bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
WHO GETS IT WHEN YOU GO: THE LEGAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE ENDING OF HOUSEHOLDS (JUEHU) IN THE SONG DYNASTY (960-1279 C.E.)
Authors: McKnight Brian 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIn imperial China the normal pattern for the passing on of property across generations, giving assets to daughters as dowry at marriage and bequeathing the family estate in equal portions to sons upon the deaths of the parents, was distorted when both parents died without there being a living son, a situation called the extinguishing of the household (jeuhu). Under some dynasties the state attempted to deal with this phenomenon by mandating the posthumous adoption of sons, but during the Song (960-1279 C.E.) the government accepted the fact of the frequent ending of household (and family) lines, and established an elaborate set of laws and policies to assure the orderly transfer of assets. Song policy in this regard was prompted by the state's desire to avoid the concentration of land in the hands of the rich and the potential loss of tax revenues. Song policies both reflected and supported two social trends, the increasing independence of smaller stem family units from the influence of larger kin groupings and the increasing control of property by women, because most of those receiving juehu assets were women.
STICKLEBACK MALES, ESPECIALLY LARGE AND RED ONES, ARE MORE LIKELY TO NEST CONCEALED IN MACROPHYTES
Authors: Kraak Sarah , Bakker Theo , Hočevar Sandra 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Previous studies have shown (1) that stickleback males enjoy increased mating success when their nest is concealed, (2) that males reduce their courtship in the face of predation risk to a lesser extent when their nest is concealed, and (3) that eggs in concealed nests have higher hatching chances. Here we test the prediction that male sticklebacks prefer to establish a territory at a site with a macrophyte under which they can conceal their nest. We planted macrophytes at half of the potential nest sites at two depths, in a section of a channel in which sticklebacks naturally occur. Subsequently, we found significantly more nests with eggs at the sites concealed by macrophytes than at the control sites, suggesting that wild sticklebacks preferred to build their nests at sites that offer concealment. At the shallow depth, males occupying a site with a macrophyte were larger and redder than males at control sites, but not at the deeper level. This suggests that males of higher competitive ability and greater conspicuousness were more likely to settle at shallow sites where predation risk by the grey heron is high.
FEMALE MATE PREFERENCE AND REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION IN POPULATIONS OF THE STRIPED MOUSE RHABDOMYS PUMILIO
Authors: Pillay Neville 
Published: July 2002

AbstractLaboratory experiments were conducted to study female mate preference in three allopatric populations of the striped mouse Rhabdomys pumilio, an African murid rodent. The three populations (Alice, Goegap, Irene) represent the extremes of the distribution range of the species in South Africa. Using two-way choice tests, virgin females were exposed to: (i) males of the same population (homotype) and those of another population (heterotype) in whole animal choice tests, or (ii) the odiferous bedding of homotype and heterotype males. Generally, females significantly preferred homotype stimulus males or their odour. This preference was only evident when females were in oestrus, suggesting that females were choosing potential mates. In addition, prior association with males is not needed for the establishment of female mate preference, since females were never exposed to adult males of any of the populations prior to testing. The only exception was receptive Goegap females which showed equal preference for homotype and Alice heterotype males. Mate preference in these two populations is asymmetric since Alice females showed strong preference for homotype males over Goegap males. The results indicate that divergence has occurred in allopatry, resulting in populationspecific communication signals and in particular olfactory cues, assortative mate choice, and pre-mating reproductive isolation.
'BABBLING' IN PYGMY MARMOSETS: DEVELOPMENT AFTER INFANCY
Authors: Snowdon Charles , Elowson A. Margaret 
Published: July 2002

AbstractInfant pygmy marmosets (Cebuella pygmaea) are extremely vocal with much of their calling occurring in long sequences of mixed call-types that appears to have several parallels to the babbling of human infants (Elowson et al., 1998b). We refer to this vocal behaviour as Pygmy Marmoset Babbling (PMB) (Elowson et al., 1998a). We followed several of our original subjects beyond infancy to adulthood. Babbling bouts continued to appear through the age of puberty though at a reduced rate from that seen in infancy, but babbling was rarely observed in adults. With increasing age the vocal bouts contained a greater diversity of call types per bout and a decrease in call series duration. In addition, with increasing age there were decreasing proportions of calls that were Adult Variant and Infant calls and an increase in Adult calls. Structural analyses of trills, the most common call type found in vocal bouts, showed increased proportions of well-formed trills and decreased proportions of poorly formed trills with increased age, with different features reaching adult form at different ages. Babbling by juvenile marmosets was associated with increased social interactions with other group members as we had observed with infants. 'Babbling' in both infant and juvenile marmosets might provide vocal practice as well as attract attention from other group members.
