bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Survey of attitudes, materials and methods preferred in root canal therapy by general dental practice in Turkey: Part 1
Authors: Unal Gul Celik , Kaya Bulem Ureyen , Tac Ali Gurhan , Kececi Ayse Diljin 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACTObjective: To gather information on the materials and methods employed in root canal treatment by dentists in TurkeyMethods: A questionnaire was distributed to 1,527 dentists who attended the Turkish Dental Association Congress. Respondents were asked to choose one or more suitable answers for the questions. Data was gathered for demographic and professional information regarding stages, materials, and methods commonly used in endodontic therapy. The collected data was analyzed using the statistical package SPSS. Descriptive statistics were given as frequencies (n) and percent (%). Chi-square (χ2) test was used to investigate the influence of gender and the years of professional activity for the materials and techniques employed.Results: The response rate was 49%. A total of 97% of respondents were working in a general dental practice. Of respondents, 44% were using an agent containing arsenic or aldehyde. Only 5.1% of the respondents preferred the rubber dam isolation method. Sodium hypochlorite was the most popular choice (73%) as a root canal irrigation solution. Calcium hydroxide was the most commonly used medicament (53%). Most of the practitioners (77%) preferred radiographs for working-length determination. Root canal preparation done solely with K-Files or in combination with other instruments was preferred by 73.1% of the respondents. Ni-Ti hand or rotary files were used by 79.7% of the practitioners. Polymer based root canal sealers were the sealers most frequently chosen (48.4%). The majority of the respondents (66.2%) preferred cold lateral condensation as an obturation technique. Gender affected the preference of intracanal medicament, periapical radiographs for working-length determination, root canal instrument, root canal sealers, and root canal obturation technique (P<.05). Years of professional experience affected the preference of devitalizing agents, irrigation solutions, intracanal medicament, root canal instrument, root canal sealer, and root canal obturation technique (P<.05).Conclusions: It is clear that a number of dentists, irrespective of the time elapsed since their graduation, relied on techniques, and used products and materials that are currently favoured by expert opinion. Unfortunately, it was noted that some practitioners are still using arsenic- and aldehyde- containing devitalizing agents, and most did not use rubber dam as an isolation method. (Eur J Dent 2012;6:376-384)
Soft metrology based on machine learning: a review
Authors: Vallejo Marcela , de la Espriella Carolina , Gómez-Santamaría Juliana , Ramírez-Barrera Andrés Felipe , Delgado-Trejos Edilson 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Soft metrology has been defined as a set of measurement techniques and models that allow the objective quantification of properties usually determined by human perception such as smell, sound or taste. The development of a soft metrology system requires the measurement of physical parameters and the construction of a model to correlate them with the variables that need to be quantified. This paper presents a review of indirect measurement with the aim of understanding the state of development in this area, as well as the current challenges and opportunities; and proposes to gather all the different designations under the term soft metrology, broadening its definition. For this purpose, the literature on indirect measurement techniques and systems has been reviewed, encompassing recent as well as a few older key documents to present a time line of development and map out application contexts and designations. As machine learning techniques have been extensively used in indirect measurement strategies, this review highlights them, and also makes an effort to describe the state of the art regarding the determination of uncertainty. This study does not delve into developments and applications for human and social sciences, although the proposed definition considers the use that this term has had in these areas.
Empirically based spatial projections of US population age structure consistent with the shared socioeconomic pathways
Authors: Striessnig Erich , Gao Jing , O’Neill Brian C , Jiang Leiwen 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Spatially-explicit population projections by age are increasingly needed for understanding bilateral human–environment interactions. Conventional demographic methods for projecting age structure experience substantial challenges at small spatial scales. In search of a potentially better-performing alternative, we develop an empirically based spatial model of population age structure and test its application in projecting US population age structure over the 21st century under various socioeconomic scenarios (SSPs). The model draws on 40 years of historical data explaining changes in spatial age distribution at the county level. It demonstrates that a very good model fit is achievable even with parsimonious data input, and distinguishes itself from existing methods as a promising approach to spatial age structure modeling at the global level where data availability is often limited. Results suggest that wide variations in the spatial pattern of county-level age structure are plausible, with the possibility of substantial aging clustered in particular parts of the country. Aging is experienced most prominently in thinly populated counties in the Midwest and the Rocky Mountains, while cities and surrounding counties, particularly in California, as well as the southern parts of New England and the Mid-Atlantic region, maintain a younger population age structure with a lower proportion in the most vulnerable 70+ age group. The urban concentration of younger people, as well as the absolute number of vulnerable elderly people can vary strongly by SSP.
