bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Africanizing classical European playwrights (Shakespeare and Molière)
Authors: Le Lay Maëline 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThis article analyses Shakespeare and Molière's enduring appeal in various African countries and the diversity of their plays’ adaptations. The starting point is the discrepancy between the two playwrights, Shakespeare in Africa being an artistic phenomenon (a controversial one in some quarters), while the adaptation of Molière remains mainly the domain of school curricula. This article will first provide a historical overview of activities related to the introduction of Shakespeare and Molière's works in Africa. Second, it will set out to analyse the varied adaptation and “Africanization” of both playwrights’ work. It will shed light on the political and scholarly disputes over the incorporation of these authors in school curricula after independence and examine the ways in which these classical European texts were domesticated in Africa.
FORMALISING ARISTOCRATIC POWER IN ROYALACTAIN LATE TWELFTH- AND EARLY THIRTEENTH-CENTURY FRANCE AND SCOTLAND
Authors: Taylor Alice 
Published: November 2018

ABSTRACTOur understanding of the development of secular institutional governments in Europe during the central Middle Ages has long been shaped by an implicit or explicit opposition between royal and lay aristocratic power. That is to say, the growth of public, institutional and/or bureaucratic central authorities involved the decline and/or exclusion of noble aristocratic power, which thus necessarily operated in a zero-sum game. While much research has shown that this conflict-driven narrative is problematic, it remains in our understanding as a rather shadowy but still powerful causal force of governmental development during this period. This paper compares the changing conceptualisation of the relationship between royal and aristocratic power in the French and Scottish kingdoms to demonstrate, first, how narratives built at the periphery of Europe have important contributions and challenges to make to those formed from the core areas of Europe and, second, that state formation did not involve a decline in aristocratic power. Instead, the evidence from royalactain both kingdoms shows that aristocratic power was formalised at a central level, and then built into the forms of government which were emerging in very different ways in both kingdoms in the late twelfth and early thirteenth centuries. Set in broader perspective, this suggests that governmental development involved an intensification of existing structures of elite power, not a diminution.
THE TROUBLES WITH A LOWER CASE t: UNDERGRADUATES AND BELFAST'S DIFFICULT HISTORY
Authors: O'Connell Sean 
Published: November 2018

ABSTRACTThis paper explores the risks and rewards involved in directing undergraduate students engaged on an oral history project in Belfast. It advocates the role of oral history as a tool through which to encourage students’ engagement with research-led teaching to produce reflective assignments on the nature of historical evidence, particularly autobiographical memory. The particular challenges of conducting oral history in a city beset by ethno-sectarian divisions are discussed. This factor has ensured that the historiography of Belfast has focused extensively on conflict and violence. The city's social history is poorly understood, but employing oral history enables the exploration of issues that take undergraduate historians beyond the Troubles as a starting point. This project probed what is called the troubles with a lower case t, via an analysis of deindustrialisation and urban redevelopment in Sailortown (Belfast's dockland district). It provided evidence with which to offer a new assessment on existing historiographical discussions about working-class nostalgic memory and urban social change, one that supports those scholars that problematize attempts to categorise such memory. The testimony also differed in significant ways from previous oral history research on post-war Northern Ireland.
Widow-right in Durham, England (1349–1660)
Authors: Larson Peter L. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractA customary tenant's widow in County Durham had a right to his holdings for her life, and did not forfeit the lands for remarriage or fornication in contrast to customs found elsewhere in England. In this case study of three neighbouring villages, more than 80 per cent of widows with the option exercised this right, and did so consistently over three centuries. The persistence of this pattern indicates that widows as tenants were common and capable of cultivating or managing holdings. It suggests complex interconnections of gender with local social and economic structures, which include marriage, migration, and household formation.
The rise of the land market in medieval south-west Finland
Authors: Kallioinen Mika 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThis article aims to explain how the market for land functioned in medieval south-west Finland. The data show that in medieval times land was increasingly treated as something to be transferred in return for ready money, albeit within the limits set by the interests of the family. The land market was open to large segments of society, suggesting that barriers to entry were low. It was characterised by strong vertical integration, although asymmetric, as the majority of the transactions took place between participants from different social groups. The article will also consider the high degree of geographical integration in the land market.
An Intellectual Confession from a Member of the “Non-White” IR Community: A Friendly Reply to David Lake’s “White Man’s IR”
Authors: Eun Yong-Soo 
Published: November 2018

