bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The vector ecology of introduced Culex quinquefasciatus populations, and implications for future risk of West Nile virus emergence in the Galápagos archipelago
Authors: Eastwood G. , Cunningham A. A. , Kramer L. D. , Goodman S. J. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractCulex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae), an important vector of West Nile virus (WNV) in the U.S.A., was first detected on the Galápagos Islands (Ecuador) in the 1980s. However, little is known of its ecology, distribution or capacity for arbovirus transmission in the Galápagos. We characterize details of lifecycle (including gonotrophic period), temporal abundance, spatial distribution, vector competence and host‐feeding behaviour. Culex quinquefasciatus was detected on five islands of the Galápagos during 2006–2011. A period of 7–14 days was required for egg–adult emergence; water salinity above 5 ppt was demonstrated to hinder larval development. Blood‐meal analysis indicated feeding on reptiles, birds and mammals. Assessment of WNV vector competency of Galápagos C. quinquefasciatus showed a median infectious dose of 7.41 log10 plaque‐forming units per millilitre and evidence of vertical transmission (minimal filial infection rate of 3.7 per 1000 progeny). The distribution of C. quinquefasciatus across the archipelago could be limited by salt intolerance, and its abundance constrained by high temperatures. Feeding behaviour indicates potential to act as a bridge vector for transmission of pathogens across multiple taxa. Vertical transmission is a potential persistence mechanism for WNV on Galápagos. Together, our results can be used for epidemiological assessments of WNV and target vector control, should this pathogen reach the Galápagos Islands.
Salicylic acid activates poplar defense against the biotrophic rust fungusMelampsora larici‐populinavia increased biosynthesis of catechin and proanthocyanidins
Authors: Ullah Chhana , Tsai Chung‐Jui , Unsicker Sybille B. , Xue Liangjiao , Reichelt Michael , Gershenzon Jonathan , Hammerbacher Almuth 
Published: August 2018

