bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antiviral activities of Clinacanthus nutans (Burm.f.) Lindau extract against Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 in koi (Cyprinus carpio koi)
Authors: Haetrakul T , Dunbar S G , Chansue N 
Published: February 2018

AbstractCyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV‐3) or koi herpesvirus (KHV) is a virulent viral infection in common carp and koi. The disease has caused global epizootic and economic loss in fish aquaculture and in the wild. Clinacanthus nutans (Burm. f.) Lindau is a well‐known medicinal plant used in Thai traditional medicine. Virucidal effects of the plant extract against human herpes simplex virus have been reported. In this study, C. nutans crude extract was tested for antiviral activities against CyHV‐3 in koi carp. Results showed effective antiviral activity against CyHV‐3 pre‐ and post‐infection. The 50% lethal concentration (LC50) of extract was higher than 5 mg/ml. The 50% effective dose (ED50) was 0.99 mg/ml, 0.78 mg/ml, 0.75 mg/ml and 0.71 mg/ml at 1, 2, 3 and 4 hr pre‐infection, respectively. The ED50 from post‐infection tests was 2.05 mg/ml and 2.34 mg/ml at 0 and 24 hr, respectively. These results demonstrated that crude extract expressed antiviral activity against CyHV‐3 and can be applied as a therapeutic agent in common carp and koi aquaculture.
The effect of dietary soy intake on weight loss, glycaemic control, lipid profiles and biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomised clinical trial
Authors: Karamali M. , Kashanian M. , Alaeinasab S. , Asemi Z. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractBackgroundThe present study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary soy intake on weight loss and metabolic status of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).MethodsA randomised clinical trial was conducted among 60 women with PCOS. Participants were randomly assigned into two groups to receive either a test diet (n = 30) or a control diet (n = 30) for 8 weeks. Participants in the test group consumed a diet containing 0.8 g protein kg–1 body weight (35% animal proteins, 35% soy protein and 30% vegetable proteins) and participants in the control group consumed a similar diet containing 70% animal proteins and 30% vegetable proteins.ResultsAdherence to the test diet, compared with the control diet, resulted in significant decreases [mean (SD)] in body mass index (BMI) [−0.3 (0.6) versus +0.1 (0.5) kg m–2, P = 0.02], fasting plasma glucose [−0.2 (0.5) versus +0.1 (0.3) mmol L−1, P = 0.01], total testosterone [−0.3 (0.7) versus +0.3 (0.3) mmol L−1, P < 0.001], insulin [−15.0 (18.0) versus +4.8 (18.6) pmol L−1, P < 0.001] and insulin resistance [−0.6 (0.6) versus +0.2 (0.7), P < 0.001], as well as a significant increase in quantitative insulin sensitivity check index [+0.01 (0.01) versus −0.002 (0.02), P = 0.01]. In addition, significant decreases in triglycerides [−0.1 (0.4) versus +0.2 (0.3) mmol L−1, P = 0.01] and malondialdehyde (MDA) [−1.2 (1.0) versus +0.2 (1.2) μmol L−1, P < 0.001] and significant increases in nitric oxide (NO) [+13.6 (14.1) versus +0.9 (24.3) μmol L−1, P = 0.01] and glutathione (GSH) [+170.1 (175.5) versus +24.2 (168.7) μmol L−1, P = 0.002] were seen in the test group compared to the control.ConclusionsAdherence to test diet among subjects with PCOS significantly decreased BMI, glycaemic control, total testosterone, triglycerides and MDA, and significantly increased NO and GSH compared to the control diet.
Evaluation of contrasting techniques for X‐ray imaging of velvet worms (Onychophora)
Authors: JAHN HENRY , OLIVEIRA IVO DE SENA , GROSS VLADIMIR , MARTIN CHRISTINE , HIPP ALEXANDER , MAYER GEORG , HAMMEL JÖRG U. 
Published: February 2018

