bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Survival of Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Water, Sewage and Sea Water
Authors: Slade J. S. , Pike E. B. , Eglin R. P. , Colbourne J. S. , Kurtz J. B. 
Published: May 2018

Drinking water treatment serves as an effective barrier against the transmission by water of enteric viruses. Current practices achieve a standard of less than 1 culturable enterovirus per 1,000 litres of treated water. The likely susceptibilty of HIV to water treatment processes has been assessed in the laboratory by comparing its resistance to environmental stress with that of poliovirus 2 for which quantitative information already exists.
HIV cultured in a human T-cell line was added to samples of dechlorinated drinking water, settled raw sewage, and sea water. These were incubated at 16°C and sampled over 11 days. HIV was detected by serial dilution and subculture followed by fluorescent antibody tests for infected cells and by enzyme immune assay for p24 antigen. The survival of herpes simplex virus and poliovirus type 2 was assayed in parallel.
The mean times required for a ten-fold decline in HIV concentration were calculated to be 1.8 days in tap water, 2.9 days in sewage, 1.6 days in sea water and 1.3 days in tissue culture fluid controls. A 10-fold decline of poliovirus 2 occurred after 23–30 days in sewage, sea water and tissue culture fluid but in tap water there was no significant decline over 30 days. Herpes simplex was the most sensitive virus requiring only 1.4 days to decline by a factor of ten in sewage. Controls in tissue culture fluid showed no significant change within 7 days.
These tests suggest that although HIV was more robust than herpes simplex virus when associated with the organic matter found in sewage, it was more sensitive than poliovirus, an enterovirus widely used as an indicator of the efficiency of water treatment processes. This susceptibility makes it extremely unlikely that HIV poses any threat to disinfected water supplies.
Aerosolized Enteric Bacteria and Viruses Generated by Spray Irrigation of Wastewater*
Authors: Shuval Hillel I. , Guttman-Bass Naomi , Applebaum Juri , Fattal Badri 
Published: May 2018

Field investigations on the dispersion of aerosolized enteric bacteria and viruses generated by wastewater sprinkler irrigation were carried out at agricultural communities in Israel. One hundred and fifty-four air samples were taken in the vicinity of wastewater irrigated fields by two different methods: 1. Anderson multistage impactor air samplers and 2. High Volume Cyclone Scrubbers (HVCS).
All night samples at 730 m. were positive for bacterial indicator organisms. 10% of the air samples by HVCS were presumptively positive for enteric viruses including 3 out of 24 samples taken at 730 m. downwind from the wastewater sprinkler fields. In 31% of the virus positive samples, none of the three bacterial indicators were detected. These findings suggest that aerosolized enteric viruses are more resistant to hostile environmental factors than the airborne bacterial indicator organisms.
* This study was supported by a grant from the USEPA (CR 80-6416, Project officers: Mr. Walter Jakubowsky and Dr. Elmer Akin). It has not been subject to the Agency's peer and policy review and thus does not necessarily reflect the views of the Agency and no official endorsement should be inferred.
Fungal Purification of an Industrial Effluent Containing Volatile Fatty Acids by Means of a Crossflow-Microscreen Technique
Authors: Kühn A. L. , Pretorius W. A. 
Published: May 2018

An industrial effluent containing C2 to C5 monocarboxylic acids was successfully treated by the fungus Geotrichum candidum using the selective mechanism of the crossflow-microscreen method. Due to the cell separating capacity of the microscreen the system could be operated as a cell recycle reactor with the hydraulic residence time (θ) independent of the mean cell residence time (θx). At θ = 1.25 h and θx = 7.5 h, 89.5% COD reduction was obtained. The excess biomass could be harvested by simple screening and contained a crude protein content of 50.2%, which may be used as a feed supplement.
The growth kinetic values obtained for a monoculture of G. candidum grown on the industrial effluenf were as follows: µmax = 0.26 h−1, Y = 0.38 g cells g−1 COD, Ks = 201 mg COD ℓ−1, kd = .009 h−1, indicating the potential use of this micro-organism for the treatment of several industrial effluents.
The Relationship between Water-Related Disease and Water Quality with Particular Reference to Urban Water Supply in a Developing Country
Authors: Lloyd B. J. , Wheeler D. C. , Pardon M. 
Published: May 2018

