bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spectral Properties
Authors: Morawetz Klaus 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe spectral properties of the nonequilibrium Green’s functions are explored. Causality and sum rules are shown to be completed by the extended quasiparticle picture. The off-shell motion is seen to become visible in satellite structures of the spectral function. Different forms of ansatz to reduce the two-time Green’s function to a one-time reduced density matrix are discussed with respect to the consistency to other approximations. We have seen from the information contained in the correlation function that the statistical weight of excitations with which the distributions are populated are given by the spectral function. This momentum-resolved density of state can be found by the retarded and advance functions.
Quantum Kinetic Equations
Authors: Morawetz Klaus 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe gradient approximations of the Kadanoff and Baym equations are derived up to first order. The off-shell motions responsible for the satellites are shown to ensure causality. The cancellation of off-shell motions from the drift and correlation part of the reduced density provides a precursor of the kinetic equation for the quasiparticle distribution which leads to a functional between reduced and quasiparticle distribution, named the extended quasiparticle picture. Virial corrections appear as internal gradients in the selfenergy and therefore in the considered processes. With this extended quasiparticle picture, the non-Markovian kinetic equations are transformed into Markovian ones for proper defined quasiparticles without neglect showing the exact cancellation of off-shell parts. Alternative approaches are discussed for comparison.
Variational Techniques of Many-Body Theory
Authors: Morawetz Klaus 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe variational technique for nonequilibrium Green’s functions is derived resulting in the Hedin equations. This allows exploring of the high-density limit of diagrammatic expansions. Nonequilibrium Ward identities are presented. An asymmetric cummulant expansion of many-body Greens functions is developed resulting in asymmetric internal propagators which will become important for a consistent theory of pairing and condensation. All known approximations for the selfenergy are derived and reviewed with respect to asymmetric corrected propagators. The linear response formalism is discussed and the response for finite systems is presented. The link to functional renormalisation techniques is provided and integration of high-energy modes is discussed with hard and soft cut-off procedures.
Diffraction on a Barrier
Authors: Morawetz Klaus 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe transport through a one-dimensional barrier is calculated within the tight-binding model. The surface Green’s functions are introduced as a method to invert the Green’s function matrix and to set-up convenient boundary conditions for simulations. The formalism is applied to calculate the transport properties of parallel stacked organic molecules. The extension to higher dimensions and multiband crystals is discussed. In this section we apply the GKB formalism to diffraction of electrons on a barrier. The system we study is a planar heterojunction of two ideal semi-infinite crystals or a surface of a crystal. As an initial condition we take a stream of electrons with a sharp momentum.
Kinetic Theory of Systems with SU(2) Structure
Authors: Morawetz Klaus 
Published: February 2018

