bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Faster remainder by direct computation: Applications to compilers and software libraries
Authors: Lemire Daniel , Kaser Owen , Kurz Nathan 
Published: February 2019

SummaryOn common processors, integer multiplication is many times faster than integer division. Dividing a numerator n by a divisor d is mathematically equivalent to multiplication by the inverse of the divisor (n/d=n∗1/d). If the divisor is known in advance, or if repeated integer divisions will be performed with the same divisor, it can be beneficial to substitute a less costly multiplication for an expensive division. Currently, the remainder of the division by a constant is computed from the quotient by a multiplication and a subtraction. However, if just the remainder is desired and the quotient is unneeded, this may be suboptimal. We present a generally applicable algorithm to compute the remainder more directly. Specifically, we use the fractional portion of the product of the numerator and the inverse of the divisor. On this basis, we also present a new and simpler divisibility algorithm to detect nonzero remainders. We also derive new tight bounds on the precision required when representing the inverse of the divisor. Furthermore, we present simple C implementations that beat the optimized code produced by state‐of‐the‐art C compilers on recent x64 processors (eg, Intel Skylake and AMD Ryzen), sometimes by more than 25%. On all tested platforms, including 64‐bit ARM and POWER8, our divisibility test functions are faster than state‐of‐the‐art Granlund‐Montgomery divisibility test functions, sometimes by more than 50%.
Influence of laterality on testis anatomy and histology in Ghezel rams
Authors: Karimi Hamid , Ranjbar Saraskanroud Mohammad , Balazadeh Koucheh Fatemeh 
Published: February 2019

AbstractWhether paired organs are equivalent has to be analyzed by assessing both structural and functional aspects. The present study compared the paired left and right testis from Ghezel sheep originating from Northwestern Iran (Azerbaijan) and Northeastern Turkey. Twenty‐five pairs of testes were collected from mature Ghezel rams from Tabriz slaughterhouse. The two glands were compared for their size, weight and activity rate. Weight, length, width and thickness were measured. Then, paraffinized blocks were prepared by routine histological techniques and sections were stained by the haematoxylin‐eosin method. Five 6 μm sections were prepared from each paraffinized block and 50 seminiferous tubules (STs) were analysed in each section for tubular differential index (TDI) and spermiogenesis index (SPI). TDI and SPI were compared between the paired left and right testes. Weight, length and thickness of left testes were significantly higher than in right testes (P < 0.05). Moreover, TDI and SPI were found to be higher in left testes than the right (P < 0.05).
Target specificity of the felixer grooming “trap”
Authors: Read John L. , Bowden Tayla , Hodgens Pat , Hess Marco , McGregor Hugh , Moseby Katherine 
Published: February 2019

ABSTRACTFelixer grooming “traps” provide a novel technique for controlling invasive red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and feral cats (Felis catus) by ejecting a dose of poison onto the fur of a target animal, which is subsequently ingested through grooming. The Felixer achieves target specificity through a discriminatory sensor arrangement and algorithm as well as a dosing pathway and toxin, which together make feral cats and foxes more vulnerable than humans and nontarget wildlife. The toxin 1080 used in many pest control projects in Australia is derived from native plants, which renders Australian wildlife, including potential scavengers of poisoned carcasses, that have co‐evolved with these toxic plants less sensitive than their nonnative counterparts to 1080 poisoning. We investigated the success of the Felixer sensor system in discriminating target cats and red foxes from nontargets under field conditions. All foxes and 82% of feral cats were correctly identified as targets. No people or medium‐sized marsupials—including brush‐tailed possums (Trichosurus vulpecula), bettongs (Bettongia spp.), bilbies (Macrotis lagotis), and western quolls (Dasyurus geoffroii)—were incorrectly assigned as targets, suggesting Felixers could provide safe and specific feral‐predator control at many conservation sites, albeit not at sites with threatened endemic small felids or canids. A low false‐positive detection rate was recorded in larger macropods and poultry that will be addressed with more sophisticated sensor positioning and algorithms in optimized Felixers, along with more careful installation. The low sensitivity of macropods and malleefowl (Leipoa ocellata) to 1080, and their reduced grooming behavior relative to feral cats, suggests these species will not be affected by Felixer deployment. © 2019 The Wildlife Society.
