bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Flupol: A Forecasting Model for Flow and Pollutant Discharge from Sewerage Systems during Rainfall Events
Authors: Bujon G. , Herremans L. , Phan L. 
Published: May 2018

For several years now, urban stormwaters have been identified as a major cause of pollution, along with wastewater. Before listing the technical solutions, it is important to assess the quantity of the effluent and spills with sufficient precision.
These are the goals set for the FLUPOL model, developed jointly by Agence de l'Eau Seine-Normandie, Syndicat des Eaux d'lle-de-France and Compagnie Générale des Eaux. This model calculates the flow rates and discharges of Suspended Solids, BOD5, COD, and Kjeldahl Nitrogen downstream from an urban catchment and its drainage system after a given rainfall, without needing too complex and expensive data. The phenomena simulated range from accumulation of polluting matter on urban surfaces during dry weather to the transit of flow and pollution in the sewer, including possible deposition or resuspension processes.
The FLUPOL model was adjusted and subsequently validated using several series of measurements carried out in France, and has been used in several sewerage studies taking into account the polluting discharges during wet weather.
Considering flow rates and pollutant discharges, the difference between the calculated results and the measurements has always been less than 20 %. The model can then be applied in other drainage systems than those used for calibration and validation.
Membrane Separation of Raw and Anaerobically Digested Pig Manure
Authors: Bilstad T. , Madland M. , Espedal E. , Hanssen P. H. 
Published: May 2018

Manure ought to be controlled and handled environmentally soundly. Volume reduction of surplus manure by reverse osmosis (RO) is a viable and economic option in certain areas where another alternative is to reduce the number of animals.
This membrane separation project arose out of an urgent need to re-establish an ecological balance between farming and the natural environment without necessarily having to decrease the number of livestock. The suggested technical solutions should not significantly reduce the standard of living of the farmers.
Dewatering of manure makes it easier to store and transport the nutrients. RO coupled to anaerobic digestion as pretreatment with inherent production of biogas energy leads to on-site production and use of biological fertilizer and humus. Such treatment will improve the hygienic conditions and general health of the farming communities compared to purchase and sole use of chemical fertilizers.
Mechanical dewatering of raw as well as anaerobically digested pig manure yields a cake of 25 % solids and a liquid fraction containing 1 % solids. The solid cake contained virtually all the phosphorous, whereas nitrogen was dissolved equally in water in both fractions. A tubular RO membrane plant separated 95 % of the total nitrogen in the liquid fraction. The particle free permeate met the effluent criteria for direct discharge to the neighbouring fjord. The concentrate approached one tenth of the original manure volume and is considered a liquid fertilizer.
Cleaning of the membranes was performed with nitric acid and the alkaline detergent Ultrasil 11. The membrane flux was fully recovered after each chemical cleaning.
Removal of Heavy Metals from Industrial Effluent by Crossflow Microfiltration
Authors: Squires R. C. 
Published: May 2018

The performance of Exxflow, a patented form of crossflow microfiltration, treating industrial wastewaters containing mixed heavy metals discharged by two types of industry is quantified and compared with the traditional technologies used for such treatment.
Pilot trial results using Exxflow are shown and compared to the performance of the full scale plants now operating on these effluents.
The operating costs of the Exxflow process are estimated for the two plants. One of which has been operating for 18 months and the other about 4 months.
The Exxflow process is described and improvements which are being developed to lower the operating costs are presented.
It is shown that industrial effluents containing mixed heavy metals are very effectively treated by the Exxflow process and since the installation of the plants the treated effluent has been of a quality suitable for discharge to the River Thames in one case and to a sewage treatment plant in the other.
Unlike other processes, Exxflow has shown that it can successfully treat effluent containing mixed metals and that removal of antimony from mixed metal waste waters is affected by the concentration of sodium sulphate in the wastewater.
Test on Microfiltration as a Tertiary Treatment Downstream of Fixed Bacteria Filtration
Authors: Langlais B. , Denis Ph , Triballeau S. , Faivre M. , Bourbigot M. M. 
Published: May 2018

