bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Practice Patterns of Pneumocystis Pneumonia Prophylaxis in Connective Tissue Diseases: A Survey of Infectious Disease Physicians
Authors: Wolfe Rachel M , Beekmann Susan E , Polgreen Philip M , Winthrop Kevin L , Peacock James E 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Background
Immunosuppressive therapy for connective tissue diseases (CTDs) increases risk for opportunistic infections including Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP). High mortality rates are reported in CTD patients with PCP, which suggests a potential need for prophylaxis, but indications remain poorly defined. Wide variations in the use of PCP prophylaxis among rheumatologists have been documented. This study evaluated PCP prophylaxis patterns for CTD patients among infectious disease (ID) physicians.

Methods
An electronic survey was emailed to 1264 adult ID physicians who are members of the Infectious Diseases Society of America Emerging Infections Network.

Results
Six hundred thirty-one physicians responded to the survey. Respondents to the survey were more likely to work in academics (P = .02) and be early (&lt;5 years) or late (≥25 years) in their careers (P = .0002). Forty-three percent (n = 269) made no recommendations for PCP prophylaxis in non-HIV patients. Of the 362 respondents who did make such recommendations, the greatest consensus for disease-based prophylaxis was for granulomatosis with polyangiitis (53%). For therapy-based prophylaxis, corticosteroids ≥20 mg/d was the most frequently cited indication (87%). Surrogate laboratory markers to aid in decisions about prophylaxis were not routinely used (21%). Although the majority recommended discontinuation of PCP prophylaxis with tapering of corticosteroids (65%), there was variability in the specific dose. Eighty-nine percent of respondents felt that guidelines about PCP prophylaxis would be helpful.

Conclusions
There is little consensus about PCP prophylaxis in CTDs among ID physicians. Guidelines for PCP prophylaxis would be helpful when caring for these complex patients.
Risk Factors for Asymptomatic Enteric Pathogen Detection Among Men Who Have Sex With Men
Authors: Williamson Deborah A , Chow Eric P F , Lee Darren , Maddaford Kate , Sait Michelle , Easton Marion , Ingle Danielle , Wigan Rebecca , De Petra Vesna , Howden Benjamin P , Fairley Christopher K , Chen Marcus Y 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Improved knowledge of factors that promote outbreaks of enteric pathogens among men who have sex with men (MSM) could enable targeted public health interventions. We detected enteric pathogens in 57 of 519 (11%) asymptomatic MSM, and we found that enteric pathogen detection was associated with both oroanal sex (rimming) and group sex.
Sickle cell disease in anaemic children in a Sierra Leonean district hospital: a case series
Authors: Italia Maria B , Kirolos Sandy 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is the most common inherited haemoglobinopathy wordwide, with the highest prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa. Due to the lack of national strategies and scarcity of diagnostic tools in resource-limited settings, the disease may be significantly underdiagnosed. We carried out a 6-month retrospective review of paediatric admissions in a district hospital in northern Sierra Leone. Our aim was to identify patients with severe anaemia, defined as Hb &lt; 7 g/dl, and further analyse the records of those tested for SCD. Of the 273 patients identified, only 24.5% had had an Emmel test, among which 34.3% were positive. Furthermore, only 17% of patients with a positive Emmel test were discharged on prophylactic antibiotics. Our study shows that increased awareness of SCD symptoms is required in high-burden areas without established screening programmes. In addition, the creation or strengthening of follow-up programmes for SCD patients is essential for disease control.
Microsurgical Resection of Lung Carcinoma Spinal Cord Metastasis: 2-Dimensional Operative Video
Authors: Pojskić Mirza , Arnautović Kenan I 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This video demonstrates microsurgical resection of intramedullary spinal cord metastasis of lung adenocarcinoma. Lung cancer is the predominant cause of rare metastatic intramedullary involvement of the spinal cord.
1-4
Because of severe disabilities, these tumors should be considered for treatment with the goal of complete removal to preserve neurological functioning.
5-9

Surgical resection improves symptoms, preserves ambulatory status, and increases survival time twice that of nonsurgical treatments.
3,8,10
Surgery can be effective in arresting neurological decline.
11,12
To our knowledge, this is the first video report of an intramedullary spinal cord metastasis resection.
A 69-yr-old male with history of lung cancer presented with acute onset left arm abduction, forearm flexion, and hand weakness (3/5) and gait disturbance. Cervical spine MRI revealed C4/C5 nonhomogenously enhancing intramedullary tumor measuring 22 × 10 × 7 mm. Sagittal T2-weighted image demonstrated extensive cord edema.
The C4 and C5 laminectomies were performed. Microsurgical techniques were employed.
13-15

