bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in species abundance after seven years of elevated atmospheric CO2 and warming in a Subarctic birch forest understorey, as modified by rodent and moth outbreaks
Authors: Svensson Brita M. , Carlsson Bengt Å. , Melillo Jerry M. 
Published: May 2018

A seven-year long, two-factorial experiment using elevated temperatures (5 °C) and CO2 (concentration doubled compared to ambient conditions) designed to test the effects of global climate change on plant community composition was set up in a Subarctic ecosystem in northernmost Sweden. Using point-frequency analyses in permanent plots, an increased abundance of the deciduous Vaccinium myrtillus, the evergreens V. vitis-idaea and Empetrum nigrum ssp. hermaphroditum and the grass Avenella flexuosa was found in plots with elevated temperatures. We also observed a possibly transient community shift in the warmed plots, from the vegetation being dominated by the deciduous V. myrtillus to the evergreen V. vitis-idaea. This happened as a combined effect of V. myrtillus being heavily grazed during two events of herbivore attack—one vole outbreak (Clethrionomys rufocanus) followed by a more severe moth (Epirrita autumnata) outbreak that lasted for two growing seasons—producing a window of opportunity for V. vitis-idaea to utilize the extra light available as the abundance of V. myrtillus decreased, while at the same time benefitting from the increased growth in the warmed plots. Even though the effect of the herbivore attacks did not differ between treatments they may have obscured any additional treatment effects. This long-term study highlights that also the effects of stochastic herbivory events need to be accounted for when predicting future plant community changes.
“НЕОТМИРАЮЩЕЕ ГОСУДАРСТВО”: ЧТО МЕШАЕТ РЕФОРМАМ ГОСУПРАВЛЕНИЯ В РОССИИ, "Общественные науки и современность"
Authors: ПАРЦВАНИЯ Вахтанг Русланович 
Published: May 2018

В статье на основе классического положения К. Маркса и Ф. Энгельса об отмирании государства сделана попытка раскрыть концептуальные причины, задающие пределы и ограничения ­реформам российско-советского бюрократического государства. Автор обосновывает в качестве фундаментальной причины провала реформ - хронические представления о враждебности западных стран по отношению к России, закрепившиеся в сознании основной массы политиков, бюрократов и общественности. Эти представления уходят корнями в российскую историю и продолжают логику идеологических воззрений советского политико-бюрократического класса, предопределившую неудовлетворительное состояние российского государственного аппарата. Их “демонтаж” в массовом сознании современного российского общества представляется автору важнейшим предварительным условием успешной реализации новой волны давно назревших реформ госуправления в России.
ОСНОВНЫЕ ПОДХОДЫ К ОБЪЯСНЕНИЮ ПРОБЛЕМЫ СОЦИАЛЬНО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОГО РАЗВИТИЯ В ОБЩЕСТВЕННЫХ НАУКАХ, "Общественные науки и современность"
Authors: ТИТОВ Владимир Николаевич 
Published: May 2018

В статье критически рассмотрены основные теоретические подходы к изучению проблемы ­неравномерности социально-экономического развития различных обществ. Выделяются три наиболее влиятельных теоретико-методологических подхода в данной сфере обществознания: институциональный, структурный, социокультурный. Показаны преимущества и ограничения, связанные с их использованием при объяснении причин и механизмов, влияющих на процессы и динамику социально-экономического развития. Делается вывод, что успешное продвижение по пути дальнейшего изучения факторов социально-экономического развития зависит от способности ­создания концептуального подхода, в рамках которого были бы определены взаимосвязи между институциональными, структурными и культурными параметрами, с одной стороны, и контингентными переменными - с другой.
НАУКА ТОЛПЫ И НАУКА ГРАЖДАН*, "Общественные науки и современность"
Authors: ЕГЕРЕВ Сергей Викторович 
Published: May 2018

В статье рассматривается современное состояние распределенных исследовательских проектов. Уточняется терминология, относящаяся к разновидностям проектов: научному краудсорсингу, науке толпы, науке граждан и другим. Обобщается опыт организации и сопровождения распределенных исследований. Отмечены ключевые аспекты менеджмента науки толпы и науки граждан. Показано, каким образом современные информационные технологии способствуют развитию новых направлений распределенных исследований. Уделено внимание достижениям распределенных исследовательских проектов в области гуманитарных наук.
РИТОРИЧЕСКАЯ АРГУМЕНТАЦИЯ И ПОЛИТИЧЕСКАЯ СИМВОЛИЗАЦИЯ, "Общественные науки и современность"
Authors: Мусихин Глеб Иванович 
Published: May 2018

