bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The consequences of supply gaps in two‐dimensional policy spaces for voter turnout and political support: The case of economically left‐wing and culturally right‐wing citizens in Western Europe
Authors: HILLEN SVEN , STEINER NILS D. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractParties with left‐wing positions on economic issues and right‐wing (i.e., authoritarian) positions on cultural issues have been historically largely absent from the supply side of the policy space of Western European democracies. Yet, many citizens hold such left‐authoritarian issue attitudes. This article addresses the hypotheses that left‐authoritarian citizens are less likely to vote, less satisfied with the democratic process and have lower levels of political trust when there is a left‐authoritarian supply gap. Using data for 14 Western European countries from the European Social Survey 2008 in the main analysis, it is shown that left‐authoritarians are less likely to vote and exhibit lower levels of satisfaction with democracy and political trust. A supplementary analysis of national election studies from Finland before and after the electoral breakthrough of the left‐authoritarian True Finns Party in 2011 indicates that whether left‐authoritarians participate less and believe less in the efficacy of voting is contingent on the presence of a strong left‐authoritarian party. This study illuminates how constrained party supply in a two‐dimensional policy space can affect voter turnout as well as political support, and has broader implications for the potential further rise of left‐authoritarian challenger parties.
The Infant Injury Database: A Tool for the Study of Injury Patterns in Medicolegal Investigations of Child Abuse
Authors: Soto Martinez Miriam E. , Love Jennifer C. , Pinto Deborrah C. , Wiersema Jason M. , Derrick Sharon M. , Bachim Angela , Greeley Christopher , Donaruma‐Kwoh Marcella , Truong Van Thi Thanh , Gao Si , Crowder Christian M. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIn 2012, the Harris County Institute of Forensic Sciences began prospectively collecting injury data from pediatric autopsies. These data and associated case information from 635 pediatric cases are archived in the Infant Injury Database (IID). This paper introduces the IID to the forensic community and demonstrates its potential utility for child abuse and infant fatality investigations. The database is intended to be a source of evidence‐based research for coroners/medical examiners and clinicians in the recognition and diagnosis of child abuse. RR estimates were employed to quantify the relationship between individual autopsy findings to trauma‐related and nontrauma‐related causes of death. For example, unsurprisingly, the RR of trauma cases with multiple injury types is significantly greater than other causes of death, but the RR results provide a quantitative representation of the relationship. ROC curve modeling of the presence/absence of various injury types performed well at discriminating trauma from other causes of death (AUC = 0.96).
Endotracheal intubation by a specialised paediatric retrieval team
Authors: Glasheen John , Holmes Paul , Rampersad Neeta , Raman Sainath 
Published: July 2019

AbstractObjectivesIntubation of critically ill children is an infrequent procedure, and is associated with significant risk. We set out to describe intubations carried out by the Children's Health Queensland Retrieval Service (CHQRS), with the intention to identify areas for improvement in the performance of intubation in the retrieval setting.MethodsPaediatric patients undergoing transport while intubated were identified, and cases where intubation occurred after the arrival of the CHQRS team were examined.ResultsOver the study period of January 2015 to September 2018, 498 intubated retrievals were undertaken; 85 patients were intubated after the arrival of CHQRS; the age range was 1 day to 16.5 years (median 0.5, interquartile range [IQR] 0.11–3 years). The median weight was 6.2 kg (IQR 3.7–16.5 kg). The pathology requiring intubation included respiratory 36 (42.3%), sepsis 21 (24.7%), neurological 11 (12.9%) and trauma 7 (8.2%). A total of 470 of 498 (94.4%) of intubated patients were from regional referral or tertiary hospitals, 28 of 498 (5.6%) were from rural and remote facilities. Of 85 patients, 57 (67.1%) were intubated by CHQRS and 28 (32.9%) were intubated by a doctor from the referring facility. The CHQRS team was more likely to perform the intubation in smaller children (median weight 5.0 vs 9.9 kg, P = 0.03). The mean scene time was 2.8 h. The scene time was shorter if the intubation was performed by CHQRS (mean 2.6 h, median 2.5, IQR 1.8–3.3; median 3, IQR 2.2–3.9; P = 0.048). The scene time was shorter when the intubation was predicted from tasking information (2.6 vs 3.1 h; P = 0.03).ConclusionPaediatric endotracheal intubation is an infrequent procedure in our service. An airway registry could improve documentation and gather information to identify specific training requirements and areas for practice improvement.
