bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inquiry survey regarding awareness of the faculty members about curriculum
Authors: Piryani Rano Mal , Piryani Suneel , Deo Gopendra Prasad 
Published: April 2019

Introduction: The main objectives of this inquiry survey were to get information from the participants of 4th, 5th & 6th teachers training workshop about the types of curriculum implemented in medical colleges in Nepal and whether they possess the copy of curriculum and study it.
Methods: Inquiry survey regarding awareness of the faculty members about curriculum was done during 4th, 5th & 6th teachers training workshop held in February 27–March 3, 2016, September 5–10, 2016, and March 25- 30, 2017 respectively at Health Professionals’ Education and Research Center, Chitwan Medical College, Bharatpur, Nepal. Questionnaire was developed and piloted in 3rd teachers training workshop held in July 26–31, 2015 and subsequently used in 4th,5th & 6th workshop for inquiry survey.
Results: Around 20% participants didn’t respond to question 1 (What types of curriculum is being implemented in medical colleges in Nepal?) and 2 (whether they possess the copy of curriculum and study it?), while around 11% and 18% had no idea on question 1 & 2 respectively. Response of around 20% participants on question 1 & 2 was acceptable while response of around 48% and 42% participants on question 1 & 2 respectively was vague. Two of 45 participants possessed the copy of curriculum while seven of 43 participants seen the curriculum. All participants agreed to have copy of curriculum and understand it.
Conclusion: Majority of the participants didn’t aware of the curriculum, so authors recommended to management to provide copy of curriculum to faculty members and students too.
Evaluation of oral mucositis in oral cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy
Authors: Bajracharya Barsha , Bhattacharyya Subrata , Poudel Pratibha 
Published: April 2019

Introduction: The present study was conducted to evaluate oral mucositis in oral cancer patients receiving head and neck radiotherapy.
Methods: Sixty oral cancer patients who had received at least 40 grays of radiation were included in the study. Mucositis was scored by oroscopy using WHO scale. Grades of mucositis were then compared with total dose of radiation received by the patients.
Results: The cases were receiving the mean cumulative dose of standard radiation therapy of 2Gy per fraction, 5 fractions per week. All the patients developed oral mucositis. The majority had grade I mucositis, followed by grade III, II and IV. The grade of mucositis was directly proportional to the dose of radiation exposure.
Conclusion: Oral mucositis occurs among all the patients undergoing head and neck radiotherapy and grade of mucositis is proportional to the dose of radiation exposure.
Incidence of deep vein thrombosis following hip fracture survery at Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital
Authors: Pokharel Bishnu , Poudel Sharma , Shah Lakhan Lal 
Published: April 2019

Introduction: The incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in Western population undergoing major orthopaedic surgery without any thromboprophylaxis has been reported to range from 32% to 88%. Recent studies done in Asian population however show variable results ranging from 5% to 50%. No study has yet been done to determine incidence of deep vein thrombosis (DV T) in Nepalese population. The objective of our study was to determine the incidence of DV T following hip fracture surgery.
Methods: This was a prospective descriptive study of 66 patients of 40 years and above who had undergone hip fracture surgery admitted under the Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, TUTH, Kathmandu, Nepal. Following hip fracture surgery, screening for the evidence of DV T was done on 5th postoperative day with Doppler ultrasonography of bilateral lower limbs.
Results: The incidence of deep vein thrombosis in our study was 8% (5 of 66 patients) in the fractured limb. Three of them were distal DV T and 2 were proximal. None of the patients developed DV T in the unaffected limb.
Conclusion: The incidence of deep vein thrombosis following hip fracture surgery is less in Nepalese patients. Thrombo-prophylaxis can thus be individualized according to other risk factors rather than use routinely in patients with hip fracture.
Mirror of surgeries of gall stones diseases in Lumbini Zonal Hospital
Authors: Thapaliya Narad Prasad , Khanal Krishna Prasad , Poudel Bhuwan , Pokharel Sharad , Sharma Ruckmeni 
Published: April 2019

