bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quaternionic Geometry in Dimension 8
Authors: Conti Diego , Madsen Thomas Bruun , Salamon Simon 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThis chapter describes the 8-dimensional Wolf spaces as cohomogeneity one SU(3)-manifolds, and discover perturbations of the quaternion-kähler metric on the simply connected 8-manifold G2/SO(4) that carry a closed fundamental 4-form but are not Einstein.
Boundary Value Problems in Dimensions 7, 4 and 3 Related to Exceptional Holonomy
Authors: Donaldson Simon 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe variational point of view on exceptional structures in dimensions 6, 7 and 8 is one of Nigel Hitchin’s seminal contributions. One feature of this point of view is that it motivates the study of boundary value problems, for structures with prescribed data on a boundary. This chapter considers the case of 7 dimensions and G2 structures. It briefly reviews a general framework and then goes on to examine in more detail symmetry reductions to dimensions 4 and 3. In the latter case, the chapter presents an interesting variational problem related to the real Monge–Ampère equation and describes a generalization of this.
Mirror Symmetry with Branes by Equivariant Verlinde Formulas
Authors: Hausel Tamás , Mellit Anton , Pei Du 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThis chapter finds an agreement of equivariant indices of semi-classical homomorphisms between pairwise mirror branes in the GL2 Higgs moduli space on a Riemann surface. On one side of the agreement, components of the Lagrangian brane of U(1,1) Higgs bundles, whose mirror was proposed by Hitchin to be certain even exterior powers of the hyperholomorphic Dirac bundle on the SL2 Higgs moduli space, are present. The agreement arises from a mysterious functional equation. This gives strong computational evidence for Hitchin’s proposal.
Vertex Algebras and 4-Manifold Invariants
Authors: Dedushenko Mykola , Gukov Sergei , Putrov Pavel 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter proposes a way of computing 4-manifold invariants, old and new, as chiral correlation functions in half-twisted 2d N=(0,2) theories that arise from compactification of fivebranes. Such a formulation gives a new interpretation of some known statements about Seiberg–Witten invariants, such as the basic class condition, and gives a prediction for structural properties of the multi-monopole invariants and their non-abelian generalizations.
Irreducibility of Moduli of Semi-Stable Chains and Applications to U(p, q)-Higgs Bundles
Authors: Bradlow Steven , García-Prada Oscar , Gothen Peter , Heinloth Jochen 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter gives necessary and sufficient conditions for moduli spaces of semi-stable chains on a curve to be irreducible and non-empty. This gives information on the irreducible components of the nilpotent cone of GLn-Higgs bundles and of moduli of systems of Hodge bundles on curves. As it does not impose coprimality restrictions, it can apply this to prove connectedness for moduli spaces of U(p, q)-Higgs bundles.
Involutions of Rank 2 Higgs Bundle Moduli Spaces
Authors: García-Prada Oscar , Ramanan S. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter considers the moduli space of rank 2 Higgs bundles with fixed determinant over a smooth projective curve X of genus 2 over ℂ, and studies involutions defined by tensoring the vector bundle with an element α of order 2 in the Jacobian of the curve, combined with multiplication of the Higgs field by ±1. It describes the fixed points of these involutions in terms of the Prym variety of the covering of X defined by α, and gives an interpretation in terms of the moduli space of representations of the fundamental group.
Holonomic Poisson Manifolds and Deformations of Elliptic Algebras
Authors: Pym Brent , Schedler Travis 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThis chapter introduces a natural non-degeneracy condition for Poisson structures, called holonomicity, which is closely related to the notion of a log symplectic form. Holonomic Poisson manifolds are privileged by the fact that their deformation spaces are as finite-dimensional as one could ever hope: the corresponding derived deformation complex is a perverse sheaf. The chapter develops some basic structural features of these manifolds, highlighting the role played by the divergence of Hamiltonian vector fields. As an application, it establishes the deformation invariance of certain families of Poisson manifolds defined by Feigin and Odesskii, along with the ‘elliptic algebras’ that quantize them.
Disjunction, clause typing, and intonation
Authors: Ciardelli Ivano , Groenendijk Jeroen , Roelofsen Floris 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter examines how disjunction interacts with clause typing (declarative versus interrogative) and intonation (intonational phrase structure and final pitch contours) in determining the meaning of various kinds of disjunctive sentence types, including disjunctive statements, polar disjunctive questions, open disjunctive questions, and alternative questions. In inquisitive semantics, disjunction is treated uniformly across all these sentence types as expressing the join operator on propositions (or more generally, on all semantic objects of a conjoinable type). It is shown that this treatment, together with an analysis of the semantic contribution of clause type marking and final pitch contours, yields an account of all the relevant constructions.
Affirming the roots
Authors: Verhoef Grietjie 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Sanlam returned to insurance and the delivery of value-adding financial services by disposing of a large investment in a banking company, thereby freeing up its capital for financial services diversification at last. Aggressive pruning of non-performing operations in the domestic and international markets, business operational restructuring, and a new management philosophy put Sanlam on the road to improved efficiency. With a focus of value-adding financial services to the entry-level market, as well as established markets in the UK, Sanlam improved return on equity employed, and positioned itself for global expansion. From an emerging market the path dependence of empowerment strategies were reinforced in new markets. From a strong strategy directing central management platform, optimal operational authority at the level of transacting positioned the company as a global player.
