bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Can a national government implement a violence prevention and response strategy for key populations in a criminalized setting? A case study from Kenya
Authors: Bhattacharjee Parinita , Morales Giuliana J , Kilonzo Timothy M , Dayton Robyn L , Musundi Reuben T , Mbole Janet M , Malaba Serah J , Ogwang Bernard E , Isac Shajy K , Moses Stephen , Musyoki Helgar K 
Published: July 2018

AbstractIntroductionKey population (KP) members frequently experience violence that violates their human rights, increases their risk of HIV, and acts as a barrier to access and uptake of HIV services. To be effective, HIV programmes for members of KPs need to prevent and respond to violence against them. We describe a violence prevention and response strategy led by the national KP programme in Kenya and examine trends in reports of and responses to violence (provision of support to an individual who reports violence within 24 hours of receiving the report).MethodsQuarterly programme monitoring data on the number of reports of violence and the number of responses to violence from 81 implementing partners between October 2013 and September 2017 were aggregated annually and analysed using simple trend analysis. Reports of violence relative to KP members reached, expressed as a percentage, and the percentage of reports of violence that received a response were also examined.Results and DiscussionBetween 2013 and 2017, annual reports of violence increased from 4171 to 13,496 cases among female sex workers (FSWs), 910 to 1122 cases among men who have sex with men (MSM) and 121 to 873 cases among people who inject drugs (PWID). Reports of violence relative to KP members reached increased among FSWs (6.2% to 9.7%; p < 0.001) and PWID (2.1% to 6.0%; p < 0.001) and decreased among MSM (10.0% to 4.2%; p < 0.001). During the same period, timely responses to reports of violence increased from 53% to 84% (p < 0.001) among FSWs, 44% to 80% (p < 0.001) among MSM and 37% to 97% (p < 0.001) among PWID.ConclusionsOver the past four years in Kenya, there has been an increase in violence reporting among FSWs and PWID and an increase in violence response among all KPs. This case study demonstrates that violence against KP members can be effectively addressed under the leadership of the national government, even in an environment where KP members’ behaviours are criminalized. Creating an enabling environment to promote wellbeing and safety for KP members is a critical enabler for HIV prevention programmes to achieve 95‐95‐95 goals.
Cost and cost‐effectiveness analysis of pre‐exposure prophylaxis among men who have sex with men in two hospitals in Thailand
Authors: Suraratdecha Chutima , Stuart Robyn M , Manopaiboon Chomnad , Green Dylan , Lertpiriyasuwat Cheewanan , Wilson David P , Pavaputanon Patcharaporn , Visavakum Prin , Monkongdee Patama , Khawcharoenporn Thana , Tharee Phiphatthananon , Kittinunvorakoon Chonticha , Martin Michael 
Published: July 2018

