bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nerve Growth Factor Receptor Immunolocalization during Human Palate and Tongue Development
Authors: Ono Takashi , Fischer-Hansen Birgit , Nolting Dorrit , KjÆr Inger 
Published: October 2018

Objective To investigate the temporospatial pattern of nerve growth factor receptor (NGFR) immunolocalization during human palatal closure. Materials Human palate and tongue tissues from 33 embryos/fetuses, 9 to 22 weeks of fertilization age. Methods Tissues were divided according to developmental stage and palatal development (before, during, and after closure) and then subjected to decalcification, paraffin embedding, serial sectioning, survey staining, and p75NGFR immunohistochemical staining. Results Specific temporospatial patterns of p75NGFR reactivity were observed; reactivity was intense in the soft tissue palatal shelves before and during palatal closure and was weaker in the palate after palatal closure. In the tongue, intense reactivity was seen throughout 9 to 22 weeks. Conclusion The observed patterns suggest that p75NGFR may enable the visualization of physiological events in palatal closure during normal human development.
Early Craniofacial Morphology and Growth in Children with Nonsyndromic Robin Sequence
Authors: Hermann N. V. , Kreiborg S. , Darvann T. A. , Jensen B. L. , Dahl E. , Bolund S. 
Published: October 2018

Purpose Craniofacial morphology and growth comparisons in children with untreated nonsyndromic Robin Sequence (RS) and a control group with unilateral incomplete cleft lip (UICL) in which the lip was surgically closed at 2 months of age. Material The 52 children (7 RS and 45 UICL) included in the study were drawn from a group representing all Danish cleft children born 1976 through 1981. The ages of the children were 2 and 22 months at the time of examination 1 and 2, respectively. Method The method of investigation was three-projection cephalometry. Craniofacial morphology was analyzed by means of linear, angular, and area variables. Growth at a specific anatomical location in a patient was defined as the displacement vector from the coordinate of the corresponding landmark at examination 1 to its coordinate at examination 2. Results The most striking findings in the RS group were markedly increased posterior maxillary width, increased width of the nasal cavity, short maxilla with reduced posterior height, short mandible, bimaxillary retrognathia, and severe reduction in size of the pharyngeal airway. The amount of facial growth was similar in the two groups; however, a tendency toward a more vertical growth direction was observed in the RS group. Conclusion Facial morphology in children with RS differed significantly from that of children with UICL at both 2 and 22 months of age. The magnitude of facial growth was similar in the two groups, whereas a tendency toward a more vertical facial growth direction was observed in the RS group.
Influence of Lip Repair on Craniofacial Morphology of Patients with Complete Bilateral Cleft Lip and Palate
Authors: da Silva Filho Omar Gabriel , Valladares Neto José , Capelloza Filho Leopoldino , de Souza Freitas JoséAlberto 
Published: October 2018

Objective The aim of this study was to compare two groups of adult male patients with complete bilateral cleft lip and palate (BCLP) on the basis of lateral cephalometric radiographs. Patients The first group of adult male patients with complete BCLP was comprised of 13 unoperated patients with an average age of 21 years. The second group was comprised of 14 patients with an average age of 21 years 7 months, who had been operated only on the lip prior to 2 years of age. Design The following measurements were evaluated: angle and length of cranial base; maxillary spatial positioning and length; mandibular spatial positioning; morphology and length; maxillomandibular relationship; vertical facial length; dental positioning; interdental arch relationship; and soft profile. Results The results suggest that lip repair has a significant influence on certain areas of the craniofacial complex, mainly the premaxilla and the upper incisors. Conclusions The most significant findings consequent to lip repair consisted of reduction of the premaxillary anterior projection and lingual tipping of the upper incisors. Retropositioning of the premaxilla, especially in the alveolar part, is a desired effect of lip repair in complete BCLP. Such effect on the projected premaxilla is usually beneficial, except when the exceedingly severe lip pressure, unfavorable growth pattern, or both retropositions the midface profile beyond acceptable sagittal limits.
Dental Anomalies of the Permanent Lateral Incisors and Prevalence of Hypodontia outside the Cleft Area in Complete Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate
Authors: Lourenço Ribeiro Luciana , Teixeira das Neves Lucimara , Costa Beatriz , Ribeiro Gomide Marcia 
Published: October 2018

