bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Side chain to main chain hydrogen bonds stabilize a polyglutamine helix in a transcription factor
Authors: Escobedo Albert , Topal Busra , Kunze Micha B. A. , Aranda Juan , Chiesa Giulio , Mungianu Daniele , Bernardo-Seisdedos Ganeko , Eftekharzadeh Bahareh , Gairí Margarida , Pierattelli Roberta , Felli Isabella C. , Diercks Tammo , Millet Oscar , García Jesús , Orozco Modesto , Crehuet Ramon , Lindorff-Larsen Kresten , Salvatella Xavier 
Published: May 2019

AbstractPolyglutamine (polyQ) tracts are regions of low sequence complexity frequently found in transcription factors. Tract length often correlates with transcriptional activity and expansion beyond specific thresholds in certain human proteins is the cause of polyQ disorders. To study the structural basis of the association between tract length, transcriptional activity and disease, we addressed how the conformation of the polyQ tract of the androgen receptor, associated with spinobulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA), depends on its length. Here we report that this sequence folds into a helical structure stabilized by unconventional hydrogen bonds between glutamine side chains and main chain carbonyl groups, and that its helicity directly correlates with tract length. These unusual hydrogen bonds are bifurcate with the conventional hydrogen bonds stabilizing α-helices. Our findings suggest a plausible rationale for the association between polyQ tract length and androgen receptor transcriptional activity and have implications for establishing the mechanistic basis of SBMA.
Transmission of natural scene images through a multimode fibre
Authors: Caramazza Piergiorgio , Moran Oisín , Murray-Smith Roderick , Faccio Daniele 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe optical transport of images through a multimode fibre remains an outstanding challenge with applications ranging from optical communications to neuro-imaging. State of the art approaches either involve measurement and control of the full complex field transmitted through the fibre or, more recently, training of artificial neural networks that however, are typically limited to image classes belong to the same class as the training data set. Here we implement a method that statistically reconstructs the inverse transformation matrix for the fibre. We demonstrate imaging at high frame rates, high resolutions and in full colour of natural scenes, thus demonstrating general-purpose imaging capability. Real-time imaging over long fibre lengths opens alternative routes to exploitation for example for secure communication systems, novel remote imaging devices, quantum state control processing and endoscopy.
Quantum computing with graphene plasmons
Authors: Alonso Calafell I. , Cox J. D. , Radonjić M. , Saavedra J. R. M. , García de Abajo F. J. , Rozema L. A. , Walther P. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAmong the various approaches to quantum computing, all-optical architectures are especially promising due to the robustness and mobility of single photons. However, the creation of the two-photon quantum logic gates required for universal quantum computing remains a challenge. Here we propose a universal two-qubit quantum logic gate, where qubits are encoded in surface plasmons in graphene nanostructures, that exploits graphene's strong third-order nonlinearity and long plasmon lifetimes to enable single-photon-level interactions. In particular, we utilize strong two-plasmon absorption in graphene nanoribbons, which can greatly exceed single-plasmon absorption to create a “square-root-of-swap” that is protected by the quantum Zeno effect against evolution into undesired failure modes. Our gate does not require any cryogenic or vacuum technology, has a footprint of a few hundred nanometers, and reaches fidelities and success rates well above the fault-tolerance threshold, suggesting that graphene plasmonics offers a route towards scalable quantum technologies.
Virtual multi-alignment theory of parallel-beam CT image reconstruction for elastic objects
Authors: Jun Kyungtaek , Jung Joeun 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIn parallel-beam tomography, the virtual alignment method plays an important role in obtaining an ideally aligned reconstruction of a rigid specimen. Furthermore, the method has been developed for elastic specimens with specific motions such as periodic motion, regular expansion or contraction, and elliptical expansion or contraction to obtain a sinogram with an ideal sinogram pattern by transforming an elastic-type projection image set into a rigid-type projection image set satisfying the Helgason-Ludwig consistency condition. In this article, we present a method to convert a combined elastic specimen to a rigid specimen using the virtual multi-alignment method that allows us to obtain an ideally multi-aligned reconstruction of a combined elastic specimen.
Designing active RNF4 monomers by introducing a tryptophan: avidity towards E2∼Ub conjugates dictates the activity of ubiquitin RING E3 ligases
Authors: Sarkar Sayani , Behera Adaitya Prasad , Borar Prateeka , Banka Prerana Agarwal , Datta Ajit B. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Ubiquitin RING E3 ligases (E3s) catalyze ubiquitin (Ub) transfer to their substrates by engaging E2∼Ub intermediates with the help of their RING domains. Different E3s have been found to contain a conserved tryptophan residue in their RING that plays an essential role in E2 binding and, hence, enzymatic activity. Many active E3s, however, lack this specific residue. We mined through the existing data to observe that the conservation of the tryptophan and quaternary organization of the RING domains are remarkably correlated. Monomeric RINGs possess the tryptophan while all well-characterized dimeric RINGs, except RNF8, contain other amino acid residues. Biochemical analyses on representative E3s and their mutants reveal that the tryptophan is essential for optimal enzymatic activity of monomeric RINGs whereas dimeric E3s with tryptophan display hyperactivity. Most critically, the introduction of the tryptophan restores the activity of inactive monomeric RNF4 mutants, an obligatory dimeric E3. Binding studies indicate that monomeric RINGs retained the tryptophan for their optimal functionality to compensate for weak Ub binding. On the other hand, tryptophan was omitted from dimeric RINGs during the course of evolution to prevent unwanted modifications and allow regulation of their activity through oligomerization.
Nonword Repetition Across Two Dialects of English: Effects of Specific Language Impairment and Nonmainstream Form Density
Authors: McDonald Janet L. , Oetting Janna B. 
Published: May 2019

