bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Present Situation and Problems Related to Marine Oily-Water Separating Techniques
Authors: Watanabe K. , Yamanouchi H. , Ueta Y. , Nagata O. 
Published: May 2018

Merchant ships are required to be provided with oily-water separating equipment that meets the requirements of the International Performance Testing Standard A. 393 (x) prescribed by the International Maritime Organization (IMO), where the discharged oil contents of the effluent measured at the outlet of the equipment are controlled to 15 ppm or 100 ppm according to the classification of ships by gross tonnage. However, investigations are being undertaken to find international solutions centring on the Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC) of IMO to improve the not-necessarily-satisfactory-service-performance of oily-water separating equipment, as is evident in cases reported overseas. In this study, the actual service performance of the existing oily-water separating equipment in Japan was investigated and a study on new oily-water separating techniques was conducted with expertise acquired as outlined below.
In view of the fact that the engine room bilge in an actual ship contains suspended solids (SS), detergents and other materials in addition to fuel oil and lubricating oil, it is difficult to clear the discharged oil control requirement of 15 ppm at all times, inasmuch as the existing oily-water separating system relies only on a gravitational separation system comprising multiple parallel plates and a filter-type coalescer. The newly developed oily-water separating mechanism relying on oil flocculation and froth flotation has displayed its usefulness for oily water containing oil particles and suspended solids with a particle size smaller than 10 µm, and thus is promising for application to oily-water separating equipment to be designed for clearing the 15 ppm discharge requirements.
Identification of Non-Biodegradable, Hydrophilic, Organic Substances in Industrial and Municipal Waste Water Treatment Plant-Effluents by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC/MS/MS)
Authors: Schröder H. Fr. 
Published: May 2018

Effluents of biological waste water treatment plants containing high concentrations of non-biodegradable substances measured as COD (chemical oxygen demand) were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). GC/MS could detect any relevant compound because of involatility of these substances. LC/MS/MS was able to give molecular weight information without any separation bypassing analytical column. Daughter- and parent-ions formed by MS/MS gave structural information by fragmentation under CID-conditions (collisionally induced dissociation) even for UV-non-detectable chromophor missing substances.
Metabolites and anthropogenic, non-biodegradable substances such as polyether, nonionic alkyl-and arylsurfactants and benzene-sulfonic acid could be detected and identified after C 18 column separation and without any prior separation, bypassing column.
Analysis without any separation could be done within a few minutes up to an hour, column separation lasted 10 to 100 fold longer.
Regulatory Requirements for Pulp and Paper Mill Effluent Control: Scientific Basis and Consequences
Authors: Folke J. 
Published: May 2018

The Ministers' Declaration from the 2nd North Sea Conference recommended a goal to be set to diminish the discharge of hazardous substances via rivers by 50% over the next 10 years, e.g. to diminish the discharge of persistent halogenated compounds from pulp and paper mill effluents. The Paris Convention adopted this recommendation later.
Based on a study conducted for the EEC Commission, we have arrived at the following conclusions to fulfil this goal.
For historic reasons the regulation of the pulp and paper industry includes some parameters which may not be the most appropriate ones, e.g. BOD5 and AOX. To regulate the bleached pulp mills by AOX/TOC1 is not recommendable. PCDD/PDDFs are very difficult to regulate at present. Regulation of polychlorinated phenolics (PoCPs) in the effluent may prove to be a valid indirect measure of TCDD-equivalents, but this has yet to be proven. To ensure sufficient removal of hazardous compounds, we recommend that standards for TSS be stringent, as the major fraction of hazardous compounds is associated with suspended solids (including PoCPs and PCDD/PCDFs). Effluent control should be based on pH, COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand using dichromic acid), TSS (total suspended solids) and PoCPs.
At present there are not sufficient data available to establish a regulation based on these parameters. So, further data should be obtained.
Treatment of Bleach-Plant Effluents with Membrane Filtration and Sorption Techniques
Authors: Ekengren Ö , Burhem J.-E. , Filipsson S. 
Published: May 2018

