bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Performance Analysis of R32 Rotary Compressor Used for Room Air Conditioners
Authors: Shi Hongyan , Wu Jianhua 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
R32 has been used as an alternative refrigerant of R410A in room air conditioners for its zero ODP, low GWP, and high performance. In this study, performance of R32 hermetic rotary compressor with high pressure shell was analyzed with a more comprehensive theoretical model. The simulation results showed good agreement with the experimental results. Besides, in order to improve the accuracy, in the theoretical model, the two phase leakage model was chosen in the leakage passage of radial clearance, and the gas leakage was considered in the side of sliding vane when the height of oil level is lower than the upper end face of cylinder. The analysis results show that the main factors that influence the cooling capacity are heating loss and leakage loss, and the main factors that influence the input power are discharge pressure loss, suction heating loss, clearance volume loss, bearing friction loss and sliding vane friction loss. The theoretical model would have great useful for designation and performance optimization of rotary compressor.
CFD simulation of a rotary compressor with gas injection
Authors: Wang Junfeng , Ding Hui , Wang Baolong , Ding Yunchen , Huang Yanfen 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Rotary compressors are widely used in small capacity refrigeration and heat pump Systems. Gas injection is an effective way to improve compressor efficiency especially when operating under low temperature. A novel design injects gas through the rotary compressor blade, controlled by a built in reed valve. CFD simulation provides valuable insights to help design engineers to verify, to analyze, and to improve the performance of compressors. For this particular application, besides modeling rotary compressor operation, CFD simulation also needs to solve reed valve dynamics with combined movement of the blade. In this paper, a full 3D transient CFD model of a rotary compressor with gas injection is described in detail. Real gas properties is used for the refrigerant. Methodology used to model reed valve dynamics is discussed. Simulation results are validated by experiment data. Effects of gas injection are evaluated by comparing the simulation results for the cases with and without gas injection.
Waste Heat Recovery for Reciprocating Compressors
Authors: Klotsche K , Micus F , Thomas C , Hesse U 
Published: September 2019

AbstractIn many important industries (oil and gas, process gases, chemical process engineering) multi-stage reciprocating compressors are used, especially for high pressure ratios. The gas is compressed in multiple consecutive stages and cooled after each stage in order to reduce the maximum process temperatures. The rejected heat is often dissipated to the environment and the usable part – the exergy – is lost.The aim of this paper is to show how the waste heat potential of reciprocating compressors can be used. For this purpose, the waste heat available per stage is quantified for different compression scenarios. Based on this, the processes for the waste heat recovery suitable for the temperature range of the discharge gas as heat source are presented – in particular the structure, working principle and characteristics of the waste heat recovery system. It is shown that the waste heat can be used flexibly for different purposes (heating, power generation, cold supply). The potential of the possible methods of waste heat recovery can be estimated with the aid of the given efficiencies of the respective energy conversion processes.
Pathology and Telepathology Methods in the Child Health and Mortality Prevention Surveillance Network
Authors: Martines Roosecelis B , Ritter Jana M , Gary Joy , Shieh Wun-Ju , Ordi Jaume , Hale Martin , Carrilho Carla , Ismail Mamudo , Traore Cheick Boudadari , Ndibile Benjamin Esiaba , Sava Solomon , Arjuman Farida , Kamal Mohammed , Rahman Mohammad Mosiur , Blau Dianna M , Zaki Sherif R 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This manuscript describes the Child Health and Mortality Prevention Surveillance (CHAMPS) network approach to pathologic evaluation of minimally invasive tissue sampling (MITS) specimens, including guidelines for histopathologic examination and further diagnostics with special stains, immunohistochemistry, and molecular testing, as performed at the CHAMPS Central Pathology Laboratory (CPL) at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, as well as techniques for virtual discussion of these cases (telepathology) with CHAMPS surveillance locations. Based on review of MITS from the early phase of CHAMPS, the CPL has developed standardized histopathology-based algorithms for achieving diagnoses from MITS and telepathology procedures in conjunction with the CHAMPS sites, with the use of whole slide scanners and digital image archives, for maximizing concurrence and knowledge sharing between site and CPL pathologists. These algorithms and procedures, along with lessons learned from initial implementation of these approaches, guide pathologists at the CPL and CHAMPS sites through standardized diagnostics of MITS cases, and allow for productive, real-time case discussions and consultations.
Happy anniversary? States and social revolutions revisited
Authors: Lawson George 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Forty years after its publication, Theda Skocpol's States and social revolutions remains the pre-eminent book in the study of revolutions. But how should the book be assessed from the vantage point of contemporary world politics? This essay reviews Skocpol's contribution to three main issue-areas: theory, structural approaches and the international. It argues that, rich as it has been, the research agenda initiated by States and social revolutions has run its course. It cannot respond effectively to the different contexts within which revolutions emerge and the diverse forms they take. Its bifurcation between structure and agency cannot capture the relational character of revolutionary action. And, despite its concern for the international components of revolutions, States and social revolutions cannot accommodate the ways in which revolutions are ‘intersocial’ all the way down. A new Skocpol is needed for a new age of revolutions.
Rhythm and Mobilization in International Relations
Authors: Solomon Ty 
Published: September 2019

