bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of Nepal Earthquake on Patients Presenting for Emergency Care at Patan Hospital
Authors: Tembe Mimang , Dhakal Sushma , Shrestha Ashis , Mugele Josh , House Darlene R. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractObjectiveNatural disasters have a significant impact on the health sector. On April 25, 2015, Nepal was struck by a 7.8 magnitude earthquake. The aim of the study was to compare patient volumes and clinical conditions presenting to the emergency department pre- and post-earthquake.MethodsA retrospective study was done at Patan Hospital Emergency Department in Kathmandu, Nepal. Volume, demographics, and patient diagnoses were collected for 4 months post-disaster and compared with cases seen the same months the year before the disaster to control for seasonal variations.ResultsAfter the 2015 Nepal earthquake, 12,180 patients were seen in the emergency department. This was a significant decrease in patient volume compared with the 14,971 patients seen during the same months in 2014 (P=0.04). Of those, 5496 patients (4093 pre-disaster and 1433 post-disaster) had a chief complaint or diagnosis recorded for analysis. An increase in cardiovascular and respiratory cases was seen as well as an increase in psychiatric cases (mostly alcohol related) and cases of anemia. There was a decrease in the number of obstetrics/gynecology, infectious disease, and poisoning cases post-earthquake.ConclusionsUnderstanding emergency department utilization after the earthquake has the potential to give further insight into improving disaster preparedness plans for post-disaster health needs. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2019;13:211–216).
Increasing Perceived Emergency Preparedness by Participatory Policy-Making (Think-Tanks)
Authors: Adini Bruria , Israeli Avi , Bodas Moran , Peleg Kobi 
Published: February 2018

AbstractObjectiveThe study aimed to examine impact of think-tanks designed to create policies for emerging threats on medical teams’ perceptions of individual and systemic emergency preparedness.MethodsMulti-professional think-tanks were established to design policies for potential attacks on civilian communities. In total, 59 multi-sector health care managers participated in think-tanks focused on: (a) primary care services in risk zones; (b) hospital care; (c) casualty evacuation policies; (d) medical services to special-needs populations; and (e) services in a “temporary military-closed zone.” Participants rotated systematically between think-tanks. Perceived individual and systemic emergency preparedness was reviewed pre-post participation in think-tanks.ResultsA significant increase in perceived emergency preparedness pre-post-think-tanks was found in 8/10 elements including in perceived individual role proficiency (3.71±0.67 vs 4.60±0.53, respectively; P&lt;0.001) and confidence in colleagues’ proficiency during crisis (3.56±0.75 vs 4.37±0.61, respectively; P&lt;0.001). Individual preparedness and role perception correlates with systemic preparedness and proficiency in risk assessment.ConclusionsParticipation in policy-making impacts on individuals’ perceptions of empowerment including trust in colleagues’ capacities, but does not increase confidence in a system’s preparedness. Field and managerial officials should be involved in policy-making processes, as a means to empower health care managers and improve interfaces and self-efficacy that are relevant to preparedness and response for crises. (Disaster Med Public Health Prepardness. 2019;13:152–157)
What do business school academics want? Reflections from the national survey on workplace climate and well-being: Australia and New Zealand
Authors: Tham Tse Leng , Holland Peter 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThis research discusses the findings from a study undertaken for an exploration of the critical issues around the working conditions, workplace climate, and well-being of business school (predominantly management) academics in Australia and New Zealand. With an ageing workforce, and almost half of the Australian and New Zealand workforce intending to retire, move overseas, or leave the sector within this decade, amidst rising demand in the tertiary education sector, the effective retention of this key skilled workforce is pertinent. With data from a survey conducted in 2017 involving 451 business school academics in Australia and New Zealand, this research note highlights several key issues around the areas of workplace climate and well-being which importantly, are within the control of management. Specifically, these salient workforce issues include work intensification, burnout, and poor work–life balance.
Some consonantal elements in Northern English dialects
Authors: Dean Christopher 
Published: February 2018

For Three-Quarters of a century, scholars have had to rely for a general survey of the dialects of England either upon Volume V of On Early English Pronunciation by A. J. Ellis, published in 1889, or upon J. Wright’s The English Dialect Grammar, published in 1905. These two works have merit as pioneer studies but their accuracy and reliability are questioned today.Studies in linguistic geography in Britain made an important step forward in 1962 with the publication of the first volume of a new, scientifically-conducted dialect survey, Survey of English Dialects (hereafter SED). This survey, when completed, will provide an extensive corpus of primary dialect material but as yet, because it would be largely premature, interpretative study of this material has not been attempted. Despite this, as the basic material for Northumberland, Durham, Cumberland, Westmoreland, Lancashire, and Yorkshire, the six northern counties of England, has been published, a study of questions confined to these counties is valid. It is the purpose of this paper to examine briefly four consonantal features of northern English dialects in the light of this newly-published material.
Two grammars for Chinese number names
Authors: Brainerd Barron 
Published: February 2018

