bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Satisficing as an alternative to optimality and suboptimality in perceptual decision making
Authors: Mastrogiorgio Antonio , Petracca Enrico 
Published: January 2019

AbstractRahnev & Denison's (R&D) critique of optimality in perceptual decision making leads either to implicitly retaining optimality as a normative benchmark or disregarding the normative approach altogether. We suggest that “bounded rationality,” and particularly the “satisficing” criterion, would help dispense with optimality while salvaging normativity. We also suggest that satisficing would provide a parsimonious and robust explanation for perceptual behavior.
Optimality is critical when it comes to testing computation-level hypotheses
Authors: Geurts Laura S. , Chetverikov Andrey , van Bergen Ruben S. , Zhou Ying J. , Bertana Andrea , Jehee Janneke F. M. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractWe disagree with Rahnev & Denison (R&D) that optimality should be abandoned altogether. Rather, we argue that adopting a normative approach enables researchers to test hypotheses about the brain's computational goals, avoids just-so explanations, and offers insights into function that are simply inaccessible to the alternatives proposed by R&D.
The role of (bounded) optimization in theory testing and prediction
Authors: Howes Andrew , Lewis Richard L. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractWe argue that a radically increased emphasis on (bounded) optimality can contribute to cognitive science by supporting prediction. Bounded optimality (computational rationality), an idea that borrowed from artificial intelligence, supports a priori behavioral prediction from constrained generative models of cognition. Bounded optimality thereby addresses serious failings with the logic and testing of descriptive models of perception and action.
Non-optimal perceptual decision in human navigation
Authors: Zhao Mintao , Warren William H. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractWe highlight that optimal cue combination does not represent a general principle of cue interaction during navigation, extending Rahnev & Denison's (R&D) summary of nonoptimal perceptual decisions to the navigation domain. However, we argue that the term “suboptimality” does not capture the way visual and nonvisual cues interact in navigational decisions.
Altruism, collective rationality, and extreme self-sacrifice
Authors: Colman Andrew M. , Pulford Briony D. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractPuzzlement about extreme self-sacrifice arises from an unarticulated assumption of psychological egoism, according to which people invariably act in their own self-interests. However, altruism and collective rationality are well established experimentally: people sometimes act to benefit others or in the interests of groups to which they belong. When such social motives are sufficiently strong, extreme self-sacrifice presents no special problem of explanation and does not require out-group threats.
The power of norms to sway fused group members
Authors: Louis Winnifred R. , McGarty Craig , Thomas Emma F. , Amiot Catherine E. , Moghaddam Fathali M. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractWhitehouse adapts insights from evolutionary anthropology to interpret extreme self-sacrifice through the concept of identity fusion. The model neglects the role of normative systems in shaping behaviors, especially in relation to violent extremism. In peaceful groups, increasing fusion will actually decrease extremism. Groups collectively appraise threats and opportunities, actively debate action options, and rarely choose violence toward self or others.
“Self-sacrifice” as an accidental outcome of extreme within-group mutualism
Authors: Marie Antoine 
Published: January 2019

AbstractWhitehouse makes no room for evolutionary approaches to extreme behaviors based on partner choice and mutualism, which have been convincingly invoked to make sense of ordinary morality. Extended to intergroup warfare, these evolutionary mechanisms may play a pivotal role in explaining the existence of extreme – though not functionally sacrificial – behaviors, benefiting non-kin fellow fighters, together with the distinctive phenomenology those behaviors display.
The importance of environmental threats and ideology in explaining extreme self-sacrifice
Authors: Elnakouri Abdo , McGregor Ian , Grossmann Igor 
Published: January 2019

AbstractWe argue that Whitehouse's group-based model neglects two key contextual variables: environmental threats and ideology. Environmental threats lead to extremism outside of group settings and predispose individuals toward joining ideologically zealous groups. Ideologies and environmental threats can also explain why certain groups adopt norms that encourage violent self-sacrifice.
