bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Copper‐Promoted Aryldifluoromethylenation of N‐Arylacrylamides to 3‐Benzo‐diazolyldifluoromethylene‐Substituted 2‐Oxindoles
Authors: Zhang Tiantian , Chen Bo , Wang Wei , Zhang Qian , Wang Pingyang , Wan Wen , Deng Hongmei , Hao Jian , Jiang Haizhen 
Published: January 2019

AbstractAn efficient and facile method of copper‐promoted aryldifluoromethylenation of N‐arylacrylamides was developed through a cascade process of in‐situ generated benzo‐1,3‐diazolic (oxa‐ and thia‐) difluoromethylene radicals added to the C−C double bond of N‐arylacrylamide, and then intramolecular cyclization. The protocol enables an efficient access to various functionalized and biologically important 3‐benzo‐diazolyldifluoromethylene‐substituted 2‐oxindoles under mild reaction conditions.
Amino acid 15N analysis reveals change in the importance of freshwater resources between the hunter‐gatherer and farmer in the Neolithic upper Tigris
Authors: Itahashi Yu , Erdal Yilmaz Selim , Tekin Halil , Omar Lubna , Miyake Yutaka , Chikaraishi Yoshito , Ohkouchi Naohiko , Yoneda Minoru 
Published: January 2019

AbstractObjectiveThe inhabitants of several sites in the Upper Tigris Valley, such as Hakemi Use, domesticated animals and cereals during the Pottery Neolithic period, while the inhabitants in this valley were hunter–gatherers in the Pre‐Pottery Neolithic period, consuming freshwater and terrestrial food resources. However, there is considerable uncertainty surrounding whether or not changes in dietary food composition accompanied the shift in food production away from foraging. In order to reveal the impact of the development of agriculture on the human diet over the Pre‐Pottery and Pottery Neolithic periods in this region, we analyzed the isotopic compositions of amino acids from the farmers at the Hakemi Use Pottery Neolithic site, and compared them with those from the Pre‐Pottery hunter–gatherers in the close region.Materials and MethodsHerein, we report the nitrogen isotopic compositions of amino acids, as well as both carbon and nitrogen isotopic compositions of bulk collagen, from human and faunal remains collected from Hakemi Use.ResultsWhereas freshwater resources were consumed by hunter–gatherers in this region during the Pre‐Pottery period, the δ15N values of glutamic acid (δ15NGlu) and phenylalanine (δ15NPhe) suggest that freshwater food resources were rarely consumed by inhabitants following the development of agriculture.DiscussionDespite living in similar settings by the Tigris as its inhabitants during the Pre‐Pottery period, the farmers of the Pottery Neolithic period depended less on freshwater resources for their diets relative to the hunter–gatherers of the Pre‐Pottery Neolithic period.
The genetic legacy of the Yaghnobis: A witness of an ancient Eurasian ancestry in the historically reshuffled central Asian gene pool
Authors: Cilli Elisabetta , Sarno Stefania , Gnecchi Ruscone Guido Alberto , Serventi Patrizia , De Fanti Sara , Delaini Paolo , Ognibene Paolo , Basello Gian Pietro , Ravegnini Gloria , Angelini Sabrina , Ferri Gianmarco , Gentilini Davide , Di Blasio Anna Maria , Pelotti Susi , Pettener Davide , Sazzini Marco , Panaino Antonio , Luiselli Donata , Gruppioni Giorgio 
Published: January 2019

ObjectivesThe Yaghnobis are an ethno‐linguistic minority historically settled along the Yaghnob River in the Upper‐Zarafshan Valley in Tajikistan. They speak a language of Old Sogdian origin, which is the only present‐day witness of the Lingua Franca used along the Silk Road in Late Antiquity. The aim of this study was to reconstruct the genetic history of this community in order to shed light on its isolation and genetic ancestry within the Euro‐Asiatic context.Materials and MethodsA total of 100 DNA samples were collected in the Yaghnob and Matcha Valleys during several expeditions and their mitochondrial, Y‐chromosome and autosomal genome‐wide variation were compared with that from a large set of modern and ancient Euro‐Asiatic samples.ResultsFindings from uniparental markers highlighted the long‐term isolation of the Yaghnobis. Mitochondrial DNA ancestry traced an ancient link with Middle Eastern populations, whereas Y‐chromosome legacy showed more tight relationships with Central Asians. Admixture, outgroup‐f3, and D‐statistics computed on autosomal variation corroborated Y‐chromosome evidence, pointing respectively to low Anatolian Neolithic and high Steppe ancestry proportions in Yaghnobis, and to their closer affinity with Tajiks than to Iranians.DiscussionAlthough the Yaghnobis do not show evident signs of recent admixture, they could be considered a modern proxy for the source of gene flow for many Central Asian and Middle Eastern groups. Accordingly, they seem to retain a peculiar genomic ancestry probably ascribable to an ancient gene pool originally wide spread across a vast area and subsequently reshuffled by distinct demographic events occurred in Middle East and Central Asia.
Photoredox‐Coupled F‐Nucleophilic Addition: Allylation of gem‐Difluoroalkenes
Authors: Liu Haidong , Ge Liang , Wang Ding‐Xing , Chen Nan , Feng Chao 
Published: January 2019

