bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Building Local Capacity in Hand-Rub Solution Production during the 2014-2016 Ebola Outbreak Disaster: The Case of Liberia and Guinea
Authors: Jacquerioz Bausch Frederique A , Heller Olivia , Bengaly Loséni , Matthey-Khouity Béatrice , Bonnabry Pascal , Touré Yakaria , Kervillain Garrison J , Bah Elhadj Ibrahima , Chappuis François , Hagon Olivier 
Published: November 2018

AbstractBackgroundDuring the 2014-2015 Ebola outbreak in West Africa, the lack of infection prevention and control (IPC) measures in health care facilities amplified human-to-human transmission and contributed to the magnitude of this humanitarian disaster.Case ReportIn the summer of 2014, the Geneva University Hospitals (HUG; Geneva, Switzerland) conducted an IPC assessment and developed a project based on the local needs and their expertise with the support of the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation and the Humanitarian Aid Unit (SDC/HA; Bern, Switzerland). The project consisted of building local capacity in the production of alcohol-based hand-rub solution (ABHRS) based on the World Health Organization (WHO; Geneva, Switzerland) formula in non-Ebola health facilities at the peak of the outbreak in Liberia (Fall 2014) and during recovery in Guinea (September 2015) to promote safer care. Twenty-one pharmacists in Liberia and 22 in Guinea were trained and one years’ worth of laboratory equipment, chemical products, containers for personal use, and bioethanol were delivered to 10 hospitals per country with more than 8,000 100 ml bottles of solution produced at the end of the project.DiscussionHand hygiene using hand-rub solution is a critical component of safer care, especially in health care settings lacking runnable water. Throughout the Ebola outbreak, it was a timely moment to promote hand-rub solution and to reinforce IPC measures in non-Ebola health facilities. During the project implementation, a substantial challenge was the unavailability of bioethanol in Liberia and Guinea. In the long run, sustainability of the production can become an issue as it depends heavily on the local government’s financial and political commitment, the capacity to create an on-going demand for hand-rub solution in health facilities, the local purchase and replacement of the materials and chemical products, as well as the availability of continuous local partners’ support.Conclusion:The project demonstrated that it was feasible to build local capacity in ABHRS production during an emergency and in limited-resource settings when materials and training are provided. Future programs in similar contexts should identify and address the factors of sustainability during the implementation phase and provide regular, long-term technical support.Jacquerioz BauschFA, HellerO, BengalyL, Matthey-KhouityB, BonnabryP, TouréY, KervillainGJ, BahEI, ChappuisF, HagonO. Building local capacity in hand-rub solution production during the 2014-2016 Ebola outbreak disaster: the case of Liberia and Guinea.. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2018;33(6):660–667.
Health-Seeking Behavior of Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome and Their Family Caregivers
Authors: Kumboyono Kumboyono , Refialdinata Jeki , Wihastuti Titin A , Rachmawati Septi D , Aziz Aditya N 
Published: November 2018

AbstractIntroductionAcute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) is a life-threatening condition. Immediate and proper treatment will decrease mortality rate. Patient awareness on ACS is still lacking and as the consequence, ACS patients do not seek immediate help.ProblemThe patients’ efforts to get rid of ACS symptoms.MethodsThe study was a descriptive, qualitative study in which a semi-structured, in-depth interview became the instrument. The respondents were 34 participants (including 17 ACS patients and 17 family caregivers). Data analysis was done by triangulation of data sources.ResultsThree themes were obtained, namely: (1) prefer traditional and self-treatment, for example (a) traditional medicine, (b) taking non-prescription drugs to overcome ACS symptoms, and (c) spontaneous action; (2) using available health resources and facilities that consisted of (a) getting initial treatment at home by nurses, (b) visiting a health center to take care of the symptoms, and (c) using non-ambulance service to visit the health centers; and (3) expectations on health care services to patients composed by sub-themes such as (a) the expectation to get information that supports the healing, and (b) the caring attitude of the heath professional.Conclusions:The results showed that in the prehospital setting when experiencing ACS symptoms, the patients try to overcome the symptoms independently. However, as the symptoms get worse, they utilize health facilities in different ways. At the time of obtaining health services, patients are satisfied with health professionals who show caring attitudes, explain the results of the examination, and provide health education on health care efforts. Thus, to prevent mortality and morbidity, it is important for a health professional to educate the public about ACS, including topics about ACS healthy lifestyles and potential threats if it is too late to get treatment. Furthermore, it is also important for the government to implement prehospital emergency services nation-wide.KumboyonoK,RefialdinataJ,WihastutiTA,RachmawatiSD,AzizAN.Health-seeking behavior of patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome and their family caregivers.Prehosp Disaster Med.2018;33(6):614–620.
