bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Residual Stress Measurements and Modelling of Clad-Weld Interfaces
Authors: Pellereau Benjamin , Greensmith Robert , Tanner David , Goulding Mark 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Residual stresses from welding are often a significant loading in defect tolerance assessments. Evaluation procedures such as R6 provide bounding Weld Residual Stress (WRS) profiles for typical component geometries which may be used if little or no information is available. However, these are often highly conservative, especially for components which receive a stress-relieving Post-Weld Heat Treatment (PWHT).
Profiles developed from Finite Element (FE) modelling and/or WRS measurements may be used if they are available. However, modelling can be time and computationally expensive as well as hard to verify. Additionally many measurement techniques are destructive so cannot be deployed on production items. To address these limitations a combination of modelling and measurements is recommended in order to verify the modelling and to address any difference between the actual component and the test piece used for the measurements.
One area which has been identified as a gap in the literature is residual stress values at the intersection between a through-wall structural weld and internal weld-deposited cladding. This paper presents modelling and measurement results from two such locations. The first location is a low alloy steel pressure vessel circumferential weld that is subsequently clad using weld deposited Alloy 82. The second is a nozzle to safe-end transition weld at which the ferritic portion of the nozzle is also clad. Where possible results of both are presented before and after PWHT.
The modelling was carried out in Abaqus with axisymmetric models of the actual component geometry using the Abaqus Weld Interface, solid state phase transformation effects were not included. Measurements were made using Deep Hole Drilling (DHD) at key locations in simplified but representative components that were manufactured as part of the weld qualification process.
At the circumferential weld there is good agreement in the shape of the predicted WRS profiles for both hoop and axial stresses. The magnitudes are also similar, although the simplifying assumptions in the modelling generate some differences, particularly at the clad-parent interface. A similar trend is seen in the safe-end weld.
Critical Strain in Carbon Steel Pipes With Local Wall Thinning Subjected to Large Bending in Soil Liquefaction-Induced Lateral Spreading
Authors: Homma Tomoka , Onuki Shoma , Imai Yasuhito , Mitsuya Masaki 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
A buried pipeline may undergo large bending deformations due to lateral spreading induced by soil liquefaction during an earthquake. Furthermore, the deformability of the pipeline is influenced by local wall thinning, which can result from phenomena such as corrosion. Therefore, this study examined the bending fracture behavior and critical strain of wall-thinned pipes subjected to bending moments. Bending tests were conducted on straight pipes with wall thinning located in either the compressive or tensile side in order to obtain failure modes. The experimental results showed two failure modes: buckling and rupture. Buckling failure occurred on the compressive side without the occurrence of necking in the region with localized wall-thinning. Rupture failure occurred at the area of localized wall-thinning on the tensile side. Finite elements analysis (FEA) was performed to simulate the fracture behaviors observed in the bending tests. As a result, the critical strain of the pipe exceeded 30% equivalent plastic strain for buckling mode on the compressive side and exceeded 10% equivalent plastic strain for rupture mode on the tension side. Additionally, this study offers instances of acceptable wall-thinning sizes of pipelines subjected to large bending in liquefaction-induced lateral spreading, using the criteria of 30% equivalent plastic strain on the compressive side and 10% equivalent plastic strain on the tension side.
Numerical Study on Failure Length Evaluation of Buried Continuous Pipelines Crossing Strike-Slip Faults
Authors: Hsu Wei-Hung , Chai Juin-Fu , Yang Hsuan-Chih , Chang Che-Yu , Chang Wei-Kuang 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Buried pipelines are commonly used to carry water, oil and natural gas. The length of buried pipelines often extends thousands of meters. Inevitably there is a high probability that the pipeline will cross the seismic faults, especially in countries with seismic zones. Once an earthquake occurs and leads to the permanent displacement of the ground, the buried pipelines may fail or be damaged. This will affect the operation of social and economic activities. Therefore, the pipelines play an important role in societies, industries and economies, and are often referred to as lifelines. So far, the post-earthquake walkdown and inspections have been standard operation procedure for supplier of water, oil and natural gas. Through the visits and inspections, pipe segment with leaking contents or damage might be found and can be discovered and repaired immediately. For those pipe segments with severe deformation but no leakage or damage, it is difficult to find them through the walkdown and inspections. The purpose of this study is to use numerical approaches to find out the relationship between the pipeline failure length and the fault displacement of strike-slip faults for various sizes of pipelines. The research results can provide reference for water, oil, and natural gas suppliers, and can develop a more reliable post-earthquake inspection mechanism to identify pipe segments those are on the verge of failure.
