bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Towards sustainable fisheries and aquaculture management in the African Great Lakes
Authors: Cowx Ian G. , Ogutu‐Owhayo Richard 
Published: October 2019

AbstractInland fisheries play important roles in food and economic security in the riparian countries surrounding the Great Lakes of Africa. However, the lakes are being systematically degraded by anthropogenic pressures, in combination with the huge population growth prevalent in the region. This paper summarises the outcomes of an international conference to develop a ‘Strategy for Conservation and Sustainable Development of the African Great Lakes Region in a Changing Climate’, held in Uganda in 2017, with particular attention on the potential for fisheries and aquaculture. The paper highlights options for addressing the problems facing the aquatic resources and specifically the importance of effective management of the fisheries and ecosystems of the Great Lakes to achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals to ensure food and nutritional security and sustainable livelihoods. There is need to improve fisheries assessment and determine the value of the fisheries (and aquaculture). Fisheries legislation, regulation and enforcement need revision and co‐management mechanisms require rethinking. There is considerable potential for aquaculture, and especially cage culture, to increase fish production, but there is an urgent need to address technical, social, environmental and input requirements. It is also imperative that best practices guidelines are developed that will support cage culture production practices.
Species‐level, but not family‐level diet breadth predicts geographic distribution of Sydney butterflies
Authors: Morimoto Juliano 
Published: October 2019

AbstractDiet specialisation drives life‐history adaptations and is an important factor determining the geographic distribution of species.Previous empirical studies have shown that diet specialists should compose the majority of species in a given location, and theory predicts that generalists should have higher geographic distribution range compared with specialists (the niche breadth‐range size hypothesis). Although the evidence in support of these predictions remain scarce for herbivorous insects from isolated regions of the world such as Sydney on the east coast of Australia.Here, I compiled data from a public database to test these predictions. By measuring the diet breadth and geographic distribution of Sydney butterflies, I showed that species‐, genus‐ and family‐level diet breadth agree with worldwide patterns for Lepidoptera, whereby diet breadth is composed largely of specialist species with a long tail of generalists.Furthermore, species‐ and genus‐ (but not family‐)level diet breadths were positively correlated with geographic distribution, providing supporting evidence for the niche breadth‐range size hypothesis.A machine‐learning algorithm revealed that the positive relationship between diet breadth and geographic distribution was likely to be influenced by a common evolutionary history amongst species.The findings of this study in Sydney butterflies provide support for an important yet debated ecological hypothesis, thereby contributing to our understanding of ecological and nutritional factors driving butterfly species distribution.
INVESTIGATING NONNEUTRALITY IN A STATE‐DEPENDENT PRICING MODEL WITH FIRM‐LEVEL PRODUCTIVITY SHOCKS
Authors: Dotsey Michael , Wolman Alexander L. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractIn a model with fixed cost of price adjustment and idiosyncratic shocks, two parameterizations match a large set of microeconomic facts, yet display different degrees of nonneutrality. Although there is substantial nonneutrality in both cases, the model does not behave like a time‐dependent model, as changes in the distribution of firms account for roughly a third of the short‐run response of the price level to a monetary shock. We use the model to examine how aggregating firm behavior can generate flat hazards; we also find that a recently developed steady‐state statistic is an imperfect guide to characterizing nonneutrality.
Effects of water‐soluble soybean polysaccharide on rheological properties, stability and lipid digestibility of oil‐in‐water emulsion during in vitro gastrointestinal digestion
Authors: Udomrati Sunsanee , Pantoa Thidarat , Gohtani Shoichi , Nakajima Mitsutoshi , Uemura Kunihiko , Kobayashi Isao 
Published: October 2019

