bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pulvinar influences parietal delay activity and information transmission between dorsal and ventral visual cortex in macaques
Authors: Saalmann Yuri B. , Ly Ryan , Pinsk Mark A. , Kastner Sabine 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe fronto-parietal attention network represents attentional priorities and provides feedback about these priorities to sensory cortical areas. Sustained spiking activity in the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) carries such prioritized information, but how this activity is sustained in the absence of feedforward sensory information, and how it is transmitted to the ventral visual cortical pathway, is unclear. We hypothesized that the higher-order thalamic nucleus, the pulvinar, which is connected with both the PPC and ventral visual cortical pathway, influences information transmission within and between these cortical regions. To test this, we simultaneously recorded from the pulvinar, lateral intraparietal area (LIP) and visual cortical area V4 in macaques performing a selective attention task. Here we show that LIP influenced V4 during the delay period of the attention task, and that the pulvinar regulated LIP-V4 information exchange. Pulvino-cortical effects were consistent with the pulvinar supporting sustained activity in LIP. Taken together, these results suggest that pulvinar regulation of cortical functional connectivity generalizes to dorsal and ventral visual cortical pathways. Further, the pulvinar’s role in sustaining parietal delay activity during selective attention implicates the pulvinar in other cognitive processes supported by such delay activity, including decision-making, categorization and oculomotor functions.Significance StatementA network of areas on the brain’s surface, in frontal and parietal cortex, allocate attention to behaviorally relevant information around us. Such areas in parietal cortex show sustained activity during maintained attention and transmit behaviorally relevant information to visual cortical areas to enhance sensory processing of attended objects. How this activity is sustained and how it is transmitted to visual areas supporting object perception is unclear. We show that a subcortical area, the pulvinar in the thalamus, helps sustain activity in the cortex and regulates the information transmitted between the fronto-parietal attention network and visual cortex. This suggests that the thalamus, classically considered as a simple relay for sensory information, contributes to higher-level cognitive functions.
Innovation in urban real estate: the role of sustainability
Authors: Kauko Tom 
Published: September 2018

PurposeThe sustainability agenda has already become widely recognised in real estate analysis. However, two challenges are to overcome before sustainability issues are brought fully into the professional and academic mainstream: first, the provision of sustainability enhancing qualities; and second, to overcome deep-rooted scepticism towards the higher cost element of such qualities (i.e. creating economies of scale). Another potentially related issue is that the notion of innovation is gaining popularity in this field. Innovation-driven change is cyclical and unpredictable, which in turn calls for an explicit evolutionary and complexity perspective. The paper aims to discuss these issues.Design/methodology/approachCritical literature review. The author’s own experience as participant of the discussions and debates is also used.FindingsThe conclusions suggest that, in line with evolutionary and complexity principles, innovations exist and emerge within the real estate industry itself, and in fields related to it – and this includes various aspects of promoting sustainability thinking.Research limitations/implicationsThis contribution uses valuation automata as an example of this argumentation.Practical implicationsThe concept of complexity refers to emerging qualities found in the evolution of the development of an industry; the practical implication of complexity concerns the capability of managers to react competently in unfamiliar circumstances.Social implicationsThus, innovation in real estate is both economic and socio-cultural.Originality/valueNo similar (i.e. theoretically informed) papers on innovation or sustainability in real estate analysis have been written to the best of the author’s knowledge.
Inbreeding diminishes herbivore‐induced metabolic responses in native and invasive plant populations
Authors: Schrieber Karin , Schweiger Rabea , Kröner Lutz , Müller Caroline 
Published: September 2018

Abstract

Inbreeding and herbivory can interactively reduce the performance of flowering plants. Here, we investigated whether the magnitude of plant inbreeding depression increases under herbivory as a result of diminished leaf metabolic responses to herbivory in inbreds, which entails increased herbivore growth and feeding damage. We additionally explored whether genetic differentiation among native and invasive plant populations impacts the magnitude and direction of these inbreeding × herbivory interactions.