SELECTION AND THE MAINTENANCE OF A COLOUR PATTERN POLYMORPHISM IN THE GREEN SWORDTAIL (XIPHOPHORUS HELLERI)
Authors: Franck Dierk , Dikomey Marion , Schartl Manfred 
Published: July 2002

AbstractMany Xiphophorus populations include a number of individuals with black spots on body sides or fins. In many cases such spots are composed of extremely large melanophore cells, the so-called macromelanophores. Macromelanophore pattern polymorphism is known in 10 out of 22 Xiphophorus species. In at least 8 species alleles of the macromelanophore determining locus Mdl are intimately linked to a dominant oncogene, ONC-Xmrk, which can give rise to malignant skin tumors (melanoma). We present, for the first time, evidence that macromelanophore pattern polymorphisms may be maintained by selection in a seasonally variable environment. In school-choice experiments single Xiphophorus helleri females spent more time with groups of spotted females than with non-spotted females under turbid, but not under clear water conditions. Similarly, receptive females preferred spotted males in turbid, but not in clear water. Thus, in nature, when the water becomes turbid after heavy rainfalls, school mates and reproductive partners can evidently find each other more easily with the help of macromelanophore spotting patterns. Intrasexual selection seems to be irrelevant because spotted and non-spotted males were equally successful in competition experiments. A genetic hitchhiking scenario is discussed which could explain the fact that the potentially injurious tumor gene ONC-Xmrk has been maintained in the genus Xiphophorus over a period of millions of years by its close linkage to positively selected macromelanophore alleles.
RELEASE EXPERIMENTS WITH WILD ROCK DOVES (COLUMBA L. LIVIA GM.)
Authors: Baldaccini N. Emilio , Giunchi Dimitri , Mongini Emanuele , Ragionieri Luisa 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The homing behaviour of free-living birds has rarely been systematically investigated, and so it is difficult to give a satisfactory comparative picture. Data are here presented on the initial orientation of rock doves displaced inside and outside the area that they daily cross during their foraging flights. Inside the familiar area, the results show marked variability in the directional choices of the released birds, probably related to temporal variability in the location of food patches during the year. Indeed, in autumn, when the doves feed almost exclusively near the colony site, they tend to fly home, but in summer, when food patches are dispersed over a wide area around the colony, this behaviour is not evident. Outside the familiar area, no clear evidence of a homeward directedness is obtained. Two releases inside the familiar area with clock-shifted birds produced ambiguous results and it is difficult to attribute the behaviour of the animals to a change in their motivation to reach home in different times of the day, or to the use of a time-compensated sun compass. On the whole, the presented results point to the difficulties of comparing rock dove behaviour to that of the homing pigeon, and show the importance of considering the influence of ecological and motivational variables in evaluating the orienting performances of wild birds.
TWO NEW SPECIES OF ALBOSCIA SCHULTZ, 1995 FROM RIO GRANDE DO SUL, BRAZIL (ISOPODA, ONISCIDEA, PHILOSCIIDAE)
Authors: Araujo  
Published: July 2002

AbstractTwo new species of Alboscia Schultz, 1995, from Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, are described. A. silveirensis is characterized by having 2 sub-apical and 2 apical aesthetascs on the antennule, by its antenna with the distal flagellar article the longest, and by having sexual dimorphism on pereopod 1, while A. ornata is distinguished by an eye of 3 ocelli and the complex structure of pleopods 1 and 2. A new diagnosis of the genus is provided. Deux especes nouvelles d'Alboscia Schultz, 1995, sont decrites de Rio Grande do Sul, Bresil. A. silveirensis est caracterise par la presence de deux aestetascs subapicaux et de deux apicaux sur l'antennule, par son antenne avec l'article flagellaire distal le plus long et par le dimorphisme sexuel du pereiopode 1, alors que A. ornata se distingue par un oeil a trois ocelles et la structure complexe des pleopodes 1 et 2. Une nouvelle diagnose du genre est fournie.
