bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stand types discrimination comparing machine-learning algorithms in Monteverde, Canary Islands.
Authors: Garcia-Hidalgo Miguel , Blázquez-Casado Ángela , Águeda Beatriz , Rodriguez Francisco 
Published: October 2018

Aim of study: The main objective is to determine the best machine-learning algorithm to classify the stand types of Monteverde forests combining LiDAR, orthophotography, and Sentinel-2 data, thus providing an easy and cheap method to classify Monteverde stand types.Area of study: 1500 ha forest in Monteverde, North Tenerife, Canary Islands.Material and methods: RF, SVML, SVMR and ANN algorithms are used to classify the three Monteverde stand types. Before training the model, feature selection of LiDAR, orthophotography, and Sentinel-2 data through VSURF was carried out. Comparison of its accuracy was performed.Main results: Five LiDAR variables were found to be the most efficient for classifying each object, while only one Sentinel-2 index and one Sentinel-2 band was valuable. Additionally, standard deviation and mean of the Red orthophotography colour band, and ratio between Red and Green bands were also found to be suitable. SVML is confirmed as the most accurate algorithm (0.904, 0.041 SD) while ANN showed the lowest value of 0.891 (0.073 SD). SVMR and RF obtain 0.902 (0.060 SD) and 0.904 (0.056 SD) respectively. SVML was found to be the best method given its low standard deviation.Research highlights: The similar high accuracy values among models confirm the importance of taking into account diverse machine-learning methods for stand types classification purposes and different explanatory variables. Although differences between errors may not seem relevant at a first glance, due to the limited size of the study area with only three plus two categories, such differences could be highly important when working at large scales with more stand types.ADDITIONAL KEY WORDSRF algorithm, SVML algorithm, SVMR algorithm, ANN algorithm, LiDAR, orthophotography, Sentinel-2ABBREVIATIONS USEDANN, artificial neural networks algorithm; Band04, Sentinel-2 band 04 image data; BR, brezal; DTHM, digital tree height model; DTHM-2016, digital tree height model based on 2016 LiDAR data; DTM, digital terrain model; DTM-2016, digital terrain model based on 2016 LiDAR data; FBA, fayal-brezal-acebiñal; FCC, canopy cover; HEIGHT-2009, maximum height based on 2009 LiDAR data; HGR, height growth based on 2009 and 2016 LiDAR data; LA, laurisilva; NDVI705, Sentinel-2 index image data; NMF, non-Monteverde forest; NMG, non-Monteverde ground; P95-2016, height percentile 95 based on 2016 LiDAR data; RATIO R/G, ratio between Red and Green bands orthophotograph data; RED, Red band orthophotograph data; Red-SD, standard deviation of the Red band orthophotograph data; RF, random forest algorithm; SVM, support vector machine algorithm; SVML, linear support vector machine algorithm; SVMR, radial support vector machine algorithm; VSURF, variable selection using random forest.
Proficiency Testing of Standardized Samples Shows Very High Interlaboratory Agreement for Clinical Next-Generation Sequencing–Based Oncology Assays
Authors: Merker Jason D. , Devereaux Kelly , Iafrate A. John , Kamel-Reid Suzanne , Kim Annette S. , Moncur Joel T. , Montgomery Stephen B. , Nagarajan Rakesh , Portier Bryce P. , Routbort Mark J. , Smail Craig , Surrey Lea F. , Vasalos Patricia , Lazar Alexander J. , Lindeman Neal I. 
Published: October 2018

Context.—
Next-generation sequencing–based assays are being increasingly used in the clinical setting for the detection of somatic variants in solid tumors, but limited data are available regarding the interlaboratory performance of these assays.

Objective.—
To examine proficiency testing data from the initial College of American Pathologists (CAP) Next-Generation Sequencing Solid Tumor survey to report on laboratory performance.

Design.—
CAP proficiency testing results from 111 laboratories were analyzed for accuracy and associated assay performance characteristics.

Results.—
The overall accuracy observed for all variants was 98.3%. Rare false-negative results could not be attributed to sequencing platform, selection method, or other assay characteristics. The median and average of the variant allele fractions reported by the laboratories were within 10% of those orthogonally determined by digital polymerase chain reaction for each variant. The median coverage reported at the variant sites ranged from 1922 to 3297.

