bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Informative three-dimensional survey of cell/tissue architectures in thick paraffin sections by simple low-vacuum scanning electron microscopy
Authors: Sawaguchi Akira , Kamimura Takeshi , Yamashita Atsushi , Takahashi Nobuyasu , Ichikawa Kaori , Aoyama Fumiyo , Asada Yujiro 
Published: May 2018

AbstractRecent advances in bio-medical research, such as the production of regenerative organs from stem cells, require three-dimensional analysis of cell/tissue architectures. High-resolution imaging by electron microscopy is the best way to elucidate complex cell/tissue architectures, but the conventional method requires a skillful and time-consuming preparation. The present study developed a three-dimensional survey method for assessing cell/tissue architectures in 30-µm-thick paraffin sections by taking advantage of backscattered electron imaging in a low-vacuum scanning electron microscope. As a result, in the kidney, the podocytes and their processes were clearly observed to cover the glomerulus. The 30 µm thickness facilitated an investigation on face-side (instead of sectioned) images of the epithelium and endothelium, which are rarely seen within conventional thin sections. In the testis, differentiated spermatozoa were three-dimensionally assembled in the middle of the seminiferous tubule. Further application to vascular-injury thrombus formation revealed the distinctive networks of fibrin fibres and platelets, capturing the erythrocytes into the thrombus. The four-segmented BSE detector provided topographic bird’s-eye images that allowed a three-dimensional understanding of the cell/tissue architectures at the electron-microscopic level. Here, we describe the precise procedures of this imaging method and provide representative electron micrographs of normal rat organs, experimental thrombus formation, and three-dimensionally cultured tumour cells.
A finely resolved phylogeny of Y chromosome Hg J illuminates the processes of Phoenician and Greek colonizations in the Mediterranean
Authors: Finocchio Andrea , Trombetta Beniamino , Messina Francesco , D’Atanasio Eugenia , Akar Nejat , Loutradis Aphrodite , Michalodimitrakis Emmanuel I. , Cruciani Fulvio , Novelletto Andrea 
Published: May 2018

AbstractIn order to improve the phylogeography of the male-specific genetic traces of Greek and Phoenician colonizations on the Northern coasts of the Mediterranean, we performed a geographically structured sampling of seven subclades of haplogroup J in Turkey, Greece and Italy. We resequenced 4.4 Mb of Y-chromosome in 58 subjects, obtaining 1079 high quality variants. We did not find a preferential coalescence of Turkish samples to ancestral nodes, contradicting the simplistic idea of a dispersal and radiation of Hg J as a whole from the Middle East. Upon calibration with an ancient Hg J chromosome, we confirmed that signs of Holocenic Hg J radiations are subtle and date mainly to the Bronze Age. We pinpointed seven variants which could potentially unveil star clusters of sequences, indicative of local expansions. By directly genotyping these variants in Hg J carriers and complementing with published resequenced chromosomes (893 subjects), we provide strong temporal and distributional evidence for markers of the Greek settlement of Magna Graecia (J2a-L397) and Phoenician migrations (rs760148062). Our work generated a minimal but robust list of evolutionarily stable markers to elucidate the demographic dynamics and spatial domains of male-mediated movements across and around the Mediterranean, in the last 6,000 years.
The effect of the total small vessel disease burden on the structural brain network
Authors: Xu Xiaopei , Lau Kui Kai , Wong Yuen Kwun , Mak Henry K. F. , Hui Edward S. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractDifferent cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) lesion types have been shown to disrupt structural brain network individually. Considering that they often coexist, we investigated the relation between their collective effect using the recently proposed total SVD score and structural brain network on MRI in 95 patients with first transient ischemic attack (TIA) or ischemic stroke. Fifty-nine patients with and 36 without any SVD lesions were included. The total SVD score was recorded. Diffusion tensor imaging was performed to estimate structural brain connections for subsequent brain connectivity analysis. The global efficiency and characteristic path length of the structural brain network are respectively lower and higher due to SVD. Lower nodal efficiency is also found in the insular, precuneus, supplementary motor area, paracentral lobule, putamen and hippocampus. The total SVD score is correlated with global network measures, the local clustering coefficient and nodal efficiency of hippocampus, and the nodal efficiency of paracentral lobule. We have successfully demonstrated that the disruption of global and local structural brain networks are associated with the increase in the overall SVD severity or burden of patients with TIA or first-time stroke.
Lantibiotic production is a burden for the producing staphylococci
Authors: Ebner Patrick , Reichert Sebastian , Luqman Arif , Krismer Bernhard , Popella Peter , Götz Friedrich 
Published: May 2018