Introduction: Cholelithiasis is common cause for surgical outpatient consultation. Cholecystectomy is most common surgical procedure performed as elective basis in Lumbini Zonal Hospital, Butwal. The aim of this study is to show the mirror of surgeries of gall stones diseases in Lumbini Zonal Hospital, Butwal.
Methods: A retrospective analysis of cholecystectomy performed in Lumbini Zonal Hospital over a period of 5 years (Biasakh 2069BS- Chaitra 2073BS) was done after the approval from ethical committee. Demographic profiles, complications and other required information were retrieved from the documents available in medical record section.
Results: Total of 372 cholecystectomies were done for different spectrum of gallstones diseases during the study period. Most of the patients were female (341, 92%). The age distribution of the operated patients was 17 years to 75 years. Most of the operated patients (190, 51.07%) were in their productive age (17- 40 years). Most common complications found post operatively were chest infection, SSI. Mid hospital stay was 3.16 days (1-6 days). Total bile duct injury was 1 (0.26%) comparable to other studies.
Conclusion: Cholecystectomy is one of the most common operative procedures performed in our hospital with postoperative outcomes comparable to reported outcomes of other institutions of the world.
Perinatal outcomes in adolescent pregnancy
Authors: Dwa Yam Prasad , Bhandari Sunita , Shrestha Devendra , Dhakal Ajaya Kumar 
Published: April 2019

Introduction: Adolescent pregnancy is prevalent in Nepal and bears significant consequences to both mother and newborn.
Methods: All pregnant women aged 19 years or less who were admitted for delivery at KIST Medical College during 14th April 2017 to 15th July 2018 were included in this study. Maternal and immediate neonatal outcomes were analyzed retrospectively from their medical records.
Results: There were 135 pregnant adolescent women out of 1300 deliveries. Preeclampsia was observed in 2 pregnancies. Vaginal delivery (99; 73.3%) was the predominant mode of delivery. Emergency LS CS was performed in 35 (25.9%) deliveries and most frequent indications for LS CS were nonprogress of labor (8/35), breech presentation (8/35) and fetal distress (6/35). 10 (7.4%) babies were born preterm. 23 (17%) babies were born low birth weight. 37 (27.4%) neonates were symptomatic and required neonatal admission. Respiratory distress was the most frequent neonatal problem (29; 21.5%), followed by neonatal sepsis (18; 13.3%) and perinatal asphyxia (9; 6.7%). There were 3 (2.2%) still birth and 2 (1.5%) early neonatal deaths.
Conclusion: Adolescent pregnancy was common and associated with increased early neonatal problems.
Pattern of abdominal wall hernia attended in Fishtail Hospital, Pokhara, Nepal
Authors: Ghimire Pradeep , Timilsina Bishowdeep 
Published: April 2019

Introduction: All hernias are caused by a combination of pressure and an opening or weakness of muscle or fascia. The pressures push an organ or tissue through the opening or weak spot. Sometimes muscle weakness is present at birth; more often it occurs later in life. Abdominal wall hernias occur only at sites at which the aponeurosis and fascia are not covered by striated muscle. The aim of the study was to know different pattern of abdominal hernias, to analyze various clonal and demographic profiles of various abdominal wall hernias presenting to the mid-western part of Nepal and to evaluate different types of operation and complication performed in hernias patients.
Methods: Hospital based retrospective descriptive study performed in Fishtail Hospital and Research Centre, Pokhara Nepal in October 2012 to July 2017. Ethical clearance was taken from institute and written consent was taken from all the patients who are involved in the study. All sociodemographic data were collected and analyzed by using SPSS 20 statistical software.
Results: In this study period, 492 patients of various types of hernias were operated by various methods. Most common type of hernia is indirect inguinal hernia (94.39%) and one rare spigelian hernia was also there. Right inguinal hernia was more common (58.42%).
Conclusion: Inguinal Hernia was the commonest type of hernia (394, 90.3%). Among inguinal hernia right side was more common (58.42%). Among inguinal hernias, most of the hernias were found in 0-9 years (38.21%). In this study we found recurrence rate 1.4%.
Personal habits and hygiene behavior of students entering nursing education
Authors: Piryani Rano Mal , Shrestha Tripti , Neupane Mamata Sharma 
Published: April 2019