Exploring trends in wet-season precipitation and drought indices in wet, humid and dry regions
Authors: Funk Chris , Harrison Laura , Alexander Lisa , Peterson Pete , Behrangi Ali , Husak Greg 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This study examines wet season droughts using eight products from the Frequent Rainfall Observations on GridS database. The study begins by evaluating wet season precipitation totals and wet day counts at seasonal and decadal time scales. While we find a high level of agreement among the products at a seasonal time scale, evaluations of 10 year variability indicate substantial non-stationary inter-product differences that make the assessment of low-frequency changes difficult, especially in data-sparse regions. Some products, however, appear more reliable than others on decadal time scales. Global time series of dry, middle, and wet region standardized precipitation index time series indicate little coherent change. There is substantial coherence in year-to-year variations in these time series for the better-performing products, likely indicative of skill for monitoring variations at large spatial scales. During the wet season, the data do not appear to indicate widespread global changes in precipitation, reference evapotranspiration (RefET) or Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) values. These data also do not indicate a global shift towards increasing aridity. Focusing on SPEI values for dry regions during droughts, however, we find modest increases in RefET and decreases in SPEI when wet season precipitation is below normal. Dry region SPEI values during droughts have decreased by −0.2 since the 1990s. The cause of these RefET increases is unclear, and more detailed analysis will be needed to confirm these results. For wet regions, however, the majority of products appear to indicate increases in wet season precipitation, although many products perform poorly in these regions due to limited observation networks, and estimated increases vary substantially. Synopsis: Our analysis indicates a lack of increasing aridity at global scales, issues associated with non-stationary systematic errors, and concerns associated with increases in reference evapotranspiration in global dry regions during droughts.
A short review on recent trends and applications of thermoelectric generators
Authors: Suraparaju Subbarama Kousik , Kartheek Gudapati , Sunil Reddy Gummalla Venkata , Natarajan Sendhil Kumar 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The basic needs of the society were food, water and energy. The nexus between food, water and energy is unavoidable. Energy is the key element for the survival of all the living beings on the Earth. Energy crisis and environment deterioration are the two most faced glitches of the current scenario. Thermo electricity is one of the promising solutions for energy crisis that is experiencing in this 21st century. This particular article gives the brief description about the principle of thermoelectric devices and their necessity, classification and the applications of thermoelectric generators (TEG’s). Also, this paper gives a short description on materials, design and optimization of TEG’s. It concludes with the future research direction in the realm of thermo electricity generation.
Energy and Life Cycle Assessment of Solar Assisted Microwave Pyrolysis of Waste Biomass
Authors: Santhoshkumar A. , Ramanathan Anand 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In this proposed work focused on energy efficient solar assisted pyrolysis for biofuel synthesis from different biomass. In recent days solar-powered microwave assisted pyrolysis in increasing the research attention towards higher energy recovery from the waste biomass. Microwave-assisted pyrolysis has promoted by different researchers due to lower energy consumption, faster heating rate and uniform volumetric heating of feed. Compare to electrical and thermal pyrolysis; microwave assisted pyrolysis in increasing the process efficiency due to higher energy recovery and higher hydrogen production. Thus, Microwave-assisted pyrolysis combined with solar energy increase the economic feasibility of the pyrolysis process. To recover more energy from the waste, one must reduce the input power supply and has to improve the process efficiency. So, this proposed project concentrates on solar-powered microwave pyrolysis which will eliminate the need for input power supply. Concentrator Photo-Voltaic (CPV) systems are most likely to produce a massive amount of energy per rated power and module active area. CPV system produces around 2.5 times higher energy per module active area and around 1.3 times higher energy per rated power. Char and ash obtained from the pyrolysis process will be converted into activated carbon and further sintering at a higher temperature for converting into brick form. This reusable solid activated carbon may decrease the processing time by 50%, and raise the temperature around double the time faster compared to the conventional pyrolysis. Compared to the conventional pyrolysis, it is expected that the liquid fuel may increase by 30% due to the fast heating rate. Pyrolysis oil comprises of different chemical functional groups such as sulphur, carbonyls. The phenolic carboxyls compounds provide potentials simultaneously challenging for commercial usage. The hydrocracking and catalytic cracking are the recent technologies used in current research. The usage of hydrogen and catalyst degradation are the major challenges in current technology. To solve this problem, oxidation with ozone would be used as an efficient way for upgradation of biofuel. The life cycle assessment for the entire process is necessary to determine the carbon feet print to the environment.
