bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detection and molecular characterization of urinary tract HIV-1 populations
Authors: Mzingwane M. L. , Hunt G. , Lassauniere R. , Kalimashe M. , Bongwe A. , Ledwaba J. , Chaisson R. E. , Martinson N. , Richter K. , Bowyer S. M. , Tiemessen C. T. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Background
Identification of all possible HIV reservoirs is an important aspect in HIV eradication efforts. The urinary tract has however not been well studied as a potential HIV reservoir. In this pilot study we molecularly characterized HIV-1 viruses in urine and plasma samples to investigate HIV-1 replication, compartmentalization and persistence in the urinary tract.

Methods
Prospectively collected urine and blood samples collected over 12–36 months from 20 HIV-1 infected individuals were analysed including sampling points from prior to and after ART initiation. HIV-1 pol gene RNA and DNA from urine supernatant and urine pellets respectively were analysed and compared to plasma RNA viruses from the same individual.

Results
HIV-1 nucleic acid was detected in urine samples from at least one time point in 8/20 (40%) treatment-naïve subjects compared to 1/13 (7.7%) individuals on antiretroviral treatment (ART) during periods of plasma viral suppression and 1/7 (14.3%) individuals with virological failure. HIV-1 RNA was undetectable in urine samples after ART initiation but HIV-1 DNA was detectable in one patient more than 6 months after treatment initiation. There was co-clustering of urine-derived pol sequences but some urine-derived sequences were interspersed among the plasma-derived sequences.

Conclusions
Suppressive ART reduces HIV-1 replication in the urinary tract but HIV-1 DNA may persist in these cells despite treatment. A larger number of sequences would be required to confirm HIV compartmentalization in the urinary tract.
Identifying the active components of Baihe–Zhimu decoction that ameliorate depressive disease by an effective integrated strategy: a systemic pharmacokinetics study combined with classical depression model tests
Authors: Zhong Ming , Tian Xiaoting , Chen Shuoji , Chen Mingcang , Guo Ziqiong , Zhang Minna , Zheng Gongpu , Li Zhixiong , Shi Zhangpeng , Wang Guanghui , Gao Honggang , Liu Fang , Huang Chenggang 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Background
Modern pharmacological studies have demonstrated that Baihe–Zhimu decoction (BZD) has antidepressant effects. However, the complex composition and lack of clear evaluation standards for BZD make it less likely to be understood and accepted than evidence-based active natural compounds.

Methods
In this study, an effective method for the identification of antidepressant components was demonstrated and applied to BZD. The first step was to evaluate the efficacy of BZD by the forced swimming test (FST) and the tail suspension test (TST), followed by successive quantitative analyses of the absorbed constituents at different stages, such as before hepatic disposition, liver distribution, after hepatic disposition and brain distribution after the oral administration of BZD. Finally, the compounds detected in the brain were confirmed by activity testing.

Results
Our investigation observed that timosaponin BII and timosaponin BIII were accurately determined in the brain after oral administration of BZD, and they were further confirmed to reduce the immobility time in the FST and TST. As described above, timosaponin BII and timosaponin BIII were used to scientifically and reasonably explain the effective chemical basis of the effect of BZD on depression.

Conclusions
This research affords an effective method to discover lead molecules for antidepressants from traditional Chinese medicine.
Design, efficient synthesis and molecular docking of some novel thiazolyl-pyrazole derivatives as anticancer agents
Authors: Sayed Abdelwahed R. , Gomha Sobhi M. , Abdelrazek Fathy M. , Farghaly Mohamed S. , Hassan Shaimaa A. , Metz Peter 
Published: September 2019

AbstractPyrazoles, thiazoles and fused thiazoles have been reported to possess many biological activities. 3-Methyl-5-oxo-4-(2-arylhydrazono)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-1-carbothioamides3a,b(obtained from the reaction of ethyl 3-oxo-2-(2-arylhydrazono)butanoates1a,bwith thiosemicarbazide) could be transformed into a variety of thiazolyl-pyrazole derivatives6a–h,10a–c,15a–c,17,19and21via their reaction with a diversity hydrazonoyl chlorides as well as bromoacetyl derivatives. Moreover, the computational studies were carried out for all new compounds. The results indicated that five compounds showed promising binding affinities(10a: − 3.4 kcal/mol,6d: − 3.0 kcal/mol,15a: − 2.2 kcal/mol,3a: − 1.6 kcal/mol, and21: − 1.3 kcal/mol) against the active site of the epidermal growth factor receptor kinase (EGFR). The cytotoxicity of the potent products3a,6d,10a,15a, and21was examined against human liver carcinoma cell line (HepG-2) and revealed activities close to Doxorubicin standard drug. There was an understanding between the benefits of restricting affinities and the data obtained from the practical anticancer screening of the tested compounds.
Low partner testing in high HIV prevalence setting in Freetown, Sierra Leone: a retrospective study
Authors: Lakoh Sulaiman , Firima Emmanuel , Jiba Darlinda F. , Sesay Momodu , Conteh Mariama Marco , Deen Gibrilla Fadlu 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Objective
Despite a 1.5% National HIV prevalence, less than 40% of people living with HIV in Sierra Leone know their status. Limited activities on testing partners of HIV patients could be contributory to this substantial unawareness of HIV status. We carried out a retrospective study aimed at assessing partner testing and HIV prevalence among adults (≥ 15 years) tested using Determine™ and SD Bioline as recorded in the HIV testing registers from January to December 2017 at Connaught Hospital, an urban tertiary hospital in Sierra Leone.

