bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessing Emotional Intelligence of Graduate Probationer Police Officers: A UK Pilot Study
Authors: McDowall Almuth , Brown Jennifer , Gamblin David 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The present article summarizes a small-scale pilot study as part of a wider research programme to understand and track learner motivations and characteristics as they change and develop over the course of a policing education and training programme. Emotional intelligence (EI), enabling capacity to recognize and work with emotions, is crucial in policing given demanding interactions with the public and inherently stressful role demands. We assessed levels of EI in a group of participants (N = 84) from the Police Now leadership training programme. Using an established psychometric EI assessment, Emotions and Behaviours at Work, scores were collected and benchmarked. Results showed that participants rated themselves as comparatively low on Influence and Decisiveness and high on Conscientiousness and Rules. We discuss findings in terms of attitudes to the public and towards evidence-based policing, as well as potential selection, training, and research implications.
Professionalizing Contingency: How Journalism Schools Adapt to Deprofessionalization
Authors: Besbris Max , Petre Caitlin 
Published: May 2019

AbstractMany professional labor markets are currently experiencing signs of deprofessionalization, including automation of tasks and increasingly unstable employment conditions. Drawing on the case of journalism schools, this article examines how these shifts affect professional education, which has historically been positioned as a means to avoiding precarious employment. How do professional schools cope with inimical disruptions to the labor markets for which they are training students? Based on 113 in-depth interviews with faculty, staff, and administrators from 44 U.S. journalism programs, we argue that journalism schools have sought to reframe labor market instability as an inevitable and even desirable aspect of journalistic practice and professional identity. They do this by dismantling boundaries, valorizing entrepreneurialism, and seeking to alter institutional practices to emphasize skills over abstract knowledge. Taken together, we call this professionalizing contingency. As labor market precarity continues to spread within expert and professional fields, our findings have implications for broader sociological understandings of professional education.
Introduction of a trust law in Switzerland
Authors: Peter Natalie 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
On a governmental level, the introduction of a Swiss law on trusts is currently being reviewed. It is argued that an introduction would have various advantages, for example citizens would be offered an instrument that is subject to the domestic legal system being more accessible and easier to understand, and providing clarity, leading to greater transparency and legal certainty. In addition, new areas of activity would be created for Swiss professionals to advise on trusts, to set up trusts and to manage trusts and their assets. This article analyses whether the trust is a suitable instrument or whether it would be more advisable to review the existing instruments, such as the Swiss family foundation or the fiducie (Treuhand), and to amend them accordingly.
Investigations on the Relationship Between Ovarian, Endocrine, and Renal Findings in Nonclinical Safety Studies of the γ-Secretase Inhibitor Avagacestat
Authors: Simutis Frank J , Sanderson Thomas P , Pilcher Gary D , Graziano Michael J 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Avagacestat, a gamma (γ)-secretase inhibitor that was in development for treatment of Alzheimer’s disease, produced ovarian granulosa-thecal cell tumors in rats and dogs and a glomerulopathy with profound proteinuria in female rats. This report describes the results of follow-up investigative studies, including the use of ovariectomized (OVX) rats, to further characterize these findings and determine their mechanism(s). Ovarian proliferative changes in rats likely resulted from: (1) inhibition of Notch signaling pathways regulating ovarian follicular differentiation/development, characterized microscopically as altered ovarian cyclicity and/or ovarian follicular degeneration; (2) subsequent disruption of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis due to ovarian atrophy with decreases in serum estrogen and progesterone (as low as 0.45× and 0.21× controls, respectively); and (3) chronic gonadotropin stimulation and pituitary hypertrophy/hyperplasia in response to the absence of negative feedback. Gonadotropin stimulation in rats was confirmed by increases in serum follicle-stimulating hormone (up to 7.75× controls) and luteinizing hormone (up to 5.84×). A similar nongenotoxic mechanism was likely responsible for the ovarian findings in dogs although changes in serum hormone levels were not detected. The dose- and time-dependent glomerulopathy with progression to chronic progressive nephropathy in female rats appears to be a direct effect of avagacestat and was not ameliorated with coadministration of 17β-estradiol or an antihypertensive (enalapril) and was not present in control OVX rats. In contrast, adrenocortical hypertrophy in female rats was considered secondary to ovarian changes based on the absence of this finding in avagacestat-treated OVX rats and no increase in adrenocorticotropic hormone staining in the pituitary.
Unimproved water sources and open defecation are associated with active trachoma in children in internally displaced persons camps in the Darfur States of Sudan
Authors: Macleod Colin K , Binnawi Kamal Hashim , Elshafie Balgesa Elkheir , Sadig Husam Eldin , Hassan Awad , Cocks Naomi , Willis Rebecca , Chu Brian , Solomon Anthony W ,   for the Global Trachoma Mapping Project
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Purpose
To estimate the proportion of children with trachomatous inflammation—follicular (TF) and adults with trachomatous trichiasis (TT) in internally displaced persons (IDP) camps in the Darfur States of Sudan and to evaluate associated risk factors.

