bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Choline Acetyltransferase from the Electric Organ of Electrophorus electricus (L.) – Physicochemical Characterization and Immunochemical Identification
Authors: Tavares N. Nunes , Hassón-Voloch A. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Acetylcholine Biosynthesis, Choline Acetyltransferase, Electrophorus electricus (L.), Electrocytes It is well known that the regulation of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity, under physiological conditions, is important for the development and neuronal activities of cholinergic systems. The purification of ChAT has been obtained from many sources such as electric organs of fishes, Drosophila melonogaster, and mammals. We have prepared choline acetyl-transferase from a pool of supernatants obtained by differential centrifugation of electric organ homogenates from Electrophorus electricus (L.) in Tris-phosphate buffer, 0.05 m , pH 7.6. The first step of the enzyme purification was performed by ammonium sulfate precipitation at 40% and 80% . The precipitate at 80% was solubilized with sodium-phosphate buffer 0.05м , pH 7.6, dialyzed, chromatographed on DEAE-52 column and the active fraction submitted to FPLC system columns (Mono-Q: ion exchange -Superose-12: gel filtration). ChAT activity from the eluates was estimated by Fonnun’s method [Fonnun, 1975], with Acetyl-Coenzyme A tritium labelled ([3H ]AcCoA) as substrate, and the synthesis of 3HACh formed was measured. The peak from gel filtration showed a relative molecular mass of 80 kDa with highest activity in the order of 77,42 nmoles ACh/min/mg protein. This fraction was analyzed by SDS-PAGE and a band of 42 kDa was detected with Coomassie blue stain, indicating that the enzyme is formed by two subunits. Employing an antibody, the presence of ChAT was confirmed with the Western blotting technique. Isoelectrofocusing analysis demonstrated two isoforms with pI of 6,49 and 6,56, respectively.
An Architecture for Distributed Visual Memory
Authors: Jungclaus Nils , Heyde Markus von der , Ritter Helge , Sagerer Gerhard 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
The development of autonomous as well as situated robots is one of the great remaining challenges and involves a number of different scientific disciplines. In spite of recent dramatic progress, it remains worthwhile to examine natural systems, because their abilities are still out of reach. Motivated by research work done in the fields of cognitive systems, visual perception, and psychology of memory we designed and implemented a memory architecture for visual tasks. Structural and functional concepts of the memory architecture were modeled on the ones found in natural systems. We present an efficient implementation based on parallel programming techniques.
The memory module is integrated into a distributed system for speech and image analysis, which is currently developed in the Sonderforschungsbereich (SFB) 360, Situated Artificial Communicators, where a hybrid vision system combining neural and semantic networks is used.
How Can Adaptive Behavioural Plasticity Be Implemented in the Mammalian Brain?
Authors: Koch Michael 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
The adaptive control of behaviour requires brain mechanisms for the selection (i.e. activa­tion and suppression) of responses, as well as mechanisms for the modulation of the response vigour. The concept of motivation postulates the existence of brain centres that regulate the selection and strength of behavioural responses. The present paper provides examples from the behavioural neurosciences for brain mechanisms that lead to adaptive changes of an organisms responsiveness to external stimuli. The mammalian startle response is a simple defensive behaviour which is mediated by an oligosynaptic pathway located in the lower brainstem. The startle response is enhanced by aversive states (fear, anxiety) and attenuated by appetitive states (pleasure), which can be regarded as an example of motivational priming. Furthermore, the startle response is inhibited by a weak sensory stimulus presented shortly before the startling stimulus. The suppression of startle by a prepulse is an example of sen­ sorimotor gating, a principle that is important for the hierarchical organisation of behaviour. This paper describes the neuronal mechanisms underlying the modulation (prepulse inhibi­tion and fear potentiation) of the startle response in rats, and discusses the possible adaptive significance of these different phenomena of behavioural plasticity.
