bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genomic Imprinting at the Transcriptional Level
Authors: Pólvora Brandão Duarte , da Rocha Simão T 
Published: April 2018

Abstract

Genomic imprinting is an epigenetic mechanism of gene regulation causing genes to be expressed from only one of the two parentally inherited chromosomes in mammals. Imprinted genes often cluster in large chromosomal domains and their expression is regulated by
cis
‐acting imprinting control regions. These regions carry an epigenetic imprint, mostly in the form of deoxyribonucleic acid methylation, laid down during gametogenesis, when the two genomes are separated. Regulation of imprinting in these clusters is thought to be explained by competition of promoters of different genes to common enhancers or
cis
‐regulation induced by long noncoding RNAs. Aberrant expression of imprinted genes leads to human pathologies characterised by mental, developmental and metabolic abnormalities. Imprinting errors are also often seen in stem cells, including induced pluripotent stem cells and affect their physiology and pluripotent potential. For these reasons, genomic imprinting remains a crucial model for understanding the epigenetic influence on transcriptional activity and repression.

Key Concepts

A subset of genes in the mammalian genome (<1%) known as imprinted genes are expressed exclusively from one of the two parental alleles.

Imprinted genes are involved in foetal growth and placental development in the uterus, as well as brain function and metabolism in adults.

Most imprinted genes are physically linked in chromosomal regions known as imprinted clusters and are coordinatively regulated.

Genomic imprinting at clusters is regulated by imprinting control regions (ICRs) that acquired an imprint distinguishing the two parental alleles during gametogenesis.

DNA methylation is the bona fide imprint mark at ICRs, but chromatin modifications, such as H3K27me3, also serve as an imprint mark at transient and/or placental‐specific ICRs.

Methylation imprints are established in the parental germ line, resist the wave of DNA demethylation after fertilisation and are erased before resetting in the germ line according to the sex.

Insulation of common enhancers by the methylated sensitive protein Ctcf explains the imprinting regulation at the
Igf2/H19
region.

Silencing of genes in
cis
by long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) explains the imprinting regulation of, at least, three clusters through transcription interference and recruitment of chromatin modifiers.

Deregulation of genomic imprinting can cause imprinted disorders in humans, which exhibit parent of origin effects in their pattern of inheritance.

Imprinting defects occur in stem cells and during somatic reprogramming into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) affecting their pluripotency and harness their potential clinical applications.
Genetics of Systemic Sclerosis
Authors: Murdaca Giuseppe , Magnani Ottavia , Puppo Francesco 
Published: April 2018

Abstract

Systemic sclerosis is a connective tissue disease characterised by progressive vascular damage, autoimmune dysfunction and excessive collagen deposition leading to organ fibrosis. The pathogenesis of the disease is complex and still not fully understood. However, environmental, genetic and epigenetic factors seem to contribute to the heterogeneity of the disease and to the different clinical phenotypes. In the last decades, several genetic investigations were conducted to identify susceptible or protective loci. These studies contributed to the identification of HLA and non‐HLA loci of susceptibility to systemic sclerosis and, interestingly, most of them seem to be shared with other autoimmune diseases. Moreover, the emerging evidences of the role of innate immunity have been supported by the demonstration of polymorphisms associated with innate pathway dysregulation.

Key Concepts

SSc is a multifactorial disorder where genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors contribute to the development of the different expression of the disease.

Several HLA‐ and non‐HLA‐related loci of susceptibility seem to be associated with the development of different clinical subphenotypes of SSc.

The identification of interferon pathway‐associated genes variants suggests the role of innate immunity in SSc.

SSc shared several genetic markers with other autoimmune disorders supporting the theory of a common genetic autoimmunity component.

Enhancements in genetic and epigenetic studies may improve the understanding of the biological meaning of polymorphisms associated with SSc.
Woods Hole Marine Biological Laboratory
Authors: MacCord Kate , Maienschein Jane 
Published: April 2018

Abstract

The Marine Biological Laboratory (MBL) in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, has had a long history of excellence in research and education. An independent institution for the first 125 years, it has been an affiliate of the University of Chicago since 2013. Internationally acclaimed courses, summer visiting researchers and year‐round research centres make up this vibrant laboratory in a small village at the southwestern tip of Cape Cod. Over 50 Nobel Prize winners have spent time at the MBL, and the courses have trained the leaders in fields such as embryology and physiology. Public lectures, a history of biology seminar and the Logan Science Journalism Program extend the MBL's reach beyond scientific discovery, and the location serves as an attractive convening place to bring together researchers and students around diverse topics especially related to the MBL's core areas.

