bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Local Blocking and Appeals for Assistance
Authors: Bussell Jennifer 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Chapter 7 examines the implications of local blocking for citizen strategies to access state services. It shows that non-co-partisans of local officials, who are more likely to be denied services locally, are also expected to make appeals to a larger number of potential intermediaries when attempting to access benefits from the state, than do co-partisans of local officials. It then establishes that high-level politicians are important alternative sources of assistance, particularly when individuals have difficulty accessing public benefits from their local elected official. Importantly, the chapter shows that those individuals who appeal to high-level politicians for assistance are, on average, more successful in acquiring their desired service than those who appeal to local politicians. Thus, local blocking is associated with an increased demand for assistance from high-level politicians.
Partisanship, the Personal Vote, and Constituency Service
Authors: Bussell Jennifer 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Chapter 8 tests observable implications of the book’s theory on constituency service’s supply, using the field experiment introduced in Chapter 3 to assess politicians’ motivations to respond to petitions. It shows that indicators of a personal vote—that the petitioner has voted for the politician in the past—can have a small positive effect on the quality of a politician’s response, if not the baseline response rate. This chapter also investigates whether information on local blocking affects politicians’ willingness to respond. It shows that, in states with a long history of local elections, politicians interpret information about a failure to receive assistance locally as an indicator of local partisan blocking and, combined with information on electoral history, an indication that the petitioner is a supporter or persuadable voter. Consistent with qualitative evidence from politician shadowing, this experimental evidence substantiates the argument that politicians use constituency service to reach potential supporters.
Examining Citizens’ Impressions of Negativity During U.S. Senate Campaigns
Authors: Fridkin Kim L. , Kenney Patrick J. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Chapter 6 presents the results of a national survey experiment conducted during the 2014 senatorial elections that validates central elements of the tolerance and tactics theory of negativity. First, people with low levels of tolerance for negativity are more likely to see incivility in negative messages and view negative messages as less usefulcompared to citizens who tolerate negative campaigning more easily. Second, the importance of tolerance for negativity holds up, even when controlling for important political predispositions, such as party attachment and attitudes about the issues. These findings demonstrate that tolerance for negativity is different from people’s partisan and policy profile. Third, the importance of tolerance for negativity is critical during the throes of the campaign as well as after the campaign has ended and all votes are tallied. These results indicate that tolerance for negativity is not a transient phenomenon active only during electoral campaigns.
Nationalism and Beyond
Authors: Dallmayr Fred 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Chapter 7 takes its departure from Emmanuel Levinas’s In the Time of the Nations which raises the basic question how the mundane history of nationalist agendas can be reconciled with “holy history” pointing in the direction of the “kingdom to come.” As Levinas observes, in the Talmudic tradition Israel has always been placed in the context of “seventy nations,” a context full of both tension and promise. From this interaction comes (or should come) a steady education and seasoning of peoples so that the initial “care-for-self” of individuals and nations is slowly elevated into the “care-for-the-other” of humanity. But the interaction remains full of danger, due to the recurrent tendency to submerge the divine promise in the quagmire of nationalist or chauvinistic violence. In conclusion, the chapter turns to Franz Rosenzweig’s The Star of Redemption which points to a steadily closer embrace of the relationality of “God, man, and world.”
The Mismatch Negativity
Authors: Näätänen Risto , Kujala Teija , Light Gregory 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This book introduces the electrophysiological change-detection response of the brain called the mismatch negativity (MMN). MMN is elicited by any discriminable change in some repetitive aspect of ongoing auditory stimulation even in the absence of attention, causing an attentional shift to change, hence representing a response of vital significance to the organism. In addition, an analogous response is also elicited in the other sensory modalities and occurs in different species and in the different developmental stages from infancy to the old age. Importantly, MMN, reflecting the NMDA-receptor functioning, is affected in different cognitive brain disorders, providing an index of the severity of the disorder and effectiveness of remediating treatments.
Risk Regulation in the EU Internal Market
Authors: Weimer Maria 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the evolution of risk regulation in the European Union since the Single European Act, with particular emphasis on how the legal and institutional context of the internal market has shaped the EU approach to risk. It first traces the emergence of supranational risk regulation in the EU with the ‘1992 project’ before discussing treaty reforms in the 1990s which strengthened the function of risk regulation as a justification of EU internal market regulation. It then considers the legitimacy dilemma faced by the EU with regard to risk regulation, focusing on the debate over the scope of political discretion that the precautionary principle should provide. It also analyses the application of the principles of risk and cost-benefit analysis to control discretion through science and economics, respectively. Finally, it explores risk regulation challenges arising from the legal-institutional, socio-economic, and cultural diversity in the Member States.
