bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From tropical shelters to temperate defaunation: The relationship between agricultural transition stage and the distribution of threatened mammals
Authors: Polaina Ester , González‐Suárez Manuela , Kuemmerle Tobias , Kehoe Laura , Revilla Eloy 
Published: March 2018

AbstractAimAgriculture is a key threat to biodiversity; however, its relationship with biodiversity patterns is understudied. Here, we evaluate how the extent, intensity and history of croplands relate to the global distribution of threatened mammals. We propose two hypotheses to explain these relationships: shelter, which predicts that threatened species concentrate in areas with low human land use; and threat, according to which threatened species should concentrate in areas of high human land use.LocationGlobal.Time periodc. 6000 BC – AD 2014.Major taxa studiedTerrestrial mammals.MethodsWe used boosted regression trees (BRT) that include spatial autocorrelation to investigate the relationship between the proportion of threatened terrestrial mammals [as defined by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List] and multiple metrics describing agricultural extent, intensity and history derived from remote sensing data and statistical projections. Data were analysed with a grain size of c. 110 km × 110 km at both global and biogeographical‐realm scales.ResultsAgricultural extent and intensity were the most relevant indicator types, with specific metrics important for each realm. Forest cover (extent) was identified as important in several regions. Tropical regions in early agricultural transition stages (e.g. frontier landscapes) were consistent with the shelter hypothesis, whereas patterns found for regions in later stages (e.g. intensified agricultural landscapes) were mostly found in temperate regions and agreed with the threat hypothesis.Main conclusionsThese results highlight the need to consider multiple land‐use indicators when addressing threats to biodiversity and to separately assess areas with divergent human and ecological histories in global‐scale studies. Different relationships associated with different agricultural transition stages suggest that high concentrations of threatened species may have contrasting meanings in different regions worldwide. We propose a new unifying hypothesis following a cyclic relationship along agricultural transition stages resulting in alternating negative and positive relationships between agriculture and threatened species richness.
Misleading prioritizations from modelling range shifts under climate change
Authors: Sofaer Helen R. , Jarnevich Catherine S. , Flather Curtis H. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractAimConservation planning requires the prioritization of a subset of taxa and geographical locations to focus monitoring and management efforts. Integration of the threats and opportunities posed by climate change often relies on predictions from species distribution models, particularly for assessments of vulnerability or invasion risk for multiple taxa. We evaluated whether species distribution models could reliably rank changes in species range size under climate and land use change.LocationConterminous U.S.A.Time period1977–2014.Major taxa studiedPasserine birds.MethodsWe estimated ensembles of species distribution models based on historical North American Breeding Bird Survey occurrences for 190 songbirds, and generated predictions to recent years given c. 35 years of observed land use and climate change. We evaluated model predictions using standard metrics of discrimination performance and a more detailed assessment of the ability of models to rank species vulnerability to climate change based on predicted range loss, range gain, and overall change in range size.ResultsSpecies distribution models yielded unreliable and misleading assessments of relative vulnerability to climate and land use change. Models could not accurately predict range expansion or contraction, and therefore failed to anticipate patterns of range change among species. These failures occurred despite excellent overall discrimination ability and transferability to the validation time period, which reflected strong performance at the majority of locations that were either always or never occupied by each species.Main conclusionsModels failed for the questions and at the locations of greatest interest to conservation and management. This highlights potential pitfalls of multi‐taxa impact assessments under global change; in our case, models provided misleading rankings of the most impacted species, and spatial information about range changes was not credible. As modelling methods and frameworks continue to be refined, performance assessments and validation efforts should focus on the measures of risk and vulnerability useful for decision‐making.
Dullard deficiency causes hemorrhage in the adult ovarian follicles
Authors: Hayata Tadayoshi , Chiga Masahiko , Ezura Yoichi , Asashima Makoto , Katabuchi Hidetaka , Nishinakamura Ryuichi , Noda Masaki 
Published: March 2018

In mammals, the ovarian follicles are regulated at least in part by bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) family members. Dullard (also known as Ctdnep1) gene encodes a phosphatase that suppresses BMP signaling by inactivating or degrading BMP receptors. Here we report that the Col1a1‐Cre‐induced Dullard mutant mice displayed hemorrhagic ovarian cysts, with red blood cells accumulated in the follicles, resulting in infertility. Cells expressing Cre driven by Col1a1 2.3‐kb promoter and their descendants were found in granulosa cells in the ovary and in Sertoli cells in the testis. DullardmRNA was localized to granulosa cells in the ovary. Genes involved in steroid hormone genesis including Cyp11a1, Hsd3b1 and Star were reduced, whereas expression of Smad6 and Smad7, BMP‐inducible inhibitory Smads, was up‐regulated in the Dullard mutant ovaries. Tamoxifen‐inducible Dullard deletion in the whole body using Rosa26‐CreER mice also resulted in hemorrhagic ovarian cysts in 2 weeks, which was rescued by administration of LDN‐193189, a chemical inhibitor of BMP receptor kinase, suggesting that the hemorrhage in the Dullard‐deficient ovarian follicles might be caused by increased BMP signaling. Thus, we conclude that Dullard is essential for ovarian homeostasis at least in part via suppression of BMP signaling.
ANTHROPOCENE TIME
Authors: CHAKRABARTY DIPESH 
Published: March 2018

