bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dispersion of Echinococcus granulosus eggs from infected dogs under natural conditions in Patagonia, Argentina
Authors: Sánchez Thevenet P. , Alvarez H.M. , Torrecillas C. , Jensen O. , Basualdo J.A. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis caused by Echinococcus granulosus is a major zoonosis of public health significance in the Patagonian region of Argentina. This investigation sought to test the hypothesis that the persistence and dispersion of the parasite eggs can be explained by physical and meteorological parameters along with final host infection and behaviour. This observational study was carried out over a five-year period within an enclosure where two dogs harbouring a worm burden ranging from 100 to 1000 mature adult E. granulosus, as well as two uninfected dogs, had previously been kept for six months. Environmental canine faeces, topsoil, pond water, and sediment samples were examined to control for the presence of eggs and coproantigens of the parasite using microscope-based techniques and copro-ELISA plus copro-Western Blot tests. The parasite eggs were detected up to 41 months later in faeces from infected dogs, soil and sediment, and coproantigen tests remained positive for up to 70 months in faeces. Overall, parasite eggs were found within a maximum distance of 115 m from the contaminated dog faeces deposition site. Our findings indicate that under Patagonian environmental conditions, egg persistence and dispersion seem to be related to the worm burden and habits of the infected dog, to prevailing wind direction and to the existence of low bushes as well as natural bodies of water. The present study is the first to provide direct evidence of interaction between bioclimatic conditions and E. granulosus egg dispersion under Patagonian field conditions.
Evaluation of Bio-Inspired Scales on Locomotion Performance of Snake-Like Robots
Authors: Chang Alexander H. , Vela Patricio A. 
Published: February 2019

