bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reconfigurable skyrmion logic gates and diodes in the same synthetic antiferromagnetic nanotrack based on potential well inducting effect
Authors: Xu Min , Chen Wenlong , Hu Changjing , Chen Yuliang , Zhao Xiaoyu , Ning Jianyu , Wang Yifan , Zhang Jinyu 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Magnetic skyrmions are nanoscale spin configurations with topological protection properties, which have broad application potential in the next generation of spintronic devices. Here, we report on the current-driven dynamics of skyrmions in synthetic antiferromagnetic (SAF) nanotracks with voltage-controlled magnetic anisotropy. This study reveals that, compared to a single skyrmion, when two skyrmions are created simultaneously, the inductive effect of the potential well generated by the voltage gate on the skyrmions is partially counteracted by the interaction between the skyrmions, resulting in a reduction in the critical current required for the skyrmions to pass the voltage gate. Moreover, the critical current required for the forward moving skyrmions to depin from the voltage gate is significantly lower than that required for the reverse moving skyrmions. Based on the dynamic behavior of skyrmions, we have proposed and achieved the skyrmion logic AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR gates and the diodes on the same SAF nanotrack by micromagnetic simulation, in which the logic NOT, NAND, and NOR gates are realized in a reconfigurable way. Furthermore, we have also investigated the feasibility of reconfigurable logic gates and diodes at finite temperatures. Our results are beneficial for the design and development of non-volatile spintronic devices with integrated multifunctionality and ultra-low energy consumption.
Numerical investigation of the bridging and current flow of a positive DC streamer using a 1.5D model
Authors: Strobel L R , Guerra-Garcia C 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Single streamers, at nanosecond-timescales, can be simulated using detailed computational models with a high-dimensional representation. These models are computationally impractical for parametric explorations and simulation of longer times, that can follow many-streamer pulsations and the influence of one streamer burst on the next. This work develops a 1.5D model of a positive DC streamer for simulations beyond the electrode-gap bridging phase, and uses it to parametrically explore the impact of different terms and operational parameters. The geometry of interest is that of a tip-to-plane electrode configuration under DC voltage, and the simulation is followed for the duration of one current pulse (order 500 ns). The numerical model uses an axisymmetric boundary element method to solve for the electric field, as well as a ‘stack’ of 3 different transient solvers to improve efficiency and allow solving over longer timescales. The model is able to resolve the development of the cathode sheath during the streamer bridging phase using a kinetic flux boundary condition. It also gives qualitative agreement to current waveforms using an equivalent experimental setup. The different phases of the current pulse (streamer propagation, bridging, and current-flow phase) are discussed in detail.
Fault diagnosis of rolling bearing with variable working conditions in noisy environment based on dynamic soft threshold and attention mechanism
Authors: Li Ankang , Yao Dechen , Yang Jianwei , Zhou Tao 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
In response to the complex and variable working conditions faced by rolling bearings during actual operation, as well as the issue of vibration signal acquisition being easily disrupted by noise interference, the study describes the multi-source domain anti-noise rolling bearing failure detection approach (MEDThresNet). The purpose of this model’s design is to solve the challenges of a lack of corresponding sample data and noisy signals in bearing fault classification. Using multi-condition source domains, as opposed to a single working condition source domain data, might help gain information from diverse domains and minimize overreliance on data from a specific working condition source domain. This can significantly increase the model’s generalization and robustness, and fault identification accuracy. Convolutional modules with soft thresholding and attention mechanisms are applied in this network structure. Soft thresholding helps to suppress noise in the data during the training phase while keeping critical characteristics. The attention mechanism, on the other hand, allows the model to automatically focus on the critical areas of the defect information in the bearing vibration signals throughout the training phase, hence improving the network’s performance and generalization ability. Furthermore, the network aligns the joint distribution of source and target domain data across many particular levels using the joint maximum mean discrepancy approach to accomplish unsupervised domain adaptation. This allows the network to successfully transfer information learnt from the source domain data of the faulty bearing to the target domain of the faulty bearing, improving the model’s generalizability on the target domain. This research tests the network on two datasets with varied working conditions, CWRU and Ottawa, and the findings demonstrate that the network is high robustness and accurate for multi-source domain transfer diagnosis in noisy environments.
