bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Taming extreme morphological variability through coupling of molecular phylogeny and quantitative phenotype analysis as a new avenue for taxonomy
Authors: Karanovic Tomislav , Bláha Martin 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIdentification of animals is often hindered by decoupling of phenotypic and molecular evolutionary rates. The Acanthocyclops vernalis (Fischer, 1853) complex is arguably the most problematic group of cyclopoids and possibly of all copepods, with diversity estimates based on morphology ranging from 2 to 34 taxa. We reconstructed their phylogeny based on one nuclear and three mitochondrial markers, revealing only four species in the Holarctic and always the following sister-species pairs: vernalis–europensis sp. nov. and robustus–americanus. Landmarks for quantitative shape analyses were collected from 147 specimens on five structures commonly used to delineate cyclopoids. Procrustes ANOVA showed small directional asymmetry in all datasets, but large sexual dimorphism in shape and size. Allometry was also highly significant. Principal component analyses of size-corrected data almost completely separated species in morphospace based on the last exopodal and endopodal segments of the fourth leg. These two structures showed the highest amount of covariation, while modularity could not be proven and a phylogenetic signal was only observed in one structure. Spinules and sensilla have a limited use in delineating species here. Calculating mean shapes and the extent of inter and intraspecific phenotypic variability opens new horizons for modern taxonomy.
Skeletal Muscle Mass as a Mortality Predictor among Nonagenarians and Centenarians: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Wang Hui , Hai Shan , Liu Yixin , Liu Ying , Dong Birong 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThis study aimed to evaluate the association between skeletal muscle mass and long-term all-cause mortality among nonagenarians and centenarians in China. We used data from the Project of Longevity and Aging in Dujiangyan (PLAD). A total of 738 community-dwelling people aged ≥ 90 years (mean age of 93.5 ± 3.2 years) were analyzed in this study. The appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM) was estimated using a previously validated anthropometric equation. The information on the survival status was requested from the local government registries during the 4 year follow-up period following the baseline investigation. The mean muscle mass index (SMI) was 6.11 ± 0.53 kg/m2 in men and 4.00 ± 0.63 kg/m2 in women, respectively. Low muscle mass was associated with a higher risk of death (hazard ratio [HR] 1.54; (95% confidence interval [CI]:1.10–2.16) in women; however, no significant association was found in men. Disability in activities of daily living (ADL) (HR = 1.73; 95% CI: 1.13–2.63) in men and women and cognitive impairment (HR = 1.49; 95% CI: 1.05–2.13) in men were also associated with increased all-cause mortality. In conclusion, low muscle mass were predictors of long-term mortality in nonagenarian and centenarian women.
Probability estimation of a Carrington-like geomagnetic storm
Authors: Moriña David , Serra Isabel , Puig Pedro , Corral Álvaro 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIntense geomagnetic storms can cause severe damage to electrical systems and communications. This work proposes a counting process with Weibull inter-occurrence times in order to estimate the probability of extreme geomagnetic events. It is found that the scale parameter of the inter-occurrence time distribution grows exponentially with the absolute value of the intensity threshold defining the storm, whereas the shape parameter keeps rather constant. The model is able to forecast the probability of occurrence of an event for a given intensity threshold; in particular, the probability of occurrence on the next decade of an extreme event of a magnitude comparable or larger than the well-known Carrington event of 1859 is explored, and estimated to be between 0.46% and 1.88% (with a 95% confidence), a much lower value than those reported in the existing literature.
