bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Leading Teams to Optimize Performance
Authors: Young Lissa V. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Teams are a critical aspect of organizational life and understanding the taxonomy and processes extant in team life is a critical first step in learning how to optimize team and individual performance. This chapter examines key components of both team structure and team processes that form the fundamental underpinnings of team performance. Once leaders understand these constructs and the role they play in team performance, leaders can devise interventions to build better teams. The best teams produce the best team performances and contribute to enhancing the skill development of each individual team member. The relationship between the team and its members is symbiotic. Given this, a leader has the potential to impact the development of teams and individual team members simultaneously.
The Ethics of Human Enhancement
Authors: Laurence Janice H. , Carlisle Joshua A. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This chapter raises some ethical considerations and highlights the debate regarding the burgeoning field of human enhancement (HE) and performance optimization. The topic of human enhancement is complex because it gets to the heart of what we take to be the central concerns of ethics, involving concepts such as human nature, identity, fairness, dignity, virtue, and duties to our offspring and fellow beings. This chapter proposes a framework for discussing the ethics of human enhancement. It serves both as a structure for understanding current issues and debates and as a guide for stakeholders to use in making decisions about the ethics of particular HE interventions. In doing so, the ethical framework described borrows from Just War Theory (JWT), an adjacent field of applied ethics. Just Enhancement Theory (JET) provides key considerations that are necessary to argue that a particular HE intervention or class of interventions is morally permissible. Such a framework could help stakeholders navigate the complexities of the moral terrain as they make important decisions and contributions in this increasingly important area.
Casting Relatives
Authors: Margulies Ivone 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This chapter briefly situates approaches to early cinema reenactment and embodied spectatorship (Allison Griffith, Kristen Whissel, Mary Ann Doane) as well as the reception for reconstructions of past events (Miriam Hansen and Dan Streible). It reflects on the notion of social representativity prevalent in 1930s cinema as well as the reasons why the choice of actual members of a family may or may not matter in reenactment (Joris Ivens, Robert Flaherty, and Georges Rouquier). The chapter focuses on attempts to address the limits of reenactment through genetic links or an overemphasis on literalness: Orson Welles’s Four Men in a Raft (one of the episodes [1942] projected for It’s All True and reconstructed in 1993); Leslie Woodhead and Bud Greenspan’s Endurance, the reenacted biography of Haile Gebrselassie the Olympic runner, cast with many of his family members; and Zhang Yuan’s Sons, where an entire family reenacts the period prior to the internment of the father for alcoholism.
The Mahatma
Authors: Moskalenko Sophia , McCauley Clark 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Moving from fictional to real-world examples, the following chapters consider historical figures who were hailed as martyrs. What makes one martyr succeed while another martyr fails to affect political change? Why are martyrdoms faked, and what can public reaction to fakes tell us about the nature of martyrdom? In this section, the authors explore the role of the audience in the power of martyrdom stories. Applying the seven ideal conditions of martyrdom (ICMs) helps us to understand the political power of Gandhi’s martyrdom. Representing Gandhi not just as a martyr, but also as a man and as a myth, helps us to see how martyrdom stories are mythologized. Famous martyrs succeed by appealing to an audience who are willing to build a martyr and ready to follow in his footsteps with self-sacrifices of their own.
In Martyrs We Trust
Authors: Moskalenko Sophia , McCauley Clark 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
In this chapter, the authors examine the first of three steps on a martyr’s path from obscurity to fame: What makes martyrdom a riveting story for individuals who witness it or learn about it? Using the case of 2014 Ukraine’s Heaven’s Hundred, the authors apply psychological research to understand the sources of martyr stories’ appeal. Perceptually, martyrs simplify the world, leaving fewer choices, giving us clarity. Cognitively, martyrdom stories bring satisfaction akin to solving a puzzle. Emotionally, engaging in martyr stories leads to feeling pride and elevation. This and the following two chapters highlight martyrdom’s ability to divide an audience into supporters and opponents, leading to conflict––and sometimes violence––between the two groups.
