bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kardiyak cerrahi sonrası gelişen sağlık bakımı ile ilişkili enfeksiyonların değerlendirilmesi-tek merkez deneyimi
Authors: KARAKOÇ Zehra Çağla 
Published: September 2019

Giriş: Son yıllarda artan aterosklerotik kalp
hastalığı insidansı ile orantılı olarak, dünyada ve ülkemizde kardiyak cerrahi
giderek artan sayıda hastaya uygulanmaktadır. Bu ameliyatlar sonrası gelişen
sağlık bakımı ile ilişkili enfeksiyon (SBİE)’lar ise ileri yaş ve
komorbiditeleri olan bu hasta grubunda mortalitenin önemli bir nedenidir.
Literatürde bu enfeksiyonların sıklığı %2,25-24,9 arasında bildirilmektedir.
Çalışmamızda kardiyak cerrahi sonrası SBİE gelişen hastaların risk
faktörlerinin, mikrobiyolojik özelliklerinin ve mortalite oranlarının
retrospektif olarak değerlendirilmesi amaçlandı.

Yöntemler: Çalışmamıza Ocak 2013- Eylül 2018 tarihleri
arasında açık kalp cerrahisi ameliyatı olan 744 erişkin hastada gelişen 36 SBİE
dahil edildi. Olguların demografik bilgileri, olası SBİE risk faktörleri, etken
mikroorganizmalar ve antibiyotik duyarlılıkları, mortaliteleri hastane
kayıtları ve enfeksiyon kontrol komitesi sürveyans dosyalarından retrospektif
olarak değerlendirildi. Üreyen bakteri türleri ve antibiyotik duyarlılıkları
VITEK® 2 (bioMérieux, Marcyl’Etoile, Fransa) otomatize sistemi ile tanımlandı.

Bulgular: Ortalama SBİE hızı %4,8 (36/744), cerrahi alan enfeksiyon (CAE) hızı
%2.9 (22/744) olarak saptandı. Enfeksiyon gelişen 32 hastanın 21’sine (%65,6)
koroner arter by-pass cerrahisi uygulandı.Olguların 23 (%71,9)’ü erkek,
ortalama yaşları 62.2 (38-80) olup, 22 (%68,8)’sinin ASA skoru ≥3 idi. Ortalama
vücut kitle indeksi 24,8, 11(%34,4)’i obez hastalardan oluşmaktaydı. Yirmi yedi
(%84,3) hastada en az bir komorbidite vardı ve en sık komorbidite %43,7 oranında
diyabetti. Enfeksiyonların dağılımı sırası ile; %61,1’i (CAE), %24,9’u pnömoni,
%8,2’si kan dolaşımı enfeksiyonu, %5,5’i idrar yolu enfeksiyonu idi.
Etyolojiden sorumlu mikroorganizmalar %77,8 (28/36) enfeksiyonda izole
edilebildi ve en baskın etken; %55,6 (20/36) ile gram negatif mikroorganizmalar
idi. Sağlık bakımı ile ilişkili enfeksiyon gelişenlerde%28,1(9/32)oranında
mortalite gelişti.

Sonuç: Çalışmamızda tek merkezin kalp ameliyatları
sonrasında gelişen SBİE’larını paylaştık. SBİE’ların gelişimi açısından en
temel risk faktörleri; ileri yaş, yüksek ASA (AmericanSociety of Anestesiology)
skoru, diyabet, obezite, internalmammarian arter kullanımı, uzayan ameliyat
süresi, intraoperatif kan ve kan ürünü kullanımı, post-operatifhiperglisemik
seyir, uzayan mekanik ventilasyon süresidir. Literatürdeki büyük olgu volümlü
çalışma sonuçları da bizim sonuçlarımızı desteklemektedir.
Seasonal and inter-annual community structure characteristics of zooplankton driven by water environment factors in a sub-lake of Lake Poyang, China
Authors: Hu Beijuan , Hu Xuren , Nie Xue , Zhang Xiaoke , Wu Naicheng , Hong Yijiang , Qin Hai Ming 
Published: September 2019