Viral metagenomics revealed novel betatorquevirus species in pediatric inpatients with encephalitis/meningoencephalitis from Ghana
Authors: Eibach Daniel , Hogan Benedikt , Sarpong Nimako , Winter Doris , Struck Nicole S. , Adu-Sarkodie Yaw , Owusu-Dabo Ellis , Schmidt-Chanasit Jonas , May Jürgen , Cadar Daniel 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe cause of acute encephalitis/meningoencephalitis in pediatric patients remains often unexplained despite extensive investigations for large panel of pathogens. To explore a possible viral implication, we investigated the virome of cerebrospinal fluid specimens of 70 febrile pediatric inpatients with clinical compatible encephalitis/meningoencephalitis. Using viral metagenomics, we detected and genetically characterized three novel human Torque teno mini virus (TTMV) species (TTMV-G1-3). Phylogenetically, TTMV-G1-3 clustered in three novel monophyletic lineages within genus Betatorquevirus of the Anelloviridae family. TTMV-G1-3 were highly prevalent in diseased children, but absent in the healthy cohort which may indicate an association of TTMV species with febrile illness. With 2/3 detected malaria co-infection, it remains unclear if these novel anellovirus species are causative agents or increase disease severity by interaction with malaria parasites. The presence of the viruses 28 days after initiating antimalarial and/or antibiotic treatment suggests a still active viral infection likely as effect of parasitic and/or bacterial co-infection that may have initiated a modulated immune system environment for viral replication or a defective virus clearance. This study increases the current knowledge on the genetic diversity of TTMV and strengthens that human anelloviruses can be considered as biomarkers for strong perturbations of the immune system in certain pathological conditions.
Salt content dependent dielectric properties of pistachios relevant to radio-frequency pasteurization
Authors: Jeong Seul-Gi , Ryu Sangryeol , Kang Dong-Hyun 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThis study was conducted to investigate the effect of salt content during radio-frequency (RF) heating on rate of temperature increase, dielectric properties (DPs), and reduction of pathogens in pistachios. Also, the effect of RF heating on pistachio quality of varying salt content was determined. Pistachios of different salt content (0, 100, and 330 mg sodium/serving) were inoculated with Salmonella enterica and treated in a 27.12-MHz RF heater. The RF heating rate increased when salt content was in the range of 0–100 mg sodium/serving, but there were no significant (P > 0.05) differences in the rate of temperature rise after salt content reached to 100 mg sodium/serving. Both dielectric constant and dielectric loss factor of pistachios increased with rising salt content. Along with increased salt content, RF treatment time required to reduce this pathogen by 4 log CFU/g decreased first and then remained the same above an upper limit of salt content corresponding to the peak heating rate. RF treatment did not significantly (P > 0.05) cause changes in the color and level of lipid oxidation of pistachios. The results of the current study imply that RF heating may be a potential intervention for inactivating foodborne pathogens in pistachios and that the effect of pasteurization is influenced by dielectric loss factor relative to salt content.
Interoceptive sensibility tunes risk-taking behaviour when body-related stimuli come into play
Authors: Salvato Gerardo , De Maio Gabriele , Bottini Gabriella 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIn everyday life, we continuously make decisions, assuming the risk by making choices on material possessions or our body. Bodily signals may support the decision-making process, informing us about possible outcomes. Sensibility for such internal bodily changes influences the way we perceive the environment, and it can boost the body-related stimuli processing. Thus, the question arises of whether the individual sensibility to interoceptive signals modulates decision-making in the presence of biological stimuli. To test this hypothesis, we administered 50 healthy subjects with the Balloon Analogue Risk Task, in which participants were required to inflate a virtual balloon, and a modified version of it, in which they inflated a virtual body. We found that interoceptive sensibility predicted risk-taking behaviour only in the presence of body-related stimuli. Our results provided new evidence on the role of interoceptive sensibility in complex cognitive functions, such as risk-taking behaviour, which impacts the way we act within our society.
