bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Economics of Coharvesting Smallwood by Chainsaw and Skidder for Crop Tree Management in Missouri
Authors: Becker Peter , Bilek E.M. (Ted) , Cunningham Terry , Bill Michael , Calvert Marty , Jensen Jason , Norris Michael , Thompson Terry 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Forest improvement harvests using individual-tree and group selection were conducted in four oak or oak-hickory stands in the Missouri Ozarks with conventional equipment (chainsaw and skidder). Volumes (and revenues) for different timber classes (sawlogs and smallwood from topwood and small trees) and hours of machine use were recorded to calculate production rates. Multiplying these by estimated hourly machine costs and adding loading and transportation costs plus stumpage yielded harvest plus delivery costs. Loggers kept machine costs low by operating old equipment with low capital costs and by owner servicing. Coharvesting of sawlogs and smallwood provided $240‐$340/person-day in net operating revenues to loggers. Smallwood harvest yielded positive net revenues because loggers paid little or nothing for this material. Nevertheless, loggers could continue to generate positive net operating revenues if they paid a modest fee of $4‐$5/ton for smallwood (as occurred in a subsequent salvage harvest). The cost of implementing best management practices (water bars and other erosion-control structures) with a skidder was affordable (≤2% of logger's net operating revenue). Overall, the results supported crop tree management as a financially rational alternative across a variety of sites and showed that smallwood harvest does not always require subsidy.
A Volume Estimation System for Four Northern Hardwood Species
Authors: Richards Carolyn H. , Reed David D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A volume estimation system based on Schumacher's total volume equation is developed for four commercially important northern hardwood species in Upper Michigan: sugar maple, red maple, yellow birch, and aspen. Given diameter at breast height and a measure of height, then total tree volume, volume to any height or upper stem diameter limit, and upper stem diameter at any height (for determining product class) can be estimated. Coefficients are given for estimating diameter or volumes either inside or outside bark as are examples illustrating the techniques and potential uses of the volume estimation system.
North. J. Appl. For. 3:25-28, Mar. 1986.
Timber and Squirrels: Forecasting and Evaluating the Options
Authors: Shifley Stephen R. , Brand Gary J. , Ohmann Lewis F. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
TWIGS, an individual-tree-based forest growth projection model, was coupled with a gray squirrel habitat suitability model. The combination of timber forecasting models with wildlife habitat models provides a powerful tool for multiple-use decision-making. The linked models allow forest managers to simultaneously forecast and evaluate the effect of alternative management strategies on timber yield, financial return, and quality of gray squirrel habitat. The linked models were used to evaluate two management options for 9 stands comprising a 258-acre tract on the Hoosier National Forest in southern Indiana. Results for this tract indicated that, for most interest rates, the management option that provided the best squirrel habitat had a lower present net value ($/ac). North. J. Appl. For. 3:46-49, June 1986.
Tree Volume Equations for Plantation Grown Japanese Larch in Pennsylvania1
Authors: Shipman Robert D. , Fairweather Stephen E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Individual tree inside-bark merchantable volume equations are developed for plantation grown Japanese larch in Pennsylvania. Predictor variables can be dbh2, dbh2 and total height, or dbh2, total height, and merchantable height. The equation using dbh2 and total height gave results similar to an equation of the same form developed using data from a Vermont study. North. J. Appl. For. 3:58-60, June 1986.
Planting Northern Red Oak in the Missouri Ozarks: A Prescription
Authors: Johnson Paul S. , Dale Charles D. , Davidson Kenneth R. , Law Jay R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A 4-step prescription for planting northern red oak is presented that calls for: (1) controlling undesirable woody understory vegetation with a herbicide applied before planting; (2) creating a medium density shelterwood; (3) under-planting large-diameter nursery stock with clipped tops; and (4) removing the shelter-wood 3 growing seasons after planting. By applying this prescription, 1/3, to 1/2 of planted trees can be expected to be successfully established 2 years after the shelter-wood is removed. North. J. Appl. For. 3:66-68, June 1986.
