bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of an attract‐and‐infect system to control Rhynchophorus ferrugineus with the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana
Authors: Dembilio Óscar , Moya Pilar , Vacas Sandra , Ortega‐García Lola , Quesada‐Moraga Enrique , Jaques Josep A , Navarro‐Llopis Vicente 
Published: February 2018

AbstractBACKGROUNDA new Beauveria bassiana‐based attract and infect device (AID) to control Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) was developed. The virulence and persistence of the fungal formulation used in the AID were evaluated in the laboratory. Semi‐field and field trials were carried out to validate the results and establish the potential of this device as a control tool.RESULTSIn laboratory conditions, a 50% lethal time (LT50) of 4.33 days was obtained when adults (7–10 days old) were exposed to the inoculation tunnel (IT) containing 1 × 1010 conidia g–1 in an oil‐based fungal formulation. This formulation maintained conidium viability at 50% for up to 2 months. Moreover, when adults were exposed to 2.5‐month field‐aged ITs, mortality still reached 50% 40 days after exposure. In addition, no differences were observed between ITs aged in early spring and those aged in summer, suggesting that the fungal formulation is not strongly affected by environmental factors in Mediterranean basin conditions. Semi‐field assays showed that the device allowed an easy transit of weevils through the IT, which were effectively attracted and infected. Using the AIDs in 4‐ha plot field trials, a reduction of >50% in the percentage of infested sentinel palms was obtained.CONCLUSIONBased on the results obtained in terms of the efficacy and persistence of this new AID in the field and its potential in reducing R. ferrugineus populations and palm infestation, this device could become a key tool for the management of R. ferrugineus. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Revisiting Fisher's approach to the handling of horizontal spatial correlations of observation errors in a variational framework
Authors: Michel Yann 
Published: February 2018

A long‐standing issue in atmospheric data assimilation is that only a fraction of the available observations are used in the analysis. This is especially true for satellite data, which undergo channel selection and are thinned to coarser spatial and temporal resolutions. Up to now, horizontal spatial correlations of observation errors have not been fully accounted for. However, we may expect progress in forecast quality from the assimilation of spatially dense no‐thinned data while accounting for correlated errors, as this may provide a better constraint on the initial conditions at smaller scales.This article addresses the handling of the observation‐error covariance matrix when the number of observations is large (e.g. above a few thousand). In variational methods, the analysis usually requires evaluation of products with the inverse observation‐error covariance matrix; however, the lack of structure and the size of the problem make it difficult to invert this matrix with direct approaches.A method has been proposed several years ago by M. Fisher, in which an observation‐error covariance matrix is built from a sequence of operators. The Lanczos algorithm is then used to provide a low‐rank eigenvalue decomposition of the correlation matrix, which is regularized and explicitly inverted. This article elaborates on this method, with application to the so‐called Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) on board Meteosat Second Generation for the convective‐scale model of Météo‐France.We analyze the implications of truncating the eigenspectrum. We show that both the modelled spatial correlations and the variances are affected by truncation noise. The noise in the variance, in particular, is linked with the local density of the observations. Overall, several hundred eigenpairs may be required to obtain a fair representation of the covariances. While computationally expensive, this method can be used as a baseline to evaluate other approaches.
Humanitarian Logistics at a Crossroads: How Logisticians Reconcile Their Professional and Humanitarian Identities in Response to Tougher Host Government Regulations
Authors: Dube Nonhlanhla , Broekhuis Manda 
Published: February 2018

