bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of self‐healing star metallopolymers by metal–ligand crosslinking
Authors: Handique Junali , Gogoi Joly , Dolui Swapan K. 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACTThe development of artificial materials with reversible and efficient self‐healing property is an emerging and challenging task in intelligent materials science. In this article, we have developed a six‐arm star copolymer system consisting of terpyridine moieties as end‐chain functionality for the formation of self‐healing metallopolymer networks. The star was synthesized using the atom transfer radical polymerization technique and subsequent crosslinking by the addition of iron (II) salts with three different counterions. The resulting materials exhibit promising self‐healing performance as compared with a linear polymer system within time intervals of 6–8 h at moderate temperatures of 80–120 °C. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48527.
Thermomechanical properties and deformation behavior of a unidirectional carbon‐fiber‐reinforced shape memory polymer composite laminate
Authors: Lan Xin , Liu Liwu , Liu Yanju , Leng Jinsong 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACTA shape memory polymer (SMP) demonstrates large reversible deformation functionality upon exposure to heating stimuli. In this study, the thermomechanical properties and deformation behavior of a unidirectional carbon‐fiber‐reinforced SMP composite (SMPC) laminate were studied. The findings can be used as a basis to design angle‐ply laminated plates, woven laminated plates, or special laminated structures used for space deployment. The fundamental static and dynamic mechanical properties of SMP and SMPC were characterized. The fiber‐reinforced SMPC exhibited local postmicrobuckling behavior and obtained a high‐reversible macroscale strain of 9.6%, which enabled the high‐reversible deformation to be used for foldable structures in space. The state of critical failure of bending deformation was determined through microscale morphology observations and provided the upper limit in the design of SMPC structures. The evolution of the key shape memory properties (e.g., recovery speed and recovery ratio) during deformation cycles was characterized, and it offered the general recovery performance of a space deployable structure. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48532.
Cross‐Sectional Geometry and Scaling in the Baculum of Cuban Hutias (Rodentia: Capromyidae)
Authors: Casinos Adrià , García‐Martínez Rubén , Borroto‐Páez Rafael 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACTBacula from 61 individual hutia (Rodentia) from five species were studied. The purpose was to investigate cross‐sectional geometry as an indicator of mechanical behavior in order to answer questions around the origin and maintenance of the mammalian baculum. From images of the apical and basal cross sections, the following variables were calculated: perimeter, cross‐sectional area, maximum second moment of area, and polar moment. An allometric analysis showed that these variables were related to body size. The orientation of the maximum second moment of area was analyzed by means of circular statistics. This orientation was transverse in both the apical and basal cross sections. Values for the second moment of area and polar moment, obtained from the predicted value of the allometric equations, showed that either the bending moment or the twisting moment of the baculum must be relatively low in hutias, compared with those of the radius in the same species. The results of the second moment of area predict that the main bending stress acting on the baculum is transverse. At the same time, shear stress would not be negligible. Anat Rec, 303:1346–1353, 2020. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy
Paw Morphology in the Domestic Guinea Pig (Cavia porcellus) and Brown Rat (Rattus norvegicus)
Authors: Barbera Adam M. , Delaunay Mariane G. , Dougill Gary , Grant Robyn A. 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACTMammals have adapted to different habitats, food types, and modes of locomotion, which are reflected in a diverse range of paw morphologies. While the behavior of rats and guinea pigs is well defined, especially in terms of their locomotor and foraging behaviors, the anatomy of their foot pads has not yet been explored and compared. This study investigated adaptations in paw morphology in the domestic guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) and the brown rat (Rattus norvegicus). We predicted that rat paws would display adaptations associated with paw dexterity for handling prey items and climbing, whereas guinea pig paws would support mechanical pressure absorption for a herbivorous, sedentary, and terrestrial lifestyle. Using histology techniques and scanning electron microscope, we show that rat paws have many small, deformable pads that are relatively spaced out to enable movement. The pads are clustered toward the anterior of the foot, which coincides with where the most force occurs during locomotion, as rats walk on their toes and toward the front of their paw. Guinea pigs had fewer and larger pads and the posterior pad of the forepaw was textured and contained cartilage, which may act to reduce friction and compression during standing and locomotion. We suggest that differences in paw morphology in rat and guinea pig are associated with loading during locomotion as well as paw mobility. Examining paw morphology and movement abilities in more species will give further insights in to the evolution of locomotor adaptations and paw dexterity in rodents. Anat Rec, 302:2300–2310, 2019. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy
Improved Mitochondrial Metabolism and Reduced Inflammation Following Attenuation of Murine Lupus With Coenzyme Q10 Analog Idebenone
Authors: Blanco Luz P. , Pedersen Hege L. , Wang Xinghao , Lightfoot Yaíma L. , Seto Nickie , Carmona‐Rivera Carmelo , Yu Zu‐Xi , Hoffmann Victoria , Yuen Peter S. T. , Kaplan Mariana J. 
