bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Accessibilism
Authors: Smithies Declan 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Chapter 7 answers the explanatory challenge by combining phenomenal mentalism with accessibilism to yield phenomenal accessibilism. Section 7.1 defines accessibilism as the thesis that epistemic justification is luminous in the sense that you’re always in a position to know which propositions you have epistemic justification to believe. Section 7.2 argues that phenomenal mentalism is part of the best explanation of accessibilism: if accessibilism can be motivated on independent grounds, then phenomenal mentalism is supported by inference to the best explanation. Sections 7.3 and 7.4 use accessibilism to motivate the intuitions about cases that support phenomenal mentalism—namely, clairvoyance, super-blindsight, and the new evil demon problem. Finally, section 7.5 answers the explanatory challenge for phenomenal mentalism: epistemic justification is determined by your current phenomenally individuated mental states because they are luminous by introspection.
Reflection
Authors: Smithies Declan 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Chapter 8 motivates accessibilism by appealing to William Alston’s hypothesis that the value of epistemic justification is tied to reflection, an activity that is the distinctive mark of persons who can be held responsible for their beliefs and actions. Section 8.1 argues that epistemic justification is what makes our beliefs stable under an idealized process of reflection. Section 8.2 uses this proposal in arguing for the JJ principle, which says that you have justification to believe a proposition if and only if you have justification to believe that you have justification to believe it. Sections 8.3–8.6 defend this proposal against a series of objections raised by Hilary Kornblith: the overintellectualization problem, the regress problem, the empirical problem, and the value problem. Section 8.7 concludes with some reflections on the debate between internalism and externalism about epistemic justification.
Higher-Order Evidence
Authors: Smithies Declan 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Chapter 10 explores a puzzle about epistemic akrasia: if you can have misleading higher-order evidence about what your evidence supports, then your total evidence can make it rationally permissible to be epistemically akratic. Section 10.1 presents the puzzle and three options for solving it: Level Splitting, Downward Push, and Upward Push. Section 10.2 argues that we should opt for Upward Push: you cannot have misleading higher-order evidence about what your evidence is or what it supports. Sections 10.3 and 10.4 defend Upward Push against David Christensen’s objection that it licenses irrational forms of dogmatism in ideal and nonideal agents alike. Section 10.5 responds to his argument that misleading higher-order evidence generates rational dilemmas in which you’re guaranteed to violate one of the ideals of epistemic rationality. Section 10.6 concludes with some general reflections on the nature of epistemic rationality and the role of epistemic idealization.
Revolution and the Founding Era, 1763–1800
Authors: Harp Gillis J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
By the eve of the American Revolution, Loyalists were some of the most consistent defenders of the hallowed Christian commonwealth ideal, including the principle of social hierarchy. Among Patriots, certain Christian beliefs were also employed by conservatives such as John Dickinson and John Adams to apply the brakes to the more radical implications of the Revolution. Although the new Federal Constitution’s secular character rankled some conservatives, under the emerging First Party system, many High Federalists still stressed the political value of religion. Meanwhile, the radicalism of the French Revolution prompted conservatives to use explicitly Christian arguments to answer Enlightenment challenges to orthodox belief while painting their political opponents as infidels. By the turn of the nineteenth century, evangelicals were becoming more individualistic and less committed to the larger social and institutional project of conservatism.
The Gilded Age, 1865–1900
Authors: Harp Gillis J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Richard Hofstadter argued that the new laissez-faire conservatism that became dominant during the last third of the nineteenth century was different from its predecessors in several respects, including in its secularism. Some popular preachers still attempted to accommodate laissez-faire principles and socially conservative evangelical Protestantism. A few conservatives refused to accept much of the new conservatism. These Protestant clerical intellectuals (both northern and southern) dissented from conservatism’s new orientation and offered a social theory still rooted in Protestant theology. This chapter highlights where these old-fashioned dissidents differed from their fellow conservatives and seeks also to describe their alternative conservative vision. Their story serves to clarify just how significant a shift occurred among conservatives during the Gilded Age and illuminates the last gasp of a more theocratic tradition among American Protestants.
The Early Twentieth Century, 1900–1945
Authors: Harp Gillis J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Chapter 5 examines the first half of the twentieth century, focusing initially on the judicial and political critics of Progressivism. Although conservatives such as Justice David Brewer drew upon Christian elements in articulating their judicial theory, it was in a limited and circumscribed way. Similarly, political conservatives such as Elihu Root substituted a constitutional formalism and veneration of the Founders for the more theological approach of the Gilded Age dissenters. Meanwhile, leaders such as Presbyterian scholar John Gresham Machen helped draw evangelicals away from the older theocratic approach toward more libertarian views regarding politics and the state. Conservative responses to the Great Depression included Fundamentalists who viewed the New Deal apocalyptically and organizers of the Liberty League who warned of a coming totalitarianism. The modest connections established between Liberty Leaguers and evangelicals foreshadowed the deeper alliance that would profoundly shape the post–World War II conservative movement.
Postwar America, 1945–1970s
Authors: Harp Gillis J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Chapter 6 examines the modern conservative movement and how the alliance of secular political elements with previously apolitical evangelicals slowly took shape during the thirty years following World War II. Richard Weaver’s Ideas Have Consequences (1948) served to provide some of the conservative movement’s essential historical and philosophical scaffolding, while Carl F. Henry’s Uneasy Conscience of Modern Fundamentalism (1947) encouraged evangelical political engagement. Oil tycoon and committed Presbyterian J. Howard Pew played a key role in galvanizing evangelicals by subsidizing Christianity Today and then linking them with political conservatives, being himself a former Liberty Leaguer and a fervent anticommunist. The presidential campaign of Barry Goldwater in 1964 stimulated evangelical political action and helped secure the essential union of more secular and openly religious conservatives. The Supreme Court’s controversial Roe v. Wade abortion decision in 1973 served to bolster this alliance by providing a moral issue that allowed some convergence and collaboration.
The Success and Failure of the Religious Right, 1970s–2010
Authors: Harp Gillis J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Chapter 7 explores the successes and failures of what came to be called the Religious Right during the last third of the twentieth century and the early twenty-first century. Evangelical Protestantism contributed significantly to the moralism of the movement while lending apparent biblical sanction to already well-established conservative political positions such as limited government and free market economics. Participants in the Religious Right drew selectively from theologians such as Rousas John Rushdoony and Francis Schaeffer, but a nontheological pragmatism ultimately came to characterize the movement under television evangelists Jerry Falwell and Pat Robertson. With the election of Barack Obama in 2008, the emergence of the Tea Party movement confirmed how conventional conservative concerns about deficits and creeping socialism had successfully displaced ethical issues. This nontheological pragmatism can help explain the high levels of support for Donald Trump’s 2016 candidacy by white evangelicals.
Oral corticosteroid use during pregnancy and risk of preterm birth
Authors: Palmsten Kristin , Bandoli Gretchen , Vazquez-Benitez Gabriela , Xi Min , Johnson Diana L , Xu Ronghui , Chambers Christina D 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate the associations between oral corticosteroid (OCS) dose early and late in pregnancy and preterm birth (PTB) among women with RA.

