bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interpreting HIV Diagnostic Histories into Infection Time Estimates: Analytical Framework and Online Tool
Authors: Grebe Eduard , Facente Shelley N. , Bingham Jeremy , Pilcher Christopher D. , Powrie Andrew , Gerber Jarryd , Priede Gareth , Chibawara Trust , Busch Michael P. , Murphy Gary , Kassanjee Reshma , Welte Alex 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Background

It is frequently of epidemiological or clinical interest to estimate the date of HIV infection or time-since-infection. Yet, for over 15 years, the only widely-referenced infection dating algorithm that utilises diagnostic testing data to estimate time-since-infection has been the ‘Fiebig staging’ system. This defines a number of stages of early HIV infection through various standard combinations of contemporaneous discordant diagnostic results, using tests of different sensitivity.

Objective

To develop a new, more nuanced infection dating algorithm, we generalised the Fiebig approach to accommodate positive and negative diagnostic results generated on the same or different dates, and arbitrary current or future tests – as long as the test sensitivity is known. For this purpose, test sensitivity is defined as the probability that a specimen will produce a positive result, expressed as a function of time since infection.

Methods

The present work outlines the analytical framework for infection date estimation using subject-level diagnostic testing histories, and data on test sensitivity. We introduce a publicly-available online HIV infection dating tool that implements this estimation method, bringing together 1) HIV test performance data, and 2) infection date estimation functionality, to calculate plausible intervals within which infection likely became detectable for each individual. The midpoints of these intervals are interpreted as infection time ‘point estimates’ and referred to as Estimated Dates of Detectable Infection (EDDIs). The tool is designed for easy bulk processing of information (as may be appropriate for research studies) but can also be used for individual patients (such as in clinical practice).

Results

In many settings, including most research studies, detailed diagnostic testing data are routinely recorded, and can provide reasonably precise estimates of the timing of HIV infection. We present a simple logic to the interpretation of ‘diagnostic testing histories’ into ‘infection time estimates’, either as a point estimate (EDDI) or an interval (earliest plausible to latest plausible dates of detectable infection), along with a publicly-accessible online tool that supports wide application of this logic.

Conclusions

This tool is readily updatable as test technology evolves, given the simple architecture of the system and its nature as an open source project.
Gasparite-(La), La(AsO4), a new mineral from Mn ores of the Ushkatyn-III deposit, Central Kazakhstan, and metamorphic rocks of the Wanni glacier, Switzerland
Authors: Vereshchagin Oleg S. , Britvin Sergey N. , Perova Elena N. , Brusnitsyn Aleksey I. , Polekhovsky Yury S. , Shilovskikh Vladimir V. , Bocharov Vladimir N. , van der Burgt Ate , Cuchet Stéphane , Meisser Nicolas 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Gasparite-(La), La(AsO4), is a new mineral (IMA 2018-079) from Mn ores of the Ushkatyn-III deposit, Central Kazakhstan (type locality) and from alpine fissures in metamorphic rocks of the Wanni glacier, Binn Valley, Switzerland (co-type locality). Gasparite-(La) is named for its dominant lanthanide, according to current nomenclature of rare-earth minerals. The occurrences and parageneses in both localities are distinct: minute isometric grains up to 15 μm in size, associated with friedelite, jacobsite, pennantite, manganhumite series minerals (alleghanyite, sonolite), sarkinite, tilasite, and retzian-(La) are typically embedded into calcite-rhodochrosite veinlets (Ushkatyn-III deposit) vs. elongated crystals up to 2 mm in size in classical alpine fissures in two-mica gneiss without indicative associated minerals (Wanni glacier). Their chemical compositions have been studied by EDX and WDX; crystal-chemical formulas of gasparite-(La) from the Ushkatyn-III deposit (holotype specimen) and Wanni glacier (co-type specimen) are (La0.65Ce0.17Nd0.07Ca0.06Mn0.05Pr0.02)1.02[(As0.70V0.28P0.02)1.00O4] and (La0.59Ce0.37Nd0.02 Ca0.02Th0.01)1.01[(As0.81P0.16Si0.02S0.02)1.01O4], respectively. In polished sections, crystals are yellow and translucent with bright submetallic luster. Selected reflectance values R1/R2 (λ, nm) for the holotype specimen in air are: 11.19/9.05 (400), 11.45/9.44 (500), 10.85/8.81 (600), 11.23/9.08 (700). The structural characteristics of gasparite-(La) were studied by means of EBSD (holotype specimen), XRD, and SREF (co-type specimen). Gasparite-(La) has a monoclinic structure with the space group P21/n. Our studies revealed that gasparite-(La) from the Ushkatyn-III deposit and Wanni glacier have different origins. La/Ce and As/P/V ratios in gasparite-(La) may be used as an indicator of formation conditions.
A comparative study on Co(II) removal capacity from water samples by sorption using limestone and nanolimestone
Authors: Elmorsy Ahmed H. , EL-Toony Mohamed , Al-Johani Enas , Ghurzan Shamha 
Published: June 2019

