bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Monitoring snow depth change across a range of landscapes with ephemeral snowpacks using structure from motion applied to lightweight unmanned aerial vehicle videos
Authors: Fernandes Richard , Prevost Christian , Canisius Francis , Leblanc Sylvain G. , Maloley Matt , Oakes Sarah , Holman Kiyomi , Knudby Anders 
Published: November 2018

Abstract. Differencing of digital surface models derived from structure from motion
(SfM) processing of airborne imagery has been used to produce snow depth (SD) maps with
between ∼2 and ∼15 cm horizontal resolution and accuracies of
±10 cm over relatively flat surfaces with little or no vegetation and
over alpine regions. This study builds on these findings by testing two
hypotheses across a broader range of conditions: (i) that the vertical
accuracy of SfM processing of imagery acquired by commercial low-cost unmanned aerial vehicle
(UAV)
systems can be adequately modelled using conventional photogrammetric theory
and (ii) that SD change can be more accurately estimated by differencing snow-covered elevation surfaces rather than differencing a snow-covered
and snow-free surface. A total of 71 UAV missions were flown over five sites,
ranging from short grass to a regenerating forest, with ephemeral snowpacks.
Point cloud geolocation performance agreed with photogrammetric theory that
predicts uncertainty is proportional to UAV altitude and linearly related to
horizontal uncertainty. The root-mean-square difference (RMSD) over the
observation period, in comparison to the average of in situ measurements
along ∼50 m transects, ranged from 1.58 to 10.56 cm for weekly SD and
from 2.54 to 8.68 cm for weekly SD change. RMSD was not related to
microtopography as quantified by the snow-free surface roughness. SD change
uncertainty was unrelated to vegetation cover but was dominated by outliers
corresponding to rapid in situ melt or onset; the median absolute difference
of SD change ranged from 0.65 to 2.71 cm. These results indicate that the
accuracy of UAV-based estimates of weekly snow depth change was, excepting
conditions with deep fresh snow, substantially better than for snow depth and
was comparable to in situ methods.
COMO OCORREU O PROCESSO DE TÉRMINO DA CARREIRA ESPORTIVA DE EX-ATLETAS DE FUTEBOL QUE DISPUTARAM COPAS DO MUNDO PELO BRASIL ENTRE 1966 E 1982?
Authors: Reis Cleiton Pereira , De Mello Santiago Marisa Lúcia , Custódia Ferreira Márcia Cristina , Albuquerque Maicon Rodrigues , Pimenta Eduardo Mendonça , Da Costa Varley Teoldo 
Published: November 2018

Resumo: Esse trabalho analisou o término da carreira de ex-atletas de futebol que disputaram Copas do Mundo pelo Brasil entre 1966 e 1982. Seis ex-atletas foram entrevistados. Realizou-se a transcrição das entrevistas e uma análise qualitativa foi feita. Os ex-atletas abandonaram os estudos. Apenas um deles voltou a estudar depois do término da carreira. Os ex-atletas mencionaram que fatores como idade, saturação psicológica e lesões foram as principais causas para o término da carreira esportiva. Os entrevistados assumiram diferentes postos de trabalho relacionados ao esporte depois do término da carreira como atleta. A família foi a principal fonte de apoio para o término da carreira. Conclui-se que os entrevistados não tiveram um planejamento estruturado para o término da carreira.Palavras-chave: Aposentadoria. Atletas. Futebol.
A Brønsted Acid‐Catalyzed Michael Addition/Cyclization Sequence for the Diastereoselective Assembly of Chroman‐Bridged Polycyclic Isoindolinones
Authors: Jin Shaojing , Guo Jia , Fang Dongmei , Huang Yongwei , Wang Qilin , Bu Zhanwei 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe first p‐TSA‐catalyzed highly diastereoselective Michael addition/cyclization of 3‐carboxylate‐substituted isoindolinones and ortho‐hydroxychalcones was developed to access a wide range of chroman‐bridged polycyclic isoindolinones. This reaction represents a novel and efficient method for the construction of complex bridged polycyclic isoindolinones. Moreover, several derivatizations were carried out to further highlight the synthetic value of this protocol.magnified image
A Low‐Cost Metal‐Free Photocatalyst Based on Black Phosphorus
Authors: Wen Min , Wang Jiahong , Tong Ruifeng , Liu Danni , Huang Hao , Yu Ying , Zhou Zhang‐Kai , Chu Paul K. , Yu Xue‐Feng 
Published: November 2018

