bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Implementing land-based mitigation to achieve the Paris Agreement in Europe requires food system transformation
Authors: Lee Heera , Brown Calum , Seo Bumsuk , Holman Ian , Audsley Eric , Cojocaru George , Rounsevell Mark 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Land-based mitigation, particularly through afforestation, reforestation and avoided deforestation, is an important component of the Paris Agreement to limit average global temperature increases to between 1.5 °C and 2 °C. However, the specific actions that would ensure sufficient carbon sequestration in forests remain unclear, as do their trade-offs against other land-based objectives. We use a regional integrated assessment model to identify the conditions under which European forests reach the extent required by mitigation targets. We compare stylised scenarios of changes in meat demand, bioenergy crop production, irrigation efficiency, and crop yield improvement. Only 42 out of 972 model simulations achieved minimum levels of food provision and forest extent without the need to change dietary preferences, but relied on crop yield improvements within Europe of at least 30%. Maintaining food imports at today’s levels to avoid the potential displacement of food production and deforestation required at least a 15% yield improvement, or a drastic reduction in meat consumption (avg. 57%). The results suggest that the large-scale afforestation/reforestation planned in European targets is virtually impossible to achieve without transformation of the food system, making it unlikely that Europe will play its required role in global efforts to limit climate change without utilising land beyond its borders.
A missing component of Arctic warming: black carbon from gas flaring
Authors: Cho Mee-Hyun , Park Rokjin J , Yoon Jinho , Choi Yonghan , Jeong Jaein I , Labzovskii Lev , Fu Joshua S , Huang Kan , Jeong Su-Jong , Kim Baek-Min 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Gas flaring during oil extraction over the Arctic region is the primary source of warming-inducing aerosols (e.g. black carbon (BC)) with a strong potential to affect regional climate change. Despite continual BC emissions near the Arctic Ocean via gas flaring, the climatic impact of BC related to gas flaring remains uncertain. Here, we present simulations of potential gas flaring using an earth system model with comprehensive aerosol physics to show that increases in BC from gas flaring can potentially explain a significant fraction of Arctic warming. BC emissions from gas flaring over high latitudes contribute to locally confined warming over the source region, especially during the Arctic spring through BC-induced local albedo reduction. This local warming invokes remote and temporally lagging sea-ice melting feedback processes over the Arctic Ocean during winter. Our findings imply that a regional change in anthropogenic aerosol forcing is capable of changing Arctic temperatures in regions far from the aerosol source via time-lagged, sea-ice-related Arctic physical processes. We suggest that both energy consumption and production processes can increase Arctic warming.
Integrated policy assessment and optimisation over multiple sustainable development goals in Eastern Africa
Authors: Van de Ven Dirk-Jan , Sampedro Jon , Johnson Francis X , Bailis Rob , Forouli Aikaterini , Nikas Alexandros , Yu Sha , Pardo Guillermo , García de Jalón Silvestre , Wise Marshall , Doukas Haris 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Heavy reliance on traditional biomass for household energy in eastern Africa has significant negative health and environmental impacts. The African context for energy access is rather different from historical experiences elsewhere as challenges in achieving energy access have coincided with major climate ambitions. Policies focusing on household energy needs in eastern Africa contribute to at least three sustainable development goals (SDGs): climate action, good health, and improved energy access. This study uses an integrated assessment model to simulate the impact of land policies and technology subsidies, as well as the interaction of both, on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, exposure to air pollution and energy access in eastern Africa under a range of socioeconomic pathways. We find that land policies focusing on increasing the sustainable output of biomass resources can reduce GHG emissions in the region by about 10%, but also slightly delay progress in health and energy access goals. An optimised portfolio of energy technology subsidies consistent with a global Green Climate Funds budget of 30–35 billion dollar, can yield another 10% savings in GHG emissions, while decreasing mortality related to air pollution by 20%, and improving energy access by up to 15%. After 2030, both land and technology policies become less effective, and more dependent on the overall development path of the region. The analysis shows that support for biogas technology should be prioritised in both the short and long term, while financing liquefied petroleum gas and ethanol technologies also has synergetic climate, health and energy access benefits. Instead, financing PV technologies is mostly relevant for improving energy access, while charcoal and to a lesser extend fuelwood technologies are relevant for curbing GHG emissions if their finance is linked to land policies. We suggest that integrated policy analysis is needed in the African context for simultaneously reaching progress in multiple SDGs.
Energy demand transitions and climate mitigation in low-income urban households in India
Authors: Khosla Radhika , Sircar Neelanjan , Bhardwaj Ankit 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Growing household energy demand, particularly in developing countries starting from a low base of consumption, is an important driver of current and future greenhouse gas emissions. Yet, our understanding of transitioning residential energy demand in developing country contexts is limited. This paper discusses changing energy service demands in urban low-income households in India, an emerging economy where the largest future growth in energy demand globally is projected to occur, and where 12 million new low-income homes for the urban poor are to be built by the government between 2015 and 2022. Based on mixed quantitative and qualitative methods comprising of surveys, interviews and focus group discussions, we analyze two inter-related questions: how does the demand for energy services change as the ability of low-income households to consume increases; and how do energy related behaviors influence household electricity consumption? We analyze the data collected to rank households according to their ability to consume and to identify the types of, and progression in, energy services acquired. The appliances and associated services pursued are lights, fans, televisions, and refrigerators, with varied energy efficiencies. Analogously, we quantify the influence of behavior in determining electricity consumption, and show that the inclusion of socio-demographic and behavioral factors explain a significant proportion (51%) of the variance in household electricity consumption, along with the role of material factors such as building physical characteristics and appliance stocks. We complement the statistical analysis with qualitative fieldwork and discuss changing energy related behaviors as the ability of households to consume increases. We conclude with recommendations for climate actions that are compatible with development in the growing low-income housing stock.
Heat transport considerations in the mathematical analysis of the photoacoustic and photothermal effects
Authors: Gutiérrez-Reyes E , García-Segundo C , García-Valenzuela A , Ortega Roberto , Buj Christian , Filbir Frank 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
In this work, we solve the problem of modeling the generation of an acoustic pulse produced by the incidence of a pulsed laser light upon an elastic material. Our concern is about the heat transport during the absorption of electromagnetic radiation. We assume that the pulse duration is of the order of nanoseconds, and asses if under these conditions the contribution of the heat transport in the sample is an essential consideration in the description of the phenomena or if we can ignore it in the model. We begin with the energy balance analysis over the initial interaction of radiation with matter in the context of the formulation Meixner-Prigonine which is called the linear irreversible thermodynamics to describe the induced temperature field. Then we carry a momentum balance which yields the macroscopic elasticity equations with a heat source for the induced pressure field. Once established the equations for temperature and displacement fields, we solve them for the one-dimensional case, showing that the induced pressure has two components, one fast component and one slow component which is due to heat transport in the sample, which is one of the main contributions of the paper.
The Effect on Fit of Multiple Consecutive Donning and Doffing of N95 Filtering Facepiece Respirators
Authors: Vuma Cynthia Danisile , Manganyi Jeanneth , Wilson Kerry , Rees David 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Background
N95 filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs) are widely used in healthcare to reduce transmission of airborne infectious diseases. These respirators are generally described as single use or limited reuse devices, but cost and operational issues mean that they may be donned and doffed multiple times. There is scant research on the effect of this practice on adequacy of fit.

