bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Part 4: Concluding Discussion Of Current And Possible Future Topics
Authors: Sherman Debby 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
This article is the final of a 4-part series transcribed from the discussion taped during the Facility Management session at M&M 2000. It is printed with permission of the Microscopy Society of America. Bulleted paragraphs indicate comments by individuals attending the session.
To get back to billing and cost recovery, one of the problems we continually face in our lab is that people can come through the door with any kind of problem under the face of the earth. We are wide open to any sort of EM research. This entails an awful lot of protocol development.
Typing Blood Cells, One At A Time
Authors: Carmichael Stephen W 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
We are all familiar with the 4 groups of human blood types; 0, A, B, and AB. Each group is characterized by specific molecules on the surface of the red blood cells (RBCs). Recently, Michel Grandbois, Wolfgang Dettmann, Martin Benoit, and Hermann Gaub have modified the atomic force microscope (AFM) to use the different affinities of these molecules to produce an image.
A key step was to specifically functionalize the scanning probe tip of the AFM. What this means is to covalently attach an active molecule to the tip. The active molecule they used was a Iectin derived from the snail Helix pomatia (this is the same snail valued by the French as escargot). This Iectin binds specifically to molecules found on the surface of RBCs in blood group A (N-acetylgalactosamine-terminated glycolipids), but these molecules are not found in blood group O. But if the Iectin was bound directly to the AFM tip, nonspecific adsorption to the specimens would occur.
SPM Tip Convolution
Authors: Rossi Robert 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Why is it that tip convolution effects rotate with the scan angle in a Nanoscope-based AFM (and possibly other systems)? The tip certainly doesn't rotate in its holder as the scan angle is changed! I posed this question on the SPM mailing list, and got several answers in return, but I was still puzzled until I put all of them together and thought a while. However, I may not be the only puzzled soul out there, so let me attempt to summarize what I've come to understand:
A good way to think about this is to consider a righttriangle tip approaching a cube on a surface:
If the tip approaches the cube along the plane of the page screen, the left side of the cube will appear sharp in an AFM image and the right side of the cube will have a slant introduced into it due to a tip convolution effect.
Imaging Large Tissue Samples at High Resolution
Authors: Meyer Robert 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
To those scientists and researchers who use microscopes with video or digital cameras for the purpose of capture and display, there has always existed a fundamental problem, namely, imaging large tissue samples at high resolution.
For some time, conventional technology has allowed video cameras to be attached to microscopes. The signal generated by these cameras can be captured and saved to a computer's hard drive using a frame grabber. A typical image capture and display resolution is 640 by 480 (307,200) pixels. Although the image produced is ‘good’, it is by no means considered ‘high resolution’. For the sake of discussion, ‘high resolution’ is defined as greater than 1,000 x 1,000 (1,000,000) pixels. High resolution images are essential for medical applications. Today's modern digital cameras can meet or exceed this value. The human eye, if compared to these examples, has the equivalent resolution of greater than 5,000 x 5,000 (25,000,000) pixels.
pH Microscopy Applications
Authors: Satoshi Nomura 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
A scanning chemical microscope utilizing a flat pH sensor has proven effective for analyzing a number of biological specimens including human teeth surfaces, plant leafs, and rice.
The key to this microscope, the “pH imaging sensor”, is an electrochemical semiconductor that can be made to function as an array of point sensors when scanned by backside laser illumination. Measured pH values at each measurement point can be processed into a pH image. So far a resolution of 5 μm with a 0.01 pH sensitivity has been attained by this imaging technology, although most images are made using 100 μm resolution. The time to acquire an image is, of course, dependent on the size of the measured area. For example, a 6.4 mm x 6.4 mm image with a resolution of 100 urn can be acquired in 25 s. Linear pH profiles can also be obtained at a speed of 1 cm/s.
ETEM Issues and Opportunities for Dynamic In-situ Experiments
Authors: Boyes Edward D , Gai Pratibha L 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Many dynamic processes do not occur in nature, science or industry in a typical TEM high (and sometimes not so high) vacuum environment. Dynamic in-situ data related to the real world need to be obtained under Controlled conditions of gas/vapor/liquid environment and temperature. In the ETEM (Environmental Transmission Electron Microscope), the specimen - but nothing much else - is shared between the chemical reactor on the horizontal axis and the vertical microscope column (Fig.1). The original Philips CM30 column is highly modified with pressure limiting apertures around the beam and multiple stages of differential pumping (Fig.2).
Low Voltage FESEM of Geological Materials
Authors: Ma Chi , Rossman George R 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Low voltage field emission SEM (i.e., operated at several hundred volts to 5 kV), offering advantages in surface imaging due to reduced beam penetration,1 was found to be particularly useful in the investigation of uncoated, fine, geological materials down to the nano-scale. Here are four examples to highlight projects being conducted in our FESEM facility.
