bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
International comparison CCQM-K116: 10 μmol mol-1 water vapour in nitrogen
Authors: Brewer P J , Gieseking B , Ferracci V F , Ward M , Wijk J van , Veen A M H van der , Lima A A , Augusto C R , Oh S H , Kim B M , Lee S , Konopelko L A , Kustikov Y , Shimosaka T , Niederhauser B , Guillevic M , Pascale C , Zhou Z , Wang D , Hu S 
Published: November 2018

The measurement of trace amounts of water in process gases is of paramount importance to a number of manufacturing processes. Water is considered to be one of the most difficult impurities to remove from gas supply systems and there is strong evidence that the presence of water contamination in semiconductor gases has a measurable impact on the quality and performance of devices. Consequently, semiconductor manufacturers are constantly reducing target levels of water in purge and process gases. As the purity of gases improves, the problem of quantifying contamination and ensuring that the gases are within specification at the point of use becomes more challenging. There are several established techniques for detecting trace water vapour in process gases. These include instruments based on the chilled mirror principle which measures the dew-point of the gas and the quartz crystal adsorption principle which measures the adsorption of water vapour into a crystal with a hygroscopic coating. Most recently, spectroscopic instruments such as those employing cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) have become available. The calibration of such instruments is a difficult exercise because of the very limited availability of accurate water vapour standards. This CCQM key comparison aims to assess the analytical capabilities of laboratories for measuring the composition of 10 μmol mol-1 water vapour in nitrogen.
KEY WORDS FOR SEARCH
Metrology, traceability, water vapour, process gas, advance manufacturing

Main text

To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database kcdb.bipm.org/.
The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCQM, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).
Effect of Fly Ash Content and Applied Load On Wear Behaviour of AA6063 Aluminium Alloy
Authors: Razzaq Alaa Mohammed , Majid Dayang Laila , Manan Nor Hafizah , Ishak Mohamad R. , Basheer Uday M. 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
The AA6063 alloy reinforced with 0, 2, 4 and 6 wt. % of fly ash (FA) particulate composites were produced by the compocasting technique. In this study, the effect of FA content and sliding speed on the wear behaviour of AA6063-FA composite was investigated. The wear was carried out by using pin on disc apparatus against rough steel counterface. These wear tests were conducted at applied load of 24.5, 49 and 73.5 N respectively with the constant sliding speed (150 rpm) and sliding time (10 minutes). In the results, it has been observed that upon addition of FA particles, the wear resistance of AA6063 -FA composites was enhanced. The wear rate reduced with the increase in the content of FA particles. While the wear rate increased with increase in the applied load.
Handwashing with soap after potential faecal contact: global, regional and country estimates
Authors: Wolf Jennyfer , Johnston Richard , Freeman Matthew C , Ram Pavani K , Slaymaker Tom , Laurenz Eric , Prüss-Ustün Annette 
Published: November 2018

Abstract

Background
Limited data have been available on the global practice of handwashing with soap (HWWS). To better appreciate global HWWS frequency, which plays a role in disease transmission, our objectives were to: (i) quantify the presence of designated handwashing facilities; (ii) assess the association between handwashing facility presence and observed HWWS; and (iii) derive country, regional and global HWWS estimates after potential faecal contact.

Methods
First, using data from national surveys, we applied multilevel linear modelling to estimate national handwashing facility presence. Second, using multilevel Poisson modelling on datasets including both handwashing facility presence and observed HWWS after potential faecal contact, we estimated HWWS prevalence conditional on handwashing facility presence by region. For high-income countries, we used meta-analysis to pool handwashing prevalence of studies identified through a systematic review. Third, from the modelled handwashing facility presence and estimated HWWS prevalence conditional on the presence of a handwashing facility, we estimated handwashing practice at country, regional and global levels.

Results
First, approximately one in four persons did not have a designated handwashing facility in 2015, based on 115 data points for 77 countries. Second the prevalence ratio between HWWS when a designated facility was present compared with when it was absent was 1.99 (1.66, 2.39) P <0.001 for low- and middle-income countries, based on nine datasets. Third, we estimate that in 2015, 26.2% (23.1%, 29.6%) of potential faecal contacts were followed by HWWS.