Production of Bio-Oil from Soapnut seed by Microwave Pyrolysis
Authors: Mathiarasu A. , Pugazhvadivu M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Biomass is one of the potential source of renewable energy to meet the need of alternative fuels. Biomass can be converted into useful energy by thermochemical conversion processes such as gasification, combustion and pyrolysis. Microwave pyrolysis a non-conventional method of heating for the production of pyrolytic bio-oil, char and gas. In this work, soapnut seed is used for the bio-oil production by microwave pyrolysis. The experimental setup used in this work consists of a microwave oven of 2.45 GHz frequency with maximum input power of 800W. In this work, temperature distribution and pyrolytic products yield from the pyrolysis of soapnut with respect to microwave power input are studied. The microwave pyrolysis experiments are conducted at power densities of 8 W/gm, 7 W/gm & 6 W/gm for 20 minutes. The experimental shows that the bio-oil yield (50 wt %) is the highest at 7 W/gm. The flash point, viscosity and calorific value of the pyrolytic bio-oil are measured and presented. The results indicated that the bio-oil produced by the microwave pyrolysis can be upgraded and used as a potential fuel for IC engines.
Three dimensional numerical validation and investigation on air cooling system of Li-ion battery used in hybrid electric vehicles
Authors: Chekuri Bhargav Ganesh , Subhasree Vaskuri Priyanka Satya , Kumar Chary S Shiva , Karuppa Thundil Raj R 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The lithium ion batteries are most commonly used in hybrid electric vehicles for obtaining high energy density among the condemnatory issues that have been in automotive industry. As the thermal management system is very prominent in automotive batteries, an effective design consideration is to be carefully opted for cooling the battery. Especially, a forced cooling is followed as an empirical choice rather than natural cooling in the automotive industry. In this paper, a three dimensional battery pack with multiple cells and cooling passages is modelled and validated to maximize the durability and battery performance. An enumerated design of air-cooled system is validated from the literature and then numerically investigated the overall distribution of the temperature with different cases by changing the positions of the inlets and outlets of the battery to satisfy the thermal specification requirements of the battery. Since, a distinctive battery system is used in hybrid electric vehicle which contains multiple cells in parallel, cooling efficiency is accomplished by a uniform diffusion of air flow in the coolant passages which dissipates the heat evolved from the individual lithium-ion battery cell. The above four cases are compared and demonstrated that the efficient cooling performance is attained with the one inlet and one outlet which are placed at the opposite sides of the battery. This is acquired because, the faster the air flow rate, the more the system cools due to the high temperature dissipation.
Bio oil production from Agro waste residue: Thermochemical conversion to improve oil quality
Authors: Prasad K Midhun , Murugavelh S 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Energy is the symbol of economical developments and human settlements. This study is carried out to find the effect of oil yield by optimization of temperature and residence time for the thermochemical conversion of solid waste into the liquid fuel by pyrolysis reaction in an auger reactor made of stainless steel with the heating rate of 10 °C/min with the maximum temperature range of 1000 °C. The agro waste of Tomato plant are left in land after harvesting which can be converted into usable carbon neutral liquid fuel by further processing. The experiment is carried in a different temperature ranges from 450, 500, 550, 600, 650 °C. Tomato plant is collected, dried in open solar drying until the sample weight remains constant to remove the bound moisture content. Then crushed into small pieces, and subjected to thermogravimetric analysis, proximate and ultimate analysis. Further the bio oil is characterised with GC-MS and FTIR to find the compounds present. The moto of this study is to find the convert the waste into high energy content liquid fuel.
A Hybrid Piezoelectric and Inductive Rotational Energy Harvester
Authors: Bianconi Jacob , Hallett Jesse , Pealo Jessica , Rashidi Reza 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This paper presents the development of a rotational energy harvester that generates a power based on a combination of piezoelectric and electromagnetic methods. The device utilizes two piezoelectric beams and two inductors and potentially multiple elements on a stationary plate to maximize the harvested energy. The piezoelectric beams generate voltages when deflected with a rotating magnet. In addition, the inductors generate voltages when a magnet passes over them. In order to maximize the harvested energy and frequency, sixteen magnets were embedded in the rotating plate to excite the elements with a higher frequency. A 3D printer was used to make the enclosure, and stationary and rotating components of the device. An assembly of Arduino microcontroller, DC motor, IR sensor and LCD screen was used to test the device. The harvester utilized a closed loop feedback system to monitor rotational speed. The device was tested at various rotational speeds from 130 rpm to 510 rpm. Voltage output versus time graphs were analyzed for each speed. It was determined that raising the number of moving magnets and rotational speed increase not only the frequency but also the voltage amplitude in both piezoelectric beams and inductors. The developed energy harvesting device can be used in any existing rotational system such as vehicle tires, bicycles, rotating machines and exercise equipment.