AbstractA novel strategy for the expedient construction of CF3‐embeded tertiary/quarternary carbon centers was developed by taking advantage of photoredox catalysis. Thanks to a key step of single‐electron oxidation, electron‐rich gem‐difluoroalkenes, which otherwise are essentially reluctant towards F‐nucleoplilic addition, now readily participate in this fluoroallylation reaction. Furthermore, this strategy provides an elegant example for the generation, as well as functionalization, of α‐CF3‐substituted benzylic radical intermediates using cheap and readily available starting materials.
Alkyllithium Compounds Bearing Electrophilic Functional Groups: A Flash Chemistry Approach
Authors: Nagaki Aiichiro , Yamashita Hiroki , Hirose Katsuyuki , Tsuchihashi Yuta , Yoshida Jun‐ichi 
Published: January 2019

AbstractFlash chemistry based on flow microreactor systems allowed alkyllithiums bearing electrophilic functional groups to be successfully generated and used for subsequent reactions. The series of reactions with high reactivity was achieved by extremely accurate control over residence time in a controlled and selective manner.
Self‐Assembly of Saturated and Unsaturated Phosphatidylcholine in Mineral and Vegetable Oils
Authors: Martínez‐Ávila Mariana , De la Peña‐Gil Anaid , Álvarez‐Mitre Flor M. , Charó‐Alonso Miriam A. , Toro‐Vazquez Jorge F. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractWe studied the molecular self‐assembly of commercial and pure‐saturated and pure‐unsaturated phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho) in vegetable (VO) and mineral (MO) oils. The PtdCho self‐assembly was monitored through rheology, differential scanning calorimtery (DSC), and polarized light microscopy. The results showed that in the presence of just the constituent water, the PtdCho self‐assembly occurred through the formation of a “liquid structure” stabilized by electrostatic interactions. The DSC measurements did not evidence the development of the “liquid structure.” However, the phase shift angle (δ) measured by rheology closely followed the PtdCho self‐assembly in both oils. The kinetics of the PtdCho self‐assembly and the crystal habit developed depended on the PtdCho solubility in the oil, the PtdCho purity, and the extent of unsaturation. Thus, the saturated PtdCho crystallized in the VO developing an organization of intertwined crystals that resulted in organogels with a true‐gel behavior (G′ of 12.2 × 105 to 16 × 105 Pa). In the MO, the saturated PtdCho crystallized in smaller microstructures developing organogels with higher G′, particularly with the commercial PtdCho (i.e., G′ of 32 × 105 Pa). With the unsaturated PtdCho, the presence of cis unsaturations favored the formation of inverted micelles in the VO and MO organogels. Thus, in contrast to the saturated PtdCho organogels, the unsaturated PtdCho organogels had lower G′ (30 × 102 to 45 × 102 Pa) with a gel‐like behavior.
The Effects of Variety, Growing Region, and Drought Stress on Fatty Acid and Sterol Compositions of California Olive Oil
Authors: Li Xueqi , Flynn Jon D. , Wang Selina C. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractA total of 297 single‐varietal olive oil samples collected from four California regions (Central Valley, Wine Country, South Coast, and Desert) were analyzed on the fatty acid (FA) and sterol compositions between 2010 and 2017. Significantly higher amounts of palmitic acid (PAM), palmitoleic acid, and total sterols were detected in varieties including Arbequina, Arbosana, Picual, Leccino, and Koroneiki from the Desert region. Two super‐high density varieties Arbequina and Koroneiki from the Desert region had a significantly higher campesterol content (5.3 ± 0.2 and 4.7 ± 0.1%, respectively) compared to the same varieties from the Wine Country and the South Coast, not meeting the limit of the existing California olive oil standards [Correction added on 8 March 2019 after first online publication: the preceding sentence has been updated to reflect the correct campesterol content.]. The impact of severe droughts in California during late 2011 and 2014 on the major FA and sterol compositions of California olive oil was also analyzed. Multivariate chemometrical tools, one‐way ANOVA and principle component analysis (PCA), confirmed the significant differences between samples from the Desert region and other growing regions among several varieties and achieved desirable segregation on the PCA biplots for variety‐region classification. This study demonstrates a feasible approach of olive oil composition database establishment for new olive‐growing regions; the proposed chemometrical method can be used to characterize unknown variety of olive oils produced from different regions in California; and the collected FA and sterols data provide information for revision recommendations to the current olive oil standards.
Recent Progress in Stretchable Batteries for Wearable Electronics
Authors: Song Woo‐Jin , Yoo Seungmin , Song Gyujin , Lee Sangyeop , Kong Minsik , Rim Jaehyun , Jeong Unyong , Park Soojin 
Published: January 2019

