bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Do you want to know a secret? Turkeys, giants, and atomic bombs
Authors: Goriely Alain 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
When observing and trying to quantify the world around us, two simple facts can be appreciated and readily agreed upon. First, different physical quantities are characterized by different quantifiers, such as length and time. Second, objects come in different sizes. These two facts have far-reaching consequences that can be appreciated when we understand their mathematical implications and study the constraints that dimensions and size impose on physical processes. Obtaining information in this way is known as dimensional or scaling analysis. ‘Do you want to know a secret? Turkeys, giants, and atomic bombs’ considers several examples of scaling analysis and explains that dimensional analysis relies on a simple universal principle, the principle of dimensional homogeneity.
Results of Surgery for Low-Grade Brain Arteriovenous Malformation Resection by Early Career Neurosurgeons: An Observational Study
Authors: Patel Nirav J , Bervini David , Eftekhar Behzad , Davidson Andrew Stewart , Walsh Daniel C , Assaad Nazih N , Morgan Michael Kerin 
Published: February 2018

Abstract

BACKGROUND
For sustainability of arteriovenous malformation (AVM) surgery, results from early career cerebrovascular neurosurgeons (ECCNs) must be acceptably safe.

OBJECTIVE
To determine whether ECCNs performance of Spetzler–Ponce Class A AVM (SPC A) resection can be acceptably safe.

METHODS
ECCNs completing a cerebrovascular fellowship (2004-2015) with the last author were included. Inclusion of the ECCN cases occurred if they: had a prospective database of all AVM cases since commencing independent practice; were the primary surgeon on SPC A; and had made the significant management decisions. All SPC A surgical cases from the beginning of the ECCN’s independent surgical practice to a maximum of 8 yr were included. An adverse outcome was considered a complication of surgery leading to a new permanent neurological deficit with a last modified Rankin Scale score >1. A cumulative summation (Cusum) plot examined the performance of each surgery. The highest acceptable level of adverse outcomes for the Cusum was 3.3%, derived from the upper 95% confidence interval of the last author's reported series.

RESULTS
Six ECCNs contributed 110 cases for analysis. The median number of SPC A cases operated by each ECCN was 16.5 (range 4-40). Preoperative embolization was performed in 5 (4.5%). The incidence of adverse outcomes was 1.8% (95% confidence interval: <0.01%-6.8%). At no point during the accumulated series did the combined cohort become unacceptable by the Cusum plot.

CONCLUSION
ECCNs with appropriate training appointed to large-volume cerebrovascular centers can achieve results for surgery for SPC A that are not appreciably worse than those published from high-volume neurosurgeons.
Radiographic Analysis of the Vidian Canal and Its Utility in Petrous Internal Carotid Artery Localization
Authors: Mason Eric C , Hudgins Patricia A , Pradilla Gustavo , Oyesiku Nelson M , Solares C Arturo 
Published: February 2018

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Endoscopic endonasal surgery of the skull base requires expert knowledge of the anatomy and a systematic approach. The vidian canal is regarded as a reliable landmark to localize the petrous internal carotid artery (pICA) near the second genu, which can be used for orientation in deep skull base approaches. There is controversy about the relationship between the vidian canal and the pICA.

OBJECTIVE
To further establish the vertical relationship between the vidian canal and the pICA to aid in surgical approaches to the skull base.

METHODS
We utilized a collection of institutional review board-approved computed tomographic (CT) angiograms (CTAs). Fifty CTAs were studied bilaterally for 100 total sides. The vidian canal was visualized radiographically to determine whether it terminates below, at, or above the level of the pICA.

RESULTS
Sixty-six of 100 vidian canals terminated inferior to the pICA (66%), which was the most common relationship observed. The average distance inferior to the pICA was 1.01 mm on the right, 1.18 mm on the left, and 1.09 mm of the total 66 sides. Less commonly, the vidian canal terminated at the level of the pICA canal in 34 sides (34%). The vidian canal was not observed to terminate superior to the pICA in any of the 50 CTAs studied.

