bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of accelerated soil erosion on hillslope morphology
Authors: Bonetti Sara , Richter Daniel D. , Porporato Amilcare 
Published: June 2019

AbstractIntensive agricultural land use can have detrimental effects on landscape properties, greatly accelerating soil erosion, with consequent fertility loss and reduced agricultural potential. To quantify the effects of such erosional processes on hillslope morphology and gain insight into the underlying dynamics, we use a twofold approach. First, a statistical analysis of topographical features is conducted, with a focus on slope and gradient distributions. The accelerated soil erosion is shown to be fingerprinted in the distribution tails, which provide a clear statistical signature of this human‐induced land modification. Theoretical solutions are then derived for the hillslope morphology and the associated creep and runoff erosion fluxes, allowing us to distinguish between the main erosional mechanisms operating in disturbed and undisturbed areas. We focus our application on the landscape at the Calhoun Critical Zone Observatory in the US Southern Piedmont, where severe soil erosion followed intensive cotton cultivation, resulting in highly eroded and gullied hillslopes. The observed differences in hillslope morphologies in disturbed and undisturbed areas are shown to be related to the disruption of the natural balance between soil creep and runoff erosion. The relaxation time required for the disturbed hillslopes to reach a quasi‐equilibrium condition is also investigated. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
What controls the disequilibrium state of gravel‐bed rivers?
Authors: Chartrand Shawn M. , Jellinek A. Mark , Hassan Marwan A. , Ferrer‐Boix Carles 
Published: June 2019

AbstractA river at equilibrium is described by a statistically‐stationary mean bed elevation profile that arises in response to steady supplies of relief, water and sediment. Outside of the profile shape, how is the equilibrium state of a river most reliably identified and rigorously defined? Motivated by a proposed link between equilibrium and physical processes, we use scaling theory to develop the dimensionless channel response number ξ=KUb/Up. ξ is a metric for the local disequilibrium state of gravel‐bed mountain streams, which reflects a balance between the rate of topographic adjustment Ub, and the rate of bed sediment texture adjustment Up. The coefficient K can take one of two forms depending on choice of length scale for topographic adjustment. We hypothesize that equilibrium occurs where and when ξ≈O(1), and consequently, disequilibrium is the more general state captured by conditions of ξ≉O(1). The rates Ub and Up are controlled by the mechanics of sediment deposition and entrainment at the local scale of the channel width. The extent to which either process regulates disequilibrium depends on the bed strength, which is set by the time‐varying grain size distribution and packing. We use flume experiments to understand ξ and find that in the limit ξ>>1, the time‐varying response of an experimental channel depends sensitively on the spatially‐averaged bed shear stress ratio τ/τref. When τ/τref≈1.5, Ub was the dominant control on disequilibrium. However, when τ/τref≈2.0, Up contributed more significantly to disequilibrium. These results suggest that after an upstream supply perturbation, the equilibrium timescale is governed by Up, which we show is consistent with expectations from linear damping theory. Our experimental test of ξ is promising, but inconclusive with respect to our hypothesis. This uncertainty can be readily addressed with numerical or additional physical experiments. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Asylum, Refuge, and Justice in Health
Authors: Straehle Christine 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWe are, as of May 2019, witnessing yet another “caravan” of people fleeing violence in Latin America, bonding together to reach the territory of safer states in the North. Similarly, in the fall of 2015, Europe experienced the movement of many refugees fleeing war, persecution, and grave human rights violations in Syria. These new waves of people on the move have raised anew important questions about asylum and refuge: who should be able to claim asylum? Should the fear of persecution be sufficient, or do asylum seekers need to show that they have actually suffered it? And maybe most controversially, how should asylum‐granting states respond to the plight of those asking for asylum on their territory?The moral principles guiding asylum and refuge are different from the rules usually regulating immigration, which are based on the principle of territorial sovereignty that allows nation‐states to discriminate and select among those who hope to immigrate. Asylum and refuge instead call upon nation‐states to provide refugees with a new home, protect human rights, and over time, provide access to the social, political and civic rights that characterize membership. Included in the list of human rights, I will argue, is the provision of the means for individual physical and psychological well‐being.
