bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Soil Disturbance Following Whole-Tree Harvesting in North-Central Maine
Authors: Turcotte David E. , Smith C. Tattersall , Federer C. Anthony 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Mechanical whole-tree harvesting can reduce site productivity if it results in excessive soil disturbance, which may both kill advanced regeneration and reduce the potential of the soil to support tree growth. Large feller-forwarders with wide, high flotation tires were designed to reduce soil disturbance, but they can cause excessive amounts of site disturbance if harvesting is conducted when soils are wet. The spatial distribution and severity of soil disturbance were determined on line transects after a spring whole-tree clearcut in northern Maine on the silt loam soils of the Chesuncook catena. Exposed mineral soil and deep wheel ruts occurred more frequently on somewhat poorly (37% of surface area) and poorly (42%) drained soil than on moderately well-drained soil (19%). This amount of site disturbance seems excessive and could reduce future site productivity due to removal of organic horizons and destruction of advanced conifer regeneration. Harvesting with large feller-forwarders on the poorly and somewhat poorly drained silt loam soils of this region should be discouraged in the spring and possibly during other periods of high soil water tables. North. J. Appl. For 8(2):68-72.
Management Implications of Ash Yellows in Northeastern Hardwood Stands
Authors: Smallidge Peter J. , Han Ying , Leopold Donald J. , Castello John D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This paper identifies management implications for forest stands affected or potentially affected by ash yellows (AshY) based on results from studies on the response of forest structure and composition to AshY and the interrelationship of AshY, drought, and radial growth decline of white ash. Specifically, the synthesis of these studies compares the structure and composition of forests classified as either declining or nondeclining based on patterns of white ash radial growth and identifies the role of AshY in these forests. Data were collected from 41 plots in 6 northeastern states. The incidence of AshY at the stand level was associated with high white ash density and importance value, increased white ash mortality in the upper canopy, stand ages generally less than 60 years, and a high degree of forest fragmentation. The presence of AshY in individual white ash was generally associated with a decline in radial growth. The radial growth of white ash unaffected by AshY could recover from drought stress, but white ash affected by AshY apparently could not. Managers of forest stands having a high white ash density, particularly in droughty stands or in areas with a high degree of forest fragmentation, should encourage greater overstory species diversity. North. J. Appl. For. 8(3):115-118.
Fuelwood Telephone Surveys: How Accurate Are They?
Authors: Wharton Eric H. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
To obtain fuelwood information in the Northeast, the USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, telephones forestland owners who have harvested fuelwood or allowed fuelwood to be harvested from their land. Results from a study conducted on the accuracy of these landowner responses indicate that forestland owners can roughly estimate the volume of fuelwood that was harvested from their land but do not know the kinds of trees harvested or the type of forestland from which the trees were harvested. North. J. Appl. For. 8(3):119-122.
Timber Market Development from Private Forests in Northwestern Minnesota
Authors: O'Hara Timothy J. , Reed A. Scott 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Expanding timber industries in Minnesota are increasing the demand for timber. Questions about the suitability of public lands to increase timber output imply a more significant role for nonindustrial private forest (NIPF) land. Surveys of both NIPF landowners and industry in a five-county region assessed NIPF owner marketing behavior and opportunities to increase timber utilization from these lands. Results showed that former experiences of owners are suggestive of future behavior. Landowners who had used forestry advice in the past displayed a greater willingness to harvest timber than nonusers of forestry advice. Absentee owners in the study area represented a reserve of comparatively underutilized timber and expressed a need for marketing process guidance including timber pricing information. Industry respodents forecast increased reliance on NIPF timber and were dedicated to greater contributions of time and financial support of programs to stimulate timber harvesting and management on NIPF lands. North. J. Appl. For. 8(4):153-155.
Effects of Timing of Oust Application on Survival of Hardwood Seedlings
Authors: Horsley Stephen B. , McCormic Larry H. , Groninger John W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Oust herbicide (sulfometuron methyl) was applied with or without surfactant at the rate of 2 oz/ac in early July, early August, early September, and early October to black cherry, red maple, and white ash seedlings of three sizes to evaluate their tolerance to Oust. Treatment plots were in northwestern and central Pennsylvania. Survival and damage of treated seedlings were compared with a no-herbicide control 1 year after treatment. Black cherry and white ash were sensitive to Oust; red maple showed little sensitivity. Greatest damage and mortality to black cherry occurred with early July applications of Oust; applications from early August onward resulted in greater black cherry seedling survival and less severe damage than July applications. White ash mortality was high with applications from early July through early September. Early October application of Oust resulted in the least mortality of white ash. Adding surfactant to Oust significantly increased damage and mortality of black cherry and white ash. North. J. Appl. For. 9(1):22-27.
