bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Validation of different Cariogram settings and factor combinations in preschool children from areas with high caries risk
Authors: Birpou Eleftheria , Agouropoulos Andreas , Twetman Svante , Kavvadia Katerina 
Published: February 2019

BackgroundCaries risk assessment in preschool children has been limited validated.AimTo validate caries predictive ability of Cariogram using different combinations of factors and settings in preschool children from areas with high caries risk.DesignTwo to five years old children (N = 175) were examined for caries (cavitated and non‐cavitated lesions), at baseline and after 1 and 2 years. Mutans streptococci counts (MS) and saliva buffer capacity (SBC) were measured with chair side tests. Diet and oral health attitude were assessed through a parental questionnaire. Baseline caries risk was calculated using standard and high‐risk group variables in Cariogram either with nine factors or excluding MS and SBC. Poisson regression models, ROC analysis and information criteria (AIC and BIC), P < 0.05, were used to investigate the predictive ability of Cariograms and to quantify the associations.ResultsAccuracy of Cariogram was found limited. Cariograms with MS showed higher sensitivity but lower specificity than those without bacterial counts. Standard set Cariograms with MS counts performed slightly better than the other models, but the difference was not statistically significant. Caries prediction with standard and high set Cariograms was also found limited.ConclusionsCariogram with various factors and settings displayed suboptimal ability to predict caries in this population.
Does dental trauma influence the social judgment and motivation to seek dental treatment by children and adolescents? Development, validation, and application of an instrument for the evaluation of traumatic dental injuries and their consequences
Authors: Magno Marcela Baraúna , de Paiva Cabral Tristão Sylvia Karla , Jural Lucas Alves , Aguiar Sales Lima Stefanni Olga , Coqueiro Raildo da Silva , Maia Lucianne Cople , Pithon Matheus Melo 
Published: February 2019

BackgroundOne's smile clearly plays a significant role in the perception and judgment that others have of one's appearance and personality.AimWe sought to develop and validate a questionnaire related to the social judgment of children and adolescents and to evaluate, through its application, the perceptions and judgment of children and adolescents regarding their view of different traumatic dental injuries and their consequences (TDIs‐Cs) as well as the motivation to seek dental treatment.DesignThe aspects of acceptability, discriminative properties, internal consistency, test‐retest reliability, and construct validity were evaluated in the developed questionnaire. A cross‐sectional study was conducted involving 100 boys and girls aged 10‐15 years. Images of an adolescent male and female were either manipulated or not (control) to create different types of TDI‐C (eg, enamel fracture, enamel and dentin fracture, crown colour change, and tooth loss/avulsion). These images were analysed by the participants, using a previously validated questionnaire with a six‐positive‐point and six‐negative‐point scale, in relation to their social physical and psychosocial characteristics. The data were analysed with the Friedman, Wilcoxon, and Mann‐Whitney tests (P < 0.05).ResultsThe developed questionnaire presented high acceptability, strong discriminative properties, satisfactory internal consistency, and satisfactory test‐retest reliability, but weak construct validity. The presence of TDI‐C had a negative effect on all characteristics evaluated (P < 0.001). Tooth loss had the highest level of rejection. Additionally, the presence of TDI‐C had a greater negative impact on the aspects of ‘starting fights’, ‘being given a nickname’, and ‘being ashamed to smile’ in males than in females (P < 0.05). Children and adolescents with TDI‐C were judged as needing to seek dental treatment (P < 0.001).ConclusionThe questionnaire developed showed properties of validity and reliability in its administration in a child and adolescent population. TDIs‐Cs have a negative influence on the social judgment of children and adolescents.
