bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Separation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Replication fromnef-Mediated Pathogenesis in the Human Thymus
Authors: Duus Karen M. , Miller Eric D. , Smith Jonathan A. , Kovalev Grigoriy I. , Su Lishan 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTHuman immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is frequently attenuated after long-term culture in vitro. The attenuation process probably involves mutations of functions required for replication and pathogenicity in vivo. Analysis of attenuated HIV-1 for replication and pathogenicity in vivo will help to define these functions. In this study, we examined the pathogenicity of an attenuated HIV-1 isolate in a laboratory worker accidentally exposed to a laboratory-adapted HIV-1 isolate. Using heterochimeric SCID-hu Thy/Liv mice as an in vivo model, we previously defined HIV-1envdeterminants (HXB/LW) that reverted to replicate in vivo (L. Su, H. Kaneshima, M. L. Bonyhadi, R. Lee, J. Auten, A. Wolf, B. Du, L. Rabin, B. H. Hahn, E. Terwilliger, and J. M. McCune, Virology 227:46–52, 1997). Here we further demonstrate that HIV-1 replication in vivo can be separated from its pathogenic activity, in that the HXB/LW virus replicated to high levels in SCID-hu Thy/Liv mice, with no significant thymocyte depletion. Restoration of thenefgene in the recombinant HXB/LW genome restored its pathogenic activity, with no significant effect on HIV-1 replication in the thymus. Our results suggest that in vitro-attenuated HIV-1 lacks determinants for pathogenicity as well as for replication in vivo. Our data indicate that (i) the replication defect can be recovered in vivo by mutations in theenvgene, without an associated pathogenic phenotype, and (ii)nefcan function in the HXB/LW clone as a pathogenic factor that does not enhance HIV-1 replication in the thymus. Furthermore, the HXB/LW virus may be used to study mechanisms of HIV-1nef-mediated pathogenesis in vivo.
Effects of Oil Viscosity and Interfacial Reaction on the Displacement of Oil from Porous Media
Authors: Hornof Vladimir , Neale Graham H. , Yu Alex 
Published: July 2002

Displacement of oil from unconsolidated porous media was investigated. Waterflooding and alkaline flooding tests were conducted in model porous media consisting of fine glass beads wet-packed into a cylindrical holder. Mixtures of light and heavy paraffin oil of viscosity ranging from 20 to 70 mPa s were used as the oil phase. Acidic oil was simulated by dissolving 10 mmol/l of linoleic acid in the oil. As expected, recovery of neutral oil by waterflooding decreased as oil viscosity increased. Addition of acid to the oil reduced the waterflooding recovery by more than 20% for all oils. Alkaline flooding of after-waterflood residual oil produced incremental recovery only in the case of the least viscous oil (20 mPa s). The incremental recovery increased with the concentration of alkali only up to 25 mmol/l and remained constant thereafter.
A review of oesophageal manometry testing in a district general hospital
Authors: Ragunath K , Williams J G 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Although several modalities are available to investigate oesophageal motility disorders, manometry is the gold standard. The procedure is increasingly available in district general hospitals but the clinical utility of this investigation in this setting remains unclear. The aim in this study was to evaluate the use and outcome of oesophageal manometry in a district general hospital. Data on 100 consecutive oesophageal manometry procedures were analysed, taking into account the referral pattern, indications, and results. The indications were gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (preoperative assessment before fundoplication) (58), dysphagia (28), chest pain (12), and epigastric pain (2). Diagnoses were made using predefined standard criteria and were as follows: normal (41), non-specific motility disorder (NSMD) (38), achalasia (15), diffuse oesophageal spasm (4), and scleroderma (2). Of the 58 patients who had undergone manometry as a preoperative assessment of oesophageal motility, 27 (47%) were abnormal. Twenty five (43%) had NSMD and two (3%) had achalasia. Forty eight of these preoperative cases were combined with 24 hour pH recording, which confirmed acid reflux in 35 (73%). The experience reported here reflects the published evidence that the use of manometry is changing. It is now more commonly used for assessment before antireflux surgery and for dysphagia, and the use in the assessment of chest pain is declining. The findings confirm the importance of eliminating achalasia before inappropriate antireflux surgery.
CONVOLUTED GENERALIZED WHITE NOISE, SCHWINGER FUNCTIONS AND THEIR ANALYTIC CONTINUATION TO WIGHTMAN FUNCTIONS
Authors: ALBEVERIO SERGIO , GOTTSCHALK HANNO , WU JIANG-LUN 
Published: July 2002

