bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predicting EGFR mutation status in lung adenocarcinoma on computed tomography image using deep learning
Authors: Wang Shuo , Shi Jingyun , Ye Zhaoxiang , Dong Di , Yu Dongdong , Zhou Mu , Liu Ying , Gevaert Olivier , Wang Kun , Zhu Yongbei , Zhou Hongyu , Liu Zhenyu , Tian Jie 
Published: January 2019

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) genotyping is critical for treatment guidelines such as the use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors in lung adenocarcinoma. Conventional identification of EGFR genotype requires biopsy and sequence testing which is invasive and may suffer from the difficulty of accessing tissue samples. Here, we propose a deep learning model to predict EGFR mutation status in lung adenocarcinoma using non-invasive computed tomography (CT).We retrospectively collected data from 844 lung adenocarcinoma patients with pre-operative CT images, EGFR mutation and clinical information from two hospitals. An end-to-end deep learning model was proposed to predict the EGFR mutation status by CT scanning.By training in 14 926 CT images, the deep learning model achieved encouraging predictive performance in both the primary cohort (n=603; AUC 0.85, 95% CI 0.83–0.88) and the independent validation cohort (n=241; AUC 0.81, 95% CI 0.79–0.83), which showed significant improvement over previous studies using hand-crafted CT features or clinical characteristics (p<0.001). The deep learning score demonstrated significant differences in EGFR-mutant and EGFR-wild type tumours (p<0.001).Since CT is routinely used in lung cancer diagnosis, the deep learning model provides a non-invasive and easy-to-use method for EGFR mutation status prediction.
Which definition of a central tumour is more predictive of occult mediastinal metastasis in nonsmall cell lung cancer patients with radiological N0 disease?
Authors: Shin Sun Hye , Jeong Dong Young , Lee Kyung Soo , Cho Jong Ho , Choi Yong Soo , Lee Kyungjong , Um Sang-Won , Kim Hojoong , Jeong Byeong-Ho 
Published: January 2019

BackgroundGuidelines recommend invasive mediastinal staging for centrally located tumours, even in radiological N0 nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, there is no uniform definition of a central tumour that is more predictive of occult mediastinal metastasis.MethodsA total of 1337 consecutive patients with radiological N0 disease underwent invasive mediastinal staging. Tumours were categorised into central and peripheral by seven different definitions.ResultsAbout 7% (93 out of 1337) of patients had occult N2 disease, and they had significantly larger tumour size and more solid tumours on computed tomography. After adjustment for patient- and tumour-related characteristics, only the central tumour definition of the inner one-third of the hemithorax adopted by drawing concentric lines arising from the midline significantly predicted occult N2 disease (adjusted OR 2.13, 95% CI 1.17–3.87; p=0.013). This association was maintained after excluding patients with pure ground-glass nodules (adjusted OR 2.54, 95% CI 1.37–4.71; p=0.003) or only including those with solid tumours (adjusted OR 2.30, 95% CI 1.08–4.88; p=0.030).ConclusionsWe suggest that a central tumour should be defined using the inner one-third of the hemithorax adopted by drawing concentric lines from the midline. This is particularly useful for predicting occult N2 disease in patients with NSCLC.
A quantitative analysis of sources of changes in government expenditures on health, 2000 to 2015: what can we learn from experience to date?
