bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Shadow Banking, Risk Transfer, and Financial Stability
Authors: Culp Christopher L. , Neves Andrea M. P. 
Published: February 2018

Shadow banking is the process by which banks raise funds from and transfer risks to entities outside the traditional commercial banking system. Many observers blamed the sudden expansion in 2007 of U.S. sub‐prime mortgage market disruptions into a global financial crisis on a “liquidity run” that originated in the shadow banking system and spread to commercial banks. In response, national and international regulators have called for tighter and new regulations on shadow banking products and participants.Preferring the term “market‐based finance” to the term “shadow banking,” the authors explore the primary financial instruments and participants that comprise the shadow banking system. The authors review the 2007–2009 period and explain how runs on shadow banks resulted in a liquidity crisis that spilled over to commercial banks, but also emphasize that the economic purpose of shadow banking is to enable commercial banks to raise funds from and transfer risks to non‐bank institutions. In that sense, the shadow banking system is a shock absorber for risks that arise within the commercial banking system and are transferred to a more diverse pool of non‐bank capital instead of remaining concentrated among commercial banks.The article also reviews post‐crisis regulatory initiatives aimed at shadow banking and concludes that most such regulations could result in a less stable financial system to the extent that higher regulatory costs on shadow banks like insurance companies and asset managers could discourage them from participating in shadow banking. And the net effect of this regulation, by limiting the amount of market‐based capital available for non‐bank risk transfer, may well be to increase the concentrations of risk in the banking and overall financial system.
How to Integrate ESG into Investment Decision‐Making: Results of a Global Survey of Institutional Investors
Authors: Eccles Robert G. , Kastrapeli Mirtha D. , Potter Stephanie J. 
Published: February 2018

The authors review the findings of their global survey of 582 institutional investors that were either practicing or planning to practice some degree of integration of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) factors into their investment decision‐making process. The investors were evenly split between asset owners and asset managers, equity and fixed income, and across the three regions of the Americas, Asia Pacific, Europe, Middle East, and Africa. The survey explored reasons for ESG investing; the barriers to such investing and investor approaches to overcoming them; and the time frames used for making investment decisions, evaluating the performance of managers, and awarding compensation.The authors report finding that the commonly perceived barriers to ESG integration—the belief that ESG integration requires sacrificing returns, that fiduciary duty prevents one from doing so, and unrealistically short‐term expectations for ESG to deliver outperformance—were not as great as commonly believed. The biggest barrier is the lack of high quality data about the performance of companies on their material ESG factors—a scarcity that the authors attribute to the lack of standards for measuring ESG performance and the lack of ESG performance data reported by companies. The results were very similar between asset owners and asset managers, equity and fixed income, and across regions. However, the investment horizons of asset owners were notably longer than those of asset managers, and the same was true of equity vs. fixed income investors. Investors in the Americas were more patient about time frames for seeing outperformance from ESG, while those in Asia Pacific were the least patient. There were also differences across regions in how to overcome the barriers to ESG integration.
The evolutionary stability of attenuators that mask information about animals that social partners can exploit
Authors: Hackett Sean , Ruxton Graeme D. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractSignals and cues are fundamental to social interactions. A well‐established concept in the study of animal communication is an amplifier, defined as a trait that does not add extra information to that already present in the original cue or signal, but rather enhances the fidelity with which variation in the original cue or signal is correctly perceived. Attenuators as the logical compliment of amplifiers: attenuators act to reduce the fidelity with which variation in a signal or cue can be reliably evaluated by the perceivers. Where amplifiers reduce the effect of noise on the perception of variation, attenuators add noise. Attenuators have been subject to much less consideration than amplifiers; however, they will be the focus of our theoretical study. We utilize an extension of a well‐established model incorporated signal or cue inaccuracy and costly investments by emitter and perceiver in sending and attending to the signal or cue. We present broad conditions involving some conflict of interest between emitter and perceiver where it may be advantageous for emitters to invest in costly attenuators to mask cues from potential perceivers, and a subset of these conditions where the perceiver may be willing to invest in costly anti‐attenuators to mitigate the loss of information to them. We demonstrate that attenuators can be evolutionary stable even if they are costly, even if they are sometimes disadvantageous and even if a perceiver can mount counter‐measures to them. As such, we feel that attenuators of cues may be deserving of much more research attention.
A clinical risk score to identify patients at high risk of very late stent thrombosis
Authors: Godschalk Thea C. , Gimbel Marieke E. , Nolet Wouter W. , van Kessel Dionne J. , Amoroso Giovanni , Dewilde Willem J. , Wykrzykowska Joanna J. , Janssen Paul W. , Bergmeijer Thomas O. , Kelder Johannes C. , Heestermans Ton , ten Berg Jurriën M. 
Published: February 2018

