bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cortical Impaction in Posterior Wall Acetabular Fractures
Authors: Eastman Jonathan G. , Fennessy Jacob H. , Deafenbaugh Bradley , Chip Routt Milton L. 
Published: January 2019

Objectives:
To report the incidence of patients with extra-articular posterosuperior acetabular cortical impaction associated with a posterior wall acetabular fracture-dislocation.

Design:
Retrospective case series.

Setting:
Regional Level 1 trauma center.

Patients/Participants:
Ninety-seven patients who sustained an isolated posterior wall acetabular fracture-dislocation from July 2007 until July 2017.

Intervention:
The medical record and the computed tomography (CT) scan of the abdomen and pelvis were reviewed including axial, coronal, and sagittal reconstruction images and 3D surface renderings.

Main Outcome Measurements:
Each pelvic CT scan was evaluated for impaction of the extra-articular posterosuperior acetabular cortical surface associated with posterior wall acetabular fracture-dislocations. The reduction accuracy was assessed for each patient with cortical impaction using postoperative CT scans. The final attending radiology report was reviewed to see whether the cortical impaction was noted.

Results:
Four of the 99 patients (4.12%) had identifiable areas of cortical impaction on preoperative CT imaging. Reduction accuracy demonstrated 1 anatomical reduction, 2 imperfect reductions, and 1 poor reduction. The final attending radiologist report did not comment on any patient with cortical impaction.

Conclusions:
Our study demonstrates that a small number of patients sustain cortical impaction of the posterosuperior acetabular cortical surface along with their posterior wall acetabular fracture-dislocation. Although uncommon, preoperative imaging should be scrutinized to identify this clinical entity. As part of the preoperative plan, the surgeon can anticipate the cortex available for reduction verification and whether any additional steps or altered surgical approaches are needed to achieve an anatomical reduction.

Level of Evidence:
Prognostic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
What Is the Best Surgical Treatment of Pouch-Vaginal Fistulas?
Authors: Sapci Ipek , Akeel Nouf , DeLeon Michelle F. , Stocchi Luca , Hull Tracy 
Published: January 2019

BACKGROUND:
Pouch-vaginal fistula is a debilitating condition with no single best surgical treatment described. Closure of these fistulas can be incredibly difficult, and transanal, transabdominal, and transvaginal approaches have been reported with varying success rates. Recurrence is a major problem and could eventually result in repeat redo pouch or permanent diversion.

OBJECTIVE:
The aim of our study was to investigate healing rates for procedures done for pouch-vaginal fistula closure.

DESIGN:
This is a retrospective analysis of a prospectively maintained database complemented by chart review.

SETTINGS:
This study reports data of a tertiary referral center.

PATIENTS:
Patients who underwent surgery for pouch-vaginal fistula from 2010 to 2017 were identified. Patients who underwent surgery with intent to close the fistula were included, and patients who had inadequate follow-up to verify fistula status were excluded.

INTERVENTIONS:
Patients included underwent surgery to close pouch-vaginal fistula.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:
Success of the surgery was the main outcome measure. Success was defined as procedures with no reported recurrence of fistula on last follow-up.

RESULTS:
A total of 70 patients underwent surgery with an intent to close the pouch-vaginal fistula, 65 of whom had undergone index IPAA for ulcerative colitis, but 13 of these patients later had the diagnosis changed to Crohn’s disease. Thirty-nine patients (56%) had a fistula originating from anal transition zone to dentate line to the vagina (not at the pouch anastomosis). In the total group of 70 patients, our successful closure rate was 39 (56%) of 70. Procedures with the highest success rates were perineal ileal pouch advancement flap and redo IPAA (61% and 69%).

LIMITATIONS:
The retrospective nature and small number of cases are the limitations of the study.

CONCLUSIONS:
Although numerous procedures may be used in an attempt to close pouch-vaginal fistula, pouch advancement and redo pouch were the most successful in closing the fistula. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/A841.
Mohs Micrographic Surgery: Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Cohen Diana K. , Goldberg David J. 
Published: January 2019

BACKGROUND
Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) is a frequently used technique that provides total margin visualization for treatment of skin neoplasms.

OBJECTIVE
To provide a comprehensive review of MMS literature, focusing on its origins, evidence behind present-day uses of MMS, and future directions.