Oribatid mites show how climate and latitudinal gradients in organic matter can drive large‐scale biodiversity patterns of soil communities
Authors: Caruso Tancredi , Schaefer Ina , Monson Frank , Keith Aidan M. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractAimThe factors determining spatial distributions and diversity of terrestrial invertebrates are typically investigated at small scales. Large‐scale studies are lacking for soil animals, which control microbial communities and represent one of the most diverse yet poorly known animal assemblages. Here, we analyzed a major group (Oribatida) to test whether belowground macroecological patterns can be predicted by climatic variables, vegetation and large‐scale variation in key soil properties.LocationWe modelled the multivariate distribution of more than 100 species using biodiversity data collected across Great Britain in the framework of the Countryside Survey (http://www.countrysidesurvey.org.uk).MethodsWe analyzed species‐level data from 582 samples collected across 162 hectads (10 × 10 km) covering the largest possible range of vegetation types, soil properties and climatic conditions within GB. We created the first large‐scale maps of soil animal diversity metrics at the GB scale, including novel estimates of metrics of phylogenetic diversity (PD). Using structural equation modelling, we quantified the direct and indirect effects of location (latitude, longitude), plant community structure and abiotic factors such as precipitation on species composition, richness and PD.ResultsWe found that variation in species composition follows a latitudinal gradient with diversity generally increasing northward. The latitudinal variation in species composition drives PD via changes in both species richness and phylogenetic distance between species. This gradient is mostly determined by latitudinal variation in precipitation and organic matter, which were very good predictors of species composition. Precipitation and organic matter were, however, relatively weak while statistically significant predictors of diversity metrics.ConclusionsPast studies have emphasized the unpredictability of species distributions and variation in species composition in hyper diverse soil animal communities. However, past studies were conducted at small scales, where stochastic factors may weaken the signal of deterministic factors. Oribatid mites in our study show for the first time that the large scale latitudinal gradients in climate and organic matter predict not only variation in species composition but also taxonomic and PD of soil animal communities.
Depression in sleep disturbance: A review on a bidirectional relationship, mechanisms and treatment
Authors: Fang Hong , Tu Sheng , Sheng Jifang , Shao Anwen 
Published: February 2019

AbstractSleep disturbance is the most prominent symptom in depressive patients and was formerly regarded as a main secondary manifestation of depression. However, many longitudinal studies have identified insomnia as an independent risk factor for the development of emerging or recurrent depression among young, middle‐aged and older adults. This bidirectional association between sleep disturbance and depression has created a new perspective that sleep problems are no longer an epiphenomenon of depression but a predictive prodromal symptom. In this review, we highlight the treatment of sleep disturbance before, during and after depression, which probably plays an important role in improving outcomes and preventing the recurrence of depression. In clinical practice, pharmacological therapies, including hypnotics and antidepressants, and non‐pharmacological therapies are typically applied. A better understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms between sleep disturbance and depression can help psychiatrists better manage this comorbidity.
Inhibition of PAI‐1 limits chemotherapy resistance in lung cancer through suppressing myofibroblast characteristics of cancer‐associated fibroblasts
Authors: Masuda Takeshi , Nakashima Taku , Namba Masashi , Yamaguchi Kakuhiro , Sakamoto Shinjiro , Horimasu Yasushi , Miyamoto Shintaro , Iwamoto Hiroshi , Fujitaka Kazunori , Miyata Yoshihiro , Hamada Hironobu , Okada Morihito , Hattori Noboru 
Published: February 2019

AbstractPlasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 (PAI‐1) promotes pulmonary fibrosis through increasing myofibroblast (MF) characteristics, expressing alpha‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA) in fibroblasts. Fibroblasts in the tumour stroma are called cancer‐associated fibroblasts (CAFs). Some CAFs have MF characteristics and substantially promote tumour progression and chemotherapy resistance. This study determined whether inhibition of PAI‐1 suppressed MF characteristics of CAFs and limited chemotherapy resistance in lung cancer. To investigate cellular PAI‐1 expression and its correlation with α‐SMA expression of CAFs, 34 patients’ paraffin‐embedded lung adenocarcinoma tissue sections were immunohistochemically stained for PAI‐1 and α‐SMA. Immunohistochemical analysis of lung adenocarcinoma tissues showed that PAI‐1 expression was correlated with that of α‐SMA (r = 0.71, p < 0.001). Furthermore, in vitro, α‐SMA expression of CAFs was limited by PAI‐1 inhibition, and apoptosis of CAFs was increased. In addition, the effectiveness of cisplatin on lung cancer cells co‐cultured with CAFs was increased by suppressing α‐SMA expression using PAI‐1 inhibitor. In lung adenocarcinoma tissues, PAI‐1 expression was associated with T factor and TNM stage. Our data suggest that inhibition of PAI‐1 increased the chemotherapeutic effect on lung cancer through suppressing the MF characteristics of CAFs. Hence, PAI‐1 might be a promising therapeutic target for patients with chemotherapeutic‐resistant lung cancer with CAFs.
