bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Time Resolution of the Phanerozoic Rock Records: Challenges of High-Resolution Palaeobiological and Geochemical Proxy-Based Interpretations
Authors: Saraswati Pratul Kumar 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
The understanding of the Earth’s processes in the geologic past has advanced due to the ability to resolve geologic time in the rock records at progressively higher levels of time resolution. The rock records are now being probed to decipher short-term processes of palaeobiological and palaeoclimatic interests operating at a few tens of kyr to centennial and decadal scales. How good are the stratigraphic records to answer such questions? The fragmentary nature of the stratigraphic records is well recognized, and it is best summed up by the catchphrase “more gaps than record” or “a set of frozen accidents” of some leading stratigraphers. Quantitative analysis of sedimentary records in the 1980s and taphonomic studies supported by radiometric dating of shells in 1990s gave insight into an estimation of temporal resolutions of rock records. Two distinct types of resolutions are recognized, stratigraphic resolution (among strata) and palaeontological resolution (within stratum). The stratigraphic resolutions in 106-years scale can be achieved by biostratigraphy alone in the Cenozoic, and it can be raised to 105 to 104-years scale when integrated with as many means as magnetostratigraphy, radiometric dating, and cyclostratigraphy. Taphonomic processes deteriorate the palaeontological resolutions, and it is of major concern in bridging the gap between 104-years scale resolutions in the geological records and the human-life observations. The palaeobiological and palaeoclimatic processes at this scale may require exceptional records and rigorous approach to demonstrate that the requisite time-resolution is achievable in the investigated rock record.
Prediction of Oncotype Dx recurrence score using clinical parameters
Authors: Thibodeau Stephane , Voutsadakis Ioannis A. 
Published: February 2019

Objective/Background:
The Oncotype Dx test is a genomic test currently used in clinical practice to predict the risk of disease recurrence in estrogen receptor (ER)-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer patients with axillary lymph node-negative or micrometastatic disease. The test is one of several similar genomically based tests available. Although it has a good predictive value, it is expensive and thus constitutes a significant financial burden for health systems. Thus, several attempts have been made to devise low-cost tools that could predict the recurrence score derived from the genomic evaluation using easily obtainable clinical parameters.

Methods:
Two previously proposed predictive tools were evaluated in a cohort of 201 patients that had undergone the Oncotype Dx test for their efficacy in predicting the Oncotype Dx Recurrence Score (RS). A simple predictor, named GR-PR, based on two available pathologic parameters, grade and progesterone receptor status was devised and also evaluated.

Results:
The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy of all three tools were compared and found to be similar for all cutoff points of Oncotype Dx RS. The accuracy of GR-PR was comparable to the best performing of the two other prediction tools for all four cutoff points.

Conclusion:
The simple GR-PR predictor proposed in this study seems to be at least as accurate as more complex tools and should be the preferred tool for the prediction of Oncotype Dx RS from clinicopathologic parameters when the Oncotype Dx test is not available.
Mass-conserving solutions to the Smoluchowski coagulation equation with singular kernel
Authors: Barik Prasanta Kumar , Giri Ankik Kumar , Laurençot Philippe 
Published: February 2019

