bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preschoolers’ Concepts of Digestive Physiology and Their Links with Body Mass Index
Authors: Allen Michael , Harper Lynette , Clark Zoe 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIn this exploratory study, a sample of 20 four-year-olds took part in structured interviews in order to assess their biological knowledge of how the human body processes a food that they perceived to be fattening. There were two main outcomes to the study. First, the sample demonstrated knowledge of the digestive processes of ingestion, digestion/distribution and terminal digestive events that was broadly analogous to previous studies, and included a number of misconceptions. A minority of children could apply biological reasoning to make holistic sense of a series of linked, abstract physiological events. Data also revealed that young learners’ models of distribution of food away from the gut might be more sophisticated than previously reported, although none of the sample could provide any mechanism for distribution. Second, data were analysed quantitatively to give performance scores which were compared with children’s standardised body mass indices. Children of healthy weight displayed more accurate scientific knowledge of digestive processes than their overweight peers at statistically significant levels. Specifically, the healthy weight children had attained a more holistic understanding of these processes. This potentially has consequences for early years biology education since findings indicate, at a tentative level, that young, overweight children could be considered as having a distinctive special educational need. We propose that there may be a possible way forward for addressing the issues of overweight and obesity in young children by improving their understanding of digestive processes. These outcomes are aligned with calls in the literature for school science education to become more focused on aspects of scientific literacy such as health education. Further studies are recommended using larger samples from more diverse populations.
Dominant vs. non-dominant hip comparison in bone mineral density in young sporting athletes
Authors: van Santen James A. , Pereira Claudio , Sanchez-Santos Maria T. , Cooper Cyrus , Arden Nigel K. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Summary

To explore differences in bone mineral density (BMD) between dominant and non-dominant hip within levels of sport impact. BMD was higher in the non-dominant hip in high-impact sports, whereas the dominant hip had increased BMD for low-impact sports. The side-to-side differences were relatively small and not clinically relevant.

Purpose
It is unknown whether there is difference in BMD at the hip between dominant and non-dominant sides in young athletes. The aims of this study were to explore the dominant–non-dominant differences in hip BMD in young athletes participating in low- and high-impact sports and to assess the effect of ground force impact on BMD.

Methods
Data was collected on University of Oxford athletes and controls (CG) between 2016 and 2018. Athletes were classified into two groups: high-impact sports (HIG) and low-impact sports (LIG). Total and regional measurements of both hips’ BMD were recorded using a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Linear regression method was used to assess differences in BMD between and within groups.

Results
One hundred ninety-four athletes (HIG: n = 89, LIG: n = 105) and 48 controls were included in this study. Total hip and femoral neck BMD was higher in athletes compared to the CG (p < 0.01), with HIG recording highest levels of BMD. The BMD difference between the dominant and non-dominant sides was significant in the LIG, with BMD being higher in the dominant side. Conversly, BMD was higher in the non-dominant hip within the HIG. However, the hip asymmetries were not clinically relevant (%BMD difference < 3%). A significant interaction between side and sport group on BMD was observed.

Conclusions
High-impact sports had significantly higher BMD compared with low-impact sports and CG. BMD in the dominant hip was significantly higher for the LIG and lower in the HIG; however, differences were not clinically relevant.
An Examination of Who Is Eligible and Who Is Receiving Bariatric Surgery in England: Secondary Analysis of the Health Survey for England Dataset
Authors: Desogus Daniel , Menon Vinod , Singhal Rishi , Oyebode Oyinlola 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Background
Over 2 million people in England were estimated to be eligible for bariatric surgery in 2006. In 2014, clinical guidelines were updated, widening potential eligibility, meanwhile, obesity prevalence rose. However, numbers receiving surgery decreased, and concerns exist of inequalities in access between population groups. This study is aimed at estimating the number of adults eligible for surgery in England and to compare demographics with those that receive surgery.