Objective
The purpose of this study was to measure the effect on respirator fit of multiple donning and doffing of N95 FFRs.

Methods
This was an experiment in which 16 women and 9 men employed by the National Institute for Occupational Health (NIOH), Johannesburg, donned their same N95 FFR six times. All 25 were trained in the correct wearing of the devices before the experiment. Four models of respirators were used: the six who did not use respirators at work (novice subjects) were issued a 3M 1860 FFR and the others used their currently supplied one. During the experiment subjects donned their respirators under the supervision of the tester. Quantitative fit testing was done in the NIOH Occupational Hygiene laboratory after each donning according to the OSHA-Accepted Fit Test Protocol using the TSI PortaCount Pro+ Model 8038 Respirator Fit Tester. During the test, fit was measured after each of seven exercises and then an overall fit factor was computed. Only individuals who achieved an initial overall fit factor of ≥100 were allowed to continue participation in the study. Median overall fit factors were calculated for the 25 subjects for each donning and changes across them was examined using Wilcoxon rank sum tests. Men and women and frequent and infrequent users were compared across the six tests. Infrequent use was defined as subjects who wore respirators ≤ once per week, and novice subjects.

Results
Two subjects (8%) had an overall fit factor <100 at fit Test 2, 6 (24%) at Test 3, and 8 (32%) at Tests 4, 5, and 6. Thirteen respirator users (52%) achieved ≥100 throughout the fit testing, so 12 had at least one failure at either Tests 2–6. Five of the 12 subjects with at least one failure showed persistent failures on all subsequent donnings. Six subjects out of 12 (50%) who failed a fit test achieved an overall fit factor >100 at a subsequent test. There was a significant difference between the median first and sixth overall fit factors (195 versus 150; P = 0.0271), but not between the second and sixth (161 versus 150; P = 0.3584). Men and women had similar overall fit factors, but infrequent users had larger average overall fit factors than frequent users after all six donnings.