AbstractGlobal weak solutions to the continuous Smoluchowski coagulation equation (SCE) are constructed for coagulation kernels featuring an algebraic singularity for small volumes and growing linearly for large volumes, thereby extending previous results obtained in Norris (1999) and Cueto Camejo & Warnecke (2015). In particular, linear growth at infinity of the coagulation kernel is included and the initial condition may have an infinite second moment. Furthermore, all weak solutions (in a suitable sense) including the ones constructed herein are shown to be mass-conserving, a property which was proved in Norris (1999) under stronger assumptions. The existence proof relies on a weak compactness method in L1 and a by-product of the analysis is that both conservative and non-conservative approximations to the SCE lead to weak solutions which are then mass-conserving.
Geneva’s Use of Lies, Deceit, and Simulation in Their Efforts to Reform France, 1536–1563
Authors: Balserak Jon 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe Genevan Reformation was subjected to a trenchant ethical critique during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries by Roman Catholics, Lutherans, Anabaptists, and Radicals who identified both Calvin and Beza as unscrupulous, dishonest, and immoral. By contrast, modern scholars have paid little attention to such matters. They have either stated explicitly that both men were upright and honest in their lives and ministries or implied it. A handful of scholars have, however, alluded to dishonest conduct on their parts. The present article takes up this topic in detail, looking particularly at Geneva’s ministry to France. It contends that duplicity characterized Calvin and Beza’s French ministry between 1536 and 1563. It commences by examining their understanding of mendacity, which provides the standard for our analysis of their ministry. After outlining what Calvin and Beza did to support and strengthen Calvinist churches in France, the article sets forth and explains the system Calvin devised to hide their ministry from the French Catholic government and probably from the Nicodemites as well. This system depended on lies, deceit, and simulation.
Temporal bone meningoencephaloceles and cerebrospinal fluid leaks: experience in a tertiary care hospital
Authors: Gupta A , Sikka K , Irugu D V K , Verma H , Bhalla A S , Thakar A 
Published: February 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo recount experience with cerebrospinal fluid otorrhoea and temporal bone meningoencephalocele repair in a tertiary care hospital.MethodA retrospective review was conducted of 16 cerebrospinal fluid otorrhoea and meningoencephalic herniation patients managed surgically from 1991 to 2016.ResultsAetiology was: congenital (n= 3), post-traumatic (n= 2), spontaneous (n= 1) or post-mastoidectomy (n= 10). Surgical repair was undertaken by combined middle cranial fossa and transmastoid approach in 3 patients, transmastoid approach in 2, oval window plugging in 1, and subtotal petrosectomy with middle-ear obliteration in 10. All patients had successful long-term outcomes, except one, who experienced recurrence after primary stage oval window plugging, but has been recurrence-free after second-stage subtotal petrosectomy with middle-ear obliteration.ConclusionDural injury or exposure in mastoidectomy may lead to cerebrospinal fluid otorrhoea or meningoencephalic herniation years later. Congenital, spontaneous and traumatic temporal bone defects may present similarly. Middle cranial fossa dural repair, transmastoid multilayer closure and subtotal petrosectomy with middle-ear obliteration were successful procedures. Subtotal petrosectomy with middle-ear obliteration offers advantages over middle cranial fossa dural repair alone; soft tissue closure is more robust and is preferred in situations where hearing preservation is not a priority.
“Frozen-Ground Cartoons”: Permafrost comics as an innovative tool for polar outreach, education, and engagement
Authors: Bouchard Frédéric , Sansoulet Julie , Fritz Michael , Malenfant-Lepage Julie , Nieuwendam Alexandre , Paquette Michel , Rudy Ashley C. A. , Siewert Matthias B. , Sjöberg Ylva , Tanski George , Habeck J. Otto , Harbor Jon 
Published: February 2019

AbstractPermafrost occupies 20 million square kilometres of Earth’s high-latitude and high-altitude landscapes. These regions are sensitive to climate change and human activities; hence, permafrost research is of considerable scientific and societal importance. However, the results of this research are generally not known by the general public. Communicating scientific concepts is an increasingly important task in the research world. Different ways to engage learners and incorporate narratives in teaching materials exist, yet they are generally underused. Here we report on an international scientific outreach project called “Frozen-Ground Cartoons”, which aims at making permafrost science accessible and fun for students, teachers, and parents through the creation of comic strips. We present the context in which the project was initiated, as well as recent education and outreach activities. The future phases of the project primarily involve a series of augmented reality materials, such as maps, photos, videos, and 3D drawings. With this project we aim to foster understanding of permafrost research among broader audiences, inspire future permafrost researchers, and raise public and science community awareness of polar science, education, outreach, and engagement.
‘Just another day’: the lived experience of being a hundred years old for ten New Zealanders
Authors: Ratan Ashwina , de Vries Kay 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe aim of this study was to gain an understanding of the experiences of extended longevity as perceived by centenarians. Centenarians (people over 100 years of age) are the fastest growing group of the ageing population in developed countries. Ten centenarians aged between 100 and 106 years, living in the Lower North Island of New Zealand, participated in the study. The biographical narrative interpretive method of inquiry guided data collection through face-to-face interviews, and thematic analysis was subsequently undertaken. Four themes were identified: (a) ‘becoming a centenarian: ‘Just another day’; (b) ‘growing up in a privileged environment’ that revealed four sub-themes: ‘having freedom and choice’, ‘being loved and nurtured’, ‘living healthy lifestyles’ and having ‘good education prospects’; (c) ‘unique opportunities in adult life’; and (d) ‘positive ageing and celebration of longevity’. The centenarians spoke nonchalantly about their experience of turning 100 and positive personalities were prominent features of the participants, who all expressed a sense of acceptance and satisfaction with life and contentment with living in the present, a feature throughout their lives that was ongoing and at an intergenerational level. This study has provided further insights into the existing literature on longevity and through the narratives of the centenarians has demonstrated the value of Erikson's psycho-social stages of development and Tornstam's theory of gerotranscendence when considering positive ageing.
Reference values for two-dimensional myocardial strain echocardiography of the left ventricle in healthy children
Authors: Koopman Laurens P. , Rebel Bas , Gnanam Devi , Menting Mirthe E. , Helbing Willem A. , Boersma Eric 
Published: February 2019

