bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of evolution on cam deformity and its impact on biomechanics of the human hip joint
Authors: Anwander Helen , Beck Martin , Büchler Lorenz 
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACTAnatomy and biomechanics of the human hip joint are a consequence of the evolution of permanent bipedal gait. Habitat and behaviour have an impact on hip morphology and significant differences are present even within the same biological family. The forces acting upon the hip joint are mainly a function of gravitation and strength of the muscles. Acetabular and femoral anatomy ensure an inherently stable hip with a wide range of motion. The femoral head in first human ancestors with upright gait was spherical (coxa rotunda). Coxa rotunda is also seen in close human relatives (great apes) and remains the predominant anatomy of present‐day humans. High impact sport during adolescence with open physis however can activate an underlying genetic predisposition for reinforcement of the femoral neck, causing an epiphyseal extension and the formation of an osseous asphericity at the antero‐superior femoral neck (cam deformity). The morphology of cam deformity is similar to the aspherical hips of quadrupeds (coxa recta), with the difference that in quadrupeds the asphericity is posterior. It has been postulated that this is due to the fact that humans bear weight on the extended leg, while quadrupeds bear weight at 90–100° flexion. The asphericity alters the biomechanical properties of the joint and as it is forced into the acetabulum leading to secondary cartilage damage. It is considered a risk factor for later development of osteoarthritis of the hip. Clinically this presents as reduced range of motion, which can be an indicator for the structural deformity of the hip. © 2018 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:2071–2075, 2018.
Synthesis and Properties of Alkoxyethyl β‐d‐Xylopyranoside
Authors: Shen Wangzhen , Ji Shanwei , Chen Langqiu , Zhang Yanhua , Wu Xiubing 
Published: February 2018

AbstractIn order to improve the water solubility of sugar‐based surfactants, alkyl β‐d‐xylopyranosides, novel sugar‐based surfactants, 1,2‐trans alkoxyethyl β‐d‐xylopyranosides, with alkyl chain lengthn= 6–12 were stereoselectively prepared by the trichloroacetimidate method. Their properties including hydrophilic–lipophilic balance (HLB) number, water solubility, surface tension, emulsification, foamability, thermotropic liquid crystal, and hygroscopicity were investigated. The results indicated that their HLB number decreased with increase of alkyl chain, the water solubility improved since the hydrophilic oxyethene (─OCH2CH2─) fragment was introduced. The dissolution process was entropy driven at 25–45 °C for alkyl chain lengthn= 6–10. Octyloxyethyl β‐d‐xylopyranoside had the best foaming ability. Nonyloxyethyl β‐d‐xylopyranoside had the best foam stability and the emulsifying ability was better in toluene/water system than in rapeseed oil/water system. The surface tension of in aqueous solution dropped to 27.8 mN m−1at the critical micelle concentration, and it also showed the most distinct thermotropic liquid phases with cross pattern texture upon heating and the fan schlieren texture on cooling. Hexyloxyethyl β‐d‐xylopyranoside possessed the strongest hygroscopicity. Based on the effective improvement of water solubility, the prepared alkoxyethyl β‐d‐xylopyranosides showed excellent surface activity and are expected to develop their practical application as a class of novel sugar‐based surfactants.
Synthesis and Characterization of Isoindigo‐Based Polymers with Thermocleavable Side Chains
Authors: Bini Kim , Xu Xiaofeng , Andersson Mats R. , Wang Ergang 
Published: February 2018

AbstractStability of bulk heterojunction films for organic solar cells is a critical factor for commercial viability. One method to stabilize these films is to include cleavable side chains, which reduce the solubility of the polymers when removed. In order to study the stabilizing effect of cleavable side chains, a series of random copolymers using isoindigo with 0, 10, 20, 50, and 100% thermally cleavable side chains based on the tert‐butyloxycarbonyl (t‐BOC) group are synthesized. The polymers show a distinct one‐step thermal cleavage of the side chains, with no separable dealkylation and decarboxylation steps. The thermal stability in film is studied with transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. The polymer with all t‐BOC side chains on isoindigo significantly improves thermal stability with regard to crystal growth and phase separation in film. These results suggest BOC‐substitution can be used for large scale processing to produce insoluble polymer films with a high degree of thermal stability.
Fluorescence Recovery after Photobleaching in Ultrathin Polymer Films
Authors: Prakash Praneet , Pahal Suman , Varma Manoj 
Published: February 2018

AbstractFluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) is a widely used technique to study the transport of molecules in biological systems. Recently, FRAP has been used to study molecular transport in polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs). Through numerical simulations verified by experiments, it is shown that the FRAP behavior of PEM films in an aqueous medium differs significantly from that in previously explored systems such as single cells. This is because fluorescence recovery can take place through the aqueous medium surrounding the PEM film. The simulations show the critical role of the time scale of the different processes, namely, diffusion through PEM, diffusion through surrounding medium, and the unbinding rate of fluorophore‐labeled species in the interpretation of FRAP data. An important conclusion from the numerical and experimental study is that, for ultrathin PEM films with ≈100 nm thicknesses, recovery is dominated through the solution medium and hence, classical FRAP analysis is not sufficient to probe diffusion in PEM. The numerical study reveals several aspects of the FRAP phenomena in thin polymer films that are critical for the proper interpretation of experimental data.
Phase Transitions of Polyaniline Induced by Electrochemical Treatment
Authors: Tomsik E. , Konefał M. , Kohut O. , Ivanko I. , Hromádková J. , Zhigunov A. , Steinhart M. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractIt is known that semiconducting polymers undergo structural changes only during overoxidation, which is simultaneously connected with the degradation of these polymers. However, if their electrochemical performance is studied within a potential window in which the polymer is stable, no morphological and/or structural changes are observed. It is demonstrated for the first time that polyaniline is able to undergo phase transitions (morphological/structural changes) between the potential cut‐off limits of 0 and 0.7 V, within which no degradation is observed. Scanning electron microscopy measurement provides evidence that the polymer surface changes from porous to smooth film, and differential scanning calorimetry and X‐ray diffraction data are used to investigate and confirm structural changes during the electrochemical treatment. Electrochemical performance is studied for polyaniline before and after phase transitions and is higher for polymer, in which morphological/structural changes occur. These results demonstrate that morphological/structural changes predetermine physical–chemical performance. In particular, the rearrangement of the polyaniline chains during electrochemical treatment has a crucial impact on the ability of the polymer to store energy.
A Highly Stretchable Self‐Healing Poly(dimethylsiloxane) Elastomer with Reprocessability and Degradability
Authors: Lv Chi , Zhao Kaifeng , Zheng Junping 
Published: February 2018

AbstractIt is a challenge to synthesize materials that possess the properties of high stretchability and self‐healability. Herein a new poly(dimethylsiloxane) elastomer with high stretchability, room‐temperature self‐healability, repeatable reprocessability, and controlled degradability is reported by incorporating an aromatic disulfide bond and imine bond. The as‐prepared elastomer can be stretched to over 2200% of its original length. Without external stimuli, a damaged sheet can completely heal in 4 h. In addition, the elastomer can be reprocessed multiple times without obvious performance degradation and degraded controllably by three ways. All these properties of the elastomer can be ascribed to the unique dual‐dynamic‐covalent sacrificial system.
Semi‐Fluorinated Methacrylates: A Class of Versatile Monomers for Polymerization‐Induced Self‐Assembly
Authors: Huo Meng , Li Dan , Song Guangjie , Zhang Jun , Wu Decheng , Wei Yen , Yuan Jinying 
Published: February 2018

AbstractA series of polymerization‐induced self‐assembly (PISA) formulations are developed based on reversible addition‐fragmentation chain‐transfer (RAFT) dispersion polymerization of semi‐fluorinated methacrylates. Alcoholic RAFT dispersion polymerization of 2‐(perfluorobutyl)ethyl methacrylate (FBEMA), 2‐(perfluorohexyl)ethyl methacrylate (FHEMA), and 2‐(perfluorooctyl)ethyl methacrylate (FOEMA) is systematically evaluated to extend the general usability of semi‐fluorinated methacrylates to PISA. The nanostructure of the assemblies is correlated to the side‐chain length of the monomer: RAFT dispersion polymerization of FBEMA produces spherical micelles, wormlike micelles, and vesicles depending on its degree of polymerization (DP), while only spheres are generated for the PISA of FHEMA. PISA of FOEMA generates liquid crystalline cylindrical micelles, whose diameter increases with the DP of FOEMA. These results demonstrate the general feasibility of semi‐fluorinated methacrylates to PISA. Besides, PISA of FHEMA is also realized in a variety of solvents, including iso‐propanol, toluene, dioxane, and dimethyl formamide, exhibiting the superior solvent serviceability of the PISA formulations based on semi‐fluorinated methacrylates.
Parkinson's Patients with Dyskinesia Switched from Immediate Release Amantadine to Open‐label ADS‐5102
Authors: Isaacson Stuart H. , Fahn Stanley , Pahwa Rajesh , Tanner Caroline M. , Espay Alberto J. , Trenkwalder Claudia , Adler Charles H. , Patni Rajiv , Johnson Reed 
Published: February 2018

