bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The far right as social movement
Authors: Castelli Gattinara Pietro , Pirro Andrea L. P. 
Published: July 2018

ABSTRACT
The literature on the far right is trying to connect with social movement studies. Scholars from different social scientific backgrounds are increasingly acknowledging that extra-parliamentary grassroots activism is part of the alliance and conflict structure of nativist collective actors. The recent rise in far-right street politics – or, precisely, its re-emergence with seemingly different clothes – should encourage the study of the inter-relations between party and non-party collective actors. As a case in point, the far right not only includes political parties geared towards elections and public office but also social movements or ‘networks of networks’ that aim to mobilise public support, and a conglomeration of subcultural groups and groupuscules. By putting forward a three-part metric to analyse mobilisation factors at the macro, meso, and micro levels, this piece and the Special Issue it introduces bring the (inter-)relations between far-right parties, movements, and subcultures frontstage, and elaborate on nativist collective action across different arenas of contention.
Nutritional intake and body composition changes in a UCI World Tour cycling team during the Tour of Spain
Authors: Muros José Joaquín , Sánchez‐Muñoz Cristóbal , Hoyos Jesús , Zabala Mikel 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe aim of this study was to quantify the food intake of an International Cyclist Union (UCI) World Tour professional cyclist team and to analyse changes in body composition during the Tour of Spain. Nine male professional road cyclists (31.3 ± 3.0 years) volunteered to participate in the study. Nutritional data were collected each day throughout the 3‐week Tour by two trained investigators who weighed the food ingested by the cyclists. Mean nutritional intake of the cyclists was as follows: carbohydrate, 12.5 ± 1.8 g/kg/day of body weight (BW) (65.0 ± 5.9%); fat, 1.5 ± 0.5 g/kg/day BW (17.9 ± 5.6%); and protein, 3.3 ± 0.3 g/kg/day BW (17.1 ± 1.6%). Intake of all micronutrients, except for folate, vitamin D and potassium (which were 78.7%, 46% and 84% of Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA), respectively), exceeded the RDA. Height, weight, skinfolds, circumferences and diameters were taken following the guidelines outlined by the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry. Body density, body fat percentage, muscle mass, total muscle mass and fat mass of the arms and thighs were calculated. Percentage body fat, fat mass and upper arm fat mass significantly decreased (p <. 05) after the Tour independent of the equation method used in the calculations. Total muscle mass remained unchanged. Generally, this sample of cyclists consumed more protein and less fat than the recommended amount and had low weight, BMI and fat mass. It is suggested that sports nutritionists design personalised diets in order to maintain a correct proportion of nutrients as well as controlling possible anthropometrical changes that could affect performance.
Larger strength losses and muscle activation deficits in plantar flexors induced by backward downhill in reference to distance‐matched forward uphill treadmill walk
Authors: Girard Olivier , Banzet Sébastien , Koulmann Nathalie , Chennaoui Mounir , Drogou Catherine , Chalabi Hakim , Racinais Sébastien 
Published: July 2018

AbstractWe tested the hypothesis that backward downhill walking (eccentric component) impairs both voluntary activation and muscle contractile properties in the plantar flexors and delays recovery as compared to a gradient and distance‐matched uphill walk. Fourteen males performed two 30‐min walking exercises (velocity: 1 m/ s; grade: 25%; load: 12% of body weight), one downhill (DW) and one uphill (UP), in a counterbalanced order, separated by 6 weeks. Neuromuscular test sessions were performed before, after, 24‐, 48‐ and 72‐h post‐exercise, including motor nerve stimulations during brief (5 s) and sustained (1 min) maximal isometric voluntary contractions of the plantar flexors. DW (−18.1 ± 11.1%, P < .001), but not UP (−6.0 ± 7.7%, P =.15), decreased torque production during brief contractions for at least three days post‐exercise (P < .05). Voluntary activation during brief contractions decreased after DW (P < .05), but not UP, and recovered by 24 h. Both UP (−9.3 ± 9.0%, P = .024) and DW (−25.6 ± 10.3%, P < .001) decreased torque production during sustained contractions but voluntary activation (P = .001) was lower in DW than UP. Peak twitch torque and maximum rates of torque development and relaxation were equally reduced after UP and DW (P < .05), and recovered by 24 h. DW induced an increase in muscle soreness with peak values observed 48 h post‐walking (P < .001), whereas post‐UP exercise changes were non‐significant (all P > .05). Using a direct comparison, the capacity to drive the plantar flexors during sustained contractions remains sub‐optimal during the three‐day recovery period in response to non‐exhaustive, downhill backward walking in reference to an uphill exercise matched for distance covered.
Renormalization Group Realism: The Ascent of Pessimism
Authors: Ruetsche Laura 
Published: July 2018

