bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Functional disorders of the temporomandibular joints: Internal derangement of the temporomandibular joint
Authors: Chang Chih‐Ling , Wang Ding‐Han , Yang Mu‐Chen , Hsu Wun‐Eng , Hsu Ming‐Lun 
Published: February 2018

AbstractTemporomandibular joint (TMJ) is one of the most complex joints of the human body. Due to its unique movement, in terms of combination of rotation and translator movement, disc of the joint plays an important role to maintain its normal function. In order to sustain the normal function of the TMJ, disc must be kept in proper position as well as maintain normal shape in all circumstances. Once the disc is not any more in its normal position during function of the joint, disturbance of the joint can be occurred which will lead to subsequent distortion of the disc. Shape of the disc can be influenced by many factors i.e.: abnormal function or composition of the disc itself. Etiology of the internal derangement of the disc remains controversial. Multifactorial theory has been postulated in most of previous manuscripts. Disc is composed of mainly extracellular matrix. Abnormal proportion of collagen type I & III may also leads to joint hypermobility which may be also a predisposing factor of this disorder. Thus it can be recognized as local manifestation of a systemic disorder. Different treatment modalities with from conservative treatment to surgical intervention distinct success rate have been reported. Recently treatment with extracellular matrix injection becomes more and more popular to strengthen the joint itself. Since multifactorial in character, the best solution of the treatment modalities should be aimed to resolve possible etiology from different aspects. Team work may be indication to reach satisfied results.
On Intellectualism in the Theory of Action
Authors: AUDI ROBERT 
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACT:This paper examines intellectualism in the theory of action. Philosophers use ‘intellectualism’ variously, but few question its application to views on which knowledge of facts—expressible inthat-clauses—is basic for understanding other kinds of knowledge, reasons for action, and practical reasoning. More broadly, for intellectualists, theoretical knowledge is more basic than practical knowledge; action, at least if rational, is knowledge-guided, and just as beliefs based on reasoning constitute knowledge only if its essential premises constitute knowledge, actions based on practical reasoning are rational only if any essential premise in it is known. Two major intellectualist claims are that practical knowledge, as knowing how, is reducible to propositional knowledge, a kind of knowingthat, and that reasons for action must be (propositionally) known by the agent. This paper critically explores both claims by offering a broad though partial conception of practical knowledge and a pluralistic view of reasons for action. The aim is to sketch conceptions of knowinghowand knowingthat, and of the relation between knowledge and action, that avoid intellectualism but also do justice to both the importance of the intellect for human action and the distinctive character of practical reason.
Anatomy of a diffracting detonation in a circular arc of explosive
Authors: Bdzil John B. 
Published: February 2018

Using high-resolution numerical simulation, Short et al. (J. Fluid Mech. vol. 835, 2018, pp. 970–998) study diffraction of a detonation as it traverses a $270^{\circ }$ finite-thickness condensed-phase explosive arc. This geometry admits a steady solution in a frame rotating with angular speed $\unicode[STIX]{x1D714}_{0}$, which thereby facilitates a detailed analysis of how the loss of energy from the detonation reaction zone due to the diffraction process slows the propagation of the detonation. There exists a region of subsonic flow, between the detonation shock and the curve of sonic flow (labelled the DDZ), which is responsible for setting $\unicode[STIX]{x1D714}_{0}$. Although the DDZ spans the entire thickness for thin arcs, it is localized to a region near the inside surface as the arc is thickened. Thus the explosive energy release near this inside surface plays a disproportionate role in the diffraction process.
Fisher's F-ratio illustrated graphically
Authors: Allen Rory 
Published: February 2018

