bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differential mitochondrial morphology in ventral striatal projection neuron subtypes
Authors: Chandra Ramesh , Calarco Cali A. , Lobo Mary Kay 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe two striatal projection neuron subtypes (medium spiny neurons‐ MSNs), those enriched in dopamine receptor 1 versus 2 (D1‐MSNs and D2‐MSNs), display dichotomous properties at the level of the transcriptome, projections, morphology, and electrophysiology. Recent work illustrates dichotomous mitochondrial length in NAc MSN subtype dendrites after cocaine self‐administration, with a shift toward smaller mitochondria, due to enhanced fission, occurring in D1‐MSN dendrites and a shift toward larger mitochondria in D2‐MSN dendrites. However, to date there has been no comparison of mitochondrial morphological properties between MSN subtypes. In this study, we examine mitochondrial morphology in NAc D1‐MSNs versus D2‐MSNs. We observe an increase in the frequency of smaller length mitochondria in D2‐MSN dendrites relative to D1‐MSN dendrites, while D1‐MSN dendrites display an increase in larger length mitochondria. The differences in mitochondrial length occur in both NAc core and shell, although to a greater extent in NAc core. Finally, we demonstrate that the mitochondrial fusion molecule, Opa1, is differentially expressed in NAc MSN subtypes, with D1‐MSNs displaying higher expression of Opa1 ribosome‐associated mRNA. The difference in Opa1 levels may account for the bias toward enhanced smaller mitochondria in D2‐MSNs and enhanced larger mitochondria in D1‐MSNs. Collectively, our study demonstrates differential mitochondrial size and a potential molecular mediator of these mitochondrial differences in NAc MSN subtypes.
Glacially abraded rock flour from Greenland: Potential for macronutrient supply to plants
Authors: Gunnarsen Klara Cecilia , Jensen Lars Stoumann , Gómez-Muñoz Beatriz , Rosing Minik Thorleif , de Neergaard Andreas 
Published: August 2019

AbstractRock flour (RF) is a fine‐grained material produced naturally by glacial movement and resulting bedrock abrasion. In Greenland fluvial transported RF from the inland ice sheet sediments in riverbeds and marine outflows. This fine‐sized RF (50% < 9.8 µm) has a high reactivity and may therefore potentially be used to rejuvenate nutrient poor soils and provide nutrients to plants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of a RF from Greenland to supply P, K, Mg, and S to plants. A double‐pot system was used, in which ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) could take up nutrients from both a hydroponic solution and a soil‐compartment with or without RF amendment; a soil mixture or pure sand was used in the soil‐compartment to estimate RF‐soil interaction effects. Omission of single nutrients from the hydroponic solution allowed assessment of which nutrients the RF in the soil‐compartment was able to supply. Ryegrass biomass was harvested four times during 62 days. We found that RF could supply K continuously to plants grown in soil or sand, but insufficient to fully circumvent K deficiency. During 62 days 5.8% and 4.3% of the applied K from RF was accumulated in the aboveground plant tissue in soil and sand, respectively. Mg was supplied from RF to plants in sand, but no significant effects were observed in soil, possibly due to background soil Mg availability. The amounts of P and S supplied to plants were insignificant. These results indicate the potential of Greenland RF to act as a slow release K and Mg fertilizer.