The First Minds
Authors: Reber Arthur S. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
The book presents a novel theory of the origins of mind and consciousness dubbed the Cellular Basis of Consciousness (CBC). It argues that sentience emerged with life itself. The most primitive unicellular species of bacteria are conscious, though it is a sentience of a primitive kind. They have minds, though they are tiny and limited in scope. There is nothing even close to this thesis in the current literature on consciousness. Hints that cells might be conscious can be found in the writings of a few cell biologists, but a fully developed theory has never been put forward before. Other approaches to the origins of consciousness are examined and shown to be seriously or fatally flawed, specifically ones based on: (a) the assumption that minds are computational and can be captured by an artificial intelligence (AI), (b) efforts to discover the neurocorrelates of mental experiences, the so-called Hard Problem, and (c) looking for consciousness in less complex species by identifying those that possess precursors of those neurocorrelates. Each of these approaches is shown to be either essentially impossible (the AI models) or so burdened by philosophical and empirical difficulties that they are effectively unworkable. The CBC approach is developed using standard models of evolutionary biology. The remarkable repertoire of single-celled species that micro- and cell-biologists have discovered is reviewed. Bacteria, for example, have sophisticated sensory and perceptual systems, learn, form memories, make decisions based on information about their environment relative to internal metabolic states, communicate with one another, and even show a primitive form of altruism. All such functions are indicators of sentience. Conversations with a caterpillar function as a literary vehicle Finally, the implications of the CBC model are discussed along with a number of related issues in evolutionary biology, philosophy of mind, the possibility of sentient plants, the ethical repercussions of universal animal sentience, and the long-range impact of adopting the CBC stance.
Why Has a Cellular Basis of Consciousness-type Model Not Been Proposed Before?
Authors: Reber Arthur S. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
We have a chat with my caterpillar who manages to communicate that not only is he/she conscious but all living species are. I review reasons why no one has put forward this CBC-type model before, the main one being that the theory seems just crazy to most people, and follow up with a defense of anthropomorphism which others see as a confounding factor. There is a segue on fish and whether they feel pain—at least in the same manner as we feel pain as part of an interpreted, unpleasant experience with strong motivational elements. The conclusion is that of course they do—and the group of philosophers and piscine experts who take the stance that they do not are critiqued. The chapter ends with a survey of others who are or might be comfortable with the CBC model, beginning with Darwin who certainly would have embraced it.
Entailments of the Cellular Basis of Consciousness Stance
Authors: Reber Arthur S. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
The CBC model has a number of implications for evolutionary biology, the cognitive neurosciences, consciousness science, micro- and cell-biology, and philosophy, particularly the philosophy of mind. A section covers the hierarchical nature of evolutionary mechanisms emphasizing why basic, early evolved functions (like awareness) become fixed and stable and are present in all later-evolved species. Special sections cover other, related topics such as reductionism (where a pragmatic form is recommended), the need to avoid an uncomfortable mysterianism that has crept into philosophy, whether plants are also conscious (probably not but I’m willing to be persuaded otherwise), ethical considerations of universal sentience, and the possibility of altruism in bacteria. A cluster of specific problems that emerge from the CBC also are discussed, such as how multicellular species emerged, how the sentience of single-celled organisms morphed into the focal awareness of the collective.
Stressed Economies, Distressed Policies, and Distraught Young People
Authors: Smith Mark , Leschke Janine , Russell Helen , Villa Paola 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This chapter adopts a critical perspective on policymaking in European labor markets before, during, and after the Great Recession. Using extensive analysis of recent policies at the flexibility–security interface, the chapter identifies four key weaknesses in relation to young people: There was an over-reliance on supply-side policies and quantitative targets, reforms were driven by macroeconomic stability goals rather than by a coherent vision for the labor market, reforms focused on a downward pressure on job security and employability despite slack labor demand, and there was limited consideration of the impact of precariousness and career insecurity on young people and their life courses. It is argued that European and national employment policy need to focus on durable and resilient labor markets for young women and men transitioning from school to work in the postcrisis period.
How do youth labor flows differ from those of older workers?
Authors: Flek Vladislav , Hála Martin , Mysíková Martina 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This chapter analyzes youth labor market dynamics, their structure, and their policy implications, focusing on selected European Union countries during the various stages of the Great Recession and comparing flows between labor market statuses for young people (aged 16–34 years) with those for prime-age individuals (aged 35–54 years). The flow approach views labor market transitions as a state-dependent process, simultaneously involving all movements of individuals between employment, unemployment, and inactivity. The main result is that young workers are more likely to move between employment and unemployment in both directions. This is instructive for assessing the gap in the labor market prospects of the two age groups and particularly for understanding differences in the evolution of youth and prime-age unemployment rates. The socioeconomic determinants of transitions between employment and unemployment in both directions are estimated, with the aim of illustrating the depth of age-based labor market segmentation and marginalization.
How can young people’s employment quality be assessed dynamically?
