bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lost Profits in Intellectual Property Cases
Authors: Stephenson Stanley P. , Prakash-Canjels Gauri 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Much has been written about various remedies in litigation involving intellectual property (“IP”) infringements, some economic and other non-economic. A common remedy across different types of IP is lost profits. This paper explores similarities and differences among different types of IP infringement: patent, copyright, trademark, and trade secrets. Common elements needed in any lost profits claim, especially causality, are presented and along with damages implications for plaintiff and infringer by type of IP. These are a few of issues considered along with brief discussion of key statutes, cases, and the alternative of damages based on reasonable royalty rates.
Wound healing activity of Terminalia bellerica Roxb. and gallic acid in experimentally induced diabetic animals
Authors: Singh Manish Pal , Gupta Avneet , Sisodia Siddhraj Singh 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Background
Diabetic wound are the major problem of society because of its delay healing of wound in hyperglycemia patient. The target of this study need to know the gallic acid compelling synergistically wound healing in diabetic animals as it is available in fruit extract or is more effective in given pure form in diabetic animals.

Methods
The wound healing effects of fruit extract Terminalia bellerica Roxb. and gallic acid were evaluated in experimentally induced hyperglycemic animals. In this investigation, excision and dead space wound models were used. The contraction wound %, re-epithelialization days, area of scar, histopathological examination of tissue, hydroxyproline level and weight of tissue granuloma were evaluated in this study.

Results

Terminalia bellerica fruit extract (400 mg/Kg) and gallic acid (200 mg/Kg) have been ingested by orally in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. They were founded significantly (p<0.05) improved percentage wound contraction and decreased the size of scar area and days of re-epithelialization in excision wound model. Also, they were improved the level of hydroxyproline level in diabetic rats as compared to diabetic control group in dead space wound model. Standard drug vitamin C was also founded significantly improved wound healing activity in rats. These results suggested that treated groups accelerated wound healing activity in diabetic rat.

Conclusions
The observations and results obtained in the present study indicated the wound healing efficacy of fruit ethanolic extract and gallic acid in diabetic animals. Yet, the wound healing effect was increasingly reported with gallic acid.
Large normal subgroup growth and large characteristic subgroup growth
Authors: Barnea Yiftach , Schlage-Puchta Jan-Christoph 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The fastest normal subgroup growth type of a finitely generated group is

n

log
⁡
n

{n^{\log n}}

.
Very little is known about groups with this type of growth.
In particular, the following is a long standing problem: Let Γ be a group and Δ a subgroup of finite index.
Suppose Δ has normal subgroup growth of type

n

log
⁡
n

{n^{\log n}}

.
Does Γ have normal subgroup growth of type

n

log
⁡
n

{n^{\log n}}

?
We give a positive answer in some cases, generalizing a result of Müller and the second author and a result of Gerdau.
For instance, suppose G is a profinite group and H an open subgroup of G.
We show that if H is a generalized Golod–Shafarevich group, then G has normal subgroup growth of type

n

log
⁡
n

{n^{\log n}}

.
We also use our methods to show that one can find a group with characteristic subgroup growth of type

