bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Asymmetric distribution of cytokinins determines root hydrotropism in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Chang Jinke , Li Xiaopeng , Fu Weihao , Wang Jiawen , Yong Yueyuan , Shi Hongyong , Ding Zhaojun , Kui Hong , Gou Xiaoping , He Kai , Li Jia 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe phenomenon of plant root tips sensing moisture gradient in soil and growing towards higher water potential is designated as root hydrotropism, which is critical for plants to survive when water is a limited factor. Molecular mechanisms regulating such a fundamental process, however, are largely unknown. Here we report our identification that cytokinins are key signaling molecules directing root growth orientation in a hydrostimulation (moisture gradient) condition. Lower water potential side of the root tip shows more cytokinin response relative to the higher water potential side. Consequently, two cytokinin downstream type-A response regulators, ARR16 and ARR17, were found to be up-regulated at the lower water potential side, causing increased cell division in the meristem zone, which allows the root to bend towards higher water potential side. Genetic analyses indicated that various cytokinin biosynthesis and signaling mutants, including the arr16 arr17 double mutant, are significantly less responsive to hydrostimulation. Consistently, treatments with chemical inhibitors interfering with either cytokinin biosynthesis or cell division completely abolished root hydrotropic response. Asymmetrically induced expression of ARR16 or ARR17 effectively led to root bending in both wild-type and miz1, a previously known hydrotropism-defective mutant. These data demonstrate that asymmetric cytokinin distribution is a primary determinant governing root hydrotropism.
Entrainment of local synchrony reveals a causal role for high-beta right frontal oscillations in human visual consciousness
Authors: Vernet Marine , Stengel Chloé , Quentin Romain , Amengual Julià L. , Valero-Cabré Antoni 
Published: October 2019

AbstractPrior evidence supports a critical role of oscillatory activity in visual cognition, but are cerebral oscillations simply correlated or causally linked to our ability to consciously acknowledge the presence of a target in our visual field? Here, EEG signals were recorded on humans performing a visual detection task, while they received brief patterns of rhythmic or random transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) delivered to the right Frontal Eye Field (FEF) prior to the onset of a lateralized target. TMS entrained oscillations, i.e., increased high-beta power and phase alignment (the latter to a higher extent for rhythmic high-beta patterns than random patterns) while also boosting visual detection sensitivity. Considering post-hoc only those participants in which rhythmic stimulation enhanced visual detection, the magnitude of high-beta entrainment correlated with left visual performance increases. Our study provides evidence in favor of a causal link between high-beta oscillatory activity in the Frontal Eye Field and visual detection. Furthermore, it supports future applications of brain stimulation to manipulate local synchrony and improve or restore impaired visual behaviors.
Role of biomarkers as predictors of acute kidney injury and mortality in decompensated cirrhosis
Authors: Jo Sang Kyung , Yang Jihyun , Hwang Sang Muk , Lee Myung Seok , Park Sang Hoon 
Published: October 2019

