bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Age-related inequalities in colon cancer treatment persist over time: a population-based analysis
Authors: Hayes Louise , Forrest Lynne , Adams Jean , Hidajat Mira , Ben-Shlomo Yoav , White Martin , Sharp Linda 
Published: November 2018

BackgroundOlder people experience poorer outcomes from colon cancer. We examined if treatment for colon cancer was related to age and if inequalities changed over time.MethodsData from the UK population-based Northern and Yorkshire Cancer Registry on 31 910 incident colon cancers (ICD10 C18) diagnosed between 1999–2010 were obtained. Likelihood of receipt of: (1) cancer-directed surgery, (2) chemotherapy in surgical patients, (3) chemotherapy in non-surgical patients by age, adjusting for sex, area deprivation, cancer stage, comorbidity and period of diagnosis, was examined.ResultsAge-related inequalities in treatment exist after adjustment for confounding factors. Patients aged 60– 69, 70–79 and 80+ years were significantly less likely to receive surgery than those aged <60 years (multivariable ORs (95% CI) 0.84(0.74 to 0.95), 0.54(0.48 to 0.61) and 0.19(0.17 to 0.21), respectively). Age-related differences in receipt of surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy (but not chemotherapy in non-surgical patients) narrowed over time for the ’younger old’ (aged <80 years) but did not diminish for the oldest patients.ConclusionsAge inequality in treatment of colon cancer remains after adjustment for confounders, suggesting age remains a major factor in treatment decisions. Research is needed to better understand the cancer treatment decision-making process, and how to influence this, for older patients.
Retailers’ perspectives on selling tobacco in a low-income San Francisco neighbourhood after California’s $2 tobacco tax increase
Authors: Chavez Gladis , Minkler Meredith , McDaniel Patricia A , Estrada Jessica , Thayer Ryan , Falbe Jennifer 
Published: November 2018

BackgroundCalifornia’s tobacco tax increased by $2.00 per pack in 2017. Although such increases are among the most effective tobacco control strategies, little is known about their impact from the perspective of corner store owners in low-income neighbourhoods with high concentrations of tobacco outlets.MethodsWe interviewed 38 corner store owners and managers in San Francisco’s Tenderloin, the district with the city’s highest tobacco outlet density, 60–90 days following implementation of the tax increase. Questions focused on perceptions of the impact of the higher tobacco tax on their revenues, customers and tobacco company promotions. We used qualitative content analysis to identify, compare and reconcile key themes.ResultsMost retailers reported a decline in cigarette sales, with customers buying fewer cigarettes, switching to cheaper brands or other products like marijuana, or trying to quit smoking. Retailers described challenges associated with running a small business and selling tobacco and concerns about selling a product that is ‘bad’ for customers’ health. Contrary to expectation, tobacco companies appeared to be offering few product promotions in this neighbourhood.ConclusionsSmall, independent retailers’ concerns, about selling tobacco and about the health and well-being of customers, suggest that such retailers may be important allies in tobacco control efforts,particularly those focused on the point-of-sale.
Engineering characteristics of soils prone to rainfall-induced slope failure in Viti Levu, Fiji
Authors: Ram Arishma R. , Brook Martin S. , Cronin Shane J. 
Published: November 2018

Fiji's infrastructure is regularly affected by rainfall-induced slope failures, but the engineering properties of failed soils are rarely described. We report mineralogical, geotechnical and index properties of soils from headscarp exposures of 18 slope failures from tropical residual soils of differing parent rocks in Viti Levu, Fiji. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction revealed that kaolinite and smectite are the dominant clay minerals in the soils. Index properties included
in situ
moisture content (28–114%), dry bulk density (0.7–1.5 g cm
−3
), Atterberg limits (25–56% plastic limit; 38–79% liquid limit), effective particle size (0.4–12.6 μm) and clay fraction (0.6–19%). Geotechnical measurements included field compressive strength (127–461 kPa), hydraulic conductivity (
c.
10
−7
m s
−1
), shear vane (16–128 kPa), ring shear (9.3–17.4°) and Emerson dispersion. Collectively, results indicated that most of the soils were cohesive, stiff, sensitive and in a plastic state in the field. Soils plotted below the A-line on the plasticity chart as fine silts of intermediate to high plasticity, and can theoretically sustain >50° slopes. Failure of these soils following high rainfall events is influenced by low permeability and the presence of expanding clays (e.g. smectite), causing temporary porewater pressure increases. No explicit relationships between soil properties and parent lithology were evident.
Maladaptive aortic remodeling in hypertension associates with dysfunctional smooth muscle contractility
Authors: Korneva Arina , Humphrey Jay D. 
Published: November 2018