SummaryPoplar trees synthesize flavan‐3‐ols (catechin and proanthocyanidins) as a defense against foliar rust fungi, but the regulation of this defense response is poorly understood. Here, we investigated the role of hormones in regulating flavan‐3‐ol accumulation in poplar during rust infection.We profiled levels of defense hormones, signaling genes, and flavan‐3‐ol metabolites in black poplar leaves at different stages of rust infection. Hormone levels were manipulated by external sprays, genetic engineering, and drought to reveal their role in rust fungal defenses.Levels of salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid, and abscisic acid increased in rust‐infected leaves and activated downstream signaling, withSAlevels correlating closely with those of flavan‐3‐ols. Pretreatment with theSAanalog benzothiadiazole increased flavan‐3‐ol accumulation by activating theMYB–bHLH–WD40 complex and reduced rust proliferation. Furthermore, transgenic poplar lines overproducingSAexhibited higher amounts of flavan‐3‐ols constitutively via the same transcriptional activation mechanism. These findings suggest a strong association amongSA, flavan‐3‐ol biosynthesis, and rust resistance in poplars. Abscisic acid also promoted poplar defense against rust infection, but likely through stomatal immunity independent of flavan‐3‐ols. Jasmonic acid did not confer any apparent defense responses to the fungal pathogen.We conclude thatSAactivates flavan‐3‐ol biosynthesis in poplar against rust infection.
Myofibroblastic lesions in the oral cavity: Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural analysis
Authors: Pereira de Oliveira Denise Hélen Imaculada , da Silveira Éricka Janine Dantas , de Souza Lélia Batista , Caro‐Sanchez Claudia Haydee S. , Dominguez‐Malagon Hugo , Mosqueda Taylor Adalberto , Queiroz Lélia Maria Guedes 
Published: August 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo immunohistochemically characterize a group of oral myofibroblastic lesions (MLs) and to evaluate the ultrastructural features of myofibroblasts.Material and MethodsUsing a tissue microarray technique (TMA), cases of myofibroma (MF), of nodular fasciitis (NF), of desmoplastic fibroma (DF), and of myofibroblastic sarcoma (MS) from the Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Xochimilco, and a Private Oral Pathology Service in Mexico City were stained with antibodies against alpha‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA), H‐caldesmon, vimentin, desmin, β‐catenin, CD34, anaplastic lymphoma protein kinase (ALK‐1), and Ki‐67.ResultsNineteen of the 22 MF cases, 2/5 of the NF cases, 1/10 of the DF cases, and 1/2 of the MS cases were positive for α‐SMA. 1/2 of the MS cases were positive for desmin; 6/10 of the DF cases were positive for β‐catenin, and 2 of the MF cases were positive for ALK‐1. All of the MLs were positive for vimentin and negative for H‐caldesmon and CD‐34. The Ki‐67 labeling index in all of the 8/22 MF, 3/5 NF, and 2/2 MS cases was ≥10%. For all of the MLs evaluated, ultrastructural analysis revealed spindle‐shaped cells containing endoplasmic reticulum and peripheral actin filament bundles.ConclusionIn certain myofibroblastic lesions, the use of auxiliary techniques (such as immunohistochemistry) can be critical for differential diagnosis.
The use of botulinum toxin A to promote wound healing in a recurrent lip fissure
Authors: Farrier J. N. , Beech A. N. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractDuring the wound healing process there is an element of contraction and scarring. Lip wounds can be very noticeable to others, making patients self‐conscious. In the lower lip there is an added problem of significant muscular pull similar to a sphincteric system. We demonstrate excellent healing with the injection of Botulinum Toxin A (Botox®) as an adjunct to close surgical excision of a chronic, non‐healing lower lip fissure.
Egg oral immunotherapy in children (SEICAP I): Daily or weekly desensitization pattern
Authors: Martín‐Muñoz María Flora , Belver María Teresa , Alonso Lebrero Elena , Zapatero Remón Lidia , Fuentes Aparicio Victoria , Piquer Gibert Mónica , Plaza Ana María , Muñoz Román Candelaria , Martorell‐Calatayud Cristina , Martorell‐Aragonés Antonio , Blasco Cristina , Vilá Blanca , Gómez Catalina , Nevot Santiago , García Martinez Juan Miguel , Madero Jarabo Rosario , Echeverria Luis 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBackgroundStudies are required before incorporating egg oral immunotherapy (OIT) into clinical practice. The Spanish Society of Pediatric Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology (SEICAP) conducted a multicenter, randomized controlled study assessing the effectiveness and safety of the OIT using pasteurized egg