Authors: Berloffa Gabriella , Matteazzi Eleonora , Mazzolini Gabriele , Şandor Alina , Villa Paola 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This chapter adopts a dynamic approach to the study of youth labor market integration. It focuses on individual trajectories (i.e., sequences of employment statuses) and considers the timing, order, and length of employment and jobless spells. It uses EU-SILC longitudinal data (2006–2012) for 17 countries to depict youth employment outcomes in two different phases: labor market entry and approximately 5 years after leaving education. The extent to which the experience of a certain trajectory type differs by gender, education level, and across countries is analyzed. Results show that although males and females have similar chances of accessing paid employment rapidly, women’s labor market conditions deteriorate over the following few years in terms of both security and success. Stricter rules on the use of temporary contracts tend to reduce the probability of fragmented trajectories in both phases, narrowing the gender and education gaps with respect to employment and income security.
Stuck in the parental nest?
Authors: Mazzotta Fernanda , Parisi Lavinia 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This chapter provides an extensive analysis of leaving and returning home by young people in 14 European countries. It analyzes the effect of the Great Recession, considering a period from 2005 to 2013 and controlling for two key determinants of living arrangements: employment and partnership. The main result is that the Great Recession has reduced the probability of leaving home and increased the probability of returning home, with differences across country groups. In particular, the probability of leaving home in Southern and Eastern European countries slightly declines during the period of analysis, whereas a sharp decrease is recorded in Continental countries at the beginning of the Great Recession. Southern European countries show an increase in home-returning throughout the entire period. Finally, both leaving and returning home seem more closely linked to partnership than to employment.
What happens to young people who move to another country to find work?
Authors: Akgüç Mehtap , Beblavý Miroslav 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the labor market integration of South–North and East–West migrants, together with intra-European and non-European Union migrants, vis-à-vis native peers in main European destinations. The analysis considers individual characteristics and labor market outcomes by migrant origins. Labor market outcomes are estimated, controlling for sociodemographic characteristics and for country-fixed and year effects. Using interaction effects, the chapter estimates whether the work-related outcomes of young migrants differ vis-à-vis native peers. The econometric analysis using pooled European Social Surveys (2002–2015) suggests that individual characteristics explain part of the migrant–native peer differences. Particularly, migrants from Eastern and Southern Europe exhibit important gaps vis-à-vis native peers regarding unemployment, contract type, and overqualification. Overall, migrant youth and women seem to be in vulnerable situations in destination labor markets. In addition to nondiscriminatory treatment, transparent competence screening and smooth skills transferability could alleviate such youth and gender vulnerabilities.
Are the work values of the younger generations changing?
Authors: Hajdu Gábor , Sik Endre 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This chapter analyzes whether work values differ between birth cohorts, age groups, and time periods. Using large cross-national surveys from more than 30 countries, it is shown that the centrality of work is highest in the middle age groups and significantly lower during 2005–2009 than in the 1990s. However, there are no detectable gaps between birth cohorts. Thus, in contemporary Europe, the generations are not divided significantly with regard to their work values so that rather than pointing to generational differences, the lack of them should be emphasized. From a policy standpoint, this means that the generational differences often referred to in public debates and used in political discourses are a myth. The results presented in this chapter imply that if sound European Union policies are implemented to cope with youth unemployment, they will not fail because of generation-specific attitudes.
The Science of Social Work Roundtables
Authors: Stone Susan , Floersch Jerry 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This chapter has three aims. The first is to familiarize readers with the general tenor, proceedings, and discussions at the five “Science in Social Work” roundtables that took place between 2012 and 2016. A key role of these roundtables was to engage in further dialogue that was, in part, sparked by John Brekke’s provocative Aaron Rosen lecture and initial responses to his lecture that were formally presented at the International Invitational Conference on Social Work Education. This summary draws on both published manuscripts and unpublished presentations associated with roundtable activities. It also provides a synthesis of key convergence points that emerged from these discussions. Finally, it situates the roundtable discussions within long-standing debates that have evolved over time concerning the role and status of social work research and knowledge development. This summary and synthesis provides a general frame to structure the chapters included in this volume.
Defining a Social Work Science
Authors: Brekke John 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This chapter provides some proposed intellectual boundaries of the scientific discipline of social work (its domains), as well as some of the core constructs that can guide the science. Since these issues have been addressed in detail elsewhere, they are only summarized here, with more focus in this chapter on arguments for the utility of defining a science of social work, alternative approaches to social work scientific identity, and emerging issues that could inform the development of social work science. The chapter covers the nature of a science of social work, benefits and challenges of establishing an identity as a scientific discipline, perspectives on defining a science of social work, and emerging issues in social work science.
