bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evolutionary and ecological insights from herbicide‐resistant weeds: what have we learned about plant adaptation, and what is left to uncover?
Authors: Baucom Regina S. 
Published: February 2019

SummaryThe evolution of herbicide resistance in crop weeds presents one of the greatest challenges to agriculture and the production of food. Herbicide resistance has been studied for more than 60 yr, in the large part by researchers seeking to design effective weed control programs. As an outcome of this work, various unique questions in plant adaptation have been addressed. Here, I collate recent research on the herbicide‐resistant problem in light of key questions and themes in evolution and ecology. I highlight discoveries made on herbicide‐resistant weeds in three broad areas – the genetic basis of adaptation, evolutionary constraints, experimental evolution – and similarly discuss questions left to be answered. I then develop how one would use herbicide‐resistance evolution as a model for studying eco‐evolutionary dynamics within a community context. My overall goals are to highlight important findings in the weed science literature that are relevant to themes in plant adaptation and to stimulate the use of herbicide‐resistant plants as models for addressing key questions within ecology and evolution.
Professionalism in pediatric anesthesiology: Affirmation of a definition based on results of a nationally administered survey of pediatric anesthesiologists
Authors: Lockman Justin L. , Yehya Nadir , Schwartz Alan Jay , Cronholm Peter F. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractBackgroundPreviously published work established the need for a specialty‐specific definition of professionalism in pediatric anesthesiology. That work established a composite definition consisting of 11 domains and their component “defining themes” for professionalism in pediatric anesthesiology. As a next step toward assessing generalizability of our single‐center findings, we sought to gain input from a national sample of pediatric anesthesiologists.AimsThe aim of this study was to establish the construct validity of our previously published multidimensional definition of professionalism in pediatric anesthesiology using a nationally representative sample of pediatric anesthesiologists.MethodsA survey was distributed via snowball sampling to the leaders of every pediatric anesthesiology fellowship program and pediatric anesthesia department or clinical division in the United States. Survey items were designed to validate individual component themes in the working definition. For affirmed items, the respondent was asked to rate the importance of the item. Respondents were also invited to suggest novel themes to be included in the definition.ResultsA total of 216 pediatric anesthesiologists representing a variety of experience levels and practice settings responded to the survey. All 40 themes were strongly supported by the respondents, with the least supported theme receiving 71.6% approval. 92.8% of respondents indicated that the 11 domains previously identified formed a comprehensive list of domains for professionalism in pediatric anesthesiology. Four additional novel themes were suggested by respondents, including wellness/self‐care/burnout prevention, political advocacy, justice within a practice organization, and respect for leadership/experienced partners. These are topics for future study. The survey responses also indicated a near‐universal agreement that didactic lectures would be ineffective for teaching professionalism.ConclusionThis national survey of pediatric anesthesiologists serves to confirm the construct validity of our prior working definition of professionalism in pediatric anesthesiology, and has uncovered several opportunities for further study. This definition can be used for both curriculum and policy development within the specialty.
The neural sources of N170: Understanding timing of activation in face‐selective areas
Authors: Gao Chuanji , Conte Stefania , Richards John E. , Xie Wanze , Hanayik Taylor 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe N170 ERP component has been widely identified as a face‐sensitive neural marker. Despite extensive investigations conducted to examine the neural sources of N170, there are two issues in prior literature: (a) few studies used individualized anatomy as head model for the cortical source analysis of the N170, and (b) the relationship between the N170 and face‐selective regions from fMRI studies is unclear. Here, we addressed these questions by presenting pictures of faces and houses to the same group of healthy adults and recording structural MRI, fMRI, and high‐density ERPs in separate sessions. Source analysis based on the participant's anatomy showed that the middle and posterior fusiform gyri were the primary neural sources for the face‐sensitive aspects of the N170. Source analysis based on regions of interest from the fMRI revealed that the fMRI‐defined fusiform face area was the major contributor to the N170. The current study suggests that the fusiform gyrus is a major neural contributor to the N170 ERP component and provides further insights about the spatiotemporal characteristics of face processing.
P300 and positive slow waves reveal the plausibility in inductive reasoning
Authors: Lei Yi , Wang Jinxia , Zhu Yuxi , Chen Qingfei , Li Hong 
Published: February 2019

