bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physico-chemical Behavior of Hydrogen Sulfide Induced by Reactions with H and D Atoms on Different Types of Ice Surfaces at Low Temperature
Authors: Oba Yasuhiro , Tomaru Takuto , Kouchi Akira , Watanabe Naoki 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
To elucidate the physico-chemical behavior of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) on icy grains in dense molecular clouds, we investigated the surface reactions of solid H2S with H and D atoms in low-temperature laboratory experiments. We confirmed that H2S was lost from the surface by reaction with H atoms via chemical desorption. We found no strong association between the effective desorption cross section and the ice structure (porous amorphous, non-porous amorphous, or crystalline) or temperature (10–30 K). At 10 K, the reaction rate constant for the H–D substitution of solid H2S with D atoms almost matched that for the D–H substitution of solid D2S with H atoms. The present experimental results clearly suggest that the observed abundances of H2S and its deuterated isotopologues (HDS and D2S) in the interstellar medium are controlled, at least partly, by surface reactions on interstellar icy grains.
Effect of aminophylline on the pharmacokinetics of amikacin in Sprague-Dawley rats
Authors: Amponsah Seth Kwabena , Opuni Kwabena Frimpong-Manso , Antwi Kwabena Aboagye , Kunkpeh Victor Pouzuing 
Published: March 2019

Introduction: In most resource-poor settings, amikacin is normally co-administered with aminophylline among preterm newborns with infection and apnea of prematurity. There is the likelihood of an interaction between concurrently administered amikacin that is excreted almost solely via kidneys, and aminophylline, which is known to increase filtration fraction. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of aminophylline on the pharmacokinetics of amikacin using an animal model.
Methodology: Twelve male Sprague-Dawley rats (7 – 8 weeks old) were put into 2 equal groups. The test group received amikacin (10 mg/kg/day) with aminophylline (5 mg/kg/day) via the intraperitoneal route, and the control group received only amikacin (10 mg/kg/day) via the same route. On Day 4, after daily administration of drugs, tail vein blood samples were collected at different time points. Serum samples at each time point for each group were pooled and analyzed by fluorescence polarization immunoassay. Non-compartment pharmacokinetic analysis was used to estimate pharmacokinetic parameters. Area under the concentration-time curves (AUCs) were extrapolated from time 0 to infinity (AUC0→∞). Elimination rate constant (Ke) and elimination half-life (t1/2e) were also estimated.
Results: Pharmacokinetic parameters of the control group (amikacin only) vis-a-vis the test group were as follows: Cmax; 42.4 μmol/L vs 19.0 μmol/L, AUC0→∞; 84.9 μmol/L/h vs 41.4 μmol/L/h, Ke; 0.12 hours-1 vs 0.24 hours-1, and t1/2; 5.87 hours vs 2.88 hours, respectively.
Conclusion: This study suggests possible interaction between aminophylline and amikacin. However, further studies need to be conducted in humans to ascertain this finding.
Dengue in the campus community of an overseas American university: A cross-sectional study
Authors: Mohammed Hamish , Hayden Mary H , Lee Elise , Santiago Luis M , Krecek Rosina C , Revan Floyd , Hunsperger Elizabeth 
Published: March 2019

Introduction: After a large outbreak of dengue virus (DENV) serotype-3 in Saint Kitts and Nevis (SKN) in 2008, we performed a cross-sectional study to determine the prevalence of anti-DENV immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies in expatriate and local persons affiliated with an American veterinary school there.
Methodology: This campus community comprised mostly expatriate students and faculty and Kittitian administrative staff. In 2009, a stratified random sample of students, faculty and staff was invited to complete an electronic survey to assess risk factors for DENV and provide blood for testing for anti-DENV IgG antibodies by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. IgG-positive specimens were also tested by a 90% plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT90) to determine immunoreactivity to DENV (1-4) serotypes and West Nile virus. Risk factors for anti-DENV IgG seropositivity were determined using simple and adjusted logistic regression.
Results: Of the 118 participants, the overall prevalence of DENV IgG antibodies was 44.1% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 35.1-53.0%), ranging from 30.1% in students, 100.0% in staff and 57.9% in faculty (p < 0.001). Duration of residence in St. Kitts was the only variable significantly associated with seropositivity on multiple logistic regression (adjusted odds ratio [95% CI]: 1.21 [1.07-1.37]). The serotype of DENV was determined in 11 persons: DENV-1 (n = 4), DENV-2 (n = 3), and DENV-3 (n = 4).
Conclusions: Expatriate students and faculty moving to St. Kitts from non-endemic areas were at high risk of DENV infection. There is a need for increased emphasis on pre-travel mosquito-borne virus prevention education for persons moving to St. Kitts to study and work.
Booster immunity – diagnosis of chronic hepatitis B viral infection
Authors: Komitova Radka T , Kevorkyan Ani K , Atanasova Maria V , Ivanova Aneta V , Golkocheva-Markova Elica 
Published: March 2019

