bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Imaging of permeability defect distribution by electromagnetic tomography with hybrid L1 norm and nuclear norm penalty terms
Authors: Liu Xianglong , Zhang Kun , Wang Ying , Li Danyang , Feng Huilin 
Published: November 2024

Electromagnetic tomography (EMT), with the advantages of being non-contact, non-invasiveness, low cost, simple structure, and fast imaging speed, is a multi-functional tomography technique based on boundary measurement voltages to image the conductivity distribution within the sensing field. EMT is widely used in industrial and biomedical fields. Currently, there are few studies on the application of EMT in magnetic permeability materials, which makes it difficult to obtain high-quality reconstructed images due to its own properties that lead to obvious attenuation of electromagnetic waves during propagation, as well as the ill-posed and ill-conditioned characteristics of EMT. In this paper, a multi-feature objective function integrating L2 norm regularization, L1 norm regularization, and low-rank norm regularization is proposed to solve the challenge of magnetic permeability material imaging. This approach emphasizes the smoothness and sparsity. The split Bregman algorithm is introduced to efficiently solve the proposed objective function by decomposing the complex optimization problem into several simple sub-task iterative schemes. In addition, a nine-coil planar array electromagnetic sensor was developed and a flexible modular EMT system was constructed. We use correlation coefficient and error coefficient as indicators to evaluate the performance of the proposed image reconstruction algorithm. The effectiveness of the proposed method in improving the reconstruction accuracy and robustness is verified through numerical simulations and experiments.
Rising incidence of gonorrhea in Taiwan amid the COVID-19 pandemic: a nationwide surveillance study
Authors: Chen Hsing-Yuan , Sung Yi-Hsiang , Chen Chung-Chu , Weng Shun-Long , Liou Bo-Huang , Yeung Chun-Yan , Lien Chi-Hone , Lin Chao-Hsu , Chi Hsin , Lin Liang-Yen , Chiu Nan-Chang , Lin Chien-Yu 
Published: November 2024

Background The protracted battle against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has had a profound impact on various facets of society. The epidemiology of several diseases underwent alterations following the implementation of social restrictive strategies and non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPI). Methods In response to these changes, we conducted a retrospective nationwide surveillance study to investigate the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections during the pandemic. Weekly incidences of gonorrhea, syphilis, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and enterovirus were extracted from the national surveillance database. Results Over the period from 2015 to 2022, a sustained increase in gonorrhea notifications was evident (linear trend with a rising slope of 0.24 and an R-squared value of 0.62). When comparing the pre-pandemic period (2017–2019) with the pandemic period (2020–2022), a significant surge in gonorrhea notifications was observed (85 notifications per week pre-pandemic vs 143 notifications during the pandemic, representing a 68% increase, P < 0.01). Further interrupted time series analysis revealed a significant monthly increase of 3.79 gonorrhea notifications during the pandemic. Conversely, declines in syphilis, HIV, and enterovirus incidences were noted (186 vs 177, 41 vs 25, and 3906 vs 2863 weekly notifications for syphilis, HIV, and enterovirus, respectively). A literature review indicated conflicting epidemiological trends in different regions. Conclusions Our study highlights a significant rise in gonorrhea notifications during the pandemic. Despite disruptions to gonorrhea testing and medical services, and the implementation of NPI, there was no significant decrease in the incidence of gonorrhea in Taiwan. Gonorrhea emerged as a critical public health concern during the pandemic.
Low-energy magnetic states of Tb adatom on graphene
Authors: Shaikh Monirul , Klein Alison , Wysocki Aleksander L 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Electronic structure and magnetic interactions of a Tb adatom on graphene are investigated from first principles using combination of density functional theory and multiconfigurational quantum chemistry techniques including spin–orbit coupling (SOC) . We determine that the six-fold symmetry hollow site is the preferred adsorption site and investigate electronic spectrum for different adatom oxidation states including Tb3+, Tb2+, Tb1+, and Tb0. For all charge states, the Tb

