bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental investigation into the effects of oxidation during petrogenesis of the Tissint meteorite
Authors: Castle Nicholas , Herd Christopher D. K. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractWe report on the results of an experimental study based on the petrology of the Tissint meteorite, an olivine‐phyric shergottite that preserves evidence of an oxidation event during its petrogenesis. We find that oxidation occurring after olivine saturation modifies the Cr zoning profiles in experimental run products, and note that similar Cr‐depleted olivine profiles occur in the natural sample. We consider processes that could operate to modify Cr zoning profiles in experimentally produced olivine, and find that diffusion operates too slowly; furthermore, peritectic resorption of olivine, which occurs during oxidation, does not adequately shorten the diffusion length to account for the depletion. Fine‐grained (<10 μm) spinel grains are observed within olivine crystals exclusively in cooling rate experiments involving an oxidation step, suggesting that the mechanism causing modification of Cr zoning profiles in olivine is the oxidation‐induced exsolution of Cr‐spinel, consistent with observations of natural samples. A replicate experiment with V included in the composition shows that V is similarly affected. Known partitioning behavior suggests that Ni and Co should be similarly affected due to preferential partitioning into spinel. We consider implications of our observations for the interpretation of the petrogenetic histories of other olivine‐phyric shergottites, and provide a new petrographic tool for recognizing oxidation events in olivine‐phyric shergottites.
Infant formula feeding practices associated with rapid weight gain: A systematic review
Authors: Appleton Jessica , Russell Catherine Georgina , Laws Rachel , Fowler Cathrine , Campbell Karen , Denney‐Wilson Elizabeth 
Published: April 2018

AbstractExcess or rapid weight gain during the first 2 years of life is associated with an increased risk of later childhood and adult overweight and obesity. When compared with breastfed infants, formula fed infants are more likely to experience excess or rapid weight gain, and this increased risk in formula fed infant populations may be due to a number of different mechanisms. These mechanisms include the nutrient composition of the formula and the way formula is prepared and provided to infants. This systematic literature review examines the association between formula feeding practice and excess or rapid weight gain. This review explores these different mechanisms and provides practical recommendations for best practice formula feeding to reduce rapid weight gain. Eighteen studies are included in this review. The findings are complicated by the challenges in study design and accuracy of measurements. Nevertheless, there are some potential recommendations for best practice formula feeding that may reduce excess or rapid weight gain, such as providing formula with lower protein content, not adding cereals into bottles, not putting a baby to bed with a bottle, and not overfeeding formula. Although further well designed studies are required before more firm recommendations can be made.
Effectiveness of interventions on breastfeeding self‐efficacy and perceived insufficient milk supply: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Galipeau Roseline , Baillot Aurélie , Trottier Alexia , Lemire Linda 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe aim of this systematic review and meta‐analysis was to assess the efficacy on an intervention on breastfeeding self‐efficacy and perceived insufficient milk supply outcomes. The literature search was conducted among 6 databases (CINAHL, Medline, PsyncInfo, Scopus, Cochrane, and ProQuest) in between January 2000 to June 2016. Two reviewers independently assessed the articles for the following inclusion criteria: experimental or quasi‐experimental studies; healthy pregnant women participants intending to breastfeed or healthy breastfeeding women who gave birth to a term singleton and healthy baby; intervention administered could have been educational, support, psycho‐social, or breastfeeding self‐efficacy based, offered in prenatal or postnatal or both, in person, over the phone, or with the support of e‐technologies; breastfeeding self‐efficacy or perceived insufficient milk supply as outcomes. Seventeen studies were included in this review; 12 were randomized controlled trials. Most interventions were self‐efficacy based provided on 1‐to‐1 format. Meta‐analysis of RCTs revealed that interventions significantly improved breastfeeding self‐efficacy during the first 4 to 6 weeks (SMD = 0.40, 95% CI 0.11–0.69, p = 0.006). This further impact exclusive breastfeeding duration. Only 1 study reported data on perceived insufficient milk supply. Women who have made the choice to breastfeed should be offered breastfeeding self‐efficacy‐based interventions during the perinatal period. Although significant effect of the interventions in improving maternal breastfeeding self‐efficacy was revealed by this review, there is still a paucity of evidence on the mode, format, and intensity of interventions. Research on the modalities of breastfeeding self‐efficacy should be pursued.
Asymmetric oceanographic processes mediate connectivity and population genetic structure, as revealed byRADseq, in a highly dispersive marine invertebrate (Parastichopus californicus)
Authors: Xuereb Amanda , Benestan Laura , Normandeau Éric , Daigle Rémi M. , Curtis Janelle M. R. , Bernatchez Louis , Fortin Marie‐Josée 
Published: April 2018