A quantification method for micro-defect size in copper foil based on motion-induced eddy current signal characteristics
Authors: Wei Bingkun , Wen Shuzhi , Peng Lisha , Zhang Jinghua , Han Zheng , Huang Songling 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Lithium-ion batteries are recognized as a critical technology for modern energy storage, with copper foil frequently used as the current collector for the anode. However, the presence of micro-defects in copper foil can significantly degrade the electrochemical performance of lithium-ion batteries. Therefore, a method capable of accurately detecting micro-defects during high-speed production and subsequently quantifying their sizes is required. Motion-induced eddy current (MIEC) technology, characterized by relative motion, has been employed to detect defects in conductive materials during high-speed movement. However, limited research has been conducted on the quantification of defect sizes based on MIEC signals. In this study, a novel method for quantifying the size of micro-defects in copper foil based on MIEC signal features is proposed. Wavelet soft-thresholding and morphological filtering are combined to effectively remove high-frequency noise and signal fluctuations caused by variations in lift-off distance. Eight distinct features of the micro-defect-induced eddy current signals are defined, and a feature dataset for various sizes of copper foil micro-defects at different motor speeds is established. The IVY algorithm, known for its excellent optimization speed, is used to optimize the hyperparameters of a conventional convolutional neural network (CNN)-bidirectional long short-term memory (BiLSTM)-Attention model, resulting in the development of the IVY-CNN-BiLSTM-Attention model. The experimental results demonstrate that superior performance is achieved, with accurate micro-defect size quantification in copper foil.
Refractive index measurement based on laser FMCW self-mixing interferometry
Authors: Chen Jinyuan , Liu Bin 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
In this paper, we propose a new method for measuring material refractive index using frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) self-mixing interferometry (SMI) in conjunction with all-phase fast Fourier transform (apFFT). Leveraging the simplicity and compactness of SMI technology, our method involves placing a material specimen with known thickness perpendicular to the laser within an external cavity. The refractive index directly influences the optical length of the external cavity, allowing us to extract refractive index information from the frequency of the FMCW SMI signal. To enhance the accuracy of frequency information, we introduce apFFT to mitigate spectrum leakage. Simulation results show that the estimated frequency relative error is less than 0.07% at a signal-to-noise ratio of 10 dB. In experimental validation using acrylic plate and quartz glass, the final refractive index relative error is found to be no more than 0.047% and 0.014% respectively. This method offers an effective means to measure material refractive index with simple operation and high accuracy.
Hemodynamic effects of bifurcation and stenosis geometry on carotid arteries with different degrees of stenosis
Authors: Guo Yuxin , Yang Jianbao , Xue Junzhen , Yang Jingxi , Liu Siyu , Zhang XueLian , Yao Yixin , Quan Anlong , Zhang Yang 
Published: December 2024

Abstract

Objective. Carotid artery stenosis (CAS) is a key factor in pathological conditions, such as thrombosis, which is closely linked to hemodynamic parameters. Existing research often focuses on analyzing the influence of geometric characteristics at the stenosis site, making it difficult to predict the effects of overall vascular geometry on hemodynamic parameters. The objective of this study is to comprehensively examine the influence of geometric morphology at different degrees of CAS and at bifurcation sites on hemodynamic parameters. Approach. A three-dimensional model is established using computed tomography angiography images, and eight geometric parameters of each patient are measured by MIMICS. Then, computational fluid dynamics is utilized to investigate 60 patients with varying degrees of stenosis (10%–95%). Time and grid tests are conducted to optimize settings, and results are validated through comparison with reference calculations. Subsequently, correlation analysis using SPSS is performed to examine the relationship between the eight geometric parameters and four hemodynamic parameters. In MATLAB, prediction models for the four hemodynamic parameters are developed using back propagation neural networks (BPNN) and multiple linear regression. Main results. The BPNN model significantly outperforms the multiple linear regression model, reducing mean absolute error, mean squared error, and root mean squared error by 91.7%, 93.9%, and 75.5%, respectively, and increasing R
2 from 19.0% to 88.0%. This greatly improves fitting accuracy and reduces errors. This study elucidates the correlation and patterns of geometric parameters of vascular stenosis and bifurcation in evaluating hemodynamic parameters of CAS. Significance. This study opens up new avenues for improving the diagnosis, treatment, and clinical management strategies of CAS.