Elucidation of The Anti‐Inflammatory Effect of Vanillin In Lps‐Activated THP‐1 Cells
Authors: Zhao Dongrui , Jiang Yunsong , Sun Jinyuan , Li Hehe , Huang Mingquan , Sun Xiaotao , Zhao Mouming 
Published: July 2019

AbstractVanillin, a kind of phenolic compound, is naturally found in food and beverage and widely used as a flavoring agent. In view of the safety and universality of vanillin, exploring the functions of vanillin on human is of great value. Thus, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐activated THP‐1 cells were selected as the cell model to evaluate the anti‐inflammatory effect of vanillin in this study. On the basis of the results, vanillin markedly suppressed the expression of inflammatory cytokines (that is, TNF‐α, IL‐1β, IL‐6, and IL‐8), mediators (NO, iNOS, PGE2, and COX‐2), and NLRP3 inflammasome (that is, NLRP3, ASC, and caspase‐1), blocked the LPS‐induced activation of the NF‐κB/IκBα/AP‐1 signaling pathway, and activated the gene expression of the Nrf2/HO‐1 signaling pathway. In addition, it was confirmed that vanillin was unable to react with LPS due to the results of quantification by HS‐SPME‐GC‐MS. Hence, vanillin could effectively attenuate LPS‐induced inflammatory response by regulating the expression of intracellular signaling pathways in THP‐1 cells. It is a potent anti‐inflammatory component found in food and beverage. These findings might contribute to the overall understanding of the potential health benefits of vanillin for food application.Practical ApplicationIn this study, the anti‐inflammatory effect of vanillin (VA) was evaluated by ELISA, real‐time PCR, and western blot in LPS‐induced THP‐1 cells. The hypothesis that VA could react with LPS was excluded due to the results of quantification by HS‐SPME‐GC‐MS. On the basis of the result, vanillin could effectively attenuate LPS‐induced inflammatory response in THP‐1 cells and was a potent anti‐inflammatory component natural in food and beverage. These findings might contribute to the overall understanding of the potential health benefits of vanillin for food application.
Clinical relevance of metal artefact reduction in computed tomography (iMAR) in the pelvic and head and neck region: Multi‐institutional contouring study of gross tumour volumes and organs at risk on clinical cases
Authors: Hagen Marius , Kretschmer Matthias , Würschmidt Florian , Gauer Tobias , Giro Christian , Karsten Elias , Lorenzen Jörn 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIntroductionArtefacts caused by dental implants and hip replacements may impede target volume definition and dose calculation accuracy. The iterative metal artefact reduction (iMAR) algorithm can provide a solution for this problem. The present study compares delineation of gross tumour volumes (GTVs) and organs at risk (OARs) in the pelvic and the head and neck (H & N) regions using computed tomography (CT) with and without iMAR, and thus the practical applicability of iMAR for routine clinical use.MethodsThe native planning CT and CT‐iMAR data of two typical clinical cases with image‐distorting artefacts were used for multi‐institutional contouring and analysis using the Dice similarity coefficient (DSC). GTV/OAR contours were compared with an intraobserver approach and compared to predefined reference structures.ResultsMean volume for GTVprostate in the intraobserver approach decreased from 87 ± 44 cm3 (native CT) to 75 ± 22 cm3 (CT‐iMAR) (P = 0.168). Compared to the reference, DSC values for GTVProstate increased from 0.68 ± 0.15 to 0.78 ± 0.07 (CT vs. iMAR) (P < 0.05). In the H & N region, the reference for GTVTongue (34 cm3) was underestimated on both data sets. No significant improvement in DSC values (0.83 ± 0.06 (native CT) versus 0.86 ± 0.06 (CT‐iMAR)) was observed.ConclusionThe use of iMAR improves the anatomical delineation at the transition of prostate and bladder in cases of bilateral hip replacement. In the H & N region, anatomical residual structures and experience were apparently sufficient for precise contouring.
Determinants of women's dissatisfaction with anaesthesia care in labour and delivery
Authors: Yurashevich M. , Carvalho B. , Butwick A. J. , Ando K. , Flood P. D. 
