bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
L
atin
A
merican
C
ities
Authors: Jajamovich Guillermo , Cortés Alexis 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Despite their diversity, Latin American cities share a number of processes that differentiate them from the development trajectory of North America and Europe. Likewise, in the dialogue about those processes of urbanization, a number of actors, ideas, and conflicts have designated Latin American cities as a fundamental, figurative key to understanding the developmental path of the subcontinent. This entry examines three moments that distinguish the Latin American city from its Northern counterparts: first, a period that addresses development issues; second, a time marked by debates over dependency; and finally, an era that exhibits their weakening in a context of globalization.
Urban Planning
Authors: Vicuña Magdalena , Galland Daniel 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThis entry synthesizes the official story of the history and evolution of modern urban planning with an emphasis on the domain's representative milestones. It begins by addressing distinctive urban planning notions conceived primarily as urban design during the first half of the twentieth century, and then moves on to highlight different waves of procedural planning approaches and their respective critiques and reactions since the advent of the post‐World War II era to date. The entry mainly focuses on planning thought and practice as conceived in the Global North but also raises awareness about emerging planning theorizations stemming from Global South contexts. Altogether, each planning stage features ad hoc planning conceptions characterized by specific values, interests, preferences, beliefs, and ways of implementation. This chronological account is thereby indicative of the polysemous character of urban planning, a product of its continuous reorientations as regards its ever‐changing planning agendas, policies, and practices irrespective of geographical contexts and sociopolitical realities and transitions.
Conundrums in Comparative Urbanism
Authors: Sadoway David 
Published: January 2019

Abstract

How and why should we compare cities? In a world of diverse cities, what insights do
comparative urbanism
approaches profess to provide? This entry reviews the theory and practice of comparative urbanism (CU), including its conundrums, critiques, and potential future directions. As a postcolonial‐ and poststructuralist‐influenced approach to urban theory‐building as well as a methodological disposition, CU involves intra‐ and intercity comparisons of neighborhoods, city‐regions, and urbanization processes. Contemporary CU praxis can be understood as a relational response to understanding planetary urbanization as well as a critical counter‐reaction to “global cities” or “area studies” approaches that focus on select hierarchies of cities or regions.
Changes in Hematological Parameters and Heat Shock Proteins in Juvenile Sablefish Depending on Water Temperature Stress
Authors: Kim Jun-Hwan , Park Hee-Ju , Kim Do-Hyung , Oh Chul Woong , Lee Jung Sick , Kang Ju-Chan 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Juvenile Sablefish Anoplopoma fimbria were used to assess the effects of water temperature (8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, and 20°C) on hematological parameters and heat shock proteins 70 and 90 for 4 months. Hematological parameters, including red blood cell count, hematocrit, and hemoglobin, were significantly decreased at 18°C. The inorganic plasma components calcium and magnesium were not altered by water temperature. The organic plasma components glucose and cholesterol were notably elevated at 18°C, whereas total protein was reduced. The enzymatic components, including aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransaminase, and alkaline phosphatase, were notably elevated at 16°C or 18°C. The results of this study indicate that a temperature higher than the proper temperature affects the hematological parameters and heat shock proteins of juvenile Sablefish.
Do the representative beam data for TrueBeam™ linear accelerators represent average data?
Authors: Tanaka Yoshihiro , Mizuno Hirokazu , Akino Yuichi , Isono Masaru , Masai Norimasa , Yamamoto Toshijiro 
Published: January 2019

