bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anatomy of the vestibulum esophagi and surgical implications during prosthetic laryngoplasty in horses
Authors: Brandenberger Olivier , Martens Ann , Robert Céline , Wiemer Peter , Pamela Hugo , Vlaminck Lieven , Barankova Katerina , Haspeslagh Maarten , Perkins Justin D. , Ducharme Norm , Rossignol Fabrice 
Published: September 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the anatomy of the entry to the equine esophagus (vestibulum esophagi) and to assess the risk of penetrating its adventitia and/or lumen during laryngoplasty.Study designEx vivo cadaveric study.Sample populationFive isolated equine larynges and 39 equine head and neck specimens.MethodsThe anatomy of the vestibulum esophagi was studied by dissection of 5 cadaver specimens. Then, a bilateral laryngoplasty was performed, including 5 suture placements through the muscular processes, caudal, rostral, and sagittal, with straight and curved needles. Two of the 3 surgeons performing the implantations were unaware of the goals of the study. Suture positions and iatrogenic trauma to the lumen and/or adventitia of the vestibulum esophagi were identified during dissection of the specimens. Risk factors for penetrating the adventitia were evaluated with a multivariate regression model.ResultsThe vestibulum esophagi spans between both wings of the thyroid cartilage over the entire width of the larynx, covering the rostral spine (arcuate crest) of the arytenoid cartilages. It is covered by the thyropharyngeus and cricopharyngeus muscles. Masked surgeons were associated with a significantly higher number of adventitia penetrations (72%) compared to the nonmasked surgeon (9%). The lumen of the vestibulum esophagi was penetrated in 4.6% of suture placements and only by the 2 masked surgeons.ConclusionPenetration of the adventitia was more common when surgeons were unaware of the anatomical extent of the vestibulum esophagi.Clinical significanceAnatomical knowledge of the extent of the vestibulum esophagi reduces the risk of penetrating its lumen or adventitia during suture placement on the muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage.
Acanthamoeba keratitis: confirmation of the UK outbreak and a prospective case-control study identifying contributing risk factors
Authors: Carnt Nicole , Hoffman Jeremy J , Verma Seema , Hau Scott , Radford Cherry F , Minassian Darwin C , Dart John K G 
Published: September 2018

Background/aimsAcanthamoeba keratitis (AK) is a chronic debilitating corneal infection principally affecting contact lens (CL) users. Studies were designed to test claims that the UK incidence may have increased in 2012–2014 and to evaluate potential causes.MethodsAnnualised incidence data were collected from January 1984 to December 2016. Case-control study subjects were recruited between 14 April 2011 and 05 June 2017. Reusable CL users with AK were recruited retrospectively and prospectively. Controls were reusable CL users, recruited prospectively, with any disorder other than AK. Multivariable analysis of questionnaire data measured independent risk factors for AK.ResultsThe current outbreak of AK started in 2010–2011 with an incidence threefold higher than in 2004–2009. Risk factors for AK were: Oxipol disinfection, CLs made of group IV CL materials, poor CL hygiene, deficient hand hygiene, use of CLs while swimming or bathing, being white British, and for those in social classes 4–9.ConclusionAK is a largely preventable disease. The current outbreak is unlikely to be due to any one of the identified risk factors in isolation. Improving CL and hand hygiene, avoiding CLs contamination with water and use of effective CL disinfection solutions, or daily disposable CLs, will reduce the incidence of AK. In the longer-term, water avoidance publicity for CL users can be expected to reduce the incidence further. Ongoing surveillance of AK numbers will identify changes in incidence earlier. Evaluation of Acanthamoeba contamination in end-user drinking water would contribute to our understanding of regional variations in the risk of exposure.
