bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Philadelphia’s taxing decision: pros and cons of a “soda tax”
Authors: Byrne Paul , Chulkov Dmitriy , Nizovtsev Dmitri 
Published: August 2019

Theoretical basis
This descriptive case study applies economic concepts to an issue of public policy, and helps build students’ critical thinking, analytical and quantitative skills. The case addresses a variety of topics typically taught in microeconomics and public economics courses. Topics most prominently represented in the case include elasticity of demand and supply, tax policy, tax incidence and negative externalities. Theoretical basis for each topic is laid out in the discussion section of the instructors’ manual, along with insights from student responses. The core nature of the concepts covered in this case study allows it to be integrated with common economics textbooks.

Research methodology
This descriptive case is based on critical economic analysis of secondary sources.

Case overview/synopsis
This case study focuses on the imposition of the controversial “soda tax” on sweetened beverages in the City of Philadelphia in 2017 and considers the economic lessons that can be learned from Philadelphia’s experience with the tax. The tax was proposed as a way to raise the city’s revenue while reducing obesity. After the tax was enacted, the sales of sweetened beverages declined in the city, but increased outside the city’s borders. The receipts from the tax have been below projections.

Complexity/academic level
Learning outcomes covered by the case are typical for a microeconomics, public economics or managerial economics course. The appropriate course levels range from the principles to the MBA level of the economics and business curriculum. Discussion questions may be selected to fit a specific course focus and level. The instructors’ manual outlines question sets suitable for various types of economics courses.
Prominent dermal Langerhans cells in an Omenn syndrome patient with a novel mutation in the IL2RG gene
Authors: Ibusuki Atsuko , Nishikawa Takuro , Hiraki Tsubasa , Okano Tsubasa , Imai Kohsuke , Kanegane Hirokazu , Ohnishi Hidenori , Kato Zenichiro , Fujii Kazuyasu , Tanimoto Akihide , Kawano Yoshifumi , Kanekura Takuro 
Published: August 2019

AbstractProminent dermal infiltration by Langerhans cells (LC) is a rare finding in patients with Omenn syndrome (OS). Here, we report the case study of a 7‐month‐old boy with OS and with prominent dermal infiltration by LC, which is a rare histological manifestation of the skin. Striking erythroderma appeared in the patient 2 weeks after birth. We also noted alopecia, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, eosinophilia and an elevated serum immunoglobulin E level with hypogammaglobulinemia. Peripheral blood flow cytometry showed the TlowNK+B+ immunophenotype and genetic analysis, a novel mutation in the IL2RG gene (c.337_339delTCT, p.Ser113del). The final diagnosis was that of OS. He responded well to an allograft umbilical cord blood transplantation that was performed when the patient was 8 months of age. We speculate that the LC accumulated in the dermis will eventually migrate to the regional lymph node, then stimulate autoreactive T cells by overpresenting antigens, thus causing OS‐specific skin symptoms.
Comparing diel activity patterns of wildlife across latitudes and seasons: Time transformations using day length
Authors: Vazquez Carmen , Rowcliffe J. Marcus , Spoelstra Kamiel , Jansen Patrick A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Camera trapping allows scientists to study activity patterns of animals under natural conditions. However, comparisons of activity patterns across seasons or latitudes can be biased, because activity is often attuned to sunrise and sunset, the timing of which varies with latitude and season. Existing transformation methods to solve this problem have limitations.

Here, we explore whether and how activity patterns can be transformed more accurately using two alternative ‘double anchoring’ transformations – equinoctial and average anchoring – that anchor activity time to two chosen anchor points during the study period.

Using simulated noisy datasets mimicking species with either crepuscular, diurnal or cathemeral activity patterns, we compared the ability of different transformation methods to extract the latent pattern and activity levels under different study conditions. We found that average anchoring best retrieved the original diel activity pattern and yielded accurate estimates of activity level. Two alternative transformation methods – single anchoring and equinoctial anchoring – performed less well. Bias in estimates from using untransformed clock times was most marked (up to 2.5‐fold overestimation) for longer studies covering 4–5 months either side of an equinox at high latitude, and focusing on crepuscular species.

