bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Medicaid enrollment among previously uninsured Americans and associated outcomes by race/ethnicity—United States, 2008‐2014
Authors: Winkelman Tyler N. A. , Segel Joel E. , Davis Matthew M. 
Published: November 2018

ObjectivesTo examine the person‐level impact of Medicaid enrollment on costs, utilization, access, and health across previously uninsured racial/ethnic groups.Data SourceMedical Expenditure Panel Survey, 2008‐2014.Study DesignWe pooled multiple 2‐year waves of data to examine the direct impact of Medicaid enrollment among uninsured Americans. We compared changes in outcomes among nonpregnant, uninsured individuals who gained Medicaid (N = 963) to those who remained uninsured (N = 9784) using a difference‐in‐differences analysis.Principal FindingsMedicaid enrollment was associated with significant increases in total health care costs and total prescription drug costs and a significant decrease in out‐of‐pocket costs. Among those who gained Medicaid, prescription drug use increased significantly relative to those who remained uninsured. Medicaid enrollment was also associated with a significant increase in reporting a usual source of care, a decrease in foregone care, and significant improvements in severe psychological distress. Changes in total prescription drug costs and total prescription drug fills differed significantly across each racial/ethnic group.ConclusionsAmong a national sample of uninsured individuals, Medicaid enrollment was associated with substantial favorable changes in out‐of‐pocket costs, prescription drug use, and access to care. Our findings suggest Medicaid is an important tool to reduce insurance‐related disparities among Americans.
Native title and the politics of rejection: beyond the post‐political binary of consensus and dissensus in urban Aboriginal activism
Authors: Cox Shaphan , Jones Tod 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThis paper uses a settler colonial lens to highlight the limits of the post‐political while interrogating aspects of Indigenous politics and assertions of sovereignty in Perth, Western Australia. One of the ways in which Indigenous rights to urban space are being practiced in cities is through native title claims and negotiated settlements. In the south‐west of Western Australia, including in the capital city of Perth, native title negotiations have been characterised by protracted and acrimonious divisions between the Nyoongar custodians of the area and the State. Among members of the Indigenous population, highly publicised oppositional politics have also been constructed in the mainstream media between the South West Aboriginal Land and Sea Council and the Nyoongar Tent Embassy. In this paper, we analyse how they have been represented in media discourse and consider how both groups seek to articulate a politics of rejection of the settler colonial logic of elimination. We highlight the dangers that arise if and when researchers are seduced into adjudication on which group is properly political. Our aim is to demonstrate how the current native title regime disavows Indigenous sovereignty, which leads us to advance certain ways in which to understand the spatial effects of this politics of rejection and opposition to assertions of Indigenous sovereignty.
A dietetic clinical educator enhances the experience and assessment of clinical placement
Authors: Weber Katrina , Carter Brie , Jenkins Gemma , Jamieson Janica 
Published: November 2018

AimThe aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of a Clinical Educator model on the learning experience and environment for students, preceptors and managers.MethodsA Clinical Educator position was established for the 10‐week dietetic clinical placement at Edith Cowan University. The Clinical Educator was responsible for overseeing the placement and assisting in the supervision of students. A qualitative descriptive approach using focus groups with purposive sampling explored the research question. Students (n = 10), preceptors (n = 21) and managers (n = 3) participated in separate focus groups. Data were thematically analysed with consideration given to participant and focus group commonalities and differences.ResultsThe findings revealed that the Clinical Educator (i) reduced the logistical burden of student placements and improved time efficiency; (ii) facilitated student assessment within a programme of assessment; (iii) was uniquely positioned to provide support and enhance student confidence; and (iv) enhanced capacity to manage underperforming and challenging students.ConclusionsThe Clinical Educator model increased student confidence, facilitated quality assessment and supported the management of underperforming students. This was achieved by reducing the burden of clinical placements, facilitating effective and timely communication between stakeholders and supporting the establishment of meaningful relationships which enriched learning. The results highlight the importance of the people involved in placement to facilitate a positive student learning environment and high quality assessment.
Exploring the role of fishers knowledge in assessing marine megafauna bycatch: insights from the Peruvian longline artisanal fishery
Authors: Ayala L. , Ortiz M. , Gelcich S. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractNovel approaches are required to estimate the bycatch associated with artisanal fisheries. Foremost among these is the use of fisher knowledge (FK). An interview survey was conducted in ports along 2631 km of the Peruvian coast to assess the spatial patterns and bycatch rates of marine megafauna of the artisanal longline fishery and its relation with vessel characteristics and fishing operations. The survey allowed the assessment of 18% of the fleet, while only 1% of the Peruvian longline fleet has been monitored with on board observations in the past. The results indicate that big vessels (higher capacity, longline length and number of hooks) that travel long distances (average distance to coast: 123 nm) mainly catch turtles and show a small amount of seabird bycatches in north‐central Peru. Small vessels especially impact turtles in southern Peru and near the coast (63 nm on average). Contrary to previously published information, which indicates a low level of cetacean bycatch in this fishery, a group of fishers reported more than 1000 cetaceans were incidentally captured in 2009. Using FK allowed to integrate different sources of information and scale the implications of artisanal fisheries in terms of bycatch. FK could further be used to help managers deal with the uncertainties in the dynamics of these generally data‐ poor social‐ecological systems.
Evaluation of fetal fibronectin for threatened preterm labour in reducing inappropriate interventions
Authors: Mahomed Kassam , Anwar Sonia , Geer Jessika E. , Ballard Emma , Okano Satomi 
Published: November 2018

