bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spontaneous and Traumatic Splenic Rupture: Retrospective Clinical, B-Mode and CEUS Analysis in 62 Patients
Authors: Rosling M. , Trenker C. , Neesse A. , Görg C. 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Introduction Both B-mode ultrasound and contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) are well established procedures when diagnosing traumatic splenic ruptures (TSR). To date, there are no data about CEUS patterns in spontaneous splenic ruptures (SSR). It remains unknown whether TSR and SSR differ with respect to clinical characteristics, B-mode and CEUS characteristics.
Patients and Methods Between 12/2003 and 2/2010, n=33 SSRs and n=29 TSRs were diagnosed in a tertiary referral center. All patients were examined with B-mode and CEUS, and clinical data and the outcome were retrospectively analyzed.
Results Patients with SSR were significantly older than patients with TSR (62 years vs. 44 years; p=0.01). The 4-week mortality was significantly higher in SSR than in TSR (36% vs. 0%; p=0.001). No differences between the grading of TSR and SSR could be shown in B-mode or in CEUS. Notably, CEUS was significantly superior to B-mode with respect to the grading of splenic ruptures (p=0.01). Therefore, therapeutic management was influenced by CEUS.
Conclusion There are differences between SSR and TSR, especially concerning clinical data (age, course of disease and mortality). Regarding the sonographic pattern, SSR and TSR show identical grading. When splenic rupture is suspected, CEUS should always be performed to identify patients at risk who require interventional procedures.
Molecular structural diversity of mitochondrial cardiolipins
Authors: Oemer Gregor , Lackner Katharina , Muigg Katharina , Krumschnabel Gerhard , Watschinger Katrin , Sailer Sabrina , Lindner Herbert , Gnaiger Erich , Wortmann Saskia B. , Werner Ernst R. , Zschocke Johannes , Keller Markus A. 
Published: April 2018

Significance
Cardiolipins are a unique class of phospholipids in mitochondrial membranes that are crucial for cellular bioenergetics as they stabilize respiratory chain complexes. In contrast to most other phospholipids, cardiolipins are substituted with four, rather than only two fatty acyl side chains. Consequently, this opens up a vast number of different theoretically possible molecular lipid species. Experimentally assessing the molecular diversity of cardiolipin species is analytically challenging. In this study we successfully combine tandem mass spectrometry with a mathematical structural modeling approach, to achieve the comprehensive characterization of complex biological cardiolipin compositions.
S-Allyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide, a garlic odor precursor, suppresses elevation in blood ethanol concentration by accelerating ethanol metabolism and preventing ethanol absorption from gut
Authors: Uto-Kondo Harumi , Hase Ayumu , Yamaguchi Yusuke , Sakurai Ayaka , Akao Makoto , Saito Takeshi , Kumagai Hitomi 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Alcoholic beverages are enjoyed together with meals worldwide, but their excessive intake is associated with an increased risk of various diseases. We investigated whether S-allyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide (ACSO), a sulfuric odor precursor of garlic, suppresses elevation in plasma ethanol concentration by accelerating ethanol metabolism and preventing ethanol absorption from the gut in rats. ACSO and garlic extract with a high ACSO content (Garlic-H) suppressed elevation in concentrations of ethanol and acetaldehyde in plasma and promoted the activities of alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase. However, ACSO and Garlic-H did not affect plasma acetate so much. Furthermore, we examined the change in plasma ethanol concentration by injecting ACSO or Garlic-H into the ligated stomach or jejunum together with ethanol solution. ACSO and Garlic-H suppressed the absorption of ethanol from the stomach and jejunum, but suppression in the jejunum was less than in the stomach. In conclusion, ACSO inhibits ethanol absorption and accelerates ethanol metabolism.
Perfectionism and training distress in junior athletes: The mediating role of coping tendencies
Authors: Madigan Daniel J. , Hill Andrew P. , Anstiss Paul A. , Mallinson‐Howard Sarah H. , Kumar Simon 
Published: April 2018

