bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Replenish the Electron‐Deficient State of Carbonyl Carbon Atoms to Achieve Stable Li–S Battery
Authors: Gu Sheng , Zhang Yu , Li Meng , Lin Qianru , Zhao Chenyang , Xu Guoqi , Zhang Naiqing 
Published: November 2024

AbstractCarbonate‐based electrolytes are widely used in Li‐ion batteries (LIBs) due to their safe, stable properties and wide operating temperature range. However, the nucleophilic attack at carbonyl carbon atoms by polysulfide anions and the low solubility of lithium nitrate (LiNO3<0.1 m) in carbonate‐based electrolytes seriously hinder the application of lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries in carbonate‐based electrolytes. Herein, the electrophilicity of carbonyl carbon atoms is gradually reduced through solvent molecules redesign, eliminated the attack of polysulfide anions on carbonyl carbon atoms, and also changed the intermolecular interactions in the electrolyte, improving the solubility of LiNO3 (>1.0 m) and forming stable LiNxOy‐containing SEI on the surface of the lithium metal. The assembled Li–S battery with these designed solvent molecules delivers an initial discharge capacity of 1251.7 mAh g−1 at 0.1C. In addition, the lithium–sulfur battery assembled with the designed solvent molecule has a discharge capacity of 631 mAh g−1 after 420 cycles at 0.2 C, with a capacity retention of ≈60%. Moreover, the Li||Li symmetrical cell shows stable cycle performance over 1200 h at 0.5 mA cm−2 and 0.5 mAh cm−2.
Compact Carbon‐Based Ultra‐High‐Power Electrodes: A Sodium Alginate‐Induced Self‐Shrinkage and Densification Approach
Authors: Lin Dou , Li Pei , Zhou Ziyan , Jiang Suxia , Fan Yonghui , Zhang Guofeng , Meng Guowen , Wei Bingqing , Han Fangming 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThe trade‐off between compact energy storage and high‐power performance presents a significant challenge in device development. While densifying carbon materials enhances volumetric energy density by optimizing the balance between porosity and packing density, it often disrupts electronic conductivity due to random physical contact between nanomodules, limiting the power performance. This work presents a sodium alginate (SA)‐induced self‐shrinkage densification strategy that overcomes this limitation by incorporating nanometer‐sized “spacers,” namely carbon quantum dots (CQDs), into graphene nanosheets and crosslinking them by carbonizing SA accompanying with the shrinkage. These CQDs and SA‐derived carbon enhance specific surface area, electronic conductivity, and ion transport rate due to the CQDs’ spacer function and the formation of welded junction between the reduced graphene oxide (rGO)/CQDs nanosheets. Subsequently, the rGO/CQDs/SA‐derived carbon film exhibits an extraordinary volumetric power density of 12307.7 W cm−3 in an aqueous electrolyte under a mass loading of 0.12 mg cm−2. Notably, the assembled aqueous supercapacitors achieve a high volumetric power density of 349.5 W cm−3 under a higher mass loading of 0.49 mg cm−2. This paves the way for developing compact, highly conductive carbon‐based electrodes without compromising high porosity, offering a significant advancement in ultra‐high‐power energy storage devices.
Tuning the Unloading and Infiltrating Behaviors of Li‐Ion by a Multiphases Gradient Interphase for High‐Rate Lithium Metal Anodes
Authors: Pan Jiajie , Chen Zikang , Yang Zihao , Li Junhao , Shi Kaixiang , Zhang Rui , Sun Xiaoyan , Liu Quanbing 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThe random distribution of organic‐phases (OPs) and inorganic‐phases (IOPs) in native solid electrolyte interface (SEI) derived a sluggish Li‐ion de‐solvation and transmission, impairing the high‐rate performance of lithium metal anodes (LMAs). Herein, a multiphases gradient distribution hybrid interface is constructed on metallic Li by surface chemical reconstruction. Theoretical simulations and experiments verify that the Li‐ion unloading and infiltrating behaviors are tuned by functional complementary effects, enabling speedy kinetics. The upper OPs with polar functional group (─COO−) convert near‐surface solvation structure, pushing Li‐ion to unload the solvation cluster. Simultaneously, the bottom IOPs with plenty of crystal boundary accelerates Li‐ion infiltration. Moreover, flexible OPs cooperate with rigid IOPs to buffer volume fluctuation and suppress dendritic Li growth. Consequently, the lifespan of the composited electrode is significantly prolonged over 520 h at 5 mA cm−2. The full cells also exhibit an exhilarated rate performance and capacity retention even under a low N/P ratio (≈2.5). This work offers a characteristic insight for the rational design of gradient hybrid interface on the practical LMAs.
