bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Laryngotracheal stenosis in burn patients requiring mechanical ventilation
Authors: Koshkareva Yekaterina A. , Hughes William B. , Soliman Ahmed M.S. 
Published: June 2018

ObjectiveTo identify the incidence of laryngotracheal stenosis (LTS) in burn patients requiring mechanical ventilation at a regional academic burn center.MethodsA retrospective review of all burn patients requiring endotracheal intubation or tracheostomy for airway management between 2003 and 2009 was performed. A group of trauma patients requiring similar airway instrumentation during the same period of time was used as a control.ResultsNone of the trauma patients and 2 of the burn patients developed LTS. Both presented with stridor and were diagnosed within 2–5 weeks after extubation. One patient underwent successful carbon dioxide laser radial incision and dilation and continues to do well. The other patient failed endoscopic treatment and required T‐tube placement. The incidence of LTS in burn patients requiring mechanical ventilation was 2.98% overall and 4.76% among those with inhalational injury.ConclusionsPatients become symptomatic within weeks of the initial injury. Treatment is challenging and multiple surgical procedures are often required. A larger study is necessary to determine if the incidence is higher among burn patients.
The trends in total energy, macronutrients and sodium intake among Japanese: findings from the 1995–2016 National Health and Nutrition Survey
Authors: Saito Aki , Imai Shino , Htun Nay Chi , Okada Emiko , Yoshita Katsushi , Yoshiike Nobuo , Takimoto Hidemi 
Published: June 2018

AbstractMonitoring nutritional status of the population is essential in the development and evaluation of national or local health policies. In this study, we aimed to demonstrate analysis on the trends in dietary intake of energy and macronutrients, as well as Na, in Japanese population using the data of series of cross-sectional national surveys – the National Nutrition Survey (NNS) and the National Health Nutrition Survey (NHNS) – during the period from 1995 to 2016. The NNS and NHNS participants aged 20–79 years were included in the analysis. Dietary intake was estimated using 1-d household-based dietary record. The trend in total energy intake, energy intake from macronutrients (fat and protein), Na intake and energy-adjusted Na intake were analysed using regression models adjusted to 2010 age distribution and anthropometry status. A total of 94 270 men and 107 890 women were included the analysis. Total energy intake showed a decreasing trend in both men and women. Similarly, energy intake from protein decreased, but energy intake (%) from fat increased in both sexes. Energy-adjusted Na intake showed a decreasing trend in both men and women. This study identified the decrease in total energy intake and energy intake from protein, whereas there were inverse trends in energy intake from fat among Japanese adults. Continued monitoring of trends in dietary intake will be needed, and there should be efforts to increase the accuracy of current survey procedures.
Early breast cancer: why does obesity affect prognosis?
Authors: Heetun A. , Cutress R. I. , Copson E. R. 
Published: June 2018

