bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cellular and viral miRNA expression in polyomavirus BK infection
Authors: Zeng Gang , Wang Zijie , Huang Yuchen , Abedin Zahidur , Liu Yang , Randhawa Parmjeet 
Published: August 2019

AbstractPolyomavirus BK (BKV) is an important pathogen in kidney transplant patients. Regulation of BKV encoded microRNAs (miRNAs) is not well understood. Therefore, tubular epithelial cells infected with BKV were examined for changes in small RNA expression. The observed changes were further evaluated by real‐time PCR and RNA‐seq analysis of renal allograft biopsies. BKV‐miR‐B1‐5p and BKV‐miR‐B1‐3p showed a 1000‐fold increase over 12 days but did not prevent cell lysis. Downregulation of host miR‐10b and miR‐30a could be confirmed on all three platforms evaluated. Whereas, the BKV genome expressed more 3p than 5p miRNA species, the reverse was true for the human genome. Decreased expression of TP53INP2, and increased expression of BCL2A1, IL‐6, IL8 and other proinflammatory cytokines were shown in biopsies with BKV nephropathy. No change in expression was seen in miR‐10a dependent expression of NKG2D ligands ULBP3, MICA, or MICB. In conclusion, BKV infection results in regulation of cellular genes regulated by and possibly amenable to therapies targeting miR‐10 and miR‐30.
PMR5, an acetylation protein at the intersection of pectin biosynthesis and defense against fungal pathogens
Authors: Chiniquy Dawn , Underwood William , Corwin Jason , Ryan Andrew , Szemenyei Heidi , Lim Candice C. , Stonebloom Solomon H. , Birdseye Devon S. , Vogel John , Kliebenstein Daniel , Scheller Henrik V. , Somerville Shauna 
Published: August 2019

SummaryPowdery mildew (Golovinomyces cichoracearum), one of the most prolific obligate biotrophic fungal pathogens worldwide, infects its host by penetrating the plant cell wall without activating the plant's innate immune system. The Arabidopsis mutant powdery mildew resistant 5 (pmr5) carries a mutation in a putative pectin acetyltransferase gene that confers enhanced resistance to powdery mildew. Here, we show that heterologously expressed PMR5 protein transfers acetyl groups from [14C]‐acetyl‐CoA to oligogalacturonides. Through site‐directed mutagenesis, we show that three amino acids within a highly conserved esterase domain in putative PMR5 orthologs are necessary for PMR5 function. A suppressor screen of mutagenized pmr5 seed selecting for increased powdery mildew susceptibility identified two previously characterized genes affecting the acetylation of plant cell wall polysaccharides, RWA2 and TBR. The rwa2 and tbr mutants also suppress powdery mildew disease resistance in pmr6, a mutant defective in a putative pectate lyase gene. Cell wall analysis of pmr5 and pmr6, and their rwa2 and tbr suppressor mutants, demonstrates minor shifts in cellulose and pectin composition. In direct contrast to their increased powdery mildew resistance, both pmr5 and pmr6 plants are highly susceptibile to multiple strains of the generalist necrotroph Botrytis cinerea, and have decreased camalexin production upon infection with B. cinerea. These results illustrate that cell wall composition is intimately connected to fungal disease resistance and outline a potential route for engineering powdery mildew resistance into susceptible crop species.
Diversification of mitogenomes in three sympatric Altica flea beetles (Insecta, Chrysomelidae)
Authors: Nie Rui‐E , Wei Jing , Zhang Shou‐Ke , Vogler Alfried P. , Wu Ling , Konstantinov Alexander S. , Li Wen‐Zhu , Yang Xing‐Ke , Xue Huai‐Jun 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe Asian flea beetles Altica cirsicola, Altica fragariae and Altica viridicyanea are broadly sympatric and morphologically highly similar but feed on distantly related host plants. They have been suggested as a model for ecological speciation studies. However, their phylogeny and species limits remain uncertain. In this study, we added mitochondrial genomes from multiple individuals of each species to the growing database. Phylogenetic analyses based on 15 genes showed clear interspecific divergences of A. fragariae from the other species, but A. cirsicola and A. viridicyanea were not distinguishable by distance‐based or tree‐based methods of species delimitation due to non‐monophyly of mitogenomes relative to the morphologically defined entities, possibly affected by interspecific introgression. This was confirmed by wider sampling of mitochondrial COX1 (58 individuals) and the second internal transcribed spacer of nuclear ribosomal RNA cluster (ITS2; 68 individuals), which showed that ITS2, but not COX1, coincided with the morphological species limits. The full mitochondrial genomes are not able to shed further light on the species status, even with the most sensitive approach based on diagnostic characters, yet the whole mitogenome is useful to get improved estimates of intra‐ and interspecific variation, not affected by the stochastic error seen in individual genes.
UBC‐Nepal Expedition: Haemoconcentration underlies the reductions in cerebral blood flow observed during acclimatization to high altitude
Authors: Howe Connor A. , Ainslie Philip N. , Tremblay Joshua C. , Carter Howard H. , Patrician Alex , Stembridge Mike , Williams Alex , Drane Aimee L. , Delorme Eric , Rieger Mathew G. , Tymko Michael M. , Gasho Chris , Santoro Antoinette , MacLeod David B. , Hoiland Ryan L. 
Published: August 2019

