bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contribution of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in U.S. DOE's Efforts During the Aftermath of Deepwater Horizon
Authors: Mohaghegh S. D. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Petroleum Engineering and Analytics Research Laboratory at West Virginia University (PEARL) played a key role in estimating the amount of oil being discharged into the Gulf of Mexico during the Deepwater Horizon disaster in 2010. PEARL's calculation of the amount of oil that was being discharges into the Gulf of Mexico were based on the Smart Proxy technology. Smart Proxy is a unique an innovative implementation of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning to develop fast and accurate proxy models of high fidelity numerical simulations that do not compromise the complex physics and the high resolution of the original numerical simulation models. Smart Proxy modeling was implemented by many of PEARL's scholars for their Ph.D. dissertations. Execution of the Smart Proxy models takes from fractions of a second to few minutes on a PC workstation (laptop) to accurately replicate detail results of high fidelity numerical simulation models that take hours or days to run on High Performance Computational facilities (HPC - clusters of large number of CPUs or GPUs).
As a subcontractor to the U.S. Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL), PEARL was asked to join a team of scientists and engineers from across the United States from multiple DOE national Labs in order to start an effort to estimate the amount of oil that was being discharged in the Gulf of Mexico. Since the initial BP's estimate of 1,000 barrels per day seemed an under-estimation (this estimate was later increased to 5,000 barrels per day after the initial estimate were challenged by the U.S. government), the Obama administration asked the secretary of Energy (the Noble Laureate, Steven Chu) to set up a team for providing a realistic estimate of the oil discharge rate into the GOM.
This article presents a summary the efforts by PEARL in estimating the oil discharge rate into the GOM during the Deepwater Horizon disaster. PEARL's use of Smart Proxy modeling of numerical reservoir simulation models coupled with detail numerical flow in pipe and network models allowed the team to generate millions of scenarios in order to exhaustively examine and quantify the uncertainties associated with all that was unknown and were being estimated at the time of analyses.
The final estimate of the oil discharge rate into the GOM calculated by PEARL proved to be highly accurate once the well was contained and the flow was actually measure providing a valuable use-case of the application of the application of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in the upstream oil and gas industry.
Optimization of Fortified Section Length in HIPPS System
Authors: Kapadia Kashyap , Rodrigues Neil , Hayes Justin , Juzswik Jade , Kapoor Yogesh 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
In the recent era of low commodity prices, the offshore oil & gas industry has focused on economic tie-backs rather than standalone projects to exploit potentially stranded reserves in the Gulf of Mexico. High pressure tie-backs to existing infrastructure may be lucrative, but they are often challenging with respect to pressure & safety ratings.
A high integrity pressure protection system (HIPPS) can be used to safely contain pressures in a subsea flowline system when the shut-in tubing pressure (SITP) of a well exceeds the maximum allowable operating pressure (MAOP) of the tieback. As stated in API Standard 17O, a HIPPS system should be designed with highly responsive control systems, fast acting safety valves, and fortified sections of pipe known as "burst free zones." The burst free zone is designed to have a higher MAOP than the rest of the flowline system. Optimizing the length of this zone can be achieved by accurately determining both the SITP and the time it takes for the system to reach the maximum SITP. These two key parameters are dictated by how the reservoir pressure responds during shut-in.
With the availability of fast-transient multiphase flow simulation, it is possible to simulate the SITP and optimize the fortified section length. However, currently-available thermodynamic multiphase flow simulators do not provide an option to simulate near-wellbore reservoir phenomena. These software packages only simulate the shut-in of the well as an instantaneous pressure buildup, which is often very conservative for HIPPS and predicts fortified sections lengths that are longer than necessary.
To simulate appropriate pressure buildup from the reservoir, a multiphase transient package is coupled with a reservoir simulation software that accounts for reservoir response and near-wellbore behavior. This model more accurately simulates the time required to reach the SITP, thus optimizing the selection of fortified section lengths. Additionally, reservoir and production factors that influence the fortified section length were also studied. One of the main influencing factors identified was fluid GOR. This is because a higher GOR fluid is more compressible; therefore, the time it takes to reach the maximum SITP increases, ultimately decreasing the required fortified section length. This paper will discuss how to apply known reservoir pressure responses to a coupled reservoir and multiphase transient simulator tieback scheme to optimize fortified section lengths when a HIPPS system is applied. It will also analyze the influence that production and reservoir characteristics have on the fortified section length and discuss how to optimize that length.
