bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Online Pornography
Authors: Tzankova Veronika 
Published: December 2018

AbstractNow that pornography uses the Internet as its primary medium of distribution, the distinctive characteristics associated with such distribution have started to receive attention from scholars and media practitioners alike. A closer look at online pornography – together with related consumption and production patterns – adds an important perspective to our understanding of individual and collective framings of sexuality and sexual subcultures. In addition, the online porn industry has played an important role in economic and technological developments of the Web – dynamics which have contributed to the increasing ubiquity of pornography. In light of such advancements, this entry aims to discuss the nature of online pornography, relevant debates, the shifts in production and consumption patterns introduced by the Internet as a medium of circulation, together with the social implications associated with these developments.
H
ilferding,
R
udolf (1877–1941)
Authors: Milios John 
Published: December 2018

Abstract

A prominent Marxist theoretician and socialist politician in Austria and Germany, with his
Finance Capital
(first published in 1910), Hilferding changed the dominant theoretical paradigm in Marxist economic theory, as he introduced in it the idea of stages of capitalism and the notion of monopoly capitalism. Hilferding's approach thus constitutes the starting point of a new tradition in Marxian economics, which modified Marx's original approach. Many of Hilferding's ideas concerning market structure, economic development, technical change, credit money, and the distinction between the manager and the capitalist also influenced non‐Marxist economists, for example, Joseph Schumpeter.
Health and Globalization
Authors: Shinohara Chika 
Published: December 2018

AbstractHealth is a growing research area in sociology today. Aging and longevity are not the only reasons for its popularity; it is also influenced by the developments of the global health system and governance, as well as global health culture. Sociologists pay attention to social stratifications of health status and other health‐related variables created in and affected by globalization. Others also study how medical health knowledge and technology crosses national borders and identifies distinct types of health problems, concerns, and issues. In such processes, international health organizations play important roles in disseminating information on health and illnesses, supplying preventive knowledge, and regulating medical interventions. Sociological research has shown the significance of class, gender, and culture to health and care in globalization. Maternal health and children's mortality are major challenges that affect our health status and life expectancy levels. Some important contributors in our daily life to such health outcomes are lifestyle choices and living environment. Health information and professionals now cross national boundaries with some regularity, creating more effects for future sociological investigations. Global healthcare worker migration and medical tourism, in particular, are modern phenomena which expose inequalities in the sociological study of health and globalization.
Internships
Authors: Nicholas Arlene J. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractInternships have been defined as official or formal programs used to provide practical experience for a beginner in an occupation or profession. This type of experiential learning is an old tradition, from apprenticeships of the ancient and modern world to internships and practicums for today's students. Internships can have very positive impacts for students. For example, interns who exceeded employers' expectations were offered a 9.2 percent higher salary than other nonintern alumni counterparts.
Scientific Management
Authors: Wagner‐Tsukamoto Sigmund 
Published: December 2018

AbstractScientific management (Taylorism) originated in the United States at the end of the nineteenth century. Its emergence is closely linked to the management studies, engineering innovations, and business consultancy work of Frederick W. Taylor (1856–1915). On the one hand its contemporary relevance for organization sociology, sociopsychological studies of work, and organizational economics rests with its historic significance. Many regard Taylor as the founding father of management studies and scientific management as the first modern theory of management and organization. On the other hand, scientific management remains an integral part of contemporary concepts on how to organize in industrial settings. Scientific management sets out, in various respects, conceptual roots of contemporary organization theory. This is not to say that Taylor did not fall for certain misunderstandings when he proposed scientific management: His description of workers as “born lazy” but managers as morally high‐minded was found insulting by many.
Organizational Ecology
Authors: Lune Howard , Olvera Jacqueline 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Organizational ecology is a theoretical approach to the study of organizations, populations of organizations, and organizational environments. It pays special attention to the role of environmental resources and constraints in shaping the nature of organizations as well as the emergence, growth, and decline of different organizational forms. As a framework, it seeks to explain the life chances of organizations at different stages of development in relation to the carrying capacities of their resource environments.
Symbol
Authors: Olesen Thomas 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe concept ofsymbolis employed in a number of different ways in sociology. Major sources of inspiration include Durkheim's later work on religion, the Chicago School, anthropology, and semiotics. Sociologists are typically interested in the political dimensions of symbols, that is, in the ways certain objects are symbolized to further political goals and how such efforts are met with attempts at countersymbolization.
Value‐Free Sociology
Authors: Hammersley Martyn 
Published: December 2018

