bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
United States’ Recession In 1930 Reflected In John Steinbeck’s The Grapes Of Wrath
Authors: Masofa Ima 
Published: April 2019

This article writer analyzes how recession condition in 1930 in United States that can be described in John Steinbeck’s The Grapes of Wrath because historical background of recession 1930 in United States can be seen in the relation between main character that appears in John Steinbeck’s The Grapes of Wrath and her society where she is described to live in United States. Main character is not a real person but she is seen as a member of society where she lives in recession 1930. The recession in 1930 in United States causes Oklahoma people migrate to California as a promised land that condition really happened in 1930.
Abstrak
Artikel ini menganalisa bagaimana kondisi resesi ekonomi di tahun 1930 di Amerika Serikat yang dapat di gambarkan dalam karya John Steinbeck dalam novelnya The Grapes of Wrath karena di dalam novel karya John Steinbeck menceritakan kondisi sejarah dari resesi ekonomi tahun 1930 di Amerika Serikat, dimana ada hubungan antara karakter utama yang ada di dalam novel dengan masyarakat yang digambarkan di Amerika Serikat.Tokoh utama bukanlah seorang tokoh nyata tetapi dia dapat di lihat sebagai anggota dari masyarakat dimana dia tinggal in resesi ekonomi tahun 1930 di Amerika Serikat. Resesi ekonomi menyebabkan orang orang di Oklahoma bermigrasi ke California karena dianggap sebagai tanah yang subur dan makmur, migrasi dari oklahoma ke California ini benar benar terjadi pada tahun 1930 di Amerika Serikat.
Ordinary Couples? Mate Selection in International Marriage in Nigeria
Authors: Imamura Anne E. 
Published: April 2019

This paper uses data collected from foreign women married to Nigerians to examine theoretical rationales that have been given for mate selection in intermarriages. Findings support the hypothesis that international marriages occur for a variety of reasons just as other marriages do. Data do not support arguments in the literature which explain mate selection in intermarriage by propinquity, hypergamy, rebellion or sex ratio. In addition, data suggest that shared statuses such as being students together may be more salient than either nationality or ethnicity during the period of mate selection. There is a danger that outsiders (including researchers), may overemphasize the dimension of nationality and overlook similarities. The international nature of the relationship may be of little or no concern to the couple at the time of mate selection. It may become extremely important, however, after mariage occurs.
Marital Fertility and Family Structure among the Urban Population of Iran
Authors: Paydarfar Ali A. 
Published: April 2019

The relationship between family type and fertility in Shiraz, a southern city of Iran, is inconsistent with the general proposition, which argues that extended family encourages high fertility and the nuclear family does not. In this analysis several socio-demographic variables (duration of marriage, marital age of couples, and educational/occupational status of wife) were controlled. The findings indicate that the couples living in nuclear families have significantly larger numbers of live births than the couples living in the extended families. A plausible explanation might be that the couples privacy in the nuclear families and their social and psychological needs for children encourage high fertilty while the economic burden of dependents in extended families discourage the couples for having large family size. This study is based on 1062 household interview cases collected in a random sample survey conducted in the city of Shiraz by the author in 1968-69.
Impact of Wage Labour on Household Fission in Rural Iran
Authors: Mir-Hosseini Ziba 
Published: April 2019

The paper examines the impact of wage labour on the development cycles of households in four villages in Kalar- dasht, northern Iran. It is based on field work carried out in 1977 and 1978. One of the villages, affected by the expansion of tourism and the extension of state activity, experienced dramatic change. The other three, more isolated, did not. The analyses show: first, that although there exists a common set of ideals in relation to family structure, the degree of conformity to these ideals varies in response to economic requirements (and strains); second, the consequences of a cash economy for various socio-economic groups; and third, the differences between various forms of domestic economy in their adaptation to change. The cash economy precipitated fission among the landless; compromised the economic viability of herders; and caused partial separation of landed households, which become residentially separate while retaining the joint ownership of family land.
Economic Events and Illegitimacy in Developed Countries
Authors: Cutright Phillips 
Published: April 2019