Research on Pitting Evaluation of Process Pipeline Based on Extreme Value Distribution Model
Authors: Chen Liangchao , Li Haopeng , Lu Xinyuan 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Frequent incidents of corrosion leaks in petrochemical process piping due to pitting corrosion necessitate a scientific assessment of the distribution patterns and maximum degree of corrosion. Such assessments are crucial for identifying potential corrosion risks and ensuring the safe and stable operation of the equipment. This paper presents a method for evaluating the extreme values of process piping corrosion based on inspection data, which includes the following steps: acquiring corrosion data, modeling and predicting extreme values with the model, and assessing pipeline corrosion. Initially, systematic thickness measurements are taken at specific points along the pipeline to compile a dataset of corrosion-related metal thinning. Subsequently, a Generalised Extreme Value (GEV) distribution model is fitted to the thinning data, and its parameters are estimated using the method of maximum likelihood to obtain a model that represents the extreme value distribution of pitting corrosion in the pipeline. Finally, by using this model, predictions are made about the maximum corrosion loss of the pipeline, which in turn allows for an assessment of the corrosion rate and remaining life of the pipeline sections. This paper focuses on a particular petrochemical process piping system, constructing a GEV model and performing a pitting assessment. Validation with actual measurements shows that the distribution of pitting corrosion in the pipeline is consistent with the GEV model. The average relative error of the prediction is 0.07, which indicating a high degree of accuracy.
High Acceleration Shaking Tests Considering Couple of Pipe Support Structure and Box Culvert
Authors: Sakai Michiya , Sakai Toshiaki , Watanabe Tatsumasa , Ono Yohei , Shimazu Ryuya 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This research investigates both structural integrity and equipment functionality, aiming to improve the seismic fragility evaluation of sea water ducts by incorporating the coupling of structures and equipment, which is an approach not previously considered. Vibration tests were conducted using a high-acceleration shaking table installed at the Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, capable of performing tests with a maximum acceleration of 20G. Two types of specimens were prepared: one featuring a single box culvert frame, and the other incorporating a box culvert with an internal piping support structure. High-acceleration shaking tests on the box culverts revealed damage attributed to bending deformation of the sidewalls, ultimately leading to failure due to low-cycle fatigue of the reinforcing bars. In the case of the box culvert with a pipe support structure inside, damage data resulted from the coupled behavior between the pipe support structure and the box culvert.
Stress Detection of X80 Pipeline Based on Vibration Characteristics Analysis
Authors: Li Jinzhou , Liu Xiaoben , Zhang Hong 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The operational environment of long-distance oil and gas pipelines is characterized by its complexity, which can lead to stress concentration and localized defects over time, consequently increasing the operational risks. One emerging technology for evaluating the structural integrity of these pipelines is non-destructive testing based on vibration characteristics. This paper elucidates the operating principle of knock detection technology. Utilizing X80 pipeline steel, we establish a finite element model for knock detection and reveal the relationship between pipeline stress state and vibration acceleration signals from small plate specimens. To validate the reliability of the finite element model, we conduct knock detection experiments under uniaxial tension. Building upon this foundation, we delve into the vibration response characteristics of small pipes under various stress conditions. Our results demonstrate a strong concurrence between the outcomes from small plate specimens and small pipes, with a close correlation between intrinsic vibration frequency and pipeline stress in vibration acceleration signals. These findings serve as a crucial stepping stone for the practical application of knock detection methods based on vibration characteristics. It is established that this method can effectively assess the stress state of X80 pipeline steel and represents a dependable approach for evaluating the serviceability of pipelines.
Study of Error Analysis and Optimization Algorithm for IMU-Based Pipeline Bending Strain Detection Through Finite Element Simulation
Authors: Shi Tong , Xie Ting , Zhang Hong , Li Rui , Ning Fangwei , Feng Qingshan , Huang Qiyu , Liu Xiaoben 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) sensors are capable of collecting parameters such as heading and orientation angles during pipeline navigation. Subsequently, by performing calculations, pipeline strain can be obtained, making IMU technology essential for detecting pipeline bending strains. However, during IMU-based internal inspection system operations, issues like abnormal vibrations and trajectory deviations can introduce disturbances, rendering IMU data unsuitable for direct interpretation as actual pipeline strain. This study establishes a reconstitution and simulation model for IMU-based internal inspection systems, eliminating interference from abnormal vibrations. This enables the acquisition of vibration-free pipeline bending strain data at different offset levels. Error analysis and strain mapping studies are conducted to compare reconstituted simulation data with actual pipeline strain data. An optimized algorithm is proposed to calculate pipeline bending strain, with the aim of reducing strain detection errors caused by trajectory deviations during inspections. Research findings reveal that as strain increases, deviations in the IMU-based internal inspection system’s central trajectory result in a growing disparity between detected strain and actual pipeline strain. The proposed algorithm effectively mitigates strain errors arising from inspection system trajectory deviations. This IMU’s simulation model and optimization algorithm form a technical foundation for obtaining accurate pipeline strain using IMU-based inspection data.
