bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dynamic Response of Ionospheric Plasma Density to the Geomagnetic Storm of 22‐23 June 2015
Authors: Ngwira Chigomezyo M. , Habarulema John‐Bosco , Astafyeva Elvira , Yizengaw Endawoke , Jonah Olusegun F. , Crowley Geoff , Gisler Andrew , Coffey Victoria 
Published: July 2019

AbstractOn 21–22 June 2015, three consecutive interplanetary shocks slammed into the Earth's magnetosphere. Immediately after the third shock at 18:36 UT on 22 June, marked by an exceptional sudden storm commencement with an amplitude of ΔSYM‐H = ∼106 nT, a major geomagnetic storm commenced. In the present study, a multi‐instrument approach comprising observations, data analysis, and modeling is used to examine the global ionospheric response. Results show that enhanced storm time processes produced major total electron content (TEC) variations at different latitudes, longitudes, and phases of the storm. A closer inspection of the TEC observations reveals strong longitudinal and hemispherical asymmetry. In addition, multiple equatorward and poleward propagating traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) were detected in the TEC data. Equatorward propagating TIDs are consistent with vertical neutral winds simulated from Thermosphere‐Ionosphere‐Electrodynamics General Circulation Model; however, poleward TIDs were not reproduced in the model. We find that a combination of driving processes including enhanced high‐latitude injection, prompt penetration electric fields, disturbance dynamo effect, neutral winds, and composition changes were acting at different stages of the storm.
Fault Slip and Exhumation History of the Willard Thrust Sheet, Sevier Fold‐Thrust Belt, Utah: Relations to Wedge Propagation, Hinterland Uplift, and Foreland Basin Sedimentation
Authors: Yonkee W. A. , Eleogram B. , Wells M. L. , Stockli D. F. , Kelley S. , Barber D. E. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractZircon (U‐Th)/He (ZHe) and zircon fission track thermochronometric data for 47 samples spanning the areally extensive Willard thrust sheet within the western part of the Sevier fold‐thrust belt record enhanced cooling and exhumation during major thrust slip spanning approximately 125–90 Ma. ZHe and zircon fission track age‐paleodepth patterns along structural transects and age‐distance relations along stratigraphic‐parallel traverses, combined with thermo‐kinematic modeling, constrain the fault slip history, with estimated slip rates of ~1 km/Myr from 125 to 105 Ma, increasing to ~3 km/Myr from 105 to 92 Ma, and then decreasing as major slip was transferred onto eastern thrusts. Exhumation was concentrated during motion up thrust ramps with estimated erosion rates of ~0.1 to 0.3 km/Myr. Local cooling ages of approximately 160–150 Ma may record a period of regional erosion, or alternatively an early phase of limited (<10 km) thrust slip. Propagation of the Sevier wedge front and major thrust slip during the late Early to mid‐Cretaceous were synchronous with increasing subsidence and deposition of thick synorogenic strata in the foreland, crustal thickening in the hinterland, growing igneous activity in the Sierran magmatic arc, and increasing plate convergence rates. Along‐strike, other parts of the Cordilleran retroarc fold‐thrust belt also experienced major shortening during the late Early to mid‐Cretaceous, following a period of earlier Cretaceous quiescence. Late Jurassic shortening was concentrated nearer the arc, and thus mostly in the hinterland at the latitude of northern Utah, related to width and location of the passive‐margin sedimentary wedge relative to the plate margin.
Detection of a Climate Change Signal in Extreme Heat, Heat Stress, and Cold in Europe From Observations
Authors: Lorenz Ruth , Stalhandske Zélie , Fischer Erich M. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIn the last two decades Europe experienced a series of high‐impact heat extremes. We here assess observed trends in temperature extremes at ECA&D stations in Europe. We demonstrate that on average across Europe the number of days with extreme heat and heat stress has more than tripled and hot extremes have warmed by 2.3 °C from 1950–2018. Over Central Europe, the warming exceeds the corresponding summer mean warming by 50%. Days with extreme cold temperatures have decreased by a factor of 2–3 and warmed by more than 3 °C, regionally substantially more than winter mean temperatures. Cold and hot extremes have warmed at about 94% of stations, a climate change signal that cannot be explained by internal variability. The clearest climate change signal can be detected in maximum heat stress. EURO‐CORDEX RCMs broadly capture observed trends but the majority underestimates the warming of hot extremes and overestimates the warming of cold extremes.