Some traditional “explanations” of levels and trends in illegitimacy rates are reviewed. After discussing the four immediate causes of levels and trends in illegitimacy rates, we study the relationship between economic events and illegitimacy rates in developed nations. Trends in unemployment Some traditional “explanations” of levels and trends in illegitimacy rates are reviewed. After discussing the four immediate causes of levels and trends in illegitimacy rates, we study the relationship between economic events and illegitimacy rates in developed nations. Trends in unemployment are not related to illegitimacy trends; the level of wealth is not associated with high or low rates. In the 1950-1960 decade a strong negative relationship between the rate of economic growth and change in illegitimacy rates was documented for 11 early and 12 late marriage countries. A multivariate analysis, which included two demographic variables and economic growth rates, examined the direct and indirect effects of economic growth rates on illegitimacy rates. Analysis of the relationship of family of family allowance benefits and illegitimacy allowed us to reject the idea that the introduction of these programs has stimulated illegitimacy rates.
Cancer Among Black Families: Diffusion as a Strategy of Prevention and Intervention
Authors: Bonner Florence B. 
Published: April 2019

Compared with Whites, African Americans experience nearly 50% greater mortality rates for cancer, heart disease and stroke, cirrhosis, diabetes, accidents and homicides, and infant mortality. This is despite recent unprecedented increases in knowledge and capacity to diagnose, treat and cure disease. To seek a better understanding of this situation, at least in one area (cancer), comprehensive information has been gathered by the Cancer Education Prevention and Research Office (CEPRO) at Howard University. The overriding goal of this project is to increase knowledge about and participation of African Americans in prevention and intervention behavior. Towards this end a quasi-experimental health intervention model is used to measure changes in a group of intervening variables (such as health promotion knowledge, awareness and behavior), which research indicates should influence the dependent variable of cancer incidence. Preliminary data has shown that African American women are more likely to seek information, actively participate in programs, and are generally the source of information for family members. The findings also indicate that younger, less well-educated segments of the African American population are less likely to participate in screening and early detection efforts. Thus, outreach strategies to strengthen prevention and intervention and to increase survivor rates of cancer in the African American community may rest with women.
Male Violence Against Men and Women in the Caribbean: The Case of Jamaica
Authors: Haniff Nesha Z. 
Published: April 2019

This article examines violence against women based on data from one month in 1994. It presents the levels of violence experienced by women and men and analyzes the context of that violence. In addition, the article explores the relationship between male-on-male violence and male-on-female violence as well as the power of the “gun man” in the community. For women, the forces which combine to keep them victimized are very powerful. This article explores the manner in which the community supports a woman’s silence and views it as a way of ensuring safety for the community. In this manner, for a woman who is a victim of violence from a male partner, there is more support in the community and the legal system for her silence than her voice. Victims of domestic violence do not have the sympathy of the police, the community, or even her relatives who at some level find ways to blame her.
Conflicts between Family Strategies and State Policy in a Global Society
Authors: Settles Barbara H. 
Published: April 2019

The mismatch in scale between the coping strategies and resources of family units and their kinship connections and the scope of state policy, international economic and political institutions and access to mobility has often led to seeing the individual and family as a dependent variable in scientific studies of ethnicity and migration. The relationships between families and nationstates in the issue of immigration is one in which it would seem that the dominant influence would flow from the state to the family. The nationstate is challenged not only by those who would immigrate, but also by the larger world systems of economic and social change. While globalization is recognized widely in economic and technological arenas now the global issues are found at the local level and are felt by individuals and their families. Four areas of legal regulations are reviewed and discussed in terms of how families deal with them: Travel, Domicile, Economic, and Political Policies. In this paper the perspective is turned to look at the individual and his or her families interactions with the nation-state to advance their own goals within the context of globalization.
The Jewish Family and Religion
Authors: Schlesinger Benjamin 
Published: April 2019