We applied the average anchoring method to 9 months of data on Red deer Cervus elaphus, Wild boar Sus scrofa and Mouflon Ovis amon musimon activity as captured by camera traps in National Park Hoge Veluwe, the Netherlands. Average anchoring revealed more pronounced peaks of activity after sunset than was apparent from untransformed data in red deer and wild boar, but not for mouflon, a cathemeral species. Similarly, activity level was lower when calculated using average anchored time for red deer and wild boar, but no difference was observed for mouflon.

We conclude that transformation of time might not be necessary at latitudes below 20°, or in studies with a duration of less than a month (below 40° latitude). For longer study periods and/or higher latitudes, average anchoring resolves the problem of variable day length. Code is provided. The transformation functions are incorporated in the r‐package ‘activity’.
Inhibition of digestive trypsins by plant Kunitz proteins reduces the viability of Spodoptera cosmioides larvae
Authors: Meriño‐Cabrera Yaremis , de Oliveira Mendes Tiago Antônio , Macedo Maria Ligia Rodrigues , de Almeida Oliveira Maria Goreti 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe acquired resistance by insects and the harmful environmental effects of chemical pesticides have encouraged the search of new tools for proper pest management. Among them, the use of protease inhibitors (PIs) obtained from plants has gained interest because they are a natural system against herbivory, are organic molecules with higher specificity and have the potential to cause less damage to nature. The aim of this work was to characterise the inhibitory potential of the proteins ApTI (Adenanthera pavonina trypsin inhibitor) and ILGA (Inga laurina trypsin inhibitor) on the digestive trypsins of Spodoptera cosmioides through molecular docking, enzymatic kinetics and biological survival analyses. The docking between trypsins and inhibitors was performed using the program CLUSPRO; the inhibitory constant Ki and the inhibition type were determined through chromogenic assays. In order to analyse survival, several concentrations of ApTI and ILTI inhibitors were included in the artificial diet of neonatal larvae. In this study, we determined that ILTI binds to the active site of the trypsins with a specificity similar to its natural substrate, whereas APTI showed that the inhibitor reactive site is not in contact with the trypsins catalytic site. The ILTI and APTI inhibitors were characterized as competitive and uncompetitive tight‐binding inhibitors, respectively. The survival curves obtained using Kaplan–Meier estimators indicated that the lowest percentage survival (20%) for all inhibitors tested was obtained using 1.0% doses at a development time of less than 20 days. We concluded that ILTI and APTI present biotechnological potential as agents against phytophagous Lepidoptera insects, inhibiting trypsins through tight‐binding inhibition, with competitive and non‐competitive mechanisms, respectively. The effect of ApTI and ILTI on the development of S. cosmioides larvae is shown to be toxic.
Axillary dissection in sentinel lymph node positive breast cancer: Is the staging information worthwhile for patients?
Authors: Chang David W. , Bressel Mathias , Hansen Carmen , Blinman Prunella , Schofield Penelope , Chua Boon H. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractAimsThe Z0011 randomized trial demonstrated no significant difference in axillary recurrence rate or survival with or without axillary dissection in patients with a positive sentinel node biopsy. However, there is continuing controversy regarding the generalizability of its results, and axillary dissection provides additional pathologic staging information that may guide adjuvant therapy. Thus, axillary dissection after positive sentinel node biopsy is being further investigated in an actively recruiting randomized trial. We elicited patients’ preferences for axillary dissection versus no axillary dissection after positive sentinel node biopsy for early breast cancer.MethodsPatients who had undergone axillary dissection after positive sentinel node biopsy as part of breast conserving therapy were provided with a validated, self‐rated questionnaire. The questionnaire comprised two trade‐off questions to determine the maximum chance of developing arm side‐effects from axillary dissection to justify the benefit of additional axillary staging information. Social, demographic, and clinical details were collected.ResultsNinety‐nine of the 126 eligible patients returned the questionnaire and 76 completed the trade‐off assessment. The median age of participants was 62 years. The median numbers of sentinel and axillary nodes removed were 2 and 12, respectively. Forty‐seven percent of participants had arm swelling or tenderness of any severity. Seventy‐five percent of participants would have axillary dissection even if the chance of arm side‐effects like they had experienced was 100%.ConclusionMost patients with early breast cancer preferred axillary dissection after positive sentinel node biopsy for the additional staging information even though there was no survival benefit from axillary dissection.
The Choice of Fiscal Year and the Earnings–Return Relationship
Authors: Dierker Martin J. , Kim Taekyu , Park Sang Hyun 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe positive earnings–return relationship is weaker for US‐listed firms with a calendar fiscal year. Furthermore, stock returns for these firms are more positively related to industry earnings, as a common fiscal year‐end improves comparability of earnings. December fiscal year‐ends are more frequent among large and low market‐to‐book industries and firms, consistent with firms trading off the benefits of better comparability against the associated higher accounting and auditing costs. Our results imply that the prevalence of a single standard for fiscal year‐ends in other Asia–Pacific economies is indeed beneficial, as it promotes market transparency.
Does Improved Governance Lead to a Higher Share of FDI in Foreign Equity Investments?
Authors: Baek Hyungkee Young , Maskara Pankaj K. , Miller Laura S. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractWe investigate the relationship between a country's share of FDI in its foreign equity investments (FDI plus foreign portfolio investment (FPI)) and its governance quality relative to that of the investor's country. Poorly governed countries are often advised to improve their governance structures to attract FDI. Contrary to this prescription, we find that as the governance quality of poor‐governance host countries improves, FDI share of foreign equity investments declines, because of a relatively higher increase in FPI than FDI. Only after a sustained and meaningful improvement in governance quality, do low‐quality host countries reap the benefits of attracting greater FDI from investors in high‐quality countries.
Gasdermin D: Evidence of pyroptosis in spontaneous preterm labor with sterile intra‐amniotic inflammation or intra‐amniotic infection
Authors: Gomez‐Lopez Nardhy , Romero Roberto , Tarca Adi L. , Miller Derek , Panaitescu Bogdan , Schwenkel George , Gudicha Dereje W. , Hassan Sonia S. , Pacora Percy , Jung Eunjung , Hsu Chaur‐Dong 
Published: August 2019

