bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nutraceutical and pharmaceutical cocktails did not improve muscle function or reduce histological damage in D2-mdx mice
Authors: Spaulding Hannah R. , Quindry Tiffany , Hammer Kayleen , Quindry John C. , Selsby Joshua T. 
Published: July 2019

Progressive muscle injury and weakness are hallmarks of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. We showed previously that quercetin (Q) partially protected dystrophic limb muscles from disease-related injury. As quercetin activates PGC-1α through Sirtuin-1, an NAD+-dependent deacetylase, the depleted NAD+ in dystrophic skeletal muscle may limit quercetin efficacy; hence, supplementation with the NAD+ donor, nicotinamide riboside (NR), may facilitate quercetin efficacy. Lisinopril (Lis) protects skeletal muscle and improves cardiac function in dystrophin-deficient mice; therefore, it was included in this study to evaluate the effects of lisinopril used with quercetin and NR. Our purpose was to determine the extent to which Q, NR, and Lis decreased dystrophic injury. We hypothesized that Q, NR, or Lis alone would improve muscle function and decrease histological injury and when used in combination would have additive effects. Muscle function of 11-mo-old DBA (healthy), D2-mdx (dystrophin-deficient), and D2-mdx mice was assessed after treatment with Q, NR, and/or Lis for 7 mo. To mimic typical pharmacology of patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy, a group was treated with prednisolone (Pred) in combination with Q, NR, and Lis. At 11 mo of age, dystrophin deficiency decreased specific tension and tetanic force in the soleus and extensor digitorum longus muscles and was not corrected by any treatment. Dystrophic muscle was more sensitive to contraction-induced injury, which was partially offset in the QNRLisPred group, whereas fatigue was similar between all groups. Treatments did not decrease histological damage. These data suggest that treatment with Q, NR, Lis, and Pred failed to adequately maintain dystrophic limb muscle function or decrease histological damage. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Despite a compelling rationale and previous evidence to the contrary in short-term investigations, quercetin, nicotinamide riboside, or Lisinopril, alone or in combination, failed to restore muscle function or decrease histological injury in dystrophic limb muscle from D2-mdx mice after long-term administration. Importantly, we also found that in the D2-mdx model, an emerging and relatively understudied model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy dystrophin deficiency caused profound muscle dysfunction and histopathology in skeletal muscle.
Induced pluripotent stem cell-derived endothelial cells attenuate lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury
Authors: Xing Dongqi , Wells J. Michael , Giordano Samantha S. , Feng Wenguang , Gaggar Amit , Yan Jie , Hage Fadi G. , Li Li , Chen Yiu-Fai , Oparil Suzanne 
Published: July 2019

The chemokine receptors CXCR1/2 and CCR2/5 play a critical role in neutrophil and monocyte recruitment to sites of injury and/or inflammation. Neutrophil-mediated inflammation and endothelial cell (EC) injury are unifying factors in the pathogenesis of the acute respiratory distress syndrome. This study tested the hypothesis that systemic administration of rat-induced pluripotent stem cell (iPS)-derived ECs (iPS-ECs) overexpressing CXCR1/2 or CCR2/5 attenuates lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury. Rat iPS-ECs were transduced with adenovirus containing cDNA of CXCR1/2 or CCR2/5. Ovariectomized Sprague-Dawley rats (10 wk old) received intraperitoneal injection of LPS and intravenous infusion of 1) saline vehicle, 2) AdNull-iPS-ECs (iPS-ECs transduced with empty adenoviral vector), 3) CXCR1/2-iPS-ECs (iPS-ECs overexpressing CXCR1/2), or 4) CCR2/5-iPS-ECs (iPS-ECs overexpressing CCR2/5) at 2 h post-LPS. Rats receiving intraperitoneal injection of saline served as sham controls. Later (4 h), proinflammatory cytokine/chemokine mRNA and protein levels were measured in total lung homogenates by real-time RT-PCR and Luminex multiplex assays, and neutrophil and macrophage infiltration in alveoli was measured by immunohistochemical staining. Pulmonary microvascular permeability was assessed by the Evans blue technique, and pulmonary edema was estimated by wet-to-dry lung weight ratios. Albumin levels and neutrophil counts were assessed in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid at 24 h post-LPS. Both CXCR1/2-iPS-ECs and CCR2/5-iPS-ECs significantly reduced LPS-induced proinflammatory mediator expression, neutrophil and macrophage infiltration, pulmonary edema, and vascular permeability compared with controls. These provocative findings provide strong evidence that targeted delivery of iPS-ECs overexpressing CXCR1/2 or CCR2/5 prevents LPS-induced acute lung injury.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We have developed a novel approach to address neutrophil-mediated inflammation and endothelial damage by targeted delivery of rat-induced pluripotent stem cell (iPS)-derived endothelial cell (ECs)overexpressing chemokine receptors CXCR1/2 and CCR2/5 in injured lung tissue in a model of acute lung injury. We have demonstrated that intravenously transfused CXCR1/2-iPS-ECs and CCR2/5-iPS-ECs are recruited to lipopolysaccharide-injured lungs and attenuate lipopolysaccharide-induced parenchymal lung injury responses, including inflammatory mediator expression, inflammatory cell infiltration, and vascular leakage compared with controls.
Lobocriconema iranense (Van den Berg, Eskandari, Tiedt & Karegar, 2010) n. comb. and description of L. nokandense n. sp. (Nematoda: Criconematidae) from Iran
Authors: Jahanshahi Afshar Farahnaz , Pourjam Ebrahim , Pedram Majid 
Published: July 2019

