bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sexual transmission of Hepatitis C Virus infection in a heterosexual population: A systematic review
Authors: Wuytack Francesca , Lutje Vittoria , Jakobsen Janus Christian , Weiss Karl Heinz , Flanagan Paula , Gethin Georgina , Murphy Louise , Smyth Siobhan , Devane Declan , Smith Valerie 
Published: March 2018

Background: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is an important cause of liver disease worldwide. Identification of risk factors can guide screening and prevention. Sexual transmission in monogamous heterosexual relationships is rare but it is uncertain which sexual behaviours are linked to HCV transmission. This review aimed to determine risk factors for sexual HCV transmission in heterosexuals in low HCV prevalence countries (PROSPERO registration CRD42016051099). Methods: We searched Medline, Embase, Science Citation Index-Expanded, Social Sciences Citation index, Conference proceedings (Web of Science), CINAHL, Scopus, LILACS, PubMed, and grey literature (04/11/2016). We included studies published in/after the year 2000 that examined sexual risk factors for HCV infection, other than interspousal transmission, in heterosexual adults (≥18 years). We excluded prisoners, people who inject drugs (PWIDs), people co-infected with HIV or from high prevalence countries. Two reviewers completed study selection, data extraction, risk of bias and quality of evidence assessment (GRADE) independently. Meta-analysis could not be conducted. Results: Eight studies were included, examining seven factors (multiple sex partners, receiving/providing sex commercially, PWID partner, and unprotected vaginal, oral, anal sex). None were significant, except the evidence for the factor having a PWID partner was conflicting. Conclusions: We are uncertain about the results due to the very low quality of evidence (GRADE). A more liberal approach to review inclusion criteria might be useful in further identifying factors associated with an increased risk of sexual transmission of HCV infection in a heterosexual population. However, caution should be applied to avoid the impact of confounders on the findings.
Detection and quantification of Anopheles gambiae sensu lato mosquito larvae in experimental aquatic habitats using environmental DNA (eDNA).
Authors: Odero Joel , Gomes Bruno , Fillinger Ulrike , Weetman David 
Published: March 2018

Background: Growing insecticide resistance and changes in biting and resting behavior of malaria vectors threaten efficacy of insecticide treated nets and indoor residual spraying. Larval source management (LSM) is a promising approach that can target mosquitoes irrespective of their behavior as adults. However, the use of traditional monitoring methods for immature stages of Anopheles mosquitoes is a major challenge to LSM due to the variability in their breeding habitats. We evaluate the use of an environmental DNA (eDNA) analysis technique in monitoring Anopheles gambiae sensu lato larvae in experimental aquatic habitats. Methods: eDNA was simultaneously sampled and extracted from different volumes of water, number of larvae, and occupation time. Larval presence was detected using PCR and eDNA concentration in samples from 1 L habitats quantified using an IGS and cyt b TaqMan assays. The limit of detection of the two assays was tested and larval density correlated with eDNA positivity. Results: 74% of replicates in the 50 mL habitats were PCR positive with at least 6h required to get a signal from a single larva (0.02 larvae/mL). All 12 replicates where 1 L of water was used were positive with stronger PCR bands than replicates with the same larval density in 50 mL for 24 h. There was a correlation between larval densities and eDNA detection in both assays: IGS, r = 0.503, p = 0.047; and cyt b, r = 0.558, p = 0.025. There was stochasticity in eDNA detection rates, using both PCR and qPCR across all the dilutions. Conclusion: This study has demonstrated the potential use of eDNA analysis for detection and quantification of An. gambiae s.s. mosquito larvae in aquatic habitats. The stochasticity observed in eDNA detection suggest that this technique is best for monitoring aquatic habitats with many larvae at low densities.
The use of a non-invasive extendable prosthesis at the time of revision arthroplasty
Authors: Gilg M. M. , Gaston C. L. , Jeys L. , Abudu A. , Tillman R. M. , Stevenson J. D. , Grimer R. J. , Parry M. C. 
Published: March 2018

