bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contribution à la minéralogie des arséniates calciques et calcomagnésiens naturels
Authors: Pierrot Roland 
Published: November 2018

L'étude des arséniates calciques et calcomagnésiens naturels a été entreprise pour préciser les caractères mal connus des minéraux de cette série.
La recherche des échantillons originaux ainsi que du plus grand nombre possible de spécimens a été la règle générale de ce travail.
Le maximum de précautions a été pris pour assurer l'homogénéité du matériel étudié. Un certain nombre de précisions et de modifications ont été apportées pour les espèces minérales existant dans la nomenclature actuelle. Puis de nouveaux minéraux ont été décrits.
Rauenthalite : nouveau minéral déterminé à Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines (massif des Vosges). Triclinique ? Raies intenses du diagramme de poudre : 10,8 (FFF), 3,36 (FF), 2,44 (F), 6,2 (mF). dm = 2,36. Biaxe positif avec 2 V = 85°, ng = 1,570, nm = 1.552, np = 1,540. L'analyse chimique, en accord avec celle du produit artificiel conduit à la formule Ca3(AsO4)2.10H2O.
Sainfeldite : nouveau minéral déterminé à Jachymov et à Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines. Monoclinique C 2/c, a = 18,64, b = 9,81, c = 10,12, β = 97°. Raies intenses du diagramme de poudre : 3,37 (FFF), 3,18 (FF), 4,64 (F), dx = 3,00, dm = 3,04. Biaxe négatif avec 2 V = 80°, np = 1,600, nm = 1,610, ng = 1,616. L'analyse chimique, en accord avec celle du produit artificiel conduit à la formule : Ca5H2(AsO4)4.4H2O.
Vladimirite : Monoclinique P 21/c, a = 5,81, b = 10,19, c = 22,7, β = 82° 41'. Raies intenses du diagramme de poudre : 2,79 (FFF), 3,28 (FF), 4,15 (FF), 4,00 (FF). dm = 3,14, dx = 3,17. Biaxe négatif avec 2 V = 70°. Extinction oblique c/\ng = 36°, np = 1,650, nm = 1,654, ng = 1,661. Les nouvelles analyses conduisent à la formule Ca5H2(AsO4)4.5H2O.
Guérinite : monoclinique ? Raies intenses du diagramme de poudre : 14 (FFF), 3,89 (FF), 3,01 (FF), 2,90 (FF), 3,40 (F). dm = 2,68. Biaxe négatif avec 2 V 10°, np = 1,576, nm = 1,582, ng = 1,584. Les premières analyses effectuées sur le minéral naturel confirment la formule : Ca5H2(AsO4)4.9H2O.
Les diagrammes de poudre des arséniates de calcium synthétiques bien cristallisés obtenus par H. Guérin sont fournis.
Grâce aux échantillons originaux de bélovite et de talmessite, l'identité de ces deux minéraux a pu être établie : il s'agit d'une seule et même espèce de formule : Ca2Mg(AsO4)2.2H2O ; triclinique P1 isomorphe de la béta˗rosélite : a = 5,89, b = 7,69, c = 5,56, α = 112°38', β = 70°49', γ = 119°25'. Biaxe avec 2 V ~ 90°, np = 1,672, nm = 1,685, ng = 1,698.
Trois hypothèses vraisemblables sont fournies au sujet de l'existence de la wapplérite, espèce douteuse dont nous n'avons jamais retrouvé de spécimen.
Des essais de déshydratation, de transformations, conduisent à une hypothèse générale de succession naturelle. Les courbes d'analyse thermopondérale sont fournies pour chaque espèce étudiée.
High-resolution SOFIA/EXES Spectroscopy of SO2 Gas in the Massive Young Stellar Object MonR2 IRS3: Implications for the Sulfur Budget
Authors: Dungee Ryan , Boogert Adwin , DeWitt Curtis N. , Montiel Edward , Richter Matthew J. , Barr Andrew G. , Blake Geoffrey A. , Charnley Steven B. , Indriolo Nick , Karska Agata , Neufeld David A. , Smith Rachel L. , M. Tielens Alexander G. G. 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Sulfur has been observed to be severely depleted in dense clouds leading to uncertainty in the molecules that contain it and the chemistry behind their evolution. Here, we aim to shed light on the sulfur chemistry in young stellar objects (YSOs) by using high-resolution infrared spectroscopy of absorption by the ν
3 rovibrational band of SO2 obtained with the Echelon-Cross-Echelle Spectrograph on the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy. Using local thermodynamic equilibrium models we derive physical parameters for the SO2 gas in the massive YSO MonR2 IRS3. This yields a SO2/H abundance lower limit of 5.6 ± 0.5 × 10−7, or >4% of the cosmic sulfur budget, and an intrinsic line width (Doppler parameter) of b < 3.20 km s−1. The small line widths and high temperature (T
ex = 234 ± 15 K) locate the gas in a relatively quiescent region near the YSO, presumably in the hot core where ices have evaporated. This sublimation unlocks a volatile sulfur reservoir (e.g., sulfur allotropes as detected abundantly in comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko), which is followed by SO2 formation by warm, dense gas-phase chemistry. The narrowness of the lines makes formation of SO2 from sulfur sputtered off grains in shocks less likely toward MonR2 IRS3.
Les récits d’un « Nouveau Brésil » : une analyse médiatique de la Coupe du monde de football de 1950
Authors: Helal Ronaldo , Amaro Fausto , Ribeiro Mostaro Filipe Fernandez 
Published: November 2018

