bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Commentary on “Evaluating service users’ experiences of using Talking Mats®”
Authors: Harding Celia , Stewart Alison 
Published: February 2018

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to provide some thoughts following on from reading “Evaluating service users’ experiences of using Talking Mats®”.

Design/methodology/approach
This commentary outlines some considerations for the continued discussions about how to engage people who have profound and multiple learning disabilities.

Findings
The literature is not clear on the involvement of people with more profound and multiple learning disabilities, or for those who do not use much spoken language. Some papers have explored the notions of involvement and interpretation of pre-intentional communicators’ desires and interests.

Originality/value
There needs to be a robust discussion across carer, academic and service user communities to consider what the communication rights and needs are for people who have profound and multiple disabilities.
Full and equal equality
Authors: Redley Marcus 
Published: February 2018

Purpose
This commentary takes the article, “Participation of adults with learning disabilities in the 2015 United Kingdom General Election”, as a jumping-off point for considering a tension between the aim of full and equal equality for all people with disabilities as set out in the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and more traditional beliefs, that on occasion, it is necessary to deny legal autonomy of men and women with intellectual disabilities in order to protect them. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach
This issue is explored by reviewing the multiple and often conflicting ways in which disability and intellectual disability are conceptualised.

Findings
Given the multiple and contradictory ways in which both disability and intellectual disability are understood, any discussion of the rights of persons with disabilities is going to be highly problematic.

Originality/value
Equal recognition before the law and the presumption that all persons with intellectual disabilities can – with support – make autonomous decisions could be treated as an empirical question.
Evaluation of research on interventions aligned to WHO ‘Best Buys’ for NCDs in low-income and lower-middle-income countries: a systematic review from 1990 to 2015
Authors: Allen Luke N , Pullar Jessica , Wickramasinghe Kremlin Khamarj , Williams Julianne , Roberts Nia , Mikkelsen Bente , Varghese Cherian , Townsend Nick 
Published: February 2018

BackgroundNon-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading cause of death and disability worldwide, with low-income and middle-income countries experiencing a disproportionately high burden. Since 2010 WHO has promoted 24 highly cost-effective interventions for NCDs, dubbed ‘best buys’. It is unclear whether these interventions have been evaluated in low-income and lower-middle-income countries (LLMICs).AimTo systematically review research on interventions aligned to WHO ‘best buys’ for NCDs in LLMICs.MethodsWe searched 13 major databases and included papers conducted in the 83 World Bank-defined LLMICs, published between 1 January 1990 and 5 February 2015. Two reviewers independently screened papers and assessed risk of bias. We adopted a narrative approach to data synthesis. The primary outcomes were NCD-related mortality and morbidity, and risk factor prevalence.ResultsWe identified 2672 records, of which 36 were included (608 940 participants). No studies on ‘best buys’ were found in 89% of LLMICs. Nineteen of the 36 studies reported on the effectiveness of tobacco-related ‘best buys’, presenting good evidence for group interventions in reducing tobacco use but weaker evidence for interventions targeting individuals. There were fewer studies on smoking bans, warning labels and mass media campaigns, and no studies on taxes or marketing restrictions. There was supportive evidence that cervical screening and hepatitis B immunisation prevent cancer in LLMICs. A single randomised controlled trial supported polypharmacy for cardiovascular disease. Fourteen of the ‘best buy’ interventions did not have any good evidence for effectiveness in LLMICs.ConclusionsWe found studies on only 11 of the 24 interventions aligned with the WHO ‘best buys’ from LLMIC settings. Most LLMICs have not conducted research on these interventions in their populations. LLMICs should take action to implement and evaluate ‘best buys’ in their national context, based on national priorities, and starting with interventions with the strongest evidence base.
Achieving universal health coverage in small island states: could importing health services provide a solution?
Authors: Suzana Mariyam , Walls Helen , Smith Richard , Hanefeld Johanna 
Published: February 2018

