bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Does Generation Matter? – Changing the Church from the Inside
Authors: Johansen Kirstine Helboe 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
In this article, possible generational differences between younger and older pastors in the Evangelical-Lutheran Church in Denmark are examined with respect to their understandings of the wedding and the ecclesiological implications of these understandings. Building on the generational theory of Karl Mannheim, the hypothesis is that despite in-group similarities between older and younger pastors, the two generations will show differences in the way they represent their office and thereby the church is changed not only from the outside but also from the inside. An explorative qualitative study of the understanding of the wedding among selected pastors investigates their understanding of the wedding service in three different dimensions and shows that both groups primarily understand the wedding as a traditional ritual, but younger pastors appear to enact this understanding in a relational approach in which the meaning of the wedding emerges in the encounter between pastor and wedding couple. The older pastors appear to link the meaning of the wedding closely to the ritual procedures themselves. At the end of the article, the ecclesiological implications of these different understandings of the wedding service are elaborated.
Race, space and commerce in multi-ethnic Costa Rica: a linguistic landscape inquiry
Authors: Buckingham Louisa 
Published: October 2018

AbstractCosta Rica officially became a multi-ethnic, pluricultural nation in 2015. Representatives from the principal minorities, in particular Afro-Costa Ricans and indigenous peoples, played an important role in contesting the erstwhile dominant narrative of Costa Rican’s white European settler heritage. One of the intended consequences of the constitutional amendment was to ensure greater salience of ethnic minorities in public policy and social life. This study investigates the public display of linguistic and cultural diversity on commercial and community signage in six urban centres of Limón, the most ethnically diverse province. Undertaken in the same year as the constitutional amendment, the study examines the inclusion of languages and cultural references attributable to three main minority groups (Afro-Caribbean, Chinese and indigenous), and more recent migrant settlers, in public space. Greater salience was found in locations appearing to target a local readership; references to indigenous cultures were almost completely absent, however. Changes in the public narrative on Costa Rican identity may gradually encourage greater salience of official minority groups on public signage. An immediate challenge entails the effects of the expanding tourism sector, as this appears to favour a proliferation of decontextualized international cultural references rather than an appreciation of locality and historical rootedness.
Who speaks what language to whom and when – rethinking language use in the context of European Schools
Authors: Rydenvald Marie 
Published: October 2018

AbstractEuropean Schools provide a multilingual international education for children of EU employees. However, despite the multilingual context of these schools, little research has been done regarding students’ multilingualism. Employing domain theory and a dynamic perspective on multilingualism, this sociolinguistic study investigates language use and language choice of secondary school students attending a European School in Belgium. The study comprises 56 participants and three different sources of data, i.e. questionnaire, self-recordings, and interviews, during a period of 3½ years. Nexus analysis is used as an analytical tool. The results suggest that the situations of language choice which the participants constantly face appear to be influenced by a taken-for-granted, rational multilingual context, manifested in the principles of inclusion and “the least common denominator”. These principles imply that students choose language based on a combination of their own, and their interlocutors’ preferences. The principles are discussed in the light of the multilingual environment of the European Schools. In addition, the results show a discrepancy between the reported results from the questionnaire and the face-to-face interaction in the self-recordings. The home domain is more multilingual than reported, and interaction with peers more monolingual. These results help to elucidate the heterogeneity of the students’ multilingualism, while discussing and problematizing domain theory.
Antidiarrhoeal properties of Syzygium guineense leaf extract and identification of chemical constituents in its active column fractions
Authors: Ezenyi Ifeoma C. , Igoli John O. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract

Background

Syzygium guineense (Myrtaceae) has been used in traditional medicine against various ailments, including diarrhoea. This study was conducted to scientifically evaluate the antidiarrheal effects of S. guineense extract and fractions.

Methods
An ethanol extract of S. guineense leaves was prepared and tested for its effect on small intestinal propulsion in mice and castor oil-induced fluid accumulation in rats. The extract was also evaluated for its effect on itopride-induced small intestine propulsion in mice. Column fractions were also investigated in rats and sub-fractions were tested for activity on spontaneous contractions of isolated rabbit jejunum.

