bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A retrospective nationwide study of the dental caries experience of New Zealand children with orofacial cleft
Authors: Fowler Peter V. , Corbett Abbey , Lee Martin , Thompson John M. D. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractObjectivesTo investigate the dental caries experience of New Zealand children born with orofacial cleft (OFC), to compare this to age‐specific national population‐based data and to investigate any differences by demographic characteristics, cleft type and exposure to community water fluoridation.MethodsNationwide retrospective study of 554 dental records from 478 children born after 1 January 2000 with OFC were assessed at aged 5 (n = 333) and 12 years (n = 221), with 76 children (15.9%) having records at both ages. Community Oral Health Service records were analysed to determine dental caries experience (dmft/DMFT). Logistic regression was used to assess the likelihood of having experienced dental caries (d3mft/D3MFT ≥ 1) and multivariable models for variables including demographic characteristics, cleft type and exposure to community water fluoridation.ResultsA higher (49.6%) caries prevalence (dmft ≥ 1) and mean dmft at 5 years old (2.3; SD 3.6) were found in children with OFC than 5‐year‐olds in the general population (prevalence 40.4% and mean dmft 1.8). The 12‐year‐old (37.6%) caries prevalence (DMFT ≥ 1) and mean DMFT 0.8 (SD 1.4) were similar to population‐based data (caries prevalence 37.3% and mean DMFT 0.9). Children with caries (dmf/DMF ≥ 1) had means of 4.8 (SD 3.8) at age 5 and 2.1 (SD 1.4) at age 12 years. Greater caries experience was associated Pacific and Māori ethnicity, and not receiving community water fluoridation. No differences were detected by sex or cleft type.ConclusionThe dental caries experience for 5‐year‐old children with OFC was poor in relation to population‐based data and similar for 12‐year‐olds. Preventive guidelines for children with OFC from an early age should be a priority, along with the extension of community water fluoridation coverage.
A novel fMRI paradigm to dissociate the behavioral and neural components of mixed‐strategy decision making from non‐strategic decisions in humans
Authors: Parr Ashley C. , Coe Brian C. , Munoz Douglas P. , Dorris Michael C. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractDuring competitive interactions, such as predator–prey or team sports, the outcome of one's actions is dependent on both their own choices and those of their opponents. Success in these rivalries requires that individuals choose dynamically and unpredictably, often adopting a mixed strategy. Understanding the neural basis of strategic decision making is complicated by the fact that it recruits various cognitive processes that are often shared with non‐strategic forms of decision making, such as value estimation, working memory, response inhibition, response selection, and reward processes. Although researchers have explored neural activity within key brain regions during mixed‐strategy games, how brain activity differs in the context of strategic interactions versus non‐strategic choices is not well understood. We developed a novel behavioral paradigm to dissociate choice behavior during mixed‐strategy interactions from non‐strategic choices, and we used task‐based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to contrast brain activation. In a block design, participants competed in the classic mixed‐strategy game, “matching pennies,” against a dynamic computer opponent designed to exploit predictability in players’ response patterns. Results were contrasted with a non‐strategic task that had comparable sensory input, motor output, and reward rate; thus, differences in behavior and brain activation reflect strategic processes. The mixed‐strategy game was associated with activation of a distributed cortico‐striatal network compared to the non‐strategic task. We propose that choosing in mixed‐strategy contexts requires additional cognitive demands present to a lesser degree during the control task, illustrating the strength of this design in probing function of cognitive systems beyond core sensory, motor, and reward processes.
Prolonged exposure to manure from livestock‐administered antibiotics decreases ecosystem carbon‐use efficiency and alters nitrogen cycling
Authors: Wepking Carl , Badgley Brian , Barrett John E. , Knowlton Katharine F. , Lucas Jane M. , Minick Kevan J. , Ray Partha P. , Shawver Sarah E. , Strickland Michael S. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractMicrobial communities drive soil ecosystem function but are also susceptible to environmental disturbances. We investigated whether exposure to manure sourced from cattle either administered or not administered antibiotics affected microbially mediated terrestrial ecosystem function. We quantified changes in microbial community composition via amplicon sequencing, and terrestrial elemental cycling via a stable isotope pulse‐chase. Exposure to manure from antibiotic‐treated cattle caused: (i) changes in microbial community structure; and (ii) alterations in elemental cycling throughout the terrestrial system. This exposure caused changes in fungal : bacterial ratios, as well as changes in bacterial community structure. Additionally, exposure to manure from cattle treated with pirlimycin resulted in an approximate two‐fold increase in ecosystem respiration of recently fixed‐carbon, and a greater proportion of recently added nitrogen in plant and soil pools compared to the control manure. Manure from antibiotic‐treated cattle therefore affects terrestrial ecosystem function via the soil microbiome, causing decreased ecosystem carbon use efficiency, and altered nitrogen cycling.
Assessing connectivity despite high diversity in island populations of a malaria mosquito
Authors: Bergey Christina M. , Lukindu Martin , Wiltshire Rachel M. , Fontaine Michael C. , Kayondo Jonathan K. , Besansky Nora J. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractDocumenting isolation is notoriously difficult for species with vast polymorphic populations. High proportions of shared variation impede estimation of connectivity, even despite leveraging information from many genetic markers. We overcome these impediments by combining classical analysis of neutral variation with assays of the structure of selected variation, demonstrated using populations of the principal African malaria vector Anopheles gambiae. Accurate estimation of mosquito migration is crucial for efforts to combat malaria. Modeling and cage experiments suggest that mosquito gene drive systems will enable malaria eradication, but establishing safety and efficacy requires identification of isolated populations in which to conduct field testing. We assess Lake Victoria islands as candidate sites, finding one island 30 km offshore is as differentiated from mainland samples as populations from across the continent. Collectively, our results suggest sufficient contemporary isolation of these islands to warrant consideration as field‐testing locations and illustrate shared adaptive variation as a useful proxy for connectivity in highly polymorphic species.
Sacrifice and Self‐Care as Relational Processes in Religious Families: The Connections and Tensions
Authors: Pippert Hilary D. , Dollahite David C. , Marks Loren D. 
Published: October 2019

