bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative osteology and osteometry of the coracoideum, humerus, and femur of the green turtle (Chelonia mydas) and the loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta)
Authors: Koolstra Franciscus Johannes , Küchelmann Hans Christian , Ҫakirlar Canan 
Published: April 2019

AbstractFragmented skeletal remains of marine turtles occur frequently in archaeological and natural deposits on tropical and subtropical coasts. Identifying these remains to species based on their differential osteomorphology is vital to address questions pertaining to the historical ecology, archaeology, and conservation of marine turtles globally. Although the species‐specific features of extant marine turtle skulls and carapax are relatively well known, the comparative osteomorphology and osteometry of postcranial endoskeletons in closely related species of marine turtles remains unstudied. In this paper, we provide verbal descriptions, line drawings, and photographs of diagnostic morphological criteria for the coracoideum, the humerus, and the femur of two closely related species of Cheloniidae: Chelonia mydas (green turtle) and Caretta caretta (loggerhead), based on observations on modern skeletons. We also present osteometric indices of the humerus and the femur that can be used to distinguish between both species. We comment on the applicability of these criteria on archaeological marine turtle assemblages from the Mediterranean.
Selective extraction of terpenoid compounds of Juniperus communis L. wood in the medium of a binary solvent (supercritical CO2 with modifier)
Authors: Bogolitsyn Konstantin , Krasikova Anna , Gusakova Mariya , Ivakhnov Artyom , Gravitis Janis 
Published: April 2019

AbstractIntroductionJuniperus communis L. is a wood species used in folk medicine since it has a variety of wood extractives with a wide range of pharmacological properties. The morphological features of juniper wood structure leads to the necessity for the application of activation, which facilitates extraction of wood extractives. The methods of thermochemical activation can be used to improve the existing schemes of extraction.ObjectiveThis work aims to develop methods that increase the selectivity and efficiency of the extraction of pharmacological biologically active substances from the Juniperus communis wood.MethodologyThe thermochemical activation of the juniper wood matrix involves treatment by steam explosion and the use of supercritical fluid extraction methods. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis was used to identify the components of the obtained extracts.ResultsIt is shown that the supercritical fluid extraction by a binary solvent facilitates the extraction of the maximum amount of sesquiterpene and diterpene alcohols, terpene oxides and ketones. Extracts obtained during the two‐stage process with the traditional extraction in a Soxhlet apparatus at the first stage and the supercritical fluid extraction at the second, contain squalene as the main component. The two‐stage treatment with steam explosion at the first stage facilitates the extraction of the maximum amount of diterpene alcohols having the widest range of biological activity.ConclusionThe research demonstrates the prospects of application of the methods of thermochemical activation of plant raw materials for the extraction of the wide spectrum of terpene components.
Identifying and classifying opioid‐related overdoses: A validation study
Authors: Green Carla A. , Perrin Nancy A. , Hazlehurst Brian , Janoff Shannon L. , DeVeaugh‐Geiss Angela , Carrell David S. , Grijalva Carlos G. , Liang Caihua , Enger Cheryl L. , Coplan Paul M. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractPurposeThe study aims to develop and validate algorithms to identify and classify opioid overdoses using claims and other coded data, and clinical text extracted from electronic health records using natural language processing (NLP).MethodsPrimary data were derived from Kaiser Permanente Northwest (2008–2014), an integrated health care system (~n > 475 000 unique individuals per year). Data includedInternational Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision(ICD‐9) codes for nonfatal diagnoses,International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision(ICD‐10) codes for fatal events, clinical notes, and prescription medication records. We assessed sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value for algorithms relative to medical chart review and conducted assessments of algorithm portability in Kaiser Permanente Washington, Tennessee State Medicaid, and Optum.ResultsCode‐based algorithm performance was excellent for opioid‐related overdoses (sensitivity = 97.2%, specificity = 84.6%) and classification of heroin‐involved overdoses (sensitivity = 91.8%, specificity = 99.0%). Performance was acceptable for code‐based suicide/suicide attempt classifications (sensitivity = 70.7%, specificity = 90.5%); sensitivity improved with NLP (sensitivity = 78.7%, specificity = 91.0%). Performance was acceptable for the code‐based substance abuse‐involved classification (sensitivity = 75.3%, specificity = 79.5%); sensitivity improved with the NLP‐enhanced algorithm (sensitivity = 80.5%, specificity = 76.3%). The opioid‐related overdose algorithm performed well across portability assessment sites, with sensitivity greater than 96% and specificity greater than 84%. Cross‐site sensitivity for heroin‐involved overdose was greater than 87%, specificity greater than or equal to 99%.ConclusionsCode‐based algorithms developed to detect opioid‐related overdoses and classify them according to heroin involvement perform well. Algorithms for classifying suicides/attempts and abuse‐related opioid overdoses perform adequately for use for research, particularly given the complexity of classifying such overdoses. The NLP‐enhanced algorithms for suicides/suicide attempts and abuse‐related overdoses perform significantly better than code‐based algorithms and are appropriate for use in settings that have data and capacity to use NLP.