Conventional methods of disinfecting sewage water are all highly sensitive to variations in the effluent quality upstream of the disinfection stage. Microfiltration was tested as a tertiary treatment downstream of biofiltration, simulating very poor biofilter efficiency, to test the limits of the microfiltration process. Despite the poor quality of the secondary effluent (COD between 100 and 400 mgO2/l, BOD5 between 30 and 150 mgO2/l and suspended solid concentrations between 15 and 90 mg/l), the microfiltration process (filtration level : 0.2 µm) eliminated all faecal germs and tenia and ascaris eggs. The total elimination of free amoeba cysts still needs to be confirmed. With the COD and BOD5 reduced by an average of 60 and 70% respectively, the effluent quality is equivalent to level e after microfiltration (COD: 90 mgO2/l and BOD5=30 mgO2/l on samples averaged over 24 hours). Turbidity, measured instead of suspended solids at outlet from the microfilter, was 99% eliminated. The colour remained between 50 and 150 mg Pt.Co/l.
Under the operating conditions applied, the minimum filtration cycle was 72 hours for a minimum permeate flow of 80 l/h/m2 of membrane.
Cycle of Halocarbons in the Air-Water Phase
Authors: Yamasaki T. , Oki N. , Okuno T. 
Published: May 2018

Halocarbons are widely distributed in environment: atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere. This report presents the data on the cycle of halocarbons in air-water phase.
Low-boiling-point halocarbons were monitored and about 10 kind of substances which include chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) were detected in the environment
The concentrations of halocarbons in air are influenced by weather conditions, especially by wind speed. Three CFCs, CFC-11, CFC-12 and CFC-113, were detected at the level of 0.18-1.70 ppb on the day (wind speed 0-lm/sec), and 0.05-0.40 ppb (5-10m/sec).
Other halomethanes, chloroform and carbon tetrachloride, were detected at the level of 0.06-0.72 ppb and 0.03-0.06 ppb; a haloethane, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, was 0.50-5.3 ppb and 0.12-0.95 ppb; and haloethylenes, trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene, were 0.02-4.1 ppb and 0.01-1.8 ppb on days of wind speed below lm/sec and 5-10m/sec, respectively.
Substances found in air were also detected in water phase. Concentration of above-mentioned halocarbons in water were at the level of 0.001-0.0095 ppb in river water, 0.002-0.06 ppb in ground water, 0.001-0.036 ppb in seawater, and 0.001-0.53 ppb in rain water.
In comparison with concentration of halocarbons of environmental measurement and estimation value by using the predictive fate model of chemical substances, haloethanes and haloethylenes in air exceeded the value of estimation. On the other hand, halomethanes in air almost agreed with its value, and in water phase were quite similar to the estimation.
Theoretical and Practical Approach to the Disinfection of Municipal Waste Water Using Chlorine Dioxide
Authors: Dernat M. , Pouillot M. 
Published: May 2018

Disinfection efficiency of urban waste water treatment depends on treated water characteristics and receiving medium. The amount of chlorine dioxide (2 to 5 mg/l) needed for a given effluent is relatively low due to its high effectiveness against many microorganisms.
No typical by-products, such as hypobromites, trihalomethanes, chloramines, are obtained with chlorine dioxide.
In a case study, bacterial analyses show that the treatment respects the limit of 2000 fecal coliforms per 100 ml of treated water and contributes to maintain the beach water quality of Deauville and Trouville in France.
Peracetic Acid Disinfection of Secondary Effluents Discharged off Coastal Seawater
Authors: Lefevre F. , Audic J. M. , Ferrand F. 
Published: May 2018

Peracetic acid (PAA), a well known powerful antimicrobial agent in hospitals and in agribusiness (Fraser, 1986), has recently been used to disinfect urban effluents. It appears to be highly competitive against chlorine (Audic, 1990; Baldry, French, Slater and Desprez, 1990; Giodani, Iacoponi, Polidori, 1989), the most widely used disinfectant for sewage disposal.
As PAA is a new biocide, not much quantitative data is available on its action against the faecal indicator bacteria and viruses.
An on-site experimental study investigated the disinfectant action of PAA against these indicator bacteria and viruses as well as against Salmonella and enterovirus. To complete this study we will test its action on suspended solids to find out whether there is regrowth of the microorganisms after treatment.
Multi-factor analysis in terms of criteria like inactivation efficiency, safety environmental impact, and cost will be used to compare PAA to chlorination and ozonation, the most commonly used techniques.
Sorption of Reactive Dyes by Aeromonas biomass
Authors: Hu T. L. 
Published: May 2018

