bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Feeding behavior in Caribbean surgeonfishes varies across fish size, algal abundance, and habitat characteristics
Authors: Duran Alain , Adam Thomas C. , Palma Laura , Moreno Shalimar , Collado‐Vides Ligia , Burkepile Deron E. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractFeeding behavior of coral reef fishes often determines their species‐specific ecological roles. We studied the two most common Caribbean surgeonfishes (Acanthurus coeruleus and Acanthurus tractus) to examine their species‐specific grazing rates and feeding preferences and how these differed with environmental context. We quantified the feeding activity of both surgeonfishes at four spur and groove reefs in the Florida Keys, USA, that varied in fish abundance, rugosity, algal community composition, and sediment loading. Overall, A. tractus fed twice as fast as A. coeruleus. Both species selected for turf algae but avoided feeding on turf algae that had become laden with sediment. Selectivity for upright macroalgae was more complex with A. tractus targeting Dictyota spp., while A. coeruleus avoided Dictyota spp. relative to the alga's abundance. Both species selected for epiphytes growing on other organisms such as macroalgae and sponges. However, several of these feeding patterns changed with ontogeny. For example, larger individuals of both species fed more frequently on long, sediment‐laden algal turf and less frequently on Dictyota spp. compared to smaller sized individuals. In addition, A. tractus also increased its preference for upright calcareous algae as they attained larger sizes. Overall, the disparity in feeding preferences of surgeonfishes likely indicates subtle differences in species‐specific ecological roles. Both A. coeruleus and A. tractus likely prevent development of turf algae and thus maintain algal communities in the early stages of succession. Additionally, A. tractus may also help reduce macroalgal abundance by targeting common macroalgal species.
Phenomenal contrast arguments: What they achieve
Authors: Jorba Marta , Vicente Agustín 
Published: July 2019

AbstractPhenomenal contrast arguments (PCAs) are normally employed as arguments showing that a certain mental feature contributes to (the phenomenal character of) experience. In this paper we examine a neglected aspect of such arguments, that is, the kind of mental episodes involved in them, and argue that this happens to be a crucial feature of the arguments. We use linguistic tools to determine the lexical aspect of verbs and verb phrases—the tests for a/telicity and for duration. We then suggest that all PCAs can show is the presence of a generic achievement‐like phenomenology, especially in the cognitive domain, which contrasts with the role that PCAs are given in the literature.
Type of admission and nursing workload of critical patients: a cross‐sectional study
Authors: Romano Juliana Lemos , Garcia Paulo Carlos , Silva Daniela Vieira , Moura Bruna Roberta Siqueira , de Souza Nogueira Lilia 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACTBackgroundAccording to the perception of nurses in the intensive care unit (ICU), surgical patients need more nursing care, thus requiring higher nursing workloads for these patients than those admitted as clinical patients. However, some study results on the relationship between the type of admission and the nursing workload are considered contradictory.Aims and objectivesTo identify if the type of admission (clinical, emergency surgery or elective surgery) is a predictive factor of the nursing workload required by patients on the first day or throughout their stay in the ICU.DesignThis was a quantitative cross‐sectional study comprised of a retrospective analysis of clinical records of critical patients.MethodsData were collected from 1 May 2015 to 30 September 2015 in a hospital located in São Paulo, Brazil. Nursing workload was measured using the Nursing Activities Score. The type of admission and the demographic and clinical variables of the patients were investigated. Multiple linear regression was used to identify nursing workload predictive factors, with 5% significance level.ResultsIn the analysed sample (n = 211; mean age of 60·3 ± 18·7 years), there was a prevalence of male gender (56·9%). A statistically significant difference (p = 0·025) was found between the type of admission and the nursing workload required for patients on the first ICU day. The Simplified Acute Physiologic Score (p = 0·009) was a predictor of nursing workload on the first day in the ICU, and the Logistic Organ Dysfunction System (p = 0·026) and mortality (p < 0·001) were predictors throughout the ICU stay.ConclusionsThe type of admission was not a predictive factor of the nursing workload required by critical patients.Relevance to clinical practiceIdentifying the predictive factors of nursing workload favours the appropriate staffing of the critical unit by nurses. However, nurses should not consider the type of admission in predicting the nursing workload required by patients in the ICU.
Rewards interact with repetition‐dependent learning to enhance long‐term retention of motor memories
Authors: Hamel Raphaël , Côté Kathleen , Matte Alexia , Lepage Jean‐François , Bernier Pierre‐Michel 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe combination of behavioral experiences that enhance long‐term retention remains largely unknown. Informed by neurophysiological lines of work, this study tested the hypothesis that performance‐contingent monetary rewards potentiate repetition‐dependent forms of learning, as induced by extensive practice at asymptote, to enhance long‐term retention of motor memories. To this end, six groups of 14 participants (n = 84) acquired novel motor behaviors by adapting to a gradual visuomotor rotation while these factors were manipulated. Retention was assessed 24 h later. While all groups similarly acquired the novel motor behaviors, results from the retention session revealed an interaction indicating that rewards enhanced long‐term retention, but only when practice was extended to asymptote. Specifically, the interaction indicated that this effect selectively occurred when rewards were intermittently available (i.e., 50%), but not when they were absent (i.e., 0%) or continuously available (i.e., 100%) during acquisition. This suggests that the influence of rewards on extensive practice and long‐term retention is nonlinear, as continuous rewards did not further enhance retention as compared with intermittent rewards. One possibility is that rewards’ intermittent availability allows to maintain their subjective value during acquisition, which may be key to potentiate long‐term retention.
Innovation and the Creative Destruction of Trade: A Study of the Intensive and Extensive Margins of Trade for French Firms
Authors: Elliott Robert J. R. , Jabbour Liza , Vanino Enrico 
Published: July 2019

