bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Change or Continuity in Cultures?
Authors: Fishman Robert M. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter poses the large theoretical question of what generates cultural change or continuity, and provides examples of both patterns in the cases examined in the book. The large-scale program of commemorations of Portugal’s Carnation Revolution is treated in depth, taking it as an example of a mechanism providing for cultural continuity in that post-revolutionary polity. Obviously, revolution itself contributed earlier to cultural change in that case. In the Spanish case efforts to promote cultural change during the Zapatero years, in the 15-M movement, and more recently in contemporary politics are taken up. The analysis searches for mechanisms of cultural change but also offers observations on why it is typically difficult for efforts at cultural change to achieve success as broad as that to be found in revolutionary Portugal. Complex combinations of continuity and change are also taken up. Recent developments in both Spain and Portugal are examined.
Conclusions
Authors: Fishman Robert M. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This concluding chapter addresses the overall contribution of the book to our understanding of democracy in the contemporary world. The discussion reviews key arguments in the book and takes up possible objections along with alternative forms of explanation. The chapter also examines how generalizable the argument is, considering how national histories shape conceptions of democracy and forms of political conduct in other cases as well. The Greek case, the experience of Scandinavia, and post-revolutionary cases including the United States are also taken up. The chapter analyzes the contribution to theories of critical junctures and other historically minded approaches to explanation. The discussion also considers the importance of political inclusion and of the Portuguese pattern of “conversation” between protesters and power holders for democracy’s central aspirations, especially in pursuit of political equality. The significance of revolution, of protest movements, and of other mechanisms of social change is also taken up.
Urban Public HealthA Historical Perspective
Authors: Rodger Richard 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Historical perspectives on urban health focus mainly on the production of public health, on strategies and policies deployed by towns and cities that are authorized to act for the common good. This chapter gives a largely chronological perspective on public health developments, from medieval to early modern, and then to a consideration of the major shifts in public health that occurred in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Although in this chapter most attention is devoted to European trends, the colonization of the Americas, Africa, and Asia ensured networks of knowledge that were, by contemporary standards, quite quickly disseminated, though locally taken up at very variable rates. The historical study of public health is, therefore, an inherently worldwide one, with the important qualification that the pace of change and uptake of ideas was uneven.
Community-Based Participatory Research
Authors: Israel Barbara A. , Schulz Amy J. , Coombe Chris M. , Parker Edith A. , Reyes Angela G. , Rowe Zachary , Lichtenstein Richard L. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The study of urban populations must be grounded in the realities of local communities. Much as many insights of urban health are generalizable to the health of cities worldwide, local knowledge both can and is necessary to guide action that can improve the health of urban populations. Community-based participatory research is an approach to research that has a particular role in both the study of urban communities and in developing interventions and policies that can improve the health of these populations. This chapter discusses the principles and strategies of community-based participatory research and how their applications can guide the study and practice of urban health towards achieving health equity.
Caring as a Civic Service
Authors: Sullivan Michael J. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter argues that family immigration policies should be expanded to encompass caregiving duties performed by family members and fictive kin for dependents, including disabled and elderly adults. To make this case, it applies a public ethic of care to revalue caregiving services as socially necessary work and a civic duty that merits an earned pathway to citizenship for immigrants. A public ethic of care ensures that the polity’s most vulnerable members are continually cared for by their ongoing primary caregivers in their communities. It also provides a basis for recognizing the value of care work provided by immigrant caregivers. This chapter contends that immigrant caregivers of dependent citizens are providing a service to society that might otherwise have to be undertaken less attentively by the state at the taxpayers’ expense. For their services, those who care for dependents deserve a pathway to legalization and citizenship.
The Research Design
Authors: Makse Todd , Minkoff Scott , Sokhey Anand 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
In this chapter, we describe our overall research design and key methodological considerations. First, we discuss how classic community studies and subsequent works on social and contextual influence inspire our work. In thinking about how social spaces matter, we describe how we conceptualize neighborhoods, and how we operationalize distance to mirror people’s everyday experience of their residential space. Second, we introduce the three observational research sites: a sample of voting precincts from Franklin County, Ohio, and the cities of Upper Arlington, Ohio, and Broomfield, Colorado. Third, we describe the observational studies carried out between 2008 and 2014 across these sites and introduce key concepts from spatial analysis that maximize the usefulness of these data. Fourth, we describe the surveys fielded in these sites following the 2008 and 2012 elections and describe the techniques used to elicit information about individual survey respondents and their communities.
