bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kinetics and mathematical modeling of thin layer drying of mint leaves by a hot water recirculating solar dryer
Authors: Moradi Mehdi , Fallahi Mohammad Ali , Mousavi Khaneghah Amin 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis research was mainly devoted to evaluating the drying kinetics of mint leaves in a newly introduced solar dryer. In order to assess the drying kinetics of mint leaves, nine drying temperature levels (with the average value of: 41.3, 42.2, 44.1, 45.9, 47, 48.2, 50, 51.5, and 53.9°C and a corresponded drying time of 255, 255, 195, 180, 180, 180, 165, 165, and 150 min, respectively) were used. In addition, the corresponded values for the average drying rate levels were obtained as 2.19, 2.33, 2.96, 3.21, 3.35, 3.44, 3.51, 3.57, and 3.84% dry basis/min, respectively. Specific energy consumption of drying was calculated, which varied 5.5 to 8.6 MJ/kg of water removed. Also, 11 semiempirical models were applied to find the best‐fitted thin layer drying model, and an approximation of diffusion model has the highest correlation (R2 = 0.98, root mean square error = 0.041, k2 = 0.0017) with the experimental moisture ratio than the other models. Also, emitted carbon dioxide due to energy production from fossil fuel for usage in the electrical pump was calculated as 0.3 kg of CO2/kg of water removed. Hence, it can be concluded that the introduced solar drying technique is an eco‐friendly apparatus which was successfully used for the drying of mint leaves.Practical applicationApplication of solar for production of heating energy can cause to emit lower CO2, and consequently lower environmental pollution will occur. Hence, apparatuses with fossil fuel consumption can be replaced with this dryer. Also, due to lower air flow and temperature, this dryer can be used for drying of pharmaceutical plants such as mint leaves. Therefore, the introduced dryer has lower specific energy consumption and higher energy performance as a suitable dryer for industrial usages.
Drivers of distance‐decay in bryophyte assemblages at multiple spatial scales: Dispersal limitations or environmental control?
Authors: Cacciatori Cecilia , Tordoni Enrico , Petruzzellis Francesco , Sérgio Cecilia , Garcia César , Chiarucci Alessandro , Bacaro Giovanni 
Published: July 2019

AbstractQuestionsDespite the increasing scientific interest in distance decay of compositional similarity in ecology, the scale dependence of geographical versus environmental control on distance decay of biological communities has not been properly addressed so far. The present work highlights the relative importance of niche‐based processes versus dispersal limitations on distance decay patterns of epilithic bryophyte assemblages at different spatial scales.LocationSerra de Sintra, central Portugal.MethodsWe adopted a nested sampling design with 32 selected sampling sites in each of which two clusters, each with five rocks, were surveyed. Each cluster was characterized by a set of 15 macroscale variables, which were divided into environmental and anthropogenic. For each rock eight microscale variables were recorded. Partial Mantel tests were used to assess the relative importance of geographical and environmental distance on community dissimilarity for each grain size (site, cluster, rock). Quantile regressions were used to describe the decay patterns of community similarity with respect to geographical and environmental distances. Ordination analyses and variation partitioning techniques were applied to assess the pure and shared effects of measured variables on bryophyte community composition.ResultsEnvironmental distance based upon macroscale predictors was significantly correlated to community similarity, while no significant correlation was found for ecological distance calculated for microscale predictors, except at the largest grain size. The decrease of community similarity with geographical and environmental distance was thus consistently strengthened with increasing sample grain. Compositional variation was best explained by anthropogenic variables.ConclusionsThe relative importance of environmental versus geographical distance on compositional similarity in epilithic bryophyte communities varies with the spatial scale of the predictors and with the sample grain. The decrease of similarity with increasing distance is related to changes in habitat features, especially those driven by human disturbance, while it is weakly affected by variations in substrate features.
OsNAC2 integrates auxin and cytokinin pathways to modulate rice root development
Authors: Mao Chanjuan , He Jianmei , Liu Lina , Deng Qiming , Yao Xuefeng , Liu Chunming , Qiao Yongli , Li Peng , Ming Feng 
Published: July 2019

