bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Plant diversity and community composition in temperate northeast Atlantic salt marshes are linked to nutrient concentrations
Authors: Penk Marcin R. , Perrin Philip M. , Kelly Ruth , O’Neill Fionnuala , Waldren Stephen 
Published: October 2019

AbstractQuestionStudies in the northwest Atlantic have shown that nutrient enrichment can severely impact salt marshes, undermining their broad range of high‐value ecosystem services. However, biogeographical differences in plant communities may preclude extrapolation of these findings to other regions. The few investigations of such impacts elsewhere, including in Europe, have been strongly localised, restricting generalisations, and have not addressed community‐level properties.LocationSouth and east coasts of Ireland (northeast Atlantic).MethodsWe conducted a field survey of vascular plants and soil properties in fifteen salt marshes representing broad environmental gradients but comparable biogeographical settings, to test if salt marsh plant (a) diversity and (b) community composition are related to soil nutrients.ResultsSpecies richness and Shannon diversity were both negatively related to soil NOx−, and Shannon diversity had a hump‐shaped relationship to labile P. Multivariate community composition was highly significantly related to NOx−, to a lesser degree to P, and marginally significantly to NH4+. This was most clearly evident in the positive association of the ground cover of an evergreen dwarf shrub, Atriplex portulacoides, and a weaker negative association of a forb, Plantago maritima, with NOx−, indicating competition between these key and functionally contrasting mid‐salt‐marsh species. The relationship between community composition and P was most evident through the positive association of P with the invasive cordgrass, Spartina anglica.ConclusionsPhysiognomic and functional differences between the herb‐rich Pl. maritima community and monospecific A. portulacoides stands likely have implications for ecosystem services, as would a continued expansion of S. anglica. Further studies to ascertain causality could determine whether such transitions can be driven by nutrient enrichment.
Lipocalin‐2—The myth of its expression and function
Authors: Li Dahui , Yan Sun Wai , Fu Bowen , Xu Aimin , Wang Yu 
Published: October 2019

AbstractLipocalin‐2 is a functional biomarker for acute and chronic kidney diseases, heart failure and obesity‐related medical complications. It is rapidly induced in epithelial cells under stress conditions, but constitutively produced from pre‐adipocytes and mature adipocytes. Measuring the lipocalin‐2 levels represents an effective approach for risk prediction, patient stratification and disease management. Nevertheless, due to ligand‐binding, post‐translational modification and protein‐protein interaction, lipocalin‐2 exists as multiple variants that elicit different pathophysiological functions. To characterize the specific structure‐functional relationships of lipocalin‐2 variants is critical for the development of biomarker assays with sufficient precision and reliability. Moreover, identifying the pathological forms of lipocalin‐2 will provide new therapeutic targets and treatment approaches for obesity‐related complications.
The effect of two selective A1‐receptor agonists and the bitopic ligand VCP746 on heart rate and regional vascular conductance in conscious rats
Authors: Cooper Samantha L. , March Julie , Sabbatini Andrea R. , Hill Stephen J. , Jörg Manuela , Scammells Peter J. , Woolard Jeanette 
Published: October 2019

Background and PurposeAdenosine is a local mediator that regulates physiological and pathological processes via activation of four GPCRs (A1, A2A, A2B, and A3). We have investigated the effect of two A1‐receptor‐selective agonists and the novel A1‐receptor bitopic ligand VCP746 on the rat cardiovascular system.Experimental ApproachThe regional haemodynamic responses of these agonist was investigated in conscious rats. Male Sprague–Dawley rats (350–450 g) were chronically implanted with pulsed Doppler flow probes on the renal, mesenteric arteries and the descending abdominal aorta and the jugular vein and caudal artery catheterized. Cardiovascular responses were measured following intravenous infusion (3 min each dose) of CCPA (120, 400, and 1,200 ng·kg−1·min−1), capadenoson or adenosine (30, 100, and 300 μg·kg−1·min−1), or VCP746 (6, 20, and 60 μg·kg−1·min−1) following pre‐dosing with DPCPX (0.1 mg·kg−1, i.v.) or vehicle.Key ResultsCCPA produced a significant A1‐receptor‐mediated decrease in heart rate that was accompanied by vasoconstrictions in the renal and mesenteric vascular beds but an increase in hindquarters vascular conductance. The partial agonist capadenoson also produced an A1‐receptor‐mediated bradycardia. In contrast, VCP746 produced increases in heart rate and renal and mesenteric vascular conductance that were not mediated by A1‐receptors. In vitro studies confirmed that VCP746 had potent agonist activity at both A2A‐ and A2B‐receptors.Conclusions and ImplicationsThese results suggest VCP746 mediates its cardiovascular effects via activation of A2 rather than A1 adenosine receptors. This has implications for the design of future bitopic ligands that incorporate A1 allosteric ligand moieties.
Management of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding: Comparison of guidelines between Japan and other countries
Authors: Ohmiya Naoki 
Published: October 2019

