bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Plant–pollinator interactions over time: Pollen metabarcoding from bees in a historic collection
Authors: Gous Annemarie , Swanevelder Dirk Z. H. , Eardley Connal D. , Willows‐Munro Sandi 
Published: September 2018

AbstractPollination is a key component in agricultural food production and ecosystem maintenance, with plant–pollinator interactions an important research theme in ecological and evolutionary studies. Natural history collections provide unique access to samples collected at different spatial and temporal scales. Identification of the plant origins of pollen trapped on the bodies of pollinators in these collections provides insight into historic plant communities and pollinators’ preferred floral taxa. In this study, pollen was sampled from Megachile venusta Smith bees from the National Collection of Insects, South Africa, spanning 93 years. Three barcode regions, the internal transcribed spacer 1 and 2 (ITS1 and ITS2) and ribulose‐1,5‐biphosphate carboxylase (rbcL), were sequenced from mixed pollen samples using a next‐generation sequencing approach (MiSeq, Illumina). Sequenced reads were compared to sequence reference databases that were generated by extracting sequence and taxonomic data from GenBank. ITS1 and ITS2 were amplified successfully across all (or most) samples, while rbcL performed inconsistently. Age of sample had no impact on sequencing success. Plant classification was more informative using ITS2 than ITS1 barcode data. This study also highlights the need for comprehensive reference databases as limited local plant sequence representation in reference databases resulted in higher‐level taxon classifications being more confidently interpreted. The results showed that small, insect‐carried pollen samples from historic bee specimens collected from as early as 1914 can be used to obtain pollen metabarcodes. DNA metabarcoding of mixed origin pollen samples provided a faster, more accurate method of determining pollen provenance, without the need for expert palynologists. The use of historic collections to sample pollen directly from pollinators provided additional value to these collections. Sampling pollen from historic collections can potentially provide the spatial and temporal scales for investigations into changes in plant community structure or pollinator floral choice in the face of global climate change.
Structural basis for the pathogenesis of Campylobacter jejuni Hcp1, a structural and effector protein of the Type VI Secretion System
Authors: Noreen Zobia , Jobichen Chacko , Abbasi Rashda , Seetharaman Jayaraman , Sivaraman J. , Bokhari Habib 
Published: September 2018

The Type VI Secretion System (T6SS) provides enhanced virulence to Campylobacter jejuni and has been associated with a high incidence of bloody diarrhea. The hemolysin‐coregulated protein (Hcp)—the hallmark of the T6SS—can act as a structural and effector protein. Unlike other T6SS‐harboring bacteria, which possess multiple Hcp proteins each performing different functions, C. jejuni possesses only one Hcp protein, and its structural and functional role has not been elucidated previously. Here, we report the structure and functional studies of Hcp from C. jejuni. We found similarities between the hexameric ring structure of Hcp‐Cj and that of Hcp3 from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Through functional studies, we showed two roles for Hcp‐Cj that is, in cytotoxicity toward HepG2 cells and in biofilm formation in C. jejuni. In structure‐based mutational analyses, we showed that an Arg‐to‐Ala mutation at position 30 within the extended loop results in a significant decrease in cytotoxicity, suggesting a role for this loop in binding to the host cell. However, this mutation does not affect its biofilm formation function. Collectively, this study supports the dual role of Hcp‐Cj as a structural and effector protein in C. jejuni.
Long‐term change in bioconstruction potential of Maldivian coral reefs following extreme climate anomalies
Authors: Montefalcone Monica , Morri Carla , Bianchi Carlo Nike 
Published: September 2018

AbstractGlobal climate change has increased the frequency and intensity of extreme heat anomalies and consequent mass coral bleaching events. Long‐term dynamics of hard coral cover, bioconstruction potential, carbonate deposition, and reef accretion was monitored over a 20‐year period on Maldivian coral reefs in order to investigate the effects of high‐temperature anomalies on coral reef accretion and their recovery potential. Changes experienced by shallow reefs between 1997 and 2017 were evaluated by considering five different bioconstructional guilds and the BioConstruction Potential index (BCP), a proxy for the constructional capacity of reefs. Abnormally high temperatures in 1998 and 2016 led to severe coral bleaching and consequent mortality, especially of the primary builders. Renewed carbonate deposition was not documented until 2–3 years after the bleaching, and 6–9 years passed until constratal (i.e., low relief) growth was achieved. Finally, 14–16 years were required to reach accretion rates high enough to ensure superstratal (i.e., high relief) growth. Coral mortality in the Maldives during the 2016 bleaching event was lower than in 1998, and the initial recovery was faster and occurred via a different trajectory than in 1998. Rising levels of anthropogenic carbon emissions are predicted to accelerate sea level rise and trigger severe coral bleaching events at least twice per decade, a frequency that will (a) prevent coral recovery, (b) nullify reef accretion, and consequently, (c) result in the drowning of Maldivian reefs under the worst climate projections.
