bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multi‐criteria workflow scheduling on clouds under deadline and budget constraints
Authors: Kalra Mala , Singh Sarbjeet 
Published: February 2019

SummaryCloud Computing is increasingly favored by scientists for executing large‐scale workflow applications due to its appealing features such as availability of huge infrastructure, low operating costs, easy accessibility, and high scalability. Moreover, the resources in cloud are provisioned as per user's requirement following pay‐per‐use model. Scheduling workflows in cloud requires orchestration of tasks onto heterogeneous resources while complying with the task dependencies as well as user's Quality of Service (QoS) demands. The problem becomes challenging if there are multiple QoS requirements which conflict with each other. Recent studies attempted to minimize the makespan and execution cost under deadline and/or budget constraints. However, the failure of resources in cloud poses a serious threat to successful execution of these applications. Hence, it becomes essential to consider reliability of resources in addition to other parameters. This paper presents a workflow scheduling policy which minimizes makespan and execution cost while maximizing the reliability of executing workflows under user specified deadline and budget restraints. We have devised a hybrid of Intelligent Water Drops algorithm and Genetic Algorithm (IWD‐GA) to accomplish the desired goal. It provides a set of non‐dominated solutions with different makespan, cost, and reliability to offer users more flexibility in selecting a solution as per their preferences. The evaluation of the proposed algorithm has been carried based on two performance metrics, ie, hypervolume and two set coverage. The simulation results thus obtained using four diverse scientific workflows confirm that IWD‐GA outperforms non‐dominated sort genetic algorithm (NSGA‐II) and hybrid particle swarm optimization (HPSO) with regard to accuracy and diversity.
Light‐Switchable Self‐Healing Dynamic Linear Polymers: Reversible Cycloaddition Reactions of Thymine‐Containing Units
Authors: Abdallh Mustafa , He Peter , Hearn Milton T. W. , Simon George P. , Saito Kei 
Published: February 2019

AbstractA dynamic linear polymer was formed by the [2π+2π] reversible cycloaddition reaction of a thymine‐based monomer under topochemical conditions and was used in self‐healing applications. The reversible polymerisation of the thymine monomer was confirmed by UV and GPC analysis. Irradiation at 302 nm resulted in polymerisation of the monomer, and irradiation with wavelengths lower than 240 nm resulted in depolymerisation and the production of oligomeric units. This leads to a reduction in the glass transition temperature, and promoted healing of surface scratches due to the increased chain mobility. The self‐healing ability of scratched samples was assessed based on the visual disappearance of the damage. In addition, the mechanical properties of the polymer before and after healing were found to be similar.
Corporate social responsibility strategies: Past research and future challenges
Authors: Nave Ana , Ferreira João 
Published: February 2019

AbstractCorporate social responsibility (CSR) is not only increasingly valued by companies but also plays an extremely important role in the development of their strategies. This study systematically reviews literature that seeks to ascertain just which CSR strategies feature in the literature and their means of implementation by companies. We made recourse to the ISI Web of Science database for the search and collected 119 articles spanning a 25‐year period. The results enable the identification and categorization of CSR strategies into four key categories: (a) dimensions, (b) benefits, (c) value creation and stakeholders, and (d) motivations. We also identify that major companies around the world are ensured the implementation of their CSR strategies throughout their organizational structures with specialized resources. This systematic review provides a path for future research.
Corporate social responsibility in higher education
Authors: Rahman Aminah Abdul , Castka Pavel , Love Tyron 
Published: February 2019

