bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Injector Tip Temperature and Combustion Performance of a Natural Gas-Diesel Dual Fuel Engine at Medium and High Load Conditions
Authors: Guo Hongsheng , Liko Brian 
Published: January 2019

Diesel engines have been widely used due to the higher reliability and superior fuel conversion efficiency. However, they still generate significant amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) and particulate matter (PM) emissions. Natural gas is a low carbon and clean fuel that generates less CO2 and PM emissions than diesel during combustion. Replacing diesel by natural gas in internal combustion engines help reduce both CO2 and PM emissions. Natural gas – diesel dual fuel combustion is a practical and efficient way to replace diesel by natural gas in internal combustion engines. One concern for dual fuel combustion engines is the diesel injector tip temperature increase with increasing natural gas fraction.
This paper reports an experimental investigation on the diesel injector tip temperature variation and combustion performance of a natural gas – diesel dual fuel engine at medium and high load conditions. The natural gas fraction was changed from zero to 90% in the experiment. The results suggest that the injector tip temperature increased with increasing natural gas fraction at a given diesel injection timing or with advancing the diesel injection timing at a given natural gas fraction. However, the injector tip temperature never exceeded 250 °C in the whole experimental range. The effect of natural gas fraction on combustion performance depended on engine load and diesel injection timing.
Predicting Cycle-to-Cycle Variation With Concurrent Cycles in a Gasoline Direct Injected Engine With Large Eddy Simulations
Authors: Probst Daniel , Wijeyakulasuriya Sameera , Pomraning Eric , Kodavasal Janardhan , Scarcelli Riccardo , Som Sibendu 
Published: January 2019

High cycle-to-cycle variation (CCV) is detrimental to engine performance, as it leads to poor combustion and high noise and vibration. In this work, CCV in a gasoline engine is studied using large eddy simulation (LES). The engine chosen as the basis of this work is a single-cylinder gasoline direct injection (GDI) research engine. Two stoichiometric part-load engine operating points (6 BMEP, 2000 RPM) were evaluated: a non-dilute (0% EGR) case and a dilute (18% EGR) case. The experimental data for both operating conditions had 500 cycles. The measured CCV in IMEP was 1.40% for the non-dilute case and 7.78% for the dilute case.
To estimate CCV from simulation, perturbed concurrent cycles of engine simulations were compared to consecutively obtained engine cycles. The motivation behind this is that running consecutive cycles to estimate CCV is quite time-consuming. For example, running 100 consecutive cycles requires 2–3 months (on a typical cluster), however, by running concurrently one can potentially run all 100 cycles at the same time and reduce the overall turnaround time for 100 cycles to the time taken for a single cycle (2 days).
The goal of this paper is to statistically determine if concurrent cycles, with a perturbation applied to each individual cycle at the start, can be representative of consecutively obtained cycles and accurately estimate CCV. 100 cycles were run for each case to obtain statistically valid results. The concurrent cycles began at different timings before the combustion event, with the motivation to identify the closest time before spark to minimize the run time. Only a single combustion cycle was run for each concurrent case. The calculated standard deviation of peak pressure and coefficient of variance (COV) of indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) were compared between the consecutive and concurrent methods to quantify CCV.
It was found that the concurrent method could be used to predict CCV with either a velocity or numerical perturbation. A large and small velocity perturbation were compared and both produced correct predictions, implying that the type of perturbation is not important to yield a valid realization.
Starting the simulation too close to the combustion event, at intake valve close (IVC) or at spark timing, under-predicted the CCV. When concurrent simulations were initiated during or before the intake even, at start of injection (SOI) or earlier, distinct and valid realizations were obtained to accurately predict CCV for both operating points.
By simulating CCV with concurrent cycles, the required wall clock time can be reduced from 2–3 months to 1–2 days. Additionally, the required core-hours can be reduced up to 41%, since only a portion of each cycle needs to be simulated.
Demonstrating a Direct-Injection Constant-Volume Combustion Chamber As a Validation Tool for Chemical Kinetic Modeling of Liquid Fuels
Authors: Suttle Aaron E. , Fisher Brian T. , Parnell Dennis R. , Bittle Joshua A. 
Published: January 2019

