bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contre l’interpretation morphologique de la denasalisation en francais
Authors: Picard Marc 
Published: February 2018

On a toujours considéré, semble-t-il, que la nasalisation vocalique régressive procède habituellement par étapes, c’est-à-dire que certaines voyelles se font nasaliser avant d’autres, soit à cause de leur nature même ou à cause du contexte plus ou moins propice dans lequel elles se trouvent. Or, voici qu’après avoir effectué une étude exhaustive sur le développement des voyelles nasales, George Entenman en est arrivé récemment à la conclusion tout à fait opposée. Son hypothèse peut se résumer ainsi: “A language cannot nasalize some vowels before nasal consonants without nasalizing all vowels in this environment” (1977:1). C’est ce qu’il a baptisé le principe “tout ou rien” (the “all-or-nothing” principle).Bien que les arguments qu’il présente en faveur de ce principe semblent en général solides et bien motivés, je vais tenter de démontrer qu’il y en a un d’entre eux qui s’effondre complètement. L’argument en question découle d’une tentative de rendre compte d’un phénomène de toute évidence phonologique, à savoir la dénasalisation vocalique en français, en des termes morphologiques. Avant d’aborder ce problème particulier, cependant, il est essentiel de le situer dans le contexte de sa théorie.
Chapter V: From Herder to Darwin, 1772-1871
Authors: Wilson Richard Albert 
Published: February 2018

Nature leads the way. Man emerges on the scene, follows her footprints, marks and registers them in language, and makes a Science of Nature. Then he looks back and discovers that Language, while following the path of Nature, has left a trail of her own. He returns on this new trail, again marks and registers its footprints, and makes a Science of Language.My purpose in this book is not to compare languages as in linguistic science, or to trace their concrete development as in language history; but to describe the problem which gave birth to language, to show the place of language in the general scheme of world evolution, and to point out its basic structure in relation to the two forms of sense, Space and Time. I have dealt at some length with Herder and his time because that period was the beginning of the modern movement in language investigation in which we are still engaged. For the next hundred years, from Herder’s essay in 1772 to Darwin’s Descent of Man in 1871, I can only touch some of the peaks in the development of linguistic theory and science, that, in their combined results, have prepared the way for the present inquiry, and that may help to give the perspective necessary to set the fabric of language clearly in its place among the other phenomena of the world. If this mode of treatment should appear to the language specialist as in some degree wanting in the ‘hard factualness’ of language, the explanation is that the inclusion of such factual material would not contribute to the investigation in hand. If one can make clear the world-problem which called language into existence, and show the structure which language was destined to assume in order to answer this problem, then the way should be better prepared and the impulse quickened for tracing man’s first steps and subsequent windings in the actual making of language.
Chapter II: The Mechanistic Hypothesis
Authors: Wilson Richard Albert 
Published: February 2018

I have spoken of variations sometimes as if they were due to chance. This is a wholly incorrect expression; it merely serves to acknowledge plainly our ignorance of the cause of each particular variation.—DARWIN.Both the mechanistic and the organic hypotheses agree that in the world as it stands at present we find not only matter, but also life, mind, and purpose. The mechanistic hypothesis, however, as I understand it, holds that this earth was originally a purely inorganic world without life, mind, or purpose, governed by purely mechanical laws alone; and that at some point of time in the relatively recent past, life got started upon the surface of this mechanical world by some kind of ‘biological accident,’ and having got started in ‘one or more primordial forms’ it then set out on a course of evolution impelled by a strong reproductive impulse, presumably co-accidental with life itself; and with a strong tendency to reproduce or repeat the type, coupled with a lesser tendency to slight variations and an occasional tendency to a great variation, it gradually differentiated its ‘one or more primordial forms’ into many genera and species of life, each species or genus then moving forward towards greater and greater perfection under the operation of ‘natural selection,’ until we have the multi-variegated organic world as we find it to-day.
Chapter VI: Man and the Animals
Authors: Wilson Richard Albert 
Published: February 2018

