bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quasi-linear Analysis of Proton-cyclotron Instability
Authors: Yoon Peter H. , López Rodrigo A. , Seough Jungjoon , Rashid Muhammad , Salem Chadi S. , Sarfraz Muhammad , Lazar Marian , Shaaban Shaaban M. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The proton-cyclotron (PC) instability operates in various space plasma environments. In the literature, the so-called velocity moment-based quasi-linear theory is employed to investigate the physical process of PC instability that takes place after the onset of early linear exponential growth. In this method, the proton velocity distribution function (VDF) is assumed to maintain a bi-Maxwellian form for all time, which substantially simplifies the analysis, but its validity has not been rigorously examined by comparing against the actual solution of the kinetic equation. The present paper relaxes the assumption of the velocity moment-based quasi-linear theory by actually solving for the velocity space diffusion equation under the assumption of separable perpendicular and parallel VDFs, and upon comparison with the simplified velocity moment theory, it demonstrates that the simplified method is largely valid, despite the fact that the method slightly overemphasizes the relaxation of temperature anisotropy when the system is close to the marginally stable state. The overall validation is further confirmed with the results of particle-in-cell and hybrid-code simulations. The present paper thus provides a justification for making use of the velocity moment-based quasi-linear theory as an efficient first-cut theoretical tool for the PC instability.
Modeling the X-Ray Emission of the Boomerang Nebula and Implication for Its Potential Ultrahigh-energy Gamma-Ray Emission
Authors: Chen Xiao-Bin , Liang Xuan-Han , Liu Ruo-Yu , Wang Xiang-Yu 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The Boomerang Nebula is a bright radio and X-ray pulsar wind nebula (PWN) powered by an energetic pulsar, PSR J2229+6114. It is spatially coincident with one of the brightest ultrahigh-energy (UHE; ≥100 TeV) gamma-ray sources, LHAASO J2226+6057. While X-ray observations have provided radial profiles for both the intensity and photon index of the nebula, previous theoretical studies have not reached an agreement on their physical interpretation, which also leads to different anticipation of the UHE emission from the nebula. In this work, we model its X-ray emission with a dynamical evolution model of PWN, considering both convective and diffusive transport of electrons. On the premise of fitting the X-ray intensity and photon index profiles, we find that the magnetic field within the Boomerang Nebula is weak (∼10 μG in the core region and diminishing to 1 μG at the periphery), which therefore implies a significant contribution to the UHE gamma-ray emission by the inverse Compton (IC) radiation of injected electron/positron pairs. Depending on the particle transport mechanism, the UHE gamma-ray flux contributed by the Boomerang Nebula via the IC radiation may constitute about 10%–50% of the flux of LHAASO J2226+6057 at 100 TeV and up to 30% at 500 TeV. Finally, we compare our results with previous studies and discuss potential hadronic UHE emission from the PWN. In our modeling, most of the spindown luminosity of the pulsar may be transformed into thermal particles or relativistic protons.
A new species of the genus Truncocolumella (Basidiomycota, Boletales) found in the Hengduan Mountains of China
Authors: Li Lin , Wan Shanping , Wang Yun , Thongklang Naritsada , Luo Zonglong , Li Shuhong 
Published: November 2024

