bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
135 The effects of functional feed additive proteins with or without antibiotics on the growth and health status of nursery pigs
Authors: Ruckman Leigh A , Patience John F 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to determine the effects of dietary functional proteins with or without antibiotics on the growth and health of nursery pigs. A total of 1,230 pigs weaned at 15–18 days (4.93 ± 0.02 kg BW; PIC 359 X 1050, Hendersonville, TN) were randomly assigned to 1 of 6 dietary treatments (10 pens/treatment) for a 42-d experiment. Treatments were arranged as a 2 X 3 factorial of in-feed antibiotics (no vs yes) and functional feed additive proteins [none (CON), spray-dried plasma proteins (SDPP; AP 920, APC Inc., Ankeny, IA), or dried egg protein with IgY (DEP; Globimax JS, EW Nutrition, Des Moines, IA)]. Diets were fed in 4 phases with phase 3–4 common across treatments. Proteins were fed in phases 1 (d 0–13; 3% SDPP or 0.2% DEP) and 2 (d 13–26; 2% SDPP or 0.1% DEP). Antibiotics were fed in phase 1–3 (662 mg chlortetracycline/kg, 28 mg carbadox/kg, 441 mg chlortetracycline/kg, respectively). Growth performance data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS (9.4). Pen was the experimental unit; proteins and antibiotics and their interaction were considered fixed effects. In the absence of antibiotics, compared with CON, SDPP and DEP increased ADG (CON: 0.237 kg, SDPP: 0.254 kg, DEP: 0.257 kg/d; P = 0.036) and ADFI (CON: 0.360, SDPP: 0.378, DEP: 0.383 kg/d; P = 0.040). In the presence of antibiotics, SDPP increased ADG compared with DEP, but not CON, (CON: 0.258, SDPP: 0.268, DEP: 0.251 kg/d; P = 0.036) and ADFI (CON: 0.385, SDPP: 0.398, DEP: 0.381 kg/d; P = 0.040). Diet had no effect on feed efficiency (P > 0.10). SDPP and DEP decreased the number of medical treatments administered (P = 0.001). In conclusion, the functional proteins increased growth performance in the absence of antibiotics, but not when antibiotics were used. However, the functional proteins were effective in decreasing medical treatments regardless of antibiotic use.
144 Effect of sodium butyrate (SB) on growth performance and complete blood cell count in nursery pigs: Two facility study
Authors: Tsai Tsung Cheng , Stein Hans H , Bradley Casey L , Blavi Laia , Bottoms Kristopher , Knapp Joshua , Maxwell Hannah , Maxwell Charles V 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
A total of 344 weaned pigs (21 ± 2 d of age) were used at University of Arkansas (UA, n = 2 16) and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC, n = 128) to evaluate increasing level of sodium butyrate (SB) on growth performance and complete blood cell count. Pigs at each facility were blocked by initial BW and randomly allotted to 1 of 4 dietary treatments with 9 replications/diet and 6 pigs/pen at UA; and 8 replications/diet and 4 pigs/pen at UIUC. Treatments included a control corn-soybean-meal based diet and 3 diets in which 0.05, 0.10, or 0.15% SB was added to the control diet. Feed was manufactured at each facility. Pigs were fed in 3 phases: 7 d, 14 d, and 14 d at UIUC and 7 d, 14 d, and 19 d at UA for phase 1, 2, and 3, respectively. At UA, blood was collected at the beginning of the experiment and at the end of each phase to determine complete blood cell count. Data for growth performance for both facilities were pooled and analysed as a RCBD using the Mixed procedure of SAS. Treatment was the fixed effect, and facility and facility by treatment interactions were random effects. Orthogonal contrasts were used to assess linear and quadratic responses to inclusion of increasing levels of SB in diets. Increasing dietary SB increased weight gain (quadratic, P < 0.05), ADFI (quadratic, P ≤ 0.05), and final BW (quadratic, P < 0.05). Total white blood cell and eosinophil cell count tended to increase with increasing SB (quadratic, P = 0.07 and P = 0.08, respectively). The lymphocyte cell count tended to decrease (linear, P = 0.09) with increasing SB. Results indicated that feeding SB during the nursery phase tended to alter blood cell count and improve growth performance.