BackgroundPreterm birth is associated with significant perinatal morbidity and mortality. The fetal fibronectin test (fFN) is used to manage women presenting with threatened preterm labour (TPTL).AimTo evaluate the use of fFN in women presenting with TPTL with regard to hospital admission, tertiary hospital transfer and use of tocolytics and steroids in our hospital, against recommended guidelines. The ability of fFN <10 ng/mL, 10–49 ng/mL, 50–199 ng/mL and >200 ng/mL to predict outcome was also examined.Material and MethodsThis was a single‐centre retrospective study from January 2015 to June 2017. All women who presented to Ipswich hospital, a level two facility for births at >32 weeks of gestation, between 23 and 346 weeks of gestation with TPTL and who had fFN tests were included in the study.ResultsFetal fibronectin <50 ng/mL had a negative predictive value of 93.5% (95% CI 86.5–97.1). Despite this assurance, one in four presentations resulted in hospital admission and nearly one in ten in steroids and tocolysis administration. Birth <34 weeks was 0% for fFN <10 and 2% for women with fFN levels <200 ng/mL compared to nearly 30% for levels >200 ng/mL.ConclusionThere is noncompliance with use of fFN to its full potential. This small study also provides support for the use of a 200 ng/mL cut‐off fFN level for birth <34 weeks. This would avoid the need to transfer to a tertiary facility many women who present with TPTL.
Is it Possible to Implant HeartMate 3 Less Invasively? New Pump, New Approach
Authors: Kocabeyoglu Sinan Sabit , Kervan Umit , Sert Dogan Emre , Unal Ertekin Utku , Demirkan Burcu , Guray Yesim , Aygun Emre , Beyazal Osman Fehmi , Karahan Mehmet , Pac Mustafa 
Published: November 2018

AbstractHeartMate 3 (HM3) left ventricular assist device (LVAD) is a compact, intrapericardial, centrifugal flow pump with a fully magnetically levitated rotor and a wide range of operation (2–10 L/min) to accommodate a broad range of clinical needs. We analyzed our experience with Heartware VAD (HVAD) and HM3 implantation through minimally invasive left thoracotomy (MILT) and upper minimal J sternotomy. Between March 2015 and October 2016, 31 patients who underwent LVAD implantation through MILT were included in this study. Twenty‐three patients had HVAD (Group A) implantation, whereas 8 patients had HM3 (Group B). To compare outcomes of these pumps, measures were; mortality, cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) time, duration of mechanical ventilatory support, blood loss and transfusion, intensive care unit (ICU) stay, right ventricular failure (RVF) and requirement of support with temporary devices, stroke, pump thrombosis, gastrointestinal bleeding and driveline infection rates. Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support profiles, Pennsylvania and Michigan Risk Scores, right ventricular stroke work index and central venous pressure/pulmonary capillary wedge pressure ratio did not differ between these two groups. There was no difference in the length of ICU stay (P = 0.056), post‐operative blood product administration (P = 0.701), total time on mechanical ventilation (P = 0.386), RVF (P = 1) or duration of CPB (P = 0.836). In‐hospital cerebrovascular event rate was 13% in Group A and 0% in Group B, respectively. The HM3 assist system can be successfully implanted with minimally invasive techniques. This technique has proved to be safe and reproducible, with good clinical outcomes. Further, large collaborative studies are needed to identify the advantages of this approach.
Ethical Decision Making and Psychological Entitlement
Authors: Thomason Stephanie , Brownlee Amy 
Published: November 2018

