bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Force and Position–Velocity Coordination for Delayed Bilateral Teleoperation of a Mobile Robot
Authors: Slawiñski E. , Moya V. , Santiago D. , Mut V. 
Published: March 2019

SummaryThis document proposes a control scheme for delayed bilateral teleoperation of a mobile robot, which it is sought to achieve a coordination of the master device position with the slave mobile robot velocity, and at the same time synchronize the force exerted by the operator with force applied by the environment over the mobile robot. This approach allows the operator to improve the sensitive perception of the remote environment in which the robot navigates while he generates commands to control the mobile robot motion. In this paper, variable and asymmetrical communication time delays are taken into account, as well as a non-passive model of the human operator, for which a novel model is proposed that has a more general structure than the typical ones used to date in the teleoperation field. Furthermore, based on the theoretical analysis presented, the state of convergence in the stationary response is obtained. In addition, an experimental performance evaluation is carried out, where the position–velocity error, force error and the time to complete the task are evaluated. In the tests, a human operator commands a remote mobile robot to push objects of different weight while he perceives the weight of each object through the force feedback system. As an outcome, the theoretical and practical results obtained allow concluding that a satisfactory trade-off between stability and transparency is reached.
Design Boundary Layer Thickness and Switching Gain in SMC Algorithm for AUV Motion Control
Authors: Taheri Ehsan , Ferdowsi Mohamad Hossein , Danesh Mohammad 
Published: March 2019

SummaryDesigning the boundary layer thickness and switching gain in the nonlinear part of sliding mode controller (SMC) is one of the main subjects in SMC design that needs human experience, knowledge on the amplitude of disturbances, and information about the bounds of system uncertainties. In this paper, to reduce the trial-and-error effort by the designer(s) two different fitness functions in the horizontal and vertical planes are presented and a heuristic method is used for their optimization. The optimal switching gain in the proposed approach properly compensates the unmodeled dynamics, model uncertainty, and external disturbances. Chattering phenomenon in control signals and noise measurement effect are reduced by the optimal selection of boundary layer thickness. This proposed method is applied to an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) and evaluated through the real-time and cost-effective manner. The execution code is implemented on a single-board computer (SBC) through the xPC Target and is evaluated by the processor-in-the-loop (PIL) test. The results of the PIL test in the two different test cases indicate that the chattering phenomenon and amplitude of control signal applied to the actuators are reduced in comparison with the three conventional approaches in the AUV motion control.
Neuropsychological Function Response to Nocturnal Blue Light Blockage in Individuals With Symptoms of Insomnia: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Study
Authors: Zimmerman Molly E. , Kim Moosun Brad , Hale Christiane , Westwood Andrew J. , Brickman Adam M. , Shechter Ari 
Published: March 2019

AbstractObjectives:Insomnia is associated with neuropsychological dysfunction. Evidence points to the role of nocturnal light exposure in disrupted sleep patterns, particularly blue light emitted through smartphones and computers used before bedtime. This study aimed to test whether blocking nocturnal blue light improves neuropsychological function in individuals with insomnia symptoms.Methods:This study used a randomized, placebo-controlled crossover design. Participants were randomly assigned to a 1-week intervention with amber lenses worn in wrap-around frames (to block blue light) or a 1-week intervention with clear lenses (control) and switched conditions after a 4-week washout period. Neuropsychological function was evaluated with tests from the NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery at three time points: (1) baseline (BL), (2) following the amber lenses intervention, and (3) following the clear lenses intervention. Within-subjects general linear models contrasted neuropsychological test performance following the amber lenses and clear lenses conditions with BL performance.Results:Fourteen participants (mean(standard deviation,SD): age = 46.5(11.4)) with symptoms of insomnia completed the protocol. Compared with BL, individuals performed better on the List Sorting Working Memory task after the amber lenses intervention, but similarly after the clear lenses intervention (F= 5.16;p= .014; η2= 0.301). A similar pattern emerged on the Pattern Comparison Processing Speed test (F= 7.65;p= 0.002; η2= 0.370). Consideration of intellectual ability indicated that treatment with amber lenses “normalized” performance on each test from approximately 1SDbelow expected performance to expected performance.Conclusions:Using a randomized, placebo-controlled crossover design, we demonstrated improvement in processing speed and working memory with a nocturnal blue light blocking intervention among individuals with insomnia symptoms. (JINS, 2019,25, 668–677)
Numeracy and Risk Literacy: What Have We Learned so Far?