AbstractEvidence suggests that novel biomarkers predict acute kidney injury (AKI) development and outcome earlier than serum creatinine. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence and prognosis of AKI in decompensated cirrhotic patients, and also assess the usefulness of plasma cystatin C, urine neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin (NGAL), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2) and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 (IGFBP7) in early prediction of AKI and mortality. Single-center, prospective observational study enrolling decompensated cirrhotic patients without AKI at the time of admission. Of 111 patients with decompensated cirrhosis, 45 (40.5%) developed AKI while hospitalized. Even with 53.3% being transient (stage 1), mortality was significantly higher in AKI than non-AKI patients (46.5% vs. 25%, p = 0.02). Plasma cystatin C and urine NGAL, but not urine [TIMP-2]·[IGFBP7] at the time of admission were found to be independent early predictors of AKI. Substitution of cystatin C for creatinine significantly improved the model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score accuracy for mortality prediction. The incidence of AKI is high and is associated with high mortality in decompensated cirrhotic patients. Plasma cystatin C and urine NGAL are useful for early detection of AKI. MELD-cystatin C, rather than original MELD, improves predictive accuracy of mortality.
Evaluation of sxtA and rDNA qPCR assays through monitoring of an inshore bloom of Alexandrium catenella Group 1
Authors: Murray Shauna A. , Ruvindy Rendy , Kohli Gurjeet S. , Anderson Donald M. , Brosnahan Michael L. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractAlexandrium catenella (formerly A. tamarense Group 1, or A. fundyense) is the leading cause of Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning in North and South America, Europe, Africa, Australia and Asia. The quantification of A.catenella via sxtA, a gene involved in Paralytic Shellfish Toxin synthesis, may be a promising approach, but has not been evaluated in situ on blooms of A. catenella, in which cell abundances may vary from not detectable to in the order of 106 cells L−1. In this study, we compared sxtA assay performance to a qPCR assay targeted to a species-specific region of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) and an established fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) microscopy method. Passing-Bablok regression analyses revealed the sxtA assay to overestimate abundances when <5 cell equivalents A. catenella DNA were analysed, but otherwise was closer to microscopy estimates than the rDNA assay, which overestimated abundance across the full range of concentrations analysed, indicative of a copy number difference between the bloom population and a culture used for assay calibration a priori. In contrast, the sxtA assay performed more consistently, indicating less copy number variation. The sxtA assay was generally reliable, fast and effective in quantifying A. catenella and was predictive of PST contamination of shellfish.
Concentrates of two subsets of extracellular vesicles from cow’s milk modulate symptoms and inflammation in experimental colitis
Authors: Benmoussa Abderrahim , Diallo Idrissa , Salem Mabrouka , Michel Sara , Gilbert Caroline , Sévigny Jean , Provost Patrick 
Published: October 2019

AbstractExtracellular vesicles (EVs) are involved in cell-to-cell communication and modulation of numerous physiological and pathological processes. EVs are found in large quantities in milk and contain several inflammation- and immunity-modulating proteins and microRNAs, through which they exert beneficial effects in several inflammatory disease models. Here, we investigated the effects of two EV subsets, concentrated from commercial cow’s milk, on a murine model of colitis induced with dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). P35K EVs, isolated by ultracentrifugation at 35,000 g, and P100K EVs, isolated at 100,000 g, were previously characterized and administered by gavage to healthy and DSS-treated mice. P35K EVs and, to a lesser extent, P100K EVs improved several outcomes associated to DSS-induced colitis, modulated the gut microbiota, restored intestinal impermeability and replenished mucin secretion. Also, P35K EVs modulated innate immunity, while P100K EVs decreased inflammation through the downregulation of colitis-associated microRNAs, especially miR-125b, associated with a higher expression of the NFκB inhibitor TNFAIP3 (A20). These results suggest that different milk EV subsets may improve colitis outcomes through different, and possibly complementary, mechanisms. Further unveiling of these mechanisms might offer new opportunities for improving the life of patients with colitis and be of importance for milk processing, infant milk formulation and general public health.
Effects of ghrelin on pGSK-3β and β-catenin expression when protects against neuropathic pain behavior in rats challenged with chronic constriction injury
Authors: Peng Zhiyou , Zha Leiqiong , Yang Meijuan , Li Yunze , Guo Xuejiao , Feng Zhiying 
Published: October 2019

AbstractGhrelin has been shown to alleviate neuropathic pain by inhibiting the release of proinflammatory cytokines. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of GSK-3β/β-catenin signaling in mediating the effect of ghrelin on neuropathic pain and to understand the associated mechanisms. Chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve was used to establish a rat model of neuropathic pain. Hyperalgesia and allodynia were evaluated by observing the mechanical withdrawal threshold and the thermal withdrawal latency. Wnt3a and β-catenin protein expression and GSK-3β phosphorylation were detected by western blotting analysis. The levels of tumor necrosis factor-α and IL-1β were determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In addition, we used immunohistochemical analysis to determine the levels of GSK-3β phosphorylation in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Intrathecal delivery of ghrelin effectively ameliorated CCI-induced mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia at 7 and 14 days and reduced the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α. Ghrelin inhibited CCI-induced GSK-3β activation and β-catenin overexpression in the spinal dorsal horn. Moreover, intrathecal injection of ghrelin suppressed the activation of GSK-3β in the spinal dorsal horn of CCI rats, as assessed by immunohistochemical analysis. Our data indicated that ghrelin could markedly alleviate neuropathic pain by inhibiting the expression of β-catenin, via the suppression of GSK-3β activation, in the spinal cord of CCI rats.
Association of Microcalcification Clusters with Short-term Invasive Breast Cancer Risk and Breast Cancer Risk Factors
Authors: Alsheh Ali Maya , Czene Kamila , Hall Per , Humphreys Keith 
Published: October 2019

