bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of defects on the fatigue limit of Ni‐based superalloy 718 with different grain sizes
Authors: Kevinsanny  , Okazaki Saburo , Takakuwa Osamu , Ogawa Yuhei , Okita Koichi , Funakoshi Yusuke , Yamabe Junichiro , Matsuoka Saburo , Matsunaga Hisao 
Published: February 2019

AbstractTension‐compression fatigue tests were performed on two types of Ni‐based superalloy 718 with different microstructures in which small artificial defects of various sizes and shapes were introduced. The susceptibility of the fatigue strength to the defects varied significantly with the microstructure morphology, ie, a smaller grain size made the alloy more susceptible to defects. The fatigue limit as a small‐crack threshold was successfully predicted using the
parameter model. The evaluation of the fatigue limit was classified into the following three stages depending on the defect size: (a) harmless defect regime, (b) small‐crack regime, and (c) large‐crack regime. Such a classification enabled comprehensive evaluation of the fatigue limit in a wide range of defect size, considering (a) defect size over a range of small crack to large crack and (b) characteristics of matrix represented by grain size and hardness.
Temperature sensitivity of biomass‐specific microbial exo‐enzyme activities and CO2 efflux is resistant to change across short‐ and long‐term timescales
Authors: Min Kyungjin , Buckeridge Kate , Ziegler Susan E. , Edwards Kate A. , Bagchi Samik , Billings Sharon A. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractAccurate representation of temperature sensitivity (Q10) of soil microbial activity across time is critical for projecting soil CO2 efflux. As microorganisms mediate soil carbon (C) loss via exo‐enzyme activity and respiration, we explore temperature sensitivities of microbial exo‐enzyme activity and respiratory CO2 loss across time and assess mechanisms associated with these potential changes in microbial temperature responses. We collected soils along a latitudinal boreal forest transect with different temperature regimes (long‐term timescale) and exposed these soils to laboratory temperature manipulations at 5, 15, and 25°C for 84 days (short‐term timescale). We quantified temperature sensitivity of microbial activity per g soil and per g microbial biomass at days 9, 34, 55, and 84, and determined bacterial and fungal community structure before the incubation and at days 9 and 84. All biomass‐specific rates exhibited temperature sensitivities resistant to change across short‐ and long‐term timescales (mean Q10 = 2.77 ± 0.25, 2.63 ± 0.26, 1.78 ± 0.26, 2.27 ± 0.25, 3.28 ± 0.44, 2.89 ± 0.55 for β‐glucosidase, N‐acetyl‐β‐d‐glucosaminidase, leucine amino peptidase, acid phosphatase, cellobiohydrolase, and CO2 efflux, respectively). In contrast, temperature sensitivity of soil mass‐specific rates exhibited either resilience (the Q10 value changed and returned to the original value over time) or resistance to change. Regardless of the microbial flux responses, bacterial and fungal community structure was susceptible to change with temperature, significantly differing with short‐ and long‐term exposure to different temperature regimes. Our results highlight that temperature responses of microbial resource allocation to exo‐enzyme production and associated respiratory CO2 loss per unit biomass can remain invariant across time, and thus, that vulnerability of soil organic C stocks to rising temperatures may persist in the long term. Furthermore, resistant temperature sensitivities of biomass‐specific rates in spite of different community structures imply decoupling of community constituents and the temperature responses of soil microbial activities.
Impacts of landscape composition, marginality of distribution, soil fertility and climatic stability on the patterns of woody plant endemism in the Cerrado
Authors: de Deus Vidal João , de Souza Anete Pereira , Koch Ingrid 
Published: February 2019