AbstractInternationally, higher education establishments have faced strong institutional pressures to embrace socially responsible practices. The body of literature, which has offered the theoretical and conceptual guidance in this space, has been the work on corporate social responsibility (CSR). Taking an organisation‐centric perspective, this study aims to empirically examine the institutionalisation of CSR in six Malaysian universities. An in‐depth case study approach was utilised using the data from two external sources (an external measure of university research performance and university self‐reporting) as well as collecting data on side (interviews). Using qualitative and configurational analyses, a set of propositions about the institutionalisation of CSR in universities is formulated. The analysis depicts the pathways that lead to CSR outcomes.
Hospital course of underweight youth with ARFID treated with a meal‐based behavioral protocol in an inpatient‐partial hospitalization program for eating disorders
Authors: Makhzoumi Saniha H. , Schreyer Colleen C. , Hansen Jennifer L. , Laddaran Lori A. , Redgrave Graham W. , Guarda Angela S. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractObjectiveInformation on nutritional rehabilitation for underweight patients with avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) is scarce. This study characterized hospitalized youth with ARFID treated in an inpatient (IP)‐partial hospitalization behavioral eating disorders (EDs) program employing an exclusively meal‐based rapid refeeding protocol and compared weight restoration outcomes to those of patients with anorexia nervosa (AN).MethodData from retrospective chart review of consecutive underweight admissions (N = 275; age 11–26 years) with ARFID (n = 27) were compared to those with AN (n = 248) on clinical features, reason for discharge, and weight restoration variables. For patients with ARFID, presenting phenomenology was further characterized by detailed chart review.ResultsAt admission, 53% of patients with ARFID were vomiting regularly. The predominant ARFID subtype was ARFID‐aversive, with close to a third being mixed subtype. Gastrointestinal (GI) symptomatology (81.5%) was the most commonly endorsed reason for restriction. A third had undergone unsuccessful parenteral or enteral tube feeding. Patients with ARFID were more likely male, had higher admission BMI, and slower IP weight gain (1.36 kg /week vs 1.92) compared to patients with AN. Fewer patients with ARFID transitioned to the partial hospitalization program, although the proportion discharged for clinical improvement did not differ and both groups had a mean program discharge BMI >18.5.DiscussionGI symptoms appear a common contributor to restrictive eating amongst hospitalized youth with ARFID. Despite a slightly lower rate of IP weight gain, clinical improvement and weight restoration at discharge were similar for patients with ARFID compared to AN.
The role of age of first breeding in modeling raptor reintroductions
Authors: Morandini Virginia , Dietz Sabrina , Newton Ian , Ferrer Miguel 
Published: February 2019

Abstract

The present biodiversity crisis has led to an increasing number of reintroduction programs, and this conservation method is likely to be increasingly used in the future, especially in the face of climate change. Many fundamental questions in population ecology are focused on the mechanisms through which populations escape extinction.

Population viability analysis (PVA) is the most common procedure for analyzing extinction risk. In the use of PVA to model the trajectories of reintroduced populations, demographic values are sometimes taken from other existing wild populations or even from individuals in captivity.

Density dependence in productivity is usually considered in viability models, but density‐dependent variation in age of first breeding is usually ignored. Nevertheless, age of first breeding has a buffering effect on population fluctuations and in consequence on population persistence.

We simulated the viability of Spanish Imperial Eagle (Aquila adalberti) and Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) populations using data from established and reintroduced populations in southern Spain.

Our results show that reduction in the age of first breeding is critical in the success of reintroductions of such long‐lived birds. Additionally, increases in productivity allow populations to growth at maximum rate. However, without considering variation in age of breeding, and the associated increasing overall productivity, reintroduced populations seem nonviable.

To ignore density dependence in age of breeding in PVA means that we are seriously limiting the potential of the model population to respond to fluctuations in density, thereby reducing its resilience and viability. Variation in age of first breeding is an important factor that must be considered and included in any simulation model involving long‐lived birds with deferred maturity.
Intergenerational paternal effect of adult density inDrosophila melanogaster
Authors: Dasgupta Purbasha , Sarkar Saubhik , Das Akankshya A. , Verma Tanya , Nandy Bodhisatta 
Published: February 2019

