bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using parthenogenesis‐inducing Wolbachia for the selection of optimal lines of the egg parasitoid Trichogramma pretiosum for use in biocontrol
Authors: Ebrahimi Valeh , Ashouri Ahmad , Rugman‐Jones Paul F. , Lindsey Amelia R. I. , Javan‐Nikkhah Mohammad , Stouthamer Richard 
Published: January 2019

AbstractTrichogramma wasps (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) are egg parasitoids commonly employed in augmentative biological control releases against a variety of mainly lepidopteran pests. By exploiting the mechanism by which the endosymbiotic bacterium Wolbachia induces parthenogenesis in this genus, we created a set of completely homozygous Wolbachia‐infected recombinant isofemale lines (RILs), each consisting of a different combination of the genome of two well‐characterized lines of Trichogramma pretiosum Riley. We subsequently use 16 of these RILs to investigate the effect of genetic variation on various measures associated with offspring production under laboratory conditions. Unsurprisingly, substantial differences were found between the RILs in their propensity to parasitize hosts, the number of hosts they parasitize, and the levels of mortality in their offspring. Such measures can be used to choose an optimal line for biological control purposes. A method was also developed to characterize the 16 RILs using their allelic state at five loci. Essentially, this binary system uses high‐resolution melt analysis to resolve identity at each locus, with alleles originating from either the grandmaternal or grandpaternal line, and is such that each RIL can be distinguished from each other RIL by their allelic state at one or more loci. The method facilitates the easy diagnosis of line origin when two or more lines are competing with each other in competition assays, allowing for the design of more complicated tests of parasitoid quality. Future field experiments will determine which genetic line performs best under more realistic biological control conditions. The fact that these lines are infected with parthenogenesis‐inducing Wolbachia will allow for prolonged rearing without appreciable change in their genetic makeup, which should lead to a predictable biological control performance.
Effects of diet on female fecundity and larval development in the carrion beetle Necrophila japonica
Authors: Watahiki Yôhei , Sasakawa Kôji 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe carrion beetle subfamily Silphinae (Coleoptera: Silphidae) contains dominant macroinvertebrates of soil ecosystems in temperate zones. However, their feeding habits, which determine the role of each species in the ecosystem, have not been sufficiently studied. Moreover, although a diet shift from necrophagy on vertebrate carcasses to predatory feeding on invertebrates is known to occur in this subfamily, the processes and mechanisms of this shift have also been inadequately addressed. We examined female fecundity and larval development on various diets in a Silphinae species, Necrophila (Eusilpha) japonica (Motschulsky). The experimental diets included a meat diet and various invertebrate diets, which reflect the ‘ancestral’ feeding habit in Silphinae, necrophagy, and the ‘derivative’ feeding habit, predatory feeding. Female fecundity was significantly higher on the meat diet (minced beef) than on an insect larvae diet (mealworms and dipteran larvae) but did not significantly differ from that on an earthworm diet. Larval developmental performance was significantly higher on the earthworm diet than on the meat and insect larvae diets. Our results for larval development were consistent with those of previous stable isotope analyses of the same species, in which isotopic values of larval samples agree with those of hypothetical consumers that utilize earthworms. The consistency of results among different methods indicates that N. japonica larvae are most likely earthworm feeders. In contrast, our results for the female fecundity experiment differed from those of previous stable isotope analyses, in which vertebrate carcasses unlikely serve as the staple diet of adults in the field; thus, the feeding habits of N. japonica adults remain unresolved. Our observations that females and larvae performed best on the meat and earthworm diets, respectively, may indicate that, in Silphinae, the diet shift from necrophagy to predatory habits occurs earlier in larvae than in adults.
Clinical photography: Attitudes among dental students in two dental institutions
Authors: Czerninski Rakefet , Zaidman Brooke , Keshet Naama , Hamburger John , Zini Avraham 
Published: January 2019

