bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Shoot and Root Growth of Northern Red Oak Planted in Forest Openings and Protected by Treeshelters
Authors: Ponder Felix 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Artificial regeneration has been suggested as one way to increase the oak component of harvested forest in the Central Hardwood Region. Openings in forest stands on the Mark Twain National Forest in southern Missouri were planted to northern red oak seedlings with and without treeshelters. Three years after planting, stem growth, survival, the number of branches, and stem and leaf dry weights were significantly greater for seedlings with treeshelters than for seedlings without them. Root parameters for sheltered seedlings, including root length and total and tap root dry weights, were significantly greater than for unsheltered seedlings. There were no significant differences in diameter growth between treatments. Both temperature and humidity were significantly higher inside shelters than outside. Foliar levels of phosphorus, calcium, manganese, and boron were significantly higher in leaves from sheltered seedlings than in leaves from seedlings without shelters. The use of treeshelters could aid in increasing the oak component of newly regenerated hardwood stands. North. J. Appl. For. 12(1): 36-42.
Harvesting Method Affects Survival of Black Spruce Advance Growth
Authors: Groot Arthur 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Careful harvesting to preserve advance growth is an attractive regeneration option for many peatland black spruce stands. Success of this option depends on enough well-distributed trees surviving harvesting. This study examines the fate of black spruce advance growth following overstory harvesting by three methods. About 80% of the original advance growth stocking remained after winter harvesting, 70% after summer harvesting using wide-tired skidders, and 60% after summer harvesting using narrow-tired skidders. Mortality of advance growth occurred mainly during harvesting and in the first growing season after harvesting. North. J. Appl. For. 12(1):8-11.
Preliminary Site Index Equations for Three Planted Species in Northern Ontario
Authors: Payandeh Bijan , Wang Yonghe 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Stem analysis data from plantations of black spruce, white spruce, and jack pine from northern Ontario were fitted to base-age specific and base-age invariant site index models. The resulting equations and their respective parameters were compared via nonlinear analysis of covariance. The base-age specific models produced a somewhat better fit to the data than their base-age invariant counterparts, although the latter are considered theoretically more elegant. Graphical comparison of plantation and natural stand site index curves for the three species showed both similarities and differences. North. J. Appl. For. 12(2):57-63.
Growth and Morphology of Black Spruce, Jack Pine, and White Spruce Container Seedlings in Northern Ontario
Authors: Jalkanen Anneli 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The development of morphological attributes of containerized seedlings during the growing season was studied in eight crops from three nurseries in Northern Ontario, including four black spruce crops, three jack pine crops, and one white spruce crop. The variability was proportionally largest in root and shoot dry mass, followed by height and diameter. During seedling growth, proportionally the variability of size did not seem to increase. In absolute scale, however, differences between individual seedlings increased more than differences between seedling trays, possibly due to competition between individuals. Height and shoot growth were greater in the beginning of the growing season, and diameter and root growth were greater toward the end. In comparison to standards, the balance between morphological attributes (height/diameter, shoot/root) was usually acceptable, and usually independent of seedling size. The easiest way of monitoring crop development is to take seedling samples at regular intervals and to construct a growth progression curve for seedling height, if diameter growth reaches acceptable level. Care should be taken that the height of seedlings does not increase too much at the expense of diameter and root development in the larger crops. To monitor this, height-diameter ratios and shoot-root ratios might be measured a couple of times during the growing season to take corrective action if necessary. North. J. Appl. For. 12(2):69-74.
