bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Data at Scale
Authors: Traverso Alberto , Dankers Frank J. W. M. , Wee Leonard , van Kuijk Sander M. J. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractPre-requisites to better understand the chapter: basic knowledge of major sources of clinical data.Logical position of the chapter with respect to the previous chapter: in the previous chapter, you have learned what the major sources of clinical data are. In this chapter, we will dive into the main characteristics of presented data sources. In particular, we will learn how to distinguish and classify data according to its scale.Learning objectives: you will learn the major differences between data sources presented in previous chapters; how clinical data can be classified according to its scale. You will get familiar with the concept of ‘big’ clinical data; you will learn which are the major concerns limiting ‘big’ data exchange.
The EU’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in a Research Context
Authors: Mondschein Christopher F. , Monda Cosimo 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThis chapter introduces the rational and regulatory mechanism underlying the EU data protection framework with specific focus on the EU’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). It outlines the applicability of the research exemption included in the GDPR and discusses further or secondary use of personal data for research purposes.
Diving Deeper into Models
Authors: Traverso Alberto , Dankers Frank J. W. M. , Osong Biche , Wee Leonard , van Kuijk Sander M. J. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractPre-requisites to better understand the chapter:knowledge of the major steps and procedures of developing a clinical prediction model.Logical position of the chapter with respect to the previous chapter:in the last chapters, you have learned how to develop and validate a clinical prediction model. You have been learning logistic regression as main algorithm to build the model. However, several different more complex algorithms can be used to build a clinical prediction model. In this chapter, the main machine learning based algorithms will be presented to you.Learning objectives:you will be presented with the definitions of: machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning. The major algorithms for the last two categories will be introduced.
Model-independent prediction of R(ηc)
Authors: Berns Anson , Lamm Henry 
Published: December 2018

Abstract

We present a model-independent prediction for R(η

c
)≡ℬℛ(B

c

+
→ η

c

τ
+
ν

τ
)/ℬℛ(B

c

+
→ η

c

µ
+
ν

µ
). This prediction is obtained from the form factors through a combination of dispersive relations, heavy-quark relations at zero-recoil, and the limited existing determinations from lattice QCD. The resulting prediction, R(η

c
) = 0.29(5), agrees with previous model predictions, but without uncontrolled systematic uncertainties.
Indicators of positive youth development can be maladaptive: The example case of caring
Authors: Geldhof G. John , Larsen Torill , Urke Helga , Holsen Ingrid , Lewis Hillary , Tyler Corine P. 
Published: December 2018

