bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Informal digital learning of English and strategic competence for cross-cultural communication: Perception of varieties of English as a mediator
Authors: Lee Ju Seong 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThis exploratory study examined the potential connections between informal digital learning of English (IDLE), strategic competence for cross-cultural communication and perception of varieties of English. A total of 266 Korean EFL university students, who had no overseas experience, filled in a questionnaire survey. Follow-up semi-structured interviews were also carried out to complement the quantitative data. Results of structural equation modelling showed that perception of varieties of English mediated the relationship between IDLE and strategic competence for cross-cultural communication. The qualitative data also confirmed that EFL students without overseas experience tended to adopt more effective cross-cultural communication strategies when their perception of different varieties of English became more positive through their engagement in IDLE activities. These results can offer pedagogical insights into how ELT researchers and teachers can better prepare contemporary English learners for cross-cultural interactions in multicultural environments, whether in digital or face-to-face milieus.
The politics of food in the Pacific: coherence and tension in regional policies on nutrition, the food environment and non-communicable diseases
Authors: Dodd Rebecca , Reeve Erica , Sparks Emalie , George Anita , Vivili Paula , Win Tin Si Thu , Buresova Dai , Webster Jacqui , Thow Anne-Marie 
Published: September 2019

AbstractObjective:Our study analysed evolving regional commitments on food policy in the Pacific. Our aim was to understand regional priorities and the context of policy development, to identify opportunities for progress.Design:We analysed documentation from a decade of regional meetings in order to map regional policy commitments relevant to healthy diets. We focused on agriculture, education, finance, health, and trade sectors, and Heads of State forums. Drawing on relevant political science methodologies, we looked at how these sectors ‘frame’ the drivers of and solutions to non-communicable diseases (NCD), their policy priorities, and identified areas of coherence and tension.Setting:The Pacific has among the highest rates of non-communicable diseases in the world, but also boasts an innovative and proactive response. Heads of State have declared NCD a ‘crisis’ and countries have committed to specific prevention activities set out in a regional ‘Roadmap’. Yet, diet-related NCD risk-factors remain stubbornly high and many countries face challenges in establishing a healthy food environment.Results:Policies to improve food environments and prevent NCD are a stated priority across regional policy forums, with clear agreement on the need for a multi-sectoral response. However, we identified challenges in sustaining these priorities as political attention fluctuated. We found examples of inconsistencies and tension in sectoral responses to the NCD epidemic that may restrict implementation of the multi-sectoral action.Conclusion:Understanding the priorities and positions underpinning sectoral responses can help drive a more coherent NCD response, and lessons from the Pacific are relevant to public health nutrition policy and practice globally.
Diet quality, change in diet quality and risk of incident CVD and diabetes
Authors: Xu Zhe , Steffen Lyn M , Selvin Elizabeth , Rebholz Casey M 
Published: September 2019

AbstractObjective:The objective of this study was to assess the prospective association between diet quality, as well as a 6-year change in diet quality, and risk of incident CVD and diabetes in a community-based population.Design:We used Cox regression models to estimate the prospective association between diet quality, assessed using the Healthy Eating Index (HEI)-2015 and the Alternative HEI (AHEI)-2010 scores, as well as change in diet quality, and incident CVD and diabetes.Setting:The ARIC Study recruited 15 792 black and white men and women (45–64 years) from four US communities.Participants:We included 10 808 study participants who reported usual dietary intake via FFQ at visit 1 (1987–1989) and who had not developed CVD, diabetes, or cancer at baseline.Results:Overall, 3070 participants developed CVD (median follow-up of 26 years) and 3452 developed diabetes (median follow-up of 22 years) after visit 1. Higher diet score at the initial visit was associated with a significantly lower risk of CVD (HR per 10 % higher HEI-2015 diet quality score: 0·90 (95 % CI: 0·86, 0·95) and HR per 10 % higher AHEI-2010 diet quality score: 0·96 (95 % CI: 0·93, 0·99)). We did not observe a significant association between initial diet score and incident diabetes. There were no significant associations between change in diet score and CVD or diabetes risk in the overall study population.Conclusions:Higher diet quality assessed using HEI-2015 and AHEI-2010 was strongly associated with lower CVD risk but not diabetes risk within a middle-aged, community-based US population.