Results
Of the 3808 clients tested for HIV, 2048 (53.8%) were females. The median age was 31 (IQR 24–42) years and 2104 (55.3%) were single. While 3014 (79.1%) had Provider-Initiated Testing and Counseling (PITC), 794 (20.9%) had Client-Initiated Testing and Counseling (CITC). HIV test was positive in 925 (24.3%) {CI 22.9–25.6, P < 0.001} clients. Of the 17 (0.4%) partners tested for HIV, 9 (52.9%) were positive. PITC yielded more HIV positive cases (760, 25.2%) than CITC (165, 20.8%). Partner testing (P = 0.007), female sex (P < 0.001) and PITC (P = 0.006) were associated with a positive HIV diagnosis. With high HIV prevalence and low partner testing, activities on partner testing are needed to improve the response to the epidemic.
In vivo passage of Salmonella Typhimurium results in minor mutations in the bacterial genome and increases in vitro invasiveness
Authors: McWhorter Andrea R. , Tearle Rick , Moyle Talia S. , Chousalkar Kapil K. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractEggs and raw or undercooked egg-containing food items are frequently identified as the bacterial source during epidemiolocal investigation ofSalmonellaoutbreaks. Multi-locus variable number of tandem repeats analysis (MLVA) is a widely usedSalmonellatyping method enabling the study of diversity within populations of the same serotype. In vivo passage, however, has been linked with changes in MLVA type and more broadly theSalmonellagenome. We sought to investigate whether in vivo passage through layer hens had an effect on MLVA type as well as the bacterial genome and whether any mutations affected bacterial virulence. Layer hens were infected with eitherSalmonellaTyphimurium DT9 (03-24-11-11-523) as part of a single infection or were co-infected with an equal amount ofSalmonellaMbandaka.Salmonellashedding in both single and co-infected birds was variable over the course of the 16-week experiment.SalmonellaTyphimurium andSalmonellaMbandaka were identified in feces of co-infected birds.Salmonellacolonies isolated from fecal samples were subtyped using MLVA. A single change in SSTR-6 was observed inSalmonellaTyphimurium strains isolated from co-infected birds. Isolates ofSalmonellaTyphimurium of both the parent (03-24-11-11-523) and modified (03-24-12-11-523) MLVA type were sequenced and compared with the genome of the parent strain. Sequence analysis revealed that in vivo passaging resulted in minor mutation events. Passaged isolates exhibited significantly higher invasiveness in cultured human intestinal epithelial cells than the parent strain. The microevolution observed in this study suggests that changes in MLVA may arise more commonly and may have clinical significance.
Early Neospora caninum infection dynamics in cattle after inoculation at mid-gestation with high (Nc-Spain7)- or low (Nc-Spain1H)-virulence isolates
Authors: Jiménez-Pelayo Laura , García-Sánchez Marta , Vázquez Patricia , Regidor-Cerrillo Javier , Horcajo Pilar , Collantes-Fernández Esther , Blanco-Murcia Javier , Gutiérrez-Expósito Daniel , Román-Trufero Alicia , Osoro Koldo , Benavides Julio , Ortega-Mora Luis Miguel 
Published: September 2019