ObjectiveThis study seeks to explore ways that members of religious families (of Abrahamic faiths) struggle with and address the relational processes of sacrifice and self‐care.BackgroundSacrifice and self‐care influence human relationships, and as such, every human has to learn how to engage in them. Families are one of the many communities in which one must address sacrifice and self‐care.MethodThis study provides a qualitative exploration of sacrifice and self‐care among a sample of 198 highly religious (Abrahamic faiths) families. In‐depth analyses explored motivations, types, and related family processes among family relationships.ResultsA conceptual model illustrates sacrifice and self‐care in family life using an interdependence theory approach. Five themes from the data about how families perceived and addressed these relational processes are discussed: (a) tensions between sacrifice and self‐care, (b) motivations for sacrifice and self‐care, (c) types of sacrifice, (d) types of self‐care, and (e) processes in faith and family relationships.DiscussionReligious beliefs may shape how sacrifice and self‐care processes are perceived and potential tensions are addressed through either positive or negative ways. We suggest that engaging in sacrifice and self‐care with equal quality, not quantity, might be a positive way to address the emergent tensions between these processes.ImplicationsThrough an increased understanding of the connections and tensions between sacrifice and self‐care, researchers and practitioners will be able to better recognize how families positively address these tensions and collaboratively build resources to help family members harmonize engagement in sacrifice and self‐care to benefit relationships.
Discovery of hyperstable carbohydrate‐active enzymes through metagenomics of extreme environments
Authors: Strazzulli Andrea , Cobucci‐Ponzano Beatrice , Iacono Roberta , Giglio Rosa , Maurelli Luisa , Curci Nicola , Schiano‐di‐Cola Corinna , Santangelo Annalisa , Contursi Patrizia , Lombard Vincent , Henrissat Bernard , Lauro Federico M. , Fontes Carlos M.G.A. , Moracci Marco 
Published: October 2019