Individual difference in acts of self-sacrifice
Authors: Stagnaro Michael N. , Littman Rebecca , Rand David G. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractWhitehouse's model explains when people engage in self-sacrifice, but not who is most likely to do so. We propose incorporating individual differences, such as cognitive style (one's inclination toward intuition versus deliberation), and argue that individuals who rely on intuition may be more likely to (1) develop group identity fusion after an emotional experience and (2) engage in pro-social self-sacrifice.
The role of entitativity in perpetuating cycles of violence
Authors: Choi Virginia K. , Jackson Joshua C. , Gelfand Michele J. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractWhitehouse's theory on fusion can explain why suicide terrorists are willing to make the ultimate sacrifice for their groups, but the following questions on violent extremism remain: (a) Why are victims of suicide terrorism often innocent bystanders? (b) Why do terrorists seem motivated by ancient conflicts? We incorporate findings from the entitativity literature to provide insights into how perceptions of in-groups and out-groups are key processes influencing violent extremism.
Path Planning of UGV Based on Bézier Curves
Authors: Hu Yanming , Li Decai , He Yuqing , Han Jianda 
Published: January 2019

SummaryAn effective path planner is critical for autonomous traversal of unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) in harsh environments. This paper describes a novel path planning method considering Bézier curves and a two-layer planning framework. In the two-layer framework, a road centerline (RCL) estimator located on the upper layer works as a global planner to obtain the local target for the bottom local planner. The RCL is estimated from a series of candidate Bézier curves based on a safety criterion. In the bottom layer, an optimal trajectory planner and a speed planner make up the local planner to obtain the desired steering turning angle and linear speed. The criteria for optimal trajectory selection are designed for comfortable driving. Road safety is considered in the speed planner for robust driving. Three sets of simulations are used to evaluate and quantify the relative performance of variations of our path planning algorithm. The proposed path planning method is implemented on a modified Polaris RZR 800 UGV, too. Two experiments based on this UGV are set up in the country road environment to demonstrate the viability of the proposed method.
A Major Limitation of the Direction of Causation Model: Non-Shared Environmental Confounding
Authors: Rasmussen Stig Hebbelstrup Rye , Ludeke Steven , Hjelmborg Jacob V. B. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractDetermining (1) the direction of causation and (2) the size of causal effects between two constructs is a central challenge of the scientific study of humans. In the early 1990s, researchers in behavioral genetics invented what was termed the direction of causation (DoC) model to address exactly these two concerns. The model claims that for any two traits whose mode of inheritance is sufficiently different, the direction of causation can be ascertained using a sufficiently large genetically informative sample. Using a series of simulation studies, we demonstrate a major challenge to the DoC model, namely that it is extremely sensitive to even tiny amounts of non-shared confounding. Even under ideal conditions for the DoC model (a large sample,N= 10,000), a large causal relationship (e.g., a causal correlation of .50) with very different modes of inheritance between the two traits (e.g., a pure AE model for one trait and a pure CE model for another trait) and a modest degree (correlation of .10) of non-shared confounding between the two traits results in the choice of the wrong causal models and estimating the wrong causal effects.
Imaging Slab Detachment Within the Western Hellenic Subduction Zone
Authors: Hansen Samantha E. , Evangelidis Christos P. , Papadopoulos Gerassimos A. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe Western Hellenic Subduction Zone (WHSZ) has been the focus of numerous seismic investigations, but its structure, particularly between ~150‐ and 250‐km depth, remains poorly understood. Many questions exist regarding the slab geometry at these intermediate depths, including whether the slab displays any tears related to tectonic processes along the WHSZ; however, local and regional studies only provide limited depth coverage, and the coarser resolution associated with broader‐scale investigations makes it difficult to discern detailed slab structure. Here, we have employed an adaptively parameterized inversion scheme to develop a new P wave tomography model for the WHSZ that bridges the gap between regional‐ and broader‐scale studies. Our new model highlights a trench‐parallel tear in the subducting lithosphere between northern Greece and the Gulf of Corinth. Further south, the imaged velocity structure indicates that the slab is retreating to the west and that it is thinned by the southward propagating tear, but the slab has not yet detached in this area. The tear well correlates with the down‐dip limit of seismicity in central Greece, while the steeply dipping slab between ~60‐ and 200‐km depth beneath southern Greece coincides with a steeper and deeper Wadati‐Benioff zone. While the slab continues into the lower mantle, earthquakes terminate at ~200‐km depth, and this is best attributed to dehydration processes in the subducting lithosphere. The southern extent of the tear imaged in our study also coincides with volcanic centers in eastern Peloponnese. Our results suggest that the trench‐parallel tear strongly influences seismicity and volcanism throughout Greece.
