bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Painful Complications After Cosmetic Surgery: Management of Peripheral Nerve Injury
Authors: Chopra Karan , Kokosis Georgios , Slavin Benjamin , Williams Eric , Dellon A Lee 
Published: October 2018

Abstract

Background
Aesthetic procedures are among the most common surgeries performed by plastic surgeons. The prevalence of persistent pain remains unknown and underappreciated in the plastic surgery literature.

Objectives
The purpose of this article was to increase awareness of this problem while describing the diagnostic and management strategies for patients with postoperative pain after aesthetic plastic surgery.

Methods
A literature review was performed utilizing the PubMed database to identify painful complications of brachioplasty, blepharoplasty, rhytidectomy, abdominoplasty, breast augmentation, mastopexy, and breast reduction. A treatment algorithm was described to guide plastic surgeons presented with patients reporting pain after aesthetic surgery.

Results
Title and abstract review followed by application of inclusion and exclusion criteria resulted in 20 clinical studies for this review, including lateral femoral cutaneous nerve, iliohypogastric nerve, and intercostal nerves after abdominoplasty; median antebrachial cutaneous nerve after brachioplasty; supraorbital, supratrochlear, and infratrochlear nerves after blepharoplasty; greater auricular nerve, auriculotemporal nerve, and zygomaticofacial nerve after rhytidectomy; and intercostobrachial nerve after breast surgery.

Conclusions
Neuromas can be the source of pain following aesthetic surgery. The same clinical and diagnostic approach used for upper and lower extremity neuroma pain can be employed in patients with persistent pain after aesthetic surgery.