157 Effects of dietary corn distillers dried grains with solubles withdrawal on finishing pig performance and carcass characteristics
Authors: Lerner Annie B , Tokach Mike D , Woodworth Jason C , DeRouchey Joel M , Dritz Steve S , Goodband Robert D , Hastad Chad W , Coble Kyle F , Arkfeld Emily K , Cartagena Hilda Calderon , Vahl Christopher I 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Two experiments evaluated the effects of removing corn DDGS from diets at increasing intervals before harvest on finishing pig performance and carcass characteristics. For Exp. 1, 985 pigs [PIC TR4×(Fast LW×PIC L02); initially 99 kg BW] were used in a 28-d study. There were 12 pens/treatment and four treatments decreasing in duration of DDGS withdrawal before marketing: 28, 21, 14, or 0 d. All pens were marketed by removing the 17% heaviest pigs on d -21 with remaining pigs marketed at final barn dump (d 0). Overall, there was no evidence for effects of DDGS withdrawal on final BW, ADFI, or G:F (P > 0.112); however, as withdrawal time increased, ADG increased (linear, P = 0.022) and iodine value (IV) decreased (linear, P = 0.001). There was no evidence for differences for HCW or loin depth (P > 0.106); however, yield increased (linear, P = 0.001) with increasing withdrawal time. Backfat depth decreased (quadratic; P = 0.019) and percentage lean increased (quadratic; P = 0.033) as DDGS withdrawal time increased. In Exp. 2, 1,158 pigs (initially 105 kg BW) were used in a 35-d study. There were 15 pens/treatment and four treatments decreasing in duration of DDGS withdrawal: 35, 28, 14, or 0 d. All pens were marketed by removing the 15% heaviest pigs on d -28, the 28% next heaviest pigs on d -14, with final barn dump of approximately 57% of starting inventory (d 0). There was no evidence that final BW, overall ADG, or G:F differed across treatments with increasing DDGS withdrawal times (P > 0.116). Overall ADFI increased (linear, P = 0.015) as time withdrawn from DDGS increased. Iodine value decreased (linear; P = 0.001) and yield increased (linear; P = 0.034) with increasing withdrawal time, with no evidence for differences in HCW, backfat, loin depth, or percentage lean (P > 0.05). These experiments suggest that longer withdrawal of DDGS prior to marketing improves carcass yield and decreases IV.
165 Impact of mycotoxin contamination of feed on growth performance and blood metabolites of growing pigs
Authors: Acosta Jesus A , Jones Gwendolyn M , Patience John F 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of deoxynivalenol (DON), derived from contaminated corn, on growth performance and blood metabolites. A total of 32 growing pigs (initial BW 73.1 ± 1.2 kg; L337 × Camborough, PIC, Hendersonville, TN) were randomly allotted in individual pens to 1 of 2 treatments: a non-contaminated control diet (CTL) and a diet containing 1.8 mg DON/kg (CTL+DON). Upon analysis, CTL+DON also contained 1.9 mg zearalenone/kg and 1.0 mg total fumonisins/kg. On d 1, blood samples were obtained at 60, 120 and 240 min following resumed access to feed. Pigs had ad libitum access to feed thereafter and for 28 d in total. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS with initial BW, sex and treatment as fixed effects, and blood parameters the repeated measures. Compared with CTL, pigs fed CTL+DON had decreased final BW (102.9 vs 87.5 kg; P < 0.001), ADG (1.06 vs 0.51 kg; P < 0.001) and ADFI (2.97 vs 1.54 kg; P < 0.001). Mycotoxins did not affect G:F (0.35 vs 0.32; P = 0.234 for CTL and CTL+DON, respectively). Compared to CTL, pigs fed CTL+DON had increased levels of blood cholecystokinin, a hormone involved in satiety and digestion (32.1 vs 43.3 pg/mL; P = 0.048), increased ghrelin, a hormone that stimulates appetite and promotes fat deposition (345 vs 654 pg/mL; P = 0.011), a tendency for decreased blood urea nitrogen (19.6 vs 17.1 mg/dL; P = 0.076), and increased creatine kinase (2,826 vs 4,920 IU/L; P = 0.027). No treatment differences were observed for circulating creatinine, glucose, albumin, or alkaline phosphatase. In conclusion, mycotoxin contamination substantially impaired feed intake and growth. Pigs offered mycotoxin-contaminated feed had altered blood parameters related to appetite regulation and nutrient metabolism. However, it was not possible to determine if these differences were due to the mycotoxin contamination or to reduced feed intake.
