bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polarized mapping Raman spectroscopy: identification of particle orientation in biominerals
Authors: He Jianhan , Bismayer Ulrich 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The identification of the texture of biominerals and the particle orientation in the bivalve shells of Anodonta cygnea was performed using polarized Raman spectroscopy mapping measurements. A single crystal of aragonite served as a reference to disclose orientational information on the mesoscopic scale. The relative intensities of different Raman modes combined with the determination of depolarization ratio of the Ag Raman mode at 1087 cm−1 of an aragonite single crystal was used to indicate the angular variation of aragonite crystallites in biominerals. The imaging technique shows that the a- and b-axis of aragonite crystallites in both, nacreous and prismatic layers do not only have one orientation but they are organized in a domain-type arrangement. The angular divergence in the prismatic layer of the shells is larger and hence, the crystallites in the nacreous layer have a higher degree of co-orientation. Results provide relevant textural information about aragonitic shells and indicate a sensitive technique to evaluate the crystal orientation in biominerals.
Study on the Mechanism of Carbon Steel Sparks
Authors: Long Junbi , Li Xiaobo , Pan Deng , Peng Dian 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Spark testing is an effective and convenient method that can be used be identify general classification of the steel material by observing the sparks projected by the grinding wheel. In order to more accurately identify the type of spark, the spark streams of carbon steels are described and illustrated by a high-speed camera. The appearance and phase analysis of the residues collected from the spark streams are studied separately by scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffractometer. Results show that the spark streams are the trajectory of the movement of carbon steel wear debris. The luminescence of the debris is provided by the heat released by the iron oxidation reaction. The carbon burst is caused by the explosion of carbon monoxide (CO) on the surface of carbon steel wear debris, and CO is produced by the reduction reaction of carbon and iron oxides. The main shape of the residues is flaky and spherical. There are some holes caused by carbon burst on the surface of the spherical residues. For the qualitative phase analysis of the residues, the main phase is composed of iron, ferrous oxide (FeO), ferric oxide (Fe2O3), and ferroferric oxide (Fe3O4). As the increase of the carbon content of steel, the quantity of iron phase is greatly reduced, and the quantity of Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 phase is gradually increased. Moreover, the amount and density of carbon burst is increased, and the number of the holes in the spherical residues are also increased.
Estimation of Wave Velocity for Ultrasonic Imaging of Concrete Structures Based on Dispersion Analysis
Authors: Lin Shibin , Shams Sadegh , Choi Hajin , Meng Dewei , Azari Hoda 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Wave velocity is the most critical parameter used by the synthetic aperture focusing technique for the ultrasonic imaging of concrete structures. However, it has been challenging to estimate wave velocity with the traditional time-domain method that requires the picking of direct waves. The dispersion trend of direct waves is theoretically a horizontal line with frequency as the x-axis and phase velocity as the y-axis, and the horizontal line is due to the nondispersive phenomenon of direct waves in an elastic, homogeneous material. To overcome the challenge of picking direct waves in the time domain, this study proposes a frequency-domain method to first obtain the dispersion trend of direct waves based on the nondispersive phenomenon and then estimate the shear-wave velocity from the average phase velocity of the nondispersive trend in the frequency domain. This frequency-domain method was verified with the numerical and experimental ultrasonic data from concrete specimens with embedded delamination. A comparison of the results obtained using the two methods indicates that the frequency-domain method can significantly improve the accuracy of estimating the shear-wave velocity and eventually improve the accuracy of ultrasonic imaging.
“Dynamite Talk”: William Dean Howells, Racial Socialism, and a Legal Theory of Literary Complicity
Authors: Schwartz Jesse W. 
Published: March 2019

