bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Suppressing Photoinduced Charge Recombination via the Lorentz Force in a Photocatalytic System
Authors: Gao Wenqiang , Lu Jibao , Zhang Shan , Zhang Xiaofei , Wang Zhongxuan , Qin Wei , Wang Jianjun , Zhou Weijia , Liu Hong , Sang Yuanhua 
Published: July 2019

AbstractSuppressing the recombination of photogenerated charges is one of the most important routes for enhancing the catalytic performance of semiconductor photocatalysts. In addition to the built‐in field produced by semiconductor heterostructures and the photo‐electrocatalysis realized by applying an external electrical potential to photocatalysts assembled on electrodes, other strategies are waiting to be scientifically explored and understood. In this work, a Lorentz force–assisted charge carrier separation enhancement strategy is reported to improve the photocatalytic efficiency by applying a magnetic field to a photocatalytic system. The photocatalytic efficiency can be improved by 26% just by placing a permanent magnet beneath the normal photocatalytic system without any additional power supply. The mechanism by which the Lorentz force acts oppositely on the photogenerated electrons and holes is introduced, resulting in the suppression of the photoinduced charge recombination. This work provides insights into the specific role of the Lorentz force in suppressing the recombination of electron–hole pairs in their initial photogenerated states. This suppression would increase the population of charge carriers that would subsequently be transported in the semiconductor. It is believed that this strategy based on magnetic effects will initiate a new way of thinking about photoinduced charge separation.
Electrochemical Flocculation Integrated Hydrogen Evolution Reaction of Fe@N‐Doped Carbon Nanotubes on Iron Foam for Ultralow Voltage Electrolysis in Neutral Media
Authors: Yu Jiayuan , Li Guixiang , Liu Hui , Zeng Lili , Zhao Lili , Jia Jin , Zhang Mingyuan , Zhou Weijia , Liu Hong , Hu Yongyou 
Published: July 2019

AbstractHydrogen (H2) production is a key step in solving the energy crisis in the future. Electrocatalytic water splitting suffers from sluggish anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) kinetics leading to low energy conversion efficiency. Herein, a strategy is presented that integrates anodic electrochemical flocculation with cathodic hydrogen production from water splitting in 0.5 m Na2SO4. Iron encapsulated in a nitrogen‐doped carbon nanotubes array on iron foam (Fe@N‐CNT/IF) is employed as an electrode for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), and the Fe@N‐CNT/IF possesses superior HER activity requiring an overpotential of 525 mV to achieve 10 mA cm−2, which is close to that of 20 wt% Pt/C. Benefiting from the lower oxidation potential of iron (E°Fe/Fe2+, 0.44 V) than that of OER (E0OH‐/O2, 1.23 V), the cell voltage for integrated electrochemical flocculation and H2 production is significantly reduced by 1.31 V relative to overall water splitting to achieve 20 mA cm−2. More important, the production of electrochemical flocculation can be applied to water purification, because of the excellent adsorption capacity. Finally, metal–carbon electrocatalysts are prepared again by pyrolysis of flocculation adsorbents containing toxic heavy metals and organics. This result provides a new direction for designing a heterogeneous electrolysis system for energy conversion and environmental treatment applications.
Flexible, Temperature‐Stable, and Fatigue‐Endurable PbZr0.52Ti0.48O3 Ferroelectric Film for Nonvolatile Memory
Authors: Yang Changhong , Han Yajie , Qian Jin , Cheng Zhenxiang 
Published: July 2019

AbstractFlexible memory devices represent an emerging technological goal for information storage and data processing in portable, wearable, and smart electronics that work in curved conditions. This work presents a direct and cost‐effective fabrication of a bendable PbZr0.52Ti0.48O3 (PZT) ferroelectric memory element with a Pt bottom electrode layer and Au top electrodes on a flexible mica substrate. The polycrystalline PZT film with morphotropic phase boundary composition shows excellent electrical properties, reflected by superior ferroelectricity with a large remanent polarization (Pr ≈ 30 μC cm−2), good frequency stability (1–50 kHz), broad working temperature (25–200 °C), and excellent fatigue resistance (up to 109). Most importantly, with the assistance of the flexible mica substrate and the individual bendability of each film layer, the all‐inorganic PZT ferroelectric film capacitor can be safely bent to a small bending radius of 2 mm with a bending strain of less than 0.3%, undergo repeated bending–releasing cycles for 103 times where no obvious deterioration occurs in polarization, and show data retention of 105 s, and fatigue resistance at 109 switching cycles. This work is anticipated to advance the application potential of high‐performance flexible ferroelectric memories in next‐generation wearable electronic devices.
