bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The fluctuating resource hypothesis explains invasibility, but not exotic advantage following disturbance
Authors: Pearson Dean E. , Ortega Yvette K. , Villarreal Diego , Lekberg Ylva , Cock Marina C. , Eren Özkan , Hierro José L. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractInvasibility is a key indicator of community susceptibility to changes in structure and function. The fluctuating resource hypothesis (FRH) postulates that invasibility is an emergent community property, a manifestation of multiple processes that cannot be reliably predicted by individual community attributes like diversity or productivity. Yet, research has emphasized the role of these individual attributes, with the expectation that diversity should deter invasibility and productivity enhance it. In an effort to explore how these and other factors may influence invasibility, we evaluated the relationship between invasibility and species richness, productivity, resource availability, and resilience in experiments crossing disturbance with exotic seed addition in 1‐m2 plots replicated over large expanses of grasslands in Montana, USA and La Pampa, Argentina. Disturbance increased invasibility as predicted by FRH, but grasslands were more invasible in Montana than La Pampa whether disturbed or not, despite Montana's higher species richness and lower productivity. Moreover, invasibility correlated positively with nitrogen availability and negatively with native plant cover. These patterns suggested that resource availability and the ability of the community to recover from disturbance (resilience) better predicted invasibility than either species richness or productivity, consistent with predictions from FRH. However, in ambient, unseeded plots in Montana, disturbance reduced native cover by >50% while increasing exotic cover >200%. This provenance bias could not be explained by FRH, which predicts that colonization processes act on species’ traits independent of origins. The high invasibility of Montana grasslands following disturbance was associated with a strong shift from perennial to annual species, as predicted by succession theory. However, this shift was driven primarily by exotic annuals, which were more strongly represented than perennials in local exotic vs. native species pools. We attribute this provenance bias to extrinsic biogeographic factors such as disparate evolutionary histories and/or introduction filters selecting for traits that favor exotics following disturbance. Our results suggest that (1) invasibility is an emergent property best explained by a community's efficiency in utilizing resources, as predicted by FRH but (2) understanding provenance biases in biological invasions requires moving beyond FRH to incorporate extrinsic biogeographic factors that may favor exotics in community assembly.
Impaired left ventricular diastolic function in T2DM patients is closely related to glycemic control
Authors: Clarke Geoffrey D. , Molina‐Wilkins Marjorie , Solis‐Herrera Carolina , Mendez Verna , Monroy Adriana , Cersosimo Eugenio , Chilton Robert J. , Abdul‐Ghani Muhammad , DeFronzo Ralph A. 
Published: April 2018

SummaryBackgroundLeft ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction commonly is observed in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We employed transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI) to investigate the hypothesis that LV diastolic dysfunction in T2DM is associated with poor glycemic control.MethodsForty subjects, 21 with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) and 19 with T2DM, were studied with CMRI and TTE to assess LV function. Early‐to‐late transmitral flow ratio (E/A) and deceleration time (DecT) were assessed with both modalities. Normalized (to body surface area) end‐diastolic volume (EDV/BSA) and normalized peak LV filling rate (pLVFR/BSA) were assessed with CMRI. Early transmitral flow velocity to septal velocity (E/e’) and isovolumetric relaxation time (IVRT) were measured using TTE. Dimensional parameters were normalized to body surface area (BSA).ResultsCMRI measurements demonstrated impaired E/A (1.13 ± 0.34 vs 1.62 ± 0.42, P < .001), increased DecT (174 ± 46 ms vs 146 ± 15, P = .005), as well as lower EDV/BSA (63 ± 10 vs 72 ± 9 mL/m2, P < .01) and pLVFR/BSA (189 ± 46 vs 221 ± 48 mL s−1 m−2, P < .05) in T2DM subjects. TTE measurements revealed lower E/A (1.1 ± 0.4 vs 1.4 ± 0.2, P < .001) and E/e’ (6.8 ± 1.5 vs 8.7 ± 2.0, P < .0001) with higher DecT (203 ± 22 ms vs 179 ± 18, P < .001) and IVRT (106 ± 14 ms vs 92 ± 10, P < .001) in T2DM. Multiple parameters of LV function: E/ACMRI (r = −.50, P = .001), E/ATTE (r = −.46, P < .005), pLVFR/BSA (r = −.35, P < .05), E/e’ (r = −.46, P < .005), EDV/BSACMRI (r = −.51, P < .0001), EDV/BSATTE (r = −.42, P < .01) were negatively correlated with HbA1c. All but E/e’ also were inversely correlated with fasting plasma glucose (FPG).ConclusionsImpaired LV diastolic function (DF) was found in T2DM subjects with both CMRI and TTE, and multiple LVDF parameters correlated negatively with HbA1c and FPG. These results indicate that impaired LVDF is inversely linked to glycemic control in T2DM patients.
Mathematical Modeling and Analysis of MEMS Deformable Mirror Actuated by Electrostatic Piston Array
Authors: UNO AKIKO , HIRAI YOSHIKAZU , TSUCHIYA TOSHIYUKI , TABATA OSAMU 
Published: April 2018

