bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of continuous positive airway pressure on breathing variability in early preterm lung disease
Authors: Zannin Emanuela , Veneroni Chiara , Dellacà Raffaele L. , Corbetta Roberta , Suki Bela , Tagliabue Paolo E. , Ventura Maria L. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractObjectivesIn preterm infants, the application of nasal Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (nCPAP) improves lung function through several mechanisms and may interact with the control of breathing. Our aim was to evaluate the effect of increasing/decreasing nCPAP on gas exchange, breathing pattern, and its variability in preterm infants.MethodsFifeteen infants with mild to moderate respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) were studied on the first day of life. Infants had a mean (SD) gestational age of 30 + 4 (3 + 4) weeks + day and body weight of 1405 (606) g. nCPAP was increased every 10 min stepwise (0‐4‐8‐10 cmH2O) and then decreased every 20 min (8‐6‐4‐2 cmH2O). At each step, vital parameters, oxygenation, and chest wall volume changes (optoelectronic plethysmography) were evaluated. Tidal volume (VT), inter‐breath interval (IBI), end‐expiratory lung volume (EELV) changes, and other breathing pattern parameters were computed breath‐by‐breath. The correlation properties of VT, IBI, and EELV were quantified by detrended fluctuation analysis, computing the scaling exponent α.ResultsDuring nCPAP, oxygenation improved and VT decreased significantly compared with no nCPAP. No significant changes in breathing pattern were observed between nCPAP levels. α of EELV was significantly higher off nCPAP than during nCPAP, suggesting that nCPAP helps stabilize EELV control mechanisms.ConclusionsIn our population of preterm infants with mild to moderate RDS, in the first day of life, nCPAP improved gas exchange, VT, and EELV stability independent of nCPAP level.
Stress‐induced evolution of herbicide resistance and related pleiotropic effects
Authors: Dyer William Edward 
Published: April 2018

AbstractHerbicide‐resistant weeds, especially those with resistance to multiple herbicides, represent a growing worldwide threat to agriculture and food security. Natural selection for resistant genotypes may act on standing genetic variation, or on a genetic and physiological background that is fundamentally altered because of stress responses to sublethal herbicide exposure. Stress‐induced changes include DNA mutations, epigenetic alterations, transcriptional remodeling, and protein modifications, all of which can lead to herbicide resistance and a wide range of pleiotropic effects. Resistance selected in this manner is termed systemic acquired herbicide resistance, and the associated pleiotropic effects are manifested as a suite of constitutive transcriptional and post‐translational changes related to biotic and abiotic stress adaptation, representing the evolutionary signature of selection. This phenotype is being investigated in two multiple herbicide‐resistant populations of the hexaploid, self‐pollinating weedy monocotAvena fatuathat display such changes as well as constitutive reductions in certain heat shock proteins and their transcripts, which are well known as global regulators of diverse stress adaptation pathways. Herbicide‐resistant populations of most weedy plant species exhibit pleiotropic effects, and their association with resistance genes presents a fertile area of investigation. This review proposes that more detailed studies of resistantA. fatuaand other species through the lens of plant evolution under stress will inform improved resistant weed prevention and management strategies. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Horizontal transmission of Paranosema locustae (Microsporidia) in grasshopper populations via predatory natural enemies
Authors: Wang‐Peng Shi , Zheng Xuan , Jia Wan‐Tong , Li Ao‐Mei , Camara Ibrahima , Chen Hong‐Xing , Tan Shu‐Qian , Liu Yi‐Qing , Ji Rong 
Published: April 2018

