bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Voluntary intake and digestibility of distillery products for dry sows
Authors: Edwards S A , Marconnet C , Taylor A G , Cadenhead A 
Published: June 2019

Distillery products which are high in fibre have traditionally been fed only to ruminants, but might provide a cost effective feed for dry sows. If such bulky materials could be fed ad libitum, animal welfare might be enhanced by prolonging feeding time and providing the sows with a greater feeling of satiety in comparison with concentrate diets. To investigate such possibilities, voluntary intake and digestibility were determined with dry sows for three distillery products:The three distillery products investigated were:1) malt draff (MD), the barley residue remaining after starch extraction2) maize curne gold (CG), evaporated spent wash plus maize cereal residue3) wheat supergrains (SG), centrifuged spent wash plus wheat residueEach material was offered ad libitum to three pens of 6 dry sows, initially in conjunction with 0.5 kg/sow/day of a balancer meal. The balancer meal contained barley (890 kg/t), limestone (100 kg/t) and a vitamin/trace element supplement at 4 times the normal inclusion rate (10 kg/t). Sows were grouped according to service date and allocated to the experimental treatments in early pregnancy. They were housed in straw bedded pens with individual stalls for feeding of the supplement. Voluntary intake, liveweight and backfat change were monitored over a minimum period of 9 weeks. Sows which failed to maintain acceptable body condition on this regime were given additional ground barley as the experiment progressed.
Dominance hierarchies in sows and the consequence for liveweight gain in competitive and non-competitive feeding systems
Authors: Brouns F , MacMenemy F , Edwards S A 
Published: June 2019

In commercial situations dry sows are fed a relatively small amount of food once or twice a day. In group feeding systems this can cause a lot of aggression at feeding time and result in an unequal distribution of food between sows when dominant sows prevent subdominant sows from eating. Ad libitum feeding of a suitable diet may be one way to overcome these problems.Four groups of 12 multiparous sows were housed in deep straw pens (2.9 m2/sow). They were allocated to one of two feeding treatments involving high or low competition for food. Groups on the high competition (HC) treatment were floor-fed once a day 3.0 kg/sow of a barley-soyabean meal diet in pelleted (8 mm) form. Groups on the low competition (LC) treatment received ad libitum a diet containing 60% unmolassed sugarbeet pulp from a 3-space hopper. The composition of the diets is shown in table 1.Groups were allocated to treatment after service. Feed intake was recorded regularly, liveweight and backfat thickness were measured every fortnight over a 10 week period.
Effects of unmolassed sugarbeet pulp on regulation of voluntary food intake in pigs
Authors: Brouns F , Edwards S A , English P R 
Published: June 2019

The large appetite of dry sows generally leads to an excessive nutrient intake when they are fed ad libitum. A previous experiment showed that only a diet with high levels (650g/kg) of unmolassed sugarbeet pulp (SBP) was able to reduce voluntary food intake (VFI) to an acceptable level when several high fibre diets were fed ad libitum to dry sows. This paper reports the results of 2 experiments designed to investigate which parameters affect VFI of diets containing high levels of SBP.In the first experiment, 4 diets with increasing levels of SBP (400, 500, 580, and 650 g/kg; diet 40, 50, 58, and 65 resp.) were formulated by substituting SBP for barley, giving a similar crude protein concentration, but allowing the DE to decrease with increasing SBP level. To a fifth diet (diet oil) containing 650 g/kg SBP extra vegetable oil was added to increase the DE to the same level as in diet 40. The diets were fed ad libitum to 40 sows, 8 sows on each diet, during a 3 week period in late gestation.
The effect of different additives on proteolysis during ensilage of ryegrass
Authors: Williams A P , Merry R J , Tweed J K S , Leemans D K 
Published: June 2019

