bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stressreagibilität bei Alkoholabhängigen unter Berücksichtigung von Abstinenzdauer und Krankheitsschwere
Authors: Tolic Ilija , Soyka Michael 
Published: June 2018

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund Bei der Entstehung und Aufrechterhaltung von Alkoholabhängigkeit spielt Stress als Risikofaktor eine wichtige Rolle. Die Berücksichtigung von Stressreaktions- und Stressverarbeitungsmechanismen bei Alkoholabhängigen ist für die Aufrechterhaltung von Abstinenz im Alltag von Relevanz. Ebenso wichtig ist die Berücksichtigung von Krankheitsschwere, die ihrerseits Einfluss auf die Abstinenz insbesondere auf das Verlangen nach Alkohol ausübt. In zahlreichen Studien wurde die Abstinenzdauer, nicht aber die Krankheitsschwere ausreichend berücksichtigt.
Ziel Untersucht wird, ob neben der Abstinenzdauer auch die Schwere der Alkoholabhängigkeit einen Einfluss auf die Stressreagibilität und Stressverarbeitung hat. Zudem soll geprüft werden bei welchen Patienten sich der Einfluss zeigt. Die Ergebnisse könnten mehr Klarheit in der komplexen bidirektionalen Beziehung zwischen Alkoholabhängigkeit und Stress bringen, aber auch für die Behandlung von Betroffenen nützlich sein.
Methoden Im Querschnittsdesign wurden 64 Alkoholabhängige und 30 gesunde Probanden untersucht. Die Patientenstichprobe wurde nach Abstinenzdauer von 7 und 70 Tagen in jeweils zwei Gruppen aufgeteilt. Ebenso nach Krankheitsschwere in leicht-mittelschwer und schwer. Mit Trierer Sozial Stresstest (TSST) wurden alle Probanden akutem Stress ausgesetzt. Erhoben wurden Parameter wie Cortisol im Speichel, elektrodermale Aktivität (EDA), Puls, suchtspezifische Variablen (Schwere der Abhängigkeit, Trinkdauer, Trinkmenge, Suchtdruck, Leberenzyme, familiäre Vorgeschichte, Anzahl Therapien, Rauchen, uvm.), psychopathologische Variablen (Angst, Depression, kritische Lebensereignisse, Persönlichkeitsstörungen), akute und chronische Stressverarbeitung, sowie Alltagsbelastungen.
Ergebnisse Schwerkranke Patienten reagieren schwächer und etwas verzögert auf Stress, zeigen dafür aber eine verlängerte Stressreaktion im Vergleich zu leicht-mittelschwerkranken und Gesunden. Dies ist unabhängig von der Abstinenzdauer (7 oder 70 Tage). Schwerkranke zeigten stärkere Flucht- und Vermeidungsreaktionen, starkes Bedürfnis nach sozialer Unterstützung und die intensive gedankliche Weitebeschäftigung als akute Stressbewältigungsstile. Als Zeichen chronischer Stressbelastung wurden erhöhte Werte in Bereichen Mangel an sozialer Anerkennung, soziale Spannungen und Isolation festgestellt. Außerdem zeigten Schwerkranke stärkere familiäre Vorbelastung, stärkeren Suchtdruck, höhere Ängstlichkeit, längere Trinkdauer und mehr einschneidende Lebensereignisse als Leicht-mittelschwerkranke.
Schlussfolgerungen Für eine differenzierte Beurteilung von Stressreagibilität und Stressverarbeitung bei Alkoholabhängigkeit scheint neben Abstinenzdauer auch die Krankheitsschwere eine wichtige Rolle zu spielen. Weitere Anstrengungen sind nötig, um die Ergebnisse in die Behandlungsprogramme zu implementieren.
A psychology of the film
Authors: Tan Ed S. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe cinema as a cultural institution has been studied by academic researchers in the arts and humanities. At present, cultural media studies are the home to the aesthetics and critical analysis of film, film history and other branches of film scholarship. Probably less known to most is that research psychologists working in social and life science labs have also contributed to the study of the medium. They have examined the particular experience that motion pictures provide to the film audience and the mechanisms that explain the perception and comprehension of film, and how movies move viewers and to what effects. This article reviews achievements in psychological research of the film since its earliest beginnings in the 1910s. A leading issue in the research has been whether understanding films is a bottom-up process, or a top-down one. A bottom-up explanation likens film-viewing to highly automated detection of stimulus features physically given in the supply of images; a top-down one to the construction of scenes from very incomplete information using mental schemata. Early film psychologists tried to pinpoint critical features of simple visual stimuli responsible for the perception of smooth movement. The riddle of apparent motion has not yet been solved up to now. Gestalt psychologists were the first to point at the role of mental structures in seeing smooth movement, using simple visual forms and displays. Bottom-up and top-down approaches to the comprehension of film fought for priority from the 60s onwards and became integrated at the end of the century. Gibson’s concept of direct perception led to the identification of low-level film-stylistic cues that are used in mainstream film production, and support film viewers in highly automated seamless perception of film scenes. Hochberg’s argument for the indispensability of mental schemata, too, accounted for the smooth cognitive construction of portrayed action and scenes. Since the 90s, cognitive analyses of narration in film by film scholars from the humanities have revolutionised accounts of the comprehension of movies. They informed computational content analyses that link low-level film features with meaningful units of film-story-telling. After a century of research, some perceptual and cognitive mechanisms that support our interaction with events in the real world have been uncovered. Today, the film experience at large has reappeared on the agenda. An integration of top-down and bottom-up mechanisms is sought in explaining the remarkable intensity of the film experience. Advances are now being made in grasping what it is like to enjoy movies, by describing the absorbing and moving qualities of the experience. As an example, a current account of film viewers' emotional experience is presented. Further advances in our understanding of the film experience and its underlying mechanisms can be expected if film psychologists team up with cognitive film studies, computer vision and the neurosciences. This collaboration is also expected to allow for research into mainstream and other genres as forms of art.
Targeting the IL33–NLRP3 axis improves therapy for experimental cerebral malaria
Authors: Strangward Patrick , Haley Michael J. , Albornoz Manuel G. , Barrington Jack , Shaw Tovah , Dookie Rebecca , Zeef Leo , Baker Syed M. , Winter Emma , Tzeng Te-Chen , Golenbock Douglas T. , Cruickshank Sheena M. , Allan Stuart M. , Craig Alister , Liew Foo Y. , Brough David , Couper Kevin N. 
Published: June 2018

