bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of Satellite Sampling Errors in Total Precipitable Water from SSMIS, HIRS, and COSMIC Observations
Authors: Xue Yunheng , Li Jun , Menzel W. Paul , Borbas Eva , Ho Shu‐Peng , Li Zhenglong , Li Jinlong 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis study quantifies the characteristics of different satellite sampling errors in the time series of total precipitable water (TPW) derived from Constellation System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC) radio occultation, Special Sensor Microwave Imager Sounder (SSMIS), and High‐resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder (HIRS) during the overlapping time period of January 2007 to December 2013. Gap‐free data from ERA5 reanalysis of the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts are used as reference values. All TPW data are first compared with microwave radiometer measurements from Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program. In general, they are consistent, with all their regression coefficients being greater than 0.77. Discrepancies in global TPW time series can be mainly attributed to the inherent sampling errors of these three different satellite remote sensing systems. COSMIC has small sampling errors in higher latitudes. But it has scarce samples in tropical regions, which leads to a large sampling error of 3.00 mm in the estimation of global TPW. Sampling in SSMIS is more uniform with mean errors less than 0.5 mm. But the sampling is only over the ocean. Sampling errors in HIRS are larger in tropics and north subtropical areas due to clear sky biased sampling. Moreover, it is significantly correlated with the variability of TPW, whereas the sampling error in COSMIC is less influenced by TPW. Sampling errors will be reduced and more consistent global TPW time series will be derived by simply combining the multisensor samplings together.
Solar‐Related Variations of the Cloud Top Circulation Above Aphrodite Terra From VMC/Venus Express Wind Fields
Authors: Patsaeva M. V. , Khatuntsev I. V. , Zasova L. V. , Hauchecorne A. , Titov D. V. , Bertaux J.‐L. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractWinds derived by a digital tracking technique from ultraviolet (365 nm) images captured by the Venus Monitoring Camera (VMC) onboard the Venus Express spacecraft from 2006 to 2013 were used to study the atmospheric circulation at cloud top level (70 ± 2 km). This data set allows variations of the wind speed with both latitude and longitude to be studied and establishes their correlation with surface topography as well as local time dependence. Both zonal and meridional wind components show some correlation with topography. The minimum zonal wind speed was found at noon above Ovda Regio (10°S, 93°E), the highest region of Aphrodite Terra, one of the largest highlands in the equatorial region. The area of slow zonal wind extends to at least 30°S and shifts in the direction of superrotation in the afternoon and with increasing latitude (poleward). The observed deceleration of cloud top wind was recently attributed to the interaction of the gravity (mountain) waves generated by Aphrodite Terra with the atmospheric circulation. The present study was performed for different local time over the mountainous longitudes. The deceleration pattern in the zonal wind field is mainly conserved within a few hours around noon. Systematic longitude shift is observed in the afternoon in the direction of the evening terminator. Another area of perturbation of both zonal and meridional wind components is observed in the equatorial region around LT = 13–14 hr and may be explained by the solar tide.
Ion Heating by Electromagnetic Ion Cyclotron Waves and Magnetosonic Waves in the Earth's Inner Magnetosphere
Authors: Ma Q. , Li W. , Yue C. , Thorne R. M. , Bortnik J. , Kletzing C. A. , Kurth W. S. , Hospodarsky G. B. , Reeves G. D. , Spence H. E. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractElectromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves and magnetosonic waves are commonly observed in the Earth's magnetosphere associated with enhanced ring current activity. Using wave and ion measurements from the Van Allen Probes, we identify clear correlations between the hydrogen‐ and helium‐band EMIC waves with the enhancement of trapped helium and oxygen ion fluxes, respectively. We calculate the diffusion coefficients of different ion species using quasi‐linear theory to understand the effects of resonant scattering by EMIC waves. Our calculations indicate that EMIC waves can cause pitch angle scattering loss of several keV to hundreds of keV ions, and heating of tens of eV to several keV helium and oxygen ions by hydrogen‐ and helium‐band EMIC waves, respectively. Moreover, we found that magnetosonic waves can cause the resonant heating of thermal protons. Our study indicates the importance of energy transfer from the EMIC and magnetosonic waves to ions with different species at thermal energies.
