bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sharing the Riches of the Sea: The Redistributive and Fiscal Dimension of Deep Seabed Exploitation
Authors: Feichtner Isabel 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This article seeks to clarify how the principle of common heritage is being implemented and concretized by the fiscal regime of deep seabed mining. It first explicates the exploitation rationale underlying the common heritage principle. It argues that common heritage is a jurisdictional principle that lays the basis for the international allocation and administration of exploitation rights and, thus, for the effective economic exploitation of seabed minerals. This exploitation bias is strengthened by the perceived remoteness of deep seabed mining and the real institutional disembeddedness of the International Seabed Authority (ISA). To better understand the distribution conflicts that the law of deep seabed mining addresses, the article introduces two (competing) sets of public interest objectives: participation in exploitation and revenue generation pursued by newly independent (and, today, developing) states and access to raw materials pursued by industrialized states. The article then focuses on the different ways in which the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and the 1994 Agreement on the Implementation of Part XI promote, reconcile and detract from the identified public interest objectives. It reveals how the participation objective has given way to a focus on market supply and revenue generation, and how the changes of the 1994 Implementation Agreement may be read as an attempt to dissolve the conflict between these competing public interest objectives, and to depoliticize the seabed regime. Third, the article turns to the ongoing work on a mining code for the deep seabed that, inter alia, must implement the ISA’s mandates to generate revenue from deep seabed mining and to redistribute this revenue. It shows how the ISA’s adoption of an individualist stakeholder orientation and its deference to commercial expectations of profitability, in the context of growing political attention to the oceans as a source of economic growth, are further transforming the notion of common heritage and benefit sharing and concomitantly undermine the regime’s redistributive ambitions. It also clarifies how the sponsorship of deep seabed mining by small Pacific island states holds only little promise of significant public revenue generation for these states, but may work to undermine solidarity among developing states. The article ends with a call on international lawyers to recognize the designing of a mining code for the deep seabed as the making of political economy.
Rapamycin Affects Palmitate-Induced Lipotoxicity in Osteoblasts by Modulating Apoptosis and Autophagy
Authors: Al Saedi Ahmed , A. Goodman Craig , E. Myers Damian , Hayes Alan , Duque Gustavo 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Bone marrow fat infiltration is one of the hallmarks of aging and osteoporotic bones. Marrow adipocytes produce substantial amounts of palmitic acid (PA). PA is toxic to bone-forming osteoblasts in vitro, affecting their differentiation, function, and survival. Since rapamycin (RAP)-induced inhibition of target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) activates autophagy and prevents apoptosis, we hypothesized that RAP may preserve osteoblast viability and reduce PA-induced lipotoxicity. Normal human osteoblasts were incubated with RAP in the presence of a lipotoxic concentration of PA or vehicle for 24 and 48 hours. Expression of LC3 protein levels and the phosphorylation of the direct mTORC1 target p70S6K1-T389 were quantified by Western blot. Lysosomes and autophagosomes were studied using confocal fluorescence imaging, lysotracker, and live-cell imaging. RAP reduced PA-induced apoptosis. In addition, PA-induced autophagosome formation increased substantially over the time-course, an effect that was significantly regulated by the presence of RAP in the media. In addition, LC3I/II ratios were higher in PA-induced cells with RAP whereas p70S6K1-T389 were lower in PA and RAP together. In summary, this study highlights the role of the RAP-sensitive mTORC1 pathway in normal human osteoblasts under lipotoxic conditions. RAP-associated therapies could, potentially, be targeted for specific roles in osteoporosis and aging bone.
The genome assembly and annotation of yellowhorn (Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge)
Authors: Liang Qiang , Li Huayang , Li Shouke , Yuan Fuling , Sun Jingfeng , Duan Qicheng , Li Qingyun , Zhang Rui , Sang Ya Lin , Wang Nian , Hou Xiangwen , Yang Ke Qiang , Liu Jian Ning , Yang Long 
Published: June 2019

Abstract

Background
Yellowhorn (Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge), a deciduous shrub or small tree native to north China, is of great economic value. Seeds of yellowhorn are rich in oil containing unsaturated long-chain fatty acids that have been used for producing edible oil and nervonic acid capsules. However, the lack of a high-quality genome sequence hampers the understanding of its evolution and gene functions.

