bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Labor Unions and Movements
Authors: Eidlin Barry 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Labor unions occupy a paradoxical position within Marxist theory. They are an essential yet limited vehicle for shaping the working class into a collective actor, as unions’ role is to manage the employment relationship, not transform it. This chapter assesses how that paradox has shaped Marxist debates surrounding trade unions. Unlike previous socialists, Marx and Engels highlighted unions’ necessity, while noting their structural limitations. Capitalism’s resilience after their deaths, combined with working class weakness and conservatism, led some Marxists to conclude that unions were irredeemable, destined to obstruct revolutionary impulses and create a conservative “labor aristocracy.” Others resisted this conclusion, focusing on the need for mass action and organic working-class leadership to ensure unions’ vitality. As the postwar “consensus” between labor and capital pushed revolution off the table, many Marxists adapted, with some abandoning the working class as a revolutionary agent. For the minority who did not, their task was not simply to denounce the bureaucratic and conservative character of existing unions, but how to rebuild dynamic working-class organizations in a context where labor and the left were separated. This task became more challenging as the postwar expansion came to a halt in the 1970s. While neoliberal restructuring and attacks on unions led some to pronounce the “death of class,” others cautioned not to confuse class recomposition with class disappearance. The challenge was how to rebuild power as workers’ traditional organizational vehicles faltered. This problem persists today, although some signs of renewed working-class dynamism are emerging.
Marx, Technology, and the Pathological Future of Capitalism
Authors: Smith Tony 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
This entry begins with a summary of the almost universally accepted “standard view” of technological change in capitalism. Marx’s alternative account of the role of technology in capitalist society is then presented, followed by a survey of essential tendencies regarding technological change associated with each phase in the circuit of capital. The chapter concludes with an examination of four long-term consequences of technological change in the course of capitalism’s historical development: environmental crises, limits to wage labor as a social form, severe global inequality, and persisting overaccumulation difficulties. Together they establish that more than ever the fundamental question confronting our historical moment is the stark alternative: “Socialism or barbarism?”
Stages of Capitalism and Social Structures of Accumulation
Authors: McDonough Terrence 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
The Marxian theory of stages of capitalism emerged in two waves. The first wave, at the turn of the twentieth century, was rooted in the Marxist response to the recovery of capitalism from its late nineteenth-century crisis. Conversely, the second wave in the 1970s grew out of the faltering of the relatively unproblematic accumulation associated with the post–World War II capitalist order. One wave was concerned with the beginning of a period of long-run accumulation. The second wave was concerned with the advent of a downturn in capitalist accumulation and a period of crisis. These turning points marked the inauguration of a period of relatively unproblematic reproduction of capitalist social relations and, symmetrically, the beginning of a period of stagnation and crisis. This chapter examines the Marxist concept of a stage of capitalism and concludes with an application to the contemporary crisis at a global, regional and national level.
Analyzing the Middle East
Authors: Achcar Gilbert 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Marx’s historical materialism is a powerful antidote to culturalist essentialism of the kind that became known as Orientalism after Edward Said. The Marxian perspective allows for a full consideration of the role of Western imperialism in hindering the development of the Middle East as well as in the deliberate preservation of archaic sociopolitical features in the region. The concept of Bonapartism that Marx developed in his writings on the French Second Empire is highly relevant to the analysis of the national-developmental experiences that emerged in the Middle East in the twentieth century. His insight on the reactionary aspiration of sections of the petite bourgeoisie confronted with capitalist transformation provides an important clue to the rise of Islamic fundamentalism in the Middle East. Marx’s theory of revolution as resulting from the blockage of economic development finds a most striking illustration in what is commonly designated as the Arab Spring.
In Vitro Studies of Neuromodulation and Plasticity in the Dorsal Cochlear Nucleus
Authors: Trussell Laurence O. 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
The dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN), a division of the cochlear nuclear complex, has been the subject of intense interest for its role in auditory processing and hearing disorders. The tonotopic layout of DCN principal cells and the refinement of processing of auditory signals by interneurons are together thought to permit encoding of sound source elevation. However, the many cell types and complex connectivity of the DCN suggest more diverse functions than localization. A prominent non-auditory input to the DCN has been proposed to assist in such functions as orienting to sounds of interest, detecting moving sounds, or cancelling self-generated sounds. Synaptic plasticity in the DCN may be essential for dynamic tuning of non-auditory input. Indeed, long-term changes in synaptic or membrane properties could underlie tinnitus, which is associated with hyperactivity in the DCN in some animal models. Finally, the DCN is invested with wide-ranging neuromodulatory mechanisms, suggesting that changes in the behavioral state of animals associated with such neuromodulatory systems might alter sensory processing at the earliest stages of the auditory pathway. This review will focus on studies that have utilized the in vitro brain slice approach to identify basic mechanisms of synaptic plasticity and neuromodulation in the DCN.
