bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Os Saberes Matemáticos na Formação de Professores Efetivos no Paraná da Primeira República
Authors: França Iara Da Silva , Claras Antonio Flavio 
Published: September 2018

Os professores primários paranaenses denominados efetivos tinham formação diferente daquela ofertada pela Escola Normal e possuíam, em sua maioria, somente o Curso Primário. Nos estudos aqui apresentados interessou-nos saber que saberes matemáticos o curso primário proporcionava a esses futuros professores efetivos durante a Primeira República. Amparados na história cultural, buscamos respostas nos documentos oficiais pertinentes, em especial, nos Programas de Ensino. O estudo evidencia para os professores efetivos da Primeira República uma formação geral, com os saberes necessários a ensinar, carecendo em grande medida, dos saberes para ensinar matemática. As mudanças ocorridas nos Programas buscavam sustentar a finalidade do ensino primário, sem proporcionar a formação para ensinar, visto não ser essa a sua finalidade.Palavras-chave: História da Educação. Formação de Professores. Saberes Matemáticos.AbstractThe primary teachers of Paraná called effective had different formation from that offered by the Normal School and had, in their majority, only the Primary Course. In the studies presented here, we were interested to know what mathematical knowledge the primary course provided to these future effective teachers during the First Republic. Based on cultural history, we seek answers in the pertinent official documents, especially in the Teaching Programs. The study shows for the effective teachers of the First Republic a general formation, with the necessary knowledge to teach, lacking in great measure, the knowledge to teach mathematics. The changes that occurred in the Programs sought to support the purpose of primary education, without providing the training to teach, since this is not its purpose.Keyword: History of Education. Mathematical Education. Mathematical Knowledge.
Uma ‘Aritmética Para Ensinar’ no Curso Primário: Orientações nos Manuais para o Ensino de Multiplicação
Authors: Maciel Viviane Barros 
Published: September 2018

Como se dá o processo de constituição de uma aritmética para ensinar no curso primário a partir da leitura de orientações dadas aos professores nos manuais pedagógicos (1880 – 1970)? Buscando por respostas a esta questão maior, a pesquisa de doutorado traz um primeiro resultado tendo como foco as orientações para o ensino de multiplicação. Que multiplicação para ensinar se configura no final do século XIX e início do século XX nos manuais pedagógicos? Para tanto, a pesquisa se pautou em autores que colocam os saberes no centro das profissões de ensino e de formação. A extração de elementos a partir da análise das orientações nos manuais e a ligação destes com o que os referenciais denominam ‘saberes para ensinar’ proporcionaram uma leitura da multiplicação para ensinar que se estabelece no período. A perspectiva é de que ao longo do tempo, com a análise de outros manuais e de outros saberes a ensinar, o processo de constituição de uma aritmética para ensinar possa ser revelado.Palavras-chave: aritmética escolar; formação de professores; história da educação matemáticaAbstractHow does happen the constitution process of a ‘arithmetic for teaching’ in the primary school fron the reading of guidelines given to the teachers in manuals teaching (1880 – 1970) ? Looking for answers to this larger question, the doctoral research brings a first result focused guidelines for teaching multiplication. That multiplication for teaching is configured in the late 19th and early 20th century teaching manuals? Thus, the research was based on authors who prioritize knowledge and put them at the heart of the profession of teaching and training. The extraction of elements from the analysis of the guidelines in the manuals and the connection with what the references are called ‘ savoirs pour enseigner ‘ provided a reading of multiplication to teach that is established in the period. It is thought to be possible that over time, with the analysis of other manuals and other knowledges to teaching, the establishment of a arithmetic for teaching process can be revealed.Keywords: school arithmetic; teacher training; history of mathematics education.