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to determine predictors of very late stent thrombosis (VLST; >1 year after stenting), and to evaluate whether addition of these predictors to the dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) score would improve the ability to identify patients at high risk of VLST who might benefit from DAPT.BackgroundVLST is a severe complication of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Extended knowledge about the predictors of VLST is needed to prevent this life‐threatening complication. Recent data showed a reduction in VLST after treatment with prolonged DAPT. The DAPT study developed a prediction score to identify patients after PCI who might benefit from prolonged DAPT duration.MethodsThe Dutch stent thrombosis study is a multi‐center case‐control study. Consecutive patients with definite VLST were included between 2007 and 2014. Baseline characteristics from the index PCI were collected. Independent predictors of VLST were identified and added to the DAPT score to develop the VLST score.ResultsIn total, 155 VLST cases and 155 matched controls were included. Suboptimal result of stenting, right coronary artery as target vessel, and diffuse coronary artery ectasia were independent predictors of VLST, and added to the DAPT score. The power of the VLST score to identify patients who experienced VLST was increased (AUC, 95%CI; DAPT score: 0.64, 0.57‐0.70; VLST score: 0.70, 0.63‐0.76, P = 0.010).ConclusionsAddition of newly identified independent predictors of VLST resulted in a prediction model with a higher ability to identify patients at high risk of VLST who might benefit from prolonged DAPT.
In patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention with rotational atherectomy radial access is safer and as efficient as femoral access
Authors: Kübler Piotr , Zimoch Wojciech , Kosowski Michał , Tomasiewicz Brunon , Telichowski Artur , Reczuch Krzysztof 
Published: February 2018

IntroductionTransfemoral approach (TFA) may be preferred access site in order to facilitate complex percutaneous procedures such as rotational atherectomy (RA). Notwithstanding, there is a growing evidence that transradial approach (TRA) is associated with lower access site complication rates and even lower mortality. The aim was to assess in‐hospital and 1‐year outcomes in patients undergoing RA using TRA, in comparison to TFA.MethodsA single center observational study included all consecutive patients, who underwent RA from 2010 to 2015. Primary endpoints were procedural success, in‐hospital mortality and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). Secondary endpoints were 1‐year all‐cause mortality and MACE.ResultsThe study included 177 patients, 69% in TRA group and 31% in TFA group. Except for male sex and logistic Euroscore II there were no differences in common risk factors. There was no difference in procedural success (95% vs 87%, P = 0.07) with even a trend in favor of TRA. Performing RA via TRA lower amount of contrast volume (P = 0.009) was used and hospital stay after the procedure was shorter (P = 0.004). Periprocedural complication rates were similar, however patients with TFA had significantly higher rate of major access site bleedings (13% vs 1%, P = 0.001), with no differences in mortality and other adverse events both in‐hospital and during 1‐year observation.ConclusionsEven though RA is a demanding technique, when performed via TRA allows to maintain the same procedural success and long‐term results in comparison to TFA, reduces in‐hospital major access site bleedings, lowers the amount of contrast media and shortens hospital stay.
Neural Correlates of Risky Sex and Response Inhibition in High‐Risk Adolescents
Authors: Hansen Natasha S. , Thayer Rachel E. , Feldstein Ewing Sarah W. , Sabbineni Amithrupa , Bryan Angela D. 
Published: February 2018

Adolescence is a neurodevelopmental period of heightened sexual risk taking. Neuroimaging can help elucidate crucial neurocognitive mechanisms underlying adolescent sexual risk behavior, yet few empirical studies have investigated this neural link. To address this gap in the literature, we examined the association between neurocognitive function during response inhibition—a known correlate of risk behaviors—and frequency of intercourse without a condom among adolescents. We examined the correlation between condom use and fMRI‐based Stroop response in a large ethnically diverse sample of high‐risk adolescents (n = 171). Partially replicating previous literature, sexual risk was positively correlated with blood‐oxygen‐level‐dependent (BOLD) activation in the middle frontal gyrus during response inhibition, highlighting the relevance of this region during risky sexual decision making within this age group.
Endogenous Comparative Advantage*
Authors: Moro Andrea , Norman Peter 
Published: February 2018

AbstractWe develop a model of trade between identical countries. Workers endogenously acquire skills that are imperfectly observed by firms; therefore, firms use aggregate country investment as the prior when evaluating workers. This creates an informational externality interacting with general equilibrium effects on each country's skill premium. Asymmetric equilibria with comparative advantages exist even when there is a unique equilibrium under autarky. Symmetric, no‐trade equilibria can be unstable under free trade. Welfare effects are ambiguous: trade can be Pareto‐improving even if it leads to an equilibrium between rich and poor countries, with no special advantage regarding country size.
Hypobaric live high‐train low does not improve aerobic performance more than live low‐train low in cross‐country skiers
Authors: Robach P. , Hansen J. , Pichon A. , Meinild Lundby A.‐K. , Dandanell S. , Slettaløkken Falch G. , Hammarström D. , Pesta D. H. , Siebenmann C. , Keiser S. , Kérivel P. , Whist J. E. , Rønnestad B. R. , Lundby C. 
Published: February 2018