4

f
8

configuration is retained with other adatom valence electrons being distributed over

5

d

x
y

,

5

d

x
2
+
y
2

, and

6
s

/

5

d
0

single-electron orbitals. We find strong intra-site adatom exchange coupling that ensures that the

5
d
6
s

spins are parallel to the 4f
spin. For Tb3+, the energy levels can be described by the J = 6 multiplet split by the graphene crystal field (CF). For other oxidation states, the interaction of 4f
electrons with spin and orbital degrees of freedom of

6
s
5
d

electrons in the presence of SOC results in the low-energy spectrum composed closely lying effective multiplets that are split by the graphene CF. Stable magnetic moment is predicted for Tb3+ and Tb2+ adatoms due to uniaxial magnetic anisotropy and effective anisotropy barrier around 440 cm−1 controlled by the temperature assisted quantum tunneling of magnetization through the third excited doublet. On the other hand, in-plane magnetic anisotropy is found for Tb1+ and Tb0 adatoms. Our results indicate that the occupation of the

6
s
5
d

orbitals can dramatically affect the magnetic anisotropy and magnetic moment stability of rare earth adatoms.
Estimation and analysis of S values for 131I using paediatric mesh type reference computational phantoms
Authors: Singh Pradeep Kumar , Patni Hemant Kumar , Akar Deepak Kumar , Sawant Pramilla D 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This study examines the effect of paediatric mesh-type reference computational phantoms on organ S values resulting from radioiodine (131I) intake. Using Geant4, we estimated 131I S values for 30 radiosensitive target tissues due to emission from the thyroid (Target ← Thyroid) in these phantoms. Our results show that S values differ between male and female phantoms of the same age and S values also decrease as phantom age increases. The male-to-female S value ratio typically varies within 10%, with larger differences observed for the esophagus, extra-thoracic regions, muscles, bladder, and sex organs. On average, S values for mesh phantoms are approximately 17% higher than those for voxel phantoms, with larger discrepancies for organs remodelled separately in mesh phantoms. The study provides organ S values for the paediatric population due to 131I exposure from the thyroid, based on the reference mesh-type computational phantoms, enhancing organ dose estimation in emergency situations and during radioiodine treatment.
Existence of solitary waves in particle lattices with power-law forces
Authors: Ingimarson Benjamin , Pego Robert L 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
We prove the existence of small solitary waves for one-dimensional lattices of particles that each repel every other particle with a force that decays as a power of distance. For force exponents α + 1 with