Authors: Saxenian Helen , Bharali Ipchita , Ogbuoji Osondu , Yamey Gavin 
Published: January 2019

Background: Achieving universal health coverage (UHC) requires increased domestic financing of health by low-income countries (LICs) and middle-income countries (MICs). It is critical to understand how much governments have devoted to health from their own sources and how much growth might be realistic over time. Methods: Using data from WHO’s Global Health Expenditure Database, we examined how the composition of current health expenditure changed by financing source and the main sources of growth in health expenditures from 2000-2015. We also disaggregated how much growth in government expenditures on health from domestic sources was due to economic growth, growth in the tax base, reallocations in government expenditures towards health, and the interactions of these factors. Results: Lower MICs (LMICs) and upper MICs (UMICs), as a group, saw a significant reduction in out-of-pocket expenditures and a significant growth in government expenditures on health from domestic sources as a share of current health expenditures over the period. This trend indicates likely progress in the pathway to UHC. For LICs, these trends were much more muted. Growth in government expenditure on health from domestic sources was driven primarily by economic growth in LICs, LMICs, and UMICs. Growth in government expenditure on health due to a strengthened tax base was most important in UMICs. For high-income countries, where economic growth was relatively slower and tax bases were already strong, the largest driver of growth in government expenditure on health from domestic sources was reallocation of the government budget towards health. Conclusions: Given these findings from 2000-2015, discussions about a government’s ability to reallocate to health from its overall budget need to be evidence based and pragmatic. Dialogue on domestic resource mobilization needs to emphasize overall economic growth and growth in the tax base as well as the share of health in the government budget.
A Thin Anterolateral Thigh Free Flap for Severe Hand Burn Deformity
Authors: Atmodiwirjo Parintosa , Mukarramah Dewi Aisiyah 
Published: January 2019

Background: Hand is one of the most commonly involved areas in burn injury, resulting in contracture.1 Reconstruction of severe postburn hand deformity is very challenging. Because there is no adjacent skin laxity to allow for local flaps in the burned hand, distant or free flaps should be considered. 2 Application of the thin anterolateral thigh flap in hand reconstruction has become one of the most preferred options for resurfacing of soft-tissue defects after contracture release. 3 Other than closing the defect after contracture release, restoration of hand function is also essential.Patient and Methods: In 2010, a man, 37 years old presented with severe contracture on the right hand due to an explosive flame burn 1,5 years ago. On the right hand, there was hyperextension at the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint with flexion on the wrist and thumb abduction with hyperextension at the interphalangeal joint. Our goal is to reconstruct this severe hand burn deformity using thin ALT free flap with flap thickness 4 mm to achieved good hand contour.Results: The thin ALT free flap was vital, and 1-year follow-up gives good hand contours. Patient under rehabilitation therapy from 2 weeks postoperative to attain good functional hand.Summary: A thin anterolateral thigh free flap gives good alternative for resurfacing defect in reconstruction of burn hand than other fasciocutaneous flaps. The advantage are it provides the same color and texture, thin and pliable flap to form good hand contour.
Maxillary Growth Evaluation After Cleft Palate Repair Using Goslon Criteria: Preliminary Study
Authors: Simamora Huntal , Lamtiur Evie , A. Nur , Handayani Siti , Bangun Kristaninta 
Published: January 2019

Background: The goal of palatoplasty is to achieve normal maxillofacial growth, normal speech, and prevent hearing loss. Disturbance of maxillary growth may occur in cleft lip palate patients after palatoplasty. To determine how many patients later developed a disrupted maxillary growth following operations, a retrospective study was designed to evaluate patients with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate who have undergone two-flap palatoplasty.Methods:A retrospective analytic study evaluated the maxillary growth of 15 consecutive unilateral cleft lip and palate patient aged around 8-year-old treated in the Division of Plastic Surgery Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta. Cephalogram and dental study models were used to assess growth. Cleft lip and palate repair were performed to all patients without alveolar bone graft or any orthodontic treatment. Result: The cephalogram shows that 53,3% of the patients developed maxillary hypoplasia post palatoplasty. Mean value of the Goslon Yardstick was 3,53 (intermediate category by Goslon criteria).No patient fell into the Goslon 1 or 5 categories. Discussion: Disturbed maxillary growth is postulated to be caused by the manipulation and suturing of the maxillary vomer, and scarring of the dentoalveoli post-surgery. Another contributing factor is the intrinsic tissue deficiency. Conclusion: Maxillary hypoplasia is a possible complication following two !ap palatopasty, affecting either anteroposterior, transversal and vertical maxillary growth. This finding needs to be proven especially after the process of growth ceased. It is highly probable that maxillary disruption is higher when the two flap palatoplasty technique leaves lateral areas of denuded bone on the maxillary tuberosity.