Laboratory experiments have been run with the combination of ultrafiltration (UF) and sorption techniques/reverse osmosis (RO).
The use of negatively charged membranes improved both the filtration capacity (flux) and the rejection of organochlorine compounds.
The combination of UF and RO used to treat retention in the caustic extraction stage showed high removal of COD, AOX and chloride ions (98.8 - 99.9 %). The content of AOX in the RO-permeate was 0.08 g per ton pulp.
The ultrafiltration of three different total bleachery effluents showed a COD removal of 55-60 % and a AOX removal of 65-75 %. The decrease in toxicity was about 50 % and the removal of substances with a bioaccumulation potential was around 90 %.
The treatment of this UF-permeate with a weak-base anion exchanger gave even higher removal efficiencies especially for the chlorophenolic compounds (&gt;93 %), and the toxicity decreased 5 times (Microtox). The sorbent did not show any remarkable loss in removal efficiency during the 48 loading and reactivation cycles.
When treating the total bleachery effluents the combination of UF and RO also showed high removal efficiencies.
It is not meaningful to make a cost estimation before these combinations have been studied for longer periods, on larger scales and with a wide range of effluents.
The problem of the final destruction of the pollutants which have been removed remains to be solved.
Practical Experience with Biological Removal of Phosphorus from Pulp and Paper Mill Effluents
Authors: Meloni E. 
Published: May 2018

The nutrient situation and nutrient removal policy in Finland are discussed and the principles of biological phosphorus removal are outlined.
The approach of Metsä-Serla Oy to the nutrient problem is described: Metsä-Serla has been studying biological phosphorus removal since 1987. At the beginning of 1989 plant-scale experiments were started at the Kirkniemi paper mill. The results have been promising, the highest removal rates obtained being over 90 %.
Experimenting with biological phosphorus removal will be started at all Metsä-Serla's activated sludge plants (five in all) in the near future.
Treatment Technologies for Organochlorine-Containing Sludges and Concentrates from External Treatment of Pulp and Paper Wastewaters
Authors: Almemark M. , Finnveden G. , Frostell B. 
Published: May 2018

Literature data and results from current Swedish research have been used to compile characteristics of and disposal methods for sludges and concentrates from external treatment of wastewaters from the pulp and paper industry. Very little sludge from aerobic lagoon treatment in Sweden is handled, and most of the solids are deposited in the receiving waters. In North America, Finland and Japan, where activated sludge treatment is used to a great extent, sludge handling is an important part of kraft mill effluent treatment. Typically, 5-15 kg of dry solids has to be handled per ton of pulp with a process discharge of 15-20 kg of BOD5/t90- For chemical coagulation, the amounts of sludges produced are higher, typically 40-80 kg dry solids/t90. Especially in Japan, chemical coagulation is used to a great extent. Laboratory and pilot- plant experiments with Ultrafiltration of alkaline stage and total bleach plant effluents suggest that concentrates with a total solids content of approximately 20 and 50 kg dry solids/t90 are produced. The concentrations of organochlorine compounds in sludges and concentrates have not hitherto been well documented, and nor have environmental effects of different disposal methods. Chlorinated phenols, catechols and guaiacols have been found in variable concentrations; chlorinated dibenzodioxins and furans have also been detected.
Vacuum filters and especially belt filter presses have been used to dewater sludges. Typical dry solids concentrations achieved vary from 20-35 % for primary sludges to 15-20 % for secondary sludges. Anaerobic digestion may be applied before dewatering of sludges, and methane yields of 200-400 1 CH4/kg VSrem have been reported. Sludge has been disposed of in landfills or incinerated. Leachates from landfilling of pulp and paper industry sludges may contain high levels of soluble organic material, but available information suggests that organochlorine compounds do not leach to a substantial extent. Incineration of pulp mill sludges and concentrates seems to be an increasingly attractive method.
Combined Chemical and Biological Removal of Phosphate in Activated Sludge Plants
Authors: Lötter Laurraine H. 
Published: May 2018

