bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Systemic adverse events after botulinum neurotoxin A injections in children with cerebral palsy
Authors: Paget Simon P , Swinney Caitlyn M , Burton Karen L O , Bau Karen , O'Flaherty Stephen J 
Published: August 2018

AimTo identify factors that increase the likelihood of systemic adverse events after botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT‐A) injections in children with cerebral palsy (CP).MethodA prospective observational study of patients attending a BoNT‐A clinic at a tertiary paediatric hospital (2010–2014). Occurrences of systemic adverse events, defined as lower respiratory tract illnesses, generalized weakness, dysphagia, and death were determined at follow‐up. The relationship between systemic adverse events and eight preinjection variables (age, Gross Motor Function Classification System [GMFCS] level, history of dysphagia, gastrostomy, aspiration pneumonia, recent history of illness, BoNT‐A dose, and type of sedation) were examined using univariable and multivariable logistic regression with generalized estimating equations methods.ResultsIn total 591 children underwent 2219 injection episodes with follow‐up in 2158 (97%) cases. Systemic adverse events were reported in 77 (3.6%) injection episodes. Univariable analysis suggested that GMFCS levels IV and V, a history of dysphagia, gastrostomy, aspiration pneumonia, and increasing BoNT‐A dose increase the likelihood of systemic adverse events. In multivariable analysis, a history of dysphagia (odds ratio [OR] 3.42) and/or aspiration pneumonia (OR 2.31) remained associated with increased likelihood of systemic adverse events.InterpretationA history of dysphagia and/or aspiration pneumonia are the factors that most increase the likelihood of systemic adverse events after BoNT‐A.What this paper adds

Systemic adverse events occur in 3.6% of botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT‐A) injection episodes.

Dysphagia and/or aspiration pneumonia are associated with increased likelihood of systemic adverse events.

Multivariable models showed no evidence of association between Gross Motor Function Classification System and systemic adverse events.

Multivariable models showed no evidence of association between BoNT‐A dose and systemic adverse events.
Ground reaction and solid ankle–foot orthoses are equivalent for the correction of crouch gait in children with cerebral palsy
Authors: Ries Andrew J , Schwartz Michael H 
Published: August 2018

AimTo investigate any performance differences between the solid ankle–foot orthosis (SAFO) and ground reaction ankle–foot orthosis (GRAFO) designs for correcting crouch gait in children diagnosed with cerebral palsy (CP).MethodWe retrospectively analyzed 147 individuals seen at our center who: (1) were diagnosed with diplegic CP, (2) walked with crouch gait, (3) had bilateral SAFO or GRAFO prescription, and (4) had three‐dimensional gait analysis collected for both barefoot and orthosis walking conditions.ResultsOverall, no performance gap was identified between the SAFO and GRAFO groups (p=0.828). A series of bootstrapped stepwise regression analyses indicated that ankle–foot orthosis (AFO) design was not predictive of crouch gait improvements. Improvements in crouch gait were instead shown to be predicted by AFO neutral angle and four patient factors: amount of dorsiflexion in stance, level of knee flexion contracture, age, and severity of crouch.InterpretationOur results show that the SAFO and GRAFO designs are equally effective at correcting crouch gait for individuals diagnosed with CP.What this paper adds

No performance difference was detected between solid ankle–foot orthoses and ground reaction ankle–foot orthoses designs for crouch gait correction.

Crouch gait improvement from ankle–foot orthoses (AFO) is influenced by AFO neutral angle.

Other factors of influence include: dorsiflexion in stance, level of knee flexion contracture, age, and severity of crouch.
Ecology of Lepidoptera associated with bird nests in mid‐Wales, UK
Authors: Boyes Douglas H. , Lewis Owen T. 
Published: August 2018

1. Bird nests are ubiquitous but patchy resources in many terrestrial habitats. Nests can support diverse communities of commensal invertebrates, especially moths (Lepidoptera). However, there is a shortage of information on the moths associated with bird nests, and the factors influencing their abundance, diversity and composition.2. Two hundred and twenty‐four nests, from 16 bird species, were sampled from sites in mid‐Wales (UK) and the moths that emerged from them were recorded.3. Seventy eight percent of nests produced moths, with 4657 individuals of ten species recorded. Moth communities were dominated by generalist species rather than bird nest specialists.4. Open nests built in undergrowth supported significantly fewer moths than nests in enclosed spaces (for example, nesting boxes). The occurrence of fleas was positively associated with the incidence and abundance of moths. There was no evidence that different nest types supported different moth communities.
A pilot, open‐label study of the effectiveness and tolerability of low‐dose ZX008 (fenfluramine HCl) in Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome
Authors: Lagae Lieven , Schoonjans An‐Sofie , Gammaitoni Arnold R. , Galer Bradley S. , Ceulemans Berten 
Published: August 2018

