bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Self‐Delivery Nanoparticles of Amphiphilic Acyclic Enediynes for Efficient Tumor Cell Suppression
Authors: Li Jing , Wu Yuequn , Sun Lili , Huang Shuai , Li Baojun , Ding Yun , Hu Aiguo 
Published: March 2019

Summary of main observation and conclusionFour acyclic maleimide‐based enediyne compounds with different hydrophilicity were synthesized through Sonogashira reaction to reveal a self‐delivery antitumor drug platform. As proved by ESR analysis, the enediyne compounds undergo Bergman‐like cyclization and generate diradical intermediates at physiological temperature, which are able to induce DNA‐cleavage through the abstraction of H atoms from the sugar‐phosphate backbones. When the critical aggregation concentration is reached in water, the amphiphilic enediyne compounds self‐assemble into nanoparticles and possess the self‐delivery ability to be facilely admitted by tumor cells, resulting in greatly improved cytotoxicity (IC50 down to 10 μmol·L–1) and much higher tumor cell apoptosis rate (up to 86.6%) in comparison with either the hydrophilic or the lipophilic enediyne compound. The enhanced endocytosis of the amphiphilic enediyne compounds was further confirmed through confocal laser scanning microscopy analysis. The unveiled relationship between the hydrophilicity of enediyne drugs and their therapeutic efficacy will provide a guideline for the design of new self‐delivery drugs employed in medicinal applications.
Disparate cell proliferation and p53 overexpression in colonic crypts with normal epithelial lining found below the neoplastic canopy of conventional adenomas
Authors: Rubio Carlos A , Schmidt Peter T 
Published: March 2019

AbstractWe previously found colonic crypts with normal epithelial lining but with corrupted shapes (NECS) beneath the adenomatous tissue of conventional adenomas (CoAs). Here we assessed the distribution of proliferating cells (PCs) and explored the possible occurrence of p53‐upregulated cells in the NECS in a cohort of CoAs. Sections from 70 CoAs and from 12 normal colon segments were immunostained with the proliferation marker Ki67. In 60 of the 70 CoAs, additional sections were immunostained for the tumor suppressor p53 protein. NECS with asymmetric, haphazardly distributed single PC or PC clusters were recorded in 80% of the CoAs, with a continuous PC domain in one or both slopes of the crypts in 17%, and with haphazardly distributed single PCs in the remaining 3% of the CoAs. In the 12 normal segments (controls), the colon crypts demonstrated normal shapes with symmetric PC domains limited to the lower third portion of the crypts. In 30% of the 60 CoAs immunostained with p53 the NECS revealed haphazardly distributed p53‐upregulated cells, singly or in clusters. In sum, the apparently normal epithelium of the NECS beneath the adenomatous tissue of CoAs revealed an unprecedented relocation of the normal PC domains. This unexpected event and the occurrence of p53‐upregulated cells strongly suggest that the crypts beneath the neoplastic tissue of CoAs harbor somatic mutations. The accretion of putative mutated NECS beneath the neoplastic canopy of CoA emerges as a previously unaddressed major event, an event that might play an important role in the histogenesis of CoA in the human colon.
Multi‐resource workload mapping with minimum cost in cloud environment
Authors: Li Xiaoling , Li Xiaoyong , Tan Yusong , Zhu Hao , Tan Shuang 
Published: March 2019

SummaryWorkload mapping in cloud environment refers to map multiple workloads provided by the cloud users/tenants to the substrate network provided by the cloud providers, which is a NP‐hard problem. The workload is a service demand made to the cloud, which is modeled as a logical network consists of virtual nodes and virtual links. Substrate network is a physical network consists of physical nodes that are inter‐connected via communication links. Devising heuristic methods has become the mainstream of workload mapping problem, which can obtain a feasible solution, but the quality of the solution is not guaranteed. Pointing to this issue, this paper takes the mapping cost of the workloads as the solving objective, and models the workload mapping as a constraint optimization problem. Based on the constraint optimization model, we devise two algorithms to solve the problem. These algorithms can not only find the feasible solution, but also ensure the solution is optimal. Lastly, we have demonstrated the optimality of the proposed algorithms through theoretical proof and evaluated the performance of them through simulation experiment.
On the distribution of queue length in ideal links
Authors: Daubner Jakub , Klimo Martin , Papán Jozef , Smieško Juraj , Šuch Ondrej 
Published: March 2019