In order to understand the relationship of Jewish religion and the Jewish family one has to examine some of the major basic sources dealing with Jewish life. The paper highlights selected commentaries related to the Jewish family, found in the Old Testament and the Talmud. The basic values related to the Jewish family as expounded by the Talmud are explained. The relationship of the celebration of Jewish religious holidays and family life are summarized, and the life cycle and its allied practices are noted. The paper concludes with a summary taken from the work of Nachum N. Glatzer, which explains the strengths inherent in classical Jewish family life.
Środki tymczasowe w stanach nadzwyczajnych. Uwagi na tle sprawy Gruzja v. Federacja Rosyjska przed Międzynarodowym Trybunałem Sprawiedliwości
Authors: Morawska Elżbieta Hanna 
Published: April 2019

The article deals with some aspects of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) jurisdiction considered in recently decided dispute between Georgia and Russian Federation. The analysis essentially covers the question of provisional measures: the conditions for their indication, their legal nature and function.
The article refers to measures indicated under Article 41 of the Statute of the ICJ which allows the Court to indicate provisional measures providing interim protection to the rights of either party to a pending dispute. Having regard to the relevant case-law of the ICJ, two issues are discussed, namely the existence of prima facie jurisdiction and risk of irreparable prejudice and urgency.
In addition to the measures referred to specific measures aimed at preserving specific rights, the article draws attention to the Interim measure of general nature with the view of ensuring the non-aggravation of the dispute between the Parties.
As Russia does not recognize the compulsory jurisdiction of the ICJ, the greater part of the article are dedicated to questions regarding the jurisdictional basis for Georgia’s action before the ICJ and the issues of the procedural preconditions for the sesin of the Court in the compromissory clause, under art. 22 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD).
It will also comment on whether the dispute between Georgia and Russia really concerned the issues of “the interpretation or application” of CERD, or respect for others international law principles, i.e. the legality of the use of force, sovereignty, territorial integrity and self-determination.
FIND THE BEAUTY IN INDONESIA WITH ONGIS TRAVEL
Authors: Sari Diva Artha Puspita , Anenlie Joshua , Tjokrosoeharto Marvanico , Suljic Husjina H. 
Published: April 2019

Ongis travel is a tour operator which is located in Malang City, the hospitality that Ongis Travel offered as a guide to accompany your journey down the sights of interest in Malang City, East Java and beyond. Ongis Travel hope that visiting as a rarely activities will be more than just fun; therefore it is our pleasure to professionally make your sightseeing experience into recording a memorable footsteps. Malang City has a variety of charm in their tourism that is interesting to be explored. In this city Ongis Travel has been born and has been groing up by guiding domestic or foreign tourist. In the spirit of Ongis Travel services, we capture every moment of exquisite happiness. Therefore, the decision of choosing Ongis travel is a privilege worth.
Ongis Travel marketing are up to date and they are using all kinds of social media like Instagram, website and Facebook. Ongis Travel update their tour in videos and post it on YouTube which the edit of the video, camera quality is too good to be compared with other tour and travel in Malang City. However, Ongis Travel post all of their marketing in Indonesian language so the foreign customers cannot actually understand it.
Recomended Service Idea for Ongis Travel is to make a promotion using digital marketing that will be written or spoken in English language and Team 16 will make a business proposal regarding partnership with other tour and travel agency or agent in Europe and United State. In the business proposal there will be written both law regarding the agreement that both parties wanted. This proposal will be signed and approved in legal international business law.
The distribution channel that has ben chosen by Team 16 are Tour and Travel Agency in USA and Europe, and Tour and Travel Agent. The partnership will be beneficial for both parties because Ongis Travel, Tour and Travel Agencies and Tour Agents will exchange customer, Indonesian traveler that wanted to travel to Europe or USA will be given to Tour and Travel Agencies and Tour Agents and Foreigners that apply in Tour and Travel Agencies and Tour Agents that wanted to travel to Indonesia will be given to Ongis Travel.
POPULARIZING THE EXISTANCE OF MALANG AND BATU WITH KIRANA TOUR AND TRAVEL
Authors: Hariono Lavenia , Lay Elwin Graciano , Primaputri Sarah Maulida 
Published: April 2019