AbstractProblemPyroptosis, inflammatory programmed cell death, is initiated through the inflammasome and relies on the pore‐forming actions of the effector molecule gasdermin D. Herein, we investigated whether gasdermin D is detectable in women with spontaneous preterm labor and sterile intra‐amniotic inflammation or intra‐amniotic infection.Method of studyAmniotic fluid samples (n = 124) from women with spontaneous preterm labor were subdivided into the following groups: (a) those who delivered at term (n = 32); and those who delivered preterm (b) without intra‐amniotic inflammation (n = 41), (c) with sterile intra‐amniotic inflammation (n = 32), or (d) with intra‐amniotic infection (n = 19), based on amniotic fluid IL‐6 concentrations and the microbiological status of amniotic fluid (culture and PCR/ESI‐MS). Gasdermin D concentrations were measured using an ELISA kit. Multiplex immunofluorescence staining was also performed to determine the expression of gasdermin D, caspase‐1, and interleukin‐1β in the chorioamniotic membranes. Flow cytometry was used to detect pyroptosis (active caspase‐1) in decidual cells from women with preterm labor and birth. Results(a) Gasdermin D was detected in the amniotic fluid and chorioamniotic membranes from women who underwent spontaneous preterm labor/birth with either sterile intra‐amniotic inflammation or intra‐amniotic infection, but was rarely detected in those without intra‐amniotic inflammation. (b) Amniotic fluid concentrations of gasdermin D were higher in women with intra‐amniotic infection than in those with sterile intra‐amniotic inflammation, and its expression in the chorioamniotic membranes was associated with caspase‐1 and IL‐1β (inflammasome mediators). (c) Decidual stromal cells and leukocytes isolated from women with preterm labor and birth are capable of undergoing pyroptosis given their expression of active caspase‐1.ConclusionPyroptosis can occur in the context of sterile intra‐amniotic inflammation and intra‐amniotic infection in patients with spontaneous preterm labor and birth
Editorial: tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and prevention of mother‐to‐child transmission of hepatitis B virus—authors’ reply
Authors: Chang Kai‐Chi , Chang Mei‐Hwei , Lin Lung‐Huang , Chen Huey‐Ling 
Published: August 2019