AbstractBackgroundADS‐5102 (amantadine) extended release capsules (GOCOVRI™) are a treatment for dyskinesia in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). ADS‐5102 reduced dyskinesia and OFF time in phase 3 controlled trials of up to six months. Amantadine immediate release (IR) is used for dyskinesia, but suboptimal durability and tolerability limit its clinical utility.MethodsIn an ongoing, open‐label, phase 3 study in the US and Western Europe (NCT02202551), patients with PD received 274 mg of ADS‐5102 (equivalent to 340 mg amantadine HCl) once daily at bedtime for up to two years. Study outcomes included safety and assessment of motor complications, as measured by the Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS‐UPDRS) Part IV. This manuscript focuses on those patients switched to ADS‐5102 from amantadine IR. Results in two groups of patients who previously completed a randomized controlled trial (EASE LID or EASE LID 3) are also presented according to use of ADS‐5102 or placebo in that study before enrollment in the open‐label study.ResultsChange in MDS‐UPDRS Part IV at week 8 was –0.3 in the previous ADS‐5102 subgroup (n = 61), –3.4 in the previous placebo subgroup (n = 79), and –3.4 in the previous amantadine IR subgroup (n = 32). Effects were maintained to week 64. In the previous amantadine IR subgroup (mean treatment duration, 2.5 years), mean amantadine IR dose was 221 mg. Safety data were consistent with previous randomized controlled trials of ADS‐5102.ConclusionThese open‐label data suggest ADS‐5102 provides incremental reduction from baseline in MDS‐UDPRS Part IV score in patients switched directly from amantadine IR, without exacerbating adverse events.
Ethylene‐vinyl acetate foam as a new lung substitute in radiotherapy
Authors: Marqués Enrique , Mancha Pedro J. 
Published: February 2018

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to evaluate ethylene‐vinyl acetate (EVA) foam as a new lung substitute in radiotherapy and to study its physical and dosimetric characteristics.MethodsWe calculated the ideal vinyl acetate (VA) content of EVA foam sheets to mimic the physical and dosimetric characteristics of the ICRU lung tissue. We also computed the water‐to‐medium mass collision stopping power ratios, mass attenuation coefficients, CT numbers, effective atomic numbers and electron densities for: ICRU lung tissue, the RANDO commercial phantom, scaled WATER and EVA foam sheets with varying VA contents in a range between the minimum and maximum values supplied by the manufacturer. For all these substitutes, we simulated percent depth‐dose curves with EGSnrc Monte Carlo (MC PDDs) in a water‐lung substitute‐water slab phantom expressed as dose‐to‐medium and dose‐to‐water for 3 × 3‐ and 10 × 10‐cm2field sizes. PDD for the 10 × 10‐cm2field size was also calculated with the MultiGrid Superposition algorithm (MGS PDD) for a relative electron density to water ratio of 0.26. The latter was compared with the MC PDDs in dose‐to‐water for scaled WATER and EVA foam sheets with the VA content that was most similar to the calculated ideal content that is physically achievable in practice.ResultsWe calculated an ideal VA content of 55%; however, the maximum physically achievable content with current manufacturing techniques is 40%. The physical characteristics of the EVA foam sheets with a VA content of 40% (EVA40) are very close to those of the ICRU lung reference. The physical densities of the EVA40 foam sheets ranged from 0.030 to 0.965 g/cm3, almost covering the entire physical density range of the inflated/deflated lung (0.260–1.050 g/cm3). Its mass attenuation coefficient at the effective energy of a 6‐MV photon beam agrees within 0.8% of the ICRU reference value, and its CT number agrees within 6 HU. The effective atomic number for EVA40 varies by less than 0.42 of the ICRU value, and its effective electron density is within 0.9%. PDDs expressed in dose‐to‐medium and dose‐to‐water agree with the ICRU curve within 2% in all regions. PDDs calculated with both MC and MGS were within 1.5%.ConclusionsThe EVA40 is an excellent cork‐like lung substitute for radiotherapy applications. From a sole material used in footwear, it is possible to obtain a lung substitute that mimics the physical and dosimetric characteristics of ICRU lung tissue even better than the RANDO commercial phantom.
Technical Note: On EM reconstruction of a multi channel shielded applicator for cervical cancer brachytherapy: A feasibility study.
Authors: Tho Daline , Racine Emmanuel , Easton Harry , Song William Y. , Beaulieu Luc 
Published: February 2018

