bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Delays in anti‐hyperglycaemic therapy initiation and intensification are associated with cardiovascular events, hospitalizations for heart failure and all‐cause mortality
Authors: Nichols Gregory A. , Romo‐LeTourneau Victoria , Vupputuri Suma , Thomas Sheila M. 
Published: March 2019

AimsThe aims of this study were to assess the impact of delays in treatment intensification (TI) on cardiovascular events, heart failure, and all‐cause mortality at typical stages of anti‐hyperglycaemic therapy.Materials and MethodsUsing electronic health record data, we created three TI cohorts of diabetes patients who: 1) initiated metformin (MET) as their first anti‐hyperglycaemic therapy; 2) added a sulfonylurea (SU) to MET; and 3) initiated insulin (INS) while using MET or SU, alone or in combination. Primary exposure variables were haemoglobin A1C value preceding cohort therapy (pre‐TI A1C) and time to intensification, that is, the time between pre‐TI A1C >7% and cohort index date. Cox regression models were used to analyse the associated risk of cardiovascular events, hospitalizations for heart failure and all‐cause mortality.ResultsIn the MET cohort, each additional percentage point of pre‐TI A1C was associated with a 10% increased risk of a CV event (HR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.03–1.07; P = 0.004), a 7% increased risk of HF hospitalization (HR, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.01–1.14; P = 0.034) and a 7% increased risk of all‐cause mortality (HR, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.01–1.14; P = 0.032). Pre‐TI A1C was associated with a 9% increased risk of a CV event in the INS cohort (HR,1.09; 95% CI, 1.04–1.13; P < 0.001). Each month of delay in TI was significantly associated with a 6% increased risk of hospitalization for HF (HR, 1.06; 95% CI, 1.00–1.13; P = 0.040) and all‐cause mortality (HR, 1.06; 95% CI, 1.00–1.13; P = 0.050) in the MET cohort.ConclusionsDelays in TI were associated with poor outcomes over a mean follow‐up period of nearly five years. Earlier initiation and more rapid intensification of pharmacotherapy could reduce the risk of poor outcomes.
Genome annotation and antimicrobial properties of Bacillus toyonensis VU‐DES13, isolated from the Folsomia candida gut
Authors: Agamennone Valeria , van Straalen Joeri , Brouwer Abraham , de Boer Tjalf E. , Hensbergen Paul J. , Zaagman Niels , Braster Martin , van Straalen Nico M. , Roelofs Dick , Janssens Thierry K.S. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractAntibiotic resistance necessitates the search for new bioactive compounds with novel mechanisms of action. Natural products derived from bacteria and fungi are widely used in the field of medicine and new environments can be explored as sources of antimicrobials. Bacteria associated with springtails have shown high inhibitory activity against pathogens. Here, we characterized a bacterial strain with high potential for antimicrobial activity, isolated from the gut of the springtail Folsomia candida Willem (Collembola: Isotomidae). The strain was characterized using the ‘analytical profile index’ and the ‘minimal inhibitory concentration’ assay to test for antibiotic resistance. Agar overlay and agar disk diffusion assays were used to test the inhibitory activity of the strain and its extract against a variety of pathogens, and reporter assays were used to investigate the mode of action. High‐performance liquid chromatography was used to analyze and fractionate the extract of bacterial culture, followed by additional assays on the fractions. The genome of the strain was screened for presence of antibiotic resistance genes and secondary metabolite gene clusters. The isolate was identified as Bacillus toyonensis Jiménez et al., but it displayed differences in metabolic profile when compared to the type species. The isolate was highly resistant to penicillin and inhibited the growth of a variety of pathogenic microorganisms. Genome analysis revealed an enrichment of resistance genes for β‐lactam antibiotics compared to the type isolate. Also, secondary metabolite clusters involved in the production of siderophores, bacteriocins, and nonribosomal peptide synthetases were identified. In conclusion, a unique Bacillus strain was isolated from the gut of F. candida, for which we provide evidence of inhibitory activity against an array of pathogens. This, coupled with high resistance to penicillin as substantiated by the presence of resistance genes, points to the potential of B. toyonensis VU‐DES13 to provide a new source of antimicrobial compounds.
Guiding lights: Foraging responses of juvenile nocturnal orb‐web spiders to the presence of artificial light at night
Authors: Willmott Nikolas J. , Henneken Jessica , Elgar Mark A. , Jones Therésa M. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe reach of artificial light at night (ALAN) is growing rapidly around the globe, including the increasing use of energy‐efficient LED lights. Many studies document the physiological costs of light at night, but far fewer have focused on the potential benefits for nocturnal insectivores and the likely ecological consequences of shifts in predator–prey relationships. We investigated the effects of ALAN on the foraging behaviour and prey capture success in juvenile Australian garden orb‐web spiders (Eriophora biapicata). Laboratory experiments demonstrated that juvenile spiders were attracted to LED lights when choosing foraging sites, but prey availability was a stronger cue for remaining in a foraging site. Field experiments revealed a significant increase in prey capture rates for webs placed near LED lights. This suggests that any physiological costs of light at night may be offset by the foraging benefits, perhaps partially explaining recently observed increases in the size, fecundity and abundance of some orb‐web spider species in urban environments. Our results highlight the potential long‐term consequences of night lighting in urban ecosystems, through the impact of orb‐web spiders on insect populations.
Use of microsatellite‐based paternity assignment to establish where Corn Crake Crex crex chicks are at risk from mechanized mowing
Authors: Green Rhys E. , Brekke Patricia , Ward Hannah , Slaymaker Matt , van der Velde Marco , Komdeur Jan , Dugdale Hannah L. 
Published: March 2019