Actions and Uncertainty: How Prenatally Diagnosed Variants of Uncertain Significance Become Actionable
Authors: Werner‐Lin Allison , Mccoyd Judith L. M. , Bernhardt Barbara A. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe development of genomic technologies has seemed almost magical. Excitement about it, both in medicine and among the public, stems from the belief that genomic techniques will illuminate the causes of health and disease, will lead to effective interventions for both rare and common genetic conditions, and will inform reproductive decision‐making. Novel diagnostic tools, however, are often deployed before targeted therapies are developed, tested, or available and before their psychosocial implications are explored. Newer technologies such as prenatal whole exome screening are seen as offering “decisional autonomy” to expectant parents, although such technologies identify information about genetic sequencing that may not have clear meaning. The “therapeutic gap” between the ability to conduct genetic sequencing and the ability to fully understand what the test results mean, much less what treatments to offer, leaves families with complex and unclear information they cannot act upon with confidence during pregnancy. In this essay, we will consider the psychosocial and ethical implications of such assumptions—and of the uncertain information produced by these technologies—for individuals and families and for societal aspects such as medical service usage and demographic inequities.
The influence of vegetation cover on evapotranspiration atop waste rock piles, Elk Valley, British Columbia
Authors: Nicholls Erin M. , Drewitt Gordon B. , Fraser Stephanie , Carey Sean K. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractSurface mining in the Elk Valley, British Columbia, involves removing vegetation, soil, and rock to access underlying metallurgical coal. Subsequent waste rock is placed into adjacent valleys, frequently burying headwater streams. Due to their coarse texture, waste rock piles increase infiltration and percolation, increasing solute transport and concentration of geochemicals in downstream surface waters. Previous research suggests that weathering solutes are transport limited, and it is hypothesized that revegetation will enhance evapotranspiration (ET) and reduce percolation through the waste rock, potentially reducing loading. This study examined the surface‐atmosphere water and energy exchanges using the eddy covariance technique for three waste rock surfaces with different levels of reclamation: (a) an ~25‐year‐old mixed coniferous forest, (b) a grass site, and (c) bare waste rock. Measurements were taken from May to October in 2013 and 2014. Soil moisture and matric suction were measured to 1‐m depth. Sap flow at the forested site was measured to partition transpiration from total ET. In all years, ET rates were greatest at the forested site, followed by the grass cover and lowest at the bare waste rock site. Growing season ET rates at the forest were 56% higher than grass in 2013 and 35% higher in 2014. At the vegetated sites, climate was the main driver of ET, with high radiation, and warm and dry conditions enhancing fluxes. Maximum ET at these sites corresponded with peak growing season, with vegetation increasing both transpiration and rainfall interception. At the bare rock site, ET was weakly related to atmospheric conditions, and ET rates briefly increased during periods following rainfall when near‐surface soil moisture was enhanced. Transpiration comprised 29% of overall ET at the forest site from late July to early October. Results suggest that vegetation establishment can be incorporated into mine reclamation plans to enhance ET rates and limit percolation, potentially reducing downstream geochemical loads.