CONCLUSION
The vidian canal terminates inferior to the pICA most commonly, but often terminates at the level of the pICA. Careful drilling clockwise inferior to superior around the vidian canal should allow for safe pICA localization in most cases.
Glutamatergic Modulators in Depression
Authors: Henter Ioline D. , de Sousa Rafael Teixeira , Zarate Carlos A. 
Published: February 2018

Learning objective
After participating in this activity, learners should be better able to evaluate the evidence supporting the antidepressant effects of glutamatergic modulators.
Both preclinical and clinical studies have implicated glutamatergic system dysfunction in the pathophysiology of mood disorders such as bipolar depression and major depressive disorder. In particular, rapid reductions in depressive symptoms have been noted in response to subanesthetic doses of the glutamatergic modulator ketamine in subjects with major depressive disorder or bipolar depression. These results have prompted the repurposing or development of other glutamatergic modulators, both as monotherapy or adjunctive to other therapies. Here, we highlight the evidence supporting the antidepressant effects of various glutamatergic modulators, including (1) broad glutamatergic modulators (ketamine, esketamine, dextromethorphan, dextromethorphan-quinidine [Nuedexta], AVP-786, nitrous oxide [N2O], AZD6765), (2) subunit (NR2B)-specific N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists (CP-101,606/traxoprodil, MK-0657 [CERC-301]), (3) glycine-site partial agonists (D-cycloserine, GLYX-13, sarcosine, AV-101), and (4) metabotropic glutamate receptor modulators (AZD2066, RO4917523/basimglurant, JNJ40411813/ADX71149, R04995819 [RG1578]).
MULTICOLOR IMAGING IN A CASE OF ACUTE RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIITIS
Authors: Roy Rupak , Saurabh Kumar , Thomas Nicey R. 
Published: February 2018

Purpose:
To describe multicolor imaging findings in a case of acute retinal pigment epitheliitis.

Setting:
Vitreoretinal department of a tertiary care center in Eastern India.

Methods:
A 28-year-old lady presented with acute vision loss in the right eye since 3 days. Left eye examination was unremarkable. Best-corrected visual acuity in the right eye was 20/40. Anterior segment examination revealed clear lens with no evidence of inflammation. There were no vitreous cells. Fundus examination of the right eye revealed a round orange lesion surrounded by a hypopigmented halo in the fovea with multiple tiny hypopigmented lesions temporal to the fovea. Fundus autofluorescence imaging of the right eye showed hyperautofluorescent lesions temporal to the fovea corresponding to the hypopigmented lesions seen temporal to the fovea. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography of the right eye revealed subfoveal hyperreflective lesion in the outer retina with disruption of the ellipsoid zone and interdigitation zone with a linear extension upward. Multicolor composite image of the right eye revealed the foveal lesion as circular red patch with an inferior orange extension. The infrared reflectance image revealed hyperreflective area corresponding to the foveal lesion. The blue and green reflectance images were unremarkable. The patient reported an upper respiratory tract infection 7 days before the visual loss. A diagnosis of acute retinal pigment epitheliitis was made based on history, clinical and imaging findings.

Conclusion:
This is the first description of multicolor imaging signature of acute retinal pigment epitheliitis lesion in published literature. It seems to be a promising noninvasive imaging modality with a potential to replace color fundus photography.
Impact of Fever and Antipyretic Use on Influenza Vaccine Immune Reponses in Children
Authors: Li-Kim-Moy Jean , Wood Nicholas , Jones Cheryl , Macartney Kristine , Booy Robert 
Published: February 2018

Background:
Comparing postvaccination fever rates in pediatric influenza vaccine clinical trials is difficult due to variability in how fever is reported. The impact of vaccine-related fever and antipyretic use on trivalent influenza vaccine immunogenicity in children is also unclear.

Methods:
In this pilot study, we used individual-level data provided by GlaxoSmithKline from 3 pediatric clinical trials of GlaxoSmithKline versus comparator trivalent influenza vaccine. We explored a primary study (NCT00764790), the largest trial involving young children (6–35 months, n = 3317), and further explored key findings in the 2 other trials (3–17 years, NCT00980005; 6 months to 17 years, NCT00383123). We analyzed postvaccination fever and antipyretic use, and their association with immunogenicity through use of multivariable regression.

