bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seismic behavior of double steel concrete composite walls
Authors: Ma Kaize , Ma Yudong , Liu Boquan 
Published: May 2019

SummaryAn innovative double steel concrete (DSC) composite walls were developed to enhance constructability and lateral load resistance of buildings. In order to research the seismic behavior of DSC composite walls, experimental study was carried out. The high‐strength concrete and high axial load were considered. The failure mode, hysteresis behavior, lateral load‐carrying capacity, deformation, and energy dissipation of the composite walls under different testing parameters were observed. All specimens failed in a flexure behavior, with steel plate buckling and concrete compressive crushing in the bottom of composite walls. The pinching behavior was not significant for hysteresis loops of composite walls. Moreover, the lateral load‐carrying capacity and ductility coefficients increased significantly with spacing of constraining bolts and stiffeners decreased. In addition, the calculation method of the lateral load‐carrying capacity of DSC composite walls was proposed, with the consideration of force equilibrium and moment equilibrium. The finite element (FE) method was performed to analyze the failure process of the specimens with the cyclic load. The concrete damage plastic model was selected to simulate the damage progress of concrete. Validation of the FE models against the experimental results showed good agreement. The effect of different parameters was analyzed with FE models.
High‐dimensional covariance estimation for Gaussian directed acyclic graph models with given order
Authors: Taylor Jerome , Khare Kshitij 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe covariance matrix is a fundamental quantity that helps us understand the nature of relationships among variables in a multivariate data set. Estimating the covariance matrix can be challenging in modern applications where the number of variables is often larger than the number of samples. In this paper, we review methods which tackle this challenge by inducing sparsity in the Cholesky parameter of the inverse covariance matrix.This article is categorized under:
Algorithms and Computational Methods > Numerical Methods
Statistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Multivariate Analysis
Statistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Analysis of High Dimensional Data
Structural insights into dehydratase substrate selection for the borrelidin and fluvirucin polyketide synthases
Authors: Barajas Jesus F , McAndrew Ryan P , Thompson Mitchell G , Backman Tyler W H , Pang Bo , de Rond Tristan , Pereira Jose H , Benites Veronica T , Martín Héctor García , Baidoo Edward E K , Hillson Nathan J , Adams Paul D , Keasling Jay D 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Engineered polyketide synthases (PKSs) are promising synthetic biology platforms for the production of chemicals with diverse applications. The dehydratase (DH) domain within modular type I PKSs generates an α,β-unsaturated bond in nascent polyketide intermediates through a dehydration reaction. Several crystal structures of DH domains have been solved, providing important structural insights into substrate selection and dehydration. Here, we present two DH domain structures from two chemically diverse PKSs. The first DH domain, isolated from the third module in the borrelidin PKS, is specific towards a trans-cyclopentane-carboxylate-containing polyketide substrate. The second DH domain, isolated from the first module in the fluvirucin B1 PKS, accepts an amide-containing polyketide intermediate. Sequence-structure analysis of these domains, in addition to previously published DH structures, display many significant similarities and key differences pertaining to substrate selection. The two major differences between BorA DH M3, FluA DH M1 and other DH domains are found in regions of unmodeled residues or residues containing high B-factors. These two regions are located between α3–β11 and β7–α2. From the catalytic Asp located in α3 to a conserved Pro in β11, the residues between them form part of the bottom of the substrate-binding cavity responsible for binding to acyl-ACP intermediates.
Experimental Description of the Al-Cu Binary Phase Diagram
Authors: Zobac Ondrej , Kroupa Ales , Zemanova Adela , Richter Klaus W. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The phase diagram of the Al-Cu binary system was reinvestigated experimentally. The current study was designed to contribute to a better description of those parts of the phase diagram which are disputed in the current scientific literature, and in addition, to study the phase equilibria at 300 °C. The melting behavior of the θ-phase was confirmed to be peritectic. A metastable congruent solidification of the θ-phase was observed from the microstructural examination of as-cast samples. The location of the liquidus curve in this region of the phase diagram was more accurately defined using DSC measurements taken at slow-heating rates (1 °C min−1). The temperature stability of the ζ-phase was reevaluated and was found to lie in the range 373–597 °C. The phase boundaries of the γ′ + ε′ two-phase field were experimentally defined. Difficulties in defining the γ′/δ transition were addressed by a combined EDX/XRD investigation of more than ten samples that had been annealed in the temperature range of 500 to 750 °C. The (γ′ + δ) two-phase field was postulated from XRD studies of quenched samples. The temperature of the ordering reaction γ ↔ γ′ within the γ(γ′) + β phase field was experimentally determined to be 779.6 °C. All other parts of the Al-Cu phase diagram studied here were found to be in very good agreement with the most recent previous descriptions.
Hot Tearing Susceptibility of AA3000 Aluminum Alloy Containing Cu, Ti, and Zr
Authors: Razaz Ghadir , Carlberg Torbjörn 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Severe hot tearing has been observed during DC casting of modified AA3000 alloys with additions of Cu, Ti, and Zr, although these alloys are regarded as rather easy to cast. Extensive studies have been performed on both synthetic and industrial AA2000, AA6000, and AA7000 alloys, but less data are available for AA3000 alloys. This work was thus initiated to investigate the hot tearing susceptibility of AA3000 alloys with varying alloy element content using constrained rod casting molds. The results showed that the Cu and Fe content have a major impact on hot tearing resistance, while the effects of Zr and Ti are minor. Cu in a range from 0.3 to 1.2 wt pct significantly increased the hot tearing tendency. This is due to the existence of high eutectic fractions at low temperatures, as well as porosity formation associated with bad feeding at the end of solidification. A strong cracking tendency was observed below an Fe content 0.2 wt pct owing to decreased precipitation of the Al6(Mn, Fe) phase. It was found that primary Al6(Mn, Fe) phases lead to early bridging between the grains, which reinforces the alloy during the vulnerable temperature range for hot tearing. Zr and Ti additions weakly enhanced or reduced hot tearing severity, respectively.
Web attacks: defeating monetisation attempts
Authors: Nguyen Van-Linh , Lin Po-Ching , Hwang Ren-Hung 
Published: May 2019