AbstractOur study of French exporters examines the causal relationship between innovation and extensive and intensive margins of trade using a propensity score matching and difference‐in‐differences approach. Results show innovation has a positive impact on total exports driven primarily through the intensive margin. To understand the absence of an extensive margin effect, we show new and terminated product–country transactions increase at similar rates in the year of innovation for the treated and control groups but net trade creation for innovators outstrips that of non‐innovators in the following two years implying firms need to innovate in order to survive in export markets.
Elasticities and the Inverse Hyperbolic Sine Transformation
Authors: Bellemare Marc F. , Wichman Casey J. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractApplied econometricians frequently apply the inverse hyperbolic sine (or arcsinh) transformation to a variable because it approximates the natural logarithm of that variable and allows retaining zero‐valued observations. We provide derivations of elasticities in common applications of the inverse hyperbolic sine transformation and show empirically that the difference in elasticities driven by ad hoc transformations can be substantial. We conclude by offering practical guidance for applied researchers.
The influence of sampling design on spatial data quality in a geographic citizen science project
Authors: Brown Greg , Rhodes Jonathan , Lunney Daniel , Goldingay Ross , Fielding Kelly , Garofano Nicole , Hetherington Scott , Hopkins Marama , Green Jo , McNamara Skye , Brace Angie , Vass Lorraine , Swankie Linda , McAlpine Clive 
Published: July 2019

AbstractGeographic citizen science has much potential to assist in wildlife research and conservation, but the quality of observation data is a key concern. We examined the effects of sampling design on the quality of spatial data collected for a koala citizen science project in Australia. Data were collected from three samples—volunteers (n = 454), an Internet panel (n = 103), and landowners (n = 35)—to assess spatial data quality, a dimension of citizen science projects rarely considered. The locational accuracy of koala observations among the samples was similar when benchmarked against authoritative data (i.e., an expert‐derived koala distribution model), but there were differences in the quantity of data generated. Fewer koala location data were generated per participant by the Internet panel sample than the volunteer or landowner samples. Spatial preferences for land uses affecting koala conservation were also mapped, with landowners more likely to map locations for residential and tourism development and volunteers less likely. These spatial preferences have the potential to influence the social acceptability of future koala conservation proposals. With careful sampling design, both citizen observations and land use preferences can be included within the same project to augment scientific assessments and identify conservation opportunities and constraints.
Rejuvenation of RBCs: validation of a manufacturing method suitable for clinical use
Authors: Smethurst Peter A. , Jolley Jennifer , Braund Rebecca , Proffitt Sue , Lynes Thomas , Hazell Matthew , Mellor Phil , Ridgwell Kay , Procter Simon , Griffiths Alexandra , Marinaki Anthony M. , New Helen V. , Murphy Gavin J. , Edmondson Dave , Cardigan Rebecca ,   on behalf of the REDJUVENATE Trial Investigators
Published: July 2019

