bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the effects of unilateral environmental policy on offshoring in multi‐stage production processes
Authors: Schenker Oliver , Koesler Simon , Löschel Andreas 
Published: October 2018

AbstractWe extend the literature on global supply chains by analyzing if and how unilateral environmental regulation induces offshoring. We develop an analytical model of two‐stage production processes that can be distributed between two countries and investigate unilateral emission pricing and its supplementation with border carbon taxes. In contrast to existing final good models, we are able to show how impacts of regulation differ across the different stages of the supply chain, depending on the interplay of comparative advantages and general equilibrium effects. To get a more comprehensive picture, we subsequently apply a computable general equilibrium model that includes a representation of international supply chains. We find heterogeneous but mostly positive effects of a unilateral carbon emission reduction by the European Union on the degree of vertical specialization of European industries. Border taxes are successful in protecting upstream industries, but with negative side effects for downstream industries.
Reduced Autobiographical Memory Specificity Among Maltreated Preschoolers: The Indirect Effect of Neglect Through Maternal Reminiscing
Authors: Lawson Monica , Valentino Kristin , Speidel Ruth , McDonnell Christina G. , Cummings E. Mark 
Published: October 2018

Maternal reminiscing and preschoolers’ (M = 5.00 years,SD = 1.11) autobiographical memory specificity (AMS) were examined among abusive (n = 24), neglecting (n = 78), emotionally maltreating (n = 32), and demographically similar nonmaltreating families (n = 74). Neglect was negatively associated with child AMS and the quantity of maternal elaborations. In a moderated mediation model, neglect was negatively associated with the quantity of maternal elaborations, which was positively associated with AMS when mothers reminisced in a coherent and sensitive manner (i.e., affective quality). In the context of high maternal affective quality, maternal elaborative quantity accounted for reduced AMS among neglected preschoolers. The findings extend observations of reduced AMS to neglected preschoolers and inform theoretical models of autobiographical memory development.
Early‐life exposure to sibling modifies the relationship between CD14 polymorphisms and allergic sensitization
Authors: Lau Melisa Y. Z. , Dharmage Shyamali C. , Burgess John A. , Win Aung K. , Lowe Adrian J. , Lodge Caroline J. , Perret Jennifer , Hui Jennie , Thomas Paul S. , Giles Graham , Thompson Bruce R. , Abramson Michael J. , Walters E. Haydn , Matheson Melanie C. ,   the investigators of the TAHS and MACS
Published: October 2018

SummaryBackgroundMarkers of microbial exposure are thought to be associated with risk of allergic sensitization; however, the associations are inconsistent and may be related to gene‐environment interactions.ObjectiveTo examine the relationship between polymorphisms in the CD14 gene and allergic sensitization and whether sibling exposure, as a marker of microbial exposure, modified this relationship.MethodsWe used data from the Tasmanian Longitudinal Health Study and the Melbourne Atopy Cohort Study. Two CD14 polymorphisms were genotyped. Allergic sensitization was defined by a positive response to a skin prick test. Sibling exposure was measured as cumulative exposure to siblings before age 6 months, 2 and 4 years. Logistic regression and multi‐level mixed‐effects logistic regression were used to examine the associations. Effect estimates across the cohorts were pooled using random‐effects meta‐analysis.ResultsCD14 SNPs were not individually associated with allergic sensitization in either cohort. In TAHS, cumulative sibling exposure before age 6 months, 2 and 4 years was each associated with a reduced risk of allergic sensitization at age 45 years. A similar effect was observed in MACS. Meta‐analysis across the two cohorts showed consistent evidence of an interaction between cumulative sibling exposure before 6 months and the rs5744455‐SNP (P = 0.001) but not with the rs2569190‐SNP (P = 0.60). The pooled meta‐analysis showed that the odds of sensitization with increasing cumulative exposure to sibling before 6 months of age was 20.9% smaller in those with the rs5744455‐C‐allele than the T‐allele (OR = 0.83 vs 1.05, respectively).Conclusion and Clinical RelevanceCumulative sibling exposure reduced the risk of sensitization from childhood to middle age in genetically susceptible individuals.
Radiosurgery as primary management for acromegaly
Authors: Sims‐Williams Hugh P. , Rajapaksa Kaveesha , Sinha Saurabh , Radatz Matthias , Walton Lee , Yianni John , Newell‐Price John 
Published: October 2018