Kaolinite is one of the most important industrial minerals. Information about its surface properties and cation exchange capacity are important in both ore processing and applications of the clay mineral.2 Low voltage (LV) secondary electron (SE) imaging (Fig. la) reveals detailed (001) surface features of kaolinite, which are not obtainable with high voltage SEM (Fig. lb) and TEM. Kaolinite is highly sensitive to beam damage and can show obvious degradation after just a few seconds under the TEM beam. However, microtomed TEM samples maybe easily examined under LV SEM to show their thickness perpendicular to (001) and cross section features. Such information allows easy access to direct surface area determination of clay minerals.
Investigating the Microstructure of a Newly Developed Aluminum Alloy Through X-ray Microanalysis
Authors: Camus Patrick , Rohde David 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The distribution of components, or microstructure, within a material is critical to its mechanical properties. For example, if a material has too many particles of one particular phase it may become too brittle, yet if there are too few particles it could lose strength. Every material exhibits different and unique characteristics. The goal of a material scientist is to analyze a material's microstructure and to optimize the manufacturing process. Electron microscopists observe this distribution on a very small, but critical, scale. The electron microscope can demonstrate specifically where the particles are distributed and then X-ray microanalysis can be used to identify what the particles are composed of.
This article will discuss the microstructure of an aluminum alloy with copper and iron additions. At the point of development, the mechanical properties of this new alloy were believed to be superior to that of previous materials; however, a number of subsequently conducted heat treatments did not support this theory, producing extremely unsatisfactory properties. In order to understand these results and rectify any problems, X-ray microanalysis was used to analyze the alloy's microstructure and assess the distribution of copper and iron particles within the metal.
Freezing Biological Samples
Authors: Charles W. Scouten  , Miles Cunningham  
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Freezing damages cell membranes and reduces the histological readability of biological specimens. This is a discussion of why, the consequences, and how to minimize or avoid the damage introduced when using freezing as the means to harden biological tissue in order to cut thin sections for histology.
Pure water can exist in the solid state in three forms. Two forms are crystalline: one with a hexagonal lattice and the other with a cubic lattice. The third form capitalizes on the fact that water can be frozen so rapidly that it does not have time to form a crystal lattice and remains amorphous (vitreous form). Crystal formation is responsible for the expansion of water as it freezes (a property unique of water), which creates specimen preparation artifacts. Vitreous ice does not expand upon solidification. This makes it the only desirable form of ice appropriate for biological specimens.
A Comparison of Photomicrographs Imaged Through a Late 18th C. Thomas Ribright, Cuff-Type, Brass Microscope and a Modern Olympus Optical Microscope
Authors: Jones D , Reid J 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
In 1967, Bradbury published a detailed study of the optical properties of early, compound microscopes using modern photo micrographic techniques. This was followed by Bracegirdle's studies on the performance of 17th and 18th C. microscopes and later by Jones's comparative study of a Victorian microscope with an 18th C. Cuff-type microscope, signed ‘ Dollond ’. On the suggestion of the late Dr. S. Bradbury (personal communication), the present study on the assessment of a Ribright microscope includes photomicrographs of specimens in slides similar to the ones he used, i.e. a blow-fly proboscis and diatoms.
Neglected Cellular Organelles
Authors: Rybicka Krystyna Kielan 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Virtually all animal cells contain organelles called glycosomes which until now have been neglected in cell biology. This author recently published a comprehensive review article entitled "Glycosomes - the organelles of giycogen metabolism", Tissue & Cell 28 (3) 253-265, 1996. The review, based on biochemical and microscopy data, includes a complete history of giycogen research and the current status of knowledge
Biochemical studies on giycogen metabolism demonstrate the existence of a complex enzymatic machinery involved in giycogen synthesis and degradation, which constantly accumulates giycogen and releases glucose. Such types of cellular machineries represent cell organelles and these were already called glycosomes.
Cells Connected by Tiny Tunnels
Authors: Carmichael Stephen W 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Intracellular communication is imperative for multicellular organisms. Such devices as synapses and gap junctions have been recognized for decades. Now Amin Rustom, Raiser Saffrich, Ivanka Markovic, Paul Walther, and Hans-Hermann Gerdes have described a new model of cell-to-cell communication.
While looking at PC12 (rat pheochromocytoma) cells in the presence of fluorescently labeled wheat germ agglutinin, Rustom et al. observed relatively long connections extending between cells. These structures were 50 to 200 nm in diameter and up to several cell diameters in length and were named tunneling nanotubes (TNTs). TNTs were subsequently found connecting cultured cells from other lines. They were consistently positioned along the smallest distance between the cells, did not contact the substrate, and occasionally were branched. TNTs immunostained positive for actin, but did not contain microtubules. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy definitively established that a TNT represented a seamless continuity of the plasma membrane from one cell to another.