AbstractIf the vendor's representative beam data (RBD) for TrueBeam linear accelerators are to be valid for use in clinical practice, the variations in the beam data used for beam modeling must be small. Although a few studies have reported the variation of the beam data of the TrueBeam machines, the numbers of machines analyzed in those studies were small. In this study, we investigated the variation in the beam data for 21 TrueBeam machines collected from 17 institutions with their agreement. In the exponential regions, the percent depth dose (PDD) values showed very small variation, <1% for all the photon energies analyzed. Similarly, the off‐center ratio (OCR) values also showed small variation for all energies. In the field regions, the standard deviations of the values of dose difference (DD) between the data for each machine and the study average were <1% for field sizes ≥100 × 100 mm2. The maximum distance‐to‐agreement from the average data was <0.5 mm in the penumbra regions. The output factor (OPF) values also showed very small variation (<1%) for all energies and field sizes. Both the PDD and OCR of the average study data showed good agreement with the vendor's RBD for field sizes ≥100 × 100 mm2. The OPF of the average study data also showed good agreement with the vendor's RBD for all field sizes. However, although all the institutions used ionization chambers with similar cavity volumes, the 30 × 30 mm2 field size showed large DD variations (≥2%) in OCR in the field regions. We conclude that the intermachine variability of TrueBeam linear accelerators was very small except for small field dosimetry, supporting the validity of the use of the RBD for clinical applications. The use of the vendor's RBD might greatly facilitate the quick installation of a new linear accelerator.
Elective nodal irradiation with simultaneous integrated boost stereotactic body radiotherapy for pancreatic cancer: Analyses of planning feasibility and geometrically driven DVH prediction model
Authors: Nakamura Akira , Prichard Hugh A. , Wo Jennifer Y. , Wolfgang John A. , Hong Theodore S. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractPurposeWe evaluate the feasibility of the elective nodal irradiation strategy in stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) for pancreatic cancer.MethodsThree simultaneous integrated boost (SIB)‐SBRT plans (Boost1, Boost2, and Boost3) were retrospectively generated for each of 20 different patients. Boost1 delivered 33 and 25 Gy to PTV1 and PTV2, respectively. Boost2 delivered 40, 33, and 25 Gy to boostCTV, PTV1, and PTV2, respectively. Boost3 delivered 33 and 25 Gy to PTV1 and PTV3, respectively. PTV1 covered the initial standard SBRT plan (InitPlan) gross tumor volume (GTV). PTV2 covered CTVgeom which was created by a 10‐mm expansion (15 mm posterior) of GTV. PTV3 covered CTVprop which included elective nodal regions. The boostCTV included GTV as well as involved vasculature. The planning feasibility in each scenario and dose–volume histograms (DVHs) were analyzed and compared with the InitPlan (delivered 33 Gy only to PTV1) by paired t‐test. Next, a novel DVH prediction model was developed and its performance was evaluated according to the prediction accuracy (AC) of planning violations. Then, the model was used to simulate the impacts of GTV‐to‐organs at risk (OAR) distance and gastrointestinal (GI) OAR volume variations on planning feasibility.ResultsSignificant dose increases were observed in GI‐OARs in SIB‐SBRT plans when compared with InitPlan. All dose constraints were met in 63% of cases in InitPlan, Boost1, and Boost2, whereas Boost3 developed DVH violations in all cases. Utilizing previous patient anatomy, the novel DVH prediction model achieved a high AC in the prediction of violations for GI‐OARs; the positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and AC were 66%, 90%, and 84%, respectively. Experiments with the model demonstrated that the larger proximity volume of GI‐OAR at the shorter distance substantially impacted on planning violations.ConclusionsSIB‐SBRT plan with geometrically defined prophylactic areas can be dosimetrically feasible, but including all nodal areas with 25 Gy in five fractions appears to be unrealistic.
Interventional Photothermal Therapy Enhanced Brachytherapy: A New Strategy to Fight Deep Pancreatic Cancer
Authors: Zhang Fengrong , Han Xianlin , Hu Yanyan , Wang Shunhao , Liu Shuang , Pan Xueting , Wang Hongyu , Ma Junjie , Wang Weiwei , Li Shanshan , Wu Qingyuan , Shen Heyun , Yu Xiaoling , Yuan Qipeng , Liu Huiyu 
Published: January 2019

AbstractPhotothermal–radiotherapy (PT–RT) is an effective strategy for relieving hypoxia‐related radiotherapy resistance and inducing tumor‐specific cell apoptosis/necrosis. Nevertheless, limited tissue penetration of near‐infrared (NIR) laser and the serious side effects of high‐dose radiation severely hinder its applications for deep tumors. An interventional photothermal–brachytherapy (IPT–BT) technology is proposed here for the internal site‐specific treatment of deep tumors. This technology utilizes a kind of biodegradable honeycomb‐like gold nanoparticles (HGNs) acting as both internal photothermal agents and radiosensitizers. A high tumor inhibition rate of 96.6% is achieved in SW1990 orthotopic pancreatic tumor‐bearing mice by HGNs‐mediated IPT–BT synergistic therapy. Interestingly, this approach effectively causes double‐stranded DNA damage and improves the oxygen supply and the penetration of nanoparticles inside the tumor. Therefore, it is believed that this strategy may open up a new avenue for PT–RT synergistic therapy of deep malignant tumors and has a significant impact on the future clinical translation.
Synthesis of a MoSx–O–PtOx Electrocatalyst with High Hydrogen Evolution Activity Using a Sacrificial Counter‐Electrode
Authors: Zhan Yingxin , Li Yi , Yang Zhi , Wu Xiongwei , Ge Mengzhan , Zhou Xuemei , Hou Junjie , Zheng Xiannuo , Lai Yuchong , Pang Rongrong , Duan Huan , Chen Xi'an , Nie Huagui , Huang Shaoming 
Published: January 2019