SummaryObjectiveLennox‐Gastaut syndrome (LGS) is a drug‐resistant, childhood onset electroclinical epilepsy syndrome with multiple seizure types and diagnostic electroencephalogram findings. ZX008 (fenfluramine HCl oral solution) was well tolerated and reduced seizure frequency in Dravet syndrome, prompting this phase 2, open‐label, dose‐finding study of add‐on ZX008 in patients with LGS (NCT02655198).MethodsEligible treatment‐refractory patients with LGS aged 3‐18 years with ≥4 documented convulsive seizures (CS) in the prior 4 weeks were administered adjunctive ZX008 twice daily at an initial dose of 0.2 mg/kg/d, with incremental dose escalations up to 0.8 mg/kg/d or 30 mg/d (maximum dose) every 4 weeks in nonresponders (<50% reduction in CS frequency). After 20 weeks (core study), responders were offered entry into a long‐term extension study. Seizures were captured via diary. Cardiac safety was monitored by Doppler echocardiography and electrocardiogram.ResultsThirteen patients were enrolled (mean age = 11.7 years, range = 3‐17). Ten (77%) patients completed 20 weeks of ZX008 treatment. During the core study, there was a 53% median reduction (N = 13) in CS; median reduction was 60% in the 10 completers. Eight patients (62%) had a ≥50% CS reduction; three (23%) patients had a ≥75% reduction. Nine (69%) patients entered the long‐term extension study. At 15 months (n = 9), median reduction in CS was 58%; six (67%) patients had a ≥50% reduction, and three (33%) patients had a ≥75% reduction. The most common adverse events were decreased appetite (n = 4, 31%) and decreased alertness (n = 2, 15%). No echocardiographic signs of cardiac valvulopathy or pulmonary hypertension were observed.SignificanceZX008 provided clinically meaningful reduction (≥50%) in CS frequency in the majority of patients with LGS in this pilot study and was generally well tolerated. A phase 3, randomized, controlled study is ongoing.
Attenuating M‐current suppression in vivo by a mutant Kcnq2 gene knock‐in reduces seizure burden and prevents status epilepticus–induced neuronal death and epileptogenesis
Authors: Greene Derek L. , Kosenko Anastasia , Hoshi Naoto 
Published: August 2018