Jesse W. Schwartz, “‘Dynamite Talk’: William Dean Howells, Racial Socialism, and a Legal Theory of Literary Complicity” (pp. 522–550)
In the wake of the 1886 Haymarket bombing in Chicago, William Dean Howells famously stood alone among his peers and against nearly all public opinion by defending the accused, denouncing the court, and appealing for clemency. Scholars ever since have found it difficult to explain Howells’s transition from the often hidebound “Dean of American Letters” into an ardent—if provisional—activist. However, as Howells made clear from the start, his sympathies were not with the anarchists themselves but against the “civic murder” committed by the court. Taking the writer at his word, this essay returns to the transcript of the Haymarket trial in order to identify the catalyst behind Howells’s unlikely conversion. By linking the defendants’ tracts and speeches with subsequent political acts allegedly committed by their sympathizers, the prosecution had manufactured a juridical reconciliation that successfully collapsed all conceptual space between word and deed, thereby leaving every writer potentially liable for the social lives of their texts. In A Hazard of New Fortunes (1889), Howells’s literary response to both the bomb and the trial, the beleaguered author would attempt to unstitch this legal contiguity by appraising characters for their susceptibility to radical speech. Yet, by linking the degree of this complicity to ethnicity rather than politics, the novel ultimately upholds the legal logics that Howells had so vigorously opposed.
Reserve of ice in glaciers on the Nordenskiöld Land, Spitsbergen, and their changes over the last decades
Authors: Lavrentiev I. I. , Glazovsky A. F. , Macheret Yu. Ya. , Matskovsky V. V. , Muravyev A. Ya. 
Published: March 2019

Data on thickness and area of 16 glaciers on the Nordenskiöld Land (Svalbard) were obtained in 1999 and 2010–2013. These data were used to determine volume of the glaciers and to establish statistical local relationship between the volume V and the area A (V–A scaling) in the form of the power function V = cAγ, and then to calculate the total ice volume of all 202 glaciers in this area and its changes during the period since 1936 to 2002–2008. The total area of 16 glaciers was 129.9±0.35 km2, 14 of which had areas from 0.2 to 8.1 km2. The two largest ones, the Fridtjof and the West Grenfjord, had the areas 17.5 and 47.3 km2, respectively, and thus occupied about 50% (64.8 km2) of the total area of 16 glaciers. These two glaciers account for 67% of the total measured volume (10,034 km3) of the 16 glaciers. A nonlinear least-squares method was used to estimate ice reserves in all 202 glaciers from data on the volume and area of 16 glaciers. The relation between volume V and area A of the glaciers (V–A scaling) was obtained as the ratio V = 0.03637A1,283 with 95%‑th confidence intervals of the coefficients с and γ, (0.02303–0,4971) and (1.184–1.381), respectively. This made possible to calculate total volume of 202 glaciers as of 2002-2008 state using data from RGI v.6.0, and that prove to be equal to 32.89 (16.75–56.63) km3. To verify this estimation, we applied the bootstrapping method for chosen 43 glaciers and calculated the volume by means of sequential use of data for large and smaller glaciers. According to this estimate, the total volume of 202 glaciers amounted to 30.34 km3 with a 95% confidence interval of 15.42–44.27 km3, that turned out to be slightly smaller than the volume calculated by nonlinear least squares method basing on measurements on 16 glaciers. Despite the large error (on the average, from −49% to +84%) in estimating the total volume of 202 glaciers in the Nordenskiöld Land, the data obtained were used for assessment of relative changes in the total volume of glaciers in this area over different time intervals. During the period from 1936 to1990 (54 years), the total area of all glaciers reduced from 738.1 to 546.7 km2, and the total volume decreased from 49,205 to 34,857 km3. Similar results for the period 1990–2002–2008 (~15 years) are the total area changes from 546.7 to 507.9 km2 and their total volume - from 34.857 to 32.890 km3. The rate of decrease of the volume for the period 1936–1990 was equal to −0.266 km3/year, for the period 1990–2002–2008 – minus 0.131 km3/year, and as a whole for the studied period (since 1936 to 2002–2008) – minus 0.236 km3/year. The average mass balance in the first period was equal to −0.372 m w.e./year, in the second one −0.224 m w.e./year, and for the whole time −0.342 m w.e./year.
Sensitivity of the results of modeling of seasonal ground freezing to selection of parameterization of the snow cover thermal conductivity
Authors: Pozdniakov S. P. , Grinevskyi S. O. , Dedulina E. A. , Koreko E. S. 
Published: March 2019