Every animal has its sphere to which it belongs by birth, into which it instantly enters, in which it continues all through life, and in which it dies. … The spider weaves with as much skill as did Minerva, but all its skill is restricted to this narrow sphere; this is its universe. How marvellous is the insect and how narrow the sphere of its activity.—HERDER, Origin of Language, 1772.In the preceding pages we have given a descriptive outline of the Space-Time picture of the life and mind of the world as it has emerged by successive steps towards freedom and individuality, up to and including animal life and intelligence. But there is as yet no language; and, from all that we can discover, no power nor problem in the animal nature which would bring language into existence. There seems to be some barrier that holds the animal’s mind back from that realm of free mind into which man has entered, where language first emerges. What is the barrier? Can it be intellectually grasped and described? These are the two questions.
Chapter X: Language and the Natural Arts of Space and Time
Authors: Wilson Richard Albert 
Published: February 2018

‘Behold at last the poet’s sphere!But who,’ I said, ‘suffices here?For, ah! so much he has to do;Be painter and musician too!. . . .No painter yet hath such a way,Nor no musician made, as they;And gather’d on immortal knollsSuch lovely flowers for cheering souls.Beethoven, Raphael, cannot reachThe charm which Homer, Shakespeare, teach.’ARNOLD, Epilogue to Lessing’s Laocoön.Nevertheless, the sensuous sound element does remain as the substratum of articulate language, and as language issues from the lips it issues in the same time sequence as does pure sound, for example, in music. But here is the unique difference which separates language fundamentally from the other four arts. As language issues from the lips, the pure ‘timeness’ of it, as we might say, is immediately transmuted and absorbed in the conventionalized connotation which is arbitrarily given to the differentiated sounds. Hence in the thought-process of intellecting the world by language the actual space-time world is translated first into pure time, that is, into sound, but is immediately, in the very act as it were, retranslated by the conventionalization of sound into its former space-time structure within the world of mind.
Chapter XII: Summary and Conclusion
Authors: Wilson Richard Albert 
Published: February 2018

The termination of the world in a man appears to be the last victory of the intelligence. … An individual man is a fruit which it cost all the foregoing ages to form and ripen. … Each individual soul is such, in virtue of its being a power to translate the world into some particular language of its own.—EMERSON, The Method of Nature, 1841.Our story of evolution ended with a stirring in the brain-organ of the latest of nature’s experiments; but that stirring of consciousness transmutes the whole story and gives meaning to its symbolism.—EDDINGTON, Science and the Unseen World, 1929.It may be worth while now to summarize in a page or two the view of world evolution as outlined above, a spiral structure of which man’s created language forms the final story. In this summary I adopt the organic hypothesis, which assumes that mind is a basic and permanent element in the world, self-determining and purposive in its nature, and the directing agency in the evolutionary process throughout its history. While the acceptance or rejection of this metaphysical hypothesis is not essential to the acceptance or rejection of the scientific exposition of the birth and structure of language given in the preceding pages, the choice of one or other hypothesis does, of course, make a rather complete difference in the diction and phraseology chosen to set out the specific exposition. To a mechanist many of the terms which I have used may appear altogether unwarranted or quite wrong.
MAY, CAN and the expression of permission
Authors: Duffley Patrick , Clarke Sandra , Hirtle Walter 
Published: February 2018

Any system is necessarily both one, by virtue of its governing principle, and several internally, by virtue of the positions it contains. No system can contain just one element. By nature and by definition a system is binary: it must contain at least two elements to be a system at all. (Translated from Guillaume 1973:175)In any linguistic system—and this is the basic condition for systematizing—there is … a before and an after within which and between which the mind moves, crossing over the dividing-line which separates these two positions, and that is why a linguistic system necessarily has a kinetic basis in the mind. (Translated from Guillaume 1969:160)
Local Lexical Items in the Sociodialectical Survey of Vancouver English
Authors: Gregg R. J. 
Published: February 2018

