bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conservation of co‐evolved interactions: understanding theMaculinea–Myrmicacomplex
Authors: Thomas Jeremy A. , Schönrogge Karsten 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe six papers in this Special Issue ofInsect Conservation and Diversityare presented as agedenkschrifthonouring ground‐breaking contributions made by the late Graham Elmes towards understanding the biology ofMyrmicaants and their social parasites.A common theme is that each research paper contributes new knowledge applicable to the future survival ofMaculinea(=Phengaris) species of butterflies, which have become flagships for insect conservation across Europe. AllMaculineaspecies are highly specialised, with larvae that feed briefly on a specific foodplant before living underground for 11–23 months as social parasites ofMyrmicacolonies.This introductory overview provides a brief history of the research that has led to the current collection, with emphasis on Graham Elmes' life and work. It is followed by three research papers that illustrate the diversity, socio‐biology and ecology ofMyrmicaants. A fourth describes an extreme adaptation that increases the efficiency with which some populations ofMaculinealarvae exploit the resources withinMyrmicanests. A fifth, more theoretical, paper models the constraints that typically lead to host specificity among social parasites and explores why host switches are rare and quick.
Preparing pharmacy students to communicate effectively with adolescents
Authors: Gilmartin-Thomas Julia F M , Sleath Betsy , Cooper Bailey Stacy , Carpenter Delesha M , Chater Angel , MacAllister Catherine , Pyzik Oksana , Wayman Brandi , Annis Izabela E , Smith Felicity 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Objectives
To develop an elective workshop designed to equip pharmacy students with skills to effectively communicate with adolescents. To conduct preliminary evaluation of the workshop to assess its impact on pharmacy student perceived confidence and knowledge relating to the importance of adolescent counselling and counselling techniques.

Methods
Academics from three universities in three countries collaborated on the workshop development and evaluation. The workshop structure was designed upon the foundations of communication best practices and established techniques, and it consisted of two online modules and an in-person tutorial. Pharmacy students undertaking a 4-year Bachelor, Master or Doctor of Pharmacy degree from all three participating universities evaluated the workshop via pre- and post-questionnaires.

Key findings
A total of 81 pharmacy students volunteered to attend and evaluate the workshop. Of these 81 students, 31 completed paired pre- and post-questionnaires, 44 students completed unpaired questionnaires and six students were lost to follow-up. Of the paired pre- and post-questionnaires, students were mostly female (67.7%) with an average age of 24.9 years (standard deviation, SD = 5.6) and were in the first (32.3%), second (16.1%) or third (51.6%) year of their pharmacy programme. Over 80% of students somewhat or strongly agreed that the workshop made them feel more comfortable speaking with young people in pharmacy settings. Mean (SD) perceived confidence (pre = 21.7 (4.0) and post = 24.9 (4.5)) and knowledge scores (pre = 5.2 (1.5) and post = 6.6 (1.6)) significantly improved after undertaking the workshop.

Conclusions
The workshop increased pharmacy student perceived confidence and knowledge relating to the importance of adolescent counselling and counselling techniques.
Professional development beyond foundation training: a study of pharmacists working in Scotland
Authors: Rueben Anna , Forsyth Paul , Thomson Alison H 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Objectives
In Scotland, post-registration hospital pharmacists typically undertake a vocational foundation training programme. Beyond this, there are no mandatory structures for ongoing professional training. To support progression to a more advanced level, competency frameworks are increasingly being used. This study aimed to measure the self-reported competence of pharmacists against a relevant framework and to determine what support was required to enable further professional development.

Methods
An online survey was completed by pharmacists working across six acute hospital sites within NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde who had completed foundation training between Jan 2013 and Jan 2018. Participants self-reported competency against the Royal Pharmaceutical Society's Advanced Practice Framework Advanced Stage 1 competencies and gave qualitative feedback through free-text questions.

Key findings
Twenty out of twenty-eight eligible pharmacists (71.4%) responded to the survey and three core areas requiring further support were identified: leadership, management and research. Participants reported that a strategic plan for professional development, more opportunities and managerial support were needed to help them develop these areas. Mentorship programmes and postgraduate qualifications were suggested as formats to support development.

