bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Realism as Modernism
Authors: Evans Brad 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
American realism and modernism were coevolving literary movements with roots in the second half of the nineteenth century. The critical reluctance to recognize this fact and the recasting of realism in pejorative terms were shaped by the emergence of the romance theory of the American novel in the 1920s. A wide variety of modern artists were active in the United States in the 1890s. They were especially visible in the period’s little magazines, known as “ephemeral bibelots.” The fad for these magazines was international and expressly antirealist. Concurrently, American realist writing consistently framed “new” and “modern” art as being foreign in content and style.
Ethnic Caricature and the Comic Sensibility
Authors: Cole Jean Lee 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
When realists engage in comedy, they are hardly ever funny. Their comic efforts strike the reader as clumsy intrusions into a world that is otherwise governed by natural or societal forces. Yet the comic mode, and an aspect of the comic that could be called the comic sensibility, can be contextualized within and against realism. Liminal and transgressive, the comic sensibility solved some of the representative conundrums of realism, disrupting its smooth surfaces and thumbing its nose at determinism. The comic sensibility depended heavily on caricature—specifically, ethnic caricature—and while ethnic caricature usually denigrated its subjects, in notable cases, as in the work of Charles Chesnutt, Stephen Crane, Bruno Lessing (Rudolph Block), vaudeville comedians, and comic-strip artists, the comic sensibility provided openings for ethnic and racial minorities to make meaning, form a collective identity, and foster solidarity.
Educating English Learners
Authors: Mavrogordato Madeline , White Rachel S. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
As the fastest-growing student population in U.S. public schools, students who are English learners (ELs) have increasingly shifted to the center of key education law, policy, and practice discussions at the local, state, and national level. This chapter lays a foundation for those interested in understanding what it means to be an EL and historical federal statutory efforts and key judicial decisions related to inequalities and inequities in educational opportunities for ELs. Additionally, this chapter takes up the contemporary legal context for EL students, with the authors contending that policy and legal trends suggest a number of important legal shifts: from a binary to a multifarious understanding of the EL student population and from questions of equitable educational inputs to questions of equitable educational outputs for EL students.
Unruly Bodies
Authors: Hohle Randolph 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter outlines a methodological approach to studying the body and embodiment in political and historical sociology. The advantage of incorporating the body into the study of political and historical sociology is that it captures how the body exerts causal effects on political outcomes. In particular, it will show how embodiment explains (1) the importance of affect on the formation of political knowledge, (2) how bodies produce meanings independent of their original construct and persist after the social group dissolves, and (3) a specific connection point between mobilization and the state response to the social movement. To illustrate, this chapter shows how the racially threatening embodied performance was both vital to the Black Panther Party’s success and served as the focal point for elite white and state actors to mobilize against racial equality in the post–civil rights era.
Figuring Out How Others See Us
Authors: Elsaadawy Norhan , Carlson Erika N. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We have a natural desire to know what other people think of us and, thus, we form beliefs regarding other people’s impressions of us, called meta-perceptions. The extent to which these beliefs are accurate is called meta-accuracy, and is related to whether people like us, as well as the quality of our relationships with others. As a result, meta-accuracy has become a topic of interest in the literature on personality judgment. This chapter reviews how researchers study and index meta-accuracy and the results of the existing work on meta-accuracy. Further, it proposes studying meta-accuracy by using the Realistic Accuracy Model (RAM) as a framework. To demonstrate the utility of this approach, we use the RAM to outline the cues used in the formation of meta-perceptions, the potential moderators of meta-accuracy, and future avenues of research.
The Good Target of Personality Judgments
Authors: Mignault Marie-Catherine , Human Lauren J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Being a good target, judgeable, or high in expressive accuracy plays a fundamental role in the accuracy of personality judgments. In line with Funder’s realistic accuracy model (RAM), targets are responsible for the quality and quantity of information—or cues—they provide to judges, and have the potential to influence how much attention and cognitive resources judges dedicate to those cues. In this chapter, target characteristics are discussed, such as psychological adjustment and social skills, which influence each stage of the RAM, thereby distinguishing good targets from targets that are more elusive or difficult to read. To conclude, possible intra- and inter-personal benefits of expressive accuracy and potential ways to enhance expressive accuracy are considered.
Characteristics of Traits That Are Related to Accuracy of Personality Judgments
Authors: Krzyzaniak Sheherezade L. , Letzring Tera D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Personality traits are characteristics of individuals that predict patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behavior over time. Research focusing on accuracy of judgments of the traits of others has found that certain traits are more easily judged than others. Traits such as extraversion tend to be judged with high levels of accuracy, while other traits such as neuroticism and openness to experience are more difficult to judge. Several factors play a role in these findings, such as the observability and ratability of traits, favorability and evaluativeness of traits, and the types of situations and relationships in which judgments are made. In this chapter, research investigating how these factors are related to accuracy of judgments for different traits is described, potential ways to improve accuracy of less easily judged traits are proposed, and directions for future research are identified.
Christian Contemplative Thought and Practice in the Contemporary World
Authors: Christie Douglas E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
“Christian Contemplative Thought and Practice in the Contemporary World” describes the growth and development of contemplative and meditative practices within contemporary Christianity, focusing especially on the retrieval of ancient contemplative practices in the contemporary period by Thomas Merton, John Main, and Thomas Keating. It also attends to the varied expressions of Christian contemplative thought among contemporary thinkers and practitioners and movements, such as the new monasticism, to ask how and why it continues to thrive and develop in the contemporary period. Noteworthy here are the distinctive contributions made by emerging writers such as Martin Laird, Richard Rohr, Cynthia Bourgeault, Kathleen Norris, Barbara Holmes, Sarah Coakley, Adam Bucko, Bernadette Flanagan, and Jean-Yves Leloup in extending and deepening the understanding of Christian contemplative practice in light of contemporary experience. Also significant are contributions by Latin American, African American, and feminist writers, such as Gustavo Gutiérrez, Maria Clara Bingemer, and Howard Thurman, in illuminating the role of Christian contemplative practice in responding to social injustice.
The Neurobiology of Sensory Valuation
Authors: Skov Martin 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter introduces the reader to the basic features of the neurobiological system involved in forming a hedonic liking response for sensory objects. In this way it aims to provide nonneuroscientists working in empirical aesthetics with a first primer on the neurobiological mechanisms and computational principles that underlie aesthetic appreciation. It describes how hedonic valuation is primarily computed by neural processes in the mesocorticolimbic reward circuit, and reviews some of the intrinsic and extrinsic factors that modulate these processes, thereby influencing how likable or dislikable a stimulus is experienced to be. It is argued that the neuroscientific evidence presented here suggests that the computational principles driving aesthetic appreciation can only be understood if seen as fundamentally rooted in functional mechanisms that evolved to help regulate adaptive behavior.
The Evolution of Aesthetics and Beauty
Authors: Zaidel Dahlia W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
For over two millennia philosophical discussions tied aesthetics mainly to art and led to meager insights, if any, into why humans experience aesthetic reactions. Current scientific discussions on the issue, on the other hand, have turned to biology, evolution, and neuroscience. They link aesthetics with beauty in art, faces, scenery, and a variety of other sources. The biology of beauty is now viewed as having roots that extend far into the human ancestry, specifically to animal mate selection strategies. This chapter traces and explains the biological role in the human beauty response and its usefulness in various domains of human interactions.
Revisiting Fechner’s Methods
Authors: Westphal-Fitch Gesche 
Published: August 2019