SummaryThe rice root system is important for growth. The crosstalk between auxin and cytokinin mediates root initiation and elongation. However, it remains unclear how the transcriptional network upstream of the auxin and cytokinin signalling pathways determines root development. Here, we observed that the knockdown of OsNAC2, which encodes a NAC transcription factor, increased the primary root length and the number of crown roots. OsNAC2 predominantly expressed in primary root tips, crown roots and lateral root primordia, implying it influences root development. Molecular analyses revealed that the expressions of auxin‐ and cytokinin‐responsive genes were affected in OsNAC2‐overexpressing (OsNAC2‐OX; ON7 and ON11), RNA interference (OsNAC2‐RNAi; RNAi25 and RNAi31) and CRISPR/Cas9 plants. Additionally, OsNAC2 can directly bind to the promoters of IAA inactivation‐related genes (GH3.6 and GH3.8), an IAA signalling‐related gene (OsARF25), and a cytokinin oxidase gene (OsCKX4). Furthermore, genetic analysis of ON11/osgh3.6 and RNAi31/osckx4 homozygote confirmed that OsCKX4 and OsGH3.6 functioned downstream of OsNAC2. The mRNA levels of CROWN ROOTLESS (CRL) genes and cyclin‐dependent protein kinase (CDK) genes increased in OsNAC2‐RNAi and OsNAC2‐cas9 lines while reduced in OsNAC2‐OX lines. Thus, we describe that OsNAC2 functions as an upstream integrator of auxin and cytokinin signals that affect CRL and CDK production to regulate cell division during root development. This novel auxin‐OsNAC2‐cytokinin model should provide a new insight into the understanding of NAC TFs and crosstalk of auxin and cytokinin pathway, and can be potentially applied in agriculture to enhance rice yields by genetic approaches.
The flip side of phospho‐signalling: Regulation of protein dephosphorylation and the protein phosphatase 2Cs
Authors: Bhaskara Govinal Badiger , Wong Min May , Verslues Paul E. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractProtein phosphorylation is a key signalling mechanism and has myriad effects on protein function. Phosphorylation by protein kinases can be reversed by protein phosphatases, thus allowing dynamic control of protein phosphorylation. Although this may suggest a straightforward kinase–phosphatase relationship, plant genomes contain five times more kinases than phosphatases. Here, we examine phospho‐signalling from a protein phosphatase centred perspective and ask how relatively few phosphatases regulate many phosphorylation sites. The most abundant class of plant phosphatases, the protein phosphatase 2Cs (PP2Cs), is surrounded by a web of regulation including inhibitor and activator proteins as well as posttranslational modifications that regulate phosphatase activity, control phosphatase stability, or determine the subcellular locations where the phosphatase is present and active. These mechanisms are best established for the Clade A PP2Cs, which are key components of stress and abscisic acid signalling. We also describe other PP2C clades and illustrate how these phosphatases are highly regulated and involved in a wide range of physiological functions. Together, these examples of multiple layers of phosphatase regulation help explain the unbalanced kinase–phosphatase ratio. Continued use of phosphoproteomics to examine phosphatase targets and phosphatase–kinase relationships will be important for deeper understanding of phosphoproteome regulation.
DNA sequencing and anatomy demonstrate that Pacific Codium simulans is a genetically variable species found in the floras of Bermuda and Florida
Authors: Schneider Craig W. , Lam Daryl W. , Verbruggen Heroen 
Published: July 2019

SUMMARYWhen DNA sequences from Bermuda plants described as Codium isthmocladum ssp. clavatum and a recent collection from Florida originally thought to be C. decorticatum were analyzed, they were found to be a genetic match to the Pacific Mexican species C. simulans. Historical voucher collections assigned to C. isthmocladum ssp. clavatum show that this Pacific lineage has been present in Bermuda (Atlantic) waters for over a century, thus precluding a very recent introduction from the Pacific. We hypothesize that C. simulans may have hitched a ride on the ballast rocks of early commercial ships plying their trade between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans.
Photosynthetic activity including the thermal‐ and chilling‐light sensitivities of a temperate Japanese brown alga Sargassum macrocarpum
Authors: Terada Ryuta , Nakashima Yuto , Borlongan Iris Ann , Shimabukuro Hiromori , Kozono Jumpei , Endo Hikaru , Shimada Satoshi , Nishihara Gregory N. 
Published: July 2019