New Technologies Create Opportunities
Authors: Murray Sally 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Manufacturing sector growth is a well-trodden path from lower- to middle-income country status, yet its performance in sub-Saharan Africa has been weak. Scholars have opined that a weak comparative advantage in manufacturing is likely to stunt Africa’s development, and others that Industry 4.0 will deepen that disadvantage further. This chapter discusses how new technologies can be positively disruptive—to overcome drivers of weak comparative advantage in manufacturing, create new opportunities in ‘industries without smokestacks’ such as service exports, and raise living standards at given income levels. Technology can help to bring down the costs of living to make wages competitive, bridge and overcome gaps in human capital, make energy prices competitive, and overcome distances between producers and consumers. However, new technologies will not deliver these gains unaided: supportive policies are required to create an environment where these new technologies can deliver on their potential, and these are also discussed.
Senegal
Authors: English E. Philip 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Senegal is one of the most stable and democratic countries in Africa. It has enjoyed multi-party rule for decades. There is substantial freedom of the press, and Dakar is one of the safest large cities in Africa. The economy has done less well. The oil shock of 1975 and the subsequent debt crisis led to a steady decline. The economy grew strongly for some years around the turn of the millennium. However there was little structural change, and the rural economy remained dependent on vulnerable rain-fed crops. While many African countries experienced a commodity-driven boom, the Senegalese economy slowed down. Today Senegal has a diversified economy driven by services—led by telecommunications and finance. In the secondary sector, construction has been the most dynamic, and the mining sector has gradually expanded.
Understanding and Characterizing the Services Sector in South Africa
Authors: Bhorat Haroon , Rooney Christopher , Steenkamp François 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
One core economic challenge facing a developing country is its ability to structurally transform in a manner that generates higher levels of economic growth and employment absorption in the long run. Whilst such a question has often led into a detailed analysis of the role of the secondary sector generally, and manufacturing in particular, this chapter considers the growth and employment potential of the services sector in South Africa. First, there are a set of high-productivity skill-intensive industries in finance, business, communication, and in some cases retail services, which offer export potential—primarily via investment into international markets. Second, there are simultaneously a number of low-productivity industries with lower skill requirements found in informal retail and temporary employment services (TES). Third, tourism offers the potential to be an export-orientated industry with relatively low skill requirements.
Regional Opportunities in East Africa
Authors: Karingi Stephen , Pesce Ottavia , Sommer Lily 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Significant progress has been made by the East African Community partner states in implementing the East African Community customs union. Trade within the East African Community is now free from import duties, and partner states have adopted a three-band common external tariff. This chapter assesses how the customs union has supported intra-regional trade, competitiveness, and industrialization, in particular through the development of smokestack-free industries. It concludes that regional integration has provided a supportive environment for the development of competitive smokestack-free industries and exports, but significant opportunities still exist within the region. Recommendations are provided on what policy measures should be taken to harness these opportunities.
Introduction
Authors: Biedermann Zoltán 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This introductory chapter presents the question at the core of this study: why conquer? The idea of conquering parts of Asia did not come to Europeans spontaneously, but its early history has rarely been explored in much detail. There is a paradox built into ‘connected history’ writing, the dominant form among early modern global historians over the past decades: as agency has been devolved to Asian societies, the European impulses to conquest have lost visibility. The challenge is to redress the imbalance without falling back into a Eurocentric model. The diplomatic reception of a Sri Lankan ambassador by John III of Portugal in Lisbon, in 1542, exemplifies the challenges ahead. The episode is all about the making and workings of connections across cultural boundaries. Yet it also encapsulates signs of a balance of powers that is about to tilt in favour of the European side.
The Fact/Value Spectre
Authors: McMillan John 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The fact/value distinction has cast a shadow over bioethics and if taken in a naïve sense it has damaging implications for method in bioethics. Some still believe that all values are on a par epistemically and that leads to absurdity when we consider the status of some scientific values. It can be taken to imply positivism, meaning that unless ethics is conducted empirically it will be meaningless or subjective. It can also be taken to imply that all values are on an equal footing and I will show how that cannot be true and leads to an impoverished conception of what it is to do ethics well.
Persistent Misallocation and the Returns to Education in Mexico
Authors: Levy Santiago , López-Calva Luis F 
Published: December 2018