BACKGROUNDRejuvenation of stored red blood cells (RBCs) increases levels of adenosine 5′‐triphosphate (ATP) and 2,3‐diphosphoglycerate (2,3‐DPG) to those of fresh cells. This study aimed to optimize and validate the US‐approved process to a UK setting for manufacture and issue of rejuvenated RBCs for a multicenter randomized controlled clinical trial in cardiac surgery.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSRejuvenation of leukoreduced RBC units involved adding a solution containing pyruvate, inosine, phosphate, and adenine (Rejuvesol, Zimmer Biomet), warming at 37°C for 60 minutes, then “manual” washing with saline adenine glucose mannitol solution. A laboratory study was conducted on six pools of ABO/D‐matched units made the day after donation. On Days 7, 21, and 28 of 4 ± 2°C storage, one unit per pool was rejuvenated and measured over 96 hours for volume, hematocrit, hemolysis, ATP, 2,3‐DPG, supernatant potassium, lactate, and purines added (inosine) or produced (hypoxanthine) by rejuvenation. Subsequently, an operational validation (two phases of 32 units each) was undertaken, with results from the first informing a trial component specification applied to the second. Rejuvenation effects were also tested on crossmatch reactivity and RBC antigen profiles.RESULTSRejuvenation raised 2,3‐DPG to, and ATP above, levels of fresh cells. The final component had potassium and hemolysis values below those of standard storage Days 7 and 21, respectively, containing 1.2% exogenous inosine and 500 to 1900 μmoles/unit of hypoxanthine. The second operational validation met compliance to the trial component specification. Rejuvenation did not adversely affect crossmatch reactivity or RBC antigen profiles.CONCLUSIONThe validated rejuvenation process operates within defined quality limits, preserving RBC immunophenotypes, enabling manufacture for clinical trials.
Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum infection in Neotropical primates in the western Amazon, Brazil
Authors: Silva Tatiene R. M. , Barros Flávia N. L. , Bahia Michele , Sampaio Junior Francisco D. , Santos Sidney S. F. , Inoue Larissa S. , Gonçalves Thamirys S. , Chiesorin Neto Laerzio , Faria Diogo C. L. O. , Tochetto Camila , Viana Gisele M. R. , Monteiro Frederico O. B. , Góes-Cavalcante Gustavo , Scofield Alessandra 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe Brazilian Amazon is endemic for malaria and natural infections by Plasmodium spp. have been detected in Neotropical primates. Despite the diversity of primate species in the region, studies on infections by these agents are limited. The aim of the present study was to investigate the frequency of infection by Plasmodium vivax and P. falciparum in free‐born primates that were kept in captivity, in the western Amazon, Brazil. Blood samples were collected from 98 Neotropical primates. Detection of P. vivax and P. falciparum DNA was performed using a semi‐nested PCR, and the amplified products were sequenced. Plasmodium spp. DNA was detected in 6.12% (6/98) of the primates. P. vivax, and P. falciparum DNA was detected in 2.04% (2/98) and 4.08% (4/98) of these mammals, respectively. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis confirmed the results obtained from the semi‐nested PCR. The presence of infected non‐human primates (NHP) can be auxiliary in the maintenance of P. falciparum and P. vivax and may have implications for the malaria surveillance and control in the Brazilian Amazon. It is necessary to structure an efficient surveillance system for the aetiological agents of malaria that infect NHP and humans to reduce the risk of Plasmodium spp. introduction into new areas, to protect all susceptible species.
Evidence for cell‐contact factor involvement in neurite outgrowth of dorsal root ganglion neurons stimulated by Schwann cells
Authors: Endo Takeshi , Kadoya Ken , Kawamura Daisuke , Iwasaki Norimasa 
Published: July 2019

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?
Although the factors secreted from Schwann cells that promote axonal growth in the peripheral nervous system have been well studied, the effect of cell‐contact factors on Schwann cells remains to be determined.

What is the main finding and its importance?
This study demonstrates that Schwann cells stimulate neurite outgrowth by direct contact with neurites and by secreting factors. Notably, the effect of cell‐contact factors in neurite outgrowth is comparable to that of secreted factors, indicating that the identification of cell surface molecules on Schwann cells that promote neurite outgrowth could lead to development of a new therapy for peripheral nervous system injury.

