bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the Electrochemically Active Surface Area of Microelectrodes by Capacitive and Faradaic Currents
Authors: Sekretaryova Alina N. , Vagin Mikhail Yu. , Volkov Anton V. , Zozoulenko Igor V. , Eriksson Mats 
Published: July 2019

AbstractTwo experimental methods to estimate the electrochemically active surface area (EASA) of microelectrodes are investigated. One method is based on electrocapacitive measurements and depends significantly on the surface roughness as well as on other parameters. The other method is based on faradaic current measurements and depends on the geometric surface area. The experimental results are supplemented with numerical modeling of electrodes with different surface roughness. A systematic study reveals a strong influence of the scale and arrangement of the surface roughness, the measurement potential and the electrolyte concentration on the EASA of microelectrodes estimated from the electrocapacitive measurements. The results show that electrocapacitive measurements should not be used to estimate the faradaic EASA of microelectrodes with a non‐negligible surface roughness.
Generation and Reactivity of a One‐Electron‐Oxidized Manganese(V) Imido Complex with a Tetraamido Macrocyclic Ligand
Authors: Shi Huatian , Xie Jianhui , Lam William W. Y. , Man Wai‐Lun , Mak Chi‐Keung , Yiu Shek‐Man , Lee Hung Kay , Lau Tai‐Chu 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe synthesis and X‐ray structure of a new manganese(V) mesitylimido complex with a tetraamido macrocyclic ligand (TAML), [MnV(TAML)(N‐Mes)]− (1), are reported. Compound 1 is oxidized by [(p‐BrC6H4)3N]+.[SbCl6]− and the resulting MnVI species readily undergoes H‐atom transfer and nitrene transfer reactions.
Structure–Solubility Relationship of 1,4‐Dioxane Complexes of Di(hydrocarbyl)magnesium
Authors: Fischer Reinald , Görls Helmar , Meisinger Philippe R. , Suxdorf Regina , Westerhausen Matthias 
Published: July 2019

AbstractSystematic variation of the 1,4‐dioxane (dx) concentration during the precipitation of sparingly soluble [MgBr2(dx)2] from ethereal Grignard solutions of RMgBr has allowed the structural investigation of crystallized [R2Mg(dx)n] (n=1, 1.5, 2, and 3), which form during this dioxane method, depending on the bulkiness of R. The numbering of the complexes explored in this study is based on the number n of dioxane molecules per magnesium atom, followed by the substituent R; an apostrophe denotes coordination polymers. The following derivatives were studied by X‐ray crystal‐structure determination and NMR spectroscopy: n=1: [Me2Mg(μ‐dx)]∞ (1′‐Me) and [nPr2Mg(μ‐dx)]∞ (1′‐nPr); n=1.5: [{iPr2Mg(dx)}2(μ‐dx)] (1.5‐iPr), [{oTol2Mg(dx)}2(μ‐dx)] (1.5‐oTol), and [(Me3Si‐C≡C)2Mg(dx)1.5]∞ (1.5′‐C2SiMe3); n=2: [tBu2Mg(dx)2] (2‐tBu) and [oTol2Mg(dx)2] (2‐oTol); n=3: [Ph2Mg(dx)3] (3‐Ph). In the structure types 1′, 1.5, and 2, the magnesium atom exhibits the coordination number 4, whereas pentacoordinate metal atoms are observed in types 3 and 1.5′. The structure type 2′ is realized for [(Ph‐C≡C)2Mg(dx)2]∞ (2′‐C2Ph), [MgCl2(dx)2]∞ (2′‐Cl), and [MgBr2(dx)2]∞ (2′‐Br) with hexacoordinate metal atoms. The solubility of the dioxane adducts in common organic solvents strongly depends on the degree of aggregation with the solubility decreasing from molecular to strand to layer structures.
