bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transformation of Recalcitrant Sorghum Varieties Facilitated by Baby Boom and Wuschel2
Authors: Nelson‐Vasilchik Kimberly , Hague Joel , Mookkan Muruganantham , Zhang Zhanyuan J. , Kausch Albert 
Published: October 2018

AbstractMost reliable transformation protocols for cereal crops, including sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench), rely on the use of immature embryo explants to generate embryogenic callus cells that are then transformed using Agrobacterium‐ or particle‐bombardment‐mediated DNA delivery. Subsequent to DNA transfer, most protocols rely on selectable markers for the recovery of stably transformed callus that is then regenerated to produce T0 plants. However, these protocols require specific genotypes that are innately capable of efficient embryogenic callus initiation. Here, we describe a system that makes use of the differential expression of the morphogenic regulators Baby Boom (Bbm) and Wuschel2 (Wus2) to achieve transformation in varieties of sorghum typically recalcitrant to standard transformation methods. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Two Useful Directing Modes in Singlet Oxygen Reactivity: Electrostatic Effects in the Ene Reaction with Allylic Alcoholates and a Chemoselectivity Change with α‐Alkoxy Michael Esters
Authors: Kleczka Margarethe , But Diana , Dylong Dominik , Fendinger Carolina , Marmann Verena , Wartke Christian , Griesbeck Axel G. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe front cover artwork is provided by Axel Griesbeck and Diana But at the University of Cologne (Germany). The image shows a cartoon of the hydrogen‐transfer process initiating the singlet oxygen ene reaction with several strong regio‐ and stereodirecting effects following the rule of thumb: If you give singlet oxygen your little finger it will soon have your whole hand (as adapted from a quote by Sigmund Freud). Read the full text of the Article at10.1002/cptc.201800133.
A new structure of single‐phase two‐stage hybrid transformerless multilevel PV inverter
Authors: Kuncham Sateesh Kumar , Annamalai Kirubakaran , Nallamothu Subrahmanyam 
Published: October 2018

SummaryTransformerless inverters are becoming popular for grid‐connected photovoltaic applications due to their simplicity, reduced size, weight, cost, and higher efficiency. In this paper, a two‐stage hybrid transformerless multilevel inverter (MLI) for single‐phase grid‐connected photovoltaic power generation system (PVPGS) is presented. The proposed topology comprises a multilevel boost converter (MLBC) and a symmetrical hybrid MLI. MLBC combines the boosting and switched capacitor voltage functions to produce self‐balanced multiple voltage levels. The proposed MLI is derived from a combination of bidirectional switches, a half bridge, and a diode‐clamped branch, which can produce only two variations in the total common mode voltage and is capable of suppressing leakage current as per DIN VDE 0126‐1‐1 grid standards. It offers the advantages of scalability, reactive power capability, reduced total harmonic distortion, and filter size. The proposed hybrid transformerless seven‐level inverter is simulated in MATLAB, and experimental setup is built to validate the effectiveness of the proposed configuration. Finally, a comprehensive comparison is made with other seven‐level inverter topologies.
A comparison study of the reporting systems for salivary gland fine needle aspirations: Are they really different?
Authors: Montezuma Diana , Canberk Sule , Aydın Ozlem , Dermirhas Mehmet Polat , Vieira André F. , Goksel Süha , İnce Ümit , Schmitt Fernando 
Published: October 2018

BackgroundRecently a new system for reporting salivary gland fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) cytology was proposed, theMilan System for Reporting Salivary Gland Cytopathology(MSRSGC). Herein, we evaluated diagnostic accuracy of salivary gland FNA, comparing the system previously used in our hospital with the Milan system.MethodsSalivary gland specimens obtained between 2011 and 2017 were reclassified according to MSRSGC. Risk of malignancy for each diagnostic category was determined. Diagnostic yield of both classifications was evaluated.ResultsThe cases (n= 388) were classified according to the old system: nondiagnostic (n= 28), benign (n= 246), atypical (n= 36), neoplastic (n= 57), suspicious for malignancy (n= 7) and malignant (n= 14). The lesions were distributed according to the MSRSGC: nondiagnostic (n= 28), non‐neoplastic (n= 89), atypia of undetermined significance (n= 39), benign neoplasm (n= 156), neoplasm of uncertain malignant potential (n= 55), suspicious for malignancy (n= 7) and malignant (n= 14). When considering only benign and malignant cases, both classifications showed the same sensitivity (62.5%), specificity (100%) and similar accuracy (95.8%). Comparison between the two systems showed no significant difference.ConclusionsSalivary gland FNA has high diagnostic accuracy and assists clinical management independently of the reporting system used, however, in some cases, the use of Milan system could be beneficial, since it allows an enhanced category stratification.
