bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PETUNIA SEEDLING GROWTH - HPS PHOTOPERIOD STUDY
Authors: Healy Will , Graper David 
Published: February 2019

Petunia `Red Flash' seedling were grown under HPS (175 μmolm-2 s-1) photoperiod treatments of 10, 12, 14 or 16 hr at 20C soil temperature in a shaded glasshouse where the maximum peak PPF was reduced to 150 μmolm-2s-1. Seedling dry weight and individual leaf area were determined daily. The photosynthetic rate was determined when seedlings reached the second true leaf stage.The dry weight response to increasing photoperiod durations was cubic with a peak at 14 hr. Seedling dry weight increased slowly during days 5 through 10 then increased rapidly during the next 7 to 10 days. This increase coincided with the unfolding of leaves one through four. The total leaf area showed a cubic response to the photoperiod treatments. The leaf area increased slowly then began an exponential increase after day 10. The photosynthetic rate per gram dry weight was increased by the 10 hr photoperiod treatment when compared to the 16 hr treatment. The increased photosynthetic rate was not observed when the data was calculated on a fresh weight or leaf area basis.
AIR LAYERING FOR CLONAL PROPAGATION OF PROSOPIS CHILENSIS AND OTHER WOODY DESERT LEGUMES
Authors: Hagen Randall H. , Palzkill David A. 
Published: February 2019

Woody legumes used for landscape plants in the desert southwest are extremely variable when propagated from seed. Three Prosopis chilensis trees were air layered in early April, 1989. Stems diameters of 0,5 and 1.0 cm and IBA levels of 5,000 and 15,000 ppm IBA were compared. Except when mechanical damage occurred during the wounding stage or from wind, 100% of the layers at both 5,000 and 15,000 ppm IBA rooted. The 0.5 cm branches were more susceptible to mechanical damage from wounding than the 1.0 cm branches.A second study begun in mid-August, 1989, compared 0 and 5,000 ppm IBA on the same three genotypes. After eight weeks, IBA treated layers had 83% and untreated layers only 13% rooting. Layers with IBA had thicker and more numerous roots.Air layers of Cercidium, Parkinsonia, and other species of Prosopis were also successfully rooted.
EFFECTS OF FOLIAR CALCIUM SPRAYS ON ALUMINUM TOXICITY OF PEACH
Authors: Graham Charles J. , Reighard Gregorv L. 
Published: February 2019

Peaches are often grown on sandy, low pH soils which may predispose plants to aluminum (Al) toxicity. Previous research has shown that peach (Prunus persica, L. Batsch) is not tolerant to Al and toxicity may be associated with occurence of peach tree short life syndrome. Current recommendations to control PTSL include soil calcium (Ca) applications to reduce soil acidity and Al availability. However, these applications often result in inconsistent responses. Objectives of this study were to determine if Ca would ameliorate the effects of Al toxicity and whether different Ca compounds would provide different responses.Rootstock were grown in sand culture supplied with Hoagland's solution containing 16.7 mM aluminum Trees received weekly foliar sprays containing 12.5 uM calcium and 0.1% Chevron X-77 as a spreading agent. Calcium compounds tested included calcium chloride, formate, lactate, nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate. Stem dry weights were significantly increased by Ca lactate and sulfate, leaf dry weight by Ca lactate, and Ca formate significantly increased leaf retention. Nutrient concentrations and interactions in leaves, stems, and roots will be discussed.
VEGETATIVE GROWTH AND FLOWERING OF DENDRANTHEMA GRANDIFLORA TZVELEV. `SPEARS' IN RESPONSE TO INCORPORATED APPLICATIONS OF CONTROLLED-RELEASE FERTILIZERS
Authors: Owings Allen D. , Meadows Warren A. , Fuller Donald L. , Stewart Melinda R. 
Published: February 2019

Recent studies at Louisiana State University evaluated incorporated rates (0.72, 1.08, and 1.44 kg N/m3) of controlled-release fertilizers (Chrysanthemum Mix 12N-4.4P-14.1K, Osmocote 14N-6.1P-11.6K, and Nutricote Type 70 14N-6.1P-11.6K) on vegetative growth and flowering of `Spears' potted chrysanthemums. Data collected included fresh and dry weight, height, width, flower size, flower number, days to first flower color, and days to flower finish.Flower characteristics were not greatly affected by fertilizer or application rate. Dry weight increased with an increase in application rate from 0.72 kg N/m3 to 1.44 kg N/m3.
AUTUMN EHTREL SPRAYS ON PEACHES; OBSERVATIONS OF WINTER HARDINESS AND BLOOM
Authors: Patterson Keith , Rom Curt R. , Bourne Robert , Clark John C. 
Published: February 2019

