bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Warming affects foliar fungal diseases more than precipitation in a Tibetan alpine meadow
Authors: Liu Xiang , Ma Zhiyuan , Cadotte Marc W. , Chen Fei , He Jin‐Sheng , Zhou Shurong 
Published: October 2018

Summary

The effects of global change on semi‐natural and agro‐ecosystem functioning have been studied extensively. However, less well understood is how global change will influence fungal diseases, especially in a natural ecosystem.

We use data from a 6‐yr factorial experiment with warming (simulated using infrared heaters) and altered precipitation treatments in a natural Tibetan alpine meadow ecosystem, from which we tested global change effects on foliar fungal diseases at the population and community levels, and evaluated the importance of direct effects of the treatments and community‐mediated (indirect) effects (through changes in plant community composition and competence) of global change on community pathogen load.

At the population level, we found warming significantly increased fungal diseases for nine plant species. At the community level, we found that warming significantly increased pathogen load of entire host communities, whereas no significant effect of altered precipitation on community pathogen load was detected.

We concluded that warming influences fungal disease prevalence more than precipitation does in a Tibetan alpine meadow. Moreover, our study provides new experimental evidence that increases in disease burden on some plant species and for entire host communities is primarily the direct effects of warming, rather than community‐mediated (indirect) effects.
The rise of the Andes promoted rapid diversification in Neotropical Phlegmariurus (Lycopodiaceae)
Authors: Testo Weston L. , Sessa Emily , Barrington David S. 
Published: October 2018

Summary

Tropical mountains are disproportionately biodiverse relative to their surface area, but the processes underlying their exceptional diversity require further study. Here, we use comparative phylogenetic methods to examine the impact of the Andean orogeny on the diversification of Neotropical Phlegmariurus, a species‐rich lycophyte clade.

We generated a time‐calibrated phylogeny of 105 species of Neotropical Phlegmariurus and estimated lineage diversification rates. We tested for correlations between lineage diversification rates and species range size, niche breadth, elevational range amplitude, and mean elevation of occurrence. A recently developed macroevolutionary model was used to incorporate geological data and test for an association between diversification rates and the Andean uplift.

Diversification rates of Neotropical Phlegmariurus are negatively correlated with species range size and positively correlated with mean elevation of species occurrence. The rise of the Andes is strongly associated with increased rates of diversification in Neotropical Phlegmariurus during the last 10 Myr.

Our study demonstrates the importance of mountain‐building events and geographical isolation of alpine populations as drivers of rapid diversification, even in spore‐dispersed plants. This work also highlights the usefulness of combined phylogenetic, geological and ecological datasets, and the promise of comparative environment‐dependent diversification models in better understanding the evolutionary origins of biodiversity.
New insights into Citrobacter freundii sepsis in neonates
Authors: Chen Dan , Ji Yalian 
Published: October 2018

