bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Blackburn Goes Pop
Authors: Saumarez Smith Otto 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter illustrates how modernist ideas related to local concerns and aspirations, through a representative case study of the building of a new central-area shopping centre in the Lancashire city of Blackburn. The first section introduces the scheme and its architect-planners, Building Design Partnership. The second section discusses aspects of Blackburn’s political culture that were influential in such a drastic approach being taken, stressing especially the background of deindustrialization. And the third section argues for the importance of local shopkeepers in how schemes panned out in local contexts, contrasting different conceptions of civic pride that were perceivable in Blackburn at this date. Blackburn’s city-centre development is then compared with similar schemes in Salisbury and Leicester, where local contexts led to different outcomes.
The Erotics of Doubt
Authors: Hyman Wendy Beth 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
“The Erotics of Doubt” contends that the carpe diem trope whose classical form was an expression of pragmatic Epicureanism became, during the religious upheaval of the Reformation, an unlikely but effective vehicle for articulating religious doubt. For a diverse group of early modern poets, an encounter with ancient theories of essence and substance enabled the articulation of a skeptical hypothesis almost impossible to imagine in any other cultural venue. The unassuming carpe diem trope, that is, parlays classical physics’ materialist paradigm into a robust discourse founded entirely upon the presumption of mortality. The chapter shows that the erotic invitation’s discursive environment—its pitting of assaultive rhetorician against naïve virgin—is inherently confrontational. It reveals, through readings of Herrick, Marlowe, Ralegh, and others, that the dynamic structure that propels a lusty speaker towards consummation is latent with rhetorical and dramatic potentiality. To explore these issues, the chapter turns to Shakespeare’s Measure for Measure, whose central crisis is generated by a series of unwelcome invitations made to the play’s singular virgin, pressed to surrender her chastity in order to spare her condemned brother from execution. The cloud of unredeemed death that hangs over the play forces a “measurement” of that chastity as weighed against the evocative materialist nightmare it fails to redeem.
Afterword
Authors: Hyman Wendy Beth 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The afterword, “Learning to Imagine What We Know” attempts to articulate a material poetics, rather than a metaphysics, of the mind in extremis, at the places where life, time, representation, and knowledge can go no further. Deleuze, in “The Simulacrum and Ancient Philosophy,” contends that “the atom is that which must be thought, and that which can only be thought.” Angus Fletcher, in the chapter “Marlowe Invents the Deadline,” makes a stunningly similar claim: “Time, finally, can only be thought.”Impossible Desire recognizes the elusive hymen, too, as a conceptual morsel that fuses sexual and epistemological conquest. It demarcates, and arouses a desire to transcend, the limit point of human knowledge. But this erotically charged search for knowledge occurs, for the carpe diem poet, in the absence of teleology. He recognizes no promise of full revelation, and only a perpetually receding horizon of further things unknown. Despite this, he uses poetry to create unlikely but capacious domains for the unthinkable, an aspiration identified as an act of world-making. As George Steiner puts it, “deep inside every ‘art-act’ lies the dream of an absolute leap out of nothingness, of the invention of an enunciatory shape so new, so singular to its begetter, that it would, literally, leave the previous world behind.” The conclusion of Impossible Desire locates this ontological leap in carpe diem poetry’s attempt to expand the increments of existence within the interstices of poetry, ultimately the only mortal place wherein one can make “this one short Point of Time/… fill up half the Orb of Round Eternity.”
What Causes Populism?
Authors: Pappas Takis S. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Chapter 3 is largely about the essentials of populism—its nuts and bolts, so to speak, that are absolutely necessary to facilitate its emergence—including notions of the people, political leadership, and symbolic discourse. The chapter introduces a fine distinction of three different subtypes of “the people,” each with their own characteristics and political mindset, going beyond easy generalizations about alleged uniformity. A comparative analysis of populist leaders follows, which, based on an original reconceptualization of political charisma, demonstrates a surprisingly high correlation between extraordinary leadership and populist success. Ordinary people and extraordinary populist leaders forge their relationship through specific narratives that are based largely on individual fears and deeply held social resentment. The last section in the chapter models the causality of populism, which is also presented as a concise diagram.
How and Where Does Populism Thrive?