Because of the cheaical stability of the dye compounds and the difficulties of treating dyeing wastewaters by conventional processes, the reaoval of colour from textile and/or dyeing wastewaters is one of the major environmental problems. Reactive dyes are the largest class of dyes, and also one of the commonly used dyes with great variety of colours.
Bacteria and yeasts with the ability of colour adsorption were isolated from activated sludge and soil samples. Eleven reactive dyes (100 mg/l) with different colour spectra were tested; the colour removal efficiencies ranged from 12.9-94.3 %, among these dyes, RG, a red colour dye, was effectively adsorbed by the isolated Aeromonas biomass. The specific adsorption capacity was 27.41 (mg dye/g dried cell), the ability to remove colour was 60.3%. The adsorption isotherm follows the Freundlich model, and the main adsorption site occurred at the cell wal1 portion.
Cod Removal in a Closed Water Circuit of a Papermill by an Anaerobic Fluidized Bed Reactor
Authors: Barascud M. C. , Ehlinger F. , Pichon M. , Rouger J. 
Published: May 2018

In waste paper processing mills, entirely closed process water systems cause high specific polluting problems, deteriorate the quality of the paper produced and corrode the equipment.
Operating an anaerobic fluidized bed on part of the circulating water could make it possible to achieve lower dissolved organic concentration in the closed process water system.
Laboratory experiments have been carried out according to the following flow-sheet : Water circuit; Acidification tank; Fluidized bed.
When the anaerobic treatment is added to the water circuit, COD removal is 75% in the circuit and 65% in the acidification tank. Consequently, until reaching steady state, the organic load entering the fluidized bed decreases continuously from 28.75 to 9.86 kg COD/m3 d−l without disturbing biomass activity.
From a mass balance, a mathematical model is drawn to check the COD removal in the water circuit and study the transitory period.
Efficient fluidized bed performances are achieved even with high organic load (28.75 kgCOD/m3d−1) 52% to 75% COD removal are obtained in the water circuit respectively within 75 and 24 hours. The treated water represents a very small part of the circulating water. To achieve 52% COD removal the equivalent of 0.5 m3/t produced paper is treated. For a 75% COD removal efficiency, treated flow rate is 2.6 m3/t produced paper.
Real Time Control of Wastewater Treatment Operations
Authors: Novotny V. , Capodaglio A. , Jones H. 
Published: May 2018

Real Time Control (RTC) of wastewater treatment processes is an alternative to the present static, or time-invariant, mode of control during which wastewater in excess of a predetermined capacity is bypassed or diverted into an overflow. RTC control relies on modeling to predict the near future (i.e. next operation interval) influent loads, parameters and performance of the system and effluent water quality characteristics. Based on these predictions the RTC system and/or the operator can adjust and optimize the performance of the system using the control options built into the system itself.
The paper describes the concepts of the RTC operational control of wastewater treatment facilities, modeling techology, strategy and applications.
Experience with Ceramic Plate Diffusers in Large Activated Sludge Plants
Authors: Warriner R. , Rooney T. C. 
Published: May 2018

