bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative safety and effectiveness of direct oral anticoagulants in patients with atrial fibrillation in clinical practice in Scotland
Authors: Mueller Tanja , Alvarez‐Madrazo Samantha , Robertson Chris , Wu Olivia , Bennie Marion 
Published: November 2018

AimsThe aim of this study was to compare the clinical effectiveness and safety of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) in routine clinical practice.MethodsThis retrospective cohort study used linked administrative data. The study population (n = 14 577) included patients with a diagnosis of AF (confirmed in hospital) who initiated DOAC treatment in Scotland between August 2011 and December 2015. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate hazard ratios of thromboembolic events, mortality and bleeding events.ResultsNo differences between the DOACs were observed with regard to the risk of stroke, systemic embolism or cardiovascular death. In contrast, the risk of myocardial infarction was higher among patients prescribed apixaban in comparison to those on rivaroxaban (HR 1.67, 95% CI 1.02‐2.71), and all‐cause mortality was higher among rivaroxaban patients in contrast to both apixaban (1.22 [1.01–1.47]) and dabigatran (1.55 [1.16–2.05]) patients; rivaroxaban patients also had a higher risk of pulmonary embolism than apixaban patients (5.27 [1.79–15.53]). The risk of other major bleeds was higher among rivaroxaban patients compared to apixaban (1.50 [1.10–2.03]) and dabigatran (1.58 [1.01–2.48]) patients; the risks of gastrointestinal bleeds and overall bleeding were higher among rivaroxaban patients than among apixaban patients (1.48 [1.01–2.16] and 1.52 [1.21–1.92], respectively).ConclusionsAll DOACs were similarly effective in preventing strokes and systemic embolisms, while patients being treated with rivaroxaban exhibited the highest bleeding risks. Observed differences in the risks of all‐cause mortality, myocardial infarction and pulmonary embolism warrant further research.
Elevated mirror neuron system activity in bipolar mania: Evidence from a transcranial magnetic stimulation study
Authors: Basavaraju Rakshathi , Mehta Urvakhsh M. , Pascual‐Leone Alvaro , Thirthalli Jagadisha 
Published: November 2018

ObjectivesThe role of the “mirror neuron system” (MNS) in the pathophysiology of mood disorders is not well studied. Given its posited role in the often‐impaired socio‐emotional processes like intention detection, empathy, and imitation, we compared putative MNS‐activity in patients with bipolar mania and healthy comparison subjects. We also examined the association between putative MNS‐activity and hyper‐imitative behaviors in patients.MethodsWe studied 39 medication‐free individuals diagnosed with mania and 45 healthy comparison subjects. TMS‐evoked motor cortical reactivity was measured via single‐ and paired‐pulse stimuli (assessing SICI—short and LICI—long interval intracortical inhibition) while subjects viewed a static image and goal‐directed actions. Manic symptom severity and imitative behaviors were quantified using the Young's Mania Rating Scale and a modification of the Echolalia Questionnaire.ResultsTwo‐way repeated measures analysis of variance demonstrated a significant group ×time interaction effect indicating greater facilitation of cortical reactivity during action‐observation (putative MNS‐activity) in the patient group as compared to the healthy group. While LICI‐mediated MNS‐activity had a significant association with manic symptom severity (r = 0.35, P = 0.038), SICI‐mediated MNS‐activity was significantly associated with incidental echolalia scores in a subgroup of 17 patients with incidental echolalia (r = 0.75, P < 0.001).ConclusionsOur findings demonstrate that putative MNS‐activity is heightened in mania, possibly because of disinhibition, and associated with behavioral consequences (incidental echolalia).
