bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Utilization of Maternal Health Care Services in India: A Community Based Cross-sectional Study in Rural Belgaum
Authors: Dahal Maginsh , Baral Kushalata , Angolkar Mubashir 
Published: March 2019

Introduction: Sub Centre (SC) is the peripheral unit of the existing health care delivery system under the allopathic system of medicine in India. These basically provide preventive, promotive and the curative services and are facilitated by Female Health Workers (ANM) and Male Health Workers (MHW). They are the integral part of health care delivery system. Also, key to achieve a goal of health for all and to promote the community people for their overall development.
Methods: A community based descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from August 2011 to February 2013 in all 9 sub centers of Kinaye PHC of Belgaum district, all 14 maternal health care workers were selected and 272 beneficiaries were selected from catchments area of these sub-centers were interviewed by administering structured, pretested interview schedule. Data were analyzed by SPSS (20 Version).
Results: Study revealed that (85%) of the workers had correct knowledge but could not transform it into practice completely. This is due to multiple problems that encounter such as include lack of equipments(85.71%), transport facilities (77.78%), delay in decision-making by community to seek care (77.78%), lack of supportive supervision (>20%). Besides these, they were lacking in career development opportunities. There are no promotional avenues and low remuneration and benefits. The acceptance of service provided through sub centers was satisfactory (>90%) among beneficiaries and ANMs (98%) were most accepted than MHW. Beneficiaries faced many problems to access services such as lack of need based services (60%), poor attention by health service provider towards the need of consumers (5.2%) and difficulty in reaching to sub health post (21%).
Conclusion: The regular supply of necessary equipments and medicines needs to be ensured at the sub centre and frequent in-service trainings and career development opportunities to be given to health workers to maintain the enthusiasm and devotion towards the profession. Also there is a need to provide skill development opportunities and ensure the convenience of service at all sub centers and communication between health workers and beneficiaries to be emphasized.
Renal Scarring in Children with Primary Vesicoureteral Reflux Disease
Authors: Kawoosa Khalid , Malla Rahid Rasool , Wani Wasim Ahmad , Nazir Mudasir , Kubravi Syed Heena 
Published: March 2019

Aims: To determine the incidence of renal scarring among patients with primary vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) and the possible risk factor(s), we studied 69 children (42 girls and 27 boys) with VUR attending the Pediatric opd.
Study Design: Prospective Observational study.
Place and duration of Study: Department of pediatrics, Sher I Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, Kashmir between June 2017 to June 2018.
Methodology: All the patients were assessed for VUR grade by voiding cystoureterography and for presence of renal scarring by (99 m) technetium dimercapto–succinic acid scintigraphy.
Results: Grade of reflux and number of urinary tract infection (UTI) episodes (≥3) were found to be statistically significant risk factors for renal scarring (P <0.05). However, there was no significant association with gender, familial history and laterality of the disease (P >0.05). Similarly, there was no statistically significant difference of frequency of renal scarring among the different age groups (P >0.05).
Conclusions: It was concluded that recurrences of UTI and VUR severity are significant risk factors for renal scarring in children with VUR. Therefore, identification of VUR at an early age may offer the opportunity to prevent episodes of UTI and possible formation of renal scars that may result in end-stage renal failure.
Alterations of Biochemical Composition of Leaf and Stem of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) by Colletotrichum destructivum O’Gara in Nigeria
Authors: Amadioha A. C. , Nwazuo Enyiukwu David 
Published: March 2019

Colletotrichum destructivum during pathogenesis reduced the nutrient values of cowpea leaf and stem. The protein, fat, carbohydrate, fibre contents of the leaf decreased from 34.91%, 5.42%, 43.61% and 19.46% in the uninfected leaf samples to 20.40%, 2.15%, 37.03% and 15.53% in the infected leaf respectively whereas the moisture and ash contents increased by 10.88% and 11.15% in the uninfected leaf sample to 12.51% and 11.24% respectively in the infected leaf samples. The composition of zinc, sodium, magnesium, iron, and potassium in the leaf increased whereas calcium and phosphorous decreased after inoculation with the test fungus. It reduced the protein content from 15.64% in the healthy stem tissue to 12.69% in the infected one, fat from 1.29% to 0.78%, crude fibre from 16.87% to14.62%, and carbohydrate from 31.11% to 25.39%. Also, the fungus caused a reduction of the calcium and phosphorus contents of the healthy stem tissue from 2.09 mg and 326.50 mg to 1.19 mg and 299.10 mg respectively. Infection of the stem with the pathogen led to increasing moisture, potassium, sodium, zinc, iron, and magnesium contents from 11.80%, 230.12 mg, 111. 28 mg, 1.66 mg, 0.89 mg and 0.95 mg to 12.65% , 364.21 mg, 203.64 mg, 3.02, 1.52 mg, and 2.18 mg respectively. The average loss of the major nutrients; protein, fat, and carbohydrate was more in the leaf than stem, 34.29% and 18.14% respectively 8 weeks after planting (WAP).
The Effect of Aromatherapy with Citrus aurantium on Anxiety during MRI Imaging in Patients with Spinal Disorders: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Ahani Nishtman , Salehi Kamal , Seidi Jamal , Salehi Bakhtyar , Nouri Bijan 
Published: March 2019