Modified Radial Incision Technique in Reduction Nipple Hypertrophy
Authors: Marita Adinda , Budiman Budiman 
Published: January 2019

Background: Nipple hypertrophy causes psychosocial embarrassment and discomfort to the affected individuals. The only mean to correct it is by performing surgical procedure aiming to reduce the diameter as well as the vertical height of the nipple while preserving the lactiferous ducts.
Patients and Methods: Two cases of nipple hypertrophy were described in this case series : the first one was a male patient presented with an overly prominent nipple of the left breast. Second case was a female patient with bilateral nipple hypertrophy. Circular design was performed at the tip of the nipple to match the size of the normal nipple. Three wedged excisions was made, and also three radial pillars with its pedicle divided into two parts: the lower part was de-epithelialized. This technique was able to reduce the diameter and also the vertical height of nipples without compromising their vascular supply.
Result: No complications such as nipple necrosis or sensory loss were found in both patients during follow-up period. The normal symmetry of the nipple contour was restored. Conclusion: We described a simple technique for both male and female patients with nipple hypertrophy, which provided good aesthetic result and patient satisfaction.
An enthusiasm for loess: Leonard Horner in Bonn and Liu Tungsheng in Beijing
Authors: Smalley Ian , B. Markovic Slobodan 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Liu Tungsheng featured on the list of twelve notable loess investigators prepared for the great LoessFest meeting, held in Heidelberg and Bonn in 1999. He fully deserved his position on this list of eminent loess scholars; in fact it might be argued that his was the major contribution. His contribution was a true paradigm shift in the world of loess investigation.Obruchev and Richthofen had produced an earlier paradigm shift when they propagated the idea that loess deposits form by aeolian deposition- a paradigm shift away from the earlier Lyellian idea of lacustrine or fluvial deposition. But that was a fairly simple shift, a tweak of the sedimentological event structure. Liu, and his co-workers in China, produced a new vision, a new way of looking at loess, not so much a paradigm shift as a paradigm enlargement. Post-Liu the Quaternary era was a new land, a new place with a real chronology and a landscape of events and amazing happenings.
Liu related to the amazing. We propose that he played a role in promoting and maintaining an enthusiasm for loess. Loess science has become very precise and the scholars are respected for their exact and insightful observations; but Liu offered an extra dimension, we need to recognize the dimension of enthusiasm; the realization that loess is a remarkable material and the need to propagate that fact. And in recognising Liu as the major loess enthusiast of the 20th Century we should acknowledge Leonard Horner, the first loess enthusiast. Karl Caesar von Leonhard named loess and placed it in a scientific context; Charles Lyell took the idea of loess and spread the science world-wide, but it was Horner, in those few years at Bonn (1831-1833), who recognised loess for the marvellous material that it was and gave us permission to be enthusiastic. Liu followed determinedly in these footsteps; a great scholar, and a great enthusiast. Loess scholarship needs careful and precise investigation and reporting but it also needs a broad sweep of enthusiasm, an appreciation of loess for the extraordinary material that it is.
Investigations on densified beech wood for application as a swelling dowel in timber joints
Authors: Grönquist Philippe , Schnider Thomas , Thoma Andreas , Gramazio Fabio , Kohler Matthias , Burgert Ingo , Rüggeberg Markus 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
For robotic fabrication of wooden structures, the simple, quick and tight joining of elements can be solved using swelling hardwood dowels. This topic has been the focus of the present study, and the set-recovery capacity of densified wood (dW) as dowel material was investigated. European beech was compressed in the radial direction at 103°C and 10% moisture content (MC) to a compression ratio of 40%. Multiple swelling and shrinkage cycles were applied to measure swelling behavior, swelling pressure development and combined swelling and creep under compressive loading. It has been demonstrated that dW shows increased swelling and more persisting swelling pressures than native wood (nW). The set-recovery prevents significant contact-stress relaxation over multiple cycles of MC change. Application as a structural joining element for robotic fabrication was studied by shear lap joint tests on round double-dovetail swelling dowels.
