bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of ultrasound treatment on molecular structures of casein
Authors: Wang Jinshui , Yin Yanli , Jia Feng 
Published: August 2018

Casein was modified by ultrasound treatment (160W, 400 W)and the structural characteristics of casein (control), USC-1 (160W of ultrasound treated casein) and USC-2 (400W of ultrasound treated casein) were investigated. Ultrasound treatment resulted in increase in the numbers of protein bands of casein in region of low molecular weight according to SDS-PAGE pattern. The relative percentage of the proteins with molecular mass (MM) of over 30 kD in USC-1 and USC-2 significantly decreased compared with control sample. CoupledÂ withÂ thisÂ isÂ the relative percentage of the proteins with MM of region 20 kD-30 kD for the ultrasonic-treated caseins increased. Contents of Î±-helix, Î²-sheet and random coil of casein for USC-1 and USC-2 decreased compared with control. While, Î²-turn content for USC-1 and USC-2 increased. Ratio of Î±-helix to Î²-sheet in USC-1 and USC-2 significantly decreased (from 0.70 to 0.47 and 0.46). Ultrasound treatment had a strong crushing action of surface of the casein micelle and resulted in its structural disruption. Particle size distribution range of casein was approximately 0.5-70 Î¼m, Particle size of USC-1 and USC-2 was less than 30Î¼m. D (50), D (4, 3) as well as D (3, 2) for USC-1 and USC-2 reduced compared with the control. The ratio of D (4, 3) to D (3, 2) also decreased with increase of ultrasonic intensity. This study demonstrated that ultrasound treatment could be an effective method for modification of casein structure. This modification is the basis on improvement in functional properties.
Alternative Fuel from Agricultural Waste
Authors: Sahu Om Prakash 
Published: August 2018

Waste can be minimized by reuse or recover by the process due disposal of the waste is big issue for environment. So many organization are working for to utilized the wasteÂ for energy recovery. Field crops offer potential source of fuel, offering promise as large-scale energy and based on its genetic diversity, climatic adaptation, and biomass and sugar production. Lignocellulosic biomass is the most abundant organic raw material in the world. Production of ethanol from renewable lignocellulosic resources may improve energy availability, decrease air pollution and diminish atmospheric CO2 accumulation. Presently this work was to evaluate the feasibility of ethanol production and optimization from Rice husk by using commercial bakery yeast, i.e., S. cereviciae. The experiment was conducted, at fermentation temperature 30 Â°C and pH 5, and treated using different acid concentrations and residence times. Rice husk was hydrolyzed by refluxing, a solid to liquid ratio of 1:10, using dilute sulfuric acid (1 to 5 %) and distilled water at hydrolysis time of 1 to 11 hours keeping boiling temperature. 90 % maximum total sugar concentration was obtained at 5 h acid free hydrolysis. Based on these hydrolysis results, fermentation process was performed.Â
Defect in dissemination of fish breeding and other related technologies raise a question of sustainability to the aquaculture sector of three eastern states of India
Authors: Chattopadhyay N.R. 
Published: August 2018

Through the implementation of induced breeding technology into farming condition, fish production from inland sector increased substantially from 0.9 million tones in 1977-78 to 1.54 million tones in 1990-91, as the major hatcheries in Bengal has come up in 1980â€™s. Following the Bengal, the fish breeders of Assam and Bihar started establishing hatchery after getting primary training from Bengal breeders. Â Within very short period of introduction of technology, the greedy and ignorant farmers of the three states started practicing improper breeding practices like mixed spawning, use of small number of breeding population and indiscriminate hybridization for their profit and convenience.Mixed spawning leads to hybridization inadvertently and ultimately affect the native gene pool. Maintenance of small number of founder population leads to inbreeding and the obvious genetic consequences are the increased fry deformities (37.6%), decreased food conversion efficiency (15.6%) and fry survival (19%). Again the undesirable hybrids when find their way into natural system results in â€œgenetic intermixingâ€ and affects the genetic biodiversity of the native fish fauna. Along with these the fish breeders are introducing alien fishes almost every year without maintaining any code of practice. This alien introduction and repeated use of unauthorized drugs and feeds (composition totally unknown) severely affecting the native biodiversity and unless checked early it may lead to the extinction of some of the prized fishes of India.
EFFECTS OF BLENDING RICE BRAN OIL BIODIESEL with diesel ON THE PROPERTIES OF
Authors: Bello Emmanuel I. , Oluboba Oluwole 
Published: August 2018