Incidence and risk factors for clinical neurodegenerative Langerhans cell histiocytosis: a longitudinal cohort study
Authors: Héritier Sébastien , Barkaoui Mohamed‐Aziz , Miron Jean , Thomas Caroline , Moshous Despina , Lambilliotte Anne , Mazingue Françoise , Kebaili Kamila , Jeziorski Eric , Plat Geneviève , Aladjidi Nathalie , Pacquement Hélène , Galambrun Claire , Brugières Laurence , Leverger Guy , Mansuy Ludovic , Paillard Catherine , Deville Anne , Pagnier Anne , Lutun Anne , Gillibert‐Yvert Marion , Stephan Jean‐Louis , Cohen‐Aubart Fleur , Haroche Julien , Pellier Isabelle , Millot Fréderic , Gandemer Virginie , Martin‐Duverneuil Nadine , Taly Valérie , Hélias‐Rodzewicz Zofia , Emile Jean‐François , Hoang‐Xuan Khe , Idbaih Ahmed , Donadieu Jean 
Published: November 2018

AbstractNeurodegenerative (ND) complications in Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) are a late‐onset but dramatic sequelae for which incidence and risk factors are not well defined. Based on a national prospective registry of paediatric LCH patients, we determined the incidence rate of clinical ND LCH (cND‐LCH) and analysed risk factors, taking into account disease extent and molecular characteristics. Among 1897 LCH patients, 36 (1·9%) were diagnosed with a cND‐LCH. The 10‐year cumulative incidence of cND‐LCH was 4·1%. cND‐LCH typically affected patients previously treated for a multisystem, risk organ–negative LCH, represented in 69·4% of cND‐LCH cases. Pituitary gland, skin and base skull/orbit bone lesions were more frequent (P < 0·001) in cND‐LCH patients compared to those without cND‐LCH (respectively 86·1% vs. 12·2%, 75·0% vs. 34·2%, and 63·9% vs. 28·4%). The ‘cND susceptible patients’ (n = 671) i.e., children who had experienced LCH disease with pituitary or skull base or orbit bone involvement, had a 10‐year cND risk of 7·8% vs. 0% for patients who did not meet these criteria. Finally, BRAFV600E status added important information among these cND susceptible patients, with the 10‐year cND risk of 33·1% if a BRAFV600E mutation was present compared to 2·9% if it was absent (P = 0·002).
The impact of timing of maternal influenza immunization on infant antibody levels at birth
Authors: Zhong Z , Haltalli M , Holder B , Rice T , Donaldson B , O’Driscoll M , Le-Doare K , Kampmann B , Tregoning J S 
Published: November 2018

Summary
Pregnant women and infants are at an increased risk of severe disease after influenza infection. Maternal immunization is a potent tool to protect both these at-risk groups. While the primary aim of maternal influenza vaccination is to protect the mother, a secondary benefit is the transfer of protective antibodies to the infant. A recent study using the tetanus, diphtheria and acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccine indicated that children born to mothers immunized in the second trimester of pregnancy had the highest antibody titres compared to children immunized in the third trimester. The aim of the current study was to investigate how the timing of maternal influenza immunization impacts infant antibody levels at birth. Antibody titres were assessed in maternal and cord blood samples by both immunoglobulin (Ig)G-binding enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and haemagglutination inhibition assay (HAI). Antibody titres to the H1N1 component were significantly higher in infants born to mothers vaccinated in either the second or third trimesters than infants born to unvaccinated mothers. HAI levels in the infant were significantly lower when maternal immunization was performed less than 4 weeks before birth. These studies confirm that immunization during pregnancy increases the antibody titre in infants. Importantly, antibody levels in cord blood were significantly higher when the mother was vaccinated in either trimesters 2 or 3, although titres were significantly lower if the mother was immunized less than 4 weeks before birth. Based on these data, seasonal influenza vaccination should continue to be given in pregnancy as soon as it becomes available.
The effects on intraregional agricultural trade of ending NAFTA's market access provisions
Authors: Beckman Jayson , Zahniser Steven 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThis paper explores the possible effects on agriculture of ending the market access provisions of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). This paper considers two hypothetical scenarios: one revolving around a fallback to most‐favored‐nation (MFN) tariff rates and the other considering the additional effect of increased transaction costs in intraregional trade. Results from a computable general equilibrium model indicate that applying MFN tariff rates to U.S.–Canada and U.S.–Mexico agricultural trade would lead to a 14.43% reduction in these trade flows, while a scenario also featuring higher transaction costs would bring an even larger reduction (21.25%). In both scenarios, almost every agricultural product experiences a reduction in bilateral trade, with U.S. agricultural exports to Mexico undergoing some of the largest proportionate decreases. Many sectors within North American agriculture would have lower output, including fruit and nuts, vegetables, oilseeds and vegetable oils, and processed foods in Canada; fruit, vegetables, and beef in Mexico; and poultry meat, pork, beef, and dairy products in the United States.