Methods
IDP camps were identified from government census data. We conducted a subanalysis of data collected in these camps during 2014–2015 as part of surveys covering 37 districts of the Darfur States within the Global Trachoma Mapping Project. A random-effects hierarchical model was used to evaluate factors associated with TF in children or TT in adults.

Results
Thirty-six IDP camps were represented in the survey data, in which 1926 children aged 1–9 y were examined, of whom 38 (8%) had TF. Poor sanitation, younger age and living in a household that purchased water from a vendor were associated with TF in children aged 1–9 y. Of 2139 individuals examined aged ≥15 y, 16 (0.7%) had TT. TT was strongly independently associated with being older and living alone.

Conclusion
Trachoma is found at low levels in these camps, but still at levels where intervention is needed. Disease elimination in conflict-related settings presents a unique challenge for the trachoma community, and may require an innovative approach. Understanding how best to undertake trachoma elimination interventions in these areas should be prioritized.
Bias in Radiology Resident Selection: Do We Discriminate Against the Obese and Unattractive?
Authors: Maxfield Charles M. , Thorpe Matthew P. , Desser Terry S. , Heitkamp Darel E. , Hull Nathan C. , Johnson Karen S. , Koontz Nicholas A. , Mlady Gary W. , Welch Timothy J. , Grimm Lars J. 
Published: May 2019

Purpose
To evaluate for appearance-based discrimination in the selection of radiology residents.

Method
A deception study simulating the resident selection process examined the impact of attractiveness and obesity on resident selection. Seventy-four core faculty from 5 academic radiology departments reviewed mock residency applications in September and October 2017. Each application included demographic information and a photograph, representing a prespecified distribution of facial attractiveness and obesity, combined with randomized academic and supporting variables. Reviewers independently scored applications for interview desirability. Reviewer scores and application variables were compared using linear mixed fixed- and random-effects models.

Results
Reviewers evaluated 5,447 applications (mean: 74 applications per reviewer). United States Medical Licensing Examination Step 1 scores were the strongest predictor of reviewer rating (B = 0.35 [standard error (SE) = 0.029]). Applicant facial attractiveness strongly predicted rating (attractive vs unattractive, B = 0.30 [SE = 0.056]; neutral vs unattractive, B = 0.13 [SE = 0.028]). Less influential but still significant predictors included race/ethnicity (B = 0.25 [SE = 0.059]), preclinical class rank (B = 0.25 [SE = 0.040]), clinical clerkship grades (B = 0.23 [SE = 0.034]), Alpha Omega Alpha membership (B = 0.21 [SE = 0.032]), and obesity (vs not obese) (B = −0.14 [SE = 0.024]).