Artery targeted photothrombosis widens the vascular penumbra, instigates peri-infarct neovascularization and models forelimb impairments
Authors: Clark Taylor A. , Sullender Colin , Kazmi Shams M. , Speetles Brittany L. , Williamson Michael R. , Palmberg Daniella M. , Dunn Andrew K. , Jones Theresa A. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe photothrombotic stroke model generates localized and reproducible ischemic infarcts that are useful for studying recovery mechanisms, but its failure to produce a substantial ischemic penumbra weakens its resemblance to human stroke. We examined whether a modification of this approach, confining photodamage to arteries on the cortical surface (artery-targeted photothrombosis), could better reproduce aspects of the penumbra. Following artery-targeted or traditional photothrombosis to the motor cortex of mice, post-ischemic cerebral blood flow was measured using multi-exposure speckle imaging at 6, 48, and 120 h post-occlusion. Artery-targeted photothrombosis produced a more graded penumbra at 48 and 120 h. The density of isolectin B4+ vessels in peri-infarct cortex was similarly increased after both types of infarcts compared to sham at 2 weeks. These results indicate that both models instigated post-ischemic vascular structural changes. Finally, we determined whether the strength of the traditional photothrombotic approach for modeling upper-extremity motor impairments extends to the artery-targeted approach. In adult mice that were proficient in a skilled reaching task, small motor-cortical infarcts impaired skilled-reaching performance for up to 10 days. These results support that artery-targeted photothrombosis widens the penumbra while maintaining the ability to create localized infarcts useful for modeling post-stroke impairments.
Cortisol predicts migration timing and success in both Atlantic salmon and sea trout kelts
Authors: Birnie-Gauvin Kim , Flávio Hugo , Kristensen Martin L. , Walton-Rabideau Sarah , Cooke Steven J. , Willmore William G. , Koed Anders , Aarestrup Kim 
Published: February 2019

AbstractKelts – individuals of anadromous fish species which have successfully spawned and may return to sea to repeat the cycle – are perhaps the least studied life stage of iteroparous fish species. To date, our understanding of what makes them successful in their return migration to sea is limited. We investigated the relationship between three physiological parameters (baseline cortisol, baseline glucose and low molecular weight antioxidants) and the timing and success of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and sea trout (Salmo trutta) kelt migration. To do so, we combined blood samples obtained within 3 minutes of capture and acoustic telemetry to track 66 salmon and 72 sea trout as they migrated out of rivers, into fjords and out at sea. We show that baseline cortisol may be a good predictor of migration success. Individuals with high baseline cortisol levels exited the river earlier but were less likely to successfully reach the sea. Similar relationships were not observed with glucose or antioxidants. We provide the first evidence to support the role of physiological status in migration success in Atlantic salmon and sea trout kelts. Our findings contribute to our understanding of the relationship between physiology and fitness in wild animals. Further, we suggest that migration timing is a trade-off between stress and readiness to migrate.
Cyclotron resonance in the high mobility GaAs/AlGaAs 2D electron system over the microwave, mm-wave, and terahertz- bands
Authors: Kriisa A. , Samaraweera R. L. , Heimbeck M. S. , Everitt H. O. , Reichl C. , Wegscheider W. , Mani R. G. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe reflected microwave power from the photo-excited high mobility GaAs/AlGaAs 2D device has been measured over the wide frequency band spanning from 30 to 330 GHz simultaneously along with diagonal magnetoresistance as a function of the magnetic field. Easily distinguishable resonances in the reflected power signal are observed at the same magnetic fields as a reduced amplitude in the Shubnikov-de Haas (SdH) oscillations of the diagonal magnetoresistance. The reflection resonances with concurrent amplitude reduction in SdH oscillations are correlated with cyclotron resonance induced by microwave, mm-wave, and terahertz photoexcitation. The magnetoplasma effect was also investigated. The results suggest a finite frequency zero-magnetic-field intercept, providing an estimate for the plasma frequency. The experimentally measured plasma frequency appears to be somewhat lower than the estimated plasma frequency for these Hall bars. The results, in sum, are consistent with an effective mass ratio ofm*/m = 0.067, the standard value, even in these high mobility GaAs/AlGaAs devices, at very large filling factors. Preliminary findings from this article have been published as conference proceedings, see Kriisa, A.,et al.,J. of Phys. Conf. Ser.864, 012057 (2017).