Integrated Optimization as a Way to Increase the Project Value on the Example of the Achimov Deposits Development Evaluation
Authors: Nishonov Timur , Mullagaliev Almaz 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Integrated optimization, as an approach, is based on multivariate hydrodynamic modeling, the application of probabilistic methods, the application of game theory to the search for sustainable solutions, the identification of optimization problems at all stages of project evaluation. The application of game theory approaches allows us to formalize the problems associated with optimization at the stage of geological evaluation, selecting a rational geological program. The application of the probabilistic approach makes it possible to increase the cost by reducing the risk capital, determining rational exit conditions from the project and applying the technological limit. This approach is applicable for different levels of complexity of models, because it is a combination of integrated models and iterative stages, which ultimately allows you to determine the global optimal solutions. Within the framework of the approach, problems such as constructing a probabilistic hydrodynamic model, taking into account the technological limit when choosing a well design, determining rational conditions for exiting a project, interrelating an exploration program and selecting a development system are solved for the first time. The paper describes the approach and methodology of integrated optimization, which allows to increase the value of projects. The approach is considered on the example of analysis and evaluation of projects for the development of a number of deposits with Achimov deposits.
Improved Understanding of Acid Wormholing in Carbonate Reservoirs Through Laboratory Experiments and Field Measurements
Authors: Burton Robert C. , Nozaki Manabu , Zwarich Nola R. , Furui Kenji 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
A comprehensive study on wormholing has been conducted to improve the understanding of matrix acidizing in carbonate reservoirs. This work is a continuation of previous work (Furui et al. 2012a, 2012b). An analysis of additional experimental results as well as field measurements is provided to reinforce and extend the wormhole penetration model and productivity benefits provided by Furui et al. (2012b).
A series of small block tests and one large block test under geomechanical stresses has been conducted to characterize wormholing in outcrop chalk samples. In addition, field data including acid pumping data as well as post-stimulation pressure falloff data has been collected and analyzed to evaluate stimulation effectiveness. Pressure buildup data from stimulated wells has also been analyzed to evaluate the sustainability of the acid induced skin benefits. Production logging data has been used to investigate whether created wormhole networks have remained stable or have collapsed under production stresses. To statistically analyze the data more comprehensively, the new data was also compared to the data from other field data available in the literature.
The following conclusions are drawn from an analysis of the laboratory data and field data: 1) a skin value of −4 is achievable in carbonate reservoirs by matrix acidizing, 2) the negative acid skin is relatively stable under production stresses, 3) the wormhole penetration model is proven to successfully simulate matrix acidizing processes in both laboratory scale and field scale work, 4) the small and large block laboratory tests re-confirmed wormholing efficiency which was discussed as a scale effect in previous studies, 5) an understanding of the possible range of wormhole penetration has allowed us to improve field acid treatments and reduce the risk of connecting to water.
This comprehensive study includes acid linear core flooding tests, small block tests, large block tests and field measurements to thoroughly analyze acid wormholing in carbonate rock. The database can be very useful information for understanding, benchmarking and optimizing future completion/stimulation design.
The Analysis of Critically Stressed Fractures with Reconstruction of Tectonic Stresses for Ranging the Area by Production Rates via Example of Riphean Carbonate Fractured Reservoir
Authors: Zhigulskiy Svetlana , Rotaru Anna , Kurbanov Vasif , Zadvornov Dmitriy , Maximov Danil , Eremeev Alexandr , Rijikov Pavel 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
In this study, the geomechanical analysis of the Riphean fractured carbonate resevior of East Siberia is provided. The research of fissuring and its further deformation mechanism is necessary both for drilling risk assessment (prediction of fluid losses zones due to intensive natural fracturing) and for ranging of perspective drilling zone in terms of its productivity.
For described reservoir it is supposed, that natural fractures are the main driver of wells productivity. Reservoir rock is characterized by low average matrix porosity (lower than 3%), which does not influence wells productivity.
As for fractures system, according to production logging (spectral noise survey), wide-bend acoustic logging (Stoneley wave interpretation), formation imager (resistivity and acoustic), drilling data (fluid losses) it was concluded that not all fractures are permeable. Comparison of fracture characteristics from different surveys shows that working intervals according to SNL mismatch with permeable intervals from Stoneley wave interpretation and do not fit with maximum fracture density intervals from formation imager.
The analysis showed mismatching of productive intervals from Stoneley wave interpretation and SNL results and absence of direct correlation between fracturing and productive intervals for both methods. This can be explained by low amount of working fractures: less than the half of horizontal section works. Moreover, the risk of drilling throught "dry" zone, where no permeable fractures exist, was confirmed by several unsuccessfull wells.
On the base of geological and morphological fracture features such as intensity, dip angle, orientation there is no ability to subdivide dry and permeable fractures. That is why for better reservoir understanding the mechanism of fracture occurance, development and activation is analysed.
Application of geomechanical modeling for fractures assessment and subsequent forecast of productive zones is rather nontrivial and complex task that required abandoning the traditional approach of creating a geomechanical model in which the main emphasis is on a wellbore stability calculation.
