bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Technology Update: Improving Corrosion Management by Using a Micelle Detection Technology
Authors: Rankin Scott , Osnowski Andrew , Mackay Fiona , Perfect Emma , Achour Mohsen H. , Blumer David J. 
Published: March 2018

Technology Update
Corrosion inhibitors are often the first line of defense against internal corrosion, and effective mitigation relies on proactive monitoring and management of these inhibitors to allow for regular feedback and dose adjustment. There have been recent developments in this field, for example in greener chemistries (NACE 2016-7738) and treatment methods (Achour et al. 2008) and a growth in the number of papers published in OnePetro. We found an 18% increase in the number of publications in the last 10 years, compared with the previous 10, when searching the terms “corrosion AND inhibitor”.
Nevertheless, there is room for improvement. Common industry opinion is that current residual monitoring methods, such as colorimetric-complex methods or liquid chromatography mass spectrometry are either not sufficiently reliable for effective inhibitor dosage management or too complex to apply in the field.
Yet there is a significant commercial driver, as dosing corrosion inhibitors is an expensive undertaking and the potential cost improvements from improved management are significant. One North Sea operator reported that it believed it was overdosing inhibitor at an extra cost of pound 400,000 per year. An alternative corrosion inhibitor monitoring approach, first published in 2011 (NACE 11071), exploits the formation of corrosion inhibitor micelles and poses the questions:
Does micelle detection have a place in the inhibitor qualification process?
Can it help inform chemical management in the field?
Micelles—a Recap
The most common class of corrosion inhibitor used in the oilfield is amphiphilic surfactant molecules, which form a barrier on the pipe surface to protect from corrosion. Above a certain concentration, nanoscale aggregates called corrosion inhibitor micelles are formed. This point is called the Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC) and is specific to the chemical and unique physical conditions found in each system.
The CMC has been shown to be an important factor in establishing an effective inhibitor dose, with the optimum dose being equivalent to the CMC (e.g. NACE 10326). Below the CMC, there is an opportunity to dose additional inhibitor to further reduce corrosion while above the CMC, surplus inhibitor may be present.
Earlier studies looking at CMC and its relation to optimal inhibitor dose were relatively simplistic laboratory studies. Out of the 43 CMC studies reviewed, only one study used formulated inhibitors, with the majority looking only at single components, e.g. an imidazoline. Importantly, all 43 studies used model systems to test the corrosion inhibitors, rather than complex field fluids. It is therefore pertinent to address the question of whether micelles and the significance of the CMC are still relevant in real field conditions.
The Effects of Microalgae as Live Food for Brachionus plicatilis (Rotifer) in Intensive Culture System
Authors: Abdull Razak Abd Rahman  , Zaidi Che Cob  , Zainoddin Jamari  , Abdul Majid Mohamed  , Tatsuki Toda  , Othman Haji Ross  
Published: March 2018

Brachionus plicatilis is used to feed fish and crustacean larvae in the aquaculture industry. It is well established that the type of microalgae may influence rotifer production. This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of five different locally available microalgae species at Fisheries Research Institute (FRI), Kampung Pulau Sayak, Kedah, Malaysia on the instantaneous growth rate (?) of rotifer. Nannochloris sp., Tetraselmis sp., Isochrysis sp., Chlorella sp., and Nannochloropsis sp. were used as feed at different algae densities (0.1, 0.3, 0.7 and 1.5 Å~ 106 cells/ml) and culture volumes (20, 70 and 210 ml). At algae densities ranging from 0.3 to 1.5 Å~ 106 cells/ml, an average ? value of more than 0.90 per day were recorded for all algae species. However, at density of 0.1 Å~ 106 cells/ml, only Tetraselmis sp. resulted in the significantly highest ? value compared with others (p < 0.05). In terms of volume, smaller culture volume of Tetraselmis sp. (20 ml) showed significantly higher ? compared with higher volume (70 and 210 ml cultures).