Purpose

Nonword repetition (NWR) has been proposed as a culturally and linguistically fair measure of children's language abilities that is useful for the identification of specific language impairment (SLI). However,
Moyle, Heilmann, and Finneran (2014)
suggested that the density of a child's nonmainstream forms also influences NWR in ways that could complicate its use. Using speakers of either African American English (AAE) or Southern White English (SWE), we asked if NWR performance differed in children with SLI and same dialect-speaking typically developing (TD) children and if nonmainstream form density impacted their scores.

Method

The participants were 106 kindergartners (AAE: SLI
n
= 35; TD
n
= 35; SWE: SLI
n
= 18; TD
n
= 18; groups matched for age and IQ) who performed the NWR task of
Dollaghan and Campbell (1998)
. Nonmainstream form density measures were gathered from listener judgments of conversational samples.

Results
NWR performance differed between those with and without SLI, but the difference was smaller in AAE than in SWE, especially at the longest syllable length. Nonmainstream form density was found to further explain NWR performance beyond the children's SLI status for AAE speakers; density and SLI status were confounded for the SWE speakers, making it harder to disentangle the effects of each in that dialect.

Conclusions

Results indicate the NWR may differ in diagnostic utility between speakers of different dialects. Results also support
Moyle et al.'s (2014)
finding that density affects NWR. Thus, NWR is more sensitive to dialectal differences than originally assumed.
Simulations of imaging the event horizon of Sagittarius A* from space
Authors: Roelofs Freek , Falcke Heino , Brinkerink Christiaan , Mościbrodzka Monika , Gurvits Leonid I. , Martin-Neira Manuel , Kudriashov Volodymyr , Klein-Wolt Marc , Tilanus Remo , Kramer Michael , Rezzolla Luciano 
Published: May 2019