Velocity-space analysis of fast-ion losses measured in MAST-U using a high-speed camera in the FILD detector
Authors: Velarde Lina , Rivero-Rodríguez J F , Galdón-Quiroga J , Williams T , Rueda-Rueda J , Cano-Megías P , Chacartegui R , García-Muñoz M , Blackmore S , McClements K G , Sanchís L , Viezzer E ,   the MAST Upgrade team,   the EUROfusion Tokamak Exploitation team
Published: December 2024

Abstract
A fast-ion loss detector (FILD) was installed for the first time at the mega amp spherical tokamak—upgrade (MAST-U) spherical tokamak during its upgrade in 2021. A new CMOS camera was installed in the MAST-U FILD acquisition system to provide high spatial resolution (1.1 MPx) with an acquisition frequency of up to 3.5 kHz. This camera has enabled the systematic analysis of the velocity-space of the fast-ion losses measured in MAST-U presented in this manuscript. The main parameters that determine the FILD measurement have been analysed to maximise the signal in the detector: the orbit-following code ASCOT predicts an inverse relation between the FILD signal and the probe’s relative distance to the separatrix. This prediction has been validated experimentally, enabling the measurement of fast-ion losses in the flat-top phase of the discharge; furthermore, ASCOT simulations show a big impact of the edge safety factor (q
95) on the toroidal deposition of the prompt losses, indicating that the signal in the MAST-U FILD can be maximised by running scenarios with

|

q

95

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6

. This prediction was validated experimentally by a scan in the toroidal magnetic field. The experimental resolution of the MAST-U FILD has been evaluated for a typical MAST-U scenario with 750 kA plasma current. The results show that the diagnostic resolution is in the order of 0.5 to 1 degree in pitch angle, and of 1 to 3 cm in gyroradius in current scenarios. A systematic analysis of the velocity-space of the losses shows that the measured gyroradii of the prompt losses match those of the neutral beam injector injection energies within the resolution of the diagnostic. The experimentally measured pitch angles have been compared with ASCOT simulations, and it has been found that the agreement is better for scenarios heated with the on-axis beam, since this beam enables measurements of the magnetic field pitch angle. This analysis has been applied to a discharge where type-III ELM-induced fast-ion losses were measured, showing that the ELMs result in an increase in the FILD signal, and that the losses are coming from passing orbits.
Characterizing the negative triangularity reactor core operating space with integrated modeling
Authors: Wilson H S , Nelson A O , McClenaghan J , Rodriguez-Fernandez P , Parisi J , Paz-Soldan C 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Negative triangularity (NT) has received renewed interest as a fusion reactor regime due to its beneficial power-handling properties, including low scrape-off layer power and a larger divertor wetted area that facilitates simple divertor integration. NT experiments have also demonstrated core performance on par with positive triangularity (PT) high confinement mode (H-mode) without edge-localized modes (ELMs), encouraging further study of an NT reactor core. In this work, we use integrated modeling to scope the operating space around two NT reactor strategies. The first is the high-field, compact fusion pilot plant concept Modular, Adjustable, NT ARC (MANTA) (The MANTA Collaboration et al 2024 Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion
66 105006) and the second is a low field, high aspect ratio concept based on work by Medvedev et al (Medvedev et al 2015 Nucl. Fusion
55 063013). By integrating equilibrium, core transport, and edge ballooning instability models, we establish a range of operating points with less than 50 MW scrape-off layer power and fusion power comparable to PT H-mode reactor concepts. Heating and seeded impurities are leveraged to accomplish the same fusion performance and scrape-off layer exhaust power for various pressure edge boundary conditions. Scans over these pressure edge conditions accommodate any current uncertainty of the properties of the NT edge and show that the performance of an NT reactor will be extremely dependent on the edge pressure. The high-field case is found to enable lower scrape-off layer power because it is capable of reaching high fusion powers at a relatively compact size, which allows increased separatrix density without exceeding the Greenwald density limit. Adjustments in NT shaping exhibit small changes in fusion power, with an increase in fusion power density seen at weaker NT. Infinite-n ballooning instability models indicate that an NT reactor core can reach fusion powers comparable to leading PT H-mode reactor concepts while remaining ballooning-stable. Seeded krypton is leveraged to further lower scrape-off layer power since NT does not have a requirement to remain in H-mode while still maintaining high confinement. We contextualize the NT reactor operating space by comparing to popular PT H-mode reactor concepts, and find that NT exhibits competitive ELM-free performance with these concepts for a variety of edge conditions while maintaining relatively low scrape-off layer power.