Brachionus plicatilis digunakan untuk memberi makan ikan dan larva krustacea dalam industri akuakultur. Telah termaktub bahawa jenis mikroalga boleh mempengaruhi pengeluaran rotifer. Eksperimen ini dijalankan untuk menentukan kesan spesis mikroalga yang terdapat di Institut Penyelidikan Perikanan (FRI), Kampung Pulau Sayak, Kedah, Malaysia pada kadar pertumbuhan segera (?) rotifer. Nannochloris sp., Tetraselmis sp., Isochrysis sp., Chlorella sp. dan Nannochloropsis sp. digunakan sebagai makanan pada kepadatan alga yang berbeza (0.1, 0.3, 0.7 dan 1.5 Å~ 106 sel/ml) dan jumlah kultur (20, 70 dan 210 ml). Pada kepadatan alga antara 0.3 hingga 1.5 × 106 sel/ml, nilai purata ? lebih daripada 0.90 sehari dicatatkan untuk semua spesies alga. Walau bagaimanapun, pada ketumpatan 0.1 Å~ 106 sel/ml, hanya Tetraselmis sp. menghasilkan nilai ? yang paling tinggi berbanding dengan yang lain (p < 0.05). Dari segi isipadu, isipadu kultur Tetraselmis sp. yang lebih kecil (20 ml) menunjukkan ? yang lebih tinggi berbanding dengan isipadu kultur tertinggi (kultur 70 dan 210 ml).
Maize Yield Response to Nitrogen Rate and Plant Density under Film Mulching
Authors: Li Ting , Liu Jianliang , Wang Shaojie , Zhang Yue , Zhan Ai , Li Shiqing 
Published: March 2018

Core Ideas
Film mulching significantly improved soil moisture.Film mulching required a higher N rate and plant density for maximum maize productivity.Optimum management can improve maize production and water use in semiarid regions.
Film mulching has significantly improved crop productivity in semiarid areas. We hypothesized that plants grown under the film‐mulched system (FM) require higher N rates and higher plant densities than the non‐mulched system (NM) to optimize grain yield and water use efficiency (WUE). A 2‐yr field experiment was conducted at the Changwu experimental station to evaluate the effects of N supply and plant density on grain yield, yield components, evapotranspiration, and WUE in spring maize (Zea mays L.) with and without film mulching. Results showed that FM improved topsoil water content. Mulch practice × N rate and mulch practice × plant density interactions existed for yield and WUE in both years. Regression analysis showed that yield and WUE increased with increasing N rate and plant density for FM. The predicted maximum yield (14.3 and 15.1 Mg ha−1 in 2013 and 2014, respectively) and WUE (31.3 and 38.4 kg ha−1 mm−1 in 2013 and 2014, respectively) for FM were obtained at 280 kg N ha−1 and 80,000 plants ha−1. Lower N amounts and lower plant densities were required for NM to obtain the maximum yield and WUE. However, field experiments showed that the N amount of 225 kg ha−1 in FM increased N use efficiency while yielding >94% of the maximum. In conclusion, film mulching together with optimum N application rates and plant densities can improve maize production and WUE in semiarid regions.
Nutrient Disorders of Burley and Flue‐Cured Tobacco: Part 1—Macronutrient Deficiencies
Authors: Henry Josh B. , Vann Matthew , McCall Ingram , Cockson Paul , Whipker Brian E. 
Published: March 2018

Core Ideas
Recognizing macronutrient disorders is important for commercial production.
Foliar nutrient concentrations were identified for burley and flue‐cured tobacco.
Symptoms and critical values were compared with published results.
Nutrient deficiency disorders often manifest unique symptoms and vary in critical nutrient ranges depending on species and type. Understanding and recognizing nutrient disorders for different types of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) is important for maintaining quality and yield. Burley and flue‐cured tobacco account for over 90% of all tobacco produced in the United States, and thus, were grown in this study to investigate the effects of macronutrient deficiencies. Tobacco plants were grown in silica sand culture, and control plants received a complete modified Hoagland's all‐nitrate solution, whereas nutrient‐deficient treatments were induced with a complete nutrient formula withholding a single nutrient. Plants were automatically irrigated, and the leached solution was captured for reuse. A complete replacement of nutrient solutions was done weekly. Plants were monitored daily to document and photograph symptoms as they developed. A description of nutrient disorder symptomology and critical tissue concentrations are presented.
Nutrient Disorders of Burley and Flue‐Cured Tobacco: Part 2—Micronutrient Disorders
Authors: Henry Josh B. , Vann Matthew , McCall Ingram , Cockson Paul , Whipker Brian E. 
Published: March 2018