Supporting chemical kinetics model development with robust experimental results is the job of shock-tube, rapid compression machine, and other apparatus operators. A key limitation of many of these systems is difficulty with preparation of a fuel vapor-air mixture for heavy liquid fuels. Previous work has suggested that the Cetane Ignition Delay (CID) 510 system is capable of providing data useful for kinetics validation. Specifically, this constant-volume combustion chamber (1) can be characterized by a single bulk temperature, and (2) uses a high-pressure diesel injector to generate rapid fuel-air mixing and thus create a homogeneous mixture well before ignition.
In this study, initial experiments found relatively good agreement between experiments and kinetic models for n-heptane and poor agreement for iso-octane under nominally the same ignition delay ranges for ambient conditions under which the mixture is determined to be effectively homogeneous. After excluding potential non-kinetic fuel properties as causes, further experiments highlight the high pressure sensitivity of the negative temperature coefficient (NTC) behavior. While this challenge is well known to kinetic mechanism developers, the data set included in this work (n-heptane at 5 bar and iso-octane at 5–20 bar, each for various equivalence ratios) can be added to those used for validation.
The results and system characterization presented demonstrate that this combustion system is capable of capturing kinetic effects decoupled from the spray process for these primary reference fuels. Future work can leverage this capability to provide kinetics validation data for most heavy, exotic, or otherwise difficult to test liquid fuels.
Structure and mechanical properties of laser-MIG hybrid welded SAF 2507 super duplex stainless steel joints
Authors: Qi Kai , Li Ruifeng , Wang Guangjin , Sun Zhe 
Published: January 2019

Joining of super duplex stainless steel (SDSS) is still a challenge, in particular, the need to control the phase balance in the weld metal. In this paper, laser-MIG hybrid welding process was used to join SAF 2507 SDSS plates. The effects of welding parameters on weld appearance, microstructure and phase distribution and mechanical properties were studied systematically. Results showed that the arc/laser hybrid effect was more significant when the arc led the laser with 2 mm distance. It was indicated that arc current mainly affected the weld width while laser power mainly affected weld penetration depth. The composition and microstructure varied a lot at different positions in the weld due to the differences in peak temperature and cooling rate. From top to root, the content of ferrite phase increased and austenite phase decreased. With optimized welding parameters, due to the increase of heat input and the introduction of welding wire, the ferrite/austenite phase balance in the weld metal was obtained. Mechanical property tests showed that the joints exhibited higher tensile strength but lower toughness compared to base metal.
SIX2 Mediates Late-Stage Metastasis via Direct Regulation of SOX2 and Induction of a Cancer Stem Cell Program
Authors: Oliphant Michael U.J. , Vincent Melanie Y. , Galbraith Matthew D. , Pandey Ahwan , Zaberezhnyy Vadym , Rudra Pratyaydipta , Johnson Katherine R. , Costello James C. , Ghosh Debashis , DeGregori James , Espinosa Joaquin M. , Ford Heide L. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract

The capacity for tumor cells to metastasize efficiently is directly linked to their ability to colonize secondary sites. Here we identify Six2, a developmental transcription factor, as a critical regulator of a breast cancer stem cell program that enables metastatic colonization. In several triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) models, Six2 enhanced the expression of genes associated with embryonic stem cell programs. Six2 directly bound the Sox2 Srr2 enhancer, promoting Sox2 expression and downstream expression of Nanog, which are both key pluripotency factors. Regulation of Sox2 by Six2 enhanced cancer stem cell properties and increased metastatic colonization. Six2 and Sox2 expression correlated highly in breast cancers including TNBC, where a Six2 expression signature was predictive of metastatic burden and poor clinical outcome. Our findings demonstrate that a SIX2/SOX2 axis is required for efficient metastatic colonization, underscoring a key role for stemness factors in outgrowth at secondary sites.