ABSTRACTIntroductionResearch on positive youth development typically takes a more‐is‐better approach in which higher scores on measures of positive youth development indicate better outcomes. We question the validity of this assumption and describe how an imbalance among the Five Cs of Positive Youth Development can lead to a situation where “more” is actually “less.” We then provide an empirical illustration using cross‐sectional data.MethodsWe examined conditional associations between indicators of thriving and the C of caring using survey data obtained from a sample of 2,386 students in Norway (mean age 16.60 years [SD = 1.98]; 44.8% girls). Multilevel models assessed whether associations between caring and the thriving indicators (here defined as greater mental well‐being and lower anxiety and depressive symptoms) differed when versus when not controlling for overall positive youth development.ResultsWhen positive youth development was not included as a covariate, caring was positively associated with mental well being and anxiety but not significantly associated with depressive symptoms. After adding positive youth development to the model, caring became less strongly associated with mental well‐being, more strongly associated with anxiety, and significantly (positively) associated with depressive symptoms.ConclusionsOur results indicate that, after controlling for a set level of positive youth development, caring does not predict adaptive outcomes in a monotonic more‐is‐better way. These findings illustrate an instance where developmental regulations benefit the context at the cost of the individual and therefore speak to a growing acknowledgement in the literature—young people may suffer if they “care too much.”
Largonji des Loucherbems: An Optimality-Theoretic analysis of a 19th century French
Authors: Ozburn Avery , Schellenberg Murray 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThis paper provides a novel Optimality Theoretic analysis of the 19th century French secret language Largonji. While Largonji is a reversal game, we show that it is a type not previously described, in which the first onset that is not an /l/ reverses, even if it is not at an edge. Thus, traditional approaches to reversal games, such as cross-anchoring, do not work for Largonji. However, our account does not require direct reference to onsets. Instead, it is based on preservation of moraic structure, combined with alignment of a Largonji-specific prefix. Though suprasegmental faithfulness has been noted previously in language games, the present account implements it in Optimality Theory for the first time. Further, in analyzing the Largonji affix as a prefix that is sometimes realized as an infix, we suggest that Largonji provides additional evidence that language games can reflect cross-linguistic patterns not present in the base language.
The impact of mass-level ideological orientations on immigration policy preferences over time
Authors: Thomsen Jens Peter Frølund , Rafiqi Arzoo 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThis paper introduces a dynamic perspective on how (personal) political ideology shapes reactions to immigration policies at the mass level. Greater ethnic diversity and growing calls for multiculturalism represent a disproportionately greater challenge to rightists because they value conformity, tradition, and stability more than leftists. Consequently, we hypothesize that the impact of political ideology on opposition to immigration has become stronger over time. Analyses show that: (a) leftists were less opposed to immigration than rightists in both 2002 and 2014, and (b) rightists have become more opposed to immigration in the time between 2002 and 2014, whereas leftists’ reactions remained stable across this period. We tested our motivated reasoning hypothesis in a repeated cross-sectional (fixed effects regression) analysis of individual-level data from 18 countries (N = 55,367). The individual-level data on political ideology and immigration policy preferences is from the European Social Survey data sets fielded in 2002 and 2014.
Glacier bed surveying with helicopter-borne dual-polarization ground-penetrating radar
Authors: LANGHAMMER LISBETH , RABENSTEIN LASSE , SCHMID LINO , BAUDER ANDREAS , GRAB MELCHIOR , SCHAER PHILIPP , MAURER HANSRUEDI 
Published: December 2018

ABSTRACTTraditionally, helicopter-borne ground-penetrating radar (GPR) systems are operated with a single pair of bistatic dipole antennas to measure the thickness of glaciers. We demonstrate numerically that the directivity of the radiation pattern of single airborne dipoles do not correspond to an ideal full-space solution if the antennas are employed at typical flight heights. These directionality effects can degrade the quality of the subsurface images significantly, when the GPR antennas are orientated unfavorably. Since an adjustment of the antenna orientation is impractical during flight, we have developed a novel dual-polarization helicopter-borne GPR system consisting of two orthogonal pairs of commercial antennas in broadside configuration. To overcome the image quality deficits of the individual channels, we apply a pseudo-scalar approach in which we combine the data of both polarizations. Results of helicopter-borne GPR surveys on two alpine glaciers in Switzerland reveal more coherent bedrock reflections in the summed data compared with single dipole pair profiles. Generally, the dual-polarization setup is more suitable than a single antenna systems, because it is more versatile and less prone to directional effects caused by the placement of the dipole antennas in relation to undulating subsurface reflectors.
THE STRENGTH OF RAMSEY’S THEOREM FOR PAIRS AND ARBITRARILY MANY COLORS
Authors: SLAMAN THEODORE A. , YOKOYAMA KEITA 
Published: December 2018

AbstractIn this article, we will show that ${\rm{R}}{{\rm{T}}^2} + WK{L_0}$ is a ${\rm{\Pi }}_1^1$-conservative extension of ${\rm{B\Sigma }}_3^0$.
BERKELEY CARDINALS AND THE STRUCTURE OF L(Vδ+1)
Authors: CUTOLO RAFFAELLA 
Published: December 2018

AbstractWe explore the structural properties of the inner model L(Vδ+1) under the assumption that δ is a singular limit of Berkeley cardinals each of which is itself limit of extendible cardinals, lifting some of the main results of the theory of the axiom I0 to the level of Berkeley cardinals, the strongest known large cardinal axioms. Berkeley cardinals have been recently introduced in [1] and contradict the Axiom of Choice.1 In fact, our background theory will be ZF.
DECIDABILITY OF THE THEORY OF MODULES OVER PRÜFER DOMAINS WITH INFINITE RESIDUE FIELDS
Authors: GREGORY LORNA , L’INNOCENTE SONIA , PUNINSKI GENA , TOFFALORI CARLO 
Published: December 2018