AGONISTIC CONTESTS IN MALE FORM I CAMBARUS BARTONII BARTONII (FABRICIUS, 1798) (DECAPODA, CAMBARIDAE) CRAYFISH AND A COMPARISON WITH CONTESTS OF THE SAME TYPE IN CAMBARUS ROBUSTUS GIRARD, 1852
Authors: Guiasu Radu Cornel , Dunham David 
Published: July 2002

AbstractDuring contests between evenly size-matched Cambarus bartonii bartonii crayfish males of reproductive form (Form I), the eventual winners performed significantly more total initiation acts, Lunge and Claws Raised initiation behaviours than the eventual losers. There were no significant differences between the numbers of Ambivalent Contact initiation acts and tail flip escape behaviours, respectively, performed by the winners and the losers. During intraspecific, intra-form contests, C. b. bartonii Form I males used the same three main types of initiation acts as Form I males of the closely related species Cambarus robustus. The highly aggressive Lunge initiation act plays a much more important role in the establishment of the dominant-subordinate relationship in the C. robustus intraspecific, intra-form Form I contests than in the C. b. bartonii contests of the same type. The eventual C. b. bartonii losers were considerably less submissive in the intraspecific contests in comparison to the interspecific contests against C. robustus. The decline in both the number of fights and the time spent fighting, which accompanied the establishment of the dominant-subordinate relationship in the C. robustus intraspecific contests, did not take place during the C. b. bartonii intraspecific contests. Pendant les confrontations entre ecrevisses males de taille assortie de l'espece Cambarus bartonii bartonii, appartenant a la forme reproductive (Forme I), les gagnants eventuels accomplissent de facon significative un plus grand nombre total d'actes d'engagement ("Lunge" et "Claws Raised") que les perdants eventuels. Il n'y avait pas de differences significatives entre les nombres des actes d'engagement "Ambivalent Contact" et de degagement "en coup de queue", respectivement, accomplis par les gagnants et les perdants. Pendant les confrontations intraspecifiques, intraformes, les males de C. b. bartonii utilisaient les trois memes types principaux d'actes d'engagement que les males Forme I de l'espece tres proche Cambarus robustus. L'acte d'engagement hautement agressif "Lunge" joue un role beaucoup plus important dans l'etablissement de la relation dominant-domine dans les confrontations intraspecifiques, intraformes Forme I, chez C. robustus, que dans les confrontations de meme type chez C. b. bartonii. Les eventuels perdants de C. b. bartonii etaient considerablement moins soumis dans les combats intraspecifiques que dans les combats interspecifiques contre C. robustus. Le declin, a la fois dans le nombre des combats et dans le temps passe a combattre, qui accompagnait l'etablissement de la relation dominant-domine dans les rencontres intraspecifiques chez C. robustus, n'intervenait pas pendant les rencontres intraspecifiques chez C. b. bartonii.
Sedentary endoparasitic nematodes as a model for other plant parasitic nematodes
Authors: Gheysen Godelieve , Meutter Jan De , Tytgat Tom , Coomans August 
Published: July 2002

AbstractPlant parasitic nematodes are known to cause a severe reduction in crop yield. Recently much effort is being put to engineering new nematode-resistant crop cultivars. Plant parasitic nematodes occur in three widely separated orders: Triplonchida, Dorylaimida and Tylenchida. All triplonchid and dorylaimid plant parasitic nematodes are migratory ectoparasites of roots. Within the Tylenchida, several different types of plant parasitism can be recognised. The sedentary endoparasites have the most complex interaction with their host, and are responsible for the vast majority of the agricultural damage. This causes most research to be concentrated on two groups of the sedentary endoparasitic nematodes: cyst- and root-knot nematodes. Both induce specialised feeding structures in the vascular cylinder of the plant root. The mechanism of phytoparasitism of the cyst- and root-knot nematodes is reviewed, of which some aspects will be applicable to the study of the other plant parasitic nematodes. Les nématodes parasites de plantes sont connus pour provoquer de sévères réductions dans les rendements des cultures. Actuellement, un effort se développe pour créer de nouveaux cultivars résistants aux nématodes. Les nématodes parasite de plantes appartiennent à trois ordres très éloignés: Triplonchida, Dorylaimida et Tylenchida. Tous les nématodes parasites de plantes chez les Triplonchida et Dorylaimida sont des ectoparasites migrateurs. Chez les Tylenchida, plusieurs types différents de parasitisme peuvent être identifiés. Les endoparasites sédentaires ont l’interaction la plus complexe avec leur hôte et sont responsables de la plus grande part des dégâts agricoles. C’est la raison pour laquelle la plupart des recherches sont concentrées sur deux groupes de nématodes endoparasites sédentaires, les nématodes à kystes et les nématodes galligènes. Ces deux groupes induisent des structures d’alimentation spécialisées dans les tissus vasculaires de la racine végétale. Le mécanisme parasitaire des nématodes à kystes et galligènes est revu, certaines de leurs caractéristiques pouvant être applicables à l’étude des autres nématodes phytoparasites.