AbstractBackgroundMyocardial deformation by speckle tracking echocardiography provides additional information on left ventricular function. Values of myocardial deformation (strain and strain rate) depend on the type of ultrasound machine and software that is used. Normative values for QLAB (Philips) are scarce, especially for children. It is important to evaluate the influence of age and body size on myocardial deformation parameters, since anthropometrics strongly influence many standard echocardiographic parameters. The aim of this study was to provide comprehensive normal values for myocardial deformation of the left ventricle using a Philips platform and to evaluate the association with anthropometric and standard echocardiographic parameters.MethodsHealthy children between 1 and 18 years of age were prospectively examined using a standard echocardiographic protocol. Short-axis and apical four-chamber, two-chamber, and three-chamber views were used to measure peak systolic circumferential and longitudinal strain and systolic and early diastolic strain rate of the left ventricle using dedicated software.ResultsA total of 103 children were included with a mean age of 10.8 and inter-quartile range 7.3–14.3 years. Global circumferential strain values (±SD) were −24.2±3.5% at basal, −25.8±3.5% at papillary muscle, and −31.9±6.2% at apex levels. Global left ventricular longitudinal strain values were −20.6±2.6% in apical four-chamber view, −20.9±2.7% in apical two-chamber, and −21.0 ±2.7% in apical three-chamber. Age was associated with longitudinal strain, longitudinal systolic and early diastolic strain rate, but not with circumferential strain.ConclusionsNormal values for left ventricular deformation parameters in children are obtained using a Philips platform. Age partly explains normal variation of strain and strain rate.
Should antipsychotic medications for schizophrenia be given for a lifetime? Replication of a naturalistic, long-term, follow-up study of antipsychotic treatment
Authors: Glick Ira D. , Zamora Daisy , Kamis Danielle , Davis John M. 
Published: February 2019