Authors: Pappas Takis S. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Chapter 4 answers the question: How, and where, does populism rise to power? through an empirical examination of the concepts and theories established in earlier chapters It begins with an elaborate analysis of the most important cases of populist emergence in postwar Europe and Latin America (including, in order of historical appearance, Argentina, Greece, Peru, Italy, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Hungary) and continues, in counterfactual fashion, with two nation cases, Brazil and Spain, in which populism could have grown strong, but did not. This is followed by an analysis of modern U.S. populism in a comparative perspective. American populism, in particular, offers several insights, especially into the role of extraordinary radical leadership and the complexities of dealing with the “people” as an ostensibly homogeneous social unit in an otherwise heterogeneous society.
How Does Populism Endanger Democracy?
Authors: Pappas Takis S. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Chapter 7 examines populist legacies and asks: How does populism endanger democracy? The first part addresses a set of questions about the lessons that can be learnt from our comparative study of populism. What has happened to the countries that experienced populist rule? Which are the particular paths each of them has followed after populist rule? And, do we find any evidence to support the claim that so often makes the rounds in academic and public debate that populism may serve as a “corrective” to democracy? The second part concerns questions on the future of liberal democracy in the face of growing populism. Can liberal democracy survive the populist surge? How?
An Overview of Good Governance
Authors: Addink Henk 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Good governance is needed because of legislative gaps, prevention of corruption, maladministration, and mismanagement, and fragmentation of administrative law norms. The concept of good governance has been developed in addition to aspects which can already be found in the rule of law and democracy concepts but are also related to the institutional framework of the government. The term ‘government’ is used for all the powers in the state; the administration is only one of these powers. These powers must fulfil certain norms, principles which sometimes are unwritten and developed by the judiciary or the ombudsman but more and more codified in the frame of the general (administrative) legislation. All the institutions of the government are involved in the development of these principles of good governance. There is not only a separation between the powers of the state, but more and more there are interactions between these powers in the development of principles of good governance and, hence, there is a balance between these principles. Therefore, there are different producers and sources of good governance.
The Rule of Law and Good Governance
Authors: Addink Henk 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The concept of the rule of law has different—common law and continental—historical roots and traditional perspectives. The common law tradition is more focused on limiting the powers of the state, whereas the continental tradition focuses on not just to limit but also to empower the government. But both systems have a focus on the rule of law. The rule of law in the classical liberal tradition is based on four elements: legality, division and balance of powers, independent judicial control, and protection of fundamental rights. The differences between rule of law and rechtsstaat are: different concepts of the state, mixed legal systems and different approaches of a constitution, and different perspectives on human rights. There are two levels of development: a model in which law is a way of structuring and restricting the power of the state, the second level is more subjective and has important individual positions. The concept of good governance related to these developments makes clear the need to broaden the concept of the rule of law.
The Principle of Properness
Authors: Addink Henk 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
In general, the (sub)principles of properness have (in most countries) the longest history of the six principles of good governance. These principles were developed because the traditional formal approaches to legality were too narrow for adequate control of the government. These principles were often developed by the judiciary as unwritten principles, as well as by the ombudsman or as policy principles in policy papers. Several of these principles have been codified in the laws of different countries. In many countries, the process of codification of unwritten norms is at a different stage, but the foundations of these principles are often comparable. Different courts developed a rather sophisticated way of protecting the rights of individuals: sometimes by developing unwritten principles or by having a more extensive interpretation of the law. The lines of development of the principles of properness were illegality, irrationality, and then impropriety. The following step was the specification of (sub)principles, such as equality, legal certainty, carefulness, and motivation. Each of these categories was specified by means of a principles-based approach and a rights-based review. This development sometimes went faster under the influence of international human rights treaties. However, the innovation of judicial review went through by formal and material principles. In the principles of properness, we distinguish the following elements: formal carefulness (hearing as part of natural justice), abuse of power (abuse of discretion), rationality (substantial carefulness), proportionality, legal certainty, legitimate expectations, and equality and reasoning.
