bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Energy, Environment, and Social Development: Oil and Gas Sustainability in Action
Authors: Alnuaim Sami 
Published: March 2019

President's column
Putting SPE’s revised vision into action mandates extensive collaboration and effective engagement with a wide range of internal and external stakeholders. Since I became president-elect in September 2017, I have been visiting with stakeholders around the world, reframing how most view the concept of oil and gas sustainability, which includes economic, social development, and environmental components. I have presented the industry’s commitment toward securing uninterrupted afford-able hydrocarbon energy resources in a safe and environmentally responsible manner despite the downturn, the drop of oil prices, anti-fossil-fuels activists, and pessimistic outlooks.
I believe that the world cannot address the climate challenge without the collaboration and engagement of the oil and gas industry. The world cannot stop using oil and gas tomorrow, even as some activists call for that action. There will be a lengthy transitional journey that includes a mix of fuels, including oil and gas, renewables, and nuclear. Producing and using oil and gas in cleaner ways are a major component of that transition.
The world’s population is expected to grow by 3 billion in the next 50 years, mainly in China, South Asia, India, and underdeveloped countries in Africa. In addition, most of the economic outlooks forecast a doubling of the global economy in the next 20 years. Supporting the expected economic growth, the current 1 billion people who have no access to modern energy, and the projected additional 3 billion people who will need jobs, energy, and higher standards of living cannot and will not be met with one source of energy or without the contribution of oil and gas. Many projections show oil and gas will remain more than 50% of the global energy mix for 20 years or more. Hence, our industry has to be a major player, and may have the opportunity to take a leading role, in addressing all of these challenges, including climate concerns.
During the past 18 months, I have seen the concept of sustainability in action, which has become part of the core business of large companies across the industry. This is evident through their annual sustainability reports and CEO-level tracked key performance indices. It is also reflected in operational practices, environmental measures, and research and development investments.
Through my visits to universities around the world, I found that research institutes in major universities are engaged in sustainability initiatives and research studies. During the month of January, I had the honor to be the keynote speaker during the launch of two sustainability initiatives by the Energy Advisory Board of the University of Houston (UH). This event was part of an ongoing collaboration between the UH Energy Advisory Board and the energy industry to integrate sustainability in companies’ strategies and day-to-day operations, a goal that fits perfectly my theme as SPE president.
Permian Operators Squeezed by Growing Water Pressure
Authors: Rassenfoss Stephen 
Published: March 2019

The rising tide of produced water in the Permian Basin is requiring operators to re-engineer how they manage water.
One big difference in the Permian is that water production from unconventional reservoirs exceeds output from most other plays, particularly in the Delaware Basin. Prolific water production has long been a given in conventional fields there, but most of that could be reinjected to maintain production, which is not an option in the ultratight rock.
Instead, billions of gallons of produced water have been pumped into saltwater disposal wells in shallow formations, such as the San Andres, significantly increasing the pressure drillers encounter, creating a hazard for drillers moving in and out of them from lower-pressure zones.
To isolate the higher-pressure zones passed on the way to the Wolfcamp, operators have increased the number of strings of casing used from three to four. The increase adds about $600,000 to the cost per well, said Andrew Hunter, drilling manager for Guidon Energy, which uses the added string to isolate two underpressure zones.
To maximize produced water use for fracturing, Cimarex has streamlined filtration and chemical treatments of the water in the pipeline system en route to fracture sites, limiting the need for fixed facilities, said Rita Behm, Permian exploration engineering project manager for Cimarex.
Occidental Petroleum is working to manage water production while picking drilling targets. It has developed a detailed evaluation system based on a large company database that predicts production of hydrocarbons and water. High water cuts are a negative in the grading system used to choose where to spend, said John Polasek, vice president of geoscience at Occidental.
All three mentioned the water issue in their presentations at the recent AAPG Global Super Basins conference on the Permian. The comments reflected the importance of dealing with water issues for operators that need to minimize fresh water use and manage injections of produced water.
ExxonMobil’s XTO Energy arm is building a system to “treat produced water and reuse it again and again” to reduce its demand for fresh or brackish water wells, said Staali Gjervik, senior vice president for Permian Integrated Development at XTO.
A Big Shift
Addressing the problem will require an industrywide shift. Even if an operator is reusing all of its water, “they can get hammered” by the injections of a nearby commercial saltwater disposal well by an operator that is not finding other uses, Hunter said. “The only way to deal with this is to work cooperatively with other operators,” he said.
When drilling through higher pressures, Hunter said drillers increase mud weight to counter the higher pore pressure in that layer, and promptly adjust it back when the pressure drops.
Effects of Rate, Temperature, and Solvent Type on Vapor/Oil Gravity Drainage (VOGD) in Fractured Reservoirs
Authors: Anand Neha , Tang Brandon , Nguyen Bradley (Duong) , Sie Chao-yu , Verlaan Marco , Castellanos Diaz Orlando , Nguyen Quoc P. 
Published: March 2019

