bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Victimization Disparities Between Heterosexual and Sexual Minority Youth From Ages 9 to 15
Authors: Martin‐Storey Alexa , Fish Jessica 
Published: June 2018

Mental health disparities between heterosexual and sexual minority youth are partly explained by the higher rates of victimization experienced by sexual minority youth. The onset and progression of these victimization disparities, however, are poorly understood. Using multirater longitudinal data, trajectories of victimization starting at age 9 were compared among youth who did and did not report same‐sex attraction at age 15 (N = 310). Self and teacher, but not primary caregivers, reported victimization was significantly higher among sexual minority youth starting at age 9, but did not vary across time. The findings underscore the importance of understanding homophobic experiences of sexual minority youth during late childhood and early adolescence in order to inform prevention programs.
The JAK1/JAK2‐ inhibitor ruxolitinib inhibits mast cell degranulation and cytokine release
Authors: Hermans Maud A. W. , Schrijver Benjamin , van Holten‐Neelen Conny C.P.A. , Gerth van Wijk Roy , van Hagen P. Martin , van Daele Paul L.A. , Dik Willem A. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractBackgroundMastocytosis is characterized by the accumulation of aberrant mast cells (MC). Patients suffering from mastocytosis suffer from a wide range of symptoms due to increased levels of MC mediators. It would therefore be of great benefit to inhibit MC mediator release. However, to date there are few drugs available that are known to effectively lower MC mediator levels. The evidence for the involvement of the janus kinase 2 (JAK2)—signal transducer and activation of transcription 5 (STAT5) signalling pathway in MC activation is slowly accumulating. Interference with the JAK2‐STAT5 pathway might inhibit MC mediator release. Ruxolitinib, a JAK1/JAK2 inhibitor, indeed decreases symptoms like pruritus and fatigue in patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms. Yet, detailed studies on how ruxolitinib affects human mast cell activity are lacking.ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of JAK1/2‐inhibition with ruxolitinib in the human mast cell lines LAD2 and HMC1.MethodsLAD2 and HMC1 were stimulated with substance P, codeine or the calcium ionophore A23817. The effect of ruxolitinib on mast cell degranulation (via measurement of β‐hexosaminidase, histamine release and CD63 membrane expression) and IL‐6, IL‐13, MCP‐1 and TNF‐α production was investigated. The involvement of STAT5 activation was explored using the selective STAT5 inhibitor pimozide.ResultsRuxolitinib effectively inhibited codeine‐ and substance P‐induced degranulation in a concentration‐dependent manner. Ruxolitinib also significantly inhibited the production of IL‐6, TNF‐α and MCP‐1 as induced by A23817 and substance P. Selective STAT5 inhibition with pimozide resulted in diminished degranulation and inhibition of cytokine production as induced by A23817 and substance P.Conclusions & clinical relevanceThis study demonstrates that the JAK1/JAK2 inhibitor ruxolitinib can inhibit MCactivity, possibly through prevention of STAT5 activation. This renders the JAK‐STAT pathway as an interesting target for therapy to release symptom burden in mastocytosis and many other MC mediator‐related diseases.
Surface property alterations and osteoblast attachment to contaminated titanium surfaces after different surface treatments: An in vitro study
Authors: Lee Bor‐Shiunn , Shih Kuang‐Shao , Lai Chern‐Hsiung , Takeuchi Yasuo , Chen Yi‐Wen 
Published: June 2018

AbstractBackgroundStudies have reported a high prevalence of peri‐implantitis. The etiology of peri‐implantitis remains unclear and no available treatments result in total resolution of established peri‐implantitis.PurposeTo investigate the factors that interfere with osteoblast adhesion to contaminated titanium surfaces after different surface treatments.Materials and MethodsGrade 4 titanium discs were randomly divided into 5 groups and each group was divided into 2 subgroups, with one contaminated with Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (A. actinomycetemcomitans), and the other contaminated with Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis). Group 1 did not receive bacterial inoculation or surface debridement and served as a control. Group 2 received A. actinomycetemcomitans or P. gingivalis inoculation, separately. Group 3 received bacterial inoculation and titanium curette debridement, followed by normal saline irrigation. Group 4 received bacterial inoculation, curette debridement, normal saline irrigation, and ultrasonication. Group 5 received bacterial inoculation, curette debridement, normal saline irrigation, and placement in 0.12% chlorhexidine. After various surface treatments, the surface roughness and hydrophilicity of the titanium surface were measured, the number of adhered osteoblast cells was calculated, and the amount of residual lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was quantified.ResultsA. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis biofilms noticeably reduced surface hydrophilicity. Groups 3‐5 showed decreased hydrophilicity and fewer adhered osteoblast cells compared with the control group. Although ultrasonication was more effective in removing LPS than curette debridement and chlorhexidine, cell adhesion was not as high as with clean titanium discs.ConclusionsThe non‐surgical treatment used in this study was not effective in removing LPS from titanium surfaces and increasing osteoblast adhesion. A more effective method to remove LPS completely is required to enhance the treatment outcome of peri‐implantitis.
Inter‐arm systolic blood pressure dependence on hand dominance
Authors: Mayrovitz Harvey N. 
Published: June 2018

