bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wake Flow Study on Two Tandem Circular Cylinders: Spacing Ratio and Reynolds Number Effects
Authors: Habowski Patrick Batista , Prisco Petry Adriane , Viçosa Möller Sergio , Mohany Atef 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This article presents an exploration of the wake flow interaction between two vibrating tandem circular cylinders placed in a turbulent crossflow with one degree of freedom, in a pendulumlike movement. Four main experiments were performed to obtain the results of wake flow velocity, lateral acceleration and displacement, and flow structure through the PIV technique. Two distincts wind tunnels were employed in this study, maintaining similar flow characteristics in each experiment. Four spacing ratios of 3.5, 4.5, 7.5, and 10 were considered in this study, combined with Reynolds numbers ranging from 9.5 to 24 × 103. The results show that the mean time wake velocity behind the downstream cylinder is not influenced by the spacing ratio, but follows the increase in the free flow velocity for the same spacing ratio. The lateral acceleration and lateral displacement measured on the downstream cylinder are the highest for the lowest spacing ratio, reducing with the increase in the spacing ratio. For the highest spacing ratio, the setup behaves as two single cylinders. Flow visualization performed in this study on the oscillatory cylinders showed different characteristics from the fixed cylinders results. A summary of the results is presented in this article.
High Gravimetric Hydrogen Storage Efficiency of Type 5 Pressure Vessel by Dry Filament Winding-Infusion Process
Authors: Grothaus Raimund , Scholtyschik Oliver , Schmidt Thomas 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Future requirements on hydrogen storage systems for mobile applications require multiple advancements for the storage technology. For the gaseous storage of hydrogen high pressure ranges up to 1000 bar are in current technology development. State-of-the-art applications of these high-pressure vessels typically use metallic materials for stationary applications or hybrid polymer-composite materials for mobile applications in automotive and truck industries. These type 4 composite pressure vessels experience great lightweight design potential but also significant disadvantages especially for demanding future applications of hydrogen in aerospace and space due to significant thermal behavior mismatch of the thermal expansion coefficients (α) of the materials for the metallic boss, thermoplastic polymer liner and structural CFRP layer of the pressure vessel. Increased lightweight and Δα-capabilities are achieved using an advanced manufacturing process for an all-composite type 5 pressure vessel. This new process achieves superior permeability characteristics e. g. by having high fiber volume contents (FVCs) and void-free processes for all single manufacturing steps, which are essential features for the fluid permeability requirement of the selected materials as well as the leakage rate of the whole pressure vessel assembly. Within this paper, the design, manufacturing and testing as well as a permeability simulation process for this new type 5 pressure vessel generation is presented for advanced future applications in aerospace, space or other mobile industries.
Fitness-for-Service Assessment of Gas Pipeline Welds Based on the Fusion of Multi-Source Data
Authors: Zhang Jialu , Zuo Lili , Fei Fan , Dong Shaohua 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Circumferential weld defects are one of the primary causes of failure in long-distance natural gas pipelines. Therefore, at various stages of pipeline operation, a fitness-for-service assessment of the defective circumferential welds should be conducted to eliminate potential hazards and determine the appropriate pressure range. Most natural gas pipelines are laid underground, and it is difficult to accurately obtain the load parameters at the circumferential welds. The commonly used assessment method for circumferential welds in engineering only considers the internal pressure of the pipeline, neglecting the impact of additional loads, resulting in inaccurate assessment results. To ensure the safe and efficient operation of the pipeline, for an X70 pipeline with a diameter of 1016mm, a circumferential weld additional load valuation model based on multi-source data fusion was established by the Analytic Hierarchy Process and Cloud Model. Based on this, the fitness-for-service assessment of all defective circumferential welds in the pipeline was conducted using the Failure Assessment Diagram (FAD) in API 579-2021. This paper compares the assessment results before and after multi-source data fusion, and the results indicate that the risk factors considered in the assessment after multi-source data fusion are more numerous, enabling accurate evaluation of the safety status of the pipeline circumferential welds and providing more effective decision support for pipeline safety.
