.3(9.7)% for Spiroware. These differences exceeded the within-test between-trial differences in washout-derived outcomes. Outcomes from washin and washout were also not comparable in a pediatric lung simulator. Significance. Outcomes of the washin and washout were not comparable due to an interplay of physiological and non-physiological factors, and cannot be used interchangeably.
Sensitivity study of heat transfer in a Jeffrey ferro-hybrid nanofluid bioconvective squeezing flow with inclined MHD and higher-order chemical reaction: entropy analysis
Authors: Samal Seetalsmita , Ontela Surender 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The present investigation concentrates on analyzing heat transfer and entropy formation in a time-reliant bioconvective flow of a blood-based Jeffrey hybrid nanofluid via a squeezing channel that is suctioned or injected at the lower plate. Cu nanoparticles and Fe
3
O
4 ferro-nanoparticles are suspended in base-fluid blood. Adding ferro-nanoparticles to a flow process allows for better control of the external magnetic field and improved heat transmission. Noble integration of an aligned magnetic field, Joule’s heating, thermal radiation, and higher-order chemical reactions is taken into account in the flow in a porous media. An appropriate choice of similarity variables leads to the non-dimensionalization of the governing equations, that are subsequently solved by the homotopy analysis method (HAM), yielding a semi-analytical solution. An innovative feature of this research is the optimization of heat transfer by the application of the response surface methodology (RSM) technique. Additionally, sensitivity analysis was carried out to identify the most influential parameter. The study’s findings indicate that increased suction reduces both velocity and temperature distributions in both the nanofluid and hybrid nanofluid models. In terms of thermal performance, the Blood/Fe
3
O
4 − Cu hybrid nanofluid surpasses the Blood/Fe
3
O
4 nanofluid. The rate of thermal energy transfer is highly sensitive to variations in the Eckert number, while thermal radiation has a relatively lesser impact. Moreover, elevated levels of the magnetic parameter, Eckert number, and nanoparticle concentration lead to augmented entropy formation. This mathematical model is effective for analyzing drug transport mechanisms throughout the human body and presents extensive potential applications in the fields of biology and healthcare.
High-efficiency wide-angle anomalous refraction with acoustic metagrating
Authors: Sun 孙 Kangyao 康瑶 , Fan 樊 Yuancheng 元成 , Ye 叶 Zhehao 哲浩 , Li 李 Jiahui 嘉荟 , Fu 付 Quanhong 全红 , Zeng 曾 Yali 雅丽 , Zhang 张 Fuli 富利 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The emergent metagrating, with its unique and flexible beam shaping capabilities, offers new paths to efficient modulation of acoustic waves. In this work, an acoustic metagrating is demonstrated for high-efficiency and wide-angle anomalous refraction. It is shown that the normal reflection and transmission can be totally suppressed by properly modulating the amplitude and phase characteristics of the metagrating supercells for high-efficiency anomalous refraction. The anomalous refraction behavior is achieved in the wide range of incident angles from 28° to 78°, and the efficiency of −1st order diffraction is higher than 90% by finely designing the metagrating structure. The anomalous refraction behaviors are verified experimentally at incidence angle of 28°, 45°, and 78°, respectively. The demonstrated metagrating is anticipated to possess efficient wide-angle composite wavefront engineering applications in such fields as communications.
On how finite β and three-dimensional magnetic perturbations affect the instability of toroidal ion temperature gradient mode
Authors: Huang Zhangsheng , Guo Weixin , Wang Lu 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The effects of finite

β

(the ratio of plasma kinetic pressure to magnetic pressure) and three-dimensional (3D) magnetic perturbations (MPs) on the instability of toroidal ion temperature gradient (ITG) mode are studied in this work. The expression of ion magnetic drift frequency

ω

d
i

modified by the effects from both finite

β

and 3D MPs is firstly derived based on the local 3D equilibrium model. Then, under the assumptions of adiabatic electrons and localized mode structure around the outboard mid-plane (

ϑ

p

=
0

), the dispersion equation of the long wavelength toroidal ITG mode with considering the parallel ion dynamics is derived and solved. The results show that the distribution of

ω

d
i

around the outboard mid-plane, including both

ω

d
i
,
0

=

ω

d
i

|

ϑ

p

=
0

and

ω

d
i
,
0

′
′

≡

(

d

2

ω

d
i

/

d

ϑ

p

2

)

|

ϑ

p

=
0

(twist parameter quantifying the degree of concave or convex of

ω

d
i

), is the key for affecting the toroidal ITG mode instability. The diamagnetic effects from finite