The problems of urban water supply and water related disease in the Americas are examined in the context of population growth and geographical features. The debate concerning the transmission of potentially water-borne pathogens is discussed. The factors affecting the quality of water supply services in a large metropolitan area (Lima) are described and the epidemiological characteristics of water-related disease summarised and compared with data from Africa (Lesotho).
A water quality additive index is proposed in order to identify the level of risk for each metropolitan district. This incorporates the presence of faecal coliforms and the absence of chlorine residual. A water-related disease product index (DPI) is also proposed which incorporates the incidence of typhoid, hepatitis and diarrhoea. The indices were matched for all districts, where adequate data were available, and a strong correlation was noted. The water quality index was divided into categories (A,B,C) and it was observed that these were generally dependent upon the water supply service levels. It is concluded that disinfection control is grossly deficient in most developing countries but essential for the control of water-borne disease.
Sludge Liquefaction by Conversion to Fuels
Authors: Millot N. , Huyard A. , Faup G. M. , Michel J. P. 
Published: May 2018

Wastewater treatment plants involve sludge production, which may pose some problems to users. These problems may be solved by conversion of sludge organic matter into high calorific value products. This technology not only eliminates sludge disposal problems but also generates fuel energy in the form of oil.
Our lab has developed a sludge liquefaction process at 200 to 300°C, at atmospheric pressure and using a solvent. The results obtained from batch and semi continuous experiments, using bitumen or various aromatic solvents are presented.
Under optimal liquefaction conditions, 40 to 60 % of the organic matter in the sludge is recovered corresponding to production of an incinerable oil with a GCV of 8500 kcal/kg.
An example of this sludge liquefaction process is envisaged for the daily treatment of 100 T of sludge.
Oxidation-Reduction Potential (ORP) Regulation as a Way to Optimize Aeration and C, N and P Removal: Experimental Basis and Various Full-Scale Examples
Authors: Charpentier J. , Godart H. , Martin G. , Mogno Y. 
Published: May 2018

The control of aeration by measuring the oxidation reduction potential (ORP) of activated sludge, conducted at the YFFINIAC (West of France) sewage plant in 1983, showed this type of regulation to be attractive in that it can optimize energy costs and perfect the removal of carbonaceous and nitrogenous pollutants (CHARPENTIER et al, 1987). From a practical point of view, this new, inexpensive means of regulation has moreover proved easier to implement than the method based on measuring Dissolved Oxygen (D.O.).
Before implementingthis process, we undertoook a pilot study that enabled us to make more accurate the ORP values for activated sludge that must be observed in order to achieve the satisfactory removal of carbonaceous and nitrogen pollutants. Furthermore, the ORP readings revealed points of inflection that can be used for regulation purposes. These have been related to the disappearance either of the ammonia or the nitrates with release of phosphates.
The experience gained with 7 ORP regulating systems, most of them in operation now for several years, and installed in works with vastly different characteristics, shows that the range of ORP values used corresponds to the pilot-scale experiments. It also shows the attractive features of the ORP signal, compared with that of D.O., when used for the regulation and interpretation of the phenomena involved in the biological treatment. This type of regulation leads to improvements in the annual electricity balance, expressed in terms of kWh v. kg of treated BOD5, and has proved to be compatible with a programmed shutdown of the aerators during the winter peak hours when the tariff per kWh is particularly expensive. In conclusion, the diversity of experiments on site has largely contributed towards the definition of those practical methods upon which depends the success of the system.
Preparation of Drinking Water from the Surface Water of the Danube–A Case Study
Authors: Hain Z. , Dalmacija B. , Mišković D. , Karlović E. 
Published: May 2018