The Avant-Garde is in the Audience: On the Popular Avant-Gardism of Linton Kwesi Johnson's Dub Poetry
Authors: MUSSER JORDAN 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThis article presents a historical study of black British poet and recording artist Linton Kwesi Johnson. Drawing on archival research, I argue that Johnson's hybrid literary and reggae-based practice, known as ‘dub poetry’, offers fresh insight into the status of ‘the popular’ in histories and theories of the avant-garde, and of black avant-gardism specifically. I begin by discussing Johnson's participation in the Caribbean Artists Movement, a hub for diasporic arts in 1960–70s London, whereupon I show how dub poetry transposed the ideas of Johnson's colleague, pan-African Marxist C. L. R. James, in simultaneously documenting and instigating grassroots efforts at community centres where Johnson worked, notably the Race Today Collective. I contend that Johnson forged a cultural programme that paralleled James's well-known rejection of the elitist model of the political vanguard: Johnson furnished a ‘popular avant-garde’, as I call it, whose community-oriented ethos was realized via popular media like the LP and mass-democratic – populist – action campaigns.
The political economy of property rights in monarchical Iraq: the quest for land reform 1944–1958
Authors: El-Joumayle Omar A. M. , Yousif Bassam 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThis article explores the challenges of redefining property rights for land, with application to monarchical Iraq from 1944 to 1958. We apply two processes in the analysis of economic institutions to study history: a puzzle-solving method at the micro level, with broader interest in the role of institutions in development and economic growth at the macro level. Thus, we explore the interaction between demanders and suppliers of land reform in the political market, focusing on the parliamentary influence of big landholders as an interest group. We conclude that despite increasing demand for land reform, politicians were able to supply quantitative change only, consisting of the allocation of newly arable land to landless cultivators, rather than the redistribution of existing assets or qualitative change. We analyse these findings in relation to our concern for the role of institutions in development. Our discussion uncovers key insights into Iraq's political economy and its institutions.
Obesity is associated with folate metabolism
Authors: Köse Süleyman , Sözlü Saniye , Bölükbaşi Hatice , Ünsal Nüket , Gezmen-Karadağ Makbule 
Published: September 2019

Abstract. Objective: The aim of the present study is to perform a systemic review of the previous studies executed on the association between obesity and folate. Method: In the present research, the selected keywords were scanned on the PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane and Lilac databases between May and June, 2017 through Gazi University’s network. In total, 4236 clinical, randomized controlled, cross-sectional and prospective studies were determined and 17 of these that specifically fit the aims of the present research were reviewed. This study involved an electronic literature search of databases on folic acid and obesity published in the English language between 2000 and 2016. Results: Of the 17 studies, 5 were based on folic acid supplementation and 12 were related with participants’ folate status. As a general consequence of both intake and serum/status measurements of folic acid supplementation: It was found that obesity-associated metabolic changes might affect individual folate use and obese individuals had lower serum folate levels, although there was no change in folate intake. Conclusion: Overweight and obese individuals have lower serum folate concentrations when compared with individuals with normal weight. It is explained by increased use of folic acid, urinary excretion, dilution of blood volume, different levels in different tissues and changes in the endocrine functions of folate. Individuals with higher Body Mass Indexes have less supplement use, unhealthier diets and donot consume sufficient vegetables and fruits, all of which can affect decrease in folate levels. Furthermore, adiposity may affect folate absorption by intestinal epithelium.
Northern Hemisphere Atmospheric Stilling Accelerates Lake Thermal Responses to a Warming World
Authors: Woolway R. Iestyn , Merchant Christopher J. , Van Den Hoek Jamon , Azorin‐Molina Cesar , Nõges Peeter , Laas Alo , Mackay Eleanor B. , Jones Ian D. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractClimate change, in particular the increase in air temperature, has been shown to influence lake thermal dynamics, with climatic warming resulting in higher surface temperatures, stronger stratification, and altered mixing regimes. Less studied is the influence on lake thermal dynamics of atmospheric stilling, the decrease in near‐surface wind speed observed in recent decades. Here we use a lake model to assess the influence of atmospheric stilling, on lake thermal dynamics across the Northern Hemisphere. From 1980 to 2016, lake thermal responses to warming have accelerated as a result of atmospheric stilling. Lake surface temperatures and thermal stability have changed at respective rates of 0.33 and 0.38 °C/decade, with atmospheric stilling contributing 15% and 27% of the calculated changes, respectively. Atmospheric stilling also resulted in a lengthening of stratification, contributing 23% of the calculated changes. Our results demonstrate that atmospheric stilling has influenced lake thermal responses to warming.
