bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
191 The effects of a yeast fermentation product on the average daily gain and digestibility on a rye grass hay-based finishing diet for lambs
Authors: Burt Justin C , Boyd Jamie , Garcia Ivan , Splan Rebecca , Perron Brittany S 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine if supplementation of a yeast fermentation product had an effect on the ADG, performance, and meat quality characteristics of Katahdin sheep fed a ryegrass hay based diet in drylot. Twenty-four Katahdin lambs were divided into two groups (male, n = 8; female n = 16) based on weight and gender: a control (CON) and treatment (TRT) used in a repeated block design. The lambs had a BW of 21.5 ± 2.5 kg, and concluded with a finishing weight of 36.3 ± 3.4 kg. Lambs were housed on dirt drylot with shade structures, and offered an ad libitum TMR diet was formulated to be isocaloric and isonitrogenous at 14% CP and was ryegrass hay based, and top dressed with ground corn as a carrier. The TRT received the yeast supplement at a rate of 4/g/h/d. The diet was offered at 2% of the group’s body weight ad libitum. A 1-wk standardization period was conducted before the start of the study to obtain a 5% refusal rate. Orts were collected and recorded, as well as weekly feed samples were collected twice a week, and compiled for a chemical analysis for NDF, ADF, ASH, CP, and ether extract. Temperature and humidity data was also collected throughout the study. Lambs were weighed weekly with a rolling weight being used for the ADG of the lambs. Proc mixed procedures of SAS was used for data analysis. We found no statistical significance in DMI (CON=11.14 ±3.36 kg/d and TRT= 10.89 ±3.55 kg/d per group), and no statistical significance by gender (P < 0.11). There was a statistical significance (P < 0.03), for ADG per group. This suggests that there is a tendency for greater performance and ADG for lambs supplemented with a yeast fermentation product.
201 Factors that limit out-of-season breeding success in ewes
Authors: Howell Berlin , Burke Joan M , Lee Charles , Wood Erin , Rosenkrans Charles , Rorie Rick 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The American Sheep Industry recently stressed the importance of out-of-season breeding to meet year round demand for quality lamb. Because ewes naturally breed during short days, spring breeding is a challenge. The objective was to determine factors that reduce pregnancy rate in Katahdin ewes in Arkansas. In 2017, 95 ewes (1.6 - 9.4 yr of age; mean 2.6 ± 1.8) were bred between mid-April to mid-May. Between mid-August to mid-September, 82 ewes (1.0 - 8.2 yr of age; 2.6 ± 1.7) were bred. In spring, ewes grazed endophyte-infected tall fescue, but in fall, primarily bermudagrass was available. Body weight (BW) and body condition scores (BCS), and serum concentrations of anti-mullerian hormone (AMH), prolactin, and cytochrome P450 enzyme activity were determined before rams entered. Ewes were exposed to teasers 14 d before breeding. Data were analyzed by Proc GLM and CORR (SAS) with season of breeding in model and ewe age used as covariate. Pregnancy rate was greater in fall than spring bred ewes (89.3 ± 4.0 vs. 21.9 ± 3.3%, P < 0.001). Ewes that became pregnant compared with nonpregnant had a greater concentration of AMH regardless of season bred (3.3 ± 0.22 vs. 2.4 ± 0.41 ng/mL, P = 0.04; R = 0.22, P = 0.004), but tended to have a lower concentration of prolactin (20.2 ± 2.7 vs. 30.4 ± 4.8 ng/ mL, P = 0.06; R = -0.38, P < 0.001). The overall lower prolactin in spring suggests a reduction associated with fescue toxins, but further research is necessary. Cytochrome P450 activity was not significantly lower in ewes that became pregnant compared with nonpregnant (R = -0.28, P = 0.002), and was greater in younger ewes (R = -0.25, P = 0.03). Selecting ewes more tolerant to fescue toxins may improve success of out-of-season breeding in the Southeastern United States
200 Comparison of daily rotation and slow rotational grazing on ewe performance, parasite infestation, and soil
