bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Male Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) Exposed to a Time-Course of Urban Sewage Effluent Exhibit a Sporadic Low Incidence of Sex Reversal and Intersex
Authors: Campbell Pamela M. , Fernandez Marc P. , Royston Stephanie , Smith Jack L. , van Poppelen Paul , Ikonomou Michael G. , Devlin Robert H. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Developing coho salmon alevin (Oncorhynchus kisutch) were exposed to concentrations of 1 to 10% municipal wastewater effluent (MWWE) during the labile period of sexual differentiation. MWWE was collected at regular time intervals from a municipal wastewater treatment plant during a 4-week period that coincided with the latter part of the spawning season of coho salmon. The salmon were exposed, from just prior to hatch until 28 d post hatch, to MWWE collected at 3 a.m., 8 a.m., 3 p.m. or 8 p.m. Subsequent gonadal development was assessed by histology and compared to genetic sex as determined by Y-chromosomal DNA markers. The MWWE (analyzed using GC-HRMS) had relatively high concentrations of steroidal estrogens and other endocrine active substances at some time points during the exposure period. A low incidence of intersex and sex reversal was noted in the coho salmon exposed to MWWE collected at only two time points; 3 a.m. (1% MWWE) and 8 p.m. (10% MWWE), and ≤19% of the male fish in these exposure groups were affected. The coho salmon utilized were of wild genetic backgrounds and thus the sporadic nature of the response observed may be due to a significant genetic influence on the ability to respond to exogenous hormones at this early stage of development.
Using Pilot-Scale Investigations to Estimate the Remaining Geosmin and MIB Removal Capacity of Full-Scale GAC-Capped Drinking Water Filters
Authors: Ndiongue Souleymane , Anderson William B. , Tadwalkar Abhay , Rudnickas John , Lin Margaret , Huck Peter M. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Pilot tests were conducted to investigate the removal of geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) by new and semi-exhausted granular activated carbon (GAC) extracted from full-scale filters located in the City of Toronto's drinking water treatment facilities. Four pilot filters containing core-sampled GAC and new sand were fed with settled water from a full-scale plant and operated under conditions similar to those employed at full-scale. None of the pilot filters appeared to be capable of reducing geosmin and MIB concentrations to below the commonly cited threshold odour limits of 4 ng/L for geosmin and 9 ng/L for MIB at the influent levels tested. When operated at a 5-min empty bed contact time (EBCT) with geosmin influent concentrations in the range of about 70 to 110 ng/L, removals ranged from 10 to 38% in filters with 25 to 30 cm of used GAC. In the filter with 25 cm of new GAC, removal was 83%. When operated with a 7.5-min EBCT, the filter containing 95 cm of used bituminous GAC removed 78% of the geosmin present in the influent. For both geosmin and MIB, the effluent concentration and the amount removed increased as influent concentration increased, as was expected. In general, geosmin was better removed than MIB.
Kinetics of PAA Demand and its Implications on Disinfection of Wastewaters
Authors: Falsanisi Dario , Gehr Ronald , Santoro Domenico , Dell'Erba Adele , Notarnicola Michele , Liberti Lorenzo 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Disinfectant demand and microbial inactivation rate are essential issues for assessing disinfection performance and proper design of disinfecting systems. In the United Kingdom and Italy, peracetic acid (PAA) has recently become an accepted disinfectant for treating wastewaters prior to reuse in agriculture, and its use is likely to spread worldwide due to its efficacy as well as the benign nature of the by-products produced. In this paper, overall PAA demand during the advanced disinfection of municipal wastewater for agricultural reuse was evaluated under different experimental conditions. Batch tests were carried out using primary and secondary settled effluents sampled at the City of Taranto municipal wastewater treatment plant. PAA dosages ranged from 1.5 to 8.5 mg/L and from 21 to 40 mg/L for the secondary and primary settled effluents, respectively. Residual PAA was measured after contact times ranging from 1 to 60 min. Results showed that after a strong and almost instantaneous initial disinfectant consumption, the PAA consumption followed first-order kinetics with both effluents. The effluent characteristics affected the values of the parameters in the consumption model. PAA disinfection efficacy was assessed in terms of total coliform and Escherichia coli indicator organism reduction; better results were achieved with the latter. The approximate solution of Hom's model established by Haas and Joffe was used to model inactivation kinetics of both microbial targets.
