bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A comprehensive review of chronic heart failure pharmacotherapy treatment approaches in African Americans
Authors: Tillman Frank , Kim Jennifer , Makhlouf Tanya , Osae Leah 
Published: May 2019

Background: Our aim was to review the published literature evaluating treatment approaches for chronic heart failure (HF), notably as it relates to African American patients. Method: We undertook a comprehensive database search (1986–2017) of PubMed, EMBASE, and Ovid/MEDLINE utilizing terms ‘African American’, ‘black’, ‘chronic heart failure’, ‘heart failure’, ‘medication’, ‘chronic therapy’, and ‘clinical trials’. Additional notable studies were obtained from ClinicalTrials.gov . Studies published in English that examine treatment modalities of chronic HF in African American and non-African American patients were included. Results: Examples of current gaps worthy of investigation include whether to maximize thiazides and calcium-channel blockers prior to adding renin–angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitors or beta blockers in HF with preserved ejection fraction; whether hydralazine/isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN) should be initiated during earlier HF stages; whether to prioritize hydralazine/ISDN over other agents such as RAS inhibitors; varying response of African Americans to different agents within drug classes; and the role of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists. Conclusion: Further studies are needed in order for consensus guidelines to clarify how best to treat this population.
Distal biceps hook test – Sensitivity in acute and chronic tears and ability to predict the need for graft reconstruction
Authors: Luokkala Toni , Siddharthan Sijin K , Karjalainen Teemu V , Watts Adam C 
Published: May 2019

Background The aim of this study was to assess the sensitivity of distal biceps hook test – O’Driscoll hook test – in a retrospective series of acute and chronic distal biceps tendon tears and investigate the ability of the test to predict the need for graft reconstruction. Methods We retrospectively evaluated 234 consecutive distal biceps tendon tears operated in a single centre. The result of O’Driscoll hook test and perioperative findings of distal biceps were documented in standard fashion. Results The perioperative and O’Driscoll hook test data were available in 202 cases. The sensitivity for the distal biceps hook test was 78% in all tears and 83% in complete tears. The sensitivity was significantly lower in partial tears (30%) and in cases where lacertus fibrosus was found to be intact (45 %). When O’Driscoll hook test was positive and the delay from initial injury to operative intervention was eight weeks or more, there was over 75% probability of achilles tendon allograft reconstruction. When O’Driscoll hook test was negative, the probability of reconstruction even after 12 weeks’ delay was only 20%. Discussion O’Driscoll hook test is useful when establishing distal biceps tendon tear diagnosis, but a negative test does not exclude rupture. In delayed cases, a positive test may predict the need for reconstruction.
Incidental urological findings in patients undergoing computed tomography colonography for investigation of suspected colorectal cancer
Authors: Ahmad Adnan , Nettleton Jeremy , Hotston Matthew , Bradley Alison , Maskell Giles 
Published: May 2019

Objective: To determine the rate of incidental urological findings in patients undergoing computed tomography (CT) colonography/CT colonoscopy (CTC) for investigation of suspected colorectal cancer. Methods: Retrospective analysis of patients undergoing CTC between January 2011 and December 2013. All patients with new incidental urological findings were included with their type and number of urological findings. These were stratified as per the colonography reporting and data system (C-RADS) criteria, and a note made of any further imaging, intervention and histology where appropriate. Results: Within the time period, n = 1891 CTCs were undertaken. Of these, n = 333 (17.6%) had an incidental urological finding and n = 41 of these patients had dual incidental urological pathologies. In total, n = 49 had significant pathology which required monitoring, further imaging, and medical or surgical intervention; n = 12 required further imaging. In n = 1, the imaging result led to a decision to operate and in n = 9 the results excluded the need for surgical intervention; n = 24 underwent operative intervention. The rates of incidental urological findings were similar to those quoted in literature. Conclusion: Our study demonstrates a 17.6% rate of incidental urological findings. Of all findings, 13.1% were deemed significant to warrant further investigation or intervention, and 7.2% of patients with urological findings required intervention. CTCs can adequately image renal masses and further imaging of renal masses did not change management. Level of evidence: 4
Tiotropium add-on therapy is safe and reduces seasonal worsening in paediatric asthma patients
Authors: Vogelberg Christian , Szefler Stanley J. , Vrijlandt Elianne J.L.E. , Boner Attilio L. , Engel Michael , El Azzi Georges , Vulcu Sebastian Dan , Moroni-Zentgraf Petra M. , Eickmeier Olaf , Hamelmann Eckard H. 
Published: May 2019

