bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Language attitudes by university students in mainland China
Authors: Liu Binmei , Feng Pengpeng , Feng Qingtao , Li Jihong , Li Yuping 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThrough a questionnaire survey of non-local university students, this study examined direct language attitudes of English, Putonghua, and local dialects in the first-tier city Guangzhou, second-tier city Tianjin, and small city Yan’an. The significance of this study lies in two aspects: few of the previous studies examined language attitudes of non-local subjects; few of the previous studies compared attitudes toward three varieties across economically diverse cities. The study adoptedGardner & Lambert’s (1972)motivation theory to measure direct attitudes of the participants. Findings included that non-local students showed positive attitudes toward Cantonese both integratively and instrumentally but not toward the Tianjin and Yan’an dialects. Furthermore, students had positive integrative and instrumental attitudes toward Putonghua in all three cities. Finally, they showed high and positive integrative and instrumental attitudes toward English, with the means of Guangzhou and Tianjin higher than those of Yan’an. Future research should incorporate qualitative measures to provide a deeper understanding of language attitudes.
Mining foreign language teaching manuals for the history of pragmatics
Authors: McLelland Nicola 
Published: August 2018

AbstractForeign language learning manuals can be valuable sources for the history of pragmatics and historical pragmatics. They may contain explicit guidance on pragmatics not found in native-speaker grammars. For example, accounts of German forms of address in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century English–German manuals provide evidence of changing views on the appropriateness ofihrandSieearlier than does the “native” grammatical tradition. The bilingual model dialogues that are typical of such manuals may also implicitly model appropriate linguistic behaviour, demonstrated here by examining the communicative genre of bargaining in a series of three related English–Dutch language manuals of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Furthermore, the dialogues may provide metalinguistic comment on linguistic behaviour – for example, by criticizing the culture of excessive negative politeness. Such sources can enrich our knowledge of language use and attitudes to language use in the area of politeness, complementing the evidence to be gleaned from mainstream native grammars, civility manuals, merchants’ guides, and the like.
Evidentiality and propositional scope in Early Modern German
Authors: Whitt Richard J. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThis paper provides an overview of verbal markers of evidentiality in Early Modern German (1650 to 1800) in light of Boye’s propositional scope hypothesis. The markers under investigation include the semi-auxiliaryscheinen(‘to shine, appear, seem’) and the perception verbssehen(‘see’) andhören(‘hear’). I show that, although Boye’s hypothesis sheds new light on and calls into question previous diachronic accounts ofscheinen, it appears not to account fully for why cases where perception verbs do not scope over propositions are also found with evidential readings in light of the larger discourse context. I will show that Boye’s hypothesis is still feasible when such contexts are taken into account. Data are drawn from the German Manchester Corpus (GerManC), a representative multi-register corpus of Early Modern German from 1650 to 1800.
The evolution of the Ancient Greek deverbal pragmatic markerságe, íthiandphére
Authors: Zakowski Samuel 
Published: August 2018