SummaryWater‐soluble soybean polysaccharide (SSPS) is a naturally occurring emulsifier. SSPS was used as the sole emulsifier to stabilize an oil‐in‐water (O/W) emulsion. The effects were investigated of different SSPS concentrations (3–20% (w/w)) on the lipid digestibility, rheological properties and stability of O/W emulsions during in vitro digestion model. The droplet size of the emulsions tended to increase during the oral phase because the emulsions were unstable and droplets coalesced, except with a SSPS concentration of 20% (w/w). The presence of SSPS markedly reduced the free fatty acid (FFA) content after its stabilized O/W emulsion passed through in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. The amount of FFA significantly decreased as the concentration of SSPS increased due to SSPS stabilization film on oil droplet surface and high viscous system. SSPS may be an attractive alternative ingredient to control the lipid digestibility of emulsions for various food products.
Evolving role of Instagram in #medicine
Authors: Wong Xin L. , Liu Rose C. , Sebaratnam Deshan F. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractSocial media has become an integral part of daily life and its use is becoming increasingly intertwined with the healthcare sector. Instagram is a free photo and video sharing social media application that has been utilised extensively in visually rich fields within medicine. Herein, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of its use in modern medicine.
Grain‐filling response of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to post‐anthesis shading in a humid climate
Authors: Shimoda Seiji , Sugikawa Yoichi 
Published: October 2019

AbstractTo assess the impacts of clouds during the grain‐filling period on the leaf senescence and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), we conducted a 4‐year plot shading experiment in a well‐drained Andosol in northern Japan. Plants were shaded after the beginning of anthesis in mid‐June, which corresponds to a naturally cloudy period in the study region. The effect of shading depended on its synchronization with soil drying, which affected leaf senescence. Grain yield was determined by solar radiation at the beginning of the grain‐filling period, except in 2015, which was a dry year. Later anthesis in 2016 and 2017 significantly reduced the number and weight of individual grains in the shading treatments. Moreover, “Kitahonami”, with late anthesis, showed a significantly slower increase in the individual‐grain weight during the grain‐filling process after shading than “Yumechikara”. When the duration between anthesis and shading was short, shading significantly reduced the number and weight of grains, and later anthesis makes it more likely that regional reduced light levels are encountered, resulting in fewer grains; the sensitivity of individual‐grain weight to shading synchronized with an increase in grain protein contents. Our results suggest that in wet years, later anthesis makes it easier to encounter regional reduced light and fewer grains; in addition, insufficient light limits photosynthesis under shade and decreases yield.
“Constructing a health assessment questionnaire for people with intellectual disabilities: A cognitive interview study”
Authors: Bakker‐van Gijssel Esther J. , Lucassen Peter L. B. J. , olde Hartman Tim C. , Assendelft Willem J. J. , van Schrojenstein Lantman‐de Valk Henny M. J. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractIntroductionHealth assessment instruments can help to raise awareness among general practitioners of specific health problems in people with intellectual disabilities (PID). The present authors developed a health assessment questionnaire using the cognitive interview technique (CI) to improve the comprehensibility. The utility of this approach to questionnaire development involving PID is assessed.MethodA qualitative approach using the CI was employed. The study included PID and their caregivers. The present authors interviewed 14 participants in 5 subsequent rounds. After each round, the questionnaire was adjusted until saturation was reached.ResultsThree hundred and sixty three identified problems led to 316 changes to the questionnaire. Most problems (102) concerned the comprehension of the question, followed by problems in the “missing answer categories” and “inaccurate instruction” section.ConclusionThe comprehensible health assessment questionnaire can help PID to take an active role in communication with their GP. The use of CI helped to improve the questionnaire. CI is a usable and valuable procedure for PID.
Status of periodontal health in German patients suffering from chronic kidney disease—Data from the GCKD study
Authors: Dannewitz Bettina , Sommerer Claudia , Stölzel Peggy , Baid‐Agrawal Seema , Nadal Jennifer , Bärthlein Barbara , Wanner Christoph , Eckardt Kai‐Uwe , Zeier Martin , Schlagenhauf Ulrich , Krane Vera , Jockel‐Schneider Yvonne 
Published: October 2019