SummaryWe consider an ideal link with bounded, independent, and identically distributed stochastic arrival and capacity processes. We use the theory of effective bandwidth and the theory of generating functions to improve known results about the queue process. Specifically, we prove better bounds on the probability distribution function and the tail distribution function of queue lengths.
Cluster Formation through Hydrogen Bond Bridges across Chloride Anions in a Hydroxyl‐Functionalized Ionic Liquid
Authors: Panja Sumit Kumar , Haddad Boumediene , Debdab Mansour , Kiefer Johannes , Chaker Yassine , Bresson Serge , Paolone Annalisa 
Published: March 2019

AbstractSeveral recent studies of hydroxyl‐functionalized ionic liquids (ILs) have shown that cation‐cation interactions can be dominating these materials at the molecular level when the anion involved is weakly interacting. The hydrogen bonds between the like ions led to the formation of interesting chain‐like, ring‐like, or distinct dimeric (i. e. two ion pairs) supermolecular clusters. In the present work, vibrational spectroscopy (ATR‐IR and Raman) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations of the hydroxyl‐functionalized imidazolium ionic liquid C2OHmimCl indicate that anion‐cation hydrogen bonding interactions are dominating, leading to the formation of distinct dimeric ion pair clusters. In this arrangement, the Cl− anions function as a bridge between the cations by establishing bifurcated hydrogen bonds with the OH group of one cation and the C(2)‐H of another cation. Cation–cation interactions, on the other hand, do not play a significant role in the observed clusters.
Socioeconomic risk moderates the association between caregiver cortisol levels and infant cortisol reactivity to emotion induction at 24 months
Authors: Braren Stephen H. , Perry Rosemarie E. , Ursache Alexandra , Blair Clancy 
Published: March 2019

AbstractRelations between maternal baseline cortisol and infant cortisol reactivity to an emotion induction procedure at child ages 7, 15, and 24 months were analyzed using data from the Family Life Project (N = 1,292). The emotion induction consisted of a series of standardized and validated tasks, including an arm restraint, toy removal, and mask presentation, intended to elicit responses of fear and frustration. Results revealed that at 7 and 15 months, maternal baseline cortisol was negatively related to child cortisol reactivity, such that children of mothers with lower cortisol exhibited steeper cortisol increases in response to the emotion induction. At 24 months, the association between mother and infant cortisol was moderated by socioeconomic risk, such that maternal baseline cortisol was associated with child cortisol reactivity only in dyads characterized by low socioeconomic risk. Furthermore, at 24 months, children of mothers with low baseline cortisol and low socioeconomic risk exhibited decreasing cortisol responses, whereas children of mothers with low baseline cortisol but high risk exhibited flat cortisol responses. Children in dyads characterized by high baseline maternal cortisol also exhibited flat cortisol responses regardless of socioeconomic risk. The role of caregiver physiology in the regulation of the child's stress response in the context of adversity is discussed.
Effects of different fencing regimes on community structure of degraded desert grasslands on Mu Us desert, China
Authors: Liu Jiankang , Bian Zhen , Zhang Kebin , Ahmad Bilal , Khan Alamgir 
Published: March 2019