Objective To determine in complete unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) subjects the characteristics (location, shape) of the cleft-side lateral incisor. The presence of a supernumerary tooth at the cleft side and the prevalence of hypodontia outside the cleft area were evaluated. A comparison was made of the shape of the cleft side lateral incisor to its contralateral incisor. Setting Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies (HRCA), Sao Paulo, Brazil. Patients Orthopantomograms of 203 subjects with UCLP and without syndromes were chronologically selected from the HRCA data bank, within an age range of 5 to 10 years. Outcome Measure Orthopantomograms were analyzed by the same observer according to established criteria. Results There were no statistically significant differences between sexes for any of the criteria studied. The cleft-side lateral incisor was present in 50.2%, and it was more commonly located at the distal side (76.5%). The congenital absence of the cleft-side lateral incisor was observed in 49.8% of the sample, and its antimere was congenitally missing in 10.9%, this difference being statistically significant. The most commonly missing tooth outside the cleft area was the maxillary second premolar. Conclusions The high prevalence of hypodontia of the permanent lateral incisor in the cleft side showed that the cleft could play an important role in this absence. There were different patterns for the presence of the cleft-side lateral incisor.
Management of Infants with Pierre Robin Sequence
Authors: Wagener Silke , Rayatt Sukh S. , Tatman Andy J. , Gornall Peter , Slator Rona 
Published: October 2018

Objective Several methods of treating babies with Pierre Robin sequence have been described since the condition itself was first documented in 1923. The main aim of treatment has been to relieve upper airway obstruction. Treatment methods used range from positioning of the baby to invasive surgery. The aim of this article was to describe the assessment, treatment, and monitoring methods used for babies referred with Pierre Robin sequence (PRS). Setting/Patients From December 1995 to May 2000, 22 consecutive patients were admitted to Birmingham Children's Hospital with PRS. Their airway and nutritional status were assessed and continuously monitored. Interventions Treatment concentrated on the relief of airway obstruction with a nasopharyngeal airway (NPA) and nutritional support of the babies until they grew out of their respiratory and feeding difficulties. Main Outcome Measures Outcome measures were oxygen saturation, growth of the babies, and the need for surgery. Results All babies were managed successfully with an NPA and nutritional support. No baby required surgery, and the majority showed good weight gain. Conclusion Relieving airway obstruction by NPA is an effective and safe treatment for babies with PRS until they have grown out of their respiratory and feeding difficulties. It avoids the need for surgery and can be used on neonatal wards using the monitoring described.
Cephalometric Analysis of the Consolidation Phase following Bilateral Pediatric Mandibular Distraction
Authors: Hopper Richard A. , Altug Ayse T. , Grayson Barry H. , Barillas Ingrid , Sato Yuki , Cutting Court B. , McCarthy Joseph G. 
Published: October 2018

Objective The goal of the consolidation phase of mandible distraction is to maintain the improvement in maxillomandibular form and relationship while the generated tissue ossifies. During this period, external deforming forces can act on the healing generated bone. The purpose of this study was to describe the potential cephalometric changes that occur following pediatric bilateral mandibular distraction using external devices. Design Retrospective lateral superimposition cephalometric analyses. Participants Thirty-five cases of pediatric mandible distraction were reviewed. Seven of these cases were included in the study after exclusion criteria were applied. These cases represented a group with severe congenital dysmorphology and a mean device activation of 26.5 mm. Main Outcome Measures Changes in pogonion position, symphyseal plane rotation, mandible length, and mandible length relative to maxillary length during the 18 to 36 days of activation, the eight weeks of consolidation, and the 1-year period following removal of the distraction device were measured. Results All patients demonstrated variable changes in position of the mandible during the consolidation phase. The most common were retrusion of pogonion, a decrease in mandible length, and a clockwise rotation of the symphyseal plane. In some cases the changes that occurred during consolidation were greater than those that occurred on 1-year follow-up. Conclusions The consolidation phase of distraction osteogenesis is a dynamic phase and should not be assumed to be static. Multicenter use of this cephalometric technique would help to identify potential risk factors associated with postactivation changes.
Increased Fistula Risk following Palatoplasty in Treacher Collins Syndrome
Authors: Bresnick Stephen , Walker John , Clarke-Sheehan Noreen , Reinisch John 
Published: October 2018