Low‐Temperature Reduction Strategy Synthesized Si/Ti3C2 MXene Composite Anodes for High‐Performance Li‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Hui Xiaobin , Zhao Ruizheng , Zhang Peng , Li Caixia , Wang Chengxiang , Yin Longwei 
Published: July 2019

AbstractSilicon is attracting enormous attention due to its theoretical capacity of 4200 mAh g−1 as an anode for Li‐ion batteries (LIBs). It is of fundamental importance and challenge to develop low‐temperature reaction route to controllably synthesize Si/Ti3C2 MXene LIBs anodes. Herein, a novel and efficient strategy integrating in situ orthosilicate hydrolysis and a low‐temperature reduction process to synthesize Si/Ti3C2 MXene composites is reported. The hydrolysis of tetraethyl orthosilicate leads to homogenous nucleation and growth of SiO2 nanoparticles on the surface of Ti3C2 MXene. Subsequently, SiO2 nanoparticles are reduced to Si via a low‐temperature (200 °C) reduction route. Importantly, Ti3C2 MXene not only provides fast transfer channels for Li+ and electrons, but also relieves volume expansion of Si during cycling. Moreover, the characteristics of excellent pseudocapacitive performance and high conductivity of Ti3C2 MXene can synergistically contribute to the enhancement of energy storage performance. As expected, Ti3C2/Si anode exhibits an outstanding specific capacity of 1849 mAh g−1 at 100 mA g−1, even retaining 956 mAh g−1 at 1 A g−1. The low‐temperature synthetic route to Si/Ti3C2 MXene electrodes and involved battery‐capacitive dual‐model energy storage mechanism has potential in the design of novel high‐performance electrodes for energy storage devices.
Ternary Blended Fullerene‐Free Polymer Solar Cells with 16.5% Efficiency Enabled with a Higher‐LUMO‐Level Acceptor to Improve Film Morphology
Authors: Li Kun , Wu Yishi , Tang Yabing , Pan Ming‐Ao , Ma Wei , Fu Hongbing , Zhan Chuanlang , Yao Jiannian 
Published: July 2019

AbstractTernary approaches to solar cell design utilizing a small bandgap nonfullerene acceptor as the near infrared absorber to increase the short‐circuit current density always decreases the open‐circuit voltage. Herein, a highly efficient polymer solar cell with an impressive efficiency of 16.28 ± 0.20% enabled by an effective voltage‐increased ternary blended fullerene‐free material approach is reported. In this approach, the structural similarity between the host and the higher‐LUMO‐level guest enables the two acceptors to be synergized, obtaining increased open‐circuit voltage and fill factor and a small increase of short‐circuit current density. The same beneficial effects are demonstrated by using two host binary systems. The homogeneous fine film morphologies and the π–π stacking patterns of the host blend are well maintained, while larger donor and acceptor phases and increased lamellar crystallinity, increased charge mobilities, and reduced monomolecular recombination can be achieved upon addition of the guest nonfullerene acceptor. The increased charge mobilities and reduced monomolecular recombination not only contribute to the improved fill factor but also enable the best devices to be fabricated with a relatively thicker ternary blended active layer (110 vs 100 nm). This, combined with the absorption from the added guest acceptor, contribute to the increased short‐circuit current.
