bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Retracted: “Design and Optimization of a Multipurpose Urban Firefighting and Disaster Relief UAV” [ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, Volume 1: Advances in Aerospace Technology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA, November 9–15, 2018, Conference Sponsors: ASME, ISBN: 978-0-7918-5200-2, Copyright © 2018 by ASME. Paper No. IMECE2018-86321, pp. V001T03A022; 10 pages; doi: 10.1115/IMECE2018-86321]
Authors: ASME  
Published: January 2019

Abstract
The above referenced paper has been removed from publication. (March 10, 2020)
Copyright © 2020 by ASME
Modeling the Influence of Microstructure on Stress Distributions and Concentrations in Pitting Corrosion
Authors: Brewick Patrick , Geltmacher Andrew , Qidwai Siddiq M. 
Published: January 2019

Despite the many advances made in material science, stainless steel and aluminum remain the structural materials best-suited for the naval fleet. While these metallic materials offer many benefits, such as high strength and good toughness, their persistent exposure to the maritime environment inevitably leads to issues with corrosion. Among the various manifestations of corrosion, pitting corrosion is of particular concern because the transition of corrosion pits to stress-corrosion cracks can lead to catastrophic failures. Traditional pitting corrosion analyses treat the pit shape as a semi-circle or ellipse and typically assume a growth pattern that maintains the original geometrical shape. However, when the underlying microstructure is incorporated into the model, pit growth is related to the grains surrounding the pit perimeter and the growth rate is proportional to crystallographic orientation. Since each grain has a potentially different orientation, pit growth happens at non-uniform rates leading to irregular geometries, i.e., non-circular and non-elliptical. These irregular pit geometries can further lead to higher stresses.
This work presents a detailed look at corrosion pit growth coupled with mechanical load through a numerical model of a two-dimensional stable corrosion pit. Real microstructural information from a sample of 316 stainless steel is incorporated into the model to analyze microstructural effects on pit growth. Through this work, stress distributions and stress concentration factors are examined for a variety of pit geometries, including comparisons of their range of values to a typical, semi-circular pit. The consequences of these stress distributions and concentration factors are discussed.
An Approach to Capture Humidity From Exhaled Air
Authors: Grau-Bartual Sandra , Al-Jumaily Ahmed M. 
Published: January 2019

Lung supportive devices (LSD) are widely used for respiratory ventilation and therapy to help provide breathing support for patients with various lung diseases including Obstructive Sleep Apnea. These devices deliver air to the patient through a nasal or facial mask, and the use of these devices normally results in dryness in the upper airways. However, the exhaled air consists of very high humidity content. The question raised, is it possible to recover some of the moisture content of this air to reuse in the inhalation process.
This research focuses on developing an element which can recover the moisture from the exhaled air and the possibility of using it for re-inhalation. The main component is made up of a fibrous cotton fabric polymerized with Poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) and sewed with a resistor filament to control the temperature. The results show a viable element which is able to trap water molecules from the expiration airflow and release them into the inspiration airflow.
Development of Chemotherapy System Using Plasma Activated Medium to Enhance PC12 Axonal Extension
Authors: Haccho Takanobu , Ichikawa Hiroshi , Yamamoto Koji , Morita Yusuke , Nakamachi Eiji 
Published: January 2019

