bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘WORRIES OF THE HEART’: WIDOWED MOTHERS,
DAUGHTERS AND MASCULINITIES IN MARAGOLI,
WESTERN KENYA, 1940–60
Authors: MUTONGI KENDA 
Published: July 2002

Omwene hango [the owner of the home] is the
only person with
true authority to discipline children. So, when your husband
died, the authority of omwene hango died with him, and you
were left alone.HISTORIANS of gender have shown the importance of documenting and
scrutinizing instances in which gender terminologies are invoked and
employed. A compelling instance can be found in an examination of the
widows of Maragoli. In this upland rural area of about two hundred square

kilometers in western Kenya, the dynamic relations surrounding widowhood

provide a useful opportunity to analyze the construction of feminine and

masculine categories, as well as the political strategies that emerged
out of
these categories. Widows in this rural part of Kenya were certainly subject

to the limitations imposed on them by the invocation of strict gender
categorization – perhaps at this point in their lives more than any
other. And
yet, surprisingly, these widows were able to use such categories for their
own
purposes. By expressing their grief publicly – usually in ways that
focused on
their social and economic needs – Maragoli widows not only reinforced
the
importance of gender categories but also sought to redress their grievances

through these very categories. What is important, though, is that they

consciously presented themselves as ‘poor widows’, as idealized
stereotypes
of suffering females who were believed to become needy and helpless at
the
death of their husbands. They told their stories in ways calculated to
solicit
sympathy. And this usually worked to their advantage since it placed men
in
the difficult situation of having to defend their ‘ideal’ masculinity.
Only by
helping guarantee the economic livelihood and social status of bereaved

widows could men uphold their own self-image. Thus the relationship
between them was informed by a reciprocity that suggests that the widows

were more than passive recipients of male charity. By presenting their
grief
publicly so as to solicit relief for their sufferings, widows were actively
able
to turn what men saw as stereotypical feminine behaviour – emotionality,

helplessness and weakness – into strengths. That is, by consciously
attempting
to make men feel more ‘manly’, Maragoli widows were able –
at least
partially – to exploit existing gender roles to get what they needed.
Yield, N uptake, and apparent N-use efficiency of
winter wheat and winter barley grown in different
cropping systems
Authors: SIELING K. , SCHRÖDER H. , FINCK M. , HANUS H. 
Published: July 2002

Increasing the efficiency with which crops use supplied nitrogen
(N) can minimize the impact on the
environment. In the growing seasons 1990/91 to 1992/93, the effects
of different cropping systems on
yield, N uptake by the grain and apparent N-use efficiency (NUE) of the
grain of winter wheat and
winter barley were investigated in a factorial field experiment at Hohenschulen
Experimental Station
near Kiel in NW Germany. The crop rotation was oilseed rape–winter
wheat–winter barley, and soil
tillage (conservation tillage without ploughing, conventional tillage),
application of pig slurry (none,
autumn, spring, autumn+spring), mineral N fertilization (0–240 kg
N ha−1) and application of
fungicides (none, applications against pathogens of the stems, leaves and
ears) were all varied. Each
year, the treatments were applied to all three crops of the rotation and
were located on the same plots.Averaged over all factors, wheat yield was >7 t ha−1

dry matter in all years and N uptake of the
harvested grain varied between 140 and 168 kg N ha−1.
Pig slurry application in autumn increased
grain yield and N uptake more than spring slurry in two out of three years.
Mineral N unfertilized
wheat yielded only 5·3–6·3 t ha−1