According to Internet Live Stat, the total number of online websites has already soared over 1.9 billion and is steadily increasing. 1 The most popular content management systems (CMS) installed on such websites are PHP-based frameworks such as Wordpress and Joomla, which account for (as of December 2018) 59% and 6% of market share. 2,3 A large number of those websites belong to small companies and individuals that may have few motivations to pay thousands of dollars for security maintenance services. Also, due to development costs, the owners – even the developers they hire – may prefer an off-the-shelf CMS such as Joomla to accelerate deployment. A large proportion of the nearly two billion websites now on the Internet are run by individuals and organisations without the skills or resources to make them secure. These sites are targets for cyber criminals looking to exploit weaknesses to ‘monetise’ them. Van-Linh Nguyen, Po-Ching Lin and Ren-Hung Hwang of the National Chung Cheng University, Taiwan, examine the tactics employed by criminals and present a framework for preventing such attacks, while acknowledging that this is a battle that is likely to continue.
Agent-Based Modeling for Archaeologists: Part 1 of 3
Authors: Romanowska Iza , Crabtree Stefani A. , Harris Kathryn , Davies Benjamin 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACTFormal models of past human societies informed by archaeological research have a high potential for shaping some of the most topical current debates. Agent-based models, which emphasize how actions by individuals combine to produce global patterns, provide a convenient framework for developing quantitative models of historical social processes. However, being derived from computer science, the method remains largely specialized in archaeology. In this paper and the associated tutorial, we provide a jargon-free introduction to the technique, its potential and limits as well as its diverse applications in archaeology and beyond. We discuss the epistemological rationale of using computational modeling and simulation, classify types of models, and give an overview of the main concepts behind agent-based modeling.
Nudging à la carte: a field experiment on climate-friendly food choice
Authors: GRAVERT CHRISTINA , KURZ VERENA 
Published: May 2019