A 16‐kyr Record of Ocean Circulation and Monsoon Intensification From the Central Bay of Bengal
Authors: Naik Sushant S. , Basak Chandranath , Goldstein Steven L. , Naidu P. Divakar , Naik Smita N. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe monsoonal signal dominates most climate records from the Indian Ocean. As a consequence, conventional stable isotope tracers have not been effective at tracking ocean circulation in the Indian Ocean and distinguishing between monsoonal and ocean circulation changes in the Bay of Bengal. Here we present a deglacial through Holocene Nd isotope record of seawater in the central Bay of Bengal, spanning the last 16 kyr. Comparison with a published record from the deep equatorial Indian Ocean (Piotrowski et al., , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2009.06.007 shows that Nd isotope ratios of these cores were similar until ~8 ka (ƐNd = −7 to −8 until ~13 ka, and −8.5 to −9.5 between ~13 and 8 ka), after which the Bay of Bengal record diverges to lower values (ƐNd = ~ −10.5). We interpret the Nd isotope record until ~8 ka in both cores to represent the influence of the global overturning ocean circulation. The divergence of the record in the Bay of Bengal since ~8 ka to lower ƐNd values is coincident with a major increase in the strength of the rain‐bearing southwest monsoon and a high sediment load from the Ganga‐Brahmaputra Rivers to the Bengal Fan that reflects major impacts from the intensified monsoon. Thus, the Nd isotopes are sensitive recorders of the changes in monsoon intensity in the Bay of Bengal.
Transport and Loss of Ring Current Electrons Inside Geosynchronous Orbit During the 17 March 2013 Storm
Authors: Aseev N. A. , Shprits Y. Y. , Wang D. , Wygant J. , Drozdov A. Y. , Kellerman A. C. , Reeves G. D. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractRing current electrons (1–100 keV) have received significant attention in recent decades, but many questions regarding their major transport and loss mechanisms remain open. In this study, we use the four‐dimensional Versatile Electron Radiation Belt code to model the enhancement of phase space density that occurred during the 17 March 2013 storm. Our model includes global convection, radial diffusion, and scattering into the Earth's atmosphere driven by whistler‐mode hiss and chorus waves. We study the sensitivity of the model to the boundary conditions, global electric field, the electric field associated with subauroral polarization streams, electron loss rates, and radial diffusion coefficients. The results of the code are almost insensitive to the model parameters above 4.5 RERE, which indicates that the general dynamics of the electrons between 4.5 RE and the geostationary orbit can be explained by global convection. We found that the major discrepancies between the model and data can stem from the inaccurate electric field model and uncertainties in lifetimes. We show that additional mechanisms that are responsible for radial transport are required to explain the dynamics of ≥40‐keV electrons, and the inclusion of the radial diffusion rates that are typically assumed in radiation belt studies leads to a better agreement with the data. The overall effect of subauroral polarization streams on the electron phase space density profiles seems to be smaller than the uncertainties in other input parameters. This study is an initial step toward understanding the dynamics of these particles inside the geostationary orbit.