AbstractAn efficient metal‐free photocatalyst composed of black phosphorus (BP) and graphitic carbon nitride (CN) is prepared on a large scale by ball milling. Using economical urea and red phosphorus (RP) as the raw materials, the estimated materials cost of BP/CN is 0.235 Euro per gram. The BP/CN heterostructure shows efficient charge separation and possesses abundant active sites, giving rise to excellent photocatalytic H2 evolution and rhodamine B (RhB) degradation efficiency. Without using a co‐catalyst, the metal‐free BP/CN emits H2 consistently at a rate as large as 786 µmol h−1 g−1 and RhB is decomposed in merely 25 min during visible‐light irradiation. The corresponding electron/hole transfer and catalytic mechanisms are analyzed and described. The efficient metal‐free catalyst is promising in visible‐light photocatalysis and the simple ball‐milling synthetic method can be readily scaled up.
Talking About Professionalism Through the Lens of Professional Identity
Authors: Iserson Kenneth V. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractProfessionalism is one of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education's (ACGME) Core Competencies, but the breadth of its content often makes this a difficult topic, both in remedial counseling and when presenting the topic to medical trainees and practicing clinicians. Physician professionalism encompasses both clinical competence and the virtues that comprise the physician's social contract. This difficult subject may best be approached tangentially, through the lens of professional identity. Professional identity describes clinicians’ affinity for, acculturation into, and identification with the practice of medicine. One method to highlight the benefits that individuals accrue by adopting professionalism's elements is to pose questions that optimize listeners’ self‐reflection about their lives and aspirations—in essence, their professional identity. Discussing professionalism this way often yields in‐depth discussions of how trainees believe their professional identity was formed and will impact their long‐term goals. Both in teaching and in counseling, educators can frame their discussions using professionalism and professional identity's overlapping and reinforcing elements to show listeners how to advance their personal and professional goals and avoid the short‐ and long‐term consequences of unprofessional behavior. To engage the audience, educators and supervisors can emphasize how adhering to the elements of professionalism may determine their career opportunities, the professional respect they receive, and their career fulfillment and, ultimately, longevity. In this way, educators can better guide trainees and clinicians to understand their personal reasons for acting professionally, that is, doing the right thing, at the right time, in the right way, and for the right reason.
Nitrogen‐doped Carbon–CoOx Nanohybrids: A Precious Metal Free Cathode that Exceeds 1.0 W cm−2 Peak Power and 100 h Life in Anion‐Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
Authors: Peng Xiong , Omasta Travis J. , Magliocca Emanuele , Wang Lianqin , Varcoe John R. , Mustain William E. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractEfficient and durable nonprecious metal electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction (ORR) are highly desirable for several electrochemical devices, including anion exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs). Here, a 2D planar electrocatalyst with CoOx embedded in nitrogen‐doped graphitic carbon (N‐C‐CoOx) was created through the direct pyrolysis of a metal–organic complex with a NaCl template. The N‐C‐CoOx catalyst showed high ORR activity, indicated by excellent half‐wave (0.84 V vs. RHE) and onset (1.01 V vs. RHE) potentials. This high intrinsic activity was also observed in operating AEMFCs where the kinetic current was 100 mA cm−2 at 0.85 V. When paired with a radiation‐grafted ETFE powder ionomer, the N‐C‐CoOx AEMFC cathode was able to achieve extremely high peak power density (1.05 W cm−2) and mass transport limited current (3 A cm−2) for a precious metal free electrode. The N‐C‐CoOx cathode also showed good stability over 100 hours of operation with a voltage decay of only 15 % at 600 mA cm−2 under H2/air (CO2‐free) reacting gas feeds. The N‐C‐CoOx cathode catalyst was also paired with a very low loading PtRu/C anode catalyst, to create AEMFCs with a total PGM loading of only 0.10 mgPt‐Ru cm−2 capable of achieving 7.4 W mg−1PGM as well as supporting a current of 0.7 A cm−2 at 0.6 V with H2/air (CO2 free)—creating a cell that was able to meet the 2019 U.S. Department of Energy initial performance target of 0.6 V at 0.6 A cm−2 under H2/air with a PGM loading <0.125 mg cm−2 with AEMFCs for the first time.
Analysis of phenolic compounds obtained from bamboo microwave liquefaction for fast‐curing phenol‐formaldehyde resin preparation
Authors: Yang Sheng , Fan Dong‐Bin , Li Gai‐Yun 
Published: November 2018

