bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Ameliorative View of Consent
Authors: Dougherty Tom 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Chapter 6 introduces and develops the “Ameliorative View” of consent. This view posits three categories of consent. First, there is fully valid consent to an action, which releases the consent-receiver from their duty not to perform the action. Second, there is fully invalid consent to an action, which has no effect at all: it remains just as gravely wrong for the consent-receiver to perform the action. Third, there is partially valid consent to an action, which has an ameliorative effect: it is now less gravely wrongful for the consent-receiver to perform the action. Partial validity comes in degrees, which determine the size of the ameliorative effect. The degree of partial validity is also explained by scalar phenomena: in the case of duress, it is explained by the severity of the duress. The Ameliorative View is helpful for theorizing sexual misconduct, as it provides us with a tool to recognize a spectrum of misconduct that varies in its gravity. The Ameliorative View mandates a revision of the draft of the Consent-Receiver Principle so that the principle states a sufficient condition for consent that is not fully valid.
Duress from Social Norms
Authors: Dougherty Tom 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Chapter 9 considers duress from social norms. In particular, it focuses on social norms that imply that it is rude for someone to decline sex. These social norms can be sources of duress in two ways. First, these norms can indirectly shape the consent-receiver’s behavior. For example, if social norms dictate that declining sex is rude, then this could explain why a consent-receiver imposes a penalty on withholding consent. Second, social norms can be direct sources of duress. For example, when social norms mark withholding consent as rude, someone may thereby consent because they are intrinsically motivated to avoid behaving rudely. For this type of scenario, Chapter 9 defends the Social Norm Principle. Roughly, its key idea is that consent may not be fully valid when the consent-giver is entitled to withhold consent without this instantiating an adverse property like rudeness.
Thucydides the historian
Authors: Roberts Jennifer T. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the work of Thucydides as a historian. According to Thucydides, history grows primarily from actions freely chosen by human beings themselves. Thucydides sought to show the history as it happened while also instructing the present for the benefit of the future. His narrative was very much a revisionist history aiming to offer a new paradigm that would replace the prevailing habit of blaming the war on Pericles and ascribing his actions to discreditable personal motives. Thucydides, the author argues, has often been praised for the objectivity of his work, but such a characterization of his writing is misguided.
Speeches in Thucydides
Authors: Roberts Jennifer T. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter analyses the speeches within the work of Thucydides. The History contains over 40 speeches, and dozens more are reported indirectly while presenting the issues that exercised the minds of the participants in this war, and many that must exercise those of participants in any war. Thucydides, however, never depicts any speech responding to Pericles. The chapter discusses how Thucydides frames the opposing speeches of Nicias and Alcibiades to highlight the temperament of the Athenians. It notes the conundrum regarding the credibility of Thucydides’ representation of Alcibiades’ speech, as he used speeches that punctuate his History to elucidate his views of what motivated the participants in the war.
Methods and methodologies
Authors: Betts Alexander 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the significance of methodologies and methods that are essential in social science. Methodology refers to the rationale and justification for the selection of methods to solve a particular research problem, while methods refer to the particular tools and techniques used in collecting and analysing data. Generally, social science research methods are divided into quantitative methods and qualitative methods, based on whether they mainly use numerical or non-numerical data. Different methods have particular strengths and weaknesses. The chapter explains that experiments can be useful in social science because they offer the promise of causal inference. It introduces the notion of mixed methods research, which is research combining qualitative and quantitative methods.
Relationship Between Cognitive Estimation, Executive Functions, and Theory of Mind in Patients With Prefrontal Cortex Damage
Authors: Ouerchefani Riadh , Ouerchefani Naoufel , Rejeb Mohamed Riadh Ben , Le Gall Didier 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

Objective
Conflicting evidence has arisen from the few studies that have examined the role of the prefrontal cortex and executive control functions in theory of mind (ToM). Moreover, the involvement of other cognitive domains in the ability to infer mental states is still under debate. This study aims to examine, in addition to the potential contribution of executive functions, the role of cognitive estimation in ToM abilities, given that cognitive estimation processes are strongly associated with some aspects of executive control functions.

