bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Examining the Sexual Health Consequences of Alcohol Consumption Among Black Gay and Bisexual Men
Authors: Allen Vincent C. , Ray Lara A. , Myers Hector F. 
Published: June 2018

BackgroundBlack men who have sex with men (MSM) are disproportionately affected by HIV infection. Efforts are needed to understand correlates of HIV risk among this group. Alcohol consumption may have a role in HIV transmission given its association with condomless sex. This study aimed to examine the association between alcohol consumption (i.e., drinking before/during sex and levels of alcohol use problems) and condom use during lifetime, past 6 months, and the event (i.e., a specific sexual episode) level.MethodsBlack MSM (N = 102) reported sexual behavior and condom use for lifetime, past 6 months, and the most recent condom and condomless sex events. The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) determined alcohol use problems.ResultsOrdinal and binary regression analyses analyzed associations between AUDIT scores and condomless sex (receptive and insertive). AUDIT scores were associated with a greater likelihood of condomless sex (lifetime receptive sex: OR = 1.06, p < 0.05; past 6 months insertive sex: odds ratio [OR] = 1.09, p < 0.01). At the event level, there was no greater likelihood of drinking during last condomless sex as compared to last condom sex, χ2(1) = 0.18, p = 0.39.ConclusionsThere was evidence that an increase in alcohol use problems was associated with a greater likelihood of risky sexual behavior. Drinking before/during sex was not related to condom use. These findings contribute to understanding the nuanced relationship between alcohol use and sexual risk.
Mini‐review: Update on the genetics of schizophrenia
Authors: Coelewij Leda , Curtis David 
Published: June 2018

AbstractA number of important findings have recently emerged relevant to identifying genetic risk factors for schizophrenia. Findings using common variants point towards gene sets of interest and also demonstrate an overlap with other psychiatric and nonpsychiatric disorders. Imputation of variants of the gene for complement component 4 (C4) from GWAS data has shown that the predicted expression of the C4A product is associated with schizophrenia risk. Very rare variants disrupting SETD1A, RBM12 or NRXN1 have a large effect on risk. Other rare, damaging variants are enriched in genes that are loss of function intolerant and/or whose products localise to the synapse. These and particular copy number variants can result in increased risk of schizophrenia but also of other neurodevelopmental disorders. The findings for C4 and NRXN1 may be especially helpful for elucidating the biological mechanisms that can lead to disease.
The provision of alcohol and breastfeeding information by maternal health practitioners in the Australian setting
Authors: Giglia Roslyn Carmel , Symons Martyn , Shaw Thérèse 
Published: June 2018

BackgroundIn the 2009 National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Australian Guidelines to Reduce Health Risks from Drinking, a guideline specific to lactating women was included. For the first time the effect of alcohol at this important developmental stage was nationally and internationally acknowledged.AimsTo determine the degree to which maternal health practitioners adopted an Australian national policy guideline (Guideline 4B) on alcohol and breastfeeding into their everyday health practice and the factors associated with adoption.Materials and MethodsA convenience sample of participants completed an online survey based on the Nursing Practice Questionnaire (NPQ) to elicit measures of knowledge, awareness and practice implementation.ResultsIn total, 240 maternal health practitioners completed the online survey. All statistical analyses clearly indicated a higher adoption of Guideline 4B by the child health nurses, midwives and general practitioners (GPs) than was the case for paediatricians and obstetricians. A mean adoption score (range 0–4) indicative of ‘some’ practice implementation of 3.13, 3.04 and 2.73 was obtained by child health nurses, midwives and GPs, respectively. Obstetricians and paediatricians scored a mean of 2.0, indicating they remain to be ‘persuaded about the practice’ of incorporating discussions around alcohol and breastfeeding into their practice.ConclusionDespite the existence of a national alcohol guideline for breastfeeding women, maternal health practitioners are not incorporating this advice into their everyday practice with lactating women. Opportunities exist for all maternal practitioners along the reproductive continuum to protect long‐term breastfeeding duration using an evidence‐based harm minimisation approach to alcohol consumption.
SATB2 is a supplementary immunohistochemical marker to CDX2 in the diagnosis of colorectal carcinoma metastasis in an unknown primary
Authors: Dabir Parag Deepak , Svanholm Hans , Christiansen Jens Johannes 
Published: June 2018

