bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Occupation de l'espace périphérique de la ville de Djibouti : évolution des genres de vie traditionnels et sédentarisation des pasteurs nomades
Authors: Decoudras Pierre-Marie 
Published: April 2018

Occupation of Peripheral Space in the City of Djibuti ; Changes in the Traditional Way of Life and Settlement of the Nomadic Shepherds. A country of drought and spreading desert, ruled by different political regimes, the Horn of Africa is also a region scarred by conflicts, which have accelerated the degradation in living standards and economic systems. At the northern limit of the Issa region, where the nomadic way of life prevails, the Republic of Djibuti is a privileged area, both as regards the security offered and better economic conditions.
In the vicinity of the capital, the railroad stations, military camps and water sources are all important points which encourage the nomads to settle down. They no longer hesitate about abandoning their usual way of life and voluntarily sacrifice their indépendance for national and international aid. Subsidized by the government, irrigated truck farming remains a very limited substitute activity for the nomads, and this on account of unfavorable conditions in the area for farming.
La revente au détail de l'eau à Abidjan
Authors: Saint-Vil Jean 
Published: April 2018

The Retailing of Water in Abidjan, Ivory Coast. The retailing of water is a rather important activity in the urban area of Abidjan, where a good portion of the population does not employ city water. This means supplies water to at least 500 000 people and produces an annual income of from three to four billion CFA francs. If the business was profitable until about 1980, it is currently experiencing considerable difficulties due to three main factors : the competition which reigns among the sellers, the reduction of profit margins because of repeated increases in the official price, and, thirdly, the installation of paying fountains where water is sold two and a half times cheaper than from the individual retailer. Still, this business remains interesting as a complementary activity, for the proprietors of the selling points derive from between 20 000 to 30 000 CFA francs of net monthly income.
The activity of this service sector may disappear if SODECI succeeds in installing a rather large number of paying fountains in the city. But if this becomes impossible of achievement, and over the long term, the prices of the two sectors could narrow, which would enable the retailers to become more competitive than they are at present.
Evolution de la famille et croissance des villes moyennes : Sarh (Tchad) et Toumodi (Côte d'Ivoire )
Authors: Chauvet Jacques 
Published: April 2018

A Sarh (Tchad) et à Toumodi (Côte d'Ivoire), comme dans toutes les villes d'Afrique tropicale, la famille se définit comme un ensemble économique de taille et de forme variables. Par sa diversité et la souplesse de sa composition et de ses fonctions sociales, le groupement familial a joué un rôle fondamental en atténuant de manière sensible les difficultés d'adaptation des citadins à l'économie de la ville, surtout celles de la masse des flottants, typiques de ces agglomérations.
La famille étendue urbaine ne reproduit pas le modèle villageois ; la famille urbaine africaine n'imite pas un modèle européen. Cette famille urbaine est originale parce qu'elle résout les problèmes de citadins ayant gardé leurs racines rurales traditionnelles et unis par une même volonté : accéder à la consommation moderne. Les échanges de dons dans le cadre familial facilitent cet accès et effacent certains clivages sociaux.
L'ingéniosité de la famille urbaine, stimulée par toutes ses fonctions, en fait un facteur de développement. Pour les principaux acteurs de la croissance explosive de ces villes depuis les années 1950, les jeunes et surtout les femmes, qui ont quitté le milieu rural où ils étaient soumis à des contraintes et à des subordinations, la famille urbaine est un instrument de libération.
L'utilisation de l'énergie domestique et l'approvisionnement en eau potable dans les petites villes au Congo
Authors: Mengho Bonaventure, Maurice 
Published: April 2018

The Use of Local Fuel Resources and. the Supplying of Drinkable Water in the Small Congo Cities -The small Congo cities are confronted with serious problems, particularly those related to health and to the type of energy used for household purposes. The system of piping in water does not exist and local population drink water that is not always of good quality ; this water comes from springs that have not been cleaned up, from wells and from rivers. Thus, in spite of the cause of vermifuge, intestinal parasites still proliferate in an endemic state.
Firewood is still widely used for the cooking of food and the storm lantern for the lighting of homes and dwellings. It is regrettable that because of its enclave situation, the procurement of petroleum has been rendered difficult.
Milieu naturel, culture du coton et développement agricole dans l'ouest du Burkina Faso
Authors: Dao Oumarou , Neuvy Guy 
Published: April 2018