Method
The cognitive estimation task, along with a set of neuropsychological tasks assessing executive functions, was administered to 30 patients with prefrontal cortex damage and 30 control subjects matched by gender, age, and education level.

Results
Patients with prefrontal cortex damage were impaired in all measures of executive functions, cognitive estimation, and theory of mind compared with control subjects. Regression analysis showed a significant interaction between executive measures and cognitive estimation in predicting ToM performance for patients with prefrontal cortex damage. Additionally, voxel-based lesion analysis identified a partially common bilaterally distributed prefrontal network involved in all three domains, centered within the ventral and dorsomedial areas with extension to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.

Conclusion
Our findings highlight that, apart from executive functions, cognitive estimation plays a crucial role in the ability to interpret others’ cognitive and emotional states in both patients with prefrontal cortex damage and control subjects.
Language and Cognitive Impairments in Multiple Sclerosis: a Comparative Study of RRMS and SPMS Patients
Authors: Martzoukou Maria , Nousia Anastasia , Messinis Lambros , Konstantopoulos Kostas , Nasios Grigorios 
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Objective
Previous studies have reported that patients with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) face cognitive difficulties. Much less, however, is known about their language abilities. The present study aims to provide a clear view of the language abilities of adults with MS, considering their cognitive skills and the type of the disorder.

Method
Specifically, 20 patients with Relapsing–Remitting MS, 17 patients with Secondary Progressive MS, and two healthy control groups demographically matched with the clinical groups, took part in the study. Their language abilities were examined using the Adult Language Abilities Test, which explores morpho-syntactic and semantic phenomena of the Greek language in both comprehension and production modes.

Results
Our results did not reveal statistically significant differences between the two clinical groups on any cognitive or language subtest. Both groups, however, performed poorer than the control groups in producing the correct form of verbs, possessive and weak personal pronouns, and in comprehending relative and passive clauses. Participants’ performance in morphosyntax was found to be related to their processing speed.

Conclusion
Mapping the cognitive and language abilities of patients with MS is crucial for designing effective targeted interventions, which can help them adopt strategies to manage their specific cognitive and language symptoms.
Long-term (68 weeks) administration of nemolizumab in paediatric patients aged 6–12 years with atopic dermatitis with moderate-to-severe pruritus: efficacy and safety data from a phase III study
Authors: Igarashi Atsuyuki , Katsunuma Toshio , Nagano Yuko , Komazaki Hiroshi 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

Background
A phase III clinical trial in Japanese children aged 6–12 years with atopic dermatitis (AD) and inadequately controlled moderate-to-severe pruritus found that 16 weeks of nemolizumab treatment [30 mg every 4 weeks (Q4W)] was clinically effective and tolerable, with early improvement in pruritus and associated skin signs and a positive impact on patient quality of life (QoL).

Objectives
To report the findings from the long-term extension period of the study, and evaluate the efficacy and safety profiles of nemolizumab when administered concomitantly with topical agents over 68 weeks.

Methods
The study included a 16-week randomized placebo-controlled double-blind parallel-group period during which patients received nemolizumab 30 mg or placebo Q4W; those who completed this period could enter a 52-week long-term treatment period during which all patients received nemolizumab Q4W. Efficacy endpoints assessed treatment impact on pruritus, AD signs and QoL. Treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were tabulated to evaluate long-term safety. The study was registered with the Japan Registry of Clinical Trials (jRCT2080225289).

Results
Among the 89 paediatric patients evaluated, efficacy outcome measures showed a tendency toward improvement between weeks 16 and 68, and sustained efficacy during the subsequent follow-up period after treatment cessation. At week 68, among patients who received nemolizumab treatment throughout the study, the mean (SD) change from baseline in the 5-level itch score was −1.8 (0.8), the mean (SD) percentage change from baseline in the Average Pruritus Numerical Rating Scale score was −65.9 (25.0), and the mean (SD) percentage change from baseline in the Eczema Area and Severity Index score was −77.1 (23.1). Data from the Dermatitis Family Impact questionnaire indicated that the burden of housework on family members and parent/caregiver fatigue were reduced and the sleep quality of family members was improved by week 16, with further improvement at week 68. The overall safety profile was similar to that recorded in nemolizumab-treated patients aged ≥ 13 years, with no late-onset TEAEs seen over long-term treatment.