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?
The aim was to evaluate the degree to which increases in haematocrit alter cerebral blood flow and cerebral oxygen delivery during acclimatization to high altitude.

What is the main finding and its importance?
Through haemodilution, we determined that, after 1 week of acclimatization, the primary mechanism contributing to the cerebral blood flow response during acclimatization is an increase in haemoglobin and haematocrit. The remaining contribution to the cerebral blood flow response during acclimatization is likely to be attributable to ventilatory acclimatization.

AbstractAt high altitude, an increase in haematocrit (Hct) is achieved through altitude‐induced diuresis and erythropoiesis, both of which result in increased arterial oxygen content. Given the impact of alterations in Hct on oxygen content, haemoconcentration has been hypothesized to mediate, in part, the attenuation of the initial elevation in cerebral blood flow (CBF) at high altitude. To test this hypothesis, healthy men (n = 13) ascended to 5050 m over 9 days without the aid of prophylactic acclimatization medications. After 1 week of acclimatization at 5050 m, participants were haemodiluted by rapid saline infusion (2.10 ± 0.28 l) to return Hct towards pre‐acclimatization values. Arterial blood gases, Hct, global CBF (duplex ultrasound) and haemodynamic variables were measured after initial arrival at 5050 m and after 1 week of acclimatization at high altitude, before and after the haemodilution protocol. After 1 week at 5050 m, the Hct increased from 42.5 ± 2.5 to 49.6 ± 2.5% (P < 0.001), and it was subsequently reduced to 45.6 ± 2.3% (P < 0.001) after haemodilution. Global CBF decreased from 844 ± 160 to 619 ± 136 ml min−1 (P = 0.033) after 1 week of acclimatization and increased to 714 ± 204 ml min −1 (P = 0.045) after haemodilution. Despite the significant changes in Hct, and thus oxygen content, cerebral oxygen delivery was unchanged at all time points. Furthermore, these observations occurred in the absence of any changes in mean arterial blood pressure, cardiac output, arterial blood pH or oxygen saturation pre‐ and posthaemodilution. These data highlight the influence of Hct in the regulation of CBF and are the first to demonstrate experimentally that haemoconcentration contributes to the reduction in CBF during acclimatization to altitude.
Optogenetic analysis of neuromuscular transmission in the colon of ChAT-ChR2-YFP BAC transgenic mice
Authors: Perez-Medina Alberto L. , Galligan James J. 
Published: August 2019