AbstractWater splitting is considered to be a very promising alternative to greenly produce hydrogen, and the key to optimizing this process is the development of suitable electrocatalysts. Here, a sacrificial‐counter‐electrode method to synthesize a MoSx/carbon nanotubes/Pt catalyst (0.55 wt% Pt loading) is developed, which exhibits a low overpotential of 25 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm−2, a low Tafel slope of 27 mV dec−1, and excellent stability under acidic conditions. The theory calculations and experimental results confirm the high hydrogen evolution activity that is likely due to the fact that the S atoms in MoSx can be substituted with O atoms during a potential cycling process when using Pt as a counter‐electrode, where the O atoms act as bridges between the catalytic PtOx particles and the MoSx support to generate a MoSx–O–PtOx structure, allowing the Pt atoms to donate more electrons thus facilitating the hydrogen evolution reaction process.
Targeted Therapy against Metastatic Melanoma Based on Self‐Assembled Metal‐Phenolic Nanocomplexes Comprised of Green Tea Catechin
Authors: Li Ke , Xiao Gao , Richardson Joseph J. , Tardy Blaise L. , Ejima Hirotaka , Huang Wen , Guo Junling , Liao Xuepin , Shi Bi 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe targeted therapy of metastatic melanoma is an important yet challenging goal that has received only limited attention to date. Herein, green tea polyphenols, (–)‐epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate (EGCG), and lanthanide metal ions (Sm3+) are used as building blocks to engineer self‐assembled SmIII‐EGCG nanocomplexes with synergistically enhanced tumor inhibitory properties. These nanocomplexes have negligible systemic toxic effects on healthy cells but cause a significant reduction in the viability of melanoma cells by efficiently regulating their metabolic pathways. Moreover, the wound‐induced migration of melanoma cells can be efficiently inhibited by SmIII‐EGCG, which is a key criterion for metastatic melanoma therapy. In a mouse melanoma tumor model, SmIII‐EGCG is directly compared with a clinical anticancer drug, 5‐fluorouracil and shows remarkable tumor inhibition. Moreover, the targeted therapy of SmIII‐EGCG is shown to prevent metastatic lung melanoma from spreading to main organs with no adverse side effects on the body weight or organs. These in vivo results demonstrate significant advantages of SmIII‐EGCG over its clinical counterpart. The results suggest that these green tea‐based, self‐assembled nanocomplexes possess all of the key traits of a clinically promising candidate to address the challenges associated with the treatment of advanced stage metastatic melanoma.
Magnetization‐Induced Self‐Assembling of Bendable Microneedle Arrays for Triboelectric Nanogenerators
Authors: Chen Zhipeng , Ye Rui , Lee Weihsien , Jin Dianwen , Zhang Yuanxi , Jiang Liyuan , Yang Yilin , Ren Lei , Jiang Lelun 
Published: January 2019

AbstractSince the invention of triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) in 2012, it has become one of the most important innovations in energy conversion technologies. A flexible microneedle array (MA)‐based TENG is proposed using the closed bending–friction–deformation behavior of MA for the mechanical energy harvest. A novel magnetization‐induced self‐assembling method is introduced to efficiently fabricate the bendable MA for the TENG. The 3D structures of MA are continuously self‐assembled from a moving film of curable magnetorheological fluid under the assistance of a rotating external magnetic field. The mass production of MA may be achieved using this method in a roll to roll manufacturing mode. A polyethylene film, MA coated with Cr/Au film, and polyethylene film coated with Al film are heat‐sealed from top to bottom as a MA‐based TENG. Under an applied force of 26 N with a frequency of 1.5 Hz, the MA‐based TENG generates an open‐circuit voltage of up to 9 V and a short‐circuit current of up to 12 µA, corresponding to the peak current density of ≈1.37 µA cm−2. The MA‐based TENG is integrated in an insole of right shoe as an accurate pedometer, which exhibites an excellent energy harvest ability.
A new six parameter model to estimate the friction factor
Authors: Díaz‐Damacillo Lamberto , Plascencia Gabriel 
Published: January 2019