AbstractJob candidates who possess characteristics likely to result in organizationally desired outcomes are valuable, yet not always easily identified. Offering validation support for selection tools that organizations can use to identify such candidates is therefore important. The present study examines the construct of psychological entitlement to determine if it can be used to identify individuals who are more likely to make sound ethical judgments in organizations. Specifically, we examine the relationship between psychological entitlement and ethical decision making, positing that individuals with high levels of psychological entitlement are more likely to make less ethical decisions and to use less ethical upward influence tactics than those with opposing characteristics. We administered a survey to 174 participants using the Multidimensional Ethics Scale, the Subordinate Influence Ethics Scale, and the Psychological Entitlement Scale. To test our hypotheses, we used hierarchical multiple regression. Results suggest that individuals with high levels of psychological entitlement are more likely to consider unethical actions as ethical, given several scenarios. In addition, individuals with high levels of psychological entitlement are more likely to consider self‐serving and maliciously‐intended upward influence tactics as acceptable when used to advance in an organization. They are also less likely to consider pro‐organizational upward influence tactics to be acceptable when used to advance in organizations.
Choroidal morphology under pachydrusen
Authors: Baek Jiwon , Lee Jae Hyung , Chung Byung‐Joo , Lee Kook , Lee Won Ki 
Published: November 2018

ImportanceTo reveal choroidal morphological profiles under pachydrusen.BackgroundDrusen in pachychoroid disorders show certain differences from conventional drusen and are recently named as “pachydrusen.” This study analysed the specific choroidal morphology under pachydrusen.DesignThis study is a cross‐sectional case series.ParticipantsEnrolled were 136 eyes with pachydrusen from 134 patients.MethodsThe presence of pachydrusen in fundus area covered by a 12 × 9 mm2 optical coherence tomography (OCT) image was accessed in eyes with pachychoroid‐related diseases or their fellow eyes using colour fundus photography and swept source OCT. Choroidal morphology under the pachydrusen was analysed using OCT B‐scans and en face images.Main Outcome MeasuresChoroidal thicknesses and topographical correlation between pachydrusen and pachyvessels.ResultsA total of 225 pachydrusen in 136 eyes were analysed. The mean number of pachydrusen was 1.65 ± 1.07 per eye. Most pachydrusen were located para‐ or perifoveally (37 subfoveal, 86 parafoveal and 102 perifoveal). The proportion of Haller's layer to total choroidal thickness was higher at the area of the pachydrusen compared to the subfovea (0.881 ± 0.081 vs 0.765 ± 0.111, P < 0.001). In multimodal image analysis, 90.1% of pachydrusen identified using fundus photography and OCT B‐scan were located at the area of a dilated Haller vessel (pachyvessel) seen on en face images.Conclusions and RelevanceChoroidal morphology under the pachydrusen showed increased Haller's layer thickness with an attenuated choriocapillaris layer, which is the hallmark of pachychoroid definition. Topographically, their locations correlated with the underlying pachyvessel.
Lesional upregulation of SLURP1 immunostaining parallels disease severity in psoriasis vulgaris patients
Authors: Assaf Magda , Salah Eman 
Published: November 2018