Compound‐specific stable carbon isotope analysis of hexabromocyclododecane diastereoisomers using gas chromatography/isotope ratio mass spectrometry
Authors: Cheng Gen , Gao Shutao , Gao Yang , Yu Zhiqiang , Peng Ping'an 
Published: April 2019

RationaleCompound‐specific stable isotope analysis (CSIA) is a powerful tool for the source apportionment and characterization of environmental transformation processes, especially for new emerging contaminants. In this study, we have developed an effective method for determination of the stable carbon isotope ratios of hexabromocyclododecane diastereoisomers.MethodsThree diastereoisomers of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), α‐, β‐, and γ‐HBCD, were separated on a preparative high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system. Their carbon isotope ratios were determined using gas chromatography/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/IRMS), and compared with data obtained by elemental analyzer/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (EA/IRMS).Resultsα‐, β‐, and γ‐HBCD were well separated by the preparative HPLC system. Method validation results indicated excellent precision and reproducibility. For a series of injection volumes (0.5 to 3 μL), the average carbon isotope ratios for α‐HBCD, β‐HBCD, and γ‐HBCD were −26.42‰, −26.88‰, and −26.43‰, respectively, and their deviations from those of the HBCD standard (−26.52‰) were all lower than the analytical uncertainty of 0.5‰. Relative standard deviations of intra‐day and inter‐day injections of HBCD were in the ranges 0.35–0.64% and 0.37–0.76%, respectively. Comparison with EA/IRMS further verified the accuracy of the HBCD stable carbon isotope ratio measured by GC/IRMS.ConclusionsThis work offers a novel approach to separate and concentrate the three major isomers of HBCD and to determine their stable carbon isotope ratios. This permits analysis of their carbon isotope ratios in environmental samples in order to elucidate the sources and abiotic or biological transformation processes of HBCD in the environment.
Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Isolated from Irradiated Human Skin Have Diminished Capacity for Proliferation, Differentiation, Colony Formation, and Paracrine Stimulation
Authors: Johnson Maxwell B. , Niknam-Bienia Solmaz , Soundararajan Vinaya , Pang Brandon , Jung Eunson , Gardner Daniel J. , Xu Xingtian , Park Sun Y. , Wang Charles , Chen Xin , Baker Regina Y. , Chen Mei , Hong Young-Kwon , Li Wei , Wong Alex K. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Ionizing radiation, commonly used in the treatment of solid tumors, has unintended but deleterious effects on overlying skin and is associated with chronic nonhealing wounds. Skin-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (SMSCs) are a pluripotent population of cells that are critically involved in skin homeostasis and wound healing. The aim of this study was to isolate and functionally characterize SMSCs from human skin that was previously irradiated as part of neoadjuvant or adjuvant cancer therapy. To this end, SMSCs were isolated from paired irradiated and nonirradiated human skin samples. Irradiated SMSCs expressed characteristic SMSC markers at lower levels, had disorganized cytoskeletal structure, and had disordered morphology. Functionally, these cells had diminished proliferative capacity and substantial defects in colony-forming capacity and differentiation in vitro. These changes were associated with significant differential expression of genes known to be involved in skin physiology and wound healing. Conditioned media obtained from irradiated SMSCs affected fibroblast but not endothelial cell proliferation and migration. These results suggest that in situ damage to SMSCs during neoadjuvant or adjuvant radiation may play a critical role in the pathogenesis of slow or nonhealing radiation wounds. Stem Cells Translational Medicine 2019;8:925–934
Hierarchical Nanoporous Copper Architectures via 3D Printing Technique for Highly Efficient Catalysts
Authors: Zhang Yongzheng , Sun Xiaohao , Nomura Naoyuki , Fujita Takeshi 
Published: April 2019