The Effect of Seafood Processing Plant Effluent on Sentinel Fish Species in Coastal Waters of the Southern Gulf of St. Lawrence, New Brunswick
Authors: Thériault Marie-Hélène , Courtenay Simon C. , Munkittrick Kelly R. , Chiasson Alyre G. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
This study evaluated effects of effluents discharged by seafood processing plants on populations of fish living in shallow estuarine waters of the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence. To monitor potential nutrient and/or toxicity impacts on fish populations living and possibly feeding in the effluent, we measured indices of survival (age), growth (weight-at-age), reproduction (gonad weight), and energy storage (liver weight, condition factor) on mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus) and Atlantic silverside (Menidia menidia) in spring, summer, and fall. Fish exposed to effluents in three bays were compared to fish from a local reference site within the same bay and from regional reference sites in bays without seafood plants. Mummichog caught near seafood processing plants showed a number of differences from reference fish consistent with a localized nutrient enrichment effect including elevated growth (3 of 3 plants), liver size (2 of 3), and condition factor (1 of 3) in at least one of the months sampled. Female silverside caught near one of the three fish plants showed an elevated condition factor in spring, but otherwise silverside did not differ significantly from all four reference sites. In a number of cases, fish exposed to effluent differed from reference fish sampled from bays without fish plants but not from the local reference site, implying that the entire bay was affected either by the seafood processing plant or by some other factors. No harmful impacts such as reduced growth or survival were found in our study, possibly because the processing plants studied were relatively small and the amounts of waste discharged could be flushed by tides and currents and/or assimilated by the fish and other biota in the receiving environments.
Retrieval of Mercury from Wastewater as Stable Mercury Ferrite
Authors: Zade Prashant D. , Dharmadhikari Dattatray M. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Mercury contamination in water and wastewater is a global risk and health problem. So there is a concrete need for an eco-friendly process that can remove the toxic mercury ions as well as convert the mercury to a value added product. The black ferruginous mercury ferrite (FMF) as a value added product was synthesized by coprecipitation technique at 50°C. X-ray diffraction studies conducted on FMF obtained using CuKα1 radiation revealed that this crystalline compound has an orthorhombic symmetry. The method described in this study removed mercury ions with greater efficiency compared with the prevalent methods quoted in the literature. The results of thermal analysis of the synthesized compound, on comparison with magnetite (Fe3O4), revealed a shifting of the exothermic peak towards the lower temperature side. This behavior indicates phase transition and sample crystallization. The DC resistivity studies on FMF carried out at various temperatures in the range of 27 to 500°C showed that the compound is a semiconductor in nature and shows sharp changes in the resistivity in the temperature range of 342.38 ± 10°C (Tcelect). The recovered FMF could be used in several applications such as semiconductors, at high temperature applications, to minimize eddy current losses, and as adsorbents as well as catalysts for the reduction of exhaust gas emissions.
A Literature Review of Ultrasound Technology and Its Application in Wastewater Disinfection
Authors: Gibson John H , Yong Darrell Hai Nien , Farnood Ramin R. , Seto Peter 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
In recent years, there has been an increase in the application of ultraviolet (UV) light as an alternative to chemical disinfection technologies. However, in the case of poor quality effluents, the practical limit of UV disinfection of wastewater is dictated by disinfection-resistant, particle-associated bacteria. Although these particles may be removed by filtration, an alternative method to reduce the impact of suspended particles on disinfection efficiency is to decrease particle size using ultrasound technology. Mechanical forces exerted on particles due to the collapse of cavitation bubbles created by sonication break suspended particles into small fragments. In this paper, a critical review of ultrasound application for wastewater treatment is presented with emphasis on disinfection. Much of the work in this area remains at the laboratory scale. As a result, there is a need for fundamental information regarding the effect of sonication on the kinetics of disinfection and interaction of ultrasound with suspended particles. Such information is necessary for process engineering, design, and scale-up of ultrasound systems.
