bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
West Indies Glaucoma Laser Study (WIGLS) 3. Anterior Chamber Inflammation Following Selective Laser Trabeculoplasty in Afro-Caribbeans with Open-angle Glaucoma
Authors: Realini Tony , Shillingford-Ricketts Hazel , Burt Darra , Balasubramani Goundappa K. 
Published: March 2019

Precis:
In the absence of prophylactic anti-inflammatory therapy, anterior chamber inflammation (characterized by cells and less commonly flare) is minimal and transient after selective laser trabeculoplasty in Afro-Caribbean glaucoma patients.

Purpose:
The purpose of this study was to characterize the prevalence, severity, and duration of anterior chamber inflammation (cells and flare) following selective laser trabeculoplasty (SLT) in Afro-Caribbean eyes with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG).

Methods:
In total 144 eyes of 72 POAG patients underwent first-time 360-degree SLT treatment following washout of all topical medications in the prospective West Indies Glaucoma Laser Study. No anti-inflammatory therapy was used post-SLT. Anterior chamber cells and flare were characterized pre-SLT after medication washout, and 1 week, 6 weeks, and 3, 6, 9 and 12 months post-SLT using the standardized methodology described by the Society for Uveitis Nomenclature (SUN) in which cells and flare are each graded on a scale of 0-4+ using specific slit-lamp settings.

Results:
Mean cell scores in both right and left eyes rose significantly (P<0.0001) from baseline to week 1 after SLT before returning to baseline values at all subsequent time points. Mean flare scores in right eyes (P=0.0185) but not left eyes (P=0.1816) rose from baseline to week 1 after SLT before returning to baseline values at all subsequent time points. Cells appeared in 40.3% of eyes and flare appeared in 9.7% of eyes after SLT. One subject developed bilateral symptomatic anterior iritis one day postoperatively and reported a previously undisclosed history of recurrent iritis; the iritis resolved with topical steroid therapy.

Conclusions:
SLT in Afro-Caribbean people with POAG is associated with mild, short-lived and self-limited anterior chamber inflammation. Routine anti-inflammatory therapy to suppress posttreatment inflammation after SLT is unnecessary in this population.
The Course of Adverse Events in Venlafaxine XR Treatment in Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Authors: Rickels Karl , Gallop Robert , Cleary Sean 
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Purpose
The time course of adverse events is an important factor for patient management. Clinicians are better able to prepare patients for specific adverse events, which leads to better treatment adherence.

Methods
Adverse events were followed longitudinally for 6 months during the open-label phase of a relapse prevention trial with 264 patients with generalized anxiety disorder. Adverse events were assessed at each treatment visit using a 21-item checklist. Logistic regression modeling, continuation ratio modeling, and hierarchical linear modeling were used to determine whether adverse events led to early attrition and whether adverse events decreased in enrolled patients over time.

Findings
Adverse events were found to have decreased highly significantly during treatment. A highly significant race effect was found in that whites had a significantly higher adverse event rate than did nonwhites. Early attrition rates were predicted by presence of nausea and fatigue, late attrition by dizziness, nervousness, and sexual dysfunction.

Implications
Our findings provide information for clinicians on the course of adverse events over treatment, useful to prepare patients for treatment adherence.
Fatigue, Physical and Functional Mobility, and Obesity in Pediatric Cancer Survivors
Authors: Karimi Masoumeh , Cox Amanda D. , White Sabrina V. , Karlson Cynthia W. 
Published: March 2019

Background
Survivors of childhood cancer are prone to an increased risk of chronic issues such as cardiovascular disease, fatigue, weight-related problems, and emotional disturbances.

Objective
This study utilized the biopsychosocial model to examine the hypothesis that greater depression and lower mobility would be significantly associated with greater fatigue and higher body mass index in survivors of childhood cancer.

Methods
Data were analyzed for 144 children treated and followed up for an oncology condition at a southeastern academic medical center. Voluntarily, children completed the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System 1.0, and parents completed the Family Symptom Inventory as part of a brief annual psychosocial screening battery. Height and weight were collected by a clinic nurse prior to questionnaire completion.

