bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mechanical Aërial Navigation
Authors: Kennedy Rankin 
Published: June 2019

This paper is intended in the first place to ascertain some definite and tangible ideas as to dimensions of the vital parts of machines “ heavier than air” designed for aërial navigation. The vital parts are, of course, the engine and propeller.In the second place it is proposed to discuss the aëroplane and its functions in an airship.In all engineering problems the first requisite towards a solution is to reduce things to numerical values. An inventor may imagine a design for a machine, but he cannot put it into practice without calculating out the necessary dimensions, and such, calculations, when undertaken, often either confirm or condemn the design.Much of the experimenting at present going on is evidently entered upon, and carried on, without any calculations at all, the only results being a waste of time and money.
Veterinary and legislative aspects relating to the feeding of by-products and waste
Authors: Watson W. A. 
Published: June 2019

The livestock population of Great Britain has been free from several of the most serious epidemic diseases since the late 19th century (rinder-pest, contagious bovine pleuropneumonia); others occur infrequently following introduction from abroad (foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), swine fever, swine vesicular disease (SVD); and the endemic diseases such as bovine tuberculosis and brucellosis are subject to successful eradication programmes.On first examination the risk from exotic disease appears to lessen from year to year. The incidence of FMD has declined dramatically in Europe with the introduction of effective vaccination and slaughter policies and FAO/OIE programmes creating protective vaccination buffer zones in the east. Again within the European Community consideration is being given to a common policy to eradicate swine fever from all member States. However, a number of factors operate against these encouraging trends.a. The relaxation of international trade barriers to the movement of live animals and animal products. It is essential within this framework to ensure that our animal health safeguards are preserved as far as possible against the introduction of disease from either member States or into the Community from third countries.b. Pressures from the industry increase for the importation of livestock, semen or embryos to expand the gene pool within breeds.c. The pyramidal structure of the industry — particularly the pig and poultry industry — increases the risk of dissemination of any disease agents introduced.d. Larger, more intensive units reduce individual animal observation allowing symptoms of disease to remain undetected for longer periods and hence outbreaks to be more explosive when they occur.
The effects of sow's milk on growth of intestinal epithelial cells in vitro
Authors: Batley I. , Fletcher J. M. 
Published: June 2019

The colostrum of many species will stimulate the growth of cells in vitro and colostrum ingestion may play an important rôle in directly promoting the growth of the gastrointestinal tract in the newborn animal (Berseth, Lichtenberger and Morriss, 1984). Most studies have suggested however, that growth-promoting activity declines to zero, or to negligible levels in post-colostrum milk (Shing and Klagsbrun, 1984; Cera, Mahan and Simmen, 1987). We have investigated the ability of sow's milk, collected up to 21 days of lactation, to stimulate the growth of epithelial cells in vitro. For these studies we use cells derived from the mucosa of the small intestine: RIE-1 cells (Blay and Brown, 1984) and a lung-derived cell line: CHV79 cells.Milk was collected from three sows at each of the following times: 0 (colostrum), 7, 14, and 21 days post partum. The samples were defatted by centrifugation (30 000 g for 40 min), filter sterilized and diluted in phosphate buffered saline (PBS, pH 6.8). RIE-1 cells (a generous gift from K. Brown, Brabaham) or CHV79 cells were grown to confluence in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DME) containing foetal calf serum (FCS, 10%). The cultures were quiesced in a medium containing 0.5% FCS for 24 h and milk samples added in serum-free PBS for a further 24 h. [3H]-thymidine was added for the final 4 h before cells were harvested. Growth-promoting activity of milk samples are expressed as a stimulation index (SI) i.e. in relation to the amount of label incorporated after incubation with an equivalent volume of PBS. Fractionation of the growth-promoting activity of a pooled post-colostrum milk sample was performed on sephacryl S-200sf and S-300sf columns.
8.1 The Response of Dairy Cows in Early Lactation to Supplements of Protein given with Rations Designed to Promote Different Patterns of Rumen Fermentation
Authors: Lees J. A. , Garnsworthy P. C. , Oldham J. D. 
Published: June 2019

