bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ESISTE UNA TENDENZA ALL'OMOGENEIZZAZIONE TERRITORIALE NEI PARTITI ITALIANI?
Authors: Pavsič Rita 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneMolti autori hanno rilevato una tendenza all'omogeneizzazione territoriale nella distribuzione dei consensi ai maggiori partiti italiani. La base empirica di queste affermazioni è data, nella maggior parte dei casi, dai confronti delle percentuali conseguite dallo stesso partito in due successive elezioni. È stato rilevato infatti che, ponendo sull'ascissa i risultati dell'elezione precedente e sull'ordinata quelli dell'elezione successiva, la pendenza della retta di regressione era quasi sempre inferiore ad 1, cioè alla pendenza della bisettrice del diagramma. Con variabili del genere in ascissa e in ordinata, un coefficiente di regressione (b) inferiore a 1 documenta una tendenza all'omogeneizzazione territoriale qualunque sia il livello dell'intercetta (a), come appare dalle quattro figure 1/a–1/d.
LE POLITICHE SOCIALI IN ITALIA: METODI DI ANALISI
Authors: Regonini Gloria 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneQuesto articolo si propone tre obiettivi: discutere alcuni recenti orientamenti metodologici emersi dagli studi comparati sul policy making nei paesi occidentali; mettere alla prova la loro capacità di catturare elementi importanti del modo di elaborare le politiche sociali in Italia; controllare se non sia possibile trattare le discordanze tra i modelli considerati ed il caso italiano non come meri residui o come prodotti di una qualche anomalia nazionale, ma come elementi per un riesame degli schemi inizialmente assunti come punto di riferimento, in modo da ampliarne il potere esplicativo.
POTERE, ORGANIZZAZIONI E LOGICA “ POLITICA ” DELL'AZIONE COLLETTIVA
Authors: Lanzalaco Luca 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneÈ un fatto ormai assodato che l'approccio dellarational choice theoryè sempre più diffuso in scienza politica e che i campi di indagine a cui viene applicato sono sempre più numerosi. Qualche perplessità può invece sorgere sulla validità di una tale tendenza o, almeno, delle forme in cui si manifesta prevalentemente.
A mathematical model for salt intrusion in the Tay Estuary
Authors: Nassehi V. , Williams D. J. A. 
Published: May 2019

SynopsisA numerical model based on a Galerkin finite element solution of the one-dimensional salt transport equation is used to simulate the unsteady longitudinal distribution of salinity in the Tay Estuary. Tidal discharges are provided by the hydrodynamical equations of motion and continuity whose solution is coupled to that for the transport of salt. Dispersion coefficients used in the model are estimated with the aid of field data collected during a spring and neap tide. These coefficients are shown to vary with longitudinal position.
Potential longshore transports on the coasts north and south of the Tay Estuary
Authors: Sarrikostis E. , McManus J. 
Published: May 2019

SynopsisA method of predicting coastal changes north and south of the Tay Estuary, due to the action of waves and wave-generated nearshore currents using computer simulation techniques, is described. The computation is based upon a wave refraction procedure, using as input data the deep-water wave climate (height, period and direction of approach) and the bathymetric characteristics of the sea area from Montrose to Fife Ness. The technique provides a prediction of the longshore component of wave energy flux at breaking, by computing the wave energy dissipation through shoaling, refraction and friction of the waves, for a number of points along the 70 km of shoreline. Potential patterns of longshore sediment transport are then derived in order to establish zones of potential erosion, transport and deposition between Boddin Point and Fife Ness.
The estuary and Firth of Forth, Scotland: uses and aims
Authors: Leatherland T. M. 
Published: May 2019

SynopsisThe waters and coastal margins of the estuary and Firth of Forth are important and very valuable biological and recreational resources. They also receive, directly or indirectly, the aqueous domestic and industrial wastes of a quarter of the population of Scotland. It is one task of the Forth River Purification Board to minimise and eventually eliminate any conflict between the effects of these discharges and the various legitimate uses of the waters. Some of the main causes of environmental stress are briefly outlined and the basic strategy by which the problems will be overcome is described.
Water quality of the estuary and Firth of Forth, Scotland
Authors: Griffiths A. H. 
Published: May 2019

SynopsisThe major sources of domestic and industrial wastes being discharged into the estuary and firth are described and quantified. The effects of these inputs on the quality of the receiving waters, in terms of their dissolved oxygen and micronutrient levels, are discussed.In the estuary, nitrate is shown to behave in an essentially conservative manner in the winter months; the ammonia distribution exhibits summer maxima as a direct result of the effluent waste inputs; the orthophosphate distribution is characterised by considerable losses in the upper reaches. The data on lateral distributions of micronutrients show marked gradients.In the firth the significant improvements in waters off the Edinburgh coastline are described. The influence of the existing major discharges on water quality is shown occasionally to extend to the eastern limit of the firth for ammonia and orthophosphate.
Fisheries of the Forth, Scotland
Authors: Howard F. G. , McKay D. W. , Newton A. W. 
Published: May 2019