Key Concepts

The MBL formed in 1888 as a summer institution with a dual mission: research and education.

Over 50 scientists associated with the MBL have won Nobel Prizes.

The MBL became an affiliate of the University of Chicago in 2013.

The MBL has three main research centres: the Ecosystems Center, the Josephine Bay Paul Center for Comparative Molecular Biology and Evolution and the Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering.

The MBL has hosted the National
Xenopus
Resource since 2011.
Bauman,Zygmunt (1925–2017)
Authors: Rattansi Ali 
Published: April 2018

AbstractZygmunt Bauman has been hailed as one of the world's leading sociologists. He was a prolific writer who reputedly wrote at least 70 books and by his own account his work has been translated into 35 languages. This entry gives an overview of his main ideas, focusing especially on his intellectual affinities with the Frankfurt School of Critical Theory, his most famous book, which was on the Holocaust, his postmodernist phase, his concept of “liquid modernity,” and his belief that the major evils of liquid modernity were consumerism and growing inequality in an age of globalization.
Emotional Labor
Authors: Erickson Karla 
Published: April 2018

Abstract

In 1979, Arlie Russell Hochschild developed the conceptual framework for a sociological study of emotions. She tied feeling rules, emotional display, and the demand to feign a feeling for a wage to social structure. In
The Managed Heart
(1983), she studied the trained management of feeling among flight attendants and bill collectors, laying the terrain to understand how workers' feelings are the terrain of struggle and site of profit in a service society.
Behaviorism
Authors: Vollmer Timothy R. , Joslyn P. Raymond , Normand Matthew P. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractBehaviorism stems from the early work of J.B. Watson and I.P. Pavlov. Modern radical behaviorism was established by B.F. Skinner and exists today as a thriving discipline known as behavior analysis. This entry tracks the historical influences on behaviorism and describes the modern day status of the field.
Bricolage
Authors: Altglas Véronique 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
This entry provides the genealogy of bricolage and underscores the modifications it has undergone within the sociologies of culture and religion. Claude Lévi‐Strauss and Roger Bastide employed “bricolage” as a metaphor to depict the ways in which, in reference to traditional settings, cultures generate new myths and religious systems. Adopted within studies of culture and religion in highly differentiated societies, bricolage took a microsociological turn. It became synonymous with individual creative practices, the crafting of eclectic styles, religiosities, and identities through personal choice, as a result of the breakdown of social structures and traditions. However, it would be best to reclaim bricolage's original meaning, prompting questions about the contexts that make certain elements available, social patterns that may organize bricolage, who engages in bricolage, what for, who is empowered, from what, and by using whose tradition.
Deviance, Academic
Authors: Tedor Miyuki Fukushima 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Considered as a violation of academic expectations, academic deviance includes deviant behaviors unique to education and academia. Though academic misconduct by students is often emphasized, similarly fraudulent, if not more serious, violations of professional expectations also plague educators, researchers, and administrators in the education system. Academic deviance is a serious problem that has been found to be associated with academic failure and school suspension, expulsion, and dropout, all of which are strong predictors of delinquency and other problem behaviors among students, and can be considered a white collar crime that could end an individual's career, when committed by a professional.
Family Planning, Abortion, and Reproductive Health
Authors: Svec Joseph , Andic Tanja , Boyle Elizabeth H. 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Family planning, abortion, and reproductive health comprise the broad and diverse area of fertility regulation. While techniques to regulate fertility have existed in varying forms for centuries, only relatively recently has such knowledge become “global.” The globalization of fertility regulation is inextricably tied with international political changes of the twentieth century, from the rising importance of the nation‐state to the construction of intergovernmental organizations such as the United Nations. This entry traces the economic, political, and ideological motivations that led to current conceptions of family planning, abortion, and reproductive health. It provides information on sources of data related to family planning, abortion, and reproductive health. It also discusses research on new reproductive technologies and defines some of the key differences across contemporary research questions and methods in this field.
Friendships of Adolescence
Authors: Flynn Heather Kohler 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Friendships of adolescence are critical to social and emotional growth during this time of life more than any other. Adolescents seek autonomy from parents while peer relationships strengthen and become deeper. Having friends leads to positive outcomes, including higher self‐esteem and better coping skills. By contrast, youth without friends are vulnerable to adverse effects such as depression, anxiety, and higher delinquency. Friendship varies based on whether it is same‐sex or cross‐sex. Teen girls value intimacy and closeness while teen boys define friendship through shared activities. Unique benefits and challenges exist in cross‐sex friendships. Benefits involve understanding the perspective of the opposite sex. Challenges prominently include romantic tension. Managing and resolving conflict is a major component in maintaining harmony and preventing friendship dissolution.
Influence of respiratory motion management technique on radiation pneumonitis risk with robotic stereotactic body radiation therapy
Authors: Chapman Christopher H. , McGuinness Christopher , Gottschalk Alexander R. , Yom Sue S. , Garsa Adam A. , Anwar Mekhail , Braunstein Steve E. , Sudhyadhom Atchar , Keall Paul , Descovich Martina 
Published: April 2018

