bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Students’ Indiscipline in the Classroom
Authors: Mareš Jiří 
Published: February 2019

Přehledová studie je založena na 121 zahraničních pracích z období 1986-2018. Výklad se omezuje se na práce, které pocházejí euroamerického sociokulturního prostředí. Zajímá se o projevy nekázně ve třídě během výuky a to na především základních a středních školách. Studie je strukturována do pěti částí. První část ukazuje, proč je obtížné definovat pojem nekázeň žáků a jak je odborná terminologie neustálená. Jsou též charakterizovány různé typy žákovské nekázně. Druhá část studie shrnuje faktory, které ovlivňují nekázeň žáků. Patří k nim: zvláštnosti žáka samotného, jeho spolužáků, jeho učitele, školní třídy, interakce mezi učitelem a žáky; zvláštnosti dané školy, školského obvodu, rodinného zázemí žáka, edukačního systému dané země a její školské politiky. Třetí část studie podává přehled postupů, jimiž se dá zjišťovat nekázeň žáků (příklady kvalitativního, kvantitativního a smíšeného přístupu). Čtvrtá část studie se zamýšlí nad důsledky nekázně žáků. Jedná se o dopad žákovské nekázně na učitele, na žákovy spolužáky a jejich učení, na celkový průběh výuky, na výsledky výuky, na klima dané třídy, na klima dané školy a na celý stát. Pátá, závěrečná část, přibližuje tři koncepční přístupy, které by měly pomoci nekázeň ve třídách řešit: historicky nejstarší přístup staví na učiteli, tj. na trestání a odměňování žáků; další staví na žákovi, jeho sebekontrole a autoregulaci a konečně poslední staví na skupině žáků, školní třídě; na diskusích žáků s učitelem o vhodném chování ve třídě, na skupinovém rozhodování a skupinovém tlaku na neukázněné spolužáky. Studie upozorňuje, že nestačí jen potlačovat či eliminovat nevhodné chování žáků, ale je třeba souběžně rozvíjet i pozitivní chování žáků.
Vývoj počtu účastníků a vhodnost počtu postupových míst na CrossFit Open 2011–2017
Authors: Bozděch Michal , Kolínský Roman , Zháněl Jiří 
Published: February 2019

CrossFit is an all-round training program focused on the development of overall fitness. To win the title “Fittest on Earth”, the participants must pass a 3-round elimination system (CrossFit Open, Regions, Games). The objective of the study is to analyze the development of participants’ numbers in 2011-2017, men (n=1 012 297) and women (n=702 011), in 1st elimination round and to assess the appropriateness of the number of qualifying places in particular regions. The research data from public sources show a growing linear evolutionary trend in the number of participants (R2=0.98–0.99); the number of men was higher than the number of women through the whole period. In the category Individual Men (IM), the highest number of participants (n=40 716; i.e. 0.006 % of the region population) was registered in the region Europe in 2017; the lowest number of participants (n=3 678, i.e. 0.028 % of the region population) was found in West Canada in 2017. In the category Individual Women (IW), the highest number of participants (n=21 742, i.e. 0.003 % of the region population) was registered in Europe in 2017; the lowest number of participants (n=3 596, i.e. 0.027 %) was found in West Canada in 2017. The lack of good correspondence in the numbers of qualifying places was found in the IM category in 2016 and 2017; in the IW category, a good correspondence was found in the whole observed period 2011-2017. The odds ratio test has shown that in 2017, males from West Canada had 12.22 times bigger chance for qualifying than males from Latin America while females from the same regions had 7.03 times bigger chance for qualifying. In view of the results, it is possible to recommend an adjustment of the number of qualifying places and the division of the region Europe.
Comparison of results in C1 paddling functional test and in arm crank ergometrics in canoe slalom elite athletes
Authors: Busta Jan , Bílý Milan , Kovářová Lenka , Říha Martin 
Published: February 2019