AbstractIt has been argued, most notably by Max Weber, that the principle of value freedom must guide social science. This requires that the conclusions of research be restricted to factual ones, excluding practical evaluations and policy recommendations that go beyond the identification of effective means. Equally important it implies a responsibility on the part of social scientists to minimize any distortion of research resulting from their own or others' value commitments. Picking up on an influential philosophical theme, Weber insisted that value conclusions cannot be derived solely from factual assumptions, and concluded on this basis that there can be noscientificauthority for such conclusions. The principle of value freedom (sometimes referred to as “value neutrality” or “ethical neutrality”) was widely appealed to by social scientists around the middle of the twentieth century, but since that time it has been championed less frequently, and indeed has been subjected to widespread criticism. Much of this criticism is misdirected, and, even when it is not, it relies upon alternative philosophical and political positions that are themselves open to question.
Spaces of Flows/Spaces of Places
Authors: Bush Simon R. , Oosterveer Peter 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The spaces of flows and spaces of places denote the interplay between two interrelated social‐spatial configurations that have emerged under conditions of globalization. Central to Manuel Castells thesis of the network society, these concepts have been taken up in cultural and environmental sociology, as well as in other social science disciplines, to understand both processes of marginalization from and transitions toward global modernity.
Vagabonds and Tourists
Authors: Kristensen Kristian Søby 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Vagabond and tourist are two metaphors introduced to sociology by Zygmunt Bauman to analyze the human condition in globalization. The metaphorical pair highlights key aspects of an increasingly globalized and polarized human life in a world moving into what Zygmunt Bauman famously coined as liquid modernity. In a liquid modern and globalizing world, mobility is the main stratifying factor. Both tourists and vagabonds move, but they do so in a highly uneven fashion and under starkly different conditions. Movement for the tourist is effortless and desirable, but for the vagabond it is burdensome and forced. The tourist metaphorically stands for the globalized elite and the vagabond for the precarious poor. The two metaphors are key examples of Bauman's methodological application of metaphors and are put effectively to use in his widely influential and critical sociology.
Public Opinion Research
Authors: Mortimore Roger 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Public opinion research has been used since the 1930s in numerous academic disciplines – political science, psychology, media/communications, and history among others – but is also widely used for nonacademic purposes such as opinion polls and to guide political campaigning, for which purposes less rigorous methods are often used. Quantitative surveys with structured questionnaires are the most prominent methodology, but qualitative research such as focus groups and observation of behavior can also produce valuable data. A challenge in research design is that survey responses are affected by survey context and by subtle nuances of question wording: This reveals the impact of phenomena which are in themselves of interest to the student of public opinion, such as social desirability bias, but which are also obstacles to accurate research. The publication of public opinion research also raises important questions, as there is evidence that it may have an impact on public opinion.
Environmental Racism
Authors: Holifield Ryan 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Environmental racism refers broadly to the disproportionate exposure of people of color or racialized groups to the adverse impacts of environmental hazards. In the United States, where the term originated, debates have historically revolved around the question of whether disproportionate impact alone constitutes sufficient evidence of racism, or whether racism requires discriminatory intent. However, these debates have become more complex and sophisticated with the increasing consideration of structural and institutional forms of racism, along with the term's extension both to international settings and to a broader set of substantive issues. In addition, social scientists have paid considerable attention to the role of the term environmental racism, along with the broader terms environmental equity and environmental justice, in the mobilization of grassroots activism and advocacy.
Bell Curve, The
(
H
errnstein and
M
urray)
Authors: Rescher Nicholas 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This entry reexamines the substance and the implication of the 1994 Herrnstein Murray book on the bell curve. Widely interpreted as inimical to the interests of the United States' black community, a closer inspection of the book shows that its statics do not have these implications. And, more generally, closer scrutiny indicates that the sorts of bell curve discrepancies among communities will in the very nature of things lack the sort of policy bearing commonly imputed to this book.
Biography
Authors: Stanley Liz 
Published: December 2018

AbstractAn interest in biography has a long history in sociology and includes work by such luminaries as Weber, Mills, Merton, and Elias. It has developed around the broad trajectories of biographical sociology and the sociology of biography and encompassed ideas about the everyday, the thinking subject, life histories, storied lives, identities, and reflexivity. It has had two key influences on sociological work. Its emphasis that ideas derive from particular viewpoints and through researchers reflexively engaging with their subjects has given rise to a discipline‐wide recognition of reflexivity matters. Its approach has also resisted conventional distinctions between macro and microlevels of social life, with its emphasis on the interconnectedness of lives and social structures contributing to related developments in narrative inquiry and everyday life sociology among others.
Ethnic, Racial, and Nationalist Movements
Authors: Nagle John 
Published: December 2018