In recent years, it has become clear that the amount and type of protein included in diets for dairy cows are crucial factors determining milk production. On many occasions, milk production has been increased by increasing the protein content of the diet. On rather fewer occasions, milk production has been altered by changing the source of dietary protein. However, in all instances, it has been inferred that the milk production response is related to changes in the amounts of total amino acids reaching the small intestine.No account has previously been taken of the extent to which these changes in milk production, consequent on changing protein inputs, depend on the nature of the basal diet although it is well established that the nature of diets, in particular their influence on the balance of fermentation end-products produced within the rumen, has a big influence on the partition of nutrient use between secretion in milk and deposition in tissue. This experiment was designed to measure the response of dairy cows to protein supplements given with diets designed to maintain widely different patterns of rumen fermentation.
9.1 In Sacco Degradability Characteristics of Two Contrasting Grass Silages
Authors: Catton R. , Chamberlain A. G. , Paine Christine A. , Crawshaw R. 
Published: June 2019

The degradability characteristics of a wide range of grass silage types have been studied using the in sacco technique over a 48-hour period. Each silage was examined in three steers on two occasions, with pairs of bags being withdrawn at each sampling time. The steers had an average live weight of 270 kg and were fed once daily on silage, molassed sugar beet pulp and barley meal (5:3:2 on a dry matter basis), which supplied an average of 55 MJ ME per head daily.The losses of dry matter, nitrogen, cell contents, hemicellulose and cellulose were followed. For the carbohydrate fractions, modifications of the methods of van Soest were used. For each of these components, asymptotic equations of the form: p = a + b (1-e−ct) were fitted, where a and b represent percentages of the amounts originally present in silage, c represents the proportional rate of degradation and t represents hours of incubation.
The effect of host diet on the cumulative gas production profile of grass hay and high temperature dried grass
Authors: Huntingtont J. A. , Givens D. I. 
Published: June 2019

The gas production (GP) technique (e.g. Theodorou et al., 1994; Cone, 1994) is increasingly used as an indirect measure of substrate fermentability in the rumen. However, there are few data concerning the effect of making changes to the various integral steps of the GP procedure. This experiment was designed to study the effect of the host diet on the gas production profiles of grass hay and high temperature dried grass (HTDG).Two cows were given either a silage:barley diet (80:20 dry-matter (DM) basis) or barley straw (ad libitum). Four experimental periods with an adaptation period of 3 weeks were used so that each animal experienced each diet type twice. Rumen fluid and solids were collected at the end of each 3-week period, prepared and used to inoculate the cultures. Duplicate samples (milled, 1-mm screen) of either hay or HTDG were accurately weighed (̴ 0-5 g DM) into 250 ml bottles, 85 ml anaerobic buffer (as Theodorou et al., 1994) were then dispensed into each bottle before being connected to the automated GP data logger (as Cone, 1994). After 16 h bottles were inoculated with rumen fluid (15 ml) according to the experimental design and incubated at 39°C for 48 h. The GP data were fitted to the model suggested by France et al. (1993). A representative sample (8 ml) of final culture fluid was preserved with 1 mol/1 orthophosphoric acid (2 ml) and stored frozen (-20°C) to await analysis for volatile fatty acids.
The use of the gas-test technique for predicting the feeding value of forage plants
Authors: Chenost M. , Deverre F. , Aufrère J. , Demarquilly C. 
Published: June 2019