White Pine Weevil Response to Oak Overstory Girdling—Results from a 16-Year-Old Study
Authors: Katovich Steven A. , Morse Frank S. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A white pine release study initiated in 1973 on the Black River State Forest in central Wisconsin was evaluated in 1990. The study compared growth response and number and frequency of white pine weevil attacks of understory white pine under different canopy removal treatments. In addition, annual measurements of leader diameter and length growth for each treatment are reported for the period 1974-1979. The treatments were girdling of overstory hardwoods, predominantly oak, to produce 0, 30, 50, and 70 ft² of basal area/ac (BA) overstory and an ungirdled control of approximately 100-120 ft² BA. In 1990, white pine in the 0 and 30 ft² BA treatment blocks were taller and were larger in dbh than the other treatments. However, there were significantly more trees attacked by white pine weevils in the 0 and 30 ft² BA treatments (P = 0.05). In both treatments, within 4 years of over-story removal or partial removal, mean leader diameter was sufficiently large to support weevil larvae. The 50 ft² BA treatment was intermediate in growth and number of trees attacked by weevils. In 1990, the 50 ft² BA treatment had the greatest number of unattacked dominant, codominant, and intermediate white pine per acre. Maintaining 30-50 ft² BA appeared to be an appropriate compromise between increased growth while mitigating weevil damage. North. J. Appl. For. 9(2):51-54.
Paper Birch Regeneration on Scarified Logged Areas in Southcentral Alaska
Authors: Densmore Roseann V. , Page James C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Density and growth of naturally regenerated paper birch seedlings were examined in relation to substrate and vegetative competition on two scarified logged sites on the Matanuska Valley Moose Range in southcentral Alaska. Seedling density was inversely related to extent of thick O horizon, grass cover, herb cover, distance to the nearest seed tree, and the extent of B horizon substrate, and positively related to seedling density and the extent of A horizon and moss cover. Paper birch seedlings did not establish on organic layers more than 2 cm thick. Paper birch seedlings grew much more rapidly on the edges of scarified areas or on A horizon substrate than on B horizon substrate. The principal recommendation is that scarification should remove the organic layer and expose the A horizon, but should not be so deep as to expose the B horizon. North. J. Appl. For. 9(2):63-66.
Lumber Production and Marketing Changes by Sawmills in Massachusetts, 1957-1989
Authors: Bond Robert S. , Loud Anne Marie 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Studies of Massachusettś sawmill lumber production and marketing practices for the years 1957 and 1989 indicate there are fewer mills currently but that volume production has remained nearly constant at 112 mmbf. Hardwoods have become a larger proportion of production (47 vs. 32%) during the 32-year period Market outlets have changed, thereby modifying the extent of lumber seasoning and grading for both hardwood and softwood lumber marketed by sawmills. Markets for byproducts of sawmills have developed during the period, increasing revenues and solving the residue disposal problem. The Massachusetts sawmill industry has the potential to become larger based on growth of timber in the state, but social, environmental, and institutional constraints are likely to preclude this from occurring. North. J. Appl. For. 9(2):67-69.
Measurement of Light Transmission in Young Conifer Plantations: A New Technique for Assessing Herbicide Efficacy
Authors: Jobidon Robert 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A rapid and accurate technique, using a simple measure of light intensity, for assessing the efficacy of herbicide treatment is proposed. Herbicide treatment efficacy was independently measured 1, 2, and 3 years after a single application of glyphosate on three adjacent plantations of black spruce reinvaded by red raspberry and fireweed in eastern Quebec. Each plantation represents a given time, 1, 2 or 3 years, after herbicide application. Light intensity, expressed as percent of full sunlight in the PAR spectral region (400-700 nm) reaching the upper one-half of the tree seedlings, significantly discriminates released and unreleased tree seedlings. Spruce seedlings receiving 60 to 100% of full sunlight grew significantly better in height and basal stem diameter and had significantly fewer stems and less height growth of competing vegetation than seedlings receiving less than 60% of full sunlight. This indicates that measuring the intensity of light reaching the tree seedlings is an easy and effective way to assess efficacy of herbicide treatment and also competition between spruce seedlings and surrounding vegetation. It is suggested that light reaching tree seedlings be measured instead of quantifying the competition variables. The proposed technique eliminates all potential bias from subjective standard procedures which in turn makes possible quantitative comparisons between evaluations of herbicide treatment efficacy. North. J. Appl. For. 9(3):112-115.
The Canadian Connection in the North American Hardwood Lumber Export Market
Authors: Luppold William G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Canada has consistently been the largest international market for U.S. hardwood lumber in both value and volume terms. Although much of the lumber shipped to Canada is used by Canadian industries, a significant amount is re-exported to Europe by Canadian brokers and wholesalers. In addition, 10 to 20% of U S. hardwood lumber exports to Europe are transshipped through Canadian ports. Most exports to Canada and transshipments through Canada exit the United States at inland points in the Northeast. This paper provides an alternative look at exports of lumber from the United States to Canada and examines the connection between Canada and U.S. exports to Europe. However, the volume of U.S. lumber and logs reprocessed in Canada and then exported is not known. North. J. Appl. For. 9(3):91-93.