AbstractTraining distress occurs when athletes fail to cope with physiological and psychological stress and can be an early sign of overtraining syndrome. Recent research has found that perfectionism predicts increases in training distress in junior athletes over time. The current study provides the first empirical test of the possibility that coping tendencies mediate the perfectionism‐training distress relationship. Adopting a cross‐sectional design, 171 junior athletes (mean age = 18.1 years) completed self‐report measures of perfectionistic strivings, perfectionistic concerns, problem‐focused coping, avoidant coping, and training distress. Structural equation modelling revealed that avoidant coping mediated the positive relationship between perfectionistic concerns and training distress, and mediated the negative relationship between perfectionistic strivings and training distress. Problem‐focused coping did not mediate any relationships between dimensions of perfectionism and training distress. The findings suggest that the tendency to use coping strategies aimed at avoiding stress may partly explain the relationship between perfectionism and training distress but the tendency to use, or not use, problem‐focussed coping does not.
Does variability within natural turfgrass sports fields influence ground‐derived injuries?
Authors: Straw Chase M. , Samson Christine O. , Henry Gerald M. , Brown Cathleen N. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractNatural turfgrass sports fields exhibit within‐field variations due to climatic conditions, field construction, field management, and foot traffic patterns from field usage. Variations within a field could influence the playing surface predictability and require athletes to make abrupt or frequent adjustments that lead to increased ground‐derived injury occurrence. This study introduces a new methodology aimed at evaluating the potential relationship between within‐field variations of turfgrass sports field properties and ground‐derived athlete injuries. Collegiate Club Sport athletes self‐reported ground‐derived injuries over two years. Soil moisture, turfgrass quality, surface hardness, and turfgrass shear strength were quantified from their two home fields. Hot spot analysis identified significantly high (hot spots) and low (cold spots) values within the fields. Injury locations were compared to hot spot maps each month. Binomial proportion tests determined if there were differences between observed injury proportions and expected proportions. Twenty‐three ground‐derived injuries were reported overall. The observed injury proportions occurring in turfgrass quality cold spots [0.52 (95% CI 0.29–0.76)] and soil moisture hot spots [0.43 (95% CI 0.22–0.66)] was significantly higher than expected [0.20 (p < .001) and 0.21 (p < .05), respectively]. Most injuries in significant areas of turfgrass quality, soil moisture, and surface hardness were along edges of hot and cold spots. These results suggest a potential relationship between within‐field variations and ground‐derived injuries, particularly in transition areas between non‐significant and significant high and low values. Future larger‐scale studies can incorporate the reported methodology to validate this relationship and implement strategies that reduce ground‐derived injuries.
DeepSimulator: a deep simulator for Nanopore sequencing
Authors: Li Yu , Han Renmin , Bi Chongwei , Li Mo , Wang Sheng , Gao Xin 
Published: April 2018

Abstract

Motivation
Oxford Nanopore sequencing is a rapidly developed sequencing technology in recent years. To keep pace with the explosion of the downstream data analytical tools, a versatile Nanopore sequencing simulator is needed to complement the experimental data as well as to benchmark those newly developed tools. However, all the currently available simulators are based on simple statistics of the produced reads, which have difficulty in capturing the complex nature of the Nanopore sequencing procedure, the main task of which is the generation of raw electrical current signals.

Results
Here we propose a deep learning based simulator, DeepSimulator, to mimic the entire pipeline of Nanopore sequencing. Starting from a given reference genome or assembled contigs, we simulate the electrical current signals by a context-dependent deep learning model, followed by a base-calling procedure to yield simulated reads. This workflow mimics the sequencing procedure more naturally. The thorough experiments performed across four species show that the signals generated by our context-dependent model are more similar to the experimentally obtained signals than the ones generated by the official context-independent pore model. In terms of the simulated reads, we provide a parameter interface to users so that they can obtain the reads with different accuracies ranging from 83 to 97%. The reads generated by the default parameter have almost the same properties as the real data. Two case studies demonstrate the application of DeepSimulator to benefit the development of tools in de novo assembly and in low coverage SNP detection.