The enzymes from hyperthermophilic microorganisms populating volcanic sites represent interesting cases of protein adaptation and biotransformations under conditions where conventional enzymes quickly denature. The difficulties in cultivating extremophiles severely limit access to this class of biocatalysts. To circumvent this problem, we embarked on the exploration of the biodiversity of the solfatara Pisciarelli, Agnano (Naples, Italy), to discover hyperthermophilic carbohydrate‐active enzymes (CAZymes) and to characterize the entire set of such enzymes in this environment (CAZome). Here, we report the results of the metagenomic analysis of two mud/water pools that greatly differ in both temperature and pH (T = 85 °C and pH 5.5; T = 92 °C and pH 1.5, for Pool1 and Pool2, respectively). DNA deep sequencing and following in silico analysis led to 14 934 and 17 652 complete ORFs in Pool1 and Pool2, respectively. They exclusively belonged to archaeal cells and viruses with great genera variance within the phylum Crenarchaeota, which reflected the difference in temperature and pH of the two Pools. Surprisingly, 30% and 62% of all of the reads obtained from Pool1 and 2, respectively, had no match in nucleotide databanks. Genes associated with carbohydrate metabolism were 15% and 16% of the total in the two Pools, with 278 and 308 putative CAZymes in Pool1 and 2, corresponding to ~ 2.0% of all ORFs. Biochemical characterization of two CAZymes of a previously unknown archaeon revealed a novel subfamily GH5_19 β‐mannanase/β‐1,3‐glucanase whose hemicellulose specificity correlates with the vegetation surrounding the sampling site, and a novel NAD+‐dependent GH109 with a previously unreported β‐N‐acetylglucosaminide/β‐glucoside specificity.DatabasesThe sequencing reads are available in the NCBI Sequence Read Archive (SRA) database under the accession numbers SRR7545549 (Pool1) and SRR7545550 (Pool2). The sequences of GH5_Pool2 and GH109_Pool2 are available in GenBank database under the accession numbers MK869723 and MK86972, respectively. The environmental data relative to Pool1 and Pool2 (NCBI BioProject PRJNA481947) are available in the Biosamples database under the accession numbers SAMN09692669 (Pool1) and SAMN09692670 (Pool2).
The aggregate cost of equity underdiversification
Authors: Florentsen Bjarne , Nielsson Ulf , Raahauge Peter , Rangvid Jesper 
Published: October 2019

AbstractWe analyze equity diversification of all retail investors in a country (Denmark). We find that underdiversification is pervasive. We calculate the nationwide aggregate loss due to underdiversification and express it in absolute and expected‐return terms. The aggregate loss is large. We find that investors with low education, low income, and low wealth are more likely to underdiversify. Despite better diversification, the larger fraction of the aggregate loss nevertheless adheres to the top of the income/wealth distribution. Finally, our results indicate that underdiversification arises because investors have limited information about the benefits of diversification.
Consequences of temperature and temperature variability on swimming activity, group structure, and predation of endangered delta smelt
Authors: Davis Brittany E. , Hansen Matthew J. , Cocherell Dennis E. , Nguyen Trinh X. , Sommer Ted , Baxter Randall D. , Fangue Nann A. , Todgham Anne E. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

The effects of water temperature on individual and group movement behaviour in prey fish can affect ecological interactions such as competition and predation, but how variability in temperature influence fish behaviour is less understood. Of particular concern is how increased warming in tidally fluctuating estuaries may impact the native and endangered delta smelt (Hypomesus transpacificus, Osmeridae).

To help address this issue, we tested the effects of increased water temperature (fluctuating [17–21°C] and warm [21°C] acclimated treatments) on juvenile delta smelt individual and group behaviour, response to chemical alarm and predator cues, as well as capacity to evade predation. In addition, predation of delta smelt was tested in the presence of a dominant invasive competitor, Mississippi silversides (Menidia beryllina, Atherinopsidae), as well as comparative predation mortality on Mississippi silversides when isolated.

After 7 days of increased temperature treatments, delta smelt in the warm treatment increased swimming velocity, decreased turning angle, and altered group structure with larger inter‐individual distances compared to fish in the control (17°C) and fluctuating temperature treatments. Following conspecific and predator chemical alarm cues, delta smelt showed anti‐predator responses. Control and fluctuating treatment fish responded to conspecific cues with increased swimming speeds, decreased inter‐individual distances and near‐neighbour distances, and, after 15 min, fish recovered back to baseline behaviours. In contrast, fish in the warm treatment had not recovered after 15 min, and swimming speeds were maintained at roughly 25 cm/s, close to maximum capabilities. Fish in control and fluctuating treatments showed minimal responses to predator cues, whereas delta smelt exposed to warm conditions significantly increased swimming speeds and decreased turning angle.

