bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Balcerski Thomas J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The introduction begins with the retrospective observation of the writer Elizabeth Ellet that Washington society once referred to James Buchanan and William Rufus King as the “Siamese twins.” From there, the book presents the modern, often sexualized understandings of their relationship and briefly surveys what the existing literature on politics, sexuality, and friendship offers this book, including the arguments of Buchanan biographer Philip Klein and novelist John Updike. The book argues that their personal and political relationship conformed to a model of intimate male friendship, or “bosom friendship,” prevalent in nineteenth-century America. It then outlines the chapters that compose the book and concludes by calling for greater attention to the part played by historical memory in the study of these two much misinterpreted figures.
Messing, 1834–1840
Authors: Balcerski Thomas J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Chapter 3 explores the “Bachelor’s mess,” a phrase drawn from Buchanan’s correspondence, and notes the many ways in which their shared Washington boardinghouse intersected with the overlapping identities of party, section, and marital status. New messmates (and bachelors) emerged during this period, including the lesser known Democrats Edward Lucas of Virginia, Robert Carter Nicholas of Louisiana, John Pendleton King of Georgia, Bedford Brown of North Carolina, William Sterrett Ramsey of Pennsylvania, and William Henry Roane of Virginia. Their congregation into a single boardinghouse produced one of the most politically powerful such units in Washington during the Jacksonian era. As the congressional Democrats struggled to resist the Whig agenda promoted by Henry Clay, Buchanan and King solidified a political strategy that included the institution of a gag rule to quell discussion of slavery and opposition to the national bank. Finally, the chapter continues earlier themes to suggest how Buchanan’s experience in the bachelor’s mess yielded the twin results of his hardening into a committed northern dough-face and his growing intimacy with King.
Epilogue
Authors: Balcerski Thomas J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The epilogue reviews the careful efforts of Harriet Lane Johnston and Catherine Ellis to preserve the vast correspondence of their respective uncles. It also notes the ways in which each man has been memorialized by later generations. From there, the epilogue returns to the popular understanding of their relationship and compares it to other notable same-sex friendships in subsequent generations, including the noted “bromance” of Barack Obama and Joe Biden. It concludes that the pair of Buchanan and King may be the most significant “bromosexual friendship” in American political history.
People of Color
Authors: Allen Carol Easley , Easley Cheryl E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter, which focuses mainly on the United States, describes and provides many examples of how discrimination against members of racial and ethnic minority groups adversely affects their health. The chapter focuses on African Americans and non-American blacks in the United States, Latinos, Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders, and Native Americans and Alaska Natives. The chapter discusses the roots and underlying issues of social injustice experienced by racial and ethnic minorities, including racial discrimination, poverty, social exclusion, geographical location and residence patterns, employment status and occupational health issues, and health literacy. The chapter also discusses what needs to be done. Three text boxes address racial/ethnic definitions in the U.S. Census, the high maternal mortality ratio among African American women, and cultural competence/transcultural nursing.
Children
Authors: Rosenbaum Sara , Johnson Kay A. , Gunsalus Rachel 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the impact of social injustice on children, primarily in the United States, emphasizing children’s rights in a legal context. It begins with a discussion of the legal status of children in society, citing international standards and U.S. law. It describes how social injustice affects the health needs of children. It describes how poverty, environmental hazards, public policies related to civil and human rights, and other factors threaten the health of children. It analyzes the underlying factors and roots of social injustice that affect children, including maldistribution of income and failure to invest in the neediest families. The chapter concludes with a discussion of what needs to be done and the roles of health workers in addressing social injustice that affects children. A text box describes how the United States compares with other high-income countries in addressing the needs of children. Another text box focuses on saving children’s lives in low-income countries.
People with Disabilities
Authors: Groce Nora Ellen 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter addresses the social injustice experienced by people with disabilities and how this social injustice impacts their health. More than 1 billion people live with a physical, sensory, intellectual, or mental health impairment significant enough to make a difference in their daily lives. The chapter addresses poverty, access to healthcare, disability-specific resources, HIV/AIDS and disability, and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. The author asserts that a critical next step is building awareness that people with disabilities must be included in all work on development, social justice, and health, and building the commitment to do so. What distinguishes people with disabilities is not their common needs, but the fact that many of these needs continue to be unmet. Public health workers can play important roles in meeting this challenge, ensuring that disability issues are routinely included in all phases of public health practice, education, and research.
