bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cognitive impairment from early to middle adulthood in patients with affective and nonaffective psychotic disorders
Authors: Mollon Josephine , Mathias Samuel R. , Knowles Emma E. M. , Rodrigue Amanda , Koenis Marinka M. G. , Pearlson Godfrey D. , Reichenberg Abraham , Barrett Jennifer , Denbow Dominique , Aberizk Katrina , Zatony Molly , Poldrack Russell A. , Blangero John , Glahn David C. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractBackgroundCognitive impairment is a core feature of psychotic disorders, but the profile of impairment across adulthood, particularly in African-American populations, remains unclear.MethodsUsing cross-sectional data from a case–control study of African-American adults with affective (n= 59) and nonaffective (n= 68) psychotic disorders, we examined cognitive functioning between early and middle adulthood (ages 20–60) on measures of general cognitive ability, language, abstract reasoning, processing speed, executive function, verbal memory, and working memory.ResultsBoth affective and nonaffective psychosis patients showed substantial and widespread cognitive impairments. However, comparison of cognitive functioning between controls and psychosis groups throughout early (ages 20–40) and middle (ages 40–60) adulthood also revealed age-associated group differences. During early adulthood, the nonaffective psychosis group showed increasing impairments with age on measures of general cognitive ability and executive function, while the affective psychosis group showed increasing impairment on a measure of language ability. Impairments on other cognitive measures remained mostly stable, although decreasing impairments on measures of processing speed, memory and working memory were also observed.ConclusionsThese findings suggest similarities, but also differences in the profile of cognitive dysfunction in adults with affective and nonaffective psychotic disorders. Both affective and nonaffective patients showed substantial and relatively stable impairments across adulthood. The nonaffective group also showed increasing impairments with age in general and executive functions, and the affective group showed an increasing impairment in verbal functions, possibly suggesting different underlying etiopathogenic mechanisms.
La teoria dellagovernance:sfide e prospettive
Authors: Mayntz Renate 
Published: January 2019

IntroduzioneQuesto articolo tratta dello sviluppo e della successiva evoluzione della teoria dellagovernance, la cui origine va rintracciata nell'analisi delle attività intraprese dalle autorità politiche nel tentativo di modellare le strutture e i processi socioeconomici. In Germania il termine in uso èSteuerungstheorie[teoria della direzione] (Mayntz 1987). La parola inglesegovernanceè stata per lungo tempo equiparata agoverning, l'elemento processuale del governare, rappresentando così la prospettiva complementare rispetto a quella istituzionale negli studi dedicati al governo. In altre parole,governancevenne utilizzato approssimativamente quale sinonimo dipolitische Steuerung[direzione politica].
La Lega Nord e la transizione italiana
Authors: Biorcio Roberto 
Published: January 2019

IntroduzioneLa Lega Nord ha avuto un ruolo fondamentale nella trasformazione del sistema politico italiano: ha contribuito in modo decisivo alla crisi dei partiti di governo della Prima repubblica, ha introdotto importanti innovazioni nella politica italiana e ha sinora ostacolato il consolidamento di un sistema politico bipolare. Se la transizione italiana appare lunga, complessa e ancora largamente incompiuta (Pasquino 1995, VI), il contributo del partito diretto da Umberto Bossi è già oggi chiaramente identificabile.
IDEE E CONOSCENZA NELLE POLITICHE PUBBLICHE EUROPEE: TECNOCRAZIA O POLITICIZZAZIONE?
Authors: Radaelli Claudio M. 
Published: January 2019