High-temperature condensation and many-body localization of blended ferrons in antiferromagnetic clusters
Authors: Jipdi M N , Vubangsi M , Nana B , Fai L C , Tchoffo M 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This paper presents a multi-ferron system and analyzes the conditions under which it forms a localized many-body state. We determined the self-trapping potential of this system and showed that the ferrons pair up to form bound biferron states, which interact through their relative spin cloud and settle into two different configurations mimicking the Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC) and Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) states. The external B-field strengthens the magnetic coupling, favouring the ferrons' pairing. It also creates a vortex, providing good confinement of the particles and favouring condensation. The system’s state functions are well described by the nonlinear Schrödinger equation, whose solution is a bell-shaped soliton representing the density of particle distribution in the condensate. The system’s critical temperature is obtained as a function of the biferron energy shift and thus strongly depends on the applied field.
Performance assessment of a JF-CP-TFET for hydrogen gas sensing applications
Authors: Kumar Bind Mukesh 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
In this paper, a junction-free charge plasma tunnel field-effect transistor (JF-CP-TFET) is proposed and analyzed for the first time to sense hydrogen (H2) gas. Using junction-free and charge-plasma approaches, the proposed JF-CP-TFET-based sensor minimizes random dopant fluctuations, a large thermal budget requirement, and complex processes in the semiconductor sensor production process. The sensing performance of the JF-CP-TFET-based gas sensor is demonstrated by analyzing changes in the work function of the gate of palladium (Pd) catalytic metals, which are proportional to the pressure of H2 gas exposed at the metal gate surface. The presence of H2 gas has been demonstrated by variations of the DC/AC parameters of the proposed sensor, such as carrier concentration, energy band, electric field, transfer characteristics, threshold voltage (VTh), and subthreshold swing (SS). The sensitivity of the JF-CP-TFET-based sensor has been eValuated in terms of drain current (IDS), ION/IOFF ratio, VTh, and SS change in the presence and absence of H2 gas molecules. The sensing capabilities of the proposed JF-CP-TFET-based gas sensor demonstrate that it could potentially be employed for H2 gas detection with excellent sensitivity and reliability.
The electronic, optical and transport properties of BaAgMF (M = Se, Te) quaternary chalcogenides: a systematic first-principles study
Authors: Salman Khan Muhammad , Gul Banat , Mohamed Abdelhay Salah , Abbas Faheem 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Silver-based quaternary semiconductors show distinctive characteristics such as adjustable optical response and high stability in their thermoelectric nature. Here we performed the first principles investigation that explains the complex relationship between the structural, optoelectric, and thermoelectric features of BaAgMF (M = Se, Te) quaternary chalcogenides. The valence band maximum and conduction band minimum were located at the high symmetry Γ-point of BZ, resulting in a direct band gap nature. The projected energy band gaps calculated using the PBE-GGA and TB-mBJ potentials were 1.24 eV and 2.56 eV for BaAgSeF and 1.49 eV and 2.52 eV for BaAgTeF materials. The components of the complex dielectric function and the vital optical parameters are investigated to determine their potential usage in optoelectronic applications. Peaks in ε
1(ω) decrease and approach the negative energy region for both materials, indicating metallicity. The studied materials are appropriate to be used for thermoelectric applications, as demonstrated by significant and notable thermoelectric properties. The present studies can support understanding the possible applications of these materials in advanced optoelectronic devices and pave the way for a wide range of technologies.