AbstractWith the rapidly approaching implementation of wearable electronic devices such as implantable devices, stretchable sensors, and healthcare devices, stretchable power sources have aroused worldwide attention as a key component in this emerging field. Among stretchable power sources, batteries, which store electrical energy through redox reactions during charge/discharge processes, are an attractive candidate because of their high energy density, high output voltage, and long‐term stability. In recent years, extensive efforts have been devoted to developing new materials and innovative structural designs for stretchable batteries. This review covers the latest advances in stretchable batteries, focusing on advanced stretchable materials and their design strategies. First, we provide a detailed overview of the materials aspects of components in a stretchable battery, including electrode materials, solid‐state electrolytes, and stretchable separator membranes. Second, we provide an overview on various structural engineering strategies to impart stretchability to batteries (i. e., wavy/buckling structures, island‐bridge structures, and origami/kirigami structures). Third, we summarize recently reported developments in stretchable batteries based on various chemistries, including Li‐based batteries, multivalent‐based batteries, and metal‐air batteries. Finally, we discuss the future perspectives and remaining challenges toward the practical application of stretchable batteries with reliable mechanical robustness and stable electrochemical performance under a physical strain.
Differential neuroimaging indices in prefrontal white matter in prenatal alcohol‐associated ADHD versus idiopathic ADHD
Authors: O'Neill Joseph , O'Connor Mary J. , Yee Victor , Ly Ronald , Narr Katherine , Alger Jeffrey R. , Levitt Jennifer G. 
Published: January 2019

BackgroundAttention deficit‐hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is common in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) but also in patients without prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE). Many patients diagnosed with idiopathic ADHD may actually have ADHD and covert PAE, a treatment‐relevant distinction.MethodsWe compared proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI; N = 44) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI; N = 46) of the anterior corona radiata (ACR)—a key fiber tract in models of ADHD—at 1.5 T in children with ADHD with PAE (ADHD+PAE), children with ADHD without PAE (ADHD−PAE), children without ADHD with PAE (non‐ADHD+PAE), and children with neither ADHD nor PAE (non‐ADHD−PAE, i.e., typically developing controls). Levels of choline‐compounds (Cho) were the main MRSI endpoint, given interest in dietary choline for FASD; the main DTI endpoint was fractional anisotropy (FA), as ACR FA may reflect ADHD‐relevant executive control functions.ResultsFor ACR Cho, there was an ADHD‐by‐PAE interaction (p = 0.038) whereby ACR Cho was 26.7% lower in ADHD+PAE than in ADHD−PAE children (p < 0.0005), but there was no significant ACR Cho difference between non‐ADHD+PAE and non‐ADHD−PAE children. Voxelwise false‐discovery rate (FDR)‐corrected analysis of DTI revealed significantly (q ≤ 0.0101–0.05) lower FA in ACR for subjects with PAE (ADHD+PAE or non‐ADHD+PAE) than for subjects without PAE (ADHD−PAE or non‐ADHD−PAE). There was no significant effect of ADHD on FA. Thus, in overlapping samples, effects of PAE on Cho and FA were observed in the same white‐matter tract.ConclusionsThese findings point to tract focal, white‐matter pathology possibly specific for ADHD+PAE subjects. Low Cho may derive from abnormal choline metabolism; low FA suggests suboptimal white‐matter integrity in PAE. More advanced MRSI and DTI—and neurocognitive assessments—may better distinguish ADHD+PAE from ADHD−PAE, helping identify covert cases of FASD.
Hypospadias risk is increased with maternal residential exposure to hormonally active hazardous air pollutants
Authors: Sheth Kunj R. , Kovar Erin , White Jeffrey T. , Chambers Tiffany M. , Peckham‐Gregory Erin C. , O'Neill Marisol , Langlois Peter H. , Seth Abhishek , Scheurer Michael E. , Lupo Philip J. , Jorgez Carolina J. 
Published: January 2019

