bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Postnatal development of cerebrovascular structure and the neurogliovascular unit
Authors: Coelho‐Santos Vanessa , Shih Andy Y. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe unceasing metabolic demands of brain function are supported by an intricate three‐dimensional network of arterioles, capillaries, and venules, designed to effectively distribute blood to all neurons and to provide shelter from harmful molecules in the blood. The development and maturation of this microvasculature involves a complex interplay between endothelial cells with nearly all other brain cell types (pericytes, astrocytes, microglia, and neurons), orchestrated throughout embryogenesis and the first few weeks after birth in mice. Both the expansion and regression of vascular networks occur during the postnatal period of cerebrovascular remodeling. Pial vascular networks on the brain surface are dense at birth and are then selectively pruned during the postnatal period, with the most dramatic changes occurring in the pial venular network. This is contrasted to an expansion of subsurface capillary networks through the induction of angiogenesis. Concurrent with changes in vascular structure, the integration and cross talk of neurovascular cells lead to establishment of blood–brain barrier integrity and neurovascular coupling to ensure precise control of macromolecular passage and metabolic supply. While we still possess a limited understanding of the rules that control cerebrovascular development, we can begin to assemble a view of how this complex process evolves, as well as identify gaps in knowledge for the next steps of research.This article is categorized under:
Nervous System Development > Vertebrates: Regional Development
Vertebrate Organogenesis > Musculoskeletal and Vascular
Nervous System Development > Vertebrates: General Principles
Astigmatismus
Authors: Woltsche N. , Werkl P. , Posch-Pertl L. , Ardjomand N. , Frings A. 
Published: October 2019

Zusammenfassung
Der Astigmatismus ist der weltweit häufigste Refraktionsfehler vor Hypermetropie und Myopie. Man unterscheidet den äußeren vom inneren Astigmatismus. Der äußere Astigmatismus kann weiter in „mit der Regel“, „gegen die Regel“ und „schräg“ unterteilt werden. Die Summierung des äußeren und inneren Astigmatismus ergibt den refraktiven Zylinder. Astigmatismus wurde lange als zweidimensionales Phänomen gesehen, doch erst die dreidimensionale Betrachtung hat den Blick auf bestehende Analyseverfahren (Topo- und Tomographie) erweitert. Die Vektoranalyse nach Alpins ist hierbei eine bekannte Methode zur Therapieplanung. Zur Therapie des Astigmatismus stehen konservative Optionen wie Brille oder torische Kontaktlinse sowie unterschiedlichste chirurgische Verfahren wie photorefraktive Keratektomie, Femtosekundenlaser-assistierte Keratotomie, Laser-in-situ-Keratomileusis, „small-incision lenticule extraction“ und die Implantation torischer Intraokularlinsen zur Verfügung.
Engaging Adolescents: Animal Assisted Therapy for Adolescents with Psychiatric and Substance Use Disorders
Authors: Trujillo Kate C. , Kuo Greg T. , Hull Madelyne L. , Ingram Amanda E. , Thurstone Christian C. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Objectives
This study compares treatment engagement and outcomes between two groups of adolescents with psychiatric and substance use disorders (SUD): one received treatment with Animal Assisted Therapy (AAT) and another without AAT.

Methods
This is an exploratory study with a quasi-experimental pre-post comparison group design. Participants were 31 adolescents (ages 12–17 years) participating in an urban school-based substance treatment program. Cases (n = 14) received treatment with AAT, whereas comparison (n = 17) received treatment without AAT. The outcome measures included: number of sessions attended, proportion of negative urine drug screens for non-nicotine substances, overall-wellbeing, and the School Engagement Instrument. Student’s T test and a Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test were used to evaluate differences. Outcomes that differed significantly between groups were further evaluated using unadjusted linear regression.

Results
Participants who received treatment with AAT (M = 9.9, SD = 3.2) attended more therapy sessions within a 16-week period (β = 3.5, t(1) = 2.89, p = 0.0072) than those that received treatment without AAT (M = 6.4, SD = 3.5). Additionally, the AAT group (Mdn = 2.9, IQR: 1.8, 5.0) had a greater improvement in overall-wellbeing (β = 3.6, t(1) = 3.74, p = 0.0009) than treatment group without AAT (Mdn = 0.5, IQR: −2.6, 1.4).