MATHEMATICAL MODELLING OF THE REMOVAL OF ORGANIC MICROPOLLUTANTS IN THE ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS: A LINEAR BIODEGRADATION MODEL
Authors: NELSON MARK I. , ALQAHTANI RUBAYYI T. , HAI FAISAL I. 
Published: November 2018

Before wastewaters can be released into the environment, they must be treated to reduce the concentration of organic pollutants in the effluent stream. There is a growing concern as to whether wastewater treatment plants are able to effectively reduce the concentration of micropollutants that are also contained in their influent streams. We investigate the removal of micropollutants in treatment plants by analysing a model that includes biodegradation and sorption as the main mechanisms of micropollutant removal. For the latter a linear adsorption model is used in which adsorption only occurs onto particulates.The steady-state solutions of the model are found and their stability is determined as a function of the residence time. In the limit of infinite residence time, we show that the removal of biodegradable micropollutants is independent of the processes of adsorption and desorption. The limiting concentration can be decreased by increasing the concentration of growth-related macropollutants. Although, in principle, it is possible that the concentration of micropollutants is minimized at a finite value of the residence time, this was found not to be the case for the particular biodegradable micropollutants considered.For nonbiodegradable pollutants, we show that their removal is always optimized at a finite value of the residence time. For finite values of the residence time, we obtain a simple condition which identifies whether biodegradation is more or less efficient than adsorption as a removal mechanism. Surprisingly, we find that, for the micropollutants considered, adsorption is always more important than biodegradation, even when the micropollutant is classified as being highly biodegradable with low adsorption.
Validation of GATE Monte Carlo code for simulation of proton therapy using National Institute of Standards and Technology library data
Authors: Zarifi Shiva , Taleshi Ahangari Hadi , Jia Sayyed Bijan , Tajik-Mansoury Mohammad Ali 
Published: November 2018

AbstractAimTo validate the Geant4 Application for Tomographic Emission (GATE) Monte Carlo simulation code by calculating the proton beam range in the therapeutic energy range.Materials and methodsIn this study, the GATE code which is based on Geant4 was used for simulation. The proton beams in the therapeutic energy range (5–250 MeV) were simulated in a water medium, and then compared with the data from National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in order to investigate the accuracy of different physics list available in the GATE code. In addition, the optimal value of SetCut was assessed.ResultsIn all energy ranges, the QBBC physics had a greater deviation in the ranges relative to the NIST data. With respect to the range calculation accuracy, the QGSP_BIC_EMY and QGSP_BERT_HP_EMY physics were in the range of statistical uncertainty; however, QGSP_BIC_EMY produced better results using the least squares. Based on an investigation into the range calculation precision and simulation efficiency, the optimal SetCut was set at 0·1 mm.FindingsBased on an investigation into the range calculation precision and simulation yield, the QGSP_BIC_EMY physics and the optimal SetCut was recommended to be 0·1 mm.
CATEGORIES, ONE-CYCLES ON CUBIC FOURFOLDS, AND THE BEAUVILLE–VOISIN FILTRATION
Authors: Shen Junliang , Yin Qizheng 
Published: November 2018

We explore the connection between$K3$categories and 0-cycles on holomorphic symplectic varieties. In this paper, we focus on Kuznetsov’s noncommutative$K3$category associated to a nonsingular cubic 4-fold.By introducing a filtration on the$\text{CH}_{1}$-group of a cubic 4-fold$Y$, we conjecture a sheaf/cycle correspondence for the associated$K3$category ${\mathcal{A}}_{Y}$. This is a noncommutative analog of O’Grady’s conjecture concerning derived categories of$K3$surfaces. We study instances of our conjecture involving rational curves in cubic 4-folds, and verify the conjecture for sheaves supported on low degree rational curves.Our method provides systematic constructions of (a) the Beauville–Voisin filtration on the$\text{CH}_{0}$-group and (b) algebraically coisotropic subvarieties of a holomorphic symplectic variety which is a moduli space of stable objects in${\mathcal{A}}_{Y}$.
