bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Risk of post‐operative surgical site infections after vedolizumab vs anti‐tumour necrosis factor therapy: a propensity score matching analysis in inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Park K. T. , Sceats L. , Dehghan M. , Trickey A. W. , Wren A. , Wong J. J. , Bensen R. , Limketkai B. N. , Keyashian K. , Kin C. 
Published: June 2018

SummaryBackgroundPerioperative vedolizumab (VDZ) and anti‐tumour necrosis factor (TNFi) therapies are implicated in causing post‐operative complications in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).AimTo compare the risk of surgical site infections (SSIs) between VDZ‐ and TNFi‐treated IBD patients in propensity‐matched cohorts.MethodsThe Optum Research Database was used to identify IBD patients who received VDZ or TNFi within 30 days prior to abdominal surgery between January 2015 and December 2016. The date of IBD‐related abdominal surgery was defined as the index date. SSIs were determined by ICD‐9/10 and CPT codes related to superficial wound infections or deep organ space infections after surgery. Propensity score 1:1 matching established comparable cohorts based on VDZ or TNFi exposure before surgery based on evidence‐based risk modifiers.ResultsThe propensity‐matched sample included 186 patients who received pre‐operative biologic therapy (VDZ, n = 94; TNFi, n = 92). VDZ and TNFi cohorts were similar based on age, gender, IBD type, concomitant immunomodulator exposure, chronic opioid or corticosteroid therapy, Charlson Comorbidity Index and malnutrition. VDZ patients were more likely to undergo an open bowel resection with ostomy. After propensity score matching, there was no significant difference in post‐operative SSIs (TNFi 12.0% vs VDZ 14.9%, P = 0.56). Multivariable analysis indicated that malnutrition was the sole risk factor for developing SSI (OR 3.1, 95% CI 1.11‐8.71) regardless of the type of biologic exposure.ConclusionIn the largest, risk‐adjusted cohort analysis to date, perioperative exposure to VDZ therapy was not associated with a significantly higher risk of developing an SSI compared to TNFi therapy.
Effects of different forage combinations in total mixed rations on in vitro gas production kinetics, ruminal and milk fatty acid profiles of lactating cows
Authors: Bai Sarvvl , Cao Zhi‐Jun , Cao Bin‐Bin , Yang Hong‐Jian , Li Sheng‐Li , Liu Jian‐Xin 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThis study aimed to determine the effects of different forage combinations on in vitro gas production (GP) kinetics, ruminal and milk fatty acid profiles. Forty‐five lactating cows were randomly arranged into three groups and fed three total mixed rations (TMRs) with different forage combinations: TMR1, 23% alfalfa hay, 7% Chinese wild ryegrass hay and 15% whole corn silage; TMR2, 30% corn stover plus 15% whole corn silage; TMR3, 30% rice straw plus 15% whole corn silage. In vitro dry matter disappearance ranked: TMR1 > TMR2 > TMR3, and highest cumulative GP and asymptotic GP occurred in TMR1 while no difference occurred between TMR2 and TMR3. The average GP rate ranked: TMR1 > TMR2 > TMR3. TMR1 in comparison with TMR2 and TMR3 presented lower rumen contents of acetate and butyrate and greater rumen contents of propionate, valerate, C13:0, C14:0, C15:0, C18:1cis‐9, C18:2n‐6, C18:3n‐3, C20:0 and C22:0 as well as milk C18:2n‐6 and C18:3n‐3 proportions. Transfer efficiencies of C18:2n‐6 and C18:3n‐3 from diet to milk ranked: TMR1 > TMR2 > TMR3. The findings suggest TMRs containing alfalfa hay and Chinese wild ryegrass hay in comparison with corn stover or rice straw improve rumen fermentation and transfer efficiency of C18:2n‐6 and C18:3n‐3.
Evaluation of a pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic model for hypouricaemic effects of febuxostat using datasets obtained from real‐world patients
Authors: Hirai Toshinori , Itoh Toshimasa , Kimura Toshimi , Echizen Hirotoshi 
Published: June 2018