Risk Factors and Complications for Revision Shoulder Arthroplasty
Authors: Leong Natalie L. , Sumner Shelby , Gowd Ani , Nicholson Gregory P. , Romeo Anthony A. , Verma Nikhil N. 
Published: February 2019

Background Revision shoulder arthroplasty has become increasingly common as primary arthroplasty has become more widespread. Questions/Purposes We sought to answer two questions: What are the risks factors for revision shoulder arthroplasty? What are the complications associated with revision shoulder arthroplasty? Methods A retrospective search of a national insurance database from the years 2013 to 2016 was undertaken for billing codes of patients undergoing revision shoulder arthroplasty. The odds ratios for revision of various patient demographic characteristics and comorbidities were determined. The incidences of various complications within 90 days of revision were determined. Results A total of 824 cases of revision shoulder arthroplasty were found. Eighty-seven patients (10.5%) had infections prior to revision and 133 patients (16.1%) had dislocations prior to revision. Of the risk factors examined, smoking status was associated with the highest odds ratio for revision (8.1). Additionally, depression, Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), male gender, renal failure, and diabetes were significant risks factors for revision. The most common complication of revision shoulder arthroplasty was found to be surgical site infection, affecting 10.9% of patients. In the time period studied, 89 patients underwent more than one revision shoulder arthroplasty. Conclusion Despite limitations inherent in database studies, this data may have utility for surgeons in pre-operative counseling of patients on their risk.
Finding the Most Efficient Way to Remove Residual Copper from Steel Scrap
Authors: Daehn Katrin E. , Serrenho André Cabrera , Allwood Julian 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe supply of end-of-life steel scrap is growing, but residual copper reduces its value. Once copper attaches during hammer shredding, no commercial process beyond hand-picking exists to extract it, yet high-value flat products require less than 0.1 wt pct copper to avoid metallurgical problems. Various techniques for copper separation have been explored in laboratory trials, but as yet no attempt has been made to provide an integrated assessment of all options. Therefore, for the first time, a framework is proposed to define the full range of separation routes and evaluate their potential to remove copper, while estimating their energy and material input requirements. The thermodynamic, kinetic, and technological constraints of the various techniques are analyzed to show that copper could be removed to below 0.1 wt pct with relatively low energy and material consumption. Higher-density shredding allows for greater physical separation, but requires proper incentivization. Vacuum distillation could be viable with a reactor that minimizes radiation heat losses. High-temperature solid scrap pre-treatments would be less energy intensive than melt treatments, but their efficacy with typical shredded scrap is yet unconfirmed. The framework developed here can be applied to other impurity-base metal systems to coordinate process innovation as the scrap supply expands.