SignificanceA new explicit formula for estimating the friction factor using six parameters is proposed. The model was set up by considering the effect of residual stresses in the flow by two distinct contributions: the first is attributed to the flow velocity (Reynolds number) and the second to the duct roughness. Compared to other models, this new equation gives the best fit with Nikuradse's results. A new model to calculate the friction is proposed. The model is based on assuming the residual stresses due to the laminar to turbulent flow transition by two distinct contributions: the first is attributed to the flow velocity (Reynolds number) and the second to the duct roughness. Compared to other models, this new equation gives the best fit with respect of Nikuradse's results. The model does not consider the effect of pipe wall on the velocity distribution. © 2019 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 65: 1144–1148, 2019
Sinonasal risk factors for eustachian tube dysfunction: Cross‐sectional findings from NHANES 2011‐2012
Authors: Juszczak Hailey , Aubin‐Pouliot Annick , Sharon Jeffrey D. , Loftus Patricia A. 
Published: January 2019

BackgroundSinonasal pathology is frequently cited as a cause of eustachian tube dysfunction (ETD), despite a lack of evidence. Using a large, nationally representative sample, we investigated whether abnormal tympanometry, an objective marker of ETD, was associated with infectious, allergic, and exposure‐related sinonasal risk factors.MethodsRelevant data were extracted from the 2011‐2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Tympanometric types (A, B, and C) were determined using peak pressure and compliance values. Participants with a type B or C tympanogram in at least one ear were classified as having ETD. Demographic and clinicopathologic risk factors with putative associations with ETD were determined. Statistical analysis, including regression modeling, was performed using Stata (version 15.1) to determine the correlation between sinonasal factors and ETD.ResultsThe final analysis included 1253 subjects and 19 variables. We controlled for demographic data including age, gender, race, and income. In both univariate and multivariate logistic regression, statistically significant correlations were found between abnormal tympanometric values and: (1) having a persistent cold/flu in the last 12 months (univariate: adjusted odds ratio [OR], 2.42; p = 0.006; multivariate: adjusted OR, 2.15; p = 0.006); and (2) experiencing “hay fever” (ie, allergic rhinitis) within the last 12 months (univariate: adjusted OR, 1.95; p = 0.021; multivariate: adjusted OR, 1.71; p = 0.039).ConclusionUsing a large, representative data set, we identified significant correlations between ETD and (1) persistent cold/flu symptoms and (2) self‐reported allergic rhinitis.
Enantioselective Visible‐Light‐Mediated Formation of 3‐Cyclopropylquinolones by Triplet‐Sensitized Deracemization
Authors: Tröster Andreas , Bauer Andreas , Jandl Christian , Bach Thorsten 
Published: January 2019

Abstract3‐Allyl‐substituted quinolones undergo a triplet‐sensitized di‐π‐methane rearrangement reaction to the corresponding 3‐cyclopropylquinolones upon irradiation with visible light (λ=420 nm). A chiral hydrogen‐bonding sensitizer (10 mol %) was shown to promote the reaction enantioselectively (88–96 % yield, 32–55 % ee). Surprisingly, it was found that the enantiodifferentiation does not occur at the state of initial product formation but that it is the result of a deracemization event. The individual parameters that control the distribution of enantiomers in the photostationary state have been identified.
Enantioselektiver Aufbau von α‐chiralen Silanen durch nickelkatalysierte C(sp3)‐C(sp3)‐Kreuzkupplung
Authors: Yi Hong , Mao Wenbin , Oestreich Martin 
Published: January 2019

AbstractEs wird über eine enantioselektive C(sp3)‐C(sp3)‐Kreuzkupplung von racemischen α‐silylierten Alkyliodiden und Alkylzinkreagenzien berichtet. Die Reaktion wird von NiCl2/(S,S)‐Bn‐Pybox katalysiert und erbringt α‐chirale Silane mit hoher Enantiokontrolle. Das Katalysatorsystem ist nicht in der Lage, die Kreuzkupplung des entsprechenden Kohlenstoffanalogons zu vermitteln, was den stabilisierenden Effekt der Silylgruppe auf die Alkylradikalzwischenstufe untermauert (α‐Siliciumeffekt). Beide Kupplungspartner können, müssen aber nicht, funktionalisiert sein und damit werden selbst α‐chirale Silane ohne funktionelle Gruppe in unmittelbarer Nähe zum asymmetrisch substituierten Kohlenstoffatom zugänglich. Dies unterscheidet das neue Verfahren von den etablierten Methoden zur Synthese von α‐chiralen Silanen.
Synthesis and Characterization of a Pentiptycene‐Derived Dual Oligoparaphenylene Nanohoop
Authors: Xu Wei , Yang Xiao‐Di , Fan Xiang‐Bing , Wang Xin , Tung Chen‐Ho , Wu Li‐Zhu , Cong Huan 
Published: January 2019