AimFebuxostat is an active xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitor which is widely used in the treatment of hyperuricaemia. We aimed to evaluate the predictive performance of a pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic (PK–PD) model of the hypouricaemic effects of febuxostat.MethodsPreviously, we formulated a PK–PD model for predicting the hypouricaemic effects of febuxostat as a function of baseline serum urate levels, body weight, renal function and drug dose, using datasets reported in preapproval studies. Using an updated model with a sensitivity analysis, we examined the predictive performance of the PK–PD model, using datasets obtained from the medical records of patients who received febuxostat from March 2011 to December 2015 at Tokyo Women's Medical University Hospital. Multivariate regression analysis was performed to explore clinical variables to improve the predictive performance of the model.ResultsA total of 1199 serum urate values were retrieved from 168 patients (age: 60.5 ± 17.7 years; 71.4% male) who were receiving febuxostat as a treatment for hyperuricaemia. There was a significant correlation (r = 0.68; P < 0.01) between the serum urate levels observed and those predicted by the modified PK–PD model. A multivariate regression analysis revealed that the predictive performance of the model could be improved further by considering comorbidities (such as diabetes mellitus), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and the coadministration of loop diuretics (r = 0.77, P < 0.01).ConclusionsThe PK–PD model may be useful for predicting individualized maintenance doses of febuxostat in real‐world patients.
Pterosaur dietary hypotheses: a review of ideas and approaches
Authors: Bestwick Jordan , Unwin David M. , Butler Richard J. , Henderson Donald M. , Purnell Mark A. 
Published: June 2018

ABSTRACTPterosaurs are an extinct group of Mesozoic flying reptiles, whose fossil record extends from approximately 210 to 66 million years ago. They were integral components of continental and marginal marine ecosystems, yet their diets remain poorly constrained. Numerous dietary hypotheses have been proposed for different pterosaur groups, including insectivory, piscivory, carnivory, durophagy, herbivory/frugivory, filter‐feeding and generalism. These hypotheses, and subsequent interpretations of pterosaur diet, are supported by qualitative (content fossils, associations, ichnology, comparative anatomy) and/or quantitative (functional morphology, stable isotope analysis) evidence. Pterosaur dietary interpretations are scattered throughout the literature with little attention paid to the supporting evidence. Reaching a robustly supported consensus on pterosaur diets is important for understanding their dietary evolution, and their roles in Mesozoic ecosystems. A comprehensive examination of the pterosaur literature identified 314 dietary interpretations (dietary statement plus supporting evidence) from 126 published studies. Multiple alternative diets have been hypothesised for most principal taxonomic pterosaur groups. Some groups exhibit a high degree of consensus, supported by multiple lines of evidence, while others exhibit less consensus. Qualitative evidence supports 87.3% of dietary interpretations, with comparative anatomy most common (62.1% of total). More speciose groups of pterosaur tend to have a greater range of hypothesised diets. Consideration of dietary interpretations within alternative phylogenetic contexts reveals high levels of consensus between equivalent monofenestratan groups, and lower levels of consensus between equivalent non‐monofenestratan groups. Evaluating the possible non‐biological controls on apparent patterns of dietary diversity reveals that numbers of dietary interpretations through time exhibit no correlation with patterns of publication (number of peer‐reviewed publications through time). 73.8% of dietary interpretations were published in the 21st century. Overall, consensus interpretations of pterosaur diets are better accounted for by non‐biological signals, such as the impact of the respective quality of the fossil record of different pterosaur groups on research levels. That many interpretations are based on qualitative, often untestable lines of evidence adds significant noise to the data. More experiment‐led pterosaur dietary research, with greater consideration of pterosaurs as organisms with independent evolutionary histories, will lead to more robust conclusions drawn from repeatable results. This will allow greater understanding of pterosaur dietary diversity, disparity and evolution and facilitate reconstructions of Mesozoic ecosystems.
3D‐quantitative structure‐activity relationship study for the design of novel enterovirus A71 3C protease inhibitors
Authors: Nie Quandeng , Xu Xiaoyi , Zhang Qi , Ma Yuying , Yin Zheng , Shang Luqing 
Published: June 2018

A three‐dimensional quantitative structure‐activity relationships model of enterovirus A71 3C protease inhibitors was constructed in this study. The protein‐ligand interaction fingerprint was analyzed to generate a pharmacophore model. A predictive and reliable three‐dimensional quantitative structure‐activity relationships model was built based on the Flexible Alignment of AutoGPA. Moreover, three novel compounds (I–III) were designed and evaluated for their biochemical activity against 3C protease and anti‐enterovirus A71 activity in vitro. III exhibited excellent inhibitory activity (IC50 = 0.031 ± 0.005 μM, EC50 = 0.036 ± 0.007 μM). Thus, this study provides a useful quantitative structure‐activity relationships model to develop potent inhibitors for enterovirus A71 3C protease.
Cytotoxic and trypanocidal activities of cinchona alkaloid derivatives
Authors: Kacprzak Karol , Ruszkowski Piotr , Valentini Luisa , Huczyński Adam , Steverding Dietmar 
Published: June 2018

