bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Accuracy, precision, and error in age estimation of Florida manatees using growth layer groups in earbones
Authors: Lonati Gina L , Howell Amber R , Hostetler Jeffrey A , Schueller Paul , de Wit Martine , Bassett Brandon L , Deutsch Charles J , Ward-Geiger Leslie I 
Published: April 2019

AbstractAges of Florida manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris) can be estimated by counting annual growth layer groups (GLGs) in the periotic dome portion of the tympanoperiotic complex of their earbones. The Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission manages an archive of more than 8,700 Florida manatee earbones collected from salvaged carcasses from 1989 to 2017. Our goal was to comprehensively evaluate techniques used to estimate age, given this large sample size and changes to processing protocols and earbone readers over time. We developed new standards for estimating ages from earbones, involving two independent readers to obtain measurements of within- and between-reader precision. To quantify accuracy, precision, and error, 111 earbones from manatees with approximately known ages (first known as calves: “KAC”) and 69 earbones from manatees with minimum known ages (“MKA,” based on photo-identification sighting histories) were processed, and their ages were estimated. There was greater precision within readers (coefficient of variation, CV: 2.4–8.5%) than between readers (CV: 13.1–13.3%). The median of age estimates fell within the true age range for 63.1% of KAC cases and was at least the sighting duration for 75.0% of MKA cases. Age estimates were generally unbiased, as indicated by an average raw error ± SD of −0.05 ± 3.05 years for the KAC group. The absolute error (i.e., absolute value of raw error) of the KAC data set averaged 1.75 ± 2.50 years. Accuracy decreased and error increased with increasing known age, especially for animals over 15 years old, whose ages were mostly underestimated due to increasing levels of resorption (the process of bone turnover that obscures GLGs). Understanding the degree of uncertainty in age estimates will help us assess the utility of age data in manatee population models. We emphasize the importance of standardizing and routinely reviewing age estimation and processing protocols to ensure that age data remain consistent and reliable.
Visit-to-visit variability in blood pressure and the development of chronic kidney disease in treated general hypertensive patients
Authors: Li Youbao , Li Dan , Song Yun , Gao Lan , Fan Fangfang , Wang Binyan , Liang Min , Wang Guobao , Li Jianping , Zhang Yan , Xu Xin , Hou Fan Fan , Cheng Xiaoshu , Sun Ningling , Sun Yingxian , Zhao Lianyou , Wan Qijun , Li Xiaoming , Li Junnong , Han Qinghua , Xu Xiping , Huo Yong , Qin Xianhui 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Background
Data on the association between visit-to-visit variability (VVV) in blood pressure (BP) and the risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in general treated hypertensive patients were limited. We aimed to evaluate the relation of VVV in BP with the development of CKD, and examine any possible effect modifiers in hypertensive patients without prior cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) or CKD.

Methods
This is a post hoc analysis of the Renal Sub-study of the China Stroke Primary Prevention Trial (CSPPT). A total of 10 051 hypertensives without CVD and CKD and with at least six visits of BP measurements from randomization to the 24-month visit were included. The main VVV in BP was expressed as standard deviation (SD). The primary outcome was the development of CKD, defined as a decrease in estimated glomerular filtration rate ≥30% and to a level of &lt;60 mL/min/1.73 m2, or end-stage renal disease.

Results
The median treatment duration was 4.4 years. After multivariable adjustment, including baseline systolic blood pressure (SBP) and mean SBP during the first 2-year treatment period, there was a significantly positive relationship of SD of SBP with the risk of CKD development (per SD increment; odds ratio, 1.27; 95% confidence interval: 1.10–1.46). The results were similar for coefficient of variation (CV) of SBP. Results across various subgroups, including age, sex, SBP at baseline, treatment compliance, concomitant antihypertensive medications and mean SBP during the first 24-month treatment period, were consistent.

Conclusions
SBP variability, irrespective of mean BP level, was significantly associated with the development of CKD in general treated hypertensive patients.
Trends in Cigar Use in the United States, 2002–2016: Diverging Trends by Race/Ethnicity
Authors: Weinberger Andrea H , Delnevo Cristine D , Zhu Jiaqi , Gbedemah Misato , Lee Joun , Cruz Lisa N , Kashan Rachel S , Goodwin Renee D 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Introduction
Although there are racial/ethnic differences in cigarette use, little is known about how non-cigarette tobacco use differs among racial/ethnic groups. This study investigated trends in cigar use from 2002 to 2016, by racial/ethnic group, in nationally representative US data.

Methods
Data were drawn from the 2002–2016 National Survey on Drug Use and Health public use data files (total analytic sample n = 630 547 including 54 060 past-month cigar users). Linear time trends of past-month cigar use were examined by racial/ethnic group (Non-Hispanic [NH] White, NH Black, Hispanic, NH Other/Mixed Race/Ethnicity) using logistic regression models.

