bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sward characteristics and animal performance in a leader/follower grazing system with cows and sheep
Authors: Fisher George E J , Gill Alan , Dowdeswell Anne 
Published: June 2019

The recommended post grazing stubble height for dairy cows in a rotational grazing system in spring is 8 to 10 cm. However, this height leads to much stem elongation and reduction in sward quality in mid and late season. Consequently, pastures require topping in June/July to maintain grass quality and reduce sward deterioration, particularly in rejected areas around dung pats. O'Riordan (1989) suggested that a leader/follower rotational grazing system with ewes following dairy cows could improve pasture utilisation and eliminate the need for topping. This was confirmed by Swift et al. (1991) who also demonstrated that grazing at one ewe with twin lambs per cow improved the utilisation of grass and allowed for acceptable ewe and lamb performance without apparently decreasing cow grazing days or milk output.The objective of this work was to examine the effects of leader/follower rotational grazing with dairy cows and lambed ewes on grass tillering in a cool, wet western environment.
The intake, digestibility and rate of passage of whole crop wheat and grass silage by growing heifers
Authors: Hill J. , Leaver J.D. 
Published: June 2019

The aims of the experiment were to determine the intake, digestibility and particle passage kinetics of urea treated (40 g urea / Kg DM) whole crop wheat (UW), grass silage (GS) and a 0.5:0.5 UW : GS mixture (UG) on a DM basis.The chemical composition of GS and UW were respectively, TDM (gTDM/Kg) 227, 648; NDF (g/Kg DM) 528,426; ADF (g/Kg DM) 346, 285; Ash (g/Kg DM) 74, 62; Starch (g/Kg DM) 3, 236; Nitrogen (g/Kg DM) 24.2, 30.2; Ammonia N (g/Kg TN) 91, 382; pH 3.9, 8.5; NCD (g/Kg DM) 681, 642 respectively.The UG was mixed daily, in an attempt to reduce selection of individual components by the animals.The experimental design was based on two 3 x 3 latin squares with three animals per square and three periods of three weeks duration. Six Holstein Friesian x Brown Swiss pregnant heifers (mean liveweight 400 Kg) were used to assess (during the last 7 days of each period) the voluntary intake, digestibility and particle passage kinetics of the three forages.
Factors affecting vitamin a concentration in lambs liver
Authors: Hughes T. A. , Crosby T. F. 
Published: June 2019

A number of recent reports relating to human health have suggested that pregnant women should limit their consumption of sheep's liver because of the possible dangers of hyper-vitaminosis from high vitamin A levels in this organ. Foetal defects, especially in early pregnancy, have been mentioned (Dept. of Health, 1990; Ilback, Busk, Halen & Slorach, 1991) as possible dangers resulting from high consumption of vitamin A.Since the introduction of the sheep meat regime in 1980, under CAP, the output of early lamb production in Ireland has increased significantly. As early lamb has traditionally been a high priced product, geared towards the Easter market, high lamb performance is a high priority. This invariably necessitates high feed inputs in the form of concentrate feed. For various reasons, most commercial concentrates have added vitamina A levels higher than is necessary to meet animal requirements. It has been suggested that this source of vitamin A may be responsible for elevated vitamin A levels in the liver. Consequently, the aims of the present experiment were to quantify the vitamin A status in lambs liver selected from scientifically controlled production systems and to relate the values to lamb sex and age.
Sources of inefficiency at mating in pigs - an appraisal
Authors: Rikard-Bell C V , English P R , Dunne J H , MacPherson O , Roden J A , Davidson F M , Bamlett R 
Published: June 2019

Mating is one of the most critical processes influencing the success of any breeding pig enterprise since the efficiency of this process establishes the potential output of pigs. A study was conducted on 100 recently weaned sows during the mating process to determine potential sources of inefficiency.The study was conducted in a large commercial herd with Large White (LW) x Landrace (LR) first cross sows. 4 genotypes of boar were in use, these being LW, LR, LW x LR and Duroc. The parity of the 100 sows involved in the study ranged from 1 to 9. Sows were housed in small groups of 5 to 6 following weaning at a mean of 18 days post partum and were taken daily to an oestrus detection area to test for standing oestrus (SO). Boars were housed around this area and SO was detected using the back pressure test Within 5 minutes of SO being confirmed, each sow was paired with a boar in a specialist 2.9 v 2.65 m mating pen. This pen had a 15 cm floor covering of sawdust-based deep litter which provided good foothold and comfort Boar-sow behavioural interactions, general behaviour of the mating partners and sow vocalisations were recorded from the first pairing in the pen to the dismounting of the boar following mating.
Comparison of Seven Ultrasonic Techniques for In Vivo Estimation of Pig Carcass Composition
Authors: Yates C M , Owen M G 
Published: June 2019