Multilevel Analysis of the Patterns of Physical-Mental Multimorbidity in General Population of São Paulo Metropolitan Area, Brazil
Authors: Wang Yuan-Pang , Nunes Bruno P. , Coêlho Bruno M. , Santana Geilson L. , do Nascimento Carla F. , Viana Maria Carmen , Benseñor Isabela M. , Andrade Laura H. , Chiavegatto Filho Alexandre D. P. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractChronic diseases are often comorbid and present a weighty burden for communities in the 21st century. The present investigation depicted patterns of multimorbidity in the general population and examined its association with the individual- and area-level factors in an urban sample of non-elderly adults of Brazil. Data were from the cross-sectional São Paulo Megacity Mental Health Survey, a stratified multistage area probability sampling investigation. Trained interviewers assessed mental morbidities and asked about physical conditions for 1,571 community-dwelling women and 1,142 men, aged between 18 and 64 years. Principal component analysis depicted patterns of physical-mental multimorbidity, by sex. Following, the patterns of multimorbidity were subjected to multilevel regression analysis, taking into account individual- and area-level variables. Three patterns of clustering were found for women: ‘irritable mood and headache’, ‘chronic diseases and pain’, and ‘substance use disorders’. Among men, the patterns were: ‘chronic pain and respiratory disease’, ‘psychiatric disorders’, and ‘chronic diseases’. Multilevel analyses showed associations between multimorbidity patterns and both individual- and area-level determinants. Our findings call for a reformulation of health-care systems worldwide, especially in low-resource countries. Replacing the single-disease framework by multi-disease patterns in health-care settings can improve the ability of general practitioners in the health-care of person-centred needs.
De novo origins of multicellularity in response to predation
Authors: Herron Matthew D. , Borin Joshua M. , Boswell Jacob C. , Walker Jillian , Chen I-Chen Kimberly , Knox Charles A. , Boyd Margrethe , Rosenzweig Frank , Ratcliff William C. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe transition from unicellular to multicellular life was one of a few major events in the history of life that created new opportunities for more complex biological systems to evolve. Predation is hypothesized as one selective pressure that may have driven the evolution of multicellularity. Here we show thatde novoorigins of simple multicellularity can evolve in response to predation. We subjected outcrossed populations of the unicellular green algaChlamydomonas reinhardtiito selection by the filter-feeding predatorParamecium tetraurelia. Two of five experimental populations evolved multicellular structures not observed in unselected control populations within ~750 asexual generations. Considerable variation exists in the evolved multicellular life cycles, with both cell number and propagule size varying among isolates. Survival assays show that evolved multicellular traits provide effective protection against predation. These results support the hypothesis that selection imposed by predators may have played a role in some origins of multicellularity.
Young bone marrow transplantation preserves learning and memory in old mice
Authors: Das Melanie M. , Godoy Marlesa , Chen Shuang , Moser V. Alexandra , Avalos Pablo , Roxas Kristina M. , Dang Ivy , Yáñez Alberto , Zhang Wenxuan , Bresee Catherine , Arditi Moshe , Liu George Y. , Svendsen Clive N. , Goodridge Helen S. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractRestoration of cognitive function in old mice by transfer of blood or plasma from young mice has been attributed to reduced C–C motif chemokine ligand 11 (CCL11) and β2-microglobulin, which are thought to suppress neurogenesis in the aging brain. However, the specific role of the hematopoietic system in this rejuvenation has not been defined and the importance of neurogenesis in old mice is unclear. Here we report that transplantation of young bone marrow to rejuvenate the hematopoietic system preserved cognitive function in old recipient mice, despite irradiation-induced suppression of neurogenesis, and without reducing β2-microglobulin. Instead, young bone marrow transplantation preserved synaptic connections and reduced microglial activation in the hippocampus. Circulating CCL11 levels were lower in young bone marrow recipients, and CCL11 administration in young mice had the opposite effect, reducing synapses and increasing microglial activation. In conclusion, young blood or bone marrow may represent a future therapeutic strategy for neurodegenerative disease.