Methods
BMI and comorbidity status were used to determine eligibility for bariatric surgery within participants of the 2014 Health Survey for England dataset (6938 adults), based on the National Institute of Health and Care Excellence guidelines. Results were scaled up using national population estimates. The demographics of eligible participants were compared against 2014/2015 hospital episode statistics for sex and age group using a chi-squared analysis.

Results
Of the total population of England, 7.78% (95% CI 7.1–8.6%), or 3,623,505 people, could have been eligible for bariatric surgery in 2014; nearly a million more than if previous guidelines applied. Eligibility peaked at ages 45–54, with most in the 35–64 age group (58.9%). 58.4% of those eligible were women. Patients receiving surgery were far more likely to be female than male (76.1%) and the distribution skewed towards younger ages when compared with those eligible.

Conclusion
Bariatric surgery may benefit many people in England; significant investment is required so that service provision is adequate for demand. Differences between demographics of those eligible and receiving surgery may be explainable; however, the potential health inequality should be investigated.
Supporting primary school teachers’ classroom assessment in mathematics education: effects on student achievement
Authors: Veldhuis Michiel , van den Heuvel-Panhuizen Marja 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIn a three-phase study, with a total of 40 third-grade teachers and their 830 students, teachers were supported to use classroom assessment techniques (CATs) to reveal their students’ knowledge of number operations. In phase I, four teachers and 66 third-grade students participated in five monthly workshops in which CATs were co-designed and their use was discussed. In phase II, the first phase was replicated with four workshops with six different teachers and 148 third-grade students. In these two exploratory phases, we evaluated student achievement on a standardized national mathematics test in a pre-/posttest design and compared changes herein to changes in the national norm sample. In phase III, a control condition was added to the design to experimentally investigate the effect on student achievement with 30 teachers and 616 third-grade students. Teachers were randomly assigned to participate in 0, 1, 2, or 3 1-hour workshops. In all three phases, we found a significant increase in students’ mathematics achievement scores on the standardized mathematics test. In phase III, the increase was significantly larger in the classes of teachers participating in three workshops than in classes with less workshops. Additionally, results from the analysis of classroom observations, feedback forms, and interviews indicate that teachers could easily integrate the CATs into their practice and could gather valuable information on their students. The results from the different phases of this study combined indicate that supporting teachers in their development and use of classroom assessment in mathematics may contribute to the improvement of students’ mathematics achievement.
NASICON-Structured NaTi2(PO4)3 for Sustainable Energy Storage
Authors: Wu Mingguang , Ni Wei , Hu Jin , Ma Jianmin 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Several emerging energy storage technologies and systems have been demonstrated that feature low cost, high rate capability, and durability for potential use in large-scale grid and high-power applications. Owing to its outstanding ion conductivity, ultrafast Na-ion insertion kinetics, excellent structural stability, and large theoretical capacity, the sodium superionic conductor (NASICON)-structured insertion material NaTi2(PO4)3 (NTP) has attracted considerable attention as the optimal electrode material for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) and Na-ion hybrid capacitors (NHCs). On the basis of recent studies, NaTi2(PO4)3 has raised the rate capabilities, cycling stability, and mass loading of rechargeable SIBs and NHCs to commercially acceptable levels. In this comprehensive review, starting with the structures and electrochemical properties of NTP, we present recent progress in the application of NTP to SIBs, including non-aqueous batteries, aqueous batteries, aqueous batteries with desalination, and sodium-ion hybrid capacitors. After a thorough discussion of the unique NASICON structure of NTP, various strategies for improving the performance of NTP electrode have been presented and summarized in detail. Further, the major challenges and perspectives regarding the prospects for the use of NTP-based electrodes in energy storage systems have also been summarized to offer a guideline for further improving the performance of NTP-based electrodes.
Effects of individual risk and state housing factors on adverse outcomes in a national sample of youth transitioning out of foster care
Authors: Prince Dana M. , Vidal Sarah , Okpych Nathanael , Connell Christian M. 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACTIntroductionCompared to their peers, youth who leave the foster care system without permanency experience greater risks for adverse young adult outcomes, including homelessness, incarceration, substance abuse, and early child birth. Extant literature focuses on individual‐level factors related to adversity. In this study, we estimated the impact of state and individual‐level risk and protective factors on adverse 19‐year‐old outcomes among a cohort of U.S. transition age youth.MethodsWe used multilevel modeling to analyze prospective, longitudinal data from two waves of the National Youth in Transitions Database (N = 7449). These data were linked to the Adoption and Foster Care Reporting System, the Administration for Children and Families budget expenditures, and the American Community Survey for the period from 2011 to 2013.ResultsApproximately 30% of the variation in each of the 19‐year‐old outcomes could be attributed to state‐level effects. Residence in a state that spent above average of CFCIP budget on housing supports reduced the risk of homelessness and incarceration. Living in a state with a higher proportion of housing‐burdened low‐income renters significantly increased the risk of substance abuse and child birth. Individual‐level risks were significant: racial/ethnic minority, male gender, past risk history, placement instability, child behavioral problems, residence in group home or runaway. Remaining in foster care at age 19 reduced the odds of homelessness, incarceration, and substance abuse.ConclusionMacro factors, including financial support for transition‐age youth, and broader housing market characteristics, have a bearing on young adult outcomes, and raise policy questions across social and human service sectors.
Is total mesocolon excision necessary? A systematic review
Authors: Mendes Carlos Ramon Silveira 
Published: May 2019

