bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modelling the Englishization of vocabulary in contemporary Korean
Authors: Ahn Hyejeong 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThis study aims to analyse how English has been incorporated into contemporary Korean vocabulary, analysing vocabulary items from the 2014 New Words list published by the National Institute of Korean Language. It also surveys previous research on the Englishization of Korean vocabulary in order to devise a descriptive model of lexical borrowing from English in the contemporary Korean language. The examination of a wide range of data demonstrates that lexical borrowing into Korean is highly complex, involving at least four combinations of source languages: (i) English (only), (ii) traditional Korean and English, (iii) Sino‐Korean and English, and (iv) English, traditional Korean and Sino‐Korean. The findings suggest that ‘borrowed’ words undergo hybridized word formation processes in creative and innovative ways, which this paper attempts to describe using the model of lexical borrowing presented in this article.
Experimental Study of Flexible Electrohydrodynamic Conduction Pumping for Electronics Cooling
Authors: Tobar Nicolas Vayas , Christidis Pavolas N. , O'Connor Nathaniel J. , Talmor Michal , Seyed-Yagoobi Jamal 
Published: November 2018

As modern day electronics develop, electronic devices become smaller, more powerful, and are expected to operate in more diverse configurations. However, the thermal control systems that help these devices maintain stable operation must advance as well to meet the demands. One such demand is the advent of flexible electronics for wearable technology, medical applications, and biology-inspired mechanisms. This paper presents the design and performance characteristics of a proof of concept for a flexible Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) pump, based on EHD conduction pumping technology in macro- and meso-scales. Unlike mechanical pumps, EHD conduction pumps have no moving parts, can be easily adjusted to the micro-scale, and have been shown to generate and control the flow of refrigerants for electronics cooling applications. However, these pumping devices have only been previously tested in rigid configurations unsuitable for use with flexible electronics. In this work, for the first time, the net flow generated by flexible EHD conduction pumps is measured on a flat-plane and in various bending configurations. In this behavioral characteristics study, the results show that the flexible EHD conduction pumps are capable of generating significant flow velocities in all size scales considered in this study, with and without bending. This study also proves the viability of screen printing as a manufacturing method for these pumps.
EHD conduction pumping technology shows potential for use in a wide range of terrestrial and space applications, including thermal control of rigid as well as flexible electronics, flow generation and control in micro-scale heat exchangers and other thermal devices, as well as cooling of high power electrical systems, soft robotic actuators, and medical devices.
Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Underfill Materials on Thermal Cycle Fatigue of Second Level Solder Interconnects Under Mean Temperature Conditions
Authors: Serebreni Maxim , McCluskey Patrick , Hillman David , Blattau Nathan , Hillman Craig 
Published: November 2018

With the larger size of Ball Grid Array (BGA) solder joints, the available volume for underfilling is significantly increased. Although the size of the solder joints and package dimension governs the volume of underfill material, the larger 2nd level solder interconnects are more susceptible to thermal fatigue with certain underfills and thermal profiles.
In this study, BGA packages were underfilled with two dedicated underfill materials and two soft materials used as conformal coatings and encapsulants in electronic products. Each of the selected materials was subjected to two thermal profiles, one with low mean temperature and a second with a high mean temperature. The variation in mean cyclic temperature demonstrates the influence of temperature dependent behavior of each underfill material on the loads solder joints experience in a BGA package. Material characterization was performed on the package and underfill materials and incorporated into finite element models. The influence of underfill material glass transition temperature (Tg) was found to be a critical factor on fatigue endurance of solder interconnects. Fatigue crack orientation within solder joints were found to be aligned with axial (normal) direction for BGAs with high CTE underfill materials. Simulations determined the magnitude of axial loading associated with each underfill material properties responsible for reducing fatigue life. The results developed in this paper reveal the factors associated with reduced fatigue endurance of certain underfill materials under temperature profiles with mean temperature conditions and contribute to the development of new criteria of underfill material selection for 2nd level interconnects.
Relationship Between 2-Dimensional Frontal Plane Measures and the Knee Abduction Angle During the Drop Vertical Jump
Authors: Willis Brad W. , Hocker Katie , Razu Swithin , Gray Aaron D. , Skubic Marjorie , Sherman Seth L. , Kurkowski Samantha , Guess Trent M. 
Published: November 2018