AbstractPowdered nanolimestone (NLS) and limestone (LS) have been investigated as an adsorbent for the removal of cobalt from aqueous solutions. Batch experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of pH. The favorable pH for maximum cobalt adsorption was 6.8. The surface area increased in the case of NLS up to 6.2 m2/g, while it was equal to 0.5 m2/g in the case of LS. The adsorption capacity calculated by the Langmuir equation was 17.1 mg/g for LS and 60.0 mg/g for NLS at pH 6.8. The adsorption capacity increased with temperature and the kinetics followed a first-order rate equation. The enthalpy change (ΔHo) was 20.8 Jmol−1 for LS and 41.6 Jmol−1 for NLS, while entropy change (ΔSo) was 33.3 JK−1 mol−1 for LS and 74.8 JK−1 mol−1 for NLS, which substantiates the endothermic and spontaneous nature of the cobalt adsorption process. All of the results suggested that the NLS is very strong and could be an excellent nano-adsorbent for cobalt contaminated water treatment more than limestone.
The Prevalence and Causes of Non-adherence to Immunosuppressive Medications in Patients with Lupus Nephritis Flares
Authors: Ali Ahmed Yamany , Abdelaziz Tarek Samy , Behiry Mervat Essam 
Published: June 2019

Background:
Lupus nephritis is one of the major manifestations of SLE. Poor adherence
to medications is an important cause of not achieving treatment targets.

Methods :
We assessed patients’ adherence to immune-suppressive medications in patients with
Lupus nephritis using the Morisky, Green, and Levine (MGL) Adherence Scale. The aim was to
study the effect of non-adherence on the occurrence of renal flares.

Results:
We recruited 104 patients with lupus nephritis. Sixty-six patients had flares of LN. There
was a high prevalence of non-adherence to medications (n=68). Patients who were non-adherent to
treatment had more renal flares (p= 0.02). Duration of lupus since diagnosis was significantly
higher in patients who had renal flares. Using regression analysis, non-adherence to medications
was associated with 3.7 higher risk of developing a single renal flare and 4.9 higher risk of developing
more than one renal flare. Causes of non-adherence were medications side effects in 43% of patients,
financial issues in 31% or forgetfulness in 26%.

Conclusion:
Non-adherence to immunosuppressive medications has a high prevalence in patients
with lupus nephritis and is correlated with the number of renal flares.
Biochemical, Hematological and Histopathological Indices of Wistar Rats Fed Vitamin and Mineral Deficient Diets Supplemented with Moringa oleifera Leaf Meal
Authors: Mhlomi Yanga N. , Otunola Gloria A. , Afolayan Anthony J. 
Published: June 2019

Background:
Moringa oleifera is currently and rapidly gaining superfood status.

Objective:
This study evaluated the effect of Moringa oleifera leaves (MOLM) on haematological,
biochemical and histopathology indices of rats fed with Vitamins and Minerals Deficient (VMD) diets.

Methods:
Twenty-five male Wistar rats (220-290g) were randomly assigned into 5 groups of 5 rats
each. The control (normal rat chow), remaining four diets were VMD plus MOLM at 0, 3, 5 and
10%. Haematological, biochemical and histopathological statuses were evaluated after 28 days.

Results:
Non-significant increase in RBC was observed in rats fed with the MOLM diets compared
to control. Rats on VMD diet had the lowest haemoglobin levels, whereas haemoglobin increased
with MOLM. No significant differences were observed in haematocrit, MCH, MCHC, platelets,
RDW and MPV in all the treatments and control group. However, VMD rats showed a decrease in
haemoglobin, and an increase in WBC and platelets. Electrolytes and glucose for all the treatments
and control were not significantly different, but, control and VMD10 diets rats showed significantly
higher values for creatinine compared to MOLM diets; total protein and albumin increased with
MOLM and were higher than in VMD and control rats. Serum activities of hepatic, cardiac and adrenal
marker enzymes were observed to be significantly lower in MOLM rats compared to VMD and
control. Mild congestion in VMD and VMD3 rats’ liver and diffused congestion in the kidney of
VMD diet rats were observed.