Some properties of rice bran oil and the biodiesel such as saponification value and iodine value even when within standard limits can be more effective if reduced further. One way of achieving this is to blend with diesel. Rice bran oil was extracted using a soxhlet extractor operated at 60oC. The oil was transesterified directly using methanol and sodium hydroxide without pretreatment with an acid as the free fatty acid content was low at 0.12% oleic acid. The biodiesel produced was used to blend diesel to 10% (B10) and 20% (B20). The oil, biodiesel and blends were characterized using the ASTM protocols and the results obtained shows that the densities and viscosities of the oil reduced after transesterification and blending, while flash points and cetane number of the samples increased.Â Most of the properties after blending are within the limits of ASTM D6751-02 standards for biodiesel thus allowing them to be used as alternative fuels for diesel engines.Â
Understanding mammary gland functioning in livestock species using in-vitro mammary epithelial cells model -An overview
Authors: Mukesh M , Shandilya Umesh Kumar , Sodhi Monika , Sharma Ankita , Kapila Neha 
Published: August 2018

Understanding the mechanisms of the development of the mammary gland can increase the efficiency of milk production, as well as improve animal health. Mammary epithelial cells (MEC) are the functional unit of the mammary gland. Although, there is a well-established MEC cell line, known as MAC-T, the use of a primary cell line is preferred because it more closely mimics an in vivo model. This review focuses on utilization of MECs as a potential in vitro model to better understand mammary gland functions in livestock species. Recently, considerable advances in three dimensional modeling of the mammary gland have been made with the used of extracellular matrix for the study of branching morphogenesis which may enable rapid advances in our understanding of mammary gland biology. Progress in the exploitation of MECs as in vitro model is more productive than ever, however further research is vital.Â Â Â
Strategies and Approaches for Antibiotic Yield Improvement in Actinomycetes
Authors: Shi Zhenping , Zhang Jiuming , Tian Li 
Published: August 2018

Â Actinomycetes represent a valuable source of commercially significant antibiotics. However, the yields of antibiotics in wild Actinomycetes usually could not meet the commercial needs and so antibiotics yield improvement is a constant requirement in the drug industry. Various methods and strategies such as traditional strain breeding methods and fermentation optimization methods have been tried and some new ideas such as gene engineering, mixed culture and quorum sensing along with empirical approaches are still on the way to gain this ultimate goal. This review will focus on the strategies and approaches for Actinomycetes antibiotics augment.Â
In Vitro Screening of Antioxidant Properties of Ten Cameroonian Medicinal Plants
Authors: Nguedia Assob Jules Clement , Njouendou Abdel Jelil , Alango Nkeng Pepin Efouet , Chouna Jean Rodolphe , Badami S. M. , Verapur Veeresh P , Typpeswamy B. D. , Wanji Samuel 
Published: August 2018

Background: Oxidative stress is involved in the pathogenesis of several degenerative diseases. This work studied the invitro anti-oxidative properties of methanolic extracts of 10 Cameroonian medicinal plants including Autranella congolensis(AC); Beilschmiedia anacardioides(BA); Crossopteryx febrifiga (CF); Cussonia arborea (Cu A); Cyphostema adenaucaule(Cy A); Dissotis longipetala (DL); Lonchocarpus sepium(LS); Nauclea pobeguinii (NP); Pycnanthus angolensis (PA);Picralima nitida (PN) used in folk medicine against various ailments associated with oxidative damages pattern. Method:The extracts were subjected to phytochemical screening to identify major classes of secondary metabolites. Their totalcontents in phenols, flavonoids were determined; whereas the anti-oxidative and reducing power were evaluated. Theseextracts were tested for their scavenging activity using DPPH, ABTS, superoxide, hydroxyl and nitric oxide radicals andhydrogen peroxide. The inhibitory effects of extracts against lipid peroxidation were also investigated on rat brainhomogenates. Results: The methanolic extracts of CF, DL, LS and AC showed important antioxidant activities andscavenging properties against all radicals system used. The extract of CuA and NP were inactive against hydrogen peroxide.The most potent antioxidant activity was obtained with AC extract, which showed the lowest IC50 value as compared to theÂ standard. The IC50 values of this extract were 7.31Â±0.25, 5.20Â±0.35, 42.17Â±0.60, 77.30Â±7.41, 32.94Â±1.32, 9.71Â±1.07 andÂ 121.59Â±1.08 Î¼g/ml against ABTS, DPPH, hydrogen peroxide, inhibition of lipid peroxidation, superoxide radical, hydroxylradical and nitric oxide radical system respectively. These values were found to be comparable to those obtained with theÂ standards. Significant positive correlations were observed between total antioxidant activity with total reducing power(p<0.01; R2=0.8190), total flavonoids (P<0.05; R2=0.6419) and total phenol (P<0.01; R2=0.8643); whereas non-significantÂ correlation was obtained between other systems and the total phenolic constituents. Conclusion: The data generated fromÂ this study sustained the use of these medicinal plants in the treatment of various diseases associated with oxidative stress.The potent antioxidant activity of the Autranella congolensis extract and its high content in phenolic constituents are to betaken into the consideration for further phytochemical and biological investigations.
Detection of Dengue Virus in Department of Bolivar, Colombia, 2012-2013, Real-Time PCR
Authors: GÃ“MEZ DORIS ESTHER , GarcÃ­a Yina Paola , OCHOA MARGARITA MARIA , Castro Raimundo , Camacho Erwin , TuirÃ¡n Pedro Blanco 
Published: August 2018