Le but de cet article est d’étudier comment les récits d’un « Nouveau Brésil » sont apparus au cours de la Coupe du monde de 1950. Pour cela, nous analyserons les périodiques A Noite et Jornal do Brasil , quarante jours avant la Coupe du monde jusqu’au jour après sa fermeture (17 juillet 1950). Le contexte historique de l’après-guerre a incité un aménagement de l’image du Brésil au niveau international et la concurrence a servi de vitrine à cet effet. Nous chercherons à identifier comment le football, élément de l’identité nationale, a contribué à la construction de ce discours, notamment avec la construction du plus grand stade du monde à l’époque, le Maracaña.
Nonredundant Roles of IL-21 and IL-4 in the Phased Initiation of Germinal Center B Cells and Subsequent Self-Renewal Transitions
Authors: Gonzalez David G. , Cote Christine M. , Patel Jaymin R. , Smith Colin B. , Zhang Yuqi , Nickerson Kevin M. , Zhang Tingting , Kerfoot Steven M. , Haberman Ann M. 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
We examined the unique contributions of the cytokines IL-21 and IL-4 on germinal center (GC) B cell initiation and subsequent maturation in a murine model system. Similar to other reports, we found T follicular helper cell expression of IL-21 begins prior to T follicular helper cell migration into the B cell follicle and precedes that of IL-4. Consistent with this timing, IL-21 signaling has a greater influence on the perifollicular pre-GC B cell transition to the intrafollicular stage. Notably, Bcl6hi B cells can form in the combined absence of IL-21R– and STAT6-derived signals; however, these nascent GC B cells cease to proliferate and are more prone to apoptosis. When B cells lack either IL-21R or STAT6, aberrant GCs form atypical centroblasts and centrocytes that differ in their phenotypic maturation and costimulatory molecule expression. Thus, IL-4 and IL-21 play nonredundant roles in the phased progression of GC B cell development that can initiate in the combined absence of these cytokine signals.
Using the CLER Pathways to Excellence to Evaluate the Learning Environments at a Multi-Site Institution
Authors: Aaron Maria , Shayne Philip , Brownfield Erica , Spell Nathan O. , Khan Jaffar , Luhanga Ulemu 
Published: November 2018

ABSTRACT

Background
The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education Clinical Learning Environment Review (CLER) program visits 1 participating site per sponsoring institution. While valuable, feedback on that site does not necessarily generalize to all learning environments where trainees and faculty provide clinical care, and institutions may be missing significant insight and feedback on other clinical learning sites.

Objective
We explored how the Emory Learning Environment Evaluation process—modeled after CLER—could be used to improve the learning environments at 5 major clinical training sites.

Methods
Participants were recruited via e-mail. Sites hosted separate 60-minute sessions for medical students, residents and fellows, and faculty. We used the CLER Pathways to Excellence to develop a combination of fixed choice and opened-ended questions deployed via an audience response system and verbal queries. Data were analyzed primarily through descriptive statistics and graphs.

Results
Across sites, per session, medical student participants ranged from 9–16, residents and fellows ranged 21–30, and faculty ranged 15–29. Learners agreed that sites: (1) provided a supportive culture for requesting supervision (students 100%; residents and fellows 70%–100%), and (2) provided a supportive culture for reporting patient safety events (students 94%–100%; residents and fellows 91%–95%). Only a minority of residents and fellows and faculty agreed that they were educated on how to provide effective supervision (residents and fellows 21%–52%; faculty 45%–64%).

