bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies of precipitation during the decomposition process of phosphorus-containing compounds
Authors: Ganbarov M. M. , Ataev M. M. , Gazvini K. K. 
Published: March 2019

The kinetics of the process of using phosphorus-containing mineral compounds by their decomposition, which are actual problems, has been studied. At beginning of the it have been notified that the process takes place in two stages. These stages of the process are differed from each another mainly by rate of process realization, because a rate of the first stage is much more that a rate of the second stage. This fact is a reason of the deep research of kinetic of given process. Apart from that a detailed study of these processes connect with some problems of enter prices. All these question are analizied in the work, also the information by methodical carry out of experiments. Regime parameters correlation of components, concentrations of components, a time requite for realization of process are presented. The dependence of degree by different mass correlation of components from the time realization of process are also shown. In the work the types existence of precipitate, monitite brush it are shown. On base of received date a dissolubility of the base received product are graphically presented. In the work an influence of mass correlation of CaO?P2O5 and time of process realization on precipitation is studied. It have been determined that by 650C temperature a mass correlation of the base components must be equal to one, by that a time being used on neutralization process don’t play the practical role, because its increase and decrease don’t influence practically on process indices. The results shown that by equality of components CO?P2O5=1 correlation during four hours the precipitation degree makes up to 90,66 % and during 1 hour this index is 78,2 % for duringthe remaining three during this index is increased on 12 %. By using of these received data these is a possibility determination of the optimum technological conditions for given process. it is shown that there are opportunities to achieve processivization, to increase the use of raw materials and to obtain an environmentally friendly product with the introduction of regime parameters and component ratios in the absolute state.
The content of structural transformations of the region's economy, adequate to the requirements of digitalization
Authors: Serebryakova N. A. , Avdeev I. V. 
Published: March 2019

Informatization and globalization of the economy, as well as the reduction of the share of traditional structures and industries, the expansion of services, knowledge-intensive and high-tech industries are a prerequisite for structural reforms of the economy of the Russian Federation and its subjects, which are necessary in the conditions of innovative development and digitalization of the economy. The digital economy, in its most General form, is a new type of economy in which relations about the production, processing, storage, transmission and use of increasing amounts of data are fundamental. The digital economy is the Foundation of the economy and has an impact on a variety of industries such as banking, retail, transport, energy, education, health and many others. The digitalization of the economy places significant demands on the structural transformations taking place at the regional level. The authors found that the methodology of structural transformations in terms of transformation of its following elements should change radically: goals, principles, factors, barriers, directions. The implementation of structural reforms of the region's economy, taking into account the requirements of the digital economy, will allow to obtain the following effects: the possibility of social lift – ensuring the growth of human capital (from school to implementation in economic life); stimulating business activity and the development of remote employment – increasing professional mobility; attracting investment in the region due to the rapid deployment of virtual infrastructure; reducing criminalization in society, socio-economic growth.
The study of the effect of processing parameters of amaranth grains before grinding on the properties of the obtained flour
Authors: Zharkova I. M. , Safonova Yu. A. , Samokhvalov A. A. 
Published: March 2019

Preparation for the production of grain raw materials includes its pre-treatment at elevated temperatures, which provides improved absorption of grain nutrients. One of the varieties of grain heat treatment is its micronization, the essence of which lies in the rapid intensive heating of the grain by infrared rays (IR). IR heating has a significant effect on the carbohydrate complex: starch dextrinization occurs, denatures the protein, resulting in changes in the fractional composition of the protein complex: the proportion of water-soluble and salt-soluble proteins decreases and the content of alkaline-soluble proteins increases, the lipid and vitamin composition of the grain remain unchanged, and the proportion anti-nutritional substances of the grain. The task of using IR processing for amaranth grain is to obtain high-quality, functional food with desired properties. Heat treatment of amaranth grains using the infrared method was carried out on a UTZ4 installation. When passing through the chamber with amaranth grain, physical changes occur: it increases in volume, the structural frame of the grain is destroyed. With increasing temperature under the influence of infrared radiation, moisture turns into steam, the pressure increases sharply, which leads to a decrease in the strength of grain raw materials and contributes to a reduction in energy consumption during its further grinding. A number of combinations of the infrared flux density and the duration of the presence of various thickness of amaranth grains in the heat treatment zone were tested. Good results were obtained when the speed of the conveyor belt of the installation was 0.042 m/s and the power of the lamps was 69.2 kW/m2. The effect of micronization parameters of amaranth grains on the properties of flour obtained from it was studied. It was established that heat treatment by the infrared method of amaranth grains allows to obtain flour with improved structural and mechanical properties.