Objective. To assess the presence of RNA from dengue virus by Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction with Reverse Transcriptase (qRT-PCR), in anti-dengue IgM seronegative serum samples obtained from symptomatic patients with less than 5 days of fever, in the department of Bolivar, Colombia.Materials and Methods. Cross sectional descriptive study, where 50 anti-dengue IgM seronegative serum samples were analyzed by qRT-PCR. In addition, we reviewed the epidemiological charts of each patient in order to collect sociodemographic and blood count (CBC) data.Results. DENV-3 RNA was detected in seven (14Â %) serum samples. The most common clinical manifestations were: fever (90Â %; 45/50), headache (88Â %; 44/50) and myalgia (74Â %; 37/50). Regarding the CBC, the most significant findings were: thrombocytopenia (60Â %; 30/50; 73.3% were men), and leukopenia (50Â %; 25/50; 60% were men).Conclusion. Detection and typing of DENV genome by qRT-PCR could be considered a diagnostic tool for Dengue in anti-dengue IgM seronegative serum samples, especially, within four days after the onset of the signs of the disease.
Levels of Î²2-Microglobulin and Association of ACE Gene I/D Polymorphism with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients
Authors: Hussain Nageen , Mahwish Mahwish 
Published: August 2018

BackgroundDiabetes mellitus is a metabolic ailment which is an outcome of defect in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. The ACEgene systematizes Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) and is the most profoundly studied gene because of its crucial role in the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). The insertion/ deletion (I/D) of a 287bp long Alu repetitive sequence in intron 16 is responsible for three genotypes, DD and II homozygotes and ID heterozygotes.ACE levels differ in carriers with respect to their genotype; DD carriers have twice the levels of ACE than that found in II genotype individuals. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the association ofACE gene I/Dpolymorphism in Pakistani Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) patients primarily from Lahore.Methods:Hundred patients (T2DM) and fifty healthy controls were enrolled in this study. The ACE I/D polymorphism, located in intron 16, was analyzed by a triple primer method called nested-PCR and subsequently the results were analyzed by gel electrophoresis.Urine samples were also collected from patients suffering from diabetic nephropathy for the determination of beta-2 microglobulin.Results: The frequency of ACE genotypes DD, ID and II among the patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus was found to be 76%, 10%, 14% whereas in control subjects, 38% , 4% , 8% respectively. Other clinical parameters like blood sugar level and body mass index were also evaluated to find an association with genotype. The findings showed a non-significant association of ACE genotype with Blood Sugar Level (BSL) and Body Mass Index (BMI).Of the hundred T2DM patients enrolled in the study ten (10%) were of diabetic nephropathy. Beta-2-microglobulin was measured in the urine of these patients as well as healthy controls. A significant association between Î²2-microglobulin and T2DM was found by Fischerâ€™s exact test. Serum creatinine values were noted and correlation was found. The results showed a positive correlation but non-significant between creatinine and beta-2-microglobulin.Conclusion:In the present study, no significant association was found between ACE gene I/D polymorphism and T2DM. Gender of the T2DM patients showed null effect on genotype.Â Other clinical parameters like blood sugar level and body mass index also revealed a non-significant association with the ACE gene genotype.
Molecular Typing by Polymerase Chain Reaction Sequence Specific Primers (PCR- SSP) of Human Leukocyte Class I and Class II Alleles in a Sample of Iraqi Visceral Leishmaniasis Patients
Authors: Mohymen(Ph.D.) Nidal Abdul , Qader (Ph.D.) Abdullah M. , Adâ€™hiah (Ph.D.) Ali H. 
Published: August 2018