Small‐bowel bleeding accounts for the majority of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding, but it is caused by various types of small bowel disease, upper gastrointestinal disease, and colorectal disease. For the diagnosis, history taking and physical examination are required, leading to a determination of what diseases are involved. Next, cross‐sectional imaging, such as computed tomography, should be carried out, followed by the latest enteroscopy such as small bowel capsule endoscopy and deep enteroscopy according to the severity of hemorrhage and patient condition. After a comprehensive diagnosis, medical, enteroscopic, or surgical treatment should be selected. This article reviews recent advances in the endoscopic diagnosis of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding and compares perspectives of the management of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding in Japan with that in other countries.
Hypoglycaemia leads to a delayed increase in platelet and coagulation activation markers in people with type 2 diabetes treated with metformin only: Results from a stepwise hypoglycaemic clamp study
Authors: Aberer Felix , Pferschy Peter N. , Tripolt Norbert J. , Sourij Caren , Obermayer Anna M , Prüller Florian , Novak Eva , Reitbauer Philipp , Kojzar Harald , Prietl Barbara , Kofler Selina , Brunner Martina , Svehlikova Eva , Stojakovic Tatjana , Scharnagl Hubert , Oulhaj Abderrahim , Aziz Faisal , Riedl Regina , Sourij Harald 
Published: October 2019

AbstractAimsTo investigate the effect of hypoglycaemia on platelet and coagulation activation in people with type 2 diabetes.Materials and methodsThis monocentric, open, single‐arm, mechanistic trial included 14 people with established type 2 diabetes (four women, 10 men, age 55 ± 7 years, glycated haemoglobin concentration 51 ± 7 mmol/mol) receiving metformin monotherapy. A stepwise hyperinsulinaemic‐hypoglycaemic clamp experiment (3.5 and 2.5 mmol/L, for 30 minutes respectively) was performed, aiming to investigate platelet and coagulation activity during predefined plateaus of hypoglycaemia, as well as 1 day and 7 days later.ResultsWhile platelet activation assessed by light transmittance aggregometry did not significantly increase after the hypoglycaemic clamp procedure, the more sensitive flow cytometry‐based measurement of platelet surface activation markers showed hypoglycaemia‐induced activation 24 hours (PAC1posCD62Ppos, PAC1posCD63Ppos and PAC1posCD62PposCD63pos; P < .01) and 7 days after the hypoglycaemic clamp (P < .001 for PAC1posCD63pos; P < .01 for PAC1posCD62Ppos and PAC1posCD62PposCD63pos) in comparison to baseline. Coagulation markers, such as fibrinogen, D‐dimer, plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1, von Willebrand factor activity and factor VIII, were also significantly increased, an effect that was most pronounced 24 hours after the hypoglycaemic clamp.ConclusionA single event of insulin‐induced hypoglycaemia led to an increase in markers of platelet activation and coagulation in people with early stages of type 2 diabetes on metformin therapy. However, the activation occurred with a delay and was evident 24 hours and 7 days after the actual hypoglycaemic episode.
Commodity option pricing efficiency before Black, Scholes, and Merton
Authors: Chambers David , Saleuddin Rasheed 
Published: October 2019