Results
Hierarchical linear regression showed that shorter time since diagnosis (β = −.154, P < .05), greater child-reported depression (β = .396, P < .01), and lower mobility (β = .427, P < .01) significantly predicted greater fatigue (adjusted R
2 = 0.54). Older age (β = .262, P < .01) and not receiving chemotherapy (β = −.209, P < .05) significantly predicted higher body mass index (adjusted R
2 = 0.051).

Conclusions
Findings showed that fatigue tends to improve over time after treatment but may be predicted by greater depression symptoms and lower mobility in recent survivors of childhood cancer.

Implications for Practice
For survivors of childhood cancer with higher levels of fatigue, treating symptoms of depression and maximizing physical and mobility may be of clinical value. With the impact of psychological and social factors not yet understood in pediatric cancer survivors, weight status in recent survivors of childhood cancer is likely a complex interaction between biological and treatment factors.
Identification of Factors Affecting the Quality of Life Among Patients With Addiction in Lebanon
Authors: Hallit Souheil , Haddad Chadia , Obeid Sahar , Kazour Francois , Nabout Rita , Darwich Mouhamad J. , Tahan Fouad E. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Our objective was to assess factors associated with the physical (Short-Form 12–physical component summary [SF-12-PCS]) and mental (Short-Form 12–mental component summary [SF-12-MCS]) quality of life (QOL) in the Lebanese population. A cross-sectional study, conducted between July and September 2017, enrolled 57 patients with substance use disorder from the Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross. The SF-12 scale was used to assess the QOL among participants. A first stepwise linear regression, using the SF-12-PCS score as the dependent variable, showed that females compared with males (β = −4.86) and having a family history of substance use disorder (β = −4.70) were associated with lower physical QOL (lower SF-12-PCS scores). A second stepwise linear regression, using the SF-12-MCS score as the dependent variable, showed that having a generalized anxiety disorder (β = −10.52) and having suicidal ideation (β = −8.05) were associated with lower mental QOL (lower SF-12-MCS scores). Strategic interventions are needed to manage the health-related QOL in those with substance abuse.
Critical Illness and Cardiac Dysfunction in Anthracycline-Exposed Pediatric Oncology Patients*
Authors: Wolfe Katie K. , Reichek Jennifer , Marsillio Lauren E. 
Published: March 2019

Objectives:
To determine if the presence of cardiac dysfunction in anthracycline-exposed pediatric oncology patients is associated with an increased frequency of PICU admission or mortality.

Design:
Retrospective parallel cohort study.

Setting:
PICU at an academic freestanding children’s hospital.

Subjects:
Children with oncologic diagnoses who received anthracyclines between January 2006 and December 2014 and were admitted to the hospital within 1 year of completion of therapy.

Interventions:
None.

Measurements and Main Results:
Charts of 734 patients were reviewed and 545 were included in analysis. Anthracycline-exposed pediatric oncology patients with cardiac dysfunction were more likely to be admitted to the PICU than those without cardiac dysfunction (87% vs 37% rate of PICU admission). PICU admission was also associated with identified infection and higher cumulative anthracycline dose. Once admitted to the PICU, those anthracycline-exposed patients with cardiac dysfunction had significantly higher mortality (26% vs 6%) and longer length of stay (7 vs 2 d) than children without cardiac dysfunction. Patients with cardiac dysfunction were more likely to require mechanical ventilation (59% vs 18%), required more vasoactive medications for longer, and were more likely to develop fluid overload. Death within 1 year of ICU admission was associated with higher cumulative anthracycline dose.

Conclusions:
Children with cancer who received anthracyclines, especially at higher doses, and who develop cardiac dysfunction are at higher risk of critical illness, have higher rates of multiple organ dysfunction and higher rates of mortality than anthracycline-exposed patients without cardiac dysfunction.
Animal models of mucositis: critical tools for advancing pathobiological understanding and identifying therapeutic targets
Authors: Wardill Hannah R. , Tissing Wim J.E. , Kissow Hannelouise , Stringer Andrea M. 
Published: March 2019

Purpose of review
Mucositis remains a prevalent, yet poorly managed side effect of anticancer therapies. Mucositis affecting both the oral cavity and gastrointestinal tract predispose to infection and require extensive supportive management, contributing to the growing economic burden associated with cancer care. Animal models remain a critical aspect of mucositis research, providing novel insights into its pathogenesis and revealing therapeutic targets. The current review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current animal models used in mucositis research.

