bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How Effective Are Dementia Caregiver Interventions? An Updated Comprehensive Meta-Analysis
Authors: Walter Erik , Pinquart Martin 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Background and Objectives
Caring for a person with dementia places a significant burden upon informal caregivers and leads to decreased psychological and physical health, which is why dementia caregiver interventions have been developed. However, empirical evidence for the efficacy of those interventions is inconclusive and the last comprehensive meta-analysis (Pinquart & Sörensen. Helping caregivers of persons with dementia: Which interventions work and how large are their effects? International Psychogeriatrics. 2006;18(4), 577–595.) was published more than 10 years ago.

Research Design and Method
This meta-analysis aims to update the meta-analysis conducted by Pinquart and Sörensen. Based on a systematic search in electronic data bases, effects of 282 controlled studies were integrated. The effectiveness of different intervention types and influences of study characteristics were evaluated.

Results
Interventions had, on average, a significant, small-to-moderate effect on the improvement of ability/knowledge, subjective well-being, burden, depression, and the caregiver’s anxiety as well as symptoms of the care recipient. No mean effect was found in regard to reducing the risk of institutionalization. Most intervention types had an effect on the reduction of burden as well as on other outcomes. Psychoeducation and multicomponent interventions affected most outcomes, whereas the efficacy of other intervention types was domain-specific.

Discussion and Implications
There is evidence for the efficacy of dementia caregiver interventions, though due to having predominantly small effect sizes, there is still room for improvement. Interventions should be tailored to the desired outcome. More research on long-term effects, effects on anxiety and institutionalization, efficacy of respite and support interventions, care recipient training, and the intervention process is needed.
Do health programmes within the New Zealand food industry influence the work environment for employees?
Authors: Roy Rajshri , Styles Teri Winona , Braakhuis Andrea 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWorkplace wellness programmes have increased over the past years, but as yet has not been investigated in food and grocery organizations in New Zealand (NZ). The study aim was to explore the commitment of NZ Food and Grocery Council (FGC) companies in altering the workplace environment for employee health and the efficacy of the current wellness policies. Using a mixed-methods approach, FGC companies (n = 22) completed a workplace environment audit (WEA) survey. Three focus groups were held, consisting of employees (n = 20) from four of the FGC companies that completed the WEA survey. Two sets of data were then compared via methodological triangulation. The mean WEA score was 46% (p = 0.00), indicating an ‘average’ commitment by the FGC to health-promotion in their own workplaces. Significantly more initiatives related to improving nutrition were offered (p = 0.00) and larger food companies scored higher than smaller companies (p = 0.063). During the focus groups, employees revealed they felt workplace wellness programmes increased productivity, improved their physical health, allowed work–life balance, promoted social interaction and provided health-related education. Barriers to participating in wellness activities were identified as lack of time, working in a blue-collar position and working externally to the main office. The results of this study have large implications for companies and employers in NZ for future planning, implementation and monitoring of health initiatives in the workplace.
Up in smoke? Global tobacco control advocacy and local mobilization in Africa
Authors: Patterson Amy S. , Gill Elizabeth 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Even though most African states have signed and ratified the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), a global treaty to limit tobacco use, African states have been slow to pass and implement tobacco control policies like regulations on sales, smoke-free environments and taxes. This article examines how the ineffectiveness of local tobacco-control advocacy contributes to this suboptimal outcome. It asserts that the disconnect between the global tobacco-control advocacy network and local advocates shapes this ineffectiveness. With funding and direction predominately from the Bloomberg Initiative, local advocates emulate the funders' goal of achieving quick, measurable policy results. Their reliance on the network drives African advocates to strive to pass legislation, even in difficult political climates, and to remake their agendas when funders change their priorities. They also emulate the network's focus on evidence-based arguments that stress epidemiological data and biomedical interventions, even when this issue frame does not resonate with policy-makers. Financial dependence can draw local advocates into expectations about patronage politics, undermine their ability to make principled arguments, and lead them to downplay the ways that their home country's socioeconomic and cultural contexts affect tobacco use and control. Based on key informant interviews with African advocates, media analysis and the case-studies of Ghana and Tanzania, the article broadens the study of philanthropy in global health, it adds an African perspective to the literature on global health advocacy, and it deepens knowledge on power dynamics between external funders and local actors in the realms of health and development.
Unlocking Curriculum Design: Experiences in Constructing a Dynamic IR Undergraduate Curriculum in South Africa
Authors: de Matos-Ala Jacqui 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe intricate nature of curriculum construction is not always apparent to academics especially those who have not studied in the area of education. This article addresses the issue of curriculum construction or design in the field of international relations. Specifically, we discuss issues of constructive alignment, disciplinary knowledge structure, and cognitive load – issues we found most generative in the process of redesigning the undergraduate international relations curriculum at the University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa. Reflections by staff members provided here suggest that we have been successful in creating environments conducive for learning. However, extraneous factors hindered us from fully realizing our objectives; the resolution of the socio-political problems that create such extraneous factors is beyond the ability of curriculum design. We argue that the contribution of curriculum design lies in a reflective educational response to societal needs based on sound pedagogical theory.
Using convolutional neural networks to identify patient safety incident reports by type and severity
Authors: Wang Ying , Coiera Enrico , Magrabi Farah 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate the feasibility of a convolutional neural network (CNN) with word embedding to identify the type and severity of patient safety incident reports.