Objective Patients with Treacher Collins syndrome have abnormal vascular supply to the palate, yet it is unknown whether there are increased postoperative healing problems following palatoplasty. This study investigated the correlation between Treacher Collins syndrome and postoperative palatal fistula formation. Design Retrospective chart review was performed. Patients Children undergoing palatoplasty at Childrens Hospital Los Angeles from 1987 to 2000 were evaluated. Ten children with Treacher Collins syndrome, 92 children with other syndromes and cleft palate, and 458 nonsyndromic patients with isolated cleft palate were studied. Interventions All children were treated with a one-stage, double-reversing Z-plasty cleft palate repair. Main Outcome Measures Outcome measures included intraoperative observations of surgical anatomy and postoperative clinic follow-up of fistula formation. Palatal fistula rates between patients with Treacher Collins syndrome, other syndromes, and no syndrome were compared with chi-square analysis. Results Children with Treacher Collins syndrome had significantly greater palatal fistula rates (50%) than children with other syndromes (8.7%) or no syndrome (4.1%). Treacher Collins patients demonstrated large palatal fistulas and poor flap vascularity. Conclusions Children with Treacher Collins syndrome and cleft palate have significantly higher palatal fistula risk than other children with cleft palate when double-reversing Z-plasty palate repair is performed. Our findings suggest that children with Treacher Collins syndrome and cleft palate may have poor vascularity to palatal flaps created during palatoplasty. Furthermore, we recommend that surgeons performing palatoplasty minimize the dissection of mucoperiosteal flaps around the greater palatine arterial pedicle and utilize closure techniques creating the least vascular disruption of palatal tissue.
Are Facial Expressions Reproducible?
Authors: Johnston D. J. , Millett D. T. , Ayoub A. F. , Bock M. 
Published: October 2018

Objectives To determine the extent of reproducibility of five facial expressions. Design Thirty healthy Caucasian volunteers (15 males, 15 females) aged 21 to 30 years had 20 landmarks highlighted on the face with a fine eyeliner pencil. Subjects were asked to perform a sequence of five facial expressions that were captured by a three-dimensional camera system. Each expression was repeated after 15 minutes to investigate intrasession expression reproducibility. To investigate intersession expression reproducibility, each subject returned 2 weeks after the first session. A single operator identified 3-dimensional coordinate values of each landmark. A partial ordinary procrustes analysis was used to adjust for differences in head posture between similar expressions. Statistical analysis was undertaken using analysis of variance (linear mixed effects model). Results Intrasession expression reproducibility was least between cheek puffs (1.12 mm) and greatest between rest positions (0.74 mm). The reproducibility of individual landmarks was expression specific. Except for the lip purse, the reproducibility of facial expressions was not statistically different within each of the two sessions. Rest position was most reproducible, followed by lip purse, maximal smile, natural smile, and cheek puff. Subjects did not perform expressions with the same degree of symmetry on each occasion. Female subjects demonstrated significantly better reproducibility with regard to the maximal smile than males (p = .036). Conclusions Under standardized conditions, intrasession expression reproducibility was high. Variation in expression reproducibility between sessions was minimal. The extent of reproducibility is expression specific. Differences in expression reproducibility exist between males and females.
An Investigation of the Relationship between Associated Congenital Malformations and the Mental and Psychomotor Development of Children with Clefts
Authors: de Veye Henriëtte F. N. Swanenburg , Beemer Frits A. , Mellenbergh Gideon J. , Wolters Wim H. G. , Heineman-de Boer Josien A. 
Published: October 2018

