bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Weight bias and health care utilization: a scoping review
Authors: Alberga Angela S. , Edache Iyoma Y. , Forhan Mary , Russell-Mayhew Shelly 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Aim:
The purpose of this scoping review was to explore the evidence on how perceptions and/or experiences of weight bias in primary health care influence engagement with and utilization of health care services by individuals with obesity.

Background:
Prior studies have found discrepancies in the use of health care services by individuals living with obesity; a greater body mass index has been associated with decreased health care utilization, and weight bias has been identified as a major barrier to engagement with health services.

Methods:
PubMed was searched from January 2000 to July 2017. Four reviewers independently selected 21 studies examining perceptions of weight bias and its impact on engagement with primary health care services.

Findings:
A thematic analysis was conducted on the 21 studies that were included in this scoping review. The following 10 themes were identified: contemptuous, patronizing, and disrespectful treatment, lack of training, ambivalence, attribution of all health issues to excess weight, assumptions about weight gain, barriers to health care utilization, expectation of differential health care treatment, low trust and poor communication, avoidance or delay of health services, and ‘doctor shopping’. Overall, our scoping review reveals how perceptions and/or experiences of weight bias from primary care health professionals negatively influence patient engagement with primary health care services.
The Emergence of Professional Law Librarianship and the Professional Law Librarian: the History of BIALL in Context
Authors: Holborn Guy 
Published: July 2019

AbstractGuy Holborn revisits the research he carried out in preparing the chapter on law libraries from 1850 to 2000 in the Cambridge History of Libraries in Britain and Ireland. Much of the material he gathered was not included in the chapter as published for reasons of space. Drawing from both the previously published chapter and the unpublished material, he selects four themes relevant to BIALL in its 50th anniversary year: legal education and law libraries, the development of law firms and their information services, the content of law libraries and the information needs of the profession, and the emergence of the professional law librarian.
Hemispheric Asymmetry of the Pacific Shallow Meridional Overturning Circulation
Authors: Zeller Mathias , McGregor Shayne , Spence Paul 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe shallow subtropical cells (STCs) in the Pacific Ocean are thought to modulate the background state that the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) operates in. This modulation is proposed to impact the frequency and intensity of ENSO events and their teleconnections. We use a high‐resolution ocean model to investigate the volume transports associated with the STC branches along 5° N and 5° S. We find three prominent differences between the Southern hemisphere (SH) STC and the Northern hemisphere (NH) STC: (i) the NH STC varies 26% stronger than the SH STC; (ii) the NH STC appears to lead the SH STC by 3 months which causes the NH and SH STCs to play different roles during the course of El Niño and La Niña events; and (iii) in spite of the relative symmetry of the wind stress trends, the STCs have differing decadal trends, with the SH STC clearly dominating the changes in the post‐1993 period. To investigate the mechanisms driving the STC variability, we identify winds that are linearly and nonlinearly related to ENSO to force the ocean model. The hemispheric difference in interannual variance as well as the phase difference between the STCs can be explained with ENSO forcing. Our results suggest ENSO to be an important factor in modulating its own background state, with a prominent role for the winds that are nonlinearly related to ENSO. The decadal trends and their interhemispheric disparity, however, cannot be reproduced by our targeted ENSO experiments.