Context: Knee abduction angle (KAA), as measured by 3-dimensional marker-based motion capture systems during jump-landing tasks, has been correlated with an elevated risk of anterior cruciate ligament injury in females. Due to the high cost and inefficiency of KAA measurement with marker-based motion capture, surrogate 2-dimensional frontal plane measures have gained attention for injury risk screening. The knee-to-ankle separation ratio (KASR) and medial knee position (MKP) have been suggested as potential frontal plane surrogate measures to the KAA, but investigations into their relationship to the KAA during a bilateral drop vertical jump task are limited. Objective: To investigate the relationship between KASR and MKP to the KAA during initial contact of the bilateral drop vertical jump. Design: Descriptive. Setting: Biomechanics laboratory. Participants: A total of 18 healthy female participants (mean age: 24.1 [3.88] y, mass: 65.18 [10.34] kg, and height: 1.63 [0.06] m). Intervention: Participants completed 5 successful drop vertical jump trials measured by a Vicon marker-based motion capture system and 2 AMTI force plates. Main Outcome Measure: For each jump, KAA of the tibia relative to the femur was measured at initial contact along with the KASR and MKP calculated from planar joint center data. The coefficient of determination (r2) was used to examine the relationship between the KASR and MKP to KAA. Results: A strong linear relationship was observed between MKP and KAA (r2 = .71), as well as between KASR and KAA (r2 = .72). Conclusions: Two-dimensional frontal plane measures show strong relationships to the KAA during the bilateral drop vertical jump.
MRI bone marrow oedema precedes lumbar bone stress injury diagnosis in junior elite cricket fast bowlers
Authors: Kountouris Alex , Sims Kevin , Beakley David , Saw Anna E , Orchard John , Rotstein Andrew , Cook Jill L 
Published: November 2018

ObjectivesLumbar bone stress injury (‘bone stress injury’) is common in junior fast bowlers. The repetitive loading of cricket fast bowling may cause bone marrow oedema (BMO), detectable on MRI, before the bowler suffers from symptomatic bone stress injury. We investigated the temporal relationship between BMO, bone stress injury, along with bowling workload correlates, in elite junior fast bowlers throughout a cricket season.Methods65 junior fast bowlers were prospectively monitored for one 8-month cricket season. For research purposes, participants had up to six MRI scans at set times in the season; findings were withheld from them and their clinicians. Standard practices for bowling workload monitoring and injury diagnosis were followed.Results15 (23%) participants developed bone stress injury during the study. All 15 of these participants had BMO detected on at least one of the preceding MRI scans, including the scan immediately prior to diagnosis. The risk of BMO progressing to bone stress injury during the season was greatest for participants with BMO present 2 weeks prior to the national championship tournament (period of high load) (RR=18.9, OR=44.8). Both bone stress injury and BMO were associated with bowling a higher percentage of days in training and having a shorter bowling break during the season. The number of balls bowled and acute-to-chronic workload were not associated with imaging abnormalities or injury.ConclusionThe presence of BMO on MRI in asymptomatic junior cricket fast bowlers confers a very high risk for bone stress injury. The risk may be managed by MRI screening and monitoring bowling frequency.
The informal curriculum: what do junior doctors learn from a palliative care rotation?
Authors: Choo Hwee Poi , Hwee Sing Khoo , Yong Hwang Mervyn Koh , Mei Allyn Hum Yin 
Published: November 2018

