bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reframing the teacher profession as a dynamic multifaceted profession: A wider perspective on teacher quality and teacher competence frameworks
Authors: Snoek Marco , Dengerink Jurriën , de Wit Bas 
Published: July 2019

AbstractMany countries in Europe use some kind of competence framework to define the quality of teachers. They typically formulate one level of teaching quality which defines the competence level that teachers must have acquired after completing initial teacher education. In addition, most countries provide limited career structures that define career opportunities within the teacher profession itself, resulting in a profession where often the only option for career progression is to move to leadership positions. Competence frameworks that create opportunities for vertical and horizontal career structures can make being a teacher a more attractive profession. They offer teachers opportunities for ‘career crafting’ and professional growth and supply school leaders with tools for more elaborate career guidance. In this article, we present a framework that was developed in the Netherlands to support teacher growth and teachers' career development. It has been used as a starting point for creating a shared language and understanding of the teacher profession and as a catalyst for dialogue between teachers and school leaders on professional growth. We elaborate the main characteristics of the resulting model, its limitations, the feedback that has been collected and how this feedback has been incorporated in how the model is used and discussed by teachers, school leaders and teacher education institutes. Finally, we argue that the strength of the framework can be explained by the way it acts as a boundary object, inspiring mutual learning and dialogue between different activity systems (of teachers, school leaders and teacher educators).
Spontaneous use and modification of a feather as a tool in a captive common raven
Authors: Gallot Quentin , Gruber Thibaud 
Published: July 2019

AbstractHere, we report an observation of a zoo‐housed common raven (Corvus corax) modifying and using a raven feather as a tool to access the food cache of her partner. We believe this record is of importance, as it represents one of the first cases of untrained common ravens spontaneously using and modifying a tool, and a rare example of a non‐human animal manufacturing a tool from a body part. This anecdotal observation suggests that tool use and tool modification may be present in the common raven behavioral repertoire in the foraging context; nevertheless, further investigations are needed to assess this possibility in more controlled settings as well as in the wild.
How do commercial fishing licences relate to access?
Authors: Silver Jennifer J. , Stoll Joshua S. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractCommercial fishing licences are central to fisheries management systems. They define and allocate harvest rights, place rules upon authorized harvesters and, in some cases, require holders to pay user fees. In this paper, we ask how licences and licensing relate to access, itself a broader concept defined as the opportunity to derive benefits from resources and that draws attention to how institutions and social structures enable and constrain different individuals and groups. Using published literature, reports and publicly available licence data for fisheries off of British Columbia, Canada, we overview licensing history and examine all major commercial licence types in the jurisdiction. Using a network approach, we also describe the diverse suite of licence portfolios held in 2017. Results show that there were 6,563 commercial fishing licences registered by 2,377 unique holders, including a handful that hold ‘access‐rich’ and a much larger number who hold ‘access‐constrained’ portfolios. The literature review and analysis support two broadly applicable conclusions. First, that licensing history shapes access and that limited entry policies continue to influence who benefits from fisheries resources well beyond implementation. Second, that analysing licence holdings suggests business strategies and fishing prospects available to different harvesters and other commercial fisheries participants in a jurisdiction. In response to demand for greater attention to human dimensions and to the perception that indicators are challenging to develop and integrate, we advance conceptual thinking and practical approaches relevant to fisheries research and evaluation.
Rural geographies in the wake of non‐representational theories
Authors: Maclaren Andrew S. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractNon‐representational theories have come to exert an influence on rural geographies. Geographers are engaging with rurality not just discursively, but as part of an assemblage of the embodied, practiced, and experienced elements of life. This paper reflects on the emergence of non‐representational theories and considers what non‐representational theories have brought to the study of rural geography to date. This recent work has considered diverse topics, from rural gentrification to an understanding of different demographic conceptualisations of rurality. The paper will consider further trajectories of where an embodied approach can take rural geographies, this includes assessing the challenges researchers wishing to engage with non‐representational theories may face, from methodological considerations to the debates surrounding the (re)presentation of research. The paper concludes by considering how rural geography can progress its engagement with non‐representational theories, through the expansion of empirical research informed by this theoretical approach.