Composition, Provenance, and Tectonic Setting of the Southern Kangurtag Accretionary Complex in the Eastern Tianshan, NW China: Implications for the Late Paleozoic Evolution of the North Tianshan Ocean
Authors: Chen Zhenyu , Xiao Wenjiao , Windley Brian F. , Schulmann Karel , Mao Qigui , Zhang Zhiyong , Zhang Ji'en , Deng Chen , Song Shuaihua 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe Kangurtag belt in the Eastern Tianshan, connecting the Dananhu Arc with the Central Tianshan Arc, contains diagnostic rocks of accretionary origin, and thus provides key information about the evolution of the North Tianshan Ocean. The Southern Kangurtag belt is composed of two types of mélange. Type I mélange consists of Enriched Mid‐Ocean Ridge Basalt‐type pillow basalts, draped by biohermal limestones and carbonate‐siliceous sediments of a slope facies, and siliceous argillites from a hemipelagic‐pelagic environment that together make up a seamount assemblage. In Type II mélange, Normal Mid‐Ocean Ridge Basalt and ribbon cherts were dismembered and entrained in a clastic matrix, showing a “block‐in‐matrix” structure. Detrital zircons of four sandstones from Devonian and Carboniferous strata within the mélanges have a predominant age population of 410–430 Ma and a distinct Proterozoic cluster around 1.4–1.6 Ga. The εHf(t) values of Phanerozoic zircons range from −25.1 to +8.6. Such age patterns, typical of the Central Tianshan Arc, and the Hf isotopic data indicate that these sedimentary successions were deposited on the northern margin of the Central Tianshan Arc. The youngest detrital zircon age of 317 Ma provides an upper limit for the time of formation of the Southern Kangurtag accretionary complex. Therefore, we suggest that the Southern Kangurtag belt comprises an accretionary complex that developed during southward subduction of the North Tianshan Ocean beneath the Central Tianshan Arc. This subduction began in the Early Ordovician and may have lasted until the Late Carboniferous–Permian.
Kinematics of Active Deformation in the Malawi Rift and Rungwe Volcanic Province, Africa
Authors: Ebinger C. J. , Oliva Sarah Jaye , Pham Thi‐Quan , Peterson Katherine , Chindandali Patrick , Illsley‐Kemp Finnigan , Drooff Connor , Shillington Donna J. , Accardo Natalie J. , Gallacher Ryan J. , Gaherty J. , Nyblade Andrew A. , Mulibo Gabriel 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAlthough the deep, wide basins of the Western rift, Africa, have served as analogues for the evolution of half‐graben basins, the geometry and kinematics of the border, intrabasinal, and transfer fault systems have been weakly constrained. Despite the >100‐km‐long fault systems bounding basins, little was known of seismicity patterns or the potential for M > 7.5 earthquakes. Using our new local earthquake database from the 2013‐2015 Study of Extension and maGmatism in Malawi aNd Tanzania (SEGMeNT) seismic array (57 onshore, 32 lake‐bottom stations) and TANGA14 (13 stations), we examine the kinematics and extension direction of the Rungwe Volcanic Province and northern Malawi rift. We relocated earthquakes using a new 1‐D velocity model and both absolute and double‐difference relocation methods. Local magnitudes of 1,178 earthquakes within the array are 0.7 < ML < 5.2 with a b‐value 0.77 ± 0.03, and magnitude of completeness ML 1.9. Focal mechanism solutions for 63 earthquakes reveal predominantly normal and oblique‐slip motion, and full moment tensor solutions for ML 4.5, 5.2 earthquakes have centroid depths within 2 km of catalog depths. The preferred nodal planes dip more than 40° from surface to >25‐km depths. Extension direction from local earthquakes and source mechanisms of teleseismically detected earthquakes are approximately N58°E and N65°E, respectively, refuting earlier interpretations of a NW‐SE transform fault system. The low b‐value indicating strong coupling across crustal‐scale border faults, border fault lengths >100 km, and evidence for aseismic deformation together indicate that infrequent M > 7.5 earthquakes are possible within this cratonic rift system.
Variations in Solar Activity Across the Spörer Minimum Based on Radiocarbon in Danish Oak
Authors: Fogtmann‐Schulz A. , Kudsk S. G. K. , Trant P. L. K. , Baittinger C. , Karoff C. , Olsen J. , Knudsen M. F. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractSeveral aspects concerning the origin and nature of grand solar minima remain unclear, and more high‐resolution 10Be and 14C records are needed to improve our understanding of these phenomena. Here, we report 137 new high‐precision, annually resolved radiocarbon concentrations based on oak from the Danish dendrochronology. The new record covers a period (CE 1432–1578) that encompasses most of the penultimate grand solar minima known as the Spörer Minimum. A detailed comparison between the Spörer and Maunder (CE 1640–1720) minima shows that the Spörer Minimum is associated with enhanced Δ14C variability in a band centered around the 11‐year Schwabe cycle from CE 1450 to 1479 and between CE 1545 and 1578, whereas little 11‐year variability is observed from CE 1479 to 1539. In contrast, we only observe enhanced 11‐year variability after the end of the Maunder Minimum at CE 1722–1744, which could indicate that the nature and origin of the two minima were different.
