bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rural business programs and business performance: The impact of the USDA's Business and Industry (B&I) Guaranteed Loan Program
Authors: Rupasingha Anil , Crown Daniel , Pender John 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe USDA's Rural Development (RD) has implemented several loan and grant programs to support businesses located in rural areas and the Business and Industry (B&I) Guaranteed Loan Program is the largest among them. The focus of the present study is to estimate the impact of B&I program participation and the amount of loans received on the probability of survival and employment growth of recipient businesses over the period of 1990–2013. Using administrative data on B&I loans from RD and business‐level data from the National Establishment Time‐Series (NETS), we utilize a matched difference‐in‐difference estimation strategy to assess the impact of the B&I program on establishment‐level outcomes. We find that the receipt of a B&I loan helps recipient businesses to reduce the risk of failure and grow slightly faster, compared with a similar control group of businesses. We also test if the impacts vary with the loan size and find that while increasing the size of loans has an increasing effect to reduce the risk of failure, it shows no statistically significant effect on employment growth.
Implantable cardioverter defibrillator replacement guided by T wave safety margin in a short QT syndrome patient
Authors: Shen Yishi , Pan Weizhong , Jiang Chenyang , Fu Guosheng , Sun Yaxun , Hu Dan 
Published: December 2018

AbstractWe report implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) generator replacement guided by T wave safety margin (TWSM) in a short QT syndrome patient with T wave oversensing (TWOS). During the procedure of generator replacement, the feature of ventricular sensing in four different ICDs was compared in the patient. The four ICDs showed different R and T wave amplitudes. Though R/T ratio is not the highest, Vitality ICD showed the highest TWSM and was implanted as replacing generator. During 20‐month follow‐up, the patient has been symptom‐free with no T‐wave oversensing episode. This case illustrates a method to evaluate the risk of TWOS before ICD implantation in patients with high risk of TWOS.
Molecular signatures associated with increased freezing tolerance due to low temperature memory in Arabidopsis
Authors: Zuther Ellen , Schaarschmidt Stephanie , Fischer Axel , Erban Alexander , Pagter Majken , Mubeen Umarah , Giavalisco Patrick , Kopka Joachim , Sprenger Heike , Hincha Dirk K. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractAlternating temperatures require fast and coordinated adaptation responses of plants. Cold acclimation has been extensively investigated and results in increased freezing tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana. Here, we show that the two Arabidopsis accessions, Col‐0 and N14, which differ in their freezing tolerance, showed memory of cold acclimation, that is, cold priming. Freezing tolerance was higher in plants exposed to cold priming at 4°C, a lag phase at 20°C, and a second triggering cold stress (4°C) than in plants that were only cold primed. To our knowledge, this is the first report on cold memory improving plant freezing tolerance. The triggering response was distinguishable from the priming response at the levels of gene expression (RNA‐Seq), lipid (ultraperformance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry), and metabolite composition (gas chromatography–mass spectrometry). Transcriptomic responses pointed to induced lipid, secondary metabolism, and stress in Col‐0 and growth‐related functions in N14. Specific accumulation of lipids included arabidopsides with possible functions as signalling molecules or precursors of jasmonic acid. Whereas cold‐induced metabolites such as raffinose and its precursors were maintained in N14 during the lag phase, they were strongly accumulated in Col‐0 after the cold trigger. This indicates genetic differences in the transcriptomic and metabolic patterns during cold memory.
Suspicious minds: Police Attitudes to Mental Ill Health
Authors: Bell Sean , Palmer-Conn Sue 
Published: December 2018

Policing and mental ill health are inextricably entwined. The police have a role to respond to distressed persons and depending on the circumstances act as mental health practitioners or law enforcement officers. Policing can have an impact on the mental health of those delivering the service. Those working within policing will either experience, work alongside and/or manage colleagues with mental ill health. Therefore it is important that the attitudes of police officers and police staff to mental ill health are established. The research employs the Time to Change Survey to bench mark police attitudes against the general public. Results indicate that police officers/staff hold similar attitudes to the public. However police officers are less supportive of community based interventions. Police data portrays an organisation where mental health related stigma persists, where discussing or seeking help is avoided and having a mental health issue seen as career destroying.
Sensory coding is impaired in rat absence epilepsy
Authors: Studer Florian , Laghouati Emel , Jarre Guillaume , David Olivier , Pouyatos Benoît , Depaulis Antoine 
Published: December 2018