There are now many ultrasonic techniques, some	capable of measuring fat depth, muscle depth and muscle area, which could be used to improve selection	for breeding. An evaluation of seven techniques was conducted by the Meat and Livestock Commission	to enable users to select the most appropriate technique based on accuracy, practicality and cost.
The use of the Gas Pressure Transducer Technique for the assessment of the ruminal degradation of the dry matter of protein supplements.
Authors: Chamberlain A T 
Published: June 2019

A technique involving the measurement of the gas production from the microbial fermentation of a specified substrate in sealed conditions has recently been proposed as a method of assessing the fermentation kinetics of tropical feeds (Theodorou et al, 1992). The objective of this work was to determine if such a technique could be used to assess the dry matter degradability of protein supplements.1g air dried feed samples were placed with 95 ml of modified van Soest media and 5 ml of strained rumen liquor in 150 ml serum bottles and sealed under anaerobic conditions. Five replicates of soya bean meal (SBM), fish meal (FM), rape seed meal (RSM) and winter beans (WB) were set up together with control blanks that lacked the test feed. Bottles were incubated at 39.5°C for a 96 hour period and gas production volume measured at regular intervals. Cumulative gas production was corrected for the blanks and sample dry matter and plotted against time.
Summer-winter behavioural comparisons of allowing the farrowing and lactating sow greater freedom
Authors: Rudd A.R. , Mendl M.T. , Simmins P.H. , Broom D.M. 
Published: June 2019

Freedom of movement and freedom to express normal behaviour are fundamental principles underlying most welfare guidelines (e.g. Brambell, 1965). The restrictive nature of the farrowing crate and its potential to limit the repertoire of species specific behaviours may influence the welfare of the sow (Higginson, 1985). The objective of this study was to examine sow behaviour in different farrowing systems and specifically to investigate the behavioural component of improved winter production results in a less restrictive farrowing pen system (Rudd et al., Paper 18, 1993 BSAP Winter Meeting).Three farrowing systems in neighbouring rooms were compared. Two systems allowed the sows to move freely, i) five strawed pens (2.5m x 1.5m) with farrowing rail (Pen), and ii) five crates modified to allow the sows to walk through (Free Crate). Sows had access via a passageway to a transponder-controlled feeder and a North facing (shaded) outside area with two water drinkers. Piglets were contained in their home Pen or Free Crate area by a small barrier (30cm high).
On Chemical Changes in Marine Muds
Authors: Irvine Robert , Murray John 
Published: June 2019

On 16th December 1895 a paper written by Professor W. N. Hartley, F.R.S., Royal College of Science, Dublin, was read before this Society “On the Cause and Nature of Chemical Changes occurring in Oceanic Deposits,” in which he criticised and took exception to certain conclusions we had arrived at, which formed the basis of a paper read by us in March 1892, and published in the Transactions of the Society, Vol. xxxvii., Part ii., No. 23, under the title “On the Chemical Changes which take place in the Composition of Sea-water associated with Blue Muds on the Floor of the Ocean.”At the time of writing his paper Professor Hartley had not seen ours, and was only in possession of the necessarily curtailed notice of it which appeared in Nature of January 24, 1895, from which he appears to have drawn inferences that a fuller knowledge would have altered. Practically, with the exception of one or two of our experimental results, Professor Hartley is in accord with us so far as the principal results are concerned. In taking exception to the formulæ by which we endeavour to explain the decomposition of sulphates in sea-water in the presence of organic matter and ferric-hydrate, or ferruginous clay, he assumes the equations we use to mean the same as that which would occur in a black ash furnace under the influence of great heat. Our object in adopting the explanation of the reaction which appeared in our paper was to render it as simple as possible; and occurring as it does in mud saturated with water, we did not think it necessary to specially refer to the hydrous condition of the salts.
On the Electrolysis of Potassium Ethyl-Sulphone-Acetate
Authors: Brown Crum , Bolam Herbert W. 
Published: June 2019

