bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The acquisition of phonological alternations: The case of the Mandarin tone sandhi process
Authors: Tang Ping , Yuen Ivan , Rattanasone Nan Xu , Gao Liqun , Demuth Katherine 
Published: September 2019

AbstractPhonological processes can pose a learning challenge for children, where the surface form for an underlying contrast may vary as a function of the phonological environment. Mandarin tone sandhi is a complex phonological process that requires knowledge about both the tonal and the prosodic context in which it applies. The present study explored the productive knowledge of tone sandhi processes by 108 3- to 5-year-old Mandarin-speaking children and 33 adults. Participants were asked to produce novel tone sandhi compounds in different tonal contexts and prosodic structures. Acoustic analysis showed that 3-year-olds have abstracted the tone sandhi process and can productively apply it to novel disyllabic words across tonal contexts. However, even 5-year-olds still differed from adults in applying tone sandhi in response to the trisyllabic prosodic structure. The results are discussed in terms of the factors that influence how tone sandhi processes, and phonological alternations more generally, are acquired.
Analysis of above-threshold ionization by “Wigner-distribution-like function” method
Authors: Guo Li , Liu Mingqing , Lu Ronghua , Han Shensheng , Chen Jing 
Published: September 2019

AbstractAbove-threshold ionization (ATI) is one of the most fundamental processess when atoms or molecules are subjected to intense laser fields. Analysis of ATI process in intense laser fields by a Wigner-distribution-like (WDL) function is reviewed in this paper. The WDL function is used to obtain various time-related distributions, such as time-energy distribution, ionization time distribution, and time-emission angle distribution and so on, of atoms in laser field pulses with different laser parameters. For the linearly polarized laser pulses, the time-energy distribution intuitively shows from a quantum point of view the relationship between the ionization moment and the final energy and clearly reveals the origin of interference structures in the photoelectron spectrum. In particular, for linearly polarized few-cycle laser pulses, all calculated distributions show the dependence of electron behavior on the ionization time, emission direction, and carrier-envelope phase (CEP). For elliptically polarized few-cycle pulses, we calculate the angular distribution, ionization time distribution, and time-emission distribution, which are compared with the semiclassical calculations. Analysis shows that the offset angle (difference between positions of the peaks in the angular distributions obtained by two methods) in the angular distributions does not correspond to the offset time (difference between positions of the peaks in the ionization time distributions obtained by two methods) in the ionization time distributions, which implies that the attosecond angular streaking technique based on this correspondence between the offset angle and time is in principle inaccurate. Furthermore, the offset time cannot be interpreted as tunneling time.
Coupling of Estuarine Circulations in a Network of Fjords
Authors: Shan Shiliang , Hannah Charles G. , Wu Yongsheng 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe Kitimat Fjord System in the northern British Columbia coast features a network of deep channels, islands, and shallow sills. In particular, the fresh water leaving Gardner Canal bifurcates at a triple junction: (1) north through a shallow sill (100‐m deep) to Devastation Channel and then out through Douglas Channel and (2) west along Verney Passage then passing over a shallow sill (35 m) to Wright Sound. The partitioning of the fresh water leaving Gardner Canal has substantial implications for interpreting estuarine circulation and water exchange of the system. In this study, the partitioning of the fresh water at the triple junction is quantified by using observations and a circulation model. The model is based on FVCOM with ~200‐m horizontal resolution in the narrow channels and forced by tides, winds, and river discharges. The remotely sensed freshwater plume, surface drifter trajectories, and temperature profiles suggest that the fresh water from Gardner Canal contributes to the estuarine circulation in the Douglas Channel. A passive tracer evolving with the advection and diffusion processes in the circulation model is used as a proxy to quantify the freshwater transport. The results show that the majority of low salinity water leaving Gardner Canal at the triple junction flows northward into the Douglas Channel through the Devastation Channel and the synoptic variability of the freshwater partition is modulated by strong wind events. A synthesis of various circulations in the abovementioned connecting channels around the Hawkesbury Island indicates a net anticyclonic circulation.
Attenuation of Ultraviolet Radiation in Rocks and Minerals: Implications for Mars Science
Authors: Carrier B. L. , Abbey W. J. , Beegle L. W. , Bhartia R. , Liu Y. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe effects of radiation on the survivability of key biosignatures are a driving factor in exploration strategies throughout the solar system. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation, especially shorter wavelength UVC radiation, is known to be damaging to organisms and to potential organic biosignatures; however, the interaction of UV radiation with minerals and rocks is not well understood. Constraining the survivability of organics and generation of habitable zones requires assessment of physical parameters such as penetration depth of UV photons. This type of information helps to identify to what extent rocks and minerals can provide effective shielding against UV radiation and is especially important on Mars, where the surface chemistry is more oxidizing, and the radiation environment is more extreme than on Earth. Using pressed pellets of natural gypsum, kaolinite, Mars simulant basalt, and welded tuff, we measured the spectral transmittance of each in the wavelength range of 220–400 nm. Although transmittance drops off quickly with depth, detectable levels of UV can penetrate >500 μm in each material. Each substrate allowed higher transmittance of UVC radiation than of longer wavelength UVA/B radiation, possibly as a result of surface reflectance and internal scattering properties. This could result in increased subsurface photolysis of organic compounds and biosignatures. We have used the transmittance data collected herein to constrain the lifetimes of several organic molecules in the Martian subsurface. These results will also have implications for organic analyses to be conducted by Mars 2020 and could be used to better constrain the SHERLOC/Mars 2020 interrogation volume.
Streamflow Generation From Catchments of Contrasting Lithologies: The Role of Soil Properties, Topography, and Catchment Size
Authors: Xiao Dacheng , Shi Yuning , Brantley Susan L. , Forsythe Brandon , DiBiase Roman , Davis Kenneth , Li Li 
Published: September 2019