Proteolysis during ensilage results in a reduction in the nutritive value of the crop due to the degradation of protein to peptides, amino acids and ammonia. Williams et al. (1990) characterised these nitrogenous constituents in ryegrass silages prepared with no additive or with formic acid or an enzyme additive. Although all the silages appeared well fermented neither of the additives reduced proteolysis. The present study was designed to follow changes in the microbiological as well as the chemical composition of ryegrass silages made without or with a wider range of additives thought likely to reduce proteolysis and to control it in different ways.Perennial ryegrass was ensiled in laboratory silos (1 kg fresh matter), either untreated (U) or treated with formic acid (F) (ADD-F, BP Chemicals, UK; 3.3 1/tonne), aliphatic carboxylic acids (A) (Maxgrass, BP Chemicals, UK; 6.0 1/tonne), 1.75M Na diethyl dithiocarbamate (D) (BDH, UK; 6.0 1/tonne) or an inoculant (I) (Live System, Genus Animal Health, UK; 3.01/tonne at 106 Lactobacillus plantarum cells/g fresh matter (FM). Triplicate silos for each treatment were opened after storage for periods of 1, 2, 4, 14, 60 and 90d.
An evaluation of the concentrate sparing effect of four silage additives
Authors: Mayne C S 
Published: June 2019

Recent research at this Institute has shown marked improvements in animal performance following the use of bacterial inoculants as silage additives (Gordon, 1989 and Mayne, 1990). Other studies with additives based on antimicrobial carboxylic salts (Maxgrass - BP Chemicals) have also shown large improvements in animal performance relative to untreated silage (Chamberlain et al, 1990). However with constraints on milk output in the form of milk quotas, it is important to investigate the potential “concentrate sparing” effect of these differing silage additives, whilst producing a constant yield of milk constituents.Five silages with a range of fermentation characteristics were produced by ensiling first regrowth herbage either untreated (C) or treated with four differing silage additives including: an inoculant of lactic acid bacteria (I); an inoculant of lactic acid bacteria plus enzymes (I+E); formic acid applied at 2.54 litres/t grass (FA) and antimicrobial carboxylic acids applied at 5.95 litres/t grass (CA).
The effect of silage additive and concentrate supplementation on lamb silage intake and performance
Authors: Flores G. , Cropper M.R. , Arraez A.G. 
Published: June 2019

Silage has substituted hay as the major conserved herbage in Galicia due to the well-known nutritional benefits of the former. However, the heavy spring rainfall has caused widespread problems in silage conservation quality. Consequently, silage additives are used increasingly and the benefits of formic acid under difficult ensiling conditions have been recognised. Recently, biological fermentation enhancers have become available but there is little knowledge of their usefulness under local conditions. Moreover, since silage is not generally used in sheep production systems in Galicia, an experiment was designed with the twin objective of determining the effectiveness of two silage additives whilst testing the suitability of silage for the finishing of spring-born lambs during the dry summer.Using a double-chop silage harvester with additive applicator, three 15-tonne clamp silages were made from a predominantly ryegrass permanent pasture on 25 April 1991 during persistent rainfall (c.6.5 litres/m2/day) . Silage C (control) had no additive; silage F received 3.2 litres of 85% formic acid/tonne fresh herbage (FH); and silage B had l0g Sil-Add/t FH (Alltech Inc.). Sil-Add consists of lactic acid producing bacteria, an enzyme complex and an anticlostridial factor.
Effect of flat bate feeding in late pregnancy on colostrum and lamb production of prolific ewes
Authors: Pattinson S.E. , Davies D.A.R. , Winter A.C. 
Published: June 2019

In the final 2 weeks of pregnancy there is a large increase in the protein requirement of the ewe for udder growth and colostrum production (Robinson, 1985). Ewe dry matter (DM) intakes fall during late pregnancy (Forbes, 1970) so meeting the theoretical requirements at this stage can be difficult.The trial was designed to compare the effect of providing the required protein on a flat-rate or a ‘step-up’ feeding system on lamb and colostrum production.Sixty-two Cambridge ewes aged 1 to 9 years and scanned as carrying 2 to 6 lambs were used. Ewes were housed and sheared approximately 2 months pre-partum and fed a complete diet at a restricted level and hay ad libitum until the commencement of the trial at 4 weeks pre-partum.
An evaluation of pure-bred and cross-bred dairy ewes in a commercial sheep milking operation
Authors: Brown N J , English P R , Roden J A , Burgess G 
Published: June 2019

