bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Lipid Profile of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-infected Patients Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy at Mpilo Central Hospital Opportunistic Infections Clinic
Authors: Maunga N. , Zumbika E. , Mhandire K. , Chikuse F. F. , Mavondo G. A. 
Published: August 2019

Aims: Long term use of antiretroviral therapy subpopulation living with human immunodeficiency virus is associated with disturbances in blood lipids profiles which are not routinely monitored. More data on such disturbances are needed to persuade the country’s program to institute routine monitoring. This study sought to determine the prevalence and timing of dyslipidaemia in HIV/AIDS naïve people on ART at in Zimbabwe.
Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at Mpilo Central Hospital Opportunistic Infections Clinic in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe over a period of three months.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in HIV-infected persons receiving highly active anti-retroviral treatment at Mpilo Central Hospital Opportunistic Infections Clinic. Lipid assays were determined by Elisa methods. Viral loads and CD4 were measured using the COBAS® TaqMan® and BD FACSCount™ Flow Cytometer, respectively.
Results: A total of 149 consenting participants were enrolled and most (63.2%) were females. The median age of the respondents was 43 years and their median CD4 count was 436 cells/μl after a median duration on ART of 36 months. Viral load was <40 in the majority (68.6%) of the participants. More females (63.1%) were on HAART and were aged >35 (60.4%) years. NNRTI (90.6%) were the more commonly prescribed HAART. The prevalence of dyslipidaemia was 70.2%. Hypercholesterolaemia was observed in 72 (48.3%) patients with 26 being male and 46 being female. High levels of LDL-cholesterol (LDL-c ≥ 3.0 mmol/L) were found in 115 patients with 74 of them being female. Hypertriacylglycerolaemia (TAG ≥ 2.0 mmol/L) was present in 8 cases. The proportion of patients with a low HDL-cholesterol (HDL-c < 1.0 mmol/L) was 15.3% while those with a ratio of TC/HDL-c ≥ 4.1 were 87.5%.
Conclusion: The study demonstrated a high prevalence of dyslipidaemia in HIV-patients receiving HAART. There is a need for the Country’s HIV program to institute laboratory monitoring of blood lipids in patients over one year on HAART.
Effect of Different Irrigation Solutions on Coronal Microleakage in Endodontically Treated Teeth (An in vitro Study)
Authors: Alikhani Armaghan , Mohammadi Mahnoosh , Etemadi Najme , Azarang Seyed Alireza Moosavi 
Published: August 2019

Background: The coronal microleakage in the endodontically treated teeth causes recurrent caries and can be associated with the restoration and the root canal treatment failures. Intra orifice barrier is an efficient alternative method to decrease coronal leakage in endodotically treated teeth and one of the best barriers is glass ionomer. The current study propose that using different irrigation solutions in root canals effect on coronal microleakage.
Purpose: This study aimed to compare the coronal microleakage in glass ionomer obturated root canals in endodontically treated teeth using different irrigation solutions.
Methods: Sixty extracted human single-rooted teeth with single canals were collected and disinfected with 0.5 choloro amin. After root canal therapy and evacuation of 2 mm coronal gutta percha, the teeth were divided into 3 groups of each 20, based on irrigation solutions. Glass ionomer was used as the coronal barrier and the teeth were stored in distilled water. The irrigation solutions used were: 17% EDTA, Alcohol and normal saline. Then all the specimen were submerged in 2% methylene blue dye for 24 hours at room temperature and sectioned sagittally and the dye penetration was assessed by stereomicroscope.
Results: There were not penetration of dye only in 3.3% of teeth and all of the teeth that irrigated with saline showed dye penetration. The dye penetration was seen in 95%, 95% and 100% of the EDTA, alcohol and saline groups, respectively. Dye penetration was higher in Saline group than other two groups but coronal microleakage has not shown statistically significant differences in different groups.
Conclusion: The results of current study indicated that using different irrigation solutions may be associated with decrease in coronal microleakage. Although, based on our findings there are not any significant differences among different irrigation solutions but more studies may be needed to confirm this results.