SummaryInter‐arm systolic blood pressure differences (SBP‐DIFF) ≥ 10 mmHg have been reported useful to predict future cardiovascular‐related morbidities. Although well studied in patients, there is little information on healthy young adults and the role of hand‐dominance as a factor affecting SBP‐DIFF. As dominant arms (DOM) tend to have greater girth and muscle development than nondominant arms (NDOM) it was reasoned that cuff pressures needed to obtain SBP may be greater on DOM causing DOM SBP to be greater. To test this hypothesis and also provide typical values, SBP was measured in left and right‐handers (29·4 ± 10·4 years) in whom handedness was clearly defined. Handedness was determined by a multi‐question form in 90 young adults (45 male) and SBP‐DIFF determined via simultaneous measurements done in triplicate on seated subjects. The percentage of left‐handers in male and female sub‐groups were equal at 37·8%. Results show that the absolute SBP‐DIFF in left‐handers (mean ± SD) was 4·4 ± 3·8 mmHg and for right‐handers was 5·0 ± 4·2 mmHg (P = 0·362). There was also no statistically significant difference among 1st, 2nd and 3rd measured SBP‐DIFF for either right or left‐handers or differences between right and left‐handers. Results show no evidence of a higher SBP in DOM and thus clarifies the hand‐dominance issue as a factor not generally needing to be considered in clinical assessments. A potentially useful secondary outcome was the finding that 14·8% of this group had at least one measured SBP‐DIFF ≥ 10 mmHg a fact that may have future relevance.
Programmed death‐ligand 1 immunoexpression in matched biopsy and liquid‐based cytology samples of advanced stage non‐small cell lung carcinomas
Authors: Jain Deepali , Sukumar Supraja , Mohan Anant , Iyer Venkateswaran K. 
Published: June 2018

ObjectiveProgrammed death‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1) immunohistochemistry (IHC) is essential in patients of advanced non‐small‐cell lung cancer to determine eligibility for immunotherapy. PD‐L1 IHC assays have been clinically validated only on formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded tissue; however, lung cancer is frequently diagnosed on cytology. PD‐L1 immunocytochemistry (ICC) has shown high concordance of immunoexpression between cytology samples and paired small biopsies. Feasibility of liquid‐based cytology (LBC) smears for PD‐L1 ICC has not been analysed previously.MethodsPD‐L1 ICC and IHC (clone SP263) were performed on paired LBC smears and small biopsies, respectively, in patients with advanced non‐small‐cell lung cancer. Cases with fewer than 100 viable tumour cells on LBC smear/biopsy were excluded from analysis. PD‐L1 was interpreted positive when 25% or more tumour cells showed membranous and/or cytoplasmic protein expression of any intensity greater than background staining.ResultsA total of 26 patients, harbouring adenocarcinomas (50%) and squamous cell carcinomas (50%), had available bronchial brushings/washings processed as LBC smears and concurrently obtained endobronchial biopsies. PD‐L1 IHC was interpreted positive in 46% (12/26) biopsies. PD‐L1 ICC was interpreted positive in 35% (9/26) LBC smears, all of which were IHC‐positive. No IHC‐negative case was positive on cytology. The overall concordance between LBC smears and small biopsies was 88.4%.ConclusionPD‐L1 ICC can be performed on LBC processed smears, with certain challenges in interpretation inherent to LBC smears and their processing methods. Nevertheless, they represent a potential resource for ICC, especially when alternate histology material is not available. Future studies are required to validate the predictive value of PD‐L1 ICC on LBC smears.
Neural representations of the body in 60‐day‐old human infants
Authors: Meltzoff Andrew N. , Saby Joni N. , Marshall Peter J. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe organization of body representations in the adult brain has been well documented. Little is understood about this aspect of brain organization in human infancy. The current study employed electroencephalography (EEG) with 60‐day‐old infants to test the distribution of brain responses to tactile stimulation of three different body parts: hand, foot, and lip. Analyses focused on a prominent positive response occurring at 150–200 ms in the somatosensory evoked potential at central and parietal electrode sites. The results show differential electrophysiological signatures for touch of these three body parts. Stimulation of the left hand was associated with greater positive amplitude over the lateral central region contralateral to the side stimulated. Left foot stimulation was associated with greater positivity over the midline parietal site. Stimulation of the midline of the upper lip was associated with a strong bilateral response over the central region. These findings provide new insights into the neural representation of the body in infancy and shed light on research and theories about the involvement of somatosensory cortex in infant imitation and social perception.
Constructing citizen engagement in health research priority‐setting to attend to dynamics of power and difference
Authors: Pratt Bridget 
Published: June 2018