Enhancement and Optimization of Crack Signal Processing in Alternating Current Electromagnetic Non-Destructive Testing
Authors: Li Yong , Dong ShaoHua , Wang LuMing , Liu GuanYi 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Metal structural elements frequently exhibit surface crack defects due to their operational conditions characterized by high strength, susceptibility to corrosion, and mechanical wear. To facilitate reliable forewarning and maintenance, crucial for averting safety incidents during equipment service, an accurate and stable inspection approach is indispensable. Currently, human intervention primarily dominates defect inspection, which results in restricted techniques and reduced efficiency. This paper concentrates on optimizing characteristic signals using the principles of Alternating Current Field Measurement (ACFM). Initially, a finite element analysis technique is applied to simulate and compute five parameters: excitation frequency, coil turns, excitation voltage, coil wire diameter, and lift-off height. The aim is to determine electromagnetic parameters that are well-suited for the inspection environment. Subsequently, for heightened inspection accuracy, we introduce a targeted curve-fitting method based on simulation outcomes. Specific methods are designed to address characteristic feature identification concerning crack length and depth, which includes a time-difference method and a binary-double calculation method. Furthermore, we delve into the inherent patterns between butterfly maps and crack profiles. This exploration leads to a novel crack profile prediction method grounded in butterfly map characteristics, thereby enhancing the array of crack risk assessment methodologies. Finally, we establish an experimental platform to examine various lengths and depths of groove-shaped cracks in A36 material. This experimental setup also concurrently reconstructs profiles of cracks featuring identical characteristic dimensions. Our experimental results indicate that characteristic inspection errors for crack length and depth amount to 5.98% and 3.86%, respectively. Moreover, the inspection errors for profile attributes, based on butterfly map information, linked to crack length and depth, stand at 6.50% and 7.89%, respectively. Our experimental outcomes underscore the rationality of our characteristic signal processing and optimization methods.
Development of 3D Dimensional Inspection Methods for Pressure Vessels Using Portable, Non-Contact, Infrared Laser Type 3D Scanner
Authors: Hanaki Aiko , Enoki Yukihiko , Kudo Akihiro 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
During factory inspections of pressure vessels, there are many cases of missed allocations of attachments such as nozzles, clips and saddles. These oversights typically come to light during the installation of piping connections and/or equipment platforms at the construction site, following the installation of the pressure vessel. Addressing the mis-installations in the piping has led to the construction schedule delay and cost increase. The lack of comprehension in dimensional requirements of pressure vessels by fabricators causes these troubles. Additionally, oversights in verifying these requirements by inspectors prior to pressure vessel shipment also contributes the issue. Accuracy of dimensional inspection result using conventional manual measuring depends on skills of inspectors especially for large pressure vessels. In addition, it takes a several days to prepare inspection report with prevalent method.
In order to address these issues, a recently advanced and rapidly evolving technology, the non-contact infrared laser type 3D scanner, is introduced for the purpose of “3D Dimensional Inspection” within the oil and gas industries. Advantages of infrared laser type 3D scanners are lesser initial investment and more portable with lesser restriction of regulations for international transportation against stationary laser type scanners.
This paper presents trial results inspected pressure vessel dimension and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the 3D Dimensional Inspection. The prospects for its future application to project execution is introduced.
Benchmarking Screening Methods for Acoustically Induced Vibration
Authors: Swindell Rob , Hayashi Itsuro , Karczub Denis , Mann J. Adin , Horder Nick 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
A series of tests was performed on a mockup of a typical relief/blowdown system as part of a Joint Industry Project investigating the phenomenon of acoustically induced vibration (AIV). The system consisted of an NPS6x8 pressure relief valve, an NPS12 tailpipe and an NPS20 sub-header, and small-bore (NPS2) connections were installed in the tailpipe and header. The goal of the testing program was to provide high quality data to quantify the impact of various fitting types, different mitigation methods, and provide data for improvements and validation of AIV and FIV screening, prediction and assessment methods.
This paper describes the use of the derived test parameters (principally the measured dynamic strain response and associated fatigue damage accrual in conjunction with the process conditions under which the tests were performed) to benchmark various public domain screening methods for AIV which are commonly used in industry to assess the risk of an acoustically induced vibration fatigue failure occurring. The results of the benchmarking are used to identify the conservatisms (and in certain cases, the non-conservatisms) associated with the screening methods considered. Conclusions are drawn concerning the key aspects that should be incorporated within a screening assessment, including considerations for both short duration and continuous operation, and gaps in the current methods identified. It is noted that some screening methods are more suited to assessing systems with short duration operation, and suitable factors of safety should be used when the methods are applied to continuously operating systems. Recommendations are also provided for how these gaps may be addressed in the future.
Using ASME B31J Stress Intensification Factors (SIFs) to Improve A BS 7608 Fatigue Analysis
Authors: Harper Chris , Breaux Lyle 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Standards like ASME B31J-2017 describe a methodology for calculating stress intensification factors (SIFs, or i-Factors) for metallic piping components like branch connection fittings and elbows. These SIFs are based on fatigue tests done on commercially available metallic components, and relate the stress that causes a through-wall crack in the component to the fatigue strength of straight butt-welded pipe. The SIFs consider many different variables of the geometry including component diameter and wall thickness.