AbstractGustav Fechner, the founding father of empirical aesthetics, was the first to suggest that multiple methods should be used when approaching any aesthetic phenomenon empirically. He introduced the methods of production, use, and choice and laid out why they should typically be used in combination. While the method of choice is widely used today, the other two remain somewhat neglected, to the detriment of the field, as is argued here. Fechner’s other key contribution to empirical aesthetics is the distinction between “aesthetics from above” (which is purely theoretical) and “aesthetics from below” (which is guided by empirical research). One example of the application of aesthetics from below is research on the golden section, which is discussed here in connection with Fechner’s three proposed methods. The relevance of Fechner’s methods for research today is discussed.
Public health and climate change: How are local authorities preparing for the health impacts of our changing climate?
Authors: Woodhall Sarah C , Landeg Owen , Kovats Sari 
Published: August 2019

ABSTRACT

Background
Local authorities have a crucial role in preparing for the impacts of climate change. However, the extent to which health impacts are being prioritized and acted on is not well understood.

Methods
We investigated the role of public health in adapting to climate change through: (i) a content analysis of local authority climate change adaptation strategies in South West England and (ii) semi-structured telephone interviews with local authority public health consultants and sustainability officers and a regional Public Health England representative (n = 11).

Results
Adaptation strategies/plans varied in existence and scope. Public health consultants did not have an explicit remit for climate change adaptation, although related action often aligned with public health’s emergency planning functions. Key barriers to health-related adaptation were financial constraints, lack of leadership and limited public and professional awareness about health impacts.

