bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSII-1 Evaluation of RUP content and digestibility of feeds from organic and conventional sources
Authors: Schumacher Elizabeth , Erickson Galen E , MacDonald James C , Klopfenstein Terry , Wilson Hannah 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare 17 different feeds for in situ rumen undegradable protein content (RUPc) and digestibility (RUPd) with the main objective being a comparison of organic and conventional sources of feeds. Two steers fitted with rumen cannulas and two heifers with duodenal cannulas were utilized for this study. Feeds used were procured from both conventional and USDA certified organic sources. Conventional feeds included field peas (FP), fish meal (FM), soybean meal (SBM), and dehydrated alfalfa (DA). Organic feeds included field peas (FPO), fish meal (FMO), soybean meal (SBMO), and dehydrated alfalfa (DAO). Each sample was weighed into both 5×10 cm and 10×20 cm dacron bags. Bags were evenly distributed between steers and ruminally incubated for 16 hours, replicated over two days. The 5×10 cm bags were treated with pepsin/HCl solution, inserted into the duodenum of the heifers, and retrieved from the feces to measure RUPd. Bags were washed, oven dried overnight, and residues composited to determine RUPc and RUPd. No digestibility data were gathered from FM or FMO due to lack of residue from digestion. Statistical analysis was performed using the Glimmix procedure of SAS, with sample as the experimental unit. The RUPc of DAO was not different (P = 1.0) from DA; SBMO was 32.7% greater (P < 0.01) than SBM; FMO was 30.2% greater (P < 0.01) than FM; FPO were not different (P = 0.46) than FP. The RUPd of DAO was 26.3% greater (P < 0.01) than DA; no differences were observed between SBMO and SBM or FPO and FP (P > 0.98). These data indicate that there may be some differences in rumen undegradable protein content and digestibility between conventional and certified organic feeds when measured in situ.
PSII-6 Performance based NEm requirement adjustment for heifers fed during winter months in eastern South Dakota compared to the Texas panhandle
Authors: Smith Zachary , Blom Ethan J , Gentry Wesley W , Smith Wyatt , Preston Rodney , Pritchard Robbi H 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Crossbred beef heifers [n = 96; initial shrunk BW=238 kg (SD 21.5)] were used in a completely randomized design to evaluate climatic effects on feedlot heifer growth and efficiency. The study was conducted from November 8, 1991 to May 11, 1992. Heifers were assembled into groups at the Ruminant Nutrition Center (RNC) in Brookings, SD. One group (TX; n = 48) was shipped to New Deal, Texas and fed on slatted-concrete floors, and the second group (SD; n = 48), was shipped half-way to Texas, returned to the RNC, and fed on solid-concrete floors. Transit distance was 1,530 km. Pen was the experimental unit (6 to 8 head·pen-1); diets, health management, and implant programs were normalized across locations. The finishing diet was fed from d 33 to 185 at both locations and the energetics assessment was for the period from d 60 to 185. There were 18 d below -7.8°C and 102 d below 5°C in SD. Transit shrink, estimated empty body fat % (EBF), BW adjusted to 28% EBF (AFBW), and DMI did not differ (P ≥ 0.10). Heifer ADG was 18% greater (P < 0.05) in TX (1.40 vs. 1.16 ± 0.037 kg). Observed vs. predicted dietary energy differed (P ≤ 0.05), for NEm (0.97 vs. 0.87 ± 0.013) and NEg (0.97 vs. 0.84 ± 0.016) for TX and SD, respectively. Using calculated diet energy values based upon TX heifer performance as a reference, relative adjustments to metabolic rate were calculated. The estimated metabolic rate was elevated (P < 0.05) for SD heifers (0.077 vs. 0.101 ± 0.0031 Mcal/MBS). These results indicate that heifers fed in South Dakota had a 31% increase in metabolic rate when compared to heifers fed in the Texas panhandle. More of these types of assessments are needed to improve projection and tracking models used in precision cattle feeding.
