bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The role of natural processes in the formation of the fauna of water and ground organisms of Baikal Lake
Authors: Rusinek O T , Fefelov I V 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The relationship between the paleogeographic events of the Neogene and the Quaternary period on Lake Baikal with the formation of the faunistic complexes of fish, birds, and their parasites is analyzed in the article. The composition of fish parasites confirms that the representatives of endemic Baikal Cottoidei passed the most prolonged isolation in Baikal, and the fish of the boreal lowland complex settled the lake relatively recently and may have penetrated here repeatedly. The current composition of aquatic birds indicates the tense conditions of their habitat in the Baikal region in the Quaternary and the significant variability of their fauna in the Pleistocene climatic cycles due to the periodic colonization of Baikal by birds.
Wastes from the processing of tin ore as a potential source of pollution of ecosystems and a reduction in the risk of environmental disasters in the Primorsky krai
Authors: Krupskaya L T , Zvereva V P , Bubnova M B 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The article presents the results of long-term experimental studies of the environmental hazard of mining waste for environmental objects in the Primorsky krai. The aim of the work is to develop the fundamental basis for an integrated assessment of the impact on the ecosystem of waste from the processing of mineral raw materials to improve the environmental situation in the study area. A high ecological toxicity is revealed, which, obviously, can contribute to contamination of environmental objects, as evidenced by acidity indicators (pH 3-4), which determine the high mobility of heavy metal compounds. It has been experimentally proved that the compounds of toxic chemical elements contained in its waste are actively involved in the geochemical cycle within the boundaries of the influence of the tailing dump. A comprehensive assessment of the impact of waste on ecosystems has made it possible to propose ways to ensure their environmental and social security, the novelty of which is confirmed by the patents of the Russian Federation received by the authors of the article.
Investigation of Plastering Effect in Casing-while-Drilling – A CFD Study
Authors: Ofei T N , Jalaludin A N , Habte A D , Lemma T A , Ben-Awuah J 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
In conventional oil and gas well drilling, filter cake builds up on the wellbore wall due to overbalance pressure which forces the drilling fluid into the rock formation and leaves solid particles on the wellbore wall. The presence of a filter cake is beneficial since it reduces fluid loss and damage to the formation. Plastering or “smearing” effect is a mechanical conditioning of a wellbore which is believed to enhance wellbore stability by packing any fractured zone with drilled-cuttings and fluid. This phenomenon is usually believed to occur in a narrow annular wellbore such as casing-while-drilling (CwD), where actual casing is used to drill and transmit both mechanical and hydraulic energy to the bit, rather than the usual conventional drillstring. In this study, a three-dimensional modelling and numerical simulation is carried out to examine the influence of particle size (drilled cuttings size) of 100 microns to 2000 microns and fluid type (water, oil-based mud, and water-based mud) on filter cake formation in a vertical wellbore. The simulation adopts the inhomogeneous Eulerian-Eulerian two-fluid model to solve the two-phase flow equations. The numerical model was set up to depict the subsurface conditions at moderate pressure and temperature of 13.8 MPa and 30°C respectively. The results showed that with the increase in particle size, the filter cake height increased marginally for all fluid types, where the percentage increment ranges from 1.3% to 2.6%. Furthermore, filter cake thickness was high when water was used as the drilling fluid, whereas, the least filter cake height was recorded when oil-based mud was used. The filter cake formation on the vertical wellbore was therefore non-uniform for all scenarios. This study shows how useful numerical simulation can capture the physical mechanisms affecting plastering effect and optimise drilling parameters during casing-while drilling.
Explaining Difference in the Quantity of Cases Heard by Courts of Last Resort
Authors: Pablo Bravo-Hurtado , Bustos Álvaro 
Published: June 2019