Significance:
These findings provide novel mechanistic insight into stemness and the metastatic outgrowth of triple-negative breast cancer cells.
Ovarian Tumor Cell Expression of Claudin-4 Reduces Apoptotic Response to Paclitaxel
Authors: Breed Christopher , Hicks Douglas A. , Webb Patricia G. , Galimanis Carly E. , Bitler Benjamin G. , Behbakht Kian , Baumgartner Heidi K. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract

A significant factor contributing to poor survival rates for patients with ovarian cancer is the insensitivity of tumors to standard-of-care chemotherapy. In this study, we investigated the effect of claudin-4 expression on ovarian tumor cell apoptotic response to cisplatin and paclitaxel. We manipulated claudin-4 gene expression by silencing expression [short hairpin RNA (shRNA)] in cells with endogenously expressed claudin-4 or overexpressing claudin-4 in cells that natively do not express claudin-4. In addition, we inhibited claudin-4 activity with a claudin mimic peptide (CMP). We monitored apoptotic response by caspase-3 and Annexin V binding. We examined proliferation rate by counting the cell number over time as well as measuring the number of mitotic cells. Proximity ligation assays, immunoprecipitation (IP), and immunofluorescence were performed to examine interactions of claudin-4. Western blot analysis of tubulin in cell fractions was used to determine the changes in tubulin polymerization with changes in claudin-4 expression. Results show that claudin-4 expression reduced epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) cell apoptotic response to paclitaxel. EOCs without claudin-4 proliferated more slowly with enhanced mitotic arrest compared with the cells expressing claudin-4. Furthermore, our results indicate that claudin-4 interacts with tubulin, having a profound effect on the structure and polymerization of the microtubule network. In conclusion, we demonstrate that claudin-4 reduces the ovarian tumor cell response to microtubule-targeting paclitaxel and disrupting claudin-4 with CMP can restore apoptotic response.

Implications:
These results suggest that claudin-4 expression may provide a biomarker for paclitaxel response and can be a target for new therapeutic strategies to improve response.
Periprostatic Adipose Tissue Favors Prostate Cancer Cell Invasion in an Obesity-Dependent Manner: Role of Oxidative Stress
Authors: Laurent Victor , Toulet Aurélie , Attané Camille , Milhas Delphine , Dauvillier Stéphanie , Zaidi Falek , Clement Emily , Cinato Mathieu , Le Gonidec Sophie , Guérard Adrien , Lehuédé Camille , Garandeau David , Nieto Laurence , Renaud-Gabardos Edith , Prats Anne-Catherine , Valet Philippe , Malavaud Bernard , Muller Catherine 
Published: January 2019

Abstract

Prostate gland is surrounded by periprostatic adipose tissue (PPAT), which is increasingly believed to play a paracrine role in prostate cancer progression. Our previous work demonstrates that adipocytes promote homing of prostate cancer cells to PPAT and that this effect is upregulated by obesity. Here, we show that once tumor cells have invaded PPAT (mimicked by an in vitro model of coculture), they establish a bidirectional crosstalk with adipocytes, which promotes tumor cell invasion. Indeed, tumor cells induce adipocyte lipolysis and the free fatty acids (FFA) released are taken up and stored by tumor cells. Incubation with exogenous lipids also stimulates tumor cell invasion, underlining the importance of lipid transfer in prostate cancer aggressiveness. Transferred FFAs (after coculture or exogenous lipid treatment) stimulate the expression of one isoform of the pro-oxidant enzyme NADPH oxidase, NOX5. NOX5 increases intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) that, in turn, activate a HIF1/MMP14 pathway, which is responsible for the increased tumor cell invasion. In obesity, tumor-surrounding adipocytes are more prone to activate the depicted signaling pathway and to induce tumor invasion. Finally, the expression of NOX5 and MMP14 is upregulated at the invasive front of human tumors where cancer cells are in close proximity to adipocytes and this process is amplified in obese patients, underlining the clinical relevance of our results.

