bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conglomerate Karst in Slovenia : History of Cave Knowledge and Research of Udin Boršt (Gorenjsko)
Authors: Kranjc Andrej 
Published: May 2019

Folk tales and tradition evidence that people in Udin Boršt were aware of caves from old. In the 19th century a special type of outlaws occurred in Gorenjska. One of the centres was in Udin Boršt where brigands hid in caves. Under the French occupation the villagers hid in the caves, while during the 2nd World War they were partisans. Water is another factor playing an important role at studying Udin Boršt. Most of the villages were water supplied from Udin Boršt, partly out of caves. As elsewhere in conglomerates in Udin Boršt also there are traces of rock cutting for millstones. The first printed news about the caves in Udin Boršt are found in Valvasor’s Die Ehre des Herzothums Crain. The book History of the Ljubljana Bishop’s Diocese cites seven caves. The modern caving research started in 1946. In 1954 the members of the Natural Science Circle of the 1st Grammar School, Kranj started to visit caves in Udin Boršt. About that time a co-worker of the Karst Research Institute from Postojna started to research these caves. The caves in Udin Boršt were revisited in the seventieth of the past century in connection with the project “Speleological Map of Slovenia”. The connection between the people and the land can be seen from the topographical names too. The last part of the paper deals with these names, including the explanation of the name Udin Boršt. Da so ljudje jame v Udin borštu že dolgo poznali, se odraža v ljudskem blagu in izročilu. V 19. stol. je nastalo rokovnjaštvo. Eno od središč je bilo v Udin borštu, kjer so se rokovnjači skrivali po jamah. Pred Francozi so se skrivali po jamah tudi vaščani, med II. svetovno vojno pa partizani. Drugi dejavnik, ki je igral veliko vlogo pri spoznavanju jam v Udin borštu, je voda. Večina vasi je dobivala vodo iz Udin boršta, deloma iz jam. Kot drugod v konglomeratu, so tudi v Udin borštu sledi lomljenja kamine za mlinske kamne. Prva tiskana vest o jamah v Udin borštu je v Valvasorjevem delu »Slava vojvodine Kranjske«. V Zgodovini fara Ljubljanske škofije je omenjenih sedem jam. Sodobno jamarsko raziskovanje se je pričelo leta 1946. 1954 so pričeli obiskovati jame v Udin borštu člani Prirodoslovnega krožka I. gimnazije iz Kranja. V istem času se je raziskovanja teh jam lotil sodelavec Inštituta za raziskovanje krasa SAZU iz Postojne. Jame v Udin borštu so bile ponovno obiskane sredi sedemdesetih let prejšnjega stoletja, v okviru velikega projekta »Speleološka karta Slovenije«. Povezanost človeka z zemljo se vidi tudi iz krajevnih in ledinskih imen. Zadnji del prispevka se ukvarja s temi imeni, vključno z razlago imena Udin boršt.
DETECTING NONLINEAR AND NONSTATIONARY PROPERTIES OF POST-APNEIC SNORING SOUNDS USING HILBERT–HUANG TRANSFORM
Authors: Mikami Tsuyoshi , Takahashi Hirotaka , Yonezawa Kazuya 
Published: May 2019