Conclusions
These data confirm the safety of long-term nemolizumab for paediatric patients with AD, and demonstrate improvements in pruritus, skin symptoms, and patient and caregiver QoL over 68 weeks of treatment.
The efficacy and safety of first-line metastatic melanoma treatment with ipilimumab + nivolumab versus nivolumab in a real-world setting
Authors: Karine Billard , Mortier Laurent , Dereure Olivier , Dalac Sophie , Montaudié Henri , Legoupil Delphine , Dutriaux Caroline , De Quatrebarbes Julie , Maubec Eve , Leccia Marie-Thérèse , Granel-Brocard Florence , Brunet-Possenti Florence , Arnault Jean-Philippe , Gaudy-Marqueste Caroline , Pages Cecile , Saiag Philippe , L’orphelin Jean-Matthieu , Zehou Ouidad , Lesimple Thierry , Allayous Clara , Porcher Raphael , Oriano Bastien , Dalle Stephane , Lebbé Céleste 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

Background
The Checkmate 067 randomized controlled trial, published in 2015, demonstrated improved progression-free survival and numerically, although not statistically, superior overall survival for ipilimumab + nivolumab. The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of nivolumab to ipilimumab + nivolumab as first-line treatment for metastatic melanoma in a real-world setting.

Methods
Patients were prospectively included in the French Melbase cohort from 2013 to 2022. Eligible patients were those in first-line treatment for stage-IIIc or -IV melanoma, undergoing immunotherapy with nivolumab or ipilimumab + nivolumab. The primary endpoint was overall survival at 36 months. The secondary endpoints included progression-free survival at 36 months, best radiological response, and safety analyses. We conducted a propensity score using the IPTW method to overcome the various confounding factors and also a subgroup analysis (brain metastasis, LDH levels, and BRAF mutation status).

Results
A total of 406 patients were treated with nivolumab, and 416 with ipilimumab + nivolumab. Overall survival at 36 months was higher in the ipilimumab + nivolumab group (57.1%, ([95%CI 50.7-64.2]) than in the nivolumab group (46.6% [95%CI 41.6-52.1]), HR 1.4[1.1;1.8]. Progression-free survival at 36 months was significantly improved in the ipilimumab + nivolumab group (42.3%) compared to the nivolumab group (21.9%), with a HR 1.6[1.4;1.9]. The objective response rate was similar for the two groups (44%). The overall incidence of side effects was comparable (82 vs. 84%), and severe toxicity (grade ≥ 3) was more frequent, though not significantly so, in the ipilimumab + nivolumab arm (29% vs. 41%).

Conclusions
Our results are consistent with those from the Checkmate 067 study, except for the objective response rate and the incidence of toxicities, which proved to be lower in our analysis.
Upadacitinib for Induction of Remission in Pediatric Ulcerative Colitis: An International Multicenter Study
Authors: Yerushalmy-Feler Anat , Spencer Elizabeth A , Dolinger Michael T , Suskind David L , Mitrova Katarina , Hradsky Ondrej , Conrad Máire A , Kelsen Judith R , Uhlig Holm H , Tzivinikos Christos , Ancona Silvana , Wlazlo Magdalena , Hackl Lukas , Shouval Dror S , Bramuzzo Matteo , Urlep Darja , Olbjorn Christine , D’Arcangelo Giulia , Pujol-Muncunill Gemma , Yogev Dotan , Kang Ben , Gasparetto Marco , Rungø Christine , Kolho Kaija-Leena , Hojsak Iva , Norsa Lorenzo , Rinawi Firas , Sansotta Naire , Magen Rimon Ramit , Granot Maya , Scarallo Luca , Trindade Eunice , Velasco Rodríguez-Belvís Marta , Turner Dan , Cohen Shlomi 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

Background and Aims
Data on upadacitinib therapy in children with ulcerative colitis (UC) or unclassified inflammatory bowel disease (IBD-U) are scarce. We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of upadacitinib as an induction therapy in pediatric UC or IBD-U.

Methods
In this multicenter retrospective study, children treated with upadacitinib for induction of remission of active UC or IBD-U from 30 centers worldwide were enrolled. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data, as well as adverse events (AEs), were recorded at Week 8 post-induction.