Summary
Application of thermal and solvent enhanced-oil-recovery (EOR) technologies for viscous heavy-oil recovery in naturally fractured reservoirs is generally challenging because of low permeability, unfavorable wettability and mobility, and considerable heat losses. Vapor/oil gravity drainage (VOGD) is a modified solvent-only injection technology, targeted at improving viscous oil recovery in fractured reservoirs. It uses high fluid conductivity in vertical fractures to rapidly establish a large solvent/oil contact area and eliminates the need for massive energy and water inputs, compared with thermal processes, by operating at significantly lower temperatures with no water requirement. An investigation of the effects of solvent-injection rate, temperature, and solvent type [n-butane and dichloromethane (DCM)] on the recovery profile was performed on a single-fracture core model. This work combines the knowledge obtained from experimental investigation and analytical modeling using the Butler correlation (Das and Butler 1999) with validated fluid-property models to understand the relative importance of various recovery mechanisms behind VOGD—namely, molecular diffusion, asphaltene precipitation and deposition, capillarity, and viscosity reduction.
Experimental and analytical model studies indicated that molecular diffusion, convective dispersion, viscosity reduction by means of solvent dissolution, and gravity drainage are dominant phenomena in the recovery process. Material-balance analysis indicated limited asphaltene precipitation. High fluid transmissibility in the fracture along with gravity drainage led to early solvent breakthroughs and oil recoveries as high as 75% of original oil in place (OOIP). Injecting butane at a higher rate and operating temperature enhanced the solvent-vapor rate inside the core, leading to the highest ultimate recovery. Increasing the operating temperature alone did not improve ultimate recovery because of decreased solvent solubility in the oil. Although with DCM, lower asphaltene precipitation should maximize the oil-recovery rate, its higher solvent (vapor)/oil interfacial tension (IFT) resulted in lower ultimate recovery than butane. Ideal density and nonideal double-log viscosity-mixing rules along with molecular diffusivity as a power function of oil viscosity were used to obtain an accurate physical description of the fluids for modeling solvent/oil behavior. With critical phenomena such as capillarity and asphaltene precipitation missing, the Butler analytical model underpredicts recovery rates by as much as 70%.
Irreversible fatal contrast-induced encephalopathy: a case report
Authors: Zhao Wei , Zhang Jinping , Song Yun , Sun Lili , Zheng Meimei , Yin Hao , Zhang Jun , Wang Wei , Han Ju 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Background: Contrast-induced encephalopathy (CIE) is a well-known complication of iodinated contrast agents during angiography and vascular interventions. It can manifest as hemiparesis, cortical blindness, speech changes, Parkinsonism, confusion, seizure, and coma. Most of the reported CIE cases have been transient and reversible. Irreversible fatal CIE cases have been rarely reported. All the fatal CIE cases reported involved the use of ionic high osmolar contrast agents. Here, we document a heretofore unreported fatal CIE after digital subtraction angiography（DSA）using iopamidol, which is a type of non-ionic monomer low osmolar contrast agent.
Case presentation: A 71-year-old woman was admitted to our Department of Neurology for tinnitus in the head. The cerebral magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) detected atherosclerotic cerebral arteries and bilateral stenosis of the middle cerebral arteries. The patient underwent DSA for further diagnostic work-up. The total amount of iopamidol used during the procedure was 110 ml. The patient experienced headache during the procedure, followed by dizziness with nausea and vomiting. Despite treatment with anti-oedema medications, her clinical status was gradually deteriorating and ended up with deep coma due to irreversible cerebral oedema which was confirmed by cerebral computed tomography (CT). Finally, the patient died 56 days after the procedure due to irreversible fatal cerebral oedema.
Conclusions: This report documents that iopamidol-induced encephalopathy may not always have a benign outcome and can result in irreversible fatal cerebral oedema.
Economics of the Greenseeder Hand Planter
Authors: Ng'ombe John N. , Brorsen B. Wade , Raun William R. , Dhillon Jagman S. 
Published: March 2019

