bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Drunk on Rhythm
Authors: Sloan Nate , Harding Charlie , Gottlieb Iris 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Chapter 9 analyzes Kendrick Lamar’s “Swimming Pools (Drank),” a cautionary tale of alcohol abuse that musicalizes its topic through the dissociative effect of syncopation. Lamar and producer T-Minus accomplish the feat with two techniques borrowed from trap music: a triplet-rhythm rap flow popularized by artists like Migos, and super-syncopated, “rattling” hi-hats that seem to break loose from organized time altogether. The sensuality of “Swimming Pools” is so alluring that it serves both as a critique of addiction and as a testament to how compelling escape from sobriety can be. By expressing this duality through syncopation and temporal dissociation, Lamar creates sensual pleasures for listeners akin to a high.
Music Takes You Higher
Authors: Sloan Nate , Harding Charlie , Gottlieb Iris 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Chapter 10 discusses Beyoncé’s “Love on Top.” The track is one of the most uplifting songs of the twenty-first century, its success is built on a retro, 1990s musical aesthetic: chord progressions and instruments borrowed from the new jack swing of New Edition; vocal runs in homage to Whitney Houston; and the old-school musical technique of modulation in which Beyoncé and her producers raise the entire key of the song, literally “lifting up” every pitch and harmony. “Love on Top” does not just have one modulation, but five, an acrobatic feat giving Beyoncé a strong claim to being the hardest-working artist in modern pop.
The Performance of Identity
Authors: Sloan Nate , Harding Charlie , Gottlieb Iris 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
No one knew what to make of Britney Spears at the turn of the twenty-first century, perhaps because she performed so many conflicting identities: innocence and maturity, purity and dissolution, naiveté and self-awareness. While her public image has dominated this narrative, decidedly less attention has been paid to how Spears expresses multiple identities through her music. In “Oops! . . . I Did it Again,” discussed in Chapter 11, she creates contradictory personae by exploiting an ancient feature of Western music: counterpoint, which lets an audience hear two independent melodies at the same time. Though the two melodies make beautiful music together, neither represents the “real” melody—just as audiences could never know the “real” Britney Spears.
Shock, Awe, and Synthesis
Authors: Sloan Nate , Harding Charlie , Gottlieb Iris 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Dubstep is one of the most polarizing of musical styles, but not for any graphic lyrics or hypersexuality—its power to unsettle is located in its bold digital timbres. Digital audio workstations (DAWs) give Skrillex and other producers the ability to create new sounds and manipulate existing ones until they are unrecognizable, using a few mouse clicks and keyboard taps. Reverb and filters are two other tools the DAW can add to the mix. “Scary Monsters and Nice Sprites,” discussed in Chapter 13, is a modern tone poem that takes listeners on a timbral journey from lightness to darkness, each sound carefully sculpted for maximum shock and awe.
Finding Home in the Harmonic Diaspora
Authors: Sloan Nate , Harding Charlie , Gottlieb Iris 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Chapter 14 listens to Lusi Fonsi and Daddy Yankee’s “Despacito,” which reinvigorated the market for Latin pop and mainstreamed the sound of reggaetón for a new generation, hybridizing new and classic forms of Puerto Rican music into an international smash hit. The song’s success is due in part to a more subtle feature: its use of a classic chord progression called the Axis, which has the unique property of being able to generate two tonal homes at once. It is impossible to say whether “Despacito” is in a major key or a minor key, a pleasantly disorienting effect that also sets to music the migratory identities of its composers.
Civil Action in the Syrian Conflict
Authors: Pearlman Wendy 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The Syrian conflict stands as the most brutally violent conflict of the twenty-first century. Yet it also witnessed an unprecedented blossoming of nonviolent civil action. During the early months of the unarmed uprising that began in March 2011, a network of local grass-roots committees formed to coordinate and sustain nonviolent street demonstrations; citizen journalists documented events; and communities mobilized to provide medical relief. As the Assad regime responded to dissent with repression and the opposition took up arms, a multidimensional war and humanitarian catastrophe propelled new forms of civil action, including rescue services and the building of institutions of self-governance and service provision in rebel-controlled areas. Syrian civil action groups were not more successful than the international community in bringing an end to the war. Yet they played important roles in alleviating some of the effects of violence, monitoring human rights violations, and even shaping the behavior of armed groups.