Intramural cells are responsible for establishing, maintaining, and restoring the functional capability and structural integrity of the aortic wall. In response to hypertensive loading, these cells tend to increase wall content via extracellular matrix turnover in an attempt to return wall stress and/or material stiffness toward homeostatic values despite the elevated pressure. Using a common rodent model of induced hypertension, we found marked mouse-to-mouse differences in thoracic aortic remodeling over 2–4 wk of pressure elevation, with mechanoadaptation in some but gross maladaptation in most mice despite the same experimental conditions and overall genetic background. Consistent with our hypothesis, we also found a strong correlation between maladaptive aortic remodeling and a dysfunctional ability of the vessel to vasoconstrict, with maladaptation often evidenced by marked adventitial fibrosis. Remarkably, mouse-to-mouse variability did not correlate with the degree or duration of pressure elevation over the 2- to 4-wk study period. These findings suggest both a need to study together the structure, mechanical properties, and function across layers of the wall when assessing aortic health and a need for caution in using common statistical comparisons across small seemingly well-defined groups that may mask important underlying individual responses, an area of investigation that demands increasing attention as we move toward an era of precision diagnosis and patient care. NEW & NOTEWORTHY There are three primary findings. Marked mouse-to-mouse differences exist in large vessel hypertensive remodeling in an otherwise equivalent cohort of animals. The degree of maladaptation correlates strongly with decreases in smooth muscle contractile capacity. Finally, short-term maladaptive remodeling is independent of the precise degree or duration of the pressure elevation provided that thresholds are exceeded. Therapeutic targets should thus be personalized and focus on both layer-to-layer interactions and early interventions.
Breathing pattern during sequential swallowing in healthy adult humans
Authors: Ouahchi Yacine , Ben Salah Nozha , Mjid Meriem , Hedhli Abir , Abdelhedi Nour , Beji Majed , Toujani Sonia , Verin Eric 
Published: November 2018

Sequential liquid swallowing is a common daily occurrence during which coordination of deglutition and breathing are highly regulated to avoid pulmonary aspiration and to maintain hematosis. We studied the effects of sequential water swallowing (SWS) at fixed swallowing rates and with regular succession of swallows on respiration in healthy subjects. Thirty-one normal adults (19 men, 12 women) with a mean age of 27.96 ± 3.68 yr were explored at rest and during SWS (at 12 and 24 swallows/min). Respiration was recorded by intranasal air pressure changes and timing of deglutition by an acoustic method. Oxygen saturation [arterial O2 saturation from pulse oximetry ([Formula: see text])] was monitored with a finger probe. During SWS, we determined the respiratory phase (inspiration or expiration) before and after each ingestion cycle (IC; period of sustained apnea including 1 or more swallows). We also measured inspiratory time (TI), expiratory time (TE), respiratory cycle duration (TT), respiratory rate (RR) and [Formula: see text] at rest and during SWS. We showed that respiration was interrupted by sequential swallows determining a succession of ICs that were often preceded and followed by expiration. During SWS, TI decreased and TE increased compared with rest ( P < 0.01). However, TT, RR, and [Formula: see text] did not change. It seems that the preferential coupling of swallowing with expiration during SWS is favored by an increase in TE to ensure airway protection, although the repetitive swallows, RR, and [Formula: see text] were not altered during SWS. These data may be useful to study the effects of aging and pathological conditions on swallowing and breathing coordination during SWS. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Sequential water swallowing induces ingestion cycles that are often preceded and followed by expiration. Moreover, inspiratory time decreases and expiratory time increases during sequential swallowing compared with rest without changes in ventilatory cycle duration, respiratory rate, and oxygen saturation.
Treatment-Induced Tumor Cell Apoptosis and Secondary Necrosis Drive Tumor Progression in the Residual Tumor Microenvironment through MerTK and IDO1
Authors: Werfel Thomas A. , Elion David L. , Rahman Bushra , Hicks Donna J. , Sanchez Violeta , Gonzales-Ericsson Paula I. , Nixon Mellissa J. , James Jamaal L. , Balko Justin M. , Scherle Peggy A. , Koblish Holly K. , Cook Rebecca S. 
Published: November 2018