Ethyl-sulphone-acetic acid, C2H5SO2 – CH2 – COOH, was prepared by Claesson's method. Fourteen grams of the potassium salt were dissolved in 20 c.c. of water, and the solution electrolysed for 30 minutes under following conditions:—Volts, 12; ampères, 3·4; temperature, 30°–35° C.Carbonic anhydride and hydrogen were given off, and a white solid substance separated. This was collected on a filter and washed with cold water. The product, when dry, weighed 1·7 gram. It was purified by recrystallisation from chloroform.It forms needles, melting at 136°–137°.
Note on an Analysis of Human Gastric Juice
Authors: Lang W. R. 
Published: June 2019

In the autumn of 1895 I received from Professor M'Ewen several samples of gastric juice marked “Chalmers' Gastrostomy.” The samples were obtained under most favourable circumstances, being drawn off through an aperture made in the abdomen and stomach of the patient; the juice was almost pure, and nearly free from suspended matter. My analysis was mainly directed towards ascertaining whether or not free hydrochloric acid was a constituent of the fluid, and the following were the reactions I employed:—(1) With methyl violet the sample gave a distinct blue coloration, showing the presence of a mineral acid. Supposing the acidity to be due to lactic acid, this reaction would not take place, as on trying a dilute solution of lactic acid with this reagent no blue colour was produced.(2) On treating an alcoholic solution of phloroglucin and vanillin (1 grm. of the former and ½ grm. of the latter made up with 50 cc.'s rectified spirits) with the gastric juice and evaporating slowly on a water-bath, a red colour was produced. Dilute hydrochloric acid gave the same result; lactic acid none.In the opinion of some authorities the presence of free hydrochloric acid is attributed to the decomposition on evaporation of the chlorides present in the gastric juice by free lactic acid. With a view to ascertain whether this could happen or not, I evaporated solutions of chloride of calcium and lactic acid with both of the above reagents with a negative result.
On the Eliminant of .
Authors: Muir Thomas 
Published: June 2019

1. In a paper “On the Existence of a Root of a Rational Integral Equation,” published in the Proc. Lond. Math. Soc., xxv. pp. 173–184, the author, Professor E. B. Elliott, says (p. 184) that it is unfortunate, for the simplicity of the argument of his paper, that a proof of a certain property of this eliminant, viz., that when two linear factors have been withdrawn from it, there is left a perfect square—“is one which direct algebraical methods have not yet supplied.”In the course of the following year the want referred to received attention, a demonstration being given by Mr W. W. Taylor, in a paper entitled “Evolution of a certain Dialytic Determinant,” which was read before the same Society (see Proc. Lond. Math. Soc., xxvii. pp. 60–66).I purpose here giving another demonstration, which I think has the merit of bringing out more clearly the character of the constitution of the eliminant, and in which is followed, at the same time, that direct and expeditious course most likely to be taken by a student familiar with the theory of determinants.
On the Resolution of Circulants into Rational Factors
Authors: Muir Thomas 
Published: June 2019

(1) If we think of the circulant C(a1, a2,…., an−1, an) as the result of the elimination of x from the equationsit is readily apparent that, corresponding to every rational factor of xn – 1, there must be a rational factor of the circulant. Thus the circulant of the 6th ordermust have four rational factors, viz., the factorcorresponding to the solution x = 1 of the equation x6 = 1, the factorcorresponding to the solution x = − 1, and two other factors corresponding to the partial equationsx2+x+1 = 0, x2−x+1 = 0.
Leakage from Electrified Metal Plates and Points placed above and below Uninsulated Flames
Authors: Kelvin Lord , Maclean Magnus 
Published: June 2019