Introduction: Diagnosis of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection particularly its occult form requires monitoring and repeat serological and molecular studies. The aim of the study was to investigate the possible relation between the case of a family outbreak of hepatitis A and the finding that a member of this family was diagnosed with chronic hepatitis B.
Methodology: A mother and her two sons, one previously diagnosed with chronic HBV infection, were hospitalized due to suspected acute hepatitis. Serological markers for hepatitis A, hepatitis B and hepatitis C were assessed. Additionally, HBV DNA was tested with a sensitive PCR. Hepatitis B vaccine was administered to the mother to differentiate resolved from occult HBV infection.
Results: A family outbreak of hepatitis A was confirmed, alongside a focus of chronic HBV infection. The serological profile for two brothers was HBsAg(+), anti-HBcIgM(-), anti-HBc(+), HBcAg(-)/anti-HBe(+). The mother was negative for all HBV markers except anti-HBc. HBV DNA was detected at a level of 461 IU/mL in the elder brother, 3647 IU/mL in the younger brother and was negative in the mother on two occasions. Her anti-HBc alone, having two sons with chronic HBV infection, and her lack of antibody response to hepatitis B vaccine despite being negative for HBV DNA, led to the diagnosis of probable occult HBV infection.
Conclusion: Our results confirmed that a vaccination approach could facilitate diagnosis of chronic HBV infection in the presence of isolated anti-HBc. If it were not for a family outbreak of hepatitis A, this unexpected family HBV focus would not have been revealed.
Innovation as economic power in Global Value Chains
Authors: Rikap Cecilia 
Published: March 2019

