bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Salt‐Based Organic–Inorganic Nanocomposites: Towards A Stable Lithium Metal/Li10GeP2S12 Solid Electrolyte Interface
Authors: Gao Yue , Wang Daiwei , Li Yuguang C. , Yu Zhaoxin , Mallouk Thomas E. , Wang Donghai 
Published: August 2018

AbstractSolid‐state Li metal battery technology is attractive, owing to the high energy density, long lifespans, and better safety. A key obstacle in this technology is the unstable Li/solid‐state electrolyte (SSE) interface involving electrolyte reduction by Li. Herein we report a novel approach based on the use of a nanocomposite consisting of organic elastomeric salts (LiO‐(CH2O)n‐Li) and inorganic nanoparticle salts (LiF, ‐NSO2‐Li, Li2O), which serve as an interphase to protect Li10GeP2S12 (LGPS), a highly conductive but reducible SSE. The nanocomposite is formed in situ on Li via the electrochemical decomposition of a liquid electrolyte, thus having excellent chemical and electrochemical stability, affinity for Li and LGPS, and limited interfacial resistance. XPS depth profiling and SEM show that the nanocomposite effectively restrained the reduction of LGPS. Stable Li electrodeposition over 3000 h and a 200 cycle life for a full cell were achieved.
Separation of Aromatics/Cyclic Aliphatics by Nonporous Adaptive Pillararene Crystals
Authors: Jie Kecheng , Zhou Yujuan , Li Errui , Zhao Run , Huang Feihe 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe separation of cyclic aliphatics of high purity, which are produced from hydrogenation of the corresponding aromatics, is highly desired in the chemical industry. An energy‐efficient and environmentally friendly adsorptive separation method using nonporous adaptive crystals of perethylated pillar[5]arene (EtP5) and pillar[6]arene (EtP6) is described. Adaptive EtP5 crystals separate toluene from methylcyclohexane with 98.8 % purity, while adaptive EtP6 crystals separate methylcyclohexane from toluene with 99.2 % purity. The selectivities come from the stability of new EtP5 and EtP6 crystal structures upon capture of toluene and methylcyclohexane, respectively. The reversible transformations between nonporous guest‐free EtP5 or EtP6 structures and guest‐loaded structures make them highly recyclable.
Crystallization of Methylammonium Lead Halide Perovskites by Optical Trapping
Authors: Yuyama Ken‐ichi , Islam Md Jahidul , Takahashi Kiyonori , Nakamura Takayoshi , Biju Vasudevanpillai 
Published: August 2018

AbstractSingle crystals of organolead halide perovskites attract much attention to electrooptical and photovoltaic applications. They are usually prepared in precursor solutions incubated at controlled temperatures or under optimized vapor atmosphere conditions, and thus, multiple perovskite crystals are nucleated all over the solution. Multiple nucleation of crystals prevents efficient use of precursors in the preferential growth of large single crystals. An innovative approach is presented for spatiotemporally controlled, selective nucleation and growth of single crystals of lead halide perovskites by optical trapping with a focused laser beam. Upon such trapping in unsaturated precursor solutions, nucleation of MAPbX3 (MA=CH3NH3+; X=Cl−, Br−, or I−) is induced at the focal spot through increase in the concentration of perovskite precursors in the focal volume. The rate at which the nucleated crystal grows depends upon whether the perovskite absorbs the trapping laser or not. These findings suggest that optical trapping would be useful to prepare various perovskite single crystals and modify their optical and electronic properties; thereby, offering new methods for engineering of perovskite crystals.
Lifecycle energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions from corncob ethanol in China
Authors: Wang Yu , Cheng Ming‐Hsun , Wright Mark Mba 
Published: August 2018