CDX2 is routinely used for identifying gastrointestinal origin of metastatic adenocarcinomas; but a high percentage of other carcinomas also show positivity with this antibody. SATB2 is a new immunohistochemical marker with a few studies showing that it is specifically expressed in a large majority of colorectal adenocarcinomas. We assessed SATB2 along with CDX2 in patient material with metastasis in order to determine whether the primary site could be identified as ‘colon‐rectum’. Metastasis in 67 liver biopsies, 108 lymph nodes from resection specimens and 36 serous effusions was analyzed retrospectively. Blinded slides stained for CDX2 and SATB2 were assessed individually by two pathologists and sensitivity, specificity and kappa statistics were calculated. Sensitivity for CDX2 in metastasis from colorectal adenocarcinomas was 93%; while in SATB2 it was 79%. The combination of CDX2 and SATB2 yielded a sensitivity of 79% and a high specificity of 93%. There was an acceptable level of agreement (κ = 0.64) between the pathologists for both the markers in case of colorectal adenocarcinoma metastasis. CDX2 is a sensitive marker compared to SATB2; while the specificity of combination of CDX2 and SATB2 is high for metastasis from colorectal adenocarcinoma. SATB2 can be used as a supplementary marker along with CDX2 to identify colorectal origin for material received from patients clinically presenting with metastasis.
The Hypothesis of Circulus Hypoxicus and Its Clinical Relevance in Patients With Methanol Poisoning – An Observational Study of 35 Patients
Authors: Drangsholt Elise , Vangstad Marie , Zakharov Sergey , Hovda Knut Erik , Jacobsen Dag 
Published: June 2018

AbstractMethanol mass poisoning is a global problem with high fatality rates and often severe sequelae in survivors. Patients typically present late to the hospital with severe metabolic acidosis followed by a rapid deterioration in their clinical status. The hypothesis ‘Circulus hypoxicus’ describes the metabolic acidosis following methanol poisoning as a self‐enhancing hypoxic circle responsible for methanol toxicity. We wanted to test the validity of this hypothesis by an observational study based on 35 patients from the methanol outbreaks in Norway (2004) and the Czech Republic (2012). Comprehensive laboratory values, including S(serum)‐methanol, S‐formate, S‐lactate, arterial blood gases, anion and osmolal gaps, were used in the calculations. Laboratory values and calculated gaps were compared to each other using linear regression. S‐lactate and S‐formate correlated better with the increased base deficit and anion gap than did S‐formate alone. Base deficit rose to about 20 mmol/L and S‐formate rose to 12 mmol/L prior to a significant rise in S‐lactate – most likely caused by formate inhibition of mitochondrial respiration (type B lactacidosis). The further rise in S‐lactate was not linear to S‐formate most likely due to the self‐enhancing pathophysiology, but may also be associated with hypotension in critically ill patients and variable ethanol drinking habits. Our study suggests that the primary metabolic acidosis leads to a secondary lactic acidosis mainly due to the toxic effects of formate. The following decline in pH will further increase this toxicity. As such, a vicious and self‐enhancing acidotic circle may explain the pathophysiology in methanol poisoning, namely the ‘Circulus hypoxicus’.
Schizotypal personality traits and social cognition are associated with childhood trauma exposure
Authors: Quidé Yann , Cohen‐Woods Sarah , O'Reilly Nicole , Carr Vaughan J. , Elzinga Bernet M. , Green Melissa J. 
Published: June 2018

