bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Viral load and clinical manifestations of hepatitis E virus genotype 3 infections
Authors: Lhomme Sebastien , Gallian Pierre , Dimeglio Chloé , Assal Azzedine , Abravanel Florence , Tiberghien Pierre , Izopet Jacques 
Published: May 2019

AbstractA fraction of plasma donations undergoes hepatitis E virus (HEV) RNA screening since late 2014 in France. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of HEV RNA as well as the viral load and the evolution of genotype distribution over a 3‐year period (2015‐2017) in asymptomatic blood donors in comparison with symptomatic patients routinely diagnosed. The overall detection rate of HEV RNA in plasma donations was 0.10% during the 3‐year period, with a median viral load of 717 IU/mL (range: <60‐168 000 IU/mL) in the 189 samples found HEV RNA positive. One hundred and twenty samples (64.4%) were successfully HEV genotyped. Most strains were HEV3f (n = 54; 44.3%) and HEV3c (n = 46; 37.7%). The genotype distribution was not different throughout the 3‐year period and we found no association between the genotype and where the blood donors lived (P = 0.96). The HEV genotype distributions in infected blood donors and symptomatic patients were similar. However, the symptomatic patients had a higher viral load (median 282 000 IU/mL; range: <60‐136 000 000 IU/mL; P < 0.01) than the blood donors. Overall, asymptomatic blood donors and patients with symptomatic hepatitis E had similar genotype distributions but the blood donors had lower viral loads.
Phonological Awareness Trajectories: Young Spanish–English and Cantonese–English Bilinguals
Authors: Uchikoshi Yuuko 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis study focused on the phonological awareness skills of 72 Spanish–English and 86 Cantonese–English bilinguals, all enrolled in bilingual and mainstream classrooms in the same schools. Bilinguals were assessed on phonological awareness, decoding, vocabulary, and knowledge of book reading each year from kindergarten until second grade. Individual growth modeling analysis revealed no difference in growth trajectories of English phonological awareness between (a) Spanish–English and Cantonese–English bilinguals and (b) children enrolled in bilingual and mainstream programs. Within‐language decoding, vocabulary, and knowledge of book reading were associated with the estimated average initial levels of phonological awareness skills, while only knowledge of book reading had significant effects on the estimated growth trajectory of phonological awareness skills. These findings suggest that young bilinguals with different home languages may have similar growth trajectories in English phonological awareness skills during early elementary school years. The findings have implications for early educational practices.
Molecular dialogues between viruses and receptor‐like kinases in plants
Authors: Macho Alberto P. , Lozano‐Duran Rosa 
Published: May 2019

SummaryReceptor‐like kinases (RLKs) play a prominent role in the interaction between plants and extracellular pathogens. Intriguingly, in the past few years several studies have demonstrated that a number of RLKs influence plant susceptibility to viruses and, in some cases, interact with viral proteins. In this review, we will summarize and discuss recent advances suggesting a direct role for RLKs in plant–virus interactions.
Inferior alveolar nerve transection disturbs innate immune responses and bone healing after tooth extraction
Authors: Xu Yamei , Xia Mengnan , Chen Tao , Yang Yao , Fu Gang , Ji Ping , Wu Qingqing 
Published: May 2019

