bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How catchall parties compete ideologically: Beyond party typologies
Authors: MAINWARING BEN , MCGRAW SEAN 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe catchall party remains a useful concept despite the lack of a widely agreed definition or list of parties. This article suggests defining catchall parties based on how they act strategically. Although catchall parties act strategically on both the organisational and ideological dimensions, this article concentrates on three key ideological features: catchall parties are ideologically centrist, dispersed and flexible over time. Relying on original surveys in the Republic of Ireland, which interviewed two‐thirds of parliamentarians, it is confirmed that Ireland's ‘catchall’ and ‘programmatic’ parties clearly differ in terms of how they compete ideologically. Ireland's catchall parties employ all three identified strategies. Smaller, more programmatic parties are consistent over time, non‐centrist and extremely ideologically coherent on core programmatic issues. The competition between catchall parties and ideological populist parties is a pressing issue, and the Irish case provides new theoretical insights and empirical evidence to understand these party types.
Is Plasma Exchange Efficacious in Shiga Toxin‐Associated Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome? A Narrative Review of Current Evidence
Authors: Keenswijk Werner , Raes Ann , De Clerck Marieke , Vande Walle Johan 
Published: October 2018

AbstractShiga toxin‐associated hemolytic uremic syndrome (STEC‐HUS) is associated with significant mortality and morbidity. Case fatalities are often associated with severe neurological involvement in children and advanced age in adults but specific treatment is currently unavailable. Plasma exchange (PE) could theoretically enable removal of Shiga toxins, pro‐inflammatory cytokines, and prothrombotic factors and has been used in deteriorating patients with STEC‐HUS but the efficacy remains uncertain. In order to assess efficacy of PE in STEC‐HUS, a literature review was performed. PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and LiLACS were searched for reports describing the outcomes of patients with STEC‐HUS treated with PE and 16 reports were included. Reports ranged from case reports to cohort studies and one case–control study with the largest study population coming from the 2011 German STEC‐HUS outbreak. Outcomes were variable but seemed to point towards lower case fatality rates in the elderly and improved outcomes in children with STEC‐HUS, treated with PE early in the course. However studies were mostly of low quality with risk of observation bias and confounding. Currently no definitive answers concerning the efficacy of PE in STEC‐HUS can be given, highlighting the need for well performed randomized controlled trials.
Comparative efficacy of nine different dressings in healing diabetic foot ulcer: A Bayesian network analysis
Authors: Zhang Xu , Sun Di , Jiang Gui Chun 
Published: October 2018

AbstractBackgroundThere is a wide variety of dressings currently available for the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs). Because of a lack of evidence from head‐to‐head randomized controlled trials (RCTs), the relative effects of these dressings in DFU patients remain unclear. This study compared the efficacy of nine dressings in healing DFU.MethodsA literature search was performed of the MEDLINE (PubMed), EMBASE and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) databases. Reports published from 1993 to 2017 focusing on dressings for healing DFU were identified.ResultsTwenty‐one RCTs, with a total of 2159 patients, were included in the present study. Bayesian network analysis showed that amniotic membrane dressings were superior to alginate, basic wound contact, foam, honey‐impregnated, hydrocolloid, and iodine‐impregnated dressings. Hydrogel dressings were better than basic wound contact dressings. Other dressings showed no significant differences. According to the probability of ranking results, amniotic membrane and hydrogel dressings are preferred for healing DFUs.ConclusionsThe nine dressings evaluated in this study had different advantages in promoting the healing of DFU, but most differences among the dressings were not significant. According to the analysis of rank probability, amniotic membrane and hydrogel dressings are the most advantageous in terms of promoting DFU healing. It is recommended that the most suitable dressing should be selected taking into consideration exudate control, comfort, and cost.
Combining microvolume isotope analysis and numerical simulation to reproduce fish migration history
Authors: Sakamoto Tatsuya , Komatsu Kosei , Shirai Kotaro , Higuchi Tomihiko , Ishimura Toyoho , Setou Takashi , Kamimura Yasuhiro , Watanabe Chikako , Kawabata Atsushi 
Published: October 2018

Abstract

Tracking the movement of migratory fish is of great importance for efficient conservation, although this has been technically difficult to achieve in small fish to which artificial tags cannot be attached.

