bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
No evidence that G6PD deficiency affects the efficacy or safety of daunorubicin in acute lymphoblastic leukemia induction therapy
Authors: Robinson Katherine M. , Yang Wenjian , Karol Seth E. , Kornegay Nancy , Jay Dennis , Cheng Cheng , Choi John K. , Campana Dario , Pui Ching‐Hon , Wood Brent , Borowitz Michael J. , Gastier‐Foster Julie , Larsen Eric C. , Winick Naomi , Carroll William L. , Loh Mignon L. , Raetz Elizabeth A. , Hunger Stephen P. , Devidas Meenakshi , Mardis Elaine R. , Fulton Robert S. , Relling Mary V. , Jeha Sima 
Published: March 2019

AbstractBackground/ObjectivesAnthracyclines are used in induction therapy of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and are known to generate oxidative stress; whether this translates into enhanced antileukemic activity or hemolytic effects in patients with glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is unknown.Design/MethodsAmong 726 pediatric patients with newly diagnosed ALL treated at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 22 had deficient G6PD activity. We compared the prevalence of positive minimal residual disease (MRD) ≥1% at Day 15/Day 19 of induction or ≥0.01% at Day 42/Day 46 (end of induction) and the number of red blood cell (RBC) transfusions after daunorubicin in induction between patients with or without G6PD deficiency, adjusting for ALL risk group, treatment protocol, age, and gender.ResultsThere was no difference in Day 15/19 (P = 1) or end of induction MRD (P = 0.76) nor in the number of RBC transfusions (P = 0.73); the lack of association with MRD was confirmed in a dataset of 1192 newly diagnosed male patients enrolled in a Children's Oncology Group trial (P = 0.78).ConclusionWe found no evidence that G6PD deficiency affects daunorubicin activity during induction treatment for ALL.
Abnormal submaximal cardiopulmonary exercise parameters predict impaired peak exercise performance in sickle cell anemia patients
Authors: Powell Adam W. , Alsaied Tarek , Niss Omar , Fleck Robert J. , Malik Punam , Quinn Charles T. , Mays Wayne A. , Taylor Michael D. , Chin Clifford 
Published: March 2019

AbstractPurposeSickle cell anemia (SCA) patients frequently have many comorbidities, including diastolic dysfunction (DD) and exercise intolerance. SCA patients often cannot reach maximal effort on exercise testing; little is known regarding whether submaximal exercise parameters can predict abnormal maximal exercise results in SCA patients and if there are any possible associations with DD.MethodsA prospective longitudinal study was performed in SCA patients. All patients had a resting cardiac MRI (CMR), cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) with cycle ergometry using a ramp protocol, and an echocardiogram. Exercise data were compared with age‐, gender‐, and size‐matched normal controls.ResultsCompared with normal controls, the SCA group (n = 19) had lower mean max oxygen consumption (VO2; 1378 ± 412 mL/min vs 2237 ± 580, P < 0.01) and workload (117 ± 37.6 watts vs 175 ± 50.5 watts, P = 0.0003). When evaluating the submaximal exercise parameters, there was lower VO2 at the anaerobic threshold (AT; 950 ± 311.7 vs 1460 ± 409.9, P < 0.01) and oxygen uptake efficiency slope (OUES) at AT (1512 ± 426.2 vs 2080 ± 339, P < 0.01). The max VO2 strongly correlated with VO2 at AT (r = 0.9, P < 0.01) and OUES (r = 0.83, P < 0.01) at AT. The VO2 at AT correlated with hematocrit (r = 0.77, P < 0.05). The OUES correlated with left ventricular ejection fraction by CMR (r = 0.55, P = 0.01), hematocrit (r = 0.52, P = 0.02), and lateral E/e’ (r = −0.54, P = 0.01).ConclusionsSCA patients have abnormal submaximal exercise measures compared with controls, which is strongly associated with abnormal maximal exercise results. The degree of submaximal abnormality correlates with DD abnormalities by echocardiography. These data expand the scope of functional cardiovascular abnormalities in SCA.
Proton‐pump inhibitors and the risk of Clostridium difficile–associated diarrhea in high‐risk antibiotics users: A population‐based case‐crossover study
Authors: Hong Sung‐Hyun , Lee Eui‐Kyung , Shin Ju‐Young 
Published: March 2019

