bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
R2ucare: An r package to perform goodness‐of‐fit tests for capture–recapture models
Authors: Gimenez Olivier , Lebreton Jean‐Dominique , Choquet Rémi , Pradel Roger 
Published: April 2018

Abstract

Assessing the quality of fit of a statistical model to data is a necessary step for conducting safe inference.

We introduce R2ucare, an r package to perform goodness‐of‐fit tests for open single‐ and multi‐state capture–recapture models. R2ucare also has various functions to manipulate capture–recapture data.

We remind the basics and provide guidelines to navigate towards testing the fit of capture–recapture models. We demonstrate the functionality of R2ucare through its application to real data.
Grass greenness flush can influence breeding phenology and fertility in equatorial thoroughbred mares in the absence of photoperiod variation
Authors: Carranza Juan , Yoong Washington A. , Vergara Belén Caño , Briones Abel , Mateos Concha 
Published: April 2018

AbstractReproductive phenology is an important trait subjected to natural selection. Current horses in America belong to the Palearctic original populations after being introduced by European colonizers. Photoperiod variation is the main environmental factor for the adjustment of reproductive timing in horses, but is absent in equatorial areas. Here we hypothesize that seasonality of green‐grass availability may influence breeding phenology in equatorial regions. We used data of 929 services to mares from 2006 to 2011 in a thoroughbred equine exploitation in Ecuador that experienced strong grass seasonality. Actual births could not be used to infer natural phenology because they were influenced by management decisions. Instead, we used variations in the probability of pregnancy after a service as a measure of the natural tendency of mares to show breeding phenology. We found that although managers tended to schedule pregnancies in two periods within the year, mares were more prone to become pregnant after the increase in grass greenness that takes place at the beginning of the year (February). Our finding has potential applications to improve the success of services and the welfare of animals, by providing green‐grass stimuli in the appropriate season.
Photodynamic therapy is more effective than imiquimod for actinic keratosis in organ transplant recipients: a randomized intraindividual controlled trial
Authors: Togsverd-Bo K. , Halldin C. , Sandberg C. , Gonzalez H. , Wennberg A.M. , Sørensen S.S. , Wulf H.C. , Hædersdal M. 
Published: April 2018

Summary
Recipients of organ transplants such as a kidney must take strong drugs to prevent organ rejection. These drugs also reduce the body's defences against the development of cancer. This is particularly important in the skin, where damage from ultraviolet light from the sun leads to precancerous changes (solar keratoses) on exposed sites. These changes can be extensive and are more likely to develop into aggressive skin cancers than in normal healthy individuals. This Scandinavian study compares the effectiveness and acceptability of two established treatments for solar keratoses in a group of 35 organ transplant patients. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is administered at a hospital visit. It involves applying a light-sensitising cream to the skin which is later activated by a red light. This triggers intense inflammation in the skin which destroys abnormal but not normal tissue. Another treatment is imiquimod cream which is applied three times a week for four weeks by the patient at home. It stimulates the body's own defence mechanisms to fight off abnormal tissue changes. Each patient had two similarly affected areas of skin. These were randomly allocated to be treated either with PDT or imiquimod. PDT was repeated after three, and imiquimod after two months if necessary. Response rates were calculated at three and six months. This study showed that photodynamic therapy was more effective than imiquimod at reducing the number of persistent solar keratoses in this group of high-risk patients. Although PDT was more painful than imiquimod, patients did not prefer one treatment over the other for this reason.
Use of the hCONSORT criteria as a reporting standard for herbal interventions for common dermatoses: a systematic review
Authors: Ornelas J. , Routt E. , Kallis P. , Lev-Tov H. 
Published: April 2018