Methods
Pregnant women in the MotherToBaby Pregnancy Studies (2003–2014) with RA (n = 528) were included in the primary analysis. Information was collected by phone interview and from medical records. We estimated risk ratios (RR) for OCS dose trajectories and other disease-related medications before gestational day 140 and hazard ratios (HR) for time-varying exposures after gestational day 139.

Results
PTB risk was 15.5% overall. Compared with no OCS, PTB risk was increased in high (adjusted (a)RR: 4.77 (95% CI: 2.76, 8.26)) and medium (aRR: 1.81 (95% CI: 1.10, 2.97)) cumulative OCS dose trajectories during the first 139 gestational days. The low cumulative trajectory group was associated with an increased risk of PTB that was not statistically significant (aRR: 1.38 (95% CI: 0.79, 2.38)), and DMARDs were not associated with PTB (biologic DMARDs aHR: 1.08 (95% CI: 0.70, 1.66); non-biologic DMARDs aHR: 0.87 (95% CI: 0.55, 1.38)). OCS exposure to ⩾10 mg of prednisone equivalent daily dose after gestational day 139 vs none was associated with increased PTB rate (aHR: 2.45 (95% CI: 1.32, 4.56)), whereas &lt;10 mg was associated with a modestly increased rate of PTB that was not statistically significant (aHR: 1.18 (95% CI: 0.60, 2.30)).

