bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The League of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (LRCS)
Authors: Kisselev Andrei K. 
Published: May 2019

The “International Red Cross” is composed of: (1) The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) which focuses on war victims; (2) the LRCS; and (3) the 130 National Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies worldwide which are federated by the LRCS. The LRCS was founded to facilitate, encourage and promote the humanitarian activities of its member societies and thus contribute to the promotion of peace in the world. The LRCS considers health as one of the keys to a better world for everyone. Red Cross programs include the training of nursing personnel, the provision of health care in rural areas, the organization of assistance to the sick, aged, and handicapped, and teaching first aid skills to lay people.The Red Cross bases its actions on seven principles: (1) Humanity; (2) Impartiality; (3) Neutrality; (4) Independence; (5) Voluntary Service; (6) Unity; and (7) Universality.The LRCS assists national societies in improving their disaster relief preparedness through the following functions: (1) to encourage, facilitate and assist in the establishment of a national disaster relief plan; (2) to give technical assistance to national Red Cross societies by sending delegates and equipment and/or by giving cash grants; (3) to convene seminars and conferences to help exchange opinions and share experiences; (4) to train qualified personnel; and (5) to maintain contact with other international governmental and non-governmental organizations. These include the United Nations Disaster Relief Organization (UNDRO); the World Health Organization (WHO); the International Children's Fund (UNICEF); the World Meteorological Organization (WMO); the Food and Agricultural Organization/World Food Program (FAO/WFP); the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHR); and the United Nations Education Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).
New Versus Old External Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
Authors: Bircher N. , Safar P. 
Published: May 2019

Since standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation (SCPR) cannot reliably preserve the brain during resuscitation, a “New” CPR has been proposed, which seeks to augment blood flow by increasing peak intrathoracic pressure (ITP) during chest compression. This “New” CPR (NCPR) consists of a) high pressure ventilation (70-110 cmH2O) simultaneous with chest compression, b) compression rate of 40/min, c) compression duration of 60% of the compression relaxation cycle, and d) abdominal binding. Although laboratory evidence suggests that NCPR may be capable of augmenting cerebral blood flow (1), the effect on cerebral outcome remains to be demonstrated.Although the hemodynamic superiority of open-chest CPR has long been recognized, its advantages with respect to the brain have only recently been recognized. It can reliably sustain EEC activity and pupillary light reflexes during CPR (2) as well as providing better cerebral blood flow (3,4). The objective of this two phase study was to establish the relative efficacy of standard, “new,” and open-chest CPR with respect to preserving the brain during CPR.The objective of phase I of this study was to compare standard and “New” CPR with respect to maintenance of hemodynamic, respiratory, and cerebral variables during prolonged resuscitation. Methods: Ten 10-15 kg dogs were anesthetized with halothane and 50% N2O/O2. Catheters were placed in the carotid artery, aortic arch, right atrium, external jugular vein and the sagittal sinus. An electromagnetic flowprobe was placed on the common carotid artery. Intracranial pressure was monitored with a subdural catheter. EEG electrodes were secured to the skull.
The Helicopter Ambulance Study in Sweden 1980–1981
Authors: Hallén Börje 
Published: May 2019

In Sweden as in most countries there has been an increasing use of airborne transports for medical purposes during the last decade (Fig. 1). The majority of these transports have been made by helicopters. The climate and the geographical position of Sweden in the far north of Europe presents problems to a helicopter rescue organization. The area of Sweden is approximately 400,000 square kilometers, which is a little more than that of Italy and less than that of France. There are about 8.5 mill, inhabitants which means an average of 20 per square kilometer. The population is unevenly distributed. There are only three densely populated areas: around Stockholm, around Gothenburgh and in the southern most part of Sweden with 250 respectively 150 inhabitants per square kilometer. In the middle and in the north of Sweden there are less than 5 persons per square kilometer. In the mountain regions there are even less. Temperatures ranging from about +25°C in summertime to below - 20°C in the winter are not uncommon.There is a nationwide alarm system with a common telephone number for all emergency situations and alarm centers, which direct a call for assistance to the proper rescue organization. Almost all medical services in Sweden are provided by regional governments. Adequately equipped and staffed hospitals exist all over the country. The roads are generally of good quality, but outside the urban areas the distance from the place of an accident or a medical emergency to a hospital is usually great.
Service Organizations in Disasters
Authors: Handal K.A. 
Published: May 2019