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of this study was to investigate the clinical features of neonatal sepsis caused by Citrobacter freundii as well as the current status and treatment strategy for multi‐drug resistance of infection with this bacterium.MethodsNine newborns were diagnosed with C. freundii sepsis between January 2014 and December 2017. We collated and analyzed a range of data for these nine patients, including general information, laboratory tests during infection, blood culture and treatment.ResultsOne of the patients died after only 7 h of infection. In the remaining eight cases, three patients developed meningitis, although none had brain abscess. A reduction of white blood cells (WBC) was detected <24 h after the start of infection, compared with at 48–72 h, when WBC count had increased and platelets progressively decreased. In all nine cases the infection was susceptible to tigecycline and was resistant to cephalosporins, carbapenems, and quinolones. In eight cases the infection was susceptible to co‐trimoxazole and in the other case it was susceptible to amikacin. Of the eight patients who were cured, three received meropenem, two received ceftriaxone, one received amikacin, and two received tigecycline.ConclusionReduction in WBC could take place in the early stages of C. freundii infection in newborns. The incidence of brain abscess was not high, but multi‐drug resistance was common. Some non‐sensitive drugs can also treat C. freundii sepsis effectively.
When does vesicoureteral reflux in pediatric kidney transplant patients need treatment?
Authors: Wu Hsi‐Yang , Concepcion Waldo , Grimm Paul C. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractPurposeThe treatment of VUR in children with UTI has changed significantly, due to studies showing that antibiotic prophylaxis does not decrease renal scarring. As children with kidney transplants are at higher risk for UTI, we investigated if select patients with renal transplant VUR could be managed without surgery.Materials and MethodsA total of 18 patients with VUR into their renal grafts were identified, and 319 patients underwent transplantation from 2006 to 2016. The cause for the detection of the VUR, treatment, and graft function was reviewed.ResultsSix boys and 12 girls were identified, 13 of whom had grade 3 or 4 VUR into the renal graft. Nine patients presented with hydronephrosis or abnormal renal biopsy: eight were successfully managed with antibiotic prophylaxis and bladder training, one developed UTI and underwent Dx/HA subureteric injection. Nine patients presented with recurrent febrile UTI, only one was successfully managed without surgery. Only 2 of 9 (22%) patients who underwent Dx/HA injection had resolution of their reflux. Of the remaining seven, five required open ureteral reimplantation (two for obstruction), one lost the graft due to rejection, and one had significant hydronephrosis. eGFR was similar between the hydronephrosis, UTI, and abnormal renal biopsy groups at all times.ConclusionPatients with transplant VUR and recurrent febrile UTI are more likely to require surgical therapy, but the complication and failure rate for Dx/HA injection is significant. Patients with transplant VUR without febrile UTI can be successfully managed with bladder training and temporary antibiotic prophylaxis.
Duality and ontology
Authors: Le Bihan Baptiste , Read James 
Published: October 2018

AbstractA “duality” is a formal mapping between the spaces of solutions of two empirically equivalent theories. In recent times, dualities have been found to be pervasive in string theory and quantum field theory. Naïvely interpreted, duality‐related theories appear to make very different ontological claims about the world—differing in, for example, spacetime structure, fundamental ontology, and mereological structure. In light of this, duality‐related theories raise questions familiar from discussions of underdetermination in the philosophy of science: in the presence of dual theories, what is one to say about the ontology of the world? In this paper, we undertake a comprehensive and nontechnical survey of the landscape of possible ontological interpretations of duality‐related theories. We provide a significantly enriched and clarified taxonomy of options—several of which are novel to the literature.
Impaired interleukin‐4 signalling promotes establishment of Haemonchus contortus in sheep
Authors: Jacobs Jesica R. , Greiner Scott P. , Bowdridge Scott A. 
Published: October 2018