SUMMARYIn this report, we constructed a simple mathematical analysis model for a new MEMS deformable mirror using an electrostatic piston array. The deformable mirror has been developed as a wavefront compensation device in adaptive optics for retinal observation. The device realizes a large convex deformation with a low operation voltage because of moving bottom electrodes on the pistons. The constructed model is based on the plate theory and simple superposition of the actuation components. The calculated deformation analyzed using this model agrees well with that analyzed using the finite element method not only in deformation shape but the peak‐valley deformations. In addition, the calculation time is much shorter, so the model can be used for design optimization of the device.
The bone marrow is patrolled by NK cells that are primed and expand in response to systemic viral activation
Authors: Milo Idan , Blecher‐Gonen Ronnie , Barnett‐Itzhaki Zohar , Bar‐Ziv Raz , Tal Orna , Gurevich Irina , Feferman Tali , Drexler Ingo , Amit Ido , Bousso Philippe , Shakhar Guy 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe bone marrow hosts NK cells whose distribution, motility and response to systemic immune challenge are poorly understood. At steady state, two‐photon microscopy of the bone marrow in Ncr1gfp/+ mice captured motile NK cells interacting with dendritic cells. NK cells expressed markers and effector molecules of mature cells. Following poly (I:C) injection, RNA‐Seq of NK cells revealed three phases of transcription featuring immune response genes followed by posttranscriptional processes and proliferation. Functionally, poly (I:C) promoted upregulation of granzyme B, enhanced cytotoxicity in vitro and in vivo, and, in the same individual cells, triggered proliferation. Two‐photon imaging revealed that the proportion of sinusoidal NK cells decreased, while at the same time parenchymal NK cells accelerated, swelled and divided within the bone marrow. MVA viremia induced similar responses. Our findings demonstrate that the bone marrow is patrolled by mature NK cells that rapidly proliferate in response to systemic viral challenge while maintaining their effector functions.
Formal Evaluation Versus Seat‐of‐the‐Jeans Thinking
Authors: Popham W. James 
Published: April 2018

AbstractW. James Popham notes that moving from informal evaluation as a child to formal evaluation as a professional involved shifting emphasis from self‐interest to objective evidence. Helping young people learn to think evaluatively would involve simplifying this evaluation process, much like teaching them to use critical thinking. See the interview document here: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1002/ev.20293/suppinfo. Read only. This should not be used in any form without explicit permission from the author.
One Ventilator Too Few?
Authors: Polzin‐Rosenberg Noah 
Published: April 2018

AbstractSometimes it's better to be lucky than good. As new blood filled our young patient's veins, her breathing became regular and her pulse full. She was so far gone I would not have expected her to recover consciousness for a day, if at all, but within an hour, she began to wake up. We removed the breathing tube a couple of hours later— no ventilator ever needed.As life‐sustaining technology becomes more widely available in fortunate parts of the developing world, benefits come with complications. The temptation is to focus on the thing—the ventilator itself—as the crucial element and press to buy more, mistaking the problem for one of resource scarcity only. But we need a culturally relevant ethical framework to guide the use and withdrawal of ventilators and similar life‐sustaining tools. Resource scarcity is only part of the problem. Buying additional ventilators only defers allocation decisions and entirely fails to address end‐of‐life suffering. It is unsustainable in Rwanda; it is a dubious solution anywhere. The intangible need for an ethical framework hides beneath apparent scarcity and, when this need is not addressed and luck runs out, one salvageable patient can die for want of a ventilator that serves only to prolong the suffering of another.
Progress: Its Glories and Pitfalls
Authors: Callahan Daniel 
Published: April 2018

