bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of microbial quality of household water output from desalination systems by the heterotrophic plate count method
Authors: Yari Ahmad Reza , Mohammadi Mohammad Javad , Geravandi Sahar , Doosti Zohreh , Matboo Soudabeh Alizadeh , Jang Shahram Arsang , Nazari Shahram 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Point-of-use household water desalination systems (HWDSs) are becoming popular in Iran because of the deterioration of drinking water. This study aimed to determine the microbial quality of output water from HWDSs in Qom, Iran by using the heterotrophic plate count (HPC) method. Samples of input and output water from 30 HWDSs were collected over a six-month period. Heterotrophic bacteria were tested using the pour plate technique. At the first sampling stage, the HPC level in 23% of samples exceeded the 500 CFU/ml threshold level. On average, for 50% of samples, the HPC level of input samples was 0–10 CFU/ml, for 42% it was 10–100 CFU/ml and for 8% it was 100–500 CFU/ml. For output samples, for 25%, the level of HPC was 0–10 CFU/ml, for 43% it was 10–100 CFU/ml, for 24% it was 100–500 CFU/ml and for 8% it exceeded 500 CFU/ml. For total coliforms the most probable number test was positive for the first and third stages of sampling (3% input samples). The comparison of the averages with national standard values shows that in some cases, the contamination of output water from HWDSs in the city of Qom has been above the standard values.
Manganese removal processes during start-up of inoculated and non-inoculated drinking water biofilters
Authors: Breda I. L. , Søborg D. A. , Ramsay L. , Roslev P. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Manganese removal in drinking water biofilters is facilitated by biological and physico-chemical processes, but knowledge regarding the relative role of these mechanisms during start-up is very limited. The aim of this study was to identify the dominant process for manganese removal occurring during the start-up period of sand filters with and without inoculation by addition of matured sand collected from an operating groundwater-based waterworks. Inoculation with matured filter sand is frequently used to accelerate the start-up in virgin biofilters and to rapidly obtain compliant water quality. The non-inoculated filter took 41 days to comply with manganese quality criteria, whereas the inoculated filter with 20% matured sand showed removal from Day 1 and compliance from Day 25. By Day 48, the inoculated filter showed two times higher manganese removal rates and manganese oxides deposits. Using sodium azide as an inhibitor of microbial activity, it was found that manganese removal in the non-inoculated filter was dominated by biological processes, whereas physico-chemical processes were of more importance in the inoculated filter (Day 35, 39 and 48). 16S rDNA sequencing of the microbiota collected during filter maturation indicated a limited immediate effect of inoculation on the microbial community developed on the remaining filter material.
This article has been made Open Access thanks to the kind support of CAWQ/ACQE (https://www.cawq.ca).
Seawater desalination in China: an overview
Authors: Zhu Zhongfan , Peng Dingzhi , Wang Hongrui 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
China, especially its coastal provinces, is facing water shortage issues, restricting its further development. To tackle the serious imbalance between water resource supply and demand, China has strived to develop alternative water resources to combat the water crisis, among which seawater desalination plays a major role. This paper reviews the current situation of utilization of desalinated seawater in China and includes: (1) a history of seawater desalination classified into three phases; (2) analysis of utilization sectors, geographic distribution and employed technologies of the desalination plants; (3) summaries of the policies, regulations and technological standards governing seawater desalination; (4) proposals for existing problems and some suggested measures regarding the current condition of seawater desalination; and (5) the seawater desalination programs in Tianjin and Zhoushan are presented as two representative examples. China's seawater desalination experience can provide some guidance for other countries facing similar water resource situations.