AbstractIn this paper, I look at the Ancient Greek expressionságe, íthiandphére, which are all usually translated as ‘come (on)’. After discussing some existing accounts of these items, I look at their structural – syntactic properties and argue that they can be regarded as pragmaticalized imperatives. Then, I propose a new interpretation of their function – on this analysis, they can be regarded as conversational “boosters”, increasing the degree of strength of the illocutionary point of the utterance. Finally, I look at their diachronic development – in the corpus under consideration,ágeis gradually replaced byíthias the expression used with other imperatives, whilephéredevelops as the preferred expression for use with non-imperative directive utterances.
When a robot understands Brazilian Portuguese
Authors: Vidal Cristiane Denise 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThis paper sets out to highlight some of the complexities involved in the game localization process by presenting a case study centered on the educational gameLudwig.It was released in Austria in 2011 just in German and later, due to its success, it was later localized into English, Brazilian Portuguese, Chinese and Japanese. The case study focusses on the localization of the language pair English-Brazilian Portuguese and the theoretical framework relies on the notion ofParatranslation(Yuste Frías 2012).
The strength of meaning
Authors: Bordag Denisa , Opitz Andreas , Rogahn Maria , Tschirner Erwin 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
In two experiments, we explored the integration of newly learned L2 German lexical units with differing semantic properties into
the L2 semantic network. Previous studies (Dagenbach et al., 1990 for L1; Bordag et al., 2016 for L2) have indicated that the access to emergent representations
with weak memory traces is supported by a retrieval mechanism that inhibits their semantically related competitors with lower
activation thresholds and higher selection potential. In this study used pseudowords as novel L2 items and employed semantic
priming and semantic categorization tasks as well as an introspective post-test to explore whether the access to new L2 words is
modulated by meaning novelty (Experiment 1) and elaborateness (Experiment 2).
Discrete dimension accessibility in multidimensional concepts
Authors: Fadlon Julie , Sassoon Galit W. , Schumacher Petra B. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractPrevious studies have identified that conceptual categories corresponding to nouns exhibit semantic domain effects: (1) classification into biological ones reflects a non-additive consideration of their defining dimensions whereas classification into artefactual and, presumably, social nouns is based on an additive one (2) nominal biological concepts are less graded than artifacts. Nevertheless, much uncertainty exists about the structure of conceptual categories corresponding to multidimensional adjectives. We propose that the effects observed for concepts corresponding to nouns are connected to a property we termdiscrete dimension accessibilityand ask how it is manifested in multidimensional concepts corresponding to adjectives. We then hypothesize that (a) ratings of dimension-counting structures can be used as a diagnostic for these properties (b) the dimensions of multidimensional concepts corresponding to adjectives are inherently discrete. We report an acceptability rating experiment involving 42 adult Hebrew speakers revealing that with nouns, dimension-counting constructions with artefactual and social predicates are rated higher than ones with biological predicates, hence confirming (a). With adjectives, ratings for dimension-counting constructions remained high across the domain manipulation, hence confirming (b). We argue that the interaction between discrete dimension accessibility and lexical category indicates that lexical distinctions interact with conceptual ones.
Root-letter priming in Maltese visual word recognition
Authors: Geary Jonathan A. , Ussishkin Adam 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
We report on a visual masked priming experiment designed to explore the role of morphology in Maltese visual word recognition. In a
lexical decision task, subjects were faster to judge Maltese words of Semitic origin that were primed by triconsonantal
letter-strings corresponding to their root-morphemes. In contrast, they were no faster to judge Maltese words of non-Semitic
origin that were primed by an equivalent, but non-morphemic, set of three consonant letters, suggesting that morphological
overlap, rather than simple form overlap, drives this facilitatory effect. Maltese is unique among the Semitic languages for its
orthography: Maltese alone uses the Latin alphabet and requires that all vowels are written, making such triconsonantal strings
illegal non-words to which Maltese readers are never exposed, as opposed to other Semitic languages such as Hebrew in which
triconsonantal strings often correspond to real words. Under a decomposition-based account of morphological processing, we
interpret these results as suggesting that across reading experience Maltese readers have abstracted out and stored root-morphemes
for Semitic-origin words lexically, such that these morphemic representations can be activated by exposure to root-letters in
isolation and thus prime morphological derivatives.
On the syntax of spoken French
Authors: Sabio Frédéric 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThis paper gives an account of the research carried out by theGroupe Aixois de Recherche en Syntaxe(GARS, Aix-Marseille University), in the field of spoken French description. Our framework explicitly states the need for two independent but related levels of grammatical description, namely themicrosyntacticandmacrosyntacticlevels. Elaborating a twofold model has allowed us to propose a descriptive method differing from traditional sentence-based analyses, which raise considerable difficulties, especially in the domain of spoken language description. Regarding the “maximal-units” of syntactic description, our framework suggests that two different kinds of units should be postulated: Government-Units and Utterance-Units. The paper illustrates the distinction between the micro- and macro-syntactic components by introducing examples mostly drawn from spoken French corpora.
Researching translation and interpreting in Non-Governmental Organisations
Authors: Tesseur Wine 
Published: August 2018