AbstractGrazing is one of the major anthropogenic driving factors influencing community structure and ecological function of grasslands. Fencing has been proved to be one of the main measures for rehabilitating degraded grasslands in northwestern China. However, data from combined empirical studies on the effects of different management regimes in desert grasslands are lacking. So we selected long‐term fencing (fenced since 1991), mid‐term fencing and seasonal fencing (fenced since 2002), and adjacent free‐grazing grasslands to investigate vegetation and soil properties on southwest Mu Us desert. Our results showed that fencing increased plant cover, height, aboveground biomass (AGB) of different plant life‐form groups, Shannon–Wiener diversity index, Evenness index, Simpson index, total soil nitrogen, total soil phosphorus, and soil organic matter, but decreased plant density, species richness, Richness index, soil bulk density, water content, and pH. However, 22–24 years of long‐term complete fencing might cause redegradation of vegetation and soil nutrients, characterized by the reduction of some vegetation properties, biodiversity, total AGB, and some soil properties. Seasonal fencing with 11–13 year was more beneficial to vegetation restoration than that with completely fencing measures. Our study suggests that appropriate artificial disturbances, such as seasonal fencing (winter grazing and summer fencing), should be used after long‐term fencing in order to maintain grassland productivity and biodiversity. These findings will help to provide theoretical support for vegetation restoration and sustainable management in grassland under grazing prohibition at Mu Us desert.
The demographic and life‐history costs of fear: Trait‐mediated effects of threat of predation onAedes triseriatus
Authors: Ower Geoffrey D. , Juliano Steven A. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractPredators alter prey populations via direct lethality (density‐mediated effects), but in many taxa, the indirect nonlethal threat of predation may be almost as strong an effect, altering phenotypically plastic traits such as prey morphology, behavior, and life history (trait‐mediated effects). There are costs to antipredator defenses and the strength of prey responses to cues of predation likely depends on both the perceived level of risk and food availability.The goal of this study was to test the hypothesis that the costs of nonlethal trait‐mediated interactions impacting larvae can have carryover effects that alter life‐history traits, adult characteristics, and ultimately population dynamics.The effects ofToxorhynchites rutiluskairomones and chemical alarm cues onAedes triseriatuswere assessed in a two‐level factorial design manipulating nutrient level (low or high) and chemical cues of predation (present or absent).Nonlethal chemical cues of predation significantly decreased female survivorship and significantly decreased female size. Females emerged as adults significantly earlier when exposed to predation cues when there was high nutrient availability. When raised in the low nutrient treatment and exposed to predator cues, adult females had 2.1 times the hazard of death compared to high nutrient‐no predator cues. Females raised in the high nutrient and predator cue treatment blood fed sooner than did females from other combinations.Fear of predation can substantially alter prey life‐history traits and behavior, which can cascade into dramatic population, community, and ecosystem effects. Exposure to predator cues significantly decreased the estimated cohort rate of increase, potentially altering the expected population density of the next generation.
Connectivity explains local ant community structure in a Neotropical forest canopy: a large‐scale experimental approach
Authors: Adams Benjamin J. , Schnitzer Stefan A. , Yanoviak Stephen P. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractUnderstanding how habitat structure and resource availability affect local species distributions is a key goal of community ecology. Where habitats occur as a mosaic, variation in connectivity among patches influences both local species richness and composition, and connectivity is a key conservation concern in fragmented landscapes. Similarly, availability of limiting resources frequently determines species coexistence or exclusion. For primarily cursorial arthropods like ants, gaps between neighboring trees are a significant barrier to movement through the forest canopy. Competition for limited resources such as nest sites also promotes antagonistic interactions. Lianas (woody vines) connect normally isolated neighboring tree crowns and often have hollow stems inhabited by ants. We used two large‐scale liana‐removal experiments to determine how connectivity and nest site availability provided by lianas affect arboreal ant species richness, species composition, and β‐diversity in a lowland tropical forest in Panama. Removing lianas from a tree crown reduced ant species richness up to 35%, and disproportionately affected species that require large foraging areas. Adding artificial connectivity to trees mitigated the effects of liana removal. Ant colonization of artificial nests was higher (73% occupied) in trees without lianas vs. trees with lianas (28% occupied). However, artificial nests typically were colonized by existing polydomous, resident ant species. As a result, nest addition did not affect ant community structure. Collectively, these results indicate that lianas are important to the maintenance of arboreal ant diversity specifically by providing connectivity among neighboring tree crowns. Anticipated increases in liana abundance in this forest could increase the local (tree‐level) species richness of arboreal ants, with a compositional bias toward elevating the density of broad‐ranging specialist predators.
A comprehensive approach for fracability evaluation in naturally fractured sandstone reservoirs based on analytical hierarchy process method
Authors: He Rui , Yang Zhaozhong , Li Xiaogang , Li Zhanling , Liu Ziyuan , Chen Fei 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe tight sandstone gas reservoir in southern Songliao Basin is naturally fractured and is characterized by its low porosity and permeability. Large‐scale hydraulic fracturing is the most effective way to develop this tight gas reservoir. Quantitative evaluation of fracability is essential for optimizing a fracturing reservoir. In this study, nine fracability‐related factors, particularly mechanical brittleness, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), mineral brittleness, cohesion, internal friction angle (IFA), natural fracture, fracture toughness, horizontal stress difference, and fracture barrier were obtained based on a series of petrophysical and geomechanical experiments. Taking above factors into consideration, a modified comprehensive evaluation model is proposed based on analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method. The UCS and IFA were removed from the AHP model based on the results of factor correlation analysis. The transfer matrix in the weighting procedure was applied to improve the consistency of judgment matrix, and the fuzzy matrix was employed to promote the objectiveness of final decision. The fracability evaluation of four reservoir intervals in Jinshan gas field was analyzed. Field fracturing tests were conducted to verify the feasibility of the proposed evaluation model. Results showed that the tubing pressure curve is more fluctuated in the reservoir interval with more developed natural fractures, and gas production is higher in the reservoir interval with greater fracability coefficient. The field test data coincide with the results of the proposed evaluation model.
Equity and Evaluation in Informal STEM Education
Authors: Garibay Cecilia , Teasdale Rebecca M. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractInformal STEM education institutions seek to engage broader cross sections of their communities to address inequities in STEM participation and remain relevant in a multicultural society. In this chapter, we advance the role that evaluation can play in helping the field adopt more inclusive practices and achieve greater equity than at present through evaluation that addresses sociopolitical contexts and reflects the perspectives and values of non‐dominant communities. To do this for specific projects, we argue that evaluation should privilege the voices and lived experiences of non‐dominant communities, engage communities in identifying desired outcomes, and ensure multicultural validity of instruments, measures, and inferences. At the field‐wide level, we urge evaluators to examine conceptualizations of “broadening participation in STEM,” evaluate community‐based partnerships, and address replication and scaling. Ultimately, these actions can lead to greater equity in evaluation and in informal STEM education.
High‐order divergence‐free velocity reconstruction for free surface flows on unstructured Voronoi meshes
Authors: Boscheri Walter , Pisaturo Giuseppe Roberto , Righetti Maurizio 
Published: March 2019

