bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The presence of periampullary diverticulum increased the complications of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
Authors: Karaahmet Fatih , Kekilli Murat 
Published: June 2018

Background
The use of needle-knife fistulotomy technique in patient with periampullary diverticula (PAD) for biliary duct cannulation may lead to risk of complications. The present study aimed to investigate the association between PAD and the complications of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), unsuccessful cannulation rates and to determine the rates of cannulation complications using sphincterotomy and needle-knife fistulotomy.

Materials and methods
The ERCP procedures were held in Gastroenterology Endoscopy Unit between September 2015 and October 2016 and were retrospectively evaluated. The patients were divided into two groups, a PAD group and a non-PAD group. These groups were compared regarding demographic characteristics, ERCP complications and mortality.

Results
A total of 827 patients fulfilling the criteria for ERCP were enrolled in the study. Of 827 patients, 164 had PAD and 663 did not have PAD (non-PAD). The success rate of cannulation was 98.8% in patients with PAD and 98.6% in patients without PAD. There was no statistical difference of cannulation types with sphincterotomy and with needle-knife fistulotomy between the two groups. Mean baseline number of guide wire cannulation attempts was 1.96±0.20 in PAD group. No complications were observed in PAD patients treated with needle-knife fistulotomy. ERCP-related complications rates (bleeding, pancreatitis, and perforation) were higher in the PAD group (P=0.007).

Conclusion
In conclusion, there is a strong association between PAD and higher rates of cannulation complications, independent of cannulation technique. In certain situations, and in the hands of experienced endoscopists, needle-knife fistulotomy might be a feasible option for successful biliary cannulation in certain patients with PAD.
The Role of Physical Activity in Recovery From Concussion in Youth: A Neuroscience Perspective
Authors: Schmidt Julia , Rubino Cristina , Boyd Lara A. , Virji-Babul Naznin 
Published: June 2018

Background and Purpose:Concussion is a major public health concern and one of the least understood neurological injuries. Children and youth are disproportionally affected by concussion, and once injured, take longer to recover. Current guidelines recommend a period of physical and cognitive rest with a gradual progressive return to activity. Although there is limited high-quality evidence (eg, randomized controlled trials) on the benefit of physical activity and exercise after concussion, most studies report a positive impact of exercise in facilitating recovery after concussion. In this article we characterize the complex and dynamic changes in the brain following concussion by reviewing recent results from neuroimaging studies and to inform physical activity participation guidelines for the management of a younger population (eg, 14-25 years of age) after concussion.Summary of Key Points:Novel imaging methods and tools are providing a picture of the changes in the structure and function of the brain following concussion. These emerging results will, in the future, assist in creating objective, evidence-based pathways for clinical decision-making. Until such time, physical therapists should be aware that current neuroimaging evidence supports participation in physical activity after an initial and brief period of rest, and consider how best to incorporate exercise into rehabilitation to enhance recovery following concussion.Recommendations for Clinical Practice:It is important that physical therapists understand the neurobiological impact of concussion injury and recovery, and be informed of the scientific rationale for the recommendations and guidelines for engagement in physical activity.Video Abstract availablefor more insights from the authors (see Supplemental Digital Content 1, available at: http://links.lww.com/JNPT/A205).
Management of Pediatric Delirium in Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care Patients: An International Survey of Current Practices
Authors: Staveski Sandra L. , Pickler Rita H. , Lin Li , Shaw Richard J. , Meinzen-Derr Jareen , Redington Andrew , Curley Martha A. Q. 
Published: June 2018

Objectives:
The purpose of this study was to describe how pediatric cardiac intensive care clinicians assess and manage delirium in patients following cardiac surgery.

Design:
Descriptive self-report survey.

Setting:
A web-based survey of pediatric cardiac intensive care clinicians who are members of the Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care Society.

Patient or Subjects:
Pediatric cardiac intensive care clinicians (physicians and nurses).

Interventions:
None.

