bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transport and Health
Authors: Nieuwenhuijsen Mark , Khreis Haneen 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Densely populated urban areas afford an enormous opportunity for their residents to have access to a range of salutary resources, thus avoiding some of the challenges that characterize less dense communities. However, transportation often bedevils urban areas, with limited opportunities offered for urban residents to get around cities. Traffic jams and vehicular pollution are associated with poor health of urban residents even as the data are clear that investments in public transportation are both cost beneficial and can improve health. Emerging solutions, including autonomous vehicles, stand to transform urban environments and health in these environments. This chapter discusses transportation as a determinant of health in cities, outlining challenges and opportunities for efficient and effective transportation with an eye toward emerging solutions that can improve urban health.
Pollution
Authors: Samet Jonathan M. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Urban environments represent densely populated spaces characterized by people, built environments, and modes of transportation all in close proximity. Pollution as a by-product of these forces represents a substantial threat to the health of urban populations worldwide. Current World Health Organization estimates are that up to 7 million people die due to air pollution annually, with the vast majority of them in urban areas. Indoor and outdoor pollution to varying degrees in low- and high-income countries both represent threats to health in urban environments. This chapter discusses pollution as a challenge to urban health and the potential opportunities to improve population health represented by innovative approaches to minimize pollution in cities.
A Systems Science Approach to Urban Health
Authors: Ompad Danielle C. , Tozan Yesim 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Urban populations are complex systems characterized by discontinuities, emergence, reciprocities, and feedback. In many respects, systems science approaches are directly suited to the study of urban health, affording us an opportunity to think about the evolution of urban populations and the complexity of behavior in cities that ultimately shapes population health. The authors discuss the concept of feedback loops that can be self-reinforcing or self-correcting. Because individual elements and feedback loops within systems are not established and maintained in isolation, they often interact with each other. Interactions among these feedback loops produce an emergent system behavior that cannot be explained by an understanding of the individual elements alone. This dynamic behavior persists over time and adapts to changing conditions. This chapter provides an introduction to systems science with reference to how it may influence our understanding of urban health.
Urban Design
Authors: Gruebner Oliver , McCay Layla 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The features of the urban built environment influence the daily activities and health behaviors of people living in cities. Thus, it is possible to design cities in ways that can reduce poor health and support the well-being of urban residents. Urban design is the framework that gives form and shape to the components of the urban physical environment, including streets, residences, retail outlets, and industrial facilities. In giving form to the urban physical environment an urban design perspective creates an opportunity to shape cities and, in so doing, to shape how cities influence the health of their populations. This chapter introduces an urban design perspective and offer examples of how an urban design lens can help us understand urban health to the end of improving the health of urban populations.
The Healthy Cities Movement
Authors: Tsouros Agis D. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The World Health Association Healthy Cities movement aims to engage municipal governments in a range of activities to generate health in cities, through political commitment, institutional change, capacity building, and innovative action for health, equity and sustainable development. At core, the movement aims to put health at the heart of social, economic, and cultural agendas of city government and has been at the forefront of a global move toward recognizing cities’ potential to transform themselves to improve their residents’ health. More than 100 cities are part of the WHO European Healthy Cities Network. This chapter discusses the vision behind, goals of, challenges faced by, and successes of the healthy cities movement, with an eye to lessons learned that can be applied more broadly to urban health.
Richmond, California
Authors: Corburn Jason , Griffin Joseph S. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Richmond, California, has been a pioneer in developing neighborhood-based, built environment interventions that aim to improve multiple determinants of health and reduce health inequalities for its diverse urban population. Projects such as the renovation of Pogo Park and the development of the RYSE commons have involved community participation, with the ultimate aim of developing healthy urban spaces. In many ways, Richmond has led the way on healthy urban planning and policy that is responsive to community needs. This chapter discusses the work being conducted in Richmond, highlighting challenges and opportunities for lessons that can inform urban health efforts worldwide.
Regional Planning for Health
Authors: Siscovick David , Sen Mandu , Jones Chris 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
As one of the world’s largest and most diverse metropolitan areas, New York City has also been a leader in thinking about how to promote health by improving physical structures, social conditions, and the natural environment. It is also the home of an independent, nonprofit, civic institution, the Regional Plan Association (RPA), that has worked to improve the prosperity, sustainability, and quality of life in the NYC metropolitan region for the past 90 years. In this case study, the authors tells the story of how the RPA reconnected health and equity with planning in the Fourth Regional Plan for Metropolitan New York. The chapter also discusses the strengths and limitations, the lessons learned, and the challenges related to implementation of the Plan.
