bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Why are auditors blamed when something goes wrong? Experimental evidence
Authors: Hoos Florian , Saad Emna Ben , Lesage Cedric 
Published: July 2018

Audit firms claim that they are used as the whipping boy when something goes wrong, either because of the public's poor knowledge of the auditing function or because financial incentives exist to blame the audit firm. An alternative explanation is that audit firms' active communication of their assurance provider role causes blaming behavior. We investigate these different explanations based on a 2 × 2 between‐subjects experiment in which we manipulate financial incentives to blame the audit firm and the audit firm's communication strategy. Three weeks in advance of the experiment we administered an auditing knowledge questionnaire to the participants to include their auditing knowledge levels into our study. We find that audit firms with “deep pockets” and an active assurance provider communication strategy receive significantly higher blame, and that poor knowledge of auditing is associated with higher blame. Furthermore, when a firm uses an assurance provider communication strategy, then it receives higher blame from participants with high (relative to low) auditing knowledge.
HLA‐B gene somatic insertion/deletion mutations in patients with acute myelogenous leukaemia
Authors: Königova Nikola , Skoumalova Ivana , Onderkova Jana , Ambruzova Zuzana , Szotkowski Tomas , Koristek Zdenek , Maluskova Alena , Raida Ludek , Mrazek Frantisek 
Published: July 2018

AbstractLoss of heterozygosity is considered to be the most common type of tumour‐specific somatic mutation of the human leucocyte antigens (HLA) genes in patients with haematological malignancies. Nevertheless, subtle DNA sequence changes, namely short insertions/deletions, may also abolish the expression of HLA molecules and interfere with routine HLA typing. Two male patients with acute myelogenous leukaemia (AML) were indicated for the search of a suitable donor for allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (aHSCT). The patients and their relatives were initially HLA typed by serological and DNA techniques at a low‐resolution level. The HLA high‐resolution (HR) type was obtained by means of sequencing‐based typing (SBT). In both cases, anomalous frameshifts in the sequence were observed in the HLA‐B gene, namely in exon 3 (Case 1, heterozygous deletion of two bases) and exon 4 (Case 2, heterozygous insertion of two bases). In the second case, the insertion variant was associated with a loss of HLA‐B8 expression. To reveal whether these sequence patterns may be caused by somatic mutations in the malignant cells, blood sample in remission (Case 1) and buccal swab sample (Case 2) were collected from the patients. In an important manner, the SBT in these germline samples revealed common HLA‐B*07:02,*15:01 (Case 1) and HLA‐B*08:01,*35:02 (Case 2) types with no evidence for the sequence alteration observed in the initial samples. In conclusion, the insertion/deletion sequence variants of the HLA‐B gene in two patients were limited to the initial blood samples with a substantial proportion of AML cells and thus may be attributed to the somatic mutation in the malignant cells. HLA somatic mutations should be taken into account in patients with haematological malignancies to prevent HLA mistyping and inappropriate selection of an aHSCT donor.
Kinetic analysis and thermodynamic simulation of alkali‐silica reaction in cementitious materials
Authors: Guo Shuaicheng , Dai Qingli , Chang Liang , Hu Yunhang , Xie Xinfeng , Si Ruizhe , Wang Jiaqing 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThis work aims to study the alkali‐silica reaction (ASR) with incorporated kinetic‐thermodynamic analysis. The model reactant tests were first conducted to study the silica dissolution in the simulated pore solution under different temperatures. Then, the kinetic model for silica dissolution was further improved by considering the influence of effective surface area. The improved kinetic model was also incorporated into the GEMS thermodynamic simulation. The model analysis demonstrated the silica dissolution rate is decreased mainly caused by reduced hydroxyl activity with increased saturation degree. The dissolved silica first reacted with the portlandite phase and formed the Calcium–Silicate–Hydrate (CSH) gel. The ASR gel can only be generated under high silicate ion concentration after the consumption of portlandite.
Successful treatment of a giant ovarian cyst by levothyroxin in a young adult woman: A case report
Authors: Xie Zhongjian , Li Lusha , Liu Wei , Liu Shiping , Luo Jianguang , Liao Eryuan 
Published: July 2018

