bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Directed Growth of Fungal Hyphae in an Electric Field
Authors: Gruler Hans , Gow Neil A. R. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
The galvanotropic response of the mycelial fungus Neurospora crassa is investigated. The angle distribution function of growing hyphae is described by a generating function which contains two non-trivial terms; one for directional growth and one for bidirectional growth. The following results were obtained, (i) Germ tubes grew towards the anode, (ii) The cellular response was linear for small sized cells and weaker electric fields. The galvanotropic constant, KGROW, which describes the linear response, was small for short germ tubes or hyphae (AGROW
-1 = -20 V -cm-1 for I0 = 10 |am) and large for longer cells (AGROW
-1 = -1 -7 V ·cm-1 for I0 = 100 μm). The growth coefficient KP of (-18.5 mV) describes the response independent of cell size. The linear response is explained by the field-induced distribution of charged membrane- bound proteins essential for galvanotropism. (iii) For E > E0 = 3.8 V ·cm-1, the linear response is inhibited (inhibition coefficient K1 = 1.11). The inhibition is explained by field-induced changes of the membrane potential, (iv) The galvanotropic response of longer hyphae was bidirectional. The cells grew on average perpendicular to the applied field. The bidirectional response is proportional to Er with a bidirectional growth coefficient K2 of -(0.25 V)-2. The bidirectional growth is explained by the inhibition of the directed growth process. The transition from anode-directed to bidirectional growth was a function of the applied electric field as well as of the tube length (directed growth for E2-l0< 4.4V2·cm-1 and bidirectional growth for E2·l0> 4.4 V2· cm-1).
Isolation and Characterization of a Polysaccharide Antigen from Propionibacterium acnes Released by a Glycine-Specific Chemical Protein Degradation Procedure
Authors: Verostek Mary Fran , Bartholomew Lee E. , Weber Peter 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
An acid-labile antigenic polysaccharide has been isolated from both cell walls and culture media of Propionibacterium acnes using a new chemical degradation procedure which liberates protein-bound or associated carbohydrate. Lyophilized cells and culture media were treated with a suspension of mercuric oxide in a solution of alkaline mercuric cyanide for several hours at room temperature liberating water-soluble polysaccharide material. The antigenic polysac- charide was freed of reaction products by alcohol extraction and purified by anion exchange chromatography and gel filtration, resulting in three distinct fractions of acidic polysaccha- rides of apparent molecular weights between 15 - 50 kDa. Sugar analysis showed the polysac- charides to contain fucose, galactose, glucose, mannose, galactosamine. glucosamine, and 2,3- diamino-2.3-dideoxy-D-glucuronic acid. The three fractions also contained amino acids, predominantly glutamic acid, alanine, and glycine, known to be components of P. acnes cell wall peptidoglycan. All three molecular weight fractions reacted with rabbit antisera raised against whole P. acnes cells, with the highest titer for both cell and media-derived polysaccharide material consistently in the high molecular weight fraction. This procedure was also capable of releasing antigenic polysaccharide from tissues of rats administered P. acnes cells or radio- labeled cell wall fragments.
The Primary Structure of the Presumable BChl d-Binding Polypeptide of Chlorobium vibrioforme f. thiosulfatophilum
Authors: Wagner-Huber R. , Fischer U. , Brunisholz R. , Rümbeli M. , Frank G. , Zuber H. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
In addition to the previous isolated and sequenced polypeptides from green photosynthetic sulfur bacteria, which are presumably involved in binding BChl c and e, an analogous poly- peptide has been purified from the BChl d-containing bacterium Chlorobium vibrioforme f. thiosulfatophilum. The primary structure of this 6.15 kDa polypeptide was determined. It shows an extremely high homology (98.3%) to the corresponding polypeptide from Pelodictyon luteolum, indicative of an important functional role.
