bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Base‐salt relief controls salt‐tectonic structural style, São Paulo Plateau, Santos Basin, Brazil
Authors: Pichel Leonardo M. , Jackson Christopher A.‐L. , Peel Frank , Dooley Tim P. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBase‐salt relief influences salt flow, producing three‐dimensionally complex strains and multiphase deformation within the salt and its overburden. Understanding how base‐salt relief influences salt‐related deformation is important to correctly interpret salt basin kinematics and distribution of structural domains, which have important implications to understand the development of key petroleum system elements. The São Paulo Plateau, Santos Basin, Brazil is characterized by a >2 km thick, mechanically layered Aptian salt layer deposited above prominent base‐salt relief. We use 3D seismic reflection data, and physical and conceptual kinematic models to investigate how gravity‐driven translation above thick salt, underlain by complex base‐salt relief, generated a complex framework of salt structures and minibasins. We show that ramp‐syncline basins developed above and downdip of the main pre‐salt highs record c. 30 km of Late Cretaceous‐Paleocene basinward translation. As salt and overburden translated downdip, salt flux variations caused by the base‐salt relief resulted in non‐uniform motion of the cover, and the simultaneous development of extensional and contractional structures. Contraction preferentially occurred where salt flow locally decelerated, above landward‐dipping base‐salt and downdip of basinward‐dipping ramps. Extension occurred at the top of basinward‐dipping ramps and base‐salt plateaus, where salt flow locally accelerated. Where the base of the salt layer was broadly flat, structures evolved primarily by load‐driven passive diapirism. At the edge of or around smaller base‐salt highs, salt structures were affected by plan‐view rotation, shearing and divergent flow. The magnitude of translation (c. 30 km) and the style of salt‐related deformation observed on the São Paulo Plateau afford an improved kinematic model for the enigmatic Albian Gap, suggesting this structure formed by a combination of basinward salt expulsion and regional extension. These observations contribute to the long‐lived debate regarding the mechanisms of salt tectonics on the São Paulo Plateau, ultimately improving our general understanding of the effects of base‐salt relief on salt tectonics in other basins.
Cities and places in provincial policy agendas
Authors: Peterson Jacqueline , Lucas Jack , Klain Andrew 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis article uses a new dataset of coded Alberta Throne Speeches from 1906 to 2017 to identify patterns of provincial policy attention to place and urban place across policy issues and time. We discuss three main findings. First, provincial attention to place and urban place is influenced by policy domain: place‐based attention is generally absent in some policy domains, such as macroeconomic policy, and prevalent in others, such as health care. Second, place‐based attention is patterned over time, with a noticeable peak in the post‐war “province‐building” years and distinct troughs in other periods. Finally, we discuss the related but distinct patterns of attention to place and urban place across policy domains and time.
Cultural Underpinnings of Gender Development: Studying Gender Among Children of Immigrants
Authors: Schroeder Kingsley M. , Bámaca‐Colbert Mayra Y. 
Published: May 2019

This article addresses the historical divide between gender development researchers and developmental researchers working with immigrant populations, advocating for the benefits gained by bridging research approaches and interests. For gender researchers, the immigrant context allows for the examination of how children embedded in multiple cultures navigate the potentially conflicting information about appropriate gendered behaviors and attitudes. Furthermore, research focusing on immigrant development can move beyond examining gender differences and benefit from understanding the ways in which gender differences develop. This bridging seems particularly relevant in middle childhood, given (a) the exposure to multiple contexts which increase the salience of cultural differences between home and outside‐of‐home environments and (b) greater awareness and internalization of collective identities (i.e., gender, ethnicity).
Should testing be initiated prior to amoxicillin challenge in children?