Context. It has been proposed that Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) at submillimeter waves will allow us to image the shadow of the black hole in the center of our Milky Way, Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*), and thereby test basic predictions of the theory of general relativity.Aims. This paper presents imaging simulations of a new Space VLBI (SVLBI) mission concept. An initial design study of the concept has been presented in the form of the Event Horizon Imager (EHI). The EHI may be suitable for imaging Sgr A* at high frequencies (up to ∼690 GHz), which has significant advantages over performing ground-based VLBI at 230 GHz. The concept EHI design consists of two or three satellites in polar or equatorial circular medium-Earth orbits (MEOs) with slightly different radii. Due to the relative drift of the satellites along the individual orbits over the course of several weeks, this setup will result in a dense spiral-shapeduv-coverage with long baselines (up to ∼60 Gλ), allowing for extremely high-resolution and high-fidelity imaging of radio sources.Methods. We simulated observations of general relativistic magnetohydrodynamics (GRMHD) models of Sgr A* for the proposed configuration and calculate the expected noise based on preliminary system parameters. On long baselines, where the signal-to-noise ratio may be low, fringes could be detected assuming that the system is sufficiently phase stable and the satellite orbits can be reconstructed with sufficient accuracy. Averaging visibilities accumulated over multiple epochs of observations could then help improving the image quality. With three satellites instead of two, closure phases could be used for imaging.Results. Our simulations show that the EHI could be capable of imaging the black hole shadow of Sgr A* with a resolution of 4μas (about 8% of the shadow diameter) within several months of observing time.Conclusion. Our preliminary study of the EHI concept shows that it is potentially of high scientific value. It could be used to measure black hole shadows much more precisely than with ground-based VLBI, allowing for stronger tests of general relativity and accretion models.
Transoral incisionless fundoplication with EsophyX for gastroesophageal reflux disease: clinical efficacy is maintained up to 10 years
Authors: Testoni Pier , Testoni Sabrina , Distefano Giovanni , Mazzoleni Giorgia , Fanti Lorella , Passaretti Sandro 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Background Transoral incisionless fundoplication with EsophyX is reported to be effective in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease in short-medium term follow-up.
Aim To examine clinical outcomes up to 10 years.
Methods In total, 51 procedures were performed in 50 patients. All entered a yearly clinical follow-up schedule including gastroesophageal reflux disease health-related quality-of-life questionnaires, heartburn and regurgitation scores, and daily proton pump inhibitor consumption.
Results The procedure was successfully performed in 49/50 patients. Severe complications occurred in 2/51 procedures. The remaining 49 patients were re-evaluated at 2 and 3 years, 41 after 5 years, 30 after 7 years, and 14 after 10 years. Eight patients were lost to follow-up between 3 and 5 years. Seven patients who were unresponsive to endoscopic fundoplication underwent surgical fundoplication. The mean scores at 2 years were significantly lower than before the procedure and did not change substantially during the follow-up. The rates of patients who had stopped or halved antisecretive therapy 2, 3, 5, 7, and 10 years after the procedure were 86.7 %, 84.4 %, 73.5 %, 83.3 %, and 91.7 %, respectively.
Conclusions Transoral incisionless fundoplication with EsophyX is an effective therapeutic option for symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux disease patients, with Hill grades I – II or hiatal hernia < 2 cm, who refuse life-long medical therapy or surgery.
Die Bedeutung der Krankenhäuser für die Versorgung von Patienten mit Katarakt in Deutschland: Systematische Auswertung der Krankenhausqualitätsberichte der Jahre 2006 bis 2016
Authors: Daniel Moritz Claudius , Böhringer Daniel , Reinhard Thomas , Lang Stefan J. 
Published: May 2019