Results
In 2016, the prevalence of past-month cigar use was significantly higher among NH Black respondents than among other racial/ethnic groups (ps &lt; .001). Cigar use was also higher among NH White respondents than among Hispanic and NH Other/Mixed Race/Ethnicity respondents. The year by racial/ethnic group interaction was significant (p &lt; .001). Past-month cigar use decreased significantly from 2002 to 2016 among NH White and Hispanic respondents (ps = .001), whereas no change in prevalence was observed among NH Black (p = .779) and NH Other/Mixed Race/Ethnicity respondents (p = .152). Cigar use decreased for NH White men (p &lt; .001) and did not change for NH White women (p = .884). Conversely, cigar use increased for NH Black women (p &lt; .001) and did not change for NH Black men (p = .546).

Conclusions
Cigar use remains significantly more common among NH Black individuals in the United States and is not declining among NH Black and NH Other/Mixed Race/Ethnicity individuals over time, in contrast to declines among NH White and Hispanic individuals.

Implications
This study identified racial/ethnic differences in trends in past-month cigar use over 15 years among annual cross-sectional samples of US individuals. The highest prevalence of cigar use in 2016 was found among NH Black individuals. In addition, cigar use prevalence did not decline from 2002 to 2016 among NH Black and NH Other/Mixed Race/Ethnicity groups over time, in contrast to NH White and Hispanic groups. Further, cigar use increased over time for NH Black women. Targeted public health and clinical efforts may be needed to decrease the prevalence of cigar use, especially for NH Black individuals.
Introduction: Collective Memory
Authors: Vang Chia Youyee 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This introductory overview discusses how this Hmong pilot oral history project originated and describes the project’s scholarly contribution as well as its theoretical frameworks and methodology. The introduction presents gaps in existing literature and explains the process followed in order to write about the ethnic minorities who took part in US Air Force operations during the United States’ Secret War in Laos and to tell the stories of their transformative experiences. The stories of these men—in which they went from mostly living on the margins of Lao society but then became daring fighter pilots working alongside Americans during the Vietnam War—are not found in official archives. The introduction also briefly discusses Hmong migration and settlement in Asia and their resettlement as refugees to the United States.
The Origin of Hmong Entanglement in the Vietnam War
Authors: Vang Chia Youyee 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Chapter 1 explores how the United States moved in to Indochina to replace the French following the latter’s defeat in 1954, which resulted in those who collaborated with Americans becoming dependent on US military and humanitarian aid from the early 1960s through the mid-1970s. The chapter illustrates calculated decisions by American policy makers to continue colonial policies to divide and conquer their subjects, which enabled decisions made at the highest level to promote the use of ethnic minorities in counterinsurgency operations. Such decisions were precisely what facilitated Hmong men’s participation in the covert Project Water Pump that trained Lao fighter pilots. The chapter further explains how CIA officers circumvented resistance from ethnic Lao military leaders and American officials to establish an air operation in the region under Hmong military leadership.
Time Lost, Time Regained
Authors: Callender Craig 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter contends that cognitive science is crucially important to the metaphysics of time. Cognitive science reveals mechanisms that help us regain the time “lost” by physics, and in so doing, it indirectly confirms some metaphysical hypotheses. After a brief setup, the chapter describes the interplay between cognitive science and the three modes of time identified by Kant, namely, duration, succession and simultaneity. It then sketches the beginnings of a solution to one of the main puzzles in the metaphysics of time, the so-called flow of time. If this chapter is correct, the explanation of temporal flow demands an all-out interdisciplinary attack.
Cognitive Science and Metaphysics
Authors: Schaffer Jonathan 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Is cognitive science relevant to metaphysics? The realist metaphysician aiming to describe the objective structure of reality itself may think that cognitive science is largely irrelevant. But Goldman argues that cognitive science is relevant, insofar as some arguments in metaphysics are premised on intuitions, and cognitive science is relevant to assessing both what people find intuitive, and whether a given intuition should be respected or debunked. This is persuasive. But Goldman’s picture would benefit from two adjustments (or perhaps just elaborations). First, the relevance of cognitive science is not specific to metaphysics, but rather generic to any intellectual inquiry that invokes intuitions. Secondly—and more importantly—metaphysics itself plays a crucial role alongside cognitive science in assessing intuitions. For a crucial part of assessment is determining which intuitions should be respected and which debunked, and that involves determining whether the intuition is tracking reality. So rather than being situated as in danger of being debunked, metaphysics should be situated as a needed partner in the very project of debunking.
Moral Metaphysics, Moral Psychology, and the Cognitive Sciences
Authors: Railton Peter 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Morality, like language, is a ubiquitous feature of contemporary human societies. Both cases exhibit social variation as well as cross-cultural similarities, and individual acquisition of largely tacit abilities to communicate and cooperate spontaneously in an open-ended array of circumstances. Cognitive science has shed light on how this is possible in the case of language, but recently has challenged whether human morality could actually live up to the character it purports to have (e.g., objective and nonparochial) or the social role it purports to play (e.g., in guiding judgment, motivation, and practices). Realism about morality is seen as at odds with understanding it scientifically. Challenges have been based upon “dual-process” theories and evolutionary psychology. A defense of realism can be given, however, on the strength of research supporting a picture of the mind as engaged in non-egocentric as well as egocentric causal-evaluative modeling of the physical and social world.
