bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anaerobic Treatment of Wastewater in Fixed Film Reactors – A Literature Review
Authors: Henze Mogens , Harremoës Poul 
Published: May 2018

A review of anaerobic treatment of wastewater in fixed film reactors is presented. The biochemistry and microbiology is discussed, with emphasis laid on kinetic parameters like growth constants, substrate removal rates and growth yields. The influence of temperature, toxic substances, nutrients and pH upon process performance is evaluated. The kinetics of anaerobic biofilms is discussed. The effect of diffusional limitation and methane generation within the biofilm are important factors not studied yet. The various reactor types and process configurations are commented upon. Most studies of anaerobic processes until now have been with fixed bed reactors, and with soluble substrates.
The design of reactors should be based upon biofilm area or biomass in the reactors. At present biofilm area can not be used for design due to lack of investigations on anaerobic biofilm kinetics.
Anaerobic fixed film processes can be used for almost all types of industrial wastes containing organic matter at reasonable concentrations. Treatment of municipal wastewater is at present not regarded feasible, but the development of new effective types of reactors is believed to change this in the near future.
Anaerobic Waste Water Treatment in a Carrier Assisted Sludge Bed Reactor
Authors: Martensson L , Frostell B 
Published: May 2018

A 40 1 tank reactor, filled to 3 % (v·v−1) with a small size (5-25µm) carrier material and equipped with a mechanical mixer, was used to create a sludge bed system for anaerobic waste water treatment. Solids leaving the tank with the effluent were recycled to the tank from an external settler.
Two different substrates were used, fodder molasses diluted with tap water and beet sugar factory waste water. Influent concentrations were 9.3 g COD·1−1 and 4-7 g COD·1−1 respectively, and treatment was performed at 35-37 °C. With the synthetic molasses waste water, an organic load of 5-6 kg COD·m−3·d−1 could be tolerated, with the sugar industry waste water 25 kg COD·m−3·d−1.
The difference in loading capacity was ascribed to different types of sludges formed, the molasses waste water resulting in a much more bulky sludge and a lower attainable volatile suspended solids concentration. It was concluded that much care must be exercised before designing sludge bed systems for high loads with unhydrolyzed waste waters.
Anaerobic Treatment of a Black Liquor Evaporator Condensate from a Kraft Mill in Three Types of Fixed-Film Reactors
Authors: Norrman J 
Published: May 2018

A black liquor evaporator condensate from a kraft mill was anaerobically treated in a fixed bed reactor (= an anaerobic filter), an expanded bed and a fluidized bed. The condensate treated in the fixed bed reactor and the expanded bed had an average COD concentration of 1.4 kg/m3. Before treatment in the fluidized bed the condensate was diluted to 0.42 kg/m3. Efficient purification (80 % COD-reduction or better) was obtained at volumetric loads up to 2 kg COD/m3·d in the fixed bed reactor, 10 kg COD/m3·d in the expanded bed and 13 kg COD/m3·d in the fluidized bed.
The specific methane production was 0.10-0.30 m3/kg COD added in the fixed bed reactor, 0.07-0.15 m3/kg COD added in the expanded bed and 0.07-0.20 m3/kg COD added in the fluidized bed.
Analysis of the Heat Requirement for Sewage Sludge Incineration
Authors: Quirk Thomas P , Eckenfelder Wesley 
Published: May 2018

The process design and evaluation of sludge incinerator performance is generally conducted using either generalized average parameters or, alternatively, complex and detailed calculations which require computer programming for their use. In the first instance the generalized parameters are found to be applicable only to an “average” incinerator which is not encountered in actual practice. In the second instance, the calculations are so numerous that a clear and general picture of what is occurring cannot be readily obtained. This paper presents a new analytical approach to incineration performance evaluation which has been developed in an attempt to redress this situation.
A three-term linear equation is developed for the combustion heat balance using net heat value of the fuels. Net heat value is defined as that heat value, per pound of fuel, which is available to perform useful thermal work other than the discharge of its own combustion products.
The well-established procedure of using ultimate chemical analyses of fuels together with an element by element accounting for combustion components has been simplified by defining three combustion ratios for a given fuel. These ratios are then used to determine the net available heat values for use in the heat balance equation.
Operating data are used to illustrate the application of the analysis technique and to demonstrate the practical application of the procedure.
Water Quality Management in the Chemical Industry – BASF's Ludwigshafen Complex as an Example – Investigations, Design, Operation
Authors: Engelhardt H , Haltrich W G , Weisbrodt W 
Published: May 2018