AbstractSteven Pinker, a cognitive psychologist and linguist at Harvard and a savant of big ideas, is one of the latest to take on the idea of progress. He does it under the aegis of “enlightenment,” which comes down to a kind of holy trinity of reason, science, and humanism. His new book, Enlightenment Now: The Case for Reason, Science, Humanism, and Progress, is ambitious and cantankerous and heady with hope. On the whole, Pinker makes a good case for the benefits of progress, but with an overdose of feel‐good prose. His greatest failure comes in exaggerating the threats to science and in avoiding some problems altogether. He ignores its complexity, its shadows, its creation of new problems raised by its solutions to old ones. Pinker has a particular animus against bioethics, and he misses what has been, I would argue, at the heart of bioethics from its beginning fifty or so years ago. Bioethics was prompted by a new class of medical dilemmas that require a difficult balancing of harms and benefits. Most of them are still with us, and most of them are the result of the progress of postwar medical research and fast‐changing clinical practices.
A multiscaling‐based intensity–duration–frequency model for extreme precipitation
Authors: Van de Vyver Hans 
Published: April 2018

AbstractRainfall intensity–duration–frequency (IDF) curves are a standard tool in urban water resources engineering and management. They express how return levels of extreme rainfall intensity vary with duration. The simple scaling property of extreme rainfall intensity, with respect to duration, determines the form of IDF relationships. It is supposed that the annual maximum intensity follows the generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution. As well known, for simple scaling processes, the location parameter and scale parameter of the GEV distribution obey a power law with the same exponent. Although, the simple scaling hypothesis is commonly used as a suitable working assumption, the multiscaling approach provides a more general framework. We present a new IDF relationship that has been formulated on the basis of the multiscaling property. It turns out that the GEV parameters (location and scale) have a different scaling exponent. Next, we apply a Bayesian framework to estimate the multiscaling GEV model and to choose the most appropriate model. It is shown that the model performance increases when using the multiscaling approach. The new model for IDF curves reproduces the data very well and has a reasonable degree of complexity without overfitting on the data.
The Future Direction of China's Cross‐border Insolvency Laws, Related Issues and Potential Problems
Authors: Parry Rebecca , Gao Nan 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe enactment of bankruptcy laws by the People's Republic of China (PRC or China) in 2006 was a necessary step in the development of its economy. This law represented a significant modernisation of the insolvency framework, supporting the transforming economy, but it was also a law of political expediency, for the enhancement of external relations. One aspect of the enhancement of external relations was the provision of cross‐border insolvency rules. However, this complex area of law was addressed in only one article, which was only a starting point, leaving many details unaddressed, and further reforms are required. In particular, it is desirable that the law provides a greater level of predictability as to the likely outcomes of cross‐border insolvencies, to encourage inward trade and investment, as well as encourage external trade. Both inbound and outbound business dealings are important to China's continued economic development. It is clear also, however, that insolvency law and practice is still a developing area for China. The establishment of a modern and unified system of insolvency laws was a big step for China, representing a sacrifice of tight controls on insolvencies, but the impact of this law in practice is only recently developing, with a loosening of state controls, after a very slow start. The establishment of a cross‐border insolvency framework represents a further challenge; one that is likely to beset with considerable difficulties, as any further development of this law would potentially entail some further loss of control over proceedings, not least in outbound cases, and resistance may be anticipated. In keeping with China's historical approach to lawmaking in the area of bankruptcy law, it is likely that the cross‐border insolvency framework will develop gradually and with caution. This article assesses the way forward in respect of cross‐border insolvency laws, contending that an incremental approach over a period of years, in three broad stages, is required, with more developed and country‐specific approaches providing a link, or interim stage, between the clarification of the Article 5 and the formal adoption of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law Model Law on Cross‐Border Insolvency Proceedings 1997 (Model Law) in China. Copyright © 2018 INSOL International and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Respective role of membrane and nuclear estrogen receptor (ER) α in the mandible of growing mice: Implications for ERα modulation
Authors: Vinel Alexia , Coudert Amelie E , Buscato Melissa , Valera Marie-Cécile , Ostertag Agnès , Katzenellenbogen John A , Katzenellenbogen Benita S , Berdal Ariane , Babajko Sylvie , Arnal Jean-François , Fontaine Coralie 
Published: April 2018