Occupational Health and Safety
Authors: Murray Linda Rae 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Social injustice in the workplace is demonstrated by health disparities and by disproportionate representation of workers of color in the most hazardous jobs. It is also demonstrated by the lack of workplace democracy. It reflects injustice in other spheres of society. This chapter describes social injustice regarding occupational health and safety in both historical and present-day contexts. It also describes other issues, such as the impact of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), a theoretical framework for health inequities, income disparities in the United States, unemployment and job insecurity, and issues related to gender, race, ethnicity, and class. It then describes social injustice issues related to prison labor, child labor, and immigrant workers. The chapter addresses what needs to be done, including educating workers and communities, addressing structural racism and preventing discrimination, promoting workplace democracy, improving surveillance and research, and reforming OSHA and workers’ compensation. A text box addresses economic globalization: austerity, income inequality, and corporate control.
Charitable Crusades
Authors: Best Rachel Kahn 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Disease campaigns have been central to American philanthropy and public policy since the early twentieth century. Combining the appeal of narrow causes and universal beneficiaries, philanthropists and doctors launched enormous campaigns against tuberculosis, polio, cancer, and heart disease. They created a new form of mass philanthropy in which millions of Americans volunteered and donated to solve social problems. This form spread from one disease to another and dominated American charitable giving and voluntarism for half a century. Federal investments in health at the Centers for Disease Control and the National Institutes of Health also grew up around disease categories. These campaigns created a highly skewed distribution of public health dollars. But attempts to distribute money on the basis of public health needs never matched the appeal of single-disease campaigns.
Deserving Patients
Authors: Best Rachel Kahn 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The shift to disease patients’ constituencies created new inequalities among diseases. The amount of death and disability a disease causes and the ability of disease campaigners to attract corporate donations tell us surprisingly little about how much advocacy will target a disease. In explaining why some diseases attract more attention than others, ideas and culture matter more than objective conditions. Since not all patients are equally willing or able to mobilize and not all patients are viewed as equally deserving of help, constituency-based activism tends to disadvantage stigmatized diseases in favor of those that create valorized identities. Diseases marked by various types of stigma—preventable, contagious, and mental illnesses—are targeted by much less advocacy than other diseases. The advocates who do target these conditions have more difficulty convincing policymakers and the public that their patients deserve public help.
Budget Battles
Authors: Best Rachel Kahn 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
As disease campaigns multiplied in the 1980s and 1990s, critics worried that they would compete with each other for federal funding, stalling the growth of the medical research budget. But even though diseases with the most organized patients secured huge funding increases, disease lobbying rarely became a zero-sum game. Instead, disease campaigns were most successful when the National Institutes of Health budget was growing. When medical research competed with other federal spending priorities, the search for cures won out over more redistributive and politically controversial programs. Combining insights about advocacy and budget politics reveals that advocacy’s effectiveness varies over time, as does the extent to which related problems compete with each other. Specialized claims do not invariably compete, nor do they necessarily doom broader goals.
Publicity Over Prevention, Cures Over Care
Authors: Best Rachel Kahn 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Focusing on diseases shapes the types of goals advocacy organizations pursue and the types of laws Congress passes. Over time, the pressure to adopt goals that fit neatly within disease categories, corporate influence, and the strategic avoidance of controversy encouraged disease advocates to prioritize awareness and research over prevention and access to treatment. This creates a health policy portfolio that subsidizes corporate interests, ignores collective risks, fails to challenge inequalities, and may actually make people less healthy by encouraging overtreatment. Yet while only a small proportion of organizations focus on prevention and treatment access, the phenomenal growth of disease advocacy means that large numbers of organizations continue to pursue the latter goals. Narrow goals outnumber broader goals but do not displace them.
Regret
Authors: Chrastil Rachel 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Childless women often anticipate that they will regret not having children. How does regret play out in terms of childlessness? This chapter examines the feeling of regret through a variety of lenses: Do childless people experience fewer positive emotions and more negative emotions than parents? How does voluntary childlessness differ from involuntary childlessness? How do measures of life satisfaction differ from measures of positive feelings? What do studies of older women looking back on their lives reveal about their regrets? Do parents ever regret having had children? Finally, what are the limitations to allowing the fear of regret to drive our decisions?