ObjectivesChildhood trauma is a common risk factor for adult psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar‐I disorder (BD). However, its association with schizotypal personality traits, as well as cognitive and social cognitive abilities, is less well studied in these populations.MethodsIn a cohort of 79 SZ cases, 84 BD cases, and 75 healthy controls (HCs), clinically significant levels of childhood trauma exposure (according to scores on the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire; CTQ) were evident in 54 SZ, 55 BD, and 26 HC individuals. Trauma‐exposed and non‐exposed groups were compared on schizotypal personality features (schizotypy) measured with the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ). Cognitive assessments included executive function, working memory, attention, and immediate and delayed memory. Social cognitive measures assessed facial emotion processing and theory‐of‐mind abilities.ResultsTrauma‐exposed participants showed higher levels of schizotypy, especially suspiciousness, relative to non‐exposed individuals, regardless of clinical or HC status. Furthermore, trauma‐exposed individuals showed deficits specifically in social cognitive, but not general cognitive abilities, regardless of clinical or HC status. These trauma‐related results were found in the context of higher schizotypy levels in both SZ and BD relative to HC, and lower cognitive and social cognitive performance in SZ, relative to BD and HC groups.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that childhood trauma exposure impacts long‐term schizotypy outcomes, especially paranoid ideation (suspiciousness), as well as complex social cognitive abilities in both healthy and psychotic populations. However, cognitive deficits associated with psychotic illness may not be distinguishable from those related to trauma exposure in previous studies.Practitioner points

Findings

Childhood trauma exposure is associated with increased schizotypal features (in particular paranoid ideation) and complex social cognitive abilities, independently of the diagnosis of psychotic disorder.

Cognitive and social cognitive deficits were larger in schizophrenia compared to bipolar‐I cases and healthy controls, but increased schizotypal features were observed in both schizophrenia and bipolar‐I disorder relative to healthy controls.

Limitations

We were unable to distinguish the specific effects of particular childhood trauma exposures due to the high rate of exposure to more than one type of maltreatment.

Retrospective assessment of childhood trauma in adulthood cannot be externally validated, and associations with behavioural traits in later life may be confounded by other factors not studied here.
Intrasexually selected weapons
Authors: Rico‐Guevara Alejandro , Hurme Kristiina J. 
Published: June 2018

ABSTRACTWe propose a practical concept that distinguishes the particular kind of weaponry that has evolved to be used in combat between individuals of the same species and sex, which we term intrasexually selected weapons (ISWs). We present a treatise of ISWs in nature, aiming to understand their distinction and evolution from other secondary sex traits, including from ‘sexually selected weapons’, and from sexually dimorphic and monomorphic weaponry. We focus on the subset of secondary sex traits that are the result of same‐sex combat, defined here as ISWs, provide not previously reported evolutionary patterns, and offer hypotheses to answer questions such as: why have only some species evolved weapons to fight for the opposite sex or breeding resources? We examined traits that seem to have evolved as ISWs in the entire animal phylogeny, restricting the classification of ISW to traits that are only present or enlarged in adults of one of the sexes, and are used as weapons during intrasexual fights. Because of the absence of behavioural data and, in many cases, lack of sexually discriminated series from juveniles to adults, we exclude the fossil record from this review. We merge morphological, ontogenetic, and behavioural information, and for the first time thoroughly review the tree of life to identify separate evolution of ISWs. We found that ISWs are only found in bilateral animals, appearing independently in nematodes, various groups of arthropods, and vertebrates. Our review sets a reference point to explore other taxa that we identify with potential ISWs for which behavioural or morphological studies are warranted. We establish that most ISWs come in pairs, are located in or near the head, are endo‐ or exoskeletal modifications, are overdeveloped structures compared with those found in females, are modified feeding structures and/or locomotor appendages, are most common in terrestrial taxa, are frequently used to guard females, territories, or both, and are also used in signalling displays to deter rivals and/or attract females. We also found that most taxa lack ISWs, that females of only a few species possess better‐developed weapons than males, that the cases of independent evolution of ISWs are not evenly distributed across the phylogeny, and that animals possessing the most developed ISWs have non‐hunting habits (e.g. herbivores) or are faunivores that prey on very small prey relative to their body size (e.g. insectivores). Bringing together perspectives from studies on a variety of taxa, we conceptualize that there are five ways in which a sexually dimorphic trait, apart from the primary sex traits, can be fixed: sexual selection, fecundity selection, parental role division, differential niche occupation between the sexes, and interference competition. We discuss these trends and the factors involved in the evolution of intrasexually selected weaponry in nature.
The key role of behaviour in animal camouflage
Authors: Stevens Martin , Ruxton Graeme D. 
Published: June 2018