AbstractIntroductionClinical photography is an important tool in teaching, clinical practice and academia especially for mucosal pathologies. Our aim was to examine differences in attitude towards clinical photography for mucosal pathologies among students.MethodsQuestionnaires about clinical photography were completed by students in dental teaching hospitals in Birmingham (UK) and in Israel (ISR). The questionnaires focussed on the perceived value of clinical photography for a number of purposes and also explored perceived barriers to clinical photography and technology in general. The two departments have different access to clinical photography; in the United Kingdom a separate dedicated photography unit takes all the photographs, whereas in ISR the clinicians take their own photographs. Pearson Chi‐squared tests determined statistical significance between categorical variables (P < 0.05).ResultsAmong the 163 respondents, there were no significant differences in the value of photography between countries or genders. The participants felt that the aims of photography included: teaching (99.4%), monitoring premalignancy (97.6%) and clinician communication (95.8%). More than 90% thought photography should be used for dysplasia and erosive lichen planus cases. Respondents from ISR were more in favour of photographing pathologies including simple leukoplakia, reticular lichen planus, vesiculobullous or pigmented lesions (P < 0.001 compared to the UK). Overall, the main reasons for not using photography were time constraints (25.5%) and access (21.8%).ConclusionsThis study highlights a favourable attitude towards clinical photography for various teaching and clinical indications thereby demonstrating its importance. In order to maximise the benefits of clinical photography, access should be simplified.
A function‐valued trait approach to estimating the genetic basis of size at age and its potential role in fisheries‐induced evolution
Authors: Gao Jin , Munch Stephan B. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractNatural selection is inherently a multivariate phenomenon. The selection pressure on size (natural and artificial) and the age at which selection occurs is likely to induce evolutionary changes in growth rates across the entire life history. However, the covariance structure that will determine the path of evolution for size at age has been studied in only a few fish species. We therefore estimated the genetic covariance function for size throughout ontogeny using Atlantic silversides (Menidia menidia) as the model system. Over a 3‐year period, a total of 542 families were used to estimate the genetic covariance in length at age from hatch through maturity. The function‐valued trait approach was employed to estimate the genetic covariance functions. A Bayesian hierarchical model was used to account for the unbalanced design, unequal measurement intervals, unequal sample sizes, and family‐aggregated data. To improve mixing, we developed a two‐stage sampler using a Gibbs sampler to generate the posterior of a well‐mixing approximate model followed by an importance sampler to draw samples from posterior of the completely specified model. We found that heritability of length is age‐specific and there are strong genetic correlations in length across ages that last 30 days or more. We used these estimates in a hypothetical model predicting the evolutionary response to harvesting following a single generation of selection under both sigmoidal and unimodal patterns of gear selectivity to illustrate the potential outcomes of ignoring the genetic correlations. In these scenarios, genetic correlations were found to have a strong effect on both the direction and magnitude of the response to harvest selection.
Egg development and hatching success in alpine chironomids
Authors: Schütz Stefan Andreas , Füreder Leopold 
Published: January 2019

Abstract

Climate change affects both alpine freshwater ecosystems and their benthic communities, dominated by Chironomidae (Diptera). Previous studies assigned each chironomid species a narrow thermal niche and a correspondingly high sensitivity towards global warming. Nevertheless, to date no study has examined egg development although the potential effect of changing temperatures on this initial phase of life might be crucial to existence and/or survival in harsh environments.

Adaption towards low temperatures might result in the most efficient egg development (lowest degree‐day demand) at the species’ temperature optimum close to the freezing point, theoretically allowing for bivoltinism. Similar to the eggs of other benthic insects, chironomid eggs could be the most temperature resistant life stage, not limiting the species distribution and persistence with regard to climate change effects.

Here, we show the effect of water temperature on the egg development in five Diamesa (Diptera, Chironomidae) and five Orthocladiinae (Diptera, Chironomidae) species from a spring‐fed and a glacier‐fed alpine stream in the Stubai Alps (Austria). Laboratory breeding experiments were carried out at four different temperatures (2, 4, 8, and 12°C).