AbstractObjectiveTranssphenoidal surgery (TSS) remains the recommended primary treatment for acromegaly. Long‐term outcome data are not available for patients treated with gamma knife radiosurgery (STRS) as a primary treatment.DesignRetrospective cohort study. Data collection: notes review, laboratory results, general physician notes, patient questionnaire and death certification.PatientsTwenty acromegaly patients underwent primary STRS at the National Centre for Radiosurgery, Sheffield, UK, between 1985 and 2015.MeasurementsBiochemical control (GH/IGF1), hypopituitarism, morbidity and mortality were all recorded.ResultsAt 20 years of follow‐up, control was seen in all on acromegaly‐specific medication (n = 12) and 75% of those off medication (3/4). Time for 50% to achieve control on medication was 3 years, and 7.4 years off medication. Median marginal radiation dose was 27.5 Gy, and median follow‐up was 166.5 months. 53% of patients developed new hypopituitarism at a median follow‐up of 146 months, and the development of first onset of hypopituitarism occurred as late as 20 years after treatment. With MRI planning, no other complications were noted. Three patients underwent subsequent TSS due to poor biochemical control. During follow‐up, 7 patients died at a median age of 65 years. There were no STRS‐related deaths.ConclusionThis is the longest follow‐up of patients who have undergone primary STRS for acromegaly. It shows low morbidity, but significant latency to biochemical control and new‐onset hypopituitarism. This mandates very long‐term follow‐up for these patients. STRS has shown good long‐term efficacy providing initial control can be afforded by optimal medical management. While TSS remains best practice, STRS offers an alternative for those in whom surgery is not an option.
Predicting outcomes and complications following radioiodine therapy in Graves’ thyrotoxicosis
Authors: Aung Ei Thuzar , Zammitt Nicola N. , Dover Anna R. , Strachan Mark W. J. , Seckl Jonathan R. , Gibb Fraser W. 
Published: October 2018

SummaryObjectiveRadioiodine (RAI) is an effective treatment for Graves’ thyrotoxicosis but is associated with a failure rate of 15% and may be a risk factor for thyroid eye disease (TED) and weight gain. We sought to examine predictors of RAI failure, weight gain, TED and patient satisfaction.DesignRetrospective cohort study.PatientsA total of 655 episodes of RAI in Graves’ thyrotoxicosis patients (2006‐2015).MeasurementsBiochemical assessment, including TFTs and thyrotropin receptor antibodies (TRAb), clinical features (eg, TED, weight and thionamide use) and patient questionnaire.ResultsThe treatment failure rate was 17%. Failure was greater with higher fT4 (P = 0.002) and higher TRAb (P = 0.004). Failure rate was 42.2% when TRAb >40 U/L. Median weight gain was 3.2 kg in those with normal fT4 prior to RAI and 5.8 kg when fT4 was elevated (P < 0.001). New TED developed in 7.6% but was not associated with post‐RAI dysthyroidism. Treatment satisfaction was generally high (median response 8/10).ConclusionsTreatment failure after RAI occurs in predictable groups and this should be reflected in the information provided to patients. Weight gain is common and may not entirely be explained by a return to pre‐thyrotoxic baseline. We were unable to detect any significant impact of post‐RAI dysthyroidism on weight gain, TED or thyroid symptoms in this large cohort.
Protective role of skeletal muscle mass against progression from metabolically healthy to unhealthy phenotype
Authors: Lee Min Jung , Kim Eun‐Hee , Bae Sung‐Jin , Choe Jaewon , Jung Chang Hee , Lee Woo Je , Kim Hong‐Kyu 
Published: October 2018