The ‘gas test’ technique (Menke and Steingass, 1988) is becoming popular for predicting the feeding value of forages. However the relationships observed by Khazaal et al. (1995) between in vivo data and prediction measurements on grasses and legume hays were less good with the gas test technique than with the in situ technique. The present results are part of the work undertaken at the laboratory with the aim of improving the accuracy of the technique on various types of foods (Chenost et al., 1997).Seventy-nine forages (24 green (G) grasses, 38 grass hays (H), five G lucernes and 12 lucerne H) of known in vivo organic matter apparent digestibility (OMD) out of which 45 (17 G grasses, 16 grass H, five G lucernes and seven lucerne H) of known voluntary dry-matter intake (DMI), both measured with sheep, were chosen based on the range of variation of their OMD (from 0-490 to 0-808) and of their crude protein content (CP from 48 to 253 g/kg DM).
Relationship betweenin vitrogas production and NIRS predicted enzymatic digestibility and chemical composition
Authors: Piva A. , Meola E. , Biagi G. , Ricchi M. , Panciroli A. , Champion M. , Mordenti A. 
Published: June 2019

Rumen fermentability of raw materials and foods can be evaluated by different means. Recently a large interest has been generated by the use ofin vitrogas production associated with the degradation and fermentation kinetics of forages and concentrates. Measuring and modelling gas production have been studied (Beuvink, 1993) and implemented by automation (Theodorouet al., 1994). This approach has been applied to a variety of foods with different purposes: estimating the effect of maturity on alfalfa and brome hay digestion (Stefanonet al., 1996), evaluating the role of genetic variation on perennial ryegrass rumen fermentation (Looet al., 1994) and comparing rice-straw fermentability (Williamset al., 1996).This research has been designed to rank maize silages according to their fermentability and to evaluate possible correlation to the near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) predicted wet chemistry values andin vivocalculated organic matter digestibility (OMD).
Transport from farm to slaughter
Authors: Harris T. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractLive animal transport has a long history, dating back to biblical times. Today, the national and international transport of live animal is governed principally by a number of European Union Directives. In the UK these have been distilled into the welfare of Animals (Transport) Order 1997. This is primarily the responsibility of the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food but in practice the day-to-day administration of the regulations is devolved to local authorities. It is feared that this may lead to regional differences in interpretation. The situation is made more complex by the addition of further layers of bureaucracy from, for example, the Road Haulage Association, supermarkets and the multiplicity of quality assurance schemes. The responsibility for the lawful transport of live animals from farm to market or abattoir lies with the supplier who, under recent legislation, must satisfy himself or herself that the carrier is competent to transport the particular class of livestock. Similarly, the insurance of the animals during transit is the supplier's responsibility. The multiplicity of rules and regulations governing stocking densities, journey times, lairage, the cleaning and disinfection of vehicles and vehicle construction standards is resulting in many carriers deciding not to continue in the business of live animal transport.
Welfare in abattoirs
Authors: Murray E. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe Meat Hygiene Service (MHS) is responsible for the enforcement of the welfare legislation governing the slaughter of a wide range of food animal species. The principal legislation is contained in the Welfare of Animals (Slaughter or Killing) Regulations 1995 (WASK) which give effect to the Provisions of Council Directive 93/119/EC on the Protection of Animals at Time of Slaughter or Killing, as contained in the EU Official Journal No. 340, 31/12/93. Codes of practice, prepared and issued by the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food after consultation with all interested parties, provide guidance in respect of these welfare regulations. The legislation governing animal transit are contained in the Welfare of Animals (Transport) Order 1997 (WATO) which is enforced by local authorities, although MHS officers at abattoirs monitor the unloading of livestock and carry out ante-mortem inspections. Animal welfare standards, which must never be compromised, should be continually improved and based on sound science rather than on uninformed opinion and anthropomorphism. There is a need for more high quality research on animal welfare, for clear concise user-friendly codes of practice for the industry, and for continued education of all parties involved, including consumers.
Breathing and bleeding – the problems of being big and running fast
Authors: Marlin D 
Published: June 2019