AbstractOne realist response to the pessimistic meta-induction distinguishes idle theoretical wheels from aspects of successful theories we can expect to persist and espouses realism about the latter. Implementing the response requires a strategy for identifying the distinguished aspects. The strategy I will call renormalization group realism has the virtue of directly engaging the gears of our best current physics—perturbative quantum field theories. I argue that the strategy, rather than disarming the skeptical possibilities evinced by the pessimistic meta-induction, forces them to retreat a level. I also suggest that those skeptical possibilities continue to carry force.
Optogenetics, Pluralism, and Progress
Authors: Sullivan Jacqueline Anne 
Published: July 2018

AbstractOptogenetic techniques are described as “revolutionary” for the unprecedented causal control they allow neuroscientists to exert over neural activity in awake-behaving animals. In this article, I demonstrate by means of a case study that optogenetic techniques will only illuminate causal links between the brain and behavior to the extent that their error characteristics are known and, further, that determining these error characteristics requires (1) comparison of optogenetic techniques with techniques having well-known error characteristics (methodological pluralism) and (2) consideration of the broader neural and behavioral context in which the targets of optogenetic interventions are situated (perspectival pluralism).
Animal Cognition and Human Values
Authors: Birch Jonathan 
Published: July 2018

AbstractAnimal welfare scientists face an acute version of the problem of inductive risk since they must choose whether to affirm attributions of mental states to animals in advisory contexts, knowing their decisions hold consequences for animal welfare. In such contexts, the burden of proof should be sensitive to the consequences of error, but a framework for setting appropriate burdens of proof is lacking. Through reflection on two cases—pain and cognitive enrichment—I arrive at a tentative framework based on the principle of expected welfare maximization. I then discuss the limitations of this framework and the questions it leaves open.
The Burning Library: The Paperback Revolution and the End of the Book in 1960s France
Authors: Smith Douglas 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
In the mid-1960s, the paperback book became the object of intense intellectual debate in France, welcomed by some as a vehicle of cultural democratization and denounced by others as a vector of consumerist commodification. The debate was symptomatic of a wider crisis in print culture, whose centrality was called into question by three developments: the growth of an audiovisual mass culture; the challenge of experimental fiction; and the critique of the book as a model of knowledge in philosophy and literary criticism. Within these contexts, the paperback was construed as both the nemesis and the saviour of the traditional book. Its chief opponent was Hubert Damisch, whose phonocentric critique of the technological mediation of culture betrayed an anxiety about the impact of such mediation on the status of traditional cultural arbiters. For Maurice Blanchot, however, the identification of the paperback with technological mass culture as opposed to a traditional print-based high culture obscured a more fundamental opposition: that between an establishment culture of assimilation and the radical contestation of art. Often expressed in the imagery of fire, it is ultimately the complex confrontation between culture and art that is revealed in the ambivalent response to the paperback.
Congress of Neurological Surgeons Systematic Review and Evidence-Based Guidelines on the Evaluation and Treatment of Patients with Thoracolumbar Spine Trauma: Surgical Approaches
Authors: Anderson Paul A , Raksin P B , Arnold Paul M , Chi John H , Dailey Andrew T , Dhall Sanjay S , Eichholz Kurt M , Harrop James S , Hoh Daniel J , Qureshi Sheeraz , Rabb Craig H , Kaiser Michael G , O’Toole John E 
Published: July 2018

Abstract

QUESTION
Does the choice of surgical approach (anterior, posterior, or combined anterior-posterior) improve clinical outcomes in patients with thoracic and lumbar fractures?

