bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Soil HONO emissions at high moisture content are driven by microbial nitrate reduction to nitrite: tackling the HONO puzzle
Authors: Wu Dianming , Horn Marcus A , Behrendt Thomas , Müller Stefan , Li Jingsong , Cole Jeff A , Xie Baohua , Ju Xiaotang , Li Guo , Ermel Michael , Oswald Robert , Fröhlich-Nowoisky Janine , Hoor Peter , Hu Chunsheng , Liu Min , Andreae Meinrat O , Pöschl Ulrich , Cheng Yafang , Su Hang , Trebs Ivonne , Weber Bettina , Sörgel Matthias 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Nitrous acid (HONO) is a precursor of the hydroxyl radical (OH), a key oxidant in the degradation of most air pollutants. Field measurements indicate a large unknown source of HONO during the day time. Release of nitrous acid (HONO) from soil has been suggested as a major source of atmospheric HONO. We hypothesize that nitrite produced by biological nitrate reduction in oxygen-limited microzones in wet soils is a source of such HONO. Indeed, we found that various contrasting soil samples emitted HONO at high water-holding capacity (75–140%), demonstrating this to be a widespread phenomenon. Supplemental nitrate stimulated HONO emissions, whereas ethanol (70% v/v) treatment to minimize microbial activities reduced HONO emissions by 80%, suggesting that nitrate-dependent biotic processes are the sources of HONO. High-throughput Illumina sequencing of 16S rRNA as well as functional gene transcripts associated with nitrate and nitrite reduction indicated that HONO emissions from soil samples were associated with nitrate reduction activities of diverse Proteobacteria. Incubation of pure cultures of bacterial nitrate reducers and gene-expression analyses, as well as the analyses of mutant strains deficient in nitrite reductases, showed positive correlations of HONO emissions with the capability of microbes to reduce nitrate to nitrite. Thus, we suggest biological nitrate reduction in oxygen-limited microzones as a hitherto unknown source of atmospheric HONO, affecting biogeochemical nitrogen cycling, atmospheric chemistry, and global modeling.
Distinct representations of basic taste qualities in human gustatory cortex
Authors: Chikazoe Junichi , Lee Daniel H. , Kriegeskorte Nikolaus , Anderson Adam K. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe mammalian tongue contains gustatory receptors tuned to basic taste types, providing an evolutionarily old hedonic compass for what and what not to ingest. Although representation of these distinct taste types is a defining feature of primary gustatory cortex in other animals, their identification has remained elusive in humans, leaving the demarcation of human gustatory cortex unclear. Here we used distributed multivoxel activity patterns to identify regions with patterns of activity differentially sensitive to sweet, salty, bitter, and sour taste qualities. These were found in the insula and overlying operculum, with regions in the anterior and middle insula discriminating all tastes and representing their combinatorial coding. These findings replicated at super-high 7 T field strength using different compounds of sweet and bitter taste types, suggesting taste sensation specificity rather than chemical or receptor specificity. Our results provide evidence of the human gustatory cortex in the insula.
Connection between Mott physics and crystal structure in a series of transition metal binary compounds
Authors: Lanatà Nicola , Lee Tsung-Han , Yao Yong-Xin , Stevanović Vladan , Dobrosavljević Vladimir 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe choice that a solid system “makes” when adopting a crystal structure (stable or metastable) is ultimately governed by the interactions between electrons forming chemical bonds. Here we analyze six prototypical binary transition metal compounds and shed light on the connection between Mott physics and the behavior of the energy as a function of the spatial arrangement of the atoms in these systems. Remarkably, we find that the main qualitative features of this complex behavior in the Mott phase of these systems can be traced back to the fact that the strong d-electron correlations influence substantially the charge transfer mechanism, which, in turn, controls the electrostatic interactions. This result advances our understanding of the influence of strong correlations on the crystal structure, opens a new avenue for extending structure prediction methodologies to strongly correlated materials, and paves the way for predicting and studying metastability and polymorphism in these systems.