Authors: Bradley Kailey , Boyd Brooke , Garrison Lindsay , Higgins Morgan , Newton Robert , Vega Miranda , Gates Roger , Daniel Jay 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Impact of grazing method on ewe performance, parasite infestation, and soil was examined using mature, non-lactating ewes divided into slow rotation (SR; n = 20) or daily rotation (DR; n = 20) groups. Pastures previously grazed by sheep were divided and soil sampled. Temporary electric fence provided daily pasture allocation for DR. Ewes had been adapted to temporary electric fence for two weeks. Both DR and SR were moved to new pasture at the same time. Ewes were weighed and fecal egg counts were conducted biweekly. On alternate weeks, ewes were body condition scored (BCS), FAMACHA scored, and dewormed if FAMACHA score was 4 or greater. After 10 weeks of grazing (June 1-August 10, 2018), final ewe weights and soil samples were collected. Body condition score, FAMACHA, fecal egg count, body weight, and soil test results were tested for effect of grazing group, date, and group by date interaction using procedures for repeated measures with JMP software (version 10, SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC). The FAMACHA scores were greatest on July 6 (P < 0.0001). BCS were greater on June 8 and 22 than July 6 and August 3 (P < 0.0001). Ewes were heaviest on June 1 and 15, lightest on July 27 and August 10 (P < 0.0001), and DR ewes were lighter than SR ewes on July 27 and August 10 (P < 0.0001). No effect of treatment, date, or treatment by date interaction on fecal egg count (P > 0.23) was detected. Soil organic matter decreased over the study (P = 0.0024), but organic matter change was less in DR than SR (P = 0.0092). DR did not influence parasitism, but may enhance soil organic matter.
203 Investing in parasite resistance in sheep
Authors: Burke Joan M , Miller James E 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Genetic parasite resistance in sheep has become an important technology in the control of gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) due to widespread anthelmintic resistant GIN. The USDA-ARS sheep flock in Booneville, AR, has been selecting for parasite resistance since 2012 through the use of estimated breeding values (EBVs) generated through the National Sheep Improvement Program (NSIP). Objective is to show value of resistance. Recently, replacement ewes (n = 69) and rams (n = 29) from the flock were offered for sale and a sale catalog with EBVs for growth, reproduction, and parasite resistance, and recent BW was available. There were 73 purchased by 13 buyers from 7 states. Of the ram lambs that sold, post-weaning fecal egg count (FEC) EBVs ranged from -29 to -100, but of the 17 ram lambs offered, only rams with values of -97 or better sold (-100 is the highest FEC EBV and values can reach > +500; the top 10% for breed are P < 0.001). For mature ewes sold, FEC EBVs ranged from 18 to -87 with higher prices offered to ewes with better FEC EBVs (P < 0.002). For all sheep, higher prices may have been offered for animals raised as multiples rather than singles (P = 0.05). Seedstock producers wishing to improve parasite resistance can benefit by using NSIP to increase resistance and sale price. The higher parasite resistance used by commercial producers will reduce the need for deworming lambs.
193 Tannins as antinutritive chemicals in red cedar
Authors: Lourencon Raquel , Hart Steven P , Gipson Terry A , Muir Jim P 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Studies using goats to control red cedar (Juniperus virginiana) have shown that goats more readily consume red cedar at some locations while in other locations, they consume relatively little, but consume more during the winter. It was hypothesized that differences in red cedar intake may be caused by tannins acting as an antinutritive chemical. The purpose of this study was to characterize the levels and types of tannins in red cedar from different locations and seasons of the year. Thirty-seven samples of red cedar needles were obtained from four locations (LOC; Langston, OK; Midwest City, OK; Mannford, OK; Neosho, MO) at monthly intervals (SEA) over a 1-yr period. Needles were manually stripped from branches at approximately 1.5 m high from at least 25 plants at each location. Samples were refrigerated until analyzed for extractable condensed tannin (ECT) and total tannin (TOT) by procedure of Terrill et al. (1992). Data were analyzed by SAS GLM with main effects of LOC and SEA. ECT was significantly lower for Neosho (1.53%) than for Mannford (2.69%), Midwest City (2.79%), and Langston (2.37%), which were similar. ECT was lowest for Summer (1.76%), similar to Fall (1.85%) and both were significantly lower than for Winter (3.32%) and Spring (2.39%). TOT followed a similar pattern being highly correlated to ECT (R = 0.955; P < 0.001) and was significantly lower for Neosho (2.61%) than for Langston (3.79%), Mannford (3.81%) or OKC (4.15%). Total tannins were significantly higher in the winter (4.71%) than for the other seasons (Spring 3.64, Fall, 3.18% and Summer 2.87%). Tannins were lowest for Neosho where goats browsed red cedar most aggressively, killing >85% of the trees whereas goats killed <10% cedars at other locations. Tannins may be a significant antinutritive factor in red cedar, affecting consumption and degree of control