AbstractCategory‐based induction is an advanced cognitive function that is based on our category‐level knowledge. Previous findings have recognized the distance effect in category‐based induction: Inductive strength is affected by the hierarchical distance between the premises and conclusions. However, the neural mechanisms underlying this effect require elucidation. In the present study, we investigated the neural mechanisms of the distance effect by using EEG technology and a new experimental paradigm—category‐based induction. In this paradigm, we used three hierarchical levels of categories—the subordinate category, the basic category, the superordinate category—and an irrelevant category. We further used these categories to create four types of trial that varied in the hierarchical distance between the premise and the conclusion: the subordinate‐basic, the basic‐superordinate, the subordinate‐superordinate, and the irrelevant‐superordinate trials. In each trial, participants judged the probability that the conclusion category had the same property as the premise category. Our behavioral results revealed that people responded more slowly in the irrelevant‐superordinate trials than in the basic‐superordinate and the subordinate‐basic trials. Our ERP results showed that the irrelevant‐superordinate trials elicited smaller P300 (250–500 ms) amplitudes than did the subordinate‐basic and the basic‐superordinate trials. In addition, the subordinate‐superordinate trials elicited smaller P300 and PSW (700–998 ms) amplitudes than did the subordinate‐basic and the basic‐superordinate combinations. These findings indicate that the amplitudes of P300 and PSW may reflect the distance effect in inductive reasoning: The further the premise‐conclusion hierarchical distance, the lower the inductive strength, and thus the smaller the P300 and PSW amplitudes.
Clustering Functional Data into Groups by Using Projections
Authors: Delaigle Aurore , Hall Peter , Pham Tung 
Published: February 2019

SummaryWe show that, in the functional data context, by appropriately exploiting the functional nature of the data, it is possible to cluster the observations asymptotically perfectly. We demonstrate that this level of performance can sometimes be achieved by the k-means algorithm as long as the data are projected on a carefully chosen finite dimensional space. In general, the notion of an ideal cluster is not clearly defined. We derive our results in the setting where the data come from two populations whose distributions differ at least in terms of means, and where an ideal cluster corresponds to one of these two populations. We propose an iterative algorithm to choose the projection functions in a way that optimizes clustering performance, where, to avoid peculiar solutions, we use a weighted least squares criterion. We apply our iterative clustering procedure on simulated and real data, where we show that it works well.
Multiple Influential Point Detection in High Dimensional Regression Spaces
Authors: Zhao Junlong , Liu Chao , Niu Lu , Leng Chenlei 
Published: February 2019

SummaryInfluence diagnosis is an integrated component of data analysis but has been severely underinvestigated in a high dimensional regression setting. One of the key challenges, even in a fixed dimensional setting, is how to deal with multiple influential points that give rise to masking and swamping effects. The paper proposes a novel group deletion procedure referred to as multiple influential point detection by studying two extreme statistics based on a marginal-correlation-based influence measure. Named the min- and max-statistics, they have complementary properties in that the max-statistic is effective for overcoming the masking effect whereas the min-statistic is useful for overcoming the swamping effect. Combining their strengths, we further propose an efficient algorithm that can detect influential points with a prespecified false discovery rate. The influential point detection procedure proposed is simple to implement and efficient to run and enjoys attractive theoretical properties. Its effectiveness is verified empirically via extensive simulation study and data analysis. An R package implementing the procedure is freely available.
Identification of rheumatoid arthritis causal genes using functional genomics
Authors: Ding James , Orozco Gisela 
Published: February 2019