A New Perspective on Political Participation and Communication
Authors: Makse Todd , Minkoff Scott , Sokhey Anand 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
In this concluding chapter, we discuss some of the major takeaways of the book. We find that signs are an act of both communication and participation, and that the conventional wisdom that signs are primarily campaign tools is misguided. At the same time, displayers and non-displayers ascribe different meanings to signs, and the distinction between in-party and out-party signs is important in determining how signs spread throughout neighborhoods. In turn, once present, those signs can influence perceptions of social space and social interactions, especially in the most intimate social contexts. In addition, we discuss lessons learned with respect to spatial analysis and network analysis and their power, both individually, but especially jointly, to reinvigorate the community studies paradigm. We conclude by reflecting on the yard sign as a political symbol and considering how such symbols are especially powerful in an age of intensely salient and polarized partisan identities.
Turmoil, 1918–1924
Authors: Nielsen Philipp 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter describes the ways in which right-wing Jews, whether they described themselves as “royalist,” “nationally minded” (nationalgesinnt), or “conservative,” attempted to make sense of the political and social changes around them following Germany’s defeat in the First World War and amid revolution at home. None of them were mere bystanders but active participants in their environment. The extent to which they could remain integrated into the Right in the years between 1918/1919 and 1924, on what terms, and in which parts of it, reflects the wider development of social and political circles they moved in, and thus the development of the wider Right, in the first five years of the Weimar Republic. It traces the rise of new concepts of belonging, namely the community of the trenches and the people’s community.
Acquiring Knowledge through Companionship (Ṣuḥba)
Authors: Nakissa Aria 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter combines ethnography and textual analysis to examine the traditional Islamic pedagogy of companionship. In companionship, a student learns from a teacher by entering into a long-term personal relationship with him and sharing in his everyday affairs. The chapter discusses companionship as a pedagogy favored by Traditionalist scholars. It clarifies how companionship involves learning through observation, and learning through practice, as well as a certain regime of punishment. The chapter’s account of companionship draws on insights from hermeneutic theory and practice theory. Topics covered include companionship among later scholars and between sons and fathers, the structure of companionship, companionship and learning through observation, direct witnessing and baraka, companionship and learning through practice, and punishment in companionship.
“Ridiculousness and Risibility”
Authors: Lawee Eric 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The religiocultural setting that looms largest in tracing critical receptions of the Commentary is the veritable Babel of Jewish intellectual and literary expression in the eastern Mediterranean. Something unprecedented occurs in the writings of scholars with certain or highly probable eastern Mediterranean (Byzantine) affiliations: the Commentary is subjected to intense and at times systematic criticism from a position of frank superiority. The critics focus on two things: misguided exegesis, especially as expressed in the Commentary’s surfeit of midrash, and thse scandalously unscientific understanding of the Torah that Rashi is charged with promoting. The main focus in this chapter falls on Revealer of Secrets (Ṣafenat pa‘neaḥ), a Torah commentary by the fourteenth-century Eleazar Ashkenazi, who stands as the earliest datable figure to adopt a stance of arrant scorn toward Rashi. Study of his work provides a window into a world of rhetorically intense resistance to Rashi elaborated more fully by other scholars.
Untangling the Impact of Negative Campaigning on Citizens
Authors: Fridkin Kim L. , Kenney Patrick J. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The tolerance and tactics theory of negativity is presented in Chapter 1. The marriage of citizens’ tolerance for negativity, on the one hand, with the tactics employed by candidates, on the other hand, will clarify when negative campaigning works. The theory begins with a simple premise: people vary in their tolerance for negative campaigning and individuals with less tolerance for negativity will be more influenced by attack advertising. In addition, it is crucial to consider the content and tone of the negative messages to know when negativity will be effective. Finally, the interplay between people’s tolerance of negativity and candidates’ tactics provide a framework for understanding the effects of negativity on citizens’ assessments of candidates and their likelihood of voting on Election Day.
Citizens’ Tolerance of Negative Campaign Messages
Authors: Fridkin Kim L. , Kenney Patrick J. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
In chapter 3, different data sets across several years employ survey measures to assess people’s tolerance toward negative messages. The analysis shows that women and older people are less likely to tolerate uncivil and irrelevant negative advertisements. In contrast, people who are more engaged in politics and who place themselves on the right side of the ideological scale are more likely to tolerate these same types of messages. However, analyses indicate people’s tolerance toward negative campaigning is not static but changes over the length of the campaign. In particular, people’s tolerance of negativity decreases when they are exposed to a greater dose of negative political advertisements during campaigns for the U.S. Senate.
