bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development and Validation of a Lecture Assessment Tool for Emergency Medicine Residents
Authors: Hill Jeffery , Stull Matthew , Stettler Brian , Paulsen Robbie , Hart Kimberly , McDonough Erin 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBackgroundDelivering quality lectures is a critical skill for residents seeking careers in academia yet no validated tools for assessing resident lecture skills exist.ObjectivesThe authors sought to develop and validate a lecture assessment tool.MethodsUsing a nominal group technique, the authors derived a behaviorally anchored assessment tool. Baseline characteristics of resident lecturers including prior lecturing experience and perceived comfort with lecturing were collected. Faculty and senior residents used the tool to assess lecturer performance at weekly conference. A postintervention survey assessed the usability of the form and the quantity and quality of the feedback. Analysis of variance was used to identify relationships in performance within individual domains to baseline data. Generalizability coefficients and scatterplots with jitter were used to assess inter‐rater reliability.ResultsOf 64 residents assessed, most (68.8%) had previous lecturing experience and 6.3% had experience as a regional/national speaker. There was a significant difference in performance within the domains of Content Expertise (p < 0.001), Presentation Design/Structure (p = 0.014), and Lecture Presence (p = 0.001) for first‐year versus fourth‐year residents. Residents who had higher perceived comfort with lecturing performed better in the domains of Content Expertise (p = 0.035), Presentation Design/Structure (p = 0.037), and Lecture Presence (p < 0.001). We found fair agreement between raters in all domains except Goals and Objectives. Both lecturers and evaluators perceived the feedback delivered as specific and of adequate quantity and quality. Evaluators described the form as highly useable.ConclusionsThe derived behaviorally anchored assessment tool is a sufficiently valid instrument for the assessment of resident‐delivered lectures.
Mid‐Cretaceous angiosperm radiation and an asterid origin of bilaterality: diverse and extinct “Ericales” from New Jersey
Authors: Crepet William L. , Nixon Kevin C. , Weeks Andrea 
Published: August 2018

Premise of the StudyNumerous fossils from the Upper Cretaceous have been confidently placed within modern crown groups. Many 95–75 Myr‐old taxa, however, including the taxon described herein, do not fit well with known extant crown or stem groups. Understanding such fossils and their possible affinities would certainly enhance our understanding of the circumstances involved in a major eudicot radiation.MethodsBulk samples from the Old Crossman Clay Pit were prepared using standard methodology, which includes several washing and sieving steps, and a treatment with hydrofluoric acid. The fossil taxon was coded into a matrix built from the combination of two previously published morphological matrices and was analyzed using the parsimony criterion with the computer program TNT.Key ResultsThe fossils have a unique combination of characters relative to living and fossil Ericales taxa, and therefore, a new genus, Teuschestanthes, is erected. Mosaic evolution and rapid parallel changes in such groups blur taxonomic distinctions, and these issues are exacerbated by limited numbers of characters available in fossils. Teuschestanthes flowers are slightly bilaterally symmetrical and somewhat variable with regard to petal disposition, suggesting an early stage in transition to bilaterality from radial symmetry early in eudicot history under pollinator selective pressure.ConclusionsWhile Teuschestanthes shares characters with modern Ericales and Sapindales, there are significant non‐overlapping differences between Teuschestanthes and modern Sapindales (notably, among others, ovule number). Based on available evidence, however, the position of Teuschestanthes is likely as an early offshoot of the stem clade of core Ericales (Ericales sensu stricto). Its relatively unstable floral plan may presage subsequent bilaterality associated with growing selective pressure by advanced pollinators.
Size‐dependent variations in individual traits and trait scaling relationships within a shade‐tolerant evergreen tree species
Authors: He Dong , Yan En‐Rong 
Published: August 2018