AbstractWe provide algebraic conditions ensuring the decidability of the theory of modules over effectively given Prüfer (in particular Bézout) domains with infinite residue fields in terms of a suitable generalization of the prime radical relation. For Bézout domains these conditions are also necessary.
The enigmatic ribosomal stalk
Authors: Liljas Anders , Sanyal Suparna 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe large ribosomal subunit has a distinct feature, the stalk, extending outside the ribosome. In bacteria it is called the L12 stalk. The base of the stalk is protein uL10 to which two or three dimers of proteins bL12 bind. In archea and eukarya P1 and P2 proteins constitute the stalk. All these extending proteins, that have a high degree of flexibility due to a hinge between their N- and C-terminal parts, are essential for proper functionalization of some of the translation factors. The role of the stalk proteins has remained enigmatic for decades but is gradually approaching an understanding. In this review we summarise the knowhow about the structure and function of the ribosomal stalk till date starting from the early phase of ribosome research.
Research priorities in single-ventricle heart conditions: a United Kingdom national study
Authors: Drury Nigel E. , Stoll Victoria M. , Bond Chris J. , Patel Akshay J. , Hutchinson Suzie , Clift Paul F. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo bring together stakeholders in the United Kingdom to establish national priorities for research in single-ventricle heart conditions.MethodsThis study comprised two surveys and a workshop. The initial public online survey asked respondents up to three questions they would like answered for research. Responses were classified as unanswered, already answered, or unable to be answered by scientific research. In the follow-up survey, unanswered questions were divided into categories and respondents were asked to rank categories and questions by priority. A stakeholder workshop attended by patients, parents, healthcare professionals, researchers, and charities was held to determine the final list of research priorities.ResultsA total of 128 respondents posed 344 research questions, of which 271 were classified as unanswered, and after removing duplicates, 204 questions remained, which were divided into 20 categories. In the second survey, 56 (49.1%) respondents successfully ranked categories and questions. A total of 39 participants attended the workshop, drawing up a list of 30 research priorities across nine priority categories. The nine priority categories are: Associated co-morbidities; Brain & neurodevelopment; Exercise; Fontan failure; Heart function; Living with a single ventricle heart condition; Management of the well-functioning Fontan circulation; Surgery & perioperative care; and Transplantation, mechanical support & novel therapies.ConclusionsThrough a multi-stage process, we engaged a wide range of interested parties to establish a list of research priorities in single-ventricle heart conditions. This provides a platform for clinicians, researchers, and funders in the United Kingdom and elsewhere to address the most important questions and improve outcomes in these rare but high-impact CHDs.
Type 2 Diabetes and Cognitive Functions in Middle Age: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Pelimanni Elina , Jehkonen Mervi 
Published: December 2018

AbstractObjectives: Type 2 diabetes mellitus has been linked with cognitive decrement and an increased risk of dementia in older people. Less is known about whether diabetes affects cognition at younger ages. The objective of this meta-analysis was to examine possible differences (effect sizes) in cognitive performance between middle-aged type 2 diabetic patients and healthy controls. Secondary aim was to examine whether age is related to the magnitude of effect sizes. Methods: Electronic databases and lists of references of selected articles were used to search for studies examining type 2 diabetes and cognition in patients under age 65 compared to healthy controls. Twelve studies met the inclusion criteria. Standardized mean differences (Hedges’s g) were calculated for main cognitive domains and their subdomains. Association between age and effect sizes was evaluated with meta-regression analyses. Publication bias and methodological quality of the studies were assessed. Results: Patients performed worse than controls in several cognitive functions. The largest differences were found in information processing speed (g = −0.68), attention/concentration (g = −0.55), executive functions (g = −0.51), and working memory (g = −0.51). There was no significance difference in visual memory (g = −0.15). Age was significantly related to the effect size in information processing speed, language, verbal memory and visual memory. However, the direction of association varied across these cognitive domains. Conclusions: The results suggest that cognitive decrement in diabetes is not restricted to older people, but may begin to appear in middle age. More attention should be paid to early recognition and treatment of diabetes-related cognitive decrement in healthcare systems. (JINS, 2019, 25, 215–229)
ON THE ACCURACY OF ASYMPTOTIC APPROXIMATIONS TO THE LOG-GAMMA AND RIEMANN–SIEGEL THETA FUNCTIONS
Authors: BRENT RICHARD P. 
Published: December 2018

