bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Definition of the Adjective in Bantu Languages
Authors: Baka Jean 
Published: February 2018

In Bantu, as in other language groups, the definition of the adjective depends on the type of criteria that one uses. Some authors make use of morphological criteria, some of syntactic criteria and others of semantic criteria. From this variety of criteria there follows a diversity of definitions. One can reach, nevertheless, a more appropriate definition, by having recourse to the whole set of possible criteria but giving primacy to the syntactic ones. Such definition allows us - on the one hand - to bypass the dichotomy between nouns and pronouns which is founded on a purely morphological criterion « the form of the prefix » and - on the other hand - to restrict the meaning of the word 'adjective' to a purely semantic notion. KEY WORDS : linguistics, Bantu, adjective
Art and Healing: the Rituals of Possession Mahamba related to Fertility among the Luvale of Zambia
Authors: Wastiau Boris 
Published: February 2018

This paper deals with a number of symbolic practices and art forms that have developed within rituals of possession known as mahamba in the upper Zambezi and Kasai area. I refer mostly to the Luvale of Zambia, among whom there are numerous mahamba, variously related to serious illness, sterility, madness, failure, social alienation or other ills. Presenting alternatively aspects of ad hoc therapeutic rituals, and"social drama,to borrow V. Turner's expression, or of religious cults, they are performed by both men and women. Mahamba can lead to initiation into a professional cast or simply serve to restore a possessed patient's physical health or social status. As rituals that are both 'religious' and 'therapeutic', they must be considered within the broad context of cosmology and medical knowledge. Here I will discuss the transforming role of certain artefacts and performances in mahamba rituals that aim at restoring female fertility.KEYWORDS: cult figure, tehrapeutic arts, possession cult, fertility ritual, Zambia
Planning Policy on afro-european multilingualism in Sub-Saharian Africa
Authors: Baka Jean 
Published: February 2018

Generally two types of multilingualism are distinguished: individual multilingualism and social multilingualism. This paper has a double aim: 1. The analysis of the solutions designed for the management of social multilingualism in general and afro-european multilingualism in particular. 2. The proposal of a language policy approach, which takes into account ethnic differences, cultural particularities and the importance of languages of mass communication. This approach will allow democratise the education system by an augmentation of school attendance rates, the limitation of failures and school desertion and annihilation of illiteracy and niral exodus.The approach offered is exemplified by the case of Republic of Congo. Key Words: Multilinguialsm, Congo-Brazzaville, Language Policy, Language Education, Indigenous Development, Sub-Sahara Africa.
The soil information system of Rwanda: a useful tool to identify guidelines towards sustainable land management.
Authors: Verdoodt Ann , Van Ranst Eric 
Published: February 2018

On the steep lands of Rwanda, overpopulation and degradation of the land resources are acute problems, especially against the background of present and future populations, food and agricultural demands, and opportunities and constraints. The ability of the land to produce is limited with the limits to production being set by climate, soil and landform conditions, and the use and management applied. Knowledge of the soils, their properties and their spatial distribution, is indispensable for the agricultural development of Rwanda as it opens opportunities for a more rational management of the land resources. The necessary input data for this agricultural research mainly became available through the realization and updating of a soil information system. Geographic information science and relational database software were combined to capture the spatial as well as the numerical and descriptive data gathered during the national, traditional soil survey that was finalized in 1989. The database was further extended with topographic and climatic data and has been used to characterise the physical production environment that farmers face in the different agricultural regions of the country. Several land evaluation tools, adapted to the Rwandan environment, have subsequently been developed, evaluating the options for stronger crop regionalisation, the strategies for more rational regional land use planning, and the possibilities for further intensification of the crop production.Key Words: Soil Survey, Geographic Information Science, Land Evaluation, Crop Growth Modelling, Rwanda
Ethiopia: Constitutional Protection of Ethnic Minorities at the Regional Level
Authors: Van der Beken Christophe 
Published: February 2018