Calculating Fisher's F-ratio is a key step in a number of statistical procedures involving null hypothesis significance testing. This is particularly so in the case of ANOVA (analysis of variance) in its several forms, but even multiple regression includes a test of significance of the overall model which employs an F-ratio. The present paper aims at making the basic ideas behind this common statistic more comprehensible by providing a visual counterpart to, and justification for, its algebraic definition.As an example of how the definition works, consider the following very simple set of data comprising an independent variable consisting of three groups, where the values of the dependent variable are 1, 2, 3 for the first group, 4, 5, 6 for the second group and 7, 8, 9 for the third group. The groups could represent three drug treatments, and the numbers, a measure of clinical outcome for each of nine participants. One might represent this set of data as a row vector thus: (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9).
Diurnal patterns of urination and drinking by grazing ruminants: a development in a mechanistic model of a grazing ruminant, MINDY
Authors: Gregorini P. , Provenza F. D. , Villalba J. J. , Beukes P. C. , Forbes M. J. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractMeasurement of water consumption and urinary nitrogen (UN) excretion of individual grazing ruminants is difficult, time-consuming and expensive. Therefore, prediction and modelling are critical for research to improve N and water use efficiency. The objective of the current work was to use a mechanistic model of a grazing ruminant, MINDY, to represent drinking and urination diurnal patterns, and the resulting pattern of UN excretion. This work is primarily an integration of existing knowledge of basic urination physiology and water dynamics in ruminants. MINDY reproduces observed patterns of urination achieving the correct temporal occurrence, relative volumes and nitrogen (N) concentration of individual urination events for a grazing dairy cow, comparable with those reported in the literature. The model simulates daily water imbibed and UN realistically, as well as ingestion rates for herbages with different protein content and contrasting grazing managements. Results of a cross-validation indicate that the root mean square prediction error and mean absolute error as % of the observed mean, respectively, were 26 and 23% for daily water imbibed, 26 and 27% for urination volume, and 25 and 19% for the frequency of urination. Although further parameterization and validation are needed, for a new development in an exploratory model like MINDY, these numbers are encouraging and reflect that the concepts encoded capture many of the underlying biological mechanisms that drive the diurnal pattern and daily UN excretion, as well as thirst, acceptable.
LATIN AMERICAN FOREIGN TRADE STATISTICS FOR THE 19TH AND EARLY 20TH CENTURIES
Authors: Kuntz-Ficker Sandra 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThis essay aims to introduce an issue of the RHE-JILAEH dedicated to the reconstruction of historical trade statistics of Latin American countries. It comments on the early perceptions of the quality and utility of historical trade statistics and on the way in which more recent analyses have overcome the distrust that prevailed until the last third of the 20th century. It then summarises the different criteria and methodologies that have been used to assess the accuracy and reliability of trade statistics in order to make them useful for the purpose of reconstructing new, more complete and precise trade series or re-estimating those available. The introduction ends with a brief description of the contents of this volume.
Salmonella Typhimurium in livestock in Great Britain – trends observed over a 32-year period
Authors: Mueller-Doblies D. , Speed K. C. R. , Kidd S. , Davies R. H. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractIn this retrospective study, we describe and analyse Salmonella data from four livestock species in Great Britain between 1983 and 2014, focusing on Salmonella Typhimurium. A total of 96 044 Salmonella isolates were obtained during the study period. S. Typhimurium was the predominant serovar isolated from cattle and pigs and represented 40.7% (18 455/45 336) and 58.3% (4495/7709) of isolates from these species respectively, while it only accounted for 6.7% (2114/31 492) of chicken isolates and 8.1% (926/11 507) of turkey isolates. Over the study period, DT104 was the most common phage type in all four species; however, DT104 peaked in occurrence between 1995 and 1999, but is currently rare.Monophasic strains of S. Typhimurium represented less than 3% of all Salmonella isolates in cattle and chickens in 2014, but accounted for 10.4% of all turkey isolates and 39.0% of all pig isolates in the same year.Salmonella isolates were tested for their in vitro susceptibility to 16 antimicrobials. Antimicrobial resistance of S. Typhimurium isolates is largely influenced by the dominance of specific phage types at a certain time, which are commonly associated with particular resistance patterns. Changes in resistance patterns over time were analysed and compared between species.
Severe bicuspid aortic stenosis in pregnancy: balancing the risk of prematurity and maternal mortality
Authors: Nwabuobi Chinedu , McDowell Megan , Običan Sarah 
Published: February 2018

