bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fuels Management Reduces Tree Mortality from Wildfires In Southeastern United States
Authors: Outcalt Kenneth W. , Wade Dale D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The objective was to determine the effectiveness of a regular prescribed burning program for reducing tree mortality in southern pine forests burned by wildfire. This study was conducted on public and industry lands in northeast Florida. On the Osceola National Forest, mean mortality was 35% in natural stands and 43% in plantations two growing seasons after a June 1998 wildfire. Burn history significantly affected mortality with those stands prescribe-burned 1.5 yr prior to the wildfire having the lowest mortality, while stands prescribe-burned 2 or more years prior had higher mortality. Although significant tree mortality did occur on the Osceola National Forest, with all trees killed in some stands, many trees in other burned stands did survive. The overall mortality was lower in both plantations and natural stands on the Osceola than at Tiger Bay where prescribed burning had been less frequent. The highest mortality rates occurred on the Lake Butler Forest where prescribed burning had not been used since plantation establishment. Thus, a regular prescribed burning program will reduce mortality following wildfires in both natural and planted stands of southern pines on flatwoods sites, even when wildfires occur under severe drought conditions. South. J. Appl. For. 28(1):28–34.
Effects of Five Silvicultural Treatments on Loblolly Pine in the Georgia Piedmont at Age 20
Authors: Edwards M. Boyd , Shiver Barry D. , Logan Stephen R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Age 20 data from a designed experimental study installed on 24 plots at one location in the Lower Piedmont in Jones County, Georgia, were used to evaluate the effect of six silvicultural treatments on survival, growth, and yield of cutover site-prepared loblolly pine plantations in the Georgia Piedmont. The following silvicultural treatments were included in the study: (1) clearcut only, (2) clearcut with all residual trees greater than 1 inch dbh removed by chainsaw, (3) shear and chop, (4) shear, rootrake, burn, and disk, and (5) shear, rootrake, burn, disk, fertilize, and herbicide. Treatment significantly affected all tree and stand characteristics at age 20. The shear, rootrake, burn, disk, fertilize, and herbicide treatment ranked best in all categories with the exception of survival and basal area, which were highest for the shear, rootrake, burn, and disk treatment. The shear and chop treatment was not significantly lower than the most intensive treatment in any measured category. South. J. Appl. For. 28(1):35–40.
A Bid Price Equation for National Forest Timber Sales in Western Arkansas and Southeastern Oklahoma
Authors: Lynch Thomas B. , Huebschmann Michael M. , Lewis David K. , Tilley Daniel S. , Guldin James M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
An equation relating bid price to timber sale characteristics was developed using regression techniques on the basis of data from 150 timber sales that occurred between June 1992 and Dec. 1998 in the Ozark and Ouachita National Forests in Arkansas and southeastern Oklahoma. Predicted values of the real winning bid price are based on total sawtimber volume per sale, total pulpwood volume per sale, average sawtimber volume per acre, average sawtimber volume per tree, and the ratio of southern yellow pine #2 dimension lumber producer price index (PPI) to pine sawlog PPI. Sawtimber and pulpwood in these sales are mainly shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.). The most highly significant variables were total sawtimber volume and the ratio of southern yellow pine #2 dimension lumber PPI to pine sawlog PPI. The equation explains 95% of the variation in the total bid price data. South. J. Appl. For. 28(2):100–108.
Timber Basis Allocation with Incomplete Records
Authors: Straka Thomas J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Forest owners are required to maintain complete and accurate accounting records of their timber transactions. This allows for proper allocation of basis, calculation of depletion allowance, and accurate calculation of tax due from timber sales. If accounting records are incomplete (basis allocation was not properly performed in the past), the forest owner and his or her accountant and forester will need to calculate the basis allocation that should have taken place in the past. The proper basis allocation and a methodology to allocate basis when records are incomplete are illustrated. South. J. Appl. For. 28(2):109–112.
Technical Note—Amounts of Down Woody Materials for Mixed-Oak Forests in Kentucky, Virginia, Tennessee, and North Carolina
Authors: Chojnacky David C. , Schuler Thomas M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Fallen or down dead wood is a key element in healthy forest ecosystems. Although the amount of down wood and shrubs can provide critical information to forest resource managers for assessing fire fuel build up, data on biomass of down woody materials (DWM) are not readily accessible using existing databases. We summarized data collected by the USDA Forest Service's Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) program into biomass for mixed-oak forest types in Kentucky, Virginia, Tennessee, and North Carolina to obtain a baseline average for Appalachian mixed-oak forests. We sampled a subset of 76 plots from 16 oak forest types and computed biomass for each DWM component, using slightly different equations for each. Biomass of DWM components was summarized using simple statistics. The mean of all DWM components combined was 32 Mg/ha, and the median was 29 Mg/ha. Over half the mean DWM was duff and litter (18 Mg/ha combined); coarse woody material (CWM) was less than 15% of mean DWM; and fine woody material (FWM) (7 Mg/ha) was almost twice CWM. The range of mass for individual components was quite large. These estimates compare favorably to those found in studies for other forest types. South. J. Appl. For. 28(2):113–117.
