bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Sodium and Potassium Intake and Insulin Resistance on Blood Pressure in Normotensive Individuals Is More Evident in Women
Authors: Murao Satoshi , Takata Yasunori , Yasuda Mitsugi , Osawa Haruhiko , Kohi Fumikazu 
Published: March 2018

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Considering sex differences, salt sensitivity, and insulin resistance (IR), the effect of sodium restriction and increased potassium intake on blood pressure remains unclear in normotensive Asian individuals, compared to that in hypertensive patients.

METHODS
To assess the influence of sodium and potassium intake in normotensive individuals, we evaluated the estimated 24-hour urinary sodium and potassium excretion rate in 3,392 drug-naïve normotensive Japanese individuals (average age: 48.4 years) and analyzed its relation to blood pressure using multivariate regression analysis.

RESULTS
Multivariate regression analysis revealed that a 10-mmol/day increment in urinary sodium excretion related to an elevation in systolic blood pressure of 0.16 mm Hg in men and 0.37 mm Hg in women, after adjusting for known risk factors to salt sensitivity, including age, body mass index, serum creatinine, homeostasis model assessment of IR, and urinary potassium excretion. For urinary potassium excretion, a 10-mmol/day increment was associated with a decrease in systolic blood pressure, −0.54 mm Hg in men and −1.49 mm Hg in women, respectively. Furthermore, involvement of IR on blood pressure was observed only in women.