We give bounds on the error in the asymptotic approximation of the log-Gamma function $\ln \unicode[STIX]{x1D6E4}(z)$ for complex $z$ in the right half-plane. These improve on earlier bounds by Behnke and Sommer [Theorie der analytischen Funktionen einer komplexen Veränderlichen, 2nd edn (Springer, Berlin, 1962)], Spira [‘Calculation of the Gamma function by Stirling’s formula’, Math. Comp.25 (1971), 317–322], and Hare [‘Computing the principal branch of log-Gamma’, J. Algorithms25 (1997), 221–236]. We show that $|R_{k+1}(z)/T_{k}(z)|<\sqrt{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}k}$ for nonzero $z$ in the right half-plane, where $T_{k}(z)$ is the $k$th term in the asymptotic series, and $R_{k+1}(z)$ is the error incurred in truncating the series after $k$ terms. We deduce similar bounds for asymptotic approximation of the Riemann–Siegel theta function $\unicode[STIX]{x1D717}(t)$. We show that the accuracy of a well-known approximation to $\unicode[STIX]{x1D717}(t)$ can be improved by including an exponentially small term in the approximation. This improves the attainable accuracy for real $t>0$ from $O(\exp (-\unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}t))$ to $O(\exp (-2\unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}t))$. We discuss a similar example due to Olver [‘Error bounds for asymptotic expansions, with an application to cylinder functions of large argument’, in: Asymptotic Solutions of Differential Equations and Their Applications (ed. C. H. Wilcox) (Wiley, New York, 1964), 16–18], and a connection with the Stokes phenomenon.
Dysfunktionale Metakognitionen im Jugendalter
Authors: Zimmermann Marie , Glemser Maximilian , Ertle Andrea 
Published: December 2018