ABSTRACTThree wastes originated from outer surface, shallow surface, and inner surface of bamboo during bamboo‐mat preparation were liquefied using microwave energy in a binary solvent (glycerol/methanol). The properties (yield, molecular structure, and molecular weight distribution) of the lignin fractions in the obtained phenolic compounds were contrastively analyzed with proto‐lignin in the materials. Results showed that >58% of the lignin in the bamboo cell walls could be degraded and moved to the phenolic compounds via the cleavage of β‐O‐4′ aryl ether bonds during the microwave liquefaction process. Some polysaccharides still connected with the lignin fraction in the phenolic compounds through covalent bonds. The phenolic compounds displayed well solubility in common organic solvents (ethanol/water cosolvent, acetone, tetrahydrofuran, 1,4‐dioxane, and dimethyl sulfoxide). A fast‐curing phenol‐formaldehyde resin was successfully synthesized with the phenolic compounds under the presence of MgO, and a 23.23% curing time reduction was achieved. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2019,136, 46952.
Microsatellite markers for Corybas (Orchidaceae) species in New Zealand
Authors: Van Etten Megan L. , Lehnebach Carlos A. , Pearson Sofie M. , Robertson Alastair W. , Tate Jennifer A. 
Published: November 2018

Premise of the StudyMicrosatellite markers were developed for New Zealand species of Corybas (Orchidaceae) to investigate population genetics and species delimitation.Methods and ResultsFrom sequencing a total genomic DNA library (using Illumina MiSeq), we developed 22 microsatellite markers for C. obscurus. The di‐ and trinucleotide repeat loci were initially trialed on individuals representing seven Corybas taxa (C. “rimutaka,” C. confusus, C. hypogaeus, C. macranthus, C. obscurus, C. trilobus, and C. walliae) and had one to eight alleles per locus. Twelve polymorphic markers were further tested on six Corybas populations from three of the seven taxa (C. obscurus, C. “rimutaka,” and C. trilobus). Observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0–1 and 0–0.859, respectively. The utility of these 12 loci was further validated in five related Corybas species (C. hypogaeus, C. obscurus, C. vitreus, C. walliae, and C. “rimutaka”; 38 individuals) representing populations from across the North and South Islands. The average value for genetic diversity among populations (FST) of 0.439 shows differentiation among species.ConclusionsThese markers will be useful for future studies aimed at delimiting species boundaries and examining the genetic diversity of the New Zealand Corybas species.
Assessing the ability of human endothelial cells derived from induced‐pluripotent stem cells to form functional microvasculature in vivo
Authors: Bezenah Jonathan R. , Rioja Ana Y. , Juliar Benjamin , Friend Nicole , Putnam Andrew J. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractForming functional blood vessel networks is a major clinical challenge in the fields of tissue engineering and therapeutic angiogenesis. Cell‐based strategies to promote neovascularization have been widely explored, but cell sourcing remains a significant limitation. Induced‐pluripotent stem cell‐derived endothelial cells (iPSC‐ECs) are a promising, potentially autologous, alternative cell source. However, it is unclear whether iPSC‐ECs form the same robust microvasculature in vivo documented for other EC sources. In this study, we utilized a well‐established in vivo model, in which ECs (iPSC‐EC or human umbilical vein endothelial cells [HUVEC]) were coinjected with normal human lung fibroblasts (NHLFs) and a fibrin matrix into the dorsal flank of severe combined immunodeficiency mice to assess their ability to form functional microvasculature. Qualitatively, iPSC‐ECs were capable of vessel formation and perfusion and demonstrated similar vessel morphologies to HUVECs. However, quantitatively, iPSC‐ECs exhibited a two‐fold reduction in vessel density and a three‐fold reduction in the number of perfused vessels compared with HUVECs. Further analysis revealed the presence of collagen‐IV and α‐smooth muscle actin were significantly lower around iPSC‐EC/NHLF vasculature than in HUVEC/NHLF implants, suggesting reduced vessel maturity. Collectively, these results demonstrate the need for increased iPSC‐EC maturation for clinical translation to be realized.
Growth kinetics and mathematical modeling of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 under flashing light
Authors: Straka Levi , Rittmann Bruce E. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractIn photobioreactors and natural systems, microalgae are subjected to rapidly changing light intensities (LI) due to light attenuation and mixing. A controlled way to study the effect of rapidly changing LI is to subject cultures to flashing light. In this study, series of flashing‐light experiments were conducted using Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 with constant overall average LI of approximately 84 μmol·m−2·s−1 and relative times in the light and dark varied. The results were also compared with simulated results using a mathematical model including an absorbed pool of light energy, photoacclimation, and photoinhibition. With equal time in light and dark, the specific growth rate (μ) systematically decreased with increasing light duration, and µ decreased further when the ratio of light to dark was decreased. The model captured both trends with the mechanistic explanation that when the light duration was very short the changes in the pool of absorbed LI were smoothed out across the light and dark periods, whereas longer durations caused the biomass to experience discrete light and dark conditions that lead to reduced light absorption, more energy loss to nonphotochemical quenching, and more photodamage. These growth effects were accentuated as the ratio of light to dark decreased.
Misconceptions and persistence: resources for targeting student alternative conceptions in biotechnology
Authors: Wisch Julie K. , Farrell Emma , Siegel Marcelle , Freyermuth Sharyn 
Published: November 2018