AbstractOvarian cysts are one of the most common gynecologic affections for females. The most effective therapy is surgery, but not for all conditions. An 18‐year‐old woman was referred to our hospital because of menstruation disorder and abdominal distension. Ultrasound and computer tomography of the abdomen revealed a giant ovarian cyst. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed profound pituitary enlargement. Laboratory studies showed severe hypothyroidism, mild anemia, hyperlipidemia, hyperprolactinemia and an elevated level of cancer antigen‐125. Regression of the giant ovarian cyst and pituitary enlargement was observed after a 5‐month levothyroxine replacement therapy. Thus, for patients with ovarian cysts, hypothyroidism should be taken into account. Making correct diagnosis would avoid unnecessary surgery.
Sunlight, Disease, and Institutions
Authors: Ang James B. , Fredriksson Per G. , Nurhakim Aqil Luqman bin , Tay Emerlyn Huiwen 
Published: July 2018

SUMMARYHigher exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UV‐R) is associated with greater prevalence of eye disease such as cataracts. We hypothesize that the variation in the intensity of UV‐R can help explain the differences in institutional quality observed across countries. The long‐term incentive and ability to improve the quality of institutions decline when the probability of blindness increases. Our reduced‐form cross‐country results support this hypothesis. We then propose that the mechanism works from the impact of UV‐R on the prevalence of eye disease, which in turn shapes institutions. Our empirical evidence lends considerable support to this hypothesis.
The Effect of Changes in Border Regimes on Border Regions Crime Rates: Evidence from the Schengen Treaty
Authors: Sandner Malte , Wassmann Pia 
Published: July 2018

SUMMARYIn recent years, many countries have increased border controls, partly in response to public concerns that open borders favor cross‐border crime. Despite these widespread concerns, empirical research on whether public fears are justified is still scarce. This article evaluates whether the abolition of border controls at the eastern German and Austrian borders accompanying the implementation of the Schengen Treaty in December 2007 increased crime rates in the border areas of these countries. Based on official crime statistics, conditional difference‐in‐differences estimation allows the evaluation of border controls in a causal way. Results show that in Germany and Austria, a significant positive effect can only be observed for burglaries, suggesting that public concerns proved to be justified for this type of criminal offense. In contrast, no significant effect can be observed for overall crime rates or for other common types of crime against property, indicating that there is little empirical evidence for the widespread concerns about public security.
The risk of hepatocellular carcinoma within and beyond the first 5 years of entecavir in Korean patients with chronic hepatitis B
Authors: Kim Byung Gyu , Park Neung Hwa , Lee Seung Bum , Jeon Soyoung , Park Jae Ho , Jung Seok Won , Jeong In Du , Bang Sung‐Jo , Shin Jung Woo 
Published: July 2018

AbstractBackground & AimsThe development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) has decreased due to potent antiviral agents. However, it remains uncertain whether the risk of HCC will diminish after long‐term antiviral therapy in Asia, where CHB is endemic and vertical transmission is common. This study aimed to compare the incidence of HCC within and beyond the first 5 years of entecavir (ETV) in treatment‐naïve Korean patients with CHB.MethodsWe performed a retrospective observational analysis of data from 894 consecutive, adult patients with CHB undergoing ETV treatment at a tertiary referral hospital in Ulsan, Korea from January 1, 2007 through April 31, 2017. We compared the HCC incidence rates per 100 person‐years within and beyond the first 5 years. Univariate and multivariate analyses for factors predictive of HCC were performed.ResultsThe incidence rate of HCC in patients with CHB did not differ statistically when we compared within and beyond the first 5 years of ETV therapy (2.29% vs 1.66% per person‐year, P = 0.217). Failure to achieve maintained virological response (MVR) was a major independent risk factor for HCC in patients at a follow‐up of <5 years. In contrast, in patients with a follow‐up of ≥5 years, achieving MVR was not significantly associated with HCC development.ConclusionsThe incidence rate of HCC may not change significantly before and after 5 years of ETV therapy in Korean CHB patients. The risk of HCC in Asian CHB patients may remain in the long‐term.
Optimal trade execution in order books with stochastic liquidity
Authors: Fruth Antje , Schöneborn Torsten , Urusov Mikhail 
Published: July 2018