IntroduzioneLa conoscenza nelle politiche pubbliche dell'Unione europea: un vantaggio a metà?Come spesso accade, l'interesse attuale per la dimensione cognitiva della politica rappresenta più una riscoperta che una novità assoluta. In senso lato, essa comprende filoni ben noti, addirittura classici, degli studi politici. Lo dimostra la ricca letteratura su temi diversi quali l'incrementalismo (Lindblom 1959), la razionalità limitata (Simon 1957), le mappe cognitive delle élites politiche (Axelrod 1976), la concezione dei meccanismi di governo come apprendimento (Deutsch 1966, 80; Heclo 1972), il cosiddetto «complesso militare-industriale» (Rosen 1973), e la tecnocrazia (Fisichella 1997). Perché dunque «riscoprire» il ruolo politico della conoscenza? O meglio, qual è il potenziale di studi i quali, sia nell'ambito dell'analisi sulle politiche pubbliche (Capano 1995; Radaelli 1997) sia nelle relazioni internazionali (Jacobsen 1995), reclamano una maggiore considerazione per i fattori cognitivi nelle scelte di policy? Quanto sono efficaci nella spiegazione del cambiamento {policy change)? E, da ultimo, come possono essere valutati da un punto di vista normativo? Una delle idee cardine della prospettiva cognitiva è che la politica vada oltre la semplice risoluzione dei conflitti. L'apprendimento, la propensione alla soluzione dei problemi, i fora di discussione e il policy enlightenment - si sostiene - possono contare più della politica basata su stili conflittuali. La politica sta forse superando il modello della democrazia competiti- va-awersariale?
Is transplanetary sustainability a good idea? An answer from the perspective of conceptual engineering
Authors: Beisbart Claus 
Published: January 2019

AbstractIs our current concept of sustainable development too focused on our planet? Do we need a new conception of sustainability? The recent call for an 'ethics of planetary sustainability' by A. Losch may be understood as promoting an affirmative answer to this question. This essay analyses and assesses the introduction of a new concept of sustainability from the perspective of conceptual engineering. The central question is whether this new concept, which I call ‘transplanetary sustainability’, may improve our thinking, and, indirectly, our practices. I argue that a new notion of transplanetary sustainability advantageously points to considerations that matter from a moral point of view. It may also help us to be more exact and consistent in our moral thinking. At the same time, there are serious doubts as to how fundamental the concept of sustainability as such is from a theoretical perspective since it does not figure in prominent moral theories. Furthermore, in view of possible extraterrestrial beings that deserve to be taken into account from a moral point of view, the proposed revision of the concept may reach less than required. Nevertheless, since sustainability has had an impressive career in international politics, it is practically speaking important that sustainability be conceived such that outer space is taken into account.
Warm Circumpolar Deep Water at the Western Getz Ice Shelf Front, Antarctica
Authors: Assmann K. M. , Darelius E. , Wåhlin A. K. , Kim T. W. , Lee S. H. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe Getz Ice Shelf is one of the largest sources of fresh water from ice shelf basal melt in Antarctica. We present new observations from three moorings west of Siple Island 2016–2018. All moorings show a persistent flow of modified Circumpolar Deep Water toward the western Getz Ice Shelf. Unmodified Circumpolar Deep Water with temperatures up to 1.5 °C reaches the ice shelf front in frequent episodes. These represent the warmest water observed at any ice shelf front in the Amundsen Sea. Mean currents within the warm bottom layer of 18–20 cm/s imply an advection time scale of 7 days from shelf break to ice shelf front. Zonal wind stress at the shelf break affects heat content at the ice shelf front on weekly to monthly time scales. Our 2‐year mooring records also evince that upwelling over the shelf break controls thermocline depth on subannual to annual time scales.
Simulating Dynamic Roots in the Energy Exascale Earth System Land Model
Authors: Drewniak B. A. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractRoots are important contributors to plant development, functioning to provide nutrients and water for plant growth. However, roots and their functions are often simplified in Earth system models, which limit the feedback of root foraging strategy on plant productivity, and their impacts on the carbon cycle. The goal of this study is to introduce a new method to resolve the vertical structure of roots over time. The method allows plasticity of rooting depth distribution under nonuniform profiles of water and nitrogen, which influences aboveground dynamics. The dynamic root model optimizes root distribution for both water and nitrogen uptake but gives priority to plant water demands. I implement this new method in the Energy Exascale Earth System model. The resulting root distribution maintains agreement with observations in most ecosystems and marginally improves the gross primary productivity estimated by the model, compared to satellite observations. Increases in gross primary productivity are simulated in desert and boreal ecosystems. However, the model does not capture deep roots in the dry tropics, and therefore, productivity losses are observed in parts of the Amazon and the African savannah. I discuss details of the model algorithm, along with some sensitivity studies that shed light on the model behavior in water‐limited ecosystems. The study shows that additional model processes, such as climate dependent root depth, root hydraulics, root form and function, and better nitrogen uptake, should be considered to improve the root water uptake in the Energy Exascale Earth System Land Model (ELM).
Pd films on soft substrates: a visual, high-contrast and low-cost optical hydrogen sensor
Authors: She Xiaoyi , Shen Yang , Wang Jianfang , Jin Chongjun 
Published: January 2019

