bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gyrators
Authors: Frey Douglas R. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractAgyratoris a nonreciprocal electrical network. It is capable of transforming signals or energy represented in terms of one electrical quantity, such as voltage or magnetic field, to another electrical quantity that may be of similar type or of a complementary type, such as current or electric field. Such networks are quite useful in electronic systems, since one often wishes to design systems with a limited set of component types or with restrictions regarding certain physical parameters.
Microwave Heating
Authors: Osepchuk John M. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

Microwave heating is only part of the noncommunications applications of electromagnetic energy and only part of the range of electromagnetic heating. The
microwave
range of the spectrum is variously defined. One prefers to think it is characterized by the fact that the dimension of the object to be heated is of the order of the wavelength. In practical terms this means heating at either 915 or 2450 MHz, two of the industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) frequency assignments (in the United States) power or noncommunication applications.

By far the most dominant heating application is the microwave oven, which today operates at only 2450 MHz.
Amplifiers in RF Transceiver for Wireless Communication
Authors: Heo Deukhyoun , Upadhyaya Parag , Rajashekharaiah Mallesh 
Published: November 2024

AbstractWireless communication entails transmission and reception of data with air and surrounding environment as a communication channel. The channel, in this case the surrounding environment, therefore, dictates the quality of wireless communication. Wireless communication uses radio frequency (RF) as carrier frequency for data transmission and reception. The channel for RF communication (surrounding environment) is lossy, and thus, it is necessary to boost or amplify the signal levels during both transmission and reception. In the transmitter, the power amplifier (PA) is used to boost the signal power levels, and at the receiver, the low noise amplifier (LNA) is used to amplify the weak RF signals. The power amplifier and the low noise amplifier, consequently, dictate the quality of wireless or RF communication and therefore are critical in RF transceiver design.
Attenuators
Authors: Sundararajn Raji , Peterson Edward , Nowlin Robert 
Published: November 2024