We show that migration history can be reproduced by combining high‐resolution otolith stable oxygen isotope ratio (δ18O) analysis and numerical simulation.

High‐precision micromilling and microvolume carbonate analysing systems had the remarkable capability of extracting the otolith δ18O profiles with 10–30 days resolution. Furthermore, reasonable movements were reproduced by searching the routes consistent with the otolith δ18O profile, using an individual‐based model with random swimming behaviour.

This method will be a valuable alternative to tagging and electronic loggers for revealing migration routes in early life stages, thereby providing crucial information to understand population structures and the environmental cause of recruitment variabilities, and to validate and improve fish movement models.
A 2.6‐g sound and movement tag for studying the acoustic scene and kinematics of echolocating bats
Authors: Stidsholt Laura , Johnson Mark , Beedholm Kristian , Jakobsen Lasse , Kugler Kathrin , Brinkløv Signe , Salles Angeles , Moss Cynthia F. , Madsen Peter Teglberg 
Published: October 2018

Abstract

To study sensorimotor behaviour in wild animals, it is necessary to synchronously record the sensory inputs available to the animal, and its movements. To do this, we have developed a biologging device that can record the primary sensory information and the associated movements during foraging and navigating in echolocating bats.

This 2.6‐g tag records the sonar calls and echoes from an ultrasonic microphone, while simultaneously sampling fine‐scale movement in three dimensions from wideband accelerometers and magnetometers. In this study, we tested the tag on an European noctula Nyctalus noctula during target approaches and on four big brown bats Eptesicus fuscus during prey interception in a flight room.

We show that the tag records both the outgoing calls and echoes returning from objects at biologically relevant distances. Inertial sensor data enables the detection of behavioural events such as flying, turning, and resting. In addition, individual wing‐beats can be tracked and synchronized to the bat's sound emissions to study the coordination of different motor events.

By recording the primary acoustic flow of bats concomitant with associated behaviours on a very fine time‐scale, this type of biologging method will foster a deeper understanding of how sensory inputs guide feeding behaviours in the wild.
Effects of deep vs moderate neuromuscular block on the quality of recovery after robotic gastrectomy
Authors: Kim Hyun J. , Lee Ki‐Young , Kim Myoung H. , Kim Hyoung‐Il , Bai Sun J. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractBackgroundIt remains unclear whether deep neuromuscular blockade results in better postoperative recovery than does moderate neuromuscular blockade. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to compare the effects of deep neuromuscular blockade and moderate neuromuscular blockade on the quality of postoperative recovery in patients undergoing robotic gastrectomy.MethodsIn this prospective, double‐blind, single‐center randomized controlled superiority trial with two parallel groups, 56 adult patients (19‐80 years) scheduled for elective robotic gastrectomy were randomly assigned to a moderate neuromuscular blockade group or a deep neuromuscular blockade group in a 1:1 ratio. In the deep and moderate neuromuscular blockade groups, the infusion rate for rocuronium was adjusted to maintain a post‐tetanic count of 1‐2 or a train‐of‐four count of 1‐2, respectively. The primary outcome was the Quality of Recovery‐40 (QoR‐40) score on postoperative day 1. Secondary outcomes included the QoR‐40 score on postoperative day 2, intraoperative hemodynamic data, intraoperative respiratory data, visual analog scale score for pain, postoperative incidences of nausea and vomiting, postoperative rescue analgesic use, and postoperative rescue antiemetic use.ResultsThe postoperative QoR‐40 score was similar between the two groups on postoperative days 1 and 2. Moreover, the two groups showed no differences in intraoperative hemodynamic and respiratory data or postoperative pain, nausea and vomiting, and rescue medication use.ConclusionOur findings suggest that the quality of recovery after robotic gastrectomy is similar for deep and moderate neuromuscular blockade. Therefore, deep neuromuscular blockade during robotic gastrectomy may be unnecessary, at least in patients with normal body mass index.
Alcohol consumption and diabetes risk in a Chinese population: a Mendelian randomization analysis
Authors: Peng Miaomiao , Zhang Jiaoyue , Zeng Tianshu , Hu Xiang , Min Jie , Tian Shenghua , Wang Ying , Liu Geng , Wan Limin , Huang Qiulan , Hu Shengqing , Chen Lulu 
Published: October 2018