Abstract

Efferocytosis is the process by which apoptotic cells are cleared from tissue by phagocytic cells. The removal of apoptotic cells prevents them from undergoing secondary necrosis and releasing their inflammation-inducing intracellular contents. Efferocytosis also limits tissue damage by increasing immunosuppressive cytokines and leukocytes and maintains tissue homeostasis by promoting tolerance to antigens derived from apoptotic cells. Thus, tumor cell efferocytosis following cytotoxic cancer treatment could impart tolerance to tumor cells evading treatment-induced apoptosis with deleterious consequences in tumor residual disease. We report here that efferocytosis cleared apoptotic tumor cells in residual disease of lapatinib-treated HER2+ mammary tumors in MMTV-Neu mice, increased immunosuppressive cytokines, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), and regulatory T cells (Treg). Blockade of efferocytosis induced secondary necrosis of apoptotic cells, but failed to prevent increased tumor MDSCs, Treg, and immunosuppressive cytokines. We found that efferocytosis stimulated expression of IFN-γ, which stimulated the expression of indoleamine-2,3-dioxegenase (IDO) 1, an immune regulator known for driving maternal-fetal antigen tolerance. Combined inhibition of efferocytosis and IDO1 in tumor residual disease decreased apoptotic cell- and necrotic cell-induced immunosuppressive phenotypes, blocked tumor metastasis, and caused tumor regression in 60% of MMTV-Neu mice. This suggests that apoptotic and necrotic tumor cells, via efferocytosis and IDO1, respectively, promote tumor ‘homeostasis’ and progression.

Significance:
These findings show in a model of HER2+ breast cancer that necrosis secondary to impaired efferocytosis activates IDO1 to drive immunosuppression and tumor progression.
Optimizing Time to Treatment to Achieve Durable Biochemical Disease Control after Surgery in Prostate Cancer: A Multi-Institutional Cohort Study
Authors: Awasthi Shivanshu , Gerke Travis , Park Jong Y. , Asamoah Francis A. , Williams Vonetta L. , Fink Angelina K. , Balkrishnan Rajesh , Lee David I. , Malkowicz S. Bruce , Lal Priti , Dhillon Jasreman , Pow-Sang Julio M. , Rebbeck Timothy R. , Yamoah Kosj 
Published: November 2018

Abstract

Background:
The impact of treatment delays on prostate cancer–specific outcomes remains ill-defined. This study investigates the effect of time to treatment on biochemical disease control after prostatectomy.

Methods:
This retrospective study includes 1,807 patients who received a prostatectomy as a primary treatment at two large tertiary referral centers from 1987 to 2015. Multivariate cox model with restricted cubic spline was used to identify optimal time to receive treatment and estimate the risk of biochemical recurrence.

Results:
Median follow-up time of the study was 46 (interquartile range, 18–86) months. Time to treatment was subcategorized based on multivariate cubic spline cox model. In multivariate spline model, adjusted for all the pertinent pretreatment variables, inflection point in the risk of biochemical recurrence was observed around 3 months, which further increased after 6 months. Based on spline model, time to treatment was then divided into 0 to 3 months (61.5%), &gt;3 to 6 months (31.1%), and 6 months (7.4%). In the adjusted cox model, initial delays up to 6 months did not adversely affect the outcome; however, time to treatment &gt;6 months had significantly higher risk of biochemical recurrence (HR, 1.84; 95% confidence interval, 1.30–2.60; P &lt; 0.01).

