bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Rehydration on in Vitro Germination of Loblolly Pine Pollen
Authors: Jett J. B. , Frampton L. John 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
At moisture contents of less than 15%, loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) pollen displayed a marked sensitivity to rehydration prior to in vitro germination testing. At moisture contents above 15%, percent germination was relatively insensitive to increasing moisture content. The relationshipbetween length of rehydration time and pollen moisture content was highly significant. However, the commonly used 16-hour rehydration period is longer than is necessary since 1-2 hours of rehydration adequately ensure peak germination. Shortening of the rehydration period allows operationaltree improvement programs to test a greater number of pollen lots in a given period of time. South. J. App. For. 14(1):48-51.
Thinning and Harvesting Regimes for Yellow-Poplar
Authors: Franklin Carlyle , Hazel Dennis W. , Rucker Randal R. , Kronrad Gary D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Grade 1 yellow-poplar logs were recently selling for $150/mbf, three times the price for grade 2 logs in North Carolina. A computerized stand development model was used to examine the profitability of thinning and holding yellow-poplar stands for increased diameter and grade. Analyses were done over wide ranges in stand age, site quality, and stocking, at 5% and 10% discount rates. At a 5% discount rate, the maximum net present stumpage value was obtained by thinning in most regimes. Lower stand age, higher initial stocking, and higher site indices favored thin-clearcut regimes over regimes with no initial thinning. At a 10% discount rate, thinning was optimal only at initial age 30 on the highest quality sites at the highest initial stockings. All other combinations of variables favored clearcutting immediately or with a 10-year delay. Thinning options with net values within 50% of maximum were numerous at a 5% discount rate in younger stands but decreased rapidly as initial age increased. Only a few such options were available at the 10% discount rate. South. J. Appl. For. 14(3):101-103.
Survey and Pest Monitoring System for Southern Pine Seed Orchards
Authors: Fatzinger Carl W. , Muse H. David , Miller Thomas , Bhattacharyya Helen 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A survey and pest monitoring system (SPMS) for pine seed orchards is described that estimates total orchard yields of female strobili and seeds, quantifies pest damage, documents the times of year when losses occur, and produces life tables for female strobili. The method utilizes sample clusters of female strobili located in the southeast crown quadrants of sample trees for obtaining three estimates per year of numbers and conditions of the two crops of cones present on seed orchard trees; additional periodic subsamples are used to determine causes of strobilus damage during periods of major loss. Interactive, user-friendly computer programs facilitate data analyses. Estimates of orchard productivity are accompanied by statistics on the precision of sampling and on the losses caused by specific pests and other factors. South. J. Appl. For. 14(3):147-159.
Site-Preparation Method and Early Cultural Treatments Affect Growth of Flatwoods Slash Pine Plantations
Authors: Shiver Barry D. , Rheney John W. , Oppenheimer Michael J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A study was established in 1979 to evaluate the effects of burning, chopping, and bedding on growth of slash pine (Pinus elliottii Elgelm.) plantations. In addition, a fertilizer and a complete vegetation control treatment were superimposed on the site preparation methods to test their impacts and to evaluate interactions. The study was balanced over two flatwoods soil groups; Spodosols and non-Spodosols. Complete vegetation control provided the most consistently dramatic improvement in slash pine growth. Fertilization and bedding were also significant treatments regardless of soil group. There was a significant soil group X treatment interaction for height, probably due to the adverse effects of burning on spodosols. Chopping improved pine height growth on non-Spodosols, but had no significant effect on Spodosol heights. Bedding, fertilization, and complete vegetation control continued to significantly improve growth on spodosols from ages 5 to 8. On non-Spodosols, only complete vegetation control continued to provide a significant growth response from age 5 to age 8. South. J. Appl. For. 14(4):183-188.
A Diameter-Class Matrix Model for Southeastern U.S. Coastal Plain Bottomland Hardwood Stands
Authors: Mengel Dennis L. , Roise Joseph P. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Matrix models for 5-year projections of natural bottomland hardwood stands in the Southeastern Coastal Plain are presented. The diameter distribution projection of species groups is based on diameter class, stand basal area, and trees per ac. The models were developed from data collected on 43 permanent 0.2 ac plots installed on six site types in the southeast. Predictions, based on 25 continuous forest inventory plots, show good agreement between the actual and projected diameter distributions. The models will be useful for short-term inventory projection and inclusion in forest management optimization routines. South. J. Appl. For. 14(4):189-195.
