bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Legitimacy, Development and Sustainability: Understanding Water Policy and Politics in Contemporary China
Authors: Moore Scott M. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractMore so than for other countries, the management of China's water resources is an important aspect of its policy and politics, yet existing scholarly attempts to understand this importance are scattered among a wide range of sub-literatures that lack a unifying theoretical framework. This article attempts to identify common themes and features of the relationship between water, politics and governance in contemporary China by examining how this relationship has unfolded in historical perspective. It identifies three basic objectives that have shaped the politics and governance of China's water resources over time: legitimacy, economic development and environmental sustainability. These objectives map, though imperfectly, onto different periods in the history of the People's Republic of China, thereby highlighting how they have evolved. Together, these objectives explain policies towards, and the politics of, water resources in contemporary China. This understanding shows that water both shapes and reflects Chinese politics, and highlights the need for a theoretically coherent sub-literature on Chinese water policy and politics.
Role of adolescent exposure to rockets in the links between personality vulnerability and psychopathology
Authors: Shahar Golan , Henrich Christopher C. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe aim of this study is to examine the role of repeated exposure to rocket attacks in the links between personality vulnerability (dependency and self-criticism) and internalizing/externalizing psychopathology. A main-effect vulnerability model (personality leads to psychopathology) was compared with a main-effect scarring model (psychopathology leads to personality vulnerability). Also, a stress-diathesis pattern (personality vulnerability is activated under stress) was compared to a dual-vulnerability pattern (either personality vulnerability or stress, but not both, lead to psychopathology). Israeli adolescents (N = 362) repeatedly exposed to rocket attacks were assessed annually over 3 years. In 2008 and 2010, personality and psychopathology were assessed. Cumulative exposure was measured as the sums of exposure across the three assessment waves. Theoretical models were tested via Autoregressive Cross-Lagged Structural Equation Modeling analyses. Baseline dependency and self-criticism were associated with an increase in anxiety, whereas baseline depression was associated with an increase in dependency. Under low, not high, levels of rocket exposure, self-criticism and depression were longitudinally associated. Violence commission was associated with an increase in dependency under high, not low, cumulative exposure. Results are consistent with both scarring and vulnerability models, and with both stress-diathesis and dual-vulnerability patterns of adolescent risk and resilience.
Role of FGF signalling in neural crest cell migration during early chick embryo development
Authors: Zhang Xiao-tan , Wang Guang , Li Yan , Chuai Manli , Lee Kenneth Ka Ho , Yang Xuesong 
Published: December 2018

SummaryFibroblast growth factor (FGF) signalling acts as one of modulators that control neural crest cell (NCC) migration, but how this is achieved is still unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of FGF signalling on NCC migration by blocking this process. Constructs that were capable of inducing Sprouty2 (Spry2) or dominant-negative FGFR1 (Dn-FGFR1) expression were transfected into the cells making up the neural tubes. Our results revealed that blocking FGF signalling at stage HH10 (neurulation stage) could enhance NCC migration at both the cranial and trunk levels in the developing embryos. It was established that FGF-mediated NCC migration was not due to altering the expression of N-cadherin in the neural tube. Instead, we determined that cyclin D1 was overexpressed in the cranial and trunk levels when Sprouty2 was upregulated in the dorsal neural tube. These results imply that the cell cycle was a target of FGF signalling through which it regulates NCC migration at the neurulation stage.