Summary
Two populations of Lobocriconema were recovered from the rhizosphere of Parrotia persica in Rango forest, Gorgan, and Nargesi forest, Nokandeh, Golestan province, northern Iran. Both of the recovered populations were characterised using morphological (light and scanning electron microscopy), morphometric and molecular data based upon small, partial large and internal transcribed spacer 1 ribosomal RNA (SSU, LSU D2-D3, ITS1 rDNA) and the mitochondrial cytochrome c subunit oxidase I (COI mtDNA) gene sequences. The first examined population, recovered from Gorgan, was mainly characterised by having 34-39 retrorse body annuli 11-16 μm thick at mid-body with crenate, dentate and lobulate margins, longitudinal cuticular scratches on entire body on both lateral regions, sometimes one or two anastomoses along the body, a single labial annulus with smooth margin and smaller than the first body annulus, four distinct submedian lobes, simple open vulva with no overhang, and a terminal anus. This population was almost identical to Neolobocriconema iranense, a close examination of a topotype population recovered in this study confirming that they were conspecific. The second population, L. nokandense n. sp., was recovered from the Nokandeh and looked similar to the first population but was morphologically separated from it by a slightly crenate labial annulus under SEM (vs smooth), longer tail (13-21 vs 6-10 μm) and smaller ratio c (23.6-32.4 vs 44.7-86.0). In molecular phylogenetic analyses, the two populations formed a clade in both SSU and LSU phylogenies. In ITS1 and COI phylogenies, the Nokandeh population (the new species) formed a separate sister clade to the N. iranense clade. Detailed observations using SEM data revealed a small annulus between the submedian lobes and the single labial annulus, an open vulva and a slightly ornamented cuticle in all three studied populations (the newly recovered populations from Golestan and the topotype population of N. iranense from Mazandaran province and the new species), corroborating their placement under Lobocriconema. As a result, N. iranense was transferred to Lobocriconema as L. iranense n. comb. (= N. iranense). The new species was morphologically compared with its close relatives L. iranense n. comb., L. pauperum, L. incrassatum, and L. nasuense, all of which having the aforementioned small annulus between the submedian lobes and the first labial annulus. The phylogeny of the genus is discussed.
Occurrence and abundance of nematodes on onion in Turkey and their relationship with soil physicochemical properties
Authors: Yavuzaslanoglu Elif , Sonmezoglu Ozlem Ates , Genc Nimet , Akar Z. Mutlu , Ocal Atilla , Karaca M. Sait , Elekcioglu I. Halil , Ozsoy V. Soner , Aydogdu Metin 
Published: July 2019

