bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Critique and Questions of Method
Authors: Villadsen Kaspar 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Chapter 5 explores two questions central to the overall task of this book: what are the critical implications of Foucault’s technological approach, and how does one carry out this inquiry in concrete terms? Tackling the underexplored problem of properly explicating the methods of analysis, I reconstruct a set of methodological principles from Foucault’s works. Foucault offers few general definitions of how to study a dispositif, and instead describes the historical emergence of dispositifs like discipline, sexuality, or security. Given this avoidance of generalizable methods, I define Foucault’s approach as a strategy of genealogical ‘showing’ rather than ‘telling’, which also contrasts with forms of critique that universalize, generalize, and denounce. At the centre of Foucault’s analytical critique are not actions, policies, or ideologies, but evaluative frameworks. Here, Foucault echoes Nietzsche, insofar as his strategy is to open up the frameworks of evaluation themselves, provoking the reader to reflect on their adequacy and consider possible alternatives.
Three Studies
Authors: Villadsen Kaspar 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Chapter 6 offers illustrative examples of how one can put Foucault’s technological thinking to work. It presents a retrospective reading of three studies, giving particular attention to general analytical and methodological points. The first example is Foucault’s own analysis of the dispositif of sexuality, where he challenged ‘the repressive hypothesis’ by asking what would happen if one assumed instead that sex was produced by a dispositif of sexuality. The next two studies come from my own research. The second study examines how contemporary social policy foregrounds the client’s ‘inner self-worth’ over social structures, formal rights, and redistributional justice. The third offers a brief genealogy of the ‘the risky migrant’ in Danish policy discourse—a figure that has straddled the dispositifs of law, discipline, and security. Finally, the chapter offers a few comments on the Covid-19 pandemic, which incited responses from within our existing dispositifs, just as it provoked transformations and realignments between them.
Morphosyntactic variation in Bantu
Authors: Marten Lutz , Guérois Rozenn , Gibson Hannah , Bloom-Ström Eva-Marie 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The chapter provides an introduction to the volume, sets out the contexts in which it is placed, and provides a short summary of the chapters included in it. The discussion includes summaries of relevant research in Bantu classification, in typological and formal approaches to the study of linguistic variation and micro-variation, and in approaches to morphosyntactic micro-variation, specifically in relation to Bantu languages. It then shows how the fourteen chapters of the volume provide a comprehensive overview of current work in Bantu morphosyntactic micro-variation, discussing some eighty languages, and how they illustrate the wealth of empirical and conceptual work in the field. Finally, the chapter presents critical reflections on linguistic work on Bantu languages, and the naming of Bantu languages, and how the volume is positioned in this context.
A parametric approach to negation in Bantu languages
Authors: Guérois Rozenn , Gibson Hannah , Marten Lutz 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The chapter develops a parametric approach to negation in Bantu based on the parameters of Guérois et al. (2017) and building on previous work on Bantu negation. Examining seven parameters of variation, the study highlights correlations between different negation strategies and relates these to the geographical distribution of the languages in which they are found. Results of the study show a high degree of micro-variation and a variety of strategies and positions of markers of negation in Bantu. In terms of the geographical distribution, the findings show that the main differences in negation marking occur between north and south, and that in addition a north-western, a north-eastern, and an eastern group can be distinguished. The results suggest that patterns of morphosyntactic marking are not necessarily co-extensive with lexical-genetic groupings and form distinct linguistic areas of structural similarity.
Predicative possession in Bantu languages
Authors: Creissels Denis 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter first compares the variety observed in the predicative possession constructions of Bantu languages to that observed in the languages of the world, and particularly across Sub-Saharan languages, and then discusses the possible historical relationships between the comit possessive type, strongly predominant in Bantu, and the have possessive type. The have possessive constructions found among Bantu languages may result not only from the semantic evolution of verbs such as ‘catch’, ‘take’, and ‘hold’, but also from the reanalysis of either a sequence ‘be with’ or a preposition ‘with’ as a verb ‘have’. Finally, this chapter discusses the duality observed in the behaviour of possessive nà in Sotho-Tswana languages.
The use of the augment in Nguni languages
Authors: Bloom Ström Eva-Marie , Miestamo Matti 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the use of the augment, a prefix preceding the noun class prefix, in the Nguni subgroup of the Bantu languages, which show striking similarities as well as differences in the use of the augment. The study provides new insights into developmental tendencies of the augment. It shows that, while all contexts in which the augment can be omitted are non-fact contexts, the presence versus absence of the augment does not mark a referentiality distinction as has previously been suggested. Referentiality constitutes a semantic and pragmatic explanation for the absence and presence of the augment in different contexts from a diachronic perspective, but this function is eroded in present-day Nguni and only a limited referentiality distinction for some speakers in some varieties is maintained. The loss of function explains why the augment is used in nearly all contexts in some varieties, and omitted everywhere in others.