Zusammenfassung. Theoretischer Hintergrund: Das metakognitive Modell legt nahe, dass dysfunktionale Metakognitionen für die Entwicklung und Aufrechterhaltung verschiedener emotionaler Störungen eine Rolle spielen. Diese Annahme konnte in Studien sowohl für Erwachsene als auch für Kinder und Jugendliche bestätigt werden. Fragestellung: Struktur und psychometrische Eigenschaften einer deutschen Version des Meta-cognitions Questionnaire – Adolescent Version (MCQ-A) zur Erfassung störungsrelevanter Metakognitionen wurden untersucht. Methode: Nach Erhebung von Daten an einer nicht-klinischen Stichprobe ( N = 221) wurde eine konfirmatorische Faktorenanalyse durchgeführt. Interne Konsistenz, Test-Retest-Reliabilität sowie konvergente Validität wurden ermittelt. Ergebnisse: Die Struktur der englischen Originalversion konnte repliziert werden. Die deutschsprachigen Skalen des MCQ-A weisen gute Reliabilitäts- und Validitätskennwerte auf. Schlussfolgerungen: Die vorliegende deutsche Version des MCQ-A kann vorläufig als ein reliables und valides Instrument zur Erfassung dysfunktionaler Metakognitionen betrachtet werden.
Tracing the Imprint of River Runoff Variability on Arctic Water Mass Transformation
Authors: Lambert Erwin , Nummelin Aleksi , Pemberton Per , Ilıcak Mehmet 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe Arctic Ocean receives a net freshwater input from land and from the atmosphere. This flux of freshwater, along with net surface heat loss, acts to transform the water mass properties of inflowing Atlantic and Pacific waters. In this study, model simulations are used to quantify the Arctic water mass transformation in salinity and temperature space, and its explained variance due to variability in the largest freshwater source to the Arctic: river runoff. This explained variance is quantified using a novel tool, the seasonal climate response function, which describes the magnitude and time scale of adjustment to a runoff perturbation at monthly resolution. Using this method, the transient response of Arctic water mass transformation is reconstructed over time scales ranging from several months to a decade. Model simulations with variable runoff indicate a significant explained model variance of several terms contributing to salinity transformation, including diffusion, the formation and melt of sea ice, and a possibly model‐dependent surface salinity‐restoring term. Most notably, an increase in river runoff strengthens the diffusion of salt and heat, which ultimately leads to an increase in the advective salt and heat import into the Arctic. These results provide evidence for the potential predictability of the Arctic system based on variability in river runoff.
Estimating the Deep Overturning Transport Variability at 26°N Using Bottom Pressure Recorders
Authors: Worthington E. L. , Frajka‐Williams E. , McCarthy G. D. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe RAPID mooring array at 26°N in the Atlantic has been observing the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) since 2004, with estimates of AMOC strength suggesting that it has declined over the 2004–2016 period. When AMOC transport is estimated, an external transport is added to the observed Ekman, Florida Straits, and baroclinic geostrophic transports to ensure zero net mass transport across the section. This approach was validated using the first year of RAPID data by estimating the external component directly from in situ bottom pressure data. Since bottom pressure recorders commonly show low‐frequency instrument drift, bottom pressure data had to be dedrifted prior to calculating the external component. Here we calculate the external component from 10 years of in situ bottom pressure data and evaluate two choices for dedrifting the records: traditional and adjusted using a Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) bottom pressure solution. We show that external transport estimated from GRACE‐adjusted, in situ bottom pressure data correlates better with the RAPID compensation transport (r=0.65,p<0.05) than using individually dedrifted bottom pressure recorders, particularly at low frequencies on timescales shorter than 10 years, demonstrating that the low‐frequency variability added from GRACE is consistent with the transport variability at RAPID. We further use the bottom pressure‐derived external transport to evaluate the zonal distribution of the barotropic transport variability and find that the transport variability is concentrated west of the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge rather than uniformly distributed across the basin, as assumed in the RAPID calculation.
Petrogenesis and In Situ U‐Pb Geochronology of a Strongly Shocked L‐Melt Rock Northwest Africa 11042
Authors: Wu Yunhua , Hsu Weibiao 
Published: December 2018

AbstractNorthwest Africa (NWA) 11042, originally classified as a primitive achondrite with no chondritic relicts, is rather a unique L‐melt rock. It is a severely shocked, igneous‐textured ultramafic rock composed of euhedral to subhedral olivine (Fa25.1 ± 0.5) and pyroxenes (low‐Ca pyroxene Fs20.7 ± 0.8Wo4.2 ± 1.0 and Ca‐rich pyroxene Fs11.5 ± 0.5Wo37.6 ± 1.2) with interstitial albitic plagioclase (Ab80.7 ± 1.7Or5.0 ± 0.7) that has been completely converted to maskelynite. Mineral compositions are similar to those of equilibrated L‐chondrites. Melt pockets are scattered throughout the sample, containing high‐pressure minerals including ringwoodite, wadsleyite, jadeite, and lingunite. Merrillite and apatite in NWA 11042 contain significantly higher REE abundances than those of ordinary chondrites, indicative of igneous fractional crystallization. In situ U‐Pb dating of apatite in NWA 11042 reveals an upper intercept age of 4,479 ± 43 Myr and a lower intercept age of 465 ± 47 Myr on the normal U‐Pb concordia diagram. The upper intercept age recorded the time when NWA 11042 initially crystallized. This age is much younger than when the decay of short‐lived nuclides (e.g., 26Al) would act as a major heat source, suggesting that melting and crystallization of NWA 11042 could be otherwise triggered by an impact event. The lower intercept age represents a reset age due to a later impact event, which is in coincidence with the disruption event of L‐chondrite parent body at ~470 Myr. NWA 11042 is an excellent example to link igneous‐textured meteorites with a chondritic parent body through shock‐induced melting.