AbstractMarine populations are typically characterized by weak genetic differentiation due to the potential for long‐distance dispersal favouring high levels of gene flow. However, strong directional advection of water masses or retentive hydrodynamic forces can influence the degree of genetic exchange among marine populations. To determine the oceanographic drivers of genetic structure in a highly dispersive marine invertebrate, the giant California sea cucumber (Parastichopus californicus), we first tested for the presence of genetic discontinuities along the coast of North America in the northeastern Pacific Ocean. Then, we tested two hypotheses regarding spatial processes influencing population structure: (i)isolation by distance(IBD: genetic structure is explained by geographic distance) and (ii)isolation by resistance(IBR: genetic structure is driven by ocean circulation). UsingRADseq, we genotyped 717 individuals from 24 sampling locations across 2,719 neutralSNPs to assess the degree of population differentiation and integrated estimates of genetic variation with inferred connectivity probabilities from a biophysical model of larval dispersal mediated by ocean currents. We identified two clusters separating north and south regions, as well as significant, albeit weak, substructure within regions (FST = 0.002,p = .001). After modelling the asymmetric nature of ocean currents, we demonstrated that local oceanography (IBR) was a better predictor of genetic variation (R2 = .49) than geographic distance (IBD) (R2 = .18), and directional processes played an important role in shaping fine‐scale structure. Our study contributes to the growing body of literature identifying significant population structure in marine systems and has important implications for the spatial management ofP. californicusand other exploited marine species.
Similarities in temperature‐dependent gene expression plasticity across timescales in threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus)
Authors: Metzger David C. H. , Schulte Patricia M. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractPhenotypic plasticity occurs at a variety of timescales, but little is known about the degree to which plastic responses at different timescales are associated with similar underlying molecular processes, which is critical for assessing the effects of plasticity on evolutionary trajectories. To address this issue, we identified differential gene expression in response to developmental temperature in the muscle transcriptome of adult threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) exposed to 12, 18 and 24°C until hatch and then held at 18°C for 9 months and compared these results to differential gene expression in response to adult thermal acclimation in stickleback developed at 18°C and then acclimated to 5 and 25°C as adults. Adult thermal acclimation affected the expression of 7,940 and 7,015 genes in response to cold and warm acclimation, respectively, and 4,851 of these genes responded in both treatments. In contrast, the expression of only 33 and 29 genes was affected by cold and warm development, respectively. The majority of the genes affected by developmental temperature were also affected by adult acclimation temperature. Many genes that were differentially expressed as a result of adult acclimation were associated with previously identified temperature‐dependent effects on DNA methylation patterns, suggesting a role of epigenetic mechanisms in regulating gene expression plasticity during acclimation. Taken together, these results demonstrate similarities between the persistent effects of developmental plasticity on gene expression and the effects of adult thermal acclimation, emphasizing the potential for mechanistic links between plasticity acting at these different life stages.
Blood parasites shape extreme major histocompatibility complex diversity in a migratory passerine
Authors: Biedrzycka Aleksandra , Bielański Wojciech , Ćmiel Adam , Solarz Wojciech , Zając Tadeusz , Migalska Magdalena , Sebastian Alvaro , Westerdahl Helena , Radwan Jacek 
Published: April 2018