Recent findings
A wide variety of animal models of mucositis exist highlighting the highly heterogenous landscape of supportive oncology and the unique cytotoxic mechanisms of different anticancer agents. Golden Syrian hamsters remain the gold-standard species for investigation of oral mucositis induced by single dose and fractionated radiation as well as chemoradiation. There is no universally accepted gold-standard model for the study of gastrointestinal mucositis, with rats, mice, pigs and dogs all offering unique perspectives on its pathobiology.

Summary
Animal models are a critical aspect of mucositis research, providing unprecedent insight into the pathobiology of mucositis. Introduction of tumour-bearing models, cyclic dosing scheduled, concomitant agents and genetically modified animals have been integral in refining our understanding of mucositis.
Genomics in the jungle: using portable sequencing as a teaching tool in field courses
Authors: Watsa Mrinalini , Erkenswick Gideon A. , Pomerantz Aaron , Prost Stefan 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACTGenetic research is a rapidly evolving field of study that is increasingly being utilized as a tool for wildlife conservation. However, researchers and science educators in remote areas can often find it difficult to access the latest genetic technologies, often due to a combination of high costs, bulky equipment, and lack of infrastructure. Recent technological innovations are resulting in portable, low-cost instruments that enable next-generation sequencing in remote environments, offering new opportunities to generate a more widespread network of trained conservation scientists, particularly within regions of high biodiversity. What is currently lacking are formalized educational efforts to teach participants in biodiverse areas with hands-on training in molecular biology and real-time DNA sequencing techniques. To address this challenge, we report the design and summarized feedback/outcomes of a conservation genetics field course, called ‘Genomics in the Jungle’, that took place at a field research station in the Amazon rainforest of southeastern Peru. The program was established by a small US-based NGO, Field Projects International, and facilitated by a local eco-tourism company in Peru, Inkaterra. We utilized portable sequencing technologies from Oxford Nanopore Technologies, and in-kind support from the manufacturers MiniPCR, MiniOne Systems, Promega, and New England Biolabs. Participants included a mix of non-Peruvian students and local/regional students, some of which had no prior exposure to a genetics laboratory. Overall, we maintain that portable sequencing technology is democratizing scientific research and conservation efforts, and is a major step forward for science educators and conservationists.
Microglia actively remodels adult hippocampal neurogenesis through the phagocytosis secretome
Authors: Diaz-Aparicio Irune , Paris Iñaki , Sierra-Torre Virginia , Plaza-Zabala Ainhoa , Rodríguez-Iglesias Noelia , Márquez-Ropero Mar , Beccari Sol , Abiega Oihane , Alberdi Elena , Matute Carlos , Bernales Irantzu , Schulz Angela , Otrokocsi Lilla , Sperlagh Beata , Happonen Kaisa E. , Lemke Greg , Maletic-Savatic Mirjana , Valero Jorge , Sierra Amanda 
Published: March 2019

SUMMARYDuring adult hippocampal neurogenesis, the majority of newborn cells undergo apoptosis and are rapidly phagocytosed by resident microglia to prevent the spillover of their intracellular contents. Here, we propose that phagocytosis is not merely a passive process of corpse removal but has an active role in maintaining adult hippocampal neurogenesis. First, we found that neurogenesis was disrupted in mice chronically deficient for two microglial phagocytosis pathways (P2Y12 and MerTK/Axl), but was transiently increased in mice in which MerTK expression was conditionally downregulated. Next, we performed a transcriptomic analysis of microglial phagocytosis in vitro and identified genes involved in metabolism, chromatin remodeling, and neurogenesis-related functions. Finally, we discovered that the secretome of phagocytic microglia limits the production of new neurons both in vivo and in vitro. Our data suggest that reprogrammed phagocytic microglia act as a sensor of local cell death, modulating the balance between cell proliferation and cell survival in the neurogenic niche, thereby supporting the long-term maintenance of adult hippocampal neurogenesis.GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
The effect of combined patching and citalopram on visual acuity in adults with amblyopia: a randomized, crossover, placebo-controlled trial
Authors: Lagas Alice K. , Black Joanna M. , Russell Bruce R. , Kydd Robert R. , Thompson Benjamin 
Published: March 2019

