bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Automated Headspace SPME-GC-ITMS Technique for Taste and Odour Compound Identification
Authors: Furtula Vesna , Davies John-Mark , Mazumder Asit 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
A simple, automated and efficient method is presented for routine analysis of taste and odour compounds in water samples. The following compounds were investigated: hexanal, heptanal, 2t,4t-heptadienal, 2t,4t-octadienal, 2t,6t-nonadienal, 2t,6c-nonadienal, 2-methylisoborneol (MIB), 2t,4t-nonadienal, β-cyclocitral, 2t,4t-decadienal, geosmin and β-ionone. Headspace solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coupled with gas chromatography (GC) and low-resolution ion-trap mass spectrometry (ITMS) was used for quantification of these compounds. A 65-µm polydimethylsiloxane/divinylbenzene (PDMS/DVB) fibre was used for headspace SPME analysis. Method detection limits for all compounds analyzed are at the ng/L level and are lower in most cases than sensory analysis can detect. The method was employed for the analysis of lake and reservoir water samples from several coastal British Columbia drinking water sources during the summer of 2001. Geosmin was the only compound detected and was found at concentrations up to 26 ng/L. To our knowledge the method presented is unique in terms of full automation and represents a sensitive and efficient tool for studying and monitoring taste and odour compounds in water sources.
Removal of Vat Dyes from Textile Wastewater Using Biosludge
Authors: Sirianuntapiboon Suntud , Saengow Weerapong 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Biosludge from a wastewater treatment plant was able to adsorb colourants, particularly vat dyes, from textile wastewater. Autoclaved and resting biosludge showed different adsorption abilities with different types of vat dyes. The adsorption ability of the biosludge increased with an increase in sludge age (solid retention time; SRT). Autoclaved biosludge showed the highest adsorption ability under acidic conditions (pH 3) while the resting biosludge showed the highest adsorption ability under neutral or weak alkaline conditions. The maximum colourant (Vat Black 25) adsorption capacities of autoclaved and resting biosludge with a sludge age of 24 days were 85.54 ± 0.5 and 37.59 ± 0.6 mg/g biosludge, respectively. Using a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) system, the biosludge was able to remove both organic matter and colourants from both textile and synthetic textile wastewaters. The removal efficiencies of the system increased with an increase in SRT of the system. The removal efficiency of the system with textile wastewater was lower than with synthetic textile wastewater. The BOD5 and colourant removal efficiency of the SBR system with textile and synthetic textile industrial wastewaters under a BOD5 loading of 0.13 kg BOD/m3-d were 70.1 ± 4.4% and 84.9 ± 2.0%, and 98.1 ± 1.5% and 87.5 ± 5.1%, respectively.
Benthic Responses to Wet-Weather Discharges in Urban Streams in Southern Ontario
Authors: Grapentine Lee , Rochfort Quintin , Marsalek Jiri 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Urban stormwater and combined sewer overflow (CSO) discharges are important sources of sediment and contaminants (trace metals, PAHs, nutrients and road salts), and cause changes in flow, sediment, chemical and thermal regimes of receiving waters. Over the past several years, benthic conditions of streams representing a range of exposure environments were assessed in Hamilton, Toronto, Oshawa and Kingston, Ontario. Studies progressed from initial surveys of sediment contaminant levels, sediment toxicity and benthic invertebrate community structure to more spatially intensive sampling and experimental approaches that included the use of artificial substrates, in situ water toxicity tests and measurements of contaminant bioaccumulation.
Results showed that while sediments and some biota at sites exposed to wet-weather discharges were often contaminated with metals and PAHs and enriched with nutrients, significant biological degradation measured by sediment toxicity or depauperated benthic communities was not evident. Exposure to stormwater discharges at sites below outfalls could alter the composition of benthic communities, but these effects were not strongly related to contaminant concentrations in sediment or invertebrate tissue. No outfall-associated toxicity was observed for caged amphipods held in the water column.