Locatives in Runyankore-Rukiga
Authors: Beermann Dorothee , Asiimwe Allen 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The chapter presents an overview of Runyankore-Rukiga’s locative expressions, words, and phrases, based on a corpus of interlinear glossed texts. Locative words and locative phrases are nominal expressions, although they configurationally resemble prepositional phrases, with the locative particle as an independent word preceding the noun. Their morphosyntactic behaviour, however, is that of a noun phrase, as the chapter shows in a discussion of external and internal locative agreement, which also includes a discussion of alternate agreement patterns. Using type semantic concepts proposed by Jackendoff (1990), combined with structural representations, the chapter presents a further development of the two-layered noun phrase approach to locatives originally suggested by Bresnan and Mchombo (1989).
A micro-parametric approach to focus marking ní in Kilimanjaro Bantu languages
Authors: Shinagawa Daisuke 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the proclitic ní in Kilimanjaro Bantu, which is diachronically regarded as having developed from a copula and synchronically as having morphosyntactic continuity with it. The study provides an account of specific realizations of ní in two of the Kilimanjaro Bantu varieties, Rombo-Mkuu and Uru, which have not yet been reported in the literature, and then develops a typological overview of its variation across Kilimanjaro Bantu, based on micro-parameters designated for capturing its phonological and morphosyntactic variability. These attempts are intended to be a preparatory step for an integrated explanation of this element and an empirical contribution for much wider typological discussions across Bantu on focus marking types and negation types.
The Refugee Definition in International Law
Authors: Storey Hugo 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
At international law, the refugee definition enshrined in Article 1A(2) of the Refugee Convention and its 1967 Protocol remains central. Yet after seventy years, the meaning of its key terms is still widely perceived to be unclear and uncertain. Siren voices continue to warn against any attempt at further definition. How long must we brook such a lack of clarity? That is this study’s core question. In trying to answer it, this study does three main things. It seeks to address several ‘framework’ questions concerned with approaches to definition, interpretation, ordering and to the interrelationship between the definition’s different elements. Next, it analyses each element of the definition, applying Vienna Convention of the Law of Treaties (VCLT) rules in systematic fashion. In the process, it seeks to address the main interpretive positions that have been taken in UNHCR, case law, and academic materials regarding each element of the definition, evaluating their merits and demerits, and proposes solutions animated by a human rights approach. The third and by far most important exercise concerns identifying what propositions have been widely agreed and trying to assemble all of these in the one place so as to achieve a ‘working definition’. The author argues there is much more agreement than many think about the meaning of key terms, that many of the main disagreements have been resolved, and it is now within reach to concretise this working definition, most practicably by a wholesale revision of Part One of the 1979 UNHCR Handbook.
The Refugee Definition
Authors: Storey Hugo 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter lays the groundwork for the book’s main theme: that more concerted efforts must be made to achieve greater clarity about the meaning of key elements of the refugee definition enshrined in Article 1A(2) of the 1951 Refugee Convention and its 1967 Protocol. After surveying other definitions to be found at the international, regional, and national level, this chapter looks at the limits of the definition and also (briefly) criticisms that have been made of it. It strongly rejects five main objections that have been raised against attempting a further definition. Whilst considering that the idea of a ‘uniform’ interpretation remains utopian, the chapter explains that there are reasons to believe that the goal of a more consistent, ‘convergent’ interpretation is within our grasp and that it is now possible to elaborate, in the form of a ‘working definition’, basic propositions about the meaning of its key elements, reflective of state practice in the broad sense. Reasons are given why it is not possible to treat existing materials—governmental guides, UNHCR guidance, case law, or academic studies in particular—as constituting a ready-made further definition. It is nevertheless concluded that UNHCR and judicial guidance are both indispensable pillars for establishing whether there is substantial consensus about a number of basic propositions that form part of a working definition.
Interpretation
Authors: Storey Hugo 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This study adopts a systematic approach to interpreting the meaning of key elements of the refugee definition, applying the provisions of Articles 31–33 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 1969 (VCLT rules). Whilst not prescriptive as to outcome, these rules provide a structured approach. To that end, this chapter first analyses the VCLT ‘toolbox’ in general terms. It also considers the implications of the fact that explicit recourse to these rules remains less common in the common law than the civil law world, and that within the EU the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) has developed its own idiosyncratic approach to interpretation. In order to set the scene for this book’s own application of VCLT rules, this chapter also looks at how these rules have previously been applied to the Refugee Convention in the case law and wider literature. It is concluded that even though it remains difficult to locate certain extrinsic sources (UNHCR, judicial, and academic materials in particular) precisely within specific VCLT rules, they certainly fall within the ambit of these rules. Taken cumulatively, they have come to play a major and legitimate role, with UNHCR and judicial guidance now the two main pillars. Whilst in later chapters it will become apparent that the identification of ‘basic propositions’ regarding the definition is possible without express reference to VCLT rules, it remains highly desirable to be able to explain and demonstrate the accordance of such propositions with VCLT rules.