AbstractOver the last two decades, Mexico has experienced macroeconomic stability, an open trade regime, and substantial progress in education. Yet average workers’ earnings have stagnated, and earnings of those with higher schooling have fallen, compressing the earnings distribution and lowering the returns to education. This paper argues that distortions that misallocate resources toward less-productive firms explain these phenomena, because these firms are less intensive in well-educated workers compared with more-productive ones. It shows that while the relative supply of workers with more years of schooling has increased, misallocation of resources toward less-productive firms has persisted. These two trends have generated a widening mismatch between the supply of, and the demand for, educated workers. The paper breaks down worker earnings into observable and unobservable firm and individual worker characteristics, and computes a counterfactual earnings distribution in the absence of misallocation. The main finding is that in the absence of misallocation average earnings would be higher, and that earnings differentials across schooling levels would widen, raising the returns to education. A no-misallocation path is constructed for the wage premium. Depending on parameter values, this path is found to be rising or constant, in contrast to the observed downward path. The paper concludes arguing that the persistence of misallocation impedes Mexico from taking full advantage of its investments in the education of its workforce.
OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY ANGIOGRAPHY IN PATIENTS WITH RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA
Authors: Alnawaiseh Maged , Schubert Friederike , Heiduschka Peter , Eter Nicole 
Published: December 2018

