bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Altimeters
Authors: Eren Halit 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Alimeters are instruments that measure altitude or elevation objects above or below a given level. There are three types of alimeters: pressure altimeters that make use of properties of atmosphere, radio and radar altimeters that are based on electromagnetic wave propagation, and optical altimeters that use optical properties of light and lasers. All these basic altimeters find extensive applications in industry, aviation, military, navigational aids, land surveying, remote sensing, recreations, and sports.

Modern barometric altimeters are manufactured mostly as integrated circuit (IC) pressure transducers. Therefore primary signal processing such as linearization, error corrections, and gain adjustment are made within the chip. Altimeters based on electromagnetic principles transmit electromagnetic energy and detects of the reflected energy from an object. An example of these altimeters is the single‐frequency radar system that broadcasts a pulsed tone signal directly downward the object and processes the returned signals with elaborate electronic circuits for high sensitivity and resolution. Altimeters based on microwave energy transmission can be used for other purposes such as imaging, scanning, mapping, oceanographic studies, and weather forecasting. Laser altimeters operate similar to the radar altimeters by processing time differences between the transmitted and received signals. Typical examples of such altimeters are the LIDAR (light detection and ranging) and the SLA (shuttle laser altimeter) and RASCAL (
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A popular system that can be used as altimeter is the Global Positioning System (GPS), which constitutes 24 satellites orbiting around Earth. Each satellite transmits electromagnetic energy carrying unique codes and information. Information picked up receivers is used to determine positions of objects in three dimensions.
Radar Polarimetry
Authors: Sletten Mark A. , Mc Laughlin David J. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThis article summarizes the fundamentals of radar polarimetry and gives examples of related applications and research. The mathematical foundation is described first. This discussion includes explanations of the various ways in which polarized and partially polarized electromagnetic waves can be described and how formalisms are used to express the polarimetric scattering properties of objects and surfaces. The scattering, Mueller, covariance, and coherency matrices embody these formalisms. Some practical aspects of polarimetric radar design are then discussed, and the article concludes by summarizing applications of polarimetry and areas of active research, including scattering studies, image classification, contrast enhancement, meteorology, and topographic mapping.
Thin Film Resistors
Authors: Collins F. M. , Anderson W. A. , Ma E. M. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractIn this article, we will discuss the historical background and technological evolution of thin film resistors. We will also review resistor technology design concepts, including requirements for (1) the range of resistance values, (2) their precision, and (3) the physical size in terms of power or voltage demands, materials used in production, finished formats, performance characteristics, and some advantages of integrated thin film resistor production.
SiC Device Technologies
Authors: Östling M. , Koo S.-M. , Domeij M. , Danielsson E. , Zetterling C.-M. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractSilicon carbide (SiC) devices have drawn considerable attention for use in various applications due to the interesting materials properties of SiC. Commercial products are now available for high‐voltage and high‐frequency applications. Prototype devices show promising performance, whereas materials issues are still a hinder for economically viable production of large‐area devices with high yield. This article reviews the more recent progress in SiC devices and process technology and presents the state‐of‐the‐art SiC devices as well as new application areas such as ferroelectric field‐effect transistors (FeFETs).
Television Broadcast Transmission Standards
Authors: Godber Alan S. , Redford James R. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractSince the invention of television, images and sound have been captured, processed, transmitted, received, and displayed using analog technology, where the picture and sound elements are represented by signals that are proportional to the image amplitude and sound volume. In more recent years, as solid‐state technology has developed, spurred primarily by the development of computers, digital technology has gradually been introduced into the handling of the television signal, both for image and sound. Many portions of television systems are now hybrid combinations of analog and digital, and it is expected that eventually all television equipment will be fully digital, except for the transducers, cameras, and microphones (whose inputs are analog) and the television displays and loudspeakers (whose outputs are analog).
Adversarial Machine Learning
Authors: Arce Pablo G. , Insua David R. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThis paper introduces key concepts in adversarial machine learning (ML). Its aim is to deliver ML approaches that are more robust against adversarial attempts to alter their performance. We cover the cases of classification, regression, unsupervised, and reinforcement learning. The three core topics in the field (attacks, defenses, and workflows) are briefly discussed.
A predictive model for Gamma Knife intermediate dose spill: R50%Analytic‐GK
Authors: Cordrey Ivan L. , Kucuk Sare , Ramsey Chester , Bowling Joseph , Desai Dharmin D. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractPurposeMinimizing intermediate dose spill in stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for brain treatment is crucial. Intermediate dose spill correlates with the exposure of normal brain tissue to high doses, which increases the risk of radionecrosis. R50%, defined as the volume of the 50% of prescription isodose cloud/planning target volume, is one metric for intermediate dose spill. A predictive model for R50% in linear accelerator VMAT‐delivered SRS has been developed Desai et al. (2020) and is called R50%Analytic. This study extends the R50%Analytic model to Gamma Knife (GK) delivered SRS, resulting in the R50%Analytic‐GK model.MethodsPhantom calculations were performed on 11 spherical target volumes ranging from 0.001 to 44 cm3 to develop the R50%Analytic‐GK model. R50%Analytic‐GK was tested against clinical data from 18 brain metastasis cases with one to 11 targets treated on GK Icon and planned in GammaPlan with lightning dose optimizer. Thirty‐five targets with volumes between 0.011 and 27.4 cm3 were analyzed by extracting the R50% achieved clinically (R50%Clinical) for comparison to the predicted intermediate dose spill from R50%Analytic‐GK.ResultsThe predicted R50%Analytic‐GK values generally represent a lower bound for the R50%Clinical values as the model would predict. The Difference, R50%Clinical − R50%Analytic‐GK, has a median value of 0.92, which quantifies the lower bound nature of R50%Analytic‐GK. The model reflected the character of intermediate dose spill for the clinical cases. A few outliers were likely due to specific planning complexities.ConclusionThe R50%Analytic‐GK model for intermediate dose spill successfully extends the theoretical framework of R50%Analytic to GK‐delivered SRS. It provides a method to predict the intermediate dose spill for GK Icon treatments. This model can aid in assessing SRS treatment plans by providing a benchmark for the intermediate dose spill for comparison.
InAs on Insulator: A New Platform for Cryogenic Hybrid Superconducting Electronics
Authors: Paghi Alessandro , Trupiano Giacomo , De Simoni Giorgio , Arif Omer , Sorba Lucia , Giazotto Francesco 
Published: November 2024