Effect of velocity ratio on the interaction between plasma synthetic jets and turbulent cross-flow
Authors: Zong Haohua , Kotsonis Marios 
Published: February 2019

Plasma synthetic jet actuators (PSJAs) are particularly suited for high-Reynolds-number, high-speed flow control due to their unique capability of generating supersonic pulsed jets at high frequency (${>}5$ kHz). Different from conventional synthetic jets driven by oscillating piezoelectric diaphragms, the exit-velocity variation of plasma synthetic jets (PSJs) within one period is significantly asymmetric, with ingestion being relatively weaker (less than $20~\text{m}~\text{s}^{-1}$) and longer than ejection. In this study, high-speed phase-locked particle image velocimetry is employed to investigate the interaction between PSJAs (round exit orifice, diameter 2 mm) and a turbulent boundary layer at constant Strouhal number (0.02) and increasing mean velocity ratio ($r$, defined as the ratio of the time-mean velocity over the ejection phase to the free-stream velocity). Two distinct operational regimes are identified for all the tested cases, separated by a transition velocity ratio, lying between $r=0.7$ and $r=1.0$. At large velocity and stroke ratios (first regime, representative case $r=1.6$), vortex rings are followed by a trailing jet column and tilt downstream initially. This downstream tilting is transformed into upstream tilting after the pinch-off of the trailing jet column. The moment of this transformation relative to the discharge advances with decreasing velocity ratio. Shear-layer vortices (SVs) and a hanging vortex pair (HVP) are identified in the windward and leeward sides of the jet body, respectively. The HVP is initially erect and evolves into an inclined primary counter-rotating vortex pair ($p$-CVP) which branches from the middle of the front vortex ring and extends to the near-wall region. The two legs of the $p$-CVP are bridged by SVs, and a secondary counter-rotating vortex pair ($s$-CVP) is induced underneath these two legs. At low velocity and stroke ratios (second regime, representative case $r=0.7$), the trailing jet column and $p$-CVP are absent. Vortex rings always tilt upstream, and the pitching angle increases monotonically with time. An $s$-CVP in the near-wall region is induced directly by the two longitudinal edges of the ring. Inspection of spanwise planes ($yz$-plane) reveals that boundary-layer energization is realized by the downwash effect of either vortex rings or $p$-CVP. In addition, in the streamwise symmetry plane, the increasing wall shear stress is attributed to the removal of low-energy flow by ingestion. The downwash effect of the $s$-CVP does not benefit boundary-layer energization, as the flow swept to the wall is of low energy.
Portraits of women of the law: re-envisioning gender, law and the legal professions in law schools
Authors: Godden-Rasul Nikki 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThis paper explores law school portraits of women in law as a way to challenge the over-representation of men in law. Portraiture is a long-standing means by which professions celebrate worthy individuals and reproduce institutional values. In relation to law and the legal professions, portraits are predominantly of men and link law with masculine attributes, contributing to the visual and actual marginalisation of women in law's past and present. The paper begins by setting out why portraits of women exhibited in UK law schools are an important way to challenge gender inequalities in law. It then provides a snapshot of the gender dimensions of university and law school portraiture in the UK, before analysing the Inspirational Women of the Law exhibition at Newcastle Law School as a method of disrupting the dominant gendered visual order in law, and bringing into focus women in legal history.
Ambidextrous Lockeanism
Authors: Christmas Billy 
Published: February 2019

AbstractLockean approaches to property take it that persons can unilaterally acquire private ownership over hitherto unowned resources. Such natural law accounts of property rights are often thought to be of limited use when dealing with the complexities of natural resource use outside of the paradigm of private ownership of land for agricultural or residential development. The tragedy of the commons has been shown to be anything but an inevitability, and yet Lockeanism seems to demand that even the most robust common property arrangements be converted to privatized units. This often motivates a move away from natural law in the moral analysis of property rights. I argue however that it is not the deontological nature of Lockean principles that are at fault, but rather the manner of their application. Lockean theory often exhibits a bias in favour of private property: assuming that only private property can protect one’s interest in autonomy, and therefore asserting that each individual has a power of private acquisition. Starting with a claim against interference however enables us to mould the appropriate property rights to each individual’s particular interest in autonomy. This sometimes leads to private ownership, but often leads to various forms of commons.