There remains an unmet need for effective, well-tolerated therapeutic options in paediatric patients with not fully controlled asthma, for whom safety is of paramount importance.Data were pooled from five randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies evaluating tiotropium 5 or 2.5 µgversusplacebo add-on therapy in patients with symptomatic asthma aged 1–17 years. Analysis included adverse events (AEs) and serious AEs (SAEs) reported throughout and for 30 days following treatment.Of 1691 patients treated, 1119 received tiotropium. Reporting of AEs was low and comparable across all groups: tiotropium 5 µg (51%), tiotropium 2.5 µg (51%) and placebo (54%). Reporting of drug-related AEs, those leading to discontinuation and SAEs was also low and balanced between treatment groups, irrespective of age, disease severity or sex. The number of AEs related to asthma symptoms and exacerbations was lower with tiotropium (5 µg) than with placebo, particularly during the seasonal peaks of these AEs.This comprehensive analysis of a large safety database allowed subgroup analyses that are often impractical with individual trials and provides further support for the safety of once-daily tiotropium Respimat add-on therapy in paediatric patients with symptomatic asthma.
Economic Impact of Next-Generation Sequencing Versus Single-Gene Testing to Detect Genomic Alterations in Metastatic Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer Using a Decision Analytic Model
Authors: Pennell Nathan A. , Mutebi Alex , Zhou Zheng-Yi , Ricculli Marie Louise , Tang Wenxi , Wang Helen , Guerin Annie , Arnhart Tom , Dalal Anand , Sasane Medha , Wu Kevin Y. , Culver Kenneth W. , Otterson Gregory A. 
Published: May 2019