Live high‐train low (LHTL) using hypobaric hypoxia was previously found to improve sea‐level endurance performance in well‐trained individuals; however, confirmatory controlled data in athletes are lacking. Here, we test the hypothesis that natural‐altitude LHTL improves aerobic performance in cross‐country skiers, in conjunction with expansion of total hemoglobin mass (Hbmass, carbon monoxide rebreathing technique) promoted by accelerated erythropoiesis. Following duplicate baseline measurements at sea level over the course of 2 weeks, nineteen Norwegian cross‐country skiers (three women, sixteen men, age 20 ± 2 year, maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) 69 ± 5 mL/min/kg) were assigned to 26 consecutive nights spent at either low (1035 m, control, n = 8) or moderate altitude (2207 m, daily exposure 16.7 ± 0.5 hours, LHTL, n = 11). All athletes trained together daily at a common location ranging from 550 to 1500 m (21.2% of training time at 550 m, 44.2% at 550‐800 m, 16.6% at 800‐1100 m, 18.0% at 1100‐1500 m). Three test sessions at sea level were performed over the first 3 weeks after intervention. Despite the demonstration of nocturnal hypoxemia at moderate altitude (pulse oximetry), LHTL had no specific effect on serum erythropoietin, reticulocytes, Hbmass, VO2max, or 3000‐m running performance. Also, LHTL had no specific effect on (a) running economy (VO2 assessed during steady‐state submaximal exercise), (b) respiratory capacities or efficiency of the skeletal muscle (biopsy), and (c) diffusing capacity of the lung. This study, showing similar physiological responses and performance improvements in the two groups following intervention, suggests that in young cross‐country skiers, improvements in sea‐level aerobic performance associated with LHTL may not be due to moderate‐altitude acclimatization.
Strength and cardiometabolic risk in young adults: The mediator role of aerobic fitness and waist circumference
Authors: Díez‐Fernández A. , Martínez‐Vizcaíno V. , Torres‐Costoso A. , Cañete García‐Prieto J. , Franquelo‐Morales P. , Sánchez‐López M. 
Published: February 2018

The aim of this study was to analyze the mediation role of cardiorespiratory fitness and waist circumference in the association between muscular strength and cardiometabolic risk. A cross‐sectional study involved first‐year college students (n = 370) from a Spanish public university was performed. We measured weight, height, waist circumference, blood pressure, biochemical variables, maximum handgrip strength assessment, and cardiorespiratory fitness. We calculated handgrip dynamometry/weight and a previously validated cardiometabolic risk index. Analysis of covariance models was conducted to test differences in cardiometabolic risk values across muscular strength, cardiorespiratory fitness, and waist circumference categories, controlling for confounders. Hayes’ PROCESS macro was used for the multiple mediation analysis. The relationship between muscular strength and cardiometabolic risk did not remain significant (c′ = 1.76 [1.4]; P > .05) in a multiple serial bootstrapped mediation model including cardiorespiratory fitness and waist circumference as mediators when controlling for age and sex. According to the indirect effect, the significant paths in the model mediating this relationship between muscular strength and cardiometabolic risk index were as follows: muscular strength → waist circumference → cardiometabolic risk index (−4.899; 95% CI: −6.690; −3.450) and muscular strength → cardiorespiratory fitness → waist circumference → cardiometabolic risk index (−0.720; 95% CI: −1.316; −0.360). Both cardiorespiratory fitness and waist circumference mediate the association between muscular strength and cardiometabolic risk in young adults. Thus, our results place cardiorespiratory fitness and waist circumference as the main targets of physical activity programmes aimed at preventing cardiometabolic diseases.
Environmental literacy of undergraduate college students: Development of the environmental literacy instrument (ELI)
Authors: Lloyd‐Strovas Jenny , Moseley Christine , Arsuffi Tom 
Published: February 2018

AbstractAs the world population continues to increase and natural resources become limited, environmental education (EE) in universities play an essential role in developing environmentally literate. This study measured the environmental literacy (EL) levels (familiar knowledge, factual knowledge, attitude, behavior) of undergraduate college students. Measuring EL on a scale of 0–100%, undergraduate students scored 52%, indicating that they are not environmentally literate. Students had somewhat high attitudes (63%) but low levels of familiar knowledge (40%), factual knowledge (56%), and behavior (44%). College years are brief and formative; therefore, EE should be infused within university curricula in order to increase EL levels of students, who are future policy makers, voters, business people, and teachers.
Unbundled debt and economic growth in developed and developing economies: An empirical analysis
Authors: Intartaglia Maurizio , Antoniades Andreas , Bhattacharyya Sambit 
Published: February 2018