The Adversity and Empathy of Emma Goldman
Authors: Bennett Nolan 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Chapter 4 examines how Emma Goldman wrote her 1931 Living My Life to challenge the state authority that had deported her during the first Red Scare, turning inward before a global audience to analyze experiences in the family, factory, anarchist circles, prison, and in nursing. Through autobiography Goldman theorized two approaches to antiauthoritarian politics. Whereas an adversarial approach aimed to emancipate the people through targeting and removing agents of oppression, empathy would raise awareness of the people that suffer structural injustice. The chapter traces this shift in anarchist politics across Goldman’s descriptions of her assistance with the attempted murder of Henry Clay Frick and her response to the assassination of President William McKinley. Recognizing Goldman’s claim of experience elevates Living My Life among her anarcha-feminist essays and speeches, and it explains why she revealed her previously secret involvement with the attack on Frick though it made difficult her return to the United States.
Conclusion
Authors: Bennett Nolan 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
How should we understand claims of experience today? This conclusion reviews the underlying precarity of bearing witness evident throughout the book and in contemporary politics. Claims of experience are inherently tentative and risky: they are open to revision, may be misunderstood, or may be received by unintended audiences in unanticipated ways. This chapter proposes that we see these possibilities as not flaws but features of claims of experience. The book concludes with a call: we should acknowledge the diverse forms that claims take in contemporary politics and the diverse goals they seek, for we are responsible for what democratic politics we make of a person’s life and our own lives.
Mobilization and Conflict in Multiethnic States
Authors: Vogt Manuel 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Why are ethnic movements more likely to turn violent in some multiethnic countries than in others? Focusing on the long-term legacies of European colonialism, this book presents two ideal-typical logics of ethnic group mobilization—one of violent competition and another of nonviolent emancipatory opposition. The book’s theory first explains why ethnic grievances are translated into either violent or nonviolent forms of conflict as a function of distinct ethnic cleavage types, resulting from different colonial experiences. Violent intergroup conflict is least likely where settler colonialism resulted in persistent stratification, with ethnic groups organized as ethnoclasses. Such stratified societies are characterized by an equilibrium of inequality, in which historically marginalized groups lack both the organizational strength and the opportunities for armed rebellion. In contrast, where colonialism and decolonization divided ethnic groups into segmented, unranked subsocieties that feature distinct socioeconomic and cultural institutions, ethnic mobilization is more likely to trigger violent conflict. Second, the theory links this structural explanation to the political actors at the heart of ethnic movements—in particular, ethnic organizations. It elucidates how these organizations fuel the risk of civil conflict in segmented unranked societies, but peacefully promote the empowerment of historically marginalized groups in stratified societies. The book draws on an innovative mixed-methods design that combines large-n statistical analyses—using new data on the linguistic and religious segmentation of ethnic groups, as well as on ethnic organizations—with case studies based on original field research in four different countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America.
“Down down with military rule”
Authors: Holmes Amy Austin 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
After Hosni Mubarak stepped down, Egypt was ruled by the Supreme Council of Armed Forces (SCAF). During this time, a new form of antimilitarist activism emerged for the first time in Egyptian history. Of the three waves of antigovernment uprisings, this one was perhaps the most revolutionary: the goal was not to topple a single person or to hold elections but rather to dismantle the entrenched power of the armed forces. This chapter offers insights into these groups that fall in between the Muslim Brotherhood/military dichotomy. Many of these groups were led by women. After Mubarak was ousted, certain private companies celebrated the revolution in their advertising, but opposition to the SCAF was never commercialized. Despite egregious human rights abuses committed under the SCAF, neither the business elite nor the United States ever withdrew support from the military junta. However, the SCAF did lose popular support, evidenced when mass protests emerged in July during the Tahrir sit-in, and then again during the Battle of Mohamed Mahmoud in November–December 2011.
“Sisi is a Killer”
Authors: Holmes Amy Austin 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The first year of the counterrevolution under interim President Adly Mansour is covered in chapter 6. In contrast to the period of the Supreme Council of Armed Forces, when men in uniform ruled Egypt, after the ouster of President Mohamed Morsi the authorities created a semblance of civilian rule, installing a civilian interim president, a civilian vice president, and a civilian prime minister. Nonetheless, there was no civilian control of the armed forces. The goal during the first wave of the counterrevolution was not only to eliminate the Muslim Brotherhood from politics but also to crush any group that could mobilize for street protests, regardless of ideology. It was the bloodiest period in modern Egyptian history. After carrying out numerous massacres of the Muslim Brotherhood, the state turned to secular and independent activists next. The Protest Law passed in November 2013 essentially criminalized even small and entirely peaceful protests. The regime was slowly able to regain control of the streets and university campuses. The nature of the coup determined the nature of the crackdown: precisely because it was a “coup from below,” characterized by mass protests that reached deep and wide into Egyptian society, the crackdown had to reach this extent as well.
