bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tolerance of Two Sugarcane Cultivars to Terbacil, Fenac, and Dalapon
Authors: Matherne R. J. , Millhollon R. W. 
Published: May 2019

Two Louisiana sugarcane cultivars (interspecific hybrids of the genusSaccharum) CP 52–68 and L 60-25 were sprayed with herbicides commonly used for preemergence and postemergence control of johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense(L.) Pers.) and other weeds. The preemergence weed control treatments of 3-tert-butyl-5-chloro-6-methyluracil (terbacil) at 1.8 kg/ha and (2,3,6-trichlorophenyl)acetic acid (fenac) at 5 kg/ha were compared to a mixture of sodium salt of trichloroacetic acid (TCA) at 11 or 19 kg/ha plus 2-(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)propionic acid (silvex) at 3.4 kg/ha (control). Herbicides were applied after planting in the fall, reapplied the following spring (after sugarcane emerged), and applied again in the second spring on the stubble crop (after sugarcane emerged). In the stubble crop the sodium salt of 2,2-dichloropropionic acid (dalapon) at 0, 5, or 10 kg/ha was applied as a postemergence spray over the top of sugarcane. In the factorial arrangement each cultivar received all combinations of the preemergence x postemergence treatments.Terbacil did not injure either cultivar, but fenac injured both enough to reduce the yield of sugar in plant cane by about 10% as compared to the TCA plus silvex control. Stubble crop yields were not affected by fenac or terbacil. CP 52–68 was more tolerant to dalapon treatments than L 60–25. Both cultivars tolerated dalapon at 5 kg/ha relatively well although the yield of L 60–25 was reduced by about 5%. However at 10 kg/ha, dalapon reduced yields of CP 52–68 and L 60–25 by about 10 and 18%, respectively. Combinations of preemergence and postemergence treatments did not interact to reduce yields more than the combined effects of each treatment.
DALL'UNIFICAZIONE ALLA SCISSIONE SOCIALISTA (1966–69)
Authors: Rizzi Felice 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzionePochi anni orsono, Galli e Prandi scrivevano che l'unificazione socialista rappresentava una fase di razionalizzazione del sistema politico italiano. Non solo la riunificazione tra PSI e PSDI poteva costituire un fattore di semplificazione per il sottosistema partitico (di cui riduceva l'estremo pluralismo), e introdurre quindi un elemento di chiarezza per l'elettorato, al quale evidenziava le alternative possibili tra cui scegliere, ma sembrava finalmente emergere un interlocutore dal notevole peso contrattuale, cui si attribuiva la facoltà di contrastare il ventennale predominio democristiano, responsabile per tanti aspetti dell'immobilismo politico. Ancora, nei progetti socialisti si poteva cogliere un disegno strategico — certo ottimista — ma carico di possibili conseguenze innovatrici. Il formarsi di un forte partito socialista avrebbe potuto portare al superamento di uno dei principali difetti — se non del maggiore — del sistema partitico italiano: l'assenza di un meccanismo di premi e punizioni.
SISTEMA DI PARTITO E SISTEMA POLITICO NELL'UNIONE SOVIETICA
Authors: Novelli Scipione R. 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneSi può affermare che, in linea generale, sono stati finora proposti tre modelli per descrivere analiticamente il sistema sovietico, modelli che possono essere definiti totalitario, di sviluppo, industriale maturo. Non tutti, anche per facilmente intuibili ragioni cronologiche, hanno avuto ed hanno la medesima fortuna e popolarità. Si può infatti affermare con sicurezza che il primo è quello che ha ottenuto fino a non moltissimi anni fa la totalità dei consensi da parte dei sovietologi, e ne conserva tuttora una buona parte. Eccone, in breve, i tratti fondamentali. È sostanzialmente fondato sul problema del potere sovietico, potere destinato ad imporre al preesistente tessuto sociale una nuova forma di organizzazione, rimodellando la società dalle fondamenta. Di qui i principali temi trattati dai maggiori esponenti di tale approccio: la mobilitazione e la organizzazione della popolazione a tal fine, il ruolo centrale del Partito, il particolare uso della propaganda, l'estensione e le modalità d'uso della coercizione e del terrore. Quali i difetti di tale modello? Tra i principali, innanzitutto l'incapacità di prendere in considerazione il sostegno offerto dalla popolazione al sistema; in secondo luogo, in dipendenza anche dell'inevitabile orientamento ideologico degli autori, l'incapacità di esaminare neutralmente e non emotivamente il problema, e quindi l'incapacità di considerare l'Unione Sovietica come un ≪ esperimento ≫ di eccezionali proporzioni, tali da poterlo a ragione definire unico; infine l'essere troppo vincolato a certe contingenze storiche (il periodo staliniano in particolare) tanto da non essere in grado di dar conto delle modificazioni avvenute nel sistema sovietico nell'ultimo ventennio.