Le coton a souvent été rendu responsable, dans les pays du Sahel, de l'insuffisance de la production vivrière. Cette hypothèse est examinée ici dans le cadre de l'O.R.D. de la Volta Noire, qui produit 42 % de la récolte nationale de coton. Cette culture a bénéficié ici depuis longtemps d'un encadrement poussé par une société d'intervention (C.F.D.T. devenue SOFÏTEX), qui a introduit des techniques améliorées de culture et de commercialisation et développé le crédit agricole . La région est marquée par une pauvreté assez générale des sols et par une sécheresse sévère ; le coton y trouve cependant les conditions favorables. Bien que le cours d'eau principal (le Mouhoun, ex-Volta Noire) soit pérenne, on ne pratique pas de culture irriguée. La végétation arborée est menacée de disparition par l'activité des hommes et du bétail. Six groupes ethniques principaux occupent l'espace, mais un flux migratoire constant accroît en permanence la population Mossi.
La culture du coton, pourtant antérieure à la colonisation, fut longtemps impopulaire du fait de son caractère obligatoire. Elle ne prit vraiment son essor que peu avant l'indépendance, après laquelle les pouvoirs publics l'appuyèrent fortement. Depuis 1980, les exploitations motorisées se sont multipliées. Elles pratiquent la culture continue avec assolement coton-maïs-mils, utilisent outils portés, fumier et engrais minéraux, traitements phyto-sanitaires. Les rendements sont élevés, les excédents de céréales notables, et les revenus nettement améliorés, en dépit des frais d'exploitation. Cette évolution ne concerne encore qu'une minorité d'exploitants, mais elle semble très encourageante.
Le développement agricole du bassin supérieur de la Lokoho, à Madagascar
Authors: Neuvy Guy 
Published: April 2018

Agricultural Development in the Upper Basin of Lokoho, Madagascar. The upper basin of Lokoho is a bowl in the Northeast of Madagascar, situated at an altitude of 480 meters, the bottom of which was for a long time unexploited. Its agricultural development began at the beginning of the Twentieth Century with the introduction of coffee and vanilla crops. This region remained totally isolated untill 1947, the year when an air service between Andapa and Tananarive was inaugurated. This service favored the development of the two income crops which, sold at favorable prices, were able to be exported profitably by plane.
The very demographic growth, due essentially to immigration, was responsible for the development of rice growing, for local food purposes. Beginning in 1966, a hydraulic installation enabled the area to produce enough rice for export to the neighbouring regions, thanks to the linking road of Andapa-Sambava, built in 1970.
At present, the Andapa region grows mainly rice, but rice production will rapidly a maximum limit, when the development of the plain is terminated. The real estate situation obliges the farmers to farm parcels that are too small for the economic use of machines ; some of these plots, moreover, have been attributed to bureaucrats and merchants whose only aim is to feed their families. Finally, rice, the basic food crop of the Madagascans, will always be sold at a very low price, not at all enticing to interest the farmer.
Under the pressure of a constantly growing population, the peasants will then seek to farm the slopes. Rice paddy farming being impossible on the slopes, coffee and vanilla crops should logically experience a new growth phase.
Influence du barrage de Sélingué dans la cuvette du Niger
Authors: Ballo Amadou 
Published: April 2018

Le barrage de Sélingué, contrairement à ce que les divers utilisateurs de l'eau du fleuve Niger à l'aval pensent, a une influence positive sur les débits enregistrés en étiage. L'analyse des données hydrométriques pendant la période 1952-1989 permet de dégager un certain nombre de remarques : la phase de sécheresse des années «70» semble bien continuer jusqu'à présent malgré quelques années à hydraulicité moyenne ; les apports du Bani à Douna sont nettement insuffisants pendant ces dernières années et son coefficient d'irrégularité R est le plus fort par rapport à celui des stations de Koulikoro et de Mopti sur le Niger. Ce cours d'eau qui est le principal affluent du Niger dans son cours moyen ne présente pas de barrage. Il apparaît donc que ce sont les causes climatiques qui expliquent l'indigence du Niger dans sa cuvette lacustre.
En revanche, les lâchers d'eau, en étiage permettent de soutenir les débits mais cette influence ne semble pas perceptible car elle correspond à la saison morte.
Diversité et uniformité : remarques sur l'évolution des flores cultivées tropicales
Authors: Barrau Jacques 
Published: April 2018