The purpose of this note is to introduce a restricted class of transformational grammars, the deletion grammars, and to use them to discuss the names of natural numbers in Chinese. Hereafter these names are referred to as Chinese number names.Transformations and transformational grammars were introduced into linguistics by N. Chomsky. By now a vast literature on transformations has grown up. However, many of the transformational grammars appearing in this literature lack precision and rigor. In particular, it is not always clear what corpus they generate because of the multiplicity, complexity, and inadequate definition of the transformations contained in these grammars.
Anaphore et déixis
Authors: Querido Antonio A. M. 
Published: February 2018

… La personne n’est propre qu’aux positions « je » et « tu ». La 3e personne est, en vertu de sa structure même la forme non-personnelle de la flexion verbale.(Benveniste [1966], p. 230)Le soi-distant « article défini » forme un paradigme naturel avec les « adjectifs et pronoms démonstratifs » si l’on considère leur fonctionnement en syntaxe de profondeur. Dans ce paradigme des adjectifs anaphoriques il faut inclure également le soi-disant « pronom personnel de 3e personne » et ses variantes du génitif: « l’adjectif et pronom possessif de 3e personne ».
Noun phrases: logical and linguistic properties
Authors: Pavel Thomas G. 
Published: February 2018

Recent linguistic research has explored the possibility of using standard logical analyses to explain some phenomena of natural languages. The logical notion of scope in modal contexts has yielded to the linguistic dichotomy of [±specific] indefinite NPs. Donnellan’s (1966) distinction between referential and attributive uses of definite description has been used to extend this dichotomy to include definite NPs. The behaviour of moods in Romance subordinate clauses has been tentatively explained by the same notions.The purpose of this paper is to criticize some of these attempts to apply logical analyses to natural languages. Without denying the heuristic and even the explanatory value of standard logical analysis in linguistics, I will try to show that the correspondence between logical semantic notions and the categories of natural languages is much more approximate than is sometimes believed.
Ancient Iberian–another Indo-European language?
Authors: Anderson James M. 
Published: February 2018

The Hispanic Peninsula immediately prior to Romanization was occupied by numerous tribes or clans representing diverse Indo-European and non-Indo-European populations. Basques resided in the north, Celts in the northwest and central regions, Tartessians in the south, Bastetanians in the southeast and Iberians in the east and northeast.The region of the Iberians, extending from a little north of the Pyrenees south to Alicante and beyond, has consistently yielded a number of inscriptions in a language thus far unrelated to the other known languages of the Peninsula, or to the undeciphered languages underlying the inscriptions of the south. Iberian, a geographical and collective term, refers to the several cultures and dialects which appear connected in unknown degrees to two major groups: the Edetanos of the Valencian plains and the related Ilergetes who dwelt further north in Catalufña.
Missing Np’s in Japanese
Authors: Cowper Elizabeth A. , Kimura Hiroko 
Published: February 2018

The following four sentences illustrate the phenomenon which, for convenience, we shall call Missing NP’s in Japanese:The variation in the possible referents for Δ must be accounted for, whether Δ arises by a rule deleting NP’s, or is present in deep structure and interpreted by a rule of coreference assignment.
A Rule of Presupposition Carrying in Alternative Questions
Authors: Trainor Patricia 
Published: February 2018

In alternative questions, the second clause is frequently incomplete. For example, sentence (2) is understood as synonymous with sentence (1):
(1)Did John read the book or did Mary read the book?(2)Did John read the book or did Mary?This paper addresses the problem of how the incomplete second conjuncts are to be assigned full semantic representations, and thus attempts to account for the synonymy of (1) and (2).
The positional tendencies of sentential noun phrases in universal grammar
Authors: Dryer Matthew Synge 
Published: February 2018

This paper is concerned with sentential subjects and sentential objects, subordinate clauses which function as subject or object of their sentence. The clausethat John is tallis a sentential subject in (1) and a sentential object in (2):(1)That John is tallis obvious.(2)Bill knowsthat John is tall.This paper is concerned in particular with the clause positions in which such sentential subjects and objects, henceforth sentential noun phrases (or NP’s), tend to occur in different languages. In (1), the sentential subject is in clause-initial position. In (2), the sentential object is in clause-final position. More precisely, this paper is concerned with the differences between the position of sentential NP’s and the position of simple NP’s (i.e. nonsentential NP’s). For example, the position of the sentential subject in (1) is also the normal position for simple NP subjects. If we replace the sentential subject in (1) by the simple NPthe conclusion, we get (3):(3) The conclusion is obvious.
Introduction
Authors: Chambers J. K. 
Published: February 2018