A controlled-NOT gate for frequency-bin qubits
Authors: Lu Hsuan-Hao , Lukens Joseph M. , Williams Brian P. , Imany Poolad , Peters Nicholas A. , Weiner Andrew M. , Lougovski Pavel 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe realization of strong photon–photon interactions has presented an enduring challenge across photonics, particularly in quantum computing, where two-photon gates form essential components for scalable quantum information processing (QIP). While linear-optic schemes have enabled probabilistic entangling gates in spatio-polarization encoding, solutions for many other useful degrees of freedom remain missing. In particular, no two-photon gate for the important platform of frequency encoding has been experimentally demonstrated, due in large part to the additional challenges imparted by the mismatched wavelengths of the interacting photons. In this article, we design and implement an entangling gate for frequency-bin qubits, a coincidence-basis controlled-NOT (CNOT), using line-by-line pulse shaping and electro-optic modulation. We extract a quantum unitary fidelity of 0.91 ± 0.01 via a parameter inference approach based on Bayesian machine learning, which enables accurate gate reconstruction from measurements in the two-photon computational basis alone. Our CNOT imparts a single-photon frequency shift controlled by the frequency of another photon—an important capability in itself—and should enable new directions in fiber-compatible QIP.
Association between eating behavior and poor glycemic control in Japanese adults
Authors: Iwasaki Takahiro , Hirose Akiko , Azuma Tetsuji , Ohashi Tamie , Watanabe Kazutoshi , Obora Akihiro , Deguchi Fumiko , Kojima Takao , Isozaki Atsunori , Tomofuji Takaaki 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThis study investigated the relationship between eating behavior and poor glycemic control in 5,479 Japanese adults with hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) <6.5% who participated in health checks. Respondents to a 2013 baseline survey of eating behavior, including skipping breakfast and how quickly they consumed food were followed up until 2017. We defined poor glycemic control after follow-up as HbA1c ≥6.5%, or increases in HbA1c of ≥0.5% and/or being under medication to control diabetes. We identified 109 (2.0%) respondents who met these criteria for poor glycemic control. After adjusting for sex, age, smoking status, body mass index (BMI), and eating behavior, the risk of poor glycemic control was increased in males (odds ratio [OR], 2.38; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.37–4.12;p < 0.01), and associated with being older (OR, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.04–1.11;p < 0.001), having a higher BMI (OR, 1.29; 95% CI 1.23–1.35;p < 0.001), skipping breakfast ≥3 times/week (OR, 2.44; 95% CI, 1.35–4.41;p < 0.01), and changing from eating slowly or at medium speed to eating quickly (OR, 2.11; 95% CI, 1.04–4.26;p < 0.05). In conclusion, Japanese adults who were male, older, had a high BMI, skipped breakfast ≥3 times/week and ate quickly were at increased risk for poor glycemic control.
Selection and Validation of Reference Genes for Gene Expression Studies by RT-PCR in Dalbergia odorifera
Authors: Meng Hui , Yang Yun , Gao Zhi-Hui , Wei Jian-He 
Published: March 2019

AbstractPerennial tree Dalbergia odorifera T. Chen could form the precious heartwood used to produce chinese traditional medicine, rosewood furniture and fragrances. However the formation of heartwood is time-consuming and low efficient, leading to the severe destruction of its wild resources. Thus, it is urgent to study the molecular mechanism of heartwood formation in D. odorifera. But till now, there is no report about the reference gene selection in this species. In this study, the expression stability of nine candidate reference genes were evaluated across different tissues and stems treated by wound and chemical stimulators. Four algorithms were applied to obtain the robust genes. The results support HIS2, GAPDH, and CYP to be the most stable reference genes in samples under different wound treatments while DNAj was the least stable. In different tissues, HIS2, UBQ, and RPL were the most stable reference genes while DNAj was the least stable. The selected reference genes were validated through the normalization of the qRT-PCR data of six heartwood related genes in terpene biosynthesis pathway and ethylene signal pathway. The results showed that their expression levels were accurate when they were normalized by the most stable reference gene HIS2, or by the combination of the two or three most stable reference genes. These results demonstrated that these selected reference genes are reliable.
