bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Choice at the pump: measuring preferences for lower-carbon combustion fuels
Authors: Helveston John P , Seki Stephanie M , Min Jihoon , Fairman Evelyn , Boni Arthur A , Michalek Jeremy J , Azevedo Inês M L 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A decarbonized future will require a transition to lower carbon fuels for personal transportation. We study consumer preferences for combustion fuels including gasoline, diesel, natural gas, and E85 (85% ethanol and 15% gasoline) using consumer choice survey data from two settings: online (n = 331) and in-person at refueling stations (n = 127). Light-duty vehicle owners were asked in a series of choice tasks to choose among fuels that varied in type, price, CO2 emissions, and location of origin for a hypothetical vehicle that could accept all fuels. We find that the majority of gasoline and E85 users are willing to substitute towards other fuels at today’s prices and attributes, while diesel users have a strong preference for diesel fuel. We also find that respondents are willing to pay on average $150/ton CO2 avoided from fuel consumption—more than most estimates of the social cost of carbon. Thus, communicating the climate benefits from alternative fuels may be an important strategy for decarbonizing the transportation sector.
Scientific Study of Novaya Zemlya Archipelago at the end of the 19th – the beginning of the 20th century
Authors: Brovina A A , Philippova T P 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The history of scientific research of Novaya Zemlya archipelago at the end of the 19th – the beginning of the 20th century is analysed based on archival and published sources. The study of the history of scientific research on the vast northern territory is closely connected with the history of the role of national science in development of the Arctic territories of Russia. At the end of the 19th century geo-political situation encouraged the Government of Russia to colonize Novaya Zemlya actively. Large-scale scientific research was organized to study thoroughly its physical and geographic characteristics and to explore natural resources. In wide political and socio-economic context the period taken for the study is topical in terms of attaching this territory to Russia. Systematic studies of Novaya Zemlya started in the Soviet period when the young Government of the USSR started to regard the archipelago as an important military outpost of the country and one of the sources of natural productive forces of the country. The leading role of the Academy of Sciences and the All-Union Arctic Research Institute in the research of Novaya Zemlya is shown. Special attention is paid to the initiatives of the scientific society in the research of the archipelago.
Discussions on the need of developing the North in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century
Authors: Kovalev B , Kulik S , Polikova M 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
At the beginning of the 20th century, the vast territory of the Russian Empire beyond the Arctic Circle was practically uninhabited. It was necessary to make the northern rivers navigable, and to explore these territories for mineral deposits. Deputies of the State Duma proposed constructing a canal between the Baltic Sea and the White Sea. The development of the economy of Siberia was closely linked with the development of the Northern Sea Route. However, the monarchical government considered this region politically unreliable, and most of the Duma deputies underestimated the importance of the North for the development of the country. The authorities forbade the development of local governments in this region. For the minority of the Duma deputies, it seemed unjustified that significant funds for transport development were invested in the “national outskirts”: Poland and the Baltic provinces. Meanwhile, Norway actively used the weakness of Russia in the North. Norwegian cities were developing fast attracting Russian fishermen to sell their catch there. Due to insufficient funding and underestimation by the authorities, the development of Russia’s North received no adequate support. The construction of the port of Murmansk began too late, after the outbreak of World War I.
Arctic and subarctic zones of the European North-East of Russia in the Iron Age and the Middle Ages
Authors: Vaskul I O , Zherebtsov I L , Murygin A M , Klenov M V 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The processes associated with the development of the Pre-Polar and Polar regions of the European North-East in the Iron Age and in the Middle Ages are studied. The interrelation of these processes with climatic changes is traced. In the context of the ongoing cold snap in the I Millennium B.C. the outflow of the population to the zone of Northern taiga takes place. On the territory of the Bolshezemelskaya and Malozemelskaya tundra a very small number of sites was revealed, which probably indicates the occasional use of commercial resources of these areas. The next stage of development and settling of the Arctic and sub Arctic zone begins in the I Millennium A.D. due to the improvement of climatic conditions in the middle Subatlantic. By the middle of the I Millennium A.D a subarctic culture associated in its origin with the Ob-Yamal North of Western Siberia is formed on the territory of this region. The culture is characterized by ceramic complexes of the More-Yu, Khutiyunkos and Komatyvis type. Economic and cultural type of its bearers included coastal and land hunting with seasonal change of occupations. In the valley of the Polar Pechora a special ethno-territorial group of the second half of the I – first half of the II Millennium A.D. documented by pottery of Novoborsk type is revealed. According to its characteristics, it is close to the Ugric or Samoyedic range of related archaeological cultures of the West Siberian or pre-Ural-Pechora cultural areas. In the first half of the II Millennium A.D. a new stage in the history of the Arctic and subArctic zone begins. Its main content is the process of development of these areas by the ancient Russian population. Early archaeological evidence of penetration of the Russians refers to the XII century. In the XIII-XVI centuries famous Russian settlements are known. This process ended with the entry of this region into the Russian state.