AbstractAimAlthough various theories have been proposed to explain the outstanding endemism of plants in the Cerrado, four hypotheses about the mechanisms of diversification and distribution are most supported: (a) plateau/valley, (b) stable/unstable climate, (c) core/peripheral distribution, and (d) soil fertility. The first argues that plateaus harbour more ancient lineages than valleys and therefore present higher endemism. The second theory suggests that climatically stable environments maintained more palaeoendemic species. The third scenario attributes the distribution of endemism to gradients of conditions available to locally adapted species and predicts higher endemism in nuclear than in marginal areas. The last theory suggests that soils with lower fertility account for higher endemism owing to the habitat specialization of their species. We compared endemism patterns with the predictions of each theory to discuss their importance.LocationBrazil.Time periodQuaternary.Major taxa studiedAngiosperms.MethodsWe mapped the endemism using records of 311 plant species of the Cerrado and applied spatial analysis and distribution models to summarize the importance of each predictor of endemism.ResultsWe identified 28 areas in which the higher endemism of Cerrado plants were concentrated and presented a map of their distribution. We found correlations among endemism, climate stability, elevation and marginality, which supported the plateau/valley, core/peripheral and stable/unstable hypotheses. No association between soil fertility and endemism was detected. We propose that plateaus are more stable climatic environments, and this characteristic along with their elevation and centrality are predictive of endemism.Main conclusionsWe concluded that most of the endemism is concentrated in overlapping areas of stability of species, which are concentrated in higher elevation central regions. Soil fertility was not linked to endemism. We recommend that central plateaus in the Cerrado require special attention in conservation to optimize the protection of endemic species in the biome.
Rediscovering other geographical traditions
Authors: Ferretti Federico 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIn the last few years, a vibrant interdisciplinary and international literature is rediscovering those sectors of the geographical tradition whose exponents did not match the classical stereotype of the Western academic geographer directly or indirectly contributing to colonialism, warfare, and social conservatism. Ongoing research on primary sources has shown that early progressive, dissident, and unorthodox tendencies in the history of the discipline were more pervasive and influential than what has been believed. In this paper, I define this movement as the rediscovery of “Other Geographical Traditions” (OGTs) arguing that this notion can enlarge our understanding of geography as a plural and contested field. While a great deal of this literature is constituted by studies on early anarchist and critical geographies, I argue that this concept should be extended to scholarly production from the Global South in languages other than English, which is likewise providing important contributions to the discovery of different geographical traditions, politically and culturally. For that, I address the case of recent Latin American scholarship, in Spanish and Portuguese, on the history and philosophy of critical geographies. Moreover, the fact that these “Southern” scholars are rereading and translating classical figures of “Northern” geographers constitutes a reversal of the former colonial gaze from the North–South to the South–North direction. This suggests that the study of OGTs should also consider different cultural and linguistic traditions, challenging monolingualism in both literature reviews and sources' selection.
Oxidative stress and anti‐oxidant responses to regular resistance training in young and older adult women
Authors: Alikhani Shahla , Sheikholeslami‐Vatani Dariush 
Published: February 2019

AimThe aging process is associated with increased production of free radicals, but regular exercise training might create a balance between oxidative stress and the anti‐oxidant system. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of resistance training (RT) on the serum levels of tumor necrosis factor‐α, malondialdehyde, total anti‐oxidant capacity and nuclear factor‐κB in young and older adult women.MethodsA total of 44 women were divided into four groups: older‐training, older‐control, young‐training and young‐control. The experimental groups carried out 12 weeks of RT with an intensity of 75% one repetition maximum.ResultsAfter finishing the RT program, total anti‐oxidant capacity and nuclear factor‐κB in both the young and older adult training groups were significantly increased, whereas malondialdehyde in the young and the older exercising groups decreased. In addition, malondialdehyde in both the older and young groups, and total anti‐oxidant capacity in only the young group, were respectively lower and higher compared with their inactive counterparts. No significant changes in tumor necrosis factor‐α occurred in training groups after the 12‐week intervention, but the older and younger training groups had a significant difference with the young control group in the post‐test.ConclusionsIt seems that the strengthening of the anti‐oxidant system resulting from regular RT in older adults is similar to those of young people. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2019; 19: 419–422.
Transferrin receptor 1 overexpression is associated with tumour de‐differentiation and acts as a potential prognostic indicator of hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Adachi Makiko , Kai Keita , Yamaji Koutaro , Ide Takao , Noshiro Hirokazu , Kawaguchi Atsushi , Aishima Shinichi 
Published: February 2019

AimHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the second leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide. An excess of iron in liver tissue causes oxidative stress, leading to hepatocellular carcinogenesis. Iron metabolism, which is regulated by a complex mechanism, is important for cancer cell survival. The aim of this study is to clarify the role of iron regulatory protein in the progression of HCC and in patient outcome.Methods and resultsWe first investigated the mRNA level of iron metabolism‐related genes, including hepcidin, ferroportin 1 (FPN‐1) and transferrin receptor (TFR)‐1/2. TFR‐1/2 protein expression was then evaluated in surgical specimens from 210 cases using immunohistochemistry, and we compared clinicopathological factors with TFR‐1/2 expression. The mRNA expression levels of TFR‐1 were significantly increased in HCC tissues compared with adjacent non‐cancerous tissues (P = 0.0013), but there were no differences in other genes. High expression of TFR‐1 in HCC was associated with the absence of alcohol abuse (P = 0.0467), liver cirrhosis (P < 0.0001), higher alpha‐fetoprotein (AFP; P < 0.0001), smaller tumour size (P = 0.0022), poor histological differentiation (P < 0.0001) and morphological features (P < 0.0001). In contrast, high expression of TFR‐2 in HCC was associated with lower AFP (P < 0.0001), well‐differentiated histological grade (P < 0.0001) and morphological features (P = 0.0010). Multivariate analysis for both overall survival and recurrence‐free survival indicated that high TFR‐1 expression was a significant prognostic factor for poor outcome.ConclusionsWe found an inverse correlation of TFR‐1 and TFR‐2 expression in AFP and tumour differentiation. TFR‐1 overexpression suggests a higher risk of recurrence and death in HCC patients following liver resection.
Investor protection, managerial entrenchment, and cash holdings: Cross‐country evidence
Authors: Martins Henrique Castro 
Published: February 2019