METHODS
A literature search was conducted using PubMed to identify articles pertaining to MMS.

RESULTS
The fresh frozen technique led to widespread use of MMS in the 1970s. One randomized controlled trial and several large prospective studies have demonstrated low recurrence rates for treatment of nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC). MMS, when compared with surgical excision, also achieved a statistically significant higher cure rate for treatment of recurrent NMSC. Studies have demonstrated low recurrence for the treatment of melanoma and melanoma in situ with MMS. MMS has also been shown to effectively treat several rare cutaneous neoplasms. The future of MMS is likely to include the adoption of noninvasive imaging, immunostaining, and digital technology.

CONCLUSION
Mohs micrographic surgery is an effective treatment modality for numerous cutaneous neoplasms. It has achieved statistically significant superiority to surgical excision for the treatment of recurrent and high-risk NMSC. The future is likely to see increased use of noninvasive imaging, immunostaining, and digital technology.
Clinical Presentations of Melanoma in African Americans, Hispanics, and Asians
Authors: Higgins Shauna , Nazemi Azadeh , Feinstein Shera , Chow Maggie , Wysong Ashley 
Published: January 2019

BACKGROUND
Skin cancer has traditionally been studied in Caucasian skin. Although it does occur with increased relative frequency in Caucasians, patients with skin of color suffer from elevated morbidity and mortality when diagnosed with skin cancer.

OBJECTIVE
To detail the unique demographic, clinical, and genetic features of melanoma in patients with skin of color, including Hispanic, African American, and Asian patients.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
A PubMed search was conducted spanning dates 1947 to June 2017. A total of 246 articles were screened, from which 69 were included in this review.

RESULTS
Relative to Caucasians, melanoma has unique demographic, clinical, and genetic features in African Americans, Hispanics, and Asians that include gender and subtype predominance.

CONCLUSION
Familiarization with these unique presentations of skin cancer in skin of color is imperative to accurate identification and treatment of cutaneous malignancies in these populations and ultimately to improved disease-related outcomes.
Investigations on the expression and relevance of nerve growth factor in dogs with atopic dermatitis
Authors: Olivry Thierry , Bizikova Petra 
Published: January 2019

Introduction:
Human atopic dermatitis (AD) keratinocytes overexpress nerve growth factor (NGF). Its inhibition, or that of its receptor, reduces itch in a mouse model of AD. In this study, we evaluated the expression of NGF in canine AD and assessed the effect of a caninized anti-NGF monoclonal antibody to delay flares of itch in dogs with natural AD.

Methods:
We used archived frozen skin biopsies from 6 house dust mite–sensitized atopic dogs after allergen challenge, 4 dogs with spontaneous AD and 1 dog with normal skin. The expression of NGF was evaluated by immunofluorescence. We also conducted a pilot crossover trial with 8 dogs with glucocorticoid-responsive AD. In both phases, the dogs were first treated for 28 days with oral prednisolone at 0.5 mg/kg/d. On the first day of the first phase, they received a saline subcutaneous injection, while on that of the second phase, they were injected with 0.2 mg/kg once of the caninized anti-dog NGF ranevetmab. The primary outcome measure was the time-to-flare, defined as the number of days between that of the last prednisolone administration and the day when the pruritus reached a score of at least 5.5/10, or 8 weeks, whichever came first.

Results:
In normal canine skin, the highest intensity of NGF staining was in stratum granulosum keratinocytes. After allergen challenge and in atopic canine skin, the NGF expression also extended downward to the upper stratum spinosum. In the pilot trial, the time-to-flare after prednisolone cessation was not significantly different between saline and ranevetmab-treated dogs.

Discussion:
While NGF is overexpressed in the atopic canine epidermis and after allergen challenge in sensitized dogs, the anti-NGF antibody ranevetmab did not delay pruritus flares after the discontinuation of prednisolone. Further studies are needed to assess if NGF is a relevant contributor for canine atopic itch.
SENS-401 Effectively Reduces Severe Acoustic Trauma-Induced Hearing Loss in Male Rats With Twice Daily Administration Delayed up to 96 hours
Authors: Petremann Mathieu , Romanet Charlotte , Broussy Audrey , Van Ba Christophe Tran , Poli Sonia , Dyhrfjeld-Johnsen Jonas 
Published: January 2019