AbstractPurposeGiven the severity and high‐costs demand of Clostridium difficile–associated diarrhea (CDAD), management of risk factors is very important. Although the association between proton‐pump inhibitors (PPIs) and CDAD has been established, little is known among high‐risk antibiotics users. This study aimed to identify the association between PPIs and CDAD in high‐risk antibiotics users by using a case‐crossover design.MethodsWe conducted a case‐crossover study using a nationwide population‐based cohort in South Korea. Participants who developed CDAD from 1 January 2003 to 31 December 2013 and had prior prescription records of both PPIs and high‐risk antibiotics were included. The hazard period was 49 days, and the three prior control periods had the same duration as the hazard period. The status of exposure to PPIs was assessed during the hazard and control periods in each patient and discordant pairs of exposure were used to estimate the matched odds ratio (OR).ResultsIn total, 200 participants with CDAD who had histories of both PPIs and high‐risk antibiotics use were included. A twofold increased risk for CDAD due to PPI use was observed (OR = 2.0; 95% confidence interval, 1.2‐3.2). The time‐invariant variables including age group, sex, and comorbidities were proven not to modify the association between PPIs and CDAD.ConclusionsOur study suggested that PPIs increase the risk of developing CDAD in high‐risk antibiotics users. Thus, PPIs should be used cautiously in patients requiring high‐risk antibiotics in the situation of medical treatment to prevent further incidence of CDAD.
Personalized benefit‐risk assessments combining clinical trial and real‐world data provide further insights into which patients may benefit most from therapy: Demonstration for a new oral antiplatelet therapy
Authors: Pinto Cathy Anne , Tervonen Tommi , Marsh Kevin , Lambrelli Dimitra , Schultze Anna , Tershakovec Andrew , Hyacinthe Johanna , Prawitz Thibaud , Hammad Tarek A. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractPurposeQuantitative benefit‐risk (B‐R) assessments are used to characterize treatment by combining key benefits and risks into a single metric but have historically been done for the “average” patient. Our aim was to conduct an individualized assessment for the oral antiplatelet vorapaxar by combining trial and real‐world data to further personalize the treatment profiles.MethodsUsing linked UK health care databases, we developed risk prediction equations for key ischemic and bleeding events using Cox proportional hazards models. Trial hazard ratios, relative to placebo, were applied to baseline risk estimates to compute expected attributable risks, summed to derive a per‐patient net clinical benefit (NCB). High risk subgroups were defined a priori, and Gaussian mixture models (GMM) were fit to characterize the NCB distribution and identify subgroups with similar NCBs.ResultsNCB was consistently positive for all subgroups, likely due to the outcome correlation, and would remain positive with a 12‐fold increase in bleeding risk. GMMs identified three distinct NCB subgroups. Compared with the middle/lower NCB subgroups, those with a higher NCB tended to be older, female, and have higher CV disease burden.ConclusionsPersonalized B‐R assessments are feasible and clinically valuable and can be used to better predict who would benefit most from therapy.
Availability of drug at convenient stores is not associated with an increased incidence of their poisoning
Authors: Jung Kwang Yul , Kim Taerim , Hwang Sung Yeon , Yoon Hee , Shin Tae Gun , Sim Min Seob , Jo Ik Joon , Cha Won Chul 
Published: March 2019

AbstractPurposeIn late 2012, South Korea revised the Pharmaceutical Affairs Act to make selected medications including acetaminophen, ibuprofen, and cold medications available in nonpharmacy outlets, including the 24‐hour convenient stores (CVS). The objective of this study was to identify whether the characteristics and trend of self‐poisonings associated with these medications were altered after the legislative change.MethodsA retrospective study was performed using national data from the Emergency Department (ED)‐based Injury In‐depth Surveillance database. The patients diagnosed with poisoning were sorted from 2011 to 2016 and included in the study. As the Act was implemented from 2013, the demographic characteristics and clinical outcomes were compared before and after January 2013. A piecewise regression analysis was performed to determine the association between the monthly use of acetaminophen, medication for cold, and nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and the incidence of total poisonings before and after the January 2013.ResultsAmong 1 536 277 patients included in the database, 17 523 patients diagnosed with poisoning were enrolled. After the legislative change, the etiology of poisoning did not change, although the frequency of hospitalization from ED was significantly increased. The monthly trend for poisoning due to acetaminophen, cold medications, and NSAIDs showed no significant slope change between before and after the legislative change. The proportional use of acetaminophen and cold medications was significantly decreased, while that of NSAIDs was unchanged before and after the legislative change.ConclusionsThe change in the Pharmaceutical Affairs Act was not associated with any change in the monthly frequency of medication‐related poisoning.
Baicalin reverse depressive‐like behaviors through regulation SIRT1‐NF‐kB signaling pathway in olfactory bulbectomized rats
Authors: Yu Haiyang , Zhang Fangfang , Guan Xidong 
Published: March 2019