Level of Evidence: 4
Embracing intensionality: Paradoxicality and semi-truth operators in fixed point models
Authors: Tourville Nicholas , Cook Roy T 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe Embracing Revenge account of semantic paradox avoids the expressive limitations of previous approaches based on the Kripkean fixed point construction by replacing a single language with an indefinitely extensible sequence of languages, each of which contains the resources to fully characterize the semantics of the previous languages. In this paper we extend the account developed in Cook (2008), Cook (2009), Schlenker (2010), and Tourville and Cook (2016) via the addition of intensional operators such as ``is paradoxical''. In this extended framework we are able to characterize the difference between sentences, such as the Liar and the Truth-teller, that receive the same semantic value in minimal fixed points yet seem to involve distinct semantic phenomena.
The IMO and Global Ocean Governance
Authors: Balkin Rosalie P 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter shows how the 171 Member States and 3 Associate Members that make up the International Maritime Organization’s (IMO) membership have shown themselves to be focussed on promoting the twin goals of safe, secure, sound, and efficient shipping on clean oceans. This has been achieved in part through the establishment and maintenance of a web of regulations ranging from over 50 fully fledged multinational conventions to a host of other so-called ‘soft law’ instruments. More remarkably, most of the Organization’s main safety and environmental conventions cover over 90 per cent of the tonnage of the world’s commercial fleet. This underscores the significance attributed by the IMO and its membership to the need for global standards and practices. Doubtless, however, much effort still remains to be expended to ensure the global uniform application of these regulations.
The IMO: Maritime Security
Authors: Trelawny Chris 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter provides a new perspective on the subject of maritime security. It argues that piracy and armed robbery at sea are in reality land-based problems, the root causes of which still remain to be addressed by the international community. However, this chapter also maintains that, instead of focussing on short-term security measures, the stress factors that lead to instability, insecurity, and uncontrolled mass migration should also be addressed. The aim should be to improve economic development, supported by maritime development and underpinned by maritime security. Furthermore, the chapter examines not only the issue of piracy and terrorism at sea but also International Maritime Organization (IMO) measures aimed at improving security of international movements of containers, which has a wider implication than just prevention of terrorism and the protection of customs revenues.
The IMO: Adoption of Counter-piracy Measures to Promote Global Ocean Governance
Authors: Hesse Hartmut Guenther 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter examines the measures taken by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) to address the issue of piracy and armed robbery, which present a serious threat to the safety of navigation and consequently to the safety of life at sea and to the marine environment. It describes a number of projects which are being implemented in and the guidance material developed by the IMO for the various affected regions. As this chapter shows, piracy and armed robbery are regional phenomena and consequently different approaches are required for different regions. Moreover, where acts of armed robbery take place in the internal waters or territorial seas of a State, this is not an issue for the international community. Rather, it is up to that State to take action or to invite action from the international community if it wishes to do so.
The IMO, the Audit Scheme, and Its Role in Global Ocean Governance
Authors: Barchue Lawrence 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter explains the origins, aims and structure of the compulsory IMO Audit Scheme recently adopted in the International Maritime Organization (IMO). The Scheme was originally trialled in the IMO on a voluntary basis. The results of the trial, in which several IMO Member States offered themselves for audit, was so positive that any remaining opposition to compulsory audit was soon overcome. The aim of the audits is not to ‘name and shame’ countries which are found to be wanting in terms of compliance with their IMO treaty obligations. Rather, it was conceived as a tool that could assist Member States in identifying any shortcomings in their legal and administrative regimes and in suggesting what further actions need to be taken to overcome these deficiencies.
The IMO: The Role of the Classification Societies in Promoting Global Ocean Governance
Authors: Delgado Ismael Cobos 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter discusses the role of classification societies in their capacity as recognized organizations (ROs) acting on behalf of maritime administrations to ensure that ships, old and new, meet their obligations under International Maritime Organization (IMO) regulations and standards. Another aspect of the role of classification societies is to ensure that ships are designed, constructed, and maintained in compliance with the standards set by the International Association of Classification Societies (IACS). The chapter helps to that the IMO acting alone cannot provide all the answers to all of the issues regarding ocean governance. After all, the Organization relies heavily on the active participation not only of its Member States but also on those intergovernmental international organizations (IGOs) and non-governmental international organizations (NGOs) that are affiliated to it. In many situations, they have the specialized expertise and experience required to ensure that whatever regulations are adopted by the IMO are practicable.
The IMO: Gender Equality, the Promotion of Women in the Maritime Sector, and Global Ocean Governance
Authors: Tansey Pamela 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter highlights the steps taken by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) to promote gender equality in the maritime sector, in line with the UN’s Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). This is especially true of MDG 3, which stresses the need for governments to provide women with the skills and tools to bring about their own empowerment. In this way, women are able to provide for their families and generally to make positive, often vital, contributions to the economies of their countries. Employment in the shipping sector has been shown to provide women with access to a regular salary. This has a direct impact on the economic viability of the extended family structure, particularly in developing regions of the world.
The Work of the International Civil Aviation Organization in Respect of Global Ocean Governance
Authors: Rodotheatos Gerasimos 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the work of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) in respect to global ocean governance. ICAO, which was created to replace the International Commission for Air Navigation (ICAN), has three main goals: encourage international civil aviation and promotion of its benefits; preserve the safety of flights and relevant equipment and installations; and eliminate obstacles and ease tensions related to civil aviation. The chapter first provides a background on ICAO before discussing its role in global ocean governance. It also considers the three pillars of interaction that fall under ICAO’s mandate and are deeply related to ocean affairs and the mandate of marine organizations: aviation, safety/security, and environment. Finally, it assesses future prospects for ICAO with regard to its mandate by highlighting three areas: knowledge building for environmental protection and management, civil–military cooperation in air and sea, and preparedness for emerging/upcoming technological challenges.
INMARSAT and the Modern International Mobile Satellite Organization
Authors: Lyall Francis , Larsen Paul B 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter focuses on INMARSAT and the modern International Mobile Satellite Organisation (IMSO). INMARSAT is a commercial company that provides maritime communications by satellite as well as telecommunication services to mobile users. It also has international service obligations that fall within the Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS) established by the International Maritime Organisation in 1988. Compliance with these is supervised by the IMSO. The chapter first provides a technical background on INMARSAT as well as an overview of its history and its maritime satellite communications services before turning to the IMSO and what it does. In addition to technical responsibilities in relation to GDMSS and the Long-Range Identification and Tracking of Ships (LRIT), IMSO has entered into an Agreement of Cooperation with the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) relating to aeronautical mobile satellite communications.
Global Ocean Governance
Authors: Asariotis Regina , Mott Graham , Premti Anila , Vivas-Eugui David 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter discusses the work of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) in the area of global ocean governance. UNCTAD is the leading agency of the United Nations in the integrated treatment of trade and development as well as interrelated issues of finance, technology, investment and sustainable development. The chapter first provides a brief historical account of UNCTAD before discussing its role in ocean governance, with a focus on international maritime transport law and policy. It then considers UNCTAD policy research and advice with respect to carriage of goods and international trade law; admiralty law, marine insurance and general average; maritime and supply-chain security; and climate change and maritime transport. The chapter also reviews UNCTAD’s future prospects in terms of ocean governance, role in the governance of trade in fish, and the new UNCTAD XIV mandate.
Our Oceans, Our Livelihoods
Authors: Wong Meagan , Elias Olufemi 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the role of the World Bank in ocean governance. Created in 1944, the World Bank is an international financial institution belonging to the United Nations (UN) system. It comprises two institutions: the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and the International Development Association (IDA). The chapter first provides an institutional overview and structure of the World Bank before discussing its position in the UN system as well as its mission. It then considers the World Bank’s role in the conservation and management of oceans, and particularly in the areas of food security, marine biodiversity and climate change. It also examines the World Bank’s strategy towards helping to restore ocean health to an optimal through its so-called blue projects.
Ethics of International Maritime Law and Ocean Governance
Authors: Pavliha Marko 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter examines the role of ethics in international maritime law and ocean governance. It first considers the general ethical flavour of international law, giving a few examples of moral standards in the law of the sea and maritime law, before discussing a range of issues relating to ocean governance. It suggests that the phrase ‘international maritime law’ should be understood broadly as inspired by the International Maritime Organization’s International Maritime Law Institute (IMO IMLI), thus including the law of the sea as part of public international law and the maritime law, also known as shipping, admiralty or marine law. The chapter goes on to outline actions aimed at conserving and sustainably using the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development. Finally, it offers recommendations on how to improve legal education with an obligatory course on legal ethics.
Hepatitis C is an Independent Risk Factor for Perioperative Complications and Nonroutine Discharge in Patients Treated Surgically for Hip Fractures
Authors: Grau Luis , Zachwieja Erik , Summers Spencer H. , Massel Dustin H. , Ong Alvin , Hernandez Victor H. , Merose Omri 
Published: October 2018