Frequency and risk factors for venous thromboembolism after gastroenterological surgery based on the Japanese National Clinical Database (516 217 cases)
Authors: Hata Taishi , Ikeda Masataka , Miyata Hiroaki , Nomura Masatoshi , Gotoh Mitsukazu , Sakon Masato , Yamamoto Kouji , Wakabayashi Go , Seto Yasuyuki , Mori Masaki , Doki Yuichiro 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAimTo investigate the frequency and risk factors of perioperative, symptomatic venous thromboembolism (VTE) after gastroenterological surgery.MethodsWe assessed the frequency of and risk factors for VTE after eight gastroenterological procedures (total 516 217 cases including, gastrectomy, total gastrectomy, hepatectomy, esophagectomy, right hemicolectomy, low anterior resection, pancreaticoduodenectomy, and acute pan‐peritonitis surgery) based on data from the National Clinical Database. Data collected between 2011 and 2013 (382 124 cases) were used as a test set, and data from 2014 (134 093 cases) were used as a validation set.ResultsThe frequency of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) was 0.3% (382 124 cases), and the incidence of pulmonary embolism (PE) was 0.2% (382 124 cases) ranging from 0.1% to 0.7% for DVT and from 0.1% and 0.3% for PE among eight surgeries, respectively. Analyses using pre‐and intra‐operative factors identified the top three risk factors for VTE as esophagectomy, pancreaticoduodenectomy, and hepatectomy. Using pre‐, intra‐, and postoperative factors, the second through fourth risk factors were sepsis, prolonged ventilation >48 hours and readmission within 30 days. The highest risks factor for PE using pre‐, intra‐, and postoperative factors were any cardiac events. Unplanned intubation was the fourth risk factor.ConclusionThe risk for DVT and PE differed for each surgical procedure. VTE and PE risk factors changed after considering postoperative factors. It may be necessary to reconsider the prophylaxis depending on whether the complication occurs after surgery, particularly breathing and cardiac complications.
Adsorption characteristics of glycols on calcite and hematite
Authors: Olsen Richard , Leirvik Kim N. , Kvamme Bjørn 
Published: July 2019

AbstractMonoethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, and triethylene glycol can be used for hydrate prevention during transport of liquids and gases, in dehumidifiers, for controlling growth of hematite nanoparticles and in the precipitation of different calcium carbonate morphologies. In all these applications, glycols may interact with calcite or hematite or both. Molecular dynamics and electronic structure calculations were used to investigate glycol adsorption on these surfaces. All glycols primarily adsorbed with hydroxyl hydrogen atoms to surface oxygen atoms. Glycol hydroxyl oxygen atoms coordinated toward surface calcium atoms and iron atoms of calcite and hematite, respectively. Glycols generally had a stronger affinity toward un‐hydroxylated hematite. However, hydroxylation of hematite reduced the absolute value of glycol adsorption free energies considerably. Molecular conformations changed during adsorption, which affected the free energy profiles. Adsorbed glycols resulted in a dipole moment pointing away from the surfaces.
Varieties of the highly dispersible and hypervariable tree, Metrosideros polymorpha, differ in response to mechanical stress and light across a sharp ecotone
Authors: Ekar Jill M. , Price Donald K. , Johnson Melissa A. , Stacy Elizabeth A. 
Published: July 2019

PremiseThe drivers of isolation between sympatric populations of long‐lived and highly dispersible conspecific plants are not well understood. In the Hawaiian Islands, the landscape‐dominant tree, Metrosideros polymorpha, displays extraordinary phenotypic differences among sympatric varieties despite high dispersibility of its pollen and seeds, thereby presenting a unique opportunity to investigate how disruptive selection alone can maintain incipient forms. Stenophyllous M. polymorpha var. newellii is a recently evolved tree endemic to the waterways of eastern Hawai'i Island that shows striking neutral genetic differentiation from its ancestor, wet‐forest M. polymorpha var. glaberrima, despite sympatry of these forms. We looked for evidence for, and drivers of, differential local adaptation of these varieties across the range of M. polymorpha var. newellii.MethodsFor paired populations of these varieties, we compared seedling performance under contrasting light conditions and a strong water current characteristic of the riparian zone. We also conducted a reciprocal transplant experiment and contrasted adult leaf anatomy.ResultsResults suggest that the riparian zone is harsh and that selection involving the mechanical stress of rushing water, and secondarily, light, led to significant reciprocal immigrant inviability in adjacent forest and riparian environments. The strongest adaptive divergence between varieties was seen in leaves and seedlings from the site with the sharpest ecotone, coincident with the strongest genetic isolation of M. polymorpha var. newellii observed previously.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that disruptive selection across a sharp ecotone contributes to the maintenance of an incipient riparian ecotype from within a continuous population of a long‐lived and highly dispersible tree species.