It is argued that in order to evaluate the capacity of the Ethiopian federal structure to accommodate ethnic diversity and to regulate ethnic conflicts, the research cannot be limited to an analysis of the constitutional mechanisms at the federal level. One of the crucial features of the Ethiopian federal structure is that it provides its nine regions with the power to enact their internal constitutions. This implies that each and every region has the power to develop its own internal state structure, within a minimum federal framework. From here it follows that the federal structure to have the potential to lay the foundations for a viable Ethiopian state, it is essential that not only the federal but also the regional constitutional mechanisms have the capacity to realize unity in diversity. As is explained in this article, not a single Ethiopian region is ethnically homogeneous. The ethnic diversity which characterizes the federal level is therefore also present at the regional level. Therefore, when evaluating the capacity of the Ethiopian state structure to accomplish unity in diversity one also has to include an analysis of the regional mechanisms. The latter analysis is the core objective of this article.Key Words: Federal Constitution, Regional Constitutions, Ethnic Diversity
Peasant Households, the Market and the Tanzanian State
Authors: Couderé Hugo 
Published: February 2018

The economie reality of the peasant households in Tanzania is situated at the convergence of three spheres : 1. the economy of affection, based on the peasant mode of production; 2. the market, which is dominated by parallel circuits; 3. the Tanzanian state, which is expanding continuously. Each of these spheres has its own logic with its own beneficiaries. The economy of affection redistributes income, often at the expense of market laws and official economic policies. The parallel circuits in the market system only benefit the black marketeers and the well-off. The state has expanded, sometimes in favour of peasant-farmers and workers, but most of the time for its own sake.KEYWORDS : economy of affection, parallel circuits, expanding state
Medical Development-Cooperation in Central Africa
Authors: De Schaepdryver André 
Published: February 2018

The author describes the Project of Medical Cooperation between the Medical Faculties of the University of Ghent and the National University of Rwanda in Butare. The objectives of this project, which started in 1966, were the following: (l) to organize and dispense the theoretical education and practical training at the G.P.-level;(2) to structure the postgraduate education of alumni selected for higher education posts;(3) to take care of the postgraduate training of specialists;(4) to organize the continuing education of health personnel;(5) to promote and participate in medical research.The results of the Project were, in 1984: (1) at the level of health personnel: the education and training of 220 physicians, 19 university lecturers and 15 specialists; (2) at the level of the infrastructure: the building of the Medical Faculty facilities, the pediatric and medical policlinics and clinics, the community health service for adults; the adaptation of the gynecological-obstetrical policlinic and clinic and of the community health service for children; the founding of the Faculty library, secretariat and workshop, (3) at the research level: the founding and development of the University Center for Research on Traditional Pharmacopoeia and Medicine, aiming at: a) the valorization and integration of traditional medicine; b) the study of Rwandese medicinal plants; c) the local production of pharmaceutical preparations of plant origin and organic raw materials. The attention is drawn to the importance of the postgraduate education in Belgium, for periods of 5 years, of 25 Rwandese medical alumni, which resulted in 15 Ph.D. -theses and a nearly complete rwandization of the Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital in Butare. A pairing Agreement Butare-Ghent has taken the relief of the Project, insuring its continuity through visiting lecturers, and the coaching of trainees and of research projects in various fields of the local pathology.
The Togolese Chiefs: caught between the Scylla and Charibdis?
Authors: Van Nieuwaal Emile A. B. van Rouveroy 
Published: February 2018

In recent years, political and other scientists have wondered whether the African One Party system is able to cope with all the problems a modern state administration has to deal with. One of the most intriguing questions is to what extent the One Party Rule, as a political system, produces a structural and fundamental weakness in itself by which an effective (local) government is nearly been obstructed. It is noticeable, however, that in those African States where the (neo)traditional elite still plays an important role, their socio-legal and socio-political position in the day-to-day interaction between the (local) administration has - scientifically - received too little attention. It appears, that chieftaincy possesses a remarkable capacity for adapting itself to social and political changes. The chief can probably fulfil a crucial role in future efforts aimed at socio-economic transformations at regional and even national levels. The Togolese Government, in 1990 started opening the door to a multiparty system, it hereby recognizes the fact that the (neo)traditional elite is an outstanding means to maintain the interaction and the communication between the State and the people.This contribution focuses on the interaction between the State in Togo and - in this very example: the Head of the State himself - and chiefs in North Togo particulary in the district of Sokodé in the period 1989 and 1987 at the moment that the paramount chief of the Tern (Kotokoli) has passed away and his succession to the throne has been the start of a strong, long and vehement struggle for power inside the Tern society and to a negotiation between the Head of State and the traditional political elite of that society. KEY WORDS: African administration, African State, chieftaincy, Togo, One Party System
Agaricomycetes gasteroides del bosque mesófilo de montaña de la Huasteca Alta Hidalguense, México
Authors: Bautista-Hernández Silvia , Raymundo Tania , Aguirre-Acosta Elvira , Contreras-Pacheco Magdalena , Romero-Bautista Leticia , Valenzuela Ricardo 
Published: February 2018