AbstractIntroductionIn 2014, the Government of Thailand recommended pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) as an additional HIV prevention programme within Thailand's National Guidelines on HIV/AIDS Treatment Prevention. However, to date implementation and uptake of PrEP programmes have been limited, and evidence on the costs and the epidemiological and economic impact is not available.MethodsWe estimated the costs associated with PrEP provision among men having sex with men (MSM) participating in a facility‐based, prospective observational cohort study: the Test, Treat and Prevent HIV Programme in Thailand. We created a suite of scenarios to estimate the cost‐effectiveness of PrEP and sensitivity of the results to the model input parameters, including PrEP programme effectiveness, PrEP uptake among high‐risk and low‐risk MSM, baseline and future antiretroviral therapy (ART) coverage, condom use, unit cost of delivering PrEP, and the discount rate.ResultsDrug costs accounted for 82.5% of the total cost of providing PrEP, followed by lab testing (8.2%) and personnel costs (7.8%). The estimated costs of providing the PrEP package in accordance with the national recommendation ranges from US$223 to US$311 per person per year. Based on our modelling results, we estimate that PrEP would be cost‐effective when provided to either high‐risk or all MSM. However, we found that the programme would be approximately 32% more cost‐effective if offered to high‐risk MSM than it would be if offered to all MSM, with an incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio of US$4,836 per disability‐adjusted life years (DALY) averted and US$7,089 per DALY averted respectively. Cost‐effectiveness acceptability curves demonstrate that 80% of scenarios would be cost‐effective when PrEP is provided solely to higher‐risk MSM.ConclusionWe provide the first estimates on cost and cost‐effectiveness of PrEP in the Asia‐Pacific region, and offer insights on how to deliver PrEP in combination with ART. While the high drug cost poses a budgeting challenge, incorporating PrEP delivery into an existing ART programme could be a cost‐effective strategy to prevent HIV infections among MSM in Thailand.
Structure and specificity of several triclocarban‐binding single domain camelid antibody fragments
Authors: Tabares‐da Rosa Sofia , Wogulis Linda A. , Wogulis Mark D. , González‐Sapienza Gualberto , Wilson David K. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe variable VHH domains of camelid single chain antibodies have been useful in numerous biotechnology applications due to their simplicity, biophysical properties, and abilities to bind to their cognate antigens with high affinities and specificity. Their interactions with proteins have been well‐studied, but considerably less work has been done to characterize their ability to bind haptens. A high‐resolution structural study of three nanobodies (T4, T9, and T10) which have been shown to bind triclocarban (TCC, 3‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐1‐(3,4‐dichlorophenyl)urea) with near‐nanomolar affinity shows that binding occurs in a tunnel largely formed by CDR1 rather than a surface or lateral binding mode seen in other nanobody‐hapten interactions. Additional significant interactions are formed with a non‐hypervariable loop, sometimes dubbed “CDR4”. A comparison of apo and holo forms of T9 and T10 shows that the binding site undergoes little conformational change upon binding of TCC. Structures of three nanobody‐TCC complexes demonstrated there was not a standard binding mode. T4 and T9 have a high degree of sequence identity and bind the hapten in a nearly identical manner, while the more divergent T10 binds TCC in a slightly displaced orientation with the urea moiety rotated approximately 180° along the long axis of the molecule. In addition to methotrexate, this is the second report of haptens binding in a tunnel formed by CDR1, suggesting that compounds with similar hydrophobicity and shape could be recognized by nanobodies in analogous fashion. Structure‐guided mutations failed to improve binding affinity for T4 and T9 underscoring the high degree of natural optimization.
Genetic characterization of influenza B virus in Cameroon and high frequency of reassortant strains
Authors: Monamele Chavely Gwladys , Vernet Marie‐Astrid , Njankouo Mohamadou Ripa , Kenmoe Sebastien , Schoenhals Matthieu , Yahaya Ali Ahmed , Anong Damian Nota , Akoachere Jane Francis , Njouom Richard 
Published: July 2018

AbstractInfluenza B is broadly divided into B/Victoria and B/Yamagata lineages based on its genetic and antigenic properties. We describe in this study the first report on genome characterization of type B influenza virus in the Cameroon National Influenza Center (NIC) between 2014 and 2017. Respiratory samples were collected as part of the influenza surveillance activity in the NIC. RNA products were tested for the presence of influenza using the CDC Influenza A/B typing panel. Thirty‐five samples positive for influenza B were selected for sequencing three gene segments (HA, NA, and M) and phylogenetic trees were generated by MEGA version 6.0. Nucleotide phylogenetic analysis of the HA gene revealed the presence of three major clades among Cameroonian strains. All Victoria lineages grouped into B/Victoria clade 1A, while, Yamagata lineages grouped into Yamagata clade 2 (2014 strains) and Yamagata clade 3 (2015‐2017). We observed a high frequency of reassortant viruses with Yamagata‐like HA gene and Victoria‐like NA gene (27.4%; 23/84). The results from this study confirm variations in the genome composition of type B influenza virus and emphasize on the relevance of molecular surveillance for spotting peculiar genetic variants of public health and clinical significance.
Model‐based RSA is suitable for clinical trials on the glenoid component of reverse total shoulder arthroplasty
Authors: Fraser Alexander Nilsskog , Tsukanaka Masako , Fjalestad Tore , Madsen Jan E. , Röhrl Stephan M. 
Published: July 2018