Depression is a common and detrimental illness that affects up to 120 million people worldwide.The present study was designed to evaluate the antidepressant‐like effects and mechanisms of baicalin on olfactory bulbectomized model of depression.Baicalin treatment (20 and 40 mg/kg) significantly reversed the abnormal levels of sucrose consumption, open field test, and forced swimming test. Treatments with baicalin reversed the olfactory bulbectomized‐induced alterations of serum corticosterone levels to a great extent. Our results further demonstrated that baicalin administration negatively regulated the expression of interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF‐α) in the hippocampus and hypothalamus. Furthermore, baicalin regulated Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and decreased the levels of p65 acetylation (ac‐p65) in the hippocampus and hypothalamus. Moreover, in lipopolysaccharides‐induced BV‐2 cells, the levels of inflammatory factors (IL‐1β), p65 acetylation at lysine 310, and SIRT1 expression were different in the group treated with both baicalin and nicotinamide compared with the group treated with baicalin, which suggests that baicalin regulates SIRT1 and thereby inhibits p65 acetylation.In summary, administration of baicalin reduces the levels of pro‐inflammatory cytokines, possibly through regulation of SIRT1‐NF‐kB pathway. Our findings suggest a support into the potential of baicalin in therapeutic effect for depression.
Mechanistic study on iron(II)‐mediated direct arylation of benzene with chlorobenzene
Authors: Sun Xiaoli , Geng Caiyun , Li Jilai 
Published: March 2019

AbstractDensity functional theory calculations on the reaction mechanisms of the direct arylation of benzene with chlorobenzene mediated by a series of low‐valent iron complexes, in which the Fe(II) center is surrounded by different electron‐donor ligands (acetate anion (OAc), baphophenanthroline (baph), 1,10‐phenanthroline (phen), and redox active ligand amidophenolate (ap)) using density functional theory. Fe(II) models, 1b FeII(baph), 1p FeII(phen), 1d FeII(diimine), 2o FeII(OAc)2, 2po FeII(OAc)(phen), 2p FeII(phen)2 as well as 2a FeII(ap)2 were established. According to our calculations, 1b and 2a are promising candidates for the direct arylation transformation. The complexes under different ligands show their unique mechanism characteristics. Furthermore, a correlation has been established among the activation barriers, the energy gaps of frontier orbitals, the distortion energies, as well as the reaction enthalpies. The knowledge obtained herein not only deepens our mechanistic understanding of iron‐mediated direct arylation but may also provide guidance for the rational design of catalysts.
A rapid method for determination of the hydrogen isotopes of H2O in micro‐inclusions by chromium‐filled elemental analyzer/isotope ratio mass spectrometry
Authors: Li Hongwei , Feng Lianjun 
Published: March 2019