AbstractGlobal food consumption threatens climate stability and ecosystem resilience. Because hard regulation of food choice through taxes and bans is politically difficult, behavioral approaches provide a promising alternative, given that they influence food choice to a meaningful extent. We test the effect of framing of a menu on the choice of ordering climate-friendly dishes in a randomized controlled experiment. Rearranging the menu in favor of vegetarian food has a large and significant effect on the willingness to order a vegetarian dish instead of meat. Our results demonstrate that small, inexpensive interventions can be used toward decreasing carbon emissions from food consumption.
Design thinking, fast and slow: A framework for Kahneman’s dual-system theory in design
Authors: Kannengiesser Udo , Gero John S. 
Published: May 2019

In his book Thinking, Fast and Slow, Daniel Kahneman presented a model of human cognition based on two modes or ‘systems’ of thinking: system 1 thinking that is fast and intuitive and system 2 thinking that is slow and tedious. This paper proposes a framework for applying Kahneman’s model to designing based on the function–behaviour–structure ontology. It casts four instances of designing in this framework: design fixation, case-based design, pattern-language-based design and brainstorming.
Clustering of rapidly settling, low-inertia particle pairs in isotropic turbulence. Part 1. Drift and diffusion flux closures
Authors: Rani Sarma L. , Gupta Vijay K. , Koch Donald L. 
Published: May 2019

In this two-part study, we present the development and analysis of a stochastic theory for characterizing the relative positions of monodisperse, low-inertia particle pairs that are settling rapidly in homogeneous isotropic turbulence. In the limits of small Stokes number and Froude number such that $Fr\ll St_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D702}}\ll 1$, closures are developed for the drift and diffusion fluxes in the probability density function (p.d.f.) equation for the pair relative positions. The theory focuses on the relative motion of particle pairs in the dissipation regime of turbulence, i.e. for pair separations smaller than the Kolmogorov length scale. In this regime, the theory approximates the fluid velocity field in a reference frame following the primary particle as locally linear. In this part 1 paper, we present the derivation of closure approximations for the drift and diffusion fluxes in the p.d.f. equation for pair relative positions $\boldsymbol{r}$. The drift flux contains the time integral of the third and fourth moments of the ‘seen’ fluid velocity gradients along the trajectories of primary particles. These moments may be analytically resolved by making approximations regarding the ‘seen’ velocity gradient. Accordingly, two closure forms are derived specifically for the drift flux. The first invokes the assumption that the fluid velocity gradient along particle trajectories has a Gaussian distribution. In the second drift closure, we account for the correlation time scales of dissipation rate and enstrophy by decomposing the velocity gradient into the strain-rate and rotation-rate tensors scaled by the turbulent dissipation rate and enstrophy, respectively. An analytical solution to the p.d.f. $\langle P\rangle (r,\unicode[STIX]{x1D703})$ is then derived, where $\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}$ is the spherical polar angle. It is seen that the p.d.f. has a power-law dependence on separation $r$ of the form $\langle P\rangle (r,\unicode[STIX]{x1D703})\sim r^{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}}$ with $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}\sim St_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D702}}^{2}$ and $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}<0$, analogous to that for the radial distribution function of non-settling pairs. An explicit expression is derived for $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}$ in terms of the drift and diffusion closures. The $\langle P\rangle (r,\unicode[STIX]{x1D703})$ solution also shows that, for a given $r$, the clustering of $St_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D702}}\ll 1$ particles is only weakly anisotropic, which is in conformity with prior observations from direct numerical simulations of isotropic turbulence containing settling particles.
Interannual climate variability helps define the mean state of glaciers
Authors: MALONE ANDREW G.O. , DOUGHTY ALICE M. , MACAYEAL DOUGLAS R. 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACTChanges in glacier length and extent are indicators of contemporary and archives of past climate changes, but this common climate proxy presents a challenge for inferring a climate signal. Modeling studies suggest that length fluctuations can occur due to interannual climate variability within an unchanging mean climate and that changes in interannual climate variability can also drive changes in average length. This paper quantifies the impacts of interannual climate variability on average glacier length and mass balance, using a flowline model coupled to a simplified mass-balance model. Results illustrate that changes in the magnitude of interannual temperature variability can non-linearly affect the mean glacier length through a mass-balance asymmetry between warm and cold years. This asymmetry is present in models where melt only initiates after a temperature threshold is crossed. Glaciers susceptible to this asymmetry can be identified based on the shape of their mass-balance profiles. The presence of mass-balance asymmetries in glaciological databases is evaluated, but current records are too short for high statistical resolving power. While the asymmetry in this study can affect the average length and mass-balance, its impacts are small, and paleoclimate interpretations from glacier-length changes are likely not notably influenced by this process.
The seeds of supermassive black holes and the role of local radiation and metal spreading
Authors: Maio Umberto , Borgani Stefano , Ciardi Benedetta , Petkova Margarita 
Published: May 2019