Key points
Absence epilepsy is characterized by the occurrence of spike‐and‐wave discharges concomitant with an alteration of consciousness and is associated with cognitive comorbidities.
In a genetic model of absence epilepsy in the rat, the genetic absence epilepsy rat from Strasbourg (GAERS), spike‐and‐wave discharges are shown to be initiated in the barrel field primary somatosensory cortex that codes whisker‐related information, therefore playing an essential role in the interactions of rodents with their environment.
Sensory‐information processing is impaired in the epileptic barrel field primary somatosensory cortex of GAERS, with a delayed sensory‐evoked potential and a duplicated neuronal response to whisker stimulation in in vivo extracellular recordings. Yet, GAERS present no defaults of performance in a texture discrimination task, suggesting the existence of a compensatory mechanism within the epileptic neuronal network.
The results of the present study indicate that physiological primary functions are processed differently in an epileptic cortical network.
AbstractSeveral neurodevelopmental pathologies are associated with disorganized cortical circuits that may alter primary functions such as sensory processes. In the present study, we investigated whether the function of a cortical area is altered in the seizure onset zone of absence epilepsy, a prototypical form of childhood genetic epilepsy associated with cognitive impairments. We first combined in vivo multichannel electrophysiological recordings and histology to precisely localize the seizure onset zone in the genetic absence epilepsy rat from Strasbourg (GAERS). We then investigated the functionality of this epileptic zone using extracellular silicon probe recordings of sensory‐evoked local field potentials and multi‐unit activity, as well as a behavioural test of texture discrimination. We show that seizures in this model are initiated in the barrel field part of the primary somatosensory cortex and are associated with high‐frequency oscillations. In this cortex, we found an increased density of parvalbumin‐expressing interneurons in layer 5 in GAERS compared to non‐epileptic Wistar rats. Its functional investigation revealed that sensory abilities of GAERS are not affected in a texture‐discrimination task, whereas the intracortical processing of sensory‐evoked information is delayed and duplicated. Altogether, these results suggest that absence seizures are associated with an increase of parvalbumin‐inhibitory neurons, which may promote the functional relationship between epileptic oscillations and high‐frequency activities. Our findings suggest that cortical circuits operate differently in the epileptic onset zone and may adapt to maintain their ability to process highly specialized information.
Características de los Sistemas Centrales de Conocimiento en niños de 3 a 6 años de edad
Authors: Rueda-Posada María Fernanda , Quiroz-Padilla María Fernanda , Giraldo Juan Jose 
Published: December 2018

Los Sistemas Centrales de Conocimiento son la base de las habilidades cognitivas de la especie humana. Teniendo en cuenta el valor evolutivo de los mismos, se buscó reconocer las relaciones o diferencias entre estos y otras variables de crecimiento (sexo y edad) y variables ambientales (nivel socioeconómico). Para ello, se evaluó cada sistema central de conocimiento y el desarrollo sociocognitivo de 164 niños y 164 niñas, entre los 37 y 71 meses de edad (M = 54 meses; DE = 0.55). Al aplicar una prueba Kruskal-Wallis se encontró que la edad tuvo un efecto significativo sobre el índice general de desarrollo sociocognitivo (p < 0.001) y sobre el reconocimiento funcional del objeto (χ2 = 54.221, p < 0.001), del número (χ2 = 85.735, p < 0.001) y la ubicación espacial (χ2 = 8.258, p < 0.016). En contraste, no se hallaron efectos del sexo ni del nivel socioeconómico para las diferencias en los sistemas centrales de conocimiento ni en el índice de desarrollo sociocognitivo.
Integrity Management Challenges for Commercial-Scale Floating Wind Farms
Authors: Carra Christopher , Kilner Andrew , Potts Andrew , Rowley David , Ryan Victoria 
Published: December 2018

Large-scale deployment of multiple structures within a Floating Offshore Wind Farm (FOWF) will place many challenges on both the approach to effective integrity management and the demand to reduce through-life operating costs. Additionally, wind farm designers and operators will need to consider the issues related to design robustness in the design of their systems, whereby rational robustness criteria are applied to address possible accidental conditions that are not explicitly addressed in code-specified design basis conditions.
This paper will review the significant advances in the approach to integrity management that have been recently made in the mature offshore oil industry and relate them to the nascent offshore wind industry. In particular, the requirement for consideration across the full lifecycle of the potential for threat introduction and the application of controls to prevent or mitigate the evolution of those threats will be described. This includes threats that may be inadvertently introduced during the design, manufacturing and installation phases, in addition to the more traditional rate-based degradation mechanisms such as fatigue, corrosion and wear that occur once the facility is in operation.
The challenges that commercial-scale wind farm developments will face relate particularly to integrity issues arising in the design, manufacturing and installation phases, where the focus needs to ensure that degradation threats are not being introduced into the deployment of multiple repeat-copy units. The issues of common cause/common mode degradation threats will have much higher significance for a commercial-scale wind farm, where rectification of a common issue across a large number of floating units could have significant impacts in terms of reliability, operating costs, insurance premiums and power purchase agreements.
FOWF mooring system designs are also likely to be more optimized than that for a typical one-off offshore oil facility. This will require the wind farm designer to have a deep understanding of the fundamental dynamic behavior of the overall system and the local dynamic behaviors of the components within the mooring system in order to be able to fully identify the types of threats that may be present. This may also involve robustness considerations where there may be step changes in the dynamic behavior of the system, often termed as cliff-edge effects.
The paper will outline issues that wind farm designers will need to consider in building integrity considerations into the design and execution phases of a development, as well as the opportunities that risk-based integrity management processes offer in terms of through-life condition verification and inspection optimization.
DNV GL Standard for Floating Wind Turbines
Authors: Hopstad Anne Lene Haukanes , Argyriadis Kimon , Manjock Andreas , Goldsmith Jarett , Ronold Knut O. 
Published: December 2018