Summary
Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) has been increasing in popularity in western countries for various conditions, including those that affect the skin. Alternative medicine is defined as treatment approaches that are outside the realm of western medicine and complimentary medicine combines the use of such treatments with western medicine. Despite this increase in prevalence, western healthcare providers have not integrated CAM into their practice due to a lack of reliable scientific studies that support its use. One way to close the gap between prevalence of public use and lack of reliable data is to improve the way studies are reported in medical journals. In 2006 guidelines were published to help scientific researchers conduct quality research regarding the use of herbal medications. These guidelines were called the CONSORT extension criteria on reporting herbal interventions (hCONSORT) and were published in 2006. We wanted to examine how well these guidelines we adopted in dermatology. As part of our research, based in the U.S., we reviewed scientific studies that investigated the use of plant-based medications for the use of three common skin conditions: acne, atopic eczema, and psoriasis. We focused on articles published between 2009 and 2014 and graded their adherence to the hCONSORT guidelines. Surprisingly, we found that the majority of these scientific studies adhered to less than 50% of the hCONSORT guidelines. Based on these findings, we recommend that scientists adhere to these guidelines when conducting studies regarding the use of herbal medications and that editors of scientific journals encourage adherence to these guidelines when presented with articles that assess the use of herbal medications. Doing so will help western healthcare practitioners safely and effectively integrate CAM into conventional medicine.
综合评估和分类防晒服的方法
Authors: Downs N.J. , Harrison S.L. 
Published: April 2018

Summary
过度暴露于阳光中会导致皮肤癌,这是人类最常见的癌症。在澳大利亚,约有80%的黑色素瘤(皮肤癌最致命的形式)病例可以通过减少阳光曝晒进行预防。衣服可以作为防护屏障,有效地减少到达皮肤的太阳紫外辐射(UVR)。1996年,澳大利亚的研究人员根据UVR穿透衣料的情况(称为紫外线防护系数(UPF))主导了一项衣服的防晒能力相对等级研究。UPF服装吊牌作为此项初始标准(AS/NZS 4399:1996)的一部分引入,这一做法被业界广泛采用。然而,这项研究并未考虑到服装覆盖的人体皮肤表面积(BSA)。一些标准(例如欧盟,2003年;澳大利亚/新西兰,2017年)中加入了对躯体和四肢的最低身体覆盖面积要求,而其他标准(例如美国)则未有改动。鉴于有最新证据表明,衣服覆盖对预防在幼年时期形成的色素痣(黑色素瘤的重要风险因素)起着重要的作用,因此,防晒服评级方案除了考虑衣料UPF之外,还必须考虑服装的BSA覆盖面积。我们开发了一项用于评级防晒服的新指标“服装防护系数(GPF)”,其中包含了上述两项重要因素。BSA覆盖面积是通过比较穿衣服和未穿衣服的模特身上可见的线条数量决定的。GPF随着服装的BSA覆盖面积和衣料UPF的增加而提高,共分为3个类别:GPF 0至&lt; 3,表示此类服装“满足”最低标准;3至&lt; 6,表明此类服装拥有“良好”的防晒能力;而GPF ≥ 6,则表明防晒能力“出色”。采用这种评级方案有助于鼓励制造商设计超出BSA覆盖面积和衣料UPF的最低标准的防晒服装,并为消费者提供充足的信息进行选择,从而有效的预防皮肤癌。
压力与皮肤病生活质量:焦虑敏感性社会关注的缓和作用
Authors: Dixon L.J. , Witcraft S.M. , McCowan N.K. , Brodell R.T. 
Published: April 2018

Summary
“压力”一词用于形容一个人感到紧张或在压力下的状态。一个有趣的事实是,压力可以使某些皮肤病恶化,甚至引起一些皮肤病。这会导致患者产生恶性循环,他们的皮肤病会引发更多压力,压力会转而恶化其症状,如此循环。关于在压力和皮肤病之间的关联中起作用的心理风险因素却鲜为人知,但业界普遍认为其中一个相关因素是“焦虑敏感性(AS)社会关注”。这会在一个人因担心社会后果(其他人的反应,例如拒绝或羞耻)而惧怕焦虑相关的感觉(例如出汗、脸红)时发生。因此,这个人是在担心焦虑症的可视迹象。在这项于美国开展的研究中,237名带有皮肤病症状的患者完成了一些调查问卷,用以评估压力、AS社会关注、皮肤病生活质量和皮肤症状的严重程度。研究发现,具有AS社会关注症状的患者更有可能注意和惧怕因压力或皮肤病引起的体征所产生的社会反响(例如其他人会如何反应),进而恶化皮肤病对其情绪健康和日常生活的影响。但是,具有高度AS社会关注症状的患者并未反应其皮肤病的体征影响了其生活质量,这表示压力与症状的严重程度并无关联。
异位性皮炎与手部湿疹之间的关联:一项系统综述与元分析
Authors: Ruff S.M.D. , Engebretsen K.A. , Zachariae C. , Johansen J.D. , Silverberg J.I. , Egeberg A. , Thyssen J.P. 
Published: April 2018

