bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Indirect clinical markers for the detection of anabolic steroid abuse beyond the conventional doping control in athletes
Authors: Christou Georgios A. , Christou Maria A. , Žiberna Lovro , Christou Konstantinos A. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractGrowing analytical challenges have arisen for the detection of misuse of androgenic anabolic steroids (AAS) in athletes the last years. Therefore, consideration of additional indirect markers can substantially aid the efforts to detect AAS abuse in athletes. Moreover, this approach can also help physicians to suspect AAS abuse when treating athletes. Laboratory markers highly indicative of AAS abuse in athletes include the considerable downregulation of high density lipoprotein‐cholesterol, elevation of haematocrit or serum γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase levels and for males reduced serum levels of both luteinizing hormone and follicle‐stimulating hormone. Moreover, physical signs suggestive of current AAS abuse are hypertension, apparent changes in behaviour making the athlete more irritable and aggressive and the sudden appearance of acne vulgaris in an adult athlete with no recent history of acne, while testicular atrophy and gynecomastia raise suspicion of current or past AAS abuse in male athletes.
Pull-in Instability Analysis of Nanoelectromechanical Rectangular Plates Including the Intermolecular, Hydrostatic, and Thermal Actuations Using an Analytical Solution Methodology
Authors: Samadani F. , Ansari R. , Hosseini K. , Zabihi A. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract

The current paper presents a thorough study on the pull-in instability of nanoelectromechanical rectangular plates under intermolecular, hydrostatic, and thermal actuations. Based on the Kirchhoff theory along with Eringenʼs nonlocal elasticity theory, a nonclassical model is developed. Using the Galerkin method (GM), the governing equation which is a nonlinear partial differential equation (NLPDE) of the fourth order is converted to a nonlinear ordinary differential equation (NLODE) in the time domain. Then, the reduced NLODE is solved analytically by means of the homotopy analysis method. At the end, the effects of model parameters as well as the nonlocal parameter on the deflection, nonlinear frequency, and dynamic pull-in voltage are explored.
Solving inverse electromagnetic scattering problems via domain derivatives†
Authors: Hagemann Felix , Arens Tilo , Betcke Timo , Hettlich Frank 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
We employ domain derivatives to solve inverse electromagnetic scattering problems for perfect conducting or for penetrable obstacles. Using a variational approach, the derivative of the scattered field with respect to boundary variations is characterized as the solution of a boundary value problem of the same type as the original scattering problem. The inverse scattering problem of reconstructing the scatterer from far field measurements for a single incident field can thus be solved via a regularized iterative Newton scheme. Both the original forward problem and the problem characterizing the domain derivative are formulated as boundary integral equations and we carefully describe how these formulations are obtained in the case of Lipschitz domains. The integral equations are solved using the boundary element library Bempp. A number of numerical examples of shape reconstructions are presented.
Ultrasonic welding for the rapid integration of fluidic connectors into microfluidic chips
Authors: Finkbeiner Tim , Soergel Hannah L , Koschitzky Moritz P , Ahrens Ralf , Guber Andreas E 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
We introduce a variety of biocompatible fluidic connectors that can be integrated into microfluidic chips by ultrasonic welding. Commercially available barbed fittings and dispensing needles with Luer lock fittings were integrated between two chip components ensuring a fluidic in-plane contact. In addition, straight Luer lock fittings in combination with ultrasonic hot embossing, 3D printed thermoplastic connectors with Luer lock and barbed fittings were integrated out-of-plane. The integration was successful without clogging any fluidic channels.
Depending on the connector type, the pressure tightness differs. Dispensing needles showed the lowest pressure tightness of only 1.14 bar. However, all other connector types were pressure tight to at least 3.75 bar.
The main advantage of the integration technique of ultrasonic welding is the rapid implementation of individual connectors adapted to the required situation—for prototypes as well as for large-scale production. Moreover, multiple connectors can be integrated simultaneously in just one single step. This provides a user-friendly and stable connection of commonly used connector types such as barbed or Luer lock fittings for microfluidic applications.
Adaptive incremental stippling for sample distribution in spatially adaptive PIV image analysis
Authors: Edwards M , Theunissen R 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Adaptive sampling strategies in PIV have been shown to efficiently combine the need for limited user-dependence with increased performances in terms of spatial resolution and computational effort, thus rendering such approaches of great interest. The allocation of correlation windows across the spatial image domain is dependent on the interpretation of an underlying objective function, and the distribution of windows accordingly. It is important that such allocation is computationally efficient, robust to changing objective functions and conditions, and conducive to high quality sampling. In this paper, an alternative sample distribution method, based on adaptive incremental stippling, is presented and shown to combine the speed of PDF-based methods with the quality of ‘ideal’ spring-force methods. Case-dependent parameter tuning is no longer necessary, thus improving robustness. In addition, an algorithm to adaptively size initial correlation windows is proposed to further minimise user dependence.
The Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network: risk reduction and management of delirium
Authors: Davis Daniel , Searle Samuel D , Tsui Alex 
Published: March 2019