AbstractAimTo assess the causality between alcohol intake, diabetes risk and related traits.DesignMendelian randomization (MR) study. Subgroup analysis, standard instrumental variable analysis and local average treatment effect (LATE) methods were applied to assess linear and non‐linear causality.SettingChina.ParticipantsA total of 4536 participants, including 721 diabetes cases.FindingsCarriage of an ALDH2 rs671 A allele reduced alcohol consumption by 44.63% [95% confidence interval (CI) = –49.44%, −39.37%]. In males, additional carriage of an A allele was significantly connected to decreased diabetes risk for the overall population [odds ratio (OR) = 0.716, 95% CI = 0.567–0.904, P = 0.005] or moderate drinkers (OR = 0.564, 95% CI = 0.355–0.894, P = 0.015). In instrumental variable (IV) analysis, increasing alcohol consumption by 1.7‐fold was associated with an incidence‐rate ratio of 1.32 (95% CI = 1.06–1.67, P = 0.014) for diabetes risk, and elevated alcohol intake was causally connected to natural log‐transformed fasting, 2‐hour post‐load plasma glucose (β = 0.036, 95% CI = 0.018–0.054; β = 0.072, 95% CI = 0.035–0.108) and insulin resistance [homeostatic model assessment for IR (HOMA‐IR] (β = 0.104, 95% CI = 0.039–0.169), but was not associated with beta‐cell function (HOMA‐beta). In addition, the LATE method did not identify significant U‐shaped causality between alcohol consumption and diabetes‐related traits. In females, the effects of alcohol intake on all the outcomes were non‐significant.ConclusionAmong men in China, higher alcohol intake appears to be causally associated with increased diabetes risk and worsened related traits, even for moderate drinkers. This study found no significant U‐shaped causality between alcohol consumption and diabetes‐related traits.
Environmental and birth characteristics as predictors of short stature in early childhood
Authors: Davallow Ghajar Ladan , DeBoer Mark D. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractAimTo evaluate for environmental and birth characteristic predictors of short stature in a large nationally representative sample.MethodsWe evaluated 10 127 children from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study‐Kindergarten 2011 cohort, using univariate and multivariable linear and logistic regression to evaluate factors associated with short stature (height <3rd percentile) at kindergarten through second grade. Predictors included birthweight, preterm status, sex, parental education, parental income and race/ethnicity.ResultsLower birthweight was associated with short stature, with each decreasing kilogram having a 2.45 adjusted odds ratio (aOR; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.81, 3.33) of short stature for term children in second grade. Preterm children (compared to term children) had an aOR of 2.23 (CI 1.32, 3.78) for short stature. Other predictors of short stature included female sex and lower parental income. African American children had a lower risk of short stature (aOR 0.34, CI 0.14, 0.82) compared to white children.ConclusionPredictors of short stature include lower birthweight, preterm status, female sex and parental income. Socio‐economic disparities and race/ethnicity further influenced height. These data may assist paediatricians in considering contributors to stature outcomes by early school age.
A comparison study of prabotulinumtoxinA vs onabotulinumtoxinA in myostatin‐deficient mice with muscle hypertrophy
Authors: Bak Dong‐ho , Choi Mi Ji , Lee Esther , Kwon Tae‐Rin , Kim Jong Hwan , Nam Sang‐Hyun , Kim Kyoung‐Yun , Ahn Seung Won , Mun Seog‐Kyun , Na Jungtae , Kim Beom Joon 
Published: October 2018