Investigations of the removal of organic micropollutants (9 groups, 55 compounds, according to the EPA classification) from the Danube surface water to produce drinking water were carried out by two procedures. In the first procedure, micropollutants were oxidized with chlorine and the residues removed by means of powder active carbon*(PAC). The second procedure involved microbiological oxidation on biologically active carbon**(BAC).It was found that the Danube water treatment with 15 mg/dm3 of chlorine in the presence of PAC (60–90 mg/dm3), followed by coagulation with 51.1 mg/dm3 Al2(SO4)3 and 2.5 mg/dm3 FeCl3 resulted in the removal of the majority of the micropollutants. Furthermore, the BAC system was more efficient than the system involving PAC in removing organic micropollutants, especially those belonging to the pesticides and polyaromatics groups. A general conclusion would be that the BAC system is advantageous in respect of the removal of both total organic load and some micropollutants.
* powdered activated carbon; ** biologically activated carbon
Fate and Transport of Petroleum in the Unsaturated Soil Zone under Biotic and Abiotic Conditions
Authors: Carberry J. B. , Lee S. H. 
Published: May 2018

Two different types of soil were selected to observe the migration and/or degradation of petroleum contaminants. One soil sample was composed of fine clay and was contaminated by an electrical insulating oil. The other soil sample was a coarse soil contaminated by fuel oil number 2 and number 6. A portion of each was cultured in a minimal medium to generate large concentrations of indigenous microbes capable of degrading each petroleum contaminant. Four columns fabricated of plexiglass with five ports at 6 inch intervals were filled with the contaminated soil which had been air dried and autoclaved for sterilization. These columns simulated unsaturated soil in the vadose zone.
Two types of experiments were carried out during this research. In one type of experiment, the petroleum was added just once in order to simulate a petroleum spill. In the other type of experiment, petroleum was added to the column repeatedly at measured intervals in order to simulate a petroleum leak. To one of the two columns operated for each soil, the contaminating petroleum and water were added. To the second column operated for each soil, the contaminating petroleum, water, and cultured microbes were added. From these experiments, the biodegradability was observed to be affected by soil composition and conditions, concentrations of petroleum contaminants, and microbial concentrations. Better microbial degradation occurred in the fine soil for the simulated spill case than in the coarse soil. In this soil with low porosity, the microbes were confined to the top of the column and the petroleum concentration was low. In the simulated leak case, the biodegradation took place at a higher rate in the coarse soil than in the fine soil. Here, the high rate of advection distributed the microbes throughout the depth of the column and had a diluting effect on the high petroleum cumulative concentrations.
From these experiments, a mass balance of petroleum contamination could be determined at all time intervals at all column depths. The sterile column behavior exhibited only physical changes such as adsorption and evaporation and could be compared to results in columns of biotic conditions. These differences permitted the development of a computer model to simulate and predict physical and biological processes in fine and coarse soils.
A Case Study on Sunflower Seed Oil Industries Waste Characterization, Classification and Treatment
Authors: Şengül Füsun 
Published: May 2018

The sunflower seed oil industry is one of the most important industrial sectors. As a part of the agro-industry, sunflower seed oil production makes a significant contribution to environmental pollution in Turkey. A lot of research studies are known to be performed on the characterization and treatment of olive oil production wastes in Turkey, but the nature, amount, waste loads and treatment of the wastewaters produced by sunflower seed oil industries have not been studied to a great extent.
In this study, a typical sunflower seed oil refinery in the city of İzmir was selected as representative of this sector. Method of production is evaluated and the refinery is investigated for the characterization of its wastewaters. During the first part of the test program, quality of combined and separate raw effluents was investigated. Possible physical-chemical treatment alternatives were studied using bench-scale laboratory models. Based on these studies, the most practicable and efficient combination of treatment operations and processes were pointed out. Waste segregation possibilities for minimization of wastewater quantities are investigated. In these investigations treated effluent quality has been evaluated with respect to the discharge parameters set by the present Turkish environmental legislation.
Drying of Sewage Sludge – An Important Step in Waste Disposal
Authors: Grüter H. , Matter M. , Oehlmann K. H. , Hicks M. D. 
Published: May 2018