Bazı Mısır (Zea mays L.) Çeşitlerinde Verim ve Kalite Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesi
Authors: KILINÇ Sevda , KARADEMİR Çetin , EKİN Zehra 
Published: September 2018

Bu çalışma, farklı özelliklere sahip tane mısır çeşitlerinde kalite, verim ve verim unsurlarının belirlenmesi ve bölgeye uygun tane mısır çeşidinin önerilmesi amacıyla 2015 yılında Diyarbakır GAP Uluslar Arası Tarımsal Araştırma ve Eğitim merkezi Müdürlüğü deneme alanında, tesadüf blokları deneme desenine göre 4 tekerrürlü olarak yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada materyal olarak 6 mısır çeşidi (PR31D24, Kalipso, 70MAY82, Suerto, P1921, DKC6724) kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre çeşitler arasında, koçan uzunluğu, koçan kalınlığı, sap kalınlığı, bitkide koçan sayısı, tane/koçan oranı, 1000 tane ağırlığı, tane nemi, nişasta oranı, ham yağ oranı, hektolitre ağırlığı özellikleri yönünden istatistiki farkların önemli olduğu belirlenmiştir. En yüksek tane verimi 1518.10 kg da-1 ile P1921 çeşidinden elde edilmiştir.
Thoracoscopic ligation of the thoracic duct for a massive chylothorax following a thoracolaparoscopic oesophagectomy
Authors: Mahadevan Venkateshwara , Kalaichelvan Karthick , K. J. Raghunath , Premkumar Balachandran , Ali Sheena , Paul Subhankar 
Published: September 2018

Chyle leak is an uncommon yet solemn complication following several head, face and neck surgeries, especially malignancies. Thoracic duct injury usually has an insidious onset and a long course of response and improvement rendering the patient nutritionally debilitated and immunocompromised. Hence, the prompt identification and treatment of a chyle leak is essential for an optimal surgical outcome. Here, we present an interesting case report of a chylothorax, as a postoperative sequela in a 70-year-old male with carcinoma oesophagus who underwent a Thoracolaparoscopic oesophagectomy. He was managed by a thoracoscopic ligation of the thoracic duct, which not only negated the need for a major thoracic procedure, but also provided a good surgical outcome.
Sexual, Social, and Genetic Network Overlap: A Socio-Molecular Approach Toward Public Health Intervention of HIV
Authors: Morgan Ethan , Skaathun Britt , Schneider John A. 
Published: September 2018

Objectives. To determine how network-level factors influence individual risk of HIV acquisition, which is key in preventing disease transmission. Methods. We recruited a cohort of young Black men who have sex with men (n = 618) in Chicago, Illinois, from 2013 to 2016. We identified potential molecular ties via pairwise genetic distance analysis of HIV pol sequences with links inferred between individuals whose sequences were 1.5% or less genetically distant. We defined clusters as 1 or more connections to another individual. We conducted entity resolution between confidant, sexual, referral, and Facebook network data between network types. Results. Of 266 (43.0%) participants identified as HIV-positive, we obtained 86 (32.3%) genetic sequences. Of these, 35 (40.7%) were linked to 1 or more other sequence; however, none of these were identified in first-, second-, or third-degree confidant and sexual networks. Minimal overlap existed between genetic and Facebook ties. Conclusions. These results suggest that HIV transmissions may have occurred before elicitation of network data; future studies should expand the data collection timeframe to more accurately determine risk networks. Virtual network data, such as Facebook, may be particularly useful in developing one’s risk environment.
The Spanish Flu, Epidemics, and the Turn to Biomedical Responses
Authors: Schwartz Jason L. 
Published: September 2018

A century ago, nonpharmaceutical interventions such as school closings, restrictions on large gatherings, and isolation and quarantine were the centerpiece of the response to the Spanish Flu. Yet, even though its cause was unknown and the science of vaccine development was in its infancy, considerable enthusiasm also existed for using vaccines to prevent its spread. This desire far exceeded the scientific knowledge and technological capabilities of the time. Beginning in the early 1930s, however, advances in virology and influenza vaccine development reshaped the relative priority given to biomedical approaches in epidemic response over traditional public health activities. Today, the large-scale implementation of nonpharmaceutical interventions akin to the response to the Spanish Flu would face enormous legal, ethical, and political challenges, but the enthusiasm for vaccines and other biomedical interventions that was emerging in 1918 has flourished. The Spanish Flu functioned as an inflection point in the history of epidemic responses, a critical moment in the long transition from approaches dominated by traditional public health activities to those in which biomedical interventions are viewed as the most potent and promising tools in the epidemic response arsenal.