Predation of delta smelt by largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides, Centrarchidae) was greatest under the warm treatment, correlating with altered behaviours of delta smelt; however, predation of Mississippi silversides was greater than delta smelt, independent of temperature.

This study provides novel insight into the group behaviour of delta smelt, their response to predation, and how prolonged exposure to elevated temperature may induce negative individual and group behaviours causing alterations in predator–prey dynamics. This work highlights the importance of testing ecologically realistic temperature fluctuations in experiments as delta smelt had significantly altered responses to elevated temperature, dependent on variability of warming.
Transcriptome of Tetranychus urticae embryos reveals insights into Wolbachia‐induced cytoplasmic incompatibility
Authors: Bing X‐L. , Lu Y‐J. , Xia C‐B. , Xia X. , Hong X‐Y. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe endosymbiont Wolbachia is known for manipulating host reproduction in selfish ways. However, the molecular mechanisms have not yet been investigated in embryos. Here, we found that Wolbachia had no effect on the number of deposited eggs in Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) but caused two types of reproductive manipulation: killing uninfected female embryos via cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) and increasing the hatching ratio of infected female embryos. RNA sequencing analyses showed that 145 genes were differentially expressed between Wolbachia‐infected (WI) and Wolbachia‐uninfected (WU) embryos. Wolbachia infection down‐regulated messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of glutathione S‐transferase that could buffer oxidative stress. In addition, 1613 and 294 genes were identified as CI‐specific up‐/down‐regulated genes. Compared to WU and WI embryos, embryos of CI cross strongly expressed genes involved in transcription, translation, tissue morphogenesis, DNA damage and mRNA surveillance. In contrast, most of the genes associated with energy production and metabolism were down‐regulated in the CI embryos compared to the WU and WI embryos, which provides some clues as to the cause of death of CI embryos. These results identify several genes that could be candidates for explaining Wolbachia‐induced CI. Our data form a basis to help elucidate the molecular consequences of CI in embryos.
LaCoO3 acts as a high‐efficiency co‐catalyst for enhancing visible‐light‐driven tetracycline degradation of BiOI
Authors: Yao Shuyang , Zheng Ruifen , Li Rong , Chen Yiqi , Zhou Xiaosong , Ning Xiaomei , Zhan Liang , Luo Jin 
Published: October 2019

AbstractExploring noble‐metal‐free co‐catalysts highly flexible for separating the photogenerated charge carriers is of prime importance for the visible‐light‐driven photocatalysis. Herein, three‐dimensional flower‐like BiOI microspheres were fabricated and applied to support noble‐metal‐free LaCoO3 co‐catalysts to construct a unique LaCoO3/BiOI hybrid photocatalyst with a higher ability in charge separation. As expected, the optimum tetracycline degradation rate of LaCoO3 (4.0 wt%)/BiOI was up to 0.0161 min−1, which was nearly 3.4 fold larger than that of pure BiOI (0.0048 min−1). The enhanced photocatalytic performance was mainly ascribed to the vital role of LaCoO3 co‐catalyst, which acted as an excellent electron collector for capturing the electrons generated by BiOI, effectively promoting the separation of photogenerated charge carriers and prolonging the lifetime of photo‐induced electron‐hole pairs at the same time. Furthermore, the active species trapping experiments revealed that the excellent photocatalytic activity was primarily driven by photogenerated holes and superoxide radicals. This work is expected to provide a new inspiration for rationally designing and fabricating noble‐metal‐free co‐catalyst system with high efficiency applied in environment purification.
High‐entropy transparent fluoride laser ceramics
Authors: Chen Xianqiang , Wu Yiquan 
Published: October 2019