Microscopy & Microanalytical Support for NASA's Microgravity Materials Science Programs
Authors: Gillies Donald C 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The Materials Science Program of NASA's Office of Biological and Physical Research (OB PR) has attacked futidamental problems of materials science as defined by an external advisory group, known as the Discipline Working Group (DWG). These have been:
• Nucleation and Metastable States • Prediction and Gontrol of Micrestructures • Crystal Growth and Detect Generation • Phase Separation and Interfacial Phenomena • Thermophysical Properties and Process Modeling.
While the program's primary objectives are science-based and despite the fact that 90% of these programs concentrate on pre-cursor and theoretical research on the ground, NASA demands that there be a microgravity rationale driving the research.
A Suspended Floor for High-Performance Electron Microscopy and Nanoscience
Authors: Brown Charles Eric , Nicholls Alan W , Royston Thomas J , D'Keidek Waleed M 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The recent article in this journal by O'Keefe et al provides an excellent introduction to the complexities that must be considered when embarking on the installation of a high-resolution electron microscope. It should not pass one's notice, however, that the advent of nanoscience has placed ever stricter attention on the control of vibration not just for analytical instrumentation but also for fabrication facilities. In addition to the thick isolated concrete slab-ongratie described in the above article, designs are coming into use (Fig. 1) that incorporate rigid “waffle” floor structures on closely spaced building columns and pneumatically isolated inertia slabs as are used, for example, in the subterranean portion of the NIST Advanced Metrology Laboratory. Each of these approaches might with time also find applications in the design of electron microscopy laboratories. However, each has the problem of rather high expense of construction.
RIMAPS and Varlogram Analysis of Barley Leaf Surfaces
Authors: Favret Eduardo A , Fuentes Néstor O 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
It is a common practice to use microscopic images to describe the differences observed between plant tissues. The images illustrate the taxonomic characteristics of the studied species. In this work we introduce a quantitative method for conducting these analyses utilizing digitized images obtained via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of barley leaf surfaces. The topography of the leaf surfaces of a narrow-leaf mutant and its wild type mother line was characterized, see figure 1, using the Rotated Image with Maximum Average Power Spectrum (RIMAPS) technique and the Variogram method. Spectra resulting from RIMAPS analysis allow us to identify the specimens and to distinguish between the adaxial or the abaxial side of the leaf. These results are complemented by obtaining the typical scale lengths that characterize the abaxial surfaces of both the mutant and the mother line barley leaves.
Electron Microscopy Analysis of Multilamellar Vesicles Prepared from Synthetic Lipids: A Model System for Studying Membrane Structure in the Molecular Cell Biology Classroom and Laboratory
Authors: Camp Russell R , Byun Jungsoo , Jacob Robert 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The cell is the fundamental unit of all living organisms, ranging from the unicellular archaea and bacteria (prokaryotes) to higher multicellular plants and animals (eukaryotes). All cells are bounded by a complex and dynamic plasma membrane, which functions principally to maintain cellular and organismal steady state by performing complex energy transformations and regulating the flow of information for the cell. The cell membrane also performs a number of vital housekeeping functions, which include control of the transport of substances between extracellular and intracellular environments, participation in cell signaling cascades by hosting receptors of extracellular ligands, and facilitating critical cell-to-cell communications in multicellular organisms (Karp, 2005).
Considerable research over the last fifty years has significantly increased our understanding of cell membranes and their structural organization. Every membrane is fundamentally comprised of a dynamic lipid bilayer that supports a variety of transmembrane and membraneassociated proteins.
Flicker Stereo: Digital 3D Viewing for PC & Presentation
Authors: Greenhut Nathan R , Greenhut Victor A 
Published: March 2018

Summary
Flicker stereo alternates two pictures (∼ 1 frame/sec.) of the same structure with views tilted 6° ± 1° about a vertical axis—Natural appearing stereo visualization results. A flicker stereo program to be used for viewing with a personal computer (PC) was developed by the authors. The two images are installed, adjusted for superposition and then alternated on the computer monitor or computer projection system. Flicker stereo can be applied to micrographs from the optical microscope, SEM, TEM, pictures or line drawings. Flicker stereo provides simultaneous three dimensional viewing for several individuals without special viewers, projection systems and/or glasses. Different flicker images may be retrieved and viewed on a PC in rapid succession. Flicker stereo facilitates technical discussion between collaborators and provides a convenient approach for 3D visualization by audiences using a digital LCD projection. The program is available to readers.
Causes of Color in Minerals and Gemstones
Authors: Hlava Paul F 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The colors that one sees when looking at a mineral or gemstone are due to the response of that person's eye to the energies of the light, the emission spectrum of the illumination, and, most importantly, physical phenomena in the material that cause some colors to be absorbed while others are undisturbed or enhanced. It is beyond the scope of this article to do more than touch on the physiology of the eye that allows us to see colors. Likewise, we will not dwell on the emission spectra of various light sources. Rather, we will concentrate on the various ways in which materials, especially minerals and their heights of perfection, gemstones, produce color from white light.