Diversity and Uniformity ; Remarks on the Development of Farmed Tropical Flora.
The farmed floras of tropical regions have developed and continue to develop in a direction that often leads to a degradation of their quantity. The manner and reasons for this development are considered here, as well as some of the effects resulting from such an evolution. Also discussed are some possible measures that can be taken to arrest the erosion of biological diversity of tropical cultigens.
Lutte contre la désertification : les bienfaits de la mise en défens
Authors: Gillet Hubert 
Published: April 2018

Le désert, tel un chancre, ronge la surface de la terre. Si au Sahel la sécheresse s'est manifestée au cours de deux périodes cruciales, il n'empêche que le surpâturage intense est la cause principale de la réduction du tapis végétal. Pour lutter contre la désertification il n'y a pas de remède miracle. La simple mise en défens montre que la végétation se régénère rapidement. Les différentes étapes de cette régénération sont analysées par l'auteur sur un périmètre de 600 hectares au National Wildlife Research Center en Arabie Saoudite. Là en l'espace de trois années le nombre d'espèces fleuries recensées a doublé. Les plages nues régressent, les ligneux perdent leur forme en boule et lancent des rameaux feuillés dans toutes les directions de l'espace. Les graminées pérennes se multiplient par graines. Les plantes annuelles locales prolifèrent massivement et éliminent les intruses non consommées.
Les possibilités de régénération des plantes désertiques, une fois protégées, suscitent l'étonnement.
Les amphibiens des régions tropicales : facteurs de déclin et d'extinction
Authors: Dubois Alain 
Published: April 2018

The Amphibians of Tropical Regions : Factors of Decline and Extinction.
Amphibians are excellent indicators of the «state of health» of the ecosystems in which they live. They are currently in sharp regression throughout the world, mainly because of the disappearance or alteration (notably by draining or because of pollution) of wet zones and on account of landclearing, followed by a replacement of the forest with farm crops. This last development is particularly important in all the tropical regions of the world.
Les menaces sur les oiseaux de la zone afrotropicale
Authors: Erard Christian 
Published: April 2018

Threats to Birds in the Afro-Tropical Zone.
The main risks to the disappearance or to the decrease of birds in the Afro-Tropical zone (mainland and islands) are presented with the aid of several examples showing the effects of the destruction of habitats, of pollution, of capture, of changes in their environment and of man introducing various species foreign to the areas.
Causes de disparition des mammifères terrestres tropicaux
Authors: Tranier Michel 
Published: April 2018

Causes of Disappearance of Tropical Terrestrial Mammals.
Beginning with a typology of the main threats to which wild mammals are exposed, the author outlines the dimensions of the gravest crisis this group has known in the past sixty-five million years. In general, the mammals are menaced because of one among them, a proliferating and very active semi-predatory animal, man. Tropical mammals are subject to three sorts of pressure : direct attacks, contractions of their natural environments, and destructive side-effects due to ecological imbalance.
Les aires de conservation en Afrique francophone : aujourd'hui et demain espaces à protéger ou espaces à partager ?
Authors: Sournia Gérard 
Published: April 2018

Preservation Areas in French Western Africa : To-day and to morrow protected or divided areas ?
Only a better understanding and a better consideration of the role played by fauna and protected areas will enable governments and managers of National Parks in Africa to protect correctly nature, their natural ressources and their environment.
La surexploitation commerciale de la faune sauvage et son contrôle par la convention de Washington ou "CITES"
Authors: Pfeffer Pierre 
Published: April 2018

The Commercial Over-Exploitation of Wild Fauna and its Regulation by the Washington convention (or CITES).
The International Convention for the Trade of Endangered Species of Flora and Fauna (CITES), the workings of which is explained, has been ratified to date by 105 nations. Its efficiency varies according to the species concerned, the channels followed and especially the consumer countries. The concrete examples of rhinoceros horn, spotted feline hides and ivory illustrate one failure and two successful results of this Convention.
Problèmes économiques et écologiques des forêts denses libériennes
Authors: Hasselman Karl-Heinz 
Published: April 2018