PURPOSE The aim of the current study was to assess the economic impact of using next-generation sequencing (NGS) versus single-gene testing strategies among patients with metastatic non–small-cell lung cancer (mNSCLC) from the perspective of the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) and US commercial payers. METHODS A decision analytic model considered patients who were newly diagnosed with mNSCLC who received programmed death ligand 1 and genomic alteration tests— EGFR, ALK, ROS1, BRAF, MET, HER2, RET, and NTRK1—using upfront NGS (all alterations tested simultaneously plus KRAS), sequential testing (sequence of single-gene tests), exclusionary testing ( KRAS plus sequential testing), and hotspot panels ( EGFR, ALK, ROS1, and BRAF tested simultaneously plus single-gene tests or NGS for MET, HER2, RET, and NTRK1). Model outcomes for each strategy were time-to-test results, the proportion of patients identified harboring alterations with or without US Food and Drug Administration–approved therapies, and total testing costs. A budget impact analysis assessed the economic effects of increasing the proportion of NGS-tested patients. RESULTS In a hypothetical 1,000,000-member health plan, 2,066 Medicare-insured patients and 156 commercially insured patients were estimated to have mNSCLC and to be eligible for testing. Time-to-test results were 2.0 weeks for NGS and the hotspot panel, faster than exclusionary and sequential testing by 2.7 and 2.8 weeks, respectively. NGS was associated with cost savings for both CMS ($1,393,678; $1,530,869; and $2,140,795 less than exclusionary, sequential testing, and hotspot panels, respectively) and commercial payers ($3,809; $127,402; and $250,842 less than exclusionary, sequential testing, and hotspot panels, respectively). Increasing the proportion of NGS-tested patients translated into substantial cost savings for both CMS and commercial payers. CONCLUSION Use of upfront NGS testing in patients with mNSCLC was associated with substantial cost savings and shorter time-to-test results for both CMS and commercial payers.
Chemical Sensing of Acrolein-Amine Conjugates for Food Quality Control: A Case Study of Milk Products
Authors: Kishimoto Arisa , Nomura Shogo , Tanaka Katsunori 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Acrolein is a highly toxic unsaturated aldehyde generated from an array of sources ranging from tobacco smoke to incomplete combustion of oil, charcoal, wood, plastic and other organic substances. In food chemistry, research is exclusively focused on the detection of vaporous acrolein emitted from the oils, but not that included in the food products. Acrolein is highly reactive to various functional groups, and once produced, it can smoothly conjugate with food materials, e.g., forming 3-formyl-3,4-dehydropiperidine (FDP) adduct with lysines of proteins, a similar modification to advanced glycation end-products (AGEs). Since the correlation between acrolein-protein adducts and various disease states remains unclear, the detection of the amounts of acrolein adducts included in food products ranks at the very top in significance and urgency. We for the first time evaluated the amount of FDP as the preferential acrolein-amine conjugates included in milk products, based on our reduction-based sensor kit. We found that various amounts of FDP conjugates could be produced from various sources and from different brands, depending on pasteurization, high temperature treatment, and contents of animal fats. It was also found that the amount of FDP in milk products significantly increased when these are heated to 80–100 °C under the conditions of drinking hot milk, hot coffee with creamers, and of cooking. While biological functions of acrolein-amine conjugates and effects on human health are investigated, the FDP production in food materials under various conditions should be analyzed for their quality control. Efficient and rapid analysis should be now possible with our reduction-based FDP sensor.
Daily Step Counts for Measuring Physical Activity Exposure and Its Relation to Health
Authors: KRAUS WILLIAM E. , JANZ KATHLEEN F. , POWELL KENNETH E. , CAMPBELL WAYNE W. , JAKICIC JOHN M. , TROIANO RICHARD P. , SPROW KYLE , TORRES ANDREA , PIERCY KATRINA L. 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACT

Purpose
A systematic primary literature review was conducted to evaluate the relationship of physical activity—as measured by daily step counts—with all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease mortality, incident cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes mellitus; to evaluate the shape of dose–response relationships; and to interpret findings in the context of development of the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans, Second Edition.

Methods
A primary literature search encompassing 2011 to March 2018 for existing literature reporting on these relationships was conducted.

Results
Eleven pertinent articles were identified. Seven longitudinal studies examined the relationship between daily step counts and mortality, disease incidence, or risk. Two studies examined objectively measured steps per day and all-cause mortality; one was restricted to a relatively small elderly population. One study examined cardiovascular events, defined as cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or nonfatal stroke. The other four longitudinal studies addressed incident type 2 diabetes. All longitudinal studies reported an inverse relationship between steps per day and outcome risk. In one study, 531 cardiovascular events occurred during more than 45,000 person-years of follow-up. Before intervention, each increment of 2000 steps per day up to 10,000 steps was associated with a 10% lower cardiovascular event rate. Also, for every increase of 2000 steps per day over baseline, there was an 8% yearly reduction in cardiovascular event rate in individuals with impaired glucose tolerance.

Conclusions
Daily step count is a readily accessible means by which to monitor and set physical activity goals. Recent evidence supports previously limited evidence of an inverse dose–response relationship of daily steps with important health outcomes, including all-cause mortality, cardiovascular events, and type 2 diabetes. However, more independent studies will be required before these observations can be translated into public health guidelines.
Physical Activity in Cancer Prevention and Survival: A Systematic Review
Authors: MCTIERNAN ANNE , FRIEDENREICH CHRISTINE M. , KATZMARZYK PETER T. , POWELL KENNETH E. , MACKO RICHARD , BUCHNER DAVID , PESCATELLO LINDA S. , BLOODGOOD BONNY , TENNANT BETHANY , VAUX-BJERKE ALISON , GEORGE STEPHANIE M. , TROIANO RICHARD P. , PIERCY KATRINA L. 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACT

Purpose
This article reviews and updates the evidence on the associations between physical activity and risk for cancer, and for mortality in persons with cancer, as presented in the 2018 Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Scientific Report.