Summary
异位性皮炎(AD,一种常见的湿疹类型)是一种儿童皮肤病。它会引起剧烈瘙痒和皮肤干燥问题。大部分儿童和成人会在皮肤褶皱处(膝盖和手肘的弯曲处)出现湿疹,但一些成人患者的面部、手部和足部也会出现湿疹。传统的异位性手部湿疹(HE)出现在手背上,这可能是因为手背的皮肤比手掌部位要薄。然而,AD还会提高因刺激物(例如肥皂和水)而导致产生HE的风险,这就是所谓的“刺激性接触性皮炎”。这种子类型的HE通常最开始出现在手指之间或旁边的皮肤上,但随后可能会出现在手部的任何位置,包括手掌。重要的是,HE会妨碍人们的工作并降低他们的生活乐趣和质量。目前的研究旨在通过回顾已发布的文献和科学研究来寻找AD和HE之间的关联。在每项研究中,我们都会搜索与AD和HE之间的关联有关的数据。我们结合了26项研究的结果,在查看HE的一年和终身发病率(意思是,在某一年或到目前为止的人生中的任何时候患上HE的患者,即使患者目前已痊愈)时发现,当前或过去患有AD的患者患上HE的风险会提高3至4倍。在研究与当前HE的关联时发现了较弱的相关。而在研究在不同职业中因暴露在刺激物中而患上HE和一般人群中报告的HE时发现了类似的正相关。结论是,我们的分析表明,AD患者患上HE的可能性大大增加。临床医生应继续指导AD患者尽可能避免从事HE高风险的职业。此外,未来的研究还应关注于确定AD和不同类型的HE之间的关联的重要性。
使用杜匹鲁单抗和伴随局部皮质类固醇(LIBERTY AD CHRONOS)对中度至重度异位性皮炎的长期治疗:一项严格评价
Authors: Thomson J. , Wernham A.G.H. , Williams H.C. 
Published: April 2018

Summary
异位性皮炎(AD)是一种常见的慢性炎症性皮肤病。主要的治疗方法是每天涂抹保湿剂和抗炎霜,通常是局部用皮质类固醇(TCS)。严重病例中使用的免疫抑制药物会引起副作用(不良副作用)。去年,《柳叶刀》上发表了一项针对AD的全新免疫抑制疗法的试验,称为杜匹鲁单抗。在本文中,来自英国诺丁汉的皮肤科医生严格评价了该研究。该项研究由业界赞助,检查了杜匹鲁单抗的长期疗效和安全性,这种”生物”药物会选择性地抑制AD中涉及的免疫细胞。这项随机、双盲、安慰剂对照试验在全球161个诊所中开展。每周(319名患者)或每两周(106名患者)为中度至重度AD成人患者注射300mg杜匹鲁单抗,共注射52周。所有患者(包括315名接受安慰剂的患者)均根据需要继续使用TCS。研究人员发现,杜匹鲁单抗+ TCS的耐受性良好(意思是,患者能够持续治疗)并且对AD的改善情况要好于单独使用TCS,但会引起更多的副作用(尤其是结膜炎)。而每周和每两周注射的疗法在疗效上未报告任何差异。这在总体上是一项组织妥善的研究,但评论家对此有所保留。还需要招募更多的参与者才能进行合理的统计:也就是”播种”,需要广泛的测试才能精通并信任该药物。评论家的再分析表明,每两周剂量比每周剂量更加有效,而费用只有后者的一半。大部分参与者患有中度AD,但生物制剂通常是为重度病患准备的。应将该药物与另一种系统性免疫抑制剂相比较,而非安慰剂。这些因素可能使结论倾向于该药物。
Galantamine is not a positive allosteric modulator of human α4β2 or α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
Authors: Kowal Natalia M , Ahring Philip K , Liao Vivian W Y , Indurti Dinesh C , Harvey Benjamin S , O'Connor Susan M , Chebib Mary , Olafsdottir Elin S , Balle Thomas 
Published: April 2018