AbstractCoordination between the nervous and innate immune systems to maintain bone homeostasis is largely uncharacterized. The present study investigated the sensory–immune interaction in resting alveolar bone and healing socket by surgical sensory denervation. Bone histomorphometry and immunohistochemistry showed that sensory denervation resulted in moderate suppression of bone remodeling, with a proinflammatory milieu manifested by increased neutrophil recruitment and possible alternations in macrophage phenotypes along the resting bone surface. This denervation effect intensified when bone remodeling was triggered by tooth extraction, as revealed by disrupted temporospatial variations in macrophage subpopulations and neutrophil infiltration, which were closely associated with a dramatic decline in socket bone filling and residual ridge height. Antagonism of calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) brought about similar antianabolic and proinflammatory effects as sensory denervation, suggesting that sensory nerves may monitor the bony milieu by CGRP. Depletion of macrophages, rather than neutrophils, ruled out CGRP effects, illustrating that macrophages were the primary immune mechanism that linked sensory innervation, innate immunity, and bone. The data support that sensory innervation is required for control of innate immune responses and maintenance of bone homeostasis. Sensory neuropeptides, such as CGRP, are a possible target for the development of proanabolic treatments in bone disease by modulating innate immune responses.
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense excreted/secreted factors impair lipopolysaccharide‐induced maturation and activation of human monocyte‐derived dendritic cells
Authors: Dauchy Frédéric‐Antoine , Contin‐Bordes Cécile , Nzoumbou‐Boko Romaric , Bonhivers Mélanie , Landrein Nicolas , Robinson Derrick R. , Rambert Jérôme , Courtois Pierrette , Daulouède Sylvie , Vincendeau Philippe 
Published: May 2019

AbstractTrypanosoma brucei gambiense, an extracellular eukaryotic flagellate parasite, is the main etiological agent of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) or sleeping sickness. Dendritic cells (DCs) play a pivotal role at the interface between innate and adaptive immune response and are implicated during HAT. In this study, we investigated the effects of T gambiense and its excreted/secreted factors (ESF) on the phenotype of human monocyte‐derived DCs (Mo‐DCs). Mo‐DCs were cultured with trypanosomes, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), ESF derived from T gambiense bloodstream strain Biyamina (MHOM/SD/82), or both ESF and LPS. Importantly, ESF reduced the expression of the maturation markers HLA‐DR and CD83, as well as the secretion of IL‐12, TNF‐alpha and IL‐10, in LPS‐stimulated Mo‐DCs. During mixed‐leucocyte reactions, LPS‐ plus ESF‐exposed DCs induced a non‐significant decrease in the IFN‐gamma/IL‐10 ratio of CD4 + T‐cell cytokines. Based on the results presented here, we raise the hypothesis that T gambiense has developed an immune escape strategy through the secretion of paracrine mediators in order to limit maturation and activation of human DCs. The identification of the factor(s) in the T gambiense ESF and of the DCs signalling pathway(s) involved may be important in the development of new therapeutic targets.
Spiritual care by nurses in curative oncology: a mixed‐method study on patients’ perspectives and experiences
Authors: Ebenau Anne , Groot Marieke , Visser Anja , van Laarhoven Hanneke W. M. , van Leeuwen René , Garssen Bert 
Published: May 2019

AimsSpirituality can be important in adjusting to the experience of cancer and its medical treatment. Since nurses have frequent contact with patients, they seem to have a unique role in providing spiritual care. Nurses consider spiritual care important; however, little is known about how patients in a curative setting experience and value spiritual care. Therefore, this study aimed to give insight into patients’ experiences with and opinions about spiritual care as provided by nurses in curative cancer care.MethodsThis is a national, multicentre mixed‐methods study, combining a quantitative approach using questionnaires (n = 62) and a qualitative analysis of semi‐structured interviews (n = 61). Nonparametric tests were used for quantitative data, and qualitative data were analysed inductively.FindingsMost patients rarely received spiritual care by nurses. If spiritual care was provided, it mainly consisted of noticing problems and referring to other professionals. This appeared to be dependent on certain ‘triggers’, such as age. Structural discussions on spirituality with a nurse were experienced rarely. This was explained by, among other factors, the hospital setting. Yet, the majority (79%) of patients found the attention to spirituality sufficient or very good. Furthermore, a majority (58%) viewed spiritual care as a nursing task: nurses should notice spiritual problems and refer to other professionals, though extensively discussing patients’ spirituality was neither considered nurses’ task nor capability.ConclusionsAttention to spiritual care in a curative setting, though not so much desired by most patients, should be pursued, because of its importance in performing person‐centred nursing care and its positive impact on patients’ health. By training nurses in offering spiritual care in proactive and ‘nonactive’ (accepting) ways, spiritual care could be structurally offered in clinical practice in personalised forms. Since younger and less spiritual patients are not much satisfied with spiritual care by nurses, they need special attention.
Third‐grade teachers’ self‐reported use of multiplication and division models
Authors: Kosko Karl W. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractVisual representations and manipulatives are a highly advocated mathematical tool for the teaching and learning of multiplication and division. Although there is some prior research on elementary teachers’ general use of manipulatives and visual representations, there is little to no specific focus on use of such representations on a specific mathematical concept. The present study examined third grade teachers’ reported use of visual representations for teaching multiplication and division. Findings indicate prevalent use of discrete models and infrequent use of continuous models. Length models and number lines are rarely used across all Common Core standards focusing on multiplication/division, with numeric‐only representations being reported frequently across all standards. Groups‐of and array models were the most prevalent visual model reported by third grade teachers. Although teachers report higher degrees of access to certain materials than previous reports on manipulative use, interview data suggests this may have more to do with purchase agreements between school districts and textbook companies than pedagogical preferences of classroom teachers. Supporting findings in prior decades, teachers in the present study report prevalent use of flashcards, charts and grid paper, and variations of counters.
Thermosensory mapping of skin wetness sensitivity across the body of young males and females at rest and following maximal incremental running
Authors: Valenza Alessandro , Bianco Antonino , Filingeri Davide 
Published: May 2019