Results:
Postvaccination fever data were reanalyzed from the primary study using the Brighton Collaboration standardized definition (vaccine-related fever ≥38°C, measured by any route, reported after each dose). Rates were substantially lower after first (2.7%–3.4%) and second doses (3.3%–4.1%), than those published (6.2%–6.6%; combined dose data, any causality). A pooled immunogenicity analysis combining the 3 studies (n = 5902) revealed children with postvaccination fever had significantly higher adjusted geometric mean titers than those without fever (ratio, 1.21–1.39; P ≤ 0.01). Conversely those with antipyretic use had significantly lower adjusted geometric mean titers (ratio, 0.80–0.87; P < 0.0006), dependent on virus strain.

Conclusions:
Varying analyses and reporting methods can result in substantially different reported fever rates in studies. Standardized reporting of fever is needed to facilitate comparison between studies. Fever and antipyretic use may have important associations with influenza vaccine immunogenicity in children and need further prospective investigation.
Orbital exenteration for sinonasal malignancies: indications, rehabilitation and oncologic outcomes
Authors: Vartanian José G. , Toledo Ronaldo N. , Bueno Thiago , Kowalski Luiz P. 
Published: February 2018

Purpose of review
Review the recent literature regarding the management of orbital invasion in sinonasal malignant tumors.

Recent findings
There is a recent trend in preserving the orbit in cases of minimal invasion of periosteum and limited periorbit involvement, as well as in presence of good response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy, mainly in squamous cell carcinoma and neuroendocrine histologies.

Summary
The decision about orbital exenteration in cases of sinonasal malignancies is facilitated if the patient already has clear clinical signs of intraconal invasion such as visual loss, restriction of ocular mobility or infiltration of the eyeglobe. However, in borderline situations, confirmation of orbital involvement should be performed intraoperatively. In selected cases with minimal orbital invasion without functional compromise, orbit sparing surgery can be done with acceptable oncological outcomes.
Pre-exposure Prophylaxis With Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate/Emtricitabine and Kidney Tubular Dysfunction in HIV-Uninfected Individuals
Authors: Jotwani Vasantha , Scherzer Rebecca , Glidden David V. , Mehrotra Megha , Defechereux Patricia , Liu Albert , Gandhi Monica , Bennett Michael , Coca Steven G. , Parikh Chirag R. , Grant Robert M. , Shlipak Michael G. 
Published: February 2018

Background:
Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) and emtricitabine (FTC) is becoming increasingly adopted for HIV prevention. Tenofovir can cause proximal tubular damage and chronic kidney disease in HIV-infected persons, but little is known regarding its nephrotoxic potential among HIV-uninfected persons. In this study, we evaluated the effects of PrEP on urine levels of the following: α1-microglobulin (α1m), a marker of impaired tubular reabsorption; albuminuria, a measure of glomerular injury; and total proteinuria.

Setting:
The Iniciativa Profilaxis Pre-Exposicion (iPrEx) study randomized HIV-seronegative men and transgender women who have sex with men to oral TDF/FTC or placebo. The iPrEx open-label extension (iPrEx-OLE) study enrolled former PrEP trial participants to receive open-label TDF/FTC.

Methods:
A cross-sectional analysis compared urine biomarker levels by study arm in iPrEx (N = 100 treatment arm, N = 100 placebo arm). Then, urine biomarker levels were compared before and after PrEP initiation in 109 participants of iPrEx-OLE.

Results:
In iPrEx, there were no significant differences in urine α1m, albuminuria, or proteinuria by treatment arm. In iPrEx-OLE, after 24 weeks on PrEP, urine α1m and proteinuria increased by 21% [95% confidence interval (CI): 10 to 33] and 18% (95% CI: 8 to 28), respectively. The prevalence of detectable α1m increased from 44% to 65% (P < 0.001) and estimated glomerular filtration rate declined by 4 mL/min/1.73 m2 (P < 0.001). There was no significant change in albuminuria (6%; 95% CI: −7% to 20%).

