bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Meaning
Authors: Thagard Paul 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Philosophical problems about the meaning of language and the meaning of life turn out to have interesting commonalities. Neither has plausible solutions that draw on supernatural entities such as abstract meanings, possible worlds, and divine plans. Rather, both can be approached by looking at mechanisms at four different levels: molecular, neural, mental, and social. Meaning is not a thing but a process that depends on interactions of parts occurring at multiple levels, resulting in multilevel emergence. The Semantic Pointer Architecture illuminates the neural mechanisms that operate in languages and valuable lives. Words are meaningful because their mental representations as concepts are brain processes that combine sensory-motor interactions with the world and interactions with other concepts. The meaning of life is also three-dimensional, requiring people to interact with language, the world, and other people.
The Perspective from Cognitive Neuroscience
Authors: Kemmerer David 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter provides a concise and selective summary of some major developments in the branch of cognitive neuroscience that focuses on concepts, with the goal of establishing a foundation for the neurobiological data covered in Part II. The first section reviews evidence that concrete concepts are grounded in modal systems for perception, action, and emotion, such that much of semantic processing involves the simulation of sensory, motor, and affective states, albeit in ways that can be flexibly modulated by factors like task, context, and individual experience. It also argues that transmodal systems are necessary to integrate the cortically distributed features of multimodal concepts, to transcend superficial criteria for categorization, and to form unitary representations that can easily be accessed and combined. The subsequent sections address the following topics: the increasingly popular notion of representational similarity spaces; the relatively neglected realm of grammatical semantics; and the provocative view that linguistic communication involves brain-to-brain coupling or alignment.
Spatial Relations
Authors: Kemmerer David 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Ever since the 1980s, research on the cross-linguistic representation of spatial relations has burgeoned. Surprisingly, however, very little of this work has had any impact on cognitive neuroscience, and most researchers who study the cortical underpinnings of concrete conceptual knowledge have ignored spatial relations completely, preferring to focus on objects and actions instead. Due to this rather stark asymmetry, this chapter has a different organization than the previous two. The first section focuses entirely on cross-linguistic similarities and differences in the grammatical-semantic representation of three main types of spatial relations: topological, projective, and deictic. Then the last section addresses a number of neuroscientific issues, including a review of what has been learned so far about the implementation of these kinds of concepts in the brain, and a discussion of how the typological literature can both inspire and guide future research in this important but relatively neglected area of inquiry.
Defendant Decision-Making in Plea Bargains
Authors: Bushway Shawn D. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Defendants who plead guilty usually receive substantially shorter sentences than observably equivalent people who are convicted at trial. One explanation for this discrepancy is that defendants receive a discount for pleading guilty. The primary theoretical model used to explain the different sizes of the discount is referred to as “bargaining in the shadow of the trial.” This model is a rational, choice-based model of defendant decision-making. The model establishes the maximum value of the potential plea or, alternatively, the minimally acceptable discount. The key parameter driving the size of the discount in this model is the probability of conviction. Although more empirical tests are sorely needed, there is some evidence supporting the basic model. However, social scientists have recently shown that actual innocence seems to matter to defendants above and beyond the probability of conviction. This chapter discusses the shadow model as a model of defendant decision-making, evaluates the current state of the evidence, and discusses some of the possible extensions and room for future research.
Sentencing Disparity and Mass Incarceration
Authors: Hester Rhys 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines how the system of pleas impacts two areas that receive special attention in criminal justice: (1) sentencing disparities and (2) mass incarceration. The first section discusses ways that plea bargaining leads to different punishment levels for individuals whose criminal conduct is otherwise similar. These differences include reduced punishment due to count or charge reductions, or favorable sentence recommendations or agreements, in exchange for a willingness to plead guilty or to provide assistance to the prosecution and law enforcement. The next section discusses how the system of pleas enables mass incarceration. Although the system of pleas was well established by the onset of mass incarceration, and thus did not cause mass incarceration, plea bargaining did create the infrastructure that made mass incarceration possible.
“Smart Raids” and the Victim-versus-Criminal Narrative
Authors: Kamler Erin M. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Drawing on interviews with ethnic migrant sex workers in Chiang Rai, Thailand, as well as employees of local and international NGOs, in this chapter I show how the anti-trafficking movement uses “Smart Raids”—collaborations between NGOs and the Royal Thai Police to raid brothels, karaoke bars and massage parlors—in an attempt to rescue women working as prostitutes against their will. Digging more deeply, we see how this policy traps female migrant sex workers in a binary framework that pits the non-consensual “victim” against the agentive “criminal” in what I call the “victim-versus-criminal” narrative. By doing this, Smart Raids not only fail to achieve their primary goal, they also have detrimental effects on the very women they are designed to help.
