bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Extent and selectivity of sexual orientation disclosure and its association with HIV and other STI testing patterns among gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men
Authors: Tan Rayner Kay Jin , Teo Alvin Kuo Jing , Kaur Nashwinder , Harrison-Quintana Jack , Wong Chen Seong , Chen Mark I-Cheng 
Published: March 2019

ObjectivesGay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM) in Singapore may fear disclosing their sexual orientation to others due to negative societal attitudes, and the law that criminalises sexual relations between men, which may, in turn, impede access to HIV/sexually transmitted infection (STI)-related health services. This study attempts to determine how selective disclosure to varying social groups, and the extent of disclosure, may serve to impact HIV/STI testing patterns among GBMSM.MethodsIn this observational study, we recruited GBMSM in Singapore through an online cross-sectional survey disseminated via the smartphone app Grindr from 14 January to 11 February 2018. Respondents provided information on their sociodemographic characteristics, disclosure of sexual orientation towards other lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and questioning (LGBTQ) individuals, non-LGBTQ family members, non-LGBTQ friends and non-LGBTQ colleagues, along with their HIV/STI testing patterns. Extent of disclosure was defined as the number of social groups that a participant had disclosed his sexual orientation to. Statistical analyses were conducted through descriptive statistics, multivariable binary, ordinal, and multinomial logistic regression models.ResultsWe recruited 1339 respondents, of which 1098 who had provided their response to questions on HIV/STI testing were included in the analytic sample. Multivariable analyses indicated that disclosure towards non-LGBTQ family members (adjusted OR [aOR] 1.85, 95% CI 1.12 to 3.07) and other LGBTQ individuals (aOR 1.63, 95% CI 1.12 to 2.37) were positively associated with recent HIV testing, whereas disclosure towards non-LGBTQ colleagues (aOR 1.56, 95% CI 1.09 to 2.22) was positively associated with regular HIV testing. Extent of disclosure exhibited a positive, dose–response relationship with all testing outcomes.ConclusionsResults indicate how the fear of being identified as an LGBTQ individual may deter GBMSM from getting tested for HIV and other STIs. Health services should bridge the gaps to accessing healthcare among individuals who fear being stigmatised for attending sexual health-specific clinics or being identified as GBMSM.
Use of gay app and the associated HIV/syphilis risk among non-commercial men who have sex with men in Shenzhen, China: a serial cross-sectional study
Authors: Wei Lan , Chen Lin , Zhang Haibo , Yang Zhengrong , Zou Huachun , Yuan Tanwei , Xiao Yuejiao , Liu Shaochu , Tan Wei , Xie Wei , Liu Liegang , Cheng Jinquan , Zhao Jin 
Published: March 2019

ObjectivesGeosocial networking application specific to men who have sex with men (MSM) (gay app) has revolutionised the social networking of MSM globally, much concern was raised over its linkage to HIV/syphilis risk. This study sought to examine the association between use of gay app and sexual behaviours and HIV/syphilis risk among Chinese MSM.MethodsEligible MSM were recruited through combined offline methods from 2015 to 2017 in Shenzhen, China, with data collected including demographics, sexual behaviours, app use, recreational drug use and HIV testing. All participants are required to sign a written informed consent and take a confidential HIV and syphilis testing.ResultsThe prevalence of app use among non-commercial MSM (NcMSM) has rapidly increased from 12.5% in 2015 to 52.6% in 2017. The primary four apps used were Blued (97.2%), Aloha (18.4%), Jack’d (14.1) and Zank (14.1%). After controlling for confounders, HIV prevalence was still significantly lower among app users than non-app users (adjusted odds ratios [AOR]: 0.77, 95% CI 0.61 to 0.97), yet the lower prevalence of syphilis was not significant (AOR: 0.97, 95% CI 0.76 to 1.23). App-using NcMSM were more likely to be younger, unmarried, self-identified as homosexuality and having higher education level and income than non-app-using NcMSM. App-using NcMSM had higher rate of consistent condom use and HIV testing, higher level of knowledge on HIV/AIDS prevention and condom use; however, they were more likely to have multiple sexual partners, practice receptive role in anal sex and use recreational drug.ConclusionsApp-using NcMSM are more likely to have sexual risk behaviours as well as risk-reduction behaviours such as consistent condom use and HIV testing. Scaled-up and innovative venue-based HIV interventions are warranted for these high-risk MSM frequent social venues with less condom use and fewer HIV tests. Meanwhile, gay app should alternatively serve as an intervention and education platform for the MSM hard-to-reach via venue-based approaches.