AbstractNotwithstanding recent evidences, paternal environment is thought to be a potential but unlikely source of fitness variation that can affect trait evolution. Here we studied intergenerational effects of males’ exposure to varying adult density inDrosophila melanogasterlaboratory populations.We held sires at normal (N), medium (M) and high (H) adult densities for 2 days before allowing them to mate with virgin females. This treatment did not introduce selection through differential mortality. Further, we randomly paired males and females and allowed a single round of mating between the sires and the dams. We then collected eggs from the dams and measured the egg size. Finally, we investigated the effect of the paternal treatment on juvenile and adult (male) fitness components.We found a significant treatment effect on juvenile competitive ability where the progeny sired by the H‐males had higher competitive ability. Since we did not find the treatment to affect egg size, this effect is unlikely to be mediated through variation in female provisioning.Male fitness components were also found to have a significant treatment effect: M‐sons had lower dry weight at eclosion, higher mating latency, and lower competitive mating success.While being the first study to show both adaptive and non‐adaptive effect of the paternal density inDrosophila, our results highlight the importance of considering paternal environment as important source of fitness variation.
Cardiorespiratory fitness, body mass index and heart failure incidence
Authors: Kokkinos Peter , Faselis Charles , Franklin Barry , Lavie Carl J. , Sidossis Labros , Moore Hans , Karasik Pamela , Myers Jonathan 
Published: February 2019

AimsObesity is associated with increased risk of heart failure (HF). This risk may be modulated by improved cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) as CRF is associated with favourable health outcomes. Thus, we assessed the interaction between body mass index (BMI), CRF and HF.Methods and resultsCardiorespiratory fitness and BMI were assessed in 20 254 US male veterans (mean age 58.0 ± 11.3 years), who completed a maximal exercise treadmill test between 1987 and 2017. All had no evidence of ischaemia or HF prior to the exercise test. They were classified based on age‐stratified quartiles of peak metabolic equivalents (METs) achieved as: least‐fit (4.5 ± 1.3), low‐fit (6.7 ± 1.3), moderate‐fit (8.1 ± 1.1), and high‐fit (11.2 ± 2.4); and according to BMI as normal weight (18.5–24.9 kg/m2), overweight (25–29.9 kg/m2), and obese (≥ 30.0 kg/m2). During a median follow‐up of 13.4 years, there were 2979 HF events (10.8 events/1000 person‐years). HF risk was significantly higher in the obese category [hazard ratio (HR) 1.22, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.10–1.36; P < 0.001], but was no longer significant after further adjustment for METs. When compared to the least‐fit, HF risk declined progressively with increased CRF within all BMI categories. The risk was 63% (HR 0.37, 95% CI 0.30–0.47; P < 0.001), 66% (HR 0.37, 95% CI 0.28–0.40; P < 0.001), and 73% (HR 0.27, 95% CI 0.22–0.34; P < 0.001) lower for high‐fit individuals within normal weight, overweight and obese categories, respectively.ConclusionsIncreased CRF was associated with progressively lower HF risk regardless of BMI, suggesting that the elevated HF risk associated with obesity may be modulated by improved CRF.
Factors Affecting the Growth of Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata in Single-Species Tests: Lessons for the Experimental Design and the Reproducibility of a Multitrophic Laboratory Microcosm
Authors: Riedl Verena , Agatz Annika , Benstead Rachel , Ashauer Roman 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
The need for an integrated risk assessment at an ecologically relevant scale (e.g., at the population/community levels) has been acknowledged. Multispecies systems with increased ecological complexity, however, are difficult if not impossible to reproduce. The laboratory-scale microcosm TriCosm (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, Ceriodaphnia dubia, Hydra viridissima) of intermediate complexity was developed for the reproducible assessment of chemical effects at the population/community levels. The system dynamics were repeatable in the short term, but interexperimental variation of algal dynamics in the long term triggered knock-on effects on grazer and predator populations. We present 20 experiments to assess the effects of 12 factors (test medium, vessel type/condition, shaking speed, light intensity/regime, inoculation density, medium preparation components, metal concentration/composition, buffering salt type/concentration) on algal growth in the TriCosm enclosure. Growth rates varied between ≤ 0 and 1.40 (± 0.21) and generally were greatest with increased shaking speed, light exposure, medium buffer, or aeration time. Treatments conducted in dishes with aseptically prepared, lightly buffered, and/or hardly aerated medium resulted in low growth rates. We found that inter-experimental variation of algal dynamics in the TriCosm was caused by a modification of medium preparation (omission of medium aeration) with the aim of reducing microbial contamination. Our findings highlight the facts that consistency in experimental procedures and in-depth understanding of system components are indispensable to achieve repeatability. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;00:1–13. © 2019 SETAC
Abstract
Algal growth dynamics closely resembled those of the reference system (TriCosm) only after the test medium (T82MV) was aerated for ≥ 24 h and used approximately 48 h after medium preparation or the buffering salt concentration was increased. Shown are mean values ± 95% confidence intervals.
Children show hemispheric differences in the basic auditory response properties
Authors: Parviainen Tiina , Helenius Päivi , Salmelin Riitta 
Published: February 2019