Impact of radiology reports on timely tuberculosis diagnosis
Authors: Dicks Kristen V , Holland David P , Allen Myra G , Fortenberry Ellen R , Luffman Julie , Zeringue Elizabeth , Wheeler Jennifer , Stout Jason E 
Published: September 2018

AbstractPurposeAs tuberculosis becomes less common in higher income countries, clinician familiarity with the disease is declining. Little is known about how chest radiograph interpretations affect tuberculosis care. We sought to determine how tuberculosis-related terminology in an initial chest radiograph reading impacted patient care.Study designWe examined a retrospective cohort of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in North Carolina from 1 January 2011 to 31 December 2014. Tuberculosis-related terminology was categorised into four mutually exclusive categories. The primary outcomes of interest were the time from the chest radiograph to (1) obtaining the first sputum specimen for acid-fast smear and mycobacterial culture, and (2) initiation of antituberculous treatment.ResultsOf 550 available chest radiograph reports, 175 (31.8%) contained the word ‘tuberculosis’, 30 (5.5%) contained the word ‘mycobacteria’ or ‘granulomatous’, 43 (7.8%) contained the word ‘cavity’, and 301 (54.7%) had none of the above terms mentioned. Patients with the word ‘tuberculosis’ in the radiology report had a significantly shorter time to collection of the initial sputum specimen for acid-fast smear and mycobacterial culture (median 2 days) and to the start of antituberculous treatment (median 4 days) than patients with none of the keywords. Use of the term ‘cavity’ in the report was associated with a shorter time to initiation of antituberculous treatment (median 4 days) than if none of the keywords were used.ConclusionChest radiograph reports that contained keywords for pulmonary tuberculosis, such as ‘tuberculosis’ or ‘cavity’, were associated with less time to collection of sputum and antituberculous treatment.
Impaired sensorimotor control of the hand in congenital absence of functional muscle spindles
Authors: Smith Lyndon J. , Norcliffe-Kaufmann Lucy , Palma Jose-Alberto , Kaufmann Horacio , Macefield Vaughan G. 
Published: September 2018

Patients with hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type III (HSAN III) exhibit marked ataxia, including gait disturbances. We recently showed that functional muscle spindle afferents in the leg, recorded via intraneural microelectrodes inserted into the peroneal nerve, are absent in HSAN III, although large-diameter cutaneous afferents are intact. Moreover, there is a tight correlation between loss of proprioceptive acuity at the knee and the severity of gait impairment. We tested the hypothesis that manual motor performance is also compromised in HSAN III, attributed to the predicted absence of muscle spindles in the intrinsic muscles of the hand. Manual performance in the Purdue pegboard task was assessed in 12 individuals with HSAN III and 11 age-matched healthy controls. The mean (±SD) pegboard score (number of pins inserted in 30 s) was 8.1 ± 1.9 and 8.6 ± 1.8 for the left and right hand, respectively, significantly lower than the scores for the controls (15.0 ± 1.3 and 16.0 ± 1.1; P < 0.0001). Performance was not improved after kinesiology tape was applied over the joints of the hand. In 5 patients we inserted a tungsten microelectrode into the ulnar nerve at the wrist. No spontaneous or stretch-evoked muscle afferent activity could be identified in any of the 11 fascicles supplying intrinsic muscles of the hand, whereas touch-evoked activity from low-threshold cutaneous mechanoreceptor afferents could readily be recorded from 4 cutaneous fascicles. We conclude that functional muscle spindles are absent in the short muscles of the hand and most likely absent in the long finger flexors and extensors, and that this largely accounts for the poor manual motor performance in HSAN III.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We describe the impaired manual motor performance in patients with hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type III (Riley-Day syndrome), who exhibit congenital insensitivity to pain, poor proprioception, and marked gait ataxia. We show that functional muscle spindles are absent in the intrinsic muscles of the hand, which we argue contributes to their poor performance in a task involving the precision grip.
Effects of swimming exercise on the extinction of fear memory in rats
Authors: Faria Rodolfo Souza , Bereta Álvaro Luiz Bianchim , Reis Guilherme Henrique Teixeira , Santos Lourdes Bethania Braga , Pereira Marcela Santos Gomes , Cortez Paulo José Oliveira , Dias Elayne Vieira , Moreira Dalmo Antônio Ribeiro , Trzesniak Clarissa , Sartori Cesar Renato 
Published: September 2018

We investigated the relation between swimming exercise and fear memory extinction. Rats that performed regular swimming exercise over 6 wk underwent fear conditioning. Twenty-eight days later, they were submitted to extinction tests. Swimming rats had enhanced extinction process throughout the 5 days of the extinction test compared with sedentary rats. This suggests that the swimming exercise accelerated the process of aversive memory extinction, reducing the expression of conditioned fear behavior. These results encourage further studies addressing the anxiolytic effects of exercise, with potential implications for anxiety disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We have shown that rats that performed regular swimming exercise over 6 wk had enhanced extinction process compared with sedentary animals. The swimming exercise may accelerate the process of aversive memory extinction, reducing the expression of conditioned fear behavior.