SummaryIn this paper, we present an efficient semi‐implicit scheme for the solution of the Reynolds‐averaged Navier‐Stokes equations for the simulation of hydrostatic and nonhydrostatic free surface flow problems. A staggered unstructured mesh composed by Voronoi polygons is used to pave the horizontal domain, whereas parallel layers are adopted along the vertical direction. Pressure, velocity, and vertical viscosity terms are taken implicitly, whereas the nonlinear convective terms as well as the horizontal viscous terms are discretized explicitly by using a semi‐Lagrangian approach, which requires an interpolation of the three‐dimensional velocity field to integrate the flow trajectories backward in time. To this purpose, a high‐order reconstruction technique is proposed, which is based on a constrained least squares operator that guarantees a globally and pointwise divergence‐free velocity field. A comparison with an analogous reconstruction, which is not divergence‐free preserving, is also presented to give evidence of the new strategy. This allows the continuity equation to be satisfied up to machine precision even for high‐order spatial discretizations. The reconstructed velocity field is then used for evaluating high‐order terms of a Taylor method that is here adopted as ODE integrator for the flow trajectories. The proposed semi‐implicit scheme is validated against a set of academic test problems, and proof of convergence up to fourth‐order of accuracy in space is shown.
Effects of different processing methods on the antioxidant and immune stimulating abilities of garlic
Authors: Daliri Eric Banan‐Mwine , Kim Se‐Hun , Park Byun‐Jae , Kim Hee‐Sung , Kim Jung‐Mi , Kim Hyong Seo , Oh Deog‐Hwan 
Published: March 2019

