bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Crown Growing Space on the Development of Young Hardwood Crop Trees
Authors: Miller Gary W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Crown release of individual crop trees can be used to increase the growth and competitiveness of selected trees in young hardwood stands. Forest managers need information on the response of individual trees to such thinnings to prescribe stand treatments that meet specific management objectives. Codominant northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.), chestnut oak (Quercus prinus L.), black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.), and yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) crop trees in stands 12 to 16 yr old were given a crown-touching release by cutting all adjacent trees that touched the crown of a selected crop tree. A heavier thinning, which entailed cutting all competing trees whose crowns were within 5 ft of the crown of a selected crop tree, was also applied to black cherry and yellow-poplar crop trees on one study site. Stand and individual-tree response was monitored for control and treated plots for 10 yr. Both release treatments increased periodic stand basal area growth and had a negligible effect on the proportion of high-value species among overstory trees. Individual-tree development was affected by total growing space, defined as the initial area occupied by the crop-tree crown plus the area of free growing space resulting from release. As total growing space increased, there was a positive effect on dbh, crown ratio, and crown diameter growth, and a negative effect on clear stem development. Total height growth was reduced by heavy release but not by the more moderate crown-touching release. North. J. Appl. For. 17(1):25-35.
Accuracy and Precision of 10 Year Predictions for Forest Vegetation Simulator—Lake States
Authors: Canavan Seal J. , Ramm Carl W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This study is a followup to the 5 yr validation of the Lake States TWIGS (The Woodsman's Ideal Growth Projection System) projection system by Guertin and Ramm (1996). Accuracy and precision of 10 yr diameter growth, basal area growth and mortality predicted by the Lake States variant of the Forest Vegetation Simulator (FVS) were evaluated for seven upland hardwood species in Michigan's northern Lower Peninsula. The robustness of FVS predictions was examined by varying projection cycle length and the level of detail of stand and tree-information included in growth projections.The data used in the analysis consisted of individual tree measurements from 44 stands across 10 ecological land type phases in the Manistee National Forest. FVS-Lake States was found to consistently overpredict 10 yr diameter growth across all seven species. Ten year diameter growth was predicted within ±0.5 in. across all projections for nearly all species and size-class combinations for the seven species examined. Basal area and mortality errors were less consistent. Mean errors for trees per acre ranged from -24 for red maple to +14 for white oak. These errors led to a consistent overprediction of basal area per acre for all species combined, while prediction errors for individual species were less than ±8 ft²/ac. Precision was variable, especially for mortality predictions. The most accurate predictions were obtained with longer cycle lengths and with projections using tree diameter, tree height, and crown ratio along with site index and individual tree past diameter growth. North. J. Appl. For. 17(2):62-70.
Five Years of Vegetation Succession Following Vegetation Management Treatments in a Jack Pine Ecosystem
Authors: Pitt D.G. , Morneault Andrée E. , Bunce Philip , Bell F.Wayne 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Five years of data on vegetation dynamics and succession are provided for six operational release treatments applied to three 2- to 4-yr-old jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) plantations in central Ontario. Treatments included 3 yr of annual noncrop vegetation removal, conventional aerial spray with glyphosate (1.42 kg ae/ha), ground application of glyphosate with a mist blower, basal-bark application of triclopyr, motor-manual cutting (brush saw), and no treatment. Conventional aerial spraying and annual removal resulted in the greatest jack pine crop growth, with trees exceeding 90% crown closure, 7 cm in groundline diameter, and 3 m in height (stem volume index = 5.1 dm³) after 5 growing seasons. The cover of herbaceous plants was highest (30–50%) in the aerial spray plots during the observation period. Deciduous tree, shrub, and fern species remained well represented on these plots, although total cover and height were low (≤ 35% and 1 m, respectively). Mist-blower and brush-saw plots contained mid-sized pine (3.5 dm³) with 69% crown closure. In contrast, untreated and basal-bark plots contained the smallest pine (2.3 dm3 and 31% crown closure), likely caused by heavy competition and herbicide damage, respectively. On mist-blower and basal-bark plots, good height growth was observed on untreated deciduous trees; low-shrub and fern cover remained high (46 and 30%, respectively); and herbaceous cover increased gradually to 22%. On brush-saw plots, recovery of woody cover was rapid, but height growth was relatively slow. Deciduous trees and tall shrubs dominated untreated sites (> 70% cover) by the end of the fifth growing season. Successional trends suggest that aerial spray and annual removal treatments will produce pure jack pine stands at maturity; mist blower, basal bark, and brush-saw treatments may produce mixedwood stands; and untreated plots will likely be dominated by hardwoods. North. J. Appl. For. 17(3):100–109.