Modifying graphene’s lattice dynamics by hot-electron injection from single gold nanoparticles
Authors: Weinhold Marcel , Chatterjee Sangam , Klar Peter J. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractTwo-dimensional layered materials like graphene pave the way to advanced (opto-) electronic devices. Their extraordinary properties can be further controlled employing plasmonic nanostructures. The interplay between two-dimensional material and plasmonic nanostructures yields enhanced light focusing, large absorption cross sections, and hot-carrier generation due to the excitation and decay of localized surface plasmons. However, this interplay strongly depends on the particle’s environment and geometry mandating the investigation of individual structures. Here, we show that Raman spectroscopy reveals locally resolved information about charge transfer, temperature, and strain distribution of graphene sheets in the vicinity of individual spherical gold nanoparticles. Hot-electrons are efficiently injected into graphene under resonant excitation of the localized surface plasmons of the gold nanoparticle. Additionally, heating of the graphene sheet and its intrinsic strain can be separated and quantified. Hence, the presented analysis provides unprecedented insights into the underlying microscopic physics enabling better device design in the future.
Tidal heating and the habitability of the TRAPPIST-1 exoplanets
Authors: Dobos Vera , Barr Amy C. , Kiss László L. 
Published: February 2019

Context. New estimates of the masses and radii of the seven planets orbiting the ultracool M-dwarf TRAPPIST-1 star permit improved modelling of their compositions, heating by tidal dissipation, and removal of tidal heat by solid-state convection.
Aims. Here we compute the heat flux due to insolation and tidal heating for the inner four planets.
Methods. We apply a Maxwell viscoelastic rheology to compute the tidal response of the planets using the volume-weighted average of the viscosities and rigidities of the metal, rock, high-pressure ice, and liquid water/ice I layers.
Results. We show that TRAPPIST-1d and e can avoid entering a runaway greenhouse state. Planet e is the most likely to support a habitable environment, with Earth-like surface temperatures and possibly liquid water oceans. Planet d also avoids a runaway greenhouse, if its surface reflectance is at least as high as that of the Earth. Planets b and c, closer to the star, have heat fluxes high enough to trigger a runaway greenhouse and to support volcanism on the surfaces of their rock layers, rendering them too warm for life. Planets f, g, and h are too far from the star to experience significant tidal heating, and likely have solid ice surfaces with possible subsurface liquid water oceans.
Hot Exoplanet Atmospheres Resolved with Transit Spectroscopy (HEARTS)
Authors: Seidel J. V. , Ehrenreich D. , Wyttenbach A. , Allart R. , Lendl M. , Pino L. , Bourrier V. , Cegla H. M. , Lovis C. , Barrado D. , Bayliss D. , Astudillo-Defru N. , Deline A. , Fisher C. , Heng K. , Joseph R. , Lavie B. , Melo C. , Pepe F. , Ségransan D. , Udry S. 
Published: February 2019

High-resolution optical spectroscopy is a powerful tool to characterise exoplanetary atmospheres from the ground. The sodium D lines, with their large cross sections, are especially suited to studying the upper layers of atmospheres in this context. We report on the results from Hot Exoplanet Atmosphere Resolved with Transit Spectroscopy survey (HEARTS), a spectroscopic survey of exoplanet atmospheres, performing a comparative study of hot gas giants to determine the effects of stellar irradiation. In this second installation of the series, we highlight the detection of neutral sodium on the ultra-hot giant WASP-76b. We observed three transits of the planet using the High-Accuracy Radial-velocity Planet Searcher (HARPS) high-resolution spectrograph at the European Southern Observatory (ESO) 3.6 m telescope and collected 175 spectra of WASP-76. We repeatedly detect the absorption signature of neutral sodium in the planet atmosphere (0.371 ± 0.034%; 10.75σ in a 0.75 Å passband). The sodium lines have a Gaussian profile with full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 27.6 ± 2.8 km s−1. This is significantly broader than the line spread function of HARPS (2.7 km s−1). We surmise that the observed broadening could trace the super-rotation in the upper atmosphere of this ultra-hot gas giant.