bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Leaching of the different forms of nitrogen by the application of poultry litter, swine waste, and mineral nitrogen on corn cultures (Zea mays L.)
Authors: Rosa Genesio Mario da , Gabriel Márcia , da Silva Juliano Cesar , Mendonça Angela Maria , Junior Jefferson Alves Costa , Wastowski Arci Dirceu 
Published: October 2018

AbstractAgricultural, livestock management, and industrial activities have the potential to cause high levels of contamination to the soil, surface water, and groundwater as a result of accidental or deliberate discharges of pollutants to the environment. In this study, we evaluated the contamination of groundwater by various forms of leached nitrogen (total N, ammonia, nitrate, and nitrite) arising from the application of poultry litter, swine waste, and mineral nitrogen (urea) to the soil. The study was conducted using a set of drainage lysimeters in the experimental area of UFSM, Frederico Westphalen Campus (RS), Brazil. In this study, the use of swine waste and urea as nitrogen sources shows high leaching of ammonia (N‐NH3+) and total nitrogen (total N) in drainage water in relation to the nitrogen supplied by poultry litter. Comparing the values of ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, and total nitrogen percolates in the soil with the Maximum Permissible Values allowed by Brazilian law, Res.357/2005‐–the Brazilian National Environmental Council and Ministry of Health Ordinance 2914/2011, it was observed that all analyzed applications of fertilizers resulted in values that exceeded the maximum allowed waste limits. Therefore, the results obtained in this paper regarding the different sources of nitrogen fertilization used on agricultural soils released potentially toxic concentrations of nitrogenous residues that leached through the soil, creating the potential for serious human and animal health effects, such as methemoglobinemia, as the total nitrogen contents released from each fertilization treatment appeared to percolate through the soil layers and into the groundwater, polluting water sources for both human consumption and agricultural production.
Analysis of gyroscope system sliding mode control in a target seeking and tracking process
Authors: Krzysztofik Izabela 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe task of a homing head of an anti‐aircraft short‐range missile is to determine the position of the missile relative to a target. The most modern missiles use scanning heads. The propelling element of such a head in the paper is a gyroscope system. Disturbance acting on a gyroscope system cause its deviations from the set direction. In order to ensure precise and stable target tracking by a head, it is important to optimally select the gyroscope system control parameters, which enables mitigating the impact of such disturbance on the positioning accuracy of its axis. The paper suggests and implements a sliding mode controller in a gyroscope system, used for target seeking and tracking. Tests comparing a control system with a PD controller with optimal parameters and with a sliding mode controller were performed in a Matlab/Simulink environment. Selected test results were shown in graphic form.
Revising Infant Mortality Rates for the Early Twentieth Century United States
Authors: Eriksson Katherine , Niemesh Gregory T. , Thomasson Melissa 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Accurate vital statistics are required to understand the evolution of racial disparities in infant health and the causes of rapid secular decline in infant mortality during the early twentieth century. Unfortunately, U.S. infant mortality rates prior to 1950 suffer from an upward bias stemming from a severe underregistration of births. At one extreme, African American births in southern states went unregistered at the rate of 15 % to 25 %. In this study, we construct improved estimates of births and infant mortality in the United States for 1915–1940 using recently released complete count decennial census microdata combined with the counts of infant deaths from published sources. We check the veracity of our estimates with a major birth registration study completed in conjunction with the 1940 decennial census and find that the largest adjustments occur in states with less-complete birth registration systems. An additional advantage of our census-based estimation method is the extension backward of the birth and infant mortality series for years prior to published estimates of registered births, enabling previously impossible comparisons and estimations. Finally, we show that underregistration can bias effect estimates even in a panel setting with specifications that include location fixed effects and place-specific linear time trends.
Separating the Signal From the Noise: Evidence for Deceleration in Old-Age Death Rates
Authors: Feehan Dennis M. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractWidespread population aging has made it critical to understand death rates at old ages. However, studying mortality at old ages is challenging because the data are sparse: numbers of survivors and deaths get smaller and smaller with age. I show how to address this challenge by using principled model selection techniques to empirically evaluate theoretical mortality models. I test nine models of old-age death rates by fitting them to 360 high-quality data sets on cohort mortality after age 80. Models that allow for the possibility of decelerating death rates tend to fit better than models that assume exponentially increasing death rates. No single model is capable of universally explaining observed old-age mortality patterns, but the log-quadratic model most consistently predicts well. Patterns of model fit differ by country and sex. I discuss possible mechanisms, including sample size, period effects, and regional or cultural factors that may be important keys to understanding patterns of old-age mortality. I introduce mortfit, a freely available R package that enables researchers to extend the analysis to other models, age ranges, and data sources.