Анализируется политическая аргументация как механизм выработки политических смыслов, отображающихся и артикулирующихся в ходе политической делиберации. Специфический характер такого механизма делает неопределенность развития субстантивным свойством политики. Язык политической аргументации рассматривается не как отражение политических процессов, а как само политическое коммуникативное действие. Комплекс риторических приемов концептуализируется в качестве способного к самостоятельному смыслообразованию механизмов политики, который может производить новые идеи и убеждения. В политическом контексте категории выступают не элементами мышления, а явлениями риторики. В ходе публичной делиберации категории служат не формообразующей силой мысли, а объектами обсуждения и аргументации. Целесо­образнее оперировать понятием риторической политической ситуации как явлением политической реальности. Политическая коммуникация в таких ситуациях, как правило, будет провоцировать эпистемологические и нравственные дилеммы, делающие нормативную и утилитарную оценку неоднозначной, а потому неконвенциональной. Однако особенность политической символической реальности в том, что такая оценка обязательно последует.
Cross‐cultural differences in object recognition: Comparing asylum seekers from Sub‐Saharan Africa and a matched Western European control group
Authors: de Bruïne Gabi , Vredeveldt Annelies , van Koppen Peter J. 
Published: May 2018

SummaryNowadays, more and more people report about their memories in cross‐cultural contexts. In international criminal settings and asylum procedures, object recognition tests can provide valuable information, for example, about weapons used during a crime or landmarks from the claimed region of origin. This study was the first to compare object recognition performance by asylum seekers from Sub‐Saharan Africa to a matched Western European control group. African participants performed worse than European participants on perceptual tests involving transformations from two‐ to three‐dimensional representations, but both groups performed equally well on an object recognition test that involved transformation from three‐ to two‐dimensional representations. However, African participants were significantly more likely to respond “yes” on the recognition test (i.e., an acquiescence response style) than European participants. Our findings elucidate cultural differences in responding on an object recognition test. Judges, juries, and immigration officials would be wise to take these differences into account when evaluating recognition performance in cross‐cultural contexts.
Antibacterial Activity of Silver Nanoparticles: Structural Effects
Authors: Tang Shaoheng , Zheng Jie 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe increase of antibiotic resistance in bacteria has become a major concern for successful diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Over the past few decades, significant progress has been achieved on the development of nanotechnology‐based medicines for combating multidrug resistance in microorganisms. Among this, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) hold great promise in addressing this challenge due to their broad‐spectrum and robust antimicrobial properties. This review illustrates the antibacterial mechanisms of silver nanoparticles and further elucidates how different structural factors including surface chemistry, size, and shape, impact their antibacterial activities, which are expected to promote the future development of more potent silver nanoparticle‐based antibacterial agents.
Activated Electron‐Transport Layers for Infrared Quantum Dot Optoelectronics
Authors: Choi Jongmin , Jo Jea Woong , de Arquer F. Pelayo García , Zhao Yong‐Biao , Sun Bin , Kim Junghwan , Choi Min‐Jae , Baek Se‐Woong , Proppe Andrew H. , Seifitokaldani Ali , Nam Dae‐Hyun , Li Peicheng , Ouellette Olivier , Kim Younghoon , Voznyy Oleksandr , Hoogland Sjoerd , Kelley Shana O. , Lu Zheng‐Hong , Sargent Edward H. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractPhotovoltaic (PV) materials such as perovskites and silicon are generally unabsorptive at wavelengths longer than 1100 nm, leaving a significant portion of the IR solar spectrum unharvested. Small‐bandgap colloidal quantum dots (CQDs) are a promising platform to offer tandem complementary IR PV solutions. Today, the best performing CQD PVs use zinc oxide (ZnO) as an electron‐transport layer. However, these electrodes require ultraviolet (UV)‐light activation to overcome the low carrier density of ZnO, precluding the realization of CQD tandem photovoltaics. Here, a new sol–gel UV‐free electrode based on Al/Cl hybrid doping of ZnO (CAZO) is developed. Al heterovalent doping provides a strong n‐type character while Cl surface passivation leads to a more favorable band alignment for electron extraction. CAZO CQD IR solar cell devices exhibit, at wavelengths beyond the Si bandgap, an external quantum efficiency of 73%, leading to an additional 0.92% IR power conversion efficiency without UV activation. Conventional ZnO devices, on the other hand, add fewer than 0.01 power points at these operating conditions.
Hybrid Piezo/Triboelectric‐Driven Self‐Charging Electrochromic Supercapacitor Power Package
Authors: Qin Shanshan , Zhang Qian , Yang Xixi , Liu Mengmeng , Sun Qijun , Wang Zhong Lin 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe rapid development of personal electronics imposes a great challenge on sustainable and maintenance‐free power supplies. The integration of nanogenerators (NG) and electrochromic supercapacitors (SC) offers a promising solution to efficiently convert mechanical energy to stored electrical energy in a predictable and noticeable manner. In this paper, by integrating hybrid NGs and electrochromic micro‐SCs (µ‐SCs) array, the authors demonstrate a smart self‐charging power package capable of indicating the charging state with color change. The electrochromic µ‐SC employs Ag nanowires/NiO as electrode materials, exhibiting high capacitance (3.47 mF cm−2) and stable cycling performance (80.7% for 10000 cycles). The hybrid NG can produce a high output voltage of 150 V and an enhanced output current of 20 µA to satisfy the self‐charging requirements. The integrated electrochromic µ‐SCs array is capable of self‐charging to 3 V to light up a LED under human palm impact. The charging states can be estimated according to the color differences with the naked eye during the self‐charging process. Moreover, it is possible to design the planar interdigitated electrodes into different shapes according to user demand. The proposed simple and cost‐effective approaches for smart self‐charging power package may pave the way for future intelligent, independent and continuous operation of daily electronics.
Carbon Nitride/Reduced Graphene Oxide Film with Enhanced Electron Diffusion Length: An Efficient Photo‐Electrochemical Cell for Hydrogen Generation
Authors: Peng Guiming , Volokh Michael , Tzadikov Jonathan , Sun Jingwen , Shalom Menny 
Published: May 2018