RationaleThe study of hydrogen isotopes in fluid inclusions is of great significance in the evolution of ore deposits, speleothem research and fluid migration. Conventional analysis methods are based on off‐line thermal decrepitation or mechanical crushing followed by dual‐inlet isotope ratio mass spectrometry (DI‐IRMS). Because a large sample size (at least 1 g) is required for the conventional methods, the hydrogen isotope analysis of small‐sized quartz samples is challenging.MethodsA method for the hydrogen isotope analysis of H2O from fluid inclusions in minerals using a Cr‐EA/IRMS method (a single‐oven, chromium‐filled elemental analyzer coupled to IRMS) is presented. The reactor is filled with chromium reagent instead of glassy carbon chips, which allows quantitative conversion of the H2O in quartz inclusions into H2 for the first time. The hydrogen isotope ratio is then determined by continuous‐flow IRMS.ResultsEight quartz samples were analyzed using the Cr‐EA/IRMS method. The hydrogen isotope ratios obtained using this method were consistent with those obtained using the off‐line method. For small samples of less than 20 mg, the δ2H values showed large variance (6–15‰), suggesting that the results were significantly influenced by the background. In contrast, the reproducibility of the δ2H values for samples of more than 20 mg was better than 3‰.ConclusionsThe proposed Cr‐EA/IRMS method greatly reduces the minimum sample size (to ca 20 mg) and the laboratory time (30 samples each day) without compromising precision compared with the off‐line method. The method offers a reliable and economic approach for measuring the δ2H values of geological samples.
Ecohydraulic modelling of anabranching rivers
Authors: Entwistle Neil , Heritage George , Milan David 
Published: March 2019

AbstractIn this paper we provide the first quantitative evidence of the spatial complexity of habitat diversity across the flow regime for locally anabranching channels and their potential increased biodiversity value in comparison to managed single‐thread rivers. Ecohydraulic modelling is used to provide evidence for the potential ecological value of anabranching channels. Hydraulic habitat (biotopes) of an anabranched reach of the River Wear at Wolsingham, UK, is compared with an adjacent artificially straightened single‐thread reach downstream. Two‐dimensional hydraulic modelling was undertaken across the flow regime. Simulated depth and velocity data were used to calculate Froude number index, known to be closely associated with biotope type, allowing biotope maps to be produced for each flow simulation using published Froude number limits. The gross morphology of the anabranched reach appears to be controlling flow hydraulics, creating a complex and diverse biotope distribution at low and intermediate flows. This contrasts markedly with the near uniform biotope pattern modelled for the heavily modified single‐thread reach. As discharge increases the pattern of biotopes altered to reflect a generally higher energy system, interestingly however, a number of low energy biotopes were activated through the anabranched reach as new subchannels became inundated and this process creates valuable refugia for macroinvertebrates and fish, during times of flood. In contrast, these low energy areas were not seen in the straightened single‐thread reach. Model results suggest that anabranched channels have a vital role to play in regulating flood energy on river systems and in creating and maintaining hydraulic habitat diversity.
Measuring the Behavior of Reading Comprehension Test Takers: What Do They Do, and Should They Do It?
Authors: Ardoin Scott P. , Binder Katherine S. , Zawoyski Andrea M. , Nimocks Eloise , Foster Tori E. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe authors sought to further the understanding of reading processes and their links to comprehension using two reading tasks for elementary‐grade students. One hundred sixty‐six students in grades 2–5 were randomly assigned to one of two conditions: reading with questions presented concurrently with text or reading with questions presented after reading the text (with the text unavailable when answering questions). Eye movement data suggested different processes for each task: Rereading occurred and more time was spent on higher level processing measures in the with‐text condition, and in particular, those who did not reread had more accurate answers than those who engaged in rereading. Measurement of students’ precision in returning directly to the portion of the passage with information corresponding to a question also predicted students’ response accuracy.
3D Graphene Networks Encapsulated with Ultrathin SnS Nanosheets@Hollow Mesoporous Carbon Spheres Nanocomposite with Pseudocapacitance‐Enhanced Lithium and Sodium Storage Kinetics
Authors: Zhang Shipeng , Wang Gang , Zhang Zelei , Wang Beibei , Bai Jintao , Wang Hui 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe lithium and sodium storage performances of SnS anode often undergo rapid capacity decay and poor rate capability owing to its huge volume fluctuation and structural instability upon the repeated charge/discharge processes. Herein, a novel and versatile method is described for in situ synthesis of ultrathin SnS nanosheets inside and outside hollow mesoporous carbon spheres crosslinked reduced graphene oxide networks. Thus, 3D honeycomb‐like network architecture is formed. Systematic electrochemical studies manifest that this nanocomposite as anode material for lithium‐ion batteries delivers a high charge capacity of 1027 mAh g−1 at 0.2 A g−1 after 100 cycles. Meanwhile, the as‐developed nanocomposite still retains a charge capacity of 524 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 after 100 cycles for sodium‐ion batteries. In addition, the electrochemical kinetics analysis verifies the basic principles of enhanced rate capacity. The appealing electrochemical performance for both lithium‐ion batteries and sodium‐ion batteries can be mainly related to the porous 3D interconnected architecture, in which the nanoscale SnS nanosheets not only offer decreased ion diffusion pathways and fast Li+/Na+ transport kinetics, but also the 3D interconnected conductive networks constructed from the hollow mesoporous carbon spheres and reduced graphene oxide enhance the conductivity and ensure the structural integrity.
Climate Forecasts and Flood Mitigation
Authors: Sims Charles , Null Sarah E. 
Published: March 2019