ATTEGGIAMENTI POLITICI E SOCIALI DEI GIOVANI IN ITALIA
Authors: Tullio-Altan Carlo 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneIl saggio di Giacomo Sani, pubblicato in questo stesso numero della rivista, cui si riferisce questo commento integrativo, mira a spiegare il relativo insuccesso elettorale del PCI in Italia nel dopoguerra, mediante una analisi della target population, e cioè dei settori sociali — che sono piú estesi di quelli costituiti dalla classe operaia in senso stretto — il cui consenso il PCI doveva ottenere per realizzare il disegno politico di Togliatti: la conquista del potere nel rispetto delle regole della democrazia parlamentare. Sani dimostra come una serie di variabili socio-culturali abbiano ostacolato quella progressiva affermazione elettorale che costituiva la precondizione del realizzarsi della ≪ via italiana al socialismo ≫. In sintesi, i messaggi politici del PCI, pur essendo stati ricevuti e accolti anche al di fuori della classe operaia, lo sono stati in misura minore del necessario, per quattro principali motivi: 1) i settori destinatari dei messaggi sono poco accessibili a qualsiasi tipo di informazione politica in genere; 2) una larga parte delle persone che fanno parte di tali settori sono già inserite in una diversa rete di comunicazioni, che esclude o distorce i messaggi del PCI; 3) i messaggi vengono respinti perché alla loro accettazione contrasta una certa immagine ≪ negativa ≫ del PCI; e infine 4) perché i messaggi, pur giungendo a destinazione, sono respinti per il loro contenuto. Sani sottolinea gli aspetti linguistici e psicologici di quest'ultimo caso, ma nota anche che un'ulteriore riduzione dei consensi può derivare dalla discrepanza fra l'universo di valori di cui i messaggi del PCI sono l'espressione, e quello prevalente nei destinatari.
PARTITI, CORRENTI E VOTO DI PREFERENZA
Authors: Cazzola Franco 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneLe elezioni del maggio 1972 hanno segnato indubbiamente una svolta nel sistema partitico italiano, anche se gli spostamenti dell'elettorato sono stati piuttosto modesti. Nella sesta legislatura non vedremo piú, né in un ramo né nell'altro del Parlamento, i rappresentanti del PSIUP e del PDIUM. Il primo è scomparso dopo otto anni di vita, per le note vicende elettorali (varie centinaia di migliaia di voti ma nessun quoziente elettorale e quindi nessun eletto) e la conseguente confluenza nel PCI (e in minima parte nel PSI); il secondo per l'accordo e la fusione pre-elettorale con i neofascisti del MSI. D'altra parte l'insuccesso macroscopico dei vari gruppi o partiti nuovi richiamantisi al marxismo leninismo (Manifesto, Partito comunista marxista leninista d'Italia, ecc.) o al cattolicesimo in forme reazionarie (il mini partito di Agostino Greggi) o progressiste (il Movimento Politico dei Lavoratori) ha impedito l'ingresso nell'arena di nuove formazioni politiche. Il sistema partitico all'indomani delle elezioni politiche si presenta quindi semplificato, almeno in sede parlamentare: sette soli partiti (PCI, PSI, PSDI, PRI, DC, PLI, MSI) invece dei nove precedenti.