Core Ideas
Break‐even corn yield increase for a US$50 Greenseeder hand planter is 1.12%.
A US$50 Greenseeder hand planter needs to use 12.19% fewer seeds, and reduces labor man‐days by 38.66%.
If used for fertilization, the Greenseeder hand planter could increase corn yields up to 10.82%.
The Greenseeder hand planter would pay for itself if used to apply fertilizer alone.
Corn (Zea mays L.) yields in developing countries are lower than in developed countries, in part due to planting methods that involve hand dropping of multiple seeds per hill. The Greenseeder hand planter (GHP) was developed to reduce seeding rates and long‐term health risks from using bare hands to drop pesticide‐treated seeds. When used to apply fertilizer, it can prevent loss of N from ammonia volatilization. This research determines economic break‐even levels of seed and labor savings, increases in corn yield, and reduced loss of N through reduced ammonia volatilization. A GHP used to plant 3 ha yr–1 that costs US$50 would need to increase corn yields on average by about 1.12%, use 12.19% fewer seeds, or reduce labor man‐days by 38.66% to equal expected net returns from traditional methods. Using the GHP to apply fertilizer would on average increase corn yields up to 10.82% ha–1 due to reduced N loss from ammonia volatilization and thus fertilization alone could be enough to pay for the planter.
Carbon Sequestration in Zoysiagrass Turf under Different Irrigation and Fertilization Management Regimes
Authors: Braun Ross C. , Bremer Dale J. 
Published: March 2019

Core Ideas
Further research is required to evaluate and develop management practices that may sequester C in turfgrass soils.
Hidden C costs, which are energy‐based inputs from turf maintenance, should be factored into soil C sequestration calculations.
A higher‐input management regime in turf will not increase net C sequestration compared with a low management input regime.
Zoysiagrass golf course fairway turf had an average gross C sequestration rate of 1.01 Mg C ha–1 yr–1.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is an important greenhouse gas (GHG) implicated in climate change. Turfgrass covers an estimated 12.8 to 20 million ha in the United States and has the capacity to sequester or emit significant amounts of CO2 from/into the atmosphere. Our objective was to evaluate irrigation and N fertilization management practices that may increase sequestration of atmospheric CO2 in turf soils. The rate of change in soil organic carbon (SOC) at 0 to 30 cm was investigated under two management regimes in ‘Meyer’ zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.). A high management input (HMI) (urea + medium irrigation) and low management input regime (LMI) (unfertilized [no N fertilizer] + low irrigation) were implemented. Hidden carbon costs (HCC) of maintenance practices and nitrous oxide emissions (another GHG) were estimated to account for energy expended in Mg of carbon equivalents (CE) ha–1 yr–1. Prior to subtracting HCC, average gross C sequestration rates were not statistically different at 1.046 and 0.976 Mg C ha–1 yr–1 in HMI and LMI, respectively. Once total estimated HCC was included, the average net sequestration rate was 0.412 and 0.616 Mg C ha–1 yr–1 in HMI and LMI, respectively, with no statistical differences. Results indicate that under the conditions of this study, a higher‐input management regime will not increase net C sequestration compared with a low management input regime. Further research is required over additional turfgrass species and management regimes to develop management practices that increase C sequestration.
Phosphorus Leaching from Soil Profiles in Agricultural and Forest Lands Measured by a Cascade Extraction Method
Authors: Xie Zijian , Li Songyan , Tang Sichen , Huang Lijuan , Wang Guoxi , Sun Xiaolei , Hu Zhengyi 
Published: March 2019