AbstractOver the past decade, genome‐wide association studies have contributed a wealth of knowledge to our understanding of polygenic disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis. As the size of sample cohorts has improved so too have the computational and experimental methods used to robustly define variants associated with disease susceptibility. The challenge now remains to translate these findings into improved understanding of disease aetiology and patient care. Whilst much of the focus of translating the findings of genome‐wide association studies has been on global analysis of all variants identified, careful functional study of individual disease susceptibility loci will be required in order to refine our understanding of how individual variants contribute to disease risk. Here, we present the argument behind such an approach and describe some of the novel tools being used to investigate risk loci. This includes the use of chromosomal conformation capture techniques and modifications of the CRISPR‐Cas9 system, with several examples of their implementation being described.
Wheat tandem kinases provide insights on disease‐resistance gene flow and host–parasite co‐evolution
Authors: Klymiuk Valentina , Fatiukha Andrii , Fahima Tzion 
Published: February 2019

SummaryStripe (yellow) rust, caused by the fungus Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), is a destructive disease of wheat spread globally. Wild emmer wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides; WEW) is known as a source for novel Pst resistance genes (R‐gene), but our knowledge on wheat‐Pst co‐evolution in natural populations is limited. Yr15 is a WEW (accession G25) gene, which confers a broad‐spectrum resistance to Pst, and encodes a tandem kinase‐pseudokinase protein designated as WTK1. Exon–intron comparisons of multiple WTK1 homoeologous and paralogous copies scattered in allopolyploid wheat genomes enabled us to develop functional molecular markers (FMMs), which were used for population genetic study. The functional allele (Wtk1) was absent in a worldwide collection of 513 wheat cultivars, except for 32 introgression lines with Yr15 from G25, as well as in 84% of the 382 tested WEW accessions collected across the Fertile Crescent. Yr15 was found to be distributed along a narrow axis from Mt Carmel to the Anti‐Lebanon Mountains ridge, mostly at elevations above c. 500 m, where the climatic conditions are favorable for disease development, therefore providing insights on gene flow and host–parasite co‐evolution in WEW natural habitats. Moreover, the worldwide absence of Wtk1 in cultivated wheat and in WEW natural populations from southeast Turkey, where wheat is believed to have been domesticated, proposes that Yr15 was rather left behind, than lost during domestication. Our results highlight the importance of conservation of WEW populations in their natural habitats for discovery of novel R‐genes and studies of host–parasite co‐evolution.
Electroporated GLUT4‐7myc‐GFP detects in vivo glucose transporter 4 translocation in skeletal muscle without discernible changes in GFP patterns
Authors: Knudsen Jonas Roland , Henriquez‐Olguin Carlos , Li Zhencheng , Jensen Thomas Elbenhardt 
Published: February 2019

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?
Resolving the mechanism(s) leading to glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) translocation to the muscle surface membrane has great therapeutic potential. However, the measurement of GLUT4 translocation is technically challenging. Here, we asked whether electroporation of GLUT4‐7myc‐GFP into skeletal muscle could be used as a tool to study GLUT4 translocation in vivo.

What is the main finding and its importance?
By acutely inducing GLUT4‐7myc‐GFP expression in skeletal muscle, we verified that in vivo exercise and AICAR stimulation increased the GLUT4 presence in the sarcolemma measured as myc signal. Importantly, the increased myc signal in the sarcolemma was not accompanied by major visual changes in the distribution of the GFP signal.

AbstractInsulin and exercise lead to translocation of the glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) to the surface membrane of skeletal muscle fibres. This process is pivotal for facilitating glucose uptake into skeletal muscle. To study this, a robust assay is needed to measure the translocation of GLUT4 in adult skeletal muscle directly. Here, we aimed to validate a simple GLUT4 translocation assay using a genetically encoded biosensor in mouse skeletal muscle. We transfected GLUT4‐7myc‐GFP into mouse muscle to study live GLUT4 movement and to evaluate GLUT4 insertion in the muscle surface membrane after in vivo running exercise and pharmacological activation of AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK). Transfection led to expression of GLUT4‐7myc‐GFP that was dynamic in live flexor digitorum brevis fibres and which, upon insulin stimulation, exposed the myc epitope extracellularly. Running exercise, in addition to AMPK activation by 5‐aminoimidazole‐4‐carboxamide ribonucleotide, induced ∼125 and ∼100% increase, respectively, in extracellularly exposure of GLUT4 in the surface membrane of tibialis anterior muscle. Interestingly, the clear increase in surface‐exposed GLUT4 content induced by insulin, exercise or AMPK activation was not accompanied by any discernible reorganization of the GLUT4‐GFP signal. In conclusion, we provide a detailed description of an easy‐to‐use translocation assay to study GLUT4 accumulation at the surface membrane induced by exercise and exercise‐mimicking stimuli. Notably, our analyses revealed that increased GLUT4 surface membrane accumulation was not accompanied by a discernible change in the GLUT4 localization pattern.
Refractory follicular conjunctival lesions: overlook as just inflammation or not?
Authors: Jung Su-Kyung , Paik Ji-Sun , Park Gyeong-Sin , Cho Seok-Goo , Yang Suk-Woo 
Published: February 2019