Mechanistic Insights into the Synthesis of Fully Condensed Polyhedral Octaphenylsilsesquioxane
Authors: Qin Zhao‐Lu , Yang Rong‐Jie , Zhang Wen‐Chao , Jiao Qing‐Jie 
Published: July 2019

Summary of main observation and conclusionA comprehensive study on the efficient one‐pot synthesis of polyhedral octaphenylsilsesquioxane (OPS) is reported via the hydrolytic condensation of phenyltrimethoxysilane (PTMS) in the presence of basic catalyst to investigate the specific synthesis mechanism. The synthetic reactions are monitored with real time infrared (RTIR) spectroscopy. Then RTIR coupled with 29Si nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF‐MS) are used to monitor the reactions and identify the intermediary species during the reaction. The rapid hydrolysis of PTMS is detected by RTIR. Contrary to previous reports, the ladder‐like structured species are identified as intermediates during the reaction process. It is suggested that formation of caged T8 OPS is realized through the chain break and rearrangement of the ladder‐like phenyltrimethoxysilanes. Accordingly, a scheme from hydrolysis of the PTMS to formation of the OPS is provided.
Dynamic mesh re‐partitioning considering iterative convergence rate for multiphase flows in OpenFOAM
Authors: Xu Liyang , Wang Miao , Xu Xinhai , Cui Chen , Yang Xuejun 
Published: July 2019

SummaryFor parallel multiphase flows, the core procedure is solving linear systems using preconditioned iterative methods, and the iterative convergence rate is crucial to the overall efficiency. How the mesh is partitioned influences the iterative convergence rate. However, the numerical characteristics of the linear systems vary significantly along with the time steps because of the dramatic change of the flow fields. Traditional static mesh partition cannot guarantee a good convergence feature throughout the simulation. A dynamic mesh re‐partitioning scheme MDMRPar (Multiphase Dynamic Mesh Re‐Partitioning) is proposed and implemented in OpenFOAM (Open Field Operation And Manipulation). MDMRPar employs a new surface field to record the linear system information in every time step. For simple multiphase problems with topo‐invariant mesh, MDMRPar periodically adopts the numerical information from the previous time step and calculates a weighted graph from the mesh topology in a straightforward way. For multiphase flows using adaptive mesh refinement method, a coarse graph with vertex weights is built based on the mesh topology and refinement history. The numerical information on the surface field is integrated into the coarse graph as edge weights. In both cases, weighted graphs are re‐partitioned by ParMetis, a general multi‐level parallel graph re‐partitioning package. Experimental results on three multiphase flows show that MDMRPar significantly outperforms the traditional partitioning/re‐partitioning schemes both in the iterative convergence rate and the total simulation time.
Why do earlier‐arriving migratory birds have better breeding success?
Authors: Morrison Catriona A. , Alves José A. , Gunnarsson Tómas G. , Þórisson Böðvar , Gill Jennifer A. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIn migratory birds, early arrival on breeding sites is typically associated with greater breeding success, but the mechanisms driving these benefits are rarely known. One mechanism through which greater breeding success among early arrivers can potentially be achieved is the increased time available for replacement clutches following nest loss. However, the contribution of replacement clutches to breeding success will depend on seasonal variation in nest survival rates, and the consequences for juvenile recruitment of hatching at different times in the season. In particular, lower recruitment rates of late‐hatched chicks could offset the benefits to early arrivers of being able to lay replacement clutches, which would reduce the likelihood of replacement clutch opportunities influencing selection on migratory timings. Using a simulation model of time‐constrained capacity for replacement clutches, paramaterized with empirically‐derived estimates from avian migratory systems, we show that greater reproductive success among early‐arriving individuals can arise solely through the greater time capacity for replacement clutches among early arrivers, even when later renesting attempts contribute fewer recruits to the population. However, these relationships vary depending on the seasonal pattern of nest survival. The benefits of early arrival are greatest when nest survival rates are constant or decline seasonally, and early arrival is least beneficial when nest success rates increase over the breeding season, although replacement clutches can mitigate this effect. The time benefits of early arrival facilitating replacement clutches following nest loss may therefore be an important but overlooked source of selection on migratory timings. Empirical measures of seasonal variation in nest survival, renesting, and juvenile recruitment rates are therefore needed in order to identify the costs and benefits associated with individual migration phenology, the selection pressures influencing migratory timings, and the implications for ongoing shifts in migration and breeding phenology.
