bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trends in Population‐Based Incidence and Prevalence of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis in Manitoba, Canada
Authors: Shiff Natalie J. , Oen Kiem , Kroeker Kristine , Lix Lisa M. 
Published: May 2018

ObjectiveTo estimate the incidence and prevalence of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) in children ages <16 years in the province of Manitoba, Canada, and to determine changes in estimates between 2000 and 2012.MethodsJIA cases were ascertained from the administrative health data of Manitoba, using a validated case‐finding algorithm. Annual incidence and prevalence rates were estimated using a generalized linear model with generalized estimating equations (GEEs), adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics. Changes in estimates were tested using piecewise regression models.ResultsA total of 455 cases of JIA prevalence met the inclusion criteria. Sex‐ and age‐adjusted incidence estimates were 14.01 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 13.52, 14.53) in 2000/2001 and 9.18 (95% CI 8.56, 9.85) in 2010/2011. Prevalence estimates were 65.33 (95% CI 63.87, 66.83) in 2000/2001 and 59.61 (95% CI 58.17, 61.08) in 2010/2011. A linear piecewise model provided the best fit to the data. There was a significant decrease in prevalence over the study period (–0.18 [95% CI –0.35, –0.02]; P = 0.0292) but no statistically significant change in incidence (–0.46 [95% CI –0.94, 0.01]; P = 0.0571). Sex‐stratified models revealed a decrease for males in both prevalence (estimate –0.54 [95% CI –0.84, –10.25]; P = 0.0003) and incidence (estimate –1.02 [95% CI –2.02, –0.04]; P = 0.0439); there were no changes for females.ConclusionFew population‐based longitudinal epidemiologic studies of JIA have been conducted. Our findings suggested a decrease in overall JIA prevalence, and in incidence and prevalence in men. Further research to validate these findings in other cohorts and to explore factors that contribute to this change will benefit future health care planning for JIA.
Gout, Hyperuricemia, and Crystal‐Associated Disease Network Consensus Statement Regarding Labels and Definitions for Disease Elements in Gout
Authors: Bursill David , Taylor William J. , Terkeltaub Robert , Kuwabara Masanari , Merriman Tony R. , Grainger Rebecca , Pineda Carlos , Louthrenoo Worawit , Edwards N. Lawrence , Andrés Mariano , Vargas‐Santos Ana Beatriz , Roddy Edward , Pascart Tristan , Lin Ching‐Tsai , Perez‐Ruiz Fernando , Tedeschi Sara K. , Kim Seoyoung C. , Harrold Leslie R. , McCarthy Geraldine , Kumar Nitin , Chapman Peter T. , Tausche Anne‐Kathrin , Vazquez‐Mellado Janitzia , Gutierrez Marwin , da Rocha Castelar‐Pinheiro Geraldo , Richette Pascal , Pascual Eliseo , Fisher Mark C. , Burgos‐Vargas Ruben , Robinson Philip C. , Singh Jasvinder A. , Jansen Tim L. , Saag Kenneth G. , Slot Ole , Uhlig Tillmann , Solomon Daniel H. , Keenan Robert T. , Scire Carlo Alberto , Biernat‐Kaluza Edyta , Dehlin Mats , Nuki George , Schlesinger Naomi , Janssen Matthijs , Stamp Lisa K. , Sivera Francisca , Reginato Anthony M. , Jacobsson Lennart , Lioté Frédéric , Ea Hang‐Korng , Rosenthal Ann , Bardin Thomas , Choi Hyon K. , Hershfield Michael S. , Czegley Christine , Choi Sung Jae , Dalbeth Nicola 
Published: May 2018