Saturation Properties of Whistler Wave Instability in a Plasma With Two Electron Components
Authors: Wu Yifan , Tao Xin , Lu Quanming , Wang Shui 
Published: June 2019

AbstractSaturation properties of whistler wave instability driven by electron temperature anisotropy in a plasma with two electron components are investigated using particle‐in‐cell (PIC) simulations. Most of the previous self‐consistent PIC simulations or quasi‐linear theory used a single bi‐Maxwellian distribution of electrons, which might apply to solar wind or magnetosheath. In the inner magnetosphere, however, there is frequently a cold and dense electron component, coexisting with a hot electron component. In this work, we investigate the relation between temperature anisotropy (A) and parallel plasma beta (β‖) at saturation. Our results agree well with the previous conclusion obtained from linear theory in most cases. However, We show that the inverse relation breaks when β‖ is larger than certain value
, beyond which A increases with increasing β‖. We also investigated the dependence of the saturation wave intensity on plasma beta and the initial linear growth rate and show that the saturation amplitude can be modeled as a function of the maximum initial linear growth rate even in a plasma with two electron components. Our results might be useful to couple the microscopic wave excitation process with macroscopic global energetic electron dynamics and to understand whistler wave excitation in the inner magnetosphere.
Paleomagnetic Evidence for a Partially Differentiated Ordinary Chondrite Parent Asteroid
Authors: Bryson J. F. J. , Weiss B. P. , Getzin B. , Abrahams J. N. H. , Nimmo F. , Scholl A. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe textures and accretion ages of chondrites have been used to argue that their parent asteroids never differentiated. Without a core, undifferentiated planetesimals could not have generated magnetic fields through dynamo activity, so chondrites are not expected to have experienced such fields. However, the magnetic remanence carried by the CV chondrites is consistent with dynamo‐generated fields, hinting that partially differentiated asteroids consisting of an unmelted crust atop a differentiated interior may exist. Here, we test this hypothesis by applying synchrotron X‐ray microscopy to metallic veins in the slowly cooled H6 chondrite Portales Valley. The magnetic remanence carried by nanostructures in these veins indicates that this meteorite recorded a magnetic field over a period of tens to hundreds of years at ∼100 Myr after solar system formation. These properties are inconsistent with external field sources such as the nebula, solar wind, or impacts, but are consistent with dynamo‐generated fields, indicating that the H chondrite parent body contained an advecting metallic core and was therefore partially differentiated. We calculate the thermal evolution of the chondritic portions of partially differentiated asteroids that form through incremental accretion across 105 to 106 years, finding this can agree with the measured ages and cooling rates of multiple H chondrites. We also predict that the cores of these bodies could have been partially liquid and feasibly generating a dynamo at 100 Myr after solar system formation. These observations contribute to a growing body of evidence supporting a spectrum of internal differentiation within some asteroids with primitive surfaces.
Assessment and Reduction of the Physical Parameterization Uncertainty for Noah‐MP Land Surface Model
Authors: Gan Yanjun , Liang Xin‐Zhong , Duan Qingyun , Chen Fei , Li Jianduo , Zhang Yu 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe community Noah land surface model with multiparameterization options (Noah‐MP) provides a plethora of model configurations with varying complexity for land surface modeling. The practical application of this model requires a basic understanding of the relative abilities of its various parameterization configurations in representing spatiotemporal variability and hydrologic connectivity. We designed an ensemble of 288 experiments from multiparameterization schemes of six physical processes to assess and reduce the structural uncertainty for land surface modeling over 10 hydrologic regions in China for the period 2001–2010. The observed latent heat (LH) was well reproduced by the ensemble. Meanwhile, most experiments underestimated sensible heat (SH) throughout the year and overestimated the cold season but underestimated the warm season terrestrial water storage anomaly (TWSA). The sensitive processes and best‐performing schemes varied not only with regions but also among variables. The LH and SH were most sensitive to runoff‐groundwater (RUN), surface heat exchange coefficient (SFC), and radiation transfer (RAD). The TWSA was dominated by RUN and RAD while largely influenced by soil moisture factor for stomatal resistance (BTR) and frozen soil permeability (INF) over some limited regions. By contrast, supercooled liquid water (FRZ) had little influence on all variables. Our optimization for individual variables produced high mean Taylor skill scores that ranged from 0.95–0.99 for LH, 0.82–0.99 for SH, and 0.63–0.95 for TWSA depending on regions. The simultaneous optimization made trade‐off among the three variables, which improved TWSA performance at the cost of reducing the skill for LH and SH over a few regions.