§ 1. In § 10 of our paper “On Electrical Properties of Fumes proceeding from Flames and Burning Charcoal,” communicated to this Society on 5th April, results of observations on the leakage between two parallel metal plates with an initial difference of electric potential of 6·2 volts between them, when the fumes from flames and burnings were allowed to pass between them and round them, were given. The first part (§§ 1–4) of the present short paper gives results of observations on the leakage between two copper plates 1 centimetre apart, when one of them is kept at a constant high positive or negative potential; and the other, after being metallically connected with the electrometer-sheath, is disconnected, and left to receive electricity through fumes between the two.The method of observation (see fig. 1) was as follows:—Two copper plates were fixed in a block of paraffin at the top of a round tinned iron funnel 96 centimetres long and 15·6 centimetres internal diameter. A spirit-lamp or a Bunsen burner, the only two flames used in these experiments, was placed at the bottom of the funnel, 86 centimetres below the two copper plates. One terminal of a voltaic battery was connected to one plate, B, and the other terminal was connected to the sheath of a Kelvin quadrant electrometer. The other copper plate was connected to one of the pair of quadrants of the electrometer in such a way that by pulling a silk cord with a hinged platinum wire at its end, this copper plate and this pair of quadrants could be insulated from the sheath of the electrometer and the rest of the apparatus.
Note on the Action of Hydroxylamine Hydrochlorate
Authors: Brodie W. Brodie 
Published: June 2019

Hydroxylamine, NH2OH (oxyammonia), is an unstable substance only to be had in weak solutions. It forms many salts, two of which, the sulphate, 2(NH2OH.)H2SO4, and the hydrochloride, NH2OH.HCl, are to be found in commerce.My attention was first directed to this substance, hydroxylamine, by seeing a reference to the work of Loew and Bokorny on the chemical constitution of protoplasm, and to their theory that there is present in it a group of atoms of the nature of an aldehyde. To this group of atoms they attribute the energy of living protoplasm, and state, in support of this, that hydroxylamine, which is said to have a strong affinity for aldehyde, rapidly kills protoplasm in algæ and the young shoots of plants.My intention was to use both hydroxylamine and its salts upon some forms of animal protoplasm, but so far the hydrochlorate is, the only preparation that has been available. This salt is easily soluble in water and is extremely acid. It is difficult to neutralise it exactly, as at a certain point it reacts to both red and blue litmus simultaneously. Solutions of 1 per cent, strength were employed almost entirely.
On Thermodynamics founded on Motivity and Energy
Authors: Kelvin Lord 
Published: June 2019

§ 1. In a verbal communication to the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1876, under the title “Thermodynamic Motivity,” I suggested the name motivity to express energy, whether thermal or of any other kind, available to generate velocity in molar matter, or to move molar matter against resisting force. By molar matter I mean matter as we know it, consisting, as we believe, of vast numbers of atoms or molecules. Only the title of this communi- cation was published in the Proceedings of tlie Royal Society. a short report of it was published in the Philosophical Magazine for May 1879, in which it was pointed out that a “very short and simple analytical method of setting forth the whole non-molecular theory of thermodynamics” might be founded on the consideration of Motivity and Energy as two functions of all the independent variables specifying a body, or a system of bodies, or some definite apparatus under consideration:—apparatus, as I shall call it for brevity, to include every case, even such as a single crystal. The object of the present communication is to carry out this proposal.§ 2. Let the apparatus be given all at one temperature t. Denote by g1, g2, g3, etc, the other variables by which its condition is specified. These will in many cases be geometrical, specifying elements or co-ordinates, such as strain-components, expressing change of bulk or shape of a piece of crystal or other elastic solid under stress; or positions of pistons in a pneumatic apparatus; or area, or curvature, of a free liquid surface in an application to theory of capillary attraction; or positions of electrified bodies, or electrostatic capacities, in an electrostatic system.
The Freezing-Point of Aqueous Solutions of Sodium Mellitate
Authors: Taylor W. W. 
Published: June 2019

As is well known, the molecular depression of the freezing-point of aqueous solutions of electrolytes is greater than 1·87, van't Hoff's constant, with which the molecular depressions of nonelectrolytes have been found to agree extremely well. This is in accordance with the dissociation theory; and for binary electrolytes the molecular depression may approximate to 1·87 × 2, for ternary electrolytes to 1·87 × 3, etc., but cannot exceed these values.Substances such, as potassium ferrocyanide, which, according to the dissociation theory, might be expected to give values approximating to 1·87 × 4 or 1·87 × 5, have not been found to give molecular depressions greater than 1·87 × 3. This has been held to be an objection to the dissociation theory.
On the Reflexion and Refraction of Solitary Plane Waves at a Plane Interface between two Isotropic Elastic Mediums—Fluid, Solid, or Ether
Authors: Kelvin Lord 
Published: June 2019