Materials and Methods
A CNN with word embedding was applied to identify 10 incident types and 4 severity levels. Model training and validation used data sets (n_type = 2860, n_severity = 1160) collected from a statewide incident reporting system. Generalizability was evaluated using an independent hospital-level reporting system. CNN architectures were examined by varying layer size and hyperparameters. Performance was evaluated by F score, precision, recall, and compared to binary support vector machine (SVM) ensembles on 3 testing data sets (type/severity: n_benchmark = 286/116, n_original = 444/4837, n_independent = 6000/5950).

Results
A CNN with 6 layers was the most effective architecture, outperforming SVMs with better generalizability to identify incidents by type and severity. The CNN achieved high F scores (&gt; 85%) across all test data sets when identifying common incident types including falls, medications, pressure injury, and aggression. When identifying common severity levels (medium/low), CNN outperformed SVMs, improving F scores by 11.9%–45.1% across all 3 test data sets.

Discussion
Automated identification of incident reports using machine learning is challenging because of a lack of large labelled training data sets and the unbalanced distribution of incident classes. The standard classification strategy is to build multiple binary classifiers and pool their predictions. CNNs can extract hierarchical features and assist in addressing class imbalance, which may explain their success in identifying incident report types.

Conclusion
A CNN with word embedding was effective in identifying incidents by type and severity, providing better generalizability than SVMs.
Sunflower Moth (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Biology, Ecology, and Management
Authors: Royer Tom A , Knodel Janet J 
Published: July 2019

AbstractSunflower moth, Homoeosoma electellum (Hulst) is an important insect pest of cultivated sunflower in North America. In this review, we outline sunflower moth life history and biology and describe direct and indirect crop injury to cultivated sunflower. Pest management strategies for sunflower moth are discussed including proper field scouting, pheromone trapping, use of economic thresholds and biological control, cultural control, host plant resistance and chemical control for incorporation into an integrated pest management (IPM) program.
Landscape of education and clinical practice in geriatric oncology: a Japanese nationwide survey
Authors: Nishijima Tomohiro F , Tamura Kazuo ,   Geriatric Oncology Guideline-establishing (GOGGLE) Study Group, Nagashima Fumio , Aiba Keisuke , Saito Mitsue , Saeki Toshiaki , Karasawa Kumiko , Uchitomi Yosuke , Takahashi Takao , Kaibori Masaki , Sakuda Hiromi , Imamura Chiyo , Tsuji Tetsuya 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Objective
The aim of this survey was to describe how geriatric oncology is integrated in undergraduate teaching and graduate training as well as in daily clinical oncology practice in Japan.