Our belief that there is a superagency that goes to work when a disaster occurs is unfounded. What does exist is a network of integrating expertise and resources that are escalated from different routine activities to cooperatively respond to one event. This paper concerns the governmental approach in one area, New York City.In the United States, federal and state laws exist to minimize the effects of disasters, by identifying measures to prevent or mitigate them, developing mechanisms to coordinate the use of resource and manpower during disasters, and by providing recovery and redevelopment following a disaster. These functions and services are coordinated to the maximum extent with comparable activities of local state and federal governments, and many voluntary private agencies. Organizational responsibility follows a bi-directional flow from federal to state to county-, city-, town- and village level, and in the reverse (Fig. 1). The roles and responsibilities depend on the type of disaster (Fig. 2) and hence the response and activity needed. Response activities include need for clothing, crisis counseling, debris removal and disposal, disease and pest control, equipment and supplies, evacuation, food provisions, fuel provisions, housing and shelter, identification and disposition of the dead, labor pools, law and order, medical care and treatment, power provision, protective measures, search and rescue, sewage control, transportation, the need to waiver codes, water provisions, and weather forecasting.
Tactical Thought and Decision Making. The Conic System Model
Authors: Thrasher Craig L. 
Published: May 2019

The overall goal of the emergency medical services (EMS) system is to reduce overall mortality and morbidity at nominal or reduced costs. To accomplish this goal an EMS system uses many subcomponents, each with specialized skills, integrated so as to insure a competent continuum of care. Questions inevitably arise about the ability of EMS systems to deliver the intended results. While discussions of mortality and morbidity tendencies are meaningful measures of outcomes and, perhaps, the “bottom line,” these two criteria are a total system measurement. They are not subsystem measures, and, therefore, offer little insight into the reasons for success or failure of the EMS system.As a field commander attacks an emergency medical incident, his thought processes depend upon information gathered during the incident and information about the effect of resources and competencies upon past incidents. The decisions which determine treatment and patient survival, as well as rescuer safety, are a direct function of this tactical thought process. This paper examines how this thought process is formed and how it may be improved through the use of a mechanistic system evaluation model.In 1966, the first major step toward a systematic delivery system for EMS was taken when a U.S. government report recommended that a nationwide program be established that would form non-traditional “EMS regions.” These regions would be the foundation for a comprehensive systematic approach to the problem of unnecessary death and disability in the prehospital setting (1).
Organization of Hospital for Extrahospital Emergencies
Authors: Tresalti E. , Rossi G. , Contegiacomo P. 
Published: May 2019