Heterozygosity of Chaperone Grp78 Reduces Intestinal Stem Cell Regeneration Potential and Protects against Adenoma Formation
Authors: van Lidth de Jeude Jooske F. , Spaan Claudia N. , Meijer Bartolomeus J. , Smit Wouter L. , Soeratram Tanya T.D. , Wielenga Mattheus C.B. , Westendorp B. Florien , Lee Amy S. , Meisner Sander , Vermeulen Jacqueline L.M. , Wildenberg Manon E. , van den Brink Gijs R. , Muncan Vanesa , Heijmans Jarom 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Deletion of endoplasmic reticulum resident chaperone Grp78 results in activation of the unfolded protein response and causes rapid depletion of the entire intestinal epithelium. Whether modest reduction of Grp78 may affect stem cell fate without compromising intestinal integrity remains unknown. Here, we employ a model of epithelial-specific, heterozygous Grp78 deletion by use of VillinCreERT2-Rosa26ZsGreen/LacZ-Grp78+/fl mice and organoids. We examine models of irradiation and tumorigenesis, both in vitro and in vivo. Although we observed no phenotypic changes in Grp78 heterozygous mice, Grp78 heterozygous organoid growth was markedly reduced. Irradiation of Grp78 heterozygous mice resulted in less frequent regeneration of crypts compared with nonrecombined (wild-type) mice, exposing reduced capacity for self-renewal upon genotoxic insult. We crossed mice to Apc-mutant animals for adenoma studies and found that adenomagenesis in Apc heterozygous-Grp78 heterozygous mice was reduced compared with Apc heterozygous controls (1.43 vs. 3.33; P &lt; 0.01). In conclusion, epithelium-specific Grp78 heterozygosity compromises epithelial fitness under conditions requiring expansive growth such as adenomagenesis or regeneration after γ-irradiation. These results suggest that Grp78 may be a therapeutic target in prevention of intestinal neoplasms without affecting normal tissue.
Significance: Heterozygous disruption of chaperone protein Grp78 reduces tissue regeneration and expansive growth and protects from tumor formation without affecting intestinal homeostasis. Cancer Res; 78(21); 6098–106. ©2018 AACR.
Fallopian Tube Lesions in Women at High Risk for Ovarian Cancer: A Multicenter Study
Authors: Visvanathan Kala , Shaw Patricia , May Betty J. , Bahadirli-Talbott Asli , Kaushiva Alpana , Risch Harvey , Narod Steven , Wang Tian-Li , Parkash Vinita , Vang Russell , Levine Douglas A. , Soslow Robert , Kurman Robert , Shih Ie-Ming 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
The prognosis of women diagnosed with invasive high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSC) is poor. More information about serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma (STIC) and serous tubal intraepithelial lesions (STIL), putative precursor lesions of HGSC, could inform prevention efforts. We conducted a multicenter study to identify risk/protective factors associated with STIC/STILs and characterize p53 signatures in the fallopian tube. The fallopian tubes and ovaries of 479 high-risk women ≥30 years of age who underwent bilateral risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy were reviewed for invasive cancer/STICs/STILs. Epidemiologic data was available for 400 of these women. In 105 women, extensive sampling of the tubes for STICs/STILs/p53 signatures were undertaken. Descriptive statistics were used to compare groups with and without lesions. The combined prevalence of unique tubal lesions [invasive serous cancer (n = 6) /STICs (n = 14)/STILs (n = 5)] was 6.3% and this was split equally among BRCA1 (3.0%) and BRCA2 mutation carriers (3.3%). A diagnosis of invasive cancer was associated with older age but no risk/protective factor was significantly associated with STICs/STILs. Extensive sampling identified double the number of STICs/STILs (11.9%), many p53 signatures (27.0%), and multiple lesions in 50% of the cases. Women with p53 signatures in the fimbria were older than women with signatures in the remaining tube (P = 0.03). STICs/STILs may not share the protective factors that are associated with HGSC. It is plausible that these factors are only associated with STICs that progress to HGSC. Having multiple lesions in the fimbria may be an important predictor of disease progression. Cancer Prev Res; 11(11); 697–706. ©2018 AACR.
