bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization of the developmental landscape of murine RORγt+ iNKT cells
Authors: Klibi Jihene , Li Shamin , Amable Ludivine , Joseph Claudine , Brunet Stéphane , Delord Marc , Parietti Veronique , Jaubert Jean , Marie Julien , Karray Saoussen , Eberl Gerard , Lucas Bruno , Toubert Antoine , Benlagha Kamel 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells expressing the retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor γt (RORγt) and producing IL-17 represent a minor subset of CD1d-restricted iNKT cells (iNKT17) in C57BL/6J (B6) mice. We aimed in this study to define the reasons for their low distribution and the sequence of events accompanying their normal thymic development. We found that RORγt+ iNKT cells have higher proliferation potential and a greater propensity to apoptosis than RORγt− iNKT cells. These cells do not likely reside in the thymus indicating that thymus emigration, and higher apoptosis potential, could contribute to RORγt+ iNKT cell reduced thymic distribution. Ontogeny studies suggest that mature HSAlow RORγt+ iNKT cells might develop through developmental stages defined by a differential expression of CCR6 and CD138 during which RORγt expression and IL-17 production capabilities are progressively acquired. Finally, we found that RORγt+ iNKT cells perceive a strong TCR signal that could contribute to their entry into a specific ‘Th17 like’ developmental program influencing their survival and migration. Overall, our study proposes a hypothetical thymic developmental sequence for iNKT17 cells, which could be of great use to study molecular mechanisms regulating this developmental program.
An Instrumentalist Account of How to Weigh Epistemic and Practical Reasons for Belief
Authors: Steglich-Petersen Asbjørn , Skipper Mattias 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
When one has both epistemic and practical reasons for or against some belief, how do these reasons combine into an all-things-considered reason for or against that belief? The question might seem to presuppose the existence of practical reasons for belief. But we can rid the question of this presupposition. Once we do, a highly general ‘Combinatorial Problem’ emerges. The problem has been thought to be intractable due to certain differences in the combinatorial properties of epistemic and practical reasons. Here we bring good news: if we accept an independently motivated version of epistemic instrumentalism—the view that epistemic reasons are a species of instrumental reasons—we can reduce The Combinatorial Problem to the relatively benign problem of how to weigh different instrumental reasons against each other. As an added benefit, the instrumentalist account can explain the apparent intractability of The Combinatorial Problem in terms of a common tendency to think and talk about epistemic reasons in an elliptical manner.
Interaction of the electromagnetic precursor from a relativistic shock with the upstream flow – II. Induced scattering of strong electromagnetic waves
Authors: Lyubarsky Yuri 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACT
This is the second in the series of papers aiming to study interaction of the electromagnetic precursor waves from relativistic shocks with the upstream flow. Here, I consider the induced scattering of strong waves. In such a wave, the electrons oscillate with relativistic velocities therefore, the scattering generally occurs in harmonics of the incident wave. I show that the induced scattering occurs predominantly in the first harmonics. I also show that even though in the weak case regime, the induced scattering rate is proportional to the intensity of the incident wave, in the strong wave case, the rate decreases as the wave amplitude grows.
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor treatment could decrease chronic rhinosinusitis in diabetic patients
Authors: Li S -Y , Chen H -H , Lai C -C , Lin C -L , Kao C -H 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Aim
To evaluate the relationship between dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor (DPP4i) treatment and chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) in diabetic patients.

Methods
We used the Longitudinal Health Insurance Database for this population-based and population-matched cohort design study. Chi-square and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests were used to evaluate the association between categorical and continuous variables, respectively. The Kaplan–Meier method with the log-rank test was used to estimate the risk of CRS and DPP4i users.

Results
A total of 6198 diabetic patients were included in this cohort study. DPP4i users had a lower risk of developing CRS. The risk of CRS was significantly lower in women, patients with a Diabetes Complications Severity Index score higher than 4, patients with comorbidities, and patients with higher cumulative defined daily dose in the DPP4i group.