white (PEW) in egg‐allergic children.MethodsOne hundred and one egg‐allergic children (6‐9 years) were randomized for 1 year: 25 to an egg‐free‐diet (CG) and 76 to OIT (target dose 3.3 g PEW proteins), PI (30% weekly plus 5% daily increments) or PII (only 30% weekly increments) buildup patterns. Egg skin prick test, sIgE and sIgG4 serum levels, PEW double‐blind placebo‐controlled food challenge (DBPCFC), and dosing adverse reactions (DARs) were evaluated in all patients from inclusion (T0) until completing 1 year of follow‐up (T12). At T12, egg‐allergic control patients could start OIT. The effectiveness and safety of OIT and the effect of the buildup pattern were analyzed.ResultsAt T12, 4/25 (16.0%) CG patients passed the PEW DBPCFC vs 64/76 (84.2%) OIT that reached total desensitization (P = 0.000); 12 egg‐allergic control patients started OIT. Finally, 72/88 (81.81%) patients reached total desensitization, 96.15% PI vs 75.80% on PII (P = 0.01). Induction period (121.12 ± 91.43, median 98.00 days) was longer in patients on PII buildup pattern, and those with allergic asthma, minor threshold dose, or higher egg sIgE (P < 0.05). Most patients (89.06%) developed DARs: 74.53% were mild; 21.90% moderate; and 3.5% requiring adrenaline‐treatment. Moderate reactions and those requiring adrenaline were more frequent in patients with allergic asthma, PII pattern, or higher egg sIgE serum antibody levels (P < 0.05).ConclusionsPEW OIT is an effective treatment for children with persistent egg allergy. A 30% weekly plus 5% daily increment pattern could be more effective and safer than one with only 30% weekly increments.
A systematic quantitative literature review of aquaculture genetic resource access and benefit sharing
Authors: Humphries Fran , Benzie John A.H. , Morrison Clare 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe Convention on Biological Diversity provides a framework for countries to implement laws regulating the access, use and exchange of genetic resources, including how users and providers share the benefits from their use. While the international community has been preoccupied with resolving the unintended effects of access and benefit sharing (ABS) on domestication in agriculture for the past 25 years, its far‐reaching consequences for global aquaculture has only recently dawned on policymakers, aquaculture producers and researchers. Using a systematic quantitative literature review methodology, we analysed the trends, biases and gaps in the ABS literature. Only 5% of the ABS literature related to the use and exchange of aquaculture genetic resources. Most of this literature related to use in developing countries or global use, but its authors were predominantly from developed countries. The literature covered a narrow range of countries (7) and regions (3), a narrow range of taxonomic groups (9) and a narrow range of uses. Given that aquaculture is the fastest growing global food production sector with products primarily from developing countries using over 580 species, there are significant gaps in aquaculture‐related ABS literature. We conclude that the sector needs urgent analyses on the consequences of ABS restrictions, obligations and opportunities for its early stages of domestication and product development. We recommend priority areas for attention to ensure that rapidly evolving national ABS laws take into account the special characteristics and needs of the aquaculture sector.
Buddhist global fictionalism?
Authors: Guerrero Laura P. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractSome Buddhists claim that all phenomena are empty of inherent existence and thereby endorse a kind of global anti‐realism. Buddhist global fictionalists argue that for these Buddhists, ordinary discourse is best understood in global fictionalist terms. I argue here that these attempts fail because the types of fictionalism that these accounts are modeled after structurally rely on a non‐fictionalist domain of discourse to establish normative constraints within the target fictionalist domain. If the goal of appealing to fictionalism is to help explain how discourse involving reference to entities that are unreal can still be governed by non‐arbitrary norms of acceptance, such that some conventional claims can be meaningfully described as conventionally true in contrast to other such claims that are conventionally false, then Buddhist global fictionalism undermines its own goals. It does so by eliminating the very feature of a fictionalist account – the ability to appeal to a non‐fictionalist domain – that makes possible the norms that fictionalism is invoked to explain in the first place.
Are baby boomer women redefining retirement?
Authors: Sawyer Anne‐Maree , James Sara 
Published: August 2018