Published: October 2019

ObjectiveA role for mitochondrial dysfunction has been proposed in the immune dysregulation and organ damage characteristic of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Idebenone is a coenzyme Q10 synthetic quinone analog and an antioxidant that has been used in humans to treat diverse diseases in which mitochondrial function is impaired. This study was undertaken to assess whether idebenone ameliorates lupus in murine models.MethodsIdebenone was administered orally to MRL/lpr mice at 2 different doses (1 gm/kg or 1.5 gm/kg idebenone‐containing diet) for 8 weeks. At peak disease activity, clinical, immunologic, and metabolic parameters were analyzed and compared to those in untreated mice (n = 10 per treatment group). Results were confirmed in the lupus‐prone NZM2328 mouse model.ResultsIn MRL/lpr mice, idebenone‐treated mice showed a significant reduction in mortality incidence (P < 0.01 versus untreated mice), and the treatment attenuated several disease features, including glomerular inflammation and fibrosis (each P < 0.05 versus untreated mice), and improved renal function in association with decreased renal expression of interleukin‐17A (IL‐17A) and mature IL‐18. Levels of splenic proinflammatory cytokines and inflammasome‐related genes were significantly decreased (at least P < 0.05 and some with higher significance) in mice treated with idebenone, while no obvious drug toxicity was observed. Idebenone inhibited neutrophil extracellular trap formation in neutrophils from lupus‐prone mice (P < 0.05) and human patients with SLE. Idebenone also improved mitochondrial metabolism (30% increase in basal respiration and ATP production), reduced the extent of heart lipid peroxidation (by one‐half that of untreated mice), and significantly improved endothelium‐dependent vasorelaxation (P < 0.001). NZM2328 mice exposed to idebenone also displayed improvements in renal and systemic inflammation, reducing the kidney pathology score (P < 0.05), IgG/C3 deposition (P < 0.05), and the gene expression of interferon, proinflammatory, and inflammasome‐related genes (at least P < 0.05 and some with higher significance).ConclusionIdebenone ameliorates murine lupus disease activity and the severity of organ damage, supporting the hypothesis that agents that modulate mitochondrial biologic processes may have a therapeutic role in human SLE.
Chemical Degradation of Mercury Alkyls Mediated by Copper Selenide Nanosheets
Authors: Chalana Ashish , Karri Ramesh , Mandal Shyama Charan , Pathak Biswarup , Roy Gouriprasanna 
Published: October 2019

AbstractMethylation and demethylation of mercury compounds are two important competing processes that control the net production of highly toxic mercury alkyls, methylmercury (MeHg+) and dimethylmercury (Me2Hg), in environment. Although the microbial and the photochemical methylation and demethylation processes are well studied in recent years but the chemical methylation and demethylation processes have not been studied well. Herein, we report for the first time that the CuSe nanosheet has remarkable ability to activate the highly inert Hg−C bonds of various MeHg+ and Me2Hg compounds at room temperature (21 °C). It facilitates the conversion of MeHg+ into Me2Hg in the absence of any proton donors. Whereas, in the presence of any proton source, it has unique ability to degrade MeHg+ into CH4 and inorganic mercury (Hg2+). Detailed studies revealed that the relatively fast Hg−C bond cleavage was observed in case of MeHgSPh or MeHgI in comparison to MeHgCl, indicating that the Hg−C bond in MeHgCl is relatively inert in nature. On the other hand, the Hg−C bond in Me2Hg is considered to be exceedingly inert and, thus, difficult to cleave at room temperature. However, CuSe nanosheets showed unique ability to degrade Me2Hg into CH4 and Hg2+, via the formation of MeHg+, under acidic conditions at room temperature. DFT calculations revealed that the Hg−C bond activation occurs through adsorption on the surface of (100)‐faceted CuSe nanosheets.
