bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of Compaction Length on Radial Melt Segregation in Torsionally Deformed Partially Molten Rocks
Authors: Qi Chao , Kohlstedt David L. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractTo investigate the influence of compaction length on radial melt segregation during torsional shear deformation of partially molten rocks, experiments were performed on samples composed of olivine plus ∼7 vol.% of either an albite, alkali basalt, or lithium silicate melt. These three melts cover a range of three orders of magnitude in viscosity, yielding samples that vary by approximately two orders of magnitude in compaction length. Samples were deformed in torsion at 1,473 K and 300 MPa in constant strain rate experiments to outer‐radius shear strains of up to 14.3. Radial melt segregation occurred toward the axial center in all three types of samples that were sheared to
4. At the same strain, samples with the largest compaction length exhibited the highest segregation rate, while samples with intermediate and smallest compaction lengths exhibited similar segregation rates. The experimental observations qualitatively agree with previously published results from two‐phase flow theory for base‐state melt segregation with anisotropic viscosity; specifically, the segregation rate for radial melt segregation increases with increasing compaction length. However, quantitatively, the segregation rate in experiments is smaller than the rate predicted by simulations for the same compaction length. This discrepancy may, for example, reflect the difference in rheological behavior between that observed in our experiments (non‐Newtonian, dislocation‐accommodated creep) and that incorporated into the numerical models (Newtonian, diffusion‐accommodated creep). Our results thus provide a baseline for testing current and future models of two‐phase flow, particularly as applied to understanding melt migration, segregation, and extraction from Earth's deeper interior.
Gravitational Potential Energy per Unit Area as a Constraint on Archean Sea Level
Authors: Molnar Peter 
Published: October 2018

AbstractTo constrain the density structure of Archean lithosphere, I assume that gravitational potential energy (GPE) per unit area at Archean spreading centers equals that for continents whose surfaces lay near sea level. The present‐day balance of GPE limits average density deficits in Archean mantle lithosphere due to depletion of iron during its formation to ∼30–45 kg/m3. For an Archean volume of seawater equal to or greater than that today and heat loss approximately three times that today (e.g., at ∼3.5 Ga), plausible Archean structures, constrained by GPE balance, favor submerged spreading centers and continents. Emergent Archean continents would be allowed by a combination of the following (a) heat loss only twice that today, (b) less than approximately half of the present‐day volume of thick crust, either continental or oceanic plateaus, and (c) deep Archean spreading centers (
2 km below continents), which would require a thickness of Archean oceanic crust
25 km. If the volume of Archean seawater were 50% greater than that today, emergent spreading centers could have existed only as isolated unusual features, and emergent continents would require both limited extent of thick crust and spreading centers deeper that ∼2 km. The observed widespread development of continental margins and carbonate platforms at ∼2.7–2.5 Ga is consistent with heat loss roughly twice that today, a volume of seawater comparable with that today, and either (a) a volume of continental crust comparable to that at present and oceanic crust
30 km thick or (b) thicker oceanic crust, possibly 40–50 km, but with a volume of continental crust less than approximately half that today. Calculated temperatures at the Archean Moho are ∼700–900 °C. These calculations do not rule out a hot early Archean ocean (∼50–80 °C) and do not favor an early Archean emergence of life on land above sea level.
Taphonomic and Ontogenetic Effects on Na/Ca and Mg/Ca in Spinose Planktonic Foraminifera From the Red Sea
Authors: Mezger E. M. , de Nooijer L. J. , Siccha M. , Brummer G.‐J. A. , Kucera M. , Reichart G.‐J. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractAs a recorder of the hydrological cycle and ocean circulation, salinity is one of the most wanted parameters in paleoceanography. Current paleosalinity reconstructions mostly rely on the interpretation of stable oxygen isotope signals combined with an independent paleotemperature proxy. Due to error propagation, this indirect approach is associated with large uncertainties. Recent culture studies and a Red Sea field study have shown that incorporation of Na in foraminiferal shell calcite depends on salinity, providing a potential direct proxy for salinity. However, application of a Na/Ca‐based salinity proxy requires further calibration, which should also consider settling of foraminifera through the water column and burial in the sediment. Here we compare Na/Ca in living specimens from Red Sea surface waters with specimens collected from 0‐ to 500‐m water depth and sedimentary specimens from core‐tops. This shows that Na/Ca in Globigerinoides ruber and Trilobatus sacculifer shells decrease with increasing water depth and until the sediment surface. For both species, laser‐ablation‐ICP‐Q‐MS measurements combined with electron‐probe microanalysis show that Na is enriched in the spines. Loss of spines during settling of foraminifera through the water column hence provides a mechanistic explanation for the observed Na decrease in bulk specimens with water depth. In contrast, average Mg/Ca values increase toward the seafloor in both species, coinciding with deposition of gametogenic calcite, which is enriched in Mg but has Na/Ca values similar to that in lamellar calcite. Both spine shedding and gametogenic calcite addition hence affect the average minor/trace element composition of foraminiferal calcite.
Molecular Characterization and Seasonal Variation in Primary and Secondary Organic Aerosols in Beijing, China
Authors: Li Linjie , Ren Lujie , Ren Hong , Yue Siyao , Xie Qiaorong , Zhao Wanyu , Kang Mingjie , Li Jie , Wang Zifa , Sun Yele , Fu Pingqing 
Published: October 2018