Advances in Lanthanide‐Based NIR‐IIb Probes for In Vivo Biomedical Imaging
Authors: Wu Jiaxin , Chen Zi‐Han , Xie Yang , Fan Yong 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThe past decades have witnessed the significant development and practical interest of in vivo biomedical imaging technologies and optical materials in the second‐near infrared (NIR‐II, 1000–1700 nm) window. Imaging with the extended emission wavelength toward the long‐wavelength end (NIR‐IIb, 1500–1700 nm) further offers micrometer imaging resolution and centimeter tissue penetration depth by taking advantage of the much‐reduced photon scattering and near‐zero tissue autofluorescence background, which have become a very hot research area. This review focuses on the recent advances in the development of lanthanide‐based NIR‐IIb probes for in vivo biomedical applications. The progress including ratiometric imaging, multiplexed imaging for wide‐field and microscopy, lifetime multiplexing and sensing, persistent luminescence, and multimodal imaging is summarized. Challenges and future directions concerning the investigation of the photophysical and photochemical properties of NIR‐IIb probes, the selection of near‐infrared cameras as well as the potential extension of the NIR‐IIb imaging sub‐window are pointed out. This review will inspire readers who have a strong interest in developing optical imaging technology and long‐wavelength fluorescence probes for high‐contrast in vivo biomedical applications.
Reductive Transformation of CO2 to Organic Compounds
Authors: Wu An‐Guo , Ding Jie , Zhao Lan , Li Hong‐Ru , He Liang‐Nian 
Published: November 2024

AbstractCarbon dioxide is a major greenhouse gas and a safe, abundant, easily accessible, and renewable C1 resource that can be chemically converted into high value‐added chemicals, fuels and materials. The preparation of urea, organic carbonates, salicylic acid, etc. from CO2 through non‐reduction conversion has been used in industrial production, while CO2 reduction transformation has become a research hotspot in recent years due to its involvement in energy storage and product diversification. Designing suitable catalysts to achieve efficient and selective conversion of CO2 is crucial due to its thermodynamic stability and kinetic inertness. From this perspective, the redistribution of charges within CO2 molecules through the interaction of Lewis acid/base or metal complexes with CO2, or the forced transfer of electrons to CO2 through photo‐ or electrocatalysis, is a commonly used effective way to activate CO2. Based on understanding of the activation/reaction mechanism on a molecular level, we have developed metal complexes, metal salts, inorganic/organic salts, ionic liquids, as well as nitrogen rich and porous materials as efficient catalysts for CO2 reductive conversions. The goal of this personal account is to summarize the catalytic processes of CO2 reductive conversion that have been developed in the past 7 years: 1) For the reductive functionalization of CO2, the major challenge lies in accurately adjusting reaction parameters (such as pressure) to achieve high catalytic efficiency and the product selectivity; 2) For photocatalytic or electrocatalytic reduction of CO2, how to suppress competitive hydrogen evolution reactions and improve catalyst stability are key points that requires continuous attention.