AbstractIt is often thought that the arrival of the Black–Scholes–Merton (BSM) model of option pricing in the early 1970s allowed traders to understand how to price and value options with greater precision. However, our study suggests that interwar commodity options traders may have been able to intuit ‘fair’ value and to adjust their prices to changes in the market environment well before the advent of this innovative model. A scarcity of historical price data has limited empirical tests of option price efficiency well before BSM to studies of stock options in the 1870s and the early twentieth century which revealed contrasting findings. This study deals with option pricing in a different market—commodities—during the interwar period. We conclude that option prices were closer to their BSM theoretical values than prior studies suggest. Institutional differences between interwar commodity options markets and stock options markets in the 1870s and the early twentieth century may partly account for this result. Furthermore, we find that interwar option prices were no more mispriced than in modern times, and were as sensitive to changes in volatility—the key valuation parameter in the BSM model.
Female adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) show higher levels of anxiety‐like behavior than males, but do not differ in learning and memory capacity
Authors: Fontana Barbara D. , Cleal Madeleine , Parker Matthew O. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractZebrafish (Danio rerio) are widely used as a translational model for human neuropsychiatric conditions. Many studies have not considered sex differences in their analyses. Here, we studied sex differences of adult zebrafish in two behavioral domains: Anxiety and Memory. To assess whether sex influences anxiety‐like responses, we used two different behavioral protocols, the novel tank diving task and the light–dark test. To assess sex differences in learning and memory tasks, we explored two memory domains, short‐term spatial memory (free movement pattern Y‐maze task) and short‐term fear memory (Pavlovian fear‐conditioning task). Although we did not find any significant difference in learning and memory tasks, female zebrafish showed robust increases in anxiety‐like behavioral endpoints in both anxiety tests. Overall, our data suggest that zebrafish is a sensitive model to work with sex differences when modeling anxiety‐related disorders and this should be an important factor to consider in different experimental designs.
Positive response to galcanezumab following treatment failure to onabotulinumtoxinA in patients with migraine: post hoc analyses of three randomized double‐blind studies
Authors: Ailani J. , Pearlman E. , Zhang Q. , Nagy A. J. , Schuh K. , Aurora S. K. 
Published: October 2019

Background and purposeHumanized monoclonal antibody galcanezumab, which binds to calcitonin‐gene‐related peptide, has shown efficacy for episodic and chronic migraine prevention. These analyses evaluated galcanezumab response for migraine headache prevention in patients who previously failed onabotulinumtoxinA (‘nonresponse’ or ‘inadequate response’ or safety reasons).MethodsPost hoc analyses included data from three double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, phase 3 episodic or chronic migraine studies; 2886 patients randomly received 120 or 240 mg galcanezumab or placebo. During double‐blind periods the study drug was administered subcutaneously once a month for 6 months in EVOLVE‐1 and ‐2 and for 3 months in REGAIN. The 120 mg groups received a 240 mg loading dose at month 1. Pooled analyses included 129 patients who failed onabotulinumtoxinA. Using mixed effect model repeat measurements, the least squares mean change from baseline in the number of migraine headache days (MHDs) was calculated for the first 3 months of treatment.ResultsFor pooled analyses, significant decreases from baseline in the number of MHDs were observed for 120 mg (−3.91) and 240 mg (−5.27) galcanezumab overall versus placebo (−0.88) across 3‐month time points for patients who failed onabotulinumtoxinA. Corresponding data for patients with chronic migraine showed significant decreases: 120 mg (−3.18) and 240 mg (−4.26) galcanezumab versus placebo (0.16). Significant reductions in the number of MHDs per month with acute medication use included 120 mg galcanezumab (−4.35) and 240 mg galcanezumab (−4.55) versus placebo (−0.83). Estimates of ≥50% response during months 1–3 were 9.4% for placebo, 41.3% for 120 mg galcanezumab and 47.5% for 240 mg galcanezumab.ConclusionGalcanezumab is an option for prevention of migraine in patients who have previously failed onabotulinumtoxinA preventive therapy.
Distribution pattern of Termitomyces types symbiotic with the fungus‐growing termite Odontotermes formosanus on Okinawa Island
Authors: Hojo Masaru 
Published: October 2019

AbstractFungus‐growing termites (subfamily Macrotermitinae) cultivate the symbiotic basidiomycete fungus Termitomyces in their fungus comb to digest cellulosic materials and to supply nitrogen‐rich fungal diet. In Japan, the fungus‐growing termite Odontotermes formosanus is found on the Yaeyama Islands and Okinawa Island, Okinawa Prefecture. Odontotermes formosanus is thought to have been recently and artificially introduced to Okinawa Island as its distribution is discontinuous and restricted to small areas. Previous DNA analyses revealed that two types of Termitomyces, namely Termitomyces sp. Type A and Termitomyces sp. Type B, whose fruiting bodies correspond to Termitomyces microcarpus‐like pseudorhiza‐lacking small mushroom and Termitomyces intermedius, respectively, are cultivated by O. formosanus on the Yaeyama Islands. However, information about the Termitomyces types cultivated by O. formosanus on Okinawa Island is limited. To define the fungal types cultivated by O. formosanus on Okinawa Island, I developed a diagnostic polymerase chain reaction method using primer sets specific to the nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences consisting of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) and 5.8S rDNA of Termitomyces not using fungal mycelium, but using the termite gut metagenome including fungal DNA as a template. The results indicated that the same two Termitomyces types from Iriomote Island are cultivated by O. formosanus on Okinawa Island. The distribution pattern of Termitomyces types on Okinawa Island showed that Termitomyces sp. Type A is limited to the mountainous side of Sueyoshi Park, despite Termitomyces sp. Type B being widely distributed in the area in which O. formosanus is found. This finding implies that O. formosanus on Okinawa Island was recently introduced from Iriomote Island to Sueyoshi Park.
Radiographic tracheal lumen to vertebral ratios in the normal American Miniature Horse
Authors: Every L. J. , Hostnik E. T. , Hostnik L. D. , Yardley J. , Shore‐Khirallah A. T. , Thompson A. , Linn S. C. 
Published: October 2019