AbstractBiomass burning (BB) aerosols, primary biological aerosol particles, and secondary organic aerosols, are critical components of particulate matter in the atmosphere. In this study, saccharides, lignin/resin acids, biogenic secondary organic aerosols tracers, aromatic acids, and hydroxyacids/polyacids were measured in total suspended particles collected from April 2012 to March 2013 at an urban site in Beijing using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The concentration of levoglucosan was elevated during 18–20 June. The high ratio of levoglucosan to mannosan and low ratio of galactosan to mannosan in June demonstrated the influence of wheat straw combustion in the North China Plain via long‐rang transport. Sucrose, glucose, and fructose were more abundant in April, the spring bloom season. The maximum trehalose content (298 ng/m3) occurred during a dust storm (27–29 April) with the highest stable carbon isotope ratio (δ13C, −21.2‰) of total carbon. Fungal spore tracers (arabitol and mannitol) peaked in summer. The largest concentrations of the oxidization products of isoprene and α/β‐pinene also occurred in summer. However, the β‐caryophyllene tracer was much more abundant on long‐lasting haze days in winter and was positively related to levoglucosan. The contributions of biogenic primary sources (plant debris, fungal spores, and BB) to organic carbon were estimated to be in range of 2.64–35.2% (11.8%), with BB being the predominant source. Biogenic secondary sources (isoprene, α‐pinene, and β‐caryophyllene) and anthropogenic secondary source (naphthalene) accounted for 0.23–10.9% (3.36%) of organic carbon with large contributions in summer and winter, respectively.
Influences of Subsidence and Free‐Tropospheric Conditions on the Nocturnal Growth of Nonclassical Marine Stratocumulus
Authors: Ma Y.‐F. , Pedersen J. G. , Grabowski W. W. , Kopec M. K. , Malinowski S. P. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractEffects of free‐tropospheric thermodynamic properties and large‐scale subsidence on the nocturnal growth of marine stratocumulus clouds are investigated through large‐eddy simulation based on Flight 5 of the Physics of Stratocumulus Top research campaign. It was characterized by a weak inversion and moist troposphere. Sensitivity simulations are performed using variations in the subsidence and free‐tropospheric temperature and humidity. The results confirm that the cloud‐top entrainment instability parameter κ alone cannot unambiguously control the behaviors of marine stratocumulus due to the opposite response of liquid water path (LWP) to changes in the humidity and temperature jumps with the same variation in κ, thereby both jumps should be considered separately. However, sometimes it could be considered as a joint factor of the humidity and temperature jumps controlling LWP even though cloud‐top entrainment instability does not occur or κ < 0. An obvious role of subsidence is to push the inversion layer down nearly identically and at the same rate under different ambient conditions. Enhanced subsidence, as expected, diminishes the entrainment rate, cloud‐top height, cloud thickness, and LWP. However, it has a small influence on the inversion thickness and the dynamic instability across the inversion. An LWP budget analysis shows that the direct effect of subsidence is a small reduction in the LWP, but the indirect effect of subsidence is large due to contributions from other physical processes. Therefore, subsidence is an important physical process controlling the LWP budget, even though its direct contribution is significantly smaller than the largest contributions from both radiation and entrainment.
Evidence for Shelf Acidification During the Onset of the Paleocene‐Eocene Thermal Maximum
Authors: Bralower Timothy J. , Kump Lee R. , Self‐Trail Jean M. , Robinson Marci M. , Lyons Shelby , Babila Tali , Ballaron Edward , Freeman Katherine H. , Hajek Elizabeth , Rush William , Zachos James C. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractA transect of paleoshelf cores from Maryland and New Jersey contains an ~0.19‐ to 1.61‐m‐thick interval with reduced percentages of carbonate during the onset of the Paleocene‐Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM). Outer paleoshelf cores are barren of nannofossils and correspond to two minor disconformities. Middle paleoshelf cores contain a mixture of samples devoid of nannofossils and those with rare specimens characterized by significant dissolution (i.e., etching). The magnitude of the decrease in carbonate cannot be explained by dilution by clastic material or dissolution resulting from the oxidation of organic matter during early diagenesis. The observed preservation pattern implies a shoaling of the calcite compensation depth and lysocline to the middle shelf. This reduced carbonate interval is observed during the onset of the PETM on other continental margins raising the possibility that extreme shoaling of the calcite compensation depth and lysocline was a global signal, which is more significant than in previous estimates for the PETM. An alternative scenario is that shoaling was restricted to the northwest Atlantic, enhanced by regional and local factors (eutrophication from rivers and microbial activity associated with warming) that exacerbated the impact of acidification on the shelf.
Active Tectonics of the North Chilean Marine Forearc and Adjacent Oceanic Nazca Plate
Authors: Geersen Jacob , Ranero César R. , Klaucke Ingo , Behrmann Jan H. , Kopp Heidrun , Tréhu Anne M. , Contreras‐Reyes Eduardo , Barckhausen Udo , Reichert Christian 
Published: October 2018

