bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
معيارية العربية معيار الهوية
Authors: Khalil Loui Ali 
Published: July 2019

تتفق الدراسات الحديثة المتعلقة باللغة على اختلاف أنساقها المعرفية؛ اللسانية والإثنية والأنثروبولوجية والثقافية، على أن اللغة الإنسانية ليست كائناً فارغاً، وليست أداةً محايدة أو قوالبَ مصمتةً خاليةً من أي مواقف خاصة، بل هي مظهر من مظاهرِ الوعي تَجَسَّدَ لغةً؛ فإذا كانت الوظيفتان الأساسيتان لِلّغة هما التمثيل والتواصل فإن التحيّزات تسري فيهما معاً، فلا يستقيم تمثيل العالم من دون موقفٍ منه، أو وجهة نظر، أو زاوية رؤية، وهذه كلها بوابات مُشرعة للهويّات _ على أساس أن جوهر الهوية وجودُ موقفٍ متميّز من العالم. يُضاف إلى ذلك أن التواصل مع الآخرين سيستعمل أداة التمثيل نفسها: اللغة، وبكلام آخر: “إذا اختُزِل استعمال الناس للغة _بطريقة تحليلية_ في كيفية تشكيل المعنى وتمثيله في صوت، أو في كيفية إيصاله من شخص إلى آخر، أو حتى فيهما معاً، فإن ثمّة شيئاً حيوياً قد استُخلِص: إنهم الناس أنفسهم، إنهم حاضرون دوماً في ما يقولون، وفي الفهم الذي يبنونه على ما يقوله غيرهم. إن هويّتهم تتأصّل في صوتهم، ويكون ذلك ملفوظاً، أو مكتوباً، أو موقّعاًوالأصل الذي بُني عليه هذا التصور الخاص بوعي الجماعة الكامن في اللغة، يقوم على الأساس الفلسفي الذي يقعّد لطبيعة العلاقة بين الدال والمدلول ومحاولة الربط بينهما؛ وهي محاولة « ليست سهلة ولا آلية ولا حتمية، فهي تمر عبر الزمان والمكان الإنسانيين، وهي علاقة تبدأ في عقل الإنسان وقلبه…وتنتهي في عقل الإنسان وقلبه…فثمة مسافة طويلة من الأحلام والأوهام والرغبات والأهواء والأفكار والمصالح تفصل بين الدال والمدلول... ولابد من الاختيار بين عدد لا حصر له من الدال للإخبار عن مدلول مركّب متشابك مع عدد لا حصر له من المدلولات. وعملية الاختيار تعني إبقاء وتأكيد واستبعاد وتهميش، اختيار أو تأكيد لمعنى، واستبعاد أو تهميش لآخر، واختيار أو تأكيد لدال، واستبعاد أو تهميش لآخر، أي أنه لا يوجد تلاقٍ آلي أو تلاحُمٍ ضروري وعضوي بين الدال والمدلول، وإنما هناك حتمية الاختيار أو الاجتهاد الإنساني، في محاولة مزاوجة الدوال بالمدلولات، وهي عملية تتضمّن قدراً من التحيّز لدال على حساب آخر، ولجانب من المدلول على حساب جانب آخر». فإذا كان الدال هو الرمز اللغوي، والمدلول هو المعنى الذي يدل عليه فلابد من الإشارة _ كما هو معروف_ إلى أن هذا المعنى لا يتطابق تمام المطابقة مع الموضوع الواقعي المتعيّن الذي يُفتَرَض أن يمثله، بل هو ينقل وجهة نظر الجماعة التي صكته تجاه هذا الموضوع المتعيّن وموقفها منه، ولذلك فإن ثمة مسافة بين الدال والمدلول هي المسافة التي يقع فيها تحيز الجماعة الثقافية، وليست هذه المسافة من الاتساع بحيث يتم الافتراق بينهما على نحو نهائي، كما أنها ليست من القرب بحيث يتحدانإن مثل هذه المقدمات التي تؤسس لطبيعة العلاقة بين الدال والمدلول داخل اللغة والفكر تؤدي إلى نتيجة حتمية، وقاعدة أساسية مفادُها أن كل لغة تحمل في طياتها _بوعي متكلميها أو بغير وعيهم_ موقف الجماعة التي صكتها أو الأمة التي تمثلها، أي إنها تحمل هويتهم المميزة التي تعكس موقفهم من العالم. وكل اللغات في هذا الأمر سواء، بائدها وقائمها. وليست العربية بمنأى عن هذه اللغات، مما يعني أنها هي أيضاً تحمل في بنيتها هوية الجماعة التي تعبر عنها؛ أي الهوية العربية-الإسلاميةوتفترض هذه الدراسة أن بنية الهوية العربية الإسلامية وبنية اللغة العربية كلاهما قائم على نظام معياري، مما سينبني عليه أن العربية وحدها قادرة على تمثيل الهوية الإسلامية دون باقي اللغات الإنسانية. فإذا كان الأمر كذلك بدا من الضروري الأخذ بعين الاعتبار هذه النتائج أثناء وضع السياسات اللغوية للمجتمعات والدول العربية لما لذلك من أثر في تهديد هويتها وانتمائها