Measurement and Main Results:
One-hundred seventy-three clinicians practicing in 71 different institutions located in 13 countries completed the survey. Respondents described their clinical impression of the occurrence of delirium to be approximately 25%. Most respondents (75%) reported that their ICU does not routinely screen for delirium. Over half of the respondents (61%) have never attended a lecture on delirium. The majority of respondents (86%) were not satisfied with current delirium screening, diagnosis, and management practices. Promotion of day/night cycle, exposure to natural light, deintensification of care, sleep hygiene, and reorientation to prevent or manage delirium were among nonpharmacologic interventions reported along with the use of anxiolytic, antipsychotic, and medications for insomnia.

Conclusions:
Clinicians responding to the survey reported a range of delirium assessment and management practices in postoperative pediatric cardiac surgery patients. Study results highlight the need for improvement in delirium education for pediatric cardiac intensive care clinicians as well as the need for systematic evaluation of current delirium assessment and management practices.
Subjective Age and Mortality in Three Longitudinal Samples
Authors: Stephan Yannick , Sutin Angelina R. , Terracciano Antonio 
Published: June 2018

ABSTRACT

Objective
Subjective age has been implicated in a range of health outcomes. The present study extends existing research by providing new data on the relation between subjective age and mortality in three large national samples.

Methods
Participants (N > 17,000) were drawn from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS, 2008–2014), the Midlife in the United State Survey (MIDUS, 1995–2014), and the National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS, 2011–2014). Subjective age, demographic factors, disease burden, functional limitations, depressive symptoms, and physical inactivity were assessed at baseline, and mortality data were tracked for up to 20 years. Cognition was also included as a covariate in the HRS and the NHATS.

Results
Individuals felt on average 15% to 16% younger relative to their chronological age. Feeling approximately 8, 11, and 13 years older in the MIDUS, HRS, and NHATS was related to an 18%, 29%, and 25% higher risk of mortality, respectively. This pattern was confirmed by a meta-analysis of the three samples (hazard ratio, 1.24; 95% confidence interval, 1.17–1.31; p < .001). Multivariate analyses showed that disease burden, physical inactivity, functional limitations, and cognitive problems, but not depressive symptoms, accounted for the associations between subjective age and mortality.

Conclusions
The present study provides robust evidence for an association between an older subjective age and a higher risk of mortality across adulthood. These findings support the role of subjective age as a biopsychosocial marker of aging.
Consumption, contact and copulation: how pathogens have shaped human psychological adaptations
Authors: Lieberman Debra , Billingsley Joseph , Patrick Carlton 
Published: June 2018

Disgust is an emotion intimately linked to pathogen avoidance. Building on prior work, we suggest disgust is an output of programmes that evolved to address three separate adaptive problems: what to eat, what to touch and with whom to have sex. We briefly discuss the architecture of these programmes, specifying their perceptual inputs and the contextual factors that enable them to generate adaptive and flexible behaviour. We propose that our sense of disgust is the result of these programmes and occurs when information-processing circuitries assess low expected values of consumption, low expected values of contact or low expected sexual values. This conception of disgust differs from prior models in that it dissects pathogen-related selection pressures into adaptive problems related to consumption and contact rather than assuming just one pathogen disgust system, and it excludes moral disgust from the domain of disgust proper. Instead, we illustrate how low expected values of consumption and contact as well as low expected sexual values can be used by our moral psychology to provide multiple causal links between disgust and morality.This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Evolution of pathogen and parasite avoidance behaviours’.
How mammals stay healthy in nature: the evolution of behaviours to avoid parasites and pathogens
Authors: Hart Benjamin L. , Hart Lynette A. 
Published: June 2018

Mammals live and thrive in environments presenting ongoing threats from parasites in the form of biting flies, ticks and intestinal worms and from pathogens as wound contaminants and agents of infectious disease. Several strategies have evolved that enable animals to deal with parasites and pathogens, including eliminating away from the sleeping–resting areas, use of an array of grooming techniques, use of saliva in licking, and consuming medicinal plant-based compounds. These strategies all are species-specific and reflect the particular environment that the animal inhabits.
This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Evolution of pathogen and parasite avoidance behaviours’.
Headache and type 2 diabetes association: a US national ambulatory case-control study
Authors: Nash Anthony , Nevado Holgado Alejo J , Lovestone Simon , Cader M. Zameel , Webber Caleb 
Published: June 2018