Nature leads the way. Man emerges on the scene, follows her footprints, marks and registers them in language, and makes a Science of Nature. Then he looks back and discovers that Language, while following the path of Nature, has left a trail of her own. He returns on this new trail, again marks and registers its footprints, and makes a Science of Language.The Birth of Language (1937)The great majority of linguists in Canada today belong to only the second academic generation of linguists in Canadian universities. Members of the first generation are, of course, still active—in some cases more active than the younger members of their departments. They are characterized, roughly, as founding members of the Canadian Linguistic Association, or as members of long standing. They are also characterized in a few cases as having been the teachers of junior members of the profession, although this is less often the case than it is in other disciplines, partly because there have been very few graduate programs in Linguistics until recently, and partly because there has been little demand for linguists trained in the specialty of the first generation anyway, which is almost unanimously dialect geography, and partly because there has been a decided tendency toward hiring non-Canadians in the social sciences to fill positions in Canadian universities. Now, with the increase in graduate programs in Linguistics, the more diverse specializations, and the national consciousness that Canadian universities can also be served by Canadians, the third generation of linguists will increasingly be selected from the students of the present academic generation, which is how academic generations have been gauged in other cultures for centuries.
Chapter IV: The Emergence of Organic Life: The Time-Picture Continued
Authors: Wilson Richard Albert 
Published: February 2018

All changes pass without violence, by reason of the two cardinal conditions of boundless space and boundless time. Geology has initiated us into the secularity of nature, and has taught us to disuse our dame-school measures, and exchange our Mosaic and Ptolemaic schemes for her large style. … Now we learn what patient periods must round themselves before the rock is formed, then before the rock is broken and the first lichen race has disintegrated the thinnest external plate into soil, and opened the door for the remote Flora, Fauna, Ceres, and Pomona to come in. How far off yet is the trilobite! how far the quadruped! how inconceivably remote is Man! Yet all duly arrive.—EMERSON, Nature, 1841.The entire phenomenon of the organic world divides itself by its external behaviour into three well-defined classes, plant life, animal life, and man, each class with new and original characteristics of its own. To trace and mark these new characteristics as they emerge in their time-evolution upwards through plant and animal life to where the life-and-mind of the world eventually emerges from its unfreed and inconscious activity to its freed and conscious activity in the life and mind of man, is our next step.
Psychosémiologie du genre des substantifs en Français moderne
Authors: Curat Hervé 
Published: February 2018

“M. Guillaume est un linguiste psychologue. Un linguiste historien explique vache par le latin uacca et taureau par un diminutif de taurus; un linguiste psychologue se demande pourquoi, dans l’espèce bovine, on distingue le mâle et la femelle par un autre procédé que dans l’espèce canine, et pourquoi la langue ne note pas le sexe du mulot ou de la souris.”Ces lignes de Louis Havet, qui datent de 1919, posent, on ne peut plus clairement, le problème dont nous nous proposons de traiter. Quoique G. Guillaume se soit beaucoup intéressé, surtout dans ses Leçons de linguistique des années 1938–39 et 1949–50B à la question du genre en français, il n’a jamais abordé directement le sujet particulier auquel l’invitait Louis Havet. Il nous semble malgré tout, ce que nous espérons montrer, que ce problème peut se traiter à partir des oppositions fondamentales posées par G. Guillaume entre, d’une part, langue et discours, et, d’autre part, psychisme et sémiologie.
Individual differences and metalinguistic abilities
Authors: Kess Joseph F. , Hoppe Ronald A. 
Published: February 2018

In the linguistic literature much is made, both implicitly and explicitly, of metalinguistic abilities but little is seen on the role of individual differences. The role of individual differences in ambiguity detection and resolution is discussed here as an example of the range of individual variation in shared abilities of the metalinguistic type.It is not the case that all reader/hearers of the language possess the same linguistic abilities with respect to metalinguistic tasks. From a theoretical point of view, linguists have typically assumed it was the case and necessarily so for postulating an ideal competence grammar. But in doing so we have often come to assume that such basic metatheory considerations show up reliably and uniformly even in performance tasks. There is a large and growing body of evidence to remind us that this is not so. Certainly, it holds true neither in the areas of paraphrase nor in ambiguity detection and resolution, two of the more basic metatheoretical premises, and it may not be so in other areas of language either. Very simply, apparently shared linguistic abilities operate on the same type of a graded continuum scale that cognitive abilities of a more general sort do. Having benefited from the postulation of abstract mental structures for ideal speaker/hearers, we are once again recognizing the importance of individual differences in defining the nature of psycholinguistic tasks, as well as the nature of language abilities.
Attitudes and Language Behaviour
Authors: Warkentyne H. J. 
Published: February 2018