Hormaomycin, a New Peptide Lactone Antibiotic Effective in Inducing Cytodifferentiation and Antibiotic Biosynthesis in Some Streptomyces Species
Authors: Andres Nikolaus , Wolf Heinz , Zähner Hans 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Hormaomycin is a novel signal metabolite from Streptomyces griseoflavus W-384 with aerial mycelium-inducing activity. The compound has been identified as an unusual peptide lactone. Hormaomycin displays three biological activities: First, it initiates the development of aerial mycelia in some Streptomyces strains. The mechanism responsible for this activity is unknown. Secondly, hormaomycin is effective in stimulating antibiotic production in different Streptomyces species. Thus, it is possible to get overproduction of a variety of antibiotics by the use of hormaomycin in fermentation processes. Thirdly, it inhibits the growth of some bacteria. The sensitive bacteria are restricted to coryneform taxa such as Arthrobacter and Corynebacterium which are closely related to Streptomyces.
Pheromones of the Scarabaeinae, II*. Composition of the Pheromone Disseminating Carrier Material Secreted by Male Dung Beetles of the Genus Kheper
Authors: Burger B. V. , Munro Zenda , Brandt W. F. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Gel electrophoresis of the white flocculcnt phcromonc disseminating secretions produced by males of the three dung beetle species, Kheper lamarcki, K. nigroaeneus and K. subaeneus, revealed that three different proteins with molecular masses of ca. 15 kDa are the major constitu- ents of these secretions. The molecular mass of these components in the secretions of K. lamarcki and K. nigroaeneus was determined more accurately by 252Cf plasma desorption mass spectrometry to be 15451 ± 10 and 15477 ± 10 Da respectively. The N-terminal amino acids in the major proteinaceous component of the secretions revealed similarities as well as differences in the primary structures of the proteins secreted by the three species. The amino acid composition of the secretions of the three species is closely related. Due to the presence of large amounts of aspartic and glutamic acid, and small amounts of the basic amino acids, the pro- teinaceous component of the carrier material is expected to have a low isoelectric point which, together with the presence of large amounts of the hydrophobic amino acids, may impart properties that are to be expected for a carrier material which is used for the dissemination of inter alia long-chain fatty acids and their esters. Exposure of bovine pancreas trypsin, bovine albumin and the carrier protein of K. lamarcki to the vapour of 2,6-dimcthyl-5-hcptcnoic acid, the major volatile constituent with electro- antennogram activity in the secretion of this species, followed by quantitative determination of the acid adsorbed on these proteins, showed that albumin and the carrier protein have an approximately equal affinity for the acid, whereas trypsin retained only about one third of the amount of the acid adsorbed on the other two proteins. It was concluded that albumin should be a suitable substitute for the carrier protein in field tests with synthetic constituents of the abdominal secretion of these insects.
Photoaffinity Labeling of Lactate Dehydrogenase by the Bis-azido Analog of NAD+: P1 -N6-(4-azidopheny lethyl)adenosine-P2- [4-(3-azidopyridinio)butyl]diphosphate
Authors: Woenckhaus Christoph , Filbrich Rüdiger 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Lactate dehydrogenase from pig heart is inactivated by the NAD+ -analog P1-N6-(4-azidophenylethyl)adenosine-P2-[4-(3-azidopyridinio)butyl]diphosphate (6) upon irradia­tion with UV light of wavelengths in the range from 300 to 380 nm. The decrease in enzyme activity can be prevented by the addition of NAD+ and oxalate. The modified enzyme shows a reduced binding capacity for its coenzyme as compared to native lactate dehydrogenase. The amount of incorporated coenzyme is deduced from the ribose content of inactivated enzyme. Tryptic digestion of the modified protein and separation of the peptides by HPLC yields 5 ribose-containing fractions. One of them, fraction 6 6 , is split by treatment with nucleotide pyrophosphatase into two subfractions, 63 and 58. Only subfraction 63 contains ribose. Whereas peptide 58 shows a UV absorption spectrum similar to that of 4-(3-aminopyridinio)-butyl phosphate (3). Amino acid analyses of the peptides indicate that the inactivator forms covalent bonds with different parts of the protein: Peptide 63 is characterized by a great por­tion of hydrophobic amino acids whereas peptide 58 shows a high degree of hydrophilicity.