Transmission of a Freshwater Isolate of Ichthyophonus (Clade C) to Two Marine Fish Species
Authors: Kocan R. M. , Kocan A. J. , Reichley S. R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The ingestion of infected prey is the most recognizable mode of transmission for Ichthyophonus, but because this mode of transmission is unidirectional from small prey fish to larger predators, it cannot sustain the parasite within or among populations nor does it explain transmission to planktivores. Recently, waterborne transmission was demonstrated in cultured Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, which could explain how the parasite is transmitted without piscivory. However, it is possible that this is an adaptation to aquaculture conditions, and may not occur among wild fish. To address this question, experiments were conducted to determine if a freshwater isolate of Ichthyophonus is infectious and pathogenic to marine species, as well as if transmission is possible between different marine species. Pacific Staghorn Sculpins Leptocottus armatus were fed a freshwater isolate of Ichthyophonus (clade C) and then housed with susceptible sentinel Rock Soles Lepidopsetta bilineata. Ninety two percent of the orally exposed sculpins and 30% of the sentinel soles were Ichthyophonus-positive at the end of the study, with 0% infected controls. These results demonstrate that a freshwater isolate of Ichthyophonus is infectious and pathogenic to marine species and can be transmitted in seawater in the absence of piscivory. It also provides a plausible mechanism for transmission to small prey fish and planktivores, as well as within a population of piscivores when infected prey is not available.
Agreement of amyloid PET and CSF biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease on Lumipulse
Authors: Alcolea Daniel , Pegueroles Jordi , Muñoz Laia , Camacho Valle , López‐Mora Diego , Fernández‐León Alejandro , Le Bastard Nathalie , Huyck Els , Nadal Alicia , Olmedo Verónica , Sampedro Frederic , Montal Victor , Vilaplana Eduard , Clarimón Jordi , Blesa Rafael , Fortea Juan , Lleó Alberto 
Published: August 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the cutoffs that optimized the agreement between 18F‐Florbetapir positron emission tomography (PET) and Aβ1‐42, Aβ1‐40, tTau, pTau and their ratios measured in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) on the LUMIPULSE G600II instrument, we quantified the levels of these four biomarkers in 94 CSF samples from participants of the Sant Pau Initiative on Neurodegeneration (SPIN cohort) using the Lumipulse G System with available 18F‐Florbetapir imaging.MethodsParticipants had mild cognitive impairment (n = 35), AD dementia (n = 12), other dementias or neurodegenerative diseases (n = 41), or were cognitively normal controls (n = 6). Levels of Aβ1‐42 were standardized to certified reference material. Amyloid scans were assessed visually and through automated quantification. We determined the cutoffs of CSF biomarkers that optimized their agreement with 18F‐Florbetapir PET and evaluated concordance between markers of the amyloid category.ResultsAβ1‐42, tTau and pTau (but not Aβ1‐40) and the ratios with Aβ1‐42 had good diagnostic agreement with 18F‐Florbetapir PET. As a marker of amyloid pathology, the Aβ1‐42/Aβ1‐40 ratio had higher agreement and better correlation with amyloid PET than Aβ1‐42 alone.InterpretationCSF biomarkers measured with the Lumipulse G System show good agreement with amyloid imaging in a clinical setting with heterogeneous presentations of neurological disorders. Combination of Aβ1‐42 with Aβ1‐40 increases the agreement between markers of amyloid pathology.
Antiambipolar Transistor: A Newcomer for Future Flexible Electronics
Authors: Wakayama Yutaka , Hayakawa Ryoma 
Published: August 2019

AbstractAn antiambipolar transistor exhibits a steep increase and decrease in drain current within a certain range of gate bias voltage. This unique feature is brought about by a partially stacked pn‐heterointerface formed around the center of the transistor channel. First, this review discusses recent topics related to the antiambipolar transistor, including the constituent materials, operation mechanism, and factors controlling device performance. Then, novel functional applications, such as optoelectronics and multivalued logic circuits, are introduced. The transistor channels of antiambipolar transistors consist largely of 2D atomically thin films or organic semiconductors. These materials are mechanically flexible. Therefore, antiambipolar transistors have the potential to enable advances to be made in the field of flexible electronics.
