bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Accelerated evolution of oligodendrocytes in human brain
Authors: Berto Stefano , Mendizabal Isabel , Usui Noriyoshi , Toriumi Kazuya , Chatterjee Paramita , Douglas Connor , Tamminga Carol , Preuss Todd M. , Yi Soojin V. , Konopka Genevieve 
Published: April 2019

SUMMARYRecent discussions of human brain evolution have largely focused on increased neuron numbers and changes in their connectivity and expression. However, it is increasingly appreciated that oligodendrocytes play important roles in cognitive function and disease. Whether both cell-types follow similar or distinctive evolutionary trajectories is not known. We examined the transcriptomes of neurons and oligodendrocytes in the frontal cortex of humans, chimpanzees, and rhesus macaques. We identified human-specific trajectories of gene expression in neurons and oligodendrocytes and show that both cell-types exhibit human-specific upregulation. Moreover, oligodendrocytes have undergone accelerated gene expression evolution in the human lineage compared to neurons. The signature of acceleration is enriched for cell type-specific expression alterations in schizophrenia. These results underscore the importance of oligodendrocytes in human brain evolution.
Distinctions among real and apparent respiratory motions in human fMRI data
Authors: Power Jonathan D. , Silver Benjamin M. , Dubin Marc J. , Martin Alex , Jones Rebecca M. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractHead motion estimates in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans appear qualitatively different with sub-second image sampling rates compared to the multi-second sampling rates common in the past. Whereas formerly the head appeared still for much of a scan with brief excursions from baseline, the head now appears to be in constant motion, and motion estimates often seem to divulge little information about what is happening in a scan. This constant motion has been attributed to respiratory oscillations that do not alias at faster sampling rates, and investigators are divided on the extent to which such motion is “real” motion or only “apparent” pseudomotion. Some investigators have abandoned the use of motion estimates entirely due to these considerations. Here we investigate the properties of motion in several fMRI datasets sampled at rates between 720-1160 ms, and describe 5 distinct kinds of respiratory motion: 1) constant real respiratory motion in the form of head nodding most evident in vertical position and pitch, which can be very large; 2) constant pseudomotion at the same respiratory rate as real motion, occurring only in the phase encode direction; 3) punctate real motions occurring at times of very deep breaths; 4) a low-frequency pseudomotion in only the phase encode direction following very deep breaths; 5) slow modulation of vertical and anterior-posterior head position by the respiratory envelope. We reformulate motion estimates in light of these considerations and obtain good concordance between motion estimates, physiologic records, image quality measures, and events evident in the fMRI signals.Highlights- Examines several fast-TR datasets with sampling rates of 720-1160 ms- Identifies 7 kinds of motion in fMRI scans, 5 of them related to respiration- Identifies 2 forms of pseudomotion occurring only in phase encode direction- Pseudomotion is a function of soft tissue mass, not lung volume- Reformulates motion estimates to draw out particular kinds of motion
Identification of a basal stem cell subpopulation in the prostate via functional, lineage tracing and single-cell RNA-seq analyses
Authors: Wang Xue , Xu Haibo , Cheng Chaping , Ji Zhongzhong , Zhao Huifang , Sheng Yaru , Li Xiaoxia , Wang Jinming , Shu Yu , He Yuman , Fan Liancheng , Dong Baijun , Xue Wei , Chua Chee Wai , Wu Dongdong , Gao Wei-Qiang , Zhu Helen He 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe basal cell compartment in many epithelial tissues such as the prostate, bladder, and mammary gland are generally believed to serve as an important pool of stem cells. However, basal cells are heterogenous and the stem cell subpopulation within basal cells is not well elucidated. Here we uncover that the core epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) inducer Zeb is exclusively expressed in a prostate basal cell subpopulation based on both immunocytochemical and cell lineage tracing analysis. The Zeb1+prostate epithelial cells are multipotent prostate basal stem cells (PBSCs) that can self-renew and generate functional prostatic glandular structures with all three epithelial cell types at the single-cell level. Genetic ablation studies reveal an indispensable role for Zeb1 in prostate basal cell development. Utilizing unbiased single cell transcriptomic analysis of over 9000 mouse prostate basal cells, we find that Zeb1+basal cell subset shares gene expression signatures with both epithelial and mesenchymal cells and stands out uniquely among all the basal cell clusters. Moreover, Zeb1+epithelial cells can be detected in mouse and clinical samples of prostate tumors. Identification of the PBSC and its transcriptome profile is crucial to advance our understanding of prostate development and tumorigenesis.
KofamKOALA: KEGG ortholog assignment based on profile HMM and adaptive score threshold
Authors: Aramaki Takuya , Blanc-Mathieu Romain , Endo Hisashi , Ohkubo Koichi , Kanehisa Minoru , Goto Susumu , Ogata Hiroyuki 
Published: April 2019