Small Mammal Distributions Relative to Corridor Edges Within Intensively Managed Southern Pine Plantations
Authors: Campbell Tyler A. , Constantine Nicole L. , Baughman William M. , Harrington Timothy B. , Chapman Brian R. , Miller Karl V. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We characterized small mammal communities in three loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) stands in the Lower Coastal Plain of South Carolina during June 1998–Aug. 2000 to investigate influence of corridor edges on small mammal distribution. We live-trapped small mammals in three regenerating stands following clearcutting. Harvested stands were bisected by 100-m-wide, 20–23-year-old pine corridors. During 47,040 trap nights, we recorded 907 captures of 661 individual small mammals. Species captured included southern short-tailed shrews (Blarina carolinensis), cotton mice (Peromyscus gossypinus), cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus), eastern harvest mice (Reithrodontomys humulis), marsh rice rats (Oryzomys palustris), and golden mice (Ochrotomys nuttalli). We did not observe an edge effect (i.e., preference or avoidance) in small mammal captures at the corridor edge. Rodent captures were greatest in harvested stands, declined near the edge of mature pine corridors, and were lowest within corridors. Shrew captures were generally greatest in mature pine corridors and least in the interior of harvested stands. Retention of mature pine corridors of only 100 m may maintain some small mammals (i.e., shrews) that would not occur if stands were completely harvested. South. J. Appl. For. 29(3):148–151.
Time and Cost Study of Pruning a 12-Year-Old Loblolly Pine Plantation
Authors: Holley A. Gordon , Tate Jayson F. , Taylor Eric L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A time and motion study was conducted to determine time and cost of pruning thinned, 12-year-old loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.)plantations to a height of 25 ft. The study incorporated thinning treatments to stand density indices (SDI) of 70, 120, and 170. Pruning times with labor and equipment costs were used to determine per acre and per tree pruning costs at each stand density. Pruning costs were used to determine stumpage price premiums necessary to break-even on a pruning investment. Calculations were performed with various hourly wage and interest rates. The average per tree pruning time for a pair of workers was 2 minutes and 16 seconds, which results in a net average of 11.6 trees pruned per hour per worker. Per acre combined labor and equipment costs ranged from $58.09 to $288.59 depending on stand density and wage paid. Cost per tree ranged from $0.55 to $1.00 depending on stand density and wage paid. Break-even values ranged from $63.55 to $2,584.14/ac depending on stand density, wage paid, alternative rate of return, and rotation age. South. J. Appl. For. 29(4):179–184.
The Southeast Timber Supply: How will it be Affected by Changing Forestry in South America, Canada, and the Northeast?
Authors: Zobel Bruce J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Those responsible for forest investments in the southeastern U.S. are interested in how much and how soon timber produced in other regions—particularly the fast-growth forests in tropical and subtropical areas—will be competitive. The author presents his views on both present and potential effects on the Southeast's timber supply of evolving forestry in South America, Canada, and the northeastern U.S. He concludes that the southern pine region will remain a major supplier of timber and even increase its share of the world market in the immediate future.
Detecting and Aerially Evaluating Southern Pine Beetle Outbreaks—Operational Guides
Authors: Billings Ronald F. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
When southern pine beetle (SPB) populations reach high levels in the Gulf Coast region, aerial detection crews often report more infestations than ground personnel can promptly handle. Based on information from detection and control records, in combination with knowledge of beetle habits, operational guidelines are presented for setting realistic ground-check priorities during detection flights and for periodically reevaluating uncontrolled infestations from the air.
Increasing Latex in Pine Seed Coating Impairs Repellency and Germination
Authors: Campbell T. E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The repellent currently recommended for protecting pine seeds sown directly contains 2 gallons Arasan 42-S, I pound Endrin 50-W, and 10 ounces latex per 100 pounds of seed. Weathering prior to germination causes some repellent loss but seed protection from rodents is not significantly decreased. Greater amounts of latex allow more depredations by several rodent species and decrease germination.
The Increment Contract
Authors: Greene John L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Long-term timber management contracts give forest industry firms most of the advantages of fee-simple land ownership and avoid most of the disadvantages. The increment contract, a type of management contract already used by several pulp and paper firms in the South, employs a unique method for determining and making payments to woodland owners based on the average annual increment of wood fiber their land is capable of producing. Particularly attractive to woodland owners, it gives firms that use it a competitive advantage in seeking raw materials.