AbstractNew multibeam bathymetry allows an unprecedented view of the tectonic regime and its along‐strike heterogeneity of the North Chilean marine forearc and the oceanic Nazca Plate between 19 and 22.75°S. Combining bathymetric and backscatter information from the multibeam data with subbottom profiler and published and previously unpublished legacy seismic reflection lines, we derive a tectonic map. The new map reveals a middle and upper slope configuration dominated by pervasive extensional faulting, with some faults outlining a >500‐km‐long ridge that may represent the remnants of a Jurassic or pre‐Jurassic magmatic arc. Lower slope deformation is more variable and includes slope‐failures, normal faulting, re‐entrant embayments, and NW‐SE trending anticlines and synclines. This complex pattern likely results from the combination of subducting lower‐plate topography, gravitational forearc collapse, and the accumulation of permanent deformation over multiple earthquake cycles. We find little evidence for widespread fluid seepage despite a highly faulted upper‐plate. An explanation could be a lack of fluid sources due to the sediment starved nature of the trench and most of the upper‐plate in vicinity of the hyperarid Atacama Desert. Changes in forearc architecture partly correlate to structural variations of the oceanic Nazca Plate, which is dominated by the spreading‐related abyssal hill fabric and is regionally overprinted by the Iquique Ridge. The ridge collides with the forearc around 20–21°S. South of the ridge‐forearc intersection, bending‐related horst‐and‐grabens result in vertical seafloor offsets of hundreds of meters. To the north, plate‐bending is accommodated by reactivation of the paleo‐spreading fabric and new horst‐and‐grabens do not develop.
Palinspastic Reconstruction Versus Cross‐Section Balancing: How Complete Is the Central Taurides Fold‐Thrust Belt (Turkey)?
Authors: McPhee Peter J. , van Hinsbergen Douwe J. J. , Maffione Marco , Altıner Demir 
Published: October 2018