Objective: Anxiety is one of the most significant problems of patients during magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Anxiety affects the quality of images, increased costs and repeating the imaging process. Aromatherapy is regarded a complementary therapy that is assumed to be highly effective in reducing anxiety. The present study aims at investigating the effect of aromatherapy with Citrus aurantium on anxiety in MRI imaging.
Materials and Methods: This randomized clinical trial was done on 80 patients with spinal disorders that were randomly assigned to the intervention and control groups. In the intervention group, inhaling Citrus aurantium essential oil was conducted two minutes before entering the MRI machine and right before entering the MRI machine. As for the control group, the patients were provided with only the common cares of the medical center. Right after the imaging process, the anxiety experienced was evaluated based on the Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Anxiety Questionnaire (MRI-AQ). The data collected were analyzed in SPSS-21 with statistical tests including independent T-test, Fisher’s exact test, and chi-squared test.
Results: The samples of both groups were homogenous in terms of age, sex, marital status, educational level, occupation, and the kind of disease. The mean of MRI anxiety experience was 23.32±12.72 and 37.4±15.41 in the intervention and control group respectively; the independent T-test indicated a significant difference.
Conclusion: Citrus aurantium is likely to reduce the anxiety in MRI imaging. Given the proper effectiveness, inexpensiveness, and the easy administration of this aromatherapy, it is recommended to be applied for reducing the MRI anxiety.
Cognitive deficits in adult m.3243A>G‐ and m.8344A>G‐related mitochondrial disease: importance of correcting for baseline intellectual ability
Authors: Moore Heather L. , Kelly Thomas , Bright Alexandra , Field Robert H. , Schaefer Andrew M. , Blain Alasdair P. , Taylor Robert W. , McFarland Robert , Turnbull Doug M. , Gorman Gráinne S. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the cognitive profile of adult patients with mitochondrial disease, and the effect of disease severity on cognition.MethodsUsing a prospective case‐control design, we compared cognition of patients to normative data and to matched controls, assessed three times over 18 months. Forty‐nine patients with m.3243A>G (N = 36) and m.8344A>G (N = 13) mtDNA mutations and 32 controls, matched by age (±5 years) and premorbid cognition (±10 WTAR FSIQ points), participated. Participants completed neuropsychological assessments of general cognition (WAIS‐IV), executive function (D‐KEFS), and memory (WMS‐IV). Potential predictors of cognition were explored.ResultsPatients show mild‐to‐moderate premorbid cognitive impairment, but substantial impairment in current general cognition and distinct domains, including verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory, processing speed, and memory retrieval. Executive dysfunction may be caused by slower decision‐making. Patients performed worse than controls, except on memory tasks, indicating intact memory, when premorbid cognition is controlled for. Premorbid cognition and disease severity were consistent predictors of cognition in patients; however, cognitive decline appears slow and is unlikely in the short‐term, when other disease‐specific factors remain stable.InterpretationPatients should be monitored to facilitate early identification of a complex profile of cognitive deficits and individuals with higher disease burden should be followed up more closely. On development of cognitive difficulties, appropriate compensatory strategies should be determined through in‐depth assessment. Using strategies such as slower presentation of information, multiple modes of presentation, active discussion to aid understanding and decision‐making, and use of memory aids, may ameliorate difficulties.
Metal‐Free Ring Opening Cyclization of Cyclopropane Carbaldehydes and N‐Benzyl Anilines: An Eco‐Friendly Access to Functionalized Benzo[b]azepine Derivatives
Authors: Dey Raghunath , Banerjee Prabal 
Published: March 2019