AbstractWe report a case of combined severe aortic stenosis and regurgitation in a pregnant patient with a history of congenital bicuspid aortic valve. The patient presented at 22 weeks of gestation with angina and pre-syncopal symptoms. During her admission, she experienced intermittent episodes of non-sustained ventricular tachycardia and hypotension. A multi-disciplinary healthcare team was assembled to decide on the appropriate medical and surgical treatment options. At 28 weeks of gestation, the patient underwent a caesarean delivery immediately followed by a mechanical aortic valve replacement.
Performance evaluation of locally available composts to reduce replant disease in apple orchards of central Europe
Authors: Franke-Whittle Ingrid H. , Juárez Marina Fernández-Delgado , Insam Heribert , Schweizer Simon , Naef Andreas , Topp Anne-Rosemarie , Kelderer Markus , Rühmer Thomas , Baab Gerhard , Henfrey Joana , Manici Luisa M. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractA study on locally available composts in Austria, Germany, Italy and Switzerland was conducted to investigate the potential of these non-chemical based tools to increase soil health in orchards afflicted by apple replant disease (ARD). A total of 26 different composts (six to seven per country) were chosen for the study. Composts were divided into ten types according to the waste materials used as substrates in the composting process. Growth reduction is the main symptom associated with replant disease; therefore compost performance was evaluated based on the growth responses of apple rootstock plantlets in compost-amended soils in pots. These greenhouse trials were performed in one research station per country, located in an intensive apple-growing area, and soil was taken from an apple orchard affected by replanting disease. Plant growth response was measured as shoot elongation at the end of each greenhouse trial, and results showed increases in growth compared with the respective controls of 2–26% in 20 out of 26 composts evaluated. The heterogeneous nature of the composts most likely attributed to the finding that similar compost types originating from the different countries had varying effects on plant growth. Overall, no significant changes in chemical and biological properties were observed in amended soils as compared with non-amended controls. The high soil resilience was in part expected given the good organic matter content in the original soils (>2%). The bacterial communities of the composts were investigated using the COMPOCHIP microarray, and analyses showed that differences in plant growth response were mainly attributed to the microbial changes introduced into the soil through composts rather than to changes in soil chemical and biological parameters. However, the bacterial communities of composts appeared to be more influenced by geographical origin than by compost type. The results have shown that soil amendment with composts generated from locally produced wastes have the potential to reduce the effects of ARD, although the effects appear to be both compost and soil specific.
Competition in health care: lessons from the English experience
Authors: Propper Carol 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe use of competition and the associated increase in choice in health care is a popular reform model, adopted by many governments across the world. Yet it is also a hotly contested model, with opponents seeing it, at best, as a diversion of energy or a luxury and, at worst, as leading to health care inequality and waste. This paper subjects the use of competition in health care to scrutiny. It begins by examining the theoretical case and then argues that only by looking at evidence can we understand what works and when. The body of the paper examines the evidence for England. For 25 years the United Kingdom has been subject to a series of policy changes which exogenously introduced and then downplayed the use of competition in health care. This makes England a very useful test bed. The paper presents the UK reforms and then discusses the evidence of their impact, examining changes in outcomes, including quality, productivity and the effect on the distribution of health care resources across socio-economic groups. The final section reflects on what can be learnt from these findings.
Microbiome assembly of avian eggshells and their potential as transgenerational carriers of maternal microbiota
Authors: van Veelen H Pieter J , Salles Joana Falcão , Tieleman B Irene 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe microbiome is essential for development, health and homeostasis throughout an animal’s life. Yet, the origins and transmission processes governing animal microbiomes remain elusive for non-human vertebrates, oviparous vertebrates in particular. Eggs may function as transgenerational carriers of the maternal microbiome, warranting characterisation of egg microbiome assembly. Here, we investigated maternal and environmental contributions to avian eggshell microbiota in wild passerine birds: woodlark Lullula arborea and skylark Alauda arvensis. Using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, we demonstrated in both lark species, at the population and within-nest levels, that bacterial communities of freshly laid eggs were distinct from the female cloacal microbiome. Instead, soil-borne bacteria appeared to thrive on freshly laid eggs, and eggshell microbiota composition strongly resembled maternal skin, body feather and nest material communities, sources in direct contact with laid eggs. Finally, phylogenetic structure analysis and microbial source tracking underscored species sorting from directly contacting sources rather than in vivo-transferred symbionts. The female-egg-nest system allowed an integrative assessment of avian egg microbiome assembly, revealing mixed modes of symbiont acquisition not previously documented for vertebrate eggs. Our findings illuminated egg microbiome origins, which suggested a limited potential of eggshells for transgenerational transmission, encouraging further investigation of eggshell microbiome functions in vertebrates.
Real-time fMRI neurofeedback to down-regulate superior temporal gyrus activity in patients with schizophrenia and auditory hallucinations: a proof-of-concept study
Authors: Orlov Natasza D. , Giampietro Vincent , O’Daly Owen , Lam Sheut-Ling , Barker Gareth J. , Rubia Katya , McGuire Philip , Shergill Sukhwinder S. , Allen Paul 
Published: February 2018