The BASF works Ludwigshafen - the largest integrated chemical complex in Europe - via re-organization of its waste water management (installation of a separate sewerage system, intra-plant measures, central chemical-mechanical-biological treatment plant) has achieved a reduction of the substance load discharged to the Rhine by ca. 98% in terms of BOD5 and by ca. 94% for COD and TOC.
During many years (1961 - 1974) investigations have been carried out with pilot plants on laboratory scale (50l) as well as on semi-industrial scale (20 000 population equivalents) for selecting the suitable treatment procedure and dimensioning of the central treatment plant. The treatment procedure developed according to tests in the pilot plant (high-rate primary sedimentation to avoid activated sludge with poor settling properties, followed by an aeration stage in form of a circular basin according to the carrousel system, including a denitrification zone of variable volume) has proven successful in practice. The sludge volume index is 50 ml/g. In spite of varying nitrate concentrations the denitrification is working without problems. In the central treatment plant (dimensioning data 375 000 kg/d BOD5, ca. 100 000 kg/d NO3−, DWF 660 000 m3/d) BOD5 is degraded by 96%, COD as well as TOC by ca. 80 - 85%, while nitrate is eliminated by 95 %. It will be reported mainly on the operation experience.
In addition to the central treatment facilities there are numerous decentralized measures in regard to the treatment of concentrated waste waters or waters containing poorly degradable substances like halogenated hydrocarbons and heavy metal-compounds.
Modelling the Eutrophication Process of Lake Ijssel
Authors: Klomp R , Los F J , van Pagee J A , de Rooy N M , Smits J G C , Stans J C 
Published: May 2018

Eutrophication can be considered as the most urgent problem in water quality management in The Netherlands. The main freshwater source for The Netherlands is the border crossing river Rhine, which is highly polluted by more or less treated industrial and domestic waste water, and therefore contains high concentration of nutrients. A branch of the river Rhine flows into the largest freshwater lake in The Netherlands, the Lake IJssel. Since this lake has to fulfil many functions, inhibited by severe (blue green) phytoplankton blooms the Dutch government initiated in 1979 a project in which a eutrophication model for the delta region of the river Rhine basin (Lake IJssel e.g. the estuary closed in 1928), consisting of two models e.g. BLOOM II, a phytoplankton model and CHARON, a model which describes the chemistry of the lake was applied.
The models have been calibrated, verified and applied to the system of the river Rhine and the Lake IJssel in the framework of a eutrophication study. The models involved in this study are shortly explained. Special attention is paid to the calibration and verification step.
The models are used to analyse the eutrophication process in the lake and to quantify the influence of policy and management scenarios including waste water treatment and measure with respect to nutrient reduction.
The results of application of the models are discussed and evaluated against the background of the decision making process of the water manager.
Development and Ecodisaster: A Lesson from Cochin Backwater System
Authors: Balakrishnan K P , Lalithambika Devi C B 
Published: May 2018