SUMMARYThe effects of irradiance, temperature, thermal‐ and chilling‐light sensitivities on the photosynthesis of a temperate alga, Sargassum macrocarpum (Fucales) were determined by a pulse amplitude modulation (PAM)‐chlorophyll fluorometer and dissolved oxygen sensors. Oxygenic photosynthesis–irradiance curves at 8, 20, and 28°C revealed that the maximum net photosynthetic rates (NP
max) and saturation irradiance were highest at 28°C, and lowest at 8°C. Gross photosynthesis and dark respiration determined over a range of temperatures (8–36°C) at 300 μmol photons m−2 s−1 revealed that the maximum gross photosynthetic rate (GPmax) occurred at 27.8°C, which is consistent with the highest seawater temperature in the southern distributional limit of this species in Japan. Additionally, the maximum quantum yields of photosystem II (F
v/F
m) during the 72‐h temperature exposures were stable at 8–28°C, but suddenly dropped to zero at higher temperatures, indicative of PSII deactivation. Continuous exposure (12 h) to irradiance of 200 (low) and 1000 (high) μmol photons m−2 s−1 at 8, 20, and 28°C revealed greater declines in their effective quantum yields (Φ
PSII) under high irradiance. While Φ
PSII under low irradiance were very similar with the initial F
v/F
m under 20 and 28°C, values rapidly decreased with exposure duration at 8°C. At this temperature, F
v/F
m did not recover to initial values even after 12 h of dark acclimation. Final F
v/F
m of alga at 28°C under high irradiance treatment also did not recover, suggesting its sensitivity to photoinhibition at both low and high temperatures. These photosynthetic characteristics reflect both the adaptation of the species to the general environmental conditions, and its ability to acclimate to seasonal changes in seawater temperature within their geographical range of distribution.
Biogenesis of lysosome‐related organelles complex‐1 (BORC) regulates late endosomal/lysosomal size through PIKfyve‐dependent phosphatidylinositol‐3,5‐bisphosphate
Authors: Yordanov Teodor E. , Hipolito Victoria E. B. , Liebscher Gudrun , Vogel Georg F. , Stasyk Taras , Herrmann Caroline , Geley Stephan , Teis David , Botelho Roberto J. , Hess Michael W. , Huber Lukas A. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractMechanisms that control lysosomal function are essential for cellular homeostasis. Lysosomes adapt in size and number to cellular needs but little is known about the underlying molecular mechanism. We demonstrate that the late endosomal/lysosomal multimeric BLOC‐1‐related complex (BORC) regulates the size of these organelles via PIKfyve‐dependent phosphatidylinositol‐3,5‐bisphosphate [PI(3,5)P2] production. Deletion of the core BORC component Diaskedin led to increased levels of PI(3,5)P2, suggesting activation of PIKfyve, and resulted in enhanced lysosomal reformation and subsequent reduction in lysosomal size. This process required AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK), a known PIKfyve activator, and was additionally dependent on the late endosomal/lysosomal adaptor, mitogen‐activated protein kinases and mechanistic target of rapamycin activator (LAMTOR/Ragulator) complex. Consistently, in response to glucose limitation, AMPK activated PIKfyve, which induced lysosomal reformation with increased baseline autophagy and was coupled to a decrease in lysosomal size. These adaptations of the late endosomal/lysosomal system reversed under glucose replete growth conditions. In summary, our results demonstrate that BORC regulates lysosomal reformation and size in response to glucose availability.
Experiences and perceptions of emergency department nurses regarding people who present with mental health issues: a systematic review protocol
Authors: Quirke Mary B. , Donohue Grainne , Prizeman Geraldine , White Patricia , McCann Edward 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACT

Objective:
The objective of this review is to identify, appraise and synthesize available evidence related to the experiences and perceptions of emergency department (ED) nurses regarding people with any mental health issue who present at the ED.