Computational Fluid Dynamics Approach to Evaluate Jet Impingement Loads Due to Rupture of High Energy Pipes in Nuclear Reactors
Authors: Qureshy Ali M. M. I. , Hassan M. Safy , Elzaabalawy Assem , Aboulella Mohamed , Khan Qasim , Mekky Waleed 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Accurate evaluation of jet impingement loads due to pipe ruptures is crucial for nuclear power plant design and safety analysis. These loads can cause catastrophic damage to neighboring components. Although jet impingement models exist in the literature, additional effort is required to overcome their inaccuracy and non-conservatism. In the current study, an evaluation of the jet impingement loads due to a full guillotine rupture in a high energy pipeline is investigated using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). The model represents a higher fidelity approach to better assess the postulated pipe rupture and its effect on neighboring pipelines. Specifically, a 3D multiphysics ANSYS Fluent model is developed to simulate the rupture of the selected pipes. The model accounts for the multiphase nature of the problem by including heavy water liquid, heavy water vapor, and surrounding air. Moreover, the model accounts for a number of highly coupled physical processes including turbulence, multiphase interactions, flashing, and heat transfer. The results show that the model can accurately predict the jet behavior and characteristics. Additionally, the results indicate a direct relationship between the diameter of the ruptured pipe, rupture area, and the magnitude of impingement loads. Specifically, larger diameters and rupture areas correlate with increased jet impingement loads, while greater distances between pipes result in decreased loads. These observations are pivotal for designing robust systems capable of withstanding varied impingement scenarios.
Statistical Analysis of Multiple Encoded Ultrasonic Testing Data Sets
Authors: Houston Eric , Parker Stephen , Keene Douglas 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Localized corrosion, commonly referred to as “pitting,” in carbon steel piping systems has a significant financial and regulatory impact on commercial nuclear power plants. Quantifying the level of degradation and identifying locations which may violate the minimum wall thickness requirements or leak is an ongoing task at most, if not all, sites. Utilizing historic inspection data to predict the current and future state of a piping system is challenging without a robust definition of a pit. Work has recently been conducted by Parker, Roukema, and Patten to define “pitting” in geometric terms as it relates to localized wall loss due to corrosion in carbon steel piping [1]. The authors presented a novel approach to identifying the non-uniform pipe wall as a “pit” at discrete locations. As the authors note, the limited data set restricted the applicability of the paper’s conclusions to only the Service Water system for which the data was obtained.
This paper expands upon the previous work by increasing the number of data sets evaluated and includes additional sites with varying water chemistry and operating history. The paper utilizes a slightly simplified analysis of localized corrosion to identify the number of pits within an encoded ultrasonic thickness data set. The objective of this paper is to determine if the set of geometric characteristics proposed in the previous work can be reasonably applied to a more diverse set of piping systems.
Metallurgical and Fracture Toughness Variability Characterization of 2.25Cr 1 Mo Plate Steel for Hydroprocessing Reactors
Authors: Acuna Andres , Melfi Teresa , Penso Jorge , Wim Bennik 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Fracture toughness and temper embrittlement susceptibility are pivotal factors influencing the mechanical integrity of hydroprocessing reactors within oil refineries and chemical plants. Moreover, they exert a notable impact on the minimum allowed pressurization temperature (MPT), thereby affecting the startup and shutdown times. Enhanced fracture toughness at low temperatures and heightened resistance to temper embrittlement lead to a lower permissible MPT setting. Temper-embrittlement is the reduction in fracture toughness due to a metallurgical change that can occur in some low-alloy steels as a result of prolonged exposure in the temperature range of about 650 °F to 1070 °F (345 °C to 575 °C). This change causes an upward shift in the ductile-to-brittle transition. Although the loss of toughness is not evident at operating temperature, equipment afflicted by temper embrittlement becomes susceptible to brittle fracture during start-up and shutdown processes. This paper includes a literature review and describes the variability in fracture toughness of 2.25Cr 1Mo steel plate material as a function of temperature. Additionally, it presents a case history where high variability was reported in weld deposits. Factors affecting fracture toughness and tempering embrittlement are analyzed and recommendations to maximize fracture toughness and reduce temper embrittlement susceptibility are included. Finally, the paper touches upon technology limitations as dictated by contemporary manufacturing practices. The characterization process incorporates optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, hardness, chemistry, impact testing and crack tip opening displacement measurements.