Frictional Stabilities on Induced Earthquake Fault Planes at Fox Creek, Alberta: A Pore Fluid Pressure Dilemma
Authors: Shen L. W. , Schmitt D. R. , Schultz R. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractEarthquakes induced during hydraulic fracturing operations have occurred in a number of locales. However, in situ studies aimed to discern the triggering mechanism remain exclusively statistical in their nature. Here we calculate the fault slip tendencies of 11 hydraulic fracturing induced earthquakes in a historically aseismic area using a recently constructed quantitative model for the in‐situ stresses. It is shown that the ambient pore pressures of the nearby Duvernay unconventional reservoirs can provide enough ΔPf triggering fault movement. The local fluid pressures acting on the fault could readily be increased above the critical value if hydraulic connection exists between the fault and a propagating hydraulic fracture. The critical pressures necessary to induce slip are estimated using a probabilistic model that incorporates uncertainties of stress and fault's mechanical properties. These critical pressures are greater than the expected hydrostatic pressure but less the pore pressures of nearby unconventional reservoirs.
Seasonal Prediction Potential for Springtime Dustiness in the United States
Authors: Pu Bing , Ginoux Paul , Kapnick Sarah B. , Yang Xiaosong 
Published: July 2019

AbstractMost dust forecast models focus on short, subseasonal lead times, that is, 3 to 6 days, and the skill of seasonal prediction is not clear. In this study we examine the potential of seasonal dust prediction in the United States using an observation‐constrained regression model and key variables predicted by a seasonal prediction model developed at National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, the Forecast‐Oriented Low Ocean Resolution (FLOR) model. Our method shows skillful predictions of spring dustiness 3 to 6 months in advance. It is found that the regression model explains about 71% of the variances of dust event frequency over the Great Plains and 63% over the southwestern United States in March‐May from 2004 to 2016 using predictors from FLOR initialized on 1 December. Variations in springtime dustiness are dominated by springtime climatic factors rather than wintertime factors. Findings here will help development of a seasonal dust prediction system and hazard prevention.
Changing Salinity Gradients in the Baltic Sea As a Consequence of Altered Freshwater Budgets
Authors: Kniebusch Madline , Meier H.E. Markus , Radtke Hagen 
Published: July 2019

AbstractClimate change is expected to enhance the hydrological cycle in northern latitudes reducing the salinity in the Baltic Sea, a land‐locked marginal sea with a large catchment area located in northern Europe. With the help of ocean simulations forced by historical atmospheric and hydrological reconstructions and local observations, we analyzed long‐term changes in the sea surface salinity of the Baltic Sea as well as its latitudinal gradient. The variability of both is dominated by multidecadal oscillations with a period of about 30 years, while both atmospheric variables, wind and river runoff, contribute to this variability. Centennial changes show a statistically significant positive trend in the North‐South gradient of sea surface salinity for 1900–2008. This change is mainly attributed to increased river runoff from the northernmost catchment indicating a footprint of the anthropogenic impact on salinity with consequences for the marine ecosystem and species distributions.
Energetics of Radiatively Heated Ice‐Covered Lakes
Authors: Winters Kraig B. , Ulloa Hugo N. , Wüest Alfred , Bouffard Damien 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWe derive the mechanical energy budget for shallow, ice‐covered lakes energized by penetrative solar radiation. Radiation increases the available and background components of the potential energy at different rates. Available potential energy drives under‐ice motion, including diurnally active turbulence in a near‐surface convective mixing layer. Heat loss at the ice‐water interface depletes background potential energy at a rate that depends on the available potential energy dynamics. Expressions for relative energy transfer rates show that the pathway for solar energy is sensitive to the convective mixing layer temperature through the nonlinear equation of state. Finally, we show that measurements of light penetration, temperature profiles resolving the diffusive boundary layer, and an estimate of the kinetic energy dissipation rate can be combined to estimate the forcing rate, the rate of heat loss to the ice, and efficiencies of the energy pathways for radiatively driven flows.