Formation of Complex Fracture Networks in the Wolfcamp Shale: Calibrating Model Predictions with Core Measurements from the Hydraulic Fracturing Test Site
Authors: Shrivastava Kaustubh , Hwang Jongsoo , Sharma Mukul 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Natural fractures are a crucial factor in determining fracture and well spacing in horizontal wells. Their attributes affect the created fracture network and thereby the well producivity and EUR. However, information about the properties of natural fractures is seldom available. In this study, we used a detailed core description from the Hydraulic Fracture Test Site (HFTS), funded by the DOE and an industry consortium, to obtain in-situ natural fracture distribution data. The data was used as input into a hydraulic fracturing simulator to model fracture growth in the presence of natural fractures. The results obtained were then compared with field observations of cores taken from a slant infill well drilled into the hydraulically fractured rock.
The core taken from the slant well located adjacent to the hydraulically fractured well is used to characterize the natural fractures (density and orientation). A two-dimensional discrete fracture network (DFN) is generated based on the core description. Nine coring operations are simulated on the created DFN to generate synthetic core descriptions. Attributes (length and density) of natural fractures are calibrated to match the results obtained from simulated coring operations with real core data. Multi-stage hydraulic fracturing simulations are performed using the calibrated DFN, and the results are presented in this paper.
The core analysis identified three different types of fractures: hydraulic fractures, intact natural fractures, and natural fractures activated by hydraulic fractures. The density and orientations obtained from the core description provide valuable insights on the complex fracture growth behavior. The number of created fractures (propped and unpropped) far exceeds the number of perforations. This indicates the formation of complex fracture networks likely caused by the interaction of the hydraulic fracture with natural fractures and bed boundaries during propagation. A heel-side bias of fluid and proppant distribution within a stage was also observed. The effect of inter-stage stress shadowing on fracture growth could also be inferred.
Application of the Inversion Stress Model for Estimating the Parameters of Fault Tectonics
Authors: Sidelnik Angelina , Lukin Sergey 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
The purpose of this work is to determine the parameters of fault tectonics by constructing an inversion stresses model with a weak quality of the seismic survey, as well as identification of compression and extension sectors by the structural-geomorphological method (SGM) in subsalt productive sediments.
The tasks for achieving the goal of the paper: analysis of the quality of available information about fractures within the studied oil deposit, calculation of the inversion stress model, identification of the compression and extension sectors according to the SGM.
Reconstruction of stress fields in conjunction with geomechanical analysis is a tool for studying the patterns of fracture development in rocks and tectonic evolution of the region.
Determination of fault parameters and allocation of zones of intensive fracturing allows optimizing trajectories when drilling horizontal and inclined wells, assuming intervals of potential drilling complications, predicting risks during fracturing operations, and qualitatively evaluating the reservoir properties by deformation sectors.
As inputs to the calculation of the inversion stress model, disjunctive dislocations that are confidently identified by seismic data and records of an electrical microimager appear. Based on information about the spatial location of the actual cracks and faults, the orientation of the tectonic force contributing to the formation of this fault system is calculated.
The result of the construction of the inversion stress model are maps of displacement and deformation fields. Analysis of these maps in zones with different values of displacements and deformations allows to single out low-amplitude disjunctive dislocations, which are ambiguously determined when interpreting seismic survey. The calculation results are calibrated for microimager data, special core studies, drilling data.
The initial data for the structural-geomorphological method are topographic maps, space images and digital surface models.
As a result of applying the structural-geomorphological method, it is possible to reconstruct the orientation of the axes of compression and stretching of neotectonic stresses in the horizontal plane, determine the direction of the shear displacement along the fault (right or left shear), reveal additional stressed conditions in the formation of the fault, and identify the compression and extension sectors.
Approbation of these methods was carried out at the oil field of the Leno-Tunguska oil and gas province of the Siberian platform.
Based on the results of the calculation, a small-scale map of fault tectonics was compiled within the studied oil deposit. Further use of this map is planned as a basis for calculating a 3D geomechanical model and selecting a development system. In the process of obtaining new information (data on core research, microimages, drilling data), a map of fault tectonics will be modified.
Real-Time 3D Computer Vision Shape Analysis of Cuttings and Cavings
Authors: Han Runqi , Ashok Pradeepkumar , Pryor Mitchell , van Oort Eric 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Excessive cuttings and cavings accumulation due to poor hole cleaning and borehole instability can cause costly stuck pipe incidents. Currently, there is no surface instrument to monitor cuttings volume and detect cavings in real-time. An automated 3D real-time computer vision monitoring system can quantify cuttings return volume, detect cavings presence, and analyze cavings shape. This makes pro-active prevention and mitigation of non-productive time (NPT) caused by poor hole cleaning and wellbore instability possible.