Purpose:
To evaluate the correlation between the flow density measured by optical coherence tomography angiography and functional parameters in patients with retinitis pigmentosa.

Methods:
Twenty eyes of 20 patients with retinitis pigmentosa and 21 eyes of 21 healthy subjects were prospectively included in this study. Optical coherence tomography angiography was performed using RTVue XR Avanti with AngioVue (Optovue Inc). The macula was imaged with a 6 × 6-mm2 scan, whereas for the optic nerve head a 4.5 × 4.5-mm2 scan was taken. Visual acuity, visual field parameters (mean deviation and visual field index), full-field electroretinography, and multifocal electroretinography were tested for correlation with flow density data.

Results:
The flow density (whole en face) in the superficial/deep retinal OCT angiograms and in the optical coherence tomography angiography of the optic nerve head was significantly lower in the retinitis pigmentosa group when compared with the control group (P < 0.001). The flow density in the superficial retinal OCT angiogram (fovea) correlated significantly with the visual acuity (rSpearman = −0.77, P < 0.001) and the visual field parameters (visual field index: rSpearman = 0.56, P = 0.01; mean deviation: rSpearman = 0.54, P = 0.01).

Conclusion:
Patients with retinitis pigmentosa show a decreased macular and optic nerve head perfusion compared with healthy subjects. The flow density measured using optical coherence tomography angiography correlated with subjective and objective functional parameters.
Synovial chondromatosis of the hip joint in childhood
Authors: Wen Jie , Liu Hong , Xiao Sheng , Li Xin , Fang Ke , Tang Zhongwen , Cao Shu , Li Fanling , Cai Guangqing , Hu Chen 
Published: December 2018

Abstract

Rationale:
Pain in the hip joint is a common symptom in children. The common diseases leading to pain in the hip joint in children include transient synovitis of the hip, septic arthritis of the hip, and Legg–Calve–Perthes disease.

Patient concerns:
A 7-year-old boy was admitted due to pain in the right hip joint and limping for more than 1 month.

Diagnosis:
Synovial chondromatosis.

Interventions:
The patient underwent a hip open surgery, all the loose bodies in articular capsule were removed.

Outcomes:
At the 6-month follow-up, pain and limping disappeared, and the range of activity of the hip joint was restored to a normal level.

Conclusions:
Synovial chondromatosis is an uncommon disease which can cause pain of hip joint in children.

Lessons:
When the pediatric orthopedic surgeon treats the children suffered with hip pain the surgeon should be aware of this rare disease.
Clinical application of susceptibility-weighted imaging in the evaluation of leptomeningeal collateralization
Authors: Yang Lijuan , Luo Song 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The feasibility of using susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) in a clinical setting was assessed for quantifying leptomeningeal collateralization.
Eighteen patients with stroke and acute infarction underwent diffusion-weighted imaging, SWI, perfusion-weighted imaging, and magnetic resonance angiography within 3 days after symptom onset. Lesions were evaluated by the Alberta Stroke Program Early CT score (ASPECTS), based on mean transit time, SWI, and cerebral blood volume (CBV).
For evaluating ischemic penumbra and leptomeningeal collateralization, the SWI-ASPECTS significantly correlated, respectively, with mean transit time and CBV-ASPECTS (Spearman test, r = 0.793 and 0.682; P < .001, both).
The SWI may be useful to quantify leptomeningeal collateralization in patients with acute cerebral infarction.
Red man syndrome following the use of vancomycin-loaded bone cement in the primary total knee replacement
Authors: Chen Chu-Ting , Ng Khai-Jing , Lin Yu , Kao Ming-Chang 
Published: December 2018

Abstract

Rationale:
Red man syndrome (RMS) is the most common allergic reaction to vancomycin. It generally occurs during rapid infusion of vancomycin; only few cases have been reported as results of local vancomycin administration. We hereby report a rare case where RMS developed after insertion of vancomycin-loaded bone cement in a primary total knee replacement (TKR).

Patient concerns:
A 74-year-old woman was admitted for a left TKR due to severe osteoarthritis. Erythematous changes over face, trunk, and extremities developed after the use of vancomycin-loaded bone cement.

Diagnoses:
According to the clinical manifestations, the patient was diagnosed with vancomycin-induced RMS.

Interventions:
She was treated with fluid challenge and intravenous ephedrine, followed by intravenous diphenhydramine and hydrocortisone.

Outcomes:
The patient's symptoms and signs relieved within 1 h after treatment.

Lessons:
Vancomycin-induced RMS may occur after the routine use of vancomycin-loaded bone cement in the primary TKR replacement.
The genetic association between osteoprotegerin (OPG) gene polymorphisms and bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women
Authors: Peng Yuqin , Sheng Xiaowen , Xue Feng , Qian Yufeng 
Published: December 2018

Abstract

Background:
Osteoporosis is a common skeletal disorder in eldest people, especially in postmenopausal women. The osteoprotegerin (OPG) gene has been reported to be associated with the BMD and pathogenesis of osteoporosis. However, the results were inconsistent and inconclusive in previous studies.