Hatching success of all tested species proved to be consistently high throughout all experimental treatments, suggesting a high plasticity against a wide range of rearing temperatures. With increasing temperatures, the development rates increased. The degree‐day demands, however, also increased, indicating a special physiological adaption of cold‐stenotherm chironomids towards low temperatures.

The knowledge presented herein regarding the temperature dependency of chironomid egg development was used to predict the potential date of hatching for each tested species in their natural environment, taking into account thermal profiles of their habitat and theoretically allowing for bivoltinism in cold‐streams. As this is only a first contribution towards the modelling of alpine chironomid life cycle dynamics under climate change scenarios, further experiments of this kind are urgently needed to determine the threshold temperatures for successful egg development, to include other abiotic parameters (e.g. photoperiod), and to expand the number of species.
Non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis aggravates nitric oxide synthase inhibition‐induced arteriosclerosis in SHRSP5/Dmcr rat model
Authors: Watanabe Shogo , Kumazaki Shota , Yamamoto Shusei , Sato Ikumi , Kitamori Kazuya , Mori Mari , Yamori Yukio , Hirohata Satoshi 
Published: January 2019

SummaryNon‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is linked to increased cardiovascular risk, independent of the broad spectrum of metabolic syndrome risk factors. Stroke‐prone (SP) spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP5/Dmcr) fed a high‐fat and high‐cholesterol (HFC) diet developed hepatic lesions similar to those in human NASH pathology. These rats simultaneously developed lipid deposits in the mesenteric arteries, cardiac fibrosis, endothelial dysfunction and left ventricle (LV) diastolic dysfunction. However, the intermediary factors between NASH and cardiovascular disease are still unknown. We investigated whether NASH aggravates nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibition‐induced arteriosclerosis in SHRSP5/Dmcr rats. Wistar Kyoto and SHRSP5/Dmcr rats were divided into 4 groups of 5 and fed the stroke‐prone (SP) or HFC diets for 8 weeks. To induce NO synthase inhibition, Nω‐nitro‐L‐arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L‐NAME) mixed with drinking water was administered in the final 2 weeks. The NASH+L‐NAME group demonstrated the following characteristics related to arteriosclerosis and myocardial ischaemia: (a) LV systolic dysfunction with asynergy, (b) replacement fibrosis caused by the shedding of cardiomyocytes and (c) arterial lipid deposition and coronary occlusion secondary to endothelial dysfunction. These characteristics were not observed in the NASH or non‐NASH+L‐NAME groups. The SHRSP5/Dmcr rat model demonstrates that NASH significantly aggravates cardiovascular risk.
Valorisation of grape pomace: an approach that is increasingly reaching its maturity – a review
Authors: Bordiga Matteo , Travaglia Fabiano , Locatelli Monica 
Published: January 2019

SummaryTraditionally, wine production has been assumed as an environmentally friendly process. However, it requires a considerable amount of resources (e.g. water, fertilisers and organic amendments), and, at the same time, producing a large amount of waste and by‐products. Environmental analysis of the wine making process reports that organic solid wastes and wastewater represent the main effluents of the sector. This review aims to make an overview about the recent insights and results related to valorisation of grape pomace and how this approach, considering the number of dedicated studies, is now reaching its maturity. By‐products valorisation, a concept increasingly consolidated in the field of industrial residues management, holds immense potential for prospective production. In this regard, the valorisation of grape pomace is proving its effectiveness, obtaining remarkable results.
Truncal‐to‐leg fat ratio and cardiometabolic disease risk factors in US adolescents: NHANES 2003‐2006
Authors: Cioffi Catherine E. , Alvarez Jessica A. , Welsh Jean A. , Vos Miriam B. 
Published: January 2019

