bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental rewilding enhances grassland functional composition and pollinator habitat use
Authors: Garrido Pablo , Mårell Anders , Öckinger Erik , Skarin Anna , Jansson Anna , Thulin Carl‐Gustaf 
Published: January 2019

Abstract

Semi‐natural grasslands are rich in biodiversity and thus important habitats for conservation, yet they are experiencing rapid declines due to agricultural intensification and abandonment. Promoting a more diverse mammalian herbivore community, including large and megaherbivores, may result in positive cascade effects for biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Therefore, reintroducing an ecologically functional substitute of an extinct large herbivore could mitigate current biodiversity declines and foster semi‐natural grassland conservation.

To test this hypothesis, we set up a 3‐year rewilding experiment where 12 feral horses were introduced in three 10‐hectare enclosure replicates (four horses per enclosure). We used community‐weighted mean plant functional traits to elucidate plant community changes induced by grazing through time. We also investigated the effects of this experimental treatment on insect pollinated plants and on pollinator habitat use.

The grassland community exerted a mixed tolerance/avoidance response to grazing. This resulted in plant functional compositional changes which favoured prostrate plant species with higher specific leaf area, characteristic of ruderal communities.

Plant species richness was higher in grazed compared to ungrazed areas. Butterfly and bumblebee habitat use, as well as feeding and resting activities were also higher in grazed areas. Moreover, the number of pollinators increased with plant species richness.