Methods
Systematic reviews of meta-analyses, systematic reviews, and pooled analyses were conducted through December 2016. An updated systematic review of such reports plus original research through February 2018 was conducted. This article also identifies future research needs.

Results
In reviewing 45 reports comprising hundreds of epidemiologic studies with several million study participants, the report found strong evidence for an association between highest versus lowest physical activity levels and reduced risks of bladder, breast, colon, endometrial, esophageal adenocarcinoma, renal, and gastric cancers. Relative risk reductions ranged from approximately 10% to 20%. Based on 18 systematic reviews and meta-analyses, the report also found moderate or limited associations between greater amounts of physical activity and decreased all-cause and cancer-specific mortality in individuals with a diagnosis of breast, colorectal, or prostate cancer, with relative risk reductions ranging almost up to 40% to 50%. The updated search, with five meta-analyses and 25 source articles reviewed, confirmed these findings.

Conclusions
Levels of physical activity recommended in the 2018 Guidelines are associated with reduced risk and improved survival for several cancers. More research is needed to determine the associations between physical activity and incidence for less common cancers and associations with survival for other cancers. Future studies of cancer incidence and mortality should consider these associations for population subgroups, to determine dose–response relationships between physical activity and cancer risk and prognosis, and to establish mechanisms to explain these associations.
Physical Activity, Injurious Falls, and Physical Function in Aging: An Umbrella Review
Authors: DIPIETRO LORETTA , CAMPBELL WAYNE W. , BUCHNER DAVID M. , ERICKSON KIRK I. , POWELL KENNETH E. , BLOODGOOD BONNY , HUGHES TIMOTHY , DAY KELSEY R. , PIERCY KATRINA L. , VAUX-BJERKE ALISON , OLSON RICHARD D. 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACT

Purpose
To review and update the evidence of the relationship between physical activity, risk of fall-related injury, and physical function in community-dwelling older people that was presented in the 2018 Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Scientific Report (PAGAC Report).

Methods
Duplicate independent screenings of 1415 systematic reviews and meta-analyses published between 2006 and 2016 identified from PubMed®, Cochrane Library, and CINAHL databases yielded 111 articles used for the PAGAC Report. The PAGAC Aging Subcommittee members graded scientific evidence strength based upon a five-criteria rubric and assigned one of four grades: strong, moderate, limited, or not assignable. An updated search of 368 articles published between January 2017 and March 2018 yielded 35 additional pertinent articles.

Results
Strong evidence demonstrated that physical activity reduced the risk of fall-related injuries by 32% to 40%, including severe falls requiring medical care or hospitalization. Strong evidence also supported that physical activity improved physical function and reduced the risk of age-related loss of physical function in an inverse graded manner among the general aging population, and improved physical function in older people with frailty and with Parkinson’s disease. Aerobic, muscle-strengthening, and/or multicomponent physical activity programs elicited the largest improvements in physical function in these same populations. Moderate evidence indicated that for older adults who sustained a hip fracture or stroke, extended exercise programs and mobility-oriented physical activity improved physical function.

Conclusions
Regular physical activity effectively helps older adults improve or delay the loss of physical function and mobility while reducing the risk of fall-related injuries. These important public health benefits underscore the importance of physical activity among older adults, especially those living with declining physical function and chronic health conditions.
Thyroid hormonal changes among women with polycystic ovarian syndrome in Baghdad – a case-control study
Authors: Moustafa Mayada M. , Jamal Mohammed Y. , Al-Janabi Rawaa Dawood 
Published: May 2019