AbstractAimTo assess the prevalence and severity of periodontitis in patients with moderate chronic kidney disease (CKD) and comparing the results with the self‐reported periodontitis awareness of the study subjects.Material and methodsThe periodontal status of 270 patients with moderate CKD randomly selected from a cohort of 5,217 subjects participating in the prospective observational German Chronic Kidney Disease (GCKD) project was analysed by recording bleeding on probing (BOP), probing pocket depth (PPD) and clinical attachment level (CAL). Furthermore, the awareness of the study subjects of their periodontal conditions was evaluated by a self‐reported questionnaire.Results24.4% of the CKD study patients showed no or only mild signs of periodontal disease, 47.6% displayed moderate and 27% severe periodontitis. Questionnaire data revealed that 62.3% of the study subjects with severe periodontitis were not aware of the presence of the disease, 44.4% denied having received any systematic periodontal therapy so far, although 50% of them indicated to visit their dentist regularly for professional tooth cleanings.ConclusionWhile the clinical study data confirm an increased prevalence of periodontitis in CKD patients, their self‐reported awareness of periodontitis was low.
Prevalence and burden of HBV co‐infection among people living with HIV: A global systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Platt Lucy , French Clare E. , McGowan Catherine R. , Sabin Keith , Gower Erin , Trickey Adam , McDonald Bethan , Ong Jason , Stone Jack , Easterbrook Philippa , Vickerman Peter 
Published: October 2019

AbstractGlobally, in 2017 35 million people were living with HIV (PLHIV) and 257 million had chronic HBV infection (HBsAg positive). The extent of HIV‐HBsAg co‐infection is unknown. We undertook a systematic review to estimate the global burden of HBsAg co‐infection in PLHIV. We searched MEDLINE, Embase and other databases for published studies (2002‐2018) measuring prevalence of HBsAg among PLHIV. The review was registered with PROSPERO (#CRD42019123388). Populations were categorized by HIV‐exposure category. The global burden of co‐infection was estimated by applying regional co‐infection prevalence estimates to UNAIDS estimates of PLHIV. We conducted a meta‐analysis to estimate the odds of HBsAg among PLHIV compared to HIV‐negative individuals. We identified 506 estimates (475 studies) of HIV‐HBsAg co‐infection prevalence from 80/195 (41.0%) countries. Globally, the prevalence of HIV‐HBsAg co‐infection is 7.6% (IQR 5.6%‐12.1%) in PLHIV, or 2.7 million HIV‐HBsAg co‐infections (IQR 2.0‐4.2). The greatest burden (69% of cases; 1.9 million) is in sub‐Saharan Africa. Globally, there was little difference in prevalence of HIV‐HBsAg co‐infection by population group (approximately 6%‐7%), but it was slightly higher among people who inject drugs (11.8% IQR 6.0%‐16.9%). Odds of HBsAg infection were 1.4 times higher among PLHIV compared to HIV‐negative individuals. There is therefore, a high global burden of HIV‐HBsAg co‐infection, especially in sub‐Saharan Africa. Key prevention strategies include infant HBV vaccination, including a timely birth‐dose. Findings also highlight the importance of targeting PLHIV, especially high‐risk groups for testing, catch‐up HBV vaccination and other preventative interventions. The global scale‐up of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for PLHIV using a tenofovir‐based ART regimen provides an opportunity to simultaneously treat those with HBV co‐infection, and in pregnant women to also reduce mother‐to‐child transmission of HBV alongside HIV.
A conserved GH17 glycosyl hydrolase from plant pathogenic Dothideomycetes releases a DAMP causing cell death in tomato
Authors: Ökmen Bilal , Bachmann Daniel , de Wit Pierre J.G.M. 
Published: October 2019