SummaryBackgroundTracheal collapse in horses is reportedly uncommon; however, American Miniature Horses are more commonly affected. There is no description of the tracheal luminal diameter of American Miniature Horses, making early detection of tracheal luminal narrowing difficult.ObjectivesTo 1) describe radiographic tracheal luminal diameter in clinically normal American Miniature Horses, 2) report the prevalence of subclinical tracheal collapse in a population of American Miniature Horses, and 3) use tracheal videofluoroscopy to quantify variation in tracheal luminal diameter throughout the respiratory cycle in horses with no clinical respiratory disease.Study designDescriptive observational reference interval study.MethodsThirty‐four American Miniature Horses with no reported history of respiratory illness were recruited. Lateral cervical and thoracic radiographs were obtained in unsedated standing horses. Dynamic fluoroscopic images were obtained of the cervical and thoracic trachea throughout the respiratory cycle. Horses were then sedated as needed and tracheoscopy was performed. Twenty‐nine horses were categorised as normal, and five horses were categorised as subclinically affected based on 25% or greater tracheal narrowing using tracheoscopy for visual assessment. Radiographic tracheal lumen to vertebral body measurements were obtained throughout the cervical and thoracic trachea. Maximum and minimum fluoroscopic tracheal diameter at each site throughout the respiratory cycle was recorded.ResultsA mean, median, 95% confidence interval and bootstrapped 95% reference interval of radiographic tracheal diameter to vertebral body ratios were generated in normal horses. The prevalence of subclinical tracheal collapse in this population of American Miniature Horses is 14.7%.Main limitationsBootstrapped reference range was generated from 29 horses.ConclusionsRadiographic tracheal measurements and ratios of the tracheal diameter to vertebral body in the normal American Miniature Horse are described herein and can be used as a guideline when screening for tracheal disease in American Miniature Horses. The prevalence of subclinical tracheal collapse in American Miniature Horses may be higher than previously reported.
SATB2 protein expression by immunohistochemistry is a sensitive and specific marker of appendiceal and rectosigmoid well differentiated neuroendocrine tumours
Authors: Hoskoppal Deepthi , Epstein Jonathan I , Gown Allen M , Arnold Egloff Shanna A , Gordetsky Jennifer B , Shi Chanjuan J , Giannico Giovanna A 
Published: October 2019

AimsNeuroendocrine neoplasms (NNs) range from well to poorly differentiated and indolent to highly aggressive. The site of origin in metastatic NNs has therapeutic and prognostic implications. SATB2 is a transcriptional regulator involved in osteoblastic and neuronal differentiation and is a sensitive and specific marker of colorectal epithelium. This study aimed to evaluate the expression of SATB2 in NNs from various primary sites and its utility as a marker in determining the site of origin of these neoplasms.Methods and resultsSATB2 immunohistochemistry was performed on 266 NNs, including lung small cell carcinomas (n = 39) and carcinoids (n = 30), bladder (n = 21) and prostate (n = 31) small cell carcinomas, and gastrointestinal (GI)/pancreatic NNs of various primary sites (n = 145) consisting of well‐differentiated neuroendocrine tumours (WDNET)s (n = 124) and poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas (PDNEC)s (n = 21). SATB2 was expressed in prostatic (10 of 31, 32%) and bladder (eight of 21, 38%) small cell carcinomas, lung carcinoid tumours (one of 30, 3%), and lung small cell carcinomas (eight of 39, 21%). Among primary GI NNs, SATB2 was expressed in 37 of 124 (30%) WDNETs and four of 21 (19%) PDNECs. Of the former, 15 of 15 (100%) rectal/rectosigmoid and 22 of 22 (100%) appendiceal neoplasms expressed SATB2. Using receiver operator characteristic analysis, SATB2 was a sensitive and specific marker for rectal (100.0%, 80.0%) and appendiceal (100.0%, 84.5%) WDNETs, respectively.ConclusionsIn summary, SATB2 is a sensitive and specific marker for rectal/rectosigmoid and appendiceal WDNETs, and may represent a useful diagnostic tool when these sites of origin are considered in the differential diagnosis.
Tailoring subtractive cell biopanning to identify diffuse gastric adenocarcinoma‐associated antigens via human scFv antibodies
Authors: Mehdipour Tayebeh , Tohidkia Mohammad R. , Ata Saei Amir , Kazemi Amir , Khajeh Shirin , Rahim Rahimi Ali A. , Nikfarjam Sepideh , Farhadi Mehrdad , Halimi Monireh , Soleimani Ramin , Zubarev Roman A. , Nouri Mohammad 
Published: October 2019