The Effect of Carbon Revenues on the Rotation and Profitability of Loblolly Pine Plantations in East Texas
Authors: Huang Ching-Hsun , Kronrad Gary D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This study determined the profitability and financially optimal thinning and final harvest rotation of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) managed exclusively for timber production or for dual products of timber production and carbon sequestration. The results suggest that 1) depending on landowner’s alternative rate of return, the inclusion of carbon revenues in forest management may shorten or prolong the optimal timber-carbon rotation length, compared to the optimal rotation that maximizes timber value only; 2) the effect of carbon revenues on the optimal rotation length and the percentage gain in soil expectation value is larger on low-productivity sites than on high-productivity sites, and is larger for high interest rates than for low interest rates; and 3) low-productivity, unprofitable sites may become profitable when carbon revenue is included and optimized together with the timber revenue.South. J. Appl. For.30(1):21–29.
Lifetimes of US Paper and Allied Products Mills: Insights from a Duration Analysis
Authors: Sun Changyou 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This study examined the life duration of US paper mills during the past 30 years. The US paper industry has been expanding, but its profit margin has been volatile and decreasing. The hazard rate curve revealed that there was increasing risk of closure during the first 7 years for new mills and for established mills, after the age of 18 years. Parametric duration analysis concluded that large mills had longer life duration. Merger and acquisition (M&A) activities and changes of ownership increased the life duration of mills. Mills located in the South had longer life duration while entry time of mills had limited impact. South. J. Appl. For. 30(1):5–12.
Economic Analyses of Wood Chip Mill Expansion in North Carolina: Implications for Nonindustrial Private Forest (NIPF) Management
Authors: Snider Anthony G. , Cubbage Frederick W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Potential economic benefits of wood chip mills in North Carolina and likely forest management changes for nonindustrial private forest (NIPF) landowners were analyzed. The net effects of wood chip mills provided a small net stumpage price increase (1.9%) benefit to forest landowners, had very small economic welfare effects on total economic returns to timber producers and consumers (>0.1%), and had a moderate impact on reducing aggregate site preparation costs (11.6%). Discounted cash-flow analyses indicated that wood chip markets would increase returns somewhat more for pine management than for hardwood management, but the much greater sawtimber prices, especially for pines, still would favor long rotations and pine management. These analyses indicate that markets provided by wood chip mills would tend to create more harvest of pulpwood as part of existing harvests or in new timber harvests of small stands, but would not be likely to encourage clearcutting of much more valuable sawtimber stands or large-scale changes in forest management practices.
Intensive Forest Management Affects Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda L.) Growth and Survival on Poorly Drained Sites in Southern Arkansas
Authors: Rahman M.S. , Messina M.G. , Fisher R.F. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We investigated if intensive forest management could enhance loblolly pine seedling growth and survival on West Gulf flatwoods where winter and spring waterlogging and frequent summer drought limit loblolly pine performance. Fertilization, chemical vegetation control, and mechanical site preparation (combined bedding and ripping) were tested in different combinations on six sites established in southern Arkansas in early 1999. Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedling performance was monitored in the first two growing seasons (1999 and 2000) and fifth growing season (2003) after planting. Fertilization increased growth in all years. Mechanical site preparation affected only height and only until year 2. There was no effect of chemical vegetation control in any measurement year, although chemical vegetation control resulted in greater growth in combination with fertilization than did either treatment applied separately. Tree survival averaged 92% a few months after planting and then decreased significantly at year 1 (77%), and remained comparable until year 5, the last year data were collected. Tree survival was not affected by mechanical site preparation, fertilization, or chemical vegetation control. Intensive forest management can increase loblolly pine seedling growth and survival on poorly drained sites in the West Gulf.
Estimation of Forest Area Affected by Local Ordinances: A Virginia Case Study
Authors: Prisley Stephen P. , Daversa David R. , Mortimer Michael J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Local governments may enact ordinances that have a substantial impact on forestry operations. Direct estimation of the economic impact of ordinances requires site-specific forest inventory data and management assumptions. In this study, we attempt to quantify, for four counties in Virginia,the forest area that would be subjected to timber harvesting restrictions under local ordinances. Ordinances that restrict timber harvesting within buffer zones of roads, streams, and property boundaries were simulated for four study counties. Using GIS overlay analysis with forest cover data,estimates of forest area within these buffers were obtained. In addition to this direct effect, we considered indirect effects of ordinances as they fragment potential forest management parcels to small sizes (<20 ac) deemed less conducive to operational forest management. Direct effectsranged from 9 to 33% of operable forest area and averaged 21% of operable forest area. Indirect effects averaged 7% of operable forest area, or ⅓ of the direct effect. Ordinances focused on protecting visual quality affected twice as much forest area as ordinancesdirected toward preserving water quality. Of the total forest area in these four counties, 13.6% lies in protected areas, 27.7% is in inoperable small parcels (prior to ordinances), and 16.7% is affected directly or indirectly by ordinances, leaving only 42% offorest area potentially available for management. South. J. Appl. For. 30(4):182–187.
