bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measurement of compensatory reserve predicts racial differences in tolerance to simulated hemorrhage in women
Authors: Wenner Megan M. , Hinds Kumba Adia , Howard Jeffrey T. , Nawn Corinne D. , Stachenfeld Nina S. , Convertino Victor A. 
Published: February 2018

BACKGROUND
The compensatory reserve measurement (CRM) has been established to accurately measure the body's total integrated capacity to compensate for physiologic states of reduced central blood volume and predict hemodynamic decompensation associated with inadequate tissue oxygenation. We previously demonstrated that African American (AA) women have a higher tolerance to reductions in central blood volume. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that the CRM would identify racial differences during simulated hemorrhage, before the onset of traditional signs/symptoms.

METHODS
We performed a retrospective analysis during simulated hemorrhage using lower-body negative pressure (LBNP) in 23 AA (22 ± 1 years; 24 ± 1 kg/m2) and 31 white women (WW) (20 ± 1 years; 23 ± 1 kg/m2). Beat-by-beat blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded during progressive lower body negative pressure to presyncope. The BP waveforms were analyzed using a machine-learning algorithm to derive the CRM at each lower body negative pressure stage.

RESULTS
Resting mean arterial BP (AA, 78 ± 3 mm Hg vs. WW, 74 ± 2 mm Hg) and HR (AA, 68 ± 2 bpm vs. WW, 65 ± 2 bpm) were similar between groups. The CRM progressively decreased during LBNP in both groups; however, the rate of decline in the CRM was less (p < 0.05) in AA. The CRM was 4% higher in AA at −15 mm Hg LBNP and progressively increased to 21% higher at −50 mm Hg LBNP (p < 0.05). However, changes in BP and HR were not different between groups.

CONCLUSION
These data support the notion that the greater tolerance to simulated hemorrhage induced by LBNP in AA women can be explained by their greater capacity to protect the reserve to compensate for progressive central hypovolemia compared with WW, independent of standard vital signs.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Diagnostic test, level II.
Factors associated with trauma patients' length of stay at Role 2 facilities in Afghanistan, October 2009 to September 2014
Authors: Staudt Amanda , Gurney Jennifer , Valdez-Delgado Krystal , Suresh Mithun , Trevino Jennifer , Le Tuan , Seery Jason , Shackelford Stacy , Nessen Shawn , Mann-Salinas Elizabeth 
Published: February 2018

BACKGROUND
Understanding patients' length of stay at far-forward Role 2 surgical units may help to determine support needs, stabilization requirements, predeployment training, and necessity of increased care capability before or during transport to a higher level of care. The objectives of this study were to (1) evaluate the amount of time patients spent at Role 2 and (2) determine the factors associated with trauma patients' length of stay at Role 2.

METHODS
We conducted a secondary data analysis of the Joint Trauma System Role 2 Database. Logistic regression was used to determine factors associated with extended length of stay at Role 2.

RESULTS
There were 7,912 study patients, and the overall median (interquartile range) amount of time patients spent at Role 2 was 2.5 (1.2–5.5) hours. The adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of extended stay for civilian/other forces and non–US military patients were 1.2 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.0–1.4) and 1.4 (95% CI, 1.2–1.7) times higher as compared with US military patients, respectively. The aOR of extended stay were higher for patients who received blood transfusions (aOR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.2–1.6), surgical procedures (aOR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.4–1.8), or did not use a tourniquet (aOR, 1.2; 95% CI, 1.0–1.5). As compared with those injured by an explosion, the adjusted odds of extended stay were 1.2 (95% CI, 1.0–1.4) times higher for patients injured by another mechanism. The odds of extended stay were lower (aOR, 0.3; 95% CI, 0.2–0.5) for patients who died and higher (aOR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.2–1.6) for transferred patients as compared with patients who returned to duty.

CONCLUSION
In this study, interventions, patient affiliation, discharge status, and injury mechanism were associated with length of stay at Role 2. Our study results will help inform training and current Role 2 logistic and personnel support needs.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Prognostic, level III.
Variation is the universal: making cultural evolution work in developmental psychology
Authors: Kline Michelle Ann , Shamsudheen Rubeena , Broesch Tanya 
Published: February 2018