172 Standardized total tract digestible phosphorus requirement of 11- to 23-kg pigs fed diets containing phytase
Authors: Vier Carine M , Dritz Steve S , Tokach Mike D , Woodworth Jason C , Goodband Robert D , DeRouchey Joel M 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the standardized total tract digestible phosphorus (STTD P) requirement of nursery pigs from 11 to 23 kg fed diets containing 1,000 phytase units (FYT). A total of 2,140 barrows and gilts (PIC 359×Camborough, initial BW 11.1 ± 0.24 kg) were used in a 21-d growth trial with 24 to 27 pigs per pen and 12 pens per treatment in a randomized complete block design. The 7 dietary treatments consisted of 0.30, 0.33, 0.38, 0.43, 0.48, 0.53, and 0.58% STTD P, which represented 90, 100, 115, 130, 145, 160 and 175%, respectively, of the NRC (2012) requirement estimate for STTD P for pigs weighing 11 to 23 kg. All diets contained 1,000 FYT of Ronozyme Hiphos 2500 (DSM Nutritional Products, Inc., Parsippany, NJ) with assumed release values of 0.15% available P and 0.132% STTD P. Treatments were achieved by increasing the amount of calcium carbonate and monocalcium phosphate at the expense of corn, while maintaining a similar 1.17:1 total Ca:total P ratio across treatments. Experimental data were analyzed with pen as the experimental unit, using generalized linear and nonlinear mixed models, which included quadratic polynomial, broken-line linear, and broken-line quadratic models. Increasing STTD P quadratically improved (P < 0.05) ADG and feed efficiency (G:F). Final BW and ADFI increased linearly (P < 0.05) up to the highest STTD P level. Income over feed cost improved quadratically (P < 0.05), with the highest income observed at 0.43% STTD P. The broken-line linear plateau was estimated at 0.40% STTD P for ADG and at 0.37% STTD P for G:F. In conclusion, the estimated STTD P requirement for nursery pigs from 11 to 23 kg fed diets containing 1,000 FYT were greater than NRC (2012) requirement estimates and ranged from 0.37 to 0.43% to optimize performance and economic return.
176 Whole-grain fiber composition modifies phosphorus digestibility in grower pigs
Authors: Heyer Charlotte Maria Elisabeth , Fouhse Janelle M , Vasanthan Thavar , Zijlstra Ruurd T 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Increased fermentable carbohydrates in cereal grains due to more amylose in starch or β-glucan in fiber may increase endogenous losses including for P, and thereby reduce apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of P. This study assessed effects of barley cultivars varying in chemical composition on apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and ATTD of P and Ca, and standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of P compared with wheat. In a 6 (period) × 5 (diet) Youden square, 7 ileal-cannulated barrows (27.7 kg initial BW) were fed diets containing 80% of 1 of 5 grains differing in amylose, β-glucan, and fiber: 1) high-fermentable, high-β-glucan, hull-less barley (HFB); 2) high-fermentable, high-amylose, hull-less barley (HFA); 3) moderate-fermentable, hull-less barley (MFB); 4) low-fermentable, hulled barley (LFB); and 5) low-fermentable, hard red spring wheat (LFW). Diet STTD of P was calculated by correcting ATTD for the basal endogenous P loss using a constant value of 190 mg P/kg DM intake. Whole grains contained between 8.5 to 16.3 µmol/g DM phytate (any salt of myo-inositol 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakis (dihydrogen phosphate); InsP6) and 1.6 to 3.0 g/kg DM InsP6-P. Data were analyzed using a mixed model with diet as fixed effect, and pig and period as random effects. On DM basis (g/kg), diets contained 131 to 286 g neutral detergent fiber, 8.8 to 85.4 g β-glucan, and 8.1 to 8.9 g total P. The MFB, LFB, and LFW had greater (P < 0.001) AID of P than HFB and HFA, and MFB had greater (P < 0.05) ATTD or STTD of P than HFB. The LFW had greater (P < 0.05) ATTD of Ca than LFB, whereas diet did not affect (P > 0.05) AID of Ca. In conclusion, whole grains high in fermentable fiber, e.g. β-glucans, in specific hull-less and hulled barley cultivars decreased diet digestibility of P and Ca.