Combustion synthesis and characterization of Sr3Al2O6
Authors: Barbosa Willams T. , Nascimento Imarally V. S. R. , Garcia‐Carrodeguas Raúl , Fook Marcus V. L. , Rodríguez Miguel A. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractIn this paper, the synthesis by solution combustion (SCS) of tri‐strontium aluminates (Sr3Al2O6), using different fuel amounts, has been studied. The main objective was to understand the effect of the amount of fuel on phase formation, yield and purity of the product using urea as fuel. The combustion temperatures of each reaction were followed by digital pyrometry. Phase compositions were determined by X‐ray diffraction (XRD). The microstructural characteristics during the SCS process were studied by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The specific surface area was calculated with the BET model from adsorption data. The results showed that the Sr3Al2O6 was the main phase obtained in all syntheses. This aluminate with high content of Sr is considered attractive for use in applications requiring radiopacity as biomaterials for dental and bone repair. The maximum measured temperature during synthesis, with excess fuel, was approximately 987°C. It was higher than that obtained in the case of using stoichiometric amounts of fuel which was 762°C. The product obtained in this second case had a submicrometer structure, with highly crystalline particles and a specific surface of 0.21 m2/g. It was higher than that obtained with excess of fuel (0.07 m2/g).
Mechanism for broadening and enhancing Nd3+ emission in zinc aluminophosphate laser glass by addition of Bi2O3
Authors: Wang Yafei , Cao Jiangkun , Li Xiaoman , Li Jingming , Tan Linling , Xu Shanhui , Peng Mingying 
Published: September 2018

AbstractNd3+‐doped phosphate laser glasses have been attracting much attention and widespread investigation due to their high solubility of rare earth (RE) ions, excellent spectroscopic properties, and large damage threshold. However, the narrow NIR emission bandwidth (less than 30 nm) of these Nd3+‐doped phosphate glasses limits their further application toward ultrahigh power field and efficient fiber laser in new region. Here, we demonstrate the broadening and enhancing of Nd3+ NIR emission in laser glass of zinc aluminophosphate through tuning the glass structure and covalency of Nd‐O bond without limiting the radiative properties of Nd3+. The maximum bandwidth of 1.05 μm emission is broadened to 50 nm, which is comparable to that of Nd3+‐doped aluminate laser glasses. Simultaneously, the lifetime of 4F3/2 level is elongated nearly by two times. Structural and optical properties of prepared glasses were discussed systematically to reveal the mechanism. Detailed analysis on optical spectra and glass structure indicates that the bandwidth is affected by not only the covalency of Nd‐O but also the compactness of glass structure. Our results could enrich our understanding about the relationship between local glass structure and luminescence behaviors of active centers, and may be helpful in designing new RE‐doped laser glass systems.