AbstractUnderstanding streamflow generation and its dependence on catchment characteristics requires large spatial data sets and is often limited by convoluted effects of multiple variables. Here we address this knowledge gap using data‐informed, physics‐based hydrologic modeling in two catchments with similar vegetation and climate but different lithology (Shale Hills [SH], shale, 0.08 km2, and Garner Run [GR], sandstone, 1.34 km2), which influences catchment topography and soil properties. The sandstone catchment, GR, is characterized by lower drainage density, extensive valley fill, and bouldery soils. We tested the hypothesis that the influence of topographic characteristics is more significant than that of soil properties and catchment size. Transferring calibration coefficients from the previously calibrated SH model to GR cannot reproduce monthly discharge until after incorporating measured boulder distribution at GR. Model calibration underscored the importance of soil properties (porosity, van Genuchten parameters, and boulder characteristics) in reproducing daily discharge. Virtual experiments were used to swap topography, soil properties, and catchment size one at a time to disentangle their influence. They showed that clayey SH soils led to high nonlinearity and threshold behavior. With the same soil and topography, changing from SH to GR size consistently increased dynamic water storage (Sd) from ~0.12 to ~0.17 m. All analyses accentuated the predominant control of soil properties, therefore rejecting the hypothesis. The results illustrate the use of physics‐based modeling for illuminating mechanisms and underscore the importance of subsurface characterization as we move toward hydrological prediction in ungauged basins.
Reward‐Based Participant Management for Crowdsourcing Rainfall Monitoring: An Agent‐Based Model Simulation
Authors: Yang Pan , Ng Tze Ling , Cai Ximing 
Published: September 2019