AbstractNanoporous metals represent a class of functional materials with unique bicontinuous open porous structural properties, making them ideal candidates for various catalyst applications. However, the pursuit of nanoporous properties, extremely small pores, and high surface area, results in the restriction of mass transport. Herein, a free‐standing hierarchical nanoporous Cu material, prepared by a selective laser melting 3D printing technique and a one‐step dealloying process, is presented as a highly efficient electrocatalyst for methanol oxidation. It is demonstrated that the digitally controlled hierarchical structure with macro‐ and nano‐scaled pores can be utilized for promoting and directing mass transport as well as for the enhancement of catalytic properties. This work highlights a facile, low‐cost, and alternative strategy for hierarchical nanoporous structure design that can be applied to binary, ternary, and quaternary metal alloys for various functional applications.
Scalable Synthesis of Switchable Assemblies of Gold Nanorod Lyotropic Liquid Crystal Nanocomposites
Authors: Liu Xiao , Qi Genggeng , Park Albert Min Gyu , Rodriguez‐Gonzalez Arnaldo , Enotiadis Apostolos , Pan Wenyang , Kosma Vasiliki , Fuchs Gregory D. , Kirby Brian J. , Giannelis Emmanuel P. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractA new class of solvent free, lyotropic liquid crystal nanocomposites based on gold nanorods (AuNRs) with high nanorod content is reported. Application of shear results in switchable, highly ordered alignment of the nanorods over several centimeters with excellent storage stability for months. For the synthesis, AuNRs are surface functionalized with a charged, covalently tethered corona, which induces fluid‐like properties. This honey‐like material can be deposited on a substrate and a high orientational order parameter of 0.72 is achieved using a simple shearing protocol. Switching shearing direction results in realignment of the AuNRs. For a film containing 75 wt% of AuNRs the alignment persists for several months. In addition to the lyotropic liquid crystal characteristics, the AuNRs films also exhibit anisotropic electrical conductivity with an order of magnitude difference between the conductivities in direction parallel and perpendicular to the alignment of the AuNRs.
A Report from a Workshop of the International Stem Cell Banking Initiative, Held in Collaboration of Global Alliance for iPSC Therapies and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, 2017
Authors: Kim Jung-Hyun , Alderton Alex , Crook Jeremy M. , Benvenisty Nissim , Brandsten Catharina , Firpo Meri , Harrison Peter W. , Kawamata Shin , Kawase Eihachiro , Kurtz Andreas , Loring Jeanne F. , Ludwig Tenneille , Man Jennifer , Mountford Joanne C. , Turner Marc L. , Oh Steve , da Veiga Pereira Lygia , Pranke Patricia , Sheldon Michael , Steeg Rachel , Sullivan Stephen , Yaffe Michael , Zhou Qi , Stacey Glyn N. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This report summarizes the recent activity of the International Stem Cell Banking Initiative held at Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA, USA, on June 18, 2017. In this meeting, we aimed to find consensus on ongoing issues of quality control (QC), safety, and efficacy of human pluripotent stem cell banks and their derivative cell therapy products for the global harmonization. In particular, assays for the QC testing such as pluripotency assays test and general QC testing criteria were intensively discussed. Moreover, the recent activities of global stem cell banking centers and the regulatory bodies were briefly summarized to provide an overview on global developments and issues. Stem Cells 2019;37:1130–1135
hnRNP-K Targets Open Chromatin in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells in Concert with Multiple Regulators
Authors: Bakhmet Evgeny I. , Nazarov Igor B. , Gazizova Adel R. , Vorobyeva Nadezhda E. , Kuzmin Andrey A. , Gordeev Mikhail N. , Sinenko Sergey A. , Aksenov Nikolai D. , Artamonova Tatyana O. , Khodorkovskii Mikhail A. , Alenina Natalia , Onichtchouk Daria , Wu Guangming , Schöler Hans R. , Tomilin Alexey N. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The transcription factor Oct4 plays a key regulatory role in the induction and maintenance of cellular pluripotency. In this article, we show that ubiquitous and multifunctional poly(C) DNA/RNA-binding protein hnRNP-K occupies Oct4 (Pou5f1) enhancers in embryonic stem cells (ESCs) but is dispensable for the initiation, maintenance, and downregulation of Oct4 gene expression. Nevertheless, hnRNP-K has an essential cell-autonomous function in ESCs to maintain their proliferation and viability. To better understand mechanisms of hnRNP-K action in ESCs, we have performed ChIP-seq analysis of genome-wide binding of hnRNP-K and identified several thousands of hnRNP-K target sites that are frequently co-occupied by pluripotency-related and common factors (Oct4, TATA-box binding protein, Sox2, Nanog, Otx2, etc.), as well as active histone marks. Furthermore, hnRNP-K localizes exclusively within open chromatin, implying its role in the onset and/or maintenance of this chromatin state. Stem Cells 2019;37:1018–1029