BackgroundWith the increasing birth prevalence of hypospadias, there is growing concern for pollutant exposure interfering with normal penile development. We assess the association between hypospadias and hormonally active hazardous air pollutants (HAHAPs) through a nationwide database of hazardous air pollutants and the Texas Birth Defects Registry (TBDR).MethodsUsing the TBDR, we identified 8,981 nonsyndromic isolated hypospadias cases from 1999 to 2008. Birth certificate controls were matched for birth year at a 10:1 ratio to cases. Estimated HAHAP concentrations from the 2005 U.S. EPA National‐Scale Air Toxics Assessment were used to assign exposure based on maternal residence at birth. Exposure levels were categorized as quintiles based on the distribution in controls. Logistic regression was used to calculate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for each increasing exposure category of selected HAHAPs.ResultsOf the 10 HAHAPs studied, seven were significantly associated with hypospadias risk. The HAHAP that was most strongly associated with hypospadias was phenol, which was associated with risk in all groups except the high exposure group. Cumulative HAHAP exposure demonstrated a modest increase in hypospadias risk (OR 1.15, 95% CI: 1.07–1.24, p < 0.001) in the medium and medium–high quintiles.ConclusionsWhile maternal exposure to some HAHAPs was significantly associated with the risk of hypospadias in male offspring, the effects were modest, and no dose–response effects were observed. Future work should employ biomarkers of exposure to better delineate the relationship.
Ratiometric fluorescent detection of Cu2+ based on dual‐emission ZIF‐8@rhodamine‐B nanocomposites
Authors: Liu Nan , Hao Juan , Chen Lili , Song Yonghai , Wang Li 
Published: January 2019

AbstractZeolitic imidazolate framework‐8 (ZIF‐8) loading rhodamine‐B (ZIF‐8@rhodamine‐B) nanocomposites was proposed and used as ratiometric fluorescent sensor to detect copper(II) ion (Cu2+). Scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray powder diffraction, nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms and fluorescence emission spectroscopy were employed to characterize the ZIF‐8@rhodamine‐B nanocomposites. The results showed the rhodamine‐B was successfully assembled on ZIF‐8 based on the π‐π interaction and the hydrogen bond between the nitrogen atom of ZIF‐8 and –COOH of rhodamine‐B. The as‐obtained ZIF‐8@rhodamine‐B nanocomposites were octahedron with size about 150–200 nm, had good water dispersion, and exhibited the characteristic fluorescence emission of ZIF‐8 at 335 nm and rhodamine‐B at 575 nm. The Cu2+ could quench fluorescence of ZIF‐8 rather than rhodamine‐B. The ZIF‐8 not only acted as the template to assemble rhodamine‐B, but also was employed as the signal fluorescence together with the fluorescence of rhodamine‐B as the reference to construct a novel ratiometric fluorescent sensor to detect Cu2+. The resulted ZIF‐8@rhodamine‐B nanocomposite fluorescence probe showed good linear range (68.4 nM to 125 μM) with a low detection limit (22.8 nM) for Cu2+ combined with good sensitivity and selectivity. The work also provides a better way to design ratiometric fluorescent sensors from ZIF‐8 and other fluorescent molecules.
Cyclooctatetraenes through Valence Isomerization of Cubanes: Scope and Limitations
Authors: Houston Sevan D. , Xing Hui , Bernhardt Paul V. , Vanden Berg Timothy J. , Tsanaktsidis John , Savage G. Paul , Williams Craig M. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe scope and limitations of Eaton's rhodium(I)‐catalyzed valence isomerization of cubane to cyclooctatetraene (COT) were investigated in the context of functional group tolerability, multiple substitution modes and the ability of cubane‐alcohols to undergo one‐pot tandem Ley–Griffith Wittig reactions in the absence of a transition metal catalyst.
Solvent‐Dependent Nanostructures Based on Active π‐Aggregation Induced Emission Enhancement of New Carbazole Derivatives of Triphenylacrylonitrile
Authors: Maity Santu , Aich Krishnendu , Prodhan Chandraday , Chaudhuri Keya , Pramanik Ajoy Kumar , Das Siddhartha , Ganguly Jhuma 
Published: January 2019