Inbred and outbred plants from eight European (native) and eight North American (invasive) populations of Silene latifolia were exposed to two consecutive control or herbivory treatments (infestation with larvae of Mamestra brassicae). After the first treatment, leaf metabolic responses to herbivory were assessed with untargeted metabolic fingerprinting using UHPLC‐ESI+‐QTOF‐MS/MS. After the second herbivory treatment, herbivore growth and plant feeding damage were assessed. Moreover, plant performance traits were recorded 4 weeks after the second herbivory treatment.

Metabolic fingerprinting revealed that changes in the pool sizes of various metabolic features in response to herbivory were less intense in inbred than outbred plants from native and invasive populations. While herbivore growth and feeding damage were largely unaffected by plant breeding status in invasive populations, herbivores consumed more biomass from, but showed reduced growth on, inbred than outbred native plants. The magnitude of inbreeding depression in plant performance traits was not affected by herbivory.

Synthesis. Our findings suggest that inbreeding compromises herbivory‐induced metabolic defences in S. latifolia, and simultaneously reduces the nutritional quality of plants. The magnitude and direction of these inbreeding effects were shaped by genetic differentiation among native and invasive plants. These range‐specific responses provide novel insights into the role of inbreeding x herbivory interactions in invasion success.
Reliance on Medicare Providers by Veterans after Becoming Age‐Eligible for Medicare is Associated with the Use of More Outpatient Services
Authors: Hebert Paul L. , Batten Adam S. , Gunnink Eric , Reddy Ashok , Wong Edwin S. , Fihn Stephan D. , Liu Chuan‐Fen 
Published: September 2018

ObjectiveTo estimate the effect of Medicare use on the receipt of outpatient services from 2001 through 2015 for a cohort of Veterans Administration (VA) users who became age‐eligible for Medicare in 1998–2000.Data Sources/Study SettingVA administrative data linked with Medicare claims for veterans who participated in the 1999 Large Health Survey of Enrolled Veterans.Study DesignWe coded each veteran as VA‐reliant or Medicare‐reliant based on the number of visits in each system and compared the health and social risk factors between VA‐reliant and Medicare‐reliant veterans. We used bivariate probit and instrumental variables models to estimate the association between a veteran's reliance on Medicare and the receipt of outpatient procedures in Medicare and the VA.Principal FindingsVeterans who chose to rely on the VA (n = 4,317) had substantially worse social and health risk factors than Medicare‐reliant veterans (n = 2,567). Medicare reliance was associated with greater use of outpatient services for 24 of the 28 types of services considered. Instrumental variable estimates found significant effects of Medicare reliance on receipt of advanced imaging and cardiovascular testing.ConclusionsExpanded access to fee‐for‐service care in the community may be expensive, while the VA will likely continue to care for the most vulnerable veterans.
Diapause affects cuticular hydrocarbon composition and mating behavior of both sexes in Drosophila montana
Authors: Ala‐Honkola Outi , Kauranen Hannele , Tyukmaeva Venera , Boetzl Fabian A. , Hoikkala Anneli , Schmitt Thomas 
Published: September 2018

AbstractEnvironmental cues, mainly photoperiod and temperature, are known to control female adult reproductive diapause in several insect species. Diapause enhances female survival during adverse conditions and postpones progeny production to the favorable season. Male diapause (a reversible inability to inseminate receptive females) has been studied much less than female diapause. However, if the males maximized their chances to fertilize females while minimizing their energy expenditure, they would be expected to be in diapause at the same time as females. We investigated Drosophila montana male mating behavior under short‐day conditions that induce diapause in females and found the males to be reproductively inactive. We also found that males reared under long‐day conditions (reproducing individuals) court reproducing postdiapause females, but not diapausing ones. The diapausing flies of both sexes had more long‐chain and less short‐chain hydrocarbons on their cuticle than the reproducing ones, which presumably increase their survival under stressful conditions, but at the same time decrease their attractiveness. Our study shows that the mating behavior of females and males is well coordinated during and after overwintering and it also gives support to the dual role of insect cuticular hydrocarbons in adaptation and mate choice.
Deep inspiration breath hold in breast cancer: Development and analysis of a patient experience questionnaire
Authors: Beaton Nakia‐Rae , Watson Sharon , Browne Patricia , Sharma Harish , Mai Gang Tao , Harvey Jennifer , Bernard Anne , Brown Elizabeth , Hargrave Catriona , Lehman Margot 
Published: September 2018