Root Stripping Reduces Root Growth Potential Of Loblolly Pine Seedlings
Authors: South David B. , Stumpff Nancy J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Stripping short roots from individual loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings was accomplished by pulling the root system through a closed fist either 1, 2, or 4 times. The root growth potential (RGP) of the seedlings was directly related to the intensity of stripping. One stripping removed approximately 2% of the total root weight, yet reduced the number of root apices by 22% and caused a 47% reduction in RGP. Four strippings removed approximately 11% of the root weight, reduced the root/shoot ratio by about 9% and resulted in a 69% reduction in RGP. Although stripping of roots reduced both shoot and root growth, the relative effect on new shoot growth was not as great as with new root growth. Root stripping effectively eliminated any correlation between seedling diameter and RGP. South. J. Appl. For. 14(4):196-199.
Comparison of Log Quality from Even-Aged and Uneven-Aged Loblolly Pine Stands in South Arkansas
Authors: Guldin James M. , Fitzpatrick Michael W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Log grade, number of knots, and log volume of the first two logs, as well as form class of the butt log, were compared across three broad sawtimber categories among even-aged plantations, even-aged natural stands, and uneven-aged natural stands of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) in Ashley County, AR. Trees from uneven-aged stands had butt logs of better log grade than even-aged plantations, particularly in the large sawtimber component where the average difference was half a log grade. Compared to even-aged natural stands, trees from uneven-aged stands had logs of comparable grade. Trees from even-aged natural stands produced butt logs of slightly better grade, but with greater taper and less volume per log, than trees from even-aged plantations. To produce high-grade loblolly pine sawtimber in the West Gulf region, natural stand management will suffice; plantation management may require supplemental quality intervention such as artificial pruning. South. J. Appl. For. 15(1):10-17.
Direct Seeding of Bottomland Oaks in Oklahoma
Authors: Wittwer R. F. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Competition control with a broad spectrum herbicide prior to planting and placement of a fertilizer tablet near the seed spot failed to improve establishment or height growth of direct seeded water, willow, or Shumard oaks on a bottomland site in southeastern Oklahoma. The percentage of seed spots stocked with a living seedling exceeded 35%, or 1460 seedlings/ha (590/ac) given the initial spacing of 1 x 2.4 m (3.2 x 8 ft). This success is generally comparable to results obtained in more favorable environments in the Mississippi Valley. The fertilizer treatment, applied as a single fertilizer tablet placed near the seeded spots at the time of seeding, reduced stocking by 12-15% during an especially stressful growing season. Bare-root, 1-0, water/willow oak seedlings planted for comparision exhibited 80-90% survival. South. J. Appl. For. 15(1):17-22.
A Growth and Yield Model for Improved Eastern Cottonwood Plantations in the Lower Mississippi Delta
Authors: Cao Quang V. , Durand Kenneth M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A compatible growth and yield model was developed based on remeasurement data collected from 183 plots on unthinned improved eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides Bartr.) plantations in the lower Mississippi Delta. The Sullivan and Clutter (1972) equation form was selected for predicting cubic-foot volume yield and projecting volume from site index and initial age and basal area. Yield equations explained 97% and 94%, respectively, of the variations in total outside bark and merchantable inside bark volumes. Mean annual increment of merchantable volume culminated between 8 and 15 years, depending on site index and initial basal area. South. J. Appl. For. 15(4):213-216.
Predicting Diameter Distributions for Site-Prepared Loblolly and Slash Pine Plantations
Authors: Brooks John R. , Borders Bruce E. , Bailey Robert L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Prediction equations for four distribution percentiles and a parameter recovery method together give Weibull-based diameter distributions for site-prepared plantations of loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) and slash (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) pine. Separate sets of equations for the piedmont,upper coastal plain, and lower coastal plain provinces resulted from an analysis of extensive data for both species. South. J. Appl. For. 16(3):130-133.
