bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimating the Prevalence of Human Trafficking in Ohio, 2014–2016
Authors: Anderson Valerie R. , Kulig Teresa C. , Sullivan Christopher J. 
Published: August 2019

Objectives. To develop statewide estimates of known victims and individuals at risk of human trafficking in Ohio. Methods. We collected information from 12 state and local sources including child welfare, legal services, and law enforcement data. We collected the data from agency records dating 2013 to 2018. However, the majority of data were from calendar years 2014, 2015, and 2016 (roughly 95% across individual and aggregate sources). We used probabilistic matching to estimate victim and at-risk cases—accounting for duplicates. Results. According to available data, there were 1032 known victims during the study time frame. We identified approximately 4209 at-risk individuals based on youths presenting with common risk factors for trafficking victimization. Conclusions. Estimating the prevalence of human trafficking is an important public health research priority. As the first “cataloging” of existing record systems in Ohio to our knowledge, this study provided a comprehensive overview of the number of victims and the type of information that is available in the state. This study highlights the importance of moving toward the use of epidemiological approaches to measure the prevalence of human trafficking.
Housing as a Platform for Health and Equity: Evidence and Future Directions
Authors: Hernández Diana , Swope Carolyn B. 
Published: August 2019

The links between housing and health are now known to be strong and multifaceted and to generally span across 4 key pillars: stability, affordability, quality and safety, and neighborhood opportunity. Housing disparities in the United States are tenaciously patterned along axes of social inequality and contribute to the burden related to persistently adverse health outcomes in affected groups. Appreciating the multidimensional relationship between housing and health is critical in moving the housing and health agenda forward to inspire greater equity. We assessed the current state of research on housing and health disparities, and we share recommendations for achieving opportunities for health equity centered on a comprehensive framing of housing. Despite the vastness of existing research, we must contextualize the housing and health disparities nexus in a broader web of interrelated variables emerging from the same roots of structural inequalities. There is more we can do to maximize the extent to which existing research furthers our understanding of housing’s relationship to health and potential related interventions; however, there are also several areas where new research is warranted.
Developing a Financing System to Support Public Health Infrastructure
Authors: DeSalvo Karen , Parekh Anand , Hoagland G. William , Dilley Abby , Kaiman Sherry , Hines Mason , Levi Jeff 
Published: August 2019

All people in the United States deserve the same level of public health protection, making it crucial that every health department across the country has a core set of foundational capabilities. Current research indicates an annual cost of $32 per person to support the foundational public health capabilities needed to promote and protect health for everyone across the nation. Yet national investment in public health capabilities is currently about $19 per person, leaving a $13-per-person gap in annual spending. To “create the conditions in which people can be as healthy as possible” and to protect national security, this gap must be filled. The Public Health Leadership Forum convened national experts in the public health, public policy, and other partner sectors to develop options for long-term, sustainable financing. The group aligned around core principles and criteria necessary to establish a sustainable financing structure. Informed by the work of the expert panel, the authors recommend a Public Health Infrastructure Fund for state, territorial, local, and tribal governmental public health, that would provide $4.5 billion of new, permanent resources needed to fully support core public health foundational capabilities.
Surveying Strategies for Hard-to-Survey Populations: Lessons From the Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander National Health Interview Survey
Authors: Galinsky Adena M. , Simile Catherine , Zelaya Carla E. , Norris Tina , Panapasa Sela V. 
Published: August 2019

Calls for remedies for the persistent scarcity of accurate, reliable, national, disaggregated health statistics on hard-to-survey populations are common, but solutions are rare. Survey strategies used in community and clinical studies of hard-to-survey populations often cannot be, and generally are not, implemented at the national level.This essay presents a set of approaches, for use in combination with traditional survey methods in large-scale surveys of these populations, to overcome challenges in 2 domains: sampling and motivating respondents to participate. The first approach consists of using the American Community Survey as a frame, and the second consists of implementing a multifaceted community engagement effort.We offer lessons learned from implementing these strategies in a national survey, some of which are relevant to all survey planners. We then present evidence of the quality of the resulting data set. If these approaches were used more widely, hard-to-survey populations could become more visible and accurately represented to those responsible for setting national priorities for health research and services.
Adolescent Dating Violence Prevention Program for Early Adolescents: The Me & You Randomized Controlled Trial, 2014–2015
Authors: Peskin Melissa F. , Markham Christine M. , Shegog Ross , Baumler Elizabeth R. , Addy Robert C. , Temple Jeff R. , Hernandez Belinda , Cuccaro Paula M. , Thiel Melanie A. , Gabay Efrat K. , Tortolero Emery Susan R. 
Published: August 2019