Getting to the Heart of the Matter: Migraine, Triptans, DHE, Ditans, CGRP Antibodies, First/Second‐Generation Gepants, and Cardiovascular Risk
Authors: Mathew Paul G. , Klein Brad C. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractPremiseThe science of migraine pathophysiology has advanced significantly since the 1930’s. Imaging techniques, neurochemical analysis, clinical trials, and the clinical experience of providers treating migraine patients have not only sharpened our understanding of the disease, but have also led to the development of novel neural‐based targets. Targeted therapies such as calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) antibodies and “Second Generation” CGRP receptor antagonists (Gepants) have not only demonstrated efficacy, but have not resulted in any significant cardiovascular nor other serious adverse events. “First Generation” Gepants were associated with liver toxicity.ProblemTriptans and dihydroergotamine (DHE) are contraindicated in patients with hemiplegic and basilar migraine based on theories of migraine pathophysiology from the 1930s. While our understanding of migraine has evolved substantially, perceived concerns of safety from almost a century ago continue to preclude their use in certain patient populations.Potential solutionWhile migraine aura was once thought to be primarily due to vasoconstriction, current evidence debunks this concept. For instance, hemiplegic migraine is the consequence of genetic mutations resulting in channelopathies without evidence of cerebral ischemia or infarction. Evidence of basilar artery constriction as postulated in basilar migraine is also lacking. This recognition has led the International Headache Society to rename basilar‐type migraine to migraine with brainstem aura.The following discussion reviews current literature with respect to migraine as a neuronal disorder, as well as the published data on the safety of triptans, DHE, Ditans (a novel class of 5‐HT1f receptor agonists), CGRP antibodies, and Gepants.
The concept of sacrum imperium in historical scholarship
Authors: Sulovsky Vedran 
Published: July 2019

AbstractSacrum imperium is a phrase that first appears in the imperial chancery in a document of Frederick Barbarossa in 1157. It later developed into the title Holy Roman Empire (of the German nation), the name of Europe's largest polity for many centuries. Where other country names were based on the peoples inhabiting them, the Empire's name is of unknown provenance, though it obviously imitates the Roman Empire. I intend to survey the extant theories on its origin and meaning and show how 20th‐century national discourse affected scholarly opinion.It is maintained that sacrum imperium was introduced by Rainald of Dassel to resacralise the Empire after the imperial defeat in the Investiture Controversy. Many opinions were based on this (1) that sacrum imperium means that the state is holier than the Church, (2) that Charlemagne's canonisation was a thinly veiled canonisation of the Empire, and (3) that Rainald of Dassel translated the three kings to Cologne to prove that there was no intermediary between the emperor and God.I will show that these views are derived from Zeumer's 1910 modelling of Rainald of Dassel after Otto von Bismarck and his 1872 Reichstag speech against Pope Pius IX.
Effect of cerebrolysin on bladder function after spinal cord injury in female Wistar rats
Authors: Abolhasanpour Nasrin , Eidi Akram , Hajebrahimi Sakineh , Reyhani‐Rad Siamak , Hashim Hashim 
Published: July 2019

ObjectivesTo study the effect of cerebrolysin on bladder function after spinal cord injury using functional measurements in rats.MethodsA total of 60 female rats were enrolled in this study. After induction of complete transection at T9–T10 spinal vertebrae, cerebrolysin was injected intraperitoneally, and daily in three dosages until 7 days (1 week) and continued until 28 days (4 weeks) in three groups to show the impact of that on the bladder function. Urodynamic parameters were measured in the different groups.ResultsCerebrolysin injection in a dose of 1 mL/kg for 1 week showed a slight improvement in urodynamic parameters. However, infusion of 2.5 and 5 mL/kg cerebrolysin for 1 week caused an elevation in contractions and a decrease in compliance. In long‐term 2.5 mL/kg cerebrolysin injection, an improvement in compliance was observed, despite relative contractions. Furthermore, the bladder pressure pattern in the 2.5 mL/kg infused rats for 4 weeks was similar to the control group, but in the group receiving 5 mL/kg cerebrolysin for 4 weeks, reduced bladder contractions and function were observed.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that cerebrolysin might be able to inhibit the emergence of neurogenic detrusor overactivity in spinal cord injured female rats.