AbstractObjectiveWe investigate the joint observation between type 2 diabetes and headache using a case-control study of a US ambulatory dataset.BackgroundRecent whole-population cohort studies propose that type 2 diabetes may have a protective effect against headache prevalence. With headaches ranked as a leading cause of disability, headache-associated comorbidities could help identify shared molecular mechanisms.MethodsWe performed a case-control study using the US National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, 2009, on the joint observation between headache and specific comorbidities, namely type 2 diabetes, hypertension and anxiety, for all patients between 18 and 65 years of age. The odds ratio of having a headache and a comorbidity were calculated using conditional logistic regression, controlling for gender and age over a study population of 3,327,947 electronic health records in the absence of prescription medication data.ResultsWe observed estimated odds ratio of 0.89 (95% CI: 0.83-0.95) of having a headache and a record of type 2 diabetes over the population, and 0.83 (95% CI: 2.02-2.57) and 0.89 (95% CI: 3.00-3.49) for male and female, respectively.ConclusionsWe find that patients with type 2 diabetes are less likely to present a recorded headache indication. Patients with hypertension are almost twice as likely of having a headache indication and patients with an anxiety disorder are almost three times as likely. Given the possibility of confounding indications and prescribed medications, additional studies are recommended.
R2C2: Improving nanopore read accuracy enables the sequencing of highly-multiplexed full-length single-cell cDNA
Authors: Volden Roger , Palmer Theron , Byrne Ashley , Cole Charles , Schmitz Robert J , Green Richard E , Vollmers Christopher 
Published: June 2018

AbstractHigh-throughput short-read sequencing has revolutionized how transcriptomes are quantified and annotated. However, while Illumina short-read sequencers can be used to analyze entire transcriptomes down to the level of individual splicing events with great accuracy, they fall short of analyzing how these individual events are combined into complete RNA transcript isoforms. Because of this shortfall, long-read sequencing is required to complement short-read sequencing to analyze transcriptomes on the level of full-length RNA transcript isoforms. However, there are issues with both Pacific Biosciences (PacBio) and Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) long-read sequencing technologies that prevent their widespread adoption. Briefly, PacBio sequencers produce low numbers of reads with high accuracy, while ONT sequencers produce higher numbers of reads with lower accuracy. Here we introduce and validate a new long-read ONT based sequencing method. At the same cost, our Rolling Circle Amplification to Concatemeric Consensus (R2C2) method generates more accurate reads of full-length RNA transcript isoforms than any other available long-read sequencing method. These reads can then be used to generate isoform-level transcriptomes for both genome annotation and differential expression analysis in bulk or single cell samples.Significance StatementSubtle changes in RNA transcript isoform expression can have dramatic effects on cellular behaviors in both health and disease. As such, comprehensive and quantitative analysis of isoform-level transcriptomes would open an entirely new window into cellular diversity in fields ranging from developmental to cancer biology. The R2C2 method we are presenting here is the first method with sufficient throughput and accuracy to make the comprehensive and quantitative analysis of RNA transcript isoforms in bulk and single cell samples economically feasible.
