bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dose‐finding study of linaclotide in Japanese patients with chronic constipation: A phase II randomized, double‐blind, and placebo‐controlled study
Authors: Fukudo Shin , Miwa Hiroto , Nakajima Atsushi , Kinoshita Yoshikazu , Kosako Masanori , Nakagawa Ayako , Akiho Hiraku , Kuroishi Kentaro , Johnston Jeffrey M. , Currie Mark , Ohkusa Toshifumi 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBackgroundBased on the previous phase II/III studies of irritable bowel syndrome with constipation (IBS‐C) in Japan that demonstrated the efficacy and safety of linaclotide 0.5 mg/d, we evaluated linaclotide at doses of 0.5 mg/d and lower in the treatment of Japanese patients with chronic constipation (CC).MethodsThis was a phase II randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, dose‐finding study of linaclotide for Japanese patients with CC (n = 382, 64 men, 318 women, age 20‐75). After a baseline period of two weeks, patients were randomized to receive placebo (n = 80), or 0.0625 mg (n = 82), 0.125 mg (n = 71), 0.25 mg (n = 73) or 0.5 mg (n = 76) of linaclotide during a two‐week treatment period. The primary efficacy endpoint was change from baseline in weekly spontaneous bowel movement (SBM) frequency during the first week. Secondary endpoints included complete SBM (CSBM) responder rates and IBS‐QOL. Safety and adverse events were also evaluated.Key ResultsThe change in SBM frequency during the first week (mean) was 3.89, 3.11, 3.87, and 3.85 for 0.0625 mg, 0.125 mg, 0.25 mg, and 0.5 mg for linaclotide, significantly higher than for placebo (1.91, P < 0.05). The CSBM responder, which is an important parameter, showed the greatest improvement at the 0.5 mg during the 2 week. The most frequent adverse event in the linaclotide groups was diarrhea.Conclusions & InferencesOur results suggest that 0.0625, 0.125, 0.25, and 0.5 mg/d are effective doses of linaclotide for treating CC in Japanese patients. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02425722, supported by Astellas Pharma, Inc.
Evolutionary and ecological links between plant and fungal viruses
Authors: Roossinck Marilyn J. 
Published: August 2018

Contents

Summary
86

I.
Introduction
86

II.
Lineages shared by plant and fungal viruses
87

III.
Virus transmission between plants and fungi
90

IV.
Additional plant virus families identified in fungi by metagenomics
91

Acknowledgements
91

References
91

SummaryPlants and microorganisms have been interacting in both positive and negative ways for millions of years. They are also frequently infected with viruses that can have positive or negative impacts. A majority of virus families with members that infect fungi have counterparts that infect plants, and in some cases the phylogenetic analyses of these virus families indicate transmission between the plant and fungal kingdoms. These similarities reflect the host relationships; fungi are evolutionarily more closely related to animals than to plants but share very few viral signatures with animal viruses. The details of several of these interactions are described, and the evolutionary implications of viral cross‐kingdom interactions and horizontal gene transfer are proposed.
Consequences of invasion for pollen transfer and pollination revealed in a tropical island ecosystem
Authors: Johnson Anna L. , Ashman Tia‐Lynn 
Published: August 2018

