bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evidence of functional ryanodine receptors in rat mesenteric collecting lymphatic vessels
Authors: Jo Michiko , Trujillo Andrea N. , Yang Ying , Breslin Jerome W. 
Published: July 2019

In the current study, the potential contributions of ryanodine receptors (RyRs) to intrinsic pumping and responsiveness to substance P (SP) were investigated in isolated rat mesenteric collecting lymphatic vessels. Responses to SP were characterized in lymphatic vessels in the absence or presence of pretreatment with nifedipine to block L-type Ca2+ channels, caffeine to block normal release and uptake of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, ryanodine to block all RyR isoforms, or dantrolene to more selectively block RyR1 and RyR3. RyR expression and localization in lymphatics was also assessed by quantitative PCR and immunofluorescence confocal microscopy. The results show that SP normally elicits a significant increase in contraction frequency and a decrease in end-diastolic diameter. In the presence of nifedipine, phasic contractions stop, yet subsequent SP treatment still elicits a strong tonic contraction. Caffeine treatment gradually relaxes lymphatics, causing a loss of phasic contractions, and prevents subsequent SP-induced tonic contraction. Ryanodine also gradually diminishes phasic contractions but without causing vessel relaxation and significantly inhibits the SP-induced tonic contraction. Dantrolene treatment did not significantly impair lymphatic contractions nor the response to SP. The mRNA for all RyR isoforms is detectable in isolated lymphatics. RyR2 and RyR3 proteins are found predominantly in the collecting lymphatic smooth muscle layer. Collectively, the data suggest that SP-induced tonic contraction requires both extracellular Ca2+ plus Ca2+ release from internal stores and that RyRs play a role in the normal contractions and responsiveness to SP of rat mesenteric collecting lymphatics. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The mechanisms that govern contractions of lymphatic vessels remain unclear. Tonic contraction of lymphatic vessels caused by substance P was blocked by caffeine, which prevents normal uptake and release of Ca2+ from internal stores, but not nifedipine, which blocks L-type channel-mediated Ca2+ entry. Ryanodine, which also disrupts normal sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release and reuptake, significantly inhibited substance P-induced tonic contraction. Ryanodine receptors 2 and 3 were detected within the smooth muscle layer of collecting lymphatic vessels.
Quantitative Phase Analysis Using the Whole–Powder– Pattern Decomposition Method: II. Solution Using External Standard Materials
Authors: Toraya Hideo 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
A new procedure for the quantitative phase analysis using the whole–powder–pattern decomposition method has been proposed (Toraya and Tsusaka, 1995). The procedure is based on the determination of the scale factor for the profile intensity of each phase in a mixture, which is identical to the ratio of integrated intensity in a mixture to that of the corresponding reflection in a single component sample. Weight fractious were obtained by solving the simultaneous equations, of which coefficients include the scale factors and the mass absorption coefficients. In a previous study, the mass absorption coefficients were calculated from chemical compositions and u,/p data of respective phases. In the present study, an alternative way of deriving the weight fraction without using the knowledge of chemical composition is proposed.
An Analysis of the Effect of Different Instrumental Conditions on the Shapes of X-ray Powder Line Profiles
Authors: Cheary R. W. , Cline J. P. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
In this investigation we have examined how the full width at half maximum intensity (FWHM) and asymmetry of x-ray powder diffraction line profiles are influenced by the instrumental conditions adopted. Experimental x-ray data has been collected for a matrix of instrumental conditions by systematically varying the divergence slit angle (and the corresponding anti-scatter slit) over the range 0.25° to 1.25°, by using either a 0.05mm or 0.2mm receiving slit, or by removing the diffracted beam Soller slit. The line profile Standard Reference Material, SRM, 660 (LaB6) was used as the powder specimen in that it imparts minimal specimen induced broadening to the diffraction profiles. X-ray data were collected on a conventional, divergent beam, x-ray diffractometer using CuKα radiation.