EU Authorization of GMOs—The Promise of Deliberation
Authors: Weimer Maria 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines epistemic and political challenges of risk regulation in the internal market of the European Union, with particular emphasis on how EU legal rules governing authorization of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) accommodate divergent national views on GMOs. It first considers the EU legal framework aimed at ensuring a safe internal market for GMOs through harmonization of national laws and the implementation of a pre-market authorization procedure through direct EU administration. It then describes two main stages of GMO authorization, both governed by decentralized transnational networks—risk assessment and risk management—and the roles of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and the comitology network, respectively. The chapter concludes with an analysis of the promise of deliberation in terms of legally enabling ‘unity in diversity’ in EU authorization of GMOs.
Musical Emotions Explained
Authors: Juslin Patrik N. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The emotional power of music has been much examined and discussed. Based on new research, this book takes a close look at how music expresses and arouses emotions, and how it becomes an object of aesthetic judgments. It asks: can music really arouse emotions? If so, which emotions? How, exactly, does music arouse such emotions? Why do listeners often respond with different emotions to the same piece of music? Are emotions to music different from other emotions? Why do we respond to fictive events in art as if they were real, even though we know they are not? What is it that makes a performance of music emotionally expressive? Music is often regarded as consisting of abstract sequences of notes, which are devoid of meanings. This book argues that this is not true. Adopting an evolutionary perspective, the book shows how psychological mechanisms from our ancient past engage with meanings in music at multiple levels of the brain to evoke a broad variety of affective states — from startle responses to profound aesthetic emotions. Finally, it asks: but why do these mechanisms respond to music?
Introduction: Global Justice and Climate Change
Authors: Blomfield Megan 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter introduces climate change as a problem of natural resource justice by outlining some real-world examples of resource conflicts that are being generated, or exacerbated, by climate change. It then provides some necessary background for the discussion to follow. The science and predicted impacts of climate change are explained, along with the options for responding to this problem, such as mitigation and adaptation. The chapter then briefly introduces the debate about global justice and climate change, as it has appeared in the political philosophy literature, looking at the human rights approach, the distributive justice approach, and the key methodological distinctions between integrationism and isolationism and ideal versus nonideal theory. After providing further characterization of, and motivation for, the natural resources approach to climate justice that is taken in the work, it concludes with an outline of the chapters to follow.
Limited Territorial Jurisdiction over Natural Resources
Authors: Blomfield Megan 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter further explores and defends the conception of natural resource justice composed of the principle of collective self-determination and the (lexically prior) basic needs principle. It explains the lexical ordering of the principles and the nature and scope of the resource claims they legitimize. It then discusses how the two principles will work in tandem to support a system of limited territorial jurisdiction over natural resources, and several forms such limits can be predicted to take. A brief explanation of how this account might be integrated into a broader theory of justice concerning other morally significant goods is provided. In response to the objection that this conception of justice is really a form of sufficientarianism, the view is portrayed as a theory of relational egalitarianism for natural resources. A response is also given to the objection that the theory is problematically ideal in the sense that it lacks feasibility.
Historical Emissions Debt
Authors: Blomfield Megan 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter turns to the question of historical responsibility for unavoided climate impacts. It introduces the climate debt claim, according to which certain wealthy or industrialized states owe a debt of compensation to some of those suffering from the unavoided impacts of climate change; where the notion of a debt indicates that the obligation in question falls within the domain of rectificatory justice. The Historical Emissions Debt view, according to which climate debts arise when parties emit more than their fair share of greenhouse gases, is rejected on the basis that there is no fair shares principle for historical use of the climate sink considered in isolation. Two interpretations of the beneficiary pays principle are found to face similar problems. Since none of these accounts appear defensible, it is concluded that those seeking to substantiate a climate debt claim would do better to attempt this by other means.
