bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
93 Host genetics help shape the rumen microbiome in beef cattle
Authors: Abbas Waseem , Howard Jeremy T , Paz Henry A , Hales Kristin E , Wells James E , Kuehn Larry A , Spangler Matthew L , Erickson Galen E , Fernando Samodha C 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
In this study, we investigated the degree to which host genetics shape the rumen microbiome. Complex and diverse microbial communities can alter the nutrient profile available to the animal and subsequent performance. Studies of the gut microbiome have demonstrated that host genotype influences gut microbial species composition. Therefore, microbial species composition in the rumen may be a complex trait that manifests through the convergence of host-genetics and environmental factors. To test this hypothesis, we collected rumen contents and blood samples from 586 beef cattle on different diets from two locations. The rumen samples were used to sequence the V4 region of the 16S rDNA on an Illumina MiSeq platform. Animals were genotyped with various platforms and a common set of 61,974 SNP were used to conduct a genome-wide association study (GWAS) using the microbiome (OTUs, families and phyla) as response variables. The GWAS was performed using Bayesian GBLUP fitting fixed effects of cohort (location and date), and the first 2 principle components to account for population stratification. Median posterior genomic heritability estimates were 0.110, 0.124, and 0.141 at the OTU, family and phylum taxonomic level, respectively. The top 8 1-Mb windows for OTUs, families and phyla were located on 7 different chromosomes. These regions affect the rumen microbiota in multiple ways; some (chromosome 19; position 3.0–4.0 Mb) are associated with closely related taxa (Prevotellaceae, Paraprevotellaceae, and RF16), some (chromosome 27; position 3.0–4.0 Mb) are associated with distantly related taxa (Prevotellaceae, Fibrobacteraceae, RF16, RFP12, S24-7, Lentisphaerae, and Tenericutes) and others (chromosome 23; position 0.0–1.0) controlling both related and unrelated taxa. Overall, the 8 regions identified control 11 different families and 6 different phyla. This study shows that host genetics can affect rumen bacterial community members and points towards the possibility that genomics can be used to manipulate the rumen microbiome.
95 The effect of incremental dietary energy density from 13.8 to 15.9 MJ DE/kg on piglet vitality and growth to weaning
Authors: Rooney Hazel B , O’Driscoll Keelin , O’Doherty John , Lawlor Peadar 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Genetic selection for hyper-prolificacy in sows has resulted in a significant increase in the number of piglets born alive per litter; however, a consequence has been a reduction in piglet vitality and survival. Increasing lactation dietary energy density can increase sow energy intake and the survival and growth of piglets from large litters. The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effect of increasing sow lactation dietary energy density on piglet vitality and growth to weaning. At d 108 of gestation, sows (n = 115) were blocked by parity, BW and backfat, and randomly assigned to one of four energy density diets until weaning; 13.8, 14.5, 15.2 and 15.9 MJ DE/kg. At birth, body temperature, IUGR traits and muscle tone were recorded in piglets. At 24 h, piglet body temperature and blood glucose concentration were recorded. Piglets were weighed throughout lactation. Data were analysed using the mixed models procedure in SAS (v.9.4). Average daily energy intake was highest for sows fed 15.9 MJ DE/kg compared to sows fed 13.8, 14.5 and 15.2 MJ DE/kg (115.1 v 98.92, 102.33, 107.83MJ DE/d±1.51; P < 0.01). Piglets from sows fed 13.8 and 15.9 MJ DE/kg were more likely to have more IUGR traits and a higher muscle tone score, respectively, compared with all other treatments (P < 0.01). The 24 h body temperature was higher for piglets from sows fed 13.8 and 15.2 MJ DE/kg than piglets from sows fed 15.9 MJ DE/kg (35.47 and 35.48 v 35.22⁰C±0.05; P < 0.01). Glucose concentration was higher for piglets from sows fed 14.5 MJ DE/kg than piglets from sows fed 15.9 MJ DE/kg (4.70 v 4.15mg/ml±0.14; P < 0.01). Litter weaning weight was heaviest for sows fed 13.8 MJ DE/kg compared with sows fed 14.5 MJ DE/kg (92.90 v 84.97kg±1.59; P < 0.01). In conclusion, feeding lactating sows 15.9 MJ DE/kg increased daily sow energy intake and improved piglet development.
