bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Research on overvoltage and minimum air clearance on 1000 kV AC side of converter transformer in ±1100 kV Guquan converter station
Authors: Ying Lou , Zhenqiang Li , Liang Xie , Lei Wan 
Published: December 2018

In the hierarchically connected ultra‐high voltage (UHV) DC projects, the minimum air clearance on the 1000 kV AC side of converter transformer directly affects the layout and area of the valve hall. The minimum air clearance is determined by the overvoltage and the flashover characteristics of different electrodes. Since the UHV DC projects are hierarchically connected to the AC power grid, the overvoltage and the electrode flashover characteristics are different from that of general UHV AC projects, necessitating the relevant overvoltage calculation and test studies. The electromagnetic transients software PSCAD is used for modelling of the ±1100 kV Wannan convertor station and the related AC system. The power frequency overvoltage, switching overvoltage, time‐to‐crest value, and coefficient α of phase‐to‐phase overvoltage on the AC side of the 1000 kV converter transformer are calculated. Tests are carried out on air clearances between bundle conductors, tubular buses, and equipment grading rings under switching impulse with 1000 μs long wave‐front. The minimum phase‐to‐earth and phase‐to‐phase air clearances on the 1000 kV AC side of the converter transformer are given.
Dusty spirals triggered by shadows in transition discs
Authors: Cuello N. , Montesinos M. , Stammler S. M. , Louvet F. , Cuadra J. 
Published: December 2018

Context. Despite the recent discovery of spiral-shaped features in protoplanetary discs in the near-infrared and millimetre wavelengths, there is still an active discussion to understand how they formed. In fact, the spiral waves observed in discs around young stars can be due to different physical mechanisms: planet/companion torques, gravitational perturbations, or illumination effects.
Aims. We study the spirals formed in the gaseous phase by two diametrically opposed shadows cast at fixed disc locations. The shadows are created by an inclined non-precessing disc inside the cavity, which is assumed to be optically thick. In particular, we analyse the effect of these spirals on the dynamics of the dust particles and discuss their detectability in transition discs.
Methods. We performed gaseous hydrodynamical simulations with shadows, then we computed the dust evolution on top of the gaseous distribution, and finally we produced synthetic ALMA observations of the dust emission based on radiative transfer calculations.
Results. Our main finding is that millimetre- to centimetre-sized dust particles are efficiently trapped inside the shadow-triggered spirals. We also observe that particles of various sizes starting at different stellocentric distances are well mixed inside these pressure maxima. This dynamical effect would favour grain growth and affect the resulting composition of planetesimals in the disc. In addition, our radiative transfer calculations show spiral patterns in the disc at 1.6 μm and 1.3 mm. Due to their faint thermal emission (compared to the bright inner regions of the disc) the spirals cannot be detected with ALMA. However, our synthetic observations prove that shadows are observable as dips in the thermal emission.
Chemical composition of planet building blocks as predicted by stellar population synthesis
Authors: Cabral N. , Lagarde N. , Reylé C. , Guilbert-Lepoutre A. , Robin A. C. 
Published: December 2018

Context. Future space missions (TESS, CHEOPS, PLATO, and the JWST) will considerably improve our understanding of the formation and history of planetary systems by providing accurate constraints on planetary radius, mass, and atmospheric composition. Currently, observations show that the presence of planetary companions is closely linked to the metallicity and the chemical abundances of the host stars.
Aims. We aim to build an integrated tool for predicting the planet building blocks (PBBs) composition as a function of the stellar populations to interpret ongoing and future large surveys. The different stellar populations we observe in our Galaxy are characterized by different metallicities and α-element abundances. We here investigate the trends of the expected PBBs composition with the chemical abundance of the host star in different parts of the Galaxy.
Methods. We synthesized stellar populations with the Besançon galaxy model, which includes stellar evolutionary tracks that are computed with the stellar evolution code STAREVOL. We integrated a previously published simple stoichiometric model into this code to determine the expected composition of the PBBs.
Results. We determine the expected PBB composition around FGK stars for the four galactic populations (thin and thick disks, halo, and bulge) within the Milky Way. Our solar neighborhood simulations are in good agreement with the recent results obtained with the HARPS survey for firon, fw, and the heavy element mass fraction fZ. We present evidence of a clear dependence of firon and fw on the initial alpha abundances [α/Fe] of the host star. We find that the different initial [α/Fe] distributions in the different galactic populations lead to a bimodal distribution of PBB composition. Our simulations show an iron valley that separates PBBs with high and low iron mass fractions and a water valley that separates PBBs with high and low water mass fractions.
Conclusions. We linked host star abundances and expected PBB composition in an integrated model of the Galaxy. The trends we derive are an important step for statistical analyses of expected planet properties. In particular, internal structure models may use these results to derive statistical trends of rocky planet properties, constrain habitability, and prepare an interpretation of ongoing and future large-scale surveys of exoplanets.
3D MHD modeling of the expanding remnant of SN 1987A
Authors: Orlando S. , Miceli M. , Petruk O. , Ono M. , Nagataki S. , Aloy M. A. , Mimica P. , Lee S.-H. , Bocchino F. , Peres G. , Guarrasi M. 
Published: December 2018