Conclusions.—
Laboratories demonstrated an overall accuracy of greater than 98% with high specificity when examining 10 clinically relevant somatic single-nucleotide variants with a variant allele fraction of 15% or greater. These initial data suggest excellent performance, but further ongoing studies are needed to evaluate the performance of lower variant allele fractions and additional variant types.
Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy Platform Suitable for Rapid Evaluation of Small Fragments of Tissue in Surgical Pathology Practice
Authors: Krishnamurthy Savitri , Ban Kechen , Shaw Kenna , Mills Gordon , Sheth Rahul , Tam Alda , Gupta Sanjay , Sabir Sharjeel 
Published: October 2018

Context.—
Rapid advances in the fields of biophotonics, computer science, and instrumentation have allowed for high-resolution imaging of biologic tissues.

Objective.—
To evaluate the quality of images from an optimized confocal fluorescence microscopy (CFM) platform for rapid evaluation of small fragments of tissue, compared with hematoxylin-eosin staining.

Design.—
Tissue fragments (up to 1.0 × 0.3 cm) were stained with 0.6 mM acridine orange for 60 seconds and imaged using a CFM platform at 488-nm and 785-nm wavelength. The imaged tissues were then fixed in formalin and processed to generate hematoxylin-eosin–stained tissue sections. The quality of CFM images was scored on a scale of 0 to 3 on the basis of the percentage of the CFM images with recognizable tissue architecture (0, 0%; 1, &lt;20%; 2, 20%–50%; 3, &gt;50%). The diagnoses made using CFM images were compared with those made using histopathologic analysis of the hematoxylin-eosin–stained tissue sections.

Results.—
We imaged 118 tissue fragments obtained from 40 breast, 23 lung, 39 kidney, and 16 liver surgical excision specimens. We acquired CFM images in 2 to 3 minutes; 95.8% (113 of 118) of images showed a quality score of 3, and 4.2% (5 of 118) had a score of 2. We achieved a sensitivity of 95.5%, specificity of 97.3%, positive predictive value of 95.5%, and negative predictive value of 97.3%.

Conclusions.—
Our results demonstrate the suitability of the CFM platform for rapid and accurate evaluation of small tissue fragments in surgical pathology practice.
Entre a "caracterologia" de Schopenhauer e o "tornar-se o que se é" de Nietzsche"
Authors: Paschoal Antonio Edmilson 
Published: October 2018

Esta publicação concerne ao desdobramento de um estudo sobre o tema do sujeito. Seu foco se encontra na ambivalência de alguns aspectos do tema, como é o caso de um sujeito entendido como o "resultado" de um processo de subjetivação, por um lado, e, por outro, como um "agente" que atua sobre esse processo no intuito de dirigi-lo. O objetivo, neste artigo, e mostrar que esse tipo de ambivalência, comum nos últimos escritos de Nietzsche, na o e casual, mas corresponde a um modo peculiar de fazer filosofia que pode ser sumariado sob a expressão “margem de manobra”, que corresponde a um procedimento conhecido por ele em suas leituras de Schopenhauer. No intuito de exemplificar esse procedimento, apontaremos a ambivalência verificada na caracterologia de Schopenhauer, em especial na maneira como ele amplia o conceito de caráter, tendo em vista as seções 28 e 55 de "O mundo como vontade e representação" e, em Nietzsche, indicaremos a ambivalência presente na ideia de um autoconhecimento especialmente em "Ecce homo". Conforme pretendemos demonstrar, esse modo de fazer filosofia e indispensável para uma concepção de sujeito que pode ser identificada em Schopenhauer e que e ampliada por Nietzsche.
Effectiveness of telephone-based interventions for managing osteoarthritis and spinal pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: O’Brien Kate M. , Hodder Rebecca K. , Wiggers John , Williams Amanda , Campbell Elizabeth , Wolfenden Luke , Yoong Sze Lin , Tzelepis Flora , Kamper Steven J. , Williams Christopher M. 
Published: October 2018

Background
Osteoarthritis and spinal pain are common and burdensome conditions; however, the majority of patients with these conditions do not receive care that is consistent with clinical practice guidelines. Telehealth models of care have the potential to improve care for osteoarthritis and spinal pain patients. The aim of this review was to assess the effectiveness of verbal real-time telehealth interventions, including telephone-based and videoconferencing interventions to reduce pain intensity and disability in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee or hip and spinal pain (back or neck pain).