PurposeElectromagnetic tracking (EMT) is a promising technology for automated catheter and applicator reconstructions in brachytherapy. In this work, a proof‐of‐concept is presented for reconstruction of the individual channels of a new shielded tandem (140 mm long shield) dedicated to intensity‐modulated brachytherapy.MethodsAll six channels of a straight prototype were reconstructed using an electromagnetic (EM) system from Aurora (NDI, Waterloo, ON, Canada). The influence of the shield on the EMT system was characterized by taking measurements at nine different positions with and without the shielded part of the applicator next to the probe. A Student t‐test was used to analyze the data.ResultsFor registration purposes, the center‐to‐center distance (4 mm) was taken from the computed‐assisted design (CAD) structure. The computed interchannel distances from the three opposite pairs were 4.33 ± 0.40 mm, 4.14 ± 0.35 mm, and 3.88 ± 0.26 mm. All interchannel distances were within the geometrical tolerance in the shielded portion of the applicator (±0.6 mm) and account for the fact that the sensor (0.8 mm diameter) was smaller than the channel diameter. According to the paired Student t‐test, the data given by the EM system with and without the shielded applicator tip are not significantly different.ConclusionThis study shows that the reconstruction of channel path is possible within the mechanical accuracy of the applicator.
Testing Tele‐Savvy: Protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Kovaleva Mariya A. , Bilsborough Elizabeth , Griffiths Patricia C. , Nocera Joe , Higgins Melinda , Epps Fayron , Kilgore Katie , Lindauer Allison , Morhardt Darby , Shah Raj C. , Hepburn Kenneth 
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACTMany informal caregivers of persons with dementia suffer adverse health consequences. Although established psychoeducation programs are known to benefit caregivers, attending in‐person programs is challenging for them. To address this challenge, the Savvy Caregiver Program, an evidence‐based psychoeducation program with demonstrated effectiveness for caregiving and disease‐related outcomes, was transformed into an on‐line program, Tele‐Savvy. This article describes the rationale for and design of a prospective longitudinal randomized controlled trial (targeted N = 215), currently underway. The trial aims to establish Tele‐Savvy's efficacy in (i) reducing the negative effects of caregiving on caregivers; (ii) promoting care recipients’ quality of life; (iii) improving caregiver mastery; and to explore (iv) Tele‐Savvy's efficacy among caregivers of different races/ethnicities. The mediating role of mastery will be assessed. Participants are randomized to the active condition (immediate Tele‐Savvy participation), attention control, or usual care. Participants in the two latter conditions will complete Tele‐Savvy 6 months post‐baseline. Multilevel mixed effects models will be used to examine changes in outcomes and to model group by time (months since baseline) interactions. The exploratory aim will be addressed using analysis of covariance and qualitative analysis. This trial's results may be used by healthcare and community organizations to implement Tele‐Savvy in dementia care, increasing caregivers’ access to this evidence‐based intervention.
Trends in Obesity, Overweight, and Thinness in Children in the Seychelles Between 1998 and 2016
Authors: Aly Rim , Viswanathan Bharathi , Mangroo Gaynor , Gedeon Jude , Bovet Pascal 
Published: February 2018