The FWHM of the CuKα1 component can be as low as 0.035°2θ for high resolution conditions, but is normally ∼0.1°2θ at 2θ ≈ 30° for the instrumental conditions adopted in routine diffractometry. Below 2θ = 50°, the divergence slit has a significant effect on the FWHM and is the major cause of the increase in FWHM with decreasing 2θ. Results are presented of the 2θ dependence of FWHM values for each of the instrumental conditions recorded. A general relationship for the 2θ dependence of the FWHM and the asymmetry has been investigated to supersede the inappropriate Cagliotti expression frequently used in x-ray Rietvcld refinement.
Upgrading Sulfide Mineral Patterns for the ICDD Powder Diffraction File
Authors: McCarthy G. J. , Grier D. G. , Bayliss P. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The majority of sulfide mineral patterns in the International Centre for Diffraction Data Mineral Powder Diffraction File have historically been of low quality (e.g., FN &lt; 10 and qualitative intensities). A five-year study has resulted in upgrading approximately 20% of the poorer quality patterns and will triple the number of “star quality” patterns. This paper describes the experimental methods used to obtain these upgraded patterns. The essential role of diffraction pattern calculations and diffractogram simulations is stressed.
Least-Squares Refinement of X-ray Reflectivity Data Obtained with a Conventional Powder Diffractometer
Authors: Gilles R. , Will G. , Elf F. , Huang T. C. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Results on least-squares refinement of X-ray reflectivity data obtained with a conventional powder diffractometer are reported. A model containing an oxygen contaminated surface on Pt was used to refine experimental data for a “500-Å” Pt film on Si. Values of layer thickness, density, and roughness determined by least-squares refinement agree with those obtained from highresolution reflectivity data. The results were found to be insensitive to the film-surface alignment. An agreement of ±2.3 Å for Pt thickness, 8% for density, and 2.5 Å for roughness was obtained when the surface was aligned to within the divergence of the incident X-ray beam. The least-squares refinement method was also used to analyze two sputtered “300-Å” Pt films deposited at 4 and 20 × 10-6 Torr Ar pressure. Results showed a significant increase in Pt thickness and a decrease in density for the 20 × 10-6 film probably caused by a large amount of Ar trapped in the film.
X-ray Rocking Curve Analysis of Strained Heterointerfaces and Quantum Wells
Authors: Wie C. R. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
A detailed discussion is given for the x-ray rocking curve analysis of semiconductor heterointerfaces and strained quantum wells using x-ray interferometry. It is shown that for a single heteroepitaxiai layer sample and a multiple quantum well sample, the heterointerface where the composition changes in both anion and cation sublattices can be studied with a half monolayer sensitivity by analyzing the x-ray rocking curve profile. Such sample systems include GaInAs/InR InAs/GaSb, GalnP/GaAs, ZnSe/GaAs, etc. A simple kinematical diffraction principle involved in the x-ray analysis is explained. Namely, the relative phase difference between the reflection amplitudes of any two layers depends on the total sum of strain (or mismatch)-thickness products over the intervening layers and interfaces. The x-ray interferometry is also effective in measuring the strain-thickness product of strained quantum wells. Experimental data and analysis results are presented for a series of functional device structures having a strained quantum well. For a more complicated sampie structure which involves both a (strained) quantum-effect layer and strained interfaces, it is shown that the x-ray interferometry is only capable of providing the total strain-thickness product over the quantum layer and the surrounding interfaces, but no detailed information about the interface grading can be gained from the rocking curve analysis alone if onhy one isolated sample is measured. An experimental data of such a sample, 0.3μm-GaAs/100Å-GaInP/ GaAs(001), is analyzed.
Combined XRD and XRF Analysis for Portable and Remote Applications
Authors: Kerner Jonathan A. , Franco Edward D. , Marshall John 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
A prototype instrument, which provides x-ray powder diffraction and x-ray fluorescence analysis in a compact unit, has been developed to support the needs of NASA for planetary exploration. The instrument uses a 9-watt Fe-anodc x-ray tube and CCD in a fixed geometry for recording powder patterns with a 2θ range of 35°. The fluorescence spectrum for elements below Fe is collected simultaneously with the diffraction data. A shuttered Cd-109 isotopic source with emissions at 22 and 80 keV is used to excite higher energy fluorescence.