BackgroundUniversal health coverage (UHC) is difficult to achieve in settings short of medicines, health workers and health facilities. These characteristics define the majority of the small island developing states (SIDS), where population size negates the benefits of economies of scale. One option to alleviate this constraint is to import health services, rather than focus on domestic production. This paper provides empirical analysis of the potential impact of this option.MethodsAnalysis was based on publicly accessible data for 14 SIDS, covering health-related travel and health indicators for the period 2003–2013, together with in-depth review of medical travel schemes for the two highest importing SIDS—the Maldives and Tuvalu.FindingsMedical travel from SIDS is accelerating. The SIDS studied generally lacked health infrastructure and technologies, and the majority of them had lower than the recommended number of physicians in a country, which limits their capacity for achieving UHC. Tuvalu and the Maldives were the highest importers of healthcare and notably have public schemes that facilitate medical travel and help lower the out-of-pocket expenditure on medical travel. Although different in approach, design and performance, the medical travel schemes in Tuvalu and the Maldives are both examples of measures used to increase access to health services that cannot feasibly be provided in SIDS.InterpretationOur findings suggest that importing health services (through schemes to facilitate medical travel) is a potential mechanism to help achieve universal healthcare for SIDS but requires due diligence over cost, equity and quality control.
Patterns and management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in urban and rural China: a community-based survey of 25 000 adults across 10 regions
Authors: Kurmi Om P , Davis Kourtney J , Hubert Lam Kin Bong , Guo Yu , Vaucher Julien , Bennett Derrick , Wang Jenny , Bian Zheng , Du Huaidong , Li Liming , Clarke Robert , Chen Zhengming 
Published: February 2018

IntroductionChronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the third leading cause of death worldwide, with COPD deaths in China accounting for one-third of all such deaths. However, there is limited available evidence on the management of COPD in China.MethodsA random sample of 25 011 participants in the China Kadoorie Biobank, aged 38–87 years, from 10 regions in China was surveyed in 2013–2014. Data were collected using interviewer-administered questionnaires on the diagnosis (‘doctor-diagnosed’ or ‘symptoms-based’) and management of COPD (including use of medication and other healthcare resources), awareness of diagnosis and severity of symptoms in COPD cases.ResultsOverall, 6.3% of the study population were identified as COPD cases (doctor-diagnosed cases: 4.8% and symptom-based cases: 2.4%). The proportion having COPD was higher in men than in women (7.9% vs 5.3%) and varied by about threefold (3.7%–10.0%) across the 10 regions. Among those with COPD, 54% sought medical advice during the last 12 months, but <10% reported having received treatment for COPD. The rates of hospitalisation for COPD, use of oxygen therapy at home and influenza or pneumococcal vaccinations in the previous year were 15%, 3% and 4%, respectively. Of those with COPD, half had moderate or severe respiratory symptoms, and over 80% had limited understanding of their disease and need for treatment.ConclusionDespite a high prevalence of COPD in China and its substantial impact on activities of daily living, knowledge about COPD and its management were limited.
Impact of frequent premature ventricular contractions on pregnancy outcomes
Authors: Tong Calvin , Kiess Marla , Deyell Marc William , Qiu Michael , Orgad Merav , Rychel Valerie , Claman Ariel , Hardwick Emma , McCarthy Beverly , Silversides Candice K , Grewal Jasmine 
Published: February 2018

ObjectivesTo determine cardiac and fetal/neonatal event rates among pregnant women with premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) and compare with control groups.MethodsProspective case–control cohort study: 53 consecutive pregnancies in 49 women referred to the St. Paul’s Hospital between 2010 and 2016 with PVC burden >1% in women without underlying cardiac disease. Maternal cardiac and fetal/neonatal outcomes were compared with two pregnant control groups: (1) supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) group of 53 women referred for a history of SVT/SVT in the current pregnancy and (2) low-risk group of 53 women with no cardiac disease.ResultsThe maximal PVC burden was 9.2% (range 1.1%–58.7%). Six of 53 (11%) pregnancies were complicated by a maternal cardiac event: heart failure n=1 and sustained ventricular tachycardia requiring therapy n=5 as compared with no cardiac events in both control groups. All women with an adverse event had a PVC burden >5%. Seven (13%) pregnancies were complicated by an adverse fetal and/or neonatal event and this was similar to the normal control group (5 (9%), P=0.45) and significantly less than the SVT group (16 (30%), P=0.03). The adverse fetal event was driven by small for gestational age neonates and preterm delivery.ConclusionsIn our cohort of pregnant women with a structurally normal heart and ‘high’ PVC burden, we found an adverse maternal event rate of 11%, and all events were successfully managed with medical therapy. The rate of adverse fetal events in the PVC group was similar to the normal control group.
Long-term impact of chronic total occlusion recanalisation in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction
Authors: Elias Joëlle , van Dongen Ivo M , Råmunddal Truls , Laanmets Peep , Eriksen Erlend , Meuwissen Martijn , Michels H Rolf , Bax Matthijs , Ioanes Dan , Suttorp Maarten Jan , Strauss Bradley H , Barbato Emanuele , Marques Koen M , Claessen Bimmer E P M , Hirsch Alexander , van der Schaaf René J , Tijssen Jan G P , Henriques José P S , Hoebers Loes P 
Published: February 2018