We construct Euclidean random fields X over [Formula: see text] by convoluting generalized white noise F with some integral kernels G, as X=G*F. We study properties of Schwinger (or moment) functions of X. In particular, we give a general equivalent formulation of the cluster property in terms of truncated Schwinger functions which we then apply to the above fields. We present a partial negative result on the reflection positivity of convoluted generalized white noise. Furthermore, by representing the kernels Gα of the pseudo-differential operators [Formula: see text] for α∈(0, 1) and m0>0 as Laplace transforms we perform the analytic continuation of the (truncated) Schwinger functions of X=Gα*F, obtaining the corresponding (truncated) Wightman distributions on Minkowski space which satisfy the relativistic postulates on invariance, spectral property, locality and cluster property. Finally we give some remarks on scattering theory for these models.
KNIGHT'S MODEL, ITS AUTOMORPHISM GROUP, AND CHARACTERIZING THE UNCOUNTABLE CARDINALS
Authors: HJORTH GREG 
Published: July 2002

We show that every ℵα(α<ω1) can be characterized by the Scott sentence of some countable model; moreover there is a countable structure whose Scott sentence characterizes ℵ1but whose automorphism group fails the topological Vaught conjecture on analytic sets.We obtain some partial information on Ulm type dichotomy theorems for the automorphism group of Knight's model.
Automatic deduction of temporal information
Authors: Maiocchi Roberto , Pernici Barbara , Barbic Federico 
Published: July 2002

In many computer-based applications, temporal information has to be stored, retrieved, and related to other temporal information. Several time models have been proposed to manage temporal knowledge in the fields of conceptual modeling, database systems, and artificial intelligence.
In this paper we present TSOS, a system for reasoning about time that can be integrated as a time expert in environments designed for broader problem-solving domains. The main intended goal of TSOS is to allow a user to infer further information on the temporal data stored in the database through a set of deduction rules handling various aspects of time. For this purpose, TSOS provides the capability of answering queries about the temporal specifications it has in its temporal database.

Distinctive time-modeling features of TSOS are the introduction of
temporal modalitites
, i.e., the possibility of specifying if a piece of information is always true within a time interval, or if it is only sometimes true, and the capability of answering about the possibility and the necessity of the validity of some information at a given time, the association of temporal knowledge both to
instances of data
and to
types of data
, and the development of a
time calculus
for reasoning on temporal data. Another relevant feature of TSOS is the capability to reason about temporal data specified at different time granularities.
An Asymptotically Random Tausworthe Sequence
Authors: Tootill J. P. R. , Robinson W. D. , Eagle D. J. 
Published: July 2002

The theoretical limitations on the orders of equidistribution attainable by Tausworthe sequences are derived from first principles and are stated in the form of a criterion to be achieved. A second criterion, extending these limitations to multidimensional uniformity, is also defined. A sequence possessing both properties is said to be asymptotically random as no other sequence
of the same period
could be more random in these respects.

An algorithm is presented which, for any Tausworthe sequence based on a primitive trinomial over GF(2), establishes how closely or otherwise the conditions necessary for the criteria are achieved. Given that the necessary conditions are achieved, the conditions sufficient for the first criterion are derived from Galois theory and always apply. For the second criterion, however, the period must be prime.

An asymptotically random 23-bit number sequence of astronomic period, 2
607
- 1, is presented. An initialization program is required to provide 607 starting values, after which the sequence can be generated with a three-term recurrence of the Fibonacci type. In addition to possessing the theoretically demonstrable randomness properties associated with Tausworthe sequences, the sequence possesses equidistribution and multidimensional uniformity properties vastly in excess of anything that has yet been shown for conventional congruentially generated sequences. It is shown that, for samples of a size it is practicable to generate, there can exist no purely empirical test of the sequence as it stands capable of distinguishing between it and an ∞-distributed sequence. Bounds for local nonrandomness in respect of runs above (below) the mean and runs of equal numbers are established theoretically.

The claimed randomness properties do not necessarily extend to subsequences, though it is not yet known which particular subsequences are at fault.
Accordingly, the sequence is at present suggested only for simulations with no fixed dimensionality requirements.
An implementation of structured walk-throughs in teaching Cobol programming
Authors: Lemos Ronald S. 
Published: July 2002

The effectiveness of structured walk-throughs in teaching introductory Cobol programming was empirically assessed with a sample of 215 undergraduate business administration majors. Cobol proficiency was measured by a final examination testing (a) knowledge of language rules, (b) ability to read and debug a program, and (c) the ability to write a program. Analysis of multiple covariance was used to statistically adjust test scores for age and conditional reasoning scores.
The findings provide empirical support for incorporating structured walk-throughs into the programming learning process to more effectively develop student proficiency in writing Cobol programs.
Multi-attribute retrieval with combined indexes
Authors: Lum V. Y. 
Published: July 2002