Fluorescence Studies on Lung Tumors
Authors: Lohmann Wolfgang , Hirzinger Burkhard , Schwemmle Konrad , Muhrer Karl-Heinz , Schulz Andreas 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Native Fluorescence, Tumor, Lung Illumination of unstained 9 |am cryosections of lung tissue with 365 nm results in visible fluorescence light with a maximum intensity at about 460 nm. These fluorescence tomographical studies can be used for detecting carcinoma of the lung. The fluorescence pattern obtained can be matched nicely with histological findings. Since it takes less than 5 min for getting the fluorescence images, the fluorescence tomographical technique might be used in addition to established methods for determining the histology of a biopsy sample.
Essential Oil of Alfavaca, Ocimum gratissimum, from Brazilian Amazon
Authors: Vostrowsky Otto , Garbe Wolfgang , Bestmann Hans-Jürgen , Maia José Guilherme S. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract

13CNMR , GC and GC/MS analysis of the steam distillate from leaves and stems of alfavaca, Ocimum gratissimum, from the Brazilian Amazon resulted in the identification of methyl eugenol (46.83%) and eugenol (19.26%) as the main components, and another 34 compounds, mainly monoterpene and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons
Towards an Understanding of Plant Gene Regulation: The Action of Nuclear Factors
Authors: Weising Kurt , Kahl Günter 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Over the last decade an intensive research on the regulation of gene expression in viral and animal systems has led to the discovery of cis-acting regulatory sequences, the identification of sequence-specific DNA -binding proteins (trans-acting factors), the characterization of protein domains involved in DNA -protein recognition and binding as well as in protein -protein interactions, and the cloning and sequencing of genes encoding regulatory proteins. The tre­mendous progress in this field is now being complemented by advances in our understanding of how plant genes are regulated. A wealth of data has accumulated in the past few years witnessing basic similarities in the transcriptional regulation of various eukaryotic genes, but also specific features of plant genes. This article collects presently available data, focusses on DNA -protein interactions in plant genes, particularly in light-regulated and “constitutively expressed” genes, reports on the isolation of plant genes encoding regulatory proteins, an dismeant to induce further activities in plant gene research.
UV Radiation Dependent Flavonoid Accumulation of Cistus laurifolius L
Authors: Vogt Thomas , Gülz Paul-Gerhard , Reznik Hans 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Epicuticular and in tracellular flavonoids of Cistus laurifolius grown with and without UV radiation in a phytotron as well as under natural garden conditions in the field were studied. The amount of intracellular flavonoid glycosides of leaves receiving UV -A radiation was two fold higher than that measured in the absence of UV -A radiation , whether grown in the phyto­tron or in the field. Exposure of previously protected leaves to UV -A radiation increased the intracellular flavonoid glycoside content to that of unprotected leaves. The qualitative com­position of intracellular flavonoid glycosides showed a reduced amount of quercetin-3-galactoside to the myricetin monosides when the leaves were grown without UV-A radiation in the field and in the phytotron . Epicuticular flavonoid aglycones were not influenced by UV radiation significantly.
Ascorbic Acid as Indicator of Damage to Forest. A Correlation with Air Quality
Authors: Stegmann Hartmut B. , Schuler Paul , Ruff Hans-J. , Knollmüller M. , Loreth W. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
EPR investigations of spruce needles under in vivo conditions are capable of the detection of several radicals attributed to the plant photosystem . Furthermore, at room temperature an absorption due to ascorbic acid radical and other paramagnetic oxidation products can be de­tected additionally in the dark-adapted needles as well as under illumination. A systematic in­vestigation of the ascorbic acid signal intensity in spruce needles grown in the vicinity of air quality control units indicates two different oxidative mechanisms, depending on the state of illumination. Ozone plays a key role but is not the hazardous agent monitored by the ascorbic radical immediately. However, its signal reflects the present state of the antioxidative system in the needles and provides an early and simple diagnosis of the oxidative interactions of air pol­lutants with the photosynthetic apparatus of big trees.
Cytoplasmic pH and Abscisic Acid Transport across Guard Cell Membranes
Authors: Baier M. , Hartung W. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
The cytoplasmic pH value of guard cells of Valerianella locusta was determined from the distribution of the weak acid [14C]ABA between the medium and the cell, which was shown to be 8.1 ± 0.1. Treatment of guard cells in media with low pH (pH 5.0) and different concentrations of sodium acetate (0 − 5 mol m−3) caused a considerable acidification of the cytoplasm (6.6 − 7.7). Using the compartmental analysis we determined also the fluxes of ABA at the plasma membrane of guard cells (Φω) and at the tonoplast of guard cells (Φᴄᴠ) under steady state conditions. The flux of ABA from the cytoplasm into the vacuoles (tonoplast flux) was dependent upon the cytoplasmic pH. The data give evidence that ABA− is transported across the tonoplast by a saturable transport component. The ABA flux at the plasma membrane seemed to be independent of the cytoplasmic pH.