Published: July 2019

SummaryPatient‐centred care and factors associated with patient satisfaction with anaesthesia have been widely studied. However, the most important considerations in the setting of obstetric anaesthesia are uncertain. Identification of, and addressing, factors that contribute to patient dissatisfaction may improve quality of care. We sought to identify factors associated with < 100% satisfaction with obstetric anaesthesia care. At total of 4297 women treated by anaesthetists provided satisfaction data 24 h after vaginal and 48 h after caesarean delivery. As 78% of women were 100% satisfied, we studied factors associated with the dichotomous variable, 100% satisfied vs. < 100% satisfied. We evaluated patient characteristics and peripartum factors using multivariable sequential logistic regression. The following factors were strongly associated with maternal dissatisfaction after vaginal delivery: pain intensity during the first stage of labour; pain intensity during the second stage of labour; postpartum pain intensity; delay > 15 min in providing epidural analgesia and postpartum headache (all p < 0.0001). Pruritus (p = 0.005) also contributed to dissatisfaction after vaginal delivery, whereas non‐Hispanic ethnicity was negatively associated with dissatisfaction (p = 0.01). After caesarean delivery, the intensity of postpartum pain (p < 0.0001), headache (p = 0.001) and pruritus (p = 0.001) were linked to dissatisfaction. Hispanic ethnicity also had a negative relationship with dissatisfaction after caesarean delivery (p = 0.005). Thus, inadequate or delayed analgesia and treatment‐related side‐effects are associated with maternal dissatisfaction with obstetric anaesthesia care. Development of protocols to facilitate identification of ineffective analgesia and provide an appropriate balance between efficacy and side‐effects, are important goals to optimise maternal satisfaction.
The role of tongue‐tie in breastfeeding problems—A prospective observational study
Authors: Schlatter Sara‐Maria , Schupp Wiebke , Otten Jörg‐Elard , Harnisch Sabine , Kunze Mirjam , Stavropoulou Dimitra , Hentschel Roland 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAimWe evaluated what determined breastfeeding problems in a non‐selected mother‐infant cohort, with special reference to tongue‐tie and improvements in breastfeeding following frenulotomy.MethodsThis 2014‐2015 prospective, observational study was carried out in a tertiary level maternity unit affiliated to the University of Freiburg, Germany, using a breastfeeding questionnaire, standardised breastfeeding scores and the Assessment Tool For Lingual Frenulum Function (ATLFF). The standard intervention was breastfeeding support, a frenulotomy for tongue‐tie was performed if necessary. All cases of breastfeeding problems and, or tongue‐tie, were followed up by telephone 2.5 weeks after birth.ResultsWe enrolled 776 newborn‐mother dyads: 345 had breastfeeding problems, 116 had a tongue‐tie and 30 underwent a frenulotomy. In the multivariate analysis, severe breastfeeding problems were more frequent in newborn infants with tongue‐tie, with an odds ratio (OR) of 2.6 (P= 0.014). Other risk factors were: no breastfeeding experience (OR 4.4, P = 0.001), low birth weight (OR 2.9, P = 0.001), prematurity (OR 3.6, P = 0.000) and Caesarean section (OR 1.6, P = 0.023). There was a significant reduction in breastfeeding problems after frenulotomy (P = 0.01).ConclusionTongue‐tie had a significant impact on breastfeeding and so did low birth weights and prematurity. Frenulotomy proved helpful when breastfeeding problems were reported.
Hypoxia with acidosis in extremely preterm born infants was not associated with an increased risk of death or impaired neurodevelopmental outcome at 6.5 years
Authors: Zaigham Mehreen , Källén Karin , Maršál Karel , Olofsson Per 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAimIt is not clear whether perinatal acidosis can predict poor outcomes in extremely preterm infants and we investigated associations between intrapartum hypoxia and mortality and neurodevelopmental outcomes.MethodsWe used nationwide data on 705 infants from the Extremely Preterm Infants in Sweden Study, delivered at 22‐26 weeks of gestation during 2004‐2007. Comprehensive neurodevelopmental assessments were performed on survivors at 2.5 (n = 456) and 6.5 (n = 441) years of corrected age. Gestational age‐related changes in umbilical cord arterial pH were compared with reference values for term newborn infants, and base excess was also calculated. Associations between low blood gas values (<10th percentile) and mortality and neurodevelopmental outcome were estimated.ResultsCord blood determination was more common in surviving infants (P < .001), with pH determined in 322/705 (46%) and base excess in 311/705 (44%). Extremely preterm infants had higher pH values than term infants (P < .0001), with no change from 22 to 26 weeks of gestation (P = .61, r2 = .001). Multiple logistic regression showed no association between low blood gas values and risk of death or neurodevelopmental impairment at 6.5 years (P ≥ .17).ConclusionHypoxia with acidosis at birth was not associated with an increased risk of death or impaired neurodevelopmental in extremely preterm born children at 6.5 years.