America’s Declining Well-Being, Health, and Life Expectancy: Not Just a White Problem
Authors: Muennig Peter A. , Reynolds Megan , Fink David S. , Zafari Zafar , Geronimus Arline T. 
Published: September 2018

Although recent declines in life expectancy among non-Hispanic Whites, coined “deaths of despair,” grabbed the headlines of most major media outlets, this is neither a recent problem nor is it confined to Whites. The decline in America’s health has been described in the public health literature for decades and has long been hypothesized to be attributable to an array of worsening psychosocial problems that are not specific to Whites. To test some of the dominant hypotheses, we show how various measures of despair have been increasing in the United States since 1980 and how these trends relate to changes in health and longevity. We show that mortality increases among Whites caused by the opioid epidemic come on the heels of the crack and HIV syndemic among Blacks. Both occurred on top of already higher mortality rates among all Americans relative to people in other nations, and both occurred among declines in measures of well-being. We believe that the attention given to Whites is distracting researchers and policymakers from much more serious, longer-term structural problems that affect all Americans.
School Gardens in the United States: Current Barriers to Integration and Sustainability
Authors: Burt Kate G. , Luesse Hersh B. , Rakoff Jennifer , Ventura Andrea , Burgermaster Marissa 
Published: September 2018

Objectives. To elucidate details about the barriers (time, funding, staffing, and space) to integrating and sustaining school gardens. Methods. A total of 99 school gardeners from 15 states participated in an online survey in June 2017. The 29-item survey contained qualitative and quantitative items that we analyzed using descriptive statistics and inductive content analysis. Results. In order of greatest to least barrier, gardeners ranked time, staff, funding, curriculum, and space. Time for classes to use the garden (66% of respondents) and time for staff training (62%) were the most frequently listed time-related challenges. Respondents also reported low engagement within the school community. An overall lack of funding was the most common funding-related barrier, and gardeners were unaware of how to obtain more funding. Conclusions. We identified 3 aspects of school gardens as opportunities to address time- and staff-related issues: strengthening of garden committees, professional development, and community outreach. Better channels are needed to disseminate funding opportunities within schools and to communicate with communities at large. Ultimately, doing so will strengthen existing school gardens as a vehicle to promote dietary, physical, and social health within communities.
Adsorptive removal of cationic and anionic dyes using graphene oxide
Authors: Sabna V. , Thampi Santosh G. , Chandrakaran S. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
This paper presents the results of comparative study on the application of graphene oxide (GO) for the adsorptive removal of crystal violet (CV) and methyl orange (MO) in batch mode. GO, synthesised from graphite, was characterised by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, point of zero charge (pHPZC) and ultra violet (UV) spectroscopy. Dispersion of GO in water revealed the conversion of hydrophobic graphite into hydrophilic. Performance with regard to adsorption of CV and MO on GO was evaluated at different values of the operational parameters such as contact time between GO and the dye molecules, dosage of GO, and initial concentration and pH of the dye solution. Uptake and percentage removal of the dyes increased with increase in contact time and adsorbent dosage, but declined with increase in initial concentration of the dye. Experimental data on the uptake of dye molecules by GO showed good ﬁt with the Freundlich isotherm model and the pseudo second order kinetic model. The maximum uptake by GO was higher for CV (207.4 mg/g) than that for MO (37.2 mg/g). Results indicate that GO is an effective adsorbent for the removal of CV but not for MO.