Ethrel sprays were applied at 50 or 100 ppm at approximately 40%, 70% leaf fall (10/16/89 or 10/24/89, respectively) or at both times on `Redhaven' and `Allgold' peaches. Bud hardiness was determined biweekly by differential thermal analysis (DTA). Stage and percentage of bloom open during the bloom period were subjectively estimated.Spraying trees with 100ppm Ethrel at 50% leaf fall significantly increased bud hardiness at mid-winter compared to other treatments. After a mid-winter freeze (-21.7 C on 12/21/89), there was no significant difference between % bud survival of any treatments. But, trees treated with 50 or 100ppm Ethrel had 10-20% better bud survival than other treatments. Buds of the 2 cultivars had statistically similar hardiness although DTA analysis indicated that Redhaven had a .5-.8 C lower freezing point than Allgold in mid winter. This trend was reversed close to bloom with Allgold having .7 C lower freezing point than Redhaven. The time of full bloom was significantly delayed by treating trees with 100ppm at 40% leaf fall or 50ppm at both 40 and 70% leaf fall the previous autumn.
ENCLAVE EMPLOYMENT OF DISABLED INDIVIDUALS IN A UNIVERSITY GROUNDS MAINTENANCE DEPARTMENT A CASE STUDY
Authors: Dobbs Gerald S. , Swain Billy L. , Relf P. Diane 
Published: February 2019

In 1986, VPI&SU contracted with the New River Valley Workshop for a pilot project to determine the effectiveness of “enclave placement” in its landscape maintenance program. An enclave of five disabled adults and one working supervisor were employed to assist Virginia Tech's Grounds Department by working as a crew in litter removal, weeding, raking leaves, and shoveling snow.The enclave was enthusiastic, dedicated, and had low absenteeism, thereby setting a standard for salaried employees. The enclave's participation in the Virginia Tech grounds maintenance program enabled many of the salaried employees to dedicate their time and energy to more complicated tasks.The pilot project led to a contract that has been effective for four years, proving that disabled adults can function together as a team and, at the same time, be an integral part of a large grounds maintenance department.
TEN NOTABLE WOMEN HORTICULTURISTS IN THE HISTORY OF HORTICULTURE
Authors: Hershey David R. 
Published: February 2019

There are many notable women horticulturists who deserve greater recognition in college horticultural curricula. Ten notable women in horticultural history, listed alphabetically, are,Jenny Butchart (1868-1950) - Created Butchart Gardens.Beatrix Farrand (1872-1959) - American landscape gardener, famous for Dumbarton Oaks and many other landscapes.Annie Jack (1839-1912) - Canadian horticultural author.Gertrude Jekyll (1843-1932) - English landscape gardener.Martha Logan (1702/04-1779) - Pioneer nurseryman.Jane Loudon (1807-1858) - English horticultural author.Isabella Preston (1881-1965) - Canadian plant breeder.Theodosia Burr Shepherd (1845-1906)- Pioneer California flower seed grower/breeder and retail florist.Harriet Williams Russell Strong (1844-1926) - Pioneer in irrigation and in the California walnut industry.Cynthia Westcott (1898-1983) - The plant doctor.
SKIRTING VERSUS UNSKIRTING CITRUS TREES FOR FROST CONTROL
Authors: Naranjo Anastacio P. , McNeil Robert J. 
Published: February 2019

The purpose of this experiment was to measure the difference in temperatures influenced by skirted and unskirted cirrus trees under cold temperatures. Sixty citrus trees (oranges and lemons) planted on a hillside were skirted at 18 inches above ground level for this experiment. The experiment was conducted over 96 days, in which daily minimum temperature readings were taken. In addition to the thermometers, four thermographs were used to record constant temperate and duration of frosty nights.In 79 of the 96 days of the experiment, the skirted treatment showed an increase in the temperature compared with the unskirted treatment at an average increase of 0.25°F. Statistical differences between treatments ranging from 0.5°F to 0.7°F were found for three different days at temperatures in the 40's. No statistical differences between treatments were found at temperatures in the 30's. The thermograph readings showed no differences in the duration of cold temperatures between skirted and unskirted treatments.
UTILIZATION OF PLUGS IN PRAIRIE RESTORATION
Authors: Moseman Sonja , Ferriss Terry , Kidd William 
Published: February 2019