Market Making and the Role of Intermediary Firms in Marketing of Genetically Modified Livestock Products
Authors: Haghiri Morteza 
Published: July 2019

Agricultural biotechnology, by changing the process of agricultural production in the agri-food sector has posed serious challenges for the industry. The fundamental problem was that the biotechnology industry, with tremendous vertical integration from the research sector through to farm gate, has still relied upon decentralized markets to commercialize their products. Their innovations have for the most part been left to find their consumer markets.
This work was done by an illustrated review of the existing literature and reports.
The major contribution of this study to the economic literature is three-fold. First, it addresses an important issue in marketing GM livestock products. Second, the study discusses the theory of market microstructure in production economics. Third, it provides policy implications for managers and policymakers in the industry.
This paper examined the theory of market-making and the role of intermediaries in creating new markets and hypothesizes that without intermediation in the biotechnology market, the optimal market size will not be realized, reducing private research investment and depriving society of the potential social gains of this new technology.
Characterization of a Novel Thrombin-like Enzyme, Globlase from the Venom of Gloydius blomhoffii (Japanese Mamushi)
Authors: Komori Yumiko , Takashima Yusuke , Ono Shoko , Nikai Toshiaki 
Published: July 2019

Aims: To elucidate the coagulation mechanisms of a novel clotting factor isolated from Gloydius blomhoffii venom, its hydrolytic activity on various substrates were examined. Furthermore the primary structure was determined and compared with the other snake venom components.
Methodology: A thrombin-like enzyme was isolated from the crude venom of G. blomhoffii by DE52 Cellulose and CM52 Cellulose column chromatography. Enzyme activity was measured by using synthetic substrates (arginine esters, MCA-substrates and 3-(Acyloxy)-4-nitrobenzoic acid). Effect on fibrinogen was detected with bovine and human fibrinogen. Isoelectric point and molecular mass were measured by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and MALDI-TOF-MS. Amino acid sequence was decided with a protein sequencer by analyzing enzymatically cleaved peptides.
Results: A clotting factor was found to be homologous as indicated by a single band on SDS-PAGE, and the final preparation was named as globlase. Molecular mass of this enzyme was determined to be 13,876.36 Da and the isoelectric point was 8.8. Globlase showed arginine ester hydrolytic activity, and specificity for substrates of thrombin. Proteolytic activity and phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity were not detected. Complete amino acid sequence analysis indicated that the primary structure of globlase is similar to PLA2. However the aspartic acid which exists in the active site of PLA2 was found to be substituted by glutamine.
Conclusion: It was shown in our current investigation that globlase is a novel thrombin-like enzyme isolated from G. blomhoffii venom. It was revealed that this enzyme had structure unlike the serine-protease such as the other thrombin-like enzymes.