Objectives. To test the efficacy of Me & You, a multilevel technology-enhanced adolescent dating violence (DV) intervention, in reducing DV perpetration and victimization among ethnic-minority early adolescent youths. We assessed secondary impact for specific DV types and psychosocial outcomes. Methods. We conducted a group-randomized controlled trial of 10 middle schools from a large urban school district in Southeast Texas in 2014 to 2015. We used multilevel regression modeling; the final analytic sample comprised 709 sixth-grade students followed for 1 year. Results. Among the total sample, odds of DV perpetration were lower among intervention students than among control students (adjusted odds ratio = 0.46; 95% confidence interval = 0.28, 0.74). Odds of DV victimization were not significantly different. There were significant effects on some specific DV types. Conclusions. Me & You is effective in reducing DV perpetration and decreasing some forms of DV victimization in early middle-school ethnic-minority students.
Causal Language in Health Warning Labels and US Adults’ Perception: A Randomized Experiment
Authors: Hall Marissa G. , Grummon Anna H. , Maynard Olivia M. , Kameny Madeline R. , Jenson Desmond , Popkin Barry M. 
Published: August 2019

Objectives. To examine US adults’ reactions to health warnings with strong versus weak causal language. Methods. In 2018, we randomly assigned 1360 US adults to answer an online survey about health warnings for cigarettes, sugar-sweetened beverages, or alcohol. Participants rated 4 warning statements using different causal language variants (“causes,” “contributes to,” “can contribute to,” and “may contribute to”) displayed in random arrangement. Results. Most participants (76.3%) selected the warning that used “causes” as the 1 that most discouraged them from wanting to use the product. “Causes” was also selected most often (39.0% of participants) as the warning that participants most supported implementing. By contrast, most (66.1%) chose “may contribute to” as the warning that least discouraged them from wanting to use the product. We found few demographic differences in these patterns. Conclusions. Warnings with stronger causal language are perceived to be effective and are supported by the public.
Price Promotions by Food Category and Product Healthiness in an Australian Supermarket Chain, 2017–2018
Authors: Riesenberg Devorah , Backholer Kathryn , Zorbas Christina , Sacks Gary , Paix Anna , Marshall Josephine , Blake Miranda R. , Bennett Rebecca , Peeters Anna , Cameron Adrian J. 
Published: August 2019

Objectives. To examine the prevalence and magnitude of price promotions in a major Australian supermarket and how they differ between core (healthy) and discretionary (less healthy) food categories. Methods. Weekly online price data (regular retail price, discount price, and promotion type) on 1579 foods were collected for 1 year (April 2017 to April 2018) from the largest Australian supermarket chain. Products audited were classified according to Australian Dietary Guidelines definitions of core and discretionary foods and according to their Health Star Rating (a government-endorsed nutrient profiling scheme). Results. On average, 15.1% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 14.7%, 15.3%) of core foods and 28.8% (95% CI = 28.6%, 29.0%) of discretionary foods were price promoted during a given week. Average discounts were −15.4% (95% CI = −16.4, −14.4) for core products and −25.9% (95% CI = −26.8, −25.1) for discretionary products. The percentage of products on price promotion and the size of the discount were larger for products with a lower Health Star Rating (P < .05). Conclusions. Price promotions were more prevalent and greater in magnitude for discretionary foods than for core foods. Policies to reduce the prevalence and magnitude of price promotions on discretionary foods could improve the healthiness of food purchased from supermarkets.
Housing and Urban Development–Veterans Affairs Supportive Housing Vouchers and Veterans’ Homelessness, 2007–2017
Authors: Evans William N. , Kroeger Sarah , Palmer Caroline , Pohl Emily 
Published: August 2019

Objectives. To determine what role the 88 000 Housing and Urban Development–Veterans Affairs Supportive Housing (HUD-VASH) vouchers for permanent supportive housing among US veterans distributed between 2008 and 2017 played in the significant fall in veterans’ homelessness over the same time period. Methods. Using a panel data set at the Continuum of Care level over the 2007 to 2017 period, we correlated changes in vouchers with permanent supportive housing units and measures of homelessness. To reduce concerns about omitted variables bias, we used a 2-stage least-squares procedure. The instrument is a Bartik-type shift-share variable. Specifically, for the cumulative vouchers received at the local level, we used the share of the nation's homeless veterans from the local level in the year before the HUD-VASH program multiplied by the cumulative number of vouchers distributed at the national level up to that point. Results. For each additional voucher, permanent supportive housing units increased by 0.9 and the number of homeless veterans decreased by 1. Conclusions. Our results indicate the HUD-VASH program worked as intended and veterans’ homelessness would have risen substantially over the past decade without the program.
The Effects of SNAP Work Requirements in Reducing Participation and Benefits From 2013 to 2017
Authors: Ku Leighton , Brantley Erin , Pillai Drishti 
Published: August 2019

