bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Noether’s Theorem for Fields
Authors: Mann Peter 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
This is a unique chapter that discusses classical path integrals in both configuration space and phase space. It examines both Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formulations before qualitatively discussing some interesting features of gauge fixing. This formulation is then linked to superspace and Grassmann variables for a fermionic field theory. The chapter then shows that the corresponding operatorial formulation is none other than the Koopman–von Neumann theory. In parallel to quantum theory, the classical propagator or the transition amplitude between two classical states is given exactly by the phase space partition function. The functional Dirac delta is discussed, and the chapter closes by briefly mentioning Faddeev–Popov ghosts, which were introduced earlier in the chapter.
The (Not So?) Basics
Authors: Mann Peter 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
This chapter discusses matrices. Matrices appear in many instances across physics, and it is in this chapter that the background necessary for understanding how to use them in calculations is provided. Although matrices can be a little daunting upon first exposure, they are very handy for a lot of classical physics. This chapter reviews the basics of matrices and their operations. It discusses square matrices, adjoint matrices, cofactor matrices and skew-symmetric matrices. The concepts of matrix multiplication, transpose, inverse, diagonal, identity, Pfaffian and determinant are examined. The chapter also discusses the terms Hermitian, symmetric and antisymmetric, as well as the Levi-Civita symbol and Laplace expansion.
Linear Algebra
Authors: Mann Peter 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
This chapter is key to the understanding of classical mechanics as a geometrical theory. It builds upon earlier chapters on calculus and linear algebra and frames theoretical physics in a new and useful language. Although some degree of mathematical knowledge is required (from the previous chapters), the focus of this chapter is to explain exactly what is going on, rather than give a full working knowledge of the subject. Such an approach is rare in this field, yet is ever so welcome to newcomers who are exposed to this material for the first time! The chapter discusses topology, manifolds, forms, interior products, pullback and pushforward, as well as tangent bundles, cotangent bundles, jet bundles and principle bundles. It also discusses vector fields, integral curves, flow, exterior derivatives and fibre derivatives. In addition, Lie derivatives, Lie brackets, Lie algebra, Lie–Poisson brackets, vertical space, horizontal space, groups and algebroids are explained.
The Speed of Light
Authors: Wittman David M. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
You have probably heard that nothing can go faster than the speed of light. In this chapter, we will see that the speed of light is even more remarkable: it is the same in all frames. From this surprising fact, we will deduce that this speed must also serve as a limit and that Galilean velocity addition fails to describe how nature works at high speeds: our first glimpses of the modern understanding of relativity. To make you more comfortable with the fact that velocities must add nonlinearly, this chapter develops an intuitive conceptual analogy for velocity addition.
Potential
Authors: Wittman David M. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
At any given event gravity accelerates all particles equally—yet gravity is very strong in some places and very weak in others. In this chapter, we learn a powerful thinking tool to help us deal with these variations: the gravitational potential. The potential takes the concept of “acceleration times height” that, we previously found, determines the march of time and generalizes it to cases where the gravitational acceleration varies with position. The potential encodes global relationships, such as the gravitational redshift of light emitted from one point and received by a distant observer, as well as the local acceleration at each point.We also showhow the spacetime metric is affected by the potential. Incorporating the potential into themetric neatly unites gravity with relativity and eliminates any need for a theory of gravity involving forces.
Muddling through the Swedish Police Reform: Observations from a Neo-Classical Standpoint on Bureaucracy
Authors: Björk Micael 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThis article discusses current police reform in Sweden, analysing recent events in light of tensions between rationalistic reform culture and more mundane work practices in policing. The analytical tool-kit consists of practice theory and the neo-classical theory of bureaucracy. The empirical material originates in ethnographic observations and semi-structured interviews from different regions in the new police organization in Sweden. Three themes are outlined: structural sanctification, job crafting, and resilience in work practices. At the end of the article, some reflections on shared leadership are presented, focusing on discretionary powers in police work.
A CASE STUDY ON THE USE OF SEASONAL CORRECTION FACTORS FOR INDOOR RADON MEASUREMENTS
Authors: Algin E , Asici C , Sogukpinar H , Akkurt N 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Radon concentration measurements were performed in the city Eskişehir, Turkey in order to quantify seasonal variation. Using the assumption that indoor radon concentrations exhibit annual cyclic behavior, Pinel’s methodology was employed to obtain seasonal correction factors (SCFs). A total of 142 dwellings had radon concentration data for each season that enabled to obtain annual average radon concentrations. Estimated SCFs were applied to each of the 142 dwellings to assess the validity of the factors. The results demonstrate that even in a very small region significant variation in radon concentrations of different dwellings can be observed, and that a good care should be taken in applying SCFs to a short-term radon measurement to obtain average annual radon concentration.
Standardising Defence Lines: William Perrin Norris, Eugenics and Australian Border Control
Authors: Kain Jennifer S 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
This article investigates the policy and practice of Australia's so-called ‘eugenic phase’ of border control embedded within the 1912 Immigration Act. It highlights the efforts of the first London-based Commonwealth Medical Officer - Dr William Perrin Norris - who designed a medical bureaucratic system intended to keep ‘defectives’ out of Australia. Norris' vision is revealed to be befitting of his character, experience, and a passion for uniformity which went beyond his legal jurisdiction. In examining the associated political debates, procedural instructions and the practicalities of the legislation, this article advances a more nuanced historical understanding of this period of Australian border control, and traces the evolution of the idiot and insane prohibited immigrant clause in the first quarter of the twentieth century.
Beta-2 Adrenergic and Glucocorticoid Receptor Agonists Modulate Ozone-Induced Pulmonary Protein Leakage and Inflammation in Healthy and Adrenalectomized Rats
Authors: Henriquez Andres R , Snow Samantha J , Schladweiler Mette C , Miller Colette N , Dye Janice A , Ledbetter Allen D , Richards Judy E , Hargrove Marie M , Williams Wanda C , Kodavanti Urmila P 
Published: August 2018