AbstractEarlyNeospora caninuminfection dynamics were investigated in pregnant heifers intravenously inoculated with PBS (G-Control) or 107tachyzoites of high (G-NcSpain7)- or low (G-NcSpain1H)-virulence isolates at 110 days of gestation. Serial culling at 10 and 20 days post-infection (dpi) was performed. Fever was detected at 1 dpi in both infected groups (P < 0.0001), and a second peak was detected at 3 dpi only in G-NcSpain7 (P < 0.0001). At 10 dpi, Nc-Spain7 was detected in placental samples from one animal related to focal necrosis, and Nc-Spain7 transmission was observed, although no foetal lesions were associated with this finding. The presence of Nc-Spain1H in the placenta or foetuses, as well as lesions, were not detected at 10 dpi. At 20 dpi, G-NcSpain7 animals showed almost 100% positive placental tissues and severe focal necrosis as well as 100% transmission. Remarkably, foetal mortality was detected in two G-NcSpain7 heifers. Only one animal from G-NcSpain1H presented positive placental samples. No foetal mortality was detected, and lesions and parasite transmission to the foetus were not observed in this group. Finally, 100% of G-NcSpain7 heifers at 20 dpi presented specific antibodies, while only 60% of G-NcSpain1H animals presented specific antibodies at 20 dpi. In addition, earlier seroconversion in G-Nc-Spain7 was observed. In conclusion, tachyzoites from Nc-Spain7 reached the placenta earlier and multiplied, leading to lesion development, transmission to the foetus and foetal mortality, whereas Nc-Spain1H showed delayed infection of the placenta and no lesional development or transmission during early infection.
Vaccine impact on antimicrobial resistance to inform Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance’s 2018 Vaccine Investment Strategy: report from an expert survey
Authors: Malarski Maya , Hasso-Agopsowicz Mateusz , Soble Adam , Mok Wilson , Mathewson Sophie , Vekemans Johan 
Published: September 2019

Background: While the rise of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has been recognised as a major public health problem, the value of vaccines to control AMR is poorly defined. This expert survey was launched with the aim of informing the 2018 Vaccine Investment Strategy through which Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance prioritises future vaccine funding. This exercise focused on both vaccines currently supported by Gavi and under consideration for future funding. Methods: The relative importance of pre-defined criteria as drivers of overall value of vaccines as a tool/ intervention to control AMR was assessed by 18 experts: prevention of mortality and morbidity due to resistant pathogens, antibiotic use prevented, societal impact, ethical importance and sense of urgency. For each vaccine, experts attributed scores reflecting the estimated value for each criterion, and overall value relative to AMR was derived from the value assigned to each criterion and their relative importance for each vaccine. Results: Mortality, morbidity due to targeted resistant pathogens, and antibiotic use prevented were considered the most important determinants of overall value. Pneumococcal, typhoid and malaria vaccines were assigned highest value relative to antimicrobial resistance. Intermediate value was estimated for specific rotavirus, cholera, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza, dengue, measles, meningitis and Haemophilus influenza type b- (Hib-) containing pentavalent vaccines. Lowest value relative to AMR was estimated for Japanese encephalitis, hepatitis A, yellow fever, rabies and human papilloma virus vaccine. Conclusions: In the future, more evidence-based, data-driven, robust methodologies should be developed to guide coordinated, rational decision making on priority actions aimed at strengthening the use of vaccines against AMR.
Quantitative Profiling of Platelet-Rich Plasma Indole Markers by Direct-Matrix Derivatization Combined with LC-MS/MS in Patients with Neuroendocrine Tumors
Authors: van Faassen Martijn , Bouma Grytsje , de Hosson Lotte D , Peters Marloes A M , Kats-Ugurlu Gursah , de Vries Elisabeth G E , Walenkamp Annemiek M E , Kema Ido P 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Currently, several indole markers are measured separately to support diagnosis and follow-up of patients with neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). We have developed a sensitive mass spectrometry method that simultaneously quantifies all relevant tryptophan-related indoles (tryptophan, 5-hydroxytryptophan, serotonin, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid) in platelet-rich plasma. Direct-matrix derivatization was used to make the chemical properties of the indoles uniform and to improve the analytical sensitivity and specificity of the assay.

METHODS
In situ derivatization was performed directly in platelet-rich plasma with propionic anhydride at an ambient temperature. The derivatized indoles were extracted by online solid-phase extraction and eluted to the analytical column for separation followed by mass spectrometric detection. The method was validated according to international guidelines. Platelet-rich plasma samples from 68 healthy individuals and 40 NET patients were analyzed for tryptophan, 5-hydroxytryptophan, serotonin, and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid.

RESULTS
The method reproducibly quantified relevant indoles in 8.5 min, including online sample cleanup. Intra- and interassay imprecision, evaluated at 3 different concentrations, ranged from 2.0% to 12% and 1.9% to 13%, respectively. The limit of quantification was sufficient to measure endogenous concentrations of all 4 indoles. Healthy individuals and NET patients had different concentrations of 5-hydroxytryptophan, serotonin, and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, but tryptophan concentrations were the same.