Medication therapy management delivery by community pharmacists: Insights from a national sample of Medicare Part D beneficiaries
Authors: Adeoye Omolola A. , Farley Joel F. , Coe Antoinette B. , Pestka Deborah L. , Farris Karen B. , Zillich Alan J. , Snyder Margie E. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractIntroductionThe Medicare Part D medication therapy management (MTM) program positions pharmacists to optimize beneficiaries' medications and improve care. Little is known regarding Part D MTM delivery by community pharmacists and other pharmacist provider types.ObjectivesTo (a) characterize Medicare Part D MTM delivery by community pharmacists, (b) compare MTM delivery by community pharmacists to other pharmacists, and (c) generate hypotheses for future research.MethodsA descriptive cross‐sectional study using merged data from a 20% random sample of Medicare beneficiary enrollment data with a 100% sample of recently available 2014 Part D MTM files was conducted. Andersen's Behavioral Model was applied to describe MTM delivery across beneficiary characteristics. Descriptive and bivariate statistics were used to compare delivery of MTM between community and other pharmacist providers.ResultsAmong beneficiaries sampled, community pharmacists provided comprehensive medication reviews (CMRs) to 22% (n = 26 337) of beneficiaries receiving at least one CMR. Almost half (49.4%) were provided face‐to‐face. Across pharmacist cohorts, median days to CMR offer of post‐MTM program enrollment were within the 60‐day policy requirement. The community pharmacist cohort had fewer days from CMR offer to receipt (median 47 days). Community pharmacists provided more medication therapy problem (MTP) recommendations (mean [SD] of 1.8 [3.5]; P < .001), but resolved less MTPs (0.2 [0.7]; P < .001), and most commonly served beneficiaries that were in the south but less in the west/northeast. Additionally, community pharmacists served a smaller proportion of black beneficiaries, yet a larger proportion of Hispanic beneficiaries (P < .001).ConclusionCommunity pharmacists provided approximately one in five CMRs for MTM eligible beneficiaries in 2014, with CMRs occurring more quickly, resulting in more MTP recommendations, but resolving less MTPs than those provided by noncommunity pharmacists. Future research should explore geographic/racial‐ethnic disparities in beneficiaries served and strategies to increase negligible MTP resolution by community pharmacists.
Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell‐derived extracellular vesicles: A novel therapeutic paradigm
Authors: Abbaszadeh Hossein , Ghorbani Farzaneh , Derakhshani Mehdi , Movassaghpour Aliakbar , Yousefi Mehdi 
Published: June 2019

AbstractMesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been revealed to hold great potential for the development of new treatment approaches for various diseases. However, the clinical use of these cells is limited due to their tumorigenic effects. The therapeutic benefits of MSCs are largely dependent on paracrine factors including extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs are nano‐sized bilayer membrane structures containing lipids, microRNAs and proteins which play key roles in cell‐to‐cell communications. Because of their lower immunogenicity, tumorigenicity, and easier management, EVs have emerged as a new promising alternative to whole‐cell therapy. Therefore, this paper reviews current preclinical studies on the use of EVs derived from human umbilical cord MSCs (hucMSCs) as a therapeutic approach in treatment of several diseases including neurological, cardiovascular, liver, kidney, and bone diseases as well as the cutaneous wound, inflammatory bowel disease, cancers, infertility, and other disorders.
Cyclic fatigue resistance of rotary NiTi instruments produced with four different manufacturing methods
Authors: Keskin Neslihan B. , Inan Uğur 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe aim of this study was to compare the cyclic fatigue resistance of rotary NiTi files, produced with four different manufacturing methods on specially designed dynamic models that simulated clinical conditions. In this study, 120 files, consisting of 30 files for Typhoon, ProTaper Next, RaCe, and Twisted Files nickel titanium rotary systems were used. The 30 files of each group were divided into three subgroups to be used in artificial canals with a 60° angle of curvature and radii of curvature of 2, 5, and 8 mm (n = 10). All files were rotated in the artificial canals until fracture occurred and the number of cycles to fracture was calculated. The data were analyzed using one‐ and two‐way analyses of variance and Tamhane multiple comparison tests. In all three groups, Typhoon instruments had the highest number of cycles to failure than the RaCe, ProTaper Next, and Twisted Files instruments, and the difference statistically significant (p < .05). There were no significant differences between the RaCe, ProTaper Next, and Twisted Files groups (p > .05). The CM wire Typhoon system was significantly more resistant to cyclic fatigue compared to the other file systems in all three artificial canals. When the fracture resistance of an instrument in three different artificial canals was compared, the mean NCFs decreased as the radius of the curvature of the canal decreased from 8 to 2 mm. Manufacturing method is one of the most important factors on cyclic fatigue resistance, also the radius of curvature effects the cyclic fatigue.