Results
The results showed that the extract significantly (p<0.05) inhibited intrinsic small intestinal propulsion and itopride-induced propulsive activity, similar to atropine (0.3 mg/kg) although its inhibitory effect against castor oil-induced intestinal fluid accumulation and diarrhoea was statistically insignificant (p>0.05). Column separation yielded 14 fractions, with three fractions producing significant (p<0.001) inhibition of small intestinal propulsion. Sub-fractions 1, 7 and 16 obtained from an active column fraction also exhibited relaxant effects on isolated rabbit jejunum. Spectral analysis (proton, 13C NMR) of sub-fractions 7 and 16 revealed the presence of betulinic acid, ursolic acid, oleanolic acid in 7 and a mixture of luteolin and friedelane-type triterpenes in 16.

Conclusions
These findings provide scientific evidence that S. guineense leaf extract possess antidiarrhoeal activity and may be potentially beneficial in treatment diarrhoeal disease. The identified compounds may also be implicated in its antidiarrhoeal effects.
On so-called “gapless” constructions in Japanese
Authors: Ishii Toru 
Published: October 2018

AbstractIt has been claimed (Inoue, Kazuko. 1976.Henkei Bunpō to Nihongo. [Transformation grammar and Japanese]. Tokyo: Taishūkan.; Kuno, Susumu. 1973.The structure of the Japanese language. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.; Saito, Mamoru. 1985.Some asymmetries in Japanese and their theoretical consequences. Cambridge, MA: MIT dissertation.) that Japanese “gapless” topic constructions and relative clauses are derived by base-generation. Evidence in favor of the base-generation analysis comes from the observation that there does exist any derivational source of the “gapless” construction. Contrary to this widely accepted view, this paper argues that the Japanese “gapless” construction is derived in terms of movement enforced by labeling. Under the proposed analysis, obligatory raising of a phrase to the topic/relative head position, which is required by labeling, accounts for the fact that there does not seem to exist any derivational source of the “gapless” construction at first sight. It is shown that our movement analysis is supported by island, reconstruction, and parasitic gap facts. If our analysis is on the right track, it gives further support for the Free Merge coupled with a labeling algorithm approach (Chomsky, Noam. 2013. Problems of projection.Lingua130. 33–49. and Chomsky, Noam. 2015. Problems of projection: Extensions. In Elisa Di Domenico, Cornelia Hamann & Simona Matteini (eds.),Structures, strategies, and beyond: Studies in honor of Adriana Belletti, 1–16. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.).
Tonal alignment and preaccentuation
Authors: Ito Junko , Mester Armin 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThis paper develops a new analysis of the antepenultimate accent principle that determines the default location of the pitch accent in Japanese words (namely, on the syllable containing the antepenultimate mora). The chief innovation is that this analysis also applies to compounds, where it predicts the location of accent in compounds with “short” N2 (one or two moras) – so-called “preaccentuation” at the end of N1, which often does not coincide with the penultimate mora. In addition, the paper sketches an extension of the analysis subsuming the N2-initial accent characteristic of compounds with “long” N2 (three or four moras).
Floating quantifiers in Japanese passives and beyond
Authors: Kitagawa Yoshihisa 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThis work attempts to defend the so-called Uniform Hypothesis for passives in Japanese by re-examining the empirical phenomena involving quantifier float (Q-float). We will attempt to reinforce the following main tenets of the Uniform Hypothesis — (i) that allni-passive sentences in Japanese involve complementation and the theta-marking of their subjects, and (ii) that they crucially lack NP movement. We will also closely examine the syntactic, semantic, pragmatic and prosodic properties of Q-float in general.
Strong and weak pronouns in the covert system of pronouns
Authors: Miyagawa Shigeru 
Published: October 2018

