bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Monitoring the Vertical Distribution of Rainfall‐Induced Strain Changes in a Landslide Measured by Distributed Fiber Optic Sensing With Rayleigh Backscattering
Authors: Kogure Tetsuya , Okuda Yudai 
Published: April 2018

AbstractDistributed fiber optic sensing with Rayleigh backscattering, which has been recognized as a novel technique for measuring differences in temperature or strain, was adopted in a borehole to a depth of 16 m in an actual landslide to detect a vertical profile of strain changes. Strain changes were measured every 6 hr from 19 June 2017 to 18 October 2017 with a spatial resolution of 10 cm and strain resolution of 1.87 με. The measurements provided a clear‐cut vertical profile of the strain changes caused by rainfalls that cannot be detected by conventional methods. The results show that there are two types of deformation in the landslide mass: (1) sliding at the boundary between tuff and mudstone and (2) creep in mudstone layers. Activation of deeper sections of the landslide by heavy rainfalls has also been detected.
Simple Physical Model for the Probability of a Subduction‐ Zone Earthquake Following Slow Slip Events and Earthquakes: Application to the Hikurangi Megathrust, New Zealand
Authors: Kaneko Yoshihiro , Wallace Laura M. , Hamling Ian J. , Gerstenberger Matthew C. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractSlow slip events (SSEs) have been documented in subduction zones worldwide, yet their implications for future earthquake occurrence are not well understood. Here we develop a relatively simple, simulation‐based method for estimating the probability of megathrust earthquakes following tectonic events that induce any transient stress perturbations. This method has been applied to the locked Hikurangi megathrust (New Zealand) surrounded on all sides by the 2016 Kaikoura earthquake and SSEs. Our models indicate the annual probability of a M≥7.8 earthquake over 1 year after the Kaikoura earthquake increases by 1.3–18 times relative to the pre‐Kaikoura probability, and the absolute probability is in the range of 0.6–7%. We find that probabilities of a large earthquake are mainly controlled by the ratio of the total stressing rate induced by all nearby tectonic sources to the mean stress drop of earthquakes. Our method can be applied to evaluate the potential for triggering a megathrust earthquake following SSEs in other subduction zones.
Convection Enhances Mixing in the Southern Ocean
Authors: Sohail Taimoor , Gayen Bishakhdatta , Hogg Andrew McC. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractMixing efficiency is a measure of the energy lost to mixing compared to that lost to viscous dissipation. In a turbulent stratified fluid the mixing efficiency is often assumed constant at η = 0.2, whereas with convection it takes values closer to 1. The value of mixing efficiency when both stratified shear flow and buoyancy‐driven convection are active remains uncertain. We use a series of numerical simulations to determine the mixing efficiency in an idealized Southern Ocean model. The model is energetically closed and fully resolves convection and turbulence such that mixing efficiency can be diagnosed. Mixing efficiency decreases with increasing wind stress but is enhanced by turbulent convection and by large thermal gradients in regions with a strongly stratified thermocline. Using scaling theory and the model results, we predict an overall mixing efficiency for the Southern Ocean that is significantly greater than 0.2 while emphasizing that mixing efficiency is not constant.
Crevasse Splays Versus Avulsions: A Recipe for Land Building With Levee Breaches
Authors: Nienhuis Jaap H. , Törnqvist Torbjörn E. , Esposito Christopher R. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractNatural‐levee breaches can not only initiate an avulsion but also, under the right circumstances, lead to crevasse splay formation and overbank sedimentation. The formative conditions for crevasse splays are not well understood, yet such river sediment diversions form an integral part of billion‐dollar coastal restoration projects. Here we use Delft3D to investigate the influence of vegetation and soil consolidation on the evolution of a natural‐levee breach. Model simulations show that crevasse splays heal because floodplain aggradation reduces the water surface slope, decreasing water discharge into the flood basin. Easily erodible and unvegetated floodplains increase the likelihood for channel avulsions. Denser vegetation and less potential for soil consolidation result in small crevasse splays that are not only efficient sediment traps but also short‐lived. Successful crevasse splays that generate the largest land area gain for the imported sediment require a delicate balance between water and sediment discharge, vegetation root strength, and soil consolidation.
Obesity exacerbates colitis-associated cancer via IL-6-regulated macrophage polarisation and CCL-20/CCR-6-mediated lymphocyte recruitment
Authors: Wunderlich Claudia M. , Ackermann P. Justus , Ostermann Anna Lena , Adams-Quack Petra , Vogt Merly C. , Tran My-Ly , Nikolajev Alexei , Waisman Ari , Garbers Christoph , Theurich Sebastian , Mauer Jan , Hövelmeyer Nadine , Wunderlich F. Thomas 
Published: April 2018

AbstractColorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most lethal cancers worldwide in which the vast majority of cases exhibit little genetic risk but are associated with a sedentary lifestyle and obesity. Although the mechanisms underlying CRC and colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC) remain unclear, we hypothesised that obesity-induced inflammation predisposes to CAC development. Here, we show that diet-induced obesity accelerates chemically-induced CAC in mice via increased inflammation and immune cell recruitment. Obesity-induced interleukin-6 (IL-6) shifts macrophage polarisation towards tumour-promoting macrophages that produce the chemokine CC-chemokine-ligand-20 (CCL-20) in the CAC microenvironment. CCL-20 promotes CAC progression by recruiting CC-chemokine-receptor-6 (CCR-6)-expressing B cells and γδ T cells via chemotaxis. Compromised cell recruitment as well as inhibition of B and γδ T cells protects against CAC progression. Collectively, our data reveal a function for IL-6 in the CAC microenvironment via lymphocyte recruitment through the CCL-20/CCR-6 axis, thereby implicating a potential therapeutic intervention for human patients.
Exercise induces new cardiomyocyte generation in the adult mammalian heart
Authors: Vujic Ana , Lerchenmüller Carolin , Wu Ting-Di , Guillermier Christelle , Rabolli Charles P. , Gonzalez Emilia , Senyo Samuel E. , Liu Xiaojun , Guerquin-Kern Jean-Luc , Steinhauser Matthew L. , Lee Richard T. , Rosenzweig Anthony 
Published: April 2018

AbstractLoss of cardiomyocytes is a major cause of heart failure, and while the adult heart has a limited capacity for cardiomyogenesis, little is known about what regulates this ability or whether it can be effectively harnessed. Here we show that 8 weeks of running exercise increase birth of new cardiomyocytes in adult mice (~4.6-fold). New cardiomyocytes are identified based on incorporation of 15N-thymidine by multi-isotope imaging mass spectrometry (MIMS) and on being mononucleate/diploid. Furthermore, we demonstrate that exercise after myocardial infarction induces a robust cardiomyogenic response in an extended border zone of the infarcted area. Inhibition of miR-222, a microRNA increased by exercise in both animal models and humans, completely blocks the cardiomyogenic exercise response. These findings demonstrate that cardiomyogenesis can be activated by exercise in the normal and injured adult mouse heart and suggest that stimulation of endogenous cardiomyocyte generation could contribute to the benefits of exercise.
Global profiling of protein–DNA and protein–nucleosome binding affinities using quantitative mass spectrometry
Authors: Makowski Matthew M. , Gräwe Cathrin , Foster Benjamin M. , Nguyen Nhuong V. , Bartke Till , Vermeulen Michiel 
Published: April 2018