SummaryNon‐invasive imaging techniques like X‐ray computed tomography have become very popular in zoology, as they allow for simultaneous imaging of the internal and external morphology of organisms. Nevertheless, the effect of different staining approaches required for this method on samples lacking mineralized tissues, such as soft‐bodied invertebrates, remains understudied. Herein, we used synchrotron radiation‐based X‐ray micro‐computed tomography to compare the effects of commonly used contrasting approaches on onychophorans – soft‐bodied invertebrates important for studying animal evolution. Representatives ofEuperipatoides rowelliwere stained with osmium tetroxide (vapour or solution), ruthenium red, phosphotungstic acid, or iodine. Unstained specimens were imaged using both standard attenuation‐based and differential phase‐contrast setups to simulate analyses with museum material. Our comparative qualitative analyses of several tissue types demonstrate that osmium tetroxide provides the best overall tissue contrast in onychophorans, whereas the remaining staining agents rather favour the visualisation of specific tissues and/or structures. Quantitative analyses using signal‐to‐noise ratio measurements show that the level of image noise may vary according to the staining agent and scanning medium selected. Furthermore, box‐and‐whisker plots revealed substantial overlap in grey values among structures in all datasets, suggesting that a combination of semiautomatic and manual segmentation of structures is required for comprehensive 3D reconstructions of Onychophora, irrespective of the approach selected. Our results show that X‐ray micro‐computed tomography is a promising technique for studying onychophorans and, despite the benefits and disadvantages of different staining agents for specific tissues/structures, this method retrieves informative data that may eventually help address evolutionary questions long associated with Onychophora.
Cooling of the oral mucosa to prevent adverse effects of chemotherapeutic agents: An in vitro study
Authors: Walladbegi Java , Smith Sarah A. , Grayson Amy K. , Murdoch Craig , Jontell Mats , Colley Helen E. 
Published: February 2018

BackgroundThe cytotoxic effect of chemotherapeutic agents to the oral mucosa, as a side effect of cancer treatment, is a major problem. Cooling the oral mucosa using ice chips in conjunction with chemotherapy is known to reduce the severity of oral mucositis. However, although the use of ice chips is of clinical value, this method of cooling has inherent problems including discomfort for the patient, non‐uniformity and fluctuations in cooling temperature throughout the oral cavity. Furthermore, despite being used clinically, it is not known what reduction in temperature is required to prevent oral mucositis. The aim of this study was therefore to determine in vitro if the cytotoxic effect of 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU) on the oral mucosa could be reduced by lowering the temperature during chemotherapeutic treatment.MethodsTissue‐engineered oral mucosal (TEOM) models were incubated at 20, 25, 30 or 35°C for 30 minutes followed by exposure to a clinically relevant concentration of 5‐FU (162 μg/mL) for 2 hours and compared with untreated models (35°C). Cell viability and inflammatory cytokine production (IL‐6 and TNF‐α) were measured using PrestoBlue® and ELISA, respectively.ResultsTEOM models incubated at 20°C showed an increased cell viability and had a reduced IL‐6 and TNF‐α production compared to models treated with 5‐FU incubated at 35°C.ConclusionThis study demonstrates a reduced cytotoxic effect to the TEOM by reducing the temperature of the tissue during chemotherapy treatment and suggests that decreasing the temperature to 20°C could have clinical advantages.
Density and location of CD3+ and CD8+ tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes correlate with prognosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Zhou Chen , Wu Yaping , Jiang Lei , Li Zhongwu , Diao Pengfei , Wang Dongmiao , Zhang Wei , Liu Laikui , Wang Yanling , Jiang Hongbing , Cheng Jie , Yang Jianrong 
Published: February 2018

BackgroundTumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are regarded as adaptive immune response of the host to cancer cells and valuable prognostic factors. Here, we sought to characterize the densities and locations of CD3+ and CD8+ TILs in primary oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) samples and assess their clinicopathological and prognostic significance.MethodsA total number of 169 OSCC samples from 2 independent patient cohorts (Nanjing cohort, 93 cases; Wuxi cohort, 76 cases) were retrospectively collected. The numbers of CD3+ and CD8+ TILs at tumor center (CT) and invasive margin (IM) of OSCC were identified by immunohistochemistry and calculated. The optimal cutoff values for CD3+ and CD8+ TILs to stratify patients were determined by X‐tile software in Nanjing cohort and further utilized in Wuxi cohort. The associations between CD3+/CD8+ TILs and clinicopathological parameters or patient survival were assessed. The prognostic values of CD3+/ CD8+ TILs were evaluated by Cox regression analyses.ResultsCD3+ and CD8+ TILs were identified at both CT and IM and enriched at IM. High density of CD3+ TILs at IM (CD3 IM) was significantly associated with increased overall and disease‐specific survival (P < .05). High density of CD8+ TILs at CT (CD8 CT) was significantly associated with increased overall but not disease‐specific survival. Moreover, CD3 IM and CD8 CT were identified as independent prognostic factors for patient survival.ConclusionsOur findings provide further evidence to support the prognostic values of CD3+ and CD8+ TILs for OSCC, suggesting that TIL subsets might be viable biomarkers and therapeutic targets with translational significance.
‘We All Go a Little Mad Sometimes. Haven't You?’ Musical Empathy in Hitchcock'sPsycho
Authors: CLIFTON KEVIN 
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACTThis essay explores a web of cognised and embodied empathies that emerge while watching Hitchcock'sPsycho, focusing on the role of musical empathy as it relates to Marion Crane's story. Drawing on work on empathetic music in film music studies, I explore how the actors, the characters, the musical score and the filmic audience are drawn together by a ‘sigh’ figure, a symbolic gesture that unifies the soundtrack.
Gastrointestinal symptoms in patients receiving dialysis: A systematic review
Authors: Zuvela Jordan , Trimingham Claire , Le Leu Richard , Faull Randall , Clayton Philip , Jesudason Shilpa , Meade Anthony 
Published: February 2018

AbstractAimThe aim of the present study was to describe the prevalence of all gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms reported by dialysis patients, as well as the tools being used for diagnosis. GI symptoms are commonly reported in patients having haemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD), but there are multiple definitions and assessment tools reported in the literature.MethodsA comprehensive systematic review was undertaken using five databases (Embase, Medline, CINAHL, Psycinfo and Web of Science) between 1996 and 2017. Articles were critically appraised using the Newcastle Ottawa Scale (NOS). Data collected were analyzed in a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet.ResultsThirty studies (24 cross‐sectional, six cohort) met the inclusion criteria. In total 5161 patients were studied (3804 HD and 1507 PD). Fifteen studies included HD, five included PD and 10 included both dialysis modalities. GI symptoms were heterogeneous, with the reported prevalence highly dependent on the definitions used, inclusion/exclusion criteria, assessment tools and methods used. The most prevalent symptoms were constipation, indigestion, abdominal pain and reflux. Medication use and dietary data were poorly reported. The most common tools used were Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale (GSRS), Rome II and Rome III. Constipation was more common in HD patients than PD patients. Indigestion, abdominal pain and reflux were commonly reported in both dialysis modalities.ConclusionsGastrointestinal symptoms are highly prevalent in people on dialysis; however, the evidence base is limited and further investigation of preventable causes and potential interventions such as medications and diet are required in future research.
Perceptual Variation and Structuralism
Authors: Morrison John 
Published: February 2018

AbstractI use an old challenge to motivate a new view. The old challenge is due to variation in our perceptions of secondary qualities. The challenge is to say whose perceptions are accurate. The new view is about how we manage to perceive secondary qualities, and thus manage to perceive them accurately or inaccurately. I call itperceptual structuralism. I first introduce the challenge and point out drawbacks with traditional responses. I spend the rest of the paper motivating and defending a structuralist response. While I focus on color, both the challenge and the view generalize to the other secondary qualities.
Genome‐wide association mapping of the architecture of susceptibility to the root‐knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Warmerdam Sonja , Sterken Mark G. , van Schaik Casper , Oortwijn Marian E. P. , Sukarta Octavina C. A. , Lozano‐Torres Jose L. , Dicke Marcel , Helder Johannes , Kammenga Jan E. , Goverse Aska , Bakker Jaap , Smant Geert 
Published: February 2018

Summary

Susceptibility to the root‐knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita in plants is thought to be a complex trait based on multiple genes involved in cell differentiation, growth and defence. Previous genetic analyses of susceptibility to M. incognita have mainly focused on segregating dominant resistance genes in crops. It is not known if plants harbour significant genetic variation in susceptibility to M. incognita independent of dominant resistance.

To study the genetic architecture of susceptibility to M. incognita, we analysed nematode reproduction on a highly diverse set of 340 natural inbred lines of Arabidopsis thaliana with genome‐wide association mapping. We observed a surprisingly large variation in nematode reproduction among these lines.

