bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
HESS J1943+213: An Extreme Blazar Shining through the Galactic Plane
Authors: Archer A. , Benbow W. , Bird R. , Brose R. , Buchovecky M. , Bugaev V. , Cui W. , Daniel M. K. , Falcone A. , Feng Q. , Finley J. P. , Flinders A. , Fortson L. , Furniss A. , Gillanders G. H. , Hütten M. , Hanna D. , Hervet O. , Holder J. , Hughes G. , Humensky T. B. , Johnson C. A. , Kaaret P. , Kar P. , Kelley-Hoskins N. , Kieda D. , Krause M. , Krennrich F. , Kumar S. , Lang M. J. , Lin T. T. Y. , McArthur S. , Moriarty P. , Mukherjee R. , Nieto D. , O’Brien S. , Ong R. A. , Otte A. N. , Park N. , Petrashyk A. , Pohl M. , Popkow A. , Pueschel E. , Quinn J. , Ragan K. , Reynolds P. T. , Richards G. T. , Roache E. , Rulten C. , Sadeh I. , Sembroski G. H. , Shahinyan K. , Tyler J. , Wakely S. P. , Weiner O. M. , Weinstein A. , Wells R. M. , Wilcox P. , Wilhelm A. , Williams D. A. ,   The VERITAS Collaboration, Brisken W. F. , Pontrelli P. 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
HESS J1943+213 is a very high energy (VHE; >100 GeV) γ-ray source in the direction of the Galactic plane. Studies exploring the classification of the source are converging toward its identification as an extreme synchrotron BL Lac object. Here we present 38 hr of VERITAS observations of HESS J1943+213 taken over 2 yr. The source is detected with a significance of ∼20 standard deviations, showing a remarkably stable flux and spectrum in VHE γ-rays. Multifrequency Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) observations of the source confirm the extended, jet-like structure previously found in the 1.6 GHz band with the European VLBI Network and detect this component in the 4.6 and 7.3 GHz bands. The radio spectral indices of the core and the jet and the level of polarization derived from the VLBA observations are in a range typical for blazars. Data from VERITAS, Fermi-LAT, Swift-XRT, the FLWO 48″ telescope, and archival infrared and hard X-ray observations are used to construct and model the spectral energy distribution (SED) of the source with a synchrotron self-Compton model. The well-measured γ-ray peak of the SED with VERITAS and Fermi-LAT provides constraining upper limits on the source redshift. Possible contribution of secondary γ-rays from ultra-high-energy cosmic-ray-initiated electromagnetic cascades to the γ-ray emission is explored, finding that only a segment of the VHE spectrum can be accommodated with this process. A variability search is performed across X-ray and γ-ray bands. No statistically significant flux or spectral variability is detected.
Evolution and Photoevaporation of Protoplanetary Disks in Clusters with Hot Background Temperatures
Authors: Liu Xia , Xiao Lin , Jin Liping 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
We explore the influence of hot background temperatures in stellar clusters on the formation and evolution of photoevaporating disks. The disk forms from the gravitational collapse of a pre-stellar core. For a core with a relatively high temperature (>40 K), the angular momentum of the core is expected to be low. In the core-collapse stage, most of core mass directly falls onto the central star or the disk near the star. External photoevaporation is ineffective in this environment. The viscosity in the disk dominates its evolution, which leads to a high efficiency of the mass and angular momentum transports. The disk properties are determined by the core properties. In the vicinity of massive stars with strong external FUV fields, the disk can still survive when the background temperature is high (∼100 K). We suggest that the diversity of the molecular cloud core properties may lead to the diverse properties of the disk photoevaporation in clusters. We also consistently interpret the findings in NGC 1333 that low-mass disks (0.002–0.004 M
☉) can exist in such young clusters (1–2 × 106 yr) with mild external photoevaporation.
Assembling the Milky Way Bulge from Globular Clusters: Evidence from the Double Red Clump
Authors: Lee Young-Wook , Hong Seungsoo , Lim Dongwook , Chung Chul , Jang Sohee , Kim Jenny J. , Joo Seok-Joo 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
Two red clumps (RCs) observed in the color–magnitude diagram of the Milky Way bulge are widely accepted as evidence for an X-shaped structure that originated from the bar instability. A drastically different interpretation has been suggested, however, based on the He-enhanced multiple stellar population phenomenon as is observed in globular clusters (GCs). Because these two scenarios imply very different pictures of the formation of the bulge and elliptical galaxies, understanding the origin of the double RC is of crucial importance. Here we report our discovery that the stars in the two RCs show a significant (>5.3σ) difference in CN-band strength, in stark contrast to that expected in the X-shaped bulge scenario. The difference in CN abundance and the population ratio between the two RCs are comparable to those observed in GCs between the first- and later-generation stars. Because CN-strong stars trace a population with enhanced N, Na, and He abundances that originated in GCs, this is direct evidence that the double RC is due to the multiple population phenomenon, and that a significant population of stars in the Milky Way bulge were assembled from disrupted proto-GCs. Our result also calls for the major revision of the 3D structure of the Milky Way bulge, given that the current view is based on the previous interpretation of the double RC phenomenon.
PSR J0636+5128: A Heated Companion in a Tight Orbit
Authors: Draghis Paul , Romani Roger W. 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
We present an analysis of archival Gemini g′, r′, K and Keck H, K