192 Terpenes as antinutritive chemicals in red cedar
Authors: Lourencon Raquel , Hart Steven P , Gipson Terry A , Adams Bob , Rassi Davila 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
At some research sites goats aggressively consumed red cedar (Juniperus virginiana) throughout the year, while at other sites goats consumed little cedar, although they consumed more cedar in winter. It was hypothesized that differences in red cedar intake may be caused by terpenes. The purpose of this study was to measure terpenes in cedar needles at different locations and times of the year. Ninety-one samples of red cedar needles were obtained from four locations (Langston, OK; Midwest City, OK; Mannford, OK; Neosho, MO) at monthly intervals over a 2-yr period. Needles were manually stripped from branches at approximately 1.5 m high from at least 25 plants at each location. Sixty grams of cedar needles were extracted by steam distillation for 2 h. Some samples were exhaustively extracted for a further 6 h to calculate recovery (45.7%). Two mL of diethyl ether were added, containing 1 mg/mL of methyl decanoate (internal standard), samples were vortexed and the ether was dried with a stream of nitrogen. Samples were subjected to gas chromatography for terpenes. The total amount of terpenes (mg/g DM) was calculated as the sum of peak areas/peak area of the internal standard x 2 mg internal standard/ 0.457/ dried weight of cedar needles. Months were categorized as season. Data were analyzed using the SAS GLM procedure with factors of season, year, and location. Neither season (P > 0.8) nor location (P > 0.25) nor the interaction (P > .9) were significant factors determining total terpene content of red cedar. Concentration of total terpenes for Langston was 20.8, Mannford 18.4, Neosho 15.2, and OKC 18.6 mg/g DM. Concentration by season was Fall 17.1, Spring 18.6, Summer 17.5, and Winter 19.7 mg/g DM. Total terpene concentration does not seem to be a factor affecting red cedar consumption by goats.
195 Sperm motion characteristics of ram semen liquid-stored in a milk egg yolk extender at four temperatures
Authors: Wildeus Stephan , O’Brien Dahlia 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Varying temperatures have been used for liquid storage of ram semen and that of other species. This study evaluated motility characteristics of ram semen stored at 5, 10, 15, and 20°C for up to 96 h. Two ejaculates were collected and pooled from each of 6 rams using an artificial vagina and evaluated for motility and concentration. Samples were extended in ultra-high temperature pasteurized skim milk and egg yolk (10% v/v) containing penicillin and streptomycin, diluted to 250 million sperm/mL, and packaged in 0.5 mL straws. Semen was held at 32°C during processing, and straws placed in 500 mL jars for storage at 5°C (refrigerator), 10 and 15°C (refrigerated water bath) and 20°C (air conditioned room temperature). Cooling rates were 0.04, 0.25, 0.44, and 0.02 °C/min, and final temperatures reached after 672, 83, 36, and 567 min in the four storage environments, respectively, with cooling rates faster in a liquid than air environment. Straws from individual rams were removed at 6, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h of storage and analyzed with a computer-assisted sperm analyzer after warming to 36°C. Data were analyzed for the effect of storage time, temperature, and their interaction on sperm motion characteristics. Sperm motion characteristics were not affected over time during storage at 5 and 10°C. At 15°C motility parameters decreased in a curvilinear (P < 0.05) relationship with time (progressive motility: 52.6 to 29.7%; rapid motility: 36.5 to 16.5%), and at 20°C in linear (P < 0.001) relationship (progressive motility: 51.9 to 13.1%; rapid motility: 36.1 to 6.3%). Circular motility decreased (P < 0.05) with increasing temperatures after 72 and 96 h of storage, while local motility was not affected by storage temperature and time. Results suggest storage at 10°C may be a viable alternative to storage at 5°C as retention of motility was similar.