Simulation of Complex Movements Using Artificial Neural Networks
Authors: Cruse Hoik , Dean Jeffrey , Kindermann Thomas , Schmitz Josef , Schumm Michael 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
A simulated network for controlling a six-legged, insect-like walking system is proposed. The network contains internal recurrent connections, but important recurrent connections utilize the loop through the environment. This approach leads to a subnet for controlling the three joints of a leg during its swing which is arguably the simplest possible solution. The task for the stance subnet appears more difficult because the movements of a larger and varying number of joints (9 -18: three for each leg in stance) have to be controlled such that each leg contributes efficiently to support and propulsion and legs do not work at cross purposes. Already inherently non-linear, this task is further complicated by four factors: 1) the combination of legs in stance varies continuously, 2) during curve walking, legs must move at different speeds, 3) on compliant substrates, the speed of the individual leg may vary unpredictably, and 4) the geometry of the system may vary through growth and injury or due to non-rigid suspension of the joints. This task appears to require some kind of “motor intelligence”. We show that an extremely decentralized, simple controller, based on a combi­nation of negative and positive feedback at the joint level, copes with all these problems by exploiting the physical properties of the system.
Non-Linear Mechanisms in the Brain
Authors: Mayer-Kress Gottfried 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Non-linear dynamical models of brain activity can describe the spontaneous emergence of large-scale coherent structures both in a temporal and spatial domain. We discuss a number of discrete time dynamical neuron models that illustrate some of the mechanisms involved. Of special interest is the phenomenon of spatio-temporal stochastic resonance in which co­herent structures emerge as a result of the interaction of the neuronal system with external noise at a given level punitive data. We then discuss the general role of stochastic noise in brain dynamics and how similar concepts can be studied in the context of networks of con­nected brains on the Internet.
A New psbA Mutation Yielding an Amino-Acid Exchange at the Lumen-Exposed Site of the D1 Protein
Authors: Schwenger-Erger C. , Böhnisch N. , Barz W. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
In eight metribuzin-resistant photoautotrophic cell cultures of Chenopodium rubrum (Thiemann and Barz, 1994 a, b) sequence analyses of a part of the psbA gene coding for the photosystem -II D1 protein had revealed different double and triple mutations within the herbicide binding niche of the protein (Schwenger-Erger et al., 1993). Two pairs of the exam­ined cell lines carried identical mutations within this part of the protein, although their growth performance and their herbicide resistance patterns were different, both at the cellu­lar and the thylakoid level. Starting from the known part of the psbA gene we have amplified the remaining psbA sequences using inverse polymerase chain reaction. Thus the complete sequence of the coding part of the gene was elucidated. After sequence analyses we found an additional amino acid exchange at the position 184 (ile → asn) of the D1 protein in cell line L1. Metabolic consequences of this mutation are discussed. Partial sequence analyses of the psbD gene of the herbicide resistant cell culture lines revealed no mutation within that part o f the D2 protein, which is in direct contact with the D1 protein.
Prevalence of Multi-Drug Resistant Salmonella typhi among Clinically Diagnosed Typhoid Fever Patients in Lagos, Nigeria
Authors: Akinyemi Kabir’ O. , Coker Akintoye O. , Olukoya Daniel K. , Oyefolu Akeeb O. , Amorighoye Eriwu P. , Omonigbehin Emmanuel O. 
Published: August 2018

A total of 635 clinically diagnosed typhoid fever patients were bled from three different health institutions in the metropolis of Lagos, Nigeria over a period of 15 months, May 1997 to July 1998.
Out of the total blood cultured, 101 (15.9% ) isolates of Salmonella species were isolated of which 68 (67.3% ) were S. typhi, 17 (16.8% ) and 16 (15.8% ) were S. paratyphi A and S. arizonae respectively. The overall isolation rate of S. typhi among patients is 10.7% , with most isolates 45.9% found among the severely-ill young adults, age group 1 6 -30 years. All isolates were subjected to anti-microbial susceptibility testing using 12 different antibiotics: chloramphenicol, ampicillin, cotrimoxazole, gentamicin, colistin sulfate, nalidixic acid, nitrofurantoin, cefotaxime, tetracycline, streptomycin, ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin. All the S. typhi and S. paratyphi A isolates showed resistance to two or more of the 10 of 12 antibiotics tested particularly the 3-first-line antibiotics commonly used (chloramphenicol, ampicillin and cotrim oxazole) in the treatment of typhoid fever in Nigeria. No isolate showed resistance to ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin, however, nalidixic acid and gentamicin showed a moderate and appreciable inhibition to most of our isolates.