Nonrandom territory occupancy by nesting Gyrfalcons (Falco rusticolus)
Authors: Anderson David L. , Bente Peter J. , Booms Travis L. , Dunn Leah , McClure Christopher J.W. 
Published: March 2019

We know little regarding how specific aspects of habitat influence spatial variation in site occupancy by Arctic wildlife, yet this information is fundamental to effective conservation. To address this information gap, we assessed occupancy of 84 Gyrfalcon (Falco rusticolus Linnaeus, 1758) breeding territories observed annually between 2004 and 2013 in western Alaska. In line with the theory of population regulation by site dependence, we asked whether Gyrfalcons exhibited a nonrandom pattern of site selection and if heterogeneous landscape attributes correlated with observed occupancy patterns. We characterized high- and low-occupancy breeding territories as those occupied more or less often than expected by chance, and we evaluated land cover at 1 and 15 km circles centered around nesting territories to identify habitat variables associated with observed occupancy patterns. We tested 15 competing models to rank hypotheses reflecting prey and habitat variables important to nesting Gyrfalcons. We confirmed a nonrandom pattern of site selection but found only weak evidence that the distribution of prey habitat was responsible for this pattern. We reason that preferential habitat use by nesting Gyrfalcons may be determined by spatial scales other than those we measured or may be driven by landscape-level attributes at time periods other than during the brood rearing period.
[DL] A Survey of FPGA-based Neural Network Inference Accelerators
Authors: Guo Kaiyuan , Zeng Shulin , Yu Jincheng , Wang Yu , Yang Huazhong 
Published: March 2019

Recent research on neural networks has shown a significant advantage in machine learning over traditional algorithms based on handcrafted features and models. Neural networks are now widely adopted in regions like image, speech, and video recognition. But the high computation and storage complexity of neural network inference poses great difficulty on its application. It is difficult for CPU platforms to offer enough computation capacity. GPU platforms are the first choice for neural network processes because of its high computation capacity and easy-to-use development frameworks.
However, FPGA-based neural network inference accelerator is becoming a research topic. With specifically designed hardware, FPGA is the next possible solution to surpass GPU in speed and energy efficiency. Various FPGA-based accelerator designs have been proposed with software and hardware optimization techniques to achieve high speed and energy efficiency. In this article, we give an overview of previous work on neural network inference accelerators based on FPGA and summarize the main techniques used. An investigation from software to hardware, from circuit level to system level is carried out to complete analysis of FPGA-based neural network inference accelerator design and serves as a guide to future work.
On Annotation Methodologies for Image Search Evaluation
Authors: Shao Yunqiu , Liu Yiqun , Zhang Fan , Zhang Min , Ma Shaoping 
Published: March 2019

Image search engines differ significantly from general web search engines in the way of presenting search results. The difference leads to different interaction and examination behavior patterns, and therefore requires changes in evaluation methodologies. However, evaluation of image search still utilizes the methods for general web search. In particular, offline metrics are calculated based on coarse-fine topical relevance judgments with the assumption that users examine results in a sequential manner.
In this article, we investigate annotation methods via crowdsourcing for image search evaluation based on a lab-based user study. Using user satisfaction as the golden standard, we make several interesting findings. First, instead of item-based annotation, annotating relevance in a row-based way is more efficient without hurting performance. Second, besides topical relevance, image quality plays a crucial role when evaluating the image search results, and the importance of image quality changes with search intent. Third, compared to traditional four-level scales, the fine-grain annotation method outperforms significantly. To our best knowledge, our work is the first to systematically study how diverse factors in data annotation impact image search evaluation. Our results suggest different strategies for exploiting the crowdsourcing to get data annotated under different conditions.