Nationality and Statelessness
Authors: Storey Hugo 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter looks at the ‘nationality’ element of the refugee definition (which encompasses both those with and without nationality). It explains why this element of the refugee definition, which concerns its personal scope, is dealt with first. Having examined the international law rules that govern acquisition and loss of nationality, this chapter then considers the meaning to be given to the terms used in Article 1A(2) of the Convention, namely ‘country of nationality’, ‘more than one country of nationality’, and ‘not having a nationality’ respectively. It is explained why the term must be construed to denote the legal bond between the individual and the state and why, in temporal terms, ‘nationality’ must refer to current or actual nationality. The main issues tackled in the remainder of this chapter concern whether stateless persons are ipso facto refugees (it is argued that they are not); and the meaning to be given to the phrase ‘unable to return’ (it is argued that this is to be understood as hypothetical). Section 4 explores several discrete issues that have proven vexed in relation to this element of the definition, namely illegal withdrawal or deprivation of nationality and denationalisation; misuse of nationality; and voluntary renunciation of nationality. Section 5 addresses certain evidential issues. At the end an attempt is made to identify a series of basic proposition regarding which there is substantial consensus, along with several ‘suggested propositions’ addressing ongoing debates.
The Availment Clause: ‘To Avail Himself of the Protection’
Authors: Storey Hugo 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter tackles the paradox that even though the meaning of the definition’s availment (or protection) clause has been the subject of highly divergent interpretations, these have had virtually no discernible effect on the outcome of decisions. Applying VCLT rules, it is argued that the clause must be understood to connote both external (diplomatic) and internal protection, not one or the other. Contrary to the view sometimes voiced, that the clause is an ‘historical relic’, this chapter argues that it must still be understood as one of the substantive requirements of the refugee definition. Being the only element of the refugee definition that employs the term ‘protection’, it should be treated as the source of its meaning for the use made of it elsewhere in the definition, in particular within the ‘being persecuted’ element. Treating the availment clause as the primary locus of that meaning does not prevent an interpretive division of labour, such that the internal aspects are addressed within the ‘being persecuted’ element and its (now limited) external aspects are left to be considered within the clause itself. Such a solution also fits well with the fact noted earlier that in practice the main disagreements have not had any significant impact on actual decision-making. The chapter ends by setting out (a disappointingly few) basic propositions regarding the meaning of the clause distilled from the earlier analysis, together with several ‘suggested propositions’.
Key Analytic Models and Psychoanalytic Concepts Informing Dynamic Interpersonal Therapy
Authors: Lemma Alessandra , Hepworth Mary , Fonagy Peter , Abrahams Deborah , Luyten Patrick 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter outlines the theoretical framework of DIT that draws on object relations theory, attachment theory, and Harry Stack Sullivan’s interpersonal psychoanalysis. These theories reflect certain core assumptions that underpin DIT and its strategies. Most notably, these are: (a) the social origins and nature of individual subjectivity, (b) the importance of attachments as the building blocks of the mind, and as the context for developing crucial social-cognitive capacities, (c) the impact of internalized, unconscious ‘self’ and ‘other’ representations on current interpersonal functioning, and (d) the importance of the capacity to mentalize experience, without which the individual is more vulnerable to developmentally earlier modes of experiencing internal reality, which, in turn, undermine the capacity to resolve interpersonal difficulties. This chapter also sets out the key competences for psychodynamic psychotherapy that inform DIT.
Core Features and Strategies
Authors: Lemma Alessandra , Hepworth Mary , Fonagy Peter , Abrahams Deborah , Luyten Patrick 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter sets out the core aims and trajectory of the sixteen-session dynamic interpersonal therapy (DIT) model. DIT has two primary aims: to help patients to understand the connection between their presenting symptoms and what is happening in their relationships; and to enhance their ability to manage interpersonal difficulties by encouraging their capacity to reflect on their own states of mind. The trajectory of DIT is conceptualized in three phases: an initial phase to engage with and assess the patient and to arrive at a formulation of the interpersonal-affective focus (IPAF), a middle phase to focus on the identified IPAF, and an ending phase to address the anxieties about separation and to review the work undertaken. The chapter describes the DIT foci and the key features of the DIT therapeutic stance. Although the basic stance in DIT is an analytic one, rooted in attunement to the patient’s conscious and unconscious communications and in using the transference, the brevity of the treatment requires more activity on the part of the therapist.