One‐hour post‐load hyperglycemia combined with HbA1c identifies individuals with higher risk of cardiovascular diseases: Cross‐sectional data from the CATAMERI study
Authors: Fiorentino Teresa Vanessa , Succurro Elena , Andreozzi Francesco , Sciacqua Angela , Perticone Francesco , Sesti Giorgio 
Published: October 2018

AbstractAimsA value of 1‐hour post‐load plasma glucose (PG) ≥155 mg/dL combined with the recently established HbA1c diagnostic thresholds for prediabetes increases the ability to predict diabetes and to detect subclinical cardiovascular organ damage. Herein, we evaluated whether a value of 1‐hour PG ≥155 mg/dL may recognize non‐diabetic individuals with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) within HbA1c‐defined glycemic categories.Materials and MethodsThe prevalence of composite and individual CVD, including coronary artery disease (CAD) and cerebrovascular disease, was assessed in 1010 non‐diabetic individuals.ResultsWithin the group with HbA1c <5.7%, a higher proportion of subjects with 1‐hour PG ≥ 155 mg/dL had composite CVD and individual CAD in comparison to those having 1‐hour PG˂155 mg/dL. Similarly, within the group with HbA1c‐defined prediabetes (5.7%‐6.4%), the prevalence of composite CVD and individual CAD in subjects with 1‐hour PG ≥155 mg/dL was higher than in the group with individuals having 1‐hour PG < 155 mg/dL. In a logistic regression analysis adjusted for several CVD risk factors individuals with HbA1c <5.7% and 1‐hour PG ≥ 155 mg/dL and those with HbA1c 5.7% to 6.4% and 1‐hour PG ≥ 155 mg/dL had a 4.5‐ (95%CI: 1.02‐20.44) and 6.2‐ (95%CI: 1.29‐29.74) fold increased risk of composite CVD and 6.2‐ (95%CI: 1.05–36.32) and 8.0‐ (95%CI: 1.25‐51.70) fold increased risk of having CAD, respectively, in comparison to individuals with HbA1c <5.7% and 1‐hour PG < 155 mg/dL.Conclusions1‐hour post‐load hyperglycemia may identify a subset of individuals within HbA1c‐defined glycemic categories at higher risk of having CVD.
Maternal age effects on fecundity and offspring egg‐to‐adult viability are not affected by mitochondrial haplotype
Authors: Koch Rebecca E. , Phillips James M. , Camus M. Florencia , Dowling Damian K. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractWhile numerous studies have demonstrated that mitochondrial genetic variation can shape organismal phenotype, the level of contribution the mitochondrial genotype makes to life‐history phenotype across the life course remains unknown. Furthermore, a clear technical bias has emerged in studies of mitochondrial effects on reproduction, with many studies conducted on males, but few on females. Here, we apply a classic prediction of the evolutionary theory of aging to the mitochondrial genome, predicting the declining force of natural selection with age will have facilitated the accumulation of mtDNA mutations that confer late‐life effects on female reproductive performance. This should lead to increased levels of mitochondrial genetic variation on reproduction at later‐life stages. We tested this hypothesis using thirteen strains of Drosophila melanogaster that each possessed a different mitochondrial haplotype in an otherwise standard nuclear genetic background. We measured fecundity and egg‐to‐adult viability of females over five different age classes ranging from early to late life and quantified the survival of females throughout this time period. We found no significant variation across mitochondrial haplotypes for the reproductive traits, and no mitochondrial effect on the slope of decline in these traits with increasing age. However, we observed that flies that died earlier in the experiment experienced steeper declines in the reproductive traits prior to death, and we also identified maternal and grandparental age effects on the measured traits. These results suggest the mitochondrial variation does not make a key contribution to shaping the reproductive performance of females.