n

log
⁡
n

{n^{\log n}}

.
A Survey of Gene Prioritization Tools for Mendelian and Complex Human Diseases
Authors: Zolotareva Olga , Kleine Maren 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Modern high-throughput experiments provide us with numerous potential associations between genes and diseases. Experimental validation of all the discovered associations, let alone all the possible interactions between them, is time-consuming and expensive. To facilitate the discovery of causative genes, various approaches for prioritization of genes according to their relevance for a given disease have been developed. In this article, we explain the gene prioritization problem and provide an overview of computational tools for gene prioritization. Among about a hundred of published gene prioritization tools, we select and briefly describe 14 most up-to-date and user-friendly. Also, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of existing tools, challenges of their validation, and the directions for future research.
License Plate Recognition in Urban Road Based on Vehicle Tracking and Result Integration
Authors: Zhu Liping , Wang Shang , Li Chengyang , Yang Zhongguo 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Multiple surveillance cameras provide huge video resources that need further mining to collect traffic stream data such as license plate recognition (LPR). However, these surveillance cameras have limited spatial resolution, which may not always suffice to precisely recognize license plates by existing LPR systems. This work is focused on the LPR method in low-quality images from surveillance video screenshots on urban road. The methodology we proposed is based on vehicle tracking and result integration, and we recognize the plate with an end-to-end method without character segmentation. First, we track each vehicle to get vehicle tracking sequence. Moreover, a plate detector based on an object detection framework is trained to detect license plates of each vehicle from the sequence and a license plate sequence is formed. In addition, an end-to-end convolutional neural network architecture is applied to recognize license plates from the sequence. Finally, we integrate the recognition result of continuous frames to get the final result. Evaluation results on multiple datasets show that our method significantly outperforms others without segmentation or integration in real traffic scene.
Families of interior penalty hybridizable discontinuous Galerkin methods for second order elliptic problems
Authors: Fabien Maurice S. , Knepley Matthew G. , Riviere Beatrice M. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe focus of this paper is the analysis of families of hybridizable interior penalty discontinuous Galerkin methods for second order elliptic problems. We derive a priori error estimates in the energy norm that are optimal with respect to the mesh size. Suboptimal L2-norm error estimates are proven. These results are valid in two and three dimensions. Numerical results support our theoretical findings, and we illustrate the computational cost of the method.
Enhancement of Signals Characteristics with Least Effect of Optical Communication Losses for Dense Optical Communication Systems
Authors: Kumar Chakresh , Kumar Ghanendra 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
In this paper, the major aim is to enhance the bandwidth and therefore increase the capacity of the optical fibre communication system by reducing the dispersion in the fibre. Dispersion compensation is necessary to reduce losses and cost of the system. In this paper, we are basically focusing on reducing or decreasing chromatic dispersion. Chromatic dispersion is a type of dispersion in which pulse broadening occurs due to delay in different spectral components. We here make use of dispersion compensated fibre (DCF) for reducing the dispersion in the WDM system. Here, we basically use three dispersion compensated techniques (pre-compensation, post-compensation and mix compensation). The comparison in the three models of dispersion compensated technique is made in terms of transmission power vs. Q factor and also transmission power vs. Bit Error Rate.
A 17-years analysis of terminations of pregnancy ≥14 weeks of gestation in a German level 1 perinatal center
Authors: Kiver Verena I.I. , Altmann Judith , Kamhieh-Milz Julian , Weichert Alexander 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Background
When discussing termination of pregnancy (TOP) after the first trimester, the main foci are the ethics and psychological reasoning/consequences. In daily clinical practice, physicians are often faced with affected women querying the frequency of their condition(s) and decisions made by women in similar situations. The present study aimed to provide an overview of a representable number of such cases.

Methods
Cases of TOP beyond 14 + 0 weeks of gestation were collected between January 2000 and December 2017 in the Department of Obstetrics. Fetal and/or maternal medical causes leading to TOP were extracted and presented.

Results
A total of 1746 TOPs ≥14 + 0 weeks were performed. Reasons leading to TOP were subcategorized into 23 groups. The main medical diagnoses were trisomy 21 (15.5%), neurological malformations (11.0%), and cardiac and major vessel malformations (7.9%). There was no statistical difference concerning maternal age or gravida/para between the groups. The average gestational age (GA) was 21.0 weeks, varying between 16.2 and 24.2 weeks in the 23 subgroups, with an average of 23.6% per year of TOPs after viability.

Conclusion
An overview of the various causes of TOP and their frequency within a large dataset are shown here. According to data provided by the German Federal Statistical Office, the overall number of TOPs has declined over the past two decades; however, the number and percentage of TOPs beyond viability have increased continuously in Germany. Only early detection of maternal and fetal constitution can prevent a portion of TOP after viability.
Academic tweeting in #ObGyn. Where do we stand?
Authors: Yadav Ghanshyam S. , Nagarkatti Nupur R. , Rohondia Sagar O. , Erfani Hadi , Kilpatrick Charles C. , Turrentine Mark A. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Objective
To describe the scenario of academic tweeting and utilization of Twitter by editorial board members of the leading journal in obstetrics and gynecology.

Methods
The Twitter presence of an editorial board members of obstetrics and gynecology journal with an impact factor greater than 4 was determined. Details of their Twitter activity, year of graduation from medical school and gender were analyzed. Median SparkScore™, an online influence measure, of journals was compared to the highest impact factor journals in medicine (New England Journal of Medicine, The Lancet, The British Medical Journal and Journal of the American Medical Association).

Results
In the six highest impact factor journals in obstetrics and gynecology, 92 of 240 (38.3%) editorial board members had an active Twitter account. The Twitter presence of editorial members of Obstetrics and Gynecology was statistically less when compared to all other journals (P < 0.01). The median number of tweets in the last 24 h and 7 days were 0. Median SparkScore™ for the highest impact factor obstetrics and gynecology journals (24) were lower compared to the highest impact journals in medicine (66) (P = 0.03).