Objective:
To evaluate the relationship between noncirrhotic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, perioperative complications, and discharge status in patients undergoing surgical procedures for hip fractures.

Methods:
A retrospective epidemiological study was performed, querying the National Hospital Discharge Survey. Patients were selected using the International Classification of Diseases-9 diagnostic codes for hip fracture and primary procedural codes for open reduction internal fixation, hemiarthroplasty, total hip arthroplasty, or internal fixation. Patients with concurrent cirrhosis, HIV, hepatitis A, B, D, or E were excluded. Pearson χ2 tests, independent-samples t test, and multivariable binary logistic regression were used for data analysis.

Results:
Two cohorts surgically treated for a hip fracture were identified and compared. The first cohort included 5377 patients with a concurrent diagnosis of noncirrhotic HCV infection (HCV+) and the second included 4,712,159 patients without a diagnosis of HCV (HCV−). The HCV+ cohort was younger and had fewer medical comorbidities, yet was found to have a longer length of hospital stay, higher rates of nonroutine discharge, and higher rates of complications than the HCV− cohort. Multivariate regression analysis demonstrated that HCV+ is an independent risk factor for perioperative complications and nonroutine discharge.

Conclusions:
In conclusion, our study demonstrates a negative association between noncirrhotic HCV infection and hip fracture surgery outcomes. Caution and appropriate preparation should be taken when surgically treating hip fractures in HCV+ patients because of higher risk of perioperative complications and nonroutine discharge.

Level of Evidence:
Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Expectant Management of High-Grade Anal Dysplasia in People with HIV: Long-term Data
Authors: Cajas-Monson Luis C. , Ramamoorthy Sonia L. , Cosman Bard C. 
Published: October 2018

BACKGROUND:
Both ablation and expectant management of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions have been proposed. Expectant management would be reasonable if 1) the rate of high-grade squamous epithelial lesion progression to anal squamous cell carcinoma were low, and 2) anal squamous cell carcinoma arising under surveillance had a better prognosis than anal squamous cell carcinoma presenting without an identified precursor.

OBJECTIVE:
This study aims to quantify aspects of high-grade squamous epithelial lesion/anal squamous cell carcinoma clinical evolution in a surgical practice.

DESIGN:
This is a retrospective cohort study.

SETTINGS:
This study was performed in 1 colorectal surgeon’s practice over a 20-year period.

PATIENTS:
Consecutive patients with high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion and anal squamous cell carcinoma were included.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:
We looked at the rate and timing of progression to anal squamous cell carcinoma, and the stage, treatment, and outcome of anal squamous cell carcinoma. We reviewed a comparison group of HIV-positive patients presenting de novo with anal squamous cell carcinoma (no prior history of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion).

RESULTS:
With consideration of only HIV-positive patients, 341 patients had a mean 5.6 years follow-up from high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion diagnosis to the most recent documented anal examination. Twenty-four of these surveillance patients developed anal squamous cell carcinoma, yielding a progression rate of 1.3% per patient-year. Mean follow-up was 7.3 years from the initial cancer diagnosis to the most recent contact. Forty-seven patients who presented de novo with anal squamous cell carcinoma developed 74 lesions, with a mean follow-up of 5.7 years after initial diagnosis. This de novo group had higher anal squamous cell carcinoma-specific mortality (3% per patient-year vs 0.05%). Our study did not show a significantly higher rate of high stage (stage III or IV) at anal squamous cell carcinoma diagnosis in the de novo group in comparison with the surveillance group (25.5% vs 8.3% (p = 0.09)).

LIMITATIONS:
This study was retrospective in nature and had a predominately male population.