ATTEGGIAMENTI POLITICI DELL'ALTA BUROCRAZIA NELL'EUROPA OCCIDENTALE
Authors: Putnam Robert D. 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneSi possono avere dubbi su chi dirige realmente le nostre moderne società complesse? Le burocrazie statali, formate in larghissima misura da funzionari permanenti, sono responsabili della grande maggioranza delle decisioni politiche prese dai governi. Il potere discrezionale di articolare il contenuto di buona parte dell'attività legislativa, e non piú soltanto di decidere casi individuali, è passato dai parlamenti agli esecutivi. Grazie al monopolio di fatto di gran parte delle informazioni disponibili sugli effetti delle linee politiche in corso, e della competenza tecnica necessaria a prospettare le alternative pratiche, la burocrazia si è assicurata un'influenza preponderante sulle fasi del processo decisionale. Gli esecutivi, di derivazione elettiva, sono ovunque superati, in entità numerica e in durata, dai funzionari di carriera. Il sistema politico moderno è essenzialmente ≪ burocratico ≫ in senso letterale, caratterizzato cioè dal ≪ governo dei funzionari ≫.
Working Group on Solar Activity Cooperative Programs
Authors: Simon P. 
Published: May 2019

Although worldwide cooperation in surveying activity has had a long history, the continuation of international programs in this area is compromised by several factors, in particular by an overall decrease of financial support which has led to concentration of our limited resources and efforts on the large research instruments. In such a situation we believe it important not to lose sight of the fact that systematic data on the ‘full disk’ state of solar activity is still, and will remain, of great significance to students both of the Sun and of the Earth and its environment. As examples, we note that the large quantity of space data (e.g., on X-rays, EUV particles, and fields) cannot be fully studied without the supporting data obtained in classical ground-based optical and radio surveys; the same applies to magnetospheric observations.Nor can we always know what critical future needs will be satisfied by our systematic daily surveys. An obvious example is the daily measure of sunspot area, others are provided by the Cartes de la Chromosphère and the Mount Wilson magnetograms which for years at a time have attracted little interest and quite suddenly have emerged as source data of inestimable value in quite unanticipated studies.
21. Light of the Night-Sky
Authors: Elsässer H. 
Published: May 2019

The subject of Commission 21 is of a heterogeneous nature and the borderlines to other Commissions are not very well defined. The light of the night-sky comprises a variety of components which are due to various kinds of physical processes taking place at very different distances from the Earth.In the present report less emphasis is placed on airglow problems as in previous ones in accordance with a recommendation of Commission 21 of 1970. During recent years airglow research became an important subject of geophysics and the new tools offered by rockets and satellites have enormously expanded the observational side. This report tries to concentrate upon aspects of astronomical interest. The review papers on airglow and connected atmospheric problems mentioned in the beginning of Chapter II on the other hand contain valuable information on progress in all sections of this wide field.
Influenza vaccine effectiveness against hospitalisation due to laboratory-confirmed influenza in children in England in the 2015–2016 influenza season – a test-negative case–control study
Authors: Boddington N. L. , Warburton F. , Zhao H. , Andrews N. , Ellis J. , Donati M. , Pebody R. G. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractEngland has recently started a new paediatric influenza vaccine programme using a live-attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV). There is uncertainty over how well the vaccine protects against more severe end-points. A test-negative case–control study was used to estimate vaccine effectiveness (VE) in vaccine-eligible children aged 2–16 years of age in preventing laboratory-confirmed influenza hospitalisation in England in the 2015–2016 season using a national sentinel laboratory surveillance system. Logistic regression was used to estimate the VE with adjustment for sex, risk-group, age group, region, ethnicity, deprivation and month of sample collection. A total of 977 individuals were included in the study (348 cases and 629 controls). The overall adjusted VE for all study ages and vaccine types was 33.4% (95% confidence interval (CI) 2.3–54.6) after adjusting for age group, sex, index of multiple deprivation, ethnicity, region, sample month and risk group. Risk group was shown to be an important confounder. The adjusted VE for all influenza types for the live-attenuated vaccine was 41.9% (95% CI 7.3–63.6) and 28.8% (95% CI −31.1 to 61.3) for the inactivated vaccine. The study provides evidence of the effectiveness of influenza vaccination in preventing hospitalisation due to laboratory-confirmed influenza in children in 2015–2016 and continues to support the rollout of the LAIV childhood programme.
Linking precolonial institutions with ethnic fractionalisation: what are we measuring?