AbstractNeurocognitive models and previous neuroimaging work posit that auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) arise due to increased activity in speech-sensitive regions of the left posterior superior temporal gyrus (STG). Here, we examined if patients with schizophrenia (SCZ) and AVH could be trained to down-regulate STG activity using real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging neurofeedback (rtfMRI-NF). We also examined the effects of rtfMRI-NF training on functional connectivity between the STG and other speech and language regions. Twelve patients with SCZ and treatment-refractory AVH were recruited to participate in the study and were trained to down-regulate STG activity using rtfMRI-NF, over four MRI scanner visits during a 2-week training period. STG activity and functional connectivity were compared pre- and post-training. Patients successfully learnt to down-regulate activity in their left STG over the rtfMRI-NF training. Post- training, patients showed increased functional connectivity between the left STG, the left inferior prefrontal gyrus (IFG) and the inferior parietal gyrus. The post-training increase in functional connectivity between the left STG and IFG was associated with a reduction in AVH symptoms over the training period. The speech-sensitive region of the left STG is a suitable target region for rtfMRI-NF in patients with SCZ and treatment-refractory AVH. Successful down-regulation of left STG activity can increase functional connectivity between speech motor and perception regions. These findings suggest that patients with AVH have the ability to alter activity and connectivity in speech and language regions, and raise the possibility that rtfMRI-NF training could present a novel therapeutic intervention in SCZ.
The mark of vegetation change on Earth’s surface energy balance
Authors: Duveiller Gregory , Hooker Josh , Cescatti Alessandro 
Published: February 2018

AbstractChanging vegetation cover alters the radiative and non-radiative properties of the surface. The result of competing biophysical processes on Earth’s surface energy balance varies spatially and seasonally, and can lead to warming or cooling depending on the specific vegetation change and background climate. Here we provide the first data-driven assessment of the potential effect on the full surface energy balance of multiple vegetation transitions at global scale. For this purpose we developed a novel methodology that is optimized to disentangle the effect of mixed vegetation cover on the surface climate. We show that perturbations in the surface energy balance generated by vegetation change from 2000 to 2015 have led to an average increase of 0.23 ± 0.03 °C in local surface temperature where those vegetation changes occurred. Vegetation transitions behind this warming effect mainly relate to agricultural expansion in the tropics, where surface brightening and consequent reduction of net radiation does not counter-balance the increase in temperature associated with reduction in transpiration. This assessment will help the evaluation of land-based climate change mitigation plans.
Fourier transform spectrometer on silicon with thermo-optic non-linearity and dispersion correction
Authors: Souza Mario C. M. M. , Grieco Andrew , Frateschi Newton C. , Fainman Yeshaiahu 
Published: February 2018