4
3

<
α
<
3

, we employ fixed-point arguments to find near-sonic solitary waves having scaled velocity profiles close to non-degenerate solitary-wave profiles of fractional KdV or generalized Benjamin–Ono equations. These equations were recently found to approximately govern unidirectional long-wave motions in these lattices.
Interatomic and intermolecular decay processes in quantum fluid clusters
Authors: LaForge A C , Ben Ltaief L , Krishnan S R , Sisourat N , Mudrich M 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
In this comprehensive review, we explore interatomic and intermolecular correlated electronic decay phenomena observed in superfluid helium nanodroplets subjected to extreme ultraviolet radiation. Helium nanodroplets, known for their distinctive electronic and quantum fluid properties, provide an ideal environment for examining a variety of non-local electronic decay processes involving the transfer of energy, charge, or both between neighboring sites and resulting in ionization and the emission of low-kinetic energy electrons. Key processes include interatomic or intermolecular Coulombic decay and its variants, such as electron transfer-mediated decay. Insights gained from studying these light-matter interactions in helium nanodroplets enhance our understanding of the effects of ionizing radiation on other condensed-phase systems, including biological matter. We also emphasize the advanced experimental and computational techniques that make it possible to resolve electronic decay processes with high spectral and temporal precision. Utilizing ultrashort pulses from free-electron lasers, the temporal evolution of these processes can be followed, significantly advancing our comprehension of the dynamics within quantum fluid clusters and non-local electronic interactions in nanoscale systems.
Preliminary investigation of a Higgs factory based on proton-driven plasma wakefield acceleration
Authors: Farmer J , Caldwell A , Pukhov A 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
A Higgs Factory is considered the highest priority next collider project by the high-energy physics community. Very advanced designs based on radio-frequency cavities exist, and variations on this approach are still being developed. Recently, an option based on electron-bunch driven plasma wakefield acceleration has also been proposed. In this article, we discuss a further option based on proton-driven plasma wakefield acceleration. This option has significant potential advantages due to the high energy of the plasma wakefield driver, simplifying the plasma acceleration stage. Its success will depend on further developments in producing compact high-energy proton bunches at a high rate, which would also make possible a broad range of synergistic particle-physics research.
Gravitational wave probe of gravitational dark matter from preheating
Authors: Zhang Ruopeng , Zheng Sibo 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
We forecast high-frequency gravitational wave (GW) from preheating hosting gravitational dark matter (GDM) as the indirect probe of such GDM.
We use proper lattice simulations to handle resonance,
and to solve GW equation of motion with the resonance induced scalar field excitations as source term.
Our numerical results show that Higgs scalar excitations in Higgs preheating model give rise to magnitudes of GW energy density spectra of order 10-10 at frequencies 10 – 103 MHz depending on the GDM mass of (6 – 9) × 1013 GeV,
whereas inflaton fluctuation excitations in inflaton self-resonant preheating model yield magnitudes of GW energy density spectrum up to 10-9 (10-11) at frequencies near 30 (2) MHz for the index n=4 (6) with respect to the GDM mass of 1.04 (2.66) × 1014 GeV.
Probing protoneutron stars with gamma-ray axionscopes
Authors: Lella Alessandro , Calore Francesca , Carenza Pierluca , Eckner Christopher , Giannotti Maurizio , Lucente Giuseppe , Mirizzi Alessandro 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Axion-like particles (ALPs) coupled to nucleons can be efficiently produced in the
interior of protoneutron stars (PNS) during supernova (SN) explosions. If these ALPs are also
coupled to photons they can convert into gamma rays in the Galactic magnetic field. This
SN-induced gamma-ray burst can be observable by gamma-ray telescopes like Fermi-LAT if the
SN is in the field of view of the detector. We show that the observable gamma-ray spectrum is
sensitive to the production processes in the SN core. In particular, if the nucleon-nucleon
bremsstrahlung is the dominant axion production channel, one expects a thermal spectrum with
average energy E
a
≃ 50 MeV. In this case the gamma-ray spectrum observation allows for
the reconstruction of the PNS temperature. In case of a sizable pion abundance in the SN core, one
expects a second spectral component peaked at E
a
≃ 200 MeV due to axion pionic
processes. We demonstrate that, through a dedicated LAT analysis, we can detect the presence of
this pionic contribution, showing that the detection of the spectral shape of the gamma-ray signal
represents a unique probe of the pion abundance in the PNS.
Generation of sub-30 fs pulses from an erbium-doped fiber amplifier at 203 MHz repetition rate
Authors: Zhao Yuwei , Zhao Wanli , Liu Tongyu 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
High repetition rate fiber lasers have attracted great attention in recent years due to their potential applications including spectroscopy and laser processing. In this manuscript, we have demon-strated sub-30 fs pulses directly from a compact Er-doped fiber laser amplifier system with a high repetition rate of ∼203 MHz. The design of the laser comprises of a home-built oscillator based on nonlinear polarization evolution mode-locking mechanism, an all-fiber amplifier, and a fiber type compressor. By optimizing the length of single mode fiber compressor, the shortest pulse duration of 26 fs is achieved, which is ∼4.9 optical cycle at 1570 nm. The average output power of the de-chirped pulse is 267 mW with corresponding pulse energy of 1.3 nJ. Such a high repetition rate fiber laser with few-cycle pulse holds tremendous potential for numerous applications that require high temporal resolution, and high photon flux.
Emergent 3×3 charge order on the Cs reconstruction of kagome superconductor CsV3Sb5
Authors: Han 韩 Xianghe 相和 , Cao 曹 Zhongyi 钟一 , Huang 黄 Zihao 子豪 , Zhao 赵 Zhen 振 , Yang 杨 Haitao 海涛 , Chen 陈 Hui 辉 , Gao 高 Hong-Jun 鸿钧 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The alkali adatoms with controlled coverage on the surface have been demonstrated to effectively tune the surface band of quantum materials through in situ electron doping. However, the interplay of orderly arranged alkali adatoms with the surface states of quantum materials remains unexplored. Here, by using low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy (STM/S), we observed the emergent 3×3 super modulation of electronic states on the

