Remnant cholesterol, clinical characteristics and mortality in 41.767 patients from LIPIDOGRAM 2004-2015 studies - the factor analysis for mixed data cluster analysis
Authors: Osadnik T , Banach M , Gierlotka M , Toth P , Lejawa M , Golawski M , Osadnik K , Pawlas N , Jozwiak J 
Published: October 2024

Abstract

Introduction
Remnant cholesterol (remnant-C) contributes to residual cardiovascular risk and is produced by metabolism of triglyceride rich proteins.

Aim
To assess association between clinical characteristics of patients with elevated remnant-C in a large cohort of patients under the care of primary care physicians.

Methods
The LIPIDOGRAM studies were carried out in the primary care in Poland in 2004, 2006 and 2015. Patients (n=47,398) recruited in all 16 administrative regions in Poland and physicians were proportionally distributed to the number of inhabitants in each administrative region. Each patient was asked to fill the questionnaire on risk factors, chronic diseases, treatment and lifestyle. In the present analysis we included patients with body mass index (BMI )&gt;18.5 kg/m2 aged 18-75 years. We set the cut-off point of fasting remnant cholesterol at &gt;30 mg/dL (&gt;0.77 mmol/L) that differentiated subjects at high risk of cardiovascular events. We carried out Factor Analysis for Mixed Data (FAMD) cluster analysis to discern groups of patients with similar clinical profiles.

Results
41,767 patients, for which we had all relevant data, were included in the analysis. Follow-up rate was 97.8%. Three FAMD-derived clinical characteristics patterns accounted for 47.8% of the total variance and were retained for further analysis. The first pattern was associated with higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS), higher waist circumference, higher levels of non-HDL-C and remnant-C levels. The second pattern was distinguished by lipid parameters, particularly higher HDL-C levels, and was not significantly associated with comorbid conditions. The third pattern was linked to male sex, previous myocardial infarction, smoking, age, lower remnant-C levels, and reduced prevalence of obesity. All patterns were associated with 5-year mortality. The hazard ratio (HR) for mortality per 1 standard deviation (SD) increase in the first pattern score was 1.18 (95% CI: 1.16-1.22, p&lt;0.001). Patients with clinical characteristics corresponding to second pattern had more favorable outcome HR (per 1SD score increase) – 0.75, 95%CI (0.73-0.78, p&lt;0.001). Patients in third cluster, similarly to patients in cluster 1 had increased mortality HR (per 1SD score) – 1.10, (95%CI:1.06-1.15, p &lt;0.001). Higher (&gt;0.77 mmol/l / 30 mg/dl) remnant-C cholesterol significantly contributed to classification of patients into first and third clusters. It was positively associated with first pattern (r=0.64, p&lt;0.001), but negatively with the third pattern (r=0.39, p&lt;0.001).

Conclusions
Elevated Remnant-C was associated with clinical pattern typical for metabolic syndrome. Interestingly, lower remnant-C levels in patients with comorbidities and more advanced age may not automatically be indicative of a better prognosis – this requires further investigation.Figure 1.Figure 2.