BackgroundSub-lakes are important for the maintenance of the ecosystem integrity of Lake Poyang, and zooplankton play an important role in its substance and energy flow.MethodsA seasonal investigation of zooplankton was conducted in spring (April), summer (July), autumn (October) and winter (January of the following year) from 2012 to 2016 in a sub-lake of Lake Poyang. The aim of the present study was to understand the seasonal dynamics and interannual variation of zooplankton communities and their relationship to environmental factors.ResultsA total of 115 species were identified in all samples in the four years, which comprised of 87 Rotifera, 13 Cladocera and 15 Copepoda. Rotifera was the dominant group in terms of quantity, and its species richness and abundance were significantly higher when compared to Cladocera and Copepoda (P < 0.05), while Cladocera dominated in terms of biomass. The species richness of Rotifera exhibited a significant seasonal difference (P < 0.05). Both the density and biomass of zooplankton revealed significant seasonal differences (P < 0.05). In general, the density and biomass of zooplankton were higher in summer and autumn, when compared to winter and spring. Biodiversity indices were dramatically lower in spring than in the other seasons. The non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) analysis suggested that these zooplankton communities can be divided into three groups: spring community, summer-autumn community, and winter community. The seasonal succession of zooplankton communities did not have interannual reproducibility. In high water level years, the dominant species of zooplankton (Cladocerans and Copepods) in the wet season had a lower density, and the result in low water level years was exactly the opposite. The redundancy analysis revealed that water temperature (WT), conductivity, pH and dissolved oxygen (DO) had significant effects on the zooplankton community.ConclusionsThe community structure of zooplankton has a significant seasonal pattern, but has no interannual repeatability. In high water level years, the dominant species of zooplankton (Cladocerans and Copepods) in the wet season had a lower density, and the result in low water level years was exactly the opposite. The density, biomass and diversity indices of zooplankton were significantly different in different seasons. The present study was helpful in the further understanding of the ecosystem stability of lakes connected with rivers, providing scientific guidance for the protection of lake wetlands.
Why the long face? Comparative shape analysis of miniature, pony, and other horse skulls reveals changes in ontogenetic growth
Authors: Heck Laura , Sanchez-Villagra Marcelo R. , Stange Madlen 
Published: September 2019

Background
Much of the shape variation found in animals is based on allometry and heterochrony. Horses represent an excellent model to investigate patterns of size-shape variation among breeds that were intentionally bred for extreme small and large sizes.

Methods
We tested whether ponies (wither height < 148 cm) have a diverging size-shape relationship in skull shape as compared to regular-sized horse breeds (wither height > 148 cm, here-after called horses) during ontogenetic growth. We used a dataset of 194 specimens from 25 horse and 13 pony breeds, two of which are miniature breeds (wither height < 96.5 cm)—Falabella, Shetland. We applied three-dimensional geometric morphometrics, linear measurements, and multivariate analyses (Procrustes ANOVAs) to quantitatively examine and compare the ontogenetic trajectories between pony and horse breeds with an emphasis on the miniature breeds as an extreme case of artificial selection on size. Additionally, we tested for juvenile characteristics in adult horse and miniature breeds that could resemble “paedomorphosis”—retention of juvenile characteristics in adult stage; e.g. large eyes, large braincase-to-face-relationship, and large head-to-body relationship.

Results
Allometric regression of size on shape revealed that 42% of shape variation could be explained by variation in size in all breeds. The ontogenetic trajectories of ponies and horses vary in slope and therefore in rate of change per unit size, and length. The differences in trajectory lengths and slopes result in ponies having a similar skull shape in an older age stage than horses of the same size in a younger age stage. This pattern could cause the generally perceived “paedomorphic” appearance of ponies. Miniature breeds have larger heads in relation to wither height compared to horses, a non-paedomorphic feature in horses specifically. Also, rostra (faces) are longer in adult individuals than in juveniles across all kinds of breeds. This pattern can be explained by the long-face hypothesis for grazing ungulates and could possibly be caused by the mismatch of selection by humans for shorter rostra and the dentition of ruminants.