Introduction: Nurses constitute the largest percentage of the health care workers (HCW). They spend more time with patients and their compliance with hygiene practices is vital in preventing the disease transmission. It is imperative to know the nursing students’ behavior on personal habits and hygiene before being exposed to the patients during their nursing training. This study was conducted to assess the personal habits and hygiene behavior of first year BSc nursing students prior to their exposure to the patients.
Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted at School of Nursing of Chitwan Medical College in March-April 2015. All 30 students of first year Bachelor of nursing in Science were included in the study. Validated self-administered questionnaire was used for data collection. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 16.
Results: Almost all used to wash their hairs every few days. More than 50% used to wash their hands after using handkerchief. Nearly 77% agreed to have complete bath or shower daily. Forty seven percent used to wash their hands 1-4 times a day. Nearly 77% used to change their shirt every few days and nearly 84% used change their trouser every few days. Majority of the students used to wear tie most of the times and change with clean every week. Nearly 67% used to change their socks every few days. None of them had any objection for getting vaccinated.
Conclusion: The findings might reflect the prevalent practices in teenage girl students. There seems to be some gaps in health hygiene behavior among students entering into nursing education.
Measurement of right pulmonary artery diameter in normal chest radiographs
Authors: Bogati Sabina , Maharjan Surendra , Chand Ram Bahadur 
Published: April 2019

Introduction: Many pathological condition and hypertension can be diagnosed by the measurement of the pulmonary artery. Our main objective was to measure the diameter of right pulmonary artery in normal chest radiographs.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed in which, a total of 113 cases of chest radiographs were selected from July to October 2014, performed by qualified radiographer and reported by the radiologist. Right pulmonary artery is measured in Computed Radiography (CR) computer console. Obtained data were analyzed using in SPSS software version 20.
Results: Among 113 cases, 52.2 % were male and 47.8 % were female. The mean diameter of the right pulmonary artery was found to be 11.96±2.04 mm, where in male, it was found to be 12.41 ± 2.0 mm and in female, it was found to be 11.46 ± 1.9 mm. The diameter of pulmonary artery was not correlated with height, weight, and BMI at 5% level of significance.
Conclusion: This showed that female have narrower right pulmonary artery diameter than male. There was no significant relationship between pulmonary artery diameter and the height, weight and BMI. There was also no variation of measurement between male and female patients.
Knowledge regarding subfertility among reproductive age women in selected VDC of Baglung District
Authors: Shrestha Ruksana , Shrestha Kopila 
Published: April 2019

Introduction: The infertile couples experience stress in relationships with family and friends. They cut off themselves from other as they are uncomfortable to share it and they consider subfertility a private problem. Knowledge is a key factor associated with fertility self-care and initiation of the treatment when needed. The main objective of the study was to assess the Knowledge regarding Subfertility among Reproductive Age Women.
Methods: A descriptive cross sectional research study was carried out to assess Knowledge regarding Subfertility among Reproductive Age Women in Baglung District. Non-probability purposive sampling technique was used to select the sample. Data were collected by using structured questionnaire through face to face interview. Obtained data were analyzed using descriptive statistics like mean, frequency, percentage and inferential statistics such as Chi-square test to find out association between knowledge and selected socio-demographic variables.
Results: Findings of the study showed that majority of the respondents (72.2%) had inadequate knowledge, 25.0% had moderate knowledge and only 2.8% had adequate knowledge. There was significant association between knowledge and types of family at p=0.003.
Conclusion: The findings highlighted lack of knowledge regarding subfertility in women. Thus, knowledge should be provided through mass media, different health campaign for the improvement of knowledge regarding subfertility among reproductive age women.
Comparison of dexmedetomidine and midazolam infusion for sedation in patients admitted in intensive care unit
Authors: Rajbanshi Lalit Kumar , Arjyal Batsalya , Bajracharya Akriti , Khanal Kanak , Sharma Apurb 
Published: April 2019