Developing and Testing Physically Based Triggering Thresholds for Runoff‐Generated Debris Flows
Authors: Tang Hui , McGuire Luke A. , Rengers Francis K. , Kean Jason W. , Staley Dennis M. , Smith Joel B. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractRunoff in steep channels is capable of transitioning into debris flows with hazardous implications for downstream communities and infrastructure, particularly in alpine landscapes with minimal vegetation and areas recently disturbed by wildfire. Here, we derive thresholds for the initiation of runoff‐generated debris flows based on critical values of dimensionless discharge and Shields stress. These thresholds are derived by using a numerical model to estimate the hydrodynamic conditions coinciding with the timing of debris flow activity in a recently burned basin. A benefit of hydrodynamic thresholds is that they can be used to assess debris flow likelihood based on measurable hydrologic and geomorphic parameters and therefore provide more universal criteria for quantifying the runoff‐to‐debris flow transition in landscape evolution studies and hazard assessments. We then demonstrate how hydrodynamic thresholds can be used to estimate rainfall intensity‐duration thresholds for runoff‐generated debris flows without the need for historic debris flow observations.
Interrogating a Surging Glacier With Seismic Interferometry
Authors: Aster Richard C. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractSeismic interferometry can be spectacularly sensitive to temporal changes within the Earth. Zhan (2019, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL082411) analyzed 12 years of data from seismic stations situated near Bering Glacier, Alaska, that spanned a 2008–2011 surge. Interferometrically isolated glacier‐crossing surface waves revealed an anisotropic seismic wave speed decrease during the surge. 1‐D and 3‐D modeling suggests pressurized englacial water flow being stored and guided by a network of basal crevasses, thereby sustaining high water pressure at the bed and supporting the high surge velocities. This result is demonstrative of the potential for seismic interferometry and other cryoseismological methods to continuously monitor and reveal changes within dynamic glacial‐hydrological systems.
Statistical Distribution of Whistler Mode Waves in the Radiation Belts With Large Magnetic Field Amplitudes and Comparison to Large Electric Field Amplitudes
Authors: Tyler E. , Breneman A. , Cattell C. , Wygant J. , Thaller S. , Malaspina D. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWe present a statistical analysis with 100% duty cycle and non‐time‐averaged amplitudes of the prevalence and distribution of high‐amplitude >50‐pT whistler mode waves in the outer radiation belt using 5 years of Van Allen Probes data. Whistler mode waves with high magnetic field amplitudes are most common above L=4.5 and between magnetic local time of 0–14 where they are present approximately 1–6% of the time. During high geomagnetic activity, high‐amplitude whistler mode wave occurrence rises above 25% in some regions. The dayside population are more common during quiet or moderate geomagnetic activity and occur primarily >5° from the magnetic equator, while the night‐to‐dawn population are enhanced during active times and are primarily within 5° of the magnetic equator. These results are different from the distribution of electric field peaks discussed in our previous paper covering the same time period and spatial range. Our previous study found large‐amplitude electric field peaks were common down to L=3.5 and were largely absent from afternoon and near noon. The different distribution of large electric and magnetic field amplitudes implies that the low‐L component of whistler mode waves observed previously are primarily highly oblique, while the dayside and high‐L populations are primarily field aligned. These results have important implications for modeling radiation belt particle interactions with chorus, as large‐amplitude waves interact nonlinearly with electrons, resulting in rapid energization, de‐energization, or pitch angle scattering. This also may provide clues regarding the mechanisms which can cause significant whistler mode wave growth up to more than 100 times the average wave amplitude.