An Examination of the Amount, Substance, and Tone of Negative Commercials in Senate Elections
Authors: Fridkin Kim L. , Kenney Patrick J. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
A content analysis utilizing data from the Wesleyan Media Project and examining nearly 700 negative advertisements airing 500,000 times during the 2014 U.S. Senate elections is the heart of chapter 4. The analyses demonstrate negative advertisements are most pervasive in competitive races, during the last weeks of the campaign, on local news broadcasts, and during early morning programming. In addition, advertising attacking women candidates often employ women narrators, while male narrators are utilized more often in advertisements attacking men. Almost three-quarters of all attack advertisements criticize the candidate’s policy stands, while advertisements focusing on personal matters are less common. The majority of the negative advertisements during the 2014 Senate elections are classified as civil, while almost one-quarter of the advertisements are rated as low in civility. Most negative advertisements examined (90%) were classified as somewhat or very relevant.
Introduction
Authors: Dallmayr Fred 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The chapter discusses the relation between liberalism and democracy seen as an “odd couple” operating on different levels. Liberalism denotes the practical orientation of members of civil society; democracy is a public-political regime. Initially concordant in modernity, during the nineteenth century, the concord steadily decayed. Several factors—including Social Darwinism, industrialization, and capitalism—drove liberalism into the arms of radical self-assertion, social inequality, and atomization. Leading Western intellectuals have pinpointed the “malaise” of modernity in social fragmentation and the loss of a public democratic realm. Charles Taylor, in particular, has bemoaned narcissism and the neglect of shared frames of meaning. The chapter probes critically the dynamic character of shared frameworks, in particular with regard to globalization, multiculturalism, and other social changes. Only in this manner, it is argued, can the concord of liberalism and democracy be restored. It then reviews the sequence of chapters in light of the preceding themes.
Public Space as Property?
Authors: Dallmayr Fred 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
To show the anti-democratic implications of autism and narcissism, interlude A reflects on the meaning of space and especially of “public space.” It shows that space can neither be fabricated nor willfully engineered; it is a region which allows something to happen. Public space in particular cannot be autistically controlled; it is neither me nor the “others”; neither their property nor mine; and cannot be appropriated, instrumentalized, or monopolized. Unhappily, as the interlude demonstrates, democracy has been moving toward its appropriation. Under predatory neo-liberalism, virtually all public things are objectified and turned into targets of individual or corporate possession and “privatization,” which challenges or undermines democratic citizenship, as individuals do not create or “constitute” the public space, they become citizens by virtue of that space. Thus, privatization and appropriation put an end to the viability of democracy itself.
Virtue in Social and Public Life
Authors: Dallmayr Fred 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter considers that, because of predatory selfishness, democracy requires the cultivation of ethical and spiritual resources for which it turns to the Aristotelian tradition of shared “virtuous” life. It begins with Alasdair MacIntyre, who profiles virtue ethics against two modern alternatives: “Morality,” a set of abstract rules anchored in the cogito, and “expressivism,” the pursuit of selfish preferences. By contrast, virtue ethics focuses on the concrete, character-related conduct nurtured by prudent judgment in a societal context, though there are some drawbacks to this view, especially the legacy of “naturalism” and essentialism. The chapter next presents the “little ethics” of Paul Ricoeur and his effort to link Aristotle with Kant, “teleology” with “deontology.” The chapter finally turns to Gadamer’s ethics which purges Aristotle of metaphysical “realism” or naturalism and presents ethical conduct not as a factual endowment but as “process of ongoing self-transformation” and (spiritual) “humanization.”
Criticisms of Melissus’ Argument
Authors: Clarke Timothy 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines Aristotle’s reply to Melissus (Phys. 1.3, 186a10–22). Melissus’ monism is based on his argument that anything that exists must be unlimited in extent. Aristotle challenges this argument, alleging that it commits a logical fallacy. He then goes on to criticize Melissus’ argument from monism to the impossibility of change. Aristotle thinks of Melissus’ monistic argument as ‘crude’ in comparison with Parmenides’, but at the same time he suggests that some similar criticisms can be made of both philosophers. This means that his response to Melissus can also shed some light on his understanding of Parmenides.
Resisting Parmenides’ Argument
Authors: Clarke Timothy 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter analyses the complex response to Parmenides’ argument at Phys. 1.3, 186a23–b35. Aristotle puts forward two main objections: first, the argument relies on an overly narrow conception of being (‘being is said in a single way’); second, even if we were to grant Parmenides his basic ontological assumptions, it still would not follow that reality is one. Aristotle concentrates on explaining why Parmenides’ assumptions do not establish that reality is one ‘in account’. In this connection, he raises a series of problems stemming from Parmenides’ failure to recognize properties as entities distinct from the things that have them.