AbstractPurpose/ObjectivesFor lung stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT), real‐time tumor tracking (RTT) allows for less radiation to normal lung compared to the internal target volume (ITV) method of respiratory motion management. To quantify the advantage of RTT, we examined the difference in radiation pneumonitis risk between these two techniques using a normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) model.Materials/Method20 lung SBRT treatment plans using RTT were replanned with the ITV method using respiratory motion information from a 4D‐CT image acquired at the original simulation. Risk of symptomatic radiation pneumonitis was calculated for both plans using a previously derived NTCP model. Features available before treatment planning that identified significant increase in NTCP with ITV versus RTT plans were identified.ResultsPrescription dose to the planning target volume (PTV) ranged from 22 to 60 Gy in 1–5 fractions. The median tumor diameter was 3.5 cm (range 2.1–5.5 cm) with a median volume of 14.5 mL (range 3.6–59.9 mL). The median increase in PTV volume from RTT to ITV plans was 17.1 mL (range 3.5–72.4 mL), and the median increase in PTV/lung volume ratio was 0.46% (range 0.13–1.98%). Mean lung dose and percentage dose–volumes were significantly higher in ITV plans at all levels tested. The median NTCP was 5.1% for RTT plans and 8.9% for ITV plans, with a median difference of 1.9% (range 0.4–25.5%, pairwise P < 0.001). Increases in NTCP between plans were best predicted by increases in PTV volume and PTV/lung volume ratio.ConclusionsThe use of RTT decreased the risk of radiation pneumonitis in all plans. However, for most patients the risk reduction was minimal. Differences in plan PTV volume and PTV/lung volume ratio may identify patients who would benefit from RTT technique before completing treatment planning.
Imprinting Chirality onto the Electronic States of Colloidal Perovskite Nanoplatelets
Authors: Georgieva Zheni N. , Bloom Brian P. , Ghosh Supriya , Waldeck David H. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe direct synthesis of chiroptical organic–inorganic methylammonium lead bromide perovskite nanoplatelets that are passivated by R‐ or S‐phenylethylammonium ligands is reported. The circular dichroism spectra can be divided into two components: (1) a region associated with a charge transfer transition between the ligand and the nanoplatelet, 300–350 nm, and (2) a region corresponding to the excitonic absorption maximum of the perovskite, 400–450 nm. The temperature‐ and concentration‐dependent circular dichroism spectra indicate that the chiro‐optical response arises from chiral imprinting by the ligand on the electronic states of the quantum‐confined perovskite rather than chiral ligand‐induced stereoselective aggregation.
Signal Amplification: A Sharp Impermeable‐Permeable Transition for Highly Sensitive Low‐Cost Detection
Authors: Zhang Xuan , Soh Siowling 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThis manuscript describes a signal‐amplifying mechanism for achieving highly sensitive yet low‐cost detection. The main component of the device is a hypersensitive material that consists of a stimuli‐responsive hydrogel coated with a thin layer of superhydrophobic nanoparticles. Initially, the superhydrophobic nanoparticles block the outflow of a dye (i.e., the impermeable state). When the stimuli‐responsive hydrogel expands after coming into contact with an appropriate stimulus, the dye diffuses through the gaps between the nanoparticles (i.e., the permeable state) and spread outward. The large outflow of dye (i.e., a clear visible readout) due to the small concentration or small amount (<1 µL) of chemicals added to the device produces the effect of signal amplification. Highly sensitive detection of concentration of as low as ∼10 nm is demonstrated. Fundamentally, the thin layer (<5 µm) of the superhydrophobic nanoparticles gives rise to the sharp impermeable‐permeable transition for the highly sensitive detection. This hypersensitive material provides the opportunity for the detection to be highly sensitive and yet has many other desirable features, including low cost, portable, simple to fabricate and operate, capable of quantifying concentration (i.e., by measuring time), and able to perform complex analysis (e.g., via logic gates by detecting multiple signals).
Zinc Stannate Nanocrystal–Based Ultrarapid‐Response UV Photodetectors
Authors: Dong Yuhang , Wang Shalong , Zou Yousheng , Liu Shuting , Zhu Zhengfeng , Li Jvbing , Ju Dan , Chen Jun , Zhang Kan , Liu Xuhai , Zeng Haibo 
Published: April 2018