AbstractLantibiotics are antimicrobial peptides that contain non-proteinogenic amino acids lanthionine and 3-methyllanthionine and are produced by Gram-positive bacteria. Here we addressed the pros and cons of lantibiotic production for its producing strains. Two staphylococcal strains, S. gallinarum Tü3928 and S. epidermidis Tü3298 producing gallidermin and epidermin respectively were selected. In each of these parental strains, the structural genes gdmA and epiA were deleted; all the other biosynthetic genes including the immunity genes were left intact. Comparative analysis of the lantibiotic-producing strains with their non-producing mutants revealed that lantibiotic production is a burden for the cells. The production affected growth, caused release of ATP, lipids and increased the excretion of cytoplasmic proteins (ECP). The epidermin and gallidermin immunity genes were insufficient to protect the cells from their own product. Co-cultivation studies showed that the ΔgdmA mutant has an advantage over the parental strain; the latter was outcompeted. On the one hand, the production of staphylococcal lantibiotics is beneficial by suppressing competitors, but on the other hand they impose a burden on the producing-strains when they accumulate in higher amounts. Our observations explain why antibiotic-producing strains occur as a minority on our skin and other ecological niches, but retain corresponding antibiotic resistance.
Immediate Passage Comprehension and Encoding of Information Into Long-Term Memory in Children With Normal Hearing: The Effect of Voice Quality and Multitalker Babble Noise
Authors: Brännström K. Jonas , von Lochow Heike , Åhlander Viveka Lyberg , Sahlén Birgitta 
Published: May 2018

Purpose
This study examines how voice quality and multitalker babble noise affect immediate passage comprehension and the efficiency of information encoding into long-term memory in children with normal hearing.

Method
Eighteen children (mean age = 9 years) with normal hearing participated. Immediate passage comprehension performance and delayed performance (after 5 to 8 days) were assessed for 4 listening conditions: a typical voice in quiet, a typical voice in noise, a dysphonic voice in quiet, and a dysphonic voice in noise.

Results
Multitalker babble noise had a significant effect on immediate and delayed performance. This effect was more pronounced for delayed performance. No significant main effect of voice quality was seen on immediate or delayed performance.

Conclusions
Multitalker babble noise impairs immediate passage comprehension and encoding of information into long-term memory for later recall in children with normal hearing. In learning situations where competing speech signals are present, background noise may reduce the prerequisites for optimal learning.
Speech Rate Entrainment in Children and Adults With and Without Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Wynn Camille J. , Borrie Stephanie A. , Sellers Tyra P. 
Published: May 2018

Purpose
Conversational entrainment, a phenomenon whereby people modify their behaviors to match their communication partner, has been evidenced as critical to successful conversation. It is plausible that deficits in entrainment contribute to the conversational breakdowns and social difficulties exhibited by people with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This study examined speech rate entrainment in children and adult populations with and without ASD.

Method
Sixty participants including typically developing children, children with ASD, typically developed adults, and adults with ASD participated in a quasi-conversational paradigm with a pseudoconfederate. The confederate's speech rate was digitally manipulated to create slow and fast speech rate conditions.

Results
Typically developed adults entrained their speech rate in the quasi-conversational paradigm, using a faster rate during the fast speech rate conditions and a slower rate during the slow speech rate conditions. This entrainment pattern was not evident in adults with ASD or in children populations.

Conclusion
Findings suggest that speech rate entrainment is a developmentally acquired skill and offers preliminary evidence of speech rate entrainment deficits in adults with ASD. Impairments in this area may contribute to the conversational breakdowns and social difficulties experienced by this population. Future work is needed to advance this area of inquiry.
Nonword Repetition and Language Outcomes in Young Children Born Preterm
Authors: Gresch Lisa D. , Marchman Virginia A. , Loi Elizabeth C. , Fernald Anne , Feldman Heidi M. 
Published: May 2018

Purpose
The aims of this study were to examine phonological short-term memory in children born preterm (PT) and to explore relations between this neuropsychological process and later language skills.

