bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE TREATMENT OF SUBCAPITAL FRACTURES OF THE NECK OF THE FEMUR WITH A NAIL-PLATE AND WEDGE OSTEOTOMY
Authors: McNeur J. C. 
Published: February 2018

1. Ten cases are reported of subcapital fractures of the femoral neck with low fracture-shaft angles treated by wedge osteotomy and fixation by nail-plate. 2. A simple method of osteotomy to increase the fracture-shaft angle is described. 3. In eight fresh fractures bony union was obtained when nailing was followed by immediate osteotomy. 4. The alteration of the bony anatomy does not prejudice further reconstructive surgery should it become necessary.
OPEN REDUCTION IN CONGENITAL DISLOCATION OF THE HIP
Authors: Somerville E. W. 
Published: February 2018

1. It is suggested that the obstruction causing delayed reduction of the congenitally dislocated hip is the infolded limbus. 2. An operation is described by which the infolding limbus may be easily and safely removed. 3. The early results of the operation are reported. 4. The evidence for the original assumption is discussed.
NOTE ON THE NERVE ENDINGS IN A SUBJECT WITH ARTHROPATHY AND CONGENITAL ABSENCE OF PAIN
Authors: Feindel William 
Published: February 2018

1. A patient wholly insensitive to painful stimuli as judged by psychical, physical, reflex and autonomic responses, showed multiple arthropathies. 2. Biopsy specimens of skin and periosteum from the region of the hip joint showed free nerve terminals similar in morphology to endings considered to subserve pain in normal subjects. The abnormality related to defective pain sensation therefore appears not to be due to a defect in the peripheral nerve endings for pain, but to be located more centrally in the nervous system. 3. In this patient, and in some patients with syringomyelia, arthropathy is associated with selective impairment of pain sensibility of the involved joints. It appears that tissue damage from the wear and tear of normal activity of a joint, if this damage is unheralded because of impairment of pain sense, can lead to arthropathy. 4. It is noted that further experimental evidence is still required to elucidate the role of various modalities of innervation in the maintenance of normal structure and function of joints.
AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE CORRELATION BETWEEN THE ELECTRICAL POTENTIALS OF METALS AND THEIR BEHAVIOUR IN BIOLOGICAL FLUIDS
Authors: Clarke E. G. C. , Hickman J. 
Published: February 2018

1. The literature dealing with the reaction of tissues to metals has been briefly reviewed and discussed. 2. It is suggested that the "anodic back EMF" of metals, under the conditions of the experiment, is a measurable electrical quantity which can be correlated with their behaviour in tissues. 3. Details of the method for obtaining this "anodic back EMF" are given. 4. A correlation between the "anodic back EMF" and the loss of weight due to corrosion in vitro has been demonstrated. 5. The inertness of eighty-seven metals has been classified by this method. 6. It must be emphasised that these results are based on in vitro experiments only. In vivo experiments are in progress and the results will be published in due course. Preliminary work suggests that there is some correlation between the ABE and the behaviour of metals in tissue (Hickman 1953).
DEVELOPMENT OF CONGENITAL DISLOCATION OF THE HIP
Authors: Somerville E. W. 
Published: February 2018

Based on the constancy with which the limbus is inverted into the joint in a typical congenital dislocation of the hip, a hypothesis is presented which suggests that the sequence of events leading to established dislocation is: 1) lateral rotation aided and abetted by anteversion; 2) extension of the hips causing subluxation; 3) dislocation and inversion of the limbus; 4) secondary changes in the upper end of the femur, pelvis and acetabulum which will also develop if the deformity does not progress beyond a subluxation. A pen picture is drawn showing how anteversion is either moulded away during growth to produce a normal hip, or persists with or without dislocation. The fate of the persistently inverted limbus is discussed and a line of treatment based on these findings is briefly considered.
RADIOGRAPHIC BONE CHANGES AT THE HIP AFTER INSERTION OF AN ACRYLIC PROSTHESIS
Authors: Buxton St J. D. , Waugh W. 
Published: February 2018