AbstractAs the baby boomers enter later life, unprecedented numbers of women are retiring. The first generation of women to encounter retirement since its institutionalisation as an expected male life course transition in the mid‐20th century, these women are leaving the labour force at a time when the meanings associated with “retirement” are changing. Longer life expectancy, improved health outcomes, and transformations in work driven by globalisation have produced greater diversity in when, why, and how people exit the labour force. Many boomer women are disadvantaged in later life by their histories of discontinuous employment and care‐giving. Consequently, we argue, opportunities to engage in “retirement” projects of their own choosing are unequal across this population. This essay reviews qualitative studies in sociology that examine boomer women's experiences of retirement and is organised in terms of the three main approaches that inform this under‐studied field: critical/feminist gerontology, identity theory, and life course approaches. Based on our review, we posit the need for socially inclusive research, beyond the prevailing emphasis on White, middle‐class professional women; more studies examining the impact of earlier life course transitions on women's later years; and attention to the effects of “successful ageing” discourses on women's lived experiences.
Exercise, orthoses and splinting for treating Achilles tendinopathy: a systematic review with meta-analysis
Authors: Wilson Fiona , Walshe Margaret , O’Dwyer Tom , Bennett Kathleen , Mockler David , Bleakley Christopher 
Published: August 2018

ObjectivesTo assess the efficacy of exercise, orthoses and splinting on function, pain and quality of life (QoL) for the management of mid-portion and insertional Achilles tendinopathy, and to compare different types, applications and modes of delivery within each intervention category.DesignSystematic review and meta-analysis.Data sourcesMedline, CINAHL, Embase, AMED, WHO ICTRP, Web of Science, PEDro and Cochrane Library from inception to October 2017. Citation tracking of published studies and conference proceedings and contacting experts in the field.Study eligibility criteriaControlled clinical trials evaluating either exercise, orthoses or splinting for the management of Achilles tendinopathy.MethodsIndependent reviewers undertook searches, screening and risk of bias appraisal. Primary outcomes of interest were function, pain and QoL.ResultsTwenty-two studies were included (1137 participants). Moderate level evidence favoured eccentric exercise over control for improving pain and function in mid-portion tendinopathy. Moderate level evidence favoured eccentric exercise over concentric exercise for reducing pain. There was moderate level evidence of no significant difference in pain or function between eccentric exercise and heavy slow resistance exercise. There was low level evidence that eccentric exercise was not superior to stretching for pain or QoL. There was moderate level evidence that a combined exercise protocol was not superior to a lower dosage protocol for improving functional performance. There was moderate to low level evidence of a significant difference in pain (mean difference (MD) 6.3 mm, 95% CI −4.45 to 17.04, moderate) or function (MD 1.83 Victoria Institute of Sport Assessment points, 95% CI −7.47 to 11.12, low) between high-dose and low-dose eccentric training. There was high to moderate level evidence of no difference in pain (moderate) or function (high) between orthoses and control. There was low level evidence of no significant benefit in adding a night splint to an eccentric exercise programme for function, and moderate level evidence for no reduction in pain (MD −3.50, 95% CI −10.49 to 3.48). Eccentric exercise was not superior to splinting for pain (moderate evidence) or function (low level evidence).SummaryWe conditionally recommend exercise for improving pain and function in mid-portion Achilles tendinopathy. The balance of evidence did not support recommendation of one type of exercise programme over another. We conditionally recommend against the addition of a splint to an eccentric exercise protocol and we do not recommend the use of orthoses to improve pain and function in Achilles tendinopathy.
Specific TCR gene rearrangements in mycosis fungoides: does advanced clinical stage show a preference?
Authors: Marks Etan , Wang Yanhua , Shi Yang , Susa Joseph , Jacobson Mark , Goldstein D Yitzchak 
Published: August 2018

AimsThe relationship between the presence of specific T-cell receptor (TCR) gene rearrangements and clinical stage in mycosis fungoides (MF) has not been studied. We analysed a cohort of patients with a diagnosis of MF to determine the different types of specific TCR gene rearrangements present and their relationship to disease stage.MethodsA retrospective chart review was used to select patients with a diagnosis of MF who had a skin biopsy and a positive TCR gene rearrangement study in either blood or tissue and at least 2 years of clinical follow-up.Results43 patients were identified and divided into two groups. The first group consisted of 23 patients with early stage disease (IA-IIA) that was either stable or went into partial or complete remission with minimal intervention. None of these patients advanced to late stage disease. The second group consisted of 20 patients who had either late stage disease at diagnosis or progressed to late stage disease at some point in time. In the first group, only 4/23 (17%) patients had a single TCR gene rearrangement in the Vɣ1–8 region. In contrast, the second group had 13/20 (65%) patients with a single TCR gene rearrangement in the Vɣ1–8 region (p=0.002).ConclusionThe presence of a single TCR gene rearrangement in the Vɣ1–8 region could possibly be related to a more advanced stage of MF. However, more comprehensive studies, such as next generation sequencing, with a larger cohort is necessary for a more definitive conclusion.
Does environment influence childhood BMI? A longitudinal analysis of children aged 3–11
Authors: van der Zwaard Babette C , Schalkwijk Annemarie A H , Elders Petra J M , Platt Lucinda , Nijpels Giel 
Published: August 2018

BackgroundChildhood overweight/obesity has been associated with environmental context, such as green space, gardens, crime and deprivation. This paper assesses the longitudinal association between environment and body mass index (BMI) for children across the ages of 3–11 years. It also investigates the relationship between environment and child overweight/obesityMethods6001 children from the UK Millennium Cohort Study living in England were analysed. We estimated fixed effects linear and logistic regression models of the association between environment (levels of green space, gardens, crime and deprivation) and BMI/overweight of children at four time points between the ages of 3 and 11. Models were adjusted for age-related changes in weight, child sex and education level of the main carer.ResultsStatistically significant associations were found between environmental measures of both more gardens and lower levels of crime and lower BMI (effect size (95% CI) respectively: −0.02 (−0.04 to 0.00), −0.04 (−0.07 to −0.02)). Areas with less crime were associated with a slightly lower odds of overweight among children with a higher educated parent (OR 0.93 (0.87–0.99))ConclusionsBy exploiting longitudinal measures of environment and BMI this study is able to establish a more causal association between environment and BMI. Environments with more gardens and lower crime tend to result in slightly lower BMI. However, the effect sizes are small and non-significant odds of changing weight status do not support environmental factors as a key determinant of cohort changes in childhood overweight/obesity.
Notch signaling regulates arterial vasoreactivity through opposing functions of Jagged1 and Dll4 in the vessel wall
Authors: Basu Sanchita , Barbur Iulia , Calderon Alexander , Banerjee Suhanti , Proweller Aaron 
Published: August 2018