AimsThe use of a noninvasive growing endoprosthesis in the management of primary bone tumours in children is well established. However, the efficacy of such a prosthesis in those requiring a revision procedure has yet to be established. The aim of this series was to present our results using extendable prostheses for the revision of previous endoprostheses.Patients and MethodsAll patients who had a noninvasive growing endoprosthesis inserted at the time of a revision procedure were identified from our database. A total of 21 patients (seven female patients, 14 male) with a mean age of 20.4 years (10 to 41) at the time of revision were included. The indications for revision were mechanical failure, trauma or infection with a residual leg-length discrepancy. The mean follow-up was 70 months (17 to 128). The mean shortening prior to revision was 44 mm (10 to 100). Lengthening was performed in all but one patient with a mean lengthening of 51 mm (5 to 140).ResultsThe mean residual leg length discrepancy at final follow-up of 15 mm (1 to 35). Two patients developed a deep periprosthetic infection, of whom one required amputation to eradicate the infection; the other required two-stage revision. Implant survival according to Henderson criteria was 86% at two years and 72% at five years. When considering revision for any cause (including revision of the growing prosthesis to a non-growing prosthesis), revision-free implant survival was 75% at two years, but reduced to 55% at five years.ConclusionOur experience indicates that revision surgery using a noninvasive growing endoprosthesis is a successful option for improving leg length discrepancy and should be considered in patients with significant leg-length discrepancy requiring a revision procedure. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2018;100-B:370–7.
Comparison between a multicentre, collaborative, closed-loop audit assessing management of supracondylar fractures and the British Orthopaedic Association Standard for Trauma 11 (BOAST 11) guidelines
Authors: Goodall R. , Claireaux H. , Hill J. , Wilson E. , Monsell F. , BOAST 11 Collaborative  , Tarassoli P. 
Published: March 2018

Aims Supracondylar fractures are the most frequently occurring paediatric fractures about the elbow and may be associated with a neurovascular injury. The British Orthopaedic Association Standards for Trauma 11 (BOAST 11) guidelines describe best practice for supracondylar fracture management. This study aimed to assess whether emergency departments in the United Kingdom adhere to BOAST 11 standard 1: a documented assessment, performed on presentation, must include the status of the radial pulse, digital capillary refill time, and the individual function of the radial, median (including the anterior interosseous), and ulnar nerves. Materials and Methods Stage 1: We conducted a multicentre, retrospective audit of adherence to BOAST 11 standard 1. Data were collected from eight hospitals in the United Kingdom. A total of 433 children with Gartland type 2 or 3 supracondylar fractures were eligible for inclusion. A centrally created data collection sheet was used to guide objective analysis of whether BOAST 11 standard 1 was adhered to. Stage 2: We created a quality improvement proforma for use in emergency departments. This was piloted in one of the hospitals used in the primary audit and was re-audited using equivalent methodology. In all, 102 patients presenting between January 2016 and July 2017 were eligible for inclusion in the re-audit. Results Stage 1: Of 433 patient notes audited, adherence to BOAST 11 standard 1 was between 201 (46%) and 232 (54%) for the motor and sensory function of the individual nerves specified, 318 (73%) for radial pulse, and 247 (57%) for digital capillary refill time. Stage 2: Of 102 patient notes audited, adherence to BOAST 11 standard 1 improved to between 72 (71%) and 80 (78%) for motor and sensory function of the nerves, to 84 (82%) for radial pulse, and to 82 (80%) for digital capillary refill time. Of the 102 case notes reviewed in stage 2, only 44 (43%) used the quality improvement proforma; when the proforma was used, adherence improved to between 40 (91%) and 43 (98%) throughout. Conclusion Adherence to BOAST 11 standard 1 is poor in hospitals across the country. This is concerning as neurovascular deficit may be an indication for emergent surgery, and missed neurovascular injury can cause long-term, or even permanent, functional impairment. We present a simple proforma that improves adherence to this standard, can easily be implemented into emergency departments, and may improve patient safety. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2018;100-B:346–51.
Glenoid osteotomy for atraumatic posteroinferior shoulder instability associated with glenoid dysplasia
Authors: Inui H. , Nobuhara K. 
Published: March 2018