ObjectivesJunior doctors learn from the formal and informal curriculum. In a palliative care rotation, the informal curriculum may be useful in teaching attitudes like empathy and compassion. Our study aims to explore how the informal curriculum augments the formal curriculum of a palliative care rotation in shaping the professional development of a doctor.MethodsWe conducted a qualitative study with seven focus group discussions involving 21 junior doctors (medical officers and residents) who spent at least 2 months in a palliative care setting in a tertiary hospital or an inpatient hospice. Data were analysed using qualitative thematic analysis to identify the themes related to the junior doctors' perceptions of how the informal curriculum impacted their humanistic and professional development, thereby augmenting the formal curriculum in a palliative care setting.ResultsThree main themes illustrated how the informal curriculum influenced the doctors: (1) reconceptualisation of control: shifting perspectives as they grappled with their envisioned control versus reality while caring for dying patients; (2) emergence of professionalism: adapting perspectives as they learnt how to bridge theory and reality while developing professionalism and (3) personal growth: forming new perspectives, as doctors reflected on life, death and their calling through a renewed lens.ConclusionThis study explored how the informal curriculum influenced doctors’ perceptions about professionalism and personal growth, embodying the values of the profession. Observations and interpersonal interactions with healthcare professionals, patients and their caregivers encouraged the doctors to reflect upon their own calling into medicine.
Bulky DNA adducts, microRNA profiles, and lipid biomarkers in Norwegian tunnel finishing workers occupationally exposed to diesel exhaust
Authors: Rynning Iselin , Arlt Volker M , Vrbova Kristyna , Neča Jiří , Rossner Jr Pavel , Klema Jiri , Ulvestad Bente , Petersen Elisabeth , Skare Øivind , Haugen Aage , Phillips David H , Machala Miroslav , Topinka Jan , Mollerup Steen 
Published: November 2018

ObjectivesThis study aimed to assess the biological impact of occupational exposure to diesel exhaust (DE) including DE particles (DEP) from heavy-duty diesel-powered equipment in Norwegian tunnel finishing workers (TFW).MethodsTFW (n=69) and referents (n=69) were investigated for bulky DNA adducts (by 32P-postlabelling) and expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) (by small RNA sequencing) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), as well as circulating free arachidonic acid (AA) and eicosanoid profiles in plasma (by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry).ResultsPBMC from TFW showed significantly higher levels of DNA adducts compared with referents. Levels of DNA adducts were also related to smoking habits. Seventeen miRNAs were significantly deregulated in TFW. Several of these miRNAs are related to carcinogenesis, apoptosis and antioxidant effects. Analysis of putative miRNA-gene targets revealed deregulation of pathways associated with cancer, alterations in lipid molecules, steroid biosynthesis and cell cycle. Plasma profiles showed higher levels of free AA and 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, and lower levels of prostaglandin D2 and 9-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid in TFW compared with referents.ConclusionOccupational exposure to DE/DEP is associated with biological alterations in TFW potentially affecting lung homoeostasis, carcinogenesis, inflammation status and the cardiovascular system. Of particular importance is the finding that tunnel finishing work is associated with an increased level of DNA adducts formation in PBMC.
Preventing Lck Activation in CAR T Cells Confers Treg Resistance but Requires 4-1BB Signaling for Them to Persist and Treat Solid Tumors in Nonlymphodepleted Hosts
Authors: Suryadevara Carter M. , Desai Rupen , Farber S. Harrison , Choi Bryan D. , Swartz Adam M. , Shen Steven H. , Gedeon Patrick C. , Snyder David J. , Herndon James E. , Healy Patrick , Reap Elizabeth A. , Archer Gary E. , Fecci Peter E. , Sampson John H. , Sanchez-Perez Luis 
Published: November 2018

