bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wireline Tractor Advanced Restriction Navigation
Authors: Foucher Pierre-Arnaud , Poorten Ryan Vander 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
A wireline tractor has been developed with an integrated individual arm-closing mechanism that enables losing traction in only one arm while all the others are delivering the traction necessary to overcome the increased force in navigating an obstacle.
Wireline tractors convey logging tools, perforating guns, and mechanical services in highly deviated and horizontal wells. In many cases, they are an efficient alternative to coiled tubing because of their small footprint, quick deployment, minimal flow disruption, and fast tractoring speed. However, tractors cannot easily negotiate obstacles such as restrictions, completion equipment, pipe damage, and debris accumulation.
This problem is tied to the traction principle. When the tractor encounters an obstacle, higher push force is required, which means higher pressure is needed on the arms to increase the grip. At the same time, one arm must close to navigate the obstacle, which requires lower arm pressure. The solution has been to operate two entire tractors in tandem and close one tractor at a time through the restriction. This method necessitates to run an excessive number of assets and increases the toolstring length.
To solve this problem, a wireline tractor has been developed that uses an individual arm-closing mechanism. This unique feature enables losing the traction of only one arm while the other arms are delivering the traction to overcome the increased force.
This mechanism is built in the tool and is available at any time without any specific tool preparation, planning, or module addition, which eliminates undesirable trips in and out of the wells to reconfigure the toolstring in case of an unexpected obstacle.
This innovation has been successfully qualified in many tractor operations. Two cases in the Gulf of Mexico offshore and in North America land will be presented in which this feature was instrumental to reduce the toolstring length and asset overdeployment in overcoming expected and unexpected completion restrictions.
In the first operation, this solution enabled to navigate several side pocket mandrels, which are well-known challenges for tractors due to their complex geometries. In the second case, it saved a deemed inevitable trip to reconfigure the tractor on surface when the tractor encountered an unexpected completion restriction.
The breakthrough design of the arm-closing mechanism significantly increases overall tractor ability to successfully reach the job objective while reducing nonproductive time, resulting in more efficient operations and reduced costs.
Next-Generation Release Device: Strong, Safer, Efficient, and Rigorously Qualified
Authors: Au Greg , Sheiretov Todor , Elstrop Stephanie , Rivas Caroline Stephan , Bellicard Claire , Couble Yoann 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
A new high-strength electrical release device has been developed that supersedes the typical weakpoint and achieves the same strength as the tool tension rating. A stronger release device facilitates running heavier tools on wireline, along with the ability to run significantly longer gun strings, which increases operational efficiency. The release device was subjected to a rigorous qualification program conducted to ensure the highest safety and reliability of this device under demanding conditions.
This technology uses a motorized release that holds two sections together via retractable dogs. The release device operates using new telemetry protocols that are combinable and segregated from other communication schemes. An optional battery with a preset timer provides redundant control if electrical communication is lost during operations.
After the electrical release signal is sent, the motor activates the release mechanism, enabling the device to separate, even with significant residual tension on the toolstring. Completion of rigorous qualification testing was necessary to confirm performance for the heavy load requirements and high shock levels characteristic of long perforating toolstrings.
The new electrical release device has delivered flawless performance in seemingly impossible well programs. In field cases, the device was the optimal answer in providing a secondary release device that is high functioning in the harsh perforating environment. One case presents the completion of a project that involved the collaboration of six product lines. The release device was used with coiled tubing deployment of extremely long gun strings in a reservoir containing high H2S and CO2 content. The device enabled a significant reduction in the number of coiled tubing runs, which resulted in a significant increase in operational efficiency. Another application enabled the conveyance of large gun strings using wireline, which reduced the number of descents required and saved valuable time for the operator. These well programs were successfully completed because of the extreme engineering qualification achieved. For example, surface integration testing involved a maximum allowable gun string of more than 120 ft in a well to model downhole exposure. If this trend continues, it is possible that this device will change the future of wireline perforating operations.
The new controllable electrical release device with exceptional strength enables the deployment of heavy tools and long guns on both coiled tubing and wireline. This will lead to efficiencies in well design as well as optimization and a higher standard in wireline perforating operations.
Coiled Tubing Drilling: Case Study, New Zealand
Authors: Kariminejad Soheil , Lundin Henrik , Horvath Lucas , Sweet Steven 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
While the oil and gas market continues to fluctuate, operators are forced to reduce drilling costs and increase efficiency to remain profitable; therefore, the focus on well reentry, sidetracks, and multilaterals from existing wellbores is growing in popularity, particularly within Australasia. Coiled tubing drilling (CTD) technology has been explored in New Zealand; however, successfully executed operations have so far been limited. After evaluating economic benefits and finding a suitable candidate trial well, a Canadian-based operator attempted a CTD operation in New Zealand that was technically successful.