High BMI is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer in post-menopausal women but poorer outcomes in all age groups. The underlying mechanism is likely to be multi-factorial. Patients with a high BMI may present later due to body habitus. Some studies have also indicated an increased incidence of biologically adverse features, including a higher frequency of oestrogen receptor (ER negative) tumours, in obese patients. Obese patients have a higher frequency of surgical complications, potentially delaying systemic therapies, and reports suggest that chemotherapy and endocrine therapy are less effective in patients with BMI ≥30 kg/m2.High BMI is generally interpreted as excess adiposity and a World Cancer Research Fund report judged that the associations between BMI and incidence of breast cancer were due to body fatness. However, BMI cannot distinguish lean mass from fat mass, or characterise body fat distribution. Most chemotherapy drugs are dosed according to calculated body surface area (BSA). Patients with a similar BSA or BMI may have wide variations in their distribution of adipose tissue and skeletal muscle (body composition); however, few studies have looked at the effect of this on chemotherapy tolerance or effectiveness. Finally, adjuvant treatments for breast cancer can themselves result in body composition changes.Research is required to fully understand the biological mechanisms by which obesity influences cancer behaviour and the impact of obesity on treatment effectiveness and tolerance so that specific management strategies can be developed to improve the prognosis of this patient group.
Biomarker-based subtyping of depression and anxiety disorders using Latent Class Analysis. A NESDA study
Authors: Beijers Lian , Wardenaar Klaas J. , Bosker Fokko J. , Lamers Femke , van Grootheest Gerard , de Boer Marrit K. , Penninx Brenda W.J.H. , Schoevers Robert A. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractBackgroundEtiological research of depression and anxiety disorders has been hampered by diagnostic heterogeneity. In order to address this, researchers have tried to identify more homogeneous patient subgroups. This work has predominantly focused on explaining interpersonal heterogeneity based on clinical features (i.e. symptom profiles). However, to explain interpersonal variations in underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, it might be more effective to take biological heterogeneity as the point of departure when trying to identify subgroups. Therefore, this study aimed to identify data-driven subgroups of patients based on biomarker profiles.MethodsData of patients with a current depressive and/or anxiety disorder came from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety, a large, multi-site naturalistic cohort study (n= 1460). Thirty-six biomarkers (e.g. leptin, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, tryptophan) were measured, as well as sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. Latent class analysis of the discretized (lower 10%, middle, upper 10%) biomarkers were used to identify different patient clusters.ResultsThe analyses resulted in three classes, which were primarily characterized by different levels of metabolic health: ‘lean’ (21.6%), ‘average’ (62.2%) and ‘overweight’ (16.2%). Inspection of the classes’ clinical features showed the highest levels of psychopathology, severity and medication use in the overweight class.ConclusionsThe identified classes were strongly tied to general (metabolic) health, and did not reflect any natural cutoffs along the lines of the traditional diagnostic classifications. Our analyses suggested that especially poor metabolic health could be seen as a distal marker for depression and anxiety, suggesting a relationship between the ‘overweight’ subtype and internalizing psychopathology.
The Politics of Personnel Redundancy: The Non-leading Cadre System in the Chinese Bureaucracy
Authors: Chan Hon S. , Gao Jie 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThis study provides an overview of the origin, importance and strength of the non-leading cadre system and argues that the system plays a key role in building resilience in China's bureaucracy. The non-leading cadre system is administratively and politically important because it makes the party-state bureaucracy more adaptable and fosters cohesion among the elite cadre workforce. Although the system may appear to have institutionalized redundancy, this study argues that this redundancy has the benefit of making movement between leading and non-leading cadre status possible. In other words, the non-leading cadre system provides the various levels of the party-state bureaucracy with the leverage to develop their own measures for resolving their own problems. Putting aside the deficiencies in implementation, the non-leading cadre system is likely to remain durable and will help to develop an agile and resilient personnel management system, at least in the short to medium term.
Monitoring the Vela Pulsar with a Phased Array Feed (PAF) Receiver
Authors: Sarkissian John M. , Reynolds John E. , Hobbs George , Harvey-Smith Lisa 
Published: June 2018

AbstractWe have observed the Vela pulsar for 1 year using a Phased Array Feed (PAF) receiver on the 12-m antenna of the Parkes Test-Bed Facility (PTF). These observations have allowed us to investigate the stability of the PAF beam weights over time, to demonstrate that pulsars can be timed over long periods using PAF technology and to detect and study the most recent glitch event that occurred on 12 December 2016. The beam weights are shown to be stable to 1% on time scales on the order of three weeks.
Analysis and discussion of a sample of 25 gigahertz-peaked spectra pulsars
Authors: Kijak Jarosław , Lewandowski Wojciech , Rożko Karolina 
Published: June 2018

AbstractWe identified gigahertz-peaked spectra behavior from our radio interferometric observations at low frequencies using the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope. We modeled the turnover spectra based on thermal free-free absorption in the interstellar medium. The free-free absorption is believed to be responsible for the inverted spectrum. Using the model, we were able to put some observational constrains on the physical parameters of the absorbing matter, which allows us to distinguish between the possible sources of absorption.
How to estimate distance and velocity from parallax and proper motion
Authors: Igoshev Andrei P. , Verbunt Frank , Cator Eric 
Published: June 2018