In the last few years various departments of the University Hospital “A. Gemelli” have been engaged in dealing with disasters of different kinds: the earthquakes of Belice, Friuli and Irpinia, the fire of the Todi antique exhibition, and various terrorist attacks. In these events the organization of the care of the survivors took the following four aspects into account: 1) Type and kind of lesions related to the nature of the event. 2) Criteria and collection areas of the injured, casualty clearing and treatments. 3) Distance of the disaster from the treatment center. 4) New structures to be set up for improving efficiency in the future.1) The most frequent clinical problems encountered burns and crushing injuries, and those affecting the musculoskeletal, cardiorespiratory and neuro-muscular systems. In a second phase, together with the possible lack of water, food, clothing, shelter and toilet facilities, infectious diseases of the respiratory and gastro-intestinal tract appear, particularly in old people and children. The treatment of the injured in the emergency phase requires a series of interventions at a very high technological level. In the subsequent phase, which may last for months, the treatment needed comes under normal preventive and clinical care.2) In the emergency period, which in our experience does not generally last longer than ten days, the medical and surgical departments of our hospital mostly concerned were the intensive care units (18 beds), the orthopedics and traumatology sections (122 beds), the surgical wards (309 beds), the transfusion center and the hemodialysis service.
A selected bibliography of the whitebacked planthopperSogatella furcifera(Horváth) (Homoptera: Delphacidae)
Authors: Khan Z. R. , Saxena R. C. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis selected bibliography on the whitebacked planthopper,Sogatella furcifera(Horváth), contains 506 published and unpublished references for the period 1899 to February 1984. References are arranged alphabetically by the name of the author and also classified by subjects. A distribution map, two tables of the varietal resistance to the pest and its natural enemies, and a brief description of the current status of the pest are also provided.
Biological effects of Bacillus thuringiensis on the egg parasitoid, Trichogramma evanescens
Authors: Salama H. S. , Zaki F. N. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractFeeding of the adult parasite of Trichogramma evanescens Westwood on a honey solution containing 500 μg of Bacillus thuringiensis var. galleriae HD-129 for 4–5 days had no effect on their longevity, productivity or their capability to parasitize the host eggs of Spodoptera littoralis (Boisdüvalle) or Anagasta kuehniella Zeller. After spraying the freshly laid host eggs with B. thuringiensis at the same concentration, a significant decrease was observed in the percentage of parasitism. No deleterious effects were observed in the development of the immature stages of the parasite and the percentage of its emergence, as affected by B. thuringiensis, when applied to the host eggs before or after parasitism.
Life history of Amblyseius fustis (Pritchard and Baker), an indigenous predator of the cassava red mite, Oligonychus gossypii (zacher) in south western Nigeria
Authors: Ezulike T. O. , Odebiyi J. A. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe life history of Amblyseius fustis (Pritchard and Baker) was studied in the laboratory at a fluctuating temperature and relative humidity ranging from 24.4 to 28.0°C and 55.5 to 75.6%, respectively. The developmental stages consist of egg, larva, protonymph, deutonymph and adult. The life cycle, from egg to adult of both male and female was about 8 days, while longevity was about 19.2 days. Mated female laid an average of 18.8 eggs. There was no significant difference in the longevity and fecundity of predators fed on different life stages of the host. The proportion of male to female in the progeny of mated females was 1:4.A. fustis has a shorter developmental period and lives longer than its prey, but the latter is more fecund (26.9 eggs/♀) and has a higher proportion of females in its progeny (1:4.8). The shorter developmental period and the longer life span of the predator are likely to offset the higher fecundity of the prey.
A database of geopositioned onchocerciasis prevalence data
Authors: Hill Elex , Hall Jason , Letourneau Ian D. , Donkers Katie , Shirude Shreya , Pigott David M. , Hay Simon I. , Cromwell Elizabeth A. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractOnchocerciasis is a neglected tropical disease with numerous symptoms and side effects, and when left untreated can lead to permanent blindness or skin disease. This database is an attempt to combine onchocerciasis prevalence data from peer-reviewed publications into a single open-source dataset. The process followed to extract and format the information has been detailed in this paper. A total of 14,043 unique location, diagnostic, age and sex-specific records from 1975–2017 have been collected, organized and marked for collapse where a single geo-position is shared between multiple records. The locations vary from single villages up to smaller administrative units and onchocerciasis control program-defined foci. This resulting database can be used to by the global health community to advance understanding of the distribution of onchocerciasis infection and disease.
Metabolic profiling of natural and cultured Cordyceps by NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Lu Yi , Zhi Yuee , Miyakawa Takuya , Tanokura Masaru 
Published: May 2019

AbstractCordyceps, a type of Chinese herbal medicine that exhibits anti-angiogenesis and tumor growth suppression effects, has recently gained increasing popularity. However, high-quality, naturalCordyceps, such asOphiocordyceps sinensis, is very rare and difficult to obtain in large amounts.Cordycepsis cultured instead of harvested from natural sources, but the quality with respect to the ingredients has not been fully studied. In this study, we performed an NMR metabolic profiling of aqueous extracts ofCordycepswithout any sample treatment to evaluate the proper species and medium and influence of two different disinfection methods. It was discovered thatCordyceps militarisfungus and silkworm chrysalis medium were suitable for cultivation ofCordyceps. Furthermore, cordycepin, aCordyceps-specific functional compound, was produced at different growth stages during different cultivation processes, even at the mycelial stage, and was found at three times higher concentrations in culturedC. militariscompared to that in naturally occurringC. militaris.
Nanostructured bismuth vanadate/tungsten oxide photoanode for chlorine production with hydrogen generation at the dark cathode
Authors: Rassoolkhani Alan M. , Cheng Wei , Lee Joun , McKee Austin , Koonce Jonathan , Coffel Joel , Ghanim Abdulsattar H. , Aurand Gary A. , Soo Kim Chung , Ik Park Woon , Jung Hyunsung , Mubeen Syed 
Published: May 2019