Growth of Multipot Black Spruce Seedlings Planted After Site Preparation with Liquid and Dry-Flowable Hexazinone
Authors: Reynolds Phillip E. , Roden Michael J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Liquid (VELPAR L) and dry-flowable (VELPAR ULW) hexazinone (2 kg ai/ha) were aerially applied to a northern New Brunswick clearcut to reduce raspberry competition. Treatments were applied in June 1987; planting with containerized (multipot) black spruce was conducted 2 and 14 months after treatment in August 1987 and August 1988, respectively. Seedling survival and growth were measured yearly through August 1991. Five growing seasons after treatment, raspberry competition was generally less in treated plots than in controls. Hexazinone formulation did not affect raspberry control, seedling survival, or growth. Seedlings planted 14 months after hexazinone treatment grew poorly compared with those planted 2 months after herbicide treatment. Both height and stem diameter of seedlings planted 2 months after hexazinone treatment remained greater than that of control seedlings through 1991. Diameter of treated seedlings exceeded that of control seedlings in the first growing season after planting; height of treated seedlings exceeded control seedlings 3 growing seasons after planting. Fourth-year stem diameter of seedlings planted 2 months after hexazinone treatment was correlated with raspberry cover (r² = 0.383) and with raspberry height (r² = 0.379). As raspberry competition increased, black spruce growth decreased. North. J. Appl. For. 12(2):75-79.
Ecological Aspects of Forest Management Planning: A Northern Hardwood Forest Case Study
Authors: Tritton Louise M. , Sendak Paul E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In a stand managed for timber production, increased crown dieback and mortality of trees generally signal a need for reevaluating site conditions, management objectives, and harvesting practices. In this paper, we describe a case study of a northern hardwood forest stand intended for timber production but showing crown dieback and mortality. Plans for a diameter-limit cut were confounded by the presence of diseased and poor quality trees (especially sugar maples), a history of high-grading, and fair to poor site characteristics for sugar maple growth over much of the area. After evaluating the site, we suggested a revised management plan including a shelterwood cut favoring regeneration of both yellow birch and sugar maple. Forest management decisions based on ecological and economic considerations can promote both the long-term health and productivity of forest stands. However, management for long-term health and productivity are not likely to be accomplished under current market conditions in much of New England. North. J. Appl. For. 12(3):121-126.
Adequacy of Advance Tree-Seedling Regeneration in Pennsylvania's Forests
Authors: McWilliams William H. , Stout Susan L. , Bowersox Todd W. , McCormick Larry H. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Measurement of tree seedlings and herbaceous vegetation from 499 sample locations across Pennsylvania revealed that advance tree-seedling regeneration is inadequate for new stand establishment across most of the State. The samples were located in stands from 40% to 75% stocked to focus on stands with ample light and growing space for establishment of abundant advance regeneration. A range of regeneration adequacy criteria was applied to the measurements. Using the least stringent criterion, a low density of stems of any tree species, resulted in 40% of the sample locations being adequately stocked. Applying the most stringent criterion, a high density of stems of desirable species, resulted in only 4% of the sample locations being adequately stocked. With the exception of forest-type group, no significant relationship was found between the adequacy of regeneration and other variables tested at the broad level of geographic scale of this study. Levels of fern and grass sufficient to hamper tree-seedling development were found at 54% of the sample locations. Fern species that propagate primarily by spreading rhizomes accounted for 70% of the total fern sample. North. J. Appl. For. 12(4):187-191.
Rehabilitating a Young Northern Red Oak Planting with Tree Shelters
Authors: Gillespie Andrew R. , Rathfon Ronald , Myers Richard K. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Methods for deer browse protection are becoming a necessary aspect of hardwood silviculture, particularly with practices such as artificial regeneration of oaks. This study tested the effectiveness of two types of deer protection for aiding the rehabilitation of a failed northern red oak planting in southern Indiana. Tree shelters, bar soap repellent, and no protection (control) treatments were applied to 1 yr old, coppice-origin oak shoots arising from 8 yr old root-stocks of an unsuccessful 1980 old-field research planting. Oaks in tree shelters exhibited significantly greater early shoot growth than did unsheltered oaks. This height advantage was maintained, but not increased once tree crowns emerged from the shelter environment. After 5 growing seasons, oaks receiving the soap repellent treatment began to increase their rate of height growth. Continuation of this trend could negate early growth advantages of tree shelters. The use of tree shelters may improve the success of attempts to regenerate preferred browse species such as oaks, but concerns of practicality and economics remain. North. J. Appl. For. 13(1):24-29.