Use of greenhouse‐covering films with tailored UV‐B transmission dose for growing ‘medicines’ through plants: rocket salad case
Authors: Mormile Pasquale , Rippa Massimo , Graziani Giulia , Ritieni Alberto 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe effects of ultraviolet B (UV‐B) radiation on plants are well known and have recently attracted a great deal of attention due to the production of large quantities of secondary metabolites, which are very beneficial for human health. Recent studies have demonstrated the possibility of exploiting UV‐B radiation to induce metabolic changes in fruit, vegetables, and herbs. The role of UV‐B rays in inducing secondary plant metabolites is enhanced by new plastic films, which, as a result of their optical properties, permit the necessary dosage of UV‐B to be transmitted into the greenhouse to stimulate such metabolites without altering the harvest.RESULTSThe main goal of the present paper is to demonstrate that, by using a greenhouse plastic film with appropriate transmittance of UV‐B for rocket salad cultivation, it is possible to increase the nutraceutical elements in comparison with the same species grown in absence of such radiation. Tests compared nutritional elements extracted from rocket salad grown under greenhouses covered with several plastic films differing in UV‐B transmittance. We found that rocket salad grown under plastic with 27% UV‐B transmittance exhibited very high luteolin and quercetin content in comparison with rocket salad cultivated under film blocking UV‐B radiation.CONCLUSIONSOur experimental results confirm the possibility of exploiting UV‐B radiation in the correct amounts by appropriate greenhouse plastic covers, to produce natural ‘medicines’ using the plants and to satisfy increasing consumer demand for natural health‐promoting food products. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
A nucleation mechanism leading to stacking of lamellar crystals in polymer thin films
Authors: Majumder Sumit , Poudel Purushottam , Zhang Hui , Xu Jun , Reiter Günter 
Published: August 2019

AbstractSystematic studies based on well‐controllable model systems aim at understanding how crystallization from a melt or solution of randomly coiled polymers leads to the formation of mono‐lamellar crystals. However, besides mono‐lamellar crystals also various other morphologically simple but yet not well understood structures are found. In particular, stacks of correlated lamellar crystals have been observed since the early days of the study of polymer crystallization. Here, we demonstrate that a recently proposed mechanism of self‐induced nucleation within lamellar crystals provides a possibility to explain how in such stacks lamellar crystals can be correlated. Examining various polymer systems, we show that the probability for generating self‐induced nuclei depends on the morphology of an initiating dendritic basal lamellar crystal. In addition, we provide evidence that this self‐induced nucleation mechanism, together with a high rate of transport of molten polymer to the fold surface, may allow the formation of polymer crystals with similar size in all three dimensions, containing a large number of superposed correlated lamellae. © 2019 The Authors. Polymer International published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
A sugarcane mosaic virus vector for gene expression in maize
Authors: Mei Yu , Liu Guanjun , Zhang Chunquan , Hill John H. , Whitham Steven A. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractZea mays L. ssp. mays (maize) is an important crop plant as well as model system for genetics and plant biology. The ability to select among different virus‐based platforms for transient gene silencing or protein expression experiments is expected to facilitate studies of gene function in maize and complement experiments with stable transgenes. Here, we describe the development of a sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) vector for the purpose of protein expression in maize. An infectious SCMV cDNA clone was constructed, and heterologous genetic elements were placed between the protein 1 (P1) and helper component‐proteinase (HC‐Pro) cistrons in the SCMV genome. Recombinant SCMV clones engineered to express green fluorescent protein (GFP), β‐glucuronidase (GUS), or bialaphos resistance (BAR) protein were introduced into sweet corn (Golden × Bantam) plants. Documentation of developmental time courses spanning maize growth from seedling to tasseling showed that the SCMV genome tolerates insertion of foreign sequences of at least 1,809 nucleotides at the P1/HC‐Pro junction. Analysis of insert stability showed that the integrity of GFP and BAR coding sequences was maintained longer than that of the much larger GUS coding sequence. The SCMV isolate from which the expression vector is derived is able to infect several important maize inbred lines, suggesting that this SCMV vector has potential to be a valuable tool for gene functional analysis in a broad range of experimentally important maize genotypes.
Lipidomic Analysis Reveals Altered Fatty Acid Metabolism in the Liver of the Symptomatic Niemann–Pick, Type C1 Mouse Model
Authors: Pergande Melissa R. , Serna‐Perez Fidel , Mohsin Sheher Banu , Hanek Jonathon , Cologna Stephanie M. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractNiemann–Pick disease, type C1 (NPC1) is a fatal, autosomal recessive, neurodegenerative disorder caused by mutations in the NPC1 gene. As a result of the genetic defect, there is accumulation of unesterified cholesterol and sphingolipids in the late endosomal/lysosomal system causing both visceral and neurological defects. These manifest clinically as hepatosplenomegaly, liver dysfunction, and neurodegeneration. While significant progress has been made to better understand NPC1, the downstream effects of cholesterol storage and the major mechanisms that drive these pathologies remains less understood. In this study, it is sought to investigate free fatty acid levels in Npc1−/− mice with focus on the polyunsaturated ω‐3 and ω‐6 fatty acids. Since fatty acids are the main constituents of numerous lipids species, a discovery based lipidomic study of liver tissue in Npc1−/− mice is also performed. To this end, alterations in fatty acid synthesis, including the ω‐3 and 6 fatty acids, are reported. Further, alterations in enzymes that regulate the synthesis of ω‐3 and 6 fatty acids are reported. Analysis of the liver lipidome reveals alterations in both storage and membrane lipids including ceramides, fatty acids, phosphatidylcholamines, phosphatidylglycerols, phosphatidylethanolamines, sphingomyelins, and triacylglycerols in Npc1−/− mice at a late stage of disease.