ABSTRACT

Estrogens play an important role in bone growth and maturation as well as in the regulation of bone turnover in adults. Although the effects of 17β-estradiol (E2) are well documented in long bones and vertebrae, little is known regarding its action in the mandible. E2 actions could be mediated by estrogen receptor (ER) α or β. ERs act primarily as transcriptional factors through two activation functions (AFs), AF1 and AF2, but they can also elicit membrane-initiated steroid signaling (MISS). The aim of the present study was to define ER pathways involved in E2 effects on mandibular bone. Using mice models targeting ERβ or ERα, we first show that E2 effects on mandibular bone are mediated by ERα and do not require ERβ. Second, we show that nuclear ERαAF2 is absolutely required for all the actions of E2 on mandibular bone. Third, inactivation of ERαMISS partially reduced the E2 response on bone thickness and volume, whereas there was no significant impact on bone mineral density. Altogether, these results show that both nuclear and membrane ERα are requested to mediate full estrogen effects in the mandible of growing mice. Finally, selective activation of ERαMISS is able to exert an effect on alveolar bone but not on the cortical compartment, contrary to its protective action on femoral cortical bone. To conclude, these results highlight similarities but also specificities between effects of estrogen in long bones and in the mandible that could be of interest in therapeutic approaches to treat bone mass reduction. © 2018 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Differential Mortality and the Excess Rates of Hip Fracture Associated With Type 2 Diabetes: Accounting for Competing Risks in Fracture Prediction Matters
Authors: Tebé Cristian , Martinez-Laguna Daniel , Moreno Victor , Cooper Cyrus , Diez-Perez Adolfo , Collins Gary S , Prieto-Alhambra Daniel 
Published: April 2018

ABSTRACT

Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is associated with a reduced life expectancy. The latest published evidence suggests an increased risk of fractures among T2DM patients. We conducted a population-based cohort study to determine the impact of mortality as a competing risk in the study of the association between T2DM and hip fracture rates. Participants were all diagnosed T2DM patients registered in the Sistema de Información para el Desarrollo de la Investigación en Atención Primaria (SIDIAP) database aged 65 years and older; up to two non-T2DM were matched by age, sex, and primary care facility. We used Cox regression models to estimate cause-specific hazard ratio (HR) of death or hip fracture according to T2DM status. Fine and Gray models were then fitted to estimate the subhazard ratio (SHR) of hip fracture while accounting for competing risk with death and to estimate the probability of hip fracture within 5 years. A total of 55,891 T2DM and 103,093 matched non-T2DM patients were observed for a median of 8 years. Mortality was 48.8 per 1000 person years (py) in T2DM, and 33.8 per 1000 py in non-T2DM; hip fracture rates were 6.0 per 1000 py and 4.9 per 1000 py, respectively. Cox models confirmed a significant association for death and hip fracture: HR 1.51 (95% CI, 1.48 to 1.55), and HR 1.32 (95% CI, 1.24 to 1.40), respectively. Accounting for death as a competing event (Fine-Gray models), the association between T2DM and hip fracture risk remained statistically significant (SHR 1.15; 95% CI, 1.09 to 1.21) and the probability of a hip fracture within 5 years was 2.3% for TD2M and 1.9% for non-TD2M patients compared to 2.6% and 2.1% respectively using Kaplan-Meier (KM) estimates. T2DM patients have a 50% increased mortality and, after adjusting for differential survival at 5 years, a 21% increased incidence of hip fracture when compared to matched non-T2DM. Failing to account for differential mortality leads to an overestimation of fracture risk. © 2018 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
WAIF1 Is a Cell-Surface CTHRC1 Binding Protein Coupling Bone Resorption and Formation
Authors: Matsuoka Kazuhiko , Kohara Yukihiro , Naoe Yoshinori , Watanabe Atsushi , Ito Masako , Ikeda Kyoji , Takeshita Sunao 
Published: April 2018