Premise of StudyThe plant size–trait relationship is a fundamental dimension in the spectrum of plant form and function. However, it remains unclear whether the trait scaling relationship within species is modified by tree size. Investigating size‐dependent trait covariations within species is crucial for understanding the ontogenetic constraints on the intraspecific economic spectrum and, more broadly, the structure and causes of intraspecific trait variations.MethodsWe measured eight morphological, stoichiometric, and hydraulic traits for 604 individual plants of a shade‐tolerant evergreen tree species, Litsea elongata, in a subtropical evergreen forest of eastern China. Individual trait values were regressed against tree basal diameter to evaluate size‐dependent trait variations. Standardized major axis regression was employed to examine trait scaling relationships and to test whether there was a common slope and elevation in the trait scaling relationship across size classes.Key ResultsSmall trees tended to have larger, thinner leaves and longer, slenderer stems than larger trees, which indicates an acquisitive economic strategy in juvenile trees. Leaf nitrogen concentrations increased with plant size, which was likely due to a high ratio of structural to photosynthetic nitrogen in the evergreen leaves of large trees. Bivariate trait scaling was minimally modified by tree size, although the elevation of some relationships differed between size classes.ConclusionsOur results suggest that there are common economic and biophysical constraints on intraspecific trait covariation, independent of tree size. Small and large trees tend to be located at opposite ends of an intraspecific plant economic spectrum.
Freeze‐induced cyanide toxicity does not maintain the cyanogenesis polymorphism in white clover (Trifolium repens)
Authors: Kooyers Nicholas J. , Hartman Bakken Bradley , Ungerer Mark C. , Olsen Kenneth M. 
Published: August 2018

Premise of the StudyThe maintenance of adaptive polymorphisms within species requires fitness trade‐offs reflecting selection for each morph. Cyanogenesis, the ability to produce hydrogen cyanide (HCN) after tissue damage, occurs in >3000 plant species and exists as a discrete polymorphism in white clover. This polymorphism is spatially distributed in recurrent clines, with higher frequencies of cyanogenic plants in warmer climates. The HCN autotoxicity hypothesis proposes that cyanogenic plants are selected against where frosts are common, as freezing liberates HCN and could impair cellular respiration.MethodsWe tested the HCN autotoxicity hypothesis using a freezing chamber to examine survival, tissue damage, and physiological recovery as assessed via chlorophyll fluorescence following mild and severe freezing treatments. We utilized 65 genotypes from a single polymorphic population to eliminate effects of population structure.Key ResultsCyanogenic plants did not differ from acyanogenic plants in survival, tissue damage, or recovery following freezing. However, plants producing either of the two required cyanogenic precursors had lower survival and tissue damage after freezing than plants lacking both precursors.ConclusionsThese results suggest that freezing‐induced HCN toxicity is unlikely to be responsible for the maintenance of the cyanogenesis polymorphism in white clover. However, energetic trade‐offs associated with costs of producing the cyanogenic precursors may confer a fitness benefit to acyanogenic plants under stressful climatic conditions. The lack of evidence for HCN toxicity suggests that cyanogenic clover uses physiological mechanisms mediated by β‐cyanoalanine synthase and alternative oxidase to maintain cellular function in the presence of HCN.
Reactive inkjet printing of polyethylene glycol and isocyanate based inks to create porous polyurethane structures
Authors: Schuster Fabian , Hirth Thomas , Weber Achim 
Published: August 2018

ABSTRACTReactive inkjet printing offers a direct way to create polymeric structures in situ on a substrate. Therefore, two component polyurethane formulations can be utilized to be used in multicomponent inkjet printing. In this contribution, the use of polyethylene glycol (M = 200 g mol−1), glycerol ethoxylate (M = 1,000 g mol−1), and water (blowing agent) in combination with aliphatic 1,6‐hexamethylene diisocyanate or aromatic methylene diphenyl diisocyanate for reactive inkjet printing is evaluated. The inks are jettable on a Dimatix DMP‐3000 inkjet printer using a 10 pL piezo driven drop‐on‐demand printhead showing stable droplet formation. Solid films on glass are formed using a drop‐by‐drop printing strategy. Layer‐by‐Layer strategy gives best results on polycarbonate substrates forming porous polyurethane structures. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2019,136, 46977.
Sensory Innervation of the Human Soft Palate
Authors: Mu Liancai , Chen Jingming , Li Jing , Arnold Matthew , Sobotka Stanislaw , Nyirenda Themba , Fowkes Mary , Christopherson Mark , Sanders Ira 
Published: August 2018