AbstractFor the rapid development of the hydrogen economy, a reliable and low-cost hydrogen sensor appears to be extremely important. Here, we first show that a palladium film deposited on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) can obtain an exceedingly high-reflectance contrast of 25.78 over the entire visible band upon exposure to 4 vol% hydrogen gas (H2) mixed with nitrogen gas. This high-reflectance contrast results from the surface deformation induced by the volume inflation after exposure to H2, leading to the transition of the near-specular surface to a diffusing surface. In addition, a change in brightness is readable by naked eye upon exposure to H2 with various concentrations from 0.6 to 1 vol% under the illumination of a fluorescent tube. Furthermore, this sensor possesses an excellent recyclability and quick response time of a few seconds. Compared with Pd nanostructure-based hydrogen sensors, this visual, high-contrast and low-cost sensor is of great potential for practical hydrogen sensing.
Significant shared heritability underlies suicide attempt and clinically predicted probability of attempting suicide
Authors: Ruderfer Douglas M. , Walsh Colin G. , Aguirre Matthew W. , Tanigawa Yosuke , Ribeiro Jessica D. , Franklin Joseph C. , Rivas Manuel A. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractSuicide accounts for nearly 800,000 deaths per year worldwide with rates of both deaths and attempts rising. Family studies have estimated substantial heritability of suicidal behavior; however, collecting the sample sizes necessary for successful genetic studies has remained a challenge. We utilized two different approaches in independent datasets to characterize the contribution of common genetic variation to suicide attempt. The first is a patient reported suicide attempt phenotype asked as part of an online mental health survey taken by a subset of participants (n = 157,366) in the UK Biobank. After quality control, we leveraged a genotyped set of unrelated, white British ancestry participants including 2433 cases and 334,766 controls that included those that did not participate in the survey or were not explicitly asked about attempting suicide. The second leveraged electronic health record (EHR) data from the Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC, 2.8 million patients, 3250 cases) and machine learning to derive probabilities of attempting suicide in 24,546 genotyped patients. We identified significant and comparable heritability estimates of suicide attempt from both the patient reported phenotype in the UK Biobank (h2SNP = 0.035, p = 7.12 × 10−4) and the clinically predicted phenotype from VUMC (h2SNP = 0.046, p = 1.51 × 10−2). A significant genetic overlap was demonstrated between the two measures of suicide attempt in these independent samples through polygenic risk score analysis (t = 4.02, p = 5.75 × 10−5) and genetic correlation (rg = 1.073, SE = 0.36, p = 0.003). Finally, we show significant but incomplete genetic correlation of suicide attempt with insomnia (rg = 0.34–0.81) as well as several psychiatric disorders (rg = 0.26–0.79). This work demonstrates the contribution of common genetic variation to suicide attempt. It points to a genetic underpinning to clinically predicted risk of attempting suicide that is similar to the genetic profile from a patient reported outcome. Lastly, it presents an approach for using EHR data and clinical prediction to generate quantitative measures from binary phenotypes that can improve power for genetic studies.
Indirect protection from vaccinating children against influenza in households
Authors: Tsang Tim K. , Fang Vicky J. , Ip Dennis K. M. , Perera Ranawaka A. P. M. , So Hau Chi , Leung Gabriel M. , Peiris J. S. Malik , Cowling Benjamin J. , Cauchemez Simon 
Published: January 2019