Significance
Cerebral malaria (CM) is a neurological complication of malaria infection that, despite antimalarial drug treatment, results in fatality or neurodisability in approximately 25% of cases. Thus, there is an urgent clinical need to develop therapies that can improve the efficacy of antimalarial drugs to prevent or reverse cerebral pathology. Here, we show in an experimental mouse model of CM (ECM) that IL33 administration can improve survival and reduce pathology in the brain over antimalarial drugs alone. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that IL33 enhances recovery from ECM by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome-induced inflammatory responses within the brain. These results suggest that IL33 and NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitors may be effective adjunctive therapies for CM.
Denominations of humans
Authors: Mignot Elise , Marty Caroline 
Published: June 2018

AbstractIn English, the lexicon is one of the many areas affected by the asymmetry in the treatment of humans and inanimates. The study focuses on compounds. We compare compounds denoting human animates to those denoting inanimates. We find that there are proportionately few compounds for humans, and that this small proportion reveals a tendency for human animate nouns to be more opaque than nouns for inanimates. We propose that this is due to the way we conceptualize humans, i.e. as more than the sum of their parts. Humans resist transparent denominations because reducing a person to one characteristic amounts to ignoring his or her essential complexity. We take this to be a manifestation ofanthropocentrismin language. Moreover, when human animate nounsarecompounds (in spite of their tendency to be opaque), they exhibit two semantic characteristics that are not shared by inanimate nouns. The first one is that they tend to be derogatory. This again indicates that humans cannot easily be reduced to one characteristic. If they are, denominations tend to be negatively loaded. The second one is that they often involve the representation of apersonal relationship(for example, apaper boydelivers newspapers, i.e. comes to someone’s place). Transparency is therefore meaningful.
Bringing the toys to life
Authors: Nelson Diane , Vihman Virve-Anneli 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
In the children’s film Toy Story, toys spring to life when their human owners are away, creating an alternative world of transferred animacy relations signalled by visual and linguistic cues. The storylines and characters explore the nature of animacy and relationships between conspecifics and ‘others’. Our analysis focuses on the use of referring expressions over the course of the narrative, as they reflect the animacy of their referents. We relate these findings to well-established scales of animacy which link our perception of the world to the categories imposed by language. We find that, as predicted by models of animacy proposed by Dahl (2008) and Yamamoto (1999), among others, shifts in reference – specifically from common noun to proper noun to pronoun, and from collective to individuated referents – reflect characters’ shifting conceptualisation of, and empathy with, each other. We argue that referring expressions are used at key points in the film script to subtly mediate accessible cues to animacy like eyes, speech and motion, and to guide viewers’ empathies and allegiances, extending our understanding of animacy beyond ordinary anthropocentrism.
Animals, animacy and anthropocentrism
Authors: Sealey Alison 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThis paper explores various ways in which contemporary British English depicts degrees of animacy among nonhuman animals, and demonstrates the anthropocentric qualities of much discourse about animals. The first section reviews discussions of animacy in relevant research literature, highlighting how these often take for granted a categorical distinction between humans and other animals, before demonstrating how both corpus-assisted approaches to discourse analysis and developments in the analysis of animacy point to a more complex picture. The second section discusses the implications of recent work in social theory for understanding organisms, and their degrees of animacy, from the perspective of networks rather than hierarchies. The third section of the paper presents analyses of an electronically stored corpus of language about animals. Three analyses of naming terms, descriptors and verbal patterns associated with various non-human animals illustrate a range of ways in which their animacy is denoted and connoted. They also demonstrate the influence of discourse type and human purpose on depictions of animals and assumptions about their animacy.
*Sings myself happy birthday*