Rapid and Large‐Scale Fabrication of Full Color Woodpile Photonic Crystals via Interference from a Conformal Multilevel Phase Mask
Authors: Nam Sang‐Hyeon , Park Junyong , Jeon Seokwoo 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe practical use of photonic crystals with structural colors requires technology capable of rapidly producing large‐area, three‐dimensional (3D) periodic nanostructures. Until now, the fabrication of 3D photonic crystals has relied mainly on additive manufacturing and colloidal self‐assembly. These technologies have provided a useful academic platform based on precisely controlled 3D periodicity but have not evolved into mass production technology. Here, optical lithography for the rapid fabrication of large‐area 3D photonic crystals with structural colors is introduced. The key strategy is to incorporate two orthogonal line gratings (periodicity: 300 nm) made of an elastomer to create a conformal multilevel phase mask. When the mask is irradiated with a 355 nm laser, the five beam interference is established in the proximity region. The interlayer thickness between the two orthogonal line gratings controls the phase difference, which is closely related to the symmetry of the resulting 3D interference pattern. The interlayer thickness is designed to produce a woodpile structure with a planar periodicity of 300 nm and a vertical periodicity of 716 nm. The pattern area of the woodpile photonic crystal is expanded to 1 in2. Red, green, and blue colors are experimentally realized by controlling the vertical shrinkage of the photoresist.
A Critical Review of Microelectrode Arrays and Strategies for Improving Neural Interfaces
Authors: Ferguson Morgan , Sharma Dhavan , Ross David , Zhao Feng 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThough neural interface systems (NISs) can provide a potential solution for mitigating the effects of limb loss and central nervous system damage, the microelectrode array (MEA) component of NISs remains a significant limiting factor to their widespread clinical applications. Several strategies can be applied to MEA designs to increase their biocompatibility. Herein, an overview of NISs and their applications is provided, along with a detailed discussion of strategies for alleviating the foreign body response (FBR) and abnormalities seen at the interface of MEAs and the brain tissue following MEA implantation. Various surface modifications, including natural/synthetic surface coatings, hydrogels, and topography alterations, have shown to be highly successful in improving neural cell adhesion, reducing gliosis, and increasing MEA longevity. Different MEA surface geometries, such as those seen in the Utah and Michigan arrays, can help alleviate the resultant FBR by reducing insertion damage, while providing new avenues for improving MEA recording performance and resolution. Increasing overall flexibility of MEAs as well as reducing their stiffness is also shown to reduce MEA induced micromotion along with FBR severity. By combining multiple different properties into a single MEA, the severity and duration of an FBR postimplantation can be reduced substantially.
Bionic Tea Stain–Like, All‐Nanoparticle Coating for Biocompatible Corrosion Protection
Authors: Zhang Bo , Yao Ruijuan , Li Linhua , Li Mingyu , Yang Li , Liang Zhen , Yu Hongchi , Zhang Hao , Luo Rifang , Wang Yunbing 
Published: August 2019

AbstractMagnesium alloys are biodegradable metals, but high corrosion speed and low histocompatibility after implantation still limit the application as biomedical implants. In this work, a bionic coating concept is put forward via mimicking a continuous “tea stain” formation process, using a layer‐by‐layer approach. Tannic acid (TA) incorporating Mg2+ ions is used to form a chemical conversion coating on magnesium AZ31 alloy for enhanced corrosion protection and favorable biocompatibility. Thermal oxidation of TA, along with metal–phenol coordination and aggregation, forms an all nanoparticles stacked coating, which is crack‐free, homogeneous, more tight, and dense than the pure TA coating. In electrochemical corrosion tests, pH monitoring, and hydrogen evolution tests, the corrosion rate is effectively decreased for the TA/Mg protected AZ31, which is ascribed to the enriched phenol–metal complex and enhanced connections between the individual nanoparticles. With such green chemistry, the introduction of TA and incorporation of Mg2+ synergistically endow the basic requirement of corrosion protection, without cytotoxicity to endothelial cells and with a safe hemolysis ratio. Additionally, this bionic coating effectively suppresses the inflammatory response to AZ31. These results convincingly demonstrate the effectiveness of using such coating as a biocompatible barrier for the potential application of biodegradable magnesium implants.