Core Ideas
Recognizing micronutrient disorders is important for commercial production.
Unique, previously unobserved nutrient disorder symptoms were observed.
Foliar nutrient concentrations were identified for burley and flue‐cured tobacco.
Symptoms and critical values were compared with published results.
Nutrient disorders often manifest unique symptoms and vary in critical nutrient ranges where visual symptoms appear depending on plant species and type. Understanding and recognizing nutrient disorders for different types of tobacco is important for maintaining yield and quality. Burley and flue‐cured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) account for over 90% of all tobacco produced in the United States, and thus, were grown in this study to investigate the effects of micronutrient disorders. Tobacco plants were grown in silica sand culture, and control plants received a complete modified Hoagland's all‐nitrate solution, whereas nutrient‐deficient treatments were induced with a complete nutrient formula withholding a single nutrient. Boron toxicity was also induced by increasing the element tenfold higher than the complete nutrient formula. Plants were automatically irrigated, and the leached solution was captured for reuse. A complete replacement of nutrient solutions was done weekly. Plants were monitored daily to document and photograph symptoms as they developed. A description of nutrient disorder symptomology and critical tissue concentrations associated with symptomology are presented.
Spatial Gradients of Ecosystem Health Indicators across a Human‐Impacted Semiarid Savanna
Authors: Vågen Tor‐Gunnar , Winowiecki Leigh Ann , Twine Wayne , Vaughan Karen 
Published: March 2018

Drivers of soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics involve a combination of edaphic, human, and climatic factors that influence and determine SOC distribution across the landscape. High‐resolution maps of key indicators of ecosystem health can enable assessments of these drivers and aid in critical management decisions. This study used a systematic field‐based approach coupled with statistical modeling and remote sensing to develop accurate, high‐resolution maps of key indicators of ecosystem health across savanna ecosystems in South Africa. Two 100‐km2 landscapes in Bushbuckridge Local Municipality were surveyed, and 320 composite topsoil samples were collected. Mid‐infrared spectroscopy was used to predict soil properties, with good performance for all models and root mean squared error of prediction (RMSEP) values of 1.3, 0.2, 5, and 3.6 for SOC, pH, sand, and clay, respectively. Validation results for the mapping of soil erosion prevalence and herbaceous cover using RapidEye imagery at 5‐m spatial resolution showed good model performance with area under the curve values of 0.80 and 0.86, respectively. The overall (out‐of‐bag) random forest model performance for mapping of soil properties, reported using R2, was 0.8, 0.77, and 0.82 for SOC, pH, and sand, respectively. Calibration model performance was good, with RMSEP values of 2.6 g kg−1 for SOC, 0.2 for pH, and 6% for sand content. Strong gradients of increasing SOC and pH corresponded with decreasing sand content between the study sites. Although both sites had low SOC overall, important driving factors of SOC dynamics included soil texture, soil erosion prevalence, and climate. These data will inform strategic land management decisions focused particularly on improving ecosystem conditions.Core Ideas
Systematic field sampling coupled with remote sensing produces spatially explicit assessments.
Key indicators of ecosystem health include soil erosion prevalence and herbaceous cover.
Soil organic C dynamics are key indicators of ecosystem health.
There are several key edaphic drivers of SOC, including soil texture and climate.
Building an Open Science Framework to Model Soil Organic Carbon
Authors: Flathers Edward , Gessler Paul E. 
Published: March 2018