Plasma proteome in multiple sclerosis disease progression
Authors: Malekzadeh Arjan , Leurs Cyra , van Wieringen Wessel , Steenwijk Martijn D. , Schoonheim Menno M. , Amann Michael , Naegelin Yvonne , Kuhle Jens , Killestein Joep , Teunissen Charlotte E. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis disease progression remains undetermined. The aim of this study was to identify differences in plasma proteome during different stages of MS disease progression.MethodsWe used a multiplex aptamer proteomics platform (Somalogic) for sensitive detection of 1129 proteins in plasma. MS patients were selected and categorized based on baseline and a 4‐year follow‐up EDSS (delta EDSS) scores; relapse‐onset (RO) slow progression (n = 31), RO with rapid progression (n = 29), primary progressive (n = 30), and healthy controls (n = 20). The relation of baseline plasma protein levels with delta EDSS and different MRI progression parameters were assessed using linear regression models.ResultsRegression analyses of plasma proteins with delta EDSS showed six significant associations. Strong associations were found for the proteins LGLAS8 (P = 7.64 × 10−5, q = 0.06), CCL3 (P = 0.0001, q = 0.06), and RGMA (P = 0.0005, q = 0.09). In addition, associations of plasma proteins were found with percentage brain volume for C3 (P = 2,08 × 10−9, q = 1,70 × 10−6), FGF9 (P = 3,42 × 10−9, q = 1,70 × 10−6), and EHMT2 (P = 0.0007, q = 0.01). Most of the significant markers were associated with cell‐cell and cell‐extracellular matrix adhesion, immune system communication, immune system activation, and complement pathways.ConclusionsOur results revealed eight novel biomarkers related to clinical and radiological progression in MS. These results indicate that changes in immune system, complement pathway and ECM remodeling proteins contribute to MS progression and may therefore be further explored for use in prognosis of MS.
Tunable Chemical and Topographic Patterns Based on Binary Colloidal Crystals (BCCs) to Modulate MG63 Cell Growth
Authors: Diba Farhana Sharmin , Reynolds Nicholas , Thissen Helmut , Wang Peng‐Yuan , Kingshott Peter 
Published: July 2019

AbstractMore effective and diversified surface modification strategies are required for materials used in biomedical engineering. Combining surface modification involving bioactive signals or nonfouling polymers with tunable topography has the potential to meet this need. Here, a method is reported to generate bioactive surfaces having tunable topographies based on self‐assembled binary colloidal crystals (BCCs), where the colloids are premodified with nonfouling molecules or cell adhesive peptides. The BCCs are fabricated from silica (Si) microspheres and polymer nanospheres. The Si microspheres are either modified with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) or with the cell adhesive arginine–glycine–aspartic acid (RGD) peptide prior to BCC fabrication. Four types of BCCs are explored in cell studies using MG63 cells. BCC surfaces coupled with PEG or RGD peptides are found to significantly modulate cell adhesion, spreading, and morphology, which is attributed to the combination of BCC topography and the molecules at the particle surface within the BCC. PEG‐modified BCCs are expected to find applications where limited cell adhesion is required, while the RGD‐modified BCCs have the potential for enhancing cell growth on medical devices such as bone implants. More advanced cell biology applications such as controlled stem cell differentiation are also anticipated to find use from BCCs.