A series of 27 cinchona alkaloid derivatives (1f–w, 2a–e and 3a–d) were investigated for their cytotoxic and trypanocidal activities using seven different cancer cell lines (KB, HeLa, MCF‐7, A‐549, Hep‐G2, U‐87 and HL‐60), two normal cell lines (HDF and CHO) and bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma brucei brucei, respectively. Four compounds (1u, 1w, 2e and 3d) were identified with promising cytotoxic activity with 50% growth inhibition (GI50) values below 10 μM. Two (2e and 3d) of the four compounds also exhibited potent anti‐trypanosomal activity with GI50 values of 0.3–0.4 μM. All four active compounds represented derivatives modified at their C‐9 hydroxy group. With respect to anti‐proliferative activity and selectivity, 2e (epi‐N‐quinidyl‐N′‐bis(3,5‐trifluoromethyl)phenylthiourea) proved to be the most promising derivative for both cancer cells and bloodstream forms of T. b. brucei. The cytotoxic activity of compounds 1u, 1w, 2e and 3d was attributed to their ability to induce apoptosis in cancer cells. The results demonstrate the potential of cinchona alkaloid derivatives as novel anti‐cancer and anti‐trypanosome drug candidates.
Fracture risk in young and middle‐aged adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Thong Eleanor P. , Herath Madhuni , Weber David R. , Ranasinha Sanjeeva , Ebeling Peter R. , Milat Frances , Teede Helena 
Published: June 2018

SummaryBackgroundType 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is associated with skeletal fragility. While previous meta‐analyses have demonstrated an increased risk of fracture in individuals with T1DM, little is known about fracture risk in T1DM, in the absence of age‐related confounders.AimsTo determine the risk of fracture in young and middle‐aged adults with T1DM aged 18‐50 years old.DesignSystematic review and meta‐analysis.Data sourcesOvid MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE, EBM reviews and relevant conference abstracts.Study inclusion criteriaStudies of adults aged between 18‐50 years with type 1 diabetes mellitus, with reported fracture outcomes.Primary outcomesIncident or prevalent fracture.ResultsSix studies were included in the meta‐analysis. A total of 1724 fractures occurred in 35 925 patients with T1DM and 48 253 fractures occurred in 2 455 016 controls. RR for all fractures was 1.88 (95% CI 1.52‐2.32, P < .001). Fifty‐six hip fractures occurred among 34 707 patients with T1DM and 594 hip fractures occurred in 2 295 177 controls. The RR of hip fractures was 4.40 (95% CI 2.58‐7.50, P < .001). Females and males with T1DM had a RR of 5.79 (95% CI 3.55‐9.44, P < .001) and 3.67 (95% CI 2.10‐6.41, P < .001), respectively.ConclusionsIn the absence of age‐related comorbidities, fracture risk remains significantly elevated in young and middle‐aged adults with T1DM. Younger age does not mitigate against hip fracture risk in T1DM, and health professionals need to be aware of this risk. Further studies are needed to evaluate the mechanisms of fracture in T1DM.
Immediate effects of maternal separation on the development of interneurons derived from medial ganglionic eminence in the neonatal mouse hippocampus
Authors: Katahira Tatsuya , Miyazaki Naoko , Motoyama Jun 
Published: June 2018