Small copepods could channel missing carbon through metazoan predation
Authors: Roura Álvaro , Strugnell Jan M. , Guerra Ángel , González Ángel F. , Richardson Anthony J. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractGlobal ecosystem models are essential tools for predicting climate change impacts on marine systems. Modeled biogenic carbon fluxes in the ocean often match measured data poorly and part of this could be because small copepods (<2 mm) are modeled as unicellular feeders grazing on phytoplankton and microzooplankton. The most abundant copepods from a seasonal upwelling region of the Eastern North Atlantic were sorted, and a molecular method was applied to copepod gut contents to evaluate the extent of metazoan predation under two oceanographic conditions, a trophic pathway not accounted for in global models. Scaling up the results obtained herein, based on published field and laboratory estimates, suggests that small copepods could ingest 1.79–27.20 gigatons C/year globally. This ignored metazoan‐copepod link could increase current estimates of biogeochemical fluxes (remineralization, respiration, and the biological pump) and export to higher trophic levels by 15.6%–24.4%. It could also account for global discrepancies between measured daily ingestion and copepod metabolic demand/growth. The inclusion of metazoan predation into global models could provide a more realistic role of the copepods in the ocean and if these preliminary data hold true at larger sample sizes and scales, the implications would be substantial at the global scale.
Ice ages and butterflyfishes: Phylogenomics elucidates the ecological and evolutionary history of reef fishes in an endemism hotspot
Authors: DiBattista Joseph D. , Alfaro Michael E. , Sorenson Laurie , Choat John H. , Hobbs Jean‐Paul A. , Sinclair‐Taylor Tane H. , Rocha Luiz A. , Chang Jonathan , Luiz Osmar J. , Cowman Peter F. , Friedman Matt , Berumen Michael L. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractFor tropical marine species, hotspots of endemism occur in peripheral areas furthest from the center of diversity, but the evolutionary processes that lead to their origin remain elusive. We test several hypotheses related to the evolution of peripheral endemics by sequencing ultraconserved element (UCE) loci to produce a genome‐scale phylogeny of 47 butterflyfish species (family Chaetodontidae) that includes all shallow water butterflyfish from the coastal waters of the Arabian Peninsula (i.e., Red Sea to Arabian Gulf) and their close relatives. Bayesian tree building methods produced a well‐resolved phylogeny that elucidated the origins of butterflyfishes in this hotspots of endemism. We show that UCEs, often used to resolve deep evolutionary relationships, represent an important tool to assess the mechanisms underlying recently diverged taxa. Our analyses indicate that unique environmental conditions in the coastal waters of the Arabian Peninsula probably contributed to the formation of endemic butterflyfishes. Older endemic species are also associated with narrow versus broad depth ranges, suggesting that adaptation to deeper coral reefs in this region occurred only recently (<1.75 Ma). Even though deep reef environments were drastically reduced during the extreme low sea level stands of glacial ages, shallow reefs persisted, and as such there was no evidence supporting mass extirpation of fauna in this region.
Orchid diversity: Spatial and climatic patterns from herbarium records
Authors: Gaskett Anne C. , Gallagher Rachael V. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractAimWe test for spatial and climatic patterns of diversification in the Orchidaceae, an angiosperm family characterized by high levels of species diversity and rarity. Globally, does orchid diversity correlate with land area? In Australia, does diversity correlate with herbarium collecting effort, range size, or climate niche breadth? Where are Australia's orchids distributed spatially, in protected areas, and in climate space?LocationGlobal, then Australia.MethodsWe compared orchid diversity with land area for continents and recognized orchid diversity hotspots. Then, we used cleaned herbarium records to compare collecting effort (for Australian Orchidaceae vs. all other plant families, and also among orchid genera). Spatial and climate distributions were mapped to determine orchids’ coverage in the protected area network, range sizes, and niche breadths.ResultsGlobally, orchid diversity does not correlate with land area (depauperate regions are the subantarctic: 10 species, and northern North America: 394 species). Australian herbarium records and collecting effort generally reflect orchid species diversity (1,583 spp.), range sizes, and niche breadths. Orchids are restricted to 13% of Australia's landmass with 211 species absent from any protected areas. Species richness is the greatest in three biomes with high general biodiversity: Temperate (especially southwest and southeast Australia), Tropical, and Subtropical (coastal northern Queensland). Absence from the Desert is consistent with our realized climate niche—orchids avoid high temperature/low rainfall environments. Orchids have narrower range sizes than nonorchid species. Highly diverse orchid genera have narrower rainfall breadths than less diverse genera.Main conclusionsHerbarium data are adequate for testing hypotheses about Australian orchids. Distribution is likely driven by environmental factors. In contrast, diversification did not correlate with increases in range size, rainfall, or temperature breadths, suggesting speciation does not occur via invasion and local adaptation to new habitats. Instead, diversification may rely on access to extensive obligate symbioses with mycorrhizae and/or pollinators.