AbstractInternational Relations (IR) has rarely considered rhythm as a topic of analytical attention. Yet rhythms permeate many social and political phenomena, and their study contributes to core debates and empirical insights in contemporary IR. Rhythms are similar to but distinct from other forms of repetitive, iterative social action that have garnered increasing interest in IR, such as practices, habits, and routines. Each of these phenomena has rhythmic elements, but not all rhythmic phenomena are practical, habitual, or routine. Rhythm, then, is a distinct category of iterative action that is effectively positioned to unpack a wider array of practices in a broader range of cases. Moreover, contrary to common conceptions as simple repetition, the multiplicity and dynamism of social rhythms hold the potential to produce novel political formations. This article outlines a framework for the study of rhythms in IR by delineating some key features of social rhythms and three kinds of sociopolitical effects that they have in collective contexts. These theoretical developments are empirically applied to understand neglected aspects of mass mobilization during the Arab uprisings of 2011.
Effects of endophyte-infected tall fescue seed and protein supplementation on stocker steers: II. Adaptive and innate immune function
Authors: Poole Rebecca K , Brown Alecia R , Poore Matthew H , Pickworth Carrie L , Poole Daniel H 
Published: September 2019

AbstractFescue toxicosis is a multifaceted syndrome common in cattle grazing endophyte-infected tall fescue that affects performance; however, little information is available pertaining to its effects on immunity. Recently, it has been shown that supplemental CP can improve performance in weaned steers postvaccination. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of supplemental CP on innate and adaptive immune responses in stocker steers chronically exposed to ergovaline. Angus steers (n = 12 pens; 3 steers/pen) were stratified by weight and assigned to a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement to examine crude protein levels of supplement (14% or 18%) and ergovaline exposure (0 or 185 μg ergovaline/kg BW/d via ground endophyte-free (EF) or endophyte-infected (EI) tall fescue seed, respectively) on immune response. Consumption of low to moderate concentration of ergovaline from EI tall fescue seed was sufficient to induce mild symptoms associated with fescue toxicosis. Blood samples were collected at day 0, 42, and 56 to evaluate infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) type 1b titers following vaccine challenge. Additionally, serum cytokine concentrations were evaluated using Quantibody Bovine Cytokine Arrays on day 0, 28, and 42. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS with repeated measures. Regardless of treatment, no differences were observed in IBR and BVDV-1b seroconversion following vaccine challenge (P > 0.05). Regardless of crude protein concentration, EI steers had greater concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1α), chemokines (CCL2, CCL4, MIG), anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-2, -13, -15, -21), and various growth factors (FGF-1, IGF-1, VEGF-A) when compared to EF steers (P < 0.05). Furthermore, VEGF-A and IGF-1 concentrations were greater in EI-14 steers on day 28 compared to EI-18, EF-14, and EF-18 steers (P < 0.05), however, this difference was not observed on day 0 or 42 (P > 0.05). Based on these data, steers exposed to ergovaline have an increase in pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and supplemental CP had minimal impact to mitigate this response. However, in the current study, exposure to ergovaline had little to no effect on adaptive immunity and response to vaccination. Together, chronic exposure to ergovaline results in a hyperactive innate immune response, which may lead to an immuno-compromised animal.
Survey of Occupational and Environmental Exposure Monitoring Solutions
Authors: Horne Kate McElroy , Nichols Jaime E , Logsdon Daniel , Phipps Helen , Sanders Sara , Wojtyniak Martin , McKnight L T C James , Vigneulle Roy , Jackson David , Elliott Joshua 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Introduction: Service members are exposed to ambient airborne pollutants that have been linked to adverse health effects; however, capabilities to identify and characterize exposures across multi-domain operations are currently lacking. Occupational and environmental exposure monitoring is problematic because there is not a single simple solution, and current technological limitations suggest that simultaneous deployment of multiple devices may be the most effective near-term strategy. Materials and Methods: A broad industry scan of wearable, handheld, or portable occupational and environmental exposure monitoring devices was conducted, and subject matter experts were interviewed about the state of the field. Results: This survey identified limitations including the inability to detect multiple analytes or analyte classes, size and weight, and detection limits, but multiple implementation strategies could be employed to meet a variety of combat needs. Device types could be layered, or specific device types could be deployed in acute toxic exposure environments such as dense urban population centers or subterranean spaces. Conclusions: Evolving technologies and data management strategies may advance personal exposure monitoring in the future. These new devices and methods will likely supplant current technologies, while still using the programmatic and data framework established with early implementation of current commercial off the shelf devices.
Noncontact Speckle Contrast Diffuse Correlation Tomography of Blood Flow Distributions in Burn Wounds: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Zhao Mingjun , Mazdeyasna Siavash , Huang Chong , Agochukwu-Nwubah Nneamaka , Bonaroti Alisha , Wong Lesley , Yu Guoqiang 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Introduction: Tissue injuries are often associated with abnormal blood flow (BF). The ability to assess BF distributions in injured tissues enables objective evaluation of interventions and holds the potential to improve the acute management of these injuries on battlefield. Materials and Methods: We have developed a novel speckle contrast diffuse correlation tomography (scDCT) system for noncontact 3D imaging of tissue BF distributions. In scDCT, a galvo mirror was used to remotely project near-infrared point light to different source positions and an electron multiplying charge-coupled-device was used to detect boundary diffuse speckle contrasts. The normalized boundary data were then inserted into a modified Near-Infrared Fluorescence and Spectral Tomography program for 3D reconstructions of BF distributions. This article reports the first application of scDCT for noncontact 3D imaging of BF distributions in burn wounds. Results: Significant lower BF values were observed in the burned areas/volumes compared to surrounding normal tissues. Conclusions: The unique noncontact 3D imaging capability makes the scDCT applicable for intraoperative assessment of burns/wounds, without risk of infection and without interfering with sterility of the surgical field. The portable scDCT device holds the potential to be used by surgeons in combat surgical hospitals to improve the acute management of battlefield burn injuries.
Self-report Pain Scale Reliability in Veterans and Service Members With Traumatic Brain Injuries Undergoing Inpatient Rehabilitation
Authors: Hoot Michelle R , Khokhar Bilal , Walker William C 
Published: September 2019