AbstractWhile civil law courts of last resort—e.g., cassation courts in France, Italy, and Chile—review up to 90% of appealed cases, common law courts of last resort—e.g., supreme courts of the United States, United Kingdom, and Canada—hear as few as 1% of the same petitions. In this study, we postulate that these different policies can be explained by a comparatively larger commitment from common law courts of last resort to judicial law-making rather than judicial uniformity. While courts require few hearings to update the law (in theory one decision is sufficient), they need a large number of hearings to maximize consistency in the lower courts’ interpretation of the law. We show that the optimal number of hearings increases with an increment in the courts’ concern for uniformity. We also show that if hearing costs are linear then the hearing policies of all courts can be classified in only two types. In addition, we predict important changes in hearing policies when the number of petitions increases. Finally, we find that hearing rates and reversal disutility operate as two ways in which a legal system can achieve a given level of judicial uniformity.
Cell wall hydrolases act in concert during aerenchyma development in sugarcane roots
Authors: Grandis Adriana , Leite Débora C C , Tavares Eveline Q P , Arenque-Musa Bruna C , Gaiarsa Jonas W , Martins Marina C M , De Souza Amanda P , Gomez Leonardo D , Fabbri Claudia , Mattei Benedetta , Buckeridge Marcos S 
Published: June 2019

AbstractBackground and AimsCell wall disassembly occurs naturally in plants by the action of several glycosyl-hydrolases during different developmental processes such as lysigenous and constitutive aerenchyma formation in sugarcane roots. Wall degradation has been reported in aerenchyma development in different species, but little is known about the action of glycosyl-hydrolases in this process.MethodsIn this work, gene expression, protein levels and enzymatic activity of cell wall hydrolases were assessed. Since aerenchyma formation is constitutive in sugarcane roots, they were assessed in segments corresponding to the first 5 cm from the root tip where aerenchyma develops.Key ResultsOur results indicate that the wall degradation starts with a partial attack on pectins (by acetyl esterases, endopolygalacturonases, β-galactosidases and α-arabinofuranosidases) followed by the action of β-glucan-/callose-hydrolysing enzymes. At the same time, there are modifications in arabinoxylan (by α-arabinofuranosidases), xyloglucan (by XTH), xyloglucan–cellulose interactions (by expansins) and partial hydrolysis of cellulose. Saccharification revealed that access to the cell wall varies among segments, consistent with an increase in recalcitrance and composite formation during aerenchyma development.ConclusionOur findings corroborate the hypothesis that hydrolases are synchronically synthesized, leading to cell wall modifications that are modulated by the fine structure of cell wall polymers during aerenchyma formation in the cortex of sugarcane roots.
Hospital-based Surveillance for Pediatric Bacterial Meningitis in the Era of the 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine in Ghana
Authors: Renner Lorna Awo , Usuf Effua , Mohammed Nuredin Ibrahim , Ansong Daniel , Dankwah Thomas , Kusah Jonas Tettey , Owusu Sandra Kwarteng , Awunyo Marah , Arhin Bernard , Addo Yvonne , Asamoah John , Biey Joseph Nsiari-Muzeyi , Ndow Peter Slyvanus , Worwui Archibald , Senghore Madikay , Ntsama Bernard , Mwenda Jason M , Diamenu Stanley K , Adams Brenda Kwanbana , Antonio Martin 
Published: June 2019

AbstractBackgroundGlobal surveillance for vaccine preventable invasive bacterial diseases has been set up by the World Health Organization to provide disease burden data to support decisions on introducing pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV). We present data from 2010 to 2016 collected at the 2 sentinel sites in Ghana.MethodsData were collected from children <5 years of age presenting at the 2 major teaching hospitals with clinical signs of meningitis. Cerebrospinal fluid specimens were collected and tested first at the sentinel site laboratory with conventional microbiology methods and subsequently with molecular analysis, at the World Health Organization Regional Reference Laboratory housed at the Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, for identification of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Neisseria meningitidis, the 3 most common bacteria causing meningitis.ResultsThere were 4008 suspected cases of meningitis during the surveillance period, of which 31 (0.8%) were laboratory confirmed. Suspected meningitis cases decreased from 923 in 2010 to 219 in 2016. Of 3817 patients with available outcome data, 226 (5.9%) died. S. pneumoniae was the most common bacterial pathogen, accounting for 68.5% of confirmed cases (50 of 73). H. influenzae and N. meningitidis accounted for 6.8% (5 of 73) and 21.9% (16 of 73), respectively. The proportion of pneumococcal vaccine serotypes causing meningitis decreased from 81.3% (13 of 16) before the introduction of 13-valent PCV (2010–2012) to 40.0% (8 of 20) after its introduction (2013–2016).ConclusionsCases of suspected meningitis decreased among children <5 years of age between 2010 and 2016, with declines in the proportion of vaccine-type pneumococcal meningitis after the introduction of 13-valent PCV in Ghana.
Changes in Bone Mass After Discontinuation of Preexposure Prophylaxis With Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate/Emtricitabine in Young Men Who Have Sex With Men: Extension Phase Results of Adolescent Trials Network Protocols 110 and 113
Authors: Havens Peter L , Perumean-Chaney Suzanne E , Patki Amit , Cofield Stacey S , Wilson Craig M , Liu Nancy , Anderson Peter L , Landovitz Raphael J , Kapogiannis Bill G , Hosek Sybil G , Mulligan Kathleen 
Published: June 2019