Diminished Risk-Aversion After Right DLPFC Stimulation: Effects of rTMS on a Risky Ball Throwing Task
Authors: Tulviste Jaan , Bachmann Talis 
Published: December 2018

AbstractObjectives: Several studies on human risk taking and risk aversion have reported the involvement of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Yet, current knowledge of the neural mechanisms of risk-related decision making is not conclusive, mainly relying on studies using non-motor tasks. Here we examine how modulation of DLPFC activity by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) affects risk-taking behavior during a motor response task. Methods: One-Hertz rTMS to the right DLPFC was applied to monitor risk-taking and risk-aversion performance during a goal-directed risky task with motor response. Healthy participants were instructed to aim for a high score by throwing a ball as close to the ceiling as possible, while avoiding touching the ceiling with the ball. Results: One-Hertz rTMS stimulation to the right DLPFC significantly increased the frequency of ceiling hits, compared to Sham-stimulation. Conclusions: Our results suggest that the right DLPFC is a valid target for manipulating risky behavior in tasks with a motor-response. Following rTMS stimulation participants' preference shifts toward immediate awards, while becoming significantly less sensitive to potential negative consequences. The results confirm that the right DLPFC is involved in impulse control in goal-directed executive tasks. (JINS, 2019, 25, 72–78)
Subduction Erosion, Crustal Structure, and an Evolutionary Model of the Northern Yap Subduction Zone: New Observations From the Latest Geophysical Survey
Authors: Zhang Z. Y. , Dong D. D. , Sun W. D. , Wu S. G. , Bai Y. L. , Wang X. J. , Fan J. K. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe Yap subduction zone is a distinctive erosive margin with an extremely slow convergence rate. The high relief of the subducting plate, generated by horst and graben structures and seamounts, leads to attenuation of the crust. In this study, we present the latest geophysical data, collected by the Chinese research vessel Kexue, to investigate subduction erosion at the Yap subduction zone and develop subduction models for Yap subduction zone structures. We show an anomalous distance between the Yap Trench and the adjacent volcanic arc, the steep slope of the trench arcward, a frontal prism, and rare sediment in the trench, all typical features of erosive margins. We propose that the high‐relief subducting plate has led to erosion of the overlying plate and that different subduction processes, controlled locally by the topography of the subducting plate, have modified the Yap subduction zone. Numerous normal faults increase the relief of the seafloor entering the trench, and an anomalously large slope angle along the trench reflects uplift of the fore‐arc high via seamount subduction. In addition, the thin crust of the subducted horst and graben structures, along with the normal faults, might have eroded the fore‐arc crust and subsequently eroded the Yap arc crust during subduction. These subduction erosional processes at the Yap Trench provide one of the best cases of an erosive margin in the world, particularly for a subduction zone with an extremely slow convergence rate.
Constraints on the Physical Mechanism of Frictional Aging From Nanoindentation
Authors: Thom C. A. , Carpick R. W. , Goldsby D. L. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe increase in the frictional strength of rocks with the time of quasi‐stationary contact, known as frictional aging, may ultimately determine whether unstable slip (i.e., earthquakes) can nucleate. In spite of its importance, the physical mechanism that underlies frictional aging in rocks is still uncertain. The widely held view is that aging results from an increase in contact area due to asperity creep. Here we show via nanoindentation testing that the hardness and creep rate of quartz are independent of relative humidity from <10−4% to 50%. This contrasts strongly with the standard interpretation of previous friction experiments on quartz tested over a similar humidity range, which reveal an absence of frictional aging for humidity <5%. Our results demonstrate that frictional aging in quartz cannot result from asperity creep and instead argue in favor of other mechanisms, including time‐dependent chemical bond formation or slip‐induced strengthening.
What Caused the Remarkable February 2018 North Greenland Polynya?
Authors: Moore G. W. K. , Schweiger A. , Zhang J. , Steele M. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractDuring late February and early March 2018, an unusual polynya was observed off the north coast of Greenland. This period was also notable for the occurrence of a sudden stratospheric warming. Here we use satellite and in situ data, a reanalysis and an ice‐ocean model to document the evolution of the polynya and its synoptic forcing. We show that its magnitude was unprecedented and that it was associated with the transient response to the sudden stratospheric warming leading to anomalous warm southerly flow in north Greenland. Indeed, regional wind speeds and temperatures were the highest during February going back to the 1960s. There is evidence that the thinning sea ice has increased its wind‐driven mobility. However, we show that the polynya would have developed under thicker ice conditions representative of the late 1970s and that even with the predicted trend toward thinner sea ice, it will only open during enhanced southerly flow.