Synthesis and applications. This study demonstrates that, to enhance the diversity of a given herbivore community with ecological replacements of extinct wild horses can have significant effects on the functional composition of grasslands. It can also mitigate plant species declines, in particular bee‐dependent plants, and boost pollinator habitat use. Novel management alternatives are urgently needed to reverse the negative effect of land abandonment in European agricultural landscapes. Thus, rewilding interventions with large mammalian herbivores may offset current biodiversity declines by maintaining important functional links between plants and pollinators in grassland ecosystems.
Tackling Fraudsters with Global Strategies to Expose Fraud in the Food Chain
Authors: Esteki M. , Regueiro J. , Simal‐Gándara J. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractDeliberate adulteration of food products is as old as food processing and production systems. Food adulteration is occurring increasingly often today. With globalization and complex distribution systems, adulteration may have a far‐reaching impact and even adverse consequences on well‐being. The means of the international community to confront and solve food fraud today are scattered and largely ineffective. A collective approach is needed to identify all stakeholders in the food supply chain, certify and qualify them, exclude those failing to meet applicable standards, and track food in a real time. This review provides some background into the drivers of fraudulent practices (economically motivated adulteration, food‐industry perspectives, and consumers’ perceptions of fraud) and discusses a wide range of the currently available technologies for detecting food adulteration followed by multivariate pattern recognition tools. Food chain integrity policies are discussed. Future directions in research, concerned not only with food adulterers but also with food safety and climate change, may be useful for researchers in developing interdisciplinary approaches to contemporary problems.
Prioritizing Stream Barrier Removal to Maximize Connected Aquatic Habitat and Minimize Water Scarcity
Authors: Kraft Maggi , Rosenberg David E. , Null Sarah E. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractInstream barriers, such as dams, culverts, and diversions, alter hydrologic processes and aquatic habitat. Removing uneconomical and aging instream barriers is increasingly used for river restoration. Historically, selection of barrier removal projects used score‐and‐rank techniques, ignoring cumulative change and the spatial structure of stream networks. Likewise, most water supply models prioritize either human water uses or aquatic habitat, failing to incorporate both human and environmental water use benefits. Here, a dual‐objective optimization model identifies barriers to remove that maximize connected aquatic habitat and minimize water scarcity. Aquatic habitat is measured using monthly average streamflow, temperature, channel gradient, and geomorphic condition as indicators of aquatic habitat suitability. Water scarcity costs are minimized using economic penalty functions while a budget constraint specifies the money available to remove barriers. We demonstrate the approach using a case study in Utah's Weber Basin to prioritize removal of instream barriers for Bonneville cutthroat trout, while maintaining human water uses. Removing 54 instream barriers reconnects about 160 km of quality‐weighted habitat and costs approximately US$10 M. After this point, the cost‐effectiveness of removing barriers to connect river habitat decreases. The modeling approach expands barrier removal optimization methods by explicitly including both economic and environmental water uses.
Teriparatide (recombinant human parathyroid hormone [1‐34]) increases foot bone remodeling in diabetic chronic Charcot neuroarthropathy: a randomized double‐blind placebo‐controlled study
Authors: Rastogi Ashu , Hajela Abhishek , Prakash Mahesh , Khandelwal Niranjan , Kumar Rajender , Bhattacharya Anish , Mittal Bhagwant R. , Bhansali Anil , Armstrong David G. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractBackgroundCurrently, there is no consensus regarding the medical treatment of chronic Charcot neuroarthropathy (CN) of foot, except for effective off‐loading. Because tarsal bones are predominantly trabecular, teriparatide may improve the macroarchitecture of foot bones in chronic CN.MethodsPeople with diabetes and chronic CN were randomized to receive either 20 μg teriparatide or placebo subcutaneous daily for 12 months. Thirty‐eight patients were screened and data were analyzed for 20. The maximum standardized uptake (SUVmax) value of 18F‐FDG PET/CT the region of interest, bone turnover markers and foot bone mineral density BMD were determined. The primary outcome measure was change in SUVmax g/ml.ResultsMid‐foot was the most common region involved. After 12 months, SUVmax increased from 30.6 ± 14.7 to 37.7 ± 18.0 (P = 0.044) in the teriparatide group, but decreased from 27.6 ± 12.2 to 22.9 ± 10.4 with placebo (P = 0.148). The estimated treatment difference (ETD) was 11.9 ± 4.3 (95% CI 2.9, 20.8; P = 0.012). Similarly, P1NP increased with teriparatide (19.8 ± 5.5; P = 0.006) but decreased with placebo (−5.1 ± 3.8 ng/mL; P = 0.219); ETD was 24.8 ± 6.6 (95% CI 10.8, 38.8; P < 0.001) and CTX increased in both the teriparatide and placebo groups. Foot BMD increased by 0.06 ± 0.04 g/cm2 (P = 0.192) with teriparatide, but decreased by −0.06 ± 0.08 g/cm2 with placebo (P = 0.488; intergroup comparison, P = 0.096).ConclusionTeriparatide increases foot bone remodeling by an osteoanabolic action in people with CN.
Activation of AMPK alleviates cardiopulmonary bypass‐induced cardiac injury via ameliorating acute cardiac glucose metabolic disorder
Authors: Wang Zhifa , Cao Yukun , Yin Qiang , Han Yuehu , Wang Yunya , Sun Guocheng , Zhu Hailong , Xu Ming , Gu Chunhu 
Published: January 2019

SummaryRecent years, studies have demonstrated that hyperglycemia is one of the main manifestations after cardiac surgeries, which contributes to myocardial injuries and increases the chance of subsequent complications and mortality in such patients. However, strategies targeting at glucose metabolic disorder after cardiac surgeries to attenuate myocardial injuries are inadequately studied. In this study, a rat model of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) was applied to investigate the role of Adenosine 5'‐monophosphate‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) in modulating myocardial glucose metabolic‐induced cardiac injuries after cardiac surgery. The results revealed that CPB elicited significant cardiac dysfunction, and pronouncedly elevated the markers of myocardial injuries including serum creatine kinase MB and cardiac troponin I. Additionally, blunted myocardial glucose uptake after CPB was associated with decreased membrane glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) content. However, pretreatment of AMPK agonist 5‐aminoimidazole‐4‐carboxamide1‐β‐D‐ribofuranoside (AICAR) at the beginning of CPB activated AMPK, enhanced phosphorylation of Akt substrate 160 (AS160), and increased myocardial membrane content of GLUT4. Meanwhile, improved myocardial glucose uptake and more importantly alleviated cardiac injury were also observed after CPB pretreated with AICAR. Moreover, the application of a mutant form of AS160 (AS160‐4P) abolished the beneficial effect of AICAR, as evidenced by impaired cardiac glucose uptake, reduced myocardial membrane GLUT‐4 translocation, increased cardiac injury markers, and deterioration of cardiac function after CPB. In conclusion, it was suggested in this study that preactivation of AMPK by AICAR improved myocardial glucose uptake by promoting AS160 dependent myocardial membrane GLUT‐4 translocation, which ultimately provided a potent cardioprotective effect.
ariaDNE: A robustly implemented algorithm for Dirichlet energy of the normal
Authors: Shan Shan , Kovalsky Shahar Z. , Winchester Julie M. , Boyer Doug M. , Daubechies Ingrid 
Published: January 2019