ObjectiveBecause ethically and practically a randomized control trial of antipsychotics will never be done, we recently conducted and reported a 8- to 50-year, naturalistic follow-up from an academic clinic of patients with chronic schizophrenia on antipsychotic medication. We found that better medication adherence was a statistically significant predictor of better long-term global outcome and life satisfaction. Because there were important limitations on our findings, we now in this communication, using similar methodology, detail outcomes for a very different sample—inner city patients with chronic schizophrenia with a long past history of antipsychotic treatment, who were enrolled in clinical trials for new medications for schizophrenia.MethodsThis is a retrospective, naturalistic, longitudinal 6- to 49-years antipsychotic treatment (mean average, 20) follow-up of a consecutive series of patients volunteering for screening for studies with schizophrenia. Lifetime data were collected on (1) their medication adherence, (2) long-term global outcome, and (3) life satisfaction. Outcomes were rated by 2 different clinicians, 1 with information on medication adherence (nonblind rater) and 1 without (blind rater). We used linear regression models adjusted for age, family support, substance use disorder, race, marital status, and number of years in treatment to estimate the association between adherence and each outcome.ResultsA total of 34 patients were assessed. Medication adherence was positively associated with the blind clinician’s rating of global outcome (P value=0.03) and the global assessment of functioning (P value=0.05). In the nonblinded clinician rating, medication adherence was unrelated to global outcome (P value=0.26) and to patients’ report of life satisfaction (P value=0.54).ConclusionThis replication study, like our previous study, is not inconsistent with the recommendation for continuous, long-term treatment for chronic schizophrenia unless medically contraindicated.
Discrepancy between heritage speakers' use of suprasegmental cues in the perception and production of Spanish lexical stress
Authors: Kim Ji Young 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThis study investigates Spanish heritage speakers' perception and production of Spanish lexical stress. Stress minimal pairs in various prosodic contexts were used to examine whether heritage speakers successfully identify the stress location despite varying suprasegmental cues (Experiment 1) and whether they use these cues in their production (Experiment 2). Heritage speakers' performance was compared to that of Spanish monolinguals and English L2 learners. In Experiment 1, the heritage speakers showed a clear advantage over the L2 learners and their performance was comparable to that of the monolinguals. In Experiment 2, both the heritage speakers and the L2 learners showed deviating patterns from the monolinguals; they produced a large overlap between paroxytones and oxytones, especially in duration. The discrepancy between heritage speakers' perception and production suggests that, while early exposure to heritage language is beneficial for the perception of heritage language speech sounds, this factor alone does not guarantee target-like production.
Property-Based Testing for Spark Streaming
Authors: RIESCO A. , RODRÍGUEZ-HORTALÁ J. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractStream processing has reached the mainstream in the last years, as a new generation of open-source distributed stream processing systems, designed for scaling horizontally on commodity hardware, has brought the capability for processing high-volume and high-velocity data streams to companies of all sizes. In this work, we propose a combination of temporal logic and property-based testing (PBT) for dealing with the challenges of testing programs that employ this programming model. We formalize our approach in a discrete time temporal logic for finite words, with some additions to improve the expressiveness of properties, which includes timeouts for temporal operators and a binding operator for letters. In particular, we focus on testing Spark Streaming programs written with the Spark API for the functional language Scala, using the PBT library ScalaCheck. For that we add temporal logic operators to a set of new ScalaCheck generators and properties, as part of our testing library sscheck.
Die Entwicklung der Psychopharmakologischen Behandlung von 1952 bis 1957 in den kinder- und jugendpsychiatrischen Kliniken Weissenau und Gütersloh
Authors: Kaufung Carolin , Holtmann Martin , Boege Isabel 
Published: February 2019