This study focuses on patients with severe obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), and clarifies the existence of nonlinear and nonstationary properties in post-apneic snoring sounds. Many researchers have tried to discover intrinsic properties of the snoring sounds in OSAS patients for the past decades using linear frequency analysis, but no one has shown any evidence of the existence of nonlinearity and nonstationarity based on the quantitative evaluation of the post-apneic snoring sounds. In this study, Hilbert–Huang transform (HHT), which is designed for analyzing nonlinear and nonstationary signals, is adopted to generate a time-frequency map and the temporal variation in the spectral density is quantitatively evaluated using the averaged Kullback–Leibler divergence (AKL). As a result, for six OSAS patients, there is a tendency that most of AKL calculated from post-apneic snores are higher than those from non-apneic snores, which indicates that post-apneic snores are more nonstationary. In addition, we also evaluated the difference between the HHT time-frequency maps and spectrograms using short-time fourier transforms (STFT). Such analyses revealed that frequency fluctuations inherent to snoring can be adequately represented through HHT, but not with STFT. These nonlinear and nonstationary properties seem to be highly related to the physiological phenomena of OSAS, two of which are the explosive airflow after reopening of the closed airway and the collision vibration of the soft tissues.
Marginal adaptation of implant ceramic crowns produced with cerec® system
Authors: Mecca Silvio , Ramos Elimário Venturin , Carvalho Geraldo Alberto Pinheiro , Kreve Simone , Franco Aline Batista Gonçalves , Dias Sergio Candido 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Aim: This study aimed to assess the marginal adaptation of two different ceramic materials produced with CEREC system. Materials and Methods: A master die was digitized with an intraoral scanner (CEREC Omnicam) and produced 20 lithium silicate crowns – 10 VITA Suprinity® (VS) and 10 Celtra Duo® (CD). Marginal disadaptation was measured using the replica method and optical microscopy. Results: The Student’s t-test showed a significant difference (P < 0.05) between VS (63.65 μm) and CD (97.05 μm). Results also showed statistical difference within the CD group (P < 0.005); on the other hand, there was no significant difference within the VS group. Conclusion: Based on the methodology used here, we are able to conclude that the VS group shows less marginal disadaptation and that, in addition to a larger marginal discrepancy, the CD crowns failed to maintain homogeneity since samples varied largely within the group.
A target-oriented approach to neutrality in vowel harmony: Evidence from Hungarian
Authors: Ozburn Avery 
Published: May 2019

This paper provides a novel perspective on neutrality in vowel harmony, using evidence from Hungarian. Despite the extensive study of Hungarian vowel harmony, the intermediate neutrality of [e:], which can alternate harmonically with [a:], is rarely addressed in existing analyses. While many standard accounts of harmony assume that front unrounded vowels like [e:] are neutral due to the lack of back counterpart, the [a:]~[e:] alternation makes this approach unsupportable. Specifically, since both [a:] and [e:] lack harmonic counterparts, but [a:] participates in harmony by re-pairing to [e:], the theory must explain why [e:] is not consistently harmonic. I argue that this pattern forces a new, target-focused approach, where participation is based on the vowel-specific drive to undergo harmony; neutrality results when this drive is insufficient to force unfaithfulness. This idea is motivated by cross-linguistic and phonetic facts suggesting that vowels that are low and/or rounded are inherently better targets of front/back harmony. I implement this approach formally in Harmonic Grammar; the harmony constraint is scaled by the quality of a vowel as a potential target, parallel to Kimper’s (2011) trigger strength scaling. This account can capture not only the basic Hungarian facts, but also the gradience of neutrality (the height effect) and the variability in Hungarian harmony. Moreover, I argue that this view of harmony is necessary beyond Hungarian and beyond front/back harmony: neutrality is crucially about the quality of a vowel as a potential target of harmony, where target quality is determined in a cross-linguistic, phonetically motivated way.
Tubular Injury and Dendritic Cell Activation Are Integral Components of Light Chain–Associated Acute Tubulointerstitial Nephritis
Authors: Cheng Mingyu , Gu Xin , Turbat-Herrera Elba A. , Herrera Guillermo A. 
Published: May 2019

Context.—Light chain–associated acute tubulointerstitial nephritis (LC-ATIN) is a variant of light chain proximal tubulopathy (LCPT). It is characterized by interstitial inflammation with tubulitis and deposition of monoclonal light chains in the tubulointerstitium. LC-ATIN is a rather poorly recognized pattern of LCPT and not much is known about this entity.Objective.—To determine the clinicopathologic features of patients with LC-ATIN and investigate the proximal tubular injury and mechanism of interstitial inflammation in LC-ATIN.Design.—A total of 38 cases of LC-ATIN were identified from the archives of 5043 renal biopsy specimens. In all cases, routine light microscopic examination, immunofluorescence, and electron microscopic examination were performed. In selected cases, immunofluorescent staining of dendritic cells and immunohistochemical staining for 4 tubular injury markers—KIM-1, p53, bcl-2, and Ki-67—were performed.Results.—A characteristic finding in LC-ATIN cases was immunofluorescence staining of monoclonal light chains along tubular basement membranes in linear fashion and inside proximal tubular cells with a granular pattern. No monoclonal light chains were present in glomerular or vascular compartments confirmed with immunofluorescence, electron microscopy, and ultrastructural gold labeling. Ten of 15 LC-ATIN cases (67%) were concurrently positive for the 4 tubular injury markers. Dendritic cells were identified within the tubulointerstitium in the renal biopsy specimens, interacting with surrounding tubules with light-chain deposits and inflammatory cells.Conclusions.—Significant proximal tubular injury occurs associated with LC-ATIN, and the monoclonal light chains accumulated in proximal tubular cells contribute to the injury. Dendritic cells are involved in the pathogenesis of interstitial inflammation in LC-ATIN.
Cytologic Evaluation of Positron Emission Tomography-Computed Tomography–Positive Lymph Nodes Sampled by Endobronchial Ultrasound-Guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration: Experience at a Large Cancer Center
Authors: Gan Qiong , Stewart John M. , Valik Erik , Eapen George , Caraway Nancy P. 
Published: May 2019

