bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
RSPO Certification Impacts on Oil Palm Smallholders’ Welfare in Jambi Province
Authors: Napitupulu Dompak MT , Rosyani NFN , HD Ernawati , Rafiq Rukaiyah 
Published: March 2018

<p>World demand for Crude Palm Oil (CPO) consistently increases. On the other hand, CPO market moves slowly probably due to Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) certification. International trade system requires large CPO producers to have a RSPO Certificate as one of requirements for exporting their product. It is expected that this requirement will also be applied immediately to smallholding oil palm plantations. This paper aims to analyze the benefits of RSPO certification on improving oil-palm smallholders’ welfare in Jambi Province. Data collected in this study were analyzed using both descriptive and quantitative methods. Results of the study showed that RSPO certification, in several aspects, significantly improved farmers’’ wealth, timely availability of input factors, oil palm yield, processing and marketing, and CSR financial support. It also indicates that oil palm plantation companies tend to give preferential treatment in transaction process with farmers having RSPO certificates.</p><p> </p><p>Abstrak</p><p>Permintaan Crude Palm Oil (CPO) dunia pada dasarnya mengalami peaingkatan secara konsisten, namun pasar CPO cenderung mengalami kelesuan yang diduga sangat berkaitan dengan sertifikasi Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO). Sistem perdagangan internasional mengharuskan produsen CPO untuk memiliki sertifikat RSPO sebelum memasarkan produk ke luar negeri. Dapat diduga bahwa kewajiban memiliki sertifikat RSPO tidak akan hanya terbatas kepada pengusaha perkebunan besar, namun lambat laun akan juga diwajibkan untuk dimiliki oleh setiap pengusaha kebun kelapa sawit termasuk petani rakyat swadaya. Tulisan ini bertujuan menganalisis manfaat sertifikasi RSPO terhadap peningkatan kesejahteraan petani kelapa sawit swadaya di Provinsi Jambi. Data dalam penelitian ini dianalisis dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif dan statistik nonparametrik. Sertifikasi RSPO dalam beberapa aspek telah dapat dirasakan berkontribusi terhadap peningkatan kesejahteraan petani khususnya dalam hal ketersediaan input produksi secara tepat waktu, peningkatan produktivitas, pengolahan hasil dan pemasaran, serta dukungan dana CSR dari perusahaan inti. Hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan bahwa perusahaan Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit cenderung memberikan kemudahan dalam melakukan transaksi kepada kelompok tani yang sudah memiliki sertifikat RSPO.</p>
Pergeseran dalam Indeks Kelaparan Global (Global Hunger Index) 2000-2017: Implikasi terhadap Kebijakan Pertanian, Pangan, dan Kualitas Sumber Daya Manusia Indonesia
Authors: Pakpahan Agus 
Published: March 2018

<p>The main objective of this paper is to show that the concept of food security should not be separated from hunger given that measures, such as of food sufficiency per capita or household food purchasing power, cannot by themselves indicate the quality of human resources in one country. There exists an X-factor between food sufficiency per capita on the one hand, and human resources quality on the other hand, that must be analysed. In 2017, the Global Hunger Index (GHI) values of 14 achieved by developing countries managed to match those of developed countries. This opens the opportunity, particularly for Indonesia, to re-examine non-income variables and establish policy frameworks to solve hunger. A key component to the issue is the persistent lack of animal protein consumption in Indonesia and elsewhere. This paper suggests that animal protein must be produced in a way that economically cheap and frees the production system from environmental deterioration and problems arising from antibiotic resistance.</p><p> </p><p>Abstrak</p><p>Tujuan utama tulisan ini adalah untuk menunjukkan bahwa konsep ketahanan pangan tidak terlepas dari konsep kelaparan dimana konsep yang terakhir ini menguraikan dimensi kualitas sumber daya manusia. Ukuran kecukupan pangan per kapita atau daya beli pangan rumah tangga tidak dapat dengan sendirinya menunjukkan kualitas sumber daya manusia di satu negara. Di antara kecukupan pangan per kapita di satu sisi dan kualitas sumberdaya manusia di sisi lain terdapat faktor X. Faktor X adalah faktor yang harus dipahami dalam upaya mengintegrasikan antara konsep ketahanan pangan dan kualitas sumberdaya manusia dalam waktu yang bersamaan. Keberhasilan 14 negara berkembang mencapai status Indeks Kelaparan Global (IKG) yang sama dengan IKG negara maju pada 2017 membuka peluang negara-negara berkembang, khususnya Indonesia, untuk mengambil pelajaran dari negara-negara tersebut dalam rangka memahami faktor X, khususnya faktor non-pendapatan, dalam rangka menemukan solusi kelaparan bagi Indonesia. Salah satu komponen strategis yang paling mendesak adalah bagaimana mengatasi kekurangan konsumsi protein hewani yang telah berlangsung selama ini. Namun demikian, sistem produksi protein hewani yang perlu dibangun adalah sistem produksi protein hewani yang terbebas dari masalah resistensi antibiotika dan keberlanjutan lingkungan hidup.</p>
Community Consensus: Incubation and Adoption of Small Things
Authors: Spady Darcy 
Published: March 2018