The Significance of Historical Injustice Concerning Natural Resources
Authors: Blomfield Megan 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter develops an alternative defence of the climate debt claim via a broader discussion of how historical wrongdoing concerning natural resources could be relevant to climate justice. It first examines climate change as a problem of global justice, arguing that theorists should consider why some groups are more vulnerable to climate impacts than others and to what extent unequal vulnerability could be a result of historical injustice. Focusing on colonial resource exploitation as a significant example of natural resource injustice, it is argued that the legacies of such exploitation will likely be a significant contributor to present-day vulnerability in countries that have since gained formal independence. Such legacies have important implications for our understanding of climate vulnerability; render some climate duties a matter of rectificatory justice, vindicating the climate debt claim; and provide an important lesson in how similar wrongs could be perpetrated through future climate policies.
A Tale of Two Conventions
Authors: Foster Michelle , Lambert Hélène 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Chapter 2 sets the context of the book by examining the history and background to the formulation of two distinct regimes for refugees and stateless persons, respectively: the 1951 Refugee Convention and the 1954 Convention. It briefly reviews the pre-Second World War position, before examining in depth the UN’s seminal 1949 Study on Statelessness, which was the precursor to the formulation of the 1951 Refugee Convention. It also analyses the extensive debate by the Ad Hoc Committee on Statelessness and Related Problems on whether to separate issues relating to statelessness from the Refugee Convention. While the focus of the book is very much on the 1951 Refugee Convention, important insight into the contemporaneous understanding of the connection between stateless persons and refugees is provided in the drafting history of the 1954 Convention—given its proximity to the 1951 Refugee Convention. Chapter 2 therefore also analyses this history in order to assess whether it provides further insight into the scope, as understood at the time, of the 1951 Refugee Convention vis-à-vis stateless persons.
The Way of Ideas and the Way of Reference
Authors: Taylor Kenneth A. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
In the current chapter, I consider two competing metasemantic outlooks and their consequences for the metaphysical modesty or immodesty of first order semantic analysis. The two metasemantic approaches are rooted in what I call referential semantics and what I call ideational semantics. The foundational assumptions of referential metasemantics and ideational metasemantics are outlined with a focus on how each approach attempts to solve the determination problem. It is argued that different approaches to the determination problem lead to two different approaches to the metaphysics of the assigned semantic values. Finally, the way of ideas in metaphysics is distinguished from the way of reference in metaphysics.
Some Considerations against the Way of Ideas
Authors: Taylor Kenneth A. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
In this chapter, I offer some considerations against the way of ideas. I do not claim that these considerations are ultimately decisive against all version of the way of ideas. Three different version of the way of ideas in metaphysics are presented and assessed, including Kant’s transcendental idealism, Frege’s aspirational Platonism, and Strawson descriptive metaphysics. Though none of the three is decisively refuted, some shortcomings of each are demonstrated. These shortcomings motivate a turn away from the way of ideas in metaphysics and toward the way of reference in metaphysics.
Sovereignty and Positivity
Authors: Heller Hermann 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter argues that one can glimpse the nature of sovereignty in the ability to positivize the highest legal rules binding on the community. There is no legal positivity for the authority order of the modern state without sovereignty. The legal derivation and attribution that grounds legal judgments, administrative acts, and legal transactions in the law, and the law in the constitution, inevitably falls into a yawning void if it dissolves the connection between the positivity of law and the sovereignty of the state. The jurist must take as a starting point the fact of sovereignty; otherwise he loses the object of his science—positive law—and will be left hanging in the air with all his science and practice.
The Nature of Sovereignty
Authors: Heller Hermann 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses the nature of sovereignty, covering the sovereign state person and sovereignty as a characteristic of the state. It suggests that a dominant tendency of legal science is to see in the state person a “fictional person” [persona ficta], a purely ideal normative subject, and to merge this with the impersonal legal order. However, there can be no norm-logical imputation without constant reference to nomological knowledge, without insight into the regularities of causal connections. Jurists should separate imputation and causation just as they do normative and psychological will; but for specific juristic reasons, these cannot be torn apart.
Crime and Punishment
Authors: Taunton Matthew 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Marxist predictions that in a Communist society crime would cease to exist were not borne out in the Soviet Union, leading G. K. Chesterton to quip that ‘the Socialists used to say that “under Socialism” nobody would lose his temper or quarrel with his mother-in-law’. Instead the Communist government presided over a redefinition of the concept of law, inventing categories such as ‘enemy of the people’ and holding trials that simultaneously aped and travestied notions of ‘bourgeois justice’. The question of the law’s supposed objectivity, and the validity of normative theories of justice, were particularly important questions. These were some of the most visible and widely debated features of the Soviet regime, and this chapter explores British intellectuals’ engagements with Soviet justice. Writers discussed include Arthur Koestler, Stephen Spender, D. N. Pritt, and the Duchess of Atholl.