PurposeTo report the clinical manifestations of 199 patients with suspected conjunctival lymphoma, the associations between these features and the pathological diagnoses, and the prognosis of conjunctival lesions during long-term follow-up.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective chart review of 199 patients who underwent conjunctival biopsy on suspicion of conjunctival lymphoproliferative disease between January 2008 and June 2015. We focused on slit-lamp findings in the conjunctiva and the pathological diagnoses.ResultsIn total, 261 specimens of 199 patients were included in this study. The median age of patients was 42 years (range, 16–87 years), and those over 60 years of age constituted 17.1% of all patients. The proportion finally diagnosed with mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphomas was 58.2%. In these patients, the most common slit-lamp findings were the ‘salmon patch’ appearance (73.7%), followed by a follicular appearance (14.5%) and a nodular or subconjunctival mass (6.6%). Bilateral ocular manifestations were more common in patients with disease with the follicular appearance, as compared with patients with the salmon-patch appearance.ConclusionConjunctival MALT lymphoma presents in various ways, not only with the salmon-patch appearance. Therefore, biopsy should be considered if suspicion is raised, even though the conjunctival lesion does not exhibit the typical appearance of MALT lymphoma. In cases of follicular lesions responding poorly to topical steroids, a conjunctival MALT lymphoma may be suspected, given that chronic inflammation may precede neoplasia in patients with extranodal marginal zone lymphoma.
Six-year incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy in Indian adults: the Singapore Indian Eye study
Authors: Kumari Neelam , Bhargava Mayuri , Nguyen Duc Quang , Gan Alfred Tau Liang , Tan Gavin , Cheung Ning , Tan Nicholas , Wong Charlene , Wang Jie Jin , Mitchell Paul , Lamoureux Ecosse L , Cheng Ching Yu , Wong Tien Yin , Sabanayagam Charumathi 
Published: February 2019

AimsDiabetes is a major public health problem in migrants and ethnic minorities worldwide. We determined the incidence and risk factors of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in migrant Indians living in Singapore.MethodsWe included data from 759 Indian adults with diabetes, who participated in the baseline (aged 40–80 years, 2007–2009) and 6-year follow-up 2012–2015 of the Singapore Indian Eye Study. Retinal photographs were graded for the presence and severity of DR using modified Airlie House Classification. Incidence was assessed in participants who were free of DR at baseline visit (n=501), while progression in those with DR but free of proliferative DR at baseline visit (n=189). Risk factors included demographic, lifestyle, socioeconomic, family history, genes, duration of diabetes, glycaemic control, insulin use, ocular and clinical factors.ResultsThe 6-year age-standardised DR incidence and progression were 21.89% and 33.45%, respectively. HbA1c (risk ratio (RR) 1.41, 95% CI 1.28 to 1.55 per unit increase), current smoking (RR 1.63, 95% CI 1.02 to 2.62) and insulin use (RR 2.63, 95% CI 1.44 to 4.82) were associated with higher incidence, whereas estimated cerebrospinal fluid pressure (RR 0.90, 95% CI 0.82 to 0.98) and body mass index (BMI) (RR 0.74, 95% CI 0.60 to 0.93) were associated with lower incidence of DR. Higher HbA1c (RR 1.26, 95% CI 1.13 to 1.42), BMI (RR 1.26, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.56) and estimated cerebrospinal fluid pressure (RR 1.11, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.21) were associated with DR progression. The population attributable risk of HbA1c >8% was 41.29% and 49.63% for DR incidence and progression.ConclusionDR incidence and progression in migrant Indians living in Singapore was more than double that reported in Indians living in urban India. Consistent with past studies, poor glycaemic control was an important predictor for incidence and progression of DR.
Microperimetry in age-related macular degeneration: association with macular morphology assessed by optical coherence tomography
Authors: Roh Miin , Laíns Inês , Shin Hyun Joon , Park Dong Ho , Mach Steven , Vavvas Demetrios G , Kim Ivana K , Miller Joan W , Husain Deeba , Miller John B 
Published: February 2019