depending on the year, mineral N fertilization increased wheat yield
up to 8 t ha−1. Barley yield was lower than wheat yield,
ranging from
4·5 t ha−1 in 1993 to 6·3 t ha−1
in
1992. Unlike wheat, spring slurry N affected barley yield and N uptake
more than autumn slurry.Wheat apparently utilized 12–21% and barley up to 13% of the applied
slurry N for its grain
development. In 1991, the highest apparent slurry N-use efficiency (SNUE)
of wheat and barley
occurred after the late spring slurry application. However, in the following
years, autumn SNUE of
wheat was similar to (1992) or higher than (1993) spring SNUE, presumably
because of vigorous tiller
growth before winter. Additionally applied mineral fertilizer N decreased
SNUE.Apparent mineral fertilizer N-use efficiency (FNUE) was higher than
SNUE and ranged in wheat
from 40 to 59% and in barley between 19 and 37% of the applied mineral
fertilizer N. FNUE
decreased with increasing N fertilization.To improve the N-use efficiency of both slurry N and mineral fertilizer
N, more information is
needed about the combined use of both N sources, with special emphasis
on split applications of
slurry as is common practice for mineral N fertilizer.
The effect of wilting chicory on its voluntary feed
intake and digestion by red deer
Authors: TINWORTH T. R. H. , BARRY T. N. , WILSON P. R. 
Published: July 2002

Two experiments were conducted at Palmerston North, New Zealand during 1997, to investigate the
effects of wilting chicory to reduce its bulkiness upon voluntary intake of fresh feed and dry matter
(DM), apparent digestibility and voluntary water intake. In Expt 1 fresh chicory was cut and wilted
for 48 h to determine the drying rate; wilting for 24 h increased DM content from 87 to 173 g/kg,
reduced in vitro organic matter digestibility (OMD) by 0·016 (P<0·05) and was selected for use in
Expt 2. In Expt 2, chicory was fed either fresh (113 g/kg DM) or wilted (250 g/kg DM) to castrated
male red deer kept indoors over two time periods, late autumn and early spring. Chemical analyses
showed that wilting slightly lowered the concentration of water-soluble carbohydrate from 185 to 158
g/kg DM, but did not change any other aspect of composition. There were no significant differences
between fresh and wilted chicory in apparent digestibility of DM, organic matter (OM), hemicellulose
and cellulose. Wilting significantly lowered voluntary intake of fresh feed (P<0·01), but significantly
increased voluntary DM intake from 49 to 57 g DM/kg W0·75/day (P<0·05). Wilting chicory
lowered feed water intake (P<0·01) but increased drinking water consumed (P<0·001), with total
water intake still being slightly lower (P<0·05) for deer fed wilted chicory.It was concluded that wilting chicory increased DM intake by reducing its bulkiness, without
seriously affecting digestibility, and it is suggested that the feasibility of breeding forage chicory for
higher leaf DM content should be investigated. A comparison with literature values showed that DM
contents of fresh forages < c. 150 g/kg are likely to restrict the voluntary DM intake of ruminants.
“His Mind Aglow”: The Biological Undercurrent in
Fitzgerald's Gatsby and Other Works
Authors: BENDER BERT 
Published: July 2002

They talked until three, from biology to organized religion, and
when Amory
crept shivering into bed it was with his mind aglow…(Fitzgerald, This Side of Paradise)Readers familiar with F. Scott Fitzgerald's early work might recall
that in
those years just before the Scopes trial he wrote of Victorians who
“shuddered when they found what Mr. Darwin was about”; or that
he
joined in the fashionable comic attacks on people who could not accept

their “most animal existence,” describing one such character
as “a
hairless ape with two dozen tricks.” But few would guess the extent
to
which his interest in evolutionary biology shaped his work. He was
particularly concerned with three interrelated biological problems: (1)
the
question of eugenics as a possible solution to civilization's many
ills, (2)
the linked principles of accident and heredity (as he understood these

through the lens of Ernst Haeckel's biogenetic law), and (3) the
revolutionary theory of sexual selection that Darwin had presented in The

Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex (1871). As I hope
to show in
the following pages, his concern with these issues underlies such well-known

features in the Fitzgerald landscape as his insecurity in the “social

hierarchy” (his sense of its “terrifying fluidity”),
his emphasis on the
element of time, his interest in “the musk of money,” his interest
in
Spengler and the naturalists, and his negative portraiture of male
violence. The principles of eugenics, accidental heredity, and sexual
selection flow together as the prevailing undercurrent in most of
Fitzgerald's work before and after The Great Gatsby, producing
more
anxiety than love from the tangled courtships of characters he deemed
both beautiful and damned.
Effect of somatic cell count and polymorphonuclear leucocyte
content of milk on composition and proteolysis during ripening of
Swiss-type cheese
Authors: COONEY SIOBHÁN , TIERNAN DENISE , JOYCE PATRICK , KELLY ALAN L. 
Published: July 2002