Response of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer to Submesoscale Sea Surface Temperature Fronts
Authors: Wenegrat J. O. , Arthur R. S. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractSubmesoscale sea surface temperature fronts are ubiquitous throughout much of the global ocean; however, the response of the marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL) to the ocean submesoscale is not well understood. In this manuscript large‐eddy simulation is used to explore the time‐dependent response of the MABL to idealized submesoscale sea surface temperature fronts, with an emphasis on how the dynamics of the MABL determine the strength and position of gradients in wind speed and air temperature. Results suggest that horizontal mixing only becomes important in response to frontogenesis by horizontally convergent ageostrophic flows, contrary to the common assumption that the MABL response will be strongly dependent on horizontal turbulent mixing. The fronts that develop in the MABL are also associated with large vertical relative vorticity, suggesting the possibility that submesoscale fronts may induce inertial instability in the MABL. These results provide guidance for high‐resolution ocean and atmosphere modeling and for interpreting observations.
Geochronology of a Bouguer Gravity Low
Authors: Gaynor Sean P. , Coleman Drew S. , Rosera Joshua M. , Tappa Michael J. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractDense drill core and subsurface mapping at the Questa molybdenum mine, combined with regional structural tilt, permit detailed 3‐D documentation of plutonic rocks in the Latir magmatic center, New Mexico. Integration of mapping with new and existing U‐Pb zircon geochronology (a total of 136 analyses from 15 intrusions) allows for examination of the space‐time evolution of the Bouguer gravity low associated with the magmatic center. The Questa batholith at Latir was assembled by discrete pulses of magma over a 5.5‐Ma interval (approximately 25.3–19.8 Ma) of generally downward stacking intrusions following the volcanic peak at 25.52 Ma. This contradicts interpretations that the Bouguer gravity lows here and elsewhere are the plutonic crystal cumulate residues left after extraction of large‐volume silicic magmas. Estimates of magma flux based on the volume of plutonic rocks inferred from gravity data combined with the extrapolation of geochronology of exposed surface rocks are questionable because the assumption that unexposed plutonic rocks are the same age as dated surface rocks directly above them likely underestimates the true range of ages.
Thermal, Deformation, and Degassing Remote Sensing Time Series (CE 2000–2017) at the 47 most Active Volcanoes in Latin America: Implications for Volcanic Systems
Authors: Reath K. , Pritchard M. , Poland M. , Delgado F. , Carn S. , Coppola D. , Andrews B. , Ebmeier S. K. , Rumpf E. , Henderson S. , Baker S. , Lundgren P. , Wright R. , Biggs J. , Lopez T. , Wauthier C. , Moruzzi S. , Alcott A. , Wessels R. , Griswold J. , Ogburn S. , Loughlin S. , Meyer F. , Vaughan G. , Bagnardi M. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractVolcanoes are hazardous to local and global populations, but only a fraction are continuously monitored by ground‐based sensors. For example, in Latin America, more than 60% of Holocene volcanoes are unmonitored, meaning long‐term multiparameter data sets of volcanic activity are rare and sparse. We use satellite observations of degassing, thermal anomalies, and surface deformation spanning 17 years at 47 of the most active volcanoes in Latin America and compare these data sets to ground‐based observations archived by the Global Volcanism Program. This first comparison of multisatellite time series on a regional scale provides information regarding volcanic behavior during, noneruptive, pre‐eruptive, syneruptive, and posteruptive periods. For example, at Copahue volcano, deviations from background activity in all three types of satellite measurements were manifested months to years in advance of renewed eruptive activity in 2012. By quantifying the amount of degassing, thermal output, and deformation measured at each of these volcanoes, we test the classification of these volcanoes as open or closed volcanic systems. We find that ~28% of the volcanoes do not fall into either classification, and the rest show elements of both, demonstrating a dynamic range of behavior that can change over time. Finally, we recommend how volcano monitoring could be improved through better coordination of available satellite‐based capabilities and new instruments.