Culture is a human universal, yet it is a source of variation in human psychology, behaviour and development. Developmental researchers are now expanding the geographical scope of research to include populations beyond relatively wealthy Western communities. However, culture and context still play a secondary role in the theoretical grounding of developmental psychology research, far too often. In this paper, we highlight four false assumptions that are common in psychology, and that detract from the quality of both standard and cross-cultural research in development. These assumptions are: (i)the universality assumption, that empirical uniformity is evidence for universality, while any variation is evidence for culturally derived variation; (ii)the Western centrality assumption, that Western populations represent a normal and/or healthy standard against which development in all societies can be compared; (iii)the deficit assumption, that population-level differences in developmental timing or outcomes are necessarily due to something lacking among non-Western populations; and (iv)the equivalency assumption, that using identical research methods will necessarily produce equivalent and externally valid data, across disparate cultural contexts. For each assumption, we draw on cultural evolutionary theory to critique and replace the assumption with a theoretically grounded approach to culture in development. We support these suggestions with positive examples drawn from research in development. Finally, we conclude with a call for researchers to take reasonable steps towards more fully incorporating culture and context into studies of development, by expanding their participant pools in strategic ways. This will lead to a more inclusive and therefore more accurate description of human development.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Bridging cultural gaps: interdisciplinary studies in human cultural evolution’.
On the absence of a correlation between population size and ‘toolkit size' in ethnographic hunter–gatherers
Authors: Aoki Kenichi 
Published: February 2018

In apparent contradiction to the theoretically predicted effect of population size on the quality/quantity of material culture, statistical analyses on ethnographic hunter–gatherers have shown an absence of correlation between population size and toolkit size. This has sparked a heated, if sometimes tangential, debate as to the usefulness of the theoretical models and as to what modes of cultural transmission humans are capable of and hunter–gatherers rely on. I review the directly relevant theoretical literature and argue that much of the confusion is caused by a mismatch between the theoretical variable and the empirical observable. I then confirm that a model incorporating the appropriate variable does predict a positive association between population size and toolkit size for random oblique, vertical, best-of-K, conformist, anticonformist, success bias and one-to-many cultural transmission, with the caveat that for all populations sampled, the population size has remained constant and toolkit size has reached the equilibrium for this population size. Finally, I suggest three theoretical scenarios, two of them involving variable population size, that would attenuate or eliminate this association and hence help to explain the empirical absence of correlation.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Bridging cultural gaps: interdisciplinary studies in human cultural evolution'.
CNBP controls c-Rel dependent IL-12β gene transcription and Th1 immunity
Authors: Chen Yongzhi , Sharma Shruti , Assis Patricia A. , Jiang Zhaozhao , Olive Andrew J. , Hang Saiyu , Bernier Jennifer , Huh Jun R. , Sassetti Christopher M. , Knipe David M. , Gazzinelli Riccardo T. , Fitzgerald Katherine A. 
Published: February 2018

SummaryAn inducible program of inflammatory gene expression is a hallmark of antimicrobial defenses. Herein, we identified Cellular nucleic acid binding protein (Cnbp) as a specific regulator of interleukin-12β gene transcription and Th1 immunity. Cnbp resides in the cytosol of macrophages and translocates to the nucleus in response to a broad range of microbial ligands. Cnbp-deficient macrophages had a selective impairment in their ability to induce IL12β gene transcription. Cnbp interacted with c-Rel, an NFκB/Rel family member that controls IL12β gene transcription. c-Rel nuclear translocation and DNA binding activity were dependent on Cnbp. Furthermore, Cnbp itself bound the IL12β promoter. Lastly, Cnbp-deficient mice were more susceptible to acute toxoplasmosis associated with reduced production of IL12β, as well as a reduced Th1 cell IFNγ response essential to control parasite replication. Collectively, these findings identify Cnbp as a key regulator of c-Rel dependent IL12β gene transcription and Th1 immunity.
Tailored perception: listeners’ strategies for perceiving speech fit their individual perceptual abilities
Authors: Jasmin Kyle , Dick Fred , Holt Lori , Tierney Adam 
Published: February 2018