Mars Climate Sounder Observation of Mars' 2018 Global Dust Storm
Authors: Kass D. M. , Schofield J. T. , Kleinböhl A. , McCleese D. J. , Heavens N. G. , Shirley J. H. , Steele L. J. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe largest of dust storms on Mars are global dust events (GDEs) that affect essentially every aspect of the Martian atmosphere but do not occur in every Mars year. The Mars Climate Sounder globally observed the most recent GDE in 2018 throughout its lifecycle. The event started shortly after the southern spring equinox, with the first Mars Climate Sounder signature detected on 2 June 2018 (Ls = 186.2°). It grew into a mature global event by the end of June (Ls ~ 198°), with drastic changes to the atmospheric temperature, dust, and water ice profiles. It decayed over several months, reaching background conditions around southern summer solstice in October 2018. The 2018 GDE was very similar to the 2001 event, including the seasonal development and temperatures. GDEs appear to be distinct from even the largest regional dust storms. GDEs have 50‐Pa zonal tropical temperatures >220 K while no regional dust storm exceeds 205 K.
Hypoxic Bottom Waters as a Carbon Source to Atmosphere During a Typhoon Passage Over the East China Sea
Authors: Li Dewang , Chen Jianfang , Ni Xiaobo , Wang Kui , Zeng Dingyong , Wang Bin , Huang Daji , Cai Wei‐Jun 
Published: September 2019

AbstractA high‐resolution mooring record from the Changjiang River plume (45‐m depth) is used to investigate how air‐sea CO2 flux responds to typhoon in the productive plume. With strong wind, surface partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) increased sharply from 369 to 606 μatm due to entrainment of high‐CO2 subsurface water. Though it was followed by pCO2 decrease of 250 μatm and Chl a increase days after the typhoon, the typhoon caused a net CO2 efflux overall. The maximum CO2 efflux (+111.6 mmol·m−2·day−1) is much greater than that under non‐typhoon condition (−2.3 to −11.7 mmol·m−2·day−1). Based on historical typhoon records, we estimate typhoon‐induced CO2 efflux to be +0.27 Tg C/year, which can cancel 18% of summer CO2 influx in the East China Sea shelf. It may likely occur in other coastal waters. Ignoring such contribution may induce large bias in estimating regional air‐sea CO2 flux.
A New Method for Isolating Elastic From Inelastic Deformation in Aquifer Systems: Application to the San Joaquin Valley, CA
Authors: Chaussard Estelle , Farr Tom G. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractSeparating recoverable (elastic) from permanent (inelastic) deformation of aquifer systems is critical to develop sustainable pumping practices but remains a challenge because the preconsolidation stress is unknown. Previous works often assume that inelastic deformation occurs over years while elastic deformation is seasonal. This assumption may not hold for systems where groundwater extraction controls drawdowns and recharge because elastic deformation may not be exclusively seasonal (e.g., drought and recovery periods). Here we present an independent component analysis‐based method for extracting elastic aquifer properties without relying on sedimentary data or on curve fitting of seasonal signal. We applied this method to 2015–2019 Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar measurements of deformation in the San Joaquin Valley and show that elastic deformation is always present and captured by IC2 with both seasonal patterns and post drought recovery longer‐term deformation. Independent component analysis is the first method which enables isolating elastic deformation and properties even through periods that do not exhibit a clear seasonal signal.