Methods
We searched seven electronic databases from inception to May 2018. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs), cluster-RCTs, and non-randomised controlled trials were included. Two review authors independently extracted data for each included study. Primary outcomes were pain intensity and disability. We conducted primary meta-analyses combining all conditions with similar interventions and comparators. Standardised mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using random effects models. We used the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool to assess risk of bias, and GRADE to evaluate the quality of evidence.

Results
We included 23 studies with 56 trial arms and 4,994 participants. All studies utilised telephone-based interventions. Only two studies used a telephone only approach and the remainder included educational materials and/or face-to-face components. We found no studies utilising videoconferencing. Meta-analysis showed telephone-based interventions (with educational materials) for osteoarthritis and spinal pain improved pain intensity (n = 5 trials, n = 1,357 participants, SMD −0.27, 95% CI [−0.53, −0.01], Tau2 = 0.06, I2 = 74%; moderate-quality evidence) and disability (n = 7 trials, n = 1,537 participants, SMD −0.21, 95% CI [−0.40, −0.02], Tau2 = 0.03, I2 = 56%; moderate-quality evidence) compared to usual care. Meta-analyses found telephone with face-to-face interventions does not improve pain and disability compared to usual care or face-to-face care alone.

Discussion
We are moderately confident that telephone-based interventions reduce pain intensity and disability in patients with osteoarthritis and spinal pain compared to usual care, but telephone plus face-to-face interventions are no more effective than usual care or face-to-face interventions alone.
A Comment on Browne and Patterson’s ‘An Empirical Theory of Rational Nominating Behaviour Applied to Japanese District Elections’
Authors: COX GARY W. 
Published: July 2002

In this Note, I comment briefly on Browne and Patterson's interesting article on rational nominating behaviour in Japan. Their empirical results appear sound. Where I differ is mostly in how to interpret them.Browne and Patterson frame their article as providing ‘a critical empirical test of the proposition that the nominating behaviour of Japanese parties is based on rational calculation’. Presumably Browne and Patterson did not mean to claim that they were testing the rationality assumption, as such a thing would be problematic from the usual Lakatosian view of social science. Instead, what they are really aiming at are previous studies that either directly impugn the ability of Japanese nominators to deduce and implement optimal seat-maximizing solutions to the nomination problems posed by Japan's former electoral system or that report ‘error rates’ that appear to them to call into question whether the nominators' main goal really could have been seat maximization.
AN EQUIVARIANT WHITEHEAD ALGORITHM AND CONJUGACY FOR ROOTS OF DEHN TWIST AUTOMORPHISMS
Authors: Krstić Sava , Lustig Martin , Vogtmann Karen 
Published: July 2002

AbstractGiven finite sets of cyclic words $\{u_1,\dots,u_k\}$ and $\{v_1,\dots,v_k\}$ in a finitely generated free group $F$ and two finite groups $A$ and $B$ of outer automorphisms of $F$, we produce an algorithm to decide whether there is an automorphism which conjugates $A$ to $B$ and takes $u_i$ to $v_i$ for each $i$. If $A$ and $B$ are trivial, this is the classic algorithm due to Whitehead. We use this algorithm together with Cohen and Lustig’s solution to the conjugacy problem for Dehn twist automorphisms of $F$ to solve the conjugacy problem for outer automorphisms which have a power which is a Dehn twist. This settles the conjugacy problem for all automorphisms of $F$ which have linear growth.AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 20F32. Secondary 57M07
Responses of Irish potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) to mineral and
organic fertilizer in various agro-ecological environments in Kenya
Authors: Recke H. , Schnier H. F. , Nabwile S. , Qureshi J. N. 
Published: July 2002