Embodiment
Authors: Kamler Erin M. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter addresses the subject of embodiment—the aspect of the dramatic process in which actors breathe life into the characters they inhabit. I discuss how, through this breathing and this living, a new layer of reflexivity between research and creative practice is uncovered, and I suggest that the liminal act of embodying a character can evoke new questions and lead to the discovery of new epistemological frameworks in research. Discussing the auditions, rehearsals and first staged readings, or presentations of the musical, I show how the liveness of these collaborative processes served as a way of recovering experience—that is, reclaiming it, and taking its meaning to a new level. Focusing on a new group of participants—the actors—I illustrate the contributions that were made to the “Land of Smiles’ production through their own experiential knowing.
Articulating Migrant Narratives
Authors: Kamler Erin M. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
In this chapter, I discuss the narratives of the migrants who participated in focus groups following the “Land of Smiles” performances. Five key narratives emerged in these discussions, each of which engaged a process of the articulation of trauma. I discuss the process whereby a story gives “voice” to the “wound” of the traumatic experience, and follow this with a broader discussion of the idea of “witness;” the necessity of having an active participant who observes this articulation, thereby helping the wound to heal. I conclude by showing how these narratives had a liberatory effect on migrant participants, engaging processes that were rupturing, consciousness raising, dialogical, proactive and performative.
Recollection, Mourning, and Witness
Authors: Kamler Erin M. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Following our discussion of the migrant narratives, in this chapter I look at of the way these narratives fostered processes of recollection, mourning and witness among migrants from Burma who attended the “Land of Smiles” performances. Taking as my premise the idea that one cannot fully experience or recall their trauma until it is voiced, I’ll show how the migrant narratives had a liberatory effect on participants, engaging processes that were rupturing, consciousness raising, dialogical, proactive and performative, and I connect this process to the embodied, live, collaborative and participatory modality of DAR.
The Effects on Human Capital Formation
Authors: Luiten Jan 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
New evidence from Flanders and the Netherlands demonstrates that age heaping was gradually diminishing in large parts of the Low Countries during the sixteenth century, that (unexpectedly) almost no gender gap was apparent during this period (women even outperforming men at times), and that differences between town and country were small. These findings suggest an early rise in numeracy (or at least a “number sense”) in both urban and rural areas, linked to demographic change and commercial development. Between 1600 and 1800, however, Flanders in particular seems to have lost its strong distinctiveness in this regard. In this chapter the authors also contribute to the literature on human capital formation by investigating age references in early modern portraits from the Low Countries. They use the very popular aetatis formulae to estimate to what degree sitters for portraits were able to give their age in an accurate way. This approach permits an estimate of the numeracy of single men and women, as well as of couples who commissioned pair portraits to commemorate their marriages.
The Effects on Capital Market Development
Authors: Luiten Jan 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
In this chapter, the authors analyze the functioning of private capital markets in Holland in the late medieval period. They argue that in the absence of banks and state agencies involved in the supply of credit, entrepreneurs' access to credit was determined by two interrelated factors. The first was protection of property rights and the extent to which properties could be used as collateral. The second was interest rates for borrowing money at the time, as well as the obligations of such borrowing compared with the interest rates on risk-free investments. The chapter’s case study is the small town of Edam and its surrounding countryside, De Zeevang, during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The authors show that many households (whether headed by men or women) owned financial assets and/or debts, and the degree of financial sophistication was relatively high.
Beguines
Authors: Luiten Jan 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The beguine movement is a most remarkable phenomenon in the history of the Low Countries, but it still remains to be explained. The skewed sex ratio, diminished access to convents, and religious revival of the late Middle Ages seem insufficient to explain the movement in the long run. This chapter argues that the specific attitude toward women in the Low Countries that originated with the emergence of the European Marriage Pattern created a fertile and unique basis for the beguinages to develop: the beguinages may have offered women in the Low Countries safety and security if they chose to remain single.