AbstractNon-governmental organisations hold an important place in today’s globalised society. After presenting an overview of previous research on Translation and Interpreting Studies on language mediation in NGOs, this introduction to the special issue argues that more research into NGOs’ translation and interpreting practices and policies is required to better understand these organisations and their influence on global society. The introduction engages with what NGO practitioners and professional translators have said on current challenges in translating and interpreting in the context of NGOs, and what this implies for future research and training in Translation and Interpreting Studies. Lastly, it reflects on the use of interdisciplinary approaches to understanding NGOs as global organisations and discusses the contribution that Translation and Interpreting Studies could make to other disciplines that aim to gain new insights on these organisations.
The politics of multilingualism in Canada
Authors: Cardinal Linda , Léger Rémi 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Language and linguistic diversity are eminently political in Canada. The country has two official languages, English and French, an official multiculturalism policy that encourages the retention and use of non-official languages, and basic measures for the promotion of aboriginal languages. This chapter raises the important question of language policy choices in Canada. How and why Canada made certain language policy choices – for example, privileging English and French over other languages, including aboriginal languages – and avoided others. In answering this question, we rely on two key concepts from political science: “state tradition” and “language regime”. Taken together, these two concepts serve as the basis for a neo-institutional approach for the study of the politics of multilingualism.
A Russian-speaking nation?
Authors: Zamyatin Konstantin 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
The study explores Russia’s language policy in its connection to the nation-building project. The data demonstrate that, in the recent years, the policy-makers have increased their efforts at strengthening the position of Russian both in Russia and abroad. The policy analysis reveals that the intention is to use the language as a tool to foster national identity. However, this might be not as easy a task as one might assume because language itself influences the choice of strategy in the nation-building process.
The impact of mobility and migration on the identity-constructing policy in Brussels
Authors: Janssens Rudi 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
The Belgian model is based upon monolingual territories and the integrative power of the two traditional “imagined communities” of Dutch and French speakers. The institutionalisation of this policy in the 1970 led to a particular political model without a national language, national political parties, national education or national media.
For Brussels, this resulted in a complex model of dual bilingualism with two language communities and a situation of partial power-sharing. Since then, however, Brussels has been subject to a diversified form of migration which has led to the current situation in which half of the population has non-Belgian roots. This results in a highly multilingual and multicultural environment.
However, this identity-constructing policy based upon the two traditional language groups no longer meets the expectations of this diverse population. This chapter focuses on the confrontation between top-down identity-constructing bilingual policy and the framing of the political debate, on the one hand, and the sense of belonging in a multilingual and multicultural setting, on the other.
The promise and pitfalls of global English
Authors: Ricento Thomas 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
In this chapter, I explore the purported and actual effects of global English in contexts in which it is often seen as a way of enhancing socioeconomic mobility. While some studies suggest that proficiency in English in countries where it is not an official or dominant language may correlate with higher wages, many other studies demonstrate that English-medium instruction in these countries is detrimental to academic achievement and the attainment of a high level of literacy in any language. The chapter also explores the concepts “English as a Lingua Franca” (ELF) and “Lingua Franca English” (LFE) and critically examines claims that there is, or could be, a “neutral” variety of English for global communication, one that requires a change in current views on the nature of language itself.
Languages, norms and power in a globalised context
Authors: Marácz László 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
An important branch of linguistics, namely, sociolinguistics, considers “languages” as normative social constructs and not as fixed communication tools characterised by an identifiable set of core features. The latter position was defended in the early sociolinguistic studies of Joshua Fishman on language decline and maintenance in the second half of the twentieth century and in the influential work on generative grammar of Noam Chomsky. In contradiction or contrast to this position, today’s sociolinguistics, which I will refer to as “mainstream sociolinguistics” in this chapter, claims that, in the default case, languages have no fixed boundaries and that they are, in fact, “fluid”. The main argument which mainstream sociolinguistics puts forward to support this claim is that the output of speech production, i.e., referred to as “languaging”, taps from linguistic resources and not from identifiable languages. This chapter argues against this theory. Firstly, multilingual phenomena, including hybrid varieties of global English and hybrid expressions in linguistic landscapes, including that of the Dutch city of Utrecht which claimed to support the languaging-approach, are, in fact, traditional cases of code-switching and code-mixing involving identifiable languages. Secondly, the languaging-approach, in contrast to the languages-approach, makes the wrong predictions. The absence of identifiable languages predicts the “flattening” of linguistic power relations. However, it will be argued that, even in a linguistically highly diverse context, a re-arrangement of power relations between languages takes place and that language hierarchies pop up. Hence, the theory which recognises individual languages makes the correct predictions. Thus, there is no reason to abandon the language concept of early sociolinguistics or Chomskyan linguistics that languages, or at least some modules of language, especially in the domain of semantics and pragmatics, are socially constructed, but that, at the same time, they are characterised by a prototypical grammatical and lexical basic core.
Crop growth and yield.
Authors: Heuvelink E. , Li Tao Li Tao , Dorais M. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract

This chapter focuses on the various processes that determine the growth and yield of tomatoes, with emphasis on the influence of environmental factors and crop management, such as light, carbon dioxide, temperature, humidity, salinity, plant density and leaf and fruit pruning. Guidelines on how to grow tomato in experiments with a controlled environment are also provided.
Organic tomato.
Authors: Dorais M. , Schwarz D. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract

This paper provides information on the guiding principles and standards of organic agriculture and focuses on the productivity and profitability, cultivar selection, seedling production, use of organic fertilizers and soil amendments, irrigation systems, pest, pathogen and weed control strategies and fruit quality and safety of organic tomatoes. The environmental impact of organic tomato farming is also discussed.
Anodic reactions of NADH model compound by utilizing both light irradiation and riboflavin as a redox mediator
Authors: Yano Jun , Suzuki Kenta , Tsutsumi Chikara , Mabuchi Michiaki , Hayase Nobuki , Kitani Akira 
Published: August 2018

