bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An evaluation of cloud vertical structure in three reanalyses against CloudSat/cloud‐aerosol lidar and infrared pathfinder satellite observations
Authors: Miao Hao , Wang Xiaocong , Liu Yimin , Wu Guoxiong 
Published: May 2019

AbstractCloud fraction is a great source of uncertainty in current models. By utilizing cloudiness fields from CloudSat/cloud‐aerosol lidar and infrared pathfinder satellite observations (CALIPSO), the three widely used reanalyses including the Interim ECWMF Re‐Analysis (ERA‐Interim), Japanese 55‐yar Reanalysis (JRA‐55), and the Modern‐Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA‐2) are assessed for their representation of cloudiness. Results show all three reanalyses can basically capture the cloud horizontal pattern and vertical structure as in CloudSat/CALIPSO, yet the magnitude is markedly underestimated, in particular for JRA‐55 and MERRA‐2. Besides, all reanalyses struggle to simulate the mid‐level clouds at low latitudes. In addition to these common deficiencies, the three reanalyses have their own distinctive behaviors and differ from one another. While ERA‐Interim and JRA‐55 show better performance for low‐level clouds in the tropics, they exhibit remarkable underestimation for high‐level clouds. On the contrary, MERRA‐2 succeeds in representing high‐level clouds but dramatically underestimates the low and mid‐level clouds at low latitudes. As a measure of subgrid‐scale variability of moisture, the derived “critical relative humidity (RH
c)” from CloudSat/CALIPSO exhibits distinctive vertical structures at different latitudes, it is thus speculated that poor specification or parameterization of RH
c is responsible for these bias behaviors.
Different stability‐indicating chromatographic methods for specific determination of paracetamol, dantrolene sodium, their toxic impurities and degradation products
Authors: Abdelwahab Nada S. , Abdelrahman Maha M. , Boshra John M. , Taha Ahmed A. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractA well‐known analgesic (paracetamol, PAR) and skeletal muscle relaxant [dantrolene sodium (DNS)] have been analyzed without interference from their toxic impurities and degradation products. The studied PAR impurities are the genotoxic and nephrotoxic p‐amino phenol (PAP) and the hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic chloroacetanilide, while 5‐(4‐nitrophenyl)‐2‐furaldehyde is reported to be a mutagenic and carcinogenic degradation product of DNS. The five studied components were determined and quantified by TLC–densitometric and RP‐HPLC methods. TLC–densitometry (method 1) used TLC silica gel and chloroform–ethyl acetate–acetic acid–triethylamine (7:3:0.5:0.05, by volume) as the mobile phase with UV scanning at 230 nm, while RP‐HPLC (method 2) was based on separation on a C18 column using methanol–water (55:45, v/v pH 3 with aqueous formic acid) as mobile phase at 1 mL/min and detection at 230 nm. The developed methods were used for determination and quantification of the five studied components in different laboratory‐prepared mixtures. The were also applied for analysis of Dantrelax® compound capsules where no interference among the studied components with each other or from excipients was observed. The methods were validated as per International Conference on Harmonization guidelines, and they compared favorably with the reported ones.
Patterns and predictors of self‐reported clinical diagnosis and treatment for depression in prostate cancer survivors
Authors: Erim Daniel O. , Bensen Jeannette T. , Mohler James L. , Fontham Elizabeth T. H. , Song Lixin , Farnan Laura , Delacroix Scott E. , Peters Edward S. , Erim Theodora N. , Chen Ronald C. , Gaynes Bradley N. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackgroundAppropriate depression care is a cancer‐care priority. However, many cancer survivors live with undiagnosed and untreated depression. Prostate cancer survivors may be particularly vulnerable, but little is known about their access to depression care. The goal of this study was to describe patterns and predictors of clinical diagnosis and treatment of depression in prostate cancer survivors.MethodsGeneralized estimating equations were used to evaluate indicators of self‐reported clinical diagnosis and treatment depression as a function of individual‐level characteristics within a longitudinal dataset. The data were from a population‐based cohort of North Carolinian prostate cancer survivors who were enrolled from 2004 to 2007 on the North Carolina‐Louisiana Prostate Cancer Project (N = 1,031), and prospectively followed annually from 2008 to 2011 on the Health Care Access and Prostate Cancer Treatment in North Carolina (N = 805).ResultsThe average rate of self‐reported clinical diagnosis of depression was 44% (95% CI: 39%‐49%), which declined from 60% to 40% between prostate cancer diagnosis and 5‐7 years later. Factors associated with lower odds of self‐reported clinical diagnosis of depression include African‐American race, employment, age at enrollment, low education, infrequent primary care visits, and living with a prostate cancer diagnosis for more than 2 years. The average rate of self‐reported depression treatment was 62% (95% CI: 55%‐69%). Factors associated with lower odds of self‐reported depression treatment included employment and living with a prostate cancer diagnosis for 2 or more years.ConclusionProstate cancer survivors experience barriers when in need of depression care.
