bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cloud geometry from oxygen-A-band observations through an aircraft side window
Authors: Zinner Tobias , Schwarz Ulrich , Kölling Tobias , Ewald Florian , Jäkel Evelyn , Mayer Bernhard , Wendisch Manfred 
Published: February 2019

Abstract. During the ACRIDICON-CHUVA (Aerosol, Cloud, Precipitation,
and Radiation Interactions and Dynamics of Convective Cloud Systems–Cloud
Processes of the Main Precipitation Systems in Brazil: A Contribution to
Cloud Resolving Modeling and to the GPM (Global Precipitation Measurement)) aircraft campaign in September 2014 over the
Amazon, among other topics, aerosol effects on the development of cloud
microphysical profiles during the burning season were studied. Hyperspectral
remote sensing with the imaging spectrometer specMACS provided cloud
microphysical information for sun-illuminated cloud sides. In order to derive
profiles of phase or effective radius from cloud side observations, vertical
location information is indispensable. For this purpose, spectral
measurements of cloud-side-reflected radiation in the oxygen A absorption
band collected by specMACS were used to determine absorption path length
between cloud sides and the instrument aboard the aircraft. From these data,
horizontal distance and eventually vertical height were derived. It is shown that, depending on aircraft altitude and sensor viewing
direction, an unambiguous relationship of absorption and distance exists and
can be used to retrieve cloud geometrical parameters. A comparison to
distance and height information from stereo image analysis (using data of an
independent camera) demonstrates the efficiency of the approach. Uncertainty
estimates due to method, instrument and environmental factors are provided.
The main sources of uncertainty are unknown in cloud absorption path
contributions due to complex 3-D geometry or unknown microphysical
properties, variable surface albedo and aerosol distribution. A systematic
difference of 3.8 km between the stereo and spectral method is found which can
be attributed to 3-D geometry effects not considered in the method's
simplified cloud model. If this offset is considered, typical differences
found are 1.6 km for distance and 230 m for vertical position at a typical
distance around 20 km between sensor and convective cloud elements of
typically 1–10 km horizontal and vertical extent.
The Arctic Traits Database – a repository of Arctic benthic invertebrate traits
Authors: Degen Renate , Faulwetter Sarah 
Published: February 2019

Abstract. The recently increased interest in marine trait-based studies
highlights one general demand – the access to standardized, reference-based
trait information. This demand holds especially true for polar regions, where
the gathering of ecological information is still challenging. The Arctic
Traits Database is a freely accessible online repository
(https://doi.org/10.25365/phaidra.49;
https://www.univie.ac.at/arctictraits, last access: 20 February 2019) that fulfils these requests for one important component of
polar marine life, the Arctic benthic macroinvertebrates. It accounts for
(1) obligate traceability of information (every entry is linked to at least
one source), (2) exchangeability among trait platforms (use of most common
download formats), (3) standardization (use of most common terminology and
coding scheme) and (4) user-friendliness (granted by an intuitive
web interface and rapid and easy download options, for the first
time including the option to download a fuzzy coded trait matrix). The combination of
these aspects makes the Arctic Traits Database the currently most
sophisticated online accessible trait platform in (not only) marine ecology
and a role model for prospective databases of other marine compartments or
other (also non-marine) ecosystems. At present the database covers 19 traits
(80 trait categories) and holds altogether 14 242 trait entries for
1911 macro- and megabenthic taxa. Thus, the Arctic Traits Database will
foster and facilitate trait-based approaches in polar regions in the future
and increase our ecological understanding of this rapidly changing system.
Volatility Estimation Using Symmetric and Asymmetric Models in Oil Exporting Emerging Markets
Authors: Sreeram Latha 
Published: February 2019