Conclusions
Many people lack a designated handwashing facility, but even among those with access, HWWS is poorly practised. People with access to designated handwashing facilities are about twice as likely to wash their hands with soap after potential faecal contact as people who lack a facility. Estimates are based on limited data.
Utility of Urine Drug Testing in Outpatient Addiction Evaluations
Authors: Kolla Bhanu Prakash , Callizo Guillermo Leoz , Schneekloth Terry D. 
Published: November 2018

Objective:
Data examining usefulness of urine drug testing in addiction settings for accurately establishing diagnoses and informing treatment is limited. In this retrospective-cohort study we examined the utility of performing urine drug testing in patients presenting for an outpatient addiction assessment.

Methods:
Urine drug testing and patient-reported substance use history were obtained from the medical record of patients who presented for an outpatient addiction evaluation. Patients who denied use of a substance within the window of detection but tested positive were considered to have misrepresented their use. Differences between patients accurately representing versus misrepresenting their use were evaluated. Sensitivity/specificity of drug tests were calculated from self-report and changes to treatment recommendations and diagnoses assessed.

Results:
One hundred and seventy-four patients (mean age = 43.35 ± 15.68 years) were included and the sample was majority male (67%). Ninety-four (54%) patients reported use of a substance within the window of detection. Of 80 patients denying recent use, 14 tested positive (8%). There were no differences in sex (P = 0.78) or age (P = 0.12); referral sources differed significantly between correct and incorrect responders (P = 0.01). Specificity varied between 96% and 99%, while sensitivity had a wider range (17%–87%). Treatment recommendations and diagnoses were altered after review of drug testing results in 1 patient (0.5%). However, in the remainder, all patients were already diagnosed with a severe substance use disorder and had received recommendations to initiate residential/outpatient substance use treatment.

Conclusions:
Among patients completing urine drug testing during outpatient substance use disorder evaluation positive screens alerted providers to undisclosed persistent substance use and potential withdrawal in 8% of the cohort and resulted in a change in diagnoses and/or treatment in 1 patient.
Trends and Related Factors of Cannabis-Associated Emergency Department Visits in the United States: 2006–2014
Authors: Shen Jay J. , Shan Guogen , Kim Pearl C. , Yoo Ji Won , Dodge-Francis Carolee , Lee Yong-Jae 
Published: November 2018

Objectives:
To examine national trends and contributing factors of cannabis-associated emergency department visits in the United States.

Methods:
This pooled serial cross-sectional study used a hierarchical multivariable analysis on emergency department visit adjusting for year, patient and hospital characteristics. We analyzed 2006 to 2014 National Emergency Department Sample data that identified cannabis-associated emergency department visits among patients aged 12 years or older (n = 265,128).

Results:
Cannabis-associated emergency department visits per 100,000 emergency department discharges increased monotonically (annually by 7%). As compared with privately insured patients, Medicare, and Medicaid, uninsured patients were over 40% more likely to visit emergency department. The age group 12 to 17 had the highest risk of emergency department visits and the risk monotonically declined as the age increased. Hospitals in the South region showed the highest cannabis-associated emergency department utilization, yet trends of cannabis-associated emergency department visits increased in the West region from 15.4% to 26% over time.

Conclusions:
Cannabis-associated emergency department visits increase monotonically over time. Although vulnerable persons were identified, additional policy or regional factors should explore risks of emergency department visits associated with cannabis use.
Evaluation of a New Algorithm to Optimize Audibility in Cochlear Implant Recipients
Authors: Holden Laura K. , Firszt Jill B. , Reeder Ruth M. , Dwyer Noël Y. , Stein Amy L. , Litvak Leo M. 
Published: November 2018