CEO compensation and government ownership
Authors: Borisova Ginka , Salas Jesus M. , Zagorchev Andrey 
Published: November 2018

AbstractResearch Question/IssueDespite the benefits of privatization (i.e., divestiture of government‐owned enterprises), governments still own substantial stakes in economically important firms. Given public concern about excessive compensation and frequent government responses, this paper compares the level and structure of CEO compensation in privatized firms, including those still partially owned by governments, to firms never owned by the government.Research Findings/InsightsUsing a multinational sample of firms, we find that privatized firms have lower total CEO compensation than private firms never owned by governments. CEO equity‐linked wealth in privatized firms is less sensitive to stock performance, and equity compensation is negatively related to government ownership stakes. Privatized companies engage in less risk‐taking than nonprivatized companies, suggesting that government risk aversion could explain differences in CEO compensation.Theoretical/Academic ImplicationsThis study finds that the role government ownership plays in the level and structure of executive compensation is broadly consistent with pay regulations governments periodically impose. It provides empirical support for the argument that government owners are risk‐averse and associated with lower equity‐linked executive pay, which discourages CEO risk‐taking.Practitioner/Policy ImplicationsThis study encourages corporate boards to consider the degree of government involvement in their firms when setting CEO compensation packages and policies. Government concerns about excessive compensation may require boards to find other ways to incentivize CEOs, particularly given the weaker governance linked to state‐influenced firms. Additionally, governments should analyze their influences on CEO compensation, and how these can affect performance, when considering their ownership stakes in public companies.
A sultone‐based reversible dark red‐yellow conversion thermochromic colorant with adjustable switching temperature
Authors: Zhang Wan , Ji Xiaoqian , Zeng Chanjuan , Yin Yunjie , Wang Chaoxia 
Published: November 2018

A reversible, adjustable thermochromic colorant with bichromatic conversion from dark red (cool state) to yellow (heat state) was prepared using bromocresol purple (BCP) as colour former. The thermochromic behaviour of this colorant was investigated during the heating‐cooling cycle, including the colour depth, colour difference and switching temperature. The mechanism of thermochromic colorant switching between dark red and yellow originated from the transformation of the conjugated structures of BCP, which was confirmed by infrared spectrometry. The switching temperature can be flexibility adjusted between 13–46 °C by mixing solvents according to Schröder's equation, which was demonstrated by differential scanning calorimetry measurement. The thermochromic colorant presented good reversible thermochromic performance with stable changes in colour parameters for 50 heating‐cooling cycles. This sultone‐based reversible dark red‐yellow conversion thermochromic colorant is suitable for application as thermal‐indicating material under various conditions.
Structural basis for protein phosphatase 1 recruitment by glycogen‐targeting subunits
Authors: Yu Jun , Deng Tingting , Xiang Song 
Published: November 2018

The rate‐limiting enzymes in glycogen metabolism are subject to regulation by reversible phosphorylation. The glycogen‐targeted protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) holoenzyme catalyzes their dephosphorylation. It is composed of a catalytic subunit (PP1C) and a glycogen‐targeting subunit (G subunit). To date, seven G subunits have been identified. They all contain an RVxF PP1C‐binding motif. The interactions between this motif in the skeletal muscle‐specific GM and PP1C have been revealed by structural studies. However, whether elements outside of this motif contribute to the interaction with PP1C is not clear. In this study, we found that residues next to the RVxF motif in GM also mediate interactions to PP1C and revealed the mechanism of the interaction by structural studies. Sequence analysis revealed that the PP1C‐binding region in GM is highly conserved among G subunits. Consistently, we found that the equivalent region in the liver‐enriched GL adopts a similar structure upon binding PP1C. Dephosphorylation experiments indicated that this region and the glycogen‐binding region in GM cooperate to stimulate PP1C's activity toward glycogen‐associated substrates.DatabasesThe structure factors and coordinates for the PP1Cα‐GM (1–99) and PP1Cα‐GL (31–105) complexes have been deposited into the Protein Data Bank (http://www.pdb.org), with the accession codes 5ZQV and 5ZT0, respectively.