AbstractPathogens are one of the main forces driving the evolution and maintenance of the highly polymorphic genes of the vertebrate major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Although MHC proteins are crucial in pathogen recognition, it is still poorly understood how pathogen‐mediated selection promotes and maintains MHC diversity, and especially so in host species with highly duplicated MHC genes. Sedge warblers (Acrocephalus schoenobaenus) have highly duplicated MHC genes, and using data from high‐throughput MHC genotyping, we were able to investigate to what extent avian malaria parasites explain temporal MHC class I supertype fluctuations in a long‐term study population. We investigated infection status and infection intensities of two different strains of Haemoproteus, that is avian malaria parasites that are known to have significant fitness consequences in sedge warblers. We found that prevalence of avian malaria in carriers of specific MHC class I supertypes was a significant predictor of their frequency changes between years. This finding suggests that avian malaria infections partly drive the temporal fluctuations of the MHC class I supertypes. Furthermore, we found that individuals with a large number of different supertypes had higher resistance to avian malaria, but there was no evidence for an optimal MHC class I diversity. Thus, the two studied malaria parasite strains appear to select for a high MHC class I supertype diversity. Such selection may explain the maintenance of the extremely high number of MHC class I gene copies in sedge warblers and possibly also in other passerines where avian malaria is a common disease.
An outbreak due to Candida auris with prolonged colonisation and candidaemia in a tertiary care European hospital
Authors: Ruiz‐Gaitán Alba , Moret Ana M. , Tasias‐Pitarch María , Aleixandre‐López Ana I. , Martínez‐Morel Héctor , Calabuig Eva , Salavert‐Lletí Miguel , Ramírez Paula , López‐Hontangas José L. , Hagen Ferry , Meis Jacques F. , Mollar‐Maseres Juan , Pemán Javier 
Published: April 2018

SummaryMultidrug‐resistant Candida auris has emerged as a cause of insidious hospital outbreaks and complicated infections. We present the analysis of an ongoing C. auris outbreak including the largest published series of C. auris bloodstream infection. All C. auris‐positive patients from April‐2016 to January‐2017 were included. Environmental, clinical and microbiological data were recorded. Definitive isolate identification was performed by ITS‐rDNA sequencing, and typing by amplified fragment length polymorphism fingerprinting. One hundred and forty patients were colonised by C. auris during the studied period (68% from surgical intensive care). Although control measures were implemented, we were not able to control the outbreak. Forty‐one invasive bloodstream infections (87.8% from surgical intensive care) were included. Clinical management included prompt intravascular catheter removal and antifungal therapy with echinocandins. All isolates were fluconazole‐ and voriconazole‐resistant, but echinocandin‐ and amphotericin B‐susceptible. Thirty‐day mortality rate was 41.4%, and severe septic metastasis as spondylodiscitis and endocarditis were observed in 5 patients (12%). C. auris was also recovered from inanimate patient surroundings and medical equipment. Despite antifungal treatment, high mortality and late complication rates were recorded. Molecular typing suggested a clonal outbreak different from those previously published.
Assessment of brain activity during voluntary anal sphincter contraction: Comparative study in women with and without fecal incontinence
Authors: Parés D. , Martínez‐Vilalta M. , Ortiz H. , Soriano‐Mas C. , Maestre‐Gonzalez Y. , Pujol J. , Grande L. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractBackgroundVoluntary anal sphincter function is driven by an extended network of brain structures, most of which are still unknown. Disturbances in this function may cause fecal incontinence. The aim of this study was to characterize the cerebral areas involved in voluntary contraction of the anorectal sphincter in healthy women and in a group of patients with fecal incontinence by using a standardized functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) protocol.MethodsThis comparative study included 12 healthy women (mean age 53.17 ± 4.93 years) and 12 women with fecal incontinence (56.25 ± 6.94 years). An MRI‐compatible anal manometer was used to register voluntary external anal sphincter contraction. During brain fMRI imaging, participants were cued to perform 10‐s series of self‐paced anal sphincter contractions at an approximate rate of 1 Hz. Brain structures linked to anal sphincter contractions were mapped and the findings were compared between the 2 study groups.Key ResultsThere were no differences in the evoked brain activity between the 2 groups. In healthy women, group fMRI analysis revealed significant activations in medial primary motor cortices, supplementary motor area, bilateral putamen, and cerebellum, as well as in the supramarginal gyrus and visual areas. In patients with fecal incontinence, the activation pattern involved similar regions without significant differences with healthy women.Conclusions & InferencesThis brain fMRI‐anorectal protocol was able to map the brain regions linked to voluntary anal sphincter function in healthy and women with fecal incontinence.
Abnormal small bowel motility in patients with hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis
Authors: Wixner J. , Törnblom H. , Karling P. , Anan I. , Lindberg G. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractBackgroundGastrointestinal complications are common in hereditary transthyretin amyloid (ATTRm) amyloidosis. The underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated, and the patients’ small bowel function remains largely unexplored. The aim of the present study was to compare the small bowel motility in ATTRm amyloidosis patients with that in non‐amyloidosis patient controls.MethodsATTRm amyloidosis patients undergoing evaluation for liver transplantation were consecutively investigated with 24‐hour duodenojejunal manometry (n = 19). The somatostatin analogue octreotide was used to induce fasting motility. Patients with age at onset of ≥50 years were defined as late‐onset cases. For each patient, three age‐ and sex‐matched patient controls (n = 57) were selected from the total pool of investigated patients.Key ResultsManometry was judged as abnormal in 58% of the patients and in 26% of the patient controls (P = .01). Patients displayed significantly more daytime phase III migrating motor complexes than patient controls (median 4 vs 2, P < .01), and had a higher frequency of low‐amplitude complexes (16% vs 4%; however, this difference did not reach statistical significance, P = .10). Furthermore, late‐onset patients showed a delay in octreotide response (5.4 vs 3.8 minutes, P < .01), but this was not observed for early‐onset patients or within the control group.Conclusions and InferencesPatients with ATTRm amyloidosis displayed abnormalities in their small bowel motility more frequently than non‐amyloidosis patient controls, and the manometric pattern was probably best consistent with a combined neuromyopathic disorder. The delayed octreotide response in late‐onset patients warrants further investigation.
Tree differences in primary and secondary growth drive convergent scaling in leaf area to sapwood area across Europe
Authors: Petit Giai , von Arx Georg , Kiorapostolou Natasa , Lechthaler Silvia , Prendin Angela Luisa , Anfodillo Tommaso , Caldeira Maria C. , Cochard Hervé , Copini Paul , Crivellaro Alan , Delzon Sylvain , Gebauer Roman , Gričar Jožica , Grönholm Leila , Hölttä Teemu , Jyske Tuula , Lavrič Martina , Lintunen Anna , Lobo‐do‐Vale Raquel , Peltoniemi Mikko , Peters Richard L. , Robert Elisabeth M. R. , Roig Juan Sílvia , Senfeldr Martin , Steppe Kathy , Urban Josef , Van Camp Janne , Sterck Frank 
Published: April 2018