SummaryPollination is known to be sensitive to environmental change but we lack direct estimates of how quantity and quality of pollen transferred between plant species shifts along disturbance gradients. This limits our understanding of how species compositional change impacts pollen receipt per species and structure of pollen transfer networks.We constructed pollen transfer networks along a plant invasion gradient in the Hawaiian dry tropical forest ecosystem. Flowers and stigmas were collected from both native and introduced plants, pollen was identified and enumerated and floral traits were measured. We also characterized pollen loads carried by individuals of the dominant invasive pollinator,Apis mellifera.Species flowering in native‐dominated sites were more tightly connected by pollen transfer than those in heavily invaded sites. Compositional turnover in the pollen loads ofA. melliferawas correlated (70%) with turnover in the composition of pollen transfer networks. Floral traits predicted species roles within pollen transfer networks, but many of these differed qualitatively depending on whether plants were native or introduced.Our work indicates that pollen transfer networks change with invasion. Floral morphology and foraging behaviour of the introduced super‐generalist pollinator are implicated as key in determining the roles introduced species play within native pollen transfer networks.
The omnibus as social observatory
Authors: Amann Elizabeth 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe introduction of omnibus and tram services in European cities in the nineteenth century led not only to greater mobility but also to increased exposure to social diversity. City residents now regularly found themselves in close contact with people from very different social backgrounds. Texts from the period often attest to the awkwardness of such encounters as well as to the heightened awareness of social difference to which they led. This essay examines literary representations of the social ‘other’ on urban transportation systems in nineteenth‐century Paris, London and Madrid. Particularly, it explores how bourgeois observers react to and interact with poor and lower‐class passengers, the perspectives from which these encounters are presented and the way in which class difference is conceptualized and represented. Through close readings, it identifies six approaches commonly used in works from the period: (a) the aestheticization or spiritualization of poverty; (b) contrasts between speech and silence; (c) social analyses of behaviour; (d) juxtapositions of classes; (e) stories of mutual understanding; and (f) lessons in compassion.
Radiofrequency ablation of atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia in an orthotopic heart transplantation patient
Authors: Nag Tonusri , Jacobson Jason 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBackgroundAtrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) after orthotropic heart transplant (OHT) is rare, in absence of rejection.CaseWe report a case of a 51‐year‐old male who underwent simultaneous kidney and heart transplant. Three months after implantation he developed episodes of dyspnea, dizziness, and palpitations. Presenting electrocardiogram showed supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), and an inducible typical AVNRT was revealed by electrophysiologic study. Radiofrequency (RF) catheter ablation successfully eliminated the AVNRT without any complications.ConclusionEven with existing sinus rhythm of the donor heart, AVNRT can occur in transplanted heart and RF catheter ablation is safe and feasible at treating symptomatic SVT post‐OHT.
Association between children's emotional/behavioral problems before adenotonsillectomy and postoperative pain scores at home
Authors: Berghmans Johan M. , Poley Marten J. , van der Ende Jan , Veyckemans Francis , Poels Stephanie , Weber Frank , Schmelzer Bert , Himpe Dirk , Verhulst Frank C. , Utens Elisabeth 
Published: August 2018

SummaryBackgroundChildren undergoing adenotonsillectomy are at risk of severe postoperative pain and sleep problems. Little is known about the specific child risk factors for these problems.AimsThe aim of this study was to assess the occurrence of postoperative pain, sleep problems, and medication adherence, and assess the influence of internalizing and externalizing problems on postoperative pain.MethodsThis prospective cohort study included 160 children, aged 1.5‐5 years undergoing day‐care adenotonsillectomy. Parents rated their child's pain with the Parents’ Postoperative Pain Measure and their child's sleep problems with Vernon's Post Hospital Behavioral Questionnaire during the first 3 days and at day 10 postoperatively. Emotional/behavioral problems (ie, internalizing and externalizing behaviors) during the past 2 months were assessed using the Child Behavior Checklist. Regression analysis was used to assess whether children's pain intensity at home was associated with internalizing/externalizing problems, after controlling for age, preoperative child state anxiety, parental state anxiety, parental need for information, and socioeconomic status.ResultsApplying a threshold of ≥6 on the Parents’ Postoperative Pain Measure, the incidence of moderate to severe pain was 57.6% at day 1, 53.5% at day 2, 35.4% at day 3, and 4.8% at day 10. During the first three postoperative nights, 37.1% of the children woke up. Internalizing problems (β = 0.343; P = 0.001) and parental need for information (β = 0.207; P = 0.011) were independently associated with higher pain scores at home during the first 3 days (R2 = 0.225).ConclusionFollowing adenotonsillectomy, children often experienced moderate to severe pain and sleep problems during the first 3 days at home. Preoperative internalizing problems and parental need for information were independently associated with increased pain at home. Screening for these problems can help to identify vulnerable children and adapt the perioperative analgesic strategy accordingly (which includes preparation, information, and prescription of pain analgesics).
Philosophy and liturgy part 1: Liturgy and philosophy of action
Authors: Cockayne Joshua 
Published: August 2018