Saltchuck? Skookum? Oolichan? Saskie? A Squamish? Saskabush? Slough? …How many Vancouverites are familiar with these words? How many know their meaning or meanings? How many have heard them used or actually used them? All of the words in question should be at home in the Vancouver area, some in British Columbia generally or even in the wider area of the old Pacific Northwest. A traditional dialect investigation would have localized such words, pinpointing on a map in a linguistic atlas the spots where they cropped up. Recent urban sociodialectal linguistic surveys, however, have been emphasizing the social rather than the geographical variability of language. In the recently completed Survey of Vancouver English (SVEN) it was decided to include a short component (Section VI) in the questionnaire that would elicit information about local words—a mere 26 questions out of a total of 1,058. This section aroused the interest of many of the informants who were able to add a considerable body of useful data to what was known about this group of words.We interviewed a total of 240 informants over a period of six years. Included were equal numbers of males and females, divided into three age groups (old, middle, young) and fitted into four socio-economic classes which could be labelled lower working class, upper working class, lower middle class and upper middle class. If the informants knew the local lexical items they were asked the questions: (1) What does this word mean? (2) Have you ever heard anyone say it? (3) Do you use it yourself? In some cases questions were asked about pronunciation and spelling.
The Speech of Nations
Authors: Hewson John 
Published: February 2018

Having lived in both Quebec and Newfoundland, without being native to either, I often note the similarities between the two that transcend linguistic boundaries: ancient settlement, isolation, survival, the sense of tribe, la nostalgie des Vieux Pays, the wealth of folk song and folklore, the strength of the family, the proud sense of identity with a place and with a history. This paper, then, starts with a reverberating comment from Jean-Paul Vinay, another CFA (a come-from-away, Newfoundland term for one who is not native-born) who was born across the Channel from me, and whose early training as an angliciste corresponds to mine in French language and linguistics. JPV wrote (1979:60):
De même que les Québécois gardent encore une grande nostalgie de la terre, ils conservent en leur cœur un coin préférentiel pour la parlure des aïeux. Il n’est donc pas étonnant de constater que la dialectologie a été adoptée de bonne heure par nos étudiants, curieux de voir comment le nouvel outil descriptif que nous leur mettions entre les mains pouvait s’appliquer au parler de leur village natal.
The Idiocy of Idioms: A Problem in Lexicography
Authors: Drysdale Patrick 
Published: February 2018

Many of the hours I passed learning from Wally Avis were spent discussing practical problems of lexicography. Because of this, and because my tribute to him is being published elsewhere (English World-Wide 1:1, 1980), it seems appropriate to honour him here by dealing with one such problem, especially one that no one has satisfactorily solved. I refer to the treatment in monolingual English dictionaries of idioms—those elusive, hard to define, and harder still to classify phrases that appear usually in boldface as numbered or listed subentries.Perhaps the most common type of idiom so defined is the fuzzy phrasal verb, and Wally was constantly intrigued by the anomalies of such apparently simple examples as start up. We can say, “Let’s start up the car” and “Let’s start the car up”; we can say, “Let’s start up the hill” but not “Let’s start the hill up.”
WOMEN OF DISCORD: FEMALE POWER IN AZTEC THOUGHT
Authors: PENNOCK CAROLINE DODDS 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThis article addresses the perennial debate over the origins and nature of female power by examining the significance of ‘Women of Discord’ in Aztec (more properly, Mexica) culture. Influential, but often troublesome, these formidable figures embody the complex significance of female power, rooted in women's privileged access to the awesome earth forces through childbirth. This chaotic energy lent cosmological and dynastic significance to the mytho-historical Women of Discord, but also led to a persistent female association with disorder which had tangible (and often overlooked) consequences for the lives of ‘real’ women in Aztec culture. This article explores the ways in which beliefs about the female capacity for disruption both reflected and shaped reality, ensnaring all women in a cycle of myth and history which made femininity a source of both authority and apprehension. Importantly, in Tenochtitlan ideas about ‘disorderly women’ did not lead inevitably to their practical subordination or suppression; women held practical markers of influence and esteem in Aztec culture. Thus, the Women of Discord challenge our assumptions about gender by offering a distinctive perspective on the ways in which femininity and fertility may be seen as disruptive, without necessarily debasing women or depriving them of individual agency.
Precarious Finality? Reflections onRes Judicataand theQuestion of the Delimitation of the Continental ShelfCase
Authors: RIDI NICCOLÒ 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThis article considers the approach to theres judicataprinciple taken by the International Court of Justice (ICJ or the Court) and, specifically, its application in its 2016 judgment on preliminary objections in the latest dispute between Nicaragua and Colombia. The judgment joins the small number of ICJ decisions in which the Court was evenly split, an altogether rare situation, which, at the time of the decision, had not occurred since theNuclear WeaponsAdvisory Opinion. Intriguingly, such a fracture seems to have been prompted by differences over the operation of a procedural principle the understanding of which is comparatively uncontroversial. Upon closer analysis, however, the disagreement reveals that more significant questions were at stake, with members of the minority issuing a vocal joint dissent and several individual declarations. This study will move in three parts: first, it will provide an overview of the nature and purpose of the principle ofres judicata, its application in international adjudication, and its use by the ICJ; second, it will analyze the Court's reading of the principle in the case at issue; third, it will expose the broader implications of one such approach for the role and authority of the World Court and the international judiciary.
Self-monitoring of urinary salt excretion as a method of salt-reduction education: a parallel, randomized trial involving two groups
Authors: Yasutake Kenichiro , Miyoshi Emiko , Misumi Yukiko , Kajiyama Tomomi , Fukuda Tamami , Ishii Taeko , Moriguchi Ririko , Murata Yusuke , Ohe Kenji , Enjoji Munechika , Tsuchihashi Takuya 
Published: February 2018