AbstractNon-human animal models have demonstrated that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) can enhance plasticity within the mature visual cortex and enable recovery from amblyopia. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that the SSRI citalopram combined with part-time patching of the fellow fixing eye would improve amblyopic eye visual acuity in adult humans. Following a cross-over, randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled design (pre-registration: ACTRN12611000669998), participants completed two 2-week blocks of fellow fixing eye patching. One block combined patching with citalopram (20 mg/day) and the other with a placebo tablet. The blocks were separated by a 2-week washout period. The primary outcome was change in amblyopic eye visual acuity. Secondary outcomes included stereoacuity and electrophysiological measures of retinal and cortical function. Seven participants were randomized, fewer than our pre-specified sample size of 20. There were no statistically significant differences in amblyopic eye visual acuity change between the active (mean ± SD change = 0.08±0.16 logMAR) and the placebo (mean change = −0.01±0.03 logMAR) blocks. No treatment effects were observed for any secondary outcomes. However, 3 of 7 participants experienced a 0.1 logMAR or greater improvement in amblyopic eye visual acuity in the active but not the placebo block. These results from a small sample suggest that larger-scale trials of SSRI treatment for adult amblyopia may be warranted. Considerations for future trials include drug dose, treatment duration and recruitment challenges.
Improving spatial normalization of brain diffusion MRI to measure longitudinal changes of tissue microstructure in the cortex and white matter
Authors: Jacobacci Florencia , Jovicich Jorge , Lerner Gonzalo , Amaro Edson , Armony Jorge L. , Doyon Julien , Della-Maggiore Valeria 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACTBackgroundFractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) are frequently used to evaluate longitudinal changes in white matter microstructure. Recently, there has been a growing interest in identifying experience-dependent plasticity in gray matter using MD. Improving registration has thus become a major goal to enhance the detection of subtle longitudinal changes in cortical microstructure.PurposeTo optimize normalization to improve registration in gray matter and reduce variability associated with multi-session registrations.Study TypeProspective longitudinal studySubjectsTwenty-one healthy subjects (18-31 years old) underwent 9 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanning sessions each.Field Strength/Sequence3.0T, diffusion-weighted multiband-accelerated sequence, MP2RAGE sequence.AssessmentDiffusion-weighted images were registered to standard space using different pipelines that varied in the features used for normalization, namely the non-linear registration algorithm (FSL vs ANTs), the registration target (FA-based vs T1-based templates), and the use of intermediate individual (FA-based or T1-based) targets. We compared the across-session test-retest reproducibility error from these normalization approaches for FA and MD in white and gray matters.Statistical TestsReproducibility errors were compared using a repeated-measures analysis of variance with pipeline as within-subject factor.ResultsThe registration of FA data to the FMRIB58 FA atlas using ANTs yielded lower reproducibility errors in white matter (p<0.0001) with respect to FSL. Moreover, using the MNI152 T1 template as the target of registration resulted in lower reproducibility errors for MD (p<0.0001), whereas the FMRIB58 FA template performed better for FA (p<0.0001). Finally, the use of an intermediate individual template improved reproducibility when registration of the FA images to the MNI152-T1 was carried out within modality (FA-FA) (p<0.05), but not via a T1-based individual template.Data ConclusionA normalization approach using ANTs to register FA images to the MNI152 T1 template via an individual FA template minimized test-retest reproducibility errors both for gray and white matter.
Tracing foot-and-mouth disease virus phylogeographical patterns and transmission dynamics
Authors: Jara Manuel , Frias-De-Diego Alba , Dellicour Simon , Baele Guy , Machado Gustavo 
Published: March 2019