AbstractInteraction proteomics studies have provided fundamental insights into multimeric biomolecular assemblies and cell-scale molecular networks. Significant recent developments in mass spectrometry-based interaction proteomics have been fueled by rapid advances in label-free, isotopic, and isobaric quantitation workflows. Here, we report a quantitative protein–DNA and protein–nucleosome binding assay that uses affinity purifications from nuclear extracts coupled with isobaric chemical labeling and mass spectrometry to quantify apparent binding affinities proteome-wide. We use this assay with a variety of DNA and nucleosome baits to quantify apparent binding affinities of monomeric and multimeric transcription factors and chromatin remodeling complexes.
Blocking negative effects of senescence in human skin fibroblasts with a plant extract
Authors: Lämmermann Ingo , Terlecki-Zaniewicz Lucia , Weinmüllner Regina , Schosserer Markus , Dellago Hanna , de Matos Branco André Dargen , Autheried Dominik , Sevcnikar Benjamin , Kleissl Lisa , Berlin Irina , Morizot Frédérique , Lejeune Francois , Fuzzati Nicola , Forestier Sandra , Toribio Alix , Tromeur Anaïs , Weinberg Lionel , Higareda Almaraz Juan Carlos , Scheideler Marcel , Rietveld Marion , El Ghalbzouri Abdoel , Tschachler Erwin , Gruber Florian , Grillari Johannes 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThere is increasing evidence that senescent cells are a driving force behind many age-related pathologies and that their selective elimination increases the life- and healthspan of mice. Senescent cells negatively affect their surrounding tissue by losing their cell specific functionality and by secreting a pro-tumorigenic and pro-inflammatory mixture of growth hormones, chemokines, cytokines and proteases, termed the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Here we identified an extract from the plant Solidago virgaurea subsp. alpestris, which exhibited weak senolytic activity, delayed the acquisition of a senescent phenotype and induced a papillary phenotype with improved functionality in human dermal fibroblasts. When administered to stress-induced premature senescent fibroblasts, this extract changed their global mRNA expression profile and particularly reduced the expression of various SASP components, thereby ameliorating the negative influence on nearby cells. Thus, the investigated plant extract represents a promising possibility to block age-related loss of tissue functionality.
In vitro synthesis of gene-length single-stranded DNA
Authors: Veneziano Rémi , Shepherd Tyson R. , Ratanalert Sakul , Bellou Leila , Tao Chaoqun , Bathe Mark 
Published: April 2018

AbstractSingle-stranded DNA (ssDNA) increases the likelihood of homology directed repair with reduced cellular toxicity. However, ssDNA synthesis strategies are limited by the maximum length attainable, ranging from a few hundred nucleotides for chemical synthesis to a few thousand nucleotides for enzymatic synthesis, as well as limited control over nucleotide composition. Here, we apply purely enzymatic synthesis to generate ssDNA greater than 15 kilobases (kb) using asymmetric PCR, and illustrate the incorporation of diverse modified nucleotides for therapeutic and theranostic applications.
Overactive autophagy is a pathological mechanism underlying premature suture ossification in nonsyndromic craniosynostosis
Authors: Qiu Shanshan , Wang Jing , Huang Siqi , Sun Shouqing , Zhang Zhen , Bao Nan 
Published: April 2018

AbstractNonsyndromic craniosynostosis (NSC) is the most common craniosynostosis with the primary defect being one or more fused sutures. In contrast to syndromic craniosynostosis, the etiopathogenesis of NSC is largely unknown. Here we show that autophagy, a major catabolic process required for the maintenance of bone homeostasis and bone growth, is a pathological change associated with NSC. Using calvarial suture mesenchymal cells (SMCs) isolated from the fused and unfused sutures of NSC patients, we demonstrate that during SMC differentiation, the level of the autophagosomal marker LC3-II increases as osteogenic differentiation progresses, particularly at differentiation day 7, a stage concurrent with mineralization. In fused SMCs, autophagic induction was more robust than that in unfused SMCs, which consequently led to enhanced mineralized nodule formation. Perturbation of autophagy with rapamycin or wortmannin promoted or inhibited the ossification of SMCs, respectively. Our findings suggest that autophagy is essential for the osteogenic differentiation of SMCs and that overactive autophagy is a molecular abnormality underlying premature calvarial ossification in NSC.
Store-operated Ca2+ entry is activated by every action potential in skeletal muscle
Authors: Koenig Xaver , Choi Rocky H , Launikonis Bradley S 
Published: April 2018

AbstractStore-operated calcium (Ca2+) entry (SOCE) in skeletal muscle is rapidly activated across the tubular system during direct activation of Ca2+ release. The tubular system is the invagination of the plasma membrane that forms junctions with the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) where STIM1, Orai1 and ryanodine receptors are found. The physiological activation of SOCE in muscle is not defined, thus clouding its physiological role. Here we show that the magnitude of a phasic tubular system Ca2+ influx is dependent on SR Ca2+ depletion magnitude, and define this as SOCE. Consistent with SOCE, the influx was resistant to nifedipine and BayK8644, and silenced by inhibition of SR Ca2+ release during excitation. The SOCE transient was shaped by action potential frequency and SR Ca2+ pump activity. Our results show that SOCE in skeletal muscle acts as an immediate counter-flux to Ca2+ loss across the tubular system during excitation-contraction coupling.
Naturheilkundliche Behandlung der Erschöpfung
Authors: Biallowons Ruth 
Published: April 2018