Quasiperiodic Rising Structures in the E‐F Valley Region Below the Equatorial Plasma Bubble: A Numerical Study
Authors: Savio S. , Sousasantos J. , Pimenta A. A. , Yang G. , Kherani E. A. , Wang C. , Liu Z. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis paper presents a numerical study aiming to understand the generating mechanism of poorly studied equatorial plasma irregularities known as equatorial quasiperiodic echoes. Employing a two‐dimensional model of the collisional interchange instability, the simulations are able to reproduce the spatial periodic features of this kind of irregular structures. The usage of an instability seeding source considering an overlap of two gravity waves with different wavelengths was capable to produce such quasiperiodic structures. The results suggest that the penetration of the equatorial plasma bubble fringe fields in typical altitudes of the valley region may be the physical mechanism responsible for the structures. Additionally, the simulation results indicate that the lower wavelength gravity wave dominates over the quasiperiodic nature of the these irregularities. The simulations results present considerable agreement with radar and in situ measurements of these quasiperiodic structures.
Temperature Dependence of Plasmaspheric Ion Composition
Authors: Goldstein J. , Gallagher D. , Craven P. D. , Comfort R. H. , Genestreti K. J. , Mouikis C. , Spence H. , Kurth W. , Wygant J. , Skoug R. M. , Larsen B. A. , D. Reeves G. , De Pascuale S. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWe analyze a database of Dynamics Explorer‐1 (DE‐1) Retarding Ion Mass Spectrometer densities and temperatures to yield the first explicit measure of how cold ion concentration depends on temperature. We find that cold H+ and He+ concentrations have very weak dependence on temperature, but cold O+ ion concentration increases steeply as these ions become warmer. We demonstrate how this result can aid in analyzing composition data from other satellites without spacecraft potential mitigation, by applying the result to an example using data from the Van Allen Probes mission. Measurement of light ion concentrations above 1 electron volt (eV) are a reasonable proxy for the concentrations of colder (eV) ions. Warmer O+ ion concentrations may be extrapolated to colder temperatures using our fit to the statistical distribution versus temperature.
Lower Ionospheric Conductivity Modification Above a Thunderstorm Updraught
Authors: Koh K. , Bennett A. , Ghilain S. , Liu Z. , Pedeboy S. , Peverell A. , Füllekrug M. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractLightning has previously been observed to disturb the lower ionosphere. These lightning‐induced ionospheric perturbations were observed as disturbances on subionospheric low‐frequency radio wave propagation with fast rise times <3 s and gradual recoveries of duration >10 s. Most of these disturbances were observed during night time when ionospheric conditions are most favorable. Here, a daytime perturbation in the lower ionosphere was observed using subionospheric radio remote sensing. The disturbance exhibits a ∼60 s rise time with a gradual recovery of >200 s. No cloud to ground lightning was coincident with the disturbance onset, however, the intracloud lightning activity of a thunderstorm over the radio receiver was seen to increase at the time of the disturbance. Therefore, the observed disturbance is unlikely to be caused by lightning, yet appears to be associated with the thunderstorm. It is proposed that this disturbance is produced by a pronounced increase in updraught strength that produced a significant change in the quasi‐static electrification of the thunderstorm. This change in electrification is evident in the increase in the intracloud lightning activity of the thunderstorm. The observation provides further evidence of the ionospheric heating effect of thundercloud charge which has implications for lower atmosphere‐ionosphere energy coupling and possibly sprite initiation.
Memorable Events During a Research Career
Authors: Sheeley Neil R. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIn this paper, I sketch a path through my research career in solar and heliospheric physics, recalling some memorable events and discoveries that occurred along the way. This chain of events begins with an influential Time magazine article in 1955 and progresses through a summer at Bell Labs, 9 years at Caltech, 7 years at the Kitt Peak National Observatory, 43 years at the Naval Research Laboratory, and ends with a digitized map of the Sun's Ca II K‐Line emission in 1919 when the AGU was born. Accidents and puzzling results are often the keys to progress and should be examined carefully.