ObjectiveThe language currently used to describe gout lacks standardization. The aim of this project was to develop a consensus statement on the labels and definitions used to describe the basic disease elements of gout.MethodsExperts in gout (n = 130) were invited to participate in a Delphi exercise and face‐to‐face consensus meeting to reach consensus on the labeling and definitions for the basic disease elements of gout. Disease elements and labels in current use were derived from a content analysis of the contemporary medical literature, and the results of this analysis were used for item selection in the Delphi exercise and face‐to‐face consensus meeting.ResultsThere were 51 respondents to the Delphi exercise and 30 attendees at the face‐to‐face meeting. Consensus agreement (≥80%) was achieved for the labels of 8 disease elements through the Delphi exercise; the remaining 3 labels reached consensus agreement through the face‐to‐face consensus meeting. The agreed labels were monosodium urate crystals, urate, hyperuric(a)emia, tophus, subcutaneous tophus, gout flare, intercritical gout, chronic gouty arthritis, imaging evidence of monosodium urate crystal deposition, gouty bone erosion, and podagra. Participants at the face‐to‐face meeting achieved consensus agreement for the definitions of all 11 elements and a recommendation that the label “chronic gout” should not be used.ConclusionConsensus agreement was achieved for the labels and definitions of 11 elements representing the fundamental components of gout etiology, pathophysiology, and clinical presentation. The Gout, Hyperuricemia, and Crystal‐Associated Disease Network recommends the use of these labels when describing the basic disease elements of gout.
Polyamide–surfactant interaction: Exploration of new avenues for reverse osmosis separation applications
Authors: Raval Hiren D. , Raviya Mayur R. , Rathod Harshad C. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThin‐film composite (TFC) RO membrane has got widespread acceptability for desalination and water reuse applications. A novel approach toward modification of surface of TFC RO membrane using surfactant (anionic, cationic, and nonionic) has been presented. Anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate, increased the water flux of TFC RO membrane up to 142% when TFC RO membrane was exposed to sodium hypochlorite solution of 2,000 mg/L for 2 hr followed by sodium dodecyl sulfate for 1 hr at pH 11. However, surface modification by cationic surfactant, that is, cetrimonium bromide resulted in decreased water flux. Boron rejection decreased to 87.31% when cetrimonium bromide of 500 mg/L was exposed after 2,000 mg/L sodium hypochlorite at pH 11 because of positive charge on the membrane surface. Nonionic surfactant Triton X‐100 exposure lower than critical micelle concentration, that is, 100 mg/L for 1 hr after sodium hypochlorite exposure of 2,000 mg/L for 2 hr, resulted in increased water flux of about 22%, however, on increasing surfactant concentration more than critical micelle concentration, that is, 4% with the same sodium hypochlorite pre‐exposure, resulted in 47.5% decline in water flux. Thus, surfactant can bind the top barrier layer of polyamide membrane to alter its performance.
Electronic and Defective Engineering of Electrospun CaMnO3 Nanotubes for Enhanced Oxygen Electrocatalysis in Rechargeable Zinc–Air Batteries
Authors: Peng Shengjie , Han Xiaopeng , Li Linlin , Chou Shulei , Ji Dongxiao , Huang Huangjiao , Du Yonghua , Liu Jian , Ramakrishna Seeram 
Published: May 2018

AbstractRational design and massive production of bifunctional catalysts with superior oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) activities are essential for developing metal–air batteries and fuel cells. Herein, controllable large‐scale synthesis of sulfur‐doped CaMnO3 nanotubes is demonstrated via an electrospinning technique followed by calcination and sulfurization treatment. The sulfur doping can not only replace oxygen atoms to increase intrinsic electrical conductivity but also introduce abundant oxygen vacancies to provide enough catalytically active sites, which is further demonstrated by density functional theory calculation. The resulting sulfur‐modified CaMnO3 (CMO/S) exhibits better electrocatalytic activity for ORR and OER in alkaline solution with higher stability performance than the pristine CMO. These results highlight the importance of sulfur treatment as a facile yet effective strategy to improve the ORR and OER catalytic activity of the pristine CaMnO3. As a proof‐of‐concept, a rechargeable Zn–air battery using the bifunctional catalyst exhibits a small charge–discharge voltage polarization, and long cycling life. Furthermore, a solid‐state flexible and rechargeable Zn–air battery gives superior discharge–charge performance and remarkable stability. Therefore, the CMO/S nanotubes might be a promising replacement to the Pt‐based electrocatalysts for metal–air batteries and fuel cells.
Highly Efficient Catalysts for Direct Arylation Polymerization (DArP)
Authors: Wakioka Masayuki , Ozawa Fumiyuki 
Published: May 2018

