bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sedimentary Rock Compressibility Related to Porosity Under Hydrostatic Loading: New Approach with Uniaxial Corrections
Authors: de Souza Fasolo Ricardo , Marchezi Misságia Roseane , Antônio Rodrigues de Ceia Marco 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Rock compressibility has great influence in the original oil in place estimation, history matching, and production forecasting. The majority of the reservoir engineers consider the compressibility as a constant throughout the life of a field, but it is well known that rock compressibility is pressure and porosity dependent. During the life of an oil field, the pore pressure decreases with oil production, which increases the net pressure over the reservoir which induces changes in porosity and in compressibility. Neglect compressibility variation may induce several errors during reservoir simulation. To reduce errors, and to provide a simple and easy procedure for calculation of rock compressibility, this paper presents the correlation between rock compressibility and porosity under hydrostatic confining test, as well as the corrections made to translate unrealistic hydrostatic data into more representative uniaxial data. The measurements were developed in 5 sandstones and 5 carbonate rocks with a diversified range in porosity and rock strength to obtain results more capable to describe any other set of data. The results of the corrections were then plotted against porosity and a new general equation was derived from the plots through data fitting. The new equation proved to be very representative, but it faced an issue related to the inverse problem. To fix the problem, the Poisson ration was applied to the general equations to capture the mechanical characteristics of the rocks. The results showed that rock compressibility has a direct relation to porosity. Further, the conversion factors displayed high efficiency in the translation from hydrostatic data to uniaxial data, and hydrostatic compressibility may increase the errors during estimation of the volume of original oil in place by a factor of 1E+6 STB. Also, the error in the volume of OOIP calculated using CpA and CpAc varies from 0,22% to 0,05%, and the difference between CpA (converted) and CpAc (estimated) is around ±1,8%. Therefore, this work aims to correct the sedimentary rock compressibility obtained under hydrostatic compressional tests and establish a new relationship between compressibility and porosity. These procedures focus on the reduction of laboratory analysis, increase the quality of reservoir forecasting and reservoir monitoring.
Productivity Decline: The Underlying Geomechanics and Contributing Damage Factors
Authors: Zaki Karim , Li Yan , Tan Yunhui , Wu Ruiting , Rijken Peggy 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Faster production declines than initially forecast were observed in numerous deep-water assets. These wells were completed as Cased Hole Frac-Pack (CHFP) completions (Knobles et al. 2017) with the assumption that rock failure although not initially expected would occur at some point during the production life of the well. This work indicates that failure of the rock and proppant are significant factors impacting Productivity Index (PI) Decline. The paper delves into each of the identified mechanisms and how they impair well productivity.
Seven key damage mechanisms were identified as forming the basis for PI degradation: 1) off-plane perforation stability, 2) fines migration, 3) fracture conductivity, 4) fracture connectivity, 5) fluid invasion, 6) non-Darcy flow and 7) creep effects. A near wellbore production model incorporating the completion, fracture geometry and reservoir is coupled with a geomechanics model to assess each mechanism. A Design of Experiment setup varies the input ranges associated with each of the seven damage mechanisms. Input parameters for the model are risked and rely on ranges from standard and newly developed well and lab tests. The model assesses well performance and driving mechanisms at different points in time within the production life.
Primarily the study focused on high permeability and highly over pressured reservoirs. For the types of wells/fields assessed in the study, the results indicated three phases of decline based on the interaction between the formation properties, the completion components and the operating parameters. The three phases breakdown into: (1) a pre-rock failure stage where declines are relatively small, (2) an ongoing rock failure stage where declines are rapid and (3) a post failure stage where declines are again moderate. In each of these stages different parameters and damage mechanisms were assessed to be impactful. The workflow was also utilized to match pre and post acidizing treatments. A comparison for varying rock types was included looking at the impact of rock strength and formation permeability on the ranking of the damage mechanisms. The impact of operating parameters such as drawdown can also be assessed with the tool showing that increased drawdowns may not always be beneficial to the long-term production of the well.
The paper presents the underlying drivers for PI Decline for deep-water assets of a specific attribute set. Through accurate representation of reservoir and completion, the workflow highlights the impact and combined impact of different damage mechanisms. The paper also shows a direct link between the mechanical properties (moduli and strength) and boundary conditions (pore pressure and stress) and the well performance and productivity. The workflow provides a methodology by which lab and field tests can be transformed into assessments of future well performance without strictly relying on analogs that may or may not be appropriate.