SummaryBackground and objectivesThe exact pathogenesis of psoriasis is still unclear. SLURP1 is vital for the normal differentiation of keratinocytes, and could therefore be involved in psoriasis. In this study we investigated the immunohistochemical staining reaction of SLURP1 in psoriasis vulgaris patients and its possible relation to disease pathogenesis.Patients and Methods20 patients with psoriasis vulgaris, 20 patients with psoriasiform dermatitis and 20 normal skin samples were studied. Psoriasis severity was measured with a combination of PASI and DLQI scores. Lesional and non‐lesional sites were biopsied for each psoriasis patient. A single biopsy sample was taken for cases with psoriasiform dermatitis and for controls. All sections were immunostained for SLURP1 according to the manufacturer’s protocol.ResultsSignificant differences were noted in SLURP1 immunostaining between lesional and non‐lesional biopsies of psoriasis patients and between lesional biopsies of psoriasis patients and lesional sites of psoriasiform dermatitis. However, the differences between non‐lesional biopsies of psoriasis patients and normal controls were not significant. Furthermore, the grading of SLURP1 immunostaining paralleled the degree of psoriasis severity.ConclusionsSLURP1 immunostaining is significantly increased in lesional skin of psoriasis vulgaris and not in psoriasiform dermatitis, which demonstrates the role of SLURP1 in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. SLURP1 could be used as a biological marker for psoriasis severity, and this hypothesis warrants further investigation.
Bullöse Autoimmundermatosen
Authors: Hofmann Silke C. , Juratli Hazem A. , Eming Rüdiger 
Published: November 2018

ZusammenfassungBullöse Autoimmundermatosen werden pathophysiologisch verursacht durch Autoantikörper gegen Adhäsionsmoleküle oder Strukturproteine der Haut und Schleimhaut, woraus klinisch meist die Entwicklung von Blasen (Bullae) resultiert. Abhängig von den jeweiligen Zielproteinen der Autoimmunreaktion und deren Lokalisation in der Haut werden intraepidermale (Pemphigus‐Gruppe), junktionale (Pemphigoid‐Gruppe) und subepidermale (Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita, Dermatitis herpetiformis Duhring) bullöse Autoimmundermatosen unterschieden.Die häufigste bullöse Autoimmundermatose ist das bullöse Pemphigoid, eine klinisch vielgestaltige, stark juckende Erkrankung des höheren Alters, deren Inzidenz in den letzten Jahren stark zugenommen hat. Während beim bullösen Pemphigoid Schleimhautläsionen in weniger als 30 % der Patienten vorkommen, zeichnet sich die zweithäufigste bullöse Autoimmundermatose, der Pemphigus vulgaris, durch prädominante und meist als erstes Symptom auftretende Erosionen der Mundschleimhaut sowie einen Beginn in der 4.–6. Lebensdekade aus. Eine Vernarbung findet sich häufig bei den subepidermal bullösen Autoimmundermatosen, insbesondere der Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita, aber auch beim Schleimhautpemphigoid.Die Diagnose basiert auf der Zusammenschau von Klinik, Histologie, direkter und indirekter Immunfluoreszenz und serologischem Nachweis der Autoantikörper. Trotz einiger neuerer kontrollierter Studien fußt die Therapie bullöser Autoimmundermatosen überwiegend auf klinischen Erfahrungen. Eingesetzt werden topische und systemische Glukokortikosteroide sowie adjuvante Immunsuppressiva, bei Therapieresistenz auch das Verfahren der Immunadsorption, intravenöse Immunglobuline oder der monoklonale CD20‐Antikörper Rituximab.
rWind: download, edit and include wind data in ecological and evolutionary analysis
Authors: Fernández‐López Javier , Schliep Klaus 
Published: November 2018

1) Wind connectivity has been identified as a key factor driving many biological processes.2) Existing software available for managing wind data are often overly complex for studying many ecological processes and cannot be incorporated into a broad framework.3) Here we present rWind, an R language package to download and manage surface wind data from the Global Forecasting System and to compute wind connectivity between locations.4) Data obtained with rWind can be used in a general framework for analysis of biological processes to develop hypotheses about the role of wind in driving ecological and evolutionary patterns.
Behavioural modification of a social spider by a parasitoid wasp
Authors: Fernandez‐Fournier Philippe , Straus Samantha , Sharpe Ruth , Avilés Leticia 
Published: November 2018