AbstractSystems with spin-orbit coupling and magnetic fields exhibit a SU(2) structure. Large classes of materials and couplings can be written into an effective spin-orbit coupled Hamiltonian with Pauli structure. Appropriate kinetic equations are derived keeping the quantum spinor structure. It results in coupled kinetic equations of scalar and vector distributions. The spin-orbit coupling, the magnetic field and the vector part of the selfenergy can be written in terms of an effective Zeeman field which couples both distributions. The currents and linear response are derived and the anomalous parts due to the coupling of the occurring band splitting are discussed. The response in magnetic fields reveals subtle retardation effects from which the classical and quantum Hall effect result as well as anomalous Hall effects. As application the dynamical conductivity of grapheme is successfully calculated and compared to the experiments.
Relativistic Transport
Authors: Morawetz Klaus 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe quantum kinetic equations for relativistic baryon-meson systems are derived from Kadanoff and Baym equations. It is shown that the virtual exchange of mesons create an effective Yukawa potential between the nucleons. Binding properties of nuclear matter are discussed and the problem of Coester line is explored which means that only three-particle correlations or relativistic effective masses can describe the binding of nuclear matter correctly. The derived kinetic equations show in-medium processes of scattering and particle creation and destruction which are forbidden for free-scattering. The corresponding in-medium cross sections are presented.
Intensification, Crop Diversification, and Gender Relations in Malawi
Authors: Mvula Peter , Mulwafu Wapulumuka 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
In this chapter a variety of methods were used to collect data to study smallholders in Malawi. The surveys were complemented by a set of qualitative interviews to establish gender dynamics in agriculture and for livelihoods. Key informant interviews were conducted with agricultural personnel in the sampled districts and focus group discussions were held with some farmers. For a bigger picture of the agricultural policies and practices, the study relied on a review of key documents and publications by government and other agencies implementing agricultural programmes in the country. Descriptive statistics demonstrate that a shift from maize and tobacco to Irish potatoes, groundnuts, and soya beans in the areas under study has provided an opportunity for smallholder farmers to diversify and increase production and thus improve their livelihoods. Another noticeable change has been the increased participation of women in the production and marketing of crops.
Policies or Prices? A Gendered Analysis of Drivers of Maize Production in Malawi and Zambia, 2002–13
Authors: Prowse Martin , Hillbom Ellen 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
Maize is the basis for both agricultural production and food consumption in many areas of Southern Africa. This chapter presents a longitudinal study on changes in maize production based on Afrint data for Malawi and Zambia. It compares the extent to which farms managed by men and women have experienced such changes and identifies the factors driving the processes. It also locates the discussion within the context of government agricultural policies, especially fertilizer subsidy schemes, and trends in global as well as national maize prices. As a complement to Afrint I, II, and III rounds of data collection the chapter utilizes qualitative data collected in Malawi and Zambia in 2012 and 2016 containing interviews with key informants, households, and focus groups.
Spin-1 and spin-2 fields
Authors: Kachelriess Michael 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
Massive and massless spin-1 and spin-2 fields, their field equations and propagators are studied. The connection between local gauge symmetry and the coupling to a conserved current is derived in the massless case. The dynamical stress tensor is defined as source of gravity, and its local conservation is shown. The basic ideas of large extra dimensions is outlined in an appendix.
Phase transitions and topological defects
Authors: Kachelriess Michael 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
As the early universe cools down, it may perform transitions to phases with more and more broken symmetries. In a first-order phase transition, fields may be trapped in the false vacuum; the rate of the resulting tunneling process to the true vacuum is derived. Phase transitions can lead also to the formation of topological defects. Their structure and the reason for their stability are discussed.
Hadrons, partons and QCD
Authors: Kachelriess Michael 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
This chapter first discusses the breaking of scale invariance of QCD with massless quarks by quantum corrections and explains that this effect is responsible for the bulk of hadron masses. Then the parton picture is introduced, where one replaces a hadron which is probed in a hard process by free quarks and gluons. Perturbative QCD describes via the DGLAP equations the evolution of parton distribution functions f(x,Q2) as functions of Q2, requires however as as input f(x,Q20) from measurements at a fixed scale Q0 »QCD. The total annihilation cross section e+e →hadrons is calculated and it is shown that infrared singularities due to massless gluons and quarks cancel.
Thermal relics
Authors: Kachelriess Michael 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
The Boltzmann equations, which describe processes as diverse as the evolution of the dark matter density, big bang nucleosynthesis or recombination, are derived. The Gamov criterion states that processes freeze-out when their rate becomes smaller than the Hubble rate. It is demonstrated that the mass of any thermal relic is bounded by ≲ 20TeV, while the abundance of a cold dark matter particle with 〈σv〉 ≃ 3 × 10−26 cm3/s corresponds to the observed one, ΩCDM = 0.2. Big bang nucleosynthesis, which successfully explains the abundance of light elements like D and 4He, is discussed.
Inflation
Authors: Kachelriess Michael 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
This chapter introduces inflation as a phase of nearly exponential expansion in the early universe. The slow-roll conditions are deribed and possible inflationary models are discussed. Reheating connects the end of inflation with the standard hot big-bang model. The spectrum of fluctuations generated by inflation is calculated and it is shown that it is nearly scale-invariant and Gaussian. The fluctuations have fixed phase relations on superhorizon scales that cause characteristic oscillations of the temperature fluctuations of the cosmic microwave background.
Black holes
Authors: Kachelriess Michael 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
Black holes are introduced as solutions of Einsteins equations contain-ing a physical singularity covered by an event horizon. The properties of Schwarzschild and of Kerr black holes are examined. It is demonstrated that the event horizon of a black hole can only increase within classical physics. However, the event horizon is an infinite redshift surface and emits in the semi-classical picture thermal radiation. This Hawking radiation leads in turn to the information paradox.
Interferometric tracking
Authors: Furst Eric M. , Squires Todd M. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe purpose of this chapter is to present a survey of passive microrheology techniques that are important complements to more widely used particle tracking and light scattering methods. Such methods include back focal plane interferometry and extensions of particle tracking to measure the rotation of colloidal particles. Methods of passive microrheology using back focal plane interferometry are presented, including the experimental design and detector sensitivity and limits in frequency bandwidth and spatial resolution. The Generalized Stokes Einstein relation is derived from linear response theory of the particle position power spectrum and complex susceptibility. Applications of interoferometric tracking include high frequency microrheology and two-point measurements. Lastly, the chapter includes a discussion of rotational passive microrheology and the rotational GSER.
Laser tweezer microrheology
Authors: Furst Eric M. , Squires Todd M. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractTo many, the idea that light can be used to hold and manipulate matter is probably quite foreign. The photon is a seemingly evanescent particle; its interactions with matter are weak. But while it has no rest mass, a photon carries momentum. Optical traps have become important tools used to measure forces on nanometer to micrometer length scale. Laser tweezers can be used to drive (or hold) microrheological probes. Optical trapping forces are reviewed and optical trap designs discussed, incluing the use of fixed and moving reference frame optical traps. Proper calibration of optical traps especially in the material under test is discussed. Linear and non-linear measurements using laser tweezers are presented, including shear thinning of colloidal dispersions when probes are translated through a suspension. The operating regime of laser tweezer microrheology is presented.
What Is the Value of Nurse Educator Certification? A Comparison Study of Certified and Noncertified Nurse Educators
Authors: Barbé Tammy , Kimble Laura P. 
Published: February 2018

