bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aviation Terrorism and the International Civil Aviation Organization
Authors: Fitzgerald Gerald F. 
Published: June 2019

SommaireL'acceptation quasi-universelle des Conventions de Tokyo, de La Haye et de Montréal constitue un élément important de la lutte contre le terrorisme aérien. L'OACI met l'accent sur la mise en oeuvre plus étendue de ces Conventions, soit par la soumission des États aux obligations prévues par leurs dispositions, soit par l'adoption et l'application de législations nationales appropriées. Le développement d'un protocole portant sur la répression des actes illicites dans les aéroports desservant l'aviation civile internationale comblera un vide grave dans la Convention de Montréal, laquelle ne vise pas les actes de terrorisme commis dans les aires d'attente.L'OACI s'occupe activement du développement des politiques en matières de protection de l'aviation civile internationale contre les attaques terroristes. Lors de son Assemblée de ig86, elle a adopté par consensus unanime une résolution consolidée à cet égard.L'amendement récent de l'Annexe ij de la Convention de Chicago a élevé un bon nombre de Pratiques Recommandées au niveau de Normes et a introduit de nouvelles dispositions sur la sécurité.En juin 1986, le Conseil de l'OACI a adopté une clause-type sur la sécurité de l'aviation qui pourrait être incorporée dans les accords bilatéraux de transport aérien régissant l'échange mutuel de droits de trafic. Une telle clause aidera à l'application des conventions portant sur la sécurité aérienne aussi bien qu'à l'application des Normes et Pratiques Recommandées de l'OACI relatives à ce sujet.L'enjeu de la lutte contre le terrorisme aérien exige rien de moins qu'une vigilance suivie de la part des forces de l'ordre. L'OACI joue un rôle très important dans cette lutte.
The Proper Function of International Law in the Determination of Global Behaviour
Authors: MacLean Robert M. 
Published: June 2019

SommaireCet article a pour objet d’identifier et d’analyser l’impact normatif du droit international dans l’orientation des différents comportements étatiques. Nous évaluerons surtout le conflit existant entre le droit international et certaines variables non juridiques qui influencent le processus décisionnel dans l’ordre international, telles le nationalisme, la réalisation d’objectifs stratégiques, l’idéologie et l’opportunisme politique. Nous en arriverons ainsi à l’inévitable conclusion que, contrairement aux variables susmentionnées, le droit international joue un rôle très limité.En effet, l’efficacité du droit international repose essentiellement sur l’existence d’un consensus au sein de la communauté internationale au sujet des avantages mutuels à adopter tel ou tel comportement étatique. En l’absence d’un tel consensus, les règles du droit international deviennent instables, obscures et inefficaces.En raison de sa structure sociale primaire, décentralisée et fragmentée, la société internationale a élaboré, tout compte fait, un ordre juridique faible et rudimentaire même si sa réglementation ponctuelle est souvent très complexe.Le rôle souvent affaibli du droit dans la conduite des relations internationales s’explique, en grande partie, par la crainte des États de limiter leur autorité souveraine. Cette crainte empêche donc la réalisation d’un consensus politique en faveur d’un droit international fort. Aucun défaut inhérent attribuable à la nature même du système juridique international ne saurait être à l’origine de l’inefficacité du droit international.
Conscience in Conflict: The Doctor’s Dilemma
Authors: Hampson Françoise J. 
Published: June 2019