President's column
My goal is to support small producers and tech providers.
Cautionary note: If you work for a huge corporation and feel there is no need for little, pesky innovators, please stop reading this article now. Go and munch on some plants and wait to be covered in sediment and be part of a future hydrocarbon system. Should you choose to stay, there will be a group hug conducted at the end of this article.
One of my stated goals during my presidency is to support small producers and technical providers. One of my most unexpected experiences has been the pleasant surprise of finding a hotbed of startups … in France.
While being escorted through the WAI—We Are Innovation—center in Massy, France, I was struck by the thought that this is a place where great thoughts turn into great companies. Administered by BNP Paribas, this facility was packed with hard-working innovators, but not too many suits.
In the midst of this group, led by a guy wearing a suit and tennis shoes, was Habib Al Khatib, a geophysicist. He and his two colleagues are working with groundbreaking, yet painfully simple, technology. If Habib fails, he starves. I’m pretty sure Habib won’t fail. We had an excellent discussion about the place for small tech providers in SPE, and the critical need for innovation in our industry. That innovation is generated by companies large and small. I kind of sympathize with the small.
For the past decade, I have been on the board or acted as an advisor to startups. It’s much more comfortable at the board level for me. I get to come and go when there are lots of people around, and they are usually pretty happy. I’ve been a small producer, seeking financing while competing with hundreds of others like myself. You get well practiced at the “elevator pitch,” yet the process can be daunting, frustrating, and tiring.
Why do I bring this up? I discuss this concept of startups and incubation because we have a lot of SPE members in this space, and I want to support you. Maybe you once worked for a large corporation and were placed into transition by an external force. Maybe you started in a big organization and have been chomping at the bit to be freed from the constraints there. Whatever your reason, there is a home for you in SPE.
Is There a Need for a Reserves Confidence Metric?
Authors: McMillan Don 
Published: March 2018

Management
An article published in the April 2014 JPT (McMillan 2014) discussed an SPE workshop survey regarding confidence in the SPE Petroleum Resources Management System [SPE-PRMS (2007)]. This survey identified issues regarding the believability of publicly disclosed reserves and resources. The survey also concluded that the interpretation of the SPE-PRMS in relation to unconventional resources is not consistent among reserve estimators. Critical to the integrity of our industry is confidence in publicly disclosed reserves. These reserves often come with limited supporting data and, therefore, tools need to be developed to enable the users, who may have limited technical knowledge, to identify estimates that should be used with caution or require additional supporting information.
McMillan (2017) proposed a modified version of the reserves-production ratio, called the Reserve Confidence Metric (RCM), to gauge confidence. Poor confidence does not mean the reserve estimates are wrong; it means that the estimates are to be used with caution or further information is required.
The SPE-PRMS presents a resource classification framework where reserves are the discovered recoverable volumes (contingent resources) for which the entity claiming commerciality has demonstrated a firm intention to proceed. The reserves are further characterized by the “range of uncertainty” generating a low, best, and high estimate referred to as proven reserves (1P), proved plus probable reserves (2P), and proved plus probable plus possible reserves (3P). 1P is often referred to as the banker’s case; 2P as the investor’s case; and 3P as the investor’s upside potential.
Because reserves estimates are influenced by economic factors, the timing of a project’s production is integral to its valuation. McMillan (2017) demonstrated that reserves post-20-years had negligible impact on a project’s economics. RCM, which is derived from the reserves-production ratio (RPR) and reserves life index (RLI), ranks 2P reserves estimates as good confidence if the ratio is less than or equal to 20 years. Otherwise it is ranked as poor confidence. In the case of the RCM ranking of 1P reserves, 10 years is proposed as the pivot point. The RCM ranking is summarized in Table 1.
RCM often registers poor confidence when the producing field is in the commissioning phase. In the case of undeveloped reserves, RCM will always be ranked as poor confidence. Having a rank of poor confidence requires the user to either use this information with caution or seek further clarification.
RCM can be applied at any reserve level: country, lease, field, well, and reservoir. The following are examples of applying RCM[2P] to production areas located in Queensland, Australia. All the reserves and production data presented are available from the Queensland State Government website (Department of Natural Resources and Mines, Queensland Government 2016).
Technology Focus: Production Monitoring/Surveillance (March 2018)
Authors: Mittal Rohit 
Published: March 2018