Conclusions
Findings provide preliminary evidence of discrimination against facially unattractive and obese applicants in radiology resident selection. Obesity and attractiveness were as influential in applicant selection for interview as traditional medical school performance metrics. Selection committees should invoke strategies to detect and manage appearance-based bias.
Health Systems Science: The “Broccoli” of Undergraduate Medical Education
Authors: Gonzalo Jed D. , Ogrinc Greg 
Published: May 2019

Health system leaders are calling for reform of medical education programs to meet evolving needs of health systems. U.S. medical schools have initiated innovative curricula related to health systems science (HSS), which includes competencies in value-based care, population health, system improvement, interprofessional collaboration, and systems thinking. Successful implementation of HSS curricula is challenging because of the necessity for new curricular methods, assessments, and educators and for resource allocation. Perhaps most notable of these challenges, however, is students’ mixed receptivity. Although many students are fully engaged, others are dissatisfied with curricular time dedicated to competencies not perceived as high yield. HSS learning can be viewed as “broccoli”—students may realize it is good for them in the long term, but it may not be palatable in the moment. Further analysis is necessary for accelerating change both locally and nationally.
With over 11 years of experience in global HSS curricular reform in 2 medical schools and informed by the curricular implementation “performance gap,” the authors explore student receptivity challenges, including marginalization of HSS coursework, infancy of the HSS field, relative nascence of curricula and educators, heterogeneity of pedagogies, tensions in students’ perceptions of their professional role, and culture of HSS integration. The authors call for the reexamination of 5 issues influencing HSS receptivity: student recruitment processes, faculty development, building an HSS academic “home,” evaluation metrics, and transparent collaboration between medical schools. To fulfill the social obligation of meeting patients’ needs, educators must seek a shared understanding of underlying challenges of HSS innovations.
Prolonged Perioperative Use of Pregabalin and Ketamine to Prevent Persistent Pain after Cardiac Surgery
Authors: Anwar Sibtain , Cooper Jackie , Rahman Junia , Sharma Chhaya , Langford Richard 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Editor’s Perspective

What We Already Know about This Topic

What This Article Tells Us That Is New

Background
Persistent postsurgical pain is common and affects quality of life. The hypothesis was that use of pregabalin and ketamine would prevent persistent pain after cardiac surgery.

Methods
This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was undertaken at two cardiac surgery centers in the United Kingdom. Adults without chronic pain and undergoing any elective cardiac surgery patients via sternotomy were randomly assigned to receive either usual care, pregabalin (150 mg preoperatively and twice daily for 14 postoperative days) alone, or pregabalin in combination with a 48-h postoperative infusion of intravenous ketamine at 0.1 mg · kg−1 · h−1. The primary endpoints were prevalence of clinically significant pain at 3 and 6 months after surgery, defined as a pain score on the numeric rating scale of 4 or higher (out of 10) after a functional assessment of three maximal coughs. The secondary outcomes included acute pain, opioid use, and safety measures, as well as long-term neuropathic pain, analgesic requirement, and quality of life.

Results
In total, 150 patients were randomized, with 17 withdrawals from treatment and 2 losses to follow-up but with data analyzed for all participants on an intention-to-treat basis. The prevalence of pain was lower at 3 postoperative months for pregabalin alone (6% [3 of 50]) and in combination with ketamine (2% [1 of 50]) compared to the control group (34% [17 of 50]; odds ratio = 0.126 [0.022 to 0.5], P = 0.0008; and 0.041 [0.0009 to 0.28], P < 0.0001, respectively) and at 6 months for pregabalin alone (6% [3 of 50]) and in combination with ketamine 0% (0 of 5) compared to the control group (28% [14 of 50]; odds ratio = 0.167 [0.029 to 0.7], P = 0.006; and 0.000 [0 to 0.24], P < 0.0001). Diplopia was more common in both active arms.

Conclusions
Preoperative administration of 150 mg of pregabalin and postoperative continuation twice daily for 14 days significantly lowered the prevalence of persistent pain after cardiac surgery.
Anesthesiology Resident Night Float Duty Alters Sleep Patterns
Authors: Dunn Lauren K. , Kleiman Amanda M. , Forkin Katherine T. , Bechtel Allison J. , Collins Stephen R. , Potter Jennifer F. , Kaperak Christopher J. , Tsang Siny , Huffmyer Julie L. , Nemergut Edward C. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Editor’s Perspective

What We Already Know about This Topic

What This Article Tells Us That Is New

Background
Residency programs utilize night float systems to adhere to duty hour restrictions; however, the influence of night float on resident sleep has not been described. The study aim was to determine the influence of night float on resident sleep patterns and quality of sleep. We hypothesized that total sleep time decreases during night float, increases as residents acclimate to night shift work, and returns to baseline during recovery.