Authors: Garcia-Retamero Rocio , Sobkow Agata , Petrova Dafina , Garrido Dunia , Traczyk Jakub 
Published: March 2019

AbstractNumerical skills are essential to make informed decisions in our daily life. Unfortunately, many people lack basic numeracy, which limits their ability to accurately interpret risks (i.e., risk literacy). In this paper, we provide an overview of research investigating the role of numeracy in two prominent domains, where most research was concentrated, health and finance. We summarize what has been learned so far in these domains and suggest promising venues for future research. We conclude that it is important to conduct interventions to improve numeracy in less numerate individuals and to help them make informed decisions and achieve better life outcomes.
Accelerated Contribution of the Paleo–Congo River to Global Seawater 87Sr/86Sr Change Following Eocene‐Oligocene Collapse of the African Surface
Authors: Linol Bastien , de Villiers Stephanie , de Wit Maarten 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe thick Phanerozoic duricrust covering sub‐Saharan Africa collapsed about 40–30 million years ago (Ma) across what is now the Congo Basin, driving accelerated erosion and flushing of underlying red bed sediments into the South Atlantic Ocean. Investigated red beds, boulders of silcretes and calcretes exposed around the margins and in river systems of the Congo Basin have 87Sr/86Sr values between 0.73 and 0.75. Leaching experiments from these rocks and sediments also reveal high 87Sr/86Sr (0.72–0.73). This implies a greater radiogenic Sr flux from the paleo–Congo River compared to its modern value that is influenced to a greater degree now by weathering of carbonates and basalts with relatively low 87Sr/86Sr (0.70–0.71). Modeling of our data during the mid‐Cenozoic spill of the Congo Basin indicates that increased Sr river flux from the paleo‐Congo contributed significantly to the rapid changes of dissolved 87Sr/86Sr in the global ocean, complementing at that time a similar effect of increased carbonate weathering linked to the Himalayan‐Tibetan Orogeny.
Assessing Contributions of Major Emitters' Paris‐Era Decisions to Future Temperature Extremes
Authors: Lewis Sophie C. , Perkins‐Kirkpatrick Sarah E. , Althor Glenn , King Andrew D. , Kemp Luke 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe likelihood and severity of high‐impact future temperature extremes can be reduced through climate change mitigation efforts. However, meeting the Paris Agreement warming limits requires notably stronger greenhouse gas emissions reduction efforts by major emitters than existing pledges. We examine the impact of Paris‐era decision‐making by the world's three largest greenhouse gas emitters (EU, USA, and China) on projected future extreme temperature events. Country‐level contributions to the occurrence of future temperature extremes are calculated based on current emissions policies and sequential mitigation efforts, using a new metric called the Contribution to Excess Risk Ratio. We demonstrate the Contribution concept by applying it to extreme monthly temperature projections. In many regions, future extremes depend on the current and future carbon dioxide emissions reductions adopted by major emitters. By implementing stronger Paris‐era climate pledges, major emitters can reduce the frequency of future extremes and their own calculated contributions to these temperature extremes.