Conclusion
Pharmacists working towards advanced practice reported high levels of competence in expert professional practice, collaborative working relationships and education, training and development. While these results are promising, additional support is likely to be needed to cultivate leadership, management and research skills. Future training strategies need to consider this imbalance if we are to achieve national and international workforce goals for the professional development of pharmacists.
Lifestyle risk factor communication by nurses in general practice: Understanding the interactional elements
Authors: James Sharon , McInnes Susan , Halcomb Elizabeth , Desborough Jane 
Published: October 2019

AbstractAimThis paper seeks to explore general practice nurses' perceptions of interactional factors supporting communication with patients about lifestyle risk.DesignQualitative descriptive study embedded in a concurrent mixed methods design.MethodsFifteen Australian general practice nurses were interviewed following video‐recorded chronic disease management consultations between August 2017 ‐ March 2018.ResultsThe theme of ‘Interactional Factors' comprised of the subthemes ‘Relational factors' and ‘Patient factors'. Relational factors referred to communication techniques and methods supporting temporal continuity with patients about lifestyle risk. Patient factors included consumers' motivation, willingness, and readiness to prioritize lifestyle changes. Lack of awareness of the nurses' role was perceived to have an impact on initiation of lifestyle risk conversations.ConclusionStrategies optimizing continuity of nursing care enhance the capacity for lifestyle risk reduction conversations with patients. Ongoing training in patient‐centred communication and increasing patients' awareness of general practice nurses' roles would also better support these discussions.ImpactThis research identifies ways the general practice nurses' role in supporting lifestyle risk reduction can be improved. Optimizing the general practice nurses' role in lifestyle risk communication can enhance the behaviour change and chronic disease management.
The Intergenerational Transmission of Socioeconomic Status in Stepfamilies: What Happens if Two Fathers Are Involved in the Transmission Process?
Authors: de Leeuw Suzanne G. , Kalmijn Matthijs 
Published: October 2019

AbstractObjective: This study examines the intergenerational transmission of socioeconomic status among people who have a biological father as well as a stepfather. In particular, this study investigates how the relative importance of biological fathers and stepfathers in the transmission process depends on the time in coresidence, postdivorce contact frequency, and parental involvement.Background: The traditional literature on social mobility and stratification has a strong focus on the intact family. Recently, a new strand of literature on the transmission process in divorced families has emerged. However, little is known about the role of contact quantity and quality in the intergenerational transmission process in divorced families.Method: The authors used the newly collected survey Parents and Children in the Netherlands and selected 1,540 respondents from stepfamilies. A structural equation model was used for the analysis.Results: Biological fathers who have more frequent contact with their children after divorce and who are more involved in the school life of their child are more influential in the transmission process. This is also true for more involved stepfathers. In addition, there is evidence that stepfathers are especially important when there is limited contact with the biological father.Conclusion Based on these findings, it could be said that stepfathers “replace” absent biological fathers but the role of stepfathers is relatively small when the biological father stays involved in the life of the child.
Perceived professional roles and implications for clinical decision‐making
Authors: Yu Bonnie , Ghoneim Abdulrahman , Lawrence Herenia , Glogauer Michael , Quiñonez Carlos 
Published: October 2019

AbstractObjectivesThis study aims to (a) investigate the relationship between dentists' perceived professional role (PPR), defined as the belief that they are health care professionals versus business people, and treatment intensity, determined by the aggressiveness of clinical approaches, such as in number or scope, and (b) identify the demographic and practice characteristics that have a relationship to PPR.MethodsA 46‐item survey with questions on dentists' demographic and professional characteristics was mailed to a random sample of 3,201 general dentists in Ontario, Canada. PPR was measured by visual analog scale and by Likert‐type scale questions, which have been validated in the literature in terms of their ability to measure PPR. Treatment intensity was measured by a set of case scenarios. Univariate, bivariate, and multivariable analyses were performed.ResultsOne‐thousand and seventy‐five dentists returned usable surveys (33.6% response rate). When using the two methods to measure PPR, visual analog scale and Likert‐type scale questions, dentists who identified as business people tended to have a higher treatment intensity compared to those who identified as health care professionals (p < 0.1 and p < 0.05, respectively). In multivariable logistic regression, years of practice, number of technologies used in a practice, and perceiving other dentists as competitors rather than colleagues were significant predictors of identifying as a business person.ConclusionsDentists' PPRs had a significant relationship to the aggressiveness of treatment decisions. Demographic and practice characteristics also had significant relationships to PPR. These findings may have implications for public trust and dentistry's status as a health care profession.
Video game distraction and anesthesia mask practice reduces children's preoperative anxiety: A randomized clinical trial
Authors: Dwairej Doa'a Abdullah , Obeidat Hala Mahmoud , Aloweidi Abdelkarim Saleh 
Published: October 2019