SommaireCet article examine la réserve faite par les États-Unis en ce qui concerne l’article 10 du Protocole II des Conventions de Genève de 1949, en vue d’éviter que les médecins militaires puissent faire appel à la déontologie médicale d’une telle façon qu’ils mettent en cause l’administration interne des forces armées américaines, y compris l’administration de la justice militaire.Le plan de l’article est le suivant: après avoir expliqué la protection donnée aux fonctions médicales par les Conventions et les Protocoles, l’auteur passe en revue les deux codes de déontologie médicale prévoyant une situation de conflit armé, et suggère qu’ils représentent le contenu reconnu couramment de la "déontologie médicale." Elle précoràse qu’un état indique son acceptation du contenu de ces codes au moyen d’une déclaration interprétative, évitant ainsi les conséquences peu souhaitables d’une réserve.Les situations dans lesquelles il pourrait y avoir un conflit entre la déontologie médicale et un ordre militaire sont examinées dans le cadre du "U.S. Uniform Code of Military Justice." La réserve américaine ne paraît pas nécessaire. Les raisons l’appuyant sont analysées, tenu compte de la décision dansU.S.v.Levy, mais sont jugées insuffisantes.Les effets fâcheux qu’aurait une réserve sont examinés, à la fois isolément et dans le cadre des autres articles traitant des principes de la déontologie médicale et de la réaction prévisible des autres états ratifiant le Protocole.La conclusion de l’auteur est que les États-Unis devraient remplacer leur réserve par une déclaration interprétative.
The International Court as Emerging Constitutional Court and the Co-ordinate UN Institutions (Especially the Security Council): Implications of theAerial Incident at Lockerbie
Authors: McWhinney Edward 
Published: June 2019

SommaireLa fin de la guerre froide accompagnée de la disparition du système de l'aprèsguerre fondé sur un équilibre politico-juridique, est-ouest, au sein du Conseil de Sécurité et de l'Assemblée Générale de l'ONU, a des conséquences importantes, bien qu'encore imprécises, pour la Cour Internationale de Justice. Dans sa jurisprudence des dernières deux décennies, la Cour, sous l'impulsion surtout du juge Lachs, a, d'une manière constante, nié (existence d'une séparation des pouvoirs constitution-neh (telle qu 'elle existe dans les systèmes nationaux occidentaux) au niveau des institutions internationales. Au contraire, la Cour a souligné qu'il existe une complémentarité de pouvoirs entre les organes principaux de l'ONU, y inclus la Cour elle-même.Ainsi, il serait inopportun d'écarter entièrement cette conception hautement pragmatiste pour conclure que la Cour détient aujourd'hui le droit constitutionnel de contrôler, de limiter et de restreindre au nom de la Charte de l'ONU les organes internationaux d'un rang égal à la Cour, tel le Conseil de Sécurité. En effet, la Cour Internationale n'est pas encore une cour constitutionnelle spéciale comme la Cour Suprême des États-Unis ou celle de l'Allemagne, et ce, même si certains des juges de la Haye le laissent sous-entendre actuellement. La controverse susmentionnée est à la base de la divergence intellectuelle entre les onze juges majoritaires et les cinq juges dissidents dans l'affaire de l'incident aérien de Lockerbie (la Libye c. le Royaume-Uni), dont le jugement a été rendu par la Cour Internationale en avril 1992. Cette décision comporte d'importantes conséquences pour la Cour elle-même ainsi que pour l'ONU toute entière.
Territorial Modifications and Breakups in Federal States
Authors: Wildhaber Luzius 
Published: June 2019

SummaryThis article considers the way in which territorial modifications and breakups in federal states are dealt with in domestic and in international law. It investigates whether federal states permit separatist claims of their minorities for “internal modifications” on the basis of constitutional Law, such as the formation of new member units or the merger of existing member units, and whether domestic law knows of any secessionist claims for “external modifications,” such as the formation of new sovereign states or the merger or association with existing states. The extensive practice surveyed by the author allows for a new outlook on the well-known problem of “self-determination.”
Metamorphoses: Judge Shigeru Oda and the International Court of Justice
Authors: Reisman Michael 
Published: June 2019

SummaryA series about the judges of the International Court must be based on two postulates: first, that the unique character and, of course, “value-structure” of each judge ü a variable of some importance in the application, if not incremental formation, of international law; and second, that the International Court is an important institution and has played a significant role in “the progressive development of international Law.” While welcoming the idea of thü series, the reviewer has reservations about the way these postulates have been embraced and adopted by the author and outlines his reservations about key jurisprudential assumptions and strategic choices that were made in designing the idea and about the ways those assumptions and strategies have been implemented.
The Dispute Settlement Regime of the Straddling and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks Convention
Authors: McDorman Ted L. 
Published: June 2019