Functional interactions between endothelial cells (ECs) and smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in the arterial wall are necessary for controlling vasoreactivity that underlies vascular resistance and tone. Key signaling pathways converge on the phosphorylation of myosin light chain (p-MLC), the molecular signature of force production in SMCs, through coordinating the relative activities of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) and myosin phosphatase (MP). Notch signaling in the vessel wall serves critical roles in arterial formation and maturation and has been implicated in arterial vasoregulation. In this report, we hypothesized that Notch signaling through ligands Jagged1 (in SMCs) and delta-like protein-4 (Dll4; in ECs) regulates vasoreactivity via homotypic (SMC-SMC) and heterotypic (EC-SMC) cell interactions. Using ligand induction assays, we demonstrated that Jagged1 selectively induced smooth muscle MLCK gene expression and p-MLC content while inhibiting MP function (i.e., increased Ca2+sensitization) in a Rho kinase II-dependent manner. Likewise, selective deficiency of smooth muscle Jagged1 in mice resulted in MLCK and p-MLC loss, reduced Ca2+sensitization, and impaired arterial force generation measured by myography. In contrast, smooth muscle Notch signaling triggered by Dll4 increased expression of MP-targeting subunit 1 (MYPT1; the MP regulatory subunit), whereas arteries from endothelial Dll4-deficient mice featured reduced MYPT1 levels, enhanced force production, and impaired relaxation independent of endothelium-derived nitric oxide signaling. Taken together, this study identifies novel opposing vasoregulatory functions for ligand-specific Notch signaling in the vessel wall, underscoring instructional signaling between ECs and SMCs and suggesting that Notch signals might behave as a “rheostat” in arterial tone control.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The present study unveils novel roles for ligand-specific Notch signaling in arterial function. Smooth muscle Jagged1 and endothelial cell delta-like protein-4 ligands exhibit selective regulation of myosin light chain kinase and myosin phosphatase-targeting subunit 1/myosin phosphatase, respectively, providing a mechanistic link through which Notch signals modulate contractile activities in vascular smooth muscle. These findings may inform vascular derangements observed in human syndromes of Notch signaling deficiency while offering fundamental molecular insights into arterial physiological function.
Alectinib Resistance in ALK-Rearranged Lung Cancer by Dual Salvage Signaling in a Clinically Paired Resistance Model
Authors: Tsuji Takahiro , Ozasa Hiroaki , Aoki Wataru , Aburaya Shunsuke , Funazo Tomoko , Furugaki Koh , Yoshimura Yasushi , Ajimizu Hitomi , Okutani Ryoko , Yasuda Yuto , Nomizo Takashi , Uemasu Kiyoshi , Hasegawa Koichi , Yoshida Hironori , Yagi Yoshitaka , Nagai Hiroki , Sakamori Yuichi , Ueda Mitsuyoshi , Hirai Toyohiro , Kim Young Hak 
Published: August 2018

Abstract

The mechanisms responsible for the development of resistance to alectinib, a second-generation anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitor, are still unclear, and few cell lines are currently available for investigating ALK-rearranged lung cancer. To identify the mechanisms underlying acquired resistance to alectinib, two patient-derived cell lines were established from an alectinib-naïve ALK-rearranged lung cancer and then after development of alectinib resistance. The properties acquired during treatments were detected by comparisons of the two cell lines, and then functional analyses were performed. Coactivation of c-Src and MET was identified after the development of alectinib resistance. Combinatorial therapy against Src and MET significantly restored alectinib sensitivity in vitro (17.2-fold). Increased apoptosis, reduction of tumor volume, and inhibition of MAPK and PI3K/AKT signaling molecules for proliferation and survival were observed when the three kinases (Src, MET, and ALK) were inhibited. A patient-derived xenograft from the alectinib-resistant cells indicated that combination therapy with a saracatinib and crizotinib significantly decreased tumor size in vivo. To confirm the generality, a conventional alectinib-resistant cell line model (H2228-AR1S) was established from NCI-H2228 cells (EML4-ALK variant 3a/b). In H2228-AR1S, combination inhibition of Src and MET also restored alectinib sensitivity. These data reveal that dual salvage signaling from MET and Src is a potential therapeutic target in alectinib-resistant patients.

Implications:
This study demonstrates the feasibility to elucidate personalized drug-resistance mechanisms from individual patient samples.