Delayed Dynamic Triggering of Disposal‐Induced Earthquakes Observed by a Dense Array in Northern Oklahoma
Authors: Peña Castro A. F. , Dougherty S. L. , Harrington R. M. , Cochran E. S. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractRecent increases in earthquake occurrence rates in Oklahoma have been linked to the injection of large volumes of saltwater, a byproduct of oil and gas extraction. Here we present a detailed study of remote earthquake triggering in an area of active injection‐induced seismicity in northern Oklahoma using data from the LArge‐n Seismic Survey in Oklahoma (LASSO) temporary array and nearby permanent broadband seismic stations. We estimate changes in earthquake rates and calculate the Coulomb failure stress changes on potential receiver faults due to passing teleseismic surface waves. A statistically significant increase in seismicity is observed ∼8 hr after the 16 April 2016 Mw 7.8 Ecuador earthquake. The Coulomb stress changes associated with the Ecuador earthquake are on the order of ∼1 kPa. Physical mechanisms consistent with the observed dynamic stress threshold include failure driven by activation of aseismic slip or hydrological response of the fault system.
Effects of Partial Cloudiness in a Cloud Microphysics Scheme on Simulated Precipitation Processes During a Boreal Summer
Authors: Kim So‐Young , Bae Soo Ya , Park Rae‐Seol , Hong Song‐You 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe effect of partial cloudiness is included in a cloud microphysics scheme, and its impact on precipitation processes is examined through global‐model simulations for a boreal summer. An excessive precipitation rate in the simulations is reduced by considering the partial cloudiness effect in microphysical processes, especially in the tropical western Pacific region where convective activity is strong. The reduction of the precipitation rate in this region is mainly due to a decrease in convective precipitation, as the partial cloudiness effect in cloud microphysical processes modulates the convective activity by interacting with radiative processes. Cloud radiative forcings are weaker in the simulations including the partial cloudiness effect, as more cloud water and ice are converted to rain and snow mainly due to enhanced accretion rates. This leads to a decrease in cloud radiative forcing for both shortwave and longwave fluxes, which is overestimated overall over the ocean in the simulations. Temperature is lowered overall as increased longwave radiative cooling overcompensates increased shortwave radiative heating. This reduces the convective available potential energy and results in a decrease in convective precipitation. The weakened instability and upward motion over the tropical western Pacific region due to the partial cloudiness effect not only affect the local precipitation processes in this region but also suppress the downward motion over the tropical eastern Pacific regions by modulating the large‐scale zonal circulation over the tropical Pacific ocean.
The Sensitivity of the Jet Stream Response to Climate Change to Radiative Assumptions
Authors: Tan Zhihong , Lachmy Orli , Shaw Tiffany A. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractComprehensive climate models exhibit a large spread in the magnitude of projected poleward eddy‐driven jet shift in response to warming. The spread has been connected to the radiative response to warming. To understand how different radiative assumptions alone affect the jet shift in response to warming, we introduce a new clear‐sky longwave radiation hierarchy that spans idealized (gray versus four bands; without or with interactive water vapor) through comprehensive (correlated‐k) radiation in the same general circulation model. The new hierarchy is used in an aquaplanet configuration to explore the impact of radiation on the jet stream response to warming, independent of mean surface temperature and meridional surface temperature gradient responses. The gray radiation scheme produces a split jet and its eddy‐driven jet shifts equatorward as climate warms, whereas the storm track shifts equatorward then poleward. Including four longwave bands leads to a merged jet that shifts slightly poleward with warming, and the storm track shifts monotonically poleward. Including interactive water vapor makes the poleward jet shift comparable to the jet shift with comprehensive radiation and interactive water vapor. These jet and storm track differences are linked to the radiation response of the stratospheric temperature, the tropopause height, and the meridional gradient of the radiative forcing to warming. Dynamically, the equatorward jet shift with the gray scheme is consistent with reduced wave reflection on the poleward flank of the jet, whereas the poleward jet shift with the other schemes is consistent with increased eddy length scale that favors equatorward wave propagation.