CONCLUSIONS
In drug-naïve normotensive individuals, the effects of a lower-salt and higher-potassium diet, and IR on blood pressure, were more evident in women. These results suggest that to prevent the new onset of hypertension and its complications, the balances of a sodium restriction and an increased potassium intake are important even in normotensive individuals, independent of known risk factors for salt sensitivity, especially in women.
The Structure of Interests in Property in Commercial Transactions
Authors: Raczynska Magda 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
This chapter discusses the legal structure of property interests in commercial transactions, first by explaining the relevant legal concepts such as the distinction between property rights and personal rights. It proceeds by considering contractual rights and how property as assets differ from property as interests in assets. It then examines the key forms and purposes of key proprietary interests, noting that parties that enter into commercial transactions create proprietary interests and personal obligations, namely: contracts of sale with retention-of-title clause, title-based interests (hire-purchase agreements and leases) and security interests (pledges, charges and mortgages). The chapter also analyses the nature of parties' legal relationship inherent when proprietary interests are created, focusing on the relevance of the agreement and whether the legal relationship between the parties to the transactions may be fiduciary. Finally, it describes the power to act and the authority to act with respect to such relationships.
Agreements with Derived Asset Clauses
Authors: Raczynska Magda 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
This chapter considers the ways in which a secured creditor or a holder of a title-based interest may bargain for interest in derived assets (proceeds, products or fruits) where the agreement contains a derived asset clause. Parties may bargain for interest in proceeds, products or fruits by way of a clause in the agreements or by virtue of the relationship between proprietary interests and derived assets. The effect of dispositions of assets subject to security interests depends on whether the charge is fixed and floating. The chapter first examines sale of goods contracts with retention-of-title (RoT) clauses that extend the retention of title to proceeds and products, along with security agreements bearing derived asset clauses. It also explains the effect of derived asset clauses as after-acquired property clauses, focusing on pledges and legal mortgages, equitable security interests, and security interest in after-acquired property granted in a document by an individual.
Claims to Proceeds of Unauthorized Acts
Authors: Raczynska Magda 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
This chapter examines the possible basis for proprietary restitutionary claims to proceeds of unauthorised dispositions of assets subject to security interests and title-based interests. In particular, it considers the extent to which the nature of the legal relationship between the parties to the transaction might influence the basis of such claims by revisiting the Court of Appeal decision in Buhr v Barclays Bank. It also asks whether the creditor has an automatic right to proceeds of an unauthorised disposition, along with issues arising from proprietary claims to proceeds of unauthorised dispositions based on vindicatio and unjust enrichment. It shows that a secured creditor's automatic right to proceeds of unauthorised dispositions cannot be greater than what he had in the case of authorised transactions.
What Should a Default Proceeds Rule Be?
Authors: Raczynska Magda 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
This chapter examines the extent to which security interests and title-based interests should be asserted by default in proceeds, products and fruits of the original asset. It considers whether allowing or disallowing a secured creditor or a supplier to automatically have a proprietary interest in the proceeds, products and fruits should be a default or a mandatory rule. It also explains how the extent to which extending interests to proceeds, products or fruits affects the categorization of interests as security or title-based finance. After discussing the issue of reform of the English law governing secured transactions and title-based finance, the chapter analyses property law and economic efficiency considerations in shaping the default rules. It also looks at security in proceeds under Article 9 of the U.S. Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) and asks whether reform of the English law should follow Article 9 UCC.
Introduction to Private Investment Funds
Authors: Spangler Timothy 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
This chapter provides an introduction to private investment funds. It first considers the governance challenge in private investment funds that can be regarded as a need to improve the standard of corporate governance in the legal vehicles that comprise such funds. In particular, it examines the manner in which hedge funds and private equity funds affect the corporate governance of the portfolio companies in which they invest. The chapter proceeds by discussing governance issues arising from the use of partnerships vs. corporations as private fund vehicles, along with the consequences of governance failures and the function of private investment funds. It also analyses legal and regulatory issues surrounding the structuring and operations of private investment funds, the legal and fiduciary duties of the investment manager, and fiduciary duty in the financial services regulatory regime. Finally, it describes alternatives to centralised, top-down regulation of private investment funds.
Marketing Private Investment Funds
Authors: Spangler Timothy 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
This chapter examines how private investment funds are marketed, first by considering the different distribution approaches for such funds. Private investment funds are distributed mainly through private placements rather than public offers. With limited exceptions, this is generally driven by restrictions on public marketing efforts imposed by financial regulations such as the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (FSMA) in the UK. The chapter proceeds by discussing financial promotion restrictions in the UK as well as exemptions to these restrictions, including one-off communications, high net worth individuals, and sophisticated investors. It also explains the promotion of collective investment schemes (CIS) and the consequences of CIS categorisation before concluding with an analysis of laws that govern the marketing of private investment funds in the United States, namely: the Investment Company Act of 1940, the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, the Securities Act of 1933, and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
Self-Regulation and Private Actors
Authors: Spangler Timothy 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
This chapter focuses on self-regulation as a means for private actors to address the governance challenge in private investment funds. It first considers the role and limits of financial regulation before discussing the ways that self-regulation and private actors can help in governing the organization, renumerating, risk management and reporting activities of private investment funds. It then examines four codes of conduct for private actors involved in private investment funds: the Best Practices of the President’s Working Group on Financial Markets, the Managed Fund Association’s Sound Practices, Sir Andrew Large’s consultation on ‘Hedge Fund Standards’, and the Institutional Limited Partners Association guidelines. The chapter concludes with an analysis of the role of investors in investor protection failures and the importance of private law for private actors seeking to address the governance challenge.
Side Letters as a Means of Mitigating the Governance Challenge
Authors: Spangler Timothy 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
This chapter explains how an investor can mitigate the governance challenge by entering a side letter agreement with the fund and/or the fund manager. ‘Side letter agreements’ operate to amend or supplement particular terms within the fund documentation in order to accommodate the particular commercial, legal and regulatory needs of the investors. Side letters can be used to overcome provisions in the constitutional documents of a Partnership PIF or a Company PIF that have been deemed problematic. The chapter first provides an overview of general issues surrounding side letters before discussing the terms of a side letter and how this agreement can help address the governance challenge. It also examines practical issues that must be taken into account when assessing the potential effectiveness of side letters as a private monitoring solution to the governance challenge in private investment funds.
Evaluating and Implementing Private Monitoring Solutions
Authors: Spangler Timothy 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
This chapter considers three private monitoring solutions designed to help fund investors better address the problems arising from the governance challenge by facilitating a better flow of information from the fund manager to the investors and their agents. All three private monitoring solutions recognise the commercial contexts in which private investment funds operate by emphasizing voluntary steps that fund managers and investors can take incrementally. Each focuses on the provision of accurate and timely information as the means to overcome the investment protection concerns that arise due to the collectivised nature of the private investment fund. The chapter first looks at the criticisms against private monitoring solutions as well as the limits of financial regulation before discussing due diligence as the commercial foundation for private monitoring solutions. It also examines how to best support the wider adoption and implementation of private monitoring solutions.
Litigation and Enforcement involving Private Funds after the Global Financial Crisis