Metastasis involved the left lateral aspect of the cord with invasion of 2 left dorsal sensory nerve roots, which were resected. Further transection of the dentate ligament relaxed the spinal cord, enabling safer tumor resection. Pial dissection using bipolar forceps, microscissors, and microdissector enabled tumor delivery. Following resection, dural closure was reinforced with previously harvested fat tissue graft to prevent CSF leak.
16

Postoperative MRI revealed complete macroscopic resection with improvement of spinal cord swelling. Patient improved his gate and his left arm motor strength was stable. Subsequently, patient received focal adjuvant radiotherapy.
Written consent was obtained directly from the patient.
Effects of increasing copper from either copper sulfate or combinations of copper sulfate and a copper–amino acid complex on finishing pig growth performance and carcass characteristics1,2
Authors: Carpenter Corey B , Woodworth Jason C , Derouchey Joel M , Tokach Mike D , Goodband Robert D , Dritz Steve S , Wu Fangzhou , Rambo Zachary J 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
A total of 1,089 pigs (PIC 280 × 1050; initially 37.3 ± 2.8 kg) were used to determine the effects of increasing Cu provided from either CuSO4 alone or a 50:50 blend of CuSO4 and a Copper–amino acid complex (Cu-AA) on growth performance and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs. Pens of pigs were blocked by body weight; within blocks, pens were randomly allotted to one of six dietary treatments. The six dietary treatments consisted of a control diet which contained 17 mg/kg Cu from CuSO4 from the trace mineral premix, or the control diet with either added CuSO4 to provide 70 and 130 mg/kg total Cu or a 50:50 blend of Cu from CuSO4 and Cu-AA (CuSO4/Cu-AA blend) to provide 70, 100, and 130 mg/kg total Cu. Experimental diets were corn–soybean meal-dried distillers grains with solubles-based and fed in meal form in five phases (approximately 37 to 46, 46 to 63, 63 to 77, 77 to 103, and 103 to 129 kg body weight). From d 0 to 43, neither Cu source nor level influenced growth performance. From d 43 to 105, average daily feed intake (ADFI) decreased (P = 0.037) for pigs fed the CuSO4/Cu-AA blend compared to those fed added Cu from CuSO4 alone. Gain:feed ratio (G:F) tended to be improved (linear, P = 0.056) as Cu concentration increased. Overall, d 0 to 105, neither Cu level nor source influenced average daily gain (ADG). Pigs fed 70 or 130 mg/kg total added Cu from the CuSO4/Cu-AA blend had lower (P = 0.045) ADFI but G:F tended to be improved (P = 0.051) compared with those fed the same amount of total Cu from only CuSO4. Owing to the decreased ADFI and improved G:F of pigs fed the CuSO4/Cu-AA blend, carcass G:F also improved (P = 0.033) compared with those fed added Cu from CuSO4 alone. In conclusion, providing a 50:50 blend of CuSO4 and Cu-AA improved G:F on both a live and carcass weight basis compared to CuSO4 alone with no differences in ADG or carcass ADG observed.
Determining the influence of chromium propionate and Yucca schidigera on growth performance and carcass composition of pigs housed in a commercial environment1
Authors: Gebhardt Jordan T , Woodworth Jason C , Tokach Mike D , Derouchey Joel M , Goodband Robert D , Loughmiller Joe A , de Souza Ana L P , Rincker Mike J , Dritz Steve S 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of feeding chromium propionate (Cr; Kemin Industries, Inc., Des Moines, IA) and a Yucca schidigera-based extract (YS; Distributors Processing, Inc., Porterville, CA) on growth performance of finishing pigs housed in commercial conditions. In experiment 1, a total of 1,188 pigs (PIC 337 × 1050; initially 27.3 ± 0.48 kg body weight [BW]) with 27 pigs per pen and 11 pens per treatment were split by sex upon arrival at the facility and were randomly allotted to groups of four pens blocked by BW. Diets were corn–soybean meal-dried distillers grains with solubles-based and were fed in five phases. Treatments were arranged as a 2 × 2 factorial with main effects of Cr (0 vs. 200 µg/kg) or YS (0 vs. 62.5 mg/kg YS-based feed grade concentrate). Overall, adding Cr alone increased (P = 0.049) average daily feed intake (ADFI), and inclusion of YS resulted in a marginally significant increase (P = 0.077) in ADFI. Backfat depth was increased (P = 0.043) and lean percentage was decreased (P = 0.011) with added Cr. In experiment 2, a total of 2,430 pigs (PIC 359 × 1050; initially 29.3 ± 0.43 kg BW) were placed in balanced mixed-sex pens with 27 pigs per pen, blocked by average pen BW, and randomly assigned to one of six dietary treatments with 14 pens per treatment. Diets were corn–soybean meal-based and were formulated in five dietary phases. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial with main effects of Cr (0 vs. 200 µg/kg added Cr), and YS extract (0, 62.5, or 125 mg/kg YS-based feed grade concentrate). Overall, a marginally significant (linear, P = 0.072) Cr × YS interaction was observed for average daily gain (ADG) where there was insufficient evidence of a difference with increasing YS in diets not including added Cr (P ≥ 0.109); however, ADG increased (quadratic, P = 0.026) with YS addition in treatments fed 200 µg/kg added Cr. For overall ADFI, a marginally significant (linear, P = 0.071) Cr × YS interaction was observed where YS increased ADFI with 200 µg/kg added Cr (linear, P = 0.031), however, did not when diets contained no added Cr (P = 0.700). A marginally significant reduction in gain:feed ratio was observed when 62.5 mg/kg YS was included (quadratic, P = 0.053), and final BW and hot carcass weight were lowest with 62.5 mg/kg YS (quadratic, P = 0.012). In summary, adding Cr propionate along with YS led to modest changes in performance with the greatest benefit observed with 200 µg/kg Cr and 125 mg/kg YS-based feed grade concentrate.
13Poetics
Authors: Grace Stephen 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This review is divided into three sections. The first, ‘Poet-Critics and Criticizing Poets’, considers the accounts of poetry traced in Robert Hass’s A Little Book on Form: An Exploration of the Formal Imagination of Poetry and Don Paterson’s The Poem: Lyric, Sign, Metre. The second section, ‘(Dis)embodied Sound’, examines the different ways that Peter Robinson and Angela Leighton (themselves both prominent critics and poets) approach sound in poetry in The Sound-Sense of Poetry and Hearing Things: The Work of Sound in Literature, while the third section, ‘Hybrids and Remnants’, explores the eccentric, hybrid forms of prose poetry and ecopoetics, as described in Jane Monson’s essay collection British Prose Poetry: The Poems Without Lines and Margaret Ronda’s monograph Remainders: American Poetry at Nature’s End.
Declining Mortality of Cirrhotic Variceal Bleeding Requiring Admission to Intensive Care: A Binational Cohort Study*
Authors: Majeed Ammar , Majumdar Avik , Bailey Michael , Kemp William , Bellomo Rinaldo , Pilcher David , Roberts Stuart K. 
Published: July 2019

