bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lipoteichoic acid anchor triggers Mincle to drive protective immunity against invasive group AStreptococcusinfection
Authors: Imai Takashi , Matsumura Takayuki , Mayer-Lambertz Sabine , Wells Christine A. , Ishikawa Eri , Butcher Suzanne K. , Barnett Timothy C. , Walker Mark J. , Imamura Akihiro , Ishida Hideharu , Ikebe Tadayoshi , Miyamoto Tomofumi , Ato Manabu , Ohga Shouichi , Lepenies Bernd , van Sorge Nina M. , Yamasaki Sho 
Published: October 2018

SignificanceGroup AStreptococcus(GAS) causes invasive streptococcal infections in humans, resulting in high mortality. Thus, GAS is also known as “killer bacteria” or “flesh-eating bacteria.” The mechanism by which the immune system recognizes this potent pathogen remains elusive. In this study, we showed that the innate immune receptor Mincle (macrophage inducible C-type lectin) plays pivotal roles against invasive GAS infection through the recognition of monoglucosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG), a component of the lipoteichoic acid anchor. MGDG induced proinflammatory cytokines, ROS, and NO production in a Mincle-dependent manner. In an invasive GAS infection model, Mincle-deficient mice exhibited severe bacteremia and rapid lethality. These results indicate that Mincle plays a central role in protective immunity against acute GAS infection.
Effects of a speaker’s gaze on language comprehension and acquisition
Authors: Knoeferle Pia , Kreysa Helene , Pickering Martin J. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract

This chapter discusses the role of a speaker’s gaze on a listener’s language processing, recall of information, and on child language learning. Speaker gaze facilitates performance in all of these domains, which suggests that it plays an important role in communication. Indeed, the findings indicate that speaker gaze can facilitate not just referential but also compositional processes such as syntactic structuring and thematic role assignment in listeners. Speaker gaze even guided comprehenders’ attention to a target object more rapidly than other aspects of the visual context (action event depictions); but unlike the action depictions, it had no beneficial effects on comprehenders’ post-experiment memory in socially non-interactive settings (when comprehenders inspect the speaker on a computer display). In socially interactive settings, however, speaker gaze seemed to affect memory in that joint object-based attention between a caregiver and child was beneficial for language learning. We conclude that speaker gaze effects are important for both language processing and learning, and are potentially boosted in a socially interactive context.
Gaze and face-to-face interaction
Authors: Bailly Gérard , Mihoub Alaeddine , Wolf Christian , Elisei Frédéric 
Published: October 2018