AbstractPurposeThe study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of combined video game distraction and anesthesia mask exposure and shaping intervention as compared to conventional preoperative preparation on the preoperative anxiety, anesthesia induction compliance and emergence delirium of children undergoing day‐case surgery.Design and MethodsThe CONSORT guidelines were followed in the current study; a randomized clinical trial, two groups, pre posttest, between subjects design with 1:1 allocation ratio was employed. Children (5–11 years of age; N = 128) admitted for day case surgery were invited to participate in the study. Sixty‐four children were assigned to the intervention group receiving combined videogame distraction and anesthesia mask exposure and shaping intervention, and 64 children were assigned to the control group.ResultsThe results showed that children in the intervention group reported statistically significant lower anxiety scores than the children in the control group at three preoperative points of time: postintervention t = 4.48, p < .001, at the time of transfer to the operation room t = 10.18; p < .001 and during anesthesia induction t = 7.76; p < .001. In addition, compared with the children in the control group, fewer children in the intervention group demonstrated poor anesthesia induction compliance χ2 = 3.91; p = .04. The results, however, did not reveal statistically significant differences in children's emergence delirium scores.Practice ImplicationCombined video game distraction and anesthesia mask exposure and shaping are simple, safe, and time‐effective intervention that the nurses can implement at the day of surgery to mitigate children anxiety and to enhance their anesthesia induction compliance.
Supporting families on their journey towards a normal everyday life ‐ facilitating partnership in an early discharge program for families with premature infants
Authors: Koreska Mai , Petersen Mette , Andersen Bente Lund , Brødsgaard Anne 
Published: October 2019