Soil Physical and Hydrological Changes Associated with Logging a Wet Pine Flat with Wide-Tired Skidders
Authors: Aust W. M. , Reisinger T. W. , Burger J. A. , Stokes B. J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A wet pine flat in the coastal plain of South Carolina was harvested with a rubber-tired skidder equipped with 68-in.-wide tires. Soil physical properties were measured immediately before and after a salvage harvest to document changes associated with traffic disturbance. Paired t-tests indicate that the wide-tired operation significantly increased soil volumetric water content, bulk density, and soil strength, and decreased saturated hydraulic conductivity, soil porosity, and depth to the water table. Changes were greatest for the more disturbed areas, and rutting that occurred in the skid trails apparently interrupted subsurface drainage. South. J. Appl. For. 17(1):22-25.
Southern Pines Performance on Sandhills Sites in Georgia and South Carolina
Authors: Outcalt Kenneth W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Choctawhatchee sand pine (Pinus clausa var. immuginata D.B. Ward), Ocala sand pine (P. clausa var. clausa D.B. Ward), slash pine (P. elliottii Engelm.), loblolly pine (P. taeda L.), and longleaf pine (P. palustris Mill.) were grown on sandhills in Georgia and South Carolina. Choctawhatcheesand pine grew fastest and yielded the most volume after 28 yr. Productivity equaled that of plantations in northwest Florida, averaging more than 100ft³/ac/yr. To maximize yields for pulpwood rotations of 25 to 35 yr, managers should plant these sites to Choctawhatchee sand pine. Longleafpine, however, has been growing as fast as Choctawhatchee sand pine since age 15 yr. Therefore, especially for longer rotations, it would be an acceptable alternative species. South. J. Appl. For. 17(2):00-00.
Effects of Timber Harvest and Periodic Fire on Soil Chemical Properties in the Ouachita Mountains
Authors: Masters Ronald E. , Engle David M. , Robinson Ray 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Soil chemical properties on mountainous terrain in oak-pine forests of southeastern Oklahoma changed following timber harvest and prescribed fire. Differences were related to residual stand characteristic, prescribed fire regimen, and vegetation change following site perturbation. Available NO3-N, Ca, and P significantly increased on harvested and burned sites, and on clearcut, windrowed, and summer burned sites compared to untreated sites. Nitrate levels were statistically unrelated to a 2,690% increase (7 to 190 lb/ac) in legume standing crop across site treatments. Nitrate levels were low, and these sites may be nitrogen limited. No increase was found in soil pH. Effects of burning harvested sites on most soil chemical properties generally persisted less than 2 yr. A timber harvest-fire interaction on levels of available K and Mg was evident 4 yr posttreatment. Timber harvest, periodic prescribed fire, and subsequent plant succession redirected nutrient cycling pathways and enhanced soil nutrient levels. Enhanced nutrient regimes are ecologically advantageous for stand reinitiation and recovery following site perturbation or natural disturbance. South. J. Appl. For. 17(3):139-145.
Management Strategies to Reduce Losses from Fusiform Rust
Authors: Powers H. R. , Miller T. , Belanger R. P. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Fusiform rust of southern pines is a major problem in much of the South. Over the past 50 years the disease has evolved from an occasional problem into a major limiting factor in growing slash and loblolly pines. Intensive site preparation, planting of fast-growing nonresistant seedlings, weed and fire control, and fertilizer application stimulate wood production in pine plantations, but they also favor the spread and increase of fusiform rust. Forest managers struggle to find the optimum balance between maximum productivity and increased susceptibility to fusiform rust. Silvicultural practices being used to reduce losses from fusiform rust include predicting rust hazard for management units, selecting the appropriate method and intensity of site preparation, using resistant planting material, and applying cultural treatments in established stands. South. J. Appl. For. 17(3):146-149.
Handling Longleaf Pine Seeds for Optimal Nursery Performance
Authors: Barnett J. P. , Pesacreta T. C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) is the most difficult of the southern pines to regenerate by artificial means. One of the basic concerns in regenerating longleaf pine has been in obtaining, processing, and storing seeds of good quality. High seed quality is essential for successful regeneration of the species by either direct seeding or planting. Recommendations for producing and maintaining seed quality at a level equivalent to seeds of the other southern pines are developed in this article. Southern J. Appl. For. 17(4): 180-187.