Interdental cleaning and periodontal pocketing among finnish adults
Authors: Bernabé Eduardo , Knuuttila Matti , Suominen Anna L. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractAimTo investigate the relationship between frequency of interdental cleaning and 11‐year change in teeth with periodontal pocketing in Finnish adults.MethodsData from 1667 dentate adults, aged 30 to 82 years, who participated in the Health 2000 survey and were re‐examined in 2004 and/or 2011 were analysed. Participants reported their frequency of interdental cleaning (either dental floss or interdental brush) at baseline. Teeth with periodontal pocketing (PD) ≥4 mm were counted in every survey and treated as a repeated outcome. The association between the frequency of interdental cleaning and the number of teeth with PD ≥4 mm was evaluated in linear mixed effects models, controlling for demographic factors, socioeconomic position, diabetes, smoking status, toothbrushing frequency, dental attendance and number of teeth.ResultsTwelve per cent of adults reported daily interdental cleaning. Significant inverse linear trends in the number of teeth with PD ≥4 mm were found in every survey according to the frequency of interdental cleaning. However, this association was completely attenuated after adjustment for the full set of confounders. Contrarily, toothbrushing frequency was negatively associated with the baseline number of teeth with PD ≥4 mm and its rate of change over time.ConclusionInterdental cleaning was not associated with 11‐year change in periodontal pocketing after accounting for other established risk factors for periodontal disease.
Foam mat drying of fig fruit: Optimization of foam composition and physicochemical properties of fig powder
Authors: Varhan Emine , Elmas Feyza , Koç Mehmet 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIn this study, we report an optimization study on fig foam composition and hot air/microwave‐assisted foam mat drying (FMD) at different conditions to produce fig powder. The effects of foam composition on foam stability and capacity were evaluated. The optimum ratio of fig, egg white, carboxymethyl cellulose, and maltodextrin was determined as 52.9, 28.9, 0.8, and 17.4% (wt/wt), respectively, targeting maximum foam capacity and minimum drainage volume, that is, maximum foam stability. The effects of drying methods and their conditions were investigated on the drying rate of fig foam and physicochemical properties of fig powder. Moisture content, water activity, particle and bulk properties, and hydroxymethylfurfural and total phenolic contents of FMD fig powder were analyzed to understand the effect of drying methods and conditions on the physicochemical properties of fig powder.Practical applicationsAlthough fig fruit is generally dried as a whole, the ready‐to‐eat foods in the food market are mostly in powder form. That is why the powdering fig fruit by an appropriate drying method is essential. In this study, we report the foam mat‐dried (FMD) fig fruit powder. The fig foam composition was optimized. The fig foam was dried through hot air and microwave separately. The results showed that the foam capacity and stability of the fig powder highly depend on the foam composition. Microwave drying method was found more efficient than the hot air in the sense of time. Besides, the higher foam thickness provided more hydroxymethylfurfural content in the fig powder. The drying method and conditions were found to be important to produce a high‐quality FMD fig powder.