In recent years, plasma activated medicine using non-thermal atmospheric-pressure plasma (NTAPP) has attracted great interest for chemotherapy. In this study, we aim to develop a chemotherapy system with reactive species generated in a plasma activated medium (PAM) for PC12 treatment. We observe the morphology change of PC12 cells and evaluate the effectiveness of PAM and the reactive species on axonal-extension enhancement.
First, we measured the amount of reactive species, such as H2O2, NO2, and NO3 in PAM. Second, we confirmed the stimulation effect of PAM on PC12 by measuring the axonal extension length of a 72-h culture after PAM stimulation. Experiments were conducted under 20 conditions to find an optimal condition. Using the grid method, significant axonal extension was confirmed. Next, the optimal conditions to promote PC12 axonal-extension was determined using the response surface method. Promotion of axonal extension was not confirmed in the cell culture using only H2O2. As a result, we presumed that the enhancement of axonal-extension was induced by the coupling effects of NO2, NO3 and H2O2, which are active species produced in PAM. Finally, we were able to declare that PAM exhibits a selective cell activation property for the chemotherapy of the central nervous system.
Development of Stretch Stimulation Device for Three-Dimensional Culture of PC12 Cells
Authors: Imura Madoka , Sakiyama Ryota , Yamamoto Koji , Morita Yusuke , Nakamachi Eiji 
Published: January 2019

Enhancement of nerve axonal extension by using the extracellular environmental stimulation were reported. In this study, we focused on the stretch stimulation, and developed a 3D cell culture system to mimic the in vivo extracellular matrices and investigated the fundamental mechanism of axonal extension enhancement.
Firstly, we fabricated the stretch stimulation device. The rat phenocromocytoma cells (PC12), the nerve-like cells, embedded in the collagen gel were poured into the stretch chamber. It was set in the stretch stimulation device, which could load the strain to the collagen gel. Secondly, we determined the structure of the stretch chamber to implement the uniform strain distribution in the culture region. Using the finite element (FE) analyses, we confirmed that the uniform strain is assigned in a region of 2.7 × 3.0 × 0.5 mm in the culture region, which is the candidate for the observation region. Thirdly, PC12 cells axonal extension under uniaxial cyclic stretch stimulation (4% strain, 1 Hz) of 24 hours was carried out. After 96 hours’ culture, we observed the 3D morphology of PC12 cells by the multiphoton excitation fluorescence microscope (MPM). Finally, we confirmed the availability of our stretch stimulation device and the enhancement effect of axonal extension.
Virtual Vibration Correlation Technique (VCT) for Nonlinear Analysis of Metallic and Composite Structures
Authors: Pagani Alfonso , Augello Riccardo , Carrera Erasmo 
Published: January 2019

An important role in the design of structure is represented by the buckling analysis. The loading and service conditions, in which structures usually work, may significantly afflict their equilibrium state. This aspect often forces the design engineers to perform an accurate buckling analysis, in order to calculate critical loads of the structure. In fact, this critical load causes a sudden change of the structure, leading to a radical decrease in the loadcarrying capability. For these reasons, buckling analysis of beam-columns has been widely investigated in the past and recent years.
One of the most important experimental technology to calculate the critical buckling load of structures if represented by the Vibration Correlation Technique (VCT). It allows determining equivalent boundary conditions and buckling load for several types of structures and its strength is represented by the fact that it is a non-destructive methodology: essentially, the stability loads were determined by interpolating, until singularity, the natural frequency of the structure subjected to progressive higher loadings, without reaching the instability point. VCT is already widely used for beam, plate and shell structures.
This paper intends to assess a numerical simulation of the experimental data needed for the Vibration Correlation Technique. The solution proposed is developed in the domain of the Carrera Unified Formulation (CUF), according to which theories of structures can degenerate into a generalized kinematics that makes use of an arbitrary expansion of the generalized variables. Moreover, in order to reproduce results obtained in an experimental way, when large displacement and rotations may occur, geometrical nonlineatities have been taken into account. Thus, a finite element approximation is used along with a path-following method to perform nonlinear analyses.
Different types of structures have been analyzed, made with metallic and composite materials, and some results are compared with others found in the VCT literature. Results show how this methodology can well evaluate the natural frequencies on the structure in a geometrical nonlinear framework, and so also the critical buckling load.
Virtual Teach Pendant Interface for Android Cellphones (VTPAC)
Authors: Ferri Giulia A. , Walter Scott E. , Tennakoon Asiri , Djuric Ana M. 
Published: January 2019