SummaryThe unique frictional properties conferred by snake ventral scales inspired the engineering and fabrication of surrogate mechanisms for a robotic snake. These artificial, biologically inspired scales produce anisotropic body-ground forcing patterns with various locomotion surfaces. The benefits they confer to robotic snake-like locomotion were evaluated in experimental trials employing rectilinear, lateral undulation, and sidewinding gaits over several distinct surface types: carpet, inhomogeneous concrete and homogeneous concrete. Enhanced locomotive performance, with respect to net displacement and heading stability, was consistently measured in scenarios that utilized the engineered scales, over equivalent scenarios where the anisotropic effects of scales were absent.
Successional dynamics of a regenerated forest in a plantation landscape in Southern India
Authors: Nerlekar Ashish N. , Kamath Vignesh , Saravanan A. , Ganesan R. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractWe monitored native forest regeneration over 11 y in a eucalyptus plantation and compared it with the neighbouring primary forest. For the plantation forest, we hypothesized that species richness, density, basal area and densities of old-growth species would increase over time, and compared to the primary forest, plantation forest would have higher species richness and density, but lower densities of old-growth species. In 2016, we repeated the protocol of a study that sampled the plantation forest in 2005, with thirty 10 × 10-m plots and enumerating trees (≥10 cm diameter), saplings (>1 to <10 cm diameter) and seedlings (<1 cm diameter). In the plantation forest, for trees, the species richness, density of gap, bird-dispersed and mammal-dispersed species increased by 67%, 156%, 116% and 238% respectively; whereas for saplings, density of gap, bird-dispersed and small-seeded species declined by 45.2%, 51% and 18.2% respectively over time; and seedling densities did not change across functional groups. Stand basal area increased by 80.1% in the plantation forest. The primary forest had 446% greater density of closed-canopy trees compared with plantation forest. Contrary to our prediction, the plantation forest did not accumulate significant densities of old-growth species over time, probably due to demographic filters that prevent them from attaining maturity.
Correlative Atom Probe Tomography and Transmission Electron Microscopy Analysis of Grain Boundaries in Thermally Grown Alumina Scale
Authors: Povstugar Ivan , Weber Juliane , Naumenko Dmitry , Huang Taihong , Klinkenberg Martina , Quadakkers Willem J. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractWe employed correlative atom probe tomography (APT) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to analyze the alumina scale thermally grown on the oxide dispersion-strengthened alloy MA956. Segregation of Ti and Y and associated variation in metal/oxygen stoichiometry at the grain boundaries and triple junctions of alumina were quantified and discussed with respect to the oxidation behavior of the alloy, in particular, to the formation of cation vacancies. Correlative TEM analysis was helpful to avoid building pragmatically well-looking but substantially incorrect APT reconstructions, which can result in erroneous quantification of segregating species, and highlights the need to consider ionic volumes and detection efficiency in the reconstruction routine. We also demonstrate a cost-efficient, robust, and easy-handling setup for correlative analysis based solely on commercially available components, which can be used with all conventional TEM tools without the need to modify the specimen holder assembly.
Atom Probe Tomography Interlaboratory Study on Clustering Analysis in Experimental Data Using the Maximum Separation Distance Approach
Authors: Dong Yan , Etienne Auriane , Frolov Alex , Fedotova Svetlana , Fujii Katsuhiko , Fukuya Koji , Hatzoglou Constantinos , Kuleshova Evgenia , Lindgren Kristina , London Andrew , Lopez Anabelle , Lozano-Perez Sergio , Miyahara Yuichi , Nagai Yasuyoshi , Nishida Kenji , Radiguet Bertrand , Schreiber Daniel K. , Soneda Naoki , Thuvander Mattias , Toyama Takeshi , Wang Jing , Sefta Faiza , Chou Peter , Marquis Emmanuelle A. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractWe summarize the findings from an interlaboratory study conducted between ten international research groups and investigate the use of the commonly used maximum separation distance and local concentration thresholding methods for solute clustering quantification. The study objectives are: to bring clarity to the range of applicability of the methods; identify existing and/or needed modifications; and interpretation of past published data. Participants collected experimental data from a proton-irradiated 304 stainless steel and analyzed Cu-rich and Ni–Si rich clusters. The datasets were also analyzed by one researcher to clarify variability originating from different operators. The Cu distribution fulfills the ideal requirements of the maximum separation method (MSM), namely a dilute matrix Cu concentration and concentrated Cu clusters. This enabled a relatively tight distribution of the cluster number density among the participants. By contrast, the group analysis of the Ni–Si rich clusters by the MSM was complicated by a high Ni matrix concentration and by the presence of Si-decorated dislocations, leading to larger variability among researchers. While local concentration filtering could, in principle, tighten the results, the cluster identification step inevitably maintained a high scatter. Recommendations regarding reporting, selection of analysis method, and expected variability when interpreting published data are discussed.
Introducing a Crystallography-Mediated Reconstruction (CMR) Approach to Atom Probe Tomography
Authors: Day Alec C. , Ceguerra Anna V. , Ringer Simon P. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractCurrent approaches to reconstruction in atom probe tomography produce results that exhibit substantial distortions throughout the analysis depth. This is largely because of the need to apply a multitude of assumptions when estimating the evolution of the tip shape, and other pseudo-empirical reconstruction factors, which vary both across the face of the tip and throughout the analysis depth. We introduce a new crystallography-mediated reconstruction to improve the spatial accuracy and dramatically reduce these in-depth variations. To achieve this, we developed a barycentric transform to directly relate atomic positions in detector space to real space. This is mediated by novel crystallographic analysis techniques, including: (1) calculating the orientation of a crystal directly from the field evaporation map, (2) tracking pole locations throughout the evaporation sequence, and (3) accounting for the evolving tip radius in a manner that removes the dependence on the geometric field factor. By improving the in-depth spatial accuracy of the atom probe reconstruction, a greater accuracy of the atomic neighborhood relationships is available. This is critical in modern materials science and engineering, where an understanding of the solid solution architecture, precipitate dispersions, and descriptions of the interfaces between phases or grains are key inputs to microstructure–property relationships.
A Micro-Analytical Study of the Scarabs of the Necropolis of Vinha das Caliças (Portugal)
Authors: Costa Mafalda , Arruda Ana Margarida , Barbosa Rui , Barrulas Pedro , Vandenabeele Peter , Mirão José 
Published: January 2019