Conclusions
Data from this process have helped standardize improvement efforts across multiple clinical learning environments within our sponsoring institution.
IMITATION CREAM FILLING AS A VEHICLE OF STAPHYLOCOCCAL FOOD POISONING
Authors: McKinley T. W. , Clarke E. J. 
Published: November 2018

Summary
After two cases of staphylococcal food poisoning were attributed to doughnuts containing imitation cream filling, dispensed from an unrefrigerated vending machine, a batch of this filling was inoculated with food poisoning stayhylococci to determine its ability to support growth. Three staphylococcus cultures were employed: culture K which carne from the doughnut filling that prompted this study; culture D which was recovered from chocolate eclairs incriminated in an outbreak in 1961; and culture T which was isolated from turkey responsible for an outbreak in 1962. All cultures grew at both 25 C and 32 C in 20 hr and 40 hr. However, cultures K and D developed larger populations than T, the turkey strain. This emphasizes the need for refrigeration of imitation cream fillings from the time of manufacture to the time of sale.
MEDICAL EXAMINATIONS FOR DAIRY PLANT PERSONNEL1
Authors: Dodge Lewie C. , Hedrick T. I. 
Published: November 2018

Summary
The evidence suggests that periodical medical examinations for milk and milk product handlers can be abolished without an increase in disease transmission through milk and milk products. A saving of expenses and/or time for the plant employee would result. The alternative that would benefit the dairy industry would be the establishment of specific details of the medical examination and their uniform adoption by the states and municipalities.
SUGGESTED MODIFICATIONS OF THE CALCIUM ALGINATE SWAB TECHNIQUE
Authors: Post F. J. , Krishnamurty G. B. 
Published: November 2018

Summary
Modifications of the calcium alginate swab technique recommended as an alternative to cotton swabs in Standard Methods for the Examination of Dairy Products, American Public Health Association, 1960 are presented. The modifications are based on observed lysis of some gram negative bacteria during dissolution of the swab with sodium hexametaphosphate (HEX) and inhibition of some gram positive bacteria when the solvent is included in certain plating media. Since NaCl protects cells against lysis, Ringers' solution is suggested as the swab buffer for sample collecting. During dissolution of the swab HEX concentration should be 2% or less in order to minimize carry-over to the plating medium. Several plating media were studied and trypticase soy agar or its equivalent as determined with a sensitive gram positive organism such as Sarcina lutea is recommended. It is also recommended that contact time between cells and HEX be as short as possible and that 20 ml of plating medium be used for each ml of HEX-alginate-Ringers' sample.
A METHOD FOR EVALUATING THE DESTRUCTION OF AIR-BORNE BACTERIOPHAGES1,2
Authors: Sing E. L. , Elliker P. R. , Sandine W. E. 
Published: November 2018

Summary
A method was developed for testing the effectiveness of germicidal aerosols against air-borne bacteriophages by incorporating the use of an Andersen air sampler containing gelatin plates containing a suitable germicide inactivator. A special chamber 29.25 ft3 in volume was used in which the activity of different aerosols was compared. Standard dosages of bacteriophage particles were sprayed under controlled conditions into the chamber. Immediately following the infection, the experimental germicide was fogged into the chamber. Concentrations and quantities were carefully controlled in order to provide an accurate evaluation of the virucidal effects. Recoverable phages were diluted from liquefied gelatin plates and numbers determined by the plaque count technique.
A number of preliminary experiments was conducted to establish a standard procedure. In these experiments the most significant information concerning applications and sampling was derived from the phage fall-out data curve for the test chamber.
The procedure described under controlled conditions gave consistently satisfactory results which could be repeated.
BACTERIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THE SHELF LIFE1 OF SOFT SHELL CLAMS (Mya arenaria)
Authors: Cox J. R. 
Published: November 2018