AbstractRecently, the palladium‐catalyzed direct arylation polymerization (DArP) has emerged as a viable alternative to conventional synthetic means of making π‐conjugated polymers based on catalytic cross‐coupling reactions. The DArP, which proceeds through C−H bond activation, has a distinct advantage over cross‐coupling polymerization in terms of fewer reaction steps and higher functional group tolerance. We have developed novel catalysts for DArP by using P(2‐MeOC6H4)3 (L1) and P(2‐Me2NC6H4)3 (L2) as ligands. Although common direct arylation catalysts require the use of strongly coordinating solvents such as DMA and DMF, our catalysts exhibit high activity in THF and toluene, which are good solvents for π‐conjugated polymers. Thus, we could realize the precise synthesis of highly head‐to‐tail regioregular poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (HT‐P3HT) and donor–acceptor type alternating copolymers (DA polymers) with well‐controlled structures through DArP.
Dual Roles of α,β‐Unsaturated Oximes in Copper Catalyzed [3+3] Cyclization: Construction of 2,4,6‐Trisubstituted Pyridines
Authors: Liu Jianming , Zhao Shufang , Yan Xuyang , Wang Zhixian , Zhang Yanyan , Zhao Peizheng , Fang Wenhan , Zhuo Kelei , Yue Yuanyuan 
Published: May 2018

AbstractA new approach to generate 2,4,6‐trisubstituted pyridines was successfully developed based on the cyclization of α,β‐unsaturated oximes catalyzed by copper(I). The method takes advantage of the inherent properties of α,β‐unsaturated oximes to generate pyridines. In this transformation, α,β‐unsaturated oximes play dual roles in the formation of nucleophilic copper(II) enamide and as the acceptor in the Michael addition.
The effect of aberrant expression and genetic polymorphisms of Rad21 on cervical cancer biology
Authors: Xia Li , Wang Minjie , Li Hongying , Tang Xiangjing , Chen Fei , Cui Jinquan 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe therapeutic challenge of advanced, recurrent, and refractory cervical cancer (CC) needs to develop new molecularly targeted drugs. Rad21 is an important regulatory gene that maintains the correct dissociation of sister chromatids during cell mitosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Rad21 on CC. Rad21 expression in CC and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia III was significantly increased. Women with the rs2289937 C genotype (CC+CT) of rs4570 and rs4579555 genotypes and haplotype 1 (TTTCAGGCGC) were significantly associated with CC risk, while women with low frequencies of haplotype 6 (TTTTAGGCGC) also increased the risk of CC.Rad21‐specific shRNA decreased cancerous cell proliferation, migration, and invasion and increased the proportion of cells in G2/M phase as well as sensitivity to radiation. The Rad21 influenced the expression of XPO1, CyclinB1, CDK1, P21, P27, and P53 through up‐and downregulating the Rad21 expression. The TCGA database of CC also showed that Rad21 expression was associated with poor disease survival and XPO1 expression. Moreover, the KEGG pathway indicated that Rad21 is broadly involved in the cell cycle and RNA transportation via XPO1. This suggests that Rad21 involves the development of cervical cancer possibly by participating in the regulation of cell cycle and the nuclear output of the tumor suppressor gene via XPO1.
Is this really just “fatigue”? A case series of immune‐related central adrenal insufficiency secondary to immune checkpoint inhibitors
Authors: Nagasaka Misako , Abdallah Nadine , Samantray Julie , Sukari Ammar 
Published: May 2018

Key Clinical MessageWhile immunotherapy with programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1) checkpoint inhibition has shown promising activity against many tumor types, adverse events are common. Hypophysitis is a rare but serious immune‐related event known to occur with anti‐PD1 inhibition. It will become more prevalent as the usage of checkpoint inhibitors increases.
Acylation of unprotected lactose with 1,18‐octadec‐9‐enedioyl chloride for the synthesis of monocatenary and bolaform agro‐based surfactants
Authors: Chorfa Nasima , Belkacemi Khaled , Arul Joseph , Hamoudi Safia 
Published: May 2018