Natural Language and Its Ontology
Authors: Moltmann Friederike 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Natural language, it appears, reflects in part our conception of the world. Natural language displays a great range of types of referential noun phrases that seem to stand for objects of various ontological categories and types, and it also involves constructions, categories, and expressions that appear to convey ontological or notions. Natural language reflects its own ontology, an ontology that may differ from the ontology a philosopher may be willing to accept or even a nonphilosopher when thinking about what there is, and of course it may differ from the ontology of what there really is. This chapter gives a characterization of the ontology implicit in natural language and the entities it involves, situates natural language ontology within metaphysics, discusses what sorts of data may be considered reflective of the ontology of natural language, and addresses Chomsky’s dismissal of externalist semantics.
Wallowing in Self-Pity
Authors: Otis Laura 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The United States and some other Western cultures discourage adults from crying and publicly expressing pain. Metaphors for self-pity show the cultural pressures brought to bear on people who try to make their suffering known. In recent novels and films, metaphors of enclosure, paralysis, and filth depict self-pity as so shameful that they may drive people to suffer in silence. The films G. I. Jane and Bridesmaids illustrate the social rewards offered to women who shun self-pity and the peer pressure directed toward women who “wallow.” Findings in the field of self psychology raise doubts about whether self-pity is as detrimental as popular metaphors indicate. Depictions of self-pity as filthy and entrapping probably have physiological roots but can serve political ends by making injured people feel too ashamed to speak out.
Detached and Circling
Authors: Otis Laura 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Psychological studies of human attachment describe relationships metaphorically, but the attachment metaphor excludes some aspects of emotional bonds. It suggests that detachment is a simple, mechanical process, and it rules out the intermeshing that many people experience in loving relationships. Some male poets, fiction writers, and filmmakers who depict women resisting rejection have characterized them with metaphors of circling, constriction, and violent cutting. Virgil’s Aeneid, Charles Dickens’s Great Expectations, Rudyard Kipling’s “The Phantom Rickshaw,” Clint Eastwood’s Play Misty for Me, and Adrian Lyne’s Fatal Attraction portray rejected women with images of darkness and destruction. Novelist Siri Hustvedt and director Andrea Arnold use different metaphors of shattering, dancing, riding piggyback, and flying free. Metaphoric descriptions of rejected people matter because they can shame people into suppressing emotions that they need to consider cognitively.
Till Porn Do Us Part?
Authors: Perry Samuel L. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Chapter 5 shows how pornography use shapes the romantic and family relationships of conservative Protestants in ways that are uniquely destructive. Specifically, he chapter draws on both quantitative data and qualitative interviews to explain why the sex lives and relationship quality of conservative Protestants tends to suffer more from pornography use compared to those of other Americans. Conservative Protestant men are more likely than other American men to hide their pornography use and lie about it, creating additional sources of conflict and distance between couples. Moreover, conservative Protestant women are more likely than other American women to consider pornography use as a form of “adultery” or “betrayal” and thus when pornography use is discovered, they are more likely to be traumatized by the incident or threaten divorce.
Introduction
Authors: Walen Alec D. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Much contemporary just war theory is modeled on the theory of self-defense. The dominant account of rights used by people interested in the right of self-defense is doubly problematic: its internal tensions undermine the plausibility of the views people try to defend, and it is in some ways morally distorting. This book is primarily concerned with developing and then deploying a new account of rights, one that will put the discussion of the right to defend against threats on more solid footing. The introductory chapter covers four themes. First, to explain why the current state of just war theory calls for a new account of rights, the chapter traces a brief history of recent discussions of the right of self-defense. Second, the chapter describes when it is permissible to defend against threats. Third, it explains how this relates to current law and to other philosophical work on the topic. Finally, it sketches an outline of the rest of the book.
Innocent Threats Versus Innocent Bystanders
Authors: Walen Alec D. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter is the first part of the argument that there is no fundamental, principled reason why noncombatants who help unjust combatants to wage war may not be eliminatively killed. It starts by explaining why it is hard to justify killing an innocent bystander to save an innocent victim. It then argues that the choice whether to kill an innocent threat or allow an innocent victim to die is a closer call. In particular, one cannot reason from the premise that a threat owes a victim some sacrifice to the conclusion that his harm can be discounted in the way suggested by those who would invoke a lesser-evil justification. Instead, there are both agent and patient effects of being a threat, effects that make it easier to justify killing a threat, even an innocent threat, than an innocent bystander. Finally, objections are raised and addressed.