Method

Children born PT (
n
= 74) and full term (FT;
n
= 60) participated in a nonword repetition (NWR) task at 36 months old. Standardized measures of language skills were administered at 36 and 54 months old. Group differences in NWR task completion and NWR scores were analyzed. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses examined the extent to which NWR ability predicted later performance on language measures.

Results
More children born PT than FT did not complete the NWR task. Among children who completed the task, the performance of children born PT and FT was not statistically different. NWR scores at 36 months old accounted for significant unique variance in language scores at 54 months old in both groups. Birth group did not moderate the relation between NWR and later language performance.

Conclusions
These findings suggest that phonological short-term memory is an important skill underlying language development in both children born PT and FT. These findings have relevance to clinical practice in assessing children born PT.
Does Implicit Voice Learning Improve Spoken Language Processing? Implications for Clinical Practice
Authors: Case Julie , Seyfarth Scott , Levi Susannah V. 
Published: May 2018

Purpose
In typical interactions with other speakers, including a clinical environment, listeners become familiar with voices through implicit learning. Previous studies have found evidence for a Familiar Talker Advantage (better speech perception and spoken language processing for familiar voices) following explicit voice learning. The current study examined whether a Familiar Talker Advantage would result from implicit voice learning.

Method
Thirty-three adults and 16 second graders were familiarized with 1 of 2 talkers' voices over 2 days through live interactions as 1 of 2 experimenters administered standardized tests and interacted with the listeners. To assess whether this implicit voice learning would generate a Familiar Talker Advantage, listeners completed a baseline sentence recognition task and a post-learning sentence recognition task with both the familiar talker and the unfamiliar talker.

Results
No significant effect of voice familiarity was found for either the children or the adults following implicit voice learning. Effect size estimates suggest that familiarity with the voice may benefit some listeners, despite the lack of an overall effect of familiarity.

Discussion
We discuss possible clinical implications of this finding and directions for future research.
Controlling the thermal environment of underground cable lines using the pavement surface radiation properties
Authors: Klimenta Dardan , Perović Bojan , Klimenta Jelena , Jevtić Milena , Milovanović Miloš , Krstić Ivan 
Published: May 2018

The main purpose of this study is to show how the emissivity and absorptivity of a pavement surface above underground cables affect their ampacity. The use of cool pavements whose surfaces absorb less heat from the Sun than they emit to the ambient is considered as a novel method to control the thermal environment of underground cables. The method predicts that the trench along the entire length of a 110 kV cable line is completely filled with quartz sand and paved with a cool pavement. Quartz sand would provide good conduction of heat from the cables to the earth and pavement surfaces, while a paved surface of the trench would establish approximately unchangeable convection and radiation boundary conditions along the entire cable line route. It is assumed that the three‐phase system is balanced and that the boundary conditions along the earth and pavement surfaces are the most unfavourable. The novel method is based on the results of experimental research, generalised and verified numerically using the finite‐element method in COMSOL. Finally, it is established that the ampacity of the 110 kV cable line can be increased up to 26.7%.
Design of W‐band sheet beam travelling wave tubes based on staggered double vane slow wave structure
Authors: Tian Hanwen , Shao Wei , Wang Zhanliang , Wei Yanyu , Duan Zhaoyun , Gong Yubin , Feng Jinjun 
Published: May 2018

In this study, a complete and viable plan about a W‐band sheet beam travelling wave tube based on a staggered double vane slow wave structure is drawn up. The dispersion characteristics, transposition characteristics of high‐frequency system, sheet electron beam gun, vacuum window, periodically cusped magnetic focusing system and beam–wave interaction are analysed by CST Microwave Studio, CST Particle Studio and HFSS. An attenuator is used in this device to suppress oscillation. A phase velocity taper is used to increase output power. The operation voltage is 20.6 kV and the current is 80 mA. With a 10 W input power, the output power is 1100 W versus the gain is 20.41 dB at 95 GHz. The peak amplitude approaches 1200 W versus the gain approaches 20.79 dB at 99 GHz.
Diagnostic value of far-IR water ice features in T Tauri disks
Authors: Kamp I. , Scheepstra A. , Min M. , Klarmann L. , Riviere-Marichalar P. 
Published: May 2018