A Water‐Stable Uranyl Organic Framework as a Highly Selective and Sensitive Bifunctional Luminescent Probe for Fe3+ and Tetracycline Hydrochloride
Authors: Wang Long , Xu Wei , Li Wen‐Ying , Xie Miao , Zheng Yue‐Qing 
Published: October 2019

AbstractA new coordination polymer (H2bpy)0.5⋅[(UO2)1.5(ipa)2(H2O)] (1) (H2ipa=isophthalic acid, bpy=4,4′‐bipyridine) was synthesized by hydrothermal condition. It was characterized by IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, TG‐DTA analysis, and powder X‐ray diffraction. Analysis of single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction results showed that the title compound exhibited a double chain bridged by the different uranyl ions and ipa2− ligands. Through the hydrogen bond interactions and π⋅⋅⋅π stacking interactions, the double chains were assembled into the three‐dimensional supramolecular framework. Furthermore, the compound can be used as a promising bifunctional luminescence sensor for detecting and identifying Fe3+ and tetracycline hydrochloride antibiotic molecules with high selectivity and sensitivity in aqueous solutions. Moreover, the luminescent sensing mechanisms for different analytes were proposed. Moreover, the electronic properties of title compound were explored by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The sensor system has been successfully applied for the detection of Fe3+ and tetracycline hydrochloride with high recovery percentages and low relative standard deviation in real river water samples.
Autism spectrum disorder polygenic scores are associated with every day executive function in children admitted for clinical assessment
Authors: Torske Tonje , Nærland Terje , Bettella Francesco , Bjella Thomas , Malt Eva , Høyland Anne Lise , Stenberg Nina , Øie Merete Glenne , Andreassen Ole A. 
Published: October 2019

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and other neurodevelopmental disorders (NDs) are behaviorally defined disorders with overlapping clinical features that are often associated with higher‐order cognitive dysfunction, particularly executive dysfunction. Our aim was to determine if the polygenic score (PGS) for ASD is associated with parent‐reported executive dysfunction in everyday life using the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF). Furthermore, we investigated if PGS for general intelligence (INT) and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) also correlate with BRIEF. We included 176 children, adolescents and young adults aged 5–22 years with full‐scale intelligence quotient (IQ) above 70. All were admitted for clinical assessment of ASD symptoms and 68% obtained an ASD diagnosis. We found a significant difference between low and high ASD PGS groups in the BRIEF behavior regulation index (BRI) (P = 0.015, Cohen's d = 0.69). A linear regression model accounting for age, sex, full‐scale IQ, Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) total score, ASD, ADHD and INT PGS groups as well as genetic principal components, significantly predicted the BRI score; F(11,130) = 8.142, P < 0.001, R2 = 0.41 (unadjusted). Only SRS total (P < 0.001), ASD PGS 0.1 group (P = 0.018), and sex (P = 0.022) made a significant contribution to the model. This suggests that the common ASD risk gene variants have a stronger association to behavioral regulation aspects of executive dysfunction than ADHD risk or INT variants in a clinical sample with ASD symptoms. Autism Res 2020, 13: 207–220. © 2019 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Lay SummaryPeople with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often have difficulties with higher‐order cognitive processes that regulate thoughts and actions during goal‐directed behavior, also known as executive function (EF). We studied the association between genetics related to ASD and EF and found a relation between high polygenic score (PGS) for ASD and difficulties with behavior regulation aspects of EF in children and adolescents under assessment for ASD. Furthermore, high PGS for general intelligence was related to social problems.