SummaryReduced worm burden in St. Croix (STC) sheep during Haemonchus contortus (Hc) infection is predicated on rapid interleukin‐4 (IL‐4) signalling and T helper type 2 immune (Th2) response. The aim of these studies was to further elucidate differences in Th2 responses by STC and Suffolk (SUF) sheep. Ten days after challenge Hc infection, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were collected and cultured with larval (HcLA) and adult worm (HcWA) antigen. STC PBMC produced nearly twice as much IL‐4 as SUF (823.57 pg/mL vs 454.28 pg/mL) at 6 hours of HcLA culture despite no difference in IL‐4 gene expression and the IL‐4 receptor (IL4Rα) was upregulated in STC PBMC but was undetectable in SUF. Expression of other Th2‐type genes were increased in STC PBMC including IL13, IL5 and MRC1. IL‐4 supplementation to HcLA culture was insufficient to achieve upregulation of Th2 genes in SUF PBMC. Production of IL‐4 did not occur in SUF PBMC until 24 hours after culture with HcLA, and expression of IL4 in the abomasum was similarly delayed until 10 days after challenge infection, which was associated with significantly higher larval burden (530 vs 16). These data demonstrate delayed upregulation of Th2 genes in SUF sheep contributes to susceptibility to Hc.
Text as Policy: Measuring Policy Similarity through Bill Text Reuse
Authors: Linder Fridolin , Desmarais Bruce , Burgess Matthew , Giraudy Eugenia 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe identification of substantively similar policy proposals in legislation is important to scholars of public policy and legislative politics. Manual approaches are prohibitively costly in constructing datasets that accurately represent policymaking across policy domains, jurisdictions, or time. We propose the use of an algorithm that identifies similar sequences of text (i.e., text reuse), applied to legislative text, to measure the similarity of the policy proposals advanced by two bills. We study bills from U.S. state legislatures. We present three ground truth tests, applied to a corpus of 500,000 bills. First, we show that bills introduced by ideologically similar sponsors exhibit a high degree of text reuse, that bills classified by the National Conference of State Legislatures as covering the same policies exhibit a high degree of text reuse, and that rates of text reuse between states correlate with policy diffusion network ties between states. In an empirical application of our similarity measure, we find that Republican state legislators introduce legislation that is more similar to legislation introduced by Republicans in other states, than is legislation introduced by Democratic state legislators to legislation introduced by Democrats in other states.
Dynamic stretching is not detrimental to neuromechanical and sensorimotor performance of ankle plantarflexors
Authors: Pamboris George M. , Noorkoiv Marika , Baltzopoulos Vasilios , Mohagheghi Amir A. 
Published: October 2018

The acute effects of two dynamic stretching (DS) protocols on changes in the ankle range of motion (RoM), neuromechanical, and sensorimotor properties of the plantarflexor muscle group were examined. Eighteen participants received slow (SDS) or fast dynamic stretching (FDS) on two separate days. Outcome measures were assessed pre‐ and 2 minutes post‐interventions, and included maximum dorsiflexion angle, maximum isometric torque at neutral ankle position, maximum concentric and eccentric torques, force matching capacity, joint position sense and medial gastrocnemius muscle and tendon strain. Possibly and likely small increases in dorsiflexion RoM were observed after SDS (mean ± 90% confidence intervals; 1.8 ± 1.2°) and FDS (2.1 ± 1.2°), respectively. Very likely moderate decreases in muscle strain after SDS (−38.0 ± 20.6%) and possibly small decrease after FDS (−13.6 ± 21.2%) were observed. SDS resulted in a likely beneficial small increase in tendon strain (25.3 ± 29.7%) and a likely beneficial moderate increase after FDS (41.4 ± 44.9%). Effects on strength were inconsistent. Possibly small effect on positional error after SDS (−27.1 ± 37.5%), but no clear effect after FDS was observed. Both DS protocols increased RoM, and this was more due to an increase in tendon elongation rather than the muscle. However, SDS showed greater improvement than FDS in both neuromechanical and sensorimotor performance, and hence, SDS can be recommended as part of warm‐up in sporting contexts.
Neuroplastic changes in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction patients from neuromechanical decoupling
Authors: An Yong Woo , DiTrani Lobacz Andrea , Lehmann Tim , Baumeister Jochen , Rose William C. , Higginson Jill S. , Rosen Jeffrey , Swanik Charles Buz 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to identify how the brain simultaneously perceives proprioceptive input during joint loading in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) patients, when compared to healthy controls. Seventeen ACLR patients (ACLR) and seventeen controls (CONT) were tested for the somatosensory cortical activation using electroencephalography (EEG) while measuring knee laxity using a knee arthrometer. The relationship between cortical activation and joint laxity within group was also examined. The ACLR patients had increased cortical activation (36.4% ± 11.5%) in the somatosensory cortex during early loading (ERD1) to the injured limb compared to the CONT's matched limb (25.3% ± 13.2%, P = 0.013) as well as compared to the noninjured limb (25.1% ± 14.2%, P = 0.001). Higher somatosensory cortical activity during midloading (ERD2) to the ACLR knee positively correlated with knee laxity (mm) during early loading (LAX1, r = 0.530), midloading (LAX2, r = 0.506), total anterior loading (LAXA, r = 0.543), and total antero‐posterior loading (LAXT, r = 0.501), while the noninjured limb revealed negative correlations between ERD1 and LAXA (r = −0.534) as well as between ERD2 and LAX2 (r = −0.565). ACLR patients demonstrate greater brain activation during joint loading in the injured knees when compared to healthy controls’ matched knees as well as contralateral healthy knees, while the CONT group shows similar brain activation patterns during joint loading between limbs. These different neural activation strategies may indicate neuromechanical decoupling following an ACL reconstruction and evidence of altered sensorimotor perception and control of the knee (neuroplasticity), which may be critical to address after surgery for optimal neuromuscular control and patients’ outcomes.
Parenting and children’s prosocial and problem behaviors in middle childhood: The role of Turkish mothers’ emotion socialization practices
Authors: Acar‐Bayraktar Ayse Vildan , Cakmak Zeynep , Saritas‐Atalar Dilek 
Published: October 2018