AbstractWe investigate whether investor protection (i.e. shareholder protection and creditor rights) is associated with how entrenched managers set corporate cash holdings. Our sample covers more than 6,000 firms from 29 countries (roughly 16,000 observations during 2010–2013). We find that the entrenchment–cash holdings association is sensitive to the level of shareholder protection but not to the level of creditor rights. Moreover, we find that the way shareholder protection shapes this association depends upon how managers become entrenched. When managers become entrenched through ownership, shareholders consent to their preferences to hold more cash, whereas, when managers become entrenched through CEO duality, shareholders force them to disgorge cash. We interpret our findings as evidence that shareholders agree to increase cash when managers are aligned with them by ownership but prefer to decrease cash when they are not aligned, whereas creditors do not influence entrenched managers’ cash holdings decisions.
Enhancement of energy storage density in antiferroelectric PbZrO3 films via the incorporation of gold nanoparticles
Authors: Li Yi Zhuo , Wang Zhan Jie , Bai Yu , Liu Wei , Zhang Zhi Dong 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIn this work, antiferroelectric Au–PbZrO3 (Au–PZO) nanocomposite thin films were prepared by chemical solution deposition (CSD), and the effects of Au concentration on the antiferroelectric properties and the recoverable energy density were investigated. The results showed that the optimal Au concentration in the Au–PZO nanocomposite thin films was about 1 mol% for structural and electric properties. In the Au–PZO nanocomposite thin films with 1 mol% Au, Au nanoparticles (NPs) were distributed uniformly in the perovskite PZO matrix. Moreover, the recoverable energy density was 10.8 J/cm3 at 600 kV/cm, which is 42% higher than that of the pure PZO films. The results demonstrate that adding an appropriate amount of noble metal NPs in antiferroelectric thin films is an effective method to improve the energy storage properties.
Integration, Community, and the Medical Model of Social Injustice
Authors: Madva Alex 
Published: February 2019

AbstractI defend an empirically‐oriented approach to the analysis and remediation of social injustice. My springboard for this argument is a debate – principally represented here between Tommie Shelby and Elizabeth Anderson, but with much deeper historical roots and many flowering branches – about whether racial‐justice advocacy should prioritise integration (bringing different groups together) or community development (building wealth and political power within the black community). Although I incline toward something closer to Shelby's ‘egalitarian pluralist’ approach over Anderson's single‐minded emphasis on integration, many of Shelby's criticisms of integrationism are misguided, and his handling of the empirical literature is profoundly unbalanced. In fact, while both Shelby and Anderson defend the importance of social science to their projects, I'll argue that each takes a decidedly unempirical approach, which ultimately obscures the full extent of our ignorance about what we can and ought to do going forward. A more authentically empirical tack would be more epistemically humble, more holistic, and less organised around what I'll call prematurely formulated ‘Grand Unified Theories of Social Change’. I defend a more ‘diversified experimentalist’ approach, which rigorously tests an array of smaller‐scale interventions before trying to replicate and scale up the most promising results.
BRD4 inhibition attenuates inflammatory response in microglia and facilitates recovery after spinal cord injury in rats
Authors: Wang Jianle , Chen Jiaoxiang , Jin Haiming , Lin Dongdong , Chen Yu , Chen Ximiao , Wang Ben , Hu Sunli , Wu Yan , Wu Yaosen , Zhou Yifei , Tian Naifeng , Gao Weiyang , Wang Xiangyang , Zhang Xiaolei 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe pathophysiology of spinal cord injury (SCI) involves primary injury and secondary injury. For the irreversibility of primary injury, therapies of SCI mainly focus on secondary injury, whereas inflammation is considered to be a major target for secondary injury; however the regulation of inflammation in SCI is unclear and targeted therapies are still lacking. In this study, we found that the expression of BRD4 was correlated with pro‐inflammatory cytokines after SCI in rats; in vitro study in microglia showed that BRD4 inhibition either by lentivirus or JQ1 may both suppress the MAPK and NF‐κB signalling pathways, which are the two major signalling pathways involved in inflammatory response in microglia. BRD4 inhibition by JQ1 not only blocked microglial M1 polarization, but also repressed the level of pro‐inflammatory cytokines in microglia in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, BRD4 inhibition by JQ1 can improve functional recovery and structural disorder as well as reduce neuron loss in SCI rats. Overall, this study illustrates that microglial BRD4 level is increased after SCI and BRD4 inhibition is able to suppress M1 polarization and pro‐inflammatory cytokine production in microglia which ultimately promotes functional recovery after SCI.
Supranational, National and Local Dimensions of Voter Turnout in European Parliament Elections
Authors: Fiorino Nadia , Pontarollo Nicola , Ricciuti Roberto 
Published: February 2019