From Innocent Threats to Noncombatants Innocently Aiding Unjust Combatants
Authors: Walen Alec D. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter is the second part of the argument that there is no fundamental, principled reason why noncombatants who help unjust combatants to wage war may not be eliminatively killed. It argues that non-culpable aggressors and those who act without aggressing but who threaten have weaker claims not to be killed than innocent threats. It then argues that intervening agency does not generally strengthen an indirect threat’s claim not to be killed. Finally, the chapter argues that bearing a threat only because many others also contribute to that threat also does not strengthen a threat’s claim not to be killed. The primary restrictions on killing that protect noncombatants are necessity and proportionality.
Why “beyond the rapist”?
Authors: Harris Kate Lockwood 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This first chapter outlines reasons why considering campus sexual violence “beyond the rapist” matters. Many feminists assert that, to stop sexual violence, people must pay attention to the systems that surround it. Noticing those systems can be difficult, however, because popular discussions suggest that one individual rapes another. This conceptualization of sexual violence can obscure the processes and organizational dynamics that support assaults. By focusing on the growing movement around Title IX and rape at U.S. colleges and universities, the chapter introduces a key argument of the book: Feminist new materialist theories can help organizations and activists focus “beyond the rapist” and prompt systemic change. The chapter offers definitions of the book’s key terms—organization, communication, and sexual violence—as well as an overview of feminist new materialism and Title IX.
Violence communicates differently
Authors: Harris Kate Lockwood 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter begins to conceptualize sexual violence as a series of material–discursive intra-actions. It does so by drawing upon a case study at a university regarded for having some of the most effective sexual violence policies in the United States, the pseudonymous Public Research University (PRU). An analysis of the systems for reporting rape and other assaults at PRU shows that these processes rely on representationalist frameworks that have problematic raced and gendered consequences. The reporting system allows PRU to overlook lots of violence. Moreover, marginalized members of the university do a disproportionate amount of the labor to run the system. The chapter relies on the feminist new materialist concept of diffraction to show that reports to Title IX officers are not mere descriptions of sexual violence, but the outcome of material–discursive processes. The chapter advances a material turn by using violence as a focal point for theory that is neither wholly constructivist nor wholly realist.
What Is “Strategic 360 Feedback”?
Authors: Bracken David W. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Strategic 360 Feedback is defined as (a) having content derived from the organization’s strategy and values; (b) creating data that are sufficiently reliable and valid to be used for decision-making for talent management purposes; (c) being integrated into talent management, performance management, and development systems; and (d) being inclusive of all candidates for assessment. When these conditions are satisfied, Strategic 360 Feedback processes can create sustainable change in behaviors valued by the organization, create behavior change in key leaders, inform decisions integral to organization-wide talent management processes, and support the creation and maintenance of a feedback culture. All multirater processes should be developmental, and Strategic 360 Feedback in no way precludes its use for development purposes.
Strategic 360 Feedback for Talent Management
Authors: Church Allan H. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of key elements to consider when using 360 Feedback as an integral part of a strategic talent management system in an organization. The focus of the chapter is on formal structured processes that serve to differentiate, develop, and enable decision-making to solve organizational talent needs. The chapter begins with a case example highlighting the power of 360 Feedback as both a predictive and a diagnostic tool for talent planning and slating candidates for succession. Next, context is provided regarding the distinction between the little and big S in strategic 360 Feedback in talent management programs, followed by a discussion of the four key differentiating components to consider when designing and implementing 360 Feedback for talent decision-making. The last section focuses on key challenges that can influence the effectiveness of a 360 Feedback program along with recommendations for practice.
Using Stakeholder Input to Support Strategic Talent Development at Board and Senior Executive Levels
Authors: Winum Paul 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the use of stakeholder input in the form of 360 Feedback to deliver high-value strategic talent development at the board of directors and senior executive levels in organizational settings. The chapter begins with an overview of context, considerations, and methods for evaluating company directors and board effectiveness, which is an important component of organizational governance, particularly in publicly traded firms. An approach to working with the chief executive officer and other key stakeholders is then offered via a diagnostic evaluation model that covers areas such as purpose and strategy, composition and structure, board culture, chief executive officer partnership, board leadership, and renewal. Case studies are provided at both the board level and with senior executives using a Strategic 360 Feedback application at Mastercard®, where pre/post surveys were used to evaluate impact. The chapter concludes with key learning and insights for working with these unique types of populations.