Hypothesis:SENS-401 (R-azasetron besylate) is effective against severe acoustic trauma-induced hearing loss.Background:SENS-401 has calcineurin inhibiting properties and attenuates cisplatin-induced hearing loss in a rat model. Cisplatin-induced and acoustic trauma-induced hearing loss share common apoptotic pathways.Methods:The dose–response relationship of SENS-401 (6.6 mg/kg BID, 13.2 mg/kg BID, 26.4 mg/kg QD) and treatment time-window (13.2 mg/kg BID starting 24, 72, and 96 h posttrauma) versus placebo for 28 days were evaluated in a male rat model of severe acoustic trauma-induced hearing loss (120 dB SPL, 2 h) using auditory brainstem response (ABR) and distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAE) measures followed by cochlear outer hair cell (OHC) counting with myosin-VIIa immunolabeling.Results:All SENS-401 doses improved ABR threshold shift and recovery, reaching statistical significance (p < 0.05) for ABR threshold recoveries after 28-days treatment. DPOAE amplitude loss and recovery improved markedly for 13.2 mg/kg BID SENS-401, reaching significance after 14 days (p < 0.05). Significant improvements in ABR threshold shifts/recovery and DPOAE amplitude loss occurred with up to 96-hours delay in initiating SENS-401 (p < 0.05), and in DPOAE amplitude recovery with up to 72-hours delay (p < 0.05). Significantly more surviving OHCs were present after SENS-401 treatment compared with placebo after 24 to 96-hours delay posttrauma, with up to 5.3-fold more cells in the basal cochlea turn.Conclusions:In vivo data support the otoprotective potential of twice daily oral SENS-401. Improvements in hearing loss recovery make SENS-401 a promising clinical candidate for acoustic trauma-induced hearing loss, including when treatment is not initiated immediately.
Chronic Liver Disease Patients have Worse Outcomes and Increased Postoperative Complications After Orthopedic Fractures
Authors: Mavilia Marianna G. , Bhardwaj Richa , Wakefield Dorothy , Karagozian Raffi 
Published: January 2019

Introduction:
Cirrhotic patients are at a higher risk for sustaining orthopedic fractures with a reported prevalence of 5% to 20%. Cirrhosis also affects wound healing and bleeding risk, and hence, impacts the postoperative outcomes after fracture repair. However, there is limited data available on the postoperative risk factors and clinical outcomes of fractures in patients with chronic liver disease (CLD).

Methods:
Data from the National Inpatient Sample for the years 2012 to 2015 were analyzed. Patients were identified using ICD-9 codes for any fracture. ICD-9 codes for CLD were used to categorize patients into CLD and non-CLD groups. Primary outcomes included inpatient mortality, length of stay (LOS), and total hospital charges. Secondary outcomes included complications such as postoperative infection, prosthetic failure, bleeding, and improper wound healing.

Results:
A total of 931,193 patient encounters for orthopedic fractures were identified and divided into 17,388 with CLD and 913,806 without CLD (non-CLD). The inpatient mortality in patients with CLD was almost twice that of non-CLD patients (odds ratio, 1.95; 95% confidence interval, 1.8-2.1). Patients with CLD also had a longer mean LOS at 7.4±8.6 days versus 5.6±7.2 days (P<0.001) and higher total hospital charges at $76,198±99,494 versus $64,294±95,673 (P<0.001). CLD patients also had higher rates of infections, improper wound healing, and bleeding.

Discussion:
In this large retrospective study, CLD patients with fractures had significantly higher mortality, LOS and hospital charges. These findings correlate with the higher rates of infection, bleeding, and poorer wound healing in this population. Increased clinician awareness of these risks is a key to improving the care of CLD patients.
Reconciling the potentially irreconcilable? Genotypic and phenotypic amoxicillin-clavulanate resistance in Escherichia coli
Authors: Davies Timothy J. , Stoesser Nicole , Sheppard Anna E , Abuoun Manal , Fowler Philip , Swann Jeremy , Quan T. Phuong , Griffiths David , Vaughan Alison , Morgan Marcus , Phan Hang TT , Jeffery Katie J , Andersson Monique , Ellington Matt J , Ekelund Oskar , Woodford Neil , Mathers Amy J. , Bonomo Robert A. , Crook Derrick W. , Peto Tim E.A. , Anjum Muna F , Walker A. Sarah 
Published: January 2019