ABSTRACTThis study aims to validate model‐based radiostereometric analysis (RSA) on the glenoid component of reversed total shoulder arthroplasty. We compared two different modalities of model‐based RSA, elementary geometrical shapes and reversed engineering. We also explored two different ways to position the patient to obtain different projections of the implant, the hip‐position (transversal) and shoulder‐position (sagittal). Phantom accuracy was determined by performing nine translations (x, y, z) and five rotations (x, y, z), and expressed as the mean difference between RSA measurements and micrometer values. Precision was measured using 12 double examinations of the phantom and 19 in patients, and expressed as1.96 × standard deviations of the paired differences between double examinations. The accuracy was high for both modalities, but rotation around the symmetrical axis of the implant could not be measured using reversed engineering. Clinical precision ranged from 0.13 to 0.25 mm for translations, and 0.4° to 0.7° for rotations, using reversed engineering. For elementary geometrical shapes, the precision ranged from 0.18 to 0.34 mm for translations, and 0.8° to 1.8° for rotations. The hip‐position was abandoned due to poor implant visualization. Model‐based RSA on the glenoid component of reversed total shoulder arthroplasty has a high precision and accuracy, comparable to RSA results on hips and knees. Patient positioning is vital for obtaining adequate results. We found that reversed engineering was the more reliable method, and recommend reversed engineering as the method of choice for further clinical RSA investigation of the glenoid component of reversed total shoulder arthroplasty. © 2018 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:3299–3307, 2018.
Impact of Wnt signals on human intervertebral disc cell regeneration
Authors: Pizzute Tyler , He Fan , Zhang Xiao‐Bing , Pei Ming 
Published: July 2018

ABSTRACTAlthough preconditioning strategies are growing areas of interest for therapies targeting intervertebral discs (IVDs), it is unknown whether the Wnt signals previously implicated in chondrogenesis, Wnt3A, Wnt5A, and Wnt11, play key roles in the promotion of human nucleus pulposus (NP) cell redifferentiation. In this study, NP cells isolated from herniated disc patients were transduced with lentiviral vectors to overexpress the WNT3A, WNT5A, or WNT11 genes, or CRISPR associated protein 9 (Cas9)/single‐guide RNA (sgRNA) vectors to knock out these genes. Following expansion, transduced NP cells were induced for redifferentiation toward the NP phenotype. The overexpression of specific WNT factors led to increases in both glycosaminoglycan (GAG) deposition and expression of redifferentiation genes. These effects were attenuated by knockout of the same WNT genes. These results indicate that specific WNT signals can regulate the expression of redifferentiation genes, unequally impact GAG deposition, and contribute to the redifferentiation of human NP cells. © 2018 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:3196–3207, 2018.
Serum Unconjugated Bile Acids and Small Bowel Bacterial Overgrowth in Pediatric Intestinal Failure: A Pilot Study
Authors: Galloway David , Mezoff Ethan , Zhang Wujuan , Byrd Melissa , Cole Conrad , Aban Inmaculada , Kocoshis Samuel , Setchell Kenneth DR , Heubi James E 
Published: July 2018