AbstractIn financial markets, liquidity changes randomly over time. We consider such random variations of the depth of the order book and evaluate their influence on optimal trade execution strategies. If the stochastic structure of liquidity changes satisfies certain conditions, then the unique optimal trading strategy exhibits a conventional structure with a single wait region and a single buy region, and profitable round‐trip strategies do not exist. In other cases, optimal strategies can feature multiple wait regions and optimal trade sizes that can be decreasing in the size of the position to be liquidated. Furthermore, round‐trip strategies can be profitable depending on bid–ask spread assumptions. We illustrate our findings with several examples including the Cox–Ingersoll–Ross model for the evolution of liquidity.
Prospective associations between parental feeding practices and children's oral processing behaviours
Authors: Fogel Anna , Fries Lisa R. , McCrickerd Keri , Goh Ai Ting , Chan Mei Jun , Toh Jia Ying , Chong Yap‐Seng , Tan Kok Hian , Yap Fabian , Shek Lynette P. , Meaney Michael J. , Broekman Birit F.P. , Lee Yung Seng , Godfrey Keith M. , Chong Mary Foong Fong , Forde Ciarán G. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractPrevious research demonstrated that faster eating rates are linked with increased intake of energy during a meal. Here, we examined whether within‐meal parental feeding practices show cross‐sectional and prospective associations with children's oral processing behaviours and whether the previously demonstrated association between faster eating rates and higher energy intakes varies by parental feeding practices. A subset (n = 155) of children and their mothers from the Growing Up in Singapore Towards healthy Outcomes cohort participated in an ad libitum meal at age 4.5 years. Children's oral processing behaviours (eating rate, bite size, chews per gram, oral exposure time, and meal duration) and parental feeding practices (autonomy‐supporting and coercive prompts, restrictions, hurrying, and slowing) were recorded during the meal. Subsequently, 94 of the children participated in a follow‐up meal without their mothers at age 6 years. Parental feeding practices were not consistently associated with child oral processing behaviours overall. However, exploratory post hoc analyses revealed some sex differences. The mothers of girls with faster eating rates, larger bite sizes, and fewer chews were more likely to use hurrying, slowing, and restrictions, but similar associations were not observed among boys. Children who had the most problematic eating style and were eating fast and for long experienced more restrictions, instructions to slow down, and prompts. Faster eating rates were linked with the highest energy intakes if children were additionally prompted to eat. Prospective analyses showed that children who were more often prompted using coercive techniques and less frequently hurried at age 4.5 years had faster eating rates at 6 years and a larger increase in eating rates between ages 4.5 and 6 years but did not consume more energy. Although the direction of these associations cannot be assumed, these exploratory analyses suggest sex differences in the associations between feeding practices and oral processing behaviours and highlight the potential role of parents in the development of children's oral processing behaviours.
Experimental study of the susceptibility of a European Aedes albopictus strain to dengue virus under a simulated Mediterranean temperature regime
Authors: Brustolin M. , Santamaria C. , Napp S. , Verdún M. , Rivas R. , Pujol N. , Talavera S. , Busquets N. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractDengue virus (DENV) has re‐emerged in Europe driven by the geographic expansion of the mosquito species Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) and the introduction of the virus by viraemic travellers. In the present study, the vector competence (VC) of Ae. albopictus collected in Catalonia (northeast Spain) was evaluated for two different DENV strains, DENV‐1 and DENV‐2, the serotypes responsible for all outbreaks of dengue that have occurred in Europe. Mosquitoes were reared under environmental conditions mimicking the mean temperature and humidity recorded in July on the Mediterranean coast of Catalonia. Mosquitoes were fed on an artificial infectious bloodmeal and, at 14 days post‐exposure, infection, disseminated infection and transmission rates (IR, DIR, TR) and transmission efficiency (TE) were determined by testing the virus in the body, legs and saliva. The tested Ae. albopictus strain was found to be susceptible to both DENV‐1 and DENV‐2 and to be able to transmit DENV‐1. This is the first time that the VC of Ae. albopictus for DENV has been tested in Europe in this specific context (i.e. mimicking the Mediterranean temperature and humidity recorded in Catalonia in July). This study confirms the potential of Ae. albopictus to start autochthonous DENV transmission cycles in the Mediterranean basin.
Subtle changes in diabetic retinas localised in 3D using OCT
Authors: Arthur Edmund , Papay Joel A. , Haggerty Bryan P. , Clark Christopher A. , Elsner Ann E. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractPurposeTo detect and localise subtle changes in retinas of diabetic patients who clinically have no diabetic retinopathy (DR) or non‐proliferative DR (NPDR) as compared to age‐ and sex‐ matched controls. Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography (SD‐OCT) and software to examine all retinal layers, including deeper layers, were used to quantify foveal avascular zone size and inner and outer retinal layer thicknesses, as well as to detect axial location of prominent lesions.MethodsDiabetic subjects, 19 total with 16 having no DR and three having non‐proliferative retinopathy, were matched with 19 controls with respect to age and sex. Macular‐centred SD‐OCT grids of 20 × 15° were taken with the Spectralis. En face or transverse images were generated from the SD‐OCT data by automatically segmenting all retinal layers. The transverse images were investigated for foveal avascular zone (FAZ) size, retinal vessel calibre, and structural changes. The size of the FAZ was compared for diabetics vs controls using vendor software and manual marking in Photoshop. Inner retinal layer (IRLFAZ) and outer nuclear layer (ONLFAZ) thicknesses at the margins of the FAZ were measured using vendor software.ResultsThe FAZ area was larger for diabetics (mean ± S.D. = 0.388 ± 0.074 mm2) than controls (0.243 ± 0.113 mm2), t18 = 5.27, p < 0.0001, using vendor software. The mean IRLFAZ was thicker for the diabetics (86.8 ± 14.5 μm) than controls (65.2 ± 16.3 μm), t18 = 4.59, p = 0.00023, despite lack of exudation by clinical exam. There was no significant association between FAZ area and mean IRLFAZ for the diabetics, r = 0.099, p = 0.69. Vessels not clinically detected were visible in the NFL transverse image of most diabetics, especially for a mild NPDR patient. A prominent lesion found in the en face infra‐red image of a mild NPDR subject was localised in the photoreceptor layer by SD‐OCT, as well as additional outer retinal changes in other subjects.ConclusionsOur results demonstrate changes in inner and outer diabetic retinas not readily detectable by clinical exam. IRLFAZ had not thinned at the margins of the large FAZs, indicating neural mass did not yet decrease despite potential ischemia.
The youngest ophiocistioid: a first Palaeozoic‐type echinoderm group representative from the Mesozoic
Authors: Reich Mike , Stegemann Tanja R. , Hausmann Imelda M. , Roden Vanessa J. , Nützel Alexander 
Published: July 2018