Construction and Installation of Homemade Dendrometer Bands
Authors: Cattelino Peter J. , Becker Charles A. , Fuller Leslie G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Dendrometer bands are common tools used when accurate measurement of tree-diameter growth or basal-area growth is desired. This common type of dendrometer consists of a metal band placed around the stem of the tree with reading scales scribed on the overlapping portions of the band. Homemade dendrometer bands can be made and installed efficiently and economically. Complete instructions together with a description of materials necessary for the construction and placement of dendrometer bands are presented. Evaluation of dendrometer bands in a field setting is also discussed. North. J. Appl. For. 3:73-75, June 1986.
Economic of Red Pine Plantation Management in Wisconsin
Authors: de Naurois Marie , Buongiorno Joseph 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
It is more economical to manage red pine plantations in Wisconsin for pulpwood and sawlog combined rather than for pulpwood only, even on low quality sites. The most important factor influencing the economics of a plantation is land quality. On lands of site index 45 new plantations are unlikely to be economical, regardless of management regime. Lands of site index 60 to 75 have real rates of return of 4 to 5.5% per year and soil expectation values of $125 to $350 per acre at 3% interest. Planting densities of 8 by 8 ft followed by heavy thinnings at long intervals and short rotations are best, but rotations may be increased considerably with only small effects on the economics of the plantations. North. J. Appl. For. 3:118-123, Sept. 1986.
Fuelwood Cooperatives: Their Role and Development in the Northeastern United States
Authors: Siebert Stephen F. , Lassoie James P. , Lapping Mark B. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Characteristics of and requirements for successful establishment and operation of fuelwood cooperatives were assessed by evaluating nine currently or recently operating New England fuelwood cooperatives. Three types of cooperatives were identified—consumer, processing, and producer. The importance of maximizing local member-patron participation in all facets of cooperative action and of restricting government and professional forestry involvement to educational and forestry assistance are illustrated. Churches are identified as a potential source of assistance in attempts to establish and operate fuelwood cooperatives. North. J. Appl. For. 3:137-139, Dec. 1986.
Effects of Limestone Gravel on Selected Chemical Properties of Road Runoff and Streamflow
Authors: Helvey J. David , Kochenderfer James N. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Limestone gravel applied to two logging roads built in acidic soil on the Fernow Experimental Forest significantly increased the concentration of calcium as well as the levels of alkalinity, specific conductance, and pH of road runoff water. However, a heavy gravel application to 5 km of road adjacent to a naturally acidic stream near Thomas, West Virginia, caused insignificant changes in the chemical characteristics of that stream. The application of these results to the practical problem of decreasing stream acidity is discussed. North. J. Appl. For. 4:23-25, March 1987.
Sampling for Pulpwood and Sawtimber Stumpage Value in Appalachian Hardwood Stands
Authors: Wiant Harry V. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
An example from an Appalachian hardwood stand indicates that little or no time should be spent sampling low-value pulpwood when estimating total stumpage value of many forests. North. J. Appl. For.4:36, Mar. 1987.
Picking Early Winners Among White Pine Progeny
Authors: Kuser John E. , Hunt Clyde M. , Maynard Charles A. , Morrow Daniel F. , Raymond Sherwood R. , Reynolds Mary K. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
After four seasons of field growth, height differences among seedlings from various seedlots of improved eastern white pine are highly significant at plantations in Connecticut, Maryland, New Hampshire, New Jersey, and New York. Survival varies from 53% to 83%, and plantation mean heights vary from 47 cm to 100 cm. Rank correlations of mean heights of seedlots at the five plantations are all positive and 8 of 10 are significant, indicating stability of performance. Two major trends show: (1) trees of a few seedlots are taller at all plantations, while those from Lake States and two Quebec seedlots grow relatively slowly wherever tested; and (2) trees of northern origin are more often taller at northern plantations, and those of central origin are taller at central plantations. North. J. Appl. For. 4:66-69, June 1987.