As funding agencies embrace open science principles that encourage sharing data and computer code developed to produce research outputs, we must respond with new modes of publication. Furthermore, as we address the expanding reproducibility crisis in the sciences, we must work to release research materials in ways that enable reproducibility—publishing data, computer code, and research products in addition to the traditional journal article. Toward addressing these needs, we present an example framework to model and map soil organic carbon (SOC) in the cereal grains production region of the northwestern United States. Primarily associated with soil organic matter, SOC relates to many soil properties that influence resiliency and soil health for agriculture. It is also critical for understanding soil–atmospheric C flux, a significant part of the overall C budget of the Earth. The scorpan technique for modeling soil properties uses seven categories of environmental input data to make predictions: known soil attributes, climatic values, organisms present, relief, parent material, age, and spatial location. We gather data representing these categories from various public sources. The map is produced using a random forest statistical model with scorpan inputs to predict SOC content on a 30‐m spatial grid. All modeling components including input data, metadata, computer code, and output products are made freely available under an explicit open‐source license. In this way, reproducibility is supported, the methods and code released are available to be reused by other researchers, and the research products are open to critical review and improvement.Core Ideas
We created a spatial model of SOC, which is important for agriculture and climate change.
Open science principles and practices lead to better science and reproducibility.
It is important to make readers aware of the hidden limitations of data and models.
Removal of Pollutants in Different Landfill Leachate Treatment Processes on the Basis of Organic Matter Fractionation
Authors: Zolfaghari Mehdi , Dia Oumar , Klai Nouha , Drogui Patrick , Brar Satinder Kaur , Buelna Gerardo , Dubé Rino 
Published: March 2018

A combination of processes was required for the proper treatment of old landfill leachate, as it contained a high concentration of pollutants. Humic substances comprised half of the total organic carbon in the raw leachate. Mobility of di(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and metals could depend on the fate of these substances. Characterization of carbon in raw leachate and effluent of the membrane bioreactor, biofiltration, electro‐oxidation, electro‐coagulation, and nanofiltration showed complete removal of suspended solids and colloids. Physical processes could not remove the hydrophilic fraction due to its lower molecular weight. However, high removal of the hydrophilic fraction with a molecular weight <500 Da was expected in the biological process. In comparison with fulvic acid, larger sized humic acid resulted in complete removal by physicochemical processes. Because of DEHP partitioning on dissolved organic matter, especially on humic substances, its removal could be correlated with total organic carbon removal. Metals such as iron, aluminum, magnesium, and lead showed removal efficiency >80% in biological processes. Electro‐deposition on the surface of an electrode and precipitation by hydroxide resulted in removal efficiencies >90 and >50% in electro‐coagulation and electro‐oxidation, respectively. Rejection of metals by nanofiltration was >80% and depended on the size and charge of cation. All in all, a combination of membrane bioreactor and nanofiltration seems to be the optimal process configuration for efficient treatment of old landfill leachate.Core Ideas
Humic substances comprise half of the organic carbon in landfill leachate.
Given its size & interaction with sludge, fulvic acid is the most concerning type of carbon.
Organic carbon with size 0.5 to 10 kDa is rarely removed by biological treatment.
We study the fate of metal & hydrophobic emerging contaminants bound with humic substances.
Combination of biological treatment & nanofiltration is the most efficient treatment option.
Environmental Indicator Principium with Case References to Agricultural Soil, Water, and Air Quality and Model‐Derived Indicators
Authors: Zhang T. Q. , Zheng Z. M. , Lal R. , Lin Z. Q. , Sharpley A. N. , Shober A. L. , Smith D. , Tan C. S. , Van Cappellen P. 
Published: March 2018

Environmental indicators are powerful tools for tracking environmental changes, measuring environmental performance, and informing policymakers. Many diverse environmental indicators, including agricultural environmental indicators, are currently in use or being developed. This special collection of technical papers expands on the peer‐reviewed literature on environmental indicators and their application to important current issues in the following areas: (i) model‐derived indicators to indicate phosphorus losses from arable land to surface runoff and subsurface drainage, (ii) glutathione–ascorbate cycle‐related antioxidants as early‐warning bioindicators of polybrominated diphenyl ether toxicity in mangroves, and (iii) assessing the effectiveness of using organic matrix biobeds to limit herbicide dissipation from agricultural fields, thereby controlling on‐farm point‐source pollution. This introductory review also provides an overview of environmental indicators, mainly for agriculture, with examples related to the quality of the agricultural soil–water–air continuum and the application of model‐derived indicators. Current knowledge gaps and future lines of investigation are also discussed. It appears that environmental indicators, particularly those for agriculture, work efficiently at the field, catchment, and local scales and serve as valuable metrics of system functioning and response; however, these indicators need to be refined or further developed to comprehensively meet community expectations in terms of providing a consistent picture of relevant issues and/or allowing comparisons to be made nationally or internationally.Core Ideas
Highly diverse environmental indicators are in use or in development.
Agricultural environmental indicators function efficiently at various scales.
Environmental indicators need to be improved to provide consistent performance and allow comparability.
Filter Membrane Effects on Water‐Extractable Phosphorus Concentrations from Soil
Authors: Norby Jessica , Strawn Daniel , Brooks Erin 
Published: March 2018