PSII-11 Comparison of multiple heat sources in the farrowing house: Effect on production and energy efficiency
Authors: Lane Karli J , Stalder Kenneth J , Harmon Jay D , Karriker Locke A , Johnson Anna K 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Pre-weaning mortality, currently 20% in the United States, continues to rise and has been estimated to cost $400 to $600 million annually. Creep heat accounts for 36% (125 watt heat lamps) of the estimated 685,000 kWh electrical subtotal used in a 3000 sow farm. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of heat source type on production and electrical usage in the farrowing house at the Iowa State University Allen E. Christian Swine Teaching Farm. Seven multiparous crossbred sows housed in farrowing stalls were randomly assigned to a heat source treatment; Baby Pig Heat Mat – Single 48 (Kane Manufacturing, Pleasant Hill, IA; MAT n = 4) or Hog Slat® Poly Heat Lamp Fixture (Hogslat, Newton Grove, NC; LAMP n = 3). LAMP was controlled via a thermostat and varied by height and MAT was controlled via Thermostat Programmable 1 Zone (Kane Manufacturing, Pleasant Hill, IA). Both heat sources were set at 32.2⁰C and this was confirmed using an infrared temperature gun. Kill-A-Watt EZ Meter P4460 were connected to the individual heat source for group lactation duration to measure kilowatt hours (kWh) and were read twice weekly. Piglets were weighed on D1 (farrowing = D0) and at weaning. Production data including pre-weaning mortality and piglet weight at weaning were analyzed using a mixed model with parity, room and covariate of litter birth weight being fixed effects and sow being random. There was no difference in production values, pre-weaning mortality (P > 0.63,MAT=11.11%, LAMP = 11.76%) and piglet weaning weight (P > 0.13, MAT = 5.30 ± 0.18 kg, LAMP = 5.99 ± 0.21 kg), due to heat source type. The MAT (LS Mean 11.59 ± 1.31 kWh) used 4.2 times less electricity than LAMP (LS Mean 57.30 ± 1.56 kWh) (P < 0.05). In conclusion, with no difference in production values heat mats controlled with a programmable thermostat can decrease the high energy needs in the farrowing house.
PSII-10 Effect of gilt feeding level and length of increased feeding level in late gestation on piglet birth weight
Authors: Quick James K , Knauer Mark 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The objective of the study was to evaluate the impact of increasing gilt feeding level in late gestation, for different durations, on piglet quality. Gilts (n = 472) were allocated to one of five dietary treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial + control design at a commercial farm in eastern North Carolina. Hence gilts were fed 1.82 kg of feeding until farrowing (Control) or feeding level was increased by either 0.68 or 1.36 kg at either day 93 (d93) or 100 (d100) of gestation. Treatments were randomly assigned by pen (5 to 6 gilts per pen). The gestation diet contained 2,979 Kcal/kg ME and 0.58% SID lysine. Gilt body condition score was captured at day 93 of gestation using a sow body condition caliper (thin = < 12, ideal = 12 to 15, fat = > 15). Piglet birth weights were captured within 24 h of farrowing and piglets were ear notched by treatment prior to cross-fostering. Data were analyzed using PROC GLM with fixed effects of dietary treatment, contemporary group and covariates of litter size and sow functional teat number when applicable. Average gilt caliper score at d 93 of gestation was 17.0. Gilt caliper score did not differ (P > 0.05) across dietary treatments. Mean piglet birth weight did not differ (P > 0.05) between the five dietary treatments or the main effects of feeding level or length of feeding level. A one piglet increase in litter size reduced (P < 0.01) mean piglet birth weight by 30 g. An increase of one functional sow teat increased (P < 0.05) litter size at weaning of the biological sow by 0.28 piglets. Results suggest increasing gilt feeding level in late gestation does not impact mean piglet birth weight when gilts are over conditioned.