AbstractArticulated ophiocistioids are rare as fossils, enigmatic in terms of their phylogenetic position, and have been considered to be an exclusively Palaeozoic echinoderm group. Apart from articulated body fossils, the fossil record of Ophiocistioidea is otherwise dependent on isolated microfossils. However, it has been demonstrated that disarticulated jaw elements (goniodonts) of ophiocistioids can be diagnostic at genus and species level and can be used to fill gaps in the non‐articulated fossil record. The Late Triassic Cassian Formation of Italy is regarded as one of the most important strata of early Mesozoic invertebrates worldwide. A fossil assemblage from a locality near Misurina, South Tyrol, yielded various echinoderms, including a stem group echinoid representative and a new ophiocistioid, Linguaserra triassica sp. nov. The new taxon is described and placed within linguaserrid ophiocistioids. The evolutionary history of the group is briefly discussed in relation to other taxa of the Ophiocistioidea and Echinoidea. Linguaserra triassica not only represents the first documented occurrence of this ‘Palaeozoic’ echinoderm class from Mesozoic strata but also establishes the stratigraphically youngest record of goniodonts or ophiocistioid teeth in the world.
Transcriptome and metabolome reveal distinct carbon allocation patterns during internode sugar accumulation in different sorghum genotypes
Authors: Li Yin , Wang Wenqin , Feng Yaping , Tu Min , Wittich Peter E. , Bate Nicholas J. , Messing Joachim 
Published: July 2018