Fatigue standards like BS 7608:2015 do not account for fitting geometry directly (stress calculations implicitly account for component geometry), focusing instead on weld joint details required for fatigue calculations. Standards like BS 7608:2015 are widely used and appear to more accurately simulate the fatigue failure of welded structures.
The goal of this paper is to outline a method to utilize the fatigue testing that is embedded in the ASME B31J SIF calculations to improve the accuracy of a fatigue analysis done using standard BS 7608:2015. Some consideration is required before using the standards together, due to different methodologies and S-N curves.
The paper includes several finite element analyses which test the conclusions of the paper. Additionally, calculations are done using the original testing data contained in ASME STP-PT-073 Annex E by A. W. Paulin.
The approach outlined in this paper is being adopted for use in the new API 579 Part 15 – Assessment of Piping Vibration. Specifically, API 579 Part 15 will permit the use of SCFs (stress concentration factors) derived using ASME B31J i-Factors (as outlined in Section 3) in certain limited situations, such as when SCF values for piping components are unavailable from FEA or strain gage testing.
Reliability Assessment of High Temperature/Pressure Steam Tube Dissimilar Metal Welding and Experimental Validation
Authors: Kim Jae Cheol , Park Jong Jin , Hoon Jegal , Hong Jong Ho , Perrin Ian 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
As the needs for coal power plant decrease, the needs for gas fired combined cycle power plant increase, and to decrease the emission of CO2, the steam conditions of heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) become more severe. For plant efficiency increase, the temperature of steam increases so that 9Cr ferritic steel cannot be used so austenitic stainless steel must be employed with consequent dissimilar metal welding (DMW) locations. In this study, integrity assessment analysis and validation test were carried out for the dissimilar welding composed of SA-213 T92, SA-213 S30432 and ERNiCr-3.
From the welding simulation, weld residual stress was predicted, and following post weld heat treatment (PWHT) the normal operating conditions were used for the finite element analysis to predict structural reliability. A hyperbolic sine law was adopted for the creep modeling, and creep life was predicted considering the properties of partially transform region of T92 side heat affected zone. In addition, considering the characteristics of HRSG of frequent start up and shut down, low cycle fatigue was assessed for the cyclic operation. The cyclic stress-strain curves for the materials were obtained from incremental tests, and nonlinear kinematic hardening model parameters of Chaboche type were determined and the cyclic operation was analyzed.
Experience of long-term operation of the DMW tube of the material combination in this study has been secured from USC grade coal power plant. However, to respond to the needs for the frequent start up and shut down of HRSG, reliability for low cycle fatigue must be proved, so low cycle fatigue mockup test was performed. Tube mockup of the DMW material combination was fabricated, and low-cycle fatigue apparatus was constructed using an induction heating device and a pressurizing device using nitrogen gas. Realistic operating temperatures and pressures were imposed for over 10,000 cycles and damage of the welding part was investigated.
Visualization of Combined Decomposition and Relief Processes in High-Pressure Systems
Authors: Röblitz Aaron , Berning Jarne , Busch Markus 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Preventing decomposition is of outmost importance in polymer chemistry, as it can lead to significant equipment damage and production losses. As decomposition cannot be completely prevented by the formation of hotspots, e.g. due to insufficient heat removal, a sound knowledge of the decomposition characteristics and the necessary relief process is of enormous importance. Some critical factors in these processes are the flame front velocity, the maximum pressure and temperature as well as the rate of pressure change and the total venting time, which influence both processes and are therefore decisive for the safety of a polymerization plant. The investigation of the described parameters is carried out in this paper using a view cell. The influence of ignition and relief positions, relief and closing pressures, as well as initial conditions are considered. The focus is on the conditions in a high-pressure separator as well as in a reactor, e.g. in LDPE production. Data acquisition is achieved using fast response pressure and temperature sensors and a high-speed camera to provide time-resolved results that provide information on the combined decomposition and relief process.
Substantiating the Design of a U-Tube Heat Exchanger’s Tube-to-Tubesheet Joint: Demonstrating Conformance in Accordance With The Principles of ASME BPVC III Class 1 Nuclear Components and TEMA
Authors: Shore William , Morris Alex 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This paper presents the work conducted by Rolls-Royce to substantiate the design of a U-Tube Heat Exchanger’s (HE) tube-to-tubesheet joint, including demonstrating conformance with the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC) Section III-NB rules for Class 1 components and the Standards of the Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association (TEMA).