Summary

Trees scale leaf (AL) and xylem (AX) areas to couple leaf transpiration and carbon gain with xylem water transport. Some species are known to acclimate in AL : AX balance in response to climate conditions, but whether trees of different species acclimate in AL : AX in similar ways over their entire (continental) distributions is unknown.

We analyzed the species and climate effects on the scaling of AL vs AX in branches of conifers (Pinus sylvestris, Picea abies) and broadleaved (Betula pendula, Populus tremula) sampled across a continental wide transect in Europe.

Along the branch axis, AL and AX change in equal proportion (isometric scaling: b ˜ 1) as for trees. Branches of similar length converged in the scaling of AL vs AX with an exponent of b = 0.58 across European climates irrespective of species. Branches of slow‐growing trees from Northern and Southern regions preferentially allocated into new leaf rather than xylem area, with older xylem rings contributing to maintaining total xylem conductivity.

In conclusion, trees in contrasting climates adjust their functional balance between water transport and leaf transpiration by maintaining biomass allocation to leaves, and adjusting their growth rate and xylem production to maintain xylem conductance.
The tomato MAX1 homolog, SlMAX1, is involved in the biosynthesis of tomato strigolactones from carlactone
Authors: Zhang Yanxia , Cheng Xi , Wang Yanting , Díez‐Simón Carmen , Flokova Kristyna , Bimbo Andrea , Bouwmeester Harro J. , Ruyter‐Spira Carolien 
Published: April 2018

Summary

Strigolactones (SLs) are rhizosphere signalling molecules exuded by plants that induce seed germination of root parasitic weeds and hyphal branching of arbuscular mycorrhiza. They are also phytohormones regulating plant architecture. MORE AXILLARY GROWTH 1 (MAX1) and its homologs encode cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes that catalyse the conversion of the strigolactone precursor carlactone to canonical strigolactones in rice (Oryza sativa), and to an SL‐like compound in Arabidopsis. Here, we characterized the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) MAX1 homolog, SlMAX1.