AbstractAttenuators are linear, passive, or active networks or devices that attenuate electrical or microwave signals, such as voltages or currents, in a system by a predetermined ratio. They may be in the form of transmission‐line, stripline, or wave‐guide components. The most commonly used method in attenuators is to place resistors at the center of an electric field. Due to the electric field, there is current induced, resulting in ohmic loss.
Fabry–Perot Resonators
Authors: Sauleau Ronan 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThe characteristics and the main applications of Fabry–Perot (FP) resonators are described at microwave frequencies, referring to a well‐documented state of the art.This article is organized in three sections. In the first, we present the basic properties of plane‐parallel FP interferometers using the traditional ray approach. Their performance is defined mainly in terms of power reflectivity of both partially transparent mirrors. Nevertheless many microwave and millimeter‐wave FP cavities employ metallic strip gratings or meshes as reflecting parts. The impact of the dispersive characteristics of these mirrors is investigated in details in Section 2. For that purpose, we first study the scattering parameters of inductive and capacitive meshes using transmission‐line models and compare them to rigorous numerical results. Then we analyze the influence of the grid geometries on the performance of plane‐parallel FP cavities (frequency responses, resonant frequencies, half‐power bandwidth, and insertion loss). Finally design rules and multilayer FP structures with metallic or dielectric mirrors are briefly considered. Various applications are discussed in Section 3: (1) frequency filters and diplexers, (2) directive antennas and multibeam and frequency beam scanning antennas, (3) open resonators with spherical mirrors for dielectric measurement, and (4) quasioptical power combiners and oscillators.
IMPATT Diodes and Circuits
Authors: Mc Clymonds James W. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThis article will explain the basic principles for designing IMPATT diode circuits, beginning with the characteristics of the diodes. General circuit principles will be discussed, and calculations of amplifier circuit performance will be illustrated. The general principles then will be applied to several types of single‐diode circuits. Last, an approach for building very high‐power transmitters with hundreds of diodes will be shown.
Leaky Modes and High‐Frequency Effects in Microwave Integrated Circuits
Authors: Mesa Francisco , Jackson David R. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThis article investigates the high‐frequency effects that occur when sources or discontinuities are present on printed‐circuit transmission lines. Although many of the conclusions are general, the analysis and the results will focus on microstrip and stripline types of transmission lines, where there is a single‐strip conductor that is within a layered structure that may contain either one or two ground planes.
Transmission Line Theory
Authors: Settaluri Raghu K. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This article presents an overview of one of the important topics in RF and microwave engineering, the transmission line theory. In several ways, transmission line theory bridges the gap between electromagnetic theory and basic circuit theory. At high frequencies, when the physical lengths of transmission lines are comparable with wavelength, time‐delay effects become predominant, leading to the distributed nature of the transmission line. This article focuses on studying the phenomenon of wave propagation on transmission lines by using the cascaded equivalent lumped‐element representation and application of basic circuit theory principles. First, a quick description of several commonly used transmission line structures and a brief description about the propagating modes are presented. Transmission line equations, relating the voltage and current on a general transmission line are derived in time‐ and frequency‐domains. Next, wave propagation on infinitely long and finite length transmission lines is described. Propagation parameters, such as characteristic impedance and propagation constant, are derived in terms of transmission line parameters. Special cases of lossless, and distortionless lines are cosidered and their propagation characteristics are studied. Terminations such as open‐circuit, short‐circuit, and matched‐load are described, and the variation of input impedance, voltage, and current on the line is discussed. Next, the concept of standing wave ratio and reflection coefficient and their relationship to the input impedance is presented. Smith chart, a graphical representation to solve transmission line problems, is described along with few numerical examples. The article finally presents various network parameters of a general transmission line for application to microwave network analysis.
Waveguide Discontinuities
Authors: Sorrentino R. , Alimenti F. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThis article deals with waveguide discontinuities that are unavoidably present in any microwave circuit either unintentionally or to the purpose of performing a prescribed function. After a brief introduction, this contribution illustrates the basic theory behind the modal analysis of such structures and their general properties. Finally a categorization of waveguide discontinuity is proposed with reference to some geometric characteristics that are related to the corresponding electromagnetic problem.
Waveguide Oscillators
Authors: Holzman Eric L. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractWaveguide oscillators are DC‐to‐RF converters most commonly used as millimeter‐wave sources. This article describes the fundamentals of solid‐state, two‐terminal device oscillators employing waveguide circuits as resonators. Single‐device oscillators, varactor‐controlled oscillators, and waveguide resonant cavity combiners are overviewed.
Retrodirective Systems
Authors: Shiroma Wayne A. , Miyamoto Ryan Y. , Shiroma Grant S. , Ohta Aaron T. , Tamamoto Michael A. , Murakami Blaine T. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractA retrodirective system reacts to an incoming signal from an unspecified direction by transmitting a response to that same direction, regardless of what that direction is. This automatic beamsteering feature, performed without any prior knowledge of the location of the source, makes retrodirective systems attractive for automatic pointing and tracking systems, microwave‐tracking beacons, radiofrequency identification, solar power satellites, and small‐satellite crosslinks. This article focuses on retrodirective antenna arrays and their applications and characterization. After reviewing the two basic retrodirective array architectures (Van Atta and phase‐conjugating arrays), several two‐dimensional and millimeter‐wave arrays are then discussed, as well as several key applications in wireless communications.
Telemetry
Authors: Boyadzhyan Victor 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The purpose of a telemetry system is to convey measurement information reliably and transparently from a remotely located data generating source to users located in space or on earth. Typically, data generators are scientific sensors, science housekeeping sensors, engineering sensors, and other subsystems on board a spacecraft. The telemetry link is the voice of the spacecraft, providing two basic types of information: performance and experimental information.
Diodes
Authors: Misiakos Konstantinos 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
In electronics terminology, diode refers to a two‐terminal device that allows current to flow in one direction while it blocks the flow of current in the opposite direction. Such devices usually employ semiconductor junctions or metalsemiconductor junctions. There are also diodes made of vacuum tubes or metalpurely ionic crystal contacts. This article deals with semiconductor p‐n‐junction diodes because they are the most widely used in practice because of their versatility, reproducibility, stability, and compatibility with integrated circuit technology.
History of Wireless Communication
Authors: Leggatt Patt 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Beginning with the discoveries of Michael Faraday and then examining the work of the Maxwellians, Lodge, Fitzgerald, Heaviside, Hertz, Edison, Armstrong, and others, the history of wireless communications from 1831 to 1915 is presented. The article leaves off with Armstrong in 1915, whose triode oscillator paved the way for modern electronics and specifically wireless devices.
Data Analytics for Organizational Development Operations Analytics
Authors: Kaufmann Uwe H. , Tan Amy B.C. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
For organizations to stay competitive, the need for emphasizing data‐driven analysis and decision‐making in operations rather than just customer‐focused processes is becoming a strategic priority. Operations analytics is important as all organizations consist of a multitude of processes with many steps and activities. Describing them with relevant data, building a data‐driven model, and establishing a relationship between process output and process parameters are key in operations analytics.
This has been done in manufacturing processes for decades and is also feasible in non‐manufacturing transactional processes.
Radar Cross Section
Authors: Jenn David C. 
Published: December 2024

