bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Psychophysiological treatment outcomes: Corticotropin‐releasing factor type 1 receptor antagonist increases inhibition of fear‐potentiated startle in PTSD patients
Authors: Jovanovic Tanja , Duncan Erica J. , Kaye Joanna , Garza Kristie , Norrholm Seth D. , Inslicht Sabra S. , Neylan Thomas C. , Mathew Sanjay J. , Iosifescu Dan , Rothbaum Barbara O. , Mayberg Helen S. , Dunlop Boadie W. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractAfter exposure to a traumatic event, a subset of people develop post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). One of the key deficits in PTSD is regulation of fear, and impaired inhibition of fear‐potentiated startle (FPS) has been identified as a potential physiological biomarker specific to PTSD. As part of a larger clinical trial, this study investigated the effects of a CRF receptor 1 antagonist, GSK561679, on inhibition of fear‐potentiated startle during a conditional discrimination fear‐conditioning paradigm, termed AX+/BX−. Prior research using this paradigm has demonstrated deficits in inhibition of conditioned fear in several PTSD populations. The randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled clinical trial compared fear inhibition between female PTSD participants taking 350 mg/day GSK561679 (n = 47 pre‐ and 29 post‐treatment) and patients taking a placebo pill (n = 52 pre‐ and 30 post‐treatment) daily for 6 weeks. There was no significant difference between the two groups in their acquisition of fear or discrimination between threat and safety cues, and no pre–post‐treatment effect on these measures. However, there was a significant effect of treatment on inhibition of FPS during the AB trials in the AX+/BX− transfer test (p < 0.05). While all PTSD participants showed typical impairments in fear inhibition prior to treatment, GSK561679 enhanced fear inhibition post‐treatment, independent of clinical effects. The current study suggests that CRF receptor 1 antagonism may have specific effects within neural circuitry mediating fear inhibition responses, but not overall symptom presentation, in PTSD.
A Pragmatic Reconstruction of Law’s Claim to Authority
Authors: Spector Horacio 
Published: February 2019

AbstractRaz holds thatnecessarilyall legal authorities, evende factoauthorities, make a claim to legitimate authority. He does not say that legitimacy is a necessary property of law. This view, which I call theclaim view, constitutes my focal point in this paper. Many commentators have criticized this view. I discuss and dismiss three critiques of the claim view: theverification critique(the claim view is not empirically confirmed), thelegalistic critique(law claims legal authority, not moral authority), and thesemantic critique(legal obligations are semantically distinct from moral obligations).I submit that Raz equates the meaning of legal duties with that of moral duties and yet denies that legal statements entail moral propositions. In other words, I distinguish thesemantic identity thesisfrom thesemantic entailment thesis. Instead of a semantic interpretation of the claim view, I defend a presuppositional ascription of a general claim to moral authority to authoritative duty‐imposing and normatively committed uses of legal language by official spokesmen. I show that law’s claim to authority does not prove the truth of the sources thesis, because conceptual confusion or insincerity can affect the epistemic reliability of the propositions embodied in the claim, and because blatant immorality can altogether cancel law’s pragmatically presupposed claim to moral authority. I also argue that the claim view can only warrant two qualified versions of exclusive legal positivism, one of which is almost tautological, the other self‐contradictory. Finally, I suggest that exclusive legal positivism cannot be defended on conceptual grounds.
Whose Constitution? Constitutional Self‐Determination and Generational Change
Authors: Tremmel Jörg 
Published: February 2019