The objective of this research is to develop a Virtual Teach Pendant for Android Cellphones (VTPAC) that is able to communicate with the robot model in the Visual Components software ⌈1⌉ ⌈2⌉. The VTPAC is a force multiplier that allows users to gain valuable teach pendant experience in labs with few robots, and makes the actual real-world robot time more valuable. It is also like a graduated driver’s license where the student must prove some proficiency with the VTPAC before being allowed to get behind the wheel.
The VTPAC will be used to operate the real robot system too and will allow people to be trained without using real robotic systems in very safe environment. The VTPAC can be used for industrial training and can be integrated in the academic programs, especially for online courses.
In this research, the Fanuc LR Mate 200iC robot and the Visual Components software have been selected as a case study. These choices were made because of the easy access to the Fanuc LR Mate 200iC and this interface by reason of it can control the robot the same way as the Teach Pendant in the real world.
Using the robot kinematic theory to understand the Teach Pendant commands, the code was developed such that it respects the operating mode of the robot and all the security operations needed. For the VTPAC development we used Python to communicate with the Visual Components software to work as a client for the software. This can allow users to utilize its own cellphone as the teach pendant and the software as the robot, having a more real experience in a safe environment. The VTPAC has been implemented and tested successfully.
Thermal Analysis of a Subscale Flux Focusing Magnetic Gearbox
Authors: Modaresahmadi Sina , Khalesi Javad , Kadel Joshua , Williams Wesley 
Published: January 2019

Magnetic gears are non-contact means of torque transmission which utilize the interaction of magnetic fields in place of the meshing teeth of mechanical gears to achieve a change in rotational speed and scale up/down the torque. A subscale magnetic gearbox featured a radial flux focusing arrangement consisting of three main rotors in the active region called inner, cage and outer rotors. In this arrangement, ferromagnetic cage rotor poles modulate flux between the inner rotor and outer rotor permanent magnets to achieve the gear reduction. Replacing the solid metal bars with laminated stacks for the cage modulating pieces as well as retaining pieces of the inner and outer rotor magnets reduces eddy current losses in the axial direction, a main source of losses in magnetic gears, while preserving the magnetic flux directed in the radial direction. Both of these features are key for overall system performance.
Given the potential of demagnetization of the permanent magnets and damage to the components at high temperature, multiphysics thermal analysis is conducted on a subscale flux focusing magnetic gearbox to predict temperature distribution and thermal stresses. A conjugate heat transfer (CHT) method is used in a 3D academic code, FLUENT, to predict heat flux and the coupled non-adiabatic external flow field and temperature field on the inner, cage and outer rotor with a Finite Volume Method (FVM). Thermo-elastic behavior of the laminated components are assigned through anisotropic materialistic characters in a finite element method (FEM), where the thermal and centrifugal stresses are calculated.
Real-Time Distance Courses to Improve Satisfaction and Competence: A Case Study of International Professors and Local Students
Authors: Núñez Martha Elena , Rojas Juan-Carlos 
Published: January 2019

Distance education is an alternative to traditional education made possible by technology. The essential components for remote teaching are easy access, usefulness, social interaction, and flexibility of time and place. Tecnológico de Monterrey (ITESM) has recently implemented a program to promote the visit of foreign professors to Mexico, this initiative is called PEV (foreign visitor professor). One way to get more benefits from the program is to invite them to give distance classes once their presence year in Mexico has ended.
This case study describes student satisfaction with the theoretical-practical courses taught through the real-time distance learning method in the School of Architecture and Industrial Design. The determining factors in the student approval were defined as: the learners’ inclination to take similar courses, the quality of contact between teacher and students, feeling inspired by the professor, and recommending the course to other students. The primary factors of novelty, flexibility, and utility of the remote format were measured using a Likert-type scale. The findings revealed a notable level of acceptance by students. Specifically, the course format factor was positively valued by the sample. These findings are significant to Latin American and international universities because they describe one way to improve their distance or remote teaching and learning offerings.
Uniquely Designed Solar Tube in a Natural/Forced Mini-Water Heating System
Authors: Abdelmessih Amanie N. , Mohammed Siddiq S. 
Published: January 2019

