bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inclination of Principal Residual Stress and the Direction of Cracking in Contact-Fatigued Ball Bearing Steel
Authors: Maeda Kikuo , Tsushima Noriyuki , Tokuda Masatoshi , Muro Hiroshi 
Published: March 2019

Peeling is a surface fatigue failure of a roller bearing that consists of many shallow pits less than 10 pm in depth and cracks that link the pits. Peeling occurs rather easily on a smooth Surface when in contact with a rough surface under insufficient thickness of the lubricating oil film.X-ray residual stress measurements on and under the contact surface after a peeling test revealed that the 2θ versus sin2ψ curve is not linear and that it curves depending upon the rolling contact condition and especially upon the existence of slip. Nonlinearity of the 2θ-sin2ψ) curve has been reported by Wakabayashi in a study of residual stress accompanying the grinding of soft steel and by Faninger in a study of residual stress due to rolling contact with annealed steel, but hot in the case of high hardness steel such as ball bearing steel. No complete explanation of this non-linearity has been made as yet.
The Generalisation and Refinement of the Vector Method for the Texture Analysis of Polycrystalline Materials
Authors: Ruer Daniel , Vadon Albert , Baro Raymond 
Published: March 2019

AbstractA so-called “Vector Method” for the texture analysis of cubic materials was presented for the first time at this conference in 1976. Since then this method has been refined and applied successfully to non cubic-materials. It is shown in this paper that the Vector Method provides several advantages over series methods of texture analysis, the most important of which being the relatively small amount of experimental data which are needed for the determination of the entire crystallite orientation distribution.
Spectral Analysis of X-Rays from Laser-Induced Plasmas†
Authors: Cuderman J. F. , Glibert K. M. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractLaser interaction experiments have been conducted on Sandia Laboratories' four-beam laser system. In these experiments, pulses of 1.06 μm light of up to 50 J each were focused in a tetrahedral geometry onto CD2 microspheres. A 22-channel x-ray spectrometer which utilises silicon diodes with appropriate K-edge prefilters was used for x-ray measurements. Typically, bremsstrahlung-recombination spectra were observed in the photon regime below about 5 keV. The electron temperatures for this part of the spectrum ranged from a few hundred eV to 1 keV with up to 15 percent of the total laser energy converted to x-rays. Less than one percent of the total energy emitted as x-rays appeared in the spectral range above 5 keV.
Subnanosecond X-Ray Measurements Using a Unitary Organic Crystal and Image Converter Streak Camera
Authors: Nuttelman R. A. , Epstein H. M. , Beal J. W. , Mallozzi P. J. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractA time dependent x-ray diagnostic technique based on the fast rise time characteristics of unitary crystals is demonstrated, and a correction for decay time is determined for anthracene crystals. The method has a probable time resolution capability better than 10 picoseconds. The shape of the x-ray pulse emitted by laser-generated plasmas is measured by this method and found to be similar to the shape of the laser pulse for laser pulse widths of 1.5-3.5 nanoseconds.
The Use of Photographic and X-Ray Films for X-Ray Measurements
Authors: Armistead R. A. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractExperiments were conducted on two underground nuclear tests with the primary objective of determining if high-intensity x-ray exposures can cause a failure of the photographic reciprocity law. The results of the experiments, which included exposures at intensities up to 1020 photons/cm2-sec, were in good agreement with standard diagnostic experiments. Thus, these results show that films receiving x-ray exposures do not experience high-intensity reciprocity failure, and, in so doing confirm photographic theory on this point.Measured latent-image regression curves and x-ray spectral sensitivity curves for commercially available films, obtained under laboratory-ambient condition and under a vacuum of 10−4 torr are presented. Anomalies in the film response are described, and the dependence of the response characteristics on the exposure environment and the emulsion characteristics is discussed. Suggestions are made for the use of films for x-ray measurements.
On-Line X-Ray Measurement and Control of Silver Emulsion Coating Weight
Authors: Severance W. A. N. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThis paper describes the development of a radioisotope x-ray fluorescence gauge built to continuously measure and control the coating weight of wet silver emulsion. The method and apparatus for correcting the basic measurement for variations in water content and base film thickness are described. Design considerations, including source selection and arrangement to minimize radiation scattering and emulsion exposure while providing acceptable measurement precision or accuracy, are discussed.