Twenty‐Five Years of Lower Tropospheric Ozone Observations in Tropical East Asia: The Influence of Emissions and Weather Patterns
Authors: Wang Tao , Dai Jianing , Lam Ka Se , Nan Poon Chun , Brasseur Guy P. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractTropospheric ozone affects the Earth's radiative balance, oxidative capacity, and air quality, yet the long‐term ozone trend in East Asia and its driver(s) remain poorly understood. Here we present ozone measurements obtained during 1994–2018 on China's southern coast. The measurement location intercepts China's outflow most of the time and the inflow of tropical maritime air during summer. We found an overall increase in the ozone level (0.35 ppbv/year), and the increase occurred mainly during the first half of the 25‐year period but appeared to level off in recent years in Chinese outflow. Large ozone increase (~20% per decade) was found in the maritime air. Model simulations show that recent weather conditions have reduced maritime ozone, counteracting the impact of the growing Southeast Asia's emissions. Our results fill the gap in the long‐term ozone trend in Asia and highlight the complex interaction of weather and emissions in driving the ozone change.
The Relationship Between South Pacific Atmospheric Internal Variability and ENSO in the North American Multimodel Ensemble Phase‐II Models
Authors: You Yujia , Furtado Jason C. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractDespite substantial progress made in the theoretical understanding and practical prediction of the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO), accurate predictions of particular ENSO characteristics (e.g., evolution, intensity, and spatial pattern) remain challenging. Using two models from the North American Multimodel Ensemble (NMME) Phase‐II hindcasts, we find that the austral winter atmospheric internal variability is a key determinant of how the South Pacific atmospheric circulation responds to concurrent tropical Pacific sea surface temperature anomalies. While this internal variability may not trigger ENSO onsets, it regulates the southeasterly trades and contributes to thermodynamic feedbacks that grow into an ENSO‐like structure during the following austral summer. The difference in the simulation of South Pacific atmospheric variability amongst ensemble members appears to be a significant source of the inter‐member spread in ENSO predictions. Monitoring South Pacific atmospheric variability provides an opportunity to improve the prediction of ENSO intensity and flavor with about a two‐season lead time.
Grain Size Sensitive Creep During Simulated Seismic Slip in Nanogranular Fault Gouges: Constraints From Transmission Kikuchi Diffraction (TKD)
Authors: Demurtas Matteo , Smith Steven A. F. , Prior David J. , Brenker Frank E. , Di Toro Giulio 
Published: September 2019

AbstractNanograins (≪1 μm) are common in the principal slip zones of natural and experimental faults, but their formation and influence on fault mechanical behavior are poorly understood. We performed transmission Kikuchi diffraction (spatial resolution 20–50 nm) on the principal slip zone of an experimental carbonate gouge (50 wt% calcite, 50 wt% dolomite) that was deformed at a maximum slip rate of 1.2 m/s for 0.4 m displacement. The principal slip zone (PSZ) consists of nanogranular aggregates of calcite, Mg‐calcite, dolomite and periclase, dominated by grain sizes in the range of 100–300 nm. Nanograins in the ultrafine (< 800 nm) PSZ matrix have negligible internal lattice distortion, while grains > 800 nm in size contain subgrains. A weak crystallographic preferred orientation is observed as a clustering of calcite c‐axes within the PSZ. The high‐resolution microstructural observations from transmission Kikuchi diffraction, in combination with published flow laws for calcite, are compatible with high‐velocity slip in the PSZ having been accommodated by a combination of grain size sensitive creep in the ultrafine matrix, and grain size insensitive creep in the larger grains, with the former process likely controlling the bulk rheology of the PSZ after dynamic weakening. If the activation energy for creep is lowered by the nanogranular nature of the aggregates, this could facilitate grain size sensitive creep at high (coseismic) strain rates and only moderate bulk temperatures of approximately 600 °C, although temperatures up to 1000 °C could be locally achieved due to processes such as flash heating.
