bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development and validation of a 3D‐printed bolus cap for total scalp irradiation
Authors: Baltz Garrett C. , Chi Pai‐Chun Melinda , Wong Pei‐Fong , Wang Congjun , Craft Daniel F. , Kry Stephen F. , Lin Stacy Sydney Hsinyi , Garden Adam S. , Smith Susan A. , Howell Rebecca M. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractPurposeThe goal of total scalp irradiation (TSI) is to deliver a uniform dose to the scalp, which requires the use of a bolus cap. Most current methods for fabricating bolus caps are laborious, yet still result in nonconformity and low reproducibility, which can lead to nonuniform irradiation of the scalp. We developed and validated patient‐specific bolus caps for TSI using three‐dimensional (3D) printing.Methods and materials3D‐printing materials were radiologically analyzed to identify a material with properties suitable for use as a bolus cap. A Python script was developed within a commercial treatment planning system to automate the creation of a ready‐to‐print, patient‐specific 3D bolus cap model. A bolus cap was printed for an anthropomorphic head phantom using a commercial vendor and a computed tomography simulation of the anthropomorphic head phantom and bolus cap was used to create a volumetric‐modulated arc therapy TSI treatment plan. The planned treatment was delivered to the head phantom and dosimetric validation was performed using thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD). The developed procedure was used to create a bolus cap for a clinical TSI patient, and in vivo TLD measurements were acquired for several fractions.ResultsAgilus‐60 was validated as a new 3D‐printing material suitable for use as bolus. A 3D‐printed Agilus‐60 bolus cap had excellent conformality to the phantom scalp, with a maximum air gap of 4 mm. TLD measurements showed that the bolus cap generated a uniform dose to the scalp within a 2.7% standard deviation, and the delivered doses agreed with calculated doses to within 2.4% on average. The patient bolus was conformal and the average difference between TLD measured and planned doses was 5.3%.ConclusionsWe have developed a workflow to 3D‐print highly conformal bolus caps for TSI and demonstrated these caps can reproducibly generate a uniform dose to the scalp.
Association of Achieving Lupus Low Disease Activity State Fifty Percent of the Time With Both Reduced Damage Accrual and Mortality in Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Sharma Chanakya , Raymond Warren , Eilertsen Gro , Nossent Johannes 
Published: March 2019

ObjectiveTo assess the impact of achieving Lupus Low Disease Activity State ≥50% of the time (LLDAS‐50) on damage accrual and mortality in an inception cohort of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).MethodsWe used data from the Tromsø Lupus Cohort, a longitudinal population‐based study of all patients with SLE in the 2 northernmost counties in Norway. LLDAS was defined as 1) a Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index 2000 score of ≤4, with no activity in major organ systems, 2) no new features of lupus disease activity, 3) current therapy with prednisolone (or equivalent) dosage of ≤7.5 mg daily, and 4) well‐tolerated standard maintenance dosages of immunosuppressive drugs.ResultsA total of 69 patients (33.5%) spent at least half of their follow‐up time in LLDAS (thus, achieving LLDAS‐50) and had significantly better survival and lower risk of developing severe damage over time, according to the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology Damage Index. After correcting for age and sex, LLDAS‐50 was associated with a significant reduction in risk of having severe damage (hazard ratio [HR] 0.37 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.19–0.73], P < 0.01), and also a reduction in mortality (HR 0.31 [95% CI 0.16–0.62], P < 0.01).ConclusionOur study validates the findings of the inception cohort by demonstrating that achievement of LLDAS‐50 is associated with a significant reduction in severe damage and, for the first time, demonstrates a reduction in mortality.
Humidity Sustained Wearable Pouch‐Type Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Harvesting Mechanical Energy from Human Activities
Authors: Mule Anki Reddy , Dudem Bhaskar , Graham Sontyana Adonijah , Yu Jae Su 
Published: March 2019

AbstractTriboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) are gaining much research interest recently owing to their facile and cost‐effective device structure. However, the effect of relative humidity (in moisture atmosphere) on the output performance still needs to be resolved. Herein, a pouch‐type TENG is proposed to significantly reduce the effect of relative humidity on its electrical output and a stable performance is also attained in a humid environment. In this regard, a dielectric and dielectric materials‐based TENG (DD‐TENG) is first developed using nanoarchitecture polydimethylsiloxane (NA‐PDMS) and multiwalled carbon nanotube/nylon composite layers as a triboelectric material with the negative and positive tendencies, respectively. The NA‐PDMS and nylon composite layers play a key role in increasing the surface contact area and surface charge density between the dielectric/triboelectric materials as well as the output performance of DD‐TENG. However, the DD‐TENG device exhibits a stable and high output performance with the effective output power density of ≈25.35 W m−2. Additionally, the performance of the pouch‐type DD‐TENG device is not almost affected even though the relative humidity is increased from 35 to 81%, while it is dramatically decreased for the nonpouch‐type device. Finally, the pouch‐type DD‐TENG is employed as a wearable device to effectively harvest the mechanical energy from daily human activities.
Ultrauniform Embedded Liquid Metal in Sulfur Polymers for Recyclable, Conductive, and Self‐Healable Materials
Authors: Xin Yumeng , Peng Hao , Xu Jun , Zhang Jiuyang 
Published: March 2019

AbstractLiquid metals (LMs) are receiving growing interest in modern technologies for their various advantages. This work reports using elemental sulfur to achieve nanodispersed liquid metals in bulk polymers for multifunctional LM‐based materials. Ring‐opening polymerization and inverse vulcanization of elemental sulfur provide many polysulfide loops and thiol groups as effective binding ligands that enable extraordinarily uniform dispersion of liquid metals (≈1 µm) in bulk matrix and improve the mechanical performance of the materials. Interestingly, the liquid‐metal‐embedded sulfur polymer (LMESP) materials exhibit excellent thermal‐/solvent‐processability and recyclability. The uniform dispersion leads to phenomenal electrical conductivity of the LMESP at a low volume percentage of LM (30 vol%), overcoming the issue of nonconductivity typically seen in insulated LM–polymer blends. Additionally, the LMESP shows resistive sensitivity toward external pressure. Furthermore, the LMESP materials exhibit an excellent self‐healing ability under mild conditions via the dynamic bonds between polysulfide loops/thiol groups and liquid metals. This work clearly offers a new platform to design liquid metals and can push them for broad applications.
3D Porous Superhydrophobic CNT/EVA Composites for Recoverable Shape Reconfiguration and Underwater Vibration Detection
Authors: Su Xiaojing , Li Hongqiang , Lai Xuejun , Chen Zhonghua , Zeng Xingrong 
Published: March 2019

AbstractFunctional superhydrophobic materials with shape memory and electrical conductivity play important roles in a wide variety of growing fields. Herein, a robust 3D porous superhydrophobic composite (PSC) with multiwalled carbon nanotube/poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate) (CNT/EVA) as its skeleton is proposed for recoverable shape reconfiguration and underwater vibration detection. Thanks to the capillary wicking of the interconnected porous structure and ethanol plasticization of the skeleton, this PSC achieves fast shape reconfiguration (<20 s) and recovery (<20 s), high shape fixity (>98%) and recovery ratio (>90%), and excellent shape‐memory repeatability (>10 times) even at 80% compressive strain. Additionally, induced by the wave‐sensitive air layer trapped on the superhydrophobic surface, the flexible CNT/EVA skeleton endures compressed/stretched deformation. Thus, the conductive PSC sensor presents high sensitivity in monitoring tiny underwater vibrations generated by stirring, objects falling, a ruler sliding, ultrasonic ation, and human activities. The findings conceivably stand out as a new methodology for the fabrication of functional superhydrophobic materials for innovative and broad applications.
Hybrid Growth Modes of PbSe Nanocrystals with Oriented Attachment and Grain Boundary Migration
Authors: Cheng Feng , Lian Linyuan , Li Luying , Rao Jiangyu , Li Chen , Qi Tianyu , Zhang Zhi , Zhang Jianbing , Gao Yihua 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe growth of nanocrystals has widely been researched recently through an in situ high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy technique, which reveals the process of morphological and structural evolutions. For nanocrystals, the underlying growth modes are mostly determined by growth environment and crystal morphology. Here, the direct growth process of the PbSe nanocrystals via controlling the temperature is clearly observed. The results show that the PbSe nanocrystals start growth following oriented attachment growth mode, and then change to growth with grain boundary migration at moderate temperature as the heat activated nanocrystals gather together with decreased degree of freedom for crystal rotation. During the grain boundary migration, the smaller nanocrystals are inclined to be assimilated by larger ones through interfacial atom reconfigurations, which are observed to take place through strain mediated atom migration. The growth mode changes in different growth states with a hybrid growth mode of oriented attachment and grain boundary migration during the whole growth process.
Gas‐Shearing Fabrication of Multicompartmental Microspheres: A One‐Step and Oil‐Free Approach
Authors: Tang Guosheng , Xiong Ranhua , Lv Dan , Xu Ronald X. , Braeckmans Kevin , Huang Chaobo , De Smedt Stefaan C. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractMulticompartmental microparticles (MCMs) have attracted considerable attention in biomedical engineering and materials sciences, as they can carry multiple materials in the separated phases of a single particle. However, the robust fabrication of monodisperse, highly compartmental MCMs at the micro‐ and nanoscales remains challenging. Here, a simple one‐step and oil‐free process, based on the gas‐flow‐assisted formation of microdroplets (“gas‐shearing”), is established for the scalable production of monodisperse MCMs. By changing the configuration of the needle system and gas flow in the spray ejector device, the oil‐free gas‐shearing process easily allows the design of microparticles consisting of two, four, six, and even eight compartments with a precise control over the properties of each compartment. As oils and surfactants are not used, the gas‐shearing method is highly cytocompatible. The versatile applications of such MCMs are demonstrated by producing a magnetic microrobot and a biocompatible carrier for the coculturing of cells. This research suggests that the oil‐free gas‐shearing strategy is a reliable, scalable, and biofriendly process for producing MCMs that may become attractive materials for biomedical applications.
Protecting the Swiss milk market from foreign price shocks: Public border protection vs. quality differentiation
Authors: Hillen Judith , von Cramon‐Taubadel Stephan 
Published: March 2019