Aims. This paper investigates how the far-IR water ice features can be used to infer properties of disks around T Tauri stars and the water ice thermal history. We explore the power of future observations with SOFIA/HIRMES and SPICA’s proposed far-IR instrument SAFARI.
Methods. A series of detailed radiative transfer disk models around a representative T Tauri star are used to investigate how the far-IR water ice features at 45 and 63 μm change with key disk properties: disk size, grain sizes, disk dust mass, dust settling, and ice thickness. In addition, a series of models is devised to calculate the water ice emission features from warmup, direct deposit, and cooldown scenarios of the water ice in disks.
Results. Photodesorption from icy grains in disk surfaces weakens the mid-IR water ice features by factors of 4–5. The far-IR water ice emission features originate from small grains at the surface snow line in disks at distance of 10–100 au. Unless this reservoir is missing in disks (e.g., transitional disks with large cavities), the feature strength does not change. Grains larger than 10 μm do not contribute to the features. Grain settling (using turbulent description) affects the strength of the ice features by at most 15%. The strength of the ice feature scales with the disk dust mass and water ice fraction on the grains, but saturates for dust masses higher than 10−4 M⊙ and for ice mantles that increase the dust mass by more than 50%. The various thermal histories of water ice leave an imprint on the shape of the features (crystalline and/or amorphous) and on the peak strength and position of the 45 μm feature. SOFIA/HIRMES can only detect crystalline ice features that are much stronger than those simulated in our standard T Tauri disk model in deep exposures (1 h). SPICA/SAFARI can detect the typical ice features in our standard T Tauri disk model in short exposures (10 min).
Conclusions. The sensitivity of SPICA/SAFARI will allow the detailed study of the 45 and 63 μm water ice feature in unbiased surveys of T Tauri stars in nearby star forming regions and an estimate of the mass of their ice reservoir. The water ice emission features carry an imprint of the thermal history of the ice, and thus can distinguish between various formation and transport scenarios. Amorphous ice at 45 μm that has a much broader and flatter peak could be detected in deep surveys if the underlying continuum can be well characterized and the baseline stability of SAFARI is better than a few percent.
Excitation of vertical coronal loop oscillations by impulsively driven flows
Authors: Kohutova P. , Verwichte E. 
Published: May 2018

Context. Flows of plasma along a coronal loop caused by the pressure difference between loop footpoints are common in the solar corona.
Aims. We aim to investigate the possibility of excitation of loop oscillations by an impulsively driven flow triggered by an enhanced pressure in one of the loop footpoints.
Methods. We carry out 2.5D magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations of a coronal loop with an impulsively driven flow and investigate the properties and evolution of the resulting oscillatory motion of the loop.
Results. The action of the centrifugal force associated with plasma moving at high speeds along the curved axis of the loop is found to excite the fundamental harmonic of a vertically polarised kink mode. We analyse the dependence of the resulting oscillations on the speed and kinetic energy of the flow.
Conclusions. We find that flows with realistic speeds of less than 100 km s−1 are sufficient to excite oscillations with observable amplitudes. We therefore propose plasma flows as a possible excitation mechanism for observed transverse loop oscillations.
Substellar and low-mass dwarf identification with near-infrared imaging space observatories
Authors: Holwerda B. W. , Bridge J. S. , Ryan R. , Kenworthy M. A. , Pirzkal N. , Andersen M. , Wilkins S. , Smit R. , Bernard S. R. , Meshkat T. , Steele R. , Bouwens R. C. 
Published: May 2018

Aims. We aim to evaluate the near-infrared colors of brown dwarfs as observed with four major infrared imaging space observatories: the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), the Euclid mission, and the WFIRST telescope.
Methods. We used the SPLAT SPEX/ISPEX spectroscopic library to map out the colors of the M-, L-, and T-type dwarfs. We have identified which color–color combination is optimal for identifying broad type and which single color is optimal to then identify the subtype (e.g., T0-9). We evaluated each observatory separately as well as the narrow-field (HST and JWST) and wide-field (Euclid and WFIRST) combinations.
Results. The Euclid filters perform equally well as HST wide filters in discriminating between broad types of brown dwarfs. WFIRST performs similarly well, despite a wider selection of filters. However, subtyping with any combination of Euclid and WFIRST observations remains uncertain due to the lack of medium, or narrow-band filters. We argue that a medium band added to the WFIRST filter selection would greatly improve its ability to preselect brown dwarfs its imaging surveys.
Conclusions. The HST filters used in high-redshift searches are close to optimal to identify broad stellar type. However, the addition of F127M to the commonly used broad filter sets would allow for unambiguous subtyping. An improvement over HST is one of two broad and medium filter combinations on JWST: pairing F140M with either F150W or F162M discriminates very well between subtypes.
MAGNETICA, une expo attirante
Authors: Fischer Hélène 
Published: May 2018