PIFA/TEMPO‐Mediated Oxidative Cascade Cyclization of α‐[(β‐Amino)propenoyl]‐Alkylamides: Access to Polysubstituted 3,7‐Dihydrooxazolo[4,5‐c]pyridine‐2,4,6(5H)‐triones
Authors: Yuan Jingwen , Deng Bicheng , Liang Yongjiu , Rao Chitturi Bhujanga , Zhang Rui , Zhao Yanning , Dong Dewen 
Published: July 2019

AbstractA novel oxidative cascade cyclization of α‐[(β‐amino)propenoyl]‐alkylamides mediated by phenyl iodine (III) bis(trifluoroacetate) (PIFA) and 2,2,6,6‐tetramethyl piperidin‐1‐oxyl (TEMPO) has been described. This unprecedented transformation features mild reaction conditions, simple execution, high chemo‐ and regio‐selectivity, and thereby provides a facile and efficient protocol for the synthesis of polysubstituted 3,7‐dihydro‐ oxazolo[4,5‐c]pyridine‐2,4,6‐(5 H)‐triones.magnified image
Electrochemical Dearomatization: Evolution from Chemicals to Traceless Electrons
Authors: Lv Shide , Zhang Guofeng , Chen Jianbin , Gao Wei 
Published: July 2019

AbstractDearomatization reactions represent a versatile approach for the preparation of three‐dimensionally (3D) privileged cyclic moieties from simple planar aromatic compounds. However, exogeneous oxidants are required for most of the radical and oxidative dearomatizations. Therefore, sustainable procedures are in high demand, especially those in the absence of external oxidizing reagents. Fortunately, electrolytic dearomatization protocols can fulfill the above requirements due to the manipulation of traceless electrons instead of chemicals during the processes. Nevertheless, sustainable electrochemical dearomative transformations have been far less frequently investigated than the well‐developed chemical dearomatization reactions. Herein, we summarize representative breakthroughs in the electrochemical dearomative transformation of indoles, furans and activated arenes (phenols and anisoles) for the synthesis of complicated skeletons. Hopefully, this interesting “simplicity‐to‐complexity” synthetic logic will inspire more innovations from the electroorganic community.magnified image
Durable Cellulose–Sulfur Composites Derived from Agricultural and Petrochemical Waste
Authors: Lauer Moira K. , Estrada‐Mendoza Tatiana A. , McMillen Colin D. , Chumanov George , Tennyson Andrew G. , Smith Rhett C. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractNature provides a rich panoply of structural motifs comprised of composites whose mechanical properties exceed those of their individual components. The human endeavor to likewise craft value‐added structural materials from underappreciated, sustainably sourced feedstocks remains a formidable challenge. Herein, efforts are made to achieve durable composites by synergistic combination of sulfur and cellulose. Composites are achieved in which bulk sulfur is reinforced by a network of 1–20% by mass cellulose cross‐linked with polysulfide chains. Composites described herein are remeltable and have flexural strength exceeding that of Portland cement. A thorough analysis of these materials has been undertaken through nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, elemental analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and dynamic mechanical analysis. These analyses of both as‐prepared composites and fractionated materials unequivocally validate the formulation of these composites and the separability of the bulk sulfur from the reinforcing polysulfide‐cross‐linked cellulose network. The thermomechanical properties of these recyclable composites portend their tantalizing potential to supplant inherently unsustainable structural elements in numerous commercial applications. Further applications to improve the environmental resistance and flexural strength of Portland cement by treatment with the sulfur–cellulose composites are also discussed.
A Large Scalable and Low‐Cost Sulfur/Nitrogen Dual‐Doped Hard Carbon as the Negative Electrode Material for High‐Performance Potassium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Liu Yu , Dai Haodong , Wu Lu , Zhou Weibin , He Liang , Wang Weigang , Yan Wenqi , Huang Qinghong , Fu Lijun , Wu Yuping 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAmong the negative electrode materials for potassium ion batteries, carbon is very promising because of its low cost and environmental benignity. However, the relatively low storage capacity and sluggish kinetics still hinder its practical application. Herein, a large scalable sulfur/nitrogen dual‐doped hard carbon is prepared via a facile pyrolysis process with low‐cost sulfur and polyacrylonitrile as precursors. The dual‐doped hard carbon exhibits hierarchical structure, abundant defects, and functional groups. The material delivers a high reversible potassium storage capacity and excellent rate performance. In particular, a high reversible capacity of 213.7 and 144.9 mA h g−1 can be retained over 500 cycles at 0.1 A g−1 and 1200 cycles at 3 A g−1, respectively, demonstrating remarkable cycle stability at both low and high rates, superior to the other carbon materials reported for potassium storage, to the best of the authors' knowledge. Structure and kinetics studies suggest that the dual‐doping enhances the potassium diffusion and storage, profiting from the formation of a hierarchical structure, introduction of defects, and generation of increased graphitic and pyridinic N sites. This study demonstrates that a facile and scalable pyrolysis strategy is effective to realize hierarchical structure design and heteroatom doping of carbon, to achieve excellent potassium storage performance.