Aims. We investigate the role played by a pre-supernova (SN) ambient magnetic field in the dynamics of the expanding remnant of SN 1987A, and the origin and evolution of the radio emission from the remnant, in particular during the interaction of the blast wave with the nebula surrounding the SN.
Methods. We modeled the evolution of SN 1987A from the breakout of the shock wave at the stellar surface to the expansion of its remnant through the surrounding nebula using three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic simulations. The model considers the radiative cooling, the deviations from equilibrium of ionization, the deviation from temperature-equilibration between electrons and ions, and a plausible configuration of the pre-SN ambient magnetic field. We explore the strengths of the pre-SN magnetic field ranging between 1 and 100 μG at the inner edge of the nebula and we assume an average field strength at the stellar surface B0 ≈ 3 kG. From the simulations, we synthesize the thermal X-ray and the non-thermal radio emission and compare the model results with observations.
Results. The presence of an ambient magnetic field with strength in the range considered does not change significantly the overall evolution of the remnant. Nevertheless, the magnetic field reduces the erosion and fragmentation of the dense equatorial ring after the impact of the SN blast wave. As a result, the ring survives the passage of the blast, at least during the time covered by the simulations (40 yr). Our model is able to reproduce the morphology and lightcurves of SN 1987A in both X-ray and radio bands. The model reproduces the observed radio emission if the flux originating from the reverse shock is heavily suppressed. In this case, the radio emission originates mostly from the forward shock traveling through the H II region and this may explain why the radio emission seems to be insensitive to the interaction of the blast with the ring. Possible mechanisms for the suppression of emission from the reverse shock are investigated. We find that synchrotron self-absorption and free–free absorption have negligible effects on the emission during the interaction with the nebula. We suggest that the emission from the reverse shock at radio frequencies might be limited by highly magnetized ejecta.
„Humor macht kein kranckheit“
Authors: Hick Christian 
Published: December 2018

AbstractParacelsus was an adventurer in more than one way. We retrace the little that is known about his life and then focus on his adventures in the history of ideas, namely the scientific revolution he brought about for humoral pathology. Following the landmark study of Pagel (1982) we identify two of his conceptions of disease: diseases as fruits and diseases as minerals, discovered by a new science, a “scientia separationis”. Paracelsus did not merely polemize against humoral pathology, but offered a new world view, a new paradigm, so that his endeavor can be characterized with Kuhn (1962) as a scientific revolution.
Gar ned krank is a ned g’sund
Authors: Müller Wilfried , Mann Klaus 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThis article is written in remembrance of Karl Valentin’s 70th anniversary of his death. He was a comedian and song writer suffering from vegetative dystonia and depression lifelong. This hypochondriac developed extreme self observation and had anxiety to get ill permanently. As one year old, his brother died of diphteria and he was close to death himself. After jumping in an ice cold river in Munich as a young man he caught a pneumonia. From that day he had a undefined long lasting lung disease. His performances and pieces of literature in Bavarian dialect are characterized by critical thoughts about the world in general and human vulnerability including his own in a philosophical way. His sarcastic view of the world, which was rarely pleasant for the counterpart still induced admiration of many audiences and was satisfying for Karl Valentin’s egocentrism. He has been the most famous Bavarian comedian during world war II and during the early days of the Republic of Germany.
Prophylaktisches Shuntvenenbanding mit arteriovenöser
Reanastomose
Authors: Krönung Gerhard 
Published: December 2018