Dancing Teachers Into Being With a Garden, or How to Swing or Parkour the Strict Grid of Schooling
Authors: Gerofsky Susan , Ostertag Julia 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe co-authors, collaborators in garden-based teacher education, question the hegemony of grids in Western time, space and relationship structures in education, while also delving into our own complicity and entanglement with these grids. We ask: (1) Can we reject the grid in environmental education and in garden-based learning when it is an intimate part of our way of being in the world? (2) Can we be teachers who are at once within and not-within the regime of the Western Enlightenment/Modernist grid? (3) How can we take a ludic approach to the grid? Can we ‘swing’ and ‘parkour’ the strict grid of schooling? Pleasures and failures of the grid and experiences of alternatives to the grid are documented and exemplified through stories from garden-based teacher education. Considering parallels with principles of the alter-global movement and with the performative, embodied practices of swing dance, parkour and clowning, we meditate on becoming ecological teachers together beside the grid — neither within nor without it, but with a deep awareness of its presence and structure. In uncertain, unchanging times, we want to take a playful, artistic approach to the old certainties and structures, swinging and parkouring from them rather than accepting or rejecting binary formulations.
Avalanche activity and socio-environmental changes leave strong footprints in forested landscapes: a case study in the Vosges medium-high mountain range
Authors: Giacona Florie , Eckert Nicolas , Mainieri Robin , Martin Brice , Corona Christophe , Lopez-Saez Jérôme , Monnet Jean-Matthieu , Naaim Mohamed , Stoffel Markus 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe medium-high mountain ranges of Western Europe are undergoing rapid socio-environmental changes. The aim of this study is to show that their landscape can be strongly shaped by the actions of avalanche activity, humans and climate. The study area is the Rothenbachkopf-Rainkopf complex, a site representative of avalanche-prone areas of the Vosges Mountains (France). A geo-historical approach documents regular avalanche activity over more than 200 years on 13 paths. A diachronic analysis of historical maps and photographs demonstrates substantial afforestation (from 60 to 80% of the total surface since 1832). LIDAR data and field surveys highlight the existence of a longitudinal and transversal structure of trees. Hence, the avalanche, human and climate activity footprints are retained by the landscape, which rapidly adapts to these changing drivers. Specifically, the pattern of tree species and heights results from a near equilibrium with regular avalanche activity sometimes disturbed by major avalanches that induce quasi-cyclic changes in the landscape mosaic. The afforestation trend is attributable to profound changes in silvo-pastoral practices, supplemented by the impact of climate change. The wider relevance of the results in relation to the local context is discussed, as well as outlooks that can refine our understanding of this complex system.
LOOKING BEYOND REDUCTIONISM AND ANTI-REDUCTIONISM
Authors: Bräuer Felix 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTUnder which conditions are we epistemically justified to believe that what other people tell us is true? Traditionally, the answer has either been reductionist or anti-reductionist: Either our justification reduces to non-testimonial reasons, or we have a presumptive, though defeasible, right to believe what we are told. However, different cases pull in different directions. Intuitively, someone asking for the time is subject to different epistemic standards than a surgeon consulting a colleague before a dangerous operation. Following this line of thought, this paper develops an account of testimonial justification that captures our reductionist as well as our anti-reductionist intuitions. It is argued that the speaker's commitment to an epistemic norm, as well as the hearer's understanding of that norm, gives the hearer a presumptive right to believe what she is told. However, this justification doesn't apply to situations with high practical risks. Here, the hearer needs reductive reasons to believe that her interlocutor is especially qualified to give her the desired information.