Technology Focus
The industry, bruised in the past few years by low oil prices, has gained some relief with a recent upward trend in prices. These lean years have reinforced an imperative for survival, which, for many companies, means keeping a check on operating costs while improving production with existing assets, a fundamental pillar of which is using best-in-class techniques in production surveillance and monitoring.
In this regard, there are two ongoing trends in the industry. The first is an increasing wave of digitization, beginning with the reservoir and continuing all the way to the pipeline and beyond, driven by inexpensive data storage and advances in connectivity from production sites. This has enabled the operator access to data on a real-time basis, thereby allowing decision making in a more-collaborative and -efficient manner. One example of such a benefit is the remote operation of electrical submersible pumps on a fieldwide level that allows operators to control the movement of fluids in the reservoir better. Offshore Turkmenistan has examples of operators monitoring several hundred wells, enabling them to conduct optimization on a daily basis.
Second, piggybacking on the increased access to sensor and equipment data, analytics and artificial intelligence are on an exponential rise in the industry. Cloud computing providers such as Amazon and Microsoft are increasingly democratizing the use of such analytics, and a company no longer needs to spend a large amount of capital on infrastructure to access computing resources. Machine learning has the potential to provide a large number of opportunities to automate processes and reduce downtimes. One such example would be intelligent algorithms controlling production and injection rates in the reservoir in order to achieve desired objectives, such as maintaining fluid contacts and preventing residual-oil-saturation losses.
Indeed, increased digitization and intelligent algorithms will lead to new processes being developed and becoming industry standards in the future. Even though the industry is often labeled as being conservative and slow to change, the near future looks promising, resembling an athlete in a relay race, impatiently waiting to grab the baton and shoot off into glory.
Recommended additional reading at OnePetro: www.onepetro.org.
SPE 186216 Comprehensive Analysis of Time-Lapsed Well Productivity Index for Characterizing Well Behavior in Tight Volcanic Gas Reservoir by Utkarsh Vijayvargia, Cairn, et al.
SPE 186205 Real-Time Application of Integrated Well and Network Models Through Smart Work Flows for Optimizing and Sustaining Production Targets in an Area of Kuwait’s Greater Burgan Oil Field by B. Al-Shammari, Kuwait Oil Company, et al.
SPE 186955 Downhole Production Logging for Locating Water Sources in Openhole-Completion Oil-Producer Wells by Amirul Afiq Yaakob, Petronas, et al.
Cyclic Steam Stimulation Results in High Water Retention for Kuwaiti Heavy-Oil Field
Authors: Wilson Adam 
Published: March 2018