1. Radiographic changes in bone structure which follow the insertion of an unplasticised acrylic prosthesis of the Judet type are described. 2. Technical details of the operation and their relation to these changes are discussed. 3. Although the period of observation is short it is suggested that after initial loosening the prosthesis becomes stabilised owing to local bone reaction.
INJURIES TO THE LATERAL CONDYLE EPIPHYSIS OF THE HUMERUS IN CHILDREN
Authors: McLearie M. , Merson R. D. 
Published: February 2018

1. The mechanism of production of injury to the lateral condyle epiphysis is discussed. 2. A technique of closed reduction of rotational displacements of the epiphysis is described. Nine cases in which the method was successful are noted. 3. It is suggested that the injury should be classified with dislocation of the elbow.
FIBROUS DYSPLASIA OF BONE WITH SKELETAL LIPOID GRANULOMATOSIS
Authors: Harriman D. G. F. , Millar J. H. D. 
Published: February 2018

1. A case of fibrous dysplasia in a woman aged fifty, with unilateral skeletal lesions, cutaneous pigmentation and possibly accelerated skeletal growth, is described. 2. At necropsy, the bony changes were found to be complicated by many of the changes of lipoid granulomatosis. Disseminated plaques of demyelinisation were found in the central nervous system. 3. The implications of the case are discussed.
CONGENITAL DYSPLASIA OF THE HIP
Authors: Weissman S. L. 
Published: February 2018

1. The examination of fifty-one infants presenting signs of unilateral dysplasia (preluxation) of the hip disclosed the existence of an abduction-contracture in the opposite "normal" hip. 2. The abduction-contracture was not infrequently found in the newborn, but seemed to attract attention mostly between the second and fifth month of life. It was seldom found after the sixth month. 3. The dysplasia in the contralateral hip showed the usual features. 4. The relationship between the degree of abduction-contracture and the degree of dysplasia was a direct one only occasionally; in most cases they seemed unrelated to each other. 5. Observation of these patients showed that the abduction-contracture followed a constant course towards gradual and spontaneous regression. The dysplasia progressed in one of the following directions: spontaneous recovery, rapid or slow recovery with treatment by abduction splint, subluxation, or true dislocation. 6. It is submitted that the coexistence of unilateral dysplasia of the hip and abduction-contracture in the opposite hip is not fortuitous. It is believed that the abduction-contracture determines the development of the dysplasia in the opposite hip through the faulty mechanics caused by "fixed pelvic obliquity." 7. The discovery of unilateral abduction-contracture soon after birth should be a warning that dysplasia may develop in the opposite hip. A careful watch should therefore be kept for signs of abduction-contracture and for the later development of dysplasia.
INJURIES OF THE ATLAS AND AXIS
Authors: Grogono B. J. S. 
Published: February 2018

1. Injuries to the atlas and axis may occur at any age. They are usually not fatal. 2. In children spontaneous rotatory dislocation is the commonest type of lesion. In adults fracture of the odontoid process is more likely. 3. The spinal cord is often undamaged. In some cases complicated by cord damage the neurological disturbance is caused by an associated injury to the lower cervical spine. 4. Spinal cord damage may be immediate or delayed. 5. In cases of incomplete cord lesion there may be recovery of function after reduction of the displacement or without such reduction. 6. Diagnosis rests on the history and physical signs, and radiographic findings. Radiographs of this area require careful interpretation, and special radiographic techniques may he necessary. A normal radiograph does not necessarily exclude the possibility of atlanto-axial injury. 7. Though many patients would survive without treatment the initial discomfort and danger of complications demand that adequate protection be provided. In relatively minor injuries and in old people protection by a plaster collar may be sufficient. In some cases it is justifiable to undertake manipulation and apply a plaster. Cases with severe displacement require traction, preferably by skull calipers. Recurrent displacement, instability, and cord signs demand operative reduction and fusion. Satisfactory fusion of the atlas and axis alone is feasible, and good function is preserved. More extensive fusion of the cervical spine is seldom necessary.
MYOSITIS OSSIFICANS PROGRESSIVA
Authors: Dixon Theodore F. , Mulligan Lily , Nassim Reginald , Stevenson F. Harwood 
Published: February 2018

1. A metabolic study in a case of myositis ossificans progressiva is reported. 2. The serum showed an increased power of calcification of rachitic rat cartilage. 3. Estimations of alkaline phosphatase showed slightly raised values. 4. Surgical removal of a bony bar was followed by prolonged administration of ACTH and cortisone, but no effect on the calcium-phosphorus balance or on the re-ossification within the area of operation was observed.
OSTEOARTHRITIS OF THE HIP
Authors: Lloyd-Roberts G. C. 
Published: February 2018

