bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Do combination HIV prevention programmes result in increased empowerment, inclusion and agency to demand equal rights for marginalised populations in low-income and middle-income countries? A systematic review
Authors: Brody Carinne , Sok Say , Tuot Sovannary , Pantelic Marija , Restoy Enrique , Yi Siyan 
Published: October 2019

IntroductionThis systematic review aims to determine if combination HIV prevention programmes include outcome measures for empowerment, inclusion and agency to demand equal rights and measure the relationship between empowerment and HIV prevention outcomes.MethodsAn electronic literature search of PubMed, POPLINE, Index Medicus and Google Scholar was conducted between August and October 2018. We included studies that evaluated combination prevention programmes that had all three types of intervention components and that specifically serve members of populations disproportionately affected by HIV published from 2008 to 2018. The selected studies were screened for inclusion, and relevant data abstracted, assessed for bias and synthesised.ResultsThis review included a total of 15 studies. Findings indicate that combination HIV prevention programmes for marginalised populations have delivered a variety of theory-based behavioural and structural interventions that support improvements in empowerment, inclusion and agency. However, empowerment, inclusion and least of all agency are not measured consistently or in a standardised way. In addition, analysis of their relationships with HIV prevention outcomes is rare. Out of our 15 included studies, only two measured a relationship between an empowerment, inclusion or agency outcome and an HIV prevention outcome.ConclusionThese findings suggest that policy-makers, programme planners and researchers might need to consider the intermediate steps on the pathway to increased condom use and HIV testing so as to explain the ‘how’ of their achievements and inform future investments in HIV prevention. This will support replication and expansion of programmes and ensure sustainability of the programmes.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42018106909
Benefits of the ‘village’: a qualitative exploration of the patient experience of COPD in rural Australia
Authors: Glenister Kristen , Haines Helen , Disler Rebecca 
Published: October 2019

ObjectivesThis study sought to explore patients’ experiences of living with, and adapting to, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in the rural context. Specifically, our research question was ‘What are the barriers and facilitators to living with and adapting to COPD in rural Australia?’DesignQualitative, semi-structured interviews. Conversations were recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed using thematic analysis following the COnsolidated criteria for REporting Qualitative research guidelines.SettingPatients with COPD, admitted to a subregional hospital in Australia were invited to participate in interviews between October and November 2016.Main outcome measuresThemes were identified that assisted with understanding of the barriers and facilitators to living with, and adapting to, COPD in the rural context.ResultsFour groups of themes emerged:internal facilitators(coping strategies; knowledge of when to seek help) andexternal facilitators(centrality of a known doctor; health team ‘going above and beyond’ and social supports) andinternal/external barriers to COPD self-management(loss of identity, lack of access and clear communication, sociocultural challenges), which were moderated by feelings of inclusion or isolation in the rural community or ‘village’.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that community inclusion enhances patients’ ability to cope and ultimately self-manage COPD. This is facilitated by living in a supportive ‘village’ environment, and included a central, known doctor and a healthcare team willing to go ‘above and beyond’. Understanding, or supplementing, these social networks within the broader social structure may assist people to manage chronic disease, regardless of rural or metropolitan location.
Rotor blade optimization and flight testing of a small UAV rotorcraft
Authors: Kotwicz Herniczek Mark , Jee Dustin , Sanders Brian , Feszty Daniel 
Published: October 2019