Kerala, with a unique climate, has rich and varied ecosystems with luxuriant and diverse plant and animal communities. This has led to a high density of human population. The State has resorted to modern technological methods for its economic development which include industrialization and improvement of agricultural production.
The establishment of a modern port at Cochin has transformed the region into the industrial capital of the State. Simultaneous with economic progress, the environmental conditions have become deranged due to large scale shipping operations. Of late the environmental problems are increasing in the highly productive backwater system, due to industrial effluents. How developmental programs can undermine the ecological balance and cause deleterious effects as well as unforseen consequences are well illustrated by the deltaic region of Kuttanad - “the rice bowl of Kerala”. Dams, at the upper reaches of the rivers, provide power for industry and water for irrigation. But inadvertent denudation of the forests due to continuous human settlement and related activities will not only damage the dams, the industry and agriculture but also the climate of the region. The high density of population exerts undue pressure on the ecosystem whether it be terrestrial, aerial or aquatic and causes serious imbalances.
Objectives of a Water Quality Monitoring Programme for the International River Basins in a Developing Country in Southern Africa – Mozambique
Authors: Hugman S J 
Published: May 2018

Mozambique lies on the south-east coast of Africa. Its Independence, in 1975, was particularly difficult and severely disrupted the economy. All its major rivers rise in neighbouring countries and several, in particular those from South Africa and Swaziland, are already heavily used before crossing the border.
Since 1977 the National Water Directorate has been responsible for management and development of water resources. The Directorate includes a hydrology department which maintains field-teams throughout the country.
Virtually no water quality data are available from before 1972, when irregular sample collection began. Since Independence, sampling has continued but the Directorate has redefined the objectives of the programme to obtain maximum benefit from very limited resources. These objectives were chosen for economic, hydrological and political reasons. The long-term objectives are to provide the data required for agricultural and industrial development projects, to manage and maintain the quality of Mozambique's water resources, and to meet international obligations.
In practice, the capacity of the hydrological service is insufficient to meet these objectives. The targets for the existing programme were therefore chosen to satisfy the most important objectives and to be feasible with present resources. The routine programme is being completely operated by technicians who have no more than nine years schooling.
The Contribution of River Systems to the Input of Pollutants to the Marine Environment in Northern Europe
Authors: Critchley R F 
Published: May 2018

Published information on the input of pollutants to the North Sea has been used to identify the major pollutant pathways. Rivers and atmospheric deposition are the main input routes for metals, with the Rhine/Meuse and the Elbe contributing over half the riverine input. The dumping of estuarine dredging spoils results in a very large input of metals, which cannot be fully accounted for as a redistribution of riverine material unless the river inputs have been grossly underestimated. Rivers provide the largest input route for nutrients, but a substantial contribution is also made by direct discharges to coastal waters and estuaries. Sewage sludge dumping contributes less than 5% to the pollutant load to the North Sea.
Similar assessments have also been made for the Baltic Sea and the major UK estuaries.
Standards for Waters and Industrial Effluents
Authors: Chalmers R K 
Published: May 2018

Experience in 25 countries shows, not surprisingly, that the trend everywhere is towards tightening legislative control on waste discharges to the environment. What is comparatively recent, however, is the rate of change in the standards required under these laws. This stems partly from the elevation of environmental protection to a political issue within the last quarter century, a new awareness among environmental pressure groups enhanced by instant communications world-wide, an international knowledge of what is - or should be - technically attainable in effluents from various manufacturing processes, and technology transfer and sometimes funding encouraged by the international agencies like those of the United Nations.
After a brief consideration of the derivation of standards 21 cases are noted in which the actual application of standards has been questionable. In view of the significant effect of effluent standards upon manufacturing costs it is important that standards are both rational and necessary. Approaches to the minimizing of industrial effluent discharges benefit both the discharger and the receiving environment.
Application of the UASB-Reactor for Anaerobic Treatment of Paper and Board Mill Effluent
Authors: Habets L H A , Knelissen J H 
Published: May 2018