Effects of wet-weather discharges on benthic communities at the urban stream sites studied appear to be small, and their detection was limited by several inherent conditions, including natural heterogeneity in the distribution of benthic invertebrates, episodic (intermittent) exposure to discharges and contaminant fluxes allowing some recovery, “background” levels of disturbance, poorly delineated changes in communities caused by physical effects such as flow and sediment transport, and community response dynamics. Detection of stormwater discharge effects should be improved by sampling on smaller temporal and multiple spatial scales to better quantify stressor exposure and invertebrate responses.
Operational Monitoring of Urban Stormwater Management Facilities and Receiving Subwatersheds in Richmond Hill, Ontario
Authors: Olding Daniel D. , Steele Tracey S. , Nemeth John C. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Untreated stormwater discharge has been found to have major impacts on urban watercourses. Despite the acknowledgement of the importance of adopting broader-scale approaches to managing stormwater, there is limited information describing the subwatershed benefits of implementing numerous best management practices (BMPs). Operational monitoring of stormwater management facilities (SWMFs) and streams in three subwatersheds undergoing urbanization was undertaken over a five-year period to measure potential changes in suspended solids concentrations, hydrology and temperature. SWMFs at construction sites had elevated total suspended solids (TSS) discharges relative to facilities in stable catchments, but reduced TSS discharges in comparison to uncontrolled construction sites. The discharge from single facilities was found to have the potential to increase downstream watercourse TSS concentrations in headwater areas, but increases were often not detectable further downstream. TSS discharges from SWMFs in stable catchments were similar to published ranges, and were a useful tool to identify facilities that were not functioning as designed. Based upon the current subwatershed imperviousness levels, water quality impacts from cumulative SWMF discharges appear to be less likely to be significant than some other factors, such as the changes in the subwatershed hydrological response. No increase in peakflow or duration of midbankfull flow for the 25-mm and 2-year storm event and no trend in baseflow or water temperature were detectable over the study period, despite the increase in imperviousness due to watershed urbanization. The findings from this operational monitoring study suggest that implementation of BMPs may help to mitigate urban impacts at the subwatershed level.
Planning and Design of Combined Sewer Overflow Treatment
Authors: Zukovs George , Marsalek Jiri 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
A newly produced (2004) Combined Sewer Overflow (CSO) Treatment Technologies Manual provides an overview of practices in, and guidance for, planning, design and implementation of CSO treatment. Towards this end, the manual first addresses CSO abatement program planning in order to provide an overall framework within which the application and design of CSO treatment facilities may be considered. Following the establishment of a planning framework, guidance is provided for CSO treatment facility preliminary design, which encompasses such steps as the development of CSO control and treatment objectives, assessment of design flows, development of a treatment process train, site-specific considerations, and costs and operating and maintenance (O&M) factors. Finally, preliminary design considerations are developed in more detail for CSO retention treatment basins (RTBs), which are commonly applied to control and treat CSOs in the Great Lakes municipalities. Well-designed RTBs can meet the Ontario requirements for CSO pollution abatement and thereby contribute to the remedial action in the Great Lakes Areas of Concern.
High-Rate Retention Treatment Basins for CSO Control in Windsor, Ontario
Authors: Li Jian Guo , Horneck Harold , Averill David , McCorquodale J. Alex , Biswas Nihar 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Experimental investigations were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of a retention treatment basin (RTB) with polymer coagulation for the treatment of combined sewer overflows (CSO) at high hydraulic loading rates. The TSS removal efficiency of the pilot-scale RTB at a surface overflow rate (SOR) of 11 m/h was approximately 35% without chemical addition, and 80% with a polymer dosage range of 5 to 10 milligrams per gram of influent TSS. The results demonstrated that the use of polymer coagulation significantly improved TSS removal and allowed the SOR in the RTB to be significantly increased, resulting in smaller treatment units. An empirical relationship was established to estimate removal efficiencies as a function of overflow rate. The results also compared settling characteristics of CSO, obtained from long column tests, to removal efficiencies in the high-rate RTB.