AbstractAuditory cortex in each hemisphere shows preference to sounds from the opposite hemifield in the auditory space. Besides this contralateral dominance, the auditory cortex shows functional and structural lateralization, presumably influencing the features of subsequent auditory processing. Children have been shown to differ from adults in the hemispheric balance of activation in higher‐order auditory based tasks. We studied, first, whether the contralateral dominance can be detected in 7‐ to 8‐year‐old children and, second, whether the response properties of auditory cortex in children differ between hemispheres. Magnetoencephalography (MEG) responses to simple tones revealed adult‐like contralateral preference that was, however, extended in time in children. Moreover, we found stronger emphasis towards mature response properties in the right than left hemisphere, pointing to faster maturation of the right‐hemisphere auditory cortex. The activation strength of the child‐typical prolonged response was significantly decreased with age, within the narrow age‐range of the studied child population. Our results demonstrate that although the spatial sensitivity to the opposite hemifield has emerged by 7 years of age, the population‐level neurophysiological response shows salient immature features, manifested particularly in the left hemisphere. The observed functional differences between hemispheres may influence higher‐level processing stages, for example, in language function.
Staging soft tissue sarcoma of the head and neck: Evaluation of the AJCC 8th edition revised T classifications
Authors: Cates Justin M.M. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) has proposed new T classifications for head and neck sarcomas in the 8th edition of the AJCC Cancer Staging Manual, but these classifications have not been evaluated for prognostic utility in tumor staging.MethodsThe predictive ability of revised AJCC T classifications was evaluated by nonlinear multivariable regression using records from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database (N = 2756). A proposed staging algorithm was developed using a subset of records and compared to the AJCC 7th edition using a separate validation dataset.ResultsCategorization of tumor size using revised AJCC 8th edition T classifications accurately reflected the predictive information of this intrinsically continuous variable. A proposed staging system based on revised AJCC T classifications showed significant improvement in clinical performance compared to the previous AJCC 7th edition staging system.ConclusionsStratifying risk of sarcoma‐specific death by categorization of tumor size is informative for head and neck sarcoma. A staging algorithm based on revised AJCC 8th edition T classifications is validated and proposed for further evaluation in staging sarcomas of the head and neck.
Are There Upper Limits in Tumor Burden for Down‐Staging of Hepatocellular Carcinoma to Liver Transplant? Analysis of the All‐Comers Protocol
Authors: Sinha Jasmine , Mehta Neil , Dodge Jennifer L. , Poltavskiy Eduard , Roberts John , Yao Francis 
Published: February 2019

Patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) within the University of California, San Francisco down‐staging (UCSF‐DS) criteria (one lesion > 5 cm and ≤ 8 cm; two to three lesions each ≤ 5 cm; or four to five lesions each ≤ 3 cm with total tumor diameter ≤ 8 cm) who achieved successful down‐staging (DS) to Milan criteria had similar outcomes after liver transplantation (LT) compared with HCC initially meeting the Milan criteria. Nevertheless, little is known about the outcome of DS in patients with initial tumor burden exceeding the UCSF‐DS criteria, defined as “all‐comers” (AC). We compared the intention‐to‐treat (ITT) outcomes of DS in 74 patients in the AC group and 133 patients in the UCSF‐DS group. Successful DS to Milan was observed in 64.8% of the AC group versus 84.2% of the UCSF‐DS group (P < 0.001). The sum of tumor number and largest tumor diameter was significantly associated with successful DS (hazard ratio [HR] 0.87, P < 0.05). The cumulative probability of dropout within 1 year and 3 years was 53.5% and 80.0%, respectively, for AC versus 25.0% and 36.1%, respectively, for UCSF‐DS (P < 0.0001). Factors predicting dropout included sum of tumor number and largest tumor diameter greater than 8 (HR 1.79, P = 0.049) and Child class B and C (HR 2.54, P = 0.001). The AC group also had a significantly lower liver transplant (LT) rate (13.5% versus 59.0%, P < 0.001). ITT survival at 1 year and 5 years was 77.4% and 21.1%, respectively, in AC versus 85.5% and 56.0%, respectively, in UCSF‐DS (P < 0.001). Three of 10 patients in the AC group who underwent LT developed HCC recurrence. Conclusion: We observed a significantly lower LT probability and inferior ITT survival with DS in the AC group versus the UCSF‐DS group. Our results suggest that an upper limit in tumor burden exists beyond which successful LT after DS becomes an unrealistic goal.
Focusing on what matters: Modulation of the human hippocampus by relational attention
Authors: Córdova Natalia I. , Turk‐Browne Nicholas B. , Aly Mariam 
Published: February 2019

AbstractHippocampal episodic memory is fundamentally relational, comprising links between events and the spatiotemporal contexts in which they occurred. Such relations are also important over shorter timescales, during online perception. For example, how do we assess the relative spatial positions of objects, their temporal order, or the relationship between their features? Here, we investigate the role of the hippocampus in online relational processing by manipulating attention to different kinds of relations. While undergoing fMRI, participants viewed two images in rapid succession on each trial and performed one of three relational tasks, judging the images’ relative: spatial positions, temporal onsets, or sizes. Additionally, they sometimes judged whether one image was tilted, irrespective of the other. This served as a baseline item task with no demands on relational processing. The hippocampus showed reliable deactivation when participants attended to relational vs. item information. Attention to temporal relations was associated with the most robust deactivation. One interpretation of such deactivation is that it reflects hippocampal disengagement. If true, there should be reduced information content and noisier activity patterns for the temporal vs. other tasks. Instead, multivariate pattern analysis revealed more stable hippocampal representations in the temporal task. This increased pattern similarity was not simply a reflection of lower univariate activity. Thus, the hippocampus differentiates between relational and item processing even during online perception, and its representations of temporal relations are particularly robust. These findings suggest that the relational computations of the hippocampus extend beyond long‐term memory, enabling rapid extraction of relational information in perception.
Female genital mutilation/cutting in Africa: A complex legal and ethical landscape
Authors: Nabaneh Satang , Muula Adamson S. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractWhile international and regional human rights instruments have recognized female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) as one of the most prevalent forms of violence against women and girls, in many African states FGM/C is a deeply entrenched cultural practice. There is a consensus against FGM, as evidenced by its criminalization in several African countries. The mere fact that the practice continues despite legislative measures to protect women and girls against FGM raises the question of whether change can be legislated. The present article summarizes the trends and effectiveness of FGM criminalization in Africa, including prohibition of medicalization of FGM. Against the backdrop of emerging debate on medicalization of FGM as a harm reduction strategy, we also examine its complex legal and ethical implications. The article argues that while criminalization may not be the best means of stopping FGM, it creates an enabling environment to facilitate the overall strategy of African governments in eradication of the practice.