Toward an objective diagnostic for detection of Leishmania RNA virus (LRV) in clinical samples from cutaneous leishmaniasis patients
Authors: Parra-Muñoz Marcela , Aponte Samanda , Ovalle-Bracho Clemencia , Saavedra Carlos H. , Echeverry María C. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractLeishmania RNA virus (LRV) is a double strand RNA virus belonging to the Totiviridae family detected as cytoplasmic inclusions in some strains of the human parasite Leishmania spp. Experimental evidence supports the hypothesis that human co-infection with Leishmania spp-LRV triggers an exacerbated immune response in the host that can be responsible for the observed complicated outcomes in cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), such as mucosal leishmaniasis (ML) and treatment failure of cutaneous leishmaniasis (TFCL). However, the reported frequencies of LRV associated to complicated outcomes in patients’ series are highly variable, diminishing the relevance on the virus presence in the pathogenesis of the disease. For determining if the apparent inconsistent information about the frequency of LRV associated to CL complicated outcomes could be connected with the virus detection approach, this study tested previously described methods for LRV detection in clinical samples of patients according with the type of sample. In 36 samples with diagnosis of complicated forms of CL (15 ML, 21 TFCL) and 6 samples with non-Leishmania spp infection, LRV presence was assessed by RT-PCR, RT-qPCR and nested-PCR.By combining methods, LRV1 presence was confirmed in 45% (9/20) of isolates and 75% (12/16) of biopsies. The predominant LRV1-infected Leishmania species in this study was Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis and, for first time, Leishmania (Viannia) panamensis was found infected in clinical samples. In a number of cases, LRV1 was undetectable in the isolates but present in their respective biopsies, suggesting the possibility of underreporting of LRV1 presence in studies focused in parasites isolates exclusively.
Second harmonic generation polarization microscopy as a tool for protein structure analysis
Authors: Kaneshiro Junichi , Okada Yasushi , Shima Tomohiro , Tsujii Mika , Imada Katsumi , Ichimura Taro , Watanabe Tomonobu M. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractSecond-harmonic generation (SHG) is a nonlinear coherent scattering process that is sensitive to molecular structures in illuminated materials. We report SHG polarization measurement for the detection of protein conformational changes in solutions of macromolecular protein assemblies such as microtubules and protein crystals. The results illustrate the potential of this method for protein structural analysis in physiological solutions at room temperature without labelling.
Developing A Programmable, Self-Assembling Squash Leaf Curl China Virus (SLCCNV) Capsid Proteins Into “Nano-Cargo”-Like Architecture: A Next-Generation “Nanotool” For Biomedical Applications
Authors: Thangavelu Raja Muthuramalingam , Sundarajan Deepan , Mohammed Riyaz S.U , Jesse Denison Michael Immanuel , Gunasekaran Dharanivasan , Ganapathi Rajendran , Duraisamy Nallusamy , Krishnan Kathiravan 
Published: June 2018