A performance de Regina José Galindo: luta e resistência na América Latina
Authors: Fazzolari Cláudia 
Published: September 2018

Regina José Galindo, artista guatemalteca, tem orientado suas performances à proposição de zonas de conflito na mais recente memória política de seu país. Em sua errância caribenha, recupera no próprio corpo, a carga explosiva de situações que, pouco a pouco, contaminam todo o público. O contexto de La Verdad, projeto artístico resultante da anulação da sentença condenatória de Efrain Ríos Montt, pode ser compreendido como moção de repúdio da artista e gesto consciente de penalização. Para a performance, a criadora aciona, em um intervalo de quase hora e meia, a leitura dos testemunhos de mulheres sobreviventes do conflito armado vivido na Guatemala. Com dificuldade crescente, em virtude de anestésico aplicado em sua boca, entre pausas, Galindo descortina, página após página, um documento que contém os registros dos crimes praticados por ordem do ditador Ríos Montt. Com sua ação reelabora assim os atos de horror impostos às mulheres da etnia Ixil propondo uma revisão do trauma.
Brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) social interactions and their implications for bovine tuberculosis epidemiology
Authors: Rouco C. , Jewell C. , Richardson K.S. , French N.P. , Buddle B.M. , Tompkins D.M. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
The brushtail possum is the main reservoir of bovine tuberculosis in New Zealand. Disease prevalence is generally higher in males than in females. This has conventionally been assumed due to greater infection rates of males, but recent work has raised the hypothesis that it may instead be driven by survival differences. With bovine tuberculosis transmission among possums most likely occurring between individuals in close proximity, here we analyse social networks built on data from wild possums collared with contact loggers inhabiting a native New Zealand forest, to investigate whether there is mechanistic support for higher male infection rates. Our results revealed that adult female possums were generally just as connected with adult male possums as other adult males are, with male–female connection patterns not being significantly different. This result suggest that the new ‘survivorship’ hypothesis for the sex bias is more likely than the conventional ‘infection rate’ hypothesis.
Two new species of Tomentella (Thelephorales, Basidiomycota) from Lesser Xingan Mts., northeastern China
Authors: LU XU , MU YAN-HONG , YUAN HAI-SHENG 
Published: September 2018

Two new species of Tomentella from the Lesser Xingan Mts. of northeastern China, T. pallidocastanea and T. tenuirhizomorpha, are described and illustrated using morphological characteristics and molecular phylogenetic analysis. T. pallidocastanea is characterized by mucedinoid basidiocarps adherent to the substrate, a light reddish brown to pinkish grey hymenophoral surface, absence of rhizomorphs and cystidia, generative hyphae with clamps, rarely with simple septa and echinulate, and subglobose to lobed basidiospores (echinuli up to 1.5 μm long). T. tenuirhizomorpha is characterized by mucedinoid basidiocarps separable from the substrate, a greyish brown to dark brown hymenophoral surface, thin rhizomorphs in the subiculum and margins, an absence of cystidia, generative hyphae with clamps rarely with simple septa and echinulate, and subglobose to globose basidiospores (echinuli up to 1.5 μm long). Molecular analyses using Maximum Likelihood, Maximum Parsimony and Bayesian Analysis confirm the phylogenetic position of the two new species. The discriminating characters of these two new species and their closely related species are discussed in this study.