AbstractConstitutions enshrine the fundamental values of a people and they build a framework for a state’s public policy. With regard to generational change, their endurance gives rise to two interlinked concerns: the sovereignty concern and the forgone welfare concern. If constitutions are intergenerational contracts, how (in)flexible should they be? This article discusses perpetual constitutions, sunset constitutions, constitutional reform commissions, and constitutional conventions, both historically and analytically. It arrives at the conclusion that very rigid constitutions are incompatible with the principle of intergenerational justice. Recurring constitutional reform commissions at fixed intervals would give each generation of citizens a say without leaning too much on the side of flexibility.
Legal Hypocrisy
Authors: Yankah Ekow N. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractAccusations of hypocrisy in law and politics typically invoke hypocrisy as a personal failing. This locution misses the much more dangerous way laws and legal institutions themselves can be hypocritical. Hypocrisy can be equally revealed when an institution not only deceives another but acts against its avowed values or does not act in ways required by the values professed. Thus, legal actors, institutions, and norms can, in their institutional role, act against the values they avow, displaying legal hypocrisy. By avowing attractive values while acting in ways that undermine those values, laws and legal institutions victimize citizens to achieve goals that could not be openly justified. In doing so, hypocritical laws not only harm their victims but, by obscuring the injury, undermine the victim’s ability to call the law into account. Hypocrisy is important to highlight precisely because it suffocates the voice of its victims. Because hypocrisy takes advantage of a person while only pretending to justify one’s actions, hypocrisy not only harms citizens but treats them with a form of contempt. The vicious irony is that hypocrisy in the law not only harms its “direct victims” but ultimately undermines the very rule of law.
Do Property–Casualty Insurance Firms Locate to Minimize Insurance Premium Taxes?
Authors: Grace Martin F. , Sjoquist David L. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractStates levy insurance premium taxes, which are essentially gross receipt taxes on premiums, with insurance companies paying the higher of the tax rate in the state in which the company is domiciled and the state in which the policy is written. Using firm‐level data for the property–casualty (P‐C) insurance industry, we estimate the extra insurance premium tax that P‐C insurance firms pay by not locating in the state that minimizes their insurance premium taxes. We find that only 4.78 percent of P‐C firms are located in the state that minimizes their insurance premium taxes. We explore the relationship between the extra tax paid and other factors that are thought to be associated with firm location choice. We find that P‐C firms appear to trade off higher taxes to locate in a state that is more urban.
Big Data and Dahl’s Challenge of Democratic Governance
Authors: Ingrams Alex 
Published: February 2019

AbstractBig data applications have been acclaimed as potentially transformative for the public sector. But, despite this acclaim, most theory of big data is narrowly focused around technocratic goals. The conceptual frameworks that situate big data within democratic governance systems recognizing the role of citizens are still missing. This paper explores the democratic governance impacts of big data in three policy areas using Robert Dahl’s dimensions of control and autonomy. Key impacts and potential tensions are highlighted. There is evidence of impacts on both dimensions, but the dimensions conflict as well as align in notable ways and focused policy efforts will be needed to find a balance.
Hours Worked in Europe and the United States: New Data, New Answers*
Authors: Bick Alexander , Brüggemann Bettina , Fuchs‐Schündeln Nicola 
Published: February 2019

AbstractWe use national labor force surveys from 1983 to 2015 to construct hours worked per person on the aggregate level and for different demographic groups for 18 European countries and the United States. We apply a harmonization procedure to measure hours worked consistently across countries and over time. In the recent cross‐section, Europeans work 14 percent fewer hours than US Americans. Differences in weeks worked and in the educational composition each account for one quarter to one half of this gap. In addition, lower hours worked per person than in the United States are driven by lower weekly hours worked in Scandinavia and Western Europe, but by lower employment rates in Eastern and Southern Europe.
Behavioral Effects of Withholding Taxes on Labor Supply*
Authors: Becker Johannes , Fooken Jonas , Steinhoff Melanie 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIn most advanced economies, income tax collection uses third‐party withholding for wage income. Because withholding taxes do not necessarily reflect true effective taxes, these may give false signals of net‐of‐tax pay. We test labor supply responses to such misconceptions using laboratory experiments. Withholding taxes (and the resulting tax refunds) should be behaviorally neutral, but our results show that tax adjustments lead to effort adjustments, which suggests that withholding blurs tax incentives. While there is no statistically significant response in the overall sample, the participants in the subgroup who self‐assess to be motivated by monetary incentives (about half of the total sample) reduce their effort in response to withholding taxes and increase their effort after receiving tax refunds.
Race, Income, and Environmental Inequality in the U.S. States, 1990–2014
Authors: Salazar Debra J. , Clauson Stacy , Abel Troy D. , Clauson Aran 
Published: February 2019