Authors: Spangler Timothy 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the increase in the amount of litigation and enforcement actions against private investment funds in the United States, the UK, and across the globe as a result of the global financial crisis. As more disputes arose during the course of the global financial crisis, the legal and regulatory regime impacting private investment funds has been the subject of closer scrutiny than has been seen in previous decades. The chapter first considers the Securities and Exchange Commission’s (SEC) enforcement actions against hedge funds as well as U.S. civil litigation prior to the financial crisis before discussing Dodd-Frank and its effect on enforcement. It then examines the SEC’s enforcement actions regarding broker-dealer registration, along with some of its key enforcement actions after Dodd-Frank. It also analyses the Financial Conduct Authority’s enforcement priorities after the global financial crisis and key litigation in the UK involving private investment funds.
International Law and the Use of Force
Authors: Gray Christine 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
This book explores the use of force in international law. It examines not only the use of force by states but also the role of the UN in peacekeeping and enforcement action, and the increasing role of regional organizations in the maintenance of international peace and security. The UN Charter framework is under challenge: Russia’s invasion of Georgia and intervention in Ukraine, the USA’s military operations in Syria, and Saudi Arabia’s campaign to restore the government of Yemen by force all raise questions about the law on intervention. The ‘war on terror’ that began after the 9/11 terrorist attacks on the USA has not been won. It has spread far beyond Afghanistan, leading to targeted killings in Pakistan, Somalia, and Yemen, and to intervention against ISIS in Iraq and Syria. Is there an expanding right of self-defence against non-state actors? The development of nuclear weapons by North Korea has reignited discussion about the legality of pre-emptive self-defence. The NATO-led operation in Libya increased hopes for the implementation of ‘responsibility to protect’, but it also provoked criticism for exceeding the Security Council’s authorization of force because its outcome was regime change. UN peacekeeping faces new challenges, especially with regard to the protection of civilians, and UN forces have been given revolutionary mandates in several African states, but UN peacekeeping is not suited to counter-terrorism or enforcement operations. The UN now turns to regional organizations as first responders in situations of ongoing armed conflict.
Invitation and intervention
Authors: Gray Christine 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the law concerning the use of force and intervention in internal conflicts such as civil wars. The 1970 Declaration on Friendly Relations (General Assembly Resolution 2625) spelled out the content of the prohibition of the use of force in civil conflicts: every state has the duty not to foment, finance, incite, or tolerate subversive, terrorist, or armed activities directed towards the violent overthrow of the regime of another state and the duty not to interfere in civil strife in another state. The International Court of Justice in the Nicaragua case and in Armed Activities on the Territory of Congo confirmed that these provisions of the Declaration on Friendly Relations were declaratory of customary international law. The chapter shows that in most cases of forcible intervention in a civil war it is not the interpretation but the application of the law that leads to difficulty.
Self-defence: the framework
Authors: Gray Christine 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
This chapter discusses the general framework of the law of self-defence. The scope of the right of self-defence is the subject of the most fundamental disagreement between states and between writers. Some of the divisions over the scope of the right of self-defence, especially as to whether anticipatory self-defence against an imminent armed attack and the protection of nationals abroad are lawful, date back to the creation of the United Nations. Other divisions centre on the right to use force in self-defence in response to colonial occupation, to terrorist attacks, and to other attacks by non-state actors. This chapter also discusses the special regime of collective self-defence.
The use of force against terrorism: a new war for a new century?
Authors: Gray Christine 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
This chapter examines the impact of the ‘war against terror’ on international law. The US invasion of Afghanistan in response to the massive terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon on 11 September 2001 led to a fundamental reappraisal of the law of self-defence. The US response to 9/11 was to announce ‘a different kind of war against a different kind of enemy’—a global war on terrorism. Many writers now argue that 9/11 and subsequent state practice have changed the law on self-defence, but the legal situation is not so clear-cut. More recently, the rise of ISIS in Iraq and Syria, and the military response by the USA and other states since 2014, have given rise to renewed debate about the scope of self-defence. And President Trump’s foreign policy with regard to North Korea and Iran has once again raised questions about the controversial doctrine of pre-emptive self-defence.
The UN and the use of force
Authors: Gray Christine 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the role of the UN, illustrating the interpretation and application in practice of Chapter VII of the UN Charter and the development through practice of the institution of peacekeeping. The aim of the drafters of the UN Charter was not only to prohibit the unilateral use of force by states in Article 2(4) but also to centralize control of the use of force in the Security Council under Chapter VII. However, the formal scheme of Chapter VII under which the Security Council would have its own standing army and respond to breaches of the peace, threats to the peace, and acts of aggression did not stand up to the pressure of the Cold War. The chapter shows how peacekeeping has evolved since the end of the Cold War and examines recent proposals for reform.
Security Council authorization of member states to use force
Authors: Gray Christine 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
This chapter discusses Security Council authorization of member states to use force. There is now general agreement that the original scheme of Chapter VII of the UN Charter is not workable, and that the UN itself will not conduct enforcement operations. Instead, the Security Council may authorize member states to take enforcement action, even if the precise legal basis for this in the Charter is not clear. The Security Council has not again authorized member states to use force against an aggressor state in the same way as it did against Iraq after its invasion of Kuwait, but it has authorized action for a variety of other purposes. This chapter then discusses the controversy over claims of implied or revived authorization of the use of force by the Security Council.
A system of three transiting super-Earths in a cool dwarf star
Authors: Díez Alonso E , Suárez Gómez S L , González Hernández J I , Suárez Mascareño A , González Gutiérrez C , Velasco S , Toledo-Padrón B , de Cos Juez F J , Rebolo R 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
We present the detection of three super-Earths transiting the cool star LP415-17, monitored by K2 mission in its 13th campaign. High-resolution spectra obtained with High Accuracy Radial velocity Planet Searcher-North/Telescopio Nazionale Galileo (HARPS-N/TNG) showed that the star is a mid-late K dwarf. Using spectral synthesis models, we infer its effective temperature, surface gravity, and metallicity, and subsequently determined from evolutionary models a stellar radius of 0.58 R⊙. The planets have radii of 1.8, 2.6, and 1.9 R⊕ and orbital periods of 6.34, 13.85, and 40.72 d. High-resolution images discard any significant contamination by an intervening star in the line of sight. The orbit of the furthest planet has radius of 0.18 au, close to the inner edge of the habitable zone. The system is suitable to improve our understanding of formation and dynamical evolution of super-Earth systems in the rocky–gaseous threshold, their atmospheres, internal structure, composition, and interactions with host stars.
Probing galaxy assembly bias with LRG weak lensing observations
Authors: Niemiec A , Jullo E , Montero-Dorta A D , Prada F , Rodriguez-Torres S , Perez E , Klypin A , Erben T , Makler M , Moraes B , Pereira M E S , Shan H 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
In Montero-Dorta et al., we show that luminous red galaxies (LRGs) from the SDSS-III Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS) at z ∼ 0.55 can be divided into two groups based on their star formation histories. So-called fast-growing LRGs assemble 80 per cent of their stellar mass at z ∼ 5, whereas slow-growing LRGs reach the same evolutionary state at z ∼ 1.5. We further demonstrate that these two subpopulations present significantly different clustering properties on scales of ∼1−30 Mpc. Here, we measure the mean halo mass of each subsample using the galaxy–galaxy lensing technique, in the ${\sim }190\deg ^2$ overlap of the LRG catalogue and the CS82 and CFHTLenS shear catalogues. We show that fast- and slow-growing LRGs have similar lensing profiles, which implies that they live in haloes of similar mass: $\log (M_{\rm halo}^{\rm fast}/h^{-1}\mathrm{M}_{{\odot }}) = 12.85^{+0.16}_{-0.26}$ and $\log (M_{\rm halo}^{\rm slow}/h^{-1}\mathrm{M}_{{\odot }}) =12.92^{+0.16}_{-0.22}$. This result, combined with the clustering difference, suggests the existence of galaxy assembly bias, although the effect is too subtle to be definitively proven, given the errors on our current weak-lensing measurement. We show that this can soon be achieved with upcoming surveys like DES.
Association of Patient-Reported Narcotic Use With Short- and Long-Term Outcomes After Adult Spinal Deformity Surgery
Authors: Raad Micheal , Jain Amit , Neuman Brian J. , Hassanzadeh Hamid , Gupta Munish C. , Burton Douglas C. , Mundis Gregory M. , Lafage Virginie , Klineberg Eric O. , Hostin Richard A. , Ames Christopher P. , Bess Shay , Sciubba Daniel M. , Kebaish Khaled M. 
Published: March 2018