Propulsion of luminal content along the gut requires coordinated contractions and relaxations of gastrointestinal smooth muscles controlled by the enteric nervous system. Activation of excitatory motor neurons (EMNs) causes muscle contractions, whereas inhibitory motor neuron (IMN) activation causes muscle relaxation. EMNs release acetylcholine (ACh), which acts at muscarinic receptors on smooth muscle cells and adjacent interstitial cells of Cajal, causing excitatory junction potentials (EJPs). IMNs release ATP (or another purine) and nitric oxide to cause inhibitory junction potentials (IJPs) and muscle relaxation. We used commercially available choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2)-yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) transgenic mice, which express ChR2 in cholinergic neurons, to study cholinergic neuromuscular transmission in the colon. Intracellular microelectrodes were used to record IJPs and EJPs from circular muscle cells. We used blue light stimulation (BLS, 470 nm, 20 mW/mm2) and electrical field stimulation (EFS) to activate myenteric neurons. EFS evoked IJPs only, whereas BLS evoked EJPs and IJPs. Mecamylamine (10 µM, nicotinic cholinergic receptor antagonist) reduced BLS-evoked IJPs by 50% but had no effect on electrically evoked IJPs. MRS 2179 (10 µM, a P2Y1 receptor antagonist) blocked BLS-evoked IJPs. MRS 2179 and Nω-nitro-l-arginine (100 µM, nitric oxide synthase inhibitor) isolated the EJP, which was blocked by scopolamine (1 µM, muscarinic ACh receptor antagonist). Immunohistochemistry revealed ChAT expression in ~88% of enhanced YFP (eYFP)-expressing neurons, whereas 12% of eYFP neurons expressed nitric oxide synthase. These data show that cholinergic interneurons synapse with EMNs and IMNs to cause contraction and relaxation of colonic smooth muscle. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Electrical stimulation of interganglionic connectives has been used widely to study synaptic transmission in the enteric nervous system. However, electrical stimulation will activate many types of neurons and nerve fibers, which complicates data interpretation. Optogenetic activation of enteric neurons using genetically modified mice expressing channelrhodopsin-2 in cholinergic neurons offers a new approach that provides more specificity for nerve stimulation when studying myenteric plexus nerve circuitry.
Case Studies in Neuroscience: Lack of inhibitory synaptic plasticity in the substantia nigra pars reticulata of a patient with lithium-induced tremor
Authors: Milosevic Luka , Dallapiazza Robert F. , Munhoz Renato P. , Kalia Suneil K. , Popovic Milos R. , Hutchison William D. 
Published: August 2019

Tremor is a well-known side effect from many psychiatric medications, including lithium and dopamine antagonists. In patients whose psychiatric symptoms are stabilized and only respond to certain medications, deep brain stimulation may offer relief of the consequent motor complications. We report the case of an elderly male with disabling tremor related to lithium therapy for bipolar affective disorder, who was subsequently treated with deep brain stimulation. In this patient, we obtained recordings from the substantia nigra pars reticulata and performed a high-frequency stimulation protocol that robustly elicits long-term potentiation (LTP)-like changes in patients with Parkinson’s disease. We hypothesized that in this patient, who did not have Parkinson’s disease, the levels of inhibitory plasticity would be much greater. However, we found an unanticipated lack of plasticity in the patient with lithium-induced tremor, compared with two de novo control patients with Parkinson’s disease. This patient was successfully treated with deep brain stimulation in the vicinity of the ventral oral posterior nucleus, an area of the thalamus that receives inputs from the basal ganglia. We postulate that the lithium-induced blockade of LTP may bring about motor complications such as tremor while simultaneously contributing to the therapeutic mechanism for treating the symptoms of psychiatric disorders such as bipolar affective disorder. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Use of a dual-microelectrode technique enabled us to compare long-term potentiation (LTP)-like changes in a patient with lithium-induced tremor to that of patients with Parkinson’s disease. This study corroborated the findings in rodent brain slices that chronic lithium treatment may block LTP. Whereas a deficit in LTP may underlie the therapeutic mechanism for treating psychiatric disorders such as bipolar affective disorder, it may simultaneously contribute to consequent appearance of tremor.
Endoscopic Ultrasound Findings in Patients Diagnosed with Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency by Low Fecal Elastase-1
Authors: Shobassy Mazen , Husainat Nedaa , Tabash Abdalaziz , Patel Kalpesh , El-Serag Hashem B. , Othman Mohamed O. 
Published: August 2019

Background and Aims. Fecal elastase-1 (FE-1) as a screening test for exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) is gaining popularity in clinical practice. The role of imaging in patients with FE-1-related suspicion of EPI remains unclear. The aim of this study was to characterize endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) findings for patients with low FE-1. Methods. A retrospective cross-sectional study was performed in 40 patients who had low FE-1 and underwent EUS to evaluate the pancreas. We obtained data on demographic and lifestyle factors, EUS findings, and histopathology results. We compared these variables between patients with FE‐1<100 mcg/g vs. 100-200 mcg/g. Results. Most patients (82.5%) established one or more new diagnoses from EUS. Diagnoses included: definitive chronic pancreatitis (n=29, 72.5%), fatty pancreas (n=9, 22.5%), and pancreatic solid mass or cyst (n=9, 22.5%). Half (n=4) of the solid or cystic lesions were neoplastic. All patients with a solid pancreatic mass also had concurrent chronic pancreatitis. There were no significant differences in EUS findings or demographic or lifestyle factors between groups with FE‐1<100 mcg/g vs. 100-200 mcg/g. Conclusion. Chronic pancreatitis is the most common EUS finding in patients with low FE-1 levels. EUS appears helpful in determining the cause of EPI in most patients with low FE-1 and may detect unsuspected pancreatic neoplasia.
Synthesis, Characterization, and In Vitro Drug Delivery of Chitosan-Silica Hybrid Microspheres for Bone Tissue Engineering
Authors: Niu Niu , Teng Shu-Hua , Zhou Hua-Jian , Qian Hai-Sheng 
Published: August 2019