How to Reconcile Human Rights, Trade Law, Intellectual Property, Investment and Health Law?
Authors: Petersmann Ernst-Ulrich 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This article on the legal findings of the four WTO panel reports of June 2018 on Australia’s tobacco plain packaging (TPP) measures begins with a discussion of the ‘systemic interpretation’ challenges (section I) and ‘legitimacy challenges’ of WTO panel interpretations of trade rules that affect also related disputes over intellectual property rights, health rights, investment regulations and human rights (section II). Section III summarizes the main Panel findings that the TPP measures are apt to, and do make a meaningful contribution to Australia’s objective of reducing the use of, and exposure to, tobacco products; the claimants have not demonstrated that the TPP measures are ‘more trade-restrictive than necessary to fulfil a legitimate objective’ in violation of Article 2.2 of the WTO Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT). Section IV summarizes the Panel findings that the complainants did not demonstrate that the TPP measures were inconsistent with the WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). Section V concludes.
The Citizen and the State: A Paradoxical Relation
Authors: Thornhill Chris 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This article argues that modern states and modern societies were formed through the construction of citizenship as a pattern of social attachment, membership and legal norm formation. Citizenship originally developed as a principle that removed feudal legal orders from society, and it underpinned the processes of territorial unification, institution building, centralized integration and democratic participation that characterize modern nation states and national societies. However, the article argues that, both at the functional level and at the normative level, the trajectories contained in national citizenship were not fully realized within national societies, defined by national legal orders. It was only as a system of global legal norms emerged outside national societies, shaping inner-societal patterns of and institutional construction and norm formation, that the basic potentials of national citizenship were fully realized.
Under Construction
Authors: Seatzu Francesco 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Although compelled by both political and trade necessities, negotiations for the Euro-Mediterranean Free Trade Area (EMFTA) have been problematic and lengthy. This free trade area is to encompass the countries around the Mediterranean, including non-EU member countries, and it was foreseen in the 1995 Barcelona Declaration as one of the key elements of the Euro Mediterranean Partnership (EMP). After over fifteen years of negotiations and the creation of closer commercial relations between EU Member States and the states of the southern side of the Mediterranean through the conclusion of several Euro-Mediterranean Association Agreements (AAs) and Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreements (DCFTAs) between 1998 and 2012‏, there is a lot at stake for the EU and the MPCs in the results of these deliberations. This work aims to examine these issues, with particular reference to the most recent progress, if any, made in the decade long negotiation process of EMFTA, and seeks to identify the best way forward.
Demilitarizing Palestine
Authors: René Beres Louis 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
In principle, at least, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has made his country’s acceptance of Palestinian statehood contingent upon prior Palestinian “demilitarization.” This expressed contingency, however, is potentially contrary to pertinent international law, especially those norms regarding any sovereign state’s peremptory rights to self-defense. It follows, as this article will clarify, that potentially a new Palestinian state could permissibly abrogate any pre-independence commitments it had once made to remain demilitarized, and that reciprocally Israel ought never base its related security expectations upon any such mutable diplomatic promises. Ultimately most important, as the article concludes, is that national leaders all over the world finally begin to take seriously the organic “oneness” of our world legal order, and accordingly look toward identifying some promisingly coherent replacements for our time-dishonored Realpolitik or “Westphalian” world system.
Introductory Note
Authors: Treves Tullio 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This Note focuses on the Judgment handed out by a special Chamber of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) in a dispute concerning delimitation of maritime areas between Ghana and Cote d’Ivoire. This is the only decision of substance of ITLOS during 2017. Among the elements of particular interests of the Judgment the following should be noted. First, the consideration and rejection of the argument that oil concession practice may constitute a tacit agreement. Second, the reliance, however limited to this case, as regards delimitation of the territorial sea on the same methodology used for the delimitation of the exclusive economic zone and the continental shelf, namely, the equidistance/relevant circumstances methodology. Third, the distinction between the function of the Chamber in delimiting the continental shelf beyond 200 nm and that of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf in delineating the outer limits of the shelf. Fourth, the examination of the question of whether the Chamber had jurisdiction to decide on questions of responsibility, and of the applicability of customary international law thereto. Fifth, the statement that to adjudicate on the claim that Ghana had contravened the Chamber’s Order on provisional measures belonged to the Chamber’s “inherent competence”. Sixth, the analysis of the regime of contested areas in light of Article 83 of UNCLOS.