AbstractClinical and research interest in delirium has been rising over the last 15 years. The Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) publication on delirium is a state-of-the-art synthesis of the field, and the first UK guideline since 2010.There is new guidance around delirium detection, particularly in recommending the 4 ‘A’s Test (4AT). The 4AT has the advantage of being brief, embeds and operationalises cognitive testing, and is scalable with little training. The guidelines highlight the importance of non-pharmacological management for all hospital presentations involving the spectrum of cognitive disorders (delirium, dementia but at risk of delirium, delirium superimposed on dementia). Pharmacotherapy has a minimal role, but specific indications (e.g. intractable distress) are discussed.Advances in delirium research, education and policy, have come together with steady changes in the sociocultural context in which healthcare systems look after older people with cognitive impairment. However, there remains a gap between desired and actual clinical practice, one which might be bridged by re-engaging with compassionate, patient-centred care. In this respect, these SIGN guidelines offer a key resource.
No immediate or future extra costs of raising a virulent brood parasite chick
Authors: Samaš Peter , Grim Tomáš , Jelínek Václav , Abraham Marek M , Šulc Michal , Honza Marcel 
Published: March 2019

AbstractParental care is an adaptive behavior increasing the survival of a young. Virulent brood parasites, like the common cuckoo Cuculus canorus, avoid the parental care and leave the care for their nestlings to hosts. Although raising a cuckoo is always costly because it kills host’s progeny, to date it is not known whether raising of a brood parasite itself represents any extra cost affecting host’s fitness, that is, a cost above the baseline levels of care that are expended on raising the host own young anyway. We quantified costs of rearing a cuckoo nestling in the most frequent host, the reed warbler Acrocephalus scirpaceus. We measured changes in the host physical (body mass) and physiological conditions (stress levels quantified via heterophils/lymphocytes ratio) within the 1 breeding attempt (immediate cost) and retrapped some of these adults in the next breeding season to estimate return rates as a measure of their survival (future cost). In contrast to universal claims in the literature, raising a cuckoo nestling did not entail any extra immediate or future costs for hosts above natural costs of care for own offsprings. This counterintuitive result might partly reconcile theoretical expectations in the hosts with surprisingly low levels of counter-defences, including the reed warbler. Unexpectedly low raising costs of parasitism may also help explain a long-term maintenance of some host–parasite systems.
Functional diversity in biters: the evolutionary morphology of the oral jaw system in pacus, piranhas and relatives (Teleostei: Serrasalmidae)
Authors: Huby Alessia , Lowie Aurélien , Herrel Anthony , Vigouroux Régis , Frédérich Bruno , Raick Xavier , Kurchevski Gregório , Godinho Alexandre Lima , Parmentier Eric 
Published: March 2019

AbstractSerrasalmid fishes form a highly specialized group of biters that show a large trophic diversity, ranging from pacus able to crush seeds to piranhas capable of cutting flesh. Their oral jaw system has been hypothesized to be forceful, but variation in bite performance and morphology with respect to diet has not previously been investigated. We tested whether herbivorous species have higher bite forces, larger jaw muscles and more robust jaws than carnivorous species. We measured in vivo and theoretical bite forces in 27 serrasalmid species. We compared the size of the adductor mandibulae muscle, the jaw mechanical advantages, the type of jaw occlusion, and the size and shape of the lower jaw. We also examined the association between bite performance and functional morphological traits of the oral jaw system. Contrary to our predictions, carnivorous piranhas deliver stronger bites than their herbivorous counterparts. The size of the adductor mandibulae muscle varies with bite force and muscles are larger in carnivorous species. Our study highlights an underestimated level of functional morphological diversity in a fish group of exclusive biters. We provide evidence that the trophic specialization towards carnivory in piranhas results from changes in the configuration of the adductor mandibulae muscle and the lower jaw shape, which have major effects on bite performance and bite strategy.
Conceptualising Work-Related Moral Suffering—Exploring and Refining the Concept of Moral Distress in the Context of Social Work
Authors: Mänttäri-van der Kuip Maija 
Published: March 2019