AbstractEngaging citizens is vital to achieving people‐centred health research. This paper aims to put attention to dynamics of power and dynamics of difference back at the centre of citizen engagement in health research priority‐setting. Without attention to power and difference, engagement can lead to presence without voice and voice without influence, particularly for disadvantaged and marginalised groups. By analysing six key bodies of literature, the paper first identifies the different components of engagement—who initiates, for what purpose, who participates, and how they participate—and the dynamics of power and dynamics of difference relevant to them. For each component of engagement, the ethical considerations relating to those dimensions of power and dimensions of difference are characterised for the research priority‐setting context and preliminary guidance on how they might be addressed is provided. An initial framework comprised of a series of questions reflecting these ethical considerations has been developed for use by researchers and citizens when designing engagement processes for research projects. Where researchers and citizens attend to the framework's questions and then revise their priority‐setting processes’ design to better represent diversity and mitigate power disparities, more inclusive citizen engagement is promoted. Disadvantaged and marginalised groups are more likely to be present and heard, which, in turn, will help generate research projects with topics and questions that encompass and more accurately reflect their health needs.
Running on mixed fuel‐dual agonistic approach of GLP‐1 and GCG receptors leads to beneficial impact on body weight and blood glucose control: A comparative study between mice and non‐human primates
Authors: Elvert Ralf , Herling Andreas W. , Bossart Martin , Weiss Tilo , Zhang Baohong , Wenski Pierre , Wandschneider Jörn , Kleutsch Sabrina , Butty Uwe , Kannt Aimo , Wagner Michael , Haack Torsten , Evers Andreas , Dudda Angela , Lorenz Martin , Keil Stefanie , Larsen Philip J. 
Published: June 2018

AimWe performed acute and chronic studies in healthy and diet‐induced obese animals using mouse‐specific or monkey‐specific dual GLP‐1R/GCGR agonists to investigate their effects on food intake, body weight, blood glucose control and insulin secretion. The selective GLP‐1R agonist liraglutide was used as comparator.MethodsThe mouse‐specific dual agonist and liraglutide were tested in lean wild type, GLP‐1R knockout and diet‐induced obese mice at different doses. A chronic study was performed in DIO mice to investigate the effect on body weight, food consumption and total energy expenditure (TEE) in obese and diabetic monkeys with a focus on body weight and energy intake.ResultsThe mouse‐specific dual agonist and liraglutide similarly affected glycaemic control. A higher loss in body weight was measured in dual agonist‐treated obese mice. The dual agonist significantly enhanced plasma glucose excursion in overnight fed GLP‐1R−/− mice, probably reflecting a potent GCGR agonist activity. It increased TEE and enhanced fat and carbohydrate oxidation, while liraglutide produced no effect on TEE. In obese and diabetic monkeys, treatment with the monkey‐specific dual agonist reduced total energy intake to 60%‐70% of baseline TEI during chronic treatment. A decrease in body weight and significant improvement in glucose tolerance was observed.ConclusionsIn DIO mice and non‐human primates, dual agonists elicited robust glycaemic control, similar to the marketed GLP‐1R agonist, while eliciting greater effects on body weight. Results from DIO mice suggest that the increase in TEE is caused not only by increased fat oxidation but also by an increase in carbohydrate oxidation.
Clinical outcomes in real‐world patients with type 2 diabetes switching from first‐ to second‐generation basal insulin analogues: Comparative effectiveness of insulin glargine 300 units/mL and insulin degludec in the DELIVER D+ cohort study
Authors: Sullivan Sean D. , Bailey Timothy S. , Roussel Ronan , Zhou Fang Liz , Bosnyak Zsolt , Preblick Ronald , Westerbacka Jukka , Gupta Rishab A. , Blonde Lawrence 
Published: June 2018