The ability to use oxygen during exercise is determined by a combination of the muscle mitochondrial density, the relative proportion of total body mass consisting of locomotory muscle, the gas exchange surface area and the capacity for conduction of oxygen from the gas exchange surface to the muscle cells, i.e. the heart and circulation. Other factors include: the ability to ventilate the lungs to ensure that a high gradient is maintained between the alveolar oxygen tension and that in the pulmonary capillaries to facilitate diffusion; the capillary density within muscle, the size of the muscle cells and the blood oxygen carrying capacity, which is primarily determined by the total blood volume and haemoglobin concentration.In absolute terms, the fastest animal on land is the Cheetah, which can reach speeds of up to 120 kmh. However, the Cheetah is a “sprinter” and can only achieve these speeds for distances of around 200 metres (<10 seconds).
Evolution of Heritage GeneBank into The Sheep Trust: conservation of native traditional sheep breeds that are commercially farmed, environmentally adapted and contribute to the economy of rural communities
Authors: Bowles D. , Gilmartin P. , Holt W. , Leese H. , Mylne J. , Picton H. , Robinson J. , Simm G. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) epidemic of 2001 clearly illustrated the fragility of the UK's farm animal genetic resources. In particular, millions of sheep were killed by the disease and by the ‘stamping out’ policy chosen for disease control. Loss of genetic resources was not evenly spread throughout the UK, nor throughout the many different sheep breeds that are native to the UK and for which the UK has a formal responsibility for protection to the United Nations. In fact, the FMD epidemic demonstrated for the first time that sheep breeds comprising large numbers of individuals which are commercially farmed, can nevertheless be at considerable risk of extinction. The breeds most affected were those restricted to geographical regions of the UK into which the FMD spread. These regionally important breeds are adapted to their particular regional environments, represent an important living heritage for the UK and are a key component in sustaining the rural economies of sheep farming communities.The events of 2001 provided clear proof that there are two components of the UK's farm animal genetic resources demanding protection. One component is already recognised as a priority and is composed of the numerically rare breeds of all domesticated species: these are already under the protection of the Rare Breeds Survival Trust (RBST). The second component has not previously been recognised as a priority for protection. The FMD crisis proved that sheep breeds could exist as large numbers of individuals, but nevertheless face extinction due to their regional location. Urgent attention must be focussed on our Heritage Breeds of sheep. The UK has one of the greatest number of native sheep breeds of any country in the world. The Heritage Breeds provide potentially valuable genetic resources for environmental, low-input farming systems.Heritage GeneBank was founded during the FMD epidemic specifically to protect sheep breeds at threat of extinction from the disease. A group of academic research scientists established a genetic salvage programme: collecting semen and embryos for protection in a gene bank. Germplasm from seven breeds is in long-term storage. Following the crisis, the scientists involved in the gene bank made a commitment to continue their conservation work in recognition that the Heritage Breeds of sheep in the UK continue to require protection.This paper describes: (1) the work of Heritage GeneBank (HGB); (2) the threefold mission of The Sheep Trust, the new national charity that evolved from HGB (http://www.thesheeptrust.org); and (3) the ongoing urgent need for conservation of the UK's Heritage Breeds of sheep threatened by genetic erosion.
UK rare breeds: population genetic analyses and implications for applied conservation
Authors: Townsend S.J. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractSince the establishment of the Rare Breeds Survival Trust (RBST) in 1973, rare breed genetic conservation has only gradually emerged as a major key to the continued success and survival of populations. Thus, although basic population and demographic data have been recorded for all breeds listed by the Trust and most rare breeds have kept detailed pedigrees, there is still little information available about current population genetic structure and dynamics over time. Consequently, the majority of rare breed population meta-analyses based upon pedigree data are yet to be carried out. Transfer of rare breed records onto a computer database is therefore a current priority for the RBST, in addition to making available software to provide rare breed organisations with breed profiles to describe founder effects, effective population size (Ne), rate of inbreeding (ΔF), and kinship patterns. Results from rare breed pedigree analyses using this software can now be used to a) illustrate where and how loss of genetic diversity has taken place in rare breeds and b) enable decision processes concerning conservation strategy in future. Conservation strategy informed by such analyses can only be successfully implemented if due regard is given to the realities imposed by the need to maintain rare breed populations within an agricultural context, however. In light of these recent improvements to data recording and access to studies of population genetic structure, some of the traditional limitations to advances to rare breed conservation strategy may now need to be re-examined.