Within the holding of Bührmann-Tetterode NV, 7 Dutch paper and board mills are operating, all of them using mainly waste paper as raw material.
While three of them completely closed their watercircuits, two other mills put into practice biological waste water treatment namely anaerobic and anaerobic/aerobic. Number 6 is realising an anaerobic plant this year and for number 7 research is still being carried out, dealing with several unfavourable aspects. In September 1981 research for anaerobic treatment (UASB reactors) was started. After good results had been achieved on laboratory scale (301), further investigations were started on semitechnical scale (50 m3).
In both cases the anaerobic seed sludge granulated after a while and loadings up to 20 kg COD/m3.d could be handled. COD-removal was 70 per cent, even when the hydraulic retention time was only 2.5 hours.
In April 1983 a 70 m3 practical scale UASB reactor was started up at the solid board mill of Ceres.
In October 1983 a full scale plant was started up at Papierfabriek Roermond. This plant consists of a 1,000 m3 UASB reactor and a 70 m3 gasholder. It has been designed and constructed by Paques BV and is used for pretreatment of effluent, in order to reduce the loading of the activated sludge plant. Besides energy savings on the oxygen input, about 1 million m3/year of biogas is being generated and is used for steamproduction.
Both plants are working satisfactorily. Investment costs appeared to be relatively low. At Ceres, pay-out time is 1.5 year, while at Papierfabriek Roermond waste water treatment is cheaper than before, although capacity is doubled.
Anaerobic Treatment of Viscose Wastewater
Authors: Kroiss H , Plahl-Wabnegg F , Svardal K 
Published: May 2018

The waste water from the viscose production process can be characterized as follows: low to medium strength of biodegradable carbonaceous matter, high concentrations of sulfate, high concentrations of zinc.
The treatment process to be presented consists of anaerobic pre-treatment of the neutralized waste water combining the removal of carbonaceous matter with zinc removal by sulfide precipitation. The organic pollution of the waste water is used as a substrate for sulfate reducing bacteria present in the anaerobic reactor. The hydrogen sulfide produced precipitates the zinc as insoluble zinc sulfide. Labscale experiments lasting several months resulted in stable zinc effluent concentrations below 1 mg/l combined with a COD removal of about 40 - 50 %.
Cost Comparison of Aerobic and Anaerobic Wastewater Treatment Systems
Authors: Rantala P , Väänänen P 
Published: May 2018

The costs of different types of aerobic, anaerobic and combined wastewater treatment systems are compared in this study. The assumed BOD or COD-loads from typical forest industry processes form the basis of comparison. General cost curves for various waste treatment processes and some case examples are also presented.
In the calculations it is assumed that the wastewater is treated to the same effluent quality by using activated sludge, modified activated sludge and combination of anaerobic-aerobic treatment process. In anaerobic-aerobic systems different types of combinations are analyzed. Investment, running and annual costs have been evaluated for each system.
The study shows that selection of the method or combination of methods must always be made case by case. It has been found out that in some cases the anaerobic-aerobic process combination is economically competitive. Competitiveness will increase if biogas can be utilized and a moderate price could be calculated for it. In some cases activated sludge, and especially aerated lagoon processes, has a disadvantage of requiring larger treatment spaces. Poor soil conditions and long distances to lead effluent may significantly increase the cost of these aerobic treatment methods.
Mass Transfer Mechanisms in a Heterotrophic Biofilm
Authors: Siegrist H. , Gujer W. 
Published: May 2018

The diffusion coefficient of three different chemical species in naturally grown, heterotrophic biofilms have been measured. The mechanical structure of the biofilm matrix reduces the molecular diffusion to about 50 to 60 % of the value in pure water. Depending on the roughness of the biofilm surface and the flow conditions eddy diffusion increased the mass transfer into the biofilm near the surface.
The influence of the diffusion potential and the donnan potential on the ions have been evaluated by comparing the diffusion coefficients of a positively and negatively charged ion and a neutral molecule in experiments with different background electrolyte concentrations. Mass transfer effects by electrostatic forces are negligible at the ionic strength of waste water and tap water.
Removal of Soluble Substrates in Fixed Films
Authors: la Cour Jansen Jes , Harremoës Poul 
Published: May 2018

Experimental results with removal of soluble substrates in fixed films are presented. Experiments are performed with denitrification and with oxidation of methanol, acetic acid and glucose in a laboratory fixed film reactor.
The experiments confirm the predictions of the half order reaction model, taking diffusion of the substrates and zero order intrinsic reaction rate of the bacteria as the dominating processes in the film. The experiments enable calculation of the kinetic parameters: diffusion coefficients, intrinsic reaction rates and half order rate constants for nitrate, methanol, acetic acid, glucose and oxygen within fixed films.
Batch Anaerobic Methanogenesis of Phenolic Coal Conversion Wastewater
Authors: Fedorak Phillip M. , Hrudey Steve E. 
Published: May 2018