Objective This research studied the relationship between associated congenital malformations and the mental and psychomotor development of children with clefts. Design The study was cross-sectional. Setting The study was conducted in a university hospital for children. Participants The sample consisted of 148 children with cleft lip, cleft palate, or both. Main Outcome Measures The children were assessed by a clinical geneticist at the age of 18 months. The children's level of development was determined by means of the Dutch version of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development. Results One-third of the total sample had associated malformations. Children with an isolated cleft lip showed the least. Children with an isolated cleft palate showed the highest percentage of minor malformations that are minor yet possibly worrisome. The total group achieved a mean developmental index (DI) on the mental scale of 98.9 with SD of 20.9. The motor scale showed a mean DI of 104.9 and SD of 24.7. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that on the mental scale, the three main effects (diagnosis, evaluation, and sex) were significant at the 5% level. On the motor scale, only the main effect “evaluation” was significant. Conclusions This study demonstrated that children with associated congenital malformations might be disadvantaged with respect to their development. These malformations occurred most frequently with the cleft lip and palate and cleft palate only subgroups. More research, especially concerning the cleft palate only subgroup is needed because they are most at risk.
Characteristics of Nonverbal Behavior in Patients with Cleft Lip and Palate during Interpersonal Communication
Authors: Adachi Tomoaki , Kochi Shoko , Yamaguchi Tai 
Published: October 2018

Objective This study examined characteristics of nonverbal behavior that patients with cleft lip and palate (CLP) presented during interpersonal communication. Design This was a case-control design comparing nonverbal behavior of adult women with CLP with females without CLP. Participants Subjects were 20 adult women with CLP and 20 noncleft control women matched for age and educational experience. Main Outcome Measures Subject gestures and facial expressions were videotaped during interviews and analyzed with a computer-based kinematic measurement system. Results The clinical group displayed significantly fewer head movements and a lower smile frequency than the control group. Furthermore, head and hand movements and smiles were less coordinated or congruent for the subjects with CLP than for the comparison group. Conclusions Even slight facial disfigurement could have a harmful effect on communication behavior in female patients with CLP.
Sphenoethmoidal Encephalocele: A Case Report
Authors: Acherman D. S. , Bosman D. K. , van der Horst C. M. A. M. 
Published: October 2018

Objective This article documents the characteristics and treatment of an infant patient with a sphenoethmoidal encephalocele. An extracranial, transpalatal approach was used to eliminate the encephalocele.
A Randomized Prospective Clinical Trial of the Effect of Infant Orthopedics in Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate: Prevention of Collapse of the Alveolar Segments (Dutchcleft)
Authors: Prahl Charlotte , Kuijpers-Jagtman Anne M. , van't Hof Martin A. , Prahl-Andersen Birte 
Published: October 2018

Objective To study the effect of infant orthopedics (IO) on maxillary arch form and position of the alveolar segments. Design Prospective two-arm randomized, controlled trial in parallel with three participating academic cleft palate centers. Treatment was assigned by means of a computerized balanced allocation method. Setting Cleft palate centers of Amsterdam, Nijmegen, and Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Patients, Participants Infants with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate and no other malformations. Interventions One group (IO+) wore passive maxillary plates during the first year of life; the other group (IO−) did not. All other interventions were the same. Main Outcome Measure(s) The presence of contact and/or overlap (collapse) between the maxillary segments at maxillary casts made shortly after birth, at 15, 24, 48, 58, and 78 weeks. Survival experience of contact and collapse with time as well as the frequencies of different arch forms and severity of collapse were evaluated. Results Comparable arch forms with no contact or overlap of the maxillary segments were seen at birth in both groups. With time the frequency of collapse increased, with no significant differences between groups. No significant group differences were found with respect to the survival experience of contact and collapse or for the severity of collapse at the end of the observational period. Conclusions Infant orthopedics does not prevent collapse and can be abandoned as a tool to improve maxillary arch form.
Effects of Subglottal Air Pressure on Velopharyngeal Muscle Activity in Dogs
Authors: Kogo Mikihiko , Iida Seiji , Senoo Hitomi , Ishii Shouichiro , Hamaguchi Munehiro , Enomoto Akifumi , Matsuya Tokuzo 
Published: October 2018