Key points
Humans lack skin receptors for wetness (i.e. hygroreceptors), yet we present a remarkable wetness sensitivity.
Afferent inputs from skin cold‐sensitive thermoreceptors are key for sensing wetness; yet, it is unknown whether males and females differ in their wetness sensitivity across their body and whether high intensity exercise modulates this sensitivity.
We mapped sensitivity to cold, neutral and warm wetness across five body regions and show that females are more sensitive to skin wetness than males, and that this difference is greater for cold than warm wetness sensitivity.
We also show that a single bout of maximal exercise reduced the sensitivity to skin wetness (i.e. hygro‐hypoesthesia) of both sexes as a result of concurrent decreases in thermal sensitivity.
These novel findings clarify the physiological mechanisms underpinning this fundamental human sensory experience. In addition, they indicate sex differences in thermoregulatory responses and will inform the design of more effective sport and protective clothing, as well as thermoregulatory models.
AbstractHumans lack skin hygroreceptors and we rely on integrating cold and tactile inputs from A‐type skin nerve fibres to sense wetness. Yet, it is unknown whether sex and exercise independently modulate skin wetness sensitivity across the body. We mapped local sensitivity to cold, neutral and warm wetness of the forehead, neck, underarm, lower back and dorsal foot in 10 males (27.8 ± 2.7 years; 1.92 ± 0.1 m2 body surface area) and 10 females (25.4 ± 3.9 years; 1.68 ± 0.1 m2 body surface area), at rest and post maximal incremental running. Participants underwent our quantitative sensory test where they reported the magnitude of thermal and wetness perceptions (visual analogue scale) resulting from the application of a cold (5°C below skin temperature) wet (0.8 mL of water), neutral wet and warm wet (5°C above skin temperature) thermal probe (1.32 cm2) to five skin sites. We found that: (i) females were ∼14% to ∼17% more sensitive to cold‐wetness than males, yet both sexes were as sensitive to neutral‐ and warm‐wetness; (ii) regional differences were present for cold‐wetness only, and these followed a craniocaudal increase that was more pronounced in males (i.e. the foot was ∼31% more sensitive than the forehead); and (iii) maximal exercise reduced cold‐wetness sensitivity over specific regions in males (i.e. ∼40% decrease in foot sensitivity), and also induced a generalized reduction in warm‐wetness sensitivity in both sexes (i.e. ∼4% to ∼6%). For the first time, we show that females are more sensitive to cold wetness than males and that maximal exercise induce hygro‐hypoesthesia. These novel findings expand our knowledge on sex differences in thermoregulatory physiology.
Differing Physiological Adaptations Induced by Dry and Humid Short-Term Heat Acclimation
Authors: Tebeck Samuel T. , Buckley Jonathan D. , Bellenger Clint R. , Stanley Jamie 
Published: May 2019