The globalization era and the next decades are a crucial time for the relationship between tour and travel and sustainable development. The need to preserve the world’s inherent assets for future generations is becoming an imperative goal not only for tour and travel, but also for all other industries that use the earth’s natural resources. The scale of tour and travel’s contribution to the global economy and its potential for enabling sustainable development are becoming more real for governments, entrepreneurs, and others who involved in tour and travel industry.
Nowadays, Tour and travel’s are tourism industries that become one of the largest industries in the world. Economically, it creates jobs and contributes to increase Gross Domestic Product (GDP), as well as brings in capital investment and exports. Socially and culturally, tour and traveloffers the opportunity of providing jobs for minority and disadvantaged groups, creating adequate training in management skills, education and technology to local people and increasing incomes in rural and local economies, thereby contributing to the alleviation of poverty in developing countries. Environmentally, it is essential for tour and travel to maintain an optimal balance of its natural resources to ensure the ongoing arrival of tourists to destinations.
In Kirana Tour and Travels, marketing strategy will be based mainly on make sure customers know about the existence of Kirana and the services that Kirana’s give. Because the purpose is to make the right information available to the right target customers. This will be done through implementing a market penetration strategy that will make sure that Kirana’s tour and travel is well known and respected in the tourism industry. Kirana make sure that the prices take into consideration customers budgets, know that it exists, and how to contact Kirana. The marketing always communicate the sense of quality in every picture, every promotion, and every publication. Kirana’s promotional strategy will involve integrating advertising, events, personal selling, public relations, direct marketing and the Internet (specially in media social), details of which are provided in the marketing section of this plan.
The Role of Human Capital to the Improvement of Employee Performance in Fisheries Companies in North Sulawesi Province
Authors: Rumawas Wehelmina 
Published: April 2019

The aim of study is to analyze and explain the influence of human capital on employee performance. In this study using human capital as an independent variable and employee performance as the dependent variable.
This study uses a survey method with a quantitative descriptive approach, the location of the research on Fisheries Companies in North Sulawesi Province.The sample in this study amounted to 152 respondents. To determine the sample, to be used area proportional random sampling technique. The data that has been netted with a questionnaire is then rated and tabulated for further analysis using multiple regression. The results of the study show that human capital through education level, work experience and competency variables have a positive and significant effect on employee performance.
Soil organic carbon stocks under different land uses in Chure region of Makawanpur district, Nepal
Authors: Ghimire P , Bhatta B , Pokhrel B , Kafle G , Paudel P 
Published: April 2019

Soil C sequestration through enhanced land use is a good strategy to mitigate the increasing concentration of atmospheric CO2. A study was conducted in Chhatiwan VDC of Makawanpur District to compare soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks of four main land use types such as forest, degraded forest, Khet and Bari land. Stratified random sampling method was used for collecting soil samples. Organic carbon content was determined by Walkley and Black method. Total SOC stock of different types of land followed the order: as Forest (110.0 t ha-1) > Bari (96.5 t ha-1) > Khet (86.8 t ha-1) > Degraded land (72.0 t ha-1). The SOC% declined with soil depths. The SOC% at 0–20 cm depth was highest (1.26 %) that recorded in the forest soils and lowest (0.37%) at 80- 100cm depth in degraded forest land. Thus, the SOC stock varied with land use systems and soil depths. The study suggests a need for appropriate land use strategy and sustainable soil management practices to improve SOC stock.
SAARC J. Agri., 16(2): 13-23 (2018)
Assessment of carbon stock and nutrient contents in soils of Northern and Eastern piedmont plains of Bangladesh
Authors: Islam R , Rahman L , Islam D , Kashem A , Satter A , Bokhtiar SM , Hossain B , Rahman M 
Published: April 2019