Findings
In this study, a whole genome of yellowhorn was sequenced and assembled by integration of Illumina sequencing, Pacific Biosciences single-molecule real-time sequencing, 10X Genomics linked reads, Bionano optical maps, and Hi-C. The yellowhorn genome assembly was 439.97 Mb, which comprised 15 pseudo-chromosomes covering 95.42% (419.84 Mb) of the assembled genome. The repetitive fractions accounted for 56.39% of the yellowhorn genome. The genome contained 21,059 protein-coding genes. Of them, 18,503 (87.86%) genes were found to be functionally annotated with ≥1 "annotation" term by searching against other databases. Transcriptomic analysis showed that 341, 135, 125, 113, and 100 genes were specifically expressed in hermaphrodite flower, staminate flower, young fruit, leaf, and shoot, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that yellowhorn and Dimocarpus longan diverged from their most recent common ancestor ~46 million years ago.

Conclusions
The availability and subsequent annotation of the yellowhorn genome, as well as the identification of tissue-specific functional genes, provides a valuable reference for plant comparative genomics, evolutionary studies, and molecular design breeding.
A large interactive visual database of copy number variants discovered in taurine cattle
Authors: Kommadath Arun , Grant Jason R , Krivushin Kirill , Butty Adrien M , Baes Christine F , Carthy Tara R , Berry Donagh P , Stothard Paul 
Published: June 2019

Abstract

Background
Copy number variants (CNVs) contribute to genetic diversity and phenotypic variation. We aimed to discover CNVs in taurine cattle using a large collection of whole-genome sequences and to provide an interactive database of the identified CNV regions (CNVRs) that includes visualizations of sequence read alignments, CNV boundaries, and genome annotations.

Results
CNVs were identified in each of 4 whole-genome sequencing datasets, which together represent &gt;500 bulls from 17 breeds, using a popular multi-sample read-depth−based algorithm, cn.MOPS. Quality control and CNVR construction, performed dataset-wise to avoid batch effects, resulted in 26,223 CNVRs covering 107.75 unique Mb (4.05%) of the bovine genome. Hierarchical clustering of samples by CNVR genotypes indicated clear separation by breeds. An interactive HTML database was created that allows data filtering options, provides graphical and tabular data summaries including Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium tests on genotype proportions, and displays genes and quantitative trait loci at each CNVR. Notably, the database provides sequence read alignments at each CNVR genotype and the boundaries of constituent CNVs in individual samples. Besides numerous novel discoveries, we corroborated the genotypes reported for a CNVR at the KIT locus known to be associated with the piebald coat colour phenotype in Hereford and some Simmental cattle.

Conclusions
We present a large comprehensive collection of taurine cattle CNVs in a novel interactive visual database that displays CNV boundaries, read depths, and genome features for individual CNVRs, thus providing users with a powerful means to explore and scrutinize CNVRs of interest more thoroughly.
Swing-back and trap-door technique repair for interrupted aortic arch with right-sided descending aorta
Authors: Shiraishi Shuichi , Sugimoto Ai , Tsuchida Masanori 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
A right-sided descending aorta with a left aortic arch is a rare congenital anomaly in which the aortic arch crosses the midline from the left side of the trachea coursing to the descending aorta in the right thoracic cavity. The surgical repair of an interrupted aortic arch with a right-sided descending aorta carries great risks of bronchial and oesophageal obstruction. Herein, we describe a case of successful surgical repair of an interrupted aortic arch with a right-sided descending aorta using the swing-back and trap-door techniques.
Development and dissemination of clinical decision support across institutions: standardization and sharing of refugee health screening modules
Authors: Orenstein Evan W , Yun Katherine , Warden Clara , Westerhaus Michael J , Mirth Morgan G , Karavite Dean , Mamo Blain , Sundar Kavya , Michel Jeremy J 
Published: June 2019

Abstract

Objectives
We developed and piloted a process for sharing guideline-based clinical decision support (CDS) across institutions, using health screening of newly arrived refugees as a case example.