The response of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) to application of inorganic and organic fertilizer was studied in long-term field experiments between 1987 and 1994. Responses to phosphorus and nitrogen were tested at 27 sites and to potassium at 17 sites. The sites represented various agro-ecological zones in Kenya. Phosphate (triple superphosphate, TSP) and nitrogen (calcium ammonium nitrate, CAN) fertilizer were applied at 0, 25, 50 or 75 kg P2O5 ha−1 and 0, 25, 50 or 75
kg N ha−1. Potassium (muriate of potash) was tested mainly
on sites with low levels of K in the soil at rates of 0 or 50 kg K2O ha−1. Farmyard manure was applied at 0 or 5 t ha−1 with or without N and/or P2O5 fertilizer.Over the study period average yields varied considerably between sites and agro-ecological zones. At 16 of the 27 sites, potatoes responded strongly to the application of P2O5 and at 9 sites to N application. A significant response to K2O application was found at three out of the 17 sites. Nutrient use efficiency ranged from 13 to 214 kg tubers per kg P2O5 and from 20 to 113 kg tubers per kg N applied. In the majority of the sites, both N and P response followed a linear function which suggests that application rates higher than 75 kg N ha−1 and/or 75 kg P2O5 ha−1 could be beneficial. Economic analysis revealed that in most cases fertilizer application was highly profitable for potatoes.The critical soil P value was about 15 ppm (mod. Olsen) for optimal potato nutrition; on soils with higher P levels generally no P response was found. The respectively critical soil K value was found to be about 0.55 meq 100 g−1 (modified Olsen). Farmyard manure at 5 t ha−1 significantly increased yields of potatoes at 9 of the 27 sites. On soils with P levels below 12 ppm, there was a positive effect on potato yields with a combination of 50 kg P2O5 ha−1 and farmyard manure, although significant differences were achieved in only one out of the 19 sites.
The effect of epistasis on the structure of hybrid zones
Authors: BARTON N. H. , SHPAK M. 
Published: July 2002

Within hybrid zones that are maintained by a balance between selection and dispersal, linkage
disequilibrium is generated by the mixing of divergent populations. This linkage disequilibrium
causes selection on each locus to act on all other loci, thereby steepening clines, and generating a
barrier to gene flow. Diffusion models predict simple relations between the strength of linkage
disequilibrium and the dispersal rate, σ, and between the barrier to gene flow, B, and the reduction
in mean fitness, W¯. The aim of this paper is to test the accuracy of these predictions by
comparison with an exact deterministic model of unlinked loci (r = 0·5). Disruptive selection acts
on the proportion of alleles from the parental populations (p,
q): W = exp[−S(4 pq)β],
such that the least fit genotype has fitness e−S. Where
β [Lt ] 1, fitness is reduced for a wide range of intermediate genotypes; where
β [Gt ] 1, fitness is only reduced for those genotypes close to p = 0·5.
Even with strong epistasis, linkage disequilibria are close to
σ2p′ip′j/
rij, where p′i,
p′j are the gradients in allele frequency at loci
i, j. The barrier to gene flow, which is reflected in the
steepening of neutral clines, is given byformula herewhere r¯, the harmonic mean recombination rate between the neural and selected loci, is here 0·5.
This is a close approximation for weak selection, but underestimates B for strong selection. The
barrier is stronger for small β, because hybrid fitness is then reduced over a wider range of p. The
widths of the selected clines are harder to predict: though simple approximations are accurate for
β = 1, they become inaccurate for extreme β because, then, fitness changes sharply with p.
Estimates of gene number, made from neutral clines on the assumption that selection acts against
heterozygotes, are accurate for weak selection when β = 1; however, for strong selection, gene
number is overestimated. For β > 1, gene number is systematically overestimated and, conversely,
when β < 1, it is underestimated.
Determination of taste-active compounds of a bitter Camembert cheese by omission tests
Authors: ENGEL ERWAN , SEPTIER CHANTAL , LECONTE NADINE , SALLES CHRISTIAN , LE QUERE JEAN-LUC 
Published: July 2002

The taste-active compounds of a Camembert cheese selected for its intense bitterness defect were investigated. The water-soluble fraction (WSE) was extracted with pure water and fractionated by successive tangential ultrafiltrations and nanofiltration. The physicochemical assessment of these fractions led to the construction of a model WSE which was compared by sensory evaluation to the crude water-soluble extract, using a panel of 16 trained tasters. As no significant difference was perceived, this model WSE was then used directly or mixed with other cheese components for omission tests. Among the main taste characteristics of the WSE (salty, sour, umami and bitter), bitterness was found to be due to small peptides whose mass distribution was obtained by RPHPLC-MS (400–3000 Da) and whose taste properties are discussed.
Modification of postmilking standing time by altering feed availability
Authors: TYLER JEFF W. , STEEVENS BARRY J. , HOLLE JULIE M. , CROUCHER SEAN M. , ANDERSON KERRI L. 
Published: July 2002