Conclusion
Higher OCS doses vs no OCS use, both earlier and later in pregnancy, were associated with an increase in PTB among women with RA.
Histologic Changes During Treatment With Vismodegib in Locally Advanced Basal Cell Carcinoma: A Series of 19 Cases
Authors: Bancalari B. , Llombart B. , Serra-Guillén C. , Bernia E. , Requena C. , Nagore E. , Traves V. , Calomarde L. , Diago A. , Guillén C. , Sanmartín O. 
Published: August 2019

Background:
There are no large series describing cutaneous histologic changes during treatment with vismodegib in locally advanced basal cell carcinoma (BCC).

Objective:
To analyze histologic changes in skin biopsy specimens from patients with locally advanced BCC treated with vismodegib.

Methods:
A descriptive, retrospective study of patients with locally advanced BCC treated with vismodegib between June 2012 and December 2017 at the Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, Spain. Nineteen patients were biopsied before and during the treatment with vismodegib, and we compared histologic changes observed.

Results:
Seven patients (37%) achieved complete response, which was characterized by replacement of tumor stroma with a hyaline scar, lymphocytic inflammatory infiltrate, keratin formation, and infundibular cysts. Twelve patients (63%) achieved partial response; 5 showed no phenotypic changes, whereas 7 showed histologic changes; 5 cases showed metatypical differentiation; and 2 cases presented squamous differentiation. We observed no cases of squamous cell carcinoma arising at vismodegib treatment sites and no association between initial histologic subtype and clinical response.

Limitations:
Many biopsy specimens were obtained by punch biopsy and may not be representative of the full tumors. We studied histologic changes only in complete and partial responses.

Conclusion:
Vismodegib can induce histologic changes toward metatypical or squamous differentiation of BCC in patients with partial response. Keratinizing phenomena were frequent, both in partial and complete response groups.
Erythema Nodosum, Early Stage—A Subcutaneous Variant of Leukocytoclastic Vasculitis? Clinicopathological Correlation in a Series of 13 Patients
Authors: Wilk Michael , Zelger Bettina G. , Hayani Kinan , Zelger Bernhard 
Published: August 2019

Abstract:
Erythema nodosum (EN) is considered to represent a septal panniculitis. In a period from January 2000 until June 2018, we clinically and histopathologically investigated 124 patients with EN, 13 (10.5%) of them in an early stage demonstrating features of a leukocytoclastic vasculitis (LCV) around postcapillary venules of the subcutaneous fat. Three of these patients presented with EN on the lower legs and Sweet syndrome on the head/neck, arms, or trunk. 19.3% and 70.2% of patients demonstrated “classic” features of subacute and chronic forms of EN, respectively. Histopathologically, in cases of early EN apart from septally accentuated vascular damage and neutrophils with nuclear dust, eosinophils were evident in 5 specimens as well, in one case even with flame figures as seen in Wells syndrome. The inflammation spilled over to the dermis and lobular panniculus in 12 and 10 specimens, respectively. From the same time period and for comparison, we investigated 497 cases of “classic” LCV. Depending on the degree of vascular damage and the presence of neutrophils and nuclear dust, 65.8% presented with acute, 18.9% with subacute, and 15.3% with late-stage disease. In the latter, only a few neutrophils but rather lymphocytes and macrophages were present. Four hundred forty patients revealed an involvement of the deep dermis; of those, in 342, a septal inflammation was present as well, whereas in 94, the process was purely dermal. The subcutis was missing for evaluation in 61 cases. These results indicate a closer relationship between EN and LCV than previously considered.
The Feasibility to Isolate and Expand Tympanic Membrane Squamous Epithelium Stem Cells From Scarred Perforation Margins
Authors: Sagiv Doron , Harari-Steinberg Orit , Wolf Michael , Dekel Benjamin , Omer Dorit 
Published: August 2019

Hypothesis:
The scarred rim of chronic tympanic membrane (TM) perforation contains keratinocytes with potential for regeneration while maintaining their morphological and genetic characteristics.