The Compensations of Illiteracy
Authors: Taunton Matthew 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The illiteracy of the Russian peasantry was a key term in British understandings of the country in the Victorian and Edwardian periods. For writers such as the Russophile Stephen Graham, the Russian peasants benefited from an oral culture that brought them closer to God, and exempted them from the excessive rationality of Western literate culture. The opposition between Russian orality and British literacy was fundamental to many British responses to the Russian Revolution, and this chapter explores the lasting impact of this not only on views of Russia but also the development of the idea of literature, which was increasingly constructed as a dialogical alternative to the monologism of Soviet culture. The chapter also shows how deeply such debates were embedded in a much longer intellectual history of the Reformation. Writers discussed include Stephen Graham, Doris Lessing, and Jack Lindsay.
Introduction
Authors: Taunton Matthew 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The introduction argues that the Russian Revolution should be understood as a fundamentally important precondition for mid-century British culture. It explains the range of intellectuals covered in the book, and the central importance of anti-Communists Arthur Koestler and George Orwell for its argument. It then outlines three key arguments that run through the book: first, that the effects of the Russian Revolution on British culture are best understood in terms of gradual sedimentation in a longue durée rather than as a catastrophic event; second, Red Britain emphasizes the ideological diversity on either side of the Cold War divide; third, that British responses to the Bolshevik Revolution should be understood not only as a clash of internationalist or cosmopolitan ideologies, but also as an episode within a longer history of nationally grounded Anglo-Russian cultural and political relations. The introduction ends with brief summaries of the book’s five chapters.
Unprecedents
Authors: Simpson Gerry 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
In its judicial-doctrinal life, the establishment of an international criminal law has necessitated a sometimes half-hearted search for a history of largely inadequate ‘precedents’ in the context of the punishment of acts that are also said to be ‘unprecedented’ and in the shadow of a suspicion that the criminalization of such acts is itself ‘unprecedented’. Putting all of this together, we might say that what we have is a law of unprecedentedness to which it could be useful to apply a counter-history of unprecedents or unprecedenting or, even, re-precedenting. This idea of ‘unprecedents’ (a neologism that some people will be find unattractive), then, ought to make visible some pathologies, elisions, repressions, around—in one instance a possibility inherent in—international criminal law.
The Politics of Learning Reforms in Bangladesh
Authors: Hossain Naomi , Hassan Mirza M. , Rahman Muhammad Ashikur , Ali Khondoker Shakhawat , Islam Md. Sajidul 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Why has Bangladesh failed to raise quality in basic education after it so successfully expanded school provision? This chapter explores the politics of both Bangladesh’s successful expansionary, and its lagged efforts to tackle the persistently poor quality of basic education. Using a political settlements lens, it shows how the competitive but clientelistic nature of Bangladesh’s politics shaped policies to expand schooling provision, without attending to learning—and in particular without addressing teacher performance. It analyses the elite consensus on mass education and the design of the Third Primary Education Development Programme (2011–15), tracing the analysis down through the education administration system to how schools themselves implement learning reforms. It concludes that the state has started to take learning seriously, but the political impetus for policies to hold teachers accountable for their performance lacks the wide support of the successful expansionary drive, so that any progress is slow.
Similarities and Differences in Policy Reform Destinies
Authors: Grindle Merilee S. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter offers an alternative reading that supports most of the conclusion but which draws closer attention to the critical issue of implementation. In many respects the six country cases focused on have followed a similar path in education policy: all expended significant effort increasing coverage in line with an international agenda and often national project; all came to recognize the limits of this for quality outcomes; and all subsequently attempted to implement quality-oriented reforms. They differ, however, in the success of this implementation and the subsequent outcomes of these latter reforms. With quality being far harder to deliver than access, these reforms exposed the fault lines within their political settlements. Political constituencies and actors within the sector resisted them, and technical limitations and influence of policy legacies became evident. Part of the policy agenda that emerges from this is finding ways to counteract these political vulnerabilities, for example, by focusing on sub-national political dynamics, or by linking education quality to a national project of development.