Adsorption of phosphorus by alkaline Tunisian soil in a fixed bed column
Authors: Beji Rihab , Hamdi Wissem , Kesraoui Aida , Seffen Mongi 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
The present study evaluates the phosphorus (P) adsorption by alkaline soil in fixed bed column mode operation. The effects of flow rate, bed height, and initial P concentration on breakthrough curves were evaluated. Data confirmed that both the breakthrough and exhaustion time increased in parallel with the rise in bed height and the decline in flow rate and initial P concentration. The adsorption capacity was observed to increase with decreasing flow rate and bed height and increasing initial concentration. Moreover, continuous adsorption experiments were conducted using three salts (NaCl, KCl and CaCl2) with the same concentration (0.01 M) to investigate the P adsorption behavior in saline conditions. The results showed that all three salts improve the P adsorption in the soil column. Consequently, the bed performance was significantly enhanced with salts addition. The maximum adsorption capacity of 13.47 mg g−1 for P, 16.13 mg g−1 for P-NaCl, 22.10 mg g−1 for P-KCl, 30.05 mg g−1 for P-CaCl2 was attained at an initial influent concentration of 300 mg g−1, bed height of 22 cm, and flow rate of 10 mL min−1. TheCaCl2 addition was therefore the most effective in increasing P adsorption. Thomas, Yoon-Nelson and Clark models were applied to experimental results to forecast the breakthrough curves by nonlinear regression analysis. Meanwhile, the bed depth service time model was employed to examine the effective model parameters in scaling up the process using linear regression analysis. The values of correlation coefficient (R2) and the sum of squared error evidenced that the Thomas model is the most appropriate model to fit the experimental data. The reusability experiment showed that the adsorbent material still had high P adsorption capacity, and tolerable desorption efficiency.
Numerical simulation and experimental study of electrocoagulation grid flocculation tank
Authors: Xiang Ping , Wan Yihui , Wang Xun , Lian Huilan 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
In recent years, electrocoagulation has been extensively studied on the removal of refractory pollutants. However, the application of electrocoagulation in actual flocculation tank is limited because of its high energy consumption, especially under the condition of large electrode plate spacing. In this study, the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software – ANSYS Fluent had been used to simulate the flow state of grid flocculation tank, for the purposes of optimizing the design parameters. The simulation results showed that vortex velocity gradient was stronger, the grid plate spacing was smaller when the velocity was 0.13 m s−1, perforation size was 25 × 25 mm, porosity was 31.25%. And the optimal grid plate spacing was 250 mm. Moreover, in order to prove the reasonableness of simulation results, the humic acid wastewater was treated by electrocoagulation process in the specific device which was built based on simulation results. The results showed that the optimal condition of orthogonal test were as follows: the initial pH was 8, the concentration of sodium chloride was 5 mmol L−1, the voltage was 15 V; and the power time was 60 min. This study greatly narrowed the grid plate spacing, optimized design parameters under the circumstances of strong turbulent intensity and provided a theoretical basis for the combination of electrocoagulation and hydraulic flocculation.
Enhanced adsorption performance of methylene blue from aqueous solutions onto modified adsorbents prepared from sewage sludge
Authors: Chen Tao , Yan Bo , Xu Da-Mao , Li Li-li 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
In the present work, an attractive and creative adsorbent derived from sewage sludge was freshly fabricated via pyrolysis technology, followed by modification for improving the absorptive ability. First, the (NH4)2S2O8 modified pyrolytic sludge (MSAP) was selected from 19 modified pyrolytic sludges for the highest removal efficiency and adsorption capacity for methylene blue (MB). Then, the adsorption performance for MB of MSAP was compared systematically with the pristine adsorbent (MSDW) by batch adsorption experiments. The main conclusions were that the adsorption process was better fitted with the Langmuir model, and the maximum adsorption capacity (qmax) of MSAP was observed to be 149.05 mg g−1. Moreover, the adsorption kinetics data showed a good fit with the pseudo second order model; when the addition of MSAP was 1.0 g·L−1, the rate constant was 0.05 g·mg−1·min−1, which was far greater than that of the other modified adsorbents.
The use of sea shell (Donax trunculus) powder to remove Sr(II) ions from aqueous solutions
Authors: Bulut Aysun , Yusan Sabriye , Aytas Sule , Sert Senol 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
This study aimed to investigate and explore the possibility of using ground sea shell powder (Donax trunculus) (SSP) for sorption of Sr(II) ions from aqueous solutions. The maximum removal of Sr(II) removal in SSP was 60% at initial Sr(II) concentration of 25 mg/L, at pH 6.0, contact time 120 min, temperature 25 °C and volume/mass ratio equivalent to 500. Sorption data were interpreted considering the adsorption isotherms and thermodynamic parameters calculated. The maximum Sr(II) adsorption on SSP was 25.45 mg/g at pH 6.0. Freundlich isotherm and Dubinin–Radushkevich models were seen to be more compatible with the sorption equilibrium. The nature of the process was spontaneous and exothermic. The results suggest that SSP could be used as an efficient and cost-effective adsorbent to remove strontium ion.