The U-tube HE tubesheet forms part of the boundary between the shell-side and tube-side fluids. Tube-to-tubesheet joints of the HE locate the tubes within the tubesheet and consist of a hydraulically expanded region and a seal weld. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) could not accurately model the seal weld due to its small size causing singularities in the crevice region, generating unrealistic peak loads. Furthermore, local geometric constraints limited the use of a full-strength weld in lieu of a smaller seal weld.
Consequently, ASME BPVC Section III NB-3353, 4350 and 5274 were used in conjunction with the TEMA Class R and Class C rules to demonstrate safety and provide a robust design substantiation for the joint without FEA. Conformance to ASME BPVC Section III-NB and compliance with the principles of TEMA demonstrated that joint failure and subsequent fluid leakage will not occur.
This paper also describes the correlation between adhering to the rules of the ASME BPVC Section III-NB and the TEMA standards and the mitigation of common failure mechanisms for tube-to-tubesheet joints. The risk of tube pull-out, fatigue, environmentally assisted cracking and weld failure were shown to be low when qualitatively assessed with knowledge of adherence to the ASME BPVC Section III-NB code.
Applications and Considerations of Fitness-for-Service Methods to Real-World Environments of Crack Networks
Authors: Rosario Robert , Mollitor Barrie , Jackson Peter 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The article highlights the importance of periodic field evaluations, Fitness-For-Service (FFS) applications, and industry experience by dissecting three real-world scenarios and their complementary nature. It covers two plants’ historical and technical backgrounds, discusses field procedures, and explains post-inspection tasks. Lifetime projections followed as engineering calculations were applied to flaw characteristics.
Plant A case studies 1 and 2 resulted from thermal quenching, and Plant B case study 3 was from operating excess and maintenance deferment. Common grounds across all case studies include preliminary diagnostics rooted in field observations, plant personnel account of the events, property damage, and circumstances that led to pressure-part component failure. Additional investigations expand the scope with laboratory analysis, modeling and simulation, and industry literature application. Each case study is a fitting example of common events affecting large-bore power piping worldwide. Those components installed outside the Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG) serve combined cycle plants.
Asset management and industry professionals can extract common practices from all case studies that might reduce the probability of rapid localized degradation at their stations. Prompt identification of such variables prevents future catastrophic damage or, worst case, the irreversible loss of personnel lives. An opportunity to produce energy responsibly stands firm on proactive maintenance and timely damage recognition.
Research on Intelligent Monitoring Systems of High Voltage Direct Current Interference in Oil and Gas Pipelines
Authors: Liu Guanyi , Dong Shaohua , Jiang Zitao , Wang Luming , Chen Gengsheng , Wang Jiuzhen , Liu Xing 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The western region of China is rich in oil, natural gas, hydropower, wind power, and other energy sources, while the economically developed eastern coastal areas exhibit a higher energy demand. To solve this problem, it is necessary to build high Voltage Direct Current Transmission lines and oil and gas pipelines for long-distance energy allocation. When the ground electrode in the HVDC line is discharged, the pipeline will be interfered by HVDC. Therefore, the complexity of HVDC stray current corrosion factors will bring the corrosion risk to the buried pipeline, resulting in oil and gas leakage, and even lead to a series of serious accidents such as fire and explosion. At the same time, the cathodic protection and interference parameter detection of long-distance pipeline need to collect the relevant data manually, which is not only time-consuming and labor-intensive, but also requires the business ability of the relevant personnel. In this paper, the performance of cathodic protection acquisition equipment and the construction technology of monitoring remote transmission function are studied. The structure and existing problems of the current intelligent monitoring remote transmission equipment system were analyzed and summarized. On this basis, a modular design of intelligent monitoring of oil and gas pipeline with HVDC interference is proposed and verified by experiments. The purpose of this paper is to provide reference for the further development and upgrade of the remote monitoring equipment system of oil and gas pipelines under HVDC interference, so as to ensure the safe and reliable operation of the pipeline.
Reliability-Based Safety Factor for Pressurized Components Considering Creep-Fatigue Failure
Authors: Wang Xiaoxiao , Chen Haofeng , Luan Weiling 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Currently, the structural assessment procedures mainly rely on deterministic analysis considering the bounding values of the design parameters, and by adopting a safety factor, sufficient strength reserve is maintained to satisfy the uncertain factors. This safety factor is determined by the extensive expert experience, with redundant conservativeness included more or less. In this study, the reliability-based safety factor is developed by the established probabilistic Linear Matching Method framework (pLMM), to deal with the engineering component assessments under thermal-mechanical loads, where the uncertainty of design conditions is quantitatively taken into consideration. This risk management-based evaluation strategy is able to facilitate the design robustness of critical infrastructures in terms of Low Cycle Fatigue and Creep-Fatigue failures.