AbstractPhotoelectrooxidation of chloride ions to chlorine with co-production of hydrogen by water reduction has been proposed as a means of decreasing the net solar hydrogen production cost. So far, however, most such solar-to-chlorine production systems use cost-prohibitive materials and/or show rather small faradaic yield or stability. Here we report the development of earth-abundant, nanostructured bismuth vanadate/tungsten oxide (BiVO4/WO3) photoanode assemblies that operate in acidic sodium chloride solution (pH 1; 4 M) to produce chlorine while generating hydrogen at the dark cathode. We show that electrodeposition of 20 nm WO3 coating protects BiVO4 from harsh pH and oxidative environments while being catalytically active for chlorine evolution. The heterostructured BiVO4/WO3 photoanodes yield average photocurrent densities of 2.5 ± 0.3 mA cm−2 at 1.42 VRHE (Reversible Hydrogen Electrode) under 1 sun illumination. After two hours of continuous illumination, the best performing devices demonstrate faradaic efficiencies of 85% for chlorine production and ~100% for hydrogen production.
Binding properties of the quaternary assembly protein SPAG1
Authors: Chagot Marie-Eve , Dos Santos Morais Raphael , Dermouche Sana , Lefebvre Dorian , Manival Xavier , Chipot Christophe , Dehez François , Quinternet Marc 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
In cells, many constituents are able to assemble resulting in large macromolecular machineries possessing very specific biological and physiological functions, e.g. ribosome, spliceosome and proteasome. Assembly of such entities is commonly mediated by transient protein factors. SPAG1 is a multidomain protein, known to participate in the assembly of both the inner and outer dynein arms. These arms are required for the function of sensitive and motile cells. Together with RUVBL1, RUVBL2 and PIH1D2, SPAG1 is a key element of R2SP, a protein complex assisting the quaternary assembly of specific protein clients in a tissue-specific manner and associating with heat shock proteins (HSPs) and regulators. In this study, we have investigated the role of TPR domains of SPAG1 in the recruitment of HSP chaperones by combining biochemical assays, ITC, NMR spectroscopy and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. First, we propose that only two, out of the three TPR domains, are able to recruit the protein chaperones HSP70 and HSP90. We then focused on one of these TPR domains and elucidated its 3D structure using NMR spectroscopy. Relying on an NMR-driven docking approach and MD simulations, we deciphered its binding interface with the C-terminal tails of both HSP70 and HSP90. Finally, we addressed the biological function of SPAG1 and specifically demonstrated that a SPAG1 sub-fragment, containing a putative P-loop motif, cannot efficiently bind and hydrolyze GTP in vitro. Our data challenge the interpretation of SPAG1 possessing GTPase activity. We propose instead that SPAG1 regulates nucleotide hydrolysis activity of the HSP and RUVBL1/2 partners.
Thermal response of a packaged narrowband optical filter based on biconically tapered depressed‐cladding fibre
Authors: Guerra C.P. , Malheiros‐Silveira G.N. , Celaschi S. 
Published: May 2019

The thermal response of packaged biconic taper filter with a free spectral range of 1.7 nm is investigated over a temperature range of 0–70°C. The filter length dependence with temperature is estimated from the spectral offset. This device presented thermal stability of 3 × 10−3 nm/°C, measured at λ0 = 1550 nm.
Entwicklung und psychometrische Prüfung des „Freiburger Fragebogens zur Medikamentenadhärenz (FF-MedAd)“ bei Rehabilitanden mit kardiologischen Erkrankungen
Authors: Quaschning Katharina , Körner Mirjam , Wirtz Markus 
Published: May 2019