Three‐Dimensional Model of the Lithospheric Structure Under the Eastern Tibetan Plateau: Implications for the Active Tectonics and Seismic Hazards
Authors: Lu Renqi , Liu Yiduo , Xu Xiwei , Tan Xibin , He Dengfa , Yu Guihua , Cai Minggang , Wu Xiyan 
Published: March 2019

AbstractDetails of lithospheric structures in three‐dimensions (3‐D) are key to understanding the dynamics of crustal deformation and earthquakes in active orogenic systems. In this study, we develop a 3‐D model of the eastern Tibetan Plateau using the Skua‐Gocad software based on the latest Rayleigh wave tomography. We perform a quantitative modeling workflow to map the details of the Moho discontinuities and the high‐velocity anomalies. Then, we integrate the topography, major active faults, large earthquakes, and crustal Poisson's ratios to analyze the relationship between the shallow and deep structures of this region. Our study shows that the Moho is generally coupled with the topography. A steep Moho ramp exists under the plateau margin and its surface projection intersects the Longmen Shan (LMS) at a low oblique angle (~22°). Active deformation and large earthquakes are related to the steep Moho ramp under the plateau margin. Moreover, based on a 3‐D model of the Poisson's ratio perturbations, we find that deformation across the central LMS is characterized as a crocodile‐type wedge in the crust and lithospheric mantle, due to the resistance of the Yangtze craton and isostatic rebound. We suggest that a tectonic wedging model that contains both the upper‐crust thrusting and lower‐crustal thickening contribute to the LMS orogeny. Three‐dimensional visualization of the lithospheric structure is well suited to reveal the different levels of deformation and their relationships. Quantitative modeling methods provide effective constraints on the active blocks in the eastern Tibetan Plateau.
Seasonal and Interannual Patterns and Controls of Hydrological Fluxes in an Amazon Floodplain Lake With a Surface‐Subsurface Process Model
Authors: Ji Xinye , Lesack Lance F. W. , Melack John M. , Wang Shilong , Riley William J. , Shen Chaopeng 
Published: March 2019

AbstractFloodplain lakes represent important aquatic ecosystems, and field‐based estimates of their water budgets are difficult to obtain, especially over multiple years. We examine the hydrological fluxes for an Amazon floodplain lake connected to the Solimões River using a process‐based hydrologic model. Water exchanges between the river and lake agree well with field estimates, including the timing of different hydrological phases. However, beyond available field data, modeling results show that the seven simulated years all differed from each other. These interannual differences were caused by the interplay between phases when water levels were rising with river‐water flowing into the lake (RWRI), versus rising with lake‐water flowing out to the river (RWLO). This exchange determines the river‐water content in the lake (CL). Maximum CL occurred before river levels peaked because local catchment contributions can be sufficient to push lake‐water out to the river, even as river levels rise. Numerical experiments show that the seasonal distribution of local rainfall, local catchment size, and interannual variability in both climate and river stage can contribute to differing dynamics of CL in a floodplain lake. Their impacts vary among phases: river‐rise dominates the RWRI, whereas local hydrological processes dominate the RWLO and receding‐water phases. Intermediate‐to‐long‐term rainfall accumulation controls CL during the RWLO phase, whereas annual precipitation accumulation is important for CL during low water. Our model generalizes beyond limited available field studies and offers potential to better understand floodplain lakes in other areas and how regional versus local changes in climate may affect their hydrological dynamics.
Spontaneous Emergence of Space Stems Ahead of Negative Leaders in Lightning and Long Sparks
Authors: Malagón‐Romero A. , Luque A. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractWe investigate the emergence of space stems ahead of negative leaders. These are luminous spots that appear ahead of an advancing leader mediating the leader's stepped propagation. We show that space stems start as regions of locally depleted conductivity that form in the streamers of the corona around the leader. An attachment instability enhances the electric field leading to strongly inhomogeneous, bright, and locally warmer regions ahead of the leader that explain the existing observations. Since the attachment instability is only triggered by fields above 10 kV/cm and internal electric fields are lower in positive than in negative streamers, our results explain why, although common in negative leaders, space stems, and stepping are hardly observed if not absent in positive leaders. Further work is required to fully explain the streamer to leader transition, which requires an electric current persisting for timescales longer than the typical attachment time of electrons, around 100 ns.
Do Surface and Air Temperatures Contain Similar Imprints of Evaporative Conditions?