ZusammenfassungErschöpfte Patienten sind mit einem ganzheitlichen Therapieansatz in der Regel gut zu behandeln, wie die Erfahrung aus unserer Praxis zeigt. Eine Erschöpfung ist immer subjektiv, objektive Messmethoden existieren bisher nicht. Der erste Schritt ist, die Beschwerden des Patienten ernst zu nehmen. In unserer Praxis hat sich ein multimodales Vorgehen bewährt: Einer ausführlichen Anamnese u. a. mit Psychoedukation folgt eine erweiterte Diagnostik. Die multimodale Therapie umfasst die Ernährungsberatung, Stressmanagement, ggf. Vermittlung eines Coachings, Achtsamkeitsschulung, Bewegung, ggf. Mikronährstoffsubstitution, Akupunktur zum vegetativen Ausgleich. Ein aktives Mitwirken des Patienten ist wesentlich für den Therapieerfolg und stärkt die Selbstwirksamkeit.
The In Vitro and In Vivo Effects of Hypoxis hemerocallidea on Indinavir Pharmacokinetics: Modulation of Efflux
Authors: Havenga Kaylee , Abay Efrem , Wiesner Lubbe , Viljoen Alvaro , Steyn Dewald , Hamman Josias 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Hypoxis hemerocallidea (African potato) is a popular medicinal plant that has been used traditionally for the treatment of various disorders. Some HIV/AIDS patients use this traditional medicine together with their antiretroviral therapy. This study aimed to determine the impact of selected H. hemerocallidea materials (i.e., a commercial product, an aqueous extract, and biomass reference plant material) on the bidirectional permeability of indinavir across Caco-2 cell monolayers as well as the bioavailability of indinavir during an acute, single administration study in Sprague-Dawley rats. All of the selected H. hemerocallidea test materials demonstrated inhibition effects on indinavir efflux across Caco-2 cell monolayers, albeit to different extents. An increase in the bioavailability of indinavir was obtained in vivo when administered concomitantly with the H. hemerocallidea materials, albeit not statistically significantly. The change in bioavailability directly correlated with the in vitro permeability results. It can therefore be concluded that the change in permeability and bioavailability of indinavir was caused by efflux inhibition and this effect was dependent on the type of H. hemerocallidea material investigated, which was found to be in the following order: commercial product > aqueous extract > reference plant material. The clinical significance of the combined effect of efflux and metabolism inhibition by H. hemerocallidea should be determined in another in vivo model that expresses the cytochrome P450 3A4 enzyme.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Rheumatoid Arthritis: Peripheral Joints and Spine
Authors: Helm-Mil Annette , Eshed Iris , Schueller-Weidekamm Claudia , Reijnierse Monique 
Published: April 2018

AbstractBoth the fields of rheumatology and radiology are changing rapidly. Effective medication has become available for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and transformed it from a progressive disabling disease into a chronic disease. Indications for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have changed accordingly, shifting toward early detection. There is also an overall increased clinical demand for high-end imaging. Together with improvement of MRI units and sequences, MRI protocols are adapted based on clinical indications. This article addresses (1) the clinical background and present role of MRI in early disease detection, (2) RA involvement of peripheral joints, (3) RA involvement of the spine, and (4) state-of-the-art RA MRI protocols. The key toward cost-effective MRI examination in RA is communication between radiologist and rheumatologist as well as awareness and knowledge of the basics and advancements in both fields.
Two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy of vibrational polaritons
Authors: Xiang Bo , Ribeiro Raphael F. , Dunkelberger Adam D. , Wang Jiaxi , Li Yingmin , Simpkins Blake S. , Owrutsky Jeffrey C. , Yuen-Zhou Joel , Xiong Wei 
Published: April 2018