α1‐Blocker inhibits non‐voiding contractions and decreases the level of intravesical prostaglandin E2 in rats with partial bladder outlet obstruction
Authors: Akino Hironobu , Ito Hideaki , Nagase Keiko , Matsuta Yosuke , Aoki Yoshitaka , Hattori Tsuyoshi , Yokoyama Osamu 
Published: July 2019

ObjectivesTo elucidate the mechanism of action of the α1‐blocker, naftopidil, in partial bladder outlet obstruction animals, by studying non‐voiding contractions, and the levels of mediators were measured with resiniferatoxin treatment.MethodsA total of 35 female Wistar rats were randomly divided into a sham or bladder outlet obstruction group, and rats in each group were given vehicle or resiniferatoxin. Incomplete urethral ligation was applied to the bladder outlet obstruction group. After cystometry, the intravesical level of prostaglandin E2 and adenosine 5′‐triphosphate was measured in the instilled perfusate collected. Naftopidil was given at the time of cystometry.ResultsIn bladder outlet obstruction rats, non‐voiding contractions, bladder capacity, and the intravesical levels of prostaglandin E2 and adenosine 5′‐triphosphate were markedly increased compared with sham rats. Naftopidil decreased non‐voiding contractions, enlarged the bladder capacity, and decreased the intravesical levels of prostaglandin E2 and adenosine 5′‐triphosphate. Resiniferatoxin enhanced non‐voiding contractions. The effects of naftopidil on non‐voiding contractions and the intravesical level of prostaglandin E2, but not adenosine 5′‐triphosphate, were tolerant to resiniferatoxin.ConclusionsIn bladder outlet obstruction rats, one cause of generation of non‐voiding contractions might be bladder wall distension, but not transient receptor potential cation channel V1. The increase in intravesical prostaglandin E2 might also be associated with the generation of non‐voiding contractions. Naftopidil inhibits the increase in non‐voiding contractions and decreases the intravesical level of prostaglandin E2, which are independent of transient receptor potential cation channel V1.
Pan African phylogeography and palaeodistribution of rousettine fruit bats: Ecogeographic correlation with Pleistocene climate vegetation cycles
Authors: Stribna Tereza , Romportl Dušan , Demjanovič Jan , Vogeler Anna , Tschapka Marco , Benda Petr , Horáček Ivan , Juste Javier , Goodman Steven M. , Hulva Pavel 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAimThe impact of Pleistocene climatic oscillations on tropical biomes is associated with changes in the extent of forest cover. Fruit bats have played a role in woodland dynamics via pollination and seed dispersal. We hypothesized that phylogeographic patterns ofRousettuson continental Africa and adjacent islands should show a signature of pluvial‐drought cycles, involving demographic expansions and contractions.LocationAfrotropical, Malagasy and Saharo‐Arabian biogeographic realms.TaxonGenusRousettus(Pteropodidae).MethodsPhylogeographic and population genetic approaches using mitochondrial and microsatellite data were integrated with species distribution modelling of currently suitable habitats and those of the Last Glacial Maximum using climate simulations.ResultsPhylogenetic reconstruction yielded an Asian outgroup followed by pectinate branching of the Indian Ocean taxa andRousettus aegyptiacus. While nuclear microsatellites were homogeneous across the African mainland, two mitochondrial haplogroups were found. Haplogroup I is widespread in regions with extensive tree cover, including tropical rain forests, and has close relationships to isolated lineages in the Middle East and islands in the Gulf of Guinea. Haplogroup II is sister to the rest of theR. aegyptiacusradiation and is found in eastern and southern Africa and the Sudanian savanna in habitats with semi‐open land cover.Main ConclusionPalaeodistributional modelling ascertained that the Indian Ocean islands provided more extensive areas of suitable habitat in the past relative to conditions today, suggesting stepping stone connectivity between Asia and Africa during Pleistocene interpluvial sea‐level lowstands. Inverse pluvial‐drought demography was detected in lineages ancestral to recent haplogroups, providing evidence of past forest refugia and complex ecogeographic scenarios of haplogroup origins involving allopatry and parapatry connected with the eastern Afromontane biodiversity hotspot, and subsequent admixture of nuclear gene pools. The Middle Eastern lineage probably originated during pluvial green Sahara periods, possibly in co‐evolution with ancestors of tree crop species domesticated later during the Neolithic revolution. The keystone role of rousettine bats for forest regeneration and their ability to pioneer dry and distant habitats emphasize their role in conservation biology and restoration ecology.