AbstractFor the first time, a transparent high‐entropy fluoride laser ceramic has been prepared and characterized. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of a CeNdCaSrBaF12 (CNCSBF) transparent ceramic consolidated by vacuum hot pressing (VHP) reveals that Ce3+, Nd3+, Ca2+, Sr2+, and Ba2+ have formed a single‐phased fluorite solid solution, with a lattice constant of 5.826 Å. Bulk density measurements produced a value of 6.15 g/cm3. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of the ceramic revealed a uniform distribution of grain sizes in the material, with the average grain size being approximately 20 μm. The material exhibits a maximum in‐line transmittance of approximately 60% at 1000 nm. A near‐infrared range photoluminescence (PL) emission band was observed at 1057 nm, with a visible‐range PL emission band being located at 440 nm.
Efficacy and safety of anti‐EGFR monoclonal antibodies combined with different chemotherapy regimens in patients with RAS wild‐type metastatic colorectal cancer: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Sun Huan , Li Yonghong , Su Yana , Wu Xinyu , Zhou Xiaoqin , Han Jin , Li Jing 
Published: October 2019

AbstractObjectivesTo investigate the efficacy and safety of adding anti‐epidermal growth factor receptor [EGFR] MoAbs to various chemotherapy regimens in patients with RAS wild‐type metastasized colorectal cancer (RAS WT metastatic colorectal cancer [mCRC]) and to identify the optimal combination regimens.MethodsWe searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CENTRAL from the inception date to 20th May 2019. Randomized clinical trials investigating chemotherapy with or without anti‐EGFR MoAbs in treatment of patients with RAS WT mCRC were included.ResultsEighteen studies involving 8848 participants were eligible. Comparing with oxaliplatin‐based chemotherapy, adding anti‐EGFR MoAbs benefited only in progression‐free survival (PFS) (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.80, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.67 to 0.94), but not in overall survival (OS) (HR = 0.89, 95% CI: 0.78 to 1.02). Further sensitivity analysis indicated that adding anti‐EGFR MoAbs to FOLFOLX regimen as a first‐line treatment showed benefits in both PFS and OS (PFS: HR = 0.74, 95% CI: 0.64 to 0.84; OS: HR = 0.83, 95% CI: 0.73 to 0.95, respectively). Comparing with irinotecan‐based chemotherapy or best supportive care, adding anti‐EGFR MoAbs revealed an improvement in both PFS (HR = 0.77, 95% CI: 0.69 to 0.86; HR = 0.46, 95% CI: 0.40 to 0.54, respectively) and OS (HR = 0.89, 95% CI: 0.80 to 0.98; HR = 0.65, 95% CI: 0.54 to 0.78, respectively).ConclusionAnti‐EGFR MoAbs as a monotherapy or in combination with either irinotecan‐based chemotherapy or FOLFOX in patients with RAS wild‐type mCRC have better response and survival outcome, whereas OS does not benefit from adding anti‐EGFR MoAbs to another oxaliplatin‐based regimen. Anti‐EGFR MoAbs have increased the risk of adverse effects than chemotherapy alone. More high‐quality randomized controlled trials for RAS wild type are necessary.
Reduced genetic diversity and low effective size in peripheral northern European catfish Silurus glanis populations
Authors: Palm Stefan , Vinterstare Jerker , Nathanson Jan Eric , Triantafyllidis Alexandros , Petersson Erik 
Published: October 2019

AbstractUsing 10 polymorphic microsatellites and 1251 individual samples (some dating back to the early 1980s), genetic structure and effective population size in all native and introduced Swedish populations of the European wels catfish or Silurus glanis were studied. Levels of genetic variability and phylogeographic relationships were compared with data from a previous study of populations in other parts of Europe. The genetically distinct Swedish populations displayed comparably low levels of genetic variability and according to one‐sample estimates based on linkage disequilibrium and sib ship‐reconstruction, current local effective population sizes were lower than minimum levels recommended for short‐term genetic conservation. In line with a previous suggestion of postglacial colonisation from a single refugium, all Swedish populations were assembled on a common branch in a star‐shaped dendrogram together with other European populations. Two distinct subpopulations were detected in upper and lower habitats of River Emån, indicating that even minor dispersal barriers may restrict gene flow for wels in running waters. Genetic assignment of specimens encountered in the brackish Baltic Sea and in lakes where the species does not occur naturally indicated presence of long‐distance sea dispersal and confirmed unauthorised translocations, respectively.