LINKED CONTENT
This article is linked to Chang et al and Han and Hou papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15321 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15383.
Bottom‐up world climate policies: Preserving fossil fuel deposits vs. capping fuel consumption
Authors: Eichner Thomas , Pethig Rüdiger 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe policy of purchasing fossil fuel deposits for preservation is an alternative to the demand‐side climate policies that predominate in practice and in professional studies. This paper analyzes the deposit purchase approach and compares it to the standard demand‐side policy in a model with international trade and non‐cooperative governments that account for the effects of their policies on equilibrium prices. We investigate how the two regimes differ with respect to their equilibrium allocations and, in particular, with respect to the countries’ mitigation effort and welfare. If countries are symmetric, mitigation is stronger in the demand‐side than in the supply‐side regime and the transition from the latter to the former is welfare enhancing for all countries. If countries have different endowments of deposits in a two‐country economy, the country with higher extraction costs does not purchase deposits for preservation, and the country with lower extraction costs is better off with the supply‐side than with the demand‐side policy. Finally, we consider the case of combined policies and find surprisingly that no equilibrium in pure strategies exists, when heterogeneous countries apply both policy instruments.
Distributional effects of social security reforms: The case of France
Authors: Fonseca Raquel , Sopraseuth Thepthida 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThis paper assesses the impact of two social security reforms using a calibrated, dynamic life cycle model. It quantifies the long‐run distributional impact of two sets of reforms in France: (1) the 2013 reform of Prime Minister Ayrault, which modified the parameters of a defined benefit (DB) plan, and (2) a hypothetical reform that changes the system to a notional defined contribution (NDC) plan, similar to that in Italy. First, on aggregate welfare, the Ayrault reform and the hypothetical switch to NDC yield contrasting results. The Ayrault reform improves aggregate welfare, which is not the case for the NDC reform. Welfare comparisons are made with respect to the “benchmark economy,” where increases in life expectancy occur and are dealt with only through a higher contribution rate. Second, both reforms yield unequal distributions of welfare changes, with low‐skill workers on the losing end. Under the Ayrault reform, low‐skill workers delay retirement by two years, to age 62. Under NDC reform, pensions for low‐skill workers fall substantially as inequalities during the work life translate directly into inequalities in pensions. The switch to an NDC scheme leads to a more unequal society in terms of asset and welfare distribution.
Novel single‐chain variant of antibody against mesothelin established by phage library
Authors: Yakushiji Hiromasa , Kobayashi Kazuko , Takenaka Fumiaki , Kishi Yoshiro , Shinohara Midori , Akehi Masaru , Sasaki Takanori , Ohno Eiji , Matsuura Eiji 
Published: August 2019