Background and PurposeThe alkaloid galantamine was originally isolated from the green snowdrop Galanthus woronowii and is currently marketed as a drug for treatment of mild to moderate dementia in patients with Alzheimer's disease. In addition to a well‐documented proficiency to inhibit acetylcholinesterase, galantamine has been reported to increase neuronal nicotinic ACh (nACh) receptor function by acting as a positive allosteric modulator. Yet there remains controversy regarding these findings in the literature. To resolve this conundrum, we evaluated galantamine actions at α4β2 and α7, which represent the nACh receptors most commonly associated with mammalian cognitive domains.Experimental Approachα4β2 [in (α4)3(β2)2 and (α4)2(β2)3 stoichiometries] and α7 nACh receptors were expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes and subjected to two‐electrode voltage‐clamp electrophysiological experiments. Galantamine (10 nM to 100 μM) was evaluated for direct agonist effects and for positive modulation by co‐application with sub‐maximally efficacious concentrations of ACh. In addition, similar experiments were performed with α7 nACh receptors stably expressed in HEK293 cells using patch‐clamp electrophysiology.Key ResultsIn concentrations ranging from 10 nM to 1 μM, galantamine did not display direct agonism nor positive modulatory effects at any receptor combination tested. At concentrations from 10 μM and above, galantamine inhibited the activity with a mechanism of action consistent with open‐channel pore blockade at all receptor types.Conclusion and ImplicationsBased on our data, we conclude that galantamine is not a positive allosteric modulator of α7 or α4β2 receptors, which represent the majority of nACh receptors in mammalian brain.
Inorganic hydrogen polysulfides: chemistry, chemical biology and detection
Authors: Liu Heng , Radford Miles N , Yang Chun‐tao , Chen Wei , Xian Ming 
Published: April 2018

Recent studies suggest that inorganic hydrogen polysulfides (H2Sn, n ≥ 2) play important regulatory roles in redox biology. Modulation of their cellular levels could have potential therapeutic value. This review article focuses on our current understanding of the biosynthesis, biofunctions, fundamental physical/chemical properties, detection methods and delivery techniques of H2Sn.Linked ArticlesThis article is part of a themed section on Chemical Biology of Reactive Sulfur Species. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.4/issuetoc
Depressive symptoms are common among rural Malawian adolescents
Authors: Teivaanmäki T. , Cheung Y. B. , Maleta K. , Gandhi M. , Ashorn P. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractBackgroundDepressive conditions cause about 25 million disability adjusted life years in low‐income countries annually. The incidence of depression rises after puberty, and the young age distribution in these countries may cause a high burden of adolescent depression. We aimed to assess the prevalence of reported depressive symptoms among rural adolescents in Malawi. Additionally, we assessed the association between birth weight, childhood growth, gender, and pubertal maturity and depressive symptoms.MethodsWe followed 767 children from the foetal period until 15‐years‐of‐age. We used the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (SMFQ) to examine reported depressive symptoms at 15 years. The questionnaire was translated to local language and then back‐translated until inaccuracies were not detected. Anthropometry was conducted at 1, 24, 120, and 180 months of age. We performed regression models with imputed data to assess associations between the independent variables and depressive symptoms. As a sensitivity analysis, we ran the same regression models with participants with no missing data.ResultsA total of 523 participants were seen at 15 years. The mean SMFQ score was 15 with 90% (95%CI 87–92%) of the participants scoring ≥11 points, the traditional cut‐off for screening for depression. Birth weight, growth, gender, and pubertal maturity were not associated with the SMFQ score in the primary imputed analyses. In the sensitivity analysis, birth weight was associated with the SMFQ score in all models.ConclusionsThe prevalence of reported depressive symptoms was high among the studied population. It is uncertain how well the traditional cut‐off of 11 points identifies children with clinically significant depressive symptoms in our sample. Our data do not support a hypothesis of an association between growth, gender, or pubertal maturity and depressive symptoms. Nevertheless, our results highlight the importance of the awareness of mental health problems in low‐income countries.
Preliteracy impairments in children with neurofibromatosis type 1
Authors: Arnold Shelley S , Payne Jonathan M , Lorenzo Jennifer , North Kathryn N , Barton Belinda 
Published: April 2018