AimsTo compare clinical outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) switching from insulin glargine 100 units/mL (Gla‐100) or insulin detemir (IDet) to insulin glargine 300 units/mL (Gla‐300) or insulin degludec (IDeg).Materials and MethodsWe conducted a retrospective, observational study of electronic medical records for Gla‐300/IDeg adult switchers (March 1, 2015 to January 31, 2017) with active records for 12‐month baseline (glycated haemoglobin [HbA1c] used a 6‐month baseline period) and 6‐month follow‐up periods. Gla‐300 and IDeg switchers were propensity score‐matched using baseline demographic and clinical characteristics. Outcomes were HbA1c change and goal attainment (among patients with HbA1c captured at follow‐up), and hypoglycaemia with fixed follow‐up (intention‐to‐treat [ITT]; 6 months) and variable follow‐up (on‐treatment [OT]; to discontinuation or 6 months).ResultsEach matched cohort comprised 1592 patients. The mean decrease in HbA1c and HbA1c goal (<7.0% [53 mmol/mol] and <8.0% [64 mmol/mol]) attainment rates were similar for Gla‐300 (n = 742) and IDeg (n = 727) switchers. Using fixed follow‐up (ITT method), hypoglycaemia incidence decreased significantly from baseline with Gla‐300 (all hypoglycaemia: 15.6% to 12.7%; P = .006; hypoglycaemia associated with inpatient/emergency department [ED] encounter: 5.3% to 3.5%; P = .007), but not with IDeg. After adjusting for baseline hypoglycaemia, no significant differences in hypoglycaemia incidence and event rate were found at follow‐up (ITT) for Gla‐300 vs IDeg. Using variable follow‐up (OT), hypoglycaemia incidence was similar in both groups, but Gla‐300 switchers had a lower inpatient/ED hypoglycaemia event rate at follow‐up (adjusted rate ratio 0.56; P = .016).ConclusionsIn a real‐world setting, switching from Gla‐100 or IDet to Gla‐300 or IDeg was associated with similar improvements in glycaemic control and hypoglycaemia in adult patients with T2D.
Comparative effectiveness of canagliflozin, SGLT2 inhibitors and non‐SGLT2 inhibitors on the risk of hospitalization for heart failure and amputation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A real‐world meta‐analysis of 4 observational databases (OBSERVE‐4D)
Authors: Ryan Patrick B. , Buse John B. , Schuemie Martijn J. , DeFalco Frank , Yuan Zhong , Stang Paul E. , Berlin Jesse A. , Rosenthal Norman 
Published: June 2018