Industrial drying techniques are successfully used processes. They are usually used for the production of base materials for industries such as food, chemical and pharmaceutical. These processes can be transferred without any difficulty for the drying of sewage sludge.
Thermal drying as a process for the purpose of water removal is an important link in waste management between sludge production and sludge disposal.
Two systems, convection and contact drying, are here compared.
Contact drying in the thin film evaporation process is explained.
Explanation and proposed uses of the single and two-stage drying systems will be discussed.
Finally a short review of incurred expenses will be given.
Control of Heavy Metals and Organochlorines Using the Oil from Sludge Process
Authors: Bridle T. R. , Hammerton I. , Hertle C. K. 
Published: May 2018

A four month pilot plant program, evaluating all unit operations comprising an integrated Oil from Sludge (OFS) plant has been successfully completed for the Sydney Water Board. The unit operations of sludge dewatering, drying and conversion to oil in the patented OFS reactor system were set up at the Malabar Sewage Treatment Plant in Sydney. Pilot testing of the char combustor was conducted off site.
Extensive heavy metal and organochlorine monitoring across each unit operation has revealed the following information. There is no loss of contaminants across the dewatering and drying operations. With the exception of arsenic and mercury, all heavy metals fed to the OFS reactor are retained in the char. Greater than 75% of PCB's and 85% of HCB present in sludge are destroyed in the OFS reactor. Greater than 99.7% of the heavy metals fed to the fluid bed combustor are retained in the ash (with exception of mercury, which reported 3% in the flue gas). The FBC ash is classified non-hazardous, using the Toxic Characteristic Leaching Procedure.No organochlorines were detected in the dryer or FBC off-gases. The OFS technology offers decoupling of heavy metal and organochlorine control mechanisms, thus allowing each to be optimally controlled.
Improved Efficiency of Sewage Sludge Incineration by Preceding Sludge Drying
Authors: Brechtel Heinz , Eipper Hartmut 
Published: May 2018

Normally, mechanical dewatering of sewage sludges is not sufficient for a self-supporting combustion, even if combustion is ensured in the fluidized bed furnace. The heat balance can be compensated by firing additional fuels of higher calorific value and a preceding sludge drying using the heat, which is generated during combustion.
The most favoured solution is an indirect drying in special equipment adapted to the state of the sewage sludge to be burnt. Heating surfaces and the steam transfer the thermal energy of the flue gases to the mechanically dewatered sludge. The development of malodours and pollutants in the vapours is controlled by an appropriate process flow. The process entails not only an economy of primary energy but also an increase in the furnace throughput.
In Wuppertal-Buchenhofen, the fluidized bed fired sludge incineration plant has been operating for 12 years.In the near future it will be brought up to date by retrofitting such a drying system. The foreseeable effects have already been investigated and operational experience gained with other plants has been taken into account.
The technical modifications, which are being considered, the operational influences expected, as well as all consequences with regard to investment and operating costs, have been outlined.
A Pilot-Scale Evaluation of the ‘Biocarbone Process' for the Treatment of Settled Sewage and for Tertiary Nitrification of Secondary Effluent
Authors: Dillon G. R. , Thomas V. K. 
Published: May 2018