Implications:
Our work emphasizes the key role of adjacent PPAT in prostate cancer dissemination and proposes new molecular targets for the treatment of obese patients exhibiting aggressive diseases.
Changes in Health and Wellbeing in the Years Leading up to a Cancer Diagnosis: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Jackson Sarah E. , Williams Kate , Beeken Rebecca J. , Steptoe Andrew 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests cancer survivors suffer impairments in health and wellbeing that predate their diagnosis. This study prospectively examined changes from 4 to 6 years prediagnosis to 0 to 2 years postdiagnosis. Data were from 477 cancer survivors and 5,451 cancer-free comparisons participating in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. We examined group-by-time interactions for self-rated health, quality of life (QoL), depression, life satisfaction and impairments in mobility, activities of daily living (ADL), and instrumental ADLs (IADL). All health and wellbeing markers worsened over time in both groups. A greater decline in cancer survivors’ self-rated health was evident as early as 2 to 4 years prediagnosis (P &lt; 0.001). Around diagnosis, there were greater declines in IADL impairment (P &lt; 0.001), QoL (P &lt; 0.001), and depression (P &lt; 0.001) in cancer survivors than in controls. Mobility and ADL impairments were consistently more prevalent among cancer survivors (P &lt; 0.001), and life satisfaction was consistently lower (P = 0.004), but the rate of change over time did not differ significantly between groups. These results suggest there may be early signs of deterioration in perceived health that precede development of symptoms leading to cancer diagnosis by many years. Some of the impaired wellbeing in cancer patients may be long-standing, while other changes are more acute and may require targeted support following diagnosis.
Rejecting Humanae Vitae: The Social Costs of Denying the Obvious
Authors: Klaus Hanna 
Published: January 2019

Since contraceptives have been used to remove fertility from the conjugal act, the social consequences predicted in the encyclical Humanae vitae, such as the rise in cohabitation, decline of marriage, rise of divorce, and single parenthood, have exceeded expectations. The degradation of the sexual act from total mutual self-giving to momentary union has led to doubting the significance of the biological truth of the body and opened the door to gender fluidity. Promiscuity became normative, and the need for consent became eroded until women revolted with the #MeToo movement. Promiscuity, cohabitation, and divorce have resulted in 40 percent of children born to unmarried parents whose tenuous unions often leave the children in melded and dysfunctional families. Relation-free “hookups” have become the norm among young adults, leaving a flood of emotionally damaged women, an epidemic of sexually transmitted infections, and unplanned pregnancies, to which the healthcare industry has responded by doubling down on the means which caused the problem in the first place with near-coercive promotion of long-acting, reversible contraceptives (LARCs). LARCs must be inserted and removed professionally and make reproductive choice moot. Respecting the truth of the body is the precise counter measure. A woman’s cyclic fertility is easily observed with reliable biomarkers—natural family planning—which requires the whole person. Fertility awareness–based methods of family planning have no side effects, are easy to learn, and can be used to achieve as well as delay conception. The self-discovery inherent in learning fertility literacy has empowered adolescent girls and boys to understand and value their sexuality and fertility and avoid choosing harmful behaviors. Why does society continue to treat fertility as if it were a disease? Summary: Removing the idea of pregnancy from the sexual act as the result of readily available contraception has effectively limited choices about sexual behavior to the satisfaction of momentary desires. As Humanae vitae predicted, fewer marriages were contracted, divorce increased and now 40% of children are born out of wedlock despite extensive public education campaigns to promote contraception. Side effects of the hormonal pill have reduced their use so health care professionals have doubled down, providing long acting contraceptives which do not require the user to exercise choice before each act of intercourse, or of taking a pill. There is a much better way to regulate births–to learn to read the book of nature. Fertility is not a disease to be removed from the body. All that is needed is to understand the natural signs of fertility–natural family planning, now called FABM–Fertility Awareness-Based Methods. These have no side effects, enhance couple communication and offer effective choice for child spacing and demonstrably support premarital chastity for teens.
Temporal differences in eye–hand coordination between children and adults during manual action on objects
Authors: Kim Hye Jin , Lee Cho Hee , Kim Eun Young 
Published: January 2019