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund Die Katarakt ist eine der häufigsten Augenerkrankungen in Deutschland. Laut Schätzungen der Deutschen Ophthalmologischen Gesellschaft nimmt die Häufigkeit in den kommenden Jahrzehnten noch weiter zu. Es wird postuliert, dass Kataraktoperationen in Deutschland zunehmend als ambulante Eingriffe durchgeführt werden, jedoch gibt es Hinweise darauf, dass weiterhin ein Bedarf an stationären Kataraktoperationen besteht.
Ziel der Arbeit Es soll auf Grundlage der Krankenhausqualitätsberichte geprüft werden, wie sich die Gesamtzahl der in den deutschen Krankenhäusern erbrachten Kataraktoperationen über den Beobachtungszeitraum verändert hat und ob ein Trend zur Verlagerung in den ambulanten Bereich zu verzeichnen ist.
Material und Methoden Die Zahlen der ambulant bzw. stationär durchgeführten Kataraktoperationen wurden aus den Krankenhausqualitätsberichten der Jahre 2006 bis einschließlich 2016 extrahiert und die Zahl der insgesamt (absolut und pro 1000 Einwohner) durchgeführten Kataraktoperationen (ambulant/stationär) ermittelt. Zudem wurde der Anteil komplexer Kataraktformen in Relation gesetzt zur Gesamtzahl der im jeweiligen Operationsrahmen (ambulant bzw. stationär) durchgeführten Kataraktoperationen. Die statistische Auswertung erfolgte deskriptiv und wurde mit dem Softwarepaket R (www.r-project.org) durchgeführt.
Ergebnisse Im Zeitraum von 2006 bis 2016 wurden insgesamt 1 884 506 ambulante und stationäre Kataraktoperationen in deutschen Krankenhäusern durchgeführt. Es zeigte sich bundesweit eine Zunahme in der Gesamtzahl der durchgeführten Kataraktoperationen (2006: 223 070; 2016: 279 331). Der Anteil ambulant durchgeführter Kataraktoperationen stieg zwischen 2006 (44%) und 2010 (48,9%) an. Über den weiteren Untersuchungszeitraum zeigte sich der entsprechende Anteil relativ stabil (2016: 48,5%). Der Anteil komplexer Kataraktformen war dabei in der Gruppe stationär durchgeführter Kataraktoperationen in den Jahren 2006 bis 2016 jeweils höher als in der Gruppe ambulant durchgeführter Kataraktoperationen (56 – 86%).
Diskussion Die Krankenhäuser leisten in Deutschland nach wie vor einen signifikanten Beitrag zur Versorgung von Patienten, die an einer Katarakt erkrankt sind. Die Gesamtzahl der Operationen hat zugenommen. Eine systematische und anhaltende Verlagerung der Versorgung von Patienten mit Katarakt in den ambulanten Bereich lässt sich anhand der vorliegenden Daten nicht bestätigen. Nach einer Steigerung des Anteils ambulanter Kataraktoperationen bis in das Jahr 2010 blieb der entsprechende Anteil zwischen 2010 und 2016 stabil. Dies ist möglicherweise darauf zurückzuführen, dass eine über die Jahre konstant große Gruppe von Patienten aus medizinischen oder auch sozialen Gründen im Rahmen ambulanter Eingriffe nicht hinreichend versorgt wäre.
In vitro-Exposition des Shisha-Tabak-Bestandteils Glycerin
an humanen Mukosazellen und Lymphozyten
Authors: Uebelacker Lukas , Bunk Sebastian , Hochstöger Johannes , Hackenberg Stephan , Poier Nikolaus , Ickrath Pascal , Kleinsasser Norbert 
Published: May 2019