The study empirically investigates the volatility pattern of thirteen emerging economies which are predominantly oil exporting countries. It is based on the time series data which consists of monthly closing price data of their index for a ten-year period from 01 January 2008 to 31 December 2017. Emerging markets are considered as investment destinations due to the presence of risk premium which has made the stock markets of these countries more volatile. Added to this is that these countries underwent crisis due to the sharp decline in crude oil prices as they were primarily dependent on oil exports. Hence it is a significant to study the volatility behavior of these countries. The study has been done by employing both symmetric and asymmetric models of generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedastic. As per Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), Log likelihood and Schwarz Information Criterion (SIC) the study provides evidence that GARCH (1,1) and TGARCH(1,1) estimations are found to be the most appropriate model that fits symmetric and asymmetric volatility respectively for all the thirteen countries. There was evidence of volatility clustering and leptokurtic in all the countries considered in the study. While EGARCH model revealed no support of existence of leverage on the stock returns, TGARCH supported existence of leverage in case of four countries. The tests for asymmetries in volatility indicate the size effect of the news, reaffirmed through the results of sign bias tests and news impact curves, which indicate that the size effect is stronger for bad news than the good news for countries which supported existence of leverage.
Responsabilidad solidaria derivada de las relaciones laborales triangulares en Nicaragua
Authors: Gutiérrez Guerrero Arlen Francela 
Published: February 2019

El presente trabajo describe el contexto jurídico de las relaciones laborales triangulares y la responsabilidad solidaria que de ellas se derivan, con el propósito de identificar posibles recomendaciones tendientes a mejorar el sistema de responsabilidad ya fijado en el derecho doméstico, en aras de contar con un sistema jurídico que brinde seguridad a los sujetos que conforman la relación laboral, y sea garante de los derechos fundamentales de los trabajadores.
Se dedica un apartado a la responsabilidad derivada de las obligaciones en general de acuerdo a las disposiciones contenidas en nuestro derecho común como fuente del derecho laboral. De igual manera, se exponen y analizan las distintas posiciones doctrinales que fundamentan la existencia de responsabilidad solidaria o subsidiaria en las relaciones laborales triangulares, y seguidamente el tratamiento jurídico dado por las legislaciones peruana y chilena a la responsabilidad solidaria derivada de este tipo de relaciones.
Se realizó una identificación del marco jurídico de esta clase de relaciones laborales en el ordenamiento jurídico nicaragüense, haciendo énfasis en los tipos de relaciones laborales triangulares reconocidas por nuestra legislación y cómo se determina la responsabilidad en este tipo de relaciones para identificar debilidades y limitaciones presentes en nuestro régimen de responsabilidad, y en base a ello proponer los elementos básicos de deba contener un régimen de responsabilidad aplicable a las relaciones laborales triangulares que brinde seguridad y garantía jurídica a los sujetos involucrados en ellas.
El delito de plagio en el ordenamiento jurídico penal nicaragüense
Authors: Santos López Roger Lenín 
Published: February 2019

El plagio constituye una de las mayores vulneraciones de los derechos de autor. Esta conducta infringe no solo derechos morales, sino también patrimoniales. Su regulación penal reviste particular interés no solo por los bienes jurídicos que tutela, sino también por las complejidades que dicha protección implica dada la interrelación que existe con otros elementos distintivos del derecho de autor como es el criterio de la originalidad, y el reconocimiento de limitaciones en el ejercicio de los derechos como es el derecho de cita.
El presente artículo tiene como objetivo general analizar la regulación jurídica del plagio en el Código Penal nicaragüense. Se encuentra dividido en dos partes la primera dirigida a sistematizar los presupuestos de la conducta de plagio, a partir de establecer el tratamiento teórico que existe en relación a esta, y una segunda parte, en la cual se determinan los elementos constitutivos del delito de plagio y se propone una regulación jurídica para este delito en el ordenamiento jurídico nicaragüense. Para su desarrollo se utilizaron métodos de investigación como el análisis, síntesis, inducción y deducción, teórico-jurídico y el exegético analítico.
Point-of-Care Ultrasonography Integration in Undergraduate Medical Education: A Student-Driven Approach
Authors: Goodcoff Adam , Keane Delaney , Bialczak Angelica , Ziner Elizabeth , Hanna Jandy B. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract

Background
The importance of medical ultrasonography (US) is well established, but given an already dense curriculum, integration of US into preclinical training can be difficult. Although there is no clear consensus on the best practice for integrating US into medical school curricula, growing student interest in US training demands investigation of potential solutions.