AbstractVaccination is an important intervention to prevent influenza virus infection, but indirect protection of household members of vaccinees is not fully known. Here, we analyze a cluster household randomized controlled trial, with one child in each household randomized to receive influenza vaccine or placebo, for an influenza B epidemic in Hong Kong. We apply statistical models to estimate household transmission dynamics and quantify the direct and indirect protection of vaccination. Direct vaccine efficacy was 71%. The infection probability of unvaccinated household members in vaccinated households was only 5% lower than in control households, because only 10% of infections are attributed to household transmission. Even when that proportion rises to 30% and all children are vaccinated, we predict that the infection probability for unvaccinated household members would only be reduced by 20%. This suggests that benefits of individual vaccination remain important even when other household members are vaccinated.
A standard primary energy approach for comparing desalination processes
Authors: Shahzad Muhammad Wakil , Burhan Muhammad , Ng Kim Choom 
Published: January 2019

AbstractConsidering different grades of energy as equivalent in the desalination industry could have negative economic and environmental consequences. Whereas this approach will suffice for the comparison of same energy input processes, omitting the grade of energy when comparing diverse technologies may lead to incorrect conclusions and, resultantly, inefficient installations. Here, a standard primary energy-based thermodynamic framework is presented that addresses the energy efficacy of assorted desalination processes. Example calculations show that a thermal desalination plant integrated with a power plant consumes 2–3% of input standard primary energy. We also propose a standard universal performance ratio methodology to provide a level playing field for the comparison of desalination processes; this suggest that the majority of desalination processes are operating far from the sustainable zone, with only ~10–13% at the ideal or thermodynamic limit. A proposed roadmap shows that attaining an efficacy level of up to 25–30% of the thermodynamic limit is crucial for achieving the 2030 sustainability development goals for seawater desalination, which will require a technological shift in the capability of dissolved salts separation processes.
Significance of hydrogen bonding and other noncovalent interactions in determining octahedral tilting in the CH3NH3PbI3 hybrid organic-inorganic halide perovskite solar cell semiconductor
Authors: Varadwaj Pradeep R. , Varadwaj Arpita , Marques Helder M. , Yamashita Koichi 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe CH3NH3PbI3(methylammonium lead triiodide) perovskite semiconductor system has been viewed as a blockbuster research material during the last five years. Because of its complicated architecture, several of its technological, physical and geometrical issues have been examined many times. Yet this has not assisted in overcoming a number of problems in the field nor in enabling the material to be marketed. For instance, these studies have not clarified the nature and type of hydrogen bonding and other noncovalent interactions involved; the origin of hysteresis; the actual role of the methylammonium cation; the nature of polarity associated with the tetragonal geometry; the unusual origin of various frontier orbital contributions to the conduction band minimum; the underlying phenomena of spin-orbit coupling that causes significant bandgap reduction; and the nature of direct-to-indirect bandgap transition features. Arising from many recent reports, it is now a common belief that the I···H–N interaction formed between the inorganic framework and the ammonium group of CH3NH3+is the only hydrogen bonded interaction responsible for all temperature-dependent geometrical polymorphs of the system, including the most stable one that persists at low-temperatures, and the significance of all other noncovalent interactions has been overlooked. This study focussed only on the low temperature orthorhombic polymorph of CH3NH3PbI3and CD3ND3PbI3, where D refers deuterium. Together with QTAIM, DORI and RDG based charge density analyses, the results of density functional theory calculations with PBE with and without van der Waals corrections demonstrate that the prevailing view of hydrogen bonding in CH3NH3PbI3is misleading as it does not alone determine thea−b+a−tilting pattern of the PbI64−octahedra. This study suggests that it is not only the I···H/D–N, but also the I···H/D–C hydrogen/deuterium bonding and other noncovalent interactions (viz. tetrel-, pnictogen- and lump-hole bonding interactions) that are ubiquitous in the orthorhombic CH3NH3PbI3/CD3ND3PbI3perovskite geometry. Their interplay determines the overall geometry of the polymorph, and are therefore responsible in part for the emergence of the functional optical properties of this material. This study also suggests that these interactions should not be regarded as the sole determinants of octahedral tilting since lattice dynamics is known to play a critical role as well, a common feature in many inorganic perovskites both in the presence and the absence of the encaged cation, as in CsPbI3/WO3perovskites, for example.
Effect of Crystallization Modes in TIPS-pentacene/Insulating Polymer Blends on the Gas Sensing Properties of Organic Field-Effect Transistors
Authors: Lee Jung Hun , Seo Yena , Park Yeong Don , Anthony John E. , Kwak Do Hun , Lim Jung Ah , Ko Sunglim , Jang Ho Won , Cho Kilwon , Lee Wi Hyoung 
Published: January 2019