PSII-7 Type I error rates of two strategies to analyze a randomized complete block design within multiple sites
Authors: Cartagena Hilda Calderon , Vahl Christopher I , Dritz Steve S 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
It is not unusual to come across randomized complete block designs (RCBD) replicated over a small number of sites in swine nutrition trials. For example, pens could be blocked by location or by initial body weight within three rooms or barns. One possibility is to analyze this design with the assumption of no treatment by site interaction which implies treatment differences are similar across all sites. This assumption might not always seem reasonable and site by treatment interaction could be included in the analysis to account for these differences should they exist. However, the site by treatment mean square becomes the error term for evaluating treatment. The objective of this study was to provide a recommendation of a practical strategy based on Type I error rates estimated from a simulation study. Scenarios with and without site by treatment interaction were considered with three sites and equal means across four treatments. The variance component for the error was set to 1 and the rest were either selected to be equal (σ2s = σ2b = σ2s*t =1) or one of them was set to 10. For the scenarios with no site by treatment interaction, σ2s*t = 0, for a total of 7 scenarios. Each scenario was simulated 10,000 times. For each simulation, both strategies were applied. The Kenward-Rodger approximation (KR) to the denominator degrees of freedom was also considered. Type I errors were estimated as the proportion of simulations with a significant treatment effect with α = 0.05. Overall, there was no evidence Type I error rates were inflated when the site by treatment interaction was omitted, even when σ2s*t = 10. The KR had no effect. In contrast, including the interaction term leads to a highly conservative Type I error rate far below the 5% level which results in a reduction of power; however, using KR mitigated the conservativeness.
PSVI-6 Undergraduate research experiences improve critical thinking ability of animal science students
Authors: Jones Cassandra K 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Critical thinking is a key student learning outcome of undergraduate education in animal science. Undergraduate research is frequently encouraged as a way of growing critical thinking skills, but evidence of its influence is mostly anecdotal. Furthermore, diminishing resources may limit the number and quality of available experiences. The objective of this research was to evaluate how undergraduate research experiences impact critical thinking in animal science students. A total of 556 undergraduate students in the Department of Animal Sciences & Industry at Kansas State University took the online Critical Thinking Basic Concepts & Understanding Test (Foundation for Critical Thinking, Tomales, CA) in Fall 2017 (baseline) and again in Fall 2018 (end line). This online assessment is a 100-question test (1 point/question). Of these, 507 students consented to their scores being used for research purposes, and were classified into one of three categories: 1) never conducted undergraduate research (n = 435); 2) conducted a course-based undergraduate research experience during the time period (n = 60); or 3) conducted a traditional participant-based undergraduate research experience during the time period (n = 12). Baseline, end line, and growth in critical thinking (difference between baseline and end line) scores were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS (v.9.4, Cary, NC) as a nested design. There were no detected differences in baseline critical thinking scores among students (P = 0.195). Students conducting undergraduate research tended to have higher end line (P = 0.088) and had greater growth (P = 0.047) in critical thinking score than those not conducting undergraduate research. The type of undergraduate research experience did not influence any measured criteria (P > 0.200). In summary, this research confirms that undergraduate research experiences increase animal science student critical thinking ability. Course-based undergraduate research experiences can be efficient ways to increase the quantity of students exposed to research without compromising critical thinking growth compared to conventional participant-based models.
PSVI-13 Responses of undergraduate students pre- and post-education on poultry industry and welfare issues
Authors: Meyer Meaghan M , Bobeck Elizabeth A 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Students enrolled in a poultry science course were surveyed at the start and end of the semester in the first part of a multi-year study to quantify the effect of science-based education on opinion of the poultry industry. Students marked a vertical line on a 130mm horizontal line to indicate their level of agreement with 16 poultry issue statements. Surveys were collected anonymously using self-assigned code names in order to compare responses before and after taking the course. Post-survey, the 130mm line was separated into 5 sections; 0–20% agreeability was categorized as strongly disagree, 21–40% disagree, 41–60% neutral, 61–80% agree, and 81–100% strongly agree. Additionally, students were asked to answer three demographic questions regarding 1) Level of farm-animal experience (grew up on livestock farm, from an urban/city environment with no livestock experience, or other significant livestock experience), 2) Sex, and 3) Career goals (poultry industry, other livestock industry, or non-animal industry). Anonymous demographic data obtained from the office of the registrar showed that of the 29 students surveyed at the beginning of the semester: 8 were male, 21 were female, 23 were residents of Iowa, 6 were non-Iowa residents, 7 were agricultural studies majors, 21 were animal science majors, and one student was classified as a general undergraduate pre-vet major. Student responses were compared using the means procedure of SAS 9.4 based on answers to demographic questions (categorized as: farm, urban, other animal experience; female or male; poultry career, livestock career, or non-animal career). Results before science-based poultry education showed that responses on poultry issue statements (poultry welfare, industry ethics, commercial laying hen housing, and poultry product purchasing decisions) were significantly affected by experience, sex, and career plans (P < 0.05). Responses from the end of semester are forthcoming.