From Street Corners to Social Media: The Changing Location of Youth Citizenship in Guinea
Authors: Bergère Clovis 
Published: April 2019

Abstract:This study explores social media platforms, Facebook and Twitter in particular, as emergent sites of youth citizenship in Guinea. These need to be understood within a longer history of youth citizenship, one that includes street corners and other informal mediations of youth politics. This counters dominant discourses both within the Guinean public sphere and in academic research that decry Guinean social media practices as lacking, or Guinean youth as frivolous or inconsequential in their online political engagements. Instead, young Guineans’ emergent digital practices need to be approached as productive political engagements. This contributes to debates about African youths by examining the role of digital technologies in shaping young Africans’ political horizons.
Constitutional stability in japan not due to popular approval
Authors: Yokodaido Satoshi 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe Japanese Constitution has never experienced any amendment since its enactment in 1947. This article claims that the reason is not the Japanese people’s support of it from the heart. The hypothesis presented in this article is that many other political, structural and cultural reasons have gradually deprived the Constitution’s normative force among people, and have made constitutional amendment unnecessary in Japanese politics.
Response to “Public law and populism”
Authors: Blokker Paul 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe populist challenge to constitutional democracy—and constitutionalism as its modus operandi—is significant and raises deep questions regarding the nature of modern democracy. A crucial question pertains to the challenge that our existing (but eroding) democratic systems faces. The way we perceive this challenge is essential for our descriptive and prescriptive contributions. The first, perhaps most widely embraced view, is to perceive populism as a ‘disease’, ‘deviation’, or ‘pathology’ of existing democracy. A second view understands contemporary ‘neo-populisms’ rather as one particular instance of a rather profound, complex, and long-term set of transformations of democracy. Where we stand on this matter is of great importance, as the feasibility and potential success of our responses and solutions depend on our description of the problem. Many of the contributions to this special issue clearly go beyond the current state-of-the-art, in which populism and constitutionalism are often seen as mutually exclusive categories. The special issue provides ample reflection on intrinsic problems in constitutional democracy itself, and, taken as a whole, stimulates a self-reflexive and historically informed scrutiny of the modern projects of liberal democracy and constitutionalism, so as to provide due acknowledgement of the political and conflictive origins of the project, as well as of its current deficits.
Some friends matter more than others: BMI clustering among adolescents in four European countries
Authors: Grund Thomas U. , Tatum Travis 
Published: April 2019

AbstractPrevious research stresses the importance of social networks for obesity. We draw on friendship data from 18,133 adolescents in four European countries to investigate the relationship between individuals’ body mass index (BMI) and the BMI of their friends. Our study reveals strong evidence for BMI clustering in England, Germany, the Netherlands, and Sweden; adolescents tend to be friends with others who have a similar BMI. Furthermore, we extend current debate and explore friendship characteristics that moderate the relationship between social networks and BMI. We demonstrate that BMI clustering is more pronounced in (1) strong compared to weak friendships and (2) between adolescents of the same biological sex. These findings indicate thatmore research on social networks and health is needed which distinguishes between different kinds of relationships.