ABSTRACTBeginning with the question of how a sense of geological time remains strangely withdrawn in contemporary discussions of the Anthropocene in the human sciences and yields place to the more human‐centered time of world history, this article proceeds to discuss the differences between human‐historical time and the time of geology as they relate to the concept of the Anthropocene. The article discusses the difficulty of developing a mode of thinking about the present that would attempt to hold together these two rather different senses of time and ends with a ground‐clearing exercise that might enable the development of such thought.
STORY MAKES HISTORY, THEORY MAKES STORY: DEVELOPING RÜSEN'S HISTORIK IN LOGICAL AND SEMIOTIC DIRECTIONS
Authors: FERNANDEZ JUAN L. 
Published: March 2018

ABSTRACTThis essay will argue that the traditional opposition between narrative and theory in historical sciences is dissolved if we conceive of narratives as theoretical devices for understanding events in time through special concepts that abridge typical sequences of events. I shall stress, in the context of the Historical Knowledge Epistemological Square (HKES) that emerged with the scientization of history, that history is always narrative, story has a theoretical ground of itself, and scientific histories address the need for a conceptual progression in ever‐improved narratives. This will lead to identification of three major theoretical levels in historical stories: naming, plotting (or emplotment), and formalizing. We revisit Jörn Rüsen's theory of history as the best starting point, and explore to what extent it could be developed by (i) taking a deeper look into narratological knowledge, and (ii) reanalyzing logically the conceptual strata in order to bridge the overrated Forschung/Darstellung (research/exposition) divide. The corollary: we should consider (scientific) historical writing as the last step of historical research, not as the next step after research is over. This thesis will drive us to a reconsideration of the German Historik regarding the problem of interpretation and exposition. Far from alienating history from science, narrative links history positively to anthropology and biology. The crossing of our triad name‐plot‐model with Rüsen's four theoretical levels (categories‐types‐concepts‐names) points to the feasibility of expanding Rüsen's Historik in logical and semiotic directions. Story makes history, theory makes story, and historical reason may proceed.
ROMAN HISTORY, THEN AND NOW
Authors: Jordan David P. 
Published: March 2018

ABSTRACTThe argument here is that despite the many similarities of writing the history of ancient Rome, whether the Republic or the Empire, there are stark and significant differences between Edward Gibbon and Mary Beard. In part this is a matter of style and literary genius. It is also evidence of a vast cultural difference, reflected in changing attitudes about writing history and its importance. Beard is impatient with Gibbon's oratorical formality and conceits. Her own writing is easy and unmannered. These literary habits are determined by audience as well as personality. Gibbon addresses the English ruling class and enlightened opinion. His concerns are politics, religion, and law—the interests of his readers who governed and shaped opinion. Beard is more interested in the private and personal, subjects that until recently had only a marginal place in historical writing. She relies heavily on sources that were unknown to Gibbon, and might not have interested him anyhow. Her style mirrors these concerns. She does not assume her readers have had a Classical education nor that they know the general outlines of Roman history. She has little or no tolerance for Gibbon's obsession with religion, and, at least in SPQR, slight interest in either paganism or the rise of Christianity. Her thousand‐year slice of history—Gibbon also tackled a millennium—stops well short of Gibbon's broad philosophical vision of Rome as the cradle of Europe. These contrasts in style, taste, sources, and personality are not offered in judgment, but as commentary on the continuing vitality of Roman history.
SMOKING AND MORTALITY: NEW EVIDENCE FROM A LONG PANEL
Authors: Darden Michael , Gilleskie Donna B. , Strumpf Koleman 
Published: March 2018

AbstractMany public health policies are rooted in findings from medical and epidemiological studies that fail to consider behavioral influences. Using nearly 50 years of data from the Framingham Heart Study's male participants, we evaluate the longevity consequences of different lifetime smoking patterns by jointly estimating smoking behavior and health outcomes over the life cycle, by richly including smoking and health histories, and by flexibly incorporating correlated unobserved heterogeneity. Unconditional difference‐in‐mean calculations that treat smoking behaviors as random indicate a 9.3‐year difference in age of death between lifelong smokers and nonsmokers; our findings suggest the bias‐corrected difference is 4.3 years.
A proposed clinical research support career pathway for noninvestigators
Authors: Smith Sheree , Gullick Janice , Ballard Jacqueline , Perry Lin 
Published: March 2018