The relationship between the results of calculations of the dynamics of the temperature regime of the in freezing and thawing soil profile with the heating effect of the snow cover is considered. To analyze this connection, two coupled models are used: the model of formation and degradation of snow cover in winter and the model of heat transfer and soil moisture transport in underlying vadoze zone profile. Parametrization of the influence of the snow cover, which at each calculated moment of time has the current average density and depth, on the dynamics of the temperatures of the soil profile is due to the use of its specific thermal resistance, which depends on its current depth and the thermal conductivity coefficient. The coefficient of thermal conductivity of the snow cover is related with its density using six different published empirical relationships. Modeling of heat transfer in freezing and thawing soil is carried out on the example of the field site for monitoring the thermal regime located on the territory of the Zvenigorod Biological Station of Moscow State University. It is shown that the well-known relationships give similar curves for the dynamics of the depth of seasonal freezing, including the degradation of the seasonal freezing layer in the spring period, with the same dynamics of the snow cover. However, the maximum penetration depth of the zero isotherm differs significantly for different snow conductivity-snow density relationships. The tested six relationships were divided into three groups. Minimal freezing is provided by the Sturm model and the effective medium model. The average and rather poorly differentiating freezing from each other is given by the Pavlov, Osokin et al. and Jordan relationships. The greatest value of the freezing depth is obtained with using Pavlov’s relationship with a temperature correction.
Identification Of Liquefaction Hazard In The Coastal Area Of Merak-Anyer, Banten Based On Cpt And Spt Data
Authors: Soebowo Eko 
Published: March 2019

The coastal area of Merak-Anyer, Banten is located in the high seismic zone therefore it is highly susceptible to seismic hazard such as liquefaction. Earthquake triggered liquefaction could cause destructions to buildings and infrastructures, thus it can hinder evacuation efforts during an earthquake event. Knowledge of the spatial distribution of liquefaction hazard potential in the coastal area is required as part of the hazard mitigation measures. This paper presents the results of the liquefaction hazard susceptibility analysis in Merak-Anyer, Banten based on geotechnical investigation. Liquefaction analysis was carried out using cone penetration test (CPT) and N-SPT methods with earthquake magnitude of 7, peak ground acceleration of 0.25 g and local groundwater level. Analysis results showed that all investigation points in the coastal area of Merak-Anyer are prone to liquefaction and its associated settlement. The high liquefaction zone includes the areas of Rencana Pelabuhan Cilegon, Cigading, Mercu Suar dan Cinangka which correlates with the occurrence of loose sand – loose silt at the surface to the depth of 10 m with cone resistance (qc) < 10 MPa and N-SPT <10.
Managing Pulmonary Toxicities Associated with Immunotherapy: A Case Discussion
Authors: Reed Vanessa A. , Rizvi Naiyer 
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Immunotherapy has changed the field of oncology around the world with the approval of immune checkpoint inhibitors for a number of tumor types over the last 5 years. However, immune-mediated adverse events can be challenging and difficult to treat, with one of the most dire consequences being immune-mediated pneumonitis.