Global Value Chains (GVC) have been criticized for assuming power relations mainly based on empirical analyses. Although some authors focus on entry barriers to explain the emergence of market-power, those barriers’ porosity contradicts the sole entry barriers argument. We explore this genesis of power between enterprises and their effects to better understand GVC dynamics in general, and Apple Inc.’s chain in particular. We suggest that monopolizing innovations can be conceived as a self-reinforcing source of power capable of overcoming entry barriers’ porosity. In this context, we state that the long term dynamic of GVC centrally depends on the capacity of the leader to keep its innovation’s monopoly. We also suggest a typology of subordinated firms useful for understanding the different participants of Apple Inc.’s GVC.JEL classification : F23, F50, O34.
Leptin Promotes Monosodium Urate Crystal–Induced Inflammation in Human and Murine Models of Gout
Authors: Yu Yiyun , Yang Jie , Fu Sisi , Xue Yu , Liang Minrui , Xuan Dandan , Zhu Xiaoxia , Wan Weiguo , Lv Ling , Zou Hejian 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Gouty arthritis is an inflammatory disease that is triggered by abnormal uric acid metabolism, which is usually attributed to obesity, a risk factor of hyperuricemia and gout attack. A high level of leptin in plasma is a marker of individuals with obesity. Population studies show that leptin promotes obesity-related arthritis, such as osteoarthritis, but it is unknown whether leptin contributes to gouty arthritis, another form of obesity-related arthritis. Our present study showed that the levels of leptin and leptin receptor in patients with active gouty arthritis were elevated. Leptin facilitates the stimulation of human synoviocytes, mouse peritoneal macrophages, and HL-60 cells induced by monosodium urate, leading to higher levels of acute gout-related proinflammatory factors. Leptin obviously exacerbates the inflammation of monosodium urate–induced acute gouty arthritis in wild-type mice, whereas that in leptin-deficient C57BL6/Job/ob mice is markedly alleviated. The proinflammatory effect of leptin in acute gouty arthritis is partly mediated by mTORC1 signaling pathway. Our study reveals that leptin may serve as a novel prevention and treatment target in acute gouty arthritis.
Epitope Selection for HLA-DQ2 Presentation: Implications for Celiac Disease and Viral Defense
Authors: Hung Shu-Chen , Hou Tieying , Jiang Wei , Wang Nan , Qiao Shuo-Wang , Chow I-Ting , Liu Xiaodan , van der Burg Sjoerd H. , Koelle David M. , Kwok William W. , Sollid Ludvig M. , Mellins Elizabeth D. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractWe have reported that the major histocompatibility molecule HLA-DQ2 (DQA1*05:01/DQB1*02:01) (DQ2) is relatively resistant to HLA-DM (DM), a peptide exchange catalyst for MHC class II. In this study, we analyzed the role of DQ2/DM interaction in the generation of DQ2-restricted gliadin epitopes, relevant to celiac disease, or DQ2-restricted viral epitopes, relevant to host defense. We used paired human APC, differing in DM expression (DMnull versus DMhigh) or differing by expression of wild-type DQ2, versus a DM-susceptible, DQ2 point mutant DQ2α+53G. The APC pairs were compared for their ability to stimulate human CD4+ T cell clones. Despite higher DQ2 levels, DMhigh APC attenuated T cell responses compared with DMnull APC after intracellular generation of four tested gliadin epitopes. DMhigh APC expressing the DQ2α+53G mutant further suppressed these gliadin-mediated responses. The gliadin epitopes were found to have moderate affinity for DQ2, and even lower affinity for the DQ2 mutant, consistent with DM suppression of their presentation. In contrast, DMhigh APC significantly promoted the presentation of DQ2-restricted epitopes derived intracellularly from inactivated HSV type 2, influenza hemagglutinin, and human papillomavirus E7 protein. When extracellular peptide epitopes were used as Ag, the DQ2 surface levels and peptide affinity were the major regulators of T cell responses. The differential effect of DM on stimulation of the two groups of T cell clones implies differences in DQ2 presentation pathways associated with nonpathogen- and pathogen-derived Ags in vivo.
Iodine speciation and size distribution in ambient aerosols at a coastal new particle formation hotspot in China
Authors: Yu Huan , Ren Lili , Huang Xiangpeng , Xie Mingjie , He Jun , Xiao Hang 
Published: March 2019

Abstract. Intense new particle formation (NPF) events were observed in the coastal atmosphere
during algae growth and farming season at Xiangshan gulf of the east China coast. High
nucleation-mode iodine concentrations measured by ultra-performance liquid chromatography
coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/Q-TOF-MS) confirmed that
the NPF events were induced by iodine species. Our study provides important information
on iodine speciation, size distributions, and its role in NPF in the context of heavy air
pollution in China's coastal areas. For the first time, we identified 5 inorganic iodine
species, 45 organic iodine compounds (35 molecular formulas), and a group of
iodide–organic adducts in aerosols. The concentrations and size distributions of iodine
species down to 10 nm were measured during the iodine-induced NPF, continental NPF, and
non-NPF days at the coastal site and compared to those at an inland site. The iodine in
the above four aerosol sample types were characterized by iodate, aromatic iodine
compounds, iodoacetic acid or iodopropenoic acid, and iodide–organic adducts,
respectively. Iodide and organic iodine compounds were found in the nucleation-mode
particles; however, it is still not clear whether they contributed to nucleation or just
new particle growth. Wild algae, as well as farmed algae, could be an important NPF
source in China's coastal areas.
Cloud products from the Earth Polychromatic Imaging Camera (EPIC): algorithms and initial evaluation
Authors: Yang Yuekui , Meyer Kerry , Wind Galina , Zhou Yaping , Marshak Alexander , Platnick Steven , Min Qilong , Davis Anthony B. , Joiner Joanna , Vasilkov Alexander , Duda David , Su Wenying 
Published: March 2019