AbstractIf the observed parallax ϖ′ has a gaussian measurement error σ, there is a 68% probability that the actual parallax ϖ is in the range ϖ′ − σ < ϖ < ϖ′ + σ (the frequentist approach). The probability distribution within this range is not known from ϖ′ and σ alone, and in particular, we cannot state that the most probable distance D is given by D = 1/ϖ′. To obtain a probability distribution, we need to know or assume a distribution of pulsar distances. Similar assumptions are also required to estimate the velocity distribution of radio pulsars.
Braking indices and spin evolution: something is loose inside neutron stars
Authors: Espinoza Cristóbal M. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractBraking indices are used to describe the evolution of pulsars rotation, and can offer insights into the braking mechanism that dominates the slow down. Here we discuss the main difficulties associated with measuring braking indices and the complexity of interpreting these measurements. Considering recent braking index measurements on pulsars with large and regular glitches, we comment on the significant effects that the loosely coupled superfluid inside pulsars might have on their spin evolution.
A multi-wavelength pipeline for pulsar observations
Authors: Pilia Maura , Trois Alessio , Bachetti Matteo , Pellizzoni Alberto , Egron Elise , Iacolina Maria Noemi , Loru Sara 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe Astronomical Observatory in Cagliari (OAC) is a growing facility with a group devoted to pulsar studies across the electromagnetic spectrum. Taking advantage of this expertise we have worked to provide a suite of multi-wavelength software and databases for the observations of pulsars and compact Galactic objects at the Sardinia Radio Telescope (SRT, Bolli et al. 2015, Prandoni et al. 2017).
Correlated emission and spin-down variability in radio pulsars
Authors: Shaw Benjamin , Stappers Benjamin W. , Brook Paul R. , Karastergiou Aris , Lyne Andrew G. , Weltevrede P. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe recent revelation that there are correlated period derivative and pulse shape changes in pulsars has dramatically changed our understanding of timing noise as well as the relationship between the radio emission and the properties of the magnetosphere as a whole. Using Gaussian processes we are able to model timing and emission variability using a regression technique that imposes no functional form on the data. We revisit the pulsars first studied by Lyne et al. (2010). We not only confirm the emission and rotational transitions revealed therein, but reveal further transitions and periodicities in 8 years of extended monitoring. We also show that in many of these objects the pulse profile transitions between two well-defined shapes, coincident with changes to the period derivative. With a view to the SKA and other telescopes capable of higher cadence we also study the detection limitations of period derivative changes.
First interferometric detections of Fast Radio Bursts
Authors: Caleb M. , Flynn C. , Bailes M. , Barr E. D. , Bateman T. , Bhandari S. , Campbell-Wilson D. , Farah W. , Green A. J. , Hunstead R. W. , Jameson A. , Jankowski F. , Keane E. F. , Parthasarathy A. , Ravi V. , Rosado P. A. , van Straten W. , Krishnan V. Venkatraman 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe class of radio transients called Fast Radio Bursts (FRBs) encompasses enigmatic single pulses, each unique in its own way, hindering a consensus for their origin. The key to demystifying FRBs lies in discovering many of them in order to identity commonalities – and in real time, in order to find potential counterparts at other wavelengths. The recently upgraded UTMOST in Australia, is undergoing a backend transformation to rise as a fast transient detection machine. The first interferometric detections of FRBs with UTMOST, place their origin beyond the near-field region of the telescope thus ruling out local sources of interference as a possible origin. We have localised these bursts to much better than the ones discovered at the Parkes radio telescope and have plans to upgrade UTMOST to be capable of much better localisation still.
Mapping the Emission Location of the Crab Pulsar’s Giant Pulses
Authors: Main Robert , van Kerkwijk Marten H. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe Crab pulsar has a striking radio profile, dominated by two pulse components (the main pulse and interpulse) which are comprised of giant pulses. These pulses are randomly occurring, they extend to extremely high flux densities, and are closely aligned with emission across the entire electromagnetic spectrum. The Crab, like many pulsars, exhibits scintillation – a pattern in frequency and time arising from interfering scattered images. The pattern varies with location, with the physical scale over which it changes by order unity corresponding to the spatial resolution of the scattering surface. For the Crab, the scattering is in the nebula and the estimated spatial resolution is of order the light cylinder radius. Comparing scintillation spectra of the two components, we infer a difference in physical location of the same order.
Search for and study of pulsars with the Nançay Radio Telescope
Authors: Octau Franck , Desvignes Grégory , Cognard Ismaël , Champion David , Lazarus Patrick , Smith David , Theureau Gilles 
Published: June 2018