Infrastructure aging risk assessment for water distribution systems
Authors: Cantos Wilmer P. , Juran Ilan 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Metropolitan governments and water operators are continuously facing the ever-growing challenges of evaluating the risks and optimizing investment in the rehabilitation of the buried aging infrastructure of water distribution systems (WDS). Proper asset management and efficient rehabilitation planning require monitoring, condition assessment, degradation risk analysis and a data-based model for degradation forecasting to support investment decision-making and significantly reduce the infrastructure rehabilitation cost. This paper presents a statistical and stochastic spatial data analysis of failure records of the WDS of the City of Wattrelos, France. The research objective is to develop and demo-illustrate the application of an operator's experience-based Risk Assessment Method (RAM) for network micro-zone prioritization of rehabilitation/replacement works to optimize preemptive asset management. The data used is a 74-year historical dataset from Wattrelos, France. The database includes approximately 424 observed failures for the period of 1991–2004. The data analysis demonstrates that understanding and using stochastic modeling to characterize the pattern of relationship between Failure Rate (FR), Age (T) and the Probability (or Risk) of exceeding a specific Failure Rate (Pr(FR)) of a micro-zone can effectively support the operator's assessment, risk management and prioritization in the maintenance and rehabilitation of the WDS.
Coastal reservoir strategy to enhance India's freshwater storage by impounding river flood waters: a detailed overview
Authors: Kolathayar Sreevalsa , Sitharam T. G. , Yang Shuqing 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This paper revisits the water resource scenario in India and presents the adequacy of the coastal reservoir concept to address water scarcity by impounding excess river flood waters. Although there has been no significant change in India's rainfall pattern in the last 100 years, there is a spatial non-uniformity in the rainfall events that occur which makes it difficult to pre-plan large-scale water storage at different locations. This study highlights the fact that there is enough water available but the deficiency is in storage. A large portion of freshwater from river systems, groundwater and wetlands drains into the sea due to insufficient storage facilities. Coastal reservoirs enable the storage of excess river flood waters near the coast for future use. This paper discusses current water supply solutions available in the country, and the efficacy of coastal reservoirs along with feasibility implications. The associated rewards and challenges are also discussed. The paper presents details of existing coastal reservoirs worldwide and recent feasibility studies envisaging coastal reservoirs in India.
Intensive monitoring of conventional and surrogate quality parameters in a highly urbanized river affected by multiple combined sewer overflows
Authors: Copetti D. , Marziali L. , Viviano G. , Valsecchi L. , Guzzella L. , Capodaglio A. G. , Tartari G. , Polesello S. , Valsecchi S. , Mezzanotte V. , Salerno F. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
The paper reports results of four intensive campaigns carried out on the Seveso River (Milan metropolitan area, Italy) between 2014 and 2016, during intense precipitation events. Laboratory analyses were coupled with on-site, continuous measurements to assess the impact of pollutants on water quality based on both conventional and surrogate parameters. Laboratory data included total suspended solids, caffeine, total phosphorus and nitrogen, and their dissolved forms. Screening of trace metals (Cr, Cu, Pb, Ni, Cd) and PBDEs (polybromodiphenylethers) was carried out. Continuous measurements included water level, physico-chemical variables and turbidity. Nutrient concentrations were generally high (e.g. average total phosphorus &gt; 1,000 μg/L) indicating strong sewage contributions. Among monitored pollutants Cr, Cu, Pb, and Cd concentrations were well correlated to TSS, turbidity and discharge, being bound mostly to suspended particulate matter. A different behavior was found for Ni, that showed an early peak occurring before the flow peak, as a result of first flush events. PBDEs correlated well to nutrient concentrations, showing the highest peaks soon after activation of the combined sewer overflows, likely because of its accumulation in sewers. In addition to showing the existing correlations between quality parameters, the paper highlights the importance of surrogate parameters as indicators of anthropic pollution inputs.
A novel anaerobic filter membrane bioreactor: prototype start-up and filtration assays
Authors: Diez V. , Iglesias A. , Cámara J. M. , Ruiz M. O. , Ramos C. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractAnaerobic digestion allows efficient treatment of high loaded wastewater, and membrane technology allows obtaining high quality effluents with complete biomass retention. However, high biomass concentration interferes with membrane fouling. In the present work, a new bioreactor that integrates an attached biomass anaerobic culture on a fixed bed and a submerged membrane has been started up. The recirculation between the digestion and filtration chambers is coupled to the gas-lift effect of the bubbling employed for the scouring of the membranes, avoiding the use or electromechanical pumps that damage the suspended biomass. The support material retains the biomass in the digestion tank despite the downwards flow, avoiding the submerged membrane contacting with a high concentrated suspension. This novel system, called an anaerobic filter membrane bioreactor was immediately started up, achieving chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiencies of 96% at an organic loading rate (OLR) of 7 kg COD/m3·d. In order to select filtration flux, specific gas demand and filtration cycle duration, the results of 15 short term assays, eight hours for each one, is presented for fluxes between 15.7 and 17.7 L/m2·h, cycle duration between 10 and 30 minutes, and three levels of scouring. It was checked that reversible and irreversible fouling were directly related when dTMP/dt &gt; 2.5 mbar/min.