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the association between HLA alleles and visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in a sample of Iraqi patients. Methods: A total of 30 patients were studied, in addition to 20 age, gender and ethnicity matched controls. All subjects were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-sequence specific primers (PCR-SSP) method. Results: Â For HLA-class I region (A and B loci), only HLA-A*19 allele showed a significant (P = 0.031) decreased frequency in VL patients as compared with controls (13.3 vs. 45.0%), and such deviation was associated with OR and PF values of 0.19 and 0.37, respectively. At HLA-class II region, HLA-DRB1*03 and HLA-DQB1*02 alleles were significantly (P = 0.020 and 0.013, respectively) increased in VL patients (56.6 vs. 20% and 46.6 vs. 10%, respectively) as compared with controls. The OR of such two positive associations was 5.23 and 7.88, respectively, and the EF value was 0.46 and 0.41, respectively. In contrast, HLA-DRB1*02 (13.3 vs. 45.0%) and HLA-DQB1*03 (33.3 vs. 70.0%) were significantly (P = 0.031 and 0.023, respectively) decreased in patients. However, none of these differences remained significant after correcting the P value for the number of alleles tested at each locus. Conclusion: these preliminary data suggest that HLA alleles may have some role in aetiopathogenesis of VL, and this role can be in favour of susceptibility and/or protection.
The Correlation between Microsatellite Instability and the Features of Sporadic Colorectal Cancer in Sample of Iraqi Patients
Authors: Mohymen Nidal Abdul , Hanon Basim Mohammed , Mahommod Akeel Shaker 
Published: August 2018

Background: Microsatillite instability (MSI) is a mutational signature found in colorectal carcinoma (CRC), it represents about 12% in non inherited CRC.Aim: To correlate between MSI and sporadic CRC Iraqi patients.Patients and methods: A total of 47 patients with colorectal carcinoma were enrolled in this study, among these patients 26 (55%) males and 21(45%) females, with a range age from 37 years to 72 years, mean age (54.5 year). Microsatellite marker amplifications were performed as singleplex PCR reactions.Results: Patients were divided in to three groups, group 1 with MSI high were constituted a frequency of 17Â Â Â (36.17 %), and group 2 with MSS (16) (34.04Â %) and group 3 with MSI low the frequency(Â 14 ) (29.78Â %). MSI high Â was expressed in high percentage (38.09%) Â in women comparted with male( 34.61%),while its relation to age, results indicated that age group (â‰¤ 50 years) showed high.Percentage (37.93%) compated with Group 1(â‰¥50 years) (33.33% ) and the realtion of MSI with morphological feature of the specimens showed that poorly diffrrentiated CRC specimens showed the highly percentage ( 47.07% ) when comparted with well and moderatly differntiated cases. The mucinous Â type of CRC reveled 100% pecentage for MSI comparted with nonmucinous Â ( 27.65%)Â with siganficant difference. High frequancy of MSI was shown in right site (52.94%) with significant difference compared with MSI L and MSS.Conclusion: This study showed that there were a close association between MSI with female patients, old patients, and right site, mucinous and poorly differentiated CRC.
Enhancement of Cocoa Quality By the Indigenous Yeast Candida Tropicalis KLK4 Through Cocoa Bean Fermentation
Authors: Yanti Nur Arfa 
Published: August 2018

An indigenous yeast strain that isolated from fermented cocoa bean has a role in cocoa bean fermentation process, was characterized and identified to be member of the Candida tropicalis Â species Â based on phenotypic characteristics and the D1/D2 region of the large subunit rRNA gene. Properties of importance for cocoa bean fermentation, namely sucrose, glucose, and citrate assimilation capacity, pH-, ethanol-, and heat-tolerance, were examined for isolate. The Quality of fermented cocoa bean was analyzed by cut test. Candida tropicalis KLK4 was tolerance to low pH value, high temperature, ethanol and could assimilate citrate, reflecting it is able to adapt to cocoa fermentation environment. The utilization of Candida tropicalis KLK4 strain as a starter culture for cocoa fermentation can enhance cocoa Â quality.
Polyphasic Characterization of a Potential Novel Cellulolytic Bacterium Brevibacillus Brevis Strain St-2
Authors: Prasad P. , Singh Tanuja , Bedi S. 
Published: August 2018