175 Effects of increasing calcium to available phosphorus ratios in diets containing phytase on growth performance and bone mineral content of nursery pigs
Authors: Soto Jose A , Koehler Dean D , Kellesvig Leah M , Becker Spenser L , Gould Stacie A , Patience John F 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the growth performance of nursery pigs in response to increasing total calcium to available phosphorus (aP) ratios in diets containing phytase (250 FTU/kg, Natuphos E, BASF, Florham Park, NJ). A total of 480 nursery pigs (BW=5.74 ± 0.62 kg; L337 X Camborough, PIC, Hendersonville, TN) with 10 pigs/pen and 7 pens per treatment (6 pens fed 2.75:1 diet) were allotted to 7 treatments consisting of increasing ratios of calcium to available phosphorus: 1.25, 1.50, 1.75, 2.00, 2.25, 2.50, 2.75. From d-7–0, pigs were fed a common diet. They were then fed the treatment diets during two experimental phases from d1–14, and d15–28, respectively. Available P was formulated to 0.33 and 0.27% (about 90% of requirement) in dietary phases 1 and 2, respectively. Body weight, ADG, ADF and G:F were determined. Mineral content of the femur was measured on d 35 on 1 pig per pen using DXA procedures. Data were analyzed as repeated measures using PROC MIXED (SAS, 9.3). Orthogonal polynomial contrasts were used to determine linear and quadratic effects of increasing the Ca:aP ratio. Increasing Ca:aP resulted in a linear decrease in ADG (353, 338, 328, 304, 317, 291, 280 g/d; P < 0.01), ADFI (539, 528, 528, 500, 533, 512, 489 g/d; P < 0.05) and G:F (0.68, 0.66, 0.64, 0.62, 0.61, 0.59, 0.58; P < 0.01). Increasing Ca:aP also resulted in decreased BW on days 14 and 28 (P < 0.01). Bone mineral content (BMC) decreased with increasing Ca:aP ratio (6.2, 6.3, 5.7, 5.9, 5.5, 5.6, 5.3 g; P < 0.05). In conclusion, all outcomes indicated that any level of calcium above the minimum used in this experiment impaired growth performance and skeletal development. Additional, longer term studies are required as these results were unexpected.
178 A systematic review and meta-analysis of Ca digestibility and utilisation in growing and finishing pigs
Authors: Misiura Maciej M , Filipe Joao A N , Walk Carrie L , Kyriazakis Ilias 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The development of dietary recommendations based on digestible Ca values is an essential step to optimize pig performance and feed conversion because the present guidelines, expressed on total dietary Ca, are inadequate, as they ignore endogenous losses and the digestion process. A systematic review and meta-analysis of digestibility trials were performed to quantify factors affecting Ca absorption and retention, and to estimate endogenous Ca losses. Forty studies, corresponding to 201 dietary treatments performed on 1,204 growing pigs, were selected. Data analysis was performed in R using weighted linear mixed effects regression. The results indicated that while Ca absorption and retention (g/kg of BW/day) increased with increasing Ca (P < 0.001), with non-phytate-P (P < 0.001) and with exogenous phytase intakes (P < 0.001), these responses decreased with increasing phytate-P intake (P < 0.05). Interactions were detected between exogenous phytase and Ca intake (P < 0.001), indicating reduced efficacy of this enzyme, and between phytate-P intake and exogenous phytase (P < 0.05), indicating reversing of the direct negative effect of phytate-P on Ca absorption and retention. Based on the recommended Ca and P intake for a 25 kg pig, an exogenous phytase supplementation of 1,000 FTU/day could potentially improve Ca digestibility by 20–25%. There were no effects of animal characteristics (e.g. ‘genotype’) on Ca absorption and retention. The large amount of variance explained in Ca absorption (90%) and retention (91%) supported our a priori choice of independent variables. Estimated endogenous Ca losses were 239 mg/kg of DM (95% CI 114, 364). When scaled by bodyweight, the endogenous Ca excretion on Ca-and-P-free diets was 20.5 mg/kg of BW/day (95% CI 5.46, 36.5). These outcomes should contribute to a reassessment of Ca requirements, which should lead to a more accurate formulation of pig diets.