Genome‐wide association mapping revealed four quantitative trait loci (QTLs) located on chromosomes 1 and 5 of A. thaliana significantly associated with reproductive success of M. incognita, none of which harbours typical resistance gene homologues. Mutant analysis of three genes located in two QTLs showed that the transcription factor BRASSINAZOLE RESISTANT1 and an F‐box family protein may function as (co‐)regulators of susceptibility to M. incognita in Arabidopsis.

Our data suggest that breeding for loss‐of‐susceptibility, based on allelic variants critically involved in nematode feeding, could be used to make crops more resilient to root‐knot nematodes.
Production of a desirable Brassica oleraceaCMS line using an alloplasmic B. rapaCMS line carrying Diplotaxis erucoides cytoplasm as a bridge plant
Authors: Fujita Yoshiaki , Sunaga Keita , Shim Su‐Hyeun , Yamada Wataru , Ohnishi Takayuki , Bang Sang Woo 
Published: February 2018

AbstractIn Brassica oleracea, production of F1 hybrid seeds mainly makes use of the improved Ogura cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) line. However, reliance on one particular line is a risk, and it would be advantageous to develop other CMS lines. In this study, we transferred Diplotaxis erucoides cytoplasm to B. oleracea cultivars using an alloplasmic B. rapaCMS line as a bridge plant to avoid incompatibility between donor and recipient plants. The new B. oleraceaCMS lines, which were derived by four generations of backcrossing, had small rudimentary anthers with no pollen grain and showed complete male sterility. There was no functional defect in other floral organs, and the ability to receive normal pollen did not appear to be impaired. Moreover, the B. oleraceaCMS lines carrying D. erucoides cytoplasm had larger leaf areas and a normal plastochron. As a consequence, the B. oleraceaCMS lines carrying D. erucoides cytoplasm have the potential to be valuable alternatives for use in commercial B. oleracea hybrid seed production.
Young children's conceptions of knowledge
Authors: Dudley Rachel 
Published: February 2018

AbstractHow should knowledge be analyzed? Compositionally, as having constituents like belief and justification, or as an atomic concept? In making arguments for or against these perspectives, epistemologists have begun to use experimental evidence from developmental psychology and developmental linguistics. If we were to conclude that knowledge were developmentally prior to belief, then we might have a good basis to claim that belief is not a constituent of knowledge. In this review, I present a broad range of developmental evidence from the past decade and discuss some of the implications it has for the proper analysis of knowledge. The orthodox perspective from the developmental literature was one where children fail to understand belief and knowledge concepts until later in childhood (around 4–5 years of age), with typical asymmetries in belief attribution and knowledge attribution. But what emerges from both a discussion of newer findings and a contextualization of older findings is a picture of development whereby core competence with belief and knowledge concepts emerges much earlier than previously thought (in the first or second year of life) that apparent failures in later childhood may be explained by other aspects of development than conceptual development and that there is no clear evidence that knowledge attributions emerge earlier than belief attributions.
Age‐dependent skin texture analysis and evaluation using mobile camera image
Authors: Moon C.‐I. , Lee O. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractBackground/PurposeThe aim of this study was to evaluate skin condition, expensive equipment is required, continuous skin care is difficult. Therefore, we obtain the skin image using mobile camera, and propose a new algorithm that easily and simply extracts skin features.MethodsWe analyze skin features, extracting the wrinkle length, cell area, and the number of cells. To get accurate skin features, we obtain a new skin binary image, and apply Watershed segmentation to it. So, we improve the accuracy of skin analysis. Therefore, we compare and analyze the degree of matching distribution of wrinkles, the shape of the cell, etc., using similarity between the ground truth and the proposed algorithm result image.ResultsWe extract skin surface features using a mobile camera image, and verify the change in skin features with age. Also, we demonstrate the superiority of the proposed algorithm through the similarity between the ground truth and proposed result image.ConclusionThe proposed method in this study shows that the skin surface can be quantitatively evaluated by the similarity with ground truth. We also propose a method to diagnose and manage individual skin condition using a mobile camera in real life.
Outcomes of neonatal jaundice in Taiwan
Authors: Tsao Pei-Chen , Yeh Hsin-Ling , Chang Yen-Chen , Chiang Po-Huang , Shiau Yu-Shih , Chiang Szu-Hui , Soong Wen-Jue , Jeng Mei-Jy , Hsiao Kwang-Jen 
Published: February 2018