Summary
Bacteriological shelf life studies on fresh packed soft shell clams harvested from Chesapeake Bay were conducted at three month intervals to determine the effect of seasonal changes on standard plate counts, 25 C plate counts, coliform most probable numbers, and other microflora in relation to spoilage and discoloration. The data obtained in these studies indicate the following: (a) no correlation between either standard or 25 C plate counts and the degree of spoilage was noted; (b) coliforms multiply in shucked soft shell clams caught in cold waters and stored at 33–35 F, but may decrease during storage when harvested from warmer waters; (c) there may be a slight increase followed by a decrease in E. C.+ and E. coli (fecal coliforms) most probable numbers after 5–7 days storage, but when E.C.+ MPN's have been very low or 0 no increase has been found; (d) no correlation between pink yeast counts and pink discoloration of soft shell clams, or between any chromogenic bacteria or other discolorations was noted; and (e) the bacteriological standards for fresh shucked oysters which are based on E.C.+ MPN's (fecal coliforms) and standard plate counts were met although some counts were in the “Acceptable on Condition” classification when sampling was made during summer and early fall.
A MODIFIED STAIN AND PROCEDURE FOR THE DIRECT MICROSCOPE METHOD OF COUNTING BACTERIA IN DRY MILK AND OTHER MILK PRODUCTS
Authors: Duttschaever C. L. , Leggatt A. G. 
Published: November 2018

Summary
The preparation of a stain and its method for use in the direct microscopic examination of milk smears is given. Included are some figures arising from a study in which the new stain was compared with the Levowitz-Weber stain. The new method was found to yield higher counts of bacterial clumps and of leucocytes than the standard stain and this was accomplished more quickly and with less fatigue on the part of the observer.
CHLORINE RESISTANCE OF ENTEROCOCCI1,2
Authors: Shannon E. L. , Clark W. S. , Reinbold G. W. 
Published: November 2018

Summary
Data indicate that chlorine can be used effectively as a sanitizing agent against enterococci. Exposure, in phosphate-buffered water suspensions, to 100 ppm available chlorine resulted in complete destruction in 0.25 min. An initial concentration of 10 ppm chlorine resulted in variable destruction of enterococci after 2 min; 5 ppm for 30 min never completely destroyed any of 50 enterococcus strains studied. Acidification of the chlorine solution is important for effective germicidal action. With a concentration of 10 ppm available chlorine at pH 5.8, no survival was noted after 2 min. With this concentration at pH 8.4, there was appreciable survival after 2 min.
STORAGE OF EVISCERATED HADDOCK IN REFRIGERATED SEA WATER TREATED WITH GAMMA RADIATION1,2
Authors: Nickerson J. T. R. , Licciardello J. J. 
Published: November 2018

Summary
The storage life of eviscerated haddock held in sea water at 32 F was significantly extended by continuously recycling the sea water through a field of gamma radiation. The storage life was eventually limited by growth of bacteria on the surface of the fish even though the bacterial concentration of the sea water remained at a relatively low level. Accumulation of salt in the flesh might also eventually effect the quality of fish stored in this manner.
EFFECT OF BULK TANK GAUGE ROD STORAGE METHODS ON MILK WEIGHT LOSSES1
Authors: Pernice A. R. , Blakely T. , Beach M. 
Published: November 2018

Summary
Storage of the gauge rod outside the farm bulk milk tank more clearly aligns the technique presently used by regulatory officials in the calibration of farm tanks. Outside storage was related to a definite decrease in the amount of shrinkage per route studied. The study suggests that outside storage more consistently and more easily provided the collector with a gauge rod that had been washed clean, rinsed under hot water, allowed to drain dry and to attain room temperature prior to its use for measurement.
CHARACTERIZATION OF BACTERIA WHICH PRODUCE COLONIES ATYPICAL OF THE COLIFORM GROUP ON VIOLET RED BILE AGAR1
Authors: Jones G. A. , Gibson D. L. , Cheng K.-J. 
Published: November 2018

Summary
Thirty-three strains of bacteria were isolated during routine analysis of dairy products at two Canadian centers from colonies on violet red bile agar VRB which measured less than 0.5 mm in diameter after incubation at 35 C for 24 hr. All isolates showed typical coli-form morphology and Gram reaction and from the results of biochemical test were identified as coliform biotypes. No strain survived laboratory pasteurization at 145 F for 30 min. Strains of presumptive intestinal orgin (E. coli) were typed serologically and one strain was found to be of serotype 026:B6, an important etiological agent of infantile diarrhoea. It is concluded that size of colony is not a valid criterion for discriminating between colonies of coliform and non-coliform bacteria on VRB.
MEDIA FOR ENUMERATING STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS TREATED WITH HYDROGEN PEROXIDE IN MILK1
Authors: Von Ruden K. L. , Olson N. F. 
Published: November 2018