Zusammenfassung. Fragestellung: Im Rahmen der aktuellen Diskussionen um Medikamentenmissbrauch an Kindern in der Nachkriegszeit wurden zwei Kliniken der Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie (KJP) hinsichtlich Psychopharmakotherapie und therapeutischer Verfahren untersucht. In den Fokus genommen wurde insbesondere der zunehmende Gebrauch von Psychopharmaka und die Frage nach der Vergabe von Versuchspräparaten. Methodik: Methodisch wurden 966 stationäre Akten aller Patienten der Jahrgänge 1952 und 1957 aus der KJP Weissenau und der KJP Gütersloh analysiert. Ergebnisse: Das Aufkommen und Verwenden von Neuroleptika verhielt sich in den zu vergleichenden Institutionen ähnlich, wohingegen die Anteile der damals schon gebräuchlichen Psychopharmaka insgesamt sich je nach Klinikkonzept anders entwickelten. Behandlungsmethoden wie medikamentös induzierte Schocktherapie mit Insulin und Fieberinduktion wurden auch 1957 noch angewandt. Vereinzelt ließen sich erste Ansätze von therapeutischen Verfahren erkennen. Versuchspräparate wurden eingesetzt, jedoch nicht im Sinne systematischer Medikamentenstudien verabreicht. Schlussfolgerung: Die unterschiedlichen Aufträge und Charakteristika der Institutionen brachten verschiedene Behandlungsmethoden und medikamentöse Behandlungsstrategien mit sich, ohne dass gefährliche Medikamentenstudien nachweisbar waren. Schlüsselwörter: Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie, Psychopharmaka, Neuroleptika, Versuchspräparate, Therapiemethoden
Widespread Pollution From Secondary Sources of Organic Aerosols During Winter in the Northeastern United States
Authors: Shah Viral , Jaeglé Lyatt , Jimenez Jose L. , Schroder Jason C. , Campuzano‐Jost Pedro , Campos Teresa L. , Reeves John M. , Stell Meghan , Brown Steven S. , Lee Ben H. , Lopez‐Hilfiker Felipe D. , Thornton Joel A. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractSecondary organic aerosol (SOA) from pollution sources is thought to be a minor component of organic aerosol (OA) and fine particulate matter beyond the urban scale. Here we present airborne observations of OA in the northeastern United States, showing that 58% of OA over the region during winter is secondary and originates from pollution sources. We observed a doubling of OA mass from SOA formation in aged emissions, with unexpected similarity to OA growth observed in polluted areas in the summer. A regional model with a simple SOA parameterization based on summer measurements reproduces these winter observations and shows that pollution SOA is widespread, accounting for 14% of submicron particulate matter in near‐surface air. This source of particulate matter is largely unaccounted for in air quality management in the northeastern United States and other polluted areas.
Interannual Variability of the Sulawesi Sea Circulation Forced by Indo‐Pacific Planetary Waves
Authors: Hu Xiaoyue , Sprintall Janet , Yuan Dongliang , Tranchant Benoît , Gaspar Philippe , Koch‐Larrouy Ariane , Reffray Guillaume , Li Xiang , Wang Zheng , Li Yao , Nugroho Dwiyoga , Corvianawatie Corry , Surinati Dewi 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe regional INDESO model configured in the Indonesian seas from 2008 to 2016 is used to study the mechanisms responsible for the variability of the currents in the Sulawesi Sea of the Indonesian seas. The model simulation compares reasonably with the seasonal to interannual variability of the moored current meter observations in the upper 350 m or so of the Maluku Channel during 2015 and 2016. The interannual variability of the currents in the eastern Sulawesi Sea in the model is found to be associated with both the Pacific and Indian Ocean remote forcing. Lag correlation analysis and a theoretical linear wave model simulation suggest that both the equatorial Kelvin waves from the Indian Ocean and the coastally trapped Kelvin waves from the western Pacific along the Philippine coast can propagate through the Indonesian seas and arrive at the Maluku Channel. In particular, from mid‐2015 to 2016 the Indian Ocean Kelvin waves are found to significantly impact the sea level anomaly variability in the Maluku Channel. The results indicate the importance of Indo‐Pacific planetary waves to the interannual variability of the currents in the Sulawesi Sea at the entrance of the Indonesian seas.
Whitecap Fraction From Satellite Measurements: Algorithm Description
Authors: Anguelova Magdalena D. , Bettenhausen Michael H. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractMany air‐sea interaction processes are quantified in terms of whitecap fraction W because whitecaps are the most visible and direct way of observing breaking waves with air entrainment in the open ocean. Photographs or video images of the sea state collected from towers, ships, and aircrafts have been used over the years to obtain W. Satellite remote sensing of W is a recent development that allows long‐term, consistent observations of whitecapping on a global scale. The method for estimating W uses the variations of ocean surface emissivity at microwave frequencies (6 to 37 GHz) due to presence of sea foam on a rough sea surface. Satellite‐borne microwave radiometers detect these variations at the ocean surface as changes of the brightness temperature TB at the top of the atmosphere. We present the physical and parameterized models, as well as the input data, necessary to calculate W from WindSat TB observations with our W (TB) algorithm. We describe the implementation versions through which the W (TB) algorithm has developed. We show that satellite‐based W data vary with the frequency and polarization of the TB observations. The wind speed dependence of the W retrievals at horizontal and vertical polarizations shows different behavior and compares differently with in situ W data and existing wind speed parameterizations W(U10). We discuss the applicability of our methodology to other radiometric data. We indicate possible modifications and tuning of the models in the W (TB) algorithm that can help to further improve the accuracy of the satellite W retrievals.