AbstractIn many fold‐thrust belts, cross section–derived shortening estimates are significantly lower than predicted based on plate convergence. This has led to controversial hypotheses that shortening may be largely underestimated due to wholesale underthrusting (convergence without shortening) below far‐traveled continent or ocean‐derived nappes. The Late Cretaceous‐Eocene Taurides fold‐thrust belt (southern Turkey) may contain a highly incomplete shortening record of convergence likely caused by wholesale underthrusting. To estimate this underthrusting, we calculate convergence across the belt using a map‐view palinspastic reconstruction that takes into account major rotations of tectonic units during their accretion. We use paleomagnetic and fault kinematic analysis, timing of accretion, and Africa‐Eurasia convergence to constrain our reconstruction. Our paleomagnetic results confirm an ~40° clockwise vertical axis rotation of the Geyikdağı nappe that forms the core of the belt, which we interpret is accommodated by a lateral gradient in underthrusting on faults structurally above and below the Geyikdağı nappe. We reconstruct ~400–450 km of convergence across the Taurides during their accretion. We compare this predicted convergence to shortening calculated from balanced cross sections, in which we reconstruct a minimum of 154‐km shortening: 57 km within far‐traveled nappes, 70‐km thrusting of far‐traveled nappes over the Geyikdağı nappe, and 27‐km shortening within the Geyikdağı nappe. Shortening in the Taurides created a significant nappe stack, but the majority of convergence was accommodated by wholesale underthrusting with barely a trace at the surface, including ~160 km of convergence by rotation of the belt, and 90–130 km related to missing Africa‐Eurasia convergence.
Dual‐frequency‐controlled C‐TPTL DC−DC converter for high and wide input voltage applications
Authors: Liu Fuxin , Zhang Wuyang , Kennel Ralph 
Published: October 2018

Traditional three‐level (TL) DC−DC converters are suitable for the power conversion with high‐input voltage, but the performance of the converter is difficult to be optimized within a wide‐input‐voltage range. A combined three‐phase TL (C‐TPTL) DC−DC converter suitable for high and wide input‐voltage applications was investigated, and the topology consists of a TL clamping cell and a three‐phase full‐bridge (TPFB) sub‐converter cell. The TL clamping cell ensures that the voltage stress on switches is half of the input voltage, and the TPFB cell reduces the current rating of switches and the output filter requirement. Meanwhile, the C‐TPTL converter can operate in the half‐input‐voltage mode and full‐input‐voltage mode by controlling the switching sequence of the TL clamping cell. The relationship between the input and output voltages, and the choice of the boundary between different operation modes were discussed. Also, the loss analysis to achieve the optimal efficiency was included. A 200–600 V input and 48 V–20 A output prototype was fabricated and tested in the lab, and the experimental results can effectively verify the theoretical analysis and the performance of the C‐TPTL converter.
Step‐charging technique for CC/CV mode battery charging with low‐cost control components in IPT systems
Authors: Na Kyungmin , Ma Hyunggun , Namgoong Gyeongho , Kim Katherine A. , Jung Jee‐Hoon , Bien Franklin 
Published: October 2018

In wireless power transfer technology, power control technique is required to realise constant current (CC) and constant voltage (CV) modes for battery charging. CC and CV modes are needed to effectively charge lithium (Li)‐ion batteries to ensure long life span and maximum capacity utilisation. The use of additional battery charging circuitry reduces efficiency, increases volume, and increases circuit complexity. The frequency modulation method is a method that can control power without an additional charging circuit, but a high‐resolution controller is needed to control the voltage and current for charging the battery by frequency modulation. This study proposes a system that controls current and voltage for CC and CV modes through a step‐charging method using a battery hysteresis with a low‐cost control system. The in‐band communication circuit is analysed and used to link the primary and secondary sides of the inductive power transfer (IPT) coils, which enables effective feedback control without an additional wireless communication module. This method enables high‐efficiency charging while minimising the overall size and cost of mobile IPT applications such as power tools. The proposed system shows 90.3% transfer efficiency with a 20.75 V, 4 Ah Li‐ion battery at 7 mm distance.
Dual‐transformer soft‐switching DC–DC resonant converter with multiple resonant elements
Authors: Wang Yifeng , Han Fuqiang , Yang Liang , Wang Chengshan , Zhou Biao 
Published: October 2018