The low-energy limit for discriminating single photon events was found to be ∼1.5 keV. Al-K could be distinguished from a pure sample, but the spectrum below 6 keV was degraded by the read noise of the CCD, which introduced spectral artifacts. Diffraction peaks from halite had a FWHM of ∼1°(2θ), with major contributions to the width from the use of slit collimation on the source and the low tilt angle of the sample.
Manufacture and Use of Setting up Samples
Authors: Feret Frank R. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
In X-ray fluorescence analysis, the specific secondary radiation intensities of the elements are generated and measured by a spectrometer. Usually, the measured intensities are corrected for instrument drift first, then converted into element concentrations. In routine analysis, the intensity is always affected by the instability of the instrument. Instrumental instability consists of two components: short and long term drift Short-term instability is caused by fluctuations in the ambient laboratory conditions and the instrument's components. Long-term drift is caused by aging of the instrument's components (mainly X-ray tube, crystals, detectors, electronic circuitry) and results in a gradual intensity decrease. For example, the X-ray tube output decreases due to pitting of the target and sublimation of metal on the inside of the window. The quantum efficiency of detectors gradually decreases due to drift in potential supply and changes in ambient pressure and temperature.
An Evaluation of Deconvolution Techniques in X-ray Profile Broadening Analysis and the Application of the Maximum Entropy Method to Alumina Data
Authors: Kalceff Walter , Armstrong Nicholas , Cline James P. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This paper reviews several procedures for the removal of instrumental contributions from measured x-ray diffraction profiles, including: direct convolution, unconstrained and constrained deconvolution, an iterative technique, and a maximum entropy method (MEM) which we have adapted to x-ray diffraction profile analysis. Decorevolutions using the maximum entropy approach were found to be the most robust with simulated profiles which included Poisson-distributed noise and uncertainties in the instrument profile function (IPF). The MEM procedure is illustrated by application to the analysis for domain size and microstrain carried out on the four calcined α-alumina candidate materials for Standard Reference Material (SRM) 676 (a quantitative analysis standard for I/Ic determinations), along with the certified material. Williamson-Hall plots of these data were problematic with respect to interpretation of the microstrain, indicating that the line profile standard, SRM 660 (LaB6), exhibits a small amount of strain broadening, particularly at high 2θ angle. The domain sizes for all but one of the test materials were much smaller than the crystallite (particle) size; indicating the presence of low angle grain boundaries.
Detection and Modelling of Micro-Crystallinity by Means of X-ray Powder Diffractometry
Authors: Berti Giovanni 
Published: July 2019

Methods for detecting and modeling micro-crystallinity are discussed in view of determining the systematic effects produced on powder diffraction patterns by both sample features and instrumentation. The mathematical theory of x-ray powder diffraction is the appropriate developmental base for defining micro-crystallinity models in terms of structural ohservables, as well as the “mean equivalent lattice” in terms of computational approximations. Such a theory indicates the way to detect micro-crystallinity accurately and precisely within the limits of the approximations.
Measurements have been carried out on a natural magnetite sample and reported here.
Use of a CCD-Based Area Detection System on a Fibre Diffractometer
Authors: Hanna S. , Windle A.H. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
We describe a new X-ray fibre diffractometer, consisting of a commercial X-ray sensitive video camera coupled to a conventional 3-circle goniometer in place of a more traditional single-point detector. The active element of the video camera is a charge-coupled device (CCD). Diffraction images, obtained at various goniometer settings, are transformed into reciprocal space, and combined to give a complete section through the origin and parallel to the symmetry axis of cyiindrically averaged reciprocal space. A greater density of measurements is needed in the vicinity of the reciprocal fibre axis in order to avoid information loss due to the curvature of the Ewald sphere. The pros and cons of using CCD's as X-ray detectors are discussed and sample results from polymer fibres are shown.