Summary
The distribution of plant-feeding and free-living nematodes in large scale onion production areas in five geographical regions in Turkey was investigated in 2016 and 2017. Ditylenchus spp. and Tylenchus spp. were widely distributed. The stem and bulb nematode, Ditylenchus dipsaci, was found in 48 locations from 13 provinces. Other plant-feeding nematode genera were Pratylenchus, Paratylenchus and Pratylenchoides. Pratylenchus thornei was the most widely distributed root-lesion nematode species in onion fields in 11 locations from seven provinces. Pratylenchus neglectus was present in three locations and P. vulnus was in four locations. Aphelenchus spp. and Aphelenchoides spp. were the principal fungal-feeding nematodes in onion-growing areas. The most abundant bacterial-feeding nematode genera were Acrobeloides, Cephalobus, Eucephalobus and Rhabditis. Acrobeles and Wilsonema genera were low in occurrence and abundance. Nematodes from Dorylaimida and predator nematodes, Mononchus spp., were also found. The numbers of Ditylenchus from plant samples were significantly correlated positively to silt content, and significantly correlated negatively to organic matter and calcium content.
Treaty Evolution, Adaptation and Change: Is the LOSC ‘Enough’ to Address Climate Change Impacts on the Marine Environment?
Authors: Redgwell Catherine 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Climate change poses serious threats to the marine environment but there is no explicit mention of climate change, ocean warming and acidification in LOSC. This comes as little surprise, given its conclusion in the early 1980s when appreciation for the potential severity of climate change was emerging. As a ‘living instrument’, the Convention has the flexibility and legal tools to address emerging climate change impacts. This article assesses its capacity to do so, as well as the extent to which the oceans have featured in the climate regime. LOSC is not ‘enough’ – but then, it has never been a ‘one stop shop’ for marine environmental protection, whether from conventional sources of marine pollution or from relatively newly appreciated threats such as the impacts of climate change. Indeed, a multifaceted approach is typical of legal responses to the ‘super wicked’ problem of climate change, and the oceans are no exception.
Assessing Maritime Piracy in American Law: A Century-old Punishment for an Evolving Crime
Authors: Kao M. Bob 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The rise of Somali piracy in the beginning of the 21st century led to a swift response by the international community. Suspects were arrested by naval forces in the high seas exercising universal jurisdiction. As there is no international tribunal for maritime piracy, the suspects were prosecuted in national courts using domestic laws. The United States prosecuted a handful of cases using its piracy statute passed in 1909, which incorporates international law but prescribes mandatory life imprisonment for those convicted. Although the definition of the crime of piracy in the United States evolves along with developments in international law, the punishment is an outlier that deviates from global norms. This article argues that the punishment for piracy in the United States must also evolve with international practice because a changing definition of a crime coupled with a fixed punishment may lead to rule of law violations and other undesirable results.
A Decade of Development: The Civil and Commercial Court of the Qatar Financial Centre
Authors: Dahdal Andrew , Botchway Francis 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The Qatar International Court is a new breed of judicial tribunal inspired by the English Commercial Court based in London. It provides a dispute resolution forum specifically tailored to civil, commercial and administrative disputes arising within the framework of Qatar Financial Centre. Over the past decade, the Court has grown in prominence both locally and globally. It is one of a number of similar judicial bodies that have recently been established in jurisdictions from Singapore to Kazakhstan. This article examines the experience of the Qatar International Court and is offered as a contribution to the broader literature and comparative research being conducted on the growth of these new international commercial tribunals.
Ancient and Medieval Animals and Self-recognition: Observations from Early European Sources
Authors: Kostuch Lucyna , Wojciechowska Beata , Konarska-Zimnicka Sylwia 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This article presents the oldest European accounts that describe the reactions of animals to their own reflections on the surface of a body of water or in a mirror. The analysed sources will encompass Greco-Roman accounts, including the reception of these accounts in the Middle Ages. While this article belongs to the field of the history of science, it seeks to provide a historical commentary with insights from contemporary studies (the mirror test, MSR). The article presents surviving ancient and medieval accounts about particular animal species that describe their ability or inability to recognise a mirror reflection. The species discussed are the horse, mule, dog, birds (sparrow, partridge, rooster, quail, jackdaw, starling and pheasant), the monkey and tiger. Brief mention is also made of the sheep, pigeon, goose, parrot, raven and cat.
Transport due to Transient Progressive Waves
Authors: Restrepo Juan M. , Ramirez Jorge M. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractMaking use of a Lagrangian description, we interpret the kinematics and analyze the mean transport due to numerically generated transient progressive waves, including breaking waves. The waves are packets and are generated with a boundary-forced, air–water, two-phase Navier–Stokes solver. These transient waves produce transient transport, which can sometimes be larger than what would be estimated using estimates developed for translationally invariant progressive waves. We identify the critical assumption that makes our standard notion of the steady Stokes drift inapplicable to the data and explain how and in what sense the transport due to transient waves can be larger than the steady counterpart. A comprehensive analysis of the data in the Lagrangian framework leads us to conclude that much of the transport can be understood using an irrotational approximation of the velocity, even though the simulations use Navier–Stokes fluid simulations with moderately high Reynolds numbers. Armed with this understanding, it is possible to formulate a simple Lagrangian model that captures the mean transport and variance of transport for a large range of wave amplitudes. For large-amplitude waves, the parcel paths in the neighborhood of the free surface exhibit increased dispersion and lingering transport due to the generation of vorticity. We examined the wave-breaking case. For this case, it is possible to characterize the transport very well, away from the wave boundary layer, and approximately using a simple model that captures the unresolved breaking dynamics via a stochastic parameterization.
Adjoint Sensitivity Analysis of High-Impact Extratropical Cyclones
Authors: Doyle James D. , Reynolds Carolyn A. , Amerault Clark 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The initial state sensitivity of high-impact extratropical cyclones over the North Atlantic and United Kingdom is investigated using an adjoint modeling system that includes moist processes. The adjoint analysis indicates that the 48-h forecast of precipitation and high winds associated with the extratropical cyclone “Desmond” was highly sensitive to mesoscale regions of moisture at the initial time. Mesoscale moisture and potential vorticity structures along the poleward edge of an atmospheric river at the initialization time had a large impact on the development of Desmond as demonstrated with precipitation, kinetic energy, and potential vorticity response functions. Adjoint-based optimal perturbations introduced into the initial state exhibit rapidly growing amplitudes through moist energetic processes over the 48-h forecast. The sensitivity manifests as an upshear-tilted structure positioned along the cold and warm fronts. Perturbations introduced into the nonlinear and tangent linear models quickly expand vertically and interact with potential vorticity anomalies in the mid- and upper levels. Analysis of adjoint sensitivity results for the winter 2013/14 show that the moisture sensitivity magnitude at the initial time is well correlated with the kinetic energy error at the 36-h forecast time, which supports the physical significance and importance of the mesoscale regions of high moisture sensitivities.
Strategic corporate governance factors for municipally owned companies: an empirical analysis from a municipal perspective
Authors: Daiser Peter , Wirtz Bernd W. 
Published: July 2019