Motor learning and transfer between real and virtual environments in young people with autism spectrum disorder: A prospective randomized cross over controlled trial
Authors: de Moraes Íbis Ariana Peña , Monteiro Carlos Bandeira de Mello , Silva Talita Dias da , Massetti Thais , Crocetta Tânia Brusque , de Menezes Lilian Del Ciello , Andrade Gilda Pena de Rezende , Ré Alessandro Hervaldo Nicolai , Dawes Helen , Coe Shelly , Magalhães Fernando Henrique 
Published: October 2019

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is associated with persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction, including impaired multisensory integration, which might negatively impact cognitive and motor skill performance, and hence negatively affect learning of tasks. Considering that tasks in virtual environment may provide an engaging tool as adjuncts to conventional therapies, we set out to compare motor performance between young people with ASD and a typically developing (TD) control group that underwent coincident timing tasks based on Kinect (no physical contact) and on Keyboard (with physical contact) environments. Using a randomized repeated cross‐over controlled trial design, 50 young people with ASD and 50 with TD, matched by age and sex were divided into subgroups of 25 people that performed the two first phases of the study (acquisition and retention) on the same device—real or virtual—and then switched to the other device to repeat acquisition and retention phases and finally switched on to a touch screen (transfer phase). Results showed that practice in the virtual task was more difficult (producing more errors), but led to a better performance in the subsequent practice in the real task, with more pronounced improvement in the ASD as compared to the TD group. It can be concluded that the ASD group managed to transfer the practice from a virtual to a real environment, indicating that virtual methods may enhance learning of motor and cognitive skills. A need for further exploration of its effect across a number of tasks and activities is warranted. Autism Res 2020, 13: 307–319. © 2019 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Lay SummaryIndividuals with autism spectrum disorder are known to have difficulties with learning motor tasks. Considering that performing motor tasks in virtual environment may be an engaging tool as adjuncts to conventional therapies, we aimed to estimate performance in tasks regardless of physical touch. Results showed that participants had more difficulty using the non‐touch task; however, virtual training improved performance on the physical (real) task. This result indicates that virtual methods could be a promising therapeutic approach for the ASD population.
Molecular mechanism of the association and dissociation of Deltarasin from the heterodimeric KRas4B‐PDEδ complex
Authors: Bello Martiniano , Correa‐Basurto José , Vargas‐Mejía Miguel Á. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe formation of the KRas4B‐PDEδ complex activates different signaling pathways required for the development and maintenance of cancer. Previous experimental and theoretical studies have allowed researchers to design an inhibitor of the KRas4B‐PDEδ complex, “Deltarasin.” This inhibitor binds to the prenyl‐binding pocket of PDEδ and subsequently inhibits the proliferation of human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells that depend on oncogenic KRas4B. Nevertheless, structural and energetic information about the inhibitory effects of Deltarasin on the KRas4B‐PDEδ complex are not available. In this study, we explore the properties of Deltarasin in inhibiting the formation of wild‐type and mutant KRas4B‐PDEδ complexes present in different cell lines expressing mutant RAS genes (G12D, G12C, G12V, G13D, Q61L, and Q61R) using 1.7 μs molecular dynamics (MD) simulations in combination with the MMGBSA approach. Our results revealed the energetic and structural mechanisms that suggest a higher affinity of Deltarasin for PDEδ than the farnesylated HVR. Moreover, Deltarasin exerts another dissociative effect by binding to the protein‐protein dimeric interface of wild‐type KRas4B‐PDEδ, whereas associative and dissociative effects were observed for mutant KRas4B‐PDEδ, providing a mechanistic explanation for the inhibitory effects of Deltarasin on different cancer cell lines.