Objectives:A positive relation between audibility and speech understanding has been established for cochlear implant (CI) recipients. Sound field thresholds of 20 dB HL across the frequency range provide CI users the opportunity to understand soft and very soft speech. However, programming the sound processor to attain good audibility can be time-consuming and difficult for some patients. To address these issues, Advanced Bionics (AB) developed the SoftVoice algorithm designed to remove system noise and thereby improve audibility of soft speech. The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of SoftVoice in optimizing AB CI recipients’ soft-speech perception.Design:Two studies were conducted. Study 1 had two phases, 1A and 1B. Sixteen adult, AB CI recipients participated in Study 1A. Acute testing was performed in the unilateral CI condition using a Harmony processor programmed with participants’ everyday-use program (Everyday) and that same program but with SoftVoice implemented. Speech recognition measures were administered at several presentation levels in quiet (35 to 60 dB SPL) and in noise (60 dB SPL). In Study 1B, 10 of the participants compared Everyday and SoftVoice at home to obtain feedback regarding the use of SoftVoice in various environments. During Study 2, soft-speech perception was acutely measured with Everyday and SoftVoice for 10 participants using the Naida CI Q70 processor. Results with the Harmony (Study 1A) and Naida processors were compared. Additionally, Study 2 evaluated programming options for setting electrode threshold levels (T-levels or Ts) to improve the usability of SoftVoice in daily life.Results:Study 1A showed significantly higher scores with SoftVoice than Everyday at soft presentation levels (35, 40, 45, and 50 dB SPL) and no significant differences between programs at a conversational level (60 dB SPL) in quiet or in noise. After take-home experience with SoftVoice and Everyday (Study 1B), 5 of 10 participants reported preferring SoftVoice over Everyday; however, 6 reported bothersome environmental sound when listening with SoftVoice at home. Results of Study 2 indicated similar soft-speech perception between Harmony and Naida processors. Additionally, implementing SoftVoice with Ts at the manufacturer’s default setting of 10% of Ms reduced reports of bothersome environmental sound during take-home experience; however, soft-speech perception was best with SoftVoice when Ts were behaviorally set above 10% of Ms.Conclusions:Results indicate that SoftVoice may be a potential tool for optimizing AB users’ audibility and, in turn, soft-speech perception. To achieve optimal performance at soft levels and comfortable use in daily environments, setting Ts must be considered with SoftVoice. Future research should examine program parameters that may benefit soft-speech perception when used in combination with SoftVoice (e.g., increased input dynamic range).
Anatomical Considerations to Optimize Sensory Recovery in Breast Neurotization with Allograft
Authors: Ducic Ivica , Yoon Joshua , Momeni Arash , Ahcan Uros 
Published: November 2018

Background:
Breast numbness is a recognized problem following mastectomy and subsequent reconstruction. Contemporary literature acknowledges the positive role of breast neurotization, but it is characterized by a variety of technical approaches and substantial heterogeneity with respect to the degree of recovered sensibility that remains suboptimal in comparison with other sensory nerve reconstructions. This study’s purpose was to provide an anatomical basis for observed inconsistencies and therein provide a principle that can be used to develop a technical approach that will optimize sensory recovery.

Methods:
Anatomical dissections on 6 fresh cadavers, that is, 12 hemi-abdominal flaps and 12 hemi-chest dissections, were performed. The technical aspects of harvesting the abdominal flap with a nerve target, that is, inclusion of a sensory nerve branch only, recipient nerves in the chest, and the applications of allograft for acquired nerve gap reconstruction were investigated.

Results:
Abdominal flaps that include sensory-only intercostal nerve 10–12 segments and identification of recipient chest wall intercostal nerves 2–4 could be consistently performed. The dissection and extraction of the donor sensory nerve target allowed preservation of the motor rectus innervation. The acquired nerve gap was easily bridged by an interposing allograft, allowing free arch of rotation for flap inset, suitable for either single or dual neurotization.