Mexico Pilot Project to Classify Oil and Gas Projects Using United Nations Framework Classification UNFC
Authors: Purewal Satinder , Juárez Toquero Fidel , Simón Burgos Eduardo , Meneses-Scherrer Eduardo J. , Arellano Sánchez Elaine A. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
A Pilot project was initiated to classify Oil and Gas projects in 19 Blocks in Mexico using the United Nations Framework Classification (UNFC) which has a unique 3-dimensional evaluation structure with three axes: Economics, Environment and Social viability (E axis), Project Feasibility (F axis) and Geological Knowledge (G axis). The main focus was to capture the environmental and social impact on project classification and resources categorization.
The Pilot project was coordinated by the National Hydrocarbons Commission (CNH) with integrated collaboration from the Energy Ministry (SENER), the Agency for Safety, Energy and Environment (ASEA), and the Petroleum Work Group of UNECE. SPE classification system (i.e. PRMS) has been mapped to UNFC. While PRMS covers oil and gas projects only, UNFC covers all resources e.g. oil and gas, minerals, renewables, nuclear, etc.
The E axis uniquely differentiates UNFC from PRMS by its granular capture of social and environmental issues. A systematic approach was adopted with focus on E and F axes for which a matrix and a decision tree (‘flow chart’) were created for an efficient classification of the hydrocarbon volumes. For the G axis, the volume ranges provided by the project operators were considered to be valid. In the selected 19 blocks, there were 75 projects identified. These were located offshore, onshore and included conventional and unconventional projects with varying degrees of environmental and social issues.
This is the first known exercise using UNFC for integrating social and environmental issues into oil and gas projects for hydrocarbon volumes classification and categorization anywhere globally. The outcome shows the differences between the PRMS and UNFC due to social and environmental conditions. Using UNFC for classification and categorization of all energy sources of a country, a potential tool can be created for making energy policy decisions. This may also assist in meeting Sustainable Development Goals- 2030 adopted by most countries including the UN and The World Bank.
Classification using UNFC assists in identifying the key social and environmental drivers which may be impediments to moving the oil and gas volumes categorizations higher up the value chain. Added granularity in the classifications incorporating environmental and social considerations will assist project financial investment decision making through comparative assessment of objectives and priorities of national, regional and local stakeholders. To the authors’ knowledge, this is a unique Pilot project with significant value-add outcomes which can be replicated in other countries.
Prognostic value of immunity change after treatment for patients with locally advanced gastric cancer: a retrospective study
Authors: Wang Ke-Shen , Ma Cheng-Cheng , Ren Yan-Xian , Ma Zhi-Jian , Zhang Shu-Ze , Li Fan , Cheng Xiao-Cheng , Xiao Jing-Ying , Yu Ze-Yuan , Zhou Hui-Nian , jiao Zuo-Yi 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Background Although the preoperative immune status is associated with the prognosis in some tumors, less is known about the prognostic significance of immune status change during the treatment of patients with locally advanced gastric cancer (LAGC).Methods The records of 210 patients with LAGC were retrospectively analysed. The pre-, and post-treatment (after gastrectomy and three cycles of chemotherapy) values of lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR) and change of LMR (cLMR) were evaluated. A novel immunity change score (ICS) incorporated both preoperative LMR (pLMR) and cLMR was developed and its prognostic value was evaluated.Results cLMR was an independent predictor and patients with cLMR >1 after treatment had a favorable survival compared with the others (51 vs 31 months, P < 0.001). Based on the cLMR and pLMR, the ICS was defined as follows: ICS=1 (pLMR≤4.53 and cLMR≤1); ICS=2 (pLMR≤4.53 and cLMR>1, or pLMR>4.53 and cLMR≤1); and ICS=3 (pLMR>4.53 and cLMR>1). Multivariate analysis revealed that the ICS was a significant independent biomarker ( P < 0.001). The performances of ICS in terms of the time-dependent receiver operating characteristics (t-ROC) curve and concordance index (C-index) analysis were better than those of pLMR and cLMR. Then we established a nomogram incorporated the ICS, CEA, and TNM stage to predict the 3- and 5- year survival. Decision curve analysis and calibration curve demonstrated that the nomogram was clinically useful.Conclusion The dynamic change of immune status is significantly associated with prognosis for LAGC patients. Combining with the cLMR and pLMR could improve the prognostication for LAGC patients.
Static compression of Fe4N to 77 GPa and its implications for nitrogen storage in the deep Earth
Authors: Breton Helene , Komabayashi Tetsuya , Thompson Samuel , Potts Nicola , McGuire Christopher , Suehiro Sho , Anzellini Simone , Ohishi Yasuo 
Published: September 2019