Context.—
Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) is routinely used to evaluate mediastinal lymph nodes (LNs), especially for cancer staging. There are limited large studies evaluating the cytologic, radiologic, and clinical features of 18F-fluorodeoxy glucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography–positive (PET-CT+) LNs.

Objective.—
To compare cytologic, radiologic, and clinical features of PET-CT+, cytology-malignant (PET-CT+/Cyto+) and PET-CT+, cytology-benign (PET-CT+/Cyto−) LNs.

Design.—
The pathology database was searched for cases of mediastinal LNs obtained by EBUS-TBNA from January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2015. The cytologic, radiologic, and clinical features were collected for all PET-CT+ LNs.

Results.—
Of 2267 mediastinal LNs obtained by EBUS-TBNA during this period, 577 LNs met the criteria. Of the latter, 263 (46%) were PET-CT+/Cyto+ and 314 (54%) were PET-CT+/Cyto−. All of the patients with PET-CT+/Cyto+ results had a prior or concurrent diagnosis of malignancy as compared to 89% of patients with PET-CT+/Cyto− results. Of the 224 patients with PET-CT+/Cyto+ LNs, 177 (79%) had metastases from lung primary, 43 (19%) had metastases from nonlung primaries, and 7 (3%) had lymphoma. Average LN size was larger in the PET-CT+/Cyto+ group than in the PET-CT+/Cyto− group (14.6 mm versus 9.58 mm), and mean standardized uptake value in PET-CT+/Cyto+ LNs was higher than that of PET-CT+/Cyto− LNs (10.05 versus 5.99). Significant cytologic findings in PET-CT+/Cyto− cases were necrosis and granulomatous inflammation, including 3 cases with fungal organisms.

Conclusions.—
PET-CT positivity alone was nonspecific for malignancy and insufficient to guide management of patients with mediastinal adenopathy, but specificity could be improved when combined with LN size and standardized uptake value.
Genotype-by-Environment Interaction and Stability Analysis in Grain Yield of Improved Tef (Eragrostis tef) Varieties Evaluated in Ethiopia
Authors: Jifar Habte , Assefa Kebebew , Tesfaye Kassahun , Dagne Kifle , Tadele Zerihun 
Published: May 2019

Aims: To assess the magnitude of genotype by environment interaction; possible existence of different mega-environments; and discriminating ability and representativeness of the testing environments.
Study Design: Randomized complete Block Design with three replications.
Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at Debre Zeit, Holetta and Alem Tena for two years (2015 and 2016) and at Adet, Axum and Bako for one year (2015).
Methodology: Thirty-five improved tef varieties were evaluated at nine environments. The G × E interaction were quantified using additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) and the genotype and genotype by environment (GGE) biplot models.
Results: Combined analysis of variance revealed highly significant (P = 0.01) variations due to genotype, environment and genotype by environment interaction effects. AMMI analysis revealed 4.3%, 79.7% and 16% variation in grain yield due to genotypes, environments and G x E effects, respectively. G6 gave the highest mean grain yield (3.33 t/ha) over environments whereas G29 gave the lowest mean yield (2.49 t/ha). The GGE biplot grouped the nine testing environments and the 35 genotypes into four mega environments and seven genotypic groups. The four mega environments include: G-I (E1, E4 and E6); G-II (E2, E3, E7 and E8); G-III (E9), and G-IV (E5). E5, E6, E7 and E8 which had the longest vector were the most discriminating of all environments while, E1 and E4 which had the smallest angle with the average environmental axis were the most representative of all environments. Regarding genotypes, G6, G25, G34 and G16 were identified as the best yielding and relatively stable genotypes to increase tef productivity.
Conclusion: AMMI and GGE were found to be efficient in grouping the tef growing environments and genotypes.
The Effects of Familiar Voices on the Level of Consciousness among Comatose Patients: A Single-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Mohammadi Mohammad Kazem , Yeganeh Mohammad Reza , Ebrahimzadeh Aida Mohammad , Roshan Zahra Atrkar , Soodmand Mostafa , Pouralizadeh Moluk 
Published: May 2019