Taxonomic significance of caryopsis in subfamily Panicoideae (Poaceae) using scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy
Authors: Usma Anwer , Ahmad Mushtaq , Zafar Muhammad , Ali Muhammad I. , Kilic Omer , Ozdemir Fethi A. , Sultana Shazia , Nazir Abdul , Anjum Farida , Kalsoom Nomana 
Published: June 2019

AbstractIn recent study, 13 taxa of subfamily Panicoideae were investigated for morphological characterization of caryopsis. Light microscope (LM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were utilized to study macro‐ and micro‐morphological caryopsis features respectively. Caryopsis size in studied taxa was recorded as 1.5–10 mm long and 1–4 mm wide. Caryopsis color was brown, green, yellow, and whitish‐brown. Caryopsis shape studied was obovate, elliptic, linear oblate, and round shallowly obtriangular. Hilum position is grooved and depressed. Caryopsis compression type was lateral and dorsiventral. Major variations among studied taxa were observed in terms of caryopsis surface pattern and epicuticular projection types. Six types of caryopsis surface pattern were observed viz. scabrate, rugose, striate, reticulate, papillate, and scabridulous. Structures such as silica cells, bulges, spines, prickles, granules, and bicellular microhair were studied as epicuticular projections. Major variations were observed among Cenchrus pennisetiformis and Cenchrus ciliaris as both has entirely two different types of surface patterns and epicuticular projections. Anticlinal wall thickness and pattern as well as periclinal wall texture and level were investigated. The present research work emphasized on caryopsis characterization of subfamily Panicoideae and it is recommended to establish phylogeny within subfamily Panicoideae and with other subfamilies of Poaceae.
The interplay between depression and tuberculosis
Authors: Zhang Kehong , Wang Xin , Tu Jie , Rong Han , Werz Oliver , Chen Xinchun 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Depression is a major mental health condition and is expected be the most debilitating and widespread health disorder by 2030. Tuberculosis (TB) is also a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and interestingly, is a common comorbidity of depression. As such, much attention has been paid to the association between these 2 pathologies. Based on clinical reports, the association between TB and depression seems to be bidirectional, with a substantial overlap in symptoms between the 2 conditions. TB infection or reactivation may precipitate depression, likely as a consequence of the host's inflammatory response and/or dysregulation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis. Nevertheless, few studies have considered whether patients with depression are at a higher risk for TB. In this review, we discuss the hypotheses on the association between depression and TB, highlighting the immuno-inflammatory response and lipid metabolism as potential mechanisms. Improving our understanding of the interplay between these 2 disorders should help guide TB clinical care and prevention both in patients with comorbid depression and in the general population.
N‐carbamoylglutamate‐responsive carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1 (CPS1) deficiency: A patient with a novel CPS1 mutation and an experimental study on the mutation's effects
Authors: Yap Sufin , Gougeard Nadine , Hart Anthony R. , Barcelona Belén , Rubio Vicente 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
N‐carbamoyl‐l‐glutamate (NCG), the N‐acetyl‐l‐glutamate analogue used to treat N‐acetylglutamate synthase deficiency, has been proposed as potential therapy of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1 deficiency (CPS1D). Previous findings in five CPS1D patients suggest that NCG‐responsiveness could be mutation‐specific. We report on a patient with CPS1D, homozygous for the novel p.(Pro1211Arg) CPS1 mutation, who presented at 9 days of life with hyperammonemic coma which was successfully treated with emergency measures. He remained metabolically stable on merely oral NCG, arginine, and modest protein restriction. Ammonia scavengers were only added after poor dietary compliance following solid food intake at age 1 year. The patient received a liver transplantation at 3.9 years of age, having normal cognitive, motor, and quality of life scores despite repeated but successfully treated episodes of hyperammonemia. Studies using recombinantly produced mutant CPS1 confirmed the partial nature of the CPS1D triggered by the p.(Pro1211Arg) mutation. This mutation decreased the solubility and yield of CPS1 as expected for increased tendency to misfold, and reduced the thermal stability, maximum specific activity (Vmax; ~2‐fold reduction), and apparent affinity (~5‐fold reduction) for ATP of the purified enzyme. By increasing the saturation of the NAG site in vivo, NCG could stabilize CPS1 and minimize the decrease in the effective affinity of the enzyme for ATP. These observations, together with prior experience, support the ascertainment of clinical responsiveness to NCG in CPS1 deficient patients, particularly when decreased stability or lowered affinity for NAG of the mutant enzyme are suspected or proven.