The BIOCARBONE process is a recently developed method for wastewater treatment. High concentrations of active biomass attach to an expanded shale medium in an aerated, packed-bed filter. High-rate biological treatment and in-situ removal of suspended solids are claimed as advantages of the process.
The pilot-scale evaluation aimed to assess the performance of the process and its economic feasibility for use in the UK. Carbonaceous oxidation of settled sewage and tertiary nitrification of secondary effluent were investigated in two pilot-scale reactors.
Carbonaceous oxidation produced a good-quality effluent at volumetric loading rates up to 4.1 kg BOD5/m3.d (9.2 kg COD/m3,d). Automatic backwashing of the filter was required and problems were encountered with blockages of the process aeration grid. Tertiary nitrification achieved greater than 90% ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N) removal at volumetric loading rates up to 0.58 kg NH3-N/m3.d (0.63 kg KJN/m3.d). The economic evaluation indicated that costs of sewage treatment using the BIOCARBONE process would be comparable to those of the activated sludge process for sewage treatment works greater than 50,000 population equivalent.
The results show that the BIOCARBONE process is suitable for both the carbonaceous oxidation of settled sewage and the tertiary nitrification of secondary effluent. The process may be an economic option for large sewage treatment works in the UK.
Removal of Sulphate and Sulphite in an Anaerobic Trickling (ANTRIC) Filter
Authors: Särner E. 
Published: May 2018

A new pretreatment process for sulphur removal was developed and tested. The process is an ANaerobic TRICkling (ANTRIC) filter, in which sulphate and sulphite are reduced to sulphide. The sulphide is stripped from the liquid by a gas recirculation system, in which the gas is washed from sulphide and recirculated to the ANTRIC filter to remove more sulphide etc. The goal with the new process was twofold: 1) removal of sufficient sulphur such that sulphide toxicity in a conventional anaerobic process could be avoided, and 2) recovery of as much sulphur as possible. After the ANTRIC filter the wastewater was treated in an ANAMET system, i. e. in an anaerobic contact process followed by an activated sludge process.
The tests were carried out using wastewater from a sodium based sulphite pulp mill. Theoretical calculations showed that, unless action was taken to limit sulphur, anaerobic treatment would fail due to toxic effects of hydrogen sulphide.
The goal of operating the ANTRIC filter such that sufficient sulphur was removed to make further anaerobic treatment possible was achieved. More than 85 % of the inorganic sulphur (sulphate and sulphite) was removed in the ANTRIC filter, making efficient biological treatment possible. The ANTRIC filter was shown to be a very stable process and the start-up time after a longer shut-down period was short.
Post-Denitrification with Controlled Feeding of Activated Sludge as H Donator
Authors: Sekoulov I. , Addicks R. , Oles J. 
Published: May 2018

Enlargement and/or upgrading of already existing sewage treatment plants will bring problems to design and operation. However, this can be solved even in some complicated configuration of the treatment system, as will be demonstrated. Having an activated sludge system for BOD removal (first stage) followed by a trickling filter for nitrification (second stage), denitrification of the effluent without an external H donator is hard to achieve. In domestic sewage treatment, denitrification is usually carried out with BOD as carbon source. Additionally to the principal question of pre- or post denitrification and the related effects on the effluent quality (BOD, COD, NH4) pre-denitrification in the given case would be highly ineffective and uneconomical (large hydraulic loads).
The paper presents a system using thickened sludge from the activated sludge sedimentation as H donator. The sludge has been successfully used to denitrify the trickling filter effluent. For the design of the post-denitrification stage, the necessary volume of sludge could be determined together with the volume of the denitrification reactor. Results of the pilot-plant studies are presented.
Improvement of Existing Wastewater Treatment Plants' Efficiencies without Enlargement of Tankage by Application of the Linpor-Process – Case Studies
Authors: Morper M. , Wildmoser A. 
Published: May 2018

The LINPOR process is a convenient method for upgrading activated sludge plants without enlargement of tankage.
By filling up 15-30% of the aeration volume with highly porous plastic foam particles, which serve as a carrier for the active biomass, the total MLSS concentration is increased and the F/M ratio is lowered. Three examples of upgraded activated sludge plants are presented.