Materials and Methods
We developed CDS to support care of newly arrived refugees through a systematic process including a needs assessment, a 2-phase cognitive task analysis, structured preimplementation testing, local implementation, and staged dissemination. We sought consensus from prospective users on CDS scope, applicable content, basic supported workflows, and final structure. We documented processes and developed sharable artifacts from each phase of development. We publically shared CDS artifacts through online dissemination platforms. We collected feedback and implementation data from implementation sites.

Results
Responses from 19 organizations demonstrated a need for improved CDS for newly arrived refugee patients. A guided multicenter workflow analysis identified 2 main workflows used by organizations that would need to be supported by shared CDS. We developed CDS through an iterative design process, which was successfully disseminated to other sites using online dissemination repositories. Implementation sites had a small-to-modest analyst time commitment but reported a good match between CDS and workflow.

Conclusion
Sharing of CDS requires overcoming technical and workflow barriers. We used a guided multicenter workflow analysis and online dissemination repositories to create flexible CDS that has been adapted at 3 sites. Organizations looking to develop sharable CDS should consider evaluating the workflows of multiple institutions and collecting feedback on scope, design, and content in order to make a more generalizable product.
The Dynamics of “Neither Agree Nor Disagree” Answers in Attitudinal Questions
Authors: Truebner Miriam 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Attitudinal questions are an integral part of surveys in the social sciences. Previous research based on cross-sectional data has shown that both respondents’ characteristics and questionnaire design can lead to higher use of midpoint responses when questions are operationalized on uneven rating scales. To further current understanding of this phenomenon, in this article we apply hybrid regression models to analyze differences between respondents but also developmental changes within respondents, allowing for a more profound interpretation of the dynamics behind midpoint responses, theoretically explained by satisficing behavior. For our midpoint analyses, we use a set of attitudinal item blocks asked in the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS) from 1991 to 2008. Respondents’ reports and interviewers’ judgments offer satisficing-related indicators regarding ability and motivation, enabling particularly accurate analyses of midpoint response behavior in terms of the “neither agree nor disagree” option. Results show that depending on respondents’ specific characteristics, higher use of the midpoint cannot automatically be equated with nonsubstantive response behavior. Furthermore, we demonstrate that specific indicators related to low ability and motivation do not uniformly increase midpoint responses. Application of the hybrid model reveals that changes in respondents’ characteristics do not affect midpoint response. We speculate that there are unobserved personality attributes that affect the propensity to midpoint response and conclude by reflecting on reasons for the increase in midpoint responses over the years.
Epimutations in Developmental Genes Underlie the Onset of Domestication in Farmed European Sea Bass
Authors: Anastasiadi Dafni , Piferrer Francesc 
Published: June 2019

AbstractDomestication of wild animals induces a set of phenotypic characteristics collectively known as the domestication syndrome. However, how this syndrome emerges is still not clear. Recently, the neural crest cell deficit hypothesis proposed that it is generated by a mildly disrupted neural crest cell developmental program, but clear support is lacking due to the difficulties of distinguishing pure domestication effects from preexisting genetic differences between farmed and wild mammals and birds. Here, we use a farmed fish as model to investigate the role of persistent changes in DNA methylation (epimutations) in the process of domestication. We show that early domesticates of sea bass, with no genetic differences with wild counterparts, contain epimutations in tissues with different embryonic origins. About one fifth of epimutations that persist into adulthood are established by the time of gastrulation and affect genes involved in developmental processes that are expressed in embryonic structures, including the neural crest. Some of these genes are differentially expressed in sea bass with lower jaw malformations, a key feature of domestication syndrome. Interestingly, these epimutations significantly overlap with cytosine-to-thymine polymorphisms after 25 years of selective breeding. Furthermore, epimutated genes coincide with genes under positive selection in other domesticates. We argue that the initial stages of domestication include dynamic alterations in DNA methylation of developmental genes that affect the neural crest. Our results indicate a role for epimutations during the beginning of domestication that could be fixed as genetic variants and suggest a conserved molecular process to explain Darwin’s domestication syndrome across vertebrates.
Irish Poetry of the First World War
Authors: Dawe Gerald 
Published: June 2019