ZusammenfassungProphylaktische Indikationen in der Shuntchirurgie erfordern eine besonders
sorgfältige interdisziplinäre Bewertung, Aufklärung des Patienten und Erfahrung
des Operateurs. Dies gilt besonders, wenn der OP-Erfolg von pathologischen
Substratveränderungen abhängt, die oft erst intraoperativ, also nach der
Indikationsstellung, detailliert beurteilt werden können.
Machʼ mal Pause!
Authors: Jürgens Ute 
Published: December 2018

ZusammenfassungAuch die Pause gehört zur Musik! Dieser Spruch von Stefan Zweig beschreibt das A
und O von guter Leistung. Zur Regeneration brauchen wir eine regelmäßige
Arbeitsunterbrechung. Oft ist zu viel zu tun und wir gönnen uns keine Rast.
Radiological Diagnosis of Soft Tissue Tumors in Adults: MRI Imaging of Selected Entities Delineating Benign and Malignant Tumors
Authors: Lisson Catharina , Lisson Christoph , Beer Meinrad , Schmidt Stefan 
Published: December 2018

Objective MRI is the most important and sensitive imaging modality in the differentiation of unclear soft tissue tumors. A systematic approach helps to narrow down the large number of possible differential diagnoses.
Method Our review systematically compares MRI characteristics of the major soft-tissue masses and aims to gain access to these often difficult tumor entities.
Results and conclusion MRI, as the most important modality in the imaging of soft tissue tumors, allows a more detailed classification of the tumor entity and in many cases a differentiation between benign and malignant masses.
Key points:
Citation Format
Artifacts in 3D Prenatal Sonography
Authors: Miric Tesanic Danka , Merz Eberhard 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Purpose Artifacts may be part of any 3D sonographic examination during pregnancy and can disturb a routine diagnostic procedure, even simulate fetal malformation. The aim of this study was to classify the artifacts in different types according to their appearance.
Materials and Methods A total of 2349 healthy fetuses examined during the last five years was included in this study. The observed artifacts have been grouped into 6 different types according to their appearance: 1. fetal movement artifacts, 2. shadow artifacts, 3. amputation artifacts caused by the volume box, 4. defects caused by the improper use of the electronic scalpel, 5. artifacts due to an unfavorable threshold adjustment and 6. artifacts due to superimposed objects.
Results Significant artifacts were found in 119 ultrasound examinations: 39 artifacts were caused by fetal movement, 25 by acoustic shadowing, 19 artifacts occurred due to amputation of objects by the volume box and 15 by the improper use of the electronic scalpel. In 12 cases the threshold adjustment was unfavorable and in 9 cases the artifacts were caused by superimposed objects.
Conclusion In 3D ultrasound some artifacts can be avoided by optimizing the size and position of the volume box or by using a different scanning angle. Other artifacts can be minimized using gain and threshold properly and by precise use of the electronic scalpel. In doubtful situations it is recommended to rescan the volume and to use all diagnostic 3D rendering possibilities. Proper recognition of the artifacts can avoid the risk of misdiagnosis.
Total Synthesis of Bryostatin 8 and (–)-Exiguolide: Applications of an Organosilane Strategy
Authors: Zhang Yuebao , Lu Ji , Li Hongze , Sun Xianwei , Gao Lu , Song Zhenlei 
Published: December 2018

In this Account, we give an overview of our recent efforts towards the total synthesis of two marine natural products: bryostatin 8 and (–)-exiguolide. The central theme is to highlight the power of the organosilane strategy, which was characterized with our geminal bis(silanes)-based methodologies for constructing the unique exocyclic enoate-substituted pyran rings.1	Introduction2	Background of Bryostatins and (–)-Exiguolide3	Constructing the B-Ring of Bryostatins4	Total Synthesis of (–)-Exiguolide via an Organosilane Strategy5	Constructing the C-Ring of Bryostatins6	Total Synthesis of Bryostatin 87	Conclusion
Die Bedeutung von „Social Eating“ für die
Gesundheit
Authors: Zielinski Johanna 
Published: December 2018