Authors: Panwar Annu , Kleidon Axel , Renner Maik 
Published: March 2019

AbstractGenerally, surface and air temperatures seem closely related but we show that they respond differently to evaporative conditions. We evaluate the temperature increase in response to solar radiation for different evaporative fractions, using observations from the Southern Great Plains. The warming rate of air temperature decreases only by 1.7 × 10−3 K/(W m−2) from dry to moist conditions compared to a stronger reduction by 14 × 10−3 K/(W m−2) for surface temperature. The weaker response of air temperature to evaporative fraction is explained by the larger growth of boundary layer on drier days, which suppresses the warming of air. Estimates based on this explanation reproduce the warming rate of air temperature in observations. Our results show that diurnal variations of surface temperatures contain imprints of evapotranspiration while air temperatures do not. These findings appear important to be considered when using, analyzing, or interpreting temperature data in studies dealing with climate change, hydrology, or land‐atmosphere interactions.
Antibody–drug conjugate, GSK2857916, in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma: an update on safety and efficacy from dose expansion phase I study
Authors: Trudel Suzanne , Lendvai Nikoletta , Popat Rakesh , Voorhees Peter M. , Reeves Brandi , Libby Edward N. , Richardson Paul G. , Hoos Axel , Gupta Ira , Bragulat Veronique , He Zangdong , Opalinska Joanna B. , Cohen Adam D. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractInterim analyses of a phase I study with GSK2857916, an antibody–drug conjugate against B cell maturation antigen, have previously reported a 60% overall response and 7.9 months progression-free survival in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (MM). We provide updated safety and efficacy results of the BMA117159 trial following an additional 14 months' follow-up. This open-label, first-in-human, phase I study was conducted at nine centres in the USA, Canada and the UK, and included adults with MM and progressive disease after stem cell transplantation, alkylators, proteasome inhibitors, and immunomodulators. In part 1, the recommended dose of 3.4 mg/kg was identified; in part 2, patients received GSK2857916 3.4 mg/kg once every 3 weeks. Selected part 2 safety/tolerability and efficacy endpoints are reported. Twenty-one (60.0%; 95% confidence interval (CI) 42.1–76.1) of 35 patients achieved partial response or better, including two stringent complete responses and three complete responses. The median progression-free survival was 12 months and median duration of response was 14.3 months. Thrombocytopenia and corneal events were commonly reported; no new safety signals were identified. GSK2857916 was well tolerated and demonstrated a rapid, deep and durable response in heavily pre-treated patients with relapsed/refractory MM, consolidating the interim analyses conclusions that GSK2857916 is a promising treatment for these patients.
Cancer-associated fibroblasts enhance tumor-associated macrophages enrichment and suppress NK cells function in colorectal cancer
Authors: Zhang Rongsheng , Qi Fan , Zhao Fei , Li Geng , Shao Shengli , Zhang Xiaochao , Yuan Lifei , Feng Yongdong 
Published: March 2019

AbstractCancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are important components of the tumor microenvironment, which have been reported to localize in colorectal carcinomas where they promote tumor progression. One of the crucial effects they exerted is immune-suppression, which was reported recently, however, the overall mechanism has not been fully addressed. In this study, it was shown that TAMs were enriched in colorectal cancer, and their infiltration was associated with VCAM-1 expression. Human colorectal cancer-derived CAFs can promote the adhesion of monocytes by up-regulating VCAM-1 expression in colorectal cancer cells. Furthermore, CAFs can attract monocytes by secreting IL-8 rather than SDF-1 and subsequently promote M2 polarization of macrophages, which synergize with CAFs in suppressing the functioning of natural killer (NK) cells. It was also found that CAFs promoted M2 macrophages recruitment in tumor tissue in vivo, and after VCAM-1 knocking-down in tumor cells or depletion of macrophages, the pro-tumor effect of CAFs was partly abolished, but no change was observed in NK cells infiltration. Collectively, the findings in this work show that TAMs and CAFs function synergistically in the tumor microenvironment and have the capacity to regulate NK cells in colorectal cancer and this presents a novel mechanism.