We used microsatellite DNA to assign probable parentage of young Corn Crakes to adult males and females and used these assignments to estimate the distribution of distances between broods of chicks and juveniles and the night‐time singing place of the father at the time of initiation of the clutch. Estimated distances for broods of young chicks were in accord with those estimated previously by radiotracking, but distances were greater for older unfledged independent chicks not studied previously. Our results indicate that modifications of the timing and method of mowing to reduce losses of nests and chicks should be implemented inside an area within about 500 m of the singing places of male Corn Crakes, rather than the 250 m previously considered to be safe.
How much medication is delivered in a novel drug delivery technique that uses a tattoo machine?
Authors: Arbache Samir , Mattos Elizabeth da Costa , Diniz Milton F. , Paiva Pedro Y. A. , Roth Dirlene , Arbache Samia T. , Oliveira Edna L. T. , Michalany Nilceo S. , Hirata Sergio H. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractBackgroundEven though dermatologists often perform drug delivery procedures, it is necessary to assess their safety.ObjectiveQuantify the amount of medication delivered using the MMP drug delivery technique and outline other safety parameters.MethodsUsing a simple and novel technique, we attempted to quantify the amount of medication delivered by weighing human skin samples before and after delivery.ResultsIn drug delivery done on human skin using a liquid with a density of 1,271,460 μg/ml (the values expressed in this manuscript are in µg), a needling density of 570 perforations/cm2, and a needling depth of 300 microns, we estimate that 1,175 μg/cm2 were delivered (standard deviation 601 μg/cm2, standard error 190 μg/cm2).LimitationsThis result is only applicable to the protocol proposed in this study for the MMP drug delivery technique.ConclusionThe MMP drug delivery technique injects small amounts of medication (1,175 μg/cm2) homogeneously into the dermis.
Discrimination of aged rice using colorimetric sensor array combined with volatile organic compounds
Authors: Lin Hao , Yan Song , Song BenTeng , Wang Zhuo , Sun Li 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThis article studied the distribution of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) expose to colorimetric sensors array on stored rice. COMSOL Multiphysics software was utilized to simulate the flow field in reaction chambers, where arc baffle with different curvature in different position were employed for optimization. It was observed that the velocity field was the most uniform when the curvature of baffle was 3.3 and the vertical distance from the front end of the baffle to the inlet was 1.5 cm. The research results revealed that color changes of the sensors exposed to the same VOCs in the designed chamber were more uniform than that of free volatilization chamber. Fresh and aged rice samples were 100% correctly identified by principal components analysis when the designed chamber was used, while the recognition percentage was 90% using the free volatilization chamber.Practical applicationsThis work presents a nondestructive method for the discrimination of aged rice. The data and figures presented clearly suggest the optimized chamber can extremely improve the reaction between volatile organic compounds and colorimetric sensor array. When the optimized reaction chamber was performed to detect the fresh and aged rice, all of the samples were discriminated successfully. This research results supports a potential way for fast, nondestructive detection of freshness in rice industry.
Management of inguinal hernia with prolapsed ovary in very low birthweight infants during neonatal intensive care unit hospitalisation
Authors: Kurobe Masashi , Harada Atsushi , Sugihara Tetsuro , Baba Yuji , Hiramatsu Tomomasa , Ohashi Shinsuke , Otsuka Masahiko 
Published: March 2019

