bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A hybrid planning strategy for stereotactic body radiation therapy of early stage non‐small‐cell lung cancer
Authors: Liu Han , Sintay Benjamin , Pearman Keith , Shang Qingyang , Hayes Lane , Maurer Jacqueline , Vanderstraeten Caroline , Wiant David 
Published: October 2018

AbstractCurrently dynamic conformal arcs (DCA) and volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) are two popular planning techniques to treat lung stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) patients. Of the two, DCA has advantages in terms of multi‐leaf collimator (MLC) motion, positioning error, and delivery efficiency. However, VMAT is often the choice when critical organ sparing becomes important. We developed a hybrid strategy to incorporate DCA component into VMAT planning, results were compared with DCA and VMAT plans. Four planning techniques were retrospectively simulated for 10 lung SBRT patients: DCA, Hybrid‐DCA (2/3 of the doses from DCA beams), Hybrid‐VMAT (2/3 of the doses from VMAT beams) and VMAT. Plan complexity was accessed by modulation complexity score (MCS). Conformity index (CI) for the planning target volume (PTV), V20 and V5 for the lung, V30 for the chestwall, and maximum dose to all other critical organs were calculated. Plans were compared with regard to these metrics and measured agreement between the planned and delivered doses. DCA technique did not result in acceptable plan quality due to target location for five patients. Hybrid‐DCA produced one unacceptable plan, and Hybrid‐VMAT and VMAT produced no unacceptable plans. The CI improved with increasing VMAT usage, as did the dose sparing to critical structures. Compared to the VMAT technique, a total MU reduction of 14%, 25% and 37% were found for Hybrid‐VMAT, Hybrid‐DCA and DCA techniques for 54 Gy patient group, and 9%, 23% and 34% for 50 Gy patient group, suggesting improvement in delivery efficiency with increasing DCA usage. No significant variations of plan complexity were observed between Hybrid‐DCA and Hybrid‐VMAT (P = 0.46 from Mann–Whitney U‐test), but significant differences were found among DCA, Hybrid and VMAT (P < 0.05). Better agreements between the planned and delivered doses were found with more DCA contributions. By adding DCA components to VMAT planning, hybrid technique offers comparable dosimetry to full VMAT, while increasing delivery efficiency and minimizing MLC complexity.
Use of a commercial ion chamber detector array for the measurement of high spatial‐resolution photon beam profiles
Authors: Karimnia Vida , Belley Matthew D. , Rodgers Robert , Price Michael 
Published: October 2018

AbstractLinear accelerator (linac) commissioning and quality assurance measurements are time‐consuming tasks that often require a water tank scanning system to acquire profile scans for full characterization of dosimetric beam properties. To increase efficiency, a method is demonstrated to acquire variable resolution, photon beam profile data using a commercially available ion chamber array (0.5 cm detector spacing). Field sizes of 2 × 2, 5 × 5, 10 × 10, and 15 × 15 cm2 were acquired at depths in solid water of dmax, 5 cm, and 10 cm; additionally, beam profiles for field sizes of 25 × 25 and 40 × 40 cm2 were acquired at 5 cm depth in solid water at x‐ray energies of 6 and 23 MV. 1D composite profiles were generated by combining discrete point measurements made at multiple couch positions. The 1D composite profile dataset was evaluated against a commissioning dataset acquired with a 3D water tank scan system utilizing (a) 0.125 cc ion chamber for 5 × 5, 10 × 10, 15 × 15, 25 × 25, and 40 × 40 field sizes and (b) a solid state detector for 2 × 2 cm2 field size. The two datasets were compared to the gamma criteria at 1%/1 mm and 2%/2 mm tolerance. Almost all pass rates exceeded 95% at 2%/2 mm except for the 6 MV 2 × 2 cm2 field size at dmax. Pass rates at 1%/1 mm ranged from 51% to 99%, with an average pass rate of 82%. A fourfold reduction in MU was achieved for scans larger than 15 × 15 cm2 using this method compared to the water tank scans. Further, dynamic wedge measurements acquired with the ion chamber array showed reasonable agreement with the treatment planning system. This method opens up new possibilities for rapid acquisition of variable resolution 2D–3D dosimetric data mitigating the need for acquiring all scan data with in‐water measurements.
Chewing gum while studying: Effects on alertness and test performance
Authors: Ginns Paul , Kim Theresa , Zervos Eleni 
Published: October 2018