Bench-Scale Evaluation of Sonication as a Pretreatment Process for Ultraviolet Disinfection of Wastewater
Authors: Yong Darrell Hai Nien , Cairns William , Mao Ted , Farnood Ramin R. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
It is generally known that sonication improves ultraviolet (UV) disinfection kinetics of municipal effluents by breaking large suspended particles. However, the feasibility of sonication as a pretreatment technology largely depends on wastewater quality and discharge requirements. The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential benefits of ultrasound for improving the UV disinfectability of various effluent types, including primary, activated sludge, and trickling filter effluents. It was found that the tailing level of the dose-response curve at high UV doses (&gt;40 mJ/cm2) decreased with the increased sonication time. The reduction in the tailing level had a strong correlation with the decrease in the number concentration of large particles (&lt;60 µm) such that 1 log reduction in the number concentration of large particles resulted in 1.4, 1.1, and 1.7 log reductions in the tailing level for primary, activated sludge, and trickling filter effluents, respectively. However, the improvement in the UV disinfectability due to sonication was partly offset by the reduction in the UV transmittance of the effluent.
Effect of Suspended Particles on Disinfection of a Physicochemical Municipal Wastewater with Peracetic Acid
Authors: Falsanisi Dario , Gehr Ronald , Liberti Lorenzo , Notarnicola Michele 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of total suspended solids (TSS, which are claimed to be responsible for protecting embedded microorganisms) during disinfection of wastewater with peracetic acid (PAA). In particular, the focus was on a physicochemical effluent, having been treated with ferric chloride for TSS and phosphorus removal. Batch disinfection tests with various PAA dosages and contact times were carried out on the effluent from Montreal's wastewater treatment plant which uses only chemical precipitation and primary sedimentation. In addition to these samples, disinfection of “medium” and “highly” filtered effluents, obtained by sequential filtration through 120- and 10-µm nominal pore size membrane laboratory filters, was investigated. Modified second-order and Selleck model kinetics were used with moderate success to describe disinfectant consumption and microbial inactivation rates, respectively. This study showed that the overall amount of protection afforded by TSS to the microbial indicator considered (i.e., fecal coliforms in this case) was approximately 1.9 logs. TSS size was a key variable in this protection; approximately 1.3 logs and an additional 0.6 logs was the protection afforded by TSS greater than 120 µm, and between 10 µm and 120 µm, respectively. Fecal coliform inactivation of 3.8 to 7.3 logs after 40 minutes contact time could be achieved with a PAA dosage of 2 or 8 mg/L, respectively, in a highly filtered effluent.
Influence of Livestock Manure Type on Transport of Escherichia coli in Surface Runoff
Authors: Miller Jim J. , Beasley Bruce W. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Since livestock manure type may influence transport of Escherichia coli (E. coli) in runoff, the choice of which type of livestock manure to apply to cropland may be a potential beneficial management practice (BMP) to reduce and manage E. coli in runoff. Four common manure types (beef, dairy, chicken, hog) were applied to a clay loam soil in small runoff boxes, and a rainfall simulator was used to generate artificial runoff. Runoff samples were collected at three successive time intervals (0 to 5, 5 to 15, 15 to 30 min) and analyzed for flow-weighted mean concentrations (FWMC) of E. coli as well as mass loss of E. coli expressed as a percentage of total E. coli applied. Manure treatment had a significant (p ≤ 0.10) influence on FWMC of E. coli in runoff. The FWMC of E. coli in runoff for the dairy (33.3 CFU per 100 mL) treatment was similar to the control (3.2 CFU per 100 mL), but E. coli concentrations for the beef (955 CFU per 100 mL), chicken (1,134 CFU per 100 mL), and hog (368 CFU per 100 mL) treatments were all significantly greater than the control. The FWMC values were not significantly different among the four manured treatments except for dairy versus chicken manure, where values were significantly lower for dairy manure. Concentrations of E. coli were less than the guideline for recreation waters (&lt; 200 CFU per 100 mL) for the control and dairy treatment, but exceeded this guideline for beef, chicken, and hog manures, suggesting that dairy manure may be better than the other three manures for protecting surface water bodies for recreational use. Our study suggests that manure type may be a possible BMP to manage and control FWMC of E. coli in surface waters.