PSVI-5 Undergraduate success in animal science courses based on demographics, motivation, and online courses
Authors: Lavoie Haylee , Conner Nathan , Karr Lisa , Anderson Kathy 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
A deeper understanding of student demographics, motivation, and outlook of online vs. face to face courses in Animal Science is needed to allow educators to facilitate greater student success. The purpose of this study was to investigate student factors which effected their final course grades. The following courses were surveyed at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln Animal Science Department: Animal Products (ASCI 210), Anatomy and Physiology of Domestic Animals (ASCI 240), Introduction to Companion Animals (ASCI 251), Companion Animal Behavior (ASCI 271), Companion Animal Nutrition (ASCI 321), Equine. Nutrition (ASCI 322), Equine Reproduction (ASCI 342), Animal Welfare (ASCI 370), Processed Meats (ASCI 410), (n = 139). The survey utilized a 5 part likert-type scale; (1) strongly disagree, (2) disagree, (3) don’t know, (4) agree, (5) strongly agree with questions measuring student motivation in scales of intrinsic motivation, self-determination, self-efficacy, career motivation, and grade motivation. Additional questions relating student demographics (gender, ethnicity, experience, area of study, e.g.) were included. Survey analyses and student final course grades were analyzed by Spearman Correlation Coefficients to observe correlations and p-values of student demographics, motivation, and online vs. face to face student success. Students with increased motivation in self-efficiency, self-determination, and grade motivation showed a tendency of higher final course grades. No significant correlations were found in student demographics with final course grades. The method delivery, face to face (n = 101) or online (n = 38) had no difference in final course letter grades. These data indicate student final grades appeared to be influenced greater by certain motivations, rather than demographics or methods of delivery. The results of this study will allow educators to identify motivators, to increased success in student learning in Animal Science.
PSI-24 Relationship between passage rate and in vitro methane production from rumen and fecal contents
Authors: Nunez Corina , Tondini Sara M , Jennings Thomas G , Rickard Justin W , Green-Miller Angela R , Shike Daniel W , Henry Darren D , McCann Joshua C 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The objective was to evaluate treatments designed to increase passage rate on the in vitro methanogenic potential of rumen and fecal contents. Eight ruminal-cannulated steers were used in a replicated 4×4 Latin square design with data collected from the latter three 24 d periods. All steers were fed an ad libitum diet of grass hay (10.4% CP) with the following treatments designed to increase passage rate: negative control (CON), pelleted (PEL), 7% Ca(OH)2 treated (CAOH), and four 6 kg weights added to the rumen (WTS). Molasses (3% of diet DM) was added to all treatments to improve diet palatability. On d 22 of each period, fecal and rumen samples for in vitro procedure were collected 0 and 2 hr after feeding, respectively. Rumen (10 g) and fecal (20 g) samples were added to 100 ml Wheaton vials with buffer solution at 1:5 and 1:2 ratio, respectively. Vials were incubated at 39°C, and samples were collected at 6 and 24 hr to determine gas production. Methane was analyzed using gas chromatography. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. In vitro methane production rate from rumen samples tended (P = 0.09) to be affected by treatment with the greatest rate observed for CON (11.7 mM per g DM per h) and the least for PEL (6.3 mM per g DM per h). Rate of fecal methane production in vitro was not affected (P = 0.48) by treatment with means ranging from 0.79 to 2.3 mM per g DM per h. Predicted daily methane production from fecal dry matter excretion was also not affected (P = 0.98) by treatment. Treatments designed to increase passage rate may affect the methanogenic potential of archaea in ruminal contents but not in feces.