Theory in Social Work Science
Authors: Kemp Susan P. , Samuels Gina Miranda 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This chapter argues that it is time to (re)invest in the theoretical as well as methodological and analytic foundations of social work science and in the theoretical preparedness of social work scientists. Such (re)investment should, however, be based in clearly articulated understandings as to what constitutes a robust theoretical foundation for 21st-century social work science. Also needed is careful analysis and reflection regarding what theories the field typically relies on, the form these take, and where and how they are deployed. To this end, this chapter has three primary components. First, it makes an argument for the necessity of theory in social work science as an essential ingredient in transformative science. Second, it provides an overview of the various forms theory takes in the scientific enterprise. Third, it offers some perspectives on opportunities for a more robust approach to the theoretical preparation of social work scientists.
Who Knows?
Authors: Anastas Jeane 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
An aspect of proposing a definition of a science of social work is defining the domains that it should or could address. Critical realism calls for examining and critiquing the social arrangements that frame our science and our knowledge. Like social work itself, it aspires to be an emancipatory project. The concept of embodiment from philosophy of mind is introduced; it suggests that a mind, whether the same or different from a brain, is embedded in the organism, the social world, the cultural world that includes the historical, and the ecological world. This framework has implications for understanding how we know and what we need to know. Embodiment is a concept that can be used in defining the scope and concerns of social work science.
Reproducible Econometrics Using R
Authors: Racine Jeffrey S. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This book is designed to facilitate reproducibility in Econometrics. It does so by using open source software (R) and recently developed tools (R Markdown and bookdown) that allow the reader to engage in reproducible research. Illustrative examples are provided throughout, and a range of topics are covered. Assignments, exams, slides, and a solution manual are available for instructors.
Learning Geopolitical Pluralism
Authors: Henry Clement M. 
Published: January 2019

The Middle East, viewed by many as a geopolitical prize astride three continents, is now sharply contested and fragmented by proxy wars in Libya, Syria, and Yemen reflecting a painful readjustment of the global balance that empowers regional rivalries. While the local conflicts are not about oil, the imputed strategic value of the commodity has reinforced the region’s geopolitical significance as an arena for competition among great powers. This chapter surveys present and past international regimes for managing the supply and distribution of oil. It is argued that key state actors may learn to practice geopolitical pluralism in this clearly defined sector of international political economy, with potential spill-over into related sectors alleviating the contemporary world disorder
Civic Activism Unleashed
Authors: Youngs Richard 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
The book examines the changing shape of contemporary civic activism. It investigates what kind of new civic activism is emerging around the world and assesses how far this is really different from more established forms of civil society activity. The book also analyzes the impact of recent civic activism, in particular mass protest, offering a set of variables to help explain cases of success and failure. Finally, the book examines how far international support for civil society has kept pace with the emerging forms of civic activism.
New versus old civic activism
Authors: Youngs Richard 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Chapter 5 examines the relationship between the emerging civic activism and more traditional NGOs. It notes that relations between “new” and “old” activists have in many cases been tense and brittle. However, in a growing number of cases these alternative forms of civic organization are finding ways to work together. The chapter maps out a possible future division of labor between different kinds of activism.
Boon or bane for global democracy?
Authors: Youngs Richard 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Chapter 7 assesses the broader ramifications of the different aspects of the new civic activism for democracy. It argues that the emerging activism is not a panacea for reviving democracy but also rejects critics’ assertions that it is dangerous for good-quality democratic politics. Rather, the emerging activism will change the shape of democracy; the chapter explains exactly how.
A Special Kind of Prosecutor
Authors: Coan Andrew 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This chapter explains the unique role that special prosecutors play in the American constitutional system. Their job is to ensure that even the highest government officials are not above the law. They do this by investigating and prosecuting alleged wrongdoing by the president and his close associates. To carry out this difficult charge, special prosecutors are granted the same formal powers as ordinary federal prosecutors, with one crucially important difference. For special prosecutors, the power to investigate and authorize criminal charges is confined to particular persons or suspected crimes. This difference has profound implications for the conduct of special prosecutor investigations. Most important, it places special prosecutors squarely in the public spotlight. That gives the president’s allies a strong incentive to discredit special prosecutors. It also enables the public to hold the president accountable. Only if the American people take this responsibility seriously can special prosecutors function effectively.