Octagonal-shaped wideband MIMO antenna for human interface device and S-band application
Authors: Chouhan Sanjay , Panda Debendra Kumar , Kushwah Vivek Singh , Mishra Pankaj Kumar 
Published: November 2018

AbstractA four-element wide-band octagonal ring-shaped antenna is proposed for human interface device and S-band applications. The isolation structure comprises a parasitic element and a T-shaped structure. The antenna has −10 dB impedance bandwidth 63% (2.1–4.0 GHz) with miniaturized dimension of 54.98 mm × 76 mm. The multiple input multiple output (MIMO) antenna gain is 2.83 dBi at the 2.4 GHz resonant frequency. The designed MIMO has envelop correlation coefficient of 0.026 in the 2:1 VSWR band. The −10 dB total active reflection coefficient bandwidth of 1.2 GHz has been achieved in the entire frequency band, and has MEG value of ≤−3 dB. The specific absorption rate has found below the safety limit near the human head, palm and wrist.
High-risk psychotropic medications for US children with trauma sequelae
Authors: Barnett E. R. , Concepcion Zayas M. T. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractChildren exposed to trauma are predisposed to develop a number of mental health syndromes. They are prone to under-treatment with effective psychosocial interventions and over-treatment with high-risk psychotropic medications, especially polypharmacy and the use of antipsychotics for unapproved conditions. We review the evidence for psychosocial and pharmacological treatments for mental health problems associated with high exposure to childhood trauma – identifying those in foster care as an index group – and the frequency of high-risk pharmacological practices. We describe current efforts to reduce over-treatment of children with high-risk psychotropic medications and propose further recommendations to protect and provide effective care for these vulnerable children.
Eutrophication Leads to Accumulation of Recalcitrant Autochthonous Organic Matter in Coastal Environment
Authors: Asmala Eero , Haraguchi Lumi , Markager Stiig , Massicotte Philippe , Riemann Bo , Staehr Peter A. , Carstensen Jacob 
Published: November 2018

AbstractAnthropogenic nutrient enrichment is changing the structure and the function of coastal ecosystems. These coastal zones are transitions between freshwater and marine systems where multiple biogeochemical processes remove, produce, and transform organic matter. The extent to which the coastal zone is merely a conduit for terrestrial (allochthonous) organic matter versus a distinct source of autochthonous organic matter fueled by eutrophication is unclear. To address this issue, we characterized the freshwater and marine dissolved organic matter (DOM) pools in a eutrophic estuary with a long water residence time (Roskilde Fjord, Denmark) over an annual cycle. We combined elemental, optical (absorbance and fluorescence), and isotopic analyses to obtain insight about the bulk properties of the DOM pool during this period. We also used sediment traps to analyze the changes related to the exchange of organic matter between the particulate organic matter and DOM fractions. The results showed that labile autochthonous DOM from in situ primary production was rapidly transformed to more recalcitrant DOM that accumulated in the estuary despite continuous exchange with the open sea. Also, parts of the particulate organic matter pool were degraded rapidly (within 24 hr) and transformed into the DOM pool. Accumulated DOM was characterized by relatively low molecular size and stable carbon isotopic value and by high protein‐like fluorescence. These results indicate that autotrophic material can be a major source of specific recalcitrant DOM in eutrophic coastal waters, contributing significantly to the flux of organic carbon to the ocean.