Stilbene Glycoside Oligomers from the Roots of Polygonum multiflorum
Authors: Li Shuo‐Guo , Huang Xiao‐Jun , Zhong Yuan‐Lin , Li Man‐Mei , Li Yao‐Lan , Wang Ying , Ye Wen‐Cai 
Published: May 2019

AbstractFive new trans‐2,3,5,4′‐tetrahydroxystilbene 2‐O‐β‐d‐glucopyranoside (TSG)‐based stilbene glycoside oligomers (1–5) were isolated from the roots of Polygonum multiflorum. Their structures were elucidated by comprehensive spectroscopic analyses and chemical evidences. The absolute configurations of 1, 2, 4, and 5 were established by quantum‐chemical electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations. Putative biosynthetic pathways of 1–5 were proposed using TSG as the key precursor. In addition, compounds 1 (multiflorumiside H) and 3 (multiflorumiside J) exhibited moderate inhibitory activities against NO production in LPS‐stimulated RAW264.7 cells.
Ag/ZrO2/MWCNT Nanocomposite as Non‐Platinum Electrocatalysts for Enhanced Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Meng Alan , Lin Liguang , Yuan Xiangcheng , Shen Tong , Li Zhenjiang , Li Qingdang 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAlthough the development of non‐platinum electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) has made some satisfactory progress, it is still a challenge to get a non‐platinum catalyst with higher activity and better stability. In this study, a novel non‐platinum catalyst composed of silver (Ag) nanoparticles and zirconia (ZrO2) coated on the multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) catalyst (denoted as Ag/ZrO2/MWCNTs) is obtained by simple hydrothermal and photochemical methods. This catalyst shows more positive onset potential of 0.97 V (vs RHE), higher limiting current density of 6.4 mA cm−2 and lower H2O2 yield of 3.9 % than that of commercial platinum‐carbon (Pt/C) catalyst (0.93 V, 6.0 mA cm−2 and 4.8 % obtained from our test results). Electrochemical tests also show that ORR follows a four‐electron pathway. Moreover, the long‐term stability and methanol tolerance are also better compared with Pt/C. The results of theoretical calculations and the characterizations reveal that the enhanced ORR performance is attributed to the robust skeleton of MWCNTs benefitting for the uniform growth of ZrO2 and the improved conductivity of the catalyst, and the enhanced ability of Ag for O2 adsorption and OH desorption by the introduction of ZrO2. This work may serve as a reference to design and prepare the composite electrocatalysts with the high ORR performance.
The Role of Brønsted and Water‐Tolerant Lewis Acid Sites in the Cascade Aqueous‐Phase Reaction of Triose to Lactic Acid
Authors: Santos Kryslaine M. A. , Albuquerque Elise M. , Innocenti Giada , Borges Luiz E. P. , Sievers Carsten , Fraga Marco A. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAqueous‐phase conversion of glyceraldehyde to lactic acid was investigated over Nb2O5, TiO2, ZrO2 and SnO2 in a fixed‐bed up‐flow reactor. Special attention was given to the catalysts acidity regarding the type, amount, strength and tolerance to water of surface acid sites. These sites were assessed by infrared spectroscopy of pyridine adsorbed on dehydrated and hydrated catalysts as well as by isopropanol decomposition. It was found that Nb2O5 and TiO2 have the highest fraction of water‐tolerant Lewis acid sites (40 and 47 %), while only 6 % was estimated for ZrO2. No relevant Lewis acidity was observed on SnO2, but it was noticed the presence of strong base sites. The transformation of glyceraldehyde into lactic acid proceeded via a cascade reaction in which glyceraldehyde is firstly dehydrated to pyruvaldehyde, followed by its rearrangement to lactic acid with the addition of a water molecule. The dehydration step occurs on Brønsted acid sites and/or on water‐tolerant Lewis acid sites. These latter sites also determine the selectivity to lactic acid. Strong base sites promote glyceraldehyde fragmentation leading to formaldehyde with high selectivity.