SummaryObjectivesThe M‐current is a low‐threshold voltage‐gated potassium current generated by Kv7 subunits that regulates neural excitation. It is important to note that M‐current suppression, induced by activation of Gq‐coupled neurotransmitter receptors, can dynamically regulate the threshold of action‐potential firing and firing frequency. Here we sought to directly examine whether M‐current suppression is involved in seizures and epileptogenesis.MethodsKv7.2 knock‐in mice lacking the key protein kinase C (PKC) phosphorylation acceptor site for M‐current suppression were generated by introducing an alanine substitution at serine residue 559 of mouse Kv7.2, mKv7.2(S559A). Basic electrophysiologic properties of the M‐current between wild‐type and Kv7.2(S559A) knock‐in mice were analyzed in primary cultured neurons. Homozygous Kv7.2(S559A) knock‐in mice were used to evaluate the protective effect of mutant Kv7.2 channel against chemoconvulsant‐induced seizures. In addition, pilocarpine‐induced neuronal damage and spontaneously recurrent seizures were evaluated after equivalent chemoconvulsant‐induced status epilepticus was achieved by coadministration of the M‐current–specific channel inhibitor, XE991.ResultNeurons from Kv7.2(S559A) knock‐in mice showed normal basal M‐currents. Knock‐in mice displayed reduced M‐current suppression when challenged by a muscarinic agonist, oxotremorine‐M. Kv7.2(S559A) mice were resistant to chemoconvulsant‐induced seizures with no mortality. Administration of XE991 transiently exacerbated seizures in knock‐in mice equivalent to those of wild‐type mice. Valproate, which disrupts neurotransmitter‐induced M‐current suppression, showed no additional anticonvulsant effect in Kv7.2(S559A) mice. After experiencing status epilepticus, Kv7.2(S559A) knock‐in mice did not show seizure‐induced cell death or spontaneous recurring seizures.SignificanceThis study provides evidence that neurotransmitter‐induced suppression of M‐current generated by Kv7.2‐containing channels exacerbates behavioral seizures. In addition, prompt recovery of M‐current after status epilepticus prevents subsequent neuronal death and the development of spontaneously recurrent seizures. Therefore, prompt restoration of M‐current activity may have a therapeutic benefit for epilepsy.
Attractions and barriers to Australian physician‐researcher careers
Authors: Mills Joanna M. Z. , Januszewski Andrzej S. , Robinson Bruce G. , Traill Caroline L. , Jenkins Alicia J. , Keech Anthony C. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBackgroundThere is a global concern that physician‐researchers are ‘a dying breed’. Recent studies of clinical career choices of Australian medical students and doctors have signalled the rising age of medical graduates, generational shifts in work–life attitudes and increased proportion of female graduates. There are scant data regarding Australian physician‐researchers.AimsTo develop and utilise a questionnaire determining respondent characteristics and ‘push’ and ‘pull’ factors for medical graduates to incorporate research into their careers.MethodsWe developed and administered an 88‐item online survey, including quantitative and qualitative questions, to medical students, faculty and alumni of Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, asking about their medical career, research experience and interest and reasons for doing or not doing medical research. Responses to all 74 quantitative questions are reported here.ResultsData from 427 respondents (44% female; mean ± standard deviation age 38 ± 13 years; 56% completed or undertaking a PhD) were analysed. Attractions of research included a desire to improve human health, intellectual stimulation and career diversity. Barriers included low funding rates, job insecurity and low salaries. Although few were prepared to undertake or recommend full‐time research, 71% would recommend part‐time research. Respondents perceived a smaller‐than‐actual gap between clinical and research salaries, and if comparable (75–100% of a clinician’s) salaries were available, 89% would like to spend 21–60% of their work time undertaking research.ConclusionMany Australian medical students and doctors are interested in research, especially part time. Perceived obstacles include job insecurity, low funding rates and salary. Respondents underestimated clinical and research salary differences.
Adequacy of antenatal steroids, rather than place of birth, determines survival to discharge in extreme prematurity in North Queensland
Authors: Ireland Susan , Larkins Sarah , Ray Robin , Woodward Lynn , Devine Kirsty 
Published: August 2018

AimThe Townsville Hospital cares for babies in a large geographical area, many of who are outborn, are of Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander origin and have families who reside in areas of deprivation. This study examined the outcomes of babies born at all locations in North Queensland to assess the predictors of poor outcomes.MethodsA retrospective observational study examined the survival of 313 babies born from 22 completed weeks gestation to 27 + 6 weeks gestation in North Queensland between January 2010 and December 2016. Additional analyses were performed for the 300 non‐syndromal babies whose mothers usually resided in North Queensland, studying demographics of gestation, gender, birthweight, Indigenous status, regionality of maternal residence and adequacy of antenatal steroids. Short‐term morbidities of intraventricular haemorrhage/periventricular leukomalacia (IVH/PVL), surgical necrotizing enterocolitis, retinopathy of prematurity requiring treatment and chronic lung disease and death were studied in relation to demographic factors and clinical treatment.ResultsAdequacy of steroids was significantly associated with a decreased mortality odds ratio of 2.872 (95% confidence interval 1.228–6.715), whilst no difference in outcome was seen by retrieval status or ethnic origin. Babies from remote locations were at increased risk for IVH/PVL, 2.334 (1.037–5.255). Male babies suffered more chronic lung disease, 1.608 (1.010–2.561), and IVH/PVL, 2.572 (1.215–5.445). Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander babies were at lower risk of IVH/PVL.ConclusionsSteroids should be administered wherever there is any possibility of the provision of intensive care for periviable babies. Place of birth and ethnicity of mother should not unduly influence antenatal counselling.
Richness, geographic distribution patterns, and areas of endemism of selected angiosperm groups in Mexico
Authors: Rodríguez Aarón , Castro‐Castro Arturo , Vargas‐Amado Georgina , Vargas‐Ponce Ofelia , Zamora‐Tavares Pilar , González‐Gallegos Jesús , Carrillo‐Reyes Pablo , Anguiano‐Constante Marco , Carrasco‐Ortiz Marco , García‐Martínez Miguel , Gutiérrez‐Rodríguez Brandon , Aragón‐Parada Juvenal , Valdes‐Ibarra Christian , Munguía‐Lino Guadalupe 
Published: August 2018