AbstractEthnic, racial, and nationalist movements represent groups that seek to gain recognition and political power on the basis of their distinct identities. These movements can switch interchangeably between being ethnic, racial, or nationalist in character by changing emphases and goals. The often fluid and contextual nature underlying these identities also allows groups to shift between categories. For the purpose of analysis, however, it is possible to explore ethnic, racial, and nationalist movements as distinct types. This is possible if we consider them as different forms of claim‐making within particular types of state structures.
Friendship: Structure and Context
Authors: Adams Rebecca G. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractSociologists have contributed to the friendship literature by examining how friendships vary according to individuals' locations in the social structure, studying the structural characteristics of friendship networks, and, with renewed focus in the 1990s, theorizing about how friendships are affected by the contexts in which they are embedded. This entry reviews the research on how structural location, including gender, race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, and age, affects friendship; the literature on the findings regarding the various structural aspects of friendship (i.e., size, density, hierarchy, homogeneity); and also the history of theoretical perspectives on context. In so doing, it addresses the question of why friendship is significant for individuals and for society.
Jihad
Authors: Azca Muhammad Najib 
Published: December 2018

Abstract

The word
jihad
(which derives from the verb
jahada
, meaning “to strive, to exert oneself, to struggle”) is one of the most prominent Arabic terms in the western world owing to its vital influence in Muslim society and its significant political role there. It is also one of the most crucial concepts in political sociology for understanding contemporary Muslim society, particularly with the emerging trend of Islamist movements in many parts of the globe.
Justification
Authors: Susen Simon 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe main purpose of this entry is to provide an introduction to the concept of “justification.” To this end, it gives an overview of key issues arising from the critical inquiry into the nature of “justification,” focusing on the following aspects: first, thedefinition of justification; second,epistemological theories of justification; and, third, thesociology of justification, as exemplified in the work of Luc Boltanski and Laurent Thévenot. By way of conclusion, the entry stresses the notion that, as argued in Habermasian variants of critical theory, processes of justification play a pivotal role in the construction of social life.
McDonaldization
Authors: Ritzer George 
Published: December 2018

AbstractMcDonaldization is the process by which principles of the fast‐food restaurant are coming to dominate more and more spheres of US society and the rest of the world. Coined by the sociologist George Ritzer, the term invokes the famous fast‐food chain founded by Ray Kroc in 1955 as a metaphor for a widespread change in the delivery of goods and services toward more instrumentally efficient means of sales and distribution.
Nation‐State and Nationalism
Authors: Malešević Siniša , Trošt Tamara Pavasović 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThis entry defines the concepts of “nation‐state” and “nationalism,” reviewing their key features and classifications, including the differences between premodern societies, empires, and nation‐states, and civic and ethnic models of nationalism. The main paradigms in theories of nationalism are explained, including primordialism/perennialism, modernism, ethnosymbolism, and contemporary approaches (i.e., banal nationalism, everyday nationhood, nationalism as discourse, ethnic boundary‐making, and feminist critiques).
Racism, Structural and Institutional
Authors: Murji Karim 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Institutional and structural racism are sociological explanations for racism as more than individual prejudice, and as a deep‐seated and ongoing force in contemporary societies that produce racially structured patterns of inequality that recur in spite of equality before the law and antidiscrimination policies. Such patterns can be seen across many aspects of society, such as employment, housing, and law enforcement. Institutional/structural racism is also evident in ideologies at national and global levels through “color blind” perspectives as well as Eurocentrism. In theory and in practice they are best thought of as working through an interacting and intersecting combination of individual/group, cultural, and structural processes and forces.
Schools, Religious
Authors: Merry Michael S. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractReligious schools have existed for centuries, and continue to have surprising staying power, even in state‐financed and managed systems. The differences between religious schools continue to be significant, as are the reasons parents give for preferring them. Criticisms brought against religious schools, too, are varied, though it remains unclear whether each of these criticisms is valid, or, for that matter, uniquely applicable to religious schools.
Yersinia ruckeri Isolated from Common Mudpuppy Necturus maculosus
Authors: Standish Isaac , Erickson Sara , Kleman Eric , McCann Rebekah , Katona Ryan , Leis Eric 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
During a routine health inspection of apparently healthy wild-caught common mudpuppies Necturus maculosus, the bacteria Yersinia ruckeri was isolated and the identity confirmed using biochemical and molecular methods. This represents the first isolation of Y. ruckeri from an amphibian. This finding increases the known host range capable of harboring this important fish pathogen and could have serious management implications for aquaculture. Furthermore, addressing wild amphibians in fish hatchery biosecurity plans is discussed.
Conformal Hermetic Sealing of Wireless Microelectronic Implantable Chiplets by Multilayered Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD)
Authors: Jeong Joonsoo , Laiwalla Farah , Lee Jihun , Ritasalo Riina , Pudas Marko , Larson Lawrence , Leung Vincent , Nurmikko Arto 
Published: December 2018