Purpose: To investigate the effect of a 5-day short-term heat acclimation (STHA) protocol in dry (43°C and 20% relative humidity) or humid (32°C and 80% relative humidity) environmental conditions on endurance cycling performance in temperate conditions (21°C). Methods: In a randomized, cross-over design, 11 cyclists completed each of the two 5-day blocks of STHA matched for heat index (44°C) and total exposure time (480 min), separated by 30 days. Pre- and post-STHA temperate endurance performance (4-min mean maximal power, lactate threshold 1 and 2) was assessed; in addition, a heat stress test was used to assess individual levels of heat adaptation. Results: Differences in endurance performance were unclear. Following dry STHA, gross mechanical efficiency was likely reduced (between-condition effect size dry vs humid −0.59; 90% confidence interval, −1.05 to −0.15), oxygen uptake was likely increased for a given workload (0.64 [0.14 to 1.07]), and energy expenditure likely increased (0.59 [0.17 to 1.03]). Plasma volume expansion at day 5 of acclimation was similar (within-condition outcome 4.6% [6.3%] and 5.3% [5.1%] dry and humid, respectively) but was retained for 3 to 4 days longer after the final humid STHA exposure (−0.2% [8.1%] and 4.5% [4.2%] dry and humid, respectively). Sweat rate was very likely increased during dry STHA (0.57 [0.25 to 0.89]) and possibly increased (0.18 [−0.15 to 0.50]) during humid STHA. Conclusion: STHA induced divergent adaptations between dry and humid conditions, but did not result in differences in temperate endurance performance.
Association Between Functional Movement Screen Scores and Injuries in Male College Basketball Players
Authors: Shimoura Kanako , Nakayama Yasuaki , Tashiro Yuto , Hotta Takayuki , Suzuki Yusuke , Tasaka Seishiro , Matsushita Tomofumi , Matsubara Keisuke , Kawagoe Mirei , Sonoda Takuya , Yokota Yuki , Aoyama Tomoki 
Published: May 2019

Context: The functional movement screen (FMS) is an assessment tool for movement dysfunction, which is used to reduce the risk of injury. Although the relationship between the FMS composite score and injuries has been extensively studied, the association between FMS scores and injuries in only college basketball players remains unknown. Objective: To examine the relationship between the FMS score and injuries in basketball players. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: University research laboratory. Participants: Eighty-one male college basketball players (average age 20.1 [1.3] y) participated. Main Outcome Measures: The FMS composite score was calculated from 7 movement tests. The incidence of injuries over a 1-year period prior to the test day was determined based on a questionnaire. Individuals were categorized into 2 groups: injury (with a serious basketball-related injury resulting in the loss of practice and game time for at least 4 wk) and noninjury groups. Mann–Whitney U and chi-square tests were used to evaluate group differences in the composite FMS and 7 movement scores, respectively. Furthermore, the scores significant on univariate analyses were submitted to a multivariate logistic analysis, adjusting for participant characteristics. Results: The composite FMS scores of the 2 groups were not significantly different (P = .38). Among the 7 tasks, only the deep squat and hurdle step showed significant group differences (P = .03 and P = .001, respectively). The multivariate logistic analysis revealed that deep squat (odds ratio, 6.48; 95% confidence interval, 1.23–34.01; P = .03) and hurdle step scores (odds ratio, 25.80; 95% confidence interval, 1.81–368.73; P = .02) were significantly associated with injuries, even after adjustment for participant characteristics. Conclusions: Deep squat and hurdle step scores may be associated with injuries in basketball players. Further research should be conducted to confirm that these 2 scores can predict the incidence of injuries in basketball players.
Influence of Shoulder Position on Functional Control Ratio During Isokinetic Assessment
Authors: Chen Bin , Zhao Yichao , Cao Xianxin , Hu Guojiong , Chen Lincoln B. , Niu Wenxin 
Published: May 2019