AbstractConverting corncobs into fuel ethanol is different from converting stover because cobs have higher hemicellulose and lower lignin than stover. Current research provides life‐cycle assessments of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for stover ethanol but lacks such assessments for corncob ethanol. This study attempts to fill this gap by estimating the lifecycle energy consumption and carbon emissions for corncob ethanol using the GREET (Greenhouses gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy use in Transportation) model. Our well‐to‐pump (WTP) estimate of fossil fuel consumption is 0.51–0.84 MJ MJ−1 of ethanol produced. The estimated GHG emissions are 39.44–49.97 gCO2eq/MJ of ethanol; about 90% is attributed to the conversion process. If glucose and xylose are co‐fermented, it requires 10% less energy and emits about 20% fewer GHGs from well to pump. The estimates are sensitive to the variations in corn yield and hydropower supply. Pump‐to‐wheel emissions are also assessed for representative vehicles with spark‐ignition engines in China. We find that hybrid and plug‐in hybrid electric vehicles have 18–20% lower emissions than internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs), and flexible‐fuel vehicles using E85 have similar WTP emissions to ICEVs. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Evaluating tasks within a high‐probability request sequence in children with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Planer Jilian , DeBar Ruth , Progar Patrick , Reeve Kenneth , Sarokoff Randi 
Published: August 2018

AbstractNoncompliance is common in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Antecedent interventions offer effective alternative to consequence procedures to decrease noncompliance. Although high‐probability request sequences have been shown to be effective, previous research has not evaluated types of tasks within a high‐probability request sequence. We compared the effects of relevant and irrelevant high‐probability tasks on compliance to low‐probability (low‐p) requests in children with ASD. After high levels of compliance to low‐p tasks were achieved across relevant and irrelevant conditions, fixed and variable presentations of high‐probability requests were compared. Results showed that relevant high‐probability requests increased the percentage of compliance more than irrelevant high‐probability requests across participants as compared with baseline. For two of three participants, variable presentations of the high‐probability requests resulted in higher percentages of compliance than fixed presentations. Results suggest that a variable presentation of relevant tasks should be considered within the high‐probability request sequence.
Circadian rest‐activity rhythm as an objective biomarker of patient‐reported outcomes in patients with advanced cancer
Authors: Innominato Pasquale F. , Komarzynski Sandra , Palesh Oxana G. , Dallmann Robert , Bjarnason Georg A. , Giacchetti Sylvie , Ulusakarya Ayhan , Bouchahda Mohamed , Haydar Mazen , Ballesta Annabelle , Karaboué Abdoulaye , Wreglesworth Nicholas I. , Spiegel David , Lévi Francis A. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBackgroundPsychosocial symptoms often cluster together, are refractory to treatment, and impair health‐related quality of life (HR‐QoL) in cancer patients. The contribution of circadian rhythm alterations to systemic symptoms has been overlooked in cancer, despite a causal link shown under jet lag and shift work conditions. We investigated whether the circadian rest‐activity rhythm provides a reliable and objective estimate of the most frequent patient‐reported outcome measures (PROMs).MethodsTwo datasets were used, each involving concomitant 3‐day time series of wrist actigraphy and HR‐QoL questionnaires: EORTC QLQ‐C30 was completed once by 237 patients with metastatic colorectal cancer; MD Anderson Symptom Inventory (MDASI) was completed daily by 31 patients with advanced cancer on continuous actigraphy monitoring, providing 1015 paired data points. Circadian function was assessed using the clinically validated dichotomy index I < O. Nonparametric tests compared PROMs and I < O. Effect sizes were computed. Sensitivity subgroup and temporal dynamics analyses were also performed.ResultsI < O values were significantly lower with increasing symptom severity and worsening HR‐QoL domains. Fatigue and anorexia were worse in patients with circadian disruption. The differences were both statistically and clinically significant (P < 0.001; d ≥ 0.33). Physical and social functioning, and global quality/enjoyment of life were significantly better in patients with robust circadian rhythm (P < 0.001; d ≥ 0.26). Sensitivity analyses validated these findings.ConclusionObjectively determined circadian disruption was consistently and robustly associated with clinically meaningfully severe fatigue, anorexia, and interference with physical and social functioning. This supports an important role of the circadian system in the determination of cancer patients’ HR‐QoL and symptoms that deserves therapeutic exploitation.
The discursive “othering” of Jews and Muslims in the Britain First solidarity patrol
Authors: Burke Shani 
Published: August 2018