AimsWe report the clinical results of glenoid osteotomy in patients with atraumatic posteroinferior instability associated with glenoid dysplasia.Patients and MethodsThe study reports results in 211 patients (249 shoulders) with atraumatic posteroinferior instability. The patients comprised 63 men and 148 women with a mean age of 20 years. The posteroinferior glenoid surface was elevated by osteotomy at the scapular neck. A body spica was applied to maintain the arm perpendicular to the glenoid for two weeks postoperatively. Clinical results were evaluated using the Rowe score and Japan Shoulder Society Shoulder Instability Score (JSS-SIS); bone union, osteoarthrosis, and articular congruity were examined on plain radiographs.ResultsThe Rowe score improved from 36 to 88 points, and the JSS-SIS improved from 47 to 81 points. All shoulders exhibited union without progression of osteoarthritis except one shoulder, which showed osteoarthritic change due to a previous surgery before the glenoid osteotomy. All but three shoulders showed improvement in joint congruency. Eight patients developed disordered scapulohumeral rhythm during arm elevation, and 12 patients required additional open stabilization for anterior instability.ConclusionGood results can be expected from glenoid osteotomy in patients with atraumatic posteroinferior instability associated with glenoid dysplasia. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2018;100-B:331–7.
Is tranexamic acid toxic to articular cartilage when administered topically?
Authors: Parker J. D. , Lim K. S. , Kieser D. C. , Woodfield T. B. F. , Hooper G. J. 
Published: March 2018

Aims The intra-articular administration of tranexamic acid (TXA) has been shown to be effective in reducing blood loss in unicompartmental knee arthroplasty and anterior cruciate reconstruction. The effects on human articular cartilage, however, remains unknown. Our aim, in this study, was to investigate any detrimental effect of TXA on chondrocytes, and to establish if there was a safe dose for its use in clinical practice. The hypothesis was that TXA would cause a dose-dependent damage to human articular cartilage. Materials and Methods The cellular morphology, adhesion, metabolic activity, and viability of human chondrocytes when increasing the concentration (0 mg/ml to 40 mg/ml) and length of exposure to TXA (0 to 12 hours) were analyzed in a 2D model. This was then repeated, excluding cellular adhesion, in a 3D model and confirmed in viable samples of articular cartilage. Results Increasing concentrations above 20 mg/ml resulted in atypical morphology, reduced cellular adhesion and metabolic activity associated with increased chondrocyte death. However, the cell matrix was not affected by the concentration of TXA or the length of exposure, and offered cellular protection for concentrations below 20 mg/ml. Conclusion These results show that when in vitro chondrocytes are exposed to higher concentrations of TXA, such as that expected following recommended intra-articular administration, cytotoxicity is observed. This effect is dose-dependent, such that a tissue concentration of 10 mg/ml to 20 mg/ml could be expected to be safe. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2018;100-B:404–12.
Case-series of paraneoplastic Cushing syndrome in small-cell lung cancer
Authors: Richa Carine Ghassan , Saad Khadija Jamal , Halabi Georges Habib , Gharios Elie Mekhael , Nasr Fadi Louis , Merheb Marie Tanios 
Published: March 2018

Summary
The objective of this study is to report three cases of paraneoplastic or ectopic Cushing syndrome, which is a rare phenomenon of the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-dependent Cushing syndrome. Three cases are reported in respect of clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment in addition to relevant literature review. The results showed that ectopic ACTH secretion can be associated with different types of neoplasm most common of which are bronchial carcinoid tumors, which are slow-growing, well-differentiated neoplasms with a favorable prognosis and small-cell lung cancer, which are poorly differentiated tumors with a poor outcome. The latter is present in two out of three cases and in the remaining one, primary tumor could not be localized, representing a small fraction of patients with paraneoplastic Cushing. Diagnosis is established in the setting of high clinical suspicion by documenting an elevated cortisol level, ACTH and doing dexamethasone suppression test. Treatment options include management of the primary tumor by surgery and chemotherapy and treating Cushing syndrome. Prognosis is poor in SCLC. We concluded that in front of a high clinical suspicion, ectopic Cushing syndrome diagnosis should be considered, and identification of the primary tumor is essential.