Evaluating adaptive, carry‐over, and plastic antipredator responses across a temporal gradient in Pacific chorus frogs
Authors: Garcia Tiffany S. , Bredeweg Evan M. , Urbina Jenny , Ferrari Maud C. O. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe development of antipredator traits is dependent on the frequency and intensity of predator exposure over evolutionary and ecological time. We hypothesized that prey species would respond with increasing accuracy when exposed to predators across generational, ontogenetic, and immediate time scales. We assessed larval Pacific chorus frog (PSRE; Pseudacris regilla) individuals that varied in population sympatry, embryonic conditioning, and immediate exposure to stocked populations of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Using PSRE populations from sites with and without resident rainbow trout, we conditioned embryos to trout odor, PSRE alarm cues, trout odor in combination with alarm cues, or control water. After being hatched and reared in control water, individuals were exposed to the four predator cue treatments using a fully factorial design. Tadpoles from populations with resident rainbow trout did not behave or develop differently than tadpoles originating from fishless sites. However, we found evidence that PSRE reduced predation risk with a combination of carry‐over effect (i.e., transfer of information across life history stages) and within‐life stage phenotypically plastic mechanisms. We found both developmental and behavioral carry‐over effects: tadpoles conditioned with trout odor as embryos grew more slowly and took refuge more often than control animals. Within‐life‐stage behavioral plasticity was observed in tadpoles from all treatment groups, responding to predator cues with increased refuge use. Potentially additive effects of predator exposure on prey response should be considered when predicting the ability of prey to recognize novel threats.
Effects of dry‐season irrigation on leaf physiology and biomass allocation in tropical lianas and trees
Authors: Smith‐Martin Chris M. , Bastos Carolina L. , Lopez Omar R. , Powers Jennifer S. , Schnitzer Stefan A. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractLianas are more abundant in seasonal forests than in wetter forests and are thought to perform better than trees when light is abundant and water is limited. We tested the hypothesis that lianas perform better than trees during seasonal drought using a common garden experiment with 12 taxonomically diverse species (six liana and six tree species) in 12 replicated plots. We irrigated six of the plots during the dry season for four years, while the remaining six control plots received only ambient rainfall. In year 5, we measured stem diameters for all individuals and harvested above‐ and belowground biomass for a subset of individuals to quantify absolute growth and biomass allocation to roots, stems, and leaves, as well as total root length and maximum rooting depth. We also measured rate of photosynthesis, intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE), pre‐dawn and midday water potential, and a set of functional and hydraulic traits. During the peak of the dry season, lianas in control plots had 54% higher predawn leaf water potentials (ΨPD), and 45% higher photosynthetic rates than trees in control plots. By contrast, during the peak of the wet season, these physiological differences between lianas and trees become less pronounced and, in some cases, even disappeared. Trees had higher specific leaf area (SLA) than lianas; however, no other functional trait differed between growth forms. Trees responded to the irrigation treatment with 15% larger diameters and 119% greater biomass than trees in control plots. Liana growth, however, did not respond to irrigation; liana diameter and biomass were similar in control and irrigation plots, suggesting that lianas were far less limited by soil moisture than were trees. Contrary to previous hypotheses, lianas did not have deeper roots than trees; however, lianas had longer roots per stem diameter than did trees. Our results support the hypothesis that lianas perform better and experience less physiological stress than trees during seasonal drought, suggesting clear differences between growth forms in response to altered rainfall regimes. Ultimately, better dry‐season performance may explain why liana abundance peaks in seasonal forests compared to trees, which peak in abundance in less seasonal, wetter forests.
Sex differences on peak oxygen uptake in heart failure
Authors: Palau Patricia , Domínguez Eloy , Núñez Julio 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWomen represent nearly half of the adult heart failure (HF) population and they remain underrepresented in HF studies. We aimed to evaluate the evidence about peak oxygen uptake (peak VO2) for clinical stratification in women with HF. This narrative review summarizes (i) the evidence endorsing the value of cardiopulmonary exercise testing for clinical stratification and phenotyping HF population; (ii) the determinants of a person's functional aerobic capacity to understand predicted values for patients with chronic HF; and (iii) sex differences on peak VO2 data in different forms of HF. Lastly, based on existing data in patients with HF, we provide a perspective on how to improve existing gaps about the utility of peak VO2 in clinical stratification in women. Peak VO2 provides prognosis information in patients with HF; however, its use has been limited for a reduced number of patients excluding women, elderly, and HF patients with preserved ejection fraction. Further studies will help to fill the wide gender gap about the utility of cardiopulmonary exercise testing in the risk assessment and management in women with HF.
