bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bureaucratic Influence and Policymaking
Authors: McAndrews John R. , Rockman Bert A. , Campbell Colin 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the influence that senior career officials in the bureaucracy have on the policy decisions that politicians make. It argues that institutional differences tend to facilitate more bureaucratic influence in Canada than in the United States (U.S.). Furthermore, it contends that the greater the influence of these career bureaucrats on the policy formulation process, the more carefully policy alternatives are considered—and, ultimately, the better the selected policy tends to perform overall. The chapter illustrates these arguments with a pair of historical vignettes concerning Canadian and American defense and environmental policymaking, as well as examples drawn from the Obama and Trump administrations and the Harper and Trudeau governments. It concludes with a discussion of the growing cross-national trend toward the politicization of the career bureaucracy.
Economic Policy
Authors: Keech William , Scarth William 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter identifies the differing policies and outcomes that Canadians and Americans have pursued with respect to economic growth, stabilization, and income distribution, and it analyzes several factors that can partially explain why divergent policy choices have emerged. The United States (U.S.) has recorded better productivity growth, while Canada has achieved a more sustainable fiscal policy, a less fragile financial sector, and more generous distributional policies. These contrasting outcomes are related to differences in size and geography, in political culture, and in political institutions. The analysis also considers how much it may be possible for each country’s policymakers to benefit from the other’s experiences. While identifying some lessons in this regard, the authors conclude that the sheer difference in the size of the two economies affects which economic policies can be expected to be effective. As a result, it is concluded that convergence in economic policymaking will remain somewhat limited.
Healthcare
Authors: Maioni Antonia , Marmor Theodore R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The differences and similarities in health policy between the United States (U.S.) and Canada provide useful examples of how political institutions can shape democratic governance. These institutions have shaped both the obstacles to rapid welfare state expansion and the nature of the political reform coalitions that have been able to break through those obstacles. This chapter explores contending explanations of welfare state development, and then develops an institutional approach with which to parse though crucial differences between the U.S. and Canadian welfare states, and policy evolution in their healthcare systems. The chapter focuses on the role that political institutions have played in influencing national policy choices and in explaining policy differences between the U.S. and Canada. This comparison also bridges institutionalist theories with a more nuanced understanding of the way in which institutional arrangements interact with parties, policies, and welfare state outcomes.
Specific Learning Disorder
Authors: Raines James C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Students with specific learning disorder (SLD) account for 35% of all students receiving special education services. In the DSM-5, SLD combines four previous diagnoses into one. The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) agree that children should be excluded from being diagnosed if the disorder is primarily due to environmental, cultural, or economic disadvantage. They differ on the DSM-5’s exclusion for the lack of proficiency in the language of instruction. Schools can screen for SLD using the testing or the dual-discrepancy model of response to intervention (RTI). Assessment requires a comprehensive evaluation by the school. Students with SLD often suffer from poor social skills and low self-esteem. Intervention may be titrated according to the student’s level of need using multitiered systems of support. Collaborating with teachers, parents, and community providers is especially important for these students. A case example illustrates how an ecological approach can help students grow and learn.
Trauma- and Stress-Related Disorders
Authors: Wong Marleen , Vona Pamela , Hydon Stephen 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The chapter outlines the prevalence of traumatic events in the lives of our nation’s children and adolescents and highlights populations that are particularly vulnerable to trauma exposure. The chapter outlines the clinical features of pediatric posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and describes considerations for differential diagnosis. Common comorbid diagnoses are described, as are the short- and long-term academic consequences of trauma exposure. Screening tools for trauma exposure and PTSD are presented. The chapter provides an overview of the strategies and interventions used in schools to mitigate the impact of trauma on students and describes approaches to monitoring the impact of these efforts at the micro, macro, and mezzo levels. Resources for school staff supporting trauma exposed students are provided.
Disruptive Behavior Disorders
Authors: Crosby Shantel D. , Frey Andy J. , Zornes Gary , Jones Kristian 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Students who meet criteria for disruptive, impulse control, and conduct disorders generally present with a wide range of challenging behaviors that impede their ability to function appropriately at school and at home. Understanding the differential diagnosis and comorbid manifestations of these disorders—particularly the two most common disruptive disorders (i.e., oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder)—can assist school practitioners in addressing students’ behavior and socioemotional well-being in school. It is also important that school practitioners are knowledgeable about Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) categories for which students exhibiting the symptoms of these disorders are most likely to qualify for school-based services. This chapter provides resources to assist schools and school-based practitioners in implementing universal screening, progress monitoring, and rapid assessment of students, as well as evidence-based psychosocial interventions to meet the needs of students with disruptive, impulse control, and conduct disorders.