Prior Information Reduces the Error in Timber Sale Appraisals
Authors: Burk Thomas E. , Ek Alan R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A simple procedure based on empirical Bayesian estimation concepts is presented as a means of reducing the error in timber sale appraisals. An estimator is developed that combines information from previous appraisals of similar sales with the estimate for the subject sale. Examples and guidelines for using the technique along with a description of the basis of the approach are also presented. North. J. Appl. For. 4:85-87, June 1987.
Growth of Uneven-Aged Stands in New York's Adirondack Mountains
Authors: Temple Thomas J. , Nyland Ralph D. , Craul Philip J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Prediction equations are presented for total standing volume and periodic annual increment among unevenaged stands in New York's Adirondacks. These use stand basal area, plus selected physical site and vegetal characteristics of the stand. Few plots located across a range of community types or soil series differed significantly in volume increment, suggesting that neither the community type nor soil series provides a reliable basis for forest site productivity classification. Hardwoods grow better than conifers on the deeper less podzolized soils, and individual species or species groups grow differently from one community type to another. Yet, the superior growth of one tends to compensate for the mediocre performance of others within some community types, resulting in similar levels of total stand growth between communities. Findings indicate which species to favor in marking different stands for periodic treatment. North. J. Appl. For. 4:136-139, Sept. 1987.
Oak Stump Sprouting on Dry Sites in Northern Lower Michigan
Authors: Lynch Ann M. , Bassett John R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In clearcut portions of 37 stands, stumps from northern red, northern pin, and white oak trees, averaging about 65 years old when felled, were measured to relate sprouting to stump diameter, estimated dbh, slope position, aspect, site index, and parent tree (stump) age. At least one vigorous sprout was produced by 80 and 77% of northern red and northern pin oak stumps, respectively, and sprouting was independent of stump diameter. In contrast, 54% of white oak stumps produced at least one vigorous sprout, and sprouting was related to stump diameter. Northern red and northern pin oaks sprouted least frequently on lower slopes, whereas white oaks sprouted least frequently on midslope positions. White oak sprouting was also less frequent on south-and west-facing slopes. Sprouting of white and northern pin oaks was weakly associated with site index. The sprouting of all species was related to tree age, but only white oak showed a consistent trend of decreased sprouting with increased tree age. An average of 134 oak stumps per acre produced at least one vigorous sprout. North. J. Appl. For. 4:142-145, Sept. 1987.
Lake States Wood Product Production and Consumption: Trends and Perspectives
Authors: Gray Gerald J. , Ellefson Paul V. , Lothner David C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Estimates of primary and secondary wood product production and consumption are presented for the Lake States (Michigan, Wisconsin and Minnesota). The region's major wood product sector, the paper and board industry, is focusing increasingly on the production of high-quality papers. Current exports to other regions total 1.5 to 2 million tons and are expected to rise, but the region has a considerable dependence on imports of woodpulp and softwood residue. Hard-wood lumber production and consumption in the region are nearly balanced, but between 1 and 1.5 bbf of softwood lumber are imported each year. More than 500 million ft³ of softwood plywood are also shipped unto the region each year from outside producers. Largely due to the dramatic increase in structural particleboard (i.e., primarily waferboard and oriented strand board) in the early 1980s, the region exports more than 1.3 billion ft² of particleboard annually. Greater cooperation between the states holds significant opportunity for increasing investment in the region's forest products sector and better utilizing its forest resources. North. J. Appl. For. 4:193-197, December 1987.
Impact of Looper Defoliation: A Case Study in West Virginia
Authors: Etgen Robert J. , Hicks Ray R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In 1984, measurements of site and stand conditions and tree mortality were taken from 141 tenth-acre plots located within stands defoliated by loopers from 1981-1983, including 35 undefoliated control plots. Mortality due to loopers was expanded to the total defoliation area (1 million ac in 1981, 100 thousand in 1982, and 35 thousand in 1983). Loss due to mortality amounted to 2.3 billion board feet (bbf) of sawtimber and 4.2 million cords (cd) of pulpwood, with a total estimated stumpage value of about 345 million dollars. North. J. Appl. For. 4:201-204, December 1987.
