bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Deracinated Dispossessions: On the Foreclosures of “Gentrification” in Oakland,CA
Authors: McElroy Erin , Werth Alex 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThis paper challenges dominant geographies of urban theory by conceptualising the dynamics of displacement in Oakland through place‐specific histories of racial/spatial politics. It argues that the repeated transposition of a San Francisco‐based model of “tech gentrification” results inderacinated dispossessions, or accounts of displacement uprooted from grounded histories of racial violence and resistance. It also argues that, while urban scholars acknowledge the role of historical difference in contouring dispossessions in metropolitan versus postcolonial cities, this consideration should be broadened to account for the racial/colonial dimensions of urbanism in theUSas well. Treating Oakland as a “crossroads of theory”, this paper joins calls for a deeper engagement between postcolonial urban studies and critical race and ethnic studies from North America. Drawing upon the authors’ activist and empirical work, it contends that “thinking from Oakland” demands a foregrounding of racial capitalism, policing, and refusal.
Effect of intravitreal conbercept treatment on the expression of Long Noncoding RNAs and mRNAs in Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy Patients
Authors: Wang Jiawei , Gao Xue , Liu Jing , Wang Jing , Zhang Yue , Zhang Tonghe , Zhang Han 
Published: March 2019

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate the effect of conbercept on the expression of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and mRNAs in the fibrovascular membranes of proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) patients.MethodsTwenty patients, diagnosed with PDR, who underwent pars plana vitrectomy (PPV), were recruited for this study. Ten patients were treated for PPV alone (Control Group), and the others received conbercept injections before PPV (Treated Group). The fibrovascular membranes were harvested during surgery. Expression of lncRNAs and mRNAs in the membranes was tested using lncRNA Arrays. Bioinformatics analyses were performed to identify the related biological modules and pathways of the differentially expressed genes. A lncRNA/mRNA coexpression network was built to identify the correlations between lncRNAs and mRNAs. Real‐time PCR was conducted to verify the microarray results.ResultsWe identified 427 differentially expressed lncRNAs, of which 263 were upregulated and 164 were downregulated. Gene ontology (GO) analysis indicated that these lncRNAs–coexpressed mRNAs targeted various metabolic processes, especially the gluconeogenesis. Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) results indicated that 16 pathways had significant differences in gene expression, including gluconeogenesis, HIF‐1 signalling pathway, NOD‐like receptor pathway, etc. The lncRNA/mRNA coexpression network revealed that many differentially expressed lncRNAs were enriched in the HIF‐1, TNF‐α and NOD‐like receptor pathways. LincRNAs were the largest category and further bioinformatics analysis implied that these lincRNAs–coexpressed mRNAs were mainly involved in PDR‐related biological processes and pathological pathways.ConclusionConbercept treatment can change the expression profiles of lncRNAs and mRNAs in the fibrovascular membranes of PDR patients. A complete understanding of the relationship between lncRNAs and anti‐VEGF drugs may contribute to new therapeutic regimen for PDR.
Quantitative choriocapillaris evaluation in intermediate age‐related macular degeneration by swept‐source optical coherence tomography angiography
Authors: Vujosevic Stela , Toma Caterina , Villani Edoardo , Muraca Andrea , Torti Emanuele , Florimbi Giordana , Pezzotti Marco , Nucci Paolo , De Cillà Stefano 
Published: March 2019