Aversive experiences, including maternal separation (MS), have been known as a risk for abnormal hippocampus development. Given that impairment ofGABAinhibitory system is known as one of the common features of the abnormal hippocampal development induced byMS, we examined whether theMSon 4‐day‐old (P4) mice for 24 hr abolishes the interneuron development. We observed that theMSreduced the volume of dorsal hippocampus on P14 as long‐term effects. In addition, theMSdecreased the number of parvalbumin (PV)‐positive interneuron on P14 and P28 in the dorsal hippocampus. We further examined the immediate effects ofMSby measuring the percentage of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) 67‐positive interneurons among the immature interneurons derived from medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) progenitors marked innkx2.1cre;β‐geoEGFPmice. During normal development from P4 to P5, the percentage ofGAD67‐positive interneurons among theMGE‐derived interneurons in the dorsal hippocampus was significantly increased from 42.29% to 70.73% in the stratum pyramidale of theCA1 and increased from 46.4% to 56.99% in the stratum pyramidale of theCA2/3 region. However, the increase was not observed on P5 among the mice treated with theMS. These results suggest that the maturation of interneurons was suppressed by theMS. The suppressed maturation of interneurons may be one of the causes of the reduced volume of the hippocampus andPV+ interneurons observed in the hippocampus on P14 and P28 as a consequence of theMSduring neonatal stage.
Fatigue crack growth in bending: Successful correlation of mean stress (stress ratio) effects using the change in net‐section strain energy
Authors: Chandran K.S. Ravi 
Published: June 2018

AbstractA physically based correlation of mean stress (or stress ratio) effects, during fatigue crack growth in bending, is demonstrated using the concept of the change in net‐section cyclic strain energy. This study extends the net‐section approach, which was successfully demonstrated previously for middle‐cracked tension specimens, here to bending. A straightforward analytical derivation of the change in net‐section cyclic strain energy is shown using the mechanics of beam bending. Using experimental data, it is shown that the change in net‐section cyclic strain energy successfully correlates the effect of mean stress on fatigue crack growth rates for a steel, an aluminium alloy, a titanium alloy, and a WC‐Co cermet. It is also shown that the net‐section‐based stress intensity factor, morphed from the change in net‐section strain energy, agrees excellently with the fracture mechanics‐based stress intensity factor. This is to show that the proposed net‐section‐centric fracture mechanics approach for fatigue is physical and that the origin of fracture mechanics stress intensity factor appears to be actually rooted in the change in the net‐section strain energy. Hence, the net‐section‐centric approach appears to be superior to the crack‐centric conventional fracture mechanics approach, and a physical treatment of the fatigue crack growth behaviour appears to be possible.
DAS ENDE DES ‘ACOUSTIC TURN’ IN DER AUFKLÄRUNG? HERDERS ‘TON’
Authors: Previšić Boris 
Published: June 2018

ABSTRACTThe Enlightenment is flanked by an ‘acoustic turn’ which begins with the highly relativised ‘tempered attunement’ in the latter part of the seventeenth century. This new temperament permits a musical modularity that departs from the existing mean‐tone temperament. At the same time, it organises the subtle interplay of harmonic and melodic structure through physiological references. As will be shown here by the examples taken from Jean‐Philippe Rameau (1722), Johann Mattheson (1725), and Denis Diderot (1751), the aesthetic reception and production of man as a stringed instrument was conceptualised, in new and acoustically precise fashion, within this area of tension. Johann Gottfried Herder also inscribes himself within this transference from musical theory to physiology. At the same time, in the Viertes Kritisches Wäldchen (1769), he reduces the interleaving of melody and harmony to the single tone, which produces a direct, sympathetic relationship between a specific acoustic vibrancy and emotional stirring. In so doing, he abandons the harmonic relations and the broad variance of tempered scales of the eighteenth century. Insofar as Herder ultimately, in Calligone (1800), exhibits interest only in the succession of individual tones, he propounds a new genealogical order of knowledge. Parallel to this, the music of the early nineteenth century undergoes a standardisation of semitone steps which permanently abandons the subtle relationship between the harmonic and melodic structure favoured in the Enlightenment.
ʻNOCH SIND ALLES NUR ANDEUTUNGEN…ʼ: DAS FRAGMENTARISCHE IN NOVALISʼ DIE CHRISTENHEIT ODER EUROPA
Authors: Sprenger Karoline 
Published: June 2018