X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis of Refractory Oxide Materials
Authors: Banerjee Subrata , Olsen Ben G. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractIn a refractory manufacturing industry with widely diversified products from silica (SiO2≥ 90%) to high alumina materials (Al2O3≥ 90%) and basic refractory from periclase (MgO ≥ 95%) to chrome-periclase (Cr2O3≤ 40%) mixtures, introduction of a single method of analysis is impractical both economically and precision-wise. Three different methods are proposed with a view to realistic needs: (a) Direct ratio method, (b) calibration curve ratio method, and (c) matrix normalization by fusing with Li2B4O7and La2O3into a glass bead followed by grinding and pelletizing. Statistical regression equations were used for the calibration curves from available NBS standards 15-20 samples previously analysed by wet chemical methods by ratioing with relevant reference samples. In most cases, the relative standard deviation was 2 - 8%.
Investigation of Elemental Analysis of Water Samples by Radioalpha Induced X-Ray Emission Spectroscopy*
Authors: Hight R. , Foster C. C. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractAlpha particles and protons from charged particle accelerators and photons from both x-ray tubes and radioactive sources have been shown to be useful for the excitation of characteristic x-rays for multi-element energy dispersive trace analysis of environmental samples to the few ppm range. We have investigated the use of 4.5 MeV alpha particles from a thin window Po-210 source of 5 mCi effective strength to directly excite x-rays from trace elements in 1 cc water samples evaporated on 1.75 mg/cm2 thick mylar backings in a helium atmosphere in a lucite enclosure. Minimum detectable amounts (MDA's) were established for 19 elements (22 ≤ Z ≤ 82) using K-, L- and M- radiation and 50 minute counting times. The smallest MDA determined was 0.11 μg for vanadium. Other representative MDA's, in μg, are Fe-0.54, Mo-0.31 and Pb-0.43. MDA's lower by an average factor of about 10 over an eight month source life would result from the use of 1 Ci of Po-210 for 50 minutes per sample. Thinner sample backings and improved source encapsulation will reduce background radiation and further improve sensitivity. Comparison of our MDA's (5 mCi-Po-210) with those of Blasius et al., who used radiophoton sources and 40,000 sec. counting times to determine trace metal pollutants in water samples, shows radioalpha excitation to have comparable sensitivity in the worst case, arsenic and better, by more than two orders of magnitude, sensitivity in the best case, vanadium.Radioalpha induced x-ray trace element analysis offers the same advantages of portability, ease of operation, low maintenance and cost, and "in house" availability as radiophoton induced analysis. Because of the availability of more intense sources (up to 10 Ci), the fact that the detected radiation (x-rays) differs from the excitation radiation (a-particles) and that K, L, and M x-ray emission cross-sections depend essentially only on the emitted x-ray energy, lower MDA's are obtainable for many elements in thin samples for comparable counting times, as well.
Non-Linear Least Squares Analysis of Proton-Induced X-Ray Emission Data
Authors: Kaufmann H. C. , Akselsson R. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractA Fortran program for analysis of spectra obtained in proton induced x-ray emission spectroscopy is under development. The first version is working and some results are shown. The program uses a model which describes the physics involved in the analysis. The continuum is described by an exponentially decreasing function representing secondary electron induced bremsstrahlung and a constant approximating different Compton scattering processes. Absorption effects are also included. All parameters in the model are fitted simultaneously. About 100 test runs have been made with good results. The continuum was accurately fitted for each spectrum. Other advantages are reliability, speed, and the fact that the program is easily adaptable to a small computer with 16K memory.