Biological phosphate removal has been achieved in nutrient removal plants in Johannesburg by generating the required substrate for the process. Substrate generation has taken place by primary fermentation and subsequent elutriation. This technique, coupled with control of nitrate return to the anaerobic zone, has allowed phosphorus to be removed almost exclusively by biological means in plants designed for nutrient removal. However, operational problems with primary sedimentation tanks being used for fermentation, for which they were not designed, necessitated the occasional use of chemicals in the Northern Works plant.
Contrary to current literature, the addition of ferric sulphate to this plant resulted in inhibition of polyphosphate storage; the cornerstone of the biological process.
Laboratory batch studies revealed that iron-treated activated sludge showed a lower propensity for ferric phosphate precipitation than an untreated sludge. These laboratory studies were borne out by practical experence on two extended aeration plants, not designed for nutrient removal. The performance of these plants with different chemicals is discussed and possible reasons are advanced for some of the plant observations.
First Practical Experiences with Submerged Rope-Type Bio-Film Reactors for Upgrading and Nitrification
Authors: Lessel T. H. 
Published: May 2018

The upgrading and nitrification was required for the waste water treatment plant in Geiselbullach. As space for more aeration tanks was not available, the possibility of increasing the MLSS by the use of submerged bio-film reactors was tested in a half technical scale pilot plant with three different reactor materials. Each tested reactor material caused a significant increase of MLSS and the nitrification reaction. The rope-type material was selected for the practical application, as it had not the same disadvantages of the other tested systems, which proved operational problems.
After one year of continuous operation for nitrification in the full scale plant the influences on the biomass characteristics were investigated. Design criterias and details and operational data are reported.
Application of Biofilm Kinetics to Anaerobic Fixed Bed Reactors
Authors: Gönenç I. E. , Orhon D. , Beler Baykal B. 
Published: May 2018

Two basic phenomena, reactor hydraulics and mass transport through biofilm coupled with kinetic expressions for substrate transformations were accounted for in order to describe the soluble COD removal mechanism in anaerobic fixed bed reactors. To provide necessary verification, experimental results from the long term operation of the pilot scale anaerobic reactor treating molasses wastewater were used. Theoretical evaluations verified by these experimental studies showed that a bulk zero-order removal rate expression modified by diffusional resistance leading to bulk half-order and first-order rates together with the particular hydraulic conditions could adequately define the overall soluble COD removal mechanism in an anaerobic fixed bed reactor. The experimental results were also used to determine the kinetic constants for practical application.
In view of the complexity of the phenomena involved it is found remarkable that a simple simulation model based on biofilm kinetics is a powerful tool for design and operation of anaerobic fixed bed reactors.
Biological Oxidation of Ferrous Iron in High Acid Mine Drainage by Fluidized Bed Reactor
Authors: Omura T. , Umita T. , Nenov V. , Aizawa J. , Onuma M. 
Published: May 2018

The biological oxidation of ferrous iron in high acid mine drainage was studied both in the batch experiment and in the fluidized bed reactor with the Amberlite IRA-938 as a support medium.
From the batch experiment, the effects of initial ferrous iron and dissolved oxygen concentrations on the specific rate of ferrous iron oxidation could be expressed by Monod type equation.
The fluidized bed reactor achieved the ferrous iron oxidation of over 90% within the flow rate region of 0.75 1/hr to 4.5 1/hr. The ferrous iron oxidation in the fluidized bed reactor was ot so much influenced by the change in the water temperature. The fluidized bed reactor should be operated under the condition that the influent pH is not more than 2.0 because of the clogging by the ferric hydroxide.
Based on the experimental results obtained, a mathematical model which describes the behaviour of ferrous iron concentration in the fluidized bed reactor was proposed. This mathematical model well predicted the effluent concentration of ferrous iron from the fluidized bed reactor at both steady and unsteady states.
Technological Development of a Wastewater Reclamation Process for Recreational Reuse: An Approach to Advanced Wastewater Treatment Featuring Reverse Osmosis Membrane
Authors: Suzuki Yoshiaki , Minami Takeshi 
Published: May 2018