1. The capsular changes in osteoarthritis of the hip and their pathogenesis are described, and it is concluded that symptoms are due mainly to this abnormality. 2. The clinical significance and pathogenesis of subchondral sclerosis, cysts, osteophytes, secondary subluxation and new bone formation on the lower border of the femoral neck are discussed. 3. These bony features which can be seen in the radiograph may, under certain circumstances, be correlated with the symptoms. 4. The influence of joint debris and capsular fibrosis upon the symptoms arising in other osteoarthritic joints is considered. 5. The mechanism by which osteoarthritis develops in hip joints with an anatomical abnormality is discussed in relation to the normal functional anatomy of the hip. 6. The evolution of osteoarthritis in dysplasia of the hip is considered with special reference to its diagnosis, prognosis and early treatment. 7. The supposition that osteoarthritis is commonly due to progressive ischaemia in the femoral head has been investigated and is rejected. 8. The cause of idiopathic osteoarthritis remains obscure but the evidence suggests that constitutional rather than local conditions in the joint account for many of these cases.
PERONEAL SPASTIC FLAT FOOT
Authors: Blockey N. J. 
Published: February 2018

1. This paper reports the investigation and the results of a line of treatment in thirty feet showing the peroneal spastic flat foot deformity. The questions that have aroused controversy are discussed, the evidence for previous opinions is examined, and some phenomena in relation to this condition are described. 2. It is suggested that previous opinions on this condition have been misleading, and have in many cases been made after incomplete investigation of too few cases. 3. Peroneal spastic flat foot can occur without a developmental tarsal anomaly. 4. The presence of a tarsal anomaly does not necessarily mean that the foot is incorrigibly stiff, and some of these feet show a full range of movement under anaesthesia. 5. There is no evidence from this series of cases to suggest that organic nervous disease or psychiatric disturbances played a significant part in the production of the deformity. 6. There is no evidence to suggest that the deformity is a manifestation of generalised rheumatoid arthritis. 7. This investigation does not reveal the cause of the deformity when the tarsal skeleton is normal, nor does it help to explain the reason for the onset of symptoms in a developmentally abnormal foot. 8. It is suggested that a tarsal anomaly makes the foot more likely, under average stress, to break down in this way, and that this deformity is also assumed by architecturally normal feet under heavy stress. In view of the frequency of minor tarsal anomalies among this series of thirty feet, it seems likely that all feet presenting the deformity of peroneal spastic flatness are to some degree structurally abnormal, although the exact site of the abnormality may escape us.
THE OS TRIGONUM
Authors: McDougall A. 
Published: February 2018

1. Previous papers on the subject of the os trigonum are reviewed. 2. Evidence is produced to show that the posterior part of the talus normally develops from separate centres. 3. An explanation is given for the presence in adults of separate ossicles (the so-called os trigonum) in one or both ankles and for the variety of shapes adopted by them. 4. Contrary to opinions expressed by previous writers, these ossicles may give rise to symptoms.
SKELETAL SARCOMATA AND GIANT-CELL TUMOUR
Authors: Thomson A. D. , Turner-Warwick R. T. 
Published: February 2018