The preservation/restoration of prairie ecosystems is part of our responsibility as stewards of the earth. Success in reestablishing prairie plant communities has been quite variable and far from optimum. This cooperative project between the University of Wisconsin-River Falls (UWRF) and Carpenter Nature Center examine the use of horticulture plug technology as a means of improving the quality, availability, production efficiency and transplant survivability of herbaceous frob prairie species for use in prairie restoration efforts.Data on growth rates and winter survival of bare-root seedlings and plug seedlings of Rudbeckia hirta, Ratibida pinnata and Zizea aurea in prairie test plots will be presented. The plug seedlings were stockier plants, had well developed root systems, and demonstrated excellent performance as transplants in prairie restoration efforts.
LEAF CHARACTERISTICS OF FRUITING AND DEFLOWERED RED RASPBERRY CANES OVER THE COURSE OF THE GROWING SEASON
Authors: Klauer Stephen F. , Chen Chuhe , Cameron J. Scott , Hartley Carol A. 
Published: February 2019

In the early spring, 300 canes of `Meeker' red raspberry were tagged and 150 were deflowered at anthesis. During a 12-week period beginning at anthesis, leaves were sampled for anatomical sectioning and determination of chlorophyll content and dry weight per leaf unit area,Comparisons of leaf cross-sections from fruiting (F) and deflowered (DF) canes demonstrated high levels of starch accumulation in the latter. This accumulation of starch was layered throughout the cross section, and size of starch crystals varied by location. Dry weight per leaf unit area increased in all leaves during the season, but was consistently greater in leaves of DF canes throughout the season.Total leaf chlorophyll and chlorophyll a content increased until reaching a maximum three weeks after anthesis, Both decreased slightly until nine weeks after anthesis and sharply thereafter as leaves began to senesce. Chlorophyll b content remained nearly constant until eight weeks after anthesis at which time levels declined during the onset of senescence.
DENSITY SEPARATION OF ZYGOTIC AND SOMATIC EMBRYOS
Authors: Velho Christiane Cabral , Saranga Yehoshua , Janick Jules 
Published: February 2019

Density changes associated with developing zygotic embryos of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) and somatic embryos of celery (Apium graveolens L.) were determined using sucrose gradients. Continuous sucrose gradients were used to evaluate relative density of loblolly pine embryos from July 25, when embryos could be microscopically observed, to November 7, 1988. Embryos density declined during development with a maximum (51% sucrose equivalent or 1.2331 g/ml) at first sampling and then remain relatively constant (10% sucrose equivalent or 1.0306 g/ml) after day 49. Density changes were inversely related to embryo length.Celery somatic embryos, cultured for 6, 8, 10, or 12 days were separated with sucrose solutions varying from 9 to 16% in 1% intervals. Embryos were classified as overmature (expanded cotyledons), mature (torpedo), and immature (globular). The number of low density embryos increased from 6 to 12 days. The highest conversion to normal seedlings after desiccation for 48 hr at 90% relative humidity was obtained with overmature and mature embryos, but some immature somatic embryos also survived. Maximum conversion was obtained from embryos with density equivalent of 12% to 14% sucrose (1.0448 g/ml to 1.0531 g/ml) at days 10 and 12.
ASSAYS TO DETERMINE CHERRY ROOTSTOCK TOLERANCE TO “BACTERIAL CANKER” (PSEUDOMONAS SYRINGAE PV. SYRINGAE)
Authors: Krzesinska Elzbieta , Miller Anita Nina 
Published: February 2019

An excised twig assay was developed to evaluate cherry genotypes for their tolerance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae. One-year-old wood was collected at monthly intervals from Oct. until Jan. of `Napoleon', `Corum', and a number of cherry rootstock. The rootstock included F/12-1, Giessen (GI), and M×M selections. Twigs were inoculated with one avirulent and three virulent strains. Evaluation of incision browning, callus, and gummosis production were made after incubation for 3 weeks. Based on gummosis is and browning ratings, all the rootstocks tested were found to be more tolerant than `Napoleon' and `Corum' to the 3 strains of Pseudomonas syringae used. No gummosis or browning was observed on twigs inoculated with water or the avirulent strain.Plant signals extracted from cherry leaves have been shown to control expression of virulence genes in P. syringae. Crude aqueous extracts from `Napoleon' twigs induced the syrB::1acZ fusion in P. syringae strain B3AR132 Other rootstocks are currently being evaluated for their ability to induce virulence in P. syringae pv. syringae,
PLANT GROWTH MODIFICATION AND WATER USE OF HIBISCUS ROSA-SINENSIS `BRILLIANT' PLANTS BY UNICONAZOLE WITH VARIOUS COMBINATIONS OF PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS.
Authors: Sanabria L.G. , Newman S.E. 
Published: February 2019