Under the changing climate documentation of soil carbon and nutrients is indispensable for sustainable crop production which is scarce in the agro-ecological zone (AEZ) of Northern and Eastern Piedmont Plains in Bangladesh. Therefore, the study was conducted collecting and analyzing a total of 240 soil samples considering 0-20 cm soil depth from two upazilas viz. Purbadhola and Akhaura under the mentioned AEZ to quantity carbon stock and nutrient contents of soils. Organic carbon stocks in soils of Purbadhola and Akhaura upazila were 45.97 and 97.04 Gg, respectively, while in the Northern and Eastern Piedmont Plains was 8.56 Tg. The soil pH was very strongly acidic to slightly acidic (4.4-5.8), organic carbon contents (0.53-1.31%) were very low to medium, while the overall soil fertility rated as very low to medium. Balanced fertilization using organic and inorganic sources in general and liming for upland crops might improve fertility and productive capacity of soils in the study area. The study opens up avenues to find out means and ways of increasing carbon contents in soils of Northern and Eastern Piedmont Plains and might help the policy makers to debate on future global carbon trading issues.
SAARC J. Agri., 16(2): 61-72 (2018)
Effects of micronutrient application on different attributes of potato in floodplain soils of Bangladesh
Authors: Sarker MMH , Moslehuddin AZM , Jahiruddin M , Islam MR 
Published: April 2019

Different crops have variations in their responses to applied micronutrients in soil. A study was conducted on floodplain soil of Bangladesh to explore the response of potato to application of micronutrients in soil. The experimental site was located at farmers’ field in Chandina upazila under Cumilla district of Bangladesh covering the soils of Old Meghna Estuarine Floodplain (AEZ 19) during 2011-12. Randomized complete block design with 3 replications of each treatment was used in the experiment, where seven treatments including a control were tested. Additive element trial technique was followed while designing the treatments taking six micronutrients i. e. Zn, B, Cu, Mn, Fe and Mo at the rate of 3, 2, 2, 3, 5 and 1 kg ha-1, respectively. Macronutrients, such as N, P, K and S were applied at recommended rates to all plots. The highest tuber yield (28.7 t ha-1) was produced by the combined application of Zn and B. Only Zn application was sufficient to obtain the highest content of protein as well as content of almost all the nutrients in potato tuber. Antagonistic relation between Zn and P in soil-plant system was recorded in the study. Zinc and boron application influenced different growth and yield parameters of potato while the other four added micronutrients did not have any significant effect but combined application of Zn, B, Cu, Mn, Fe and Mo had beneficial role for better plant growth and production. Proper management of zinc and boron fertilizers including optimization of application rates of those nutrients can help to uphold the yield and quality of potato in floodplain soil.
SAARC J. Agri., 16(2): 97-108 (2018)
Survey on usage of medicinal plants: a case from Chitwan district of Nepal
Authors: Joshi A , Kalauni D , Bhattarai S 
Published: April 2019

The aim of this study was to know the commonly available medicinal plants and to document their usages. Study was carried out around periphery of 'Gyaneswor Community Forest' of Bharatpur-16 of Chitwan district of Nepal. Altogether, forty household were selected by random sampling, and key informant interview was carried out with community forest personnel's and leading farmers. Most of the respondents of Bharatpur-16 were found to be dependent on medicinal plants for their primary health care. Because of no side effect, easy availability and cost effectiveness of medicinal plants, most people were found satisfied using it. However, the use of and preference for medicinal plant was found limited to minor diseases only. The findings of this study revealed that there are many medicinal plants in our periphery that can be used as an alternative for allopathic medicines, but they need to be systematically managed and conserved.
SAARC J. Agri., 16(2): 129-141 (2018