1. One hundred and seventy-nine cases of primary malignant bone tumour and giant-cell tumour seen at the Middlesex Hospital since 1925 are reviewed. Tumours arising from non-skeletal tissues in bone have been excluded. 2. The following histological classification is used. Osteosarcoma (osteoblast sarcoma): This tumour is not synonymous with osteogenic (bone-forming) sarcoma. The essential feature is the formation of osteoid tissue by malignant osteoblasts, with no intermediate matrix of cartilage or fibrous tissue. It is the most malignant bone tumour and only four of the thirty-two patients survived three years. Chondrosarcoma: These tumours are composed of cartilage, and some show secondary ossification. The behaviour of this group is related to the degree of cartilaginous differentiation. In general, compared with the osteosarcoma, it is of low-grade malignancy. More than half of the sixty-eight patients survived four years. Fibrosarcoma: The essential feature of this tumour is the production of collagen by malignant fibroblastic tumour cells. Tumours of this type invading the medullary cavity have an average prognosis between that of an osteosarcoma and a chondrosarcoma. Nine of the thirty-four patients survived three years. Spindle-cell sarcoma: These tumours are composed of spindle cells which produce no diagnostic matrix. In spite of the lack of differentiation the outlook is not hopeless. Six of the eleven patients survived for five years or more. Giant-cell tumour: This tumour is composed of a cellular stroma with diagnostic giant cells resembling osteoclasts. It is by no means a benign lesion, for half the tumours recurred after treatment and a quarter of the patients died with metastases. 3. The subdivision of primary malignant skeletal tumours into groups according to the histological pattern appears to be reflected in the behaviour of the individual tumours after treatment. The prognosis of each group has been stated in the appropriate sections.
AN AUTORADIOGRAPHIC STUDY OF MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDE AND PHOSPHATE COMPLEXES IN BONE GROWTH AND REPAIR
Authors: Duthie Robert B. , Barker Audrey N. 
Published: February 2018

1. A method is described of demonstrating in vivo the utilisation of radioactive sulphur35 and of radioactive phosphorus32 during bone growth and repair. 2. The relationship between labelled chondroitin sulphuric acid and labelled phosphate complexes has been studied, the importance and significance of vascularity and the localisation of the enzyme alkaline phosphatase being noted. 3. It was found that bone growth by external accretion, both epiphysial and periosteal, was accompanied by an increased utilisation of radioactive chondroitin sulphuric acid and calcium phosphate complexes. 4. During repair in a fracture site, although there was deposition of radioactive phosphate, no preferential localisation of radioactive sulphur was observed and the possible explanations of this are discussed.
SUDECK'S ATROPHY IN THE HAND
Authors: Plewes L. W. 
Published: February 2018

1. The incidence of Sudeck's syndrome in the hand is about once in 2,000 accidents of all kinds. 2. The onset of signs and symptoms occurs some weeks after injury and the typical radiographic changes (spotty atrophy) appear six to eight weeks later. 3. Conservative treatment by heat, elevation and graded function is effective if initiated within six weeks of the onset of symptoms. 4. There is some close relationship between Sudeck's atrophy and thickening of the palmar fascia.
FIBROGENESIS IMPERFECTA OSSIUM
Authors: Baker S. L. 
Published: February 2018

1. A description is given of the pathology of a generalised skeletal disease characterised by a defect in the formation of the collagen fibres of the bone matrixâ"fibrogenesis imperfecta ossium." 2. Material from two cases, a woman of fifty-six and a man of sixty-four, was examined. All the samples of bone from both patients showed the same defect, which was severe in most of the specimens, and there was radiographic evidence of similar widespread bone changes in both cases. 3. The defect is clear-cut and striking histologically, provided that sections are examined with a polarising microscope, and/or by reticulin methods. 4. As a result of the defect in the bone matrix this fails to calcify, or calcifies imperfectly, showing wide osteoid borders as in severe osteomalacia. But the fibre defect separates it quite clearly from osteomalacia, in which the fibre structure of the osteoid tissue is normal. Moreover neither the biochemical findings (Case 2) nor the radiographic appearances correspond with those of osteomalacia. 5. The collagen fibre defect is confined to the bone matrix; no defect was found in the soft tissue collagen, and even the periosteum shows a normal fibre structure. 6. Both the clinical and the histological evidence indicate that the disease is not congenital, but was, in these two patients, apparently acquired during middle age. There was no family history of bone disease. 7. The cause of the condition is quite obscure. It is not inflammatory or neoplastic, nor is there histological or clinical evidence of a toxic origin. If it is a deficiency disease it is unlike any known vitamin or other chemical deficiency.
THE TREATMENT OF GAPS IN LONG BONES BY CANCELLOUS INSERT GRAFTS
Authors: Nicoll E. A. 
Published: February 2018

1. A method of bridging gaps in long bones is described, using cancellous insert grafts supplemented by internal fixation with a metal plate. 2. The experimental work on transplantation of bone is reviewed in so far as it affects the practical problem of bone grafting. 3. Twenty-seven cases have been treated, with no failures. Seven of these are presented as illustrations.
A MUSCLE-TENDON TRANSPOSITION FOR PARALYSIS OF THE LATERAL ABDOMINAL MUSCLES IN POLIOMYELITIS
Authors: Clark John M. P. , Axer Anatol 
Published: February 2018

