bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modeling human prostate cancer progression in vitro
Authors: Liu Teresa T , Ewald Jonathan A , Ricke Emily A , Bell Robert , Collins Colin , Ricke William A 
Published: December 2018

AbstractDetailed mechanisms involved in prostate cancer (CaP) development and progression are not well understood. Current experimental models used to study CaP are not well suited to address this issue. Previously, we have described the hormonal progression of non-tumorigenic human prostate epithelial cells (BPH1) into malignant cells via tissue recombination. Here, we describe a method to derive human cell lines from distinct stages of CaP that parallel cellular, genetic and epigenetic changes found in patients with cancers. This BPH1-derived Cancer Progression (BCaP) model represents different stages of cancer. Using diverse analytical strategies, we show that the BCaP model reproduces molecular characteristics of CaP in human patients. Furthermore, we demonstrate that BCaP cells have altered gene expression of shared pathways with human and transgenic mouse CaP data, as well as, increasing genomic instability with TMPRSS2–ERG fusion in advanced tumor cells. Together, these cell lines represent a unique model of human CaP progression providing a novel tool that will allow the discovery and experimental validation of mechanisms regulating human CaP development and progression. This BPH1-derived Cancer Progression (BCaP) model represents different stages of cancer. The BCaP model reproduces molecular characteristics of prostate cancer. The cells have altered gene expression with TMPRSS2-ERG fusion representing a unique model for prostate cancer progression.
The Association of Antibiotic Stewardship With Fluoroquinolone Prescribing in Michigan Hospitals: A Multi-hospital Cohort Study
Authors: Vaughn Valerie M , Gandhi Tejal , Conlon Anna , Chopra Vineet , Malani Anurag N , Flanders Scott A 
Published: December 2018

Abstract

Background
Fluoroquinolones increase the risk of Clostridioides difficile infection and antibiotic resistance. Hospitals often use pre-prescription approval or prospective audit and feedback to target fluoroquinolone prescribing. Whether these strategies impact aggregate fluoroquinolone use is unknown.

Methods
This study is a 48-hospital, retrospective cohort of general-care, medical patients hospitalized with pneumonia or positive urine culture between December 2015–September 2017. Hospitals were surveyed on their use of pre-prescription approval and/or prospective audit and feedback to target fluoroquinolone prescribing during hospitalization (fluoroquinolone stewardship). After controlling for hospital clustering and patient factors, aggregate (inpatient and post-discharge) fluoroquinolone (ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin) exposure was compared between hospitals with and without fluoroquinolone stewardship.

Results
There were 11 748 patients (6820 pneumonia; 4928 positive urine culture) included at 48 hospitals. All hospitals responded to the survey: 29.2% (14/48) reported using pre-prescription approval and/or prospective audit and feedback to target fluoroquinolone prescribing. After adjustment, fluoroquinolone stewardship was associated with fewer patients receiving a fluoroquinolone (37.1% vs 48.2%; P = .01) and fewer fluoroquinolone treatment days per 1000 patients (2282 vs 3096 days/1000 patients; P = .01), driven by lower inpatient prescribing. However, most (66.6%) fluoroquinolone treatment days occurred after discharge, and hospitals with fluoroquinolone stewardship had twice as many new fluoroquinolone starts after discharge as hospitals without (15.6% vs 8.4%; P = .003).

Conclusions
Hospital-based stewardship interventions targeting fluoroquinolone prescribing were associated with less fluoroquinolone prescribing during hospitalization, but not at discharge. To limit aggregate fluoroquinolone exposure, stewardship programs should target both inpatient and discharge prescribing.
Fast and furious: a retrospective study of catheter-associated bloodstream infections with internal jugular nontunneled hemodialysis catheters at a tropical center
Authors: Agrawal Varun , Valson Anna T , Mohapatra Anjali , David Vinoi George , Alexander Suceena , Jacob Shibu , Bakthavatchalam Yamuna Devi , Prakash John Anthony Jude , Balaji Veeraraghavan , Varughese Santosh 
Published: December 2018