Abstract. This paper presents the physical basis of the Earth Polychromatic Imaging
Camera (EPIC) cloud product algorithms and an initial evaluation of their
performance. Since June 2015, EPIC has been providing observations of the
sunlit side of the Earth with its 10 spectral channels ranging from the UV to
the near-infrared. A suite of algorithms has been developed to generate the
standard EPIC Level 2 cloud products that include cloud mask, cloud effective
pressure/height, and cloud optical thickness. The EPIC cloud mask adopts the
threshold method and utilizes multichannel observations and ratios as tests.
Cloud effective pressure/height is derived with observations from the
O2 A-band (780 and 764 nm) and B-band (680 and 688 nm) pairs. The
EPIC cloud optical thickness retrieval adopts a single-channel approach in
which the 780 and 680 nm channels are used for retrievals over ocean and
over land, respectively. Comparison with co-located cloud retrievals from
geosynchronous earth orbit (GEO) and low earth orbit (LEO) satellites shows
that the EPIC cloud product algorithms are performing well and are consistent
with theoretical expectations. These products are publicly available at the
Atmospheric Science Data Center at the NASA Langley Research Center for
climate studies and for generating other geophysical products that require
cloud properties as input.
Changes in ground deformation prior to and following a large urban landslide in La Paz, Bolivia, revealed by advanced InSAR
Authors: Roberts Nicholas J. , Rabus Bernhard T. , Clague John J. , Hermanns Reginald L. , Guzmán Marco-Antonio , Minaya Estela 
Published: March 2019

Abstract. We characterize and compare creep preceding and following
the complex 2011 Pampahasi landslide (∼40 Mm3±50 %) in the city of La Paz, Bolivia, using spaceborne radar
interferometry (InSAR) that combines displacement records from both
distributed and point scatterers. The failure remobilized deposits of an
ancient complex landslide in weakly cemented, predominantly fine-grained
sediments and affected ∼1.5 km2 of suburban development.
During the 30 months preceding failure, about half of the toe area was
creeping at 3–8 cm a−1
and localized parts of the scarp area showed
displacements of up to 14 cm a−1. Changes in deformation in the 10 months
following the landslide demonstrate an increase in slope activity and
indicate that stress redistribution resulting from the discrete failure
decreased stability of parts of the slope. During that period, most of the
landslide toe and areas near the head scarp accelerated, respectively, to
4–14 and 14 cm a−1. The extent of deformation increased to cover most, or
probably all, of the 2011 landslide as well as adjacent parts of the slope
and plateau above. The InSAR-measured displacement patterns, supplemented by
field observations and optical satellite images, reveal complex slope
activity; kinematically complex, steady-state creep along pre-existing
sliding surfaces accelerated in response to heavy rainfall, after which
slightly faster and expanded steady creeping was re-established. This case
study demonstrates that high-quality ground-surface motion fields derived
using spaceborne InSAR can help to characterize creep mechanisms, quantify
spatial and temporal patterns of slope activity, and identify isolated
small-scale instabilities; such details are especially useful where
knowledge of landslide extent and activity is limited. Characterizing slope
activity before, during, and after the 2011 Pampahasi landslide is
particularly important for understanding landslide hazard in La Paz, half of
which is underlain by similar large paleolandslides.
Notificação compulsória: HIV/aids e o papel do cirurgião-dentista
Authors: Rodrigues Ana Iza Saraiva , Trezena Samuel , Coelho Pinto Mania De Quadros , Barbosa Júnior Edwaldo De Souza 
Published: March 2019

Introdução: a partir dos anos 1980, a epidemia de HIV/aids tornou-se um dos maiores problemas de saúdepública mundial e, mesmo que a qualidade de vida dos indivíduos que vivem com esta condição tenha melhorado nos anos 1990, pelo uso da terapia antirretroviral, ainda ocorre uma alta taxa de infecção pelo vírus. Objetivo: informar sobre a notificação compulsória de indivíduos que vivem com HIV/aids, assim como a relevância de alertar os profissionais de saúde quanto à sua importância em tal função. Materiais e método: a busca de artigos foi realizada em três plataformas internacionais e nacionais de dados (PubMed, SciELO e Lilacs), usando descritores do DeSC e MeSH. Devido à quase ausência de artigos pertinentes ao assunto, também foram consultados sites, boletins epidemiológicos, cadernos e guias publicados pelo Ministério da Saúde, assim como leis e portarias de acesso on-line e o Código de Ética Odontológico. Resultados: seguindo critérios de exclusão, dez trabalhos foram selecionados para centralização e discussão do assunto abordado. É obrigatório que profissionais de saúde, no território nacional, comuniquem às autoridades sobre novas ocorrências de infecção pelo HIV/aids. É escassa a literatura atual sobre o assunto, principalmente envolvendo cirurgiões-dentistas. Conclusão: a notificação compulsória realizada por outros profissionais é diferente da preconizada, visto que casos são subnotificados e, muitas vezes, outros profissionais de saúde não se encontram preparados para tal execução ou até mesmo desconhecem a função que devem realizar.
Job Satisfaction, Motivation and Commitment to Change of Stated Owned Enterprises Ministry Employee of Indonesia
Authors: Nugraheni Umi Gita , Hermawan Aji , Kuswanto Sadikin 
Published: March 2019