AbstractWe argue that the decision to vote in European Parliament (EP) elections is made at the intersection of three political dimensions: one related to the attitude of citizens towards the European Union (EU), one to the characteristics of the national political system and one associated with socioeconomic variables observed by voters at the local level. This article investigates this intersection by analysing the last four EP elections in the EU‐14, for 164 regions. We tested a multilevel model. The results indicate that compulsory voting, domestic political cleavages, labour market conditions and trust in the EU play a significant role. No evidence was found that GDP per capita affects turnout. Finally, the oldest segment of population seems more likely to vote than the youngest.
Does a social self‐perceptual bias mask internalizing symptoms in children with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder?
Authors: Martin Caroline P. , Peisch Virginia , Shoulberg Erin K. , Kaiser Nina , Hoza Betsy 
Published: February 2019

BackgroundChildren with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often present with additional psychiatric conditions. Comorbidity is associated with poorer long‐term outcomes, highlighting the need for effective assessment and intervention. However, self‐perceptual biases may mask the presence of symptoms for a subgroup of children with ADHD. This study examined the role of social self‐perceptual biases in children with ADHD versus control children on self‐reports of loneliness, and depressive and anxious symptoms.MethodsThe research question was examined in two samples. Sample 1 consisted of 7.7–12.8‐year‐old boys with ADHD (n = 199) and control boys (n = 74); Sample 2 consisted of 7.7–11.4‐year‐old boys and girls with ADHD (n = 178) and control children (n = 86). Across samples, children reported social competence and symptoms of anxiety and depression. Child‐reported loneliness was examined in Sample 1. A social competence discrepancy score (difference between self‐report and teacher‐report) was used as an indicator of social self‐perceptual bias.ResultsHierarchical multiple regression analyses tested social self‐perceptual bias as a suppressor variable. The magnitude of the associations between ADHD and self‐reported feelings of depression, anxiety and loneliness was greater when social self‐perceptual bias was included in models as compared to models that did not include social self‐perceptual bias (ΔR2s range = 0.04–0.19).ConclusionsFindings across both samples suggest that social self‐perceptual biases may mask internalizing symptom severity on self‐reports for individuals who overestimate their social competence. More research is needed to determine the best approach to assessing internalizing problems among children with ADHD.
Cost‐of‐illness of melanoma in Europe – a modelling approach
Authors: Krensel M. , Schäfer I. , Augustin M. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractBackgroundMalignant melanoma is accounting for the vast majority of skin cancer death. The treatment and productivity loss due to morbidity or premature mortality are associated with costs for society. There are few cost‐of‐illness (COI) studies on malignant melanoma in European countries from societal perspective and currently there is no publication analysing the COI in all European countries.ObjectivesThe objective of the present study was to comparatively estimate COI of malignant melanoma in the European countries based on an identical approach.MethodsCost information was obtained from results of a systematic literature research. For countries with no available cost information, a model for imputation of cost data was developed. Country‐specific costs were modelled on the national gross domestic product, health expenditures, gross national income and epidemiological data. The adjustment for purchasing power parity allowed a comparison across countries.ResultsCrude national costs of malignant melanoma ranged between € 1.1 million in Iceland and € 543.8 million in Germany and resulted in € 2.7 billion for all EU/EFTA states. Estimated crude costs per patient were lowest in Bulgaria (€ 6422) and highest in Luxembourg (€ 50 734). The share of direct costs varied from 3% to 26% across countries. After adjustment for the purchasing power parity costs per patient ranged between € 14 420 in Bulgaria and € 50 961 in Cyprus. Treatment expenses and morbidity costs were markedly lower for countries that entered the EU since 2004. By contrast, mortality costs were lower in countries with a high gross domestic product per capita.ConclusionIn this first estimation, malignant melanoma induces relevant COI in Europe. There was large variation in the costs per patient due to different health care systems and expenses. Beyond decreasing patient burden, early intervention and prevention of melanoma could have a relevant potential to save costs across Europe.