During surveys of hypogeous fungi in the Hengduan Mountains, south-western China, three specimens of the genus Truncocolumella were discovered in Sichuan Province.
Morphological and molecular analyses revealed that the collections represent a new species, Truncocolumella pseudocolumella. This article describes the new species and discusses its relationship with the other two members of the genus.
INFLUENCE OF CLIMATE ON THE COUPLED HEAT AND MOISTURE TRANSFER THERMAL CALCULATION IN CHINA
Authors: Luo Daiwei , Li Yunxi , Liu Jiaping 
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT
The climate in China varies substantially across its extensive territory. However, the traditional thermal design of buildings is primarily based on pure heat calculation that considers only heat transfer. Therefore, the heat transfer of a building envelope should be clarified under the action of periodic external disturbance circulation. In this study, four different climatic factors were selected for heat transfer simulation, including season, solar radiation, air temperature, and relative humidity. The results indicate that the outdoor relative humidity has a significant impact on the difference between coupled heat and moisture calculation and pure thermal calculation. This influence becomes evident in the cooling conditions in summer but weakens in the winter heating conditions. Accordingly, the meteorological data of 270 cities in China were statistically analyzed using Python programming language. The concept of "cooling high-humidity days" was proposed as a zoning indicator for coupled heat and humidity thermal calculation zoning. The coupled heat and moisture thermal calculation design zoning map of China is provided, which affords the specific calculation method in building thermal design.
Three new Odonata species (cf. Cephalozygoptera and cf. Dysagrionidae) from the early Eocene Okanagan Highlands of British Columbia, Canada, and Washington, United States of America
Authors: Archibald S. Bruce , Cannings Robert A. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Three new species of Ypresian (early Eocene) Odonata are described: Paradysagrion sosbyaegen. and sp. nov. from the Klondike Mountain Formation at Republic, Washington, United States of America, and Dysagrionites allenbyensissp. nov. and Allenby gen. and sp. A from the Allenby Formation near Princeton, British Columbia, Canada. All three are assigned to the Dysagrionidae and Cephalozygoptera but only tentatively, as key diagnostic morphology is missing from their incomplete fossils. The definition of the collective genus Dysagrionites is broadened to include odonates tentatively assigned to the Dysagrioninae (Dysagrionidae) that are distinct as species but have unclear nominal genus affinity.
The effect of silver and calcium fluoride nanoparticles on antibacterial activity of composite resin against Streptococcus mutans: An in vitro study
Authors: Fathi Mehdi , Hosseinali Zahra , Molaei Tina , Hekmatfar Somayeh 
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Background:
Recurrent caries were attributed to the lack of antibacterial properties of the dental materials. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and calcium fluoride nanoparticles (CaF2NPs) are broad-spectrum antibacterial agents. The object of the study was to investigate the antibacterial properties of composite-incorporated AgNPs and CaF2NPs on Streptococcus mutans.

Materials and Methods:
This experimental study forty-eight disks containing 0.5, 1, and 1.5% wt AgNPs s (n = 24) and 5, 10, and 15% wt CaF2NPs were prepared from flowable composite resin (n = 24). The third group consisted of 9 types of the combination of AgNPs and CaF2NPs (n = 72). A field emission scanning electron microscope with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis system was used to test for the presence of nanoparticles in composite resins. The antibacterial efficacy of dental composite was evaluated by disk diffusion agar test. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration were conducted. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and multiple Tukey HSD (Honestly Significant Difference) tests. Significance level was set at 0.05.

Results:
Nanoparticles added to composite produce bacterial inhibition zone. The greatest inhibition of bacterial growth was recorded in the third group which contained both nanoparticles (P < 0.05). MIC values decreased after adding CaF2 NPs to the AgNPs-containing composite. The results of the FE-SEM test indicate the presence of AgNPs and CaF2NPs in the dental composite resin sample. On the other hand, the formation of AgNPs and their elemental nature were proved using energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis EDX analysis. According to the results, composite resins containing 0.5% of AgNPs s and 15% of CaF2NPs exhibited a significantly lower antibacterial activity compared to the 1.5% and 1% of AgNPs s with 15% of CaF2NPs (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:
Dental composite resins-containing CaF2NPs and AgNPs showed anti-bacterial activity against S. mutans.
Review of the Properties, Acceptance, and Use of Eucalyptus as an Alternative Species in Ethiopia's Wood Industries
Authors: Kaba Gemechu 
Published: November 2024

The demand for forest-related goods and services has continued to grow in Ethiopia due to the increasing population, urbanization, and the boom of the construction sector. In the past, the demand was covered by indigenous timber species, which now have declined due to unwise exploitations. To narrow down the gap between supply and demand an alternative solution is promoting and utilizing fast-growing species such as Eucalyptus wood. To effectively utilize this species identifying its special characteristics, level of acceptance in wood industries, and utilization practices are very important. To achieve the goals of this review, a thorough search was carried out across multiple scholarly databases. Then, pertinent research, papers, and articles about the use of Eucalyptus in the wood industries were downloaded and reviewed. The study shows that Eucalyptus is widely cultivated in various regions of Ethiopia and plays a significant role in the socio-economic dimensions of many Ethiopians, providing livelihood opportunities, environmental services, and supporting sustainable development. Although it is being used as an alternative to traditional timber species in many places in the world, it is not being widely used in Ethiopia's wood industry for furniture manufacturing. This is because producers are unaware of the special properties of this species; its felling technique, sawing method, and drying behavior which demands proper attention and care. To ensure the sustainable use of Eucalyptus resources, better tree management techniques, innovative wood processing techniques, market development, and strengthening the capacity of relevant stakeholders are imperative.
Spiritualitas Ekologis Abad Pertengahan dan Implikasinya bagi Pemeliharaan Lingkungan Masa Kini
Authors: Kristiantoro Sony 
Published: November 2024

