bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Caging Small-Bodied Fish as an Alternative Method for Environmental Effects Monitoring (EEM)
Authors: Palace Vince P. , Doebel Cecilia , Baron Chris L. , Evans Robert E. , Wautier Kerry G. , Klaverkamp Jack F. , Werner Jeffrey , Kollar Suzanne 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
The utility of using fish held in cages for investigating the potential effects of industrial and municipal effluents has been demonstrated. These types of exposures are able to control the influence of some confounding factors and also provide a measure of certainty with regard to exposure. However, Canada's current Environmental Effects Monitoring (EEM) Program for metal mines does not accept caged fish as a viable alternative for use in place of wild fish surveys. Concerns appear to be focused on the confounding influences of confinement stress on typical EEM endpoints. Confinement stress may be reduced in smaller-bodied fish relative to larger fish, increasing the relevance of their use for EEM. A standardized technique for deploying small-bodied fish in cages that may be useful for EEM programs is described.
Considerations when Using the Reference Condition Approach for Bioassessment of Freshwater Ecosystems
Authors: Bowman Michelle F. , Somers Keith M. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
The use of the reference condition approach (RCA) in environmental assessments is becoming more prevalent. Although the RCA was not explicitly described in Green's (1979) book on statistical methods for environmental biologists, we expanded his decision key for selecting an appropriate environmental study design to include this approach. The RCA compares the biological community at a potentially impacted ‘test’ site to communities found in minimally impacted ‘reference’ sites. However, to implement the RCA there are a number of assumptions and decisions that must be made. We compare several common multimetric and multivariate bioassessment methods to illustrate that four key decisions inherent in the RCA framework (i.e., criteria used for reference site selection, for grouping similar reference sites, for comparing test and reference sites, and for evaluating the cause of impacts) can markedly affect test site appraisals. Specific guidelines should be developed to select appropriate reference sites. Based on analyses of real and simulated data, we recommend a minimum of 20, but preferably 30 to 50 reference sites per group, and verification of groupings with more than one classification method. New approaches (e.g., test site analysis) incorporating the strengths of both multimetric and multivariate methods can be used to compare test and reference sites. Additional ecological information, models relating degree of impact to a stressor or habitat gradient, and variance partitioning can also be used to isolate the probable cause of impairment, and are particularly valuable when appropriate reference sites are unavailable.
Performance of White Sucker Populations along the Saint John River Main Stem, New Brunswick, Canada: An Example of Effects-Based Cumulative Effects Assessment
Authors: Doherty Chad A. , Galloway Brendan , Curry R. Allen , Munkittrick Kelly R. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
White sucker (Catostomus commersoni) are widely distributed in North America and are often used in environmental monitoring. Whole organism characteristics of three white sucker populations determined to be resident (outside of spawning) within small sections of the Saint John River, New Brunswick, were studied in 2001 and 2002. Significant differences in performance characteristics were present among sites. The differences can be interpreted as either improved sucker performance at Florenceville (upstream site), or decreased performance at Woodstock. Without further investigation it is difficult to identify whether the apparent improved performance is a response to nutrient enrichment, or increased mortality associated with the recent prevalence of lesions. Confounding factors are also present. Daily water level fluctuations resulting from an upstream dam discharge may change habitat availability and/or diversity, thereby altering the fish community. Liver sizes in Saint John River white sucker are considerably larger than in fish collected in Ontario, but are not relative to nearby New Brunswick river populations. This has implications for the importance of reference site selection and understanding the natural variability within a species (intra-specific variation) on multiple spatial scales.