Conclusion
The results of our study demonstrate that the use of DPP4i treatment could decrease CRS risk in diabetic patients in Taiwan.
SHARP UPPER BOUNDS FOR FRACTIONAL MOMENTS OF THE RIEMANN ZETA FUNCTION
Authors: Heap Winston , Radziwiłł Maksym , Soundararajan K 
Published: September 2019

AbstractWe establish sharp upper bounds for the $2k$th moment of the Riemann zeta function on the critical line, for all real $0 \leqslant k \leqslant 2$. This improves on earlier work of Ramachandra, Heath-Brown and Bettin–Chandee–Radziwiłł.
The quantitative assessment of interstitial lung disease with positron emission tomography scanning in systemic sclerosis patients
Authors: Peelen Daphne M , Zwezerijnen Ben G J C , Nossent Esther J , Meijboom Lilian J , Hoekstra Otto S , Van der Laken Conny J , Voskuyl Alexandre E 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Objectives
The reversibility of interstitial lung disease (ILD) in SSc is difficult to assess by current diagnostic modalities and there is clinical need for imaging techniques that allow for treatment stratification and monitoring. 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET/CT scanning may be of interest for this purpose by detection of metabolic activity in lung tissue. This study aimed to investigate the potential role of 18F-FDG PET/CT scanning for the quantitative assessment of SSc-related active ILD.

Methods
18F-FDG PET/CT scans and high resolution CT scans of eight SSc patients, including five with ILD, were analysed. For comparison, reference groups were included: eight SLE patients and four primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS) patients, all without ILD. A total of 22 regions of interest were drawn in each patient at apical, medial and dorsobasal lung levels. 18F-FDG uptake was measured as mean standardized uptake value (SUVmean) in each region of interest. Subsequently, basal/apical (B/A) and medial/apical (M/A) ratios were calculated at patient level (B/A-p and M/A-p) and at tissue level (B/A-t and M/A-t).

Results
SUVmean values in dorsobasal ROIs and B/A-p ratios were increased in SSc with ILD compared with SSc without ILD (P = 0.04 and P = 0.07, respectively), SLE (P = 0.003 and P = 0.002, respectively) and pSS (P = 0.03 and P = 0.02, respectively). Increased uptake in the dorsobasal lungs and increased B/A-t ratios corresponded to both ground glass and reticulation on high resolution CT.

Conclusion
Semi-quantitative assessment of 18F-FDG PET/CT is able to distinguish ILD from non-affected lung tissue in SSc, suggesting that it may be used as a new biomarker for SSc-ILD disease activity.
Eradicating hepatitis C virus
Authors: Pozza Renee , McCoy-Hill Catherine , Hall Katherine , Hefner Anna , Wilgers Kimberly , Tapelband Julia , Masroor Momin , Hassanein Tarek 
Published: September 2019

Abstract:
Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a leading cause of liver disease. The World Health Organization has called for the global elimination of HCV by 2030. NPs can significantly expand the availability of community-based providers and bridge gaps in HCV treatment to assist in eradicating this curable virus.
One-Year Prognosis of Kidney Injury at Discharge From the ICU: A Multicenter Observational Study
Authors: Legrand Matthieu , Hollinger Alexa , Vieillard-Baron Antoine , Dépret François , Cariou Alain , Deye Nicolas , Fournier Marie-Céline , Jaber Samir , Damoisel Charles , Lu Qin , Monnet Xavier , Rennuit Isabelle , Darmon Michael , Zafrani Lara , Leone Marc , Guidet Bertrand , Friedman Diane , Sonneville Romain , Montravers Philippe , Pili-Floury Sébastien , Lefrant Jean-Yves , Duranteau Jacques , Laterre Pierre-François , Brechot Nicolas , Oueslati Haikel , Cholley Bernard , Launay Jean-Marie , Ishihara Shiro , Sato Naoki , Mebazaa Alexandre , Gayat Etienne 
Published: September 2019

Objectives:
The association between outcome and kidney injury detected at discharge from the ICU using different biomarkers remains unknown. The objective was to evaluate the association between 1-year survival and kidney injury at ICU discharge.

Design:
Ancillary investigation of a prospective observational study.

Setting:
Twenty-one ICUs with 1-year follow-up.

Patients:
Critically ill patients receiving mechanical ventilation and/or hemodynamic support for at least 24 hours were included.

Interventions:
Serum creatinine, plasma Cystatin C, plasma neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, plasma Proenkephalin A 119-159, and estimated glomerular filtration rate (on serum creatinine and plasma Cystatin C) were measured at ICU discharge among ICU survivors.