Summary
Several media were compared with plate count agar (PCA) for determining numbers of Staphylococcus aureus 196E (ATCC 13565) surviving hydrogen peroxide-catalase treatment in milk at 54.4 C. Time intervals required for 90, 99, 99.9, and. 99.99% destruction of S. aureus were determined from survivor curves obtained with each medium. Statistical analyses were made of the intervals for 90 and 99.9% destruction. The time required for 99.9% destruction was significantly longer when survivors were enumerated on PCA than when enumeration was made on Staphylococcus medium 110 (SM110), Staphylococcus medium 110-Egg Yolk agar (SM110-Ey), tryptic soy agar, or trypticase soy agar (TSA). SM110-Ey was the only medium which inhibited growth of survivors sufficiently to give significantly shorter time for 90% destruction than PCA. Heart infusion agar (HIA) did not differ significantly from PCA in ability to support growth of survivors.
SURVEY OF ABNORMAL MILK PROGRAMS ADMINISTERED BY STATE REGULATORY AGENCIES1,2
Authors: Randolph H. E. , Conner D. J. 
Published: November 2018

Summary
Through survey questionnaires, information was obtained about the abnormal milk control programs administered by state regulatory agencies. Responses were received from dairy regulatory officials in 49 states. A majority (67%) of the states did not have a designated abnormal milk regulatory program at the time of this survey, but many were in the process of developing such programs. More concern was evident for the control of abnormal milk in the Grade A supply than for the manufacturing supply.
The tests most widely reported for detecting abnormal milk (in order of prominence) were: microscopic leucocyte count, California mastitis test, modified Whiteside test, catalase test, and Wisconsin mastitis test. Standards based on leucocyte counts of 500,000 or 1,000,000/ml were reported by 13 states. Approximately 70% of the responding states indicated that their programs followed the recommendations of the National Mastitis Council; however, others (30%) indicated further studies would be made before abnormal milk regulations could be promulgated.
Southern California megacity CO2, CH4, and CO flux estimates using ground- and space-based remote sensing and a Lagrangian model
Authors: Hedelius Jacob K. , Liu Junjie , Oda Tomohiro , Maksyutov Shamil , Roehl Coleen M. , Iraci Laura T. , Podolske James R. , Hillyard Patrick W. , Liang Jianming , Gurney Kevin R. , Wunch Debra , Wennberg Paul O. 
Published: November 2018

Abstract. We estimate the overall CO2, CH4, and CO
flux from the South Coast Air Basin using an inversion that couples Total
Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) and Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2
(OCO-2) observations, with the Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated
Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model and the Open-source Data Inventory for
Anthropogenic CO2 (ODIAC). Using TCCON data we estimate the direct
net CO2 flux from the SoCAB to be
104 ± 26 Tg CO2 yr−1 for the study period of
July 2013–August 2016. We obtain a slightly higher estimate of
120 ± 30 Tg CO2 yr−1 using OCO-2 data. These
CO2 emission estimates are on the low end of previous work. Our net
CH4 (360 ± 90 Gg CH4 yr−1) flux estimate is
in agreement with central values from previous top-down studies going back to
2010 (342–440 Gg CH4 yr−1). CO emissions are estimated at
487 ± 122 Gg CO yr−1, much lower than previous top-down
estimates (1440 Gg CO yr−1). Given the decreasing emissions of CO,
this finding is not unexpected. We perform sensitivity tests to estimate how
much errors in the prior, errors in the covariance, different inversion
schemes, or a coarser dynamical model influence the emission estimates.
Overall, the uncertainty is estimated to be 25 %, with the largest
contribution from the dynamical model. Lessons learned here may help in
future inversions of satellite data over urban areas.
Plain Language
Authors: Lam Kally K.L. 
Published: November 2018

Plain Language: A Promising Tool for Quality Legislation
The hypothesis of this article is that plain language drafting with innovative drafting techniques can improve the quality of legislation. Further to this, the article tries to prove that quality legislation can also make the law more accessible to its general audience. With regard to quality, the article assesses plain language drafting with innovative drafting techniques using Helen Xanthaki’s criteria of quality in legislation, i.e. that it should be clear, precise and unambiguous. With regard to accessibility, it is defined broadly as to include readability. I will first assess whether plain language drafting with innovative drafting techniques can meet the expectations of its general audience and second discuss whether legislation drafted in plain language with innovative techniques passes the usability tests.