AbstractIntroductionEvidence that Deep Inspiration Breath Hold (DIBH) can reduce cardiac dose during left‐sided breast radiation therapy (RT) has led to widespread uptake of this technology. There is a paucity of published information documenting the impact of this technique on the patient's treatment experience. The aim of this study was to develop a tool to assess the patient's experience with the introduction of DIBH using the Elekta® Active Breathing Coordinator (ABC) in a single institution.MethodsA patient experience questionnaire was developed and was completed at three different stages of the patient's treatment; at planning, during the second week of treatment (day 6–10) and during the final week of treatment.ResultsQuestionnaire data were collected from 30 patients, who underwent DIBH breast treatment during the period March 2016 to May 2017. Patients were very happy with their use of the ABC equipment and most felt they were well supported and informed during their treatment. Levels of general fatigue and personal anxiety were identified to significantly increase from planning to the conclusion of treatment (P = 0.002 and P < 0.001 respectively).ConclusionsThis study produced a useful tool to measure patient experience during DIBH treatment. It demonstrated that the use of the technique was acceptable to patients and did not increase their distress. It provided a compelling case for the provision of tailored, well‐communicated information, consistent routine and emotional support for patients throughout their entire treatment. The tool could be employed to assess the patient experience as new technologies are introduced into RT.
Second‐degree interatrial block: Brief review and concept
Authors: Bayés de Luna Antonio , Baranchuk Adrián , Niño Pulido César , Martínez‐Sellés Manuel , Bayés‐Genís Antonio , Elosua Roberto , Elizari Marcelo V. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe advanced interatrial block (A‐IAB) (P ≥ 120 ms plus ± pattern in II, III and aVF) corresponds at atrial level, to right or left advanced bundle branch block at ventricular level, and it is well known that these patterns may be seen transiently in relation to taquicardia or bradycardia (tachycardia or bradycardia dependent right or left bundle branch block). We present for the first time, the same phenomenon at atrial level. In one case, the A‐IAB appears in relation to tachycardization and in the other disappears during a pause induced by ventricular premature complex.
Variation in landmarks for the rectum: an MRI study
Authors: D'Souza N. , Balyasnikova S. , Tudyka V. , Lord A. , Shaw A. , Abulafi M. , Tekkis P. , Brown G. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractAimThis study aimed to assess the reliability of measurements and bony landmarks for the rectosigmoid junction on MRI.MethodThe staging MRI scans for 100 patients were reviewed. The junction of the mesorectum and mesocolon was used to identify the rectum and sigmoid. The performance of current metric measurements or bony landmarks was then compared against the actual anatomical bowel segment.ResultsThe mean distance of the sigmoid take‐off from the anal verge was 12.6 cm (SD 1.8 cm, range 9.4–19.0 cm). At a cutoff of 12 cm, the anatomical bowel segment was found to be sigmoid colon rather than rectum in 35% of patients. At 15 and 16 cm the bowel segment was sigmoid in 84% and 96% of patients, respectively. At the sacral promontory and the third sacral segment, the bowel segment was sigmoid in 28% and 100% of patients, respectively.ConclusionCurrent definitions of the rectum that rely on arbitrary measurements or bony landmarks will not locate the correct point of transition between the rectum and sigmoid in the majority of patients. The sigmoid take‐off offers an alternative, anatomically bespoke, landmark.
Predictors of renal replacement therapy after heart transplantation and its impact on long‐term survival
Authors: Ivey‐Miranda Juan Betuel , Flores‐Umanzor Eduardo , Farrero‐Torres Marta , Santiago Evelyn , Cepas‐Guillen Pedro L. , Perez‐Villa Felix 
Published: September 2018