Utility of obesity and metabolic dyslipidemia (a non‐insulin based determinate of the metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance) in predicting arterial stiffness
Authors: Aroor Annayya R. , Whaley‐Connell Adam , Sowers James R. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIncreased arterial stiffening is not only a hallmark of the aging process but the consequence of many metabolic abnormalities such as insulin resistance (IR), obesity, and metabolic dyslipidemia. In patients with the cardiometabolic syndrome, arterial stiffening is consistently observed across all age groups. A core feature linking obesity and the metabolic syndrome to arterial stiffness has been IR. However, including other metabolic abnormalities such as metabolic dyslipidemia increases the risk prediction of arterial stiffness in a dose‐dependent fashion. Chronic hyperinsulinemia also increases the activity of both the systemic and the local RAAS which contributes to the development of arterial stiffness. All of these relevant metabolic features that predict arterial stiffness are appropriately incorporated in the METS‐IR used in the current study.
Low‐intensity aerobic exercise improves cardiac remodelling of adult spontaneously hypertensive rats
Authors: Pagan Luana U. , Damatto Ricardo L. , Gomes Mariana J. , Lima Aline R. R. , Cezar Marcelo D. M. , Damatto Felipe C. , Reyes David R. A. , Caldonazo Tulio M. M. , Polegato Bertha F. , Okoshi Marina P. , Okoshi Katashi 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWe evaluated the influence of aerobic training on cardiac remodeling in untreated spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Four experimental groups were used: sedentary (W‐SED, n=27) and trained (WEX, n=31) normotensive Wistar rats, and sedentary (SHR‐SED, n=27) and exercised (SHR‐EX, n=32) hypertensive rats. At 13 months old, trained groups underwent treadmill exercise five days a week for four months. Statistical analysis: ANOVA or Kruskal‐Wallis. Exercised groups had higher physical capacity. Hypertensive groups presented left ventricular (LV) concentric hypertrophy with impaired function. Left atrium diameter, LV posterior wall thickness and relative thickness, and isovolumetric relaxation time were lower in SHR‐EX than SHR‐SED. Interstitial collagen fraction and Type I‐Type III collagen ratio were higher in SHR‐SED than W‐SED. In SHR‐EX these parameters had intermediate values between W‐EX and SHRSED with no differences between either group. Myocardial matrix metalloproteinase‐2 activity, evaluated by zymography, was higher in SHR‐SED than W‐SED and SHR‐EX. TIMP‐2 was higher in hypertensive than normotensive groups. In conclusion, low intensity aerobic exercise reduces left atrium dimension and LV posterior wall thickness, and improves functional capacity, diastolic function, and metalloproteinase‐2 activity in adult SHR.