Survey for Tributyltin in Water and Sediment in Canada in 1999
Authors: Maguire R. James , Batchelor Suzanne P. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
A survey of water and sediment from 152 harbours, marinas and shipping channels across Canada was conducted in 1999 to determine the extent of contamination by tributyltin (TBT) prior to the total ban on its antifouling uses being phased in over the period 2003 to 2008, and to assess the effectiveness of the 1989 regulation of antifouling uses of TBT under the Canadian Pest Control Products Act. TBT was found in sediments in this survey much more frequently than in water. The main conclusion was that by 1999 the regulation had been generally effective in reducing TBT contamination in water, but not sediment, in small-craft marinas and harbours. TBT continued to be found in some freshwater and seawater locations frequented by larger vessels, that could have been legally painted at the time with TBT antifouling paints, at concentrations that could cause chronic toxicity to aquatic organisms. TBT was also found in many marine sediments, and some freshwater sediments, at concentrations that could cause chronic toxicity to sensitive benthic organisms. In addition, TBT concentrations in many marine sediments could cause acute toxicity to sensitive benthic organisms. Because of the long persistence of TBT in sediments, it may pose a hazard to benthic organisms in some locations in Canada for many years after the total ban on antifouling uses of TBT.
Effect of Polyphosphate on Removal of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals of Nonylphenol and Bisphenol-A by Activated Carbons
Authors: Choi Keun J. , Kim Sang G. , Kim Chang W. , Kim Seung H. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
This study examined the effect of polyphosphate on removal of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) such as nonylphenol and bisphenol-A by activated carbons. It was found that polyphosphate aided in the removal of nonylphenol and bisphenol- A. Polyphosphate reacted with nonylphenol, likely through dipole-dipole interaction, which then improved the nonylphenol removal. Calcium interfered with this reaction by causing competition. It was found that polyphosphate could accumulate on carbon while treating a river. The accumulated polyphosphate then aided nonylphenol removal. The extent of accumulation was dependent on the type of carbon. The accumulation occurred more extensively with the wood-based used carbon than with the coal-based used carbon due to the surface charge of the carbon. The negatively charged wood-based carbon attracted the positively charged calcium-polyphosphate complex more strongly than the uncharged coal-based carbon. The polyphosphate-coated activated carbon was also effective in nonylphenol removal. The effect was different depending on the type of carbon. Polyphosphate readily attached onto the wood-based carbon due to its high affinity for polyphosphate. The attached polyphosphate then improved the nonylphenol removal. However, the coating failed to attach polyphosphate onto the coal-based carbon. The nonylphenol removal performance of the coal-based carbon remained unchanged after the polyphosphate coating.
Numerical Modelling of the Grand River Plume in Lake Erie during Unstratified Period
Authors: He Cheng , Rao Yerubandi R. , Skafel Michael G. , Howell Todd 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
The Grand River is a major contributor of nutrients and dissolved and suspended solids to the eastern basin of Lake Erie. To better understand the impact of the Grand River plume on the surrounding receiving waters, we integrated data analysis and modelling of the Grand River plume transport in the eastern basin of Lake Erie using a high-resolution depth-integrated nonlinear barotropic finite element model. An extended domain of receiving waters with closed boundary was applied in this numerical study due to the lack of observations needed for specifying the open boundary conditions. The size of closed domain was chosen by considering balance between the computing time and stabilizing the hydrodynamic flow. Numerical simulations of the influence of wind on the plume transport in the vicinity of the Grand River mouth were performed. The root mean square error values of alongshore and cross-shore current components were 5 and 2.85 cm s-1, respectively. The transport simulations compare favorably (±20%) with observations of conductivity in the vicinity of the Grand River mouth. This study demonstrates that a two-dimensional numerical model can reasonably predict the river plume transport in a large lake during unstratified periods. Plume movement is primarily controlled by the wind-driven coastal current. Our simulations indicate that the frequent reversals of this current should effectively limit the plume's alongshore extent and may result in a continuous coastal band of turbid water extending alongshore in either direction in the vicinity of the river mouth.