Various uniconazole (Sumagic™) rates were either sprayed or drenched alone or in combination with 6-BA and GA4+7 (Promalin™) or dikegulac-sodium (Atrinal™) on Hibiscus rosa-sinensis `Brilliant'. The rates of uniconazole were 0, 5, 10, and 15 mg a.i./L; 6-BA and GA4+7, 25 mg a.i./L each; and dikegulac-sodium 1000 mg a.i./L.Plant height was reduced by uniconazole when drenched at rates as low as 5 mg/L and 15 mg/L when sprayed. Dikegulac-sodium slightly counteracted the effects of uniconazole. Uniconazole activity was increased when either sprayed or drenched with application of 6-BA and GA4+7 resulting in greater height reduction.Transpiration and stomatal diffusive resistance of plants drenched with uniconazole alone was erratic; however, when uniconazole was sprayed or drenched and mixed with 6–BA and GA4+7 or dikegulac-sodium transpiration increased.
EFFECTS OF VACUUM DEVICES ON POPULATION OF LYGUS HESPERUS, VARIOUS BENEFICIAL INSECTS AND FRUIT QUALITY OF STRAWBERRIES
Authors: Welch N.C. , Pickel C. , Walsh D. 
Published: February 2019

Two vacuum machines, a single row 950 cfm and a 3 row 3000 cfm of air movement were tested. Treatments: 1) weekly vacuum, 2) Biphenthrin and 3) Untreated.Biphenthrin treatments significantly reduced the number per plant of lygus nymphs (0.2) and adults (0.7) vs. the vacuum treatments (3.1) and (0.31) and Untreated (4.6) and (1.2) in both tests. Damaged fruit was significantly less in the Biphenthrin treatments (4.4%) from the vacuum (15.5%) and Untreated (21.5%) plots.There was significant reduction in lygus numbers and fruit damage in the vacuum plot, but fruit damage remained unacceptably high. Minute pirate bugs were the least affected by the vacuum treatments. Lace wings and spiders were somewhat more affected and big eyed bug populations were reduced by over 50%.
EFFECT OF PREHARVEST CULTURAL PRACTICES ON STORAGE LIFE OF GRAPE VARIETY `HIMROD'
Authors: Eboudwarej Albert F. , Herner Robert C. 
Published: February 2019

The grape variety `Himrod' under conventional storage practices has a short storage life while it has an excellent quality character.To modify berry size and cluster compactness, different treatments are being used. Application of these cultural practices has pronounced effect on storage life of grapes. The cultural practices consist of different combinations of gibberellin application (two different concentrations), girdling and cluster thjnning.Biophysical and biochemical evaluation of the grapes under two different modified storage conditions showed that treated grapes react differently during storage. Our results suggest that grapes that were only treated with gibberellin (20 ppm at shatter and 50 ppm postshatter) were better than control slid any other combined treatments and the worst was the case of only girdling application. Combination of these two treatments were intermediate in terms of biophysical evaluation.
COLLECTION OF FRAGARIA IN CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN CHILE
Authors: Sjulin Thomas M. , Cameron J. Scott , Shanks Carl H. , Munoz Carlos E. 
Published: February 2019

In January, 1990, a team of U.S. and Chilean scientists collected native and cultivated Fragaria from central and southern Chile. During the course of this expedition, 363 new accessions of Fragaria were collected. Approximately 2,500 plants of 250 clones were collected from 66 sites in 19 different areas, and 113 seedlots (estimated at over 100,000 seeds) were obtained.Plants were collected from a wide range of habitats, and considerable variability was observed in vegetative and reproductive characteristics. Fruit were round to conical in shape, deep red to white in color, soft to moderately firm, with soluble solids ranging from 5-18%, dull to glossy skin, bland to strong flavor, low to very high aromatics, and difficult to moderately easy capping. Fruit size in situ approached 4 g, while fruit larger than 12 g were found under cultivated conditions. Strawberry aphids (Chaetosiphon fragaefolii) were found on plants in situ and under cultivation. Little or no evidence of other pests were observed on clones collected in situ.
IRRADIANCE AND TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON DEVELOPMENT OF BEGONIA SEMPERFLORENS-CULTORUM
Authors: Shoemaker Candice A. , Carlson William H. 
Published: February 2019