AbstractA new era has begun in which pathogens have become useful scaffolds for nanotechnology applications. In this research/study, an attempt has been made to generate an empty cargo-like architecture from a high-profile plant pathogen of Squash leaf curl China virus (SLCCNV). In this approach, SLCCNV coat protein monomers are obtained efficiently by using a yeast Pichia pastoris expression system. Further, dialysis of purified SLCCNV-CP monomers against various pH strengthenened (5–10) disassembly and assembly buffers produced a self-assembled “Nanocargo”-like architecture, which also exhibited an ability to encapsulate the magnetic nanoparticles at in vitro. Bioinformatics tools were also utilized to predict the possible self-assembly kinetics and bioconjugation sites as well. The biocompatibility of “SLCNNV-CP-Nanocargo” particles was also evaluated by in vitro cancer cells, which eventually proved the particles to be versatile material for the next generation “nanotool” capable of housing various therapeutic or imaging agents.
Movement and conformity interact to establish local behavioural traditions in animal populations
Authors: Somveille Marius , Firth Josh A. , Aplin Lucy M. , Farine Damien R. , Sheldon Ben C. , Thompson Robin N. 
Published: June 2018

ABSTRACTThe social transmission of information is critical to the emergence of animal culture. Two processes are predicted to play key roles in how socially-transmitted information spreads in animal populations: the movement of individuals across the landscape and conformist social learning. We develop a model that, for the first time, explicitly integrates these processes to investigate their impacts on the spread of behavioural preferences. Our results reveal a strong interplay between movement and conformity for determining whether local traditions establish across a landscape or whether a single preference dominates the whole population. The model is able to replicate a real-world cultural diffusion experiment in great tits Parus major, but also allows for a range of predictions for the emergence of animal culture under various initial conditions, habitat structure and strength of conformist bias to be made. Integrating social behaviour with ecological variation will be important for understanding the stability and diversity of culture in animals.
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma human organoids share structural and genetic features with primary tumors
Authors: Calvo Isabel Romero , Weber Christopher , Ray Mohana , Brown Miguel , Kirby Kori , Nandi Rajib K. , Long Tiha M. , Sparrow Samantha M. , Ugolkov Andrey , Qiang Wenan , Zhang Yilin , Brunetti Tonya , Kindler Hedy , Segal Jeremy P. , Rzhetsky Andrey , Mazar Andrew P. , Buschmann Mary M. , Weichselbaum Ralph , Roggin Kevin , White Kevin P. 
Published: June 2018

ABSTRACTPatient-derived pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) organoid systems show great promise for understanding the biological underpinnings of disease and advancing therapeutic precision medicine. Despite the increased use of organoids, the fidelity of molecular features, genetic heterogeneity, and drug response to the tumor of origin remain important unanswered questions limiting their utility. To address this gap in knowledge, we created primary tumor- and PDX-derived organoids, and 2D cultures for in-depth genomic and histopathological comparisons to the primary tumor. Histopathological features and PDAC representative protein markers showed strong concordance. DNA and RNA sequencing of single organoids revealed patient-specific genomic and transcriptomic consistency. Single-cell RNAseq demonstrated that organoids are primarily a clonal population. In drug response assays, organoids displayed patient-specific sensitivities. Additionally, we examined the in vivo PDX response to FOLFIRINOX and Gemcitabine/Abraxane treatments, which was recapitulated in vitro by organoids. The patient-specific molecular and histopathological fidelity of organoids indicate that they can be used to understand the etiology of the patient’s tumor and the differential response to therapies and suggests utility for predicting drug responses.
Process tracing change management: the reform of the Italian judiciary
Authors: Busetti Simone , Vecchi Giancarlo 
Published: June 2018

Purpose
In 2009, the Italian Government initiated a national programme to improve the management of judicial offices. Programme implementation has been patchy and unsatisfactory in all but a few cases. Against this background, the Law Court of Milan has achieved exceptional results and is now recognised as a good practice benchmark for Italy. The purpose of this paper is to investigate this case in order to reconstruct the local conditions for successful implementation of the national programme.

Design/methodology/approach
To test a theory of the programme based on leaders’ engagement, their access to managerial knowledge, and the transfer and consolidation of that knowledge, the present study applies process tracing, a qualitative method that uses Bayesian reasoning to improve the accuracy of within-case inferences.

Findings
The analysis shows how programme and context features interacted to support change. In particular, while the national programme succeeded in providing resources for leader engagement and knowledge access, the transfer and consolidation of managerial knowledge depended largely on a brokerage function performed locally between consultants and magistrates.

Originality/value
The paper sheds light on the local conditions for change management and does so by employing an innovative qualitative method that improves the reliability of within-case inferences.
The primary care home: a new vehicle for the delivery of population health in England
Authors: Lewis Richard Q. , Chana Nav 
Published: June 2018

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to consider how the evolving concept of the “primary care home” (PCH) that is developing in England might be an effective vehicle for the delivery of the goals of “population health”. The authors examine evidence from earlier initiatives to achieve similar objectives of primary care-led health system planning and care integration to understand relevant lessons for the PCH.

Design/methodology/approach
This paper is based on a descriptive review of the PCH using documentary sources and a non-systematic review of literature relating to primary care commissioning initiatives and recent initiatives to deliver general practice services on a larger scale.

Findings
The PCH is likely to bring forth relatively high engagement from general practitioners due to its neighbourhood scale, voluntary nature and its focus on professional partnership, personalisation of care and outcomes. It is important that participants have sufficient autonomy to act and that financial incentives are aligned with the goals of population health. It is also important that, unlike some earlier primary care initiatives, the PCH is given time to develop to maturity.

Originality/value
The PCH is a recent phenomenon that is developing in England and elsewhere. This paper locates the PCH within a historical context and draws conclusions from a relevant evidence base.