bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of C-Mn Linepipe for High H2S Service
Authors: Baxter David , Østby Erling , Chong Steven , Venås Asle 
Published: September 2018

There have been recent incidents associated with cracking and leaks in C-Mn line pipe steels exposed to high H2S service. The incidents led to pipeline replacement with very expensive CRA clad pipeline causing substantial project delays and project cost escalations.
The incidents occurred when TMCP ACC steels were exposed to severe Region 3 environment as per domain diagram in NACE MR0175 (high partial pressure of H2S). The leaks were associated with longitudinal cracking which initiated at hard zones present on the parent pipe internal surface, and possibly also in girth welds.
The hard spots were observed to be contained within a very shallow depth of the ID surface of the pipe. The pipe microstructure beyond the thin layer of the hard zones at the ID surface did not contain hard material. However, the cracks propagated through the parent pipe normal microstructure in the through thickness direction.
Several of the operators are now concerned and uncertain on how to ensure the integrity of C-Mn pipelines in similar severe sour environments. Some operators have therefore introduced more stringent requirements for sour environment resulting in significant challenges to manufacture of line pipes and qualification of welding procedures that meet these new requirements. We also see different requirements being imposed by different operators. The use of CRA, clad/lined pipes or other exotic materials can solve the challenges, but are very expensive and can significantly reduce margins and make several sour service projects less viable.
Several R&D institutions have already started to study the phenomena. DNV GL have also initiated a broad JIP that will look into the challenges, with the objective of developing an industry guideline for use of C-Mn line pipe for high H2S service.
This paper will give background on the challenges associated with using C-Mn steel in high H2S service, describe the various uncertainties in detail, and describe how the JIP will address the challenges on a broad basis.
Fluid-Fluid Displacement for Primary Cementing in Deviated Washout Sections
Authors: Lund Bjørnar , Ytrehus Jan David , Taghipour Ali , Divyankar Shreyansh , Saasen Arild 
Published: September 2018

One of the most critical operations during well construction is the cementing procedure, where drilling fluid is displaced by cement, normally with one or more spacer fluids in between. Due to the curing nature of the cement slurry there will be only one opportunity to cement the well properly. Although one for top hole cases can fill cement in from the top in a remedial operation, this possibility cannot fully compensate for a non-optimal initial cement job. Furthermore, it cannot be applied to other well sections. In those sections, complex squeeze cementing operations may be necessary. Consequences of improper annular cement can be leakage during production phase and extensive costs when the well is to be plugged for abandonment after the production phase. To ensure that the risk of poor cement is minimised it is important to use the best procedures to place the cement properly. Most models in use assume that the annulus is homogeneous. This is not always the case since washout sections appear during drilling. The effects of these on cementing are not sufficiently studied and considered in models and procedures.
Here we present and discuss results from fluid displacement experiments in a laboratory flow loop, illustrating annular displacement of drilling fluid by spacer (or spacer by cement). Model fluids with realistic densities and rheological properties have been used in a test setup with a transparent annular section. The wellbore is represented by a 10 m long test section, where the annulus has a 6,5” outer diameter and an inner string of 5” that can rotate. A washout section is represented by a 2 m long section of the outer pipe with a larger diameter of 11”. These diameters are representative for the lower parts of a well were high wellbore inclinations are common. In these sections the inner pipe cannot be assumed concentric at all times, so both concentric and eccentric positions have been tested. Experiments reported here were conducted at 60 degrees inclination. The test section was instrumented with conductivity probes in an array around the perimeter at 4 separate positions along the pipe, including the inlet and outlet of the washout section. Together with a camera along the test section, this provided information about the motion and shape of the liquid-liquid interface through the test section.
Results show that the displacement front changes significantly when entering the washout zone compared to the regular annular section. Due to the larger flow area the density differences between displaced and displacing fluids become more important in the washout section, while momentum effects dominate in the regular section.
Toward a Common Understanding of Diet–Exercise Strategies to Manipulate Fuel Availability for Training and Competition Preparation in Endurance Sport
Authors: Burke Louise M. , Hawley John A. , Jeukendrup Asker , Morton James P. , Stellingwerff Trent , Maughan Ronald J. 
Published: September 2018