Measures to reduce unemployment
Authors: Ovchinnikova T. I. , Strukov G. N. 
Published: March 2019

The article considers socio-economic measures of reduction of unemployment. In today's economic conditions, the authors highlight the state of the labour market, characterized the level of market infrastructure development, deformity in workers ' income, level of qualification of university graduates, presence of "shadow" sector of labor market ; and also movement in the labour market: natural movement, change of pension system, high level of hidden unemployment, low wages, decline of production, migration processes. The structure of the employed by age groups is considered, the indicators characterizing both the state and the movement in the labor market are studied, the decrease in the number of workers associated with natural processes is shown (decrease of fertility and increase of the level of Population mortality). The example of one of the districts of Voronezh investigated Model determining the degree of economic efficiency of the population potential; MThe dress includes calculation of Pokazatelejpotenciala labour resources of youth unemployment indicators. It is proposed to include Further formation of the labour market and reduction of unemployment rate the following mechanisms: offshoring, increase of work experience, account of migration of population, control of outflowWorkers, released from different branches of the national economy, raising the level of skills of youth, which for the first time enters the labour force, increasing the feminization of the working population (women with young children), Employment of persons unemployed in the economy, control over labour bodies and other methods of attracting temporarily unemployed population. It is proposed to expand the capacity of the labour and employment bodies not only to assess the prospects of inclusion of their work, but also to work on identifying and registering hidden Bezraboticyipo stimulating measures to reduce unemployment.
Development of an automated control system for the reactor of motor oil production
Authors: Kuzichkin A. A. , Saveleva Yu. O. , Kuzovenkov L. S. 
Published: March 2019

Background: Compliance to modern requirements to quality of motor oil to depends largely on level of automation of industrial process of their preparation. Existing and really functioning refinery processing units provide constancy of the target numerical index of the viscosity of oil only when the mix formulation of production is strictly observed. In mix formulation, the flow parameters of the base oil and additives are determined, the temperature in the reactor and the preparation time also exerts impact the technological process. Refinery processing units of production of motor oil of the type in question don't provide possible changes of flowrate of components in the reactor, which leads to a viscosity factor deviation from the desired one. Stringent control of technological process of production of motor oil provides: high stability of a product, good torque properties at low temperatures, necessary viscosity within working temperatures. Materials and methods: The system analysis of the technological process is carried out on the basis of the experimental data of operation of the unit for obtaining motor oil. The optimal control system is developed on the basis of the mathematical model of the research object in the software package of the SCADA-system Trace Mode. Results: Automated control system for the production of motor oil is developed based on Trace Mode which includes: a screen for setting technological parameters, a mnemonic diagram of the process, a control program. The realized program exercises control of process of giving in the reactor of base oil and additives, alarm on flow rate, control of the temperature of the mixture of base oil and additives in the reactor, carries out turning on of the engine of the mixing device, and also realizes the timer of preparation time of oil. Conclusions: Employment of the motor oil received by means of the embedded system will help to avoid: impurities of engines, corrosive wear when using high-sulphur fuel, breakdown.
H2S Scavenger Development During the Oil and Gas Industry Search for an MEA Triazine Replacement in Hydrogen Sulfide Mitigation and Enhanced Monitoring Techniques Employed During Their Evaluation
Authors: Taylor Grahame , Smith-Gonzalez Monica , Wylde Jonathan , Oliveira Antonio Pedro 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Hexahydro-1,3,5-tris(2-hydroxyethyl)-s-triazine (MEA-triazine) is by far the most ubiquitous H2S scavenger used globally and occupies at least 80% of the available oilfield market. While almost the perfect scavenger in terms of kinetics and H2S uptake, this product does suffer from a number of undesirable effects which are usually tolerated or managed by various engineering modifications. For example, pH elevation causes scaling issues, deposition of intractable polymeric solids and increased ethanolamine load in crudes entering a refinery are some of the most prominent.