SynopsisHistorical aspects of the Firth of Forth fisheries are described, and the present state of the stocks of exploited species is reviewed. The once-substantial pelagic fisheries have declined and now constitute only a minor component of the firth fisheries. Herring fisheries were based on spring spawning herring but the herring now caught in the firth are from stocks of overwintering juveniles of autumn spawning herring. Recent conservation measures have closed many of the firth grounds to herring and sprat fishing. The main demersal species caught are cod, haddock, whiting, plaice and lemon sole. Most landings are from catches made in the middle and outer firths and the North Sea. The demersal pair trawl is now the most important gear used in directed demersal fishing. The most important shellfish fishery is that for the Norway lobster, current landings being valued at £2·4 million. Over-exploitation resulted in a decline in the stocks in the late 1970s. They are now recovering. Recent studies suggest that population characteristics of Norway lobsters are influenced by the physical environment. The firth today is one of the most intensively exploited areas in Scotland for lobster and crabs. Other exploited shellfish include squid, winkles and mussels.
Future prospects for hydro electricity and windpower
Authors: Vernon K. R. 
Published: May 2019

SynopsisThe large hydro-electric schemes developed by the early 1960s now (1984/85) supply 12% of Scottish electricity demand. The pumped storage schemes contribute to the balance of production and demand but are not nett producers of electric power. Schemes remaining for development are numerous but small, in the range below 10 MW. Private development for local use is the best economic prospect for schemes below 500 kW. A rolling five-year programme of 10–15 MW per annum is suggested for the development of remaining resources. In Scottish conditions, peat does not appear to be a viable alternative to diesel power. Wave power is practicable, but probable costs are too high to justify investment at present. Wind power is promising, especially for island sites, but not as a complete replacement for diesel. Developments since 1980 include a successful small machine on Fair Isle and machines at 250 and 300 kW on Orkney where a 3 MW generator is being erected. A 750 kW machine has been ordered for Shetland.
Other forms of environmental pollution
Authors: Chester P. F. 
Published: May 2019

SynopsisThis paper discusses the four main invisible products of fossil fuel combustion: carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, nitric oxide and unburned hydrocarbons. If carbon exchanges between atmosphere, ocean and biosphere remain at their recent levels, the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere is likely to double later next century, with a possible rise in global mean temperatures of around 2°C resulting in significant changes in regional climates. The consequences are uncertain, but with adequate research, there should be time to develop the understanding necessary to guide future policies. Sulphur dioxide, acid rain and photochemical oxidants are a more pressing problem. Knowledge here is more complete, but still subject to considerable uncertainties that have an important bearing on the extent and rate of response of affected areas to reduction in acid deposition. However, from the year 2000 onwards, with the replacement of existing plant with nuclear power or new sulphur-free coal-burning technology, United Kingdom sulphur emissions will continue to decline at about twice the pace of their previous rise. Nitrogen oxides contribute to rain acidity, may have direct toxic effects on plants and, when accompanied by hydrocarbons, can generate ozone, itself a damaging pollutant. The chemistry of ozone production is, however, complex, such that intuitive control policies could be counter-productive.
Utilisation of energy
Authors: Smith J. C. 
Published: May 2019