Chitosan-silica (CS-SiO2) hybrid microspheres were prepared through the combined process of sol-gel and emulsification-crosslinking. Their composition, morphology, in vitro bioactivity, and drug release behavior were investigated. The results showed that, when 20 wt% SiO2 was incorporated, the as-prepared CS-SiO2 hybrid microspheres exhibited a regular spherical shape, a high dispersity, and a uniform microstructure. Their average particle diameter was determined to be about 24.0 μm. The in situ deposited inorganic phase of the hybrid microspheres was identified as amorphous SiO2, and its actual content was determined by the TG analysis. As compared with the pure chitosan microspheres, the CS-SiO2 hybrid microspheres displayed a greatly improved in vitro bioactivity. Vancomycin hydrochloride (VH) was selected as a model drug. It was demonstrated that the CS-SiO2 hybrid microspheres presented a good capacity for both loading and sustained release of VH. Moreover, the increase of the SiO2 content efficiently slowed down the drug release rate of the CS-SiO2 hybrid microspheres.
Adipose Tissue: A Tertiary Lymphoid Organ: Does It Change with Age?
Authors: Frasca Daniela , Blomberg Bonnie B. 
Published: August 2019

In this manuscript, we summarize published results showing that obesity and aging are inflammatory conditions associated with serious health problems, increased risk for disease and death. We show that fat mass increases with age and represents a major contributor to insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome. We summarize the effects of age on the adipose tissue (AT), related to the abundance, distribution, cellular composition, endocrine signaling and function of the tissue. The AT is an immunological tissue, with several hallmarks of innate and adaptive immune responses. We show that in both mice and humans, the AT is heavily infiltrated by immune cells that have receptors for pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines secreted by the adipocytes and also by the immune cells that have infiltrated the AT. We also show that the AT provides an environment for the secretion of IgG antibodies with anti-self (autoimmune) reactivity. As we have previously shown, this is due to the release of self antigens following cell death due to hypoxia, as well as to the expression of activation-induced cytidine deaminase, the enzyme of class switch recombination, and the transcription factor T-bet by the resident B cells, which also express the membrane marker CD11c, both involved in the production of autoimmune IgG antibodies. We show data in support of the AT as a tertiary lymphoid organ (TLO), showing the examples of TLOs that develop within the AT, such as fat-associated lymphoid clusters and milky spots, as well as artery TLOs that develop in the adventitia areas of the aorta.
The Stories of the Others
Authors: Vanzolini Marina 
Published: August 2019

As many other Amazonian indigenous peoples, the Aweti – a Tupi-speaking people who live in the upper reaches of the Xingu River – habitually name a specific kind of narrative, which we usually call myths, by an expression that could be translated as “stories of the ancient people”. Most of the time, however, they simply call them “stories” or, more precisely, tomowkap, which literally means “something that orients”, tales about an event that may have happened at anytime in the recent past or even in the present. This article is an attempt to explore the epistemological and ontological implications of this indiscernibility between myths and other kinds of narrative. The assumption here is that this may tell us something about the way the Aweti think, not only in what concerns the nature of what we call myth, but also about the nature of knowledge one can have about the world and, furthermore, about the nature of the world itself.
Are Aerobic Programs Similar in Design to Cardiac Rehabilitation Beneficial for Survivors of Stroke? A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Regan Elizabeth W. , Handlery Reed , Beets Michael W. , Fritz Stacy L. 
Published: August 2019

Background
Survivors of stroke face movement disability and increased cardiovascular disease and stroke risk. Treatment includes rehabilitation focused on functional movement with less emphasis on aerobic capacity. After rehabilitation, survivors of stroke must self‐manage activity with limited appropriate community programs. Lack of structured activity contributes to sedentary behavior. The objective of this systematic review and meta‐analysis is to review aerobic programs for stroke survivors similar in activity and dosage to cardiac rehabilitation programs to determine their efficacy for improving aerobic and walking capacity.