ZusammenfassungIn der Geschichte der Menschheit spielt das gemeinsame Mahl seit jeher eine
bedeutende Rolle. Im heutigen digitalen Zeitalter erweitern sich die
Möglichkeiten des „gemeinsamen Speisens“. Weltweit gesellen sich Menschen über
Smartphones, Tablets oder PCs an einen gemeinsamen „virtuellen Tisch“. Wie
verändern sich dadurch Wohlbefinden und Gesundheitsstatus der Gesellschaft?
TP53INP1 deficiency maintains murine B lymphopoiesis in aged bone marrow through redox-controlled IL-7R/STAT5 signaling
Authors: Zidi Bochra , Vincent-Fabert Christelle , Pouyet Laurent , Seillier Marion , Vandevelde Amelle , N’guessan Prudence , Poplineau Mathilde , Guittard Geoffrey , Mancini Stéphane J. C. , Duprez Estelle , Carrier Alice 
Published: December 2018

Significance
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a role in signaling in immune cells, in particular in B cell activation and terminal differentiation in secondary lymphoid organs. Nevertheless, their role in B cell development in the bone marrow (BM) still remains poorly explored. TP53INP1 is a target of the tumor suppressor p53, which mediates its antioxidant activity. We report the surprising observation that chronic oxidative stress in TP53INP1-deficient mice rescues B lymphopoiesis in the BM during aging. ROS sustain IL-7R signaling in aged TP53INP1-deficient BM through maintenance of active STAT5 transcription factor, driving the expression of the B lineage Pax5 transcription factor. This work suggests that antioxidants cannot be in favor of antibody-producing cell development.
Plasma kallikrein modulates immune cell trafficking during neuroinflammation via PAR2 and bradykinin release
Authors: Göbel Kerstin , Asaridou Chloi-Magdalini , Merker Monika , Eichler Susann , Herrmann Alexander M. , Geuß Eva , Ruck Tobias , Schüngel Lisa , Groeneweg Linda , Narayanan Venu , Schneider-Hohendorf Tilman , Gross Catharina C. , Wiendl Heinz , Kehrel Beate E. , Kleinschnitz Christoph , Meuth Sven G. 
Published: December 2018

Significance
Transendothelial trafficking of immune cells into the central nervous system (CNS) is a pathophysiological hallmark of neuroinflammatory disorders like multiple sclerosis (MS). Recent evidence suggests that the coagulation and kallikrein-kinin cascade might participate in this process. Here, we identify plasma kallikrein (KK) as a direct modulator of blood–brain barrier function in a protease-activated receptor-2–dependent manner, amplifying leukocyte trafficking into the CNS. Consequently, a deficiency of plasma prekallikrein (PK), the precursor of KK, renders mice less susceptible to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (model of MS). Furthermore, PK levels were markedly enhanced in CNS lesions of MS patients. In summary, our study indicates that KK inhibition can decrease cell invasion during neuroinflammation and may offer a strategy to combat MS.
Bax inhibitor 1 is a γ-secretase–independent presenilin-binding protein
Authors: Wu Shenjie , Song Wenqi , Wong Catherine C. L. , Shi Yigong 
Published: December 2018

Significance
β-amyloid is regarded by some scientists to be the cause of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). One of the strongest arguments against this hypothesis is the presence of hundreds of AD-causing mutations in presenilin, but none in the other three components of γ-secretase. This observation implies a γ-secretase–independent function of presenilin. To understand such a putative function, discovery of presenilin-binding proteins represents an important first step. In this study, we report the identification of Bax-inhibitor 1 (BI1) as a stable interacting partner of presenilin 1 (PS1), but not the intact γ-secretase. Our results link PS1 to BI1, a protein thought to play a role in apoptosis and calcium channel regulation. This finding opens a range of possibilities for the investigation of PS1 function and AD genesis.
Structural and thermodynamic limits of layer thickness in 2D halide perovskites
Authors: Soe Chan Myae Myae , Nagabhushana G. P. , Shivaramaiah Radha , Tsai Hsinhan , Nie Wanyi , Blancon Jean-Christophe , Melkonyan Ferdinand , Cao Duyen H. , Traoré Boubacar , Pedesseau Laurent , Kepenekian Mikaël , Katan Claudine , Even Jacky , Marks Tobin J. , Navrotsky Alexandra , Mohite Aditya D. , Stoumpos Constantinos C. , Kanatzidis Mercouri G. 
Published: December 2018