The first issue of the DNV Offshore Standard, DNV-OS-J103 Design of Floating Wind Turbine Structures, was published in June 2013. The standard was based on a joint industry effort with representatives from manufacturers, developers, utility companies and certifying bodies from Europe, Asia and the US. The standard represented a condensation of all relevant requirements for floaters in existing DNV standards for the offshore oil and gas industry which were considered relevant also for offshore floating structures for support of wind turbines, supplemented by necessary adaptation to the wind turbine application. The development of the standard capitalized much on experience from development projects going on at the time, in particular the Hywind spar off the coast of western Norway, the WindFloat off the coast of Portugal and the Pelastar TLP concept. In July 2018, DNV GL published a revision of DNV-OS-J103 as a part of the harmonization of the DNV GL codes for the wind turbine industry after the merger between Det Norske Veritas (DNV) and Germanischer Lloyd (GL) in the fall of 2013. The standard was re-issued as DNVGL-ST-0119 Floating wind turbine structures. This new revision reflects the experience gained after the first issue in 2013 as well as the current trends within the industry. Since 2013, numerous guidelines addressing the design of floating structures for offshore wind turbines have been published by various certifying bodies, and an IEC technical specification on the subject is under way. In addition, several prototypes have been installed and the first small array of floating wind turbines, Hywind Scotland pilot park, are currently in operation. The most important updates in the revision of the standard include formulation of floater-specific load cases, requirements to be fulfilled to support the exemption for design of unmanned floaters with damage stability, and replacement of current consequence-class based requirements for design fatigue factors with low-consequence based factors dependent on the accessibility for inspection and repair, the aim being a safety level against fatigue similar to that which is currently targeted for bottom-fixed structures. Other topics which have been considered in the revision are the floater motion control system and its possible integration with the control and protection system for the wind turbine, the issue of how to deal with slack in tendons in the station keeping system, corrosion, anchor design and power cable design.
In parallel to the revision of the standard, a new service specification for certification of floating wind turbines has been developed by DNV GL, identified as DNVGL-SE-0422 Certification of floating wind turbines. For technical requirements, the service specification refers to the revised standard, DNVGL-ST-0119.
The technical paper summarizes the updates and changes in the revised standard, in addition to the content of the new service specification.
A New Assessment of Offshore Wind Profile Relationships
Authors: Jeans Gus , Quantrell Dave , Watson Andrew , Grignon Laure , Lizcano Gil 
Published: December 2018

Engineering design codes specify a variety of different relationships to quantify vertical variations in wind speed, gust factor and turbulence intensity. These are required to support applications including assessment of wind resource, operability and engineering design. Differences between the available relationships lead to undesirable uncertainty in all stages of an offshore wind project.
Reducing these uncertainties will become increasingly important as wind energy is harnessed in deeper waters and at lower costs. Installation of a traditional met mast is not an option in deep water. Reliable measurement of the local wind, gust and turbulence profiles from floating LiDAR can be challenging. Fortunately, alternative data sources can provide improved characterisation of winds at offshore locations.
Numerical modelling of wind in the lower few hundred metres of the atmosphere is generally much simpler at remote deepwater locations than over complex onshore terrain. The sophistication, resolution and reliability of such models is advancing rapidly. Mesoscale models can now allow nesting of large scale conditions to horizontal scales less than one kilometre.
Models can also provide many decades of wind data, a major advantage over the site specific measurements gathered to support a wind energy development. Model data are also immediately available at the start of a project at relatively low cost.
At offshore locations these models can be validated and calibrated, just above the sea surface, using well established satellite wind products. Reliable long term statistics of near surface wind can be used to quantify winds at the higher elevations applicable to wind turbines using the wide range of existing standard profile relationships.
Reduced uncertainty in these profile relationships will be of considerable benefit to the wider use of satellite and model data sources in the wind energy industry. This paper describes a new assessment of various industry standard wind profile relationships, using a range of available met mast datasets and numerical models.
Load Sensitivity Analysis for a Floating Wind Turbine on a Steel Semi-Submersible Substructure
Authors: Müller Kolja , Guzman Ricardo Faerron , Cheng Po Wen , Galván Josean , Sánchez Miren J. , Rodríguez Raúl , Manjock Andreas 
Published: December 2018