ABSTRACTThe human soft palate plays an important role in respiration, swallowing, and speech. These motor activities depend on reflexes mediated by sensory nerve endings. To date, the details of human sensory innervation to the soft palate have not been demonstrated. In this study, eight adult human whole‐mount (soft palate‐tongue‐pharynx‐larynx‐upper esophagus) specimens were obtained from autopsy. Each specimen was bisected in the midline, forming two equal and symmetrical halves. Eight hemi‐specimens were processed with Sihler's stain, a whole‐mount nerve staining technique. The remaining eight hemi‐soft palates were used for immunohistochemical study. The soft palatal mucosa was dissected from the oral and nasal sides and prepared for neurofilament staining. Our results showed that the sensory nerve fibers formed a dense nerve plexus in the lamina propria of the soft palatal mucosa. There was a significant difference in the innervation density between both sides. Specifically, the oral side had higher density of sensory nerve fibers than the nasal side of the soft palate. The mean number and percent area of the sensory nerve fibers in the mucosa of the nasal side was 78% and 72% of those in the mucosa of the oral side, respectively (P < 0.0001). The data presented here could be helpful for further investigating the morphological and quantitative alterations in the sensory nerves in certain upper airway disorders involving the soft palate such as obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and for designing effective therapeutic strategies to treat OSA. Anat Rec, 301:1861–1870, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pleistocene settlement of the eastern Hamersley Plateau: A regional study of 22 rock‐shelter sites
Authors: SLACK MICHAEL JON , LAW WALLACE BOONE , GLIGANIC LUKE ANDREW 
Published: August 2018

ABSTRACTBetween 2013 and 2016, Scarp Archaeology developed and implemented an extensive excavation research program across the eastern Hamersley Plateau, an arid and mountainous physiographic region in the Pilbara biogeographical region of Western Australia. More than 100 rock shelters were excavated during the program, resulting in the documentation of 22 rock‐shelter sites with Pleistocene‐age Aboriginal archaeological deposits. This paper presents the radiometric determinations for these Pleistocene rock‐shelter sites, which collectively suggest that the eastern Plateau was occupied by 45000 years ago. The paper further develops a hypothesis that there was a substantial shift in the incidence and intensity of rock‐shelter occupation during the Last Glacial Maximum, c.30000–20000 years ago, where there was a substantial downturn in the use of most rock‐shelter sites, and in some instances rock shelters were abandoned. However, after the Last Glacial Maximum, we posit that a widespread reoccupation of the region soon occurred. Our research also offers an examination of artefact discard through time, illustrating changes in raw material discard and technology and the likely correlations with procurement and subsistence strategies.
Long‐term occupation on the edge of the desert: Riwi Cave in the southern Kimberley, Western Australia
Authors: BALME JANE , O'CONNOR SUE , MALONEY TIM , VANNIEUWENHUYSE DORCAS , APLIN KEN , DILKES‐HALL INDIA ELLA 
Published: August 2018

ABSTRACTAboriginal people occupied Riwi, a limestone cave in the south‐central Kimberley region at the edge of the Great Sandy Desert of Western Australia, from about 46000 years ago through to the historical period. The cultural materials recovered from the Riwi excavations provide evidence of intermittent site use, especially in climatically wet periods. Changes in hunting patterns and in hearth‐making practices about 34000 years ago appear to accompany a change to drought resistant vegetation in the site surrounds. Occupation during the Last Glacial Maximum highlights variation in aridity trends in the broader environmental record. The most intensive use of the cave was during a wet period in the early to middle Holocene, when people appear to have received marine shell beads from the coast through social networks. While there is less evidence for late Holocene occupation, this probably reflects deposition processes rather than an absence of occupation.
Molecular and Structural Biomarkers of Inflammation at Two Years After Acute Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Do Not Predict Structural Knee Osteoarthritis at Five Years
Authors: Roemer Frank W. , Englund Martin , Turkiewicz Aleksandra , Struglics André , Guermazi Ali , Lohmander L. Stefan , Larsson Staffan , Frobell Richard 
Published: August 2018