SynopsisEnergy requirements in primitive societies in the past are estimated and compared with present energy requirements in the Third World. The interaction between the energy policy of the industrialised countries and fuel availability in the Third World is outlined. Conservation and substitution in industrialised countries are discussed. The different patterns observed in Sweden, France, Japan and the United Kingdom of the behaviour of the ratio of electricity consumption to fossil fuel consumption in recent years is detailed and interpreted. Attention is drawn to some very successful examples of electro-utilisation in Britain. Finally the question is raised of the Scottish economy's response to the opportunities presented by the combination of electro-utilisation and computerisation.
The potential for regenerative agriculture in the developing world
Authors: Francis Charles A. , Harwood Richard R. , Parr James F. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIncreased food production and greater income for farm families are primary goals of agricultural development in the Third World. Most strategies to achieve these goals are unrealistic in assuming that limited resource farmers can move out of basic food production in multiple cropping systems to high-technology monocropping for export. These strategies are based on petroleum-based inputs that demand scarce foreign exchange. They may include excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, which adds unnecessary production costs, endangers the farm family, and degrades the rural environment. Dependence on export crops and world markets is economically tenuous, especially for the small farmer. Future agricultural production systems can be designed to take better advantage of production resources found on the farm. Enhanced nitrogen fixation, greater total organic matter production, integrated pest management, genetic tolerance to pests and to stress conditions, and higher levels of biological activity all contribute to resource use efficiency. Appropriate information and management skills substituted for expensive inputs can further improve resource use efficiency. On the whole farm level, appropriate cropping on each field can be integrated with animal enterprises, leading to a highly structured and efficient system. Such systems can serve the needs of national agricultural sector planners, who in many countries are concerned with increased self-reliance in farming inputs and in production of basic food commodities. This includes a realistic focus on training of local development specialists, increased research on food crops under limited resource conditions, and providing information, incentives, and appropriate technologies for operators of both large and small farms. Well-conceived national plans include varied food production strategies and options for farmers with different resource levels.
An economic analysis of alternative cropping systems for east-central Nebraska
Authors: Helmers Glenn A. , Langemeier Michael R. , Atwood Joseph 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThirteen cropping systems were analyzed with respect to profitability and risk for east-central Nebraska. The systems were developed from 1) a four-year rotation containing a small grain, 2) two row crop rotations, 3) three continuous cropped alternatives, and 4) combinations of continuous cropped alternatives. Three systems were developed from the four-year rotation including two alternative treatments of inorganic chemicals as well as an organic alternative. Eight years of experimental yields, historical prices, and estimated costs were combined to estimate net returns for each of the thirteen systems. Risk was analyzed as net return variability using statistical characteristics of the net return series. The stability component of rotation risk was separated from the diversification component. We found rotations to have higher average net returns than continuously cropped systems. Different chemical treatments (including organic) had little impact on profitability. Rotations had lower return variability than most continuous crops. The organic treatment did not decrease variability of returns compared to other chemical systems.
Strip cropping corn and grain legumes: A review
Authors: Francis Charles , Jones Alice , Crookston Kent , Wittler Kyle , Goodman Sondra 
Published: May 2019

AbstractMultiple cropping systems are prevalent in many parts of the world, and alternating strips of corn and soybeans or dry beans have been used by farmers in the temperate region. Strip cropping has the potential to reduce erosion on hilly lands, to allow a crop rotation in the field if strips are changed from one season to the next, and to increase total system yields. Results from several experiments in Eastern and Midwest U.S. show considerable variation in production among years and locations. Corn grown in narrow strips has yielded from 10 to 40 percent over sole cropping, while soybeans or dry beans in narrow strips suffer yield reductions of 10 to 30 percent due to light, water and nutrient competition. There has been no definitive research to quantify the relative importance of these factors in the competitive interface between corn and legume rows. With wider strips there is less increase in corn yields and less reduction in legume yields compared to sole cropping. Changes in component crop yields also depend on rainfall, and may be influenced by the variety of each component crop and by the width of strips. Rarely does total yield in a strip crop system fall below the average monoculture performance. In years of adequate rainfall, production of strip crops may outyield sole crops by 10 to 20 percent. Potential production of strip cropping systems is reviewed, and projected soil conservation is estimated using the Universal Soil Loss Equation.
A simple and precise assay for microbial and enzymatic decomposition of cellulose applicable in agricultural research
Authors: Marsh Paul B. , Simpson Marion E. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe process of microbial decomposition of cellulose is important in many agricultural situations. Study of the nature of the process, however, has been slowed by the inadequacy of methods of measurement. A highly sensitive alkali-swelling technique originally devised for detection and measurement of damage in raw cotton fibers in the field before harvest was later found to be useful also for basic studies of the process of cellulose decomposition by microorganisms and their cellulose enzymes. A weighed sample of cotton fiber is swollen in an 18% solution of sodium hydroxide, centrifugea free of interfibrillar solution, and then reweighed to determine the amount of alkali absorbed. The percentage weight increase is termed the fiber's “alkali-centrifuge value” or “AC value”. This test is applied before and after exposure of a test sample of fiber to growing microorganisms or to solutions of their cellulose enzymes. The cellulose enzyme complex measured in this fashion has been termed “the swelling factor” or “S factor”. Data reported here illustrate the use of the test in measuring effects on cotton fiber of microorganisms and associated S factor. The basic swelling measurement is simple to perform, involves only standard laboratory equipment, is adaptable to a wide range of fiber sample sizes, is inexpensive, and is capable of yielding highly reproducible results. The method can be easily and beneficially applied by scientists in both developed countries and in developing countries, since expensive and sophisticated laboratory equipment is not required.
Bioethical Issues and Secondary Prevention for Nonoffending Individuals with Pedophilia
Authors: HEASMAN AINSLIE , FOREMAN THOMAS 
Published: May 2019