AbstractSummaryKofamKOALA is a web server to assign KEGG Orthologs (KOs) to protein sequences by homology search against a database of profile hidden Markov models (KOfam) with pre-computed adaptive score thresholds. KofamKOALA is faster than existing KO assignment tools with its accuracy being comparable to the best performing tools. Function annotation by KofamKOALA helps linking genes to KEGG resources such as the KEGG pathway maps and facilitates molecular network reconstruction.AvailabilityKofamKOALA, KofamScan, and KOfam are freely available from https://www.genome.jp/tools/kofamkoala/Contactogata@kuicr.kyoto-u.ac.jp
A Comprehensive Molecular Portrait of Human Urine-derived Renal Progenitor Cells
Authors: Rahman Md Shaifur , Wruck Wasco , Spitzhorn Lucas-Sebastian , Bohndorf Martina , Martins Soraia , Asar Fatima , Ncube Audrey , Erichsen Lars , Graffmann Nina , Adjaye James 
Published: April 2019

AbstractBackgroundHuman urine is now recognised as a non-invasive source of stem cells with regeneration potential. These cells are mesenchymal stem cells but their detailed molecular and cellular identities are poorly defined. Furthermore, unlike the mouse, the gene regulatory network driving self-renewal and differentiation into functional renal cellsin vitroremain unresolved.MethodsWe isolated urine stem cells from 10 individuals from both genders and distinct ages, characterized them as renal progenitor cells and explored the gene regulatory network sustaining self-renewal.ResultsThese cells express pluripotency-associated proteins-TRA-1-60, TRA-1-81, SSEA4, C-KIT and CD133. Expression of pluripotency-associated proteins enabled rapid reprogramming into iPSCs using episomal-based plasmids without pathway perturbations. Transcriptome analysis revealed expression of a plethora of nephrogenesis-related genes such asSIX2, OSR1, CITED1, NPHS2, NPHS1, PAX2, SALL1, AQP2, EYA1, SLC12A1andUMOD. As expected, the cells transport Albumin by endocytosis. Based on this, we refer to these cells as urine derived renal progenitor cells-UdRPCs. Associated GO-term analysis of UdRPCs and UdRPC-iPSCs underlined their renal identity and functionality. Upon differentiation by WNT activation using the GSK3β-inhibitor (CHIR99021), transcriptome and KEGG pathway analysis revealed upregulation of WNT-associated genes-AXIN2, JUN and NKD1.Protein interaction network identified JUN- a downstream target of the WNT pathway in association with STAT3, ATF2 and MAPK1 as a putative regulator of self-renewal and differentiation in UdRPCs. Furthermore, like pluripotent stem cells, self-renewal is maintained by FGF2-driven TGFβ-SMAD2/3 pathway.ConclusionThisin vitromodel and the data presented should lay the foundation for studying nephrogenesis in man.Significance StatementHuman urine is a non-invasive source of stem cells with regeneration potential. Here, we investigated the cellular and molecular identities, and the gene regulation driving self-renewal and differentiation of these cellsin vitro. These cells express pluripotency-associated markers enabling easy reprogramming. Based on the expression of renal associated genes, proteins and functionality, we refer to these cells as urine derived renal progenitor cells-UdRPCs. CHIR99021-induced differentiation of UdRPCs activated WNT-related genes-AXIN2, JUN and NKD1.Protein interaction network identified JUN as a putative regulator of differentiation whereas self-renewal is maintained by FGF2-driven TGFβ-SMAD2/3. Our data will enhance understanding of the molecular identities of UdRPCs, and enable the generation of renal disease modelsin vitroand eventually kidney-associated regenerative therapies.
Financial services and ethical hazards: antecedents of repeated ethical violation
Authors: Cheng Chia-Yi , Ho Tzu-Ping 
Published: April 2019