ObjectiveTo determine the role of inflammatory biomarkers at 2 years post–anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury to predict radiographic knee osteoarthritis (OA) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)–defined knee OA at 5 years postinjury, with a secondary aim of estimating the concordance of inflammatory biomarkers assessed by MRI and synovial fluid (SF) analysis.MethodsWe studied 113 patients with acute ACL injury. Knee scans using 1.5T MRIs were read for Hoffa‐ and effusion‐synovitis. Biomarkers of inflammation that we assessed included interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), IL‐8, IL‐10, tumor necrosis factor, and interferon‐ɣ in serum and SF, and IL‐12p70 in serum. We defined the outcome as radiographic knee OA (ROA) or MRI‐defined OA (MROA) at 5 years. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), sensitivity, and specificity were evaluated in models that included MRI features only (model 1), inflammation biomarkers only (serum [model 2a] or SF [model 2b]), both MRI features and serum biomarkers (model 3a), or both MRI features and SF (model 3b) biomarkers. Linear regression analysis was used to evaluate the association between MRI features and SF biomarkers.ResultsAt 5 years postinjury, ROA was present in 26% of the injured knees, and MROA was present in 32%. The AUCs for ROA in each model were 0.44 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.42, 0.47) for model 1, 0.62 (95% CI 0.59, 0.65) for model 2a, 0.53 (95% CI 0.50, 0.56) for model 2b, 0.58 (95% CI 0.55, 0.61) for model 3a, and 0.50 (95% CI 0.46, 0.53) for model 3b. The AUCs for MROA in each model were 0.67 (95% CI 0.64, 0.70) for model 1, 0.49 (95% CI 0.47, 0.52) for model 2a, 0.56 (95% CI 0.52, 0.59) for model 2b, 0.65 (95% CI 0.61, 0.68) for model 3a, and 0.69 (95% CI 0.66, 0.72) for model 3b. The concordance between MRI and SF biomarkers was statistically significant only for effusion‐synovitis and IL‐8.ConclusionNeither MRI‐detected inflammation nor selected SF/serum inflammation biomarkers at 2 years postinjury predicted ROA or MROA at 5 years postinjury. Concordance between MRI and SF inflammatory biomarkers was weak.
First‐Principles Study of Magnesium Peroxide Nucleation for Mg‐Air Battery
Authors: Bhauriyal Preeti , Rawat Kuber Singh , Bhattacharyya Gargee , Garg Priyanka , Pathak Biswarup 
Published: August 2018

AbstractRecently, rechargeable non‐aqueous Mg‐air batteries have gained a lot of interest as the next‐generation energy storage device due to the high theoretical volumetric density (3832 Ah L−1 for Mg anode vs. 2062 Ah L−1 for Li), low cost and safety. The field of Mg‐air batteries is in the initial stage of development having a limited number of experimental and theoretical reports, in which mainly a carbon cathode is used; however, the information regarding the structural form of carbon is still missing. In this work, using first‐principles density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we demonstrate the possibility of graphene and graphite as a cathode material towards Mg‐air batteries by studying the initial MgO and MgO2 nucleation processes on the surfaces of graphene and graphite. The calculated free energy diagrams for the redox reactions of oxygen are used to identify the rate‐determining step controlling the overpotentials for initial nucleation of MgO and MgO2. We observe that graphene and graphite surfaces show similar reactivity towards the nucleation of MgO or MgO2, and the overpotential of the controlling steps for MgO2 nucleation is comparatively less than that of MgO nucleation, which is supported by a recent experimental study, where a higher discharge voltage was observed in a cell having a mixed MgO/MgO2 discharge product than MgO‐based cells. Furthermore, the preferable formation of MgO2 cluster compared to MgO on the graphene surface during the ab initio molecular dynamic (AIMD) simulations confirms the selectivity of MgO2 formation over MgO as the final discharge product. We believe that our study will be helpful in understanding the initial nucleation processes during the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) mechanism and development of suitable cathodes for the future Mg‐air batteries.
Prediction‐based Adaptive Robust Tracking Control of an Uncertain First‐Order Time‐Delay System
Authors: Suraj Nandiganahalli Jayaprakash , Kwon Cheolhyeon , Hwang Inseok 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThis paper considers the tracking problem of a delayed uncertain first‐order system which is simultaneously subject to (possibly large) known input delay, unknown but bounded time‐varying disturbance, and unknown plant parameter. The proposed predictor adaptive robust controller (PARC) involves prediction‐based projection type adaptation laws with model compensation and prediction‐based continuous robust feedback such that the closed loop system has global exponential convergence with an ultimate bound proportional to delay, disturbance bound, and switching gain. Further, if there are only delay and parameter uncertainties after some finite time, then semi‐global asymptotic tracking is guaranteed. The proposed design is shown to have significant closed loop performance improvement over the baseline controller.
Fault Detection for Discrete‐Time Uncertain Systems with Polytopic Uncertainties: A Markov Approach
Authors: Wang Guoliang , Gao Xiangzhou , Miao Xin , Cao Yumeng 
Published: August 2018