β

and the effects from 3D MPs can suppress the instability by reducing

|

ω

d
i
,
0

|

. Via reducing

|

ω

d
i
,
0

′
′

|

under the prerequisite of unchanged sign of

ω

d
i
,
0

′
′

, there also exist stabilization effects on the instability from 3D MPs and the modification of local magnetic shear by finite

β

effects. In addition, the stabilization effects induced by reducing

|

ω

d
i
,
0

′
′

|

are closely associated with the global magnetic shear. The mechanisms for the effects of finite

β

and 3D MPs on the instability of toroidal ITG mode revealed in this work are helpful to the comprehensive understanding of the relationship between internal kink mode induced non-axisymmetric flux surface distortion and internal transport barrier physics in tokamak plasmas.
Prediction of fishbone linear instability in tokamaks with machine learning methods
Authors: Liu Z.Y. , Qiu H.R. , Fu G.Y. , Xiao Y. , Chen Y.C. , Wang Z.J. , Wei Y.X. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
A machine learning based surrogate model for fishbone linear instability in tokamaks is constructed. Hybrid simulations with the kinetic-magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) code M3D-K is used to generate the database of fishbone linear instability, through scanning the four key parameters which are thought to determine the fishbone physics. The four key parameters include (1) central total beta of both thermal plasma and fast ions, (2) the fast ion pressure fraction, (3) central value of safety factor q and (4) the radius of q = 1 surface. Four machine learning methods including linear regression, support vector machines (SVM) with linear kernel, SVM with nonlinear kernel and multi-layer perceptron are used to predict the fishbone instability, growth rate and real frequency, mode structure respectively. Among the four methods, SVM with nonlinear kernel performs very well to predict the linear instability with accuracy