AbstractSuperconducting circuits based on hybrid InAs Josephson Junctions (JJs) play a starring role in the design of fast and ultra‐low power consumption solid‐state quantum electronics and exploring novel physical phenomena. Conventionally, 3D substrates, 2D quantum wells (QWs), and 1D nanowires (NWs) made of InAs are employed to create superconducting circuits with hybrid JJs. Each platform has its advantages and disadvantages. Here, the InAs‐on‐insulator (InAsOI) is proposed as a groundbreaking platform for developing superconducting electronics. An epilayer of semiconducting InAs with different electron densities is grown onto an InAlAs metamorphic buffer, efficiently used as a cryogenic insulator to decouple adjacent devices electrically. JJs with various lengths and widths are fabricated employing Al as a superconductor and InAs with different electron densities. A switching current density of 7.3 µA µm−1, a critical voltage of 50‐to‐80 µV, and a critical temperature equal to that of the superconductor used are achieved. For all the JJs, the switching current follows a Fraunhofer‐like pattern with the out‐of‐plane magnetic field. These achievements enable the use of InAsOI to design and fabricate surface‐exposed Josephson Field Effect Transistors with high critical current densities and superior gating properties.
Optimizing Local Configuration of Interphase Copper Oxide by Ru Atoms Incorporation for High‐Efficient Nitrate Reduction to Ammonia
Authors: Lin Yunxiang , Wang Ying , Xu Ying , Liu Hengjie , Liu Xue , Shan Lei , Wu Chuanqiang , Yang Li , Song Li 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThe electrochemical reduction of nitrate offers an environmentally friendly and sustainable development strategy to mitigate nitrate pollution and further facilitate value‐added ammonia synthesis. Here, interphase Cu2+1O (regarded as Cu2O with metal excess defects) featured by abundant Cu0 and Cuδ+ sites with Ru single atoms incorporation (marked as RuSA@Cu2+1O) are synthesized by fast Joule heating method for efficient nitrate reduction to ammonia. The X‐ray absorption spectroscopy found that the incorporation of Ru atoms can effectively tune the local electronic structure of Cu2+1O substrate with charge polarization. The as‐prepared RuSA@Cu2+1O exhibits a remarkable Faradaic efficiency (FE) of 98.02% and an ammonia yield of 0.81 mmol h−1 cm−2 at the potential of ‐0.4 V (vs RHE). In situ, attenuated total reflection surface‐enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy and theoretical investigations further confirm that Ru incorporation promotes the rapid transfer of the hydrogenation process. This study not only presents a feasible approach for fabricating interphase catalysts through fast Joule heating synthesis, but also offers insights into effectively regulating the local electronic structure of electrocatalysts for boosted reaction process.
Multifunctional Silanol‐Based Film‐Forming Additive for Stable Zn Anode
Authors: Xiao Qinghua , He Sidan , Liu Pengbo , Ge Mengya , Li Yunsong , Zhu Yuxuan , Lin Yuxiao , Wang Chao , Wang Qinghong 
Published: November 2024