Genetic diversity and differentiation among Prosopis alba (Leguminosae) populations from dry valleys of Bolivia with different levels of human disturbance and altitude
Authors: Bessega Cecilia , Pometti Carolina , López Ramiro Pablo , Larrea‐Alcázar Daniel , Fortunato Reneé H. , Saidman Beatriz , Vilardi Juan Cesar 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe fast expansion of human population around La Paz, Bolivia (3,200–4,100 m.a.s.l.) triggered new suburban settlements in nearby areas in valleys and mountain feet. The white mesquite, Prosopis alba Griseb. (Leguminosae), is a resource (originally used by native communities) that is strongly affected by changes in land use. A gradient in the level of disturbance is found moving away from the La Paz city toward less altitude areas. The main objective of this study was to characterize genetically three P. alba populations with different levels of human disturbance located at different altitudes in Bolivia, in order to provide some guidelines for management and conservation of these species. Based on 10 SSR loci, the populations showed high level of genetic diversity in comparison with other forest species. The population less disturbed and situated at the lowest altitude was the most variable (He = 0.51–0.42), whereas the less variable was the most disturbed and situated at the highest altitude. Heterozygote excess was observed in all populations. Most of genetic diversity (99%) is contained within populations. Genetic differentiation among populations is low (1%), suggesting low gene flow among populations. No evidence of recent bottlenecks events was detected. The estimates of the effective population size were low in all populations. The results are in agreement with the hypothesis that genetic diversity is reduced by the impact of anthropic disturbance in the population located at higher altitude in comparison with the lightly disturbed situated at lower altitude and farther from urban settlements.
Differential sperm‐egg interactions in experimental pairings between two subspecies and their hybrids in a passerine bird
Authors: Hurley Laura L. , Rowe Melissah , Griffith Simon C. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractSpeciation research has largely overlooked reproductive barriers acting between copulation and the formation of the zygote (i.e., postmating, prezygotic [PMPZ] barriers), especially in internally fertilizing vertebrates. Nonetheless, it is becoming clear that PMPZ reproductive barriers can play a role in the formation and maintenance of species boundaries. We investigated sperm‐egg interactions in the recently diverged subspecies pairs of the long‐tailed finch, Poephila acuticauda acuticauda and P. a. hecki, to explore potential PMPZ barriers. Specifically, we compared the number of sperm reaching the perivitelline layer (PVL) of the ova, and hence the site of fertilization, in both intra‐ and inter‐subspecies pairings and pairings of F1 hybrid adults with one parental subspecies. Although we found no difference in PVL sperm number among intra‐ and inter‐subspecific pairs, a significantly lower number of sperm reached the site of fertilization in a backcross pairing. As low numbers of PVL sperm appear to be associated with low fertilization success in birds, our findings offer insight into the potential role of postcopulatory processes in limiting gene flow between the subspecies and may help explain the relatively narrow hybrid zone that exists in the wild in this species. Though further work is needed to gain a comprehensive understanding of the morphological, physiological, and molecular mechanisms underlying our results, our study supports the role of PMPZ reproductive barriers in avian speciation, even in recently diverged taxa, that may not yet be fully genetically incompatible.