Anderson localization of flexural waves in disordered elastic beams
Authors: Ángel Jesús Calleja , Guzmán José Concepción Torres , de Anda Alfredo Díaz 
Published: March 2019

AbstractWe study, both experimentally and numerically, the Anderson localization phenomenon in flexural waves of a disordered elastic beam, which consists of a beam with randomly spaced notches. We found that the effect of the disorder on the system is stronger above a crossover frequency fc than below it. For a chosen value of disorder, we show that above fc the normal-mode wave functions are localized as occurs in disordered solids, while below fc the wave functions are partially and fully extended, but their dependence on the frequency is not governed by a monotonous relationship, as occurs in other classical and quantum systems. These findings were corroborated with the calculation of the participation ratio, the localization length and a level statistics. In particular, the nearest spacing distribution is obtained and analyzed with a suitable phenomenological expression, related to the level repulsion.
Inflammatory cytokines in highly myopic eyes
Authors: Yuan Jianshu , Wu Shanjun , Wang Yuewen , Pan Suqi , Wang Pengyun , Cheng Lingyun 
Published: March 2019

AbstractCurrently, myopic retinopathy is the most common irreversible blinding disease but its pathophysiology is not completely clear. A cross-sectional, observational study was conducted in a single center to analyze aqueous samples from highly myopic eyes (axial length >25 mm, n = 92) and ametropic or mild myopic eyes (n = 88) for inflammatory cytokines. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), Interleukin 6 (IL-6), and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. IL-6 and MMP-2 were significantly higher in the highly myopic eyes than in the non-high myopic eyes (IL-6: 11.90 vs. 4.38 pg/mL, p < 0.0001; MMP-2: 13.10 vs. 8.82 ng/mL, p = 0.0003) while adjusting for age, gender, and intraocular pressure. There was a significant positive association between levels of IL-6 and MMP-2 in aqueous humor and the axial lengths of the eye globes (IL-6, β = 0.065, p < 0.0001, n = 134; MMP-2, β = 0.097, p < 0.0001, n = 131). Conversely, VEGF in aqueous humor was significantly lower in the highly myopic eyes than in the non-high myopic eyes (45.56 vs. 96.90 pg/mL, p < 0.0001, n = 153) while age, gender, and intraocular pressure were adjusted. The results suggest that low-grade intraocular inflammation may play an important role in the development and progression of high myopia and myopic retinopathy.
Reflective color filter with precise control of the color coordinate achieved by stacking silicon nanowire arrays onto ultrathin optical coatings
Authors: Song Han Sung , Lee Gil Ju , Yoo Dong Eun , Kim Yeong Jae , Yoo Young Jin , Lee Dong-Wook , Siva Vantari , Kang Il-Suk , Song Young Min 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe engineering of structural colors is currently a promising, rapidly emerging research field because structural colors of outstanding spatial resolution and durability can be generated using a sustainable production method. However, the restricted and saturated color range in micro/nano-fabricated structural ‘pigments’ has hindered the dissemination of structural color printing. Here, this article presents a spectral mixing color filter (SMCF), which is the concept of fine-tunable color systems, capable of addressing the current issues in structural color engineering, by stacking a vertical silicon nanowire array embedded in a transparent polymer onto ultrathin optical coating layers. These two photonic structures enable independent tuning the optical resonance of each structure, depending on geometrical parameters, such as the diameter of nanowires and thickness of absorbing medium. Hence, the SMCF facilitates the linear combination of two resonant spectra, thereby enabling fine-tuning and widening of the color gamut. Theoretical studies and experimental results reveal the detailed working mechanisms and extraordinary mechanical feature of the SMCF. Based on the analyses, the concept of flexible optical device, e.g., a reflective anti-counterfeiting sticker, is demonstrated. Successful characterization demonstrates that the proposed strategy can promote the color controllability/purity of structural color and the applicability as flexible optical device.