Eastern White Pine (Pinus strobus) Growth Response to Partial Hardwood Overstory Release
Authors: Puettmann Klaus.J. , Saunders Mike R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We measured the response of white pine (Pinus strobus L.) saplings after partial release of a hardwood overstory on three sites in central Minnesota. Both height and diameter growth increased quickly after release compared to prerelease growth. Diameter growth response was related to prerelease diameter growth, but not to initial size of the sapling (diameter at time of release). On the other hand, height growth response was strongly influenced by the initial height of all trees, but not related to prerelease height growth in the largest saplings (initial heights > 8.76 m). Increased release intensity (i.e., difference between prerelease and postrelease overstory densities) resulted in higher diameter and height growth responses. The height/diameter ratios decreased after release, indicating that stability as well as growth increased after the release. North. J. Appl. For. 17(3):89–94.
A Local Basal Area Adjustment for Crown Width Prediction
Authors: Bragg Don C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Nonlinear crown width regression equations were developed for 24 species common to the upper Lake States of Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin. Of the species surveyed, 15 produced statistically significant (P < 0.05) local basal area effect coefficients showing a reduction in crown width with increasing stand density. No relation between shade tolerance and crown width was apparent, indicating the species-dependence of this parameter. Using adjusted R2 as a guide, nonlinear crown width models adapted for local basal area (NLCWadj) improved prediction for 20 of 24 species over a model lacking this component (NLCW). The ecological significance of the improvement shown for some species may be minor, but for others the difference was substantial (often 8%). North. J. Appl. For 18(1):22–28.
Developing and Validating Nonlinear Height–Diameter Models for Major Tree Species of Ontario's Boreal Forests
Authors: Peng Changhui , Zhang Lianjun , Liu Jinxun 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Six commonly used nonlinear growth functions were fitted to individual tree height-diameter data of nine major tree species in Ontario's boreal forests. A total of 22,571 trees was collected from new permanent sample plots across the northeast and northwest of Ontario.The available data for each species were split into two sets: the majority (90%) was used to estimate model parameters, and the remaining data (10%) were reserved to validate the models. The performance of the models was compared and evaluated by model, R2, mean difference, and mean absolute difference. The results showed that these six sigmoidal models were able to capture the height–diameter relationships and fit the data equally well, but produced different asymptote estimates. Sigmoidal models such as Chapman–Richards, Weibull, and Schnute functions provided the most satisfactory height predictions. The effect of model performance on tree volume estimation was also investigated. Tree volumes of different species were computed by Honer's volume equations using a range of diameters and the predicted tree total height from the six models. For trees with diameter less than 55 cm, the six height-diameter models produced very similar results for all species, while more differentiation among the models was observed for large-sized trees (e.g., diameters > 80 cm). North. J. Appl. For. 18:87–94.
Field Note—Changes in Species, Grade, and Structure Over 48 Years in a Managed New England Northern Hardwood Stand
Authors: Leak William B. , Sendak Paul E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Three individual-tree selection harvests over a 48 yr period in a northern hardwood stand in New Hampshire resulted in an increase in the percentage of volume in trees with grade 1 and 2 butt logs from 21% (1952) to 30% (2000) in beech and 40% (1952) to 65% (2000) in sugar maple and other hardwoods. By 2000, 90% of the volume was in tolerant species.