Measurements and Main Results:
The association between kidney biomarkers at discharge and mortality was estimated using logistic model with and without adjustment for prognostic factors previously identified in this cohort. Subgroup analyses were performed in patients with discharge serum creatinine less than 1.5-fold baseline at ICU discharge. Among 1,207 ICU survivors included, 231 died during the year following ICU discharge (19.2%). Estimated glomerular filtration rate was significantly lower and kidney injury biomarkers higher at discharge in nonsurvivors. The association between biomarker levels or estimated glomerular filtration rate and mortality remained after adjustment to potential cofounding factors influencing outcome. In patients with low serum creatinine at ICU discharge, 25–47% of patients were classified as subclinical kidney injury depending on the biomarker. The association between kidney biomarkers and mortality remained and mortality was higher than patients without subclinical kidney injury. The majority of patients who developed acute kidney injury during ICU stay had elevated biomarkers of kidney injury at discharge even with apparent recovery based on serum creatinine (i.e., subclinical acute kidney disease).

Conclusions:
Elevated kidney biomarkers measured at ICU discharge are associated with poor 1-year outcome, including in patients with low serum creatinine at ICU discharge.
Orbital Fractures and Associated Ocular Injuries in Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom Referred to a Tertiary Care Military Hospital and the Effect on Final Visual Acuity
Authors: Justin Grant A. , Turnage Winston A. , Brooks Daniel I. , Davies Brett W. , Ryan Denise S. , Eiseman Andrew S. , Weichel Eric D. , Colyer Marcus H. 
Published: September 2019

Orbital fractures occur commonly during combat trauma and a significant number are legally blind despite appropriate treatment.

Purpose:
To update the incidence of orbital fractures in U.S. Soldiers admitted to the former Walter Reed Army Medical Center from 2001 to 2011 after sustaining combat injuries in Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom.

Methods:
Data were collected in the Walter Reed Ocular Trauma Database. Inclusion criteria were any U.S. Soldier or Department of Defense civilian with an orbital fracture injured in Operation Iraqi Freedom/Operation Enduring Freedom. Primary outcome measures were final visual acuity and the effect of orbital fracture, number of fractures, and anatomic location of fracture on final visual acuity.

Results:
Eight-hundred ninety eye injuries occurred in 652 patients evacuated to Walter Reed Army Medical Center between 2001 and 2011. Orbital fractures occurred in 304 eyes (34.2%). A single wall was fractured in 140 eyes (46.05%), 2 in 99 (32.6%) eyes, 3 in 31 (10.2%), 4 in 28 (9.2%), and unknown in 6 (1.9%) eyes. Roof fractures were found in 74 (24.34%), medial wall in 135 (44.41%), lateral wall in 109 (35.9%), and floor fractures in 217 (71.4%). Final visual acuity was analyzed and 140 (46.05%) eyes had greater than 20/40 vision, 17 (5.59%) were 20/50 to 20/200, 26 (8.5%) were count fingers to light perception, and 95 (31.3%) were no light perception. In logistic regression analysis, roof (p = 0.001), medial (p = 0.009), and lateral fractures (p = 0.016) were significantly associated with final visual acuity less than 20/200, while floor fractures were not (p = 0.874). Orbital fracture and all fracture subtypes were significantly associated with traumatic brain injury, retrobulbar hematoma, optic nerve injury, but not for vitreous hemorrhage, commotio, hyphema, and choroidal rupture. Fracture repair was noted in 45 (14.8%).

Conclusions:
Orbital fractures occurred in a third of Operation Iraqi Freedom/Operation Enduring Freedom eyes of ocular trauma patients referred to one tertiary care military hospital. This resulted in approximately 40% of these eyes remaining legally blind after injury.
Surgical Management of a Recurrent Orbit-Eroding Mucocele Associated With Frontal-Ethmoidal Sinus Inverted Papilloma
Authors: Desjarlais Eric B. , Jovanovic Nina , Teo Honeylen Maryl T. , Kahana Alon 
Published: September 2019