Rotor blade optimization with blade airfoil Reynolds numbers between 100 000 and 500 000 — characteristic of small single-rotor unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) — was performed for hover using blade element momentum theory (BEMT) and demonstrated via flight tests. BEMT was used to test various airfoil profiles and rotor blade shapes using airfoil data from 2D computational fluid dynamics simulations with Reynolds numbers representative of the blade elements. Selected blade designs were manufactured and flight tested on a Blade 600X single main-rotor UAV (671 mm blade radius) to validate the theoretical results. The parameters considered during the optimization process were the rotor frequency, radius, taper ratio, twist, chord length, airfoil profile, and blade number. The best of the improved blade designs increased the figure of merit, a measure of rotor efficiency, from 0.31 to 0.68 and reduced power consumption by 54%. Reducing the rotational frequency accounted for 45% of the improvement in power consumption, while the taper ratio and blade number accounted for 25% and 17%, respectively. The blade twist and airfoil profile only had a minor effect on the power consumption, contributing 7% and 6% to the improvement. The rotor diameter and root chord were kept identical to the original rotor and hence had no contribution. The presented results could serve as useful guidelines to single-rotor UAV manufacturers and operators for increasing endurance and payload capabilities.
Critical phenomena in gravitational collapse of Husain–Martinez–Nunez scalar field
Authors: Wang Xiaobao , Wu Xiaoning , Gao Sijie 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
We construct analytical models to study the critical phenomena in gravitational collapse of the Husain-Martinez-Nunez massless scalar field. We first use the cut-and-paste technique to match the conformally flat solution ($$c=0$$c=0 ) onto an outgoing Vaidya solution. To guarantee the continuity of the metric and the extrinsic curvature, we prove that the two solutions must be joined at a null hypersurface and the metric function in Vaidya spacetime must satisfy certain constraints. We find that the mass of the black hole in the resulting spacetime takes the form $$M\propto (p-p^*)^\gamma $$M∝(p-p∗)γ, where the critical exponent $$\gamma $$γ is equal to 0.5. For the case $$c\ne 0$$c≠0, we show that the scalar field must be joined onto two pieces of Vaidya spacetimes to avoid a naked singularity. We also derive the power-law mass formula with $$\gamma =0.5$$γ=0.5. Compared with previous analytical models which were constructed from a different scalar field with continuous self-similarity, we obtain the same value of $$\gamma $$γ. However, we show that the solution with $$c\ne 0$$c≠0 is not self-similar. Therefore, we provide a rare example that a scalar field without self-similarity also possesses the features of critical collapse.
Extraction of bare form factors for Bs →Kℓν decays in nonperturbative HQET
Authors: Bahr Felix , Banerjee Debasish , Bernardoni Fabio , Koren Mateusz , Simma Hubert , Sommer Rainer 
Published: October 2019

We discuss the extraction of the ground state [Formula: see text] matrix elements from Euclidean lattice correlation functions. The emphasis is on the elimination of excited state contributions. Two typical gauge-field ensembles with lattice spacings 0.075, 0.05 fm and pion masses 330, 270 MeV are used from the O[Formula: see text]-improved CLS 2-flavor simulations and the final state momentum is [Formula: see text] GeV. The b-quark is treated in HQET including the [Formula: see text] corrections. Fits to two-point and three-point correlation functions and suitable ratios including summed ratios are used, yielding consistent results with precision of around 2% which is not limited by the [Formula: see text] corrections but by the dominating static form factors. Excited state contributions are under reasonable control but are the bottleneck towards precision. We do not yet include a specific investigation of multi-hadron contaminations, a gap in the literature which ought to be filled soon.
The Buffer Zone of the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation
Authors: Match Aaron , Fueglistaler Stephan 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) is a descending pattern of winds in the stratosphere that vanishes near the top of the tropical tropopause layer, even though the vertically propagating waves that drive the QBO are thought to originate in the troposphere several kilometers below. The region where there is low QBO power despite sufficient vertically propagating wave activity to drive a QBO is known as the buffer zone. Classical one-dimensional models of the QBO are ill suited to represent buffer zone dynamics because they enforce the attenuation of the QBO via a zero-wind lower boundary condition. The formation of the buffer zone is investigated by analyzing momentum budgets in the reanalyses MERRA-2 and ERA-Interim. The buffer zone must be formed by weak wave-driven acceleration and/or cancellation of the wave-driven acceleration. This paper shows that in MERRA-2 weak wave-driven acceleration is insufficient to form the buffer zone, so cancellation of the wave-driven acceleration must play a role. The cancellation results from damping of angular momentum anomalies, primarily due to horizontal mean and horizontal eddy momentum flux divergence, with secondary contributions from the Coriolis torque and vertical mean momentum flux divergence. The importance of the damping terms highlights the role of the buffer zone as the mediator of angular momentum exchange between the QBO domain and the far field. Some far-field angular momentum anomalies reach the solid Earth, leading to the well-documented lagged correlation between the QBO and the length of day.
Workers’ education under conditions of precariousness: Re-imagining workers’ education
Authors: Hlatshwayo Mondli 
Published: October 2019