Health of Eastern North American Sugar Maple Forests and Factors Affecting Decline
Authors: Horsley Stephen B. , Long Robert P. , Bailey Scott W. , Hallett Richard A. , Wargo Philip M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Sugar maple (Acer saccharum) is a keystone species in the forests of the northeastern and midwestern United States and eastern Canada. Its sustained health is an important issue in both managed and unmanaged forests. While sugar maple generally is healthy throughout its range, decline disease of sugar maple has occurred sporadically during the past four decades; thus, it is important to understand the abiotic and biotic factors contributing to sugar maple health. Soil moisture deficiency or excess, highway deicing salts, and extreme weather events including late spring frosts, midwinter thaw/freeze cycles, glaze damage, and atmospheric deposition are the most important abiotic agents. Defoliating insects, sugar maple borer (Glycobius speciosus), Armillaria root disease, and injury from management activities represent important biotic factors. Studies of sugar maple declines over the past four decades reveal that nutrient deficiencies of magnesium, calcium, and potassium; insect defoliation; drought; and Armillaria were important predisposing, inciting, and contributing factors in sugar maple declines. Forestland managers can contribute to sustained health of sugar maple by choosing appropriate sites for its culture, monitoring stress events, and examining soil nutrition.
Soil Disturbance and the Potential for Erosion After Mechanical Site Preparation
Authors: Alcázar Jorge , Woodard Paul M. , Rothwell Richard L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Physical soil properties created by three mechanical site preparation treatments (ripper ploughing, disc trenching, and blading) and a control were evaluated to determine the success of these different mechanical site preparation treatments in creating plantable microsites and to estimate the potential for soil erosion created by each treatment. Three sites with fine textured soils and high water contents near Whitecourt, Alberta, Canada), were selected for study. The topography at all sites was similar and characterized by slopes 3.7 to 20% in steepness and approximately 190 to 270 m in length extending from the height of land to stream bottoms. The number of planting sites and the soil characteristics suggest ripper ploughing as the best site preparation treatment in this study, with the hinge microsite as the preferred planting spot. All three treatments significantly improved the physical conditions of the soil compared to the control, although the differences among treatments were small. Soil erosion was observed on areas where blading and ripper ploughing exposed mineral soil. Gullies, which exposed the roots of seedlings, were created by water erosion in the blading treatment area. Sediment deposition in trenches was observed on ripper ploughed areas, and at times, seedlings within this treatment area were partially buried as a result of this soil movement.
Combining Zoning Regulations and Property Tax Relief to Retain Forestland and Promote Forest Management
Authors: Wagner John E. , Davis Craig J. , Roczen Dean E. , Herrington Lee P. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Zoning and property tax relief are two mechanisms that may be used to influence the management of privately held forestlands. We use data from the Adirondack Park in northern New York to examine if tax incentives duplicate or complement zoning in (a) satisfying the goal of retaining forestland, and (b) promoting active management of privately owned forestlands. Within the Adirondack Park, the bulk of lands given forestland tax relief also have strict land use zoning. We conclude that the combination of zoning regulations with forest property tax relief is no more effective in achieving the goal of retaining forestland than the Adirondack Park zoning regulations by themselves. We also conclude that combining zoning regulations with forest property tax relief is not effective in meeting the goal of influencing active forest management on private forestlands.
Effect of Overstory and Understory Vegetation Treatments on Removal of Planted Northern Red Oak Acorns by Rodents
Authors: Sharik Terry L. , Buckley David S. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We documented patterns in the removal of planted northern red oak (Quercus rubra) acorns by rodents in red pine (Pinus resinosa) stands during a field study of oak regeneration in northern Lower Michigan. Each stand contained four overstory treatments assigned at random: clearcut, 25% cover, 50% cover, and uncut (control). Each level of canopy cover contained four randomly assigned understory treatments: shrub-layer removal, herb-layer removal, litter removal, and a control. Rodents removed acorns from 59% of the seed spots in the uncut control and 12% of the seed spots in the clearcut treatment. This five-fold difference was significant. Acorns were removed from 48% and 40% of the seed spots in the 75% and 50% canopy cover treatments, respectively. Differences in acorn removal between understory treatments were not significant. These results suggest that overstory vegetation treatments can influence the removal of planted acorns by rodents, which has implications for the use of direct seeding for artificially regenerating northern red oak.