Activation of glucose with Fenton’s reagent: chemical structures of activated products and their reaction efficacy toward cellulosic material
Authors: Guo Wenjun , Xiao Zefang , Tang Lian , Zhang Zhijun , Wang Yonggui , Lv Jianxiong , Militz Holger , Xie Yanjun 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
The release of harmful volatiles, such as formaldehyde, is a major issue of the chemical modification of wood that limits the utilization of the modified wood in indoor environment. In this study, glucose (Glc) was activated with Fenton’s reagent under various conditions and the chemical structure of the activated Glc was characterized. Also, the reactivity of the activated Glc toward filter paper as a wood model was evaluated. The results show that the H2O2 concentration controlled the activation ratio of Glc. Additionally, the Fe(II) concentration and activation temperature determined mainly the oxidation reaction rate. The Fenton reaction in an acidic solution resulted in higher activation efficacy of Glc and better fixation in the filter paper, compared to the reaction in an alkaline solution. The Glc cannot be fixed in the filter paper, but the activated Glc exhibited a fixation ratio of up to 48.2% due to the formation of carboxyl and aldehyde groups, as evidenced by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). It was demonstrated that activation of Glc with the Fenton’s reagent is a feasible and eco-friendly approach and the activated products have a high potential for wood modification.
π-Excess-aromatic and non-aromatic 1,3-azaphospholes – impact of annulation and multiple reactivity
Authors: Heinicke Joachim W. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Syntheses, properties, structure aspects and reactivity of non- and aromatically carbo- and heterocyclic annulated 1H- and 3H-1,3-azaphospholes are compared to illuminate the impact of annulation, substituent effects, aromatic stabilization and π-excess at phosphorus of the 1H-isomers, to demonstrate the current knowledge and open questions in this field of research.
Quantifying the global solar radiation received in Pietermaritzburg, KwaZulu-Natal to motivate the consumption of solar technologies
Authors: Govindasamy Tamara Rosemary , Chetty Naven 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
In South Africa, power outages and scheduled load shedding are common practices in a bid to safeguard power resources. With the increase in cost of conventional energy sources, and the depletion of fossil fuels, attempts to use renewable resources to their full potential are underway. South Africa and in particular Pietermaritzburg receives sunshine throughout the year, making it suitable for harnessing solar power. In this work we estimate the amount of Global Solar Radiation (GSR) received in Pietermaritzburg which is the capital of the KwaZulu-Natal province. An air temperature model (Hargreaves-Samani) is used to approximate the GSR received in Bisley in comparison to measured data obtained from the ARC, for a period of one calendar year (July 2014 – June 2015). We proceed to apply the Angstrom-Prescott model to evaluate the competence of the initial prediction method. The primary aim of this study is to validate the efficiency and accuracy of the above-mentioned forecasting models, for areas within close proximity. Our results compare fairly well with the observed data provided by the ARC. Both models prove to sufficiently estimate the amount of GSR incident in Bisley. The deviations from the actual measured values suggest that a model which incorporates both variables may improve the accuracy of GSR estimations. The use of comprehensive prediction and forecasting models will allow for optimal placement of solar technologies for the harnessing of GSR within Pietermaritzburg. Though Pietermaritzburg may not be suitable for large scale solar power plants, the employment of solar panels in both industrial and residential areas will contribute greatly to a decrease in demand of grid electricity.