Abstract

This chapter describes experimental and modeling work aiming at describing gaze patterns that are mutually exchanged by interlocutors during situated and task-directed face-to-face two-ways interactions. We will show that these gaze patterns (incl. blinking rate) are significantly influenced by the cognitive states of the interlocutors (speaking, listening, thinking, etc.), their respective roles in the conversation (e.g. instruction giver, respondent) as well as their social relationship (e.g. colleague, supervisor).
This chapter provides insights into the (micro-)coordination of gaze with other components of attention management as well as methodologies for capturing and modeling behavioral regularities observed in experimental data. A particular emphasis is put on statistical models, which are able to learn behaviors in a data-driven way.
We will introduce several statistical models of multimodal behaviors that can be trained on such multimodal signals and generate behaviors given perceptual cues. We will notably compare performances and properties of models which explicitly model the temporal structure of studied signals, and which relate them to internal cognitive states. In particular we study Semi-Hidden Markov Models and Dynamic Bayesian Networks and compare them to classifiers without sequential models (Support Vector Machines and Decision Trees).
We will further show that the gaze of conversational agents (virtual talking heads, speaking robots) may have a strong impact on communication efficiency. One of the conclusions we draw from these experiments is that multimodal behavioral models able to generate co-verbal gaze patterns of interactive avatars should be designed with great care in order not to increase the cognitive load of human partners. Experiments involving an impoverished or irrelevant control of the gaze of artificial agents (virtual talking heads and humanoid robots) have demonstrated its negative impact on communication (Garau, Slater, Bee, & Sasse, 2001).
In search of immersion teacher educators’ knowledge base
Authors: Cammarata Laurent , Cavanagh Martine 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Although it has long been touted as a key ingredient to successful immersion practice, no research to date has examined immersion
teacher educators’ (ITEs) knowledge base as it relates to the work of content, language, and literacy integration in curriculum
planning and teaching. Thus, it is difficult to know whether or not ITEs are ready and able to support the pedagogical transition
toward better-integrated practice in the immersion classroom. This qualitative study set out to fill this gap in our knowledge by
exploring ITEs’ understanding of the nature and role of language and literacy in the context of their discipline of expertise
through the use of an analytic framework designed to examine ITEs’ knowledge base. Key findings point to the need for the
elaboration of a professional development (PD) program specifically dedicated to supporting ITEs’ continuous knowledge growth,
particularly when it comes to the issue of pedagogical integration.
Complementizers and negative polarity in German hypothetical comparatives
Authors: Bacskai-Atkari Julia 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
The article examines the synchronic and diachronic relation between German hypothetical comparatives and ordinary comparatives. While the presence of an overt equative complementizer is not universally obligatory, it is so in hypothetical comparatives, whereas a conditional complementizer may be absent. This is because the equative complementizer in hypothetical comparatives functions as the licenser of the conditional clause in monoclausal hypothetical comparatives, and in this sense, it is a polarity marker. This difference regarding function accounts for the fact that German allows als in hypothetical comparatives but not in equatives: while the combinations als ob and als wenn historically derive from biclausal constructions, the reanalysis into monoclausal constructions allowed the fossilization of a complementizer without reference to changes affecting ordinary equatives.
Two kinds of VERUM distinguished by aspect choice in Russian
Authors: Mueller-Reichau Olav 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
The paper proposes a direct tie between the existential use of imperfective aspect in Russian and the expression of VERUM. It is argued that the kind of VERUM expressed in these cases differs from the kind of VERUM that utterances based on perfective verb forms convey. In the former cases the speaker invites the addressee to infer the truth of a generic proposition, whereas in the latter cases she invites the addressee to infer the truth of an episodic proposition. It is also shown that in the imperfective cases VERUM may be indicated by verum focus, whereas for perfective aspect to express VERUM verum focus is mandatory.
Polarity focus and non-canonical syntax in Italian, French and Spanish
Authors: Garassino Davide , Jacob Daniel 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Unlike in Germanic languages, in the Romance family the prosodic realization of polarity focus is strongly restricted. Instead, we observe a wealth of formal means that involve other language domains, such as the lexicon and non-canonical syntax. In this article, we provide a fine-grained analysis of the contribution of marked syntax to the expression of polarity focus in French, Italian and Spanish, by examining two constructions: clitic dislocation and sì che / sí que. Our main goals are to understand the distribution of these structures and their cross-linguistic differences on the basis of data gathered from the Direct Europarl corpus. Based on a Question Under Discussion model, we identify the main contexts of use to which clitic dislocation and sì che / sí que appear to be a good fit thanks to their functional properties; in particular, we recognize the framing function of clitic left dislocation as one of the most relevant features justifying the affinity between these structures and the expression of polarity focus. Finally, we explain the profound asymmetry observed in the distribution of clitic dislocation and sì che / sí que in our dataset on the basis of inherent grammatical grounds (related to the absence vs. presence of a system of clitic subject pronouns in the three languages), as well as the typology of information structure within the Romance family, as put forward by Leonetti (cf. Leonetti 2010, 2014) in his recent works.
Machina ex homine, homo ex machina
Authors: Poppi Fabio I. M. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractIn this article, I identify and describe multimodal hybrid metaphors—the conceptual representation of two elements represented as merged into a new single ‘gestalt’—represented by themachineandhuman bodydomains in “Tetsuo: The Iron Man” (鉄男: Tetsuo), a Japanese avant-garde film. Since “Tetsuo: The Iron Man” portrays the genesis of a man whose body becomes a human-machine hybrid, I explore to what extent this film can act as an example of how hybrid metaphors are conveyed. In line with the ideological function of metaphors, where the use of alternative metaphors may produce different meanings and potentially have different effects on the recipient, I also try to interpret how these hybrid metaphors reveal information about the contemporary Japanese society. Specifically, the ideological analysis considers how the notion of ‘artificial’ and the social phenomena of misogyny, homophobia and social deviance are held to characterise the post-World War II Japanese culture.
Rhetorical confinement, contrasting metaphors, and cultural polarities
Authors: Ritchie L. David , Feliciano Alex , Sparks Ashley 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
In this study we contrast metaphors and metaphorical stories in President Trump’s 2017 inaugural address with those of former President Barack Obama’s first inaugural address. We draw on the concept of ‘rhetorical confinement’ (Patterson, 2011) to show how the contrasting life trajectories of the two leaders are reflected in the contrasting themes and tone established by their metaphorical language. We argue that Obama’s rhetorical tone, including his use of metaphors, was at least in part a response to the compound constraints of race and class. In contrast, Trump’s rhetorical tone and use of metaphors reflects and reinforces his image as a political outsider, as a challenge to the constraints of ordinary political discourse. The contrast between the rhetorically confined politeness of Obama’s discourse (lampooned as ‘political correctness’ by many of his opponents) and the unconstrained crudeness of Trump’s discourse (lauded as ‘telling it like it is’) apparently legitimates the open expression of previously suppressed resentments and encourages an extreme rhetoric that is symptomatic of, and may contribute to, the growing polarization in American political discourse.
Emotion metaphors in Spanish retain aspects of spatial meaning
Authors: Reali Florencia , Riaño Cesar 
Published: October 2018