From the breakthrough studies of dietary carbohydrate and exercise capacity in the 1960s through to the more recent studies of cellular signaling and the adaptive response to exercise in muscle, it has become apparent that manipulations of dietary fat and carbohydrate within training phases, or in the immediate preparation for competition, can profoundly alter the availability and utilization of these major fuels and, subsequently, the performance of endurance sport (events >30 min up to ∼24 hr). A variety of terms have emerged to describe new or nuanced versions of such exercise–diet strategies (e.g., train low, train high, low-carbohydrate high-fat diet, periodized carbohydrate diet). However, the nonuniform meanings of these terms have caused confusion and miscommunication, both in the popular press and among the scientific community. Sports scientists will continue to hold different views on optimal protocols of fuel support for training and competition in different endurance events. However, to promote collaboration and shared discussions, a commonly accepted and consistent terminology will help to strengthen hypotheses and experimental/experiential data around various strategies. We propose a series of definitions and explanations as a starting point for a more unified dialogue around acute and chronic manipulations of fat and carbohydrate in the athlete’s diet, noting philosophies of approaches rather than a single/definitive macronutrient prescription. We also summarize some of the key questions that need to be tackled to help produce greater insight into this exciting area of sports nutrition research and practice.
State of the science: the doll is dead: simulation in palliative care education
Authors: Evans Lowri , Taubert Mark 
Published: September 2018

ObjectivesBoth simulation and high-fidelity simulation involving manikins, clinical training suites, wards, computer programs and theatres have established themselves in medical undergraduate and postgraduate education. Popular among students, they have been shown to be effective learning tools. Contrasted with this is the potential risk to patients and their proxy associated with learning ‘at the bedside’, which can pose a real challenge in medical and palliative settings. The need for education and training methods that do not expose the patient to preventable communication blunders from less experienced practitioners is a priority.MethodsHere, we provide a summary review on the current literature and evidence for simulation and high-fidelity simulation in palliative and end-of-life care settings, and discuss potential uses of technologies including virtual and augmented reality in future training.ResultsThe most common form of simulation in palliative medicine is often an actor-based role-play scenario with particular emphasis on communication skills. This is expensive and time-consuming to set up. Less evidence was found on the use of high-fidelity simulation in end-of-life care teaching.ConclusionPalliative medicine has been slow to adapt to an educational method and environment that now is widely used across other areas of healthcare. There has been less emphasis on training with manikins and even less on using computer simulation and virtual reality environments to recreate challenging end-of-life care scenarios. We provide some examples of where this could benefit the curriculum.
Properties of perturbations in beyond Horndeski theories
Authors: Mironov S. , Volkova V. 
Published: September 2018

We study whether the approach of Deffayet et al. (DPSV) can be adopted for obtaining a derivative part of quadratic action for scalar perturbations in beyond Horndeski theories about homogeneous and isotropic backgrounds. We find that even though the method does remove the second and higher derivatives of metric perturbations from the linearized Galileon equation, in the same manner as in the general Horndeski theory, it gives incorrect result for the quadratic action. We analyze the reasons behind this property and suggest the way of modifying the approach, so that it gives valid results.
Structural, elastic, electronic and optical properties of Cubic NaNbO3 crystals under pressure
Authors: Xu Yong-Qiang , Wu Shao-Yi , Wu Li-Na , Ding Chang-Chun , Zhang Li-Juan 
Published: September 2018

The structural, elastic, electronic and optical properties of cubic NaNbO3 (c-NNO) crystals in the pressure range 0–20 GPa are studied using first-principles VASP code. The influences of pressure on lattice constants, unit cell volume, elastic constants, elastic modulus, elastic anisotropy, sound velocities, elastic wave velocities, Debye temperature and Grüneisen parameters are discussed. Electronic structure calculations show that c-NNO is a wide indirect bandgap semiconductor. The band structures are similar for different pressures, except that conduction band shifts toward higher energy with increasing pressure. The distributions of density of states reveal typically covalent Nb–O bonding with strong hybridizations and significantly ionic Na–O ones. The dielectric function and linear optical properties are calculated with HSE06 scheme, and the pressure effects of the optical properties are also investigated. The optical spectra of c-NNO exhibit similar shapes for distinct pressures and blueshifts with the increase of pressure. The phonon dynamical properties are also investigated from the density functional perturbation theory (DFPT), and the calculated phonon spectra exhibit some imaginary frequencies, which reflect the negative phonon modes and hence the dynamical instability of the system.
Two Person Zero-Sum Game with Two Sets of Strategic Variables
Authors: Satoh Atsuhiro , Tanaka Yasuhito 
Published: September 2018