A Method to Assess Large-Scale Forest Damage: A Case Study
Authors: Doggett Coleman A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Large-scale forest disasters require rapid quantitative damage assessments. A method is presented of quickly acquiring statistically quantifiable damage data. The method involves systematic ground sampling coupled with the use of a geographic information system (GIS), which maps damage by criteria classes and determines acreage within each criteria class. These data are then expanded by average per-acre timber volumes obtained from USDA Forest Service statewide inventories and by mean losses within defined classes to determine volume losses. Volume losses are converted to dollar values by multiplying volumes by Timber Mart South (Norris 1989) stumpage values. South. J. Appl. For. 17(4):197-199.
Stand Density Management Diagram for Loblolly Pine Plantations in North Louisiana
Authors: Williams Roger A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A stand density management diagram for use with loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations in north Louisiana has been developed. Three critical stand density boundaries important to management were defined: (1) the point of crown closure, (2) the point of self-thinning, and (3) the maximum tree size-stand density relationship. These three boundaries were estimated to occur at stand density index values of 160, 220, and 400, respectively. Three examples illustrating the use of these boundaries in thinning strategies are presented. South. J. Appl. For. 18(1):40-45.
Chemical Control of Rhizoctonia Seedling Blight of Longleaf Pine
Authors: Runion G. B. , Kelley W. D. , Land D. H. , Gilly S. P. , Sharp D. J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Benomyl, chlorothalonil, benodanil, triadimefon, diniconazole, terbuconazole, SN-84364 (Nor-Am experimental) and RH-3486 (Rohm & Haas experimental) effectively inhibited growth of Rhizoctonia sp. isolates from longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) seedlings when incorporated in agar medium. All fungicides were effective at concentrations as low as 1 μg ai/ml. However, disease incidence was not affected by diniconazole, benodanil or SN-84364 at concentrations of 140 or 280 g ai/ha in a preliminary field trial, and diniconazole exhibited phytotoxic effects on longleaf pine seedlings. Triadimefon at 280 g ai/ha was not effective in controlling longleaf pine seedling blight in an operational field study. SN-84364 at 560 g ai/ha applied every 2 wk reduced disease incidence compared to an untreated control in spring-sown longleaf pine at one nursery, but was not significantly different from the nursery's standard disease management practice of benomyl and chlorothalonil. The nursery where longleaf seed were spring-sown had a significantly greater incidence of longleaf pine seedling blight than nurseries where seed were fall-sown. At one nursery, disease incidence was significantly lower in a bed of fall-sown longleaf pine seedlings than in an adjacent bed of spring-sown seedlings. South. J. Appl. For. 18(1):5-9.
A Southwide Test of Bifenthrin (Capture®) for Cone and Seed Insect Control in Seed Orchards
Authors: Lowe W. J. , Barber L. R. , Cameron R. S. , DeBarr G. L. , Hodge G. R. , Jett J. B. , McConnell J. L. , Mangini A. , Nord J. , Taylor J. W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In 1991, a Southwide study to evaluate the efficacy of bifenthrin (Capture®) for cone and seed insect control was established in six loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) and three slash pine (P. elliottii Engelm.) seed orchards. A control (no treatment), Capture® (bifenthrin), and Guthion® (azinphosmethyl) treatments were established in each seed orchard. Five aerial sprays were used to apply the insecticides during the growing season. At each spray Guthion® was applied at 3 lb ai/ac. Capture® was applied at 0.2 lb ai/ac for the first spray and 0.1 lb ai/ac for the other four sprays. Under the conditions of this study, Capture® was as effective in controlling cone and seed insects as the standard operational Guthion® treatment. Insecticide treatment resulted in a 42% and 17% increase in the number of sound seeds produced per conelet for loblolly and slash pine, respectively. Local need registration (24C) exists in several states, and seed orchard managers can currently use Capture® in Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, Oklahoma, South Carolina and Tennessee. Seed orchard managers in other southern states need to determine if a 24C label is available in their state prior to useage. South. J. Appl. For. 18(1):72-75.