Prevalence of albuminuria and renal dysfunction, and related clinical factors in Japanese patients with diabetes: The Japan Diabetes Complication and its Prevention prospective study 5
Authors: Shikata Kenichi , Kodera Ryo , Utsunomiya Kazunori , Koya Daisuke , Nishimura Rimei , Miyamoto Satoshi , Tajima Naoko ,   the JDCP study group
Published: July 2019

AbstractAims/IntroductionTo clarify the prevalence of albuminuria and renal dysfunction, and related factors in Japanese patients with diabetes, we analyzed the baseline data of the Japan Diabetes Complication and its Prevention prospective study.Materials and MethodsWe used the data of 355 patients with type 1 diabetes and 5,194 patients with type 2 diabetes to evaluate the prevalence of albuminuria and renal dysfunction, and related factors. A binomial logistic regression analysis was used to investigate independent contributing factors for estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 or albuminuria.ResultsThe prevalence of microalbuminuria and macroalbuminuria was 15.2% (54/355) and 3.1% (11/355) in type 1 diabetes patients, and 25.0% (1,298/5,194) and 5.1% (265/5,194) in type 2 diabetes patients, respectively. The proportion of renal dysfunction (estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73 m2) was 9.9% (35/355) in type 1 diabetes patients, and 15.3% (797/5,194) in type 2 diabetes patients. The proportion of patients with renal dysfunction with normoalbuminuria was 7.3% (26/355) for type 1 diabetes patients, and 9.0% (467/5,194) for type 2 diabetes patients. The factors related to albuminuria in type 2 diabetes patients were glycated hemoglobin, hypertension, age, duration of diabetes, body mass index and estimated glomerular filtration rate. In contrast, factors to related renal dysfunction were age, duration of diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, body mass index, male sex and albuminuria.ConclusionsWe showed the recent prevalence of albuminuria and renal dysfunction, and related factors in Japanese type 1 and type 2 diabetes patients using the baseline data of the Japan Diabetes Complication and its Prevention prospective study. The current results suggest that renal disease in patients with type 2 diabetes is heterogeneous, and different mechanisms might be involved in albuminuria and deterioration of renal function.
International research into 22 years of use of chemical restraint: An evidence overview
Authors: Muir‐Cochrane Eimear , Oster Candice , Grimmer Karen 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackgroundChemical restraint (CR) (also known as rapid tranquilisation) is the forced (non‐consenting) administration of medications to manage uncontrolled aggression, anxiety, or violence in people who are likely to cause harm to themselves or others. Our population of interest was adults with mental health disorders (with/without substance abuse). There has been a growing international movement over the past 22 years towards reducing/eliminating restrictive practices such as CR. It is appropriate to summarise the research that has been published over this time, identify trends and gaps in knowledge, and highlight areas for new research to inform practice.AimsTo undertake a comprehensive systematic search to identify, and describe, the volume and nature of primary international research into CR published since 1995.MethodsThis paper reports the processes and overall findings of a systematic search for all available primary research on CR published between 1 January 1996 and 31 July 2018. It describes the current evidence base by hierarchy of evidence, country (ies) producing the research, CR definitions, study purpose, and outcome measures.ResultsThis review identified 311 relevant primary studies (21 RCTs; 46 non‐controlled experimental or prospective observational studies; 77 cross‐sectional studies; 69 retrospective studies; 67 opinion pieces, position or policy statements; and 31 qualitative studies). The USA, UK, and Australia contributed over half the research, whilst cross‐country collaborations comprised 6% of it. The most common research settings comprised acute psychiatric wards (23.3%), general psychiatric wards (21.6%), and general hospital emergency departments (19.0%).DiscussionA key lesson learnt whilst compiling this database of research into CR was to ensure that all papers described non‐consenting administration of medications to manage adults with uncontrolled aggression, anxiety, or violence. There were tensions in the literature between using effective CR without producing adverse events, and how to decide when CR was needed (compared with choosing non‐chemical intervention for behavioural emergencies), respecting patients’ dignity whilst safeguarding their safety, and preserving safe workplaces for staff, and care environments for other patients. The range of outcome measures suggests opportunities to standardise future research.