Authors: Larcom Shaun 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis paper highlights a link between measures for precolonial institutions and ethnic fractionalisation in postcolonial countries. A conceptual explanation is provided for why countries that were more politically centralised in precolonial times should be less ethnically fractionalised in current times. This result is confirmed for a sample of postcolonial countries in Africa, Asia and the Pacific. This is followed by a comparative case study in the South Pacific countries of Papua New Guinea, Tonga and Samoa. It is hoped that these results will lead to further empirical work focused at delving deeper into the link between these two measures to better understand what they are actually measuring, and why both are so closely related to economic development.
Patterns of violence and coercion with mental health among female and male trafficking survivors: a latent class analysis with mixture models
Authors: Iglesias-Rios L. , Harlow S. D. , Burgard S. A. , West B. , Kiss L. , Zimmerman C. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Aims
Human trafficking is a crime and a human rights violation that involves various and simultaneous traumatic events (sexual and physical violence, coercion). Yet, it is unknown how the patterning of violence and coercion affects the mental health of female and male trafficking survivors.

Methods
We conducted a cross-sectional study using a sample of 1015 female and male survivors of trafficking who received post-trafficking assistance services in Cambodia, Thailand or Vietnam. We assessed symptoms of anxiety and depression with the Hopkins Symptoms Checklist and symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) with the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire. Violence was measured with questions from the World Health Organization International Study on Women's Health. Latent class analysis (LCA) was used to identify distinct patterns of violence and coercion in females and males. Novel multi-step mixture modelling techniques were employed to assess the association of the emergent classes with anxiety, depression and PTSD in females and males.

Results
LCA identified two distinct classes of violence and coercion experiences in females (class I: severe sexual and physical violence and coercion (20%); class II: sexual violence and coercion (80%)) and males (class I: severe physical violence and coercion (41%); class II: personal coercion (59%)). Females in class I had a two-fold increase in the odds of anxiety (OR = 2.10; 95% CI: 1.57–2.81) and PTSD (OR = 2.07; 95% CI: 1.03–4.17) compared with females in class II, but differences in the prevalence of anxiety, depression and PTSD were not significant when comparing males in class I to class II.

Conclusions
Specific patterns of violence and coercion provide a more in-depth understanding of the role of gender in the experience of violence and coercion and its association with mental health in survivors of trafficking. This information could be useful to target comprehensive mental health services for female and male trafficking survivors.
Lateral and Vertical Heterogeneity in the Lithospheric Mantle at the Northern Margin of the Pannonian Basin Reconstructed From Peridotite Xenolith Microstructures
Authors: Liptai N. , Hidas K. , Tommasi A. , Patkó L. , Kovács I. J. , Griffin W. L. , O'Reilly S. Y. , Pearson N. J. , Szabó C. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis study analyzes the microstructures and deformational characteristics of spinel peridotite xenoliths from the Nógrád‐Gömör Volcanic Field (NGVF), located on the northern margin of a young extensional basin presently affected by compression. The xenoliths show a wide range of microstructures, bearing the imprints of heterogeneous deformation and variable degrees of subsequent annealing. Olivine crystal preferred orientations (CPOs) have dominantly [010]‐fiber and orthorhombic patterns. Orthopyroxene CPOs indicate coeval deformation with olivine. Olivine J indices correlate positively with equilibration temperatures, suggesting that the CPO strength increases with depth. In contrast, the intensity of intragranular deformation in olivine varies as a function of the sampling locality. We interpret the microstructures and CPO patterns as recording deformation by dislocation creep in a transpressional regime, which is consistent with recent tectonic evolution in the Carpathian‐Pannonian region due to the convergence between the Adria microplate and the European platform. Postkinematic annealing is probably linked to percolation of metasomatism by mafic melts through the upper mantle of the NGVF prior to the eruption of the host alkali basalt. Elevated equilibration temperatures in xenoliths from the central part of the volcanic field are interpreted to be associated with the last metasomatic event, which only shortly preceded the ascent of the host magma. Despite well‐developed olivine CPOs in the xenoliths, which imply a strong seismic anisotropy, the lithospheric mantle alone cannot account for the shear wave splitting delay times measured in the NGVF, indicating that deformation in both the lithosphere and the asthenosphere contributes to the observed shear wave splitting.