AbstractPurposeTo investigate choriocapillaris (CC) perfusion, by evaluating flow voids (FV), in eyes with intermediate age‐related macular degeneration (iAMD) using swept‐source optical coherence tomography angiography (SS‐OCT‐A).MethodsPatients with bilateral or unilateral iAMD and normal controls underwent SS‐OCT and OCT‐A examination. Choriocapillaris (CC) FVs were quantitatively assessed on OCT‐A images using matlab (version 2017b; MathWorks, Natick, MA, USA), after a preprocessing aimed at compensating for CC attenuation artefacts. Three different thresholds [1 standard deviation (SD), 1.25 SD and 1.5 SD] were applied. Final FV percentage (FV%) was calculated as the ratio between area with absent flow and total scanned area.ResultsOf 41 patients with iAMD and 16 normal subjects enrolled in the study, 39 eyes (39 patients) with iAMD and all 16 normal eyes (16 control subjects) were included in the final analysis. Mean FV% (1 SD) was 13.45 ± 0.66 in controls, 14.19 ± 1.23 in bilateral iAMD and 14.21 ± 0.99 in unilateral iAMD (p = 0.03, for difference between controls and bilateral iAMD). Mean FV% (1.25 SD) was 6.55 ± 0.65 in controls, 7.33 ± 1.4 in bilateral iAMD and 7.06 ± 1.4 in unilateral iAMD (p = 0.048, for difference between controls and bilateral iAMD). Mean FV% (1.5 SD) was 2.71 ± 0.82 in controls, 2.55 ± 1.12 in bilateral iAMD and 3.25 ± 1.17 in unilateral iAMD (p = 0.038, for difference between bilateral and unilateral iAMD).ConclusionA significantly higher FV% was found in patients with iAMD versus controls. A higher trend in FV% was found in unilateral iAMD (with neovascular AMD in the fellow eye) versus bilateral iAMD, when applying the lowest threshold. Further, larger and longitudinal studies are needed to confirm this data.
Diurnal variations in flow density measured using optical coherence tomography angiography and the impact of heart rate, mean arterial pressure and intraocular pressure on flow density in primary open‐angle glaucoma patients
Authors: Müller Viktoria Constanze , Storp Jens Julian , Kerschke Laura , Nelis Pieter , Eter Nicole , Alnawaiseh Maged 
Published: March 2019

AbstractPurposeTo determine the diurnal variations in peripapillary and macular flow density (FD), as measured using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) and to elaborate on the relationship between diurnal FD, circulatory parameters and intraocular pressure (IOP) variations in primary open‐angle glaucoma (POAG).MethodsForty eyes of 40 POAG patients were drawn into this cross‐sectional study. The retinal microvasculature of the macula (superficial and deep layers) and optic nerve [radial peripapillary capillary (RPC)] was examined by OCTA (AngioVue®, Optovue). Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) measurements were conducted at 08:00, 11:00, 15:00 and 20:00 over the course of two consecutive days. Intraocular pressure (IOP) and circulatory parameters were assessed accordingly. Diurnal variations in FD were analysed using linear mixed models.ResultsWhile superficial macular FD and RPC FD revealed not to be affected by diurnal variations (p = 0.492, p = 0.319), FD in the deep layer of the macula increased throughout the day (p < 0.001). Superficial macular FD was influenced significantly by mean arterial pressure (MAP) (p = 0.006) and heart rate (HR) (p = 0.033), whereas FD in the RPC layer was significantly affected by HR (p = 0.010). No statistically significant effect of IOP fluctuations on FD was observed.ConclusionThis study shows diurnal fluctuations of deep macular FD measured by OCTA and outlines the relationship between FD and hemodynamic parameters (MAP/HR) in POAG patients.
Organic additives used in beef cattle feedlot: Effects on metabolic parameters and animal performance
Authors: Leite Rhaony Gonçalves , Romanzini Eliéder Prates , Delevatti Lutti Maneck , Hoffmann Alvair , Ferrari Adriana Cristina , D'Aurea André Pastori , Fernandes Lauriston Bertelli , Oliveira Amanda Prates , Reis Ricardo Andrade 
Published: March 2019

AbstractOrganic additives are recently being used in animal diets owing to their ability to control metabolic issues and result in better animal performance. Specifically, the organic additive Fator P® presents an additional advantage that is to cause a lesser greenhouse gas emission. This study evaluated whether Fator P® intake changes ruminal parameters or animal performance of beef cattle. Evaluations were carried out in a feedlot experiment divided into growing (46 days; two diets [control mix—CM and standard mix—SM] and finishing (lasted 83 days; four diets: CM, SM, Fator P® + virginiamycin, and Fator P® alone [FP]) trials. Animal performance study involved 48 animals allocated to 12 collective pens in completely randomized experimental design. Ruminal parameters were evaluated in separate metabolism study developed carried out using individual pen with four steers. During growing trial, FP diet resulted in higher (p < 0.05) dry matter intake (DMI) and ruminating time. In the finishing trial, diets containing Fator P® resulted in higher DMI than obtained with CM. Most of the ruminal parameters did not differ (p > 0.05) among dietary treatments. Therefore, Fator P® represents a viable and safe strategy for supplementation to beef cattle finished using high‐concentrate diet in feedlot systems.
The independent association of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease with lower urinary tract symptoms/benign prostatic hyperplasia and erectile function scores
Authors: Eren Huseyin , Horsanali Mustafa O. 
Published: March 2019