AbstractCrowdsourcing incorporates common citizens as rich sources of data and is promising for environmental monitoring. In this paper, we propose and test the idea of incorporating incentives to crowdsourcing management for rainfall monitoring. Specifically, we model the allocation of incentives (quantitatively measurable and limited rewards) among crowdsourcing participants for a theoretical rainfall monitoring case. For this purpose, we develop an integrated model comprising a reward allocation component to represent the decision‐making process of a central manager, an agent‐based model to simulate the interactions between the manager and participants, and a rainfall simulation model to evaluate the effectiveness of various reward allocation policies. We simulate six reward allocation policies of varying levels of administrative cost, and consideration of participant and rainfall spatial heterogeneities. The results suggest the performance of each policy to improve with the reward budget and their spatial uniformity. Among the six policies tested, we find that the participant density weighted maximum participation policy yields the most accurate estimation of rainfall intensity due to its more explicit consideration of the spatial distribution of participants; however, this policy associates with a high administrative cost. This highlights the trade‐off between performance and cost in designing effective reward allocation policies. This paper provides a physical and behavior simulation modeling tool to study the feasibility and complexity of reward‐based participant management for crowdsourcing rainfall monitoring. The proposed crowdsourcing method is beneficial for a wide range of applications that require rainfall data with fine resolution, such as storm water management and water availability and biomass assessment for food and energy crops.
Internal Structure of a Seafloor Massive Sulfide Deposit by Electrical Resistivity Tomography, Okinawa Trough
Authors: Ishizu K. , Goto T. , Ohta Y. , Kasaya T. , Iwamoto H. , Vachiratienchai C. , Siripunvaraporn W. , Tsuji T. , Kumagai H. , Koike K. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractAlthough seafloor massive sulfide (SMS) deposits are crucially important metal resources that contain high‐grade metals such as copper, lead, and zinc, their internal structures and generation mechanisms remain unclear. This study obtained detailed near‐seafloor images of electrical resistivity in a hydrothermal field off Okinawa, southwestern Japan, using deep‐towed marine electrical resistivity tomography. The image clarified a semi‐layered resistivity structure, interpreted as SMS deposits exposed on the seafloor, and another deep‐seated SMS layer at about 40‐m depth below the seafloor. The images reinforce our inference of a new mechanism of SMS evolution: Upwelling hydrothermal fluid is trapped under less‐permeable cap rock. The deeper embedded SMS accumulates there. Then hydrothermal fluids expelled on the seafloor form exposed SMS deposits.
Sensitivity of Tidewater Glaciers to Submarine Melting Governed by Plume Locations
Authors: Cowton Tom R. , Todd Joe A. , Benn Douglas I. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe response of tidewater glaciers to ocean warming remains a key uncertainty in sea level rise predictions. Here we use a 3‐D numerical model to examine the response of an idealized tidewater glacier to spatial variations in submarine melt rate. While melting toward the center of the terminus causes only a localized increase in mass loss, melting near the lateral margins triggers increased calving across the width of the glacier, causing the terminus to retreat at several times the width‐averaged melt rate. This occurs because melting near the margins has a greater disruptive impact on the compressive stress arch that transfers resistance from the side walls to the body of the glacier. We suggest that the rate of terminus advance or retreat may thus be governed by the difference between ice velocity and submarine melting in the slow‐flowing zones away from the glacier center.
Enhancing Tsunami Warning UsingPWave Coda
Authors: Lay Thorne , Liu Chengli , Kanamori Hiroo 
Published: September 2019