AbstractIntroductionPain in trauma patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) may heighten cognitive-behavioral impairment and impede rehabilitation efforts. Multiple self-report pain assessment tools have been shown reliable in cognitively intact adults and children but are understudied in the cognitively impaired, particularly in persons with TBI. The objective of this study was to assess the utility and reliability of four pain assessment instruments among TBI patients during inpatient rehabilitation and the influence of cognitive impairment.MethodsParticipants self-completed four pain intensity measures, the Verbal Descriptor Scale, Faces Pain Scale (Faces), Numerical Rating Scale (NRS), and Color-Enhanced Visual Analog Scale (CAS), during five study visits over a 2-week period. Data were collected on time to completion and most preferred pain measure. To assess scale reliability, participants re-rated their current pain. To assess scale responsiveness, standard mean response was measured across time and a worst past pain experience was rated. Cognitive impairment was assessed with the Memory, Orientation, and Amnesia Test.ResultsThe NRS was the most preferred measure by participants at every time point in the study. Mean pain measure completion time for all measures was under 11 seconds and did not significantly change during the study period. All scales showed very high test-retest reliability, with very strong correlations. Standard mean response from day 0 to 14 ranged from 0.387 to 0.532 across the scales. When stratified by cognitive impairment, the mean scores were consistently nominally higher for impaired participants, reaching statistical significance only for the CAS and Faces at baseline. In the cognitive impaired group, reliability for the Faces showed some weakening, as did the VAS to a milder degree.ConclusionsAll four pain measures demonstrated good utility, very high test-retest reliability, and satisfactory responsiveness. Greater cognitive impairment was associated with elevated pain ratings, especially in the Faces and CAS. The NRS was the most preferred by patients, regardless of cognitive impairment level.
Drug therapy of advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: is there any evidence?
Authors: Ribero Simone , Stucci Luigia Stefania , Daniels Gregory A. , Borradori Luca 
Published: September 2019