Introduction: Dexmedetomidine and midazolam are frequently used to maintain sedation in mechanically ventilated patient in intensive care unit. The study compared dexmedetomidine and midazolam infusion in mechanically ventilated patient in terms providing effective sedation.
Methods: This was one year prospec­tive comparative study conducted in 130 mechanically ventilated patients who were randomly divided in two groups receiving either dexmedetomidine or midazolam infusion for sedation. Sedation level was assessed by Riker Sedation-Agitation Scale with the aim of maintaining target sedation score of 3 to 4. The two drugs were compared in terms of sedation level in first 24 hours, time required to achieve target sedation level, hemody­namic changes and adverse effects including ICU delirium. The outcome was measured in terms of duration of mechanical ventilation, length of ICU stays and ICU mortality.
Results: Both dexmedetomidine and midazolam achieved target sedation level in a comparable time duration. The median sedation level for both the drugs was 4 and 3 in initial 4 and 24 hours respectively. Dexmedetomidne produced significant decrease in blood pressure and heart rate (P=0.044 and P=0.007 respectively). Patients treated with dexmedetomidine had less incidence of ICU delirium (odds ratio=2.669, P=0.029).Dexmedetomidine infusion had significantly shorter duration mechanical ventilation (4.10 ± 2.05 vs. 5.15 ± 2.44, P=0.011), early discharge from ICU (6.05 ± 2.02 vs. 7.48 ± 2.42, p=0.001). ICU mortality was comparable between the groups.
Conclusion: Dexmedetomidine and midazolam both were equally effective in maintaining sedation in Critically ill patient. Compared to midazolam, dexmedetomidine could be a preferred sedative in ICU in terms of early removal from mechanical ventilation, early discharge from ICU and less incidence of delirium.
Conscious sedation for balloon mitral valvuloplasty
Authors: Sharma Bharati Devi , Deo Gopendra Prasad , Shrestha Indra Narayan , Regmi Shyam Raj 
Published: April 2019

Introduction: Analgesia and sedation are required for the comfort of patient and the cardiologist during Balloon mitral valvotomy. Efficacy of analgesia, sedation, and patient satisfaction with conscious sedation and local anesthesia was compared with local anaesthesia only during procedure.
Methods: This was single-centered, pro­spective study conducted in Chitwan Medical College. All 66 patients, who underwent Balloon mitral valvotomy from February 2015 to January 2017, were enrolled in this study. They were divided into two groups by com­puter generated randomization. Thirty three patients received bolus injection fentanyl 1 mcg/kg and injection midazolam bolus 0.02 mg/kg along with local anaesthesia (20ml xylocaine) at femoral puncture site and other 33 patients received local anaesthesia only. Pain intensity (by visual analog score), anxiety score, overall patient and operator’s satisfaction, and effect on cardio respiratory parameters were assessed. Student’s unpaired t-test was applied. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results: Both the groups were comparable with respect to age, gender and pre and post balloon mitral valvotomy mitral valve area. Statistically significant difference was found with respect to anxiety score (1.1 + 0.43 Vs. 1.99 + 0.01), VAS score (operator’s opinion) (9.10 + 0.56 Vs. 7.53 + 1.01) and VAS score (patient’s opinion) (8.54 + 0.87 Vs. 5.55 + 1.14). Fall in systolic pres­sure, diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial blood pressure, and respiratory rate was found in fentanyl group, but the values were within normal limits and statistically not significant.
Conclusion: Conscious sedation with bolus dose of fentanyl and midazolam with local anesthesia at puncture site is better than only local anesthesia during balloon mitral valvotomy procedure to relieve patient’s anxiety and to improve patient’s and operator’s comfort without affecting hemodynamic parameters.
Estimation of ulna length as a predictor of height in Nepalese male adult population
Authors: Sah Rajendra Prasad , Rana Gopal , Bhaskar Ravi Kumar 
Published: April 2019