Purpose Prior studies have extensively explored individual examples of unethical behavior in sales organizations but focused little on repeated violation (RV) of ethical codes, particularly when managers develop salesforces. Based on social learning theory (SLT), the authors propose a multilevel model of RV antecedents and suggest that organizational influence (social cues and modeling) and individual factors (observer characteristics and behavioral outcomes) affect RV, especially with increasing recruitment of salespeople. Design/methodology/approach Using data from a leading financial company in Taiwan, the authors analyzed 1,231 records of salespeople’s misbehavior through logistic regression and average marginal effects. Findings Modeling in the organization (i.e. peer misconduct), observer characteristics (i.e. experience concerning job tenure and prior violations) and behavioral outcomes (i.e. information concealment violations) were all found to affect the likelihood of RV, and the interactional effect of organizational size was confirmed. Research limitations/implications This study contributes to ethical decision-making theory by explaining aspects of RV through SLT. Its multilevel model, integrated with organizational strategy theories, adds an SLT-focused paradigm into unethical behavior research by considering vicarious learning and self-learning, alongside the reciprocal determinism of cognition, behavior, and environment. Practical implications Managers should consider socially based patterns of violation when initiating a sales business plan. The chances of RV are increased by unethical models in the organization and offenders’ potential for violations, which is reinforced by social environment. Originality/value This study clarified the key drivers of RV decision-making using SLT and identified an effective sales development strategy to maintain an ethically responsible salesforce.
The effect of others’ outcome valence on spontaneous gift-giving behavior
Authors: Hwang Jaewon , Chu Wujin 
Published: April 2019

PurposeIn social networking services gift giving, the decision to send a gift is often initiated by spontaneous news about others, who may have recently experienced fortune or misfortune. The purpose of this paper is to show that the valence of the other’s event can affect the empathy experienced by the giver and that the level of empathy affects gift selection behavior.Design/methodology/approachStudy 1 investigated the relationship between empathy and valence of other’s event and the underlying mechanism of changes in self-esteem. Study 2 explored how different levels of empathies lead to different gift selection behavior. Study 3 replicated the results of Study 2 using a different measurement approach.FindingsAcross the three studies, findings consistently suggest that the empathy arising from unexpected news of the others’ fortune was lower compared to that of the others’ misfortune because of threats to self-esteem. In addition, greater empathy prompted gift givers to spend more time and effort in gift selection.Practical implicationsUnderstanding how valence of event experienced by others might motivate givers to engage in selecting a gift online can help retailers increase predictive insights for recommendations.Originality/valueWhile past research focused on ritual gift giving, this research examined spontaneous gift giving. The study is also unique in that the empathy gap between the giver and the receiver is a result of the changes in the psychological state of the giver.
Adoption of e-government services by small municipalities
Authors: Chen Yu-Che , Kim Yunseung 
Published: April 2019

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to fill the research gap in online information and service adoption by small public organizations. According to the US Census, small municipalities with populations of 5,000 or less constitute 76 percent of all municipalities. Moreover, although these governments can benefit most from e-government adoption, their e-government activities are rarely studied.

Design/methodology/approach
The primary data collection is a state-wide survey of small municipalities along with collecting data on websites and other government documents. The data analysis utilized logistic regression for adoption decisions.