AbstractObjectiveThe present study aimed to evaluate salt-reduction education using a self-monitoring urinary salt-excretion device.DesignParallel, randomized trial involving two groups. The following parameters were checked at baseline and endline of the intervention: salt check sheet, eating behaviour questionnaire, 24 h home urine collection, blood pressure before and after urine collection.SettingThe intervention group self-monitored urine salt excretion using a self-measuring device for 4 weeks. In the control group, urine salt excretion was measured, but the individuals were not informed of the result.SubjectsSeventy-eight individuals (control group, n 36; intervention group, n 42) collected two 24 h urine samples from a target population of 123 local resident volunteers. The samples were then analysed.ResultsThere were no differences in clinical background or related parameters between the two groups. The 24 h urinary Na:K ratio showed a significant decrease in the intervention group (−1·1) compared with the control group (−0·0; P=0·033). Blood pressure did not change in either group. The results of the salt check sheet did not change in the control group but were significantly lower in the intervention group. The score of the eating behaviour questionnaire did not change in the control group, but the intervention group showed a significant increase in eating behaviour stage.ConclusionsSelf-monitoring of urinary salt excretion helps to improve 24 h urinary Na:K, salt check sheet scores and stage of eating behaviour. Thus, usage of self-monitoring tools has an educational potential in salt intake reduction.
Using a trauma-informed policy approach to create a resilient urban food system
Authors: Hecht Amelie A , Biehl Erin , Buzogany Sarah , Neff Roni A 
Published: February 2018