AbstractMechanisms by which the relations between different parenting behaviors and children’s prosocial and problem behaviors occur are the focus of the current study. Supportive and nonsupportive emotion socialization practices of mothers were considered as potential mediators. Further, the moderator role of gender was explored. Participants were 228 mothers of 6‐ to 11‐year‐old children living in Ankara, Turkey. Scales assessing parenting behaviors (specifically, positive parenting and inconsistent discipline), maternal reactions to children’s negative emotions, and prosocial and problem behaviors of children were completed by the mothers. The results revealed that supportive emotion socialization practices fully mediated the relation between positive parenting behaviors and both boys’ and girls’ prosocial behaviors. In contrast, nonsupportive emotion socialization practices partially mediated the relation between inconsistent parenting behaviors and problem behaviors, but only for girls. Findings indicated that girls were more vulnerable to their mothers’ inconsistent behaviors possibly because mother–daughter dyads are more likely to use emotion‐related language and to discuss emotions than mother–son dyads from a very early age.
Bleeding emergencies in neonatal and paediatric patients: improving the quality of care using simulation
Authors: Delaney M. , Roberts J. , Mazor R. , Townsend‐McCall D. , Saifee N. H. , Pagano M. B. , Matthews D. C. , Stone K. 
Published: October 2018

SummaryObjectivesUsing a multidisciplinary approach and simulation, a massive transfusion process (MTP) was developed to care for patients in need of emergency transfusion. It was then assessed for effectiveness.BackgroundAfter a series of sentinel emergency bleeding events, a reliable process for hospital staff to deliver appropriate blood products and obtain relevant laboratory tests to guide therapy for patients with emergency bleeding was needed.MethodsTo determine the feasibility of the new MTP, multidisciplinary teams participated in simulation events. Each simulation event helped refine the MTP. A special laboratory testing panel was devised. To judge the effectiveness and timeliness of the MTP, process measures and patient survival was retrospectively evaluated during the time period before and after MTP implementation.ResultsA new emergency bleeding panel of laboratory tests significantly decreased the turn‐around time for fibrinogen, haematocrit, International normalised ratio (INR) and platelet count. The speed of commencing the first red blood cells transfusion was also improved (2:00 h vs 0:20 min, P = 0·001). Of 78 patients, there was no change in survival before (n = 31, 48·4%) and after (n = 47, 42·6%; P = 0·6478) MTP implementation. However, there was significant improvement in survival associated with MTP events on the weekdays.ConclusionsA reliable emergency transfusion process consists of an automatic chain of events that keeps decision‐making to a minimum and leads to the fast procurement of blood products and salient test results. This work shows that a multidisciplinary iterative process using simulation increases the efficiency of clinical care delivery for bleeding paediatric and neonatal patients.
Retrospective characterization of coma and stupor in dogs and cats presenting to a multicenter out‐of‐hours service (2012–2015): 386 animals