AimsSodium glucose co‐transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) are indicated for treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM); some SGLT2i have reported cardiovascular benefit, and some have reported risk of below‐knee lower extremity (BKLE) amputation. This study examined the real‐world comparative effectiveness within the SGLT2i class and compared with non‐SGLT2i antihyperglycaemic agents.Materials and methodsData from 4 large US administrative claims databases were used to characterize risk and provide population‐level estimates of canagliflozin's effects on hospitalization for heart failure (HHF) and BKLE amputation vs other SGLT2i and non‐SGLT2i in T2DM patients. Comparative analyses using a propensity score–adjusted new‐user cohort design examined relative hazards of outcomes across all new users and a subpopulation with established cardiovascular disease.ResultsAcross the 4 databases (142 800 new users of canagliflozin, 110 897 new users of other SGLT2i, 460 885 new users of non‐SGLT2i), the meta‐analytic hazard ratio estimate for HHF with canagliflozin vs non‐SGLT2i was 0.39 (95% CI, 0.26‐0.60) in the on‐treatment analysis. The estimate for BKLE amputation with canagliflozin vs non‐SGLT2i was 0.75 (95% CI, 0.40‐1.41) in the on‐treatment analysis and 1.01 (95% CI, 0.93‐1.10) in the intent‐to‐treat analysis. Effects in the subpopulation with established cardiovascular disease were similar for both outcomes. No consistent differences were observed between canagliflozin and other SGLT2i.ConclusionsIn this large comprehensive analysis, canagliflozin and other SGLT2i demonstrated HHF benefits consistent with clinical trial data, but showed no increased risk of BKLE amputation vs non‐SGLT2i. HHF and BKLE amputation results were similar in the subpopulation with established cardiovascular disease. This study helps further characterize the potential benefits and harms of SGLT2i in routine clinical practice to complement evidence from clinical trials and prior observational studies.
Cercospora leaf spot in Toona ciliata: Epidemiology and infection process of Cercospora cf. alchemillicola
Authors: Silva Humberson Rocha , Pozza Edson Ampélio , de Souza Paulo Estevão , Ferreira Maria Alves , de Freitas Aurivan Soares , Moreira Silvino Intra 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe biology of Cercospora leaf spot (Cercospora cf. alchemillicola) of Toona ciliata was examined in terms of the effects of temperature and duration of foliage wetting on the progress of disease and the mechanism of pathogen infection. To evaluate the effect of temperature on mycelial growth, cercosporin production and conidial germination, experiments were conducted in a 4 × 5 factorial design, with four isolates (HR01, HR02, HR03 and CML3059) at five temperatures (15, 19, 23, 26 and 30°C). The area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) was calculated in a 3 × 5 factorial design at three temperatures (20, 23 and 29°C) and five leaf wetness durations (0, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hr). Penetration of C. cf. alchemillicola into leaves was examined by scanning electron microscopy. Maximum mycelial growth of all isolates occurred at 24.8°C. HR02 and HR01 produced higher quantities of cercosporin compared with CML3059 and HR03. Temperatures between 21.6 and 23.0°C favoured production of the toxin among isolates. Higher conidial germination rates occurred in isolates HR02 and HR01 compared with other isolates, with optimum germination occurring at 24.2–26.3°C. A leaf wetting period of 72 hr at 23.3°C gave the highest AUDPC value. No hyphal penetration was observed through natural openings. However, germ tubes grew inside wounds on the leaf epidermis. In addition, Phyllachora balansae (cause of tar spot) opened fissures on the leaf epidermis, thus creating wounds enabling C. cf. alchemillicola to infect.
Global dung webs: high trophic generalism of dung beetles along the latitudinal diversity gradient
Authors: Frank Kevin , Krell Frank‐Thorsten , Slade Eleanor M. , Raine Elizabeth H. , Chiew Li Yuen , Schmitt Thomas , Vairappan Charles S. , Walter Philippe , Blüthgen Nico 
Published: June 2018

AbstractAt the global scale, species diversity is known to strongly increase towards the equator for most taxa. According to theory, a higher resource specificity of consumers facilitates the coexistence of a larger number of species and has been suggested as an explanation for the latitudinal diversity gradient. However, only few studies support the predicted increase in specialisation or even showed opposite results. Surprisingly, analyses for detritivores are still missing. Therefore, we performed an analysis on the degree of trophic specialisation of dung beetles. We summarised 45 studies, covering the resource preferences of a total of 994503 individuals, to calculate the dung specificity in each study region. Our results highlighted a significant (4.3‐fold) increase in the diversity of beetles attracted to vertebrate dung towards the equator. However, their resource specificity was low, unrelated to diversity and revealed a highly generalistic use of dung resources that remained similar along the latitudinal gradient.
Competition and coexistence in plant communities: intraspecific competition is stronger than interspecific competition
Authors: Adler Peter B. , Smull Danielle , Beard Karen H. , Choi Ryan T. , Furniss Tucker , Kulmatiski Andrew , Meiners Joan M. , Tredennick Andrew T. , Veblen Kari E. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractTheory predicts that intraspecific competition should be stronger than interspecific competition for any pair of stably coexisting species, yet previous literature reviews found little support for this pattern. We screened over 5400 publications and identified 39 studies that quantified phenomenological intraspecific and interspecific interactions in terrestrial plant communities. Of the 67% of species pairs in which both intra‐ and interspecific effects were negative (competitive), intraspecific competition was, on average, four to five‐fold stronger than interspecific competition. Of the remaining pairs, 93% featured intraspecific competition and interspecific facilitation, a situation that stabilises coexistence. The difference between intra‐ and interspecific effects tended to be larger in observational than experimental data sets, in field than greenhouse studies, and in studies that quantified population growth over the full life cycle rather than single fitness components. Our results imply that processes promoting stable coexistence at local scales are common and consequential across terrestrial plant communities.