The Effects of Scaling and Model Complexity in Simulating the Transport of Inorganic Micropollutants in a Lowland River Reach
Authors: Lindenschmidt Karl-Erich , Wodrich René , Hesse Cornelia 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
A hypothesis stating that more complex descriptions of processes in models simulate reality better (less error) but with more unreliable predictability (more sensitivity) is tested using a river water quality model. This hypothesis was extended stating that applying the model on a domain of smaller scale requires greater complexity to capture the same accuracy as in large-scale model applications which, however, leads to increased model sensitivity. The sediment and pollutant transport model TOXI, a module in the WASP5 package, was applied to two case studies of different scale: a 90-km course of the 5th order (sensu Strahler 1952) lower Saale river, Germany (large scale), and the lock-and-weir system at Calbe (small scale) situated on the same river course. A sensitivity analysis of several parameters relating to the physical and chemical transport processes of suspended solids, chloride, arsenic, iron and zinc shows that the coefficient, which partitions the total heavy metal mass into its dissolved and sorbed fraction, is a very sensitive parameter. Hence, the complexity of the sorptive process was varied to test the hypotheses.
Heterotrophic Kinetic Parameter Estimation for Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal Processes Operated in Conventional and Membrane-Assisted Modes
Authors: Zhang Zhe , Hall Eric R. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Parameter estimation and wastewater characterization are crucial for modelling of the membrane enhanced biological phosphorus removal (MEBPR) process. Prior to determining the values of a subset of kinetic and stoichiometric parameters used in ASM No. 2 (ASM2), the carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus fractions of influent wastewater at the University of British Columbia (UBC) pilot plant were characterized. It was found that the UBC wastewater contained fractions of volatile acids (SA), readily fermentable biodegradable COD (SF) and slowly biodegradable COD (XS) that fell within the ASM2 default value ranges. The contents of soluble inert COD (SI) and particulate inert COD (XI) were somewhat higher than ASM2 default values. Mixed liquor samples from pilot-scale MEBPR and conventional enhanced biological phosphorus removal (CEBPR) processes operated under parallel conditions, were then analyzed experimentally to assess the impact of operation in a membrane-assisted mode on the growth yield (YH), decay coefficient (bH) and maximum specific growth rate of heterotrophic biomass (µH). The resulting values for YH, bH and µH were slightly lower for the MEBPR train than for the CEBPR train, but the differences were not statistically significant. It is suggested that MEBPR simulation using ASM2 could be accomplished satisfactorily using parameter values determined for a conventional biological phosphorus removal process, if MEBPR parameter values are not available.
A Comparison of Commercial and Experimental Ultrafiltration Membranes via Surface Property Analysis and Fouling Tests
Authors: Dang Huyen T. , Narbaitz Roberto M. , Matsuura Takeshi , Khulbe Kailash C. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Surface modified polyethersulfone (PES) membranes via the addition of different hydrophiLic Surface Modifying Macromolecules (LSMMs) have been developed by Matsuura, Narbaitz and co-workers. This study compares the performance of the best PES-LSMM membrane with nine commercial ultrafiltration membranes manufactured using five different types of base polymers (polyethersulfone, polysulfone, celluloseacetate, polyacrylonitrile and cellulose) in the same range of molecular weight cutoff (MWCO) (from 40 to 120 kDal). All membranes were characterized by using atomic force microscopy, contact angle measurements, solute transport analysis and then evaluated through fouling tests with Ottawa River water (ORW). While PES-LSMM membranes had much lower initial flux than the commercial membranes, they had the highest total organic carbon (TOC) rejection (80%) and the lowest flux reduction (62%). For the commercial membranes, the range of TOC rejections and flux reductions were 62 to 80% and 68 to 80%, respectively. Given their high TOC rejection and relatively high foulant deposition, fouling of the PES-LSMM membranes appears to be controlled by a surface gel.