Conclusions:
The initial delays up to 6 months in prostate cancer primary treatment may be sustainable without adversely affecting the outcome. However, significant delays beyond 6 months can unfavorably affect biochemical disease control.

Impact:
Time to treatment can aid clinicians in the decision-making of prostate cancer treatment recommendation and educate patients against unintentional treatment delays.
Computational Immune Monitoring Reveals Abnormal Double-Negative T Cells Present across Human Tumor Types
Authors: Greenplate Allison R. , McClanahan Daniel D. , Oberholtzer Brian K. , Doxie Deon B. , Roe Caroline E. , Diggins Kirsten E. , Leelatian Nalin , Rasmussen Megan L. , Kelley Mark C. , Gama Vivian , Siska Peter J. , Rathmell Jeffrey C. , Ferrell P. Brent , Johnson Douglas B. , Irish Jonathan M. 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Advances in single-cell biology have enabled measurements of &gt;40 protein features on millions of immune cells within clinical samples. However, the data analysis steps following cell population identification are susceptible to bias, time-consuming, and challenging to compare across studies. Here, an ensemble of unsupervised tools was developed to evaluate four essential types of immune cell information, incorporate changes over time, and address diverse immune monitoring challenges. The four complementary properties characterized were (i) systemic plasticity, (ii) change in population abundance, (iii) change in signature population features, and (iv) novelty of cellular phenotype. Three systems immune monitoring studies were selected to challenge this ensemble approach. In serial biopsies of melanoma tumors undergoing targeted therapy, the ensemble approach revealed enrichment of double-negative (DN) T cells. Melanoma tumor-resident DN T cells were abnormal and phenotypically distinct from those found in nonmalignant lymphoid tissues, but similar to those found in glioblastoma and renal cell carcinoma. Overall, ensemble systems immune monitoring provided a robust, quantitative view of changes in both the system and cell subsets, allowed for transparent review by human experts, and revealed abnormal immune cells present across multiple human tumor types.
Caracterização petrográfica da Formação Emborêcom base em dados dos poços 2-CST-1-RJ e 9-BRF-1D-RJ(região emersa da Bacia de Campos)
Authors: Brêda Thaís Coelho , Mello Claudio Limeira , Silva Junior Gerson Cardoso da , Alves Maria da Gloria , Neiva Eduardo Batista 
Published: November 2018