Differences in blood pressure riser pattern in patients with acute heart failure with reduced mid‐range and preserved ejection fraction
Authors: Ueda Tomoya , Kawakami Rika , Nakada Yasuki , Nakano Tomoya , Nakagawa Hitoshi , Matsui Masaru , Nishida Taku , Onoue Kenji , Soeda Tsunenari , Okayama Satoshi , Watanabe Makoto , Okura Hiroyuki , Saito Yoshihiko 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAimsHeart failure (HF) is classified into three types according to left ventricular ejection fraction (EF). The effect of blood pressure (BP) on the pathogenesis of each type is assumed to be different. However, the association between the prognosis of each type of HF and abnormal BP variations assessed by ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM), such as nocturnal hypertension and the riser pattern, remains unclear.Methods and resultsWe studied 325 consecutive patients with decompensated HF who were acutely admitted to our hospital and underwent ABPM at discharge. During a mean follow‐up of 30.0 months, 52 cardiovascular and 112 all‐cause deaths occurred. The Cox proportional hazards model showed that the mean values of 24 h, awake, and sleep‐time systolic BP (SBP), and abnormal 24 h ABPM patterns, such as nocturnal hypertension and non‐dipper pattern, were not associated with either all‐cause or cardiovascular mortality in patients with HF with reduced EF (HFrEF), HF with mid‐range EF (HFmrEF), or HF with preserved EF (HFpEF), except for sleep‐time SBP in HFrEF. However, the riser pattern was a significant and independent predictor of all‐cause and cardiovascular deaths in patients with HFpEF (hazard ratio, 2.01; 95% confidence interval, 1.12–3.62; 0.0200; and hazard ratio, 2.48; 95% confidence interval, 1.08–5.90; 0.0332, respectively). Sleep‐time pulse rate was similarly decreased in both the riser and non‐riser groups.ConclusionsThe riser pattern of SBP was associated with an increased risk of adverse outcomes among patients with HFpEF but not HFrEF or HFmrEF.
Development of Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLCs) Using Pumpkin and Kenaf Seed Oils with Potential Photoprotective and Antioxidative Properties
Authors: Chu Chee Chin , Tan Chin Ping , Nyam Kar Lin 
Published: July 2019

Both pumpkin and kenaf seed oil with carnauba wax (CW) and beeswax (BW) are used to develop nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) loaded with Uvinul T150 and Uvinul A Plus Granular for a UV protection formulation. The study aims to optimize the concentration and the type of seed oil in order to develop a stable NLC formulation with high entrapment efficiency, drug loading, antioxidant activities, and UV absorbing properties. The physical properties of the NLCs are analyzed based on the mean particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), long‐term storage stability, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). They are also compared for their entrapment efficiency, drug loading, in vitro antioxidant activities, and in vitro UV absorbing properties. The optimized NLC consists of 10% lipid phase and 1% Uvinul T150 and Uvinul A Plus Granular, respectively. It has mean particle size of 238.20 ± 3.61 nm and remains physically stable on storage at both 25 ± 2 and 40 ± 2 °C. Spherical amorphous NLC structure with encapsulated UV filters is observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Besides, it shows high entrapment efficiency (≥95%) for both Uvinul T150 and Uvinul A Plus Granular in addition to its antioxidant activities as indicated by both DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities. In addition, the formulation had high UV absorbing properties, showing its potential to be utilized in the formation of sunscreen prototype.Practical Application: The preliminary study on pumpkin and kenaf seed oil shows bioactive potential with high antioxidant activities. The finding of kenaf seed oil‐NLC can be applied in the cosmetic industry to produce a wide variety of environmental‐friendly products with improved stability and beneficial properties. Also, the application of technology by forming NLCs can be used to develop lotions, creams, etc., with multifunctional properties. Besides, NLCs as carriers for UV filters is proven in the present study to exhibit high entrapment efficiency and drug loading properties. This is beneficial in developing advanced cosmetic prototypes that possess broad spectrum effectiveness with fewer side effects.Nanostructure lipid carriers (NLCs)are applied to encapsulate UV filters with pumpkin and kenaf seed oils. Kenaf seed oil‐NLC (F7) is selected as the best formulation for UV filters encapsulation. With spherical amorphous NLC structure, it shows high entrapment efficiency for the UV filters and antioxidant activities. Results indicate that F7 with high UV absorbing properties remains physically stable upon 12 weeks of storage period.