Mechanochemical Copper‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Michael‐Type Friedel–Crafts Alkylation of Indoles with Arylidene Malonates
Authors: Staleva Plamena , Hernández José G. , Bolm Carsten 
Published: May 2019

AbstractA mechanochemical version of the asymmetric Michael‐type Friedel–Crafts alkylation of indoles with arylidene malonates was developed. The reaction proceeds under ambient atmosphere using a chiral bis(oxazoline)copper catalyst in a mixer mill. Under these reaction conditions nineteen 3‐substituted indole derivatives were synthesized in good to excellent yields (up to 98 %), and with good enantioselectivities (up to 91:9 e.r.) after short milling times.
Substitution of barium hydroxide in the endothermic reaction by citric acid and sodium carbonate decahydrate
Authors: Kühmstedt Joachim 
Published: May 2019

AbstractDie bekannte endotherme Reaktion von Bariumhydroxid mit Ammoniumthiocyanat kann durch die Reaktion von Zitronensäure mit Natriumcarbonat‐Decahydrat ersetzt werden. Durch die beschriebenen Maßnahmen ist es möglich, eine Temperaturdegression von knapp 40 K zu erreichen, was sogar genügt, um das Reaktionsgefäß auf einer isolierenden Unterlage festzufrieren. Somit kann eine Schwermetallverbindung durch relativ ungefährliche Substanzen mit größerem Alltagsbezug substituiert werden. Der Versuch ist sowohl im Zusammenhang der Energieänderung im einführenden Unterricht als auch im Kontext der Entropie in der Oberstufe einsetzbar.
Anticoagulation in chronic kidney disease: from guidelines to clinical practice
Authors: Aursulesei Viviana , Costache Irina Iuliana 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackgroundChronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major global public health problem, being closely connected to cardiovascular disease. CKD involves an elevated thromboembolic risk and requires anticoagulation, but the high rates of hemorrhage render it quite challenging.HypothesisThere are no consensus recommendations regarding anticoagulation in CKD. Due to the currently limited data, clinicians need practical clues for monitoring and optimizing the treatment.MethodsBased on the available data, this review outlines the benefit‐risk ratio of all types of anticoagulants in each stage of CKD and provides practical recommendations for accurate dosage adjustment, reversal of antithrombotic effect, and monitoring of renal function on a regular basis.ResultsEvidence from randomized controlled trials supports the efficient and safe use of warfarin and direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) in mild and moderate CKD. On the contrary, the data are poor and controversial for advanced stages. DOACs are preferred in CKD stages 1 to 3. In patients with stage 4 CKD, the choice of warfarin vs DOACs will take into consideration the pharmacokinetics of the drugs and patient characteristics. Warfarin remains the first‐line treatment in end‐stage renal disease, although in this case the decision to use or not to use anticoagulation is strictly individualized. Anticoagulation with heparins is safe in nondialysis‐dependent CKD, but remains a challenge in the hemodialysis patients.ConclusionsAlthough there is a need for cardiorenal consensus regarding anticoagulation in CKD, adequate selection of the anticoagulant type and careful monitoring are some extremely useful indications for overcoming management challenges.
Cancer survivors’ access to care and quality of life: Do sexual minorities fare worse than heterosexuals?
Authors: Boehmer Ulrike , Gereige Jessica , Winter Michael , Ozonoff Al 
Published: May 2019

BackgroundAdults with poor access to care are known to have worse quality of life (QOL). The purpose of the current study was to determine differences in cancer survivors’ access to care by sexual orientation and to examine the association between access to care and QOL.MethodsThe current secondary data analysis used 4 years of Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data regarding adult men and women who self‐reported a history of cancer. Among the 70,524 cancer survivors, a total of 1931 self‐identified as sexual minorities, defined as lesbian, gay, bisexual, or other nonheterosexual orientation.ResultsSexual minority women had significantly more access deficits compared with heterosexual women (42.7% vs 28.0%; P < .0001), whereas men of different sexual orientations had similar access to care. Among sexual minority women, those with access deficits had higher odds of poor physical QOL compared with heterosexual women (odds ratio [OR], 2.0 [95% CI, 1.2‐3.4] vs OR, 1.3 [95% CI, 1.2‐1.5]), poor mental QOL (OR, 1.8 [95% CI, 1.1‐3.1] vs OR, 1.5 [95% CI, 1.3‐1.7]), and difficulties concentrating (OR, 2.0 [95% CI, 1.2‐3.5] vs OR, 1.7 [95% CI, 1.4‐1.9]). Sexual minority men with access deficits had greater odds of difficulty concentrating compared with heterosexual men (OR, 4.3 [95% CI, 2.0‐9.3] vs OR, 1.5 [95% CI, 1.2‐1.9]). Among men, sexual minority status increased the odds of poor mental QOL (OR, 1.49 [95% CI, 1.11‐2.01]).ConclusionsAccess to care among sexual minority cancer survivors needs improvement. Sexual minority women should be a focus of future research because their poor access to care more strongly relates to worse QOL.