Optimization of CSF biological investigations for CNS lymphoma diagnosis
Authors: Armand Marine , Costopoulos Myrto , Osman Jennifer , Tarfi Sihem , Houillier Caroline , Choquet Sylvain , Agnelo Hervé , Bonnemye Patrick , Ronez Emily , Settegrana Catherine , Soussain Carole , Hoang‐Xuan Khê , Le Garff‐Tavernier Magali , Davi Frédéric 
Published: July 2019

AbstractDiagnosis of lymphoma leptomeningeal dissemination is challenging and relies on a wide array of methods. So far, no consensus biological guidelines are available. This increases the chance of intra‐ and interpractice variations, despite the shared concern to perform the minimum amount of tests while preserving clinically relevant results.We evaluated a training cohort of 371 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from patients with putative lymphomatous central nervous system (CNS) localization using conventional cytology (CC), flow cytometry (FCM), molecular clonality assesment by PCR and cytokine quantification (CQ). This led us to propose a biological algorithm, which was then verified on a validation cohort of 197 samples. The samples were classified according to the clinical context and the results of each technique were compared. Using all four techniques was not useful for exclusion diagnosis of CNS lymphoma (CNSL), but they proved complementary for cases with suspected CNSL. This was particularly true for CQ in primary CNSL. Overall, diagnosis can be obtained with a two‐step approach. The first step comprises CC and FCM, as results are available quickly and FCM is a sensitive method. Both PCR and CQ can be postponed and performed in a second step, depending on the results from the first step and the clinical context.The proposed algorithm missed none of the CNSL samples of the validation cohort. Moreover, applying this algorithm would have spared 30% of PCR tests and 20% of CQ over a one‐year period, without compromising clinical management.
Occupation and Parkinson disease in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study
Authors: Burstyn Igor , LaCroix Andrea Z. , Litvan Irene , Wallace Robert B. , Checkoway Harvey 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIntroductionThere is a lack of consistent study findings on associations between workplace exposures and the risk of Parkinson disease (PD) and a paucity of such data on women. We assessed PD risk among occupational groups to derive insights about potential occupation‐specific exposures in a large cohort of women.MethodsThe Women's Health Initiative Observational Study (WHI‐OS) is a prospective cohort that enrolled 91 627 postmenopausal women, 50 to 79 years of age, from 01 October 1993 through 31 December 1998, at 40 clinical centers across the United States, with average follow‐up interval of 11 years. These women reported up to three paid jobs, held the longest since age 18; these jobs were coded and duration of employment calculated. We defined a case by self‐report of doctor‐diagnosed PD (at baseline or follow‐up), death attributed to PD, or taking medication consistent with PD.ResultsAmong 2590 PD cases, we found evidence of excess risk among “counselors, social workers, and other community and social service specialists,” and there was a suggestion of increased in risk among postsecondary teachers, and “building and grounds cleaning and maintenance” workers. There was also evidence of a deficit in risk among women who worked in sales. Results according to ever‐employed and job duration were similar, except for evidence of excess risk among “health technologists and technicians” with more than 20 years of employment. Longer duration of life on a farm was associated with higher risk.ConclusionOur findings paint a largely reassuring picture of occupational risks for PD among US women.