The increase in precarious forms of work has been extensively investigated by scholars. However, the implications of precarity for workers’ education have not been adequately explored. There is a great need for an approach to workers’ education that will advance the social and economic interests of precarious workers and other marginalised communities who are becoming a major segment of the workforce. Based on in-depth interviews, this article identifies education regarding wages, women and work, working conditions, labour laws and practical skills like public speaking, reading and writing as core elements of a curriculum for the education of precarious workers. Given that precarious workers tend not to be organised in formal structures, non-governmental organisations and trade unions will have to reach out to them to make sure that they provide alternative structures able to craft educational programmes that can build the confidence of precarious workers so that they can challenge their precariousness.JEL Codes: I29, J46, J51, J61, J83
The influence of feedstock characteristics on enzyme production in Trichoderma reesei: a review on productivity, gene regulation and secretion profiles
Authors: Novy Vera , Nielsen Fredrik , Seiboth Bernhard , Nidetzky Bernd 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Biorefineries, designed for the production of lignocellulose-based chemicals and fuels, are receiving increasing attention from the public, governments, and industries. A major obstacle for biorefineries to advance to commercial scale is the high cost of the enzymes required to derive the fermentable sugars from the feedstock used. As summarized in this review, techno-economic studies suggest co-localization and integration of enzyme manufacturing with the cellulosic biorefinery as the most promising alternative to alleviate this problem. Thus, cultivation of Trichoderma reesei, the principal producer of lignocellulolytic enzymes, on the lignocellulosic biomass processed on-site can reduce the cost of enzyme manufacturing. Further, due to a complex gene regulation machinery, the fungus can adjust the gene expression of the lignocellulolytic enzymes towards the characteristics of the feedstock, increasing the hydrolytic efficiency of the produced enzyme cocktail. Despite extensive research over decades, the underlying regulatory mechanisms are not fully elucidated. One aspect that has received relatively little attention in literature is the influence the characteristics of a lignocellulosic substrate, i.e., its chemical and physical composition, has on the produced enzyme mixture. Considering that the fungus is dependent on efficient enzymatic degradation of the lignocellulose for continuous supply of carbon and energy, a relationship between feedstock characteristics and secretome composition can be expected. The aim of this review was to systematically collect, appraise, and aggregate data and integrate results from studies analyzing enzyme production by T. reesei on insoluble cellulosic model substrates and lignocellulosic biomass. The results show that there is a direct effect of the substrate’s complexity (rated by structure, composition of the lignin–carbohydrate complex, and recalcitrance in enzymatic saccharification) on enzyme titers and the composition of specific activities in the secretome. It further shows that process-related factors, such as substrate loading and cultivation set-up, are direct targets for increasing enzyme yields. The literature on transcriptome and secretome composition further supports the proposed influence of substrate-related factors on the expression of lignocellulolytic enzymes. This review provides insights into the interrelation between the characteristics of the substrate and the enzyme production by T. reesei, which may help to advance integrated enzyme manufacturing of substrate-specific enzymes cocktails at scale.
Bioconversion of coal to methane by microbial communities from soil and from an opencast mine in the Xilingol grassland of northeast China
Authors: Wang Bobo , Wang Yanfen , Cui Xiaoyong , Zhang Yiming , Yu Zhisheng 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Background
The Xilingol grassland ecosystem has abundant superficial coal reserves. Opencast coal mining and burning of coal for electricity have caused a series of environmental challenges. Biogenic generation of methane from coal possesses the potential to improve economic and environmental outcomes of clean coal utilization. However, whether the microbes inhabiting the grassland soil have the functional potential to convert coal into biomethane is still unclear.

Results
Microbial communities in an opencast coal mine and in grassland soil covering and surrounding this mine and their biomethane production potential were investigated by Hiseq sequencing and anaerobic cultivation. The microbial communities in covering soil showed high similarity to those in the surrounding soil, according to the pairwise weighted UniFrac distances matrix. The majority of bacterial communities in coal and soil samples belonged to the phyla Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria. The dominant bacterial genera in grassland soil included Gaiella, Solirubrobacter, Sphingomonas and Streptomyces; whereas, the most abundant genus in coal was Pseudarthrobacter. In soil, hydrogenotrophic Methanobacterium was the dominant methanogen, and this methanogen, along with acetoclastic Methanosarcina and methylotrophic Methanomassiliicoccus, was detected in coal. Network-like Venn diagram showed that an average of 28.7% of microbial communities in the samples belonged to shared genera, indicating that there is considerable microbial overlap between coal and soil samples. Potential degraders and methanogens in the soil efficiently stimulated methane formation from coal samples by the culturing-based approach. The maximum biogenic methane yields from coal degradation by the microbial community cultured from grassland soil reached 22.4 μmol after 28 day.