Operando Visualization of Morphological Dynamics in All‐Solid‐State Batteries
Authors: Wu Xiaohan , Billaud Juliette , Jerjen Iwan , Marone Federica , Ishihara Yuya , Adachi Masaki , Adachi Yoshitaka , Villevieille Claire , Kato Yuki 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAll‐solid‐state batteries (SSBs) are considered as attractive options for next‐generation energy storage owing to the favorable properties (unit transference number and thermal stabilities) of solid electrolytes. However, there are also serious concerns about mechanical deformation of solid electrolytes leading to the degradation of the battery performance. Therefore, understanding the mechanism underlying the electromechanical properties in SSBs is essentially important. Here, 3D and time‐resolved measurements of an all‐solid‐state cell using synchrotron radiation X‐ray tomographic microscopy are shown. The gradient of the electrochemical reaction and the morphological evolution in the composite layer can be clearly observed. Volume expansion/compression of the active material (Sn) is strongly oriented along the thickness of the electrode. While this results in significant deformation (cracking) in the solid electrolyte region, organized cracking patterns depending on the particle size and their arrangements is also found. This study based on operando visualization therefore opens the door toward rational design of particles and electrode morphology for all‐solid‐state batteries.
Constructing Multifunctional Interphase between Li1.4Al0.4Ti1.6(PO4)3 and Li Metal by Magnetron Sputtering for Highly Stable Solid‐State Lithium Metal Batteries
Authors: Hao Xiaoge , Zhao Qiang , Su Shiming , Zhang Shiqi , Ma Jiabin , Shen Lu , Yu Qipeng , Zhao Liang , Liu Yong , Kang Feiyu , He Yan‐Bing 
Published: July 2019

AbstractDue to high ionic conductivity and low cost, Li1.4Al0.4Ti1.6(PO4)3 (LATP) has emerged as a promising solid‐state electrolyte for next‐generation lithium (Li) metal solid‐state batterie with high safety performance and energy density. However, the extremely high impedance and surface instability of LATP with Li metal retard its practical application. Herein, a novel method is proposed to construct an ultrathin ZnO layer that is tightly coated on the LATP pellets, surface (ZnO@LATP) via magnetron sputtering, which in situ reacts with Li to form a low electronic conductivity and multifunctional solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). The formed SEI can not only effectively lower the interfacial resistance, but also overcome the side reactions of LATP with the Li metal anode and suppress the Li dendrite growth. Specifically, the interface resistance decreases from 80 554 to 353 Ω and the overpotential reduces from 1 V to 20 mV. As a result, the Li/ZnO@LATP@ZnO/Li symmetric batteries can stably cycle for more than 2000 h without short circuit at 0.05 mA cm−2 and Li/ZnO@LATP/LiFePO4 batteries show excellent cycle stability for 200 cycles at 0.1 C. This work highlights the significance of multifunctional interphase between LATP and Li metal for improvement of interfacial impedance and instability.