Fully Human
Authors: Kingston Lindsey N. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractFully Human: Personhood, Citizenship, and Rights critically considers how inequalities related to citizenship and recognition impact one’s ability to claim so-called universal and inalienable rights. Today, citizenship itself serves to recognize an individual as fully human or worthy of fundamental human rights—yet this robust form of political membership is limited or missing entirely for some vulnerable groups. These protection gaps are central to hierarchies of personhood—inequalities that render some people more “worthy” than others for protections and political membership—that lead to gross violations of the rights to place and purpose that are essential for a person to live a life of human dignity. This book presents various manifestations of hierarchies of personhood, beginning with statelessness (the most direct and obvious lack of functioning citizenship) and progressing through the forcibly displaced, irregular migrants, nomadic peoples, Indigenous nations, and “second-class” citizens in the United States. It challenges the binary construct between citizen and noncitizen, arguing that rights to place and purpose are routinely violated in the space between. To resist hierarchies of personhood, functioning citizenship necessitates the opening of political space for those who cannot be neatly categorized. Only by recognizing that all people are inherently worthy of full personhood—and by advocating expanded forms of political membership and voice—can the ideals of modern human rights be realized.
Irregular Human Movement and the Creation of Liminal Spaces
Authors: Kingston Lindsey N. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractVarious forms of illicit human movement leave many individuals without functioning citizenship, often because they are outside their country of legal nationality and cannot claim rights for fear of arrest, deportation, or some other form of retribution. These categories of migration include irregular migration—sometimes called “illegal” or “undocumented” migration—as well as those who, often as part of this process, cross borders via human smuggling or trafficking. Here we see definitional lines blurring; there are debates about who counts as a migrant versus a refugee, at what point smuggling becomes trafficking, and so forth. In some cases, lack of functioning citizenship is what necessitates migration in the first place. Yet these forms of illicit movement also create liminal spaces where migrants and trafficking victims exist outside the law, beyond the reach of functioning citizenship where they are dangerously vulnerable to rights abuses.
Second-Class Citizens in the “Land of the Free”
Authors: Kingston Lindsey N. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractChapter 7 shifts the discussion to focus specifically on the case study of the United States, where “second-class” citizens are often unable to access fully functioning citizenship and enjoy their rights to place and purpose. Drawing from the work of Margaret Somers, the “contractualization of citizenship” and “color-blind” politics often lead to situations of “internal statelessness” in one of the world’s wealthiest, most powerful countries. Issues of police brutality and inequality before the law arise from pervasive systems of unequal citizenship and structural violence against racial minorities, many of whom occupy lower socioeconomic classes than their White counterparts in American cities such as Detroit, Flint, and Saint Louis. Human rights challenges such as forced eviction, lack of clean drinking water and affordable healthcare, and widespread racial inequalities highlight the ways many people are denied their full rights to place and purpose despite their status as American citizens.
Conveying the Problem(s) and Representing Personhood
Authors: Kingston Lindsey N. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractChapter 8 explores the international community’s responses to these hierarchies of personhood by considering how violated rights to place and purpose have been communicated and interpreted. Drawing on concepts such as issue emergence, visual narratives, and framing, this chapter assesses the ways that human rights concerns are represented. This assessment is useful for better understanding the ways in which vulnerabilities to human rights abuse are constructed and translated for media consumption, fundraising initiatives, and public advocacy campaigns. At the same time, this analysis also highlights how the problems stemming from lack of functioning citizenship receive vastly different responses depending on political circumstances—including how they align with the hierarchies of personhood that operate at local, state, and international levels. Ultimately, this chapter argues that we must reevaluate the ways that we see problems related to lack of functioning citizenship, which includes facilitating the empowerment and representation of vulnerable communities.
Actualizing the Ideal of Functioning Citizenship
Authors: Kingston Lindsey N. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractGuided by the limitations of traditional citizenship, Chapter 9 seeks to move the ideal of functioning citizenship from theory to practice. After we reevaluate how we see the problem, we must then adjust our responses it. This chapter first offers “practical” recommendations for filling protection gaps and alleviating some immediate causes of human suffering. These recommendations include legal, bureaucratic, and policy responses to hierarchies of personhood. While these steps are useful starting points, they are not (and will never be) enough. Instead, actualizing the ideal of functioning citizenship further requires expanding our notion of citizenship to include political space for those who cannot be neatly categorized as citizens or noncitizens. By acknowledging the limitations of our current system—and recognizing the existence of hierarchies of personhood—we can begin the difficult work of broadening political membership and de-linking worthiness from legal status and state recognition.