97 Impact of diet on shelf life of beef steaks
Authors: Bland Nicolas , Ribeiro Felipe , Herrera Nicolas , Hart Kellen , Henriott Morgan , Calkins Chris 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This research was conducted to evaluate the effects of feeding different types of processed corn, with or without distiller grains, on shelf life of beef steaks. Steers (n = 240) were finished on Dry Rolled Corn (DRC), DRC + 30% Dried Distillers Grains (DDGS), Steam Flaked Corn (SFC), or SFC + 30% DDGS. Cattle were fed 10 per pen. Only pens with upper 2/3 Choice and Select-grade carcasses were sampled, with a goal of two (and a minimum of one) of each grade per pen. Three pens per treatment met the selection criterion and 36 carcasses were chosen (21 upper 2/3 Choice and 15 Select). Pen was considered the experimental unit. Both strip loins were collected from each carcass, halved, and aged for 2, 9, 16, or 23 d. After aging, steaks were placed under retail display for 7 d. Discoloration and objective color (L*, a*, and b*) were determined daily and lipid oxidation (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; TBARS) was measured after 0 and 7 d of retail display. Fatty acid profile of the lean was obtained. Minimal to no impacts of grade on color and lipid oxidation were found (P > 0.05). Steaks from cattle fed DRC were statistically or numerically lowest for discoloration and C18:2 (linoleic acid) and highest for redness compared to the other treatments (P < 0.05). Conversely, steaks from cattle fed SFC+DDGS had the most C18:2 and the worst (least desirable) values for discoloration and redness toward the end of retail display (P < 0.05). Steaks from cattle fed DRC had the lowest TBARS values, while steaks from cattle fed SFC+DDGS had the highest TBARS values (P < 0.05). These data suggest that steaks from cattle fed SFC+DDGS oxidize, discolor, and lose redness more quickly under retail display than steaks from cattle fed DRC, likely due to changes in fatty acid content.
100 Young Scholar Presentation: Effects of sex, sire line, and packaging method on the relationships among early postmortem loin quality and aged loin and pork chop quality characteristics
Authors: Lowell Jessica , Boler Dustin D , Dilger Anna C 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
A challenge in the pork industry is that packers assess pork loin quality at ~1d postmortem, while consumers assess quality after a period of postmortem aging. Rapid line speed necessitates rapid noninvasive assessment of quality by packers as indicators of aged (~14d) quality. However, it is unclear if this assessment is representative of quality observed by consumers at purchase. It is also unclear if correlations differ between barrows and gilts, sire lines, or packaging methods. Therefore, several studies were conducted to address these questions. Harsh et al. (doi.org/10.1093/jas/sky183) used meta-analyses techniques to establish correlations between early and aged pork loin quality. Data sets encompassed ~3,957 loins. Early instrumental and visual color were moderately correlated ( ≥ 0.38) with aged instrumental and visual color. No early quality parameters were correlated ( ≤ 0.36) with instrumental or sensory tenderness. With correlations between early and aged quality established, differences between factors of interest were tested. Correlations were compared using a Fisher’s z test. First, barrows and gilts were compared using a single sire line and raised in commercial conditions. Correlations between early and aged quality did not differ (P > 0.05) between barrows and gilts. Correlations between Pietrian- and Duroc-sired pigs were compared to determine correlation difference between sire lines using pigs from two different production focuses (meat quality vs. lean growth). Correlations between early ventral L* and aged chop L*, and early visual color and aged ventral L* differed (P ≤ 0.03) between Pietrain- and Duroc-sired pigs. However, the majority of correlations did not differ (P > 0.05) between sire lines. Correlations between packaging methods were compared by assigning boneless pork loins to one of two packaging methods, intact loins or case-ready chops. The correlations between early and aged quality traits did not differ (P > 0.05) between packaging methods. Overall, packers can use the same early quality characteristics to select for aged quality, regardless of sex, sire line or packaging method.