ZusammenfassungShisha-Tabak benötigt im Vergleich zur Zigarette höhere Konzentrationen des
Feuchthaltemittels Glycerin. Seit Mai 2016 ist die bis dahin gültige Limitierung
von Feuchthaltemitteln in Tabak auf 5 % aufgehoben. Derzeit ist das
toxikologische Profil des Glycerins jedoch noch nicht hinreichend erforscht.Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, Glycerin auf mögliche zyto- und genotoxische Effekte
zu untersuchen, um so das Gefährdungspotenzial durch Glycerin im Shisha-Tabak zu
beurteilen und die tabakkontrollpolitische Situation in Deutschland zu
diskutieren. Dafür wurden Lymphozyten sowie Nasenschleimhautzellen von
10 Patienten für eine Stunde Glycerin (0,001 mol/l bis 6,0 mol/l) exponiert.
Durch den Trypanblau-Ausschlusstest wurden die Zellen auf Zytotoxizität, mittels
Einzelzellgelelektrophorese (Comet Assay) und Mikrokern-Test auf Genotoxizität
untersucht.Im Trypanblau-Ausschlusstest traten bei Lymphozyten sowie nasalen Mukosazellen
signifikante Vitalitätsabfälle ab Glycerin-Konzentrationen von 1,0 mol/l auf. Im
Comet Assay konnten für beide Zellgruppen signifikante Unterschiede des Olive
Tail Moments (OTM) ab 1,0 mol/l nachgewiesen werden. Beim Mikrokern-Test zeigten
sich keine signifikanten Zunahmen der Mikrokern-Anzahl.Es konnten zyto- und genotoxische Effekte ab Konzentrationen von 1,0 mol/l
nachgewiesen werden. Dies überschreitet die reale Glycerin-Belastung im
Hauptstromrauch der Shisha jedoch deutlich. Dennoch handelt es sich bei
Genotoxizität um ein stochastisches Risiko. Ebenso sind toxische Effekte,
beispielsweise durch Erhitzung, bereits bei geringeren Konzentrationen denkbar.
Für eine umfangreichere Beurteilung von Feuchthaltemitteln im Shisha-Tabak sind
weitere Untersuchungen indiziert. Darüber hinaus besteht enormer Handlungsbedarf
zur weiteren Einführung tabakkontrollpolitischer Maßnahmen in Deutschland.
Chronic Periodontitis is a Risk Factor of Renal Dysfunction in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Zhang Dongxue , Liu Wenyan , Miao Ran , Wang Lei , Zhou Xuan , Wang Haiyan , Li Yufeng , Wang Zuomin 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Background This study explores the association between chronic periodontitis and renal dysfunction in type 2 diabetic mellitus (T2DM) patients.
Methods An observational study was conducted in 169 T2DM patients with chronic periodontitis. Patients were divided into 2 groups according to presence of normal renal function (n=111) and renal dysfunction (n=58), and oral health behavior-related variables were obtained by questionnaire. Periodontal status was examined, and pocket probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and bleeding index (BI) were measured.
Results The severe periodontitis group had a significant higher HbA1c level (8.53 ± 1.61%) as compared with the mild and moderate periodontitis groups (7.68±1.58%) and (7.35±1.45%), P=0.001. Compared with patients with normal renal function, patients with renal dysfunction had a higher PD value, higher CAL value, fewer remaining teeth, and were less likely to have remaining teeth ≥20. The percentage of sites with PD ≥4 mm (52.8% vs. 41.67%) was significantly greater in patients with renal dysfunction. There was no difference in the scores of oral health knowledge assessment between the 2 groups. After adjustment by gender, age, BMI, smoking, hypertension, and HbA1c, the percentage of the sites with PD≥4 mm was an independent risk factor of renal dysfunction in T2DM patients.
Conclusion In patients with T2DM, those with periodontitis may be more susceptible to decreased kidney function.
Carbonylated Indoles from PdII-Catalyzed Intermolecular Reactions of Indolyl Cores
Authors: Le Bras Jean , Muzart Jacques 
Published: May 2019