AbstractBotulinum toxin A (BoNT‐A) is used clinically for various muscle disorders and acts by preventing the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine into the synapse space. Here, we compared the efficacy of prabotulinumtoxinA (PRA) and onabotulinumtoxinA (ONA) for the reduction in hypertrophy in myostatin‐deficient (Mstn−/−) mice. Two different BoNT‐A products (2.5, 10 and 25 U/kg) were injected to paralyse the hindlimb for 2 months, after which sciatic nerve conduction study, 3D micro‐CT, haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and dystrophin staining were conducted. Administration of BoNT‐A products induced denervation‐mediated atrophy and alleviated muscle hypertrophy generated in Mstn−/− mice. The present study revealed that each BoNT‐A regulates skeletal muscle size, myofibre number and myofibre diameter in Mstn−/− mice. The potential applicability of BoNT‐A for the treatment of rare muscle hypertrophic diseases was demonstrated. Compared with ONA, PRA had a comparable ability to act in the local area.
Path dependencies affecting suburban density, mix, and diversity in Halifax
Authors: Grant Jill L. , Filion Pierre , Low Scott 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThis paper examines path dependencies in suburban development outcomes in Halifax, Nova Scotia. Findings suggest that development patterns are constrained by geography and spatial configuration, the legacy of institutions and decisions, transportation technologies, political culture, the development industry, population growth and characteristics, economic conditions, and cultural and lifestyle preferences. Planning policies and practices that seek to promote greater density, mix, and land‐use integration in master‐planned communities encounter resistance from a path‐dependent system driven by different expectations and priorities.
Authoritarian elites
Authors: Newson Adlai , Trebbi Francesco 
Published: October 2018

AbstractWe explore the role of ruling elites in autocratic regimes and provide an assessment of tools useful to clarify the structure of opaque political environments. We first showcase the importance of analyzing autocratic regimes as non‐unitary actors by discussing extant work on non‐democracies in sub‐Saharan Africa and China, where the prevailing view of winner‐take‐all contests can be clearly rejected. We show how specific biographical information about powerful cadres helps shed light upon the composition of the inner circles that empower autocrats. We further provide an application of these methods to the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), one of the most personalistic, opaque and data‐poor political regimes in the world today. Employing information from DPRK state media on participants at official state events, we are able to trace the evolution and consolidation of Supreme Leader Kim Jong Un around the transition period following the death of his father, Kim Jong Il. The internal factional divisions of the DPRK are explored during and after this transition. Final general considerations for the future study of the political economy of development are presented.
A retro‐prospective long‐term follow‐up of Brånemark single implants in the anterior maxilla in young adults. Part 1: Clinical and radiographic parameters
Authors: Winitsky Nicole , Olgart Kerstin , Jemt Torsten , Smedberg Jan‐Ivan 
Published: October 2018

AbstractBackgroundSingle implant restorations have become the primary treatment option for young adults with missing anterior teeth. Yet, long‐term studies of single‐implants are limited in the literature.PurposeTo report long‐term survival, success, and complications in young adults with single‐implants in the anterior maxilla.Materials and MethodsA group of 42 patients (mean age 20.7 years) received 53 anterior maxillary single‐implants during 1996 and 1997. Data were collected at delivery of the crown, at 1‐year examination, and at 14‐20‐year examination. Descriptive statistics, estimated cumulative survival rates, Pearson correlation test, and t‐test were performed.ResultsAfter 14‐20 years, 40 out of 42 patients were examined. Two patients were lost to follow‐up, two implants failed and ten original single‐crown restorations were replaced. Estimated cumulative survival rates were 96.1% for implants and 80.4% for implant‐supported crowns. Complications were seen in 21 patients. Mean probing depth was 4.0 ± 1.8 mm and mean marginal bone loss was 0.1 ± 1.1 mm. No correlation was found between marginal bone loss and probing depth, occlusal contact in maximal intercuspal position or usage of nicotine.ConclusionsLong‐term prognosis of single implant treatments in the anterior maxilla in young adults must be regarded as good, with high survival and success rates.
Reliability and validity of various laboratory methods of body composition assessment in young adults
Authors: Schubert Matthew M. , Seay Rebekah F. , Spain Katie K. , Clarke Holly E. , Taylor James K. 
Published: October 2018