Authors: Abrams Elissa M. , Ben‐Shoshan Moshe 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAmoxicillin is the most common antibiotic prescribed in children with increasing use over time. While up to 10% of children are labelled as amoxicillin allergic, most children can tolerate amoxicillin after allergy evaluation. It is well documented that the label of amoxicillin allergy in children is associated with adverse health outcomes such as antibiotic‐resistant infections. However, it remains controversial how best to assess children for amoxicillin allergy. While in general it is recommended that skin testing be done prior to drug provocation test in the evaluation of amoxicillin allergy, there is increasing evidence that drug provocation testing could be done in lower risk children without skin testing prior. The goal of this article as a narrative review is to review the strengths and limitations of skin testing prior to drug provocation test in children who have a history of either immediate or non‐immediate, reactions to amoxicillin.
Typical practices of lesson study in East Asia
Authors: Chen Xiangming , Zhang Yurong 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAs countries worldwide aim to reform their education systems and improve teaching and learning, lesson study (LS), which originated in East Asia, has recently attracted great attention. In order for international educators and policy makers to better understand the history and the state of the art of LS in East Asia, this article introduces three typical models in Japan, Mainland China and Hong Kong. First, they are described with regard to their distinct features, historical origin and development, goals and objectives, mechanisms of implementation, actual achievements, and structural constraints. Their commonalities and differences are then compared, and especially how and why these differences emerge in the specific sociocultural contexts of the regions. Finally, policy implications are discussed to provide insights for the other education systems in their policy making and implementation of similar reform practices.
Lesson study in teacher development: A paradigm shift from a culture of receiving to a culture of acting and reflecting
Authors: Mewald Claudia , Mürwald‐Scheifinger Elisabeth 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis article describes how lesson study creates a process of teacher learning whilst developing student learning through collaborative planning, guided observation and reflection. It presents a framework for conducting lesson study in a teacher development programme in Lower Austria. The role of knowledgeable others in the development of ownership for educational change towards competence‐oriented teaching and learning is explored and an overview of the organisational requirements and practical effects in the implementation of professional learning communities is given. In doing so, the article sheds light on training strategies and material development. Thus, insights on a paradigm shift in teacher development towards learning focused on discourse and reflected action are presented.
Lesson and learning studies—An edifying story
Authors: Gordon Győri János 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIt would be difficult to find any pedagogical story that is comparable to that of jugyou kenkyuu (or lesson study in English) that has been practised for over a century in Japan in isolation and became a method that was used worldwide in less than 10 years. Because of its uniqueness and its history, it is an irrefutable challenge to understand what it is really about, how its basic aspects such as a lesson or teachers' knowledge and its development, the culture of education, the measurability of educational activities and other main aspects of education are or can be conceptualised and in which ways these can travel in a globalised arena of education. In this article, we try to give answers to these and some other relevant issues related to lesson study via the author's subjective view and individually‐constructed narrative.
Enhancing decision making by providing a unified system for computer‐interpretable guideline management
Authors: Silva António , Oliveira Tiago , Gonçalves Filipe , Novais Paulo 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe need for integration of clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) in daily clinical practice calls for computational systems able to operationalise their knowledge and provide an enhanced experience in their enactment. Current approaches lack in functionalities such as scheduling and temporal management of CPGs, the combination of CPGs, and user‐friendly systems for computer‐interpretable guideline (CIG) creation and editing. This paper presents a comprehensive architecture for the deployment of CIGs, featuring components that allow the following: the creation and manipulation of clinical practice guideline knowledge elements, execution of CIGs with the temporal verification of clinical tasks, and drug conflict identification and resolution. This comprehensive approach provides a step‐by‐step assistant for health care professionals in the form of an agenda of activities that detects drug interactions when they are prescribed simultaneously and applies a mitigation algorithm to select possible and conflict‐free alternatives. This work addresses the lack of a unified pipeline and mitigation features shown in approaches to CIG conflict mitigation in use.