The Immunogenicity of OMP31 Peptides and Its Protection Against Brucella melitensis Infection in Mice
Authors: Zhang Fengbo , Li Zhiwei , Jia Bin , Zhu Yuejie , Pang Pan , Zhang Chuntao , Ding Jianbing 
Published: March 2019

AbstractGiven brucellosis is a widespread zoonosis in the world, a safe and effective vaccine is urgently needed. Recent trend in vaccine design has shifted to epitope-based vaccines that are safe and specific. In this study, peptide containing both T-cell and B-cell epitopes of OMP31 was synthesized and used to immunize the mice by nasal administration. The protective efficacy was evaluated. Mice immunized with the B epitope or TB epitope peptides of OMP31 had higher levels of IgG1 and IgG2a in the serum. While the BALB/c mice immunized with peptides containing T cell epitope or TB epitope of OMP31 showed high degree of IFN-γ-producing T cells in the lymphocytes from the respiratory draining lymph nodes and spleen. After intranasally challenged with 5 × 105CFU ofBrucella melitensis(strain 16 M), the bacterial loads in lung of the immunized mice were significantly lower than control group. These data demonstrate for the first time that peptides of OMP31 containing T epitope, B epitope or TB epitopes are of high immunogenicity and thus can protect host fromBrucella melitensisinfection in lung.
Dynamics and orientation selectivity in a cortical model of rodent V1 with excess bidirectional connections
Authors: Rao Shrisha , Hansel David , van Vreeswijk Carl 
Published: March 2019

AbstractRecent experiments have revealed fine structure in cortical microcircuitry. In particular, bidirectional connections are more prevalent than expected by chance. Whether this fine structure affects cortical dynamics and function has not yet been studied. Here we investigate the effects of excess bidirectionality in a strongly recurrent network model of rodent V1. We show that reciprocal connections have only a very weak effect on orientation selectivity. We find that excess reciprocity between inhibitory neurons slows down the dynamics and strongly increases the Fano factor, while for reciprocal connections between excitatory and inhibitory neurons it has the opposite effect. In contrast, excess bidirectionality within the excitatory population has a minor effect on the neuronal dynamics. These results can be explained by an effective delayed neuronal self-coupling which stems from the fine structure. Our work suggests that excess bidirectionality between inhibitory neurons decreases the efficiency of feature encoding in cortex by reducing the signal to noise ratio. On the other hand it implies that the experimentally observed strong reciprocity between excitatory and inhibitory neurons improves the feature encoding.
The harmful effects of acute PM2.5 exposure to the heart and a novel preventive and therapeutic function of CEOs
Authors: Dong Lu , Sun Wenping , Li Fasheng , Shi Min , Meng Xianzong , Wang Chunyuan , Meng Meiling , Tang Wenqi , Liu Hui , Wang Lili , Song Laiyu 
Published: March 2019

AbstractEpidemiological researches have demonstrated the relationship between PM2.5 exposure and increased morbidity and mortality of cardiovascular injury. However, no effective therapeutic method was established. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of acute PM2.5 exposure on the mice heart tissue and explore the therapeutic effects of compound essential oils (CEOs) in this model. In this study, after mice were exposed to PM2.5 intratracheally, some obvious histopathological changes as well as some great alterations of proinflammatory cytokines were observed in the heart tissue. The imbalance of oxidative stress, the altered Ca2+ channel related proteins and the increased intracellular free Ca2+ were all involved in the heart impairment and would also be investigated in this model. The CEOs alleviated the heart impairment via its antioxidant effect rather than its anti-inflammatory function because our results revealed that oxidative stress related indicators were restored after CEOs administration. At the same time, increased concentration of intracellular free Ca2+ and ROS induced by PM2.5 were reduced after NAC (N-Acetyl-L-cysteine) administration. These data suggested that the acute PM2.5 exposure would damage heart tissue by inducing the inflammatory response, oxidative stress and intracellular free Ca2+ overload. PM2.5-induced oxidative stress probably increase intracellular free Ca2+ via RYR2 and SERCA2a. CEOs have the potential to be a novel effective and convenient therapeutic method to prevent and treat the acute heart impairment induced by PM2.5 via its antioxidant function.
Current-driven coherent skyrmion generation
Authors: Deger C. , Yavuz I. , Yildiz F. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe next-generation logic and memory devices using magnetic skyrmions as spintronic information carriers are frequently studied, thanks to their remarkable magnetic stability, extremely compact size and very-low-cost driving forces within nanotracks. In order to realize skyrmion-based spintronic devices, understanding the skyrmion generation and their dynamics are essential. In this study, we have carried out a systematic micromagnetic simulation study on coherent magnetic skyrmion generation in which we theoretically engineered nanotracks by embedding an anti-notch to a channel of certain width. We found that the drift velocity and the skyrmion generation frequency can be tailored by the applied spin-polarized DC current density. Moreover, skyrmion generation is crucially affected by both damping and nonadiabaticity parameters, as well as the geometry of the anti-notch. We anticipate that our predictions provide rational basis for skyrmion-based devices in which skyrmions are used as information carriers, and influence future discussions.