Forest Productivity and Commercial Value of Pre-Law Reclaimed Mined Land in the Eastern United States
Authors: Rodrigue J.A. , Burger J.A. , Oderwald R.G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of mining practices used prior to the passage of the 1977 Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (SMCRA) on forest productivity and commercial value of reclaimed forest sites. Forest productivity and value of 14 mined and 8 nonmined sites throughout the eastern and midwestern coalfield regions were compared. Forest productivity of pre-SMCRA mined sites was equal to or greater than that of nonmined forests, ranging between 3.3 m3ha-1yr-1 and 12.1 m3ha-1yr-1. Management activities such as planting pine and valuable hardwood species increased the stumpage value of forests on reclaimed mine sites. Rotation-age stumpage values on mined study sites ranged between $3,064 ha-1 and $19,528 ha-1 and were commonly greater than stumpage values on nonmined reference sites. Current law requires that mined land be restored to capability levels found prior to mining. These results should provide a benchmark for reforestation success, potential forest productivity, and timber value for current reclamation activities.
Height-Diameter Equations for Thirteen Midwestern Bottomland Hardwood Species
Authors: Colbert Kenneth C. , Larsen David R. , Lootens James R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Height-diameter equations are often used to predict the mean total tree height for trees when only diameter at breast height (dbh) is measured. Measuring dbh is much easier and is subject to less measurement error than total tree height. However, predicted heights only reflect the average height for trees of a particular diameter. In this study, we present a set of height-diameter equations for 13 riparian tree species using data obtained from bottomland hardwood forests along the Mississippi, Missouri, Illinois, and Des Moines rivers. Nonlinear regression techniques were used to develop the equations. The resulting equations provide a reasonable means of predicting unknown tree heights, given dbh, for these species.
Thinning Mountain Hardwoods with a Truck-Mounted Crane
Authors: Sarles Raymond L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The truck-mounted crane (TMC) is a cable yarder that shows promise for logging thinnings on moderate to steep slopes. A commercial thinning using the TMC yarder on moderate slopes in an overstocked stand of 60-year-old cherry-maple poletimber and small sawtimber showed that a 3-man crew could harvest 51 tons (21.5 cords) of tree-length logs per 8-hour day when extracting stems averaging 10 in dbh. The cost to fell, yard, and deck stems of this size averaged $9.60 per ton ($22.73 per cord), including cost of road construction. Truck-mounted crane yarding results in minimum damage to the residual stand, thus ensuring increased value of future crop trees. The environmental impact is light, because fewer roads are required, and forest soils and stream courses are disturbed less than with conventional logging methods. North J. Appl. For. 2:87-90, Sept. 1985.
Growth and Yield of Red Pine in Central Pennsylvania
Authors: Goss Brian R. , Bowersox Todd W. , Melton Rex E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Reforestation projects of the 1930s established plantations of red pine in central Pennsylvania. When planted in soils of shale or sandstone origin with good internal drainage, these plantations would achieve 65 to 90 ft in average height at 50 years of age. Unthinned stand basal area for trees planted at 6 x 6, 8 x 8, and 10 x 10 ft ranged from 200 to 290 ft² at 42 years of age. Periodic inventories from 16 thinned and 18 unthinned plantations between 15 and 42 years of age were used to determine the importance of original spacing, site index, and thinning on growth and yield. These central Pennsylvania plantations were comparable to natural range stands in accumulated volume and response to thinning, when age and site index were taken into account.