Conclusions
Miniature breed specimens do not exhibit any of the classical mammalian “paedomorphic” features (large orbits, large heads), except for the adult Falabella that has enlarged orbits, possibly because they are herbivorous ungulates that are affected by functional and metabolic constraints related to low nutrient-food consumption. Instead ponies, including miniature breeds, have faster and shorter ontogenetic growth compared to horses, resulting in adult pony skulls looking in part like juvenile horse skulls.
Influence of Kraal Manure, Chicken Manure and Inorganic Fertilizer on Growth, Yield and Post-harvest Quality of Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) in a Sub-tropical Environment
Authors: Kunene Thulani R. , Masarirambi Michael T. , Wahome Paul K. , Oseni Tajudeen O. 
Published: September 2019

The excessive unjustified use of some kinds of fertilizers has seen some farmers realizing poor quality fruit that does not appeal to the final consumer, thus negatively affecting the effort of alleviating poverty in the Kingdom of Eswatini. This experiment was carried out at the Horticulture Department Lath House, Faculty of Agriculture, Luyengo Campus of the University of Eswatini to determine the growth, yield and shelf-life of green pepper when fertilized with kraal manure, poultry manure and inorganic fertilizer. The experiment was conducted to find the optimum levels of fertilizers that promotes the growth of pepper and to find the effects of different fertilizers on yield and quality of pepper. The treatments included kraal manure applied at 60 t/ha, [NPK (2:3:2) 37] at 370 kg/ha, chicken manure at 40 t per hectare and the control with no amendment. The results showed that growing pepper using the four treatments significantly affected its growth rate, leaf number, fruit number and its (fruit) shelf life. Pepper grown using inorganic fertilizer had the highest leaf number followed in decreasing order by chicken manure, kraal manure and lastly peppers which did not receive any amendment. There were no significant difference in the growth rate of pepper in the inorganic fertilizer and chicken manure treatments. Similarly, there was no significant difference of pepper grown with chicken manure and chemical fertilizer in the number of days it took the harvested pepper to reach 100% decay stored at room temperature for 21 days. Yet pepper grown with kraal manure was significantly different from the two as it showed 20% decay rate in the same number of days. Although the control had the least decay, the yield was the lowest thus it is not recommended. Kraal manure at 60 t/ha is recommended in the production of pepper with a longer shelf life.
Energy Potential Study of Some Tropical Wood Species from Nigeria
Authors: Asibor J. O. , Akhator E. P. , Obanor A. I. 
Published: September 2019

Aims: To carry out experimental study of the energy potential of some tropical wood species.
Study Design: It involved sample collection, experimental analysis and numerical validation of the obtained calorific values.
Place and Duration of Study: National Centre for Energy Research and Development (NCERD), University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria between November 2016 and September 2018.
Methodology: Wood waste (saw dust) from ten (10) selected tropical wood species sourced from sawmills in Benin City, Nigeria were subjected to proximate analysis, ultimate analysis as well as energy content study.
Results: Thermal conversion characteristics of low ash content (0.2 – 2.76%), very high volatile matter (87.51 – 90.94%), low moisture content (8.62 – 10.53%.), relatively high carbon, hydogen and oxygen contents as well as low nitrogen and sulphur contents were observed. Obtained calorific values were validated using three already existing correlations.
Conclusion: Among the 10 species studied, Afzelia africana (Apa) was found to be best suited for energy generation while Triplocyton scleroxylon (Obeche) was found to be least suited.
Procedure Coding, Reimbursement, and Billing Compliance
Authors: Baselski Vickie S. , Weissfeld Alice S. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Correct procedure coding is the foundation for accurate documentation of services for workload productivity determination in addition to accurate billing and reimbursement for services and is a critical element of a laboratory compliance program. This chapter discusses factors to be considered in code selection. Several code types are used for microbiology services. These include: CPT codes, HCPCS codes, and other procedure coding systems. Microbiology coding is based on methodological approaches in the laboratory and falls into several categories. Billing for laboratory test procedures occurs via several different mechanisms. The primary billing mechanisms include the following: retrospective payment, prospective payment, new technology add‐on payments, and value‐based payments. The primary role for the laboratory in reimbursement is to ensure that correct coding has been applied to services rendered so that appropriate billing and workload documentation occurs.
Introduction
Authors: Harrington Amanda T. , Yarbrough Melanie L. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
The aerobic bacteriology encompasses procedures used for the culture of aerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria that are routinely recovered from human clinical specimens as well as specialized procedures for more fastidious organisms. This chapter reflects common associations between selected organisms at a particular site of infection. Each procedure provides information on isolation and recognition of these bacteria as well as their clinical relevance. The chapter concludes with procedures for rapid and streamlined identification of many common and important aerobic bacteria. While the tables and flowcharts in these procedures are designed to identify clinically important microorganisms using minimal phenotypic testing, in many cases, additional testing is needed for a specific species‐level identification. With the application of newer technologies such as total laboratory automation and artificial intelligence processes procedures for recovery and identification of aerobic bacteria within the clinical microbiology laboratory will continue to evolve.
Body Fluid Cultures (Excluding Blood, Cerebrospinal Fluid, and Urine)
Authors: Moore Nicholas M. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract

Infection of normally sterile body fluids often results in severe morbidity and mortality; therefore, rapid and accurate microbiological assessment of these samples is important for successful patient management. Care must be taken during specimen collection and transport to ensure that the specimen is not contaminated. Causes of prosthetic joint infection vary depending on the joint infected and the time between implantation and infection. Peritoneal fluid can be contaminated with numerous mixed gastrointestinal (GI) microbiota in cases of perforation of the GI tract, but in patients with peritonitis secondary to continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) or spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, the likely pathogen may be present in very low numbers. In peritonitis secondary to CAPD, the typical pathogens are staphylococci; viridans group streptococci; non‐glucose‐fermenting, Gram‐negative bacilli;
Candida albicans
and other
Candida
spp.; and fungi.
Leptospira
Culture
Authors: Galloway Renee L. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract

Leptospirosis is a zoonosis caused by spirochetes of the genus
Leptospira
.
Leptospira
serovars that are antigenically related are further grouped into serogroups, primarily to simplify serologic diagnosis. Infection with
Leptospira
in humans may result in a wide spectrum of symptoms, ranging from mild, undifferentiated febrile illness to severe multiorgan system disease, with jaundice, renal failure, cardiac complications, severe pulmonary hemorrhagic syndrome, and high mortality. Clinical recognition of leptospirosis is difficult because leptospires can affect many different organ systems, resulting in a nonspecific clinical presentation. Consequently, leptospirosis is often misdiagnosed as influenza, malaria, aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, dengue fever, hepatitis, or gastroenteritis. Direct dark‐field smears are not recommended for leptospirosis diagnosis due to their lack of sensitivity. Leptospires are aerobic bacteria that can be cultivated at 30 degree Celsius in media containing either rabbit serum or bovine serum albumin and fatty acids.
Identification of Gram‐Negative Bacteria
Authors: Munson Erik , Podzorski Raymond P. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
The Gram‐negative bacteria are a heterogeneous group of organisms consisting of numerous families, genera, and species, many of which cause serious disease and endotoxic shock. The accurate, rapid identification of Gram‐negative bacilli, coccobacilli, and diplococci makes it possible to provide timely, meaningful treatment and diagnosis of disease. Commercial kit‐based identification systems do an excellent job of identifying most pathogens with minimal work and are often a major tool in the laboratory's identification system. Deciding when to use a commercial system and which system to use for identification is key to success in providing the identification in a timely manner. The speed of identification and extremely low reagent cost make the technology a desirable means of organism identification in the clinical microbiology setting. In the course of the potential rapid identification of Gram‐negative coccobacilli and Gram‐negative bacilli, the clinical microbiology laboratory may encounter isolates that are potential agents of bioterrorism.
Commercial Kit and Rapid Enzymatic Systems for the Identification of Anaerobes
Authors: Valencia‐Shelton Frances , Bard Jennifer Dien 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Biochemical systems for identification of anaerobes rely on the metabolic breakdown of substrates and the production of end products during the growth of the isolated organism. There is currently one commercially packaged kit system that uses this method for the identification of commonly isolated anaerobic bacteria in the clinical microbiology laboratory: the API 20A system. The API 20A requires overnight incubation, whereas rapid identification of anaerobes can be accomplished with commercially available microsystems that detect preformed enzymes of isolate suspension within a few hours. Database and numerical identification profiles are provided by the manufacturer for each system. Identification of anaerobes to the species level was reported at 74% with rapid enzymatic systems, compared to 50% with API 20A. The use of rapid methods such as matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization–time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry has certainly replaced biochemicals and enzymatic reactions in many laboratories.
Anaerobic Cocci
Authors: She Rosemary C. , Church Deirdre L. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract

The anaerobic cocci are a prominent part of the normal human microbiota of the skin, gastrointestinal tract, oral cavity, upper respiratory tract, and female genital tract. Gram‐positive anaerobic cocci (GPAC) can be important human pathogens, and next to the Gram‐negative anaerobic bacilli (GNAC), these anaerobes are the most isolated in clinically relevant infections. Anaerobic cocci recovered in isolation from specimens obtained from specific types of invasive infections and specimen types should be fully identified to the genus and often species level. Anaerobic cocci isolated from blood cultures, other sterile fluids, deep organ tissues, deep wounds, or abscesses may particularly be fully analyzed to aid clinical management. Anaerobic cocci can be identified by Gram stain, colonial morphology, rapid tests, and various biochemical reactions, in tube or kit systems.
Finegoldia magna
is the most predominant pathogen among the GPAC and can be solely responsible for several different types of infections.
Preanalytical Considerations and Laboratory Processing of Samples for Blood Culture
Authors: Tibbetts Robert J. , Harrington Amanda T. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents the preanalytical considerations and laboratory processing of samples for blood culture. Bloodstream infection and sepsis remain one of the most significant causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Establishing an etiologic diagnosis for bloodstream infections is an essential role of clinical microbiology laboratories. The number of blood culture bottles collected and the volume of blood collected in each bottle also significantly impact recovery of organisms and interpretation of results. The volume of blood obtained for culture is typically determined using an age‐ or weight‐based calculation. Adequate volume of blood is the single most important factor in the laboratory detection of microorganisms in the bloodstream, regardless of age; when blood culture is optimized to the recommended volumes, the more likely a culture will be positive. Blood culture collection prior to administration of antimicrobials is essential for optimal organism recovery.
Broad‐Range PCR and Emerging Technologies for the Direct Detection of Microorganisms from Blood Specimens
Authors: Green Daniel A. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Broad‐range PCR methods that amplify and sequence the 16S rRNA gene have been used for bacterial identification both from blood culture bottles and directly from whole blood. Applied to residual positive blood culture broth, broad‐range PCR has been shown to increase the detection of clinically significant bacteria when combined with routine culture, although higher rates of contaminating organisms may also be detected. Broad‐range PCR has also been demonstrated to have high concordance with conventional blood culture when performed on blood culture bottles incubated for 8 h prior to analysis. Multiple studies have evaluated the use of broad‐range PCR directly from whole blood samples. While blood culture remains the gold standard for the diagnosis of bloodstream infections, its sensitivity is influenced by several variables, including the volume of blood collected, the timing of blood collection, and the growth characteristics of the microorganism(s).
Introduction
Authors: McElvania Erin 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
There has been a revolution in the way clinical microbiology laboratories identify microorganisms with the advent of matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOFMS). MALDI‐TOFMS identifies microorganisms based on their protein profile rather than traditional methods of phenotypic identification such as biochemical testing. MALDI‐TOFMS identification begins with colonies growing on solid agar or growing in liquid media. Cellular extracts of microorganism or direct application of a thin layer of organism from a colony are applied to the MALDI‐TOFMS target, followed by the application of matrix. Initial use of MALDI‐TOF in the clinical microbiology laboratory focused on bacterial identification from colonies growing on solid agar. Due to the ease of use, cost savings, and high accuracy, many laboratories had interest in using MALDI‐TOFMS for identification of other organism groups.
Introduction to Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Methods
Authors: Humphries Romney M. , Simner Patricia J. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) is arguably one of the most important roles that clinical microbiology laboratories play, especially in the era of increasing antimicrobial resistance. Several conventional and novel methods are available to perform AST. Traditional quantitative AST methods, such as broth dilution, gradient diffusion, and agar dilution, and automated broth microdilution instruments generate a MIC. Disk diffusion is a method reported qualitatively that generates a zone diameter that is inversely related to the MIC. This chapter describes the different types of phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility tests, with reference to the methods in CMPH. Breakpoints are based on robust clinical, pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic, and microbiological data in order to provide a reasonable prediction of clinical outcome for an infection treated with a given antimicrobial agent.