Methods
This was a single-center observational study of 30 anesthesia residents scheduled to complete six consecutive night float shifts. Electroencephalography sleep patterns were recorded during baseline (three nights), night float (six nights), and recovery (three nights) using the ZMachine Insight monitor (General Sleep Corporation, USA). Total sleep time; light, deep, and rapid eye movement sleep; sleep efficiency; latency to persistent sleep; and wake after sleep onset were observed.

Results
Mean total sleep time ± SD was 5.9 ± 1.9 h (3.0 ± 1.2.1 h light; 1.4 ± 0.6 h deep; 1.6 ± 0.7 h rapid eye movement) at baseline. During night float, mean total sleep time was 4.5 ± 1.8 h (1.4-h decrease, 95% CI: 0.9 to 1.9, Cohen’s d = –1.1, P < 0.001) with decreases in light (2.2 ± 1.1 h, 0.7-h decrease, 95% CI: 0.4 to 1.1, d = –1.0, P < 0.001), deep (1.1 ± 0.7 h, 0.3-h decrease, 95% CI: 0.1 to 0.4, d = –0.5, P = 0.005), and rapid eye movement sleep (1.2 ± 0.6 h, 0.4-h decrease, 95% CI: 0.3 to 0.6, d = –0.9, P < 0.001). Mean total sleep time during recovery was 5.4 ± 2.2 h, which did not differ significantly from baseline; however, deep (1.0 ± 0.6 h, 0.4-h decrease, 95% CI: 0.2 to 0.6, d = –0.6, P = 0.001 *, P = 0.001) and rapid eye movement sleep (1.2 ± 0.8 h, 0.4-h decrease, 95% CI: 0.2 to 0.6, d = –0.9, P < 0.001 P < 0.001) were significantly decreased.

Conclusions
Electroencephalography monitoring demonstrates that sleep quantity is decreased during six consecutive night float shifts. A 3-day period of recovery is insufficient for restorative sleep (rapid eye movement and deep sleep) levels to return to baseline.
Lumen-apposing Metal Stents, Fully Covered Self-expanding Metal Stents, and Biodegradable Stents in the Management of Benign of GI Strictures
Authors: Mohan Babu P. , Chandan Saurabh , Garg Rajat , Mohamed Shuaib , Shakhatreh Mohammed , Dugyala Sushma , Mashiana Harmeet S. , Ponnada Suresh , Asokkumar Ravishankar , Adler Douglas G. 
Published: May 2019

Background:
Refractory benign gastrointestinal (GI) strictures are difficult to treat and placement of a stent is a commonly sought resort. Stents used for this purpose are fully covered self-expanding metal stent (FCSEMS), a biodegradable stent (BDS) and recently, a lumen-apposing metal stent (LAMS). There is no data comparing these stents to this end.

Methods:
We conducted a comprehensive search of multiple electronic databases and conference proceedings (from inception through October 2018) to identify studies that reported on the performance of FCSEMS, BDS, and LAMS in the treatment of refractory benign GI strictures. Our goals were to evaluate the pooled rate of technical success, clinical success, and adverse events with these stents and compare the outcomes between them.

Results:
A total of 31 studies were analyzed. In total, 14 (342 patients), 11 (226 patients), and 8 studies (192 patients) reported the use of FCSEMS, BDS, and LAMS, respectively. The pooled rate of technical success was 96.5% [95% confidence interval (CI): 93.5-98.1], 91.9% (95% CI: 85.6-95.6), and 97.6% (95% CI: 94.0-99.0) with FCSEMS, BDS, and LAMS respectively. No statistical significance to the difference was noted. The pooled rate of clinical success was 48.4% (95% CI: 37.1-59.8), 34.9% (95% CI: 23.6-48.1), and 78.8% (95% CI: 65.8-87.8) with FCSEMS, BDS, and LAMS, respectively. Statistical significance was noted in LAMS versus FCSEMS (P=0.001) and LAMS versus BDS (P=0.001). LAMS demonstrated statistically better outcomes in regards to stent migration and postprocedure pain when compared with FCSEMS and BDS.