SummaryThe 1995 Agreement on the Regime for Straddling and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks completes one aspect of the work of the 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea. This article presents a summary of the provisions of the 1995 Agreement and their relationship to the 1982 Convention. The author offers insights into the possible effectiveness of several articles and concludes that the 1995 Agreement offers states the possibility of a stable and predictable dispute resolution mechanism. Whether states will take advantage of this regime is another question.
Investor-State Dispute Settlement under NAFTA Chapter 11: The Shape of Things to Come?
Authors: VanDuzer J. Anthony 
Published: June 2019

SummaryRecently, there has been a proliferation of international agreements imposing minimum standards on states in respect of their treatment of foreign investors and allowing investors to initiate dispute settlement proceedings where a state violates these standards. Of greatest significance to Canada is Chapter 11 of the North American Free Trade Agreement, which provides both standards for state behaviour and the right to initiate binding arbitration. Since 1996, four cases have been brought under Chapter 11. This note describes the Chapter 11 process and suggests some of the issues that may arise as it is increasingly resorted to by investors.
Commanding Rape: Sexual Violence, Command Responsibility, and the Prosecution of Superiors by the International Criminal Tribunals for the Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda
Authors: LaViolette Nicole 
Published: June 2019

SummaryEvidence indicates that individuals responsible for mass rapes in the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda were acting on orders from their superiors. The international criminal tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and for Rwanda have indicated their intention to prosecute individuals responsible for sexual violence and their superiors. The prosecution of superiors rests on the doctrine of command responsibility — a doctrine Well-established in international criminal law. This article presents the difficulties that arise in applying the doctrine of command responsibility to cases of wartime sexual assaults. Relying on a feminist analysis of international humanitarian law, the author identifies the imbalance that exists between the principle of military necessity and the principle of humanitarianism — an imbalance that makes rape the least condemned and punished of war crimes. In the absence of traditional military command structures, as was the case in Bosnia and Rwanda, a superior is well-placed to deny his authority over those who committed wartime rapes. Despite this challenge, the author asserts that the Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, in theCelebicicase, developed a realistic approach to the doctrine of command responsibility and reasonably concluded that a camp commander was criminally responsible for rapes committed by his subordinates.
Competing Cultures: Canada and the World Trade Organization — The Lessons fromSports Illustrated
Authors: Tawfik Myra J. 
Published: June 2019

SummaryThis article explores the impact of the WTO on Canadian cultural sovereignty. More specifically, it provides an assessment of the recent WTO decision inCanada — Certain Measures Concerning Periodicalsin an effort to demonstrate that the multilateral trade framework is not only incompatible with, but in fact threatens, the continued viability of a distinct Canadian culture.
The Rule of Law and Human Rights in the Balkans
Authors: Green L. C. 
Published: June 2019

SummaryThe author considers the application of relevant human rights provisions to the Balkans both historically and in terms of contemporary issues. In particular, he discusses the legality of the measures taken under the auspices of NATO in respect of Kosovo and queries whether such measures are able to remedy such a breakdown of civil administration and respect for human rights. In the author's view, in such circumstances, administration of a country by the United Nations itself provides the only viable alternative.
La structure constitutionnelle du droit international public
Authors: Kolb Robert 
Published: June 2019

SommaireCet article traite du droit international comme un droit de principes (“droit constitutionnel”) bien plus qu’un droit de réglementation détaillée (“droit administratif”). Après un survol de l’origine historique et de la raison d’être de cette caractéristique du droit international, des exemples sont donnés pour illustrer comment le développement de normes autour de grands principes sert parfois les fins de la flexibilité progressive (par exemple à travers le principe du patrimoine commun), parfois en revanche vise à laisser une matière dans l’espace politique, à la discrétion des États (par exemple l’autodétermination). Puis sont abordées les conséquences de cette caractéristique, notamment, la place importante de l’action politique en droit international, la pauvreté normative du droit international, sa codification difficile, la création différée du droit (les principes génèrent la pratique des États), les flottements conceptuels et terminologiques fréquents, l’absence d’une rule of law. Enfin est explorée la tendance récente à préciser le corpus de droit international, à la fois sur le plan normatif et celui des institutions internationales, aptes à formuler en temps et lieu du droit nouveau.
The Aircraft Cases: Canada and Brazil
Authors: Behboodi Rambod 
Published: June 2019