AbstractPurpose:Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells have shown promise against solid tumors, but their efficacy has been limited, due in part, to immunosuppression by CD4+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs). Although lymphodepletion is commonly used to deplete Tregs, these regimens are nonspecific, toxic, and provide only a narrow window before Tregs repopulate hosts. Importantly, CARs have also been shown to inadvertently potentiate Tregs by providing a source of IL2 for Treg consumption. We explored whether disruption of the IL2 axis would confer efficacy against solid tumors without the need for lymphodepletion.Experimental Design:We developed second- (CD28z) and third- (CD28-4-1BBz) generation CARs targeting EGFRvIII. To eliminate secretion of IL2, 2 amino acid substitutions were introduced in the PYAP Lck–binding motif of the CD28 domain (ΔCD28). We evaluated CARs against B16 melanomas expressing EGFRvIII.Results:CD28z CARs failed to engraft in vivo. Although 4-1BB addition improved expansion, CD28-4-1BBz CARs required lymphodepletion to treat solid tumors. CARs deficient in Lck signaling, however, significantly retarded tumor growth without a need for lymphodepletion and this was dependent on inclusion of 4-1BB. To evaluate CAR vulnerability to Tregs, we lymphodepleted mice and transferred CARs alone or with purified Tregs. Cotransfer with Tregs abrogated the efficacy of CD28-4-1BBz CARs, whereas the efficacy of ΔCD28-4-1BBz CARs remained unperturbed.Conclusions:In the absence of lymphodepletion, CARs targeting solid tumors are hindered by Treg immunosuppression and poor persistence. Here, CARs were modified to circumvent Treg suppression and to simultaneously improve in vivo engraftment. Modified CARs treated solid tumors without a need for lymphodepletion.
The T197A Knock-in Model of Cdkn1b Gene to Study the Effects of p27 Restoration In Vivo
Authors: De Marco Carmela , Rinaldo Nicola , De Vita Fernanda , Forzati Floriana , Caira Elvira , Iovane Valentina , Paciello Orlando , Montanaro Donatella , D'Andrea Sara , Baldassarre Gustavo , Papparella Serenella , Malanga Donatella , Baldi Alfonso , Viglietto Giuseppe 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
The CDK inhibitor, p27kip1, encoded by the Cdkn1b gene can negatively modulate cell proliferation. The control of p27 activity during the cell cycle is regulated at multiple levels, including transcription, translation, and protein stability. The last residue of p27 (threonine 198 in human, threonine 197 in mouse) is involved in the control of protein stability. We have generated a murine knock-in model (Cdkn1bT197A) in which threonine 197 is replaced by alanine, which renders p27 protein highly unstable due to a high rate of proteasomal degradation. Expectedly, Cdkn1bT197A/T197A mice present with increased body size and weight, organomegaly, and multiple organ hyperplasia, similar to what is observed in Cdkn1bKO/KO mice. We investigated the effects exerted by the restoration of normal levels of p27 protein in the tissue of Cdkn1bT197A/T197A mice. We found that proteasome inhibition with bortezomib rescues the hyperplasia induced by the lack of p27 expression in Cdkn1bT197A/T197A but not in Cdkn1bKO/KO mice. However, BAY 11-7082, a proteasome inhibitor that stabilizes IκB but not p27, fails to rescue hyperplasia in Cdkn1bT197A/T197A mice. Bortezomib increases p27 half-life and reduces the proliferation in MEFs derived from Cdkn1bT197A/T197A but not from Cdkn1bWT/WT mice, whereas BAY 11-7082 had no effect on the protein levels of p27 and on the proliferation rate of Cdkn1bT197A/T197A MEFs.
The results presented here demonstrate that Cdkn1bT197A/T197A mice represent an attractive in vivo model to investigate whether the targeting of p27 degradation machinery might prove beneficial in the treatment of a variety of human proliferative disorders caused by increased turnover of p27 protein.
Two new species of Lepanthes (Pleurothallidinae; Orchidaceae) from Andean forest remnants in Ibarra, Ecuador
Authors: TOBAR FRANCISCO , LÓPEZ MARÍA FERNANDA , MUÑOZ-UPEGUI DOLLY , RICHTER FRIEDERIKE 
Published: November 2018

Forest remnants of La Carbonería are the last patches of natural vegetation near the city of Ibarra. These forest patches are now isolated and restricted to areas of rugged topography and sustain a scarcely explored, largely unknown flora. As an example of this, two new species of orchids were discovered in our first exploration: Lepanthes ibarrae and Lepanthes obandoi, which are described and illustrated in this article. Lepanthes ibarrae is similar to L. zapatae , but is distinguished by its arched stems, reduced petals with a small, rounded apicule, lip with lanceolate-oblong, papillose laminae, small, rounded appendix covered with white pubescence at apex and the triangular, long-attenuate, reflexed rostelum. Lepanthes obandoi is reminiscent of L. muscula, L. guanacasensisr & R. Escobar and L. osiris, but can be distinguished by the much taller plant with distinct superposed stems, elongate appendix with orbicular, pubescent apex and a prominent tuft of white hairs at the base.
Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes in Asian Patients With Premature Coronary Artery Disease: Insight From the FOCUS Registry
Authors: Qu Ya’nan , Zhang Feng , Yang Ji’e , Dai Yuxiang , Li Chenguang , Yang Hongbo , Gao Yang , Yao Kang , Huang Dong , Lu Hao , Ma Jianying , Qian Juying , Ge Junbo 
Published: November 2018