AbstractBACKGROUNDParanosema locustae Canning, 1953 (Microsporidia) provides effective control of grasshoppers. Horizontal transmission of P. locustae is known to occur, and evidence for the mechanism of this transmission via predatory natural enemies has been found. We conducted a 3‐year laboratory and field study to assess the potential impact of feces from both grasshoppers Locusta migratoria L. and their natural enemies on the persistence of P. locustae.RESULTSWe found that P. locustae persisted among grasshopper populations in treated areas and in adjacent untreated areas for up to 2 years, and the density of grasshoppers decreased in both areas. We showed that healthy grasshoppers could be infected by eating food contaminated by feces from their natural enemies. Grasshopper predators retained a large number of spores acquired from eating grasshoppers infected with P. locustae. Spores in the feces of the main natural enemy, the beetle Pterostichus gebleri Dejean 1828, in the treated area showed clear viability.CONCLUSIONThese results demonstrate that predatory natural enemies are important vectors for this microsporidian disease, and suggest that sustainable transmission and continuing population suppression might be achieved by horizontal transmission via natural enemies, which should be maximized to increase the effectiveness of P. locustae. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
The power and potential of genomics in weed biology and management
Authors: Ravet Karl , Patterson Eric L , Krähmer Hansjörg , Hamouzová Kateřina , Fan Longjiang , Jasieniuk Marie , Lawton‐Rauh Amy , Malone Jenna M , McElroy J Scott , Merotto Aldo , Westra Philip , Preston Christopher , Vila‐Aiub Martin M , Busi Roberto , Tranel Patrick J , Reinhardt Carl , Saski Christopher , Beffa Roland , Neve Paul , Gaines Todd A 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThere have been previous calls for, and efforts focused on, realizing the power and potential of weed genomics for better understanding of weeds. Sustained advances in genome sequencing and assembly technologies now make it possible for individual research groups to generate reference genomes for multiple weed species at reasonable costs. Here, we present the outcomes from several meetings, discussions, and workshops focused on establishing an International Weed Genomics Consortium (IWGC) for a coordinated international effort in weed genomics. We review the ‘state of the art’ in genomics and weed genomics, including technologies, applications, and on‐going weed genome projects. We also report the outcomes from a workshop and a global survey of the weed science community to identify priority species, key biological questions, and weed management applications that can be addressed through greater availability of, and access to, genomic resources. Major focus areas include the evolution of herbicide resistance and weedy traits, the development of molecular diagnostics, and the identification of novel targets and approaches for weed management. There is increasing interest in, and need for, weed genomics, and the establishment of the IWGC will provide the necessary global platform for communication and coordination of weed genomics research. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Elucidating the mechanism of action of copper heptagluconate on the plant immune system against Pseudomonas syringae in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L)
Authors: González‐Hernández Ana I , Llorens Eugenio , Agustí‐Brisach Carlos , Vicedo Begonya , Yuste Teresa , Cerveró Antonio , Ledó Carlos , García‐Agustín Pilar , Lapeña Leonor 
Published: April 2018

AbstractBACKGROUNDPhytopathogenic problems caused by the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae in tomato are becoming more serious due to the emergence of strains resistant to classical pesticides. This has led to research into new formulations with lower environmental problems. One of the most promising alternatives to the use of classical pesticides is the induction of natural plant defences. New formulations based on Cu complexed with heptagluconic acid induce plant innate defences and could be an alternative to classical treatments based on inorganic Cu against bacterial speck. To study the efficacy of this compound in tomato against P. syringae, we tested its systemic effect Applying the treatments via radicular.RESULTSTreated plants showed less infection development and lower number of viable bacteria in leaves. We also observed better performance of parameters involved in plant resistance such as the antioxidant response and the accumulation of phenolic compounds.CONCLUSIONResults showed that soil drench applications can be highly effective for the prevention and control of bacterial speck in tomato plants, showing a reduction in symptoms of ∼ 50%. Moreover, application of Cu heptagluconate induced accumulation of the plant polyphenols caffeic and chlorogenic acids, and reduced the amount of reactive oxygen species in infected plants. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Trusting Government to Mitigate a New Hazard: The Case of Oklahoma Earthquakes
Authors: Murphy Haley , Greer Alex , Wu Hao‐Che 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThis paper examines individual‐level perceptions of knowledge levels, responsibility, and trust in the government's ability and willingness to mitigate the newfound earthquake hazard in Oklahoma. These earthquakes have increased in number and intensity since 2010 and are largely believed to be a by‐product of wastewater injection wells from oil drilling, making them a new, politically complex hazard for residents to navigate. We conducted household level surveys with two communities in Oklahoma to examine the relationship between (a) an individual's belief that state and local government is knowledgeable about the new earthquake hazard; (b) individual perception that state and local government is responsible for protecting them from the earthquake hazard; and (c) their level of trust in state and local government's ability and willingness to mitigate the hazard. We find that individuals who perceive state and local government as more knowledge about the hazard, or more responsible for protecting them from the hazard, have a higher level of trust in government's ability and willingness to mitigate the earthquake hazard.
Epitaxially Grown Ferroelectric PVDF‐TrFE Film on Shape‐Tailored Semiconducting Rubrene Single Crystal
Authors: Lee Yujeong , Kim Kang Lib , Kang Han Sol , Jeong Beomjin , Park Chanho , Bae Insung , Kang Seok Ju , Park Youn Jung , Park Cheolmin 
Published: April 2018