113 Pathogen shedding in feces of nursery swine
Authors: Wells James E , Berry Elaine , Oliver William T 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Foodborne pathogens are a significant cause of disease in humans, and meat-producing animals are reservoirs for a variety of these pathogens. Consumption of contaminated meat or meat products is a major route for human infection, but indirect infection can arise from water and other foods contaminated with animal waste. Hence, reducing colonization and fecal shedding is important for sustaining a safe food chain and environment. Swine are potential reservoirs for several of the foodborne and related pathogens. Piglets can be colonized soon after birth, and the transition to the nursery is a stressful period. At farrowing, Campylobacter is a major pathogenic bacterium observed in feces of piglets, and infection can increase significantly during the nursery phase of production. Moreover, pathogen shedding has been associated with reduced performance. Dietary supplementation of carbodox with copper sulfate or lysozyme from egg whites has been shown to reduce Campylobacter shedding in piglets after weaning, but neither treatment significantly affected potentially pathogenic E. coli shedding. Supplementation with a commercial Lactobacillus acidophilus fermentation product had limited effect on pathogen shedding, whereas tiamulin had no significant effect. Nursery swine are prone to pathogen colonization, and there are dietary supplements shown to be effective for reducing shedding during this important phase of swine production.
125 Effects of copper hydroxychloride and increasing concentrations of dietary fat on growth performance, total tract endogenous loss of fat, and apparent total tract digestibility of fat by growing pigs
Authors: Espinosa Charmaine D , Fry Robert Scott , Kocher Matthew , Stein Hans H 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that Cu hydroxychloride (IntelliBond C, Micronutrients, LLC, Indianapolis, IN) improves gain:feed of pigs by increasing apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of fat. In experiment 1, 144 pigs (15.40 ± 2.39 kg) were allotted to 1 of 6 treatments. Four diets contained 0, 2, 4, or 6% choice white grease (CWG) and 2 diets contained 150 mg/kg Cu from Cu hydroxychloride and 0 or 2% CWG. Data for growth performance were analyzed by contrast statements, and Cu equivalency of CWG was determined using prediction equations derived from regression procedures using SAS. Results indicated that gain:feed linearly increased (P ≤ 0.05) as CWG concentration increased in diets (Table 1). Supplementation of Cu hydroxychloride to diets improved (P ≤ 0.05) gain:feed of pigs, which resulted in a CWG equivalence of 2.8 to 3.8% for 150 mg/kg Cu hydroxychloride. In experiment 2, 80 pigs (18.24 ± 1.81 kg) were housed individually in metabolism crates and randomly allotted to 1 of 10 diets. Eight diets contained 0, 15, 30, or 45% distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) and 0 or 150 mg/kg Cu hydroxychloride. Two additional diets contained 2% CWG and 15% DDGS and 0 or 150 mg/kg Cu hydroxychloride. Feces were collected for 4 d after 5 d adaptation. Data were analyzed by contrast statements and regression procedures using SAS. Supplementation of Cu to diets improved (P ≤ 0.05) ATTD of fat by 20% due to reduced (P ≤ 0.05) endogenous loss of fat (from 11.23 to 7.14 g/kg dry matter intake), but did not affect energy digestibility or true total tract digestibility of fat. In conclusion, supplementation of 150 mg/kg Cu hydroxychloride to diets improved gain:feed of pigs with a CWG equivalence of 2.8 to 3.8%, but this was not due to improved energy digestibility.
132 The impact of F18 ETEC challenge on intestinal integrity and immune response of nursery pigs, and the potential protective effects of direct-fed microbial blends
Authors: Becker Spenser L , Li Qingyun , Burrough Eric R , Patience John F 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The objectives were to investigate the impact of an F18 ETEC challenge on localized immune responses and intestinal function of piglets, and to evaluate potential protective effects of direct-fed microbial blends (DFM1 and DFM2). Thirty-six pens of 3-wk old weaned piglets (2 pigs/pen; BW=6.42 ± 0.22 kg; L337 X Camborough, PIC, Hendersonville, TN) were assigned to one of four treatments: 1) NC: Non-challenged (n = 10), 2) PC:F18 ETEC challenged (n = 10), 3) PC+DFM1 (n = 8) or 4) PC+DFM2 (n = 8). Pigs were either sham-infected with saline or orally challenged with ETEC on d 7 (d 0 post-inoculation, dpi). On dpi 10, ileal mucosa was collected for disaccharidase quantification and whole ileal tissue was collected for immune marker and tight junction protein analysis via qRT-PCR. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS (9.4) with dietary treatment as a fixed effect and pen as the experimental unit. There were no differences in lactase activity (P > 0.10). Sucrase and maltase activity increased in PC vs. NC (P < 0.05). Ileal mRNA abundance of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) decreased in PC and DFM1 compared with NC (P < 0.05). DFM2 increased ZO-1 compared with PC (P < 0.05). There was no difference in claudin-1 mRNA (P > 0.10). Cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14) mRNA was elevated in challenged pigs compared with NC (P < 0.05). Interleukin-10 (IL-10) tended to be elevated in both DFM treatments compared with PC (P < 0.10). All challenged treatments tended to have elevated tumor necrosis factor-a (TNFa) abundance vs. NC (P < 0.10). There were no differences in IL-1b, IL-6, or toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) mRNA abundance (P > 0.10). In conclusion, the ETEC challenge increased CD14, tended to increase TNFa, and decreased ZO-1 mRNA abundance, indicating activation of intestinal inflammation and impaired intestinal barrier integrity. DFM2 may improve intestinal barrier integrity impaired by ETEC as evidenced by increased ZO-1 mRNA.