Abstract

AIM
The purpose of this study was to examine differences in how certified nurse educators and noncertified nurse educators valued nurse educator certification.

BACKGROUND
No studies have investigated the differences in perceptions of certified and noncertified nurse educators. Understanding these differences may influence how the nursing profession recognizes and promotes excellence within the academic nursing specialty.

METHOD
Perceived Value of Certification Tool-Nurse Educator and demographic survey were administered via a web-based survey to a national sample of nursing faculty.

RESULTS
Certified nurse educators valued certification with greater agreement than noncertified nurse educators. Personal accomplishment, personal satisfaction, and validation of knowledge were identified as the greatest rewards to certification.

CONCLUSION
Nurse educators identified with intrinsic rewards of certification. Despite overall positive perceptions of nurse educator certification, strategies focused on extrinsic rewards may be necessary to increase certification rates. Such strategies may help overcome factors preventing educators from attaining certification.
Investigating the Relationship Between Self-Directed Learning Readiness and Time Management Skills in Turkish Undergraduate Nursing Students
Authors: Ertuğ Nurcan , Faydali Saide 
Published: February 2018

Abstract

AIM
The aims of this study were to determine self-directed learning and time management skills of undergraduate nursing students and to investigate the relationship between the concepts.

BACKGROUND
The use of self-directed learning has increased as an educational strategy in recent years.

METHOD
This descriptive and correlational study was conducted with 383 undergraduate nursing students in Turkey. Data were collected using a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Self-Directed Learning Readiness Scale, and Time Management Questionnaire.

RESULTS
Mean scores were as follows: self-directed learning readiness, 159.12 (SD = 20.8); time management, 87.75 (SD = 12.1). A moderate positive correlation was found between self-directed learning readiness and time management values. Time management scores were 78.42 when self-directed learning readiness was ≤149 and 90.82 when self-directed learning readiness was ≥ 150, with a statistically significant difference (p = .000).

CONCLUSION
Level of self-directed learning and academic achievement were higher in students who managed their time well.
Types of Faculty Incivility as Viewed by Students in Bachelor of Science in Nursing Programs
Authors: Holtz Heidi Kathleen , Rawl Susan M. , Draucker Claire 
Published: February 2018

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Faculty incivility can negatively affect student learning outcomes and safe clinical performance, yet little is known about the types of faculty incivility experienced by students.

AIM
The aim of this qualitative descriptive study was to describe common types of incidents of faculty incivility as reported by students enrolled in traditional bachelor of science in nursing programs.

MEHTOD
Qualitative descriptive methods were used to analyze the narratives of 30 students who had experienced incidents of faculty incivility.

RESULTS
A typology explicating the different ways students perceive faculty to be uncivil included six categories: judging or labeling students, impeding student progress, picking on students, putting students on the spot, withholding instruction, and forcing students into no-win situations.

CONCLUSION
Nursing faculty and administrators can use the incident typology to guide discussions related to detecting, assessing, and preventing incivility in nursing education.
Understanding Poverty: Teaching Social Justice in Undergraduate Nursing Education
Authors: Hellman Ann N. , Cass Cary , Cathey Heather , Smith Sarah L. , Hurley Shelia 
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACT

Aim:
This article presents results of an exploratory qualitative study examining gains in empathy and social justice beliefs among undergraduate nursing students.

Background:
As undergraduate nursing education provides the foundation for future forensic nurses, developing successful methods to increase beliefs and behaviors of social empathy and social justice among nursing students will have a beneficial effect on the specialty of forensic nursing. As such, a team of nursing researchers explored the effects of a poverty simulation on the social empathy and social justice beliefs held by undergraduate students.