ABSTRACT
Both light and a redox mediator riboflavin (RF) were utilized to promote the electro-oxidation of an NADH model compound (1-benzyl-1,4-dihydronicotinamide, BNAH), which is a key process for enzymatic biofuel cells to obtain a high performance. At the cathode, H+ ions were simultaneously reduced to produce H2 gas. To elucidate the cell reactions of this photogalvanic cell, which is significant information about the fabrication of enzymatic biofuel cells with a high performance, the effect of the BNAH and RF concentrations on the cell current, the light wavelength dependence on the current, and reduction of the RF concentration were evaluated. The obtained results strongly suggest that the anodic reactions were composed of the following reactions: 1) the photo-excitation of RF, 2) the attack of the excited RF on the BNAH and the generation of the radical species of BNAH and RF, and 3) the chain reactions between the radical species.
Pointless spatial modeling
Authors: Wilson Katie , Wakefield Jon 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe analysis of area-level aggregated summary data is common in many disciplines including epidemiology and the social sciences. Typically, Markov random field spatial models have been employed to acknowledge spatial dependence and allow data-driven smoothing. In the context of an irregular set of areas, these models always have an ad hoc element with respect to the definition of a neighborhood scheme. In this article, we exploit recent theoretical and computational advances to carry out modeling at the continuous spatial level, which induces a spatial model for the discrete areas. This approach also allows reconstruction of the continuous underlying surface, but the interpretation of such surfaces is delicate since it depends on the quality, extent and configuration of the observed data. We focus on models based on stochastic partial differential equations. We also consider the interesting case in which the aggregate data are supplemented with point data. We carry out Bayesian inference and, in the language of generalized linear mixed models, if the link is linear, an efficient implementation of the model is available via integrated nested Laplace approximations. For nonlinear links, we present two approaches: a fully Bayesian implementation using a Hamiltonian Monte Carlo algorithm and an empirical Bayes implementation, that is much faster and is based on Laplace approximations. We examine the properties of the approach using simulation, and then apply the model to the classic Scottish lip cancer data.
Small size does not restrain frugivory and seed dispersal across the evolutionary radiation of Galápagos lava lizards
Authors: HervÍas-Parejo Sandra , Heleno Ruben , Rumeu Beatriz , Guzmán Beatriz , Vargas Pablo , Olesen Jens M , Traveset Anna , Vera Carlos , Benavides Edgar , Nogales Manuel 
Published: August 2018

AbstractFrugivory in lizards is often assumed to be constrained by body size; only large individuals are considered capable of consuming fruits, with the potential of acting as seed dispersers. However, only one previous study has tested the correlation of frugivory with body and head size at an archipelago scale across closely related species. All nine lava lizards (Microlophus spp.) were studied on the eleven largest Galápagos islands from 2010 to 2016 to investigate whether frugivory is related to body and head size. We also tested whether fruit abundance influences fruit consumption and explored the effect of seed ingestion on seedling emergence time and percentage. Our results showed that across islands, lava lizards varied considerably in size (64–102 mm in mean snout–vent length) and level of frugivory (1–23%, i.e., percentage of droppings with seeds). However, level of frugivory was only weakly affected by size as fruit consumption was also common among small lizards. Lava lizards consumed fruits throughout the year and factors other than fruit abundance may be more important drivers of fruit selection (e.g., fruit size, energy content of pulp). From 2,530 droppings, 1,714 seeds of at least 61 plant species were identified, 76% of the species being native to the Galápagos. Most seeds (91%) showed no external structural damage. Seedling emergence time (44 versus 118 days) and percentage (20% versus 12%) were enhanced for lizard-ingested seeds compared to control (uningested) fruits. De-pulping by lizards (i.e., removal of pulp with potential germination inhibitors) might increase the chances that at least some seeds find suitable recruitment conditions. We concluded that lizards are important seed dispersers throughout the year and across the whole archipelago, regardless of body size.
The Galactic warp revealed by Gaia DR2 kinematics
Authors: Poggio E , Drimmel R , Lattanzi M G , Smart R L , Spagna A , Andrae R , Bailer-Jones C A L , Fouesneau M , Antoja T , Babusiaux C , Evans D W , Figueras F , Katz D , Reylé C , Robin A C , Romero-Gómez M , Seabroke G M 
Published: August 2018

ABSTRACT
Using Gaia DR2  astrometry, we map the kinematic signature of the Galactic stellar warp out to a distance of 7 kpc from the Sun. Combining Gaia DR2  and 2-Micron All Sky Survey photometry, we identify, via a probabilistic approach, $599 \, 494$ upper main sequence (UMS) stars and $12\, 616\, 068$ giants without the need for individual extinction estimates. The spatial distribution of the UMS stars clearly shows segments of the nearest spiral arms. The large-scale kinematics of both the UMS and giant populations show a clear signature of the warp of the Milky Way, apparent as a gradient of 5–6 km s−1 in the vertical velocities from 8 to 14 kpc in Galactic radius. The presence of the signal in both samples, which have different typical ages, suggests that the warp is a gravitationally induced phenomenon.