AbstractAimTo discuss the international experience of clinical research support for noninvestigator roles and to propose a new pathway for Australia, to promote a sustainable research support workforce capable of delivering high‐quality clinical research.BackgroundNoninvestigator research support roles are currently characterized by an ad hoc approach to training, with limited role delineation and perceived professional isolation with implications for study completion rates and participant safety. A focused approach to developing and implementing research support pathways has improved patient recruitment, study completion, job satisfaction, and research governance.Data SourcesThe Queensland and New South Wales state‐based Nurses' Awards, the Australian Qualifications Framework, and a University Professional (Research) Staff Award. Research nurses in the clinical environment improve study coordination, adherence to study protocol, patient safety, and clinical care.ConclusionA career pathway that guides education and outlines position descriptions and skill sets would enhance development of the research support workforce. This pathway could contribute to changing the patient outcomes through coordination and study completion of high‐quality research. A wide consultative approach is required to determine a cost‐effective and feasible approach to implementation and evaluation of the proposed pathway.
Relación entre el empleo juvenil y el de los trabajadores de edad en 20 países de la OCDE
Authors: JI Eun Jeong 
Published: March 2018

ResumenNumerosos países de la OCDE, inspirados por la teoría de la «cantidad fija de trabajo», han promovido políticas de jubilación anticipada en respuesta al aumento del desempleo desde los años setenta. En realidad, se ha observado una correlación positiva entre empleo juvenil y empleo de personas de edad en el conjunto de la OCDE sobre la base de estimaciones promedio. Dada la falta de estudios que exploren la heterogeneidad que dichos promedios podrían esconder, el autor investiga las diferencias en cuanto a dicha relación entre 20 países de la OCDE mediante análisis de conglomerados y escalamiento multidimensional.
Sleep on the ward in intensive care unit survivors: a case series of polysomnography
Authors: Wilcox Mary Elizabeth , Lim Andrew S. , Pinto Ruxandra , Black Sandra E. , McAndrews Mary Pat , Rubenfeld Gordon D. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractBackgroundFew studies have investigated sleep in patients after intensive care despite the possibility that inadequate sleep might further complicate an acute illness impeding recovery.AimsTo assess the quality and quantity of a patient's sleep on the ward by polysomnography (PSG) within a week of intensive care unit (ICU) discharge and to explore the prevalence of key in‐ICU risk factors for persistent sleep fragmentation.MethodsWe enrolled 20 patients after they have been mechanically ventilated for at least 3 days and survived to ICU discharge. We included all patients over the age of 16 years and excluded patients with advanced cognitive impairment or who were unable to follow simple commands before their acute illness, primary admission diagnosis of neurological injury, uncontrolled psychiatric illness or not fluent in English.ResultsTwenty patients underwent an overnight PSG recording on day 7 after ICU discharge (SD, 1 day). ICU survivors provided 292.8 h of PSG recording time with median recording times of 16.8 h (Interquartile range (IQR), 15.0–17.2 h). The median total sleep time per patient was 5.3 h (IQR, 2.6–6.3 h). In a multivariable regression model, postoperative admission diagnosis (P = 0.04) and patient report of poor ICU sleep (P = 0.001) were associated with less slow‐wave (restorative) sleep on the wards after ICU discharge.ConclusionsPatients reported poor sleep while in the ICU, and a postoperative admission diagnosis may identify a high‐risk subgroup of patients who may derive greater benefit from interventions to improve sleep hygiene.
The making of the German minimum wage: a case study of institutional change
Authors: Bosch Gerhard 
Published: March 2018

AbstractIn the more recent dualistic theories, Germany is cited as an example of a less solidaristic equilibrium, in which ‘producer coalitions’ between core workforces supposedly unaffected by deregulation and their employers prevented the introduction of a minimum wage. The present article shows that such an equilibrium never existed. Core workforces are being threatened by the outsourcing of jobs to the low‐wage sector. This threat created the breeding ground for a joint campaign by manufacturing and service unions for a minimum wage, which made it possible to amalgamate the unions' considerable resources at company level, their strength being derived from the German system of codetermination. Under pressure from the manufacturing unions in particular, the arrangements for the minimum wage follow, as far as possible, the traditions of free collective bargaining. As a result, the social partners in Germany have a considerably stronger influence on the minimum wage than those in the UK.
Complex cognitive skill retention: The roles of general mental ability and refresher interventions in a simulated vocational setting
Authors: Frank Barbara , Kluge Annette 
Published: March 2018