AbstractCompression and decompression experiments on face-centered cubic (fcc) γ′-Fe4N to 77 GPa at room temperature were conducted in a diamond-anvil cell with in situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) to examine its stability under high pressure. In the investigated pressure range, γ′-Fe4N did not show any structural transitions. However, a peak broadening was observed in the XRD patterns above 60 GPa. The obtained pressure-volume data to 60 GPa were fitted to the third-order Birch-Murnaghan equation of state (EoS), which yielded the following elastic parameters: K0 = 169 (6) GPa, K′ = 4.1 (4), with a fixed V0 = 54.95 Å at 1 bar. A quantitative Schreinemakers' web was obtained at 15–60 GPa and 300–1600 K by combining the EoS for γ′-Fe4N with reported phase stability data at low pressures. The web indicates the existence of an invariant point at 41 GPa and 1000 K where γ′-Fe4N, hexagonal closed-packed (hcp) ε-Fe7N3, double hexagonal closed-packed β-Fe7N3, and hcp Fe phases are stable. From the invariant point, a reaction γ′-Fe4N = β-Fe7N3 + hcp Fe originates toward the high-pressure side, which determines the high-pressure stability of γ′-Fe4N at 56 GPa and 300 K. Therefore, the γ′-Fe4N phase observed in the experiments beyond this pressure must be metastable. The obtained results support the existing idea that β-Fe7N3 would be the most nitrogen-rich iron compound under core conditions. An iron carbonitride Fe7(C,N)3 found as a mantle-derived diamond inclusion implies that β-Fe7N3 and Fe7C3 may form a continuous solid solution in the mantle deeper than 1000 km depth. Diamond formation may be related to the presence of fluids in the mantle, and dehydration reactions of high-pressure hydrous phase D might have supplied free fluids in the mantle at depths greater than 1000 km. As such, the existence of Fe7(C,N)3 in diamond can be an indicator of water transportation to the deep mantle.
Deep Earth carbon reactions through time and space
Authors: McCammon Catherine , Bureau Hélène , Cleaves James H. , Cottrell Elizabeth , Dorfman Susannah M. , Kellogg Louise H. , Li Jie , Mikhail Sami , Moussallam Yves , Sanloup Chrystele , Thomson Andrew R. , Brovarone Alberto Vitale 
Published: September 2019