Using An Area Detector to Determine the Orientation Distribution Function
Authors: Squires B. A. , Smith K. L. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWith the increased use of composite materials, it has become increasingly important to perform analysis that quantifies the amount of crystal lographic orientation. In polymers fibers and films the orientation is used to predict the physical properties, such as strength. To determine the orientation it is first necessary to collect a pole figure on a specific reflection. With the conventional powder diffiactometer equipped with an Eulerian cradle, the data collection procedure often lakes a few hours. Additional time is involved for separate background measurements, which are collected at 2θ positions away from the peak. Also, the intensity from these samples is usually weak, requiring increased data collection time to improve counting statistics.Using an area detector decreases the data collection time significantly, because the background experiments are performed simultaneously. We can collect the entire pole figure on both polymer fibers and films in less than one hour using a series of “frames.” The pole figure is determined by integrating over 2θ regions in each frame. For fibers the rules developed by Stein are used to calculate the Hermans orientation factors. For films, the rules are generalized to make them more suitable for biaxial orientation, and the White-Spniieli biaxial orientation factors are reported.
In Vivo X-Ray Fluorescence of Lead and Other Toxic Trace Elements
Authors: Chettle David R. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The first in vivo x-ray fluorescence measurements of lead in bone used y-rays from a 57Co source to excite Pb K x-rays. Later systems used γ-rays from 109Cd to excite Pb K x-rays or polarized x-rays to excite Pb L x-rays. All three approaches involve an extremely low effective dose to the subject. Of the two K x-ray techniques, 109Cd is more precise and more flexible in choice of measurement site. Pb L x-ray fluorescence (L-XRF) effectively samples lead at bone surfaces, whereas Pb K x-ray fluorescence (K-XRF) samples through the bulk of a bone. Both the polarized L-XRF and 109Cd K-XRF achieve similar precision.
Renal mercury has recently been determined using a polarized x-ray source. Both renal and hepatic cadmium can be measured using polarized x-rays in conjunction with a Si(Li) detector. Platinum and gold have been measured both by radioisotopic source excitation and by using polarized x-rays, but the latter is to be preferred.
Applications of Pb K-XRF have shown that measured bone lead relates strongly to cumulative lead exposure. Secondly, biological half lives of lead in different bone types have been estimated from limited longitudinal data sets and from some cross sectional surveys. Thirdly, the effect of hone lead as an endogenous source of lead has been demonstrated and it has been shown that a majority of circulating blood lead can be mobilized from bone, rather than deriving from new exposure, in some retired lead workers.
Scattering Contributions to the Intensities of the Characteristic Klines of the Lanthanides
Authors: Smolniakov V. I. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
On the basis of experimental data and theoretical calculations, the contributions of scattering to the intensities of the K-lines of the lanthanides are considered.
This effect studied for the “one-element plus buffer” targets of medium thickness when these targets were excited by gam ma-radiation with energy 59.54 keV of radioisotope 241Am or 88.009 keV of radioisotope 109Cd.
The experimental dependencies were improved by theoretical corrections calculated by the formula for a medium thickness target. This formula takes into account the contributions to the measured intensities which arc caused by the subexcitation of fluorescent atoms by primary radiation scattered in the sample. Good approximation of the experimental data by the theoretical calculations was obtained.
It was found that contributions to the measured intensities of a lanthanide's atom fluorescence, which can be as much as a few percents, can lead to the subexcitation by scattering radiation of the targets with low concentrations of the fluorescent elements.
Re: Crystal Structures of Pyroaurite and Sjögrenite
Authors: Olowe A. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Pyroaurite and sjogrenite belong to the group of sandwiched lamellar metal hydroxides which have a fixed metallic ions MII:MIII ratio for a particular class. Their crystal structure consists of positively charged metal hydroxide blocks intercalated with negatively charged interlayers. The atomic positions for the interlayer are definite for a particular class. The exact chemical formula of the pyroaurite class is determined from crystal structure analysis to be MII
6MIII
2(OH)16-CO3-4.5H2O; it crystallizes in the space group Rm with a = 12.4376 Å and c = 23.4126 Å. Sjogrenite, MII
6 MIII
2(OH)16-CO3-4H2O crystallizes in the space group P63/mcm. The crystallogiraphy and structural relationship between these classes are discussed. Previous discussion on these compounds did not give any conclusion on the exact chemical formula and the atomic positions.
Diet of bromeliad-frog Phyllodytes luteolus (Anura, Hylidae) in Atlantic Forest environments: what have the frogs been eating outside sandy coastal plains?