ABSTRACTAnimal camouflage represents one of the most important ways of preventing (or facilitating) predation. It attracted the attention of the earliest evolutionary biologists, and today remains a focus of investigation in areas ranging from evolutionary ecology, animal decision‐making, optimal strategies, visual psychology, computer science, to materials science. Most work focuses on the role of animal morphology per se, and its interactions with the background in affecting detection and recognition. However, the behaviour of organisms is likely to be crucial in affecting camouflage too, through background choice, body orientation and positioning; and strategies of camouflage that require movement. A wealth of potential mechanisms may affect such behaviours, from imprinting and self‐assessment to genetics, and operate at several levels (species, morph, and individual). Over many years there have been numerous studies investigating the role of behaviour in camouflage, but to date, no effort to synthesise these studies and ideas into a coherent framework. Here, we review key work on behaviour and camouflage, highlight the mechanisms involved and implications of behaviour, discuss the importance of this in a changing world, and offer suggestions for addressing the many important gaps in our understanding of this subject.
Role of diet and food intake in age‐related macular degeneration: a systematic review
Authors: Chapman Naoko A , Jacobs Robert J , Braakhuis Andrea J 
Published: June 2018

AbstractA systematic literature review was conducted to evaluate the role of diet and food intake in age‐related macular degeneration (AMD). Eighteen high‐quality studies were identified. Adherence to a Mediterranean diet had decreased risk of AMD progression. An Oriental diet pattern had decreased association with AMD prevalence, whereas a Western diet pattern had increased association with AMD prevalence. High consumption of vegetables rich in carotenoids and fatty fish containing omega‐3 fatty acids was beneficial for those at risk of AMD. Vegetable oils and animal fats containing omega‐6 fatty acids, and red/processed meat should be consumed minimally to reduce the risk of AMD progression. High glycaemic index diets and alcohol consumption of greater than two drinks a day had increased association with AMD. As the quality of diet and food intake had a vital role in AMD, the provision of appropriate nutritional advice to those at risk of AMD is recommended.
Learning a Phonological Contrast Modulates the Auditory Grouping of Rhythm
Authors: Yeung H. Henny , Bhatara Anjali , Nazzi Thierry 
Published: June 2018

AbstractPerceptual grouping is fundamental to many auditory processes. The Iambic–Trochaic Law (ITL) is a default grouping strategy, where rhythmic alternations of duration are perceived iambically (weak‐strong), while alternations of intensity are perceived trochaically (strong‐weak). Some argue that the ITL is experience dependent. For instance, French speakers follow the ITL, but not as consistently as German speakers. We hypothesized that learning about prosodic patterns, like word stress, modulates this rhythmic grouping. We tested this idea by training French adults on a German‐like stress contrast. Individuals who showed better phonological learning had more ITL‐like grouping, particularly over duration cues. In a non‐phonological condition, French adults were trained using identical stimuli, but they learned to attend to acoustic variation that was not linguistic. Here, no learning effects were observed. Results thus suggest that phonological learning can modulate low‐level auditory grouping phenomena, but it is constrained by the ability of individuals to learn from short‐term training.
Role of the oxidative stress index, myeloperoxidase, catalase activity for cardiac allograft vasculopathy in heart transplant recipients
Authors: Kargin Ramazan , Emiroglu Mehmet Yunus , Evlice Mert , Celik Mehmet , Toprak Aybala Erek , Avci Anil , Ayturk Mehmet , Kulahcioglu Seyhmus , Bulut Mustafa , Caliskan Mustafa 
Published: June 2018