Quality assessment of the canned fish made of capelin of the prolonged storage period produced by the soft conditions of fish smoking
Authors: Alloyarova Yu , Alloyarov K , Kuranova L , Karpovich I 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The study focuses on the manufacturing techniques of canned food «Smoked Capelin in oil» from the little-used fish raw materials of the Arctic region – Barents Sea capelin (Mallotus villosus) of the prolonged storage period. The special feature of the offered technology is the application of the soft conditions of the preliminary heat treatment (PHT) of fish – smoking at the lowered temperatures. This technology prevents the risk of nitrosamines formation and entering of such cancerogenic substances as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons into the final product. The study also provides data on the influence of raw materials properties and temperature parameters on the duration of dehydration process while preparation of a smoked semi-finished product from a capelin. The results of organoleptic assessment made it possible to find the optimal PHT temperature and time parameters of smoked capelin semi-finished products and ready canned food. It was established that the usage of the soft PHT cold smoking modes increases the amount of a semi-finished product due to the decrease in losses of moisture. The aim of this research was to study the possibility of canned food production from frozen raw materials of the prolonged period of storage. The results are based on the analysis of how the quality of both frozen fish and the produced canned food changed over the time (on microbiological, chemical and organoleptic indicators). The industrial sterility of canned food was confirmed by microbiological researches, thus there is some evidence, that the developed mode of sterilization of canned food «Smoked Capelin in oil» can be regarded as effective. The study indicates the parameters of the chemical, amino-acid and fatty-acid composition of the canned food made on the developed technology, and assesses its safety and biological value. Research conducted on the qualitative characteristics of a new product in the process of storage made it possible to develop and approve specifications and the technological instruction for production of canned food «Smoked Capelin in oil». It was confirmed that the storage period of canned food «Smoked Capelin in oil» produced of frozen capelin does not exceed six months at a temperature not above minus of eighteen degrees Celsius.
Ecological state of aquatic biocenoses in the streams of the Kola basin, Barents Sea
Authors: Ilmast N V , Alekseev M Y , Bochkarev N A , Sendek D S 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The ecological state of freshwater ecosystems is essential because they are actively used in human economic activities. As the habitats of valuable commercial fish species deteriorate, their population decreases rapidly. Therefore, environmental monitoring of water bodies, markedly affected by human activities, contributes to efficient natural resources management. Thus, analysis of recent data on the state of river ecosystems in the Kola Bay basin is of great interest. It shows the current state of biocenoses in some of the streams flowing into Kola Bay of the Barents Sea, an environmentally unsafe area on the Kola Peninsula. Studies have shown that in spite of ongoing human activities in the Kola Bay watershed, the state of the ecosystems in local streams generally remains satisfactory. The distribution density of Atlantic salmon juveniles in the tributaries of the Nizhnetulomsky Reservoir varies from 20 to 70 juv./100 m2. The distribution indices of trout in the River Bolshaya Lavna vary from 5 to 65 fish/100 m2 and those in streams from 10 fish/100 m2 (Goryachev Brook) to 18 fish/100 m2 (Tretiy Brook). The main factor which negatively affects the reproduction of diadromous fish species is hydrolic construction which results in the decrease of the Atlantic salmon, sea trout and whitefish stock. To efficiently maintain the ecosystems of the streams, the construction of fish-screening structures, the river channels should be recultivated and the artificial reproduction of valuable fish species should be launched.
Current state and trends in the content of 137Cs and 90Sr in abiotic and biotic components of Arctic ecosystems (Barents and Kara Seas case study)
Authors: Matishov G G , Usyagina I S , Kasatkina N E 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This publication summarizes long-term data on radioactive contaminants in seawater, bottom sediments, and marine fish and describes current patterns in radionuclide distribution using data collected by the Murmansk Marine Biological Institute during cruises to the Barents and Kara Seas in 2015–2017. During the study period, no short-lived artificial radionuclides were found in the Barents and Kara Seas. 137Cs and 90Sr isotopes with a longer half-life are still registered in Atlantic waters that are the main source of radioactive contamination in these Arctic seas. Volumetric activity of 137Cs and 90Sr was compared at different depths. A uniform distribution of 137Cs in the vertical column of water and a tendency to increase the volume activity of 90Sr from surface to bottom were observed in the Barents Sea. Bottom sediments in the Kara Sea contain on average 2 times more 137Cs than the Barents Sea. Atlantic cod is characterized by an extremely low concentration of 137Cs in muscular tissue, about an order of magnitude lower than in the period of maximum contamination of Barents Sea waters observed in 1982. Currently there is a decreasing trend in concentrations of anthropogenic radioisotopes in the environment and biota. Processes of 137Cs and 90Sr removing from biotic and abiotic components are described with exponential functions. Due to natural marine purification processes, the decrease of 137Cs and 90Sr concentrations in the Barents and Kara Seas occur 2–4 times faster than the physical radioactive decay of these radionuclides.