Findings
The findings suggest a distinct set of factors influencing e-government adoption by small municipalities as opposed to large ones. Moreover, management support for open access to government is critical for both e-government information and transaction services while transaction services are also driven by administrative capacity and citizen demand.

Originality/value
This study is original in several ways. First, it is comprehensive in incorporating capacity and network factors along with motivation for management support. Second, it focuses on small municipalities that are important but less studied. At last, it provides a rich understanding of the distinction between information and transaction e-government services.
Technology application and police management: issues and challenges
Authors: Liou Kuotsai Tom 
Published: April 2019

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine critical issues and challenges that are related to the application of technology to improve the management of police organizations.Design/methodology/approachFirst, the study reviews the background of the police service model, the development of police-related technology and the relationship between these technologies and police performance measures. Based on the analysis of managerial concepts, the study provides discussions about risks of technology and human factors, resource limitation, professional attitude and culture, privacy concerns, citizen video and social media, and public trust.FindingsThe study concludes with suggestions to examine police technology application from a broad perspective to address not only technology operational issues but also related organization, management, community and policy concerns.Originality/valueFindings of this study contribute to the understanding of technology application, contribution and limitation in public management.
Youth perspectives on their development in a coding community
Authors: Roque Ricarose , Rusk Natalie 
Published: April 2019

PurposeMany initiatives are seeking to engage children in learning to code. However, few studies have examined how children’s engagement in learning and using coding develops over time. This study aims to seek young people’s perspectives on what they viewed as important in their long-term participation in a coding community.Design/methodology/approachThis study identified youth with a high level of participation and who demonstrated emergent leadership in the Scratch online community. Using methods from qualitative research on youth development, individual interviews were conducted in which these youth were asked about memorable moments in their participation and how these experiences influenced them.FindingsWhile each young person described a unique pathway and perspective, this study identified key experiences that motivated their participation, influenced their development and inspired their emergent leadership. These experiences included opportunities to learn through exploration, to receive feedback from peers, to engage in creative collaboration and to contribute to the community.Practical implicationsThis study discussed these findings in light of previous research on youth development, and it suggests that building on practices and principles from research on youth programs can help more young people become engaged in developing broader skills with coding.Originality/valueYouth highlighted experiences that enabled them to express their ideas, to build relationships, to help others and to see themselves in new ways. Their perspectives expand beyond the predominant focus of coding initiatives on computational thinking and problem-solving skills to also support social, leadership and identity development.
Evaluating the impact resistance of roller compacted concrete containing crumb rubber and nanosilica using response surface methodology and Weibull distribution
Authors: Adamu Musa , Mohammed Bashar S. , Liew Mohd Shahir , Alaloul Wesam Salah 
Published: April 2019

Purpose
Roller compacted concrete (RCC) pavement is used in areas subjected to heavy impact loads; therefore, higher impact resistance is a desirable property of consideration. This study aims to investigate the effect of partial replacement of fine aggregate with crumb rubber (CR) and the addition of nanosilica (NS) by weight of cementitious materials on the impact resistance of roller compacted rubbercrete (RCR).

Design/methodology/approach
Four replacement levels of CR (0, 10, 20 and 30 per cent) and four addition levels of NS (0, 1, 2 and 3 per cent) were considered. The impact resistance test was carried out using the drop weight test recommended by ACI 544.

Findings
The results showed that the impact resistance of RCR increases with an increase in both CR and NS addition, though for CR above 20 per cent, sudden drop in impact resistance was observed. However, NS reduces the ductility of RCR by decreasing the post-cracking impact resistance. Response surface methodology was used to develop models for predicting the impact resistance of RCR, and the developed models showed a high degree of correlation. As a result of wide variations in the impact drop test data, two-parameter Weibull distribution function was used for the data analysis, and it was found that the probabilistic distributions of the first crack and ultimate failure impact resistance follow the two-parameter Weibull distribution function.