AbstractIn the nursing literature, work-related suffering due to restricted moral agency is commonly considered under the concept of moral distress. This concept has resonated strongly amongst nursing scholars since the 1980s and has recently gained ground amongst social work scholars as well. However, the research on moral distress suffers from inadequate conceptual clarity; this has led to multiple and disparate ways of empirically studying the phenomenon. This article examines the conceptualisations of moral distress applied in the nursing and social work literature and identifies and discusses the challenges and potential problems related to them. The article sheds light on the complex, dynamic and relative nature of the phenomenon, which has not been sufficiently acknowledged in the existing empirical literature. Despite its complexities and defects, as highlighted in this article, the concept of moral distress can serve as an important tool for understanding and analysing experiences of moral suffering in front line social work. However, defining this experience in all its complexity and devising a valid instrument to measure it remain a major challenge.
A Phase 2 Study Evaluating the Safety, Tolerability, and Immunogenicity of Two 3-Dose Regimens of a Clostridium difficile Vaccine in Healthy US Adults Aged 65 to 85 Years
Authors: Kitchin Nicholas , Remich Shon A , Peterson James , Peng Yahong , Gruber William C , Jansen Kathrin U , Pride Michael W , Anderson Annaliesa S , Knirsch Charles , Webber Chris 
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Background
Clostridium difficile causes toxin-mediated nosocomial diarrhea and community-acquired infections; no preventive vaccine is licensed. In this phase 2 study, we explored safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity in older US adults of an investigational bivalent C. difficile vaccine that contains equal dosages of genetically and chemically detoxified toxins A and B.

Methods
Conducted from July 2015 through March 2017, 855 healthy adults aged 65–85 years from 15 US centers were randomized 3:3:1 to receive vaccine (100 or 200 μg) or placebo at 0, 1, and 6 months (month regimen) or 1, 8, and 30 days (day regimen). Serum toxin A– and B–specific neutralizing antibodies were measured. Participant-reported local reactions (LRs) and systemic events (SEs), adverse events (AEs), serious AEs, newly diagnosed chronic medical conditions, and immediate AEs were recorded.

Results
The 200-μg dose level elicited higher immune responses than the 100-µg dose level across regimens. Compared with the day regimen, the month regimen induced stronger and more persistent immune responses that remained elevated 12 months after dose 3. Responses peaked at month 7 (month regimen) and day 37 (day regimen). LRs (primarily injection site pain) were more frequent in vaccine recipients than controls; SE frequency was similar across groups. More related AEs were reported in the day regimen group than the month regimen group.

Conclusions
The C. difficile vaccine was safe, well tolerated, and immunogenic in healthy US adults aged 65–85 years. Immune responses were particularly robust in the 200-μg month regimen group. These results support continued vaccine development.

Clinical Trials Registration
NCT02561195.
A Two-Step Knowledge Extraction Framework for Improving Disease Diagnosis
Authors: Sarkar Bikash Kanti 
Published: March 2019

AbstractIn the last decades, various methodologies have been proposed by the researchers for developing effective disease diagnosis support systems (DDSSs). The present research proposes a two-step framework in which an entropy-based feature-selection approach is introduced in the first step and a rule-base hybrid model using Perfect Rule Induction by Sequential Method (PRISM) is explored in the subsequent step for effective diagnosis of diseases. The suggested feature-selection technique is validated using five state-of-the-art classifiers namely C4.5 (a decision tree-based classifier), naïve Bayes (NB), Repeated Incremental Pruning to Produce Error Reduction (RIPPER), neural network (NN) and support vector machine (SVM) over fourteen benchmark diseases that are very common and the leading causes of deaths. Next, on the basis of top three performance metrics, viz., prediction accuracy, sensitivity and false positive rate, the performance of the hybrid model over the datasets is compared with its base learner: PRISM, two other competent learners namely C4.5 and NN, and some specialized models. The empirical outcomes positively demonstrate that the hybrid model with application of feature-selection method is a generic model and effective in diagnosing diseases. More importantly, the model not only is able to produce good results but also to elucidate its knowledge in understandable: IF-THEN form (convenient for medical practitioners).
Social Network Characteristics and Their Associations With Stress in Older Adults: Closure and Balance in a Population-Based Sample
Authors: Ellwardt Lea , Wittek Rafael P M , Hawkley Louise C , Cacioppo John T 
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Objectives
Integration into social networks reduces stress during adverse life events and improves coping with disability in late life. The aim was to investigate whether social network closure (frequent contact among ties) and balance (positive contact among ties) are associated with perceived stress. We expect lowest stress for older adults with highly closed and balanced networks.

Method
Panel data on self-reported egocentric networks stem from the population-based Chicago Health, Aging, and Social Relations Study. Five waves were collected between 2002 and 2006, with 708 observations from 160 participants aged 50–68 years at baseline. Data include information on the participants’ social relationships, that is, interaction frequency and relationship quality, for ego–alter ties and alter–alter ties, and participants’ perceived stress. The analytical strategy used fixed- and random-effects models.

Results
Participants reporting the highest number of balanced relationships (positive ties among alters) experience least stress. This effect holds independently of sociodemographic confounders, loneliness, and network size.