AimThis cross‐sectional study aimed to examine the preliteracy abilities of young children with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) and to identify which of these abilities best predicted conventional literacy (spelling).MethodForty‐two children with NF1 (23 males, 19 females; mean age [SD] 5y 6mo [6mo]) were compared with 32 unaffected children (15 males, 17 females; mean age [SD] 5y 4mo [6mo]). All children completed a comprehensive cognitive assessment including measures of phonological processing (phonological awareness, phonological memory, rapid automatic naming) and letter‐sound knowledge.ResultsChildren with NF1 performed significantly poorer than the comparison group across all cognitive and preliteracy domains, with specific weaknesses evident in phonological awareness (F1,68=14.13, p<0.001, partial η2=0.17), phonological memory (F1,68=13.87, p<0.001, partial η2=0.17), and letter‐sound knowledge (F1,71=5.65, p=0.020, partial η2=0.07). Within the group with NF1 group, over a third of children demonstrated impairment in at least one phonological processing domain and the risk of phonological impairment was 5.60 times that of unaffected children. Children's letter‐sound knowledge was the strongest predictor of conventional literacy (spelling).InterpretationThis study establishes that preliteracy deficits are present and detectable in young children with NF1. As a result of the high incidence of preliteracy impairment, we recommend screening phonological awareness and letter‐sound knowledge to identify risk of future learning disorders.What this paper adds

Young children with neurofibromatosis type 1 are at elevated risk of preliteracy deficits.

The most affected domains are phonological awareness and phonological memory.

Letter‐sound knowledge is the strongest predictor of conventional literacy (spelling).
Application of the DAWN clinical imaging mismatch and DEFUSE 3 selection criteria: benefit seems similar but restrictive volume cut‐offs might omit potential responders
Authors: Ducroux C. , Khoury N. , Lecler A. , Blanc R. , Chetrit A. , Redjem H. , Ciccio G. , Smajda S. , Escalard S. , Desilles J.‐P. , Mazighi M. , Ben Maacha M. , Piotin M. , Fahed R. 
Published: April 2018

Background and purposeAn external validation of the selection criteria of diffusion‐weighted imaging or computerized tomography perfusion assessment with clinical mismatch in the triage of wake‐up and late‐presenting strokes undergoing the Neurointervention with Trevo (DAWN) and the Endovascular Therapy Following Imaging Evaluation for Ischemic Stroke (DEFUSE3) trials was conducted in a cohort of unknown onset stroke (UOS) patients treated with thrombectomy.MethodsA validation cohort of UOS patients was selected from a prospectively collected thrombectomy database to match the inclusion criteria of DAWN and DEFUSE 3. Patients with an initial National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) ≥10 were stratified according to the DAWN selection criteria. Patients ≤90 years old with an initial NIHSS ≥6 were stratified according to the DEFUSE 3 selection criteria. The proportions of patients with a modified Rankin Scale (mRS) ≤2 at 3 months follow‐up were compared between DAWN‐eligible patients and the DAWN trial thrombectomy group, and between DEFUSE 3‐eligible patients and the DEFUSE 3 trial thrombectomy group.ResultsOf the 60/102 (59%) DAWN‐eligible patients, 26 patients (43%) reached a mRS ≤2 at 3 months follow‐up [versus 52/107 patients (49%) in the DAWN trial thrombectomy group; P = 0.52]. Of the 100/117 (85%) DEFUSE 3‐eligible patients, 48 patients (48%) reached a mRS ≤2 at 3 months follow‐up [versus 41/92 patients (45%) in the DEFUSE 3 trial thrombectomy group; P = 0.67]. Of the DAWN‐ineligible and DEFUSE 3‐ineligible patients who underwent thrombectomy, 38% (16/42) and 41% (7/17) of patients reached a mRS ≤2, respectively.ConclusionThe results of the DAWN and DEFUSE 3 trials were externally validated in a UOS cohort where the trials' selection criteria identified a similar proportion of responders to thrombectomy.
Adverse placental effects of valproic acid: Studies in perfused human placentas
Authors: Rubinchik‐Stern Miriam , Shmuel Miriam , Bar Jacob , Kovo Michal , Eyal Sara 
Published: April 2018