AbstractWe present cosmological hydrodynamical simulations including atomic and molecular non-equilibrium chemistry, multi-frequency radiative transfer (0.7–100 eV sampled over 150 frequency bins) and stellar population evolution to investigate the host candidates of the seeds of supermassive black holes coming from direct collapse of gas in primordial haloes direct-collapse black holes, DCBHs. We consistently address the role played by atomic and molecular cooling, stellar radiation and metal spreading of C, N, O, Ne, Mg, Si, S, Ca, Fe, etc. from primordial sources, as well as their implications for nearby quiescent proto-galaxies under different assumptions for early source emissivity, initial mass function, and metal yields. We find that putative DCBH (direct-collapse black holes) host candidates need powerful primordial stellar generations, since common solar-like stars and hot OB-type stars are neither able to determine the conditions for direct collapse nor capable of building up a dissociating Lyman–Werner background radiation field. Thermal and molecular features of the identified DCBH host candidates in the scenario with very massive primordial stars seem favourable, with illuminating Lyman–Werner intensities featuring values of 1 – 50J21. Nevertheless, additional nonlinear processes, such as merger events, substructure formation, rotational motions, and photo-evaporation, should inhibit pure direct-collapse black hole formation in two-third of the cases. Local turbulence may delay gas direct collapse almost irrespectively from other environmental conditions. The impact of large Lyman–Werner fluxes at distances smaller than ~5 kpc is severely limited by metal pollution.
International Criminal Law
Authors: Dinstein Yoram 
Published: May 2019

The individual human being is manifestly the object of every legal system on this planet, and consequently also of international law. The ordinary subject of international law is the international corporate entity: first and foremost (though not exclusively) the State. Yet, the corporate entity is not a tangible res that exists in reality, but an abstract notion, moulded through legal manipulation by and within the ambit of a superior legal system. When the veil is pierced, one can see that behind the legal personality of the State (or any other international corporate entity) there are natural persons: flesh-and-blood human beings. In the final analysis, Westlake was indubitably right when he stated:
The duties and rights of States are only the duties and rights of the men who compose them.That is to say, in actuality, the international rights and duties of States devolve on human beings, albeit indirectly and collectively. In other words, the individual human being is not merely the object of international law, but indirectly also its subject, notwithstanding the fact that, ostensibly, the subject is the international corporate entity.
Association between feed sorting and the prevalence of metabolic disorders in Hungarian large-scale dairy herds
Authors: Jurkovich Viktor , Könyves László , Bakony Mikolt 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis research communication describes the possible association between feed sorting and the risk of metabolic disorders in dairy cows. Feed sorting, that is selecting smaller size TMR particles over longer length fibers, can lead to imbalanced energy input. In addition, sorting can lead to lower nutritive value of leftover TMR. To detect a possible relationship between TMR sorting and the occurrence of metabolic disorders in large-scale herds, TMR separation and metabolic profile tests were performed in 22 Hungarian dairies. Feed sorting was defined as >5% alteration in the mass proportion of any of the TMR fractions between the time of feed distribution and 5–6 h later. The prevalence of ketosis and subclinical acidosis differed between feed sorting and non-sorting groups. Inhomogeneous TMR seems to be a predisposing factor for imbalanced energy status. TMR homogeneity measurements should be routinely included in herd health monitoring.
Late Kinderhookian (Early Mississippian) Ammonoids of the Western United States
Authors: Gordon Mackenzie 
Published: May 2019