Objectives:
We aimed to describe changes over time in admissions and outcomes, including length of stay, discharge destinations, and mortality of cirrhotic patients admitted to the ICU for variceal bleeding, and to compare it to the outcomes of those with other causes of ICU admissions.

Design:
Retrospective analysis of data captured prospectively in the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society Centre for Outcome and Resource Evaluation Adult Patient Database.

Settings:
One hundred eighty-three ICUs in Australia and New Zealand.

Patients:
Consecutive admissions to these ICUs for upper gastrointestinal bleeding related to varices in patients with cirrhosis between January 1, 2005, and December 31, 2016.

Interventions:
None.

Measurements and Main Results:
ICU admissions for variceal bleeding in cirrhotic patients accounted for 4,003 (0.6%) of all 720,425 nonelective ICU admissions. The proportion of ICU admissions for variceal bleeding fell significantly from 0.8% (83/42,567) in 2005 to 0.4% (53/80,388) in 2016 (p < 0.001). Hospital mortality rate was significantly higher within admissions for variceal bleeding compared with nonelective ICU admissions (20.0% vs 15.7%; p < 0.0001), but decreased significantly over time, from 24.6% in 2005 to 15.8% in 2016 (annual decline odds ratio, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.90–0.96). There was no difference in the reduction in mortality from variceal bleeding over time between liver transplant and nontransplant centers (p = 0.26).