PSI-25 development of local Kansas E. coli UTI antibiograms to improve antimicrobial stewardship in companion animal medicine
Authors: Salgado Brianna , KuKanich Katherine , Lubbers Brian 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Urinary tract infections are common in dogs, but rare in cats. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of urine isolates is required to determine optimal antimicrobial therapy, but empirical antimicrobial guidelines are needed while culture is pending or if testing is declined. Antibiograms are summaries of local susceptibility trends that assist clinicians in selecting empirical antimicrobial therapy. Antibiograms were developed from E. coli feline (N = 138) and canine (N = 640) urinary isolates submitted by the KSU Veterinary Health Center and private veterinary practices from 2013–2017. Results showed a high prevalence of resistance among feline isolates to amoxicillin-clavulanate (99.3%, S ≤ 0.25) and ampicillin (99.3%, S ≤ 0.25), but lower prevalence among canine isolates (amoxicillin/clavulanate 7.7% S ≤ 8), ampicillin 46.7%, S ≤ 8). Resistance to other antimicrobials was uncommon, with no antimicrobial agents demonstrating resistance above 6% in feline isolates, or above 14% in canine isolates. Canine isolates from private veterinary practices had increased resistance as compared with KSU isolates to orbifloxacin (9.5% vs 0.1%) and pradofloxaxin (9.4% vs 0.1%). Application of different breakpoints and differences in antibiotic exposures may explain the disparity of Beta-Lactam resistance between cats and dogs. Different use patterns between hospitals may explain the disparity between fluoroquinolone resistance. These findings emphasize the need for definitive urine culture and susceptibility testing in pets with UTIs, so that appropriate and effective antimicrobial therapy can be prescribed. Veterinary clinicians in Kansas can use these antibiogram results in addition to following stewardship guidelines to maximize successful UTI therapy for veterinary patients and minimize development of antimicrobial resistance for the One Health community.
PSI-19 Bovine chromosome 19 VDR and GPRC5C genotypes are associated with udder conformation traits in crossbred beef cattle
Authors: May Claudia L , Ward Alison K , Dahlen Carl R , Swanson Kendall C , Ringwall Kris A , Hulsman Hanna Lauren L 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Udder characteristics are related to infection susceptibility and a calf’s ability to suckle its dam. Teat shape, teat size, udder suspension, and udder balance are main factors producers examine when evaluating cows, as per the Beef Improvement Federation guidelines. Based on previous studies that have identified genomic regions of interest for udder conformation, our objective was to determine if CAPN3, VDR, LETM1, GPRC5C, REN, and ABHD2 genes were associated with udder conformation. Crossbred heifers born in 2014 (n = 90) and 2015 (n = 73) at the Dickinson Research Extension Center were udder scored (1 to 9 scale, where higher score is more desirable) as heifers, placed in the breeding herd, then scored at each successive calving and weaning event until calving of 2018. Heifers were genotyped on the GeneSeek Genomic Profiler 150K, where SNP were selected for this study if located within these genes based on UMD3.1 coordinates (n = 24 SNP). Average scores per animal for each udder trait were modeled using general linear model procedures of SAS with fixed effects of primary breed (n = 9), year born (n = 2), frame score group (n = 4) and individual SNP. Least square means were adjusted using the Tukey-Kramer method. Significant associations between SNP and udder characteristic were: BovineHD0500009456 (VDR; P = 0.034; teat size), ARS-BFGL-NGS-27636 (GPRC5C; P = 0.042; teat shape), and BovineHD1900016305 (GPRC5C; P = 0.011; udder balance). Previous studies in other species have found VDR and GPRC5C (both on BTA 19) to be important for udder conformation. Particularly, ontology searches suggest VDR is involved with mammary tissue involution and branching and GPRC5C is involved with cell membrane integrity and regulation of retinoic acid. If these relationships hold true in cattle, then these markers may provide a viable option for selecting improved udder conformation.