AbstractIn speech, linguistic information is conveyed redundantly by many simultaneously present acoustic dimensions, such as fundamental frequency, duration and amplitude. Listeners show stable tendencies to prioritize these acoustic dimensions differently, relative to one another, which suggests individualized speech perception ‘strategies’. However, it is unclear what drives these strategies, and more importantly, what impact they have on diverse aspects of communication. Here we show that such individualized perceptual strategies can be related to individual differences in perceptual ability. In a cue weighting experiment, we first demonstrate that individuals with a severe pitch perception deficit (congenital amusics) categorize linguistic stimuli similarly to controls when their deficit is unrelated to the main distinguishing cue for that category (in this case, durational or temporal cues). In contrast, in a prosodic task where pitch-related cues are typically more informative, amusics place less importance on this pitch-related information when categorizing speech. Instead, they relied more on duration information. Crucially, these differences in perceptual weights were observed even when pitch-related differences were large enough to be perceptually distinct to amusic listeners. In a second set of experiments involving musical and prosodic phrase interpretation, we found that this reliance on duration information allowed amusics to overcome their perceptual deficits and perceive both speech and music successfully. These results suggest that successful speech - and potentially music - comprehension is achieved through multiple perceptual strategies whose underlying weights may in part reflect individuals’ perceptual abilities.
Increasing the Mobility of EEG Data Collection Using a Latte Panda Computer
Authors: Kuziek Jonathan W. P. , Redman Eden X. , Splinter Graeme D. , Mathewson Kyle E. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractBackgroundElectroencephalography (EEG) experiments often require several computers to ensure accurate stimulus presentation and data collection. However, this requirement can make it more difficult to perform such experiments in mobile settings within, or outside, the laboratoryNew MethodComputer miniaturisation and increasing processing power allow for EEG experiments to become more portable. Our goal is to show that a Latte Panda, a small Windows 10 computer, can be used to accurately collect EEG data in a similar manner to a laptop. Using a stationary bike, we also demonstrate that the Latte Panda will allow for more portable EEG experiments.ResultsSignificant and reliable MMN and P3 responses, event-related potentials (ERPs) typically associated with auditory oddball tasks, were observed and were consistent when using either the laptop or Latte Panda for EEG data collection. Similar MMN and P3 ERPs were also measured in the sitting and stationary biking conditions while using a Latte Panda for data collection.Comparison with Existing MethodData recorded by the Latte Panda computer produced comparable and equally reliable results to the laptop. As well, similar ERPs during sitting and biking would suggest that EEG experiments can be conducted in more mobile situations despite the increased noise and artefacts associated with muscle movement.ConclusionsOur results show that the Latte Panda is a low-cost, more portable alternative to a laptop computer for recording EEG data. Such a device will further allow for more portable and mobile EEG experimentation in a wider variety of environments.
Evidences of conditioned behavior in Amoeba Proteus
Authors: Fuente Ildefonso M. De la , Bringas Carlos , Malaina Iker , Fedetz María , Pérez-Samartín Alberto , López José I. , Pérez-Yarza Gorka , Boyano María Dolores 
Published: February 2018

AbstractAssociative memory is the main type of learning wherein complex organisms endowed with evolved nervous systems respond efficiently to determined environmental stimuli. This fundamental cognitive property has been evidenced in different multicellular species, from cephalopods to Humans, but never in individual cells. Here, following Pavlov’s experiments with dogs that founded the principles of classical conditioning, we have observed the development of an associative memory in Amoeba proteus, which corresponds to the emergence of a new systemic motility pattern. In our cellular version of this conditioning behavior, we have used a controlled direct current electric field as the conditioned stimulus and a specific chemotactic peptide as the non-conditioned stimulus. Our study allowed us to demonstrate that Amoeba proteus are capable of linking two independent past events, and the induced associative memory can be recorded for up to at least four hours. For the first time, it has been observed that a systemic response to a specific stimulus can be modified by learning in unicellular organisms. This finding opens up a new framework in the understanding of the mechanisms underlying the complex systemic behavior involved in the cellular migration and the adaptive capacity of cells to the external medium.
Combinatorial library of biodegradable polyesters enables delivery of plasmid DNA to polarized human RPE monolayers for retinal gene therapy
Authors: Mishra Bibhudatta , Wilson David R. , Sripathi Srinivas R. , Suprenant Mark P. , Rui Yuan , Wahlin Karl J. , Berlinicke Cindy , Green Jordan J. , Zack Donald J. 
Published: February 2018

Abstract:Efficient gene delivery into hard-to-transfect cells is still a challenge despite significant progress in the development of various gene delivery tools. Non-viral and synthetic polymeric nanoparticles offer an array of advantages for gene delivery over the viral vectors and high in demand as they are safe to use, easy to synthesize and highly cell-type specific. Here we demonstrate the use of a high-throughput screening (HTS) platform to screen for biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) that can transfect human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells with high efficiency and low toxicity. These NPs can deliver plasmid DNA (pDNA) to RPE monolayers more efficiently compared to the commercially available transfection reagents without interfering the global gene expression profile of RPE cells. In this work, we have established an HTS platform and identified synthetic polymers that can be used for high efficacy non-viral gene delivery to human RPE monolayers, enabling gene loss- and gain-of-function studies of cell signaling and developmental pathways. This platform can be used to identify the optimum polymer, weight-to-weight ratio of polymer to DNA, and the dose of NP for various retinal cell types.
“They made me an offer I couldn’t refuse!” Organizational commitment in a non-Western context
Authors: Bachkirov Alexandre Anatolievich 
Published: February 2018

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between external monetary incentives (EMI) and affective commitment (AC), normative commitment (NC), and continuance commitment (CC).