Conclusion
Editorial board members of the six highest impact factor journals in obstetrics and gynecology are not capitalizing on the dynamic nature of Twitter and its instant convenient access from our smartphones to further academia, when compared to specialties in medicine. There is a need for increased adoption of Twitter among physician leaders in the specialty.
The role of complement in preterm birth and prematurity
Authors: Galindo-Sevilla Norma , Reyes-Arroyo Frida , Mancilla-Ramírez Javier 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Complications of preterm birth (PTB) are the global leading cause of death in children younger than 5 years of age. Almost 15 million children are born prematurely in the world each year. Increasing evidence suggests that labor and delivery have many hallmarks of an inflammatory reaction, where complement activation has an active participation. As one of the most important components of inflammation, the role of complement during labor and PTB is becoming an attractive research target. The complement components C1q and C5b-9 are deposited on fetal membranes and release inflammatory mediators that contribute to uterine contractions, cervical ripening, cell chemotaxis, metalloproteinases production, membrane awaking and rupture, and it participates as a co-adjuvant in the onset and progress of labor. This article reviews a basic description of the complement system, its role in preterm birth and current concepts regarding its contribution in novel therapy strategies and new biomarkers.
Simulation of an impacted fetal head extraction during cesarean section: description of the creation and evaluation of a new training program
Authors: Monod Cécile , Buechel Johanna , Gisin Stefan , Abo El Ela Aisha , Vogt Deborah R. , Hoesli Irene 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Background
Although cesarean sections at full dilatation are increasing, training in delivering a deeply impacted fetal head is lacking among obstetricians. The purpose of the study was to implement and evaluate a theoretical and simulation-based training program for this obstetrical emergency.

Methods
We developed a training program consisting of a theoretical introduction presenting a clinical algorithm, developed on the basis of the available literature, followed by a simulation session. We used the Kirkpatrick’s framework to evaluate the program. A questionnaire was distributed, directly before, immediately and 6 weeks after the training. Self-perceived competencies were evaluated on a 6-point Likert scale. Pre- and post-test differences in the Likert scale were measured with the Wilcoxon signed rank test. Additionally, the training sessions were video recorded and rated with a checklist in relation to how well the algorithm was followed.

Results
Eleven residents and eight senior physicians took part to the training. More than 40% of participants experienced a comparable situation after the course during clinical work. Their knowledge and self-perceived competencies improved immediately after the training program and 6 weeks later. Major improvements were seen in the awareness of the algorithm and in the confidence in performing the reverse breech extraction (14.3% of the participants felt confident with the maneuver in the pre-training assessment compared with 66.7% 6 week post-training).

Conclusion
Our theoretical and simulation-based training program was successful in improving knowledge and confidence of the participants in delivering a deeply impacted fetal head during a cesarean section performed at full dilation.
Fetal heart examination at the time of 13 weeks scan: a 5 years’ prospective study
Authors: Ebrashy Alaa , Aboulghar Mona , Elhodiby Mohamed , El-Dessouky Sara H. , Elsirgany Sherif , Gaafar Hassan M. , Sheta Sahar S. , Kamal Rasha , Negm Sherif , El Sheikhah Ahmed , Idris Omaima , Abd-el-Kader Mohamed , Ehab Mohamed , Momtaz Mohamed 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate our ability in classifying the fetal heart as normal or abnormal during the 1st trimester scan through fetal cardiac examination and determining the best time for this examination.

Methods
This was a prospective study performed on 3240 pregnant women to examine the fetal heart. Four chambers view and ventricular outflow tracts were mainly examined during the scan. We used grayscale and color mapping in the diagnosis. Color Doppler was used if additional information was needed, and all patients were rescanned during the 2nd trimester to confirm or negate our diagnosis.

Results
The cardiac findings were normal at both scans in 3108 pregnancies. The same cardiac abnormality was detected at both scans in 79 cases. In 36 cases there was false-positive diagnosis at the early scan; in 20 of these cases, there were mildly abnormal functional findings early in pregnancy with no abnormality found later. In 17 fetuses, there was discordance between the early and later diagnosis due to missed or incorrect diagnoses. The best time to do fetal heart examination during 1st trimester is between 13 and 13 + 6 weeks.