Purpose of reviewThere are few randomized controlled studies to guide the treatment of advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. The existing treatments are mostly based on case reports and small case series. Here we review recently available insights concerning the treatment of locally advanced and metastatic squamous cell carcinoma, with a special emphasis on novel targeted therapy and immunotherapy.Recent findingsSurgery and combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy have been long considered the gold standard options for advanced squamous cell carcinoma. The detection of clinically relevant driver mutations has opened the door to the use of novel targeted therapies. Recent studies have shown that aggressive cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma is characterized by a very high mutational background. Furthermore, the importance of the defective immunosurveillance in the growth of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma and the critical role of programed cell death protein 1 and programmed death-ligand 1 interaction in skin tumor development provides a rationale for the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors.SummaryEpidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors have shown to have satisfactory antitumor activity with acceptable side-effect profile. However, their place in management of advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma alone or in combination with either radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy needs to be better characterized. The available preliminary findings suggest that immune checkpoint inhibitors represent a potentially valuable alternative in cutaneous aggressive squamous cell carcinoma, promising a further expansion of their indication spectrum. Randomized controlled studies will allow us to better characterize their practical value.
Quality of life after pancreas transplantation: time to look again
Authors: Hanlon Matthew , Cooper Matthew , Abrams Peter 
Published: September 2019

Purpose of review
To summarize the existing body of literature regarding quality of life after pancreas transplantation, discuss the limitations of existing studies and make an argument for the need for future investigation on this important topic using standard verifiable instruments and utility measurements.

Recent findings
Reinvigorating support for pancreas transplantation as a life-extending and quality-of-life-enhancing treatment for complicated diabetes mellitus remains a work in progress. Over the past two decades, improvements in surgical management, donor selection, recipient selection and immunosuppression have dramatically improved patient and graft outcomes, achieving durable restoration of normal glucose homeostasis in over 90% of patients. These significant advances in the field of pancreas transplantation have presumably had a positive effect on quality of life of pancreas recipients in the current era; however, this remains unconfirmed.

Summary
Technical success in pancreas transplantation has improved dramatically since quality of life was last vigorously investigated in pancreas transplant recipients. Comprehensive review of the literature demonstrates the need and potential usefulness of further study substantiating quality of life benefit after pancreas transplantation, as it remains one of the primary considerations for this procedure.
The process of Lewy body formation, rather than simply alpha-synuclein fibrillization, is the major driver of neurodegeneration in synucleinopathies
Authors: Mahul-Mellier Anne-Laure , Burtscher Johannes , Maharjan Niran , Weerens Laura , Croisier Marie , Kuttler Fabien , Leleu Marion , Knott Graham , Lashuel Hilal A. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractParkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized by the accumulation of misfolded alpha-synuclein (α-syn) into intraneuronal inclusions named Lewy bodies (LB). Although it is widely believed that α-syn plays a central role in the pathogenesis of PD and synucleinopathies, the processes that govern α-syn fibrillization and LB formation in the brain remain poorly understood. In this work, we sought to reverse engineer LBs and dissect the spatiotemporal events involved in their biogenesis at the genetic, molecular, biochemical, structural, and cellular levels. Toward this goal, we took advantage of a seeding-based model of α-syn fibril formation in primary neurons and further developed this model to generate the first neuronal model that reproduces the key events leading to LB formation; including seeding, fibrillization, and the formation of LB-like inclusions that recapitulate many of the biochemical, structural, and organizational features of LBs found inpost-mortemhuman PD brain tissues. Next, we applied an integrative approach combining confocal and correlative light-electron microscopy (CLEM) imaging methods with biochemical profiling of α-syn species and temporal proteomic and transcriptomic analyses to dissect the molecular events associated with LB formation and maturation and to elucidate their contributions to neuronal dysfunctions and neurodegeneration in PD and synucleinopathies. The results from these studies demonstrate that LB formation involves a complex interplay between α-syn fibrillization, post-translational modifications, and interactions between α-syn aggregates and membranous organelles, including mitochondria and the autophagosome and endolysosome. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the process of LB formation and maturation, rather than simply fibril formation, is the major driver of neurodegeneration through disruption of cellular functions and inducing mitochondria damage and deficits, as well as synaptic dysfunctions. Having a neuronal model that allows for unlinking of the key processes involved in LB formation is crucial for elucidating the molecular and cellular determinants of each process and their contributions to neuronal dysfunction and degeneration in PD and synucleinopathies. Such a model is essential to efforts to identify and investigate the mode of action and toxicity of drug candidates targeting α-syn aggregation and LB formation.