CONCLUSIONS
Direct-matrix derivatization in combination with LC-MS/MS is a powerful tool for the simultaneous quantification of all tryptophan-related indoles in platelet-rich plasma. Simultaneous profiling of relevant indoles improves the biochemical characterization and follow-up of NETs.
Comparison of BEAMing and Droplet Digital PCR for Circulating Tumor DNA Analysis
Authors: O'Leary Ben , Hrebien Sarah , Beaney Matthew , Fribbens Charlotte , Garcia-Murillas Isaac , Jiang John , Li Yuan , Huang Bartlett Cynthia , André Fabrice , Loibl Sibylle , Loi Sherene , Cristofanilli Massimo , Turner Nicholas C 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) assays are increasingly used for clinical decision-making, but it is unknown how well different assays agree. We aimed to assess the agreement in ctDNA mutation calling between BEAMing (beads, emulsion, amplification, and magnetics) and droplet digital PCR (ddPCR), 2 of the most commonly used digital PCR techniques for detecting mutations in ctDNA.

METHODS
Baseline plasma samples from patients with advanced breast cancer enrolled in the phase 3 PALOMA-3 trial were assessed for ESR1 and PIK3CA mutations in ctDNA with both BEAMing and ddPCR. Concordance between the 2 approaches was assessed, with exploratory analyses to estimate the importance of sampling effects.

RESULTS
Of the 521 patients enrolled, 363 had paired baseline ctDNA analysis. ESR1 mutation detection was 24.2% (88/363) for BEAMing and 25.3% (92/363) for ddPCR, with good agreement between the 2 techniques (κ = 0.9l; 95% CI, 0.85–0.95). PIK3CA mutation detection rates were 26.2% (95/363) for BEAMing and 22.9% (83/363) for ddPCR, with good agreement (κ = 0.87; 95% CI, 0.81–0.93). Discordancy was observed for 3.9% patients with ESR1 mutations and 5.0% with PIK3CA mutations. Assessment of individual mutations suggested higher rates of discordancy for less common mutations (P = 0.019). The majority of discordant calls occurred at allele frequency &lt;1%, predominantly resulting from stochastic sampling effects.

CONCLUSIONS
This large, clinically relevant comparison showed good agreement between BEAMing and ddPCR, suggesting sufficient reproducibility for clinical use. Much of the observed discordancy may be related to sampling effects, potentially explaining many of the differences in the currently available ctDNA literature.
Sexual behavioral pattern, consequences and adopted solutions among senior secondary schools students in a military barracks in Nigeria
Authors: Chimah Uzoh C. , Nnebue Chinomnso C. , Ilika Amobi L. , Lawoyin Taiwo O. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractPurpose:To determine the sexual behavioral pattern, consequences, and adopted solutions among senior secondary schools students in Ojo military barracks, Lagos.Materials and methods:This was a cross-sectional study of 400 senior secondary schools students in Ojo military barracks, Lagos, selected using a multistage sampling technique. Data was collected using pre-tested, self-administered semi-structured questionnaires. Data was analysed using statistical package for social sciences version 17. Tests of statistical significance were carried out using χ2-test, and a p-value of <0.05 was considered significant.Results: The majority of them 391 (97.8%), were in the age group (10–19 years) while the mean age was 15±2.4 for males and 15±2.2 for females, respectively. One hundred and fifty four (38.5%) of the respondents have had penetrative sexual intercourse and were influenced mainly by peer pressure (p=0.0000). Their age at first sexual intercourse ranged between 10–19 years. Ten (6.5%) of the respondents (all males) had their sexual debut with a commercial sex worker. More girls 41 (56.2%) than boys 12 (14.8%), were forced into sexual intercourse (p=0.0000). Over half of the sexually active respondents had at least two sexual partners for either sex.Conclusion:Findings from this study have shown that young people living in the barracks indulged in sexual activity at very early ages and engaged in risky sexual behavior. We therefore recommend an improved multi-sectoral approach in reproductive health and sexually transmitted infections including HIV/AIDS education.
Thermally Intensification of Steam Reforming Process by Use of Methane Tri-Reforming: A Review
Authors: Arab Aboosadi Z. , Farhadi Yadecoury M. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Tri- reforming is the main key for thermal intensification of hydrogen production based process. The arrangement of dry reforming, endothermic steam reforming, and exothermic partial oxidation make up a tri-reforming procedure. The benefit of the tri-reforming procedure is that it can be practical for energy supply for the dry and steam reforming reactions from the production of heat from the exothermic oxidation reaction. Some scientists have reviewed its usage with biogas feedstock to generate synthesis gas because the tri-reforming procedure employs CO2. Furthermore, the tri-reforming procedure is a technique to cut CO2 emissions in flue stack gases. In yielding synthesis gas from biological gas, two chief functioning issues give the anticipated H2/CO ratio that consists of the extreme conversion of methane and also prevents coke deposition. The wanted H2/ CO ratio differs with the wanted usage for the synthesis gas. In the present paper, the published studies from 2001 until now in three classifications have been chosen for further discussion. Finally, various suggestions have been proposed to escape catalyst deactivation due to the high-temperature nature of tri-reforming as a guideline for further investigations.
Über die Wirkungsform der p-Amino-benzoesäure als Wuchsstoff
Authors: Wagner-Jauregg Theodor , Wagner Wolf-Helmut 
Published: September 2019