Conclusion
A high degree of accuracy in the identification of congenital heart disease (CHD) can be achieved by a 1st trimester fetal echocardiography.
Variation in C-reactive protein at 1 month post-partum by etiology of preterm birth: selective identification of those at risk for both poor pregnancy outcome and future health complications
Authors: Denney Jeffrey M. , Waters Thaddeus P. , Mathew Leny , Goldenberg Robert , Culhane Jennifer 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Objective
To assess post-partum inflammation for patients delivering prior to 34 6/7 weeks by birth etiology.

Methods
This was an observational study of early preterm birth (PTB) occurring between 20 0/7 and 34 6/7 weeks of gestation. Serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were measured 1 month post-partum. CRP measurements were compared by birth etiology.

Results
A total of 399 women were analyzed. Distribution of birth etiology was 35% (n = 138) preterm labor (PTL), 28% (n = 115) preterm premature rupture of membranes (pPROM), and 37% (n = 141) indicated preterm birth (IPTB). Serum CRP varied by birth etiology (P = 0.036). Women with pPROM had elevated median CRP levels compared to women with PTL (P = 0.037). IPTB demonstrated elevated CRP levels when compared to PTL (P = 0.019). Pre-eclamptic/eclamptic subjects exhibited increased median CRP levels compared to PTL (P = 0.04).