≈

95
%

, growth rate and real frequency with

R
2

≈
98
%

, mode structure with

R
2

≈
98
%

.
Numerical study of the synergetic current drive by lower hybrid waves and loop voltage
Authors: Ma W.Q. , Li M.H. , Wu C.B. , Savoye-Peysson Y. , Ding B.J. , Yan G.H. , Wang M. , Liu L. , Wu Z.G. , Yan N. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Thanks to the tail of fast electrons generated by the lower hybrid (LH) waves, the plasma conductivity changes significantly with respect to the ohmic heating status (Fisch 1985 Phys. Fluids
28 245). In this paper, the synergy effects of lower hybrid current drive (LHCD) in the presence of a DC electric field (namely, the loop voltage V
loop ≠ 0) on the EAST tokamak are studied numerically using the ray tracing and Fokker–Planck tools of C3PO/LUKE. In addition to the normal case of a positive loop voltage with an asymmetric power spectrum (namely, co-current LHCD), the synergy effects of negative loop voltage with an asymmetric power spectrum (namely, counter LHCD), and positive/negative loop voltage with a symmetric power spectrum are also investigated, which are previously rarely reported. It is found that the total plasma conductivity can be increased by a factor of 1.68–2.18 (depending on the value of V
loop) when a 1.1 MW LH power at 2.45 GHz with a symmetric power spectrum is injected. Furthermore, unlike the asymmetric power spectrum, the direction of the sum of the pure LH current (I
lh0) and the synergetic current (I
ad) resulting from the variation in plasma conductivity is always in line with the ohmic current (I
oh) for a symmetric power spectrum, which is favorable for AC tokamak operation. These simulated results are helpful for LHCD applications, especially in current ramp-up and AC operation.
Preliminary study on temperature distribution and pyroelectric current of LiNbO3 heated by nanosecond pulse laser
Authors: Cao Xiang , Dai Chuqiao , Guo Zhengpeng , Zhang Tianhao , Jiang Xianlong , Ma Wei , Zou Liping , Lu Liang , Yang Zhen 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
In order to reduce the volume of compact neutron generators,
a lot of investigations are carried out on generating high voltages
by heating pyroelectric crystals with external heating. Laser
irradiation is an effective non-contact heating method. Different
laser parameters determine the crystal's temperature distribution,
impacting the accelerating electric field. A preliminary study on
the temperature distribution and pyroelectric current response of
LiNbO3 heated by nanosecond pulse laser is presented, including
both direct heating and heating with Cu and Ti disks adhered to the
crystal. A two-dimensional transient heat transfer and circuit model
is constructed in COMSOL. To validate the simulation model of
temperature field distribution, FLIR thermal camera is utilized to
measure the temperature in laser spot center experimentally. The
experimental results coincide with simulations, which prove that the
simulation model can predict temperature field distribution of the
pyroelectric crystal effectively. This study can benefit the
optimization of laser parameters for modulating high-quality
deuterium ion acceleration fields.
Characterization of fast ion loss in the EHL-2 spherical torus
Authors: SUN 孙 Tiantian 恬恬 , JIANG 姜 Xinchen 欣辰 , LI 李 Zhi 直 , GU 顾 Xiang 翔 , WANG 王 Xueyun 雪韵 , DONG 董 Lili 力立 , YANG 杨 Danke 丹可 , LI 李 Pengmin 鹏敏 , WANG 王 Hanqing 汉清 , LIU 刘 Shuo 硕 , LI 李 Yingying 颖颖 , XIE 谢 Huasheng 华生 , SHI 石 Yuejiang 跃江 , LIANG 梁 Yunfeng 云峰 , LIU 刘 Minsheng 敏胜 , the EHL-2 Team  
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This study analyzes fast ion losses in the EHL-2 fusion device, focusing on both beam ions and alpha particles as p-11B fusion reaction products. Using the Monte Carlo orbit-following code TGCO, we evaluate particle confinement under various operational scenarios, including co-injected tangential neutral beam injection at beam energies of 60 keV, 80 keV, and 200 keV. Our simulations estimate the heat load driven by lost beam ions and find it to be within acceptable material limits for a plasma current on the order of mega-amperes. Additionally, we simulate the distribution of fusion products and observe a higher particle loss fraction for alpha particles compared to beam ions. However, due to the relatively low fusion power, these lost alpha particles are unlikely to significantly impact the plasma-facing materials. To assess the impact of the magnetic ripple, we compute the ripple field distribution by modelling the toroidal field (TF) coils as current filaments. The results indicate that the ripple field effect on particle confinement is minimal, primarily due to the large distance of over 1 m between the TF coils and the plasma on the low-field side. The analysis based on the test particle model is a foundational step in ensuring the basic safety aspects of the new device, which is essential for developing a robust design, optimizing performance, and maintaining safe operation.
Enhancing urban mobility: predicting traffic congestion with optimized ML model
Authors: Pandove Gitanjali 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Traffic congestion is a critical challenge in urban areas, leading to increased travel times, pollution, and a decreased quality of life. This study addresses this issue by developing a predictive model for traffic congestion using the eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) machine learning model, enhanced with hyperparameter optimization and detrending techniques. Key traffic parameters, including waiting times, vehicle angles, latitude, longitude, and speeds, are incorporated to improve the model’s accuracy. Compared to ARIMA and LSTM models, the proposed XGBoost model significantly outperforms these approaches. LSTM exhibits much higher prediction errors. The XGBoost model, with its lowest MAE (0.007), MSE (0.008), and an accuracy of 99.5%, demonstrates superior performance and efficiency. Implemented in Python using the SUMO simulator for real-time traffic data, the proposed model showcases robust predictive capabilities, contributing to smarter urban mobility solutions and improved transportation systems. These findings underscore the effectiveness of advanced machine learning techniques in predicting traffic congestion and provide valuable insights for developing smarter urban mobility solutions. The study’s contributions aim to enhance transportation systems and improve the overall quality of urban life.
The Rise of the Gok Turks and the Last Great War of Antiquity
Authors: Blachford Kevin 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The Two Eyes rivalry would expand in the sixth century into new geopolitical areas as the two powers’ mutual competition would reach the Red Sea and the steppes of central Asia in a struggle for control of the silk trade from the east. The expansion of trade between east and west, as led by the nomadic Gok Turks, would become an increasing feature of the Two Eyes rivalry as each empire sought to prevent the other from gaining control of the trade in exotic goods. The Byzantines sought to bypass the Persian monopoly on the silk trade and use the Gok Turks to balance against the Persian shah. The arrival of the Gok Turks from the steppe was therefore a primary factor leading to the Last Great War of Antiquity.
No Magic in Forms
Authors: Funk Kellen R 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines what David Dudley Field considered to be the central reform of his code: the abolition of the forms of action and the institution of “fact pleading.” Because the code required “fact pleading” without defining any of its operative terms, jurists were left to puzzle out how common law and chancery had distinguished material claims from frivolous arguments and whether those methods were compatible in a fused system. Ultimately, the code’s aim to sunder substance and procedure was partially realized, but not in the way the codifiers, least of all Field, had intended. Through the slow development of case law and treatise literature, practitioners gradually came to think of the old common law pleading requirements as independent “elements” of a rights claim. In time, the practitioner’s sense inverted itself: instead of looking to pleadings to learn the law, apprentice lawyers could look to “the law” to figure out what to plead. But instead of this revolution bursting in with the passage of the code, it developed slowly, case by case, as jurists who were initially confused by the code’s lack of guidance thought back through the logic of the writ system and wrenched its principles into something like a substantive law of right.