Examination of the temporal and spatial dynamics of the gut microbiome in newborn piglets reveals distinct microbial communities in six intestinal segments
Authors: Liu Ying , Zheng Zhijun , Yu Lihuai , Wu Sen , Sun Li , Wu Shenglong , Xu Qian , Cai Shunfeng , Qin Nan , Bao Wenbin 
Published: March 2019

AbstractIntestinal microbiota plays a crucial role in immune development and disease progression in mammals from birth onwards. The gastrointestinal tract of newborn mammals is rapidly colonized by microbes with tremendous biomass and diversity. Understanding how this complex of segmental communities evolves in different gastrointestinal sites over time has great biological significance and medical implications. However, most previous reports examining intestinal microbiota have focused on fecal samples, a strategy that overlooks the spatial microbial dynamics in different intestinal segments. Using intestinal digesta from six intestinal segments (duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, colon and rectum) of newborn piglets, we herein conducted a large-scale 16S rRNA gene sequencing-based study to characterize the segmental dynamics of porcine gut microbiota at eight postnatal intervals (days 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 120 and 180). A total of 4,465 OTUs were obtained and showed that the six intestinal segments could be divided into three parts; in the duodenum-jejunum section, the most abundant genera included Lactobacillus and Bacteroides; in the ileum, Fusobacterium and Escherichia; and in the cecum-rectum section, Prevotella. Although the microbial communities of the piglets were similar among the six intestinal segments on postnatal day 1, they evolved and quickly differentiated at later intervals. An examination of time-dependent alterations in the dominant microbes revealed that the microbiome in the large intestine was very different from and much more stable than that in the small intestine. The gut microbiota in newborn piglets exhibited apparent temporal and spatial variations in different intestinal segments. The database of gut microbes in piglets could be a referable resource for future studies on mammalian gut microbiome development in early host growth phases.
Spatial variation of yield response and fertilizer requirements on regional scale for irrigated rice in China
Authors: Xu Xinpeng , He Ping , Pampolino Mirasol F. , Qiu Shaojun , Zhao Shicheng , Zhou Wei 
Published: March 2019

AbstractA large number of on-farm experiments (n = 5556) were collected for the period 2000–2015 from the major rice (Oryza sativa L.) producing regions in China, to study the spatial variability of attainable yield, yield response, relative yield and fertilizer requirements at regional scale, by coupling geographical information system with the Nutrient Expert for Rice decision support system. Results indicated that average attainable yield was 8.8 t ha−1 across all sites, with 18.3% variation. There were large variations in yield response to nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) fertilizer application with coefficients of variation of 39.2%, 57.0%, and 53.4%, and the sites of 73.4%, 85.8%, and 87.6% in the study area ranged from 2.0 to 3.0, from 0.7 to 1.3, and from 0.7 to 1.3 t ha−1, respectively. Mapping the spatial variability of relative yield to N, P, and K indicated that the sites of 78.6%, 92.4%, and 88.7% in the study area ranged from 0.65 to 0.75, from 0.80 to 0.92, and from 0.84 to 0.92, respectively. The high yield response and low relative yield to N and P were mainly located in the Northeast (NE), Northwest (NW), and north of the Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River (MLYR) regions. The spatial distribution of N, P, and K fertilizer requirements ranged 140–160 kg N ha−1, 50–70 kg P2O5 ha−1 and 35–65 kg K2O ha−1 which accounted for 66.4%, 85.5% and 73.0% of sites in the study area, respectively. This study analyzed the spatial heterogeneity of attainable yield, soil nutrient supply capacity and nutrient requirements based on a large database at regional or national scale by means of geographical information systems and fertilizer recommendation systems, which provided a useful tool to manage natural resources, increase efficiency and productivity, and minimize environmental risk.