AbstractReactions involving carbon in the deep Earth have limited manifestations on Earth's surface, yet they have played a critical role in the evolution of our planet. The metal-silicate partitioning reaction promoted carbon capture during Earth's accretion and may have sequestered substantial carbon in Earth's core. The freezing reaction involving iron-carbon liquid could have contributed to the growth of Earth's inner core and the geodynamo. The redox melting/freezing reaction largely controls the movement of carbon in the modern mantle, and reactions between carbonates and silicates in the deep mantle also promote carbon mobility. The 10-year activity of the Deep Carbon Observatory has made important contributions to our knowledge of how these reactions are involved in the cycling of carbon throughout our planet, both past and present, and has helped to identify gaps in our understanding that motivate and give direction to future studies.
Ergenlerin Sosyal Medya Bağımlılığı Düzeylerinin Benlik Saygısına Göre İncelenmesi
Authors: Yüksel-sahin Fulya , Öztoprak Özlem 
Published: September 2019

Araştırmanın amacı, ergenlerin benlik saygısına ve bazı
kişisel değişkenlere (cinsiyet, ekonomik gelir ve anne- baba tutumları)
göre sosyal medya bağımlılığı düzeyleri
arasında anlamlı bir farklılığın olup
olmadığını incelemektir. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu, 316 ergen
oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmada gerekli verileri elde etmek için geçerlik ve
güvenirlik çalışması yapılmış olan “Rosenberg Benlik Saygısı Ölçeği” ,
“Ergenler İçin Sosyal Medya Bağımlılığı Ölçeği Kısa Formu” ve “Kişisel Bilgi
Formu” kullanılmıştır. Verilerin
çözümlenmesi Diskriminant Analizi Testi ile yapılmıştır. Araştırmanın
sonucunda, benlik saygısına, cinsiyete ve annelerinin tutumlarına göre
ergenlerin sosyal medya bağımlılığı puan ortalamaları arasında anlamlı bir
farklılık bulunmuştur. Ancak, babalarının tutumlarına ve ekonomik gelire göre sosyal medya bağımlılığı
puan ortalamaları arasında anlamlı bir farklılık bulunmamıştır.
2D- and 3D-QSAR Modeling of Imidazole-Based Glutaminyl Cyclase Inhibitors
Authors: Al-Attraqchi Omar Husham Ahmed , Venugopala Katharigatta N. 
Published: September 2019

Background:
Glutaminyl Cyclase (QC) is a novel target in the battle against Alzheimer’s
disease, a highly prevalent neurodegenerative disorder. QC inhibitors have the potential to
be developed as therapeutically useful anti-Alzheimer’s disease agents.

Methods:
Linear and non-linear 2D-Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) models
were developed using Stepwise Multiple Linear Regression (S-MLR) and neural networks. Partial
least squares (PLS) method was used to develop a 3D-QSAR model. Also, the developed models
were used in virtual screening of the ZINC database to identify potential QC inhibitors.

Results:
The 2D neural network model showed superior predictive ability, as demonstrated by the
validation parameters R2 = 0.933, Q2 = 0.886 and R2
pred = 0.911. The 3D-QSAR model’s steric and
electrostatic fields’ isocontour maps were visualized and revealed important structural requirements
associated with good activity. The virtual screening identified six compounds as potentially active
QC inhibitors with improved pharmacokinetic profiles.

Conclusion:
The developed QSAR models can be used to predict the activity of compounds not yet
synthesized and prioritized for their synthesis and biological evaluation. Also, potentially active QC
inhibitors have been identified with attractive lead-like properties that can be used to develop anti-
Alzheimer’s disease agents.
Red Blood Cells are Appropriate Carrier for Coagulation Factor VIII
Authors: Sayyadipour Fatemeh , Amirizadeh Naser , Oodi Arezoo , Khalili Masoud , Saba Fakhredin 
Published: September 2019

Aims:
Factor VIII (FVIII) replacement therapy remains a primary treatment for
hemophilia A, however, the development of FVIII antibodies (inhibitors) and short half-life of the
FVIII products are the major complications. Erythrocytes may prevent rapid removal of drugs from
plasma. Erythrocytes are biocompatible and non-immunogenic drug delivery. In this study, in vitro
activity of FVIII encapsulated by human erythrocytes was investigated.

Methods:
FVIII was loaded into erythrocytes using the hypo-osmotic dialysis technique. FVIII
activity assay has been analyzed using Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT). Presence of
FVIII on erythrocytes was detected by western blotting and flowcytometry using specific
monoclonal antibody (abcam, U.K) against FVIII. Moreover, the osmotic fragility and hematologic
parameters of FVIII-loaded carrier erythrocytes were measured.

Results:
Our results indicated that FVIII could not cross the membrane, where plenty of FVIII was
found on the surface of the carrier erythrocyte. Flow cytometery results showed that 11% of the
loaded carrier erythrocytes was positive for FVIII protein on their surface.

:
The greatest activation of FVIII in both groups including lysate and non-lysate FVIII-loaded RBCs
was observed on the first day, and the coagulant activity of this factor was gradually reduced on
days 3 and 5. In 1:50 dilution of both groups, significant differences in FVIII activity were observed
in 1:50 dilution of both groups, especially on the 5th day.