AbstractWe have shown that acute ozone inhalation activates sympathetic-adrenal-medullary and hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal stress axes, and adrenalectomy (AD) inhibits ozone-induced lung injury and inflammation. Therefore, we hypothesized that stress hormone receptor agonists (β2 adrenergic-β2AR and glucocorticoid-GR) will restore the ozone injury phenotype in AD, while exacerbating effects in sham-surgery (SH) rats. Male Wistar Kyoto rats that underwent SH or AD were treated with vehicles (saline + corn oil) or β2AR agonist clenbuterol (CLEN, 0.2 mg/kg, i.p.) + GR agonist dexamethasone (DEX, 2 mg/kg, s.c.) for 1 day and immediately prior to each day of exposure to filtered air or ozone (0.8 ppm, 4 h/day for 1 or 2 days). Ozone-induced increases in PenH and peak-expiratory flow were exacerbated in CLEN+DEX-treated SH and AD rats. CLEN+DEX affected breath waveform in all rats. Ozone exposure in vehicle-treated SH rats increased bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) protein, N-acetyl glucosaminidase activity (macrophage activation), neutrophils, and lung cytokine expression while reducing circulating lymphocyte subpopulations. AD reduced these ozone effects in vehicle-treated rats. At the doses used herein, CLEN+DEX treatment reversed the protection offered by AD and exacerbated most ozone-induced lung effects while diminishing circulating lymphocytes. CLEN+DEX in air-exposed SH rats also induced marked protein leakage and reduced circulating lymphocytes but did not increase BALF neutrophils. In conclusion, circulating stress hormones and their receptors mediate ozone-induced vascular leakage and inflammatory cell trafficking to the lung. Those receiving β2AR and GR agonists for chronic pulmonary diseases, or with increased circulating stress hormones due to psychosocial stresses, might have altered sensitivity to air pollution.
Prognostic value of prehospital quick sequential organ failure assessment score among patients with suspected infection
Authors: Vaittinada Ayar Prabakar , Delay Mathieu , Avondo Aurélie , Duchateau François-Xavier , Nadiras Pierre , Lapostolle Frédéric , Chouihed Tahar , Freund Yonathan 
Published: August 2018

Objective
After the third international consensus on sepsis released its new definitions, the prognostic value of quick sequential organ failure assessment (qSOFA) score has been confirmed in the emergency department. However, its validity in the prehospital setting remains unknown. The objective of the study was to assess its accuracy for prehospital patients cared by emergency physician-staffed ambulances (services mobiles d’urgence et de réanimation SMUR).