Short-Term Performance of Three Hexazinone Formulations: Efficacy, Seedling Survival, and Growth
Authors: Reynolds Phillip E. , Roden Michael J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Granular (PRONONE 10G and 5G) and liquid (VELPAR L) hexazinone (1 to 4 kg ai/ha) were applied to a northern New Brunswick clearcut (loams, silt loams, and clay loams) to reduce raspberry competition. Treatment, using skidder-mounted herbicide application equipment, occurred in May and September 1986, with planting of 2+2, bareroot, black spruce seedlings in June 1986 and in June 1987. Seedling survival and growth were measured yearly for 5 growing seasons after planting. By August 1991, hexazinone formulation did not affect raspberry control, seedling survival, or growth. Raspberry cover for the 4 kg ai/ha treatment and for fall treatments remained less than that for controls. Survival of seedlings planted approximately 1 month after spring treatment was less than controls, but seedling stem volume was greater than that of control seedlings for most treatments. Survival and stem volume of seedlings planted approximately 1 yr after spring treatment or 9 months after fall treatment were greater than that of control seedlings for most treatments. Best survival and growth occurred for seedlings planted 1 yr after spring treatment. Fifth-year stem volume for these seedlings was correlated with raspberry cover (r2 = 0.35), decreasing as raspberry cover increased. We conclude that the use of the PRONONE 10G formulation offers operational advantages over the liquid formulation. North. J. Appl. For. 13(1):41-45.
The Korean Market for Temperate Hardwoods: A Comparison of Trade Statistics
Authors: Blatner Keith A. , Lee Sang-Min , Chapman Roger C. , Hansen Bruce 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The Republic of Korea (Korea) is the second largest Asian market for temperate hardwood log and lumber exports from the United States and the subject of intense interest by exporters. The following paper summarizes recent trends in the Korean temperate hardwood market and explores the major problems encountered in attempting to reconcile Korean and U.S. trade statistics for these products. Major problems identified include: known reporting errors, apparent recording errors, shipping time, misclassification and aggregation errors, and the possible resale of log and lumber products on the high seas. Discrepancies in Korean/Canadian trade statistics for temperate hardwoods are also presented and discussed. North. J. Appl. For. 13(1):59-67.
Importance of Tree Cavities as Natal Dens for Fishers
Authors: Paragi Thomas F. , Arthur Stephen M. , Krohn William B. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We determined characteristics of natal dens used by radio-collared fishers in southcentral Maine. Twelve adult (≥2 yr old) females were monitored for periods of 1-5 yr each during 1984-1989. Estimated whelping dates of 12 litters were March 3-April 1, and females used 1-5 natal dens each until denning ended in early June. All 33 natal dens were in tree cavities on upland sites. Hardwoods composed 94% of the den trees, with aspens accounting for 52%. We recommend that forestry practices allow for a continued supply of mature and decadent hardwoods > 40 cm dbh to replace cavity trees that fall. Where cavity trees must be removed, cutting should be done outside the March-June denning period to avoid disturbance or mortality of fisher litters. North. J. Appl. For. 13(2): 79-83.
Mapping Shifts in the Relative Stocking of Tree Species
Authors: Gansner David A. , King Susan L. , Arner Stanford L. , Drake David A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Baseline standards for measuring the "health" of our forests do not exist. But, one factor that can be considered when making judgments about the health of a particular forest tree species is change in the relative stocking of that species, that is, the extent to which the species isgaining or losing ground in its ecosystem. The forest survey unit at the Northeastern Forest Experiment Station used remeasured forest inventory plot data to estimate current average annual change in the relative stocking of common forest tree species in Pennsylvania. Spatial shifts in therelative stocking of individual species were mapped. The procedure can be readily extended to other species in other regions. Information on shifts in relative stocking can provide a symptomatic guide to recognizing problems of forest health, and it gives us a better understanding of the complexworkings of a dynamic ecosystem. North. J. Appl. For. 13(2):92-95.