In his poem “On Being Asked for a War Poem” (1915), the Nobel laureate W. B. Yeats (b. 1865–d. 1939) expressed the view that “in times like these” he thought “it better” that “A poet’s mouth be silent, for in truth| We have no gift to set a statesman right.” In the introduction to The Oxford Book of Modern Verse, 1892–1935 (1936), which he edited, Yeats rejected many of those poets associated with the Great War, chief among them Wilfred Owen, because he considered “passive suffering” unsuitable for poetry. “In all the great tragedies, tragedy is a joy to the man who dies; in Greece the tragic chorus danced,” he affirmed. The truth is that many thousands of Yeats’s fellow Irishmen fought and died in World War I. Kathleen Tynan, one of Yeats’s early supporters and friends and a well-known poet and writer of the time, had two sons who fought in the war. Her poem and collection titled Flower of Youth (1915) was hugely popular in both Ireland and the United Kingdom, while other Irish poets who were well known to Yeats fought in the war, such as Thomas MacGreevy, who was twice wounded. The presence of the war and its widespread impact on the lives of so many families from all classes and religious backgrounds became ensnared in the politics and military struggle for national independence that eventually led, after the war, to two separate and somewhat mutually hostile jurisdictions on the island with two competing “master” narratives, those of Irish nationalism and Ulster unionism. In the fifty or so years that followed Irish independence (1922), that is, up to the early 1970s, the experience of World War I proved hugely problematic, particularly in regard to civic commemoration, and it divided public recognition in the Irish Free State—later the Irish Republic—between those who had suffered the loss of family and those who survived and whose stories were considered to have no place in the new Irish state. There were Irish writers, however, who had left behind a poetic legacy based upon their time fighting (and dying) in regiments of the British army, among them, Thomas Kettle and Francis Ledwidge; others, such as Patrick McGill, C. S. Lewis, and Monk Gibbon, suffered both physical and mental scars. Still others, including Winifred Letts, witnessed firsthand as a nurse the tragedy as it unfolded. Generally speaking, in Ireland the subject of World War I and its impact within the country became taboo, except for Remembrance Sunday, which was commemorated in Northern Ireland. From the soldiers who were published poets before they joined up in the early days of the Great War to those reimagining the conflict and its personal meanings long after, and notwithstanding Yeats’s undoubted opposition and disfavor toward war as a befitting subject of tragedy, Irish literature produced its own powerful tradition. World War I and Irish poetry was no longer the self-excluding subject it once had been.
Relativistic accretion disk winds under relativistic radiation transfer
Authors: Takeda Nao , Fukue Jun 
Published: June 2019