Use of Iron- and Manganese-Oxidizing Bacteria for the Combined Removal of Iron, Manganese and Arsenic from Contaminated Groundwater
Authors: Katsoyiannis Ioannis A. , Zouboulis Anastasios I. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
The problem of groundwater contamination with arsenic has been under extensive discussion, especially in recent years, because of its adverse effects on human health and its widespread presence in groundwater throughout the world. Large drinking water plants in developed countries normally find alternative and arsenic-free water resources, or they apply conventional arsenic removal methods, such as coagulation/filtration, activated alumina and ion exchange. Smaller towns, communities and individual users in rural areas often rely on local water resources and the respective removal methods developed mainly for larger water treatment plants are not easily applicable, because of high operational and capital costs, or they are simply too complicated and their use is sometimes limited by the specific water composition. Consequently, small drinking water systems face the difficult challenge in providing a safe and sufficient supply of drinking water at a reasonable cost. Alternative treatment methods have been developed for application in these cases. In the present paper, the simultaneous removal of arsenic during biological iron and manganese oxidation is reviewed. The method relies on the use of indigenous non-pathogenic iron- and manganese-oxidizing bacteria. Dissolved iron and manganese species often coexist with arsenic in groundwater. Therefore, the application of this method could provide consumers with water of high quality, which is practically free of iron, manganese and arsenic, complying with the respective legislative limits. In this paper the biological oxidation of iron and manganese has been reviewed and recent findings regarding the removal of arsenic have been summarized. Arsenic(III or V) can be removed efficiently from a wide range of initial concentrations with practically limited operational cost, apart from the capital costs for the installation of treatment units. As a result, the use of chemical reagents for the oxidation of trivalent arsenic can be avoided, because As(III) was efficiently oxidized to As(V) by these bacteria (acting as catalysts) under similar conditions, which are usually applied for the removal of iron and manganese by biological means.
Removal of Arsenic(III) from Groundwater using Low-Cost Industrial By-products-Blast Furnace Slag
Authors: Kanel Sushil Raj , Choi Heechul , Kim Ju-Yong , Vigneswaran Saravanamuthu , Shim Wang Geun 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Blast furnace slag (BFS), a steel industrial by-product, was tested for the removal of As(III), which is a highly toxic, mobile and predominant species in anoxic groundwater. Batch adsorption experiments were performed to determine the feasibility of BFS as an adsorbent for removing As(III) from groundwater as As(III) concentration and the pH of water were varied. The maximum As(III) adsorption capacity by BFS was 1.40 mg As(III)/g of BFS at 1 mg/L As(III) initial concentration, at 25°C, which was calculated using the Langmuir isotherm. The homogeneous surface diffusion model (HSDM) was successfully applied to predict the sorptive removal of As(III) onto the BFS. Kinetic studies indicated that the film diffusion as well as surface diffusion of As in the BFS was involved. It was found that the film diffusion coefficient (kf) was 5.27 × 10-5 to 4.06 × 10-6 m/s and surface diffusion coefficient (Ds) was 2.31 × 10-14 to 7.13 × 10-14 m2/s for the initial As(III) concentrations of 0.1 to 100 mg/L. Oxidation of As(III) to As(V) and its adsorption/precipitation onto BFS is involved during the As(III) removal mechanism. It was also found that H4SiO40, PO43-, NO3-, SO42- and HCO3- are potential interferences in the As(III) adsorption reaction. Results suggest that 99.9% As(III) at 1 mg/L can be removed by 10 g/L BFS, which can be used as a permeable reactive barrier (PRB) material to remove As(III) from groundwater. Details of As(III) adsorption and coprecipitation systems and interferences of As(III) molecular interactions were also studied.
Occurrence of Arsenic in Groundwater in the Suburbs of Beijing and its Removal Using an Iron-Cerium Bimetal Oxide Adsorbent
Authors: Dou Xiaomin , Zhang Yu , Yang Min , Pei Yishan , Huang Xia , Takayama Tomoo , Kato Shigeru 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
The occurrence of arsenic (As) in groundwater in fourteen villages in Houshayu Town, Shunyi District, Beijing, China, was investigated, and a column experiment for the removal of As was conducted on-site with a pellet type iron-cerium (Fe-Ce) bimetal oxide adsorbent prepared in lab. The As concentration in the groundwater of twelve villages exceeds the maximum contamination level (10 µg/L) of the World Health Organization, and two of them exceed that of China (50 µg/L). A column experiment at a space velocity of 3 h-1 shows that the Fe-Ce adsorbent could remove As(V) (total As, 71 ± 19.7 µg/L) from groundwater with high efficiency. Around 11,500 bed volumes were gained when As(V) in the effluent exceeds 10 µg/L, giving an accumulated adsorption capacity of 6.0 mg As(V)/g adsorbent. Both batch tests and the column test suggest that humic substances might compete with As(V) for the adsorption sites, which disappeared after the column was continuously operated for more than two weeks. The effluent quality including heavy metals, radioactivity, etc., was confirmed to meet the drinking water standards of WHO and China.