AbstractPolymeric carbon nitride (CN) has emerged as a promising semiconductor for energy‐related applications. However, its utilization in photo‐electrochemical cells is still very limited owing to poor electron–hole separation efficiency, short electron diffusion length, and low absorption coefficient. Here the synthesis of a highly porous carbon nitride/reduced graphene oxide (CN‐rGO) film with good photo‐electrochemical properties is reported. The CN‐rGO film exhibits long electron diffusion length and high electrochemical active surface area, good charge separation, and enhanced light‐harvesting properties. The film displays a 20‐fold enhancement of photocurrent density over pristine CN, reaching up to 75 µA cm−2 at 1.23 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) in an alkaline solution, as well as stability over a wide pH range. Photocurrent measurements with a hole scavenger reveal a photocurrent density of 660 µA cm−2 at 1.23 V versus RHE and a quantum efficiency of 60% at 400 nm, resulting in the production of 0.8 mol h−1 g−1 of hydrogen. The substantial photo‐electrochemical activity enhancement and hydrogen production together with the low price, high electrochemical surface area, long electron diffusion length, stability under harsh condition, and tunable photophysical properties of CN materials open many possibilities for their utilization in (photo)electrochemical and electronic devices.
Harmonious Compatibility Dominates Influence of Side‐Chain Engineering on Morphology and Performance of Ternary Solar Cells
Authors: Kumari Tanya , Lee Sang Myeon , Lee Kyu Cheol , Cho Yongjoon , Yang Changduk 
Published: May 2018