2D Elemental Nanomaterials Beyond Graphene
Authors: Vishnoi Pratap , Pramoda K. , Rao C. N. R. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractGraphene is a well‐known 2D material with potential applications. In recent years, 2D materials of other elements have come to the fore. These are borophene in group III, silicene, germanene and stanene in group IV and phosphorene, arsenene, antimonene and bismuthene in group V. In this article, we discuss the synthesis, structure and properties of the elemental 2D materials beyond graphene. Of the various elemental 2D materials, borophene, silicene and phosphorene are interesting in terms of stability and properties leading to possible applications. We have described potential applications of other 2D materials as well.
Thiaboranes on Both Sides of the Icosahedral Barrier: Retaining and Breaking the Barrier with Carbon Functionalities
Authors: Holub Josef , Vrána Jan , Růžička Aleš , Růžičková Zdeňka , Fanfrlík Jindřich , Hnyk Drahomír 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe concept of icosahedral barrier has been expanded from the chemistry of carbaboranes to the area of thiaboranes. Both representatives of this barrier, i. e., closo‐1,2‐C2B10H12 and closo‐1‐SB11H11, are similar in their electron distribution, which is dominated by positive charge in the midpoint of the C−C vector and on the sulfur atom with experimentally determined dipole moments of 4.50 D and 3.64 D, respectively. This is a driving force for their reactivity as exemplified by their reactions with different carbon functionalities. Icosahedral closo‐1‐SB11H11 reacts both with an electron sextet containing carbon (in the form of N‐heterocyclic carbenes), reported earlier, and with methyl iodide with an electron octet on the carbon. The latter reaction provides hexamethylated thiaborane on the basis of methylation so far unknown in this area of heteroborane chemistry. The computations of the heat of formation (ΔHf298) make it possible to estimate the height of the barrier as well as to propose closo‐thiaboranes beyond the barrier. Eleven and twelve vertex thiaboranes with nido electron count are known experimentally for breaking the barrier. These computations also suggest that the larger nido‐thiaboranes are promising candidates for the corresponding experimental availability, i. e., the ΔHf298 of a 13‐vertex nido‐thiaborane cluster has been computed to be more negative than that of the well‐known nido‐SB10H11− cluster (−6.7 and −5.6 kcal mol−1 per vertex, respectively).
Insights into Ionic Liquid/Aromatic Systems from NMR Spectroscopy: How Water Affects Solubility and Intermolecular Interactions
Authors: Delgado‐Mellado Noemí , García Julián , Rodríguez Francisco , Rogers Robin D. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractHydrocarbon solubility and chemical interactions in ten imidazolium‐ and pyridinium‐based ionic liquids (ILs) with four different anions (thiocyanate [SCN]−, dicyanamide [DCA]−, tricyanomethanide [TCM]−, and bis(trifuoromethylsulfonyl)imide [NTf2]−) have been studied by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The anion structure has the main influence on the anion–aromatic chemical interaction strength; it is directly correlated to the NMR chemical shift deviations but not to the hydrocarbon solubility. The [TCM]− anion shows the largest chemical shift deviations, but the [NTf2]− anion has the highest hydrocarbon solubility due to steric effects. Higher water contents decrease the hydrocarbon solubility in ILs. Ion‐water solvation mainly occurs until 1 molwater/molIL with the saturation limit at 10 molwater/molIL. Toluene‐ion interactions are stronger than water–ion interactions in [DCA]− and [TCM]−‐based ILs, but they have a similar or even lower strength in [SCN]−‐based ILs.