We consider a two-person zero-sum game with two sets of strategic variables which are related by invertible functions. They are denoted by [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] for players A and B. The payoff function of Player A is [Formula: see text]. Then, the payoff function of Player B is [Formula: see text]. [Formula: see text] is upper semi-continuous and quasi-concave on [Formula: see text] for each [Formula: see text] (or each [Formula: see text]), upper semi-continuous and quasi-concave on [Formula: see text] for each [Formula: see text] (or each [Formula: see text]), lower semi-continuous and quasi-convex on [Formula: see text] for each [Formula: see text] (or each [Formula: see text], and lower semi-continuous and quasi-convex on [Formula: see text] for each [Formula: see text] (or each [Formula: see text]). We will show that the following four patterns of competition are equivalent, that is, they yield the same outcome. (1) Players A and B choose [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] (competition by [Formula: see text]). (2) Players A and B choose [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] (competition by [Formula: see text]). (3) Players A and B choose [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] (competition by [Formula: see text]). (4) Players A and B choose [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] (competition by [Formula: see text]).
A Comparative Study of Cantilever- and Integral-Type Dead Loads on the Seismic Responses of High Arch Dams
Authors: Guo Shengshan , Liang Hui , Li Deyu , Chen Houqun , Liao Jianxin 
Published: September 2018

The actual dead load of an arch dam should be applied gradually through staged construction and sequenced grouting. However, the cantilever- and integral-type dead loads commonly used in the analysis of arch dams represent simplified versions of the actual loading. In this paper, these two types of dead loads, i.e. cantilever and integral types, are presented based on the Lagrange multiplier method considering the nonlinear behaviors of contraction joints. Based on the finite element method and an appropriate contact model together with artificial viscoelastic boundary conditions, a dynamic analysis model of a dam–foundation–reservoir system is established in consideration of the interactions between the arch dam and foundation, the opening and closing of contraction joints, and the radiation damping effect of the far-field boundary. Taking a 300 m high arch dam in the strong earthquake area of West China as an example, a fine mesh finite element model with a total of approximately 3.5 million degrees of freedom is established. The separate effects of the cantilever and integral dead loads on the static and dynamic responses of the dam are studied. The results demonstrate that the distribution and magnitude of the contraction joint opening width and maximum tensile stress are different under the two different dead load simplifications.
A Convolutional Neural Network Uses Microscopic Images to Differentiate between Mouse and Human Cell Lines and Their Radioresistant Clones
Authors: Toratani Masayasu , Konno Masamitsu , Asai Ayumu , Koseki Jun , Kawamoto Koichi , Tamari Keisuke , Li Zhihao , Sakai Daisuke , Kudo Toshihiro , Satoh Taroh , Sato Katsutoshi , Motooka Daisuke , Okuzaki Daisuke , Doki Yuichiro , Mori Masaki , Ogawa Kazuhiko , Ishii Hideshi 
Published: September 2018

Abstract

Artificial intelligence (AI) trained with a convolutional neural network (CNN) is a recent technological advancement. Previously, several attempts have been made to train AI using medical images for clinical applications. However, whether AI can distinguish microscopic images of mammalian cells has remained debatable. This study assesses the accuracy of image recognition techniques using the CNN to identify microscopic images. We also attempted to distinguish between mouse and human cells and their radioresistant clones. We used phase-contrast microscopic images of radioresistant clones from two cell lines, mouse squamous cell carcinoma NR-S1, and human cervical carcinoma ME-180. We obtained 10,000 images of each of the parental NR-S1 and ME-180 controls as well as radioresistant clones. We trained the CNN called VGG16 using these images and obtained an accuracy of 96%. Features extracted by the trained CNN were plotted using t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding, and images of each cell line were well clustered. Overall, these findings suggest the utility of image recognition using AI for predicting minute differences among phase-contrast microscopic images of cancer cells and their radioresistant clones.