AbstractPrevious work has shown that the abstract use of the spatial prepositionsinandonretains spatial meaning, such as containment and support that includes the control relationship between a located object (the figure) and a reference object (the landmark/ground) (Feist & Gentner, 2003;Talmy, 1983). We extend these ideas to the case of metaphorical descriptions of emotion in Spanish—some of them featuring the emotion as a located entity in the person’s body, others featuring emotion as the ground in which the person’s body stands. Two rating experiments show that people judge emotions in Spanish as more controllable when they are described as located entities (the figure) than when they are described as grounds. We conclude that functional elements of the spatial meaning of the prepositionenin Spanish are extended to abstract uses in metaphor, affecting the perceived controllability of emotions.
The structural format and rhetorical variation of writing Chinese judicial opinions
Authors: Han Zhengrui , Bhatia Vijay K. , Ge Yunfeng 
Published: October 2018

AbstractAs Chinese legal system follows a statutory tradition, the writing of Chinese judicial opinions is normally considered as an invariant sequential process of stating the law, presenting the fact, and finally providing the conclusion. The official ideology is further reinforced by the fact that Chinese judges need to follow various authoritative writing guidelines and templates prescribed by the official bodies of legal profession. This paper examines to what extent this ideology is a trustworthy description, and to what extent it is only an imagined myth related to the rhetorical practices of Chinese legal profession. Theoretical constructs employed in the study are genre, text type, and rhetorical modes, and analytical data include exemplar judicial opinions, intertextual legislative documents, and insiders’ accounts. According to the research findings, while the official ideology remains a strong shaping force in the composing of Chinese judicial opinions, Chinese judges do take compelling moves to add dialogic elements to the traditionally monologue-dominated discursive sphere of legal writing.
Face as an interactional construct in the context of connectedness and separateness
Authors: Schröder Ulrike 
Published: October 2018