AbstractAqueous zinc ion batteries (AZIBs) have garnered significant attention due to their advantages, including high safety, a straightforward manufacturing process, abundant resource availability, and high theoretical capacity. Nevertheless, the industrial application of AZIBs is impeded by the undesirable growth of dendrites and side reactions on the Zn anode. In this study, [3‐(trimethoxysilyl) propyl] urea (3TMS) is utilized as an electrolyte additive to develop a solid/electrolyte interphase (SEI) film on the surface of Zn anode. The in situ formed SEI layer not only prevents side reactions form the direct contact of Zn anode with water but also induces preferential Zn deposition along the (002) crystal plane, suppressing dendrite growth. These synergistic functions enable the Zn anode with ultralong cycle life of over 6000 h at the current density of 1 mA cm−2 with the areal capacity of 1 mAh cm−2, as well as high coulombic efficiency of 99.34% after 750 cycles. Moreover, the Zn//V2O5 full cells with 3TMS additive display a high specific capacity of 114.4 mAh g−1 at a current density of 0.5 A g−1 after 1000 cycles. This work provides a simple yet feasible approach to develop stable Zn anode toward high‐performance AZIBs.
KBaScSi3O9:Eu2+ Glass‐Ceramics as Single‐Phase High‐Power White Emitters
Authors: Kuang Yuhang , Jin Jiance , Liu Gaochao , Chen Weibin , Xia Zhiguo 
Published: November 2024

AbstractSingle‐phase white‐light emitters in the lighting technology overcome the challenges of re‐absorption and color shift. However, achieving the broadband white emission in single‐phase phosphor remains a challenge. Here, crystallized KBaScSi3O9:Eu2+ (KBSSO:Eu2+) glass‐ceramics (GC) with abundant cationic sites have been developed and an ultra‐broad emission band ranging from 460 to 800 nm have been found, in which the asymmetric green emission is ascribed to the Eu2+ ions in [KO8] and [BaO7] polyhedra, while the red emission centered at 620 nm is originated from Eu2+ ions in [ScO6] sites. The optimized GC‐converted white LED (WLED) exhibits a high color rendering index (Ra = 89.8) and low correlated color temperature (CCT = 4241 K). Moreover, the encapsulant‐free GCc‐WLED can operate continuously under high drive currents. This work paves the way for the design and future development of single‐phase high‐power white light sources.
Near‐Infrared Two‐Photon J‐Aggregation‐Induced Organic Fluorescent Dots with Large Stokes‐Shift for Ratiometric Imaging of Hypochlorous Acid in Living Cells and Brains of AD Mice
Authors: Huang Rui , Zhang Ziwei , Shi Zhen , Yang Yumeng , Sun Junyong , Gao Feng 
Published: November 2024

AbstractAlzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by multiple toxicity from various biomarkers, and it is very important to monitor the fluctuation of biomarker level in brain tissues to track its early onset, illness progression, and therapeutic effect. Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is confirmed to be a reliable biomarker to extend the scope of diagnosis. However, the practical applications of the developed conjugated small molecule fluorescent probes for detecting HOCl are often restricted to a large extent by their low solubility, aggregation‐caused quenching (ACQ), unsatisfactory fluorescence brightness, small Strokes‐shift, and lack of self‐correcting ratiometric emitters. In this study, a J‐aggregation‐induced organic fluorescent dot (PBT dots), is reported which is facilely developed by co‐assembling newly designed organic molecule PBT with polymer DSPE‐PEG, for ClO− imaging in living brain‐derived Endothelial (bEnd.3) cells and brain tissues of AD mice. The developed two‐photon PBT dots show NIR emission at 715 nm, large Stokes‐shift of 245 nm, quick response within 2 s, ratiometric sensing properties, and favorable blood‐brain barrier (BBB) penetrate ability. The results demonstrate that HOCl level is elevated in AD mouse brain, and PBT dot holds promise as an imaging probe to understand and reveal AD pathologies.
Atomic‐Level Electric Polarization in Entropy‐Driven Perovskites for Boosting Dielectric Response
Authors: Xiong Xuhui , Liu Zhengwang , Zhang Ruixuan , Yang Liting , Liang Guisheng , Zhou Xiaodi , Li Bangxin , Zhang Huibin , Lv Hualiang , Che Renchao 
Published: November 2024

AbstractDielectric oxides with robust relaxation responses are fundamental for electronic devices utilized in energy absorption, conversion, and storage. However, the structural origins governing the dielectric response remain elusive due to the involvement of atomically complex compositional and structural environments. Herein, configurational entropy is introduced as a regulatory factor to precisely control the structural heterogeneity in representative perovskite dielectric oxides. Through advanced structural and electric field visualization studies, a novel quantitative relationship is established between atomic‐level structural disorder‐induced electric field polarization and macroscopic dielectric properties. The results indicate that the degree of atomic delocalization in perovskite oxides exhibits a near‐parabolic trend with increasing entropy, reaching a maximum in medium‐entropy perovskite. Correspondingly, the atomic electric field vectors display significant asymmetrical distribution, thus greatly enhancing angstrom‐scale electric field polarization. Then, it is experimentally proven that entropy‐driven electric polarization can improve the dielectric relaxation behavior characterized by broader frequency and stronger intensity of electromagnetic energy absorption, with improvements of approximately 160% and 413% compared to structurally homogeneous control. This study unveils the quantitative correlation between angstrom‐scale electric field polarization and dielectric response in perovskite oxides, offering a novel perspective for exploring the structure–property relationship in dielectric materials.
Ketocyanine‐Based Materials for Near Infrared‐to‐Visible Thermochromism
Authors: López Alex Julià , Pérez Noel Muñoz , Magerramov Ruslan , Puyol Mar , Crugeira Ferran , Miltsov Sergey , Ruiz‐Molina Daniel , Roscini Claudio 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThermochromic materials with tunable optical absorption over the NIR and visible spectral regions, and exhibiting colorless‐to‐colored transitions, are of interest in relevant applications such as invisible security inks or solar light‐energy management. Despite so, the most common commercial thermochromic materials, based on phase‐change‐material mixtures of spirocompounds (leuco‐dyes), allow narrow spectral modulation within the UV/vis regions and mostly produce colored‐to‐colorless transition, hampering their applicability beyond novelty products. In contrast, materials intrinsically thermochromic in the NIR, require time‐consuming syntheses for their spectral and transition temperature tunability. Herein these challenges are overcome by replacing conventional leuco‐dyes with Ketocyanines that exhibit strong color sensitivity on external multifactor, i.e. polarity, aggregation state, and pH, through different intermolecular interaction mechanisms, allowing fine and straightforward spectral tunability. Their absorption can be further shifted to the NIR region (λmax = 870 nm) by increasing the number of methine units, giving access to the desired colorless‐to‐colored transition (Δλ = 280 nm), via negative thermochromism. The preserved transitions of the microstructured mixtures are of interest for future thermochromic inks. Finally, their acid/base vapors response makes these multistimuli responsive materials highly attractive for applications such as anti‐counterfeiting, bioimaging, and optical information storage for food packaging.
Spin‐Orbit Coupled Trapped Exciton–Polariton Condensates in Perovskite Microcavity
Authors: Shang Qiuyu , Deng Xinyi , Song Jiepeng , Liang Yin , Lu Heng , Gong Yiyang , Chen Shulin , Gao Peng , Zhan Xiaowei , Liu Xinfeng , Zhang Qing 
Published: November 2024