North. J. Appl. For. 2:111-113, Dec. 1985.
Performance of a Tree Survival Model on National Forests
Authors: Buchman Ronald G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Tree survival from 546 re-measured permanent plots on four Lake States national forests was compared to predicted survival obtained using an individual-tree survival model. A survival summary was developed by 1-in diameter class for each of 15 species. For trees 4.5 in and larger the model provided good estimates of the actual survival. For trees 1.0 to 4.5 in the results were mixed, showing overprediction for three species and underprediction for four. These differences are partially attributed to the small samples. The predicted rate for all trees of a species, i.e., the composite, agreed with the field results demonstrating the applicability of the model to these forests.
North. J. Appl. For. 2:114-116, Dec. 1985.
Status and Outlook for Tree Improvement Programs in the Northeast
Authors: Carter Katherine K. , Simpson J. Dale 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Tree improvement programs have been undertaken by several governmental and industrial organizations in Maritime Canada and the New York-New England region of the United States. Target species vary according to local interests, but at least five are of general interest within these regions: white spruce, black spruce, jack pine, white pine, and the larches. This paper examines the current status of breeding programs for these species and prospects for future development.
North. J. Appl. For. 2:127-131, Dec. 1985.
Effects of Scarification Disturbance on the Seedling and Midstory Layer in a Successional Mixed-Oak Forest
Authors: Lhotka John M. , Zaczek James J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This study investigated whether soil scarification during the presence of abundant white oak (Quercus alba L.) acorns and other mast could be used to increase the density of oak reproduction and reduce competitive midstory species in a mid-successional mixed-oak upland forest. The study was conducted in a 7.3 ha forest with a mature oak overstory and a well-developed midstory of sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) and pawpaw (Asmina triloba Dunal.) in southern Illinois. The soil scarification was conducted in the autumn after acorn dissemination using a crawler tractor with a six-tooth brush rake. One growing season after treatment, significantly higher numbers of oak seedlings, primarily white oak, were present in the scarified plots (5,164 ha-1) compared to the control plots (1,273 ha-1). Seedling density of all other species classes did not differ between treatments. Scarification affected 61% of midstory trees and thus reduced their density and competitive position. Of these trees, 21% of stems were completely removed by the scarification treatment. Results suggest that, in the presence of abundant acorns, scarification may increase the number of new oak germinants in stands lacking advanced oak reproduction. Finally, because scarification increased the density of oak seedlings and reduced competing midstory trees, it can play a role in promoting the establishment of advanced oak reproduction. North. J. Appl. For. 20(2):85–91.
Auger Planting of Oak Seedlings
Authors: Heitzman Eric , Grell Adrian 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In 2001, we used power augers to plant 1-0 northern red oak (Quercus rubra) and white oak (Q. alba) seedlings in stony soils in Arkansas. After two growing seasons, red oak and white oak survival was 86% and 91%, respectively. Both species had only grown an average of 1 ft in height in 2 yr. North. J. Appl. For. 20(2):92–93.
A Comparison of the Time Required for Two Methods of Selecting Site Trees in Juvenile Stands
Authors: Nigh Gordon D. , Love Bobby A. , Thomas Keith D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In British Columbia, the largest diameter tree is used as a site tree for estimating site index. Some forest practitioners feel that in young stands it would be easier to select the tallest tree as a site tree. To test this hypothesis, we established fifty 0.01 ha sample plots and timed the selection of both the largest diameter tree and the tallest tree in each plot. Although the difference was not statistically significant, it took less time to select the largest diameter tree than the tallest tree, and in both cases it was less than 5 minutes. The slope of the plot influenced the time it took to locate the tallest tree but not the largest diameter tree. In 60% of the plots, the largest diameter tree was also the tallest tree. When the largest diameter tree was not the tallest tree, the estimated site index from the tallest tree was higher than that from the largest diameter tree. Whichever method of selecting site trees is used, it should be applied throughout the life of the stand. North. J. Appl. For. 20(3):101–103.