Availability and implementation
The software can be accessed freely at: https://github.com/lykaust15/DeepSimulator.

Supplementary information
Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Investigating fish behavioural responses to LED lights in trawls and potential applications for bycatch reduction in the Nephrops-directed fishery
Authors: Melli Valentina , Krag Ludvig A , Herrmann Bent , Karlsen Junita D 
Published: April 2018

AbstractLight-emitting diodes (LEDs) have been tested in trawl fisheries to reduce the bycatch of unwanted species through behavioural stimulation. Previous studies used LED lights to either highlight escaping routes or increase the contact rate with square-mesh panels. However, phototactic responses (moving towards or away from light sources) to LED lights could also be exploited to separate species during the catching process. We investigated if either positive or negative phototaxis can be used to improve fish vertical separation from Nephrops (Nephrops norvegicus) in the aft section of a horizontally separated trawl codend. The aim was to increase the proportion of fish entering the upper compartment. We conducted two different experiments in front of the separation into compartments, inserting green LED lights in the upper and lower netting panel, respectively. Species vertical separation was analysed and compared in two identical trawls towed in parallel, one equipped with lights and one without. We obtained significant changes in vertical separation, but no clear species-specific phototactic response was identified. Neither of the light positions improved fish separation from Nephrops. However, the potential of LED lights as behavioural stimulators is confirmed, and a more mechanistic understanding of light and fish vision may improve the results of future applications.
Toll-like receptor signaling in macrophages is regulated by extracellular substrate stiffness and Rho-associated coiled-coil kinase (ROCK1/2)
Authors: Gruber Erika , Heyward Christa , Cameron Jody , Leifer Cynthia 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Macrophages participate in immunity, tissue repair and tissue homeostasis. Activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) by conserved exogenous or endogenous structures initiates signaling cascades that result in the release of cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα). Extracellular substrate stiffness is known to regulate functions of non-immune cells through a process called mechanotransduction, yet less is known about how physical cues affect macrophage function or TLR signaling. To investigate this question, we cultured murine primary bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) and RAW264.7 cells on fibronectin-coated polyacrylamide (PA) gels of defined stiffnesses (1, 20 and 150 kPa) that approximate the physical properties of physiologic tissues. BMMs on all gels were smaller and more circular than those on rigid glass. Macrophages on intermediate stiffness 20 kPa PA gels were slightly larger and less circular than those on either 1 or 150 kPa. Secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokine, TNFα, in response to stimulation of TLR4 and TLR9 was increased in macrophages grown on soft gels versus more rigid gels, particularly for BMMs. Inhibition of the rho-associated coiled-coil kinase 1/2 (ROCK1/2), key mediators in cell contractility and mechanotransduction, enhanced release of TNFα in response to stimulation of TLR4. ROCK1/2 inhibition enhanced phosphorylation of the TLR downstream signaling molecules, p38, ERK1/2 and NFκB. Our data indicate that physical cues from the extracellular environment regulate macrophage morphology and TLR signaling. These findings have important implications in the regulation of macrophage function in diseased tissues and offer a novel pharmacological target for the manipulation of macrophage function in vivo.
The International Relations of East Asia: A New Research Prospectus
Authors: Foot Rosemary , Goh Evelyn 
Published: April 2018