AbstractIn this article, I summarise recent work on the philosophy of liturgy. In part 1 of this article, I consider how liturgy can provide a way of acting. I outline the importance of a liturgical script for enacting a liturgy, as well discussing the role of the body in acting liturgically. I conclude by considering the corporate dimension of liturgical action.
Molecular characterization and expression of vitellogenin genes from the wolf spider Pardosa pseudoannulata (Araneae: Lycosidae)
Authors: Guo Jixing , Wang Liang , Wu Han , Cao Yingshuai , Xiao Rong , Lai Xueshuang , Liu Jianbo , Yi Jiequn , Zhang Guren 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe wolf spider Pardosa pseudoannulata (Araneae: Lycosidae) is an important biological control agent against rice pests in the paddy ecosystem. Vitellogenin (Vg) is the precursor of the yolk protein and is crucial for reproduction in P. pseudoannulata. We have identified three full‐length cDNAs encoding vitellogenins. The PpVg1 transcript is 5598 bp long, with an open reading frame (ORF) of 5379 bp encoding a 1792 amino acid protein. The PpVg2 transcript is 5394 bp long, with an ORF of 5205 bp encoding a 1734 amino acid protein. The PpVg3 transcript is 5229 bp long, with an ORF of a 5019 bp encoding a 1672 amino acid protein. Typical domains are found in all PpVgs sequences, including an N‐terminal lipoprotein domain, a DUF1943 domain and the von Willebrand factor type D domain. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that PpVg1, PpVg2 and PpVg3 are grouped with other arachnid Vgs. PpVg1 and PpVg2 are more closely related to Parasteatoda tepidariorum vitellogenin, whereas PpVg3 is segregated into a single clade in the arachnid group. Expression analysis by a quantitative reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction shows that PpVg1, PpVg2 and PpVg3 are mainly expressed in adult females. Mating elicite an increase in the transcription levels of PpVg1 and PpVg2, and the expression level of PpVg3 is up‐regulated after first oviposition. The present study represents the first report with respect to the molecular characterization and expression patterns for the spider vitellogenin and will greatly facilitate our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of P. pseudoannulata reproduction.
Electroconvulsive therapy for older adult patients with major depressive disorder: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Dong Min , Zhu Xiao‐Min , Zheng Wei , Li Xiao‐Hong , Ng Chee H. , Ungvari Gabor S. , Xiang Yu‐Tao 
Published: August 2018

BackgroundElectroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has been widely used in treating older adult patients with major depressive disorder. The results of randomized controlled trials (RCT) are mixed. This study systematically examined the efficacy and safety of ECT versus antidepressants (AD) in older adult patients with major depressive disorder.MethodsA literature search was conducted independently by two reviewers using the PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO, Cochrane Library, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang, and SinoMed databases from their inceptions until 17 May 2017. The Cochrane risk of bias and Jadad scale were used to assess the quality of RCT included in the systematic review.Results
Five RCT (n = 374; mean age: 66.0–66.4 years; men: 36.4–58.3%) all conducted in China were identified, including three RCT (n = 203) with ECT alone and two RCT (n = 171) with ECT‐AD co‐treatment. In two of the three RCT, ECT alone was superior to AD monotherapy in improving depressive symptoms as assessed by the Hamilton Depression Scale and by clinical judgement at the conclusion of the course of ECT. Both RCT of AD‐ECT co‐treatment showed a significant reduction in the Hamilton Depression Scale total score after ECT compared with AD monotherapy. The response rate ranged from 80% to 97.5% in the ECT groups and from 63.4% to 73.3% in the AD groups. Rates of adverse reactions were similar between ECT and AD groups in studies with available data. Only one RCT reported the discontinuation rate without a significant group difference.ConclusionsThis systematic review showed that ECT appears to be an effective and safe treatment for older adult patients with major depressive disorder. Further high‐quality studies with extended follow‐up are warranted.
The toolbox for protein digestion in decapod crustaceans: a review
Authors: Navarrete del Toro María A. , García‐Carreño Fernando 
Published: August 2018