Abstract

Shape characterizers are metrics that quantify aspects of the overall geometry of a three‐dimensional (3D) digital surface. When computed for biological objects, the values of a shape characterizer are largely independent of homology interpretations and often contain a strong ecological and functional signal. Thus, shape characterizers are useful for understanding evolutionary processes. Dirichlet normal energy (DNE) is a widely used shape characterizer in morphological studies.

Recent studies found that DNE is sensitive to various procedures for preparing 3D mesh from raw scan data, raising concerns regarding comparability and objectivity when utilizing DNE in morphological research. We provide a robustly implemented algorithm for computing the Dirichlet energy of the normal (ariaDNE) on 3D meshes.

We show through simulation that the effects of preparation‐related mesh surface attributes, such as triangle count, mesh representation, noise, smoothing and boundary triangles, are much more limited on ariaDNE than DNE. Furthermore, ariaDNE retains the potential of DNE for biological studies, illustrated by its effectiveness in differentiating species by dietary preferences.

Use of ariaDNE can dramatically enhance the assessment of the ecological aspects of morphological variation by its stability under different 3D model acquisition methods and preparation procedure. Towards this goal, we provide scripts for computing ariaDNE and ariaDNE values for specimens used in previously published DNE analyses.
Agreement between faculty member assessments and student self‐assessments in a preclinical endodontic programme
Authors: AlRahabi Mothanna K. , AlKady Ayman M. , Ghabbani Hani M. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThis study aimed to evaluate the agreement between faculty member assessments and student self‐assessments regarding the latter's performance in a preclinical endodontic course. The data were collected from 30 undergraduate dental students enrolled in a preclinical endodontic course at Taibah University in Saudi Arabia during 2017–2018 academic year. One course coordinator calibrated the grading method and distributed it to all staff and students. Students were asked to appraise their own performance of a root canal treatment for a tooth with a single canal. After the student self‐assessments, two staff members also graded student performance using the same grading scale. The assessment agreement was compared between student and faculty evaluations using a Wilcoxon signed‐rank test with a 0.05 significance level. There was a significant difference (P < 0.05) between student and staff member assessment scores. Student scores were lower and had a weak reliability compared to those of staff members.
The established electrocardiographic classification of anterior wall myocardial infarction misguides clinicians in terms of infarct location, extent and prognosis
Authors: Bozbeyoğlu Emrah , Aslanger Emre , Yıldırımtürk Özlem , Şimşek Barış , Hünük Burak , Karabay Can Yücel , Kozan Ömer , Değertekin Muzaffer 
Published: January 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe currently used scheme for the classification of infarct location and extent in anterior myocardial infarction (MI) is intuitive rather than being evidence‐based, and recent evidence suggests that it may be misleading both in anatomic and prognostic sense.Material and MethodsConsecutive patients with the diagnosis of anterior MI were enrolled. All electrocardiograms (ECG) were first classified according to established scheme and then reassessed using newer criteria for angiographic site of occlusion. The site of left anterior descending (LAD) occlusion was determined using multiple angiographic views. Clinic, echocardiographic and angiographic outcomes were compared.ResultsA total of 379 anterior MI cases were enrolled, final study population consisted of 267 patients. The established scheme did not predict infarct size or adverse outcomes. Location of the myocardium subtended by the occluded coronary network did not match with the anatomic location as ECG classification implies. Many high‐risk patients with proximal LAD were classified as “anteroseptal”, whereas the majority of the patients labeled as “extensive anterior MI” had in fact distal occlusions. On the other hand, expert interpretation was fairly accurate in predicting adverse outcomes and the site of angiographic involvement.ConclusionClassifying patients according to the established scheme neither gives prognostic information nor accurately localizes infarction. It should be regarded as obsolete and its use should be abandoned. Instead, the extent of infarction can be inferred from newer criteria provided by the angiographic correlation studies.
Optimising infliximab induction dosing for patients with ulcerative colitis
Authors: Dreesen Erwin , Faelens Ruben , Van Assche Gert , Ferrante Marc , Vermeire Séverine , Gils Ann , Bouillon Thomas 
Published: January 2019