SummaryObjectiveMetabolically healthy individuals are known to be resistant to cardiovascular disease development. However, a considerable fraction of those individuals shows deteriorated metabolic health over time. Although skeletal muscle is the primary insulin‐responsive target organ, a longitudinal investigation of the skeletal muscle mass in relation to the development of metabolically unhealthy phenotype has not been performed. We aimed to evaluate whether greater skeletal muscle mass is an independent protective factor for the development of metabolically unhealthy phenotype.Design, Participants and MeasurementsWe conducted a retrospective cohort study with 9033 metabolically healthy volunteers who underwent routine health examinations in 2012 and a follow‐up examination in 2016. Obesity was defined as Asian‐Pacific body mass index criterion ≥25 kg/m2. Subjects with fewer than two risk factors (elevated blood pressure, triglyceride, glucose, high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein, insulin resistance and decreased high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol levels) were characterized as metabolically healthy using Wildman criteria.ResultsAt the 4‐year follow‐up, approximately one‐fourth of the nonobese participants and half of the participants with obesity showed metabolic deterioration. In nonobese men and women, higher appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM)/weight at baseline was significantly associated with decreased risk of metabolic deterioration. Compared to the lowest quartile of ASM/weight, the adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) of the highest quartile were 0.68 (0.52‐0.89) in nonobese men and 0.64 (0.46‐0.90) in nonobese women. However, this association was not observed in obese subjects.ConclusionsGreater skeletal muscle mass at baseline is significantly associated with maintenance of metabolically healthy status, especially in nonobese individuals.
The Outcome‐Representation Learning Model: A Novel Reinforcement Learning Model of the Iowa Gambling Task
Authors: Haines Nathaniel , Vassileva Jasmin , Ahn Woo‐Young 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) is widely used to study decision‐making within healthy and psychiatric populations. However, the complexity of the IGT makes it difficult to attribute variation in performance to specific cognitive processes. Several cognitive models have been proposed for the IGT in an effort to address this problem, but currently no single model shows optimal performance for both short‐ and long‐term prediction accuracy and parameter recovery. Here, we propose the Outcome‐Representation Learning (ORL) model, a novel model that provides the best compromise between competing models. We test the performance of the ORL model on 393 subjects' data collected across multiple research sites, and we show that the ORL reveals distinct patterns of decision‐making in substance‐using populations. Our work highlights the importance of using multiple model comparison metrics to make valid inference with cognitive models and sheds light on learning mechanisms that play a role in underweighting of rare events.
Insulinoma‐associated protein 1 expression in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours in endoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration cytology: An analysis of 14 patients
Authors: Takase Yorihiko , Naito Yoshiki , Okabe Yoshinobu , Ishida Yusuke , Yamaguchi Tomohiko , Abe Hideyuki , Murata Kazuya , Ito Takaaki , Tanigawa Masahiko , Kawahara Akihiko , Yano Hirohisa , Akiba Jun 
Published: October 2018

AbstractBackgroundInsulinoma‐associated protein 1 (INSM1) has been reported to be a useful marker for diagnosing pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (PNETs). However, INSM1 expression in endoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine needle aspiration cytology has not been examined. We evaluated INSM1 expression in the cytology of cases diagnosed with PNETs.MethodsWe immunocytochemically stained INSM1 and Ki‐67 in 14 PNET cases, and according to the 2017 World Health Organisation criteria, seven PNET Grade 1 cases, four Grade 2 cases and three Grade 3/neuroendocrine carcinoma cases were identified. As a control for INSM1 and Ki‐67 expression, we used cytological specimens from 15 cases of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.ResultsIn PNET cases, INSM1‐expressing tumour cells were identified in all cytological specimens of PNET. The median INSM1 expression rate in Grade 1 cases was 49.8% (mean ± standard deviation: 55.1 ± 12.5%, min: 39.3%, max: 74.1%), and in Grade 2 and Grade 3/neuroendocrine carcinoma cases was 81.1% (mean ± standard deviation: 77.6 ± 18.6%, min: 50.3%, max: 100%). However, there was no correlation between INSM1 and Ki‐67 expression (r = −0.15). The median expression rate in PNET cases was 64.3%, which was significantly higher than that in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cases (P < 0.0001).ConclusionINSM1 immunocytochemistry of cytological specimens obtained from endoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine needle aspiration cytology can accurately diagnose PNETs; therefore, INSM1 could be an important diagnostic tool in assessing therapeutic strategies, including molecular‐targeted therapy.
Clinicopathological features of immunoglobulin G4‐related pleural lesions and diagnostic utility of pleural effusion cytology
Authors: Kasashima Satomi , Kawashima Atsuhiro , Ozaki Satoru , Kita Toshiyuki , Araya Tomoyuki , Ohta Yasuhiko , Suzuki Mitsutaka 
Published: October 2018