Antecedentes y Objetivos: Los gasteromicetes son un grupo artificial de hongos con basidiomas gasteroides que presentan un himenio encerrado. Actualmente, se ubican en las subclases Agaricomycetidae y Phallomycetidae de la clase Agaricomycetes del Phylum Basidiomycota. Hasta ahora no existe un trabajo que los aborde específicamente en el bosque mesófilo de montaña (BMM), por lo que el presente trabajo tiene como objetivo estudiar la diversidad taxonómica de los Agaricomycetes gasteroides del BMM.Métodos: Se realizaron 10 exploraciones de 2012 a 2015 a los BMM de los municipios Molango de Escamilla, Tlanchinol y Zacualtipán de Ángeles en el estado de Hidalgo, México. Adicionalmente, se revisó la colección de hongos del herbario ENCB. Los especímenes se estudiaron siguiendo las técnicas tradicionales micológicas y se encuentran depositados en las colecciones micológicas ENCB y MEXU.Resultados clave: Se estudiaron 20 especies de Agaricomycetes gasteroides pertenecientes a 12 géneros, seis familias y cinco órdenes de las subclases Agaricomycetidae y Phallomycetidae dentro de la clase Agaricomycetes. De éstas, Aseroë rubra, Calvatia rugosa, Laternea pusilla, Lycoperdon eximium, L. juruense, L. marginatum, L. nigrescens, Mutinus bambusinus, Scleroderma michiganense y Protubera jamaicensis son nuevos registros para el estado de Hidalgo.Conclusiones: Al igual que otros grupos de hongos, los gasteroides presentaron una alta diversidad en los bosques mesófilos de montaña de Hidalgo. Anteriormente, se habían registrado solamente 12 especies y en este trabajo se mencionan 10 más para el estado. Se considera necesario seguir realizando exploraciones micológicas para un mejor conocimiento de los micobiota en este ecosistema.
Plantas silvestres consumidas como tés recreativos por grupos de rancheros en Baja California Sur, México
Authors: Pío-León Juan Fernando , Nieto-Garibay Alejandra , León-de la Luz José Luís , Delgado Vargas Francisco , Vega-Aviña Rito , Ortega-Rubio Alfredo 
Published: February 2018