Interfacial Charge Field in Hierarchical Yolk–Shell Nanocapsule Enables Efficient Immobilization and Catalysis of Polysulfides Conversion
Authors: Liu Handing , Chen Ziliang , Zhou Lin , Pei Ke , Xu Pingdi , Xin Linshen , Zeng Qingwen , Zhang Jie , Wu Renbing , Fang Fang , Che Renchao , Sun Dalin 
Published: July 2019

AbstractInhibiting the shuttle effect of lithium polysulfides and accelerating their conversion kinetics are crucial for the development of high‐performance lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries. Herein, a modified template method is proposed to synthesize the robust yolk–shell sulfur host that is constructed by enveloping dispersive Fe2O3 nanoparticles within Mn3O4 nanosheet‐grafted hollow N‐doped porous carbon capsules (Fe2O3@N‐PC/Mn3O4‐S). When applied as a cathode for Li–S batteries, the as‐prepared Fe2O3@N‐PC/Mn3O4‐S can deliver capacities as high as 1122 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles at 0.5 C and 639 mAh g−1 after 1500 cycles at 10 C, respectively. Remarkably, even as the areal sulfur loading is increased to 5.1 mg cm−2, the cathode can still maintain a high areal specific capacity of 5.08 mAh cm−2 with a fading rate of only 0.076% per cycle over 100 cycles at 0.1 C. By a further combination analysis of electron holography and electron energy loss spectroscopy, the outstanding performance is revealed to be mainly traced to the oxygen‐vacancy‐induced interfacial charge field, which immobilizes and catalyzes the conversion of lithium polysulfides, assuring low polarization, fleet redox reaction kinetics, and sufficient utilization of sulfur. These new findings may shed light on the dependence of electrochemical performance on the heterostructure of sulfur hosts.
Realizing Interfacial Electronic Interaction within ZnS Quantum Dots/N‐rGO Heterostructures for Efficient Li–CO2 Batteries
Authors: Wang Hui , Xie Keyu , You You , Hou Qian , Zhang Kun , Li Nan , Yu Wei , Loh Kian Ping , Shen Chao , Wei Bingqing 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWith high theoretical energy density, rechargeable metal–gas batteries (e.g., Li–CO2 battery) are considered as one of the most promising energy storage devices. However, their practical applications are hindered by the sluggish reaction kinetics and discharge product accumulation during battery cycling. Currently, the solutions focus on exploration of new catalysts while the thorough understanding of their underlying mechanisms is often ignored. Herein, the interfacial electronic interaction within rationally designed catalysts, ZnS quantum dots/nitrogen‐doped reduced graphene oxide (ZnS QDs/N‐rGO) heterostructures, and their effects on transformation and deposition of discharge products in the Li–CO2 battery are revealed. In this work, the interfacial interaction can both enhance the catalytic activities of ZnS QDs/N‐rGO heterostructures and induce the nucleation of discharge products to form a homogeneous Li2CO3/C film with excellent electronic transmission and high electrochemical activities. When the batteries cycle within a cutoff specific capacity of 1000 mAh g−1 at a current density of 400 mA g−1, the cycling performance of the Li–CO2 battery using a ZnS QDs/N‐rGO cathode is over 3 and 9 times than those coupled with a ZnS nanosheets (NST)/N‐rGO cathode and a N‐rGO cathode, respectively. This work provides comprehensive understandings on designing catalysts for Li–CO2 batteries as well as other rechargeable metal–gas batteries.
Navigating Cognitive Dissonance: A Qualitative Content Analysis Exploring Medical Students’ Experiences of Moral Distress in the Emergency Department
Authors: Schrepel Caitlin , Jauregui Joshua , Brown Alisha , Shandro Jamie , Strote Jared 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackgroundAs undergraduate medical students are acculturated into clinical practice, they develop a set of refined professional values that impact their decision making. We aimed to use students’ reflective narratives on ethical dilemmas to identify how students experience moral distress while working in the emergency department (ED) to better understand how to support them in the development of their own agency to act ethically.MethodsStudents rotating in our emergency medicine clerkship are required to submit an essay describing an ethical dilemma they encountered. We selected a random sample of these reflective pieces from the 2015 and 2016 academic years and used an exploratory qualitative thematic analytic approach to identify frequently recurring themes. This process was continued until thematic sufficiency was reached.ResultsTwo‐hundred essays were coded, and seven unique themes were identified. The moral distress students described in reflective writing narratives stemmed from patient–provider discord, uncertainty, and social injustices. In each case, students were expressing the cognitive dissonance they experienced as they began to reconcile the difference between their perceptions of optimal patient care and the actual care delivered to the patient.ConclusionUnderstanding medical students’ cognitive dissonance in the ED will help educators support their students as they negotiate the differences between preferences and principles while being acculturated into clinical practice. Future work should develop specific interventions to promote educator understanding of learners’ moral distress and to develop novel models of support for learners.