Counterion Effects on Interaction of Amphiphilic Quaternary Ammonium Salts with Model Membranes
Authors: Różycka-Roszak Bożenna , Żyłka Romuald , Kral Teresa , Przyczyna Adriana 
Published: August 2018

The micellization as well as the interaction with model membranes of dodecyltrimethylammonium halides (DTAX) and N-dodecyl-N,N-dimethyl-N-benzylammonium halides (DBeAX) were studied at 298K and 313K by means of titration calorimetry. The calorimetric curves reflect both the counterion and benzyl group effects on the interaction of the surfactants studied with the lipid bilayer. Bromide as counterion enhanced the interactions more than chloride of both DTAX and DBeAX compounds with model membranes.
Further, we studied the influence of DTAX and DBeAX on calcium ion desorption from the liposome membrane using a radioactive tracer method. DBeAX proved more efficient in desorption of calcium than DTAX. Iodides of these compounds enhanced this process more than bromides and chlorides.
The Effect of Phrase-Cued Text Strategy on Students’ Reading Comprehension
Authors: Ridianto Ridianto , Desfiyenti Desfiyenti , Hasibuan Dumariana 
Published: August 2018

Reading is an activity to get information from the written text. However, the students still have didifficulty when they read. So, to solve the students'dstudents' problems, the researchers used Phrase - Cued text (PCT) strategy in teaching reading. The purpose of this research was to know the significant effect of teaching reading by using PCT at the eight grade students of SMPN 2 Harau in 2016/217 academic year. This research was an experimental research. The population of this research was the eight grade students of SMP N 2 Harau in 2016/2017 academic year. There were seven classes of eight grade. The sample of this research chosen by using cluster sampling. The experimental class was VIII.6 had been taught by using PCT and the control class was VIII. 7 had been taught by using conventional strategy. The instrument of this research was reading test in multiple choice form. It was valid because the students have learnt the material and had been stated in syllabus and based on curriculum. Then, the instrument was reliable because the coefficient of reliability of split half was 0.78. The researchers analyzed the data by using t-test suggested by Gay et Al. The result of the data analysis was t-calculated (3.97) t-table (2.042) where the level of significant was 0.05 with degree freedom was 38. H0 was rejected and H1 was accepted. So, it can be concluded that there was significant effect of teaching reading by using PCT strategy at the eight grade students of SMP N 2 Harau.So, it is suggested for English teacher to use this PCT strategy in reading lesson.
Standing, Active vs Sitting, Torpid: a Management Decision
Authors: Usman Bustami , Champion Ibrahim , Muslem Asnawi , Samad Iskandar Abdul 
Published: August 2018

The aim of the study is to investigate the pros and cons of standing while working and studying. A qualitative research was employed where the data taken from education practitioners and students interested to learn and support the introduction of standing desks. The finding of the study show that students and sedentary workers now spend up to 85% of their waking hours,(+/-13.5 hrs/day), sitting viz: sitting at meals, sitting in transportation, sitting in schools or offices, sitting watching TV or looking at a handphone or an i-pad plus sitting whilst watching sport or playing computer games. Even if standing in classes became the default behaviour in all classes it could only result in a maximum of about 20 extra hours of standing per week during semesters and thus could only reduce the amount of time spent sitting by a maximum of 14% of waking hours to 71% of waking hours. The height of Standing Desks should be at the elbow height of the person concerned ie about 1.00m for senior high school and university students and adults. For primary school students the desk height for the standing desk is about 75cm – ie. the same as the desk height for normal sitting desks for adults. The study also did a small survey of educators, 66% of whom would support the introduction of standing desks. Finally the study found that 72 % of the students and their teacher supported the introduction of standing desks. It is hoped that some schools and offices will take the initiative to introduce standing desks on a larger scale.