AbstractObjectiveFood insecurity is associated with toxic stress and adverse long-term physical and mental health outcomes. It can be experienced chronically and also triggered or exacerbated by natural and human-made hazards that destabilize the food system. TheBaltimore Food System Resilience Advisory Reportwas created to strengthen the resilience of the city’s food system and improve short- and long-term food security. Recognizing food insecurity as a form of trauma, the report was developed using the principles of trauma-informed social policy. In the present paper, we examine how the report applied trauma-informed principles to policy development, discuss the challenges and benefits of using a trauma-informed approach, and provide recommendations for others seeking to create trauma-informed food policy.DesignReport recommendations were developed based on: semi-structured interviews with food system stakeholders; input from community members at outreach events; a literature review; Geographic Information System mapping; and other analyses. The present paper explores findings from the stakeholder interviews.SettingBaltimore, Maryland, USA.SubjectsBaltimore food system stakeholders stratified by two informant categories: organizations focused on promoting food access (n13) and community leaders (n12).ResultsStakeholder interviews informed the recommendations included in the report and supported the idea that chronic and acute food insecurity are experienced as trauma in the Baltimore community.ConclusionsApplying a trauma-informed approach to the development of theBaltimore Food System Resilience Advisory Reportcontributed to policy recommendations that were community-informed and designed to lessen the traumatic impact of food insecurity.
Targeting oncogenic Myc as a strategy for cancer treatment
Authors: Chen Hui , Liu Hudan , Qing Guoliang 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe MYC family oncogene is deregulated in >50% of human cancers, and this deregulation is frequently associated with poor prognosis and unfavorable patient survival. Myc has a central role in almost every aspect of the oncogenic process, orchestrating proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, and metabolism. Although Myc inhibition would be a powerful approach for the treatment of many types of cancers, direct targeting of Myc has been a challenge for decades owing to its “undruggable” protein structure. Hence, alternatives to Myc blockade have been widely explored to achieve desirable anti-tumor effects, including Myc/Max complex disruption, MYC transcription and/or translation inhibition, and Myc destabilization as well as the synthetic lethality associated with Myc overexpression. In this review, we summarize the latest advances in targeting oncogenic Myc, particularly for cancer therapeutic purposes.
Thrombospondin-1 protects against Aβ-induced mitochondrial fragmentation and dysfunction in hippocampal cells
Authors: Kang Seokjo , Byun Jayoung , Son Sung Min , Mook-Jung Inhee 
Published: February 2018

AbstractAlzheimer’s disease (AD) is often characterized by the impairment of mitochondrial function caused by excessive mitochondrial fragmentation. Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1), which is primarily secreted from astrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS), has been suggested to play a role in synaptogenesis, spine morphology, and synaptic density of neurons. In this study, we investigate the protective role of TSP-1 in the recovery of mitochondrial morphology and function in amyloid β (Aβ)-treated mouse hippocampal neuroblastoma cells (HT22). We observe that TSP-1 inhibits Aβ-induced mitochondrial fission by maintaining phosphorylated-Drp1 (p-Drp1) levels, which results in reduced Drp1 translocation to the mitochondria. By using gabapentin, a drug that antagonizes the interaction between TSP-1 and its neuronal receptor α2δ1, we observe that α2δ1 acts as one of the target receptors for TSP-1, and blocks the reduction of the p-Drp1 to Drp1 ratio, in the presence of Aβ. Taken together, TSP-1 appears to contribute to maintaining the balance in mitochondrial dynamics and mitochondrial functions, which is crucial for neuronal cell viability. These data suggest that TSP-1 may be a potential therapeutic target for AD.
Multiscale analysis of a regenerative therapy for treatment of volumetric muscle loss injury
Authors: Aguilar Carlos A. , Greising Sarah M. , Watts Alain , Goldman Stephen M. , Peragallo Chelsea , Zook Christina , Larouche Jacqueline , Corona Benjamin T. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractSkeletal muscle possesses a remarkable capacity to regenerate when injured, but when confronted with major traumatic injury resulting in volumetric muscle loss (VML), the regenerative process consistently fails. The loss of muscle tissue and function from VML injury has prompted development of a suite of therapeutic approaches but these strategies have proceeded without a comprehensive understanding of the molecular landscape that drives the injury response. Herein, we administered a VML injury in an established rodent model and monitored the evolution of the healing phenomenology over multiple time points using muscle function testing, histology, and expression profiling by RNA sequencing. The injury response was then compared to a regenerative medicine treatment using orthotopic transplantation of autologous minced muscle grafts (~1 mm3 tissue fragments). A chronic inflammatory and fibrotic response was observed at all time points following VML. These results suggest that the pathological response to VML injury during the acute stage of the healing response overwhelms endogenous and therapeutic regenerative processes. Overall, the data presented delineate key molecular characteristics of the pathobiological response to VML injury that are critical effectors of effective regenerative treatment paradigms.