AbstractIn recent work, Arundale proposed a Face Constituting Theory based on the Conjoint Co-Constituting Model of Communication. His main concern is directed towards a shift from the individualistic conception of face and (im)politeness to a non-summative view on communication based on fundamental insights from conversation analysis. Based on two film shootings between German and Brazilian exchange students, which are part of the larger corpus NUCOI, we will take a closer look at moments in which face comes to the fore in the light of (dis)alignment and (dis)affiliation. While in the German example facework is negotiated metacommunicatively, in the Brazilian example facework is calibrated in more subtle ways represented by prosodic and visual cues, which are either given or held back by the co-participants. We will show that these two different patterns may be related to culture-specific construals of face.
Academic writing as a locus of grammatical change
Authors: Gray Bethany , Biber Douglas 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Based on large-scale corpus analysis, this study challenges the notion that academic writing is conservative and
resistant to change by documenting linguistic innovations that have emerged in academic writing over the past 200
years. The study explores the dramatic patterns of change that have culminated in the present-day phrasal discourse
style of academic writing. The study demonstrates that academic writing today employs a dense use of phrasal
complexity features which were minimally used in earlier historical periods. Cross-register comparisons show that
these features have largely not been adopted in other spoken and written registers, and none to the extent as in
academic writing. The results, which illustrate that these changes have been both quantitative and functional in
nature, thus challenge not only the view that academic writing is resistant to change, but also the claim that
grammatical innovation originates primarily in speech.
Spanish basic colour categories are 11 or 12 depending on the dialect
Authors: Lillo Julio , Prado-León Lilia R. , Gonzalez Perilli Fernando , Melnikova Anna , Álvaro Leticia , Collado José , Moreira Humberto 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
A colour-term elicitation task was used to estimate basic colour terms (BCTs) in three Spanish dialects. In Castilian (spoken in Spain) and Mexican, eleven BCTs were identified, compared to twelve in Uruguayan, including celeste “sky blue”. The six primary BCTs and three derived BCTs appeared identical in all three dialects; however, terms for “brown” and “purple” revealed dialectal variation. An Extremes naming task was used to estimate the equivalence relation between BCT counterparts in the three dialects. A Boundary delimitation task was employed to demarcate boundaries of the basic colour categories in a*b*-plane of CIELAB. The task enabled mapping the denotata of the Uruguayan-specific BCT celeste. Results are discussed in the framework of the debate of universal versus language-specific factors.
Black and white linguistic category entrenchment in English
Authors: Sandford Jodi L. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
The objective of this chapter is to discuss the cognitive entrenchment of the linguistic categories black and white in association with pleasant and unpleasant in English through a semantic application of the Implicit Association Test (IAT). This study continues earlier linguistic research of implicit associations with basic-color-term couples. The results reveal the cognitive entrenchment of the categories and support the hypothesis that there are underlying conceptualization processes that guide semantic color/object associations. The embodied experiential grounding of darkness/night and lightness/day as the basis for our understanding of black and white emerges with the elaboration of a complex of conceptual metaphors that culminates in knowing is seeing (good is seeing) – experiential motivation of language and thought.
Identifying colour use and knowledge in textile design practice
Authors: Mottram Judith 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
A survey of the colour understanding and practice of respondents undertaking a postgraduate programme in textile design is reported. Colour use and knowledge within creative practices was explored, with a view to providing a platform for the field to reflect on assumptions about preference, harmony and colour selectivity in design. Respondents reported on their acquisition of colour mixing knowledge and described their colour palette. Language terms used tended towards basic colour terms and descriptive references. The study confirmed the challenge for specification and variability in perception among this fairly expert group, who will enter a professional arena working with clients, customers and manufacturers on the design for goods that will be inherently coloured.
Mapping the Antarctic
Authors: Watkins Liz 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Early 1900s Polar expeditions experimented with photography to supplement established modes of documentation, from the work of exploration to scientific study (zoology, geography, meteorology). In recognition of the economic and educational potential of visual records, R.F. Scott employed ‘camera artist’ Herbert G. Ponting for his 1910–13 South Pole expedition: the photographs, lantern slide lectures, film and watercolours were linked to science and formed the basis of public exhibitions. Ponting’s work predominantly consisted of black-and-white images from experiments with telephoto lenses, flashlight photography and cinematography, however, studies of colour exist. Autochromes, dyes and notes on the hues of refracted sunlight and artificial light link photography and colour to the temporality of the Antarctic and the vulnerability of perception.
World Meteorological Organization: scaling the peaks for social benefits
Authors: Qiu Jane 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Climate change is tightening its grip on high mountains. Yet, unlike their island counterparts, the ordeals facing mountain communities are under-studied and under-appreciated. But that's about to change. The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) is looking to enable better understanding of the physical processes in mountainous regions, especially their glaciers and ice fields at high elevations, by bringing together meteorological and research communities around the world. This will help identify the key stressors in the mountain environment and facilitate disaster reduction, as well as support decision making and sustainable development.
In a forum chaired by David Grimes, WMO’s President, and Tandong Yao, former Director of the Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and co-chair of the Third Pole Environment, a panel of international scientists with diverse backgrounds discussed which priority areas WMO should focus on, how the organization can improve data sharing, how to address climate risks and water scarcity, and how the work can benefit the societal needs of mountain communities.
Joan Cuxart

Researcher and lecturer on meteorology at the University of the Balearic Islands, Spain
Michael Ek

Meteorologist at the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, USA
Suhaib Bin Farhan

Climate scientist at the Pakistan Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission, Pakistan
Anil Kulkarni

Glaciologist at the Indian Institute of Science, India
Soroosh Sorooshian

Hydrologist at the University of California Irvine, USA
Wenjian Zhang

Assistant Secretary-General of the World Meteorological Organization in Geneva, Switzerland; former Deputy Administrator of the China Meteorological Administration, China
David Grimes (Chair)

President of the World Meteorological Organization in Geneva, Switzerland; assistant deputy minister of Environment Canada, Canada
Tandong Yao (Chair)

Co-chair of the Third Pole Environment; former Director of the Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China