Implications of CaCl2 application to plants in LID facilities
Authors: Choi H. S. , Hong J. S. , Geronimo F. K. F. , Kim L. H. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Low impact development (LID) technologies mimic the natural water cycle through the physico-chemical and biological interactions of plants, filter media and soil, and microorganisms, thereby reducing the release of pollutants. In LID facilities, plants carry out photosynthesis, facilitate microbial growth, and uptake pollutants contained in stormwater runoff. However, de-icers (CaCl2) used to melt snow during winter slow the growth of plants and even increase plant mortality. In addition, de-icers change the soil structure, causing changes in soil content and affecting the growth of plants and microorganisms. Therefore, this study examined the effects of CaCl2 on the resistance of plants, the removal efficiency of non-point source pollutants, and water circulation. The mortality rate of the tree and shrubs caused by CaCl2 was found to be in the order of Rhododendron indicum &gt; Spiraea prunifolia var. simpliciflora &gt; Metasequoia glyptostroboides. For herbaceous plants, mortality rate was in the order of Pratia pedunculata &gt; Aquilegia japonica &gt; Tagetes erecta &gt; Sedum makinoi aurea &gt; Hosta longipes &gt; Dianthus chinensis &gt; Acorus gramineus &gt; Liriope platyphylla. In addition, it was found that the amount of chlorophyll decreases with high concentrations of CaCl2. The findings of this research will be useful for plant selection considering CaCl2 concentrations applied to paved areas during the winter.
Removal of phenol from steel wastewater by combined electrocoagulation with photo-Fenton
Authors: Malakootian Mohammad , Heidari Mohammad Reza 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Phenol and its derivatives are available in various industries such as refineries, coking plants, steel mills, drugs, pesticides, paints, plastics, explosives and herbicides industries. This substance is carcinogenic and highly toxic to humans. The purpose of the study was to investigate the removal of phenol from wastewater of the steel industry using the electrocoagulation–photo-Fenton (EC-PF) process. Phenol and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency were investigated using the parameters pH, Fe2+/H2O2, reaction time and current density. The highest removal efficiency rates of phenol and COD were 100 and 98%, respectively, for real wastewater under optimal conditions of pH = 4, current density = 1.5 mA/cm2, Fe2+/H2O2 = 1.5 and reaction time of 25 min. Combination of the two effective methods for the removal of phenol and COD, photocatalytic electrocoagulation photo-Fenton process is a suitable alternative for the removal of organic pollutants in industry wastewater because of the low consumption of chemicals, absence of sludge and other side products, and its high efficiency.
Statistical models to predict discharge overflow
Authors: Szeląg Bartosz , Bąk Łukasz , Suligowski Roman , Górski Jarosław 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
In the paper, a comparison of prediction results concerning the annual number of discharges of stormwater from the drainage system due to stormwater overflows is depicted. The prediction has been computed by means of storm water management model (SWMM) and probabilistic models. Regarding the probabilistic modelling some simple statistical models such as logit, probit, Gompertz and linear discriminant analysis model have been applied, and as for the hydrodynamic modelling a generator of synthetic rainfall based on the Monte Carlo method has been used. The analyses conducted has shown that logit, probit and Gompertz models give outputs that are comparable with the results of hydrodynamic modelling and are concordant with observations. Whereas the annual number of stormwater discharge predicted by the linear discriminant analysis model is significantly lower than the number obtained by hydrodynamic modelling. The calculations made have confirmed the possibility of using statistical models as an alternative for developing labour-consuming and complex hydrodynamic models. The statistical models can be used successfully to predict the stormwater overflows operation provided that the measurements of rainfall in the catchment and of filling the overflow are available.