AbstractAgro‐based surfactants have one of two hydrophilic or hydrophobic parts of vegetable origin. They can be produced from renewable and readily available resources. Carbohydrate fatty acid esters are non‐toxic, non‐ionic, and biodegradable agro‐based surfactants with applications in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries. In this work, the chemical synthesis of agro‐based surfactants through lactose acylation with 1,18‐octadec‐9‐enedioyl chloride (Acyl‐Cl) was investigated at room temperature. The acylation reaction proved to be regioselective to the primary hydroxyl group of the glucose‐moiety in the lactose molecule and was promoted by an excess of lactose to produce higher substituted derivatives. Acyl‐Cl conversion was ∼98 % after 1 h of reaction. The production of monocatenary agro‐based surfactant, mono‐lactose 1,18‐octadec‐9‐enoate, was favoured with a molar ratio lactose/Acyl‐Cl of 1 achieving a yield of 48 % after 20 min. Moreover, production of bolaform agro‐based surfactant, di‐lactose 1,18‐octadec‐9‐enedioate, was favoured with a molar ratio of 3 lactose/Acyl‐Cl with a yield of 33 % after 1 h of reaction. A one‐pot synthesis of agro‐based bolaform surfactant was successfully achieved for the first time in the open literature.Monocatenary and bolaform agro‐based surfactants were isolated by preparative liquid chromatography with high purity according to their chemical structure identification by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance. Their critical micellar concentration (12–9 μM) determined by fluorescence spectroscopy with pyrene used as a probe, and hydrophilic:lipophilic balance values (10.7–14.2) indicated that monocatenary and bolaform agro‐based surfactants can act as oils in water emulsion.
Continuous wave electron paramagnetic resonance of nitroxide biradicals in fluid solution
Authors: Eaton Sandra S. , Woodcock Lukas B. , Eaton Gareth R. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractNitroxide biradicals have been prepared with electron‐electron spin‐spin exchange interaction, J, ranging from weak to very strong. EPR spectra of these biradicals in fluid solution depend on the ratio of J to the nitrogen hyperfine coupling, AN, and the rates of interconversion between conformations with different values of J. For relatively rigid biradicals EPR spectra can be simulated as the superposition of AB splitting patterns arising from different combinations of nitrogen nuclear spin states. For more flexible biradicals spectra can be simulated with a Liouville representation of the dynamics that interconvert conformations with different values of J on the EPR timescale. Analysis of spectra, factors that impact J, and examples of applications to chemical and biophysical problems are discussed.
Finite element analysis of the influence of three‐joint spinal complex on the change of the intervertebral disc bulge and height
Authors: Szkoda‐Poliszuk Klaudia , Żak Małgorzata , Pezowicz Celina 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThis study evaluated the changes of height and bulging occurring in individual layers of the annulus fibrosus of the intervertebral disc for 3 load scenarios (axial compression, flexion, and extension). The numerical model of a single motion segment of the thoracic spine was analysed for 2 different configurations, ie, for the model of a physiological segment and a segment with the posterior column removed. In the physiological segment, all annulus fibrosus layers decrease in height regardless of the applied load, bulging outside the intervertebral disc. Removal of the posterior column increases mobility and disrupts the load transfer system, with the lamellae bulging into the intervertebral disc.
Pure Organic Persistent Room‐Temperature Phosphorescence at both Crystalline and Amorphous States
Authors: Zhang Tingting , Wang Xuan , An Zhongfu , Fang Zhiwei , Zhang Yongming , Yuan Wang Zhang 
Published: May 2018