AbstractHumanitarian aid workers increasingly experience pressure to professionalize their services in order to ensure more efficient and effective assistance to disaster victims. Particularly for logisticians, this pressure is also the result of increasingly tough regulations imposed by host governments. This causes a dilemma for aid workers: Professionalization can be at odds with their humanitarian values and principles, such as providing unhindered assistance, without discrimination, to whoever needs it. This research explores how humanitarian logisticians experience and deal with this dilemma. In particular, how they reconcile humanitarian values and principles on the one hand with their (developing) professional standards and practices on the other. Theoretical concepts on professionalization, social identity, and so‐called boundary work are used to analyze the problem. Results show that individual logisticians adopt one of four distinct identities when approaching reconciliation, namely: Professional‐dominance, intersection, union, or humanitarian‐dominance identities. The associated approaches inform how they engage with stakeholders and make decisions. Each approach has its benefits and shortcomings in various operational settings. This implies there is a need to further establish the settings in which each approach delivers the best logistics performance.
Experience, attitudes, and demographic factors influence the probability of reporting human–black bear interactions
Authors: Wilbur Ryan C. , Lischka Stacy A. , Young Jessica R. , Johnson Heather E. 
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACTInteractions between people and American black bears (Ursus americanus) have been increasing throughout the United States, with negative interactions becoming a major management challenge for wildlife agencies. To monitor the number, location, and severity of these conflicts, wildlife agencies typically rely on voluntary public reports. Although trends in voluntary reports are commonly assumed to reflect actual trends in human–bear interactions, recent research suggests an individual's likelihood of reporting interactions may be biased, influenced by attitudes toward the species and its management, previous experiences with wildlife, or demographic factors. During 2012, we used a mail survey of residents in the vicinity of Durango, Colorado, USA, (n = 1,667) to explore the relative importance of tolerance for black bears, satisfaction with bear management, personal experience with bears, and demographic traits as predictors of a resident's decision to report interactions to the authorities. We found that residents’ experiences with bears were most important in predicting reporting behavior, followed closely by attitudes related to tolerance for bears, and satisfaction with management; demographic factors had relatively little influence. Respondents were more likely to report when they had seen black bears near their homes, had been threatened by bears, were intolerant of bears, dissatisfied with management, and were female. Although several variables in our analyses were influential in explaining reporting behavior, the overall predictive power of our models was low (R2 = 0.17), suggesting future investigations of reporting behavior should include a broader set of covariates. Our results indicate that public reports represent a biased measure of human–bear interactions, and management agencies should either account for bias, or collect different types of interaction data, when assessing patterns of bear activity. © 2018 The Wildlife Society.
An iPhone Application Intervention to Promote Surveillance Among Women with a BRCA Mutation: Pre‐intervention Data
Authors: Cohen Stephanie A. , Scherr Courtney Lynam , Nixon Dawn M. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractWomen with BRCA mutations, at significantly increased risk for breast and ovarian cancer, do not consistently adhere to management guidelines due to lack of awareness and challenges tracking appointments. We developed an iPhone application (app) to help BRCA carriers manage their surveillance. We explored baseline awareness and adherence to surveillance guidelines and analytic data from 21 months of app use. Descriptive statistics were calculated on responses (N = 86) to a survey about surveillance awareness and practices. The majority were aware of breast surveillance guidelines, but only one third were aware of ovarian surveillance guidelines. In practice, the majority reported a clinical breast exam within 6 months, just over half reported a mammogram and breast MRI in the last year, and under half reported ovarian surveillance in the last year. Nearly 50% reported difficulty remembering appointments. Although only 69 received access codes, 284 unique users attempted to enter the app, which was visible in the iTunes store but only available to those with a study code. Evaluation of analytic data demonstrated user engagement with study participants accessing the app 427 times over the 21‐month time period (range 2–57; mean = 6.28). Results indicate participants were more likely to know screening guidelines than practice them. There was interest in the app and users were engaged, suggesting app value. We will send a follow‐up survey after 18 months of app use for additional evaluation and feedback.
Health Survey of Adults with Neurofibromatosis 1 Compared to Population Study Controls
Authors: Fjermestad Krister W. , Nyhus Livø , Kanavin Øivind J. , Heiberg Arvid , Hoxmark Lise B. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractNeurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a genetic, autosomal dominant multi‐organ disease characterized by susceptibility to tumor formation, changes in skin pigmentation, skeletal abnormalities, and neuropsychological deficits. Clinical studies have shown impaired health‐related quality of life (HQoL) in adults with NF1. However, little is known about HQoL in non‐clinical NF1 samples. We conducted a cross‐sectional self‐report survey of 142 persons with NF1 (M age = 50.3 years, SD = 12.0, range 32 to 80; 62.0% females) recruited from non‐clinical settings. Several HQoL domains, including life satisfaction, mental health, sleep, pain, gastrointestinal problems, oral health, and social support, were compared between the NF1 sample and 46,293 controls from the HUNT3 population study. We also examined gender differences within the NF1 sample and predictors of HQoL. Compared to controls, the NF1 sample reported significantly poorer life satisfaction, mental health, sleep, and oral health, and more pain, gastrointestinal problems, comorbid diseases, and memory problems. Several HQoL domains were significantly correlated. Mental health was the only unique significant predictor of overall life satisfaction. Women with NF1 reported significantly more mental health, sleep, and pain problems than men with NF1. Mental health assessment and management should be integrated into clinical care of persons with NF1 to potentially improve their HQoL.
Predictive processing and foundationalism about perception
Authors: Ghijsen Harmen 
Published: February 2018