AbstractEast Asia is a region of signal importance for global order because of its economic dynamism and growing heft, China's challenge to the United States as incumbent regional and global hegemon, and other conflict hotspots like the Korean peninsula. This requires academic analysis that both appreciates the subtleties inherent to this region and can relate them to the wider systemic context. Many analysts have begun to allude to the challenging characteristics that are present in the international relations of East Asia, in particular struggling to explain how growing levels of economic interdependence can coexist with heightened security tensions. This article offers a research prospectus that suggests ways of analyzing these apparently contradictory trends. It proposes the development of research questions and approaches that are more suited to studying the international relations of a region with characteristics that we define as dual, hybrid, and contingent. We propose a Conjunctions Analytical Framework that explores what happens at the conjunctions of the regional-global and the unit-regional/global levels of analysis—the “grey areas” where social formations meet and interact. We aim to help shape the future study of the IR of East Asia and to suggest more effective ways of analyzing the complex reality of East Asia's regional and global politics.
The KDM4A/KDM4C/NF-κB and WDR5 epigenetic cascade regulates the activation of B cells
Authors: Hung Kuo-Hsuan , Woo Yong H , Lin I-Ying , Liu Chin-Hsiu , Wang Li-Chieh , Chen Hsin-Yu , Chiang Bor-Luen , Lin Kuo-I 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cell-derived signals promote activation and proliferation of antigen-primed B cells. It remains unclear whether epigenetic regulation is involved in the B cell responses to Tfh cell-derived signals. Here, we demonstrate that Tfh cell-mimicking signals induce the expression of histone demethylases KDM4A and KDM4C, and the concomitant global down-regulation of their substrates, H3K9me3/me2, in B cells. Depletion of KDM4A and KDM4C potentiates B cell activation and proliferation in response to Tfh cell-derived signals. ChIP-seq and de novo motif analysis reveals NF-κB p65 as a binding partner of KDM4A and KDM4C. Their co-targeting to Wdr5, a MLL complex member promoting H3K4 methylation, up-regulates cell cycle inhibitors Cdkn2c and Cdkn3. Thus, Tfh cell-derived signals trigger KDM4A/KDM4C - WDR5 - Cdkn2c/Cdkn3 cascade in vitro, an epigenetic mechanism regulating proper proliferation of activated B cells. This pathway is dysregulated in B cells from systemic lupus erythematosus patients and may represent a pathological link.
Supermassive black holes with higher Eddington ratios preferentially form in gas-rich galaxies
Authors: Izumi Takuma 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
The Eddington ratio (λEdd) of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) is a fundamental parameter that governs their cosmic growth. Although gas mass accretion onto SMBHs is sustained when they are surrounded by large amounts of gas, little is known about the molecular content of galaxies, particularly those hosting super-Eddington SMBHs (λEdd &gt; 1: the key phase of SMBH growth). Here, we have compiled reported optical and 12CO(1–0) data of local quasars to characterize their hosts. We found that higher-λEdd SMBHs tend to reside in gas-rich (i.e., high gas mass to stellar mass fraction = fgas) galaxies. We used two methods to make this conclusion: one uses black hole mass as a surrogate for stellar mass by assuming a local co-evolutionary relationship, and the other directly uses stellar masses estimated from near-infrared observations. The fgas–λEdd correlation we found concurs with the cosmic decreasing trend in λEdd, as cold molecular gas is primarily consumed by star formation. This correlation qualitatively matches predictions of recent semi-analytic models of the cosmic downsizing of SMBHs as well. As the gas mass surface density would eventually be a key parameter controlling mass accretion, we need high-resolution observations to identify further differences in the molecular properties around super-Eddington and sub-Eddington SMBHs.
I Am an African American: Distinguishing Between African American and African Applicants in Medical School Admissions Matters
Authors: Baugh Reginald F. 
Published: April 2018

Ignoring the diverse and rich cultures and histories of Africa and the African diaspora by applying the term African American to anyone of sub-Saharan African ancestry in medical school admissions does a disservice to applicants, medical schools, and the communities they serve. To determine how applicants can contribute to a diverse educational environment, admissions decisions must go beyond racial and ethnic self-reporting and recognize the diversity that applicants bring to their medical school. Using a holistic approach, institutions can fairly evaluate applicants and strategically fill their incoming classes. What each medical school is looking for based on its mission and how each student reflects that mission and enhances the educational environment should be revisited as each application is considered. Medical schools must adopt practices that strategically enroll applicants who help achieve their mission and better the communities they serve. The benefits of diversity are not achieved in a linear fashion but require a critical mass for each diverse group. Different strategies are needed to enhance the educational environment, address underrepresentation in medicine, and eliminate health disparities. If racial justice and health equity are to be realized, diversity policies need to recognize the differences between African and Afro Caribbean immigrants and African Americans.
In this Perspective, the author argues for distinguishing between these groups in medical school admissions. He explores the differences in their history, culture, and experiences and demonstrates their uniqueness. He concludes by discussing diversity in medicine and offering suggestions for considering diversity in medical school admissions.
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies-associated vasculitis
Authors: Cohen Tervaert Jan Willem 
Published: April 2018