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of this study was to explore the role of oxidative stress index (OSI), myeloperoxidase (MPO), and catalase (CAT) activity in cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) in heart transplant recipients (HTRs).MethodsThe study enrolled a median age of 41 ± 9 years 47 recipients. The HTx patients were divided into two groups based on the presence CAV as follows: CAV(+) and CAV(−) group. Also, CAV(+) group were divided into two groups as mild/moderate to severe CAV. The OSI, MPO, and CAT activity were analyzed in both groups.ResultsThe mean total antioxidant capacity (0.79 ± 0.46 vs 1.03 ± 0.33 μmol H2O2 equiv/L) P = .043 was significantly lower and OSI, MPO, CAT activity were significantly higher in CAV(+) group (63 ± 38 vs 20 ± 16 arbitrary unit, P = .001; 398 ± 242 vs 139 ± 112 μg/L, P = .001; 51 ± 42 vs 26 ± 23 pmol/mg protein, P = .013, respectively). Also, mean OSI (38 ± 41 vs 93 ± 75, P = .05) were significantly higher in severe CAV(+) group. Recipient age, male gender, and low density lipoprotein‐cholesterol were significantly higher in CAV(+)group. There was a moderate correlation between the CAV grade and OSI, MPO, and CAT levels in univariate analysis (r = .560, P = .002; r = .643, P = .007; r = .681, P = .001, respectively).ConclusionAn increase in the serum level of OSI, MPO, and CAT was associated with CAV in HTRs.
Three physical barriers with obvious effects on Carposina sasakii selection behavior to two dominant jujube tree volatiles
Authors: Men Lina , Zhang Zhiwei , Deng Angie , Ma Yan , Liu Xianqian , Ma Ruiyan , Han Youzhi 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe peach fruit moth (PFM), Carposina sasakii Matsumura (Lepidoptera: Carposinidae), a severe pest of Ziziphus jujuba Miller fruit trees (jujube, Rhamnaceae) mainly grown in China, has increasingly hindered the development of the jujube industry in recent years. In order to provide a theoretical basis for a physical obstruction method, we evaluated the effect of three commonly sold physical barriers on PFM host‐searching behavior. Two principal volatiles generated by the jujube tree, α‐farnesene and cis‐3‐hexenyl acetate (leaf acetate), were used as references to detect electroantennography (EAG) response values of 2‐, 4‐, and 6‐day‐old PFM adults. The results indicated different EAG responses toward α‐farnesene and leaf acetate between different ages of PFM, and males responded differently than females. The EAG responses were stronger in 4‐day‐old males to leaf acetate and in 2‐day‐old females to α‐farnesene. The two‐choice behavioral Y‐tube olfactometer assay confirmed that PFM was strongly attracted to α‐farnesene and leaf acetate. We determined the EAG and behavioral responses of PFM after spraying three kinds of physical barriers: Liquid Film Fruit Bag, High Lipid Film, and Jujube Protection No. 1. We obtained strong inhibitory effects on PFM attraction to both volatile lures using these barriers, including negative taxis by both females and males to Liquid Film Fruit Bag and Jujube Protection No. 1. We can infer that Liquid Film Fruit Bag is the most promising potential physical barrier for PFM control, with Jujube Protection No. 1 ranking as second‐best.
Blind Spots: Spatial analytics can identify nonrandom geographic variation in first episode psychosis program enrollments
Authors: Mathis Walter S. , Woods Scott , Srihari Vinod 
Published: June 2018

AimTo apply spatial analytics to an underway first episode psychosis program to identify areas of significant variation in the geographical distribution of program enrollees from an underlying at‐risk population.MethodsAdaptive bandwidth kernel smoothing was used to estimate spatial density functions from program enrollee home addresses and a control population computed from US Census data. A relative risk surface derived from the ratio of these functions was used to discover under‐represented areas, or areas from which fewer enrollees where produced than suggested by the underlying population density at the P < .05 level of statistical significance. As a test application of this analysis, a comprehensive list of primary care providers in the program catchment was extracted from the National Plan and Provider Enumeration System and spatially compared to the under‐represented areas.ResultsThis approach identified under‐represented areas containing 27.5% of the total program catchment area and 16% of the control population, yet had yielded zero program participants. These under‐represented areas contained 179 primary care providers of the 2,337 in the total catchment area.ConclusionsFindings of nonrandom spatial variation in program enrollment is valuable data for those evaluating the impact of and implementing improvements for recruitment to specialty clinics serving geographically‐defined catchments. Positive findings from this preliminary study warrant further development of the predictive model as well as measurement of the impact on enrollment from recruitment interventions driven by these findings.