Research on the Isolated Three‐Port DC‐DC Converter with Resonant Parameter Compensation Capability and Its Performance Optimization
Authors: Zhang Xinsheng , Liu Hongchen 
Published: November 2024

AbstractIn order to eliminate the adverse effects caused by power coupling of the isolated three‐port converter (ITPC), this paper proposes a three‐port resonant converter that uses a switch‐controlled‐capacitor (SCC) and an auxiliary inductor, which has resonant parameter compensation capability (RPC‐ITPC). The topology and operational principle of RPC‐ITPC are discussed in detail. To achieve resonant‐type power decoupling, it is usually necessary to ensure that the resonant frequency of the decoupling port resonant tank is consistent with the switching frequency, which puts high demands on the accuracy of the resonant components. To address the sensitivity of resonant‐type power decoupling to the parameters of resonant components, an SCC was adopted to solve the problem. The use of SCC enables the RPC‐ITPC to have resonant parameter compensation capability. In order to further optimize the performance of the RPC‐ITPC, a triple‐phase‐shift (TPS) modulation strategy is proposed to achieve the minimum RMS value of resonant current (MRMS‐TPSMS). Under the MRMS‐TPSMS, the switching devices of the power decoupling port have difficulty achieving ZVS turn‐on. To circumvent this problem, we realize ZVS of the decoupling port switching devices via auxiliary inductor current injection. Finally, a 1 kW experimental prototype was constructed to validate the theoretical propositions presented in this study. © 2024 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan and Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Application of the horse grimace scale in horses with dental disease: Preliminary findings
Authors: Sidwell Amelia E. , Duz Marco , Hill Bradley , Freeman Sarah , Hole Sam L. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractBackgroundDental disease is a common but often under‐recognised condition in horses, possibly due to an inability to recognise clinical signs of oral discomfort. Some dental disorders are reportedly more painful than others, but there is no current metric by which dental pain can be objectively assessed. This study aimed to determine whether a facial expression‐based pain scale offered an objective and reliable method for assessing dental pain in horses. It was hypothesised that dental disorders affecting the periodontium would produce high pain scores.MethodsTwelve horses with dental disease were evaluated for pain using a numerical rating scale (NRS) and a horse grimace scale (HGS) by blinded observers using still, lateral photographs.ResultsInterobserver reliability was poor across all observers when both the NRS (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] = 0.36) and the HGS (ICC = 0.27) were used in horses with dental disease. The highest mean scores were given for horses with equine odontoclastic tooth resorption and hypercementosis (EOTRH) and periodontal disease (PD).LimitationsThis study has a small sample size of both horses and questionnaire respondents, and the respondent demographics are not representative of the wider veterinary population Furthermore, no positive or negative controls were used for the pain scoring.ConclusionsThe results of this study indicate the unreliability of tools designed for identifying acute pain for assessing chronic pain, such as dental pain. A more dental‐specific ethogram is required to accurately identify dental pain in horses. Both the NRS and HGS produced the highest mean scores for EOTRH and PD, supporting existing literature that these conditions are associated with more obvious signs of pain.
Evaluation of Radiological and Anatomical Features of Cervical Vertebrae in Adult Persian Cat
Authors: Derakhshi Peghah , Alizadeh Siamak , Hosseinchi Mohammadreza 
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACTBackgroundRadiographic studies of Persian cat's cervical vertebrae can provide us with valuable information used in identifying its anatomical features, investigating various species of Persian cats and evaluating their cervical pathologies.ObjectivesThe present study aimed to investigate the anatomical and radiological features of cervical vertebrae in Persian cats to create a comprehensive and accurate reference for the normal range of cervical bones and joints that can be used for clinical decision‐making and interpretation of radiographic findings in these cats.MethodsThe present descriptive‐cross‐sectional study included 10 adult Persian cats, including 5 males and 5 females. All cats underwent radiography in the dorsoventral, ventrodorsal, left lateral and right lateral recumbency. Then, anatomical investigations were performed.ResultsAccording to our findings, Persian cats were different from other cat species in some cervical vertebral characteristics, which can be suggested as comparative anatomy in these species. The most important differences were as follows: the C3 and C7 had the lowest and highest spinous process height (SPH), respectively. The atlas had the highest transverse process width (TPW), which was significantly different with other cervical vertebrae (p ≤ 0.05). Moreover, the cervical vertebrae were not significantly different in vertical diameter of cranial vertebral foramen (VDCrVF) and transverse diameter of cranial vertebral foramen (TDCrVF) (p ≤ 0.05). The caudal surface of the atlantic vertebral arch had two dorsal and ventral tubercles. Also, the ventral crest of the axis was quite indistinct in the cranial part while becoming prominent in the caudal part. The C3 spinous process was a wide, small tubercle, while the C7 spinous process was extended vertically. Finally, the C6 transverse processes had a large ventrocranial tubercle forming a sagittal plate with cranial and caudal parts separated by a notch.ConclusionThe accurate and comprehensive standard ranges obtained from the present study can be used for the interpretation of imaging results, clinical decision‐making, and finding the normal and abnormal sizes of the cervical vertebrae and their processes in Persian cats.