An X-Ray Diffraction Study of Triglyceride Polymorphism
Authors: Zacharis H. M. , Mitcham D. , Lovegren N. , Gray M. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe polymorphism of an homologous series of highly purified mixed triglycerides has been studied using powder and single crystal X-ray diffraction techniques, in conjunction with thermal analysis and infrared spectroscopy. From thermal analysis, three polymorphs were identified. Single crystals of the most stable polymorph were obtained for two members of the series, 2-acetodimyristin (14-2-14) and 2-acetodipalmitin (16-2-16). Their unit-cell and sub-cell dimensions were used to interpret the powder data, and to provide preliminary general information about the crystal packing for this polymorph. Of the two other polymorphs identified, the first one (obtained by rapid cooling of the melt) is disordered, and transforms on standing, to a second, unstable intermediate polymorph. Infrared spectroscopy showed that for at least two of the three polymorphs, the long chain acyl groups of the triglycerides are in a parallel packing arrangement.
Environmental Monitoring Device for X-Ray Determination of Atmospheric Chlorine , Reactive Sulfur and Sulfur Dioxide
Authors: Lorenzen Jerry A. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractA prototype Environmental Monitoring Device (EMD) has been developed as a simple means for inexpensive, routine determination of site severities. The EMD is a cartridge that can be connected to an inexpensive pumping unit to collect an atmospheric sample. The field procedures are extremely simple and have been done routinely by individuals with no chemical training. Four filters within the cartridge selectively react with and permanently trap pollutants from the air drawn through the cartridge. The first filter collects particulates. The second is o-tolidine impregnated Whatman #41 filter paper to collect gaseous chlorine species. Silver nitrate impregnated paper collects reactive sulfur gases, and the fourth filter paper is impregnated with sodium hydroxide to react with and collect sulfur dioxide. After atmospheric sampling, the cartridges are returned via mail to a central analytical lab. Procedures have been developed for easy and rapid determination of the quantities of pollutants on the filters by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence. Laboratory and field measurements from a number of locations within the IBM Corporation have been made and will be reported. The EMD approach is providing a large data base on indoor atmospheric pollutants that could affect electronic equipment. The approach could easily be extended to numerous other applications.
Proton Elastic Scattering Analysis—A Complement to Proton-Induced X-Ray Emission Analysis of Aerosols
Authors: Nelson J. William , Meinert Dennis L. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractProton scattering quantitative elemental analysis is examined as a complement to proton induced X-ray emission analysis for air particulate samples. Both methods are absolute, non-destructive, and are suitable for use on samples up to about 1 mg/cm2 in areal density. Characteristics of the method are discussed and examples of aerosol spectra are presented.
Application of Gandolfi X-Ray Diffraction to the Characterization of Reaction Products from the Alteration of Simulated Nuclear Wastes
Authors: Anderson C. A. F. , Zolensky M. E. , Smith D. K. , Freeborn W. P. , Scheetz B. E. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractAccurate phase characterization of the alteration products of rad-waste requires the separation and identification of scattered individual grains from among the bulk product. These grains are typically 5 to 100 μm in size. Bulk x-ray powder diffraction will normally not detect these minor phases, and even if the phase can be detected, it often may not be identifiable. The use of the Gandolfi technique with the individual particle not only facilitates the identification, but also allows the assignment of the identification to the specific grain.
Lead and Barium in Archaeological Roman Skeletons Measured by Nondestructive X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis
Authors: Ahlgren L. , Christoffersson J.-O. , Mattsson S. 
Published: March 2019

Lead is a non-essential toxic metal of considerable topicality. It is accumulated in the skeleton, which contains 90% of the total body burden.It is known that during the Roman period the intake of lead was high. The Romans used kitchen utensils made of lead and lead pipes for drinking water. The most important source of lead for people of the upper social classes was sapa, a compound added to wine to sweeten and perserve it.Using non-destructive X-ray fluorescence analysis, lead and barium concentrations of archaeological Roman bones have been measured. We have earlier used a similar technique to determine lead concentration in the human skeleton in vivo.
Application of the Solid State Detector in the X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis of Steel Products in Production Lines
Authors: Shiraiwa Toshio , Fujino Nobukatsu 
Published: March 2019

The X-ray fluorescent analyzer for identification of every piece of steel product in the production line has. been developed and its accuracy and utility has teen ascertained from practical applications.It has also been applied to thickness measurement of zinc coating and color coating on steel sheets in the coating lines. In the severe environment of steel works for four years, there has been no instrumental trouble, and the reliability of the analyzer has been confirmed.