AbstractBackground: We determined qualitative and quantitative serum unconjugated bile acid (SUBA) levels among children with history of intestinal failure (IF) and suspected small bowel bacterial overgrowth (SBBO). Methods: This was a single‐center, case‐control pilot study conducted at Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center. Children with history of IF and suspected SBBO were enrolled as subjects. Age‐matched children without IF or suspected SBBO served as controls. All participants underwent small bowel fluid sampling for microbial culture analysis. Additionally, serum fractionated and total bile acids were measured by liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry at enrollment and following treatment for SBBO. Results: SUBA concentrations were elevated in IF subjects (median 1.16 μM, range 0.43–10.65 μM) compared with controls (median 0.10 μM, range 0.05–0.18 μM, P = 0.001). Among SUBA, chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) was significantly elevated in subjects (median 0.8 μM, range 0–7.08 μM) compared with controls (median 0 μM, range 0–0.03 μM, P = 0.012). When controls were excluded from analysis, IF subjects with positive aspirates for SBBO demonstrated higher concentration of CDCA (median 7.36 μM, range 1.1–8.28 μM) compared with IF subjects with negative aspirates (median 0.18 μM, range 0–1.06 μM, P = 0.017). Treatment for SBBO did not alter SUBA concentration. Conclusions: SUBA concentrations are elevated in children with history of IF and presumed SBBO compared with non‐IF controls. CDCA was more prevalent in IF subjects with positive aspirates for SBBO compared with IF subjects with negative aspirates. The determination of SUBA concentration may be a useful surrogate to small bowel fluid aspiration in the diagnosis of SBBO in children with history of IF.
Persistence of Sarcopenia After Pediatric Liver Transplantation Is Associated With Poorer Growth and Recurrent Hospital Admissions
Authors: Mager Diana R. , Hager Amber , Ooi Poh Hwa , Siminoski Kerry , Gilmour Susan M. , Yap Jason Y.K. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractIntroductionSarcopenia is prevalent in adults pre‐liver transplantation (LTx) and post‐LTx contributing to adverse outcomes. Little is known regarding the prevalence of sarcopenia in pediatric LTx recipients. This novel study examined sarcopenia prevalence and associations with post‐LTx growth and healthcare utilization in pediatric LTx recipients.MethodsWe prospectively assessed body composition at annual clinical appointments in children (0.5–17 years; n = 58) by Dual‐energy‐X‐ray absorptiometry (absolute/regional/percent fat mass [FM], fat‐free mass [FFM], skeletal muscle mass [SMM]). Sarcopenia was defined as SMM z scores ≤2. Additional variables measured included age, gender, PELD, immunosuppressive therapies (dose/type), weight, weight‐z, height, height‐z, serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, γ‐glutamyltransferase, albumin, total/conjugated bilirubin, prothrombin time, international normalized ratio, albumin, creatinine clearance, urea and creatinine at LTx assessment, LTx and annual clinic appointments. Healthcare variables studied included rejection (number/type/severity), length of in‐patient stay (total, intensive care unit [ICU], emergency, readmission) and ventilator dependency.ResultsSarcopenia occurred in 41% (n = 17) at 7.6 (± 3.1) years; with a mean time post‐LTx of 1.1 ± 1.9 (1–8) years. Female children ≤9.8 years had a higher sarcopenia prevalence than children >9.8 years (83.1% vs 17.1%; p = 0.004). Sarcopenia was associated with lower weight velocity standard deviation scores, lower weight‐z/height‐z scores at 2–10 years post LTx, increased hospitalization (total, ICU, emergency and readmission) and ventilator dependency (p < 0.05), but not to rejection and/or corticosteroid therapy (p > 0.05).ConclusionsThis is the first study demonstrating persistent sarcopenia associated with poorer growth and recurrent hospitalization in children post‐LTx.
Rate of Catheter‐Related Bloodstream Infections Between Tunneled Central Venous Catheters Versus Peripherally Inserted Central Catheters in Adult Home Parenteral Nutrition: A Meta‐analysis
Authors: Hon Kay , Bihari Shailesh , Holt Andrew , Bersten Andrew , Kulkarni Hemant 
Published: July 2018

AbstractBackgroundTunneled central venous catheters (TCVCs) and peripherally inserted central catheters (PICC) are often used for the provision of home parenteral nutrition (HPN). There is no formal comparison being made to study the rate of catheter‐related bloodstream infection (CRBSI) between TCVCs and PICC in HPN to recommend the use of 1 over the other.MethodsAn online MEDLINE, PubMed, and Scopus search was conducted. Studies reporting the rate of CRBSI in HPN patients were included. DerSimonian and Laird random effects meta‐analyses were used to analyze comparative studies, whereas Begg and Pilote's random effects meta‐analysis was used to pool and analyze single‐arm studies.ResultsSeventeen studies (12 single‐arm studies and 5 comparative studies) were included for analysis. Meta‐analysis of comparative studies showed that PICC use was associated with a significantly lower rate of CRBSI (relative risk (RR) 0.40, 95% CI 0.19–0.83), whereas meta‐analysis of single‐arm studies revealed that the relative risk for CRBSI was not statistically significantly different from unity.ConclusionTCVC is more commonly used in long‐term HPN. Our analysis of comparative studies showed a lower rate of CRBSI in HPN patients using PICC compared with TCVC; however, analysis of single‐arm studies showed that the rate of CRBSI was comparable in PICC and TCVC use. The decision to which type of catheter is most suited for HPN patients should hence be based on the duration of treatment, level of care, patients’ dexterity, as well patients’ underlying comorbidities that may potentially contribute to other catheter‐related complications.
Noncontact stress measurement from bare UHPC surface using Raman piezospectroscopy
Authors: Yun Hae‐Bum , Eslami Elham , Zhou Le 
Published: July 2018