Sodium hydroxide modified rice husk for enhanced removal of copper ions
Authors: Priyantha N. , Sandamali H. K. W. , Kulasooriya T. P. K. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Although rice husk (RH) is a readily available, natural, heavy metal adsorbent, adsorption capacity in its natural form is insufficient for certain heavy metal ions. In this context, the study is based on enhancement of the adsorption capacity of RH for Cu(II). NaOH modified rice husk (SRH) shows higher extent of removal for Cu(II) ions than that of heated rice husk (HRH) and HNO3 modified rice husk (NRH). The extent of removal of SRH is increased with the concentration of NaOH, and the optimum NaOH concentration is 0.2 mol dm−3, used to modify rice husk for further studies. The surface area of SRH is 215 m2 g−1, which is twice as much as that of HRH according to previous studies. The sorption of Cu(II) on SRH obeys the Langmuir adsorption model, leading to the maximum adsorption capacity of 1.19 × 104 mg kg−1. Kinetics studies show that the interaction of Cu(II) with SRH obeys pseudo second order kinetics. The X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy confirms the adsorption of Cu(II) on SRH, while desorption studies confirm that Cu(II) adsorbed on SRH does not leach it back to water under normal conditions.
Performance of an ECSB reactor for high-rate anaerobic treatment of cheese industry wastewater: effect of pre-acidification on process efficiency and calcium precipitation
Authors: Diamantis Vasileios , Aivasidis Alexander 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
An external circulation sludge bed (ECSB) reactor was studied at full-scale (1,000 m3) during anaerobic treatment of cheese and other dairy products industry wastewater (CWW). The latter was characterized by a high calcium content, therefore the study focused on the potential negative impact that calcium may have in the long-term. The degree of CWW acidification (25 and 40%) on ECSB reactor performance was evaluated over a wide range of organic loading rates from 5 up to 18 kg m3 d−1, while process efficiency and calcium precipitation were examined in detail. Independently of the operating conditions, the volatile suspended solids content of the anaerobic granular sludge, as well as its calcium content, remained stable along the ECSB reactor operation, indicating that there was no calcium build up in the biomass. The results of this study demonstrate that the ECSB design seems to be particularly suitable to treat calcium-rich wastewater that is probably due to the fact that in this system CaCO3 precipitates in the bulk liquid of the external circulation tank and not the biomass present in the main reactor, and that the CaCO3 crystals are washed-out from it due to the high upflow velocity applied to the system (5 m h−1).
Sludge blanket anaerobic baffled reactor for source-separated blackwater treatment
Authors: Moges Melesse Eshetu , Todt Daniel , Janka Eshetu , Heistad Arve , Bakke Rune 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe performance of a sludge blanket anaerobic baffled reactor was tested as an integrated treatment system for source-separated blackwater. The system consists of a stirred equalization tank, a buffer inlet tank, and two identical reactors, each with a working volume of 16.4 L, operated in parallel. Both reactors run at 3-days hydraulic retention time with different intermittent pulse feeding. Pulse lengths of 12 and 24 seconds per feed were set with respective rates of 114 L h−1 and 52 L h−1 for the short-pulse fed reactor (RI) and the long-pulse fed reactor (RII). Stable performance of the reactors was attained after 120 and 90 days, for RI and RII, respectively. After stable conditions attained, total chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency stabilized above 78%. Biogas production ranged from 0.52 to 1.16 L d−1 L−1 reactor volume, with 67–82% methane concentration and an average conversion of 0.69 ± 0.2 and 0.73 ± 0.2 g CH4-COD g−1CODin for RI and RII, respectively. The results imply that source-separated blackwater can be treated effectively in an anaerobic sludge blanket process on average loading rate of 2.3 ± 0.5 g COD d−1 L−1 reactor volume with high methane production potential and more than 80% removal of organic and particulate matter.