AbstractMost large tsunamis are generated by earthquakes on offshore plate boundary megathrusts. The primary factors influencing tsunami excitation are the seismic moment, faulting geometry, and depth of the faulting. Efforts to provide rapid tsunami warning have emphasized seismic and geodetic methods for quickly determining the event size and faulting geometry. It remains difficult to evaluate the updip extent of rupture, which has significant impact on tsunami excitation. TeleseismicPwaves can constrain this issue; slip under deep water generates strongpwPwater reverberations that persist as ringingPcodaafter the directPphases from the faulting have arrived. Event‐averagedPcoda/Pamplitude measures at large epicentral distances (>80°), tuned to the dominant periods of deep waterpwP(~12–15 s), correlate well with independent models of whether slip extends to near the trench or not. Data at closer ranges (30° to 80°) reduce the time lag needed for inferring the updip extent of rupture to <15 min. Arrival ofPPandPPPphases contaminates closer distancePcodameasures, but this can be suppressed by azimuthal or distance binning of the measures. Narrowband spectral ratio measures and differential magnitude measures ofPcodaand directP(mB) perform comparably to broader band root‐mean‐square (RMS) measures.Pcoda/Plevels for large nonmegathrust events are also documented. Rapid measurement ofPcoda/Pmetrics after a large earthquake can supplement quick moment tensor determinations to enhance tsunami warnings; observation of largePcodalevels indicates that shallow submarine rupture occurred and larger than typical tsunami (for givenMW) can be expected.
Transport of Cobalt and Silver From the Ocean to a Reef Island by Seabirds in the South China Sea
Authors: Xu L. Q. , Wu L. B. , Zhang Y. H. , Zhao J. J. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractSeabirds are typical biovectors, delivering both nutrients and metals across ecosystem boundaries. However, seabird transfer of Ag and Co has not been well documented. Using an ornithogenic sediment core collected from the remote Zhaoshu Island, South China Sea, we investigated potential impacts of seabirds on Ag and Co transportation. These two elements exhibited peak abundance in a guano layer in the sediment profile. Via statistical analyses, Ag, Co, and previously identified avian bio‐elements (Cn, Zn, Cd, P, As, and Se) had a common source, that is, guano. Guano input was also partly responsible for the distribution of Y, Ce, La, Sc, and U in the bulk sediments. The concentration‐versus‐depth profiles of Mn, Mo, Bi, Rb, and W were possibly associated with organic matter.
The latent structure of depressive symptoms across clinical high risk and chronic phases of psychotic illness
Authors: Vargas Teresa , Ahmed Anthony O. , Strauss Gregory P. , Brandes Cassandra M. , Walker Elaine F. , Buchanan Robert W. , Gold James M. , Mittal Vijay A. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractDepressive symptoms are highly prevalent in psychotic populations and result in significant functional impairment. Limited knowledge of whether depressive symptoms are invariant across stages of illness curtails our ability to understand how these relate to illness progression. Clarifying the latent structure of depressive symptoms across stages of illness progression would aid etiological conceptualizations and preventive models. In the present study, one-factor (including all items) and two-factor (depression/hopelessness and guilt/self-depreciation) solutions were specified through confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Measurement invariance analyses were undertaken across schizophrenia (SCZ; n = 312) and clinical high-risk (CHR; n = 175) groups to estimate whether the same construct is being measured across groups. Clinical correlates of the factors were examined. Results indicated that CHR individuals had a greater proportion of mood disorder diagnoses. Metric invariance held for the one-factor solution, and scalar invariance held for the two-factor solution. Notably, negative symptoms did not correlate with depressive symptoms in the SCZ group, though strong correlations were observed in CHR individuals. Positive symptoms were comparably associated with depressive symptoms in both groups. Results suggest depressive symptoms are more prevalent in CHR individuals. Targeting these symptoms may aid future efforts to identify risk of conversion. Further, some depressive symptoms may be systematically more endorsed in CHR individuals. Separating into depression/hopelessness and guilt/self-depreciation scores may aid comparability across stages of illness progression, though this issue deserves careful attention and future study.
Understanding of prognosis in non-metastatic prostate cancer: a randomised comparative study of clinician estimates measured against the PREDICT prostate prognostic model
Authors: Thurtle David R. , Jenkins Valerie , Pharoah Paul D. , Gnanapragasam Vincent J. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
PREDICT Prostate is an individualised prognostic model that provides long-term survival estimates for men diagnosed with non-metastatic prostate cancer (www.prostate.predict.nhs.uk). In this study clinician estimates of survival were compared against model predictions and its potential value as a clinical tool was assessed. Prostate cancer (PCa) specialists were invited to participate in the study. 190 clinicians (63% urologists, 17% oncologists, 20% other) were randomised into two groups and shown 12 clinical vignettes through an online portal. Each group viewed opposing vignettes with clinical information alone, or alongside PREDICT Prostate estimates. 15-year clinician survival estimates were compared against model predictions and reported treatment recommendations with and without seeing PREDICT estimates were compared. 155 respondents (81.6%) reported counselling new PCa patients at least weekly. Clinician estimates of PCa-specific mortality exceeded PREDICT estimates in 10/12 vignettes. Their estimates for treatment survival benefit at 15 years were over-optimistic in every vignette, with mean clinician estimates more than 5-fold higher than PREDICT Prostate estimates. Concomitantly seeing PREDICT Prostate estimates led to significantly lower reported likelihoods of recommending radical treatment in 7/12 (58%) vignettes, particularly in older patients. These data suggest clinicians overestimate cancer-related mortality and radical treatment benefit. Using an individualised prognostic tool may help reduce overtreatment.
Prognosis and modulation mechanisms of COMMD6 in human tumours based on expression profiling and comprehensive bioinformatics analysis
Authors: Yang Mi , Huang Weiqiang , Sun Yaling , Liang Huazhen , Chen Min , Wu Xixi , Wang Xiaoqing , Zhang Longshan , Cheng Xiaoya , Fan Yao , Pan Hua , Chen Longhua , Guan Jian 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Background
The Copper Metabolism MURR1 (COMM) domain family has been reported to play important roles in tumorigenesis. As a prototype for the COMMD family, the expression pattern and biological function of COMMD6 in human tumours remain unknown.