Discussion
The absence of a stress-reducing effect from network closure suggests that balance matters more. Future research would benefit from considering balance when examining the characteristics of social networks that impinge on mental health outcomes in older adults.
Aging in Different Welfare Contexts: A Comparative Perspective on Later-Life Employment and Health
Authors: Madero-Cabib Ignacio , Corna Laurie , Baumann Isabel 
Published: March 2019

AbstractObjectiveWe adopt a cross-national comparative perspective to assess the labor market experiences of older adults in the years leading up to and beyond the full pension age (FPA) and their association with health in diverse welfare state contexts.MethodWe work with a harmonized pooled-country data set of 12 nations to model individuals’ employment trajectories during the 10 years surrounding gender- and country-specific FPAs over the same chronological period (2004 to 2014/2015) using sequence analysis. We then analyze these trajectories’ relationships with self-rated health and chronic conditions across different welfare state contexts.ResultsWe find five types of later-life employment trajectories: early retirement, conventional retirement, predominantly part-time, not in the labor market, and partial retirement. Among other findings, our analyses indicate that early retirement is associated with positive health outcomes in social-democratic and corporatist countries but not in liberal and liberal-corporatist countries. For people in the not in the labor market trajectory, poor self-rated health is more frequent in liberal and southern, and less frequent in corporatist countries.DiscussionThe research findings illustrate the importance of both generous public benefits in old age and later-life employment trajectories for older individuals’ health.
Children’s Privacy: The Role of Parental Control and Consent
Authors: Gligorijević Jelena 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Protecting children’s informational privacy has never been more difficult. To what extent does it depend upon parental control and consent, and how is this factor incorporated into the law seeking to protect children’s informational privacy? This article addresses these questions, considering the relevant jurisprudence of the English courts, in particular under the tort of misuse of private information, and the relevant jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights under Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights. In this article I argue that the relevant jurisprudence in both jurisdictions reveals a doctrine that prioritises parental control and consent, above the harm of intrusion to the child. This risks laying a legal terrain that does not accommodate the protection and vindication of children’s informational privacy rights when they conflict with the wishes of, or are not actively protected by, that child’s parents.
Bloom-Type Inequality for Bi-Parameter Singular Integrals: Efficient Proof and Iterated Commutators
Authors: Li Kangwei , Martikainen Henri , Vuorinen Emil 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Utilising some recent ideas from our bilinear bi-parameter theory, we give an efficient proof of a two-weight Bloom-type inequality for iterated commutators of linear bi-parameter singular integrals. We prove that if $T$ is a bi-parameter singular integral satisfying the assumptions of the bi-parameter representation theorem, then $$\begin{equation*} \| [b_k,\cdots[b_2, [b_1, T]]\cdots]\|_{L^p(\mu) \to L^p(\lambda)} \lesssim_{[\mu]_{A_p}, [\lambda]_{A_p}} \prod_{i=1}^k\|b_i\|_{\operatorname{bmo}(\nu^{\theta_i})}, \end{equation*}$$where $p \in (1,\infty )$, $\theta _i \in [0,1]$, $\sum _{i=1}^k\theta _i=1$, $\mu , \lambda \in A_p$, $\nu := \mu ^{1/p}\lambda ^{-1/p}$. Here $A_p$ stands for the bi-parameter weights in ${\mathbb{R}}^n \times{\mathbb{R}}^m$, and $\operatorname{bmo}(\nu )$ is a suitable weighted little BMO space. We also simplify the proof of the known 1st order case.
Molecular mechanisms underlying prostaglandin E2-exacerbated inflammation and immune diseases
Authors: Tsuge Kyoshiro , Inazumi Tomoaki , Shimamoto Akira , Sugimoto Yukihiko 
Published: March 2019

AbstractProstaglandins (PGs) are the major lipid mediators in animals and which are biosynthesized from arachidonic acid by the cyclooxygenases (COX-1 or COX-2) as the rate-limiting enzymes. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), which is the most abundantly detected PG in various tissues, exerts versatile physiological and pathological actions via four receptor subtypes (EP1–4). Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as aspirin and indomethacin, exert potent anti-inflammatory actions by the inhibition of COX activity and the resulting suppression of PG production. Therefore, PGE2 has been shown to exacerbate several inflammatory responses and immune diseases. Recently, studies using mice deficient in each PG receptor subtype have clarified the detailed mechanisms underlying PGE2-associated inflammation and autoimmune diseases involving each EP receptor. Here, we review the recent advances in our understanding of the roles of PGE2 receptors in the progression of acute and chronic inflammation and autoimmune diseases. PGE2 induces acute inflammation through mast cell activation via the EP3 receptor. PGE2 also induces chronic inflammation and various autoimmune diseases through T helper 1 (Th1)-cell differentiation, Th17-cell proliferation and IL-22 production from Th22 cells via the EP2 and EP4 receptors. The possibility of EP receptor-targeted drug development for the treatment of immune diseases is also discussed.