Authors: Mageski Marcio Marques , Campinhos Elaine Costa , Duca Charles , Stein Maria Carolina , Oliveira Melissa Peron de , Clemente-Carvalho Rute Beatriz Garcia 
Published: July 2019

Knowledge about the diet of anurans in different environments is essential to understanding important aspects of their trophic ecology. The bromeliad-frog Phyllodytes luteolus inhabits tank bromeliads in sandy coastal plains and lowland forests on the mainland, as well as a continental island in southeastern Brazil. In this work, we describe and analyze the diet of P. luteolus in three environments. We obtained the consumed prey items of 92 frogs (32 from sandy coastal plain, 32 from lowland forest and 28 from the island) via a stomach-flushing procedure. We found some variations in consumed prey composition and prey volume across populations, but ants represented the most important consumed prey in all environments. Only ants had a relative importance greater than 50%, which may suggest a specialized diet that transcends the sandy coastal plain environment.
Distribution of gall-inducing arthropods in areas of deciduous seasonal forest of Parque da Sapucaia (Montes Claros, MG, Brazil): effects of anthropization, vegetation structure and seasonality
Authors: Costa Kelly Christie dos Santos , Araújo Walter Santos de 
Published: July 2019

In the present study, we inventoried gall-inducing arthropod species and evaluated the effects of habitat anthropization, vegetation structure and seasonality on this group in areas of deciduous seasonal forest of Parque da Sapucaia, Montes Claros, MG, Brazil. The gall-inducing fauna was sampled between April 2017 and February 2018 from 20 plots distributed in anthropized and preserved habitats. A total of 29 morphospecies of gall-inducing arthropods and 21 species of host plants were recorded. The Fabaceae plant family had the highest number of gall morphospecies (n = 10), while the Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) insect family induced the most galls (41.3%). Mean gall richness did not differ between preserved and anthropized plots, but was negatively affected by mean vegetation height and density. The total number of gall morphospecies recorded during each sampling did not differ between dry and rainy seasons, but the mean richness of galls per plot was higher in the rainy season. In conclusion, natural factors, such as vegetation structure and seasonality, were more important for the distribution of gall-inducing species than anthropic factors, such as vegetation anthropization level.
Invasive Assessment of the Human Arterial Palmar Arch and Forearm Collateral Function During Transradial Access
Authors: Bigler Marius Reto , Buffle Eric , Siontis George C.M. , Stoller Michael , Grossenbacher Raphael , Tschannen Christine , Seiler Christian 
Published: July 2019

Background:
The present study aimed to quantitatively measure the pressure-derived function of the palmar arch and forearm arterial collateral circulation during transradial access.

Methods and Results:

Palmar arch and forearm collateral function was determined using radial artery pressure signals in the nonobstructed vessel and during brief manual occlusions of the more proximal radial artery and of the radial plus ulnar arteries. Collateral flow index (CFI), the ratio of mean occlusive divided by mean nonocclusive arterial blood pressure, both subtracted by central venous pressure, was determined for CFI during radial artery occlusion (CFI
rad
) and CFI during radial plus ulnar artery occlusion. Before invasive CFI measurements, arterial palmar arch and forearm function was tested noninvasively by the modified Allen test (MAT). Two hundred fifty patients undergoing transradial access coronary angiography were included in the study. CFI
rad
was equal to 0.802±0.150 (95% CI, 0.783–0.820). CFI during radial plus ulnar artery occlusion was equal to 0.424±0.188 (95% CI, 0.400–0.447). There was an inverse linear relation between CFI
rad
and MAT in seconds (s): MAT=64−63×CFI
rad
(
r
2
=0.229;
P
<0.0001). Two hundred eleven patients had a normal and 39 patients an abnormal (>15 seconds) MAT. The group with normal MAT had a CFI
rad
of 0.830±0.111, and patients with abnormal MAT had a CFI
rad
of 0.648±0.224 (
P
<0.0001).

Conclusions:
Direct invasive hemodynamic assessment of the palmar arch and forearm arterial function reveals collateral supply to the briefly occluded in comparison to the patent radial artery of 0.802. During external occlusion of both radial and ulnar artery, CFI amounts to an unexpectedly high value of 0.424.