Objective
To investigate whether US integration through peer-assisted learning (PAL) and extracurricular activities during preclinical training is perceived to be valuable by student participants.

Methods
First- and second-year students at the West Virginia School of Osteopathic Medicine (WVSOM) were invited via email to attend 4 monthly PAL extracurricular US sessions on the following point-of-care US topics: (1) basic lung examination to assess pleural sliding, (2) extended focused assessment with sonography for trauma, (3) right upper quadrant biliary examination, and (4) US-guided central venous catheter placement. A brief survey using Likert-style questions inquired about participants’ level of agreement with whether the given session was appropriately complex, increased comfort with US, was informative and interactive, and improved confidence in identifying anatomic structures (sessions 2 and 3 only). A final question asked participants whether they would attend more extracurricular US sessions.

Results
Fifty-eight students (36 unique students) attended the peer-led sessions. Of the 58 students, 50 responded to the survey for a response rate of 86.2%. Responses were overwhelmingly positive. All respondents strongly agreed or agreed that these sessions improved their confidence in identifying anatomic structures using US, and 49 (98%) strongly agreed or agreed that they would attend more US sessions.

Conclusion
Respondents strongly endorsed the peer-led US sessions, which has facilitated the formal integration of an elective US course at WVSOM. The peer-led sessions introduced at WVSOM could provide the framework and motivation for similar courses at osteopathic medical schools across the country.
Oxidative stress and the presence of bacteria increase gene expression of the antimicrobial peptide aclasin, a fungal CSαβ defensin in Aspergillus clavatus
Authors: Contreras Gabriela , Wang Nessa , Schäfer Holger , Wink Michael 
Published: February 2019

Background
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) represent a broad class of naturally occurring antimicrobial compounds. Plants, invertebrates and fungi produce various AMPs as, for example, defensins. Most of these defensins are characterised by the presence of a cysteine-stabilised α-helical and β-sheet (CSαβ) motif. The changes in gene expression of a fungal CSαβ defensin by stress conditions were investigated in Aspergillus clavatus. A. clavatus produces the CSαβ defensin Aclasin, which is encoded by the aclasin gene.

Methods
Aclasin expression was evaluated in submerged mycelium cultures under heat shock, osmotic stress, oxidative stress and the presence of bacteria by quantitative real-time PCR.

Results
Aclasin expression increased two fold under oxidative stress conditions and in the presence of viable and heat-killed Bacillus megaterium. Under heat shock and osmotic stress, aclasin expression decreased.

Discussion
The results suggest that oxidative stress and the presence of bacteria might regulate fungal defensin expression. Moreover, fungi might recognise microorganisms as plants and animals do.
Tumor mutational profile of triple negative breast cancer patients in Thailand revealed distinctive genetic alteration in chromatin remodeling gene
Authors: Niyomnaitham Suvimol , Parinyanitikul Napa , Roothumnong Ekkapong , Jinda Worapoj , Samarnthai Norasate , Atikankul Taywin , Suktitipat Bhoom , Thongnoppakhun Wanna , Limwongse Chanin , Pithukpakorn Manop 
Published: February 2019

Background
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a breast cancer subtype characterized by absence of both hormonal receptors and human epithelial growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). TNBC accounts for 15–20% of breast cancer. TNBC is associated with more aggressive disease and worse clinical outcome. Though the underlying mechanism of TNBC is currently unclear, the heterogeneity of clinical characteristics in various population may relate to the difference in tumor mutational profile. There were studies on TNBC gene mutations in various ethnic groups but the tumor genome data on Thai TNBC patients is currently unknown. This study aims to investigate mutational profile of Thai TNBC.

Methods
The patients were Thai individuals who were diagnosed with primary breast carcinoma between 2014 and 2017. All surgically removed primary tumor tissues were carefully examined by pathologists and archived as formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor. TNBC was defined by absence of hormonal receptors and HER2 by immunohistochemistry. Genomic DNA was extracted, enriched and sequenced of all exomes on the Illumina HiSeq. Genomic data were then processed through bioinformatics platform to identify genomic alterations and tumor mutational burden.