Conclusion
Forty-eight percent of study subjects failed at least one fit test after re-donning an N95 FFR. The fit test data suggest that donning practices probably accounted for the fit test failures. The 50% of subjects who produced overall fit factors ≥100 after a test of <100 supports this contention.
Introgression between non-sister species of honeyeaters (Aves: Meliphagidae) several million years after speciation
Authors: Joseph Leo , Drew Alex , Mason Ian J , Peters Jeffrey L 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWe reassessed whether two parapatric non-sister Australian honeyeater species (Aves: Meliphagidae), varied and mangrove honeyeaters (Gavicalis versicolor and G. fasciogularis, respectively), that diverged from a common ancestor c. 2.5 Mya intergrade in the Townsville area of north-eastern Queensland. Consistent with a previous specimen-based study, by using genomics methods we show one-way gene flow for autosomal but not Z-linked markers from varied into mangrove honeyeaters. Introgression barely extends south of the area of parapatry in and around the city of Townsville. While demonstrating the long-term porosity of species boundaries over several million years, our data also suggest a clear role of sex chromosomes in maintaining reproductive isolation.
“Place” in the Small Stories of African American Elders: A Narrative Case Study
Authors: De Medeiros Kate , Etter-Lewis Gwendolyn 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Background and Objectives
Although there is a rich literature on place and home within gerontology, few studies have considered how place acts as identity markers for older African Americans. Since narratives and stories represent ways of expressing self and identity through ordered talk, they offer an interesting way to consider how people age biographically such as through links between place and self.

Research Design and Methods
We analyzed small stories (i.e., stories that can appear as snippets of talk immersed within a larger narrative) from five African Americans (three women, two men, ages 78–93 years) to better understand “place” in the context of their lives.

Results
Overall, place in participants’ small stories was linked to the African American oral tradition and, for some, the Great Migration (1915–1970) from south to north. Place identity in the small stories therefore went beyond fond reminisce and instead became a type of resistance to dominant narratives of place.

Discussion and Implications
Studying small stories can therefore be an important tool in better understanding deeply personal experiences of place for under-represented elders.
Increased Risk of Anemia, Neutropenia, and Thrombocytopenia in People With Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Well-Controlled Viral Replication
Authors: Akdag Delal , Knudsen Andreas Dehlbæk , Thudium Rebekka Faber , Kirkegaard-Klitbo Ditte Marie , Nielsen Chivit , Brown Peter , Afzal Shoaib , Nordestgaard Børge G , Lundgren Jens , Nielsen Susanne Dam 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Background
Prior to the introduction of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), cytopenias were common in people with human immunodeficiency virus (PWH), but it is unknown if well-controlled HIV infection is a risk factor for cytopenia. In this study we aimed to determine if HIV infection is an independent risk factor for anemia, neutropenia, lymphocytopenia, and thrombocytopenia.

Methods
PWH with undetectable viral replication and absence of chronic hepatitis infection (n = 796) were recruited from the Copenhagen Comorbidity in HIV Infection (COCOMO) study and matched uninfected controls from the Copenhagen General Population Study (n = 2388). Hematology was analyzed in venous blood samples. Logistic regression analyses adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, smoking status, alcohol, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein were performed to determine possible associations between HIV and cytopenias.

Results
PWH had a higher prevalence of anemia (6.9% vs 3.4%, P < .001), neutropenia (1.3% vs 0.2%, P < .001), and thrombocytopenia (5.5% vs 2.7%, P < .001) compared with uninfected controls. HIV was independently associated with anemia-adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of 2.0 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.4–3.0); neutropenia aOR, 6.3 (95% CI, 2.0–19.6); and thrombocytopenia aOR, 2.7 (95% CI, 1.8–4.2). No association was found between HIV and lymphocytopenia.