Sheep milk and its products are regaining popularity with approximately 15,000 sheep currently being milked in the UK.	Extreme dairy type ewes such as the Friesland are expensive compared to commercial genotypes and the crossing of dairy type sires with commercial ewes to produce cross-bred daughters for milking offers an alternative route of entry into milking sheep. An investigation was carried out on a commercial unit in Aberdeenshire milking around 150 ewes to assess the relative suitability and performance of pure-bred and cross-bred dairy ewes under commercial conditions.The study involved first lactation ewes, 5 Friesland x Scotch Halfbreds being compared with 5 pure-bred Frieslands. The ewes lambed at 15 months of age between 20 and 27 May and the ewes were grazed on ryegrass/white clover swards. Ewes nursed their lambs for four weeks after lambing and machine milking started on day 29 of lactation. Milk yield was recorded weekly while milk fat and protein were measured at two weekly intervals.
Effect of breed on lipid metabolism in growing-fattening bulls 2. fatty acid composition in the carcasses
Authors: Clinquart A. , Van Eenaeme C. , Istasse L. , Korsak N. , Baldwin P. , Bienfait J.M. 
Published: June 2019

The incidence of human coronary heart disease has been correlated with the serum cholesterol level and a high consumption of saturated fat. Furthermore the cholesterol level can be raised by shorter chain fatty acids (Rose, 1990). It was therefore interesting to compare breeds extreme in terms of fatness. The adipose tissue proportion of the Belgian Blue double muscled type (BBDM) is low while that in Holstein is high, the Belgian Blue dual purpose (BBDP) type being intermediate. The present experiment was designed to investigate how large difference in degree of fatness can be associated with differences in fatty acid composition.Four bulls of the 3 breeds were used in a fattening trial. Their initial weight was 340 kg. Biopsy samples were taken from the Longitimus Dorsi (LD) at weeks 5 and 16 of the fattening period. They were slaughtered after 145 days. The 7-8-9 ribs and perirenal fat (PR) were removed at slaughter. Intramuscular (M) and intermuscular (IM) fats of the LD were obtained after dissection of the 7-8-9 ribs.
A new genetic evaluation system for pedigree beef cattle in great britain
Authors: Bryan J.G.E. , Wray N.R. , Crump R. , Nicholson D.G. , Thompson R. 
Published: June 2019

The need to speed up the rate of genetic progress in beef cattle, particularly in economically significant traits such as growth and carcase merit has always been recognised by the Meat and Livestock Commission. This is achieved through the Beefbreeder Pedigree Recording Service which records over 1,000 pedigree herds in Great Britain. Traditionally, analysis of performance records from pedigree herds has been carried out using within herd contemporary comparisons.Average pedigree beef herd size in Great Britain is typically less than 20 cows which limits accuracy and scope for genetic improvement when making within herd selection decisions.
Effect of hay cell-wall characteristics on its rumen retention time in sheep
Authors: Carro M.D. , Lopez S. , Gonzalez J.S. , Ovejero F.J. 
Published: June 2019

The utilization of forage for ruminants is associated with prolonged retention times within the digestive tract, especially when they are consumed at low levels of intake. The nutritive value of forage is influenced by both the rate at which it is degraded in the rumen and the rate of its physical removal from the rumen. These two parameters are associated with the cell wall constituents of the forage, since its cell content is rapidly fermented in the rumen and hence does not occupy space for a long.The purpose of the present expedients was to establish the relationships between the cell wall chacacterisitcs (composition and rumen degradation) of some hays and its retention time in the rumen.
Purine derivatives excretion and urinary nitrogen losses as influenced by the source of dietary carbohydrates supplementation
Authors: Balcells J. , Fondevila M. , Guada J.A. , Carriedo J. A. 
Published: June 2019