AbstractMiniaturized integrated spectrometers will have unprecedented impact on applications ranging from unmanned aerial vehicles to mobile phones, and silicon photonics promises to deliver compact, cost-effective devices. Mirroring its ubiquitous free-space counterpart, a silicon photonics-based Fourier transform spectrometer (Si-FTS) can bring broadband operation and fine resolution to the chip scale. Here we present the modeling and experimental demonstration of a thermally tuned Si-FTS accounting for dispersion, thermo-optic non-linearity, and thermal expansion. We show how these effects modify the relation between the spectrum and interferogram of a light source and we develop a quantitative correction procedure through calibration with a tunable laser. We retrieve a broadband spectrum (7 THz around 193.4 THz with 0.38-THz resolution consuming 2.5 W per heater) and demonstrate the Si-FTS resilience to fabrication variations—a major advantage for large-scale manufacturing. Providing design flexibility and robustness, the Si-FTS is poised to become a fundamental building block for on-chip spectroscopy.
Current-induced magnetization switching in atom-thick tungsten engineered perpendicular magnetic tunnel junctions with large tunnel magnetoresistance
Authors: Wang Mengxing , Cai Wenlong , Cao Kaihua , Zhou Jiaqi , Wrona Jerzy , Peng Shouzhong , Yang Huaiwen , Wei Jiaqi , Kang Wang , Zhang Youguang , Langer Jürgen , Ocker Berthold , Fert Albert , Zhao Weisheng 
Published: February 2018

AbstractPerpendicular magnetic tunnel junctions based on MgO/CoFeB structures are of particular interest for magnetic random-access memories because of their excellent thermal stability, scaling potential, and power dissipation. However, the major challenge of current-induced switching in the nanopillars with both a large tunnel magnetoresistance ratio and a low junction resistance is still to be met. Here, we report spin transfer torque switching in nano-scale perpendicular magnetic tunnel junctions with a magnetoresistance ratio up to 249% and a resistance area product as low as 7.0 Ω µm2, which consists of atom-thick W layers and double MgO/CoFeB interfaces. The efficient resonant tunnelling transmission induced by the atom-thick W layers could contribute to the larger magnetoresistance ratio than conventional structures with Ta layers, in addition to the robustness of W layers against high-temperature diffusion during annealing. The critical switching current density could be lower than 3.0 MA cm−2 for devices with a 45-nm radius.
Hydroxynitrile lyases from cyanogenic millipedes: molecular cloning, heterologous expression, and whole-cell biocatalysis for the production of (R)-mandelonitrile
Authors: Yamaguchi Takuya , Nuylert Aem , Ina Atsutoshi , Tanabe Tsutomu , Asano Yasuhisa 
Published: February 2018

AbstractHydroxynitrile lyases (HNLs), which are key enzymes in cyanogenesis, catalyze the cleavage of cyanohydrins into carbonyl compounds and hydrogen cyanide. Since HNLs also catalyze the reverse reaction, they are used industrially for the asymmetric synthesis of cyanohydrins, which are valuable building blocks of pharmaceuticals and fine chemicals. HNLs have been isolated from cyanogenic plants and bacteria. Recently, an HNL from the cyanogenic millipede Chamberlinius hualienensis was shown to have the highest specific activity for (R)-mandelonitrile synthesis, along with high stability and enantioselectivity. However, no HNLs have been isolated from other cyanogenic millipedes. We identified and characterized HNLs from 10 cyanogenic millipedes in the Paradoxosomatidae and Xystodesmidae. Sequence analyses showed that HNLs are conserved among cyanogenic millipedes and likely evolved from one ancestral gene. The HNL from Parafontaria tonominea was expressed in Escherichia coli SHuffle T7 and showed high specific activity for (R)-mandelonitrile synthesis and stability at a range of pHs and temperatures. The stability of millipede HNLs is likely due to disulfide bond(s). The E. coli cells expressing HNL produced (R)-mandelonitrile with 97.6% enantiomeric excess without organic solvents. These results demonstrate that cyanogenic millipedes are a valuable source of HNLs with high specific activity and stability.