Methods:
A meta-analysis was performed to investigate the effect of four common OPG gene polymorphisms (A163G, G1181C, T245G, and T950C) on BMD in postmenopausal women.

Results:
A total of 23 eligible studies with 12,973 postmenopausal women were enrolled in present study. Individuals who with AA genotype of A163G were found to have slightly higher femoral hip (P = .03, SMD = 0.49, [95% CI] = [0.06, 0.91]) and total hip BMD (P = .002, SMD = −0.25, [95% CI] = [−0.42, −0.09]) than those with AG genotype. Subjects with GG genotype of G1181C was found to have lower BMD than those with CC or GC genotypes in lumbar spine (GG vs GC: P = .0002, SMD = −0.85, [95% CI] = [−1.29, −0.41]; GG vs CC: P = .02, SMD = −0.21, [−0.39, −0.03]) and total hip BMD (GG vs GC: P = .002, SMD = −0.25, [95% CI] = [−0.42, −0.09]; GG vs CC: P = .01, SMD = −0.15, [95% CI] = [−0.26, −0.03]). In addition, the subjects with GC genotype of G1181C was detected to have lower BMD than those with CC genotype in lumbar spine BMD (P < .05). Furthermore, individuals with TT genotype of T950C were shown to have significant lower lumbar spine BMD compared with those with genotype CC in Caucasian (P < .05). The lumbar spine BMD was lower for subjects with TC genotype of T950C than those with CC genotype in both Caucasian and Asian populations (P < .05). In contrast to A163G, G1181C, and T950G, no association was detected between T245G polymorphism and BMD (P > .05).

Conclusion:
The present meta-analysis demonstrated the OPG A163G, G1181C, and T950G, but not T245G, might influence the BMD in postmenopausal women.
Progression of immunoglobulin G4-related disease to systematic lupus erythematosus after gastric cancer surgery
Authors: Arai Haruna , Hayashi Hiroki , Ogata Soshiro , Uto Kenichi , Saegusa Jun , Takahashi Kazuo , Koide Shigehisa , Inaguma Daijyo , Hasegawa Midori , Yuzawa Yukio 
Published: December 2018

Abstract

Rationale:
Immunoglobulin G4 related disease (IgG4-RD) rarely coexists with other autoimmune diseases, though we had a patient whose primary clinical problem was shifted from IgG4-RD to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) after gastrectomy. The present paper aimed to report pathological findings and clinical course of the patient.

Patient concerns:
The patient was a male aged 74 years old with gastric cancer characterized by the following symptoms: Raynaud phenomenon, polyarthralgia, and swollen parotid glands on both sides. Before gastrectomy, laboratory examination results showed renal dysfunction, hypocomplementemia, antinuclear antibodies (ANAs) positivity, and elevated serum IgG and IgG4 levels.

Diagnosis:
Based on postoperative renal biopsy showing severe plasma cell infiltration with tubulointerstitial fibrosclerosis, the patient was diagnosed with IgG4-RD. Despite significant improvement in renal function and reduction in parotid gland swelling during the postoperative follow-up period, after 7 months of the gastrectomy, anti-DNA antibody levels were increased and serositis was detected, which indicated the onset of SLE. IgG4-type ANA were also detected in the sera of the patient.

Interventions:
Treatment by oral prednisolone at 30 mg/day was initiated.

Outcomes:
Pericardial fluid, pleural effusions, and thickening of the gallbladder wall improved after 3 months of treatment according to computed tomography.

Lessons:
This study presented a rare case of comorbidity, wherein the patient's primary problem progressed from IgG4-type ANA-positive IgG4-RD to SLE after excision of gastric cancer.