Introduction: Stature estimation from the skeletal remains bears immense importance for the anatomist, an­thropologist for the forensic experts. It is conventionally used long bones, the humerus, femur, tibia, etc. Ulna has also been used for the said purpose since 1952. An attempt was made to formulate a linear regression equation for the estimation of the stature of living adult population from the lengths of their ulna.
Methods: This study was conducted in the M.B. Kedia Dental College Birgunj from January 2017 to December 2017and participants were chosen from among the patients and their attendants in the OPD. The height was measured from the crown to the heel and the length of the ulna was measured from the tip of the olecranon process to the tip of the styloid process. The documented data was calculated by the standard statistical software.
Results: The parameters were tabulated and statistically analyzed. The correlation coefficient (r) was found to be 0.399 (p<0.001) for the left ulna with stature and it was 0.486 (p<0.001) for the right ulna with stature. Supportive regression equations and scatter-plot diagrams could successfully interpret the height from the ulna length of the adult male population.
Conclusion: The ulna being almost a percutaneous bone, it can be used for the prediction of the height. The ulna length provides an accurate and reliable means in estimating the height of an individual. The regression formulae which were proposed in this study will be useful for clinicians, anatomists, archeologists, anthropologists and forensic scientists when such evidence provides the investigator the only op­portunity to gauge that aspect of an individual’s physical description.
Functional outcome of volar locking plate for unstable distal radius fractures
Authors: Sharma Bishnu Dev , Prajapati Akesh , Regmi Ananda Prasad , Sitaula Jyoti , Shrestha Sujit , Panta Pujan , Rijal Sanjeeb 
Published: April 2019

Introduction: Distal radius fractures are the most common fractures in elderly. Unstable fractures are best managed surgically and the results of volar locking plates have been promising. The purpose of this study is to determine the functional outcome of volar locking plates in the treatment of unstable distal radius fractures.
Methods: Forty-five patients with 46 unstable distal radius fractures were enrolled for this study, conducted at Chitwan Medical College from September 2016 to April 2017. All patients were treated with a 3.5mm titanium volar locking plate and followed-up for a minimum of one year. The assessment was done using radiological evaluation and Cooney modification of the Green and O’Brien scoring system.
Results: Twenty-three men and 22 women with age ranging from 15-75 years (mean 43.22 years) were followed-up for an average of 16.53 months. There were 17 type A fractures (5 A2, 12 A3), 11 type B fractures (3 B1, 1 B2, 7 B3), and 18 type C fractures (4 C1, 12 C2, 2 C3) (AO classification). The mean time for union was 7.96 weeks. Functional outcome using modified Green and O’Brien Score was 20 excellent, 15 good, 7 fair and 4 poor results (76.1% good to excellent results). The overall complication rate was 15.22%.
Conclusion: Volar locking plates provide adequate fixation for unstable distal radius fractures with minimal loss of reduction and satisfactory functional outcome.
Risk factors associated with obesity among middle aged adults residing in Bhaktapur, Nepal
Authors: Shrestha Sajeeb , Devkota Nischal , Shrestha Rosy 
Published: April 2019

Introduction: Obesity is a major public health problem worldwide and also in Nepal in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems. Hence, this study was conducted to identify the factor associated with obe­sity among middle aged adults in Duwakot, Changunarayan.
Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional research design was used among 109 middle aged adults residing in Duwakot, Changunarayan, Bhaktapur. Probability, systematic random sampling technique was used. Semi structured questionnaire was used to collect data by conducting semi-structured interview schedule as well as anthropometric measurement was also taken to cal­culate the body mass index. Data was analyzed in descriptive and inferential statistics (chi-square test with odd ratio).
Results: The prevalence of obesity among middle aged adults was 12.8%. On the basis of statistical analysis, age (p=0.035), ethnicity (p=0.050), alcoholic consumption (p=0.003), sleeping hours at night (p=0.006), physical activity (p-0.014), presence of chronic diseases (p=0.001), used medicine (p=0.001) and family his­tory of obesity (p=0.005) were significant associated factors for obesity among middle aged adult.
Conclusion: Prevalence of obesity among middle aged adult was 12.8%. Significant associated factors of obesity were age, ethnicity, alcoholic consumption, sleeping hours at night, physical activity, presence of chronic diseases, used medicine and family history of obesity. So the concerned municipality, health care personnel and related health organization should conduct awareness raising program regarding importance of maintaining normal weight and consequences of obesity in their health.