Conclusion:
PrEP with TDF/FTC was associated with a statistically significant rise in urine α1m and proteinuria after 6 months, suggesting that PrEP may result in subclinical tubule dysfunction.
Use of Nonantiretroviral Medications That May Impact Neurocognition: Patterns and Predictors in a Large, Long-Term HIV Cohort Study
Authors: Radtke Kendra K. , Bacchetti Peter , Anastos Kathryn , Merenstein Daniel , Crystal Howard , Karim Roksana , Weber Kathleen M. , Edmonds Andrew , Sheth Anandi N. , Fischl Margaret A. , Vance David , Greenblatt Ruth M. , Rubin Leah H. 
Published: February 2018

Background:
Neurocognitive impairment is a frequent and often disabling comorbidity of HIV infection. In addition to antiretroviral therapies, individuals with HIV infection may commonly use nonantiretroviral medications that are known to cause neurocognitive adverse effects (NC-AE). The contribution of NC-AE to neurocognitive impairment is rarely considered in the context of HIV and could explain part of the variability in neurocognitive performance among individuals with HIV.

Setting:
Women's Interagency HIV Study, a prospective, multisite, observational study of US women with and without HIV.

Methods:
After a literature review, 79 medications (excluding statins) with NC-AE were identified and reported by Women's Interagency HIV Study participants. We examined factors associated with self-reported use of these medications over a 10-year period. Generalized estimating equations for binary outcomes were used to assess sociodemographic, behavioral, and clinical characteristics associated with NC-AE medication use.

Results:
Three thousand three hundred women (71% with HIV) and data from ∼42,000 visits were studied. HIV infection was associated with NC-AE medication use (odds ratio = 1.52; 95% confidence interval: 1.35 to 1.71). After adjustment for HIV infection status, other predictors of NC-AE medication use included having health insurance, elevated depressive symptoms, prior clinical AIDS, noninjection recreational drug use, and an annual household income of <$12,000 (Ps < 0.004). NC-AE medication use was less likely among women who drank 1–7 or 8–12 alcoholic drinks/week (vs. abstaining) (P < 0.04).

Conclusions:
HIV infection was associated with NC-AE medication use, which may influence determinations of HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment. Providers should consider the impact of NC-AE medications when evaluating patients with HIV and concurrent neurocognitive symptoms.
A Social Network Analysis of HIV Treatment Partners and Patient Viral Suppression in Botswana
Authors: Bogart Laura M. , Mosepele Mosepele , Phaladze Nthabiseng , Lekoko Bright , Klein David J. , MacCarthy Sarah , Green Harold D. 
Published: February 2018

Objective:
Many national HIV guidelines recommend that health care providers encourage patients to identify a treatment partner from their social network to support antiretroviral therapy adherence. This study examined associations of patient and treatment partner characteristics with patient viral suppression in Botswana.

Design:
One hundred thirty-one patients [67 (51.1%) virally suppressed and 64 (48.9%) not suppressed] and their treatment partners were recruited for cross-sectional interviews from one HIV clinic.

Methods:
Participants completed surveys assessing social network, sociodemographic, and psychosocial characteristics. Open-ended questions explored treatment partner relationship quality.

Results:
Multivariate logistic regressions indicated a higher likelihood of viral suppression among patients who reported greater average emotional closeness to their network members [odds ratio (95% confidence interval) = 3.8 (1.3 to 11.5), P = 0.02] and whose treatment partners were spouses/partners [odds ratio (95% confidence interval) = 2.6 (1.0 to 6.7), P = 0.04]. Qualitative analyses indicated that treatment partners of suppressed patients provided both medical and nonmedical support, whereas treatment partners of unsuppressed patients focused mainly on adherence reminders and appointment accompaniment. Treatment partners, especially of unsuppressed patients, requested ongoing training and counseling skills.