Spotlight
Authors: Schiappa Edward 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This spotlight mini-chapter discusses contemporary journalism and its relationship to truth in the context of what the author terms “Sophisticated Modernism,” which recognizes the fragility of truth and its dependence on human processes of persuasion and historical context—while not giving up on the concept altogether. Calling for an end to the “Myth of Objectivity” in journalism, the author also rejects the relativism and equivocating that may fill the void; and instead proposes certain values in good communication that may apply to journalism moving forward: are journalists being fair? Are their accounts trustworthy? Whose interests are they serving? And yes, are they telling us the truth?
Truth at Large
Authors: Tandoc Jr. Edson C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Social media have changed how journalists do journalism. In altering the power dynamics between journalists and their audiences, social media platforms have also affected journalistic practices. For instance, journalists now find themselves having to promote their own work on social media by sharing links or tweeting about their news outputs. They also now engage with audiences through social media platforms by asking for suggestions, contributions, and opinions. Such engagement, to some extent, sees journalists open up the gates, so to speak, to audiences to take part in news construction. But while these changes in news practices are bringing journalists closer to audiences who have migrated to social media, they might be bringing journalism away from its truth-telling function.
Introduction
Authors: Satz Debra 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The introduction to this collection of essays by leading academic scholars in the field of contemporary political philosophy presents the main themes of the book as these relate to, and are inspired by, the work of Joshua Cohen. As described, the book is divided into three parts. Part I, with chapters by Archon Fung, Assaf Sharon, and Stuart White, explores ways of reinvigorating democracy. Part II, with chapters by Christopher Lebron, Richard Locke, and Martha Nussbaum, tackles ways of confronting injustice. Part III, with chapters by Helena De Bres, Charles Sabel, and Annabelle Lever, offers principles for an interdependent world. There is also a brief afterword by Joshua Cohen and a list of his publications.
Collective Reason or Individual Liberty
Authors: Sharon Assaf 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Can a government of the people and by the people also be a government for the people? In this chapter, Assaf Sharon questions the deliberative democratic attempt to bring democracy and liberalism into a unified normative framework. On the standard view, democracy and liberalism are distinct ideas that give rise to competing normative demands. Democracy is the institutional realization of sovereignty by the people. Liberalism is committed to the protection of individual liberties. Deliberative democrats claim that liberal commitments are entailed by their democratic ideal; to deny an individual’s liberties would be to exclude her from public decision-making. Sharon raises concerns by pointing out that public deliberation requires a widely shared democratic ethos, the creation and maintenance of which might require suppressing intolerant, non-egalitarian, and anti-democratic sensibilities. Given that such suppression stands to violate individual liberties, Sharon concludes that government by collective deliberation might be incompatible with a robust commitment to individual liberties.
Accountability in an Era of Celebrity
Authors: Nussbaum Martha C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
While great progress has been made in regards to sexual violence and accountability, Martha C. Nussbaum argues that the culture of celebrity remains a significant hurdle. In this chapter, Nussbaum traces the historical evolution and progress of the law and social norms concerning sexual violence. Identifying the obstacles and complexities that have faced those fighting for justice, she shows how working women, feminist lawyers, and recently the #MeToo movement have pushed forward the frontier of accountability. While history provides reason for hope, a recalcitrant problem remains: lack of accountability for celebrities and sports stars. Given the big money and structures of power behind the culture of celebrity, Nussbaum argues that the public must rise up and express outrage in order to bring about change.
Exploitation in International Trade
Authors: de Bres Helena 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
It is only in recent years that philosophers of global justice have given direct and sustained attention to the subject of international trade. An important line of division in this small but growing body of work lies between accounts of justice in trade that focus on the idea of exploitation and accounts that do not. The aim of this chapter is to critically examine this debate, in order to get clearer on the nature and role of exploitation in the morality of international trade. Helena de Bres argues that, although concerns of exploitation are well founded and urgent in this domain, any account of justice in trade that centers on those concerns will be problematic. Our duties in relation to the international trading regime are better framed in terms of broader and deeper injustices that are not, fundamentally, a matter of unfair advantage-taking.