Identification of Sample Preparation Artifacts in Powder Analysis
Authors: Taubert Andreas 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The synthesis of inorganic materials of a specific size and shape is a key aspect in modern powder technology. During the past two decades, solution-based precipitation reactions have been explored for controlled particle formation. A wide variety of particle shapes, sizes, and compositions has been demonstrated. However, several questions, especially concerning particle nucleation, remain. Some of these questions are currently addressed by investigating precipitate (ex situ) at different reaction stages by means of powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD), scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).
Apple Launches Educational Object Economy
Authors: Spohrer Jim 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Whether they need Chinese language flash cards, steps and music to a Scottish country dance, physics simulations, or any one of hundreds of other teaching tools, educators and researchers can find them at Apple's Educational Object Economy (EOE) project (http://trp.research.apple.com).
The EOE is a complementary online community based around the creation, sharing, and use of teaching resources that incorporate Java applets for web-based learning. Java applets are small, easy-to-use programs written in Sun Microsystem's Java programming language. Using virtually any computer equipped with a standard web browser, educators can access hundreds of teaching and curriculum development tools for use in the classroom, for research, or in other educational endeavors.
Critical Issues In Ceramic Microstructures
Authors: Clarke D R 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
As the number and variety of ceramic materials have grown so rapidly in the last few decades, ranging from silicon nitride structural ceramics to the perovskite superconductors to the ferroelectric oxides to semiconducting sensors, the number of scientific and technical issues has also grown rapidly. Many of the basic questions relate to the role the microstructures play in determining the observed physical behavior, but increasingly it is not the geometric properties of the microstructure that are of central concern but rather compositional variations and associated electrical characteristics.
Protocol of Plant Specimen Preparation for Transmission Electron Microscopy (Conventional Methods)
Authors: Crang Richard F E 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
These notes address conventional specimen preparation for higher plant tissues. While in many cases freeze-substitution has been shown to be a superior method, the equipment required is not generally available in most electron microscopic laboratories, Thus, the more conventional procedures outlined herein have been found to work satisfactorily for most leaf material, and have been most successful in the fixation and embedment of small root slices (from near the root tip), An adjustment of the osmotic pressure may be necessary if the plant material used is highly vacuolated and if there is an exceptionally high water content.
Microwave Slide Drying for Routine, Special and Immunohistochemical Staining
Authors: Gardner Lynn , Ballard Christy 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Microwave slide drying can be an extremely useful tool in the laboratory as it can cut the time it takes to dry slides without compromising the morphology or staining quality.
One important factor is to always use some type of Plus slide. We have found in trials that when using these slides we have not had tissue fall off the slide and we specialize in eye tissue which is notorious for (ailing off the slide.
TEM Flat Embedding Technique
Authors: Howard Louisa 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Individual BHK-21 (Baby Hamster Kidney-21} cells growing on 25 mm photo-etched alpha-numeric glass coverslips (Belico Co.) are identified by phase contrast microscopy and photographed. (Saredi, Howard and Compton, 1995), This method should work for other cell lines, but likely will require some empirical adjustment of the times, concentrations, and pH.
Making Surface Replicas With Cellulose Acetate Sheets
Authors: Blackwood Andrew W 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The of use this material goes back to the days when fractography was done by TEM because SEM was not commercially available, There is, therefore, some very old literature on how to use the material, but since most of it is art, anyway, most current authors assume that the reader is generally familiar with the technique.
There are actually two purposes in using this material. Even for relatively small samples, it may be necessary to remove corrosion products in a nondestructive manner. In my opinion the best way to do this is to use acetone-softened cellulose acetate, which will remove the corrosion product but leave what is left of the metal.
Observing Traffic Within Cells
Authors: Carmichael Stephen W 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Ever since membranes could be resolved within cells, the pattern of intracellular membrane trafficking has been under investigation. Images made with the transmission electron microscope revealed numerous small vesicles that appeared to be shuttling between the endoplasmic rettculum (ER) and the Golgi complex. However, these static images offered no information as to the direction trie vesicles were moving and were quite inconclusive. Nevertheless, evidence built over time to suggest that unrefined proteins were moved in small vesicles from one intracellular compartment to another. Recently, a study by John Presley, Nelson Cole, Trina Schroer, Koret Hirschberg, Kristen Zaal, and Jennifer Lippincott- Schwartz with the light microscope has challenged this view. They not only presented convincing morphologic data in their published article, but they also posted some Quicktime movies on a Web site (http://dir.nichd.nih.gov/CBMB/pb1labob.html) that are even more convincing.