Conclusion
The potential microbial coal degraders and methanogenic archaea in grassland soil were highly diverse. Significant amounts of biomethane were generated from coal by the addition of grassland soil microbial communities. The unique species present in grassland soil may contribute to efficient methanogenic coal bioconversion. This discovery not only contributes to a better understanding of global microbial biodiversity in coal mine environments, but also makes a contribution to our knowledge of the synthetic microbiology with regard to effective methanogenic microbial consortia for coal degradation.
Engineering the oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica to produce limonene from waste cooking oil
Authors: Pang Yaru , Zhao Yakun , Li Shenglong , Zhao Yu , Li Jian , Hu Zhihui , Zhang Cuiying , Xiao Dongguang , Yu Aiqun 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackgroundLimonene is an important biologically active natural product widely used in the food, cosmetic, nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries. However, the low abundance of limonene in plants renders their isolation from plant sources non-economically viable. Therefore, engineering microbes into microbial factories for producing limonene is fast becoming an attractive alternative approach that can overcome the aforementioned bottleneck to meet the needs of industries and make limonene production more sustainable and environmentally friendly.ResultsIn this proof-of-principle study, the oleaginous yeastYarrowia lipolyticawas successfully engineered to produce bothd-limonene andl-limonene by introducing the heterologousd-limonene synthase fromCitrus limonandl-limonene synthase fromMentha spicata, respectively. However, only 0.124 mg/Ld-limonene and 0.126 mg/Ll-limonene were produced. To improve the limonene production by the engineered yeastY. lipolyticastrain, ten genes involved in the mevalonate-dependent isoprenoid pathway were overexpressed individually to investigate their effects on limonene titer. Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR) was found to be the key rate-limiting enzyme in the mevalonate (MVA) pathway for the improving limonene synthesis inY. lipolytica. Through the overexpression ofHMGRgene, the titers ofd-limonene andl-limonene were increased to 0.256 mg/L and 0.316 mg/L, respectively. Subsequently, the fermentation conditions were optimized to maximize limonene production by the engineeredY. lipolyticastrains from glucose, and the final titers ofd-limonene andl-limonene were improved to 2.369 mg/L and 2.471 mg/L, respectively. Furthermore, fed-batch fermentation of the engineered strains Po1g KdHR and Po1g KlHR was used to enhance limonene production in shake flasks and the titers achieved ford-limonene andl-limonene were 11.705 mg/L (0.443 mg/g) and 11.088 mg/L (0.385 mg/g), respectively. Finally, the potential of using waste cooking oil as a carbon source for limonene biosynthesis from the engineeredY. lipolyticastrains was investigated. We showed thatd-limonene andl-limonene were successfully produced at the respective titers of 2.514 mg/L and 2.723 mg/L under the optimal cultivation condition, where 70% of waste cooking oil was added as the carbon source, representing a 20-fold increase in limonene titer compared to that before strain and fermentation optimization.ConclusionsThis study represents the first report on the development of a new and efficient process to convert waste cooking oil intod-limonene andl-limonene by exploiting metabolically engineeredY. lipolyticastrains for fermentation. The results obtained in this study lay the foundation for more future applications ofY. lipolyticain converting waste cooking oil into various industrially valuable products.
Joint inference and alignment of genome structures enables characterization of compartment-independent reorganization across cell types
Authors: Rieber Lila , Mahony Shaun 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackgroundComparisons of Hi–C data sets between cell types and conditions have revealed differences in topologically associated domains (TADs) and A/B compartmentalization, which are correlated with differences in gene regulation. However, previous comparisons have focused on known forms of 3D organization while potentially neglecting other functionally relevant differences. We aimed to create a method to quantify all locus-specific differences between two Hi–C data sets.ResultsWe developed MultiMDS to jointly infer and align 3D chromosomal structures from two Hi–C data sets, thereby enabling a new way to comprehensively quantify relocalization of genomic loci between cell types. We demonstrate this approach by comparing Hi–C data across a variety of cell types. We consistently find relocalization of loci with minimal difference in A/B compartment score. For example, we identify compartment-independent relocalizations between GM12878 and K562 cells that involve loci displaying enhancer-associated histone marks in one cell type and polycomb-associated histone marks in the other.ConclusionsMultiMDS is the first tool to identify all loci that relocalize between two Hi–C data sets. Our method can identify 3D localization differences that are correlated with cell-type-specific regulatory activities and which cannot be identified using other methods.
Clinical use of renal point-of-care ultrasound after extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy
Authors: Magalhães Luís , Nogué Ramon 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackgroundExtracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy is widely used to treat symptomatic nephrolithiasis. Complications of this procedure can occur and point-of-care ultrasound can help to diagnose and manage some of these cases.Case presentationA 61-year-old man was admitted to the hospital with intense right lumbar pain 24 h after being submitted to a extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. Bedside ultrasound showed a hyperechoic subcapsular lesion along the right kidney. This finding, along with the clinical examination, suggested the diagnosis of subcapsular renal hematoma. The patient was managed conservatively with clinical and ultrasound reassessments.ConclusionsThis case shows the use of bedside ultrasound to diagnose a subcapsular renal hematoma as a complication of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. However, the sensitivity is low and other image methods can be necessary to make the diagnosis.