AbstractEpitaxial crystallization of thin poly(vinylidene fluoride‐co‐trifluoroethylene) (PVDF‐TrFE) films is important for the full utilization of their ferroelectric properties. Epitaxy can offer a route for maximizing the degree of crystallinity with the effective orientation of the crystals with respect to the electric field. Despite various approaches for the epitaxial control of the crystalline structure of PVDF‐TrFE, its epitaxy on a semiconductor is yet to be accomplished. Herein, the epitaxial growth of PVDF‐TrFE crystals on a single‐crystalline organic semiconductor rubrene grown via physical vapor deposition is presented. The epitaxy results in polymer crystals globally ordered with specific crystal orientations dictated by the epitaxial relation between the polymer and rubrene crystal. The lattice matching between the c‐axis of PVDF‐TrFE crystals and the (210) plane of orthorhombic rubrene crystals develops two degenerate crystal orientations of the PVDF‐TrFE crystalline lamellae aligned nearly perpendicular to each other. Thin PVDF‐TrFE films with epitaxially grown crystals are incorporated into metal/ferroelectric polymer/metal and metal/ferroelectric polymer/semiconductor/metal capacitors, which exhibit excellent nonvolatile polarization and capacitance behavior, respectively. Furthermore, combined with a printing technique for micropatterning rubrene single crystals, the epitaxy of a PVDF‐TrFE film is formed selectively on the patterned rubrene with characteristic epitaxial crystal orientation over a large area.
Development and validation of a UHPLC–MS/MS assay for elvitegravir measurement in human plasma and cerebrospinal fluid
Authors: Ocque Andrew Jacob , Hagler Colleen E. , Lapham Jill , Morse Gene D. , Letendre Scott , Ma Qing 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe quantification of the integrase inhibitor, elvitegravir, in cerebrospinal fluid will significantly help understand its effects in the central nervous system. An ultra high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method was successfully validated to measure elvitegravir in human plasma and cerebrospinal fluid. The biological fluid was diluted with methanol and the clear supernatant was injected into the chromatography system. The calibration was linear from 10.0 to 5000 ng/mL in plasma and 1.00 to 25 ng/mL in cerebrospinal fluid. Inter‐day and intra‐day variability ranged from 1.46 to 8.34% and accuracy ranged from –8.36 to 7.50% for quality controls in either plasma or cerebrospinal fluid analysis. The method was then applied to the measurement of elvitegravir concentrations in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid samples from an HIV+ patient enrolled in a clinical study who switched medications of Stribild® to Genvoya®. The validated method is suitable for the quantification of elvitegravir in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid.
The Impact of Microwaves on Organophosphorus Chemistry
Authors: Keglevich György 
Published: April 2018

AbstractA personal account on the pioneering results on microwave (MW)‐assisted organophosphorus syntheses obtained in the last decade is presented. The broad spectrum of the reactions studied exemplifies the advantages of the MW technique as a green tool regarding efficiency and the simplification of catalyst systems. Theoretical calculations for a few typical models helped us to explore the scope and limitations of the application of MW irradiation.
Rivers are social–ecological systems: Time to integrate human dimensions into riverscape ecology and management
Authors: Dunham Jason B. , Angermeier Paul L. , Crausbay Shelley D. , Cravens Amanda E. , Gosnell Hannah , McEvoy Jamie , Moritz Max A. , Raheem Nejem , Sanford Todd 
Published: April 2018

Incorporation of concepts from landscape ecology into understanding and managing riverine ecosystems has become widely known as riverscape ecology. Riverscape ecology emphasizes interactions among processes at different scales and their consequences for valued ecosystem components, such as riverine fishes. Past studies have focused strongly on understanding the ecological processes in riverscapes and how human actions modify those processes. It is increasingly clear, however, that an understanding of the drivers behind actions that lead to human modification also merit consideration, especially regarding how those drivers influence management efficacy. These indirect drivers of riverscape outcomes can be understood in the context of a diverse array of social processes, which we collectively refer to as human dimensions. Like ecological phenomena, social processes also exhibit complex interactions across spatiotemporal scales. Greater emphasis on feedbacks between social and ecological processes will lead scientists and managers to more completely understand riverscapes as complex, dynamic, interacting social–ecological systems. Emerging applications in riverscapes, as well as studies of other ecosystems, provide examples that can lead to stronger integration of social and ecological science. We argue that conservation successes within riverscapes may not come from better ecological science, improved ecosystem service analyses, or even economic incentives if the fundamental drivers of human behaviors are not understood and addressed in conservation planning and implementation.This article is categorized under:

Water and Life > Stresses and Pressures on Ecosystems
Human Water > Water Governance
Engineering Water > Planning Water
Latvia: A Historical Analysis of Transformation and Diversification of the Higher Education System
Authors: Mhamed Ali Ait Si , Vārpiņa Zane , Dedze Indra , Kaša Rita 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThis chapter analyses the trend of transformation and diversification of higher education in Latvia due to political, economic and social changes in the country. Higher education institutions (HEIs) were established prior to Soviet legacy and during the first independence of Latvia in early twentieth century. During the Soviet rule in Latvia, HE was under full state control, organised to serve the needs of the centrally planned economy and the official Marxist-Leninist ideology. When Latvia proclaimed its independence from the USSR in 1990, its higher education system consisted of ten state HEIs; five of which were placed under the Ministry of Education and others were operating under the auspices of the ministries of healthcare, culture and agriculture. Multiple changes have taken place in the sector of higher education since then. The most important accomplishments of the HE reform during the transition period from the centrally controlled Soviet system to a democratically governed system of independent Latvia as reported in literature were autonomy of HEIs, the expansion of the HE sector in terms of the number of institutions and students, the creation of private HEIs, the introduction of HE quality assessment, the development of new study programmes, the modernisation of existing study programmes and the intensification of international cooperation between HEIs in Latvia and abroad. Hence, ensuring transformations of the HE sector involved continuing the diversification of the institutional landscape. Factors leading to this diversification include increased demand for higher education in social sciences, government’s initiated restructuring of higher education, regulation of the use of languages in higher education, secondary education reforms in early 1990s and shifts in demographic composition of higher education students.
Lithuanian Higher Education: Between Path Dependence and Change
Authors: Leišytė Liudvika , Rose Anna-Lena , Schimmelpfennig Elena 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThis chapter provides an analysis of structural transformations of the Lithuanian higher education landscape paying special attention to developments during Soviet times and in the period after 1990. Lithuanian higher education, which dates back to the sixteenth century, has changed from a traditional elite system to a mass system over time. Political, economic and social change, including the Soviet occupation of the country, the re-establishment of independence and Europeanization through the Bologna Process and accession to the European Union have had significant impact on the Lithuanian higher education landscape.We have identified three periods of structural change. The first period from 1990 to 2000 is characterized by the re-establishment of universities and of academic autonomy and sporadic expansion of the system. During the second phase from 2001 to 2009, main system expansion and horizontal differentiation took place due to the establishment of the private higher education sector and a boom of the non-university higher education sector. Further, vertical differentiation within the system was reinforced through the availability of EU funding. The third phase, which started in 2010, has witnessed demographic decline, increasing competition and efforts of internationalization as well as more recently also attempts at consolidation of HEIs. The major challenges for the future of this system lie in increasing trust in public authorities, breaking from path dependencies of Soviet legacy, demographic changes, brain drain and increasing competition.
Georgia: Higher Education System Dynamics and Institutional Diversity
Authors: Chakhaia Lela , Bregvadze Tamar 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe evolution of Georgian higher education system in recent decades almost perfectly mirrors the political and socio-economic developments in the country. Having emerged from the uniform Soviet system, it has been undergoing radical changes and has transformed into a diverse institutional setup, which, for all its similarities with various higher education systems existing in other countries, cannot be categorised as a typical representative of one.At the risk of oversimplification, we can divide the process of transformation of Georgian higher education in post-soviet period into three stages corresponding to the phases of political and socioeconomic transformations of the country. Immediately after gaining independence, when country sunk into the chaos of civil war, ethnic conflicts and economic crisis, higher education changed largely by inertia and chaotically, without much direction or a uniform vision. Swift transition to market economy was reflected through massive privatisation of costs in higher education and consequent diversification of the form of institutional ownership into public and private. In the following period after 1994, was settling down after the earlier turmoil. The higher education system continued to develop slowly and largely independently from the central governmental guidance. As higher education detached itself from the alliance with the Soviet economy and accordingly with various line ministries, many institutions changed their narrow profiles and started offering a wider range of specialisations thus responding to the demands of the market economy.Starting in 2004, following the Rose Revolution, the changes were more centralised, planned and fitted with the greater vision of economic liberalism of the government team. Joining the Bologna process and applying the principles of market economy to the governance of higher education happened simultaneously. The result was integration of research at universities and a seemingly ‘meritocratic’ way of admitting students and provision of funds, which ultimately define the prestige of universities.
Looking at Kazakhstan’s Higher Education Landscape: From Transition to Transformation Between 1920 and 2015
Authors: Ahn Elise S. , Dixon John , Chekmareva Larissa 
Published: April 2018

AbstractSince independence in 1991, the Kazakhstani government has been aggressively pursuing higher education reform. This has led to the passing of a number of education-related laws and the adaptation of different policies and practices in order to facilitate the government’s initial priority of transitioning to a market economy and more recently, to achieve its goal of becoming one of the world’s top 30 economies by the year 2050. This chapter provides an overview of Kazakhstan’s Soviet higher education legacy and the subsequent changes that the higher education sector has both undergone and continues to undergo after joining the EU’s Bologna Process in 2010. In addition to providing a historical perspective of higher education reform in the Kazakhstani context, several typologies have been provided in order to visualise the way the regulatory reforms have resulted in some institutional diversity. The chapter concludes with the challenges that the higher education sector at different levels (e.g., the national (Kazakhstani Ministry of Education and Sciences) and regional and local/institutional levels) continues to face.