Context:One of the possible mechanisms leading to secondary impingement syndrome may be the strength imbalance of shoulder rotators which is known as functional control ratio (FCR). The FCR is a ratio dividing the eccentric peak torque of the external rotators by the concentric peak torque of the internal rotators. Previous studies have focused on the reproducibility and reliability of isokinetic assessment, but there is little information on the influence of variable shoulder positions on FCR.Objective:To compare shoulder FCR across 3 different shoulder abduction positions during isokinetic assessment.Design:Cross-sectional study.Setting:Biomechanics laboratory.Participants:Thirty-one healthy young university students (age 22.35 [0.95] y, weight 60.52 [9.31] kg, height 168.23 [9.47] cm).Interventions:The concentric peak torque of internal rotators and eccentric peak torque of external rotators of right shoulder were measured on an isokinetic dynamometer.Main Outcome Measures:Concentric peak torque of the internal rotators and eccentric peak torque of the external rotators, measured using an isokinetic dynamometer.Results:The concentric peak torque of internal rotators was significantly lower at 120° shoulder abduction compared with other positions (P < .001). The FCR was significantly higher at 120° shoulder abduction than 90° (P = .002) or 60° (P < .001) shoulder abduction because of the lower concentric peak torque. No significant difference was found in the FCR between the other 2 shoulder positions (P = .14).Conclusions:Shoulder position variations may influence FCR because of weakness of the internal rotators. Rehabilitation and injury prevention training programs should specifically focus on strengthening the internal rotators at more elevated angles of shoulder abduction.
Quantification of the Rockfloss® Floss Band Stretch Force at Different Elongation Lengths
Authors: Cheatham Scott W. , Baker Russell 
Published: May 2019

Context: Floss bands are a popular intervention used by sports medicine professionals to enhance myofascial function and mobility. The bands are often wrapped around a region of the body in an overlapping fashion (eg, 50%) and then tensioned by stretching the band to a desired length (eg, 50%). To date, no research has investigated the stretch force of the bands at different elongation lengths. Objective: The purpose of this clinical study was to quantify the Rockfloss® band stretch force at 6 different elongation lengths (ie, 25%–150%) for the 5.08- and 10.16-cm width bands. Design: Controlled laboratory study. Setting: University kinesiology laboratory. Participants: One trained researcher conducted all measurements. Procedures: The stretch force of a floss band was measured at 6 different elongation lengths with a force gauge. Main Outcome Measures: Band tension force at different band elongation lengths. Results: The stretch force values for the 5.08-cm width (2 in) were as follows: 25% = 13.53 (0.25) N, 50% = 24.57 (0.28) N, 75% = 36.18 (0.39) N, 100% = 45.89 (0.62) N, 125% = 54.68 (0.26) N, and 150% = 62.54 (0.40) N. The stretch force values for the 10.16-cm width (4 in) were as follows: 25% = 16.70 (0.35) N, 50% = 31.90 (0.52) N, 75% = 47.45 (0.44) N, 100% = 57.75 (0.24) N, 125% = 69.02 (0.28) N, and 150% = 81.10 (0.67) N. Both bandwidths demonstrated a linear increase in stretch force as the bands became longer. Conclusion: These values may help professionals to understand and document the tension force being applied at different lengths to produce a more beneficial application during treatment. Future research should determine how the different length/tensions effect the local myofascia, arterial, and vascular systems.
Hierarchical reasoning by neural circuits in the frontal cortex
Authors: Sarafyazd Morteza , Jazayeri Mehrdad 
Published: May 2019

The brain circuits of strategic decisions
Primates can compute and integrate low-level decisions to make strategic adjustments to higher-level decisions. The neural substrates and mechanisms that allow this process are not known. Sarafyazd and Jazayeri performed single-cell recordings in the dorsomedial frontal cortex and the anterior cingulate cortex of monkeys. They observed that the two brain areas, which have been implicated in error monitoring and the control of adaptive behavior, processed signals involved in causal inference. The anterior cingulate acted downstream of the dorsomedial frontal cortex. It used graded evidence derived from errors in low-level processes in a decision hierarchy to select between longer-term behavioral strategies.

Science
, this issue p.
eaav8911