The site-specific load verification for floating offshore wind turbines requires the consideration of the complex interaction of the different system components and their environment. Sensitivity analyses help reducing the simulation amount for both fatigue and ultimate load analysis significantly by highlighting relevant load parameters and increase the understanding for the system behavior in its real environment. Aligned with work in the H2020 project LIFES50+, this study investigates different approaches for global sensitivity analysis using quasi-random sampling for the independent variables.
Two different load case groups are analyzed: (1) fatigue loads during power production, (2) ultimate loads during power production and severe sea state. The considered system is the public DTU 10MW turbine’s rotor-nacelle assembly, installed on the public NAUTILUS-10 floating structure. Load simulations are performed by using FAST v8. Simulations are set up based on the LIFES50+ Site B (medium severity). A comparison is made to a similar study with a different platform (Olav Olsen semi-submersible) in order to observe if similar conclusions can be reached for the different floater types.
A Safety Concept for Penetration Analysis of Suction Caissons and Anchors in Clay and Layered Soils
Authors: Sturm Hendrik , Roberts Julia 
Published: December 2018

Suction caissons and anchors are widely used for the foundation of both bottom-fixed and floating offshore structures. They are installed by means of self-weight and underpressure applied to the inside of the skirt compartment. The penetration resistance during installation is the sum of the tip resistance and wall friction of the skirt, both of which are functions of the foundation geometry, soil properties, soil-state and boundary conditions.
Several authors have proposed methods to predict the penetration resistance during installation. In general, high estimates of soil strength parameters are used to predict the installation resistance for design purposes. In addition, safety factors may be applied when predicting the achievable penetration depth and the corresponding loads acting on the structural components. However, current standards and guidelines lack a consistent approach for evaluating these loads and safety factors.
In order to apply a consistent safety concept in the structural caisson design, two methods for assessing the penetration resistance and hence required suction pressure are investigated; a simplified CPT-based method and a more advanced bearing-capacity-based method. For that purpose, a probability-based analysis has been performed, assuming statistical distributions of the corresponding input parameters, and a representative target failure probability. The performance of the two methods methods is investigated using the example of a generic sand and a generic clay profile. Based on these analysis, partial safety factors for the use in a deterministic design are proposed.
Physician mothers’ experience of workplace discrimination: a qualitative analysis
Authors: Halley Meghan C , Rustagi Alison S , Torres Jeanette S , Linos Elizabeth , Plaut Victoria , Mangurian Christina , Choo Esther , Linos Eleni 
Published: December 2018

Abstract

Objectives
To report woman physicians’ experiences, in their own words, of discrimination based on their role as a mother.

Design
Qualitative analysis of physician mothers’ free-text responses to the open question: “We want to hear your story and experience. Please share” included in questions about workplace discrimination. Three analysts iteratively formulated a structured codebook, then applied codes after inter-coder reliability scores indicated high concordance. The relationships among themes and sub-themes were organized into a conceptual model illustrated by exemplary quotes.

Participants
Respondents to an anonymous, voluntary online survey about the health and wellbeing of physician mothers posted on a Facebook group, the Physician Moms Group, an online community of US physicians who identify as mothers.

Results
We analyzed 947 free-text responses. Participants provide diverse and vivid descriptions of experiences of maternal discrimination. Gendered job expectations, financial inequalities (including lower pay than equally qualified colleagues and more unpaid work), limited opportunities for advancement, lack of support during the pregnancy and postpartum period, and challenging work-life balance are some of the key themes identified. In addition, participants’ quotes show several potential structural drivers of maternal discrimination and describe the downstream consequences of maternal discrimination on the physician herself, her career, family, and the healthcare system.

Conclusions
These findings provide a view of maternal discrimination directly from the perspective of those who experience it. Women physicians report a range of previously uncharacterized ways in which they experience maternal discrimination. While certain aspects of these experiences are consistent with those reported by women across other professions, there are unique aspects of medical training and the medical profession that perpetuate maternal discrimination.