Objectives. To assess the effects of work requirements for able-bodied adults without dependents in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP). Methods. We used changes in waivers of work requirements to assess the impact of requiring work on the number of SNAP participants and benefit levels in 2410 US counties from 2013 to 2017 using 2-way fixed effects models. Results. Adoption of work requirements was followed by reductions of 3.0% in total SNAP participation, 4.5% in SNAP households, and 3.8% in SNAP benefit dollars, after controlling for the unemployment, poverty, and Medicaid expansions. Because able-bodied adults without dependents comprise 8% to 9% of all SNAP participants, our findings indicate that work requirements caused more than one third of able-bodied adults without dependents to lose benefits. Conclusions. Expansions of work requirements caused about 600 000 participants to lose SNAP benefits from 2013 to 2017 and caused a reduction of about $2.5 billion in federal SNAP benefits in 2017. The losses occurred rapidly, beginning a few months after work requirements were imposed. Public Health Implications. SNAP work requirements rapidly reduce caseloads and benefits, reducing food and health access. Effects on participation could be similar for work requirements in Medicaid or other programs.
Psychological Attempts to Change a Person’s Gender Identity From Transgender to Cisgender: Estimated Prevalence Across US States, 2015
Authors: Turban Jack L. , King Dana , Reisner Sari L. , Keuroghlian Alex S. 
Published: August 2019

Objectives. To examine exposure to psychological attempts to change a person’s gender identity from transgender to cisgender (PACGI) among transgender people in the United States, lifetime and between the years 2010 and 2015, by US state. Methods. We obtained data from the 2015 US Transgender Survey, a cross-sectional nonprobability sample of 27 716 transgender people in the United States, to estimate the percentage exposed to PACGI in each US state. Results. Overall, 13.5% of the sample indicated lifetime exposure to PACGI, ranging across all US states from 9.4% (South Carolina) to 25.0% (Wyoming). The percentage of transgender adults in the United States reporting exposure to PACGI between 2010 and 2015 was 5% overall, and across all states ranged from 1.2% (Alaska) to 16.3% (South Dakota). Conclusions. Despite major medical organizations identifying PACGI as ineffective and unethical, 13.5% of transgender people in the United States reported lifetime exposure to this practice. Findings suggest that this practice has continued in every US state as recently as the period 2010 to 2015.
Black Maternal and Infant Health: Historical Legacies of Slavery
Authors: Owens Deirdre Cooper , Fett Sharla M. 
Published: August 2019

The legacies of slavery today are seen in structural racism that has resulted in disproportionate maternal and infant death among African Americans. The deep roots of these patterns of disparity in maternal and infant health lie with the commodification of enslaved Black women’s childbearing and physicians’ investment in serving the interests of slaveowners. Even certain medical specializations, such as obstetrics and gynecology, owe a debt to enslaved women who became experimental subjects in the development of the field. Public health initiatives must acknowledge these historical legacies by addressing institutionalized racism and implicit bias in medicine while promoting programs that remedy socially embedded health disparities.
Cell-Free Biomimetic Osteochondral Scaffold
Authors: Sessa Andrea , Perdisa Francesco , Di Martino Alessandro , Zaffagnini Stefano , Filardo Giuseppe 
Published: August 2019

Background:
This 1-stage cell-free scaffold-based technique is indicated for the treatment of full-thickness chondral and osteochondral lesions in the knee, regardless of the lesion size. The aim of the procedure is restoration of the osteochondral unit while avoiding the issues of donor site morbidity and those related to cell management.

Description:
The surgical technique is simple and can be performed as a 1-stage procedure. The lesion site is visualized through a standard knee medial or lateral parapatellar arthrotomy. The defect is prepared by excision of the injured cartilage and subchondral bone to ensure adequate bone-marrow blood flow and to create a squared, regularly shaped lodging for the device. The scaffold is then shaped and sized according to the dimensions of the prepared lesion site and implanted by press-fitting or with addition of fibrin glue. Finally, the complete range of motion is tested to assess the stability of the implant before and after releasing the tourniquet.

Alternatives:
Nonsurgical alternatives have been reported to include nonpharmacological modalities, such as dietary supplements, and pharmacological therapies as well as physical therapies and novel biological procedures involving injections of various substances
1
. There are several surgical alternatives, including among others microfracture, mosaicplasty, osteochondral allograft, and total knee arthroplasty, depending primarily on the disease stage and etiology as well as the specific patient conditions
2,3
.