AbstractBlending organic semiconductors with insulating polymers has been known to be an effective way to overcome the disadvantages of single-component organic semiconductors for high-performance organic field-effect transistors (OFETs). We show that when a solution processable organic semiconductor (6,13-bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl)pentacene, TIPS-pentacene) is blended with an insulating polymer (PS), morphological and structural characteristics of the blend films could be significantly influenced by the processing conditions like the spin coating time. Although vertical phase-separated structures (TIPS-pentacene-top/PS-bottom) were formed on the substrate regardless of the spin coating time, the spin time governed the growth mode of the TIPS-pentacene molecules that phase-separated and crystallized on the insulating polymer. Excess residual solvent in samples spun for a short duration induces a convective flow in the drying droplet, thereby leading to one-dimensional (1D) growth mode of TIPS-pentacene crystals. In contrast, after an appropriate spin-coating time, an optimum amount of the residual solvent in the film led to two-dimensional (2D) growth mode of TIPS-pentacene crystals. The 2D spherulites of TIPS-pentacene are extremely advantageous for improving the field-effect mobility of FETs compared to needle-like 1D structures, because of the high surface coverage of crystals with a unique continuous film structure. In addition, the porous structure observed in the 2D crystalline film allows gas molecules to easily penetrate into the channel region, thereby improving the gas sensing properties.
Rapid Quantitative Fluorescence Detection of Copper Ions with Disposable Microcapsule Arrays Utilizing Functional Nucleic Acid Strategy
Authors: He Enqi , Cai Liangyuan , Zheng Fengyi , Zhou Qianyu , Guo Dan , Zhou Yinglin , Zhang Xinxiang , Li Zhihong 
Published: January 2019

AbstractIn this work, an economical and easy-to-use microcapsule array fabricated by ice printing technique has been realized for ultrasensitive fluorescence quantification of copper ions employing functional nucleic acid strategy. With ice printing, the detection reagents are sealed by polystyrene (PS) film isolation and photopolymer, which guarantees a stable and contamination-free environment for functional nucleic acid reaction. Our microcapsule arrays have shown long-term stability (20 days) under −20 °C storage in frozen form before use. During the Cu2+ on-site detection, 1 μL sample is simply injected into the thawy microcapsule by a microliter syringe under room temperature, and after 20 minutes the fluorescence result can be obtained by an LED transilluminator. This method can realize the detection limit to 100 nM (100 fmol/μL) with high specificity.
Tactile stimulation reduces aggressiveness but does not lower stress in a territorial fish
Authors: Bolognesi Marcela Cesar , dos Santos Gauy Ana Carolina , Gonçalves-de-Freitas Eliane 
Published: January 2019

AbstractBody tactile stimulation has a positive effect upon highly social animals, such as mammals and cleaner-client coral-reef fish, by relieving stress and improving health. Conversely, some tactile contacts are naturally detrimental, such as those resulted from aggressive interactions. To study whether positive responses from tactile stimulation are generalized among vertebrates, we tested its effect on stress response and aggressive behavior in a territorial fish species, Nile tilapia. We developed an apparatus made of a row of sticks bordered by silicone bristles that was positioned in the middle of the aquarium, and through which fish had to pass to access food, thus receiving tactile stimulation. Isolated fish experienced tactile stimulation for 7 days, and were assigned to 2 types of stressors: non-social (confinement) or social (aggressive interaction). Each of them had a corresponding control treatment without tactile stimulation. Although fish spontaneously crossed the apparatus, we did not observe a decrease in plasma cortisol levels immediately after stressor application as a response to the use of the apparatus, either for social or non-social treatment. However, tactile stimulation reduced aggressive interaction in the social treatment, showing a positive effect on a territorial fish species, and pointing to a way to improve welfare.