Background/aimsMicroperimetry is a technique that is increasingly used to assess visual function in age-related macular degeneration (AMD). In this study, we aimed to evaluate the relationship between retinal sensitivity measured with macular integrity assessment (MAIA) microperimetry and optical coherence tomography (OCT)-based macular morphology in AMD.MethodsProspective, cross-sectional study. All participants were imaged with colour fundus photographs used for AMD staging (Age-Related Eye Disease Study scale), spectral-domain OCT (Spectralis, Heidelberg, Germany) and swept-source OCT (Topcon, Japan). Threshold retinal sensitivity of the central 10° diameter circle was assessed with the full-threshold, 37-point protocol of the MAIA microperimetry device (Centervue, Italy). Univariable and multivariable multilevel mixed-effect linear regression models were used for analysis.ResultsWe included 102 eyes with AMD and 46 control eyes. Multivariable analysis revealed that older age (p<0.0001), advanced AMD stage (p<0.0001) and reduced retinal thickness (p<0.0001) were associated with decreased mean retinal sensitivity. No associations were found between choroidal thickness and retinal sensitivity within the macula. Within the 10° diameter circle of the macula, the presence of ellipsoid disruption, subretinal fluid, atrophy and fibrosis, and outer retinal tubulation on OCT images was also associated with decreased retinal sensitivity (all p<0.05).ConclusionsThere is an association between TRS as determined by MAIA microperimetry and several OCT structural parameters across various stages of AMD. This study highlights the relevance of microperimetry as a functional outcome measure for AMD.
Aurora borealis and string of pearls in vitreoretinal lymphoma: patterns of vitreous haze
Authors: Marchese Alessandro , Miserocchi Elisabetta , Giuffrè Chiara , Cicinelli Maria Vittoria , Querques Giuseppe , Bandello Francesco , Modorati Giulio 
Published: February 2019

AimsPeculiar retinal signs of vitreoretinal lymphoma (VRL) have been identified. However, limited information on the vitreous features of VRL is available. This study aims to characterise the vitreous involvement in VRL with the help of multimodal imaging.MethodsIn this retrospective, observational study, we reviewed charts and imaging of all patients with biopsy-proven VRL seen from January 2016 to April 2018 at a single referral centre. These included ultrawide-field imaging, ophthalmic ultrasonography and slit-lamp photography. The main outcome measures were patterns of vitreous haze of VRL, as observed by combining clinical and multimodal imaging information.ResultsTwenty-six eyes of 13 patients were included. At presentation, vitreous haze was present in 24 eyes (92%) and was the only sign of VRL in 4 eyes (15%). Three patterns of vitreous haze were identified in VRL. An aurora borealis pattern was present in 12 eyes and showed linear opacities with a myriad of cells aligned along the vitreous fibrils. A string of pearls pattern was present in two eyes at baseline and developed in other four eyes after vitrectomy, showing fine fibrils connecting bunches of inflammatory material. A non-specific pattern was observed in 10 eyes. Ophthalmic ultrasound showed corpuscular material correlating with the grading of vitreous haze.ConclusionVRL shows different patterns of vitreous haze. Multimodal imaging, including ultrawide-field imaging and slit-lamp photography, helps in recognising these patterns, raising suspicion for VRL.