Introductory Note
Authors: Nieto-Navia Rafael 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, which is the official name of the ICTY, officially shuttered its operations on 31 December 2017, and all its remaining functions were transferred to the International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals (the Mechanism). The ICTY issued two judgments in 2017, which are reviewed here. The Trial Chamber issued the decision on Prosecutor v. Ratko MLADIĆ; the Appeals Chamber issued the decision on the PRLIĆ et al. case. The Mechanism has three final cases under its consideration.
Introductory Note
Authors: Tizzano Antonio 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The Introductory Note describes the main developments of 2017 with regard to the functioning and the organization of the Court of Justice of the European Union, as well as to its case-law. The Court of Justice and the General Court of the European Union were confronted with many delicate legal questions pertaining to all aspects of EU law. The Introductory Note provides for an overview of the most important judgments that were delivered in 2017, in an array of legal domains, including rights and obligations of third-country migrants, fundamental rights, rules of competition and internal market, common commercial policy and common foreign and security policy.
Introductory Note
Authors: Ferrer Mac-Gregor Poisot Eduardo 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
During 2017, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights issued ten judgments in contentious cases, four interpretations of previous judgments, and two advisory opinions. It was a year in which the Court issued several landmark cases. For the first time, it declared a violation of Article 26 of the American Convention, which enshrines economic, social, cultural, and environmental rights (ESCER). The Court also declared the right to a healthy environment as an autonomous right under Article 26, and developed its jurisprudence on the rights of LGBTI persons, particularly with respect to marriage equality, gender identity and gender expression. The Court also tackled a variety of other issues, such as the need to duly investigate sexual violence, the proper use of force by security personnel, and the need to protect human rights defenders in the exercise of their endeavors.
Aristotle on Wittiness
Authors: Walker Matthew D. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter offers a complete account of Aristotle’s underexplored treatment of the virtue of wittiness (eutrapelia) in Nicomachean Ethics 4.8. It addresses the following questions: (1) What, according to Aristotle, is this virtue and what is its structure? (2) How do Aristotle’s moral psychological views inform Aristotle’s account, and how might Aristotle’s discussions of other, more familiar virtues, enable us to understand wittiness better? In particular, what passions does the virtue of wittiness concern, and how might the virtue (and its attendant vices) be related to the virtue of temperance (and its attendant vices)? (3) How does wittiness, as an ethical virtue, benefit its possessor? (4) How can Aristotle resolve some key tensions that his introducing a virtue of wittiness apparently generates for his ethics? In addition to exploring these questions, this chapter challenges some commonly accepted accounts of Aristotle’s views on the nature of the laughable.
Philosophy Is Great Fun!
Authors: Roskam Geert 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter is a careful look at the different aspects of laughter in the history of Epicurean philosophy, from its very beginning (Epicurus and his fellow philosophers) to the Imperial period (Diogenes of Oenoanda). More precisely, the following facets of Epicurean laughter are examined: (1) its philosophical foundation (laughter is connected with truth in Epicurus and Polystratus, with true freedom in Metrodorus); (2) its objects (widespread opinions and empty ideals, famous statesmen and generals, philosophical opponents); (3) its function (Epicurean laughter is usually polemical laughter; e.g., Colotes and Metrodorus); (4) its nature (especially in the earlier generations of the Garden, we find a clever but sharp, polemical laughter [cf. 3]; in later times, the Epicurean laughter is milder and tamed, as it were, by social decorum [e.g., in Diogenes of Oenoanda]); (5) its results (laughing together in Epicurean communities, but sharp and “serious” reactions in anti-Epicurean literature).
Artistic Creativity
Authors: Changeux Jean-Pierre 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Creativity is viewed as the ultimate outcome of multiple evolutions nested within the human brain at the level of its genes, its cells, its neuronal networks, its cognitive architecture, and through its epigenetic sociocultural interactions. The creative experience is an endogenous process that makes incoming and/or internally generated information globally available to multiple brain systems through a distributed network, which Changeux and colleagues have long established as the global neuronal workspace (GNW) of neurons with long-range axons, particularly dense in prefrontal, parietotemporal, and cingulate cortex. Creation proceeds from the internal production of transitory patterns of neurons or pre-representations. Within the Darwinian framework, the brain’s spontaneous activity is a source of “epigenetic” diversity which preexists in the brain in its interaction with the outside world. It contributes to a synthesis within the neuronal workspace of external perceptions, internal memories, and stored emotions. The combinatorial access of the GNW to a broad diversity of representations is a unique kind of ignition process, one that can be called esthetic ignition. The creative act itself involves the selection of pre-representations according to a set of stored, innate rules of art such as novelty, parsimony, and harmony. This artistic process describes the creation and contemplation of visual art according to a neuroaesthetic analysis which reveals the neural origins of aesthetic pleasure and artistic creation.