To accurately assess P concentrations in soil extracts, standard laboratory practices for monitoring P concentrations are needed. Water‐extractable P is a common analytical test to determine P availability for leaching from soils, and it is used to determine best management practices. Most P analytical tests require filtration through a filter membrane with 0.45‐μm pore size to distinguish between particulate and dissolved P species. However, filter membrane type is rarely specified in method protocols, and many different types of membranes are available. In this study, three common filter membrane materials (polyether sulfone, nylon, and nitrocellulose), all with 0.45‐μm pore sizes, were tested for analytical differences in total P concentrations and dissolved reactive P (DRP) concentrations in water extracts from six soils sampled from two regions. Three of the extracts from the six soil samples had different total P concentrations for all three membrane types. The other three soil extracts had significantly different total P results from at least one filter membrane type. Total P concentration differences were as great as 35%. The DRP concentrations in the extracts were dependent on filter type in five of the six soil types. Results from this research show that filter membrane type is an important parameter that affects concentrations of total P and DRP from soil extracts. Thus, membrane type should be specified in soil extraction protocols.Core Ideas
Filter membrane type is rarely specified in method protocols for P analysis.
Many different types of filter membranes are available.
Results show that filter membrane type affects concentrations of P from soil extracts.
Membrane type should be specified in soil extraction protocols for P analysis.
Cluster analysis of drought variation and its mutation characteristics in Xinjiang province, during 1961–2015
Authors: Xie Pei , Lei Xiaohui , Zhang Yuhu , Wang Mingna , Han Ihnsup , Chen Qiuhua 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The Xinjiang province of China is vulnerable to drought, but the occurrence of drought varies substantially among different sub-areas. This study investigated drought characteristics in Xinjiang province and its sub-area using the Mann–Kendall trend test, cluster analysis and Morlet wavelet analysis. The results show that drought in Xinjiang is generally becoming less severe, and there is a non-uniform spatial variation of drought, which is especially pronounced for stations in northern Xinjiang. There is a unique spatiotemporal distribution trend of drought in Xinjiang, and the inter-decadal variation of drought shows a gradual shift from the east to the west and then back to the east again over the past 55 years. Northern Xinjiang is becoming wetter at a faster rate compared with that of southern Xinjiang, and it also has a higher occurrence of change point sites (70%). The historical drought situation in Xinjiang is better characterized by three clusters. Cluster 1 is the driest, cluster 2 has a clear alleviating tendency of drought, while cluster 3 shows late occurrence of change point. A broader view of the accumulated variation of drought is formulated in this study, which may help to identify potential droughts to support drought disaster management and mitigation.
Characterisation of sediments during transport of solids in circular sewer pipes
Authors: Regueiro-Picallo Manuel , Anta Jose , Suárez Joaquín , Puertas Jerónimo , Jácome Alfredo , Naves Juan 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
This research is focused in the monitoring of sediments in circular sewer pipes with different diameters at a flume facility fed with urban wastewater. For this purpose, sediment physical and chemical characteristics, and sediment mobility were recorded. The Structure from Motion photogrammetric technique was used for the measurement of sediment bed evolution. In addition, sediment properties were determined in order to study the cohesiveness of the bed deposits. In particular, the chemical oxygen demand and the oxygen uptake rate of the sediment samples were analysed after different accumulation periods on the pipe inverts, resulting in a relation between these parameters and the mobility processes of solids.