Conclusions
AAT could be a way to increase engagement for youth in substance use treatment.
A Spectral Characterization for Concentration of the Cover Time
Authors: Hermon Jonathan 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
We prove that for a sequence of finite vertex-transitive graphs of increasing sizes, the cover times are asymptotically concentrated if and only if the product of the spectral gap and the expected cover time diverges. In fact, we prove this for general reversible Markov chains under the much weaker assumption (than transitivity) that the maximal hitting time of a state is of the same order as the average hitting time.
An Ethics Framework for Big Data in Health and Research
Authors: Xafis Vicki , Schaefer G. Owen , Labude Markus K. , Brassington Iain , Ballantyne Angela , Lim Hannah Yeefen , Lipworth Wendy , Lysaght Tamra , Stewart Cameron , Sun Shirley , Laurie Graeme T. , Tai E Shyong 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Ethical decision-making frameworks assist in identifying the issues at stake in a particular setting and thinking through, in a methodical manner, the ethical issues that require consideration as well as the values that need to be considered and promoted. Decisions made about the use, sharing, and re-use of big data are complex and laden with values. This paper sets out an Ethics Framework for Big Data in Health and Research developed by a working group convened by the Science, Health and Policy-relevant Ethics in Singapore (SHAPES) Initiative. It presents the aim and rationale for this framework supported by the underlying ethical concerns that relate to all health and research contexts. It also describes a set of substantive and procedural values that can be weighed up in addressing these concerns, and a step-by-step process for identifying, considering, and resolving the ethical issues arising from big data uses in health and research. This Framework is subsequently applied in the papers published in this Special Issue. These papers each address one of six domains where big data is currently employed: openness in big data and data repositories, precision medicine and big data, real-world data to generate evidence about healthcare interventions, AI-assisted decision-making in healthcare, public-private partnerships in healthcare and research, and cross-sectoral big data.
Nichtinvasive Diagnostik bei nichtalkoholischer Fettlebererkrankung (NAFLD)
Authors: Stauber Rudolf 
Published: October 2019

Zusammenfassung
Die nichtalkoholische Fettlebererkrankung (NAFLD) ist weltweit sehr häufig, ihre Prävalenz in Europa wurde mit 24 % der Bevölkerung angegeben. Dabei zeigen 10–30 % der Patienten einen progredienten Verlauf, der auch als nichtalkoholische Steatohepatitis (NASH) bezeichnet wird. Das Vorliegen einer höhergradigen Lebervernarbung (Fibrose, F3/Zirrhose, F4) ist ein wichtiger Prognosefaktor mit erhöhter leberbezogener Mortalität und Therapiebedürftigkeit. Die histologische Befundung von Leberbiopsien gilt derzeit als Referenzmethode für die Diagnose einer NASH und die Bestimmung des Fibrosestadiums. Aufgrund der hohen Prävalenz von NAFLD ist eine möglichst genaue nichtinvasive Risikostratifizierung notwendig, um betroffene Patienten für die Leberbiopsie zu identifizieren. Unter den blutbasierten nichtinvasiven Fibrosetests („blood fibrosis tests“) gibt es a) einfache Tests (auf Routineparametern basierend) wie den NAFLD-fibrosis-Score (NFS) und den Fibrosis-4-Index (FIB-4) sowie b) kommerzielle Fibrosetests wie Enhanced-liver-fibrosis(ELF™)-Test (Siemens Healthineers, Wien, Österreich), FibroTest™ (Biopredictive, Paris, Frankreich) und FibroMeter (Echosens, Paris, Frankreich). Bei den ultraschallbasierten Verfahren ist die transiente Elastographie („vibration-controlled transient elastography“, VCTE; FibroScan [VCTE; FibroScan™, Echosens, Paris, Frankreich]) breit verfügbar, während die MR-Elastographie (MRE) selten verwendet wird, aber wahrscheinlich genauere Resultate liefert. In direkten Vergleichsstudien zeigten kommerzielle Blutfibrosetests, VCTE und MRE die höchste diagnostische Genauigkeit bei der nichtinvasiven Einschätzung des Fibrosestadiums bei NAFLD. Unter den einfachen Tests eignet sich FIB‑4 sehr gut zum Ausschluss einer höhergradigen Fibrose und bietet sich damit für ein breites Screening (z. B. bei Patienten mit Diabetes) an.