SummaryThe disputes between Canada and Brazil over subsidies to the regional aircraft industry were the first cases under Part II (covering prohibited subsidies) of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Duties (SCM Agreement) of the World Trade Organization (WTO). The PROEX case, involved the scope of the concept of “special and differential treatment” under Article 27 of the SCM Agreement, and the interpretation of the first paragraph of Item (k) of the Illustrative List of Export Subsidies as set out in Annex I to the SCM Agreement. The Canada — Aircraft case involved, for the first time, Article 1 of the SCM Agreement, which defines what practices constitute a subsidy, and Article 3, which prohibits subsidies “contingent, in law or in fact, upon export performance.” The case also dealt with important procedural issues relating to WTO dispute settlement. The author reviews critically these decisions with respect to both substantive and procedural issues.
A Hesitant Embrace: The Application of International Law by Canadian Courts
Authors: Brunnée Jutta , J. Toope Stephen 
Published: June 2019

SummaryCanadian courts are approaching the task of mediating the relationship between international law and domestic law with newfound energy. Yet, for all their declared openness to international law, courts are still inclined to avoid deciding cases on the basis of international law. This does not mean that international law is given no effect or that its broad relevance is denied. The avoidance strategy is more subtle: even when they invoke or refer to international law, Canadian courts generally do not give international norms concrete legal effect in individual cases. Although international law is brought to bear on a growing range of questions, its potential impact is tempered — and we fear largely eviscerated — because it is merely one factor in the application and interpretation of domestic law. Within the Canadian legal order the question of “bindingness” of international law is closely intertwined with the manner in which it comes to influence the interpretation of domestic law. In the case of norms that are binding on Canada under international law, Canadian courts have an obligation to interpret domestic law in conformity with the relevant international norms, as far as this is possible. By contrast, norms that do not bind Canada internationally (for example, soft law or provisions of treaties not ratified by Canada) can help inform the interpretation of domestic law and, depending on the norm in question and the case at issue, may even be persuasive. Courts may, and in some cases should, draw upon such norms for interpretative purposes, but they are not strictly speaking required to do so. However, especially following the Supreme Court’s decision inBaker, there appears to be a trend towards treating all of international law, whether custom or treaty, binding on Canada or not, implemented or unimplemented, in the same manner — as relevant and perhaps persuasive, but not as determinative, dare we say obligatory. Our concern is that if international law is merely persuasive, it becomes purely optional, and can be ignored at the discretion of the judge. We argue that it is not enough to treat all normative threads in this fashion — over time this approach risks weakening the fabric of the law.
An Overview of International Fisheries Disputes and the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea
Authors: McDorman Ted L. 
Published: June 2019

SummaryAlthough there have been few international adjudications dealing directly with fishing disputes in the past, all but one of the cases before ITLOS have been fisheries cases. This article first reviews the different ways in which a fisheries dispute can get before ITLOS and considers the disputes that have been on the docket of ITLOS so far. These have resulted in five decisions on requests for prompt release, two decisions on request for provisional measures, but only one decision on the merits of a dispute. The conclusion is that ITLOS has played a useful role in fisheries dispute settlement particularly when contrasted with the history of international dispute settlement for fisheries disputes.
Les actes unilatéraux étatiques en droit international public: Observations sur quelques incertitudes théoriques et pratiques
Authors: Barsalou Olivier 
Published: June 2019