ABSTRACTNovalisʼ speech Europa is one of the most striking texts of early Romanticism. Against the background of an – ironically treated – ʻRomantic conservatismʼ, Novalis conceives of a religious utopia, the basis of which seems to be a return to an idealised medieval age. He finished the speech in 1799, but it was only published in its entirety in 1826, long after his death. The more precise published title Die Christenheit oder Europa, by which the work still goes today, is by an unknown hand, as is the addition, in the form of a sub‐title: Ein Fragment. What may seem like a philological transgression from todayʼs point of view makes sense when this sub‐title is placed in the Romantic context of Friedrich Schlegelʼs ʻProgressive Universalpoesieʼ and Novalis's own ʻFragmentästhetikʼ. Although it is a finished text, and one which the author himself had also delivered as a finished speech, this article shows that Die Christenheit oder Europa is indeed a fragment in the specific sense of Romantic aesthetics and, moreover, a prime example of such a fragment. Once this is recognised, new perspectives emerge for interpretation. Thus, Novalis's utopian design contains an openness pointing beyond itself, which elevates the text far beyond the religious fixation and levity that are often attributed to it.
LIBERAL ALARM: WEST GERMAN PRESS COVERAGE OF US CIVIL RIGHTS, 1950s TO 1966
Authors: Sackett Robert 
Published: June 2018

ABSTRACTBeginning in the 1950s, the West German press reported on US race relations. While ‘liberal’ on Civil Rights, it often expressed ambivalence or alarm. The background of these responses included the ‘re‐education’ of West Germans, in which American occupation officials tried to discredit Nazi racism, but also offered a view of US history in which the post‐Civil War Reconstruction of the South had allowed black men sexual access to white women. Some press writers represented Reconstruction as the origin of white resistance to equality, and often showed more sympathy for the resisters than was consistent with their stated support for black rights. Using the language of racial mixture, they evoked the fear felt by many southern whites and also alluded to contemporary West German anxiety about mixed‐race children of German women and black‐American GIs. About 1964, in an increasingly liberal environment, the press dropped this theme, but offered alarming accounts of black militancy. Around that time, ‘coming to terms with the past’ suggested comparisons of American with Nazi racism. The mainstream German press of the early 1960s was dividing into ‘liberal’ and ‘conservative’ branches, but both supported Civil Rights. These were also the years when a young generation of journalists rose to positions on editorial staffs, but older journalists were also supportive of the black cause. The conclusion draws attention to the lack of empathy with blacks in a discourse favouring black rights, and recommends a more concrete explanatory model than those found in a historiography favouring abstraction.
EMOTIONAL AMBIVALENCE AND THE MUSICAL CANON: ELFRIEDE JELINEK'S RESTAGING OF SCHUBERT'S SONGS IN WINTERREISE (2011)
Authors: Smith Tom 
Published: June 2018

ABSTRACTThis article analyses Elfriede Jelinek's Winterreise (2011), a play that demands a re‐assessment of our contemporary relationship with canonical artworks and artistic traditions. Reviewers praised Winterreise as a remarkably personal and emotional work, but the role of emotions in the play is more than just a reflection on Jelinek's biography or her own ageing. Jelinek stages a meditation on the strong, yet ambivalent feelings bound up with the cultural canon, and with the First Viennese School in particular. For Jelinek, Schubert's music explores marginalised subjectivities but also forms a centrepiece of the Austrian song tradition, which her work has repeatedly associated with the containment and marginalisation of women and others by an oppressive bourgeois society. Yet by drawing on and echoing the ambivalent emotional worlds of Schubert's settings, Jelinek suggests how close attention to the emotions associated with cultural traditions can shed light on structures that exclude certain subjects, while creating space for the negative emotions of society's most isolated and marginalised. I draw on contemporary theories of emotions, musicological scholarship, and analysis of Schubert's song cycle to shed light on the importance of emotional ambivalence for Jelinek's evolving articulation of the value and political difficulties of the musical canon.
FALK RICHTER AND ANOUK VAN DIJK'S COMPLEXITY OF BELONGING: EXPLORING INTERNATIONALISATION IN CONTEMPORARY THEATRE
Authors: Birgfeld Johannes , Garde Ulrike 
Published: June 2018

ABSTRACTComplexity of Belonging is a work with a fundamentally international character. Created by the German director‐playwright Falk Richter, the Dutch choreographer Anouk van Dijk, and members of her Australian dance company Chunky Move, this intercontinental co‐production has been touring internationally since its premiere in 2014 (for example to Denmark, France, Germany, the Netherlands, and Taiwan). At a time of increasing international theatrical exchanges in general and between Germany and Australia in particular, this article takes Complexity of Belonging to explore the degree to which underlying poetological and dramaturgical concepts, as much as specific details of the show's mise‐en‐scène, might be seen as enabling the international appeal of a show like this. The article considers the production against the background of past and present German‐Australian cultural relationships on the stage, combining textual and performance analysis with an examination of journalistic reception in the countries where Complexity of Belonging has toured to date.