Rebel honeybee workers have a tendency to become intraspecific reproductive parasites
Authors: Kuszewska Karolina , Miler Krzysztof , Rojek Wiktoria , Ostap‐Chęć Monika , Woyciechowski Michal 
Published: October 2018

AbstractWorker honeybees may reproduce in either their own or foreign colonies; the latter situation is termed intraspecific reproductive parasitism (IRP). In this study, we compared the tendency for IRP between normal honeybee workers, which are characterized by a relatively low reproductive potential, and “rebel workers”, a recently discovered subcaste of honeybee workers characterized by a high reproductive potential that develops when the colony is without a queen. We expected that the high reproductive potential of the rebel workers would influence their reproductive strategy and that these individuals would drift to other colonies to lay eggs more often than normal workers. The results confirm our expectations and show that rebel workers are more likely than normal workers to drift to foreign colonies. The rebel workers also preferred to drift to queenless colonies than to queenright colonies, while the normal workers did not show this preference. This study indicates that rebel workers have a tendency for IRP, which may be responsible for the maintenance of the rebel worker strategy in bee populations.
Shorescape‐level factors drive distribution and condition of a salt marsh facilitator (Geukensia demissa)
Authors: Isdell Robert E. , Bilkovic Donna M. , Hershner Carl 
Published: October 2018

AbstractRibbed mussels (Geukensia demissa) are a highly abundant bivalve filter feeder throughout the salt marshes of the U.S. Atlantic Coast. These mussels form a mutualistic relationship with smooth cordgrass Spartina alterniflora wherein the grass provides habitat and shade to the mussels, and the mussels stabilize the sediment and fertilize the grass. Salt marshes are, however, rapidly changing and eroding as humans modify the coast, and the rate of sea level rise is accelerating. In order to understand how ribbed mussels may respond to their changing habitat, we collected mussel density and distribution data from 30 marshes covering the range of geomorphic settings found in lower Chesapeake Bay. We used a combination of in situ and GIS‐derived spatial variables to develop spatially applied models of ribbed mussel density and physical condition. Of the estimated 1.06 billion ribbed mussels in Virginia, we found that mussels were most abundant along the front edge of marshes in wide creeks, rivers, or bays with dense Spartina and minimal proximal forest, set in agriculturally dominated areas. In contrast, mussel condition was highest in fringing marshes located in narrow tidal creeks. Ribbed mussels responded to factors at a variety of scales, ranging from extremely local (0.5 m) to larger shorescapes (≥300 m). The methods that we used to create models linking both aquatic and terrestrial variables to explain the variation in ribbed mussel populations along the shoreline provide a valuable tool for identifying baselines and assessing potential for change across estuary‐level spatial scales not only for ribbed mussels in the Chesapeake Bay, but also for other sessile, intertidal species in other systems.
Tree thinning and fire affect ectomycorrhizal fungal communities and enzyme activities
Authors: Rasmussen Ann L. , Brewer J. Stephen , Jackson Colin R. , Hoeksema Jason D. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractCommon ecological restoration treatments such as thinning trees and prescribed burning could result in changes to soil fungal communities and changes to the function of those communities. Ectomycorrhizal fungi are especially likely to be affected as they are symbionts on plant roots and exhibit host and niche preferences. Ectomycorrhizal fungi also produce extracellular enzymes that are important in soil nutrient cycling. We conducted a community survey of ectomycorrhizal fungi and assayed ectomycorrhizal root tip enzyme activity using substrate plugs in northern Mississippi upland oak–pine woodland plots differing in restoration history to explore the influence of woodland restoration on ectomycorrhizal fungal community composition and function. Restoration treatment was significant in explaining the occurrence of the most common fungal species (Russula xerampelina) and the most common family (Thelephoraceae) in the ectomycorrhizal fungal community survey. Highest potential laccase, peroxidase, and N‐acetyl‐β‐d‐glucosaminidase enzyme activity were found in a prescribed burn plot, and the lowest enzyme activities at a wildfire plot, where richness of ectomycorrhizal fungi was also lower. Different fungal families displayed significantly different enzymatic capabilities, with Hydnangiaceae having the highest laccase activity and Tuberaceae having significantly higher peroxidase and chitinase activity than several other families. These results suggest that restoration treatments can affect ectomycorrhizal fungal community composition and function, and better understanding these changes can aid understanding of the niches of ectomycorrhizal fungi and the impacts of restoration.