Conclusion:
The significantly high increase in platelet count in the VMD treated rats, indicative of
anemia and other physiological imbalances, highlights the effect of micronutrient (mineral and vitamins)
deficiencies in the diet. There is also the possibility that the anti-nutrients factors present in
Moringa oleifera prevented uptake and bioavailability of nutrients, since the MOLM did not undergo
any processing that could have removed or reduced these antinutrients. Further studies are still needed
on Moringa oleifera leaves to validate the bioavailability of nutrients from the plant.
ARFIS: Adaptive-Receiver-Based Fuzzy Inference System for Diffusion- Based Molecular Communications
Authors: Alshammri Ghalib H. , Ahmed Walid K. M. , Lawrence Victor B. 
Published: June 2019

Background:
The architecture and sequential learning rule-based underlying ARFIS
(adaptive-receiver-based fuzzy inference system) are proposed to estimate and predict the adaptive
threshold-based detection scheme for diffusion-based molecular communication (DMC).

Method:
The proposed system forwards an estimate of the received bits based on the current molecular
cumulative concentration, which is derived using sequential training-based principle with weight
and bias and an input-output mapping based on both human knowledge in the form of fuzzy IFTHEN
rules. The ARFIS architecture is employed to model nonlinear molecular communication to
predict the received bits over time series.

Result:
This procedure is suitable for binary On-OFF-Keying (Book signaling), where the receiver
bio-nanomachine (Rx Bio-NM) adapts the 1/0-bit detection threshold based on all previous received
molecular cumulative concentrations to alleviate the inter-symbol interference (ISI) problem and
reception noise.

Conclusion:
Theoretical and simulation results show the improvement in diffusion-based molecular
throughput and the optimal number of molecules in transmission. Furthermore, the performance
evaluation in various noisy channel sources shows promising improvement in the un-coded bit error
rate (BER) compared with other threshold-based detection schemes in the literature.
Synthesis of Dual Target CPT-Ala-Nor Conjugates and Their Biological Activity Evaluation
Authors: Zhao Chang K. , Xu Lang , Wang Xian H. , Bao Yu J. , Wang Yuhe 
Published: June 2019

Background:
Target therapy has been one of the important strategies in new drug discovery and the
resulting drug resistance has also been a serious problem for concern. At the same time, there are several cancer
genes or pathways operating within a given cancer. Given these two things, the combination therapy will be
needed for optimal therapeutic effect.

Objective:
Camptothecin and norcantharidin were thus chosen to construct a dual anticancer drugs assemblies
mainly because CPT was the DNA-topoisomerase I inhibitor and norcantharidin could also suppress the cancer
cell growth by inhibiting protein phosphatase. The designed conjugate of camptothecin and norcantharidin
linked by alanine was expected to have dual target drug properties.

Methods:
EDCI/DMAP was chosen as a coupling agent for the coupling of CPT with substituted norcantharidin
derivatives and CCK-8 method was used to test the cytotoxicity and intensity on human hepatoma cell line
HepG2. Two kinds of enzymes, Top I and CDC 25B were selected to screen the binding affinity in molecular
level.

Results:
Nine of dual targets camptothecin derivatives were smoothly synthesized by twice coupling in the
condition of EDCI/DMAP in moderate yield. All of the synthesized compounds were characterized by 1HNMR
and 13CNMR spectrum and exhibited strong potent inhibition against Hep G2, SW480, BGC803, and PANC-1
cell line in vitro. The newly synthesized camptothecin compounds, such as 3j and 3i have strengthened inhibition
activity compared to camptothecin and norcantharidin.

Conclusion:
We have successfully synthesized a series of novel camptothecin derivatives constructed from
three components of camptothecin, alanine and norcantharidin. These compounds not only preserved strong
activity against several cancer cell lines in vitro, but also exhibited potential binding affinity to target Top I and
CDC 25B. Therefore, these conjugates linked by alanine could suppress cancer cell growth by inhibiting Top I
and protein phosphatase simultaneously, which makes it much valuable as a novel bi-functional target drug
candidate to develop in vivo.
Monoterpenoid Geraniol Improves Anti-mycobacterial Drug Efficiency by Interfering with Lipidome and Virulence of Mycobacteria
Authors: Sharma Sharda , Hameed Saif , Fatima Zeeshan 
Published: June 2019

Background:
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a global infectious disorder for which efficient
therapeutics are elusive. Nature is a source of novel pharmacologically active compounds
with many potential drugs being derived directly or indirectly from plants, microorganisms and
marine organisms.