SummaryTo facilitate infection, pathogens deploy a plethora of effectors to suppress basal host immunity induced by exogenous microbe‐associated or endogenous damage‐associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). In this study, we have characterized family 17 glycosyl hydrolases of the tomato pathogen Cladosporium fulvum (CfGH17) and studied their role in infection. Heterologous expression of CfGH17‐1 to 5 by potato virus X in different tomato cultivars showed that CfGH17‐1 and CfGH17‐5 enzymes induce cell death in Cf‐0, Cf‐1 and Cf‐5 but not in Cf‐Ecp3 tomato cultivars or tobacco. Moreover, CfGH17‐1 orthologues from other phytopathogens, including Dothistroma septosporum and Mycosphaerella fijiensis, also trigger cell death in tomato. CfGH17‐1 and CfGH17‐5 are predicted to be β‐1,3‐glucanases and their enzymatic activity is required for the induction of cell death. CfGH17‐1 hydrolyses laminarin, a linear 1,3‐β‐glucan with 1,6‐β linkages. CfGH17‐1 expression is down‐regulated during the biotrophic phase of infection and up‐regulated during the necrotrophic phase. Deletion of CfGH17‐1 in C. fulvum did not reduce virulence on tomato, while constitutive expression of CfGH17‐1 decreased virulence, suggesting that abundant presence of CfGH17‐1 during biotrophic growth may release a DAMP that activates plant defence responses. Under natural conditions CfGH17‐1 is suggested to play a role during saprophytic growth when the fungus thrives on dead host tissue, which is in line with its high levels of expression at late stages of infection when host tissues have become necrotic. We suggest that CfGH17‐1 releases a DAMP from the host cell wall that is recognized by a yet unknown host plant receptor.
Ghrelin abates bacterial translocation following burn injury by improving gastric emptying
Authors: Sallam Hanaa S. , Urvil Petri , Savidge Tor C. , Chen Jiande D. Z. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackgroundIn severe burns, increased intestinal permeability facilitates bacterial translocation, resulting in systemic endotoxemia and multi‐organ failure. We investigated the role of burn‐induced gastrointestinal dysmotility (BIGD) in promoting bacterial translocation following burn injury, and the protective effect of ghrelin in this process.MethodsWe assessed gastric emptying (GE%) and intestinal transit (IT by geometric center “GC”) in a 60% total body surface area scald burn rat model and measured bacterial counts in mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) and distal small intestine by colony‐forming unit per gram of tissue (CFU/g). A group of animals was treated with ghrelin or saline after burn.Key ResultsScald burn was associated with a significant delay in GE (62% ± 4% vs 74% ± 4%; P = .02) and a trend of delay in intestinal transit (GC: 5.5 ± 0.1 vs 5.8 ± 0.2; P = .09). Concurrently, there was a marginal increase in small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (6 × 105 vs 2 × 105 CFU/g; P = .05) and significant translocation to MLN (2 × 102 vs 4 × 101; P = .03). We observed a negative correlation between GE and intestinal bacterial overgrowth (rs = −0.61; P = .002) and between IT and translocation (rs = −0.63; P = .004). Ghrelin administration significantly accelerated GE following burn injury (91% ± 3% vs 62% ± 4; P = .03), reduced small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, and completely inhibited translocation to MLN (0.0 vs 5 × 102; P = .01).Conclusions & InferencesBurn‐induced gastrointestinal dysmotility is correlated with the systemic translocation of gram‐negative gut bacteria that are implicated in multiple organ failure in burn patients. Therapeutic interventions to restore BIGD are warranted (Neurogastroenterol Motil, 2012, 24, 78).
Treatment decisions of UK hospital optometrists and ophthalmologists in patients with nAMD: a vignette study
Authors: Creer Rosalind C , Roberts Stephen A , Aslam Tariq M , Balaskas Konstantinos , Chhabra Ramandeep , Mahmood Sajjad , Turner George S , Harper Robert A 
Published: October 2019

AbstractPurposeA vignette study to examine treatment decisions made by UK hospital optometrists in patients with neovascular age‐related macular degeneration (nAMD) and the effect of optometrists’ experience on agreement.MethodsPatients with nAMD attending Manchester Royal Eye Hospital, Manchester, UK were identified as potential candidates for the case series of vignettes. The cases were chosen to reflect a varied case‐mix with respect to difficulty as well as ensuring good quality of the images. Each vignette included a history summary consisting of the number of previous injections given and visual acuity measurements at baseline, the previous visit, and the current visit. Images were compiled to show baseline fundus photographs and ocular coherence tomography (OCT) images with the current visit images on which the treatment decision was to be made along with the images from the previous visit. Hospital optometrists were recruited and asked to complete the series of vignettes, deciding if treatment was required at that visit and how confident they felt with that decision. Their responses were compared to the reference standard created by a consensus of consultant ophthalmologists with a sub‐speciality interest in medical retina.ResultsRegarding treatment decision for optometrists, the percentage correct value was 75% with the sensitivity being 75.6% (95% CI 70.1–80.3) and the specificity as 75.1% (95% CI 72.1–77.8). No statistically significant difference was found between differing levels of experience. However, there was a significant difference in confidence levels between groups. Potentially sight threatening decisions accounted for 6.4% of the optometrists’ decisions, 3.5% were made with a high confidence rating suggesting no discussion with an ophthalmologist was required.ConclusionsAlthough the optometrists showed modest agreement with the reference standard in a series of cases that have higher than average complexity, the optometrists showed a similar amount of variability within their treatment decisions compared to the reference standard. The optometrists were therefore not inferior in their performance compared to the ophthalmologists and this can be seen as supporting evidence for their extended role within this clinical area. Experience did not have an effect on ‘correct’ treatment decisions although there was a statistically significant effect on increasing confidence of treatment decision.
The Course of Immune Stimulation by Photodynamic Therapy: Bridging Fundamentals of Photochemically Induced Immunogenic Cell Death to the Enrichment of T‐Cell Repertoire
Authors: Nath Shubhankar , Obaid Girgis , Hasan Tayyaba 
Published: October 2019