AimsThe therapeutic failure of infliximab therapy in patients with ulcerative colitis remains a challenge even 2 decades after its approval. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) has shown value during maintenance therapy, but induction therapy has still not been explored. Patients may be primary nonresponders or underexposed with the standard dosing regimen. We aimed to: (i) develop a population pharmacokinetic‐pharmacodynamic model; (ii) identify the best exposure metric that predicts mucosal healing; and (iii) build an exposure–response (ER) model to demonstrate model‐based dose finding during induction therapy with infliximab.MethodsData were retrospectively collected from a clinical database. A total of 583 samples, from 204 patients, was used to develop a population pharmacokinetic model to generate exposure metrics for subsequent ER modelling. A subset of 159 patients was used to develop a logistic regression ER model, describing the relationship between infliximab exposure and ordered transitions between Mayo endoscopic subscore (MES) 3, 2 and ≤1 (baseline to post‐induction).ResultsA 1‐compartment population pharmacokinetic model with interindividual and interoccasion variability was found to fit the data best. Covariates influencing exposure were C‐reactive protein, albumin, baseline MES, fat‐free mass, concomitant corticosteroid use and pancolitis. The cumulative area under the infliximab concentration–time curve until endoscopy (CAUCendoscopy) was found to be the best exposure metric for predicting mucosal healing (baseline MES >1 and post‐induction MES ≤1). The model predicted that 70% of patients will attain mucosal healing with infliximab administered at days 0, 14 and 42 and a target CAUCendoscopy of 3752 mg/L*day at day 84.ConclusionsTDM‐based dose individualisation targeting CAUCendoscopy has the potential to improve the effectiveness of infliximab during induction therapy.
Individual differences in college‐age learners: The importance of relational reasoning for learning and assessment in higher education
Authors: Alexander Patricia A. 
Published: January 2019

BackgroundThe term individual differences refers to the physical, behavioral, cognitive, social, and emotional attributes that make each human unique. Late adolescence to young adulthood represents a time of significant neurobiological and cognitive transformations that contribute further to human variability. Those transformations include an increase in the white matter of the brain accompanied by an increased capacity for higher‐order thinking, reasoning, decision‐making, and selfcontrol. These capacities fall under the category of executive functions.AimThe purpose of this article is to overview one particular executive function, relational reasoning; to consider its significance to college students’ learning and performance; and to argue for its inclusion in assessment programs within higher education.Research summaryRelational reasoning can be defined as the ability to discern meaningful patterns within any informational stream. Through an orchestrated program of research, four forms of relational reasoning have been identified that reflect perceived similarities (analogical), discrepancies (anomalous), contradictions (antinomous), and contrasts (antithetical). These four forms have been documented in studies of doctors diagnosing cases, science and mathematics teachers providing instruction, and engineering students designing new products. These manifestations have also formed the structure of formal measures of relational reasoning that have been shown to be psychometrically sound indicators of this executive function.Conclusions and implicationsThis article closes with an argument for the inclusion of relational reasoning in performance assessments designed for higher education. Consistent with views of competence as a continuum, it is argued that this inclusion should encompass the measurement of relational reasoning both as an underlying general competence and as a component of domain‐specific performance.
Treating Alzheimer's disease by targeting iron
Authors: Nikseresht Sara , Bush Ashley I. , Ayton Scott 
Published: January 2019