Depiction and analysis of a modified theta shaped double negative metamaterial for satellite application
Authors: Alam Md. Jubaer , Iqbal Faruque Mohammad Rashed , Allen Taya , Abdullah Sabirin , Tariqul Islam Mohammad , Abdul Maulud Khairul Nizam , Ahamed Eistiak 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
In this article, a modified Theta shaped, compact double negative metamaterial structure is designed and presented for satellite communication. Two oppositely faced E-shaped resonators are connected with the substantial Theta to complete the structure. A low profile dielectric substrate FR-4 is used to design the 9 × 9 mm2 unit cell which has a succinct structure where the attainment of the resonator is explored both integrally and experimentally. The proposed metamaterial has a transmission coefficient of 13 GHz (bandwidth) with a 500 MHz band gap at the middle. A correlation is made between the basic unit-cell and array structures, and a comparison is shown among 1 × 2, 2 × 2, and 4 × 4 array structures with 1 × 2, 2 × 2, and 4 × 4 unit-cell configurations to validate the performance of the proposed metamaterial. It has also been observed by the Nicolson–Ross–Weir approach at the resonating frequencies. The effective electromagnetic parameters retrieved from the simulation of the S-parameters imply that the metamaterial structure shows negative refraction bands. The structure shows negative permittivity at 2.60 to 5.16 GHz, 6.63 to 9.31 GHz and 13.03 to 16.18 GHz and negative permeability at 7.74 to 13.07 GHz and 13.88 to 16.55 GHz, respectively. It exhibits double-negative phenomena at X and Ku bands with a frequency range of about 1.17 GHz (8.14 – 9.31 GHz) and 1.42 GHz (13.80 – 15.22 GHz), respectively. Having an auspicious design and wide range double negative characteristics, this structure can be applied to satellite communication.
A note on the transmission feasibility problem in networks
Authors: Gao Wei , Zhang Yunqing , Chen Yaojun 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
In the networking designing phase, the network needs to be built according to certain indicators to ensure that the network has the ideal functions and can work smoothly. From a modeling perspective, each site in the network is represented by a vertex, channels between sites are represented by edges, and thus the entire network can be denoted as a graph. Problems in the network can be transformed into corresponding graph problems. In particular, the feasibility of data transmission can be transformed into the existence of fractional factors in network graph. This note gives an independent set neighborhood union condition for the existence of fractional factors in a special setting, and shows that the neighborhood union condition is sharp.
Computer-based techniques for lead identification and optimization I: Basics
Authors: Maruca Annalisa , Ambrosio Francesca Alessandra , Lupia Antonio , Romeo Isabella , Rocca Roberta , Moraca Federica , Talarico Carmine , Bagetta Donatella , Catalano Raffaella , Costa Giosuè , Artese Anna , Alcaro Stefano 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThis chapter focuses on computational techniques for identifying and optimizing lead molecules, with a special emphasis on natural compounds. A number of case studies have been specifically discussed, such as the case of the naphthyridine scaffold, discovered through a structure-based virtual screening (SBVS) and proposed as the starting point for further lead optimization process, to enhance its telomeric RNA selectivity. Another example is the case of Liphagal, a tetracyclic meroterpenoid extracted fromAka coralliphaga, known as PI3Kα inhibitor, provide an evidence for the design of new active congeners against PI3Kα using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. These are only two of the numerous examples of the computational techniques’ powerful in drug design and drug discovery fields. Finally, the design of drugs that can simultaneously interact with multiple targets as a promising approach for treating complicated diseases has been reported. An example of polypharmacological agents are the compounds extracted from mushrooms identified by means of molecular docking experiments. This chapter may be a useful manual of molecular modeling techniques used in the lead-optimization and lead identification processes.
The Effect of Dilution Air Jets on Aero-Engine Combustor Performance
Authors: Xiao Yinli , Cao Zhibo , Wang Changwu 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
In aero-engine combustor, the primary and secondary dilution air jets play a vital role to achieve efficient combustion and provide a satisfactory temperature profile at the combustor exit. In the current research, seven kinds of three-dome combustor sector associated with different dilution holes arrangements are simulated using Flamelet model. The influences of location, number and diameter of dilution air holes on flow field and performance of combustor are analysed in detail. The results demonstrate that the variation of airflow distribution, while keeping the total admission area constant, impact the combustion efficiency and pattern profile considerably, yet has insignificant effect on the total pressure coefficient. The maximum combustion efficiency and minimum pattern factor can be achieved simultaneously with deliberate dilution jet holes arrangement.