Economic and Ecological Problems as Regards Dense Liberian Forests.
Liberia, one of the last remaining islands of thick rain forest in West Africa, is seeing its forest disappear with a great rapidity, both because of industrial exploitation (construction lumber, in large part for exportation) as well as to make way for classical shifting agriculture. After an analysis of the causes and consequences of this landclearing on the forest ecosystem, the author proposes a forestry model integrated into the traditional method of exploiting land, which would make it possible to replace the present predatory manner of exploiting a forest with the notion of a renewable natural resource.
Aménagements littoraux et évolution d'un système lagunaire : étude de cas au Bénin
Authors: Vennetier Pierre 
Published: April 2018

Coastal Development and Evolution of a Lagoon System ; A Case Study in Benin
In 1885, when opening an artificial channel between lake Nokoue and the Atlantic Coast through the sandy coastal bar, man introduced a new element into the natural balance of the coastal system in South Benin. The disequilibrium that resulted gave immediate rise to significant repercussions on the environment and on its exploitation by the indigenous fishermen. Nevertheless, a new balance gradually emerged. It was soon disrupted, however, by the construction in the late 1950's of a deep water harbour in Cotonou, the existence of which completely changed the characteristics of the coastal current. Direct and indirect effects were so serious that in 1978 the authorities ordered the construction, near the channel mouth, of a regulating dam, the purpose of which was to check the penetration of salt water into lake Nokoue ; but this dam immediately led to unexpected disruptions, and its completion was rendered useless. The still unstable present situation is satisfactory as far as the fishermen of lake Nokoue are concerned. However, it entails very negative aspects for the development of Cotonou, a town where now thousands of urban dwellers are subject every years to floods, at times of disastrous proportions because of their extent and duration, and which, moreover, threaten their health as well as their homes.
L'originalité des mangroves de Guinée dans le monde tropical humide
Authors: Bertrand Frederic 
Published: April 2018

The Uniqueness of the Mangroves of Guinea in the Wet Tropical World
The ecological status of Guinean mangroves derives from the union of a terrigenous environment, which is very favorable for the development of muddy zones, and of a morphological-climatic instability amplified by the extension of coastal conversions and the anthropic degradation of the pre-forest savannahs of Fouta-Djalon. A comparison with other coastlines in the wet tropics brings out the unique features of the growth cycle of Guinean mangroves and the special constraints to which their future development will have to become adapted.
Le complexe touristico-industriel d'Iguaçu-Itaipu (Argentine-Brésil-Paraguay)
Authors: Salomon Jean-Noël 
Published: April 2018

El complejo turîstico-industrial de Iguaçu-Itaïpu (Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay).
En la triple frontera de Argentina, Brazil y Paraguay se desarrolla actualmente una micro-region con fuerte dinamismo econômico que constituye una excepciôn en el sub-continente sudamericano. Los motores de este crecimiento son el turismo generado por las visitas de las famosas cataratas del Iguazu, luego la construcion del embalse de Itaipu, el mas grande del mundo, por ultimo por el surgimiento del contrabando y un mercado negro muy activos mantenidos por Paraguay. De los très paises involucrados es Brazil que obtiene mayor beneficio de esta nueva situaciôn, como lo ilustra la ciudad de Foz de Iguazu cuyo crecimiento demogrâfico es explosivo.
Contribution de la flore américaine aux cultures d'ornement
Authors: Delange Yves 
Published: April 2018

A l'exclusion des plantes alimentaires ou bien de celles donnant lieu à des traitements industriels, sont citées ici les principales espèces utilisées par l'horticulture ornementale, parmi les arbres, les arbustes, les plantes décoratives à des titres divers, à feuillage ou à fleurs.
Elles figurent au sein de familles ou de genres en partie originaires de 1 ' Amérique continentale et insulaire, ou bien parmi des groupes propres à ces territoires. Le choix n'est pas exhaustif beaucoup s'en faut, mais il situe la part prépondérante des végétaux venus d'Amérique, cultivés aujourd'hui dans les parcs et les jardins.
Dégradation du cadre de vie urbain et problèmes de santé de la population citadine à Ho Chi Minh-Ville, Vietnam (1990)
Authors: Ngoc-Du Thai-Thi , Gia Tran Pham , Ngo Thanh Loan 
Published: April 2018