During the manufacture of Swiss-type cheese varieties, such as Emmental,
Gruyère and Comté, a high scald temperature is used, which inactivates the added
coagulant, decreasing the primary proteolysis of αs1-casein during ripening and
resulting in the development of the rubbery texture characteristic of this type of
cheese (Kosikowski & Mistry, 1997). Swiss-type cheese may be made from raw,
thermized or pasteurized milk, depending on the type of manufacture and the
country (Beuvier et al. 1997).The suitability of milk for cheesemaking is often assessed from the somatic cell
count (SCC) of the raw milk, with increased milk SCC being linked to impaired
cheesemaking properties and cheese yield potential (Barbano et al. 1991; Auldist et
al. 1996). Late lactation milk, which often has elevated SCC, also yields poor quality
cheese (Lucey, 1996). High SCC milk has elevated levels of the milk alkaline
proteinase plasmin (EC 3.4.21.7), but its activity is not generally considered to be
detrimental during cheese ripening (Farkye & Fox, 1992; Bastian & Brown, 1996).
Milk somatic cells are themselves also associated with a number of proteolytic
enzymes of differing properties, the activities of which are ill-defined in dairy
products (Verdi & Barbano, 1991), with the exception of the acid proteinase
cathepsin D, which has a chymosin-like activity towards αs1-casein (McSweeney et al.
1995). Preliminary evidence of cathepsin D activity in Swiss cheese during ripening
has been reported (Igoshi & Arima, 1993; Beuvier et al. 1997).In the present study the effect of milk SCC on the ripening of Swiss-type cheese
was examined. Of particular interest was the role of polymorphonuclear leucocytes
(PMN), the predominant cell type in high SCC mastitic milk (Heegaard et al. 1994)
and late lactation milk, when the frequency of milking varies (Kelly et al. 1998).
PMN possess a range of proteolytic enzymes, including cathepsin D (Verdi &
Barbano, 1991) and plasminogen activators (PA; Heegaard et al. 1994). The
experimental strategy chosen was to examine the effects on the quality and
proteolysis during ripening of Swiss-type cheeses of adding high SCC milk, whose cell
population is mostly PMN, to creamery milk.
On the stability of vertical double-diffusive

interfaces. Part 3. Cylindrical interface
Authors: ELTAYEB I. A. , LOPER D. E. 
Published: July 2002

This is the final part of a three-part study of the

stability of vertically oriented double-diffusive interfaces having

an imposed vertical stable temperature gradient. In this

study, flow is forced within a fluid of infinite extent by a prescribed
excess of

compositionally buoyant material within a circular cylindrical

interface. Compositional

diffusivity is ignored while thermal diffusivity and viscosity are

finite. The instability of

the interface is determined by quantifying the exponential growth rate
of a harmonic

deflection of infinitesimal amplitude. Attention is focused

on the zonal wavenumber of the fastest growing mode.The interface is found to be unstable for some wavenumber for all values
of the

Prandtl number and interface radius. The zonal wavenumber of the fastest
growing

mode increases roughly linearly with interface radius, except

for small values of the

Prandtl number (<0.065). For small and moderate values of the

radius, the preferred

mode is either axisymmetric or has zonal wavenumber of 1, representing
a helical

instability. The growth rate of the fastest-growing mode is

largest for interfaces having radii of from 2 to 3 salt-finger lengths.
Rheology of dilute suspensions of Brownian
dipolar axisymmetric particles
Authors: ALMOG Y. , FRANKEL I. 
Published: July 2002