ObjectiveTo examine state‐level environmental inequality trends over time by constructing a new, longitudinal data set and comparing change in environmental and economic inequality.MethodsWe use Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) RSEI (Risk‐Screening Environmental Indicator) database to create measures of exposure to industrial air toxins and inequality in exposure by race and poverty status. Measures were calculated for each of three periods: 1990–1994, 2000–2004, and 2010–2014.ResultsExposure declined but inequality persisted. The geographic patterns displayed by race‐ and poverty‐related environmental inequality differ. But, states with higher levels of race‐based inequality had higher levels of exposure. Poverty‐based environmental and economic inequality exhibited a moderate, positive relation that was spatially patterned.ConclusionWhile environmental quality improved, we saw little progress in reducing environmental inequality. Though both race‐ and poverty‐based inequality remain, they result from different mechanisms. Future research should examine the relations between deindustrialization and economic, environmental, and political inequality.
Collectivizers in Italian (and beyond). The interplay between collectivizing and evaluating morphology (and the Div paradox)
Authors: Franco Ludovico , Baldi Benedetta , Savoia Leonardo M. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIn this work, we show thatcollectivizersare in a sort of complementary distribution with singulatives, and that the same grammatical devices employed to convey a singulative meaning, namely evaluative morphology and gender shift, are in fact used also for collectivization purposes. On the basis of these empirical observations, it is tempting to assume that they share the same morphosyntactic workspace (Chomsky et al. 2018), weakening the Div hypothesis of Borer (2005). Based on morphosyntactic evidence, we argue that the very concept of a divider in the grammar of natural languages is far from being a realistic tool. This conclusion is supported by the observation that a full array of different class(ifying) specifications, including the whole set of the evaluative spectrum (diminutives, augmentatives, pejoratives, etc.) enter the syntactic computation to restrict the semantic shape, as well as the argumental variable of the root. In the case of collectivizers, they introduce an aggregate‐like reading not only applying to individual roots but also to mass roots or adjectival and verbal roots, suggesting that a richer and subtler set of interpretive properties comes into play.
Harvesting European knowledge on soil functions and land management using multi‐criteria decision analysis
Authors: Bampa Francesca , O'Sullivan Lilian , Madena Kirsten , Sandén Taru , Spiegel Heide , Henriksen Christian Bugge , Ghaley Bhim Bahadur , Jones Arwyn , Staes Jan , Sturel Sylvain , Trajanov Aneta , Creamer Rachel E. , Debeljak Marko 
Published: February 2019

AbstractSoil and its ecosystem functions play a societal role in securing sustainable food production while safeguarding natural resources. A functional land management framework has been proposed to optimize the agro‐environmental outputs from the land and specifically the supply and demand of soil functions such as (a) primary productivity, (b) carbon sequestration, (c) water purification and regulation, (d) biodiversity and (e) nutrient cycling, for which soil knowledge is essential. From the outset, the LANDMARK multi‐actor research project integrates harvested knowledge from local, national and European stakeholders to develop such guidelines, creating a sense of ownership, trust and reciprocity of the outcomes. About 470 stakeholders from five European countries participated in 32 structured workshops covering multiple land uses in six climatic zones. The harmonized results include stakeholders’ priorities and concerns, perceptions on soil quality and functions, implementation of tools, management techniques, indicators and monitoring, activities and policies, knowledge gaps and ideas. Multi‐criteria decision analysis was used for data analysis. Two qualitative models were developed using Decision EXpert methodology to evaluate “knowledge” and “needs”. Soil quality perceptions differed across workshops, depending on the stakeholder level and regionally established terminologies. Stakeholders had good inherent knowledge about soil functioning, but several gaps were identified. In terms of critical requirements, stakeholders defined high technical, activity and policy needs in (a) financial incentives, (b) credible information on improving more sustainable management practices, (c) locally relevant advice, (d) farmers’ discussion groups, (e) training programmes, (f) funding for applied research and monitoring, and (g) strengthening soil science in education.
Re‐targeting of a plant defense protease by a cyst nematode effector
Authors: Pogorelko Gennady V. , Juvale Parijat S. , Rutter William B. , Hütten Marion , Maier Thomas R. , Hewezi Tarek , Paulus Judith , van der Hoorn Renier AL , Grundler Florian MW , Siddique Shahid , Lionetti Vincenzo , Zabotina Olga A. , Baum Thomas J. 
Published: February 2019