AbstractHuman immunodeficiency virus–seronegative men aged 15–22 years who lost bone mineral density (BMD) during tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) showed BMD recovery 48 weeks following PrEP discontinuation. Lumbar spine and whole body BMD z-scores remained below baseline 48 weeks off PrEP in participants aged 15–19 years.Clinical Trials Registration. NCT01772823 (ATN 110) and NCT01769456 (ATN 113).
Impact of long-term ticagrelor monotherapy following 1-month dual antiplatelet therapy in patients who underwent complex percutaneous coronary intervention: insights from the Global Leaders trial
Authors: Serruys Patrick W , Takahashi Kuniaki , Chichareon Ply , Kogame Norihiro , Tomaniak Mariusz , Modolo Rodrigo , Chang Chun Chin , Komiyama Hidenori , Soliman Osama , Wykrzykowska Joanna J , de Winter Robbert J , Ferrario Maurizio , Dominici Marcello , Buszman Paweł , Bolognese Leonardo , Tumscitz Carlo , Benit Edouard , Stoll Hans-Peter , Hamm Christian , Steg Philippe Gabriel , Onuma Yoshinobu , Jüni Peter , Windecker Stephan , Vranckx Pascal , Colombo Antonio , Valgimigli Marco 
Published: June 2019

Abstract

Aims
To evaluate the impact of an experimental strategy [23-month ticagrelor monotherapy following 1-month dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT)] vs. a reference regimen (12-month aspirin monotherapy following 12-month DAPT) after complex percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).

Methods and results
In the present post hoc analysis of the Global Leaders trial, the primary endpoint [composite of all-cause death or new Q-wave myocardial infarction (MI)] at 2 years was assessed in patients with complex PCI, which includes at least one of the following characteristics: multivessel PCI, ≥3 stents implanted, ≥3 lesions treated, bifurcation PCI with ≥2 stents, or total stent length &gt;60 mm. In addition, patient-oriented composite endpoint (POCE) (composite of all-cause death, any stroke, any MI, or any revascularization) and net adverse clinical events (NACE) [composite of POCE or Bleeding Academic Research Consortium (BARC) Type 3 or 5 bleeding] were explored. Among 15 450 patients included in this analysis, 4570 who underwent complex PCI had a higher risk of ischaemic and bleeding events. In patients with complex PCI, the experimental strategy significantly reduced risks of the primary endpoint [hazard ratio (HR): 0.64, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.48–0.85] and POCE (HR: 0.80, 95% CI: 0.69–0.93), but not in those with non-complex PCI (P interaction = 0.015 and 0.017, respectively). The risk of BARC Type 3 or 5 bleeding was comparable (HR: 0.97, 95% CI: 0.67–1.40), resulting in a significant risk reduction in NACE (HR: 0.80, 95% CI: 0.69–0.92; P interaction = 0.011).

Conclusion
Ticagrelor monotherapy following 1-month DAPT could provide a net clinical benefit for patients with complex PCI. However, in view of the overall neutral results of the trial, these findings of a post hoc analysis should be considered as hypothesis generating.
What Levels the Association Between Income and Mortality in Later Life: Age or Health Decline?
Authors: Rehnberg Johan 
Published: June 2019

Abstract

Objectives
Researchers frequently use the “age-as-leveler” hypothesis to explain decreasing inequality and a weakened relationship between socioeconomic position and health in old age. This study examined whether health status can explain the age pattern in the association between income and mortality as predicted by the age-as-leveler hypothesis.

Method
This study used longitudinal (1991–2002) data from the SWEOLD and LNU surveys. The analytical sample consisted of 2,619 people aged 54–92 in 2003. Mortality (2003–2014) and income (1991–2000) was collected from Swedish national registers. Poisson regression was used to estimate associations between mortality, income, age, and health status. Average marginal effects were used to visualize interaction effects between income and age.