Perceptions of Clinical Training in Biopsychosocial Treatment of Pediatric Functional Abdominal Pain: A Survey of Medical Students
Authors: Wojtowicz Andrea A. , Schurman Jennifer Verrill , Cushing Christopher C. , Plevinsky Jill M. , Greenley Rachel Neff 
Published: June 2019

Objective: The Institute of Medicine has called for greater integration of behavioral sciences in health care. Examining medical students’ exposure to and perceptions of a biopsychosocial approach to treating pediatric functional gastrointestinal disorders associated with pain (FGIDs-AP) may identify roles for pediatric psychologists. This study examined medical students’ educational and clinical experiences with an interprofessional approach to conceptualizing and treating FGIDs-AP, barriers to interprofessional collaboration, and perceptions of the value of interprofessional collaboration. Methods: Seventy-two students from a Midwestern medical school who completed a pediatric medicine rotation participated. Participants provided demographic and training information and completed the Readiness for Interprofessional Learning Scale and the Pediatric Recurrent Abdominal Pain Practice Survey: Student Version via online survey. The latter assessed didactic and training experiences in the biopsychosocial conceptualization of pediatric FGIDs-AP; clinical assessment and treatment practices for these conditions; and perceived barriers to interprofessional collaboration. Results: Although 71% of participants received education in the biopsychosocial model of pediatric FGIDs-AP, only 21% applied the model clinically and only 3% indicated regularly collaborating with psychologists. Barriers to interprofessional collaboration included time limitations, lack of family interest in psychology involvement, and limited access to psychologists. Participants with more favorable attitudes toward interprofessionalism rated collaboration as more helpful. Conclusions: Pediatric psychologists are uniquely qualified to provide training in the application of the biopsychosocial model in the treatment of pediatric FGIDs-AP and other conditions. Ongoing efforts to involve pediatric psychologists in medical student training could improve implementation of interprofessional care and enhance patient outcomes. Implications for Impact Statement Medical students and residents would benefit from greater exposure to the biopsychosocial conceptualization of pediatric functional abdominal pain in the classroom. In addition, more opportunities to engage in collaborative care with behavioral health providers in treating patients with pediatric functional abdominal pain are warranted. Addressing barriers to interprofessional education and clinical training as well barriers to implementing interprofessional care for pediatric abdominal pain may improve medical students’ perceptions of this model of care, thereby increasing its implementation and ultimately improving patient outcomes.
Adrenomedullin alleviates the pyroptosis of Leydig cells by promoting autophagy via the ROS–AMPK–mTOR axis
Authors: Li Ming-yong , Zhu Xia-lian , Zhao Bi-xia , Shi Lei , Wang Wei , Hu Wei , Qin Song-lin , Chen Bing-hai , Zhou Pang-hu , Qiu Bo , Gao Yong , Liu Bo-long 
Published: June 2019

AbstractAdrenomedullin (ADM) exerts anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects in Leydig cells. However, the role and mechanism of ADM in the pyroptosis of Leydig cells are poorly understood. This study first showed the protective effects of ADM on the pyroptosis and biological functions of Leydig cells exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) by promoting autophagy. Primary rat Leydig cells were treated with various concentrations of LPS and ADM, together with or without N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) or 3-methyladenine (3-MA). Cell proliferation was detected through CCK-8 and BrdU incorporation assays, and ROS level was measured with the DCFDA assay. Real-time PCR, western blot, immunofluorescence, transmission electron microscopy, TUNEL and flow cytometry were performed to examine ADM’s effect on the pyroptosis, autophagy and steroidogenic enzymes of Leydig cells and AMPK/mTOR signalling. Like NAC, ADM dose-dependently reduced LPS-induced cytotoxicity and ROS overproduction. ADM also dose-dependently ameliorated LPS-induced pyroptosis by reversing the increased expression of NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1, IL-1β, IL-18, GSDMD, caspase-3, caspase-7, TUNEL-positive and PI and active caspase-1 double-stained positive rate, DNA fragmentation and LDH concentration, which could be rescued via co-incubation with 3-MA. ADM dose-dependently increased autophagy in LPS-induced Leydig cells, as confirmed by the increased expression of LC3-I/II, Beclin-1 and ATG-5; decreased expression of p62 and autophagosomes formation; and increased LC3-II/LC3-I ratio. However, co-treatment with 3-MA evidently decreased autophagy. Furthermore, ADM dose-dependently rescued the expression of steroidogenic enzymes, including StAR, P450scc, 3β-HSD and CYP17, and testosterone production in LPS-induced Leydig cells. Like rapamycin, ADM dose-dependently enhanced AMPK phosphorylation but reduced mTOR phosphorylation in LPS-induced Leydig cells, which could be rescued via co-incubation with 3-MA. In addition, pyroptosis was further decreased, and autophagy was further promoted in LPS-induced Leydig cells upon co-treatment with ADM and rapamycin. ADM may protect the steroidogenic functions of Leydig cells against pyroptosis by activating autophagy via the ROS–AMPK–mTOR axis.