Innovative urea formation using microwave plasma-water interaction: a study on reactive species and plant growth
Authors: Rathore Vikas , Nigam Kushagra , Patil Chirayu N , Nisoa Mudtorlep , Nema Sudhir Kumar 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This study explores the production of urea using microwave (MW) plasma-water interaction with air, N2, CO2, and a N2 + CO2 gas mixture to generate plasma-activated water (PAW). After 180 s of plasma exposure, air plasma reduced the pH to 3.3 and increased the oxidizing potential by 127.1%, making the water acidic and oxidizing, while the N2 + CO2 plasma raised the pH to 10.1 and reduced the oxidizing potential by 33.8%, creating basic and reducing conditions. PAW from air plasma produced the highest NO2
− (51 mg l−1) and NO3
− (295 mg l−1) concentrations, while the N2 + CO2 mixture generated the most NH4
+ (2250 mg l−1), and CO2 plasma produced the most CO3
2− ions. Notably, urea formation (plasma urea) was observed only with CO2 and N2 + CO2 plasmas, attributed to the formation of stable compounds like NH4
+ and NH2COO−. In this process, NH4
+ ions formed via the reaction between atomic nitrogen and water, and their subsequent reaction with NH2COO− ions in the aqueous phase led to urea synthesis. The N2 + CO2 plasma produced 2991% more urea than CO2 plasma. Plasma urea enhanced seed germination and plant growth, increasing germination rates for carrots by 10.67% and coriander by 15.6%. Shoot lengths grew by 38.6% for carrots and 30.8% for coriander, while root lengths improved by 24.24% and 37.5%, respectively, compared to controls. This study highlights MW plasma-water interaction as a sustainable, energy-efficient alternative to conventional urea production, offering significant environmental benefits and improved agricultural performance.
A dual-channel SPR sensor based on both sides polished PCF with composite films for wide-range detection of RI and temperature
Authors: Du Hao , Li Kaifeng , Li Shuguang 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
A dual-channel surface plasmon resonance (SPR) fiber sensor for detecting the refractive index and temperature has been presented in this paper. The fiber is polished on both sides to form two planes, and on one side, a refractive index measurement channel is formed by coating MoS2 film on the surface of a silver film. On the other side, a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) layer is coated on the surface of the silver film as the temperature sensing channel. The results showed that the sensor has a maximum spectral sensitivity of 23000 nm RIU−1 at a liquid RI of 1.333–1.415 and a maximum spectral sensitivity of 12.3 nm °C−1 at a temperature of −20 °C to 90 °C. The results show that this sensor, with high sensitivity and wide-range detection, has important applications in the fields of organic chemistry, modern medicine and environmental detection. It also has a momentous reference significance for the design of SPR sensors that can realize multiparameter sensing.
Enhancing the electronic and optical properties of germanium nanoclusters through alkali metal doping: a case study on Na2
Authors: Trivedi Ravi , Makarios Paul S Prince , Ray Shakti S , Mishra Vikash 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
In the present study, we have examined the key insight into structural, electronic, and optical properties of Na2 doped germanium nano-cluster using density functional theory. Analysis of binding energy (BE) indicates enhanced thermodynamical stability increases with cluster size, where Ge5Na2 and Ge10Na2 exhibiting highest BE. Second order energy suggest that cluster with n = 2, 5, 6, and 9 are most stable while thpse with n = 3, 4, and 7 shows lower stability. Embedding energy (EE) shows decreases curve with cluster size indicating large clusters are more favourable for Na encapsulation. Large HOMO–LUMO gap ranges from 1.4 to 3.2 eV illustrate semiconductor nature of clusters. Further investigation of hyperpolarizability suggesting non-linear optical (NLO) activity for GenNa2 (n = 1–4), while lower NLO features shown in high symmetry clusters with n = 5 and 6. These results imply that GenNa2 clusters have potential uses in optoelectronic and semiconductor devices.