Methods
All schools of medicine in Japan are allied with graduate schools of medicine. We conducted a survey of all Japanese medical and graduate schools (n = 81), and designated cancer hospitals (n = 437) from July 2018 to August 2018. The survey of the schools asked about existence of geriatrics division and geriatric oncology service and if an education curriculum in geriatrics and geriatric oncology was used. The survey of designated cancer hospitals requested general hospital information and the current practice patterns of general geriatric and cancer patients.

Results
Forty-eight medical schools (59%) participated in this survey, and teaching in geriatrics and geriatric oncology was implemented in 23 schools and 1 school, respectively. Forty-two graduate schools of medicine (52%) responded; five had an education curriculum in geriatrics, but none provided geriatric oncology training. Among 151 participating hospitals (35%), 5 had a geriatrics division and 20 hospitals employed geriatricians. There was no geriatric oncology service or geriatric oncology specialists in any of the 151 hospitals. Seventy percent of the hospitals reported performing a geriatric assessment for at least some older adults with cancer.

Conclusions
This survey provides information on the current state of Japanese education and clinical practice in geriatric oncology. In Japan, a nation with among the largest population of older citizens in the world, education and training greatly need to be promoted to disseminate a core set of geriatrics knowledge and skills to students, trainees and healthcare professionals.
Spatial relationships among free-living cururos (Spalacopus cyanus) demonstrate burrow sharing and communal nesting
Authors: Lacey Eileen A , O’Brien Shannon L , Sobrero Raúl , Ebensperger Luis A 
Published: July 2019

AbstractSpatial relationships among conspecifics can provide insights into numerous aspects of social behavior. Spatial data may be particularly important for characterizing the behavior of difficult-to-study species such as subterranean rodents, direct observations of which are challenging. To characterize the social organization of the cururo (Spalacopus cyanus), a subterranean species in the rodent family Octodontidae, we used radiotelemetry to quantify spatial relationships within populations of this species located in Parque Nacional Bosque Fray Jorge and Santuario de la Naturaleza Yerba Loca, Chile. Specifically, we sought to determine if adults in this diurnal species share burrows and subterranean nests, the two criteria typically used to identify subterranean rodents as social. Analyses of radio fixes collected during February–March 2003 revealed that cururos at both Fray Jorge and Yerba Loca shared nighttime nest sites; cluster analyses of these data identified multiple spatially distinct subsets of adults in each population. Overlap of minimum convex polygons constructed from radio fixes collected during daylight hours suggested burrow sharing by animals in both populations. Cluster analyses of overlap values revealed the same spatially distinct groups of individuals identified from analyses of nest sharing; in addition, these analyses revealed one cluster of animals in each population that was not evident from analyses of nighttime data. Collectively, these results confirm that cururos are social, with adults in both study populations sharing burrow systems and communal nests. Our findings add to the growing understanding of social organization in octodontid rodents and reveal a new system for comparative studies of the ecology and evolution of behavioral variation in burrow-dwelling mammals.
Procedural Fairness and the Legitimacy of Agency Rulemaking
Authors: Ruder Alexander I , Woods Neal D 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWe examine the relationship between procedural fairness and the legitimacy of rulemaking decisions made by government agencies. Evidence from a survey experiment indicates that the perceived fairness of the rulemaking process is closely tied to procedures designed to make it more transparent and to encourage greater citizen participation. However, our findings do not indicate that fair procedures bestow unconditional legitimacy on agency rulemaking actions. Rather, they suggest that the effect of procedural fairness is context-dependent and complex, with legitimacy perceptions varying across policy domains and being driven by the institutional avoidance of procedural controls rather than the procedures themselves. Thus, there may be significant limitations on the ability of fair procedures to impart legitimacy to bureaucratic policymaking.
Responsive Parenting Behaviors and Cognitive Function in Children With Sickle Cell Disease
Authors: Yarboi Janet , Prussien Kemar V , Bemis Heather , Williams Ellen , Watson Kelly H , McNally Collen , Henry Lauren , King Allison A , DeBaun Michael R , Compas Bruce E 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Objective
Children with sickle cell disease (SCD) are at increased risk for cognitive impairment as a result in part from biological characteristics of the disease; however, limited research has explored possible social and contextual factors associated with risk for cognitive problems. The primary aim of the present study was to examine the relation between children’s cognitive functioning and responsive parenting, a potentially important contextual factor in children with SCD, accounting for family socioeconomic disadvantage, child disease severity, and caregivers’ perceived stress.