AbstractSince the discovery of the first pulsar in 1967, over 2500 pulsars have been discovered. Pulsars enable a broad range of studies: from the study of the properties of the interstellar medium and of pulsar magnetospheres to tests of gravity in the strong-field regime and the characterisation of the cosmological gravitation wave background. These reasons are the main drive for searching for more pulsars. A blind pulsar survey, named SPAN512, was initiated with the Nançay Radio Telescope in 2012. Conducted at 1.4 GHz with a sampling time of 64μs and 500-kHz frequency channels, SPAN512 was designed to search for fast and distant pulsars in the Galactic plane. Here we describe the current status of the survey and present the latest discovery, PSR J2055+3829, a 2.08-ms pulsar in a black widow system.
The Puzzling Source at the Center of the SNR RCW 103
Authors: Borghese A. , Rea N. , Zelati F. Coti , Esposito P. 
Published: June 2018

Abstract1E 161348-5055 (1E 1613), the source at the center of the supernova remnant RCW 103, has defied any easy classification since its discovery, owing to its long-term variability (a factor of ~ 100 in flux on time scales from months to years) and a periodicity of 6.67 hr with a variable light curve profile across different flux levels. On June 2016, 1E 1613 emitted a magnetar-like millisecond burst of hard X-rays accompanied with a factor ~ 100 brightening in the persistent soft X-ray emission. The duration and spectral decomposition of the burst, the discovery of a hard X-ray tail in the spectrum, and the long-term outburst history suggest that 1E 1613 is an isolated magnetar and the periodicity of 6.67 hr is the rotational spin period, making 1E 1613 the slowest neutron star ever detected.
Cassini RPWS Dust Observation Near the Janus/Epimetheus Orbit
Authors: Ye S.‐Y. , Kurth W. S. , Hospodarsky G. B. , Persoon A. M. , Gurnett D. A. , Morooka M. , Wahlund J.‐E. , Hsu H.‐W. , Seiß M. , Srama R. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractDuring the Ring Grazing orbits near the end of Cassini mission, the spacecraft crossed the equatorial plane near the orbit of Janus/Epimetheus (~2.5 Rs). This region is populated with dust particles that can be detected by the Radio and Plasma Wave Science (RPWS) instrument via an electric field antenna signal. Analysis of the voltage waveforms recorded on the RPWS antennas provides estimations of the density and size distribution of the dust particles. Measured RPWS profiles, fitted with Lorentzian functions, are shown to be mostly consistent with the Cosmic Dust Analyzer, the dedicated dust instrument on board Cassini. The thickness of the dusty ring varies between 600 and 1,000 km. The peak location shifts north and south within 100 km of the ring plane, likely a function of the precession phase of Janus orbit.
Climatic Effect of Antarctic Meltwater Overwhelmed by Concurrent Northern Hemispheric Melt
Authors: Ivanovic R. F. , Gregoire L. J. , Wickert A. D. , Burke A. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractRecords indicate that 14,500 years ago, sea level rose by 12–22 m in under 340 years. However, the source of the sea level rise remains contentious, partly due to the competing climatic impact of different hemispheric contributions. Antarctic meltwater could indirectly strengthen the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), causing northern warming, whereas Northern Hemisphere ice sheet meltwater has the opposite effect. This story has recently become more intriguing, due to increasing evidence for sea level contributions from both hemispheres. Using a coupled climate model with freshwater forcing, we demonstrate that the climatic influence of southern‐sourced meltwater is overridden by northern sources even when the Antarctic flux is double the North American contribution. This is because the Southern Ocean is quickly resalinized by Antarctic Circumpolar water. These results imply that the pattern of surface climate changes caused by ice sheet melting cannot be used to fingerprint the hemispheric source of the meltwater.
Generation of Electron Acoustic Waves in the Topside Ionosphere From Coupling With Kinetic Alfven Waves: A New Electron Energization Mechanism
Authors: Shi Run , Ni Binbin , Summers Danny , Liu Huixin , Yoshikawa Akimasa , Zhang Beichen 
Published: June 2018