Opening up new horizons for psychiatric genetics in the Russian Federation: moving toward a national consortium
Authors: Fedorenko Olga Yu. , Golimbet Vera E. , Ivanova Svetlana А. , Levchenko Аnastasia , Gainetdinov Raul R. , Semke Arkady V. , Simutkin German G. , Gareeva Аnna E. , Glotov Аndrey S. , Gryaznova Anna , Iourov Ivan Y. , Krupitsky Evgeny M. , Lebedev Igor N. , Mazo Galina E. , Kaleda Vasily G. , Abramova Lilia I. , Oleichik Igor V. , Nasykhova Yulia A. , Nasyrova Regina F. , Nikolishin Anton E. , Kasyanov Evgeny D. , Rukavishnikov Grigory V. , Timerbulatov Ilgiz F. , Brodyansky Vadim M. , Vorsanova Svetlana G. , Yurov Yury B. , Zhilyaeva Tatyana V. , Sergeeva Anzhelika V. , Blokhina Elena A. , Zvartau Edwin E. , Blagonravova Anna S. , Aftanas Lyubomir I. , Bokhan Nikolay А. , Kekelidze Zurab I. , Klimenko Tatyana V. , Anokhina Irina P. , Khusnutdinova Elza K. , Klyushnik Tatyana P. , Neznanov Nikolay G. , Stepanov Vadim A. , Schulze Thomas G. , Kibitov Аleksandr О. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractWe provide an overview of the recent achievements in psychiatric genetics research in the Russian Federation and present genotype-phenotype, population, epigenetic, cytogenetic, functional, ENIGMA, and pharmacogenetic studies, with an emphasis on genome-wide association studies. The genetic backgrounds of mental illnesses in the polyethnic and multicultural population of the Russian Federation are still understudied. Furthermore, genetic, genomic, and pharmacogenetic data from the Russian Federation are not adequately represented in the international scientific literature, are currently not available for meta-analyses and have never been compared with data from other populations. Most of these problems cannot be solved by individual centers working in isolation but warrant a truly collaborative effort that brings together all the major psychiatric genetic research centers in the Russian Federation in a national consortium. For this reason, we have established the Russian National Consortium for Psychiatric Genetics (RNCPG) with the aim to strengthen the power and rigor of psychiatric genetics research in the Russian Federation and enhance the international compatibility of this research.The consortium is set up as an open organization that will facilitate collaborations on complex biomedical research projects in human mental health in the Russian Federation and abroad. These projects will include genotyping, sequencing, transcriptome and epigenome analysis, metabolomics, and a wide array of other state-of-the-art analyses. Here, we discuss the challenges we face and the approaches we will take to unlock the huge potential that the Russian Federation holds for the worldwide psychiatric genetics community.
Short-term antidepressant treatment has long-lasting effects, and reverses stress-induced decreases in bone features in rats
Authors: Lee S. H. , Mastronardi C. A. , Li R. W. , Paz-Filho G. , Dutcher E. G. , Lewis M. D. , Vincent A. D. , Smith P. N. , Bornstein S. R. , Licinio J. , Wong M. L. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractAntidepressants are among the most-prescribed class of drugs in the world and though weight gain is a common outcome of antidepressant treatment, that effect is not well understood. We employed an animal model comprised of 2 weeks of chronic restraint stress with antidepressant treatment, followed by diet-induced obesity. We showed that short-term antidepressant treatment had long-lasting effects, not only leading to weight gain, but also enhancing trabecular and cortical bone features in rats; therefore, weight gain in this model was different from that of the classic diet-induced obesity. Late in the post-restraint recovery period, antidepressant-treated animals were significantly heavier and had better bone features than saline-treated controls, when assessed in the distal femoral metaphysis. The propensity to gain weight might have influenced the rate of catch-up growth and bone allometry, as heavier animals treated with fluoxetine also had enhanced bone features when compared to non-stressed animals. Therefore, short-term antidepressant treatment ameliorated the long-term effects of stress on body growth and bone. Growth and bone structural features were associated with leptin levels, and the interaction between leptin levels and antidepressant was significant for bone mineral content, suggesting that short-term antidepressants in the context of long-term diet-induced obesity modified the role of leptin in bone formation. To our knowledge this is the first study reporting that short-term antidepressant treatment has long-lasting effects in restoring the effects of chronic stress in body weight and bone formation. Our findings may be relevant to the understanding and treatment of osteoporosis, a condition of increasing prevalence due to the aging population.