Valence Band Spectroscopy in the Ultrasoft X-Ray Region (50 to 100 A)
Authors: Henke Burton L. , Taniguchi Kazuo 
Published: March 2019

Transitions from the valence electron levels into the first relatively sharp inner sub-shell levels result in characteristic x-ray emissions in the 100-200 eV region. These spectra sensitively reflect the chemical state of the atoms which are representative of the submicron thickness of the sample surface under low energy x-ray excitation and of the first few molecular layers of the sample under electron excitation.An optimized measurement method for this 50-100 A spectral region is “based upon single crystal spectrometry using a lead stearate analyzer which has high dispersion and efficiency and an energy width of about one eV in this wavelength range. Spectra are recorded using “tuned” proportional counter detection. In the work reported here, low energy x-ray excitation is used in order to minimize the possibility of radiation damage of the sample.Each spectrum is calibrated for both energy and instrument transmission using known, sharp M lines of elements such as molybdenum, zirconium and yttrium which will bracket the spectraj. range under measurement. A simple method has been developed for "stripping" from the measured spectra the Lorentzian crystal width and the Gaussian collimation width in order to allow an estimation to be made of the actual emission line widths as well as the relative intensities.In this report, as an illustrative application example, S-LII, III spectra are presented for a series of sulfur compounds in "both solid, and gas states. Manne's approximate molecular orbital interpretation of the x-ray emission spectra has been adopted and extended to apply to the LII, III spectra for second row elements.
Peak Height Approximation for X-Ray Diffracted Integrated Intensity
Authors: Gazzara C. P. 
Published: March 2019

A fast X-ray diffraction powder method of quantitative analysis has been developed and demonstrated using mixtures of alpha and beta silicon nitride and silicon.An analytical procedure, assuming both Gaussian and Cauchy diffracted characteristic line distributions, was used to synthesize CuKα X-ray peaks in the 2θ range 20° to 50° with peak widths from 0.1° to 0.4° 2θ. The relationship of peak height to integrated intensity was established as a function of peak width and tested using pure silicon powder with variable receiving slit widths from 0.01° to 0.40° 2θ.Concentration calibration curves for silicon nitride and silicon were corrected for extinction and preferred orientation with statistical figures of merit to indicate the extent of preferred orientation.Preliminary results indicate that this procedure may be used for cold-worked materials.
Conversion of Monetite, CaHPO4, To Apatites: Effect of Carbonate on the Crystallinity and the Morphology of the Apatite Crystallites
Authors: LeGeros Racquel Z. , LeGeros John P. , Trautz Otto R. , Paul Shirra W. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe incorporation of carbonate in the apatite causes a decrease in crystallite size as demonstrated in precipitated apatites prepared at 37°C. Carbonate disturbs the crystallization of the growing apatite crystallites to such an extent that materials with more than 15 wt% CO3 gives an ‘amorphous’ x-ray diffraction pattern. The incorporation of carbonate in precipitates prepared at 100°C. causes a shortening of the a-axis and a lengthening of the c-axis which is proportional to the carbonate content, supporting the concept that in these apatites, CO3 substitutes for PO4 (11). X-ray diffraction linebroadening studies of CO3-apatites precipitated at 100°C and electron micrographs show that the size and shape of the crystallites change from long needles to smaller rods to tiny spheroids, depending upon the amount of CO3. Carbonate causes the bonding in the apatite to become weaker and more isotropic, which results in the small spheroidal crystals.This paper reports the effect of carbonate on lattice parameters and morphology of carbonate-apatites which have been prepared by the conversion of rnonetite, CaHPO4 in hot carbonate solutions. The structural effects of CO3 on the apatite is further reflected by the modification of the vibrations of the PO4 groups in the infrared absorption spectra. The morphology of ‘amorphous’ CO3- containing apatitic precipitates and that of CO3∼apatite with high CO3 content (prepared at 100°C) is similar, i.e., spheroidal in shape, but greatly differing in crystallite size.