186 Effects of soybean meal concentration in lactating sow diets on sow and litter performance
Authors: Gourley Kiah M , Woodworth Jason C , DeRouchey Joel M , Tokach Mike D , Dritz Steve S , Goodband Robert D 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
A total of 133 sows (Line 241; DNA, Columbus, NE) were used to evaluate the effect of increasing soybean meal concentration in lactating sow diets on sow and litter performance. Sows were blocked by body weight and parity on d 112 of gestation and allotted to 1 of 3 treatments of increasing soybean meal (25, 30, or 35% of total diet). Diets were formulated to contain 1.05% SID Lys with L-Lys HCl decreasing as soybean meal increased. All other amino acids and nutrients were formulated to meet nutrient requirement recommendations with L-threonine, DL-methionine, L-tryptophan, and L-valine added to the 25% SBM diet. Diets were fed from d 112 of gestation until weaning (d 20 ± 2). Litters were cross-fostered until 48 h after farrowing to equalize litter size. Sow average daily feed intake from d 0 to 7 was similar across dietary treatments. However, ADFI decreased from d 7 to 14, d 14 to weaning, and overall, (linear, P = 0.017) sow BW loss, and tended to increase (quadratic, P = 0.052) backfat loss from farrowing to weaning. There was no evidence for difference between dietary treatments in litter size, litter weight, nursing litter weight gain at weaning, or wean to estrus interval. Sow serum urea nitrogen concentrations taken on d 14 increased (linear, P = 0.001) as soybean meal concentration increased; however, there was no evidence for difference in serum creatinine. In summary, sow feed intake decreased and sow weight and backfat loss increased with increasing soybean meal concentration with no differences observed for litter performance.
180 Evaluation of soluble concentrated yeast product on sow and litter performance
Authors: Thompson Robyn , Graham Amanda , Knopf Brandon , Greiner Laura , Jalukar Sangita 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Two hundred and forty sows (Camborough, PIC, Hendersonville, TN) were started on study at 35 d post-breeding through lactation to determine the effects of soluble concentrated yeast product (Celmanax SCP, Arm and Hammer, Princeton, NJ) on sow and litter performance. Sows were fed their respective dietary treatments: 1) Control diet gestation x control diet lactation; 2) 0.01% Celmanax SCP in gestation x control diet lactation; 3) Control diet gestation x 0.02% Celmanax SCP in lactation; and 4) 0.01% Celmanax SCP in gestation x 0.02% Celmanax SCP in lactation. All diets were formulated to meet or exceed NRC (2012) requirements and contained a feed disinfectant. Sows were allowed ad libitum access to feed and water in lactation. Litters were weighed after cross-fostering, 48 h post-farrow (after litter adjustments and cross-fostering) and at weaning. Sows were weighed entering farrowing and at weaning. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete parity block using PROC MIXED of SAS with sow as the experimental unit, treatment as a fixed effect, and parity as a random effect. There were detectable levels of fumonisin (2 ppm), vomitoxin (1.3 ppm) and zearalenone (243 ppb). There were no differences in sow feed intake or body weight loss (P > 0.10). There was a significant difference in treatments 1, 2, 3 and 4 for days between wean to estrus (5.99, 5.12, 4.90, 4.49; P = 0.01) and percent bred within 7 d (86.53, 97.06, 97.85, 100.00; P = 0.01), respectively. Average piglet wean weights (kg) were 5.82, 5.87, 5.93, 6.01; P = 0.02 for treatments 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively. Furthermore, there were no responses in piglet average daily gain or mortality (P > 0.10). The feeding of the soluble yeast product to sows does appear to improve subsequent breeding and litter performance.
203 How reproductive management technologies will shape the dairy industry 50 years from now
Authors: Britt Jack H 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Globally, dairy consumption will increase several-fold over the next five decades as the human population expands beyond 10.5 billion people. Climate change will cause dramatic shifts in where dairy farms are located, particularly where availability of water becomes rate-limiting. Average size of dairy herds and production per cow will more than double worldwide, but number of dairy cows will decline. Greatest advances in use of technology will be in largest herds, but some technologies will jump from lower levels to higher levels, such as resistance to tropical diseases as climate warms. Sensors, automation and robotics will allow continuous monitoring and management of a farm’s animals and ecosystems. Time of ovulation will be detected automatically, and cows will be inseminated, or embryos transferred by robotic systems. Managing the epigenome to improve fertility and health will accelerate because cloud-based data, accessible through Blockchain systems, will provide ways of rapidly accessing temporal relationships between environmental events and biological responses. RNA-based technologies and novel complexes of microbes will replace many of today’s hormonal or therapeutic procedures. Several consecutive generations of breeding will be done routinely in vitro before selected generations of embryos are released for transfer. There will be distinct lines of cattle derived from global Holstein populations with genes from other breeds, and these lines will populate approximately five latitudinal regions globally. Major advances will be made in understanding why health and productivity differ among herds within common physiographic settings. We will learn how cows within a herd communicate, and our robots will communicate with cows in their herd. Milk and dairy products will be much more specialized, with greater emphasis on fatty acids, bio-active nutrients and amino-acid sequences in order to feed the global population most efficiently.