Young Spruce-Fir Forests Released by Herbicides I. Response of Hardwoods and Shrubs
Authors: Newton Michael , Cole Elizabeth C. , White Diane E. , McCormack Maxwell L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Responses of shrubs and hardwoods to 9 aerial herbicide treatments were evaluated in a replicated conifer-release experiment in a 7-year-old spruce-fir clearcut in west-central Maine. All herbicides and rates of application reduced hardwood and shrub cover by 50% or more in year 9, 2 years after treatment. Cover more than 1.5 m tall was nearly eliminated by treatments with triclopyr amine (Garlon 3A®), glyphosate (Roundup®), or a high rate of 2,4,5-T. Phenoxy herbicides (2,4-D and 2,4,5-T) led to short-term reductions in birches, maples, aspen, and raspberry, and little change in willows. Pin cherry was also controlled by these treatments but died out before year 16, regardless of whether it was sprayed. Untreated controls increased in total cover by about 50% between years 7 and 9 and also in abundance of cover >1.5 m tall. Much cover less than 1.5 m tall was left by all treatments other than triclopyr at a high rate. By the 16th year, major differences in height and cover still existed between all treatments and the controls. North. J. Appl. For. 9(4):126-130.
The Use of Tree Shelters with Northern Red Oak Natural Regeneration in Southern New England
Authors: Kittredge David B. , Kelty Matthew J. , Ashton P. Mark S. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The use of tree shelters with naturally established red oak seedlings was studied in southern New England mixed-hardwood stands where deer browsing limited regeneration height growth. Seedlings of three size classes (basal diameters of 5 mm, 8 mm, and 15 mm) were cut off just above ground level during the dormant season to induce sprouting. Plastic tree shelters were placed over one group in each size class; another group was left without shelters but was protected from deer browsing by fencing. In the first growing season, seedling sprouts inside shelters in the two larger size classes had double the height growth (with some terminals growing out of the 150-cm tall shelters) but less diameter growth, compared to sprouts outside shelters. The height difference was maintained but not increased over the next 2 growing seasons. Height growth for sprouts from the smaller size class was not increased by shelters. The use of tree shelters with large diameter seedlings stunted by browsing may have potential for ensuring successful red oak regeneration without the costs of planting. North. J. Appl. For. 9(4):141-145.
Practical Correction of Boundary Overlap
Authors: Beers Thomas W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Boundary overlap has concerned forest samplers acutely since the introduction of horizontal point sampling in the 1950's. Although numerous methods have been proposed to minimize this source of bias, none has done it so neatly as the "mirage method" developed by P. Schmid and published in German in 1969. This article decribes the method for use with point or plot sampling and discusses an alternative for use where the mirage method is inappropriate.
Easier Pollination of Half-Diallel Crosses by Ranking Flower Phenology
Authors: Sluder Earl R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Progeny testing using half-diallel crossing is often difficult because of the variation in flowering time among selected parents. The flower phenology ranking method described here is an easy method of pollinating half-diallel crosses using current season pollen. Parents are ranked according to their flowering time and crosses are arranged in such a way that each parent is pollinated only by a parent which flowered before it. The earliest flowering parent is used only as a male and the latest-flowering parent only as a female.
Effects of Pine Conversion on Food Plants of Northern Bobwhite Quail, Eastern Wild Turkey, and White-Tailed Deer in the Virginia Piedmont
Authors: Felix A. C. , Sharik T. L. , McGinnes B. S. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Vegetation surveys were conducted in a series of upland stands to discern changes in the abundance of food plants for northern bobwhite quail, eastern wild turkey, and white-tailed deer following conversion from 2nd-growth hardwood and pine-hardwood forest to loblolly pine plantations in the central Piedmont of Virginia. Cover of principal food plants in second-growth native forests was negligible, but mast-producing capability was more than adequate for good deer and turkey habitat. Upon conversion there was a rapid increase in available food plants, but a loss of mast. Cover of principal food plants for bobwhite quail and wild turkey was highest in 1-yr-old plantations; by 3 yr, plantations were deficient in seed-producing plants for these species. Deer browse was adequate in plantations up to 9 yr, but declined rapidly following crown closure at 10-15 yr. Between crown closure and the first commercial thinning (about 20 yr), plantations were of negligible food value to the three wildlife species. Results suggest that optimum conditions for bobwhite are provided by a preponderance of young plantations while those for deer and turkey are supplied by a mix of second-growth forests and various-aged pine plantations.