High vs. low oxygen therapy in patients with acute heart failure: HiLo‐HF pilot trial
Authors: Sepehrvand Nariman , Alemayehu Wendimagegn , Rowe Brian H. , McAlister Finlay A. , van Diepen Sean , Stickland Michael , Ezekowitz Justin A. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAimsMost patients with acute heart failure (AHF) are treated with supplemental oxygen during hospitalization. In this study, we investigated the effect of oxygen titrated to high vs. low pulse oximetry targets in patients hospitalized with AHF.Methods and resultsIn a pilot, open‐label randomized controlled trial (RCT), 50 patients who were admitted with AHF were randomized to either high (≥96%) or low (90–92%) SpO2 targets. Oxygen was manually titrated to the assigned target ranges for 72 h. The primary endpoint was the change in N‐terminal pro‐brain‐type natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP) from randomization to 72 h, and secondary endpoints included patient‐reported dyspnoea by visual analogue scale (VAS), patient global assessment (PGA), peak expiratory flow (PEF) within 72 h, and clinical outcomes up to 30 days following hospital discharge. The median age was 73.5 years, and 42% were women. The change in NT‐proBNP was −6963 (−13 345, −1253) pg/mL in the high SpO2 group and −2093 (−5692, −353) pg/mL in the low SpO2 group (P = 0.46), and the 72 h to baseline NT‐proBNP ratio was similar between groups (0.7 vs. 0.6, P = 0.51). There were no differences between arms in change in dyspnoea VAS (P = 0.86), PGA (P = 0.91), PEF (P = 0.52), in‐hospital mortality (4.0% vs. 8.0%, P = 0.50), or 30 day heart failure readmission rates (20.8% vs. 8.7%, P = 0.22).ConclusionsIn this study, no differences were observed in the primary or secondary outcomes for patients randomized to high vs. low SpO2 targets. Further RCTs with larger sample sizes are warranted to determine the efficacy and safety of oxygen therapy in patients with AHF.
Rapid Assessment for Identifying Species of Greatest Conservation Need: Towards a Unified Approach
Authors: Faucheux Nicky M H , Craig Cody A , Bonner Timothy H 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Identification of imperiled species ranges from rapid, qualitative, expert opinion-based assessments to time-intensive, quantitative assessments. The purpose of our study was to develop a methodology to rapidly quantify species of greatest conservation need by incorporating the concepts of resiliency, redundancy, and representation, which are used by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to identify imperiled species. We compiled records of species occurrences (a measure of redundancy), commonality (a measure of representation), and reported absences (a measure of resiliency) for 50 species of fish within three ecoregions of the southwestern USA. We used multivariate analysis to describe interrelationships among reach, drainage, and region occurrences; percent rare occurrences; and percent absent among reaches. Weighted summations of species scores for principal component axes I and II were sorted from least (i.e., towards low redundancy, representation, and resiliency) to greatest, and species were ranked. With a few limitations, our methodology provided a revisable, documented, and transparent approach to aid in the identification of species of greatest conservation need.
Fetal cortical surface atlas parcellation based on growth patterns
Authors: Xia Jing , Wang Fan , Benkarim Oualid M. , Sanroma Gerard , Piella Gemma , González Ballester Miguel A. , Hahner Nadine , Eixarch Elisenda , Zhang Caiming , Shen Dinggang , Li Gang 
Published: May 2019

AbstractDefining anatomically and functionally meaningful parcellation maps on cortical surface atlases is of great importance in surface‐based neuroimaging analysis. The conventional cortical parcellation maps are typically defined based on anatomical cortical folding landmarks in adult surface atlases. However, they are not suitable for fetal brain studies, due to dramatic differences in brain size, shape, and properties between adults and fetuses. To address this issue, we propose a novel data‐driven method for parcellation of fetal cortical surface atlases into distinct regions based on the dynamic “growth patterns” of cortical properties (e.g., surface area) from a population of fetuses. Our motivation is that the growth patterns of cortical properties indicate the underlying rapid changes of microstructures, which determine the molecular and functional principles of the cortex. Thus, growth patterns are well suitable for defining distinct cortical regions in development, structure, and function. To comprehensively capture the similarities of cortical growth patterns among vertices, we construct two complementary similarity matrices. One is directly based on the growth trajectories of vertices, and the other is based on the correlation profiles of vertices' growth trajectories in relation to a set of reference points. Then, we nonlinearly fuse these two similarity matrices into a single one, which can better capture both their common and complementary information than by simply averaging them. Finally, based on this fused similarity matrix, we perform spectral clustering to divide the fetal cortical surface atlases into distinct regions. By applying our method on 25 normal fetuses from 26 to 29 gestational weeks, we construct age‐specific fetal cortical surface atlases equipped with biologically meaningful parcellation maps based on cortical growth patterns. Importantly, our generated parcellation maps reveal spatially contiguous, hierarchical and bilaterally relatively symmetric patterns of fetal cortical surface development.