Undesired effects of low‐level photobiomodulation analgesic therapy in three cats with osteoarthritis
Authors: Barale Loris , Adami Chiara 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThree cats with osteoarthritis undergoing low‐level laser therapy showed undesired effects, namely, discomfort and behavioural changes, after their first laser session. Although visible burns could not be detected and rectal temperature was only slightly elevated compared to pre‐procedural values, it is hypothesised that the behavioural changes showed by all three cats, namely, restlessness, tail wiggling, flinching away from touch and frequent position changes, were caused by skin overheating, as it has been reported in human patients.It is advisable to intensify post‐procedural monitoring in cats undergoing photobiomodulation as part of the analgesic treatment of osteoarthritis for early detection of complications. Measurement of skin surface temperature of the treated areas and behavioural observation may be recommended in cats following photobiomodulation, possibly until 3‒4 h after the end of the laser treatment.
An evaluation of the Hawthorne effect in a clinical trial of trauma care in Ghana
Authors: Gyedu Adam , Amponsah‐Manu Forster , Mensah Samuel , Donkor Peter , Mock Charles 
Published: November 2024

AbstractIntroductionHawthorne effect refers to changes in clinician behavior in response to being observed. It has been minimally evaluated in trauma and surgical research, especially in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs).MethodsWe used data from the first (control) phase of a randomized clinical trial in Ghana (2020‐21). Trained observers were stationed in emergency units in eight non‐tertiary hospitals to observe the achievement of key performance indicators (KPI) (KPIs) of trauma care. We hypothesized that the observers' presence would create a Hawthorne effect, resulting in clinicians (doctors, nurses) performing above their usual level, with performance highest immediately after the observers were introduced, and with performance then declining over time toward the usual baseline.ResultsWe enrolled 2067 injured patients. Achievement of 13 out of 16 KPIs declined significantly over the 14 months after the introduction of observers. For example, airway assessment declined from 77% initially to 60% at the end of the phase (p < 0.001). Chest examination declined from 66% to 31% (p < 0.001). Distal pulses checked declined from 45% to 7% (p < 0.001). The slope of decline in KPI achievement ranged from 0.8%/month (mobility assessed) to 15.9%/month (distal pulses checked).ConclusionsThe decline in KPI achievement over time is consistent with the hypothesis that clinicians performed above their usual level just after the observers were introduced, with performance then declining toward the usual baseline. This study is among the first to provide quantitative data on the Hawthorne effect for trauma research in LMICs. These data are useful for the design of future observational studies and clinical trials.
Introduction
Authors: Carrera Nunez Sergio , Karageorgiou Eleni , Ovacik Gamze , Tan Nikolas Feith 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThe United Nations Global Compact for Refugees (GCR) is the most significant attempt at global responsibility sharing reform since the failed 1977 Conference on Territorial Asylum. Although there are no substantive obligations on states to share responsibilities in relation to refugees in the text of the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees (Refugee Convention), cooperation, solidarity, and responsibility sharing are core principles of the refugee regime (Karageorgiou, 2019). The preamble to the Refugee Convention stipulates that, given the pressures refugee movements put on certain countries, displacement cannot be resolved without international cooperation. The concept of responsibility sharing is understood to entail a type of cooperation and joint action, the main goal of which is to alleviate pressure on states that are hosting large numbers of refugees, through measures such as resettlement and relocation, financial assistance, and capacity building with the view to ensuring effective protection to refugees (Dowd & McAdam, 2017).