Characteristics, nature, and formation of palaeosurfaces within dunes on Fuerteventura
Authors: Roettig Christopher-Bastian , Varga György , Sauer Daniela , Kolb Thomas , Wolf Daniel , Makowski Vera , Espejo José Manuel Recio , Zöller Ludwig , Faust Dominik 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe appearances of palaeosurfaces intercalated into palaeo-dune fields on Fuerteventura are multifaceted. Although reddened layers in these dune sediments might suggest that strong soil-formation processes have taken place, the combination of aridity and parent material, namely biogenic carbonate sand of shelf origin, reveals that strong soil formation seems unlikely. These sediments rather represent de- and recalcification processes only. Solely in the case of admixed material of volcanic origin and dust deposits further soil-forming processes seem to be possible. Hematite-rich Saharan dust contributes to reddish colouration of the palaeosurfaces. In addition, CaCO3-coated iron particles appear to be ingredients of dust being leached after deposition and transformed to hematite. Overall, we propose much weaker soil-forming processes during the Pleistocene than previously postulated. Our findings support the relevance of local environments. Carbonate sands of shelf origin hinder strong soil formation and the reddish layers separating dune generations are palaeosurfaces, which mainly consist of Saharan dust. After deposition of allochthonous material, these layers are overprinted by weak soil-forming processes. The formation of palaeosurfaces primarily depends on morphodynamically stable periods during limited sand supply. Our data suggest a cyclicity of processes in the following order: (1) sand accumulation, (2) dust accumulation and weak soil formation, and (3) water-induced erosion. For the Canary Islands, we support the assumption of glacial maxima being periods of increased levels of moisture. In combination with rising sea level, we propose that favorable conditions of surface stability occur immediately after glacial maxima during periods of starting transgression, whereas regression periods immediately after sea-level high stands seem to yield the highest sand supply for the study area.
Estimation of the inventory of14C and other key radionuclides in irradiated RBMK-1500 graphite based on limited measurements and full 3D core modeling
Authors: Narkunas Ernestas , Poskas Povilas , Smaizys Arturas , Norris Simon 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTIgnalina NPP contains two Units with RBMK-1500 reactors. After shutdown, several Unit 1 systems and equipment were radiologically characterized and dismantled. The highest volume of reactor structures is attributed to the graphite stack of the reactor core, radiological characterization of which has not yet been performed. The stack can be visualized as a vertical cylinder 8 m high and 14 m diameter, made up of 2488 columns where each column is made up from several graphite blocks. The total mass of the graphite stack blocks is about 1700 tonnes. Therefore, the main goal of work reported in this paper was to estimate the inventory of14C and other key radionuclides in the irradiated graphite by a combination of activity measurements and full 3D reactor graphite stack neutron activation modeling. Obtained results show that, based on the combination of modeling and measurement techniques, the total inventory of14C in graphite stack is estimated at 3.22×1014Bq at 9 years after Unit 1 reactor final shutdown.14C activity is the highest among the analyzed radionuclides; the second highest is60Co (~6 times lower).
Fatty acid positional distribution (sn-2 fatty acids) and phospholipid composition in Chinese breast milk from colostrum to mature stage
Authors: Wu Ke , Gao Runying , Tian Fang , Mao Yingyi , Wang Bei , Zhou Lili , Shen Liwei , Guan Yan , Cai Meiqin 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThis study quantified the fatty acid profile with emphasis on the stereo-specifically numbered (sn) 2 positional distribution in TAG and the composition of main phospholipids at different lactation stages. Colostrum milk (n70), transitional milk (n96) and mature milk (n82) were obtained longitudinally from healthy lactating women in Shanghai. During lactation, total fatty acid content increased, with SFA dominating in fatty acid profile. A high ratio ofn-6:n-3 PUFA was observed as 11:1 over lactation due to the abundance of linoleic acid in Chinese human milk. As the main SFA, palmitic acid showed absolutesn-2 selectivity, while oleic acid, linoleic acid andα-linolenic acid, the main unsaturated fatty acids, were primarily esterified at thesn-1 andsn-3 positions. Nervonic acid and C22 PUFA including DHA were more enriched in colostrum with ansn-2 positional preference. A total of three dominant phospholipids (phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylcholine (PC) and sphingomyelin (SM)) were analysed in the collected samples, and each showed a decline in amount over lactation. PC was the dominant compound followed by SM and PE. With prolonged breast-feeding time, percentage of PE in total phospholipids remained constant, but PC decreased, and SM increased. Results from this study indicated a lipid profile different from Western reports and may aid the development of future infant formula more suitable for Chinese babies.
ON IWASAWA THEORY OF RUBIN–STARK UNITS AND NARROW CLASS GROUPS
Authors: MAZIGH YOUNESS 
Published: October 2018

AbstractLet K be a totally real number field of degree r. Let K∞ denote the cyclotomic -extension of K, and let L∞ be a finite extension of K∞, abelian over K. The goal of this paper is to compare the characteristic ideal of the χ-quotient of the projective limit of the narrow class groups to the χ-quotient of the projective limit of the rth exterior power of totally positive units modulo a subgroup of Rubin–Stark units, for some $\overline{\mathbb{Q}_{2}}$-irreducible characters χ of Gal(L∞/K∞).