A new scavenging technology has been developed that offers an alternative to triazine. The guiding principles in the design of this technology were to achieve, equal or better scavenger efficiency compared to triazine, equal or better reaction kinetics compared to triazine, "best in class" solids control, minimal pH impact, cost competitive with triazine, no impact on fluid separation and minimal refinery impact. A family of products have been developed which are multicomponent systems, each having a designated function. The active scavenger is based upon a "latent" or hidden form of a small molecule scavenger (SMS), similar to a protecting group strategy in organic synthesis. The steady state active SMS concentration remains very low in the initial product, but it is released upon demand when it encounters hydrogen sulfide in its operational environment. The SMS release can be greatly enhanced using a suitable catalyst or synergist, over the base scavenger/carrier system, which enables a more efficient use of the base molecule. The quality and exact nature of the spent fluid is critically important to H2S scavengers and much effort has gone into the control and handling of the byproduct. High sulfur scavenger byproducts are almost always solid in nature and can cause numerous operational issues. MEA triazine has such a problem and polymerization of the initially formed monomeric dithiazine to amorphous dithiazine is one of the drivers to develop an alternative as is presented here.
This new suite of products has undergone successful field trials in both gas contact towers and direct injection applications. Some challenges have also arisen, as expected with any innovation, in other application areas and environments where unexpected issues have been encountered. An honest and informative account of the design, development, properties, field trial results and future direction for this exciting new technology are discussed as well as a critical evaluation against the aforementioned triazine industry benchmark.
A Novel Phosphonate Scale Inhibitor for Scale Control in Ultra High Temperature Environments
Authors: Lu Haiping , Mccabe Bethanni , Brooks Johnathon , Heath Stephen , Stevens Shane 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
As the oil industry continues to operate in more complex and ultrahigh temperature environments scale control becomes an ever increasing challenge. Scale inhibitors are being pushed to their operational limits and start to lose their efficiency against both calcium carbonate and calcium sulphate scales at &gt;400°F. It is therefore essential to develop the next generation scale inhibitor to work effectively against scale in harsh, high temperature environments such as steam floods and gas wells.
In this study, details will be provided on the thermal stability test of a novel, biodegradable phosphonate scale inhibitor at temperatures 300°F and 400°F at two pH values, pH 4.0 and pH 6.0. Bottle tests on calcium carbonate and calcium sulfate were conducted with the thermal-aged phosphonate for their inhibition. Dynamic tube blocking tests were also conducted for calcium carbonate and calcium sulfate inhibition at 392°F to demonstrate the performance of the inhibitor.
The new phosphonate scale inhibitor has also been designed to be biodegradable and it can be deployed by both continuous injection and scale squeeze treatment which is an advantage compared to polymers as they are often less suitable for high temperature scale squeeze treatments. Careful consideration was also given in the molecular design process for high calcium tolerance and details of brine compatibility at high temperature will be provided.
This paper presents details of the evaluation of a biodegradable, thermally stable and calcium tolerant phosphonate scale inhibitor for both calcium sulphate and calcium carbonate scale control in ultrahigh temperature environments at ~400°F. In addition, the environmental test data will be discussed along with details of a field example of continuous downhole deployment of the new phosphonate scale inhibitor for calcium carbonate scale control in a high calcium brine (30,000 mg/L).
Methodology to Evaluate the Performance and Stability of Hydrogen Sulphide Scavengers
Authors: Rafferty Andrew , Stewart-Liddon Christine , Simpson Caroline , Hammonds Paul , Graham Gordon M. , Maskell Phillip 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
It is known that some H2S scavengers have the potential to cause fouling either from reaction products or by the influence of their chemistry on brine scaling potential. A series of methods for assessing the performance of the H2S scavengers and the likely hood of the generation of unwanted reaction by products is described along with the utility of each test methodology under different production conditions
The performance of triazine- and aldehyde-based H2S scavengers are compared in a suite of laboratory tests, including liquid phase tests examining residual sulphides in solution and by measuring H2S in the gas phase using an in situ H2S detector. The tests are capable of differentiating between the performances of different H2S scavengers over a range of different test conditions and are applicable to those of the production process where scavengers are used. The work also shows that the absolute performance and relative performance or ranking of different scavengers is affected by the test methodology adopted and the work therefore illustrates the importance of selecting an appropriate test methodology for the intended field application. The efficiency of the scavengers was determined both under bulk liquid phase conditions and also by the contact time required to reduce the initial gas phase H2S concentration to the desired level and by calculating the scavenging capacity.