Purpose of review
In antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies-associated vasculitis (AAV), the treatment of choice is either Rituximab or cyclophosphamide in combination with steroids. In less extended forms of AAV, however, less toxic regimens are being used.
In the current review, we will focus on the role of one of these less toxic regimens, that is trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole monotherapy as induction treatment or as maintenance therapy in AAV.

Recent findings
A substantial portion of patients with active granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) limited to the upper airways can be initially controlled with trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole (2 × 960 mg/day) monotherapy. In patients with initially a complete response, long-term control of the disease seems possible. In addition, trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole (2 × 960 mg/day) maintenance therapy is an option for patients with GPA that have been proven to be frequent relapsers. The mechanism by which trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole works in GPA is at present unknown. Suppression of Staphylococcus aureus carriage and/or anti-inflammatory mechanisms has been postulated.

Summary
Trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole may be considered as a safe initial treatment in GPA patients with disease localized to the ear, nose, and throat region. Furthermore, trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole in a dose of 2 × 960 mg/day may be used to prevent relapses in GPA.
Long-term treatment strategies for postmenopausal osteoporosis
Authors: Cosman Felicia 
Published: April 2018

Purpose of review
Osteoporosis guidelines do not usually provide specific recommendations regarding what medication is most appropriate for individual patients. Generic oral bisphosphonates are often considered first-line treatment for osteoporosis, but treatment duration is limited, based on potential long-term safety concerns, and there is no consensus about what to do after 5 years. There are no recommendations concerning long-term management of osteoporosis over 30 or more years of postmenopausal life.

Recent findings
This review attempts to specify medication choices and provide the best clinical management strategies for women at different stages of life and with different underlying disease severity. Because there is no evidence that considers the entire postmenopausal lifespan, much of the discussion here will be based on expert opinion. The review considers a role for estrogens and selective estrogen receptor modulators, oral and intravenous bisphosphonates, denosumab and the anabolic agents, teriparatide and abaloparatide.

Summary
Optimal sequential monotherapy, over an average of 30 postmenopausal years, should be able to minimize exposure to pharmacology while maximizing benefits on bone strength and minimizing imminent and long-term risk of fracture.
Unhas Suture, A Novel Tendon Repair Technique: An In Vitro Experimental Study Comparing Unhas Suture and Bunnell Suture in Tensile Strength and Gap Formation
Authors: Yurianto Henry , Saleh Ruksal , Paturusi Idrus A. , Supriyadi Wilhelmus , Lee Jansen 
Published: April 2018

Purpose:
Developing a simple and yet strong repair technique that allows smooth gliding of the tendon within the tendon sheath has remained a challenge to meet the biomechanical needs of early active rehabilitation. Our Objective was to compare Unhas and Bunnell suture technique in terms of strength and gap resistance in tendon repair.

Materials and Methods:
Thirty feet of healthy roosters Gallus domesticus were harvested and assigned randomly into 2 groups of 15 feet each. The tendons were repaired using Unhas suture and Bunnell suture utilizing monofilament nylon 4-0. Every specimens were tested by using repaired tendon gap formation apparatus and then measured when it produced an initial gap and 2-mm gap at the repair site. The measurements were then analyzed for statistical significance.

Results:
Significant difference in initial gap was detected between repaired tendon using Unhas suture and Bunnell suture. Two-millimeter gap forces were tested and Unhas suture group was also significantly higher compared with Bunnell suture group.

Conclusions:
Unhas suture was proven to be able to resist gap forces either in initial gap or 2-mm gap compared with Bunnell suture

Clinical Relevance:
Unhas suture may be a reliable alternative in tendon repair that provides tensile strength, gapping resistance and also provide easiness which can be performed with conventional suture material and less operating time.