In this paper a file organization scheme designed to replace the use of the popular secondary index filing scheme (or inverted files on secondary key fields) is described. Through the use of redundancy and storing keys (or access numbers of the records) that satisfy different combinations of secondary index values in “buckets,” it is possible to retrieve all keys satisfying any input query derived from a subset of fields by a single access to an index file, although each bucket may be used for many combinations of values and a combination of buckets may be required for a given query.
The method which, in its degenerate case, becomes the conventional secondary index filing scheme works similarly but has the following advantages: (1) the elimination of multiple accesses in many cases; (2) the elimination of false drops; (3) the elimination of computer time to perform intersection of key sets each qualified for one secondary index field only; and (4) the avoidance of long strings of keys when an index field appearing in a query has very few possible values. Redundancy, in some cases, is the same as the secondary indexing method. In the general case, trade-off between the number of accesses for query and redundancy exists.
On the normalization requirement of divisor in divide-and-correct methods
Authors: Krishnamurthy E. V. , Nandi Salil K. 
Published: July 2002

This paper presents an analysis on the normalization requirement of the divisor in a divide-and-correct method. This analysis is made subject to the condition that not more than one correction is required to obtain the true quotient character, from the trial estimate got from the division of a two-precision segment of every partial remainder by a suitably rounded single-precision divisor. (This segmented division is denoted here as a (2, 1) precision basic division.) It is found that the normalization requirement could be narrowed down to a smaller range of divisors, provided the magnitude of the character next to the leading character of the divisor is known. If, however, the normalization is to be eliminated one has to choose proper higher precision segments of operands for the basic division.
Also considered is the possibility of eliminating the normalization by an increase on the number of corrections on the quotient estimate got from a (2, 1) precision basic division. It is shown that such a scheme is economical only for small radices.
Practical programmer: software teams
Authors: Rettig Marc 
Published: July 2002

I have often heard the phrase, “We see what we know.” As technicians, we concentrate on technical ways to manage complexity: abstraction, design techniques, high-level languages, and so on. That is what we know best. But when the tale is told of a project that failed, the blame is often laid not on technical difficulties, but on management and interpersonal problems.
In the last six months, I have seen firsthand how attention to the social organization of a software team can make a big difference in the success of a development project. I work in a “Research and Development” group. “Research” means that some aspects of the project are experimental—we do not know for sure what is going to work. “Development” means we are expected to produce high-quality software for real users. So while we want to encourage creative thought, we must pay heed to the lessons of commercial software developers in quality assurance, testing, documentation, and project control.
Our all-wise project leader decided we also needed to pay heed to the lessons of sociology. In particular, we began to apply the ideas found in Larry Constantine's work on the organization of software teams. Our efforts have resulted in a team that is productive, flexible, and comfortable. I thought these qualities are unusual enough to merit a column on the subject.
From Knowing What to Knowing Where: Modeling Object-Based Attention with Feedback Disinhibition of Activation
Authors: van der Velde Frank , de Kamps Marc 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
We propose a neural model of visual object-based attention in which the identity of an object is used to select its location in an array of objects. The model is based on neural activity observed in visual search tasks performed by monkeys. In the model, the identity of the object (target) is selected in the higher areas of the ventral stream by means of a cue. Feedback activation from these higher areas carries information about the identity of the target to the (lower) retinotopic areas of the ventral stream. In these areas, the feedback activation interacts with feedforward activation produced by the object array. The interaction occurs in local microcircuits, and results in a selective activation on locations in the retinotopic areas of the visual stream that correspond to the location of the target in the object array. The selective activation consists of a form of gain control, produced by disinhibition. Transmitted to the dorsal stream, this activation directs spatial attention to the location of the target. In this way, an action directed at the target can be generated.
RESPONDING TO EZRA: THE PRIESTS AND THE FOREIGN WIVES
Authors: Douglas Mary 
Published: July 2002