Three‐Dimensional Sensitivity Kernels for Multicomponent Empirical Green's Functions From Ambient Noise: Methodology and Application to Adjoint Tomography
Authors: Wang Kai, , Liu Qinya , Yang Yingjie, 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAdjoint tomography has recently been applied to ambient noise data as a new and promising tomographic method that utilizes simulation‐based 3‐D sensitivity kernels rather than ray theory used in traditional ambient noise tomography. However, to date, most studies of ambient noise adjoint tomography only use vertical‐component Rayleigh waves. In this study, we develop a theoretical framework for calculating sensitivity kernels for multicomponent empirical Green's functions extracted from ambient noise data. Under the framework of the adjoint method, we demonstrate that a horizontal component (transverse‐transverse or radial‐radial) kernel can be constructed from the interaction of wave fields generated by point‐force sources acting in the north and east directions based on rotation relationships. Our method is benchmarked for a 3‐D heterogeneous isotropic model by comparing rotated seismograms, individual, and event traveltime misfit kernels with corresponding references computed by numerical simulations with sources directly placed in the radial or transverse directions. Based on our new method, we perform the first Love‐wave ambient noise adjoint tomography in southern California and construct an improved VSH model. Our method for computing sensitivity kernels of multicomponent empirical Green's functions provides the basis for multicomponent ambient noise adjoint tomography in imaging radially anisotropic shear‐wave velocity structures.
All‐Sky Assimilation of the MWHS‐2 Observations and Evaluation the Impacts on the Analyses and Forecasts of Binary Typhoons
Authors: Xian Zhipeng , Chen Keyi , Zhu Jiang 
Published: May 2019

AbstractSatellite data assimilation is transitioning from clear‐sky to all‐sky approach at some operational forecasting centers; the all‐sky approach directly assimilates observations under clear, cloudy, and precipitating conditions and shows a positive impact on medium‐range forecasts. Although there has been progress in the all‐sky technique for the forecasting of high‐impact weather processes, such as typhoon, these studies mainly focused on a single typhoon case, and the influence of all‐sky assimilation on the forecasts of binary typhoons, which have tracks and intensities that are more complex, is less investigated. In this study, a binary typhoons case (i.e., Typhoons Haitang and Nesat), which occurred in the western Pacific in July 2017, is selected, and the Weather Research and Forecasting data assimilation system is applied to examine the impact of all‐sky assimilation of the Microwave Humidity Sounder‐2 data from FengYun‐3C on the analysis and forecasting of the binary typhoons for the first time. The results show that with more cloud‐ and precipitation‐affected data being assimilated, the vertical structures of temperature and humidity around the core areas of the two typhoons and the forecasts of wind, temperature, and humidity are improved significantly in the all‐sky assimilation. These improvements result in the simulated tracks being more similar to the observations, and an error reduction in intensity is achieved in the all‐sky assimilation. The heavy rainfall (>250 mm) caused by Nesat over Taiwan is also improved. These encouraging results suggest that all‐sky assimilation is able to improve the forecasts of binary typhoons.
Does Soil Moisture Have an Influence on Near‐Surface Temperature?
Authors: Liu Junkai , Pu Zhaoxia 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe relationship between soil moisture (SM) and temperature at 2‐m height (T2) is examined with long‐term meteorological and soil observations and a single‐column model. With the information flow (IF) and correlation analysis methods, results show that the distribution of SM depends on land use and land cover, while an increase in vegetation fraction corresponds to an increase in SM, and this dependence decreases with soil depth. There is causality between T2 and SM at all soil levels. Compared with those in deeper soil, higher IF values and correlations appear in the top soil levels, implying a stronger interaction between the top soil layer and the atmosphere. Meanwhile, most correlation coefficient values rank weak or moderate, and negative feedback is predominant with low IF values, indicating that the causality between them is relatively weak and also proving that SM is not the sole factor that influences changes of near‐surface temperature. The single‐column model demonstrates that an increase (decrease) in SM will result in cooler (warmer) T2 through the redistribution of surface heat flux, while changes in SM in the top soil layers have a stronger influence on T2 compared to those in deep soil layers. The duration of the atmospheric temperature inversion layer is also prolonged (reduced) with an increase (decrease) in SM. Impacts of SM on T2 vary with land use or vegetation fraction and also are more significant in warm months and the daytime than in cold months and nighttime. Moreover, large‐scale and local circulations have steady influences on T2 in different weather conditions.