The Diversity of Neuropathic Pain
Authors: Finnerup Nanna Brix , Attal Nadine 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
This article presents an update of the current classification, diagnosis, assessment, mechanisms, and treatment of neuropathic pain. Neuropathic pain, which is defined as pain associated with a lesion or disease of the somatosensory nervous system, may be caused by a variety of conditions, such as diabetic neuropathy, herpes zoster, surgical trauma, spinal cord injury, and stroke. The diagnostic criteria for neuropathic pain are a history of a nervous system disease or lesion and pain distribution and sensory signs in a neuroanatomically plausible distribution. The treatment of neuropathic pain is often multidisciplinary and involves specific drugs. Recent progress in the diagnosis, assessment, and understanding of its mechanisms offers the perspective of a more rational therapeutic management, which should result in better therapeutic outcome.
Cancer and Pain
Authors: Hansen Rie Bager , Falk Sarah 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Pain is a common and feared complication for many cancer patients. Cancer pain covers numerous pain syndromes; since the treatment is complex, it is essential to assess each individual patient with cancer pain thoroughly. Cancer pain includes not only elements of inflammatory and neuropathic pain, but also, importantly, cancer-specific elements. Starting with the clinical aspects of cancer pain and the current knowledge from in vivo models, this article provides an overview of the neurobiology known to drive cancer-induced bone pain as it evolves through the complex interplay between primary afferents, tumor cells, and bone cells. There continue to be many uncertainties and unknown mechanisms involved in cancer pain, and an effort to discover novel therapeutic targets should be emphasized as cancer pain poses an increasing clinical and socioeconomic burden.
The Egyptian Empire in the Bible
Authors: Premnath D. N. 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
This essay is in three parts. Part I explores the references to Egypt in the Hebrew Bible as an ideological construct. A significant number of references to Egypt, particularly in the Pentateuch, can be seen as a way to characterize “the Other” which in turn serves to define Israel over against “the Other.” Part II focuses on specific references to Egyptian activities in the Hebrew Bible and Part III highlights Egyptian influences on Israel with particular reference to political administration, economic exchange, religious ideas, literary aspects and iconography.
Literacy
Authors: Devecka Martin 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe Roman world was characterized by a diversity of literacies. These were stratified by class and partitioned by language. In this chapter, I give a conspectus of the many social functions that these various literacies exercised in everyday life, as well as a sense of the technical and educational apparatus through which individuals acquired and exercised literacy. I discuss the important and ambiguous role of the scribe as professionally literate in a society where literacy did not always confer status. Finally, I argue that these various literacies form a system that helps justify our speaking of the literatures of the Roman World as one entity.
Social Networks, Problem-Solving, Managers: Police Officers in Australia and the USA
Authors: Farr-Wharton Ben , Farr-Wharton Geremy , Brunetto Yvonne , Farr-Wharton Rod , Xerri Matt , Shriberg Art 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
This article compares the role of management on the effectiveness of social networks for police officers and implications for engagement using survey data from 575 police officers in the USA and 193 police officers in Australia. Analysis included capturing frequencies, correlations, ANOVAs, structural equation modelling (SEM) for quantitative data, and thematic analysis of the qualitative data. The findings show that 5% of police officer in the USA sample and 12% of police officer in Australian sample had no support for problem-solving; police officers in the USA had bigger social networks; the reasons given for not identifying their line manager as part of their social support included ‘the unapproachability of managers’ and ‘poor managers/bullying’ and SEM showed a significant relationship between perceived organizational support (from management), social networks, and employee engagement. The findings have implications for internal security (employee well-being and productivity) and external security (public safety).
Enhancement of strange baryons in high-multiplicity proton–proton and proton–nucleus collisions
Authors: Kanakubo Yuuka , Okai Michito , Tachibana Yasuki , Hirano Tetsufumi 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
We investigate the enhancement of yields of strange and multi-strange baryons in proton–proton (p+p), proton–lead (p+Pb), and lead–lead (Pb+Pb) collisions at Large Hadron Collider (LHC) energies from a dynamical core–corona initialization model. We first generate partons just after the collisions by using event generators. These partons dynamically generate the quark gluon plasma (QGP) fluids through the source terms in the hydrodynamic equations. According to the core–corona picture, this process tends to happen where the density of generated partons is high and their transverse momentum is low. Some partons do not fully participate in this process when they are in dilute regions or their transverse momentum is high, and subsequently fragment into hadrons through string fragmentation. In this framework, the final hadrons come from either chemically equilibrated fluids as in the conventional hydrodynamic models or string fragmentation. We calculate the ratio of strange baryons to charged pions as a function of multiplicity and find that it monotonically increases up to $dN_{\mathrm{ch}}/d\eta \sim 100$ and then saturates above. This suggests that the QGP fluids are partly created and that their fraction increases with multiplicity in p+p and p+Pb collisions at LHC energies.
Is active sacroiliitis on MRI associated with radiographic damage in axial spondyloarthritis? Real-life data from the ASAS and DESIR cohorts
Authors: Sepriano Alexandre , Ramiro Sofia , Landewé Robert , Dougados Maxime , van der Heijde Désirée , Rudwaleit Martin 
Published: November 2018