Scientific methods used to measure the efficacy of alternative therapies in animals
Authors: Ellis A. D. , Hopegood L. , Hunter K. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe aim of this report was to evaluate the methods used to test the efficacy of complementary and alternative veterinary medicine. A general review of available literature in this area was carried out and experimental design of 26 reported trials was analysed in detail. Quantitative evidence must form the basis of medicinal treatments, whether they fall under the traditional western medicine genre or whether they are seen as complementary or alternative therapies. Results from the quantitative characterisation of publications showed that within the ‘animal’ sector, the majority of work published is nonexperimental. Medline PubMed, for the years 1975 to 2005 returned a total of 400 review papers incorporating work from the human sector in alternative animal therapy in comparison to only 75 papers on experimental work. Of the 26 alternative veterinary medicine papers reviewed in detail 19 trials used a control group to assess the efficacy of the therapy tested. The experimental designs applied in clinical trials within this area are acceptable, using high levels of control and quantitative measurements. Improvements could be made through increased use of blind and double blind designs. Although there is lack of scientific evidence for alternative therapies, the application of these is continuously growing. This imbalance should be acknowledged and rectified.
Behavioural reactivity and ensuing temperamental traits in young Thoroughbred racehorses (Equus caballus)
Authors: McGee S. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThree behavioural reactivity studies and a single temperament study were conducted over a four–year period. The first found that accompanying preweaned foals while separated from their dam during covering of the mare significantly reduced the frequency of vocalisations (z=3.88; p<.001) and pawing (z=2.50; p<.05) and eliminated the performance of self–harm behaviours (χ2=19.18; df=1; p<.001), namely hurling their body against a door or wall. The second measured behavioural reactivity of 1771 foals in the auction ring. Tentative evidence was found for relationships between different aspects of behavioural reactivity and variables such as age, gender, pedigree, inbreeding, whether the foal was bred for Flat racing or National Hunt (NH) racing, or had also been assessed in the separation study (N=7). The third measured behavioural reactivity of 2430 yearlings in the auction ring. Tentative evidence was found of a relationship between different aspects of behavioural reactivity and variables such as age, gender, pedigree, inbreeding, whether or not the horse was Flat bred or NH bred, whether it had also been assessed in the separation study (N=13) or as an auction ring foal (N=438). The fourth analysed temperament questionnaires for 395 horses that had been previously assessed. Relationships were found between some aspects of behavioural reactivity in the auction ring and different temperamental traits when in training. Factor analyses of the questionnaire suggested that young racehorses are generally well adjusted and content with their lives. Overall the findings make a valuable contribution to what is known about racehorse behaviour and temperament.
Testing a method of equine personality assessment
Authors: Lloyd A. S. , Martin J. E. 
Published: June 2019

To date there have been few studies on equine personality, with many equine studies on individual differences focussing on the measurement of temperament. Personality is defined by Pervin and John (1997, ) as “Those characteristics of the person that account for consistent patterns of feeling, thinking and behaving” and is different to temperament in that it has a greater emphasis on social aspects of behaviour. Interest in this area of research has recently increased, which could be attributed to the potential implementation of personality assessment in management practices, welfare issues and potential applications in equine veterinary medicine (Mills, 1998).Assessment of animal personality often involves using human raters to assess the personality of animals familiar to them. In order to demonstrate reliable personality data three criteria should be met, these are as follows; 1) assessments made by independent observers must agree with one another, 2) these assessments must predict behaviours and real-world outcomes and 3) observer ratings must be shown to reflect genuine attributes of the individual rated and not just the observers’ implicit theories about personality (Kenrick and Funder, 1988; Gosling and Vazire, 2002).