Toward a Political Philosophy of Human Rights
Authors: Lever Annabelle 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Is there a human right to be governed democratically? And what are the considerations that might ground such a right? These are the questions raised in Joshua Cohen’s 2006 article, “Is There a Human Right to Democracy?” In this chapter, Annabelle Lever articulates her reasons for discomfort with its central claim, that while justice demands democratic government, the proper standard for human rights is something less. She explains that these reasons for discomfort are occasioned less by the thought that democracy may not be a human right than by the very significant gaps in our understanding of rights which debates about the human rights status of democracy exemplify.
Running, 1848–1853
Authors: Balcerski Thomas J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Chapter 6 considers the presidential election of 1848, the Compromise of 1850, and the election of 1852. During these years the friendship of Buchanan and King first intensified, then cooled, as each man took a separate path to political power. In 1852 the Democratic Party refused to place Buchanan and King on the same ticket, because the pair had become too closely associated together to balance its growing sectional and ideological divisions. Instead, the Democracy chose the dark horse Franklin Pierce for president and then selected King as his running mate to pacify Buchanan and his supporters. King’s precipitous decline in health, followed by his death in April 1853, ended the decades-long political and personal friendship with Buchanan. In response, Buchanan prepared for another round of exile abroad, this time as American minister to England.
Older People
Authors: Wallace Steven P. , Estes Carroll L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter describes how social injustice adversely affects the health of older people and provides a variety of examples. It analyzes the roots and underlying causes of this social injustice, including poverty and inequalities associated with differences in socioeconomic status over the life course, the biomedicalization of aging, and globalization. The chapter asserts that rights for older people must be defined as basic human rights and that social justice for older people must begin with the assertion of the human right to health. The chapter concludes with a discussion of what needs to be done to address social injustice against older people, including reducing disparities in retirement income, quality of medical care, and community integration. It also addresses the importance of raising political awareness about social injustice against older people, including improving policymakers’ understanding about their health status, healthcare, and financial burdens.
Nutrition
Authors: Brown J. Larry 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Poor nutritional status leads to adverse health outcomes in both developing and high-income countries. Poor nutrition in vulnerable populations is strongly associated with poverty, inequality, and other manifestations of social injustice. This chapter focuses mainly on the adverse health effects of inadequate nutrition in the United States. The author states that hunger in the United States could be reduced by better funding for the Food Stamp Program and by expanding the coverage of other existing federal nutrition programs. The author also asserts that the root cause of food insecurity in the United States needs to be addressed. A text box addresses the obesity epidemic in the United States.
Addressing Social Injustice in a Human Rights Context
Authors: Gruskin Sofia , Braveman Paula 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Violation or neglect of human rights jeopardizes health by interfering with physical, mental, and social well-being. This chapter considers the relevance of human rights to public health as legal standards and obligations of governments, as a conceptual framework of analysis and advocacy, and as guiding principles for designing and implementing policies and programs. It recommends institutionalizing perspectives on social justice and human rights in all health-sector actions, monitoring implications of policies in all sectors that affect health, and building public consensus for equitable financing of healthcare. The authors assert that human rights principles provide a framework that can guide health workers and others in achieving social justice in health and that health workers should be aware that human rights norms, standards, laws, and accountability mechanisms are relevant tools to help achieve social justice in health. A text box focuses on promoting the rights of “undocumented immigrants” in the United States.
Promoting Social Justice Through Public Health Practice
Authors: Plough Alonzo L. , Gandhi Priya 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter describes the need to make social justice a goal of public health practice. The chapter discusses the roles of public health agencies at the federal, state, and local levels as well as the roles of philanthropic organizations, using the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation as an illustrative example. It is necessary for health departments to develop social justice strategies that link health disparities to root causes in the political economy and develop policy changes and social actions to create fundamental changes in these root causes. The author asserts that for public health practice to better address social injustice, there will need to be a fundamental shift in the core (or essential) functions of public health.
Mobilization and the Marginalized
Authors: Ahuja Amit 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores how, given an electoral opportunity in a multiethnic democracy, a marginalized group comes to be mobilized by ethnic parties in some cases and by multiethnic parties in others. It outlines the prerequisites for the mobilization of a marginalized group. It then describes how marginalization influences the process of mobilization by multiethnic and ethnic political parties. The chapter clarifies the relationship between two common forms of mobilization—social movements and political parties—and discusses the effects of the sequenced appearance of social mobilization of a marginalized ethnic group and its ethnic party.