Along‐Strike and Downdip Segmentation of the Pamir Frontal Thrust and Its Association With the 1985Mw6.9 Wuqia Earthquake
Authors: Li Tao , Chen Zhuxin , Chen Jie , Thompson Jobe Jessica A. , Burbank Douglas W. , Li Zhigang , He Xiaohui , Zheng Wenjun , Zhang Peizhen , Zhang Boxuan 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe Pamir Frontal Thrust along the leading edge of the northern Pamir is characterized by multiple earthquakes with moment magnitudes of 6.5–7.1. Geometric characteristics of the Pamir Frontal Thrust corresponding to these earthquakes and to future seismic hazards, however, remain largely unexplored. This study focuses on the easternmost segment of the Pamir Frontal Thrust, where theMw6.9 Wuqia earthquake occurred in 1985. Through interpretation of available two‐dimensional seismic reflection profiles and surface mapping data, we develop a three‐dimensional geometric model for the fault plane. Our results illustrate that, at depth, the fault plane is separated by a subhorizontal detachment horizon into upper and lower ramps, and both ramps are significantly segmented, along strike, by transfer faults or lateral ramps as well. Such along‐strike and downdip segmentation of the thrust sheet apparently plays a significant control on seismic rupture process of the Wuqia earthquake and can well explain why the region is characterized by moderate‐magnitude (Mw6.5–7.1) events. Additionally, our study helps quantify key constraints on the Cenozoic deformation and evolution of the northeastern Pamir and, specifically, determines a total shortening of ≤43 km at the Pamir front: accommodating about 15% of the total indentation of the Pamir range into central Asia.
Systems Biology Graphical Notation: Process Description language Level 1
Authors: Moodie Stuart , Le Novere Nicolas , Demir Emek , Mi Huaiyu , Schreiber Falk 
Published: July 2019

AbstractStandard graphical representations have played a crucial role in science and engineering throughout the last century. Without electrical symbolism, it is very likely that our industrial society would not have evolved at the same pace. Similarly, specialised notations such as the Feynmann notation or the process flow diagrams did a lot for the adoption of concepts in their own fields. With the advent of Systems Biology, and more recently of Synthetic Biology, the need for precise and unambiguous descriptions of biochemical interactions has become more pressing. While some ideas have been advanced over the last decade, with a few detailed proposals, no actual community standard has emerged. The Systems Biology Graphical Notation (SBGN) is a graphical representation crafted over several years by a community of biochemists, modellers and computer scientists. Three orthogonal and complementary languages have been created, the Process Diagrams, the Entity Relationship Diagrams and the Activity Flow Diagrams. Using these three idioms a scientist can represent any network of biochemical interactions, which can then be interpreted in an unambiguous way. The set of symbols used is limited, and the grammar quite simple, to allow its usage in textbooks and its teaching directly in high schools. The first level of the SBGN Process Diagram has been publicly released. Software support for SBGN Process Diagram was developed concurrently with its specification in order to speed-up public adoption. Shared by the communities of biochemists, genomicians, theoreticians and computational biologists, SBGN languages will foster efficient storage, exchange and reuse of information on signalling pathways, metabolic networks and gene regulatory maps.
Mitigation of GHGs Emission From Soils by a Catalyzed In-Situ Photo-Oxidative Polymerization of Soil Organic Matter
Authors: Piccolo Alessandro , Spaccini Riccardo 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAgricultural lands under food and bio-energy crops, managed grass and permanent crops including agro-forestry, occupy about 40-50% of the Earth's land surface^1^. In 2005, agriculture accounted for an estimated emission of 5.1 to 6.1 GtCO2-eq/yr (10-12% of total global anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs))^1^. However, measures to mitigate GHGs emission from agricultural soils are limited to improved cropland practices such as crop rotation, nutrient management, tillage/residue management, agroforestry, and return to natural vegetation^2^. These practices are not only far from substantially reducing GHGs emissions from soils or permanentlystabilizing soil organic matter^1-4^, but are also predicted to hardly match more than amaximum of 25% of the GHGs reductions required by the Kyoto Protocol within 2050^5^.Despite the knowledge that GHGs release from soil largely derives from biochemicaltransformations of plant litter and soil organic matter (SOM)^6-8^, no new and much wished biotechnological measures are adopted so far to augment mitigation^1^. Here we propose an innovative approach to mitigate GHGs emissions from soils based on the insitu photo-polymerization of SOM under biomimetic catalysis. Three Mediterranean soils of different physical and chemical properties were added with a synthetic watersolubleiron-porphyrin, irradiated by solar light, and subjected to 15, and 30 wetting and drying cycles. We found that the in situ catalysed photo-polymerization of SOM increased soil physical aggregation, shifted OC into larger soil aggregates, and reduced CO~2~ released by microbial respiration. Our findings suggest that "green" catalytic technologies can become viable soil management practices to enhance mitigation of GHGs emission from arable soils and contribute to match the expectations of the post-Kyoto Protocol in the agricultural sector.