AbstractBackgroundNontunneled hemodialysis catheters (NTHCs) remain the preferred vascular access at hemodialysis (HD) initiation in developing countries. We studied the incidence, risk factors and microbiological spectrum of jugular NTHC-associated bloodstream infections (CABSIs) at a tertiary care center in South Asia.MethodsIn this retrospective cohort study, all adult (≥18 years) incident patients who underwent jugular NTHC insertion for HD between January 2016 and June 2017, had no prior history of temporary vascular access insertion and were followed up for ≥14 days were included.ResultsA total of 897 patients underwent NTHC insertion during the study period and 169 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria and contributed 7079 patient days of follow-up. CABSI incidence was 7.34 episodes per 1000 catheter days and median infection-free survival and time to CABSI were 96 and 24.5 days, respectively. In multivariate Cox regression analysis, immunosuppressive medication {hazard ratio [HR] 2.87 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.09–7.55]; P = 0.033} and intravenous cefazolin use [HR 0.51 (95% CI 0.28–0.94); P = 0.031] was independently associated with CABSI. The cumulative hazard of CABSI was 8.3, 13.3, 17.6 and 20.9% at Weeks 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. Gram-negative organisms were the most common etiological agents (54.7%) and 40.3% of CABSIs were caused by drug-resistant organisms. Gram-negative and Gram-positive CABSIs were associated with neutrophil left shift and higher procalcitonin compared with coagulase-negative staphylococcal CABSIs.ConclusionIn South Asia, NTHC-associated CABSIs occur early and are predominantly Gram negative. We hypothesize that poor hygiene practices may play a role in this phenomenon.
A data-limited method for assessing cumulative fishing risk on bycatch
Authors: Zhou Shijie , Daley Ross M , Fuller Michael , Bulman Cathy M , Hobday Alistair J 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
To assess fishing effects on data-poor species, impact can be derived from spatial overlap between species distribution and fishing effort and gear catchability. Here, we enhance the existing sustainability assessment for fishing effect method by estimating gear efficiency and heterogeneous density from sporadic catch data. We apply the method to two chondrichthyan bycatch species, Bight Skate and Draughtboard Shark in Australia, to assess cumulative fishing mortality (Fcum) from multiple fisheries. Gear efficiency is estimated from a Bayesian mixture distribution model and fish density is predicted by a generalized additive model. These results, combined with actual fishing effort, allow estimation of fishing mortality in each sector and subsequently, the Fcum. Risk is quantified by comparing Fcum with reference points based on life history parameters. When only the point estimates were considered, our result indicates that for the period 2009 and 2010 Bight Skate caught in 14 fisheries was at high cumulative risk (Fcum ≥ Flim) while Draughtboard Shark caught by 19 fisheries was at low cumulative risk (Fcum ≤ Fmsy). Because of the high cost of conducting cumulative risk assessments, we recommend examining the distribution of fishing effort across fisheries before carrying out the assessments.
Granulysin- and granzyme-dependent elimination of myeloid cells by therapeutic ova-specific type 1 regulatory T cells
Authors: Guipouy Delphine , Gertner-Dardenne Julie , Pfajfer Laurène , German Yolla , Belmonte Nathalie , Dupré Loïc 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe intrinsic immunosuppressive properties of regulatory T (Treg) cells can be harnessed for therapeutic approaches aiming at down-modulating harmful immune reactions. In this context, expanded type 1 Treg cells (Tr1 cells) specific for ovalbumin (ova-Tr1 cells) have been tested for clinical efficacy in the treatment of autoimmune disorders such as refractory Crohn’s disease (CD). The clinical use of these therapeutic products warrants exploration of their mechanism of action. Here, we identified a relationship between the CD activity index and the expression of lytic molecules by the ova-Tr1 cells administered in the previously reported First-in-Man study [Crohn’s And Treg cells Study 1 (CATS1) study]. Accordingly, ova-Tr1 cells were found to carry granules containing high levels of lytic molecules, including multiple granzymes and granulysin. These cells displayed a T-cell receptor (TCR)-independent cytotoxic activity, which was preferentially directed toward myeloid cell lines and monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Upon contact with myeloid cells, ova-Tr1 cells induced their apoptosis via a perforin-independent and a granulysin/granzyme-dependent mechanism. As compared to CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, ova-Tr1 cells required more time to lyse target cells and displayed a more gradual lytic activity over time. Notably, this activity was sustained over days resulting in the control of myeloid cell populations at a relatively low ratio. Our study reveals that ova-Tr1 cells are endowed with a sustained cytotoxic activity that relies on a unique combination of granulysin and granzymes and that preferentially eliminates myeloid target cells in a TCR-independent manner.
Recent advances and novel approaches in laboratory-based diagnostic mycology
Authors: White P Lewis 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The field of diagnostic mycology represents much more than culture and microscopy and is rapidly embracing novel techniques and strategies to help overcome the limitations of conventional approaches. Commercial molecular assays increase the applicability of PCR testing and may identify markers of antifungal resistance, which are of great clinical concern. Lateral flow assays simplify testing and turn-around time, with potential for point of care testing, while proximity ligation assays embrace the sensitivity of molecular testing with the specificity of antibody detection. The first evidence of patient risk stratification is being described and together with the era of next generation sequencing represents an exciting time in mycology.
Introduction