GMO Reform—The Internal Market as a Site of Diversity
Authors: Weimer Maria 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the legal and policy changes brought about by the 2015 reform of the regulatory framework for genetically modified organisms (GMOs). It considers the extent to which Directive 2015/412, introduced to make the 2015 regulatory reform possible and to allow for national opt-outs from GMO cultivation, helps overcome the legitimacy problems of EU risk regulation. The chapter first analyses the new EU approach to GMO cultivation via Directive 2015/412 before discussing the scope of EU harmonization in the field of GMO regulation after the adoption of this Directive. It then explains the constitutional limits of Article 114 TFEU in granting Member States the right to restrict GMO cultivation and concludes by assessing the implications of the 2015 reform for free movement of GMO products as well as highlighting the reform’s shortcomings.
Myth You Can Believe In
Authors: Hirschkop Ken 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Chapter 7 discusses the enthusiasts of myth, writers who argue that it represents the lifeblood of language without which any polity is doomed. It begins with a discussion of Ernst Cassirer’s theory of myth, before turning to the Russian Formalists and Futurists—ready to resurrect the word—and concluding with Walter Benjamin’s insistence on the power and magic of pure language. For Walter Benjamin, for Viktor Shklovskii and many of his Futurist brethren, the ‘word as such’ has to be rescued from the deadening ‘bourgeois’ language of the present. Language is out of whack, but what has distorted it is precisely its misuse as a mere tool of communication, against which one has to defend language as naming. The problem is not, according to these writers, that myth threatens the liberal polity, but that liberalism itself, embodied in the deadening language of public life, threatens democracy.
Music as Expression
Authors: Juslin Patrik N. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Chapter 6 demonstrated that there is some agreement among listeners about what emotion pieces of music express, and that music performers may communicate at least some emotions to listeners in a reliable manner. Yet such findings do not by themselves prove that this is how musicians or listeners conceive of music. This chapter addresses problems and objections surrounding the notion of music-as-expression-of-emotions. There are scholars who are strongly critical of this view on music. Issues concerning expression, communication, and emotion tend to invite controversy, and some authors go to extreme lengths to reject any link between music and emotion. One example of a critical voice can be found in an essay by philosopher Nick Zangwill (2004). He argues that, ‘it is not essential to music to possess emotion, arouse emotion, express emotion, or represent emotion. Music...has nothing to do with emotion’.
Beyond Perception
Authors: Juslin Patrik N. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter sets out the aims and objectives of Part 3 of this book. It considers a fourth paradox regarding music and emotion: Music — an abstract form of art which appears removed from our concerns in everyday life — may arouse emotions — biologically evolved reactions related to human survival. Resolving this paradox may require abandoning some common conceptions about music and emotion, which have prevented a deeper understanding. The following questions are addressed: Does music really arouse emotions? If so, how do we know? Which emotions music arouses? Are these emotions different from other emotions? In which settings do emotions occur? Why and how does music arouse emotions? Why do ‘live’ concerts tend to arouse stronger emotions than recorded music? Why do different listeners react differently to the same piece of music? Are the emotions aroused by music in the same way across cultures?
Predictions, Implications, Complications
Authors: Juslin Patrik N. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This previous chapters looked at eight psychological mechanisms through which music might arouse emotions. This chapter widens the perspective and considers some of the implications of this multi-mechanism framework. It explains the need to distinguish between the mechanisms in both research and applications. It also addresses some more general questions raised by the previous chapters. With such a large number of mechanisms, why does music not always arouse emotions? Why do different listeners react differently to the same piece of music? How does the context influence musical emotions? Why do ‘live’ concerts tend to arouse more intense emotions than recorded music? Are emotional reactions to music similar across different cultures?
Aesthetic Criteria
Authors: Juslin Patrik N. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Based on proposals from philosophical aesthetics and on preliminary research findings, this chapter suggests that listeners' aesthetic criteria for music will tend to include, but not be limited to, eight broad dimensions, each of which is discussed in turn. These include beauty, expression, novelty, emotion, skill, message, style, and the sublime. There is something to be said for each of these eight criterion candidates for aesthetic value: music lacking in expression is not art at all; music without beauty is not easy to like; music without novelty is not interesting; music without skills is mediocre; music that does not arouse emotions fails to produce embodied experiences; music that lacks stylistic unity is incoherent; music without a message or intention is empty; and music that is not sublime will not change your life. In contrast, music that manages to cover all these criteria is very likely to be judged as aesthetically valuable.