Nematodes of the order Dorylaimida from Andalucía Oriental, Spain. Two new species of the genus Carcharodiscus Andrássy, 1991, with a key to its species
Authors: Liébanas Gracia María , Peña-Santiago Reyes 
Published: July 2002

AbstractTwo new species of the genus Carcharodiscus are described from southeastern Spain. Carcharodiscus procerus sp. n. is characterised by: a very slender (a = 52 - 62) body 1.67 - 2.17 mm long, lip region offset by constriction and 17 - 18 μm diam., anterior portion of the cheilostome 12 - 13× 7.0- 7.5 μm with abundant denticles on its walls, odontostyle 10 - 12 μm long or ca 66% of the lip region diam., presence of a dorsal cell chord behind the cardia, female genital system amphidelphic, vulva longitudinal and somewhat posterior (V = 52 - 58), presence of cuticular irregularities near the vulva area, tail rounded conoid (22 - 28 μm; c = 70 - 83; c′ = 1.0 - 1.2), and male unknown. Carcharodiscus olearum sp. n. is distinguished by its very slender (a = 51 - 55) and long (L = 2.36 2.79 mm) body, lip region offset by deep constriction and 22 - 27 μm in diam., anterior portion of the cheilostome 16.5- 18.0 × 8.0- 9.5 μm with abundant denticles on its walls, odontostyle 16.0- 17.5 μm long or 0.7 to 0.8 times the lip region in diam., presence of a dorsal cell chord behind the cardia, female genital system amphidelphic, vulva longitudinal and somewhat posterior (V = 50 - 58), tail rounded conoid (25 - 28 μm; c = 89 - 99; c′ = 0.8- 0.9), and male unknown. Carcharolaimus eximius is transferred to Carcharodiscus. A list of the species of the genus and key to their identification are also provided.
Nematicidal metabolites produced by Photorhabdus luminescens (Enterobacteriaceae), bacterial symbiont of entomopathogenic nematodes
Authors: Hu Kaiji , Li Jianxiong , Webster John M. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The secondary metabolites, 3,5-dihydroxy-4-isopropylstilbene (ST) and indole,
from the culture filtrate of Photorhabdus luminescens MD, were shown to have
nematicidal properties. ST caused nearly 100% mortality of J4 and adults of
Aphelenchoides rhytium , Bursaphelenchus spp. and Caenorhabditis elegans at
100 mu g/ml, but had no effect on J2 of Meloidogyne incognita or infective
juveniles (IJ) of Heterorhabditis megidis at 200 mu g/ml. Indole was lethal
to several nematode species at 300 mu g/ml, and caused a high percentage of
Bursaphelenchus spp. (J4 and adults), M. incognita (J2) and Heterorhabditis
spp. (IJ) to be paralysed at 300, 100 and 400 mu g/ml, respectively. Both ST
and indole inhibited egg hatch of M. incognita . ST repelled IJ of some
Steinernema spp. but not IJ of Heterorhabditis spp., and indole repelled IJ
of some species of both Steinernema and Heterorhabditis . ST, but not
indole, was produced in nematode-infected larval Galleria mellonella after
24 h infection. Von Photorhabdus luminescens (Enterobacteriaceae), einem
Symbionten entomopathogener Nematoden gebildete nematizide Metaboliten - Es
wurde gezeigt, dass die Sekundarmetaboliten 3,5-Dihydroxy-4-isopropylstilben
(ST) und Indol aus dem Kulturfiltrat von Photorhabdus luminescens MD
nematizide Eigenschaften besassen. In einer Konzentration von 100 mu g/ml
verursachte ST eine fast 100%ige Sterblichkeit bei J4 und Adulten von
Aphelenchoides rhytium , Bursaphelenchus spp. und Caenorhabditis elegans ,
hatte aber bei 200 mu g/ml keine Wirkung auf J2 von Meloidogyne incognita
oder auf Infektionsjuvenile (IJ) von Heterorhabditis megidis . Bei 300 mu
g/ml war Indol fur etliche Nematodenarten todlich und fuhrte dazu, dass
Bursaphelenchus spp. (J4 and Adulte) bei 300, M. incognita (J2) bei 100, und
Heterorhabditis spp. (IJ) bei 400 mu g/ml zu einem grossen Teil gelahmt
wurden. ST und Indol behinderten beide das Schlupfen von M. incognita . ST
wirkte abstossend auf IJ einiger Steinernema -Arten aber nicht auf IJ von
Heterorhabditis spp., und Indol wirkte abstossend auf IJ einiger Arten der