Conclusion:
This study aims to introduce erythrocytes as appropriate carriers for FVIII to prolong
the dosing intervals in the effective and safe levels for a relatively longer time.
New records and notes on the genus Phanerophlebia (Dryopteridaceae) in Honduras
Authors: Reyes Chávez Johan David , Diaz Maradiaga Rina Fabiola , Vega Rodríguez Hermes Leonel 
Published: September 2019

Abstract: Background and Aims: The genus Phanerophlebia has been considered as enigmatic among pteridologists. Previous reviews have delimited a total of eight species, only two of which had been reported for Honduras. The objective of this study is to review the species in Honduras and to examine their ecology, habitat, and distribution.Methods: Between March 2018 and February 2019, we reviewed herbarium specimens of Phanerophlebia, and made trips and new collections from previously reported locations in order to understand better the ecology, habitat, and distribution of the Honduran species.Key results: We document the first record for Honduras of Phanerophlebia macrosora and the rare hybrid P. juglandifolia × macrosora. A dichotomous key was constructed for the species reported for the country. Conclusions: Molecular studies of the Honduran species are needed, as well as the effective conservation of the areas where they can be found. Revisions of pteridophytes groups and additional surveys are still necessary to better understand the true diversity of Honduras.
How Private Foundation Sophistication Affects Capital Campaign Grant Decisions
Authors: Allen Arthur C. , McAllister Brian P. 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACT
We examine how charity financial information related to efficiency and financial vulnerability is used by private foundations in determining how much they grant to charities during capital campaigns. In general, private foundations are likely to be better able to evaluate charity financial information because they are sophisticated donors. They have the incentive to incur search costs, the ability to judge financial information, and are focused on grant-making. We find no evidence that efficiency measures are used by private foundations in determining capital campaign grant amounts, regardless of foundation sophistication. We interpret this result as being consistent with private foundations focusing on factors related to program accomplishments rather than on reported efficiency. We find evidence that private foundations pay larger grant amounts to less financially vulnerable charities. This effect is concentrated when grants are paid by more sophisticated private foundations (i.e., those that employ a professional staff).
Data Availability: Data are available from the public sources cited in the text.
Significance Risks Evaluation of Commercial Construction Projects
Authors: Konior J. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe main objective of the article is to present quantified and measurable risks likelihood appearance, impact and significance of inspected and monitored 48 commercial construction projects and their feasibility to be carried out. Original technical, financial and organisational feasibility studies in compliance with a rigorous Bank Investment Supervision requirements have been executed by the author in the period of 2005 – 2018. Methodology of construction project appraisal for financing and execution professional preparation have been laid out – technical documentation, arrangements, realisation. Analysis and assessment of Bank Investment Supervision consisted of project execution plan PEP, geotechnical and environmental conditions, permit design, agreements and decision impacts of local authorities, engineering contract for construction works, project insurance and performance bonds, schedule of execution tasks and their costs, payment plan, investment budget and project economical effectiveness, scope of monthly construction works execution assessed by Earned Value Method approach and handover procedure of construction project. An attempt was made to express numerically the relationship between risks impacts and their level of likelihood. Also, a method of associating the influence of projects risks impacts on the extent of the likelihood of project risk occurrence which makes possible to determine the direction and the strength of this relationship was presented. Finally, risks likelihood appearance, impact and significance variability of commercial construction projects within last two years of booming investment industry have been determined.
Experimental Investigation of Shear Behavior of Two-Span Fiber Reinforced Concrete Beams
Authors: Krassowska J. , Kosior-Kazberuk M. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractExperimental tests were carried out to assess the failure model of steel and basalt fiber reinforced concrete two-span beams. Experimental research was focused on observing the changes in behavior of tested elements in dependence on the ratio of shear reinforcement and type of fiber. The beams had varied stirrup spacing. The steel fiber content was 78.5 kg/m3 (1.0% by vol.) and basalt fiber content was 5.0 kg/m3 (0.19% by vol.). Concrete beams without fibers were also examined. Two-span beams with a cross-section of 120×300 mm and a length of 4150 mm were loaded in a five-point bending test. Shear or flexural capacity of tested members was recorded. The effectiveness of both sorts of fibers as shear reinforcement was assessed and the differences were discussed. It was shown that fibers control the cracking process and the values of deflections and strains. Fibers clearly enhance the shear capacity of reinforced concrete beams.