The Improved Freeze–Thaw Process of a Climate‐Vegetation Model: Calibration and Validation Tests in the Source Region of the Yellow River
Authors: Yang Q. , Dan L. , Wu J. , Jiang R. , Dan J. , Li W. , Yang F. , Yang X. , Xia L. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe freeze–thaw process significantly impacts land surface processes in permafrost and influences the regional climate. In this study, the freeze–thaw process in the atmosphere‐vegetation interaction model (AVIM) was improved by utilizing the universal soil hydrothermal coupling equations, and by introducing the freezing depression point‐based freeze–thaw parameterization scheme to form a model known as the AVIM frozen soil model (AVIM_FSM). Then, the seasonal frozen soil observational data at Maqu station, located in the Yellow River source region, were used to calibrate the freeze–thaw‐related parameters with an artificial intelligence particle swarm optimization method, and the model was validated. The results indicated that by improving the freeze–thaw process, the temporal variations in soil temperature and liquid water content simulated by the AVIM_FSM model agreed well with the observations. By calibrating the parameters, the deviations between the observations and corresponding simulations were reduced compared with those in the AVIM. Based on the AVIM_FSM, the physical mechanism of the freeze–thaw process was discussed, the different freeze–thaw parameterization schemes were compared, the related freeze–thaw process parameters were quantitatively evaluated, and the following was indicated: (1) the freeze–thaw process was mainly determined by radiation, sensible heat flux, and ice change in frozen soil; (2) the freezing depression point‐based freeze–thaw parameterization scheme was superior to the empirical scheme, which can reasonably describe the freezing and thawing start dates with lower deviations; and (3) the particle swarm optimization algorithm can efficiently calibrate the freeze–thaw‐related parameters and improve the simulation accuracy.
Simulation of Stochastic Processes Exhibiting Any‐Range Dependence and Arbitrary Marginal Distributions
Authors: Tsoukalas Ioannis , Makropoulos Christos , Koutsoyiannis Demetris 
Published: November 2018

AbstractHydrometeorological processes are typically characterized by temporal dependence, short‐ or long‐range (e.g., Hurst behavior), as well as by non‐Gaussian distributions (especially at fine time scales). The generation of long synthetic time series that resembles the marginal and joint properties of the observed ones is a prerequisite in many uncertainty‐related hydrological studies, since they can be used as inputs and hence allow the propagation of natural variability and uncertainty to the typically deterministic water‐system models. For this reason, it has been for years one of the main research topics in the field of stochastic hydrology. This work presents a novel model for synthetic time series generation, termed Symmetric Moving Average (neaRly) To Anything, that holds out the promise of simulating stationary univariate and multivariate processes with any‐range dependence and arbitrary marginal distributions, provided that the former is feasible and the latter have finite variance. This is accomplished by utilizing a mapping procedure in combination with the relationship that exists between the correlation coefficients of an auxiliary Gaussian process and a non‐Gaussian one, formalized through the Nataf's joint distribution model. The generality of Symmetric Moving Average (neaRly) To Anything is stressed through two hypothetical simulation studies (univariate and multivariate), characterized by different dependencies and distributions. Furthermore, we demonstrate the practical aspects of the proposed model through two real‐world cases, one that concerns the generation of annual non‐Gaussian streamflow time series at four stations and another that involves the synthesis of intermittent, non‐Gaussian, daily rainfall series at a single location.
The HydroGrid as a Framework for Interconnected Water Systems: Emerging Technologies
Authors: Yeghiazarian L. , Nistor V. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThis paper introduces the concept of the HydroGrid as a framework to describe connected water systems. We draw upon the knowledge and engineering experience employed in electrical grid operations to outline mirroring concepts in the HydroGrid, with a particular focus on monitoring, analysis, and control. The electrical grid is well monitored in real time. Monitoring data are used for dynamic analysis, and based on analytical projections, the grid is controlled to reduce the chance of cascading failures. We discuss analogous developments for the HydroGrid, using the example of microbial surface water contamination for illustration. Emerging technologies in advanced materials, signal transduction and wireless communications enable development of autonomous mobile devices for dynamic microbial water quality monitoring. As this technology matures, the devices will have the capability to stream real‐time or near‐real‐time data for analysis with stochastic models of contaminant fate and transport. Modeling results, combined with controllability analysis of water systems, can then be used to determine system‐wide prevention and mitigation strategies. Progress is measured with probability‐based metrics of HydroGrid sustainability such as reliability, vulnerability, and resilience. We highlight challenges in data requirements and processing, and finally, we broadly discuss interdependent functions of the HydroGrid such as human and animal health services, food safety, and aquatic ecosystems health.