Authors: Avi Astor Ron , Benbenishty Rami 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This introduction chapter presents the historical, personal, and academic background that led to this book that examines a model of school violence in context. The chapter presents the book chapters: a revised model of school violence in evolving contexts; the definition of bullying and school violence; exploring similarities and differences between groups in base rates of victimization and in the structures of victimization types; the multiple ways of exposure to a range of weapons on school grounds, focusing on school-level analysis; sexual victimization and its association with cultural groups; suicide and its relations with bullying both on the individual and school levels; the victimization of teachers by students and of students by their teachers and their interrelationships on a student and school-level; multiple forms of cyberbullying and their relationships with “traditional” bullying; school climate, its definitions, and relationships with victimization and academic achievement over time; policy and intervention implications.
Weapons and Schools
Authors: Avi Astor Ron , Benbenishty Rami 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter presents conceptualization and empirical evidence regarding weapons in schools. The chapter suggests that instead of limiting the discussion to mass shootings, scholars need to examine multiple forms of weapons exposure including bringing a weapon to school, using a weapon to threaten or hurt a student, or witnessing a weapon in schools. Distinctions should also be drawn between various types of weapons. The chapter draws attention to the disconnect between the literature on bullying and weapons and discussions of the presence of gangs in school. The chapter also conceptualizes weapons in school from a multilevel perspective, of both student- and school-level. A multilevel analysis of weapons in all high schools in California is used to examine these issues empirically. The chapter discusses implications for policy and practices, such as the need to employ a public health approach and reassess zero tolerance policies.
Sexual Victimization
Authors: Avi Astor Ron , Benbenishty Rami 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter examines issues of sexual victimization in schools. It discusses the complexity of definitions of sexual victimization in light of shifting societal norms and expectations. The chapter takes a nuanced approach to issues of sexual assault, victimization due to sexual orientation or gender identity, and sexual humiliation or sexual predatory behaviors as they relate to various forms of bullying, harassment, victimization, and discrimination. It discusses the interrelations between school climate and sexual harassment, the vulnerability of certain groups to being targeted for such harassment (e.g., sexual minorities such as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer [LGBTQ]). The chapter also explores issues of sexual harassment in schools as they relate to issues of patriarchal and religious cultures and examines differences in sexual victimization among cultural groups in Israel, both on the level of the individual student and on the school level.
Teacher–Student and Student–Teacher Victimization and their Interrelationship
Authors: Avi Astor Ron , Benbenishty Rami 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter examines the victimization of teachers by students and victimization of students by teachers and explores their interrelationships. The chapter reviews the literature on these issues and notes the paucity of research in education on the prevalence and consequences of victimization of students by teachers—this, in contrast to a recent worldwide interest in the victimization of teachers by students. The chapter examines cultural beliefs and shifting norms with regards to corporal punishment of students. A study of student–teacher mutual victimization as reported by Israeli students from several cultural groups. The chapter suggests that students’ reports of being victimized by their teachers are associated with their reports of victimizing teachers, both on the student and school level (especially with regard to more physical and sexual types of victimization) and for all three cultural groups. The chapter explores the role of teacher unions in teacher perpetration and victimization.
Can Interventions to Increase Schooling and Incomes Reduce HIV Incidence Among Young Women in Sub-Saharan Africa?
Authors: Baird S , Ahner-McHaffie T , Özler B 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter provides insights into resolving the social issues that have led to the pre-existent disparity of young females are far more likely than young males to be infected by HIV. In this case, the structural-level problem is centered on inequitable access to education in sub-Saharan Africa. The chapter examines the impact of conditional and unconditional cash transfers on risk factors related to HIV among girls. After summarizing the existing evidence, the chapter provides a detailed description of two studies: the Schooling, Income and Health Risk study in Malawi and the Empowerment and Livelihood study in Uganda. A final section of the chapter gives recommendations for policy and future research.
Enhancing Access to Safe and Secure Housing
Authors: Dickson-Gomez J , Quinn K 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter reviews the global pervasiveness of being homeless or unstably housed as an antecedent to risk of HIV acquisition and as a barrier to global efforts directed toward treatment as prevention. Emphasis on youth is provided, as they experience a vast disparity in this regard. Subsequently, this chapter addresses key structural-level intervention designed to provide stable living environments for persons living with HIV/AIDS. Several possible public health response options are provided, with an emphasis on feasibility and sustainability. Topics covered include the multidimensional definitions of housing status and stability, the global housing crisis and how it relates to HIV, structural interventions to address the link between housing and HIV, and future directions for research.
Evidence-Based Structural Interventions for HIV Prevention
Authors: Sherman S , Hunter K 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Microenterprise approaches have been used in the context of both HIV prevention and treatment (e.g., adherence to antiretroviral therapy) with several highly vulnerable populations including women, female sex workers, and low-income HIV-positive individuals. This chapter defines and describes different approaches to microenterprise in the context of HIV prevention. The chapter also includes several case studies with vulnerable populations to evaluate the effectiveness of structural approaches to HIV prevention, including the IMAGE study, the Undarga study, the JEWEL study, and the Chennai study. The chapter concludes by outlining directions for future policy and research, including gaps and principles in research on HIV prevention.