SommaireEn 1997, la Commission du droit international (CDI) entreprenait l’étude des actes unilatéraux étatiques. Phénomène paradoxal, les actes unilatéraux des États traduisent cette ambivalence entre souveraineté et justice qui marque les fondements du droit international public et plus globalement, la société internationale contemporaine. Les travaux du rapporteur spécial Víctor Rodríguez Cedeño n’ont pas échappé à la nature équivoque du droit international. Celle-ci se reflète dans la série de trois critères développés par le rapporteur spécial qui permettent d’identifier un acte unilatéral étatique: l’imputabilité, l’intention et la notoriété. En effet, ces critères, a priori clairs et précis, se révèlent, à la lumière de la pratique internationale contemporaine, insuffisants pour guider le juge international devant lequel est portée une affaire relative à l’interprétation d’un acte unilatéral étatique. Cela crée une situation marquée par l’incertitude et l’imprévisibilité dans les rapports juridiques entre États.
Searching for Accountability: The Draft UN International Convention on the Regulation, Oversight, and Monitoring of Private Military and Security Companies
Authors: Perrin Benjamin 
Published: June 2019

SummaryThe proliferation of private military and security companies has attracted significant public and scholarly attention during the last decade. This comment examines the United Nations Draft International Convention on the Regulation, Oversight and Monitoring of Private Military and Security Companies (Draft Convention). It discusses the significance of the Draft Convention and then describes the approach taken to the regulation of this controversial topic. Several problematic elements of the Draft Convention are identified including the definition of prohibited activities, State responsibility for the conduct of private military and security companies and the proposed International Criminal Court referral mechanism. Finally, specific policy recommendations are made for the government of Canada as a home state and contracting state of private military and security services, irrespective of the progress of negotiations on the Draft Convention.
Canada in the United Nations Treaty Series: A Global Perspective
Authors: Rohn Peter H. 
Published: June 2019

How complete is the United Nations Treaty Series (UNTS)? What does an answer to this question mean for our understanding of the law of treaties? If the UNTS is not complete, which treaties are missing? If there are gaps, do they show any patterns? Are some signatories, treaty topics or time periods more gap-prone than others? If we take Canada as a test case, for example, do all post-1945 treaties of Canada actually show up in the UNTS? If there is a gap, can we identify it? If identified, can the gap be explained? How does Canada compare with other countries in UNTS fidelity? Finally, and most importantly, what does the Canadian test case mean for the UNTS as a whole and for the law of treaties?These questions have come up repeatedly in connection with the UNTS Project at the University of Washington since 1963. There is no comprehensive answer for all of them, but many new details have been found and some patterns have emerged.
The Practice Concerning Treaty Succession in the Commonwealth
Authors: Lawford Hugh J. 
Published: June 2019

Although a number of learned articles and even books have appeared recently on the subject of state succession, relatively little has been written about the practical problems faced by a new state seeking to establish the scope of its treaty obligations. An examination of these practical, even mundane, problems indicates that some of the current theoretical arguments are unreal, and that a shift of emphasis in discussion would be desirable.The practical problems in defining a new state’s treaty obligations are illustrated well by the cases of new Commonwealth countries.Since mid-1961, a research project at Queen’s University at Kingston, Ontario, has sought to determine which of the old British treaties continue to apply to Canada. Surprisingly enough, even an older Commonwealth country like Canada has not yet been able to reach a firm decision on this question. Thus, Professor (now Dean) Maxwell Cohen of McGill University was obliged to tell the Duke Conference on Canadian-American Treaty Relations in 1961 that existing Canadian publications were inadequate, and to urge that Canada's treaties be collected and published.
Direct Satellite Broadcasting: A Case Study in the Development of the Law of Space Communications
Authors: Gotlieb A. E. , Dalfen C. M. 
Published: June 2019

The purpose of this article is to show how legal norms are evolving in an activity newly opened for man by very recent and farreaching technological developments.The 1963 Radio Regulations of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) define a “broadcasting satellite service” as “a space service in which signals transmitted or retransmitted by space stations, or transmitted by reflection from objects in orbit around the Earth, are intended for direct reception by the general public.” Direct satellite broadcasting thus refers to the transmission of messages directly to the houses or communities of the general public via artificial space satellites. While such a system does not exist at present, it is expected that it will be feasible within less than a decade.