Authors: Parratt Christopher A. , Firth Ava M. , Boag Amanda K. , Allison Gavin F. , Boysen Søren R. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the signalment, etiology, and short‐term outcome of dogs and cats presenting in a coma or stupor.DesignRetrospective study conducted between May 2012 and February 2015.SettingMulticenter out‐of‐hours emergency service provider.AnimalsThree hundred eighty‐six patients presenting in a coma or stupor to a multicenter out‐of‐hours emergency care provider.InterventionsNone.Measurements and Main ResultsRecords were reviewed to determine the most likely etiology of coma or stupor. Short‐term outcomes were defined as deceased (died or euthanized) or transferred (case handed over to a daytime clinic or discharged). There were 168 dogs (coman = 112, stuporn = 56) and 218 cats (coman = 148, stuporn = 70) identified. Coma and stupor were more prevalent in cats compared to dogs, and Chihuahuas were over represented. Blood glucose concentrations were frequently outside established reference intervals. Excluding undetermined causes, the most common causes in dogs included traumatic brain injury (TBI) 16.0% (n = 27, deceasedn = 22), hypoglycemia 10.7% (n = 18, deceasedn = 8), shock 10.1% (n = 17, deceasedn = 16), seizure 9.5% (n = 16, deceasedn = 13), and renal or hepatic dysfunction 5.3% (n = 9, deceasedn = 7). For cats, the most common causes included TBI 21.6% (n = 47, deceasedn = 38), renal or hepatic dysfunction 13.3% (n = 29, deceasedn = 25), intoxication 10.1% (n = 22, deceasedn = 18), hypoglycemia 6.0% (n = 13, deceasedn = 4), and shock 5.0% (n = 11, deceasedn = 8). When treatment was attempted, 46.0% of dogs (n = 44/96) and 41.2% of cats (n = 35/85) survived to be transferred. Compared to all other etiologies, death was less likely when coma or stupor was attributed to hypoglycemia.ConclusionIn cases where a cause was determined, TBI was the predominant etiology of coma and stupor for both species. With the exception of coma and stupor attributed to hypoglycemia, the overall short‐term prognosis was poor.
Self-efficacy and diabetes prevention in overweight South Asians with pre-diabetes
Authors: Cioffi Catherine E , Ranjani Harish , Staimez Lisa R , Anjana Ranjit Mohan , Mohan Viswanathan , Weber Mary Beth 
Published: October 2018

ObjectiveWe evaluated the effects of a diabetes prevention itervention on self-efficacy (SE) and the associations between SE and diabetes-related outcomes among overweight Asian Indian adults with pre-diabetes in a randomized controlled translational trial (the Diabetes Community Lifestyle Improvement Program, D-CLIP).Research design and methodsData were obtained from 550 adults who were randomized to a diabetes prevention program or standard of care. Dietary and exercise-related SEs were measured at baseline, core intervention completion (4  months), and annually until the end of follow-up (3 years or diabetes diagnosis). Mixed-effects regressions described changes in SE over time by treatment group. Among treatment participants, multivariable-adjusted models described associations of SE at baseline and intervention completion with diabetes incidence and other secondary outcomes (weight, waist circumference (WC), exercise, and energy intake).ResultsFrom baseline to 4  months, dietary (β=10.3, p=0.04) and exercise (β=0.49, p=0.04) SE increased significantly in the treatment arm only; however, this increase from baseline was no longer significant at later time points. Among treatment participants, there was no association of dietary or exercise SE with diabetes incidence, but baseline exercise SE was independently associated with improved weight, WC, and exercise at 4  months (p<0.05). Change in exercise SE from baseline to intervention completion also predicted increased exercise at 4, 12, and 24 months (p<0.05).ConclusionsExposure to D-CLIP resulted in improved SE at treatment completion, but this effect was not sustained over longer follow-up. Several short-term and long-term secondary outcomes, but not diabetes risk, were significantly associated with exercise SE, suggesting this psychosocial trait may facilitate success in achieving certain health goals.Trial registration numberNCT01283308.