Patients and methods
This was a prospective observational multicenter cohort study (N = 6). All consecutive patients with prehospital clinical suspicion of infection by the emergency physician of the SMUR emergency medical service were included. Components of qSOFA were collected, and the patients were followed until hospital discharge. The primary end point was in-hospital mortality, censored at 28 days. Secondary end points included ICU admission longer than 72 h and a composite of ‘death or ICU stay more than 72 h’.

Results
We screened 342 patients and included 332 in the analysis. Their mean age was 73 years, 159 (48%) were women, and the most common site of infection was respiratory (73% of cases). qSOFA was at least 2 in 133 (40%) patients. The overall in-hospital mortality was 27%: 41% in patients with qSOFA of at least 2 versus 18% for qSOFA less than 2 (absolute difference 23%; 95% confidence interval: 13–33%, P < 0.001). The overall discrimination for qSOFA was poor, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.69 (95% confidence interval: 0.62–0.74).

Conclusion
In this large multicenter study, prehospital qSOFA presents a strong association with mortality in infected patient, though with poor prognostic performances in our severely ill sample.
Comparison of Perioperative Outcomes Between Laparoscopic and Open Approach for Pancreatoduodenectomy
Authors: Poves Ignasi , Burdío Fernando , Morató Olga , Iglesias Mar , Radosevic Aleksander , Ilzarbe Lucas , Visa Laura , Grande Luís 
Published: August 2018

Objective:
To compare perioperative outcomes of pancreatoduodenectomy (PD) performed through the laparoscopic route or by open surgery.

Summary Background Data:
Laparoscopic PD is being progressively performed in selected patients.

Methods:
An open-label single-center RCT was conducted between February 2013 and September 2017. The primary endpoint was the length of hospital stay (LOS). Secondary endpoints were operative time, transfusion requirements, specific pancreatic complications (pancreatic or biliary fistula, pancreatic hemorrhage, and delayed gastric emptying), Clavien–Dindo grade ≥ 3 complications, comprehensive complication index (CCI) score, poor quality outcome (PQO), and the quality of pathologic resection. Analyses were performed on an intention to treat basis.

Results:
Of 86 patients assessed for PD, 66 were randomized (34 laparoscopic approach, 32 open surgery). Conversion to an open procedure was needed in 8 (23.5%) patients. Laparoscopic versus open PD was associated with a significantly shorter LOS (median 13.5 vs. 17 d; P = 0.024) and longer median operative time (486 vs. 365 min; P = 0.0001). The laparoscopic approach was associated with significantly better outcomes regarding Clavien–Dindo grade ≥ 3 complications (5 vs. 11 patients; P = 0.04), CCI score (20.6 vs. 29.6; P = 0.038), and PQO (10 vs. 14 patients; P = 0.041). No significant differences in transfusion requirements, pancreas-specific complications, the number of lymph nodes retrieved, and resection margins between the two approaches were found.

Conclusions:
Laparoscopic PD versus open surgery is associated with a shorter LOS and a more favorable postoperative course while maintaining oncological standards of a curative-intent surgical resection.

Trial registry:
ISRCTN93168938.
Exercise Improves Outcomes of Surgery on Fatty Liver in Mice
Authors: Linecker Michael , Frick Lukas , Kron Philipp , Limani Perparim , Kambakamba Patryk , Tschuor Christoph , Langiewicz Magda , Kachaylo Ekaterina , Tian Yinghua , Schneider Marcel A. , Ungethüm Udo , Calo Nicolas , Foti Michelangelo , Dufour Jean-François , Graf Rolf , Humar Bostjan , Clavien Pierre-Alain 
Published: August 2018

Objective:
To investigate whether exercise improves outcomes of surgery on fatty liver, and whether pharmacological approaches can substitute exercising programs.