Results
The association between income and mortality weakened in those aged 84 and older. However, health status explained a large part of the effect that age had on the association between income and mortality. Analyses done after stratifying the sample by health status showed that the association between income and mortality was strong in people who reported good health and weak or nonexistent in those who reported poor health.

Discussion
Age leveled the income–mortality association; however, health status, not age, explained most of the leveling.
Developing dementia-friendly pharmacies in Austria: a health promotion approach
Authors: Plunger Petra , Heimerl Katharina , Tatzer Verena C , Zepke Georg , Finsterwald Monika , Pichler Barbara , Reitinger Elisabeth 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The need for integrated, accessible and person-centred care for people with dementia to foster quality of life and facilitate life in the community has been voiced by health policy. Pharmacies have the potential to provide easily accessible information and support for people with dementia, caregivers and the public. The ‘Dementia-friendly Pharmacy’ programme aimed at re-orienting community pharmacy in Austria, focusing on stronger inclusion of professional counselling into core services. It followed principles of health promotion and person-centred care, aiming at empowering all actors involved, and at fostering quality of life. Methodologically, the programme was based on participatory health research, thus involving all relevant actors and consolidating their perspectives on issues related to dementia care. In the course of the programme, a workshop series covering topics relevant for dementia care in community pharmacy, as well as prototypes for small-scale projects were developed, and measures were taken for securing sustainability. Findings related to programme development and implementation encompass pharmacy staff’s motivation to participate in the programme, counselling knowledge and skills development, experience with building community partnerships and cross-organizational development and sustainability. Furthermore, effectiveness of the programme has been established. These findings are discussed against the background of re-orienting pharmacies.
On the Generalized Brauer–Siegel Theorem for Asymptotically Exact Families of Number Fields with Solvable Galois Closure
Authors: Dixit Anup B 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
In 2002, M. A. Tsfasman and S. G. Vlăduţ formulated the generalized Brauer–Siegel conjecture for asymptotically exact families of number fields. In this article, we establish this conjecture for asymptotically good towers and asymptotically bad families of number fields with solvable Galois closure.
Trends and prediction of antimicrobial susceptibility in urinary bacteria isolated in European emergency departments: the EuroUTI 2010-2016 Study
Authors: Quaegebeur Alice , Brunard Loïc , Javaudin François , Vibet Marie-Anne , Bemer Pascale , Le Bastard Quentin , Batard Eric , Montassier Emmanuel ,   EuroUTI 2010-2016 Study Group, Roman F , Llorens P , Salvi F , Galeazzi R , Ortega M , Marco F , Martinez Ortiz de Zarate M , Figueroa Ceron R , Trovato F M , Carpinteri G , Moustafa F , Romaszko J P , Pedersen M , Westh H , Dejaune P , Fihman V , Joost I , Blumel B , Parrilla Ruiz F M , Alvarez Corral G , Bieler D , Bergmann H , Granzer H , Carron P N , Prod’hom G , Greub G , Gonzalez Del Castillo J M , Candel Gonzalez F J , Juvin M E , Occelli C , Ruimy R , Claret P G , Lavigne J P , Hausfater P , Robert J , Ramacciati N , Mencacci A , Tartaglia D , Rossi L , Ojetti V , Petruzziello C , Fiori B , Bonenfant J , Piau-Couape C , Dejoies L , Garcia-Garcia Á , Cores-Calvo O , Van Den Brand C L , van Veen S Q , Laribi S , Lartigue M F 
Published: June 2019

Abstract

Objectives
To assess recent trends in susceptibility to antibiotics among urinary isolates isolated in European emergency departments (EDs) and to identify isolates with a high (90% or more) predicted probability of susceptibility to fluoroquinolones or third-generation cephalosporins (3GCs).

Methods
In this cross-sectional study, we included urine cultures obtained from adult patients between 2010 and 2016 in 24 European EDs. Temporal trends were assessed using time-series analysis and multivariate logistic models. Multivariate logistic models were also used to predict susceptibility to fluoroquinolones or 3GCs from patient age and sex, year, month and ED.