197 Utilization of Katahdin rams with lower fecal egg count estimated breeding values improves parasite resistance and fitness traits of progeny
Authors: Weaver Andrew R , Wright Donald L , Greiner Scott P , Bowdridge Scott A 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Genetic selection for internal parasite resistance in sheep is a valuable tool to mitigate effects of parasitism especially when significant within breed variability exists. To better understand the mechanism underpinning this variability, a divergent mating scheme was established. Katahdin rams (n = 4) were selected based on their estimated breeding value (EBV) for fecal egg count (FEC) and grouped as numerically high (HiFEC; n = 2) or low (LoFEC; n = 2). Rams were randomly mated to Katahdin ewes at the Southwest Virginia Agriculture Research and Extension Center. Lambs were born mid-March and managed as one group, then weaned in mid-June. Lambs were transported to the WVU Animal Sciences Farm where they were randomly allocated to four pens with even distribution of sire and sex. All lambs (n = 109) were infected with 10,000 H. contortus L3 and the infection persisted for 5 weeks. Weights, FEC, and packed cell volume (PCV) were collected weekly. Statistical analysis was performed using the Mixed Model procedure and repeated measures in SAS with fixed effects of sire group. Weaning FEC was numerically greater for HiFEC-sired lambs vs. LoFEC-sired lambs (2914 vs. 1821 eggs/g; respectively). However, death loss for HiFEC-sired lambs tended to be almost twice that of LoFEC-sired lambs (20% vs. 11%, P = 0.09; respectively). Weaning weights did not differ. Fecal egg count from the prepatent to patent period was greater in HiFEC vs. LoFEC-sired lambs (210 vs. 34 eggs/g; P = 0.05). Packed cell volume was numerically lower in HiFEC-sired lambs. There were no differences in post-weaning growth, ultrasound fat thickness, or loin depth in lambs from divergent sire groups. These data indicate that utilizing LoFEC EBV sires reduces FEC and improves disease resistance in progeny without affecting growth or carcass traits
136 Reflections on the foundational scientific knowledge of undergraduate animal science students: a three-year study
Authors: Thomas Lauren R , Powell Jeremy G , Kegley Elizabeth B , Jogan Kathleen 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
In 2015, the University of Arkansas Department of Animal Science developed a strategy for assessing student-learning outcomes within its undergraduate teaching program. The first recognized outcome states that students will demonstrate foundational scientific knowledge in the general animal science disciplines of physiology, genetics, nutrition, muscle foods, and production animal management. Subsequently, a 58-item assessment tool was developed for direct assessment of student knowledge—focusing primarily on freshmen and senior students. Over the past 3 academic calendar years, 381 students (196 freshmen, 48 sophomores, 19 juniors, 113 seniors, 5 graduates) were assessed, either during an introduction to animal science course or by appointment with outgoing seniors majoring in animal science. Scores were categorized using demographic data collected at the beginning of the assessment tool. Comparison categories included academic class, major, and general student background (rural or urban). Data analysis were performed using the Glimmix procedure of SAS, with student serving as the experimental unit and significance set at P ≤ 0.05. Generally speaking, animal science majors performed better (P < 0.01) than students from other majors, and students with a rural background performed better (P < 0.01) than their urban-backgrounded peers. Overall, senior assessment scores averaged 23-percentage points greater (P < 0.01) than freshmen assessment scores, and the average scores for freshmen and seniors were 43% and 66% respectively. In regards to student performance within each discipline, there was an average improvement of 24 percentage points between freshmen and seniors in all of the measured disciplines except for muscle foods, which only saw a 10-percentage point improvement between the two classes. While the overall improvement in scores is indicative of increased student knowledge, the department would like to see greater improvement in all discipline scores for seniors majoring in animal science.