AimProlapsed ovary (PO) in an inguinal hernia (IH) may cause torsion and infarction; however, the management of IH with PO in very low birthweight (VLBW) infants during neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) hospitalisation remains inconsistent.MethodsThe medical records of 47 IHs in 30 VLBW infants during NICU hospitalisation between 2008 and 2017 were reviewed retrospectively.ResultsOf the 47 IHs, PO was diagnosed in 18 (38.3%). Post‐natal age and body weight at diagnosis of IH with PO were 71 (44–172) days and 2120 (1305–2965) g, respectively. Seventeen IHs with PO underwent surgery for correction electively just before discharge from the NICU at the age and body weight of 94 (51–187) days and 2645 (2340–2945) g, respectively. Therefore, the time interval between diagnosis and surgery was 15 (7–90) days. There was no torsion of ovary before surgery and no postoperative complications, including apnoea and recurrence.ConclusionsThe high incidence of IH with PO in VLBW infants during NICU hospitalisation was confirmed in this study. Under careful observation, elective IH repair just before discharge from the NICU could be one acceptable option for the management of IH with PO in VLBW infants during NICU hospitalisation to prevent torsion and infarction of ovary.
Cancer‐Related Beliefs and Perceptions in Appalachia: Findings from 3 States
Authors: Vanderpool Robin C. , Huang Bin , Deng Yangyang , Bear Todd M. , Chen Quan , Johnson Meghan F. , Paskett Electra D. , Robertson Linda B. , Young Gregory S. , Iachan Ronaldo 
Published: March 2019

AbstractBackground: Appalachians experience increased rates of cancer incidence and mortality compared to non‐Appalachians. Many factors may contribute to the elevated cancer burden, including lack of knowledge and negative beliefs about the disease.Methods: Three National Cancer Institute (NCI)‐designated cancer centers with Appalachian counties in their respective population‐based geographic service areas—Kentucky, Ohio, and Pennsylvania—surveyed their communities to better understand their health profiles, including 5 items assessing cancer beliefs. Weighted univariate and bivariate statistics were calculated for each of the 3 state's Appalachian population and for a combined Appalachian sample. Weighted multiple linear regression was used to identify factors associated with a cancer beliefs composite score. Data from the combined Appalachian sample were compared to NCI's Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS).Results: Data from 1,891 Appalachian respondents were included in the analysis (Kentucky = 798, Ohio = 112, Pennsylvania = 981). Significant differences were observed across the 3 Appalachian populations related to income, education, marital status, rurality, perceptions of present income, and body mass index (BMI). Four of 5 cancer beliefs were significantly different across the 3 states. Education, BMI, perceptions of financial security, and Kentucky residence were significantly associated with a lower composite score of cancer beliefs. When comparing the combined Appalachian population to HINTS, 3 of 5 cancer belief measures were significantly different.Conclusions: Variations in cancer beliefs were observed across the 3 states’ Appalachian populations. Interventions should be tailored to specific communities to improve cancer knowledge and beliefs and, ultimately, prevention and screening behaviors.
Petrography and geochemistry of the impact to postimpact transition layer at the El'gygytgyn impact structure in Chukotka, Arctic Russia
Authors: Maierhofer Karin , Koeberl Christian , Brigham‐Grette Julie 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe 3.6 Ma El'gygytgyn impact structure, located in northeast Chukotka in Arctic Russia, was largely formed in acidic volcanic rocks. The 18 km diameter circular depression is today filled with Lake El'gygytgyn (diameter of 12 km) that contains a continuous record of lacustrine sediments of the Arctic from the past 3.6 Myr. In 2009, El'gygytgyn became the focus of the International Continental Scientific Drilling Program (ICDP) in which a total of 642.4 m of drill core was recovered. Lithostratigraphically, the drill cores comprise lacustrine sediment sequences, impact breccias, and deformed target rocks. The impactite core was recovered from 316.08 to 517.30 meters below lake floor (mblf). Because of the rare, outstanding recovery, the transition zone, ranging from 311.47 to 317.38 m, between the postimpact lacustrine sediments and the impactite sequences, was studied petrographically and geochemically. The transition layer comprises a mixture of about 6 m of loose sedimentary and volcanic material containing isolated clasts of minerals and melt. Shock metamorphic effects, such as planar fractures (PFs) and planar deformation features (PDFs), were observed in a few quartz grains. The discoveries of silica diaplectic glass hosting coesite, kinked micas and amphibole, lechatelierite, numerous impact melt shards and clasts, and spherules are associated with the impact event. The occurrence of spherules, impact melt clasts, silica diaplectic glass, and lechatelierite, about 1 m below the onset of the transition, marks the beginning of the more coherent impact ejecta layer. The results of siderophile interelement ratios of the transition layer spherules give indications of the relative contribution of the meteoritical component.
Optimising feedback for early career professionals: a scoping review and new framework
Authors: Mattick Karen , Brennan Nicola , Briscoe Simon , Papoutsi Chrysanthi , Pearson Mark 
Published: March 2019