Women as Co‐Offenders: Pathways into Crime and Offending Motivations
Authors: BARLOW CHARLOTTE , WEARE SIOBHAN 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThis article reports on a qualitative study in the UK of women as co‐offenders, their pathways into crime and offending motivations. What was found in the analysis of the women's narratives was that while co‐offending relationships were a central pathway into offending, this often intersected with other circumstances in the women's lives, including drug addiction, socio‐economic circumstances, and ‘significant life events’. These findings suggest that those working with this cohort of women must recognise the complexities and contexts of co‐offending to understand, and accurately represent, women's experiences.
Molecular systematics of the Amazonian endemic genusHylexetastes(Aves: Dendrocolaptidae): taxonomic and conservation implications
Authors: Azuaje‐Rodríguez Roxiris A. , Weckstein Jason D. , Dispoto Janice H. , Patel Swati , Cacioppo Joseph A. , Bates John M. , Silva Sofia Marques , Aleixo Alexandre 
Published: November 2018

Hylexetasteswoodcreepers are endemic to theterra firmeforests of the Amazon basin. Currently, most taxonomic sources recognize two species ofHylexetastes(H. perrotiiandH. stresemanni), each divided into three subspecies. Some authors maintain that theH. perrotiisubspecies should be elevated to full species status. In particular,Hylexetastes perrotii brigidaiis endemic to the eastern Amazon, the second Amazonian area of endemism (Xingu) most affected by deforestation and habitat degradation. Consequently, the taxonomic status ofH. p. brigidaiis of particular concern for conservation. Thus far, only morphological characters have been evaluated for the taxonomic delimitation of species and subspecies ofHylexetastes. We present a molecular phylogenetic analysis of all subspecies to help delimitHylexetastesinterspecific limits. Fragments of two mitochondrial (CytbandND2) and three nuclear genes (FGB5, G3PDHandMUSK) from 57Hylexetastesspecimens were sequenced. An ecological niche model was estimated to describe more accurately the potential distributions of taxa and to evaluate their vulnerability to ongoing deforestation. Phylogenetic analyses support the paraphyly of the polytypicH. perrotiias currently delimited and the elevation ofHylexetastes perrotii uniformisto full species rank, as well as the presence of three evolutionary significant units (ESUs) within this newly delimited species, including one grouping allH. p. brigidaispecimens. Alternatively, under lineage‐based species concepts, our results support at least five evolutionary species inHylexetastes:H. stresemanni,H. undulatus,H. perrotii,H. uniformisandH. brigidai. Each of these taxa andESUs are distributed in different interfluvial areas of the Amazon basin, which have different degrees of disturbance. Because they occupy the most heavily impacted region among allHylexetastesESUs, regular assessments of the conservation statuses ofH. p. brigidaiand bothH. uniformisESUs are paramount.
Defining the in vivo characteristics of acute myeloid leukemia cells behavior by intravital imaging
Authors: Duarte Delfim , Amarteifio Saoirse , Ang Heather , Kong Isabella Y , Ruivo Nicola , Pruessner Gunnar , Hawkins Edwin D , Lo Celso Cristina 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe majority of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients have a poor response to conventional chemotherapy. The survival of chemoresistant cells is thought to depend on leukemia‐bone marrow (BM) microenvironment interactions, which are not well understood. The CXCL12/CXCR4 axis has been proposed to support AML growth but was not studied at the single AML cell level. We recently showed that T‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T‐ALL) cells are highly motile in the BM; however, the characteristics of AML cell migration within the BM remain undefined. Here, we characterize the in vivo migratory behavior of AML cells and their response to chemotherapy and CXCR4 antagonism, using high‐resolution 2‐photon and confocal intravital microscopy of mouse calvarium BM and the well‐established MLL‐AF9‐driven AML mouse model. We used the Notch1‐driven T‐ALL model as a benchmark comparison and AMD3100 for CXCR4 antagonism experiments. We show that AML cells are migratory, and in contrast with T‐ALL, chemoresistant AML cells become less motile. Moreover, and in contrast with T‐ALL, the in vivo exploratory behavior of expanding and chemoresistant AML cells is unaffected by AMD3100. These results expand our understanding of AML cells‐BM microenvironment interactions, highlighting unique traits of leukemia of different lineages.