This review summarizes palladium-catalyzed carbonylation, transmetalation, and cross-coupling reactions that lead to carbonylated indoles from indoles and indolyl compounds. Special attention is drawn to procedures involving the C(sp2)–H substitution of free (NH)-indoles or (N-substituted)-indoles. Proposed mechanisms are described with, in some cases, personal comments.1	Introduction2	Carbonylative Reactions2.1	Indolyl Halides as Starting Substrates2.2	Indolyl Iodides as Intermediates2.3	Indolylborates as Intermediates2.4	C(sp2)–H Reactions2.4.1	Carboxylation2.4.2	Carbonylative Alkoxylation2.4.3	Carbonylative Arylation2.4.4	Carbonylative Alkenylation2.4.5	Carbonylative Alkylation2.4.6	Double Carbonylation3	Cross-Coupling of Stannyl- or Mercurioindoles4	Cross-Coupling of Indoles4.1	Aldehydes4.2	Alcohols4.3	α-Diketones4.4	α-Oxo Esters4.5	α-Oxocarboxylic Acids4.6	Nitriles4.7	Isocyanides4.8	Isothiocyanates and Isocyanates4.9	α-Aminocarbonyl Compounds4.10	Vinyl Ethers or Vinyl Amides4.11	Toluene and Substituted Toluenes4.12	Bromodichloromethane5	Conclusion
Management of Post-Traumatic Osteomyelitis in the Lower Limb: Current State of the Art
Authors: Chan James K. K. , Ferguson Jamie Y. , Scarborough Matthew , McNally Martin A. , Ramsden Alex J. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractOsteomyelitis (OM) of the lower limb represents a large unmet global healthcare burden. It often arises from a contiguous focus of infection and is a recognized complication of open fractures or their surgical treatment, arthroplasty, and diabetic foot ulcers. Historically, this debilitating condition is associated with high rates of recurrence and secondary amputation. However, excellent long-term outcomes are now achieved by adopting a multidisciplinary approach with meticulous surgical debridement, skeletal and soft tissue reconstruction, and tailored antimicrobial treatment. This review focuses on the modern evidence-based management of post-traumatic OM in the lower limb from a reconstructive plastic surgery perspective, highlighting the latest developments and areas of controversy.
Free Tissue Transfer in Pediatric Lower Limb Trauma
Authors: Srikanth R. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractFree tissue transfer has become the standard in wound coverage and further refinements have given us newer flap donor sites or modifications of existing flaps to decrease morbidity; smaller vessels are being anastomosed, a direct spin-off following successful distal replantations. Younger children are presenting with traumatic defects similar to adults. Although there were apprehensions of free tissue transfer in children occasioned by smaller vessels, duration of procedure and concerns of growth following flap harvest, reports of small and large series have appeared in the literature with similar success. Pediatric-free tissue transfer is now an established entity. This article seeks to arrive at a consensus based on a review of the existing literature on free flaps for skin and soft-tissue coverage of lower limb trauma in children.
A Review on the Orthoplastic Approach to Lower Limb Reconstruction
Authors: Mendenhall Shaun D. , Ben-Amotz Oded , Gandhi Rikesh A. , Levin L. Scott 
Published: May 2019

AbstractJust as in the craft of carpentry, a stable foundation and framework are absolutely essential to the final function of a building, but no more important than the drywall, trim, and paint that make the building functional, durable, and livable. Reconstruction of the lower extremity is similar; the orthopaedic surgeon must obtain stable fixation of the damaged or diseased bone once a thorough debridement of nonviable bone is performed, while the plastic or orthopaedic soft tissue surgeon must provide vascularized, stable coverage. These two components are complementary and both contribute to the success or failure of functional limb restoration. The stability of bone repair will predict the ultimate functional status, while the vascularized envelope will enhance the biology of bone and soft tissue healing. When both components are properly attended to, the result is often a functional limb with an acceptable appearance. While a single surgeon need not perform both of these tasks (although some may choose to do so), the orthopaedic and plastic surgeon involved in this care must have a clear understanding of each other's role and their importance for a good outcome. This is what we call the orthoplastic approach to reconstructive surgery of the extremities, that is, the application of principles and practice of both specialties applied simultaneously to optimize the outcomes in limb reconstruction. In this review article, we discuss the history of orthoplastic surgery, the key elements of orthoplastic surgery, and thoughts on factors that lead to good outcomes through select cases.