AbstractPancrustacea, including both crustaceans and insects, is the most abundant and diverse clade of Animalia and occupy all types of environments. They are studied because of their ecological, agricultural, health and economic issues, some being delicatessens. Crustaceans evolved during the Cambrian, thanks to adaptations, such as macrophagy, that allowed them to prey on diverse and energy‐rich foods, which depended on complex digestive systems that drove evolution. As heterotrophs, crustaceans depend on their ability to obtain nutrients to fulfil their material, mostly carbon and energy requirements. Protein is the most important nutrient; up to 70% dry mass of a crustacean is protein. Hence, food protein is needed to obtain free amino acids to synthesize protein de novo (from scratch), because animals cannot synthesize the ten essential amino acids de novo. The ability to digest protein must have emerged early in evolution, as shown by the finding of trypsin coding genes in eubacterial genomes. Primitive organisms selectively fixed the ability to use foreign protein as a source of amino acids by synthesizing enzymes, now termed peptidases, which were capable of recognizing and hydrolysing peptide bonds in a specific region of a polypeptide chain, based on specificity for the side chains of amino acid residues in the carboxylic side of the site of cleavage. Here, we present a brief history on what and how digestive peptidases in crustaceans became known.
On correctly responding to all decisive reasons we have
Authors: Fassio Davide 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBenjamin Kiesewetter has recently provided an argument to the effect that necessarily, if one has decisive reason to φ, then one has sufficient reason to believe that she herself has decisive reason to φ. If sound, this argument has important implications for several debates in contemporary normative philosophy. I argue that the main premise in the argument is problematic and should be rejected. According to this premise (PRR), necessarily, one can respond correctly to all the decisive reasons one has. I show that PRR is confronted with counterexamples and presupposes an implausible commensurability of all kinds of reasons. If so, the conclusion in Kiesewetter’s argument doesn’t follow. I also discuss further implications of my objections to PRR for a specific family of ‘ought’ implies ‘can’ principles and ability constraints on reasons, and the consequences that these could have for a number of contemporary debates in normative philosophy.
Generation of transgenic‐cloned Huanjiang Xiang pigs systemically expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein
Authors: Zhu Xiang‐Xing , Zhong Yi‐Zhi , Ge Yao‐Wen , Lu Ke‐Huan , Lu Sheng‐Sheng 
Published: August 2018

ContentsHuanjiang Xiang pig is a unique native minipig breed originating in Guangxi, China, and has great utility value in agriculture and biomedicine. Reproductive biotechnologies such as somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) and SCNT‐mediated genetic modification show great potential value in genetic preservation and utilization of Huanjiang Xiang pigs. Our previous work has successfully produced cloned and transgenic‐cloned embryos using somatic cells from a Huanjiang Xiang pig. In this study, we firstly report the generation of transgenic‐cloned Huanjiang Xiang pigs carrying an enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) gene. A total of 504 SCNT‐derived embryos were transferred to two surrogate recipients, one of which became pregnant and gave birth to three live piglets. Exogenous eGFP transgene had integrated in all of the three Huanjiang Xiang piglets identified by genotyping. Furthermore, expression of eGFP was also detected from in vitro cultured skin fibroblast cells and various organs or tissues from positive transgenic‐cloned Huanjiang Xiang pigs. The present work provides a practical method to preserve this unique genetic resource and also lays a foundation for genetic modification of Huanjiang Xiang pigs with improved values in agriculture and biomedicine.
Does Compulsory Admission Prevent Inpatient Suicide Among Patients with Schizophrenia? A Nationwide Cohort Study in Taiwan
Authors: Lin Ching‐En , Chung Chi‐Hsiang , Chen Li‐Fen , Chien Wu‐Chien 
Published: August 2018

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to analyze the risk of inpatient suicide in patients with schizophrenia during 2007–2013 and to determine putative risk factors.MethodsWe conducted a national population‐based cohort study of 2,038 psychiatric inpatients in their first compulsory admission, matched with 8,152 controls who were voluntary inpatients. Only patients with schizophrenia were included in the study. We used data derived from the Taiwanese National Health Insurance Database 2005, comprising 1 million beneficiaries randomly selected from the entire population of Taiwan.ResultsDuring the follow‐up period, 23 and 75 inpatient suicides were observed in the compulsory and control groups, respectively. Kaplan–Meier curves showed that the cumulative incidence rate of inpatient suicide was not significantly different between compulsory and voluntary admissions (log‐rank test, p = .206).ConclusionsOur results suggest that compulsory admission has no protective effects on risk reduction of inpatient suicide for patients with schizophrenia who are compulsorily admitted compared with voluntarily admitted controls. Clinicians should be more alert for the prevention of inpatient suicide among patients with schizophrenia and consider the close monitoring of inpatient suicide risk in the first week of admission.
Associations of Suicide Prevention Trainings with Practices and Confidence among Clinicians at Community Mental Health Centers
Authors: LoParo Devon , Florez Ivonne Andrea , Valentine Nakia , Lamis Dorian A. 
Published: August 2018