AbstractRadar cross section (RCS) is a measure of the magnitude of the scattered electromagnetic (EM) wave from a body relative to the magnitude of the wave incident on the body. It is an indicator of the strength of an object's signal returned to a radar sensor. To many people, RCS is synonymous with stealth. Stealth technology has become an integral part of all military systems since it was first employed in the 1970s. However, RCS is just one aspect of stealth, the design philosophy that seeks to make a platform (such as an aircraft, ship, or ground vehicle) undetectable to a wide range of sensors. Recently, there has been a rapid expansion of radar sensors for commercial applications like autonomous vehicles and robotics. These applications necessitate the characterization of the RCS of a wide range of objects commonly found in the urban environment, such as cars, bicycles, and even pedestrians.
Submarine Antennas
Authors: Rivera David F. , Bansal Rajeev 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThe design of a submarine antenna differs from its commercial counterpart in two important respects. The antenna must be (1) physically smaller yet able be accommodate numerous electrical functions simultaneously and (2) rugged enough to survive the effects of an unforgiving ocean environment. The successful design of an antenna for such a demanding application is thus an outgrowth of cross‐disciplinary efforts from diverse fields such as materials science, electrochemistry, fluid mechanics, and other allied areas. This article briefly summarizes those aspects of submarine antenna design of importance to the engineer, with an emphasis on its implementation above, beneath, or on the sea surface.
Yagi–Uda Antenna
Authors: Kaneda Noriaki , Deal William R. 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThe Yagi–Uda antenna is one of the most practical and commonly used antennas. It features high gain, low weight and profile, and is inexpensive to manufacture. In this article, the fundamental operation of the Yagi–Uda, as well as a classic graphical technique for obtaining a fixed gain design, is discussed. Several modern versions of the Yagi–Uda antenna are also described, which permit the antenna to be operated at microwave frequencies and allow for simple integration into planar arrays in various applications including modern wireless communications.
MILITARY COMMUNICATIONS
Authors: Nguyen Tien M. , Wang Charles C. , Goo Gary W. 
Published: December 2024

AbstractIn general, military communication systems are different from ordinary systems in various specific security requirements, namely, robustness in hostile environments, shielding from adversaries, and immunity from unfriendly eavesdropping. Hostile environments to communications are radiofrequency interference (RFI), spoofing, jamming, and fading, either natural or human made. In recent years, synthetic aperture radar (SAR) has been extensively utilized for remote sensing.
HYBRID CAD TECHNIQUES
Authors: Arndt Fritz 
Published: December 2024

AbstractMicrowave components, antennas, and systems that meet the tight requirements of today's advanced wireless terrestrial and satellite‐based communication systems—in particular concerning increased specifications and performance—demandfastEM‐based computer‐aided design (CAD) tools yielding accurate, highly optimized components within adequately short design times. This goal makes flexible and efficient hybrid solutions desirable, which typically go beyond the design capabilities of the involved single methods. The chapter presents an overview of the state of the art of hybrid CAD mode‐matching (MM)/finite‐element (FE)/method‐of‐moments (MoM) techniques applied for the rigorous, fast CAD and optimization of waveguide components, antennas and arrays and describes recent advances. The hybrid techniques presented combine advantageously the efficiency of the MM method with the flexibility of the FE method and the efficiency and flexibility of MoM for radiating structures. Typical application examples illustrate the versatility and high efficiency of these hybrid techniques.
MODE‐MATCHING METHODS
Authors: Arndt Fritz 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThe article presents an overview of the state of the art of mode‐matching (MM) methods applied for the rigorous, fast CAD and optimization of waveguide components and describes some recent advances. The great technical importance of the MM technique is its extremely high computational efficiency, achieving complete full‐wave analyses of typical waveguide components orders of magnitude faster than electromagnetics (EM)‐based methods applying space discretization techniques. Hence, the MM technique allows advantageously the direct EM‐based optimization of waveguides components toward given specifications within shortest response times. Hybrid combinations with other EM methods, such as the finite‐element (FE) method and method of moments (MoM), provide extended flexibility. Typical application examples will illustrate the versatility of the MM methods.
MONTE CARLO SIMULATION IN RELIABILITY
Authors: Leemis Lawrence M. 
Published: December 2024