Spiral ganglion cell degeneration‐induced deafness as a consequence of reduced GATA factor activity
Authors: Hoshino Tomofumi , Terunuma Tsumoru , Takai Jun , Uemura Satoshi , Nakamura Yasuhiro , Hamada Michito , Takahashi Satoru , Yamamoto Masayuki , Engel James Douglas , Moriguchi Takashi 
Published: May 2019

AbstractZinc‐finger transcription factors GATA2 and GATA3 are both expressed in the developing inner ear, although their overlapping versus distinct activities in adult definitive inner ear are not well understood. We show here that GATA2 and GATA3 are co‐expressed in cochlear spiral ganglion cells and redundantly function in the maintenance of spiral ganglion cells and auditory neural circuitry. Notably, Gata2 and Gata3 compound heterozygous mutant mice had a diminished number of spiral ganglion cells due to enhanced apoptosis, which resulted in progressive hearing loss. The decrease in spiral ganglion cellularity was associated with lowered expression of neurotrophin receptor TrkC that is an essential factor for spiral ganglion cell survival. We further show that Gata2 null mutants that additionally bear a Gata2 YAC (yeast artificial chromosome) that counteracts the lethal hematopoietic deficiency due to complete Gata2 loss nonetheless failed to complement the deficiency in neonatal spiral ganglion neurons. Furthermore, cochlea‐specific Gata2 deletion mice also had fewer spiral ganglion cells and resultant hearing impairment. These results show that GATA2 and GATA3 redundantly function to maintain spiral ganglion cells and hearing. We propose possible mechanisms underlying hearing loss in human GATA2‐ or GATA3‐related genetic disorders.
Population uptake and effectiveness of test‐and‐treat antiretroviral therapy guidelines for preventing the global spread of HIV: an ecological cross‐national analysis
Authors: Mendez‐Lopez A , McKee M , Stuckler D , Granich R , Gupta S , Noori T , Semenza JC 
Published: May 2019

ObjectivesAlthough the benefits of adopting test‐and‐treat antiretroviral therapy (ART) guidelines that recommend initiation of ART regardless of CD4 cell counts have been demonstrated at the individual level, there is uncertainty about how this translates to the population level. Here, we explored whether adopting ART guidelines recommending earlier treatment initiation improves population ART access and viral suppression and reduces overall disease transmission.MethodsData on ART initiation guidelines and treatment coverage, viral suppression, and HIV incidence from 37 European and Central Asian countries were collected from the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control and the Global HIV Policy Watch and HIV 90‐90‐90 Watch databases. We used multivariate linear regression models to quantify the association of ART initiation guidelines with population ART access, viral suppression, and HIV incidence, adjusting for potential confounding factors.ResultsTest‐and‐treat policies were associated with 15.2 percentage points (pp) [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.8–29.6 pp; P = 0.039] greater treatment coverage (proportion of HIV‐positive people on ART) compared with countries with ART initiation at CD4 cell counts ≤ 350 cells/μL. The presence of test‐and‐treat policies was associated with 15.8 pp (95% CI 2.4–29.1 pp; P = 0.023) higher viral suppression rates (people on ART virally suppressed) compared with countries with treatment initiation at CD4 counts ≤ 350 cells/μL. ART initiation at CD4 counts ≤ 500 cells/μL did not significantly improve ART coverage compared to initiation at CD4 counts ≤ 350 cells/μL but achieved similar degrees of viral suppression as test‐and‐treat.ConclusionsTest‐and‐treat was found to be associated with substantial improvements in population‐level access to ART and viral suppression, further strengthening evidence that rapid initiation of treatment will help curb the spread of HIV.
Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitory activity of hydrolysates generated from whey protein fortified with salal fruits (Galtheria shallon) by enzymatic treatment with Pronase from Streptomyces griseus
Authors: Raikos Vassilios , Hays Helen , Stead David , Ni He 
Published: May 2019

SummaryWhey proteins mixed with salal fruits extract (0–20% w/w) were hydrolysed with Pronase E from Streptomyces griseus for a period of 8 h. The angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity of the hydrolysates was highest (IC50: 0.087 mg mL−1) for samples fortified with the highest extract concentration (20%). Peptides (>7 amino acids) with documented ACE inhibitory activity (DAQSAPLRVY, ALPMHIR, DKVGINY, LHLPLPL, YPFPGPI, YPFPGPIPN, VYPFPGPIPN) were identified bv LC‐MS/MS data analysis using a database search approach. Fluorescence spectra of the whey proteins mixed with salal fruits extract indicates fluorescence quenching for α‐lactalbumin. SDS‐PAGE analysis suggests that α‐lactalbumin is less susceptible to proteolysis when the extract is included in the formula. Data indicate that α‐lactalbumin may be interacting with phenolic compounds naturally present in salal fruits. These interactions and the formation of complexes between a‐Lac and phenolic compounds may affect the hydrolysis pattern of whey protein and the release of peptides with ACE‐inhibitory activity.