Key Points
Rapid intervention and aggressive management for grade 3 or greater pneumonitis Slow taper of steroids and also recommend pneumocystis carinii pneumonia prophylaxis Monitor carefully for a pneumonitis flare with steroid taper, which can occur in the absence of resuming anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) [1], and do not resume anti-PD-1 therapy until completely off steroids and no clinical or radiologic evidence of recurrence Consider observation without anti-PD-1 resumption—in this case, durable response was maintained even without resuming anti-PD-1 therapy.
Some New Properties of The Real Quaternion Matrices and Matlab Applications
Authors: NALBANT Kemal Gökhan , YÜCE Salim 
Published: March 2019

In this study, firstly, it was shown that the set of real quaternion
matrices is a -dimensional module over the real matrix ring and -dimensional module over the complex matrix ring . Moreover, some new properties of the real quaternion
matrices were described. Then, matrix representations of the real quaternion
matrices were found easily by Matlab. These matrices were also applied to find
the inverse of the real quaternion matrices and inverse matrices were obtained
easily with these matrices. In addition, some new properties for matrix
representations of the real quaternion matrices were found. Also, the inverse
of the real quaternion block
matrices was obtained by new methods. Finally, a new method to calculate the
determinant of the real quaternion
matrices was found and the determinant of these matrices was calculated easily
with Matlab application.
Pavement Management System Investigation in Case of Afghanistan
Authors: NAIMI Sepanta , KARIMI Mohammad Ali 
Published: March 2019

Afghanistan
is encountering a massive compete in arrangement of old infrastructure.
Specially for roads structure, it is found that many roads pavements built 30
to 40 years ago and now it is the end of their life. Other roads had been
deteriorated because of misuse, overuse and mismanagement and also after more
than 3 decades of conflict Afghanistan encountered keen challenges in rehabilitation
and reconstruction of the roads. In addition, present and future threats
influence the wished mission of these pavements for fast, safe and comfort
transportation of people and goods. Moreover, the current management shows that
the system is being used now is not flexible enough to consider on the changing
conditions and is poor to assist in making decisions.This
study aims to initiate a Pavement Management System by providing an organized
procedure of maintaining, reconstructing, and operating the roads pavements and
to utilize in a better flexible strategy that can enable this research to
perform better tasks, more economically, higher quality and do it such a manner
to achieve a desired result.A
system has been also presented to help and make easier the decision making
process. It is Micro PAVER pavement software. Micro PAVER is a Pavement
Management System developed by the US Army Corps of Engineers. Micro PAVER provides pavement management
capabilities to:·
Organize
and develop the pavement list.·
Analyze
the running condition of pavements.·
Develop
methods to forecast future conditions report on past and future pavement
execution; and·
Develop plots for pavement maintenance based
on condition needs or budget.

Therefore,
in order to have a good management system, this system will be preferred which
provide an organized method of maintenance, reconstruction and operation of the
roads pavements. And the system will be flexible enough and assists in making
decisions.
Principio de no ser juzgado dos veces por el mismo hecho (non bis in ídem)
Authors: RODRIGUEZ MESA RAFAEL 
Published: March 2019

Principio de no ser juzgado dos veces por el mismo hecho (Non Bis in Ídem). Se invoca literatura, se citan constituciones políticas de varios países, entre ellos Colombia, instrumentos internacionales y pronunciamientos del Comité de Derechos Humanos de la ONU. Se cita a Jürgen Habermas. Contenido del principio Non Bis in Ídem y sus principales objetivos, cuales son la seguridad jurídica y la justicia material. Justicia Especial para la Paz (JEP) en Colombia como producto del Acuerdo de Paz Estado colombiano-FARC y el principio de no ser juzgado dos veces por el mismo hecho en el derecho laboral.

Hemos escrito en este trabajo un análisis sobre el principio de no ser juzgado dos veces por el mismo hecho, conocido con el aforismo latino Non Bis in Ídem. Para esto hemos tomado la primera novela de la gran escritora inglesa Agatha Christie, maestra del crimen y del misterio: “El Misterioso Caso de Styles”, escrita en 1920.
Drug Eluting Stents versus Bare Metal Stents in ST- Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Kaya Adnan , Tatlısu Mustafa Adem 
Published: March 2019

Background:
The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness
and safety of drug eluting stents (DES) with bare metal stents (BMS) in
patients presented with ST- segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) in
a real world setting.