Significance
Organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites are exciting new solar cell materials. In 2D perovskites, the 3D structure is spatially interrupted by a layer of intercalated ions, which may alter both stability and functionality. A major question concerns the limit to which the 2D architecture can be maintained as the thickness of the layers increases. A combination of synthetic chemistry, crystallography, and spectroscopy was used to obtain and identify the thickest 2D halide perovskite characterized to date, having seven layers. Experimentally measured enthalpies of formation as a function of layer thickness show systematic behavior and that higher homologues are energetically unstable, placing a limit on the number of layers possible in a single-phase 2D perovskite. Their application in photovoltaics is discussed.
Catalytic activation of glycosyl phosphates for stereoselective coupling reactions
Authors: Levi Samuel M. , Li Qiuhan , Rötheli Andreas R. , Jacobsen Eric N. 
Published: December 2018

Significance
Despite their dominant role as electrophiles in biosynthetic pathways promoted by enzymes, organic phosphates are rarely employed in laboratory synthesis, because phosphates are generally very poor leaving groups. Here we report that a bis-thiourea catalyst promotes β-selective glycosylation reactions of phosphate donors under mild, neutral conditions. The catalytic method enables glycosylation of peptides, complex natural products, and pharmaceutical agents bearing a variety of reactive functionalities, thereby representing an important step toward enabling convenient access to glycosylated chemical matter of interest to synthetic chemists and chemical biologists.
Trends and patterns in the contributions to cumulative radiative forcing from different regions of the world
Authors: Murphy D. M. , Ravishankara A. R. 
Published: December 2018

Significance
The cumulative radiative forcing (CRF), an integral of radiative forcing over a given time, is used to calculate the contribution to the global mean net radiative forcing due to greenhouse gases and aerosols from various regions. For every region, the commitment to future radiative forcing from emissions already in the atmosphere is larger than that to date. For individual regions, the CRF is near zero during rapid industrialization and it increases when air-quality regulations come in and/or exponential growth ceases, a pattern repeated by North America, Europe, and China. The relative contributions from regions depends more on when the contributions are compared (e.g., now or 2100) and development scenarios than the metric used (i.e., CRF, ocean heat content, or temperature).
Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived MGE cell grafting after status epilepticus attenuates chronic epilepsy and comorbidities via synaptic integration
Authors: Upadhya Dinesh , Hattiangady Bharathi , Castro Olagide W. , Shuai Bing , Kodali Maheedhar , Attaluri Sahithi , Bates Adrian , Dong Yi , Zhang Su-Chun , Prockop Darwin J. , Shetty Ashok K. 
Published: December 2018

SignificanceThis study provides evidence that human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) cell grafting into the hippocampus after status epilepticus can greatly reduce the frequency of spontaneous seizures in the chronic phase through both antiepileptogenic and antiepileptic effects. The antiepileptogenic changes comprised reductions in host interneuron loss, abnormal neurogenesis, and aberrant mossy fiber sprouting, whereas the antiepileptic effects were evident from an increased occurrence of seizures after silencing of graft-derived interneurons. Additional curative impacts of grafting comprised improved cognitive and mood function. The results support the application of autologous human MGE cell therapy for temporal lobe epilepsy. Autologous cell therapy is advantageous as such a paradigm can avoid immune suppression and promote enduring graft–host integration.
Activity-dependent brain-derived neurotrophic factor signaling is required for the antidepressant actions of (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine
Authors: Fukumoto Kenichi , Fogaça Manoela V. , Liu Rong-Jian , Duman Catharine , Kato Taro , Li Xiao-Yuan , Duman Ronald S. 
Published: December 2018

SignificanceA metabolite of ketamine, (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine [(2R,6R)-HNK], produces rapid and sustained antidepressant effects in animal models but without the side effects of ketamine. Notably, (2R,6R)-HNK does not block the NMDA receptor, the primary target of ketamine. Here, we demonstrate that the antidepressant effects of (2R,6R)-HNK require activity dependent release of BDNF that is mediated by stimulation of voltage-dependent Ca2+channels. Importantly, increased BDNF release leads to activation of downstream TrkB and mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 signaling that increases synaptic function of pyramidal neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex. Stimulation of BDNF release and increased synaptic function block or reverse the detrimental effects of stress and depression and thereby underlie the antidepressant actions of (2R,6R)-HNK.