Translation and the professional selves of Mercer Cook
Authors: Ní Loingsigh Aedín 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThis article explores the ways in which African American Mercer Cook's translation practice reflects complex overlaps between his professional/personal selves and an ideological backdrop that encompasses black internationalism, US race struggles and mid-twentieth-century diplomatic relations with Africa. A first section explores how Cook, a university professor of French, uses what he terms the “close-to-home” value of translation in order to expose his African American students to what has been written about them in French. At the same time, translation is seen by him as essential to building a “shared elsewhere” where his students can reflect on their place within a black world that is neither nation-bound nor monolingual. A second section examines the way in which Cook's translation practice is inflected by his role as US ambassador in francophone West Africa during the 1960s. In this context, the convergence of US civil rights with official US Cold War policy on postcolonial African states is key to understanding Cook's stance as a translator and the way in which he seeks diplomatically to propel his translations of L.S Senghor's texts towards a racially riven US readership.
The movers of the text: Monénembo's nomad subjects
Authors: Grayson Hannah 
Published: November 2018

AbstractTransnational African author Tierno Monénembo is known for his unstable narratives and travelling storytellers. In this article I will discuss two of his novels,Pelourinho(1995) andLes Coqs cubains chantent à minuit(2015). Drawing on nomadic thought, the article will argue that Monénembo's lesser-seen subjects are figures of mobiledébrouillardisewho embody and play out a collective nomadic thinking with which they mediate unstable space. Translation is indirectly addressed here as part of thatdébrouillardpractice, whereby stories, situations, and agency are mediated by these secondary characters. Monénembo translates their wily movement and flexibility into French by keeping mobility at the centre of his structural and linguistic choices. This reading will be framed in an understanding of subjectivity as always conditioned by mobility (after Braidotti), an essential lens for viewing postcolonial African subjects in the era of ongoing decolonization (Mbembe). Though written 20 years apart, the novels are remarkably similar in their depiction of space and character. Mirrored journeys westwards across the Atlantic seek to draw out the African heritage of lost relations in Latin America. Encounters with multiple, unfamiliar faces are reflected linguistically in the collision of several languages, and I will suggest that where such translingual environments are hostile for some, there is a simultaneous emergence of creativity. This happens both at character level and with the author's own negotiation of different languages and styles. Monénembo demotes protagonists and place to emphasize secondary characters who shape their own space. Drawing on the work of Rosi Braidotti, I use nomad thought to frame these figures as always mobile, savvy, and innovative. This is a positive vision of subjects as dynamic entities, ready to transform, and to translate.
Time, precarisation and age normality: on internal job mobility among men in manual work
Authors: Krekula Clary 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThis article explores the conditions for extended working life from an organising perspective. Based on the idea that temporality makes up a fundamental organising dimension, it discusses conceptions of internal job mobility, and if and when employees are expected to relocate to a different unit at work. The material consists of interviews with 11 men between the ages of 56 and 74, working in manual and managerial capacities at a foundry of a Swedish branch of a large international steel company. The results show that internal work mobility is regulated by normative assumptions of mobility in terms of on- and off-time. This socio-temporal order constructs younger age groups as the age normality while designating the older employees’ transitions as a normative breach. It is also shown that the temporal order constitutes a disciplining element steering employees from an early stage to plan for limitations that may arise as a result of ageism and/or physical changes. The result confirms that transition to less-physically demanding tasks is a prerequisite for continuing working in a physically demanding job. These transitions are not, however, included in the socio-temporal order of the company, but are presented as the older employees’ individual problem. All together, these results show the need to introduce organisational practices and corporate strategies in the debate on extended working life.
Pre-industrial welfare between regional economies and local regimes: rural poor relief in Flanders around 1800
Authors: Van den Broeck Nick , Lambrecht Thijs , Winter Anne 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThis study uses data on income and distribution of relief payments from local poor relief tables for 512 rural parishes in Flanders (present-day Belgium) in 1807 to examine spatial variation in poor relief practices in a region characterised by well-established local poor relief institutions and marked socio-economic differences. By combining data on poor relief with local data on population, landholding and occupational structure, we map out the relative importance of regional economies and local variation in producing distinct poor relief regimes. The results show that although local variation was considerable, the nature and extent of this variation interacted with structural socio-economic characteristics to produce regional patterns, signalling that local variation did not so much contradict as constitute regional patterns in poor relief regimes. The importance of socio-economic characteristics in determining both regional patterns and local variation supports our more general contention that local and regional levels of analysis represent a more fruitful avenue for understanding variations in poor relief practices than national differences in legislation, and therefore has implications for the comparative study of poor relief practices in a wider international context.