s
imaging of this nearby short-period binary (P

B
= 95.8 minutes) 2.87 ms pulsar. The heated companion is clearly detected. Direct pulsar heating provides an acceptable model at the revised >700 pc parallax distance. The relatively shallow light curve modulation prefers an inclination i < 40°; this high-latitude view provides a likely explanation for the lack of radio signatures of wind dispersion or eclipse. It also explains the low minimum companion mass and, possibly, the faintness of the source in X-rays and γ-rays.
Antiviral effects of Cacicol®, a heparan sulfate biomimetic for corneal regeneration therapy, for herpes simplex virus type-1 and varicella zoster virus infection
Authors: Deback Claire , Rousseau Antoine , Breckler Magali , Molet Lucie , Boutolleau David , Burrel Sonia , Roque-Afonso Anne-Marie , Labetoulle Marc 
Published: July 2018

Background Cacicol®, a topical eye biopolymer containing a poly-carboxymethylglucose sulfate solution that is a regenerating matrix therapy agent, intended for wound healing of persistent corneal epithelial defects. Based on the chemical composition, we hypothesized that Cacicol® may compete with natural heparan sulfate (HS) which initiates cell surface attachment of herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1), varicella zoster virus (VZV) and human adenovirus (HAdV), three viruses associated with corneal infections. Methods Cacicol® was compared to vehicle in the following viral strains: HSV-1 SC16 strain and HSV-1 PSLR, a clinical isolate highly resistant to acyclovir and foscarnet; VZV ATH and VZV FLO, two VZV clinical isolates; and HAdV-D37 strain. Viruses in Cacicol® or vehicle were added to cells for 1 h during adsorption then viral replication was assessed by plaque reduction assays on Vero cells for HSV-1 and MeWo cells for VZV and by immunostaining assay on Hep-2 cells for HAdV-D37. Results The vehicle had no effect, dose-dependent effects were demonstrated when HSV-1 SC16, HSV-1 PSLR, VZV ATH and VZV FLO were inoculated in the presence of Cacicol®, inhibiting viral replication by 98.4%, 98.9%, 90.1% and 89.0%, respectively. Cacicol® had no antiviral effect against HAdV-D37. Conclusions Cacicol® has a significant antiviral activity on HSV-1 and VZV, but not on HAdV-D37. The lack of effect on HAdV is probably because it is less dependent on HS interactions for cell entry. Clinical studies are necessary to determine Cacicol® for an adjunct or alternative therapy of corneal HSV-1 or VZV infection, particularly for the management of antiviral resistant HSV-1.
Derechos Humanos y Democracia en el Vínculo Unión Europea – América Latina
Authors: Oyarzún Serrano Lorena 
Published: July 2018