Background/Objective Eye–hand coordination, which is essential for activities of daily living, develops with age. The objective of this study was to investigate the temporal patterns of visual fixation coupled with hands during manual action on objects in children and young adults. Methods Twelve eight-year-old children and 12 young adults performed the Jebsen–Taylor Hand Function Test (JTT) wearing eye-tracking glasses. The interval from the eye arrival time to the hand arrival time on an object was measured as eye–hand arrival span. The interval between the eye departure time and the hand departure time from the object was measured as eye–hand departure span. Eye–hand arrival span, eye–hand departure span and the performance time to complete the JTT were compared between children and young adults. Correlation between eye–hand arrival span and eye–hand departure span was analysed to identify the mechanism of eye–hand coordination. Results Compared with young adults, children showed longer performance time but shorter eye–hand arrival span and eye–hand departure span in the JTT. The difference in mean eye–hand arrival span of overall JTT between children and young adults was significant for both hands, whereas differences in the mean eye–hand departure span on the overall JTT and the total performance time were significant for the non-dominant hand. The eye–hand arrival span was positively correlated with the eye–hand departure span. Conclusion This study demonstrated temporal differences in eye–hand coordination between children and young adults. Temporal patterns of visual fixation coupled to object manipulation could be useful information about the sensorimotor system in the field of occupational therapy.
Burden and impact of multifactorial geriatric syndromes in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation for older adults
Authors: Lin Richard J. , Hilden Patrick D. , Elko Theresa A. , Dahi Parastoo B. , Shahrokni Armin , Jakubowski Ann A. , Perales Miguel-Angel , Sauter Craig S. , Castro-Malaspina Hugo R. , Barker Juliet N. , Shaffer Brian C. , Tamari Roni , Papadopoulos Esperanza B. , Maloy Molly A. , Korc-Grodzicki Beatriz , Giralt Sergio A. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Multifactorial geriatric syndromes are highly prevalent in older patients with cancer. Because an increasing number of older patients undergo allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HCT), we examined the incidence and impact of transplant-related geriatric syndromes using our institutional database and electronic medical records. We identified 527 patients age 60 years or older who had undergone first allo-HCT from 2001 to 2016 for hematologic malignancies. From the initiation of conditioning to 100 days posttransplant, new geriatric syndromes were predominantly delirium with a cumulative incidence of 21% (95% confidence interval [CI], 18%-25%) at day 100 followed by fall at 7% (95% CI, 5%-9%). In multivariable analyses of available pretransplant variables, fall within the last year, potentially inappropriate use of medication, thrombocytopenia, and reduced creatinine clearance were significantly associated with delirium; age older than 70 years and impaired activities of daily living were significantly associated with fall. In the 100-day landmark analysis, both delirium (hazard ratio [HR], 1.66; 95% CI, 1.09-2.52; P = .023) and fall (HR, 2.14; 95% CI, 1.16-3.95; P = .026) were significantly associated with increased nonrelapse mortality; moreover, fall (HR, 1.93; 95% CI, 1.18-3.14; P = .016), but not delirium, was significantly associated with reduced overall survival. Here, we establish baseline incidences and risk factors of common transplant-related geriatric syndromes. Importantly, we demonstrate significant associations of delirium and fall with inferior transplant outcomes. The burden and impact of transplant-related geriatric syndromes warrant the institution of patient-centered, preemptive, longitudinal, and multidisciplinary interventions to improve outcomes for older allo-HCT patients.