Conclusions:
Admission rate to ICU and mortality of cirrhotic patients with variceal bleeding has declined significantly over time compared with other causes of ICU admissions with the outcomes comparable between liver transplant and nontransplant centers.
Current role of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors: which poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor and when?
Authors: Vanacker Hélène , Romeo Clémence , Ray-Coquard Isabelle 
Published: July 2019

Purpose of review
In the past few years, the advent of PARP inhibitors has been a revolution in the management of ovarian cancer. Patients harboring somatic or germ line BRCA1/2 mutations exhibit different clinical and treatment response behavior. The BRCA gene is involved in repairing DNA repair via homologous recombination, and mutation of this gene leads to homologous recombination deficiency (HRD).

Recent findings
HRD constitutes a therapeutic opportunity for these patients, thanks to the development of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) in the late 2000s. Indeed, using PARPi in patients with HRD simultaneously compromises two mechanisms of DNA repair, resulting in synthetic lethality.

Summary
This breakthrough in clinical practice has raised remaining questions: which population will most benefit from PARPi? Are all ovarian cancers susceptible to synthetic lethal strategy? At which stage of ovarian cancer should PARPi be used? Is earlier always better? Are PARPi all equivalent? Which strategies are reasonable to overcome PARPi resistance? Which combination strategies should be efficient?
Selective oestrogen receptor degraders in breast cancer: a review and perspectives
Authors: Gombos Andrea 
Published: July 2019

Purpose of review
Estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer accounts for 70% of all breast cancers. Sequential endocrine treatment in monotherapy or in combination with CDK 4/6 or m-TOR inhibitors is the mainstay of recommended treatment options in the management of metastatic breast cancer even in the presence of visceral metastasis. There is an emerging need to address endocrine resistance, which despite highly efficacious treatment combinations still can develop.

Recent findings
One of the mechanisms of endocrine resistance is molecular alteration of the oestrogen receptor itself, such as ESR1 mutations affecting the ligand-binding domain. These mutations emerge under the selective pressure of aromatase inhibitors. The efficacy of selective oestrogen receptor degraders (SERDs) might not be affected by the presence of molecular alterations of oestrogen receptor. Fulvestrant is the only SERD used in current clinical practice. Numerous novel, nonsteroidal orally available SERDs are currently in clinical development. Efficacious oestrogen receptor target engagement and promising clinical activity was shown in early phase clinical trials.

Summary
Therefore, a new class of orally available nonsteroidal SERDs gains high interest in tackling endocrine resistance in oestrogen receptor-positive (ER+) advanced breast cancer. Clinical efficacy needs to be confirmed in larger patient populations.
Seronegative West Nile Virus in a Patient With Stage 4 Follicular Cell Lymphoma
Authors: Sterrett Yamini , Katikineni Veena , Nayak Rahul , Piechowiak Mary , Delman Mark 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is an arbovirus, which is transmitted by mosquitoes. Transmission peaks in the late summer and early fall. In 2018, Virginia had 47 total cases of WNV, 37 of which were neuroinvasive with 7 reported deaths. Risk factors for neuroinvasive WNV include advanced age, history of organ transplantation, and hematologic malignancy especially those actively undergoing chemotherapy. Here we discuss a case of a patient with stage 4 follicular cell lymphoma with recent chemotherapy and radiation therapy, who was found to have severe neuroinvasive seronegative WNV encephalitis with flaccid paralysis.
Characteristics and Outcomes of Pediatric Vestibular Schwannomas
Authors: Janz Tyler A. , Camilon Philip Ryan , Cheung Anthony Y. , Nguyen Shaun A. , Meyer Ted A. , McRackan Theodore R. , Lambert Paul R. 
Published: July 2019

Objective:
To review the demographics, treatment modalities, and survival of children with vestibular schwannomas.

Study Design:
Analysis using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database.

Subjects and Methods:
Pediatric patients from birth to 18 years in the SEER database were included from 2004 to 2014 based on a diagnosis of vestibular schwannoma using the primary site International Classification of Diseases (ICD) O-3 code of C72.4: acoustic nerve and the ICD O-3 histology codes of 9540/1: neurofibromatosis, Not Otherwise Specified (NOS); 9560/0: neurilemoma, NOS; or 9570/0: neuroma, NOS.