Negative Predictive Value of Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound of Liver and Kidney Thermal Ablation Sites for Local Tumour Progression during Long-term Follow-up: A Retrospective Consecutive Study
Authors: Atri Mostafa , Alrashed Abdulmohsen , Hassan Ahmad , Khalili Korosh , Kim Tae Kyoung , Jang Huynh Jung 
Published: October 2019

PurposeTo determine negative predictive value (NPV) of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) to demonstrate local tumour progression (LTP) at thermal ablation (TA) sites.MethodsOur institutional review board approved this retrospective study; acquisition of consent was waived. Consecutive CEUS examinations performed between 2004-2014 for TA site evaluation on patients who could not undergo enhanced computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or had inconclusive CT or MRI, were retrospectively reviewed. Those reported as no abnormal enhancement in or surrounding TA site were included. CEUS examination was considered true-negative based on stability or lack of enhancement/washout on follow-up imaging for at least 1 year, and false-negative (FN), if there was an arterially enhancing focus with wash-out at or surrounding TA site on subsequent follow-up imaging.ResultsStudy population included 56 tumours in 54 patients, 11 women, 43 men; mean age 71 years. Two patients had TA of two different hepatocellular carcinomas. Thirty-six examinations were for hepatic TA and twenty for renal TA. Lesion sizes ranged from 1 cm to 7 cm (mean 3.1 ± 1.2). Mean diameter of 7 recurrences was 13.8 mm. Overall FN rate was 12.5% (7/56). Corresponding numbers were 0% (0/20) for renal TA and 19.4% (7/36) for hepatic TA. Overall NPV of CEUS was 87.5% (49/56) (confidence interval [CI]: 78.8%–96.2%). NPV for renal TA was 100% (20/20) (CI: 100%–100%) and for hepatic TA 81.5% (29/36) (CI: 67.6 %–93.5%).ConclusionIn this cohort, CEUS showed high NPV for exclusion of LTP at renal TA sites. NPV for hepatic TA sites was high but lower than renal TA.
Investigating the Role of Archaeological Information and Practice in Landscape Conservation Design and Planning in North America
Authors: Murtha Timothy M. , Lawres Nathan R. , Mazurczyk Tara J. , Brown Madeline 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this article is to discuss the challenges and opportunities for integrating archaeological information in landscape-scale conservation design while aligning archaeological practice with design and planning focused on cultural resources. Targeting this opportunity begins with statewide archaeological databases. Here, we compare the structure and content of Pennsylvania's and Florida's statewide archaeological databases, identifying opportunities for leveraging these data in landscape conservation design and planning. The research discussed here was part of a broader project, which was working through the lens of Landscape Conservation Cooperatives in order to develop processes for integrating broadly conceived cultural resources with natural resources as part of multistate or regional landscape conservation design efforts. Landscape Conservation Cooperatives offer new ways to think about archaeological information in practice and potentially new ways for archaeology to contribute to design and planning. Statewide archaeological databases, in particular, offer transformative potential for integrating cultural resource priorities in landscape conservation design. Targeted coordination across state boundaries along with the development of accessible derivative databases are two priorities to advance their utility.
Cytokine concentrations are related to level of mental distress in inpatients not using anti-inflammatory drugs
Authors: Toft Helge , Lien Lars , Neupane Sudan P. , Abebe Dawit S. , Tilden Terje , Wampold Bruce E. , Bramness Jørgen G. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractObjective:Cross-sectional data show elevated levels of circulating cytokines in psychiatric patients. The literature is divided concerning anti-inflammatory drugs’ ability to relieve symptoms, questioning a causal link between inflammatory pathways and psychiatric conditions. We hypothesised that the development of circulating cytokine levels is related to mental distress, and that this relationship is affected by the use of anti-inflammatory drugs.Methods:The study was a longitudinal assessment of 12-week inpatient treatment at Modum Bad Psychiatric Center, Norway. Sera and self-reported Global Severity Index (GSI) scores, which measure psychological distress, were collected at admission (T0), halfway (T1) and before discharge (T2). Other variables known to distort the neuroimmune interplay were included. These were age, gender, diagnosis of PTSD, antidepressants and anti-inflammatory drugs. A total of 128 patients (92 women and 36 men) were included, and 28 were using anti-inflammatory medication. Multilevel modelling was used for data analysis.Results:Patients with higher levels of IL-1RA and MCP-1 had higher GSI scores (p= 0.005 andp= 0.020). PTSD patients scored higher on GSI than non-PTSD patients (p= 0.002). These relationships were mostly present among those not using anti-inflammatory drugs (n= 99), with higher levels of IL-1RA and MCP-1 being related to higher GSI score (p= 0.023 and 0.018, respectively). Again, PTSD patients showed higher GSI levels than non-PTSD patients (p= 0.014).Conclusions:Cytokine levels were associated with level of mental distress as measured by the GSI scores, but this relationship was not present among those using anti-inflammatory drugs. We found no association between cytokine levels and development of GSI score over time.