Objective:
The present study aimed to elucidate the antimycobacterial potential of Geraniol (Ger),
monoterpene alcohol, against Mycobacterium smegmatis.

Methods:
Disrupted membrane integrity was studied by membrane permeability assay and PI uptake.
Cell surface phenotypes were studied by colony morphology, sliding motility and cell sedimentation
rate. Lipidome profile was demonstrated by thin-layer chromatography and liquid
chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Amendment in iron homeostasis was
assessed by using iron chelator ferrozine and ferroxidase assay while genotoxicity was estimated
with EtBr and DAPI staining. Biofilm formation was measured by staining, dry mass and metabolic
activity using crystal violet. Cell adherence was examined microscopically and spectrophotometrically.

Results:
We found the antimycobacterial activity of Ger to be 500 μg/ml against M. smegmatis.
Underlying mechanisms revealed impaired cell surface phenotypes. Lipidomics analysis exposed
profound decrement of mycolic acids, phosphatidylinositol mannosides and triacylglycerides
which are crucial for MTB pathogenicity. We further explored that Ger impairs iron homeostasis
and leads to genotoxic stress. Moreover, Ger inhibited the potential virulence attributes such as
biofilm formation and cell adherence to both polystyrene surface and epithelial cells. Finally, we
have validated all the disrupted phenotypes by RT-PCR which showed good correlation with the
biochemical assays.

Conclusion:
Taken together, the current study demonstrates the antimycobacterial mechanisms of
Ger, which may be exploited as an effective candidate of pharmacological interest.
Bivalirudin Versus Heparin During Intervention in Acute Coronary Syndrome: A Systematic Review of Randomized Trials
Authors: Bhogal Sukhdeep , Mukherjee Debabrata , Bagai Jayant , Truong Huu T. , Panchal Hemang B. , Murtaza Ghulam , Zaman Mustafa , Sachdeva Rajesh , Paul Timir K. 
Published: June 2019

Introduction:
Bivalirudin and heparin are the two most commonly used anticoagulants
used during Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI). The results of Randomized Controlled
Trials (RCTs) comparing bivalirudin versus heparin monotherapy in the era of radial access are
controversial, questioning the positive impact of bivalirudin on bleeding. The purpose of this
systematic review is to summarize the results of RCTs comparing the efficacy and safety of
bivalirudin versus heparin with or without Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibitors (GPI).

Methods:
This systematic review was performed in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for
Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses PRISMA statements for reporting systematic reviews. We
searched the National Library of Medicine PubMed, Clinicaltrial.gov and the Cochrane Central
Register of Controlled Trials to include clinical studies comparing bivalirudin with heparin in
patients undergoing PCI. Sixteen studies met inclusion criteria and were reviewed for the summary.

Findings:
Several RCTs and meta-analyses have demonstrated the superiority of bivalirudin over
heparin plus routine GPI use in terms of preventing bleeding complications but at the expense of
increased risk of ischemic complications such as stent thrombosis. The hypothesis of post- PCI
bivalirudin infusion to mitigate the risk of acute stent thrombosis has been tested in various RCTs
with conflicting results. In comparison, heparin offers the advantage of having a reversible agent, of
lower cost and reduced incidence of ischemic complications.

Conclusion:
Bivalirudin demonstrates its superiority over heparin plus GPI with better clinical
outcomes in terms of less bleeding complications, thus making it as anticoagulation of choice
particularly in patients at high risk of bleeding. Further studies are warranted for head to head
comparison of bivalirudin to heparin monotherapy to establish an optimal heparin dosing regimen
and post-PCI bivalirudin infusion to affirm its beneficial effect in reducing acute stent thrombosis.
AN ANALYTICAL STUDY ON STEEL GUSSET PLATES
Authors: YANIK Arcan , HIGGINS Christopher , SCOTT Michael H. 
Published: June 2019