(Epi)genetic defects of MKRN3 are rare in Asian patients with central precocious puberty
Authors: Suzuki Erina , Shima Hirohito , Kagami Masayo , Soneda Shun , Tanaka Toshiaki , Yatsuga Shuichi , Nishioka Junko , Oto Yuji , Kamiya Toshiya , Naiki Yasuhiro , Ogata Tsutomu , Fujisawa Yasuko , Nakamura Akie , Kawashima Sayaka , Morikawa Shuntaro , Horikawa Reiko , Sano Shinichiro , Fukami Maki 
Published: January 2019

AbstractWe sequenced MKRN3, the major causative gene of central precocious puberty in Western countries, in 24 Japanese or Chinese patients and examined the DNA methylation and copy-number statuses of this gene in 19 patients. We identified no (epi)genetic defects except for one previously reported mutation. These results, together with reports from Korea, indicate that MKRN3 defects are rare in Asian populations. The ethnic differences likely reflect Western country-specific founder mutations and the rarity of de novo mutations.
SnRK2 protein kinases represent an ancient system in plants for adaptation to a terrestrial environment
Authors: Shinozawa Akihisa , Otake Ryoko , Takezawa Daisuke , Umezawa Taishi , Komatsu Kenji , Tanaka Keisuke , Amagai Anna , Ishikawa Shinnosuke , Hara Yurie , Kamisugi Yasuko , Cuming Andrew C. , Hori Koichi , Ohta Hiroyuki , Takahashi Fuminori , Shinozaki Kazuo , Hayashi Takahisa , Taji Teruaki , Sakata Yoichi 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe SNF1-related protein kinase 2 (SnRK2) family includes key regulators of osmostress and abscisic acid (ABA) responses in angiosperms and can be classified into three subclasses. Subclass III SnRK2s act in the ABA response while ABA-nonresponsive subclass I SnRK2s are regulated through osmostress. Here we report that an ancient subclass III SnRK2-based signalling module including ABA and an upstream Raf-like kinase (ARK) exclusively protects the moss Physcomitrella patens from drought. Subclass III SnRK2s from both Arabidopsis and from the semiterrestrial alga Klebsormidium nitens, which contains all the components of ABA signalling except ABA receptors, complement Physcomitrella snrk2− mutants, whereas Arabidopsis subclass I SnRK2 cannot. We propose that the earliest land plants developed the ABA/ARK/subclass III SnRK2 signalling module by recruiting ABA to regulate a pre-existing dehydration response and that subsequently a novel subclass I SnRK2 system evolved in vascular plants conferring osmostress protection independently from the ancient system.
The Cdc48 unfoldase prepares well-folded protein substrates for degradation by the 26S proteasome
Authors: Olszewski Michal M. , Williams Cameron , Dong Ken C. , Martin Andreas 
Published: January 2019

AbstractCdc48/p97 is an essential and highly conserved AAA+ ATPase that uses its protein-unfoldase activity to extract ubiquitinated polypeptides from macromolecular complexes and membranes. This motor has also been implicated in protein-degradation pathways, yet its exact role in acting upstream of the 26S proteasome remains elusive. Ubiquitinated proteins destined for degradation by the proteasome require an unstructured initiation region to engage with the proteasomal translocation machinery, and Cdc48 was proposed to generate these unfolded segments, yet direct evidence has been missing. Here, we used an in vitro reconstituted system to demonstrate the collaboration of Cdc48 and the 26S proteasome from S. cerevisiae in degrading ubiquitinated, well-folded proteins that lack unstructured segments. Our data indicate that a critical role for Cdc48 in the ubiquitin-proteasome system is to create flexible initiation regions in compact substrates that otherwise would be refractory to engagement and degradation by the proteasome.
Extrakorporale Membranoxygenierung in der Thoraxchirurgie: Etablierung funktioneller und technischer Operabilität
Authors: Akil Ali , Bölükbas Servet , Wiebe Karsten 
Published: January 2019

ZusammenfassungFunktionelle und technische Operabilität müssen vor thoraxchirurgischen Eingriffen evaluiert und definiert werden. Nicht selten gelten Patienten aufgrund funktioneller Einschränkung und/oder aufgrund einer ungünstigen Lokalisation des Tumors als inoperabel. Die extrakorporale Lungenunterstützung stellt in der Thoraxchirurgie ein wichtiges Verfahren zur Etablierung funktioneller und technischer Operabilität dar. Sie ermöglicht eine perioperative Sicherheit und minimiert das Risiko während anspruchsvoller Resektionen.