POLYNOMIAL COHOMOLOGY AND POLYNOMIAL MAPS ON NILPOTENT GROUPS
Authors: KYED DAVID , DENSING PETERSEN HENRIK 
Published: October 2019

AbstractWe introduce a refined version of group cohomology and relate it to the space of polynomials on the group in question. We show that the polynomial cohomology with trivial coefficients admits a description in terms of ordinary cohomology with polynomial coefficients, and that the degree one polynomial cohomology with trivial coefficients admits a description directly in terms of polynomials. Lastly, we give a complete description of the polynomials on a connected, simply connected nilpotent Lie group by showing that these are exactly the maps that pull back to classical polynomials via the exponential map.
International Investment Law and Foreign Direct Reinvestment
Authors: Wellhausen Rachel L. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractOne goal of the law is to provide a means to return disputing parties to cooperation. The prevailing expectation is that international investment law largely does not do this; rather, an aggrieved foreign investor sues the host state as a last resort and divests. I use a new database of Investor-State Dispute Settlement (ISDS) arbitrations and firm-level bilateral investment to show that, in fact, claimant investors reinvest in the host state at least 31 percent of the time (between 1990 and 2015). Among investors who file for arbitration, and controlling for sector, important correlates of reinvestment include the claimant's legal strategy; the extent of the claimant's grievance and success; and the incidence of post-arbitration litigation. Despite unique aspects of its institutional design, the de facto international investment regime can help solve host state time-inconsistency problems consistent with standard expectations of law. Whether the probability of reinvestment is high enough to reinforce host state commitments to this controversial regime is an open question.
Amylolytic activity and chemical composition of rehydrated ground maize ensiled with α-amylase or glucoamylase
Authors: Gandra J. R. , Oliveira E. R. , Takiya C. S. , Del Valle T. A. , Rennó F. P. , Goes R. H. T. B. , Leite R. S. R. , Garcia N. F. L. , Batista J. D. O. , Acosta A. P. , Damiani J. , Gandra E. R. S. , Escobar A. Z. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractA completely randomized experiment was designed to evaluate the effects of α-amylase (AMY) and glucoamylase (GLU) on total losses, fermentative profile, chemical composition and amylolytic activity of rehydrated maize. Eighty-four experimental silos of rehydrated maize [0.33 litres/kg ground maize, 4-mm theoretical particle size, and 625 g/kg dry matter (DM)] were assigned to the following treatments: (1) control (CON), no enzyme addition; (2) GLU added at 300 µl/kg of ground maize (as-fed); and (3) AMY added at 300 µl/kg of ground maize. Seven silos from each treatment were opened after 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. Differences among treatments were evaluated through orthogonal contrasts (CON v. enzymes, and AMY v. GLU). Time effects were decomposed using polynomial regression. Glucoamylase silage exhibited greater total losses than AMY. Enzymes increased acetate and lactic acid concentrations and decreased ethanol concentration. Regardless of treatment, gas, effluent and total fermentative losses linearly increased, whereas DM recovery linearly decreased with higher storage length. Glucoamylase silage had lower ammonia nitrogen and higher lactic acid concentrations than AMY. Enzyme treatments decreased silage neutral detergent fibre content and increased in vitro DM degradation. Glucoamylase silage exhibited a more moderate starch content and greater in vitro DM degradation than AMY. Storage time linearly decreased DM, starch and fibre content of rehydrated maize. In vitro degradation of DM linearly increased as the storage length increased. This study showed evidence that enzymes with amylolytic activity, particularly GLU, improve the fermentative profile and DM degradation of rehydrated maize silage.