Enhancing Sprint Performance and Biomechanics in Semiprofessional Football Players Through Repeated-Sprint Training
Authors: Romero Valentin , Castaño-Zambudio Adrián , Ortega-Becerra Manuel Alejandro , Vázquez-Diz Juan Antonio , Adalid-Leiva Juan Jesús , Jiménez-Reyes Pedro 
Published: November 2024

Repeated-sprint ability is a significant factor in football performance. Notably, hamstring injuries in football players often occur during sprinting activities and fatigue-inducing conditions. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the impact of repeated-sprint training (RST) on repeated-sprint ability variables and sprint kinematics. Fourteen semiprofessional men’s soccer players performed 8 weeks of RST, consisting of 1 to 2 sets of 5 to 8 × 30 m repeated sprints separated by 20 to 30 seconds of recovery. Sprint performance was computed from running speed data, and a high-frequency camera (240 Hz) was used to study kinematic data. Paired samples t test and repeated-measures analysis of variance were conducted for each performance and kinematic variable, respectively. After the RST period, moderate to large improvements were observed for 0 to 20 m time, 0 to 30 m time, and 20 to 30 m time. All the repeated-sprint ability-related variables were significantly improved (P < .05). In addition, during fatigue conditions, a decrease in trunk flexion and kick-back mechanism and a reduced overstriding pattern was found after RST. The findings of this study suggest that incorporating RST may lead to improved sprint performance and promote a “safer” sprint pattern, particularly during periods of fatigue.
Description of genome sequences of arthropod-associated spirochetes of the genus
Entomospira
Authors: Sikutova Silvie , Graña-Miraglia Lucía , Vancová Marie , Bílý Tomáš , Sing Andreas , Castillo-Ramirez Santiago , Rudolf Ivo , Margos Gabriele , Fingerle Volker 
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Spirochetal bacteria isolated from arthropods of the genera
Culex
and
Aedes
are termed BR149, BR151 (
Entomospira culicis
), BR193 (
Entomospira entomophila
), and BR208 (
Entomospira nematocerorum
). Genome sizes assembled from Illumina MiSeq and Oxford Nanopore reads varied between 1.67 and 1.78 Mb containing three to six plasmids. GC content ranged from 38.5% to 45.76%.
Lymphangitic Carcinomatosis Presenting as Cough: A Case of Occult Metastatic Prostate Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Kumar Sharanya , Seylani Allen , Tuli Rahul , Abedi Eric , Khandelwal Keerti 
Published: November 2024

Background: Lymphangitic carcinomatosis (LC), a hallmark of advanced metastatic cancer with a poor prognosis, primarily impacts the lymphatic system of the lungs, manifesting as progressive breathlessness, cough, or hemoptysis. While prostate cancer commonly metastasizes to bones and regional lymph nodes, lung involvement is rare. This case features a patient in generally good health who presented with an insidious dry cough, leading to a diagnosis of Stage 4 prostatic adenocarcinoma with rare lymphangitic spread to the lungs.Case Presentation: A 70‐year‐old male in good health presented with chest tightness, a dry cough, and sudden left testicular swelling. Imaging revealed interstitial lung markings, severe left hydronephrosis, and prostatomegaly. A prostate biopsy confirmed adenocarcinoma. A PET‐CT scan raised significant concern for LC, prompting the initiation of urgent inpatient chemotherapy with docetaxel.Conclusion: LC is a metastatic pattern commonly associated with solid tumors, particularly breast, gastric, and lung cancers. Its occurrence in prostate cancer is exceptionally rare. This condition is typically linked with advanced disease and a poor prognosis, often serving as a critical indicator of an underlying malignancy that may otherwise go undetected.
Inflammasome-Activating Nanovaccine for Cancer Immunotherapy
Authors: Zhen Wenyao , Chen Xiaoyuan 
Published: November 2024

A range of advanced nanovaccines (NV) combined with immunotherapies has recently emerged for treating malignant tumors and has demonstrated promising tumor-suppressive effects. Nevertheless, their effectiveness is often limited by immunosuppression within the tumor microenvironment. To overcome this challenge, new approaches for NV development are required to improve antigen cross-presentation and to remodel the tumor microenvironment. In this issue of Cancer Research, Zhou and colleagues have developed a photo-enhanceable inflammasome-activating nanovaccine (PIN) designed for precise, in situ delivery of a tumor antigen and a hydrophobic small molecule that activates the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. Near infrared light exposure enables the accumulation of PINs at tumor sites by inducing a photo-triggered charge reversal in the BODIPY-modified PAMAM nanocarrier. Systemic administration of PINs resulted in effective intratumoral activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and antigen cross-presentation in antigen-presenting cells upon light exposure, leading to enhanced immune responses through increased proinflammatory cytokine production without significant systemic toxicity. Importantly, PINs also enhanced the efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade and promoted the development of long-term immune memory in mouse models of melanoma and hepatocellular carcinoma. Overall, inflammasome-activating NVs represent a cancer immunotherapy strategy by harnessing the innate immune system to achieve robust responses against tumors. Ongoing research and development are crucial to addressing current limitations and advancing this innovative technology toward clinical application.
See related article by Zhou et al., p. 3834