Forest-Related Ordinances in Virginia: A Case Study in Regulatory De-evolution
Authors: Mortimer Michael J. , Stull Lauren , Prisley Stephen , Slack David 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
An inventory of Virginia's counties and incorporated cities was conducted in 2005 to detect the presence of forest-related ordinances. Comparative inventory results suggest that the number of ordinances appears to have increased from 44 in 1992 to 377 in 2005. Local governments in Virginiahave enacted forest-related ordinances addressing erosion and sediment control, the use of prescribed fire, forestry in floodplains and wetlands, scenic limitations, timber harvesting, and the use of pesticides. Nearly all (97%) local governments have been involved in the regulationof forestry to some extent. Study observations include inconsistent regulatory standards among municipalities, potential conflicts with state mandates, and concern for the uncertain effects on the management of private forestland. Policy implications might include state action to provide greateruniformity in local standards, clarification of the relationship between state-level requirements and local implementation, refining the definition of terms such as “silviculture,” and state reaction by amending Virginia's Right to Practice Forestry statute. South. J. Appl. For. 30(4):182–187.
Improving Timber Trucking Performance by Reducing Variability of Log Truck Weights
Authors: Hamsley Amanda K. , Greene W. Dale , Siry Jacek P. , Mendell Brooks C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We evaluated weight data from 79,760 truckloads delivered to 24 southern forest products mills to assess opportunities for improving trucking efficiency by reducing the variability of gross, tare, and net weights. We compared the mean gross vehicle weight (GVW) at each mill to the federal weight limit of 40 tons and to any mill overweight policy. A benchmark group of suppliers was identified at each mill as the five with the lowest coefficient of variation (CV) on their GVWs to compare with the other suppliers at each mill. All mills had mean GVWs significantly different from the federal limit at the 90% confidence level or stronger. A majority of loads delivered to each mill (77–100%) complied with mill GVW policies. At most mills, the benchmark group had higher mean GVWs and net weights, as well as lower GVW variability. Decreased GVW variability was associated with higher payloads. Mean tare weight and mean net weight exhibited an approximately 1:1 relationship at 15 mills. Benchmark groups at 14 mills had significantly larger payloads, and we project that they had 4–14% lower per-ton hauling costs than other suppliers at the mills. These results suggest that operating at the reduced variability level of the benchmark groups across the 221 million tons of roundwood annually consumed in the US South could result in a savings of $100 million annually.
Influence of Mine Soil Properties on White Oak Seedling Growth: A Proposed Mine Soil Classification Model
Authors: Showalter Julia M. , Burger James A. , Zipper Carl E. , Galbraith John M. , Donovan Patricia F. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Appalachian landowners are becoming increasingly interested in restoring native hardwood forest on reclaimed mined land. Trees are usually planted in topsoil substitutes consisting of blasted rock strata, and reforestation attempts using native hardwoods are often unsuccessful due to adverse soil properties. The purpose of this study was to determine which mine soil properties most influence white oak (Quercus alba L.) seedling growth, and to test whether these properties are reflected adequately in a proposed mine soil classification model developed for application in field assessments of mine soil suitability for reforestation. Seventy-two 3-year-old white oaks were randomly selected across a reclaimed site in southwestern Virginia that varied greatly in spoil/site properties. Tree height was measured and soil samples adjacent to each tree were analyzed for physical, chemical, and biological properties. Our proposed mined land classification model used rock type, compaction, and slope aspect as mapping criteria. Tree height, ranging from 15.2 to 125.0 cm, was regressed against mine soil and site properties. Mapping units were not well correlated with differences in tree height. Microbial biomass, pH, exchangeable potassium, extractable inorganic nitrogen, texture, aspect, and extractable phosphorous accounted for 52% of the variability in tree growth. The regression model shows that white oaks were most successful on northeast-facing aspects, in slightly acidic, sandy loam, fertile mine soils that are conducive to microbial activity. Nutrient availability, although found to be highly influential on tree growth, was not adequately represented in the classification model. We recommend that pH be included as a classification criterion, because it was correlated with all nutrient variables in the regression model.