RECOMMENDATIONS
In the surgical treatment of patients with thoracolumbar burst fractures, physicians may use an anterior, posterior, or a combined approach as the selection of approach does not appear to impact clinical or neurological outcomes.
Strength of Recommendation: Grade B
With regard to radiologic outcomes in the surgical treatment of patients with thoracolumbar fractures, physicians may utilize an anterior, posterior, or combined approach because there is conflicting evidence in the comparison among approaches.
Strength of Recommendation: Grade Insufficient
With regard to complications in the surgical treatment of patients with thoracolumbar fractures, physicians may use an anterior, posterior, or combined approach because there is conflicting evidence in the comparison among approaches.
Strength of Recommendation: Grade Insufficient
The full version of the guideline can be reviewed at: https://www.cns.org/guideline-chapters/congress-neurological-surgeons-systematic-review-evidence-based-guidelines/chapter_11.
Neurosurgical patterns of care for diffuse low-grade gliomas in Sweden between 2005 and 2015
Authors: Carstam Louise , Smits Anja , Milos Peter , Corell Alba , Henriksson Roger , Bartek Jiri , Jakola Asgeir Store 
Published: July 2018

Abstract

Background
In the last decade, increasing evidence has evolved for early and maximal safe resection of diffuse low-grade gliomas (LGGs) regarding survival. However, changes in clinical practice are known to occur slowly and we do not know if the scientific evidence has yet resulted in changes in neurosurgical patterns of care.

Methods
The Swedish Brain Tumor Registry was used to identify all patients with a first-time histopathological diagnosis of LGG between 2005 and 2015. For analysis of surgical treatment patterns, we subdivided assessed time periods into 2005-2008, 2009-2012, and 2013-2015. Population-based data on patient and disease characteristics, surgical management, and outcomes were extracted.

Results
A total of 548 patients with diffuse World Health Organization grade II gliomas were identified: 142 diagnosed during 2005-2008, 244 during 2009-2012, and 162 during 2013-2015. Resection as opposed to biopsy was performed in 64.3% during 2005-2008, 74.2% during 2009-2012, and 74.1% during 2013-2015 (P = .08). There was no difference among the 3 periods regarding overall survival (P = .11). However, post hoc analysis of data from the 4 (out of 6) centers that covered all 3 time periods demonstrated a resection rate of 64.3% during 2005-2008, 77.4% during 2009-2012, and 75.4% during 2013-2015 (P = .02) and longer survival of patients diagnosed 2009 and onward (P = .04).

Conclusion
In this nationwide, population-based study we observed a shift over time in favor of LGG resection. Further, a positive correlation between the more active surgical strategy and longer survival is shown, although no causality can be claimed because of possible confounding factors.
Estimating energy expenditure from wrist and thigh accelerometry in free-living adults: a doubly labelled water study
Authors: White Tom , Westgate Kate , Hollidge Stefanie , Venables Michelle , Olivier Patrick , Wareham Nick , Brage Soren 
Published: July 2018