AbstractSimulation is a generic term used loosely in engineering, with application areas ranging from flight simulators used in cockpit design to simulated annealing used in optimization. Simulation is presented here as a mathematical and computational technique used to analyze probabilistic models. Simulation can be divided intoMonte Carlo simulation, in whichstaticmodels are analyzed, anddiscrete‐event simulation, in whichdynamicmodels involving the passage of time are analyzed. This chapter surveys algorithms for generating random variates for simulation in the setting of a reliability application.
SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR
Authors: Özdemir Caner 
Published: December 2024

AbstractSince its invention in the early 1950s, synthetic aperture radar (SAR) has gathered increasing attention thanks to its attractive capabilities such as providing good resolutions both in range and in cross‐range dimensions. Although primary practices of airborne and spaceborne SAR systems were for surveillance purposes of geophysical remote sensing, other numerous applications of SAR have also been implemented in many areas from subsurface imaging to crop monitoring. This chapter begins with the history of SAR and presents the basic principles of SAR signal processing procedures such as range compression, range cell migration correction, and azimuth compression. Applications and some common problems in SAR imagery are covered as well. Principles of inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) and its applications are demonstrated with examples. Advanced SAR concepts such as motion compensation, interferometric SAR, and polarimetric SAR imaging applications are also presented. The concluding remarks are devoted on some hot topics and emerging technologies in SAR imagery.
RADIO ASTRONOMY
Authors: Davidson David B. 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThis chapter addresses radio astronomy. Following a brief history by way of introduction, the historical impact of radio astronomy on astrophysics is discussed, as is its contemporary role in multi‐wavelength astronomy. Major contemporary science cases motivating the development of future radio telescopes are outlined. Sensitivity and resolution are introduced as two of the most fundamental metrics of a radio telescope, and the improvement over time of these metrics is documented. Thereafter, design considerations for radio telescopes are discussed. These include single‐dish systems and interferometric synthesis arrays. Design issues for both dish and aperture arrays are considered. The basic principles of interferometry and aperture synthesis are outlined, as well as very long baseline interferometry. New technologies impacting on current designs are highlighted, including phased array feeds, very low noise amplifiers, and electromagnetic simulation methods. Radio frequency interference is briefly considered. The chapter concludes with a look to the future of radio astronomy, in particular the Square Kilometer Array; construction of this international project was starting as this book was going to press.
THE USE OF PHOTONICS FOR ANALOG RF APPLICATIONS
Authors: Devgan Preetpaul S. 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThis chapter reviews the use of photonics for RF and microwave applications. As the need for more bandwidth increases, higher frequencies are being accessed. Photonics provides advantages over electronics at operating frequencies in the microwave and millimeter wave bands. This chapter provides examples of applications where photonics can be used. These applications include radio over fiber links, low phase noise clock signals, clock synchronization and simultaneous transmission and reception of RF signals. Photonics can address these applications and many more future use cases.
Reconfigurable Evanescent Cavity Mode Filters
Authors: Khater Mohammad Abu , Peroulis Dimitrios 
Published: December 2024

AbstractEvanescent‐mode resonators offer a plethora of advantages including high tuning range, quality factor, linearity, and power handling in a mobile form factor. This chapter presents the basic resonator design concept along with advanced tunable RF filters with excellent performance. The versatility of the available couplings also makes evanescent‐mode resonators ideal for many others circuits and systems beyond filters. This article also discusses a number of such circuits that cover a wide frequency range (100 GHz) and high power levels (about 90 W). We review circuits commonly found in receivers (LNAs), transmitters (PAs), and lab‐scale testing (e.g., synthesizers). Evanescent‐mode‐based circuits and systems can be implemented with commercially available low‐cost technologies such as PCB, microfabrication, and injection molding. These features make the presented technology attractive to a wide variety of applications.