In this paper, we present a real-time computer vision system to measure cuttings properties and detect cavings. The proposed design consists of a 2D high-resolution camera and a 3D profile laser scanner, which collect point cloud/depth data of cuttings/cavings after passing the shale shaker. We apply cutting-edge computer vision algorithms and feature recognition techniques to quantify cuttings volume, detect cavings, and characterize cavings shape. The angularity, flatness, and other geometrical features of cuttings/cavings can be determined from the point cloud 3D data.
A prototype computer vision system was constructed and tested in the lab and test yard to evaluate the system capability to measure cuttings/cavings properties. In a controlled laboratory environment, a sensing algorithm was designed and tested in the presence of drilling fluid. To improve measurement accuracy, both artificial and field cavings were used to simulate realistic scenarios and train a data pool. The system was then validated in a test yard shale shaker testing facility. The accuracy, repeatability, and robustness of the sensors were evaluated against external lighting variances, dust, humidity, etc. The proposed automated cuttings/cavings monitoring system can identify cavings and analyze shape characteristics. By diagnosing potential hazards, the system warns the driller on adverse wellbore conditions and the likelihood of stuck pipe events. This paper proposes and demonstrates a novel 3D depth-sensing system to measure cuttings volume, identify abnormal cavings, and analyze shape. This state-of-art, non-intrusive system evaluates cuttings/cavings quantitatively and delivers algorithms that automate downhole condition monitoring to reduce drilling-related NPT in the field.
Production Performance of Multiple Completion Designs: Openhole, Slotted Liner, ICD, and AICD: A Case Study for Water Control in Villano Field, Ecuador
Authors: Andrade Alejandro , Chango Mario , Atahualpa Gustavo , Correa Ramón , Corona Georgina , Calvopina Byron , Pico Juan 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This paper presents an analysis of the effectiveness of various downhole completion designs in reducing or deferring water production in a mature field under the presence of an active strong aquifer reservoir. The results of completions using nozzle inflow control devices (ICDs) and fluidic diode autonomous ICDs (AICDs) are compared with conventional openhole and slotted liner completions. As all of these designs were installed in the same field/reservoir, the comparisons provide a meaningful and representative analysis of well production performance to assist in the identification of the most appropriate completion design for future wells and the production optimization of existing ones. The designed vs. actual production performance of inflow control completions providing water control (ICD/AICD) is presented and discussed.
The methodology was developed from comparative analysis results of conventional openhole and slotted liner vs. ICD and AICD completions. The analysis was primarily based on elapsed time comparisons for water/oil ratio (WOR) and water cut (WC) and used diagnostic plots to identify the water production mechanisms, historical drawdown (DD), productivity index (PI), and production cumulative performance (oil and water). The corrective actions are described, including operational procedures to reduce skin damage and screen plugging implemented in the Villano-23HST2 (V-23HST2) well, which is the longest horizontal well drilled in Ecuador and completed using AICDs; these corrective actions were based on lessons learned from the Villano-22D (V-22D) well, which included appropriate fluid [brine/oil-based mud (OBM)] conditioning, fluid displacement, filter cake removal, and compatibility testing between screens and the fluid in which the bottomhole assembly (BHA) was deployed. Additionally, this paper evaluates the importance of the design phase, emphasizing the importance of comparing preliminary data (permeability and water saturation) compared to actual results obtained from the initial production test. Finally, as good production results largely depend on successful operational procedures and execution, lessons learned and best practices for deploying downhole completions in future operations for the Villano field in Ecuador are discussed.
Although many studies compare ICDs vs. conventional completions, few compare different inflow control technologies, such as ICDs vs. AICDs, within the same reservoir and with similar well conditions. This paper compares various inflow control technologies in the same field with cumulative production data, which verifies the effectiveness of each completion design. Based on these results, a validated methodology for ICD and AICD simulations and design is also described as the basis for achieving good production results.
Conceptual Approach for Gas Field Clusters Development in Terms of Synergy Effect
Authors: Buchinskiy Stanislav , Kovalenko Alexander , Permyakov Alexander , Khakimov Artur , Savchuk Danil 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
The article is devoted to creation problems of the strategy for involving of fields group in development, taking account of geological, logistic, organization factors, and aspects of forming the unite field facilities construction.
In the present work the importance of conceptual approaches while planning of involvement in development of quite small fields group that are relatively near to each other is described.
The main trends of complexation are: The choice of the most effective development variant for every development production zone;The optimizing of project well stock and gathering schemes;The points of preparation and transportation products taking account of possible synergy.
A particular attention was paid to the interaction abovementioned factors for achievement a maximum techno-economic efficiency of the project.