AbstractRelativistic accretion disk winds driven by disk radiation are numerically examined by calculating the relativistic radiative transfer equation under a plane-parallel approximation. We first solve the relativistic transfer equation iteratively, using a given velocity field, and obtain specific intensities as well as moment quantities. Using the obtained flux, we then solve the vertical hydrodynamical equation under the central gravity, and obtain a new velocity field and the mass-loss rate as an eigenvalue. We repeat these double iteration processes until both the intensity and velocity profiles converge. We further calculate these vertical disk winds at various disk radii for appropriate boundary conditions, and obtain the mass-loss rate as a function of a disk radius for a given disk luminosity. Since in the present study we assume a vertical flow, and the rotational effect is ignored, the disk wind can marginally escape for the Eddington disk luminosity. When the disk luminosity is close to the Eddington one, the wind flow is firstly decelerated at around z ∼ r, and then accelerated to escape. For a larger disk luminosity, on the other hand, the wind flow is monotonically accelerated to infinity. Under the boundary condition that the wind terminal velocity is equal to the Keplerian speed at the disk, we find that the normalized mass-loss rate per unit area, $\skew9\hat{\skew9\dot{J}}$, is roughly expressed as $\skew9\hat{\skew9\dot{J}} \sim 3 (r_{\rm in}/r_{\rm S}) \Gamma _{\rm d} \tau _{\rm b} (r/r_{\rm S})^{-5/2}(1-\sqrt{r_{\rm in}/r})$, where rin is the disk inner radius, rS is the Schwarzschild radius of the central object, Γd is the disk normalized luminosity, τb is the wind optical depth, and r is the radial distance from the center.
Long-term simulations of multi-dimensional core-collapse supernovae: Implications for neutron star kicks
Authors: Nakamura Ko , Takiwaki Tomoya , Kotake Kei 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Core-collapse supernovae (CCSNe) are the final stage of massive stars, marking the birth of neutron stars (NSs). The aspherical mass ejection drives a natal kick of the forming NS. In this work we study the properties of the NS kick based on our long-term hydrodynamics CCSN simulations. We perform two-dimensional (2D) simulations for ten progenitors from a 10.8 to 20$\, M_{\odot }$ star covering a wide range of the progenitor’s compactness parameter, and two three-dimensional (3D) simulations for an 11.2$\, M_{\odot }$ star. Our 2D models present a variety of explosion energies between ∼1.3 × 1050 erg and ∼1.2 × 1051 erg, and NS kick velocities between ∼100 km s−1 and ∼1500 km s−1. For the 2D exploding models, we find that the kick velocities tend to become higher with the progenitor’s compactness. This is because the high progenitor compactness results in high neutrino luminosity from the proto-neutron star (PNS), leading to more energetic explosions. Since high-compactness progenitors produce massive PNSs, we point out that the NS masses and the kick velocities can be correlated, which is moderately supported by observation. Comparing 2D and 3D models of the 11.2$\, M_{\odot }$ star, the diagnostic explosion energy in 3D is, as previously identified, higher than that in 2D, whereas the 3D model results in a smaller asymmetry in the ejecta distribution and a smaller kick velocity than in 2D. Our results confirm the importance of self-consistent CCSN modeling covering a long-term post-bounce evolution in 3D for a quantitative prediction of the NS kicks.
Improving access to finance for young innovative enterprises with growth potential: Evidence of impact of R&D grant schemes on firms' outputs
Authors: Testa Giuseppina , Szkuta Katarzyna , Cunningham Paul N 
Published: June 2019

AbstractResponding to the lack of in-depth research into the effects of R&D grants for scale-ups, this article examines how they impact upon firms' employment, firm economic and innovative performance, and firm innovative activities. Drawing on both policy evaluations and empirical literature relating to R&D programmes and firms' outputs, it contributes by discussing and comparing different types of R&D programmes and analyzing the wider policy implications. Overall, positive outcomes are found on employment, total sales and share of innovative sales (effects which can persist for several years), and companies' innovation capacities. Moreover, the effects for R&D grants for scale-ups are larger than the effects of both generic R&D grants and R&D subsidies. In terms of policy implications, R&D grants stimulate and prepare companies for growth and targeted funding (technology focused) delivers better results for disruptive innovations, whereas generic grants for small and medium-sized enterprises are better suited for knowledge diffusion. Despite the positive effects of milestone-based selection mechanisms and phased funding, they are still under-used. Competitive R&D grants help companies to attract follow up (especially equity) funding. When coupled with complementary services (e.g. networking, advice), there is a longer lasting effect. Lastly, tax incentives and grants are complementary as regards to their impact on firm growth and innovation activities.