The Middle Phase
Authors: Lemma Alessandra , Hepworth Mary , Fonagy Peter , Abrahams Deborah , Luyten Patrick 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter details the features of the middle phase of DIT (sessions 5–12). The overarching aim for the therapist at this stage is to stimulate the patient’s capacity to think about and understand their thoughts and feelings, and how these underpin the identified pattern of relating. This aim is elaborated in specific ways. The focus is on how to track the interpersonal-affective focus (IPAF), elicit interpersonal narratives to illustrate the activation of the IPAF, and stay focused. It also describes the DIT-specific manner of working in the transference and how to work with defences. Finally, it covers how to support the patient’s attempts at new behaviour in relationships.
Internet-Delivered Dynamic Interpersonal Therapy (i-DIT) for Depression and Anxiety
Authors: Lemma Alessandra , Hepworth Mary , Fonagy Peter , Abrahams Deborah , Luyten Patrick 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Although a great deal of progress has been made in the development of evidence-based psychotherapies for a wide range of mental disorders, including depression and anxiety, there is a considerable treatment gap, in that many individuals who meet criteria for these conditions do not seek treatment, delay seeking treatment, or drop out of treatment. Internet-delivered treatments might help to fill this treatment gap. The focus in this new chapter is on helping the dynamic interpersonal therapy (DIT) therapist to acquire the necessary skills and competencies to deliver internet-delivered DIT (i-DIT). Specifically, this chapter describes blended i-DIT for depression and anxiety, in which online work is integrated into and alternated with in-person face-to-face sessions. The structure of blended i-DIT for depression and anxiety is discussed, as well as the specific competences needed for DIT therapists to deliver this type of treatment.
Applying Machine Learning to Assess Paper–Pencil-Drawn Models of Optics
Authors: Wang Changzhao , Zhai Xiaoming , Shen Ji 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Modeling is a critical practice for promoting students’ knowledge-in-use in science learning, but is time- and labor-consuming to assess. Recent development in machine learning (ML) has shown great potential for achieving automation of assessing drawn models. This study applied ML, specifically 2D convolutional neural networks, to assess high school students’ paper–pencil-drawn models of optics. We collected 758 models drawn by students to explain the refraction phenomenon. Using a sequential model with four convolutional layers, we achieved an average accuracy of 89% (SD = 9%). Nested cross-validation produced an average testing accuracy of 62% (SD = 5%). We also found significant variation in the testing accuracy among groups with different proficiency levels of modeling. The lower-performing students’ drawn models are more challenging to score accurately than those of other students. Then we identified and compared images that were frequently given incorrect scores and those that always received correct scores from the machine. Our findings suggested that student-drawn model features impact machine scoring accuracy.
Can AI-Based Scaffolding Promote Students’ Robust Learning of Authentic Science Practices?
Authors: Gobert Janice D. , Li Haiying , Dickler Rachel , Lott Christine 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
In this chapter, we outline some key issues in research on science intelligent tutoring systems (ITSs) and present an ITS for science, Inq-ITS (Inquiry Intelligent Tutoring System; https://www.inqits.com), which leverages many technological developments from the field of ITS to date. Specifically, we provide an overview of our patented artificial intelligence (AI) approach to real-time, automated, scalable assessment and scaffolding of inquiry practices, and report on a large classroom study demonstrating the efficacy of our AI-based scaffolding on students’ acquisition of the science practices needed for inquiry and the transfer of those practices to new topics over long periods of time.
AI-Scorer
Authors: Ehsan Latif , Xiaoming Zhai , Holly Amerman , Xinyu He 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
AI-Scorer is an innovative artificial intelligence (AI)-augmented assessment and instruction system designed to revolutionize formative learning in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education. Grounded in fundamental cognitive and pedagogical concepts, it offers immediate, accurate scoring of complex student responses, promoting engagement and self-directed learning. The platform integrates cutting-edge machine-learning models, providing teachers with real-time insights into student performance, enabling timely, data-driven instructional decisions. This user-centered design, developed in collaboration with experienced teachers, emphasizes usability, ease of use, and adaptability. Teachers can visualize class and individual performance, facilitating personalized learning and effective classroom management. Early studies reveal teachers’ enthusiasm for AI-Scorer’s real-time data analysis capabilities and its potential to alleviate the scoring burden. While promising, further research is needed to validate the system’s efficacy in classrooms. AI-Scorer represents a significant step forward in leveraging AI to support ongoing instructional decision-making in traditional education systems.