The Use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles for Sloped Roof Inspections – Considerations and Constraints
Authors: Bown Michael , Miller Kevin 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Building roof inspections should be performed periodically to ensure repairs and replacements are done in a timely manner. These inspections get neglected on sloped roofs due to two factors: the inefficiency of manual visual inspections, and the difficulty of accessing sloped roofs. Walking a roof to inspect each tile is time consuming. As roof slope increases so does this difficulty, increasing the time needed for an inspection. Additionally, there is an inherent safety risk involved. Falls from roofs tend to cause serious and expensive injuries. These two factors, safety and efficiency, motivated this study, the purpose of which was to determine whether Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) can be used to perform sloped roof inspections efficiently, thus eliminating the safety risk involved in manual inspections. The metric for determining whether this is possible was that there is a UAV available on the market that (1) produces images in sufficient quality to make maintenance decisions, (2) can be flown efficiently enough so that the inspection process can be done in less than two hours for a building with a roof of about 30,000 sqft, (3) can be controlled safely by amateur pilots, and (4) is reasonably priced. The study was done in three phases. Phase 1 addressed the choice of UAV. Phase 2 explored image quality and UAV flying. Phase 3 developed the optimal approach. The study found that an economic UAV can be used in a way that makes manual inspections unnecessary. Still images and manual UAV control were sufficient and large roofs could be done in well under two hours using a three-step approach with images taken at various heights. This study has therefore identified an economical and effective technology-based alternative process for sloped roof inspection using UAVs that eliminates the risk of working at height.
A abordagem de interpretação global no ensino e na aprendizagem das superfícies quádricas<br>The global interpretation approach in the teaching and learning of quadric surfaces
Authors: Da Silva Sérgio Florentino , Moretti Méricles Thadeu 
Published: October 2018

Neste trabalho analisamos o ensino e a aprendizagem das superfícies quádricas (não cilíndricas e não degeneradas) na perspectiva da Teoria dos Registros de Representações Semióticas de Raymond Duval, principalmente, no que diz respeito à abordagem de interpretação global de propriedades figurais. Indicamos as articulações semio-cognitivas envolvendo os registros em língua natural, cartesiano e simbólico de maneira explícita, modo não encontrado em livros didáticos consultados. Além dessas articulações, em especial, sugerimos o recurso das interseções com planos articulado à ideia de que os valores visuais dependem ou são condicionados ao conjunto e à combinação das unidades significantes simbólicas da equação correspondente, o que é fundamental para a reconhecimento dos diferentes casos de quádricas ou de uma quádrica em diferentes posições. Com isso pensamos contribuir ainda mais para o estudo do reconhecimento das quádricas, acrescentando, com o uso do Geogebra, as reflexões que permitem que as análises feitas para uma quádrica em uma das posições denominada, em livros didáticos, de posição padrão poderão ser estendidas a essa mesma quádrica em suas outras posições. Veremos que elementos semio-cognitivos discutidos neste trabalho trazem novas contribuições para o estudo da identificação das quádricas.In this work we analyze the teaching and learning of quadric (non-cylindrical and non-degenerated) surfaces from the perspective of Raymond Duval's Theory of Semiotic Representations, especially with regard to the global interpretation approach of figurative properties. We indicate the semi-cognitive articulations involving the natural, cartesian and symbolic language registers in an explicit way, a method not found in accessed textbooks. In addition to these articulations, in particular, we suggest the use of intersections with concepts linked to the idea that visual values depend or are conditioned on the set and the combination of the symbolic units of the corresponding equation, which is essential for the recognition of the different cases of quadrics or a quadric in different positions. With this in mind, we intend to contribute even more to the study of quadric recognition, adding, with the use of a GeoGebra, that the reflections that allow the analyzes made for a quadric in one of the positions denominated, in textbooks, as standard position, can be extended to this same quadric in its other positions. We will notice that the semi-cognitive elements discussed in this work bring new contributions to the study of quadrics identification. As a result of this path, we can semiotically understand why the symbolic and cartesian registers of the quadrics correspond in the way we know it.