AbstractIn this article, which is taken almost verbatim from parts ofAgreement Beyond Phi(Miyagawa, Shigeru. 2017.Agreement beyond phi. Linguistic Inquiry Monograph 75. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.), I focus on a puzzling observation about subjectproacross languages: in languages such as Japanese and those of Romance, the subjectprobehaves exactly like a pronoun in being able to freely refer to entities in the discourse with reasonable context, and also to refer sentence internally to a subject, an object, or other phrases. However, in Chinese, the subjectprois extremely limited in its reference potential: it is able to refer to a discourse entity in very narrow contexts, and sentence internally, its antecedent is limited to the subject. I show that the Chinese subjectprodemonstrates the principles of Strong Uniformity, by depending on ϕ-feature agreement for sentence-internal reference, and when that option isn’t taken, switches to the Topic feature to refer to a discourse entity.
On some constraints on right dislocation in Japanese
Authors: Yoshida Tomoyuki , Harada Misaki 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThis paper takes up some constraints on right dislocation in Japanese (JRD) and shows that some of them are sensitive to the presence of an overt correlate for the right-dislocated element while others are not. Adopting a commonly proposed biclausal analysis of JRD, we propose that there are two ways to derive JRD patterns. One involves movement of the right-dislocated element and the other involves no such movement. We show how these two derivations account for island sensitivity and the interpretation of nominal modifiers and adverbs in JRD. The main function of overt correlates in all these cases is to signal where dislocated elements should be interpreted in various syntactic structures. For constraints that are not affected by the presence of overt correlates, we focus on the ones related to phonological phrasing and domains to which multiple RD applies. We show that a binarity constraint can be observed, where it is required for right-dislocated elements to be grouped into two phonological phrases. We then discuss two additional constraints on multiple RD: one on the composition of elements in a phonological phrase, and the other on the domain where multiple RD takes place.
Effects of a magnetic field and initial stress on reflection of SV-waves at a free surface with voids under gravity
Authors: Anya Augustine Igwebuike , Akhtar M.W. , Abo-Dahab Syed Muhammad , Kaneez Hajra , Khan Aftab , Jahangir Adnan 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
The present study deals with the reflection of SV-waves at a free surface in the presence of magnetic field, initial stress, voids and gravity. When an SV-wave incident on the free surface of an elastic half space, two damped P-waves and an SV-wave are reflected. Among these waves, P-waves are only affected by magnetic fields whereas SV-waves are influenced by both, initial stress and magnetic fields. Effect of gravity is negligible whereas voids played a significant role. These observations can be helpful for seismology and earthquake sciences.
320 Gbps Free Space Optic Communication System Deploying Ultra Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing and Polarization Mode Division Multiplexing
Authors: Mohammed Husam Abduldaem 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This work aims to investigate the integrated ultra-dense wavelength division multiplexing (UDWDM) and polarization division multiplexing (PDM) schemes incorporated in the free space optic (FSO) communication system. Erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) are used as post and pre-amplifiers in the proposed UDWDM–PDM–FSO system to boost the transmission power for increasing the distance. Thirty-two channels are transported over the FSO link to realize the total data transmission of 160 and 320 Gbps with 0.08 and 0.1 nm channel spacing, respectively. Results are also reported with non-return to zero modulation schemes. The performance of the proposed UDWDM–PDM–FSO transmission system is measured in terms of bit error rate (BER) and eye diagrams. The transmission distances are 100 and 87 km under clear weather and have acceptable BERs with 0.08 and 0.1 nm channel spacing, respectively. The weather conditions may worsen due to the increase in atmospheric turbulence. Hence, the transmission distances decrease to 3.93 and 2.6 km for heavy rain weather conditions. The UDWDM–PDM–FSO communication system exhibits an excellent performance due to the use of EDFAs with high achievable maximum distance and good and acceptable BER performance. The UDWDM–PDM–FSO communication system considerably enhances the transmission distance compared with the UDWDM–FSO communication system.
The prevalence and volumetry of pituitary cysts in children with growth hormone deficiency and idiopathic short stature
Authors: Krasnow Nicholas , Pogostin Bradley , Haigney James , Groh Brittany , Weiler Winston , Tenner Michael , Kessler Marion , Frey Michael , Noto Richard A. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractBackgroundPituitary cysts have been speculated to cause endocrinopathies. We sought to describe the prevalence and volumetry of pituitary cysts in patients with growth hormone deficiency (GHD) and idiopathic short stature (ISS).MethodsSix hundred and eighteen children evaluated for growth failure at the Division of Pediatric Endocrinology at New York Medical College between the years 2002 and 2012, who underwent GH stimulation testing and had a brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) prior to initiating GH treatment were randomly selected to be a part of this study. High resolution MRI was used to evaluate the pituitary gland for size and the presence of a cyst. Cyst prevalence, cyst volume and percentage of the gland occupied by the cyst (POGO) were documented.ResultsFifty-six patients had a cyst, giving an overall prevalence of 9.1%. The prevalence of cysts in GHD patients compared to ISS patients was not significant (13.5% vs. 5.7%, p=0.46). Mean cyst volume was greater in GHD patients than ISS patients (62.0 mm3vs. 29.4 mm3, p=0.01). POGO for GHD patients was significantly greater (p=0.003) than for ISS patients (15.3%±12.8 vs. 7.1%±8.0). Observers were blinded to patient groups.ConclusionsGHD patients had a significantly greater volume and POGO compared to ISS patients. This raises the question of whether cysts are implicated in the pathology of growth failure.
A case of an infant with extremely low birth weight and hypothyroidism associated with massive cutaneous infantile hemangioma
Authors: Igarashi Aiko , Hata Ikue , Yuasa Miori , Okuno Takashi , Ohshima Yusei 
Published: October 2018