Background: Recently, there have been rising demands on the specifics of functional load testing, which should with its motor structure correspond or at least draw near the sport specialization. However, evaluation of specific forms of diagnostics is very pure in canoe slalom. Objective: The aim of the study was to compare a physiological response based on results in graded functional test when paddling in a single canoe (C1) and results reached in the standardized arm crank ergometrics. Methods: The research sample consisted of 6 elite Czech single canoeists, members of Czech senior national team and the Czech national team up to 23 years. Their average weight was 79.7±6.6 kg, height 183.4±6.6 cm and age 23.6±3.9 years.Results: When comparing the result values of physiological indicators measured in both functional tests, we have found out significant differences (statistical and substantive) in variables: VO2peak (p=0.00; 15.1%), VEpeak (p=0.06, 11.1%), HR (p=0.02; 5.7%), RR (p=0.18; 9.3%), VT (p=0.00; 18.8%) and RER (p=0.26; 4.0%). With the exception of respiratory rate, significantly lower values of all physiological variables were found in on-water testing (C1). Although there was a strong correlation between the VO2peak indicators (r=0.79, p=0.06) found between paddling and crank ergometrics, this relationship cannot be considered significant (p=0.06) due to the small research sample. Conclusions: To evaluate on-water testing and to determine the external validity of arm crank ergometrics for C1 diagnostics, it is necessary to test a bigger research sample. Therefore, it is a pilot study. However, the results indicate that the physiological load requirements in the C1 category are different from those of the kayak category (K1). Although C1 paddlers reached similar VO2peak values in the arm crank ergometrics as kayakers, in the on-water test they reached about 10 ml.kg.min-1 lower oxygen uptake compared to kayakers (Busta, Bílý, Suchý, & Kovářová, 2017).
Laminated Modulation of Tricritical Ferroelectrics Exhibiting Highly Enhanced Dielectric Permittivity and Temperature Stability
Authors: Gao Jinghui , Wang Yan , He Zhixin , Liu Yongbin , Wang Dong , Jin Li , Zhao Tongxin , Zhong Lisheng , Ren Xiaobing 
Published: February 2019

AbstractFerroelectric materials with large dielectric response and high temperature‐stability have found significant applications in advanced electronics and electrical power/storage equipment. The effective approaches explored up to now mainly focus on improving dielectric response by employing the phase instability caused by the ferroelectric transition. Nevertheless, one inherent shortcoming is that the enhancement of dielectric permittivity is at the expense of the deterioration of its temperature stability. Here, a strategy that successfully achieves both enhanced dielectric response as well as excellent temperature reliability (with εr ≈ 2 × 104 from 30 to 85 °C) by designing a laminated structure of tricritical ferroelectrics (LTF) with successive Curie temperatures is proposed. Moreover, the improvement in dielectric performance triggers the temperature‐stable energy‐storage performance as well as electrocaloric property in LTF specimens. Further microstructure investigation and phase‐field modeling reveal that these remarkable properties of laminated layers originate from the successive occurrence of tricritical transition with a nanodomain structure in a wide temperature range. The findings may shed a new light on developing advanced ferroelectrics with high performance and thermal reliability.
Conjugated Molecules “Bridge”: Functional Ligand toward Highly Efficient and Long‐Term Stable Perovskite Solar Cell
Authors: Dong Hua , Xi Jun , Zuo Lijian , Li Jingrui , Yang Yingguo , Wang Dongdong , Yu Yue , Ma Lin , Ran Chenxin , Gao Weiyin , Jiao Bo , Xu Jie , Lei Ting , Wei Feijie , Yuan Fang , Zhang Lin , Shi Yifei , Hou Xun , Wu Zhaoxin 
Published: February 2019