AbstractTernary‐oxide nanostructures are the most investigated as promising candidates for ultraviolet (UV) photodetectors (PDs) due to composition tunable bandgap and better photoconductivity. However, the assembled film–based UV PDs generally exhibit poor response speed because the internal defects of nanostructures and the discontinuity of assembled film obstruct transport of charges. Herein, a single‐crystal Zn2SnO4 (ZTO) nanocrystal (NC)–assembled film UV photodetector is reported, improving the response speed several tens of times (τrise ≈ 0.2 ms, τdecay ≈ 0.43 ms). The Ilight/Idark ratio of the UV PD is over 103. The ZTO NCs, with the bandgap of 3.9 eV, are prepared by laser ablation in liquid combined with hydrothermal reaction. The combination and dissociation of Zn–Sn–O ternary oxide are investigated to guarantee that single‐crystal ZTO NCs have high purity, clean surface, high specific surface area. Moreover, the NC‐assembled film is highly compact and continuous, which outperforms the conventional 1D nanostructures. This work provides a reliable novel approach to greatly improve the performances of UV PDs.
Effect of hydrophilic and hydrophobic polymer on the release of ketoprofen and allopurinol from bilayer matrix transdermal patch
Authors: Arshad Iram , Ali Sajid , Amin Umair , Shabbir Maryam , Raza Moosa , Sharif Ali , Akhtar Muhammad Furqan 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe aim of this study was to design a matrix transdermal patch of ketoprofen and allopurinol for the possible treatment of arthritis with reduced side effects. For this purpose, a bilayer matrix transdermal patch was prepared with an immediate release layer of Methocel containing ketoprofen while secondary sustained layer composed of allopurinol with combinations of Eudragit RL100 and Methocel. The patch was studied for swelling index in distilled water and was found to increase with an increase in concentration of hydrophilic polymer. The in vitro dissolution was conducted in USP dissolution apparatus II using phosphate buffer saline (pH 7.4) as dissolution medium at 37 ± 2°C. Based on in vitro dissolution studies, KA1BL (99.65% release in 10 hr) was selected for ex vivo permeation studies through Franz diffusion cell using excised abdominal skin of albino rats, and using clove oil and menthol as permeation enhancers. The optimized formulation KA1BL‐M3 released 69.37% drug over 12 hr and followed zero‐order kinetics with anomalous release mechanism. The patch had uniform distribution of components as per digital microscopic analysis.
Wireless, Smart, Human Motion Monitoring Using Solution Processed Fabrication of Graphene–MoS2 Transistors on Paper
Authors: Sahatiya Parikshit , Badhulika Sushmee 
Published: April 2018