AbstractMexico is a megadiverse country. Presently, 22 126 species of angiosperms have been registered within its territory and 11 001 are considered to be endemic. However, their geographical distributions are far from homogeneous. In addition, Mexico is the center of diversification of several groups. Our analysis focused on such groups. The aims were to identify areas of species richness and endemism. A data matrix with 766 species and 25 579 geographical records was analyzed. It included Calochortus (Liliaceae); Bletia (Orchidaceae); Tigridieae (Iridaceae); Amaryllidaceae; Poliantheae, Echeandia (Asparagaceae); Crassulaceae; Hylocereus (Cactaceae); Solanum, Lycianthes and Physalinae (Solanaceae); Salvia section Membranaceae (Lamiaceae); and Cosmos and Dahlia (Asteraceae). Using Geographic Information Systems, we determined richness and distribution based on: (i) Mexican political divisions, (ii) biogeographical regions and provinces, (iii) a grid of 0.5 × 0.5° cells, and (iv) elevation. The areas of endemism were estimated using the endemicity analysis. The highest number of taxa and endemic plants were concentrated within the Transmexican Volcanic Belt in the Mexican Transition Zone. This mountain range has been recognized as a province on the basis of geologic, tectonic, geomorphologic, physiographic and biogeographic criteria. It is a 1000 km long volcanic arc that extends east to west through Central Mexico and is variably from 80 to 230 km wide, between 17°30′ to 20°25′N and 96°20′ to 105°20′W. Our results represent a local deviation from the global richness latitudinal gradient of angiosperm species.
New infrageneric classification of Abies in light of molecular phylogeny and high diversity in western North America
Authors: Xiang Qiao‐Ping , Wei Ran , Zhu Yan‐Mei , Harris AJ , Zhang Xian‐Chun 
Published: August 2018

AbstractAbies Mill. represents one of the most diverse lineages in Pinaceae with ca. 50 species. Recent phylogenetic studies of Abies using regions of the nuclear and plastid genomes generally support recent classifications. However, we have previously shown that in several cases sectional memberships should be revised, and more species are needed to generate a robust infrageneric classification. Therefore, we present a revision of Abies taxonomy based on phylogeny using the most comprehensive taxon sampling (52 taxa worldwide) to date and five chloroplast gene regions and one single‐copy nuclear gene (LFY). Our phylogenetic analyses, including maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian inference, yield seven well‐supported lineages that are consistent with previous studies. Our taxonomic revision integrates the phylogenies presented here as well as those from other studies. We merged sect. Pseudopicea with sect. Momi, recognized the merger of sect. Abies with sect. Piceaster, and sect. Grandis with sect. Oiamel. We recognized sect. Balsamea by excluding A. kawakamii (Hayata) T. Itô and we suspect that ancient hybridization was involved in its origin. A short morphological description is provided for each section, as well as its geographic distribution and list of accepted names of species. Five of the seven sections consist primarily of species in western North America, especially within the California Floristic Province. Phylogenetic results show that western North America is home to an exceptionally high diversity of fir lineages, which is further corroborated by the cuticle morphology and internal transcribed spacer genotypes based on the length differences.
Incidental Learning and Long‐Term Retention of New Word Meanings From Stories: The Effect of Number of Exposures
Authors: Hulme Rachael C. , Barsky Daria , Rodd Jennifer M. 
Published: August 2018

This study used a Web‐based naturalistic story‐reading paradigm to investigate the impact of number of exposures on incidental acquisition and long‐term retention of new meanings for known words by native English‐speaking adults. Participants read one of four custom written stories in which they encountered novel meanings (e.g., a safe concealed within a piece of furniture) for familiar words (foam). These meanings appeared two, four, six, or eight times in the narrative. Results showed reasonably good memory of the new meanings, assessed by cued recall of novel meanings and word forms, after only two exposures, emphasizing the importance of initial encounters. Accuracy in cued recall of novel meanings showed a linear, incremental increase with more exposures. There was no significant forgetting after 1 week, regardless of the number of exposures during training, demonstrating the efficiency with which adults acquire new word meanings incidentally through reading and retain them over time.Open PracticesThis article has been awarded an Open Data badge. All data and analysis scripts are publicly accessible via the Open Science Framework at https://osf.io/ybu6r. Learn more about the Open Practices badges from the Center for Open Science: https://osf.io/tvyxz/wiki.
Dissection of anterior cerebral artery presenting with cerebral infarction in contralateral frontal lobe
Authors: Nomura Motohiro , Tamase Akira , Mori Kentaro , Iida Yu , Kawabata Yuichi , Nakano Tatsu , Suzuki Kei‐ichiro , Mishima Takae , Hirano Ken‐ichi , Takahashi Mitsuyuki 
Published: August 2018