Recent Progress in Strait Dynamics
Authors: BRYDEN HARRY L. , KINDER THOMAS H. 
Published: August 2019

A major change in the understanding of the dynamics of flow through straits has occurred over the last few years with the development of two layer hydraulic control models and their application to new observations in the Strait of Gibraltar. Observations of the flow through the Strait of Gibraltar suggest that there are at least two locations of critical flow where the Fronde number equals one, at the sill and at the narrowest section of the Strait, as required by hydraulic theory for maximal exchange through the Strait. Predictions of the inflow and outflow transports and the salinity difference between them from hydraulic theory are in agreement with the recent observations. The physical configuration of the Strait of Gibraltar does indeed appear to control the amount of exchange between the Mediterranean and Atlantic basins.New observational techniques utilized in the Gibraltar Experiment have dramatically portrayed the physical processes operating in the two layer exchange. Acoustic backscatter and Doppler current profiling have characterized hydraulic jumps and mixing, bore formation and propagation of internal solitary wave packets as no conventional measurements have done before. Time series current and, most importantly, salinity measurements on moorings have led to quantitative estimates of the inflow and outflow transports far superior to historical measurements. The new transports throught the Strait of Gibraltar are 30% smaller than historical estimates and, furthermore, tidal oscillations contribute nearly half of the total transport. Microstructure measurements have allowed regions of intense mixing in the Strait to be identified and the amount of mixing to be quantified. Finally the first conclusive evidence of the direct aspiration of deep water up and over a sill has been found in nearly all time series CTD stations at the Gibraltar sill.In this progress report and review, hydraulic control theory and Gibraltar observations are discussed. Then the effects of strait flows on the circulation in the adjoining seas and results from studies of other straits are described. Following a discussion on the generation and propagation of solitary waves in straits, a brief summary and list of outstanding problems are presented, with particular emphasis on the need to develop a fully time‐dependent hydraulic theory for the exchange through a strait.
Investigation of Thermolysis Products of Some N‐Arylthiophene‐2‐carboxamidoximes by Analytical and Spectroscopic Analyses
Authors: Gaber Abdel‐Aal M. , Aly Morsy M. M. , Mekhemer Islam M. A. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractN‐arylthiophene‐2‐carboxamidoxime derivatives (a‐e) were synthesized by using two methods and then subjected to thermolysis at 200–250 °C for 2 h under nitrogen atmosphere either alone or in the presence of tetralin and/or naphthalene as radical scavengers yielded imidazole, oxazole, triazine and amide derivatives. The pyrolysates from both reactions were separated with their constituents by column chromatography and analyzed then identified 1H NMR, 13C NMR and GC‐MS. A plausible mechanism is suggested through two competitive pathways involving the homolysis of N‐O and/or C‐N bonds to account for the thermolysis products.
6π, 8π and 10π Six Membered Sulfur Nitrogen Compounds: A Comparative Study with Organic Analogues
Authors: De Susmita , Sadik Mohammad N. K. , Liya Susan 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBenzene has played an important role in the development of the ideas concerning ′aromaticity′, as much as that benzene and its derivatives are the best examples of aromatic compounds. Although the inorganic aromatic compounds have been found to obey Hückel 4n+2 π electron rule, they often possess a different number of πe as compared to their organic analogues. One such system is cyclic compounds of S3N3, where 10 π aromatic S3N3− and 8π S3N3+ are known, but interestingly, a 6π benzene‐analogue of the sulfur‐nitrogen compound is not reported. Hence as a case study, we have undertaken an extensive theoretical investigation of the electronic structure of 6π, 8π and 10π electrons cyclic S3N33+, S3N3+ and S3N3−, based on the Energy Decomposition Analysis (EDA). We have also compared the results with isoelectronic classical C6H6, C6H62− and C6H64−. Our results indicated that the π‐contribution increases and the σ‐contribution decreases, while the contribution from the orbital interaction energy remains nearly similar upon addition of π electrons to C6H6 and S3N33+. However, the major decrease in the interaction energy is caused by the drastic reduction of the electrostatic component in C6H64− and S3N33+, which can be correlated to the instability of these molecules. Thus, aromatic binary compounds of sulfur and nitrogen are commonly π‐electron rich, while their aromatic hydrocarbon analogues are π‐electron precise.