AbstractMesothelin (MSLN) shows increased expression in various cancer cells. For clinical application of antibodies as a positron emission tomography (PET) imaging reagent, a human shortened antibody is essential both for avoiding redundant immune responses and for providing rapid imaging. Therefore, we cloned a single‐chain fragment of variable regions (scFv) from a human‐derived gene sequence. This was achieved through the construction of a naïve phage library derived from human tonsil lymphocytes. Using a column with human recombinant MSLN, we carried out bio‐panning of phage‐variants by colony formation. We first obtained 120 clones that were subjected to selection in an ELISA using human recombinant MSLN as a solid phase antigen, and 15 phage clones of scFv with a different sequence were selected and investigated by flow cytometry (FCM). Then, six variants were selected and the individual scFv gene was synthesized in the VL and VH domains and expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Mammalian cell‐derived human‐origin scFv clones were analyzed by FCM again, and one MSLN highly specific scFv clone was established. PET imaging by 89Zr‐labeled scFv was done in mice bearing xenografts with MSLN‐expressing cancer cells, and tumor legions were successfully visualized. The scFv variant established in the present study may be potentially useful for cancer diagnosis by PET imaging.
Microstructure Control in 3D Printing with Digital Light Processing
Authors: Luongo A. , Falster V. , Doest M. B. , Ribo M. M. , Eiriksson E. R. , Pedersen D. B. , Frisvad J. R. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractDigital light processing stereolithography is a promising technique for 3D printing. However, it offers little control over the surface appearance of the printed object. The printing process is typically layered, which leads to aliasing artefacts that affect surface appearance. An antialiasing option is to use greyscale pixel values in the layer images that we supply to the printer. This enables a kind of subvoxel growth control. We explore this concept and use it for editing surface microstructure. In other words, we modify the surface appearance of a printed object by applying a greyscale pattern to the surface voxels before sending the cross‐sectional layer images to the printer. We find that a smooth noise function is an excellent tool for varying surface roughness and for breaking the regularities that lead to aliasing. Conversely, we also present examples that introduce regularities to produce controlled anisotropic surface appearance. Our hope is that subvoxel growth control in stereolithography can lead 3D printing towards customizable surface appearance. The printing process adds what we call ground noise to the printed result. We suggest a way of modelling this ground noise to provide users with a tool for estimating a printer's ability to control surface reflectance.
Exploring the genetics underpinning dynamic laryngeal collapse associated with poll flexion in Norwegian‐Swedish Coldblooded Trotter racehorses
Authors: Velie B. D. , Smith P. M. , Fjordbakk C. T. , Solé M. , Jäderkvist Fegraeus K. , Rosengren M. K. , Røed K. H. , Ihler C. F. , Lindgren G. , Strand E. 
Published: August 2019

SummaryBackgroundDynamic laryngeal collapse (DLC) associated with poll flexion is the most common disorder of the upper respiratory tract (URT) in the Norwegian‐Swedish Coldblooded Trotter (NSCT). The disorder, which has also been diagnosed in other breeds of trotters and gaited horses, appears to be related to anatomic phenotypes and only occurs during poll flexion when the horse is exercised ‘on the bit’.ObjectivesIdentify genomic regions associated with DLC in the NSCT by combining a rigorous phenotyping protocol with genomic data from a high‐density equine genotyping array.Study designProspective case/control study.MethodsHigh‐speed treadmill endoscopy was used to phenotype horses (n = 61) for DLC, distinguishing between cases and controls. Genome‐wide association (GWA) analysis of DLC status was then performed using a principal component approach (PCA) with haplotype analyses subsequently performed for regions containing single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) above the suggestive genome‐wide significance (GWS) threshold (P<1.0 × 10−5).ResultsOne region containing 10 SNPs (Equus caballus chromosome [ECA] 7: 89,601,935–94,647,192) was above the suggestive GWS threshold. Two inferred haplotypes in this region demonstrated significant differences (P<0.001) between cases and controls, with the most frequent haplotype resulting in a significantly increased risk of DLC.Main limitationsSmall sample size as a result of stringent phenotyping protocols.ConclusionsThe current study highlights a candidate genomic region on ECA7 as potentially important with regard to the manifestation of DLC. Further exploration of this region and the genes included within it will bring veterinarians and researchers closer to fully understanding the biological mechanisms underlying DLC in horses.