AbstractSwitzerland applies a number of different border protection policies for milk products. While dairy products such as butter and milk powder are still subject to tariffs and tariff‐rate quotas, cheese trade with the European Union (EU) is fully liberalized. To understand how such different levels of protection affect spatial price transmission, we analyze price transmission between Germany and Switzerland for several products at the wholesale level, and for raw milk producer prices. We find that not the level of border protection determines the degree and speed of price transmission, but rather the qualitative differentiation of the Swiss products. While prices of tariff‐protected dairy products are influenced by German price developments, cheese prices are not. Also, at the producer level, milk prices for cheese processing are less strongly linked to foreign prices than milk prices for industrial dairy production. Our results suggest that for small high‐income countries such as Switzerland, promoting high‐quality products and hence reducing international substitutability alleviates international price pressure more than protection via tariffs. [EconLit classifications: Q11, Q13, Q18].
Dust affects chewing efficiency and tooth wear in forest dwelling Western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytesverus)
Authors: Schulz‐Kornas Ellen , Stuhlträger Julia , Clauss Marcus , Wittig Roman M. , Kupczik Kornelius 
Published: March 2019

AbstractObjectivesIn humans it has been shown that abrasive particles in the diet result in increased tooth wear and less intense chewing behavior, both of which decrease chewing efficiency. This behavioral response may also exist in non‐human primates as a means to reduce the wear effect of dust‐laden food. Here we tested whether the periodical occurrence of abrasive dust particles in the diet of Western chimpanzees affects tooth wear and reduces chewing efficiency.Materials and methodsWe measured fecal particle size of undigested food matter as an indicator of chewing efficiency in 13 Western chimpanzees of the Taï National Park (Ivory Coast) before (wet), after (wet) and during a dust‐rich (dry) period. Moreover, feeding data were compiled for a further 12 chimpanzees and matched to three‐dimensional surface texture data measured on two molar facets of 26 skulls of the same population.ResultsFecal particles were larger during the dry period, indicating a reduced chewing efficiency compared to wet periods; age and sex did not have an effect. Concomitantly, dust led to an increase of abrasive wear evidenced by smaller texture features and higher density of fine furrows on wear facets.DiscussionOur findings show that a periodical increase in dust loads on foods places a dietary‐physiological stress on the digestive system in chimpanzees. We suggest that the impact of extrinsic abrasive particles from globally acting periodical dust‐laden winds may affect evolutionary fitness. Further studies are required to elucidate this relationship in other non‐human primates and fossil hominins.
Takotsubo cardiomyopathy in the intensive care unit
Authors: Muratsu Arisa , Muroya Takashi , Kuwagata Yasuyuki 
Published: March 2019