Background:Polycystic ovarian syndrome is a syndrome of ovarian dysfunction along with the cardinal features of hyperandrogenism and polycystic ovary morphology. The prevalence of polycystic ovaries on ultrasound is around quarter of all women but is not associated with the full syndrome. The study aimed to assess the status of thyroid disorders in polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS).Methods:This prospective hospital-based case-control study involved most outpatients aged 13–45 years who visited the Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Infertility clinic at Baghdad Teaching Hospital with complaints of hirsutism and/or oligomenorrhea or infertility. This study included 70 patients, including 50 with PCOS (PCOS group) and 20 without (control group).Results:The PCOS group exhibited significantly higher mean thyroid stimulating hormone level (3.9 vs. 3.1 µIU/L), luteinizing hormone level (15.2 vs. 4.7 mIU/mL), and body mass index (28.6 vs. 24.9 kg/m2; all, p<0.001) and a non-significantly higher follicle-stimulating hormone level (9.2 vs. 5.2 mIU/L) than the control group.Conclusion: Our results demonstrate a higher prevalence of thyroid disorder among women with PCOS.
Trends and factors associated with child marriage in four Asian countries
Authors: MacQuarrie Kerry L. D. , Juan Christina 
Published: May 2019

Background:Child marriage, defined as marriage before the age of 18, is a human rights violation and is associated with numerous adverse health, social, and economic outcomes. As such, the phenomena of child marriage garners substantial programmatic and policy action. However, a better understanding of specifically how child marriage is or is not changing is needed.Methods:This study analyzes trends in the age structure of child marriage with cumulative incidence functions using data from Demographic and Health Surveys in four Asian countries. It further uses equiplots and chi-square tests of independence to identify specific patterns of and trends in inequalities of child marriage across three socio-economic factors: education, wealth, and residence.Results:We find significant decreases in child marriage in all four countries since the 1990s. The rate of change has been unevenly paced, with rapid increases in age at marriage followed by periods of little observable change. Child marriage generally falls first during the youngest ages, followed by decreases in marriage later in adolescence. Marriage remains an adolescent experience for the majority of women in Bangladesh and Nepal. Child marriage is most common in Bangladesh and least common in Indonesia, while India has experienced the largest declines in child marriage. There is no discernible trend toward non-marriage, but rather a trend toward delayed marriage only. We find widespread education-, wealth-, and residence-based inequalities, with child marriage concentrated among more disadvantaged groups. Inequalities based on education are wider than either those based on wealth or residence. Inequalities have mostly lessened over the previous decade, except in Nepal. A pattern of mass deprivation is observed with regard to education, while wealth-based inequalities follow a queuing pattern. Conclusions:These inequality patterns suggest delayed marriage be broadly promoted, alongside targeted interventions directed to the most disadvantaged groups.
Hybrid cavity-antenna systems for quantum optics outside the cryostat?
Authors: Palstra Isabelle M. , Doeleman Hugo M. , Koenderink A. Femius 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Hybrid cavity-antenna systems have been proposed to combine the sub-wavelength light confinement of plasmonic antennas with microcavity quality factors Q. Here, we examine what confinement and Q can be reached in these hybrid systems, and we address their merits for various applications in classical and quantum optics. Specifically, we investigate their applicability for quantum-optical applications at noncryogenic temperatures. To this end we first derive design rules for hybrid resonances from a simple analytical model. These rules are benchmarked against full-wave simulations of hybrids composed of state-of-the-art nanobeam cavities and plasmonic-dimer gap antennas. We find that hybrids can outperform the plasmonic and cavity constituents in terms of Purcell factor, and additionally offer freedom to reach any Q at a similar Purcell factor. We discuss how these metrics are highly advantageous for a high Purcell factor, yet weak-coupling applications, such as bright sources of indistinguishable single photons. The challenges for room-temperature strong coupling, however, are far more daunting: the extremely high dephasing of emitters implies that little benefit can be achieved from trading confinement against a higher Q, as done in hybrids. An attractive alternative could be strong coupling at liquid nitrogen temperature, where emitter dephasing is lower and this trade-off can alleviate the stringent fabrication demands required for antenna strong coupling. For few-emitter strong-coupling, high-speed and low-power coherent or incoherent light sources, particle sensing and vibrational spectroscopy, hybrids provide the unique benefit of very high local optical density of states, tight plasmonic confinement, yet microcavity Q.