AbstractObjectiveImmunoglobulin (Ig)G4‐related disease is a recently described systemic immune‐mediated fibro‐inflammatory disease that frequently occurs in tumorous form. Herein, we elucidated the clinicopathological and cytological characteristics of IgG4‐related pleural lesions (PLs).Patients and methodsAmong 22 patients with fibro‐inflammatory PLs of idiopathic aetiology, eight cases were diagnosed as IgG4‐PL and the remaining 14 as non‐IgG4‐PL according to comprehensive diagnostic criteria for IgG4‐related disease. Cell block examination of pleural effusion (CBPE) was performed in five patients with IgG4‐PL and in six with non‐IgG4‐PL. Both groups were compared in terms of clinical presentation, laboratory data, histopathological features of resected pleura, and cytological features of pleural effusion (PE).ResultsPE was the most common (six patients, 75%) clinical presentation of IgG4‐PL. IgG4‐PL comparatively showed significantly more frequent concomitant allergic disease (P = .021), higher serum IgE levels (P = .012), higher adenosine deaminase levels in pleural fluid (P = .005), and rare spontaneous recovery without treatment (P = .046). The IgG4‐PL group was histologically characterised by thicker fibrous pleura, storiform fibrosis, and infiltration of regulatory T cells, eosinophils and basophils. Using CBPE, IgG4‐PL was cytologically distinct with numerous IgG4+ cells and eosinophils. The cytology of CBPE positively correlated with the histology of pleural tissue in the number of IgG4+ cells and eosinophils (R = .769 and .803, respectively).ConclusionIgG4‐PL frequently presents with PE and is histologically and cytologically characterised by abundant infiltration of IgG4+ cells and eosinophils. We believe that CBPE with immunohistochemistry/special staining could assist in the auxiliary diagnosis of IgG4‐PL.
Urine drug screening for early detection of unwitting use of fentanyl and its analogues among people who inject heroin in Sydney, Australia
Authors: Barratt Monica J. , Latimer Julie , Jauncey Marianne , Tay Emma , Nielsen Suzanne 
Published: October 2018

AbstractIntroduction and AimsNorth America has witnessed a dramatic rise in fatal opioid overdoses due to the unwitting consumption of non‐pharmaceutical fentanyl and its analogues. While some of the drivers of this crisis—including profitability and access to high‐potency opioids through internet sources—also apply in Australia, to our knowledge, there have been no ongoing surveillance studies of local populations. Therefore, this pilot study aimed to detect unintentional fentanyl consumption among people who inject heroin through instant urine screening, and determine the feasibility and acceptability of voluntary urinalysis of clients at the Medically Supervised Injecting Centre, Kings Cross, Sydney.Design and MethodsBrief surveys and urine drug screens were conducted with 67 participants in Wave 1 (October 2017) and 51 participants in Wave 2 (March 2018). Urine samples were tested with BTNX Rapid Response™ fentanyl urine strip test at a detection level of 20 ng/mL norfentanyl. These strips also cross‐react to numerous fentanyl analogues.ResultsThere were no cases where positive urine tests suggested unwitting fentanyl use detected in this study.Discussion and ConclusionsThese negative findings contrast sharply with similar Canadian studies. While no cases of fentanyl‐laced heroin use have been detected so far, we have demonstrated that this surveillance design is low‐cost, feasible and scalable approach to monitoring the considerable public‐health threat of undetected fentanyl and its analogues in Australia. Further validation of cross‐reactivity of test strips would strengthen this method.
The relationship between cannabis use and diabetes: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions III
Authors: Imtiaz Sameer , Rehm Jürgen 
Published: October 2018