Results of international assistance for a paediatric heart surgery programme in a single Ukrainian centre
Authors: Polivenok Igor V. , Molloy Frank J. , Gilbert Christian L. , Danton Mark , Dodge-Khatami Ali , Rao Sri O. , Breinholt John P. , Cardarelli Marcelo , Penk Jamie S. , Novick William M. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractBackgroundSurgery for CHD has been slow to develop in parts of the former Soviet Union. The impact of an 8-year surgical assistance programme between an emerging centre and a multi-disciplinary international team that comprised healthcare professionals from developed cardiac programmes is analysed and presented.Material and methodsThe international paediatric assistance programme included five main components – intermittent clinical visits to the site annually, medical education, biomedical engineering support, nurse empowerment, and team-based practice development. Data were analysed from visiting teams and local databases before and since commencement of assistance in 2007 (era A: 2000–2007; era B: 2008–2015). The following variables were compared between periods: annual case volume, operative mortality, case complexity based on Risk Adjustment for Congenital Heart Surgery (RACHS-1), and RACHS-adjusted standardised mortality ratio.ResultsA total of 154 RACHS-classifiable operations were performed during era A, with a mean annual case volume by local surgeons of 19.3 at 95% confidence interval 14.3–24.2, with an operative mortality of 4.6% and a standardised mortality ratio of 2.1. In era B, surgical volume increased to a mean of 103.1 annual cases (95% confidence interval 69.1–137.2, p<0.0001). There was a non-significant (p=0.84) increase in operative mortality (5.7%), but a decrease in standardised mortality ratio (1.2) owing to an increase in case complexity. In era B, the proportion of local surgeon-led surgeries during visits from the international team increased from 0% (0/27) in 2008 to 98% (58/59) in the final year of analysis.ConclusionsThe model of assistance described in this report led to improved adjusted mortality, increased case volume, complexity, and independent operating skills.
Morphology of Martian Low‐Altitude Ionospheric Layer: MGS Observations
Authors: Gupta Sumedha , Upadhayaya A. K. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractAn analysis of the entire data set of 5,600 electron density profiles returned by Mars Global Surveyor's Radio Science Experiment is carried out to study the physical characteristics of Martian low‐altitude plasma layer (M layer). Our analysis suggests that this layer is predominantly observed during low and moderate solar activity periods, in northern autumn. The critical ionospheric parameters (electron density and height) of this M layer are found not to show a definitive correlation with solar zenith angle. In contrast to earlier reports where meteoroid ablation was proposed to cause total electron content (TEC) enhancements, we report that the maximum contribution from this layer (TECM) is only about 5.5%, while the contribution is 3.7% during predicted meteor shower, suggesting that M layer occurrence does not depend upon meteor shower nor on dust storm. It is observed that the M layer occurrence increases as the Martian E region becomes prominent and well defined, suggesting that the source which causes M layer possibly leads to more pronounced E layers. Southern hemisphere profiles were found to behave differently from northern hemisphere profiles, possibly due to crustal magnetic fields. Large surges observed in Martian F1 layer peak height during consecutive occultations (~2 hr apart) are found not to show any correlation with the occurrence of M layer and are not influenced by dust storms.
Lithospheric Signature of Late Cenozoic Extension in Electrical Resistivity Structure of the Rio Grande Rift, New Mexico, USA
Authors: Feucht D. W. , Bedrosian P. A. , Sheehan A. F. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractWe present electrical resistivity models of the crust and upper mantle from two‐dimensional (2‐D) inversion of magnetotelluric (MT) data collected in the Rio Grande rift, New Mexico, USA. Previous geophysical studies of the lithosphere beneath the rift identified a low‐velocity zone several hundred kilometers wide, suggesting that the upper mantle is characterized by a very broad zone of modified lithosphere. In contrast, the surface expression of the rift (e.g., high‐angle normal faults and synrift sedimentary units) is confined to a narrow region a few tens of kilometers wide about the rift axis. MT data are uniquely suited to probing the depths of the lithosphere that fill the gap between surface geology and body wave seismic tomography, namely the middle to lower crust and uppermost mantle. We model the electrical resistivity structure of the lithosphere along two east‐west trending profiles straddling the rift axis at the latitudes of 36.2 and 32.0°N. We present results from both isotropic and anisotropic 2‐D inversions of MT data along these profiles, with a strong preference for the latter in our interpretation. A key feature of the anisotropic resistivity modeling is a broad (~200‐km wide) zone of enhanced conductivity (<20 Ωm) in the middle to lower crust imaged beneath both profiles. We attribute this lower crustal conductor to the accumulation of free saline fluids and partial melt, a direct result of magmatic activity along the rift. High‐conductivity anomalies in the midcrust and upper mantle are interpreted as fault zone alteration and partial melt, respectively.