Zusammenfassung
Ziel der Studie Ziel der Untersuchung war die Entwicklung und psychometrische Prüfung eines Fragebogens zur mehrdimensionalen Erfassung von Barrieren und Förderfaktoren der Medikamentenadhärenz von Menschen mit kardiologischen Erkrankungen in der medizinischen Rehabilitation.
Methodik N=133 Rehabilitanden füllten den Fragebogen in einer Querschnittserhebung in einer Einrichtung der kardiologischen Rehabilitation aus. Die dimensionale Analyse des Instruments erfolgte mittels exploratorischer Faktorenanalyse (EFA).
Ergebnisse Der „Freiburger Fragebogen zur Medikamentenadhärenz (FF-MedAd)“ besteht aus 30 Items, die 8 Faktoren abbilden. Fünf dieser Faktoren repräsentieren Barrieren (Vorbehalte, Selbstständige Einnahmeentscheidung, Sorgloser Umgang, Vergessen/Vertauschen, Spezifische Probleme) und 3 Förderfaktoren der Medikamentenadhärenz (Vertrauen, Informiertheit, Kommunikation). Fünf der Skalen des FF-MedAd weisen akzeptable bis gute Reliabilitätswerte auf (Cronbachs α 0,72–0,87), für 3 der Skalen liegen die internen Konsistenzen bei 0,61–0,67. Die Zusammenhänge der Skalen geben Hinweise auf die faktorielle Validität des Instruments.
Schlussfolgerung Die psychometrischen Ergebnisse des FF-MedAd zur selbsteingeschätzten Medikamentenadhärenz von Rehabilitanden mit kardiologischen Erkrankungen sind zufriedenstellend.
Systemic Air Embolism following CT-Guided Percutaneous Core Needle Biopsy of the Lung: Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Marchak Katherine , Hong Michael J. , Schramm Kristofer M. 
Published: May 2019

Systemic air embolism (SAE) is a rare but serious complication of percutaneous core needle biopsy (PCNB) of the lung. Incidence of clinically apparent SAE is estimated at 0.061%, while clinically silent SAE may be as high as 3.8%. We present the complication of a small SAE during PCNB of the lung in a 78-year-old patient, which resulted in a transient myocardial ischemic event. This case highlights the importance of understanding the mechanism, frequency, and management of rare complications of PCNB of the lung; these complications should be considered in preoperative risk stratification. Regarding evaluation of postbiopsy computed tomography, operators should utilize a systematic search pattern to assess for complications.
Level of Evidence: Level 4, Case Report.
Multiscale poromechanics of wet cement paste
Authors: Zhou Tingtao , Ioannidou Katerina , Ulm Franz-Josef , Bazant Martin Z. , Pellenq R. J.-M. 
Published: May 2019

Significance
Capillary effects in cement paste are associated with multiple degradation mechanisms. Using a framework, we investigated the role of capillary forces in cement paste under partial saturation from the nanograins level to the mesoscale. We show that the largest capillary forces concentrate at the boundary between gel pores and larger capillary pores, inducing nonaffine deformations with correlations up to a few tens of nanometers. Our results suggest a homogenization length scale common to liquid and solid stresses correlated with the scale of inherent structural heterogeneities. This opens the route to studying the poromechanics of complex multiscale media with explicit fluid–solid coupling.
Communicative Styles, Rapport, and Student Engagement: An Online Peer Mentoring Scheme
Authors: Culpeper Jonathan , Kan Qian 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis article investigates the communicative styles of three different peer mentors in the context of online language learning, and considers their effect on student engagement. A key objective is to show how an innovative corpus-based technique, keyword analysis, can be used as a first step towards identifying communicative styles. We view communicative style as a linguistic means by which rapport is managed amongst participants (Spencer-Oatey 2008). Our primary data include 685 forum posts, of which 273 (over 26,000 words) were by the mentors at the heart of our study. We show that the three mentors have different communicative styles: different rapport management orientations are achieved in different ways. Furthermore, we bring together multiple data sources, including participants’ posts and self-reported perception data. This allows us to find evidence on if and how communicative styles impact on student engagement and perception. We discovered that rapport enhancement aligns with increased active participation, especially if a self-effacement strategy is used, and positive student perception, but that the lack of such rapport does not automatically imply negative student perception.