ContextMeta‐analyses have shown that feedback can be a powerful intervention to increase learning and performance but there is significant variability in impact. New trials are adding little to the question of whether feedback interventions are effective, so the focus now is how to optimise the effect. Early career professionals (ECPs) in busy work environments are a particularly important target group. This literature review aimed to synthesise information to support the optimal design of feedback interventions for ECPs.MethodsWe undertook a scoping literature review, using search terms such as ‘feedback’ and ‘effectiveness’ in MEDLINE, MEDLINE‐In‐Process, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Education Research Complete, Education Resources Information Center, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, the Social Sciences Citation Index and Applied Social Sciences Index and Abstracts, to identify empirical studies describing feedback interventions in busy workplaces published in English since 1990. We applied inclusion criteria to identify studies for the mapping stage and extracted key data to inform the next stage. We then selected a subset of papers for the framework development stage, which were subjected to a thematic synthesis by three authors, leading to a new feedback framework and a modified version of feedback intervention theory specifically for ECPs.ResultsA total of 80 studies were included in the mapping stage, with roughly equal studies from hospital settings and school classrooms, and 17 papers were included in the framework development stage. The feedback framework comprised three main categories (audit, feedback and goal setting) and 22 subcategories. The review highlighted the limited empirical research focusing solely on feedback for ECPs, which was surprising given the particular nuances in feedback for ECPs identified through this study.ConclusionsWe offer the feedback framework to optimise the design of future feedback interventions for early career professionals and encourage future feedback research to move away from generic models and tailor work to specific target audiences.
Heat shock protein 90 does not contribute to cutaneous vasodilatation in older adults during heat stress
Authors: Fujii Naoto , McGarr Gregory W. , Hatam Kion , Chandran Nithila , Muia Caroline M. , Nishiyasu Takeshi , Boulay Pierre , Ghassa Reem , Kenny Glen P. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractObjectivesHeat shock protein 90 (HSP90) contributes to cutaneous vasodilatation during exercise in the heat through nitric oxide (NO) synthase (NOS)–dependent mechanisms in young adults. We hypothesized that similar responses would be observed in older middle‐aged adults.MethodsIn nineteen habitually active older middle‐aged (56 ± 5 years) men (n = 9) and women (n = 10), cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) was measured at four forearm skin sites continuously treated with (a) lactated Ringers solution (Control), (b) 10 mmol/L L‐NAME (NOS inhibitor), (c) 178 μmol/L geldanamycin (HSP90 inhibitor), or (d) 10 mmol/L L‐NAME and 178 μmol/L geldanamycin combined. Participants rested in an upright semi‐recumbent position in the heat (35°C) for 70 minutes, followed by a 50‐minute bout of moderate‐intensity cycling (~55% peak oxygen uptake) and a 30‐minute recovery period in the heat.ResultsIn both men and women, we observed no significant effects of HSP90 inhibition on CVC throughout rest, exercise, and recovery in the heat (all P > 0.27). Conversely, NOS inhibition and dual NOS and HSP90 inhibition attenuated CVC relative to Control throughout the protocol (all P ≤ 0.05).ConclusionsWhile NOS mediates cutaneous vasodilatation during rest, exercise, and recovery in the heat, HSP90 does not measurably influence this response in habitually active older middle‐aged men or women under these conditions.
Reconstruction of coronary circulation networks: A review of methods
Authors: Vigneshwaran Vibujithan , Sands Gregory B. , LeGrice Ian J. , Smaill Bruce H. , Smith Nicolas P. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractBuilding anatomically accurate models of the coronary vascular system enables potentially deeper understandings of coronary circulation. To achieve this, (a) images at different levels of vascular network—arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins—need to be obtained through suitable imaging modalities; and (b) from images, morphological and topological information needs to be extracted using image processing techniques. While there are several modalities that enable the imaging of large vessels, microcirculation imaging—capturing vessels having diameter lesser than 100 μm—has to date been typically confined to small regions of the heart. This spatially limited microcirculatory information has often been used within cardiac models, with the potentially erroneous assumption that it is representative of the whole organ. However, with the recent advancements in imaging and image processing, it is rapidly becoming feasible to acquire, process, and quantify microcirculation data at the scale of whole organ. In this review, we summarize the progress toward this goal followed through a presentation of the current state‐of‐the‐art imaging and image processing techniques in the context of coronary microcirculation extraction, prominently but not exclusively, from small animals.
Machine learning in plant–pathogen interactions: empowering biological predictions from field scale to genome scale
Authors: Sperschneider Jana 
Published: March 2019