The Limnology of Williston Reservoir: British Columbia's Largest Lacustrine Ecosystem
Authors: Stockner John , Langston Arne , Sebastian Dale , Wilson Greg 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
In surface area, Williston Reservoir is British Columbia's largest lacustrine ecosystem. The reservoir shows remarkably little spatiotemporal variance among its three major reaches (Finlay, Parsnip and Peace), despite the immensity and biogeoclimatic diversity of its drainage basins. Williston is ultra-oligotrophic with average concentrations of total dissolved phosphorus (TDP) ranging from 3 to 5 µg/L and nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) from 60 to 65 µg/L. The pelagic plankton community of Williston Reservoir is dominated by bacteria, pico-cyanobacteria, nano-flagellates and small diatoms, and the zooplankton community is comprised largely of copepods in spring and small cladocerans in summer and fall. Primary production rates are very low and most carbon is produced by the pico- and nano-sized plankters that appear to be primarily light limited due to high turbidity and frequent wind-mixing episodes, i.e., shallow light compensation depth and deep epilimnetic depth. Microbial food webs are predominant in Williston through much of the growing season, with free-living bacteria and pico-cyanobacteria as the primary carbon template, and nano-flagellates, ciliates and micro-zooplankton as the principal grazers. Loading models indicate that after impoundment in 1968, Williston was initially a moderately productive ecosystem, but the system has progressively lost nutrients, namely P, through sedimentation and outflow, but also by the scarcity of littoral carbon production due to severe water level fluctuations (drawdown) and winter ice-scouring. Hence, within the past 2 to 3 decades the ecosystem has gradually lost biogenic productive capacity and now lies within the ultra-oligotrophic trophic status and supports a low level of fish production. Daily rates of carbon production are presently at levels more typical of British Columbia fast-flushing, ultra-oligotrophic coastal ecosystems than large, interior-type oligo- and mesotrophic British Columbia lakes. Based on average values of most limnological variables we demonstrate that the Finlay Reach is currently the most productive region of Williston, and estimates of pelagic fish from hydroacoustic/trawl and gillnet surveys support this contention.
Comparison of Oxygen Transfer Parameters from Four Testing Methods in Three Activated Sludge Processes
Authors: Mahendraker Venkatram , Mavinic Donald S. , Rabinowitz Barry 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
In this investigation, the mass transfer of oxygen was determined using four different testing methods in three activated sludge processes, as per the guidelines established by the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE 1997). The testing methods applied included the steady-state oxygen uptake rate (OUR), the non-steady-state changing power level (CPL), the non-steady-state hydrogen peroxide addition (HPA) and the off-gas methods. The analysis indicated that steady-state OUR and off-gas methods resulted in comparable estimates of oxygen transfer parameters, with somewhat higher variations observed in the data from the off-gas method. The application of HPA and CPL methods produced variable results under the same process conditions and these testing methods affected the process. Based on the comparative evaluation conducted in these controlled experiments, the validity of HPA and CPL tests to measure the oxygen transfer under process conditions is questionable. Overall, the off-gas method appears to be superior, as it does not require steady-state process conditions. However, under suitable conditions the steady-state OUR method may be an economical option to study oxygen transfer under process conditions.
Application of Multi-stable Isotope (13C, 15N, 34S, 37Cl) Assays to Assess Spatial Separation of Fish (Longnose Sucker Catostomus catostomus) in an Area Receiving Complex Effluents
Authors: Dubé Monique G. , Benoy Glenn A. , Blenkinsopp Sandra , Ferone Jenny-Marie , Brua Robert B. , Wassenaar Leonard I. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Incorporation of stable isotope analysis (SIA) into routine environmental effects monitoring programs of receiving waters may enable determination of the spatial extent of biotic exposure and discrimination among sources of complex effluents. To evaluate this hypothesis, longnose sucker (Catostomus catostomus) were collected from four sites along the Athabasca River, Alberta (upstream reference site, two sites downstream of effluents from two pulp and paper mills, and a site downstream of effluent from a municipal sewage treatment plant). Stable isotopes of carbon, nitrogen, sulfur and chlorine were analyzed in bone, gonad, liver and white muscle tissues of the fish. In general, most sites and tissues differed according to δ13C, δ15N and δ34S values. Also, an interaction between site and tissue was observed for δ15N values. A better insight into the usefulness of stable isotopes was obtained through the use of multivariate discriminant function analysis. δ15N and δ34S signatures of gonad and liver tissues of males were most effective at classifying fish according to site (~70% for both tissues). For all tissues except bone, fish from the upstream reference site were most separable from all others, especially females. δ37Cl values for female gonads and male livers were related to sites downstream of the pulp and paper mills. Future research should routinely include SIA of fish tissues, but also of effluents, receiving waters and food web components to better resolve links between specific effluents and fish exposure.