Design/methodology/approach
Data were obtained from a sample of 880 employees of different education and job levels, industries, sectors, and salary grades.

Findings
An increase in EMI value is linked to a weakening of AC. In a non-Western context, specific employee characteristics – salary grade, educational level, industry type, and employment in the private vs public sector – are associated with different levels of CC. At the same time, employees at different job levels (top managers, middle managers, supervisor, and operative-level employees) are differently predisposed toward AC and NC. Job level emerged as a moderating variable between EMI and AC.

Practical implications
Understanding of the ways in which EMI are related to organizational commitment will inform organizational decision makers about how to be more successful in retaining valuable employees.

Originality/value
The study offers a systematic exploratory examination of the relationship between commitment components (AC, NC, and CC) and the amount of salary offered by an alternative employer.
Indomie Noodles in Africa: lessons on digital and cultural branding
Authors: Uzo Uchenna , Nzegwu Louis 
Published: February 2018

Subject area
Marketing, Brand management, Social media marketing, Digital marketing.

Study level/applicability
The case can be taught in MBA courses and executive education programs.

Case overview
Dufil Prima Limited is the manufacturer of Indomie noodles and a market leader in the noodles market of Nigeria that exports products to Congo, Ivory Coast, Ghana and Benin Republic. However, the company has experienced a drop in the market share from 78 per cent in 2010 to 54 per cent in 2015. This drop is largely due to rising competition, Nigeria’s economic downturn and the inability to grow a consumer base in Northern Nigeria. Kenneth Iruonagbe, a social media executive of the company, is responsible for developing a social media and digital marketing strategy for the company to increase the market share position by 16 per cent in the next three years. Kenneth is convinced that a growth in the Northern Nigeria market share is critical for improving the market position in the entire country and facilitating the market penetration in the other four countries. A number of options are being considered to address the current problem. Because of the sharp differences in the consumption habits, cultural values and lifestyles of consumers of noodles in the northern and southern parts of Nigeria, the options may be difficult to implement. Dufil needs to engage in the delicate task of crafting a social media and digital marketing strategy that will be consistent with the values of the Indomie brand and yet prevent the risk of brand confusion and alienation on the part of consumers. The company has one month to roll out its plan.

Expected learning outcomes
Highlight how cultural branding through social media applies to consumer markets in Africa Explain the fundamentals of brand building and also introduce the concepts of integrated marketing communication, below-the-line, above-the-line, social media and digital marketing. Explain how social media and digital marketing could be used to move consumers from brand awareness to brand loyalty. Explain how to craft social media and digital marketing strategies that are relevant to countries facing an economic downturn. Highlight the lessons from internationalizing a brand across various African countries.

Supplementary materials
Teaching notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes.

Subject code
CSS: 8: Marketing.
Crowding-out (or -in) effect in transition economies: Kyrgyzstan case
Authors: Atabaev Nurlan , Ganiev Junus , Alymkulova Nargiza 
Published: February 2018

Purpose
The crowding-out and crowding-in effects have been at the core of arguments among economists regarding the influence of government spending on private investment. This study aims to examine the crowding-out (or -in) effect of public spending on private investment in the transition economy of Kyrgyzstan.

Design/methodology/approach
The empirical model is an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) and the vector autoregression approach (VAR). Monthly data from 2005 to 2013 of the private investment, government expenditures, remittances from abroad and broad money data were used in the empirical analysis.

Findings
The authors found that an increase in government purchases leads to rise in private investment. More precisely, the public spending crowds-in private investment at the speed with 2.06 months. On the other hand, despite the fact that remittances to GDP ratio has reached to almost 30 per cent, there is no any statistically significant effect between these variables. On the contrary, it was revealed that the broad money has statistically significant, affirmative effect on private investment. Furthermore, findings of the VAR model support the results of ARDL. The variance decomposition demonstrates that private investment shock accounts for 58.16 per cent in government expenditures, 11 per cent in broad money and 5 per cent in remittances.

Originality/value
The results of the study allow policymakers to demonstrate that the growth of national economy of the Kyrgyz Republic may be encouraged by expanding public investment with external source assistance such as grants and international loans. Accordingly, efficient use of those external funds is one of the suggested ways for economic development. Nevertheless, expansionary monetary and fiscal policy may be beneficial for economic growth in Kyrgyzstan.