AbstractHere it is argued that by placing the redaction of Leviticus and Numbers firmly in the period in which they are supposed to have been edited, that is in the context of the Second Temple community, some problems of interpretation can be resolved. From the admittedly dubious memoirs of Ezra and Nehemiah three elements seem to be reliable: there was at that point a strong zenophobia on the part of the repatriates, a problem about intermarriage between the repatriates from Babylon and the local population, and conflict on both these issues between the priestly editors and government circles. To these issues there was a conflict about the uses of the doctrine of defilement. Ezra uses the doctrine to justify refusal of intermarriage, and claims it to be part of the law of Moses. In fact, this is the normal use of concepts of impurity the world round, but it is not condoned in the priestly teachings on impurity. The unique levitical doctrine would have been elaborated in response to these grave political problems. The priestly writings on defilement focus on protecting the tabernacle from various polluting conditions which every living being necessarily incurs. The human body is symbolically assimilated to the altar, and the sum of the laws of impurity provide a microcosm of God's creation. With this, biblical impurity is universalized in such a way as to prevent it being used as a social or political weapon.
BETWEEN IDENTITY AND REDISTRIBUTION: SANHURI, GENEALOGY AND THE WILL TO ISLAMISE
Authors: Shalakany Amr 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIs Sanhuri's Egyptian civil code Islamic? I examine here the distributive aspects of this identity question and argue that the code's Islamicity rests on a genealogical study of its drafter's "will to Islamise." From his doctoral theses onwards, Sanhuri's intellectual genealogy is one of discursive and existential division between two different projects, namely, the identity project of modernising Islamic law and the redistributive project of engineering modern law to promote social justice. In the Egyptian civil code, Sanhuri meant to bring together those two projects under a single normative order. To this end, he resorted to the Franco-American concept of the "social"—a hodgepodge of socialist doctrine and sociological jurisprudence. Although initially promoting the code as "Islamic," he eventually reneged on this claim as the "social" was displaced by revolutionary turns in Nasser's Egypt.
THE CASE OF A DULGADIR-MAMLUK IQTĀ': A RE-ASSESSMENT OF THE DULGADIR PRINCIPALITY AND ITS POSITION WITHIN THE OTTOMAN-MAMLUK RIVALRY
Authors: Venzke Margaret 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe Dulgadir, one of the most successful of the Anatolian Turcoman dynasties, had a long and rocky relationship with the Mamluks, their titular suzerain. Through focus on an iqtā' (military holding) in the northern Syrian heartland that the Mamluks awarded the Dulgadir leadership - the award itself betokening the strength of the Dulgadir and the potential threat that the Mamluks sought to appease - the article goes on to examine the dynamics of the Dulgadir-Mamluk relationship and the part that the Dulgadir played within the Mamluk-Ottoman rivalry, demonstrating that the Dulgadir were wily, worthy, and capable opponents of both the Mamluks and the Ottomans, and that the Mamluks and Ottomans used similar tactics in dealing with the Dulgadir. In returning to an in-depth examination of this DulgadirMamluk iqtā', the article establishes the territorial extent of Dulgadir power and the tribal character of the frontier that separated Dulgadir territory from the Mamluk domain proper, concluding that Mamluk control of the northern Syrian heartland, on the eve of the Ottoman conquest, was already severely weakened as a result of tribal encroachment. The Ottomans, within a few years of the conquest, struck a blow against the Dulgadir in their decision to abolish this iqtā' in northern Syria. Even earlier, however, they had abolished the iqtā's of the Mamluks themselves in what had become the Ottoman Sanjag of Aleppo, but they continue to maintain, until mid-century, at least some of the old Mamluk iqtā' granted to tribesmen, until mid-century, at least some of the old Mamluk iqtā's granted to tribesmen, thus the ultimate demise of the Mamluk iqtā in this area.
TESTS OF PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY IN REED WARBLER DEFENCES AGAINST CUCKOO PARASITISM
Authors: Lindholm Anna 
Published: July 2002

AbstractAs there is geographic and temporal variation in the rate at which reed warblers Acrocephalus scirpaceus are parasitised by the cuckoo Cuculus canorus , phenotypic plasticity of defences against parasitism could be advantageous. Three experiments were conducted using three populations of reed warblers, parasitised by cuckoos to varying degrees, to test if reed warbler defences against parasitism are plastic. In an unparasitised and a rarely parasitised population, attempts to simulate the presence of cuckoos at the nest or in the habitat failed to stimulate an increase in rates of egg rejection. However, three lines of evidence supported the view that both unparasitised and parasitised populations were similarly able to discriminate odd eggs but that there is phenotypic plasticity in the decision to reject those eggs. First, reed warblers at all populations pecked model eggs, thereby indicating recognition of the model egg as a foreign egg, but varied in their tendency to reject them. Second, reed warblers at two populations, one unparasitised and the other frequently parasitised, rejected brown painted reed warbler eggs at the same rate, suggesting that there are no differences between populations in the ability to reject some types of eggs. Finally, rates of rejection decreased seasonally only at the frequently parasitised population. These results suggest that phenotypic plasticity can explain population differences in rates of egg rejection, but do not rule out the possibility that genetic differences also contribute to differences between populations.
DATA FOR FREE: HOW TO ESTIMATE THE ASSOCIATION OF NON-FOCAL SUBJECTS USING A FOCAL WINDOW
Authors: Sambrook Thomas , Taylor Mark 
Published: July 2002

AbstractWe present a 'focal window' procedure for estimating associations between non - focal animals, based on focal data. The estimate is based on the time that two non - focal animals spend simultaneously proximal to a third, focal animal, relative to the time that would be expected given their independent attraction to this animal. Simulations showed that the error of the estimate was low when at least one of the three associations in the triad was high.