AbstractHerein, we report a p‐toluenesulfonic acid (PTSA) initiated mild and user‐friendly ring opening/domino ring opening cyclization reaction (depends on substituent present in N‐benzyl aniline) of cyclopropane carbaldehyde and N‐benzyl aniline towards the formation of substituted 4‐amino butanal/2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐benzo[b]azepine. The product dihydro‐1H‐benzo[b]azepine was also converted into the corresponding tetrahydro‐1H‐benzo[b]azepine.magnified image
Functionalization of Enzymatically Synthesized Rigid Poly(itaconate)s via Post‐Polymerization Aza‐Michael Addition of Primary Amines
Authors: Guarneri Alice , Cutifani Viola , Cespugli Marco , Pellis Alessandro , Vassallo Roberta , Asaro Fioretta , Ebert Cynthia , Gardossi Lucia 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe bulky 1,4‐cyclohexanedimethanol was used as co‐monomer for introducing rigidity in lipase synthetized poly(itaconate)s. Poly(1,4‐cyclohexanedimethanol itaconate) was synthetized on a 14 g scale at 50 °C, under solvent‐free conditions and 70 mbar using only 135 Units of lipase B from Candida antarctica per gram of monomer. The mild conditions preserved the labile vinyl group of itaconic acid and avoided the decomposition of 1,4‐cyclohexanedimethanol, both observed in chemical polycondensations. Experimental and computational data show that the enzymatic polycondensation proceeds despite the low reactivity of C1 of itaconic acid. The rigid poly(1,4‐cyclohexanedimethanol itaconate) was investigated in the context of aza‐Michael addition of hexamethylenediamine and 2‐phenylethylamine to the vinyl moiety. The enzymatically synthesized linear poly(1,4‐butylene itaconate) was studied as a comparison. The two oligoesters (Molecular Weights ranging from 720 to 2859 g mol−1) reacted on a gram scale, at 40–50 °C, at atmospheric pressure and in solvent‐free conditions. The addition of primary amines led to amine‐functionalized oligoesters but also to chain degradation, and the reactivity of the poly(itaconate)s was influenced by the rigidity of the polymer chain. Upon the formation of the secondary amine adduct, the linear poly(1,4‐butylene itaconate) undergoes fast intramolecular cyclization and subsequent degradation via pyrrolidone formation, especially in the presence of hexamethylenediamine. On the contrary, the bulky 1,4‐cyclohexanedimethanol confers rigidity to poly(1,4‐cyclohexanedimethanol itaconate), which hampers the intramolecular cyclization. Also, the bulkiness of the amine and the use of solvent emerged as factors that affect the reactivity of poly(itaconate)s. Therefore, the possibility to insert discrete units of itaconic acid in oligoesters using biocatalysts under solvent‐free mild conditions opens new routes for the generation of bio‐based functional polymers or amine‐triggered degradable materials, as a function of the rigidity of the polyester chain.magnified image
Exploration of Aldol Reactions Catalyzed by Stereoselective Pyruvate Aldolases with 2‐Oxobutyric Acid as Nucleophile
Authors: Laurent V. , Uzel A. , Hélaine V. , Nauton L. , Traïkia M. , Gefflaut T. , Salanoubat M. , de Berardinis V. , Lemaire M. , Guérard‐Hélaine C. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractPyruvate aldolases from Pfam family PF03328, recently described to be able to use hydroxypyruvic acid as nucleophile substrate, were shown to also catalyse aldol adducts formation from 2‐oxobutyric acid. A 1H NMR‐based assay was used to screen 21 aldolases for their activity towards 2‐oxobutyric acid and to predict their stereoselectivity at position 3 of the aldol adducts. The best biocatalysts were then proved to be strictly (3S)‐selective. Contrary to known enzymes from this family that are seldom stereoselective at position 4, three aldolases were highlighted as allowing a selective access to (3S,4R) or (3S,4S) aldols. Seven 3‐deoxy‐3‐methylulosonic acids never described before were finally prepared and isolated with good yields and stereoselectivities.magnified image
Effect of different anesthetic mixtures—ketamine‐xylazine, ketamine‐acepromazine and tiletamine‐zolazepam—on the physiological and blood biochemistry parameters of male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) at different ages
Authors: Hernández‐Godínez Braulio , Bonilla Jaime Herlinda , Poblano Adrián , Arteaga‐Silva Marcela , Medina Hernández Ameyalli , Contreras‐Uribe Armando , Ibáñez‐Contreras Alejandra 
Published: March 2019