Empirical research on municipally owned companies is still an under-researched field. In particular, there is a lack of sound empirical success factor-related studies that take into account the municipal mission of creating public value, as well as future-oriented strategic measures by which municipally owned companies can be directed from a municipal perspective. Therefore, this study examines strategic success factors that have an impact on the perceived success of municipally owned companies by investigating the responses from 271 qualified key informants using structural equation modelling. The analysis of the responses indicates that three factors (shared vision, strategic coordination and goal clarity) show a positive significant impact on the perceived success of municipally owned companies. In summary, the study provides insights to academics and public officials, and contributes to address the prevailing gap of empirical knowledge in the field. Points for practitioners The findings suggest that creating a shared vision and building a common understanding with their municipally owned companies concerning their goals, roles and duties is an important task for municipalities. Furthermore, the results indicate that municipalities that take an active part in their ownership role are more likely to experience enhanced municipally owned company success than others that instead rely on contractual agreements. Thus, creating a joint understanding of the intended strategy and operations seems more promising than creating excessive bureaucratic burdens.
It feels real: physiological responses to a stressful virtual reality environment and its impact on working memory
Authors: Martens Marieke AG , Antley Angus , Freeman Daniel , Slater Mel , Harrison Paul J , Tunbridge Elizabeth M 
Published: July 2019

Background: Virtual reality (VR) is increasingly used to study and treat psychiatric disorders. Its fidelity depends in part on the extent to which the VR environment provides a convincing simulation, for example whether a putatively stressful VR situation actually produces a stress response. Methods: We studied the stress response in 28 healthy men exposed either to a stressor VR elevator (which simulated travelling up the outside of a tall building and culminated in the participant being asked to step off the elevator platform), or to a control elevator. We measured psychological and physiological (salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase, blood pressure, pulse, skin conductance) stress indices. We also measured subsequent performance on the N-back task because acute stress has been reported to impact on working memory. Results: Compared to participants in the control elevator, those in the external elevator had increases in skin conductance, pulse and subjective stress and anxiety ratings, altered heart rate variability, and a delayed rise in cortisol. N-back performance was unaffected. Conclusions: A putatively stressful VR elevator produces a physiological as well as a psychological stress response, supporting its use in the investigation and treatment of stress-related disorders, and its potential value as an experimental laboratory stressor.
Subspecialty training pathways in intellectual and developmental disability psychiatry in Australia and New Zealand: current status and future opportunities
Authors: Eagleson Claire , Cvejic Rachael C , Weise Janelle , Davies Kimberley , Trollor Julian N 
Published: July 2019

Objectives: This study aimed to examine the training experiences of and determine capacity to train future Australian and New Zealand psychiatrists working in intellectual and developmental disability mental health. Methods: Australian and New Zealand psychiatrists with expertise or interest in intellectual and developmental disability mental health completed an online survey detailing their training pathway, support for subspecialty training and capacity to provide rotations in this area. Results: Psychiatrists ( n=71) indicated the most common reasons they started practicing in intellectual and developmental disability mental health, and these included seeing people with intellectual or developmental disability in a service in which they worked, or personal experience with intellectual or developmental disability. Compared to those trained overseas, psychiatrists trained in Australia or New Zealand had lower ratings of the sufficiency of education received in intellectual and developmental disability mental health. Of the total respondents, 80% supported the development of subspecialty training. Augmentation of intellectual and developmental disability mental health content in the intermediate stage of training was also strongly supported. Participants identified 80 potential six-month training rotations in this area. Conclusions: Psychiatrists working in intellectual and developmental disability mental health strongly support enhancements to intellectual or developmental disability training, including the development of subspecialty training, and can identify potential training capacity if such subspecialty training was developed.