3

×

3

R

30

°

(R3) Cs ordered surface of kagome superconductor CsV3Sb5. The nondispersive 3×3 superlattice at R3 ordered surface shows contrast inversion in positive and negative differential conductance maps, indicating a charge order origin. The 3×3 charge order is suppressed with increasing temperature and undetectable at a critical temperature of ∼62 K. Furthermore, in the Ta substituted sample CsV2.6Ta0.4Sb5, where long-range 2×2×2 charge density wave is significantly suppressed, the 3×3 charge order on the R3 ordered surface becomes blurred and much weaker than that in the undoped sample. It indicates that the 3×3 charge order on the R3 ordered surface is directly correlated to the bulk charge density waves in CsV3Sb5. Our work provides a new platform for understanding and manipulating the cascade of charge orders in kagome superconductors.
Analytic sparse-view CBCT reconstruction using a novel sinogram restoration method based on higher-order Fourier harmonic peaks
Authors: Lee Jonghyeok , Lim Hyunwoo , Cho Sanghyun , Seo Changwoo , Cha Bo Kyung , Cho Hyosung 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This study presents an analytic sparse-view cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) reconstruction method using a novel sinogram restoration technique based on higher-order Fourier harmonic peaks to obtain CBCT images of reasonable quality with a reduced radiation dose. The proposed method involves four main steps: (1) acquiring sparse-view (P144) sinogram from a CBCT system, (2) upsampling (P720) the original sparse-view sinogram with equally spaced zero padding, (3) separating higher-order Fourier harmonic peaks of the upsampled sinogram using a band-pass filter, and (4) restoring the sinogram of the higher-order harmonic peaks by taking its magnitude, followed by computationally cost-efficient filtered-backprojection (FBP)-based CBCT reconstruction and denoising processes. The notation P144 indicates that the number of projections is 144. To verify the efficacy of the proposed method, an experiment was performed on a chest phantom using a prototype CBCT system comprising an X-ray tube (90 kV
p
and 40 mA), a large-area flat-panel detector (388 μm pixel size), and a rotational gantry. The quality of the restored sparse-view CBCT images was quantitatively evaluated in terms of the image intensity profile, universal quality index (UQI), and peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR). The results indicate that the proposed sinogram restoration method effectively recovered zero-padded areas in the original upsampled sinogram with image intensities nearly identical to those of the reference dense-view (P720) sinogram, which demonstrates the efficacy of the proposed sinogram restoration method. The quality of the sparse-view CBCT image restored with higher-order harmonic peaks was close to that of the reference dense-view CBCT image, maintaining the image quality. The UQI and PSNR values of the restored sparse-view CBCT image were 0.93 and 34.84, respectively, which are approximately 1.3 and 1.2 times greater than those of the original sparse-view CBCT image, respectively, improving the image quality. Consequently, the proposed method has the potential to resolve the issues caused by sparse-view sampling in FBP-based CBCT.
Defining Rights, Wrongs, and Duties
Authors: Abraham Haim 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Three preconditions must be met to advance the claim that civilians could and should have a right in tort law to compensation for wrongs they sustain during battle, through the injuring state’s domestic courts. The three preconditions are that there are rights during war; that there is a standard according to which mere harms are distinguishable from wrongs, which I refer to as ‘belligerent wrongs’; and that there is a duty to correct these wrongs. This chapter shows that private law rights exist, and remain relevant, during war. Moreover, the way to distinguish between harms for which no liability arises and wrongs for which there can be tortious liability is unique in the context of belligerent activities. This evaluation requires gauging whether combatant activities have adhered to international humanitarian law and states’ rules of engagement. The chapter argues that an infliction of a loss while engaging in belligerent activities is a violation of a private law right, and hence it is a prima facie private law wrong. Yet, such losses are justified and non-wrongful if they are imposed while adhering to international humanitarian law and the rules of engagement. When such a justification does not exist, an ordinary corrective justice duty to redress the wrongs arises, and this duty could be discharged through ordinary domestic tort law.