ANALISIS MAKNA KOTOWAZA(PERIBAHASA) BAHASA JEPANG DALAM ANIME JUNJOU ROMANTICA 1 DAN 2
Authors: Saputra Aa , Aneros Noviyanti , Herniwati Herniwati 
Published: August 2018

Peribahasa dalam bahasa Jepang disebut dengan kotowaza. Kotowaza dalam bahasa Jepang sendiri adalah kata-kata pendek yang diceritakan secara turun temurun sejak dahulu kala, yang berisi kebenaran, sindiran, satire, dan pelajaran moral. Dalam penelitian kali ini penulis menitik beratkan pada kotowaza yang ada dalam anime Junjou Romantica 1 dan 2. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui makna konotatif atau makna denotatif yang terkandung dalam kotowaza yang ada dalam anime Junjou Romantica 1 dan 2serta mencari tahu termasuk kedalam klasifikasi peribahasa manakah kotowaza tersebut. Kemudian mencari tahu apakah kotowaza tersebut memiliki padanan makna dengan peribahasa Indonesia.Hasil dari penelitian ini terdapat 24 kotowazayang ada dalam anime Junjou Romantica 1 dan 2. Semua kotowazamengandung makna denotatif dan hanya empat kotowazayang mengandung makna konotatif, yaitu 叩けよさらば開かれん (tatakeyosaraba hirakaren), 袖すりあうも他生の縁 (sode suriau mo tashou no en), 月に叢雲花に風 (tsuki ni murakumo hana ni kaze), dan 縁は異なもの (en wa inamono). Kemudian terdapat tiga kotowaza yang tidak memiliki padanan makna dengan peribahasa Indonesia, yaitu旅の恥は掻き捨て (tabi no haji wa kakisute), 一度あることは二度ある (ichido aru koto wa nido aru), dan二度あることは三度ある (nido aru koto wa sando aru). A proverb in Japanese language is called as kotowaza. Kotowaza in Japanese language itself is used as advice, satire, warning, moral lesson as well as life motivation. In this study, the researcher focuses on kotowaza in anime called Junjou Romantica 1 and 2. This study aims to find out if there are any connotative or denotative meaning contained in anime Junjou Romantica 1 and 2as well as to find out its proverb classification. Finally, this study also tries to find out whether the proverb has an equivalent in Indonesian proverb or not. The result shows that there are 24 proverbs found in anime Junjou Romantica1and 2. All the proverbs have denotative meanings and only four proverbs have connotative meanings,such as叩けよさらば開かれん (tatakeyosaraba hirakaren), 袖すりあうも他生の縁 (sode suriau mo tashou no en), 月に叢雲花に風 (tsuki ni murakumo hana ni kaze), 縁は異なもの (en wa inamono). And there are only three proverbs that do not have any equivalents in Indonesian proverbs, such as 旅の恥は掻き捨て (tabi no haji wa kakisute), 一度あることは二度ある (ichido aru koto wa nido aru),and二度あることは三度ある (nido aru koto wa sando aru).
POLITENESS OF WOMEN’S LANGUAGE (JOSEIGO) BY SHIN TANOKURA IN DRAMA SERIES OF OSHIN
Authors: Kurniawan Eko 
Published: August 2018

This study aims to assess information about variety of women’s language by Shin Tanokura, women’s language that represent the principles of politeness and politeness scale in drama series of Oshin. Research based on theory of Kindaichi (1988) for variety of women’s language and theory of Leech (2011) for the principles of politeness and politeness scale. This is kind of qualitative research. The method used in this research is the descriptive analysis. Source of data in this study is drama series of Oshin. While the data in this study are uttarances containing women’s language, women’s language that represent the principles of politeness and politeness scale. Data collection technique which used is observing method.The results showed, variety of women’s language by Shin Tanokura in drama series of Oshin is based on the theory of Kindaichi (1988): 1) Goi level, consists of using shuujoshi (wa, kashira, mono dan no), kantanshi (maa dan ara), ninshoudaimeishi (atakushi, atashi dan anata), koshou (~san, ~sama dan anata), keigo (teineigo, kenjougo dan sonkeigo) dan wago (tsuite iku); 2) Tougo level, consists of using iikirenai hyougen dan kurikaeshi hyougen; 3) Danwa level, consists of using youkyuu hyougen, aizuchi dan aisatsu, kimari monku. The classifications above represented in six maxims of the principles of politeness, tact maxim, generosity maxim, approbation maxim, modesty maxim, agreement maxim and sympathy maxim. According on theory of Leech (2011), there are three politeness scales, 1) Profit and loss scale, 2) Indirect scale and 3) Which like scale. Then, three scale are linked to one another and implemented in women’s language by Shin Tanokura in drama series of Oshin, the result are profit on addressees-direct-high, profit on addressees-direct-medium, profit on addressees-direct-low, profit on addressees-indirect-medium, profit on addressees-indirect-low, profit on speaker, addressees-direct-low and profit on speaker, addressees-indirect-high.