Study Design.
Retrospective analysis of a prospective registry

Objective.
To investigate associations of preoperative narcotic use with outcomes after adult spinal deformity (ASD) surgery.

Summary of Background Data.
We hypothesized that preoperative narcotic use would predict longer hospital stays, greater postoperative narcotic use, and greater disability 2 years after ASD surgery.

Methods.
A multicenter database of surgical ASD patients was analyzed retrospectively for patients with self-reported data on preoperative narcotic use. Patients were categorized as using narcotics daily or non-daily (including those who used no narcotics), according to self-report. Outcomes were prolonged length of hospital stay (LOS) (>7 days); length of intensive care unit (ICU) stay; and daily narcotic use and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) scores 2 years postoperatively. Groups were compared by demographic characteristics, pain, disability, radiographic deformity, and surgical invasiveness. Multivariate logistic and linear regression were used to determine associations between preoperative narcotic use and outcomes.

Results.
Of 575 patients who met the inclusion criteria, 425 (74%) had complete 2-year follow-up data. Forty-four percent reported daily preoperative narcotic use. Compared with non-daily users, daily narcotic users were older, had more comorbidities, more severe back pain, higher ODI scores, longer operative times, and worse preoperative malalignment and were more likely to undergo 3-column osteotomy (all, P < 0.05). Daily narcotic use independently predicted prolonged LOS (odds ratio [OR] = 1.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.1–2.9), longer ICU stay (difference = 16 hours, 95% CI = 1.9–30 hours), and daily narcotic use 2 years postoperatively (OR = 6.9, 95% CI = 3.7–13), as well as worse 2-year ODI score (difference = 4.5, 95% CI: 0.7–8.3, P = 0.021).

Conclusion.
Daily narcotic use before ASD surgery was associated with prolonged LOS, longer ICU stays, and increased risk of daily narcotic use and greater disability 2 years postoperatively.

Level of Evidence: 3