The purpose of this survey is to explore ways of reclaiming wastewater to produce high-quality low-cost water for recreational reuse by using a reverse osmosis membrane in advanced wastewater treatment. We examined membrane modules that were able to be used for wastewater treatment in fiscal year 1988.
The parameters used to evaluate the membrane were the permeate quantity, permeate water quality, flux decline coefficient, and recovery rate of the permeate quantity by chemical cleaning. As a result, spiral-wound polyvinyl alcohol composite membrane and hollow-fiber cellulose triacetate reverse osmosis membrane were found to be of high practical value. The permeate through these membranes was colorless, transparent, and odorless, with an appearance equivalent to city water. The rejection rate of the fecal coliform group was 100% and the COD of the permeate was 1-2 mg/l, with a chromaticity of 1 degree or less and a phosphorus content of 0.01 mg/l. Under the same pressure condition, these membranes provided three times more permeate quantity than a conventional acetyl cellulose membrane having a time-proven performance. Moreover, these membranes were sufficiently resistant to fouling that they can recover to a 100% permeate quantity by chemical cleaning when they were fouled.
Sludge Incineration Process of Kyoto City – The Employment and Heat Balance of the Step Grate Stoker Furnace
Authors: Ito Tomiya 
Published: May 2018

Kyoto City, an ancient city of international tourism, has been actively constructing its public sewerage system as one of the most important policies of the city. As of April, 1989, 79.6% of the urbanization promotion area of the city has been sewered. The fully completed sewerage system will be established in 1994, the 1200th anniversary of the founding of the city as the ancient Heian capital of Japan. However, the increase of the sewered ratio effects a steady increase in the influent volume of wastewater. Due to the inland location of the city, sludge produced in the wastewater treatment plants has been landfilled after incineration, but recently the securing of appropriate sites for landfill is difficult, and hence sludge treatment and disposal is an important issue for Kyoto City.
In order to minimize the ultimate disposal volume, incineration of the entire volume of sludge has been undertaken in early days of sewerage operations. This report introduces the sludge incineration system and assesses the newly adopted step grate stoker furnace.
At present, Kyoto City has 4 treatment plants in operation. The Toba Treatment Plant, which has the largest treatment capacity receives sludge cake trucked from the Fushimi Treatment Plant and excess sludge pumped through pipes from the Kisshoin Treatment Plant, and incinerates the whole amount of sludge cake generated in the plant. The sludge cake produced at the Ishida Treatment Plant is incinerated at an adjacent refuse sanitation plant together with the municipal refuse from the city. The characteristics of sludge treatment systems are given in this report.
The step grate stoker furnace system was introduced to reduce the final disposal volume and to save energy. Through comparison with the multiple-hearth furnace system the actual results of operation were verified. The volume of generated ash was decreased by more than 50%, and energy consumption was reduced by 77%, resulting in an 18% reduction of operating expenses.
The Role of Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse in the USA
Authors: Asano Takashi , Tchobanoglous George 
Published: May 2018

IAWPRC's Specialist Group on Wastewater Reclamation, Recycling and Reuse (Water Reuse Group) is conducting a day-long Water Reuse Seminar on August 1, 1990 at the 15th Biennial Conference in Kyoto, Japan. This paper is prepared to review the role of wastewater reclamation and reuse in water resources management in the U.S.A., and to serve as an introduction to the theme for the Seminar.
Following a brief summary of available water resources in the United States, the role of wastewater reclamation and reuse is discussed in terms of planning and implementation. Major wastewater reuse categories are identified and discussed. The emphasis of this paper is on wastewater reuse in the context of the water supply benefits to water resources management rather than on water pollution control measures. The overriding importance in wastewater reclamation and reuse is to protect public health and to mitigate health risks. Accordingly, wastewater reclamation criteria for health protection are also presented.
Soft Drinks Industry Wastewater Treatment
Authors: Tebai Larbi , Hadjivassilis Ioannis 
Published: May 2018