Prototipe Sistem Peringatan Dini Kebakaran Hutan Berbasis Parameter Cuaca
Authors: Nugroho Hapsoro Agung , Margaretta S Chinthya 
Published: August 2018

Sistem peringatan dini kebakaran hutan memiliki peranan penting untuk mengendalikan secara dini kerusakan hutan. Badan Meteorologi Klimatologi dan Geofisika mempunyai tugas pokok, salah satunya yaitu memberikan peringatan dini kebakaran hutan menggunakan metode Fire Danger Rating System (FDRS) dimana data parameter cuaca sebagai masukan, masih terbatas pada lokasi tertentu. Penelitian ini merancang dan membangun prototipe yang menghasilkan skala Fine Fuel Moisture Code (FFMC) sebagai tingkat kemudahan terjadinya kebakaran di suatu lokasi. Perancangan prototipe ini menggunakan mikrokontroler ATMega328, sensor suhu dan kelembaban udara DHT22, penakar hujan jenis tipping bucket, sensor arah dan kecepatan angin JL_FS2, dan micro SD Card sebagai penyimpan data. Hasil kalibrasi sensor menunjukkan adanya selisih nilai sensor yang telah memenuhi nilai toleransi dari World Meteorological Organization (WMO). Pengujian setiap sensor menghasilkan nilai standar deviasi kurang dari 2.5 dengan rata- rata selisih pada sensor suhu +0.5oC, kelembaban relatif +6%, dan kecepatan angin +2 m/s. Setiap data yang diolah dapat ditampilkan dan disimpan secara otomatis oleh sistem. Sistem menampilkan secara realtime dan memberikan informasi peringatan dini kebakaran hutan. Kata Kunci : Kebakaran Hutan; FDRS; FFMC; Tipping BucketForest fire early warning system has an important role for the control of early damage to the forest. Indonesia Agency of Meteorology Climatology and Geophysics had a duty, one that is giving early warning forest fires using the method of Fire Danger Rating System (FDRS) where weather data as the input parameters, are still limited on site certain. The study design and build a prototype that generates scale Fine Fuel Moisture Code (FFMC) as the level of ease the onset of fire in any given location. This prototype design using the ATMega328 microcontroller, sensor temperature and humidity DHT22, tipping bucket type of rain gauge, direction and wind speed sensor JL_FS2, and micro SD Card as the data storage. The results showed a difference in sensor calibration value of sensor meets the tolerance values of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). Test each sensor shows a value less than 2.5 standard deviation by the average difference in temperature sensors + 0.5 oC, + 6% relative humidity, and wind speed + 2 m/s. Data can be displayed and stored automatically by the system. The system displays in realtime and provide early warning information forest fires. Keywords : Forest Fire; FDRS; FFMC; Tipping Bucket
Abordagens Metodológicas de Pesquisa: Algumas Notas
Authors: Katia Guerchi Gonzales Katia Guerchi , Neves Tatiani Garcia , Santos Cintia Melo dos 
Published: August 2018

Este artigo tem como objetivo apresentar algumas discussões sobre as abordagens de pesquisa qualitativa, quantitativa e do método misto que podem conduzir uma pesquisa na área educacional. Evidencia-se brevemente um estudo teórico das metodologias de pesquisas intituladas: Engenharia Didática (ED), Percurso de Estudo e Pesquisa (PEP) e História Oral (HO), como possibilidades metodológicas para pesquisas na Educação Matemática. Salienta-se que cada pesquisa possui a sua singularidade, e busca responder a problemática levantada, proveniente dos estudos de cada pesquisador.Palavras-chave: Metodologias de Pesquisa. Engenharia Didática. História Oral. Percurso de Estudos e PesquisasAbstract: This article aims to present some discussions about qualitative, quantitative and mixed method approaches that may lead to research in the educational area. A theoretical study will be briefly presented on the research methodologies entitled: Didactic Engineering (ED), Study and Research (PEP) and Oral History (HO), as methodological possibilities for research in Mathematics Education. It was emphasized that each research has its singularity, and seeks to respond to the problematic raised, coming from the studies of each researcher.Keywords: Research Methodologies. Didactic Engineering. Oral History. Research and Study Route