Fine pore aeration systems were evaluated in a U.S.EPA sponsored study of oxygen transfer efficiency in 26 activated sludge plants. Two plants in the study, those of the Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District, had aeration systems composed of flat plates grouted into containers placed flush with the basin floor. The remaining plants in the study had aeration systems utilizing various disk, dome, and tube devices that are now in far more widespread use than the flat plates. The District's aeration basins gave better oxygen transfer efficiency than the other ceramic diffuser systems studied. The difference may have been the result of the high tank area to diffuser area ratio and the low air flux rates associated with the plate systems.
At one MMSD plant there were also four basins with recently installed ceramic disk diffuser systems. This provided an opportunity for side-by-side comparisons between the disks and the flat plates in containers. An analysis of diffuser system first costs and energy costs indicated that the ceramic plate system could be cost effective at higher power costs, but not at the prices presently paid by the District for power.
Design, Operating Results and Experiences of Two Large-Scale Treatment Plants with Biological Nitrogen and Phosphate Elimination
Authors: Seyfried C. F. , Hartwig P. 
Published: May 2018

This is a report on the design and operating results of two waste water treatment plants which make use of biological nitrogen and phosphate elimination. Both plants are characterized by load situations that are unfavourable for biological P elimination.
The influent of the HILDESHEIM WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANT contains nitrates and little BOD5. Use of the ISAH process ensures the optimum exploitation of the easily degradable substrate for the redissolution of phosphates. Over 70 % phosphate elimination and effluent concentrations of 1.3 mg PO4-P/I have been achieved.
Due to severe seasonal fluctuations in loading the activated sludge plant of the HUSUM WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANT has to be operated in the stabilization range (F/M ≤ 0.05 kg/(kg·d)) in order not to infringe the required effluent values of 3.9 mg NH4-N/l (2-h-average). The production of surplus sludge is at times too small to allow biological phosphate elimination to be effected in the main stream process. The CISAH (Combined ISAH) process is a combination of the fullstream with the side stream process. It is used in order to achieve the optimum exploitation of biological phosphate elimination by the precipitation of a stripped side stream with a high phosphate content when necessary.
Evaluation of the California Wastewater Reclamation Criteria Using Enteric Virus Monitoring Data
Authors: Asano T. , Leong L. Y. C. , Rigby M. G. , Sakaji R. H. 
Published: May 2018

The State of California's WastewaterReclamationCriteria is under review and will be revised and expanded to include several new regulations on the use of reclaimed municipal wastewater. To provide a scientific basis for the evaluation of the existing and proposed Criteria, enteric virus monitoring data from secondary and tertiary effluents were evaluated. These virus data were obtained from special studies and monitoring reports, covering the period from 1975 to 1989, including ten municipal wastewater treatment facilities in California. Based on the enteric virus data from these reports, and using the current Criteria as a guide, four exposure scenarios were developed to determine the risk of waterborne enteric virus infection to humans as a consequence of wastewater reclamation and reuse. The exposure assessments included food crop irrigation, landscape irrigation for golf courses, recreational impoundments, and ground water recharge.
The virus enumeration and the resulting risk assessments described in this paper provide a comparative basis for addressing the treatment and fate of enteric viruses in wastewater reclamation and reuse. The analyses show that annual risk of infection from exposure to chlorinated tertiary effluent containing 1 viral unit/100 L in recreational activities such as swimming or golfing is in the range of 10−2 to 10−7, while exposures resulting from food-crop irrigation or groundwater recharge with reclaimed municipal wastewater is in the range of 10−6 to 10−11. The risk analyses are also used to demonstrate that the probability of infection can be further mitigated by controlling exposure to reclaimed wastewater in the use area.
Effects on Crops of Irrigation with Facultative Pond Effluent
Authors: do Monte H. M. , e Sousa M. S. 
Published: May 2018

The experiments concerning the irrigation of three crops (a cereal, a forage crop and an oil–bearing crop) with the final effluent of a plant consisting of a facultative pond treating urban wastewater are described. Control plots were irrigated with potable water and given commercial fertilizers. The results of three years of experiments concerning the crop yields, crop quality both chemical and microbiological are presented.
The slightly better crop yield obtained in the plots effluent irrigated lead to the conclusion that the nitrogen content of the facultative pond effluent can replace the nitrogen from commercial fertilizers; subsequent fertilizer savings ranged from US$ 228/ha to US$ 533/ha. Crop composition shows very little or no change due to effluent irrigation. Crop contamination was virtually nil.
Performance Evaluation of Pilot Waste Stabilization Ponds in Subtropical Region
Authors: Khan M. A. , Ahmad S. I. 
Published: May 2018