ObjectiveTo investigate the burden of clinically significant neonatal jaundice (SNJ) in Taiwan, 2000–2010.Study designThe nationwide, population-based health insurance database in Taiwan was used to investigate the incidence, kernicterus rate and mortality rates of SNJ cohort born between 2000 and 2010.ResultsFrom 2000 to 2010, up to 242 546 patients admitted with neonatal jaundice (NJ) were identified. The incidence of SNJ was 5.9% in 2000 and increased to 13.7% in 2010 (P<0.001). The mortality rate significantly decreased from 0.51% in 2000 to 0.26% in 2010 (P<0.001) and the average incidence of kernicterus was 0.86 per 100 000 live births, indicating dramatically decreased rates compared with earlier rates in Taiwan.ConclusionsIn spite of the increased incidence rates, the rates of mortality and kernicterus in patients with NJ significantly declined in Taiwan. The public health prevention programme, clinicians’ awareness and effective management might contribute to the reduction of these acute severe sequelae.
Exploring the relationship between local food environments and obesity in UK, Ireland, Australia and New Zealand: a systematic review protocol
Authors: Fuentes Pacheco Andrea , Carrillo Balam Gabriela , Archibald Daryll , Grant Elizabeth , Skafida Valeria 
Published: February 2018

IntroductionObesity is a global pandemic that affects all socioeconomic strata, however, the highest figures have been observed in the most disadvantaged social groups. Evidence from the USA and Canada showed that specific urban settings encourage obesogenic behaviour in the population living and/or working there. We aim to examine the evidence on the association between local food environments and obesity in the UK, Ireland, Australia and New Zealand.MethodsSix databases from 1990 to 2017 will be searched: MEDLINE (Ovid), Embase (Ovid), Scopus, The Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Applied Social Sciences Index and Abstracts (ASSIA) and Web of Science. Grey literature will also be sought by searching Opengrey Europe, The Grey Literature Report and relevant government websites. Additional studies will be retrieved from the reference lists of the selected articles. It will include cohort, longitudinal, case study and cross-sectional studies that have assessed the relationship between local food environments and obesity in the UK, Ireland, Australia and New Zealand regardless of sex, age and ethnicity of the population. Two researchers will independently select the studies and extract the data. Data items will incorporate: author names, title, study design, year of study, year exposure data collected, country, city, urban/rural, age range, study exclusions, special characteristics of study populations, aims, working definitions of food environments and food outlets, exposure and methods of data collection, outcomes and key findings. A narrative synthesis and a summary of the results will be produced separately for children and adults, according to the type of food exposure–outcome. All the selected studies will be assessed using The Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies.Ethics and disseminationThis study will be based on published literature, and therefore ethical approval has not been sought. Our findings will be presented at relevant national and international scientific conferences and published in a peer-reviewed journal.
Trajectories of body mass index and waist circumference in four Peruvian settings at different level of urbanisation: the CRONICAS Cohort Study
Authors: Carrillo-Larco Rodrigo M , Miranda J Jaime , Gilman Robert H , Checkley William , Smeeth Liam , Bernabé-Ortiz Antonio 
Published: February 2018

BackgroundStudies have reported the incidence/risk of becoming obese, but few have described the trajectories of body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) over time, especially in low/middle-income countries. We assessed the trajectories of BMI and WC according to sex in four sites in Peru.MethodsData from the population-based CRONICAS Cohort Study were analysed. We fitted a population-averaged model by using generalised estimating equations. The outcomes of interest, with three data points over time, were BMI and WC. The exposure variable was the factorial interaction between time and study site.ResultsAt baseline mean age was 55.7 years (SD: 12.7) and 51.6% were women. Mean follow-up time was 2.5 years (SD: 0.4). Over time and across sites, BMI and WC increased linearly. The less urbanised sites showed a faster increase than more urbanised sites, and this was also observed after sex stratification. Overall, the fastest increase was found for WC compared with BMI. Compared with Lima, the fastest increase in WC was in rural Puno (coefficient=0.73, P<0.001), followed by urban Puno (coefficient=0.59, P=0.001) and Tumbes (coefficient=0.22, P=0.088).ConclusionsThere was a linear increase in BMI and WC across study sites, with the greatest increase in less urbanised areas. The ongoing urbanisation process, common to Peru and other low/middle-income countries, is accompanied by different trajectories of increasing obesity-related markers.