Abstract: The current ecological crisis is caused by various factors that influence each other, including political, economic, cultural, and religious factors. Religious factors include spirituality that underlies people's behavior in everyday life. This paper is obtained through qualitative research using literature studies and is intended to provide some historical descriptions of ecological spirituality that began to emerge in the Middle Ages. The study results show that the medievals appreciated the earth and God's creation so well. The spirituality lived by the people in the Middle Ages can be an inspiration for us today. So people today do not treat the environment and creation as objects and exploit them to the full, but maintain, green the earth, make them friends, and want to actively participate in making this earth a better place for all.Abstrak: Krisis ekologi pada masa sekarang ini disebabkan oleh berbagai macam faktor yang saling memengaruhi, di antaranya adalah faktor politik, faktor ekonomi, faktor budaya, dan juga faktor agama. Faktor agama di antaranya berupa spiritualitas yang mendasari orang-orang berperilaku dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Tulisan ini didapatkan melalui penelitian kualitatif dengan memakai studi literatur, dan dimaksudkan untuk memberikan beberapa gambaran historis mengenai spiritualitas ekologis yang sudah mulai muncul pada abad-abad pertengahan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa para tokoh pada abad pertengahan ternyata sangat menghargai bumi dan ciptaan Tuhan sedemikian baiknya. Spiritualitas yang dihidupi oleh para ahli pada abad pertengahan itu, dapat menjadi inspirasi bagi tindakan yang dilakukan oleh manusia pada zaman ini, sehingga tidak memperlakukan lingkungan hidup dan ciptaan sebagai objek dan mengeksploitasinya habis-habisan, melainkan memelihara, menghijaukan bumi, menjadikannya sahabat, dan mau berpartisipasi secara aktif dalam menjadikan bumi ini sebagai tempat yang lebih baik bagi semuanya.
Kaum Injili dan Pericope Adulterae (Yoh. 7:53-8:11): Sebuah Usulan
Authors: Kristianto Stefanus 
Published: November 2024

Abstract: Pericope Adulterae, commonly known as “The Story of the Adulterous Woman” (John 7:53-8:11), is one of the famous stories in the Gospel of John. However, this story turns out to have serious problems regarding its authenticity. So, how should Evangelicals deal with this passage? This paper will begin with a textual analysis to show that the Pericope Adulterae is not an integral part of the Gospel of John. Afterwards, the authors turn to historical analysis to show that Pericope Adulterae probably originated from an oral tradition that was then preserved in three different written forms. Lastly, the writer tries to look at this text from a theological perspective, especially the Evangelical doctrine of inspiration. The author concludes that Pericope Adulterae is not part of the inspired word of God. Therefore, this passage should not be the norma normans for the Evangelicals. However, this passage is a beautiful legacy of church tradition, which to some extent can still be used in the spiritual life of the Evangelicals. Abstrak: Pericope Adulterae, atau yang lazim dikenal sebagai “Kisah Perempuan yang Berzinah” (Yoh. 7:53-8:11), adalah salah satu kisah terkenal dalam Injil Yohanes. Meski demikian, kisah ini ternyata memiliki problem serius mengenai autentisitasnya. Lantas, bagaimanakah Kaum Injili harus menyikapi perikop ini? Tulisan ini akan mulai dengan analisa tekstual untuk menunjukkan bahwa Pericope Adulterae bukanlah bagian integral dari Injil Yohanes. Selanjutnya, penulis berpindah ke analisa historis untuk menunjukkan bahwa Pericope Adulterae kemungkinan berasal dari tradisi lisan yang lantas dipelihara dalam tiga bentuk tertulis yang berbeda. Terakhir, penulis mencoba memandang teks ini dengan kacamata teologis, khususnya doktrin Kaum Injili mengenai inspirasi. Kesimpulan penulis, Pericope Adulterae bukan bagian dari firman Allah yang diinspirasikan. Karena itu, bagian ini tidak seharusnya menjadi norma normans bagi Kaum Injili. Meski demikian, perikop ini adalah warisan yang indah dari tradisi gereja, yang dalam batas tertentu masih bisa digunakan dalam kehidupan rohani Kaum Injili.
Sisi Gelap Allah dalam Kitab Ayub
Authors: Sin Sia Kok 
Published: November 2024