This work presents both apparatus and methods which can be used for the evaluation and comparison of H2S scavengers. It describes primarily experimental design aspects and challenges associated with differentiating between free (unscavenged) H2S and reacted (i.e. scavenged / trapped) H2S in bulk liquid phase tests often utilised for preliminary screening of scavengers and recommends a procedure to allow such tests to be conducted routinely. Works then compare results with more conventional gas stream monitoring approaches. This work presented and the approaches described will then assist in the screening and product selection process and provides information on the conditions under which un-desirable solid by-products may be generated.
Effect of pH on Dissolution of Iron Sulfide Scales Using THPS
Authors: Ahmed Musa , Onawole Abdulmujeeb , Hussien Ibnelwaleed , Saad Mohammed , Mahmoud Mohammed , Nimir Hassan 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Iron Sulfides scale has been a critical problem for oil and gas wells for several decades. One of the best candidates to remove these scales is tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium sulfate (THPS). Most studies on the dissolution of iron sulfide scale using THPS have been done at neutral or acidic medium. Such conditions lead to a high corrosion rate when THPS is used in tubular wells. However, this work aims to give a holistic view on the pH effect, especially in alkaline medium, on the ability of THPS to dissolving iron sulfides. A combined approach of experimental and computational methods is used to get a better understanding of the pH effect on THPS ability to dissolve pyrite. Both experimental and theoretical techniques suggest that the pyrite dissolution ability of THPS decreases as pH increases. Conversely, combing THPS with EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) proved effective in dissolving a mixture of different iron sulfide field scales. EDTA is a basic chelating agent which gave a pH of 8 when combined with THPS giving a slightly alkaline solution. For the field scale the combined formulation of THPS and EDTA yielded more than 70 % scale solubility however, for pure pyrite it was less than 10%. This implies that THPS and EDTA combination is effective in dissolving other iron sulfide scales, such as pyrrhotite (Fe7S8) and troilite (FeS) which are more soluble in comparison with pyrite. Also, THPS with Di-ethyline Tri-amine Penta Acitic acid (DTPA) formulation was tested and resulted in slightly lower solubility compared to THPS/EDTA formulation. Moreover, oilfield scales are usually a mix of a variety of minerals and not only pyrite. Hence, using THPS in combination with EDTA to attain a basic pH would reduce the corrosion rate and subsequently reduce or eliminate the need for corrosion inhibitors.
Static Adsorption of Surfactants on Bakken Rock Surfaces in High Temperature, High Salinity Conditions
Authors: Zhong Xun , Pu Hui , Zhou Yanxia , Zhao Julia Xiaojun 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Surfactant EOR received attraction due to its extreme capability to increase displacement efficiency by altering the wettability, lowering the oil/water interfacial tension and ultimately mobilizing the residual oil. However, surfactant systems are widely acknowledged to have large adsorption on rock/clay/sediment solid surfaces, which may result in concentration loss, thus impair the effectiveness of the chemical solution and turn the process into an economically unfeasible case. Surfactant adsorption can be affected by the adsorbents, surfactant structure, experimental temperature and some other factors. Also, the driving force for adsorption varies with different surfactants types. Generally speaking, electrostatic interaction is more prominent for those anionic surfactants, while hydrophobic interaction is more common for nonionic type.
In this paper, the static adsorption behaviors of two surfactants (A1 and N1) on Bakken minerals and Berea sandstone in high salinity and high temperature Bakken conditions (salinity≈290,000 mg/L, temperature=80~105 °C) were studied using spectrometric iodine method, where 0.1 mM I2-0.2 mM KI solution was used as a color developing agent. The primary stability indicated that both surfactants have high compatibility with the Bakken formation brine at high temperature, and their critical micelle concentrations showed a small decrease in the presence of high saline brine. Bakken mineral is relatively complicate, which is composed of quartz, dolomite, calcite and clay, while Berea sandstone contains over 75 wt% quartz. Herein, the effects of surfactant concentration, surfactant type, temperature, adsorbents and salinity on adsorption density were covered, and the impacts of surfactant concentration and adsorbents were found to be more significant. Due to the higher specific surface area and high clay content of Bakken minerals, both anionic surfactant blend A1 and nonionic surfactant blend N1 have pretty high adsorption on Bakken minerals, and the specific adsorption densities of 1000 mg/L surfactant solution were calculated to be 1.74 mg/m2 and 1.69 mg/m2, respectively. Meanwhile, the results also indicated that though the applied surfactant concentration is relatively low, the concentration loss due to adsorption should never be overlooked. Future study on how to effectively reduce the adsorption of surfactant especially in those clay-rich formations is of great significance.