Heavy Metal Concentrations in some Biotic and Abiotic Components of the Olezoa Wetland Complex (Yaoundé-Cameroon, West Africa)
Authors: Fonkou Théophile , Agendia Philip , Kengne Ives , Akoa Amougou , Derek Focho , Nya Jean , Dongmo Francois 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Concentrations of cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and lead (Pb) in water, sediments, fish organs and plants from two ponds of the Olezoa wetland complex were analyzed. Plants investigated were Cyperus papyrus, Enydra fluctuans, Ipomoea aquatica and Echinocloa pyramidalis. The fish species studied was the walking catfish Clarias lazera and the heavy metal concentrations were measured in the digestive tract, gills, flesh and liver. Average concentrations in water were 6 x 10-2 ppm for Cd, 14.53 ppm for Cu, 2.88 ppm for Zn and 17.69 ppm for Pb. These values were low compared to those recorded in the sediments, plants and fish organs. Results revealed an increase of heavy metal concentrations from water to plants and fish organs, with magnification factors ranging from 580 to 5700 and from 577 to 8173, respectively. In the sediments and the floating mat of the eutrophic fish ponds, these factors ranged from 491 to 1065 and 624 to 758, respectively. In the fish organs, particularly, the following accumulation gradients were foreseen: gills Ŵ flesh Ŵ digestive tract Ŵ liver for Cd and Pb; and flesh Ŵ gills Ŵ digestive tract Ŵ liver for Cu and Zn. The four plants studied appeared to be good candidates for phytoremediation of water metal pollution. The quantity of heavy metals in this wetland complex is considerable and will constitute a potential hazard for biota.
Studies on the Use of Fortified Kaolinitic Soil-Clay in Industrial Wastewater Treatment
Authors: Oladoja Nurudeen A. , Asia Imohimi O. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
This study aimed to design an uncomplicated, reliable, technologically simple and low energy consuming decentralized wastewater treatment system using kaolinitic soil-clay fortified with stone pebbles to enhance the permeability to water. Soilclay samples were obtained from different deposits in Nigeria viz: Auchi (AU), Ozanagogo (OZ) and Ubulu-Uku (UB). The geochemical analysis of the soil-clay samples was done using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The mineralogical analysis, studied with an X-ray diffractometer, revealed the presence of kaolinite as the domineering clay mineral present. Illite was also found in the clay OZ and AU (6.50% and 0.50%, respectively). Composite wastewater samples were obtained from brewery, textile and polymer industries. Performance efficiency studies were conducted to determine the best combination ratio of pebbles/soil-clay. Soil-clay fortified with pebbles in combination ratios of 1:3 (i.e., pebbles: soil-clay = 1:3 [w/w]) showed optimum water treatment while the combination 3:1 gave the least. The flow rate studies showed that the wastewater had a longer residence time in non-fortified soil-clay than in fortified soil-clay. Two modes of treatment methods were employed: single and double column treatment (SCT and DCT). The two methods gave effluents with goodquality characteristics but those from the DCT were of better quality. The quality of effluents also varied from one fortified column to another. The fortified column containing OZ exhibited the best performance while UB showed the least performance in the entire treatment processes. Results obtained from the studies on the effects of repeated use on the performance efficiency of the fortified soil-clay showed that the pH of effluents decreased with time toward acidity; the amount of TS also decreased with time; and, as the COD value increased, depletion in the DO was also recorded.