We study the respective effects of shear rate and of external field
intensity and
direction on the contribution to the bulk stress of Brownian dipolar axisymmetric

particles suspended in a steady macroscopically homogeneous shear flow
of an
incompressible Newtonian fluid. Towards this end we obtain the steady orientational

distribution and make use of existing general dynamic theories of dilute
suspensions.
The calculation focuses on the limit of weak rotary diffusion. Thus, unlike
previous
analyses, the present contribution is not restricted to weak shear effects.Explicit results are presented for the bulk stress when the external
field acts in the
plane of the simple shear flow. In cases when the deterministic rotary
motion possesses
a single sufficiently stable node a simple unified description of the respective
effects
of both the intensity and azimuthal direction of the external field is
provided by the
boundary-layer approximation. This approximation enables a qualitative
explanation
of existing numerical results as well as furnishing quantitatively accurate
analytical
results at relatively moderate values of the rotary Peclét number
and the Langevin
parameter (∼10). Furthermore, at still larger values of these parameters
use of the
present asymptotic approximation is clearly preferable since the numerical
schemes
rapidly deteriorate when steep orientational gradients appear.Singularities of the bulk stress are rationalized in terms of the corresponding

deterministic rotary motion. This is particularly interesting because some
of these singular
phenomena (e.g. those associated with an ‘intermediate regime’

of the field intensity
and direction, for which more than one stable attractor exists in the deterministic

problem) have no counterparts in suspensions of dipolar spheres or torque-free

axisymmetric particles.Finally, the present results obtained for the orientational distribution
are also
applicable to the study of other aspects of the macroscale description
of suspensions of
dipolar axisymmetric particles. In this context we mention the extension
of continuum
modelling of suspensions of swimming micro-organisms so as to enable the
analysis
of fully developed bioconvection.
The subtidal macrobenthos in the mesohaline part of the Schelde Estuary (Belgium): influenced by man?
Authors: Ysebaert Tom , Neve Liesbeth De , Meire Patrick 
Published: July 2002

The macrobenthos of the subtidal, mesohaline zone of the Schelde Estuary (Belgium) was sampled in October 1996 and 1997 at 54 and 73 sampling locations respectively. Sediments ranged from silty to very coarse, with the dominant sediment type being silt (33% of all locations). Of the 35 macrobenthic species observed, only seven species occurred in more than 20% of the samples. The polychaete Heteromastus filiformis and Oligochaeta were most common. Multivariate techniques revealed three distinct communities, linked mainly with sedimentological factors: (1) a species-poor (nine species) community with a dominance of the amphipod Bathyporeia pilosa, a low mean abundance and biomass (86 ind m−2, 0.0189 g ash-free dry weight (AFDW) m−2), and a mean median grain size of 215±19 μm (fine sand); (2) a species-rich (22) community, with the small polychaete Polydora ligerica as indicator species, a relatively high mean abundance and biomass (2298 ind m−2, 1.395 g AFDW m−2, oysters excluded), a mean median grain size of 133±41 μm, and also the occurrence of sediments with hard substrates being characteristic for this community; (3) a community with an intermediate species richness (12), abundance and biomass (248 ind m−2, 0.249 g AFDW m−2), with H. filiformis and Oligochaeta as indicator species, and a median grain size of 76±9 μm. In the study area several typical brackish water species were observed (e.g. Polydora ligerica, Corophium lacustre, Gammarus salinus).Mean total abundance and biomass were very low, and the benthic communities appeared to be under stress, with a dominance of mainly small, subsurface deposit and surface deposit feeding opportunistic species. This is probably a combined effect of both natural physical and human-induced disturbance. Only sediments with hard substrates (e.g. rocks) seems to favour species richness, providing a shelter against physical disturbance.
Adverse health effects related to mercury exposure from dental amalgam fillings: toxicological or psychological causes?
Authors: BAILER J. , RIST F. , RUDOLF A. , STAEHLE H. J. , EICKHOLZ P. , TRIEBIG G. , BADER M. , PFEIFER U. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Possible adverse health effects due to mercury released by amalgam fillings have been
discussed in several studies of patients who attribute various symptoms to the effects of amalgam
fillings. No systematic relation of specific symptoms to increased mercury levels could be established
in any of these studies. Thus, a psychosomatic aetiology of the complaints should be considered and
psychological factors contributing to their aetiology should be identified.Methods. A screening questionnaire was used to identify subjects who were convinced that their
health had already been affected seriously by their amalgam fillings (N = 40). These amalgam
sensitive subjects were compared to amalgam non-sensitive subjects (N = 43). All participants were
subjected to dental, general health, toxicological and psychological examinations.Results. The two groups did not differ with respect to the number of amalgam fillings, amalgam
surfaces or mercury levels assessed in blood, urine or saliva. However, amalgam sensitive subjects
had significantly higher symptom scores both in a screening instrument for medically unexplained
somatic symptoms (SOMS) and in the SCL-90-R Somatization scale. Additionally, more subjects
from this group (50% versus 4·7%) had severe somatization syndromes. With respect to
psychological risk factors, amalgam sensitive subjects had a self-concept of being weak and unable
to tolerate stress, more cognitions of environmental threat, and increased habitual anxiety. These
psychological factors were significantly correlated with the number and intensity of the reported
somatic symptoms.Conclusions. While our results do not support an organic explanation of the reported symptoms,
they are well in accord with the notion of a psychological aetiology of the reported symptoms and
complaints. The findings suggest that self-diagnosed ‘amalgam illness’ is a label for a general
tendency toward somatization.
Emergence of a Welfare State – Social Insurance in Sweden in the 1910s
Authors: EDEBALK PER GUNNAR 
Published: July 2002