Antecedentes y Objetivos: Los tés recreativos son bebidas preparadas, por infusión/ebullición, de diferentes partes de plantas que se consumen en un entorno social/alimenticio. Se consideran generalmente saludables y con usos medicinales, aunque ese no es su único propósito de consumo. En México, los tés recreativos prácticamente no se mencionan en los estudios etnobotánicos. Este estudio describe la etnobotánica, contenido de fenólicos y actividad antioxidante de plantas silvestres empleadas como tés recreativos en dos rancherías de las zonas montañosas de la región de Los Cabos, Baja California Sur, México: Reserva de la Biosfera Sierra La Laguna y comunidad San Blas-Cacachilas.Métodos: La información etnobotánica se obtuvo mediante encuestas semi-estructuradas y estancias con los rancheros de ambas comunidades. Se calculó el porcentaje de citas, preferencia y valor cultural de cada especie registrada, además de describir sus usos medicinales adicionales. El contenido de fenólicos y actividad antioxidante se determinó por métodos colorimétricos y fueron correlacionados con parámetros etnobotánicos.Resultados clave: Se registraron 12 taxa de plantas silvestres para elaborar tés recreativos, 11 en Sierra La Laguna y seis en San Blas-Las Cacachilas. La damiana (Turnera diffusa) obtuvo el mayor valor cultural (71.2%), seguido de margarita (Aloysia barbata) (41.1%) y anís silvestre (Tagetes filifolia/T. micrantha) (21.5%). Los tés recreativos tuvieron sus principales usos medicinales como antigripales/antitusivos y relajantes generales. El contenido de antioxidantes presentó correlación negativa con el porcentaje de citas y la preferencia. Los usos etnofarmacológicos de A. barbata y el helecho peyote (Pellaea ternifolia) son descritos por primera vez, y se documentaron nuevos usos para la damiana y el cerezo (Prunus serotina).Conclusiones: Los rancheros de Baja California Sur tienen gran afinidad por el consumo de tés recreativos de plantas silvestres, y aquellos usados para tratar padecimientos comunes como gripe/tos o estrés son los preferidos. El presente es el primer estudio etnobotánico específico para tés recreativos en México.
The Use of STAD to Improve Students’ Writing Skill
Authors: Suryani Suryani , Azlim Azlim 
Published: February 2018

This study aims to know whether Student Team Achievement Division (STAD) can improve students’ ability in writing descriptive text or not. To answer this research questions, the researchers applied experimental study. Two classes of the second-grade students in MTs (Islamic Junior Secondary School) Babun Najah were chosen as the sample of this study. In order to get the data, the test was used as the main research instrument. The researcher applied teaching writing descriptive text by using STAD in the experimental class. Based on the result, it was found that the t-test score of post-test in experimental and control groups is higher than the t-table score (4.21>1.69). This means that the alternate hypothesis was accepted or the implementation of STAD improves the students’ ability in writing descriptive text. The findings also revealed that the writing component that had improved by using STAD is the content component. The students show more knowledgeable in their writing. In addition, through STAD the students had the opportunity to work together in a group to share and learn in order to produce good writing.

Keywords: STAD, writing ability, descriptive text
Local amplification of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N8 viruses in wild birds in the Netherlands, 2016 to 2017
Authors: Poen Marjolein J. , Bestebroer Theo M. , Vuong Oanh , Scheuer Rachel D. , van der Jeugd Henk P. , Kleyheeg Erik , Eggink Dirk , Lexmond Pascal , van den Brand Judith M.A. , Begeman Lineke , van der Vliet Stefan , Müskens Gerhard J.D.M. , Majoor Frank A. , Koopmans Marion P.G. , Kuiken Thijs , Fouchier Ron A.M. 
Published: February 2018

Introduction
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses of subtype H5N8 were re-introduced into the Netherlands by late 2016, after detections in south-east Asia and Russia. This second H5N8 wave resulted in a large number of outbreaks in poultry farms and the deaths of large numbers of wild birds in multiple European countries. Methods: Here we report on the detection of HPAI H5N8 virus in 57 wild birds of 12 species sampled during active (32/5,167) and passive (25/36) surveillance activities, i.e. in healthy and dead animals respectively, in the Netherlands between 8 November 2016 and 31 March 2017. Moreover, we further investigate the experimental approach of wild bird serology as a contributing tool in HPAI outbreak investigations. Results: In contrast to the first H5N8 wave, local virus amplification with associated wild bird mortality has occurred in the Netherlands in 2016/17, with evidence for occasional gene exchange with low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses. Discussion: These apparent differences between outbreaks and the continuing detections of HPAI viruses in Europe are a cause of concern. With the current circulation of zoonotic HPAI and LPAI virus strains in Asia, increased understanding of the drivers responsible for the global spread of Asian poultry viruses via wild birds is needed.
PENGEMBANGAN BUKU TEKS BAHASA INDONESIA BERBASIS BUDAYA JAWA TIMUR DENGAN MODEL PAKEM UNTUK PENINGKATAN HASIL BELAJAR SISWA KELAS IV SEKOLAH DASAR
Authors: Wicaksono Antonius Alam , Bariska Hanif Fikri 
Published: February 2018