Conclusion
Post-partum inflammation varies by birth etiology. Such variation may serve as identification of subjects whose future pregnancies and, ultimately, overall health status may benefit from inter-pregnancy interventions aimed at reducing inflammatory-associated risk factors.
The Judicial Enforcement of Socio-Economic Rights in South Korea
Authors: Cha Wonil 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Socio-economic rights are regarded as an indispensable foundation of substantial freedom. At the same time, the embodiment of socio-economic rights in the Constitution is generally associated with concerns about their quality as a fundamental right and their judicial enforcement. The South Korean Constitution upholds the principle of the welfare state in the preamble, the fundamental social rights of Articles 31 to 36 and Article 119 (2), providing the legal basis for the regulation and coordination of economic affairs by the State. The implementation of these constitutional norms and ideals was left largely to the political process beyond judicial review for many decades. As a result of the rapid economic development, the democratization process and the introduction of constitutional review in the last 30 years, the normative discussion of basic social rights, both on societal and legal level, has taken on a new life. This article examines the South Korean Constitutional Court’s approach to judicial review in the socio-economic field with due regard to this changing reality.
South Korean Economy at the Crossroads: Structure Issues under External Pressure – An Essay from a Law and Development Perspective
Authors: Lee Yong-Shik 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
South Korea is one of the most successful economic development cases in history. This country, stricken with crushing poverty and torn by a disastrous war two generations ago, rose from the ashes of the war and underwent unprecedented economic development for over three decades. By the mid-1990s, South Korea had built an advanced economy with world-class industries and also achieved a liberal democracy based on the rule of law. Since its 1997 financial crisis, however, Korea’s economic growth has been continually slowing down with widening income gaps among its populations. The Korean economy has also faced increasing external pressure, which has recently been dramatized by Japan’s export restraint measures on some of the key materials used to produce semiconductors, one of the most important export products for the Korean economy. This note discusses structural issues in the Korean economy, such as its over-dependency on a small number of conglomerates (“chaebols”) and the weakness of its SMEs, which cause the Korean economy to slow down and render the economy vulnerable to external pressure. This note examines these issues from a legal and institutional perspective and offers proposals to remedy some of the problems in the Korean economy.
Crystal structure of ethyl 3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-methylcarbamoyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylate, C15H17N3O4
Authors: Rashid Fatin Nur Ain Abdul , Mohammat Mohd Fazli , Arshad Suhana , Shaameri Zurina , Hamzah Ahmad Sazali 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
C15H17N3O4, triclinic, P1̄ (no. 2), a = 10.5986(5) Å, b = 11.5298(5) Å, c = 13.5386(6) Å, α = 102.694(1)°, β = 102.999(1)°, γ = 108.918(1)°, V = 1446.03(11) Å3, Z = 4, R
gt(F) = 0.0525, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.1526, T = 100(1) K.
Crystal structure of 4-methoxyphenyl-3-phenylpropiolate, C16H12O3
Authors: Pan Jun , Jia Guo-Kai , Liu Fang , Chen Xiao-Ming , Zhang Xing-Yu 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
C16H12O3, orthorhombic, Pbca (no. 19), a = 3.9935(16) Å, b = 16.629(7) Å, c = 19.406(8) Å, V = 1288.7(9) Å3, Z = 4, R
gt(F) = 0.0387, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.1084, T = 296(2) K.
Crystal structure of (E)-2-(3,6-bis(diethylamino)-9H-xanthen-9-yl)-N′-(quinoxalin-2-ylmethylene)benzohydrazide, C37H36N6O2
Authors: Song Jun-Ying , Wang Zi-Chuang , Zhang Zhen-Qiang 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
C37H36N6O2, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 9.18664(12) Å, b = 14.50209(16) Å, c = 23.1787(3) Å, β = 94.0829(12)°, Z = 4, V = 3080.16(7) Å3, R
gt(F) = 0.0398, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.1041, T = 113.5(4) K.
Crystal structure of (3E,5E)-1-((4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl)-3,5-bis(3-nitrobenzylidene)piperidin-4-one — dichloromethane (2/1), C51H38Cl2F2N6O14S2
Authors: Zhao Qin , Lin Dong , Hou Yun , Hou Gui-Ge 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
C51H38Cl2F2N6O14S2, triclinic, P1̄ (no. 2), a = 11.8987(6) Å, b = 14.0939(8) Å, c = 16.1915(9) Å, α = 67.590(5)°, β = 75.402(5)°, γ = 77.522(4)°, V = 2407.3(2) Å3, Z = 2, R
gt(F) = 0.0584, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.1645, T = 100.0(1) K.
Crystal structure of 1-(5-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(2-fluorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)ethan-1-one, C17H14N2OFCl
Authors: Liu E. , Li Zhuang-Yu , Jian Fang-Fang , Liang Tongling 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
C17H14N2OFCl, triclinic, P1̄ (no. 2), a = 8.2387(19) Å, b = 9.764(2) Å, c = 10.644(3) Å, α = 72.023(4)°, β = 72.770(4)°, γ = 78.581(4)°, V = 772.5(3) Å3, Z = 2, R
gt(F) = 0.0444, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.1099, T = 294.15 K.
The crystal structure of 13-ethoxycarbonyl-9-methyl-4-chlor-11-thioxo-8-oxa-10,12-diazatricyclo[7.3.1.02,7]trideca-2,4,6-triene, C14H15ClN2O3S
Authors: Cui Chuansheng , Zhang Haichao , Gu Xiaoyu 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
C14H15ClN2O3S, monoclinic C2/c (no. 15), a = 17.0104(15) Å, b = 8.6786(7) Å, c = 20.4283(18) Å, β = 93.977(1)°, V = 3008.5(4) Å3, Z = 8, R
gt(F) = 0.0363, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.0937, T = 298(2) K.
Crystal structure of chlorido-dimethyl-(phenylpiperazine-1-carbodithioato-κ2
S,S′)tin(IV), C13H19ClN2S2Sn
Authors: Lo Kong Mun , Lee See Mun , Tiekink Edward R.T. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
C13H19ClN2S2Sn, triclinic, P1̄ (no. 2), a = 6.5837(2) Å, b = 9.9458(2) Å, c = 12.8720(3) Å, α = 85.344(2)°, β = 79.508(2)°, γ = 83.832(2)°, V = 822.33(4) Å3, Z = 2, R
gt(F) = 0.0176, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.0461, T = 100 K.
Crystal structure of (2,2′-bipyridyl)bis(4-bromobenzyl)dibromidotin(IV), C24H20Br4N2Sn
Authors: Lee See Mun , Lo Kong Mun , Tiekink Edward R.T. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
C24H20Br4N2Sn, monoclinic, P21/n (no. 14), a = 9.3186(1) Å, b = 16.2615(1) Å, c = 16.8482(1) Å, β = 100.748(1)°, V = 2508.29(4) Å3, Z = 4, R
gt(F) = 0.0254, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.0688, T = 100(2) K.
Crystal structure of (2,2′-bipyridyl)bis(4-chlorobenzyl)dichloridotin(IV), C24H20Cl4N2Sn
Authors: Lee See Mun , Lo Kong Mun , Tiekink Edward R.T. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
C24H20Cl4N2Sn, monoclinic, P21/n (no. 14), a = 7.7944(1) Å, b = 21.1245(2) Å, c = 14.7611(1) Å, β = 95.077(1)°, V = 2420.92(4) Å3, Z = 4, R
gt(F) = 0.0229, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.0603, T = 100(2) K.