ABSTRACTDavid Lake wrote that International Relations (IR)1 will be a more diverse and better field of study if we embrace varied “life experiences and intuitions,” especially those of “marginalized” scholars, about politics and how the world works. Although concurring with his admonition, I also believe that his call for “greater diversity” in IR and his approach to realizing it need to be subject to critical scrutiny, being reconsidered in terms of reflexivity—more specifically, self-reflection by “marginalized” scholars. For this reason, as a “non-white” scholar working in a “non-Western” (or, in Lake’s words, “underrepresented”) IR community, I want to make my own confession to better understand what is at stake in promoting diversity in the academy from a different angle.
Rechtschreibung von Konsonantenclustern und morphologische Bewusstheit bei Grundschüler_innen
Authors: Klassert Annegret , Bormann Sarah , Festman Julia , Gerth Sabrina 
Published: November 2018

Zusammenfassung. Die vorliegenden Studien untersuchen die Entwicklung der Rechtschreibfähigkeit für finale Konsonantencluster im Deutschen und die ihr zugrundeliegenden Strategien bei Erst- bis Drittklässler_innen (N = 209). Dazu wurde der Einfluss der morphologischen Komplexität (poly- vs. monomorphematische Cluster) auf die Rechtschreibung qualitativ und quantitativ analysiert, sowie mit einer Messung zur morphologischen Bewusstheit korreliert. Von der ersten Klasse an zeigt sich eine hohe Korrektheit in der Schreibung und somit eine sprachspezifisch schnelle Entwicklung der alphabetischen Rechtschreibstrategie für finale Konsonantencluster. Der Einfluss morphologischer Verarbeitungsprozesse wurde allerdings erst für die Drittklässler_innen gefunden. Obwohl bereits die Erstklässler_innen gut entwickelte morphologische Bewusstheit zeigten, scheinen sie noch nicht in der Lage zu sein, diese bei der Rechtschreibung anzuwenden. Die Ergebnisse werden im Kontrast zu den umfangreicher vorliegenden Befunden für die englische Sprache diskutiert.
Weiterbildungsbeteiligung Älterer aus Perspektive der Erwartungs-Wert-Theorie
Authors: Gorges Julia 
Published: November 2018