Concurrent validity of a low‐cost and time‐efficient clinical sensory test battery to evaluate somatosensory dysfunction
Authors: Zhu Guan Cheng , Böttger Karina , Slater Helen , Cook Chad , Farrell Scott F. , Hailey Louise , Tampin Brigitte , Schmid Annina B. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackgroundThis study describes a low‐cost and time‐efficient clinical sensory test (CST) battery and evaluates its concurrent validity as a screening tool to detect somatosensory dysfunction as determined using quantitative sensory testing (QST).MethodThree patient cohorts with carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS, n = 76), non‐specific neck and arm pain (NSNAP, n = 40) and lumbar radicular pain/radiculopathy (LR, n = 26) were included. The CST consisted of 13 tests, each corresponding to a QST parameter and evaluating a broad spectrum of sensory functions using thermal (coins, ice cube, hot test tube) and mechanical (cotton wool, von Frey hairs, tuning fork, toothpicks, thumb and eraser pressure) detection and pain thresholds testing both loss and gain of function. Agreement rate, statistical significance and strength of correlation (phi coefficient) between CST and QST parameters were calculated.ResultsSeveral CST parameters (cold, warm and mechanical detection thresholds as well as cold and pressure pain thresholds) were significantly correlated with QST, with a majority demonstrating >60% agreement rates and moderate to relatively strong correlations. However, agreement varied among cohorts. Gain of function parameters showed stronger agreement in the CTS and LR cohorts, whereas loss of function parameters had better agreement in the NSNAP cohort. Other CST parameters (16 mN von Frey tests, vibration detection, heat and mechanical pain thresholds, wind‐up ratio) did not significantly correlate with QST.ConclusionSome of the tests in the CST could help detect somatosensory dysfunction as determined with QST. Parts of the CST could therefore be used as a low‐cost screening tool in a clinical setting.SignificanceQuantitative sensory testing, albeit considered the gold standard to evaluate somatosensory dysfunction, requires expensive equipment, specialized examiner training and substantial time commitment which challenges its use in a clinical setting. Our study describes a CST as a low‐cost and time‐efficient alternative. Some of the CST tools (cold, warm, mechanical detection thresholds; pressure pain thresholds) significantly correlated with the respective QST parameters, suggesting that they may be useful in a clinical setting to detect sensory dysfunction.
Experimental investigation on engine performance, emission, and combustion characteristics of a DI CI engine using tyre pyrolysis oil and diesel blends doped with nanoparticles
Authors: Thangavelu S Kumaravel , Arthanarisamy Murugesan 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis article investigates the utility of waste tyre oil as a potential source of partial replacement of diesel fuel. The experimental study of engine parameters such as performance, emissions, along with combustion characteristics of tyre oil blends with cerium oxide (CeO2) and without CeO2 nano additive in a four‐stroke single‐cylinder water‐cooled compression ignition engine was conducted without any engine adjustment. Tyre oil was blended with diesel fuel at the volumetric proportions of 5, 10, 15, and 20%. These experimental results reveal that B5 blend has increased Brake thermal efficiency compared to other blends and nearer to diesel fuel at full load. The emissions of Hydrocarbon (HC), smoke are lower than diesel fuel by 3, 3.22% for B5 blend of full load. If CeO2 nano additives are doped with tyre oil blends in such case the B5D85 + CeO2 100 ppm blends were increased in efficiency of 2.85% and emissions like HC, CO, Smoke are decreased by 3, 1.33, 7.7%, respectively compared to diesel. From the experimental results, B5D85 + CeO2 100 ppm fuel blend is the best fuel ratio for a CI engine for increased efficiency, reduced emission and better combustion. Hence, the tyre oil with CeO2 nano additives is a suitable alternative fuel for CI engine.