AbstractIn this paper, the fault detection problem for a class of discrete‐time polytopic uncertain systems is studied. Different from the traditional methods dealing with polytopic uncertainties, not only its values but also the probability distributions are considered. First of all, the above process about polytopic uncertainty is described by applying a Markov process. Then, the original system with polytopic uncertainties becomes to be a Markovian jump system (MJS) without any uncertainty. Accordingly, the fault detection problem is transformed to be a similar one but considered for an MJS. Particularly, the fault detection and isolation (FDI) filter is constructed to be mode‐dependent and also said to be polytope‐dependent. Since more information of uncertainty is considered, it is claimed that the obtained results are less conservative. Finally, a practical example is used to show the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed methods.
Evolutionary Dynamics of Strategies without Complete Information on Complex Networks
Authors: Zhang Jianlei , Li Zhiqi , Xu Zimin , Zhang Chunyan 
Published: August 2018

AbstractAs for the behaviors of multi‐agent system, recent years have witnessed the growing interest in the study of cooperative behaviors by the aid of evolutionary game dynamics on complex networks. Thereinto, the updating rules deciding the evolution of strategies will significantly influence the steady state distribution of the system. The strategy updating rooted in the pursuit of larger benefits, will drive the system to evolve into the coexistence of different states or the domination by some strategies. To relax the often‐used rules required explicit knowledge of the exact payoffs, this paper describes a new approach of updating strategy based on switching probabilities, which is independent on players' payoffs and degrees. And then the equilibrium state of the strategy evolution in the networks is studied. Our work here provides a computationally feasible way of estimating the steady characteristics of the strategy adoption of agents situating on complex networks. The stability analysis elucidates two important features: (i) the takeover of cooperation can be enhanced by the appropriate settings of the switching probabilities between strategies and (ii) larger average degree and power exponent in the employed scale‐free network can make it easier for the coexistence of strategies. The results can help the design of initial strategy distribution of agents located on social networks to promote cooperation.
Robust Backstepping Sliding Mode Controller Investigation for a Port Plate Position Servo System Based on an Extended States Observer
Authors: Shen Wei , Huang Honglei , Wang Jiehao 
Published: August 2018

AbstractFor reducing throttling loss in a pilot oil pipe in a hydraulic system based on common pressure rail, this paper proposes a solution that increases efficiency by reducing the relieving pressure. In order to compensate for the resulting control performance degradation, the paper takes a valve controlled swing motor system under low pressure as the research aim. Considering the uncertainty of external disturbance and flow parameters, the mathematical model of the system is established, using an extended state observer to estimate the external disturbances in real time to increase the compensation value and state feedback for the robust backstepping sliding mode controller. Finally, the simulation results confirm the control algorithm proposed is effective for keeping control performance in decreasing pressure conditions.