The effects of different fatigue levels on brain–behavior relationships in driving
Authors: Huang Kuan‐Chih , Chuang Chun‐Hsiang , Wang Yu‐kai , Hsieh Chi‐Yuan , King Jung‐Tai , Lin Chin‐Teng 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackgroundIn the past decade, fatigue has been regarded as one of the main factors impairing task performance and increasing behavioral lapses during driving, even leading to fatal car crashes. Although previous studies have explored the impact of acute fatigue through electroencephalography (EEG) signals, it is still unclear how different fatigue levels affect brain–behavior relationships.MethodsA longitudinal study was performed to investigate the brain dynamics and behavioral changes in individuals under different fatigue levels by a sustained attention task. This study used questionnaires in combination with actigraphy, a noninvasive means of monitoring human physiological activity cycles, to conduct longitudinal assessment and tracking of the objective and subjective fatigue levels of recruited participants. In this study, degrees of effectiveness score (fatigue rating) are divided into three levels (normal, reduced, and high risk) by the SAFTE fatigue model.ResultsResults showed that those objective and subjective indicators were negatively correlated to behavioral performance. In addition, increased response times were accompanied by increased alpha and theta power in most brain regions, especially the posterior regions. In particular, the theta and alpha power dramatically increased in the high‐fatigue (high‐risk) group. Additionally, the alpha power of the occipital regions showed an inverted U‐shaped change.ConclusionOur results help to explain the inconsistent findings among existing studies, which considered the effects of only acute fatigue on driving performance while ignoring different levels of resident fatigue, and potentially lead to practical and precise biomathematical models to better predict the performance of human operators.
Interdependence between dorsal and ventral hippocampus during spatial navigation
Authors: Lee Shang Lin (Tommy) , Lew Dana , Wickenheisser Victoria , Markus Etan J. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractIntroductionThe hippocampus is linked to the formation and retrieval of episodic memories and spatial navigation. In rats, it is an elongated structure divided into dorsal (septal) and ventral (temporal) regions paralleling the respective division in the posterior and anterior hippocampus in humans. The dorsal hippocampus has been suggested to be more important for spatial processing and the ventral to processing anxiety‐based behaviors. Far less is known regarding the degree to which these different regions interact during information processing. The anatomical connectivity suggests a flow of information between the dorsal and ventral regions; conversely, there are also commissural connections to the contralateral hippocampus. The current study examined the extent to which information from the dorsal hippocampus interacts with processing in the ipsilateral and contralateral ventral hippocampus following the acquisition of a spatial task.MethodsRats were well‐trained on a spatial reference version of the water maze, followed by muscimol inactivation of different hippocampal subregions in a within‐animal repeated design. Various combinations of bilateral, ipsilateral, and contralateral infusions were used.ResultsCombined dorsal and ventral inactivation produced a severe impairment in spatial performance. Inactivation of only the dorsal or ventral regions resulted in intermediate impairment with performance levels falling between controls and combined inactivation. Performance was impaired during contralateral inactivation and was almost equivalent to bilateral dorsal and ventral hippocampus inactivation, while ipsilateral inactivation resulted in little impairment.ConclusionsTaken together, results indicate that for spatial processing, the hippocampus functions as a single integrated structure along the longitudinal axis.
Central network changes in patients with advanced monocular blindness: A voxel‐based morphometric study
Authors: Shi Wen‐Qing , He Yin , Li Qing‐Hai , Tang Li‐Ying , Li Biao , Lin Qi , Min You‐Lan , Yuan Qing , Zhu Pei‐Wen , Liang Rong‐Bing , Shao Yi 
Published: October 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo study the changes in gray matter volume (GMV) in patients with advanced monocular blindness (MB) using voxel‐based morphometry (VBM).MethodsThirty‐one patients with advanced MB (25 males and six females) and 31 normal controls (25 males and six females) were enrolled. The t test was applied to determine the differences in GMV, white matter volume (WMV), and volume of cerebrospinal fluid in different regions of the brain. The local characteristics of spontaneous concentrations of brain tissue were evaluated by the VBM method. The effects of blindness duration on differences in the GMV were evaluated by correlation and regression analyses.ResultsCompared with the control group, the GMV was decreased in the upper right margin, bilateral insular cortex, right cingulate gyrus, left occipital gyrus, and right suboccipital lobe, and negatively correlated with blindness duration in the upper right posterior margin, bilateral insular cortex, and right cingulate cortex.ConclusionsWe found that patients with MB showed abnormal WMV and GMV, as evidenced by local changes in the brain. In addition, reduced GMV in specific parts of the brain was associated with the duration of blindness, which may indicate neuropathological mechanisms of visual loss in patients with MB.