SummaryRecent research has demonstrated chewing gum can enhance various cognitive processes associated with learning, but most studies have used cognitive functioning tasks (e.g., selective attention and working memory) as outcomes. Across two experiments, we investigated effects of chewing gum on self‐reports of alertness and test performance following study of realistic educational materials. In Experiment 1 (n = 40), adult participants who chewed gum while studying a 20‐min physiology lesson outperformed a nonchewing condition on subsequent terminology and comprehension tests, but did not report higher levels of postlesson alertness as hypothesised. In Experiment 2 (n = 39), adult participants who chewed gum while studying a 9‐min lesson on a mental mathematics strategy outperformed a nonchewing condition on a subsequent problem‐solving test, whereas also reporting higher levels of postlesson alertness. The results provide initial support for chewing gum while studying realistic educational materials across a range of topics and study durations.
Student's metamemory knowledge about the impact of stereoscopic three‐dimensional presentations of science content
Authors: Dunlosky John , Dudley Daniel , Spitznagel Mary Beth , Clements Robert J. 
Published: October 2018

SummaryWe investigated students' knowledge and beliefs about the impact of using three‐dimensional (3D) multimedia presentations. Students listened to a lecture about the ventricular system, which was presented alone (Experiment 1 only) or with a 3D or a 2D video illustrating the system. Afterwards, students judged how well they would perform on a criterion test. In Experiment 1, students judged that the 3D presentation would be superior to listening to the lecture alone (d = 0.81). Mean judgments were higher for the 3D than 2D presentation (d = 0.24), but this difference was not significant, so we estimated the effect size again. In Experiment 2, judgments were significantly higher after the 3D than 2D presentations (d = 0.40). Test performance was not significantly greater after the 3D than 2D presentations. A survey study again revealed that students believe 3D presentations are superior, and most students reported preferring them to 2D presentations.
Inconsistent operations: A weapon of math disruption
Authors: Jarosz Andrew F. , Jaeger Allison J. 
Published: October 2018

SummaryWord problems embed a math equation within a short narrative. Due to their structure, both numerical and linguistic factors can contribute to problem difficulty. The present studies explored the role of irrelevant information in word problems, to determine whether its negative impact is due to numerical (foregrounding hypothesis) or linguistic (inconsistent‐operations hypothesis) interference. Across three experiments, participants solved multiplication and division word problems containing irrelevant numerical information, which was either associated or disassociated with the protagonist. Results demonstrated increased solution errors on division problems when irrelevant numbers were disassociated with the protagonist. When memory for numerical information was emphasized, disassociation was specifically impacted low‐working memory individuals. The effect of disassociation on division performance persisted even when irrelevant numbers, but not words, were removed from problems. These results suggest that, even in the presence of numerically interfering information, it is the language of word problems that often drive their difficulty.
A fuzzy adaptive backstepping control based on mass observer for trajectory tracking of a quadrotor UAV
Authors: Zhou Laihong , Zhang Juqian , Dou Jingxin , Wen Bangchun 
Published: October 2018