Management of Bartholin Duct Cysts and Gland Abscesses
Authors: Dole Debora M. , Nypaver Cynthia 
Published: February 2019

AbstractBartholin duct cysts and gland abscesses can affect a woman's day‐to‐day functioning and be challenging to manage. Many Bartholin duct cysts that are not infected remain asymptomatic and resolve spontaneously without intervention. However, an infected Bartholin duct cyst or glandular abscess should be drained when larger than 2 cm because such cysts or abscesses do not tend to resolve spontaneously and can recur. Management options fall under 3 broad categories: expectant, medical, or surgical. With special training, midwives and women's health nurse practitioners can manage many women who present with Bartholin duct cysts or gland abscesses. Rarely, a woman with a severe or recurrent infection will need referral to a surgeon. Knowing which management option to choose may be challenging at first; this article is aimed at providing evidence‐based knowledge about Bartholin duct cysts and gland abscesses for clinicians so that they can make the diagnosis and management plan with confidence. A clinical case is used to illustrate the identification, diagnosis, and management of Bartholin duct cysts and gland abscesses. The range of interventions, from expectant management with comfort measures to surgical intervention, is be explored to assist the clinician in choosing the correct management approach.
Role of brain c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase 2 in the control of the insulin receptor and its relationship with cognitive performance in a high‐fat diet pre‐clinical model
Authors: Busquets Oriol , Eritja Àuria , López Blanca M. , Ettcheto Miren , Manzine Patricia R. , Castro‐Torres Rubén D. , Verdaguer Ester , Olloquequi Jordi , Vázquez‐Carrera Manuel , Auladell Carme , Folch Jaume , Camins Antoni 
Published: February 2019

AbstractInsulin resistance has negative consequences on the physiological functioning of the nervous system. The appearance of type 3 diabetes in the brain leads to the development of the sporadic form of Alzheimer's disease. The c‐Jun N‐terminal kinases (JNK), a subfamily of the Mitogen Activated Protein Kinases, are enzymes composed by three different isoforms with differential modulatory activity against the insulin receptor (IR) and its substrate. This research focused on understanding the regulatory role of JNK2 on the IR, as well as study the effect of a high‐fat diet (HFD) in the brain. Our observations determined how JNK2 ablation did not induce compensatory responses in the expression of the other isoforms but led to an increase in JNKs total activity. HFD‐fed animals also showed an increased activity profile of the JNKs. These animals also displayed endoplasmic reticulum stress and up‐regulation of the protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) and the suppressor of cytokine signalling 3 protein. Consequently, a reduction in insulin sensitivity was detected and it is correlated with a decrease on the signalling of the IR. Moreover, cognitive impairment was observed in all groups but only wild‐type genotype animals fed with HFD showed neuroinflammatory responses. In conclusion, HFD and JNK2 absence cause alterations in normal cognitive activity by altering the signalling of the IR. These affectations are related to the appearance of endoplasmic reticulum stress and an increase in the levels of inhibitory proteins like PTP1B and suppressor of cytokine signalling 3 protein.image
Cover Image for this issue: doi: 10.1111/jnc.14502.
Autotaxin, bile acid profile and effect of ileal bile acid transporter inhibition in primary biliary cholangitis patients with pruritus
Authors: Hegade Vinod S. , Pechlivanis Alexandros , McDonald Julie A. K. , Rees Douglas , Corrigan Margaret , Hirschfield Gideon M. , Taylor‐Robinson Simon D. , Holmes Elaine , Marchesi Julian R. , Kendrick Stuart , Jones David E. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractBackground and AimsPruritus is a common symptom in patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) for which ileal bile acid transporter (IBAT) inhibition is emerging as a potential therapy. We explored the serum metabonome and gut microbiota profile in PBC patients with pruritus and investigated the effect of GSK2330672, an IBAT inhibitor.MethodsWe studied fasting serum bile acids (BAs), autotaxin and faecal microbiota in 22 PBC patients with pruritus at baseline and after 2 weeks of GSK2330672 treatment. Control group included 31 asymptomatic PBC patients and 18 healthy volunteers. BA profiling was done by ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometry (UPLC‐MS). Faecal microbiomes were analysed by 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing.ResultsIn PBC patients with pruritus, serum levels of total and glyco‐conjugated primary BAs and autotaxin were significantly elevated. Autotaxin activity correlated significantly with tauro‐ and glyco‐conjugated cholic acid (CA) and chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), both at baseline and after GSK2330672. GSK2330672 significantly reduced autotaxin and all tauro‐ and glyco‐ conjugated BAs and increased faecal levels of CA (P = 0.048) and CDCA (P = 0.027). Gut microbiota of PBC patients with pruritus was similar to control groups. GSK2330672 increased the relative abundance of Firmicutes (P = 0.033) and Clostridia (P = 0.04) and decreased Bacteroidetes (P = 0.033) and Bacteroidia (P = 0.04).ConclusionsPruritus in PBC does not show a distinct gut bacterial profile but is associated with elevated serum bile acid and autotaxin levels which decrease after IBAT inhibition. In cholestatic pruritus, a complex interplay between BAs and autotaxin is likely and may be modified by IBAT inhibition.