No disease modifying drugs have been approved for Alzheimer's disease despite recent major investments by industry and governments throughout the world. The burden of Alzheimer's disease is becoming increasingly unsustainable, and given the last decade of clinical trial failures, a renewed understanding of the disease mechanism is called for, and trialling of new therapeutic approaches to slow disease progression is warranted. Here, we review the evidence and rational for targeting brain iron in Alzheimer's disease. Although iron elevation in Alzheimer's disease was reported in the 1950s, renewed interest has been stimulated by the advancement of fluid and imaging biomarkers of brain iron that predict disease progression, and the recent discovery of the iron‐dependent cell death pathway termed ferroptosis. We review these emerging clinical and biochemical findings and propose how this pathway may be targeted therapeutically to slow Alzheimer's disease progression.Linked ArticlesThis article is part of a themed section on Therapeutics for Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease: New Directions for Precision Medicine. To view the other articles in this section visithttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.18/issuetoc
ZNF671 DNA methylation as a molecular predictor for the early recurrence of serous ovarian cancer
Authors: Mase Shoko , Shinjo Keiko , Totani Haruhito , Katsushima Keisuke , Arakawa Atsushi , Takahashi Satoru , Lai Hung‐Cheng , Lin Ru‐Inn , Chan Michael W. Y. , Sugiura‐Ogasawara Mayumi , Kondo Yutaka 
Published: January 2019

Serous ovarian cancer is the most frequent type of epithelial ovarian cancer. Despite the use of surgery and platinum‐based chemotherapy, many patients suffer from recurrence within 6 months, termed platinum resistance. Currently, the lack of relevant molecular biomarkers for the prediction of the early recurrence of serous ovarian cancers is linked to the poor prognosis. To identify an effective biomarker for early recurrence, we analyzed the genome‐wide DNA methylation status characteristic of early recurrence after treatment. The patients in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset who showed a complete response after the first therapy were categorized into 2 groups: early recurrence serous ovarian cancer (ERS, recurrence ≤12 months, n = 51) and late recurrence serous ovarian cancer (LRS, recurrence >12 months, n = 158). Among the 12 differently methylated probes identified between the 2 groups, we found that ZNF671 was the most significantly methylated gene in the early recurrence group. A validation cohort of 78 serous ovarian cancers showed that patients with ZNF671 DNA methylation had a worse prognosis (P < .05). The multivariate analysis revealed that the methylation status of ZNF671 was an independent factor for predicting the recurrence of serous ovarian cancer patients both in the TCGA dataset and our cohort (P = .049 and P = .021, respectively). Functional analysis revealed that the depletion of ZNF671 expression conferred a more migratory and invasive phenotype to the ovarian cancer cells. Our data indicate that ZNF671 functions as a tumor suppressor in ovarian cancer and that the DNA methylation status of ZNF671 might be an effective biomarker for the recurrence of serous ovarian cancer after platinum‐based adjuvant chemotherapy.
FoxP3+CXCR5+CD4+ T cell frequencies are increased in peripheral blood of patients with primary Sjögren’s syndrome
Authors: Ivanchenko M , Aqrawi L A , Björk A , Wahren-Herlenius M , Chemin K 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
We recently explored the expression of CXCR5 on T and B cells from peripheral blood of patients with primary Sjögren’s syndrome (SS). Here we investigated the frequency of CD25+FoxP3+CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) among CXCR5+CD4+ follicular cells in the same cohort of patients. We confirm that the frequency of Tregs among follicular T cells is increased in SS patients and also provide novel data showing an increased frequency of PD-1 expressing cells among CXCR5+FoxP3+CD4+ T cells.