AimsAn angiographic examination is necessary for the diagnosis of takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TTC). However, in the intensive care unit (ICU), intensivists often see patients in whom TTC cannot be diagnosed because they cannot undertake angiography due to the patient's poor general condition. We defined such cases as clinical TTC (cTTC) and investigated the incidence and background of cTTC in the ICU at Kansai Medical University Hospital (Osaka, Japan).MethodsThe study involved 5,084 patients who were admitted to the ICU of Kansai Medical University Hospital between January 2013 and December 2017. We retrospectively investigated the frequency and background of TTC and cTTC.ResultsOf the 5,084 patients, 5 (0.09%) patients admitted to the ICU were diagnosed as having TTC and 19 patients (0.37%) were diagnosed as having cTTC. The most common primary disease among the evaluated patients was sepsis (n = 10) followed by subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) (n = 5). Ten of the 335 patients with sepsis (3.0%) were admitted to the ICU with complications due to cTTC. Their blood pressure and heart rate on admission tended to be high, and their Sequential Organ Failure Assessment scores tended to be low. Five of the 172 patients with SAH (2.9%) were admitted to the ICU with complications due to cTTC. These patients were often classified as grade 5 on the Hunt and Hess scale.ConclusionOur study suggests that patients with sepsis or SAH are complicated with cTTC in the ICU. In addition, there might be no correlation between the severity of sepsis and the development of TTC.
Quantum Dot Assembly for Light‐Driven Multielectron Redox Reactions, such as Hydrogen Evolution and CO2 Reduction
Authors: Li Xu‐Bing , Tung Chen‐Ho , Wu Li‐Zhu 
Published: March 2019

AbstractLight‐driven multielectron redox reactions (e.g., hydrogen (H2) evolution, CO2 reduction) have recently appeared at the front of solar‐to‐fuel conversion. In this Minireview, we focus on the recent advances in establishing semiconductor quantum dot (QD) assemblies to enhance the efficiencies of these light‐driven multielectron reduction reactions. Four models of QD assembly are established to promote the sluggish kinetics of multielectron transfer from QDs to cocatalysts, thus leading to an enhanced activity of solar H2 evolution or CO2 reduction. We also forecast the potential applications of QD assemblies in other multielectron redox reactions, such as nitrogen (N2) fixation and oxygen (O2) evolution from H2O.
Confinement Effects in Zeolite‐Confined Noble Metals
Authors: Wu Si‐Ming , Yang Xiao‐Yu , Janiak Christoph 
Published: March 2019

AbstractConfinement of noble nanometals in a zeolite matrix is a promising way to special types of catalysts that show significant advantages in size control, site adjustment, and nano‐architecture design. The beauty of zeolite‐confined noble metals lies in their unique confinement effects on a molecular scale, and thus enables spatially confined catalysis akin to enzyme catalysis. In this Minireview, the confined synthesis strategies of zeolite‐confined noble metals will be briefly discussed, showing the processes, advantages, features, and mechanisms. The confined catalysis carried on zeolite‐confined noble metals will be summarized, and great emphasis will be paid to the confinement effects involving size, encapsulation, recognition, and synergy. Great progress of atomic sites in the size effect, supercage stabilization in the encapsulation effect, site adsorption in the recognition effect, and cascade reaction in the synergy effect are highlighted. This Minireview is concluded with challenges and opportunities in terms of the synthesis of zeolite‐confined noble metals and their applications to design multifunctional catalysts with high catalytic activity, selectivity, and stability.
Iterative Arylation of Amino Acids and Aliphatic Amines via δ‐C(sp3)−H Activation: Experimental and Computational Exploration
Authors: Guin Srimanta , Dolui Pravas , Zhang Xinglong , Paul Satyadip , Singh Vikas Kumar , Pradhan Sukumar , Chandrashekar Hediyala B. , Anjana S. S. , Paton Robert S. , Maiti Debabrata 
Published: March 2019