Solar power is a clean source of energy, i.e. it does not generate carbon dioxide or other air pollutants. In 2017, solar power produced only 0.6 percent of the energy used in the United States, according to the Energy Information Administration. Consequently, more solar energy should be implemented, such as in solar water heaters.
This research took place in Riverside, Southern California where there is an abundance of solar energy. In house uniquely designed and assembled solar tubes were used in designing a mini solar water heating system. The mini solar water heating system was set to operate under either natural or forced convection. The results of running the system under forced convection then under natural convection conditions are reported and discussed in the article. In addition, comparison of using two different solar water storage systems are reported: the first was water; the second storage medium was a combination of water and gravel. Since water heaters are extensively used for residential purposes, this research mimicked the inefficiencies in residential use and is compared with ideal operating conditions. The performance of the different cases studied is evaluated.
Fatigue Crack Growth Rate Studies on Stainless Steel Welds
Authors: Thomas Manuel , Prakash Raghu V. , Sundararaman Ganesh , Muthukumaran Vasudevan 
Published: January 2019

The low carbon, nitrogen enhanced SS 304 L(N) stainless steels are one of the most potential candidates for the structural members in chemical industries and powerplants operating at hostile environments of temperature and corrosion. In service, the structural members fabricated using welding process, when subjected to a combination of mechanical load and elevated temperature can fail by fatigue. The Welding of Austenitic stainless steels using Tungsten Inert gas (TIG) is often limited by the depth of weld penetration, which can be achieved during a single pass. This necessitates for the use of multiple passes resulting in weld distortion and generation of residual stress. The Use of an electronegative flux (Activating flux) during the TIG welding (A-TIG) is known to enhance the weld penetration, thereby reducing the number of passes.
The present study evaluates the fatigue crack growth in stainless steel weldment (304L(N) welds) joined using conventional Multipass TIG welding and Activated flux TIG welding at 673K. Compact Tension (C(T)) specimens having a width of 50.8 mm and a thickness of 4 mm were extracted from the location of heat-affected zone (HAZ) and weld metal (WM) for A-TIG and MP-TIG configurations. From the micro-structural evaluation of A-TIG welds, it is noted that high heat input in a single pass has favored the formation of coarse equiaxed grains along the weld center. The use of multiple passes at reduced heat input has resulted in the formation of finer grains, with the orientation of grains changing along each weld pass interface. This finer randomly oriented grains has resulted in increasing crack path resistance through the MP-TIG welds compared to A-TIG welds. Thus from a view point of fatigue crack growth, due to the presence of fine grains, conventional Multi-pass weld is superior compared to A-TIG, but in cases where there is a creep or creep-fatigue combination, the A-TIG weld may prove to be useful.
An Algorithm for Similar 3D Model Difference Examination Using Geometric Matching
Authors: Yin Yue , Guo Lianshui 
Published: January 2019