Performance of the first stage of the French system of vertical flow constructed wetlands with only two units in parallel: influence of pulse time and instantaneous hydraulic loading rate
Authors: García Zumalacarregui Jorge A. , von Sperling Marcos 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
The technology of vertical flow constructed wetlands – French system for treating raw wastewater depends on several hydraulic factors, one of them being the duration of the pulse feeding and the resulting instantaneous hydraulic loading rate. This paper analyses two scenarios in the same system, the first of a faster feeding by pump and the second of a slower feeding by siphon, both with instantaneous hydraulic loading rate values lower than the literature recommendations. The system treated raw wastewater from a population equivalent of 100 p.e. in Brazil, and was comprised by only the first stage and two units in parallel. The shorter duration of feeding time and higher instantaneous hydraulic loading rate were associated with significantly higher chemical oxygen demand and total Kjeldahl nitrogen removal efficiencies, but with no significant differences in terms of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and suspended solids (SS). Oxygen concentrations and redox potential in the effluent were evaluated, together with the effluent flow rate profiles. The removal efficiencies were associated with the accumulation of solids in the upper part of the filter resulting from seven years of operation and to the operating hydraulic conditions, which are important elements in the performance of the system.
Greenhouse gas emissions from membrane bioreactors: analysis of a two-year survey on different MBR configurations
Authors: Mannina Giorgio , Chandran Kartik , Capodici Marco , Cosenza Alida , Di Trapani Daniele , van Loosdrecht Mark C. M. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThis study aimed at evaluating the nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from membrane bioreactors (MBRs) for wastewater treatment. The study investigated the N2O emissions considering multiple influential factors over a two-year period: (i) different MBR based process configurations; (ii) wastewater composition (municipal or industrial); (iii) operational conditions (i.e. sludge retention time, carbon-to-nitrogen ratio, C/N, hydraulic retention time); (iv) membrane modules. Among the overall analysed configurations, the highest N2O emission occurred from the aerated reactors. The treatment of industrial wastewater, contaminated with salt and hydrocarbons, provided the highest N2O emission factor (EF): 16% of the influent nitrogen for the denitrification/nitrification-MBR plant. The lowest N2O emission (EF = 0.5% of the influent nitrogen) was obtained in the biological phosphorus removal-moving bed-MBR plant likely due to an improvement in biological performances exerted by the co-presence of both suspended and attached biomass. The influent C/N ratio has been identified as a key factor affecting the N2O production. Indeed, a decrease of the C/N ratio (from 10 to 2) promoted the increase of N2O emissions in both gaseous and dissolved phases, mainly related to a decreased efficiency of the denitrification processes.
Formation and performance of self-forming dynamic membrane (SFDM) in membrane bioreactor (MBR) for treating low-strength wastewater
Authors: Sabaghian M. , Mehrnia M. R. , Esmaieli M. , Noormohammadi D. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThis study introduces a self-forming dynamic membrane (SFDM) with large-pore mesh filter materials instead of conventional MF/UF membranes for wastewater treatment. Development of SFDM on the mesh filter surface plays a major role in reducing the wastewater turbidity and its performance in a self-formation dynamic membrane bioreactor (SFDMBR). To evaluate formation of the dynamic membrane, biological and hydrodynamic parameters, including mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) and aeration rate, were examined. The experimental results showed that with elevation of MLSS in the bioreactor (up to MLSS = 9,000 mg/L), the effluent turbidity diminishes with rapid formation of SFDM, with the shortest formation time (5 min) obtained in SFDM operations, though it results in increased membrane fouling. SFDM was well formed at low aeration rates of 2.5 L/min and 5 L/min, due to very low shear stress on the mesh filter surface, given the results of turbidity in comparison with aeration rates of 10 L/min and 15 L/min. The filtration performance of SFDM in treatment of synthetic wastewater was tested under a constant operational flux (58 L/m2 h). Total chemical oxygen demand (COD) and NH4-N removals were 88–93% and 96–98.8%, respectively. These results indicated that the treatment process can be performed effectively by SFDMBR.