A common purpose in this research is to develop text book of Indonesian language based culture East Java with PAKEM model to improve study results students class 4 primary school. As for a special purpose of this research is: (1) described the process develop text book Indonesian language based culture East Java with PAKEM model to improve study results students class 4 elementary school (2) described the quality of the text book of Indonesian language based culture East Java with PAKEM model. This research including the kind of research of development by design 4D model. Development standard covering specific stage, design, and development. The result of developing shows that the development of covering standard definition stage with the results in the form of a map learning needs; the stage design with the results of the draft a text book; and phase of development by teaching design the final text book. The quality of the text book that have been developed are considered to be of the components in the teaching material, the appearance of, language, and graphic. Each of the components won a high percentage 97,9%, 100%, 96,4%, and 93,8% .The acquisition observations in the class IV on the activities of teachers is 92.5 % and results of learning outcome increased by 18 point.
Keywords: text book, PAKEM model, learning outcome
Tujuh Masalah dalam Praktik Koperasi: Mencari Fakta yang Memberi Harapan
Authors: Dalimunte Muhammad Arsad 
Published: February 2018

<span><em>Logically, the cooperative have the rationality to evolve in the </em><span><em>future. Yet the development of cooperatives is due to inconsistency in </em><span><em>enforcing the identity itself. Because cooperatives are a collection of people, </em><span><em>then the core issue of the development of cooperatives lies in the quality of its </em><span><em>members. The solution to the problem of human resources in cooperative is </em><span><em>education. This article describes two alternative solutions related to human </em><span><em>resources education in cooperatives, namely the evolution method and </em><span><em>revolution method.</em></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
Analisis Faktor-faktor yang Mempengaruhi Potensi Mogok Kerja Karyawan di Yogyakarta
Authors: Jemadi Jemadi , Hidayati Siti Noor 
Published: February 2018

<span><em>Strikes happened in some companies are often caused by </em><span><em>employee dissatisfaction. They may disturb production processes and impede </em><span><em>the achievement of company goals. Increasing job satisfaction can minimize </em><span><em>the strike potential. Job satisfaction is affected by financial, physical, </em><span><em>psychological, and social satisfaction factors. It was revealed that financial, </em><span><em>physical, psychological, and social satisfaction have statistically significant </em><span><em>negative effects on strike potential, with social factor to be the most </em><span><em>dominant. Thus, company may implement financial, physical, psychological, </em><span><em>and social satisfaction factors to minimize the strike potential.</em></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
Analisis January Effect pada Saham Perusahaan LQ-45 di Bursa Efek Indonesia
Authors: Cahyaningdyah Dwi , Putra Dhany Kurniawan 
Published: February 2018

<span class="fontstyle0">The purpose of this research is to examine about the existence of a January Effect in the Indonesia stock exchange. Research samples used purposive sampling. Sample consists 30 companies based on sampling criteria. Analysis of data used one sample kolmogorov-smirnov to test data normality and to test hypotheses using one sample t-test. The result shows January Effect didn’t exist in Indonesia stock exchange in the period 2011- 2012. This can be seen that although the value of average return in January showed significant but the average return was not the highest, the highest average return was occurred on June.</span>
Perempuan dan Pembangunan Sektor Pertanian
Authors: Arsanti Tutuk Ari 
Published: February 2018

<span><em>The importance of prividing capacity women farmer in the agricultural </em><span><em>sector bring a great impact on the development of the Indonesia’s agricultural </em><span><em>sector. This articles written to give a description of how the role of women in the </em><span><em>development of the agricultural sector. A qualitative approach trough a method of </em><span><em>participation action reseacrh used to obtain the image and problem solving faced. It </em><span><em>will provide understanding in more well of potential for development agriculture </em><span><em>in various line including potential for development entrepreneurship based </em><span><em>agriculture by women. This research result indicates that the woman’s role in efforts </em><span><em>to improve the development of the agricultural sector through the development of </em><span><em>entrepreneurial-based agriculture is very high. The importance of increasing the </em><span><em>capacity of peasant women in the agricultural sector to be very needed in order to </em><span><em>the development of agriculture especially for smal-medium scale of farming.</em></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>