Microstructured Multimaterial Fibers for Microfluidic Sensing
Authors: Dong Chaoqun , Page Alexis Gérald , Yan Wei , Nguyen‐Dang Tung , Sorin Fabien 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe thermal drawing of a uniform capillary‐like fiber that integrates an encapsulated microchannel and an embedded capacitor system within a polymeric cladding is demonstrated. Such a fiber construct has versatile functionalities applicable to microfluidic sensing including the detection of the presence and travel distance of a fluid, real‐time flowrate sensing, and high‐accuracy identification of the static dielectric constant, which reveals information on the nature of the fluid inside the channel. As a capacitive device, the fiber exhibits a broad operative frequency range from 100 Hz to 2 MHz, and is capable of sensing microflows with a wide flowrate range from 50 nL min−1 to 10 mL min−1. Beyond such performance, the novel fabrication approach proposed, based on fiber processing, is highly scalable and can potentially yield tens‐of‐kilometers of such fibers in a single draw, equating millions of short (few centimeters) working capillaries. It offers significant opportunities for reliable monitoring and manipulation of complex microfluidics, especially in cases requiring flexible and disposable sensors, at a scalability and cost traditionally associated with fiber processing technologies.
A New Wide Bandgap Donor Polymer for Efficient Nonfullerene Organic Solar Cells with a Large Open‐Circuit Voltage
Authors: Tang Yumin , Sun Huiliang , Wu Ziang , Zhang Yujie , Zhang Guangye , Su Mengyao , Zhou Xin , Wu Xia , Sun Weipeng , Zhang Xianhe , Liu Bin , Chen Wei , Liao Qiaogan , Woo Han Young , Guo Xugang 
Published: August 2019

AbstractSignificant progress has been made in nonfullerene small molecule acceptors (NF‐SMAs) that leads to a consistent increase of power conversion efficiency (PCE) of nonfullerene organic solar cells (NF‐OSCs). To achieve better compatibility with high‐performance NF‐SMAs, the direction of molecular design for donor polymers is toward wide bandgap (WBG), tailored properties, and preferentially ecofriendly processability for device fabrication. Here, a weak acceptor unit, methyl 2,5‐dibromo‐4‐fluorothiophene‐3‐carboxylate (FE‐T), is synthesized and copolymerized with benzo[1,2‐b:4,5‐b′]dithiophene (BDT) to afford a series of nonhalogenated solvent processable WBG polymers P1‐P3 with a distinct side chain on FE‐T. The incorporation of FE‐T leads to polymers with a deep highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) level of −5.60−5.70 eV, a complementary absorption to NF‐SMAs, and a planar molecular conformation. When combined with the narrow bandgap acceptor ITIC‐Th, the solar cell based on P1 with the shortest methyl chain on FE‐T achieves a PCE of 11.39% with a large Voc of 1.01 V and a Jsc of 17.89 mA cm−2. Moreover, a PCE of 12.11% is attained for ternary cells based on WBG P1, narrow bandgap PTB7‐Th, and acceptor IEICO‐4F. These results demonstrate that the new FE‐T is a highly promising acceptor unit to construct WBG polymers for efficient NF‐OSCs.