This case history outlines the two-phase project and discusses well intervention to isolate existing perforations and the sidetrack from the primary motherbore to drill to the base of the new reservoir. The objectives were to convert the suspended well from an oil producer to a water injector, enhance oil recovery within the field, and prolong oil production by reviving an underused asset. This paper discusses the engineering and technology used as well as regulatory obstacles and challenges encountered that were overcome to reach the operator’s objective.
A 2 7/8-in. coiled tubing (CT) string was used for both phases of the operation, spanning intervention and drilling to perform all scheduled operations as efficiently as possible. The resulting completion, post-sidetrack, was to incorporate the CT workstring with approximately 100 m of a perforated 2 7/8-in. jointed pipe to maintain openhole stability across the injection zone.
Redefining Pressure Deployment
Authors: Shampine Rod , Zsolt Liam , Higgins Stephen , Aftab Saif , Flander Mattias , Bronga Jaime , Mielke Rob 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
As coiled tubing (CT) has matured as a service, the complexity and length of toolstrings has increased. Today, even with a 100-ton crane, operators are often required to make multiple runs rather than employ a single toolstring. In environments where lifting heights are more limited, such as mast-based CT units (CTUs), this can lead to many runs and inefficient operations. Historically, deploying tools in sections hung off in a blowout preventer (BOP) has been used to address this. However, this solution has typically been avoided because of the complexity and hazard of the operation. The groundwork for improving this operation was laid out by Thomeer and Eslinger in their 1992 paper, Safe Deployment of Specialized Coiled-Tubing Tools in Live Wells (SPE-24621MS presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition). The present work was done to improve the safety and efficiency of the entire bar deployment operation. It was first used in Alaska to deploy 560 feet of perforating guns where it replaced 26 runs with 3 logging runs and 3 perforating runs, saving 5.8 CTU days.
New Initiation System Delivers Improved Perforating Safety and Reliability While Maximizing Efficiency
Authors: Aboelnaga S. , Austin D. , Garcia-Osuna F. , Goodman K. , Fayard A. J. , Bouloudene S. , Mohamed Yasser 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
In the perforating industry, operators, service companies, and manufacturers are constantly looking to improve shaped-charge performance and product quality and reliability while ensuring the highest levels of safety. More recently, there has been a heightened urgency to deliver improved operational efficiency considering recent industry downturns and the need to become more cost efficient. A new wireline perforating initiation system has been developed that addresses current industry challenges by improving reliability and efficiency while also improving the overall safety of wireline perforating operations.
The development of a new initiation system for the conventional perforating market has built upon existing technologies previously developed for the unconventional market. The initiator system follows the guidelines of API RP67, fourth edition (in review at the time of publication), and has undergone detailed testing and validation before introduction to the field. The design has been qualified as an APIRP67 Group 2 initiator, which allows use without requiring radio silence in the conventional exclusion area. Field testing has demonstrated that the simplification of the preparation and arming process significantly improves operational efficiency and reduces the risk of human error. Additionally, by eliminating parts and simplifying maintenance, system reliability and usability is further improved. Selective guns are much simpler to prepare and arm, making the utilization of such gunstrings more appealing in areas where, in the past, they may not have been viable due to the additional complexity and/or associated arming time.
This new gun system is currently being deployed in several areas around the world and has shown that it can deliver step-change improvements in reliability and efficiency with improved operational safety when working with explosives in wireline operations. This will have a significant impact on perforating operations, improving the safety of the field workforce while simultaneously improving operational efficiency.
Utilizing Ultrasonic Imaging Technology to Evaluate a Lateral Entry Module
Authors: Solberg Marianne , Sullivan Michael , Drake Steve G. , Rommetveit Tarjei , Troup Duncan , Johns Joel 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
As a result of improved drilling and completion techniques, an increasing number of wells worldwide utilize multilateral systems to minimize the number of surface penetrations required to maximize reservoir contact. However, these systems increase the complexity, which in turn introduces new failure modes and challenges related to inspection of erroneous completions. The scanning range and measurement capabilities utilizing ultrasound imaging techniques provide a new solution for well diagnosis of multi-lateral completions.
Several attempts to enter the upper lateral of a multi-lateral well operated by a major oil company in Alaska, USA had been unsuccessful. Different technologies were attempted to diagnose the problem but no conclusive results were obtained. In May 2017, an ultrasonic imaging technique based on medical ultrasound imaging was used to inspect the Lateral Entry Modules (LEMs). This paper presents the data collected by an ultrasound downhole scanner demonstrating a novel method for diagnosing multi-lateral wells.