This article, written by Special Publications Editor Adam Wilson, contains highlights of paper SPE 184154, “High Water Retention in Cyclic-Steam-Stimulation Wells of Kuwait Heavy-Oil Field,” by Anil Kumar Jain, Amal Al-Sane, and Fatma Ahmad, Kuwait Oil Company, prepared for the 2016 SPE International Heavy Oil Conference and Exhibition, Mangaf, Kuwait, 6–8 December. The paper has not been peer reviewed.
Cyclic steam stimulation (CSS) is one of the principal enhanced-oil-recovery methods for heavy oil. CSS was performed in some of the wells of a heavy-oil field in Kuwait. Multiple cycles were applied in these wells. However, the total water produced in each cycle was much less than expected. This paper presents experiments that were conducted to find possible reasons for the high water retention.
Hysteresis in CSS
Hysteresis in drainage and imbibition nonwetting-phase capillary pressure and relative permeability curves is an established phenomenon. Hysteresis of capillary pressure and relative permeability to water has a great effect on heavy-oil recovery and producing water/oil ratios (WORs) during cyclic steam stimulation. Produced WOR calculated without considering hysteresis will be unrealistically high relative to that observed in the fields.
Water Retention
During water injection, relative permeability to water increases, and, during the production phase, it decreases; however, it does not follow the same path. Relative permeability to water during the production phase is always less than that during the injection phase at the same water saturation. Irreducible water saturation during the production phase is more than the initial water saturation before injection. The difference between these two water saturations is water retention.
The same phenomenon occurs when CSS is applied. As a result of hysteresis and temperature, irreducible water saturation does not reach the initial water saturation. When steam is injected into a formation, the formation becomes increasingly water-wet. In subsequent cycles, steam injection reduces the oil saturation and increases the water saturation around the wellbore. Relative permeability to oil at high water saturation is also reduced. In later cycles, increasingly more water is produced than oil, and, therefore, the WOR increases. The produced water consists of both the condensed steam and the formation water. After steam is injected, fresh water is produced first, and slowly the salinity of the produced water increases. Initially, some of the condensed steam returns, but, later, formation water is produced with the condensed steam. If the well produces for long enough, eventually only formation water will be produced.
Micromechanical Characterization of Fluid/Shale Interactions by Means of Nanoindentation
Authors: Yang Zhenning , Wang Liming , Chen Zhaowei , Xiang Degui , Hou Dongwei , Ho Carlton , Zhang Guoping 
Published: March 2018

SummaryMitigation and prevention of shale-formation damage caused by hydraulic-fracturing fluid/rock interactions play an important role in well-production stability and subsequent refracturing design. In this paper, the effect of converting typically hydrophilic fractured surfaces to hydrophobic ones on fluid-induced softening of shales was investigated. Specifically, nanoindentation was used to characterize changes in the mechanical properties of shale samples after different surface treatments. A thin layer of octadecyltrimethoxysilane (OTMS) coating was deposited on the initially hydrophilic surface of shale, followed by inundation in water for certain periods of time to allow for fluid/rock interactions. Nanoindentation testing was then conducted on the treated shales to characterize their hardness, Young's modulus, and fracture toughness to examine the alteration of shale's mechanical properties caused by fluid/rock interactions and to check whether hydrophobic coating can mitigate shale-softening. Results from nanoindentation testing were analyzed by a newly proposed clay-matrix criterion for data screening. Different rock-surface treatments lead to changes in rock properties. Both the hardness and Young's modulus of the treated samples converge and stabilize at relatively large depths. Samples with hydrophobic surfaces exhibit a much lower degree of softening, as reflected by their better mechanical properties (e.g., 40% increase in hardness, 25% increase in Young's modulus, and 35% increase in fracture toughness), compared with untreated shale samples. The results of this study also demonstrate that the continuous-stiffness-measurement (CSM) method and the repeated loading method for nanoindentation loading yield similar ranges of micromechanical properties of the bulk shale. However, the CSM method, if combined with the newly proposed clay-matrix-based criterion for data screening can better define and characterize fluid/shale interactions or softening of shales.
Oficina de corpo e dança: uma experiência interdisciplinar no âmbito das políticas públicas de enfrentamento à violência contra as mulheres
Authors: GONSALVES EMMANUELA NEVES , MOURA AMANDA DUARTE , Santos Tayane Torres dos , MESSINA JANINE , CARVALHO ERIKA MARINS DE 
Published: March 2018