AbstractFive scarabs and one scaraboid found in Vinha das Caliças 4 (Beja, Portugal) were analyzed using a micro-analytical methodology in order to determine their mineralogical and chemical composition. Microstructural characterization and chemical analysis revealed that all were composed of a white body of crushed feldspathic sand covered by a lead-rich, alkaline-depleted silicate blue-green glaze showing evident signs of glass deterioration. Variable pressure scanning electron microscopy with X-ray energy dispersive spectrometry, handheld X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, and micro X-ray diffraction results show that blue-green color of the glaze was produced by using copper ions (Cu2+) in conjunction with the lead antimonate bindheimite, a yellow-colored opacifier. The introduction of small amounts of tin in the structure of bindheimite enabled the production of a ternary Pb–Sb–Sn oxide. Tin, which was most likely added with the copper source (bronze scrapings), is known to facilitate the crystallization of bindheimite. The results are consistent with the five scarabs and one scaraboid being manufactured in Egypt. This study, the first archeometric study of scarabs found in the Iberian peninsula, has greatly contributed to the understanding of the influence of the Eastern and Central Mediterranean world in the Southwestern Iberia during the first millennium B.C.
Structure and Sense Organs of Ovipositors of an Endoparasitoid Aprostocetus causalis and an Ectoparasitoid Quadrastichus mendeli in Leptocybe spp.
Authors: Huang Zong-You , Li Si-Yan , Lu Wen , Zheng Xia-Lin 
Published: February 2019

AbstractLittle is known of the olfactory mechanisms of host detection in the ovipositors of endoparasitoids and ectoparasitoids. An endoparasitoid Aprostocetus causalis La Salle & Wu (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) and an ectoparasitoid Quadrastichus mendeli Kim & La Salle (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae: Tetrastichinae) are the two parasitoids of the eucalyptus gall wasp Leptocybe spp. Structures and sense organs of ovipositors of A. causalis and Q. mendeli were studied using scanning and transmission electron microscopy, which provided essential information for exploring the mechanism of host detection by endoparasitoid and ectoparasitoid. The ovipositors of two parasitoids consisted of the first and second valvulae and ended in a pointed tip. There were three types of microtrichia, two types of sensilla chaetica, and one type of sensilla campaniformia on the ovipositors of A. causalis and Q. mendeli. However, Q. mendeli has the fourth type of microtrichia on the ovipositor. The morphology, types, distribution, length, and width of these sensilla and microtrichia were described, and their possible functions are discussed in conjunction with the stinging, oviposition, and the host selection process.
Mineralization of Sialoliths Investigated by Ex Vivo and In Vivo X-ray Computed Tomography
Authors: Nolasco Pedro , Coelho Paulo V. , Coelho Carla , Angelo David F. , Dias J. R. , Alves Nuno M. , Maurício António , Pereira Manuel F.C. , Alves de Matos António P. , Martins Raul C. , Carvalho Patrícia A. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe fraction of organic matter present affects the fragmentation behavior of sialoliths; thus, pretherapeutic information on the degree of mineralization is relevant for a correct selection of lithotripsy procedures. This work proposes a methodology for in vivo characterization of salivary calculi in the pretherapeutic context. Sialoliths were characterized in detail by X-ray computed microtomography (μCT) in combination with atomic emission spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Correlative analysis of the same specimens was performed by in vivo and ex vivo helical computed tomography (HCT) and ex vivo μCT. The mineral matter in the sialoliths consisted essentially of apatite (89 vol%) and whitlockite (11 vol%) with average density of 1.8 g/cm3. In hydrated conditions, the mineral mass prevailed with 53 ± 13 wt%, whereas the organic matter, with a density of 1.2 g/cm3, occupied 65 ± 10% of the sialoliths’ volume. A quantitative relation between sialoliths mineral density and X-ray attenuation is proposed for both HCT and μCT.
The Gender Gap in Brazilian Politics and the Role of the Electoral Court
Authors: Ramos Luciana de Oliveira , da Silva Virgílio Afonso 
Published: February 2019