AbstractIn this paper, critical discursive psychology is used to analyse the Islamophobic discourse by the far‐right party Britain First in its “solidarity patrol” video. Britain First patrolled in Golders Green, North London, to show support for Jewish communities following the ISIS shooting at the kosher supermarket in Paris on January 9, 2015. The Charlie Hebdo shooting and the shooting at the kosher supermarket (as well as other attacks by members of the Islamic State) have led to Muslims being seen as a threat to Britain and exposed to Islamophobic attacks and racial abuse. This presents far‐right parties in the United Kingdom with the dilemma of appearing moderate and mainstream in their anti‐Islamic stance. The analysis focuses on how Britain First used the shooting at the kosher supermarket in order to construct Jews as under threat from Islam. The analysis also includes visual communication in the solidarity patrol video that was used to provide “evidence” that Britain First supported Jewish communities. Results are discussed in light of how Britain First used aligning with Jews in order to appear as “reasonable” in projecting its anti‐Islamic ideology and how critical discursive psychology can be used to show how conflicting social identities are constructed.
Carbon2Chem® – A Cross‐Industry Approach to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Authors: Oles Markus , Lüke Wiebke , Kleinschmidt Ralph , Büker Karsten , Weddige Hans‐Jörn , Schmöle Peter , Achatz Reinhold 
Published: August 2018

AbstractReducing greenhouse gas emissions and limiting global warming to well below 2 °C are the major goals of the Paris Agreement. The technical realization of these goals continues to pose major challenges for many high‐emission industrial sectors. One promising approach is the synergetic combination of large‐scale industries in cross‐industrial networks. With Carbon2Chem®, the merger of the steel, chemical, and energy sectors has succeeded for the first time. The aim of the initiative is to use top gases from steel production as a raw material for chemical products.
CRISPR RNA Array‐Guided Multisite Cleavage for Gene Disruption by Cas9 and Cpf1
Authors: Wang Dan , Ma Dejun , Han Jingxin , Kong Linghao , Li Lu‐Yuan , Xi Zhen 
Published: August 2018

AbstractTo achieve multisite‐targeting‐based DNA cleavage simultaneously, we designed two kinds of CRISPR RNA arrays by fusing four single guide RNAs (sgRNAs for Cas9 or crRNAs for Cpf1) with uncleavable RNA linkers (CRISPRay). The CRISPRay could operate on four adjacent target sites to cleave target DNA in a collaborative manner. Two CRISPR RNA arrays demonstrated robust inactivation of the firefly luciferase gene in living cells. In vitro DNA cleavage and DNA sequencing also verified that sgRNA arrays directed SpCas9 nuclease to cut target DNA at four cleavage sites simultaneously whereas crRNA‐array‐guided FnCpf1 nuclease showed target‐activated, nonspecific DNase activity on both target DNA and nontarget DNA at random sites. Through optimization of the ratio of nuclease and CRIPSR RNAs, CRISPRay should further enhance gene interference in cells. This work presents a simple approach through which to improve multisite‐directed gene disruption by fusing four guide RNAs (sgRNAs or crRNAs) into a CRISPR RNA string.
Developing Small‐Molecule Inhibitors of HECT‐Type Ubiquitin Ligases for Therapeutic Applications: Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Chen Dan , Gehringer Matthias , Lorenz Sonja 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe ubiquitin system regulates countless physiological and disease‐associated processes and has emerged as an attractive entryway for therapeutic efforts. With over 600 members in the human proteome, ubiquitin ligases are the most diverse class of ubiquitylation enzymes and pivotal in encoding specificity in ubiquitin signaling. Although considerable progress has been made in the identification of small molecules targeting RING ligases, relatively little is known about the “druggability” of HECT (homologous to E6AP C terminus) ligases, many of which are critically implicated in human pathologies. A major obstacle to optimizing the few available ligands is our incomplete understanding of their inhibitory mechanisms and the structural basis of catalysis in HECT ligases. Here, we survey recent approaches to manipulate the activities of HECT ligases with small molecules to showcase the particular challenges and opportunities these enzymes hold as therapeutic targets.
Catalytic Intermediates of CO2 Hydrogenation on Cu(111) Probed by In Operando Near‐Ambient Pressure Technique
Authors: Ren Yinjuan , Yuan Kaidi , Zhou Xiong , Sun Haicheng , Wu Kai , Bernasek Steven L. , Chen Wei , Xu Guo Qin 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe in operando monitoring of catalytic intermediates is crucial for understanding the reaction mechanism and for optimizing the reaction conditions to improve the efficiency of the catalytic protocol; however, until now, this has remained a daunting challenge. Herein, we investigated the interaction of CO2 and H2 with the Cu(111) surface in a CO2 hydrogenation model system by using the in operando technique of near‐ambient pressure X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, which is further assisted by ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy and low‐energy electron diffraction (LEED) measurements. These techniques allowed the direct observation of CO2 dissociation into CO+O on the Cu(111) surface and the adsorption of O on the surface at room temperature. The intermediate HCOO− was unambiguously detected in the CO2+H2 environment, which corroborated the formate pathway for methanol formation on the Cu(111) surface. We further found that O coverage can prevent the build up of graphitic carbon on the Cu surface. By taking advantage of the competitive interplay between Cu−O and graphitic carbon, we have proposed a feasible strategy for inhibition of the formation of graphitic carbon by tuning the CO2 and H2 partial pressures, which may contribute to sustaining the active Cu catalyst under the reaction conditions.
Structural Mapping of Anion Inhibitors to β‐Carbonic Anhydrase psCA3 from Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Murray Akilah B. , Aggarwal Mayank , Pinard Melissa , Vullo Daniela , Patrauchan Marianna , Supuran Claudiu T. , McKenna Robert 
Published: August 2018

AbstractPseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram‐negative facultative anaerobe belonging to the Pseudomonadaceae family. It is a multidrug‐resistant opportunistic human pathogen, a common cause of life‐threatening nosocomial infections, and a key bacterial agent in cystic fibrosis and endocarditis. The bacterium exhibits intrinsic resistance to most antibacterial agents, including aminoglycosides and quinolones. Hence, the identification of new drug targets for P. aeruginosa is ongoing. PsCA3 is a β‐class carbonic anhydrase (β‐CA) that catalyzes the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate and represents a new class of antimicrobial target. Previously, inhibitor screening studies of psCA3 have shown that a series of small anions including sulfamide (SFN), imidazole (IMD), and 4‐methylimidazole (4MI), and thiocyanate (SCN) inhibit the enzyme with efficiencies in the micro‐ to millimolar range. Herein the X‐ray crystal structures of these inhibitors in complex with psCA3 are presented and compared with human CA II. This structural survey into the binding modes of small anions forms the foundation for the development of inhibitors against β‐CAs and more selective inhibitors against P. aeruginosa.
Simple Fabrication of SnO2 Quantum‐dot‐modified TiO2 Nanorod Arrays with High Photoelectrocatalytic Activity for Overall Water Splitting
Authors: Zhang Yingguang , Lin Qun , Tong Na , Zhang Zizhong , Zhuang Huaqiang , Zhang Xiaoyan , Ying Wang , Zhang Hongwen , Wang Xuxu 
Published: August 2018

AbstractPhotoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting has been demonstrated as a promising way to acquire clean hydrogen energy. However, the efficiency has been limited by the high recombination rate of photogenerated electron‐hole pairs. Herein, we provided a simple approach to construct a novel SnO2 quantum dots (QDs) modified TiO2 nanorod arrays (NAs) by the calcination of SnCl2‐adsorbed TiO2 NAs. The photocurrent density of SnO2 QDs/TiO2 NAs exhibits about 5 times higher than that of parent TiO2 NAs at a bias of 0.4 V vs. Ag/AgCl. SnO2 QDs/TiO2 NAs also show a high photoelectrocatalytic activity for overall water splitting with an actual yield of H2 and O2 to be 27.85 and 11.87 μmol cm−2 h−1, respectively. The excellent performance of photoanode for PEC water splitting could be attributed to its Z‐scheme heterostructure for good separation efficiency and transport rate of photogenerated charge carries.
Anchoring Active Pt2+/Pt0 Hybrid Nanodots on g‐C3N4 Nitrogen Vacancies for Photocatalytic H2 Evolution
Authors: Xing Weinan , Tu Wenguang , Ou Man , Wu Shuyang , Yin Shengming , Wang Haojing , Chen Gang , Xu Rong 
Published: August 2018