Results:
One hundred forty-eight pediatric vestibular schwannomas (VSs) cases were identified. The mean age at diagnosis was 13.9 years (range, 4.0–18.0). Eighty-five (57.4%) patients were women. Seventy-seven (52.0%) patients had isolated unilateral VSs while 71 (48.0%) patients had either bilateral VSs or unilateral VSs with other brain, spinal cord, or cranial nerve tumors. Eighty two (55.4%) patients received surgical resection only, 45 (30.4%) received no treatment, 6 (4.1%) received radiation only, and 12 (8.1%) received surgery and radiation. The median tumor size for patients who received no treatment was 9.5 mm (interquartile range [IQR]: 8.0) compared with 33.5 mm (IQR: 23.0) for patients who received surgical care and 41.0 mm (IQR: 1.5) for patients who received both surgery and radiation (p < 0.001). The 5-year overall survival rate was 97%.

Conclusion:
Pediatric VSs tend to be diagnosed in adolescence. No men or women predominance was appreciated. Treatment varied according to tumor size. Survival rates for children with vestibular schwannomas are excellent. These data may assist healthcare providers when counseling children with vestibular schwannomas and their families.
A comparison of the effects of electroacupuncture vs transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for pain control in knee osteoarthritis
Authors: Shi Xiaowei , Yu Wenjing , Wang Tong , Shu Qi , Wang Chunjiu , Yang Xue , Liu Changxin , Guo Changqing 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Background:
Knee osteoarthritis (KOA), the most common type of osteoarthritis, is a chronic degenerative joint disease accompanied by pain and functional limitation for the elderly. The 2 nonpharmacologic approaches, electroacupuncture (EA) and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), are considered beneficial in relieving KOA pain, however, the current conclusions are controversial. Furthermore, no direct or indirect meta-analyses between EA and TENS have been reported for the pain relief of KOA patients.

Methods:
PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane library, Web of Science, CNKI, VIP, Wan Fang will be systematically searched their inception to May 2018. Randomized controlled trials that compared the effect of EA and TENS on pain control in knee osteoarthritis will be included. The primary outcome was the knee pain levels, and secondary outcome was the comprehensive indicators. Risk of bias assessment of the included studies will be performed according to the Cochrane risk of bias tool. The pairwise and network meta-analysis will be performed by STATA 14.0 software.

Results:
This study is ongoing and will be submitted to a peer-reviewed journal for publication.

Conclusion:
This study will provide comprehensive evidence on the effects of EA and TENS for pain control in knee osteoarthritis.

PROSPERO registration number:
CRD42018091826.
Obesity in psoriatic arthritis
Authors: Queiro Rubén , Lorenzo Andrés , Tejón Patricia , Coto Pablo , Pardo Estefanía 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Obesity is a common cardiovascular risk factor in psoriatic disease. Although the prevalence of obesity is high, the factors associated with it in patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA) are poorly understood. We aimed to analyze the frequency and obesity-associated factors in a cohort of PsA.
This retrospective cross-sectional study included 290 consecutive patients with PsA according to CASPAR criteria. Three-hundred ten psoriatic patients without arthritis and 600 outpatients without inflammatory conditions were used as comparison populations. The factors associated with obesity were analyzed first using conditional logistic regression. The significant factors in this first model were introduced in a multivariate model using a backward step approach.
This series included 159 men (54.8%) and 131 women (45.2%), with an average age of 54 ± 12 years. Obesity was more common both in psoriasis (36.5% vs 22%, OR 2.1 [95%CI: 1.5–2.8), P < .01]) and PsA (27.6% vs 22%, OR 1.4 [95%CI: 1.0–1.9], P < .05) than in the non-inflammatory population. Obesity was more frequent in psoriasis (36.5%) than in PsA (27.6%), OR 1.5 95% CI: 1.1 to 2.1, P < .05. After correcting for age, sex, disease duration, and other confounders, independent associations with obesity (P < .05) were: PsA family history (OR 3.6, 95%CI: 1.1–12.4), evolution as axial disease (OR 4.4, 95%CI: 1.0–15.4), and dyslipidemia (OR 3.5, 95%CI: 1.5–8.6).
Obesity is common in psoriatic disease, but much more frequent among patients with cutaneous than joint disease. Patients who present with spondylitis during evolution are more prone to this comorbidity, and therefore, should be closely monitored to correct this eventuality in a timely manner.