Decreasing Woodlot Size and the Future of Timber Sales in Massachusetts: When Is an Operation Too Small?
Authors: Kittredge David B. , Mauri Michael J. , McGuire Edward J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The heavily forested landscape of Massachusetts is dominated by nonindustrial private ownerships. Statistics indicate that parcel size has decreased to a most recent average of 10.6 ac. Professional loggers were queried to determine if there was a timber sale size (expressed in eithervolume or area) below which they would not bid. Respondents indicated that they had operated on a timber sale as small as an average of 7.8 ac and 20.4 mbf, and would purchase one as small as an average of 5.3 ac and 17.1 mbf. The single most important factor in deciding to bid on a smallsale was the quality and value of the timber. In the future, small parcels with a preponderance of low-quality timber resulting from high-grading may be deemed inoperable by loggers. The importance of high quality timber on small parcels emphasizes the need for stand improvement measures toensure small parcels are feasible to commercially operate in the future. North. J. Appl. For. 13(2):00-00.
Forestry-Related Educational Needs of Innovative Ohio Sawmill Operators
Authors: Bratkovich Stephen M. , Floyd Donald W. , Miller Larry E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Thirty-two innovative Ohio sawmill operators were surveyed to assess perceived "job importance" and their "current knowledge" of 67 job-related skills divided into 6 subject areas. The discrepancy or gap between importance and knowledge scores was used to compute perceived educational need scores for the skills, 21 of which are highlighted in this paper. Although the subject area of "sawmill production" was ranked first by sawmill operators in both importance and knowledge, the areas of "environmental awareness" and "forest product marketing" had the highest perceived educational need. Seventy-five percent of the forests-related skills received "high" importance scores; however, with the exception of "maintaining an adequate log supply," forestry-related skills ranked in or near the bottom-half of all skills in perceived educational need. Sawmillers rated their knowledge of forestry-related skills such as "understanding the benefits of TSI" higher than their knowledge level of skills such as "exporting lumber" and "developing new wood products." Recommendations are given for field foresters to assist them in initiating a meaningful dialogue with sawmill operators to help bridge the often-encountered communication gap between sawmiller, forester, and NIPF landowner. North. J. Appl. For. 13(3):135-139.
Financial Performance of Maple-Birch Stands in Wisconsin: Value Growth Rate Versus Equivalent Annual Income
Authors: Hseu Jiing-Shyang , Buongiorno Joseph 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The value growth rate and equivalent annual income per acre were computed for the maple-birch plots measured at the last two Wisconsin forest inventories. The computations reflected stand growth as well as real price changes between the two inventories. The equivalent annual income averaged $13/ac/yr on industrial forests, and $8.50/ac/yr on public and other private lands. Stand value growth rates, in percent per year, suggested much higher returns, but they are misleading because many of the stands that grew fast were understocked and gave low returns per acre. At the other extreme, some of the best stocked stands (highest basal area) also were poor financial performers. A regression equation showed that the stands of highest equivalent annual income were on better sites, had a basal area of about 80 ft²/ac, a large number of smaller poles ready to become sawtimber, large proportions of oak, elm, ash, and cherry trees, and few aspen or softwoods. No single variable had a major effect by itself, but within the range of the data, by changing all of them together, the annual income on land of average site index could double. North. J. Appl. For. 14(2):59-66.