Cyproconazole for Control of Fusiform Rust on Loblolly Pine Seedlings
Authors: Carey W. A. , Kelley W. D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The efficacy of cyproconazole seed treatments and foliar sprays for control of fusiform rust on loblolly pine seedlings was evaluated in greenhouse and nursery trials. At the nursery, the percentage of untreated seedlings that were galled at lifting was high (54%). No seedlings receiving cyproconazole at the lowest dosage foliar spray (4 sprays at 123.25 g ai/ha/application ) without the seed treatment, and only 0.1% of seedlings receiving only the seed treatment (1.25 g ai/kg seed), were galled Laboratory inoculations indicated that seed treatments with cyproconazole at 1.25 and 2.5 g ai/kg seed were effective for at least 20 and 30 days, respectively, and that foliar sprays of 185.0 or 246.5 g ai/ha were effective for 14 but not 21 days. Eleven months after sowing, mycorrhizal development in the nursery was similar among seedlings receiving approximately equal dosages of either cyproconazole or triadimefon. Seedling growth was not significantly different between control seedlings and those receiving the various dosages of cyproconazole. South J. Appl. For. 18(3): 101-104.
Tenth-Year Results of Herbaceous Weed Control in a Loblolly Pine Plantation
Authors: Haywood James D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Herbaceous weed control influenced the growth of planted loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) over a 10-yr-period. Five treatments were examined: (1) Untreated control: seedlings were planted in the established herbaceous vegetation; (2) Glyphosate: glyphosate was broadcast in September 1981 before planting; (3) Disked: plots were cross-disked in September 1981 before planting; (4) Glyphosate-PPWC: glyphosate was broadcast before planting as in Treatment 2, and postplant weed control (PPWC) herbicides were broadcast yearly for 4 yr (1982, atrazine plus simazine ; 1983, atrazine plus oxyfluorfen; 1984 and 1985, hexazinone ); and (5) Disked-PPWC: plots were disked before planting as in Treatment 3, and the PPWC herbicides were broadcast as in Treatment 4. Four years of PPWC did not affect survival and resulted in greater height, dbh, and volume per loblolly pine through 10 growing seasons. The disked-PPWC plots were the most productive through 8 growing seasons, but higher than average mortality after 8 yr on the disked-PPWC treatment resulted in the glyphosate-PPWC plots producing more volume per acre after 10 growing seasons. Total volume production was 253 inside bark ft³/ac greater on the two PPWC treatments than on the untreated controls. South. J. Appl. For. 18(3): 105-109.
Short-Term Effects of Cool and Hot Prescribed Burning on Breeding Songbird Populations in the Alabama Piedmont
Authors: Lee Stribling H. , Barron Michael G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Surveys of breeding songbirds following relatively hot and cool fires indicated different population responses to fire intensity. A greater number of birds and bird species were found on the sites receiving cool burns. Nesting guild analysis indicated canopy, shrub, and cavity nesters were more abundant on the areas receiving cool burns. Ground nesters were more abundant on the areas receiving hot burns. Feeding guilds that were in greater abundance on the cool burns were canopy gleaners, shrub gleaners, and bark gleaners. Ground gleaners were more abundant on the hot bum treatments. Hover gleaners and salliers showed no differences between the two treatment types. Cool fires resulted in patchy vegetation patterns that benefited birds using the canopy and midstory, while hot fires benefited those using the ground. South. J. Appl. For. 00(0):18-22.
Board Foot Volume Estimation for Southern Pines
Authors: Borders Bruce E. , Shiver Barry D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Estimating the board foot volume of sawtimber size trees is one of the most common tasks of field foresters. The most often used board foot volume tables in the southeastern United States were developed in the mid-1940s. Much information has been developed during the past 50 yr concerning the volume and shape of tree stems for many species grown in many areas of the United States. Below, we show that this new information can be used to develop board foot volume tables that are species and region specific. It is shown that for southern pines, total tree height can serve as a surrogate variable for Girard form class. Since total height is more easily measured in the field than Girard form class, volume tables entered by height class may be preferred to volume tables entered by form class. South. J. Appl. For. 19(1):23-28.