The tremendous commercial potential of cellulases in a variety of applications remains the driving force for research in this area. The present study was aimed at isolation and screening of promising cellulolytic strains from locally collected soil samples. A promising cellulose degrading bacterial strain designated as St-2 was isolated from agricultural field. Optimization of fermentation media ingredients and environmental factors were done for optimizing growth of theÂ Â Â Â Â Â strain which facilitates effective cellulase production. St-2 showed luxuriant growth on sucrose, lactose, mannitol and inositol whereas the growth was moderate on dextrose and fructose. The strain was able to grow in a wide range of pH (5-11) and temperature (4-45 ËšC) and was tolerant to up to 6% (w/v) of NaCl concentration in the medium. The results indicate wide spectrum adaptability of the strain to variable pH, temperatures and saline concentrations that makes it an advantageous organism to survive in the fluctuating environmental conditions. The optimum pH and temperature for enzyme production were 7 (with 2.11 U/ml CMCase activities and 2.22 U/ml FPase activities) and 37ËšC (with 1.73 U/ml CMCase activities and 1.92 U/ml FPase activities), respectively. The morphological and biochemical characteristics of the strain were consistent with those of the genus Brevibacillus. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain St-2 showed a similarity score of 99% with Brevibacillusbrevis(GeneBank Accession No. AB271756) having BLAST score ranging between 821 to 827 bits.
PGPR Induced Differencial Expression of Defence Enzymes Regulating Resistance Against Colletotrichum Capsici in Turmeric
Authors: Adhipathi P. , Nakkeeran S. , Devi P. Renuka , Velazhahan R. , Raguchander T. 
Published: August 2018

Plant growth promoting Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain BaTNAU5 and Pseudomonas fluorescens strain Pf3TNAU were evaluated in turmeric for induction defence by differential expression of defence enzymes against Colletotrichum capsici. Further the activity and quantitative assay of the defense enzymes peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), Î²â€‘1,3-glucanase, chitinase, catalase and defense-inducing chemicals (total phenols) significantly increased with soil and foliar application of B. amyloliquefaciens (BaTNAU5) and P. fluorescens (Pf3TNAU). Western blot analysis of protein extracts from B. amyloliquefaciens (BaTNAU5) and P. fluorescens (Pf3TNAU) challenged with C. capsici,Â a chitinase with an apparent molecular weight of 28 kDa was induced four days after treatment.
Yacon Flour and Corn Steep Liquor as Substrate for Inulinase and Biomass Production by Kluyveromyces Marxianus NRRL Y-7571
Authors: Sathler Leonardo Amorin , Contiero Jonas , Cazetta Marcia Luciana 
Published: August 2018

Yacon is a perennial plant native of the Andesthat stores inulin-type polyfructans as reserve carbohydrates in its tubers. The enzymes that hydrolyze the inulin Î²-2,1 fructose Â linkages are called inulinases and are much used to produce high fructose syrups (HFS) and ethanol. The present study investigated inulinase and biomass production by Kluyveromyces marxianus NRRL Y-7571 using yacon flour as carbon source and corn steep liquor as nitrogen source by a Central Composite Design (CCD) 22 to carry out experiments and Surface Response Methodology (RSM) to analyze the results. The maximum enzyme production was 36.1 U.ml-1 and biomass production was 8.95 g.l-1 under the condition of 7% yacon flour and 2% corn steep liquor. The crude enzyme partial characterization showed that inulinase had optimal pH at 4.0 and optimal temperature at60Â°C. The enzyme maintained over 90% of its activity for four hours at45Â°C and50Â°C.
Shea Butter (Vitellaria paradoxa) Biodiesel
Authors: Bello Emmanuel I. , Mamman A 
Published: August 2018

Shea butter Â was pretreated with sulphuric Â acid to convert the free fatty acids to esters and thenÂ transesterified to biodiesel using methanol and sodium hydroxide as catalyst. The oil, biodiesel, 10% and 20% blends with diesel were characterized according to ASTM and EN protocols for biodiesel. The fatty acid profile of the oil and biodiesel were analyzed usingÂ HP 6890 Gas Chromatography analyzer fitted with a flame ionization detector. From the results obtained, the properties of the biodiesel are by and large within the ASTM limits for biodiesel and the saturation to unsaturation ratio is 0.87 which gives a good balance of properties. The mineral contents are also within the ASTM limits for biodiesel. From the results obtained, it was concluded that the biodiesel can be used as alternative fuel for diesel engines.Â Â