L’exposition itinérante tout public « MAGNETICA, une expo attirante » a pour objectif de mettre à mal les croyances liées au magnétisme. D’esthétique cristalline et attractive, elle présente une approche scientifique expérimentale du magnétisme, afin d’en expliquer les principes et les effets à l’origine de nombreuses applications omniprésentes dans nos vies, et à l’origine de recherches actuelles.
L'idée directrice est de partager connaissance et culture sur tout le territoire, d’attiser le goût des sciences chez le grand public, d’intéresser plus particulièrement les jeunes aux métiers scientifiques, à la recherche et à l’innovation, d'initier leur esprit pour les aider à se projeter dans l’avenir.
Bouldern – Kampf gegen die Schwerkraft
Authors: Hügler Stepahnie 
Published: May 2018

ZusammenfassungKampf gegen die Wand – An einer Felswand ohne jegliche Sicherung zu klettern, kann das Herz ganz schön höherschlagen lassen. Genau das tut es auch bei Martin
Schlageter. Seit über 20 Jahren betreut er als Sportphysiotherapeut begeistert die deutsche Nationalmannschaft im Bouldern. So sah man ihn auch letztes Jahr
beim Worldcup im August im Münchner Olympiastadion.
Ambulante Diabetesversorgung in Deutschland – Ergebnisse einer Strukturerhebung in diabetologischen Praxen und Einrichtungen
Authors: Reichert Dorothea , Scheper Nikolaus , Müller-Wieland Dirk , Häckl Dennis , Bayer Andreas , Horst Michael , Gallwitz Baptist 
Published: May 2018

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund Die Zahl der Erkrankungen an Diabetes mellitus nimmt in Deutschland zu. Um den Status quo der ambulanten spezialisierten Diabetesversorgung bundesweit zu untersuchen, wurde eine Umfrage in diabetologischen Praxen und Einrichtungen bezüglich ihrer Strukturen, der Organisation und der Qualifikation der ärztlichen sowie nichtärztlichen Mitarbeiter durchgeführt.
Methode Ärzte des Bundesverbandes Niedergelassener Diabetologen (BVND) und der Deutschen Diabetes Gesellschaft (DDG) erhielten einen Fragebogen. Der Befragungszeitraum umfasste 3 Monate. Die Auswertung der Fragebögen erfolgte zentral.
Ergebnisse Insgesamt 2642 Ärzte wurden kontaktiert. Die Rücklaufquote betrug 53,2 % (1405 Ärzte in 540 Praxen). 51 % der Praxen waren Gemeinschaftspraxen. 67 % der Praxen betrieben fächerübergreifende Kooperationen (47 % mit Hausärzten, 37 % mit Internisten). 79 % der Praxen übernahmen zusätzlich hausärztliche Funktionen und betrieben fachübergreifende Qualitätszirkel. 96 % der Befragungsteilnehmer nahmen am DMP Diabetes teil. 41 % der Patienten wurden gezielt diabetologisch überwiesen. Der Einsatz von evaluierten Schulungsprogrammen betrug bis zu 82 %. 65 % der Einrichtungen boten Programme für Migranten an. 51 % der Einrichtungen hatten eine Zulassung als Fußzentrum durch die KV. Das mittlere Alter der Ärzte betrug 53 Jahre, nur 7 % waren jünger als 40. Der Anteil an diabetologischem nichtärztlichem Fachpersonal betrug 26 – 42 % des Gesamtpersonals.
Schlussfolgerungen Die Einrichtungen arbeiten qualitätsgesichert mit fachspezifischem Personalschlüssel. Die Schwerpunktprofile der Einrichtungen sind heterogen. Anhand der Altersstruktur und der Diabetesentwicklung zeichnet sich ein möglicher Versorgungsengpass ab.