AbstractInterfacial ligand passivation engineering has recently been recognized as a promising avenue, contributing simultaneously to the optoelectronic characteristics and moisture/operation tolerance of perovskite solar cells. To further achieve a win‐win situation of both performance and stability, an innovative conjugated aniline modifier (3‐phenyl‐2‐propen‐1‐amine; PPEA) is explored to moderately tailor organolead halide perovskites films. Here, the conjugated PPEA presents both “quasi‐coplanar” rigid geometrical configuration and distinct electron delocalization characteristics. After a moderate treatment, a stronger dipole capping layer can be formed at the perovskite/transporting interface to achieve favorable banding alignment, thus enlarging the built‐in potential and promoting charge extraction. Meanwhile, a conjugated cation coordinated to the surface of the perovskite grains/units can form preferably ordered overlapping, not only passivating the surface defects but also providing a fast path for charge exchange. Benefiting from this, a ≈21% efficiency of the PPEA‐modified solar cell can be obtained, accompanied by long‐term stability (maintaining 90.2% of initial power conversion efficiency after 1000 h testing, 25 °C, and 40 ± 10 humidity). This innovative conjugated molecule “bridge” can also perform on a larger scale, with a performance of 18.43% at an area of 1.96 cm2.
Single‐Atom Fe‐Nx‐C as an Efficient Electrocatalyst for Zinc–Air Batteries
Authors: Han Junxing , Meng Xiaoyi , Lu Liang , Bian Juanjuan , Li Zhipeng , Sun Chunwen 
Published: February 2019

AbstractHighly efficient non‐noble metal electrocatalysts are vital for metal–air batteries and fuel cells. Herein, a noble‐metal–free single‐atom Fe‐N
x‐C electrocatalyst is synthesized by incorporating Fe‐Phen complexes into the nanocages in situ during the growth of ZIF‐8, followed by pyrolysis at 900 °C under inert atmosphere. Fe‐Phen species provide both Fe2+ and the organic ligand (Phen) simultaneously, which play significant roles in preparing single‐atom catalysts. The obtained Fe‐Nx‐C exhibits a half‐wave potential of 0.91 V for the oxygen reduction reaction, higher than that of commercial Pt/C (0.82 V). As a cathode catalyst for primary zinc–air batteries (ZABs), the battery shows excellent electrochemical performances in terms of the high open‐circuit voltage (OCV) of 1.51 V and a high power density of 96.4 mW cm−2. The rechargeable ZAB with Fe‐Nx‐C catalyst and the alkaline electrolyte shows a remarkable cycling performance for 300 h with an initial round‐trip efficiency of 59.6%. Furthermore, the rechargeable all‐solid‐state ZABs with the Fe‐Nx‐C catalyst show high OCV of 1.49 V, long cycle life for 120 h, and foldability. The single‐atom Fe‐Nx‐C electrocatalyst may function as a promising catalyst for various metal–air batteries and fuel cells.
Orally Delivered Antisense Oligodeoxyribonucleotides of TNF‐α via Polysaccharide‐Based Nanocomposites Targeting Intestinal Inflammation
Authors: Duan Bingchao , Li Mengxia , Sun Ying , Zou Siwei , Xu Xiaojuan 
Published: February 2019

AbstractTumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α) is usually regarded as a potential target for inflammatory bowel disease therapy. Herein, a promising strategy for effective delivery of phosphorothioated antisense oligodeoxyribonucleotide of TNF‐α (PS‐ATNF‐α), targeting the intestinal inflammation based on the interaction of the single chain of triple helical β‐glucan (s‐LNT) with poly‐deoxyadenylic acid [poly(dA)], and the colon‐specific degradation of chitosan‐alginate (CA) hydrogel, is reported. The target gene of PS‐ATNF‐α, with a poly(dA) tail through a disulfide bond (–SS–), interacts with s‐LNT to form a rod‐like nanocomposite of s‐LNT/poly(dA)–SS–PS‐ATNF‐α, which significantly inhibits lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced TNF‐α at the protein level by 38.2% and mRNA level by 48.9% in RAW264.7 macrophages. The nanocomposites carried by the CA hydrogel with the loading amount of 83.5% are then orally administered and specifically released to the inflamed intestine, followed by internalization into intestinal cells such as macrophages, to reduce TNF‐α production by 36.4% and dextran sulfate sodium‐induced inflammation by decreasing myeloperoxidase and malondialdehyde. This study defines a new strategy for the oral delivery of antisense oligonucleotides to attenuate inflammatory response, demonstrating a notable potential for clinical applications in intestine‐inflammation‐targeted therapy.
Extracellular Matrix‐Based Strategies for Immunomodulatory Biomaterials Engineering
Authors: Rowley Andrew T. , Nagalla Raji R. , Wang Szu‐Wen , Liu Wendy F. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe extracellular matrix (ECM) is a complex and dynamic structural scaffold for cells within tissues and plays an important role in regulating cell function. Recently it has become appreciated that the ECM contains bioactive motifs that can directly modulate immune responses. This review describes strategies for engineering immunomodulatory biomaterials that utilize natural ECM‐derived molecules and have the potential to harness the immune system for applications ranging from tissue regeneration to drug delivery. A top‐down approach utilizes full‐length ECM proteins, including collagen, fibrin, or hyaluronic acid‐based materials, as well as matrices derived from decellularized tissue. These materials have the benefit of maintaining natural conformation and structure but are often heterogeneous and encumber precise control. By contrast, a bottom‐up approach leverages immunomodulatory domains, such as Arg–Gly–Asp (RGD), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐sensitive peptides, or leukocyte‐associated immunoglobulin‐like receptor‐1(LAIR‐1) ligands, by incorporating them into synthetic materials. These materials have tunable control over immune cell functions and allow for combinatorial approaches. However, the synthetic approach lacks the full natural context of the original ECM protein. These two approaches provide a broad range of engineering techniques for immunomodulation through material interactions and hold the potential for the development of future therapeutic applications.
Highly Efficient Blue Fluorescent OLEDs Based on Upper Level Triplet–Singlet Intersystem Crossing
Authors: Xu Yuwei , Liang Xiaoming , Zhou Xuehong , Yuan Peisen , Zhou Jiadong , Wang Cong , Li Binbin , Hu Dehua , Qiao Xianfeng , Jiang Xiaofang , Liu Linlin , Su Shi‐Jian , Ma Dongge , Ma Yuguang 
Published: February 2019

AbstractPurely organic electroluminescent materials, such as thermally activated delayed fluorescent (TADF) and triplet–triplet annihilation (TTA) materials, basically harness triplet excitons from the lowest triplet excited state (T1) to realize high efficiency. Here, a fluorescent material that can convert triplet excitons into singlet excitons from the high‐lying excited state (T2), referred to here as a “hot exciton” path, is reported. The energy levels of this compound are determined from the sensitization and nanosecond transient absorption spectroscopy measurements, i.e., small splitting energy between S1 and T2 and rather large T2–T1 energy gap, which are expected to impede the internal conversion (IC) from T2 to T1 and facilitate the reverse intersystem crossing from the high‐lying triplet state (hRISC). Through sensitizing the T2 state with ketones, the existence of the hRISC process with an ns‐scale delayed lifetime is confirmed. Benefiting from this fast triplet–singlet conversion, the nondoped device based on this “hot exciton” material reaches a maximum external quantum efficiency exceeding 10%, with a small efficiency roll‐off and CIE coordinates of (0.15, 0.13). These results reveal that the “hot exciton” path is a promising way to exploit high efficient, stable fluorescent emitters, especially for the pure‐blue and deep‐blue fluorescent organic light‐emitting devices.
Redox‐Responsive Dual Drug Delivery Nanosystem Suppresses Cancer Repopulation by Abrogating Doxorubicin‐Promoted Cancer Stemness, Metastasis, and Drug Resistance
Authors: Liu Jia , Chang Bingcheng , Li Qilin , Xu Luming , Liu Xingxin , Wang Guobin , Wang Zheng , Wang Lin 
Published: February 2019