Adjusting for Possible Edge Effect Bias in Point and Plot Sampling
Authors: Arvanitis Loukas G. , Fowler Gary W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A tree-concentric procedure to adjust for edge effect in horizontal point and fixed-area circular plot sampling is reviewed. This procedure yields unbiased estimates and is relatively easy to apply in the field. The procedure is developed for rectangular forest areas and circular plots, but can be modified to handle other shaped forest areas or plots. An example is discussed in detail, and tables are included to facilitate use of the procedure. Guidelines are provided as to when edge effect bias should be eliminated. North. J. Appl. For. 4:213-216, December 1987.
Soil Disturbance by Logging in New England̶Review and Management Recommendations
Authors: Martin C. Wayne 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The extent and magnitude of soil disturbance caused by mechanized, whole-tree harvesting was studied on a central hardwood site in Connecticut, a northern hardwood site in New Hampshire, and a spruce-fir site in Maine. Twenty-nine percent of the soil surface at the central hardwood site was undisturbed, but only 8% on the other sites was undisturbed. Mineral soil was exposed on 8 to 18% of soil surfaces after cutting, with wheel ruts more than 30 cm deep occupying less than 3%. Mechanized whole-tree harvesting causes a greater proportion of soil disturbance than other harvesting systems and will affect advanced and subsequent regeneration to a greater degree. If deep rutting occurs on wet soils, equipment should be moved until drier conditions prevail; winter logging and conversion from wheel to track vehicles may be options for reducing impact. Skid trails should follow the land contours. Travel routes should be predetermined to reduce the surface area being compacted. Practices that expose infertile mineral soil should be minimized.
North. J. Appl. For. 5:30-34, March 1988.
Black Walnut Seed Sources for Planting in Vermont
Authors: Waite Carl E. , DeHayes Donald H. , Turner Terry L. , Brynn David J. , Baron William A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The growth, phenology, and susceptibility to winter injury of 82 black walnut provenances were compared in a northwestern Vermont provenance test plantation. After seven growing seasons, provenances from MI, central OH, northern IN, and PA exhibit the best combination of growth, budbreak, and winter hardiness characteristics and are recommended for planting in Vermont's Champlain and Connecticut river valleys. Provenances from MI appear to be particularly well-suited to the environment of Vermont's Champlain Valley, as exemplified by a provenance from Volinia, MI which is 26% taller than the plantation average and among the latest to begin growth in spring. Despite fast growth, provenances from KY, IL, and VA do not appear suitable for planting in Vermont because of their relatively early budbreak and high susceptibility to winter injury. Provenances from the Great Plains are not recommended for planting in Vermont due to their relatively slow growth rate and early budbreak.
North. J. Appl. For. 5:40-45, March 1988
Culvert Sizes Needed for Small Drainage Areas in the Central Appalachians
Authors: Helvey J. David , Kochenderfer James N. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Within the central Appalachians, peak discharge from small watersheds (54 to 96 ac) was well correlated with drainage area for recurrence intervals of 10, 20, and 50 years. Culvert sizes to carry the expected flow rates are tabulated for standard conditions where (1) the water surface at the culvert inlet is the same elevation as the top of the pipe, (2) the outlet is not submerged, and (3) the culvert slope is at least 2%. Culvert sizes are presented for drainage areas in the Central Appalachians between 10 and 200 ac, and the results are tested for applicability in the Northeast. This limited test indicated that required culvert size for forested watersheds increases with latitude north of the central Appalachians. North. J. Appl. For. 5:123-127, June 1988.
Structure and Funding of State-Level Forestry Cost-Share Programs
Authors: Bullard Steven H. , Straka Thomas J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
State cost-share programs have become a popular means of encouraging forest management activities on private nonindustrial lands. Programs have been started in 13 states, most with extensive forest industries and high percentages of private nonindustrial land ownership. Cost-shares are a direct economic incentive and are used to encourage such specific practices as reforestation after harvest. Although the need for forestry cost-share programs has been questioned in the past, accomplishments have been high and programs have been effective in increasing reforestation on private lands. North. J. Appl. For. 5:132-135, June 1988.