Small mammal species richness is directly linked to regional productivity, but decoupled from food resources, abundance, or habitat complexity
Authors: McCain Christy M. , King Sarah R. B. , Szewczyk Tim , Beck Jan 
Published: September 2018

AbstractAimSpecies richness is often strongly correlated with climate. The most commonly invoked mechanism for this climate‐richness relationship is the more‐individuals‐hypothesis (MIH), which predicts a cascading positive influence of climate on plant productivity, food resources, total number of individuals, and species richness. We test for a climate‐richness relationship and an underlying MIH mechanism, as well as testing competing hypotheses including positive effects of habitat diversity and heterogeneity, and the species‐area effect.LocationColorado Rocky Mountains, USA: two elevational gradients in the Front Range and San Juan Mountains.MethodsWe conducted standardized small mammal surveys at 32 sites to assess diversity and population sizes. We estimated vegetative and arthropod food resources as well as various aspects of habitat structure by sampling 20 vegetation plots and 40 pitfall traps per site. Temperature, precipitation and net primary productivity (NPP) were assessed along each gradient. Regressions and structural equation modelling were used to test competing diversity hypotheses and mechanistic links predicted by the MIH.ResultsWe detected 3,922 individuals of 37 small mammal species. Mammal species richness peaked at intermediate elevations, as did productivity, whereas temperature decreased and precipitation increased with elevation. We detected strong support for a productivity‐richness relationship, but no support for the MIH mechanism. Food and mammal population sizes were unrelated to NPP or mammal species richness. Furthermore, mammal richness was unrelated to habitat diversity, habitat heterogeneity, or elevational area.Main conclusionsSites with high productivity contain high mammal species richness, but a mechanism other than a contemporary MIH underlies the productivity–diversity relationship. Possibly a mechanism based on evolutionary climatic affiliations. Protection of productive localities and mid‐elevations are the most critical for preserving small mammal richness, but may be decoupled from trends in population sizes, food resources, or habitat structure.
Resistance to commonly used insecticides in Asian citrus psyllid: Stability and relationship to gene expression
Authors: Chen Xue Dong , Gill Torrence A. , Ashfaq Muhammad , Pelz‐Stelinski Kirsten S. , Stelinski Lukasz L. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractAsian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae), adults were collected from eight citrus groves across central Florida, and the level of insecticide resistance to ten insecticides was measured using a bottle bioassay. The gene expression of five cytochrome P450 CYP4 (CYP4C67, CYP4DA1, CYP4DB1, CYP4G70 and CYP4C68) and three glutathione S‐transferase (GSTD1, GSTE2 and GSTE1) genes was characterized in seven field populations of D. citri and compared with a laboratory population. Additionally, we reared four neonicotinoid insecticide resistant field populations in the laboratory and observed susceptibility changes without exposure to insecticides over multiple generations. The eight field populations of D. citri adults showed no and very low levels of resistance (RR = 1 and 2–10) to dimethoate, chlorprifos, carbaryl, fenpropathrin, bifenthrin, flupyradifurone and spinetoram. Very low to low resistance was found to imidacloprid and cyantraniliprole (RR = 2–10 and RR = 10–20). Moderate to high resistance was found for thiamethoxam (RR = 20–50 and RR = 50–100). The CYP4G70 and CYP4C68 genes were expressed at a higher level in field populations as compared with the laboratory population. Also the Davenport, Florida field population exhibited higher expression of all target genes compared to the laboratory population. Susceptibility to imidacloprid and thiamethoxam increased by 6.62‐ and 6.42‐fold, respectively, compared to the levels initially observed in the field over six generations of breeding without exposure. These results indicate that insecticide resistance may reverse in the field if insecticide selection pressure is removed from the spray schedule or with use of a rotational scheme with insecticides of different modes of action. Also, the results support use of insecticide resistance survey program combined with effective rotation for integrated insecticide resistance management of D. citri where huanglongbing (HLB) management includes vector suppression with insecticides.
Papilla reconstruction: Interdisciplinary consideration for clinical success
Authors: Carnio João , Carnio Anna Tereza 
Published: September 2018

AbstractOne of the most difficult achievements in the periodontal therapy is the reconstruction of interdental papilla that has been lost by periodontal disease. The poor esthetic appearance caused by the “black triangle,” especially in the maxillary anterior region has been a concern for both patients and professionals. However, when the papilla destruction is followed by loss of contact point, the use of different specialties is usually necessary to restore the interproximal embrasure.This clinical case report describes an interdisciplinary (periodontic‐orthodontic‐restorative) approach for the treatment of a patient with severe case of papilla destruction in an esthetic zone. The patient's esthetic expectations for the anterior maxilla were met through phase I treatment, including the surgical reconstruction of the papillary complex and the orthodontic movement to restore the contact point. However, after the initial treatment was successfully concluded, the long‐term stability of the result was compromised as the intercommunication among the specialists was not coordinated.Clinical SignificanceThe treatment plan that involves interdisciplinary teamwork should be followed by an understanding about the principles of the specialties as well the intercommunication among specialists.