Learning points:

Learning how to suspect ectopic Cushing syndrome and confirm it among all the causes of excess cortisol.

Distinguish between occult and severe ectopic Cushing syndrome and etiology.

Providing the adequate treatment of the primary tumor as well as for the cortisol excess.

Prognosis depends on the differentiation and type of the primary malignancy.
Genomic Prediction from Multiple-Trait Bayesian Regression Methods Using Mixture Priors
Authors: Cheng Hao , Kizilkaya Kadir , Zeng Jian , Garrick Dorian , Fernando Rohan 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Bayesian multiple-regression methods incorporating different mixture priors for marker effects are used widely in genomic prediction. Improvement in prediction accuracies from using those methods, such as BayesB, BayesC, and BayesCπ, have been shown in single-trait analyses with both simulated and real data. These methods have been extended to multi-trait analyses, but only under the restrictive assumption that a locus simultaneously affects all the traits or none of them. This assumption is not biologically meaningful, especially in multi-trait analyses involving many traits. In this paper, we develop and implement a more general multi-trait BayesCΠ and BayesB methods allowing a broader range of mixture priors. Our methods allow a locus to affect any combination of traits, e.g., in a 5-trait analysis, the “restrictive” model only allows two situations, whereas ours allow all 32 situations. Further, we compare our methods to single-trait methods and the “restrictive” multi-trait formulation using real and simulated data. In the real data analysis, higher prediction accuracies were observed from both our new broad-based multi-trait methods and the “restrictive” formulation. The broad-based and restrictive multi-trait methods showed similar prediction accuracies. In the simulated data analysis, higher prediction accuracies to the “restrictive” method were observed from our general multi-trait methods for intermediate training population size. The software tool JWAS offers open-source routines to perform these analyses.
Reciprocidad cordial. Bases éticas de la cooperación
Authors: Calvo Cabezas Patrici 
Published: March 2018

La ciencia económica preponderante descuidó el estudio de la cooperación humana. Esto se debe a que hay una contradicción entre ser seres racionales con propensión a maximizar el bienestar, por un lado, y la posibilidad de concretar objetivos de beneficiocomún e implementar procesos relacionales no coercitivos, por el otro lado. Sin embargo, la economía experimental se ha preocupado por hallar explicación a la actitud de reciprocidad que muestran los agentes en distintos juegos de estrategia, ya que posibilita concretar acciones colectivas en las que subyace una intencionalidad compartida que permite cumplir objetivos mutuamente dispuestos. Se busca mostrar cuándo y por qué los seres humanos empiezan a relacionarse con sus semejantes y cuáles el fundamento normativo que logra orientar estos comportamientos.
Negatividad e intersubjetividad. La dimensión originaria del conflicto en Kojève y en Sartre
Authors: Cladakis Maximiliano Basilio 
Published: March 2018

El artículo aborda la lógica a partir de la cual el correlato de la libertad como negatividad radical es el conflicto como dimensión originaria de la intersubjetividad en Alexandre Kojève y Jean Paul Sartre. Se examina la interpretación realizada por el pensador ruso del capítulo iv de la Fenomenología del espíritu y la importanciade la “dialéctica del amo y del esclavo” como clave del pensamiento hegeliano; así como la forma en que las premisas ontológicas expuestas en El ser y la nada se presentan como elementos constitutivos de la comprensión de la intersubjetividad como dialéctica subjetivación-objetivación.
Conceções de leitura e escrita em crianças do pré-escolar
Authors: Cardoso Ana Marta , Balça Ângela 
Published: March 2018

Neste estudo, centrámo-nos nas conceções das crianças, sobre a leitura e a escrita, em idade pré-escolar. Os objetivos que presidiram a este estudo foram investigar as conceções que as crianças tinham sobre a funcionalidade e utilidade da leitura e da escrita e identificar que conhecimentos revelavam as crianças sobre diferentes suportes de leitura e escrita. Utilizámos o paradigma metodológico da investigação-ação e a recolha de dados foi feita numa sala de educação pré-escolar, junto de crianças com 5/6 anos. Para esta recolha de dados utilizámos como instrumentos a entrevista semiestruturada e um conjunto de portadores de texto de uso corrente. As conclusões apontaram para a par dos conhecimentos sobre a funcionalidade da leitura, todas as crianças evidenciaram possuir conhecimentos sobre diferentes suportes de escrita; e para a influência das práticas/contacto com a leitura e a escrita e materiais impressos no nível de elaboração das conceções das crianças, no que diz respeito à leitura e à escrita.
Internationalization in U.S. universities: history, philosophy, practice, and future
Authors: Morosini Marilia , Somers Patricia , Rodriguez Arinda , Rodriguez Janet Solis 
Published: March 2018