Patterns Real and Imagined
Authors: Makse Todd , Minkoff Scott , Sokhey Anand 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
In this chapter, we confront the stereotype of the “yard sign war” in which the politically engaged respond to their neighbors’ displays by displaying signs of their own. Another possibility, one that is more consistent with our understanding of social interaction, is that households feel empowered by the presence of same-party signs and deterred by the presence of other-party signs. Focusing on the 2008 and 2012 presidential elections, we look for evidence of these patterns in our geo-coded observational data of sign display. To assess these competing characterizations, we introduce two measures: a clustering measure that describes the distribution of a single sign across a sample space and a joint clustering measure that captures the similarity of two signs’ spatial patterns. Overall, we find little evidence of yard sign wars and consistent evidence that Democratic and Republican signs inhabit distinct spaces in neighborhoods.
War, 1914–1918
Authors: Nielsen Philipp 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter deals primarily with the experience of German Jewish conservatives and nationalists in the military during the First World War. It looks at Jewish soldiers as active participants in the German military, rather than as objects of the military’s actions. It focuses on frontline soldiers and the particular and peculiar position of military rabbis on the German Eastern Front. It proposes that the war, not least in the East, held great promise for German Jews. The chapter’s main argument is that, particularly in the East, Jewish Soldiers viewed themselves as active participants and contributors to the war until the very end. It thus adds to the growing focus on the way German Jews shaped the German war effort, notwithstanding the increasing antisemitism they experienced.
Hermeneutic Theory and Practice Theory in the Study of Cultural, Legal, and Religious Traditions
Authors: Nakissa Aria 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses hermeneutic theory and practice theory, situating them with respect to the work of Geertz and Asad. It then clarifies precisely how hermeneutic theory and practice theory can be brought together in the analysis of cultural, legal, and religious traditions, giving special attention to the Islamic tradition. One of the chapter’s central claims is that knowledge of Sharīʿa rules can be conceptualized as knowledge of a mind (i.e., God’s mind). Moreover, knowledge of a mind can be inferred from signs/effects of that mind. In the Islamic tradition, these signs/effects include: (1) the Qurʾan, (2) the reported actions of the Prophet Muḥammad (Sunna), (3) the reported actions of religious scholars from the past, and (4) the observed actions of present-day religious scholars.
Taking from the Mouths of Shaykhs (Mushāfaha)
Authors: Nakissa Aria 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter combines ethnography and textual analysis to examine the traditional Islamic pedagogy of “taking from the mouths of shaykhs.” This pedagogy requires that a student obtain religious knowledge by sitting with a teacher and listening to him comment on ancient religious texts. The chapter discusses why Muslim scholars value this pedagogy, and why they criticize the practice of independent reading. It also discuss different forms of the preceding pedagogy including samāʿ, qirāʾa, and munāwala. Furthermore, it discusses how this pedagogy relates to matns and commentary. The chapter’s account of “taking from the mouths of shaykhs” draws on insights from hermeneutic theory and practice theory.
Unsaying God
Authors: Kars Aydogan 
Published: May 2019

AbstractWhat cannot be said about God, and how can we speak about God by negating what we say? Traveling across prominent negators, denialists, ineffectualists, paradoxographers, naysayers, ignorance-pretenders, unknowers, I-don’t-knowers, and taciturns, Unsaying God explores the negative theological movements that flourished in the first seven centuries of Islam. It shows that there were multiple and often competing strategies for self-negating speech in the vast field of theology. By focusing on Arabic and Persian textual sources, the book defines four distinct yet interconnected paths of negative speech formations on the nature of God that circulated in medieval Islamic world. Expanding its scope to Jewish intellectuals, Unsaying God also demonstrates that religious boundaries were easily transgressed as scholars from diverse sectarian or religious backgrounds could adopt similar paths of negative speech on God. This is the first book-length study of negative theology in Islam. As an introductory work, it aims to encompass vast fields of scholarship and diverse intellectual schools and figures, in order to tell the story of negative theology and apophaticism and to become a stepping-stone for further research in the field. It is an encompassing book, accessible to a wide audience while addressing the advanced reader of religion who wants to learn about the diverse ways in which God has been unsaid for centuries.
Introduction
Authors: Kars Aydogan 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis chapter introduces the framework and the content of the book and discusses the basic conceptual problems revolving around “negative theology.” It argues that we should not only move from “negative theology” to “negative theologies” in order to approach Islamic intellectual landscapes, but we should also qualify the particular question of theology we are examining. Discussions of negative theology as such tend to confuse divine attributes and the divine essence and reduce apophaticism into a hunt for negative particles and statements. The chapter narrows down the scope of the book to the negative theologies of the divine essence. It also presents justifications for its boundaries and its linguistic preferences, and it defines some technical terms that appear throughout the book. It provides a conceptual introduction to negative theology and a compass to the subsequent chapters of the book.