AbstractConceptual understanding and reasoning of nonscience major students enrolled in a course on biotechnology were evaluated before and after instruction. The instrument for analysis of student understanding was the Biotechnology Instrument for Knowledge Elicitation (BIKE). The BIKE targets 11 key concepts, as determined by experts in the field. A statistically significant score improvement was observed in each of the 11 concept areas after completion of the course, Biotechnology in Society (N = 117). Student responses to both the pretest and posttest were highly informative and revealed several common misconceptions that could have been overlooked in a closed form testing scenario. These alternative conceptions and recommended clarifications have been presented here. Our goal in documenting and distributing these is to better equip educators in biology and biochemistry to anticipate student preconceptions, design targeted interventions, and improve student conceptual reasoning in topics pertaining to biology and biotechnology. © 2018 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 46(6):602–611, 2018.
Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution study of bisabolangelone from Angelicae Pubescentis Radix in rat using LC–MS/MS
Authors: Ge Yuanyuan , Li Zhen , Zhang Lu , Li Jin , He Jun , Hao Jia , Gao Xiu‐mei , Chang Yan‐xu 
Published: November 2018

AbstractA sensitive and accurate LC–MS/MS method was established for quantifying bisabolangelone in rat plasma and tissues. Bisabolangelone was isolated and purified from Angelicae Pubescentis Radix. The pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution of bisabolangelone after administration to rat was performed by LC–MS/MS. Separation was carried out on a C8 (4.6 × 100 mm, 1.8 μm) column. The MS/MS transitions of bisabolangelone and tussilagone (internal standard) were set at m/z 249.1 → 109.1 and m/z 391.4 → 217.4, respectively. The lower limit of quantification in plasma and other tissues ranged from 1 to 4 ng/mL. The biosamples were prepared using protein precipitation method with acetonitrile. The recovery was >92%. The results showed that values of maximum concentrations and area under the curve depended linearly on the studied doses (2.5, 5 and 7.5 mg/kg body weight). The other ingredients in Angelicae Pubescentis Radix extract possibly reduce the absorption of bisabolangelone in rat. Tissue distribution revealed that bisabolangelone was widely distributed in vivo. The highest and lowest concentrations of bisabolangelone were found in the stomach and in the brain, respectively. It was concluded that the newly established HPLC–MS/MS method was suitable to describe the pharmacokinetic characteristics of bisabolangelone in rat after administration.
EGFR confers radioresistance in human oropharyngeal carcinoma by activating endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling PERK‐eIF2α‐GRP94 and IRE1α‐XBP1‐GRP78
Authors: Zhang Miao , Han Ning , Jiang Yuanjun , Wang Jie , Li Gaiyan , Lv Xintong , Li Guang , Qiao Qiao 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe activation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is associated with radioresistance in malignant tumors. Specifically, radiation can destroy endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis to induce ER stress (ERS). However, the effect of EGFR‐mediated regulation of ERS signaling pathway on radiosensitivity has not yet been reported. The present study showed that silencing EGFR increased radiosensitivity of both radiosensitive and radioresistant oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells by inhibiting ER stress signaling (PERK‐eIF2α‐GRP94 and IRE1α‐XBP1‐GRP78). This effect was abolished by pretreatment with EGF, however. In addition, knockdown of EGFR in OSCC cells inhibited DNA double‐stand break repair and autophagy while increased radiation‐induced apoptosis. Conversely, activating ERS inhibited the aforementioned functions. Furthermore, EGF increased ER stress‐independent ERK and AKT signaling upon irradiation of OSCC cells. Immunohistochemical analysis of 80 tissue samples from OSCC patients showed that co‐expression of EGFR and PERK was associated with poor prognosis. It thus appears EGFR confers radioresistance in OSCC by activating ER stress signaling. These results suggested that the cooperative effects of radiotherapy and EGFR‐targeted inhibitor therapy can be further improved by inhibiting PERK‐eIF2α‐GRP94 and IRE1α‐GRP78 in non‐response oropharyngeal carcinoma patients.
Construction of 3DOM Carbon Nitrides with Quasi‐Honeycomb Structures for Efficient Photocatalytic H2 Production
Authors: Cao Ruya , Yang Hongcen , Deng Xiaolong , Sun Pengxiao , Zhang Shouwei , Xu Xijin 
Published: November 2018