Abstract

Objective
To assess any association between bone marrow oedema on MRI of the sacroiliac joints (MRI-SIJ) according to local readings in daily practice and the development of structural damage on radiographs of the SIJ (X-SIJ) in axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA).

Methods
Patients with axSpA from the Assessment of the SpondyloArthritis international Society (ASAS) and DEvenir des Spondylarthopathies Indifférenciées Récentes (DESIR) multicentre cohorts were included. MRI-SIJ and X-SIJ were obtained at baseline, and X-SIJ at follow-up after a mean 4.6 years (ASAS) and 5.1 years (DESIR). All images were scored by local readers. Structural damage in the X-SIJ was defined according to the modified New York criteria. The percentage of structural net progression (number of ‘progressors’ minus the number of ‘regressors’ divided by the total number of patients) was assessed and the effect of bone marrow oedema on MRI-SIJ on X-SIJ damage evaluated by multivariable logistic regression.

Results
In total, 125 (ASAS-cohort) and 415 (DESIR-cohort) patients had baseline MRI-SIJ and complete X-SIJ data available. According to local readings, progression and ‘improvement’ in X-SIJ was seen in both the ASAS- and DESIR-cohort, yielding a net progression that was higher in the former than in the latter (19.2% and 6.3%). In multivariable analysis, baseline bone marrow oedema on MRI-SIJ was strongly associated with X-SIJ structural progression in both ASAS (odds ratio = 3.2 [95% CI: 1.3; 7.9]), and DESIR (odds ratio = 7.6 [95% CI: 4.3; 13.2]).