EDISON‐DATA: A flexible and extensible platform for processing and analysis of computational science data
Authors: Ahn Sunil , Lee Jeongcheol , Kim Jaesung , Lee JongSuk R. 
Published: August 2019

SummaryWith the recent emergence of new paradigm, ie, open science and big data, the need for data sharing and collaboration is becoming important in the computational science field as well. The EDISON‐DATA platform aims to provide services that computational simulation data can easily published, preserved, shared, reused, discovered, and analyzed. First, this paper analyzed computational science platform‐related issues, obtained during the development of the EDISON‐DATA platform, regarding the sharing and reusing of the computational science data. These issues include data complexity, diversity, reliability, heterogeneity, etc. To solve the above issues and support data analysis in an efficient and integrated manner, this study proposes various ideas used in the EDISON‐DATA platform. First, we suggested an automated preprocessing framework to handle the complexity of computational science data. Second, to solve the diversity issue, we presented ways to develop preprocessing logic and data presentation logic customized for each data type. Third, to improve the reliability of computational science data, some quality control and provenance management techniques were presented. Fourth, we proposed a way to manage related data in groups. Fifth, to solve data heterogeneity problem and to analyze data in an integrated way, we let the preprocessing framework to use controlled vocabularies to express descriptive metadata. Lastly, we demonstrated feasibility and usability of the proposed ideas in this paper by presenting a case study of building a research portal service in the materials field based on the EDISON‐DATA platform.
Appraisal Accuracy and Automated Valuation Models in Rural Areas
Authors: Bogin Alexander N. , Shui Jessica 
Published: August 2019

AbstractAccurate and unbiased property value estimates are essential to credit risk management. Along with loan amount, they determine a mortgage’s loan-to-value ratio, which captures the degree of homeowner equity and is a key determinant of borrower credit risk. For home purchases, lenders generally require an independent appraisal, which, in addition to a home’s sales price, is used to calculate a value for the underlying collateral. A number of empirical studies have shown that property appraisals tend to be biased upwards, and over 90 percent of the time, either confirm or exceed the associated contract price. Our data suggest that appraisal bias is particularly pervasive in rural areas where over 25 percent of rural properties are appraised at more than five percent above contract price. Given this significant upward bias, we examine a host of alternate valuation techniques to more accurately estimate rural property values.
Focused transcranial ultrasound for treatment of neurodegenerative dementia
Authors: Nicodemus Natalie Eleanor , Becerra Sergio , Kuhn Taylor P. , Packham Hannah R. , Duncan John , Mahdavi Kennedy , Iovine Jessica , Kesari Santosh , Pereles Scott , Whitney Mike , Mamoun Michael , Franc Daniel , Bystritsky Alexander , Jordan Sheldon 
Published: August 2019

AbstractIntroductionPreclinical studies support investigation of focused ultrasound for breakdown of cerebral pathologies in neurodegenerative conditions including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD).MethodsA focused transcranial Doppler device with probes (2 MHz, 520 mW/cm2) affixed bilaterally was used to target the hippocampus (AD) or substantia nigra (PD) with functional magnetic resonance imaging navigation for enhanced plaque removal. A total of 22 patients (n = 11 AD, n = 11 PD) underwent 8 consecutive, weekly, 1‐hour treatments wherein sleep was encouraged naturally or pharmacologically. Cognitive and motor functioning assessment was carried out using standardized evaluations at baseline and conclusion.ResultsOf all, 62.5% of patients had one or more improved cognitive scores without data incongruence, 87% had stable or improved fine motor scores, and 87.5% had stable or improved gross motor scores. No adverse events were reported.DiscussionThe safety of focused transcranial Doppler and possible enhancement in patient functioning were suggested by outcome data.