Ask a Statistician: Does Manchester United Really Have 100 Million Followers in China?
Authors: Mastrodomenico Rob 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
A reader writes: I was interested to see a Times article about some new Manchester United-themed centres that will be built in China. In the football club's associated press release, it claims to have “100 million followers” in China. This is, interestingly, 8 million fewer than the figure it claimed to have back in 2012. Is there any truth to these figures?
Bortezomib attenuates renal interstitial fibrosis in kidney transplantation via regulating the EMT induced by TNF‐α‐Smurf1‐Akt‐mTOR‐P70S6K pathway
Authors: Zhou Jiajun , Cheng Hong , Wang Zijie , Chen Hao , Suo Chuanjian , Zhang Hengcheng , Zhang Jiayi , Yang Yanhao , Geng Liang , Gu Ming , Tan Ruoyun 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAllograft interstitial fibrosis was characterized by massive extracellular matrix deposition caused by activated fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. Epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) is recognized as an important source of myofibroblasts contributing to the pathogenesis of allograft interstitial fibrosis. Smad ubiquitination regulatory factor 1 (Smurf1) has been recently reported to be involved in the progression of EMT. Our study was to detect the effect of Bortezomib and Smurf1 in the EMT and allograft interstitial fibrosis. Biomarkers of EMT, as well as Smurf1, were examined in human proximal tubular epithelial cells (HK‐2) treated with tumour necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) in various doses or at various time points by Western Blotting or qRT‐PCR. We knockdown or overexpressed Smurf1 in HK‐2 cells. Furthermore, rat renal transplant model was established and intervened by Bortezomib. Allograft tissues from human and rats were also collected and prepared for HE, Masson's trichrome, immunohistochemical staining and western blotting assays. As a result, we found that TNF‐α significantly promoted the development of EMT in a time‐dependent and dose‐dependent manner through Smurf1/Akt/mTOR/P70S6K signalling pathway. More importantly, Bortezomib alleviated the progression of EMT and allograft interstitial fibrosis in vivo and in vitro by inhibiting the production of TNF‐α and expression of Smurf1. In conclusion, Smurf1 plays a critical role in the development of EMT induced by TNF‐α. Bortezomib can attenuate the Sumrf1‐mediated progression of EMT and renal allograft interstitial fibrosis, which could be suggested as a novel choice for the prevention and treatment of renal allograft interstitial fibrosis.
Fitness of reciprocal F1 hybrids between Rhinanthus minor and Rhinanthus major under controlled conditions and in the field
Authors: Wesselingh Renate A. , Hořčicová Šárka , Mirzaei Khaled 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe performance of first‐generation hybrids determines to a large extent the long‐term outcome of hybridization in natural populations. F1 hybrids can facilitate further gene flow between the two parental species, especially in animal‐pollinated flowering plants. We studied the performance of reciprocal F1 hybrids between Rhinanthus minor and R. major, two hemiparasitic, annual, self‐compatible plant species, from seed germination to seed production under controlled conditions and in the field. We sowed seeds with known ancestry outdoors before winter and followed the complete life cycle until plant death in July the following season. Germination under laboratory conditions was much lower for the F1 hybrid formed on R. major compared with the reciprocal hybrid formed on R. minor, and this confirmed previous results from similar experiments. However, this difference was not found under field conditions, which seems to indicate that the experimental conditions used for germination in the laboratory are not representative for the germination behaviour of the hybrids under more natural conditions. The earlier interpretation that F1 hybrid seeds formed on R. major face intrinsic genetic incompatibilities therefore appears to be incorrect. Both F1 hybrids performed at least as well as and sometimes better than R. minor, which had a higher fitness than R. major in one of the two years in the greenhouse and in the field transplant experiment. The high fitness of the F1 hybrids confirms findings from naturally mixed populations, where F1 hybrids appear in the first year after the two species meet, which leads to extensive advanced‐hybrid formation and introgression in subsequent generations.