AbstractBackgroundAnesthetic agents are commonly utilized in the handling of non‐human primates for prevent the stress caused in physical exploration or physical restrain. For this reason, the objective of this work was to describe the effect of age and dissociative anesthetics (ketamine and tiletamine), and their combinations with acepromazine, xylazine and zolazepam, on the physiological and blood biochemical parameters in Macaca mulatta.MethodsEighty male Macaca mulatta were divided into four experimental groups depending on the anesthetic mixture applied. Each group of 20 males was divided into five sub‐groups according to age. Physiological parameters were recorded every 5 minutes during a 30‐minute period. A blood sample was drawn to analyze blood biochemistry.ResultsStatistical analyses revealed significant differences in the physiological parameters between the ketamine‐acepromazine and ketamine‐xylazine groups compared to the control group. The analysis of blood biochemistry found significant differences by age and by anesthetic mixture among all groups.ConclusionThese findings contribute to standardizing this animal model in biological research.
A Photoexcitation‐Induced Twisted Intramolecular Charge Shuttle
Authors: Chi Weijie , Qiao Qinglong , Lee Richmond , Liu Wenjuan , Teo Yock Siong , Gu Danning , Lang Matthew John , Chang Young‐Tae , Xu Zhaochao , Liu Xiaogang 
Published: March 2019

AbstractCharge transfer and separation are important processes governing numerous chemical reactions. Fundamental understanding of these processes and the underlying mechanisms is critical for photochemistry. Herein, we report the discovery of a new charge‐transfer and separation process, namely the twisted intramolecular charge shuttle (TICS). In TICS systems, the donor and acceptor moieties dynamically switch roles in the excited state because of an approximately 90° intramolecular rotation. TICS systems thus exhibit charge shuttling. TICSs exist in several chemical families of fluorophores (such as coumarin, BODIPY, and oxygen/carbon/silicon–rhodamine), and could be utilized to construct functional fluorescent probes (i.e., viscosity‐ or biomolecule‐sensing probes). The discovery of the TICS process expands the current perspectives of charge‐transfer processes and will inspire future applications.
Cationic para‐phenyl‐substituted α‐diimine nickel catalyzed ethylene and 4‐methyl‐1‐pentene (co)polymerizations via living/controlled chain‐walking
Authors: Zhang Minghu , Wu Qitong , Xu Guoyong , Li Yougui , Wang Fuzhou 
Published: March 2019

Upon activation with diethylaluminium chloride (Et2AlCl), a series of phenyl‐substituted α‐diimine nickel precatalysts conducted 4‐methyl‐1‐pentene (4MP) and ethylene (E) (co)polymerizations via controlled chain‐walking to generate branched amorphous polymers with high molecular weight and narrow molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn < 1.6). The obtained poly(4MP)s were amorphous elastomers with glass transition temperature (Tg) of −10 ~ −24 °C, which are higher than that of E‐4MP copolymer (−63.0 °C). At room temperature (25 °C), 4MP polymerization proceeds in a living manner. The microstructures of the produced poly(4MP)s indicated the 2,1‐ and 1,2‐insertion followed by chain‐walking, the latter being predominant. The NMR analyses of the polymers showed that the obtained poly(4MP) possessed methyl, isobutyl, 2,4‐dimethylpentyl and 2‐methylhexyl groups, while the isobutyl and 2,4‐dimethylalkyl branches derived from 4MP were observed in the E‐4MP copolymer. The branch structures and the insertion‐type of monomer were depended on the polymerization temperature, and the content of methyl branch increased with an increase in the polymerization temperature.
Formulation and Characterization of Human Milk Fat Substitutes Made from Blends of Refined Palm Olein, and Soybean, Olive, Fish, and Virgin Coconut Oils
Authors: Mohammadi Teimoor , Farmani Jamshid , Piravi‐Vanak Zahra 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe simplest and the most cost‐effective way of human milk fat substitute (HMFS) production is formulating of suitable vegetable oils at proper ratios. To do this, the D‐optimal mixture design was used to optimize the HMFS formulation. The design included 25 formulations made from refined palm olein (35–55%), soybean oil (5–25%), olive oil (5–20%), virgin coconut oil (5–15%), and fish oil (0–10%). Samples were produced in laboratory and characterized in terms of fatty acid and triacylglycerol (TAG) compositions, free fatty acid content, peroxide value, iodine value, and oxidative stability index (OSI). HMFS samples were also compared with Codex Alimentarius (CA) and Iran National Standards Organization (INSO) standards. Each characteristic of HMFS samples was then expressed as a function of ingredient ratio using regression models. Finally, using numerical optimization, four optimized blends (PB1‐PB4) were selected, made in the laboratory (HMFS1‐HMFS4), characterized, and compared with CA and INSO standards. The properties of all the optimized blends (except the palmitic acid content of HMFS2and the monounsaturated fatty acid [MUFA] content of HMFS3) met the standards. HMFS4showed the highest OSI in Rancimat and the lowest oxidation rate in Schaal oven tests. POL (19.53–21.73%), PPO (20.77–21.73%), OOO (9.11–11.16%), and OPO (8.84–9.46%) were the main (totally about 60%) TAG species found in HMFS samples. In conclusion, the HMFS4formula (55% palm olein, 13.5% soybean oil, 16% refined olive oil, 15% virgin coconut oil, and 0.5% fish oil) was suggested as the best formula for HMFS production.
Brain structural changes after multi‐strategic metamemory training in older adults with subjective memory complaints: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Youn Jung‐Hae , Ryu Seung‐Ho , Lee Jun‐Young , Park Soowon , Cho Seong‐Jin , Kwon Hunki , Yang Jin‐Ju , Lee Jong‐Min , Lee Jiyeon , Kim Seolmin , Livingston Gill , Yoon Dong Hyun 
Published: March 2019