Background: Brain injury can reduce consciousness and the ability to respond to environmental stimulation.
Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of familiar voices on the level of consciousness (LOC) among comatose patients with a brain injury hospitalized in the intensive care unit.
Methods: In this randomized controlled trial, sixty comatose patients with head trauma were conveniently selected from an intensive care unit of a hospital in Rasht, Iran, and randomly allocated to either a control or an intervention group. Participants in the intervention group received auditory stimulation for three consecutive days and the level of consciousness was compared in two groups. The Glasgow Coma Scale was used to assess the patients’ level of consciousness. The data were analyzed through the Chi-square, the paired-samples t, student’s t test, and the repeated-measures analysis of variance.
Results: A significant increase was found in the mean LOC in the intervention group after every daily auditory stimulation (P<0.05). However, no significant changes were observed in the control group (P>0.05). The repeated-measures analysis of variance revealed that the time and interaction of time and groups were statistically significant (P<0.001).
Conclusion: Auditory stimulation with familiar voice was effective in improving levels of consciousness among comatose patients with a brain injury after three days.
Microfluidic Handling and Analysis of Giant Vesicles for Use as Artificial Cells: A Review
Authors: Robinson Tom 
Published: May 2019

AbstractOne of the goals of synthetic biology is the bottom‐up construction of an artificial cell, the successful realization of which could shed light on how cellular life emerged and could also be a useful tool for studying the function of modern cells. Using liposomes as biomimetic containers is particularly promising because lipid membranes are biocompatible and much of the required machinery can be reconstituted within them. Giant lipid vesicles have been used extensively in other fields such as biophysics and drug discovery, but their use as artificial cells has only recently seen an increase. Despite the prevalence of giant vesicles, many experiments remain challenging or impossible due to their delicate nature compared to biological cells. This review aims to highlight the effectiveness of microfluidic technologies in handling and analyzing giant vesicles. The advantages and disadvantages of different microfluidic approaches and what new insights can be gained from various applications are introduced. Finally, future directions are discussed in which the unique combination of microfluidics and giant lipid vesicles can push forward the bottom‐up construction of artificial cells.
Promoting the Transformation of Li2S2 to Li2S: Significantly Increasing Utilization of Active Materials for High‐Sulfur‐Loading Li–S Batteries
Authors: Yang Xiaofei , Gao Xuejie , Sun Qian , Jand Sara Panahian , Yu Ying , Zhao Yang , Li Xia , Adair Keegan , Kuo Liang‐Yin , Rohrer Jochen , Liang Jianneng , Lin Xiaoting , Banis Mohammad Norouzi , Hu Yongfeng , Zhang Hongzhang , Li Xianfeng , Li Ruying , Zhang Huamin , Kaghazchi Payam , Sham Tsun‐Kong , Sun Xueliang 
Published: May 2019

AbstractLithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries with high sulfur loading are urgently required in order to take advantage of their high theoretical energy density. Ether‐based Li–S batteries involve sophisticated multistep solid–liquid–solid–solid electrochemical reaction mechanisms. Recently, studies on Li–S batteries have widely focused on the initial solid (sulfur)–liquid (soluble polysulfide)–solid (Li2S2) conversion reactions, which contribute to the first 50% of the theoretical capacity of the Li–S batteries. Nonetheless, the sluggish kinetics of the solid–solid conversion from solid‐state intermediate product Li2S2 to the final discharge product Li2S (corresponding to the last 50% of the theoretical capacity) leads to the premature end of discharge, resulting in low discharge capacity output and low sulfur utilization. To tackle the aforementioned issue, a catalyst of amorphous cobalt sulfide (CoS3) is proposed to decrease the dissociation energy of Li2S2 and propel the electrochemical transformation of Li2S2 to Li2S. The CoS3 catalyst plays a critical role in improving the sulfur utilization, especially in high‐loading sulfur cathodes (3–10 mg cm−2). Accordingly, the Li2S/Li2S2 ratio in the discharge products increased to 5.60/1 from 1/1.63 with CoS3 catalyst, resulting in a sulfur utilization increase of 20% (335 mAh g−1) compared to the counterpart sulfur electrode without CoS3.
Realizing Broadband Transparency via Manipulating the Hybrid Coupling Modes in Metasurfaces for High‐Efficiency Metalens
Authors: Cheng Kaiyang , Wei Zeyong , Fan Yuancheng , Zhang Xiaoming , Wu Chao , Li Hongqiang 
Published: May 2019

AbstractMetasurfaces with locally controlled phase discontinuity are promising for novel manipulations of the optical fields. However, the high insert loss at off‐resonance frequencies and narrow operation band of the resonant metasurface lead to the common low efficiency, obstructing it from practical applications. Here, it is shown that a broadband transparent metasurface, made of three‐layer complementary square ring resonator (CSRR) arrays, can be employed for high‐efficiency and broadband beam manipulation. The nonuniform metasurface can be optimized with high transmittance (above 90%) while maintaining full range (from 0 to 2π) phase modulation by adjusting the geometric parameters of the CSRR on the middle layer. The physical insight can be understood with a coupled oscillator model, it is found that the interlayer coupling constant is the key factor to realize phase modulation with high efficiency. A transmittance metalens with long focal depth in broadband is experimentally demonstrated as an example, the measured transmission efficiency is higher than 80%. The developed broadband wavefront engineering elements can be employed for high‐performance, miniaturized and superior environmental suitability sensing, imaging, and communication system.
Systematic synthesis and integration of multiple‐effect distillation into overall processes: The case of biorefineries
Authors: Pyrgakis Konstantinos A. , Kokossis Antonis C. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractChemical engineering is challenged by new chemistries that convert raw materials (biomass, biogenic waste) into chemicals through numerous promising, yet untested, chemical/biochemical reactions. Process and energy integration are essential to provide viable recommendations as downstream separation costs are often prohibitive to support the selected reactions. Distillation remains attractive for separation, whereas multiple‐effect distillation (MED) offers high energy savings, fully exploiting the potential to integrate separations with the background process. Whereas model‐based methods are plentiful for stand‐alone MED designs, integration of units with the background process is restricted by graphical or inspection methods, which are prone to miss optimality and impractical to use for high‐throughput screening. This work contributes with the introduction of an optimization approach that addresses challenges in allocation and integration of MED by considering methods to systematize design options and to automate decision‐making. The approach is illustrated in a real‐life biorefinery securing 70% savings under a small investment. © 2019 American Institute of Chemical Engineers
Influence of wood pulp quality on the structure of carboxymethyl cellulose
Authors: Fechter Catharina , Heinze Thomas 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACTThe quality of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) prepared from different wood‐derived market pulps is examined. The pulps represent kraft and sulfite qualities with different levels of hemicellulose (1.5–22.8 wt %), intrinsic viscosity (391–780 mL g−1), and content of extractives (0.04–0.13 wt %). The pulps are carboxymethylated in aqueous medium at three different levels of sodium hydroxide concentration, resulting in three levels of degree of substitution (DS), 0.3, 0.7–0.8, and 1.3–1.4 (according to nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and high‐performance liquid chromatography). CMC with DS 0.7–0.8 is found to be near the limit for water solubility and the resulting ranking for that solubility is shown to be correlated to DS. The DS is found to be impaired by a high content of impurities and high degree of Cellulose II in the pulp. The sulfite pulps yield CMC with the best solubility in water. A high level of extractives does not interfere with reactivity. Moreover, it is found that impurities, such as lignin and xylan, inhibit thickening behavior even at high DS, and that the ratio of substitution on Position 3 is a measure of the xylan content, which suggests that this position in xylan has extremely high reactivity. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47862.