Methods
Forty-eight children completed standardized cognitive assessments and caregivers provided self-reports of general and disease-related stress. Parent–child dyads completed a video recorded puzzle-solving task and observed parenting was quantified using two coding systems. Bivariate Pearson correlations were used to assess preliminary hypotheses, and linear multiple regression analyses were used to assess the primary hypothesis.

Results
Results suggested that increased levels of parental stress were related to fewer observations of responsive parenting and provided evidence of an association between children’s cognitive function and responsive parenting. Specifically, increased disease-related parent stress and reduced parental use of expansive language were associated with significantly lower cognitive functioning in children with SCD.

Conclusions
Findings suggest that social environmental factors along with disease characteristics are sources of risk for cognitive problems with children with SCD. Further, these findings highlight the need to develop targeted interventions for parents of children with SCD to decrease levels of stress and enhance parenting skills, with the aim improving cognitive functioning in youth.
Search for the evolutionary relationship between Galactic globular and open clusters using data from the Gaia DR2 catalogue
Authors: Bajkova A T , Bobylev V V 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Passing through the Galactic disc, a massive object such as a globular cluster, can trigger star formation process leading to the birth of open clusters. Here, we analyse such possible evolutionary relationship between globular and open clusters. To search for the closest rapprochement between objects we computed backwards the orbits of 150 Galactic globular and 232 open clusters (younger than 100 Myr) with proper motions, derived from the Gaia DR2 catalogue. The orbits were computed using the recently modified three-component (disc, bulge, and halo) axisymmetric Navarro–Frenk–White potential, which was complemented by non-axisymmetric bar and spiral density wave potentials. We obtained a new estimate for the frequency of impacts of globular clusters about the Galactic disc, which is equal to four events for 1 Myr. In the framework of the considered scenario, we highlight the following nine pairs of globular and open clusters, with rapprochement within 1 kpc at the time of the intersection the Galactic disc by a globular cluster for the latest 100 Myr: NGC 104 – Turner 3, NGC 104 – NGC 6396, NGC 104 – Ruprecht 127, NGC 5139 – Trumpler 17, NGC 5139 – NGC 6520, NGC 6341 – NGC 6613, NGC 6838 – NGC 6520, NGC 7078 – NGC 7063, NGC 6760 – Ruprecht 127.
The Medium is the Message: The Screen Life of the Cuban Revolution, 1959–1962*
Authors: Lambe Jennifer 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
For decades, the iconic image of the Cuban Revolution has been set in Havana's ‘Revolution Square’, with thousands of Cubans thronging to hear Fidel Castro speak. This portrait undergirds a primary assumption about the Revolution: that many Cubans came to embrace it by basking in the euphoria of Fidel's live presence. For the Revolution's crucial early years, this article proposes that we should reimagine this archetypal conversion experience, setting it not only under Cuba's hot sun in an hours-long rally but also in front of a television (or radio) set. From 1959 to 1962 and beyond, the interactive drama of revolutionary conversion would be constantly staged and actualized on the small screen. The early years of the Cuban Revolution thus offer a compelling window onto political life lived with and through television.
The effect of tumour necrosis factor inhibitors on radiographic progression in axial spondyloarthritis: a systematic literature review
Authors: Boers Nadine , Michielsens Celia A J , van der Heijde Désirée , den Broeder Alfons A , Welsing Paco M J 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe effect of TNF-α inhibitors (TNFi), with or without concomitant NSAIDs, on radiographic progression in axial SpA remains unclear. Therefore, we performed a systematic literature review up to January 2019 to determine whether longer use of standard dose TNFi is superior vs lower duration or lower dose TNFi therapy, conventional synthetic DMARDs alone, or no therapy in inhibiting radiographic progression in patients with axial SpA. Our search yielded 373 titles of which 14 full text articles and five abstracts were eligible for quantitative analysis. Studies had an overall moderate to critical risk of bias. Data could not be pooled due to clinical and methodological heterogeneity. Individual studies showed conflicting results with mainly no significant difference in radiographic progression when comparing effect of TNFi therapy to no TNFi therapy or when comparing to less TNFi therapy until 2 years of follow-up. Results that are more significant are shown after 2 years’ follow-up, mainly in subgroups with baseline syndesmophytes. Data on the additional or synergistic effect of concomitant NSAID use were inconclusive.
How Did Eighteenth-century Scottish Surgeons Earn a Living?
Authors: Mulcahy Ursula Mary 
Published: July 2019