Soft drinks industry wastewater from various production lines is discharged into the Industrial Effluent Treatment Plant.
The traditional coagulation/flocculation method as first step, followed by biological treatment as second step, has been adopted for treating the soft drinks industry wastewaters.
The performance of the plant has been evaluated. It has been found that the effluent characteristics are in most cases in correspondence with the requested standards for discharging the effluent into the Nicosia central sewerage system.
Degradation of Phenol by Immobilized Mycelium of Fusarium Flocciferum in Continuous Culture
Authors: Anselmo A. M. , Novais J. M. 
Published: May 2018

Continuous phenol degradation was studied in a completely mixed reactor, at steady state conditions, using the mycelium of Fusarium Floociferum immobilized in Polyurethane foam.
Experiments at different dilution rates, 0.069, 0.118 and 0.196h−1 with an influent phenol concentration of 1g/l, showed a virtually complete substrate utilization over a period of four months. Low biomass productivity values of suspended cells were found, 0.21, 0.34 and 1.81g d.w./l. day, especially when compared with those obtained with the free cell system at similar conditions: 0.955 and 6.73g d.w./l.day for 0.063 and 0.116h dilution rates. The immobilized cells behaviour at different feed substrate concentrations was studied at D=0.196h.−1 corresponding to a retention time of 5.1h. The results indicate that above 1g/l the complete phenol removal is not achieved. A progressive increase in the outlet concentration was observed, attaining a value of 284mg/l at 1.5g/l.
Respiratory experiments made with the immobilized cells taken from the reactor along with these experiment, indicate that the viability is retained by the mycelium, pointing out its ruling part in the phenol degradation. Culture fluid viscosity measurements were made and the rheological characteristics of the two systems were investigated. A non-Newtonian fluid was observed in the free cell system, with a shear-thinning behaviour. The immobilization had a beneficial effect on the rheology of the fluid i.e. the viscosity was much lower,1.2 c.p.s. and there was a tendency to approach Newtonian behaviour.
Off-Flavors in Surface Waters - How Efficient is Bank Filtration for their Abatement in Drinking Water?
Authors: Chorus I. , Klein G. , Fastner J. , Rotard W. 
Published: May 2018

Surface water and bank filtrate were studied from three Berlin lakes of different trophic states, two of which are being restored by phosphate elimination at their main inflow. Surface water showed time patterns of nor-carotinoids, aldehydes, alkanes and octatriene-isomers, which in most cases can clearly be attributed to specific phytoplankton populations. The variety of substances produced by algae was highest in the mesotrophic lake, because as compared to its previous hypertrophic state, restoration has caused an increase in phytoplankton species diversity as well as a more rapid seasonal succession of species. Contrary to expectations, serious odor problems occurred only at this lake, due to Chrysophyceae not found in hypertrophic waters. Therefore it is concluded that further reduction of phosphate concentrations is necessary, if not only the blue-green algae, but also the the Chrysophyte populations are to be reduced below nuisance levels.
However, for the purpose of gaining drinking water from surface water, slow bank filtration showed to be an effective measure for the elimination of terpenoids, ocatrienes and alkane molecules larger that dodecane; therefore it can be recomended as a treatment against odor problems in drinking water gained from surface waters.
New Systems for the Digestion of Solid Wastes
Authors: Wellinger A. , Baserga U. , Egger K. 
Published: May 2018

Two new systems for the digestion of solid wastes at thermophilic temperatures were developped and are currently being investigated at our research institute.
The first system (ANCOM) was designed to process straw-rich cattle manure with a natural dry matter content of 18% to 22%. First results demonstrated a good specific gas production of 1.2 m3 biogas per m3 digester volume and day (54% methane) corresponding to a gas yield of 400 l per kg VS.
A second digester system was developed to treat fruit, garden and vegetable (FGV-) waste. Because FGV-waste tends to float, a stirred tank reactor was designed in cooperation with an engineering firm. The reactor includes a distinguished new stirring system taking up strong shear forces and a hydraulic feeding system which guarantees that even during recirculation of the material, the hygenized digested substrate leaving the digester is not brought in contact with the fresh incoming material. First results measured at an HRT of 40 days demonstrated a specific gas production of 2.7 m3 per m3 fermenter and day.