AbstractRaman piezospectroscopy was applied for noncontact stress measurement from bare ultrahigh‐performance concrete (UHPC). Microstructure and chemical characterization were conducted for 3 phases of UHPC samples, including unmixed concrete ingredients (Sample 1), cured concrete (Sample 2), and pulverized concrete (Sample 3). Rich contents of polycrystalline silica (quartz) were observed from all samples. The global and local piezospectroscopy coefficients were measured from compressive loading frame tests at 3.77 cm−1/GPa and 1.62–9.10 cm−1/GPa, respectively. The quartz fingerprint peak was observed at 460.50 cm−1 from stress‐free UHPC powder, which can be used as the zero‐stress state to determine absolute stress in existing concrete structures. The global absolute stress equation is presented using the global piezospectroscopy coefficient and the zero‐stress state.
Loading controlled magnetic carbon dots for microwave‐assisted solid‐phase extraction: Preparation, extraction evaluation and applications in environmental aqueous samples
Authors: Li Yaping , Zhang Xin , Wang Yingfeng , Lin Yuqing , Zhou Jing 
Published: July 2018

AbstractAn adsorbent of carbon dot@poly(glycidyl methacrylate)@Fe3O4 nanoparticles has been developed for the microwave‐assisted magnetic solid‐phase extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in environmental aqueous samples prior to high‐performance liquid chromatography with UV/visible spectroscopy detection. Poly(glycidyl methacrylate) was synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization. The chain length and amount of carbon dots attached on them can be easily controlled through changing polymerization conditions, which contributes to tunable extraction performance. The successful fabrication of the nano‐adsorbent was confirmed by transmission electronic microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and vibrating sample magnetometry. The extraction performance of the adsorbent was evaluated by using polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as model analytes. The key factors influencing the extraction, such as microwave power, adsorption time, desorption time and desorption solvents were investigated in detail. Under the optimal conditions, the microwave‐assisted method afforded magnetic solid‐phase extraction with short extraction time, wide dynamic linear range (0.02–200 μg/L), good linearity (R2 ≥ 98.57%) and low detection limits (20–90 ng/L) for model analytes. The adsorbent was successfully applied for analyzing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in environmental aqueous samples and the recoveries were in the range of 86.0–124.2%. Thus, the proposed method is a promising candidate for fast and reliable preconcentration of trace polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in real water samples.
Soluble Phenylenevinylene Polymers Containing Tetraphenylethene Units by Ring‐Opening Metathesis Polymerization
Authors: Yu Chin‐Yang , Lai Yu‐Chun 
Published: July 2018

AbstractSoluble phenylenevinylene polymers containing tetraphenylethene units are synthesized by ring‐opening metathesis polymerization of 4‐triphenylvinylphenyl‐[2.2]paracyclophane‐1,9‐diene in the presence of the second generation Grubbs’ initiator. Various polymer molecular weights can be obtained by altering the monomer to initiator ratio. Isomerization is successfully conducted in dilute polymer solution under a UV light irradiation. The as‐prepared polymers with longer chain lengths show relatively strong emission with a photoluminescence quantum yield of up to 43% in solution. Aggregation induced emission is observed for the polymers containing the cis–trans microstructures when the water fraction reached 80% in water/THF mixture. The morphologies of the polymers containing the cis–trans and trans microstructures are distinctive which reveal sphere‐like particles and network‐like structures, respectively. These polymers are promising candidates for potential uses in fluorescence applications.
Click and Multicomponent Reactions Work Together for Polymer Chemistry
Authors: Tunca Umit 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThis article investigates the current combinations of click and multicomponent reactions (MCRs) to produce complex macromolecular structures through polymer–polymer conjugation or hetero‐functionalization of polymers. The click and MCRs display similar features covering the equimolarity, fast time scale, high yields, stable compounds, modular, orthogonal and single reaction trajectory. Of classical click reactions, CuAAC, Diels–Alder, thiol‐ene (‐yne), and nucleophilic substitution on perfluoroaryl groups reactions are combined with MCRs, namely, Passerini, Ugi, or Biginelli reactions. It should be noted that these combinations can afford the target polymer structures, which are not attainable by employing one of these reactions alone.