Objectives: Premature coronary artery disease (PCAD) is increasingly common in Asian countries; however, less is known regarding its characteristics and clinical outcomes. This study aims to describe clinical characteristics and investigate clinical outcomes in real-world Asian patients with PCAD. Methods: A total of 4700 Asian patients undergoing drug-eluting stent implantation were included in our study and divided into PCAD group and mature CAD (MCAD) group according to their onset age. All patients were followed up for 3 years to observe their clinical outcomes. Results: Patients with PCAD were more likely to be associated with acute coronary syndrome (ACS; P = .03) and acute occlusive lesion ( P < .001). Reference diameter ( P < .001) and lesion diameter stenosis ( P = .001) were significantly greater in PCAD group. Conversely, the MCAD group was more likely to be associated with left main disease, severe calcification lesion and small vessel involvement. The cumulative incidences of major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE; P = .007), cardiovascular death ( P < .001), and all cause death ( P < .001) were significantly lower in PCAD group than those in MCAD group. Conclusions: Although more often manifested as ACS, PCAD is associated with lower risks of MACE and cardiovascular death than MCAD in real-world Asian population.
Associations between Community‐Acquired Pneumonia and Proton Pump Inhibitors in the Laryngeal/Voice‐Disordered Population
Authors: Cohen Seth M. , Lee Hui‐Jie , Leiman David A. , Roy Nelson , Misono Stephanie 
Published: November 2018

ObjectivesTo examine the relationship between community‐acquired pneumonia (CAP) and proton pump inhibitor (PPI) treatment among patients with laryngeal/voice disorders.Study DesignRetrospective cohort analysis.SettingLarge national administrative US claims database.Subjects and MethodsPatients were included if they were ≥18 years old; had outpatient treatment for a laryngeal/voice disorder from January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2014 (per International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes); had 12 months of continuous enrollment prior to the index date (ie, first diagnosis of laryngeal/voice disorder); had no preindex diagnosis of CAP; and had prescription claims captured from 1 year preindex to end of follow‐up. Patient demographics, comorbid conditions, index laryngeal diagnosis, number of unique preindex patient encounters, and CAP diagnoses during the postindex 3 years were collected. Two models—a time‐dependent Cox regression model and a propensity score–based approach with a marginal structural model—were separately performed for patients with and without pre–index date PPI prescriptions.ResultsA total of 392,355 unique patients met inclusion criteria; 188,128 (47.9%) had a PPI prescription. The 3‐year absolute risk for CAP was 4.0% and 5.3% among patients without and with preindex PPI use, respectively. For patients without and with pre–index date PPI use, the CAP occurrence for a person who had already received a PPI is 30% to 50% higher, respectively, than for a person who had not yet had a PPI but may receive one later.ConclusionsPatients without and with pre–index date PPI use experienced a roughly 30% to 50% increased likelihood of CAP, respectively, as compared with patients who had not had PPI prescriptions.
Health Workers’ and Villagers’ Perceptions of Young Child Health, Growth Monitoring, and the Role of the Health System in Remote Thailand
Authors: Roesler Anna , Smithers Lisa G. , Winichagoon Pattanee , Wangpakapattanawong Prasit , Moore Vivienne 
Published: November 2018

Background: In Thailand, despite widespread improvements in child nutrition, stunting is still highly prevalent among northern hill tribe children. Objective: To understand how villagers and health workers (volunteers and officials) gauge health of children younger than 5 years, whether growth monitoring is salient, and the relationships of villagers with the health system in this remote location. Methods: Qualitative research was undertaken with 8 hill tribe villages. A workshop on infant and young child health and nutrition was held with 8 village health volunteers, 2 per village, selected by a public health officer. In-depth interviews were conducted with 20 villagers and 2 volunteers who had children 0 to 5 years. Eight other health workers were also interviewed. All dialogue was conducted in Thai through bilingual facilitators and recorded, transcribed, and translated into English. Transcripts were coded and analyzed thematically within and across participant groups. Results: Overall, villagers considered strength and independence of children to be hallmarks of health; the size of children featured rarely. Volunteers did not perceive local benefits of growth monitoring, and the extent of child malnutrition was unclear to them. Nutrition counseling was seldom mentioned by villagers or health workers. Across all accounts, and considering silences, relationships of villagers with the health system seemed fragile. Conclusion: Villagers understand child health in terms of functional abilities rather than size. Volunteer health workers in this remote location have limited resources and support. Together this helps explain why, against a background of poverty and food insecurity, growth monitoring does not translate to improvements in child nutrition.