Methods
COMMD6 expression in BALB/c mice and human tissues was examined using real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry. Kaplan–Meier analysis was applied to evaluate the prognosis of COMMD6 in tumours. Competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) and transcriptional regulation network were constructed based on differentially expressed mRNAs, microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs from the cancer genome atlas database. GO and KEGG enrichment analysis were used to explore the bioinformatics implication.

Results
COMMD6 expression was widely observed in BALB/c mice and human tissues, which predicted prognosis of cancer patients. Furthermore, we shed light on the underlying tumour promoting role and mechanism of COMMD6 by constructing a TEX41-miR-340-COMMD6 ceRNA network in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and miR-218-CDX1-COMMD6 transcriptional network in cholangiocarcinoma. In addition, COMMD6 may modulate the ubiquitination and degradation of NF-κB subunits and regulate ribonucleoprotein and spliceosome complex biogenesis in tumours.

Conclusions
This study may help to elucidate the functions and mechanisms of COMMD6 in human tumours, providing a potential biomarker for tumour prevention and therapy.
Aberrations in Notch-Hedgehog signalling reveal cancer stem cells harbouring conserved oncogenic properties associated with hypoxia and immunoevasion
Authors: Chang Wai Hoong , Lai Alvina G. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Background
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have innate abilities to resist even the harshest of therapies. To eradicate CSCs, parallels can be drawn from signalling modules that orchestrate pluripotency. Notch-Hedgehog hyperactivation are seen in CSCs, yet, not much is known about their conserved roles in tumour progression across cancers.

Methods
Employing a comparative approach involving 21 cancers, we uncovered clinically-relevant, pan-cancer drivers of Notch and Hedgehog. GISTIC datasets were used to evaluate copy number alterations. Receiver operating characteristic and Cox regression were employed for survival analyses.

Results
We identified a Notch-Hedgehog signature of 13 genes exhibiting high frequencies of somatic amplifications leading to transcript overexpression. The signature successfully predicted patients at risk of death in five cancers (n = 2278): glioma (P < 0.0001), clear cell renal cell (P = 0.0022), papillary renal cell (P = 0.00099), liver (P = 0.014) and stomach (P = 0.011). The signature was independent of other clinicopathological parameters and offered an additional resolution to stratify similarly-staged tumours. High-risk patients exhibited features of stemness and had more hypoxic tumours, suggesting that hypoxia may influence CSC behaviour. Notch-Hedgehog+ CSCs had an immune privileged phenotype associated with increased regulatory T cell function.

Conclusion
This study will set the stage for exploring adjuvant therapy targeting the Notch-Hedgehog axis to help optimise therapeutic regimes leading to successful CSC elimination.