beiden Gattungen Steinernema und Heterorhabditis . ST wurde in
nematoden-befallenen Larven von Galleria mellonella 24 h nach der Infektion
gebildet, Indol dagegen nicht.
THE STUDY OF LIFE BOREDOM
Authors: Bargdill Richard 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThis article extends the study of a phenomenological investigation (Bargdill, R. W., 2000) in which six participants wrote protocols and gave interviews describing the experience of being bored with their lives. This study found that the participants gradually became bored after they had compromised their life-projects for less desired projects. The participants felt emotionally ambivalent because they were thematically angry with others involved in their compromises while being pre-reflectively angry with themselves. The participants non-thematically adopted passive and avoidant stances toward their lives that allowed their boredom to spread to more aspects of their lives. The participants' boredom led them to identity issues because they no longer were actively working toward projects. They felt empty and apathetic because they felt every action led to boredom, and thus action was futile. Preliminary distinctions between the experience of life boredom and depression are considered.
Significance of random illite-vermiculite mixed layers in Pleistocene sediments of the northwestern Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Vanderaveroet P. , Bout-roumazeilles V. , Fagel N. , Chamley H. , Deconinck J. F. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe clay mineralogy of Pleistocene sediments of eleven sediment cores at three ODP sites from 30°N to 60°N northwestern Atlantic Ocean has been investigated. The sediments are characterized by the presence of random illite-vermiculite mixed layers (I-V) (up to 32% of the clay mineral assemblage). The I-V clays are much more abundant during interglacial periods than during glacial ones. They are attributed to detrital supply through erosion of high-latitude continental areas from which they are derived mainly from chemical weathering of micaceous phyllosilicates. Their spatial distribution and the specific conditions for their formation through weathering suggest that I-V mixed layers are mainly derived from the Canadian Shield. They were transported from their source to marine deposition areas by rivers, deep water masses or nepheloid layers. Due to the specific conditions required for the formation of I-V, its occurrence and abundance are used as a palaeoclimate and palaeocirculation proxy for northwestern Atlantic Pleistocene sediment.
An experimental alteration of montmorillonite to a di + trioctahedral smectite assemblage at 100 and 200°C
Authors: Beaufort D. , Berger G. , Lacharpagne J. C. , Meunier A. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractHydrothermal experiments were performed at 100 and 200°C and at different clay:water ratios in order to investigate the transformation of smectitic layers during the alteration of a montmorillonitic starting material. This study focused on three phenomena: (1) the amount and localization of charge within the layer of the newly-formed dioctahedral smectite; (2) the stacking of low- and high-charge layers in the dioctahedral smectitic material; and (3) the neoformation of trioctahedral smectites.In all of the runs, the formation of beidellite from montmorillonite induced morphological changes in clay particles which suggests a reaction proceeding by a dissolution-crystallization mechanism. Illite layers were detected in K-saturated montmorillonite runs after the transformation of ∼50% of the starting montmorillonite into beidellite (i.e. after 5 months of reaction with distilled water at 200°C). These illite layers were interstratified with both high-charge and low-charge dioctahedral smectites in a hypothetical three-component mixed-layer mineral.