AbstractWe unbundle the effect of debt on economic growth using a new panel data set sourced from Vague (2014, The next economic disaster: Why it's coming and how to avoid it. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press) for 48 countries over the period 1961–2015. We distinguish between public, private, household and nonfinancial corporation (NFC) debt. We use the panel vector autoregressive approach, Granger causality tests and impulse response to establish causality. We also test the heterogeneity in the debt–growth relationship across developed and developing countries. In our full sample of countries, all types of debt appear to be harmful to economic growth. The negative effect of public debt appears to be uniform across developed and developing countries, although the impact is much stronger on developed countries. Household debt appears to be expansionary in developing countries whereas contractionary in developed countries. Nonfinancial corporation debt appears to have no impact on developing countries but negative impact on developed countries. Finally, total debt (i.e., the sum of public, household and NFC debt) has a negative impact on growth in developed countries, but no impact is detected in the case of developing countries.
Microbial Community Dynamics during Rearing of Black Soldier Fly Larvae (Hermetia illucens) and Impact on Exploitation Potential
Authors: De Smet Jeroen , Wynants Enya , Cos Paul , Van Campenhout Leen 
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACT

The need to increase sustainability in agriculture, to ensure food security for the future generations, is leading to the emergence of industrial rearing facilities for insects. One promising species being industrially reared as an alternative protein source for animal feed and as a raw material for the chemical industry is the black soldier fly (
Hermetia illucens
). However, scientific knowledge toward the optimization of the productivity for this insect is scarce. One knowledge gap concerns the impact of the microbial community associated with
H. illucens
on the performance and health of this insect. In this review, the first steps in the characterization of the microbiota in
H. illucens
and the analysis of substrate-dependent dynamics in its composition are summarized and discussed. Furthermore, this review zooms in on the interactions between microorganisms and the insect during
H. illucens
development. Finally, attention is paid to how the microbiome research can lead to alternative valorization strategies for
H. illucens
, such as (i) the manipulation of the microbiota to optimize insect biomass production and (ii) the exploitation of the
H. illucens
-microbiota interplay for the discovery of new enzymes and novel antimicrobial strategies based on
H. illucens
immunity using either the whole organism or its molecules. The next decade promises to be extremely interesting for this research field and will see an emergence of the microbiological optimization of
H. illucens
as a sustainable insect for industrial rearing and the exploitation of its microbiome for novel biotechnological applications.
Long-term mortality in outpatients with type 2 diabetes in a reference hospital in Cameroon: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Foryoung Joyce B , Ditah Chobufo , Nde Fon Peter , Mboue-Djieka Yannick , Nebongo Daniel N , Mbango Noel D , Balla Vanessa , Choukem Simeon-Pierre 
Published: February 2018

ObjectivesThere are limited data on mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Sub-Saharan Africa. We aimed at determining the mortality rate, and the causes and the predictors of death in patients with T2DM followed as outpatients in a reference hospital in Cameroon.DesignRetrospective cohort study.SettingA reference hospital in Cameroon.ParticipantsFrom December 2015 to March 2016, patients with T2DM aged 18 years and older and who consulted between January 2009 and December 2014, were contacted directly or through their next of kin, and included in this study. All participants with less than 75% of desired data in files, those who could not be reached on the phone and those who refused to provide consent were excluded from the study. Of the 940 eligible patients, 628 (352 men and 276 women) were included and completed the study, giving a response rate of 66.8%.Outcome measuresDeath rate, causes of death and predictors of death.ResultsOf the 628 patients (mean age: 56.5 years; median diabetes duration: 3.5 years) followed up for a total of 2161 person-years, 54 died, giving a mortality rate of 2.5 per 100 person-years and a cumulative mortality rate of 8.6%. Acute metabolic complications (22.2%), cardiovascular diseases (16.7%), cancers (14.8%), nephropathy (14.8%) and diabetic foot syndrome (13.0%) were the most common causes of death. Advanced age (adjusted HR (aHR) 1.06, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.10; P=0.002), raised glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) (aHR 1.16, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.35; P=0.051), low blood haemoglobin (aHR 1.06, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.10; P=0.002) and proteinuria (aHR 2.97, 95% CI 1.40 to 6.28; P=0.004) were identified as independent predictors of death.ConclusionsThe mortality rate in patients with T2DM is high in our population, with acute metabolic complications as the leading cause. Patients with advanced age, raised HbA1c, anaemia or proteinuria are at higher risk of death and therefore represent the target of interest to prevent mortality in T2DM.