Este artículo analiza la relación Unión Europea (UE) - América Latina (AL), particularmente su vínculo con la democracia, los derechos humanos y se cuestiona si en el actual escenario continuará vigente este lazo. Se argumenta que si bien la relación ha sido valorada en las dos orillas, existen heterogeneidades. Ambas regiones en esta materia han ejercido un papel estratégico como hacedores de reglas en su definición, negociación e implementación. Sin embargo enfrentan profundos desafíos: en la UE, la crisis humanitaria de los refugiados, los nacionalismos y el Brexit, mientras América Latina, corrupción, inequidad y exclusión. Se sostiene que para mantener y fortalecer el lazo birregional se deben incluir temáticas excasamente abordadas, teniendo como guía la agenda 2030 y los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) adoptados en las Naciones Unidas. Para desarrollar estas ideas, se utiliza el constructivismo y conceptos clave como regionalismo y actorness.
Virtual museums and built environment: narratives and immersive experience via multi-temporal geodata hub
Authors: Brumana Raffaella , Oreni Daniela , Caspani Sara , Previtali Mattia 
Published: July 2018

<p>Our built environment is nowadays considered as a dynamic complex, stretching and transforming across space and time, with the interaction of human, social and economic dimensions. It needs to be safeguarded as living places for the future taking into account such complexity. The general aim of this work is to contribute to the comprehension of landscape values, enhancing participation processes by tourists and local communities, considering the built environment as a system: the sum of natural transformation, ancient artefacts stratification and human activities, partially covering the tangible traces, and functioning as a vehicle for the comprehension of intangible values. Multi-temporal, multi-scale and geospatial datasets can play an important role in such knowledge transfer processes by means of narratives and immersive experiences in a multimedia museum approach. In particular, the cartographic heritage, in the form of metric and non-metric maps, can be progressively used as a source of information for innovative narratives. Virtual Museums (VMs)are additional "channels" to disseminate content and to provide knowledge about cultural heritage; they have emerged from the crossbreeding process between museums and digital technologies. Investigating how digital storytelling may support communication and understanding of complex systems, such as the built environment and landscape, it is relevant because cultural awareness may foster the sense of belonging and identity construction of which Europe is thirsty, contributing to the safeguarding of fragile sites. The paper provides useful information for museums that would like to follow this pathway. It retraces the main steps of storytelling production and presents interesting examples of immersive narrative models based on geospatial data and a virtual hub, helping people to retrieve and access information and to recognize places of memory mostly unknown. Moreover, it offers an evaluation of existing tools that can be adopted for this purpose. Eventually, by virtue of the research carried out for the case study of the Virtual Museum of Como Lake Landscape, the paper aims at ascertaining which kind of stories and experiences can be designed, the potential of these tools and possible weaknesses or constraints that deserve future researches.</p><p><strong>Highlights:</strong></p><ul><li><p>Investigation of a narrative approach to develop a theoretical model of virtual museums that can support communication and understanding of built environment and landscape.</p></li><li><p>Integration of multi-temporal, multi-scale cartography and geospatial datasets, as a narrative base and information to facilitate the landscape values comprehension by non-expert users.</p></li><li><p>Use of low-cost techniques (panoramic photos, 360° videos, 3D models) to design immersive experiences that can increase the interest of people in discovering the built environment.</p></li></ul>
Upscaled diurnal cycles of land–atmosphere fluxes: a new global half-hourly data product
Authors: Bodesheim Paul , Jung Martin , Gans Fabian , Mahecha Miguel D. , Reichstein Markus 
Published: July 2018