ObjectivesTo evaluate the association between non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS)/benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) and erectile function.Patients and methodsIn all, 356 men diagnosed with LUTS/BPH were evaluated retrospectively between January 2016 and March 2018. Anthropometric and laboratory data were collected. According to the liver echogenicity degree, patients were divided into four NAFLD groups: Grade 0 was considered as normal with no NAFLD, whilst Grades 1–3 NAFLD had increasing fat deposits. LUTS symptoms, prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) levels, prostate volumes (PVs), and five‐item version of the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF‐5) scores were compared statistically between the NAFLD grades.ResultsPSA levels did not differ between the groups. The International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), PV and post‐voided residual urine volume (PVR) were significantly greater in men with higher NAFLD grades. Conversely, the maximum urinary flow rate (Qmax) and IIEF‐5 score were lower in men with higher NAFLD grades. The NAFLD grade, rather than being metabolic syndrome (MetS) positive, affected prostate parameters and IIEF‐5 scores. NAFLD grade correlated positively with IPSS, PV and PVR, whereas there was a negative correlation with Qmax and IIEF‐5 score. Age and NAFLD were independent predictors of IPSS, PV, Qmax, and PVR on multivariate analysis.ConclusionWe found that NAFLD was an independent predictive factor for IPSS, PV, Qmax, PVR and IIEF‐5 score. MetS was only a significant predictive factor for IIEF‐5 score, thus NAFLD may identify patients at high risk of LUTS better than MetS.
Elevated insulin‐like growth factor‐1 in Cushing’s disease
Authors: English Katherine , Chikani Viral , Dimeski Goce , Inder Warrick J. 
Published: March 2019

SummaryObjectiveTo determine if patients with untreated Cushing's disease have higher serum insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1) compared to matched controls, and if IGF‐1 decreases following remission of Cushing's disease.DesignRetrospective case‐control study matching Cushing's disease cases to control patients for adenoma size, age, sex, diabetic and gonadal status, body mass index and serum IGF‐1 measured within one year. Paired analysis of pre‐operative (untreated) and >3 months post‐operative (remission) serum IGF‐1 for cases.Patients and measurementsAll patients were investigated at the Princess Alexandra Hospital Endocrine Unit between 2005 and 2017. Serum IGF‐1 was measured in 25 cases and 49 controls, 23 case‐control pairs and 13 cases pre‐ and post‐operatively.ResultsMean serum IGF‐1 in cases was significantly higher compared to controls—32 ± 12 nmol/L compared to 25 ± 8 nmol/L, (P = 0.005). The proportion of cases with elevated serum IGF‐1 above an age‐adjusted reference range was higher compared to 1:1 matched controls (8/23 (35%) vs 1/23 (4%), P = 0.02). In 13 cases in remission post‐operatively, serum IGF‐1 decreased significantly from 31 (IQR 29‐40.5) nmol/L to 23 (IQR 15‐28.5) nmol/L, (P < 0.001), despite no difference in the prevalence of pre‐ vs post‐operative pituitary hormone dysfunction (P = 0.47).ConclusionPatients with untreated Cushing's disease may have elevated IGF‐1, which decreases following remission. Mildly elevated IGF‐1 in Cushing's disease does not imply pathological growth hormone (GH) excess.
Untangling theEchiniscusGordian knot: paraphyly of the “arctomysgroup” (Heterotardigrada: Echiniscidae)
Authors: Gąsiorek Piotr , Morek Witold , Stec Daniel , Michalczyk Łukasz 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe genusEchiniscusC.A.S. Schultze, 1840, one of the earliest established and speciose tardigrade genera, has been hypothesized to be polyphyletic. Moreover, the presence or absence of trunk appendages, the type of cuticular sculpturing and body colour have been argued to hold taxonomic significance at the genus level inEchiniscus‐line taxa. Here, by combining morphological and genetic analyses, we demonstrate that the so‐called “arctomysgroup”, i.e.Echiniscusspp. lacking trunk appendages, comprises numerous separate evolutionary lineages within the family Echiniscidae. As a result, we erect five new echiniscid genera:Barbariagen. nov., presumably of Neotropical (Gondwanan) origin, previously classified as theEchiniscus bigranulatusgroup; the pantropical and subtropicalKristenseniscusgen. nov.(thetessellatusgroup), characterized by a peculiar subdivision of dorsal plates;Claxtoniagen. nov.(thewendtigroup), with large and evident endocuticular pillars in the form of polygons;Nebularmisgen. nov.(thereticulatusgroup), with an elusive dorsal sculpturing; andViridiscusgen. nov.(theviridisgroup), with body colour ranging from light green through brownish to even almost black. Additionally, we briefly address appendagedEchiniscus s.s. and divide the genus into several groups based on dorsal plate sculpturing and suggest that these could also represent separate supraspecific entities.
Bird conservation and the land sharing‐sparing continuum in farmland‐dominated landscapes of lowland England
Authors: Finch Tom , Gillings Simon , Green Rhys E. , Massimino Dario , Peach Will J. , Balmford Andrew 
Published: March 2019