1. A dynamic muscle-tendon transposition is described for supplementing the power of weak lateral abdominal muscles, and the details of the operative technique are given. 2. A clinical assessment of the results in a series of twenty-four patients is given. 3. The indications for the operation in poliomyelitis are suggested.
SOLITARY EOSINOPHILIC GRANULOMA OF BONE
Authors: Hunter T. 
Published: February 2018

1. Eight cases of solitary eosinophilic granuloma of bone are described, along with two possible complications. 2. The main pathological, clinical, and radiographic features of the condition, and its treatment, are discussed. 3. The essentially benign course of the solitary lesion, even in the presence of complications, is confirmed.
ARTERIAL DISEASE AS A CAUSE OF PAIN IN THE BUTTOCK AND THIGH
Authors: Bonney George 
Published: February 2018

1. Ten patients are described in whom pain due to arterial obstruction simulated pain caused by bone or joint disease or by disorder of the intervertebral disc. 2. The importance is stressed of arterial obstruction at the aortic bifurcation or in the iliac vessels as a possible cause of pain in patients attending orthopaedic clinics.
NON-OSTEOGENIC FIBROMA OF BONE
Authors: Maudsley Roy H. , Stansfeld Alfred G. 
Published: February 2018

1. Ten cases are recorded of the entity known as non-osteogenic fibroma of bone. 2. We believe the evidence is in favour of the condition's being a localised disturbance of bone growth (metaphysial fibrous defect) rather than a true neoplasm. 3. The disorder usually pursues a symptomless course and in many instances the lesion disappears spontaneously.
FRACTURES OF THE ODONTOID PROCESS OF THE AXIS
Authors: Blockey N. J. , Purser D. W. 
Published: February 2018

1. Fifty-one cases of fracture of the odontoid have been analysed. Forty were reported by other surgeons; eleven were new cases first reported by us. 2. Fracture of the odontoid in young children is an epiphysial separation. It occurs up to the age of seven years. As in epiphysial separations elsewhere, it unites readily, and remodelling occurs when reduction has been incomplete, so that normal anatomy is restored. 3. In adults forward displacement is twice as common as backward displacement. 4. Immediate paralysis is commoner if backward displacement occurs, but late neurological disorders are seen only after fractures with forward displacement. 5. Failure of bony healing is not dangerous if treatment has resulted in firm fibrous union, for there is neither excessive abnormal mobility nor progressive subluxation, either of which could injure the spinal cord or medulla. Neurological disorders developing after the fracture are the result of mobility from inadequate early treatment. It is the results of inadequate early treatment which have given this fracture a sinister reputation. 6. The fracture should be reduced by skeletal traction through a skull caliper. The reduction should be maintained for six weeks by continuous traction, and this should be followed by a period of six weeks in a plaster. 7. The increasing definition of the fracture-line seen in the radiographs of some patients indicates non-union.
POST-IRRADIATION FRACTURES OF THE NECK OF THE FEMUR
Authors: Stephenson W. H. , Cohen B. 
Published: February 2018

Twenty-one post-irradiation fractures of the femoral neck are reported in seventeen patients who had been treated by radiotherapy for carcinoma of the uterus. The clinical and radiological appearances are described and the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of this type of fracture are discussed. Histological material has been studied in three cases. It is concluded: 1. That there is a characteristic clinical picture in which premonitory pain is of paramount significance. 2. That when the diagnosis is considered, the likelihood of irradiation damage should take precedence over the remote possibility of metastatic invasion. 3. That the disability varies, but in general the prognosis is favourable. 4. That there is no specific line of treatment applicable to these fractures. 5. That avascularity is not the underlying cause of this lesion.
CALCIFICATION OF ARTICULAR CARTILAGE
Authors: BunjeÌ Henry , Cole W. R. 
Published: February 2018

1. Idiopathic calcification of articular cartilages is described in a Jamaican woman of thirty-one years who had intermittent joint pains for ten years and who had evidence of past gonococcal infection. She was otherwise normal. 2. The etiology of the condition is unknown. 3. Previous literature is reviewed.