Historical Dalit Social Mobilization
Authors: Ahuja Amit 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
To explore the sequenced process of Dalit mobilization, this chapter presents the historical account of Dalit social mobilization. It explains how Dalit social movements emerged and gained strength in Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra but remained relatively weak in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. It identifies the variety of factors responsible for the difference in the strength, influence, and goals of Dalit social movements in the two pairings of states. In its conclusion, it explores the impact that Dalit social mobilization’s adoption of a decidedly anticaste character had in the movement states, as the anticaste movements influenced social attitudes even among non-Dalits by challenging some of the foundational beliefs on which the caste system rests.
Dalit Party Performance and Bloc Voting
Authors: Ahuja Amit 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter outlines the electoral performance of Dalit ethnic parties. In non-movement states, Dalit ethnic party vote shares have been higher, and Dalits have won more seats in state assembly and parliamentary elections than Dalit ethnic parties in movement states. The chapter process traces Dalit electoral mobilization by ethnic and multiethnic parties across the two sets of states. It proceeds to show that Dalits’ ethnic party performance is explained by Dalits’ attitudes toward bloc voting and, that importantly, voters’ attitudes vary significantly across movement and non-movement states. Dalits in Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra are far less inclined to vote with members of their caste than Dalits in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.
Home and Hearth
Authors: Chrastil Rachel 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The chapter considers the household’s many roles, not just as a market actor or as a container of goods, but also as a place for rest and reflection, for solitude and community, for performing rituals and for making plans, and for domestic labor. While we might be tempted to view the rise of the singleton household as evidence of atomization and social isolation, single women of the past and present remind us that we can flourish and grow while living alone in a home for one. The childless household might also be a place in which to experiment, to imagine, to hatch plans, and to carry them out.
Designing and Conducting Analytic Studies in the Field
Authors: Jackson Brendan R. , Griffin Patricia M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Analytic studies enable the field epidemiologist to test his or her hypotheses about the source of an outbreak or other health problem. This testing is performed by comparing ill persons’ exposures to those of a comparison group, typically using one of three study types. Cohort studies are used in field investigations when the population affected is well defined and not so large as to preclude collecting data on almost all persons. Case–control studies are commonly used in field investigations because they enable investigators to test multiple hypotheses relatively quickly and inexpensively. Case–case studies, in which the comparison group comprises other patients with the same or similar illness who do not meet the case definition also can be used to rapidly test hypotheses. Although field investigations may be conducted under intense scrutiny and time pressure, be sure to take time to develop hypotheses and carefully design any study.
Multinational Outbreak Investigations
Authors: Mahoney Frank , Le Duc James W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Multinational collaborations on international outbreak investigations and response have a long history. Development of the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1948 was closely linked to efforts by the global community to prevent, detect, and respond to outbreaks of international concern. Through the International Health Regulations (IHR) of 2005, a legally binding instrument requiring countries to report certain outbreaks and public health events, WHO outlined a strategy for disease threat response. Efforts by global partners to strengthen cooperation have evolved over the years, including roles and responsibilities of WHO, its Member States, and other partners. Among the challenges faced by Member State and WHO in implementing the IHRs are limited funding to support staffing and operational support as well as sometimes conflicting multijurisdictional decision-making. The response to recent outbreaks provides evidence that much work remains to be done to strengthen IHR mechanisms.
Emergency Operations Centers and Incident Management Structure
Authors: Bryant Jeffrey L. , Sosin Daniel M. , Wiedrich Tim W. , Redd Stephen C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Domestically and internationally, Emergency Operation Centers and Incident Management Systems provide a structure and framework to coordinate preparedness and response activities. This chapter provides a US perspective on emergency response systems, but the concepts have been successfully implemented in other countries. Public health responses are often complex, requiring adaptive leadership and flexible systems to be effective as information is received, analyzed, and shared with response partners and affected populations. Familiarity with the emergency management principles underlying these frameworks can help rapidly integrate field epidemiology expertise into response operations. Emergency Operations Centers typically become activated when an entity (local, regional, district, prefecture, state) responsible for maintaining routine public health and medical systems becomes overwhelmed in a crisis. Preparedness activities, such as preestablished organizational structures, protocols and policies, mutual aid and resource-sharing agreements, trained staff, and mechanisms to procure necessary capabilities can bring resources together for a rapid and effective response.