Results
One hundred children were included (90 UC and 10 IBD-U, median age 15.6 [interquartile range 13.3–17.1] years). Ninety-eight were previously treated with biologic therapies, and 76 were treated with ≥2 biologics. At the end of the 8-week induction period, clinical response, clinical remission, and corticosteroid-free clinical remission (CFR) were observed in 84%, 62%, and 56% of the children, respectively. Normal C-reactive protein and fecal calprotectin (FC) &lt;150 mcg/g were achieved in 75% and 50%, respectively. Combined CFR and FC remission was observed in 18/46 (39%) children with available data at 8 weeks. Adverse events were recorded in 37 children, including 1 serious AE of an appendiceal neuroendocrine tumor. The most frequent AEs were hyperlipidemia (n = 13), acne (n = 12), and infections (n = 10, 5 of whom with herpes viruses).

Conclusions
Upadacitinib is an effective induction therapy for refractory pediatric UC and IBD-U. Efficacy should be weighed against the potential risks of AEs.
Adult living-donor lobar lung transplant using a small-for-size graft
Authors: Nakajima Daisuke , Sakanoue Ichiro , Kayawake Hidenao , Sumitomo Ryota , Nishikawa Shigeto , Tanaka Satona , Yutaka Yojiro , Menju Toshi , Date Hiroshi 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
This study was designed to examine the outcomes of adult living-donor lobar lung transplants (LDLLTs) using small-for-size grafts.

METHODS
A calculated graft forced vital capacity of &lt;50% of the predicted forced vital capacity of the recipient was considered to indicate a small-for-size graft. Adult recipients (≥18 years) who underwent LDLLTs between 2008 and 2022 were included in this study.

RESULTS
We performed 80 adult LDLLTs, using small-for-size grafts in 15 patients and non-small grafts in 65 patients. Grade 3 primary graft dysfunction developed within 72 h after the transplant in 3 patients (20%) in the small group and in 3 patients (4.6%) in the non-small group (P = 0.0763). The 1- and 5-year survival rates were 86.7% and 69.3% in the small group and 93.8% and 77.1% in the non-small group (P = 0.742). In the small group, the native lungs were spared in 8 patients, whereas 2 lobar grafts were implanted with non-spared native lungs in the other 7 patients. The 1- and 5-year survival rates were significantly better in the spared group (both 100%) than in the non-spared group (71.4% and 23.8%; P = 0.0375). The spared group showed a significantly higher median percent forced vital capacity after the transplant than the non-spared group (68.5% vs 44.9%; P = 0.0027).