Abstract: A careful reading of the book of Job will reveal the dark side of God. God acted as if it were against His nature. God is merciful and kind, but he is the cause of Job’s suffering and does not provide answers to Job’s questions about the reason for his suffering. Some experts discuss this, but others ignore it. Through examining the book of Job, the author tries to explain the dark side of God in the book of Job. The author divides the book of Job into several parts, namely Job 1-2, 3-37, 38-41 and 42, as a basis for discussion and seeks to provide a theological review of God’s attitude and character towards Job in dealing with his suffering, interaction with his friends, or even with God himself. God was willing to “bet” with Satan, thus bringing tragedy in the life of Job, a godly man. God was silent totally in the midst of the theological debates of Job and his friends. God who spoke through His wisdom and omnipotence yet did not answer Job’s questions about the reasons for the tragedy in his life. Instead, God restored Job with his partial compensation. This article aims to remind readers of the dark side of God that will remain a mystery. The believer has to embrace this dark side of God with a faith that is not based on knowledge, feelings and experience but a total commitment to God. Total trust in God regardless of everything God allows to happen in his life. Abstrak: Pembacaan yang teliti terhadap kitab Ayub akan menghadirikan sisi gelap Allah. Allah bertindak seolah-olah bertentangan dengan natur-Nya. Allah yang maha murah dan baik justru yang menjadi penyebab penderitaan Ayub yang saleh dan tidak memberikan jawaban atas pertanyaan Ayub tentang alasan penderitaannya. Ada ahli yang membahas hal ini, tetapi ada ahli yang mengabaikannya. Melalui penyelusuran kitab Ayub penulis berupaya memaparkan sisi gelap Allah dalam kitab Ayub. Penulis membagi kitab Ayub menjadi beberapa bagian, yaitu Ayub 1-2, 3-37, 38-41 dan 42 sebagai dasar pembahasan dan berupaya memberikan tinjauan teologis sikap dan karakter Allah terhadap Ayub dalam menghadapi penderitaannya, interaksi dengan teman-temannya, atau bahkan dengan Allah sendiri. Allah yang mau “bertaruh” dengan Iblis, sehingga membawa tragedi dalam kehidupan Ayub, seorang yang saleh. Allah yang membisu di tengah perdebatan teologis Ayub dan teman-temannya. Allah yang berbicara melalui hikmat dan kemahakuasaan-Nya, namun tidak memberikan jawaban atas pertanyaan Ayub tentang alasan tragedi dalam hidupnya. Allah yang memulihkan Ayub dengan kompensasi parsialnya. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengingatkan pembaca akan sisi gelap Allah yang akan tetap menjadi suatu misteri. Hal ini perlu disikapi oleh orang percaya dengan iman yang tidak didasarkan atas pengetahuan, perasaan dan pengalaman, tetapi pada komitmen total kepada Allah. Kepercayaan total kepada Allah terlepas dari segala hal yang Allah izinkan terjadi dalam kehidupannya.
Pengembangan Spiritualitas Melalui Berbagi Pengalaman di Dalam Komunitas Intergenerasional
Authors: Lindawati Chong 
Published: November 2024

Abstract:Sharing experiences within the intergenerational community is something valuable for spiritual development. Unfortunately, there are various obstacles to making it happen. Among them, the individualistic lifestyle dominating the nature and existence of the community tends to be ignored. Not to mention the tendency in society that separates people based on age groups or generations, where the opportunity to understand each other and share experiences between different generations is intentionally becoming less and less. A faith community or church may be the only place where all generations gather regularly. Unfortunately, society’s trend toward generational fragmentation has moved within the church. Through a practical theological approach, this paper attempts to show how empirical experience with the support of historical and biblical traditions, as well as support from psychosocial theories, including generation theory, sociocultural learning theory, developmental theory and ecological systems theory, demonstrates the significance of sharing experiences in intergenerational communities for the developmental process of a human being. Abstrak: Berbagi pengalaman di dalam komunitas intergenerasi adalah sesuatu yang berharga bagi pengembangan spiritualitas. Sayangnya ada berbagai hambatan untuk mewujudkannya. Di antaranya, gaya hidup individualistis yang telah mendominasi sehingga hakikat dan keberadaan komunitas sendiri cenderung diabaikan. Belum lagi kecenderungan di tengah masyarakat yang memisahkan manusia berdasarkan kelompok usia atau generasi, di mana kesempatan untuk saling memahami sekaligus berbagi pengalaman antargenerasi yang berbeda secara intensional menjadi makin minim. Komunitas iman atau gereja mungkin satu-satunya tempat di mana semua generasi berkumpul secara teratur. Sayangnya, tren masyarakat menuju fragmentasi generasi telah pindah ke dalam gereja. Melalui pendekatan teologi praktis, tulisan ini berupaya menunjukkan bagaimana pengalaman empiris dengan dukungan tradisi historis dan Alkitab serta dukungan dari teori psikososial termasuk teori generasi, teori pembelajaran sosiokultural, teori perkembangan dan teori sistem ekologi menunjukkan signifikansi berbagi pengalaman di dalam komunitas intergenerasi bagi proses perkembangan seorang manusia.
Mengapa Ayub Berbeda? Mengkaji Pemberian Nahala Bagi Anak-Anak Perempuan Dalam Teks Ayub 42:15 (Sebuah Tinjauan Dengan Perspektif Feminis)
Authors: Yohanessa Gabriella Tara 
Published: November 2024