Abstract. Interactions between the biosphere and the atmosphere can be well characterized by fluxes between the two. In particular, carbon and energy fluxes play a major role in understanding biogeochemical processes on an ecosystem level or global scale. However, the fluxes can only be measured at individual sites, e.g., by eddy covariance towers, and an upscaling of these local observations is required to analyze global patterns. Previous work focused on upscaling monthly, 8-day, or daily average values, and global maps for each flux have been provided accordingly. In this paper, we raise the upscaling of carbon and energy fluxes between land and atmosphere to the next level by increasing the temporal resolution to subdaily timescales. We provide continuous half-hourly fluxes for the period from 2001 to 2014 at 0.5° spatial resolution, which allows for analyzing diurnal cycles globally. The data set contains four fluxes: gross primary production (GPP), net ecosystem exchange (NEE), latent heat (LE), and sensible heat (H). We propose two prediction approaches for the diurnal cycles based on large-scale regression models and compare them in extensive cross-validation experiments using different sets of predictor variables. We analyze the results for a set of FLUXNET tower sites showing the suitability of our approaches for this upscaling task. Finally, we have selected one approach to calculate the global half-hourly data products based on predictor variables from remote sensing and meteorology at daily resolution as well as half-hourly potential radiation. In addition, we provide a derived product that only contains monthly average diurnal cycles, which is a lightweight version in terms of data storage that still allows studying the important characteristics of diurnal patterns globally. We recommend to primarily use these monthly average diurnal cycles, because they are less affected by the impacts of day-to-day variation, observation noise, and short-term fluctuations on subdaily timescales compared to the full half-hourly flux products. The global half-hourly data products are available at https://doi.org/10.17871/BACI.224.
Technical note: Saturated hydraulic conductivity and textural heterogeneity of soils
Authors: García-Gutiérrez Carlos , Pachepsky Yakov , Martín Miguel Ángel 
Published: July 2018

Abstract. Saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) is an important
soil parameter that highly depends on soil's particle size distribution
(PSD). The nature of this dependency is explored in this work in two ways,
(1) by using the information entropy as a heterogeneity parameter of the PSD
and (2) using descriptions of PSD in forms of textural triplets, different
than the usual description in terms of the triplet of sand, silt, and clay
contents. The power of this parameter, as a descriptor of ln⁡Ksat, was tested on a database larger than 19 000 soils.
Bootstrap analysis yielded coefficients of determination of up to 0.977 for
ln⁡Ksat using a triplet that combines very coarse, coarse,
medium, and fine sand as coarse particles; very fine sand, and silt as
intermediate particles; and clay as fine particles. The power of the
correlation was analysed for different textural classes and different
triplets using a bootstrap approach. Also, it is noteworthy that soils with
finer textures had worse correlations, as their hydraulic properties are not
solely dependent on soil PSD. This heterogeneity parameter can lead to new descriptions of soil PSD, other
than the usual clay, silt, and sand, that can describe better different soil
physical properties, that are texture-dependent.
Water ages in the critical zone of long-term experimental sites in northern latitudes
Authors: Sprenger Matthias , Tetzlaff Doerthe , Buttle Jim , Laudon Hjalmar , Soulsby Chris 
Published: July 2018

Abstract. As northern environments undergo intense changes due to a
warming climate and altered land use practices, there is an urgent need for
improved understanding of the impact of atmospheric forcing and vegetation on
water storage and flux dynamics in the critical zone. We therefore assess the
age dynamics of water stored in the upper 50 cm of soil, and in evaporation,
transpiration, or recharge fluxes at four soil–vegetation units of podzolic
soils in the northern latitudes with either heather or tree vegetation
(Bruntland Burn in Scotland, Dorset in Canada, and Krycklan in Sweden). We
derived the age dynamics with the physically based SWIS (Soil Water Isotope
Simulator) model, which has been successfully used to simulate the
hydrometric and isotopic dynamics in the upper 50 cm of soils at the study
sites. The modelled subsurface was divided into interacting fast and slow
flow domains. We tracked each day's infiltrated water through the critical
zone and derived forward median travel times (which show how long the water
takes to leave the soil via evaporation, transpiration, or recharge), and
median water ages (to estimate the median age of water in soil storage or the
evaporation, transpiration, and recharge fluxes). Resulting median travel
times were time-variant, mainly governed by major recharge events during
snowmelt in Dorset and Krycklan or during the wetter winter conditions in
Bruntland Burn. Transpiration travel times were driven by the vegetation
growth period with the longest travel times (200 days) for waters infiltrated
in early dormancy and the shortest travel times during the vegetation period.
However, long tails of the travel time distributions in evaporation and
transpiration revealed that these fluxes comprised waters older than
100 days. At each study site, water ages of soil storage, evaporation,
transpiration, and recharge were all inversely related to the storage volume
of the critical zone: water ages generally decreased exponentially with
increasing soil water storage. During wet periods, young soil waters were
more likely to be evapotranspired and recharged than during drier periods.
While the water in the slow flow domain showed long-term seasonal dynamics
and generally old water ages, the water ages of the fast flow domain were
generally younger and much flashier. Our results provide new insights into
the mixing and transport processes of soil water in the upper layer of the
critical zone, which is relevant for hydrological modelling at the plot to
catchment scales as the common assumption of a well-mixed system in the
subsurface holds for neither the evaporation, transpiration, or recharge.
Mesoscale eddies in the Algerian Basin: do they differ as a function of their formation site?
Authors: Pessini Federica , Olita Antonio , Cotroneo Yuri , Perilli Angelo 
Published: July 2018