Multitranscriptome analyses reveal prioritized genes specifically associated with liver fibrosis progression independent of etiology
Authors: Chen Wei , Wu Xiaoning , Yan Xuzhen , Xu Anjian , Yang Aiting , You Hong 
Published: March 2019

Elimination or suppression of causative factors can raise the possibility of liver fibrosis regression. However, different injurious stimuli will give fibrosis from somewhat different etiologies, which, in turn, may hamper the discovery of liver fibrosis-specific therapeutic drugs. Therefore, the analogical cellular and molecular events shared by various etiology-evoked liver fibrosis should be clarified. Our present study systematically integrated five publicly available transcriptomic data sets regarding liver fibrosis with different etiologies from the Gene Expression Omnibus database and performed a series of bioinformatics analyses and experimental verifications. A total of 111 significantly upregulated and 16 downregulated genes were identified specific to liver fibrosis independent of any etiology. These genes were predominately enriched in some Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways, including the “PI3K-AKT signaling pathway,” “Focal adhesion,” and “ECM-receptor interaction.” Subsequently, five prioritized liver fibrosis-specific genes, including COL4A2, THBS2, ITGAV, LAMB1, and PDGFRA, were screened. These genes were positively associated with each other and liver fibrosis progression. In addition, they could robustly separate all stages of samples in both training and validation data sets with diverse etiologies when they were regarded as observed variables applied to principal component analysis plots. Expressions of all five genes were confirmed in activated primary mouse hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and transforming growth factor β1-treated LX-2 cells. Moreover, THBS2 protein was enhanced in liver fibrosis rodent models, which could promote HSC activation and proliferation and facilitate NOTCH1/JAG1 expression in HSCs. Overall, our current study may provide potential targets for liver fibrosis therapy and aid to a deeper understanding of the molecular underpinnings of liver fibrosis.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Prioritized liver fibrosis-specific genes THBS2, COL4A2, ITGAV, LAMB1, and PDGFRA were identified and significantly associated with liver fibrosis progression and could be combined to discriminate liver fibrosis stages regardless of any etiology. Among the identified prioritized liver fibrosis-specific targets, THBS2 protein was confirmed to be enhanced in liver fibrosis rodent models, which could promote hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation and proliferation and facilitate NOTCH1/JAG1 expression in HSCs.
Quantitative Determination of Kyanite in Kyanite Ores by X-Ray Diffraction
Authors: Faulring G. M. , Carpenter R. D. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe amount of kyanite in samples obtained from magnetic and density separations of a kyanite ore was established by a quantitative X-ray diffraction procedure employing an internal standard. The accuracy of the results at low kyanite levels was improved by adding pure kyanite to the samples, analyzing these mixtures and extrapolating back to the lower level. The results were verified by X-ray diffraction analyses of synthetic mixtures containing amounts of kyanite approximately equal to that indicated in the ore samples. The percentage of error is estimated to be ±3per cent of the amount present in the range of 20 to 80 per cent kyanite.
Amorphous Solids, Small Particles and Thin Surface Films
Authors: Schossberger F. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractA comprehensive chart is preserit of the X-ray diffraction effects of gas-and Uquid-like armorphous substances, small particle-size materials, mixtures of amorphous and crystalline compounds, sheetlike crystals, and fibrous materials.The relationship between the X-ray diagrams and chemical preparations as shown by typical examples from the field of the manufacture of active catalysts cadmium sulfide semiconductors, pour point-depressed lubricants, electroless nickel platings and metal-filled cellulose fibers.The investigation of thin surface layers formed by chemical reactions required the combination of electron and X-ray diffraction techniques. The usefulness of this combination of methods is demonstrated by a study of black stain formation on cold rolled annealed steel. By identifying the materials in the stain and determining the sequence in which they formed a reaction mechanism between steel surface and annealing-gas can be postulated.