CONCLUSIONS
Although the use of small-for-size grafts was associated with a higher rate of severe primary graft dysfunction, no differences were found in survival rates. When the graft is small, the native lung should be partially spared if possible.
Two coacting shadow enhancers regulate twin of eyeless expression during early Drosophila development
Authors: Dresch Jacqueline M , Nourie Luke L , Conrad Regan D , Carlson Lindsay T , Tchantouridze Elizabeth I , Tesfaye Biruck , Verhagen Eleanor , Gupta Mahima , Borges-Rivera Diego , Drewell Robert A 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The Drosophila PAX6 homolog twin of eyeless (toy) sits at the pinnacle of the genetic pathway controlling eye development, the retinal determination network. Expression of toy in the embryo is first detectable at cellular blastoderm stage 5 in an anterior–dorsal band in the presumptive procephalic neuroectoderm, which gives rise to the primordia of the visual system and brain. Although several maternal and gap transcription factors that generate positional information in the embryo have been implicated in controlling toy, the regulation of toy expression in the early embryo is currently not well characterized. In this study, we adopt an integrated experimental approach utilizing bioinformatics, molecular genetic testing of putative enhancers in transgenic reporter gene assays and quantitative analysis of expression patterns in the early embryo, to identify 2 novel coacting enhancers at the toy gene. In addition, we apply mathematical modeling to dissect the regulatory landscape for toy. We demonstrate that relatively simple thermodynamic-based models, incorporating only 5 TF binding sites, can accurately predict gene expression from the 2 coacting enhancers and that the HUNCHBACK TF plays a critical regulatory role through a dual-modality function as an activator and repressor. Our analysis also reveals that the molecular architecture of the 2 enhancers is very different, indicating that the underlying regulatory logic they employ is distinct.
Debunking the dogma that RecBCD nuclease destroys phage
Authors: Zheng Clarence , Furukawa Curtis , Liu Jerry , Sankaran Srishti , Lin Han , Munugeti Nidhi , Wang Meranda , Smith Gerald R 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
For decades, it has been repeatedly claimed that the potent bacterial helicase-nuclease RecBCD (exonuclease V) destroys foreign (nonself) DNA, such as that of phages, but repairs and recombines cellular (self) DNA. While this would constitute a strong host-survival mechanism, no phage destroyed by RecBCD is ever specified in those claims. To determine which phages are destroyed by RecBCD, we searched for phage isolates that grow on Escherichia coli ΔrecBCD but not on recBCD+. In contrast to the prevailing claim, we found none among &gt;80 new isolates from nature and &gt;80 from previous collections. Based on these and previous observations, we conclude that RecBCD repairs broken DNA that can recombine but destroys DNA that cannot recombine and recycles the nucleotides.
Recognizing the ethical complexity of food policies and the role of the food industry
Authors: Abdool Karim Safura , Alvarado Miriam , Johnson Tess , Barnhill Anne 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Restrictive food policies are often contentious and controversial. Supporters of these policies view them as imperative for achieving public health aims while some opponents view them as overly paternalistic, infringing on consumer choice and potentially inequitable. As a consequence, their ethical status and permissibility are both contested and of importance in decision-making for policy. Traditional ethical analysis of these interventions has examined the ethical implications of the policies according to a direct, linear view of the relationships between government and consumer and the impact of government policy on the consumer. However, this approach to ethical analysis fails to take into account the role of the food industry as the subjects of the policies and intermediaries between government and consumers in the implementation and effectiveness of the policies. The actions of the food industry in response to a policy substantially determine how the policy translates to changes in the food supply and thus, the effect of the policy on consumers. This has significant implications for the ethical status of the policy. As a result, this article calls for complicating the common ethical approach to restrictive food policies by adopting a framing that recognizes the role of the food industry in the implementation of these policies. We then discuss three implications this framing has for ethical analysis: first that ethical analysis must be more nuanced and recognize the potentially complex outcomes of a policy, second that it must be dynamic and ongoing and third that underlying assumptions about policies’ effects on choice, effectiveness and equity need to be reconsidered.
Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonists Are Not Associated With an Increased Risk of Ileus or Intestinal Obstruction in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease—A Danish Nationwide Cohort Study
Authors: Nielsen Jan , Friedman Sonia , Nørgård Bente Mertz , Knudsen Torben , Kjeldsen Jens , Wod Mette 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

Background
There is a global increase in the prevalence of obesity, including among individuals with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) are potential anti-obesity medications due to their weight-lowering effects. However, concerns exist regarding ileus and intestinal obstruction as a severe side effect.

Methods
This nationwide Danish cohort study evaluates the risk of ileus and intestinal obstruction in patients with IBD receiving GLP-1RAs. Patients with IBD and their exposure to GLP-1RAs were identified using Danish health registries. Cox regression analysis was used to estimate hazard ratios for the risk of ileus and intestinal obstruction adjusted for age at diagnosis of IBD, sex, type of IBD, prior ileus or intestinal obstruction, diabetes status, steroid use, and small bowel or colon surgery.

Results
This study found that GLP-1RA exposure was not associated with an increased risk of ileus or intestinal obstruction in patients with IBD.

Conclusion
This study suggests that GLP-1RAs do not increase the risk of ileus or intestinal obstruction in patients with IBD.
Potential Utility of Laser Speckle Contrast Imaging to Detect Early Microcirculatory Changes Associated With Erythema Nodosum in Crohn’s Disease: A Case Report
Authors: Yang EunMee , Wayne Peter M , Ahn Andrew C , Korzenik Joshua 
Published: November 2024

Lay Summary
In this case report of a young female patient with Crohn’s disease, presenting with erythema nodosum, laser speckle contrast imaging was able to detect blood flow changes in the affected skin area before clinical signs of the skin lesion emerged.