AbstractCombining 2D graphene, which has zero bandgap yet high carrier mobility, with a permanent bandgap of 2D MoS2 opens up numerous possibilities for development of future electronic devices and sensors. This study reports for the first time the fabrication of flexible all paper based few layer graphene (Gr)–MoS2 field effect transistor (FET) using biodegradable cellulose paper as a substrate for growing Gr/MoS2 as well as dielectric and pencil graphite as gate. The as fabricated Gr/MoS2 transistor exhibits on/off ratio of ≈99 with carrier mobility of 18.7 cm2 V−1 s−1, which is remarkable considering the simplicity and low cost of the device fabrication. The Gr/MoS2 transistor is utilized as strain sensor, which could detect negligible strains as low as 0.5%. Detailed mechanism studies in both resistor and FET configurations with Gr/MoS2 as a channel are presented to better understand the sensing behavior under both tensile and compressive strain conditions. Further, by interfacing the sensor with the microcontroller, the data are acquired and transferred to the smartphone through bluetooth communication thus enabling human motion monitoring. This low cost, large area Gr/MoS2 FET based strain sensor has huge potential in wireless wearable electronics, such as artificial electronic skin, medical diagnostics, human machine interface, etc.
Phylogenomic analyses reveal extensive gene flow within the magic flowers (Achimenes)
Authors: Roberts Wade R. , Roalson Eric H. 
Published: April 2018

Premise of the StudyThe Neotropical Gesneriaceae is a lineage known for its colorful and diverse flowers, as well as an extensive history of intra‐ and intergeneric hybridization, particularly among Achimenes (the magic flowers) and other members of subtribe Gloxiniinae. Despite numerous studies seeking to elucidate the evolutionary relationships of these lineages, relatively few have sought to infer specific patterns of gene flow despite evidence of widespread hybridization.MethodsTo explore the utility of phylogenomic data for reassessing phylogenetic relationships and inferring patterns of gene flow among species of Achimenes, we sequenced 12 transcriptomes. We used a variety of methods to infer the species tree, examine gene tree discordance, and infer patterns of gene flow.Key ResultsPhylogenomic analyses resolve clade relationships at the crown of the lineage with strong support. In contrast to previous analyses, we recovered strong support for several new relationships despite a significant amount of gene tree discordance. We present evidence for at least two introgression events between two species pairs that share pollinators, and suggest that the species status of Achimenes admirabilis be reexamined.ConclusionsOur study demonstrates the utility of transcriptome data for phylogenomic analyses, and inferring patterns of gene flow despite gene tree discordance. Moreover, these data provide another example of prevalent interspecific gene flow among Neotropical plants that share pollinators.
RuII‐Catalyzed Annulative Coupling of Benzoic Acids with Vinyl Sulfone via Weak Carboxylate‐Assisted C−H Bond Activation
Authors: Mandal Anup , Dana Suman , Chowdhury Deepan , Baidya Mahiuddin 
Published: April 2018

AbstractAn efficient annulative coupling of benzoic acids with vinyl sulfone is developed based on weak carboxylate‐assisted RuII‐catalyzed ortho C−H bond activation, delivering sulfone containing phthalides in high yields (up to 92 %). The protocol features operational simplicity, mild conditions, and broad substrate scope with wide functional groups tolerance. The synthetic utility was highlighted through the preparation of biologically relevant 3‐ylidenephthalide scaffolds. This work represents the first example of RuII‐catalyzed annulation of benzoic acid with aryl vinyl sulfone.
Stabile Kupfer(I)‐vermittelte Basenpaarung in DNA
Authors: Jash Biswarup , Müller Jens 
Published: April 2018

AbstractEin Glykol‐Nucleinsäure(GNA)‐funktionalisiertes Nucleosid‐Analogon, das die künstliche Nucleobase 1H‐Imidazo[4,5‐f][1,10]‐phenanthrolin (P) enthält, wurde zur Ausbildung eines Kupfer(I)‐vermittelten Basenpaars in einem DNA‐Duplex eingesetzt. Die durch die künstliche Nucleobase vorgegebenen geometrischen Rahmenbedingungen sind ausschlaggebend für die beispiellose Stabilisierung von Kupfer(I) in wässrigem Medium durch metallvermittelte Basenpaarung. Die Ausbildung des Kupfer(I)‐vermittelten Basenpaars wurde mittels temperaturabhängiger UV‐Spektroskopie und CD‐Spektroskopie untersucht. Das metallvermittelte Basenpaar stabilisiert den DNA‐Oligonucleotid‐Duplex um 23 °C. Eine auf Redoxchemie basierende Untersuchung bestätigte, dass die Basenpaarbildung auf den Einbau von Kupfer(I) in den Duplex zurückzuführen ist. Dieser erste Bericht eines Kupfer(I)‐vermittelten Basenpaares erweitert das Gebiet um metallbasierte Vielfalt und eröffnet somit neue Anwendungsmöglichkeiten von metallmodifizierten Nucleinsäuren.