Retrieval of Wintertime Sea Ice Production in Arctic Polynyas Using Thermal Infrared and Passive Microwave Remote Sensing Data
Authors: Preußer Andreas , Ohshima Kay I. , Iwamoto Katsushi , Willmes Sascha , Heinemann Günther 
Published: July 2019

AbstractPrecise knowledge of wintertime sea ice production in Arctic polynyas is not only required to enhance our understanding of atmosphere‐sea ice‐ocean interactions but also to verify frequently utilized climate and ocean models. Here, a high‐resolution (2‐km) Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) thermal infrared satellite data set featuring spatial and temporal characteristics of 17 Arctic polynya regions for the winter seasons 2002/2003 to 2017/2018 is directly compared to an akin low‐resolution Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer‐EOS (AMSR‐E) passive microwave data set for 2002/2003 to 2010/2011. The MODIS data set is purely based on a 1‐D energy‐balance model, where thin‐ice thicknesses (≤ 20 cm) are directly derived from ice‐surface temperature swath data and European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Re‐Analysis‐Interim atmospheric reanalysis data on a quasi‐daily basis. Thin‐ice thicknesses in the AMSR‐E data set are derived empirically. Important polynya properties such as areal extent and potential thermodynamic ice production can be estimated from both pan‐Arctic data sets. Although independently derived, our results show that both data sets feature quite similar spatial and temporal variations of polynya area (POLA) and ice production (IP), which suggests a high reliability. The average POLA (average accumulated IP) for all Arctic polynyas combined derived from both MODIS and AMSR‐E are 1.99×105 km2 (1.34×103 km3) and 2.29×105 km2 (1.31×103 km3), respectively. Narrow polynyas in areas such as the Canadian Arctic Archipelago are notably better resolved by MODIS. Analysis of 16 winter seasons provides an evaluation of long‐term trends in POLA and IP, revealing the significant increase of ice formation in polynyas along the Siberian coast.
The Response of Tropical Organized Convection to El Niño Warming
Authors: Sullivan Sylvia C. , Schiro Kathleen A. , Stubenrauch Claudia , Gentine Pierre 
Published: July 2019

AbstractConvective organization has a large impact on precipitation and feeds back on larger‐scale circulations in the tropics. The degree of this convective organization changes with modes of climate variability like the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), but because organization is not represented in current climate models, a quantitative assessment of these shifts has not been possible. Here, we construct multidecade satellite climatologies of occurrence of tropical convective organization and its properties and assess changes with ENSO phase. The occurrence of organized deep convection becomes more concentrated, increasing threefold in the eastern and central Pacific during El Niño and decreasing twofold outside of these regions. Both horizontal extent of the cold cloud shield and convective depth increase in regions of positive sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTa); however, the regions of greatest convective deepening are those of large‐scale ascent, rather than those of warmest SSTa. Extent decreases with SSTa at a rate of about 20 km/K, while the SSTa dependence of depth is only about 0.2 K/K. We introduce two values to describe convective changes with ENSO more succinctly: (1) an information entropy metric to quantify the clustering of convective system occurrences and (2) a growth metric to quantify deepening relative to spreading over the system lifetime. Finally, with collocated precipitation data, we see that rainfall attributable to convective organization jumps up to 5% with warming. Rain intensity and amount increase for a given system size during El Niño, but a given rain amount may actually fall with higher intensity during La Niña.
Can Machines Learn to Predict Weather? Using Deep Learning to Predict Gridded 500‐hPa Geopotential Height From Historical Weather Data
Authors: Weyn Jonathan A. , Durran Dale R. , Caruana Rich 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWe develop elementary weather prediction models using deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) trained on past weather data to forecast one or two fundamental meteorological fields on a Northern Hemisphere grid with no explicit knowledge about physical processes. At forecast lead times up to 3 days, CNNs trained to predict only 500‐hPa geopotential height easily outperform persistence, climatology, and the dynamics‐based barotropic vorticity model, but do not beat an operational full‐physics weather prediction model. These CNNs are capable of forecasting significant changes in the intensity of weather systems, which is notable because this is beyond the capability of the fundamental dynamical equation that relies solely on 500‐hPa data, the barotropic vorticity equation. Modest improvements to the CNN forecasts can be made by adding 700‐ to 300‐hPa thickness to the input data. Our best performing CNN does a good job of capturing the climatology and annual variability of 500‐hPa heights and is capable of forecasting realistic atmospheric states at lead times of 14 days. Although our simple models do not perform better than an operational weather model, machine learning warrants further exploration as a weather forecasting tool; in particular, the potential efficiency of CNNs might make them attractive for ensemble forecasting.