The State-Owned Enterprises Ministry as one of the Government agencies has a strategic role as a builder of State-Owned Enterprises to change the form of organizational bureaucracy and transformation to be a superholding company. This study focused on the influence of internal factors namely employee motivation and job satisfaction toward the commitment to change of State-Owned Enterprises Ministry employee.
This study aimed to find out whether the motivation and job satisfaction affect the commitment to change, as well as provide strategies to increase commitment to succeed employee’s change toward the organizational changes. Data were collected using a stratified random sampling of 177 State-Owned Enterprises Ministry employees by spreading questionnaire, in-depth interviews with management, and focus group discussion (FGD) with the representatives of the employees from each division.
The results indicated that motivation significantly associated with job satisfaction and Job Satisfaction is associated with the higher level of employees commitment to Change, but motivation was not associated with commitment to change. Qualitatively, it was more due to the change of commitment form among employees of the Ministry of State-Owned Enterprises, in General, it is a normative commitment and the commitment of the continuance, where employees feel obligated to support organizational change, not to take the effective role to make changes to the organization. Cross-validation result indicated that the final full SEM was valid and reliable.
Establishing a Legislative Scrutiny Framework
Authors: Hasson Victoria 
Published: March 2019

Establishing a Legislative Scrutiny Framework: The Case of Delegated Legislation in the Parliament of South Africa
There is one indispensable contravention to the principle of separation of powers: parliaments must grant the executive the authority to make law in a delegated capacity. No modern state can be effectively governed without the executive making laws to supplement Acts of parliament. Delegating power does not mean that parliament loses its power. For parliament to retain its legislative authority what is required is a framework to support parliament to review the laws (and powers) that are being delegated, and that it has the capacity to monitor and regulate the use of that power by the Executive. At the start of South Africa’s new democracy in 1994, parliament had the opportunity to create a framework for effective delegated law-making. Yet the parliament took almost 10 years to develop its approach and a further 6 years to have this framework approved. Since then, the application of parliament’s scrutiny framework is challenged by a lack of political will that makes it difficult for this oversight to take place effectively, and a permanent, powerful mechanism to be agreed upon. A close look into how South Africa’s post-1994 delegated framework was developed offers insight into the challenges of developing parliamentary rules, practices and procedures in the context of a new representative democracy with significant developmental challenges. As parliament’s legislative supremacy is at stake, these insights are of vital importance to our consideration of how to strengthen the position, place and performance of parliaments as democracy assistance professionals, academics, MPs and parliamentary staff.
Vrijwillige rechtspraak: rechters op het mediationpad?
Authors: Allewijn Dick 
Published: March 2019

Voluntary justice: Judges on the mediation path?
A characteristic difference between administration of justice and mediation so far was the element of voluntariness on the side of the clients. Administration of justice however is, for the citizen who is brought before the courts, not voluntary. Recently pilots have been started in which citizens can turn voluntarily to the Court at low cost, and not far from their neighborhood. Judges will not primarily aim at making a decision in accordance with the law, but at finding friendly solutions. Does this mean that judges are going to mediate? And if so, how should this be appreciated? In this contribution attention is paid to certain aspects of this question. It is argued that differences between jurisdiction and mediation still remain. More than mediators judges must act within the legal framework. The extent to which they can engage in the emotional undercurrent of conflicts is limited. Confidence in the Court is from a different origin than trust in the mediator, and that also makes a difference. And finally, a judge is competent to make a binding judgment, which influences the way he or she is looked at by the parties.
De best mogelijke rechtspraak
Authors: Barendrecht Maurits 
Published: March 2019

The best legal system possible
This article outlines the need in the Netherlands for socially effective justice that better resolves citizens’ problems. The author argues that new forms of dispute resolution should be integrated in the justice system. The author first describes various types of innovations. Then he outlines the obstacles to innovations. A major obstacle is that many stakeholders in the existing legal system are simultaneously the gatekeepers for the admission of innovations. It is necessary to create an infrastructure that welcomes, reinforces, tests, finances and imports new treatments for legal problems.