O presente estudo teve como objetivo a caracterização sedimentológica e petrográfica da Formação Emborê, com base na descrição de amostras de arenitos de dois poços profundos localizados na área emersa da Bacia de Campos (2-CST-1-RJ e 9-BRF-1D-RJ). Buscou-se ampliar o conhecimento sobre os aspectos texturais e composicionais dessa unidade litoestratigráfica, ainda muito pouco estudada e que apresenta um grande potencial hídrico, contendo o mais importante aquífero do estado do Rio de Janeiro, foco da pesquisa que ensejou este artigo. No poço 2-CST-1-RJ foram descritas amostras de testemunhos e no poço 9-BRF-1D-RJ foram analisadas amostras de calha e plugs laterais. Os intervalos sedimentares analisados nos dois poços são semelhantes quanto aos aspectos sedimentológicos, sendo predominantemente areníticos, com intercalações de lamitos. Após a caracterização sedimentológica dos testemunhos e amostras de calha, foram selecionadas amostras de arenitos dos testemunhos do poço 2-CST-1-RJ e os plugs laterais do poço 9-BRF-1D-RJ para a descrição microscópica em lâminas petrográficas. Os arenitos são, em geral, finos a grossos, moderadamente a mal selecionados, de coloração acinzentada a esverdeada, com grãos angulosos a subangulosos, quartzosos e feldspáticos, com presença significativa de litoclastos graníticos nas amostras do poço 9-BRF-1D-RJ. Correspondem principalmente a arcósios, subarcósios e arcósios líticos, sendo atribuídos ao Membro São Tomé da Formação Emborê. Os aspectos texturais e mineralógicos evidenciam uma baixa maturidade. Na maior parte das amostras, verificou-se a presença de matriz argilosa do tipo epimatriz, proveniente da dissolução de grãos de feldspatos e a sua posterior infiltração nos poros. A porosidade atinge até cerca de 20%, sendo essencialmente de origem secundária, gerada pelo encolhimento da matriz, dissolução ou fraturamento dos grãos, com baixa conectividade entre os
Solar Geoengineering Research in India
Authors: Bala G. , Gupta Akhilesh 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThis article presents a brief account of scientific research into solar geoengineering in India in the last decade. In recent years, solar geoengineering has been proposed as an option to ameliorate the detrimental impacts of climate change in case the required emissions reductions do not take place rapidly. Hundreds of research papers have been published in the last decade by both natural and social scientists on the feasibility, effectiveness, cost, and risks, and the ethical, legal, social, political, and governance dimensions of geoengineering. Most of this research is conducted in the developed world, and very little research or discussion has taken place in the global South. However, it has been argued in several forums that the developing world should have a central role in solar-geoengineering research, discussion, and evaluation for political and moral reasons. We present here a brief account of the Indian scientific research into solar geoengineering. Climate modeling constitutes the major component of this geoengineering-relevant climate science research. The recent funding initiative by the Department of Science and Technology—the main funding agency for scientific research in India—in support of geoengineering modeling research and its efforts to bring natural, social, and political scientists together for an evaluation of solar geoengineering at meetings are also discussed. Finally, the directions for future scientific research into geoengineering in India are a lso discussed.
Salinity Profile Estimation in the Pacific Ocean from Satellite Surface Salinity Observations
Authors: Bao Senliang , Zhang Ren , Wang Huizan , Yan Hengqian , Yu Yang , Chen Jian 
Published: November 2018

AbstractA nonlinear empirical method, called the generalized regression neural network with the fruit fly optimization algorithm (FOAGRNN), is proposed to estimate subsurface salinity profiles from sea surface parameters in the Pacific Ocean. The purpose is to evaluate the ability of the FOAGRNN methodology and satellite salinity data to reconstruct salinity profiles. Compared with linear methodology, the estimated salinity profiles from the FOAGRNN method are in better agreement with the measured profiles at the halocline. Sensitivity studies of the FOAGRNN estimation model shows that, when applied to various types of sea surface parameters, latitude is the most significant variable in estimating salinity profiles in the tropical Pacific Ocean (correlation coefficient R greater than 0.9). In comparison, sea surface temperature (SST) and height (SSH) have minimal effects on the model. Based on FOAGRNN modeling, Pacific Ocean three-dimensional salinity fields are estimated for the year 2014 from remote sensing sea surface salinity (SSS) data. The performance of the satellite-based salinity field results and possible sources of error associated with the estimation methodology are briefly discussed. These results suggest a potential new approach for salinity profile estimation derived from sea surface data. In addition, the potential utilization of satellite SSS data is discussed.
Diabetic dyslipidaemia
Authors: Berthezène François 
Published: November 2018

Dyslipidaemia is likely to play a leading role in the cardiovascular risk associated with diabetes. Diabetic dyslipidaemia is characterised by hypertriglyceridaemia, a shift from large low-density lipoprotein (LDL) to smaller denser particles, and reduced high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. Dyslipidaemia is closely associated with insulin resistance. Patients with diabetic dyslipidaemia should receive lipid lowering therapy with statins or fibrates, as appropriate. Due to the relationship between dyslipidaemia and insulin resistance, treatment of insulin resistance should be included in multifactorial risk factor modification. Thiazolidinediones such as pioglitazone may provide a useful treatment approach.