SummaryMachine learning (ML) encompasses statistical methods that learn to identify patterns in complex datasets. Here, I review application areas in plant–pathogen interactions that have recently benefited from ML, such as disease monitoring, the discovery of gene regulatory networks, genomic selection for disease resistance and prediction of pathogen effectors. However, achieving robust performance from ML is not trivial and requires knowledge of both the methodology and the biology. I discuss common pitfalls and challenges in using ML approaches. Finally, I highlight future opportunities for ML as a tool for dissecting plant–pathogen interactions using high‐throughput data, for example, through integration of diverse data sources and the analysis with higher resolution, such as from individual cells or on elaborate spatial and temporal scales.
Energy costs of salinity tolerance in crop plants: night‐time transpiration and growth
Authors: Fricke Wieland 
Published: March 2019

Summary

Plants grow and transpire during the night. The aim of the present work was to assess the relative flows of carbon, water and solutes, and the energy involved, in sustaining night‐time transpiration and leaf expansive growth under control and salt‐stress conditions.

Published and unpublished data were used, for barley plants grown in presence of 0.5–1 mM NaCl (control) and 100 mM NaCl.

Night‐time leaf growth presents a more efficient use of taken‐up water compared with day‐time growth. This efficiency increases several‐fold with salt stress. Night‐time transpiration cannot be supported entirely through osmotically driven uptake of water through roots under salt stress. Using a simple three‐ (root medium/cytosol/vacuole) compartment approach, the energy required to support cell expansion during the night is in the lower percentage region (0.03–5.5%) of the energy available through respiration, under both, control and salt‐stress conditions. Use of organic (e.g. hexose equivalents) rather than inorganic (e.g. Na+, Cl−, K+) solutes for generation of osmotic pressure in growing cells, increases the energy demand by orders of magnitude, yet requires only a small portion of carbon assimilated during the day.

Night‐time transpiration and leaf expansive growth should be considered as a potential acclimation mechanism to salinity.