AbstractLike many other countries, Brazil has adopted gender quotas in elections for legislatures at all levels of the federation. However, Brazilian gender quotas have been ineffective at increasing women's participation in politics. Authors usually point to reasons related to the electoral system and party structure. This article analyzes a variable that is rarely considered: the role of the Electoral Court. We argue that the quality and intensity of the control exercised by an electoral court, when called upon to decide on the enforcement of the gender quota law, can influence the efficacy of this policy. We show that, in general, the Brazilian Superior Electoral Court tends to foster the participation of women in politics. However, based on two divides—between easy and difficult cases and between cases with low and high impact—we argue that in the realm of gender quotas, this court takes a rather restrained stance in those cases considered both difficult and with high impact.
Do attackers have a legal duty of care? Limits to the ‘individualization of war’
Authors: Dill Janina 
Published: February 2019

AbstractDoes International Humanitarian Law (IHL) impose a duty of care on the attacker? From a moral point of view, should it? This article argues that the legal situation is contestable, and the moral value of a legal duty of care in attack is ambivalent. This is because a duty of care is both a condition for and an obstacle to the ‘individualization of war’. The individualization of war denotes an observable multi-dimensional norm shift in international relations. Norms for the regulation of war that focus on the interests, rights, and duties of the individual have gained in importance compared to those that focus on the interests, rights, and duties of the state. As the individual, not the state, is the ultimate locus of moral value, this norm shift in international relations, and the corresponding developments in international law, are morally desirable. When it comes to IHL, the goal of protecting the interests of the individual creates strong reasons both for and against imposing a legal duty of care on the attacker. The enquiry into whether IHL does and should impose a legal duty of care therefore reveals that the extent to which war can be individualized is limited.
On the efficient computation of range and Doppler data in noise radar
Authors: Wasserzier Christoph , Galati Gaspare 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIn noise radar, digital signal processing algorithms for implementing the computation of the Cross Ambiguity Function through range correlation and Doppler compensation call for optimized solutions. In fact, to achieve a high coherent processing gain, they often compute a large amount of data beyond the maximum range and/or the maximum radial velocity of interest, adding useless information. A novel, efficient algorithm, called Range Filter Bank, is proposed to implement a scope-tailored computation of range/Doppler data in continuous emission noise radar. Downstream its theoretical analysis, the algorithm has been applied to a real-life case study based on dedicated field experiments, in which good quality kinematic data of a car moving at various speeds have been extracted.
Exposure to maternal depressive symptoms in childhood and adolescent suicide-related thoughts and attempts: mediation by child psychiatric symptoms
Authors: Goodday S. M. , Bondy S. , Brown H. K. , Sutradhar R. , Rhodes A. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract

Aims
The nature of the association between child psychiatric symptoms and adolescent suicide-related thoughts (SRT) and attempts (SA) remains unclear. Our objective was to assess whether child psychiatric symptoms from 6 to 10 years of age mediate the association between exposure to maternal depressive symptoms in childhood and offspring SRT and SA in adolescence.

Methods
A population-based cohort study was constructed by linking all eight cycles from the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth (NLSCY), a nationally representative Canadian panel survey conducted from 1994 to 2009. Self-reported maternal depressive symptoms were measured when offspring were between 0 and 5 years. Maternal-reported child psychiatric symptoms and psychiatric comorbid symptoms were measured from 6 to 10 years, and offspring self-reported SRT and SA were measured between 11 and 19 years. Indirect effects, the effect proportion mediated and their corresponding bootstrapped 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated.

Results
Hyperactivity and inattention significantly mediated the association between maternal depressive symptoms in childhood and risk of both SRT and SA from 11 to 19 years, where approximately 60% (SRT 95% CI 23–94%; SA 95% CI 27–95%) of this association was explained by hyperactivity and inattention. Psychiatric comorbid symptoms also significantly mediated this relationship and accounted for 50% (95% CI 18–81%) of this association with SA.