The Principle of Effectiveness
Authors: Addink Henk 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The (sub)principles of effectiveness is rather new for many lawyers. This novelty is partly because these principles are related not only to law from a more classical perspective but also to academic fields like social sciences and economics. Modern textbooks on administrative law are sometimes split into two parts: one part on administration and law and another part on law and administration. The first part is, from an administrative law perspective, the most innovative. It is mainly focused on policy, constitutional, and organizing aspects of the administration. The approach is contextual, and it draws on different disciplines. It deals with administrative developments, centralized and decentralized administration, the different types of administration, the management aspects of administration, the development of agencies, the different methods of internal and external coordination, and the position of the key players in the field of the administration. The second part concerns the analysis of the principles of judicial review as they have been developed by the courts, the ombudsman, and other controlling institutions. These principles are applied to control and structure the administration. It also takes full account of the legislative and political initiatives that are relevant for the development of administrative law, including the role played by the different powers in the state. In this chapter, we integrate these two parts of ‘administration and law’ and their corresponding approaches. This reflects the interdisciplinary nature of the development of the principles in general and more specifically in the (sub)principles of effectiveness. These principles can also be applied mutatis mutandis in other contexts that restrict the perspective of the administration in a narrow sense, like the administrative court and the fourth power institutions.
The Principle of Human Rights
Authors: Addink Henk 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The term ‘human rights’ has different meanings and is used in many academic subjects. It is used by lawyers and politicians, by philosophers and theologians, and, more generally, by the public. The term is used to denote a broad spectrum of very diverse rights, ranging from the right to life to the right to a cultural identity. They involve all elementary preconditions for an existence worthy of human dignity. These rights are ordered and specified in different ways. Often a distinction is made between civil and political rights on the one hand and economic, social, and cultural rights on the other. Some also add collective rights as a third group. The first group is related to restricting the powers of the state in respect of the individual. The second group often requires governments to intervene actively to create good conditions for human development, such as employment, education, and healthcare. When we speak about the right to good governance we must distinguish between the right as such and the underlying norms which are part of the principles of good governance: properness, transparency, participation, effectiveness, and accountability. This means that the underlying norms of the right to good governance are also related to these five principles. The inclusion of human rights as one of these principles here is to make it more explicit that this is not only a subjective right for the citizens but also an obligation for the government. The right and the obligation are two sides of the same coin.
Implementation of the Principles of Good Governance on the National Level
Authors: Addink Henk 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
In ‘Good governance in the EU member states’ we investigated the interpretations and implementation of good governance and its principles in the EU member states, taking into account the different functions of government bodies. Good governance implementation is of growing importance on a national level in the fulfilment of public tasks by the public authorities, but also in relation to private institutions, when fulfilling tasks that are in the public interest. The common interest is related to a society’s underlying public values and it is directly linked to the concept of good governance. Good governance has a dual nature: the factual and the ideal. The factual dimension is represented by the realisation of good governance as an administrative fact and the ideal dimension in the element of conceptual (moral) correctness. Once conceptual correctness is acknowledged as a necessary element, the picture fundamentally changes: a non-positivist concept of good governance evolves. Good governance promotes cultural, economic, and social dynamics coherently within a society and in concrete situations. Good governance is the backbone of any modern European state. Also, some studies about good governance in states outside the European Union. Of course, there are important differences between and within continents; nevertheless, we can take a similar approach to other states in Africa, America and Australia. One of the new elements is also the attention to the issue of integrity in relation to the concept of good governance. We will present more clearly the concept of good governance in its concrete sense inside and outside Europe. We found good governance norms specified in legislation, policy documents, and decisions of courts and other controlling institutions like the ombudsmen and the courts of audit. A special point of attention is the link—in both theory and practice—between good governance and integrity.
Implementation of the Principles of Good Governance on the National Level outside the EU
Authors: Addink Henk 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
In this chapter, the focus is on the implementation of good governance norms in three countries outside Europe: Australia, Canada, and South Africa. Relating to the implementation of the good governance principles in Australia, we start with the historical background and good governance approaches in the country. There is a classical rule of law and separation of powers but also new administrative law reforms and including the position of the fourth power. Important is the role of the Ombudsman and the relation between good governance and human rights. Especially the principles of participation, transparency and accountability have been worked out. The idea of integrity goes beyond matters of simple ‘legality’. Important is the influx of integrity commissions, ombudsmen and means of judicial and merit review. Although Canada does not have specific legislation that explicitly outlines good governance principles, it is clear that Canada has put them into practice. The Constitution guarantees Canadian citizens ‘peace, order, and good government’. The rule of law provides that every person must abide by the law and Section 15 guarantees equality rights to Canadian citizens. The judiciary is also a source for good governance. Finally, administrative officials are held accountable by judicial review, section 24 of the Charter, and with the ombudsmen. Nevertheless, there is still room for improvement. South Africa has extensively integrated good governance principles into its legal system, but faces the same problems that other developing countries in Africa have. Thus, although South Africa has a sound legal foundation for good governance, lessons can still be learned on how to translate these legal norms into practical application.