AbstractA growing number of recent studies have demonstrated the substantial impact of the alkyl side chains on the device performance of organic semiconductors. However, detailed investigation of the effect of side‐chain engineering on the blend morphology and performance of ternary organic solar cells (OSCs) has not yet been undertaken. In this study, the performance of ternary OSCs is investigated in a given poly(4,8‐bis(5‐(2‐ethylhexyl)thiophen‐2‐yl)benzo[1,2‐b;4,5‐b′]dithiophene‐2,6‐diyl‐alt‐(4‐(2‐ethylhexyl)‐3‐fluorothieno[3,4‐b]thiophene‐)‐2‐carboxylate‐2‐6‐diyl)):[6,6]‐phenyl‐C71‐butyric acid methyl ester (PTB7‐Th:PC71BM) host set by introducing various small molecule donors (SMDs) with different terminal side‐chain lengths. As expected, the performance of binary OSCs with SMDs depends greatly on the side‐chain length. In contrast, it is observed that all SMD‐based ternary OSCs exhibit almost identical and high power‐conversion efficiencies of 12.0–12.2%. This minor performance variation is attributed to good molecular compatibility between the two donor components, as evidenced by in‐depth electrical and morphological investigations. These results highlight that the alloy‐like structure formed due to the high compatibility of the donor molecules has a more significant effect on the overall performance than the side‐chain length, offering a new guideline for pairing donor components for achieving high‐performance ternary OSCs.
Double‐Shelled NiO‐NiCo2O4 Heterostructure@Carbon Hollow Nanocages as an Efficient Sulfur Host for Advanced Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Hu Linyu , Dai Chunlong , Liu Heng , Li Yi , Shen Bolei , Chen Yuming , Bao Shu‐Juan , Xu Maowen 
Published: May 2018

AbstractDouble‐shelled NiO‐NiCo2O4 heterostructure@carbon hollow nanocages as efficient sulfur hosts are synthesized to overcome the barriers of lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries simultaneously. The double‐shelled nanocages can prevent the diffusion of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) effectively. NiO‐NiCo2O4 heterostructure is able to promote polysulfide conversion reactions. Furthermore, the thin carbon layer outside can improve the electrical conductivity during cycling. Besides, such unique double‐shelled hollow nanocage architecture can also accommodate the volumetric effect of sulfur upon cycling. As a result, the prepared S/NiO‐NiCo2O4@carbon (C) electrode exhibits good rate capacities and stable cycling life up to 500 cycles at 0.5 C with a very low capacity decay rate of only ≈0.059% per cycle.
A Multifunctional Chemical Probe for the Measurement of Local Micropolarity and Microviscosity in Mitochondria
Authors: Jiménez‐Sánchez Arturo , Lei Eric K. , Kelley Shana O. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe measurement of physicochemical parameters in living cells can provide information on individual cellular organelles, helping us to understand subcellular function in health and disease. While organelle‐specific chemical probes have allowed qualitative evaluation of microenvironmental variations, the simultaneous quantification of mitochondrial local microviscosity (ηm) and micropolarity (ϵm), along with concurrent structural variations, has remained an unmet need. Herein, we describe a new multifunctional mitochondrial probe (MMP) for simultaneous monitoring of ηm and ϵm by fluorescence lifetime and emission intensity recordings, respectively. The MMP enables highly precise measurements of ηm and ϵm in the presence of a variety of agents perturbing cellular function, and the observed changes can also be correlated with alterations in mitochondrial network morphology and motility. This strategy represents a promising tool for the analysis of subtle changes in organellar structure.
Mapping online child safety in Asia and the Pacific
Authors: Singh Rajnesh D. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractIn today's age, the Internet has become essential for children's education and social development. Yet the very same technologies can expose children to online harm, which can negatively impact their well‐being and safety. These risks are becoming more serious as Internet penetration rises, particularly in emerging countries that have limited resources and capacities to tackle complex issues such as online sexual abuse, cyberbullying, and Internet addiction. As research on the entire range of risks that children are exposed to online is limited, particularly in Asia and the Pacific, this study aims to initiate the process of filling this knowledge gap and proposes a set of policy recommendations to address the challenge of balancing children's online opportunities and risks. A key finding from the study is the need for a multistakeholder and collaborative approach to ensure the online safety of children, which must include children themselves.
Die Sanierung des Mariendomdaches in Neviges mit carbonbewehrtem Spritzmörtel
Authors: Rempel Sergej , Erhard Erich , Schmidt Heinz‐Günter , Will Norbert 
Published: May 2018