AbstractEmpirical evidence from many regions suggests that most species would be least negatively affected if human food demand were met through high‐yield agricultural production and conservation of nonfarm ecosystems (land sparing), rather than through wildlife‐friendly farming over a larger area (land sharing). However, repeated glaciation and a long history of agriculture may lead to different results in regions such as western Europe. We compared the consequences of land sparing and land sharing on breeding bird species in 2 lowland regions of England, The Fens, with 101 species, and Salisbury Plain, with 83. We derived density–yield responses for each species and then estimated regional population size under regional food production strategies, including land sharing and land sparing, a range of intermediate strategies, and a novel mixed strategy. In both regions, more species achieved maximum regional population size under land sparing than land sharing. In The Fens, the majority of birds were loser species (estimated to have smaller populations under all food production strategies than in the preagricultural baseline scenario), whereas in Salisbury Plain the majority were winners (smaller populations in the preagricultural baseline scenario). Loser species overwhelmingly achieved maximum regional population size under land sparing, whereas winner species achieved maximum regional population size under either land sharing or an intermediate strategy, highlighting the importance of defining which groups of species are the target of conservation. A novel 3‐compartment strategy (combining high‐yield farming, natural habitat, and low‐yield farming) often performed better than either land sharing or land sparing. Our results support intermediate or 3‐compartment land‐sparing strategies to maximize bird populations across lowland agricultural landscapes. To deliver conservation outcomes, any shift toward land sparing must, however, ensure yield increases are sustainable in the long term, do not entail increased negative effects on surrounding areas, and are linked to allocation of land for nature.
Understanding and minimizing environmental impacts of the Belt and Road Initiative
Authors: Hughes Alice C. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractChina's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) sets to create connections and build infrastructure across Eurasia, Asia, and parts of the African continent in its initial phase and is the largest infrastructure project of all time. Any infrastructure project on this scale will necessarily pass through ecofragile regions and key biodiversity areas (KBAs). This creates an imperative to identify possible areas of impact and probable effects on conservation values to facilitate adaptive planning and to mitigate, minimize, or avoid impacts. Using the highest resolution route maps of the BRI available, I overlaid the proposed road and rail routes on KBAs, protected areas, and predicted biodiversity hotspots for over 4138 animal and 7371 plant species. I also assessed the relationship between the proposed route with the distribution of mines across BRI countries and the proportion of deforestation and forest near routes. Infrastructure, especially mining, was clustered near the proposed route; thus, construction and development along the route may increase the size and number of mines. Up to 15% of KBAs were within 1 km of proposed railways. Thus, planned and probable development along the routes may pose a significant risk to biodiversity, especially because the majority of KBAs are unprotected. Many biodiversity hotspots for different taxa were near the route. These hotspots varied between taxa, making systematic management and environmental impact assessments an effective strategy for at least some taxa. A combination of planning and mitigation strategies will likely be necessary to protect the most important areas for biodiversity proximal to development, especially in currently unprotected KBAs and other regions that need protection. A fuller assessment of trade‐offs between conservation and other values will be necessary to make good decisions for each project and site being developed, including potentially modifying parts of the route to minimize impacts. Modification or foregoing of infrastructure may be needed if stakeholders consider the conservation costs too high.
From Context to Code: Information Transfer Constrains the Emergence of Graphic Codes
Authors: Winters James , Morin Olivier 
Published: March 2019