Effects of Wind Stress and Surface Cooling on Cross-Shore Exchange
Authors: Wu Xiaodong , Cahl Douglas , Voulgaris George 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe formation of coastal dense shelf water in winter provides the available potential energy (APE) to fuel baroclinic instability. The combined effects of baroclinic instability and wind forcing in driving cross-shelf exchange are investigated using idealized numerical simulations with varied bottom slope, wind stress, and heat loss rate. The results show that under upwelling-favorable winds, the intensity of the instability decreases as the wind stress increases. This is caused primarily by enhanced turbulence frictional dissipation. Under downwelling-favorable winds, an increase in wind stress and/or a decrease in heat loss rate tends to constrain the baroclinic instability, leading to a circulation resembling that driven purely by wind forcing. In the latter case, once a critical value of cross-shore density gradient is reached, isopycnal slumping is initiated, leading to increased vertical stratification and narrowing of the inner shelf. The change in depth of the inner-shelf outer boundary, defined as the location corresponding to the maximum cross-shore gradient of the surface Ekman transport, is proportional to an empirically derived multiparametric quantity , where a2 is a dimensional constant, B0 is a constant heat loss rate, γ = 0.43, f is the Coriolis parameter, α is the shelf slope, B is the heat loss rate, and τ is the wind stress. This relationship is found to hold for cases when instabilities are present.
Another Look at WIC’s Breastfeeding Data: State Totals Reveal More Than Regional Averages
Authors: Berkowitz Shari Salzhauer 
Published: September 2018

Background: Breastfeeding is known to be the most beneficial way of feeding infants, but 68% of the infants enrolled in the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children are fully formula fed. Mandated annual reports about breastfeeding aggregate data from the states into regions, which obscures important information. Research Aim: The aim of this study is to reexamine the data supplied by the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children to identify which areas of the United States have the lowest incidence of breastfeeding infants. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional observational study was conducted. Data from the Breastfeeding Data Local Agency Report were extracted, graphed, and analyzed. Results: Data provided from the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children for fiscal year 2016 show that the range of fully formula fed infants at the regional level is 60% to 78%, while at the state level the range is wider, at 51% to 89%. The states with the largest numbers of fully formula fed infants were Mississippi (89%), Louisiana (88%), Alabama (88%), and Arkansas (87%). When examining data from all 90 reporting agencies, the range of fully formula fed infants was 38% to 95%. Conclusions: Aggregating state, Native American nation, and territorial data at the regional level resulted in a loss of important information. WIC’s current breastfeeding interventions may be more effective in some areas than others. Future research can examine successful and unsuccessful interventions on a state or local level.
Volumetric voxelwise apparent diffusion coefficient histogram analysis for differentiation of the fourth ventricular tumors
Authors: Payabvash Seyedmehdi , Tihan Tarik , Cha Soonmee 
Published: September 2018

Purpose We applied voxelwise apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) histogram analysis in addition to structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings and patients’ age for differentiation of intraaxial posterior fossa tumors involving the fourth ventricle. Participants and methods Pretreatment MRIs of 74 patients with intraaxial brain neoplasm involving the fourth ventricle, from January 1, 2004 to December 31, 2015, were reviewed. The tumor solid components were segmented and voxelwise ADC histogram variables were determined. Histogram-driven variables, structural MRI findings, and patient age were combined to devise a differential diagnosis algorithm. Results The most common neoplasms were ependymomas ( n = 21), medulloblastoma ( n = 17), and pilocytic astrocytomas ( n = 13). Medulloblastomas followed by atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors had the lowest ADC histogram percentile values; whereas pilocytic astrocytomas and choroid plexus papillomas had the highest ADC histogram percentile values. In a multivariable multinominal regression analysis, the ADC 10th percentile value from voxelwise histogram was the only independent predictor of tumor type ( p < 0.001). In separate binary logistic regression analyses, the 10th percentile ADC value, tumor morphology, enhancement pattern, extension into Luschka/Magendie foramina, and patient age were predictors of different tumor types. Combining these variables, we devised a stepwise diagnostic model yielding 71% to 82% sensitivity, 91% to 95% specificity, 75% to 78% positive predictive value, and 89% to 95% negative predictive value for differentiation of ependymoma, medulloblastoma, and pilocytic astrocytoma. Conclusion We have shown how the addition of quantitative voxelwise ADC histogram analysis of the tumor solid component to structural findings and patient age can help with accurate differentiation of intraaxial posterior fossa neoplasms involving the fourth ventricle based on pretreatment MRI.