AbstractChemotherapy is a major therapeutic option for cancer patients. However, its effectiveness is challenged by chemodrugs' intrinsic pathological interactions with residual cancer cells. While inducing cancer cell death, chemodrugs enhance cancer stemness, invasiveness, and drug resistance of remaining cancer cells through upregulating cyclooxygenase‐2/prostaglandin‐E2 (COX‐2/PGE2) signaling, therefore facilitating cancer repopulation and relapse. Toward tumor eradication, it is necessary to improve chemotherapy by abrogating these chemotherapy‐induced effects. Herein, redox‐responsive, celecoxib‐modified mesoporous silica nanoparticles with poly(β‐cyclodextrin) wrapping (MSCPs) for sealing doxorubicin (DOX) are synthesized. Celecoxib, an FDA‐approved COX‐2 inhibitor, is employed as a structural and functional element to confer MSCPs with redox‐responsiveness and COX‐2/PGE2 inhibitory activity. MSCPs efficiently codeliver DOX and celecoxib into the tumor location, minimizing systemic toxicity. Importantly, through blocking chemotherapy‐activated COX‐2/PGE2 signaling, MSCPs drastically enhance DOX's antitumor activity by suppressing enhancement of cancer stemness and invasiveness as well as drug resistance induced by DOX‐based chemotherapy in vitro. This is also remarkably achieved in three preclinical tumor models in vivo. DOX‐loaded MSCPs effectively inhibit tumor repopulation by blocking COX‐2/PGE2 signaling, which eliminates DOX‐induced expansion of cancer stem‐like cells, distant metastasis, and acquired drug resistance. Thus, this drug delivery nanosystem is capable of effectively suppressing tumor repopulation and has potential clinical translational value.
Super‐Stretchable Zinc–Air Batteries Based on an Alkaline‐Tolerant Dual‐Network Hydrogel Electrolyte
Authors: Ma Longtao , Chen Shengmei , Wang Donghong , Yang Qi , Mo Funian , Liang Guojin , Li Na , Zhang Haiyan , Zapien Juan Antonio , Zhi Chunyi 
Published: February 2019

AbstractStretchable devices need elastic hydrogel electrolyte as an essential component, while most hydrogels will lose their stretchability after being incorporated with strong alkaline solution. This is why highly stretchable zinc–air batteries have never been reported so far. Herein, super‐stretchable, flat‐ (800% stretchable) and fiber‐shaped (500% stretchable) zinc–air batteries are first developed by designing an alkaline‐tolerant dual‐network hydrogel electrolyte. In the dual‐network hydrogel electrolyte, sodium polyacrylate (PANa) chains contribute to the formation of soft domains and the carboxyl groups neutralized by hydroxyls as well as cellulose as potassium hydroxide stabilizer are responsible for vastly enhanced alkaline tolerance. The obtained super‐stretchable, flat zinc–air battery exhibits a high power density of 108.6 mW⋅cm−2, increasing to 210.5 mW⋅cm−2 upon being 800% stretched. Similar phenomena are observed for the 500% stretchable fiber‐shaped batteries. The devices can maintain stable power output even after being heavily deformed benefiting from the highly soft, alkaline‐tolerant hydrogel electrolyte developed. A bendable battery‐display system and water proof weavable fiber zinc–air battery are also demonstrated. This work will facilitate the progress of using zinc–air battery powering flexible electronics and smart clothes. Moreover, the developed alkaline‐tolerant super‐stretchable electrolyte can also be applied for many other alkaline electrolyte‐based energy storage/conversion devices.
Reliability of the supraorbital ethmoid cell vs Keros classification in predicting the course of the anterior ethmoid artery
Authors: Li Mingsi , Sharbel Daniel D. , White Brandon , Y. Tadros Sandra , Kountakis Stilianos E. 
Published: February 2019