The international dimensions of antimicrobial resistance: Contextual factors shape distinct ethical challenges in South Africa, Sri Lanka and the United Kingdom
Authors: Krockow Eva M. , Tarrant Carolyn 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAntimicrobial resistance (AMR) describes the evolution of treatment‐resistant pathogens, with potentially catastrophic consequences for human medicine. AMR is driven by the over‐prescription of antibiotics, and could be reduced through consideration of the ethical dimensions of the dilemma faced by doctors. This dilemma involves balancing apparently opposed interests of current and future patients, and unique contextual factors in different countries, which may modify the core dilemma. We describe three example countries with different economic backgrounds and cultures—South Africa, Sri Lanka and the United Kingdom. Then we discuss how country‐specific factors impact on the prominence of various ethical dimensions of the dilemma (visibility and moral equality of future generations; Rule of Rescue; prescribing autonomy and conflicts of interest; consensus on collective action). We conclude that a nuanced understanding of national prescribing dilemmas is critical to inform the design of effective stewardship approaches.
Effect of surgeon experience and bony pelvic dimensions on surgical performance and patient outcomes in robot‐assisted radical prostatectomy
Authors: Chen Jian , Chu Tiffany , Ghodoussipour Saum , Bowman Sean , Patel Heetabh , King Kevin , Hung Andrew J. 
Published: July 2019

ObjectivesTo evaluate the effects of surgeon experience, body habitus, and bony pelvic dimensions on surgeon performance and patient outcomes after robot‐assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP).Patients, Subjects and MethodsThe pelvic dimensions of 78 RARP patients were measured on preoperative magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography by three radiologists. Surgeon automated performance metrics (APMs [instrument motion tracking and system events data, i.e., camera movement, third‐arm swap, energy use]) were obtained by a systems data recorder (Intuitive Surgical, Sunnyvale, CA, USA) during RARP. Two analyses were performed: Analysis 1, examined effects of patient characteristics, pelvic dimensions and prior surgeon RARP caseload on APMs using linear regression; Analysis 2, the effects of patient body habitus, bony pelvic measurement, and surgeon experience on short‐ and long‐term outcomes were analysed by multivariable regression.ResultsAnalysis 1 showed that while surgeon experience affected the greatest number of APMs (P < 0.044), the patient's body mass index, bony pelvic dimensions, and prostate size also affected APMs during each surgical step (P < 0.043, P < 0.046, P < 0.034, respectively). Analysis 2 showed that RARP duration was significantly affected by pelvic depth (β = 13.7, P = 0.039) and prostate volume (β = 0.5, P = 0.024). A wider and shallower pelvis was less likely to result in a positive margin (odds ratio 0.25, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.09–0.72). On multivariate analysis, urinary continence recovery was associated with surgeon's prior RARP experience (hazard ratio [HR] 2.38, 95% CI 1.18–4.81; P = 0.015), but not on pelvic dimensions (HR 1.44, 95% CI 0.95–2.17).ConclusionLimited surgical workspace, due to a narrower and deeper pelvis, does affect surgeon performance and patient outcomes, most notably in longer surgery time and an increased positive margin rate.
Osimertinib for Japanese patients with T790M‐positive advanced non‐small‐cell lung cancer: A pooled subgroup analysis
Authors: Hirashima Tomonori , Satouchi Miyako , Hida Toyoaki , Nishio Makoto , Kato Terufumi , Sakai Hiroshi , Imamura Fumio , Kiura Katsuyuki , Okamoto Isamu , Kasahara Kazuo , Uchida Hirohiko , Vowler Sarah L. , Mitsudomi Tetsuya 
Published: July 2019

AbstractEpidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)‐tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are the standard of care for non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients harboring EGFR mutations. However, almost all patients develop resistance after approximately 1 y of treatment, with >50% of cases due to the T790M secondary mutation of the EGFR gene. A large global Phase III study (AURA3) demonstrated that osimertinib significantly prolonged progression‐free survival (PFS) over platinum‐doublet chemotherapy in patients with T790M‐positive NSCLC who had progressed on previous EGFR‐TKI therapy. However, it is not clear whether efficacy or safety of osimertinib in Japanese patients is similar to the overall population. We report a pre‐planned subgroup analysis of pooled Phase II data from the AURA Extension and AURA2 trials to investigate the efficacy and safety of osimertinib in Japanese patients. This study included 81 Japanese patients. Patients were administered 80 mg osimertinib orally once daily until disease progression. The main endpoints were objective response rate (ORR), PFS, and safety. The ORR was 63.6% and median PFS was 13.8 mo. Overall survival rate at 36 mo was 54.0%. The most common all‐cause adverse events (AEs) were rash (grouped term; 65.4%), diarrhea (51.9%), paronychia (grouped term; 49.4%), and dry skin (grouped term; 39.5%). Most AEs were grade 1‐2. Five patients (6.2%) developed interstitial lung disease, resulting in two deaths (2.5%). Osimertinib demonstrated favorable ORR and PFS in Japanese patients, similar to the overall population. Additionally, osimertinib has good efficacy and a manageable safety profile in Japanese patients with NSCLC who had acquired resistance due to the T790M mutation.