Implementation of the Good Governance Principles on the International Level
Authors: Addink Henk 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
By the end of the twentieth century, the concept of good governance was applied in specific policy fields like international environmental law and in the more general frame of policy by the international organizations. The good governance perspective has also been developed in the context of globalizing administrative law. At present, the implementation of good governance has a much broader meaning than it did twenty years ago. The concept is clearly in development and transition. Elements such as propriety, transparency, participation, accountability, accountability and human rights have been added to the concept. All these elements have been incorporated into several documents over the course of time. Within the framework of the Council of Europe, the ECtHR develops its own interpretation of the principle of good governance in the review of government action. We see that the principles of international law and more specifically the principle of effectiveness and the principle of legitimate expectation have been applied by the WTO Dispute Settlement Body. At the grassroots of international law, good governance has been accepted as a principle of law, in national legal systems, and from there in regional and international institutions. So, it functions as a norm for the administration and the court uses elements of the principle in its review. The concept is applied as such and in the different policy fields. In describing the conditions for principles of international law we conclude that the good governance principle is a principle of international law.
Philosophical Papers
Authors: Humphreys Paul 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Paul Humphreys pioneered philosophical investigations into the methodological revolution begun by computer simulations. He has also made important contributions to the contemporary literature on emergence by developing the fusion account of diachronic emergence and its generalization, transformational emergence. He is the discoverer of what has come to be called “Humphreys” Paradox in probability theory and has also made influential contributions to the literature on probabilistic causality and scientific explanation. This collection contains fourteen of his previously published papers on topics ranging from numerical experiments to the status of scientific metaphysics. There is also and a previously unpublished paper on social dynamics. The volume is divided into four parts on, respectively, computational science, emergence, probability, and general philosophy of science. The first part contains the seminal 1990 paper on computer simulations, with three other papers arguing that these new methods cannot be accounted for by traditional methodological approaches. The second part contains the original presentation of fusion emergence and three companion papers arguing for diachronic approaches to the topic, rather than the then dominant synchronic accounts. The third part starts with the paper that introduced the probabilistic paradox followed by a later evaluation of attempts to solve it. A third paper argues, contra Quine, that probability theory is a purely mathematical theory. The final part includes papers on causation, explanation, metaphysics, and an agent-based model that shows how endogenous uncertainty undermines utility maximization. Each of the four parts is followed by a comprehensive postscript with retrospective assessments.
Computer Simulations
Authors: Humphreys Paul 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The need to solve analytically intractable models has led to the rise of a new kind of science, computational science, of which computer simulations are a special case. It is noted that the development of novel mathematical techniques often drives scientific progress and that even relatively simple models require numerical treatments. A working definition of a computer simulation is given and the relation of simulations to numerical methods is explored. Examples where computational methods are unavoidable are provided. Some epistemological consequences for philosophy of science are suggested and the need to take into account what is possible in practice is emphasized.
Probability and Propensities
Authors: Humphreys Paul 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Retrospective reflections are provided on the papers “Why Propensities Cannot Be Probabilities,” “Some Considerations on Conditional Chances,” and “Probability Theory and Its Models” by Paul Humphreys. A discussion of whether probability theory is a mathematical or an empirical theory is provided and the point made that mathematical theories are not revised but replaced when used as models of empirical phenomena. Probability theory qua formal theory has a mathematical interpretation but any empirical interpretation, contra Quine, is completely detachable. A replacement for Quine’s web metaphor is suggested. The author assesses Donald Gillies’ response to Humphreys’ Paradox, and reasons not to abandon the single case propensity interpretation of probabilities are given. Responses to the paradox by Mauricio Suárez, Isabelle Drouet, Leslie Ballentine, and David Miller are discussed, and an argument given that the temporal evolution approach is primary for absolute propensities.