Utilization of low quality roughages is limited fundamentally by the low energy cont and low DM intake when fed to the ruminant animal. Supplementation with concentrates can al improved energy supply although their inclusion can lead to a negative effect upon rough intake and ruminal cellulolitic activity. Urinary excretion of purine derivatives, urea and may constitute a suitable index to detect possible effects on rumen fermentation.The objective of this study was to determine the effect of changes in rumen fermentat: upon urinary excretion of these compounds induced by dietary supplementation of straw v differents sources of carbohydrates.Twelve Rasa Aragonesa ewes (44±0.45 Kg) were fed “ad libitum” with urea-supplemer barley straw and allocated at random to 3 groups of 4 animals. Each group was supplemented barley grain, sugar beet pulp and grass hay, respectively, at 4 levels of supplementation (: 300, 450 and 600 g/d) in a 4 x 4 latin square design. Each 42-d experimental period compr: 35 days of adjustment period followed by a 7 days measurement period.
The effect of supplementing ammonia-treated straw with sugar beet pulp or barley on rumen kinetics and microbial protein production
Authors: Abdulrazak S. A. , Chen X. B. , Ørskov E. R. 
Published: June 2019

Data reported in the literature indicate that the efficiency of microbial protein production to ruminants vary considerably, i.e. 14-49 g microbial N/kg digestible organic matter apparently fermented in the rumen (ARC, 1984). This variation could be due to the effects of several factors, e.g. different types of feeds, rumen digesta outflow rate. The present experiment was conducted to examine whether there were differences between types of carbohydrate feedstuffs, e.g. ammonia-treated straw, barley and sugar beet pulp, as energy sources for the synthesis of microbial protein in sheep.Four Blackface x Suffolk wethers (body weight 39-42 kg) fitted with a rumen cannula were used. The animals were housed in metabolic cages and were offered 800 g/day of ammonia-treated straw (control) with or without supplementation with sugar beet pulp or barley at 20%, and 40% on fresh weight basis (SBP20, SBP40, B20 and B40 respectively). A 4 x 5 latin square design was used. The control diet also contained 20 g urea, 20 g casein, 3.4 g Na2SO4 and 10 g mineral & vitamin mixture per kg DM. Its N and ash contents were 25.6 and 74.1 g/kg DM respectively.
The use of near infra-red reflectance spectroscopy (nirs) for the evaluation of forages. The application to undried silage
Authors: Baker C W , Givens D I 
Published: June 2019

NIRS is now a familiar tool in the assessment of forage and feedingstuff quality. Recently NIRS has been applied to the direct prediction of in vivo organic matter digestibility (OMD) of grass silages (Barber et al 1990) and cereal straws (Givens et al 1991).The Agricultural Development and Advisory Service (ADAS) has been using NIRS to predict the in vivo OMD of oven dried silages on a routine basis since 1989, and it has proved to be reliable, accurate and rapid. In addition to OMD, crude protein (CP), and neutral detergent fibre (NDF), are routinely predicted by NIRS, leaving pH, ammonia, dry matter and ash still to be determined by wet chemistry methods.
The Effect of dietary fibre on the meat eating and fat quality of finishing pigs fed ad libitum
Authors: Gill B P , Hardy B. , Perrott J. G. , Wood J. D. , Hamilton M. 
Published: June 2019

Microbial activity in the gut of pigs may influence meat eating quality through the fermentation of dietary substrates to intermediate and end products which can be absorbed and concentrated in tissue. In turn, it may thus be possible to modify the eating quality of pig meat by dietary manipulation of gut microbial activity. This can be achieved by using feed ingredients with high levels of fibre (non-starch polysaccharides NSP). The response may differ depending on NSP composition, its effects on microbial activity and the concentration of substrates which are fermented to compounds having either negative or positive effects on meat quality. For example, Lundstrom et al. (1988) were able to formulate a high-fibre diet which increased fat skatole concentrations and associated undesirable flavours in meat from boars. On the other hand Longland et al. (1991) found that the overall acceptability of meat from growing pigs was enhanced by feeding up to 300 g/kg of dried sugar beet pulp (SBP), which is a rich source of readily fermentable NSP.The aim of this study was to compare effects on meat eating and fat quality from growing pigs fed SBP (unmolassed) and oatfeed (OF), a cereal by-product high in insoluble NSP which is less readily degraded.
The Influence of Early Life Environment on Personality Development and Reproduction in Multiparous sows
Authors: Varley M A , Stedman R C 
Published: June 2019

