Post-Translational Modification and Differential Protein Binding Partners of CCAAT Enhancer Binding Protein Alpha (C/EBPα) p42 Versus p30 May Contribute to Aberrant C/EBPα Activity in Acute Leukemia
Authors: Silver Matthew , Abayasekara Nirmalee , Perry Dylan , Sun Hong , Berliner Nancy , Khanna-Gupta Arati 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
CCAAT enhancer binding protein alpha (C/EBPα) is the founding member of a family of basic region/leucine zipper (bzip) transcription factors and has been shown to be a master regulator of granulopoiesis It is expressed at high levels throughout myeloid differentiation and has been shown to bind to the promoters of multiple myeloid- specific gene promoters at different stages of myeloid maturation. Profound hematopoietic abnormalities have been reported for mice nullizygous for including a selective early block in the differentiation of C/EBPα, granulocytes. Mutations in C/EBPα have been demonstrated in a subset of patients with AML presenting with a normal karyotype. These mutations can result in the expression of a 30kD dominant negative C/EBPα isoform which contributes to loss of C/EBPα function. We have sought to understand the molecular basis for this observation. We and others have demonstrated that C/EBPα is post-translationally modified by small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) at a lysine residue (K159) that lies within a region of the C/EBPα protein that can negatively affect transcriptional activity. We have demonstrated that the levels of sumoylated p42C/EBPα decrease upon normal neutrophil maturation and that transactivation of the myeloid-specific lactoferrin (LF) promoter reporter is significantly enhanced by a p42 sumoylation mutant of C/EBPα (K159A). Additionally, in oligonucleotide pull down assays, we show that sumoylated p42C/EBPα binds to the C/EBP site in the LF promoter in immature myeloid cells (which do not express LF) while loss binding and LF of sumoylation correlates with loss of p42C/EBPα expression in more mature cells. Based on these observations we is associated with the negative conclude that sumoylated p42C/EBPα regulation of LF in early myeloid cells. We further demonstrate that sumoylated p42C/EBPα remains bound to the LF promoter following ATRA induction of the leukemic NB4 cells, which do not express LF despite induction of morphologic maturation. Based on these observations we conclude that during normal myeloid differentiation, sumoylated p42C/EBPα is associated with the negative regulation of LF in early myeloid cells, and that LF expression upon maturation is associated with loss of binding of sumoylated p42 C/EBPα In leukemic cells induced toward mature neutrophils, sumoylated p42C/EBPα remains bound to the LF promoter, contributing to the lack of expression of LF in these cells. We show in addition, that p30 C/EBPα can also be sumoylated. In transactivation assays, however, sumoylated p42C/EBPα suppresses LF promoter activity more efficiently than p30C/EBPα in 293 cells. In order to identify differential protein binding partners of p30 and p42C/EBPα that could account for the differential transcriptional activity of the two isoforms, we have used a one step purification method that allows isolation of biotinylated C/EBPα p30 and p42- containing complexes using magnetic-streptavidin beads. The K562 myelomonocytic cell line stably expressing a biotin ligase (BirA) plasmid was transfected with p30C/EBPα or p42C/EBPα each containing a 23 amino acid tag at the N-terminus that allows for in vivo biotinylation. Proteins complexed with the two C/EBP isofoms have been isolated and are currently being identified by LC- MS MS analysis. Their differential association with the two isofoms of C/EBPα will be confimed by coimmunoprecipitation assays in normal myeloid and in leukemic cells. The identification of differentially bound proteins to p30 and p42 C/EBPα may identify molecular targets for future drug development.