ObjectiveThis study assessed trends in the prevalence of children and adolescents with obesity, overweight, and thinness in the Seychelles, a rapidly developing nation in the Indian Ocean, and changes in the distribution of BMI over time.MethodsBetween 1998 and 2016, examination surveys were conducted every year in all students of four selected school grades (kindergarten, primary 4, secondary 1, and secondary 4) in all schools. We categorized BMI by using the International Obesity Task Force criteria.ResultsBased on 70,187 observations, the prevalence of combined overweight or obesity increased largely and monotonically between 1998 and 2016, from 8.9% to 20.0% in boys and from 12.3% to 23.6% in girls, but the prevalence of underweight did not decrease. BMI increased mostly in the upper range of the BMI population distribution: percentile 5 (P5), −1.7%; P10, –0.8%; P25, 0.3%; P50, 2.5%; P75, 7.4%; P90, 12.7%; and P95, 13.3%.ConclusionsThe distribution of BMI was increasingly skewed, with a rising prevalence of obesity, a modest or null increase in BMI in a substantial proportion of the population, and a continued burden of underweight. Further studies should assess child growth trajectories and their underlying determinants, which may bear significance for weight control strategies.
Impacts of Dietary Pleurotus eryngii Polysaccharide on Nutrient Digestion, Metabolism, and Immune Response of the Small Intestine and Colon—An iTRAQ‐Based Proteomic Analysis
Authors: Ma Gaoxing , Kimatu Benard Muinde , Zhao Liyan , Yang Wenjian , Pei Fei , Hu Qiuhui 
Published: February 2018

AbstractPleurotus eryngii polysaccharides have been shown to exert significant biological activities to the host. However, few studies have been conducted on its effects on gastrointestinal tract (GIT) health alteration. In the present study, small intestinal and colonic proteome alterations generated by dietary supplementation with a novel homogeneous P. eryngii polysaccharide (PEP) in C57BL/6 mice, based on the isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) proteomics, are investigated. Compared to the control group, PEP supplementation result in a total of 113 and 194 significant differential proteins (DPs) in the small intestine and colon, respectively. Interestingly, DPs in small intestine are mainly related to the transport and biosynthetic process, along with the digestion and absorption pathway of nutrients, whereas the colonic DPs are significantly found participating in numerous metabolic processes. Moreover, the alterations of some DPs in small intestine and colon are speculated to correlate with the colonic microbiota structure and are involved in the regulation of host immune response. Subsequently, some critical DPs of small intestine and colon are selected and validated by Western blotting. The current research facilitated the generation of potential insights into the health benefit activities and functional mechanisms of polysaccharides from P. eryngii.
Examination of ethanol interactions with Trp‐cage peptide through MD simulations and intermolecular nuclear Overhauser effects
Authors: Gerig John T. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractMolecular dynamic (MD) simulations of the model protein Trp‐cage dissolved in 35% ethanol‐water at 298 K have been carried out using conventional force fields. The goal was to develop a better understanding of experimental intermolecular nuclear Overhauser effects (NOEs) that arise from interactions of ethanol methyl groups with hydrogens of the peptide. Cross‐relaxation terms (
) for peptide N‐H hydrogens and several side chain groups were calculated from the MD trajectories. The simulations indicate that water preferentially solvates hydrogens at the peptide termini while ethanol preferentially accumulates at the other hydrogens of the peptide. Most of a calculated NOE arises from interaction of ethanol molecules in the first solvent layer with a peptide hydrogen. Calculated
are qualitatively consistent with experimental values but are not in quantitative agreement. Results from MD trajectories calculated by using modified force fields for ethanol intended to reduce peptide‐methyl group interactions do not lead to better agreement between observed and calculated
. Possible reasons for the poor predictions of
from the MD trajectories are discussed.
Tuning the optical properties of ethynylene triptycene‐based copolymers via oxidation of their alkyne groups into α‐diketones
Authors: Alameddine Bassam , Baig Noorullah , Shetty Suchetha , Al‐Mousawi Saleh , Al‐Sagheer Fakhreia 
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACTThe synthesis of ethynylene triptycene‐based copolymers with various aromatic spacers (3a–d) is reported using the palladium‐catalyzed Sonogashira cross‐coupling reaction. The alkyne groups of 3a–d were oxidized into their respective α‐diketone copolymers 4a–d. Formation of 3,4a–d was confirmed by several characterization techniques, such as, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), FT‐infrared (FTIR), UV–vis absorption, and emission spectroscopies. It was found that the nature of the aromatic spacer influences the emission properties of the target α‐diketone triptycene copolymers, causing either a red or blue‐shift with respect to that of their ethynylene triptycene copolymer synthons. Copolymers 4a–c with fluorene spacers reveal emission in the range of 440–475 nm, thus, qualifying them to act as blue emitters. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2018, 56, 931–937