AbstractA Pt2+/Pt0 hybrid nanodot‐modified graphitic carbon nitride (CN) photocatalyst (CNV‐P) was fabricated for the first time using a chemical reduction method, during which nitrogen vacancies in g‐C3N4 assist to stabilize Pt2+ species. It is elucidated that the coexistence of metallic Pt0 and Pt2+ species in the Pt nanodots loaded on g‐C3N4 results in superior photocatalytic H2 evolution performance with very low Pt loadings. The turnover frequencies (TOFs) are 265.91 and 116.38 h−1 for CNV‐P‐0.1 (0.1 wt % Pt) and CNV‐P‐0.5 (0.5 wt % Pt), respectively, which are much higher than for other g‐C3N4‐based photocatalysts with Pt co‐catalyst reported previously. The excellent photocatalytic H2 evolution performance is a result of i) metallic Pt0 facilitating the electron transport and separation and Pt2+ species preventing the undesirable H2 backward reaction, ii) the strong interfacial contact between Pt2+/Pt0 hybrid nanodots and nitrogen vacancies of CNV facilitating the interfacial electron transfer, and iii) the highly dispersed Pt2+/Pt0 hybrid nanodots exposing more active sites for photocatalytic H2 evolution. Our findings are useful for the design of highly active semiconductor‐based photocatalysts with extremely low precious metal content to reduce the catalyst cost while achieving good activity.
Dataflow management, dynamic load balancing, and concurrent processing for real‐time embedded vision applications using Quasar
Authors: Goossens Bart 
Published: August 2018

SummaryProgramming modern embedded vision systems brings various challenges, due to the steep learning curve for programmers and the different characteristics of the devices. Quasar, a new high‐level programming language and development environment, considerably simplifies the development. Quasar has a compiler that detects and optimizes parallel programming patterns and a heterogeneous runtime that distributes the computational load over the available compute devices (CPUs and Graphical Processing Unit [GPUs]). In this paper, we focus on runtime aspects of Quasar. We show that with good approximation, the execution time of a GPU kernel function can be factorized in a compile‐time‐specific component and a runtime‐specific component. We show that this approximation leads to a computationally simple runtime load balancing rule. Moreover, the load balancing rule permits efficient implicit concurrency of kernel functions and automatic scaling to multiple compute devices (eg, multi‐CPU/GPU systems). Based on an appropriate mathematical scheduling model, we investigate the command queue size trade‐off between memory usage and device utilization. The result is a programming environment for embedded vision systems for which automatic parallelization and implicit concurrency detection allow scaling the program efficiently to multi‐CPU/GPU systems. Finally, benchmark results are provided to demonstrate the performance of our approach compared with OpenACC and CUDA (Compute Unified Device Architecture).
Historical perspective on neuroembryology: Wilhelm His and his contemporaries
Authors: Dupont Jean‐Claude 
Published: August 2018

SummaryThis year marks the 150th anniversary of the discovery of the neural crest by Wilhelm His (1831–1904). Beyond this discovery, His made possible the program of comparative anatomy at the cellular level thanks to the introduction in 1866 of the first microtome to have micrometer advance. His studies of the origin, migration, and fate of neural crest cells were foundational in the field of neuroembryology and contributed to the establishment of the neuron doctrine. The article places His’ work in the scientific context of 19th century embryology, concerned with reconciling the embryonic layers theory, the cell theory and the evolution theory. From a methodological point of view, the article shows that His appears in this context at the junction of two embryological traditions, the descriptive morphological approach and the new experimental approach. The anatomical and physiological exploration of the neural crest and the controversies that followed highlight the transition between these two traditions that His enabled and of which he was one of the initiators.