On August 1, 2007, the Interstate 35W (I-35W) bridge over the
Mississippi River in Minneapolis, Minnesota USA, collapsed, resulting in 13
deaths and 145 injuries. The cause of the collapse was a design flaw resulted
in week gusset plate connection. This very tragic example showed us again that,
gusset plate design and implementation on bridges have crucial importance. Designers should give significant
consideration during the design of steel gusset plate connections. In this study, the
buckling behavior of steel gusset plates was investigated. An automated
finite-element analysis program (Higgins et al.,2016 ; Scott et al., 2008), was
used to analyze the steel gusset plates behavior under compression load. An
uniaxial stress strain plasticity model was considered in the analysis. The
stress-strain relationship of the steel gusset plates was defined in three
dimensions. Nonlinear static analysis of the gusset plates were performed. Different
out of plane imperfection, different slenderness ratios, different element sizes
were considered during the analysis. The effect of
change in the fastener(bolt) location on the steel gusset plates were also
examined. Normalization of the ultimate failure loads of the given gusset plate
with the critical Euler’s buckling load was defined. The variation of this
normalization with respect to the change in the steel gusset plate parameters was
analyzed. It was obtained that, imperfections have significant effect on the
displacement capacity of the steel gusset plates under compression loads.
La tensión entre la corrupción y la rendición de cuentas. Valoración del gobierno de tres entidades federativas en México
Authors: Uvalle Berrones Ricardo 
Published: June 2019

<p>El objetivo del presente artículo consiste en analizar la relación de tensión entre corrupción y rendición de cuentas, circunstancia que debilita el desempeño de la democracia política. Para ello, se exponen tres casos en que los gobiernos de las entidades federativas en México incurren en prácticas inconvenientes, los cules a partir de relaciones informales nocivas desembocan en daño patrimonial, descrédito del poder público y costos perniciosos para los ciudadanos</p>
Locke y la teoría de la rebelión popular
Authors: Pereyra Guillermo 
Published: June 2019

<p>Este trabajo estudia tres aspectos fundamentales de la teoría de la rebelión popular de Locke. En primer lugar, en la rebelión el pueblo ejerce la violencia legítima para responder a la violencia del tirano. Ella supone un enfrentamiento recíproco entre ambos con un final abierto. La violencia de la rebelión es ilegítima cuando no se ejerce en el marco de la ley natural. En segundo lugar, la rebelión no destruye al cuerpo político, más bien el tirano lo disuelve a través de sus actos contrarios a las leyes naturales. Locke considera que la rebelión puede reunificar a la multitud en la figura del pueblo; por lo tanto, la rebelión no implica un caos que dispersa a los individuos. Por último, la rebelión no es el resultado de la furia irracional; el pueblo toma las armas sólo después de hacer un juicio acerca de si el gobierno es o no la garantía del bien público</p>
Ciudadanización de organismos públicos. Diseño organizacional y democratización de las decisiones públicas a partir de un caso
Authors: S. Peña Víctor 
Published: June 2019

<p>Las reflexiones y estudios sobre la desburocratización, la postburocracia o la democratización de la burocracia, parecieran reforzar la idea de que la participación de entes ciudadanizados incrementa la legitimidad de las decisiones o disminuye errores o vicios, pero ¿qué sucede en la práctica? El presente artículo aborda la relación entre organizaciones públicas y entes ciudadanizados a partir de evidencia empírica de un caso particular; identifica un contexto de tensión con respecto a las características de nacimiento y, a partir de su estudio, propone líneas de acción para un eventual (re)diseño</p>
Vida interna de los principales partidos políticos en Hidalgo: pri, pan y prd (1988-2016)
Authors: Taguenca Belmonte Juan Antonio , González García Robert 
Published: June 2019

<p>En el presente texto, los autores examinan la vida interna de los tres principales partidos políticos del Estado de Hidalgo, según los resultados electorales obtenidos: PRI, PAN y PRD entre 1988 y 2016. En este periodo, el PRI se ha mantenido como un partido predominante, aunque no ya hegemónico. Sus rupturas han permitido ganar terreno a la oposición, sobre todo a nivel municipal. El PAN y el PRD no han consolidado una estructura partidaria fuerte capaz de hacer frente al PRI a nivel estatal, teniendo grandes y perdurables desacuerdos, así como conflictos internos derivados de la elección de candidatos a los puestos de representación y a la dirigencia local del partido</p>
Representación política de las mujeres en los Congresos subnacionales en México. Un modelo de evaluación
Authors: García Méndez Erika 
Published: June 2019

<p>El presente estudio tiene como objetivo analizar desde una perspectiva comparada la participación política de las mujeres en los Congresos subnacionales en México durante 2018. El análisis se realiza desde dos dimensiones: la representación descriptiva y la dimensión sustantiva de la representación. Los hallazgos muestran que el acceso de las mujeres a los Congresos subnacionales es cada vez mayor, como resultado de la implementación de las reformas político-electorales de los últimos quince años. Sin embargo, aún existen sesgos de género en el acceso igualitario de las mujeres en los ámbitos del proceso legislativo y los espacios de<br />toma de decisiones y liderazgo parlamentario</p>