Acceleration of Enzyme-Dependent Carthamin Formation by Manganese with Diversed Valence States
Authors: Saito Koshi 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Effect of manganese with three different valence states on carthamin formation was studied by using freshly collected flowers from dyer’s saffron (C. tinctorius) capitula. At 1-10 hm concentration, these cations accelerated markedly the carthamin formation induced by endoge­ nous enzyme(s) in the detached floral tissues. The acceleration was obviously dependent on the valence state of the test metals, more pronounced by Mn(VII) or Mn(III) than by Mn(II) at a series of given ionic strengths. On a 1 μм level, Mn(VII) and Mn(III) accelerated the pigment accumulation by faster of 9 and 8, resp. than Mn(II) during 5 min incubation at 30 °C. Mn(VII) and Mn(III) acted on both fresh and boiled florets, while Mn(II) exerted preferentially its activity on intact materials. Possible im plication of manganese ions on the enzyme-cata-lyzed carthamin formation are discussed.
Two Separate Genes Encode the Catalytic 70 kDa V-ATPase Subunit in Psilotum and Equisetum
Authors: Starke Thomas , Linkkila Timothy P. , Gogarten Johann Peter 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Vacuolar type ATPases have been found on various endomem branes of eukaryotic cells, e.g. lysosomes, chromaffin granules, vesicles derived from the Golgi apparatus, endosomes and vacuoles. Although this ATPase type is targeted to different compartments in one cell, only one gene for each subunit had been found per genome.
Using PCR across intron-exon boundaries we show that two different genes encode the cat­alytic subunit of the V-ATPase in Psilotum nudum and Equisetum arvense. The substitution rates for the three codon positions and the intervening sequences show that in Psilotum both genes are transcribed and are under selection pressure, however, this seems not to be the case for Equisetum. The relatively high similarity between the two genes found in each species as compared to the interspecies similarities suggest that for some time after the gene duplication had occurred the two copies were subject to gene conversion mechanisms. An unexpected degree of conservation of the intervening sequences themselves is noted and statistically verified, however, no structural constraints that could explain these findings were detected.
Monosaccharides and Disaccharides Decrease the K m for Phosphorylation of a Membrane-Bound Enzyme ATPase
Authors: Chini Eduardo N. , Meyer-Fernandes José Roberto , Sola-Penna Mauro 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
The disaccharides trehalose and sucrose, and to a lesser extent the monosaccharides glucose and fructose, decrease the apparent Km of the Ca2+,Mg2+-ATPase of sarcoplasmic reticulum for Pi. This effect is more pronounced at pH 7.4 than at pH 6.2. The enzyme is not phosphorylated by Pi when the temperature of the medium is decreased to 0 °C, but when 1.5 ᴍ trehalose or sucrose is present phosphoenzyme formation increases to 0.5 nmol E-P/g protein.
Dithiocarbamate Derivatives as Herbicide Safeners
Authors: Matolcsy György , Tombor Ágota , Gimesi Antal 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
The growing environmental and toxicological concern about the dichloroacetamide type herbicide safeners prompted us to search for alternative safener types. Based on analogy con­siderations, a random screening of structurally unrelated bivalent sulphur compounds was performed, followed by successive structure optimization phases representing both speculative and empirical elements. Dithiocarbamate ester type compounds derived from 1,4-exaza-spiro[4.5]decane revealed highest protecting potency both agains thiolcarbamate and chlor-acetanilide herbicides in corn (Zea mays L.), with the benzylic and allylic esters being the most active.