Effect of Penetration On Quantitative X-Ray Diffraction Measurements
Authors: Marburger R. E. , Koistinen D. P. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractIn making quantitative X-ray diffraction studies of quantities such as lattice parameters one generally treats the measured quantity as existing at the sample surface. In X-ray residual stress analyses; large lattice parameter gradients as a function of depth below the sample surface are sometimes encountered and the measured stress (as obtained from, these parameter measurements) is affected toy the fact that the X-ray beam penetrates the sample. In order to accurately evaluate residual stress as a function of depth, it is necessary to consider the "depth of penetration" of the X-ray beam.The authors have treated this problem by considering the measured stress as an average weighted over the depths from which the diffracted information emanates. By using the observed lattice-parameter gradient as a first approximation, it is possible to set up a theoretical expression for the measured stress with the actual stress at the surface as the only unknown. By equating this to the measured value, it is possible to solve for the value at the surface and thus obtain an equation for the variation of lattice parameter as a function of depth. This process may be used reiteratively to improve the accuracy of the approximation. A specific example of the use of this equation will be presented.
A Method for Obtaining a Quantitative Pole Figure of Stretched Rubber
Authors: Renius Otto 
Published: March 2019

AbstractWork at the Detroit Arsenal has shown that techniques similar to those employed for the determination of pole figures of metals can be utilized for studying organic materials such a a stretched rubber latex. The rubber, when stretched, forms a preferred orientation pattern which is proportional in intensity to the degree of elongation, and which can be used to plot a pole figure.A Geiger-counter spectrometer was used to study samples of rubber stretched 600 to 1000 per cent. Using a transmission technique, the specimens were tilted to the impinging X-ray beam in five degree increments while rotating through 360 degrees to allow the measurement of the diffracted beam from the selected atomic planes at various angles within the specimen. The intensities of the diffracted beam at these angles were plotted on a stereographic net to form the pole figures of the (002) and (012) planes of the stretched rubber. The geometry of the sample arrangements permitted the outer portion of the pole figure to be plotted from alpha angle 0 degrees to alpha angle 45 degrees.
Structure of the Solid Oxidation Products of Carbon Black and Graphite as Revealed by X-Ray Diffraction
Authors: Lyon Luther , Harvey D. , Stewart B. , Wallace D. R. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractCarbon blacks were oxidized by gaseous and wet oxidation techniques. Graphite was oxidized by potassium chlorate dissolved in mixed nitric and sulphuric acids. The resulting oxidized carbon blacks contain 5 to 20% oxygen, 1% or higher hydrogen, and the rest carbon. The oxidized graphite was heated to 200°C at which temperature it explosively forms a material that is very similar to carbon black. The exploded material contains 15% oxygen and the rest carbon. The X-ray work attempts to present a picture of the structure of these materials in terms of per cent disorganized matter, size of crystallites, distribution of thickness of crystallites, and the interplanar distance, according to the methods of Rosalind Franklin and of L. E. Alexander and E. C. Sommer.
A Counting Method for Measuring Single Crystal Diffraction Intensities Using a Weissenberg Camera
Authors: Peterson David T. , Vold C. L. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe North American Philips G-M Counting Attachment for use with a Weissenberg camera was modified to achieve greater accuracy and speed in measuring integrated diffraction intensities. The shape, size and divergence of the primary beam was changed to obtain a larger and more reproducible number of counts. The oscillating mechanism was simplified and made more convenient. The receiving slit was enlarged so as to yield integrated intensities which were not affected by the diffraction peak shape. The accuracy and precision of the apparatus was determined by measuring the intensities of equivalent reflections from an ideally shaped crystal of nickel dimethyl glyoxime and by measuring the diffraction intensities from a parameterless structure such as sodium chloride. Very few calculation's are necessary in order to make the proper instrument settings as the necessary angles are read directly from a Weissenberg diffraction pattern.