Zusammenfassung. Weiterbildungsbeteiligung kann zum Erhalt von Lebensqualität gerade im höheren Lebensalter beitragen. Die Weiterbildungsbeteiligung geht jedoch ab einem Alter von 55 Jahren deutlich zurück und ist – u. a. aufgrund unterschiedlicher Gelegenheitsstrukturen – stark vom Bildungsniveau abhängig. Der vorliegende Beitrag geht mit Rückgriff auf das Erwartungs-Wert-Modell von Eccles der Frage nach, welche Rolle weiterbildungsbezogene Wertüberzeugungen für die (retrospektiv erfasste) Beteiligung von 55 – 80-Jährigen an nonformaler und informeller Weiterbildung spielen und inwiefern affektive Erinnerungen an die Schulzeit – im Einklang mit dem Modell – Vorläufer von Wertüberzeugungen sind. Datengrundlage (N = 2225) bildet eine Substichprobe der EdAge-Studie von Tippelt, Schmidt, Schnurr, Sinner und Theissen (2009) . Die Auswertung erfolgte mithilfe von Strukturgleichungsmodellen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass weiterbildungsbezogene Wertüberzeugungen nur von positiven und nicht von negativen affektiven Erinnerungen vorhergesagt werden. Wertüberzeugungen sind wiederum ein Prädiktor von nonformaler und informeller Weiterbildungsbeteiligung, und zwar bei Kontrolle der Erwerbstätigkeit. Das Bildungsniveau moderiert den Einfluss motivationaler Faktoren auf nonformale Weiterbildungsbeteiligung: Die Effekte fallen bei höherem Bildungsniveau schwächer aus. Davon abweichend bleibt der Effekt von Wertüberzeugungen auf informelle Weiterbildungsbeteiligung nahezu unverändert. Auch bei Älteren und unter Kontrolle des Einflusses beruflicher Rahmenbedingungen scheinen demnach das sozio-kulturelle Umfeld und seine Gelegenheitsstrukturen noch einen großen Anteil an der Weiterbildungsbeteiligung in nonformalen Kontexten zu haben. Demgegenüber erscheint die Beteiligung an informeller Weiterbildung eher von der individuellen Motivation abzuhängen. Die Befunde werden vor dem Hintergrund der Erwartungs-Wert-Theorie sowie praktischer Implikationen diskutiert.
Homotaurine, a safe blood-brain barrier permeable GABAA-R-specific agonist, ameliorates disease in mouse models of multiple sclerosis
Authors: Tian Jide , Dang Hoa , Wallner Martin , Olsen Richard , Kaufman Daniel L. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThere is a need for treatments that can safely promote regulatory lymphocyte responses. T cells express GABA receptors (GABAA-Rs) and GABA administration can inhibit Th1-mediated processes such as type 1 diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis in mouse models. Whether GABAA-R agonists can also inhibit Th17-driven processes such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model of multiple sclerosis (MS), is an open question. GABA does not pass through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) making it ill-suited to inhibit the spreading of autoreactivity within the CNS. Homotaurine is a BBB-permeable amino acid that antagonizes amyloid fibril formation and was found to be safe but ineffective in long-term Alzheimer’s disease clinical trials. Homotaurine also acts as GABAA-R agonist with better pharmacokinetics than that of GABA. Working with both monophasic and relapsing-remitting mouse models of EAE, we show that oral administration of homotaurine can (1) enhance CD8+CD122+PD-1+and CD4+Foxp3+Treg, but not Breg, responses, (2) inhibit autoreactive Th17 and Th1 responses, and (3) effectively ameliorate ongoing disease. These observations demonstrate the potential of BBB-permeable GABAA-R agonists as a new class of treatment to enhance CD8+and CD4+Treg responses and limit Th17 and Th1-medaited inflammation in the CNS.
Changes in long non-coding RNA expression profiles related to the antagonistic effects of Escherichia coli F17 on lamb spleens
Authors: Jin Chengyan , Bao Jianjun , Wang Yue , Chen Weihao , Wu Tianyi , Wang Lihong , Lv Xiaoyang , Gao Wen , Wang Buzhong , Zhu Guoqiang , Dai Guojun , Sun Wei 
Published: November 2018

AbstractSheep colibacillosis is one of the most common bacterial diseases found at large-scale sheep farms. The aim of this study was to employ RNA-seq to screen differentially expressed (DE) long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) that impart antagonistic or sensitive effects on Escherichia coli F17. In this study, individuals who had antagonistic or sensitive responses to E. coli F17 were identified by feeding E. coli F17 strains to Hu lambs. The sensitive group had higher levels of intestinal bacteria than that in the antagonistic group (P < 0.05), the jejunum showed various levels of mucosal tissue damage and had a dark colour, and disintegration of part of the small intestinal villi was observed. Totals of 34 DE lncRNAs and 703 DE mRNAs in two groups were identified. qRT-PCR results for 12 randomly selected DE lncRNAs and DE mRNAs were consistent with the RNA-seq data. Gene Ontology (GO), KEGG Pathway enrichment and lncRNA-mRNA interaction analyses identified 6 co-expressed genes, namely, MYO1G, TIMM29, CARM1, ADGRB1, SEPT4, and DESI2. This is the first study that has performed expression profiling of lncRNAs in the spleen of antagonistic and sensitive lambs. The identification of DE lncRNAs can facilitate investigations into the molecular mechanism underlying resistance to diarrhoea in sheep.
Positional Patterns Among the Auriculotemporal Nerve, Superficial Temporal Artery, and Superficial Temporal Vein for use in Decompression Treatments for Migraine
Authors: Lee Hyung-Jin , Choi You-Jin , Lee Kang-Woo , Kim Hee-Jin 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThis study aimed to clarify intersection patterns and points among the superficial temporal artery (STA), superficial temporal vein (STV), and auriculotemporal nerve (ATN) based on surface anatomical landmarks to provide useful anatomical information for surgical decompression treatments of migraine headaches in Asians. Thirty-eight hemifaces were dissected. The positional patterns among the ATN, STA, and STV were divided into three morphological types. In type I, the ATN ran toward the temporal region and superficially intersected the STA and STV (n = 32, 84.2%). In type II, the ATN ran toward the temporal region and deeply intersected the STA and STV (n = 4, 10.5%). In type III, the ATN ran toward the temporal region and deeply intersected the STV alone (n = 2, 5.3%). The intersection points of types II and III were 10.3 ± 5.6 mm (mean ± SD) and 10.4 ± 6.1 mm anterior and 42.1 ± 21.6 mm and 41.4 ± 18.7 mm superior to the tragus, respectively. The ATN superficially intersected the STA and STV in all the Korean cadaver, while the ATN deeply intersected the STA and STV in 15% of the Thai cadavers. The pattern of the ATN deeply intersecting the STA and STV was less common in present Asian populations than in previously-reported Caucasian populations, implying that migraine headaches (resulting from the STA and STV compressing the ATN) are less common in Asians.
The conserved mosaic prophage protein paratox inhibits the natural competence regulator ComR in Streptococcus
Authors: Mashburn-Warren Lauren , Goodman Steven D. , Federle Michael J. , Prehna Gerd 
Published: November 2018