Conclusions
Local authorities in South West England have differing approaches to tackling health impacts of climate change, and the prominence of public health arguments for adaptation varies. Improved public health intelligence, concise communications, targeted support, visible local and national leadership and clarity on economic costs and benefits of adaptation would be useful for local authorities in preparing for the health impacts of climate change.
Approaches to feedback in the mathematical sciences: just what do students really think?
Authors: Grove Michael J , Good Chris 
Published: August 2019

AbstractAssessment and feedback is an area where mathematical sciences departments have invested significant effort in recent times. Particular challenges have been identified relating to timely and detailed feedback, both of which are important given the widespread use of formative, and typically weekly, problem sheet assessments to aid and structure the mathematical development of learners. Here, we report on a first cycle of action research, linked to the implementation of a revised curriculum in a large UK research-intensive mathematical sciences department, which was designed to enhance the feedback received by students and their subsequent engagement with it. Whilst we draw upon the results of a survey of 74 undergraduate students, we also describe the pilot of a method for providing video-based marking and feedback. Our results show the importance that students within the mathematical sciences place upon feedback as part of their learning experience, but also that amongst those undergraduates surveyed, there was no clear consensus as to whether they had received sufficient feedback upon their work. The findings reinforce the need for students themselves to engage with their mathematical feedback in a meaningful way, and significantly they indicate that the feedback perceived as most valuable involves opportunities to engage in dialogue about their work with either their peers, postgraduate teaching assistants or academic members of staff. As such, the emphasis that departments place upon providing ‘detailed written comments’ on formative work appears not to be valid, and instead more ‘dialogical’ or ‘interactive’ mechanisms for providing feedback in mathematics may have the potential to yield more effective results.
Impact of a Perioperative Protocol on Length of ICU and Hospital Stay in Complex Spine Surgery
Authors: Ayrian Eugenia , Sugeir Shihab H. , Arakelyan Anush , Arnaudov Dimiter , Hsieh Patrick C. , Laney Jeremy V. , Roffey Peter , Tran Thang D. , Varner Chelsia L. , Vu Kevin , Zelman Vladimir , Liu John C. 
Published: August 2019

Background:
In an attempt to improve patient care, a perioperative complex spine surgery management protocol was developed through collaboration between spine surgeons and neuroanesthesiologists. The aim of this study was to investigate whether implementation of the protocol in 2015 decreased total hospital and intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay (LOS) and complication rates after elective complex spine surgery.

Materials and Methods:
A retrospective cohort study was conducted by review of the medical charts of patients who underwent elective complex spine surgery at an academic medical center between 2012 and 2017. Patients were divided into 2 groups based on the date of their spine surgery in relation to implementation of the spine surgery protocol; before-protocol (January 2012 to March 2015) and protocol (April 2015 to March 2017) groups. Outcomes in the 2 groups were compared, focusing on hospital and ICU LOS, and complication rates.

Results:
A total of 201 patients were included in the study; 107 and 94 in the before-protocol and protocol groups, respectively. Mean (SD) hospital LOS was 14.8±10.8 days in the before-protocol group compared with 10±10.7 days in the protocol group (P<0.001). The spine surgery protocol was the primary factor decreasing hospital LOS; incidence rate ratio 0.78 (P<0.001). Similarly, mean ICU LOS was lower in the protocol compared with before-protocol group (4.2±6.3 vs. 6.3±7.3 d, respectively; P=0.011). There were no significant differences in the rate of postoperative complications between the 2 groups (P=0.231).

Conclusion:
Implementation of a spine protocol reduced ICU and total hospital LOS stay in high-risk spine surgery patients.
Improved Clinical and Functional Outcomes in Crouch Gait Following Minimally Invasive Hamstring Lengthening and Serial Casting in Children With Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Long Jason T. , Cobb Leah , Garcia Micah C. , McCarthy James J. 
Published: August 2019

Background:
Serial extension casting represents a novel solution for addressing residual knee flexion contractures following hamstring lengthening in children with cerebral palsy. The purpose of this study was to investigate postoperative changes in patients following hamstring lengthening with a serial casting protocol.

Methods:
Measures from preoperative and postoperative gait analyses were reviewed retrospectively for 19 patients with cerebral palsy who underwent hamstring lengthening followed by serial extension casting. Postoperative changes in clinical, functional, and kinematic parameters were assessed using paired parametric methods.

Results:
Improvements were measured in popliteal angle, knee contracture, peak stance phase knee extension, sagittal plane range of motion of the knee during walking, Gait Deviation Index, and pediatric outcomes data collection instrument Global score. Nearly 80% of the cohort (15/19 patients) demonstrated a significant or moderate response to the intervention, whereas 20% demonstrated no improvement. Of note, significantly increased anterior pelvic tilt was also observed.