ObjectiveThis study examined whether (1) behavioral health providers were more likely to implement best practices when they were more confident in their abilities, (2) number of suicide prevention trainings was positively associated with perceived confidence in abilities and implementation of evidence‐based practices, and (3) specific trainings were more impactful than others on increasing providers’ level of confidence and/or practices.MethodProviders (N = 137) at three rural community behavioral health centers who had opportunities to attend multiple suicide prevention trainings completed the Zero Suicide Workforce Survey, a measure to evaluate staff knowledge, practices, and confidence in caring for patients at risk of suicide.ResultsThere was a moderate association between provider's practice and confidence. The number of attended trainings had a significant correlation with both practice and confidence. Particular trainings demonstrated differential effects on provider's practice and confidence.ConclusionThese results suggest that behavioral health providers who are confident in their skills in assessing and treating suicide risk are more likely incorporate best practices into their clinical work. Also, it appears there is a small but significant benefit to multiple trainings for increasing both practice and confidence among providers.
Suicide Ideation and Behavior as Risk Factors for Subsequent Suicide in Schizophrenia: A Nested Case–Control Study
Authors: Clapham Eric , Bodén Robert , Brandt Lena , Jönsson Erik G. , Bahmanyar Shahram , Ekbom Anders , Ösby Urban , Reutfors Johan 
Published: August 2018

ObjectiveTo investigate suicide ideation and behavior as risk factors for suicide in schizophrenia during varying time periods.MethodCases were 84 patients who died by suicide within 5 years from diagnosis in a source population of patients discharged for the first time from psychiatric hospitals in Stockholm County, Sweden, with a schizophrenia spectrum diagnosis. One control was individually matched with each suicide case. Data were retrieved from clinical records in a blind fashion. Thoughts of death, thoughts of suicide, suicide plan, and suicide attempt during varying time periods were investigated as risk factors for subsequent completed suicide.ResultsIn adjusted analyses, thoughts of suicide, suicide plan, and suicide attempt were significantly associated with subsequent completed suicide in the following year. The highest suicide risk was found within a year following suicide attempt (adjusted OR 9.9, 95% confidence interval 2.5–39.0). The association between suicide ideation and behavior and subsequent suicide declined over time.ConclusionsSeveral types of suicide ideation and behavior were associated with suicide, and the association was stronger for suicidal behavior. The clinical significance of suicidal communication appears highest during the following month or/and year. Many suicides occurred without recorded short‐term suicidal communication.
Molecular phylogeny and novel host associations of avian chewing lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera) from South Africa
Authors: Takano Oona M. , Voelker Gary , Gustafsson Daniel R. , Light Jessica E. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractCompared with Europe and the Americas, the ectoparasites of African birds are poorly understood, despite the avian fauna being relatively well known. Notably, previous studies documenting the host associations and genetic diversity of parasitic chewing lice of southern African birds have been limited in geographic and taxonomic scope. Recent field expeditions exploring the avian diversity in South Africa facilitated an opportunity to obtain louse specimens from a taxonomically diverse host assemblage. This study is the first to investigate avian louse host associations and diversity across a large portion of South Africa encompassing several distinct habitat types, while incorporating molecular genetic data (from portions of the mitochondrial COI and nuclear EF‐1α genes) for ectoparasite phylogenetic analyses. From 1105 South African bird individuals and 170 species examined for lice, a total of 105 new louse–host associations were observed. Morphological and genetic examination of lice with these new host associations reveals a maximum of 66 louse species new to science. Results of this study support the observation that examining museum specimens is a useful way to investigate louse diversity and host associations.