Poo Power: Revisiting Biogas Generation Potential on Dairy Farms in Texas
Authors: Benavidez Justin R. , Thayer Anastasia W. , Anderson David P. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBiogas created from anaerobic digestion on dairy farms can be used to generate electricity, produce coproducts, and reduce reliance on off-farm inputs. We incorporate risk into simulation models representing dairy farms in Texas and demonstrate the profitability of new anaerobic digester installation. Based on this market, results indicate projects that have low investment costs, receive grant support for construction, utilize coproducts, or have some combination of these factors have higher net present value at the end of the study period; however, even with generous grant support and high electricity prices, projects with average investment costs remain unprofitable.
Diffusiophoresis, Batchelor scale and effective Péclet numbers
Authors: Raynal Florence , Volk Romain 
Published: August 2019

We study the joint mixing of colloids and salt released together in a stagnation point or in a globally chaotic flow. In the presence of salt inhomogeneities, the mixing time is strongly modified depending on the sign of the diffusiophoretic coefficient $D_{dp}$. Mixing is delayed when $D_{dp}>0$ (salt-attracting configuration), or faster when $D_{dp}<0$ (salt-repelling configuration). In both configurations, as for molecular diffusion alone, large scales are barely affected in the dilating direction while the Batchelor scale for the colloids, $\ell _{c,diff}$, is strongly modified by diffusiophoresis. We propose here to measure a global effect of diffusiophoresis in the mixing process through an effective Péclet number built on this modified Batchelor scale. Whilst this small scale is obtained analytically for the stagnation point, in the case of chaotic advection, we derive it using the equation of gradients of concentration, following Raynal & Gence (Intl J. Heat Mass Transfer, vol. 40 (14), 1997, pp. 3267–3273). Comparing to numerical simulations, we show that the mixing time can be predicted by using the same function as in absence of salt, but as a function of the effective Péclet numbers computed for each configuration. The approach is shown to be valid when the ratio $D_{dp}^{2}/D_{s}D_{c}\gg 1$, where $D_{c}$ and $D_{s}$ are the diffusivities of the colloids and salt.
Influence of Film-Cooling Hole Arrangement on Mechanical Properties of Cooled Turbine Blade Based on the Crystal Plastic Theory
Authors: Lian Y. , Xu Z. , Pei H. , Liang C. , Zhang Y. , Wen Z. , Yue Z. 
Published: August 2019

ABSTRACTThe crystal plastic theory was used to examine the effect of film-cooling hole arrangements on mechanical properties of cooled turbine blade. The finite element method was used to analyze the maximum von Mises stress and resolved shear stress of an octahedral slip system considering the number of rows, diameter, spacing, and tangential-to-longitudinal hole spacing (h/l) ratio. The different arrangements were found to have a significant influence on the maximum von Mises stress and resolved shear stress. For the triangular arrangement, the von Mises stress and resolved shear stress were highest with double rows, followed by a single row and then triple rows. For the quadrilateral arrangement, the stresses were highest with double rows, followed by triple rows and then a single row. Increasing the spacing or decreasing the diameter reduced the maximum von Mises stress and weakened the multi-hole interference effect. Both the maximum von Mises stress and resolved shear stress decreased with the h/l ratio.
Policies as species
Authors: Mosier Samantha L. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThis article proposes equating policies as species to develop a better understanding of how policies emerge, change, and diffuse across policymaking environments. Scholars have long shown an interest in understanding policy change and reinvention, whether incremental or nonincremental. The two subfields of public policy that can answerhowandwhypolicies change are not unified, leading to difficulty in comprehensively assessing policy emergence and change. The policy species concept bridges knowledgeofthe policy process and knowledgeinthe policy process by creating an operationalized definition of public policy and suggesting a process for classifying policies to observe subsequent behavior. Drawing from the field of biology, the policy species framework outlines how policies possess genotypes and phenotypes, which dictate what a policy is and how it can change. In tracing genotypic and phenetic change over time, policy evolution and change is more easily discernible. In turn, a more precise picture of how policies function is painted.