The Benefits of Biotreatment for Reducing the Effects of Pulp and Paper Mill Effluents on Fish Reproduction in Laboratory Tests
Authors: Martel Pierre , Kovacs Tibor , Bérubé Virginie 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Pulp and paper mill effluents have been reported to cause changes in reproductive indicators of fish in laboratory and field studies. These changes include reduced egg production and gonad size, and altered hormone levels and expression of secondary sex characteristics. We examined the performance of biotreatment plants for their potential in abating effects of pulp and paper mill effluents on fish reproduction under laboratory conditions. A bleached kraft mill effluent (BKME) treated in an aerated lagoon and a thermomechanical pulp mill effluent (TMPE) treated by aerobic sludge in a sequential batch reactor were selected for study. Mature fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) were exposed to effluents before and after biotreatment under continuous renewal conditions for 21 days. Egg production was monitored daily, while morphometric parameters (length, weight, gonad size), secondary sexual characteristics, and steroid hormone and vitellogenin levels were measured at the end of the effluent exposure. The effluent from both mills before biotreatment impaired the reproductive capacity of minnows (egg production) at concentrations of 10 and 20% vol/vol, but not at 2% vol/vol. Exposure to biotreated effluents from both mills at concentrations of 2, 10, 20, and 40% vol/vol caused no significant differences in overall reproductive capacity of minnows as compared with controls. These results indicate that biotreatment can significantly improve the quality of a BKME and an effluent from a TMP mill with respect to the reproductive capacity of fish as determined in laboratory tests.
Optimization of Solids Separation in Dissolved Air Flotation
Authors: Gorczyca Beata , Klassen Paul 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Sizes of flocs were analyzed to identify characteristics of the particle size distribution optimal for separation by dissolved air flotation (DAF). Optical microscopes and two particle counters were used for floc sizing. A Brightwell Technologies particle counter was found to provide floc size measurements in agreement with improved microscopic methods. The particle counter provided distribution of flocs with sizes down to 1 micron (µm). This allowed for inclusion of flocs with size ranging from 5 to 1 µm, which were excluded from the analyses in the earlier study. Four alum dosages were applied: 15, 25, 40, and 60 mg/L. The turbidity and colour of the DAF effluent at alum dosages of 25, 40, and 60 mg/L were very similar. However, the analysis of the flocs in the treated effluent revealed that, at the alum dose of 60 mg/L, particle removal was the best. Therefore, this dosage was selected as optimal for the solid/liquid separation process. The average size of coagulation flocs at 60 mg/L was approximately 30 µm, and was equal to the estimated size of air bubbles produced by the saturator. Therefore, this study confirms the finding of the earlier work claiming that the optimum DAF performance is attained when the mean floc size and the bubble size are equal. Similar size of floc and bubble indicates that flocs act predominantly as nuclei for bubble formation. This finding contributes to the knowledge of mechanisms of floc air bubble attachment in DAF.