Gas Hydrates in Permafrost: Distinctive Effect of Gas Hydrates and Ice on the Geomechanical Properties of Simulated Hydrate‐Bearing Permafrost Sediments
Authors: Yang J. , Hassanpouryouzband A. , Tohidi B. , Chuvilin E. , Bukhanov B. , Istomin V. , Cheremisin A. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe geomechanical stability of the permafrost formations containing gas hydrates in the Arctic is extremely vulnerable to global warming and the drilling of wells for oil and gas exploration purposes. In this work the effect of gas hydrate and ice on the geomechanical properties of sediments was compared by triaxial compression tests for typical sediment conditions: unfrozen hydrate‐free sediments at 0.3 °C, hydrate‐free sediments frozen at −10 °C, unfrozen sediments containing about 22 vol% methane hydrate at 0.3 °C, and hydrate‐bearing sediments frozen at −10 °C. The effect of hydrate saturation on the geomechanical properties of simulated permafrost sediments was also investigated at predefined temperatures and confining pressures. Results show that ice and gas hydrates distinctively influence the shearing characteristics and deformation behavior. The presence of around 22 vol% methane hydrate in the unfrozen sediments led to a shear strength as strong as those of the frozen hydrate‐free specimens with 85 vol% of ice in the pores. The frozen hydrate‐free sediments experienced brittle‐like failure, while the hydrate‐bearing sediments showed large dilatation without rapid failure. Hydrate formation in the sediments resulted in a measurable reduction in the internal friction, while freezing did not. In contrast to ice, gas hydrate plays a dominant role in reinforcement of the simulated permafrost sediments. Finally, a new physical model was developed, based on formation of hydrate networks or frame structures to interpret the observed strengthening in the shear strength and the ductile deformation.
A Stochastic Extreme Sea Level Model for the German Baltic Sea Coast
Authors: MacPherson Leigh R. , Arns Arne , Dangendorf Sönke , Vafeidis Athanasios T. , Jensen Jürgen 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThis paper describes a framework in which artificial extreme sea levels (ESLs) can be generated for use in flood risk analyses. Such analyses require large numbers of events to accurately assess the risk associated with certain return water levels and quantify uncertainties surrounding the temporal variability of ESL events. Stochastic models satisfy this requirement as they are computationally inexpensive, and thus, many thousands of events may be generated over a very short period of time. As a case study, we have developed a stochastic model for the German Baltic Sea coast capable of simulating the temporal behavior of ESLs. To do this, high‐resolution water level data from 45 tide‐gauges have been used as model input. At each location, observed ESLs are identified and parameterized. Artificial ESLs are generated using Monte Carlo simulations based on the parametric distribution functions fitted to the parameterized observed ESLs. We show that the method outlined here provides an accurate representation of ESLs at all tide‐gauges tested. However, the model is limited by the availability, length, and quality of high‐resolution water level data. Due to the rarity of ESLs in the German Baltic Sea, including historical measurements into the stochastic procedure allows for the generation of artificial ESLs more in‐line with past extremes.
Climate Effects on Firn Permeability Are Preserved Within a Firn Column
Authors: Keegan K. M. , Albert M. R. , McConnell J. R. , Baker I. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractWe have investigated the impacts of short‐term climatic events on firn‐permeability evolution, by analyzing density and permeability measurements from the NEEM 2009 S2 firn core from the North Greenland Eemian Ice Drilling (NEEM) site in Greenland. Our results indicate that the firn layers from 27.4 to 34.9‐m depth display the expected density but unexpected permeability values, indicating a change in firn permeability during the years 1917 to 1940. The δ18O and accumulation rates from a compilation of NEEM shallow cores indicate that 1928, 1929, and 1933 were significantly warmer years, and that 1928 and 1933 also had significantly higher accumulation rates. These results suggest that the sharp rise in Arctic temperature during the late 1920s and early 1930s caused metamorphism of the near‐surface firn, which was preserved in the layers at depth. Conversely, the average density remained undisturbed throughout this warm period. Our results show that climate fluctuations, especially increased temperature, permanently change the firn permeability. Without taking these changes into consideration, estimates of Δage will be inaccurate.