BackgroundDuring primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), a concurrent chronic total occlusion (CTO) is found in 10% of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Long-term benefits of CTO-PCI have been suggested; however, randomised data are lacking. Our aim was to determine mid-term and long-term clinical outcome of CTO-PCI versus CTO-No PCI in patients with STEMI with a concurrent CTO.MethodsThe Evaluating Xience and left ventricular function in PCI on occlusiOns afteR STEMI (EXPLORE) was a multicentre randomised trial that included 302 patients with STEMI after successful primary PCI with a concurrent CTO. Patients were randomised to either CTO-PCI or CTO-No PCI. The primary end point of the current study was occurrence of major adverse cardiac events (MACE): cardiac death, coronary artery bypass grafting and MI. Other end points were 1-year left ventricular function (LVF); LV-ejection fraction and LV end-diastolic volume and angina status.ResultsThe median long-term follow-up was 3.9 (2.1–5.0) years. MACE was not significantly different between both arms (13.5% vs 12.3%, HR 1.03, 95% CI 0.54 to 1.98; P=0.93). Cardiac death was more frequent in the CTO-PCI arm (6.0% vs 1.0%, P=0.02) with no difference in all-cause mortality (12.9% vs 6.2%, HR 2.07, 95% CI 0.84 to 5.14; P=0.11). One-year LVF did not differ between both arms. However, there were more patients with freedom of angina in the CTO-PCI arm at 1 year (94% vs 87%, P=0.03).ConclusionsIn this randomised trial involving patients with STEMI with a concurrent CTO, CTO-PCI was not associated with a reduction in long-term MACE compared to CTO-No PCI. One-year LVF was comparable between both treatment arms. The finding that there were more patients with freedom of angina after CTO-PCI at 1-year follow-up needs further investigation.Clinical trial registrationEXPLORE trial number NTR1108 www.trialregister.nl.
Evaluation of the quality of RNA extracted from archival FFPE glioblastoma and epilepsy surgical samples for gene expression assays
Authors: Haynes Harry R , Killick-Cole Clare L , Hares Kelly M , Redondo Juliana , Kemp Kevin C , Moutasim Karwan A , Faulkner Claire , Wilkins Alastair , Kurian Kathreena M 
Published: February 2018

AimsHistopathological tissue samples are being increasingly used as sources of nucleic acids in molecular pathology translational research. This study investigated the suitability of glioblastoma and control central nervous system (CNS) formalin-fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissue-derived RNA for gene expression analyses.MethodsTotal RNA was extracted from control (temporal lobe resection tissue) and glioblastoma FFPE tissue samples. RNA purity (260/280 ratios) was determined and RNA integrity number (RIN) analysis was performed. RNA was subsequently used for RT-qPCR for two reference genes,18SandGAPDH.ResultsReference gene expression was equivalent between control and glioblastoma tissue when using RNA extracted from FFPE tissue, which has key implications for biological normalisation for CNS gene expression studies. There was a significant difference between the mean RIN values of control and glioblastoma FFPE tissue. There was no significant correlation between 260/280 or RIN values versus total RNA yield. The age of the tissue blocks did not influence RNA yield, fragmentation or purity. There was no significant correlation between RIN or 260/280 ratios and mean qPCR cycle threshold for either reference gene.ConclusionsThis study showed that routinely available CNS FFPE tissue is suitable for RNA extraction and downstream gene expression studies, even after 60 months of storage. Substantial RNA fragmentation associated with glioblastoma and control FFPE tissue blocks did not preclude downstream RT-qPCR gene expression analyses. Cross validation with both archival and prospectively collated FFPE specimens is required to further demonstrate that CNS tissue blocks can be used in novel translational molecular biomarker studies.
Post-Brexit views of European Union doctors on their future in the NHS: a qualitative study
Authors: Chick William , Exworthy Mark 
Published: February 2018