AbstractBackgroundAlthough hepatic infantile hemangioma (IH) may correlate with consumptive hypothyroidism consequent to the overexpression of thyroid hormone inactivating enzyme by hemangioma cells, hypothyroidism has been rarely recognized in infants with cutaneous hemangioma.Case presentationA male infant born at 28 weeks of gestational age with an extremely low birth weight (775 g) developed a massive cutaneous hemangioma on his neck and severe abdominal distension. Imaging examinations detected a small mass lesion in the brain but no hepatic hemangioma. Laboratory findings at the age of 26 days revealed hypothyroidism. Although high-dose levothyroxine therapy failed to normalize the thyroid function, hypothyroidism improved and cutaneous hemangioma regressed after initiating propranolol therapy.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that consumptive hypothyroidism should be considered as a critical comorbidity in patients with massive cutaneous IH. Propranolol therapy can effectively normalize thyroid function and cause hemangioma regression.
NPU, LOINC, and SNOMED CT: a comparison of terminologies for laboratory results reveals individual advantages and a lack of possibilities to encode interpretive comments
Authors: Bietenbeck Andreas , Boeker Martin , Schulz Stefan 
Published: October 2018

AbstractBackgroundTerminologies facilitate data exchange and enable laboratories to assist in patient care even if complex treatment pathways involve multiple stakeholders. This paper examines the three common terminologiesNomenclature for Properties and Units(NPU),Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes(LOINC), andSNOMED Clinical Terms(SNOMED CT).MethodsThe potential of each terminology to encode five exemplary laboratory results is assessed. The terminologies are evaluated according to scope, correctness, formal representations, and ease of use.ResultsNPU is based on metrological concepts with strict rules regarding the coding of the measurand and the result value. Clinically equivalent results are regularly mapped to the same code but there is little support to differentiate results from non-standardized measurements. LOINC encodes analyses as offered by the laboratory. Its large number of entries allows different mappings for the same analysis. SNOMED CT contains few analyses natively, but its formal composition mechanism allows representing measurements by post-coordinated expressions that are equivalent to LOINC codes. SNOMED CT’s strength lies in its support of many non-numerical result values. Implicit code hierarchies exist in NPU and LOINC. SNOMED CT has explicit, elaborate axioms that elucidate the meaning of its content. Its complexity and its license conditions, however, impede a more widespread use. Interpretive comments, a crucial part of laboratory results, are still difficult to encode with any of the terminologies.ConclusionsAll three terminologies have distinct potentials and limitations, but the approximation of SNOMED CT and LOINC suggests using them together. Terminologies need to be expanded to also cover interpretive comments.
A second-order weak approximation of SDEs using a Markov chain without Lévy area simulation
Authors: Yamada Toshihiro , Yamamoto Kenta 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This paper proposes a new Markov chain approach to second-order weak approximations of stochastic differential equations (SDEs) driven by d-dimensional Brownian motion.
The scheme is explicitly constructed by polynomials of Brownian motions up to second order, and any discrete moment-matched random variables or the Lévy area simulation method are not used.
The required number of random variables is still d in one-step simulation of the implementation of the scheme. In the Markov chain, a correction term with Lie bracket of vector fields associated with SDEs appears as the cost of not using moment-matched random variables.
Crystal structure of ethyl 2-amino-4-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-5-oxo-4H,5H-pyrano[3,2-c] chromene-3-carboxylate, C23H21NO6