§ 1. “Elastic solid” includes fluid and ether; except conceivable dynamics of the mutual action across the interface of the two mediums. Maxwell's electro-magnetic equations for a homogeneous non-conductor of electricity are identical with the equations of motion of an incompressible elastic solid, or with the equations expressing the rotational components of the motion of an elastic solid compressible or incompressible; but not so their application to a heterogeneous non-conductor or to the interface between two homogeneous non-conductors.§ 2. The equations of equilibrium of a homogeneous elastic solid, under the influence of forces X, Y, Z, per unit volume, acting at any point (x, y, z) of the substance are given in Stokes' classical paper “On the Theories of the Internal Friction of Fluids in Motion, and of the Equilibrium and Motion of Elastic Solids,” p. 115, vol. i. of his Mathematical Papers; also in Thomson and Tait's Natural Philosophy [§ 698 (5) (6)].
Contributions to the Craniology of the People of the Empire of India. Part I.—The Hill Tribes of the North-East Frontier and the People of Burma
Authors: Turner Wm. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe author contributes the first of a series of memoirs on the craniology of the natives of the countries comprising the Empire of India. The skulls of the hill tribes were from the Lushai-Chin hill tracts, the Nágá Mountains near Manipur, and Nepaul. The author was indebted for the majority of the specimens to former pupils engaged in the public service in India. A short account of the geographical position and of the external characters of the tribes is given, compiled from the writings more especially of Captain Butler, Colonel Lewin, Colonel Woodthorpe, Surgeon-Colonel Reid, General Sir James Johnstone, and from notes furnished to the author by Surgeon-Captain D. Macbeth Moir, Dr C. L. Williams, Surgeon-Major D. H. Graves, Surgeon-Major Bannerman, and Surgeon-Colonel F. W. Wright.Eleven adult skulls from the Lushai-Chin hill tracts were examined—nine of which were those of men, two of women. Their characters and measurements were described in detail. Four specimens were dolichocephalic, index below 75; five were between 75 and 77·5, and two from the South Lushai hill tracts were above 80; the mean of the series was 76·l. When the two brachycephalic skulls are excluded the mean index was 74·6, so that the people are in the main dolichocephalic. As regards the relation of length to height the mean of the series was 73·8, and as a rule the breadth exceeded the height. Generally speaking the face was orthognathous and chamæprosopic, the nose was mesorhine, the orbit was megaseme, and the palato-alveolar arch was brachyuranic. The mean cubic capacity of the skulls of nine men was 1353 c.cm., the range being from 1270 to 1480.
The Propagation of Earthquake Vibrations through the Earth
Authors: Knott C. G. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe history of seismological research and discovery may be conveniently divided into three great epochs. 1. We have the recording of earthquakes in the popular significance of the term, with an enquiry into their character, based almost entirely upon the (usually) destructive results of their visitation. 2. We find investigators beginning to appeal to experiment to elucidate some of the effects noticed, with a growing appreciation of the necessity of recording all palpable earthquakes, whether destructive or not. One of the most honoured names in this connection is that of Mallet, whose two volumes on “The Great Neapolitan Earthquake” form a classic in the literature of the subject. Most of the developments of recent times will be found in embryo in the pages of this monumental work. 3. The introduction of instruments for recording earthquakes, and, as a natural consequence, the recognition of pulsations and tremors and the various kinds of earthquake too feeble to be detected by our senses.At every stage in this history, geological and physical problems of intrinsic difficulty have been encountered; and it is to the discussion of some of the most recent of these that this address is devoted.From the days of Mallet and Hopkins, numerous reports on earthquakes and seismological phenomena have been prepared and published by the British Association; and the last of these, from the industrious pen of J. Milne, F.R.S., formerly Professor of Mining in the Imperial University of Japan, has a surpassing wealth of detailed facts and of suggested theories.