ABSTRACT

The osteoclast-derived collagen triple helix repeat containing 1 (CTHRC1) protein stimulates osteoblast differentiation, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here, we identified Wnt-activated inhibitory factor 1 (WAIF1)/5T4 as a cell-surface protein binding CTHRC1. The WAIF1-encoding Trophoblast glycoprotein (Tpbg) gene, which is abundantly expressed in the brain and bone but not in other tissues, showed the same expression pattern as Cthrc1. Tpbg downregulation in marrow stromal cells reduced CTHRC1 binding and CTHRC1-stimulated alkaline phosphatase activity through PKCδ activation of MEK/ERK, suggesting a novel WAIF1/PKCδ/ERK pathway triggered by CTHRC1. Unexpectedly, osteoblast lineage-specific deletion of Tpbg downregulated Rankl expression in mouse bones and reduced both bone formation and resorption; importantly, it impaired bone mass recovery following RANKL-induced resorption, reproducing the phenotype of osteoclast-specific Cthrc1 deficiency. Thus, the binding of osteoclast-derived CTHRC1 to WAIF1 in stromal cells activates PKCδ-ERK osteoblastogenic signaling and serves as a key molecular link between bone resorption and formation during bone remodeling. © 2018 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Cover Image, Volume 98, Issue 6
Authors: Wang Jian , Wang Chang , Zhen Shoumin , Li Xiaohui , Yan Yueming 
Published: April 2018

The cover image, by Jian Wang et al., is based on the Research Article Low‐molecular‐weight glutenin subunits from the 1U genome of Aegilops umbellulata confer superior dough rheological properties and improve breadmaking quality of bread wheat, DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8700.
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The transparency of Islamic hotels: “Nice Islam” and the “self‐orientalizing” of Muslims?
Authors: Alserhan Baker Ahmad , Wood Bronwyn P. , Rutter Richard , Halkias Daphne , Terzi Hasan , Al Serhan Omar 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe Crescent Ranking (CR) is a service benefiting both the supply‐side (“halal‐friendly” hotels) and the demand‐side (Muslims wanting to have a guest experience consistent with their way of living) within the tourism market. “Halal” is a technical term in the Arabic language usually translated as “permissible from the perspective of Islamic law (sharia'ah).” This study examines the transparency of the top and bottom 10 hotels listed on the CR site. First, we compared the hotel profile as per the CR listing with the hotel's own website. Next, we examined guest reviews on a word‐of‐mouth proxy site (booking.com), paying particular attention to the feedback of non‐Muslim guests. Following this analysis, self‐styled “Islamic” hotel managers were interviewed to triangulate the data. We found “Islamic” hotels to be intransparent to their guests seeking an Islamically compliant holiday and also to those seeking a conventional hotel experience. We suggest several reasons hotels misrepresent themselves—“self‐orientalization”, a necessity to present “nice Islam”, an “ethics gap”, and/or a poor understanding of marketing and market positioning. We consider regulation of the “Islamic” hotel industry to be a mechanism policy makers, and managers could, adopt to become transparent and to protect demand‐side (guests) rights. Regulation would also differentiate hotels operating an Islamic business model and those merely offering a few simple services appreciated by Muslim travellers.
Influence of salt corrosion on the fatigue behaviour of aluminium alloys for chassis components under constant and variable amplitude loading
Authors: Duarte de Araújo F. , Engler T. , Andersohn G. , Oechsner M. , Kaufmann H. , Schönborn S. , Melz T. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThis paper presents an approach to assessing the cumulative fatigue under spectrum loading and simultaneous salt corrosion for aluminium alloys. Fatigue tests, in air and in 5 % sodium chloride solution, were performed with two different structural aluminium alloys (EN AW‐6082 T6 and EN AW‐7075 T73) using unnotched and notched specimens. The alloy EN AW‐7075 T73 proved to be unsuitable for automotive applications due to its high susceptibility to corrosion. For fatigue lifing, a modified cumulative damage calculation based on the material susceptibility, which comprises the influence of salt corrosion on fatigue lifetime, has been proposed. On this basis, potential structural aluminium alloys for chassis applications can be evaluated and selected, prior to validation tests.