Results
A total of 116 TNBC patients were recruited. Genomic analysis of TNBC samples identified 81,460 variants, of which 5,906 variants were in cancer-associated genes. The result showed that Thai TNBC has higher tumor mutation burden than previously reported data. The most frequently mutated cancer-associated gene was TP53 similar to other TNBC cohorts. Meanwhile KMT2C was found to be more commonly mutated in Thai TNBC than previous studies. Mutational profile of Thai TNBC patients also revealed difference in many frequently mutated genes when compared to other Western TNBC cohorts.

Conclusion
This result supported that TNBC breast cancer patients from various ethnic background showed diverse genome alteration pattern. Although TP53 is the most commonly mutated gene across all cohorts, Thai TNBC showed different gene mutation frequencies, especially in KMT2C. In particular, the cancer gene mutations are more prevalent in Thai TNBC patients. This result provides important insight on diverse underlying genetic and epigenetic mechanisms of TNBC that could translate to a new treatment strategy for patients with this disease.
Use of a best practice alert linking Clostridioides difficile infection test results to a severity-based treatment order set
Authors: Reed Holly L. , Van Schooneveld Trevor C. , Reha Craig G. , Bergman Scott J. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractWe evaluated provider adherence to practice guidelines for inpatients diagnosed with Clostridoides difficile infection (CDI) before and after implementation of a best practice alert (BPA) linking a positive test result to guideline-based orders. After implementation of the BPA, guideline-based prescribing increased from 39.4% in 2013 to 67.7% in 2016 (P = .014).
Effective control test at the interface between the law of international responsibility and the law of international organizations: Managing concerns over the attribution of UN peacekeepers’ conduct to troop-contributing nations
Authors: Okada Yohei 
Published: February 2019

AbstractOn 27 June 2017, in theStichting Mothers of Srebrenicacase, The Hague Court of Appeal applied the effective control test in determining attribution and found that the Netherlands was responsible for the failure of the Dutch battalion (Dutchbat) acting as a part of the UN Protection Force (UNPROFOR) to protect civilians from the Srebrenica massacre in 1995. This judgment is of considerable significance because the court renounced the preventive approach to the effective control test, to which the Dutch courts had repeatedly declared their adherence, and reverted to the traditional (presumptive) approach. The preventive interpretation was originally proposed with a view to justifying much broader attribution to troop-contributing nations (TCNs). However, quite interestingly, the Court of Appeal reached the conclusion that the Dutchbat’s conduct was attributable to the Netherlands without recourse to the preventive approach. The present study argues that the legal framework for the attribution of UN peacekeepers’ conduct has developed in such a manner that the fair allocation of responsibility and the effectiveness of UN peacekeeping operations are in equilibrium. In that sense, the effective control test should be located at the interface between the law of international responsibility and the law of international organizations. It is illustrated that not only does the preventive interpretation fail to strike a fair balance between the institutional considerations and the need to provide remedies for victims of peacekeepers’ misconduct, but also the presumptive approach may lead to effective remedies while having due regard for the institutional considerations.
Separation Choosability and Dense Bipartite Induced Subgraphs
Authors: Esperet Louis , Kang Ross J. , Thomassé Stéphan 
Published: February 2019

AbstractWe study a restricted form of list colouring, for which every pair of lists that correspond to adjacent vertices may not share more than one colour. The optimal list size such that a proper list colouring is always possible given this restriction, we call separation choosability. We show for bipartite graphs that separation choosability increases with (the logarithm of) the minimum degree. This strengthens results of Molloy and Thron and, partially, of Alon. One attempt to drop the bipartiteness assumption precipitates a natural class of Ramsey-type questions, of independent interest. For example, does every triangle-free graph of minimum degree d contain a bipartite induced subgraph of minimum degree Ω(log d) as d→∞?
The influence of clinical and laboratory factors on the formation of monopronucleated zygotes after intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)
Authors: Fabozzi Gemma , Rega Emilia , Starita Maria Flavia , Amendola Maria Giulia , Colicchia Antonio , Giannini Pierluigi , Piscitelli Claudio 
Published: February 2019