Visualization and Interaction
Authors: Lenhard Johannes 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter addresses the role of visualization in the process of simulation modeling. The claim is as follows: from a methodological perspective, visualization supports the exploratory and iterative mode of modeling; from an epistemic perspective, it assigns a special role to judgment. Of central importance for both perspectives is that visualizations offer opportunities to interact with models. Researchers may vary representations on screen or highlight particular aspects of processes. Such interactions combine the impressive human powers of comprehension in the visual dimension with the computational capacities of digital machines. A visual presentation fosters the interplay between experimental approach and instrumentalist assumptions discussed in chapter 1. Visualization can be decisive when adapting such assumptions in line with the performance of the simulated system. Studying galaxy formation and predicting hurricanes serve as case studies.
Epistemic Opacity
Authors: Lenhard Johannes 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter shows that—and how—simulation models are epistemically opaque. Nevertheless, it is argued, simulation models can provide a means to control dynamics. Researchers can employ a series of iterated (experimental) runs of the model and can learn to orient themselves within the model—even if the dynamics of the simulation remain (at least partly) opaque. Admittedly, such an acquaintance with the model falls short of the high epistemic standards usually ascribed to mathematical models. This lower standard is still sufficient, however, when the aim is controlled intervention in technological contexts. On the other hand, opacity has to be accepted if the option for control is to remain in any way open. This chapter closes by discussing whether epistemic opacity restricts simulation-based science to a pragmatic—“weak”—version of scientific understanding.
Evidence-Supported, Trauma-Focused Interventions
Authors: Dombo Eileen A. , Sabatino Christine Anlauf 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Providing trauma-informed interventions in a school-based setting is helpful because parents are often unable to get their children to service providers in the community. School social workers can help children heal from trauma through the provision of a number of trauma-sensitive interventions. Chapter 6 offers an overview of some current, empirically supported interventions for use in direct practice with children and adolescents in school settings. The chapter reviews the Attachment, Self-Regulation, and Competency (ARC) framework; Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT) for children; Cognitive Behavioral Intervention for Trauma in Schools (CBITS) group intervention; and Structured Psychotherapy for Adolescents Responding to Chronic Stress (SPARCS) group intervention for older adolescents. Case examples are provided to demonstrate how these interventions are used in practice, and resources for information and training on the interventions are listed.
Engaging Teachers, Families, and Kids in Creating Trauma-Informed School Environments
Authors: Dombo Eileen A. , Sabatino Christine Anlauf 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Chapter 7 explores the essential framework for creating a customized trauma-informed model for schools that engages all stakeholders, including children, parents, communities, teachers, and school administrators, in this paradigm shift. A multitiered approach that includes the four basic assumptions of trauma-informed care is presented, and models of trauma-informed schools are reviewed. Lessons learned from other areas of social work practice, such as child welfare and mental health, are included as well. Case examples of implementation in different school settings demonstrate how to implement the strategies and how the strategies can affect children. Finally, resources for implementation are provided.
Evaluating Trauma-Informed School Social Work
Authors: Dombo Eileen A. , Sabatino Christine Anlauf 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Most school administrators and teachers agree that they want to create learning environments that are safe for all children. However, recognizing that some dynamics within the school environment can feel unsafe to children who have experienced trauma, and changing them, is another matter. Uniform standards for creating trauma-informed environments and metrics for evaluating their success are currently lacking in the fields of education and social work. Chapter 8 provides a program evaluation strategy for trauma-informed school social workers to utilize in determining the success of their programs and to adapt programs as needed based on outcomes. The aim is to build and expand the literature on empirically supported and evidence-based practices in school settings. Logic models are presented, and resources for evaluating trauma-informed schools are provided.
Stopping the Refugee Boats
Authors: FitzGerald David Scott 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Australia has unusually effective controls to deter asylum seekers as a result of its remote geography, regional hegemony, and relatively weak legal constraints. In the 1970s the government’s options were self-limited by foreign policy interests that favored asylum seekers fleeing the fallen ally of South Vietnam. By the 2000s, it had shifted toward a harsh policy built on buffers in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea, the “excisions” of particular Australian territories to restrict asylum seekers’ rights there, aggressive interceptions of visa-less travelers at sea, and offshore processing of maritime asylum seekers in other countries’ territories where most have been determined to be refugees by the UNHCR definition. The only current modest limitations on Canberra’s remote controls derive from reliance on other governments to do the work of buffering and caging and scrutiny by civil society.