This research investigation was aimed at demonstrating the technical feasibility of facultative waste stabilization ponds under the climatic conditions of subtropical region. A pilot plant was designed and constructed at the Karachi University Campus for the treatment of domestic wastewater. An intensive analytical programme was followed for ten months for evaluating performance efficiency of the facultative ponding system.
The algal-bacterial symbiotic system performed satisfactorily and provided effluent with total BOD5 ranging between 26-76 mg/L, total COD ranging between 59-197 mg/L, TKN ranging between 5.35-47.82 mg/L, NH3-N ranging between 0.23-28.98 mg/L, and PO4-P between 1.41-6.76 mg/L. The maximum efficiency achieved for the removal of coliform, fecal coliform and fecal streptococci was 99.99%. The study demonstrated that high BOD5 loading of 507 kg/ha d was possible without deteriorating the quality of performance. It was particularly observed that wind velocity had a pronounced effect on the overall efficiency of the system. It was concluded that facultative ponding system is strongly feasible for this part of the world for the treatment of wastewater.
Critical Design and Process Control Features to Optimize Biological Nutrient Removal in Temperate Climates
Authors: Sen D. , Randall C. W. , Copithorn R. R. , Grizzard T. J. 
Published: May 2018

Biological nutrient removal (BNR) is being selected as the cost effective option for enhancing nutrient removal at plants located in temperate climates in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed and the Long Island Sound in the U.S.A. However, there is considerable discrepancy in the reported values for temperature sensitivity for nitrification and denitrification rates in winter, as observed at different plants and those reported in higher strength wastewaters in Europe and South Africa. Full scale data show that the temperature sensitivity for nitrification is considerably lower. Denitrification rates in the primary anoxic zone are also lower, possibly because of lower influent strengths (250 to 450 mg/L COD).
Secondary clarifier limitations have been a key cost factor in attempting year round nitrogen removal as against seasonal (summer) nitrogen removal. The anoxic MCRT and anoxic volume requirements have been a critical cost factor in designs. Split flow designs, where a fraction of the influent flow is sent directly to the anoxic zone, have allowed process designs with lower anaerobic volumes. The readily available COD in the fraction of the influent which enters the primary anoxic zone enhances denitrification rates. Though the anaerobic cell receives less than 100 percent of the influent flow, excellent biological phosphorus removal can still be maintained with phosphate detergent ban wastewaters. The fraction of biomass maintained under anaerobic conditions (and the anaerobic volume) can be reduced because the phosphate detergent ban has decreased the amount of phosphorus which has to be removed for the same influent COD. Biofilm and suspended growth systems have been combined in a single reactor to reduce volume requirements for nitrogen removal.
Trace Metal Soil Quality Criteria to Protect Ground Water
Authors: Lee J. , Chen B. , Allen H. E. , Huang C. P. , Sparks D. L. , Sanders P. 
Published: May 2018

A major problem in site remediation is frequently the lack of appropriate standards for pollutants in soil. Lack of standards for an exposure route can result in subjective judgments regarding the extent of remediation needed. These problems are particularly important when considering the potential for groundwater contamination by inorganic materials. The partitioning of trace metals is highly dependent on the nature of the soil and on the solution pH. The maximum level of metal in soil for which the equilibrium soluble metal does not exceed the drinking water standard can be computed, at any pH, from the measured partition coefficient for any metal and soil.
The sorption of cadmium and lead onto major types of New Jersey soil has been determined as a function of pH. As the pH decreased, the amount of adsorbed metal decreased.
As is conventionally done, we have transformed these data into sorption coefficients (Kd) which are a function of pH. To apply such data in the decision making process, it is necessary to use the Kd and appropriate conditions of soil/groundwater in the environment. The calculation determines the maximum concentration of metal which will not result in exceedence of water quality standards. Thesecriteria can be used as a soil standard which will be protective of groundwater quality.
We developed adsorption/desorption relationships in the form of a mathematical model and computed the maximum level of metal in soil for which the equilibrium soluble metal will not exceed the drinking water standards.