Specific features of domestic and international legal regulation of environmental management in the Arctic
Authors: Snetkov V N , Ponomarenko A V , Asemenova K 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe presented article examines the specific features of legal regulation of Arctic environmental management by different countries and the major directions of the state policy in this field. The article analyzes various national and international laws and regulations that formalize the development of Arctic resources and protection of the Arctic environment, and assesses the provisions of the Arctic development strategies of foreign countries and the «Foundations of the State Policy of the Russian Federation in the Arctic until 2020 and Beyond» [1]. One of the major directions of the state policy in the Arctic is finding a balance between the need to develop Arctic resources and protect the Arctic environment. Given the global importance of achieving this goal, the Russian Federation as the largest polar country needs to ensure that an appropriate regulatory framework is created. One of the possible options would be the adoption of the Federal Law on the Arctic Zone of the Russian Federation. In addition to the general issues of Russian sovereignty, jurisdiction, and the guiding principles of governance in the Arctic, the law should include provisions concerning the specific features of environmental management in the Arctic region with allowance for the need to develop natural resources and protect the Arctic environment from negative impacts. Another option involves the adoption of specialized laws focusing on environmental protection and prevention of pollution of Arctic waters and lands of the Russian Federation.
Legal regulation of ecological tourism in Arctic
Authors: Ermolina M A , Kapustina M A , Matveevskaya A S , Pogodina V L 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Ecological tourism is one of the current trends in development of Arctic. There are several reasons for this: popularity of ecological tourism among modern travelers in general and competitiveness of Arctic travel in a unique and diverse nature; profitability of ecological entrepreneurship; environmental, socio-economic and educational importance of ecological tourism for sustainable development of Arctic. Accordingly, the legal regulation of ecological tourism in Arctic should serve the purpose of ensuring preservation of human capital, protection and reproduction of natural complex of Arctic, efficient use of material, financial and human resources based on modern achievements in the field of ecology and tourism technologies. Entrepreneurial activity in the field of ecological tourism in Arctic is carried out simultaneously in the context of international cooperation and interaction of professional entrepreneurs with local population of Arctic. It is important to consider possible impact of nature protection tourism on lifestyle of people living in Arctic. Indigenous people should have the right to preserve traditional way of life and, at the same time, opportunity to develop modern forms of self-organization, self-regulation. Legal guarantees for development of ecological tourism in Arctic are state support measures federal legislation, state programs, state budget.
Tourism as a factor of restructuring the economy of resource-producing regions of the Arctic (on the example of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District)
Authors: Larchenko L V , Gladkiy Yu N , Kolesnikov R A 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Article is devoted to the justification of the possibility of the tourism industry to become one of the leading sectors of the territorial specialization of resource regions of the North and the Arctic. The article analyzed the tourist and recreational potential of YaNAD and studied the problem of formation of the tourism industry in the region. The result of the study was the development of organizational, managerial and economic activities, the implementation of which opens up new possibilities for the development of the northern tourism as well as recommendations for the management of the tourist industry were made. We studied the spatial differentiation of tourist resources and tourist attendance Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District and proposed forming of a single tourist and recreational space, based on the cluster approach and the principles of integration. We made conclusions according to which the main prerequisite for the development of tourism in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District is a long-felt need for an integrated development of the area through the expansion of the economic base, the transition from single-industry raw material economy to a more sustainable diversified one.The formation of high-grade, high-yield tourism industry will help increase the income of the region and will allow considering tourism as one of the leading budget-forming sectors of territorial specialization. The results of the study can be used by the state and municipal authorities in developing programs for the socio-economic development of both the region and municipalities, as well as programs for the development of tourism and investment projects.