AbstractAlthough diagnosis of dissection in the anterior cerebral artery (ACA) has increased, cerebral infarction in frontal lobe due to contralateral ACA dissection is rare. A 52‐year‐old woman developed headache and motor weakness in the left hemibody. Magnetic resonance images demonstrated a fresh cerebral infarction in the right frontal lobe and thin right ACA. The initial diagnosis was a cerebral infarction in the right frontal lobe due to right ACA stenosis. Angiography performed nine days after onset showed dilatation and stenosis of the left ACA, and a small diameter of the right ACA. An intramural thrombus in the left ACA was demonstrated on MRI. The diagnosis was a cerebral infarction in the right frontal lobe due to dissection of the contralateral left A2 and A3 of ACA. There is a possibility that cerebral infarction in frontal lobe is induced by the contralateral ACA abnormality in a case with bihemispheric ACA.
Tuition Fees and University Enrolment: A Meta‐Regression Analysis
Authors: Havranek Tomas , Irsova Zuzana , Zeynalova Olesia 
Published: August 2018

AbstractOne of the most frequently examined relationships in education economics is the correlation between tuition fee increases and the demand for higher education. We provide a quantitative synthesis of 443 estimates of this effect reported in 43 studies. While large negative estimates dominate the literature, we show that researchers report positive and insignificant estimates less often than they should. After correcting for this publication bias, we find that the literature is consistent with the mean tuition–enrolment elasticity being close to zero. Nevertheless, we identify substantial heterogeneity among the reported effects: for example, male students and students at private universities display larger elasticities. The results are robust to controlling for model uncertainty, using both Bayesian and frequentist methods of model averaging.
Is extensive atrial fibrosis in the setting of heart failure associated with a reduced atrial fibrillation burden?
Authors: Burashnikov Alexander , Antzelevitch Charles 
Published: August 2018

AbstractAtrial fibrillation (AF) affects 10–50% of patients with chronic heart failure (HF) and is associated with poor long‐term prognosis. AF is commonly associated with atrial structural remodeling (ASR), principally characterized by atrial dilatation and fibrosis. However, the occurrence of AF in the full spectrum of ASR encountered in patients with HF is poorly defined. Experimental studies have presented evidence that extensive ASR can be accompanied with a reduced burden of AF, secondary to a prominent depression of atrial excitability. This reduction in AF burden is associated with severe atrial fibrosis rather than with dilatation. Clinical studies of patients with HF point to the possibility that advanced ASR is associated with a less frequent AF occurrence than moderate ASR. Our goal in this review is to introduce the hypothesis that AF is less likely to occur in severe versus moderate atrial ASR in the setting of HF and that it is severe atrial fibrosis‐associated depression of atrial excitability that reduces AF burden.
Labor market segmentation and occupational mobility in Algeria: Repeated cross‐sectional and longitudinal analyses (2007 to 2012)
Authors: Adair Philippe , Bellache Youghourta 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe paper identifies the determinants and the patterns of occupational mobility across the formal/informal employment divide as well as within the informal sector. Cross‐sectional analyses are applied to two samples (1,252 and 2,026 individuals) from two representative household surveys conducted in 2007 and 2012 in Bejaia, an east‐central region of Algeria. In the first place, using a Mincer earnings function shows there is a substantial wage gap regarding the formal/informal wage employment divide. However, human capital theory applies to formal employees rather than to informal ones. Hence, labor market segmentation is not reducible to earnings functions. In the second place, a multinomial logit model captures the determinants of occupational mobility, which depend on the characteristics of individuals: age, gender, marital status, and human capital. Finally, the paper explores from a longitudinal perspective a cohort of 445 individuals both surveyed in 2007 and 2012. The aforementioned determinants explain the patterns of occupational mobility of active individuals who experience a change that improves or deteriorates their job position, while shifting in both directions across the formal and the informal sector and within the informal sector.