The Combatant Activities Exception and the Rule of Law
Authors: Abraham Haim 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines a particular immunity that many common law states enjoy for any losses they inflict during warfare, which prevents individuals from being able to obtain a remedy through tort law for the injuries they sustain. This immunity is referred to as the ‘combatant activities exception’. The analysis in this chapter is based on a substantive rule of law approach, which has played a significant role in limiting the scope of states’ immunity from liability and enabling the pursuit of private law remedies for wrongs committed by states. The chapter establishes that the combatant activities exception deviates from the requirement of substantive rule of law, as its scope is ambiguous, its application is potentially discriminatory, it frustrates access to legal remedies, and it creates a sphere in which public officials’ discretion is unbounded. Moreover, the chapter illustrates that the scope and character of the combatant activities exception are not properly justified to cohere with the requirements of a substantive rule of law approach. The basic starting point for a rule of law–abiding regime is to provide compensation to individuals as a matter of right. Compensation enables individuals to enforce their rights and hold officials accountable. As the combatant activities exception is not properly justified, it should either be interpreted narrowly or abolished.
Unpacking States’ Vicarious and Direct Liabilities
Authors: Abraham Haim 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter assesses the viability of vicarious and direct impositions of liability on states for wrongful losses inflicted by their combatants, contractors, and citizens. It shows that the relevant relationship between the state and the wrongdoer clearly exists towards its combatants but not necessarily towards its contractors or civilians. Furthermore, and generally, the doctrine’s second limb of acting ‘in the course of employment’ could be met when a belligerent wrong was inflicted negligently. Yet, the applicability of vicarious liability to intentional torts varies between jurisdictions and could only be established on a case-by-case basis.
The chapter also discusses three additional instances in which states could be held directly liable. First, the states’ own failures result in the creation and materialization of the wrongful loss. The chapter shows that this form of liability might be available for losses inflicted by a state’s private military contractor, but is unlikely to be available in relation to wrongs that a state’s civilian population inflicts on enemy non-combatants. Second, the chapter argues that states have non-delegable duties to ensure the health and safety of prisoners of war and occupied populations, and that an argument could be made to support the view that states have a non-delegable private law duty to ensure that civilians do not sustain belligerent wrongs. Third, it demonstrates that in some jurisdictions, direct liability could be imposed on states through the doctrine of ratification when states explicitly or implicitly adopt the wrongful conduct of their combatants or contractors as their own.
‘Power to the Convicted Class’: Re-Assessing Prisoner-Led Movements and Trade Union Organizing
Authors: Behan Cormac , Maycock Matthew 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThis article examines prisoner-led movements that have sought the right to representation and improvements in pay and conditions. We argue that this strand of prison organizing has tended to be subsumed into narratives around prison disturbances, studies of movements for prisoners’ rights and campaigns for penal reform. The article considers the extent to which prisoner-led organizations have adapted to their unique set of circumstances by examining some historical and contemporary examples of labour organizing in prison. We contend that questions of class and class analysis more widely in relation to prisoner labour have not been explicitly analysed within contemporary penology, and consider the need for a new approach to critique worker organizing within prison settings.