On the Effects of Increased Vertical Mixing on the Arctic Ocean and Sea Ice
Authors: Liang Xi , Losch Martin 
Published: December 2018

AbstractAgainst the backdrop of Arctic sea ice decline, vertical mixing in the interior Arctic Ocean will most likely change, but it is still unclear how the Arctic Ocean and sea ice will respond. In this paper, a sea ice‐ocean model with a simple parameterization for interior background mixing is used to investigate the Arctic Ocean and sea ice response to a scenario of increased vertical mixing. It is found that more vertical mixing reduces sea ice thickness all year round and decreases summertime sea ice concentration. More vertical mixing leads to a cooling of the Arctic halocline layer and Atlantic Water layer below. The increased vertical mixing speeds up vertical heat and salinity exchange, brings the underlying warm and saline water into the surface layer, and contributes to the sea ice decline. Vertical salinity gradient of the Arctic halocline layer reduces together with a much fresher Atlantic Water layer, and more volume of saline water enters the deep ocean below the Atlantic Water layer. As a result, the reduced Arctic Ocean stratification leads to an adjustment of the circulation pattern. Cyclonic circulation anomalies occur in the surface layer shallower than 20‐m depth and in the interior ocean deeper than 700‐m depth, while anticyclonic circulation anomalies occur between these depths. Our study suggests that the extra heat and salinity exchange induced by more vertical mixing will have a noticeable impact on the upper ocean structure, ocean circulation, and sea ice in a changing Arctic Ocean.
Pleistocene Evolution of a Scandinavian Plateau Landscape
Authors: Andersen J. L. , Egholm D. L. , Knudsen M. F. , Linge H. , Jansen J. D. , Goodfellow B. W. , Pedersen V. K. , Tikhomirov D. , Olsen J. , Fredin O. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe origins and Pleistocene evolution of plateau landscapes along passive continental margins of the North Atlantic have been debated for more than a century. A key question in this debate concerns whether glacial and periglacial surface processes have substantially eroded plateau areas during late Cenozoic climatic cooling or whether the plateaus have mainly been protected from erosion by cold‐based and largely nonerosive ice sheets. Here we investigate the Pleistocene evolution of a prominent plateau landscape in Reinheimen National Park, southern Norway. We estimate erosion rates across the plateau via inverse modeling of 141 new cosmogenic 10Be and 26Al measurements in regolith profiles and bedrock. We combine these results with sedimentological analyses of the regolith. In the vicinity of Reinheimen's regolith‐covered summits, the combination of uniformly slow erosion (<10 m/Myr) and near‐parabolic slope geometry suggests long‐term equilibrium with the presently active periglacial mass‐wasting processes. Outside summit areas, erosion is faster (up to >50 m/Myr), possibly due to episodic glacial erosion. Despite some indications of chemical alteration, such as grusic saprolite and small amounts of secondary minerals, the fine regolith comprises low clay/silt ratios and is dominated by primary minerals with no sign of dissolution. Together with our modeled erosion rates, this indicates that the regolith cover formed, and continues to develop, during the cold climate of the Late Pleistocene.
The emerging role of lncRNAs in inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Yarani Reza , Mirza Aashiq H. , Kaur Simranjeet , Pociot Flemming 
Published: December 2018

AbstractDysregulation of long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) expression is linked to the development of various diseases. Recently, an emerging body of evidence has indicated that lncRNAs play important roles in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), including Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative Colitis (UC). In IBD, lncRNAs have been shown to be involved in diverse processes, including the regulation of intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis, association with lipid metabolism, and cell–cell interactions, thereby enhancing inflammation and the functional regulation of regulatory T cells. In this review, we aim to summarize the current knowledge regarding the role of lncRNAs in IBD and highlight potential avenues for future investigation. We also collate potentially immune-relevant, IBD-associated lncRNAs identified through a built-by association analysis with respect to their neighboring protein-coding genes within IBD-susceptible loci. We further underscore their importance by highlighting their enrichment for various aspects of immune system regulation, including antigen processing/presentation, immune cell proliferation and differentiation, and chronic inflammatory responses. Finally, we summarize the potential of lncRNAs as diagnostic biomarkers in IBD.