The targeting induced local lesions in genomes method was used to obtain Slmax1 mutants that exhibit strongly reduced production of orobanchol, solanacol and didehydro‐orobanchol (DDH) isomers. This results in a severe strigolactone mutant phenotype in vegetative and reproductive development.

Transient expression of SlMAX1 – together with SlD27, SlCCD7 and SlCCD8 – in Nicotiana benthamiana showed that SlMAX1 catalyses the formation of carlactonoic acid from carlactone.

Plant feeding assays showed that carlactone, but not 4‐deoxy‐orobanchol, is the precursor of orobanchol, which in turn is the precursor of solanacol and two of the three DDH isomers. Inhibitor studies suggest that a 2‐oxoglutarate‐dependent dioxygenase is involved in orobanchol biosynthesis from carlactone and that the formation of solanacol and DDH isomers from orobanchol is catalysed by CYPs.
A pair of nonspecific phospholipases C, NPC2 and NPC6, are involved in gametophyte development and glycerolipid metabolism in Arabidopsis
Authors: Ngo Anh H. , Lin Ying‐Chen , Liu Yu‐chi , Gutbrod Katharina , Peisker Helga , Dörmann Peter , Nakamura Yuki 
Published: April 2018

Summary

Phospholipases play crucial roles in plant membrane lipid homeostasis. Nonspecific phospholipase C (NPCs) establish a unique class of phospholipases found only in plants and certain bacteria. Here, we show that two previously uncharacterized NPC isoforms, NPC2 and NPC6, are required for male and female gametophyte development in Arabidopsis.

Double mutant plants of npc2‐1 npc6‐2 could not be retrieved because npc2‐1 npc6‐2 ovule and pollen development is affected. Genetic complementation, reciprocal crossing and microscope observation of npc2‐1/– npc6‐2/+ and npc2‐1/+ npc6‐2/– plants suggest that NPC2 and NPC6 are redundant and are required for normal gametophyte development. Both NPC2 and NPC6 proteins are localized to the plastids. Promoter‐GUS assays in transgenic Arabidopsis revealed that NPC2 and NPC6 are preferentially expressed in floral organs rather than in leaves.

In vitro enzyme assays showed that NPC2 and NPC6 hydrolyze phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine, but not phosphatidate, being consistent with the reported substrate selectivity of NPCs. The amounts of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol were increased in buds but not in flowers of npc2‐1/– npc6‐2/+ and npc2‐1/+ npc6‐2/– plants, presumably due to reduced phospholipid hydrolysis activity in developing flowers.

Our results demonstrate that NPC2 and NPC6 play crucial roles in gametogenesis during flower development.
Guard cells in fern stomata are connected by plasmodesmata, but control cytosolic Ca2+ levels autonomously
Authors: Voss Lena J. , McAdam Scott A. M. , Knoblauch Michael , Rathje Jan M. , Brodribb Tim , Hedrich Rainer , Roelfsema M. Rob G. 
Published: April 2018

Summary

Recent studies have revealed that some responses of fern stomata to environmental signals differ from those of their relatives in seed plants. However, it is unknown whether the biophysical properties of guard cells differ fundamentally between species of both clades.

Intracellular micro‐electrodes and the fluorescent Ca2+ reporter FURA2 were used to study voltage‐dependent cation channels and Ca2+ signals in guard cells of the ferns Polypodium vulgare and Asplenium scolopendrium.

Voltage clamp experiments with fern guard cells revealed similar properties of voltage‐dependent K+ channels as found in seed plants. However, fluorescent dyes moved within the fern stomata, from one guard cell to the other, which does not occur in most seed plants. Despite the presence of plasmodesmata, which interconnect fern guard cells, Ca2+ signals could be elicited in each of the cells individually.

Based on the common properties of voltage‐dependent channels in ferns and seed plants, it is likely that these key transport proteins are conserved in vascular plants. However, the symplastic connections between fern guard cells in mature stomata indicate that the biophysical mechanisms that control stomatal movements differ between ferns and seed plants.