Significance
Quantum states of molecular vibrational polaritons, hybrid half-light, half-matter quasi-particles, are studied using ultrafast coherent two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy. Valuable physical insights such as existence of hidden dark states and ultrafast interactions between dark states and bright polariton states are unambiguously revealed. These results not only advance coherent two-dimensional spectroscopy, but also have significant implications in harvesting the creation of molecular vibrational polaritons for infrared photonic devices, lasing, molecular quantum simulation, as well as chemistry by tailoring potential energy landscapes.
Chilling Out
Authors: Livermore Roy 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
The Earth’s climate changes naturally on all timescales. At the short end of the spectrum—hours or days—it is affected by sudden events such as volcanic eruptions, which raise the atmospheric temperature directly, and also indirectly, by the addition of greenhouse gases such as water vapour and carbon dioxide. Over years, centuries, and millennia, climate is influenced by changes in ocean currents that, ultimately, are controlled by the geography of ocean basins. On scales of thousands to hundreds of thousands of years, the Earth’s orbit around the Sun is the crucial influence, producing glaciations and interglacials, such as the one in which we live. Longer still, tectonic forces operate over millions of years to produce mountain ranges like the Himalayas and continental rifts such as that in East Africa, which profoundly affect atmospheric circulation, creating deserts and monsoons. Over tens to hundreds of millions of years, plate movements gradually rearrange the continents, creating new oceans and destroying old ones, making and breaking land and sea connections, assembling and disassembling supercontinents, resulting in fundamental changes in heat transport by ocean currents. Finally, over the very long term—billions of years—climate reflects slow changes in solar luminosity as the planet heads towards a fiery Armageddon. All but two of these controls are direct or indirect consequences of plate tectonics.
Machine Modeling
Authors: Vaez-Zadeh Sadegh 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
This chapter presents dynamic and steady-state modeling of permanent magnet synchronous (PMS) machines with the help of reference frames. The modeling starts with a machine model in terms of phase variables. An equivalent two-axis model in a stationary reference is then obtained by a reference frame transformation. A further transformation to a two-axis rotor reference frame, with its direct axis aligned with the axis of a permanent magnet rotor pole, is derived. Another transformation to a two-axis stator flux linkage reference frame is also presented. Finally, a motor model in polar coordinates, based on space vector theory, is developed. In this chapter, PMS motor equivalent circuits are drawn, based on the mathematical models where appropriate. Iron losses and iron saturation are also taken into the models. The chapter ends with a brief presentation of the dynamic equation of PMS machines mechanical parts.
Rotor Position and Speed Estimation
Authors: Vaez-Zadeh Sadegh 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
The ultimate importance of rotor position and speed information in permanent magnet synchronous (PMS) machines control, and the industry interest to the rotor and speed sensorless systems as a cost-saving and practical alternative to the motor control with mechanical sensors are emphasized. Major position and speed estimation schemes are then presented in detail. These are the: back electromotive force (EMF)-based method; flux linkage method; hypothesis rotor position method; saliency-based method, including high frequency signal injection and inverter switching harmonics schemes; and finally, the observer-based method, including state observer and extended Kalman filter-based schemes. Each scheme was discussed by presenting the corresponding fundamental principles, followed by the appropriate motor model, estimation procedure, and the implementation. Demanding criteria such as accuracy, robustness, swiftness, and capability of working over the entire range of motor operation are discussed with each method.
Hearing the Syrinx in Euripidean Tragedy
Authors: Weiss Naomi 
Published: April 2018

AbstractReferences to the syrinx are mostly absent from extant tragedy until the late fifth century bc, when the instrument suddenly starts appearing in Euripides’ plays, especially in the choral odes. This chapter demonstrates that the syrinx is almost always mentioned alongside the aulos, the double pipe that accompanied dramatic choreia, or in such a way that the aulos is strongly suggested, so that the one instrument is meant to be heard as the other. Such instrumental mimesis in Euripides’ tragedies does more than just show off his own skill and engagement with contemporary musical trends and discourse: it is also always used for a particular dramatic effect, thus providing evidence of his increasing experimentation towards the end of his career with the role(s) music could play within a tragedy.
Levelling the Playing Field
Authors: Adams-Prassl Jeremias 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
This chapter considers the implications of the on-demand economy for consumers and markets. It shows how, for both consumers and workers, the on-demand bargain can unravel rather quickly: users potentially end up paying a much higher price and receive worse-quality services than promised. In addition, the gig-economy business model can lead to significant tax losses, as taxpayers are left to make up the shortfall and subsidize the industry in myriad ways. When these problems for consumers, workers, and taxpayers are added to the questionable economics behind many platforms’ business models, as discussed in the first chapter, it is not difficult to see why some suggest that the platforms should be banned. This chapter, however, argues against such drastic moves: we would destroy all benefits and innovation, and leave at least some consumers and workers worse off. Employment law is key to creating a level playing field for competition, which fosters innovation.