SummaryPlants mount defense responses during pathogen attacks, and robust host defense suppression by pathogen effector proteins is essential for infection success. 4E02 is an effector of the sugar beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii. Arabidopsis thaliana lines expressing the effector‐coding sequence showed altered expression levels of defense response genes, as well as higher susceptibility to both the biotroph H. schachtii and the necrotroph Botrytis cinerea, indicating a potential suppression of defenses by 4E02. Yeast two‐hybrid analyses showed that 4E02 targets A. thaliana vacuolar papain‐like cysteine protease (PLCP) ‘Responsive to Dehydration 21A’ (RD21A), which has been shown to function in the plant defense response. Activity‐based protein profiling analyses documented that the in planta presence of 4E02 does not impede enzymatic activity of RD21A. Instead, 4E02 mediates a re‐localization of this protease from the vacuole to the nucleus and cytoplasm, which is likely to prevent the protease from performing its defense function and at the same time, brings it in contact with novel substrates. Yeast two‐hybrid analyses showed that RD21A interacts with multiple host proteins including enzymes involved in defense responses as well as carbohydrate metabolism. In support of a role in carbohydrate metabolism of RD21A after its effector‐mediated re‐localization, we observed cell wall compositional changes in 4E02 expressing A. thaliana lines. Collectively, our study shows that 4E02 removes RD21A from its defense‐inducing pathway and repurposes this enzyme by targeting the active protease to different cell compartments.
Mitogenomic phylogeny of Nassarius (Gastropoda: Neogastropoda)
Authors: Yang Yi , Li Qi , Kong Lingfeng , Yu Hong 
Published: February 2019

AbstractNassariids (Family Nassariidae) are a group of marine snails that are distributed worldwide, with their maximum species diversity in tropical regions, particularly the Indo‐Pacific. However, the traditional taxonomy of Nassariidae defined by shell or radula characters is usually inconsistent with little phylogenetic signal. In the present study, the complete mitochondrial (mt) genomes of nine Nassarius species were sequenced and compared with other eight nassariid species previously reported. All nassariid mt genomes showed the same gene order as in most caenogastropods and shared a very similar pattern with respect to genome size, nucleotide composition and AT contents. A deletion of three nucleotides in nad6 gene was detected in Nassarius jacksonianus and Nassarius acuticostus, and this feature also provided implications for nassariid phylogeny. The genetic distance analysis and reconstructed phylogeny revealed a distant relationship between N. jacksonianus or N. acuticostus and other members in Nassarius. The mitogenomic phylogeny recovered the evolutionary relationships within Nassarius with high statistical support. In addition, a chronogram was reconstructed under an uncorrelated relaxed molecular clock, which dated the divergence among main lineages of Nassarius during ~31 MYA.
Reviewer Acknowledgements
Authors: Smith Robert 
Published: February 2019