Ammonoid faunas of late Kinderhookian (Early Mississippian) age, virtually unknown previously in the American West, are described from several localities in New Mexico, Nevada, Utah, Idaho, and Montana. This study is based upon approximately 130 specimens from 33 collections. These specimens are variously assigned to at least 15 species in the following taxa: Protocanites, Imitoceras, Gattendorfia (Gattendorfia), Kazakhstania, Pericyclus (Goniocyclus), Rotopericyclus (Rotopericyclus), and R. (Hammatocyclus). The genus Muensteroceras, once widely regarded as appearing in the Kinderhookian, is unrepresented in these collections.The western faunas are characterized by the predominance of the pericyclids and relative scarcity of Imitoceras. Midcontinent faunas of the same age are characterized by the predominance of Imitoceras, scarcity of Pericyclus (Goniocyclus), and presence of Prodromites. Ammonoid faunas of early Osagean age differ in the presence of abundant Muensteroceras and rare Pericyclus (Pericyclus) and in the absence of Prodromites and Pericyclus (Goniocyclus).Most of the late Kinderhookian ammonoids, both in the West and in the Midcontinent, are assignable to the Siphonodella isosticha–Upper S. crenulata Conodont Zone of Sandberg et al. (1978). A few are referable to the Lower Siphonodella crenulata Zone of the same authors. No ammonoids have been described from equivalent beds in Europe which are included in the Siphonodella crenulata Zone of Voges (1960), despite the fact that Voges regarded this conodont zone as equivalent to the ammonoid Zone CuIIa of Schmidt (1925, p. 493). Based upon conodont correlations, the American Pericyclus (Goniocyclus) fauna is middle Tournaisian (Tn2b, c) in age and, with its Midcontinent equivalents, represents a part of the section between the Gattendorfia and the Pericyclus zones of Europe, from which ammonoids are as yet undescribed.One new subgenus is described in this paper: Pericyclus (Goniocyclus), its type species Goniatites blairi Miller and Gurley, 1896. New species described include Pericyclus (Goniocyclus) cooperi, P. (G.) costulatus, P. (G.) antelopensis, P. (G.) rockymontanus, P. (G.) filaris, P. (G.)? decipiens, Rotopericyclus (Rotopericyclus) pinyonensis, and R. (Hammatocyclus) brazerensis.
Between Solidarity and Self-Interest: The Elderly and Support for Public Education Revisited
Authors: BUSEMEYER MARIUS R. , LOBER DOMINIK 
Published: May 2019

AbstractProceeding population aging might fuel generational conflicts about the distribution of welfare state resources in the future, but the existing evidence on the extent of generational cleavages in attitudes towards the welfare state is mixed. We argue that these mixed findings are partially related to an underestimation of trade-offs on the level of individual preferences. Using novel data from a survey experiment conducted in eight Western European countries, we show that age-related self-interest is an important determinant of social policy preferences. When elderly respondents are confronted with hypothetical cutbacks in pensions, they are much less likely to support additional education spending. However, we also find evidence for a mediating effect of social trust: high-trusting elderly individuals are more likely to support education spending – contrary to their narrow self-interest – than low-trusting elderly.
CONSOLIDAMENTO DEMOCRATICO: ALCUNE IPOTESI ESPLICATIVE
Authors: Morlino Leonardo 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneIl consolidamento democratico è un processo di congelamento nei suoi caratteri essenziali, e di adattamento in quelli secondari, delle strutture e norme del regime democratico; è, inoltre, un processo di progressivo ampliamento della legittimazione del regime. La prima dimensione riguarda il periodo successivo all'instaurazione, e si può considerare conclusa — in caso di consolidamento — dopo circa dieci-dodici anni dall'inizio dell'instaurazione. La seconda non è sempre necessaria in quanto la legittimazione può essere, più o meno completamente, raggiunta già durante la instaurazione democratica. Se vi è, come in effetti in diversi casi accade, si prolunga negli anni, è molto lenta e riguarda in special modo le strutture di intermediazione, quali partiti, sindacati o altre organizzazioni.