Conclusion
Inflammation on MRI-SIJ is associated with future radiographic progression according to local readings despite an expected increased imprecision invoked by local readings.
INFLUENCE OF NEW MASS ENERGY-ABSORPTION COEFFICIENTS FROM ICRU REPORT NO. 90 ON AIR KERMA TO DOSE EQUIVALENT CONVERSION COEFFICIENTS
Authors: Bairlein Katharina , Hupe Oliver 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
In Report No. 90 of the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU), new mass energy-absorption coefficients are listed which are based on renormalized Scofield photoeffect cross-sections. The mass energy-absorption coefficients are the basis for the conversion coefficients from air kerma to the operational quantities listed in ISO 4037-3. Although ICRU does not give a recommendation if these new mass energy-absorption coefficients should be applied instead of the values used so far, an examination of the possible consequences for radiation protection quantities is necessary. We calculated the conversion coefficients for the X-ray qualities specified in ISO 4037-1 with the new mass energy-absorption coefficients and with the mass energy-absorption coefficients used so far to determine the deviations. Our calculations show that the change of the conversion coefficients due to the new values from ICRU Report No. 90 is negligible.
An Appreciative Inquiry Into Nurse Educators’ Exam Practices
Authors: O’Rae Amanda , Hnatyshyn Tammy , Beck Amy J. , Mannion Cynthia , Patel Shruti 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Multiple-choice examinations (MCEs) are commonly used to evaluate nursing students. Nurse educators require support to develop questions and engage in postexam analysis to ensure reliable assessment of student learning. We surveyed nurse educators and conducted focus groups to investigate current writing practices associated with MCEs. Using appreciative inquiry, participants proposed ideals to strengthen MCE practice: guidelines and expectations for faculty, faculty-developed test banks, team development, and an assessment blueprint at the curriculum level. Faculty supports are necessary to strengthen current MCE practices and best utilize the skills of educators.
Successfully Incorporating Interprofessional Education in a Nonacademic Health Sciences Center
Authors: O’Keefe Louise C. , Lioce Lori , Benton Anna , Morgan Tracie , Adams Marsha H. 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Enhanced patient outcomes have led the health sciences to seek ways in which to incorporate interprofessional education in their curricula. This article presents a unique and innovative strategy for interprofessional education among nursing, medicine, and pharmacy in a nonacademic health science center setting. Nurse practitioner students from the University of Alabama in Huntsville College of Nursing, medical interns from the University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, and pharmacy students from Auburn University School of Pharmacy and their respective faculty participated in collaboratively designed simulations and skills experiences.
Using a Low-Fidelity Simulation to Enhance Cultural Awareness and Emotional Intelligence in Nursing Students
Authors: Glenn Adriana D. , Claman Faith 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Undergraduate didactic nursing leadership courses lack experiential opportunities to address working with culturally diverse populations. The authors used Bafa Bafa©, a cross-cultural low-fidelity simulation, to further develop critical thinking and emotional intelligence skills in prelicensure nursing students. This article describes the authors’ experiences of integrating this innovative teaching strategy in the classroom to increase cultural awareness. The students’ discovery of unexpected feelings, thoughts, and perceptions has the potential to extend beyond the simulated experience when coupled with faculty reinforcement of engaging in self-reflective practice as a professional nurse.
High-Fidelity Simulation in an Undergraduate Ambulatory Care Nursing Course
Authors: Coburn Caroline V. , Gilland Deena , Stahl Katherine 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
For a new ambulatory care nursing course in an undergraduate baccalaureate program, a standardized patient simulation was created to support the clinical component of the course. The goals were for students to enhance their critical thinking skills, apply the nursing process to an ambulatory setting, apply learned skills to the non-acute care setting, and increase their confidence. The simulation format included three stations: skills refresher, telehealth, and clinic. Volunteers from faculty, clinical preceptors, and nursing management acted as clients for the mock clinical settings. Feedback was positive and supported this simulation as an educational option.
A Comparison of the Mortality Risk Associated With Ventilator-Acquired Bacterial Pneumonia and Nonventilator ICU-Acquired Bacterial Pneumonia*
Authors: Ibn Saied Wafa , Mourvillier Bruno , Cohen Yves , Ruckly Stephane , Reignier Jean , Marcotte Guillaume , Siami Shidasp , Bouadma Lila , Darmon Michael , de Montmollin Etienne , Argaud Laurent , Kallel Hatem , Garrouste-Orgeas Maité , Soufir Lilia , Schwebel Carole , Souweine Bertrand , Glodgran-Toledano Dany , Papazian Laurent , Timsit Jean-François 
Published: November 2018

Objectives:
To investigate the respective impact of ventilator-associated pneumonia and ICU–hospital-acquired pneumonia on the 30-day mortality of ICU patients.

Design:
Longitudinal prospective studies.

Setting:
French ICUs.

Patients:
Patients at risk of ventilator-associated pneumonia and ICU–hospital-acquired pneumonia.