The Quality Control of Oil Leakage in Weld Seam of Small Head Rod of a Common Piston Rod
Authors: Wang Zhi-ling 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
We study mainly the reasons of shallow insertion depth of positioning sleeve of piston rod, welding sequence, welding parameters and small foot size. Then, we take the following measures, such as improving the welding sequence and position, strictly controlling welding process parameters, improving the quality awareness of welding operators and controlling the depth of positioning sleeve. Finally, we have perfectly controlled the quality problem of plugging and welding oil leakage of the small end rod.
Experimental investigation of elastic wave propagation and inertia effects in extra soft gelatin material
Authors: Zeng H.B. , Bailly P. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In this paper, elastic wave propagation and inertia effects in gelatin-based soft material under impact loading is investigated. The dynamic test is principally performed by the classical SHPB (Split Hopkinson Pressure Bars) technique with highly sensitive piezoelectric polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) pressure sensors placed on the interfaces between the specimen and the bars. Digital image correlation (DIC) technique is conducted to measure the strong non- homogeneous strain field, the particle velocity, the the strain rate, the strain acceleration under transient stress state using high speed photography. The particle velocity and its gradient are used to extract the elastic wave velocity. Additionally, we derive closed-form equations for the additional axial stress produced by transverse inertia in the rectangular parallelepiped specimen under the non-equilibrium stress state. The amplitude of transverse inertial stress depends strongly on the strain rate and the strain acceleration. The transverse inertia results in a significant spike-like stress in the initial portion of inertial stress history and in the zone of the specimen near the impact side due to the acceleration stage of the impact test. It is obvious that the degree of inertia effects depends strongly on time steps and spatial positions.
Effect of Abutment Design Parameter on Mechanical Properties for Dental Implant System
Authors: Lu Xiuyuan , Zhang Xiao , Chen Jianyu , Chen Xianshuai 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Abutments, as the intermediate connection between implant and crown vary on external characters decided by design parameters in order to suit for multiple clinical cases with the development of prosthodontics. The various angle, groove height (GH) and diameter of abutment brought different magnitude of stress to the dental implant system. Excessive stress concentration lead to fatigue fracture failure. Thus, in this study, parametric design and Finite Element Analysis (FEA) were combined to understand the effects of angled-abutment GH and diameter on the mechanical properties of the implant system. 30 models of abutment with varying angles (15° and 25°), diameters (4, 5 and 6mm) and GH (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5mm) were simulated and the values of Mises the equivalent stresses were analyzed by two-way ANOVA. The results demonstrated that the three design parameters had no influence on the area where stress concentration occurred and the diameter had no effect on the maximum stress while the GH had a significant influence (P<0.05).
Research on Plant Control Robotic Wire Control Chassis Control System
Authors: Du Yongcheng , Ai Changsheng , Sun Xuan , Bao Yequan , Li Weixin , Zhang Hui 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In order to facilitate the independent operation of the wheeled plant protection robot, a wire-controlled chassis with wire control, modularization and generalization was designed and manufactured. The steering drive mode of the plant protection robot adopts front wheel drive rear wheel steering. The steer-by-wire system uses a steering motor to drive the steering gear and installs a corner sensor on the steering column to achieve closed-loop control of the steering. The throttle-by-wire system uses a PWM speed control method and uses a Hall sensor to achieve closed-loop speed control. The brake-by-wire system uses a dedicated drive to control the electric linear actuator for braking and closed loop control of the brake through the current loop. For the communication method, the CAN network is used to build the communication of each module. The results show that the line-controlled site can accurately follow the expected action value given by the decision-making system to ensure the accuracy and stability of the plant protection robot operation.
Thomas Pynchon and Paul Thomas Anderson’sInherent Vice(s) and the Affective Politics of Nostalgia
Authors: Sandberg Eric 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis essay examines Thomas Pynchon’s 2009 Inherent Vice and Paul Thomas Anderson’s 2014 adaptation of the novel. These works are closely connected, and can be effectively viewed as two parts of a single transmedia text which includes a novel, a film, and two trailers. All of the constituent parts of this meta-Inherent Vice are informed by their engagement with nostalgia. Yet it is precisely here that the texts diverge from each other most markedly, activating different types of nostalgia for different purposes. While much contemporary scholarship relies on Svetlana Boym’s reflective/restorative binary to conceptualize the phenomenon of nostalgia, this reading argues that a public/personal divide offers another perhaps more appropriate lens to view the differences between the two versions of Inherent Vice. Pynchon’s novel emphasizes the political potential and social aspects of nostalgia, while Anderson’s film focuses on its personal, affective impact.