1. Es wurde festgestellt, daß die wachstumshemmende Wirkung von p-Amino- und p-Nitro-benzolsulfonyl-l-glutaminsäure sowie von p-Nitro-benzoyl-glutaminsäure gegenüber Streptobacterium plantarum sehr gering, und zwar noch geringer ist, als diejenige der p-Amino-benzolsulfonsäure (Sulfanilsäure).
2. Entgegen dem Befund von Auhagen erwies sich die sulfonamid-antagonistisehe (Wachstums-) Wirkung der p-Amino-benzoesäure derjenigen der p-Amino-benzoyl-l-glutaminsäure als weit überlegen. Letzterer dürfte daher eine allgemeine Bedeutung als Wirkungsgruppe eines Wachstumsfaktors nicht zukommen
Neutronen-Durchleuchtung
Authors: Peter Otto 
Published: September 2019

Abstrakt
Erstmalig werden Durchleuchtungsaufnahmen mit langsamen Neutronen gemacht. Zur photographischen Wirksamkeit braucht man einen „Strahlenwandler". Die Bilder zeigen infolge der größeren Strahlenquelle nicht die Schärfe der y-Strahl-Durchleuchtungen, erlauben jedoch neue Anwendungen
Der Tritiumgehalt der Atmosphäre
Authors: Faltings V. , Harteck P. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Tritium konnte im freien Wasserstoff der Atmosphäre, welcher zu Wasser verbrannt worden war und elektrolytisch eingeengt wurde, an seiner β-Aktivität nachgewiesen werden. In 10 cm3 Luft ist etwa 1 Tritium-Atom vorhanden, in der ganzen Atmosphäre 1 Mol.
Quantitation and Simulation of Single Action Potential-Evoked Ca2+Signals in CA1 Pyramidal Neuron Presynaptic Terminals
Authors: Hamid Edaeni , Church Emily , Alford Simon 
Published: September 2019

AbstractPresynaptic Ca2+evokes exocytosis, endocytosis, and synaptic plasticity. However, Ca2+flux and interactions at presynaptic molecular targets are difficult to quantify because fluorescence imaging has limited resolution. In rats of either sex, we measured single varicosity presynaptic Ca2+using Ca2+dyes as buffers, and constructed models of Ca2+dispersal. Action potentials evoked Ca2+transients with little variation when measured with low-affinity dye (peak amplitude 789 ± 39 nM, within 2 ms of stimulation; decay times, 119 ± 10 ms). Endogenous Ca2+buffering capacity, action potential-evoked free [Ca2+]i, and total Ca2+amounts entering terminals were determined using Ca2+dyes as buffers. These data constrained Monte Carlo (MCell) simulations of Ca2+entry, buffering, and removal. Simulations of experimentally-determined Ca2+fluxes, buffered by simulated calbindin28Kwell fit data, and were consistent with clustered Ca2+entry followed within 4 ms by diffusion throughout the varicosity. Repetitive stimulation caused free varicosity Ca2+to sum. However, simulated in nanometer domains, its removal by pumps and buffering was negligible, while local diffusion dominated. Thus, Ca2+within tens of nanometers of entry, did not accumulate. A model of synaptotagmin1 (syt1)-Ca2+binding indicates that even with 10 µM free varicosity evoked Ca2+, syt1 must be within tens of nanometers of channels to ensure occupation of all its Ca2+-binding sites. Repetitive stimulation, evoking short-term synaptic enhancement, does not modify probabilities of Ca2+fully occupying syt1’s C2 domains, suggesting that enhancement is not mediated by Ca2+-syt1 interactions. We conclude that at spatiotemporal scales of fusion machines, Ca2+necessary for their activation is diffusion dominated.