AbstractHorizontal gene transfer is an important means of bacterial evolution. This includes natural genetic transformation, where bacterial cells become “competent” and DNA is acquired from the extracellular environment. Natural competence in many species of Streptococcus, is regulated by quorum sensing via the ComRS receptor-signal pair. The ComR-XIP (mature ComS peptide) complex induces expression of the alternative sigma factor SigX, which targets RNA polymerase to CIN-box promoters to activate genes involved in DNA uptake and recombination. In addition, the widely distributed Streptococcus prophage gene paratox (prx) also contains a CIN-box, and here we demonstrate it to be transcriptionally activated by XIP. In vitro experiments demonstrate that Prx binds ComR directly and prevents the ComR-XIP complex from interacting with DNA. Mutations of prx in vivo caused increased expression of the late competence gene ssb when induced with XIP as compared to wild-type, and Prx orthologues are able to inhibit ComR activation by XIP in a reporter strain which lacks an endogenous prx. Additionally, an X-ray crystal structure of Prx reveals a unique fold that implies a novel molecular mechanism to inhibit ComR. Overall, our results suggest Prx functions to inhibit the acquisition of new DNA by Streptococcus.
A rapamycin derivative, biolimus, preferentially activates autophagy in vascular smooth muscle cells
Authors: Kim Yerin , Park Jun Kyu , Seo Jun-Hyuk , Ryu Hyun-Seung , Lim Kyung Seob , Jeong Myung Ho , Kang Dong Hoon , Kang Sang Won 
Published: November 2018

AbstractAlthough rapamycin is a well-known conformational inhibitor of mTORC1, it is now widely used for treating arterial restenosis. Various rapamycin analogues (rapalogue) have been made for applying to drug-eluting stents. Here we show that two major rapalogues, everolimus and biolimus, exert a differential effect on the mTORC1-mediated signaling pathways in vascular smooth muscle cells. In balloon-injured carotid arteries, both rapalogues strongly inhibit neointimal hyperplasia. Signaling pathway analyses reveal that everolimus exert cytotoxicity by increasing cellular reactive oxygen species and consequently reduce energy metabolism. By contrast, biolimus confers a preferential induction of autophagy by more strongly activating major autophagy regulator, ULK1, in vascular smooth muscle cells than everolimus does. As a consequence, the implantation of biolimus-eluting stent reduces endothelial loss, which in turn reduces inflammation, in porcine coronary arteries. Thus, this study reveals that a chemical derivatization can cause a change among mTORC1-dependent signaling pathways in vascular smooth muscle cells, thereby enabling to elicit a differential efficacy on arterial restenosis.
Impact of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease on long-term cardiovascular events and death in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Authors: Viglino Damien , Plazanet Anais , Bailly Sebastien , Benmerad Meriem , Jullian-Desayes Ingrid , Tamisier Renaud , Leroy Vincent , Zarski Jean-Pierre , Maignan Maxime , Joyeux-Faure Marie , Pépin Jean-Louis 
Published: November 2018

AbstractChronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) both independently increase cardiovascular risk. We hypothesized that NAFLD might increase the incidence of cardiovascular disease and death in COPD patients. The relationship between NAFLD, incident cardiovascular events, and death was assessed in a prospective cohort of COPD patients with 5-year follow-up. Noninvasive algorithms combining biological parameters (FibroMax®) were used to evaluate steatosis, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and liver fibrosis. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression models were used to assess the hazard for composite outcome at the endpoint (death or cardiovascular event) for each liver pathology. In 111 COPD patients, 75% exhibited liver damage with a prevalence of steatosis, NASH and fibrosis of 41%, 37% and 61%, respectively. During 5-year follow-up, 31 experienced at least one cardiovascular event and 7 died. In univariate analysis, patients with liver fibrosis had more cardiovascular events and higher mortality (Hazard ratio [95% CI]: 2.75 [1.26; 6.03]) than those with no fibrosis; this remained significant in multivariate analysis (Hazard ratio [95% CI]: 2.94 [1.18; 7.33]). We also found that steatosis and NASH were not associated with increased cardiovascular events or mortality. To conclude, early assessment of liver damage might participate to improve cardiovascular outcomes in COPD patients.
TRIM59 knockdown inhibits cell proliferation by down-regulating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in neuroblastoma
Authors: Chen Gang , Chen Weicheng , Ye Ming , Tan Weiqiang , Jia Bing 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Neuroblastoma is the most common tumor in children, with a very poor prognosis. It is urgent to identify novel biomarkers to treat neuroblastoma, together with surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation. Human tripartite motif 59 (TRIM59), a member of the TRIM family, has been reported to participate in several human tumors. However, the exact role of TRIM59 in neuroblastoma is unknown. In the present study, real-time PCR and Western blot were used to measure mRNA and protein levels of TRIM59 in four neuroblastoma cell lines and in neuroblastoma tissues. Lentiviruses targeting TRIM59 were used to up/down-regulate TRIM59 expression levels. Cell Counting Kit-8 and Annexin-V/PI were used to analyze cell proliferation and apoptosis in neuroblastoma cell lines. Our data showed that TRIM59 knockdown inhibits cell proliferation while inducing apoptosis in SH-SY5Y and SK-N-SH neuroblastoma cell lines. TRIM59 knockdown up-regulated expression of Bax and Bim and down-regulated levels of Survivin, β-catenin, and c-myc. Interestingly, the inhibition of cell proliferation caused by TRIM59 knockdown could be blocked by LiCl, which is an agonist of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. In contrast, TRIM59 overexpression could increase cell proliferation, up-regulate Survivin, β-catenin and c-myc, down-regulate Bax and Bim, and these effects could be blocked by XAV939, which is an inhibitor of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. In addition, TRIM59 was up-regulated and positively related with β-catenin in neuroblastoma tissues. In conclusion, TRIM59 was up-regulated in neuroblastoma, and TRIM59 knockdown inhibited cell proliferation by down-regulating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in neuroblastoma.
Fast approach for efficient vehicle counting
Authors: Abdelwahab M.A. 
Published: November 2018

Systems for counting vehicles should be fast enough to be implemented in real‐time situations. Most of the related work uses two stages for vehicle counting, vehicle detection and tracking, which increase the computational complexity. In this Letter, a fast and efficient approach for vehicle counting is proposed, where there is no need for the vehicle tracking step. A background model is created only for a narrow region, a line, in the video frames. The moving vehicles are detected as foreground objects while passing this narrow region. Morphological processes are applied to the extracted objects to enhance them and decrease the effects of vehicle occlusions. Finally, an efficient counting vehicles method is introduced employing only the extracted detection information. The experimental results performed on diverse videos show that the proposed method is fast and accurate. The average execution time per frame is 7.78 ms.