Methods and Results

Preferred Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were used to review 5 databases. Group interventions for survivors of stroke with a primary aerobic component and dosage from 18 to 36 visits over 8 to 18 weeks (matching cardiac rehabilitation requirements in the United States) were included. The 6‐minute walk test, maximal oxygen consumption (VO2) peak, and walking speed were included as measures of aerobic capacity. Summary effect sizes and outcome measure mean differences were calculated for preintervention to postintervention, and summary effect sizes were calculated for preintervention to follow‐up. Activity type and initial 6‐minute walk test moderator analyses were performed. Nineteen studies with 23 eligible groups were selected. Survivors of stroke improved their composite aerobic capacity with an effect size of 0.38 (95%
CI
, 0.27–0.49). Studies including 6‐minute walk test demonstrated a pooled difference in means of 53.3 m (95%
CI
, 36.8–69.8 m). Follow‐up data were inconclusive.

Conclusions
Survivors of stroke benefit from aerobic programs with similar dosing to cardiac rehabilitation in the United States. The potential integration into existing programs could expand the community exercise options.
Kātib or muwaṯṯiq? New Approaches to the Writing of Private Arabic Documents in Granada
Authors: Carro Martín Sergio 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The particular style of the Granadan notaries (muwaṯṯiqūn) incorporates atypical letters, graphs and symbols that give their documents a formal and original character that is more befitting of the works of the secretaries (kuttāb). The presence of these features in documents within an official and administrative environment (dīwān al-inšāʾ) yields the question of whether the training of Granadan notaries, in their function as scribes, was the same as that of the kuttāb. The aim of this article is to analyze the graphical peculiarities of Granadan notarial documents and to see to what extent these features are present in the chancellery documents or works commonly attributed to the kuttāb. This includes a review of the paleographic features of the notarial documents in contrast to the Maghribi script standards.
Li-kull dahr dawla wa-riǧāl : temps, auteurs et autorité chez les théoriciens andalous de la kitāba, Ve/XIe-VIe/XIIe siècles
Authors: Soravia Bruna 
Published: August 2019

Résumé
À travers l’analyse de l’Iqtiḍāb fī šarḥ adab al-kuttāb (L’abrégé : commentaire de L’éducation des secrétaires) d’Ibn al-Sīd al-Baṭalyawsī (m. 521/1127) et de l’Iḥkām ṣanʿat al-kalām (La maîtrise de l’art de la prose) d’Ibn ʿAbd al-Ġafūr al-Kalāʿī (m. après 542/1148), cet essai se propose de montrer que le discours andalou autour de l’adab al-kātib a cherché à rénover la tradition de ce genre, par la conscience des enjeux liés aux différentes usages de l’écrit dans le temps, ainsi que par la critique des conventions et des prescriptions héritées des auteurs orientaux transmis en al-Andalus aux Ve/XIe-VIe/XIIe siècles.
The Myriad Sources of the Vocabulary of ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd al-Kātib (d. 132/750)
Authors: al-Qāḍī Wadād 
Published: August 2019

Résumé
Cette étude examine les innombrables sources qui ont influencé le vocabulaire de ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd al-Kātib (m. 132/750), le plus célèbre secrétaire de chancellerie des derniers califes omeyyades et « fondateur » de la littérature épistolaire arabe en prose. Nous y identifions certaines de ces sources, d’abord, d’une manière générale, à travers ce que nous connaissons de sa biographie, puis, plus précisément, grâce à une nouvelle interprétation du « programme » de formation qu’il établit pour les secrétaires de l’État islamique. Cette interprétation a conduit à l’identification de ces sources: I. la littérature arabe, c’est-à-dire la poésie arabe pré-islamique et, par extension, la poésie arabe des débuts de l’Islam; II. les traditions séculières du Proche-Orient préislamique, c’est-à-dire les traditions militaires et historiques grecques, persanes et arabes, dont certains documents étaient accessibles à ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd en traduction; et III. la tradition religieuse du Proche-Orient islamique, écrite dans l’ombre du Coran et avec un engagement de la part d’Abd al-Ḥamīd pour la cause des Omeyyades incluant les domaines de la théologie, du droit et de l’histoire. L’étude examine les différentes manières dont ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd utilisa chacune de ces sources tout en soulignant son ingéniosité, sa créativité et son indépendance.