AbstractIn the present study, the carbazole and 2,3,3‐triphenylacrylonitrile (TPAN) nanostructures (2‐CTPAN and 2,2′‐CTPAN) have been designed and synthesized by Pd‐catalyzed Sonogashira cross‐coupling reaction. CTPAN exhibit aggregation‐induced emission enhancement (AIEE) behavior in water with high fluorescence quantum yield. Both the compounds show tunable self‐assembly in water as well as in N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF) by extended π–π stacking interactions. CTPAN can be self‐assembled into spherical particles in water and the structures of these self‐assemblies have been investigated using X‐ray diffraction. Interestingly, 2‐CTPAN and 2,2′‐CTPAN form organogels with a critical gelation concentration (CGC) of 11 and 15 mg mL−1, respectively, in DMF and exhibit acicular and rod shaped morphology, respectively. The single‐crystal structure of 2‐CTPAN shows that the intermolecular C−H⋅⋅⋅π interactions lock the molecular conformation into a staircase‐shaped supramolecular assembly. These AIEE active compounds reveal high water dispersibility, strong yellow fluorescence with high quantum yield, promising photostability and excellent biocompatibility, which make them potential bioimaging agents.
Experimental validation of hindered settling models and flux theory applied in continuous flow process for harvesting Acutodesmus obliquus
Authors: Hanashiro Raí H. R. , Stoco Caroline B. , de Oliveira Thamayne V. , Lenzi Marcelo K. , Mariano André B. , Vieira Rafael B. 
Published: January 2019

ABSTRACTBatch settling and flux theory were used to predict the best working conditions in a continuous flow process for havesting Acutodesmus obliquus using a tannin‐basis flocculant. From batch tests, a settling velocity model was proposed. Three different models were tested: two exponential functions; and one power‐law function. The power‐law function presented a lower variance (1.356 × 10−9) and R2 equal to 0.995. This suggested model was applied in flux theory, and the system performance was predicted by feed flowrate and initial microalgae concentration in continuous flow process. In experimental tests, a pilot settler (0.045 m3) was used to validate the proposed model. Nine different experimental conditions of feed flowrate and initial microalgae concentrations were used to evaluate the settling behaviour of the unit. The flux theory predicted better results when the applied solids flux was near limiting the solids flux. Experimental results showed that in the proposed working condition of 10−5 m3 s−1 feed flowrate and 58 kg · m−3 initial microalgae concentration, the highest biomass removal was 98.3 %, and sludge concentration profiles could stabilize over time. Overall, these results demonstrate a potential application of the batch tests and theory flux to predict a continuous flow process, considering biomass purification.
Review of fluid‐solid reaction analysis—Part 2: Single porous reactant solid
Authors: Sohn Hong Yong 
Published: January 2019

AbstractPart 1of this series covered the reaction of a non‐porous solid.[1] In this Part 2 of the series, we present a review on the reactions involving a porous solid, which is the most widely encountered type of fluid‐solid reactions. The major difference between the reactions of a non‐porous and a porous solid is the fact that in the latter, the fluid reactant can reach the interior of the porous solid through the pores even through a portion that contains unreacted solid reactant. The rate expression for the solid at any point depends on, among others, how the area of reaction interface changes with the conversion of the solid. The governing equations, in general, require numerical solution. In this article we describe an approximate closed‐form solution to this problem that yielded Sohn's law of additive reaction times. The result is simple to apply and has many useful features, especially for the design and modelling of a multi‐particle system.
A computational study of lateral phase separation in biological membranes
Authors: Yushutin Vladimir , Quaini Annalisa , Majd Sheereen , Olshanskii Maxim 
Published: January 2019

AbstractConservative and non‐conservative phase‐field models are considered for the numerical simulation of lateral phase separation and coarsening in biological membranes. An unfitted finite element method is proposed to allow for a flexible treatment of complex shapes in the absence of an explicit surface parametrization. For a set of biologically relevant shapes and parameter values, the paper compares the dynamic coarsening produced by conservative and non‐conservative numerical models, its dependence on certain geometric characteristics and convergence to the final equilibrium.