FOXF2 reprograms breast cancer cells into bone metastasis seeds
Authors: Wang Shuo , Li Gui-Xi , Tan Cong-Cong , He Rui , Kang Li-Juan , Lu Jun-Tao , Li Xiao-Qing , Wang Qing-Shan , Liu Pei-Fang , Zhai Qiong-Li , Feng Yu-Mei 
Published: June 2019

AbstractBone metastases occur in most advanced breast cancer patients and cause serious skeletal-related complications. The mechanisms by which bone metastasis seeds develop in primary tumors and specifically colonize the bone remain to be elucidated. Here, we show that forkhead box F2 (FOXF2) functions as a master transcription factor for reprogramming cancer cells into an osteomimetic phenotype by pleiotropic transactivation of the BMP4/SMAD1 signaling pathway and bone-related genes that are expressed at early stages of bone differentiation. The epithelial-to-osteomimicry transition regulated by FOXF2 confers a tendency on cancer cells to metastasize to bone which leads to osteolytic bone lesions. The BMP antagonist Noggin significantly inhibits FOXF2-driven osteolytic bone metastasis of breast cancer cells. Thus, targeting the FOXF2-BMP/SMAD axis might be a promising therapeutic strategy to manage bone metastasis. The role of FOXF2 in transactivating bone-related genes implies a biological function of FOXF2 in regulating bone development and remodeling.
Time-restricted feeding restores muscle function in Drosophila models of obesity and circadian-rhythm disruption
Authors: Villanueva Jesús E. , Livelo Christopher , Trujillo Adriana S. , Chandran Sahaana , Woodworth Brendon , Andrade Leo , Le Hiep D. , Manor Uri , Panda Satchidananda , Melkani Girish C. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractPathological obesity can result from genetic predisposition, obesogenic diet, and circadian rhythm disruption. Obesity compromises function of muscle, which accounts for a majority of body mass. Behavioral intervention that can counteract obesity arising from genetic, diet or circadian disruption and can improve muscle function holds untapped potential to combat the obesity epidemic. Here we show thatDrosophila melanogaster(fruit fly) subject to obesogenic challenges exhibits metabolic disease phenotypes in skeletal muscle; sarcomere disorganization, mitochondrial deformation, upregulation of Phospho-AKT level, aberrant intramuscular lipid infiltration, and insulin resistance. Imposing time-restricted feeding (TRF) paradigm in which flies were fed for 12 h during the day counteracts obesity-induced dysmetabolism and improves muscle performance by suppressing intramuscular fat deposits, Phospho-AKT level, mitochondrial aberrations, and markers of insulin resistance. Importantly, TRF was effective even in an irregular lighting schedule mimicking shiftwork. Hence, TRF is an effective dietary intervention for combating metabolic dysfunction arising from multiple causes.