How Asymmetries Between Arctic and Antarctic Climate Sensitivity Are Modified by the Ocean
Authors: Singh H. A. , Garuba O. A. , Rasch P. J. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractWe investigate how the ocean response to CO2 forcing affects hemispheric asymmetries in polar climate sensitivity. Intermodel comparison of Phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project CO2 quadrupling experiments shows that even in models where hemispheric ocean heat uptake differences are small, Arctic warming still exceeds Antarctic warming. The polar climate impact of this evolving ocean response to CO2 forcing is then isolated using slab ocean experiments in a state‐of‐the‐art climate model. Overall, feedbacks over the Southern Hemisphere more effectively dissipate top‐of‐atmosphere anomalies than those over the Northern Hemisphere. Furthermore, a poleward shift in ocean heat convergence in both hemispheres amplifies destabilizing ice albedo and lapse rate feedbacks over the Arctic much more so than over the Antarctic. These results suggest that the Arctic is intrinsically more sensitive to both CO2 and oceanic forcings than the Antarctic and that ocean‐driven climate sensitivity asymmetry arises from feedback destabilization over the Arctic rather than feedback stabilization over the Antarctic.
Channel Filtering Generates Multifractal Solute Signals
Authors: Hensley Robert T. , Cohen Matthew J. , Jawitz James W. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractCatchments act as a sequence of hierarchical filters, damping input signals and generating less variable streamflow and stream solute concentration output signals. Spectral analysis across a wide array of solutes and catchments has revealed ~1/f scaling behavior (i.e., spectral power inversely proportional to frequency) spanning periods of hours to decades, attributed to hillslope filtering. We hypothesize that additional filtering by stream channel processes should occur. However, most catchments in which solute scaling behavior has been resolved have channel travel times too short for this to be evident from the relatively low sampling rates utilized. We use high‐frequency (1–4 hr−1) sampling in larger catchments (up to 3 × 106 km2) to show that solute signals are indeed multifractal, steepening from ~1/f spectral at low frequencies to ~1/f 2 at higher frequencies. Across conservative, reactive, and gaseous solutes we demonstrate that departure from 1/f scaling occurs at frequencies that correspond with metrics of catchment size.
High‐Resolution Receiver Function Imaging Across the Cascadia Subduction Zone Using a Dense Nodal Array
Authors: Ward K. M. , Lin F. , Schmandt B. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractIn the summer of 2017, we deployed 174 nodal geophones in the Cascadia Subduction Zone forearc with the specific aim of conducting a high‐resolution receiver function study. The dense trench perpendicular line in central Oregon with 500‐m spacing recorded continuous data for approximately 40 days. Our plate tectonic‐scale imaging results show the same features as previous broadband seismic deployments including the top of the subducting Juan de Fuca Plate, the slab Moho, and the continental Moho. Although our deployment was limited to around 40 days, the dense station spacing allowed us to image the shallow Oregon forearc in remarkable detail. In our shallow results, we image a continuous positive arrival that we interpret as the top of the accreted Siletzia terrane. We suggest that hybrid nodal/broadband deployments could be used in conjunction with offshore seismic studies to image subduction zones in unprecedented detail.
Simulated Responses of the West African Monsoon and Zonal‐Mean Tropical Precipitation to Early Holocene Orbital Forcing
Authors: Smyth Jane E. , Hill Spencer A. , Ming Yi 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThis study seeks to improve our mechanistic understanding of how the insolation changes associated with orbital forcing impact the West African monsoon and zonal‐mean tropical precipitation. We impose early Holocene orbital parameters in simulations with the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory AM2.1 atmospheric general circulation model, either with fixed sea surface temperatures, a 50‐m thermodynamic slab ocean, or coupled to a dynamic ocean (CM2.1). In all cases, West African Monsoon rainfall expands northward, but the summer zonal‐mean Intertropical Convergence Zone does not—there is drying near 10°N, and in the slab ocean experiment a southward shift of rainfall. This contradicts expectations from the conventional energetic framework for the Intertropical Convergence Zone location, given anomalous southward energy fluxes in the deep tropics. These anomalous energy fluxes are not accomplished by a stronger Hadley circulation; instead, they arise from an increase in total gross moist stability in the northern tropics.