Summary of Background Data:
Steatosis is the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome, and decreases the liver's ability to handle inflammatory stress or to regenerate after tissue loss. Exercise activates adenosine monophosphate-activated kinase (AMPK) and mitigates steatosis; however, its impact on ischemia-reperfusion injury and regeneration is unknown.

Methods:
We used a mouse model of simple, diet-induced steatosis and assessed the impact of exercise on metabolic parameters, ischemia-reperfusion injury and regeneration after hepatectomy. The same parameters were evaluated after treatment of mice with the AMPK activator 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR). Mice on a control diet served as age-matched controls.

Results:
A 4-week-exercising program reversed steatosis, lowered insulin levels, and improved glucose tolerance. Exercise markedly enhanced the ischemic tolerance and the regenerative capacity of fatty liver. Replacing exercise with AICAR was sufficient to replicate the above benefits. Both exercise and AICAR improved survival after extended hepatectomy in mice challenged with a Western diet, indicating protection from resection-induced liver failure.

Conclusions:
Exercise efficiently counteracts the metabolic, ischemic, and regenerative deficits of fatty liver. AICAR acts as an exercise mimetic in settings of fatty liver disease, an important finding given the compliance issues associated with exercise. Exercising, or its substitution through AICAR, may provide a feasible strategy to negate the hepatic consequences of energy-rich diet, and has the potential to extend the application of liver surgery if confirmed in humans.
POEMS syndrome
Authors: Keddie Stephen , Lunn Michael P. 
Published: August 2018

Purpose of review
To provide an overview of polyneuropathy organomegaly endocrinopathy M-protein and skin changes (POEMS) syndrome, detailing new insights into pathogenesis, prognostic factors, treatments, and outcome scores.

Recent findings
With the development of large multicentre national cohorts of patients, POEMS syndrome is evolving into a well characterized multisystem hematoneurological syndrome. Without early diagnosis significant disability results from the neuropathy. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a useful and accurate biomarker supporting diagnosis and following disease activity. The past decade has seen a number of therapeutics become available to patients with POEMS, repurposed from myeloma treatment. Simple treatment algorithms are based on the extent of monoclonal proliferation and the performance status of patients. Risk factors, prognostic scores, and their impact on outcome measures have been developed from deeply phenotyped patient cohorts to predict response rate, progression-free survival and overall survival.

Summary
Understanding links between the monoclonal lambda plasma cell disorder and resulting proinflammatory cytokine milieu is fundamental to determining POEMS syndrome pathophysiology. Similarities to chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy and some other monoclonal proliferative diseases makes POEMS misdiagnosis common. A range of treatments are available, and more work to identify pathogenic mechanisms and treatment targets and prognostic scores will further enable treatment stratification for optimum outcomes.
Brigitte Alice Askonas. 1 April 1923—9 January 2013
Authors: McMichael Andrew J. , Ogilvie Bridget M. 
Published: August 2018

Brigitte Alice (Ita) Askonas, immunologist and biochemist, was born in Vienna to Czech parents. After an undergraduate degree in Biochemistry at McGill University, Montreal, and a life changing experience as a PhD student in the Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, UK, she spent 36 years at the National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR) where she was a founding member of the Division of Immunology there, eventually becoming its head in 1976 until her formal retirement in 1988. Thereafter, until her death 25 years later, she continued to take an active interest in immunology research, advising scientists at all levels and especially in training young scientists, ensuring they were not mistreated, ignored or not properly acknowledged.Her influence came from her six decades of active involvement in research into many aspects of immunology, studying antibody production, the role of macrophages in antigen recognition and immunosuppression and the role of T lymphocytes in viral infection. This unusually wide experience supported by her biochemical training underlay her reputation for rigour in scientific experimentation, eye for detail and an exacting memory.She was renowned as a scientific mentor and many high-profile scientists learnt their craft in her laboratory and were introduced there into areas of immunology where they subsequently became well known. She was simultaneously very critical and a really good friend who looked after people. She had an exceptionally generous attitude to publication and was thoughtful in many personal ways. She especially valued friends and colleagues who amused her, a quality obvious from her earliest days until the very end of her life.
Environmental factors drive language density more in food-producing than in hunter–gatherer populations
Authors: Derungs Curdin , Köhl Martina , Weibel Robert , Bickel Balthasar 
Published: August 2018