The ultrasound downhole scanner utilizes established technology applied in medical ultrasound imaging (e.g. Angelsen 2000) to obtain images and measurements of downhole completion components. A 288 element, 3.3MHz circumferential ultrasound transducer array combined with electronic beamforming allows the flexibility to optimize image quality for different tubing sizes with no moving parts. The transducer operates in pulse-echo mode. Logging is performed dynamically with images obtained real-time. In 2011, the scanner was used to measure damages in sand screens (Hyde-Barber et al.) and has since 2009 been used to image and measure downhole completion components worldwide.
The possibly defective LEM was investigated by the scanner. A reference scan of a fully functional LEM in the same well was also made and the results from the two compared. The ultrasound data, visualized both as 2D grey-scale images and 3D-rendered images, clearly show that the upper LEM assembly was not properly aligned with the window of the lateral. Thus, explaining the past unsuccessful attempts to enter the completion. Measurements were made directly on the ultrasound images to document the findings. The results from the survey helped the customer to understand the situation of their well and gave information which was valuable for the decision making process.
Electric Line Deployed Orientated Suction Cleanout Device Enables Gas Lift Valve Retrieval from Debris Blocked Side Pocket Mandrel in a Highly Deviated Well
Authors: Murchie Stuart , Gjertsen John , Grødem Magne , Sætrevik Martin Severin , Osaland Espen , Sørensen Peter Lykke , Hansen Steen Korsgaard 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The client had a leaking gas lift valve (GLV), which needed to be replaced to restore the integrity of the well. The side pocket mandrel (SPM), was located at a high angle part of the well, positioned on the low side and sand debris had accumulated in and around the GLV, impairing its retrieval. Tests carried out on surface to attempt to latch a GLV through the sand proved ineffective, even with jarring.
To further optimise production, SPMs are being installed at increasing well depths, enabling deeper gas injection into the tubing. Placing SPMs into the high angle section of deviated wells inherently increases the risk of them retaining debris, as was the case in this well. A novel solution, to remove the accumulated sand debris from the SPM was proposed, utilising an orientation sub, run in conjunction with an electric line deployed tractor-suction tool configuration, incorporating a bespoke side facing inlet nozzle.
Tests on the designed solution were conducted in the engineering facility, recreating the deviation, orientation and debris expected and evaluating the nozzle alignment and cleanout capability for the expected debris type. These tests proved to be highly successful, giving the customer the confidence to perform the job. The deviation also necessitated electric line tractor deployment of a modified retrieval device. Following a drift and plug setting run, the well tractor and suction tool assembly was deployed and two litres of sand was collected from within the SPM. The subsequent run to pull the faulty GLV was successful, as was the deployment of a replacement GLV.
The operation proved this to be an excellent and highly effective example of a rapidly designed and tested, bespoke, electric line deployed SPM cleanout solution.
The role of adaptation in mobile technology innovation for the water, sanitation and hygiene sector
Authors: Murthy Sharmila L. , Shemie Daniel , Bichai Françoise 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
While the growing availability of mobile phones has commanded the attention of the development community, an estimated 844 million people continue to lack access to basic drinking water and 2.3 billion to adequate sanitation. Development has now begun of mobile applications to improve access to water, sanitation and hygiene services (mWASH). To understand the barriers to innovation, nine mWASH applications were studied using the Framework for Analyzing a Multi-level Innovation System (FAMIS), a conceptual model. Applying FAMIS to a technology aids in understanding when and why it succeeds or fails, and how key stakeholders and institutions can be targeted for intervention. The analysis highlights ways to overcome barriers to innovation and suggests that the technology is less important than the way in which it is implemented.
Vacuum sewerage systems – a solution for fast growing cities in developing countries?
Authors: Mohr Marius , Beckett Marc , Schließmann Ursula , Erlbeck Ruth , Trosse Ralph 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Developed more than a century ago, the potential of vacuum sewerage systems remains underexploited. At the same time, the rapid urbanization in Asia brings about major challenges for municipal utilities. In this context, the GIZ (Deutsche Gesellschaft fuer Internationale Zusammenarbeit) project ‘Integrated Resource Management in Asian Cities: the Urban Nexus’ gives technical advice to stakeholders in the partner cities. Fraunhofer IGB, having operated a vacuum sewer system for more than ten years in the context of a research project, carried out a survey regarding current experiences with vacuum sewer systems and the transferability to countries of the Global South. In an environment with existing infrastructure, it is often not economically reasonable to install an additional sewer system. Nevertheless, with aging infrastructure and an increasing importance of circular economy concepts including water reuse, nutrient recovery and biogas generation, vacuum sewers can pose a viable alternative for refurbishments or new developments in semi-decentralized sanitation approaches involving local treatment and resource recovery.