Treatment of Sago Wastewater using Hybrid Anaerobic Reactor
Authors: Banu J. Rajesh , Kaliappan Sudalyandi , Beck Dieter 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Sago, tapioca starch, is manufactured by over 800 small-scale units located in the Salem district of the State of Tamilnadu, South India. These units generate large quantities of high-strength wastewater requiring elaborate treatment prior to disposal. The present study is an attempt to treat the sago wastewater using a hybrid reactor, which combines the advantages of both fixed-film and up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket systems. A hybrid reactor with a volume of 5.9 L was operated at organic loading rates varying from 10.4 to 24.6 kg COD/m3d. After 120 d of start-up, an appreciable decrease in COD and efficient removal of solids were evident. The COD removal varied from 91 to 83%. While the removal of total solids was in the range of 56 to 63%, that of volatile solids varied from 67 to 72%. The methane production during the study period was in the range of 0.11 to 0.14 L CH4/g COD-d and the percentage was from 55 to 67%. The ideal organic loading rate (OLR) was determined on the basis of tolerance of the reactor towards higher organic loading rate and it was found to be 23.4 kg COD/m3d. The findings of the study open new possibilities for the design of low-cost and compact on-site treatment systems with very short retention periods.
Comparison of Analytical Techniques for Analysis of Arsenic Adsorbed on Carbon
Authors: Yadav Nirbhay Narayan , Maheswaran Saravanamuthu , Shutthanandan Vaithiyalingam , Thevuthasan Suntharampillai , Hart Todd R. , Ngo Huu Hao , Vigneswaran Saravanamuthu 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Activated carbon (AC) has been used extensively to treat arsenic-contaminated groundwater for a number of years. To date, attempts to quantify directly the amount of arsenic removed by the activated carbon using nondestructive methods has been limited. High-energy ion beam based proton induced x-ray emission (PIXE) is ideally suited to investigate the issues regarding the quantification of trace metals in solids. In this study, after the adsorption of arsenic on activated carbon, arsenic concentration in granular activated carbon (GAC) and powder activated carbon (PAC) were quantified using PIXE. The PIXE results were compared with atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) measurements. Some differences are observed between these measurements. The differences are greater in the case of GAC compared to PAC. These differences are mainly due to the inhomogeneous structure of GAC and PAC, which includes the variable surface properties such as surface area and pore sizes in each granule or particle. The larger differences are mainly due to the increased particle dimensions of GAC compared to PAC and the nature of the internal pore structure of GAC, which results in different amounts of arsenic adsorbed on different granules of GAC or even in different regions of one granule. This inhomogeneity of arsenic concentration is clearly visible in the arsenic concentration map generated for a single GAC particle using microbeam PIXE.
Hydrous Iron(III)-Tin(IV) Binary Mixed Oxide: Arsenic Adsorption Behaviour from Aqueous Solution
Authors: Ghosh Uday Chand , Bandyopadhyay Durjoy , Manna Biswaranjan , Mandal Manik 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Groundwater in the Bengal delta plain is primarily in an anoxic environment and As(III)/As(total) ratios reported are in the range of 0.60 to 0.90. Most of the studied adsorbents showed greater adsorption affinity for less toxic As(V) than for more toxic As(III). The synthesis and physicochemical characterizations of iron(III)-tin(IV) binary mixed oxide composite with systematic arsenic adsorption behaviour are reported here. The parameters studied are the effect of pH, adsorption capacity with varying arsenic loads, contact time for kinetics and isotherm modelling by batch method. In the pH range of 3.0 to 9.0, the adsorption of As(III) is found to be nearly the same while that of As(V) decreases with increasing pH for the studied arsenic concentrations (5.0 to 20.0 mg L-1). The adsorption data were analyzed using various kinetic and isotherm model equations. The rate of adsorption of As(III) was faster than that of As(V) at equilibrium pH ~7.0 and temperature 30(± 2)°C. The adsorption kinetic data for arsenic fitted best with the Ho's pseudo-second order [R2 ~0.99–1.00 for As(III) and ~0.97–0.98 for As(V)] and parabolic diffusion (R2 ~0.98–0.99) equations. The present kinetic data fitted the power function and simple Elovich kinetic equations well (R2 = ~0.97–1.00), except the data obtained for As(III) from the 20.0 mg L-1 solution. The analyses of adsorption data for As(III) and As(V), respectively, at equilibrium pH 6.8(±0.1) and 7.3(±0.1) with three different two-parameter isotherm model equations show the fitting order: Langmuir &lt; Freundlich &gt;Temkin. The monolayer adsorption capacity (θ0, mg g-1) values evaluated from the Langmuir isotherm for As(III) and As(V) are 43.86 and 27.55, respectively.