Methods:
One thousand five hundred ninety six STEMI patients
treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention from January 2013 to
March 2016 were enrolled to study. One thousand one hundred ninety four of them
received BMS while 402 of them received DES. Patients were analyzed for major
adverse cardiac events (MACE) and stent thrombosis (ST).

Results: There was no difference at 30 days in relation of
MACE, all cause death, re-MI, TVR, TLR and ST. The cumulative incidence of MACE
was significantly higher in DES group (9,2% vs. 7,0%, p = 0.02) at 1 year. Stent thrombosis and
re-MI incidence were significantly higher in DES group (4,2% vs. 2,6%, p = 0.028, 6,9% vs. 4,8%, p = 0.015) respectively at 1 year.
There was no statistically significant difference in relation of all cause
death, TVR and TLR at 1 year. The statistically differences between groups
vanished at 2 year and the groups looked similar. Male gender (HR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.00 to 1.94; p = 0.043) and presence of DM (HR, 1.73; 95% CI, 1.29 to 2.32; p&lt;0,001) were found to be independent predictors of 2-year MACE.

Conclusion: Our
study showed effectiveness and safety of DES in STEMI. Despite increased
incidence of MACE, re-MI and ST in 1-year, DES was found to be non-inferior to
BMS at 2-year follow up.
Association of State Dense Breast Notification Laws With Supplemental Testing and Cancer Detection After Screening Mammography
Authors: Busch Susan H. , Hoag Jessica R. , Aminawung Jenerius A. , Xu Xiao , Richman Ilana B. , Soulos Pamela R. , Kyanko Kelly A. , Gross Cary P. 
Published: March 2019

Objectives. To evaluate the association of state dense breast notification (DBN) laws with use of supplemental tests and cancer diagnosis after screening mammography. Methods. We examined screening mammograms (n = 1 441 544) performed in 2014 and 2015 among privately insured women aged 40 to 59 years living in 9 US states that enacted DBN laws in 2014 to 2015 and 25 US states with no DBN law in effect. DBN status at screening mammography was categorized as no DBN, generic DBN, and DBN that mandates notification of possible benefits of supplemental screening (DBN+SS). We used logistic regression to examine the change in rate of supplemental ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, breast biopsy, and breast cancer detection. Results. DBN+SS laws were associated with 10.5 more ultrasounds per 1000 mammograms (95% CI = 3.0, 17.6 per 1000; P = .006) and 0.37 more breast cancers detected per 1000 mammograms (95% CI = 0.05, 0.69 per 1000; P = .02) compared with no DBN law. No significant differences were found for generic DBN laws in either ultrasound or cancer detection. Conclusions. DBN legislation is associated with increased use of ultrasound and cancer detection after implementation only when notification of the possible benefits of supplemental screening is required.
Texting-While-Driving Bans and Motor Vehicle Crash–Related Emergency Department Visits in 16 US States: 2007–2014
Authors: Ferdinand Alva O. , Aftab Ammar , Akinlotan Marvellous A. 
Published: March 2019

Objectives. To examine the impact of state texting bans on motor vehicle crash (MVC)–related emergency department (ED) visits. Methods. We used ED data from 16 US states between 2007 and 2014. We employed a difference-in-difference approach and conditional Poisson regressions to estimate changes in counts of MVC-related ED visits in states with and without texting bans. We also constructed age cohorts to explore whether texting bans have differential impacts by age group. Results. On average, states with a texting ban saw a 4% reduction in MVC-related ED visits (incidence rate ratio = 0.96; 95% confidence interval = 0.96, 0.97). This equates to an average of 1632 traffic-related ED visits prevented per year in states with a ban. Both primary and secondary bans were associated with significant reductions in MVC-related visits to the ED regardless of whether they were on all drivers or young drivers only. Individuals aged 64 years and younger in states with a texting ban saw significantly fewer MVC-related ED visits following its implementation. Conclusions. Our findings suggest that states’ efforts to curb distracted driving through texting bans and decrease its negative consequences are associated with significant decreases in the incidence of ED visits that follow an MVC.