The Outsourcing of European Migration and Asylum Policy in Niger
Authors: Tinni Bachirou Ayouba , Hamadou Abdoulaye 
Published: November 2024

AbstractSituated at the crossroads of sub-Saharan Africa and the Maghreb, Niger has been a departure and transit zone for the past few decades. Following the fall of Gaddafi, the country became a strategic partner to the European Union and its Member States in the search for solutions to the so-called migration crisis. This position was consolidated by its participation in the Valletta Summit in Malta in 2015, during which an emergency trust fund for Africa was set up to stem migration flows from Africa to Europe. Niger is the main beneficiary of the financial mechanism that was put in place, ranging from direct budgetary aid to project funding from United Nations agencies, cooperation and development agencies and non-governmental organisations as well as police cooperation. In return, the country stands out as a reliable partner in the fight against irregular migration and the promotion of the right to asylum. Thus, in addition to the application of Law 2015–36 on Migrant Smuggling, the country innovated with an unprecedented mechanism (the ETM) for the transfer of asylum-seekers and refugees from Libya to Niger, where they are supposed to be resettled in Europe and Canada. In the same year, the UNHCR opened an office in Agadez to facilitate asylum applications in a situation of mixed movements. These actions aim to confine migrants and keep them away from Europe’s borders, against a backdrop of outsourcing of migration and asylum policies. Based on a legal and ethnographic approach, this chapter analyses the organisational changes that have arisen as a result of the EU’s engagement with Niger and the UNHCR in the field of asylum since 2015. The approach is mainly based on two mechanisms introduced after the Valletta Summit: the ETM and the provision of asylum in Agadez in the context of mixed migration. The analysis focuses on the issues of accountability, transparency and compatibility.
The Global Compact on Refugees in Serbia and Tunisia: Exploring the Roles of EU and Domestic Policy Actors in Asylum Governance
Authors: Dimitriadi Angeliki , Lehmann Julian 
Published: November 2024

AbstractWe explore in this chapter the actors in (and their preferences) implementing selected policies relevant for the Global Compact on Refugees in Serbia and Tunisia. Serbia and Tunisia are priority countries for the EU as regards the foreign policy of migration and asylum. Serbia has become the central theatre on the “Balkan route” since 2015 and is on a EU membership path that requires significant reforms, including on the governance of migration and asylum. Tunisia is a key country of origin and transit for irregular migrants and asylum seekers travelling through the Central Mediterranean route, making it a priority for both Italy as a key member state, and for the EU as a whole. Both Serbia and Tunisia have endorsed the Global Compact on Refugees, which provides policy guidance on a range of issues on asylum, from reception to integration. Yet, the two countries have pursued different approaches towards the Compact’s core elements. Utilizing a lens of “political responsibility”, we examine how in Serbia and Tunisia domestic and international actors share asylum policies.
Attributing Legal Responsibility in the Context of Mobility Containment
Authors: Noll Gregor , Ovacik Gamze , Karageorgiou Eleni 
Published: November 2024

AbstractToday, the attribution in multi-actor settings can no longer be exclusively considered under the 2001 ARSIWA and the 2011 ARIO. In this chapter, we consider how human rights and refugee law violations in the framework of migration cooperation might entail responsibility attribution to the involved actors under an emerging framework of rules. This novel framework takes the systemic completeness of international law as a baseline. It consists of the 2020 Guiding Principles on Shared Responsibility in International Law, the critiques of attribution by scholars and arguments from justice. ‘Systemic responsibility attribution’ is the label we use for it, and EU migration arrangements with Türkiye, Tunisia, Serbia and Niger provide the context for showcasing the application of this framework. We analyse the containment of refugee movements in cases related to all four countries. While systemic responsibility attribution is grounded on ILC articles in the case of Türkiye and Tunisia, Principle 7 GPRSIL offered a pathway towards attribution for Niger, in parallel to an attribution argument drawing on arguments from justice. In the case of Serbia, the sole avenue for an attribution argument were arguments from justice. Neither ILC articles nor the GPSRIL offered stepping stones for responsibility attribution for cooperation with Serbia.