Background:
The squamous epithelium of the TM has a good regeneration capacity. Successful isolation and expansion of human TM keratinocytes (hTMKR) was reported from a full, en-bloc, healthy TM.

Methods:
Trimmed margins of the TM perforation (harvested during tympanoplasty) underwent enzymatic digestion (collagenase or trypsin) and were seeded either with serum-containing medium (SCM) or keratinocyte serum-free medium (KSFM) and progenitor cell growth medium (PR) (KSFM:PR, 1:1). Gene expression analysis by real-time qRT-PCR was used to compare between human TM cells derived from scarred perforation margins (hTMKR), normal human skin keratinocytes (NhSKR), and human fibroblasts.

Results:
Twelve patients were included in the study. In 9 of 12 cases (75%) single-cell isolation with fibroblastic or epithelial cell morphology (or both) was achieved. Cells seeded with KSFM:PR yielded epithelial morphology (hTMKR) while SCM culturing resulted in a fibroblastic morphology (hTMFib). Gene expression analysis revealed significant higher expression of VCAN (p = 0.002) and FOXC2 (p = 0.015) at the mRNA levels (normal hTMKR markers) in hTMKR compared to NhSKR. In addition, a comparison of gene expression between hTMKR and hTMFib revealed significantly higher levels of both VCAN (p = 0.045) and SLC6A14 (p = 0.036) among hTMKR.

Conclusion:
For the first time, we developed a protocol to isolate hTMKR from scarred TM perforation margins. Furthermore, we succeeded in achieving tissue expansion that preserved the characteristic of healthy TM cells. This study bridges “regenerative medicine” approach with clinical and surgical objectives.
A Skin Rejection Grading System for Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation in a Preclinical Large Animal Model
Authors: Etra Joanna W. , Grzelak Michael J. , Fidder Samuel A.J. , Kolegraff Keli , Bonawitz Steven , Shores Jaimie , Oh Byoungchol , Cooney Damon S. , Beck Sarah E. , Brandacher Gerald 
Published: August 2019

Background.
The Banff Criteria have been accepted as a system for grading histological rejection in graft skin in human vascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA). Preclinical swine hindlimb transplantation models have an important role in translational studies in VCA. However, unified grading criteria for rejection in swine skin have not yet been established.

Methods.
Two hundred fourteen swine skin biopsy specimens were reviewed, including 88 native skin biopsies and 126 specimens from the skin component of heterotopic swine hindlimb transplants. Thorough review was performed in a blinded fashion by an expert veterinary pathologist with attention paid to the applicability of the Banff criteria as well as specific histologic characteristics and trends. Clinical and histopathologic rejection scores were then directly compared.

Results.
Two hundred fourteen specimens reviewed showed significant similarities between swine and human skin, as previously published. Notable swine-specific characteristics, including paucicellular infiltration with rare epidermal cell infiltration or necrosis, were accounted for in a proposed grading system that parallels the Banff Criteria.

Conclusions.
This comprehensive grading system, based on the Banff Classification for skin rejection in VCA, provides a standardized system for more accurate comparison of rejection in preclinical swine VCA models.
How Reliable are Prefrontal tDCS Effects – Zero–effects on the Keep–track Task?
Authors: Paunović Dunja , Purić Danka , Bjekić Jovana , Filipović Saša 
Published: August 2019