AbstractPhotodynamic therapy (PDT) is a potentially immunogenic and FDA‐approved antitumor treatment modality that utilizes the spatiotemporal combination of a photosensitizer, light and oftentimes oxygen, to generate therapeutic cytotoxic molecules. Certain photosensitizers under specific conditions, including ones in clinical practice, have been shown to elicit an immune response following photoillumination. When localized within tumor tissue, photogenerated cytotoxic molecules can lead to immunogenic cell death (ICD) of tumor cells, which release damage‐associated molecular patterns and tumor‐specific antigens. Subsequently, the T‐lymphocyte (T cell)–mediated adaptive immune system can become activated. Activated T cells then disseminate into systemic circulation and can eliminate primary and metastatic tumors. In this review, we will detail the multistage cascade of events following PDT of solid tumors that ultimately lead to the activation of an antitumor immune response. More specifically, we connect the fundamentals of photochemically induced ICD with a proposition on potential mechanisms for PDT enhancement of the adaptive antitumor response. We postulate a hypothesis that during the course of the immune stimulation process, PDT also enriches the T‐cell repertoire with tumor‐reactive activated T cells, diversifying their tumor‐specific targets and eliciting a more expansive and rigorous antitumor response. The implications of such a process are likely to impact the outcomes of rational combinations with immune checkpoint blockade, warranting investigations into T‐cell diversity as a previously understudied and potentially transformative paradigm in antitumor photodynamic immunotherapy.
Distribution of Pseudocercospora species causing Sigatoka leaf diseases of banana in Uganda and Tanzania
Authors: Kimunye J. N. , Were E. , Mussa F. , Tazuba A. , Jomanga K. , Viljoen A. , Swennen R. , Muthoni F. K. , Mahuku G. 
Published: October 2019

Sigatoka leaf diseases are a major constraint to banana production. A survey was conducted in Tanzania and Uganda to assess the distribution of Pseudocercospora species and severity of Sigatoka leaf diseases. Pseudocercospora species were identified using species‐specific primers. Sigatoka‐like leaf diseases were observed in all farms and on all cultivars, but disease severity varied significantly (P < 0.001) between countries, districts/regions within countries, altitudinal ranges and banana cultivars. In all regions except Kilimanjaro, P. fijiensis, the causal agent of black Sigatoka, was the only pathogen associated with Sigatoka disease. Mycosphaerella musae was associated with Sigatoka‐like symptoms in Kilimanjaro region. Black Sigatoka disease was more severe in Uganda, with a mean disease severity index (DSI) of 37.5%, than in Tanzania (DSI = 19.9%). In Uganda, black Sigatoka disease was equally severe in Luwero district (mean DSI = 40.4%) and Mbarara district (mean DSI = 37.9%). In Tanzania, black Sigatoka was most severe in Kagera region (mean DSI = 29.2%) and least in Mbeya region (mean DSI = 11.5%). Pseudocercospora fijiensis, the most devastating sigatoka pathogen, was detected at altitudes of up to 1877 m a.s.l. This range expansion of P. fijiensis, previously confined to altitudes lower than 1350 m a.s.l. in East Africa, is of concern, especially for smallholder banana farmers growing the susceptible East African Highland bananas (EAHB). Among the banana varieties sampled, the EAHB, FHIA hybrids and Mchare were the most susceptible. Here, the loss of resistance in Yangambi KM5, a banana variety previously resistant to P. fijiensis, is reported for the first time.