BackgroundWe previously showed that the supraorbital ethmoid cell (SOEC) is a reliable landmark for identifying the anterior ethmoid artery (AEA). Recent data have suggested that Keros classification is also a dependable predictor. We aim to characterize the location of the AEA and its relation to the skull base in patients with and without SOEC using the Keros classification.MethodsRetrospective radiographic evaluation of computed tomography (CT) scans of 76 patients (40 with SOEC, 36 without) was conducted. Distance of AEA from skull base and prevalence of AEA outside of the skull base were measured on each side and compared between groups using the 2‐sample t test and χ2 test, respectively. Subgroup analysis was carried out based on the Keros classification.ResultsMean distance of AEA from the skull base was 1.32 ± 1.5 mm in patients with SOEC and 0.47 ± 1.08 mm in those without (p < 0.001). Prevalence of AEA outside of the skull base was 53.8% in those with SOEC and 18.1% in those without (p < 0.001). Comparing patients with SOEC to those without, AEA was found below the skull base in 30% vs 0% of cases with Keros type 1 (p = 0.45), 58% vs 14.5% with Keros type 2 (p < 0.001), and 60% vs 50% with Keros type 3 (p = 0.72).ConclusionThe presence of SOEC is associated with a higher prevalence of the AEA coursing below the level of the skull base in all Keros types, thus placing the artery at greater risk for injury. Careful surgical planning is needed to avoid potential orbital complications.
Does rainbow trout justify its high rank among alien invasive species? Insights from a nationwide survey in Greece
Authors: Koutsikos Nicholas , Vardakas Leonidas , Zogaris Stamatis , Perdikaris Costas , Kalantzi Olga‐Ioanna , Economou Alcibiades N. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractRainbow trout is ranked as one of the world's worst alien invasive species; in Europe, however, the extent of established populations remains localized and poorly reported. This study aims to assess rainbow trout establishment in Greece and explores the factors affecting the success or failure of establishment.Fish samples and site‐specific environmental attributes collected during the past 17 years (2001–2017) were analysed. All available literature on the distribution patterns of rainbow trout were reviewed in parallel to those of the Greek nativeSalmotrout species and demographic criteria were applied to infer potential establishment.Data indicating poor persistence of populations and population structure support the argument that recruitment of rainbow trout is extremely limited in Greece. Lack of suitable environmental conditions is not the main factor leading to the failure of rainbow trout to become established. Genetic factors affecting reproduction, possibly through a combination of outbreeding depression resulting from the admixture of unrelated intraspecific lineages, and maladaptive behaviour resulting from domestication in captivity, remain probable causes of poor establishment for the Greek populations of rainbow trout.Overall, the threat of rainbow trout as a highly invasive species in Greece is lower than suggested by recent risk assessments.
Synthesis and Evaluation of Imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridine Analogues of the ZSTK474 Class of Phosphatidylinositol 3‐Kinase Inhibitors
Authors: Gamage Swarna A. , Spicer Julie A. , Tsang Kit Y. , O'Connor Patrick D. , Flanagan Jack U. , Lee Woo‐Jeong , Dickson James M. J. , Shepherd Peter R. , Denny William A. , Rewcastle Gordon W. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractUsing a scaffold‐hopping approach, imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridine analogues of the ZSTK474 (benzimidazole) class of phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K) inhibitors have been synthesized for biological evaluation. Compounds were prepared using a heteroaryl Heck reaction procedure, involving the palladium‐catalysed coupling of 2‐(difluoromethyl)imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridines with chloro, iodo or trifluoromethanesulfonyloxy (trifloxy) substituted 1,3,5‐triazines or pyrimidines, with the iodo intermediates being preferred in terms of higher yields and milder reaction conditions. The new compounds maintain the PI3K isoform selectivity of their benzimidazole analogues, but in general show less potency.