AbstractRecent neuroimaging studies showed that in addition to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) plays a significant role in higher cognitive processes such as executive functions. In this study we aimed to explore the neural underpinnings of executive function of updating by exploring the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over dlPFC and PCC. Nineteen healthy right–handed participants took part in a cross–over sham–controlled experiment. All participants underwent three tDCS conditions (active tDCS over the left dlPFC; active tDCS over the left PPC; and sham) in counterbalanced order. Following tDCS participants completed the keep–track task, with parallel forms being used in different test–sessions. As a control measure, we used a choice reaction time task. Results showed no significant effects of tDCS regardless of the localization of stimulation. Our results are in contrast with results of other studies exploring prefrontal tDCS effects on updating and do not allow for deriving conclusions about the role of the left PPC in the ability to update information in working memory.
NbCycB2 represses Nbwo activity via a negative feedback loop in the tobacco trichome developmemt
Authors: Wu Minliang , Cui Yuchao , Ge Li , Cui Lipeng , Xu Zhichao , Zhang Hongying , Wang Zhaojun , Zhou Dan , Wu Shuang , Chen Liang , Cui Hong 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe wo protein and its downstream gene,SlCycB2have been demonstrated to regulate the trichome development in tomato. It was shown that only gain-of-function mutant form ofwo, Wov(wo woolly motif mutant allele) could induce the increase of trichome density. However, it is still unclear the relationships between wo,WovandSlCycB2in trichome regulation. In this study, we demonstrated Nbwo (NbWov) directly regulated the expressionsNbCycB2by binding to the promoter ofNbCycB2and its genomic sequences. As a feedback regulation, NbCycB2 negatively regulates the trichome formation by repressing Nbwo activity at protein level. We further found that the mutations of Nbwo woolly motif could prevent repression of NbWovby NbCycB2, which results in the significant increase of activeNbwoproteins, trichome density and branches. Our results revealed a novel reciprocal mechanism betweenNbCycB2andNbwoduring the trichome formation inNicotiana benthamiana.HighlightNbCycB2is specifically expressed in trichomes ofNicotiana benthamianaand represses the Nbwo activity via a negative feedback loop in tobacco trichome developmemt.
PopDel identifies medium-size deletions jointly in tens of thousands of genomes
Authors: Niehus Sebastian , Jónsson Hákon , Schönberger Janina , Björnsson Eythór , Beyter Doruk , Eggertsson Hannes P. , Sulem Patrick , Stefánsson Kári , Halldórsson Bjarni V. , Kehr Birte 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThousands of genomic structural variants segregate in the human population and can impact phenotypic traits and diseases. Their identification in whole-genome sequence data of large cohorts is a major computational challenge. We describe a novel approach, PopDel, which jointly identifies deletions of about 500 to at least 10,000 bp in length in many genomes together. PopDel scales to tens of thousands of genomes as we demonstrate in evaluations on up to 49,962 genomes. We show that PopDel reliably reports common, rare and de novo deletions. On genomes with available high-confidence reference call sets PopDel shows excellent recall and precision. Genotype inheritance patterns in up to 6,794 trios indicate that genotypes predicted by PopDel are more reliable than those of previous SV callers. Furthermore, PopDel’s running time is competitive with the fastest tested previous tools. The demonstrated scalability and accuracy of PopDel enables routine scans for deletions in large-scale sequencing studies.
Distinct features of nucleolus-associated domains in mouse embryonic stem cells
Authors: Bizhanova Aizhan , Yan Aimin , Yu Jun , Zhu Lihua Julie , Kaufman Paul D. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBackgroundHeterochromatin in eukaryotic interphase cells frequently localizes to the nucleolar periphery (nucleolus-associated domains, NADs) and the nuclear lamina (lamina-associated domains, LADs). Gene expression in somatic cell NADs is generally low, but NADs have not been characterized in mammalian stem cells.ResultsHere, we generated the first genome-wide map of NADs in mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) via deep sequencing of chromatin associated with biochemically-purified nucleoli. As we had observed in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), the large Type I subset of NADs overlaps with constitutive LADs and is enriched for features of constitutive heterochromatin, including late replication timing and low gene density and expression levels. Conversely, the Type II NAD subset overlaps with loci that are not lamina-associated, but in mESCs, Type II NADs are much less abundant than in MEFs. mESC NADs are also much less enriched in H3K27me3 modified regions than are NADs in MEFs. Additionally, comparision of MEF and mESC NADs revealed enrichment of developmentally regulated genes in cell type-specific NADs. Together, these data indicate that NADs are a developmentally dynamic component of heterochromatin.ConclusionsThese studies implicate association with the nucleolar periphery as a mechanism for developmentally-regulated gene silencing, and will facilitate future studies of NADs during mESC differentiation.