A Standard Reference Material Containing Nominally Four Percent Austenite
Authors: Hicho G.E. , Yakowitz H. , Rasberry S.D. , Michaelis R.E. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThis standard was produced by powder metallurgical techniques using known amounts of austenite. Using these techniques, 134 specimens were prepared. Because these standards are expected to be used primarily for the calibration of X-ray diffraction equipment, only one surface of each standard is certified, and these surfaces range from 3.1 percent to 5.2 percent in austenite content. To make the specimens, 310 stainless steel powder (austenitid) was blended with 430 stainless steel powder (ferritic) to make a mixture of 5 percent austenite in ferrite. The material was compacted, sintered, polished and etched so the austenite appears white and the ferrite, a deep brown. Then quantitative microscopy methods were used to determine the percentage of austenite near the surface. Furthers more, the 310 powder contains 20 percent of nickel while the 430 powder contains virtually no nickel. Therefore, after establishing a meaningful calibration curve, X-ray fluorescence analysis for the nickel content was also used as a direct measurement of the amount of retained austenite on the surface of the compact. Both procedures were carried out on fifteen specimens statistically selected from the total number of compacts produced. Agreement, within experimental error limits, was obtained between the X-ray fluorescence results and quantitative microscopy results. The X-ray fluorescence method was used to characterize all additional compacts. X-ray diffraction determinations of austenite content are in good agreement with the X-ray fluorescence and quantitative microscopy results. The compacts may be used as X-ray diffraction standards for austenite or in special cases as X-ray fluorescence standards for nickel content.
Solid Solution Decomposition of Aluminum-Rich Aluminum-Zinc-Silver Alloys
Authors: Bates S. R. , Gould R. W. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractSolid solution decomposition of several aluminumrich aluminum-zinc-silver alloys were investigated using x-ray small angle scattering, x-ray diffraction (Guinier and Dewolff camera) and transmission electron microscopy. A decomposition sequence was observed directly fay means of hot stage electron microscopy, to be:G. P. zone → ɛ' → ɛG.P. zones were observed to exist in all of the ternary Al-Zn-Ag alloys used in this investigation. Only one type of G.P. zone was detected and evidence is given which indicated that the G.P. zone formation was governed by the existence of a metastable miscibility gap. Experimental results also indicated that the lattice of the matrix is distorted by the presence of the G.P. zone.A transition phase, designated ɛ', was observed to nucleate on defects in the matrix and to have a hexagonal close-packed structure. The ɛ' phase is partially coherent and much more regular in spatial distribution than the equilibrium ɛ phase.
X-Ray Production Efficiencies for K-, L-, M-, and N-Shell Excitation by Ion Impact
Authors: Needham P. B. , Sartwell B. D. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractA systematic study of the production of characteristic X-rays by both light and heavy charged particles has been made. Using protons in the energy range 70-200 keV, data have been obtained for twenty-one X-ray lines encompassing a wavelength region from 1.44 to 44.00 Å from K-, L-, M-, and N-shells of elements with 6 ≤ Z ≤ 92. Additional X-ray production efficiencies have been measured in the K-, L-, M-, and N-shells using incident H2+, He++, N++, O++, and Ar++ ions in the energy range 90-400 keV. The ion beams were obtained from a 300 kV electrostatic accelerator, and beam analysis was obtained using a 7 kilogauss analysing magnet.The data for proton excitation show that, for X-rays of a given wavelength, the X-ray production efficiency increases with the principal quantum number of the atomic shell being excited. These results contradict results reported by Sterk et al, but agree with results obtained earlier by Khan et al.The results also show that the use of heavy ions (z > 5; obtains X-ray yields which are orders of magnitude higher than a repredicted by the direct scattering theory as used for protons and alpha particles.Ion excitation of X-rays has been applied to the study of the oxidation kinetics of iron as part of a surface physics program. The wide range of target penetration depth as a function of both mass and energy of the ion has allowed us to study oxide film thickness as a function of oxidation temperature and impurity depth and concentration. Data are presented for protons and argon ions incident on high- purity ion with surface oxide films varying in thickness from 35 Å to 750 Å. Oxygen and carbon sensitivities to equivalents of fractional monolayers are routinely obtained using nondispersive analysis of the X-rays.