Conclusions:
Hamstring lengthening combined with a serial casting protocol was associated with significant postoperative improvements in a range of clinical (eg, knee contracture), functional (eg, pediatric outcomes data collection instrument Global), and kinematic (eg, knee extension in stance) parameters. Improvements following this minimally invasive surgery were comparable to outcomes from procedures with higher complication rates.

Level of Evidence:
This is a Level III Therapeutic Study (retrospective study investigating the results of a treatment).
Five-year Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial for Lumbar Artificial Discs in Single-level Degenerative Disc Disease
Authors: Yue James J. , Garcia Rolando , Blumenthal Scott , Coric Dom , Patel Vikas V. , Dinh Dzung H. , Buttermann Glenn R. , Deutsch Harel , Miller Larry E. , Persaud Elizabeth J. , Ferko Nicole C. 
Published: August 2019

Study Design.
A prospective, multicenter, randomized, controlled, investigational device exemption (IDE) noninferiority trial.

Objective.
The aim of this study was to compare the 5-year safety and effectiveness of the activL Artificial Disc with Control Total Disc Replacement (TDR) systems (ProDisc-L or Charité) in the treatment of patients with symptomatic single-level lumbar degenerative disc disease (DDD).

Summary of Background Data.
The activL Artificial Disc received Food and Drug Administration approval in 2015 based on 2-year follow-up data.

Methods.
Eligible patients presented with symptomatic, single-level, lumbar DDD who failed ≥6 months of nonsurgical management. At entry, 324 patients were randomly allocated (2 : 1) to treatment with activL (n = 218) or Control (n = 106, including n = 65 ProDisc-L and n = 41 Charité) TDR. At 5-year follow up, a total of 261 patients (176 activL patients and 85 Control patients) were available for analysis.

Results.
The primary composite endpoint at 5 years for activL patients was noninferior to Control TDR. Relative to baseline, reductions in back pain severity and improvements in Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) were maintained for both the activL and Control TDR groups through 5 years. The activL group showed significantly better range of motion for flexion-extension rotation, flexion-extension translation, and disc angle, compared with Control TDR. Freedom from a serious adverse event through 5 years was 64% in activL patients, 47% in Control patients (log-rank P = 0.0068). Freedom from index-level and adjacent-level reoperation was high for TDR patients, ranging between 94% and 99%, respectively.

Conclusion.
Long-term evidence supports lumbar total disc replacement as safe. The next-generation activL Artificial Disc is more effective at preserving range of motion than first-generation lumbar TDRs (ProDisc-L and Charité) and offers a higher safety profile. Other primary and secondary outcomes are similar between disc designs.

Level of Evidence: 2
VITREOUS AND PRERETINAL SEEDING AFTER TRANSVITREAL FINE NEEDLE ASPIRATION BIOPSY OF CHOROIDAL MELANOMA
Authors: Mashayekhi Arman , Shields Carol L. , Eagle Ralph C. , Shields Jerry A. 
Published: August 2019

Background/Purpose:
To report vitreous and epiretinal seeding of choroidal melanoma after transvitreal fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB).

Methods:
A 74-year-old Caucasian man with a medium-sized, dome-shaped choroidal melanoma without Bruch membrane rupture, retinal invasion, or vitreous seeding. Transvitreal FNAB was performed for cytopathologic evaluation using a long 27-gauge needle attached to a 10-mL syringe by connector tubing. After passing through the pars plana, vitreous cavity, neurosensory retina, and Bruch membrane, the needle was inserted into the tumor and aspiration was performed.

Results:
Cytopathologic evaluation revealed spindle B melanoma cells, and the tumor was subsequently treated with an 18-mm round Iodine-125 radioactive plaque delivering a tumor apex radiation dose of 7,000 cGy. Transscleral FNAB for cytogenetic evaluation performed at the time of plaque application disclosed chromosome three monosomy and chromosome six and eight disomy. Vitreous pigmented cells were first noted 14 months after brachytherapy. Funduscopy and optical coherence tomography at 24 months after plaque radiotherapy showed extensive vitreous and preretinal pigmented seeding that completely covered the optic disk. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of the vitreous confirmed the presence of malignant melanoma cells, and the right eye was enucleated. Histopathologic evaluation showed a totally necrotic choroidal melanoma and an extensive malignant epiretinal membrane that covered and extended into the substance of the optic nerve head and focally invaded the neurosensory retina. The patient developed liver metastasis 3 years after the initial presentation and died 10 months later.

Conclusion:
This case demonstrates the rare development of extensive vitreous and preretinal seeding with retinal and optic nerve invasion after transvitreal FNAB of choroidal melanoma.