Determination of Uranium Dioxide in Stainless Steels by the X-ray Fluorescence-Solution Method
Authors: Silverman Louis , Houk William , Moudy Lavada 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThis paper outlines a rapid method for the determination of uranium dioxide in stainless steel by direct X-ray fluorescence analysis after chemical solution of the sample in perchloric acid. A scintillation counter is used to detect the intensity of the radiation. Modifications in the apparatus needed to insure stabilization of the counter are described. Strontium is used as internal indicator. The determination of uranium is unaffected by the presence of large amounts of iron, chromium or nickel at the dilutions described. The counting time for four pairs of counts (uranium and strontium) is about 12 minutes.A standard deviation corresponding to one-half to one per cent of the uranium dioxide present was observed on synthetic samples ranging from 15 to 25% uranium dioxide.
Applications of the Electron Probe Microanalyzer
Authors: Birks L. S. , Brooks E. J. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractApplications to nonmetallic specimens such as minerals will be shown and the special techniques required for such specimens described. These include coating the surface with a thin conducting layer and prepho to graphing to map out the areas of interest. Specific examples of copper-iron minerals will be given. Other applications to metallic systems such as mass transfer studies in liquid metal cooling systems will also be shown.
Some Comments on the Beta-Excited X-Ray Source
Authors: Preuss Luther E. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe potential of the beta-ray excited X-ray source was evaluated in the search for a small, low energy, planar source for gross apposition studies. Such a. source utilizes the familiar phenomena wherein target impingement by particulate radiation from certain pure beta emitters is utilized for the production o£ useful bremsstrahlung and characteristic X-radiation. Some of the favorable attributes of such a source are; simplicity of design and fabrication, diminutive size, stability, low cost, zero power consutnption and the gamut of synthetic radioisotopes with which they may be powered. This paper deals with the preliminary development of such a beta-excited source for application to apposition radiography as well as with the small, compound source-target.The design of such a source type is concerned with certain stimulating problems, some of which are; development of adequate photon intensity, reduction of excessive white radiation production, shielding for scattered and spurious radiation, target and source s elf-absorption, Simple illustrations of source-target geometries are reviewed both for compound and separate source-target design. Some resolution studies for the gross apposition source are shown, plus some exposures made with compound sources. The available synthetic isotopes are described and preliminary applications with P32 , Sr90, Y90 and Pm147 sources are outlined. The paper is divided into two portions; one, a brief review of theory and design; two, construction and results for the apposition and compound source.
Components for X-Ray Polychromators
Authors: Jones J. L. , Paschen K. W. , Swain H. H. , Andermann George 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe use of the Polychromator (multichannel spectrometer) for X-ray analysis allows choice of the optimum combination of slit width, crystal type, focussing circle radius and detector for each of the elements to be determined by the instrument.Comparisons will be made of various curved and ground crystals such as quartz, lithium fluoride, sodium chloride and ADP used in a focussing spectrometer. The effect of the width of the entrance and exit slits upon resolution, line intensity and line-to-background ratios will be discussed. Gas filled detectors such as Multitrons, flow proportional counters and Geiger counters will be discussed as to the effect of the filling upon efficiency and upon their use with counting or integrating techniques. Limits of detectability for various elements with optimum combinations of the above components will be reported.
Part II-Description of X-Ray Double-Crystal Diffractometer Combining X-Ray Microscopy and Diffraction Analysis
Authors: Weissman Sigmund , Turner Kenneth A. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe following pages are devoted to the description of the instrument by which the method described in Part I can be implemented.Referring to Figures 1, 2 and 3, numeral 1 designates a collimator through which the primary beam P passes, emerging from an x-ray diffraction tube (not shown). Collimator 1 is fitted with a slit system which is adjusted by adjustment screw 2, controlling thereby the divergence of the x-ray beam. The collimator support 4 is attached to the base plate 5. The height and inclination of the collimator support with respect to the base plate is adjustable, so that the instrument can be adapted to various commercial diffraction units. Locking screw 6 locks the height and locking screw 7 locks the tilt of the collimator support.