Parental career expectations: effect on medical students’ career attitudes over time
Authors: Griffin Barbara , Hu Wendy 
Published: February 2019

BackgroundMotivation to become a doctor has typically been conceived as arising from personal interests. However, it is not uncommon, particularly amongst those from collectivist cultures, for career choice to be motivated by a desire or need to fulfil parent expectations. Whether or not this motivation has longer term effects on the career satisfaction and performance of medical students is unknown.MethodsUsing three waves of survey data collection, applicants to medical school (n = 370) reported parent career expectations, parent career support and physician career values. Those who gained a student place (n = 90) reported attitudes to their career at the end of their first year of study. Burnout and intentions regarding practice location were assessed during the fifth and final year of study (n = 81). Examination marks in Years 1 and 5 assessed academic performance.ResultsThose with more highly educated parents reported more support, but parent support had no relationship with students’ academic performance or attitudes to their career. Perceived parent career expectation was higher amongst younger applicants and those from a non‐Western background. Expectations had a small positive correlation with applicants’ valuing of prestige and a small negative correlation with valuing service. Medical students with high parent expectation at selection had, a year later, more negative attitudes to medicine as a career. Parent expectation had a significant indirect effect on Year‐5 burnout. Higher parent expectation was related to lower Year‐5 academic grades, but after Year‐1 grades were accounted for, this relationship was no longer significant.ConclusionsMedical students who perceive that their parents expect them to choose a prestigious career in line with family or cultural values may be more ambivalent about their career choice once in medical school. They may also be more likely to experience longer term burnout but there was little evidence that they might have lower academic performance.
Is the regional cerebral blood flow always decreased in the occipital lobe of patients with dementia with Lewy bodies? A SRECT easy Z‐score imaging system perfusion study
Authors: Morimatsu Mitsunori , Harada Akira , Niimiya Kenta 
Published: February 2019

AbstractBackgroundIt is well known that the regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) is decreased in the occipital lobe in patients with dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). However, the incidences of decreased rCBF of the occipital lobe are not obvious in DLB patients using the ordinary single‐photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) perfusion study.AimTo analyze rCBF in the occipital lobe in patients with DLB and in those with other diseases with dementia in the retrospective study.MethodsThe rCBF of patients with DLB (16 patients), Parkinson's disease with dementia (PDD) (18), Alzheimer's disease (AD) (75), and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) of amnestic type (14), and of elderly without dementia (normal controls: NCs) (6) was examined using technetium‐99m ethyl cysteinate dimer(99mTc‐ECD) SPECT (easy Z‐score imaging system: eZIS) perfusion study.ResultsFour types of decrease in the rCBF were observed in the occipital lobe of DLB patients: “none” and decreases in the “upper region,” “disseminated areas,” or “visual cortex.” The incidences of decreases in the rCBF in the occipital lobe in DLB patients were compared to AD, indicating a sensitivity of 88% and specificity of 53% when the lesions included any of four types. However, when the decrease was limited only to the “disseminated areas” or “visual cortex” types, the sensitivity was 50% and the specificity 85%.ConclusionThe decrease in the rCBF in the occipital lobe specific to DLB was the “disseminated areas” or “visual cortex” type, which was observed in only 50% of DLB patients.