Effect of Temperature and Safeners on Glutathione Levels and Glutathione S-Transferase Activity in Maize
Authors: Kunkel Daniel L. , Steffens John C. , Bellinder Robin R. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Studies were conducted to determine the biochemical aspects of chloroacetamide injury to maize and the mechanism by which safeners maintain herbicide tolerance, even at reduced temperatures. The objectives of these studies were threefold: one, determine whether gluta­thione (GSH) content varies in maize plants grown at three different temperatures in safener-treated and non-treated plants; two, determine whether glutathione S-transferase (GST) activ­ity varies in plants grown at different temperatures; and three, determine if GSH activity is sensitive to low temperatures in vitro. The herbicide safeners CGA -154281 [4-(dichloroacetyl)-3,4-dihydro-3-methyl-2 H-1 ,4-benzoxazine] and dichlormid [2,2-dichloro-N,N-di-2-propenylacetamide] were used with metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-n-(2-methoxy-1-methyl)acetamide] or acetochlor [2-chloro-N-(ethoxymethyl)-N-2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-acetamide], respectively, to determine the mechanisms of maize tolerance. CGA -154281 signifi­cantly increased GSH levels in maize seedlings grown at 27 °C compared to non-safened seed­lings, however significant differences were not seen at 17 or 37 °C. Dichlormid increased GSH levels by 1.6-fold at all growth temperatures. Both CGA -154281 and dichlormid increased GST activity significantly at all growth temperatures. The safener-induced GST activity was main­tained at in vitro incubation temperatures of 5 and 15 °C for acetochlor and metolachlor, re­spectively. In contrast, GST activity from non-safened tissue was essentially absent at these temperatures. Therefore, greater GST activity following safener treatment may result in higher levels of herbicide metabolism, even at low temperatures.
Mode of Action of Naphthalic Acid as a Safener for Imazethapyr
Authors: Shaner Dale L. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
The tolerance of maize to root-applied imazethapyr can be increased by pretreating plants with the potassium salt of naphthalic acid (NAK). This safening effect appears to be the result of NAK stimulating the ability of maize to rapidly metabolize imazethapyr to 5′-hydroxyethyl-imazethapyr, possibly through a mixed function oxidase. The safening effect of NAK can be antagonized by 1-aminobenzotriazole (ABT), a mixed function oxidase inhibitor. The increased rate of hydroxylation of imazethapyr to 5′-hydroxyethyl-imazethapyr immobilizes the herbicide in the root system which decreases the accumulation of herbicide in the meristematic tissue. This decreased accumulation, in turn, lowers the phytotoxicity of imazethapyr on maize.
Effects of the Herbicide Sethoxydim and the Safener Dichlormid on Lipid Synthesis and Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase Activity of Grain Sorghum
Authors: Hatzios Kriton K. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
The effects of individual or combined treatment of the cyclohexanedione herbicide sethoxy­dim and the safener dichlormid on total lipid synthesis, protein synthesis and acetyl-CoA car­ boxylase (ACCase, EC 6.4.1.12) activity of grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, var. G 623] were investigated. Sethoxydim and dichlormid were tested at concentrations of 0, 5, 50, and 100 μM each. Sethoxydim applied alone at 50 and 100 μm , inhibited the incorporation of [14C]acetate into total lipids of sorghum leaf protoplasts by more than 50% , following a 4 h incubation. Dichlormid antagonized partially the inhibitory effects of sethoxydim on the in­corporation of acetate into total lipids of sorghum protoplasts only when it was used at 100 μM . Sethoxydim applied alone inhibited the incorporation of [14C]leucine into sorghum leaf protoplasts only at 100 μm. Dichlormid was not inhibitory of this process at any concen­tration. The combined effects of sethoxydim and dichlormid on this process were mainly addi­tive indicating no interactions of the two chemicals. Sethoxydim applied alone at 5 and 50 μM inhibited the activity of ACCase extracted from leaf tissues of grain sorghum seedlings by 58 and 90% , respectively. Addition of the safener dichlormid to the assay medium did not inhibit ACCase activity of sorghum leaves even at the high concentration of 50 μM . The combined effects of sethoxydim and dichlormid on the activity of sorghum ACCase were similar to those observed when sethoxydim was used alone. These results indicate that the protection con­ferred by dichlormid on grain sorghum against sethoxydim injury can not be explained on the basis of an antagonistic interaction of the two chemicals on target metabolic processes (lipid synthesis) or target enzymes (ACCase).