Abstract. The circulation of the western Mediterranean Sea (WMED) is dominated by
highly variable and heterogeneous mesoscale circulation that is strongly driven by
the formation and propagation of eddies (cyclonic and anticyclonic) mainly
acting in the Algerian Basin. In order to investigate the spatial and temporal distribution of eddy
generation and their respective paths in the Algerian Basin, the most
energetic WMED portion, we use an automated detection and tracking hybrid
method applied to 24 years of sea level anomaly (SLA) data. The algorithm is
based on the computation of the Okubo–Weiss parameter in SLA closed loops and
has been modified in order to fill the gaps in single eddy tracks. In this
work we analysed both cyclonic and anticyclonic structures, but the
conclusions will be focused mainly on anticyclones with a lifespan longer than
3 months, as they are characterized by higher kinetic energy, thereby
potentially contributing to a large extent to the mesoscale characterization
of the basin. In particular, we find that anticyclonic short-life eddies mostly occur in
the northern portion of the domain, north of 39∘ N along the North
Balearic Front (NBF). Such short-life eddies, labelled frontal eddies (FEs),
are characterized by low translational velocity and a highly variable
direction of propagation. We found a weak seasonality in their formation,
with maxima in fall and winter. By contrast, anticyclonic longer-life eddies
tend to arise in the southern part of the basin along the Algerian Current,
with a clear maximum in spring. All the structures (both cyclonic and
anticyclonic) originating along the Algerian Current are known as Algerian
eddies (AEs). According to previous studies, we observe that these
anticyclonic eddies mainly form east of 6.5∘ E and move eastward
along the African coast to the Sardinia Channel, where they detach from the
coast, continuing offshore and following the cyclonic intermediate
circulation. We detect a region between 4.5 and 6.5∘ E
where such eddies tend to converge and terminate their life. Finally, the analysis suggests that eddies formed in the northern and in the
southern part of the Algerian Basin present some physical differences such as
lifetime, kinetic energy and vorticity. Furthermore, the connection between
the two parts in terms of eddy tracks is limited to a very small number of
southbound (FEs) or northbound (AEs) structures crossing 39∘ N.
Woodrow Wilson's Christian Internationalism and the Pursuit of a Just and Lasting Peace
Authors: Burnidge Cara Lea 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
From the beginning of the Great War through peace negotiations at the Paris Peace Conference, US president Woodrow Wilson focused less on military strategy and more on establishing peace. Both early twentieth-century observers and twenty-first-century historians recognize how important Christianity was to Wilson; yet, the relationship between his internationalism and Christianity is often misunderstood. Even though Wilson's position on the war reflected widely held Christian values and norms—first, avoiding war through neutrality and, second, using just war theory to explain American entry into the war—his conception of the League of Nations demonstrated how he understood Christian internationalism.
Christianity, Darwinism, and War: A Paradox
Authors: Ruse Michael 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
Both Christians and Darwinians have discussed the topic of war very extensively. There is a paradox. One might think that Christians, as followers of Jesus' commands in the Sermon on the Mount, would be against war, and Darwinians, as followers of the claims of the Origin of Species about a struggle for existence leading to change, would be in favor of war. To the contrary, Christians have long argued that one can legitimately go to war and that war will be with us always, whereas Darwinians believe that we can and should transcend our past, and give up war. This article explores the roots of this difference and argues that there are some remarkable shared connections and that today we can and must recognize that both sides of the argument are wrong and that we can now hope for a better understanding of the nature and causes of war.