Authors: Virtanen Tuija 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThis paper explores linguistic egocentrism in English through the lens of virtual performatives, i.e. self-referential stand-alone predications in the third person singular present tense through which users perform virtual action or emotion. The focus is on microblogging for apparently recreational purposes, where visibility, rather than reciprocity, must be a primary concern. Findings show that the common or garden virtual performative consistently relying on an externalized self occasionally turns into a variant where the self is subsequently reassumed, and then again possibly re-externalized within the same construction. The syntactic and discursive systematicity manifest in these constructions forbids treating them as erroneous. The paper discusses the benefits of this way of externalizing and optionally reassuming self, through fluctuation between third-person and first-person references, and touches upon metapragmatic awareness and logophoricity. In creating digital culture, virtual performatives point to users’ pragmatic adaptation of their public, social self to environments manifesting a high degree of context collapse.
Embodied departure from focal objects in a lingua franca campus tour
Authors: Hosoda Yuri , Aline David 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThis conversation analytic study examines the interaction coordinated between two amateur tour guides and a guided visitor for initiating departure from various objects during a campus tour managed through Japanese as a lingua franca. The data come from a 40-minute tour at a Taiwanese university in which two Taiwanese students acted as guides for one American professor. The resulting analysis revealed the guided visitor’s active role in determining departure from focal objects through deployment of assessments and bodily movements. This study supports findings from previous research on various languages by providing empirical evidence that the following two phenomena are highly consistent across languages and that they hold true even in lingua franca interaction: (1) assessments are routinely deployed to close a sequence; and (2) assessments are made recognizable as initiating closings when they act in concert with sequential positioning, bodily movements, the environmental context, and objects in the immediate surround.
Evidentials as a mark of genre
Authors: Albelda Marco Marta 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThis paper aims to study the different types and pragmatic functions of the Spanish evidential forms found in four discursive genres, in order to observe if any restrictions apply. All the evidentials are studied in a corpus containing 100,000 words, evenly distributed over colloquial conversations, press news, academic papers, and parliamentary debates. Specifically, together with the pragmatic functions of these evidentials, the four dimensionsmode of knowing,type of source,accessibility,anddegree of precisionare analysed. The results reveal different tendencies in the use of evidentials, depending on the genre, and support the claim that the behaviour of evidentials is conditioned by the specific characteristics of each genre.
The role of cinematic techniques in understanding character affect
Authors: Clinton James A. , Briner Stephen W. , Sherrill Andrew M. , Ackerman Thomas , Magliano Joseph P. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractFilmmakers must rely on cinematic devices of perspective (close-ups and point-of-view shot sequencing) to emphasize facial expressions associated with affective states. This study explored the extent to which differences in the use of these devices across two films that have the same content lead to differences in the understanding of the affective states of characters. Participants viewed one of two versions of the films and made affective judgments about how characters felt about one another with respect to saddness and anger. The extent to which the auditory and visual contexts were present when making the judgments was varied across four experiments. The results of the study showed judgments about sadness differed across the two films, but only when the entire context (sound and visual input) were present. The results are discussed in the context of the role of facial expressions and context in inferring basic emotions.
A sixth sense
Authors: Komeda Hidetsugu , Taira Tomohiro , Tsunemi Kohei , Kusumi Takashi , Rapp David N. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractStories with twist endings are popular, but little research has examined how readers experience them. To begin developing such an account, we examined the affective responses that emerge during stories with twist endings. In Experiment 1, 28 Japanese participants read a story with a twist ending. Greater empathy and stronger expectations were associated with slower reading times during participants’ first reading of the story. However, on participants’ second reading, greater empathy and stronger expectations were associated with faster reading times. In Experiment 2, we tested the generality of these effects by asking 36 English-speaking participants to read four stories with twist endings. The results were similar to Experiment 1. Readers’ initial and recurring responses to stories with twist endings reflect changes in surprise and empathy. These feelings underlie engagement with and interest in unexpected and often incoherent contents, which are characteristics of stories with twist endings.
Extracellular vesicles from endothelial progenitor cells promote thyroid follicle formation
Authors: Degosserie Jonathan , Heymans Charlotte , Spourquet Catherine , Halbout Mathias , D'Auria Ludovic , Van Der Smissen Patrick , Vertommen Didier , Courtoy Pierre J. , Tyteca Donatienne , Pierreux Christophe E. 
Published: June 2018