AbstractComplete mesocolon excision is an alternative in the treatment of neoplasias. The open technique was initially described for the procedure; however, it has some limitations. In this scenario, videolaparoscopic surgery is a minimally invasive alternative; however, its use in complete mesocolon excision is controversial. This study aimed to evaluate the results of videolaparoscopic complete mesocolon excision. A systematic review of the literature was performed for this study. Nine articles were selected, comprising 860 patients. The surgical results demonstrate the quality of the videolaparoscopic technique, which presents low morbidity and mortality and high survival rates after five years. Videolaparoscopy is a safe and effective method for complete mesocolon excision.
Visceral obesity is not correlated with lymph node metastases nor Colorectal cancer survival
Authors: Melo Vanessa , Viana Charlene , Marques Isabel , Costa Catarina , Martins Sandra F. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIntroduction The presence of lymph node metastasis in colorectal cancer is determinant for prognosis and for treatment planning. The relationship between visceral fat and the prognosis is not fully documented in the literature, so this study intended to evaluate whether there is a relationship between the presence of visceral obesity and the presence of lymph node metastases and the prognosis of patients with colorectal cancer.Materials and methods A sample of 68 patients who underwent surgery for colorectal cancer at Hospital de Braga between 1/1/2007 and 31/12/2007 was constructed, and their clinical and pathological data were recorded. Visceral fat, subcutaneous, and total fat areas were measured on preoperative computed tomography. Visceral obesity was defined as a ratio of visceral fat to total fat area >0.29. The ratio of metastatic lymph node (; number of metastatic lymph node/number of lymph node examined) was calculated.Results There was a significant association between visceral obesity and male sex (p = 0.032). Patient survival at 5 and 10 years of follow-up was higher in patients with subcutaneous obesity in both periods, but not significant. There was a significant association between the ratio of metastatic lymph node and survival at 5 and 10 years (p = 0.03 and p = 0.002, respectively), with higher survival when ratio of metastatic lymph node = 0% and worse for ≥ 18%.Conclusion In this study, no significant association was observed between visceral obesity and the number of metastatic lymph node, nor with survival at 5 and 10 years.
Influence of the method of whole wheat inclusion on performance and caecal microbiota profile of broiler chickens
Authors: Singh Yashpal , Molan Abdul Latiff , Ravindran Velmurugu 
Published: May 2019