The risk of P leaching from topsoil based on the change‐point estimated via a split‐line model between Olsen P and leachable P extracted by 0.01 M CaCl2 has been reported. However, little information is available for the assessment of P leaching from soil profiles. In this study, samples were collected at three depth profiles (0–20 cm, topsoil; 20–40 cm, subsoil; 40–60 cm, third‐layer soil) at each of 74 sites under agriculture and forest in an agroforestry area. A cascade extraction method was proposed to determine the leachable P in the subsoil, extracted by the topsoil extraction solution; a similar extracted process was followed in the third‐layer soil, and in the topsoil, it was still extracted by 0.01 M CaCl2. A positive linear correlation was found between the subsoil leachable P extracted by the topsoil extraction solution and the accumulated P obtained from the subsoil leached by topsoil leachates, and so on. Therefore, the cascade extraction method for determining leachable P from topsoils and underlying soils could be valuable for predicting the potential of P leaching from soil profiles. Approximately 81, 73, and 73% of the agricultural sampling sites were at or above the change‐points for the soil depths of 0 to 20, 20 to 40, and 40 to 60 cm (30.4, 32.9, and 18.2 mg kg−1 respectively); these values were higher than those for the forest site, implying a high risk of P leaching from agricultural soil profiles in the study area.Core Ideas
A cascade extraction method for evaluating P leaching from soil profiles was proposed.
The correlation of soil leachable P and accumulated P in soil leachates was confirmed.
The risk of P leaching from soil profiles in an agroforestry area was calculated.
Optimized urban water security regulation schemes driven by industrial development pattern
Authors: Dou Ming , Shi Yaxin , Li Guiqiu 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
In recent years, water crisis caused by human activities has attracted much more attention from the public, and the water security problem has become a hot spot in the world. In this paper, applying the theory of system dynamics, a system dynamic model for urban water cycle was developed to simulate the conversion and consumption processes of water resources between a regional social system and water system. To improve the guarantee capacity of water security, three types of industrial development patterns were designed. Moreover, an optimization model for water security regulation schemes was developed. Based on simulation of the key indexes on regional water security status, the value of water security degree was evaluated under different industrial development patterns, and the optimal scheme obtained according to these assessment results. Results from investigation and research in Zhengzhou City, China found that all seven regulation schemes could increase water security degree to different extents; and water security degree of the schemes with compound patterns was higher than the schemes with a single pattern. Scheme 7 was recommended as the ideal scheme for Zhengzhou City.
Formation of the university electronic information-educational environment: interaction, development of professional thinking, management
Authors: Serafmovich I. V. , Кonkova O. M. , Raykhlina A. V. 
Published: March 2019