AbstractPredictive processing accounts of perception (PP) assume that perception does not work in a purely bottom-up fashion but also uses acquired knowledge to make top-down predictions about the incoming sensory signals. This provides a challenge for foundationalist accounts of perception according to which perceptual beliefs are epistemically basic, that is, epistemically independent from other beliefs. If prior beliefs rationally influence which perceptual beliefs we come to accept, then foundationalism about perception appears untenable. I review several ways in which foundationalism might be reconciled with PP from both an internalist and externalist perspective, and argue that an externalist foundationalism provides the best match with PP.
Nickel hyperaccumulation by Streptanthus polygaloides is associated with herbivory tolerance
Authors: Mincey Katherine A. , Cobine Paul A. , Boyd Robert S. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractMetal hyperaccumulation can increase plant resistance to herbivory, but tolerance as an herbivore defense has been little investigated. This study explored the interaction between Ni hyperaccumulation and herbivory tolerance using Streptanthus polygaloides. Plants were grown in one of two potting soil Ni treatments: Ni‐amended (800 µg g−1 added Ni) or unamended (0 µg g−1 added Ni). One‐month‐old plants were arbitrarily assigned one of four levels of artificial herbivory damage applied to the leaves. Response variables included aboveground dry biomass and Ni concentration, total leaf number, final plant height, and total number of flowers, and were analyzed by two‐way ANOVA. We found no consistent soil Ni effect, artificial herbivory effect, or interaction between soil Ni and artificial herbivory treatments for total leaf number or final plant height. However, there was a soil Ni effect for biomass, flower production, and Ni concentrations: all were greater for plants grown in Ni‐amended soil when compared to plants grown in unamended soil. There was also a significant interaction between treatments for number of flowers produced (reflecting plant fitness) as well as for aboveground biomass. Plants of S. polygaloides receiving greater damage produced significantly more flowers, and had greater biomass, when grown in Ni‐amended soil than plants in unamended soil. We conclude that Ni hyperaccumulation is associated with herbivory tolerance of S. polygaloides, increasing plant fitness when herbivory damage is severe. Herbivory tolerance provides an additional dimension to elemental defenses that can supplement the defense trait of herbivory resistance.
Gender differences in pathways from child physical and sexual abuse to adolescent risky sexual behavior among high‐risk youth
Authors: Yoon Susan , Voith Laura A. , Kobulsky Julia M. 
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACTThis study investigated gender differences in the roles of internalizing and externalizing symptoms and substance use as pathways linking child physical and sexual abuse to risky sexual behavior among youth at risk of maltreatment. Path analysis was performed with 862 adolescents drawn from Longitudinal Studies of Child Abuse and Neglect. Four waves of data collected in the United States were used: childhood physical and sexual abuse experiences (from ages 0–12) were assessed by Child Protective Services reports, internalizing and externalizing symptoms were measured at age 14, substance use was measured at age 16, and risky sexual behavior was measured at age 18. Physical abuse was directly associated with risky sexual behavior in boys but not girls. For girls, physical abuse had a significant indirect effect on risky sexual behavior via externalizing symptoms. Gender‐focused preventive intervention strategies may be effective in reducing risky sexual behavior among at‐risk adolescents.
Molecular imaging: What is right and what is an illusion?
Authors: Klunk William E. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractOver the past 40 years, brain molecular imaging has evolved from measuring cerebral metabolism with fluorodeoxyglucose, to neuroreceptor imaging, to imaging pathological protein deposits. In the early going, the characteristics of successful molecular imaging radiotracers were defined, and a detailed “Process” was developed for the collection of basic pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic data. These data are essential for the interpretation of in vivo imaging data and for defining the strengths, weaknesses, and limitations of new tracers. This perspective discusses the use of this “Process” in the development of the amyloid β positron emission tomography radiotracer, Pittsburgh Compound‐B, and discusses some of the current controversies and difficulties in the field of tau positron emission tomography in the context of human data that preceded completion of this radiotracer characterization process—which still remains to be completed. As a field, we must decide which data are valid and which are artifacts and determine that when the artifacts are so overwhelming, the data are merely an illusion.
Induction of immune tolerance and altered cytokine expression in skin transplantation recipients
Authors: Wang Ming‐Min , Yang Yu‐Lin , Sun Jian‐Jun , Li Xiang‐Dong 
Published: February 2018