AbstractIn this study, we determined the antioxidant and immune stimulating abilities of a garlic product developed by freeze drying, heat drying, and solid‐state fermentation of heat‐dried garlic. Lactobacillus plantarum KCTC21004 and Leuconostoc mesenteroides KCTC13302 were used for the sample fermentation. The optimum conditions for fermentation were 50% (v/w) moisture, a fermentation time of 48 hr and a temperature of 37°C. Heat‐dried garlic samples fermented with L. plantarum KCTC21004 (HD21004) and L. mesenteroides KCTC13302 (HD13302) showed the highest flavonoid contents while heat‐dried garlic (HD) had the lowest flavonoid content. HD21004 contained the highest phenolic compounds, showed the highest antioxidant activity and demonstrated a strong immune stimulating effect while freeze‐dried garlic showed the lowest flavonoid and polyphenolic contents. Overall, the heat‐dried garlic samples (fermented and unfermented) contained about three times more S‐Allylcysteine (SAC) than the freeze‐dried samples (FD). The current study demonstrates that heat drying and subsequent fermentation of garlic with L. plantarum KCTC21004 can improve its therapeutic effects.
Postmarketing surveillance of the oxidative stability for cooking oils, frying oils, and vanaspati supplied in the retail market
Authors: Tavakoli Hamid Reza , Naderi Mehdi , Jafari Seid Mahdi , Naeli Mohammad Hossein 
Published: March 2019

AbstractIn this study, postmarketing surveillance (PMS) was conducted in terms of the parameters which are reliable indicators of the oxidative stability of cooking oils, frying oils, and vanaspati samples. The analyzed parameters were fatty acid composition, peroxide value (PV), free fatty acids (FFA), p‐anisidine value (p‐AV), induction period at 110°C (IP110) determined by Rancimat test, and TOTOX value. For this purpose, different samples from four highly popular brands of mentioned products were randomly collected from Iran's market during 2016–2018. All monitored products had trans fatty acid <1.0%. In the case of FFA and IP110, the ranges of 0.03–0.08 (%) and 9.3–17.2 hr were obtained, respectively, being mostly in conformity with the National Standard of Iran (FFA < 0.1% and IP110 > 15 hr). The ranges of PV of cooking oils, frying oils, and vanaspati samples were 1.2–2.7, 0.93–2, and 0.84–1.6 meq/kg, respectively. Our results revealed that p‐AV of frying oils and cooking oils was mostly outside of legal limits of Iran (p‐AV > 6) with the ranges of 4.2–12.5 and 4.3–12.3, respectively. In terms of TOTOX value, monitored products had a range from 5.2 to 13.0 (mostly <10) being nearly acceptable.
4‐Naphthylmethyl Proline Forms a Channel Structure
Authors: Foletti Carlotta , Trapp Nils , Loosli Simon , Lewandowski Bartosz , Wennemers Helma 
Published: March 2019

AbstractProline and proline derivatives are useful tools to control the structural properties of peptides and proteins, and thereby modulate numerous processes. Here, we show that proline derivatives can have unique structural properties in the solid state by presenting the crystal structure of zwitterionic (2S,4S)/(2S,4R)‐4‐[(naphthalen‐2‐yl)methyl]proline (H‐Nap‐OH). This amphiphilic proline derivative forms a columnar structure around large hydrophilic and small hydrophobic channels with diameters of 9 Å and 4 Å, respectively. We show that this architecture, which is unprecedented for amino acids, results from the combination of a hydrogen bond network between the ammonium and carboxylate moieties and π–π as well as CH–π interactions between the aromatic moieties.
The spillover effects of U.S. monetary policy on emerging market economies
Authors: Tillmann Peter , Kim Geun‐Young , Park Hail 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe recent implementation of unconventional monetary policies in advanced economies and the preparations for an eventual return to normalization have renewed the interest in spillover effects of monetary policy on emerging market economies. This paper estimates a series of VAR‐X models for a set of 10 emerging economies, that is, VARs in which U.S. policy enters exogenously. The contribution of this paper is (a) to use an identified shock component of the U.S. (shadow) federal funds rate as a consistent policy instrument for conventional and unconventional policies, (b) to account for changes in the transmission of U.S. monetary policy over time, and (c) to quantify asymmetries in the transmission of tightening and easing shocks. The results point to substantially nonlinear and asymmetric spillover effects, which pose challenges to policymakers.