Conclusions:
We provide a likely anatomical explanation for suboptimal sensory recovery after deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap breast neurotization, as mixed intercostal autograft is prohibitive to maximal sensory recovery. Breast neurotization with allograft that bridges sensory donor intercostal nerves to sensory recipient intercostal nerves should anatomically optimize restoration of breast sensibility.
Localized Provoked Vulvodynia: Association With Nerve Growth Factor and Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid Type 1 Genes Polymorphisms
Authors: Kalfon Limor , Azran Audrey , Farajun Yaniv , Golan-Hamu Oshrat , Toben Aylah , Abramov Liora , Yeshaya Arie , Yakir Orly , Zarfati Doron , Falik Zaccai Tzipora C. , Bornstein Jacob 
Published: November 2018

ObjectiveThe aim of the study was to study the associations between localized provoked vulvodynia (LPV) and several single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1), nerve growth factor (NGF), and the heparanase (HPSE) genes.Materials and MethodsPrevalence of SNPs among 65 women with moderate or severe primary LPV (initial symptoms occur with first provoking physical contact) and 126 healthy, ethnically matched controls was analyzed in an observational case-control study. Each participant answered a questionnaire addressing familial LPV occurrence and comorbid pain conditions.ResultsFamilial occurrences of LPV, temporomandibular joint (TMJ) symptoms, recurrent vaginitis, and irritable bowel syndrome were significantly higher among LPV women than healthy controls. Genotyping analyses revealed a novel, statistically significant high prevalence of polymorphism c.945G>C (rs222747) ofTRPV1and a SNP in the promoter region ofNGF(rs11102930) in LPV women compared with controls. A logistic regression model for rs222747 and rs11102930 frequent alleles indicates significant LPV association within the entire study group and Ashkenazi Jewish women, respectively. Comparison of pain conditions with frequent alleles showed the rs222747 “CC” genotype ofTRPV1associated with women with TMJ, recurrent vaginitis, and LPV.ConclusionsOur results suggest novel genetic susceptibility to primary LPV associated with specific alleles in genesTRPV1andNGFand propose the rs222747 “C” allele ofTRPV1as a common genetic predisposition for other pain syndromes.
The Impact of Patient and Family Advisors on Critical Care Nurses’ Empathy
Authors: Cosper Pam , Kaplow Roberta , Moss Jacqueline 
Published: November 2018

Objective
The objective of this study was to determine if patient and family advisors’ (PFAs) collaboration in an educational program could increase the empathy levels of intensive care unit (ICU) nurses.

Background
Data suggest that nurse empathy is on the decline. Ensuring that nurses consistently empathize with patients and families helps create positive patient experiences.

Methods
Thirty nurses participated in a PFA-designed educational intervention using simulation-based role playing. The Toronto Empathy Questionnaire (TEQ) was used to measure empathy before and after the intervention.

Results
The TEQ empathy scores increased significantly after nurses completed the PFA-designed educational program. Younger nurses (<30 years) improved on average 3.03 ± 3.6 points compared with older nurses (>30 years), who improved, on average, only 0.43 ± 2.06 points (t
24.4 = 2.46, P = .021). For the changes in TEQ scores from preintervention to postintervention, age was significantly associated with improvements in TEQ scores.

Conclusions
Patient and family advisors can positively impact empathy among ICU nurses.
Epidemiologic Assessment of Microtia in Over 23 Million Consecutive United States Births
Authors: Cabrejo Raysa , Persing John , Alperovich Michael 
Published: November 2018

Purpose:
Conflicting data exist regarding the incidence, demographics, and abnormalities associated with microtia. Using a large national cohort database, a comprehensive evaluation of microtia in the United States was performed.

Methods:
The Kids’ Inpatient Database was reviewed over a 15-year consecutive period. Information regarding patient demographics, comorbidities, postoperative complications, and hospital setting was collected. Statistical tests were analyzed using independent t tests and χ
2 analysis.

Results:
A total of 23,479,792 births over 15 consecutive years from 1997 to 2012 were included in the study. Microtia was identified in 1563 births. Incidence of microtia was higher in males (P<0.01) and patients of Asian or Hispanic race (P<0.01). Patients with microtia had significantly more congenital anomalies relative to the rest of the population (P<0.01). Specifically, cardiac and genitourinary anomalies were 51 and 19 times, respectively, more likely in microtia patients. Risk of associated congenital anomalies with microtia was highest in female and Black patients. 12.6% of all microtia patients had an associated craniofacial syndrome with a comparable postsurgical course to the nonsyndromic population.