In this paper, a new algorithm for similar 3D CAD model difference examination based on geometric matching is presented. Firstly, using the boundary representation (B-rep) method, the two 3D models are decomposed into two sets of surfaces, each with an attributed adjacency graph (AAG) which is established using adjacency relationship of corresponding surfaces. The vertices of the AAG are set as the geometric information about surfaces (i.e. surface type, area). The edges of the AAG present the adjacency between surfaces, and the attribute information (i.e. the type and length of edges, the angle between two adjacent surfaces) is also stored in the AAG. Secondly, the surface similarity between two models is calculated according to their types, areas, composition edges and topological relationships. At the same time, the similarity matrix which stores the surface similarity coefficients is generated to find the geometric and topological optimal matching surfaces. Then, in the AAG, with the corresponding vertices of the optimal matching surface pair as the center, the remaining surfaces of two models are quickly and optimally matched according to the topological connections and similarity coefficients while the unmatchable ones are defined as added or deleted surfaces. Finally, differences between the two models are evaluated by analyzing and comparing the geometric attribute information about the matched surfaces.
In order to validate the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed algorithm, a software prototype for similar model difference examination has been developed. The effectiveness and feasibility of the algorithm have been verified by engineering applications through the industrial needs. The results show that this algorithm can effectively compare the differences among different design iterations and demonstrate its potentials for a wide range of engineering design iterations examination problems.
Optimization of Curved Spacer Prototype Design for Flow Improvement in Centrifugal Pump Impeller
Authors: Hermez Munther Y. , Jawad Badih , Liu Liping , Abro Sabah 
Published: January 2019

An optimization of modified shrouded impeller with a curved spacer to suppress the unsteady flow recirculation was pursed. Centrifugal pumps are required to sustain a stable operation of the system they support under all operating conditions. Effect of minor geometrical modifications on the flow inside the three dimensional impeller passages are yet not fully understood, leading to costly trial and error approaches in the solution of instability problems. The idea of using a curved spacer to enhance the specified centrifugal impeller characteristics was validated. This modification with positioning the successful curved spacer prototype model at the impeller inlet section provided a wider pressure operation range at both low and high flow rates in a high-speed centrifugal pump type.
Seven curved spacer models were numerically analyzed in combination with the same original closed type impeller. The research investigated the effects of each inlet curved spacer model on the impeller’s performance improvement. The flow field inside a centrifugal pump is known to be fully turbulent, three-dimensional, and unsteady associated with secondary flow recirculation and separation at the impeller’s inlet and exit section. The rotor-stator interaction mechanisms or other unsteady effects often influence the water flow. The present research addresses the problem of Net Positive Suction Head Required (NPSHR) increase due to flow recirculation at the impeller suction side. The three dimensional unsteady water flow inside different models were analyzed by using a 3-D Navier-Stokes code with a standard k-ε turbulence model. The computational domain consists of four main zones: inlet, impeller hub, vanes, and outlet. The measurements with test rig were conducted for the pump hydraulic performances and flow field in the impeller passages. The numerical simulation and experimental tests of prototype performance concluded:
(1) Positioning a 3-D curved spacer at the impeller inlet section has a great impact on the centrifugal pump performance.
(2) Favorite effects were achieved on impeller performance by separating the inlet flow region into two lanes.
(3) The curved spacer resulted in improvement of closed impeller inlet static and total pressure values.
(4) Q-ΔP-η data and flow structures in the impeller passages were analyzed.
Track Shape, Resulting Dynamics and Injury Rates of Greyhounds
Authors: Mahdavi Fatemeh , Hossain Md Imam , Hayati Hasti , Eager David , Kennedy Paul 
Published: January 2019

A challenge for greyhound racing is optimizing the tracks to minimize the risk of injuries. The effects of different track design variables on greyhound injury rates has not been explored sufficiently. The purpose of this paper is to present some preliminary findings on the effect of greyhound racetrack design variables such as the track curvature and lure alignment. An analysis was carried out of two years of greyhound racing injury data from three different tracks in New South Wales, Australia. The data from before and after an intervention was introduced were compared. Variables in the study, which may affect\ the analysis were investigated to minimize the errors. The analysis showed that there is a reduction in injury rates for a longer lure arm in the tracks with short or no straight section.
To verify the effect of track design variables on the greyhound dynamics a kinematic simulation of greyhound center of gravity was created. The simulation considered fundamental variables correlating directly with kinematics between the greyhound and the track. The simulation data showed that the rate of change in the rotation of the greyhound heading direction decreases when the track running path has a more gradual curvature. The result of the simulation showed excellent agreement with that of injury data analysis.