AbstractLead halide perovskites exhibit superior properties compared to classical III–V semiconductor quantum wells for room‐temperature polaritonic applications, particularly owing to the significant crystalline anisotropy. This anisotropy results in a sizeable split in condensate energy, which can profoundly influence polariton interactions and spin relaxation pathways. Besides, trapped exciton‐polariton (TEP) exhibits a quantized energy landscape, which is essential for modulating polaritonic logical circuits. Herein, spin‐orbit coupled TEP lasing is demonstrated in birefringent perovskite. Cascade condensate processes between orthogonally polarized polariton branches happen considering the dominance of reservoir exciton–polariton or polariton–polariton scattering within each stage. Such condensation adequately is verified via the input‐output “S” curve, the narrowed linewidth, the energy blueshift, and the real space spatial coherence of the orthogonally polarized modes. This trapped anisotropic condensate holds great promise for room‐temperature polaritonic and spintronics.
Observing Deformation‐Induced Backscattering in Flexible Valley‐Hall Topological Metasurfaces
Authors: Ma Qian , Chen Long , Qin Shi Long , Gao Xinxin , Zhang Yi , Liu Shuo , You Jian Wei , Cui Tie Jun 
Published: November 2024

AbstractTopological metasurfaces based on the quantum valley Hall effect have garnered attention for their ability to enable novel physical phenomena. However, the propagation characteristics of flexible topological metasurfaces under bending and folding remain underexplored, leaving open questions about the behaviors of topological edge states in these configurations. This study investigates edge‐state propagation and frequency response in topological insulator metasurfaces under varying degrees of circular bending and dihedral folding. A flexible topological insulator is designed, fabricated, and tested with a passband between 4.4 and −4.6 GHz, monitoring how its transmission passband changes as the curvature radius decreases from 400 to 100 mm. Simulations and experimental measurements reveal how the transmission frequency response and near‐field distribution evolve as the metasurface undergoes folding from 90° to 30°. Results show that both the topological passband and transmission gradually vary with reduced folding angles, while arc‐shaped bending minimally affects the propagation path, though the passband narrows slightly with increased curvature. To illustrate the impact, metasurface communication performance between planar and folded configurations (90° to 30°) is compared, observing a notable performance drop after folding. This study aims to enhance the understanding of edge‐state properties in topological systems under deformation and promote further advancements in flexible topological devices.
Efficient Near‐Infrared Luminescence in Cr3+ Activated β‐Alumina Structure Phosphor via Multiple‐Sites Occupancy
Authors: Li Kai , Wang Dandan , Wu Dan , Dong Xiaoling , Wang Yue , Liu Yifan , Zheng Guojun , Zhou Wenping , Zhang Liangliang 
Published: November 2024

AbstractBroadband near‐infrared (NIR) phosphors play vital roles in the research and development of compact NIR light sources. Herein, improved NIR luminescence properties have been achieved in β‐alumina structure Ba0.2La0.55Mg0.55Al2.45Ga8O17.25 (BLMAG):Cr3+ phosphor by cation co‐substitution strategy, which controls the local crystal environment for site‐selective occupancy of Cr3+ emitters. With the increase of La3+‐Mg2+ couples in host lattice, the NIR emission peak can be tuned from 712 to 746 nm under 405 nm excitation with a high internal (external) quantum efficiency of 97% (42.6%) and superior thermal stability of 90% @150 °C. The structural refinement and spectral analysis indicate that the broadband NIR emission drives from the Cr3+ occupying multiple luminescence centers in the lattice. Moreover, the as‐prepared phosphor‐converted light‐emitting diode (pc‐LED), using the optimized BLMAG:0.10Cr3+ phosphor, achieves an NIR output power of 72.9 mW at 150 mA with photoelectric conversion efficiency of 15.4%. The spectra well matched to the absorption of photosensitive pigment PFR appear promising in plant growth, the captured doll as well as the penetration experiments also illustrate the application in night vision and biosensing.