Dst Index Forecast Based on Ground‐Level Data Aided by Bio‐Inspired Algorithms
Authors: Lazzús J. A. , Vega‐Jorquera P. , Palma‐Chilla L. , Stepanova M. V. , Romanova N. V. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractIn this study, different hybridized techniques that combine an artificial neural network (ANN) with bio‐inspired optimization algorithms such as particle swarm optimization (PSO), genetic algorithm (GA), and a hybridized PSO+GA were applied to update the ANN connection weights and so forecast the disturbance storm time (Dst) index. The past values of Dst index time series were used as input parameters to forecast its variation from 1 to 6 hours ahead. The database collected considers 233,760 hourly data from 01 January 1990 to 31 August 2016, containing storms and quiet period, grouped into three data sets: learning set (116,880 hourly data points), validation set (58,440 data points), and testing set (58,440 data points). Several ANN configurations were studied and optimized during the training process by evaluating the root mean square error (RMSE) and the correlation coefficient (R). An analysis of the predictive capability of each method was made year per year, and according to the levels of the geomagnetic storm. Also, an additional test was applied to the proposed method using 17 intense geomagnetic storms reported during solar cycle 24, including the St. Patrick's Day storm of 2015. Results show that the hybridized ANN+PSO method can forecast the Dst index quite accurately from 1 to 3 h in advance (with RMSE≤5 nT and R≥0.9), while the ANN+PSO+GA method can forecast the Dst index quite accurately from 4 to 6 h ahead (RMSE≤7 nT and R≥0.8)
Histone methyltransferase G9a protects against acute liver injury through GSTP1
Authors: Zhang Yu , Xue Weili , Zhang Wenquan , Yuan Yangmian , Zhu Xiuqin , Wang Qing , Wei Yujuan , Yang Dong , Yang Chen , Chen Yan , Sun Yu , Wang Shun , Huang Kun , Zheng Ling 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Acute liver injury is commonly caused by bacterial endotoxin/lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and by drug overdose such as acetaminophen (APAP). The exact role of epigenetic modification in acute liver injury remains elusive. Here, we investigated the role of histone methyltransferase G9a in LPS- or APAP overdose-induced acute liver injury. Under d-galactosamine sensitization, liver-specific G9a-deficient mice (L-G9a−/−) exhibited 100% mortality after LPS injection, while the control and L-G9a+/− littermates showed very mild mortality. Moreover, abrogation of hepatic G9a or inhibiting the methyltransferase activity of G9a aggravated LPS-induced liver damage. Similarly, under sublethal APAP overdose, L-G9a−/− mice displayed more severe liver injury. Mechanistically, ablation of G9a inhibited H3K9me1 levels at the promoters of Gstp1/2, two liver detoxifying enzymes, and consequently suppressed their transcription. Notably, treating L-G9a−/− mice with recombinant mouse GSTP1 reversed the LPS- or APAP overdose-induced liver damage. Taken together, we identify a novel beneficial role of G9a-GSTP1 axis in protecting against acute liver injury.
Effect of early-stage autophagy inhibition in BRAFV600E autophagy-dependent brain tumor cells
Authors: Zahedi Shadi , Fitzwalter Brent E. , Morin Andrew , Grob Sydney , Desmarais Michele , Nellan Anandani , Green Adam L. , Vibhakar Rajeev , Hankinson Todd C. , Foreman Nicholas K. , Mulcahy Levy Jean M. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractAutophagy is a multistage process. Progress within the field has led to the development of agents targeting both early (initiation) and late (fusion) stages of this process. The specific stage of autophagy targeted may influence cancer treatment outcomes. We have previously shown that central nervous system (CNS) tumors with the BRAFV600E mutation are autophagy dependent, and late-stage autophagy inhibition improves the response to targeted BRAF inhibitors (BRAFi) in sensitive and resistant cells. Drugs directed toward initiation of autophagy have been shown to reduce tumor cell death in some cancers, but have not been assessed in CNS tumors. We investigated early-stage inhibition for autophagy-dependent CNS tumors. BRAFi-sensitive and resistant AM38 and MAF794 cell lines were evaluated for the response to pharmacologic and genetic inhibition of ULK1 and VPS34, two crucial subunits of the autophagy initiation complexes. Changes in autophagy were monitored by western blot and flow cytometry. Survival was evaluated in short- and long-term growth assays. Tumor cells exhibited a reduced autophagic flux with pharmacologic and genetic inhibition of ULK1 or VPS34. Pharmacologic inhibition reduced cell survival in a dose-dependent manner for both targets. Genetic inhibition reduced cell survival and confirmed that it was an autophagy-specific effect. Pharmacologic and genetic inhibition were also synergistic with BRAFi, irrespective of RAFi sensitivity. Inhibition of ULK1 and VPS34 are potentially viable clinical targets in autophagy-dependent CNS tumors. Further evaluation is needed to determine if early-stage autophagy inhibition is equal to late-stage inhibition to determine the optimal clinical target for patients.