Personality or emotionality development in animals is influenced profoundly by experiences and stimuli in the early stages of growth. Previous work at Leeds University (Stedman and Varley, 1990) has shown that there are large variations in the personality characteristics of multiparous sows and these are stable and repeatable over time. The work also showed that personality traits may account for a significant proportion (17.8 %) in the overall variations in prolificacy in the pig.The effect of different environments on individual animals may have its foundation in the perception of stress by each individual. What may be tolerable for one animal may not be so for another. Stress is a notoriously difficult concept to evaluate in terms of its effects on animals and on the production of animal products. The components of a high stress system will include; very high stocking densities, repeated new social grouping, barren environments, poor thermoregulation and human-animal interactions which cause either physical or psychological trauma to the animals. Reproductive processes are particularly affected by stress and some of the manifestations of this are: reduced litter size, failure to show oestrus, poor conception rates and sporadic puberty attainment.
Long-term influence of feeding regime and housing on development of stereotypies in sows
Authors: Lawrence Alistair B. , Claudia Teriouw E. M. , Neilsen Birte L 
Published: June 2019

Previous work has shown that feeding regime and not physical restraint is a major cause in the development of stereotypies in closely confined sows, (Teriouw et al, 1991). However, this and a previous report on the relationship between feeding regime and stereotypies in sows (Appleby and Lawrence, 1987) have only studied gilts in their first pregnancy. The objective of this present work was to examine longer-term effects of feeding regime and housing on the development of stereotypies in sows.Thirty-two sows (Cotswold Pig Development Co. Ltd, UK) were allocated to either loose (Lo) or tether (Te) housing and to Low (L; 2.5 kg/day) or high (H; 4.0 kg/day) food levels in a balanced design. Apart from social contact and freedom of movement the housing systems were similar including the provision of chains to the loose housed animals. The behavioural response to these treatments was observed over parities 2,3 and 4 using a time sampling technique, and the data analysed by analysis of variance and linear correlation.
Consumer panel assessment of eating quality of lamb from the progeny of Suffolk sires with high or low indices for leanness
Authors: Lewis R M , Simm G , Murphy S V , Browm H E , Warkup C C 
Published: June 2019

With links between saturated fat in the diet and health, consumers are increasingly favouring leaner meats. Increases in carcass lean weight and lean percentage can be achieved within breeds through selection. Yet fat may enhance post-slaughter processing and cooking of red meat and thus reductions in fat depots could detract from eating quality.In the UK, selection decisions within terminal sire flocks are increasingly being based on a combination of liveweight and ultrasonic measures of fat and muscle depth. The underlying goal in these programmes is to increase the daily rate of lean tissue growth. In most pedigree flocks in terminal sire breeds ram lambs are reared on a high plane of nutrition. Yet most lambs in the UK are reared in extensive production systems. Thus it is important to know whether differences in performance of rams reared under feeding practices typical in pedigree flocks translate into detectable differences among their crossbred progeny in carcass composition and eating quality characteristics under grass finishing. In this study, the objective was to evaluate whether consumers could detect differences in the appearance and eating quality in shoulder joints from extensively reared crossbred lambs sired by Suffolk rams, with high or low lean growth index scores.
Milk nitrogen fractions in holstein-friesian cows as affected by amount and protein concentration of the concentrates
Authors: Sutton J.D , Beever D.E , Aston K. , Daley S.R. 
Published: June 2019

Recent experiments have shown consistent improvements in grass silage intake and milk yield by cows in response to increasing concentrations of crude protein (CP) in the concentrates. Such results have led to recommendations that a strategy for winter feeding of dairy cows should be based on relatively small amounts of high-protein concentrates with grass silage ad libitum. There is, however, little information about the possible effects of such a strategy on milk nitrogen fractions. The purpose of this experiment was to examine the effects of two approaches to increasing the CP concentration of the concentrates on milk yield and composition, particularly nitrogen fractions.From calving, 44 muciparous Holstein-Friesian cows were given 3 weeks on a standard diet and then were allocated to one of five concentrate treatments with grass silage ad libitum from weeks 4 to 18 of lactation. Concentrates were formulated to contain 200, 300, 400 or 600g CP/kg DM (Table 1). The silage contained 312g DM/kg and, per kg DM, 483g neutral detergent fibre, 286g acid detergent fibre, 168g CP, 16lg lactic acid, 14g acetic acid and l.lg butyric acid. Ammonia-N was 69g/kg total N and pH was 3.9.