AbstractUsing for-presentation and for-processing digital mammograms, the presence of microcalcifications has been shown to be associated with short-term risk of breast cancer. In a previous article we developed an algorithm for microcalcification cluster detection from for-presentation digital mammograms. Here, we focus on digitised mammograms and use a three-step algorithm. In total, 253 incident invasive breast cancer cases (with a negative mammogram between three months and two years before diagnosis, from which we measured microcalcifications) and 728 controls (also with prior mammograms) were included in a short-term risk study. After adjusting for potential confounding variables, we found evidence of an association between the number of microcalcification clusters and short-term (within 3–24 months) invasive breast cancer risk (per cluster OR = 1.30, 95% CI = (1.11, 1.53)). Using the 728 postmenopausal healthy controls, we also examined association of microcalcification clusters with reproductive factors and other established breast cancer risk factors. Age was positively associated with the presence of microcalcification clusters (p = 4 × 10−04). Of ten other risk factors that we studied, life time breastfeeding duration had the strongest evidence of association with the presence of microcalcifications (positively associated, unadjusted p = 0.001). Developing algorithms, such as ours, which can be applied on both digitised and digital mammograms (in particular for presentation images), is important because large epidemiological studies, for deriving markers of (clinical) risk prediction of breast cancer and prognosis, can be based on images from these different formats.
Design of dispersant for highly concentrated one-dimensional Nb2Se9 inorganic molecular chains from bulk crystal
Authors: Chae Sudong , Siddiqa Akhtar J. , Oh Seungbae , Kim Bum Jun , Choi Kyung Hwan , Yu Hak Ki , Choi Jae-Young 
Published: October 2019

AbstractWe determined the optimum dispersant to separate bulk Nb2Se9 material into 1D chain units. The Nb2Se9, which had a negative zeta potential (−43.3 mV), showed acidic characteristics and strongly bonded with the amine head of octadecyl amine through a charge transfer (from the amine to Se atoms) reaction. The steric hindrance of the octadecyl tail resulted in excellent dispersion of Nb2Se9 (down to nanometre-sized mono-chains).
Berberine improves insulin resistance in adipocyte models by regulating the methylation of hypoxia-inducible factor-3α
Authors: Wang Yuanli , Gong Wenwen , Lv Shaofang , Qu Hongmei , He Yanling 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Methylation of hypoxia-inducible factor-3α (HIF3A) was previously demonstrated to be highly associated with insulin resistance (IR) in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). We aimed to study the therapeutic effects of Berberine (BBR) on GDM and the possible mechanisms. The expressions and methylated states of HIF3A in pregnant women with GDM were compared with that in healthy controls. The IR cell models of 3T3-L1 adipocytes was constructed by 1 μmol/l dexamethasone (Dex) and 1 μmol/l insulin (Ins). To evaluate the effects of BBR on IR adipocyte models, cells were subjected to BBR treatment at different concentrations. Transfection of HIF3A siRNA further confirmed the role of HIF3A in the BBR-induced improving effects. Low expression and high methylation of HIF3A gene were frequent in the GDM pregnancies. BBR treatment noticeably increased the glucose usage rates, adiponectin secretion and cell differentiation of IR 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Increased HIF3A expression and decreased methylated state of HIF3A were also found in IR adipocytes. Furthermore, HIF3A silencing not only reversed the effects of BBR on improving insulin sensibility, but also partially abolished the expression alterations of insulin-related genes in IR adipocytes induced by BBR treatment. Our results suggest that BBR improves insulin sensibility in IR adipocyte models, and the improving effects of BBR are possibly realized through the inhibition of HIF3A methylation.
Prologue to the Forum: Vocabulary Across the School Grades
Authors: Adlof Suzanne M. 
Published: October 2019

Purpose

This prologue introduces the
LSHSS
Forum: Vocabulary Across the School Grades. The goals of the forum are to provide an overview of the importance of vocabulary to literacy and academic achievement, to review evidence regarding best practices for vocabulary instruction, and to highlight recent research related to word learning with students across different grade levels.