Authors: Liu Xue-Kun , Geng Xiao-Yu , Zhang Meng , Ye Bai-Jun , Shi Zhan , Wang Yan-Qiu 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
C23H21NO6, triclinic, P1̄ (no. 2), a = 7.624(4) Å, b = 9.197(5) Å, c = 15.058(5) Å, α = 94.13(3)°, β = 102.27(3)°, γ = 106.72(3)°, V = 977.9(8) Å3, Z = 2, R
gt(F) = 0.0662, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.1733, T = 296(2) K.
Crystal structure of 1,1′-(ethane-1,2-diyl)bis(3-ethyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium)bis(hexafluorido phosphate), C12H20F12N4P2
Authors: Wan-Ming Xiong , Yi-Bo Di , Ying-Dong Lan , Jing Chen , Xu-Liang Nie , Chang-Gan Huang 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
C12H20F12N4P2, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 7.012(2) Å, b = 15.507(5) Å, c = 10.398(2) Å, β = 118.945(15)°, Z = 2, V = 989.4(5) Å3, R
gt(F) = 0.0526, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.1537, T = 296(2) K.
Crystal structure of 3-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-ylamino)isobenzofuran-1(3H)-one, C15H10N2O2S
Authors: Xing Ai-Ping , Zeng Dai , Zhang Shu-Ling , Guo Da-Feng , Chu Yi-Xin 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
C15H10N2O2S, monoclinic, Cc (no. 9), a = 10.7988(7) Å, b = 15.7684(10) Å, c = 8.5906(6) Å, β = 112.302(8)°, V = 1353.38(17) Å3, Z = 4, R
gt(F) = 0.0353, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.0922, T = 293(2) K.
Crystal structure of diethyl 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1-phenyl-1,2-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate, C24H25NO5
Authors: Tan Hong-Bo , Meng Jiang-Ping 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
C24H25NO5, triclinic, P1̄, a = 9.2625(8) Å, b = 10.5974(10) Å, c = 11.7431(11) Å, α = 77.836(8)°, β = 87.564(8)°, γ = 66.951(9)°, V = 1035.83(17) Å3, Z = 2, R
gt(F) = 0.0404, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.0985, T = 107.5 K.
Crystal structure of 1-(5-bromo-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1H-indol-7-yl)ethan-1-ol, C17H14BrNO2
Authors: Mphahlele Malose J. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
C17H14BrNO2, monoclinic, C2/c (no. 15), a = 31.437(3) Å, b = 5.5224(5) Å, c = 16.6545(16) Å, β = 94.703(4)°, V = 2881.6(5) Å3, Z = 8, R
gt(F) = 0.0251, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.067, T = 173(2) K.
Political Initiatives and Peacekeeping: Assessing Multiple UN Conflict Resolution Tools
Authors: Dorussen Han , Clayton Govinda 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
The United Nations Peacemaking Initiatives (UNPI) data compile information on the full range of instruments the UN employs to advance peace and stability. After briefly introducing the data, we will describe how they help us to identify different types of UN peacemaking instruments based on what they aim to achieve (tasks), when they are applied (trends) and to what conflicts (selection).
Die „Libation des Gottes“ und die Blendung des Kyklopen – Überlegungen zu Euripides’ Kyklops 469–471
Authors: Zerhoch Sebastian 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
The comparison by which the Chorus of Satyrs in Euripides’ Cyclops 469–471 illustrates its wish to participate in the blinding of the Cyclops is regarded as difficult in research on the play, due to the ambiguous expression ὥσπερ ἐκ σπονδῆς θεοῦ (469). There is no consensus either on the question of how the reference to libation is to be understood, nor on whether the transmitted phrasing is correct at all. In the present paper I attempt to show that doubts over the transmission are unfounded and that attempts to refer the comparison not to libation but to the ritual use of water for handwashing at sacrifice are not persuasive. Rather, Euripides in this passage is engaging with the theme of libation on several levels of meaning: when we pay close attention to the context, cult-specific associations and literary applications of libation as a motif in Homer and Aristophanes, the words of the satyrs can be read, firstly, as a metaphorical reference to the two main actions in Odysseus’ plan for revenge, and secondly as a subtle allusion to the use of libation and spit-roasting in sacrificial ritual.