A striatal interneuron circuit for continuous target pursuit
Authors: Kim Namsoo , Li Haofang E. , Hughes Ryan N. , Watson Glenn D. R. , Gallegos David , West Anne E. , Kim Il Hwan , Yin Henry H. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractMost adaptive behaviors require precise tracking of targets in space. In pursuit behavior with a moving target, mice use distance to target to guide their own movement continuously. Here, we show that in the sensorimotor striatum, parvalbumin-positive fast-spiking interneurons (FSIs) can represent the distance between self and target during pursuit behavior, while striatal projection neurons (SPNs), which receive FSI projections, can represent self-velocity. FSIs are shown to regulate velocity-related SPN activity during pursuit, so that movement velocity is continuously modulated by distance to target. Moreover, bidirectional manipulation of FSI activity can selectively disrupt performance by increasing or decreasing the self-target distance. Our results reveal a key role of the FSI-SPN interneuron circuit in pursuit behavior and elucidate how this circuit implements distance to velocity transformation required for the critical underlying computation.
Innovative mouse model mimicking human-like features of spinal cord injury: efficacy of Docosahexaenoic acid on acute and chronic phases
Authors: Marinelli Sara , Vacca Valentina , De Angelis Federica , Pieroni Luisa , Orsini Tiziana , Parisi Chiara , Soligo Marzia , Protto Virginia , Manni Luigi , Guerrieri Roberto , Pavone Flaminia 
Published: June 2019

AbstractTraumatic spinal cord injury has dramatic consequences and a huge social impact. We propose a new mouse model of spinal trauma that induces a complete paralysis of hindlimbs, still observable 30 days after injury. The contusion, performed without laminectomy and deriving from the pressure exerted directly on the bone, mimics more closely many features of spinal injury in humans. Spinal cord was injured at thoracic level 10 (T10) in adult anesthetized female CD1 mice, mounted on stereotaxic apparatus and connected to a precision impactor device. Following severe injury, we evaluated motor and sensory functions, and histological/morphological features of spinal tissue at different time points. Moreover, we studied the effects of early and subchronic administration of Docosahexaenoic acid, investigating functional responses, structural changes proximal and distal to the lesion in primary and secondary injury phases, proteome modulation in injured spinal cord. Docosahexaenoic acid was able i) to restore behavioural responses and ii) to induce pro-regenerative effects and neuroprotective action against demyelination, apoptosis and neuroinflammation. Considering the urgent health challenge represented by spinal injury, this new and reliable mouse model together with the positive effects of docosahexaenoic acid provide important translational implications for promising therapeutic approaches for spinal cord injuries.
Myofibroblast modulation of cardiac myocyte structure and function
Authors: Nagaraju Chandan K. , Dries Eef , Gilbert Guillaume , Abdesselem Mouna , Wang Nan , Amoni Matthew , Driesen Ronald B. , Sipido Karin R. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractAfter myocardial infarction, resident fibroblasts (Fb) differentiate towards myofibroblasts (MyoFb), generating the scar tissue and the interstitial fibrosis seen in the adjacent myocardium. Fb and MyoFb have the potential to interact with cardiac myocytes (CMs) but insight into the phenotype-specific role and mode of interaction is still incomplete. Our objectives are to further define the modulation of CMs by MyoFbs compared to Fbs, as well as the role of direct contact through gap junctions vs. soluble mediators, using Fbs and CMs from pig left ventricle. Fbs were treated to maintain an undifferentiated state (SD-208) or to attain full differentiation to MyoFb (TGF-β1). Fbs and MyoFbs were co-cultured with CMs, with the possibility of direct contact or separated by a Thincert membrane. Only in direct co-culture, both Fbs and MyoFbs were able to decrease CM viability after 2 days. Only MyoFbs induced significant distal spreading of CMs in both direct and indirect co-culture. MyoFbs, but not Fbs, readily made connections with CMs in direct co-culture and connexin 43 expression in MyoFb was higher than in Fb. When coupled to CMs, MyoFbs reduced the CM action potential duration and hyperpolarized the CM resting membrane potential. Uncoupling reversed these effects. In conclusion, MyoFbs, but not Fbs, alter the CM structural phenotype. MyoFbs, but not Fbs, are likely to electrically connect to CMs and thereby modulate the CM membrane potential. These data provide further support for an active role of MyoFbs in the arrhythmogenic substrate after cardiac remodelling.