Ultrasound mediated accelerated Anti-influenza activity of Aloe vera
Authors: Gansukh Enkhtaivan , Gopal Judy , Paul Diby , Muthu Manikandan , Kim Doo-Hwan , Oh Jae-Wook , Chun Sechul 
Published: December 2018

AbstractAloe vera (AV) is popular and has been commercialized as a beauty product, laxative, herbal medicine, the antimicrobial activity of AV is proven. The antiviral activity of AV however, has not been well documented except for a handful reports. Till date extraction of AV compounds is popularized using organic solvents, since the active components are effectively extracted in methanol. In the current work, we have employed a 5 min ultrasound based extraction for the effective extraction of aloin and aloe-emodin compounds from AV in water. This rapid, one-pot extraction process resulted in enhanced extraction of flavonoids and phenolics and enrichment of the aloin and aloe-emodin moieties in the ulrasonicated water extracts. The extracts were tested for their anti-influenza activity and, the results showed that the ultrasound extraction enabled the water extracts to show excellent anti influenza activity comparable to that seen in the methanolic extracts. Compared to the methanolic extracts which showed high cytotoxicity, the water extracts showed zero cytotoxicity. Spectrophotometric scans of the extracts confirmed the enrichment of the aloin and aloe emodin peaks in the ultrasonicated extracts of AV, suggesting their handiwork behind the anti-influenza activity. The demonstrated technique if appropriately implicated, would lead to promising solutions in the pharmaceutical pursuit against influenza virus.
Wildfires and the role of their drivers are changing over time in a large rural area of west-central Spain
Authors: Viedma O. , Urbieta I. R. , Moreno J. M. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractDuring the last decades, wildfires have been changing in many areas across the world, due to changes in climate, landscapes and socioeconomic drivers. However, how the role of these drivers changed over time has been little explored. Here, we assessed, in a spatially and temporally explicit way, the changing role of biophysical and human-related factors on wildfires in a rural area in west-central Spain from 1979 to 2008. Longitudinal Negative Binomial (NB) and Zero-Inflated Negative Binomial (ZINB) mixed models, with time as interacting factor (continuous and categorical), were used to model the number of fires of increasing size (≥1–10 ha, >10–100 ha, >100 ha) per 10 × 10 km cell per year, based on fire statistics. We found that the landscape was rather dynamic, and generally became more hazardous over time. Small fires increased and spread over the landscape with time, with medium and large fires being stable or decreasing. NB models were best for modelling small fires, while ZINB for medium and large; models including time as a categorical factor performed the best. Best models were associated to topography, land-use/land cover (LULC) types and the changes they underwent, as well as agrarian characteristics. Climate variables, forest interfaces, and other socioeconomic variables played a minor role. Wildfires were initially more frequent in rugged topography, conifer forests, shrublands and cells undergoing changes in LULC types of hazardous nature, for all fire sizes. As time went by, wildfires lost the links with the initial fire-prone areas, and as they spread, became more associated to lower elevation areas, with higher solar radiation, herbaceous crops, and large size farms. Thus, the role of the fire drivers changed over time; some decreased their explaining power, while others increased. These changes with time in the total number of fires, in their spatial pattern and in the controlling drivers limit the ability to predict future fires.
DNase-1 Treatment Exerts Protective Effects in a Rat Model of Intestinal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury
Authors: Wang Shikai , Xie Tian , Sun Shilong , Wang Kai , Liu Baochen , Wu Xingjiang , Ding Weiwei 
Published: December 2018

AbstractA growing number of studies have recently revealed a potential role for neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in the development of inflammation, coagulation and cell death. Deleterious consequences of NETs have been identified in ischemia-reperfusion (I/R)-induced organ damage, thrombosis and sepsis. And exogenous DNase-I has been suggested as a therapeutic strategy to attenuate ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injuries in the kidney, brain and myocardium. Herein, we designed a study to investigate whether NETs contribute to the pathogenesis of intestinal I/R injury and evaluated the therapeutic value of DNase-1 in a rat model of intestinal I/R injury. In this rat model of intestinal I/R injury, we found that extracellular DNA was readily detectable in rat serum after 1 h of ischemia and 2 h of reperfusion. Treatment with DNase-1 significantly reduced the inflammatory response, restored intestinal barrier integrity and increased the expression of tight junction proteins. Our results indicate the existence of NETs in I/R-challenged intestinal tissues and firstly provide more evidence that DNase-1 may be an effective treatment for attenuating intestinal I/R injury.