AbstractResults from a new drift kinetic model in the topside ionosphere capture the mode conversion from kinetic Alfven waves to electron acoustic waves. When the kinetic Alfven waves propagate into the transition region, where the electron density of ionospheric origin becomes comparable to that of magnetospheric origin, the steep temperature gradient leads to the mode conversion. The electron acoustic waves are short‐lived by dissipating their energy into the electron energization, thus revealing a new type of electron acceleration in the topside ionosphere.
MMS/FEEPS Observations of Electron Microinjections Due to Kelvin‐Helmholtz Waves and Flux Transfer Events: A Case Study
Authors: Kavosi S. , Spence H. E. , Fennell J. F. , Turner D. L. , Connor H. K. , Raeder J. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe Energetic Particle Detector (EPD) suite onboard the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) spacecraft observes dispersive and repetitive fluxes of high‐energy (50–400 keV) electrons within the Pc5 frequency band (2–8 MHz) in the dusk to midnight region of Earth's magnetotail. These microinjections are a new phenomenon in this region of the magnetosphere, presently poorly understood, but clearly a new signature that remotely senses large‐scale magnetospheric boundary dynamics. It is therefore important to understand their properties and driver mechanisms. Here we have combined global magnetohydrodynamic simulations and particle tracing results with the MMS EPD Fly's Eye Energetic Particle Spectrometer (FEEPS) observations to investigate possible origins and source regions of the electron microinjections. Our simulation results suggest that the electron microinjections, observed in the dusk to premidnight sector, are associated with Kelvin‐Helmholtz waves (KHWs) and flux transfer events (FTEs). Energetic electrons launched from a limited range of locations near the postnoon dusk magnetopause and at times when KHWs and FTEs pass by that region have drift paths that connect with MMS and thus create time‐dependent microinjection electron signatures. Test‐particle tracing results in the magnetohydrodynamic fields also support the field‐aligned nature of electron microinjections observed by MMS. Though identifying the mechanism by which KHWs and FTEs might periodically inject electrons is beyond the scope of this work, our study does identify these duskside magnetopause boundary phenomena as likely agents of microinjection origins.
The Simultaneous Observations of Nighttime Ionospheric E Region Irregularities and F Region Medium‐Scale Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances in Midlatitude China
Authors: Zhou Chen , Tang Qiong , Huang Fuqing , Liu Yi , Gu Xudong , Lei Jiuhou , Ni Binbin , Zhao Zhengyu 
Published: June 2018

AbstractCoupling of ionospheric E and F regions in the midlatitude region has been studied for a couple of years. In this study, we investigate the nighttime disturbances in E and F regions in midlatitude China region by using Wuhan ionosonde, Wuhan very high frequency coherent scatter radar, and Mengcheng airglow imager. We present two case studies of simultaneous observations of diffuse sporadic E (Es) layers, quasiperiodic echoes of E region irregularities, spread F, and medium‐scale traveling ionospheric disturbances. Results of case studies indicate that diffuse Es layers and E region irregularities can be associated with the F region medium‐scale traveling ionospheric disturbances or spread F through polarization electric field mapping along the field lines. We then analyze the data set of Wuhan ionosonde and Wuhan very high frequency radar during 2015–2016 and find that the coincidence of diffuse Es layers, quasiperiodic echoes of E region irregularities, and spread F is high at local nighttime. Our results provide the first observational evidence in midlatitude China region to support the concept that polarization electric field generated in the E region irregularities could map along the magnetic field lines and excite electrodynamic disturbances in F region, such as Perkins instability.