SummaryThe aim of the present study was to determine whether clinical or laboratory factors can influence the development of single pronucleated zygotes (1PN) and two polar bodies (PB) after ICSI. In total, 341 ICSI cycles performed at FertiClinic-Villa Margherita from January 2012 to December 2014 were enrolled in the study. Group A included 240 cycles with no 1PN−2PB while group B included 101 cycles with one or more 1PN−2PB. Age, stimulation protocol, infertility factor, amount of gonadotropin administered, duration of therapy, peak estradiol levels, number of follicles at maturation triggering, oocytes retrieved and mature oocytes, time between retrieval and injection and sperm characteristics were compared between groups. In opposition to previous results showing no relationship between 1PN occurrence and clinical or laboratory variables, we observed that 1PN−2PB zygote formation seems to be associated with a lower female age, higher level of E2 and higher number of follicles on day of oocyte maturation triggering, higher number of astenozoospermic male patients, more oocytes retrieved at pick-up, more mature oocytes (MII) and longer time to injection.
In Praise of Impredicativity: A Contribution to the Formalization of Meta-Programming
Authors: BRY FRANÇOIS 
Published: February 2019

AbstractProcessing programs as data is one of the successes of functional and logic programming. Higher-order functions, as program-processing programs are called in functional programming, and meta-programs, as they are called in logic programming, are widespread declarative programming techniques. In logic programming, there is a gap between the meta-programming practice and its theory: The formalizations of meta-programming do not explicitly address its impredicativity and are not fully adequate. This article aims at overcoming this unsatisfactory situation by discussing the relevance of impredicativity to meta-programming, by revisiting former formalizations of meta-programming, and by defining Reflective Predicate Logic, a conservative extension of first-order logic, which provides a simple formalization of meta-programming.
The classical NLRP3 inflammasome controls FADD unconventional secretion through microvesicle shedding
Authors: Mouasni Sara , Gonzalez Virginie , Schmitt Alain , Bennana Evangeline , Guillonneau François , Mistou Sylvie , Avouac Jérôme , Ea Hang Korng , Devauchelle Valérie , Gottenberg Jacques-Eric , Chiocchia Gilles , Tourneur Léa 
Published: February 2019

AbstractFas-associated death domain (FADD) is a key adaptor molecule involved in numerous physiological processes including cell death, proliferation, innate immunity and inflammation. Therefore, changes in FADD expression have dramatic cellular consequences. In mice and humans, FADD regulation can occur through protein secretion. However, the molecular mechanisms accounting for human FADD secretion were still unknown. Here we report that canonical, non-canonical, but not alternative, NLRP3 inflammasome activation in human monocytes/macrophages induced FADD secretion. NLRP3 inflammasome activation by the bacterial toxin nigericin led to the proinflammatory interleukin-1β (IL-1β) release and to the induction of cell death by pyroptosis. However, we showed that FADD secretion could occur in absence of increased IL-1β release and pyroptosis and, reciprocally, that IL-1β release and pyroptosis could occur in absence of FADD secretion. Especially, FADD, but not IL-1β, secretion following NLRP3 inflammasome activation required extracellular glucose. Thus, FADD secretion was an active process distinct from unspecific release of proteins during pyroptosis. This FADD secretion process required K+ efflux, NLRP3 sensor, ASC adaptor and CASPASE-1 molecule. Moreover, we identified FADD as a leaderless protein unconventionally secreted through microvesicle shedding, but not exosome release. Finally, we established human soluble FADD as a new marker of joint inflammation in gout and rheumatoid arthritis, two rheumatic diseases involving the NLRP3 inflammasome. Whether soluble FADD could be an actor in these diseases remains to be determined. Nevertheless, our results advance our understanding of the mechanisms contributing to the regulation of the FADD protein expression in human cells.