The Primacy of Fair Presentation: Evidence from PCAOB Standards, Federal Legislation, and the Courts
Authors: DeFond Mark L. , Lennox Clive S. , Zhang Jieying 
Published: March 2018

SYNOPSISPalmrose and Kinney (2018; hereafter PK) claim that technical compliance with GAAP is sufficient to justify an unqualified audit opinion. We disagree. PK's view ignores “fair presentation,” a concept equivalent to “faithful representation.” Their “technical compliance” view portrays GAAP as a set of black and white rules and auditing as a box-checking exercise, contradicting guidance from the SEC, FASB, IASB, PCAOB, and the courts. We show that the compliance mindset advocated by PK is responsible for many audit failures, including Enron, WorldCom, and Lehman Brothers. PK's view has long been used by auditing firms and their expert witnesses in (unsuccessful) attempts to avoid legal liability. Unfortunately, it is also a view that has greatly damaged the credibility of the auditing profession.
Multimodality Registration without a Dedicated Multimodality Scanner
Authors: Beattie Bradley J. , Förster Gregor J. , Govantes Ricardo , Le Carl H. , Longo Valerie A. , Zanzonico Pat B. , Bidaut Luc , Blasberg Ronald G. , Koutcher Jason A. 
Published: March 2018

Multimodality scanners that allow the acquisition of both functional and structural image sets on a single system have recently become available for animal research use. Although the resultant registered functional/structural image sets can greatly enhance the interpretability of the functional data, the cost of multimodality systems can be prohibitive, and they are often limited to two modalities, which generally do not include magnetic resonance imaging. Using a thin plastic wrap to immobilize and fix a mouse or other small animal atop a removable bed, we are able to calculate registrations between all combinations of four different small animal imaging scanners (positron emission tomography, single-photon emission computed tomography, magnetic resonance, and computed tomography [CT]) at our disposal, effectively equivalent to a quadruple-modality scanner. A comparison of serially acquired CT images, with intervening acquisitions on other scanners, demonstrates the ability of the proposed procedures to maintain the rigidity of an anesthetized mouse during transport between scanners. Movement of the bony structures of the mouse was estimated to be 0.62 mm. Soft tissue movement was predominantly the result of the filling (or emptying) of the urinary bladder and thus largely constrained to this region. Phantom studies estimate the registration errors for all registration types to be less than 0.5 mm. Functional images using tracers targeted to known structures verify the accuracy of the functional to structural registrations. The procedures are easy to perform and produce robust and accurate results that rival those of dedicated multimodality scanners, but with more flexible registration combinations and while avoiding the expense and redundancy of multimodality systems.
Evaluation of the clinical effects of diet and physical rehabilitation in dogs following tibial plateau leveling osteotomy
Authors: Baltzer Wendy I. , Smith-Ostrin Sarah , Warnock Jennifer J. , Ruaux Craig G. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess clinical effects of an omega-3 fatty acid and protein-enriched diet, physical rehabilitation, or both in dogs following tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO) and arthroscopic surgery for cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) disease.
DESIGN Randomized, prospective clinical trial.
ANIMALS 48 dogs with unilateral CCL disease.
PROCEDURES Dogs were randomly assigned to receive a dry omega-3 fatty acid and protein-enriched dog food formulated to support joint health (test food [TF]), a dry food formulated for maintenance of adult dogs (control food [CF]), TF plus rehabilitation (TF-R), or CF plus rehabilitation (CF-R). Data collected over 6 months included body weight, body condition score, ground reaction force data, tibial plateau angle, limb circumference measurements, subjective pain and lameness scores assigned by surgeons and dog owners, and daily activity measured by accelerometry.
RESULTS Peak vertical force and vertical impulse were greater after surgery for dogs in the TF groups than in the CF groups; peak vertical force was greater after surgery in dogs that underwent rehabilitation than in those that did not. Owner scores indicated lower frequencies of lameness and signs of pain during some activities for the TF group, compared with other groups, and for the TF-R and CF-R groups, compared with the CF group. Sedentary time decreased and time spent in light-to-moderate or vigorous activity increased in all groups over time. Rehabilitation was significantly associated with greater time spent in light-to-moderate activity, regardless of diet.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Feeding the TF and providing physical rehabilitation during the first 6 months after TPLO were associated with improvements in some indices of clinical outcome and function in dogs. Significant interactions between time and some outcome variables were observed, indicating further research is warranted.