Rationale:
This cell-free device is engineered in 3 layers to mimic the structure and composition of the osteochondral unit in order to guide resident cells toward an ordered regeneration of both bone and cartilage layers, providing a better quality of regenerated articular surface. The treatment approach offers a useful alternative to current procedures in the field of osteochondral lesions, in particular for young and middle-aged patients affected by symptomatic defects in which subchondral bone is likely involved. The advantages of this scaffold include the ability to perform a 1-stage surgical procedure, off-the-shelf availability, a straightforward surgical technique, and lower costs compared with cell-based regenerative options. Furthermore, in contrast to some more traditional treatments, it can be used for large lesions.
Improved Framework for Measuring the Magnitude and Impact of Biases on Project Evaluation
Authors: Alarfaj Malik K. , McVay Duane A. 
Published: August 2019

Summary
Several authors over several decades (Capen 1976; Brashear et al. 2001; Rose 2004) have observed that the petroleum industry has consistently performed below expectations. Although this has been painfully obvious during the industry downturn beginning in 2014, available evidence suggests that even when the industry is profitable (e.g., during the decade before the most-recent downturn), it still performs substantially below expectations and its potential (Nandurdikar 2014). Many attribute this underperformance to cognitive biases in project evaluation, resulting in poor project valuation and selection. McVay and Dossary (2014) presented a simplified framework to estimate the cost of underestimating uncertainty. They demonstrated that chronic overconfidence and optimism (estimated distributions of project value are too narrow and shifted positively), which are common in the industry, produce substantial disappointment (realized portfolio values being less than estimated values), also common in the industry.
In this work, we generalized the McVay and Dossary (2014) framework to include full estimated distributions (e.g., normal or log-normal), instead of the truncated distributions they used. In addition, we extended their framework to model underconfidence (estimated distributions too wide) and demonstrate that underconfidence is just as detrimental to portfolio performance as overconfidence. Decision error will be minimized and portfolio value will be maximized only when there is no bias in project estimation (i.e., neither overconfidence nor underconfidence and neither optimism nor pessimism). We compared the value gained from reducing biases with that from reducing uncertainty and found that reducing biases consistently generates more value than reducing uncertainty.
Using either framework, operators can quantitatively measure biases—overconfidence, underconfidence, optimism, and pessimism—from lookbacks (comparing actual performance with probabilistic forecasts) and calibration plots. Once aware of the direction and magnitude of biases, operators have means for eliminating these biases in new forecasts through a combination of internal adjustment of uncertainty assessments, by means of training or ongoing feedback, and external adjustment of assessments, using measurements of bias from calibration results.
Palliative home parenteral nutrition in patients with ovarian cancer and malignant bowel obstruction: experiences of women and family caregivers.
Authors: Sowerbutts Anne Marie , Lal Simon , Sremanak Jana , Clamp Andrew , Jayson Gordon C. , Teubner Antje , Hardy Lisa , Todd Chris , Raftery Anne-Marie , Sutton Eileen , Morgan Robert D. , Vickers Alexander J. , Burden Sorrel 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
ABSTRACT
Background
Malnutrition is a problem is advanced cancer, particularly ovarian cancer where malignant bowel obstruction (MBO) is a frequent complication. Parenteral nutrition is the only way these patients can received adequate nutrition and is a principal indication for palliative home parenteral nutrition (HPN). Giving HPN is contentious as it may increase the burden on patients. This study investigates patients’ and family caregivers’ experiences of HPN, alongside nutritional status and survival in patients with ovarian cancer and MBO.

Methods
This mixed methods study collected data on participant characteristics, clinical details and body composition using computed tomography combined with longitudinal in-depth interviews underpinned by phenomenological principles. The cohort comprised 38 women with ovarian cancer and inoperable MBO admitted (10/2016 to 12/ 2017) to a tertiary referral hospital. Longitudinal interviews (n=57) were carried out with 20 women considered for HPN and 15 of their family caregivers.

Results
Of the 38 women, 32 received parenteral nutrition (PN) in hospital and 17 were discharged on HPN. Nutritional status was poor with 31 of 33 women who had a CT scan having low muscle mass, although 10 were obese. Median overall survival from admission with MBO for all 38 women was 70 days (range 8 - 506) and for those 17 on HPN was 156 days (range 46 – 506).

Women experienced HPN as one facet of their illness, but viewed it as a “lifeline” that allowed them to live outside hospital Nevertheless, HPN treatment came with losses including erosion of normality through an impact on activities of daily living and dealing with the bureaucracy surrounding the process. Family caregivers coped but were often left in an emotionally vulnerable state.

Conclusions: Women and family caregivers reported that the inconvenience and disruption caused by HPN was worth the extended time they had at home.