Relative Body Size Influences Breeding Propensity in Fathead Minnows: Implications for Ecotoxicology Testing Procedure
Authors: Pollock Michael S. , Fisher Shelly E. , Squires Allison J. , Pollock Robyn J. , Chivers Douglas P. , Dubé Monique G. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Numerous factors affect the ability or choice of fishes to breed. For example, studies demonstrate that the appropriate amount of light, temperature, and food must be present before many species will breed. For some species, we are also aware of social factors that affect breeding, such as the size or colour of one's potential mates. Although studies on mate choice (i.e., choice of one potential mate over another) and factors affecting breeding are extensive, there remain significant gaps in our knowledge with regard to scientifically important species. For instance, the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas), used by numerous researchers as a test subject in reproductive toxicology and behavioural ecology, has well established physical parameters known to facilitate breeding. Conversely, there is very little data describing social factors which may influence breeding. The purpose of the current study was to examine some of the factors affecting mate choice in the fathead minnow. Results indicate a consistent relationship between male and female size length and mass), which can be used to predict the probability of a couple's breeding potential. Specifically, we found that female minnows prefer larger males. In successful pairs there was a greater difference in size between the male and female as compared with unsuccessful pairs. The findings of this study could substantially improve methods for reproductive studies in laboratories or artificial streams by decreasing both the number of pairs tested against baseline performance criteria and the time needed to establish actively breeding individuals. This will decrease the cost and increase the efficiency of future studies, as well as add ecologically interesting knowledge to the literature regarding a scientifically important, ubiquitous, and representative North American fish species.
Street Sweeping as a Method of Source Control for Urban Stormwater Pollution
Authors: Rochfort Quintin , Exall Kirsten , P'ng Jonathan , Shi Vicky , Stevanovic-Briatico Vesna , Kok Sandra , Marsalek Jiri 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
The effectiveness of street sweeping as a source control measure for stormwater pollution was tested at a site in Toronto, using three types of sweepers employed by the City. A paired-plot experimental design was employed along an arterial road with a traffic volume of 26,000 vehicles/day. Typically, after several days of dry weather, one roadway plot was swept by the available sweeper (treated) and the following plot was left unswept (control). After sweeping, sediment on the roadway was sampled on both plots; wet samples were collected by washing off one half of each plot, and dry samples were collected by vacuum cleaning the remaining halves of both plots. Differences between swept and unswept plots were assessed by comparing: (a) conventional sediment quality parameters, total residue mass, and particle sizes for dry sediment samples, and (b) toxicity, conventional water quality parameters, and particle sizes in wet samples. Results were highly variable and contained large uncertainties. The greatest environmental benefits of sweeping were the reduction of the total mass of sediment on road surfaces and a reduction in some dissolved metals in the runoff (e.g., Cr and Zn).
Effectiveness of Compost Biofilters in Removal of Sediments from Construction Site Runoff
Authors: Taleban Vahid , Finney Karen , Gharabaghi Bahram , McBean Ed , Rudra Ramesh , Van Seters Tim 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
The effectiveness of compost biofilters in removal of suspended sediments from stormwater runoff was evaluated. Field experiments were conducted in the summer of 2006 at the Guelph Turf Grass Institute, University of Guelph, to verify the sediment removal efficiency of the compost biofilter from synthetic stormwater runoff. The average sediment removal efficiency of 8-inch (20-cm) compost biofilters (socks) for 5, 10, and 15 rolls were 34, 48, and 60%, respectively. The average sediment removal efficiency for 18-inch (45-cm) socks for 5, 10, and 15 rolls were 69, 84, and 95%, respectively. The decrease in sediment removal efficiency of the biofilter over time was significant. The average sediment removal efficiency of 5 rolls of the 18-inch (45-cm) sock started to decrease gradually from 70 to 62, 58, 56, and 54% after 1, 5, 10, 15, and 20 consecutive runs. Sediment removal efficiency of the biofilter for sediment particles in the size range of clay was found to be 30%, while for coarser particles such as fine silt and coarse silt was 50 and 80% removal efficiencies, respectively.