Background/aimFollowing large-scale surveys suggesting that large proportions of European doctors are considering leaving the National Health Service (NHS) following the Brexit referendum, this was the first qualitative study assessing if, and how, Brexit has affected European Union (EU) doctors’ views of working in the NHS and their future intentions.MethodsData were collected from 17 semistructured, qualitative interviews with doctors working at two NHS England trusts, who either had citizenship or had received their primary medical qualification from a member state of the European Economic Area. Transcripts from the interviews were then subjected to thematic content analysis.ResultsDespite the majority of EU doctors believing that Brexit would not affect their jobs or rights in the UK, for many the referendum itself and its political handling had made them feel unwanted, undervalued and uncertain about their futures in the NHS. Most doctors intended to remain working in the UK; however, for several interviewees, this, along with fears regarding their future working conditions, had led to them considering leaving the NHS.ConclusionsSome European doctors are now considering leaving the NHS following the Brexit referendum, and their retention will be partly dependent on whether the government and the NHS can persuade them that they are both wanted and valued in the UK, and that their future working conditions will not be significantly affected.
Grey’s Anatomy effect: television portrayal of patients with trauma may cultivate unrealistic patient and family expectations after injury
Authors: Serrone Rosemarie O , Weinberg Jordan A , Goslar Pamela W , Wilkinson Erin P , Thompson Terrell M , Dameworth Jonathan L , Dempsey Shawna R , Petersen Scott R 
Published: February 2018

BackgroundExpectations of the healthcare experience may be influenced by television dramas set in the hospital workplace. It is our perception that the fictional television portrayal of hospitalization after injury in such dramas is misrepresentative. The purpose of this study was to compare trauma outcomes on television dramas versus reality.MethodsWe screened 269 episodes ofGrey’s Anatomy, a popular medical drama. A television (TV) registry was constructed by collecting data for each fictional trauma portrayed in the television series. Comparison data for a genuine patient cohort were obtained from the 2012 National Trauma Databank (NTDB) National Program Sample.Results290 patients composed of the TV registry versus 4812 patients from NTDB. Mortality was higher on TV (22% vs 7%, P<0.0001). Most TV patients went straight from emergency department (ED) to operating room (OR) (71% vs 25%, P<0.0001). Among TV survivors, a relative minority were transferred to long-term care (6% vs 22%, P<0.0001). For severely injured (Injury Severity Score ≥25) survivors, hospital length of stay was less than 1 week for 50% of TV patients versus 20% in NTDB (P<0.0001).ConclusionsTrauma patients as depicted on television dramas typically go from ED to OR, and survivors usually return home. Television portrayal of rapid functional recovery after major injury may cultivate false expectations among patients and their families.Level of evidenceLevel III.
Fifteen‐month duration of immunity for the serovar Grippotyphosa fraction of a tetravalent canine leptospirosis vaccine
Authors: Grosenbaugh Deborah A , Pardo Maria Camila 
Published: February 2018