AbstractBackgroundRenal replacement therapy (RRT) after heart transplant (HT) is associated with worse prognosis. We aimed to identify predictors of RRT and the impact of this complication on long‐term survival.MethodsCohort study of HT patients. Univariate and multivariate competing‐risk regression was performed to identify independent predictors of RRT. The cumulative incidence function was plotted for RRT. The Kaplan‐Meier method was used to compare long‐term survival.ResultsWe included 103 patients. At multivariate analysis, only the emergency status of HT (short‐term mechanical circulatory support as a bridge to transplant), chronic kidney disease, and low oxygen delivery were independent predictors of RRT (subhazard ratio [SHR] 4.11, 95% CI 1.84‐9.14; SHR 3.17, 95% CI 1.29‐7.77; SHR 2.86, 95% CI 1.14‐7.19, respectively). Elective HT patients that required RRT showed a significantly reduced survival comparable to patients with emergency HT and RRT (75% ± 13% vs. 67% ± 16%). The absence of RRT implied an excellent survival in patients with an emergency status of HT and elective HT (100% vs. 93% ± 4%).ConclusionThe emergency status of HT, chronic kidney disease, and low oxygen delivery were independent predictors of RRT. The occurrence of RRT increases the risk of death in elective HT as much as in patients with an emergency status.
Endangered Père David’s deer genome provides insights into population recovering
Authors: Zhu Lifeng , Deng Cao , Zhao Xiang , Ding Jingjing , Huang Huasheng , Zhu Shilin , Wang Zhiwen , Qin Shishang , Ding Yuhua , Lu Guoqing , Yang Zhisong 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe Milu (Père David's deer, Elaphurus davidianus) were once widely distributed in the swamps (coastal areas to inland areas) of East Asia. The dramatic recovery of the Milu population is now deemed a classic example of how highly endangered animal species can be rescued. However, the molecular mechanisms that underpinned this population recovery remain largely unknown. Here, different approaches (genome sequencing, resequencing, and salinity analysis) were utilized to elucidate the aforementioned molecular mechanisms. The comparative genomic analyses revealed that the largest recovered Milu population carries extensive genetic diversity despite an extreme population bottleneck. And the protracted inbreeding history might have facilitated the purging of deleterious recessive alleles. Seventeen genes that are putatively related to reproduction, embryonic (fatal) development, and immune response were under high selective pressure. Besides, SCNN1A, a gene involved in controlling reabsorption of sodium in the body, was positively selected. An additional 29 genes were also observed to be positively selected, which are involved in blood pressure regulation, cardiovascular development, cholesterol regulation, glycemic control, and thyroid hormone synthesis. It is possible that these genetic adaptations were required to buffer the negative effects commonly associated with a high‐salt diet. The associated genetic adaptions are likely to have enabled increased breeding success and fetal survival. The future success of Milu population management might depend on the successful reintroduction of the animal to historically important distribution regions.
Framing the 2011 England Riots: Understanding the Political and Policy Response
Authors: NEWBURN TIM , JONES TREVOR , BLAUSTEIN JARRETT 
Published: September 2018