Windrowing Affects Early Growth of Slash Pine
Authors: Swindel Benee F. , Conde Louis F. , Smith Joel E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
On the Bradford Experimental Watersheds, Morris et al. (1983) previously demonstrated that, contrary to appearances, windrows were composed primarily (>85%) of soil rather than wood, and they contained large amounts of nutrients (e.g., about 333 lb nitrogen/ac of plantation). The present study addressed the question: do planted pines respond to such nutrient translocations? At five years of age planted slash pine (Pinus elliottii) on beds nearest windrows had 9%, 33%, and 45% more height, basal area, and volume, respectively, than trees three beds away. These are probably conservative estimates of differences due to better soil nutrition near windrows̶because competing vegetation was much more abundant there.
South J. Appl. For. 10:81-84, May 1986.
Magnitude, Duration, and Economic Analysis of Loblolly Pine Growth Response Following Bedding and Phosphorus Fertilization
Authors: Gent J. A. , Allen H. L. , Campbell Robert G. , Wells C. G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Thirteen-year growth of planted loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) was examined on 9 poorly drained Lower Coastal Plain sites following bedding and/or application of phosphorus (P) at time of planting. Fertilization dramatically increased height and diameter growth during the first 13 years on all 9 study sites. Height and diameter growth were consistently better in fertilized and bedded plots than in flat-planted, bed-only, and fertilizer-only plots. Comparisons of height growth curves indicate that differences between fertilized and nonfertilized plots are continuing. Foliar and soil P levels in fertilized plots at age 13 suggest that growth on these sites may be increased by additional applications of P. Projection of response to rotation age indicates that the combination of fertilization and bedding results in the greatest total cubic-foot volume and after-tax net present value. South. J. Appl. For. 10:124-28, Aug. 1986.
Stand Density Affects Growth of Choctawhatchee Sand Pine
Authors: Outcalt Kenneth W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Choctawhatchee sand pine (Pinus clausa var. immuginata D. B. Ward) was grown for 20 years at densities of 400, 600, and 800 trees per acre. Growing Choctawhatchee sand pine at 400 trees per acre resulted in significantly larger trees, but less wood was produced per acre than at higher densities. The ideal density depends on the management objectives, but for rotations of 20-25 years and chip harvesting systems, a density of 600 trees is recommended. For rotations of 30-35 years with conventional bolt and log harvests, 400 to 500 trees per acre seems better. South. J. Appl. For. 10:128-31, Aug. 1986.
Water Quality Changes due to Site Conversion in Coastal South Carolina
Authors: Askew G. R. , Williams T. M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A 5,900 acre poorly drained watershed on the South Carolina coast is being converted from natural hardwood forest to loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantation. Water samples were collected at 20 sampling points after each of 14 rainstorms during a 2-year study period. Dissolved oxygen and pH levels were slightly higher in the plantation drainage than in the hardwood drainage, but overall water quality was not significantly changed by the conversion process. South. J. Appl. For. 10:134-36, Aug. 1986.
Fusiform Rust Prediction Models for Site-Prepared Slash and Loblolly Pine Plantations in the Southeast
Authors: Borders B. E. , Bailey R. L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Several workers have reported relationships between the incidence of fusiform rust in pine plantations and climatic, edaphic, biotic, and cultural factors. These relationships were investigated quantitatively with a regionwide databank compiled from several replicated unthinned stand density studies. Data from over 2,000 remeasured permanent plots were used to develop regression models that predict the proportion of trees per acre with one or more fusiform rust stem galls. Predictor variables are geographic location, age of the plantation, and site index. Use of the models is illustrated with an example. South. J. Appl. For. 10:145-51, Aug. 1986.
Herbicides for Southern Pine Seedbeds
Authors: South David B. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Prior to 1970, nursery managers relied primarily on methyl bromide fumigation, mineral spirits, and hand-weeding for weed control. Since 1970, registration of herbicides for use in forest nurseries has been facilitated by tests conducted by the Auburn University Southern Forest Nursery Management Cooperative. Various herbicides can be applied prior to sowing, just after sowing, or after emergence of the pine seedlings. It has been estimated that for all nurseries in the South, use of these herbicides has reduced weed control costs by over two million dollars per year. This paper describes some of the herbicides that have been registered for use in southern pine nurseries. South. J. Appl. For. 10:152-57, Aug. 1986.
Fusiform Rust Trends in East Texas
Authors: Hunt Ellis V. , Lenhart J. David 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Four surveys of pine plantations in East Texas between 1969 and 1984 indicate that fusiform rust (Cronartium quercuum (Berk.) Miyabe ex Shirai f. sp. fusiforme) infection rates are increasing on slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii) and either decreasing or about constant on loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.). Currently, stem infections occur on about 1 in 2 slash pines and 1 in 14 loblolly pines. South. J. Appl. For. 10:215-216, Nov. 1986.