Method
The prologue provides a foundational overview of vocabulary's role in literacy and introduces the topics of the other ten articles in the forum. These include clinical focus articles, research reviews, and word-learning and vocabulary intervention studies involving students in elementary grades through college.

Conclusion
Children with language and reading disorders experience specific challenges learning new words, but all students can benefit from high-quality vocabulary instruction. The articles in this issue highlight the characteristics of evidence-based vocabulary interventions for children of different ages, ability levels, and language backgrounds and provide numerous examples of intervention activities that can be modified for use in individual, small-group, or large-group instructional settings.
Effective Vocabulary Instruction Fosters Knowing Words, Using Words, and Understanding How Words Work
Authors: McKeown Margaret G. 
Published: October 2019

Purpose
This clinical focus article will highlight the importance of vocabulary instruction, in particular, thinking about instruction in terms of focusing students' attention on words and their uses. Vocabulary knowledge that supports literacy and academic learning is extensive and multidimensional. Many learners accumulate high-quality vocabulary knowledge independently, through wide reading and rich language environments that provide abundant practice with words and language forms. However, instruction in vocabulary provides a more efficient way of getting that job done, especially for learners who are less likely to be experiencing rich language interactions, for example, because they struggle with reading and do little of it on their own.

Method
Three aspects of vocabulary instruction, choosing words to teach, the inclusion of morphological information, and the importance of engaging students in interactions around words, will be explored. Considerations in choosing words include their role in the language and their utility to students. Morphology will be discussed in terms of using Latin roots in instruction as a resource for unlocking new word meanings and a framework for understanding language.

Conclusion
Effective instruction means bringing students' attention to words in ways that promote not just knowing word meanings but also understanding how words work and how to utilize word knowledge effectively.
Sleeping sickness in the historical focus of forested Guinea: update using a geographically based method
Authors: Courtin Fabrice , Camara Oumou , Camara Mamadou , Kagbadouno Moïse , Bucheton Bruno , Solano Philippe , Jamonneau Vincent 
Published: October 2019