131 Effects of Bacillus spp. probiotics on systemic immunity and intestinal health of weaned pigs experimentally infected with an enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli
Authors: He Yijie , Kim Kwangwook , Jinno Cynthia , Wu Zhaohai , Whelan Rose , Doranalli Kiran , Liu Yanhong 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of Bacillus spp. on systemic immunity and intestinal health of weaned pigs infected with F18 E. coli. Weaned pigs (n = 36, 7.61 ± 0.40 kg BW) were randomly allotted to one of three treatments: a control diet and two diets supplemented with 500 mg/kg of Bacillus spp. strain 1 (PRO1) or strain 2 (PRO2). The experiment was conducted for 28 d, including 7 d before and 21 d after the first E. coli inoculation (d 0). The doses of F18 E. coli inoculum were 1010 cfu/3 mL oral dose daily for 3 consecutive days. Serum samples were collected on d 0 before inoculation, and d 3, 7, 14, and 21 post-inoculation (PI) to measure inflammatory meditators. All pigs were euthanized on d 21 PI to collect tissue samples for gut morphology, bacterial translocation, and gene expression analysis. Data were analyzed using the Mixed Procedure of SAS. Pigs in PRO1 had reduced (P < 0.05) serum haptoglobin on d 3 and d 6 PI compared with pigs in control. Supplementation of PRO1 or PRO2 reduced (P < 0.05) total coliforms in mesenteric lymph nodes on d 21 PI. Pigs in PRO1 had greater (P < 0.05) ileal villi height than pigs in control. Pigs in PRO2 had greater (P < 0.05) sulfomucin percentage in duodenal villi and greater (P < 0.05) sialomucin percentage in jejunal villi than pigs in control. Supplementation of PRO1 also up-regulated (P < 0.05) MUC2 gene expression in jejunal mucosa but reduced (P < 0.05) COX2 and IL1B gene expression in ileal mucosa on d 21 PI, compared with control. In conclusion, supplementation of Bacillus spp. may reduce systemic inflammation and enhance intestinal health of weaned pigs infected with F18 E. coli.
150 A bio-active, mineral-based feed additive improved growth performance and reduced severity of diarrhea in weanling pigs challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli
Authors: Sinn Sue , Song Ran , Beckler Dana , Musser Rob , Friesen Kim 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
A mineral-based feed additive, NutriQuest Protect™, was evaluated in five artificial Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) challenge experiments to determine the effects on pig growth performance, fecal consistency and immune response. The five experiments were conducted following a similar procedure and utilized a total of 232 weanling pigs (19 d of age) assigned to one of three experimental treatments: non-challenged control (NC), challenged control (CC), and challenged pigs fed Protect at 4.0 g/kg (CP) with 36, 36, and 44 pens per treatment, respectively. Pharmacological ZnO or medications were not included in any diets. Pigs were allowed a 7-d adaptation period following weaning, orally inoculated with E. coli K88 or F18 on 0 d post-inoculation (dpi) and 1-dpi. Studies were concluded on 4-dpi. Pig BW and feed disappearance were measured on 0-dpi and 4-dpi. Serum samples were collected on 0 and 4-dpi to measure porcine proinflammatory cytokines. Fecal scores were measured daily over the challenge period. Data from the five experiments were compiled for meta-analysis using the MIXED procedure of SAS. The NC pigs had a greater ADG (0.09 vs. -0.01 kg/d, P = 0.002), ADFI (0.24 vs. 0.21 kg/d, P = 0.09), and final BW (6.8 vs. 6.5 kg, P < 0.05). Diarrhea frequency was significantly higher in CC pigs compared with pigs on CP and NC treatments (28.5 vs. 18.7 vs. 5.3%, P < 0.05). Results from the five experiments suggest that NutriQuest Protect™ improves growth performance and reduces inflammation and diarrhea in weaned pigs artificially challenged with E. coli K88 or F18.