Maternal influence on early lipid content in an introduced partially anadromous population of Oncorhynchus mykiss
Authors: Liberoff Ana L. , Leal Alejandra A. , Díaz De Vivar María E. , Riva‐Rossi Carla M. , Pascual Miguel A. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis study evaluated how the maternal migratory tactic in a partially anadromous population of Oncorhynchus mykiss may influence the early energetic status of their offspring. Total lipid content variation (% dry mass) of recently emerged fry caught in the Santa Cruz River, Argentina, was evaluated as a function of their maternal origin (anadromous v. resident) and fork length (LF). Lipid content of fry decreased with LF and was higher for offspring of anadromous mothers.
Pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima) by‐products: Obtaining seed oil enriched with active compounds from the peel by ultrasonic‐assisted extraction
Authors: Massa Thainara Bovo , Stevanato Natália , Cardozo‐Filho Lúcio , da Silva Camila 
Published: May 2019

AbstractUltrasonic‐assisted extraction (UAE) of the oil from the seeds/peel mixture of pumpkin using ethanol as solvent was investigated. The effects of the ultrasound, solvent volume, time, and temperature on the oil yield were evaluated. Oil extraction from the seeds by ultrasound and the mixture by Soxhlet extraction (SE) was also performed. The use of ultrasound and higher availability of ethanol (up to 6 mL g−1 sample) favored the oil removal. In the extraction kinetics, the washing step was verified in the first 20 min, corresponding to 79–89% of the total oil yield. The diffusion coefficient increased from 30 to 75°C, as well as the spontaneity of the extraction, achieving 71% of the SE. Linoleic and oleic acids were found in higher concentrations in the oils. UAE made possible the greater extraction of β‐carotene, tocopherols, and fistosterois, and the peel addition provided higher contents of these compounds.Practical applicationThe simultaneous extraction of compounds from the pumpkin by‐products arouses interest, for obtaining an oil of the seeds enriched with the active compounds present in the peel. Ultrasound‐assisted extraction was employed because it showed relevant benefits in relation to Soxhlet extraction, such as operations with reduced time, mild temperatures, and low amounts of solvent. Aiming at the use of solvents considered as “green,” in the present study we opted for the use of ethanol, since it is considered a safe solvent and comes from renewable sources. In addition, the determination of the diffusion coefficient and the thermodynamic properties of the process helped to understand the mechanisms that characterize the extraction.
Training and confidence in undertaking child protection work as reported by New Zealand paediatricians
Authors: Neels Aimee , Tuohy Pat , Elder Dawn ,   on behalf of the Child Protection Clinical Network of the Paediatric Society of New Zealand
Published: May 2019

AimIn New Zealand and rural Australia, general paediatricians undertake the majority of child protection (CP) medical assessments. This study aimed to document what New Zealand paediatricians think about their role in CP and their perceived preparedness for this work.MethodsA 43‐item SurveyMonkey questionnaire was sent to paediatricians working in CP. Questions explored demographic detail, CP work undertaken clinically and with regard to teaching and paediatrician confidence and experience in areas of CP. A separate questionnaire documented organisational CP work.ResultsA total of 79 paediatricians, 45 (57%) female, responded from 15 of 20 District Health Boards. For 73%, CP was less than 10% of their weekly workload, with 42% indicating they had been the lead paediatrician for fewer than five cases in the preceding 12 months. Paediatricians were more confident managing physical abuse than sexual abuse cases with regard to initial assessments, report writing and appearances in court. Just over a third reported at least once feeling personally threatened or unsafe while involved in a CP case. Only 29% were satisfied with their level of training, and 73% agreed they would like more CP training.ConclusionsPaediatricians undertake a number of roles in CP but do not feel confident in all these roles. More attention needs to be given to training in CP in general paediatric physician training in New Zealand.