There is growing evidence that flood mitigation is often inefficient because individuals misestimate flood risk. The propensity to misestimate flood risk is expected to rise because climate change ensures the past will be a poor predictor of the future. Greater reliance on downscaled climatological and hydrological forecasts has been suggested to address these information failures. This article combines stochastic dynamic programming with historical data and climate‐driven streamflow projections to determine how changes in flood risk forecasts influence optimal investments in flood mitigation infrastructure. Using upgrades in California's levee system as an example, we show that climate change is causing benefit–cost analysis to become increasingly biased in favor of flood mitigation infrastructure projects. We also show that using downscaled hydroclimate forecasts to achieve more accurate estimates of flood risk can decrease the efficiency of flood mitigation infrastructure investments, if flood risk is currently overestimated.JEL Classification: D81 Q25 Q54
Valorization of Oceanic Waste Biomass: A Catalytic Perspective
Authors: Lucas Nishita , Athawale Anjali A. , Rode Chandrashekhar V. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractEfficacious waste utilization is vital in context of sustainability. The past decade has witnessed attempts of usage of land biomass and wastes for various applications, contributing towards a sustainable society. Exploitation of the marine biomass, which does not compete with habitation and food production like land biomass has been largely unnoticed and therefore not being utilized judiciously. Researchers have mainly exploited these resources as functional materials having significant potential applications. However, a catalytic perspective for the valorisation of these polymers arising from oceanic waste widens their scope and ameliorates its use. The objective of the present review is to demonstrate the effectiveness of chitin/chitosan as a catalyst and as a feedstock for deriving important fuels and chemicals. It displays all the reactions heterogeneously catalyzed by them along with the strategic methodology. Their important catalytic organic transformations attempted so far, have also been discussed. The future perspectives are also presented which if inculcated would improve the value addition of the waste, paving a way for greener and imperishable world.
A prospective evaluation of rivaroxaban on haemostatic parameters in apparently healthy dogs
Authors: Evans Liam A. , Tansey Colleen , Wiebe Melissa , Sloan Caroline Q. , Patlogar Jeffrey E. , Northcutt Sarah , Murphy Lisa A. , Nakamura Reid K. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to determine the effect of rivaroxaban (RIV) on haemostatic parameters assessed by prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and kaolin‐activated thromboelastography (TEG) in apparently healthy dogs administered 1 mg kg−1 orally once daily for 1 week. Eleven dogs had a baseline complete blood count (CBC), fibrinogen, platelet count, serum chemistry profile, PT, aPTT, and TEG performed. Each dog was then administered approximately 1.0 mg kg−1 of RIV orally once daily for 1 week and the CBC, fibrinogen, platelet count, serum chemistry profile, PT, aPTT, and TEG was re‐evaluated. Any side effects attributed to RIV were noted at this time. One dog was excluded due to identification of a macrocytic thrombocytopenia on pre‐treatment blood work. The remaining 10 enrolled dogs completed the study. Dogs received a median dose of 1.02 mg kg−1 (range 0.94–1.17 mg kg−1) of RIV once daily and was associated with a significant increase in pulse, packed cell volume, total solids, platelet count, fibrinogen and a significant decrease in mean corpuscular haemoglobin and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration. There was no significant change in PT, aPTT or any TEG parameters. The RIV appeared well tolerated with one dog having one episode of vomiting on day 4 but otherwise no other side effects were identified clinically or on recheck blood work. The results of this study suggests that RIV at a dose of 1 mg kg−1 orally once daily is safe and well tolerated but does not cause a significant prolongation of PT, aPTT or TEG parameters.