Abstract: The world of the Old Testament was a patriarchal one with a number of rules that were detrimental to women, both in family and community life. One of the practices that made it difficult for women to get their rights fairly was the division of inheritance. This paper, from a feminist perspective, seeks to examine Job's action in distributing nahala (LAI: milik pusaka) to his three daughters. Job's decision was unusual, because ideally, daughters do not received nahala as long as there are sons who are legally considered more entitled to receive it. In order to obtain comprehensive data, the research was conducted qualitatively through a literature study to find out that Job's unusual action was motivated by the renewal of mind that God granted him during his suffering. Then, the research findings will also seek implications for the lives of believers today. Abstrak: Dunia Perjanjian Lama kental dengan nuansa patriarkat yang diikuti sejumlah aturan yang bersifat merugikan perempuan, baik dalam kehidupan keluarga maupun masyarakat. Salah satu praktik hidup yang membuat perempuan sukar mendapatkan haknya secara adil ialah pembagian milik pusaka. Tulisan ini dengan perspektif feminis ingin mengkaji tindakan Ayub yang membagikan nahala (LAI: milik pusaka) bagi ketiga anak perempuannya. Keputusan Ayub menjadi tidak lazim, sebab idealnya anak perempuan tidak mendapat nahala selama masih ada anak laki-laki yang secara hukum dipandang lebih berhak untuk menerima itu. Demi memperoleh data yang komprehensif, penelitian dilakukan secara kualitatif melalui studi kepustakaan untuk mengetahui bahwa tindakan tidak lazim Ayub dilatarbelakangi oleh pembaruan pikiran yang dikaruniakan Allah kepadanya semasa penderitaan terjadi. Lalu, temuan penelitian juga akan dicari implikasinya bagi kehidupan orang percaya masa kini.
Eksplorasi Pertumbuhan Spiritual Dan Perkembangan Manusia Pada Anak-anak Dan Remaja: Perspektif Teologi
Authors: Megawaty Titin , Herman Samuel 
Published: November 2024

Abstract:This article integrates theological perspectives with insights from human development experts to understand the processes of growth and development in individuals. Specifically, it focuses on the phases from childhood to adolescence, which are crucial in shaping one's personality and beliefs. The research explores the roles of parents, church communities, and educators in guiding children towards healthy spiritual growth. Additionally, it analyses how Jesus, as an example of spiritual growth and development, inspires the current generation. The implications outlined in this study highlight the importance of understanding morals, religious education, and spiritual identity formation during adolescence, as efforts to help individuals find meaning in life. Abstrak:Artikel ini menyatukan perspektif teologi dan pandangan ahli perkembangan manusia dalam memahami proses pertumbuhan dan perkembangan individu. Terutama, artikel ini menitikberatkan pada fase anak-anak hingga remaja, yang memegang peranan penting dalam pembentukan kepribadian dan keyakinan seseorang. Penelitian ini mengeksplorasi peran orang tua, komunitas gereja, dan pendidik dalam membimbing anak-anak menuju pertumbuhan rohani yang sehat. Selain itu, penelitian juga menganalisis bagaimana Yesus sebagai contoh dalam pertumbuhan dan perkembangan rohani memberikan inspirasi bagi generasi saat ini. Implikasi yang diuraikan dalam penelitian ini menunjukkan pentingnya pemahaman mengenai moral, pendidikan agama, dan pembentukan identitas rohani pada masa remaja, sebagai upaya untuk membantu individu menemukan makna dalam hidup.