AbstractBackgroundMany large studies have implemented wrist or thigh accelerometry to capture physical activity, but the accuracy of these measurements to infer Activity Energy Expenditure (AEE) and consequently Total Energy Expenditure (TEE) has not been demonstrated. The purpose of this study was to assess the validity of acceleration intensity at wrist and thigh sites as estimates of AEE and TEE under free-living conditions using a gold-standard criterion.MethodsMeasurements for 193 UK adults (105 men, 88 women, aged 40-66 years, BMI 20.4-36.6 kg·m-2) were collected with triaxial accelerometers worn on the dominant wrist, non-dominant wrist and thigh in free-living conditions for 9-14 days. In a subsample (50 men, 50 women) TEE was simultaneously assessed with doubly labelled water (DLW). AEE was estimated from non-dominant wrist using an established estimation model, and novel models were derived for dominant wrist and thigh in the non-DLW subsample. Agreement with both AEE and TEE from DLW was evaluated by mean bias, Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) and Pearson correlation.ResultsMean TEE and AEE derived from DLW was 11.6 (2.3) MJ·day-1 and 49.8 (16.3) kJ·day-1·kg-1. Dominant and non-dominant wrist acceleration were highly correlated in free-living (r=0.93), but less so with thigh (r=0.73 and 0.66, respectively). Estimates of AEE were 48.6 (11.8) kJ·day-1·kg-1 from dominant wrist, 48.6 (12.3) from non-dominant wrist, and 46.0 (10.1) from thigh; these agreed strongly with AEE (RMSE ~12.2 kJ·day-1·kg-1, r ~0.71) with small mean biases at the population level (~6%). Only the thigh estimate bias was statistically significantly different from the criterion. When combining these AEE estimates with estimated REE, agreement was stronger with the criterion (RMSE ~1.0 MJ·day-1, r ~0.90). Conclusions: In UK adults, acceleration measured at either wrist or thigh can be used to estimate population levels of AEE and TEE in free-living conditions with high precision.
Conflict of evolutionary interests between plants and pollinators revealed through functional exploration of flower morphospace
Authors: Peng Foen , Campos Eric O. , Sullivan Joseph Garret , Berry Nathan , Song Bo Bin , Daniel Thomas L. , Bradshaw H. D. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe explosive evolutionary diversification of flowering plants traditionally is attributed to the coevolution of plants and their animal pollinators. Plant-pollinator interactions are held as classical examples of mutualisms – beneficial to both parties – in spite of the fact that most other cases of rapid coevolution are the result of conflicts of interest (e.g., predator-prey, host-parasite, sexual conflict, competition for resources). Could the co-diversification of plants and their pollinators be driven by conflict rather than by mutualism? To address this question, we employed the theoretical morphospace paradigm using a combination of 3D printing, electronic sensing, and machine vision technologies to determine the influence of two flower morphological features (corolla curvature and nectary diameter) on the fitness of both parties: the artificial flower and its hawkmoth pollinator. We found that the two parties have almost opposite interests in corolla curvature evolution, with non-overlapping fitness peaks in flower morphospace, suggesting that the evolutionary radiation of flowering plants and their pollinators could be the result of conflict instead of mutualism.
Demographic determinants of biometric heritability
Authors: Barthold Julia A. , Plard Floriane , Gaillard Jean-Michel , Coulson Tim , Tuljapurkar Shripad 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe response of quantitative characters to selection depends on their transmission from parents to offspring. A common estimate of this transmission is the biometric heritability defined as the slope of the regression of offspring phenotype on same-aged mid-parent phenotype (i.e. the ratio of the phenotypic parent-offspring covariance over the parental phenotypic variance). This slope is often interpreted as the percentage of phenotypic variation due to additive genetic effects after accounting for confounding factors such as environment, litter or parental effects. However, researchers seldom account for the possible influence of selection on this estimate. Here we study the effect on biometric heritability of fertility and viability selection, as well as phenotype ontogeny (growth) and inheritance from parents to offspring. We present exact formulas for the elasticities of biometric heritability in age-phenotype-structured integral projection models (IPMs), and illustrate these for two iteroparous long-lived species. We find that both viability and fertility selection can strongly affect heritability, mediated by growth and inheritance. Generally, demographic processes that result in parents reproducing at large phenotypes, regardless of their own birth phenotype, decrease heritability. Analysed at equilibrium, our models imply that a heritable character can show no response to selection, if parental phenotypes affect offspring phenotypes and if phenotypes develop with age. Our results further highlight the importance of accounting for demographic processes when estimating heritability.
Lipids are the preferred substrate of the protistNaegleria gruberi, relative of a human brain pathogen
Authors: Bexkens Michiel L. , Zimorski Verena , Sarink Maarten J. , Wienk Hans , Brouwers Jos F. , De Jonckheere Johan F. , Martin William F. , Opperdoes Fred R. , van Hellemond Jaap J. , Tielens Aloysius G.M. 
Published: July 2018