Batch experiments using the Hungate serum bottle technique were used to determine the anaerobic treatability of phenolic (7600 mg/1 by 4-aminoantipyrine) wastewater from an H-coal conversion pilot plant. Methane production above controls was achieved at up to 6% V/V dilution. At these levels, inhibitory components in the wastewater retard but do not stop volatile organic acid (VOA) fermentation to methane.
Ether-extracted wastewater was tested at up to 50% V/V on cultures receiving 200 mg/1 phenol and was found not to be inhibitory, suggesting that inhibitory components in the wastewater are ether-extractable. Finally, a “reconstituted H-coal” which contained pure phenolic constituents added to ether-extracted H-coal exhibited batch methanogenesis above controls at H-coal dilutions up to 10% V/V. These findings indicate that the ether-extractable inhibitory substances are not one of the major phenolic compounds present in the H-coal wastewater.
Restoration of Lake Veluwe, The Netherlands, by Reduction of Phosphorus Loading and Flushing
Authors: Hosper S. H. 
Published: May 2018

In the shallow and hypertrophic Lake Veluwe the cycling of phosphorus between water and sediments was mainly determined by a continuous bloom of the blue-green alga Oscillatoria agardhii. For the restoring of water quality it was considered necessary to reduce the external P-loading as well as to suppress the release of phosphorus from the sediments. The P-loading of the lake decreased from approx. 3 to 1 g P/m2 a year in 1979. Additionally the lake has been flushed during winter periods with water low in phosphorus. Flushing was primarily aimed at interrupting the continuous algal bloom. After four winters of intensified flushing Oscillatoria still is the dominant alga but the diversity of species is increasing. In 1982 Oscillatoria disappeared for several months.
The results show a sharp decline of summer values of total phosphorus from 0,40-0,60 mg/1 to approx. 0,15 mg/1. In the trend of various parameters correlated with algal biomass a striking discrepancy is observed.
Chlorophyll-a, ashfree-dryweight and particulate-phosphorus show a considerable and approximately similar decrease (50-60%). On the other hand the decrease of algal biomass in terms of freshweight (viz. biovolume of Oscillatoria) and reciprocal Secchi-disc values is relatively small (approx. 25%). Obviously the O. agardhii filaments contain much less organic matter, chlorophyll-a, phosphorus and nitrogen per unit of biovolume after implementation of remedial measures.
Transparency appears to be determined by number and volume of O. agardhii more than by chlorophyll-a and ashfree dryweight.
Intensified flushing will be continued for the next few years.
Treatment of Agro-Industrial Wastes Using Water Hyacinth
Authors: John C. K. 
Published: May 2018

In Malaysia lagoon systems have been successfully adopted by the natural rubber (NR) and oil palm industries to treat their effluents. The possibility of using Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth) in the lagoons to further improve the treatment system was investigated. Good removal of pollutants from the block rubber effluent was achieved using a hydraulic retention of 10 - 15 days. The resulting effluent discharge was of acceptable quality. Water hyacinth also markedly improved the quality of the effluent from the remilling rubber factories. Consequently propagation of water hyacinth in the lagoons has been recommended.
Pilot plant trials with palm oil mill effluent (POME) have shown that water hyacinth can be successfully grown in anaerobically digested liquor removing 96% BOD, 87% COD, 96% suspended solids, 83% ammoniacal nitrogen and 97% oil and grease. It also removed more than 99% of the indicative bacteria such as coliforms, E.coli and Streptococci.
Under the Malaysian conditions, water hyacinth grew profusely yielding about 500 kg of dry matter per ha per day. The average dry weight was about 5.0% and it contained about 24% protein, 21% fibre and 14% ash.