A novel dual‐transformer DC–DC converter with multiple resonant elements is proposed. Owing to the multi‐resonant feature, the converter is able to achieve a wide DC voltage gain range through the proper selection of resonant parameters. The operating frequency is restricted within a narrow scope. The potential high‐frequency losses are avoided, which apparently contributes to efficiency improvement. Besides, since the proposed converter contains more resonant frequencies, it is possible to additionally transmit the third‐order active power to the load. All the power switches have realised the turn‐on soft‐switching, while the diodes obtain the soft‐switching or quasi‐soft‐switching for both the turn‐on and turn‐off periods. To verify the theoretical analyses, a 500 W prototype is established in the laboratory. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed converter can maintain relatively high efficiency (∼95%) among a wide load range. The highest efficiency reaches 95.4% at 300 W.
Chemoenzymatic synthesis of hydroxytyrosol monoesters and their suppression effect on nitric oxide production stimulated by lipopolysaccharides
Authors: Sakakura Ayaka , Pauze Martin , Namiki Atsuhiro , Funakoshi-Tago Megumi , Tamura Hiroomi , Hanaya Kengo , Higashibayashi Shuhei , Sugai Takeshi 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACT
Fatty acid monoesters of hydroxytyrosol [2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethanol] were synthesized in two steps from tyrosol (4-hydroxyphenylethanol) by successive Candida antarctica lipase B-catalyzed chemoselective acylation on the primary aliphatic hydroxy group over phenolic hydroxy group in tyrosol, and 2-iodoxybenzoic acid (IBX)-mediated hydroxylation adjacent to the remaining free phenolic hydroxy group. Examination of their suppression effects on nitric oxide production stimulated by lipopolysaccharides in RAW264.7 cells showed that hydroxytyrosol butyrate exhibited the highest inhibition (IC50 7.0 μM) among the tested compounds.
Poly-4-Hydroxybutyrate (P4HB) Scaffold Internal Support: Preliminary Experience with Direct Implant Opposition During Complex Breast Revisions
Authors: Nair Narayanan M , Mills Daniel C 
Published: October 2018

Abstract

Background
The GalaFLEX scaffold is a mesh composed of resorbable poly-4-hydroxybutyrate (P4HB) monofilament fibers that aids in providing immediate internal soft tissue support, similar to that offered by an underwire bra, after breast reduction, lift, or augmentation.

Objectives
Our goal was to explore the possibility of using GalaFLEX as an internal support to prevent future sagging, predominantly in the lower pole of the breast. This preliminary study investigated GalaFLEX as a direct alternative to implants in a variety of complex revisional breast cases. Our intention was to establish a safety and efficacy profile in an effort to promote further investigation.

Methods
A retrospective case series of 5 patients over 2 years were evaluated. Inclusion criteria were capsular contracture with concerns over soft tissue coverage and future ptosis, along with complicated muscle coverage deficits secondary to plane switching.

Results
A retrospective review of photographs taken at the most recent follow-up consistently showed retention of implant position and soft implants. Additionally, patients presented with a mean ± SD Baker Grade Contraction score of 2.8 ± 0.9189 preoperatively compared with a score of 1 ± 0 postoperatively.

Conclusions
This preliminary study shows the initial safety of GalaFLEX but indicates the need for a multicenter, exhaustive study. Its versatility for complex revisional cases combined with acceptable aesthetic outcomes makes GalaFLEX an invaluable tool for plastic surgeons to consider.

Level of Evidence: 4
SCALOP: sequence-based antibody canonical loop structure annotation
Authors: Wong Wing Ki , Georges Guy , Ros Francesca , Kelm Sebastian , Lewis Alan P , Taddese Bruck , Leem Jinwoo , Deane Charlotte M 
Published: October 2018

AbstractMotivationCanonical forms of the antibody complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) were first described in 1987 and have been redefined on multiple occasions since. The canonical forms are often used to approximate the antibody binding site shape as they can be predicted from sequence. A rapid predictor would facilitate the annotation of CDR structures in the large amounts of repertoire data now becoming available from next generation sequencing experiments.ResultsSCALOP annotates CDR canonical forms for antibody sequences, supported by an auto-updating database to capture the latest cluster information. Its accuracy is comparable to that of a standard structural predictor but it is 800 times faster. The auto-updating nature of SCALOP ensures that it always attains the best possible coverage.Availability and implementationSCALOP is available as a web application and for download under a GPLv3 license at opig.stats.ox.ac.uk/webapps/scalop.Supplementary informationSupplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.