Conclusions
Targeting hyperactivity and inattention, and co-occurring psychiatric symptoms in offspring of depressed mothers could reduce risk of SRT, eventual SA and halt progression towards suicide. However, further understanding of comorbid psychiatric symptoms in childhood that most strongly predict adolescent SA is needed.
Dressing the Myanmar Migrant Body: (In-)Visibility and Empowerment in Thailand
Authors: Gruß Inga 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe invisibility of migrants has been widely analysed in relation to states’ policies and practices. I argue in this article that emphasising the role of states and institutions in marginalising vulnerable populations by rendering them invisible throws a shadow over the multifaceted ways in which migrants interpret and relate to invisibility. Among Myanmar migrants in Thailand, as we shall see here, the notion that invisibility provides a protective shield to migrant bodies is in fact widespread. While invisibility is at times perceived as a threat to the future of these people, conceiving of invisibility solely as a tool of domination precludes us from fully understanding the complexity of Myanmar migrants’ experiences in Thailand and, more specifically, the many forms of empowerment that shape these experiences. Privileging the discourses and practices of Myanmar migrants in Thailand about their sartorial choices reveals that migrants appreciate invisibility for its capacity to create control over their own bodies. Further, it reveals the complexities of negotiating and expressing diasporic sartorial conventions.
Variations in Cascadia Low‐Frequency Earthquake Behavior With Downdip Distance
Authors: Sweet Justin R. , Creager Kenneth C. , Houston Heidi , Chestler Shelley R. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractWe identify and characterize four different low‐frequency earthquake (LFE) families (LFEs 1–4, ordered updip to downdip) that span the width of the transition zone in the Cascadia Subduction Zone beneath western Washington State. We find that LFE swarm duration, recurrence interval, and event size decrease systematically with increasing depth. LFE moments are observed to follow an exponential distribution rather than a power law distribution, allowing us to determine a characteristic event size for each family. Absolute locations of these LFE families place them very near the inferred Juan de Fuca‐North America plate interface. Relative relocation of individual LFEs within each family reveal elongation parallel to the plate convergence direction and narrow depth distributions with dips corresponding to plate interface models. We interpret the behavior of our LFE families as indicative of slow slip at those locations on the plate interface. The tidal response of LFE activity at LFEs 1, 2, and 3 during a large episodic tremor and slip (ETS) event follows a previously observed evolution, in which tidal response during the initial 1 to 2 days of slip at an LFE patch is much weaker than that during the next few days of slip. The brief bursts of activity at LFE4, although little affected by large episodic tremor and slip events, respond strongly to tidal stresses. Our observed along‐dip contrasts in recurrence behavior and tidal response provide evidence for stress transfer and increased frictional strength with position updip through the tremor zone.
Analyzing High‐Frequency Soil Respiration Using a Probabilistic Model in a Semiarid, Mediterranean Climate
Authors: Anjileli H. , Moftakhari H. R. , Mazdiyasni O. , Norouzi H. , Ashraf S. , Farahmand A. , Bowler P. , Azarderakhsh M. , Huxman Travis E. , AghaKouchak A. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractHigh‐frequency (subhourly) changes in soil respiration (Rs), a critical component of the carbon cycle, are not well documented in semiarid ecosystems. We investigate the response of Rs to subhourly soil temperature (Tsoil) and soil volumetric water content (VWC) variation in a semiarid ecosystem across a year of highly variable weather. We propose a probabilistic model to estimate the likelihood of Rs exceeding its annual mean (1.2 μmol CO2/m2s), conditioned on different Tsoil and VWC values. The results show that Rs follows a Gaussian‐like pattern as Tsoil increases, where it follows an upward trend until ~18 °C, and then begins to decline. Rs remains constant at Tsoil beyond ~27 °C. Using our novel conditional probability model, we show both the increasing and decreasing response of Rs to rising Tsoil through two ranges (14–17 and 20–23 °C) where Rs observations show opposing responses. We demonstrate that an increase in Tsoil from 14 to 17 °C causes a rise in Rs by a factor of 1.4 relative to the mean. The proposed model also describes how Rs reduces as Tsoil continues to increase above ~18 °C. Considering VWC and Tsoil into the proposed model, we show that when Tsoil is low (e.g., 17 °C), a rise in VWC yields a decrease of Rs by a factor of 3.6. However, when Tsoil is high (e.g., 23 °C), Rs increases with increasing VWC by a factor of 2.5. Overall, the probabilistic model enables us to detect and characterize changes in Rs distribution in response to different environmental variables and thresholds.