Method:
The research team conducted an exploratory qualitative study of student reflective journals. Using an inductive interpretive process, the researchers performed a content analysis of student responses.

Results:
The researchers identified three constitutive patterns and eight supporting themes as reflected in the students' reflective journals after participation in poverty simulation sessions.

Conclusion:
This research study found that, when nursing students participate in poverty simulation experiences, they gain an increased understanding of the vulnerability and complexities of living in poverty and are motivated to both advocate for patients and become change agents.

Application:
Such increases in social empathy and promotion of social justice will inevitably positively affect their future practice and inform their development as forensic nurses.
Evaluating Nurse Practitioners Perceived Knowledge, Competence, and Comfort Level in Caring for the Sexually Abused Child
Authors: Ceccucci Janice 
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACT

Objective:
The purpose of this project was to evaluate nurse practitioners’ (NPs’) current approach and self-reported competence in the care of the sexually abused child in the primary care setting.

Methods:
A 50-question survey was distributed to 5,734 NPs who were members of a state nursing organization and nursing alumni. Inclusion criteria included NPs caring for pediatric patients in a primary care setting in New York State.

Results:
A total of N = 325 responses were obtained, and 110 participants met the inclusion criteria. Very few NPs felt competent to perform a medical forensic examination on a sexually abused child (25.5%), and even fewer felt competent to render a definitive opinion on sexual abuse (17.3%) or to testify in court (12.7%). Most NPs felt the need for more training on child sexual abuse (78.2%). Most would prefer to refer children who are suspected of sexual abuse to an expert (77.3%), but very few (19.1%) are being referred to a local resource, like a Child Advocacy Center when a parent calls the office with a concern.

Conclusion:
More research is needed to evaluate clinical practices regarding child sexual abuse. NPs see value in pursuing specialist referrals for child sexual abuse but do not have access to the appropriate resources or are unaware of the availability within their community.

Practice Implications:
NPs should be aware of their own limitations and seek out education to improve their knowledge and skills. Forensic nurses are ideally situated to provide education on the available resources and the recommended clinical guidelines for referral.
Cultural Humility: An Active Concept to Drive Correctional Nursing Practice
Authors: Steefel Lorraine 
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACT
Correctional nursing practice is focused on a unique patient population: inmates who present with their own ethnicities and have an imposed culture from the prison structure. As such, culture must be considered to provide holistic care. Madeleine Leininger's Theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality, which maintains that care is the essence of nursing (without inclusion of culture, there is no care), suggests three nursing actions: to maintain the patient's culture, make accommodations for it, and/or repattern cultural ways that may be unhealthful. Given that correctional nurses work within the context (and culture) of custody, Leininger's nursing actions may not always be feasible; however, showing an underlying attitude of cultural humility is. In this article, cultural humility, the basis of culturally competent care, is described in a manner that can drive nursing practice in corrections.
Feasibility of Enhanced Recovery Protocols in Children
Authors: Puett Lisa L. , Smith Laurie 
Published: February 2018

Introduction
Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) programs have been utilized among various adult populations, and successful outcomes are well described in the literature. However, similar programs are not well established for children. The aims of this article were to explore the existing literature for current knowledge of the feasibility of enhanced recovery protocols in children, to explore patient and provider experiences with enhanced recovery programs, and to discuss implications for nursing.

Methods
Two basic searches were conducted using PubMed/Medline, CINAHL, and EMBASE to identify pediatric ERAS studies and studies discussing patient and nurse experiences with ERAS programs. Keywords included “pediatrics or children,” “enhanced recovery after surgery,” “enhanced recovery,” “fast-track surgery,” “ERAS,” “perioperative,” and “experiences/perceptions/attitudes/views/opinions/feelings.”

Results
The search for pediatric ERAS studies yielded nine studies: five prospective implementations, one retrospective case-match, one retrospective review, one systematic review, one scoping review, and no randomized control studies. There were different combinations of ERAS principles among the studies, ranging from 5 to 12. Outcomes included a decreased hospital length of stay and reduced time to oral nutrition, return of bowel function, and mobilization. The search for experiences with ERAS yielded three qualitative studies and one systematic review: two patient experience and two healthcare provider experience studies.

Discussion
The literature suggests that ERAS protocols in pediatric surgery can be safely integrated into practice and are an effective method for standardizing care. However, additional high-quality experimental and quasi-experimental studies are needed to analyze the impact of ERAS on pediatric patients.