Forty‐four specific pathogen‐free beagles, median age 65 days, received two subcutaneous doses of either a commercially available, five‐way combination vaccine or the same vaccine in combination with a tetravalentLeptospirabacterin (Canicola, Grippotyphosa, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Pomona). They were subsequently challenged with a pathogenic strainL kirschneriserovar Grippotyphosa 470 days following completion of the vaccination protocol. Titres of agglutinating serum antibodies were determined at various time points before and after both vaccination and challenge, along with postchallenge reisolation of the challenge organisms from blood and urine, and evaluation of renal histopathology. Clinical signs of generalised leptospirosis were not observed in any of the dogs after challenge. In order to demonstrate efficacy, leptospirosis was defined as having at least one positive urine sample and a positive renal histopathology score; or, in the absence of renal pathology, multiple positive urine samples. Leptospiremia was not demonstrated in any of the vaccinated dogs versus 27 per cent of the controls; leptospiruria was noted in 5 per cent of the vaccinates compared with 76 per cent of controls; and renal lesions were observed in 15 per cent of the vaccinates and 65 per cent controls. Using these criteria, the vaccine was able to significantly prevent leptospirosis (P=0.0001) in the vaccinated animals. This study establishes duration of immunity of at least 15 months for the prevention of disease and renal excretion of leptospires for theLeptospiraserovar Grippotyphosa fraction of a quadrivalentLeptospiravaccine.
Community Discovery in Dynamic Networks
Authors: Rossetti Giulio , Cazabet Rémy 
Published: February 2018

Several research studies have shown that complex networks modeling real-world phenomena are characterized by striking properties: (i) they are organized according to community structure, and (ii) their structure evolves with time. Many researchers have worked on methods that can efficiently unveil substructures in complex networks, giving birth to the field of community discovery. A novel and fascinating problem started capturing researcher interest recently: the identification of evolving communities. Dynamic networks can be used to model the evolution of a system: nodes and edges are mutable, and their presence, or absence, deeply impacts the community structure that composes them.
This survey aims to present the distinctive features and challenges of dynamic community discovery and propose a classification of published approaches. As a “user manual,” this work organizes state-of-the-art methodologies into a taxonomy, based on their rationale, and their specific instantiation. Given a definition of network dynamics, desired community characteristics, and analytical needs, this survey will support researchers to identify the set of approaches that best fit their needs. The proposed classification could also help researchers choose in which direction to orient their future research.
A Novel Mechanism for Activation of GLI1 by Nuclear SMO That Escapes Anti-SMO Inhibitors
Authors: Rahman Muhammad M. , Hazan Allon , Selway Joanne L. , Herath Dimalee S. , Harwood Catherine A. , Pirzado Muhammad S. , Atkar Ravinder , Kelsell David P. , Linton Kenneth J. , Philpott Mike P. , Neill Graham W. 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
Small-molecule inhibitors of the Hedgehog (HH) pathway receptor Smoothened (SMO) have been effective in treating some patients with basal cell carcinoma (BCC), where the HH pathway is often activated, but many patients respond poorly. In this study, we report the results of investigations on PTCH1 signaling in the HH pathway that suggest why most patients with BCC respond poorly to SMO inhibitors. In immortalized human keratinocytes, PTCH1 silencing led to the generation of a compact, holoclone-like morphology with increased expression of SMO and the downstream HH pathway transcription factor GLI1. Notably, although siRNA silencing of SMO in PTCH1-silenced cells was sufficient to suppress GLI1 activity, this effect was not phenocopied by pharmacologic inhibition of SMO, suggesting the presence of a second undefined pathway through which SMO can induce GLI1. Consistent with this possibility, we observed increased nuclear localization of SMO in PTCH1-silenced cells as mediated by a putative SMO nuclear/nucleolar localization signal [N(o)LS]. Mutational inactivation of the N(o)LS ablated this increase and suppressed GLI1 induction. Immunohistologic analysis of human and mouse BCC confirmed evidence of nuclear SMO, although the pattern was heterogeneous between tumors. In PTCH1-silenced cells, &gt;80% of the genes found to be differentially expressed were unaffected by SMO inhibitors, including the putative BCC driver gene CXCL11. Our results demonstrate how PTCH1 loss results in aberrant regulation of SMO-independent mechanisms important for BCC biology and highlights a novel nuclear mechanism of SMO-GLI1 signaling that is unresponsive to SMO inhibitors.
Significance: This study describes novel noncanonical Hedgehog signaling, where SMO enters the nucleus to activate GLI1, a mode that is unaffected by SMO inhibitors, thus prompting re-evaluation of current BCC treatment as well as new potential therapies targeting nuclear SMO. Cancer Res; 78(10); 2577–88. ©2018 AACR.