SummaryAmong various solid tumours, gastric cancer (GC) is one of the leading causes of cancer‐related deaths worldwide. Expansion into the peritoneal cavity, which results from dissemination of diffuse cancer cells, is the main cause of mortality in gastric adenocarcinoma patients. Therefore, investigation of putative biomarkers involved in metastasis is prerequisite for GC management. In an effort to discover potential tumour markers associated with peritoneal metastasis of GC, a semi‐synthetic human scFv library (Tomlinson I) was used to isolate novel antibody fragments recognizing MKN‐45, a poorly differentiated diffuse gastric adenocarcinoma cell line. Four rounds of subtractive selection each consisting of extensive pre‐absorption of phage library with NIH‐3T3 murine embryonic fibroblasts and AGS (a well‐differentiated intestinal gastric adenocarcinoma) cell line were carried out prior to positive selection on MKN‐45 target cells. ELISA‐based screening of 192 phage‐displayed scFv clones indicated 21 high‐affinity binders with specific staining of MKN‐45 compared with AGS cells. Diversity analysis of the selected phage‐scFvs resulted in five distinct sequences with multiple frequency. Further analysis by ELISA and flow cytometry verified three clones that specifically recognized MKN‐45 cells. Liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry analysis of the scFv‐immunoprecipitated proteins has led to identification of c‐Met, HSP90 α and HSP90 β as candidate biomarkers associated with diffuse GC. Immunohistochemistry revealed the capability of purified scFvs to differentiate diffuse and intestinal gastric adenocarcinoma. Taken together, the isolated MKN‐45‐specific scFv fragments and their cognate antigens would be beneficial in screening and management as well as targeting and therapy of the diffuse gastric adenocarcinoma.
Early classroom reading gains moderate shared environmental influences on reading comprehension in adolescence
Authors: Taylor Jeanette , Erbeli Florina , Hart Sara A. , Johnson Wendy 
Published: October 2019

BackgroundReading is important for children's success in school and beyond, yet many adolescents fail to reach expected levels of proficiency. This highlights the need to better understand the factors that influence reading effectiveness over time, including genes and environment. Greater expression of genetic influence on first‐ and second‐grade reading fluency has been observed in higher quality classroom reading environments. To what degree this early environment continues to influence genetic and other environmental influences on later reading is unknown and was tested in this study.MethodsThe quality of the early classroom reading environment was approximated by gains in oral reading fluency (ORF) across the school year among first‐ or second‐grade classmates of 546 MZ and 1,016 DZ twin children (mean age = 7.13 years; SD = 0.45) who had reading comprehension scores from a state‐wide mandatory test in school year 2013–2014 when most twin pairs were in seventh to tenth grade (mean age = 14.41; SD = 1.13) in a variable called Class ORF Gain. Biometrical models were fit to the data to assess whether Class ORF Gain moderated the genetic, shared environmental and/or nonshared environmental variance associated with adolescent reading comprehension.ResultsClass ORF Gain moderated shared environmental influences on reading comprehension 6–9 years later. When early classroom reading gains were poor, variability in reading comprehension in adolescence was high and was associated largely with shared environmental influences. When early classroom reading gains were good, overall and shared environmentally influenced variability in adolescent reading comprehension was lower so that genetic influences were most relevant in explaining that variability.ConclusionsOur findings suggested that classroom reading environment experienced when children were learning to read had a lasting influence on the factors underlying variability in later reading effectiveness.