Conclusions
Cytopenia is rare in people with well-controlled HIV, but HIV remains a risk factor for anemia, neutropenia, and thrombocytopenia and requires ongoing attention and monitoring.
The H i velocity function: a test of cosmology or baryon physics?
Authors: Chauhan Garima , Lagos Claudia del P , Obreschkow Danail , Power Chris , Oman Kyle , Elahi Pascal J 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Accurately predicting the shape of the H i velocity function (VF) of galaxies is regarded widely as a fundamental test of any viable dark matter model. Straightforward analyses of cosmological N-body simulations imply that the Λ cold dark matter (ΛCDM) model predicts an overabundance of low circular velocity galaxies when compared to observed H i VFs. More nuanced analyses that account for the relationship between galaxies and their host haloes suggest that how we model the influence of baryonic processes has a significant impact on H i VF predictions. We explore this in detail by modelling H i emission lines of galaxies in the shark semi-analytic galaxy formation model, built on the surfs suite of ΛCDM N-body simulations. We create a simulated ALFALFA survey, in which we apply the survey selection function and account for effects such as beam confusion, and compare simulated and observed H i velocity width distributions, finding differences of ≲ 50 per cent, orders of magnitude smaller than the discrepancies reported in the past. This is a direct consequence of our careful treatment of survey selection effects and, importantly, how we model the relationship between galaxy and halo circular velocity – the H i mass–maximum circular velocity relation of galaxies is characterized by a large scatter. These biases are complex enough that building a VF from the observed H i linewidths cannot be done reliably.
The diverse galaxy counts in the environment of high-redshift massive black holes in Horizon-AGN
Authors: Habouzit Mélanie , Volonteri Marta , Somerville Rachel S , Dubois Yohan , Peirani Sébastien , Pichon Christophe , Devriendt Julien 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACT
High-redshift quasars are believed to reside in highly biased regions of the Universe, where black hole growth is sustained by an enhanced number of mergers and by being at the intersection of filaments bringing fresh gas. This assumption should be supported by an enhancement of the number counts of galaxies in the field of view of quasars. While the current observations of quasar environments do not lead to a consensus on a possible excess of galaxies, the future missions JWST, WFIRST, and Euclid will provide new insights on quasar environments, and will substantially increase the number of study-cases. We are in a crucial period, where we need to both understand the current observations and predict how upcoming missions will improve our understanding of BH environments. Using the large-scale simulation Horizon-AGN, we find that statistically the most massive BHs reside in environments with the largest galaxy number counts. However, we find a large variance in galaxy number counts, and some massive BHs do not show enhanced counts in their neighbourhood. Interestingly, some massive BHs have a very close galaxy companion but no further enhancement at larger scales, in agreement with recent observations. We find that AGN feedback in the surrounding galaxies is able to decrease their luminosity and stellar mass, and therefore to make them unobservable when using restrictive galaxy selection criteria. Radiation from the quasars can spread over large distances, which could affect the formation history of surrounding galaxies, but a careful analysis of these processes requires radiative transfer simulations.
Wideband super-resolution imaging in Radio Interferometry via low rankness and joint average sparsity models (HyperSARA)
Authors: Abdulaziz Abdullah , Dabbech Arwa , Wiaux Yves 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACT
We propose a new approach within the versatile framework of convex optimization to solve the radio-interferometric wideband imaging problem. Our approach, dubbed HyperSARA, leverages low rankness, and joint average sparsity priors to enable formation of high-resolution and high-dynamic range image cubes from visibility data. The resulting minimization problem is solved using a primal-dual algorithm. The algorithmic structure is shipped with highly interesting functionalities such as preconditioning for accelerated convergence, and parallelization enabling to spread the computational cost and memory requirements across a multitude of processing nodes with limited resources. In this work, we provide a proof of concept for wideband image reconstruction of megabyte-size images. The better performance of HyperSARA, in terms of resolution and dynamic range of the formed images, compared to single channel imaging and the clean-based wideband imaging algorithm in the wsclean software, is showcased on simulations and Very Large Array observations. Our matlab code is available online on github.
Understanding the radio beam of PSR J1136+1551 through its single pulses
Authors: Oswald Lucy , Karastergiou Aris , Johnston Simon 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACT
The frequency widening of pulsar profiles is commonly attributed to lower frequencies being produced at greater heights above the surface of the pulsar; so-called radius-to-frequency mapping (RFM). The observer’s view of pulsar emission is a 1D cut through a 3D magnetosphere: we can only see that emission which points along our line of sight. However, by comparing the frequency evolution of many single pulses positioned at different phases, we can build up an understanding of the shape of the active emission region. We use single pulses observed with the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope to investigate the emission region of PSR J1136+1551 and test RFM. Assuming that emission is produced tangential to the magnetic field lines and that each emission frequency corresponds to a single height, we simulate the single pulse profile evolution resulting from the canonical conal beam model and a fan beam model. Comparing the results of these simulations with the observations, we conclude that the emission region of PSR J1136+1551 is better described by the fan beam model. The diversity of profile widening behaviour observed for the single pulses can be explained by orthogonally polarized modes propagating along differing frequency-dependent paths in the magnetosphere.