AbstractA hermetic sealing method of sub‐millimeter‐sized microelectronic chiplets for wireless body implants is presented by ultrathin and electromagnetically transparent atomic layer deposition (ALD) coatings. Fully 3D conformal encapsulation of wirelessly powered microdevices is demonstrated both with and without opening windows for electrophysiological measurements. The chiplets embedding custom application‐specific integrated circuits (ASICs) with radio frequency (RF) transmitters are encapsulated by a stack of alternating layers of hafnium oxide and silicon dioxide to maximize impermeability of water and ionic penetration while minimizing the volume of the packaging material. The hermeticity of the devices is characterized through accelerated aging tests in saline at T = 87 °C, while continued functionality is monitored via evaluation of backscattered RF signals (near 1 GHz) to ascertain possible degradation and electronic failure. Earliest failures of wirelessly functional devices occur after more than 180 d of immersion at 87 °C. Wireless devices having opening windows through the ALD envelope show no signs of degradation for >100 d. This implies an equivalent lifetime >10 years at T = 37 °C. This approach is readily scalable to high throughput batch processing of hundreds of microchiplets, offering a methodology for hermetic packaging of microscale biomedical chronic implants.
Homologous CoP/NiCoP Heterostructure on N‐Doped Carbon for Highly Efficient and pH‐Universal Hydrogen Evolution Electrocatalysis
Authors: Boppella Ramireddy , Tan Jeiwan , Yang Wooseok , Moon Jooho 
Published: December 2018

AbstractHydrogen evolution electrocatalysts can achieve sustainable hydrogen production via electrocatalytic water splitting; however, designing highly active and stable noble‐metal‐free hydrogen evolution electrocatalysts that perform as efficiently as Pt catalysts over a wide pH range is a challenging task. Herein, a new 2D cobalt phosphide/nickelcobalt phosphide (CoP/NiCoP) hybrid nanosheet network is proposed, supported on an N‐doped carbon (NC) matrix as a highly efficient and durable pH‐universal hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) electrocatalyst. It is derived from topological transformation of corresponding layer double hydroxides and graphitic carbon nitride. This 2D CoP/NiCoP/NC catalyst exhibits versatile HER electroactivity with very low overpotentials of 75, 60, and 123 mV in 1 m KOH, 0.5 m H2SO4, and 1 m PBS electrolytes, respectively, delivering a current density of 10 mA cm−2 for HER. Such impressive HER performance of the hybrid electrocatalyst is mainly attributed to the collective effects of electronic structure engineering, strong interfacial coupling between CoP and NiCoP in heterojunction, an enlarged surface area/exposed catalytic active sites due to the 2D morphology, and conductive NC support. This method is believed to provide a basis for the development of efficient 2D electrode materials with various electrochemical applications.
A Universal Strategy for Constructing Seamless Graphdiyne on Metal Oxides to Stabilize the Electrochemical Structure and Interface
Authors: Wang Fan , Zuo Zicheng , Li Liang , He Feng , Lu Fushen , Li Yuliang 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe structural and interfacial stabilities of metal oxides (MOs) are key issues while facing the volumetric variation and intensive interfacial polarization in electrochemical applications, including lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs), supercapacitors, and catalysts. The growth of a seamless all‐carbon interfacial layer on MOs with complex dimensions is not only a scientific problem, but also a practical challenge in these fields. Here, the growth of graphdiyne under ultramild condition is successfully implemented in situ for coating MOs of complex dimensions. The seamless all‐carbon interface and conductive network are formed at the same time. This method cleverly avoids the structural degradation of MOs at a high temperature in the presence of traditional carbon materials. Under the protection of the high‐quality graphdiyne layer, the samples as LIB anodes deliver high performances in terms of Coulomb efficiency, capacity, long‐term retention, and structural and interfacial stabilities. Both experimental achievements and theoretical calculations demonstrate that the graphdiyne is a particular protection layer for MOs and plays a crucial role for preventing the structural and interfacial degradation of the electrode. Furthermore, the universality of this method will promote the potential applications of many promising MOs in other electrochemical fields.