SummarySweet sorghum accumulates large amounts of soluble sugar in its stem. However, a system‐based understanding of this carbohydrate allocation process is lacking. Here, we compared the dynamic transcriptome and metabolome between the conversion line R9188 and its two parents, sweet sorghum RIO and grain sorghum BTx406 that have contrasting sugar‐accumulating phenotypes. We identified two features of sucrose metabolism, stable concentrations of sugar phosphates in RIO and opposite trend of trehalose‐6‐phosphate (T6P) between RIO vs R9188/BTx406. Integration of transcriptome and metabolome revealed R9188 is partially active in starch metabolism together with medium sucrose level, whereas sweet sorghum had the highest sucrose concentration and remained highly active in sucrose, starch, and cell wall metabolism post‐anthesis. Similar expression pattern of genes involved in sucrose degradation decreased the pool of sugar phosphates for precursors of starch and cell wall synthesis in R9188 and BTx406. Differential T6P signal between RIO vs R9188/BTx406 is associated with introgression of T6P regulators from BTx406 into R9188, including C‐group bZIP and trehalose 6‐phosphate phosphatase (TPP). The inverted T6P signalling in R9188 appears to down‐regulate sucrose and starch metabolism partly through transcriptome reprogramming, whereas introgressed metabolic genes could be related to reduced cell wall metabolism. Our results show that coordinated primary metabolic pathways lead to high sucrose demand and accumulation in sweet sorghum, providing us with targets for genetic improvements of carbohydrate allocation in bioenergy crops.
Four chemotypes of the terrestrial cyanobacterium Nostoc commune characterized by differences in the mycosporine‐like amino acids
Authors: Sakamoto Toshio , Hashimoto Akane , Yamaba Minami , Wada Naoki , Yoshida Takayuki , Inoue‐Sakamoto Kaori , Nishiuchi Takumi , Matsugo Seiichi 
Published: July 2018

SUMMARYThe cyanobacterium Nostoc commune is adapted to terrestrial environments and has a cosmopolitan distribution. Four genotypes of N. commune can be identified based on differences in their 16S rRNA genes, and these genotypes are distributed throughout Japan without regional specificity. Mycosporine‐like amino acids (MAAs) are UV‐absorbing pigments, and novel glycosylated MAA derivatives with radical scavenging activities have been identified in N. commune. In this study, we investigated the consistency of the relationship between MAA compositions and N. commune genotypes. The MAA compositions were different in a genotype‐specific manner, suggesting that the types of MAA derivatives can feasibly be used as chemotaxonomic markers to characterize N. commune. The novel 756‐Da MAA, which was identified as an aglycone of the 1050‐Da MAA and named nostoc‐756, occurred in genotype C of N. commune. Nostoc‐756 functioned as a radical scavenger in vitro. In conclusion, N. commune is classified into four groups representing genetically different chemotypes, namely, the arabinose‐bound porphyra‐334 producer (chemotype A), the glycosylated nostoc‐756 producer (chemotype B), the nostoc‐756 producer (chemotype C) and the glycosylated palythine‐threonine producer (chemotype D). Either the molecular taxonomical method or chemical analysis of a characteristic secondary metabolite is sufficient to identify the types of N. commune; however, there are no obvious ecophysiological differences that allow us to distinguish them.
Working and supporting people with dementia when you are a student: a qualitative research
Authors: Korukcu Oznur , Kukulu Kamile , Tufan Ismail 
Published: July 2018

BackgroundParticipation of young people in the care of older people will provide important contributions to improving older people's health.MethodsThis qualitative case study was conducted to clarify the possible difficulties and experiences of student interns at the Blue House Alzheimer's Center for Alzheimer's Patients and Families. Data were collected by focus group interview.ResultsIt was seen that all students who practice at the Blue House Alzheimer's Patient and Patient Relatives Center willingly choose the gerontology profession. Gerontology is a new field in Turkey and the increasing number of older people leads students to gravitate towards this profession. Students who participated in the present study stated that internship at the nursing home is different to internship at the Alzheimer's care center, and it is much more difficult to empower individuals with dementia. Students stated that they had difficulty constantly meeting patients suffering from dementia, teaching an activity over and over again, caring for patients who constantly talk about their memories of past professional life, the theoretical and practical differences in caring for Alzheimer's disease patients, and the fear of one day suffering from dementia themselves.ConclusionIn the most energetic years of their life, incorporating students into the care of Alzheimer's disease patients increased their knowledge and care skills.