SummaryAccurate measures of body composition (BC) are essential for performance and health. In addition to accuracy, BC measures should be practical and be minimally invasive to maximize their utility. The purpose of the present study was to compare the day‐to‐day variability and validity of four common laboratory‐based body composition assessments to a criterion four‐compartment model. Dual x‐ray absorptiometry (DXA), air displacement plethysmography (BP), multi‐frequency bioelectrical impedance (MF‐BIA) and underwater weighing (UWW) were performed twice in a sample of 32 young men and women. Participants were assessed in a fasted, euhydrated state 2–7 days apart. All methods were compared to a criterion four‐compartment model using BP‐derived body volume, DXA‐derived bone mineral content and MF‐BIA‐derived total body water (4CBP). Additional four‐compartment models using UWW‐ and DXA‐derived body volume were also examined (4CUWW) and (4CDXA). Validity results were conducted with paired t‐tests and Bland–Altman analysis. Reliability was determined using intraclass correlations (ICC), coefficients of variation (CV) and standard error of the measurement (SEM). Validity analysis revealed that all methods overestimated per cent body fat and fat mass, and underestimated fat‐free mass when compared with 4CBP, but only DXA and BP were significantly different (P<0·008). All measures were highly reliable across days (ICCs > 0·9, CVs < 12%). Results of the present study indicate that typical laboratory‐based methods of body composition are valid and reliable. However, we caution that results should not be translated between methods and assessments should be performed with the same instrument when the goal is to monitor changes in body composition over time.
Ferritin heavy/light chain (FTH1/FTL) expression, serum ferritin levels, and their functional as well as prognostic roles in acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Bertoli Sarah , Paubelle Etienne , Bérard Emilie , Saland Estelle , Thomas Xavier , Tavitian Suzanne , Larcher Marie‐Virginie , Vergez François , Delabesse Eric , Sarry Audrey , Huguet Françoise , Larrue Clément , Bosc Claudie , Farge Thomas , Sarry Jean Emmanuel , Michallet Mauricette , Récher Christian 
Published: October 2018

AbstractObjectivesWe previously reported the prognostic value of serum ferritin in younger patients with intermediate‐risk acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The aims of this study were to confirm this finding in a larger cohort regardless of age and prognostic subgroups, to explore the expression and functional role of ferritin in AML cells as well as the regulation of serum ferritin levels in AML patients.Patients/Materials/MethodsSerum ferritin levels at diagnosis were collected in a cohort of 525 patients treated by intensive chemotherapy. In silico, in vitro,and in vivo analyses were conducted to assess the pattern of expression and functional role ofFTH1andFTLin AML.ResultsWe confirmed the independent prognostic value of serum ferritin. In transcriptomic databases,FTH1andFTLwere overexpressed in AML and leukemic stem cells compared to normal hematopoietic stem cells. The gene signature designed from AML patients overexpressingFTH1revealed a significant enrichment in genes of the immune and inflammatory response including Nf‐KB pathway, oxidative stress, or iron pathways. This gene signature was enriched in cytarabine‐resistant AML cells in a patient‐derived xenograft model. FTH1 protein was also overexpressed in patient's samples and correlated with the in vitro cytotoxic activity of cytarabine. Lastly, we demonstrated that chemotherapy induced an inflammatory response including a significant increase in serum ferritin levels between day 1 and 8 of induction chemotherapy that was blocked by dexamethasone.ConclusionFerritin is deregulated in most AML patients likely through inflammation, associated with chemoresistance, and could represent a new therapeutic target.
Differential effects of D1 and D2 dopamine agonists on memory, motivation, learning and response time in non‐human primates
Authors: Marino Robert A. , Levy Ron 
Published: October 2018

AbstractDopamine (DA) plays a critical role in cognition, motivation and information processing. DA action has been shown to both improve and/or impair cognition across different receptor types, species, subjects and tasks. This complex relationship has been described as an inverted U‐shaped function and may be due to the differential effects of DA receptor activation in the striatum and prefrontal cortex. We have investigated the effects of selective DA agonists on cognitive performance in healthy monkeys using a touch screen running tasks from the CAmbridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB). One of two DA agonist drugs or placebo was administered prior to each daily CANTAB session: Dihydrexidine hydrochloride (selective D1 agonist, 0.4–0.9 mg/kg), or sumanirole maleate (selective D2 agonist 0.05–0.3 mg/kg). Three CANTAB tasks were tested: (a) “self‐ordered sequential search task” which tested spatial working memory, (b) “reversal learning task,” which tested association learning, cognitive flexibility and attention and (c) “visually guided reaching task,” which tested reaction time and accuracy. At high dosages, the D2 agonist improved spatial working memory performance, while impairing reversal learning and slowing reach response latency. No consistent cognitive effects were observed with the D1 agonist across the dosages tested. A significant decrease in trial completion rate was observed at the higher dosages of both the D1 and D2 agonists which were consistent with decreased motivation. These results are consistent with task‐specific effects of a D2 agonist as well as dose specific insensitivities of a D1 agonist on cognitive and motor behaviors in a healthy monkey.