135 Developing foundational courses to support undergraduate student success in animal science departmental core curriculum
Authors: Dunlap Kathrin A , Early Lonisa , Fowler Debra , Wickersham Tryon A 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Today’s student population comes from highly diverse cultural and socio-economic backgrounds, entering college with a range of life experiences and professional aspirations. The selection of and success upon entering a major is highly influenced by those factors. As society has progressed, the principle purposes of the animal science discipline have remained intact, but the industry scope has expanded as has the range of background knowledge and experience of students entering the major. To address these changes a data-driven, student-centered curriculum study was conducted. Stakeholder (comprised of industry members, faculty, current and former students) surveys (n = 289) served as a foundational component of the study. Survey responses revealed the existence of a gap between student knowledge and skills and faculty expectations upon entering disciplinary core courses, which were deemed necessary to gain proficiency in areas identified by industry stakeholders. To address that gap, collaborative efforts between Animal Science Department faculty and members of the University Center for Teaching Excellence, as well as findings from the data generated as part of the curriculum redesign process, were used to identify two new courses for development: Farm Animal Biosystems and Livestock Production Systems. Each course incorporates departmental learning outcomes, assessments, and specified teaching methods into their syllabi. Furthermore, they illustrate a novel approach to addressing the disparity in student background knowledge and skills. Rather than assuming a standardized level of skill and addressing only gaps in knowledge or vice versa, key areas have been identified and separated for individualized focus in order to provide students with a solid foundation in both the scientific and applied components of the discipline. Successful completion of these courses will enable students to enter the specialized disciplinary core classes with a more uniform knowledge base, thus promoting success throughout the curriculum
137 Impact of Career Development Events on motivation to major in animal science
Authors: Chumbley Steven , Russell Mark R , Garza Sarah 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Previous research has shown that motivated youth typically select activities that incorporate existing interests and may influence their career choices. Involvement in the National FFA provides opportunities for youth to develop skills and knowledge through events known as Career Development Events (CDEs). These events are designed to motivate students and encourage leadership and career development. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of participation in CDEs on student motivation and preparation to major in animal science. The study was guided by a researcher-developed instrument, measuring motivation and preparation on a Likert-type scale of 1–5. The sample population was junior (13%) and senior (87%) animal science majors at a southern Hispanic serving institution, enrolled within an advanced animal nutrition course. The instrument had a Cronbach’s alpha posttest reliability of .883, with inter-reliability of .610 for preparation and .887 for motivation. The sample population consisted of 24 students, of which 50% identified as Hispanic and 31% as Caucasian. Out of the 24, 16 had participated in CDEs, resulting in a response rate of 67%.The overall mean scores for motivation were 3.85 (SD= 1.20) and 3.79 (SD = 0.72) for preparation (Scale of 1–5). The highest mean scores were found within the motivation statements, “Competing in CDEs influenced my decision to major in animal science” (M = 4.0) and “Competing in CDEs motivated me to attend college” (M = 3.94). The highest scores for preparation were found within the statement “Competing in CDEs prepared me to be successful in my chosen career” (M = 4.13). Females were found to have higher mean scores overall, with students identifying as Caucasian having a higher mean score over Hispanic students and Seniors scoring slightly higher. Overall the scores were moderate and showed a need for continued study in this area.
56 The efficacy of extended-release eprinomectin for the reduction of horn flies, face flies, and fecal egg counts of parasitic nematodes in replacement beef heifers
Authors: Landers Sophia F , Tucker Christopher , Powell Jeremy G , Wray Eva , Cauble Reagan , Lester Toby D 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of extended-release eprinomectin against horn flies, face flies, and fecal egg counts of parasitic nematodes in crossbreed replacement beef heifers. Fifty-four heifers were randomly placed into three treatment groups (n = 18 heifers/treatment). Group 1 was administered the labeled dosage of extended-release eprinomectin at the onset of fly season (day 0). Group 2 acted as the negative control. Group 3 received the anthelmintic injection once a quarter of the heifers in the group reached the threshold treatment level for horn flies (n = 200 flies/animal; day 41). All cattle were separately pastured for the duration of the study. Throughout the study, nematode infections were measured via fecal egg counts while horn and face flies were visually monitored. Evaluation of pregnancy status was recorded at the conclusion of the study (day 144). Due to the high number of face flies, heifers were treated with insecticide dusts twice during the study (day 54 and 69). Group 1 averaged a fecal egg count of (2.3), group 2 (7.4), and group 3 (9.1) (day 111). Low egg counts for all treatment groups reflected minimal parasite burden which likely had little effect on treatment groups. Extended release eprinomectin had little influence on face flies given that all groups were above threshold at days 40, 48, and 54. At study conclusion, horn fly population was lower (P < 0.05) for group 1 (405.6) compared to group 2 (680.6) and group 3 (680.6). Conception rates were greater (P < 0.05) in group 1 (89%) compared to the control heifers (56%) and group 3 exhibited an intermediate rate (72%). Results indicate that although treatment with extended-release eprinomectin did not decrease the face fly burdens, it did have an effect on fecal egg counts, horn fly burdens, and subsequent pregnancy status at the conclusion of the study