AbstractApoptotic lymphocytes can induce specific immune tolerance. This study aimed to investigate the influence of the preoperative transfusion of apoptotic lymphocytes on allograft survival after skin transplantation. In addition, we aimed to determine changes in IL‐4, IL‐10 and IFN‐γ mRNA expression in the grafted skin. A total of 20 New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into two groups: lymphocyte preconditioned group (n = 10) and control group (n = 10). Rabbits in the lymphocyte preconditioned group were intravenously injected with 60Co γ‐treated donor lymphocytes at seven days before the surgery. Rabbits in the control group were intravenously injected with normal lymphocytes at seven days before skin transplantation. The mRNA expression of IL‐4, IL‐10 and IFN‐γ in the grafted skin was determined using real‐time PCR. Skin allograft rejection time was 72.63 ± 2.65 days in the lymphocyte preconditioned group and 6.52 ± 0.64 days in the control group. IL‐4, IL‐10 and IFN‐γ mRNA expression in the skin graft was 4.32 ± 0.48, 7.86 ± 0.56 and 2.63 ± 0.25 respectively in the lymphocyte preconditioned group, and 0.58 ± 0.07, 0.91 ± 0.14 and 8.68 ± 1.23 respectively in the control group. The preoperative transfusion of apoptotic lymphocytes induced immune tolerance in the grafted skin, as demonstrated by longer survival time of the grafts before rejection. This coincided with the increased mRNA expression of IL‐4 and IL‐10, and the decreased expression of IFN‐γ.
Rational synthesis of Li4Ti5O12/N-C nanotube arrays as advanced high-rate electrodes for lithium-ion batteries
Authors: Liu Jun , Wei Ai Xiang , Chen Minghua , Xia Xinhui 
Published: February 2018

High-quality Li4Ti5O12/N-doped carbon (LTO/N-C) nanotube arrays on a conductive substrate are fabricated via a new ALD-assisted method for lithium ion battery applications. The designed LTO/N-C nanotube arrays show very impressive high-rate capacity (153 mA h g−1 at 5C) and stable capacity: 98% retention after 6000 cycles at 40C.
How many times do young drivers actually touch their smartphone screens while driving?
Authors: Albert Gila , Lotan Tsippy 
Published: February 2018

Smartphone usage while driving, and particularly texting, poses a major concern for road safety. The goal of this study is to suggest a novel and objective means to measure the smartphone usage among young drivers. A naturalistic study was conducted with 254 Israeli young drivers who installed a research‐oriented smartphone app which continuously monitors smartphones usage while driving. The app captures the actual number of times drivers are ‘touching’ their smartphone screens, the speed at which these screen‐touches occur, foreground apps and time stamps. The results, which are based on 3304 h of driving performed in 11,528 trips, indicate that young drivers touch their smartphone screen on average 1.6 times per minute of driving. Alarmingly, more than half of the screen‐touches are performed while the vehicle is in motion, and some touches occur even at speeds higher than 100 km/h. The screen‐touches occur throughout the trip regardless of its duration. Approximately half of them are performed while using WhatsApp, a popular free messaging app. These findings provide objective evidence to the actual and intensive usage of smartphones. While comparing these results to participants' self‐reports, it was found that young drivers clearly underestimate their smartphone usage while driving.
Inferring telescope polarization properties through spectral lines without linear polarization
Authors: Derks A. , Beck C. , Martínez Pillet V. 
Published: February 2018

Context. Polarimetric observations taken with ground- or space-based telescopes usually need to be corrected for changes of the polarization state in the optical path.
Aims. We present a technique to determine the polarization properties of a telescope through observations of spectral lines that have no or negligible intrinsic linear polarization signals. For such spectral lines, any observed linear polarization must be induced by the telescope optics. We apply the technique to observations taken with the Spectropolarimeter for Infrared and Optical Regions (SPINOR) at the Dunn Solar Telescope (DST) and demonstrate that we can retrieve the characteristic polarization properties of the DST at three wavelengths of 459, 526, and 615 nm.
Methods. We determine the amount of crosstalk between the intensity Stokes I and the linear and circular polarization states Stokes Q, U, and V, and between Stokes V and Stokes Q and U in spectropolarimetric observations of active regions. We fit a set of parameters that describe the polarization properties of the DST to the observed crosstalk values. We compare our results to parameters that were derived using a conventional telescope calibration unit (TCU).
Results. The values for the ratio of reflectivities X = rs∕rp and the retardance τ of the DST turret mirrors from the analysis of the crosstalk match those derived with the TCU within the error bars. We find a negligible contribution of retardance from the entrance and exit windows of the evacuated part of the DST. Residual crosstalk after applying a correction for the telescope polarization stays at a level of 3–10% regardless of which parameter set is used, but with an rms fluctuation in the input data of already a few percent. The accuracy in the determination of the telescope properties is thus more limited by the quality of the input data than the method itself.
Conclusions. It is possible to derive the parameters that describe the polarization properties of a telescope from observations of spectral lines without intrinsic linear polarization signal. Such spectral lines have a dense coverage (about 50 nm separation) in the visible part of the spectrum (400–615 nm), but none were found at longer wavelengths. Using spectral lines without intrinsic linear polarization is a promising tool for the polarimetric calibration of current or future solar telescopes such as the Daniel K. Inouye Solar Telescope (DKIST).