Protecting Access to Sanctuary
Authors: FitzGerald David Scott 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Regardless of whether a given technique of remote control sustains legal scrutiny, the cumulative effect of these policies shocks the humanitarian conscience. Diffuse humanitarian norms cannot be evaded so easily because they focus attention on the effects of the whole. Feedback loops channel information between the legal process and the production of knowledge by refugee advocates. This knowledge is the basis for integrated advocacy to keep access to sanctuary open. The extent to which such advocacy is effective varies by technique of remote control and across contexts. The least constrained remote control policies involve the dome, and the most constrained involve the barbican. There are more varied limitations on the high seas, where courts have strongly constrained the EU but given the United States carte blanche to refoule refugees. Political constraints on buffering and caging are derived from embedded liberalism and linkages to other foreign policy issues.
On the Road
Authors: Berman Elise 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThis chapter analyzes how adults use indirection to hide dangerous acts such as avoiding giving, requests, criticisms, and lies. It focuses on a trip the author took with a friend to go buy soda and her many linguistic and semiotic mistakes. As she learned what to say and what not to say, the author gained valuable insights into the role of indirection in adult relationships and the inevitable leakage of signs. People’s words never entirely hide their goods, requests, or lies. As a result, successfully avoiding giving depends on others, specifically on people ignoring the signs of possession. Since people need not cooperate, avoiding giving is inevitably dangerous; adults are better off when they can displace responsibility for it onto someone else. By framing these conclusions with an analysis of the author’s trip to buy soda, the chapter also reveals how the experience of fieldwork leads to ethnographic discovery.
Aged Agency
Authors: Berman Elise 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThis chapter develops a theory of agency as aged. It presents one of the first views of agency as something that changes across the life course. The chapter traces the story of a girl whose leg was cut by a machete. While the girl’s adoptive mother claimed that the cut was an accident, a child said that he saw the mother purposely cut her daughter’s leg. As various people in the village adjudicated these claims, the chapter shows that their interpretations of speech were affected by people’s statuses as children or adults. Adults in Jajikon view children as what the author calls “nonmoral agents” and say that “children cannot lie.” These ideologies of childhood and speech give children the ability to do and say things that adults cannot. They give children aged agency.
Your Country, Our War
Authors: Brown Katherine A. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter reviews how Afghan journalists perceive the “reality” journalists for U.S. news organizations have constructed about Afghanistan, and how Afghan journalists react to and make meaning from it. Afghan journalists and a majority of Afghan officials assume that U.S. journalists are advocates for the American government’s foreign policies and are sometimes chauvinistically nationalistic, even jingoistic. The U.S. journalists vehemently reject this notion and the suggestion that their coverage is blindly patriotic, yet they agree that they are largely aligned with U.S. officials in protecting and advancing America’s general interests abroad. Afghan journalists also are emotionally affected by the news stories they read that describe their country as being shattered and hopeless. Consuming U.S. news about Afghanistan can be an affront to their Afghan identity and can inspire intense feelings of nationalism and frustration within them.
The Evolution of Deaf Education in Namibia
Authors: Bruwer Beausetha J. , February Pamela J. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter starts with the description of deaf education in the Namibian context in terms of providing formal education for learners who are deaf or hard of hearing (DHH). It traces the history of deaf education from the 1960s to date and reports on early childhood education and primary, secondary, and tertiary education for this population. The second section of the chapter describes the road that Namibia has taken considering the needs and challenges the country is facing in providing quality education to DHH learners. The outcomes of two important conferences dealing with this issue are discussed. The last section discusses options for the way forward. Despite constraints in financial and human resources, there has been definite progress in the provision of quality education to DHH learners in Namibia.
Practices and Challenges in Deaf Education in Kenya
Authors: Adoyo Peter Oracha , Maina Everline Nyokabi 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Ensuring inclusive, equitable, and quality education for all, including those with disabilities, is one of the Sustainable Development Goals to which Kenya has subscribed. The special education policy in Kenya specifically advocates for early assessment and intervention, appropriate adaptation and differentiation of the curricula, use of relevant pedagogical approaches, adequate and relevant educational resources, and accessible classroom communication for learners with diverse needs. Nonetheless, the education of deaf and hard-of-hearing learners in Kenya faces challenges, such as societal myths, barriers to curricular access, teacher incompetence in the language of instruction, and low expectations. Some members of the Deaf community remain apprehensive about the global trend toward inclusive education. The prospect of education of the deaf and hard-of-hearing learners in Kenya is bright, however, considering where the country has come from. Some issues that still need to be addressed are mentioned in this chapter.