Vanadium in the Arctic zone of Russia on the Kola region example: prevalence, sources, industrial potential
Authors: Kompanchenko A A , Neradovsky Yu N 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This article gives a brief overview of the prevalence, sources and industrial potential of vanadium in the Arctic zone of Russia on the Kola region example. Within the Kola region many solid minerals is mining: apatite-nepheline ores of the Khibiny, rare earth elements ore of Lovozero, baddeleyite-apatite-magnetite ores of the Kovdor, ferruginous quartzites of Olenegorsk, copper-nickel deposits of Pechenga etc. In the region potential deposits of platinum group elements, chromium, titanium, lithium and beryllium are explored. Recent studies conducted by the workers of the KSC RAS, in combination with geological and exploration data of predecessors, indicate that within the Kola region there are large sources of vanadium. Numerous occurrences of vanadium mineralization, as well as deposits of vanadium, are mainly localized within the entire Paleoproterozoic Pechenga-Imandra-Varzuga (PIV) rift belt, which stretches for more than 500 km across the entire Kola Peninsula - from the throat of the White sea in the North-East to the Norwegian Caledonian in the North-West. The time of the belt development is considered to be at the period 2.5-1.7 Ga. Elevated concentrations of vanadium is installed in metasomatites at the contact of volcanics and dolomite in Prikhibin’e, in sedimentary rocks of the North Pechenga area and throughout the black-shale strata of the entire PIV zone. Mineralization, composed by extremely rare vanadium minerals, established in massive sulfide ores of the PIV belt, however, has only scientific interest. Potential sources of industrial extraction of vanadium are complex Fe-Ti-V ores, which are components of mafic/ultramafic layered intrusions. The study of Fe-Ti-V ores of the region continues.
The Kolmozero deposit: a unique Li source in the European Arctic of Russia
Authors: Morozova L N 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Tens to hundreds of pegmatite veins can accumulate within a pegmatite field. However, only a limited number of pegmatite veins can be practically valued. Hence, there is a problem of identifying rare metal pegmatites at the stage of geological prospecting and appraisal. Geochemical indicators are most impartial, reproducible and highly informative for these purposes. The Kolmozero lithium deposit is located in the Neoarchaean metagabbro-anorthozites of the Patchemvareksky massif in the junction zone of the two major regional structures of the Archaean age, i.e. the Murmansk block and the Kolmozero-Voronya Greenstone Belt of the Kola Peninsula. It is shown that pegmatites of the Kolmozero deposit with industrially valued rare metal mineralization (Be, Ta, Nb, Li) are poor in large-ion lithophile elements (LILE) (Sr and Ba) and in high charged high field strength elements (HFSE) (REE, Th, Zr). They also have low values of fractionation indexes – Mg/Li and Zr/Hf. The defined geochemical indicators have been applied to estimate feldspar pegmatites and muscovite-feldspar pegmatites that are spatially associated with rare metal pegmatites of the Kolmozero lithium deposit. The feldspar (beryllium-bearing) and muscovite-feldspar (beryllium-niobium-tantalum) pegmatites have rare metal mineralization and, like albite-spodumene pegmatites, are rich in Li, Nb, Ta, Be and depleted by Sr, Ba, Zr, Y, REE. Contents of ore elements (Li, Nb, Ta, Be) content increases from feldspar to muscovite-feldspar and albite-spodumen pegmatites. It is accompanied by a decrease in values of fractionation indexes of Zr/Hf and Mg/Li, as well as a decrease in contents of light, medium and heavy lantanoids Zr, Ba and Sr.
Rare elements in minerals of pegmatites of the Kolmozero deposit (Kola Peninsula)
Authors: Morozova L N , Batalin G A , Gareev B I , Trifonov A A 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The content of rare elements in the mineral composition can vary over a wide range. Therefore, the distribution regularities of impurity elements in crystalline phases are used to solve various petrological problems. Rare elements in minerals are indicators of PT-conditions for mineral formation or late superimposed processes. Rare elements that do not form their own phases, but are completely dispersed as an isomorphic impurity in the grids of rock-forming minerals, serve as reliable indicators of the development of mineral formation processes. For the pegmatite process, such microelements are: Rb, Cs, Ba, Sr, Pb and Tl. The main rock-forming pegmatite minerals are represented by quartz, plagioclase, microcline, spodumene and muscovite. The content of rare elements: Li, Be, Ta, Nb, Cs, Rb, Mn, Ti, Hf, Sr, Ba, Tl, Pb, Th, U, Y, Zr, Zn, Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Ga, Ge, As, Cd, Sn, Bi, W in spodumene, plagioclase, microcline and muscovite from rare metal pegmatites of the Kolmozero lithium deposit was determined by mass spectroscopy method with inductively coupled plasma (ICP-MS). A distinctive feature of the composition of spodumene is the high content of Li, Mn, Rb, Ti, Bi and Sn. In plagioclase high concentrations are noted for Li, Mn, Ti, Rb and Cr. According to the set of rare elements, microcline and plagioclase are comparable with each other. However, rare elements – V, Cr, Hf, defined in the plagioclase, are absent in the microcline. In comparison with plagioclase and microcline, muscovite is characterized by higher contents of Li, Ta, Mn, Ti, Be, Zn, Ga, Sn, Ba and Tl. The presence of a large number of rare elements in the composition of spodumene, plagioclase, microcline and muscovite may be due to isomorphism processes and the presence of mineral inclusions. High contents of Li, Be, Nb, Ta, Cs, Ti, Mn, Zn, Rb in the studied minerals indicate the enrichment of the pegmatite melt with these elements in the process of pegmatite formation.