Introduction:
The ED is often the first point of contact for patients with a mental health issue, due to a shortage of available mental health services. Nursing staff in the ED are involved in key clinical decision making and hands-on care for these patients, despite a lack of mental health specialist training. In order to improve patient outcomes in the ED setting, it is necessary to have a thorough understanding of how ED nurses’ experiences with this population affect their clinical decision making.

Inclusion criteria:
This review will consider studies that include ED nurses, with or without mental health specialist training, working in urban and rural EDs in healthcare settings worldwide. Qualitative studies that explore the experiences and perceptions of ED nurses regarding people who present with mental health issues in the ED setting will be considered. Studies published in English will be considered, with no date limitations.

Methods:
CINAHL complete, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar will be searched, along with several sources of gray literature. Retrieval of full-text studies, assessment of methodological quality and data extraction will be performed independently by two reviewers. Findings will be pooled using meta-aggregation, and a ConQual Summary of Findings will be presented.
End‐diastolic force pre‐activates cardiomyocytes and determines contractile force: role of titin and calcium
Authors: Najafi Aref , van de Locht Martijn , Schuldt Maike , Schönleitner Patrick , van Willigenburg Menne , Bollen Ilse , Goebel Max , Ottenheijm Coen A. C. , van der Velden Jolanda , Helmes Michiel , Kuster Diederik W. D. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractTitin functions as a molecular spring, and cardiomyocytes are able, through splicing, to control the length of titin. We hypothesized that together with diastolic [Ca2+], titin‐based stretch pre‐activates cardiomyocytes during diastole and is a major determinant of force production in the subsequent contraction. Through this mechanism titin would play an important role in active force development and length‐dependent activation. Mutations in the splicing factor RNA binding motif protein 20 (RBM20) result in expression of large, highly compliant titin isoforms. We measured single cardiomyocyte work loops that mimic the cardiac cycle in wild‐type (WT) and heterozygous (HET) RBM20‐deficient rats. In addition, we studied the role of diastolic [Ca2+] in membrane‐permeabilized WT and HET cardiomyocytes. Intact cardiomyocytes isolated from HET left ventricles were unable to produce normal levels of work (55% of WT) at low pacing frequencies, but this difference disappeared at high pacing frequencies. Length‐dependent activation (force–sarcomere length relationship) was blunted in HET cardiomyocytes, but the force–end‐diastolic force relationship was not different between HET and WT cardiomyocytes. To delineate the effects of diastolic [Ca2+] and titin pre‐activation on force generation, measurements were performed in detergent‐permeabilized cardiomyocytes. Cardiac twitches were simulated by transiently exposing permeabilized cardiomyocytes to 2 µm Ca2+. Increasing diastolic [Ca2+] from 1 to 80 nm increased force development twofold in WT. Higher diastolic [Ca2+] was needed in HET. These findings are consistent with our hypothesis that pre‐activation increases active force development. Highly compliant titin allows cells to function at higher diastolic [Ca2+].
Efficient Possibilistic Uncertainty Analysis of a Car Crash Scenario Using a Multifidelity Approach
Authors: Mäck Markus , Hanss Michael 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The early design stage of mechanical structures is often characterized by unknown or only partially known boundary conditions and environmental influences. Particularly, in the case of safety-relevant components, such as the crumple zone structure of a car, those uncertainties must be appropriately quantified and accounted for in the design process. For this purpose, possibility theory provides a suitable tool for the modeling of incomplete information and uncertainty propagation. However, the numerical propagation of uncertainty described by possibility theory is accompanied by high computational costs. The necessarily repeated model evaluations render the uncertainty analysis challenging to be realized if a model is complex and of large scale. Oftentimes, simplified and idealized models are used for the uncertainty analysis to speed up the simulation while accepting a loss of accuracy. The proposed multifidelity scheme for possibilistic uncertainty analysis, instead, takes advantage of the low costs of an inaccurate low-fidelity model and the accuracy of an expensive high-fidelity model. For this purpose, the functional dependency between the high- and low-fidelity model is exploited and captured in a possibilistic way. This results in a significant speedup for the uncertainty analysis while ensuring accuracy by using only a low number of expensive high-fidelity model evaluations. The proposed approach is applied to an automotive car crash scenario in order to emphasize its versatility and applicability.