1. Manipulation of host behaviour by parasitoids has long captured the imagination of ecologists. Parasitoid wasps in the Polysphincta group of genera develop as external parasitoids of spiders.2. In the present study, the previously undescribed interaction between a Zatypota sp. wasp (Ichneumonidae) and a social spider Anelosimus eximius (Theridiidae) is described. The larva of this Zatypota wasp is found to induce its host to disperse from their communal web and build an entirely enclosed web consisting of densely spun silk.3. The wasp is observed to target primarily immature A. eximius individuals, with 37.5–44% of nests in a given area being parasitised. Of those nests, approximately 1.3–2.0% of individuals are hosts to the parasitoid larvae. Larger spider colonies had a significantly higher probability of harbouring parasitoids.4. This interaction results in unusual behaviours for A. eximius induced by the parasitoid: (i) leaving the protection of the social nest and (ii) building a unique, altered web that it would not otherwise build.It is suggested that the wasp may be tapping into ancestral dispersal behaviours in its host and that a social species provides this wasp an evolutionary advantage by allowing a stable host source.
Foraging traits of native predators determine their vulnerability to a toxic alien prey
Authors: Kazila Evangelia , Kishida Osamu 
Published: November 2018

Abstract

Vulnerability to toxic alien prey varies among native predator species, depending on their toxin resistance. Although foraging traits relating to the intake of prey are also likely to influence predator vulnerability to toxic alien prey, these traits have received little attention. To address this issue, we studied the toxic impacts of an alien prey species (Bufo japonicus formosus toad hatchlings) on a carnivorous and an omnivorous native amphibian species (Hynobius retardatus salamander larvae and Rana pirica frog tadpoles, respectively) that both feed on alien B. japonicus formosus toad hatchlings.

First, we designed a mesocosm and an aquarium experiment to evaluate the impact of B. japonicus formosus on the survival of native amphibians under various alien prey densities and predation regimes. Second, we performed several additional laboratory experiments to clarify specific processes of native amphibian mortality in the presence of the alien B. japonicus formosus toad hatchlings.

We found that both native amphibian species were impacted by the alien B. japonicus formosus toad hatchlings. Interestingly, R. pirica frog tadpoles were more affected than H. retardatus salamander larvae, partly due to their lower toxin resistance and their higher toad consumption rate. Most importantly, omnivorous foraging traits (i.e., food sharing and carcass consumption) demonstrated by R. pirica frog tadpoles, but not by the strictly carnivorous H. retardatus salamander larvae, rendered the former particularly vulnerable to the toxic B. japonicus formosus toad hatchlings.

This is the first study suggesting that species‐specific foraging traits such as food‐sharing and carcass consumption can determine predator vulnerability to toxic alien prey. This study emphasises the importance of investigating a wider array of predator traits as factors that determine their vulnerability to toxic alien prey. By doing so, we can understand what types of native species are strongly impacted by toxic alien prey and predict the ecological consequences of toxic species invasion.
Protected areas act as a buffer against detrimental effects of climate change—Evidence from large‐scale, long‐term abundance data
Authors: Lehikoinen Petteri , Santangeli Andrea , Jaatinen Kim , Rajasärkkä Ari , Lehikoinen Aleksi 
Published: November 2018

AbstractClimate change is driving species to shift their distributions toward high altitudes and latitudes, while habitat loss and fragmentation may hamper species ability to follow their climatic envelope. These two drivers of change may act in synergy, with particularly disastrous impacts on biodiversity. Protected areas, PAs, may thus represent crucial buffers against the compounded effects of climate change and habitat loss. However, large‐scale studies assessing the performance of PAs as such buffers remain scarce and are largely based on species occurrence data. Conversely, abundance data have proven to be more reliable for addressing changes in wildlife populations under climate change. We evaluated changes in bird abundance from the 1970s–80s to the 2000s inside and outside PAs at the trailing range edge of 30 northern bird species and at the leading range edge of 70 southern species. Abundances of retracting northern species were higher and declined less inside PAs at their trailing range edge. The positive effect of PAs on bird abundances was particularly marked in northern species that rely strongly on PAs, that is, their density distribution is largely confined within PAs. These species were nearly absent outside PAs in the 2000s. The abundances of southern species were in general lower inside PAs and increased less from the 70s–80s to 2000s. Nonetheless, species with high reliance on PAs had much higher abundances inside than outside PAs in the 2000s. These results show that PAs are essential in mitigating the retraction of northern species, but also facilitate northward expansions of southern species highly reliant on PAs. Our study provides empirical evidence documenting the role of PAs in facilitating species to adjust to rapidly changing climatic conditions, thereby contributing to the mitigation of impending biodiversity loss. PAs may thus allow time for initiating wider conservation programs on currently unprotected land.