SummaryBackgroundThis study aims to describe patterns of truncal versus peripheral fat deposition measured by truncal‐to‐leg fat ratio (TLR) in adolescents and examine associations of TLR with cardiometabolic (CMD) risk factors.MethodsData were from 3810 adolescents (12‐19 years old) in the National Health and Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003‐2006. Body fat was assessed by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry, and CMD risk factors were determined by blood samples and physical examination. Linear and logistic regressions adjusted for BMI z‐score and other covariates were used to examine associations of TLR with CMD risk factors as continuous and dichotomized outcomes, respectively.ResultsAdolescents who were Mexican American, who have lower income, and with obesity had the highest mean TLR (all p < 0.05). In linear regression, increasing TLR was associated positively with homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR), triglycerides, total cholesterol, systolic blood pressure (BP), c‐reactive protein, and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and negatively with high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol in both sexes (p < 0.05). TLR was also associated with diastolic BP in boys and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol in girls (p < 0.05). A similar pattern of findings resulted from logistic regression. When further stratified by race/ethnicity, TLR was positively associated with high triglycerides, total cholesterol, and ALT for White and/or Mexican American (p < 0.05), but not Black adolescents, while associations with HOMA‐IR and HDL were significant for all race/ethnicities.ConclusionsIn this cohort of adolescents, TLR was associated with several risk factors independent of BMI z‐score, although some findings were sex or race/ethnicity specific. Body fat distribution may be an important determinant of future CMD.
The relations between cognitive ability and personality: Convergent results across measures
Authors: Carretta Thomas R. , Ree Malcolm James 
Published: January 2019

AbstractSeveral studies have investigated the relations between cognitive ability and Big Five personality constructs. The present study extended previous research by (a) examining these relationships in large samples (total N = 120,014), (b) including several measures of cognitive ability and personality, (c) examining both domain and facet‐level personality scores, (d) expanding the personality domains studied to include Machiavellianism, and (e) correcting the observed correlations for range restriction and reliability to provide a better statistical estimate of the relations between the cognitive and personality scores and constructs. Results were consistent with prior research showing a positive relationship between cognitive ability and Openness and negative relationships between cognitive ability and Neuroticism and Conscientiousness. Negative relations between cognitive ability and Extraversion and Agreeableness also were observed. Machiavellianism, not part of the Big Five was found to have a positive correlation with cognitive ability. Of particular interest was the finding that the relations between cognitive ability and personality were affected by the specific content of the cognitive and personality measures. Cognitive measures with verbal content were more strongly correlated with personality than were cognitive measures with math or nonverbal content for all of the samples. Also, there was considerable variability in the cognitive‐personality correlations for the facets underlying each personality domain. The variability in correlations at the facet‐level implies that cognitive‐personality relationships at the domain‐level will vary as a function of the specific content of the cognitive and personality measures. Overall, the results provide support for cognitive‐personality association at the measurement level.
Continuous‐wave laser irradiation to form Cd1−xZnxSe shell on CdSe QDs in silicate glasses
Authors: Lee Hojeong , Park Won Ji , Heo Jong 
Published: January 2019

AbstractCdSe QDs with Cd1−xZnxSe shell structures were precipitated inside silicate glasses by continuous‐wave laser irradiation (λ = 532 nm) without any heat‐treatment process. Emission from the surface defects (λ ≈ 620 nm) was quenched significantly and the lifetimes of the band‐edge emission was increased. During the laser irradiation, Zn ions were gradually incorporated into the outer region of CdSe QDs to form Cd1−xZnxSe (0.76 ≤ x ≤ 0.8) alloy shells.
The role of anchoring in judgments about expert consensus
Authors: Goldberg Matthew H. , van der Linden Sander , Ballew Matthew T. , Rosenthal Seth A. , Leiserowitz Anthony 
Published: January 2019