Learning to Design From Humans: Imitating Human Designers Through Deep Learning
Authors: Raina Ayush , McComb Christopher , Cagan Jonathan 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Humans as designers have quite versatile problem-solving strategies. Computer agents on the other hand can access large-scale computational resources to solve certain design problems. Hence, if agents can learn from human behavior, a synergetic human-agent problem-solving team can be created. This paper presents an approach to extract human design strategies and implicit rules, purely from historical human data, and use that for design generation. A two-step framework that learns to imitate human design strategies from observation is proposed and implemented. This framework makes use of deep learning constructs to learn to generate designs without any explicit information about objective and performance metrics. The framework is designed to interact with the problem through a visual interface as humans did when solving the problem. It is trained to imitate a set of human designers by observing their design state sequences without inducing problem-specific modeling bias or extra information about the problem. Furthermore, an end-to-end agent is developed that uses this deep learning framework as its core in conjunction with image processing to map pixel-to-design moves as a mechanism to generate designs. Finally, the designs generated by a computational team of these agents are then compared with actual human data for teams solving a truss design problem. Results demonstrate that these agents are able to create feasible and efficient truss designs without guidance, showing that this methodology allows agents to learn effective design strategies.
Evaluation of Fracture Toughness of a SA580 Gr. 3 Reactor Pressure Vessel Using a Bimodal Master Curve Approach
Authors: Kim Jong-Min , Hong Seok-Min , Kim Min-Chul , Lee Bong-Sang 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The standard master curve (MC) approach has a major limitation in that it is only applicable to homogeneous datasets. In nature, steels are macroscopically inhomogeneous. Reactor pressure vessel (RPV) steel has different fracture toughness with varying distance from the inner surface of the wall due to the higher cooling rate at the surface (deterministic material inhomogeneity). On the other hand, the T0 value itself behaves like a random parameter when the datasets have large scatter because the datasets are for several different materials (random inhomogeneity). In this paper, four regions, the surface, 1/8 T, 1/4 T, and 1/2 T, were considered for fracture toughness specimens of Korean Standard Nuclear Plant (KSNP) SA508 Gr. 3 steel to provide information on deterministic material inhomogeneity and random inhomogeneity effects. Fracture toughness tests were carried out for the four regions at three test temperatures in the transition region and the microstructure of each region was analyzed. The amount of upper bainite increased toward the center, which has a lower cooling rate; therefore, the center has lower fracture toughness than the surface so reference temperature (T0) is higher. The fracture toughness was evaluated using the bimodal master curve (BMC) approach. The results of the BMC analyses were compared with those obtained via a conventional master curve analyses. The results indicate that the bimodal master approach considering inhomogeneous materials provides a better description of scatter in the fracture toughness data than a conventional master curve analysis does.
Understanding biosimilars and its regulatory aspects across the globe: an ophthalmology perspective
Authors: Sharma Ashish , Kumar Nilesh , Kuppermann Baruch D , Bandello Francesco , Loewenstein Anat 
Published: July 2019

PurposeThis article aims to analyse the key regulatory guidelines across the globe concerning biosimilars.Materials and methodsReview of the current literature.ResultsBiosimilars are well regulated with the majority of regulators having enforced the guidelines for the development and approval, and new biosimilar drugs are appearing on the horizon to provide a therapeutic option to a wider population base because of its cost-effectiveness and proven safety. Due to their extensive analytical data, clinical data and pharmacovigilance studies, their development should not be considered similar to generic drugs.ConclusionThis review discusses the biosimilars, their regulation globally and their difference from generics from ophthalmic perspective.