The Reception of the Emerson-Nietzsche Relation
Authors: Zavatta Benedetta 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Chapter 1 investigates the reasons why the Emerson-Nietzsche relationship tended to be played down, where it was not frankly and entirely denied, for almost a century. This is not a matter of chance but rather the sign of a long-protracted political and cultural hostility between Germany and the United States, with Nietzsche and Emerson being elevated to the status of cultural icons in their respective countries. This chapter considers the reception of Emerson in Europe during Nietzsche’s lifetime and the stereotype of Emerson as an Idealist mystic, innocently optimistic and unaware of social problems that had become disseminated there. Also considered is the reception of Nietzsche in the United States and the myth of his complicity in Nazism—a myth exploded only after the publication, from the end of the 1960s on, of the Critical Edition of his works and private notes.
The Struggle against Fate
Authors: Zavatta Benedetta 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the influence that reading Emerson had on Nietzsche’s treatment of the theme of fate and free will, which is closely tied to two other central themes in Nietzsche’s philosophy: the theme of moral responsibility for one’s own actions, and that of the construction of one’s character, or self-creation. Though rejecting Emerson’s metaphysical assumptions regarding the freedom of the will and of thought, Nietzsche used certain suggestions provided to him by Emerson to work out an account of freedom as agency whereby to be free is not to act in a completely unconditioned way but rather to act as master of one’s own drives and guided by one’s own values. This chapter also examines the feeling of freedom which Nietzsche describes as the feeling of the preponderance of one’s own force vis-à-vis the force of external circumstances. Thanks to his reading of Emerson, Nietzsche comes to consider this feeling as compatible with the perception of necessity or the presence of immutable facts in one’s own life.
Initiating Operations
Authors: Vugia Duc J. , Goodman Richard A. , Hadler James L. , Eaton Danice K. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In response to an outbreak of disease of public health importance, a city, county, or state health department can request field epidemiologic assistance from the next higher level public health agency. In the United States, the highest level public health agency is the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. To ensure smooth communications, planning, and execution of an epidemiologic field investigation, as well as to maintain good relationships from the initiation of the investigation to the final report, several operational aspects should be addressed. Key elements of operationalizing an epidemiologic field investigation include the following: 1) initial request and communications between inviters and invitees and a formal invitation for assistance from an authorized official; 2) clarification of the investigation’s main objectives and roles and responsibilities of those involved; 3) preparation of the field team for departure; 4) initial in-person meeting of the field team with local health officials and collaborators to review and update the situation, review local resources and primary points of contact, and identify a local public information officer; 5) management of field team activities with lists of necessary tasks for team members and frequent communications within the team, between team leader and senior supervisor, and between team and local officials; 6) in-person debriefing meeting with preliminary findings and recommendations by field team before departure; and 7) drafting of the final report with full findings and recommendations. Field investigations will proceed more smoothly and productively if both inviters and invitees adequately address key operational aspects before, during, and after the investigation.
Collecting Data
Authors: Hedberg Katrina , Maher Julie 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Epidemiologic data are paramount to targeting and implementing evidence-based control measures to protect the public’s health and safety. A field epidemiologist conducting an investigation to identify the cause of an urgent public health problem must determine quickly what decisions need to be made to implement control measures and what information and data are needed to support these measures. For efficiency, the epidemiologist should assess whether study protocols used in prior investigations, including use of existing data and methods for collecting new data, are available and can be adapted. The epidemiologist should evaluate whether existing data sources (e.g., vital statistics, notifiable disease registries, population-based surveys) are useful for addressing the investigation objectives or whether additional data need to be collected. If primary data collection is undertaken, the epidemiologist must assess the appropriate collection mode (e.g., self-administered, phone, on-line) that will in turn help to dictate the questionnaire format, length, and style of questions (e.g., close-ended, open-ended). Piloting the questionnaire with colleagues and study participants, and making appropriate edits will save time in the long run. Preliminary analyses, even before collection is complete, will ensure that data are high quality and adequate to answer the study objectives. Responding to urgent public health issues requires balancing the speed of response with the need for accurate data and information to support the implementation of control measures. Adapting preexisting protocols and questionnaires facilitates a timely response and consistency across jurisdictions.
Describing Epidemiologic Data
Authors: Fontaine Robert E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Descriptive epidemiology is a systematic organization of reliable data to sharpen understanding of health problems. It addresses the five questions of what (the health condition), how much (counts, rates, and averages), when (time), where (place), and among whom (person). The field epidemiologist organizes these data into tables, graphs, maps, charts, and other displays to reveal patterns of a health problem by these five questions.