AbstractBackgroundMetamemory is the process of monitoring and controlling one's memory. Improving metamemory may reduce the memory problem in old age. We hypothesized that metamemory training (MMT) would improve cognition in older adults with subjective memory complaints and change the brain region related to metacognition.MethodWe recruited and randomized older adults to the multi‐strategic memory training of 10 weekly 90‐min sessions, based on the metamemory concept or usual care. Cognitive tests including the Elderly Verbal Learning Test, Simple Rey Figure Test, Digit Span, Spatial Span, Categorical Fluency, and the Boston Naming Test were done in 201 participants, together with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in 49 participants before and after training.ResultsA total of 112 in the training group and 89 in the control group participated. The training group had a significant increase in long‐term delayed free recall, categorical fluency, and the Boston Naming test. In MRI, the mean diffusivity of the bundles of axon tracts passing from the frontal lobe to the posterior end of the lateral sulcus decreased in the training group.ConclusionThese results indicate that the MMT program has a positive impact on enhancing older people’ cognitive performance. Improved white matter integrity in the anterior and posterior cerebrum and increased cortical thickness of prefrontal regions, which related to metacognition, possibly suggest that the effects of the MMT would be induced via the enhancement of cognitive control.
Analysis of volatile compounds in pork from four different pig breeds using headspace solid‐phase micro‐extraction/gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
Authors: Chen Guoshun , Su Yingyu , He Lianghong , Wu Hongbin , Shui Shengzhang 
Published: March 2019

AbstractPurposeThe volatile compounds that contribute to the flavor of pork are unknown. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the differences in volatile compounds from pork meats of four different pig breeds using headspace solid‐phase micro‐extraction (HS‐SPME)/gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC‐MS).MethodsPiglets from four breeds (8/breed) (crossbred Ziwuling Sus scrofa [SUS] and purebreds Bamei pig [BAM], American Yorkshire pig [YOK], and Hezuo pig [HZP]) were selected. Characteristics of meat were measured. HS‐SPME/GC‐MS were used to analyze the volatile compounds of the meats.ResultsThe tenderness, taste, succulence, and broth flavor of the BAM and HZP were good. One hundred and eight volatile compounds with known molecular formulas were identified in BAM, 106 in SUS, 98 in YOK, and 98 in HZP. Sixty‐four common volatile compounds were found in all four breeds. The highest relative amount of volatile compounds was found in the BAM. The compounds which may contribute to the flavor of pork were 3‐methyl‐1‐butanol, 1‐nonanal, octanal, hexanal, 2‐pentyl‐furan, 1‐penten‐3‐one, N‐morpholinomethyl‐isopropyl‐sulfide, methyl butyrate, and (E,E)‐2, 4‐decadienal.ConclusionThe volatile compounds in pork belong to several classes, and the highest relative amount of volatile compounds was found in BAM.