AbstractPersistent room‐temperature phosphorescence (p‐RTP) of pure organic materials is attracting increasing attention. The design of efficient phosphors and understanding the origin of p‐RTP, however, remain challenging. Herein, to gain further insights into pure organic p‐RTP, we prepared a group of carbazole (CZ) and methyl benzoate (MBA) conjugates with a methyl ester unit at the para (4‐MBACZ), meta (3‐MBACZ), and ortho (2‐MBACZ) sites. These isomers merely produce prompt fluorescence in solutions, but generate blue prompt/delayed fluorescence (DF) and orange p‐RTP with lifetimes up to 865.2 ms in the crystalline state. Lifetimes of p‐RTP are in the order of 2‐MBACZ>3‐MBACZ>4‐MBACZ, which might be mainly ascribed to the combined effect of packing density, intermolecular interactions and steric hindrance. Meanwhile, upon mechanical grinding, while the emission color and profile of the luminogens do not significantly change, no (4‐MBACZ) or shortened (3‐MBACZ, 2‐MBACZ) p‐RTP is observed, accompanying the change from crystalline to amorphous states. Such p‐RTP at amorphous states without external hosts is rarely reported, which demonstrates important implications for the molecular design and mechanism understanding towards p‐RTP. Furthermore, their p‐RTP attribute and different emission colors before and after ceasing the UV irradiation endow them promising applications in encryption and anticounterfeiting fields.
Maternal depression and cortisol in pregnancy predict offspring emotional reactivity in the preschool period
Authors: Swales Danielle A. , Winiarski Dominika A. , Smith Alicia K. , Stowe Zachary N. , Newport D. Jeffrey , Brennan Patricia A. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractPrenatal exposures to higher levels of maternal cortisol and depression have been linked to a variety of adverse physiological, neurological, and behavioral outcomes, such as dysregulated cortisol production, structural and functional differences in limbic areas of the brain, and greater negative emotionality. This study investigated prospective associations between maternal prepartum depression/cortisol levels and offspring emotional reactivity in 163 mother–child pairs. Women were assessed repeatedly during pregnancy, and later participated in a laboratory visit with their preschool‐aged children. Mothers self‐reported on depressive symptomatology during pregnancy and provided saliva samples for cortisol assay. Offspring emotional reactivity was assessed through multiple measures, including caregiver reports, cortisol response following a stressor, and laboratory observations of behavior. The findings suggest potential prenatal timing effects, with depression and maternal cortisol measured in the first and second trimesters being more strongly associated with child emotional reactivity. Sex was found to moderate associations between maternal prepartum depression/cortisol and child emotional reactivity, with the general pattern reflecting positive associations in girls, and negative associations in boys.
The analytical challenges of cyclopropylfentanyl and crotonylfentanyl: An approach for toxicological analysis
Authors: Maher Shane , Elliott Simon P. , George Steve 
Published: May 2018

AbstractNew psychoactive substances (NPS) are increasingly being seen in forensic casework globally and encompass a number of types of drugs including “designer opioids”, especially fentanyl analogues, which are of particular concern due to their high potency and significant risk of toxicity. They are often sold as heroin or mixed with other illicit drugs and therefore users may be unaware they are taking such hazardous compounds. Two fentanyl analogues that have recently been detected are cyclopropylfentanyl and crotonylfentanyl. In order to accurately determine the prevalence of such compounds in clinical and forensic casework, including potential toxicity, they need to be correctly identified using definitive and defensible techniques. Cyclopropylfentanyl and crotonylfentanyl are structural isomers, and it has previously been highlighted that these 2 compounds are analytically difficult to specifically identify owing to their similarity in structure and chromatographic behaviour. To further investigate in an attempt to overcome this problem, analysis of certified reference material using high performance liquid chromatography with diode array UV detection (HPLC–DAD), liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS), and liquid chromatography–quadrupole time‐of‐flight–mass spectrometry (LC–QToF–MS) has been performed. Whilst the compounds were shown to have an identical mass‐spectral fragmentation pattern, they had different UV spectra. This was coupled with a discernible difference in retention time with the HPLC conditions applied, allowing differentiation of the 2 compounds. Using this approach, cyclopropylfentanyl was positively identified and subsequently quantified in 4 fatalities with the exclusion of crotonylfentanyl.
Functional divergence in nitrogen uptake rates explains diversity–productivity relationship in microalgal communities
Authors: Mandal Shovon , Shurin Jonathan B. , Efroymson Rebecca A. , Mathews Teresa J. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe relationship between biodiversity and productivity has emerged as a central theme in ecology. Mechanistic explanations for this relationship suggest that the role organisms play in the ecosystem (i.e., niches or functional traits) is a better predictor of ecosystem stability and productivity than taxonomic richness. Here, we tested the capacity of functional diversity in nitrogen uptake in experimental microalgal communities to predict the complementarity effect (CE) and selection effect (SE) of biodiversity on productivity. We grew five algal species as monocultures and as polycultures in pairwise combinations in homogeneous (ammonium, nitrate, or urea alone) and heterogeneous nitrogen (mixed nitrogen) environments to determine whether complementarity between species may be enhanced in heterogeneous environments. We show that the positive diversity effects on productivity in heterogeneous environments resulted from complementarity effects with no positive contribution by species‐specific SEs. Positive biodiversity effects in homogeneous environments, when present (nitrate and urea treatments but not ammonium), were driven both by CE and SE. Our results suggest that functional diversity increases species complementarity and productivity mainly in heterogeneous resource environments. These results provide evidence that the positive effect of functional diversity on community productivity depends on the diversity of resources present in the environment.