Relationship Between Brain Amyloid Deposition and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living in Older Adults: A Longitudinal Study from the Multidomain Alzheimer Prevention Trial
Authors: Lilamand Matthieu , Cesari Matteo , Cantet Christelle , Payoux Pierre , Andrieu Sandrine , Vellas Bruno ,   and the MAPT/DSA study group
Published: September 2018

ObjectivesTo examine the evolution of instrumental activity of daily living (IADL) performance according to the presence of brain amyloid deposition.DesignLongitudinal analysis of a randomized controlled trial.SettingNeuroimaging ancillary study from the Multidomain Alzheimer Prevention Trial (MAPT).ParticipantsCommunity‐dwelling individuals aged 70 and older without dementia (N = 269; 60% female, mean age 75±4).MeasurementsLinear mixed models were used to assess the 36‐month evolution of the performance of an IADL questionnaire for primary prevention studies in dementia, the Activity of Daily Living Prevention Instrument (ADL‐PI), according to the presence of amyloid deposition using florbetapir positron emission tomography (PET) (standardized uptake value≥1.17). Additional analyses were also conducted to examine the changes in specific domains of daily functioning with and without adjustment for age, sex, apolipoprotein E, randomization group, and time between baseline and PET examination.ResultsOne hundred two (37.9%) participants were amyloid positive. Amyloid‐negative participants had statistically significant improvement in ADL‐PI total score between baseline and 36 months (p=.04). The difference after 3 years between amyloid‐positive and ‐negative participants was not significant (β=–0.95±0.53 at 36 months, p=.08; adjusted models: β=–1.07±0.56, p=.06). Amyloid‐negative participants also improved in memory‐related IADLs (p<.001) throughout the study, unlike amyloid‐positive participants.ConclusionAmyloid‐positive and ‐negative older adults are likely to have different trajectories in IADL performance. Future research is needed to better understand the relationship between amyloid plaques and functional limitations.
Periodontal disease susceptible matrilines in the Cayo Santiago Macaca mulatta macaques
Authors: Ebersole Jeffrey L. , Orraca Luis , Kensler Terry B. , Gonzalez‐Martinez Janis , Maldonado Elisabeth , Gonzalez Octavio A. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractObjective and BackgroundThe expression of periodontitis, including age of onset, extent, and severity is considered to represent an interaction of the individual's oral microbiome and host response to the microbial challenge that is modified by both genetics and environmental factors. The aim of this study was to determine the distribution of periodontitis in a population of nonhuman primates, to document features of familial distribution that could reflect heritability and transmission of microbes with enhanced virulence.Material and MethodsThis report presents our findings from evaluation of periodontal disease bone defects in skulls from 569 animals (5‐31 years of age) derived from the skeletons of the rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) of Cayo Santiago derived from eight matrilines over 6‐9 generations. The distance from the base of alveolar bone to the cemento‐enamel junction on 1st/2nd premolars and 1st/2nd molars from all four quadrants was evaluated as a measure of periodontal disease. Additionally, we documented the presence of periodontitis in 79 living descendants within these matrilines.ResultsThe results demonstrated an increased extent and severity of periodontitis with aging across all matrilines. Extensive heterogeneity in disease expression was observed among the animals and this was linked to specific periodontitis susceptible matrilines. Moreover, we identified some matrilines in which the members appeared to show some resistance to more severe disease, even with aging.ConclusionLinking these disease variations to multigenerational matriarchal family units supported familial susceptibility of periodontitis. This familial disease relationship was reinforced by the distribution of naturally‐occurring periodontitis in the living descendants.