Analyzing and Interpreting Data
Authors: Dicker Richard C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A well-planned and carefully executed analysis is essential for any epidemiologic study, even one conducted during the frenzy of a field investigation. An analysis plan, or at least table shells, should be drafted to guide the analysis. To assess the relationship between an exposure and a health outcome, measures of association should be used that are appropriate for the study design—risk ratios for cohort studies, odds ratios for case–control studies, and prevalence ratios for cross-sectional studies. Measures of public health impact can be calculated to reflect the contribution of an exposure, either harmful or beneficial, on occurrence of the outcome among a population. Although tests of statistical significance address the role of chance in an apparent exposure–outcome association, they largely have been replaced by confidence intervals that reflect the range of values of the association that are consistent with the study data. When two or more exposures seem to be associated with the outcome, or when confounding might be present, stratified analysis and logistic regression can be used to clarify the contributions of each exposure. Before accepting that an apparent association is real, consider whether chance, bias, or investigator error might account for the finding. The strength of the evidence, as well as epidemiologic judgment, should guide public health decision-making and action.
Optimizing Epidemiology–Laboratory Collaborations
Authors: Keckler M. Shannon , Salerno Reynolds M. , Shaw Michael W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Whether a field investigation involves a suspected or known infectious disease outbreak or a potential exposure to a toxic chemical or radionuclide, its success often depends on contributions from relevant laboratories; thus, strong collaborations between epidemiologists and laboratory scientists are critical. Outbreak investigators should contact scientists in relevant laboratories as soon as possible, preferably before deployment to the investigation site because early consultations with laboratory experts is often essential to study design. Many local laboratories can perform the more common tests needed, especially those for common infectious agents, whereas laboratories at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention can provide backup support or more specialized services when appropriate. Strong collaborations between field epidemiologists and laboratory scientists can enhance the performance of future outbreak investigation teams.
Collecting and Analyzing Qualitative Data
Authors: Wolff Brent , Mahoney Frank , Lohiniva Anna Leena , Corkum Melissa 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Qualitative research provides an adaptable, open-ended, rigorous method to explore local perceptions of an issue. Qualitative approaches are effective at revealing the subjective logic motivating behavior. They are particularly appropriate for research questions that are exploratory in nature or involve issues of meaning rather than magnitude or frequency. Key advantages of qualitative approaches include speed, flexibility and high internal validity resulting from emphasis on rapport building and ability to probe beneath the surface of initial responses. Given the time-intensive nature of qualitative analysis, samples tend to be small and purposively selected to assure every interview counts. Qualitative studies can be done independently or embedded in mixed-method designs. Qualitative data analysis depends on rigorous reading and rereading texts ideally with more than one analyst to confirm interpretations. Computer software is useful for analyzing large data sets but manual coding is often sufficient for rapid assessments in field settings..
Developing Interventions
Authors: Hadler James L. , Varma Jay K. , Vugia Duc J. , Goodman Richard A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Interventions are control and prevention measures that public health officials select and implement at one or more points in time after initiating a field investigation in response to an acute public health problem. Regardless of the nature of the problem, an immediate need exists to understand what is happening and to recommend and implement control and prevention measures that are scientifically justified and acceptable to the community. Public health officials must recommend these actions often without incontrovertible epidemiologic proof of a causal association between the putative source or cause of the problem and occurrence of exposure and disease or injury. Under such circumstances, the key question for the field epidemiologist and decision-makers is: “How much epidemiologic certainty is required before initiating action?” This chapter discusses the decision-making process regarding interventions during the course of epidemiologic field investigations and concludes with a summary of actions relating to interventions that should be considered at each progressive stage of the field investigation.
Coordination of Multiple States and Federal Agencies
Authors: Jones Timothy , Hedberg Craig 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Although most outbreaks are confined to a local jurisdiction, the number of multijurisdictional outbreaks (i.e., involving multiple geographic areas, widely distributed contaminated food or pharmaceutical products, or multiple government agencies) is increasing. In such cases, a clear and effective management system for the response must be established promptly. The roles and expectations of all involved responders should be clearly defined and closely monitored. Partners should be in regular communication throughout the response. Procedures and mechanisms for sharing of appropriate data and protecting sensitive information should be established from the onset of the investigation. Public communication about the investigation and response should be closely coordinated among agencies and preferably handled by a single spokesperson. Following the established procedures of the Incident Command System is often appropriate for large-scale or multijurisdictional outbreak responses.