Two important dimensions of the Swedish social insurance system are
those of universality (encompassing the entire population) and of
compensation for loss of income. The decisions basic to the Swedish social
insurance system and thus to the Swedish Welfare State were made
during the 1910s. A universal pension insurance system was decided
upon in 1913. This was the world's first universal public insurance
system. Pensions were provided both in cases of disability and of a person
reaching the age of 67. Important factors explaining this decision were
that Sweden had the oldest population in the Western world and thus
high expenditures for poor relief, and that as the reporting and taxation
of individual incomes had just been introduced it became possible to
finance a universal pension system by means of compulsory contributions
by the individual (a special earmarked tax).The establishment of a pension insurance system provided the basis for
a system of insurance for work-related injuries, in 1916. It included the
entire workforce and was the most modern of its kind. The presence of a
pension insurance system and insurance for work-related injuries
pointed to the need for a sickness insurance system. This was designed to
deal with simple cases of injury as well as with more serious cases of
illness or injury that could lead to disability. A proposal was presented in
1919. A serious deflationary crisis after the First World War and high
levels of unemployment during the period between the two world wars
made it impossible to introduce a sickness insurance system.
Nightmares: Friend or foe?
Authors: Levin Ross 
Published: July 2002

Revonsuo's evolution-based theory places the nightmare as a prototype dream, which fully realizes its biological function. However, individuals who experience both repetitive (PTSD) nightmares and/or lifelong nontraumatic nightmares demonstrate impaired psychological functioning and attenuated information-processing. The importance of reconciling these discrepancies are addressed and ideas for providing stronger empirical tests of the model are presented.[Revonsuo]
On the finite generation of high dimensional cohomology ring of
virtually torsion-free groups
Authors: LEE CHUN-NIP 
Published: July 2002

Let Γ be a discrete group and p be a prime.
One of the fundamental results in group
cohomology is that H*(Γ, [ ]p)

is a finitely generated [ ]p-algebra if Γ
is a finite group
[8, 24]. The purpose of this paper is
to study the analogous question when Γ is no longer finite.Recall that Γ is said to have finite virtual cohomological dimension

(vcd) if there
exists a finite index torion-free subgroup Γ′ of Γ
such that Γ′ has finite cohomological
dimension over ℤ [4]. By definition vcd
Γ
is the cohomological dimension of Γ′. It is
easy to see that the mod p cohomology ring of a finite
vcd-group does not have to be
a finitely generated [ ]p-algebra in general.
For instance, if Γ is a countably infinite free product of ℤ's,
then
H1(Γ, [ ]p) is not
finite dimensional over [ ]p. The three most
important classes of examples of finite vcd-groups in which the

mod p cohomology ring is a finitely generated [ ]p-algebra

are arithmetic groups [2], mapping class groups
[9, 10] and outer automorphism groups of
free groups [5]. In each of these examples,
the proof of finite generation involves the construction of a specific
Γ-complex with
appropriate finiteness conditions. These constructions should be regarded
as utilizing
the geometry underlying these special classes of groups. In contrast, the
result we
prove will depend only on the algebraic structure of the group Γ.