Degradation in the Conditions of Urban Living and Health Problems Concerning the Inhabitants of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, 1990. Ho Chi Minh City, ex-Saigon, was planned for only 500.000 inhabitants. In its 12 urban districts, it has, at present, a population of 3 200 00 people. Ho Chi Minh City is experiencing grave problems due to an unrelenting demographic pressure.
The urban infrastructure and facilities (water supply ; drainage system for waste waters : garbage and human waste disposal) have become seriously degraded.
As a result of the demographic pressure, the proportion of poor people who migrate from rural areas has increased : the slums have expanded. The poor are the first victims of the degradation in the urban environment. Contagious diseases are on the rise in the slums.
We have limited our study of the urban environment to three components : water supply, evacuation of waste waters, disposal of garbage and human waste. Degradation of any of these three can have dramatic consequences on the health of the urban population.
There is a serious shortage of drinking water in the slums : 15 to 20 liters per person, per day. The average water consumption in the 12 urban districts of Ho Chi Minh City is 60 liters per person, per day. In the rich quarters, the average is 100 to 130 liters per person, per day. The quality of the drinking water in the city is poor. Since the supply network is too obsolete, the proportion of lost water is high : 30 %. A drainage system exists only in the districts of the center. Many places are flooded during the rainy season. The river and canals are polluted by waste waters and garbage. A lot of toilets do not conform to hygienic norms.
Under these conditions, contagious diseases such as dengue fever and intestinal ailments have increased. The main factors which have a deleterious effect on people's health are : a shortage of drinking water, a poor drainage system for waste waters, poor gathering and treatment of garbage, the existence of human waste in the canals, incredibly poor housing conditions.
Various solutions have been proposed : financing, however, is not available. Therefore, for immediate measures, à policy of promoting local actions for urban community development would be useful.
Façonnement de l'espace en Indonésie. Façonnement des paysages et émergence d'un réseau urbain dans la province du Lampung, Sumatra
Authors: Pain Marc 
Published: April 2018

The Method of Space Structuralization in Indonesia Landscape Creation and Emergence of an urban Network in the Province ofLampung, Sumatra. The pro¬ vince of Lampung, located in the far south of the island of Sumatra, has been radically transformed since the beginning of the century under the combined effect of a very conscious policy of agricultural colonization by the State, and by the influx of countless numbers of immigrants coming from Java. The region has experienced a growth that began with a simple spatial organization and that subsequently developed into a complex spatial organization, which today juxtaposes distinctly different social-economic systems.
From a scattering of hundreds of villages newly created by the transmigration emerge the meshes of towns and cities that structure and vitalize the space, and become juxtaposed upon older commercial settings. If the role of the State seems predominant in the method of developing the region, the weight of population densities, historical customs and the desire for a «centralizing area» on a provincial level contribute just as much to shaping landscapes and the lines of force of the social-spatial organization.
Emergence et consolidation d'un pays salmonicole : le cas du Chili
Authors: Lariau Sophie , Lazcano José 
Published: April 2018

Au début des années 1980, un nouveau secteur exportateur est apparu au Chili : la salmoniculture. L'émergence de cette activité résulte de la politique économique néolibérale fortement axée sur les exportations appliquée au Chili au cours de la décennie 1970.
Les études scientifiques préalables ont établi les possibilités écologique et sanitaire d'un élevage commercial de salmonidés dans la partie sud du pays. C'est ainsi que la salmoniculture s'est implantée prioritairement dans la Xème Région, celle des lacs et de la mer Intérieure de Chiloé. Le dynamisme économique de cette nouvelle activité a donné une forte impulsion au développement régional. En créant de nombreux emplois, la salmoniculture a en particulier mis fin aux migrations de travail. Aujourd'hui, malgré une croissance de la production jamais démentie (plus de 100 000 t/an en 1995) qui fait du Chili le second producteur mondial après la Norvège, la salmoniculture est confrontée à un marché mondial moins favorable que dans les années 1980.
Pour résister à la concurrence accrue depuis 1990, la qualité de la production est primordiale. Celle-ci dépend étroitement de la capacité de la salmoniculture à limiter ses impacts écologiques afin de préserver le milieu naturel. Tel est l'enjeu pour la sal¬ moniculture chilienne dans les années à venir.