AbstractRecent scholarship finds that communicating descriptive norms, such as the fact that 97% of climate scientists have concluded that human‐caused climate change is happening, is an effective gateway to changing individuals’ beliefs and attitudes about climate change and support for climate policies. Other scholars, however, have offered an alternative explanation: priming people with any “97%” figure serves as an anchoring heuristic that leads people to adjust their estimates of the scientific consensus. This study investigates this proposed anchoring effect. Results from three parallel experiments indicate that participants consistently update their perceptions of the scientific consensus when they receive a relevant statement about the scientific consensus on climate change, but not when receiving a semantically equivalent but otherwise irrelevant consensus cue that might be used as an anchor. Further, we find that perceived consensus mediates the effect of the consensus treatment on individuals’ attitudes. We also find that conservatives updated their consensus estimates significantly more than liberals. We replicate these results across three large samples from different sources (Total N = 3,132). These findings indicate that when people update their estimates of the scientific consensus, it reflects a genuine update in their beliefs and is unlikely to be a result of the anchoring and adjustment heuristic. This work contributes to a growing literature on the value of communicating expert consensus about contested scientific issues.
The relationship between the quantitative extent of late gadolinium enhancement and burden of nonsustained ventricular tachycardia in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: A delayed contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance study
Authors: Weissler‐Snir Adaya , Hindieh Waseem , Spears Danna A. , Adler Arnon , Rakowski Harry , Chan Raymond H. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractObjectivesTo examine the relationship between late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) extent and nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT) characteristics in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM).BackgroundNSVT has been shown to be independently associated with sudden cardiac death (SCD) in HCM. Previous studies have found LGE on cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) to be independently associated with NSVT.MethodsSeventy‐three patients who had 14‐day Holter monitoring for either risk stratification for SCD (n = 62) or evaluation of atrial fibrillation (n = 11) on a CMR study were included. Areas of LGE in left ventricle (LV) were visually identified and analyzed quantitatively for both high (≥6 SD above the mean signal intensity of normal myocardium) and intermediate (≥4 but <6 SD) LGE signal intensity.ResultsPatients with more extensive LGE had longer (P = 0.0028) and more frequent (P = 0.02) episodes of NSVT. In univariate analyses, frequency of NSVT was associated with LGE extent (rs = 0.43, P = 0.001), LV ejection fraction (rs = −0.38, P < 0.001), LV mass (rs = 0.32, P = 0.005), LV maximal wall thickness (rs = 0.28, P = 0.016), and left atrium diameter (rs = 0.29, P = 0.001); maximal length of NSVT was associated with LGE extent (rs = 0.52, P < 0.001), LV ejection fraction (rs = −0.44, P < 0.001), LV mass (rs = 0.37, P = 0.001), and left atrium diameter (rs = 0.3, P < 0.001). In multivariable analyses, LGE extent remained the sole variable independently associated with frequency (P = 0.001) and maximal length of episodes of NSVT (P = 0.001). No significant association was found between the rate of NSVT and LGE extent.ConclusionsLGE extent is independently associated with a greater burden and longer episodes of NSVT in HCM. These findings support the association between myocardial fibrosis as represented by LGE and ventricular tachyarrhythmias in HCM.
Interventions for erythema multiforme: a systematic review
Authors: de Risi‐Pugliese T. , Sbidian E. , Ingen‐Housz‐Oro S. , Le Cleach L. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractTreatment of erythema multiforme (EM) is not codified. We performed a systematic review of the effect of any topical or systemic treatment on time to healing and frequency of episodes with acute and chronic forms of EM in adults. Four databases (MEDLINE, CENTRAL, EMBASE and LILACS) and other sources were searched for articles published up to 20 March 2018. Randomized control trials (RCTs), observational studies and case series (n ≥ 10) were considered. From 1558 references, we included one RCT and six case series. The RCT (n = 20) showed a significant difference in complete remission of EM with continuous acyclovir vs. placebo over 6 months. One case series found a mean reduction in flare duration with thalidomide for recurrent EM (5.1 vs. 16.2 days; n = 20). Adverse events were poorly or not reported in included studies. Quality of life was never assessed. One limitation of our study is that we excluded the cases of isolated mucosal EM in order to prevent inclusion of Stevens‐Johnson syndrome cases. In conclusion, there is low‐level evidence for continuous acyclovir treatment for recurrent EM (one RCT). Evidence for other treatments is only based on retrospective case series. Results for thalidomide, in particular, encourage further research. Data concerning safety are insufficient. PROSPERO registration no. CRD42016053175.