Significance:
This study demonstrates rapid and accurate identification of radioresistant tumor cells in culture using artifical intelligence; this should have applications in future preclinical cancer research.
Pharmacologic Ascorbate Reduces Radiation-Induced Normal Tissue Toxicity and Enhances Tumor Radiosensitization in Pancreatic Cancer
Authors: Alexander Matthew S. , Wilkes Justin G. , Schroeder Samuel R. , Buettner Garry R. , Wagner Brett A. , Du Juan , Gibson-Corley Katherine , O’Leary Brianne R. , Spitz Douglas R. , Buatti John M. , Berg Daniel J. , Bodeker Kellie L. , Vollstedt Sandy , Brown Heather A. , Allen Bryan G. , Cullen Joseph J. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract

Chemoradiation therapy is the mainstay for treatment of locally advanced, borderline resectable pancreatic cancer. Pharmacologic ascorbate (P-AscH−, i.e., intravenous infusions of ascorbic acid, vitamin C), but not oral ascorbate, produces high plasma concentrations capable of selective cytotoxicity to tumor cells. In doses achievable in humans, P-AscH− decreases the viability and proliferative capacity of pancreatic cancer via a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-mediated mechanism. In this study, we demonstrate that P-AscH− radiosensitizes pancreatic cancer cells but inhibits radiation-induced damage to normal cells. Specifically, radiation-induced decreases in clonogenic survival and double-stranded DNA breaks in tumor cells, but not in normal cells, were enhanced by P-AscH−, while radiation-induced intestinal damage, collagen deposition, and oxidative stress were also reduced with P-AscH− in normal tissue. We also report on our first-in-human phase I trial that infused P-AscH− during the radiotherapy “beam on.” Specifically, treatment with P-AscH− increased median overall survival compared with our institutional average (21.7 vs. 12.7 months, P = 0.08) and the E4201 trial (21.7 vs. 11.1 months). Progression-free survival in P-AscH−–treated subjects was also greater than our institutional average (13.7 vs. 4.6 months, P &lt; 0.05) and the E4201 trial (6.0 months). Results indicated that P-AscH− in combination with gemcitabine and radiotherapy for locally advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma is safe and well tolerated with suggestions of efficacy. Because of the potential effect size and minimal toxicity, our findings suggest that investigation of P-AscH− efficacy is warranted in a phase II clinical trial.