O trabalho apresenta uma reflexão sobre a oficina de corpo e dança com mulheres, empreendida em um serviço de atendimento às mulheres em situação de violência no município do Rio de Janeiro. A oficina de corpo e dança se refere a um trabalho dialógico desenvolvido por uma equipe interdisciplinar composta por uma profissional de psicologia e alunas do curso de Dança. Para o presente artigo, foram analisados os sessenta e cinco relatos produzidos pelas estagiárias de dança e pela psicóloga ao longo do trabalho de um ano de oficina. A partir do estudo dos relatos foi possível construir quatro categorias de análise: a estrutura das oficinas; a questão da interdisciplinaridade; os corpos nas oficinas; as falas nas oficinas. As reflexões propostas apontam para a importância de ações interdisciplinares no campo das políticas públicas de enfrentamento à violência contra as mulheres.
Effect of Functionalised and Non-Functionalised Carbon Nanotubes-Urea Fertilizer on the Growth of Paddy
Authors: Norazlina Mohamad Yatim  , Azizah Shaaban  , Mohd Fairuz Dimin  , Faridah Yusof  , Jeefferie Abd Razak  
Published: March 2018

The roles of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) and functionalised multiwalled carbon nanotubes (fMWNTs) in enhancing the efficacy of urea fertilizer (UF) as plant nutrition for local MR219 paddy variety was investigated. The MWNTs and fMWNTs were grafted onto UF to produce UF-MWNTs fertilizer with three different conditions, coded as FMU1 (0.6 wt. % fMWNTs), FMU2 (0.1 wt. % fMWNTs) and MU (0.6 wt. % MWNTs. The batches of MR219 paddy were systematically grown in accordance to the general practice performed by the Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI). The procedure was conducted using a pot under exposure to natural light at three different fertilization times; after a certain number of days of sowing (DAS) at 14, 35 and 55 days. Interestingly, it was found that the crop growth of plants treated with FMU1 and FMU2 significantly increased by 22.6% and 38.5% compared to plants with MU addition. Also, paddy treated with FMU1 produced 21.4% higher number of panicles and 35% more grain yield than MU while paddy treated with FMU2 gave 28.6% more number of panicles and 36% higher grain yield than MU, which implies the advantage of fMWNTs over MWNTs to be combined with UF as plant nutrition. The chemical composition and morphology of UF-MWNTs fertilizers which is further characterised by FTiR and FESEM confirmed the successful and homogeneous grafting of UF onto the fMWNTs.

Peranan tabung karbon nano berdinding banyak (MWNTs) dan functionalised tabung karbon nano berdinding banyak (fMWNTs) dalam meningkatkan keberkesanan baja urea (UF) untuk pertumbuhan MR219 padi tempatan diselidiki. MWNTs dan fMWNTs telah digabungkan dengan UF untuk menghasilkan baja urea-tabung karbon nano berdinding banyak (UF-MWNTs) dengan tiga keadaan yang berbeza, dikodkan sebagai FMU1 (0.6 wt.% fMWNTs), FMU2 (0.1 wt.% fMWNTs) dan MU (0.6 wt.% MWNTs. Padi MR219 telah ditanam secara sistematik mengikut prosedur yang dilakukan oleh Institut Penyelidikan dan Kemajuan Pertanian Malaysia (MARDI). Prosedur ini dijalankan di dalam pot di bawah pendedahan cahaya matahari secara semula jadi dengan teknik pembajaan sebanyak tiga kali, selepas tabur (HLT) iaitu pada 14, 35 dan 55 hari. Menariknya, didapati bahawa pertumbuhan padi dengan pembajaan FMU1 dan FMU2 telah meningkat dengan ketara sebanyak 22.6% dan 38.5% berbanding pertumbuhan padi dengan pembajaan MU. Juga, padi yang dibaja dengan FMU 1 menghasilkan 21.4% bilangan tangkai yang lebih tinggi dan hasil bijirin 35% lebih tinggi daripada MU, manakala padi yang dibaja dengan FMU 2 memberikan nilai 28.6% dan 36% lebih tinggi jumlah tangkai dan hasil bijirin daripada MU. Ini telah menunjukkan kelebihan fMWNTs ke atas MWNTs untuk digabungkan dengan UF sebagai baja. Komposisi kimia dan kajian morfologi UF-MWNTs yang telah dicirikan oleh FTIR dan FESEM menunjukkan kejayaan dan kesebatian campuran gabungan UF dengan fMWNTs.