Economic Strengthening Approaches with Female Sex Workers
Authors: Mantsios A , Kerrigan D , Mbwambo J , Likindikoki S , Shembilu C 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter examines different strategies for addressing the economic vulnerability that puts female sex workers (FSW) at increased risk of acquiring HIV. After presenting various theoretical approaches to economic interventions with FSW, the chapter provides examples of interventions employing different approaches. The focus is placed on interventions using a community empowerment approach. The authors argue that it is through this type of approach that FSW can confront their economic vulnerability at the community level, rather than through programs focused on increasing individual income alone. An applied example is provided by an in-depth look at community savings groups among FSW in Tanzania.
Integrating Treatment for Opioid Use Disorders and HIV Services into Primary Care
Authors: El-Bassel N , Marotta P. L , Gilbert L , Wu E , Springer S , Goddard-Eckrich D , Hunt T 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The public health crisis of opiate use disorder (OUD) and HIV infection in the United States demands solutions incorporating structural-level factors to accessing and engaging in drug abuse treatment and HIV care. After providing a review of evidence-based programs that have been used in integrated approaches to treating opioid addiction for persons living with HIV, the chapter provides models of integrating treatments for OUD with services for the prevention and management of HIV infection in primary care. The chapter concludes by reviewing multiple structural barriers to integration of substance use treatment into primary care and offering structural strategies to overcoming and implementing integrated OUD-HIV services in primary care settings.
Getting to 40!
Authors: Nutland W 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
There remains a lack of consensus about the extent to which pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) contributed to the recent dramatic and stunning declines in HIV incidence occurring in the United Kingdom. This chapter describes the potential role of PrEP in this decline and offers insights into how this occurred despite a lack of formal, government-sponsored support for PrEP. Further, the chapter describes the development of a new PrEP movement in England as well as contributing factors, such as the leadership of a new wave of HIV activists, access to global generic markets, innovative supply chains, and the use of social media and the Internet. The “U-turn” and subsequent court cases are also described.
The Siting Dilemma
Authors: Freeman Lance 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
From the Great Depression until the 1970s, project-based housing assistance, in the form of the Public Housing Program, was planned and developed in a way that reinforced existing patterns of residential segregation by race. As the victims of public policy that promoted segregation, African Americans decried the way that public housing was used to expand and maintain the ghetto. The dire and persistent need for decent affordable housing and the concomitant resources that develop and maintain such housing, however, have complicated the African American response to segregated affordable housing. This complex and multifaceted stance toward segregated affordable housing has had implications for affordable housing policy from the Public Housing Program through the Low-Income Housing Tax Credit. This chapter chronicles the African American response and considers the implications of this response for past, present, and future public policy.
Centrifugal Motion
Authors: Nail Thomas 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter argues that beginning around 5000 bce, alongside the rise of cities and written language, a new regime of motion came to dominate ontological practice in the West: centrifugal motion. Clearly visible in the Bronze Age (3500 bce) and culminating in ancient Greece by 500 bce, a newly powerful kinetic pattern of ontological practice emerged that descriptively and inscriptively relied on a centrifugal movement from the center to the periphery. This is not to say that the dominantly centripetal motions of the Neolithic period disappeared or were sublimated, but rather that they were transformed and taken up by another motion.
Medieval Theology IV
Authors: Nail Thomas 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
In this chapter, we turn to an analysis of the coexistence of relational, external, and internal motion in the doctrine of the Trinity. The theological doctrine of the Trinity was by far one of the most important, dominant, and novel descriptions of being during the medieval and early modern periods, beginning around the middle of the fourth century. From the beginning of the Nicene Creed (381 ce), which established an official doctrine of the Trinity, until the emergence of the European Enlightenment in the mid-eighteenth century, Trinitarianism remained the single most pervasive and powerful ontotheological framework in the West—influencing all the natural theologies of force of the previous chapters. To this day it remains the official doctrine of the Catholic Church. This chapter lays out the patterns of tensional motion at work in this important theory.
Modern Phenomenology IV
Authors: Nail Thomas 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter argues that after Husserl, the elastic motion of time was taken one step further by Martin Heidegger (1889–1976). For Husserl, the ontological primacy of time emerges as an a priori condition of time consciousness and thus results in the radical multiplicity of the temporal field, initially discovered by Kant. Heidegger, however, discovers the pure elasticity of time itself as an ontological process. For Heidegger, primordial phenomenological time is not successive. Time does not exist, but this does not mean that it is an illusion and being is eternal. This chapter looks at this theme in the work of Heidegger and Derrida.