ABSTRACTOrganogenesis is a complex and dynamic process requiring reciprocal communication between different cell types. In the thyroid, thyrocyte progenitors secrete the angiocrine factor, VEGFA, to recruit endothelial cells. In return, endothelial cells promote thyrocyte organisation into spherical follicular structures, which are responsible for thyroid hormone synthesis and storage. Medium conditioned by endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) can promote follicle formation and lumen expansion (i.e. folliculogenesis) in an ex vivo culture system of thyroid lobes. Here, we postulated that endothelial cells instruct thyrocyte progenitors by producing extracellular vesicles (EVs). We found that medium conditioned by EPCs contain EVs with exosomal characteristics and that these vesicles can be incorporated into thyrocyte progenitors. By mass spectrometry, laminin peptides were abundantly identified in the EV preparations, probably co‐sedimenting with EVs. Laminin‐α1 silencing in EPC abrogated the folliculogenic effect of EVs. However, density gradient separation of EVs from laminins revealed that both EV‐rich and laminin‐rich fractions exhibited folliculogenic activity. In conclusion, we suggest that endothelial cells can produce EVs favouring thyrocyte organisation into follicles and lumen expansion, a mechanism promoted by laminin‐α1.
Exosomal lncRNAs and cancer: connecting the missing links
Authors: Naderi-Meshkin Hojjat , Lai Xin , Amirkhah Raheleh , Vera Julio , Rasko John E J , Schmitz Ulf 
Published: June 2018

AbstractMotivationExtracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes and microvesicles, are potent and clinically valuable tools for early diagnosis, prognosis and potentially the targeted treatment of cancer. The content of EVs is closely related to the type and status of the EV-secreting cell. Circulating exosomes are a source of stable RNAs including mRNAs, microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs).ResultsThis review outlines the links between EVs, lncRNAs and cancer. We highlight communication networks involving the tumor microenvironment, the immune system and metastasis. We show examples supporting the value of exosomal lncRNAs as cancer biomarkers and therapeutic targets. We demonstrate how a system biology approach can be used to model cell–cell communication via exosomal lncRNAs and to simulate effects of therapeutic interventions. In addition, we introduce algorithms and bioinformatics resources for the discovery of tumor-specific lncRNAs and tools that are applied to determine exosome content and lncRNA function. Finally, this review provides a comprehensive collection and guide to databases for exosomal lncRNAs.Supplementary informationSupplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Revisiting the larval dispersal black box in the Anthropocene
Authors: Chan Kit Yu Karen , Sewell Mary A , Byrne Maria 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
Many marine organisms have a multi-phase life history and rely on their planktonic larvae for dispersal. Despite the important role of larvae in shaping population distribution and abundance, the chemical, physical, and biological factors that shape larval fate are still not fully understood. Shedding light into this larval dispersal “black box” has become critical in the face of global climate change, primarily due to the importance of larval dispersal in formulating sound conservation and management strategies. Focusing on two major stressors, warming and acidification, we highlight the limitations of the current species-by-species, lab-based study approach, and particularly the lack of consideration of the larval experience along the dispersive pathway. Measuring organismal responses to environmentally relevant climate change stress demands an improved documentation of the physical and biological conditions that larvae experience through ontogeny, which in turn requires updated empirical and theoretical approaches. While there are meaningful between taxa comparisons to be made by larval ecologists, to peek into the dispersal black box and to investigate the larger scale consequences of altered dispersal requires innovative collaborations between ecologists, oceanographers, molecular biologists, statisticians, and mathematicians.
Routine Prophylactic Endoscopic Clipping Is Not Efficacious in the Prevention of Delayed Post-Polypectomy Bleeding: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Forbes Nauzer , Frehlich Levi , James Matthew T , Hilsden Robert J , Kaplan Gilaad G , Wilson Todd A , Lorenzetti Diane L , Tate David J , Bourke Michael J , Heitman Steven J 
Published: June 2018

Abstract

Background and Aims
Colorectal cancer (CRC) can be prevented through colonoscopic polypectomy, but this exposes patients to risks, including delayed post-polypectomy bleeding (DPPB). Endoscopists increasingly use clips prophylactically with the aim of preventing DPPB. However, clips are costly, and data to support their efficacy in this context are inconsistent. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials to assess the efficacy of prophylactic clipping for preventing DPPB.

Methods
We searched electronic databases and other relevant sources for randomized controlled trials assessing the efficacy of prophylactic clipping versus no clipping for the prevention of DPPB. Pooled relative risks were determined using a fixed-effects model. Subgroup analyses were also performed.

Results
A total of 2305 citations were initially screened. Seven randomized controlled trials satisfied all criteria for inclusion. The quality of included studies was generally low to moderate. A total of 2851 patients underwent 5405 polypectomies. Delayed post-polypectomy bleeding occurred at an overall pooled rate of 2.5%. No overall benefit of clipping for preventing DPPB was observed, with a pooled relative risk of 0.86 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.55 to 1.36). No significant patient or polyp factors predicting DPPB were found through subgroup analyses. No publication bias was identified.

Conclusions
Randomized trials to date do not demonstrate a protective effect of prophylactic clipping for the prevention of DPPB, and therefore, the practice of routine prophylactic clipping appears unjustified. Additional high quality randomized trials are required to identify higher-risk groups that may benefit from prophylactic clipping.