SummaryA study was conducted to investigate the effect of method of whole wheat inclusion on performance and caecal microbiota profile of broiler chickens. Fluorescencein situhybridisation analysis was used to characterise the microbiota by using genus-specific probes. Three treatments, namely, ground wheat (GW) or 200 g/kg whole wheat (WW) replacing GW before or after pelleting were evaluated. A total of 144, one-day-old male broilers (Ross 308) were allocated to 18 cages (eight broilers per cage) based on body weight and six cages were randomly assigned to each treatment. The diets were offeredad libitumfrom day 11 to 35 post-hatch. The WW fed birds, regardless of the method of inclusion, resulted in poorer weight gain (P < 0.05) and reduced feed intake (P < 0.001), but a similar feed per gain (P > 0.05) compared to those fed the GW diet. The WW diet, regardless to the method of inclusion, had no effect (P > 0.05) on the populations ofLactobacillusandBacteroides spp.compared with the GW diet. TheBifidobacterium spp.population was higher (P < 0.05) in birds fed the GW diet compared with WW feeding, regardless of the method of inclusion. A reduction (P < 0.05) in the numbers of pathogenicClostridiumandCampylobacter spp.were observed in caecal samples from birds fed WW diets, regardless of method of inclusion, compared with those fed the GW diet, which was attributed to increased gizzard activity. Birds fed WW diets, regardless to the method of inclusion, showed a reduction in gizzard pH (P < 0.05), microbial gas production (P < 0.05), and an increase in gizzard weight (P < 0.05) relative to the GW treatment. The results indicated that the gizzard has an important function as a barrier organ, one that prevents pathogenic bacteria from entering the distal digestive tract.
The Lawyer's Divided Loyalties: An Introductory Note
Authors: Ginossar Shalev 
Published: May 2019

The three papers published hereafter were presented at an International Conference on the Ethics and Responsibilities of the Legal Profession held in Tel Aviv from 17–21 August 1980. As could be expected, the views expressed therein are not identical, but since they are all connected with the manner in which the nature and the function of the profession is conceived, it may be useful to outline the attitude of the law of Israel on the subject.The Chamber of Advocates Law, enacted in 1961 to supersede the Advocates Ordinance, 1938, declares in sec. 54 that —In carrying out his functions, an advocate shall serve the interests of his client loyally and devotedly and shall help the court to dispense justice.The statute apparently places at the same level the lawyer's duties to his client and to the court: the order in which it enumerates them does not indicate any intention of priority—any more than in the Decalogue the respect due to one's father can be said to take preecdence over that to one's mother. The same two fundamental duties are mentioned, in reverse order, in the Rules of Professional Ethics made in 1966 by the National Council of the Chamber of Advocates with the approval of the Minister of Justice.
The Lawyer's Role and the Models of Civil Process
Authors: Taruffo Michele 
Published: May 2019

One of the major issues in lawyer's professional ethics is that of the lawyer's duties towards the court and the administration of justice. The question is whether the lawyer has ethical responsibility only towards his client, or whether he also plays a role as a judge's assistant and has responsibilities arising from such a role.In research on the subject, the problem is not posed in uniform terms and there are no commonly shared solutions. The prevailing trend is to give different answers according to the various roles which the lawyer is supposed to play in a judicial process with an adversary rather than an inquisitorial framework. Such a distinction is often viewed as fundamental just in order to define the lawyer's ethical duties in the civil process. So, it is usually said that in the adversary system the attorney plays a typical partisan role, and that he is client-centered because his task is only to represent his client with the best zeal and by all the means permitted by law. Hence comes the metaphor of the lawyer as a “hired gun”, who must use all his abilities only to serve the client.
Concurrent Criminal Jurisdiction in the International Sphere
Authors: Feller S. Z. 
Published: May 2019