Conclusions:
Additional research is needed to further explore effective characteristics of treatment partners to inform HIV treatment guidelines. Standard training for treatment partners could include medical-related information and counseling education.
Incidental Detection of Type B2 Thymoma on 68Ga-Labeled Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen PET/CT Imaging
Authors: Krishnaraju Venkata Subramanian , Basher Rajender Kumar , Singh Harmandeep , Singh Shrawan Kumar , Bal Amanjit , Mittal Bhagwant Rai 
Published: February 2018

Abstract

68Ga-labeled prostate-specific membrane antigen is a novel radiotracer for imaging of prostate cancer. We report a hormonally treated patient with prostate carcinoma, presenting with lower urinary tract symptoms and rising prostate-specific antigen levels, who underwent 68Ga-labeled prostate-specific membrane antigen PET/CT for suspected recurrence. No tracer avid lesion was noted in the prostate gland and locoregional area. However, intense tracer avid heterogeneously enhancing soft tissue lesion with cystic areas and coarse calcifications was seen in the anterior mediastinum. PET/CT-guided biopsy from the mediastenal lesion revealed type B2 thymoma.
The Effect of Acute Pharmacological Inhibition of Urokinase Plasminogen Activator and Neuropsin Extracellular Proteases on Neuronal Networks in vitro
Authors: Van De Vijver Sebastiaan , Missault Stephan , Van Soom Jeroen , Van der Veken Pieter , Augustyns Koen , Joossens Jurgen , Dedeurwaerdere Stefanie , Giugliano Michele 
Published: February 2018

AbstractNeuronal networks are surrounded by the extracellular matrix (ECM), which functions both as a scaffold and as a regulator of neuronal function. The ECM is in turn dynamically altered through the action of serine proteases, which break down its constituents. This pathway has been implicated in the regulation of synaptic plasticity and of intrinsic excitability. Here, we determined the effects of acutely inhibiting two important regulators of the ECM, Urokinase Plasminogen Activator and Neuropsin, selectively and potently with the inhibitor UAMC-01162. Spontaneous electrophysiological activity was recorded from in vitro primary rat cortical cultures using microelectrode arrays. While inhibition at a low dosage had no significant effect, at elevated concentrations network bursting dynamics and functional connectivity were drastically altered. These results indicate that the serine protease inhibition affects neuronal and synaptic properties, likely through their actions on the ECM. We propose that in the acute phase, a transient increase of excitatory synaptic efficacy is compensated for by a downregulation of single-cell excitability.
Cell death in cells overlying lateral root primordia contributes to organ growth inArabidopsis
Authors: Escamez Sacha , Bollhöner Benjamin , Hall Hardy , André Domenique , Berthet Béatrice , Voß Ute , Lers Amnon , Maizel Alexis , Bennett Malcolm , Tuominen Hannele 
Published: February 2018

AbstractUnlike animal development, plant organ growth is widely accepted to be determined by cell division without any contribution of cell elimination. We investigated this paradigm duringArabidopsislateral root formation when growth of the new primordia (LRP) from pericycle-derived stem cells deep inside the root is reportedly facilitated by remodeling of the walls of overlying cells without apparent cell death. However, we observed the induction of marker genes for cell types undergoing developmental cell death in several cells overlying the growing LRP. Transmission electron microscopy, time-lapse confocal and light sheet microscopy techniques were used to establish that cell death occurred at least in a subset of endodermal LRP-overlying cells during organ emergence. Significantly, organ emergence was retarded in mutants lacking a positive cell death regulator, and restored by inducing cell death in cells overlying LRP. Hence, we conclude that in the case of LRP, cell elimination contributes to organ growth.
Diffusion rather than IFT provides most of the tubulin required for axonemal assembly
Authors: Harris J. Aaron , Van De Weghe Julie C. , Kubo Tomohiro , Witman George B. , Lechtreck Karl F. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractTubulin enters the cilia by diffusion and motor-based intraflagellar transport (IFT). The respective contributions of each route in providing tubulin for axonemal assembly are unknown. To attenuate IFT-based transport, we expressed modified GFP-tubulins in strains possessing IFT81 and IFT74 with altered tubulin binding sites. E-hook deficient GFP-β-tubulin normally incorporated into the axonemal microtubules; its transport frequency was reduced by ~90% in control cells and essentially abolished when expressed in a strain possessing IFT81 with an incapacitated tubulin-binding site. Despite the strong reduction in IFT, the share of E-hook deficient GFP-β-tubulin in the axoneme was only moderately reduced indicating that most axonemal tubulin (~80%) enters cilia by diffusion. While not providing the bulk of axonemal tubulin, we propose that motor-based IFT is nevertheless critical for ciliogenesis because it ensures high concentrations of tubulin near the ciliary tip promoting axonemal elongation.