In response to the global economy, universities around the world have increased internationalization efforts. This article focuses on internationalization in U. S. universities, discussing the history, presenting models and examples, reviewing the extent of internationalization on U.S. campuses. We end with a discussion on the rationales, the political realities of the new nationalism, the competition among Western universities for rankings that emphasizes high-profile internationalization, the current political questions affecting internationalization and the future of the field. While our focus is on the United States, many of the concepts and theories we discuss apply to other countries as well. ***Internacionalização em universidades dos EUA: história, filosofia, prática e futuro***Como resposta à economia global, as universidades ao redor do mundo vêm incrementando seus esforços para se internacionalizaram. Este artigo tem como foco a internacionalização de universidades dos Estados Unidos discutindo a história, apresentando modelos e exemplos e examinando a presença da internacionalização no campus americano. Concluímos com a discussão sobre as racionalidades, as realidades políticas do novo nacionalismo, as argumentações acadêmicas contra as universidades do ocidente que enfatizam os altos perfis internacionais, as atuais questões políticas que afetam a internacionalização e o futuro do campo. Apesar do foco deste trabalho ser os Estados Unidos, muito dos conceitos e teorias discutidas podem ser aplicados para outros países.
Vincular la internacionalización con las prioridades de desarrollo de las instituciones de Educación Superior: una urgencia inaplazable
Authors: Aupetit Sylvie Didou 
Published: March 2018

En la pasada década, los gobiernos e instituciones de educación superior (IES) de América Latina y El Caribe reforzaron sus actividades de internacionalización. Sus resultados fueron incrementales pero no bastaron para cumplir con los objetivos de la agenda de internacionalización definida por la Conferencia Regional de Educación Superior (CRES), convocada en 2008 por la UNESCO. No se vincularon orgánicamente con misiones centrales para las universidades latinoamericanas, tales la promoción de la equidad o de la innovación para fines de desarrollo social y productivo. En ese artículo, analizaremos los logros y los desafíos planteados tanto por el cumplimiento de los objetivos de la CRES como por la necesidad de replantear el proceso de internacionalización y diseñar programas endógenos, más eficientes. ***Linking internationalization with the development priorities of Higher Education institutions: an essential urgency***In the past decade, Latin America and Caribbean governments and Higher Education Institutions (HEI) consolidated their international activities. They bettered their quantitative results but those were not sufficient to fulfill the objectives of an agenda for internationalization defined during the Regional Conference of Higher Education, organized by UNESCO, 2008. Actually, they don´t succeed to articulate internationalization with central institutional missions like promotion of equity or innovations for social and productive development. In this paper, we analyze mainly results and issues in relation with the CRES agenda and also the necessity to revise internationalization process and to design endogenous and more efficient programs. ***Vincular a internacionalização com as prioridades de desenvolvimento das instituições de Educação Superior: uma urgência imprescindível***Na década passada, os governos e instituições de educação superior (IES) da América Latina e do Caribe intensificaram suas atividades de internacionalização. Seus resultados foram incrementais porem não bastaram para atender os objetivos da agenda de internacionalização definida pela Conferência Regional de Educação Superior (CRES), convocada, em 2008, pela UNESCO. Não se vincularam organicamente com missões centrais para as universidades latino-americanas, tais como a promoção da equidade ou da inovação para fins de desenvolvimento social e produtivo. Nesse artigo, analisaremos os ganhos e os desafios identificados tanto pelo cumprimento dos objetivos da CRES como pela necessidade de reimplantar o processo de nternacionalização e desenhar modelos externos, mas eficientes.