AbstractPurposeSeveral Danish neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) offer the possibility of an early discharge program (EDP) for families with premature infants, when the infant reaches the gestational age ≥ 34 weeks and a weight ≥ 1,500 g. The purpose of this study is to explore how the partnership with these families can be facilitated by the nurse based on the principles of the framework of family centered care (FCC).Design and MethodsThe study was conducted as an ethnographic inquiry inspired by Spradley and based on participant observation of 12 contacts between nurse and family, one informal and three formal interviews with nurses in the EDP‐unit of a Danish NICU.ResultsThis study illustrates how EDP‐nurses facilitate a partnership with the families enrolled in EDP by using a range of complex strategies to adjust their care to the family's changing needs, while acknowledging the family's way of being. The partnership typically develops in three phases: "Settling in EDP," "Thriving in EDP," and "Leaving the EDP nest." The EDP‐nurses have a clear understanding of whether a partnership is well functioning or challenging and they play a unique role by facilitating a partnership that supports the family on the journey towards a normal everyday life.Practice ImplicationsThe knowledge unraveled in this study may prove helpful for training future EDP‐nurses in the neonatal field of FCC, when improving the quality of an existing EDP or developing a new EDP based on the principles of FCC.
National feasibility survey of peritoneal dialysis key performance indicators in Thailand from provider perspective
Authors: Pongpirul Krit , Kanjanabuch Talerngsak , Puapatanakul Pongpratch , Chuengsaman Piyatida , Dandecha Phongsak , Kingwatanakul Pornchai , Sritippayawan Suchai , Chittinandana Anutra , Eiam‐Ong Somchai , Vareesangthip Kriengsak , Tungsanga Kriang ,   the Steering Committee, Advisory Board of CAPD, the Nephrology Society of Thailand
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackgroundPeritoneal dialysis (PD) has been the main method of renal replacement therapy under the “PD First” policy in Thailand since 2008. Initially, the proposed 13 key performance indicators (KPIs) raised feasibility concerns because of inequitable distribution of resources such as laboratory facilities and/or specialized health‐care staff for PD care throughout the country.MethodsData availability and goals from the health‐care providers' perspective were explored using an online questionnaire survey for all PD centers registered with the Nephrology Society of Thailand from May to June 2016. The availability of essential data required for each KPI indicator to achieve the desired target was assessed using a 5‐point Likert scale.ResultsOf the 197 centers, 119 responded to the survey (response rate of 60.41%). PD indicators with a high percentage of strongly disagree or disagree were “PD adequacy measured in the last 12 months” (26.83%), “Total weekly Kt/V ≥ 1.7” (24.59%), “3‐year PD technique survival” (21.31%), “Serum parathyroid levels within 150 to 500 pg/mL” (16.94%), and a “3‐year PD patient survival” (19.01%). As many as 34.17%, 39.19%, 27.27%, 28.93%, and 22.00%, respectively, did not anticipate that the targets could be achieved. Based on the findings from this survey, the national committee concluded that these indicators be removed, and only eight PD indicators were launched.ConclusionGiven the importance of KPIs for quality assurance and financial reimbursement, inputs from health‐care providers especially data availability and achievement of targets should be considered to ensure feasibility before the final list of indicators are launched.
Incidence and risk factors for readmission to a paediatric intensive care unit
Authors: Konishi Umi , Hatachi Takeshi , Ikebe Ryo , Inata Yu , Takemori Kazumi , Takeuchi Muneyuki 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackgroundUnscheduled readmission to a paediatric intensive care unit can lead to unfavourable patient outcomes. Therefore, determining the incidence and risk factors is important. Previous studies on such readmissions have only focused on the first 48 hours after discharge and described the relative risk factors as unmodifiable.AimTo identify the incidence and risk factors of unscheduled readmission to a paediatric intensive care unit within 7 days of discharge.DesignThis was a retrospective observational study.MethodsOur study population comprised consecutive patients admitted to the paediatric intensive care unit of our tertiary hospital in Japan in 2012 to 2016. We determined the incidence of unscheduled readmission to the unit within 7 days of discharge and identified potential risk factors using multivariable logistic regression analysis.ResultsAmong the 2432 admissions (1472 patients), 60 admissions (2.5%, 44 patients) were followed by ≥1 unscheduled readmission. The median time to readmission was 3.5 days. The most common causes for readmission were respiratory issues and cardiovascular symptoms. The significant risk factors for readmission within 7 days of discharge were unscheduled initial admission (odds ratio [OR]: 3.02; 95% confidence interval [CI:] 1.45‐6.31), admission from a general ward (OR: 5.13; 95% CI: 1.75‐15.0), and withdrawal syndrome during the initial stay (OR: 3.95; 95% CI: 1.53‐10.2).ConclusionsThe incidence of unscheduled readmission within 7 days was not high (2.5%), and one of the three identified risk factors for readmissions (withdrawal syndrome) is potentially modifiable.Relevance to clinical practiceAppropriate treatment of withdrawal syndrome may reduce readmissions and improve patient outcomes. Although unscheduled initial admission and admission from general ward are not modifiable risk factors, careful discharge judgement and follow up after discharge from paediatric intensive care units for high‐risk patients may be beneficial.
Nigral overexpression of α‐synuclein in a rat Parkinson’s disease model indicates alterations in the enteric nervous system and the gut microbiome
Authors: O’Donovan Sarah M. , Crowley Erin K. , Brown Jillian R.‐M. , O’Sullivan Orla , O’Leary Olivia F. , Timmons Suzanne , Nolan Yvonne M. , Clarke David J. , Hyland Niall P. , Joyce Susan A. , Sullivan Aideen M. , O'Neill Cora 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackgroundA hallmark feature of Parkinson's disease (PD) is the build‐up of α‐synuclein protein aggregates throughout the brain; however α‐synuclein is also expressed in enteric neurons. Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms and pathology are frequently reported in PD, including constipation, increased intestinal permeability, glial pathology, and alterations to gut microbiota composition. α‐synuclein can propagate through neuronal systems but the site of origin of α‐synuclein pathology, whether it be the gut or the brain, is still unknown. Physical exercise is associated with alleviating symptoms of PD and with altering the composition of the gut microbiota.MethodsThis study investigated the effects of bilateral nigral injection of adeno‐associated virus (AAV)‐α‐synuclein on enteric neurons, glia and neurochemistry, the gut microbiome, and bile acid metabolism in rats, some of whom were exposed to voluntary exercise.Key ResultsNigral overexpression of α‐synuclein resulted in significant neuronal loss in the ileal submucosal plexus with no change in enteric glia. In contrast, the myenteric plexus showed a significant increase in glial expression, while neuronal numbers were maintained. Concomitant alterations were observed in the gut microbiome and related bile acid metabolism. Voluntary running protected against neuronal loss, increased enteric glial expression, and modified gut microbiome composition in the brain‐injected AAV‐α‐synuclein PD model.Conclusions and InferencesThese results show that developing nigral α‐synuclein pathology in this PD model exerts significant alterations on the enteric nervous system (ENS) and gut microbiome that are receptive to modification by exercise. This highlights brain to gut communication as an important mechanism in PD pathology.
Why does duress undermine consent?1
Authors: Dougherty Tom 
Published: October 2019

AbstractIn this essay, I discuss why consent is invalidated by duress that involves attaching penalties to someone's refusal to give consent. At the heart of my explanation is the Complaint Principle. This principle specifies that consent is defeasibly invalid when the consent results from someone conditionally imposing a penalty on the consent‐giver's refusal to give the consent, such that the consent‐giver has a legitimate complaint against this imposition focused on how it is affects their incentives for consenting. The Complaint Principle says that this consent is defeasibly invalid to make room for the Authorization Principle, which allows sincere authorizations to constitute valid consent, even when these are issued by an agent acting under duress. The Authorization Principle has application only in cases of third‐party duress because when the consent‐receiver is the source of the duress, the consent‐giver is not sincerely authorizing the action.