AbstractResistance to amoxicillin-clavulanate, a widely used beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitor combination antibiotic, is rising globally, yet susceptibility testing remains challenging. To test whether whole-genome sequencing (WGS) could provide a more reliable assessment of susceptibility than traditional methods, we predicted resistance from WGS for 976 E. coli bloodstream infection isolates from Oxfordshire, UK, comparing against phenotypes from the BD Phoenix (calibrated against EUCAST guidelines). 339/976 (35%) isolates were amoxicillin-clavulanate resistant. Predictions based solely on beta-lactamase presence/absence performed poorly (sensitivity 23% (78/339)) but improved when genetic features associated with penicillinase hyper-production (e.g. promoter mutations, copy number estimates) were considered (sensitivity 82% (277/339); p<0.0001). Most discrepancies occurred in isolates with peri-breakpoint MICs. We investigated two potential causes; the phenotypic reference and the binary resistant/susceptible classification. We performed reference standard, replicated phenotyping in a random stratified subsample of 261/976 (27%) isolates using agar dilution, following both EUCAST and CLSI guidelines, which use different clavulanate concentrations. As well as disagreeing with each other, neither agar dilution phenotype aligned perfectly with genetic features. A random-effects model investigating associations between genetic features and MICs showed that some genetic features had small, variable and additive effects, resulting in variable resistance classification. Using model fixed-effects to predict MICs for the non-agar dilution isolates, predicted MICs were in essential agreement (±1 doubling dilution) with observed (BD Phoenix) MICs for 691/715 (97%) isolates. This suggests amoxicillin-clavulanate resistance in E. coli is quantitative, rather than qualitative, explaining the poorly reproducible binary (resistant/susceptible) phenotypes and suboptimal concordance between different phenotypic methods and with WGS-based predictions.
Cycloheximide-ProducingStreptomycesAssociated withXyleborinus saxeseniiandXyleborus affinisFungus-Farming Ambrosia Beetles
Authors: Grubbs Kirk J. , Surup Frank , Biedermann Peter H. W. , McDonald Bradon R. , Klassen Jonathan , Carlson Caitlin M. , Clardy Jon , Currie Cameron R. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractSymbiotic microbes help a myriad of insects acquire nutrients. Recent work suggests that insects also frequently associate with actinobacterial symbionts that produce molecules to help defend against parasites and predators. Here we explore a potential association between Actinobacteria and two species of fungus-farming ambrosia beetles,Xyleborinus saxeseniiandXyleborus affinis. We isolated and identified actinobacterial and fungal symbionts from laboratory reared nests, and characterized small molecules produced by the putative actinobacterial symbionts. One 16S rRNA phylotype ofStreptomyces(XylebKG-1) was abundantly and consistently isolated from the nests and adults ofX. saxeseniiandX. affinisnests. In addition toRaffaelea sulphurea, the symbiont thatX. saxeseniicultivates, we also repeatedly isolated a strain ofNectriasp. that is an antagonist of this mutualism. Inhibition bioassays betweenS. griseusXylebKG-1 and the fungal symbionts fromX. saxeseniirevealed strong inhibitory activity of the actinobacterium towards the fungal antagonistNectriasp. but not the fungal mutualistR. sulphurea. Bioassay guided HPLC fractionation ofS. griseusXylebKG-1 culture extracts, followed by NMR and mass spectrometry identified cycloheximide as the compound responsible for the observed growth inhibition. A biosynthetic gene cluster putatively encoding cycloheximide was also identified inS. griseusXylebKG-1. The consistent isolation of a single 16S phylotype ofStreptomycesfrom two species of ambrosia beetles, and our finding that a representative isolate of this phylotype produces cycloheximide, which inhibits a parasite of the system but not the cultivated fungus, suggests that these actinobacteria may play defensive roles within these systems.
Trypanosoma bruceicolonises the tsetse gut via an immature peritrophic matrix in the proventriculus
Authors: Rose Clair , Dyer Naomi A. , Casas-Sanchez Aitor , Beckett Alison J. , Solórzano Carla , Middlehurst Ben , Marcello Marco , Lehane Michael J. , Prior Ian A. , Acosta-Serrano Álvaro 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe peritrophic matrix (PM) of haematophagus insects is a chitinous structure that surrounds the bloodmeal, forming a protective barrier against oral pathogens and abrasive particles. To establish an infection in the tsetse midgut,Trypanosoma bruceimust colonise the ectoperitrophic space (ES), located between the PM and gut epithelium. Although unproven, it is generally accepted that trypanosomes reach the ES by directly penetrating the PM in the anterior midgut. Here we revisited this event by employing novel fluorescence and electron microscopy methodologies and found that instead, trypanosomes reach the ES via the newly secreted PM in the tsetse proventriculus. Within this model, parasites colonising the proventriculus can either migrate to the ES or become trapped within PM layers forming cysts that move along the entire gut as the PM gets remodelled. Early proventricular colonisation appears to be promoted by unidentified factors in trypanosome-infected blood, resulting in higher salivary gland infections and potentially increasing parasite transmission.
From individuals to populations: How intraspecific competition shapes thermal reaction norms
Authors: Mallard François , Bourlot Vincent Le , Coeur Christie Le , Avnaim Monique , Péronnet Romain , Claessen David , Tully Thomas 
Published: January 2019