Hume on Belief and Vindicatory Explanations
Authors: Smith Benedict 
Published: April 2019

AbstractHume's account of belief is understood to be inspired by allegedly incompatible motivations, one descriptive and expressing Hume's naturalism, the other normative and expressing Hume's epistemological aims. This understanding assumes a particular way in which these elements are distinct: an assumption that I dispute. I suggest that the explanatory-naturalistic aspects of Hume's account of belief are not incompatible with the normative-epistemological aspects. Rather, at least for some central cases of belief formation that Hume discusses at length, S's coming to believe thatpcan be explained in a way that vindicates S's belief thatp.
Frictional Properties of Simulated Chlorite Gouge at Hydrothermal Conditions: Implications for Subduction Megathrusts
Authors: Okamoto Ayumi S. , Verberne Berend A. , Niemeijer André R. , Takahashi Miki , Shimizu Ichiko , Ueda Tadamasa , Spiers Christopher J. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractChlorite is abundant at hypocentral depths in subduction zones and is likely to play a key role in controlling megathrust slow slip and catastrophic rupture. However, no data exist on the frictional properties of chlorite(‐rich) fault rocks under the hydrothermal conditions relevant for the subduction seismogenic zone. We report results from experiments conducted under such conditions, using chlorite powders prepared from single crystal clinochlore (Mg‐chlorite), as well as limited experiments using a stack of single crystal sheets. Shear experiments were carried out at effective normal stresses (σn) of 100 to 400 MPa, pore fluid pressures (Pf) of 50 to 220 MPa, and at temperatures (T) of 22 to 600 °C, using stepped displacement rates (v) from 0.3 to 100 μm/s. The gouges are characterized by a coefficient of friction (μ) of 0.2–0.3 at T ≤ 400 °C and 0.3–0.4 at 500–600 °C, while (a‐b) values showed positive values for nearly all conditions tested, except at 300 °C. Microstructures of gouges sheared at T ≤ 300 °C show evidence for widespread comminution, compared with a lower porosity at 600 °C. Experiments using a stack of single crystal sheets showed μ ≤ 0.008 at low displacements (<3 mm) followed by hardening, while microstructures are suggestive of slip along (001), folding and tear of cleavage planes, and gouge production. Our results have important implications for the mechanisms controlling megathrust fault slip under greenschist facies conditions in a subduction zone and shed new light on the strain accommodation mechanisms within sheared gouges versus single crystals composed of phyllosilicates.
Distinct Propagation Characteristics of Intraseasonal Variability Over the Tropical West Pacific
Authors: Gonzalez Alex O. , Jiang Xianan 
Published: April 2019

AbstractTropical intraseasonal variability, with the Madden‐Julian oscillation (MJO) as its most prominent mode, exerts extensive influences on global weather extremes. It is found that strong interannual variability of intraseasonal convection exists in the west Pacific (WP), in the form of years with strong eastward propagation (i.e., associated with the MJO) and years with strong westward propagation. Years with strong westward propagation on intraseasonal timescales are dominated by a westward propagating intraseasonal mode (WPIM), which is the second leading intraseasonal mode after the MJO over the tropical WP. Initiated over the central Pacific, the WPIM exhibits slow equatorial westward propagation (5 m/s) with a period of 25 days and a spatial scale of zonal wave number 3–4. Unlike the MJO, the WPIM lacks a significant tilt with height in specific humidity and vertical velocity. A strong anticorrelation is found between MJO and WPIM activity on interannual timescales over the WP. Budget analyses of the moist static energy suggest that both modes are driven by horizontal moist static energy advection and that substantial differences in winter mean large‐scale moisture and zonal winds largely define their distinct propagation behaviors. The WPIM is favored, while the MJO is suppressed when mean equatorial low‐level easterlies between 150°E and 160°W are enhanced and equatorial mean low‐level moisture is reduced near the Dateline and enhanced in the off‐equatorial WP (110°–150°E). While the WPIM bears resemblance to low‐frequency equatorial Rossby waves, a more detailed analysis must be conducted to affirm if they are the same phenomenon.