Interventions:
The first three episodes of ventilator-associated pneumonia or ICU–hospital-acquired pneumonia were handled as time-dependent covariates in Cox models. We adjusted using the case-mix, illness severity, Simplified Acute Physiology Score II score at admission, and procedures and therapeutics used during the first 48 hours before the risk period. Baseline characteristics of patients with regard to the adequacy of antibiotic treatment were analyzed, as well as the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score variation in the 2 days before the occurrence of ventilator-associated pneumonia or ICU–hospital-acquired pneumonia. Mortality was also analyzed for Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter species(ESKAPE) and P. aeruginosa pathogens.

Measurements and Main Results:
Of 14,212 patients who were admitted to the ICUs and who stayed for more than 48 hours, 7,735 were at risk of ventilator-associated pneumonia and 9,747 were at risk of ICU–hospital-acquired pneumonia. Ventilator-associated pneumonia and ICU–hospital-acquired pneumonia occurred in 1,161 at-risk patients (15%) and 176 at-risk patients (2%), respectively. When adjusted on prognostic variables, ventilator-associated pneumonia (hazard ratio, 1.38 (1.24–1.52); p < 0.0001) and even more ICU–hospital-acquired pneumonia (hazard ratio, 1.82 [1.35–2.45]; p < 0.0001) were associated with increased 30-day mortality. The early antibiotic therapy adequacy was not associated with an improved prognosis, particularly for ICU–hospital-acquired pneumonia. The impact was similar for ventilator-associated pneumonia and ICU–hospital-acquired pneumonia mortality due to P. aeruginosa and the ESKAPE group.

Conclusions:
In a large cohort of patients, we found that both ICU–hospital-acquired pneumonia and ventilator-associated pneumonia were associated with an 82% and a 38% increase in the risk of 30-day mortality, respectively. This study emphasized the importance of preventing ICU–hospital-acquired pneumonia in nonventilated patients.
Evaluation of a Hexavalent-Pentavalent-Hexavalent Infant Primary Vaccination Series Followed by a Pentavalent Booster Vaccine in Healthy Infants and Toddlers
Authors: Martinón-Torres Federico , Diez-Domingo Javier , Feroldi Emmanuel , Jordanov Emilia , B’Chir Siham , Da Costa Xavier 
Published: November 2018

Background:
This study assessed a pediatric mixed hexavalent diphtheria (D)-tetanus (T)-acellular pertussis (aP)-inactivated poliovirus (IPV)-hepatitis B (HB)-Haemophilus influenzae b [polyribosylribitol phosphate (PRP-T)]-pentavalent (DTaP-IPV//PRP-T)-hexavalent primary series schedule followed by a pentavalent booster.

Methods:
Healthy infants (N = 265) who had received a prior HB vaccination received a fully liquid, hexavalent vaccine (DTaP-IPV-HB-PRP-T) at 2 and 6 months of age and a reconstituted pentavalent vaccine (DTaP-IPV//PRP-T) at 4 months of age. Coadministered vaccines were pneumococcal vaccine at 2 and 4 months (and optionally at 6 months of age), rotavirus vaccine at 2, 4, 6 months and meningococcal serogroup C vaccine at 2 months. At 18 months, participants received DTaP-IPV//PRP-T and pneumococcal vaccine boosters. Immunogenicity was assessed using validated assays and safety by parental reports.

Results:
For the hexavalent and pentavalent vaccines, the primary series and booster immune responses in terms of seroprotection and vaccine response rates were high for all antigens (generally > 99% and > 95% for the primary series and booster, respectively) and prebooster antibody persistence was good for all antigens (in particular, 92.4% of participants had prebooster anti-HB antibody ≥ 10 mIU/mL). The incidence of solicited reactions was lower after the booster vaccination (56.9%–73.1%) than the primary series (76.6%–97.4%); there were few vaccine-related unsolicited adverse events (1.9% and 1.5% for the primary series and booster, respectively), none led to participant discontinuation and none was serious.

Conclusions:
This study provides data that allow recommending authorities to consider the use of a sequential hexavalent-pentavalent-hexavalent primary vaccination series followed by a pentavalent booster in coadministration with other common childhood vaccines.