AbstractAbstract: This article considers the political reaction and policy response to the 2011 England riots. Drawing on the framework of John Kingdon's (1995) multiple streams approach (MSA) the analysis in this article starts with the ‘policy window’ caused by the focusing event of the riots, and traces the ways in which this was used to frame different kinds of policy ‘problem’, rather than the more typical method of using the MSA to help explain the emergence and development of a particular policy. It then examines how different policy ‘solutions’ became attached to these problems with varying degrees of impact. In fact, more than anything, we argue that the framing of the riots served to close down many avenues for policy development, with the outcome that those that were initiated in the aftermath of the disorder were both limited and short‐lived, with some having only the most tangential links with the riots.
Court‐appointed experts and accuracy in adversarial litigation
Authors: Kim Chulyoung , Koh Paul S. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractConcerned about distortion of evidence arising from litigants’ strong incentive to misrepresent information provided to fact‐finders, legal scholars and commentators have long suggested that courts appoint their own advisors for neutral information regarding disputes. This paper examines the litigants’ problem of losing incentive to provide information when judges seek the advice of court‐appointed experts. Within a standard litigation‐game framework, we find that assigning court‐appointed experts involves a trade‐off: although such experts help judges obtain more information overall, thereby reducing the number of errors during trials, they weaken litigants’ incentive to supply expert information, thus undermining the adversarial nature of the current American legal system.
Reasonable adjustments to provide equitable and inclusive assessment, screening and treatment of osteoporosis for adults with intellectual disabilities: A feasibility study
Authors: Finlayson Janet , De Amicis Leyla , Gallacher Stephen , Munro Robin , Crockett Jennifer , Godwin Jon , Feeney Wendy , Skelton Dawn A. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractBackgroundPeople with intellectual disabilities are a high risk population for developing osteoporosis and fragility fractures, yet they experience barriers to accessing dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) bone mineral density (BMD) screening and fracture assessment. Reasonable adjustments are a statutory requirement in the UK, but there is a paucity of evidence‐based examples to assist their identification, implementation and evaluation.MethodThirty adults with intellectual disabilities underwent DXA BMD screening and fracture risk assessment. Reasonable adjustments were identified and implemented.ResultsThe presence of osteopenia or osteoporosis was detected in 23 out of 29 (79%) participants. Osteoporosis professionals report that 17 of 18 reasonable adjustments identified and implemented are both important and easy to implement.ConclusionAdults across all levels of intellectual disabilities can complete DXA BMD screening with reasonable adjustments. Widely implementing these reasonable adjustments would contribute to reducing inequalities in health care for adults with intellectual disabilities.
Burn severity controls on postfire Araucaria‐Nothofagus regeneration in the Andean Cordillera
Authors: Assal Timothy J. , González Mauro E. , Sibold Jason S. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractAimThe aim of the study was to investigate postfire regeneration patterns of Araucaria‐Nothofagus forests on the west slope of the Andes; to evaluate the relationship between remotely sensed burn severity and forest mortality; and to assess controls of burn severity on forest response at local spatio‐temporal scales.LocationAraucanía region in the western Andean Range of south‐central Chile where fire occurred during the 2001–2002 season.MethodsSampling of prefire stand structure and postfire vegetation response was performed along a burn severity gradient a decade after the fire. We evaluated the relationship between field‐measured tree mortality and satellite‐derived burn severity using a generalized linear model. We fit zero‐inflated mixture models to regeneration data of each genus to assess the importance of abiotic variables, stand characteristics, and biotic interactions.ResultsThe relative version of the delta Normalized Burn Ratio explained 85% of the variability in canopy mortality. Nearly 12,000 hectares burned; the majority at high severity (67%). Regeneration densities of both genera were lower at higher levels of burn severity and higher with greater total basal area (live, dead, and down trees). The relative effect size of burn severity on regeneration was nearly twice as large for Nothofagus, which suggests information legacies of Araucaria have cascading effects on postdisturbance material legacies.Main conclusionsAraucaria‐Nothofagus mortality from wildfire can be readily mapped using satellite‐derived burn severity. Although environmental site characteristics and biotic interactions mediate regeneration, basal area, and burn severity are the main mechanisms controlling regeneration. Forest refugia and postfire regeneration are vulnerable to recurrent fire. Therefore, we expect future fire (either increased severity or frequency), driven by landscape level changes, as a potential mechanism that can reduce local resilience of these forests as initial postfire material legacies (e.g., refugia and regeneration) are removed from the landscape. Our findings highlight an approach to quantify important attributes of forest disturbance and refugia, and identify areas for monitoring postdisturbance regeneration as the forests throughout south‐central Chile and Argentina face a multitude of potential change agents.