SummaryObjectiveIn utero exposure to valproic acid (VPA) has been associated with worse pregnancy outcomes compared to all other antiepileptic drugs. We have previously shown that VPA alters the expression of placental transporters for hormones and nutrients in vitro and in pregnant mice. Here, our aim was to characterize the effects of short exposure to VPA on the expression of carriers for compounds essential for fetal development in human placentas ex vivo, under controlled conditions.MethodsPlacentas were obtained from cesarean deliveries of women with no known epilepsy. Cotyledons were cannulated and perfused in the absence or the presence of VPA (42, 83, or 166 μg/mL; n = 6/group) in the maternal perfusate over 180 minutes. A customized gene panel array was used to analyze the expression of carrier genes in the perfused cotyledons. We additionally measured in the perfused placentas folic acid concentrations and histone acetylation.ResultsVPA significantly altered the mRNA levels of major carriers for folic acid, glucose, choline, thyroid hormones, and serotonin (P < .05) and reduced placental folate concentrations by 25%‐35% (P = .059). The effects were observed at therapeutic concentrations sufficient to enhance placental histone acetylation, and some were concentration‐dependent.SignificanceOur results point to the placenta as a novel target of VPA, implying potential involvement of the placenta in VPA's adverse fetal outcomes.
Assessing seed priming, sowing date, and mulch film to improve the germination and survival of direct‐sown Miscanthus sinensis in the United Kingdom
Authors: Ashman Chris , Awty‐Carroll Danny , Mos Michal , Robson Paul , Clifton‐Brown John 
Published: April 2018

AbstractDirect sowing of Miscanthus seed could lower crop establishment costs, and increase the rate of grower uptake and biomass supply for the emerging bio‐economy. A replicated field trial was conducted at two contrasting UK sites: Aberystwyth (ABR) in mid‐Wales and Blankney (BLK) in Lincolnshire. These sites encompass the west–east meteorological gradient in the United Kingdom where the growing season at ABR is cooler and wetter while BLK is warmer and drier. Primed and unprimed Miscanthus sinensis seeds were sown directly onto the soil surface with and without a clear biodegradable mulch film, at nine dates interspersed from May to October. Average daily mean soil surface temperatures measured over the first 2 months after sowing under the mulch film were higher than control plots (2.7°C ABR and 4.2°C BLK). At both sites, the film covering also affected soil volumetric moisture relative to uncovered control plots (−3% ABR and 8% BLK), demonstrating the negative impact of mulch film when sowing on dry soil. Over nine sowings, seed germination at ABR under film varied between −28% and +18% of germination under control conditions. Seedlings from the first three sowings at both sites under film had sufficient physiological maturity to survive the first winter period. At BLK, mulch film significantly increased tiller count and height in both the first and second years after sowing. At ABR, where temperatures were lower, film covering significantly increased tiller height but not count. Water priming had no significant effect on seed viability or germination in the field tests. Base temperatures for germination of primed and unprimed seeds on a thermal gradient plate were 7.0°C and 5.7°C, respectively, with a ± 1.7°C confidence interval. Based on our results for M. sinensis in the United Kingdom, we recommend the sowing of unprimed seed in May under film and only when the soil is moist.
Self‐management of congestive heart failure among elderly men in Japan
Authors: Sano Motohiro , Majima Tomoko 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to explore the process of self‐management in elderly male patients with congestive heart failure among those who have had not needed re‐hospitalization for more than 2 years. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 10 male congestive heart failure patients. Interviews were audio‐recorded and transcribed verbatim. Data were analysed using the modified grounded theory approach. As a result of the analysis, the core concept identified was a process of living life such that symptoms do not worsen, while balancing good choices and preferences. By trial and error, the men tried to find the limits of physical capacity and dietary choices that would lead to the worsening of symptoms, while also trying to maintain quality of life to the extent possible.
Securitized and Direct Real Estate Factors in the Pricing of US Bank Stocks
Authors: Carmichael Benoît , Coën Alain 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThis article analyzes the role of securitized and direct real estate risks in the pricing of US bank stocks. Real estate risk measures are drawn from the National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts (NAREIT) and NCREIF indexes. Beside the real estate, the other risk exposures considered are the market, the term, and the default premiums. The period covered runs from February 1990 to December 2015. GMM estimates of conditional multifactor models report considerable evidence in favor of real estate risk in US bank stocks.