Machine Learning for Understanding the Relationship between the Charge Transport Mobility and Electronic Energy Levels for n‐Type Organic Field‐Effect Transistors
Authors: Lee Min‐Hsuan 
Published: August 2019

AbstractOrganic field‐effect transistors (OFETs) have received considerably more attention than inorganic‐based field‐effect transistors for use in next generation of organic circuits. There are a number of variables, for example, the ordering of the OFETs, their energy levels, and the material used for source/drain electrodes, that influence the magnitude of charge transport mobility. Importantly, a suitable energy level match between highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) or lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy level and work function of the electrodes may have a large influence on the measured mobility. An informatics approach, specifically use of machine learning, is proposed for charge transport mobility prediction. Gradient Boosting and Random Forest regression algorithms are used to model previous experimental datasets and HOMO and LUMO energy levels of n‐type materials are optimized using expected machine‐learning methods. The results reveal that Random Forest model benefits the functional analysis of n‐type OFETs in three ways: 1) it provides better understanding of current n‐type organic materials, 2) it may guide the choice of n‐type organic materials and conducting electrodes, and 3) it measures the tradeoffs between the charge transport mobility and electronic energy levels for n‐type OFETs.
Retracted: Combined Photoredox/Enzymatic C−H Benzylic Hydroxylations
Authors: Betori Rick C. , May Catherine M. , Scheidt Karl A. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractChemical transformations that install heteroatoms into C−H bonds are of significant interest because they streamline the construction of value‐added small molecules. Direct C−H oxyfunctionalization, or the one step conversion of a C−H bond to a C−O bond, could be a highly enabling transformation due to the prevalence of the resulting enantioenriched alcohols in pharmaceuticals and natural products,. Here we report a single‐flask photoredox/enzymatic process for direct C−H hydroxylation that proceeds with broad reactivity, chemoselectivity and enantioselectivity. This unified strategy advances general photoredox and enzymatic catalysis synergy and enables chemoenzymatic processes for powerful and selective oxidative transformations.
Back to Basics: Preventing Workplace Bullying
Authors: Spruce Lisa 
Published: August 2019

AbstractInappropriate workplace behavior such as bullying can negatively affect patient safety and staff member satisfaction. Bullying can be directed at individuals, groups of team members, or leaders and can include a variety of behaviors. Disrespectful behaviors are learned, tolerated, and reinforced; a certain degree of disrespect is accepted in some settings. Perioperative team members should use direct and meaningful communication to encourage and contribute to healthy work environments that address conflict and promote patient safety. They should follow applicable zero‐tolerance policies on bullying and report disrespectful behaviors to leaders who, in turn, should address the behavior in a fair manner according to disciplinary guidelines. When disrespectful behaviors are reported and managed appropriately, bullying in the workplace can be minimized or even eliminated, which improves the overall workplace culture.
CNOR Recertification: Why Continuing Education Alone Is No Longer Sufficient
Authors: Stobinski James X. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractHealth care certification programs are experiencing a period of great change because of increased public expectations and recent accreditation requirement changes. Nursing certification programs, including the CNOR credential administered by the Competency & Credentialing Institute (CCI), are not immune to these changes. The CNOR credential is the most common perioperative nursing certification and has more than 40,000 certificants worldwide. In response to updated accreditation standards, CCI recently announced CNOR credential recertification process changes. This article provides perioperative nurses with information on the effectiveness of continuing education for recertification, accreditation processes for certification programs, the nature of the new recertification mechanism and the process by which CCI revised and strengthened it, and specific information for CNOR‐certified nurses on the timeline for recertification changes.
Surgical Instrument Decontamination: A Multistep Process
Authors: Chobin Nancy 
Published: August 2019

AbstractSurgical instrument decontamination requires the collective input of facility leaders, OR staff members, and sterile processing department personnel. Individual accountability can ensure that instruments are cleaned according to the manufacturers’ written instructions for use, appropriate regulations, and facility policies. Information about the instrument decontamination process—from point of use to sterilization—should help enable perioperative nurses to advocate for and participate in the appropriate implementation of the necessary process steps. Sterile processing department leaders should develop policies and procedures for decontamination of surgical instruments and devices and the various accountabilities for the process steps. They also should help provide education for their staff members and complete required documentation. This article reviews the steps of instrument cleaning and decontamination and provides a framework to help perioperative leaders and educators facilitate these steps in their work environments, prevent instrument damage, and help ensure safe patient care.