1. General: The topic under discussion relates to the incidence of the criminal laws of more than one state applying to the same offence, committed by the same person, and the question with which we are confronted is how—if at all—this phenomenon may be prevented, and, if it is inevitable, and if remedies are called for, what are the available remedies.The topic falls within the orbit of international criminal law as a branch of law comprising the system of norms of domestic criminal law, which regulates matters containing a foreign element, and of international law, which regulates matters containing a criminal element. And indeed, concurrent incidence of criminal laws as aforesaid is the fruit of the regulation by norms of this nature.In order to provide answers to the questions concerning concurrent jurisdiction as a consequence of the concurrent incidence of the criminal laws of several states, it is necessary to answer a preliminary question, i.e., is the problem of concurrent jurisdiction a procedural problem of distribution of the judicial functions amongst the courts of a number of states, or, rather, is it a fundamental, substantive problem, of which judicial competence is only the result?
Jewry's Nationals
Authors: Lador-Lederer J. 
Published: May 2019

States have their nationals and religions have their religionists, each of whom shares in a distinct and inherited identity. In considering whether Jewry is one of those communities which consists of dependents born into it, three distinct variations arise: there are those who recognize that Jewry is a unitary group with the right to have a National Home; there are those who hold that Jewry, as a community, must be combatted as an enemy; there are those who view Jewry as a group of individuals, the interests of which Jewish organizations (not necessarily of a Zionist orientation) have found it to be their responsibility to safeguard in situations where their interests were not safeguarded as nationals of specific States.In politological terms, the first and third combine positively and the second and third negatively, but in each combination Jewish organizations were faced with the obligation to act on an international level under conditions and by means so novel in terms of international practice that they were termed unprecedented and sui generis, and for which international law had no place to integrate the kind of non-governmental protective activity which was evoked, or to illustrate how a victim's experience creates law, or how scattered communities operate generically, within patterns exclusive to them.
Some New Emphases in Extradition Case Law
Authors: Feller S.Z. 
Published: May 2019

In Azen v. State of Israel, the Supreme Court heard the appeal of a person who had been declared extraditable to France for offences of stealing by an agent and fraud, committed, according to the request for extradition, in France. One of the pleas raised against the decision of the District Court, in which Azen was declared extraditable, was that the specialty limitation was not guaranteed in the Extradition Treaty between Israel and France, as required by sec. 17 (a) of the Israeli Extradition Law, 1954. This section states unequivocally that —A wanted person shall not be extradited unless it has been ensured, by an agreement with the requesting State, that he will not be detained, tried or punished in that State for another offence committed prior to his extradition;whereas in art. 17 of the said Treaty, specialty is guaranteed in the following words:
L'individu qui aura été délivré ne pourra ni être poursuivi ou jugé en sa présence ni être, détenu …i.e. under the Treaty, the specialty limitation is restricted, from the procedural point of view, to those processes involving physical, personal enforcement against the subject of extradition—he will not be “summoned” for interrogation, nor judged “in his presence”, nor “detained”; the Extradition Law, however, contains no such restriction, with the exception of detention which, by its very nature, requires physical enforcement.
Raising the Age of Criminal Responsibility in Israel
Authors: Hassin Yael 
Published: May 2019

On June 28, 1978, the Israeli Knesset passed a Law which changed the age of criminal responsibility of juveniles, raising the threshold from 9 years of age to 13 years of age. This Law, known as the Penal Law (Amendment no. 3) 1978, is popularly called the “Yitzhaki Law”, after MK Yitzhak Yitzhaki (Likud) who initiated the Law.From a practical point of view, the Amendment means that police interrogators may not interrogate minors under the age of 13, nor may they open criminal files on such minors or prosecute them. When and if the police are confronted with juveniles suspected of delinquent behaviour the police may take their testimony, and may refer them to the welfare officers, who, operating by virtue of the Youth (Care and Supervision) Law, 1960, are authorized to decide whether the minor requires care, and if so, the kind of care he is to receive.