Against Discourse
Authors: Kars Aydogan 
Published: May 2019

AbstractSince its emergence as a systematic discipline, the scholarship on prophetic traditions depicted itself as the heir of a scripturalist apophaticism, which cancels itself in favor of the unknowability of the divine nature and the incomprehensibility of the sacred Qurʾanic discourse on it. The main features of this tradition were as follows: (1) the conviction that the Qurʾan is the uncreated, eternal word of God. (2) This premise was fundamental in canceling out human discursive constructs, since they cannot grasp the meaning of the transcendent discourse on God’s nature, specifically in the case of Her anthropomorphic depictions. (3) Any interpretive inquiry is doomed to fail before the unknowable divine nature and the transcendent discourse on it. Theological discourses nullify themselves in favor of a non-cognitive position, where neither the divine ipseity, nor the meaning of the transcendent discourse on it can be known. This non-cognitive, anti-interpretive position played an important and rather exceptional role in the canonization of Sufism in the tenth and eleventh centuries and in the formation of the nascent Sufi orders in the late twelfth and early thirteenth centuries.
Data, Measurements, and Methodology
Authors: Fridkin Kim L. , Kenney Patrick J. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Chapter 2 presents the divergent data sets, collected in 2014, 2015, 2016, and 2017 and focusing primarily on the 2014 U.S. Senate campaigns, used to test the tolerance and tactics theory of negativity. U.S. Senate elections are the ideal laboratory for exploring the impact of negative advertising because senatorial campaigns are characterized by impressive variability in the amount, content, and tone of negativity, the types of candidates, the size of the constituencies, and the characteristics of the media markets. A variety of methods, including surveys, experiments, content analyses, focus groups, and facial recognition software are used to measure people’s tolerance for negativity; the relevance and civility of negative advertisements; and people’s reactions to negative commercials varying in civility and relevance. These various data sets are ultimately used to assess the impact of negative advertisements on people’s assessments of candidates and on their decision to vote on Election Day.
Reactions to the Civility and Relevance of Negative Advertisements
Authors: Fridkin Kim L. , Kenney Patrick J. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The findings presented in chapter 5 indicate people recognize and make distinctions about the relevance and civility of negative advertisements. Focus group respondents rated advertisements aired in the 2014 senatorial campaigns in ways consistent with the assessments made by the content analysis coders. This finding helps validate the content analysis findings. In addition, state-of-the-art software is used to measure people’s real-time emotional reactions to different negative advertisements aired during the 2014 Senate elections in a second focus group. The results of the emotions analysis reveal that people vary in their emotional reactions to different types of negative messages. Consistent with the tolerance and tactics theory of negativity, people have strong negative reactions to attack advertisements focusing on irrelevant topics compared to messages emphasizing useful topics. Findings also show people’s level of tolerance for incivility influences their emotional responses to negativity.
How Negative Campaigning Influences Citizens’ Evaluations of Candidates and Likelihood of Voting
Authors: Fridkin Kim L. , Kenney Patrick J. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The analysis in chapter 7 combines survey data from the 2014 Cooperative Congressional Election Survey with information about the airing and content of negative advertisements. It demonstrates that the relevance and civility of negative messages consistently influence people’s assessments of U.S. Senate candidates. The analysis shows that negative messages are persuasive when they focus on relevant topics and are delivered in an uncivil manner. These messages are most influential for people with less tolerance of negative campaigning. The relevance and civility of campaign messages also influence people’s likelihood of voting. When campaign messages are focused on irrelevant topics and delivered in an uncivil manner (mudslinging), people’s willingness to vote declines. Finally, the impact of uncivil and irrelevant messages on political participation is conditioned by people’s level of tolerance for negativity. That is, people with less tolerance of negativity are more influenced by changing levels of mudslinging.
The Consequences of Negative Campaigning
Authors: Fridkin Kim L. , Kenney Patrick J. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Chapter 8 begins with a review of the book’s findings regarding the impact of negative campaigning in U.S. Senate races and assesses the evidence for the tolerance and tactics theory of negativity. The tolerance and tactics theory of negativity helps to resolve several debates in the negative campaigning literature. For example, in light of the book’s findings, it is easier to predict the types of negative advertisements that are more likely to influence people’s evaluations of candidates. Similarly, the theory and evidence advance explanations about when negative messages will enhance turnout and when these messages are more likely to depress turnout. Since the bulk of negative advertisements are sponsored by outside groups, the chapter examines how the increased role of outside money, especially dark money, shapes political campaigns and citizens’ attitudes and actions. The chapter concludes by discussing the role of contemporary campaigns in America.