AbstractIn organizations, the assessment of mental abilities is a common way to predict learning success. This paper analyses the effect of general mental ability on skill retention and examines the relationship between refresher interventions and general mental ability in terms of skill retention. Two hundred sixty‐six adult participants were trained to perform a complex cognitive skill in a simulated chemical processing plant (Week 1). After 1 week, 158 participants received intermediate computer‐assisted refresher intervention training in which the skill was applied (Week 2; 108 received no intervention). Finally, participants had to recall (perform) the learned skill after 2 weeks (Week 3). Results show that general mental ability alone affects skill retention with small effect sizes and that refresher interventions affect skill retention positively for low and high general mental ability levels. The findings suggest that persons with low and high general mental abilities benefit equally from refresher interventions in order to maintain complex cognitive skills.
The impact of treatment delivery format on response to cognitive behaviour therapy for preadolescent children with anxiety disorders
Authors: McKinnon Anna , Keers Robert , Coleman Jonathan R.I. , Lester Kathryn J. , Roberts Susanna , Arendt Kristian , Bögels Susan M. , Cooper Peter , Creswell Cathy , Hartman Catharina A. , Fjermestad Krister W. , In‐Albon Tina , Lavallee Kristen , Lyneham Heidi J. , Smith Patrick , Meiser‐Stedman Richard , Nauta Maaike H. , Rapee Ronald M. , Rey Yasmin , Schneider Silvia , Silverman Wendy K. , Thastum Mikael , Thirlwall Kerstin , Wergeland Gro Janne , Eley Thalia C. , Hudson Jennifer L. 
Published: March 2018

BackgroundSeveral delivery formats of cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) for child anxiety have been proposed, however, there is little consensus on the optimal delivery format. The primary goal of this study was to investigate the impact of the child's primary anxiety diagnosis on changes in clinical severity (of the primary problem) during individual CBT, group CBT and guided parent‐led CBT. The secondary goal was to investigate the impact of the child's primary anxiety diagnosis on rates of remission for the three treatment formats.MethodsA sample of 1,253 children (5–12 years; Mage = 9.3, SD = 1.7) was pooled from CBT trials carried out at 10 sites. Children had a primary diagnosis of generalised anxiety disorder (GAD), social anxiety disorder (SoAD), specific phobia (SP) or separation anxiety disorder (SAD). Children and parents completed a semistructured clinical interview to assess the presence and severity of DSM‐IV psychiatric disorders at preintervention, postintervention and follow‐up. Linear mixture modelling was used to evaluate the primary research question and logistic modelling was used to investigate the secondary research question.ResultsIn children with primary GAD, SAD or SoAD, there were no significant differences between delivery formats. However, children with primary SP showed significantly larger reductions in clinical severity following individual CBT compared to group CBT and guided parent‐led CBT. The results were mirrored in the analysis of remission responses with the exception that individual CBT was no longer superior to group CBT for children with a primary SP. The difference between individual and group was not significant when follow‐up data were examined separately.ConclusionsData show there may be greater clinical benefit by allocating children with a primary SP to individual CBT, although future research on cost‐effectiveness is needed to determine whether the additional clinical benefits justify the additional resources required.
Response of Cry3Bb1‐resistant western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) to Bt maize and soil insecticide
Authors: Shrestha R. B. , Jakka S. R. K. , Gassmann A. J. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractCry3Bb1‐resistant western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), is abundant and widely distributed in Iowa. Possible options for management of Cry3Bb1‐resistant populations may include planting of Cry34/35Ab1 maize, maize pyramided with Cry3Bb1 and Cry34/35Ab1 and application of soil‐applied insecticide to either Bt maize or maize that lacks a Bt trait targeting corn rootworm. However, empirical evidence is lacking about how these tactics will affect root injury to maize and survival of this pest to adulthood. We conducted a 2‐year field experiment, in fields known to harbour Cry3Bb1‐resistant western corn rootworm, and quantified the effects of five maize hybrids with and without soil‐applied insecticide, measuring emergence of adults and root injury. Maize with Cry34/35Ab1, both alone or pyramid with Cry3Bb1, significantly reduced the number of adults and the level of root injury, indicating that it was a useful tool for the mitigation of Cry3Bb1‐resistant rootworm. An application of soil insecticide reduced the level of adult emergence and root injury in non‐Bt maize and Cry3Bb1 maize. However, it did not provide any additional reduction in adult emergence or root injury when applied to Cry34/35Ab1 maize or pyramid maize. Both adult emergence and root injury were similar between soil insecticide applied to non‐Bt maize and Cry3Bb1 maize. Our results indicate that useful strategies to manage Cry3Bb1‐resistant rootworm include Cry34/35Ab1 maize, either alone or in a pyramid, and soil insecticide applied to maize lacking a rootworm active Bt toxin, in addition to other IPM practices such as crop rotation.