SUMMARYIn this paper, a fuzzy adaptive backstepping control law that combines mass observer and fuzzy control strategy with backstepping control is developed for the trajectory tracking control of a quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicle. In the control law, the mass change disturbance to the flight control could be restrained by the mass observer to estimate the real‐time mass and correct the mass parameter of the quadrotor, and the time‐varying external disturbance to the flight control could be restrained by fuzzy compensation of the fuzzy control law. Lyapunov stability theorem is used to analyze the stability of the closed‐loop control system. Two cases of trajectory tracking numerical simulations are presented in MATLAB/SIMULINK simulation environment. In addition, the quadrotor hovering experiment was completed on the actual flight experimental system with the time‐varying disturbance from wind outdoors. The simulation and actual flight results illustrate that the proposed control strategy is effective and stable under the simulating environment and the actual environment.
Laser‐Induced Nanostructures on Titanium Surfaces as Developed in the Aeronautics and Space Industry Foster Osteoblast Activity and Function In Vitro
Authors: Jablonski Heidrun , Wedemeyer Christian , Rekasi Heike , Fietzek Heiko , Mertens Tobias , Kolb Max , Jäger Marcus , Kauther Max D. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe stability of orthopedic implants is governed by the interaction between the material's surface and bone cells. Nanosized structures seem to be promising in supporting the osseointegration of total joint replacements. In order to analyze whether nanostructured titanium surfaces, as generated by a short‐pulsed Nd:YVO4 laser irradiation process developed in the aeronautics and space industry as a “cold ablation” process, can be useful for orthopedic applications, their impact on bone cells is evaluated in vitro. Cell spreading and morphology on nanostructured titanium niobium nitride or titanium plasma‐sprayed surfaces are comparable to osteoblast behavior on corresponding untreated titanium or cells grown on cover glass. However, on the nanostructured surfaces cell numbers appear to be reduced. Nonetheless, cell viability is not affected by laser pretreatment. Interestingly, osteoblast proliferation on nanostructured titanium is inhibited to the benefit of an increased production of osteoblast‐specific proteins such as bone alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, or procollagen. Furthermore, an enhanced mineralization of cells grown on nanostructured surfaces is confirmed in terms of an elevated hydroxyapatite deposition. Laser irradiation leads to an additional nanostructure on microstructured titanium surfaces and might positively affect the biocompatibility and ingrowth of prostheses made from the corresponding biomaterials.
White OLEDs with an EQE of 21% at 5000 cd m−2 and Ultra High Color Stability Based on Exciplex Host
Authors: Zhao Juewen , Yuan Shaolin , Du Xiaoyang , Li Wan , Zheng Caijun , Tao Silu , Zhang Xiaohong 
Published: October 2018

AbstractExciplex has drawn attention because of its great potential for use as a host in organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs). Here a novel exciplex host formed with 3,3′‐di(9H‐carbazol‐9‐yl) biphenyl (m‐CBP) and 4,6‐bis (3,5‐di(pyridin‐4‐yl) phenyl)‐2‐phenylpyrimidine (B4PyPPM) is achieved. By utilizing m‐CBP:B4PyPPM exciplex host, blue, cyan, green, and red phosphorescent OLEDs exhibit maximum external quantum efficiencies (EQEs) of 26.2%, 26.1%, 24.7%, and 26.5%, respectively. Moreover, single‐emitting layer (EML) white organic light‐emitting devices (WOLEDs) are achieved by doping blue and red phosphorescent emitters, which exhibit high maximum EQEs of 23.9% and 26.9%. Even at a practical brightness of 5000 cd m−2, the two WOLEDs still keep high EQEs of 19.1% and 21.0%, respectively. Furthermore, multiple‐EML WOLEDs are also constructed with efficiencies of 18.9% and 21.0% at the practical brightness of 5000 cd m−2. The devices show extremely stable white emission with small Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage (CIE) coordinate varying range of (±0.001, ± 0.000) from 100 to 100 00 cd m−2. The outstanding features presented here can provide a good reference for future design of high‐performance WOLEDs.
A Review of Functional Binders in Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Yuan Hong , Huang Jia‐Qi , Peng Hong‐Jie , Titirici Maria‐Magdalena , Xiang Rong , Chen Renjie , Liu Quanbing , Zhang Qiang 
Published: October 2018

AbstractLithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries have received tremendous attention due to their superior theoretical energy density of 2600 Wh kg−1, as well as the abundance of sulfur resources and its environmental friendliness. Polymer binders as an indispensable component in cathodes play a critical role in maintaining the structural integrity and stability of electrodes. Additionally, multifunctional polymer binders have been involved in Li–S batteries to benefit electrochemical performance by mitigating the shuttle effect, facilitating the electron/ion transportation, and propelling the redox kinetics. In the context of the significant impact of binders on the performance of Li–S batteries, recent progress in research on polymer binders in sulfur cathodes is herein summarized. Focusing on the functions and effects of the polymer binders, the authors hope to shed light on the rational construction of robust and stable sulfur cathode for high‐energy‐density Li–S batteries. Perspectives regarding the future research opportunities in Li–S batteries are also discussed.
Unveiling Conversion Reaction on Intercalation‐Based Transition Metal Oxides for High Power, High Energy Aqueous Lithium Battery
Authors: Zhi Jian , Li Shengkai , Han Mei , Lou Yuxuan , Chen P. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractAqueous lithium batteries are reaching their energy and power limits partly due to limited capacity from intercalation chemistry. Alternatively, conversion reactions bring added capacity that can significantly increase the capacity ceiling of the cell. However, such reactions can only be realized in organic electrolytes, and similar redox chemistry in aqueous lithium batteries is not reported yet. In this work, it is discovered that a large work function difference (up to 1.78 eV) between crystalline LiMn2O4 (cLMO) and semicrystalline MnO2 (scMO) makes energy bands of MnO2 bend downward toward their interface, resulting in the accumulation of free electrons on scMO and inducing a reversible conversion reaction between scMO and Li+ in aqueous media. Based on this mechanism, a rechargeable hybrid aqueous battery employing hierarchical porous cLMO–scMO composite as a cathode delivers an extremely high cell‐level energy (171 Wh kg−1) and power density (5118 W kg−1) with excellent cycling stability (up to 3000 cycles) in a wide working temperature range (25 to 60 °C). More significantly, similar conversion reactions can also be achieved on LiCoO2, which provides a general design principle to obtain unprecedented energy and power density in commonly used transition metal oxides.
Adoptive cell therapy of tolerogenic dendritic cells as inducer of regulatory T cells in allergic rhinitis
Authors: Sun Wei , Wei Jia‐Wei , Li Hang , Wei Fan‐Qin , Li Jian , Wen Wei‐Ping 
Published: October 2018

BackgroundRegulatory T cells (Tregs) have become promising candidates for immunotherapy in allergic rhinitis (AR). The contributing role of tolerogenic dendritic cells (tDCs) in the augmentation of Tregs in AR remains to be determined.MethodsThe properties of tDCs in expanding Tregs and their potential to ameliorate AR were evaluated in vitro and in vivo.ResultsMonocyte‐derived tDCs stimulated with Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus allergen 1 favored the generation of activated Tregs (aTregs) and suppressed effector T‐cell responses in a transforming growth factor‐beta/interleukin‐10 (TGF‐β/IL‐10)‐dependent manner in vitro. The adoptive transfer of tDCs inhibited allergic airway inflammation in the mouse model, whereas depletion of CD25+ cells or blocking TGF‐β/IL‐10 signaling eliminated the inhibitory effect, indicating that Tregs were involved in the anti‐inflammatory activity of tDCs.ConclusionOur data show that tDCs are a potential therapeutic target in AR.
Allergic rhinitis and the associated risk of nocturnal enuresis in children: a population‐based cohort study
Authors: Lai Pei‐Hsuan , Yang Pei‐Shan , Lai Wan‐Yu , Lin Cheng‐Li , Hsu Chung‐Y , Wei Chang‐Ching 
Published: October 2018

BackgroundDespite controversy, an association between allergy and nocturnal enuresis (NE) has been reported for almost a century. Allergic rhinitis (AR)‐associated sleep‐disordered breathing frequently results in microarousals during sleep, decreased sleep efficiency, and change in sleep pattern and behavior. NE is a common sleep disorder in children. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the incidence and risk of NE in children with AR.MethodsA population‐based cohort study was conducted among 327,928 children with AR and 327,601 non‐AR controls between 2000 and 2012 in Taiwan. By the end of 2012, the incidence of NE in both cohorts, and the AR‐to‐non‐AR cohort hazard ratios (HRs) were measured.ResultsThe adjusted HR of NE during the study period was 1.7‐fold higher in the AR cohort compared to the non‐AR cohort. The risk was greater for boys, children younger than 6 years old, those with comorbidities of asthma, atopic dermatitis, and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and those who had more than 5 AR‐related medical visits per year. The risk of NE in the AR cohort decreased with follow‐up time and was the highest within the first year after AR diagnosis.ConclusionChildren with AR had a higher incidence and subsequent risk of NE. The risk of NE was greater for boys, younger children, and those with more frequent health utilization for AR symptoms.
Unsupervised cluster analysis of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyp using routinely available clinical markers and its implication in treatment outcomes
Authors: Kim Jeong‐Whun , Huh Gene , Rhee Chae‐Seo , Lee Chul Hee , Lee Jaebong , Chung Jin‐Hang , Cho Sung‐Woo 
Published: October 2018

BackgroundChronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is a multidimensional disease. In this study, we performed an unsupervised cluster analysis of CRSwNP using routinely available clinical markers.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective review of patients treated with endoscopic sinus surgery due to medically intractable bilateral CRSwNP from 2009 to 2017. Unsupervised cluster analysis was performed using a patient's clinical features, including age, peripheral blood eosinophil, tissue eosinophilia, Lund‐Mackay computed tomography (CT) scores, ratio of the CT scores for the ethmoid sinus and maxillary sinus (E/M ratio), and comorbid asthma. Tree analysis was performed to develop a clustering algorithm. Kaplan‐Meier survival analysis was performed to determine the revision surgery–free probability corresponding to each cluster.ResultsData were available on 375 patients. Patients were categorized into 6 clusters comprising 2 asthmatic clusters and 4 non‐asthmatic clusters. The labels for the 2 asthmatic clusters were: asthmatic non‐eosinophilic polyp (cluster A1) and asthmatic eosinophilic polyp (cluster A2). The labels for the 4 non‐asthmatic clusters were: non‐eosinophilic polyp with older age (cluster NA1); non‐eosinophilic pol'yp with younger age (cluster NA2); eosinophilic polyp with lower E/M ratio (cluster NA3); and eosinophilic polyp with higher E/M ratio (cluster NA4). The 4‐year revision‐free rates were 100% (cluster NA1), 80.3% (NA2), 98.0% (NA3), 66.7% (NA4), 100% (A1), and 66.7% (A2). The clusters showed statistically significant differences in terms of 4‐year revision‐free rates (log‐rank p < 0.05).ConclusionCluster analysis identified 2 asthmatic clusters and 4 non‐asthmatic clusters in CRSwNP. Each cluster corresponded to a different clinical outcome.
Single‐Spot Focusing with Plasmonic Phase Manipulation
Authors: Darak Mayur S. , Mote Rakesh G. , Shukla Shobha 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe ring structure has an inherent symmetry that can be used to focus light to a single in‐plane spot for near‐field plasmonic applications. However, when excited with a linearly polarized light, it yields split focal spot at the center due to destructive interference of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs). Here, twin configurations of a slit‐based plasmonic lens for in‐plane focusing of a linearly polarized light are proposed. Lenses are designed based on the ring geometry in order to exploit symmetric nature of the ring structure. Either a metallic or a dielectric semicircular protrusion is introduced in the symmetric ring structure for compensating the phase mismatch between SPPs counter‐propagating from two sides of the ring. The focusing properties of the lenses are analyzed using finite‐difference time‐domain simulations. A single focal spot with full width at half maxima of 0.27λ0 and 0.28λ0 is obtained for plasmonic lenses with metallic and dielectric protrusions, respectively. Thus the diffraction limit is beaten by focusing the light to a subwavelength region of approximately quarter its wavelength. The lenses have potential applications in nanosensing, nanoimaging, and nanolithography, wherein closely populated focused spots are desired using linearly polarized excitation.
Cytotoxicity studies, DNA interaction and protein binding of new Al (III), Ga (III) and In (III) complexes with 5‐hydroxyflavone
Authors: Munteanu Alexandra‐Cristina , Badea Mihaela , Olar Rodica , Silvestro Luigi , Mihaila Mirela , Brasoveanu Lorelei Irina , Musat Mihaela Georgiana , Andries Adrian , Uivarosi Valentina 
Published: October 2018

We report the synthesis and characterization of three new complexes of the natural flavonoid 5‐hydroxyflavone (primuletin) and Al (III), Ga (III), In (III), respectively. The physico‐chemical properties and structural features of these three novel compounds have been investigated by elemental and thermogravimetric analysis, molar conductance and several spectroscopic techniques, including FT‐IR, UV–Vis and mass spectra. Based on the experimental data, the general chemical formula of the complexes is [M (C15H9O3)3] · nH2O, where M is the cation and n = 2 for Al (III), n = 0 for Ga (III), n = 1, for In (III); each one of the three 5‐hydoxyflavone molecules acts as a monoanionic bidentate chelate ligand in the complexes. DFT calculations further sustain the proposed structures of the complexes. Cytotoxicity was studied using MTS assay on cervical, breast, colon and ovary adenocarcinoma cell lines. The central metal ions exert cytotoxic effects in a disparate manner: Al (III) enhances, while Ga (III) and In (III) decrease the cytotoxicity of the ligand. As a means to investigate the mechanism underlying the cytotoxic effects of the complexes, interactions with calf thymus DNA, human serum albumin and transferrin were also carried out.