AbstractHumans commit information to graphic symbols for three basic reasons: as a memory aid, as a tool for thinking, and as a means of communication. Yet, despite the benefits of transmitting information graphically, we still know very little about the biases and constraints acting on the emergence of stable, powerful, and accurate graphic codes (such as writing). Using a reference game, where participants play as Messengers and Recipients, we experimentally manipulate the function of the task (communicative or non‐communicative) and investigate whether this shapes the emergence of stable, powerful, and accurate codes for both synchronous and asynchronous modes of information transfer. Only in the Dialogue condition, where Messenger and Recipient are two different persons communicating within the same time frame (i.e., synchronously), do we consistently observe the emergence of stable, powerful, and accurate graphic codes. Such codes are unnecessary for participants in Recall, where Messenger and Recipient are the same person transferring information within the same time frame, and they fail to emerge in Correspondence, where Messenger and Recipient are two different persons communicating across time frames (i.e., asynchronously). Lastly, in the Mnemonic condition, where Messenger and Recipient are the same person at different points in time, participants achieve high accuracy but with codes that are suboptimal in terms of power and stability. Our results suggest that the rarity and late arrival of stable, powerful, and accurate graphic codes in human history largely stems from strong constraints on information transfer. In particular, we suggest that these constraints limit a code's ability to reach an adequate tradeoff between information that needs to be explicitly encoded and information that needs to be inferred from context.
Do Additional Features Help or Hurt Category Learning? The Curse of Dimensionality in Human Learners
Authors: Vong Wai Keen , Hendrickson Andrew T. , Navarro Danielle J. , Perfors Andrew 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe curse of dimensionality, which has been widely studied in statistics and machine learning, occurs when additional features cause the size of the feature space to grow so quickly that learning classification rules becomes increasingly difficult. How do people overcome the curse of dimensionality when acquiring real‐world categories that have many different features? Here we investigate the possibility that the structure of categories can help. We show that when categories follow a family resemblance structure, people are unaffected by the presence of additional features in learning. However, when categories are based on a single feature, they fall prey to the curse, and having additional irrelevant features hurts performance. We compare and contrast these results to three different computational models to show that a model with limited computational capacity best captures human performance across almost all of the conditions in both experiments.
Cryptococcosis in solid organ transplantation—Guidelines from the American Society of Transplantation Infectious Diseases Community of Practice
Authors: Baddley John W. , Forrest Graeme N. ,   the AST Infectious Diseases Community of Practice
Published: March 2019

AbstractThese updated guidelines from the Infectious Diseases Community of Practice of the American Society of Transplantation review the diagnosis, prevention, and management of cryptococcosis in the pre‐ and post‐transplant period. The current update now includes a discussion of cryptococcosis, which is the third most common invasive fungal infection in SOT recipients. Infection often occurs a year after transplantation; however, early infections occur and donor‐derived infections have been described within 3 months after transplant. There are two main species that cause infection, Cryptococcus neoformans and C gattii. Clinical onset may be insidious, but headaches, fevers, and mental status changes should warrant diagnostic testing. The lateral flow cryptococcal antigen assay is now the preferred test from serum and cerebrospinal fluid due to its rapidity, accuracy, and cost. A lumbar puncture with measurement of opening pressure is recommended for patients with suspected or proven cryptococcosis. Lipid amphotericin B plus 5‐flucytosine is used as initial treatment of meningitis, disseminated infection, and moderate‐to‐severe pulmonary infection, followed by fluconazole as consolidation therapy. Fluconazole is effective for mild‐to‐moderate pulmonary infection. Immunosuppression reduction as part of management may lead to immune reconstitution syndrome that may resemble active disease.