Burden and trends of arrhythmias in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and its impact of mortality and resource utilization
Authors: Tripathi Byomesh , Khan Safi , Arora Shilpkumar , Kumar Varun , Naraparaju Vamsidhar , Lahewala Sopan , Sharma Purnima , Atti Varunsiri , Jain Varun , Shah Mahek , Patel Brijesh , Ram Pradhum , Deshmukh Abhishek 
Published: June 2019

AbstractBackgroundHypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) accounts for significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Arrhythmias are considered the main cause of mortality, however, there is paucity of data relating to trends of arrhythmia and associated outcomes in HCM patients.MethodsNationwide Inpatient Sample from 2003 to 2014 was analyzed. HCM related hospitalizations were identified using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD9‐CM) code 425.1 and 425.11 in all diagnosis fields.ResultsOverall, there was an increase in number of hospitalizations related to arrhythmias among HCM patients from 7784 in 2003 to 8380 in 2014 (relative increase 10.5%, P < 0.001). The increase was most significant in patients ≥ 80 years and those with higher comorbidity burden. Atrial fibrillation (AF) was the most frequently occurring arrhythmia however atrial flutter (AFL) witnessed the highest rise during the study period. In general, there was a down trend in mortality with the greatest reduction occurring in patients with ventricular fibrillation/flutter (VF/VFL). The mean length of stay was higher if patients had arrhythmia, which led to increased cost of care from $16105 in 2003 to $19310 in 2014 (relative increase 22.9%, P < 0.001).ConclusionThere is overall decline in HCM related hospitalizations but rise in hospitalization among HCM patients with arrhythmias. HCM with arrhythmia accounts for significant inpatient mortality coupled with prolonged hospital stay and increased cost of care. However, there is an encouraging downtrend in the mortality most likely because of improved clinical practice, cardiac screening and primary and secondary prevention strategies.
Serum Biomarkers Related to Glucocorticoid‐Induced Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head: A Prospective Nested Case‐Control Study
Authors: Wang Xin‐Yuan , Hua Bing‐Xuan , Jiang Chang , Yuan Heng‐Feng , Zhu Liang , Fan Wen‐Shuai , Ji Zong‐Fei , Wang Zhe , Yan Zuo‐Qin 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACTEarly diagnosis and prevention of glucocorticoid (GC)‐induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) continues to be a challenging problem for clinicians and researchers. However, the role of circulating biomarkers for GC‐induced ONFH, which may reveal individual susceptibility and facilitate earlier diagnosis, remains to be determined. The aim of this study was to identify potential biomarkers that may predict early GC‐induced ONFH. A total of 123 patients scheduled for initial systemic GC therapy were enrolled in this prospective nested case–control study. The serum concentrations of 13 potential biomarkers were measured in seven patients with GC‐induced ONFH, diagnosed instantly after short‐term use of GCs and in 20 controls who did not develop osteonecrosis despite similar GC therapy. Biomarkers were measured both before and after taking GCs to identify any differences in marker levels and the changes during GC therapy between two groups. Type I collagen cross‐linked C‐telopeptide (β‐CTX; p = 0.000) was significantly lower, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (p = 0.092) and apolipoprotein (apo)‐B/apo‐A1 (p = 0.085) tended to be lower and higher, respectively, before GC treatment in osteonecrosis group. After GC therapy, β‐CTX (p = 0.014) was significantly lower and amino terminal telopeptide of procollagen type I (PINP; p = 0.068) tended to be lower in the osteonecrosis group. As secondary outcomes, we observed remarkable changes in nine potential biomarkers following short‐term GC therapy in both groups. In conclusion, we found that β‐CTX, could potentially be used to predict GC‐induced ONFH before GC therapy. Lower β‐CTX and PINP are promising biomarkers for the early diagnosis of GC‐induced ONFH. These findings need to be confirmed in large‐scale prospective studies. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 37:2348–2357, 2019