Arsenic(V) Removal by Sulfate Modified Iron Oxide-Coated Sand (SMIOCS) in a Fixed Bed Column
Authors: Vaishya Rakesh Chandra , Gupta Sudhir Kumar 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
A novel granular media developed by the coating of iron, barium and sulfur on quartz sand surface has been demonstrated to be an effective sorbent for removal of arsenic(V) from a 0.01 M NaNO3-spiked distilled water system in laboratory-scale tests. The results of fixed bed studies indicate that arsenic(V) removal is dependent on pH, the size of sorbent and influent arsenic concentrations. The particle size of media has shown significant differences in reactor breakthrough times in similar experimental conditions. The removal of As(V) may be explained using the surface complexation theory. The presence of alkalinity (250–260 mg/L as CaCO3) and hardness (200 mg/L as CaCO3) slightly increases reactor breakthrough time for similar experimental conditions without alkalinity and hardness. Desorption studies using 0.2 M NaOH as elutant resulted in nearly 92% recovery of arsenic(V). A theoretical model based on two parameters has shown good correlation with observed experimental data generated during depth variation studies.
Arsenic Mitigation for Water Supply in Bangladesh: Appropriate Technological and Policy Perspectives
Authors: Hoque Bilqis A. , Yamaura Sombo , Sakai Akira , Khanam Sufia , Karim Mahbooba , Hoque Yamen , Hossain Sanowar , Islam Shoriful , Hossain Obaid 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Drinking of arsenic-contaminated water and the associated health impacts have been reported in developing and developed countries. Bangladesh is faced with the worst arsenic contamination of groundwater in the world, with an estimated 35 to 77 million people at risk of exposure to drinking arsenic-contaminated tubewell water. Lack of appropriate technologies has complicated and inhibited mitigation initiatives. This paper discusses the data obtained during efforts made to develop technologies for safe water supply by the Government of Bangladesh and its national and international partners. It is expected that the information will contribute towards development of appropriate technologies for water supply for millions of people in Bangladesh and other countries.
About 95% of Bangladesh's rural population drinks tubewell water. Both arsenic removal and alternative technologies were widely promoted for water supply in these areas. The government and its national and international development partners developed various arsenic mitigation technologies for water supply, but most of the arsenic removal technologies were promoted without sound testing and showed poor, questionable and/or confusing performance in real situations. Also, use of most of the arsenic removal technologies was discontinued after a few to several months of installation. Concerns about the microbiological contamination of safe feed water during treatment were noted in arsenic removal options, in addition to high costs, efficiency, social and/or other problems. The 2004 National Policy for Arsenic Mitigation and its Implementation Plan stated a need for access to safe drinking water for all through alternative water technologies while arsenic removal technologies are developed and promoted after specified verification.
The national policy specified and widely promoted alternative options such as improved dugwells, safe tubewells, pond sand filters, rainwater harvester and piped water systems from arsenic-safe water sources. A few of the promoted alternative options showed poor functional and social performance, in addition to supplying microbiologically contaminated water. Arsenic-safe shallow tubewells, deep tubewells and piped water systems may be regarded as appropriate technologies under the existing conditions when the performance of the arsenic removal and alternative water technologies were compared. There are constraints in promoting those three water technologies in various hydrogeological conditions throughout the county. A wide range of appropriate technologies needs to be developed and promoted, and the issue of how to deal with the existing millions of arsenic-contaminated tubewells also needs to be considered. Research and development of sound sciencebased appropriate technologies are urgently recommended for effective realization of the Millennium Development Goal for safe water.