Journal of Education and Training Studies (JETS) would like to acknowledge the following reviewers for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Many authors, regardless of whether JETS publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. Their comments and suggestions were of great help to the authors in improving the quality of their papers. Each of the reviewers listed below returned at least one review for this issue.Reviewers for Volume 7, Number 3Enisa Mede, Bahcesehir University, TurkeyFatma Ozudogru, Usak University, TurkeyFroilan D. Mobo, Philippine Merchant Marine Academy, PhilippineHenry D. Mason, Tshwane University of Technology, South Africaİbrahim Yaşar Kazu, Firat University, TurkeyJane Liang, California Department of Education, USAJeyavel Sundaramoorthy, Gulbarga University Campus, IndiaJohn Cowan, Edinburgh Napier University, UKJonathan Chitiyo, University of Pittsburgh Bradford, USALinda J. Rappel, Yorkville University/University of Calgary, CanadaLorna T. Enerva, Polytechnic University of the Philippines, PhilippinesMary Sciaraffa, Eastern Kentucky University, USAMaurizio Sajeva, Pellervo Economic Research PTT, FinlandPuneet S. Gill, Texas A&M International University, USASandro Sehic, Oneida BOCES, USASayim Aktay, Mugla Sitki Kocman University, TurkeySelloane Pitikoe, University of Kwazulu-Natal, South AfricaSimona Savelli, Università degli Studi Guglielmo Marconi, ItalyStamatis Papadakis, University of Crete, GreeceYavuz Değirmenci, Bayburt University, Turkey Robert SmithEditorial AssistantOn behalf of,The Editorial Board of Journal of Education and Training StudiesRedfame Publishing9450 SW Gemini Dr. #99416Beaverton, OR 97008, USAURL: http://jets.redfame.com
Evening high‐intensity interval exercise does not disrupt sleep or alter energy intake despite changes in acylated ghrelin in middle‐aged men
Authors: Larsen Penelope , Marino Frank , Melehan Kerri , Guelfi Kym J , Duffield Rob , Skein Melissa 
Published: February 2019

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?
What are the interactions between sleep and appetite following early evening high‐intensity interval exercise (HIIE)?
What is the main finding and its importance?
HIIE can be performed in the early evening without subsequent sleep disruptions and may favourably alter appetite‐related hormone concentrations. Nonetheless, perceived appetite and energy intake do not change with acute HIIE regardless of time of day.AbstractDespite exercise benefits for sleep and appetite, due to increased time restraints, many adults remain inactive. Methods to improve exercise compliance include preferential time‐of‐day or engaging in short‐duration, high‐intensity interval exercise (HIIE). Hence, this study aimed to compare effects of HIIE time‐of‐day on sleep and appetite. Eleven inactive men undertook sleep monitoring to determine baseline (BASE) sleep stages and exclude sleep disorders. On separate days, participants completed 30 min HIIE (60 s work at 100% , 240 s rest at 50% ) in (1) the morning (MORN; 06.00–07.00 h), (2) the afternoon (AFT; 14.00–16.00 h) and (3) the early evening (EVEN: 19.00–20.00 h). Measures included appetite‐related hormones (acylated ghrelin, leptin, peptide tyrosine tyrosine) and glucose pre‐exercise, 30 min post‐exercise and the next morning; overnight polysomnography (PSG; sleep stages); and actigraphy, self‐reported sleep and food diaries for 48 h post‐exercise. There were no between‐trial differences for total sleep time (P = 0.46). Greater stage N3 sleep was recorded for MORN (23 ± 7%) compared to BASE (18 ± 7%; P = 0.02); however, no between‐trial differences existed (P > 0.05). Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep was lower and non‐REM sleep was higher for EVEN compared to BASE (P ≤ 0.05). At 30 min post‐exercise, ghrelin was higher for AFT compared to MORN and EVEN (P = 0.01), while glucose was higher for MORN compared to AFT and EVEN (P ≤ 0.02). No between‐trial differences were observed for perceived appetite (P ≥ 0.21) or energy intake (P = 0.57). Early evening HIIE can be performed without subsequent sleep disruptions and reduces acylated ghrelin. However, perceived appetite and energy intake appear to be unaffected by HIIE time of day.