Physical and mental health problems of self‐employed small business owners in South Korea
Authors: Kim Hye‐Jin , Min Jin‐Young , Min Kyoung‐Bok 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackgroundSelf‐employed business owners in Korea make up one‐quarter of the working population, and half of those who are self‐employed are in micro and small businesses. Compared to the significant research interest in business management and economics, to date, there has been little interest in the health of small business owners. We investigated the health status of self‐employed small business owners compared to standard workers.MethodsThe third Korean Working Conditions Survey, which included a total of 32 630 adults aged 20 to 59 years, was analyzed. A small business was defined as an enterprise with between 0 and 4 workers. Standard employment included full‐time employment with a permanent or 1‐year contract. Health outcomes included eight types of physical health and mental health problems assessed using the WHO‐5 Wellbeing Index.ResultsSmall business groups were found to have an increased prevalence of depression after controlling for all potential covariates (odds ratio [OR] = 1.37; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.29‐1.47). In addition, the prevalence of work‐related physical health problems was significantly higher among self‐employed small business owners in a full adjusted model: backache (OR = 1.16; 95% CI, 1.06‐1.26), muscular pains in upper limbs (OR = 1.19; 95% CI, 1.12‐1.27), and muscular pains in lower limbs (OR = 1.14; 95% CI, 1.07‐1.22).ConclusionWe found a positive association between small business entrepreneurs and increased prevalence of mental and physical illness in adults in the Republic of Korea.
Heat‐related deaths among construction workers in the United States
Authors: Dong Xiuwen Sue , West Gavin H. , Holloway‐Beth Alfreda , Wang Xuanwen , Sokas Rosemary K. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackgroundHeat is a severe hazard for construction workers and may be worsening with global warming. This study sought to explore heat‐related deaths among U.S. construction workers and a possible association with climate change.MethodsHeat‐related deaths in the Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries from 1992 to 2016 were analyzed. Denominators estimated from the Current Population Survey were matched with demographic and occupational categories in rate calculations. Statistical tests were used to examine heat‐related deaths in relation to time, geographic region, and temperature.ResultsConstruction workers, comprising 6% of the total workforce, accounted for 36% (n = 285) of all occupational heat‐related deaths from 1992 to 2016 in the U.S. Mean temperatures from June to August increased gradually over the study period. Increasing summer temperatures from 1997 to 2016 were associated with higher heat‐related death rates (r = 0.649; 95% confidence interval: 0.290, 0.848). Compared to all construction workers (risk index = 1), statistically significant elevated risk of heat‐related death was found among Hispanics (1.21), in particular workers born in Mexico (1.91). Occupations with a high risk index included cement masons (10.80), roofers (6.93), helpers (6.87), brick masons (3.33), construction laborers (1.93) and heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics (1.60).ConclusionsU.S. construction workers are at a high risk of heat‐related death, and this risk has increased with climate change over time. Effective workplace interventions, enhanced surveillance, and improved regulations and enforcement should accompany broader efforts to combat global warming. The construction industry can help reduce global warming through increased implementation of green building principles.
Decline in the rate of occupational injuries and illnesses following the implementation of a paid sick leave law in Connecticut
Authors: Hawkins Devan , Zhu Junli 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackgroundWorkers with paid sick leave may have a lower rate of occupational injuries compared with other workers. This study sought to determine whether there was a decline in the rate of occupational injuries and illnesses following the implementation of a paid sick leave law in Connecticut (CT).MethodsData from the Bureau of Labor Statistics was used to calculate the rate of occupational injuries and illnesses in CT in the 3 years before (2009‐11) and after (2012‐14) the law was implemented. These numbers were compared with New York (NY) and the United States, and between the occupations specified by the CT law and other occupations.ResultsAmong service occupations addressed by the CT paid‐sick‐leave law, the rate of occupational injuries declined more in CT compared to rates for those same occupations in NY and the United States. Within CT, injury and illness rates showed a greater decline in occupations specified by the law (−17.8%; 95% confidence interval [CI] = −15.6‐−19.9) compared with other occupations (−6.8%; 95% CI = −6.6%‐−7.0%) between the two periods.ConclusionsA paid sick leave law was associated with an increased decline in occupational injuries and illnesses in affected service workers in the period after implementation. Further research should examine the possible reasons for the associations seen here.