Optimal Management of Shortleaf Pine Plantations in the Central United States
Authors: Pelkki Matthew H. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A dynamic programming (DP) algorithm was developed for shortleaf pine in the Central United States. All thinning strategies examined (above, below, above and below, and mechanical) improved economic returns with thinning from above returning the highest soil expectation value (SEV). A planting density of 500 trees/ac maximized economic returns under all economic conditions. SEV was found to increase with site, and rotation length decreased on better sites. As sawtimber stumpage prices decreased relative to pulpwood prices, thinning was no longer economically advantageous. Finally, under conditions of uncertainty related to future prices, rotation length decreases slightly. North. J. Appl. For. 14(2):67-71.
Rate of Sawtimber Volume and Value Growth of Individual Sugar Maple Trees in Managed, Uneven-Aged Stands in the Lake States
Authors: Reed David D. , Mroz Glenn D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
While volume growth of individual sawtimber trees is dependent on changes in diameter and merchantable height, value growth is dependent on these along with changes in tree quality, the quality of logs recovered from the tree, and market prices. For sugar maple and other northern hardwood species, quality development is at least as important as biological growth in determining value growth, making development of silvicultural prescriptions and marking guidelines complex but extremely important for maximizing returns. This paper utilizes projection methods from the literature to develop expected rates of biological and value growth for sugar maple in managed, uneven-aged forests. These rates are presented by 2 in. diameter class and one-half 16 ft log merchantable height classes. Based on the models, the projected rate of biological growth increases with tree diameter and decreases with merchantable height. The rate of value growth generally increases with tree diameter and decreases with merchantable height, but the relationships with tree grade are complex. North. J. Appl. For. 14(2):78-83.
Effectiveness of Diflubenzuron and Bacillus thuringiensis Against Gypsy Moth Populations
Authors: Thorpe Kevin W. , Ridgway Richard L. , Webb Ralph E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Aerial applications of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner subsp. kurstaki (74.1 billion international units/ha per application; single and double applications), diflubenzuron [69 g (ai)/ha], and no treatment were evaluated. Treatment effects were estimated from frass collections, defoliation, counts of pupae under burlap, and egg-mass counts. Estimates of larval density in the canopy 20 days after treatment ranged from 318.3 to 55.5 larvae per m² in the control- and diflubenzuron-treated plots, respectively. Larval density was reduced in all treatments, and was lowest in the plots treated with diflubenzuron and two applications of B. thuringiensis. Population density rapidly declined in the control plots, and by June 20, when larvae were predominantly in the fifth and sixth instars, no significant differences in larval density were detected among the treatments. Significantly less defoliation occurred to oak trees in the treated plots, but no differences were detected among the spray treatments. Counts of pupae under burlap, postseason egg-mass counts, and percent reduction in egg-mass density did not differ significantly among treatments or versus controls. These results suggest that diflubenzuron and double B. thuringiensis treatments caused higher levels of larval mortality than occurred with a single B. thuringiensis application, but that with a naturally declining gypsy moth population the final levels of damage were the same under all treatments. North. J. Appl. 14(3):135-140.
Wildlife Responses to Thinning Red Pine
Authors: Bender Louis C. , Minnis Donna L. , Haufler Jonathan B. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Red pine is the most intensively managed conifer type in the Lake States, but its typical stand structure of a closed canopy with little understory results in poor wildlife habitat. We evaluated the effects of thinning mature red pine stands on wildlife habitat attributes and use. Red pine stands were thinned to a residual basal area of 16.1 m²/ha and 25.3 m²/ha and compared with controls (>32.1 m²/ha) in terms of understory development, small mammal use, and ungulate use. Overstory thinning resulted in increased woody shrub densities and understory productivity. Small mammal populations tended to increase with overstory thinning, but the results were inconclusive. Elk and deer use increased with overstory removal. Increased ungulate use was likely attributable to increased forage quantity and quality and increased hiding/security cover attributes of the thinned stands. We conclude that overstory thinning can be an effective means of enhancing wildlife habitat and increasing wildlife use of red pine. North. J. Appl. For. 14(3):141-146.