Conclusion:
Our study demonstrates that LAMS gives better clinical outcomes in the treatment of refractory benign GI strictures when compared with FCSEMS and BDS. Variability in the site, as well as the length of stricture, indirect comparison, and heterogeneity, were the limitations of our study.
Chyle Fat–Derived Stem Cells Conditioned Medium Inhibits Hypertrophic Scar Fibroblast Activity
Authors: Chen Junnan , Li Zhihua , Huang Zhenya , Liang Liming , Chen Minliang 
Published: May 2019

Background
Hypertrophic scars (HSs) generally form after injury to the deep layers of the dermis and are characterized by excessive collagen deposition. An increasing amount of evidence has determined that human adipose tissue–derived mesenchymal stem cells attenuate fibrosis in various conditions. We explored the effect and possible mechanism of chyle fat–derived stem cells (CFSCs) on HS formation.

Methods
Hypertrophic scar–derived fibroblasts (HSFs) and CFSCs were isolated from individual patients. Third-passage CFSCs were isolated and cultured using a mechanical emulsification method, and their surface CD markers were analyzed by flow cytometry. The adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation capacity of the CFSCs was determined using oil red O staining and alizarin red S staining, respectively. Then, the effects of CFSCs on HSFs were assessed in vitro. Hypertrophic scar–derived fibroblasts were treated with starvation-induced conditioned medium from the CFSCs (CFSC-CM). The change in HSF cellular behaviors, such as cell proliferation, migration, and protein expression of scar-related molecules, was evaluated by cell counting assay, scratch wound assay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and western blotting. All data were analyzed using SPSS 17.0.

Results
The CFSCs expressed CD90, CD105, and CD73 but did not express CD34, CD45, or CD31. The CFSCs differentiated into adipocytes and osteoblasts under the appropriate induction conditions. Chyle fat–derived stem cells conditioned medium inhibited HSF proliferation and migration. The in vitro and ex vivo studies revealed that CFSC-CM decreased type I collagen, type III collagen, and α smooth muscle actin expression.

Conclusions
Our results suggest that CFSCs are associated with the inhibition of fibrosis in HSFs by a paracrine effect. The use of CFSC-CM may be a novel therapeutic strategy for HSs.
Quadruplex qPCR for qualitative and quantitative analysis of the HIV-1 latent reservoir
Authors: Gaebler Christian , Lorenzi Julio C. C. , Oliveira Thiago Y. , Nogueira Lilian , Ramos Victor , Lu Ching-Lan , Pai Joy A. , Mendoza Pilar , Jankovic Mila , Caskey Marina , Nussenzweig Michel C. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractHIV-1 infection requires life-long therapy with anti-retroviral drugs due to the existence of a latent reservoir of transcriptionally inactive integrated proviruses. The goal of HIV-1 cure research is to eliminate or functionally silence this reservoir. To this end there are numerous ongoing studies to evaluate immunologic approaches including monoclonal antibody therapies. Evaluating the results of these studies requires sensitive and specific measures of the reservoir. Here we describe a relatively high throughput combined quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and next generation sequencing method. Four different qPCR probes covering the packaging signal (PS), group-specific antigen (gag), polymerase (pol), and envelope (env) are combined in a single multiplex reaction to detect the HIV-1 genome in limiting dilution samples followed by sequence verification of individual reactions that are positive for combinations of any 2 of the 4 probes (Q4PCR). This sensitive and specific approach allows for an unbiased characterization of the HIV-1 latent reservoir.SummaryHIV-1 cure research seeks to decrease or eliminate the latent reservoir. The evaluation of such curative strategies requires accurate measures of the reservoir. Gaebler et al. describe a combined multicolor qPCR and next generation sequencing method that enables the sensitive and specific characterization of the HIV-1 latent reservoir.