Results
We included 88242 isolates. Time-series analysis found a significant increase in susceptibility to fluoroquinolones and no significant trend for susceptibility to 3GCs. Adjusting for patient age and sex, ED and organism, multivariate models showed that susceptibility to 3GCs decreased from 2014 to 2016, while susceptibility to fluoroquinolones increased in 2015 and 2016. Among isolates from 2016, multivariate models predicted high probability of susceptibility to fluoroquinolones in 11% of isolates (positive predictive value 91%) and a high probability of susceptibility to 3GCs in 35% of isolates (positive predictive value 94%).

Conclusions
Susceptibility of ED urinary isolates to fluoroquinolones increased from 2014, while susceptibility to 3GCs decreased from 2015. Predictive models identified isolates with a high probability of susceptibility to fluoroquinolones or 3GCs. The ability of such models to guide the empirical treatment of pyelonephritis in the ED remains to be determined.
Phosphorylation of repressive histone code readers by casein kinase 2 plays diverse roles in heterochromatin regulation
Authors: Murakami Yota 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Heterochromatin is a condensed and transcriptionally silent chromatin structure and that plays important roles in epigenetic regulation of the genome. Two types of heterochromatin exist: constitutive heterochromatin is primarily associated with trimethylation of histone H3 at lysine 9 (H3K9me3), and facultative heterochromatin with trimethylation of H3 at lysine 27 (H3K27me3). The methylated histones are bound by the chromodomain of histone code ‘reader’ proteins: HP1 family proteins for H3K9me3 and Polycomb family proteins for H3K27me3. Each repressive reader associates with various ‘effector’ proteins that provide the functional basis of heterochromatin. Heterochromatin regulation is primarily achieved by controlling histone modifications. However, recent studies have revealed that the repressive readers are phosphorylated, like other regulatory proteins, suggesting that phosphorylation also participates in heterochromatin regulation. Detailed studies have shown that phosphorylation of readers affects the binding specificities of chromodomains for methylated histone H3, as well as the binding of effector proteins. Thus, phosphorylation adds another layer to heterochromatin regulation. Interestingly, casein kinase 2, a strong and predominant kinase within the cell, is responsible for phosphorylation of repressive readers. In this commentary, I summarize the regulation of repressive readers by casein kinase 2-dependent phosphorylation and discuss the functional meaning of this modification.
Dutch Criminal Justice for Ethiopian War Crimes
Authors: Yanev Lachezar 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The past few years have witnessed a proliferation of universal jurisdiction proceedings in Europe, many of which concern asylum seekers suspected of committing international crimes in Syria and the wider region. Alongside the known practical challenges of such trials, these trials also raise a range of normative questions regarding inter alia the scope of universal jurisdiction and the applicable legal standards in such proceedings. This article unpacks several such questions through the lens of a recent Dutch case in which a former refugee, who was granted asylum in The Netherlands and later obtained Dutch citizenship, was tried and convicted by a local court in The Hague of war crimes committed in Ethiopia four decades ago. The judges used an amalgam of Dutch and (customary) international criminal law to convict the accused. They defined the charged war crimes in strict conformity with the standards established in international legislation and jurisprudence, relied exclusively on Dutch law to define one of the applied modes of criminal liability (co-perpetration), and synthesized Dutch and international law to define the other (command responsibility). To what extent does the notion of universal jurisdiction accommodate such choices of law, and how is the use of domestic criminal law on modes of liability in such proceedings compatible with the principle of legality?
Alzheimer's disease biomarkers: another tool for FAA pilot screening?
Authors: Lawrence Matthew W , Arias Jalayne J 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Research advancements to improve the accuracy of diagnosing Alzheimer's disease (AD) have altered clinicians and researchers’ understanding of the disease process. The discovery of amyloid and tau biomarkers as measures of disease pathology supports early identification of disease risk that precedes symptom onset. As a result, AD is now understood to be an underlying pathology that causes a spectrum of clinical syndromes, beginning with preclinical AD. Future clinical implementation of biomarkers will raise novel employment and professional licensure discrimination risks based on AD biomarker status. This article evaluates the potential consequences of biomarker status for commercial pilots within Federal Aviation Administration pilot licensing procedures. The article argues for a careful implementation of AD biomarker status in licensing procedures to emphasize public safety, integrate accurate scientific knowledge, and limit unjustified and adverse consequences for individual pilots.