Effects of Daylength and Fertilizer Regimes on Growth of Different Families of Containerized Northern Red Oak
Authors: Houston Daniel B. , Joehlin Kenneth A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The effects of two soil mixes, three fertilizer regimes, and two day-lengths on growth in containers of four half-sib families of northern red oak seedlings were studied. Maximum growth over 15 wk was produced using 3 fertilizations per week with a modified Ingestad solution, a peat-vermiculite (or perlite) soil mix (1:1:1), and an 18-hr daylength. The effect of families was significant (0.01 level) for most variables studied. North. J. Appl. For. 5:153-155, June 1988.
Silver Maple Seed Sources for Increased Biomass Production
Authors: Kopp Richard F. , Geyer Wayne A. , Lovett William R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Silver maple shows promise for use in short-rotation intensive culture energy plantings. A seed source study composed of trees from 26 midwest locations was established in south-central Nebraska in 1979 to determine where silver maple seed should be collected for use in the central Great Plains. Trees were evaluated for survival, height growth, and number of dominant stems per tree during their seventh growing season. Sources from eastern Nebraska, western Iowa, eastern Kansas, and northwest Missouri generally exhibited the greatest survival, height growth, and number of dominant stems. Height growth appears to be under stronger genetic control than stem number, suggesting that selection for height should take priority when selecting trees for biomass production. Geographic trends related to survival and height growth, but not stem number, were observed. Environmental or geographic factors that are strong predictors of seed source performance could not be identified. Planting the most locally produced seed is advisable for the central Plains. North. J. Appl. For. 5:180-184, Sept. 1988.
STEMS Model Projection Capability with Incomplete Tree List Input Data
Authors: Randall Bryan L. , Ek Alan R. , Hahn Jerold T. , Buchman Roland G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Projections were made using the STEMS individual tree based stand growth model for plots in red pine, maple-birch, and aspen cover types for periods up to 50 years. Effects of incomplete tree list input data on plots in the form of small tree censorship (omission of small trees) and tree list aggregation (by size class) were examined by comparing projections made for complete plot tree lists (controls) with projections made after these tree lists were censored and aggregated (treatments). Basal area and number of trees estimates proved highly sensitive to censorship, while volume estimates were much less sensitive. Augmentation of censored distributions by an “average” small tree distribution for the cover type resulted in significant improvement of these estimates. Projection model capability using input data aggregated by size class depended on the degree of aggregation. For some types of aggregation, for example by 2-in. dbh classes, the STEMS model retains much of its predictive utility. North. J. Appl. For. 5:190-194, Sept. 1988.
Northern Exports of Softwood Products, 1980-85
Authors: Granskog James E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Assessment of export opportunities for softwood products from the North has been hampered by a lack of information describing foreign sales from the region. This article describes the value and volume of softwood products exported from the northern United States for 1980 through 1985. Roundwood products—mostly spruce logs from Maine and Vermont—are the largest northern softwood export. Canada, the principal market, accounted for 86% of all shipments over the 6-year period. Compilation of regional export data provides a basis for identifying opportunities for selected products in specific markets. North. J. Appl. For. 5:215-219, Sept. 1988.
Site Index Curves for Unthinned Norway Spruce Plantations in New York
Authors: Jokela Eric J. , Jack Steven B. , Nowak Christopher A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Polymorphic site index curves were developed for Norway spruce growing in unthinned, old-field plantations in the Allegheny Plateau region of central New York (reference age is 50 years at breast height). Stem analysis data were collected from 151 dominant and codominant trees representing a single but wide-spread soil catena (Bath - Lordstown - Mardin - Volusia; approx. 2.7 million ac). Site index curves at 10-ft intervals for breast height ages 10 to 50 years are furnished for field estimation. For more precise estimates, a table of site index values by 2-ft heights and 2-year ages is provided. North. J. Appl. For. 5:251-254, December 1988.