Interactive and sex‐specific life‐history responses ofCulex pipiensmosquito larvae to multiple environmental factors
Authors: Alcalay Y. , Puzhevsky D. , Tsurim I. , Scharf I. , Ovadia O. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractSpatio‐temporal variation in aquatic habitat characteristics can have important implications for the population and community dynamics of organisms utilizing these habitats. We studied the life‐history responses ofCulex pipienslarvae (Diptera: Culicidae) to multiple environmental factors associated with habitat drying by increasing larval density (directly affecting resource availability), temperature fluctuations (influencing physiological processes), and solute concentration due to evaporation (inducing an environmental stress), using a full‐factorial design. We found that high density led to lower larval survival and to shorter development time. Larvae delayed their metamorphosis in response to fluctuating temperature. We detected inter‐sexual differences in the effects of these two factors on adult body sizes, with high larval density leading to the emergence of smaller females, and fluctuating temperature translating to larger adult males. The two sexes also differed concerning the two‐way interactive effects of different environmental factors on development time and on adult size. Our findings indicate thatC. pipienslarvae respond to multiple environmental factors via phenotypic plasticity, rather than through bet‐hedging. Future studies should account for additional inter‐stage effects, rather than body size, such as adult fecundity, longevity, and dispersal.
A collaborative, mixed‐methods evaluation of a low‐cost, handheld 3D imaging system for child anthropometry
Authors: Conkle Joel , Keirsey Kate , Hughes Ashton , Breiman Jennifer , Ramakrishnan Usha , Suchdev Parminder S. , Martorell Reynaldo 
Published: September 2018

Abstract3D imaging for body measurements is regularly used for design of garments and ergonomic products. The development of low‐cost 3D scanners provided an opportunity to extend the use of 3D imaging to the health sector. We developed and tested the AutoAnthro System, the first mobile, low‐cost, full‐body, 3D imaging system designed specifically for child anthropometry. This study evaluated the efficiency, invasiveness, and user experience of the AutoAnthro System. We used a mixed‐methods, collaborative approach that included a quantitative time‐motion study and qualitative interviews of anthropometrists. For cooperative children, anthropometrists considered the use of 3D imaging an easy, “streamlined experience,” but with uncooperative children, anthropometrists reported that capturing a good quality scan was out of their control. The mean time to complete a full set of scans was 68 s (standard deviation [SD] 29), compared with 135 s (SD 22) for a set of manual measurements (stature, head circumference, and arm circumference). We observed that crying was more common during manual measurement, and anthropometrist interviews confirmed that 3D imaging was less stressful for children than manual measurement. In a previous publication, we showed the potential of 3D imaging to produce reliable and accurate measurements. In this study, we found that anthropometrists were not ready to abandon manual equipment for 3D scanners because of difficulty in measuring uncooperative children. Revising the AutoAnthro System to address anthropometrists' concerns on capturing good quality scans of uncooperative children should help to facilitate widespread use of 3D imaging for child anthropometry.
MUAC as the sole discharge criterion from community‐based management of severe acute malnutrition in Burkina Faso
Authors: Isanaka Sheila , Hanson Kerstin E. , Frison Severine , Andersen Christopher T. , Cohuet Sandra , Grais Rebecca F. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe use of mid upper arm circumference (MUAC) measurement to screen and determine eligibility for admission to therapeutic feeding programs has been established, but evidence and programmatic experience to inform guidance on the use of MUAC as a discharge criterion is limited. We present results from a large‐scale nutritional program using MUAC for admission and discharge and compare program outcomes and response to treatment when determining eligibility for discharge by proportional weight gain versus discharge by MUAC. The study population included all children admitted to the Ministry of Health therapeutic feeding program supported by Médecins Sans Frontières in northern Burkina Faso from September 2007 to December 2011 (n = 50,841). Recovery was high overall using both discharge criteria, with low risks of death, nonresponse, and transfer to inpatient care and high daily gains in weight, MUAC, weight‐for‐height Z score, and height. When discharge was made by MUAC only, recovery increased, while all adverse program outcomes and length of stay decreased, with increasing MUAC on admission. MUAC‐based programming, where MUAC is integrated into program screening, admission, and discharge, is one of several new approaches that can be used to target resources to the most at‐risk malnourished children and improve program efficiency and coherency. This analysis provides additional programmatic experience on the use of MUAC‐based discharge criterion, but more work may be needed to inform optimal discharge thresholds across settings.