The development of orbit-eroding mucocele associated with inverted papilloma has been rarely reported.
1,2
Here, the authors present a case and surgical management of a patient with orbit-eroding mucocele associated with inverted papilloma who declined craniotomy. A combined approach utilizing frontal endoscopic sinus surgery and external sub-brow anterior orbitotomy was used to explore, drain, and excise the mucocele and inverted papilloma. Gelatin sponges soaked in gentamicin were used to cover the exposed dura and to protect the orbital content from the frontal sinus cavity.
A fronto-ethmoidal sinus inverted papilloma associated with recurrent orbit-eroding mucocele was excised by combined transnasal endoscopic and external sub-brow anterior orbitotomy approach using stereotactic navigation.
Comparative outcomes of catheter-directed thrombolysis plus rivaroxaban vs rivaroxaban alone in patients with acute iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis
Authors: Tsai Chia Ju , Lee Chiu-Yang 
Published: September 2019

Background:
Since novel oral anticoagulants (NOACs) have been introduced in the past decade, the first option of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) treatment is toward NOACs. However, aggressive and early thrombus removal strategy is widely used for treating acute iliofemoral DVT. Consequently, optimal treatment duration, efficacy, and safety of rivaroxaban alone or in combination with catheter-directed intrathrombus thrombolysis (CDT) in acute iliofemoral DVT patients should be investigated.

Methods:
Patients with recent acute iliofemoral DVT treated with combined CDT–rivaroxaban (CDT) or rivaroxaban alone (control) were followed for mean (standard deviation) of 25.7 (2.5) months. DVT evolution, treatment efficacy and safety, and predisposing factors for patency and postthrombotic syndrome (PTS) development were analyzed through duplex ultrasonography, plethysmography, venography, and computed tomographic venography.

Results:
43.2%, 64.9%, 75.7%, and 72.2% of the CDT patients showed complete patency at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months of treatment compared with the control patients having 8.5%, 36.2%, 55.3%, and 57.4% of cumulative patency at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months, respectively (p = 0.001, 0.017, 0.088, and 0.081, respectively). The p value of the log-rank test comparing patency rates of the two groups was 0.009. The median (interquartile range, IQR) Villalta scores at 24 months were 3 (2-5) and 6 (4-8) in CDT and control patients, respectively (p = 0·001). PTS and bleeding events during therapy were, respectively, found in 35.1% and 63.8% (p = 0.017) and in 27% and 17% of CDT and control patients (p = 0.4). The Kaplan–Meier curve analysis of cumulative patency at 24 months for 6 months of rivaroxaban treatment was significant (p = 0.016).

Conclusion:
Treatment therapy and treatment duration with rivaroxaban alone or in combination with CDT are potentially associated with vein patency at 24 months, and a 6-month lysis rate and obstructive vein can influence PTS development. A larger randomized trial is warranted to confirm these findings.
A Prospective Outcome Assessment After Bronchoscopic Interventions for Malignant Central Airway Obstruction
Authors: Mohan Anant , Shrestha Prajowl , Madan Karan , Hadda Vijay , Pandey Ravindra M. , Upadhyay Ashish , Khilnani Gopi C. , Guleria Randeep 
Published: September 2019

Background:
A systematic assessment of comprehensive clinical outcomes after various therapeutic procedures for malignant central airway obstruction (CAO) is lacking.

Methods:
Patients with symptomatic malignant CAO undergoing various therapeutic bronchoscopy procedures were assessed for symptomatic and functional improvement using the Speiser Score, spirometry, 6-minute walk distance (6MWD), and St. George Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) up to 3 months after the procedures.

Results:
A total of 83 intervention procedures were performed in 65 patients, comprising 43 (66.2%) male individuals [overall mean age, 52.4; SD, 15.4 y]. The majority of these (92.3%) was done using rigid bronchoscope under general anesthesia. Airway stenting was the most common intervention performed (56.6%), followed by mechanical debulking (26.5%), cryodebulking (6%), electrosurgical removal (4.8%), balloon dilatation (3.6%), and laser ablation (2.4%).
A total of 15 complications (18.1%) were noted. Of these, 8 (53.3%) were early complications and 7 (46.7%) were late complications. Early complications included airway bleeding, hypoxia, vocal cord injury, laryngeal injury, and pneumothorax. Late complications included significant granulation tissue formation in metallic stents and lung collapse because of mucus plug.
The survival rates at 4, 8, and 12 weeks were 83%, 70.7%, and 66.1%, respectively. Significant improvement was observed in dyspnea, cough, Speiser Score, 6MWD, forced expiratory volume in 1 s, forced vital capacity, and SGRQ scores at 48 hours, 4 weeks, and at 12 weeks after the procedures and no procedure-related mortality occurred.