Originality/value
In this work, the effect of partial replacement of fine aggregate with CR and the addition of NS by weight of cementitious materials on the impact resistance of RCC pavement has been investigated. CR has been used to increase the impact resistance of RCC Pavement.
Favorable response to apremilast in a patient with refractory psoriasis verrucosa
Authors: Okazaki Sari , Osawa Risa , Nakajima Hideki , Nakajima Kimiko , Sano Shigetoshi 
Published: April 2019

AbstractA 67‐year‐old man, who had been diagnosed with psoriasis 30 years prior, visited our hospital with a complaint of verrucous nodules in the lower legs, which had developed 15 years previously. We diagnosed him as having psoriasis verrucosa of the legs and plaque psoriasis of the torso. Because the lesions were resistant to topical glucocorticoids and vitamin D3, a verrucous lesion in the right leg was treated with surgical ablation, which resulted in the development of generalized pustular psoriasis. After pustular lesions were cleared by systemic glucocorticoids and methotrexate, we treated him with etretinate and cyclosporin, but the verrucous lesions accompanied by chronic bacterial infection persisted over time. One year ago, treatment with recently‐approved apremilast was started. It immediately attenuated the plaques and erythropapular lesions of the trunk. Surprisingly, the verrucous nodules of both legs showed reduction in size in 2 months.
Swift declines predicted following mating system changes driven by an introduced predator
Authors: Wright Timothy F. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractIn Focus: Heinsohn, R., Olah, G., Webb, M., Peakall, R., & Stojanovic, D. (2019). . Journal of Animal Ecology, 88, 502–510.While the effects of variation in the sex ratio of offspring have been thoroughly explored over the last century, the sex ratio of adults has received far less attention. A paper by Heinsohn and colleagues in this issue shows that changes in the adult sex ratio can have striking effects on mating systems, reproductive success and population viability. These impacts are all the more dramatic because they occur in a critically endangered species, the swift parrot, Lathamus discolor, of Tasmania. This species suffers heavy predation from the introduced sugar glider, Petaurus breviceps, which kills nesting females and their clutches, resulting in strongly male‐biased adult sex ratios. The authors combined demographic and genetic data to show that, at sites with heavier predation, the remaining females were more likely to mate with multiple males. This shift in the mating system also led to lower overall nesting success, with fewer chicks fledged per nest at sites with higher levels of mixed paternity. Population viability models based on these data predicted steep population declines, with models using the highest observed rates of mixed paternity showing the sharpest declines. These results demonstrate that changes in the adult sex ratio can have far‐reaching impacts, including on the fitness of populations themselves.
Nitrogen addition reduced ecosystem stability regardless of its impacts on plant diversity
Authors: Liu Jushan , Li Xiaofei , Ma Quanhui , Zhang Xiang , Chen Ying , Isbell Forest , Wang Deli 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Global environmental changes are altering ecosystem stability, sometimes by altering biodiversity. For example, by driving grassland plant species loss, nitrogen (N) addition can reduce ecosystem stability. In other cases, however, N addition may alter productivity and ecosystem stability, by increasing the dominance of particularly productive or stable species.

We examined how N addition affected plant diversity, productivity and the temporal stability of productivity in an 8‐year grassland experiment. We found that N addition enhanced productivity and decreased ecosystem stability throughout the experimental period, even though it reduced species richness in the first 4 years, but increased richness during the subsequent years.

During the early years, N addition decreased ecosystem stability by synchronizing species fluctuations and population stability of the dominant species. During later years, N addition did not increase stability, even though it increased species richness; instead, N addition continued to decrease ecosystem stability by decreasing species dominance and stability of the dominant species, without changing the identity of the dominant species.

Synthesis. Our results indicate that N addition decreased ecosystem stability via mechanisms that were both dependent and independent of plant diversity, and that the mechanisms involved shifted over time. N addition impacted on ecosystem functioning through species richness and the effects on species dominance and the stability of most dominant species, highlighting the join effect of multiple biotic drivers in regulating ecosystem stability.