Purpose of the research.The development of electronic technologies in modern socio-economic environment and the urgent need for their integration into higher education require a different type of teachers’ professional thinking based on their sustainable self-development. The paper provides a reflexive analysis of the implementation of electronic information-educational environment (EIEE) by the Yaroslavl branch of Plekhanov Russian University of Economics and offers an insight into interactive and management aspects of EIEE integration and use in the educational process.Materials and methods.To achieve the goal, the EIEE structural and functional components were identified, stages, system requirements and technical features of EIEE implementation were determined along with the prospects for EIEE further integration and development within the university. Analysis, synthesis, comparison and generalization approaches were used as general scientific methods of this research.Results.The paper gives an insight into the project of the Yaroslavl branch of Plekhanov Russian University of Economics on the use of EIEE as an imperative for high-level development of graduates’ common cultural, as well as general and specific professional competencies, to facilitate their competitiveness in the labour market. The urgency of innovations in the EIEE integration in universities is substantiated. The authors emphasize that the EIEE practical application requires achievement of a new level of communication skills, interaction of all participants in the educational process, based on a broader vision of the educational environment and a new level of teachers’ professional thinking, presupposing both creativity and management of their own mental processes associated with metacognition.Conclusion.As a result, the authors make conclusions on the implementation of various aspects of the university EIEE, such as administrative, managerial and interactive ones. According to the study, a wide application of EIEE can become a priority tool in solving problems of the effectiveness, which is proved by the evidence and examples from the educational experience given in the article.
Structural Basis of Drug Recognition by Human Serum Albumin
Authors: Leboffe Loris , di Masi Alessandra , Polticelli Fabio , Trezza Viviana , Ascenzi Paolo 
Published: March 2019

Background:Human serum albumin (HSA), the most abundant protein in plasma, is a monomeric multi-domain macromolecule with at least nine binding sites for endogenous and exogenous ligands. HSA displays an extraordinary ligand binding capacity as a depot and carrier for many compounds including most acidic drugs. Consequently, HSA has the potential to influence the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs.Objective:In this review, the structural determinants of drug binding to the multiple sites of HSA are analyzed and discussed in detail. Moreover, insight into the allosteric and competitive mechanisms underpinning drug recognition, delivery, and efficacy are analyzed and discussed.Conclusion:As several factors can modulate drug binding to HSA (e.g., concurrent administration of drugs competing for the same binding site, ligand binding to allosteric-coupled clefts, genetic inherited diseases, and post-translational modifications), ligand binding to HSA is relevant not only under physiological conditions, but also in the pharmacological therapy management.
Non-clinical Models to Determine Drug Passage into Human Breast Milk
Authors: Ventrella Domenico , Forni Monica , Bacci Maria Laura , Annaert Pieter 
Published: March 2019

Background:Successful practice of clinical perinatal pharmacology requires a thorough understanding of the pronounced physiological changes during lactation and how these changes affect various drug disposition processes. In addition, pharmacokinetic processes unique to lactation have remained understudied. Hence, determination of drug disposition mechanisms in lactating women and their babies remains a domain with important knowledge gaps. Indeed, lack of data regarding infant risk during breastfeeding far too often results in discontinuation of breastfeeding and subsequent loss of all the associated benefits to the breastfed infant. In the absence of age-specific toxicity data, human lactation data alone are considered insufficient to rapidly generate the required evidence regarding risks associated with medication use during lactation.Methods:Systematic review of literature to summarize state-of-the art non-clinical approaches that have been developed to explore the mechanisms underlying drug milk excretion.Results:Several studies have reported methods to predict (to some extent) milk drug excretion rates based on physicochemical properties of the compounds. In vitro studies with primary mammary epithelial cells appear excellent approaches to determine transepithelial drug transport rates across the mammary epithelium. Several of these in vitro tools have been characterized in terms of transporter expression and activity as compared to the mammary gland tissue. In addition, with the advent of physiology-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling, these in vitro transport data may prove instrumental in predicting drug milk concentration time profiles prior to the availability of data from clinical lactation studies. In vivo studies in lactating animals have proven their utility in elucidating the mechanisms underlying drug milk excretion.Conclusion:By combining various non-clinical tools (physicochemistry-based, in vitro and PBPK, in vivo animal) for drug milk excretion, valuable and unique information regarding drug milk concentrations during lactation can be obtained. The recently approved IMI project ConcePTION will address several of the challenges outlined in this review.