CONCLUSIONS:
The progression of untreated high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion to anal squamous cell carcinoma approximates 1% per patient-year. Anal squamous cell carcinoma developing under surveillance tends to be of an earlier stage and to require fewer major interventions than anal squamous cell carcinoma presenting de novo. Cancer-specific mortality was lower for malignancies that developed under surveillance. We suggest that expectant management of patients with high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion is a rational strategy for preventing anal cancer morbidity. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/A699.
Aspects of the Natural History of Sessile Serrated Adenomas/Polyps: Risk Indicators for Carcinogenesis in the Colorectal Mucosa?
Authors: Neary Peter M. , Schwartzberg David M. , Bora Cengiz Turgot , Kalady Matthew F. , Church James M. 
Published: October 2018

BACKGROUND:
Sessile serrated adenomas/polyps are potentially premalignant colorectal lesions that are precursors to colorectal cancer arising via CpG island methylator phenotype. They are caused by the combination of a BRAF mutation and promoter hypermethylation. DNA methylation is an age-dependent phenomenon in the right colon, and we would expect the occurrence and severity of serrated neoplasia to reflect this.

OBJECTIVE:
The purpose of this study was to document the natural history of sessile serrated adenomas/polyps, including the ages at which they appear and the ranges of their number, size, and associated lesions.

DESIGN:
This was a retrospective cohort study.

SETTINGS:
The study was conducted at a tertiary referral center.

PATIENTS:
Consecutive patients with sessile serrated adenomas/polyps removed between 2006 and 2015 were included. Patients with IBD, familial adenomatous polyposis, Lynch syndrome, serrated polyposis, and hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer were excluded.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:
Age at which polyps were first diagnosed, location and size of polyps, demographics, and family history were measured.

RESULTS:
A total of 440 patients had 668 sessile serrated adenomas/polyps, 257 (58%) also had ≥1 adenoma, and 28 (6%) had a history of colorectal cancer. Mean age at diagnosis was 68 ± 11 years, and 45% were men. Two hundred had had ≥1 colonoscopy before the diagnosis of the first sessile serrated adenomas/polyps. A total of 136 patients (31%) had multiple sessile serrated adenomas/polyps, including 24% synchronous and 10% metachronous. The range of total cumulative sessile serrated adenomas/polyps was from 1 to 7. A total of 554 (83%) of 668 sessile serrated adenomas/polyps were right sided; 48% were ≥1 cm diameter and 22% were >2 cm. The size of the first sessile serrated adenomas/polyps in those diagnosed under age 50 years averaged 10 mm, those between 50 and 60 years averaged 12 mm, and those between 60 and 70 years averaged 12 mm.

LIMITATIONS:
No measurement of methylation or BRAF mutations in polyps or normal mucosa and a lack of subclassification of hyperplastic polyps limited this study.

CONCLUSIONS:
The age of onset of sessile serrated adenomas/polyps varies, but the pattern is consistent with increasing methylation in the mucosa. Early negative colonoscopies predict a low risk of methylator cancers. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/A736.
Influence of Intraoperative Air Tamponade Time on Graft Adherence in Descemet Membrane Endothelial Keratoplasty
Authors: Santander-García Diana , Peraza-Nieves Jorge , Müller Thomas M. , Gerber-Hollbach Nadine , Baydoun Lamis , Liarakos Vasilios S. , Dapena Isabel , Oellerich Silke , Van Dijk Korine , Melles Gerrit R. J. 
Published: October 2018

Purpose:
To study the influence of different intraoperative air tamponade times on graft adherence after Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK).

Methods:
In this interventional case series, we evaluated 117 eyes with Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD) that underwent DMEK using intraoperative air tamponade times of 60 minutes (group I; n = 39), 45 minutes (group II; n = 39), or 30 minutes (group III; n = 39). At 1 and 6 months postoperatively, graft adherence status, endothelial cell density, central pachymetry, and postoperative complications were recorded.

Results:
At 1 month, 19 of the 117 eyes (16.2%) showed a clinically significant detachment (>1/3 of the graft surface area and affecting visual axis): 6 eyes in group I (15.4%), 5 eyes in group II (12.8%), and 8 eyes in group III (20.5%) (P = 0.82). A minor detachment (<1/3 of the graft surface area and not affecting visual axis) was observed in 6 eyes in group I (15.4%), in 7 eyes in group II (17.9%), and in 4 eyes in group III (10.3%) (P = 0.82). The overall rebubbling rate was 11%, with no difference among the groups (P = 0.07). Mean endothelial cell density decrease at 6 months was 41% (±17%) (P = 0.56), whereas mean central pachymetry decreased by 23 (±10) % (P = 0.77), with no differences between the groups.

Conclusions:
The incidence of graft detachment after DMEK for FECD did not differ between the eyes that had a 60-, 45-, or 30-minute intraoperative air tamponade. Reducing the intraoperative air tamponade time to 30 minutes may be considered for DMEK in eyes with uncomplicated FECD.