AbstractDie deutsche „Architektur‐Ikone des 20. Jahrhunderts“ Gottfried Böhm hat in den 1960er Jahren die Wallfahrtskirche „Maria, Königin des Friedens“ entworfen. Die Form der Kirche gleicht einem großen Faltwerk. Aufgrund der komplizierten und monolithischen Gestalt waren genaue statische Berechnungen unmöglich. Im Laufe der Jahre sind wasserführende Risse aufgetreten. Eine Verpressung mit Mörtel ist wegen der auftretenden Rissbewegungen nicht sinnvoll. Aus diesem Grund wurde ein Instandsetzungskonzept mit carbonbewehrtem Spritzmörtel entwickelt. Der gute Verbund der Textilien zum Mörtel sorgt für eine feine Rissverteilung. Somit wird der breite Riss in viele feine aufgeteilt. Die neue Rissbreite ist danach so fein, dass ein Selbstheilungsprozess stattfinden kann. Dieses Konzept wurde erfolgreich für den ersten Instandsetzungsabschnitt der Sakramentskapelle des Mariendomdaches eingesetzt.
Luminescence properties of nanocrystalline Mg2P2O7:Eu phosphor
Authors: Gupta Karan Kumar , Dhoble Nirupama S. , Burghate Devendra K. , Dhoble Sanjay J. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThermoluminescence (TL) measurements were carried out on europium (Eu) doped magnesium pyrophosphate (Mg2P2O7) nanopowders using gamma irradiation in the dose range of 0.1 to 3 kGy. The powder samples were successfully synthesized by chemical co‐precipitation synthesis route. The formation and crystallinity of the compound was confirmed by powder X‐ray diffraction (PXRD) pattern. The estimated particle size was found to be in nanometer scale by using Debye Scherer's formula. A scanning electron microscopy (SEM) study was carried out for the morphological characteristics of as synthesized Mg2P2O7:Eu phosphor. Photoluminescence (PL) study was carried out to confirm the presence of the rare‐earth ion and its valence state. The TL analysis of synthesized samples were performed after the irradiation of Mg2P2O7:Eu with cobalt‐60 (60Co) gamma rays. The high and low intensity peaks of TL glow curve appeared at around 400 K, 450 K, 500 K and 596 K respectively. The appreciable shift in peak positions has been observed for different concentrations of Eu ion. The trapping parameters, namely activation energy (E), order of kinetics (b) and frequency factor (s) have been determined using thermal cleaning process, peak shape (Chen's) method and glow curve deconvolution (GCD) functions.
Failure of ceftolozane‐tazobactam salvage therapy in complicated pneumonia with lung abscess
Authors: Lewis Paul O. , Cluck David B. , Tharp Jennifer L. , Krolikowski Matthew A. , Patel Paras D. 
Published: May 2018

Key Clinical MessageTreatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa remains challenging, despite the availability ceftolozane‐tazobactam. We report a treatment failure with ceftolozane‐tazobactam salvage therapy for pneumonia complicated by lung abscess. Drug resistance, dose selection, and source control are possible contributing factors. Ceftolozane‐tazobactam susceptibility testing should precede therapy and consideration should be given to dosing selection.
Adsorption of cobalt(III) by graphene and activated carbon
Authors: Liu Zhen , Zhang Yan‐guo , Han Bing , Tan Zhong‐chao , Li Qing‐hai 
Published: May 2018

AbstractGraphene and activated carbon were tested as absorbents for the adsorption of cobalt(III) complexes. The SEM and TEM images showed that graphene disperses more evenly and had more uniform spacing of layers than activated carbon. However, the FTIR analysis showed that activated carbon had more characteristic functional groups than graphene. These property differences led to different cobalt(III) adsorption efficiencies. Graphene showed higher adsorption efficiency than activated carbon under identical experimental conditions. For both adsorbents, the adsorption efficiency increased with the increasing mechanical mixing intensity, solution temperature, and absorbent concentration, and decreased with solution pH. Under the conditions tested herein, the adsorption efficiency using graphene could reach more than 95 %.
In Vitro Methods to Characterize the Effects of Tobacco and Nontobacco Products on Human Platelet Function
Authors: Loelius Shannon G. , Spinelli Sherry L. , Lannan Katie L. , Phipps Richard P. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractIn this document, we describe methods for the isolation, treatment, and functional testing of human blood platelets in vitro. Functional assays for inflammatory function include flow cytometry and immunoassays for platelet release of platelet factor 4, soluble CD40L, prostaglandin E2, and thromboxane. Assays for platelet hemostatic function described here examine platelet spreading, aggregation using platelet‐rich plasma, and thromboelastography. Also described here are methods for testing cigarette smoke on primary human platelets in vitro, which our lab developed to address a major knowledge gap regarding how cigarette smoke dysregulates platelets and how this platelet dysregulation contributes to cardiovascular disease. Some of these protocols may be repurposed for investigation of the toxicity potential of other tobacco products and environmental insults. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.