Six‐year trends in dental pain and maternal education inequalities among Brazilian adolescents
Authors: Freire Maria C.M. , Jordão Lidia M.R. , Peres Marco A. , Abreu Mauro H.N.G. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo analyse trends in dental pain prevalence among Brazilian adolescent students over 6 years, focusing on inequalities by maternal education.MethodsData from the National Adolescent School‐Based Health Survey (PeNSE) carried out in 2009 (n = 45 239), 2012 (n = 46 482) and 2015 (n = 35 592) were analysed, including ninth grade students from the 27 state capitals in Brazil who were of ages 11‐17 years or older. Variables analysed were dental pain within the last 6 months (yes/no) and the following sociodemographic factors: age, sex, race, type of school and maternal schooling (years of study: ≤8; 9‐11; ≥12). The prevalence of dental pain in the 3 years was compared using the Rao‐Scott test. Relative and absolute measures of socioeconomic (maternal education) inequalities in dental pain were applied using the slope index of inequality (SII) and the relative concentration index (RCI).ResultsThe prevalence of dental pain increased from 17.5% (95% CI = 16.9‐18.2) in 2009 to 20.4% (95% CI = 19.7‐21.1) in 2012, then to 21.8% (95% CI = 21.1‐22.5) in 2015. All sociodemographic factors investigated were associated with dental pain in all survey years. There was an increasing proportion of the outcome in all categories of maternal education over the years studied. Absolute (SII) and relative (RCI) inequalities regarding of maternal education were found; these indicate higher levels of dental pain in the lower socioeconomic group in each study year. However, no significant changes in inequalities were found from 2009 to 2015.ConclusionsThe prevalence of dental pain increased in the 2009‐2012 and 2012‐2015 periods, and social inequalities were found. Higher levels of dental pain persisted in the lower maternal education group. Inequalities remained stable over time. Broader actions to reduce the existing inequalities are needed and should be a priority for public policies.
Effects of VEGF inhibitors on human retinal pigment epithelium under high glucose and hypoxia
Authors: Bahrami Bobak , Shen Weiyong , Zhu Ling , Zhang Ting , Chang Andrew , Gillies Mark C. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackgroundRetinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is known to secrete factors important for retinal homeostasis. How this secretome changes in diabetic eyes treated with anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors is unclear.MethodsDiabetic conditions were simulated in vitro using ARPE‐19 cell‐line culture, with high glucose (25 mM) culture media, and hypoxia was chemically induced using cobalt chloride. Stress was assessed using cell viability assays as well as Western blots and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for production of HIF‐1a and VEGF‐A. Production of neurotrophic factors was quantified once conditions were established using ELISA under stress with and without the addition of VEGF inhibitors. Changes were analysed with one‐way ANOVA.ResultsHypoxia downregulated pigment epithelium‐derived factor (PEDF) expression. The addition of bevacizumab, ranibizumab and aflibercept in normoxic conditions all led to a significant downregulation of PEDF. Glucose concentration had no effect on secretion of PEDF. Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) secretion was downregulated in high glucose and was upregulated in hypoxia. Placental growth factor (PlGF) secretion by ARPE‐19 was undetectable by ELISA.ConclusionsWe found that hypoxia, high glucose or VEGF inhibitors affected secretion of neurotrophic factors. This variation under different conditions may influence neuron and photoreceptor survival in the diabetic state and VEGF inhibitor treated eyes.