Abstract:Child sexual abuse is a global problem with significant emotional, psychological, and financial implications to victims, perpetrators, and society. Most child sexual abuse prevention programs target young children or those who have already engaged in abusive behavior, in order to prevent further offending. There are numerous secondary prevention programs targeting individuals at-risk of various health conditions in an effort to reduce the likelihood they will go on to experience a particular illness or disease. Considerable research exists regarding the risk factors for engaging in child sexual abuse and more specifically the factors contributing to reoffense. We argue that engaging in secondary prevention programs for people with pedophilia, in order to prevent child sexual abuse, is an ethically responsible and necessary practice. Secondary prevention programs with this focus are reviewed, along with the implications of mandatory reporting in doing this work.
The Irish Healthcare System: A Morality Tale
Authors: HEAVEY PATRICK 
Published: May 2019

Abstract:A country’s healthcare system—the protection and healing of some its weakest people, its sick and injured—could be considered to be one of the most definitive expressions of its national morality. In recent decades, Ireland has experienced profound cultural changes; from a mostly monocultural and religious society to a multi-ethnic one, where secular ideas predominate. Economically, it is largely neoliberal, with one of the world’s most open economies, and one of its lowest corporate tax rates; though there is also a welfare state. Its healthcare system has reflected these cultural changes. The system has evolved, gradually, from being run almost exclusively by religious groups, to becoming essentially secular in nature (though religious groups are still involved at the ownership level). Overall, the system is run according to the two competing secular ideologies which currently predominate; it is a two-tier system, with a mix of a neoliberally oriented (though government subsidized) private system, and a public system. The latter has been starved of resources in recent decades; so to achieve good, or at times adequate healthcare, it is almost essential to have private health insurance (which about half of the population have).This two-tier system has led to significant concerns and occasional scandals; for example, patients dying while on waiting lists for public treatment, who could have been treated and possibly saved if they had health insurance. A purely ethical approach to healthcare—with the aim of healing the sick—has been mixed with competing motives, such as the desire for profit in the private sector, or for short term savings and box-ticking in the public system. Thus, good healthcare practice and best moral practice are being undermined by competing agendas.In this article, I describe and reflect ethically on the Irish healthcare system, and how it has evolved to its current state. I also discuss how dysfunction in the healthcare system, leading to the death of a pregnant woman, Savita Halappanavar, was a major factor in a constitutional ban on abortion being overturned.
Discriminatory Conscientious Objections in Healthcare: A Response to Ancell and Sinnott-Armstrong
Authors: DEVOLDER KATRIEN 
Published: May 2019

Abstract:Aaron Ancell and Walter Sinnott-Armstrong (A&amp;SA) propose a pragmatic approach to problems arising from conscientious objections in healthcare. Their primary focus is on private healthcare systems like that in the United States. A&amp;SA defend three claims: (i) many conscientious objections in healthcare are morally permissible and should be lawful, (ii) conscientious objections that involve invidious discrimination are morally impermissible, but (iii) even invidiously-discriminatory conscientious objections should not always be unlawful, as there is a better way to protect patient rights. Pursuant to (iii), A&amp;SA propose a framework that legally allows discriminatory conscientious objections, but that shifts the financial costs associated with such objections from patients to the clinics that employ doctors who discriminate against patients. Though their proposal is controversial, it has attractive features, and merits further discussion. In this paper, I remain neutral on the third claim A&amp;SA advance in support of their proposal, but point out a problem with the two first claims. In the light of my criticisms, I propose to modify their proposal so that costs are shifted to clinics in a broader range of cases.
The Use of Narratives In Graduate Bioethics Education
Authors: ZINNER SUSAN E. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract:The author considers the role of narratives, specifically end-of-life narratives, in medical education. After addressing the role of indexing and other neurological explanations for the validity of narratives in the classroom, she focuses on one recent memoir that explores the medical experience of an ALS patient. The advantages of using narratives, including the understanding of the patients’ perspective and the development of empathy, are two important reasons to adopt this approach.
Learning to Regulate Learning Healthcare Systems
Authors: PIASECKI JAN , DRANSEIKA VILIUS 
Published: May 2019

Abstract:It is commonplace to observe that science often outstrips the ability of society to monitor, supervise and regulate it. A recent challenge in this regard concerns Learning Healthcare Systems, an initiative to collect data and test hypotheses across clinical settings, and therefore to a larger degree than before. Some argue that the line between research and clinical practice is becoming blurred, and that existing regulation seems to obstruct low risk research. They propose the creation of a new ethical framework for Learning Healthcare Systems, to speed up research. This paper opposes that view, and argues that Learning Healthcare Systems do not blur or remove the line between research and practice, and will not result in a single set of regulations for all kinds of biomedical research. The authors suggest that a large proportion of Learning Healthcare System activities resemble public health surveillance to a significant extent. Therefore, they propose that these activities should be organized in accordance with the same ethical principles as public health surveillance, specifically that Learning Healthcare Systems should rest on the principles of comprehensiveness, transparency, and public accountability.