Control of environmental mastitis remains a problem on many modern
dairy
farms. These infections are often transmitted between milkings, and milking
hygiene
will not prevent new infection. Consequently, the control of environmental
mastitis
has prompted dairy managers to develop new approaches that either limit
bacterial
contamination of teat ends between milkings or directly increase the cow's
resistance
to infection. Intervention strategies that may decrease the incidence of
environmental
mastitis include improved sanitation of housing areas, decreased water
use in udder preparation, optimal dietary concentrations of vitamin E and
selenium,
and use of R-mutant vaccines (Smith et al. 1984, 1985;
Weiss et al. 1990; Smith & Hogan, 1993; Tyler et al.
1993).Dairy managers are encouraged to provide cows with clean, fresh, palatable
feed
immediately after milking. This practice is thought to provide cows with
an incentive
to remain standing for an extended interval, permit teat sphincters to
close, and limit
teat end contamination and new infections when cows lie down. In one recent
study,
cows that had access to feed remained standing for a significantly longer
time than
did cows that were denied access to feed (48 v.
21 min; Tyler et al. 1997). The purpose
of the present study was to substantiate that feed availability could be
used to
extend postmilking standing time in a larger population of cows maintained
under
different management conditions.
Laminar mixed convection in two-dimensional far wakes above heated/cooled bodies: model and experiments
Authors: EHRHARD PETER 
Published: July 2002

A heated or cooled body is positioned in a vertically rising forced flow. This develops
both a kinematic and a thermal wake, the latter adding buoyant effects to the
otherwise forced flow field. An asymptotic model is developed to treat this mixed
convection in both plane and axisymmetric geometry. The model holds for laminar
flow in the boundary layer approximation and uses a far-wake expansion for weak
buoyant forces. For plane geometry the model is validated against both experiments
in water and FEM simulations.It is found for a heated wake that buoyant forces accelerate the fluid in the thermal
wake such that the vertical velocity deficit in the kinematic wake is reduced. For strong
heating this may even lead to vertical velocities larger than the forced flow amplitude.
In conjunction the entrainment is intensified in a heated wake. The effects in a cooled
wake are opposite in that the vertical velocity deficit is increased within the thermal
wake and the horizontal flow into the wake is weakened. In a strongly cooled wake
the horizontal flow may even invert, going from the wake centre into the ambient.
The Prandtl number controls the width of the thermal wake and, thus, the portion
of the kinematic wake which is affected by buoyant forces. Large Prandtl numbers
superimpose a narrow buoyant plume, small Prandtl numbers a wide buoyant plume,
onto the kinematic wake.
Vortex merger in rotating stratified flows
Authors: DRITSCHEL DAVID G. 
Published: July 2002

This paper describes the interaction of symmetric vortices in a three-dimensional

quasi-geostrophic fluid. The initial vortices are taken to be uniform-potential-vorticity

ellipsoids, of height 2h and width 2R, and with centres at (±d/2; 0, 0), embedded within

a background flow having constant background rotational and buoyancy frequencies,

f/2 and N respectively. This problem was previously studied by von Hardenburg et al.

(2000), who determined the dimensionless critical merger distance d/R as a function

of the height-to-width aspect ratio h/R (scaled by f/N). Their study, however, was

limited to small to moderate values of h/R, as it was anticipated that merger at large

h/R would reduce to that for two columnar two-dimensional vortices, i.e. d/R ≈ 3.31.

Here, it is shown that no such two-dimensional limit exists; merger is found to occur

at any aspect ratio, with d ∼ h for h/R [Gt ] 1.New results are also found for small to moderate values of h/R. In particular,

our numerical simulations reveal that asymmetric merger is predominant, despite

the initial conditions, if one includes a small amount of random noise. For small

to moderate h/R, decreasing the initial separation distance d first results in a weak

exchange of material, with one vortex growing at the expense of the other. As d

decreases further, this exchange increases and leads to two dominant but strongly

asymmetric vortices. Finally, for yet smaller d, rapid merger into a single dominant

vortex occurs – in effect the initial vortices exchange nearly all of their material with

one another in a nearly symmetrical fashion.