Using Metaneva for Structuring, Managing and Retrieving Animal Data in the Cognitive Neurosciences
Authors: Derom Dirk , Schmidt Randall , McLeod Ian , Hewitt Bruce 
Published: July 2019

AbstractContemporary cognitive neuroscience data sets are characterized by a lack of a standardized ontology, leading to shortcomings in data reports and data sharing along with possibly outdated modular models of functional brain mechanisms. Neuroinformatics is actively addressing these hiatuses, developing detailed and more powerful workbenches. However, the structuring of data is largely neglected due to the intrinsically different data sets in the neurosciences. Here we present a workbench called Metaneva addressing the need of data structures for the improvement of both data storage and data retrieval. We hereby present both our data structuring approach and the system developed specifically for the storage and retrieval of this Metaneva specific data structures.
Interaction of the TNFR-Receptor Associated Factor TRAF1 with I-kappa B Kinase-2 and TRAF2 Indicates a Regulatory Function for NF-kappa B Signaling
Authors: Sughra Kalsoom , Birbach Andreas , de Martin Rainer , Schmid Johannes 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Background
I-kappa B kinase 2 (IKK2 or IKK-beta) is one of the most crucial signaling kinases for activation of NF-kappa B, a transcription factor that is important for inflammation, cell survival and differentiation. Since many NF-kappa B activating pathways converge at the level of IKK2, molecular interactions of this kinase are pivotal for regulation of NF-kappa B signaling.*Methodology/Principal Findings*We searched for proteins interacting with IKK2 using the C-terminal part (amino acids 466-756) as bait in a yeast two-hybrid system and identified the N-terminal part (amino acids 1-228) of the TNF-receptor associated factor TRAF1 as putative interaction partner. The interaction was confirmed in human cells by mammalian two-hybrid and coimmunoprecipitation experiments. The IKK2/TRAF1 interaction seemed weaker than the interaction between TRAF1 and TRAF2, an important activating adapter molecule of NF-kappa B signaling. Reporter gene and kinase assays using ectopic expression of TRAF1 indicated that it can both activate and inhibit IKK2 and NF-kappa B. Co-expression of fluorescently tagged TRAF1 and TRAF2 at different ratios implied that TRAF1 can affect clustering and presumably the activating function of TRAF2 in a dose dependent manner.

Conclusions/Significance
The observation that TRAF1 can either activate or inhibit the NF-kappa B pathway and the fact that it influences the oligomerization of TRAF2 indicates that relative levels of IKK2, TRAF1 and TRAF2 may be important for regulation of NF-kappa B activity. Since TRAF1 is an NF-kappa B induced gene, it might act as a feedback effector molecule.
Immunogenic Modulations Induced by Prospective Anti-Malarial Herbal Extracts in Murine Model
Authors: Chakraborty Sudipta , Chhetri Swapna , Ray Sajal , Gupta Shyamal Das , Mukherjee Suman , Bhunia Niladri Sekhar , Das Manoj , Biswas Sanat , Sarkar Sreemayee , Mandal Guruprasad , Singha Dipankar , Karjee Chinmoy 
Published: July 2019

AbstractKeeping in view the ever increasing problem of drug resistance and affordability of the antimalarial drugs by the poor mass, herbal medicines can become an important and alternative sustainable strategy for malaria treatment. Aqueous extracts of three Himalayan herbs― Equisetum ravense, Artemisia vulgaris and Centella asiatica, with reported antimalarial property were screened for clinical efficacy against a local strain of Plasmodium vivax antigen in murine model. E. arvense extract was consistent in boosting phagocytic activity, nitric oxide generation, acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase activities in the peritoneal macrophages. The effectiveness of the rest herbals was discrete. A need for further detailed investigation to evaluate the clinical efficacy of these herbals seems essential.