One of the recent developments in sociolinguistics is the investigation of the relationship between a speaker’s personal disposition or cultural value system and his language behaviour. William Labov (1963) notes that a tendency of the inhabitants of Martha’s Vineyard to modify their pronunciation of diphthongs relates to their feelings of resentment towards intruders from the mainland United States. In a later publication, Labov (1964:94) observes that language may be viewed as a system for integrating cultural values, and he cites the conflict of value systems as a probable cause for the failure of students to acquire Standard English despite their exposure to 12 years of teaching. Although in many instances value systems may closely parallel social classes, certain types of values, such as those associated with political and religious persuasions, for example, cut across socio-economic classes. It follows from this that, by isolating attitudes from socio-economic class descriptions, a more accurate assessment can be made of their effects on language behaviour.In English-speaking Canada, and particularly in British Columbia, some Canadians identify themselves culturally with Britain and its people, some with the United States, and others actively seek a uniquely Canadian identity. The reasons for these differences in outlook are not difficult to find, given the history of the settlement of Canada and of its political and economic development. Nor is it surprising that Canadian English has been characterized as “a dialect which resembles American English in some respects and British English in others and includes, at the same time, a great deal that is significantly Canadian” (Avis 1966:19). This paper attempts to show that the attitudes referred to above are reflected in language usage.
Structural Choice in Spanish Clausal Comparison
Authors: Knowles John 
Published: February 2018

1. A not insignificant problem of Spanish syntax is that of relating the subdeletion sentence (1) to its comparative-deletion congener (2)
(1)Juan comió más manzanas que peras había traído.Juan ate more apples than he had brought pears.(2)Juan comió más manzanas de las que había traído.Juan ate more apples than he had brought.At first glance there appears to be little that is problematic and the solutions that have been proposed for English seem readily applicable; under such an analysis (as we shall see below) both sentences are held to be structurally identical, but subject to a more or less extensive deletion rule in accord with the extent of the identity of lexical elements in the compared constituents of the matrix and subordinate clause.
English Aspiration and Flapping Revisited
Authors: Picard Marc 
Published: February 2018

In Kahn (1976), one finds a syllable-based reanalysis of certain well-known phonological rules of English. Prominent among these are aspiration and flapping. Given that the belated recognition of the syllable by generative phonologists has generally yielded very interesting and positive results, this reinterpretation of the facts must be seen as a welcome development in that respect.On the other hand, however, Kahn’s decision to base his syllable-oriented generalizations on the concept of ambisyllabicity must be seriously questioned since the phonological evidence for such a phenomenon is so tenuous, and also because this concept is virtually unfalsifiable as it is not known to have any physical-acoustic or articulatory-correlates whatsoever.Also, over and above Kahn’s recourse to such an unsubstantiated mechanism, there is the additional problem that the two rules he proposes simply do not correctly account for all the data. A later attempt by Kiparsky (1979) to replace Kahn’s ambisyllabic treatment of these two rules by a metrical analysis involving the foot runs into exactly the same kind of trouble.
Cultural Attitudes in Discourse Analysis
Authors: Harder Bernhard D. 
Published: February 2018

Complex communication difficulties involving stylistics, logic and clarity in the discourse structures of advanced English compositions by writers from another language and culture cannot be explained as merely insufficient knowledge of English grammar, diction or idiom. Such problems do not only involve linguistic differences in the native (NL) and target language (TL) but encompass different stylistic habits, different ways of thinking, and different cultural values. Robert Kaplan has frequently argued that the rhetoric and logic in ESL English compositions vary according to the native language and culture of the writer. In one of his early essays he states:I have tried to demonstrate on the basis of the Arabic language and on the basis of my single example, that rhetoric, the method of organising syntactic units into larger patterns, is as much a culturally coded phenomenon as the syntactic units themselves are (Kaplan 1967:15).
The Audibility of / + /
Authors: Hill Archibald A. 
Published: February 2018

The recent article in The Journal of the Canadian Linguistic Association by Professors Robinson, Theall, and Wevers represents a pleasant and fruitful discussion of issues on which it is important to increase communication and understanding. I believe that it may also increase understanding if I point out that there was an unfortunate error in Introduction to Linguistic Structures, and that on the basis of my own statements I am quite properly taken to task for presenting ‘plus juncture’ as an inaudible “ghost phoneme”.On p. 12 of their article, Messrs. Robinson, Theall, and Wevers quote my statement (ILS p. 26 fn. 7) “A / + / is often so short as to be below the duration (five centiseconds) which the human ear can hear. Under these circumstances what we actually do hear is the effect on the surrounding sounds.”