151 Effects of carbohydrate source on performance and gastrointestinal microbiota in nursery pigs
Authors: Kinstler Sydney , Li Yanshao , Miller Phillip , Burkey Thomas E , Trenhaile-Gannemann Melanie , Fernando Samodha C , Knoell Allison , Tom Wesley A 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of carbohydrate source on growth performance and gastrointestinal microbiota in nursery pigs. Ninety-six pigs weaned at 21 d were randomly allotted to 16 pens (6 pigs/pen; 4 pens/treatment) with sex being represented evenly in each pen. Pigs had ad libitum access to feed and water for the 2-phase nursery period (28 d). Dietary treatments included: 1) NutrisureTM(a food-grade cooked cereal grain product), 2) oatmeal (food-grade oatmeal grain), 3) steam-rolled oats (SRO), or 4) dried-distillers grains as a negative control (DDGS). Ileal and colonic digesta and mucosa samples were collected on d 0, 14, and 28 (n = 6, 32, and 32, respectively) for analysis of microbial species using IlluminaTMnext generation sequencing. The DNA sequences were filtered through the DADA2 pipeline, Mothur, and QIIME. Pig body weights and feeder weights were also measured on d 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28. Pigs fed DDGS had lower average daily feed intake (ADFI) compared to other treatments during phase 1 (P < 0.05), but there were no differences in average daily gain (ADG) or gain:feed (G:F) among treatment. There were no differences among treatments for ADFI, ADG, or G:F for phase 2 or the overall experimental period. Microbial composition differed significantly among location in the gastrointestinal tract (P < 0.01) and among the digesta and mucosa samples extracted from the ileum and colon. There were no significant changes in the microbiota among diets (P > 0.1). Over time, there was a trend (P = 0.111) for the microbiota to vary; however, there was no interaction between the diet and sampling timepoint. In conclusion, carbohydrate sources did not affect gastrointestinal microbiota composition, ADFI, ADG, or G:F overall in this experiment. However, feed intake during phase 1 differed between DDGS and oat-based carbohydrate sources and microbial species were different between digesta and mucosa in the ileum and colon.
152 Effects of dietary lactose level on nursery pig performance
Authors: Frank Jason , Sholtz Emily , Neill Casey , Jong Jon De 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Lactose is a critical nutrient in post weaning diets to help pigs transition from sows’ milk to dry feed. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of increasing dietary lactose level on nursery pig performance. For this trial 1,080 weaned pigs (PIC 359 x 1050; BW = 6.24 kg; 21 d) were fed 5 lactose programs using a feed budget. Program A = 24, 18, 7%; B = 20, 14, 5%; C =16, 10, 3%; D = 12, 6, 1%; and E = 8, 2, 0% lactose for Phase 1, 2, and 3; respectively. The feed budget for Phase 1 (d 0–7), 2 (d 7–14), and 3 (d 14–20) was 0.91, 3.4, and 4.5 kg/pig; respectively. A common Phase 4 (d 20–48) diet (0% lactose) was fed ad libitum. There was a quadratic response to lactose level in treatments A through E for Phase 1 ADFI (89, 71, 73, 73, 89 g/d; respectively, P = 0.034) and G:F (1.09, 1.33, 1.14, 1.15, 0.91; respectively, P = 0.042). Treatment A through E Phase 1 ADG was 100, 95, 91, 82, and 82 g/d, and Phase 2 ADG (Linear, P = 0.023) was 322, 313, 318, 304, and 295 g/d; respectively. The result was a linear trend for increased BW at the end of Phase 2 (P = 0.10) for treatments A through E (9.21, 9.10, 9.16, 9.00, 8.86 kg; respectively). Although feed cost/pig increased as lactose level increased (Linear, P = 0.041), there was no significant response in margin over feed cost/pig during the overall nursery period for treatments A through E ($15.31, $16.41, $16.22, $15.87, $16.04; respectively). In conclusion, pig performance improved during Phase 1 and 2 with increasing level of dietary lactose. These results confirm previous research showing the importance of dietary lactose in weaned pig diets.