Neuron impairment or loss in brain may be responsible for type 2 diabetes and essential hypertension
Authors: Zheng Xiang , Zhou Xue 
Published: July 2019

AbstractType 2 diabetes and essential hypertension are both very common chronic diseases. Type 2 diabetes is often associated with hypertension, but the exact causes of them are unknown. Here, based on recent investigations, we will look at the pathogenesis of these two diseases in a new light.
The novel adiponectin-resistin (AR) and insulin resistance (IR~AR~) indexes
Authors: Lau Cia-Hin , Muniandy Sekaran 
Published: July 2019

AbstractSerum hypoadiponectinemia and hyperrestinemia independently links insulin resistance to type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and metabolic syndrome (MS). Thus, the aim of this study was propose a novel adiponectin-resistin (AR) index by unifying the effect of adiponectin and resistin. Then, a novel insulin resistance (IR~AR~) index was proposed by taking into account the AR index. Serum adiponectin and resistin levels as well as other insulin resistance, T2DM and MS risk factors were tested. Experimental results showed the AR index was more stronger correlated with insulin resistance risk factors and had stronger association (df=5; F=51.154; P&lt;0.001) with T2DM and MS susceptibility rather than the serum adiponectin (df=5; F=15.680; P&lt;0.001) and resistin (df=5; F=40.648; P&lt;0.001) levels alone. Therefore, the AR index looks very strongly links insulin resistance to T2DM and MS. Meanwhile, the IR~AR~ index (df=5; F=78.396; P&lt;0.001) is a potent useful index of insulin sensitivity in subjects with T2DM and MS.
Inflammation targets specific organs for cancer in carriers of BRCA1/2 pathway mutations
Authors: Friedenson Bernard 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWomen who inherit a defective BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene have risks for breast/ovarian cancer that are so high and apparently so selective that many mutation carriers choose to have the most likely targets for cancer surgically removed. Recent research has focused on better methods of treating such seemingly unavoidable hereditary cancers. Prevention has received much less attention so a positive test result for a cancer gene leaves carriers with very limited options. In order to prevent BRCA1/2 related cancers, it may be important to understand why they seem to occur only in certain characteristic organs. Results here show that mutations in a pathway depending on BRCA1/2 gene products magnify cancer risks from chronic infection and inflammation, making them especially important in selecting the site where hereditary cancer develops. Controlling chronic infections and inflammation may be a helpful option to prevent or delay cancers in mutation carriers.
The Symmetrical Immune Network Theory and a New HIV Vaccine Concept
Authors: Hoffmann Geoffrey 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe symmetrical immune network theory is based on Jerne’s network hypothesis. An improved version of the theory is presented. The theory is characterized by symmetrical stimulatory, inhibitory and killing interactions between idiotypic and antiidiotypic immune system components. In this version killing is ascribed to IgM antibodies, while IgG antibodies are stimulatory. In the symmetrical immune network theory T cells make specific T cell factors, that have a single V region, and are cytophilic for non-specific accessory cells (A cells, including macrophages and monocytes) and play a role in the system switching between stable steady states. A recurring theme in the theory is the concept of co selection. Co-selection is the mutual positive selection of individual members from within two diverse populations, such that selection of members within each population is dependent on interaction with (recognition of) one or more members within the other population. Prior to exposure to an antigen, antigen-specific and antiidiotypic T cells are equally diverse. This equality is a form of symmetry. Immune responses with the production of IgG involve co selection of the antigen-specific and antiidiotypic classes with the breaking of this diversity symmetry, while induction of unresponsiveness involves co-selection without the breaking of diversity symmetry. The theory resolves the famous I-J paradox of the 1980s, based on co selection of helper T cells with some affinity for MHC class II and suppressor T cells that are anti-anti-MHC class II. The theory leads to three experimentally testable predictions concerning I-J. The theory includes a model for HIV pathogenesis, and suggests that polyclonal IgG from many donors given in immunogenic form may be an effective vaccine for protection against infection with HIV. Surprisingly, a mathematical model that simulates the autonomous dynamics of the system is the same as one that models a previously described neural network.