AbstractSchwann cells (SCs) play a variety of roles in the regeneration process after injury to the peripheral nervous system. The factors secreted from SCs that promote axonal growth have been well studied. However, the involvement of cell‐contact factors on SCs remains to be determined. Here, we demonstrate a significant contribution of a cell‐contact mechanism in the effect of SCs on promotion of neuronal outgrowth. Neurite outgrowth of adult sensory neurons from dorsal root ganglia was quantified during co‐culture with adult SCs. Direct contact of SCs with neurons was eliminated by culturing SCs on an insert placed in the same well; this resulted in a 51% reduction in the length of neurite outgrowth. In addition, when dorsal root ganglion neurons were cultured on sparsely seeded SCs, neurons that made contact with SCs on their neurites had 118% longer neurites than neurons that lacked contacts with SCs. Collectively, these findings provide evidence that SCs stimulate neurite outgrowth via direct contact with neurites in addition to secreting factors. The identification of cell surface molecules on SCs that promote neurite outgrowth could lead to development of a new therapy for peripheral nervous system injury.
K+ and the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system: new insights into their role in blood pressure control and hypertension treatment
Authors: Poulsen Søren B. , Fenton Robert A. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractApproximately 25% of the adult population is diagnosed with hypertension and it is therefore one of the biggest challenges for the health sector. The renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) adjusts effective circulating volume and ultimately blood pressure (BP). Accordingly, antihypertensive drugs targeting the RAAS have been a major focus in modern medical treatment. Low and high dietary K+ intakes are associated with increased or decreased BP and risk of cardiac failure, respectively, suggesting that dietary K+ augmentation has the potential to supplement or replace conventional anti‐hypertensive drugs. Animal studies have indicated that the beneficial effects of high dietary K+ may be linked to a dominant regulatory role of plasma K+ on key renal transport proteins controlled by the RAAS. However, only a limited number of studies have investigated whether the reported mechanisms in animal models apply to humans. Furthermore, hypertension is often treated with so‐called ‘K+ sparing’ drugs, thus complicating co‐treatment with K+ supplementation. In this review, we revisit old concepts of RAAS effects in the kidney, relate them to effects of dietary K+ manipulation, and finally consider the clinical potential of treating hypertension with K+ supplementation alone or in combination with RAAS inhibitors. Collectively, a wealth of data suggest that increased dietary K+ intake may have beneficial effects on BP in the general population, but underlying medical conditions or current treatment regimens need to be carefully considered before implementing K+ supplementation in patients.
image
Ca‐dependence of synaptic vesicle exocytosis and endocytosis at the hippocampal mossy fibre terminal
Authors: Miyano Rinako , Miki Takafumi , Sakaba Takeshi 
Published: July 2019

Key points
We used presynaptic capacitance measurements at the hippocampal mossy fibre terminal at room temperature to measure Ca‐dependence of exo‐ and endocytotic kinetics.
The readily releasable pool (RRP) of synaptic vesicles was released with a time constant of 30–40 ms and was sensitive to Ca buffers, BAPTA and EGTA.
Our data suggest that recruitment of the vesicles to the RRP was Ca‐insensitive and had a time constant of 1 s.
In addition to the RRP, the reserve pool of vesicles, which had a similar size to RRP, was depleted during repetitive stimulation.
Our data suggest that synaptic vesicle endocytosis was also Ca‐insensitive.
AbstractHippocampal mossy fibre terminals comprise one of the cortical terminals, which are sufficiently large to be accessible by patch clamp recordings. To measure Ca‐dependence of exo‐ and endocytotic kinetics quantitatively, we applied presynaptic capacitance measurements to the mossy fibre terminal at room temperature. The time course of synaptic vesicle fusion was slow, with a time constant of tens of milliseconds, and was sensitive to Ca buffers EGTA and BAPTA, suggesting a loose coupling between Ca channels and synaptic vesicles. The size of the readily‐releasable pool (RRP) of synaptic vesicles was relatively insensitive to Ca buffers. Once the RRP was depleted, it was recovered by a single exponential with a time constant of ∼1 s independent of the presence of Ca buffers, suggesting Ca independent vesicle replenishment. In addition to the RRP, the reserve pool of vesicles was released slowly during repetitive stimulation. Endocytosis was also insensitive to Ca buffers and had a slow time course, excluding the involvement of rapid vesicle cycling in vesicle replenishment. Although mossy fibre terminals are known to have various forms of Ca‐dependent plasticity, some features of vesicle dynamics are robust and Ca‐insensitive.
Impact of community based screening for hypertension on blood pressure after two years: regression discontinuity analysis in a national cohort of older adults in China
Authors: Chen Simiao , Sudharsanan Nikkil , Huang Feng , Liu Yuanli , Geldsetzer Pascal , Bärnighausen Till 
Published: July 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo estimate the causal impact of community based blood pressure screening on subsequent blood pressure levels among older adults in China.DesignRegression discontinuity analysis using data from a national cohort study.Setting2011-12 and 2014 waves of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey, a national cohort of older adults in China.Participants3899 older adults who had previously undiagnosed hypertension.InterventionCommunity based hypertension screening among older adults in 2011-12.Main outcome measureBlood pressure two years after initial screening.ResultsThe intervention reduced systolic blood pressure: −6.3 mm Hg in the model without covariates (95% confidence interval −11.2 to −1.3) and −8.3 mm Hg (−13.6 to −3.1) in the model that adjusts additionally for demographic, social, and behavioural covariates. The impact on diastolic blood pressure was smaller and non-significant in all models. The results were similar when alternative functional forms were used to estimate the impact and the bandwidths around the intervention threshold were changed. The results did not vary by demographic and social subgroups.ConclusionsCommunity based hypertension screening and encouraging people with raised blood pressure to seek care and adopt blood pressure lowering behaviour changes could have important long term impact on systolic blood pressure at the population level. This approach could address the high burden of cardiovascular diseases in China and other countries with large unmet need for hypertension diagnosis and care.