SUMMARYNaegleria gruberiis a free-living non-pathogenic amoeboflagellate and relative ofNaegleria fowleri, a deadly pathogen causing primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM). A genomic analysis ofN. gruberiexists, but physiological evidence for its core energy metabolism orin vivogrowth substrates is lacking. Here we show thatN. gruberitrophozoites need oxygen for normal functioning and growth and that they furthermore shun both glucose and amino acids as growth substrates. Trophozoite growth depends mainly upon lipid oxidation via a mitochondrial branched respiratory chain, both ends of which require oxygen as final electron acceptor. GrowingN. gruberitrophozoites thus have a strictly aerobic energy metabolism with a marked substrate preference for the oxidation of fatty acids. Analyses ofN. fowlerigenome data and comparison with those ofN. gruberiindicate thatN. fowlerihas the same type of metabolism. Specialization to oxygen-dependent lipid breakdown represents a hitherto unprecedented metabolic strategy in protists.
Primacy coding facilitates effective odor discrimination when receptor sensitivities are tuned
Authors: Zwicker David 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe olfactory system faces the difficult task of identifying an enormous variety of odors independent of their intensity. Primacy coding, where the odor identity is encoded by the receptor types that respond earliest, is one possible representation that can facilitate this task. So far, it is unclear whether primacy coding facilitates typical olfactory tasks and what constraints it implies for the olfactory system. In this paper, we develop a simple model of primacy coding, which we simulate numerically and analyze using a statistical description. We show that the encoded information depends strongly on the number of receptor types included in the primacy representation, but only weakly on the size of the receptor repertoire. The representation is independent of the odor intensity and the transmitted information is useful to perform typical olfactory tasks, like detecting a target odor or discriminating similar mixtures, with close to experimentally measured performance. Interestingly, we find situations in which a smaller receptor repertoire is advantageous for identifying a target odor. The model also suggests that overly sensitive receptor types could dominate the entire response and make the whole array useless, which allows us to predict how receptor arrays need to adapt to stay useful during environmental changes. By quantifying the information transmitted using primacy coding, we can thus connect microscopic characteristics of the olfactory system to its overall performance.Author summaryHumans can identify odors independent of their intensity. Experimental data suggest that this is accomplished by representing the odor identity by the earliest responding receptor types. Using theoretical modeling, we here show that such a primacy code allows discriminating odors with close to experimentally measured performance. This performance depends strongly on the number of receptors considered in the primacy code, but the receptor repertoire size is less important. The model also suggests a strong evolutionary pressure on the receptor sensitivities, which could explain observed receptor copy number adaptations. Taken together, the model connects detailed molecular measurements to large-scale psycho-physical measurements, which will contribute to our understanding of the olfactory system.
Single molecule analysis of lamin dynamics
Authors: Serebryannyy Leonid A. , Ball David A. , Karpova Tatiana S. , Misteli Tom 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe nuclear envelope (NE) is an essential cellular structure that contributes to nuclear stability, organization, and function. Mutations in NE-associated proteins result in a myriad of pathologies with widely diverse clinical manifestations, ages of onsets, and affected tissues. Notably, several hundred disease-causing mutations have been mapped to the LMNA gene, which encodes the intermediate filament proteins lamin A and C, two of the major architectural components of the nuclear envelope. However, how NE dysfunction leads to the highly variable pathologies observed in patient cells and tissues remains poorly understood. One model suggests alterations in the dynamic properties of the nuclear lamina and its associated proteins contribute to disease phenotype. Here, we describe the application of single molecule tracking (SMT) methodology to characterize the behavior of nuclear envelope transmembrane proteins (NETs) and nuclear lamins in their native cellular environment at the single molecule level. As proof-of-concept, we demonstrate by SMT that Halo-tagged lamin B1, Samp1, lamin A, and lamin A Δ50 have distinct binding and kinetic properties, and we identify several disease-relevant mutants which exhibit altered binding dynamics. SMT is also able to separately probe the dynamics of the peripheral and the nucleoplasmic populations of lamin A mutants. We suggest that SMT is a robust and sensitive method to investigate how pathogenic mutations or cellular processes affect protein dynamics at the NE.