Effects of temperature (18-32C), irradiance (0-4.3 mol day-1m-2), and pH (4.5-7.5) on germination of begonia were evaluated. Germination of 90-93% occurred at 18-24C and 79-83% at greater than 24C. There was no difference in germination between seeds receiving ambient irradiance conditions and seeds receiving 24hr supplemental irradiance (4.3 mol day-1m-2). Begonia did not germinate in the dark. On filter paper, no germination occurred at pH 4.5 or 5.0 while germination of 84 and 94% occurred within the pH range 5.5-7.5. In a peatlite medium, germination ≥80% occurred across all pH levels evaluated.Photosynthetic photon flux (PPF), day temperature (DT), and night temperature (NT) effects on vegetative development (3 true leaves to first flower) were determined. Plant height increased <2 cm as PPF level increased from 4.4 mol day-1m-2 to 12.15 mol day-1m-2. DT and NT influenced plant height, but as with PPF, the differences were only 1-2 cm. Neither average daily temperature (ADT) nor the difference between the DT and NT (DIF) affected plant height. Primary lateral shoot number increased as temperature and PPF increased.
REVISING THE SUPERVISORS INTERIOR?LANTSCAPE COURSE
Authors: Botacchi Allen C. 
Published: February 2019

Prior to the fall of 1989, no Commercial Supervisory Pesticide Applicator Certification for the Interior Plantscape category existed in the State of Connecticut. The Cooperative Extension Educator for Commercial Horticulture and the Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection cooperated to establish the requirements for an Interior Plantscape Pest Control category.The Extension Curriculum was revised to prepare individuals to take the Connecticut DEP examination. This course was taught during the summer of 1990.Students were made more aware of the proper site and/or plant selection relationships. Emphasis was placed on careful and detailed inspection of newly purchased plant material. Additional cultural information was presented to reduce and/or eliminate the use of pesticides.Course content and student survey results from this curriculum will be presented.
ON FARM TRIALS WORK
Authors: Nuland David S. , Schild Jim 
Published: February 2019

We have looked at varieties and rates of added nitrogen in 56 cm farm trials over three years. Treatments in all trials are randomized and applied in planter width strips. For varieties, locations are used as replication with treatment numbers ranging from two to nine. For the nitrogen rate study, four treatments are replicated three times at each location. The treatments are hand harvested. Two forty foot samples are taken for plant population, biomass and grain yield from each treatment.Coefficient of variations range from 3 to 7 percent with LSD at .05 for harvested grain of between three to four hundred weight. The growers are dependable, practical minded, realistic and appreciate the privilege of generating information that is useful to their profession. For most, seeing is believing. The information gained is willingly shared.
MINIMUM TILLAGE AND NITROGEN INTERACTIONS IN PRODUCTION OF FALL BROCCOLI
Authors: Roberts B. W. , Cartwright Bob 
Published: February 2019

Raised beds approximately 20 cm tall by 76 cm wide were formed on 1.8 m centers in the spring of 1988 and 1989. Beds were either left bare or seeded with rye (Secale cereale) or hairy vetch (Vicia villosa) at 84 or 45 kg ha-1 respectively. All plots were sprayed with glyphosate in August of each year. In 1988, a 30 cm strip was tilled in the center of each bed. In 1989, there was no tillage or mowing.The design was a randomized complete block with four levels of nitrogen (45, 90, 134, and 179 kg ha-1) at each soil cover. Broccoli seedlings were transplanted in double rows on 30 cm spacings into the plots each year in late August.Height of the raised beds was maintained with both rye and vetch. Broccoli yields were highest in the bare soil treatments In 1988, the lowest yield was with vetch, and in 1989 the lowest yield was with rye. There was a positive linear yield response to nitrogen. The number of heads harvested did not differ significantly between soil covers
THE EFFECTS OF CARBON DIOXIDE ENRICHMENT ON PRODUCTION AND POSTHARVEST CHARACTERISTICS OF POTTED ROSES (Rosa × hybrida `Meijikatar')
Authors: Clark D.G. , Kelly J.W. 
Published: February 2019

Potted Rosa × hybrida `Meijikatar' plants were produced at 350, 700, and 1050 μl·liter-1 CO2. At a stage of development where half of the flowers showed color, plants were placed into simulated shipping incubators for 5 days at 4 or 16 C.Increased CO2 levels resulted in shorter production time, increased root dry weight, increased plant height, and reduced total chlorophyll in the upper leaves of the plants. Upon removal from simulated shipping, the number of etiolated shoots per plant increased with increased CO2 concentration. After 5 days in a simulated interior environment, higher shipping temperatures induced more leaf chlorosis, but there were no differences in leaf chlorosis due to CO2 enrichment.