AbstractMost ectotherms follow the temperature-size rule (TSR): in cold environments individuals grow slowly but reach a large asymptotic length. Intraspecific competition can induce plastic changes of growth rate and asymptotic length and competition may itself be modulated by temperature.Our aim is to disentangle the joint effects of temperature and intraspecific competition on growth rate and asymptotic length.We used two distinct clonal lineages of the Collembola Folsomia candida, to describe thermal reaction norms of growth rate, asymptotic length and reproduction over 6 temperatures between 6°C and 29°C. In parallel, we measured the long-term size-structure and dynamics of populations reared under the same temperatures to measure growth rates and asymptotic lengths in populations and to quantify the joint effects of competition and temperature on these traits.We show that intraspecific competition modulates the temperature-size rule. In dense populations there is a direct negative effect of temperature on asymptotic length, but there is no temperature dependence of the growth rate, the dominant factor regulating growth being competition. We fail to demonstrate that the strength of competition varies with temperature except at the lowest temperature where competition is minimal. The two lineages responded differently to the joint effects of temperature and competition and these genetic differences have marked effects on population dynamics along our temperature gradient.Our results reinforce the idea that the TSR response of ectotherms can be modulated by biotic and abiotic stressors when studied in non-optimal laboratory experiments. Untangling complex interactions between environment and demography will help understanding how size will respond to environmental change and how climate change may influence population dynamics.
Missense Mutations in the Human Nanophthalmos GeneTMEM98Cause Retinal Defects in the Mouse
Authors: Cross Sally H. , Mckie Lisa , Keighren Margaret , West Katrine , Thaung Caroline , Davey Tracey , Soares Dinesh C. , Sanchez-Pulido Luis , Jackson Ian J. 
Published: January 2019

ABSTRACTPURPOSEWe previously found a dominant mutation,Rwhs, causing white spots on the retina accompanied by retinal folds. Here we identify the mutant gene to beTmem98.In humans, mutations in the orthologous gene cause nanophthalmos. We modelled these mutations in mice and characterised the mutant eye phenotypes of these andRwhs.METHODSTheRwhsmutation was identified to be a missense mutation inTmem98by genetic mapping and sequencing. The humanTMEM98nanophthalmos missense mutations were made in the mouse gene by CRISPR-Cas9. Eyes were examined by indirect ophthalmoscopy and the retinas imaged using a retinal camera. Electroretinography was used to study retinal function. Histology, immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy techniques were used to study adult eyes.RESULTSAn I135T mutation ofTmem98causes the dominantRwhsphenotype and is perinatally lethal when homozygous. Two dominant missense mutations ofTMEM98, A193P and H196P are associated with human nanophthalmos. In the mouse these mutations cause recessive retinal defects similar to theRwhsphenotype, either alone or in combination with each other, but do not cause nanophthalmos. The retinal folds did not affect retinal function as assessed by electroretinography. Within the folds there was accumulation of disorganised outer segment material as demonstrated by immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy, and macrophages had infiltrated into these regions.CONCLUSIONSMutations in the mouse orthologue of the human nanophthalmos geneTMEM98do not result in small eyes. Rather, there is localised disruption of the laminar structure of the photoreceptors.