Linguistic diversity is a key aspect of human population diversity and shapes much of our social and cognitive lives. To a considerable extent, the distribution of this diversity is driven by environmental factors such as climate or coast access. An unresolved question is whether the relevant factors have remained constant over time. Here, we address this question at a global scale. We approximate the difference between pre- versus post-Neolithic populations by the difference between modern hunter–gatherer versus food-producing populations. Using a novel geostatistical approach of estimating language and language family densities, we show that environmental—chiefly climate factors—have driven the language density of food-producing populations considerably more strongly than the language density of hunter–gatherer populations. Current evidence suggests that the population dynamics of modern hunter–gatherers is very similar to that of what can be reconstructed from the Palaeolithic record. Based on this, we cautiously infer that the impact of environmental factors on language densities underwent a substantial change with the transition to agriculture. After this transition, the environmental impact on language diversity in food-producing populations has remained relatively stable since it can also be detected—albeit in slightly weaker form—in models that capture the reduced linguistic diversity during large-scale language spreads in the Mid-Holocene.
The SUMO conjugation complex self-assembles into nuclear bodies independent of SIZ1 and COP1
Authors: Mazur Magdalena J. , Kwaaitaal Mark , Mateos Manuel Arroyo , Maio Francesca , Kini Ramachandra K. , Prins Marcel , van den Burg Harrold A. 
Published: August 2018

One sentence SummarySUMO conjugation activity causes formation of SUMO nuclear bodies, which strongly overlap with COP1 bodies thanks to a substrate-binding (VP) motif in the E3 ligase SIZ1 that acts as bridge protein.AbstractAttachment of the small ubiquitin-like modifier SUMO to substrate proteins modulates their turnover, activity or interaction partners. An unresolved question is how this SUMO conjugation activity concentrates the enzymes involved and the substrates into uncharacterized nuclear bodies (NBs). We here define the requirements for the formation of SUMO NBs and for their subsequent co-localisation with the master regulator of growth, the E3 ubiquitin ligase COP1. COP1 activity results in degradation of transcription factors, which primes the transcriptional response that underlies elongation growth induced by night-time and high ambient temperatures (skoto- and thermomorphogenesis, respectively). SUMO conjugation activity itself is sufficient to target the SUMO machinery into NBs. Co-localization of these bodies with COP1 requires besides SUMO conjugation activity, a SUMO acceptor site in COP1 and the SUMO E3 ligase SIZ1. We find that SIZ1 docks in the substrate-binding pocket of COP1 via two VP motifs - a known peptide motif of COP1 substrates. The data reveal that SIZ1 physically connects COP1 and SUMO conjugation activity in the same NBs that can also contain the blue-light receptors CRY1 and CRY2. Our findings thus suggest that sumoylation apparently coordinates COP1 activity inside these NBs; a mechanism that potentially explains how SIZ1 and SUMO both control the timing and amplitude of the high-temperature growth response. The strong co-localization of COP1 and SUMO in these NBs might also explain why many COP1 substrates are sumoylated.Funding informationThe Netherlands Scientific Organisation (ALW-VIDI grant 864.10.004 to HvdB) and the Topsector T&U program Better Plants for Demands (grant 1409-036 to HvdB), including the partnering breeding companies, supported this work; FM is financially supported by Keygene N.V. (The Netherlands).