Objective To analyze the effects of airflow in the larynx on activity of the levator veli palatini and pterygopharyngeal muscles. Design Ten adult beagle dogs were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital. In each dog, two tracheal tubes were inserted subsequent to tracheotomy, one in the direction of the vocal folds and the other toward the lungs for respiration. In the first of three experiments, the effect of artificial airflow on electromyographic activity of the levator and pterygopharyngeal muscles was studied. In the second experiment, the effect of air pressure beneath the vocal folds on the activity of these muscles was studied. For the third experiment, the larynx was isolated surgically without cutting the bilateral superior laryngeal nerves and the effect of airflow through it examined. Results and Conclusion Both outward airflow and higher pressure enhanced expiratory activity of the levator and pterygopharyngeal muscles. Receptors in the subglottal area play major roles in this enhancement. Furthermore, an increase in air pressure during expiration enhances closure of the velopharynx.
Language Skills of Young Children with Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate following Infant Orthopedics: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Konst Emmy M. , Rietveld Toni , Peters Herman F. M. , Kuijpers-Jagtman Anne Marie 
Published: October 2018

Objective To investigate the effects of infant orthopedics (IO) on the language skills of children with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP). Design In a prospective randomized clinical trial (Dutchcleft), two groups of children with complete UCLP were followed up longitudinally: one group was treated with IO based on a modified Zurich approach in the first year of life (IO group); the other group did not receive this treatment (non-IO group). At the ages of 2, 2½, 3, and 6 years, language development was evaluated in 12 children (six IO and six non-IO). Receptive language skills were assessed using the Reynell test. Expressive language skills of the toddlers were evaluated by calculating mean length of utterance (MLU) and mean length of longest utterances (MLLU); in the 6-year-olds, the expressive language skills were measured using standardized Dutch language tests. Patients The participants had complete UCLP without soft tissue bands or other malformations. Results IO did not affect the receptive language skills. However, the expressive language measures MLU and MLLU were influenced by IO. At age 2½ and 3 years, the IO group produced longer utterances than the non-IO group. In the follow-up, the difference in expressive language between the two groups was no longer significant. Conclusions Children treated with IO during their first year of life produced longer sentences than non-IO children at the ages of 2½ and 3 years. At 6 years of age, both groups presented similar expressive language skills. Hence, IO treatment did not have long-lasting effects on language development.
Craniofacial Morphology and Growth Comparisons in Children with Robin Sequence, Isolated Cleft Palate, and Unilateral Complete Cleft Lip and Palate
Authors: Hermann N. V. , Kreiborg S. , Darvann T. A. , Jensen B. L. , Dahl E. , Bolund S. 
Published: October 2018

Objective Comparison of early craniofacial morphology and growth in children with nonsyndromic Robin Sequence (RS), isolated cleft palate (ICP), and unilateral complete cleft lip and palate (UCCLP). Subjects One hundred eight children with cleft: 7 with RS, 53 with ICP, and 48 with UCCLP were included in the study. The children were drawn from the group of all Danish children with cleft born 1976 through 1981. Method Three-projection infant cephalometry. Results The craniofacial morphology in the RS, ICP, and UCCLP groups had some common characteristics: a wide maxilla with decreased length and posterior height, wide nasal cavity, short mandible, bimaxillary retrognathia, and reduced pharyngeal airway. The shortest mandible was found in RS followed by ICP and UCCLP; the pharyngeal airway was reduced in RS and ICP, compared with UCCLP; and the maxillary complex and nasal cavity were wider in UCCLP than in the other groups. The amount of facial growth in all three groups was similar; however, the direction was more vertical in UCCLP than in RS and ICP. Conclusion Except for a shorter RS mandible, the facial morphology of infants with RS and ICP was similar, as was the amount of facial growth and the growth pattern. The differences in facial morphology can be ascribed to the difference in the primary anomaly. The amount of facial growth was similar in the three groups; however, the growth pattern showed a more vertical direction in UCCLP than in RS and ICP. It is hypothesized that the mandibular retrognathia in RS represents the outer end of that of the ICP distribution.