AbstractConstructing porous nanostructures is an effective strategy for improving photocatalytic activity and separating charge carriers in the visible area. In this paper, the macroporous g‐C3N4 photocatalyst with a quasi‐honeycomb structure was successfully built with a simple thermal condensation‐colloidal template way for photocatalytic hydrogen production. The microstructure, electron transfer and optical absorption capability of quasi‐honeycomb g‐C3N4 have been methodically investigated. The obvious structural susceptibility to light catching, and charge carriers separation and transfer were realized. These results illustrated that compared with bulk g‐C3N4, the optimized g‐C3N4 photocatalyst with a quasi‐honeycomb structure had the higher H2 release rate of 395 μmol h−1, the corresponding apparent quantum efficiency (AQE) of 6.27 %, and excellent cycle stability. This work demonstrates that the quasi‐honeycomb structures can be designed and used to synthesize highly‐efficient g‐C3N4 nanoarchitectures, providing a reference for enhancing photocatalytic H2 evolution performance.
Spiropyran‐Based Nanocarrier: A New Zn2+‐Responsive Delivery System with Real‐Time Intracellular Sensing Capabilities
Authors: Heng Sabrina , Zhang Xiaozhou , Pei Jinxin , Adwal Alaknanda , Reineck Philipp , Gibson Brant C. , Hutchinson Mark R. , Abell Andrew D. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractA new spiropyran‐based stimuli‐responsive delivery system is fabricated. It encapsulates and then releases an extraneous compound in response to elevated levels of Zn2+, a critical factor in cell apoptosis. A C12‐alkyl substituent on the spiropyran promotes self‐assembly into a micelle‐like nanocarrier in aqueous media, with nanoprecipitation and encapsulation of added payload. Zn2+ binding occurs to an appended bis(2‐pyridylmethyl)amine group at biologically relevant micromolar concentration. This leads to switching of the spiropyran (SP) isomer to the strongly fluorescent ring opened merocyanine‐Zn2+ (MC‐Zn2+) complex, with associated expansion of the nanocarriers to release the encapsulated payload. Payload release is demonstrated in solution and in HEK293 cells by encapsulation of a blue fluorophore, 7‐hydroxycoumarin, and monitoring its release using fluorescence spectroscopy and microscopy. Furthermore, the use of the nanocarriers to deliver a caspase inhibitor, Azure B, into apoptotic cells in response to an elevated Zn2+ concentration is demonstrated. This then inhibits intracellular caspase activity, as evidenced by confocal microscopy and in real‐time by time‐lapsed microscopy. Finally, the nanocarriers are shown to release an encapsulated proteasome inhibitor (5) in Zn2+‐treated breast carcinoma cell line models. This then inhibits intracellular proteasome and induces cytotoxicity to the carcinoma cells.
Visible‐Light Photocatalysis of the Ketyl Radical Coupling Reaction
Authors: Xia Qing , Dong Jianyang , Song Hongjian , Wang Qingmin 
Published: November 2018

AbstractKetyl radical coupling reactions for the construction of diversely functionalized alcohols have been continuously developed for many decades. Based on the recently widespread application of photocatalysis, ketyl radical coupling reactions have also witnessed rapid development. This Minireview aims to briefly and concisely summarize the methods to construct ketyl radical intermediates through visible‐light photocatalysis over the past 10 years. The ketyl‐radical‐generation activators are grouped as Lewis acids, Brønsted acids, in situ generated Brønsted acids, and others.