Significance:
These findings demonstrate that pharmacologic ascorbate enhances pancreatic tumor cell radiation cytotoxicity in addition to offering potential protection from radiation damage in normal surrounding tissue, making it an optimal agent for improving treatment of locally advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
A Patient-derived Xenograft Model of Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors Identifies Sapanisertib as a Possible New Treatment for Everolimus-resistant Tumors
Authors: Chamberlain Chester E. , German Michael S. , Yang Katherine , Wang Jason , VanBrocklin Henry , Regan Melanie , Shokat Kevan M. , Ducker Gregory S. , Kim Grace E. , Hann Byron , Donner David B. , Warren Robert S. , Venook Alan P. , Bergsland Emily K. , Lee Danny , Wang Yucheng , Nakakura Eric K. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Patients with pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNET) commonly develop advanced disease and require systemic therapy. However, treatment options remain limited, in part, because experimental models that reliably emulate PNET disease are lacking. We therefore developed a patient-derived xenograft model of PNET (PDX-PNET), which we then used to evaluate two mTOR inhibitor drugs: FDA-approved everolimus and the investigational new drug sapanisertib. PDX-PNETs maintained a PNET morphology and PNET-specific gene expression signature with serial passage. PDX-PNETs also harbored mutations in genes previously associated with PNETs (such as MEN1 and PTEN), displayed activation of the mTOR pathway, and could be detected by Gallium-68 DOTATATE PET-CT. Treatment of PDX-PNETs with either everolimus or sapanisertib strongly inhibited growth. As seen in patients, some PDX-PNETs developed resistance to everolimus. However, sapanisertib, a more potent inhibitor of the mTOR pathway, caused tumor shrinkage in most everolimus-resistant tumors. Our PDX-PNET model is the first available, validated PDX model for PNET, and preclinical data from the use of this model suggest that sapanisertib may be an effective new treatment option for patients with PNET or everolimus-resistant PNET.
The STAT3 Inhibitor Galiellalactone Reduces IL6-Mediated AR Activity in Benign and Malignant Prostate Models
Authors: Handle Florian , Puhr Martin , Schaefer Georg , Lorito Nicla , Hoefer Julia , Gruber Martina , Guggenberger Fabian , Santer Frédéric R. , Marques Rute B. , van Weerden Wytske M. , Claessens Frank , Erb Holger H.H. , Culig Zoran 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
IL6/STAT3 signaling is associated with endocrine therapy resistance in prostate cancer, but therapies targeting this pathway in prostate cancer were unsuccessful in clinical trials so far. The mechanistic explanation for this phenomenon is currently unclear; however, IL6 has pleiotropic effects on a number of signaling pathways, including the androgen receptor (AR). Therefore, we investigated IL6-mediated AR activation in prostate cancer cell lines and ex vivo primary prostate tissue cultures in order to gain a better understanding on how to inhibit this process for future clinical trials. IL6 significantly increased androgen-dependent AR activity in LNCaP cells but importantly did not influence AR activity at castrate androgen levels. To identify the underlying mechanism, we investigated several signaling pathways but only found IL6-dependent changes in STAT3 signaling. Biochemical inhibition of STAT3 with the small-molecule inhibitor galiellalactone significantly reduced AR activity in several prostate and breast cancer cell lines. We confirmed the efficacy of galiellalactone in primary tissue slice cultures from radical prostatectomy samples. Galiellalactone significantly reduced the expression of the AR target genes PSA (P &lt; 0.001), TMPRSS2 (P &lt; 0.001), and FKBP5 (P = 0.003) in benign tissue cultures (n = 24). However, a high heterogeneity in the response of the malignant samples was discovered, and only a subset of tissue samples (4 out of 10) had decreased PSA expression upon galiellalactone treatment. Taken together, this finding demonstrates that targeting the IL6/STAT3 pathway with galiellalactone is a viable option to decrease AR activity in prostate tissue that may be applied in a personalized medicine approach.
Methylation-derived Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio and Lung Cancer Risk in Heavy Smokers
Authors: Grieshober Laurie , Graw Stefan , Barnett Matt J. , Thornquist Mark D. , Goodman Gary E. , Chen Chu , Koestler Devin C. , Marsit Carmen J. , Doherty Jennifer A. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is a biomarker that indicates systemic inflammation and can be estimated using array-based DNA methylation data as methylation-derived NLR (mdNLR). We assessed the relationship between prediagnosis mdNLR and lung cancer risk in a nested case–control study in the β-Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial (CARET) of individuals at high risk for lung cancer due to heavy smoking or substantial occupational asbestos exposure. We matched 319 incident lung cancer cases to controls based on age at blood draw, smoking, sex, race, asbestos, enrollment year, and time at risk. We computed mdNLR using the ratio of predicted granulocyte and lymphocyte proportions derived from DNA methylation signatures in whole blood collected prior to diagnosis (median 4.4 years in cases). Mean mdNLR was higher in cases than controls (2.06 vs. 1.86, P = 0.03). Conditional logistic regression models adjusted for potential confounders revealed a 21% increased risk of lung cancer per unit increase in mdNLR [OR 1.21; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01–1.45]. A 30% increased risk of non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) was observed for each unit increase in mdNLR (n = 240 pairs; OR 1.30, 95% CI, 1.03–1.63), and there was no statistically significant association between mdNLR and small-cell lung cancer risk. The mdNLR–NSCLC association was most pronounced in those with asbestos exposure (n = 42 male pairs; OR 3.39; 95% CI, 1.32–8.67). A better understanding of the role of mdNLR in lung cancer etiology may improve prevention and detection of lung cancer. Cancer Prev Res; 11(11); 727–34. ©2018 AACR.