Conclusion:
Various therapeutic bronchoscopic interventions, including combined modalities, provide rapid and sustained improvements in symptoms, respiratory status, exercise capacity, and quality of life in malignant CAO and have a good safety profile.
Large body mass index and waist circumference are associated with high blood pressure and impaired fasting glucose in young Chinese men
Authors: Zhang Ying-xiu , Wang Shu-rong 
Published: September 2019

Background:
Obesity is closely related to many chronic diseases and metabolic risk factors. The present study examined the relationship of obesity-related indices to blood pressure (BP) and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) among young Chinese men.

Methods:
A total of 1193 male college students aged 18–22 years participated in the study. Height, weight, waist circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and FPG were measured. High BP was defined as SBP ≥140 mmHg and/or DBP ≥90 mmHg. Impaired fasting glucose (IFG) was defined as FPG ≥5.6 mmol/L.

Results:
BMI, WC and WHtR were positively correlated with BP and FPG (rBMI-SBP = 0.455, rBMI-DBP = 0.367, rBMI-FPG = 0.113, rWC-SBP = 0.445, rWC-DBP = 0.382, rWC-FPG = 0.115, rWHtR-SBP = 0.396, rWHtR-DBP = 0.302, rWHtR-FPG = 0.106, P all < 0.01). When categorized by BMI (underweight, normal weight, overweight and obesity), the mean values of SBP, DBP, FPG and the prevalence of high BP and IFG increased with BMI, significant differences were observed among the four groups (P < 0.01). When categorized by WC and WHtR, similar differences were observed, with subjects in the large WC/WHtR group had a higher BP and FPG than their counterparts in the low WC/WHtR group (P < 0.01).

Conclusion:
Large BMI and WC/WHtR are associated with high BP and IFG. Our results suggested that prevention of obesity in youth may be an effective approach for preventing the development of diabetes and hypertension in the future.
Tc-99m-MAA lung shunt fraction before Y-90 radioembolization is low among patients with non-hepatocellular carcinoma malignancies
Authors: Elsayed Mohammad , Martin Jonathan G. , Dabrowiecki Alexander , Goldman Daryl T. , Faraj Razan , McMahon James T. , Kokabi Nima , Duszak Richard , Newsome Janice , Bercu Zachary L. 
Published: September 2019

Objective
Lung shunt fraction studies using technetium-99 m macro aggregated albumin are routinely performed before yttrium-90 radioembolization regardless of underlying liver malignancy type. This study evaluates the role of lung shunt fraction studies in hepatocellular carcinoma compared to non-hepatocellular carcinoma liver tumors.

Methods
A single-institution retrospective analysis of all pre-yttrium-90 technetium-99 m macro aggregated albumin lung shunt fraction studies between November 2012 to March 2018 was performed. Patient variables including age, underlying malignancy, laboratory values, lung shunt fraction, and severity of liver disease were compared between hepatocellular carcinoma and non-hepatocellular carcinoma cases.

Results
A total of 734 technetium-99 m macro aggregated albumin studies were identified in 653 patients. Among these cases, the liver tumor was hepatocellular carcinoma in 368 (50.1%), colorectal cancer in 112 (15.3%), neuroendocrine tumor in 89 (12.1%), cholangiocarcinoma in 59 (8.0%), breast cancer in 27 (3.7%), and other metastatic malignancies in 79 (10.7%). The mean lung shunt fraction for non-hepatocellular carcinoma cases was 7.4%, which was significantly lower than the mean lung shunt fraction, 11.7%, for hepatocellular carcinoma cases (P = 0.0001). In only one non-hepatocellular carcinoma case was yttrium-90 radioembolization not pursued due to high lung shunt fraction (69.3%), wherein large scale shunting was grossly apparent on angiography in a patient with metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumor. In comparison, the lung shunt fraction was too high to pursue radioembolization in 37 hepatocellular carcinoma cases (mean lung shunt fraction 35.1%).

Conclusion
Lung shunt fraction appears low among patients with non-hepatocellular carcinoma liver malignancies. Further analysis examining the necessity of pre-Y90 technetium-99 m macro aggregated albumin lung shunt fraction studies in patients with non-hepatocellular carcinoma malignancies is warranted, since a consolidated yttrium-90 radioembolization without prior lung shunt fraction evaluation could reduce resource consumption, improve workflows, and patient access.