Genetic stratification of depression by neuroticism: revisiting a diagnostic tradition
Authors: Adams Mark J. , Howard David M. , Luciano Michelle , Clarke Toni-Kim , Davies Gail , Hill W. David ,   23andMe Research Team,   Major Depressive Disorder Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, Smith Daniel , Deary Ian J. , Porteous David J. , McIntosh Andrew M. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackgroundMajor depressive disorder and neuroticism (Neu) share a large genetic basis. We sought to determine whether this shared basis could be decomposed to identify genetic factors that are specific to depression.MethodsWe analysed summary statistics from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of depression (from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, 23andMe and UK Biobank) and compared them with GWAS of Neu (from UK Biobank). First, we used a pairwise GWAS analysis to classify variants as associated with only depression, with only Neu or with both. Second, we estimated partial genetic correlations to test whether the depression's genetic link with other phenotypes was explained by shared overlap with Neu.ResultsWe found evidence that most genomic regions (25/37) associated with depression are likely to be shared with Neu. The overlapping common genetic variance of depression and Neu was genetically correlated primarily with psychiatric disorders. We found that the genetic contributions to depression, that were not shared with Neu, were positively correlated with metabolic phenotypes and cardiovascular disease, and negatively correlated with the personality trait conscientiousness. After removing shared genetic overlap with Neu, depression still had a specific association with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, coronary artery disease and age of first birth. Independent of depression, Neu had specific genetic correlates in ulcerative colitis, pubertal growth, anorexia and education.ConclusionOur findings demonstrate that, while genetic risk factors for depression are largely shared with Neu, there are also non-Neu-related features of depression that may be useful for further patient or phenotypic stratification.
Preschool children's categorization of speakers by regional accent
Authors: Jeffries Ella 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis study reports on an experiment with twenty preschool children (3;1–4;7) in York, UK to investigate the earliest stage of children's socioperceptual development. The children discriminate between different groups of speakers based on their pronunciation of phonological regional variables diagnostic of the North and South of England. An improvement across the age range uncovers a developmental stage when children are able to interpret variation as socially meaningful. This is comparable with developments in sociolinguistic production during the preschool years, as previous studies have found. Three measures associated with linguistic input (children's age and gender, local versus nonlocal parents) have an impact on the children's performance. The results are interpreted through an exemplar theoretic account, highlighting the role of input and the combined storing and accessing of both linguistic and social information.
The expression level of SOX2 at the blastocyst stage regulates the developmental capacity of bovine embryos up to day-13 of in vitro culture
Authors: Velásquez A.E. , Veraguas D. , Cabezas J. , Manríquez J. , Castro F.O. , Rodríguez-Alvarez L.L. 
Published: October 2019

SummaryQuality of in vitro-produced embryos is influenced by changes in gene expression in response to adverse conditions. Gene markers for predicting ‘good embryos’ do not exist at present. We propose that the expression of pluripotency markers OCT4–SOX2–NANOG in D9 (day 9) bovine demi-embryos correlated with development at D13 (day 13). Day 8 in vitro-produced blastocysts were split in two cloned halves, one half (D9) was subjected to analysis of pluripotency markers and the other was kept in culture until D13 of development. Embryo development was scored and correlated with its own status at D9 and assigned to one of two categories: G1, arrested/dead; or G2, development up to D13. SOX2 and NANOG expression levels were significantly higher in embryos from G1 and there was also negative correlation between SOX2 and embryo survival to D13 (G3; r = −0.37; P = 0.03). We observed a significant reduction in the expression of the three studied genes from D9 to D13. Furthermore, there was a correlation between the expression of pluripotency markers at D9 and embryo diameter and the expression of trophoblastic markers at D13 (TP1–EOMES–FGF4–CDX2–TKDP1). Finally, the quotient between the relative expression of SOX2 and OCT4 in the D9 blastocysts from G1 and G2 showed that embryos that were considered as competent (G2) had a quotient close to one, while the other group had a quotient of 2.3 due to a higher expression of SOX2. These results might indicate that overexpression of SOX2 at the blastocyst stage had a negative effect on the control of embryonic developmental potential.