AbstractDirected C−H functionalization has been realized as a complementary tool to the traditional approaches for a straightforward access of non‐proteinogenic amino acids; albeit such a process is restricted mostly up to the γ‐position. In the present work, we demonstrate the diverse (hetero)arylation of amino acids and analogous aliphatic amines selectively at the remote δ‐position by tuning the reactivity controlled by ligands. An organopalladium δ‐C(sp3)−H activated intermediate has been isolated and crystallographically characterized. Mechanistic investigations carried out experimentally in conjunction with computational studies shed light on the difference in the mechanistic picture depending on the substrate structure.
Ethanol‐Assisted Aqueous Enzymatic Extraction of Peony Seed Oil
Authors: Song Yuanyuan , Zhang Wenbin , Wu Jing , Admassu Habtamu , Liu Junjun , Zhao Wei , Yang Ruijin 
Published: March 2019

AbstractAn ethanol‐assisted aqueous enzymatic extraction was performed for peony seed oil (content of 30%). This method included cooking pretreatment, pectinase hydrolysis, and aqueous ethanol extraction, and the corresponding variables in each step were investigated. The changes in viscosity and dextrose equivalent values of the reaction medium as a function of changing enzymatic hydrolysis time were compared to the oil yield. The microstructures of peony seeds were analyzed using confocal laser scanning microscopy to understand the process of oil release as a result of cooking and grinding. The highest oil yield of 92.06% was obtained when peony seeds were cooked in deionized water with a solid–liquid ratio of 1:5 (w/v) at 110°C for 1 hour, ground to 31.29 μm particle size, treated with 0.15% (w/w) pectinase (temperature 50°C, pH 4.5, time 1 hour), and then extracted with 30% (v/v) aqueous ethanol (temperature 60°C, pH 9.0, time 1 hour). After processing with pectinase followed by ethanol extraction, the residual oil content in water and sediment phase decreased to 5% and 3%, respectively. The quality of the oil obtained by ethanol‐assisted aqueous enzymatic extraction was good, complying with the Chinese standard.
Supramolecularly Bonded Layered Heterostructures Exhibiting HER Activity
Authors: Kaur Manjodh , Singh Navin Kumar , Gupta Uttam , Sarkar Aritra , George Subi J. , Rao C. N. R. 
Published: March 2019

Abstractvan der Waals heterostructures formed by 2D materials have attracted much attention in the last few years. Recently, 2D nanosheets linked by covalent bonds have been found to exhibit novel properties. In the present study we have investigated supramolecular layered heterostructures formed by nanosheets of MoS2 with BC7N, g‐C3N4 and graphene. These materials have been synthesized via a non‐covalent host–guest synthetic design using cucurbit[8]uril (CB[8]) hosts. In addition to offering reversible disassembly, these heterostructures show good visible‐light‐driven hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activity as well as reasonable gas adsorption and other properties.
Comprehensive analysis of age‐related somatic mutation profiles in Chinese young lung adenocarcinoma patients
Authors: Yang Bo , Li Jie , Li Fang , Zhou Hongxia , Shi Weiwei , Shi Huaiyin , Sun Shengjie , Sun Wending , Wang Jinliang , Ma Junxun , Yan Xiang , Hu Yi , Jiao Shunchang 
Published: March 2019

AbstractBackgroundLung adenocarcinoma in young adults is a rare entity with the oncogenic genetic alterations associated being poorly understood. In the present study, the effect of genetic alterations in lung adenocarcinoma patients diagnosed in young patients is reported.MethodsTwenty young lung adenocarcinoma patients (age years: median: 33.5, range: 24‐36) were enrolled in the current study and 24 patients who were at common age of the disease onset (age years: median: 61.5, range: 52‐79) were selected for comparison. Paraffin sections of lung adenocarcinoma were analyzed using the whole‐exome sequencing platform.ResultsSimilar number of somatic mutations per tumor were found in the young patients and their older counterparts. Although no age‐related differences were detected in the numbers of lung adenocarcinoma patients harboring well‐known gene variants, mutations in FRG1 and KMT2C were associated with a younger age especially after correcting for tobacco smoking and sex (FRG1: P = 0.027, KMT2C: P = 0.046). Five genetic variants showed higher alteration frequencies in young patients compared to the unclassified East Asian population, suggesting these mutations as disease‐related hereditary germline variants.ConclusionsThese results suggest different characteristics of lung adenocarcinoma between the young and the patients at common age of onset. Young patients with lung adenocarcinoma have a distinctly unique prevalence of oncogenic genetic alterations.