AbstractStructural designs combining oligoparaphenylene‐derived nanohoops with other functional organic building blocks should lead to novel molecular architectures with intriguing properties. Herein, we describe the synthesis of a pentiptycene‐derived chiral dual nanohoop molecule with key steps including ring expansion through dianthracene cycloreversion and transannular [4+2] cycloaddition across a 64‐membered macrocycle. The crystal structure of the nanohoop molecule displays an ordered packing pattern with long‐range channels in the solid state. Furthermore, nonracemizable enantiomers of the nanohoop were obtained through resolution and exhibited promising chiroptical properties.
Direct Observation of Aryl Gold(I) Carbenes that Undergo Cyclopropanation, C−H Insertion, and Dimerization Reactions
Authors: García‐Morales Cristina , Pei Xiao‐Li , Sarria Toro Juan M. , Echavarren Antonio M. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractMesityl gold(I) carbenes lacking heteroatom stabilization or shielding ancillary ligands have been generated and spectroscopically characterized from chloro(mesityl)methylgold(I) carbenoids bearing JohnPhos‐type ligands by chloride abstraction with GaCl3. The aryl carbenes react with PPh3 and alkenes to give stable phosphonium ylides and cyclopropanes, respectively. Oxidation with pyridine N‐oxide and intermolecular C−H insertion to cyclohexane have also been observed. In the absence of nucleophiles, a bimolecular reaction, similar to that observed for other metal carbenes, leads to a symmetrical alkene.
An Unexpected Role of Hyaluronic Acid in Trafficking siRNA Across the Cellular Barrier: The First Biomimetic, Anionic, Non‐Viral Transfection Method
Authors: Paidikondala Maruthibabu , Rangasami Vignesh Kumar , Nawale Ganesh N. , Casalini Tommaso , Perale Giuseppe , Kadekar Sandeep , Mohanty Gaurav , Salminen Turkka , Oommen Oommen P. , Varghese Oommen P. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractCirculating nucleic acids, such as short interfering RNA (siRNA), regulate many biological processes; however, the mechanism by which these molecules enter the cell is poorly understood. The role of extracellular‐matrix‐derived polymers in binding siRNAs and trafficking them across the plasma membrane is reported. Thermal melting, dynamic light scattering, scanning electron microscopy, and computational analysis indicate that hyaluronic acid can stabilize siRNA via hydrogen bonding and Van der Waals interactions. This stabilization facilitated HA size‐ and concentration‐dependent gene silencing in a CD44‐positive human osteosarcoma cell line (MG‐63) and in human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs). This native HA‐based siRNA transfection represents the first report on an anionic, non‐viral delivery method that resulted in approximately 60 % gene knockdown in both cell types tested, which correlated with a reduction in translation levels.
Chiral Zinc(II)‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Tandem α‐Alkenyl Addition/Proton Shift Reaction of Silyl Enol Ethers with Ketimines
Authors: Kang Tengfei , Cao Weidi , Hou Liuzhen , Tang Qiong , Zou Sijia , Liu Xiaohua , Feng Xiaoming 
Published: January 2019

AbstractA new catalytic asymmetric tandem α‐alkenyl addition/proton shift reaction of silyl enol ethers with ketimines was serendipitously discovered in the presence of chiral N,N′‐dioxide/ZnII complexes. The proton shift preferentially proceeded instead of a silyl shift after α‐alkenyl addition of silyl enol ether to the ketimine. A wide range of β‐amino silyl enol ethers were synthesized in high yields with good to excellent ee values. Control experiments suggest that the Mukaiyama–Mannich reaction and tandem α‐alkenyl addition/proton shift reaction are competitive reactions in the current catalytic system. The obtained β‐amino silyl enol ethers were easily transformed into β‐fluoroamines containing two vicinal tetrasubstituted carbon centers.