AbstractFoot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) has proven its potential to propagate across local and international borders on numerous occasions, but yet details about the directionality of the spread along with the role of the different host in transmission remain unexplored. To elucidate FMDV global spread characteristics, we studied the spatiotemporal phylodynamics of serotypes O, A, Asia1, SAT1, SAT2, and SAT3, based on more than 50 years of phylogenetic and epidemiological information. Our results revealed phylogeographic patterns, dispersal rates, and the role of host species in the dispersal and maintenance of virus circulation. Contrary to previous studies, our results showed that three serotypes were monophyletic (O, A, and Asia1), while all SATs serotypes did not evidence a defined common ancestor. Root state posterior probability (RSPP) analysis suggested Belgium as the country of origin for serotype O (RSPP=0.27). India was the ancestral country for serotypes A (RSPP= 0.28), and Asia-1 (RSPP= 0.34), while Uganda appeared as the most likely origin country of all SAT serotypes (RSPP> 0.45). Furthermore, we identified the key centers of dispersal of the virus, being China, India and Uganda the most important ones. Bayes factor analysis revealed cattle as the major source of the virus for most of the serotypes (RSPP> 0.63), where the most important host-species transition route for serotypes O, A, and Asia1 was from cattle Bos taurus to swine Sus scrofa domesticus (BF>500), while, for SAT serotypes was from B. taurus to African buffalo Syncerus caffer. This study provides significant insights into the spatiotemporal dynamics of the global circulation of FMDV serotypes, by characterizing the viral routes of spread at serotype level, especially uncovering the importance of host species for each serotype in the evolution and spread of FMDV which further improve future decisions for more efficient control and eradication.
Single-molecule visualization of the effects of ionic strength and crowding on structure-mediated interactions in supercoiled DNA molecules
Authors: Scott Shane , Shaheen Cynthia , McGuinness Brendon , Metera Kimberly , Kouzine Fedor , Levens David , Benham Craig J. , Leslie Sabrina 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACTDNA unwinding is an important cellular process involved in DNA replication, transcription and repair. In cells, molecular crowding caused by the presence of organelles, proteins, and other molecules affects numerous internal cellular structures. Here, we visualize plasmid DNA unwinding and binding dynamics to an oligonucleotide probe as functions of ionic strength, crowding agent concentration, and crowding agent species using single-molecule CLiC microscopy. We demonstrate increased probe-plasmid interaction over time with increasing concentration of 8 kDa polyethylene glycol (PEG), a crowding agent. We show decreased probe-plasmid interactions as ionic strength is increased without crowding. However, when crowding is introduced via 10% 8 kDa PEG, interactions between plasmids and oligos are enhanced. This is beyond what is expected for normal in vitro conditions, and may be a critically important, but as of yet unknown, factor in DNA’s proper biological function in vivo. Our results show that crowding has a strong effect on the initial concentration of unwound plasmids. In the dilute conditions used in these experiments, crowding does not impact probe-plasmid interactions once the site is unwound.
Accurate forecasts of the effectiveness of interventions against Ebola may require models that account for variations in symptoms during infection
Authors: Hart W.S. , Hochfilzer L.F.R. , Cunniffe N.J. , Lee H. , Nishiura H. , Thompson R.N. 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACTEpidemiological models are routinely used to predict the effects of interventions aimed at reducing the impacts of Ebola epidemics. Most models of interventions targeting symptomatic hosts, such as isolation or treatment, assume that all symptomatic hosts are equally likely to be detected. In other words, following an incubation period, the level of symptoms displayed by an individual host is assumed to remain constant throughout an infection. In reality, however, symptoms vary between different stages of infection. During an Ebola infection, individuals progress from initial non-specific symptoms through to more severe phases of infection. Here we compare predictions of a model in which a constant symptoms level is assumed to those generated by a more epidemiologically realistic model that accounts for varying symptoms during infection. Both models can reproduce observed epidemic data, as we show by fitting the models to data from the ongoing epidemic in the Democratic Republic of Congo and the 2014-16 epidemic in Liberia. However, for both of these epidemics, when interventions are altered identically in the models with and without levels of symptoms that depend on the time since first infection, predictions from the models differ. Our work highlights the need to consider whether or not varying symptoms should be accounted for in models used by decision makers to assess the likely efficacy of Ebola interventions.