In 2017, 1447 new cases of Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) were reported, which reflects considerable progress towards the World Health Organisation’s target of eliminating HAT as a public health problem by 2020. However, current epidemiological data are still lacking for a number of areas, including historical HAT foci. In order to update the HAT situation in the historical focus of forested Guinea, we implemented a geographically based methodology: Identification of Villages at Risk (IVR). The methodology is based on three sequential steps: Desk-based IVR (IVR-D), which selects villages at risk of HAT on the basis of HAT archives and geographical items; Field-based IVR (IVR-F), which consists in collecting additional epidemiological and geographical information in the field in villages at risk; and to be Medically surveyed IVR (IVR-M), a field data analysis through a Geographic Information System (GIS), to compile a list of the villages most at risk of HAT, suitable to guide active screening and passive surveillance. In an area of 2385 km2 with 1420,530 inhabitants distributed in 1884 settlements, 14 villages with a population of 11,236 inhabitants were identified as most at risk of HAT and selected for active screening. Although no HAT cases could be confirmed, subjects that had come into contact with Trypanosoma brucei gambiense were identified and two sentinel sites were chosen to implement passive surveillance. IVR, which could be applied to any gambiense areas where the situation needs to be clarified, could help to reach the objective of HAT elimination.
Is There a Cutoff in Favor of Penetrating Keratoplasty Rather than Endothelial Keratoplasty for Long-Standing Endothelial Decompensation?
Authors: Jeng Bennie H. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractEndothelial keratoplasty (EK) has evolved to become the standard of care over traditional penetrating keratoplasty (PK) for treating isolated corneal endothelial disease. EK provides numerous advantages including faster, more reliable visual rehabilitation, along with a lower allograft rejection rate. There are some situations, however, in which EK may not necessarily be the best option, and PK should at least be considered. In such situations, a careful weighing and balancing needs to be done in conjunction with the patient.
Effectiveness and Safety of Primary Thromboprophylaxis in Children with Cancer: A Systematic Review of the Literature and Network Meta-Analysis
Authors: Pelland-Marcotte Marie-Claude , Tole Soumitra , Pechlivanoglou Petros , Brandão Leonardo Rodrigues 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThromboembolism (TE) is a well-recognized complication of pediatric cancer and can lead to mortality and excess morbidity. There is conflicting evidence about the effectiveness and safety of thromboprophylaxis in children. We conducted a systematic literature review and network meta-analysis of primary pharmacological thromboprophylaxis in children and adolescents (0–21 years) with cancer. The primary outcomes were objectively proven TE and major bleeding. The network meta-analysis included comparisons of multiple alternatives simultaneously: antithrombin (AT) replacement, low molecular weight heparin (LMWH), vitamin K antagonists (VKAs), and standard of care (SOC) defined as no thromboprophylaxis or low-dose heparin for catheter patency. Six articles describing 1,318 patients were included (mean age: 6.7 years, 56.7% male). Acute lymphoblastic leukemia was the underlying diagnosis in 97.5% of patients. All studies were considered at moderate or high risk of bias. LMWH was the only agent associated with lower odds of TE compared with SOC (odds ratio [OR]: 0.23, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.06–0.81). No statistically significant difference was detected between other thromboprophylaxis modalities and SOC. Tau2 and I
2 suggested a high degree of heterogeneity. No statistically significant differences in the odds of major bleeding were found between AT replacement, LMWH, VKA, and SOC. Current evidence suggests that low-dose LMWH is effective and safe to prevent TE in children with cancer but is insufficient to conclude if AT replacement or VKA are effective thromboprophylaxis options. Further research, notably randomized controlled trials enrolling children with diverse types of cancer, is crucially needed.
Fetal Myocardial Performance Index in the Third Trimester of Pregnancy: Feasibility and Reproducibility of Conventional Spectral Doppler versus Spectral Tissue Doppler Technique
Authors: Porche Lea M. , Sinkovskaya Elena , Seaman Rachel D. , Galadima Hadiza , Romary Letty , Philips Jennifer , Abuhamad Alfred 
Published: October 2019

AbstractObjective This study aims to compare completion rates and reproducibility of myocardial performance index (MPI) using conventional spectral Doppler versus tissue Doppler in an unselected high-risk third trimester population.Study Design This was a prospective cross-sectional study of high-risk pregnancies at ≥28 + 0 weeks’ gestation. Conventional spectral and tissue Doppler MPI of the left ventricle (LV) and right ventricle (RV) was attempted on all patients.Results Seventy-nine pregnancies were evaluated. LV tissue Doppler MPI was completed more frequently than LV conventional spectral Doppler MPI (63/79, 79.7% vs. 45/79, 55.7%), p-value <0.01. RV tissue Doppler MPI was completed more frequently than RV conventional spectral Doppler MPI (68/79, 86% vs. 42/79, 53.2%), p-value <0.01. In obese subjects (n = 50) LV tissue Doppler MPI was completed more frequently than LV conventional spectral Doppler MPI (37/50, 74% vs. 26/50, 52%), p-value <0.01. RV tissue Doppler MPI was completed more frequently than RV conventional spectral Doppler MPI (40/50, 80% vs. 25/50, 50%), p-value <0.01. intraclass correlation coefficient for all modalities ranged between 0.73 and 0.93, except for LV conventional spectral Doppler intraobserver variability which was 0.22.Conclusion Tissue Doppler had statistically higher completion rates than conventional spectral Doppler, including the obese subgroup, with evidence of strong reproducibility in the third trimester.
Measles: There is No Vaccine against Vaccine Phobia
Authors: McLaren Rodney A. , Stein Janet L. , Minkoff Howard 
Published: October 2019

AbstractIn 2000, the United States had effectively eliminated endemic measles. Unfortunately, due to misinformation and non-scientific based concerns, the rate of measles vaccination has declined. The United States is in the midst of its largest outbreak of measles since 2014, with 1,095 confirmed cases as of June 2019. The reasons for the re-emergence of measles and what this epidemic illustrates about the anti-vaccine culture in the United States are explored in this article.