AbstractIntroduction and AimsThe relationship between cannabis use and diabetes is puzzling. Although cannabis users versus non‐users should theoretically have a higher likelihood of diabetes, epidemiological studies suggest otherwise. However, previous epidemiological studies have not considered the potential confounding effects of mental health disorders. As such, the relationship between cannabis use and diabetes was examined while accounting for a range of potential confounders, including mental health disorders.Design and MethodsData were obtained from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions III. Chi‐square tests were used to compare socio‐demographics, lifestyle behaviours, physical health disorders and mental health disorders between diabetics and non‐diabetics. Measures that exhibited statistical significance in these tests were subsequently included in multiple logistic regression analyses to quantify the relationships between lifetime and 12‐month cannabis use and diabetes.ResultsAlthough there was a considerable attenuation in the magnitude of the odds ratios after adjustment for confounders, there was still a decreased likelihood of diabetes for cannabis users versus non‐users. The corresponding odds ratios of diabetes were 0.81 (95% confidence interval 0.70, 0.94) and 0.51 (95% confidence interval 0.41, 0.63) for lifetime and 12‐month cannabis use, respectively.Discussion and ConclusionsA decreased likelihood of diabetes for cannabis users versus non‐users was indicated after accounting for a range of potential confounders, including mental health disorders. Before the protective effects of cannabis use for diabetes can be suggested, further epidemiological studies are needed that incorporate prospective designs, as well as feature innovative exposure measurements and statistical analyses.
Niche shift and resource supplementation facilitate an amphibian range expansion
Authors: Davies Sarah J. , Hill Matthew P. , McGeoch Melodie A. , Clusella‐Trullas Susana 
Published: October 2018

AbstractAimTo determine whether recent range expansion of small‐bodied arboreal frogs, Hyperolius marmoratus Rapp, is accompanied by changes in species–environment relationships and whether its historical range was constrained by climate, availability of water bodies or topographic variables. We test if artificial water bodies in the novel range have facilitated niche shift by increasing available habitats for frog establishment.LocationWestern Cape Province, South Africa, with reference to the broader species range in southeastern Africa.MethodsWe build species distribution models using occurrence data from the historical and novel ranges and reciprocally project them to highlight areas of putative niche change. We test for niche shift through ordination‐based approaches to disentangle how species–environment relationships may have altered and whether climate or landscape features (artificial water bodies and topography) are more strongly associated with the identified change. We further decompose niche change into areas of expansion and unfilling to quantify niche shift and describe potential future spread.ResultsWe observed niche expansion into novel environmental space, with 21% of niche space in the invaded range composed of environments that were not occupied in the native range. We also observed 16% niche unfilling, signifying range disequilibrium and potential for further spread. Mean annual precipitation and proximity to water bodies were more influential in models constructed in the novel range than in historical or combined range models, suggesting that presence of artificial water bodies in the landscape ameliorates novel range conditions. Together, these metrics suggest that range expansion may be ongoing based on climate and water body availability.Main conclusionsOur analyses identify a realised niche shift that has allowed painted reed frogs to occupy drier and more thermally variable habitats in their novel (invaded) range. This shift may be mediated by artificial water bodies that provide additional buffered habitats, a key resource supplement for these small‐bodied tropical frogs.
Payment by results in international development: Evidence from the first decade
Authors: Clist Paul 
Published: October 2018

AbstractPayment by results is a relatively new way of giving development aid, where a recipient's performance against pre‐agreed measures determines the amount of aid they receive. Advocates for the mechanism argue it provides donors with both a ready justification for maintaining aid budgets and better results through innovation and autonomy. It has proved popular, with most bilateral aid donors having at least experimented with the mechanism and the variety of measures stretching from individual health workers being paid for each procedure, to national governments being paid for students' test scores. However, there has not been a robust assessment of whether Payment By Results (PbR) achieves its aims for greater effectiveness. I synthesize the evidence from eight projects fully or partially funded by DFID, the recognized world leader on PbR. This represents the best evidence currently available, and is critically analysed using the leading theoretical framework that breaks each agreement into its constituent parts. I find no evidence that PbR leads to fundamentally more innovation or autonomy, with the overall range of success and failure broadly similar to other aid projects. This may partly be due to the current use of Payment by Results, with no readily identifiable examples of projects that truly meet the idealized PbR designs. Advocates of PbR may thus conclude the idea is yet to be tested. I argue PbR does not deal with the fundamental constraints that donors face, and so it is unsurprising that PbR is subject to the normal pressures that affect all aid spending.