Summary
This article investigates how most surgeons and surgeon-apothecaries in eighteenth-century Scotland earned a living. I argue that the evidence suggests that their main source of income was selling drugs and treating infectious diseases. Approximately, two-thirds of them practised without a licence. This situation came about because apprentices were not trained to do high-risk surgery, and the article discusses the problems Scottish surgeons faced in obtaining such training. These circumstances were not unique to Scotland. Where records exist, they indicate that very few eighteenth-century surgeons performed high-risk procedures such as amputation and lithotomy.
Boerhaave syndrome
Authors: Olivero Ryan 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACT
Spontaneous esophageal perforation, also called Boerhaave syndrome, is a relatively rare condition that can result in significant morbidity or mortality. The tear commonly involves all three layers of the esophagus. It results from increased intraluminal pressure, most commonly from violent retching and vomiting. This article describes a patient with esophageal perforation in the immediate postoperative period following elective hip arthroplasty.
A simple guidewire and angiocatheter technique for urinary catheter placement
Authors: Luangkhot Robert , Cheng Einstein , Yuan Meilong , Rashidzada Mariam , Chen Yi , Yakubov Yevgeniy , Babayev Jonathan , Franco Elizabeth , Prithiani Rinku 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACT

Objective:
To report on a simple technique of inserting any difficult urinary catheter using a hydrophilic guidewire and an angiocatheter.

Materials and methods:
A total of 764 requests were made to the urology team for assistance with a difficult urinary catheter placement. For all patients, either a regular or bent-tip catheter was attempted first. If the initial placement attempt failed, our technique using an angiocatheter, a hydrophilic guidewire, and a urinary catheter of choice was then employed.

Results:
We were able to successfully insert 526 regular or bent-tip indwelling urinary catheters on first attempt (68.8%). Two hundred and four (26.7%) placements required the use of our described technique. No complication was encountered from the bedside maneuver.

Conclusions:
Our method is safe, easily learned, and performed. The technique saves time, effort, and resources, as it averts the necessity of rare use of expensive equipment, bedside flexible cystoscopy, and cystotomy.
Evaluating and managing acetabular dysplasia in adolescents and young adults
Authors: Breidel Kaitlin E. , Coobs Benjamin R. 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACT
Hip dysplasia is a developmental deformity in which abnormal acetabular or proximal femoral growth causes structural instability of the hip joint due to inadequate bony coverage of the acetabulum over the femoral head. Skeletally mature adolescents or young adults with underlying acetabular dysplasia may present with activity-related groin or lateral hip pain and a limp. This article reviews the current understanding of the disease and better treatment options for correcting acetabular dysplasia in symptomatic adolescents and young adults before secondary osteoarthritis develops.