Conclusion:
This study represents the largest national, longitudinal study of microtia allowing for demographic, socioeconomic, and comorbidity commentary. By quantifying relative risk of associated congenital anomalies, it can help inform the type and utility of screening modalities when evaluating microtia patients.
Posterior Distraction First or Fronto-Orbital Advancement First for Severe Syndromic Craniosynostosis
Authors: Iida Chie , Sakamoto Yoshiaki , Miwa Tomoru , Yoshida Kazunari , Kishi Kazuo 
Published: November 2018

Purpose:
Posterior calvarial vault expansion using distraction osteogenesis is performed for syndromic craniosynostosis as the first choice. This procedure allows far greater intracranial volume than fronto-orbital advancement (FOA). This study aimed to determine the most suitable timing of posterior distraction or FOA to sufficiently increase the intracranial volume and remodel the skull shape.

Patients and Methods:
From 2014 to 2017, the authors performed posterior distraction in 13 patients with syndromic craniosynostosis. Data on premature suture fusion, age at first visit, age at surgery, skull thickness, and complications were collected.

Results:
Five patients underwent posterior distraction at approximately 12 months of age and had no complications, including cerebrospinal fluid leakage or gull wing deformity. However, during the waiting period for the operation, the skull deformity continues to extend upward (turribrachycephaly). To prevent progress of the skull deformity, the authors performed the operation at approximately 6 months of age in 7 patients. However, in 3 of 7 patients whose lambdoid sutures were opening, gull wing deformity occurred. From these results, in a patient with severe Beare–Stevenson syndrome, the authors performed FOA first at 5 months of age, followed by posterior distraction at 12 months of age, and achieved favorable results.

Conclusions:
Treatment patterns are patient specific and should be tailored to premature suture fusion, specific skull deformity, and required intracranial volume of each patient.
A 10-Year Case Series of Surgically Managed Periurethral Masses at a Single Tertiary Care Institution
Authors: Wyman Allison M. , McDowell Megan , Prieto Isabel , Jackson Elisha , Bassaly Renee , Ordorica Raul , Greene Kristie A. 
Published: November 2018

Objective
This study aimed to present the evaluation, diagnoses, and surgical management of symptomatic periurethral masses of women at an academic institution.

Methods
This study is an institutional review board–approved retrospective case series of women who presented with a symptomatic periurethral mass and scheduled for surgery within the Department of Urology and Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery over a 10-year period (October 2003–July 2014).

Results
Fifty-nine women (mean age, 46 years; range, 22–73 years) were evaluated during the study period. Final pathology revealed 38 (64%) urethral diverticula and 21 (36%) from other benign etiologies. Of the 38 urethral diverticula, 2 (5%) were associated with adenocarcinoma and 4 (11%) with previous bulking agents. Of the 21 nondiverticula, there were 7 (12%) Skene duct cysts/abscesses, 3 (5%) Gartner duct cysts, 2 (3%) vaginal wall inclusion cysts, 2 (3%) bulking agents, 2 (3%) urethral polyps, and one (2%) of each of the following: leiomyoma, angiomyofibroblastoma, redundant vaginal mucosa epithelium, suture abscess, and encapsulated mesh remnant. Fifty-seven women underwent surgical excision (97%), and 2 elected observation. Most (78%) reported resolution of symptoms after excision. Of the patients surgically managed, 7% had postoperative stress urinary incontinence and 12% had persistent lower urinary tract symptoms. Of the 38 women with urethral diverticula, 17% had recurrence and were more likely to have multiple diverticula (44% vs 8%, P = 0.03).

Conclusion
Although urethral diverticulum was the most common cause of a periurethral mass, final pathology revealed a variety of benign diagnoses in more than one-third of cases, demonstrating the importance of a thorough investigation for accurate diagnosis.