Combined treatment of sodium ferulate, n‐butylidenephthalide, and ADSCs rehabilitates neurovascular unit in rats after photothrombotic stroke
Authors: Zhao Yong‐Hua , Liu Nai‐Wei , Ke Chien‐Chih , Liu Bo‐Wen , Chen Yi‐An , Luo Cheng , Zhang Qian , Xia Zhen‐Yan , Liu Ren‐Shyan 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe remodelling of structural and functional neurovascular unit (NVU) becomes a central therapeutic strategy after cerebral ischaemic stroke. In the present study, we investigated the effect of combined therapy of sodium ferulate (SF), n‐butylidenephthalide (BP) and adipose‐derived stromal cells (ADSCs) to ameliorate the injured NVU in the photochemically induced thrombotic stroke in rats. After solely or combined treatment, the neovascularization, activation of astrocytes, neurogenesis, expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and claudin‐5 were assessed by immunohistochemical or immunofluorescence staining. In order to uncover the underlying mechanism of therapeutic effect, signalling of protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin (AKT/mTOR), extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), and Notch1 in infarct zone were analysed by western blot. 18F‐2‐deoxy‐glucose/positron emission tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, Evans blue staining were employed to evaluate the glucose metabolism, cerebral blood flow (CBF), and brain‐blood barrier (BBB) permeability, respectively. The results showed that combined treatment increased the neovascularization, neurogenesis, and VEGF secretion, modulated the astrocyte activation, enhanced the regional CBF, and glucose metabolism, as well as reduced BBB permeability and promoted claudin‐5 expression, indicating the restoration of structure and function of NVU. The activation of ERK1/2 and Notch1 pathways and inhibition of AKT/mTOR pathway might be involved in the therapeutic mechanism. In summary, we have demonstrated that combined ADSCs with SF and BP, targeting the NVU remodelling, is a potential treatment for ischaemic stroke. These results may provide valuable information for developing future combined cellular and pharmacological therapeutic strategy for ischaemic stroke.
Non‐invasive imaging in dermatology and the unique potential of raster‐scan optoacoustic mesoscopy
Authors: Hindelang B. , Aguirre J. , Schwarz M. , Berezhnoi A. , Eyerich K. , Ntziachristos V. , Biedermann T. , Darsow U. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractIn recent years, several non‐invasive imaging methods have been introduced to facilitate diagnostics and therapy monitoring in dermatology. The microscopic imaging methods are restricted in their penetration depth, while the mesoscopic methods probe deeper but provide only morphological, not functional, information. ‘Raster‐scan optoacoustic mesoscopy’ (RSOM), an emerging new imaging technique, combines deep penetration with contrast based on light absorption, which provides morphological, molecular and functional information. Here, we compare the capabilities and limitations of currently available dermatological imaging methods and highlight the principles and unique abilities of RSOM. We illustrate the clinical potential of RSOM, in particular for non‐invasive diagnosis and monitoring of inflammatory and oncological skin diseases.
Dermoscopic features of psoriasis of the skin, scalp and nails – a systematic review
Authors: Golińska J. , Sar‐Pomian M. , Rudnicka L. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractDermoscopy is a non‐invasive in‐office method, which enables the diagnosis of many dermatoses and reduces the need for performing biopsies. To date, no systematic review about the diagnostic usability of dermoscopy in psoriasis has been available. The objective of this article was to summarize and critically analyse literature data on the dermoscopy of skin, scalp and nail changes in psoriasis. A systematic search of three medical databases was performed. A total of 45 articles were included into the analysis. Cutaneous psoriatic lesions assessed in all studies at a low magnification showed regularly distributed red dots. At a 50‐fold or higher magnification capillary bushes (glomerular vessels) with a diameter range of 50–146 μm were observed. The background colour was described as reddish or pinkish with white or yellowish scales. The most frequent dermoscopic (trichoscopic) feature of scalp psoriasis was the presence of red dots/globules and twisted red loops. Typical dermoscopic (onychoscopic) signs of nail psoriasis were onycholysis, salmon patches and splinter haemorrhages. There is an accumulating body of evidence that dermoscopy (both handheld and videodermoscopy) is a useful tool in differential diagnosis in doubtful cases of psoriasis of the skin, scalp, nails, palms, soles and genital regions.