bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lipase‐catalyzed hydrolysis of (+,‐)‐2‐(4‐methylphenyl) propionic methyl ester enhanced by hydroxypropyl‐β‐cyclodextrin
Authors: Liu Guangyong , Zhang Panliang , Xu Weifeng , Wang Lujun , Tang Kewen 
Published: July 2018

AbstractBACKGROUNDEnzymatic kinetic resolution is an attractive technology for production of enantiomerically pure compounds. The objective of this research is to investigate the enantioselective hydrolysis of (+,‐)‐2‐(4‐methylphenyl) propionic methyl ester (2‐(4‐MP)PPAME) to (+)‐2‐(4‐methylphenyl) propionic acid ((+)‐2‐(4‐MP)PPA) catalyzed by enzyme in an aqueous medium.RESULTSLipase AY from candida rugosa (CRL) was screened as the best lipase. Novozym 435 IM and lipopan S BG show higher catalytic activity but the enantioselectivity is very low. By addition of hydroxypropyl‐β‐cyclodextrin (HP‐β‐CD) to the aqueous system, an increased substrate conversion of 45.28% was obtained, the high enantiomeric excess remaining compared with the conversion of 28.05% without HP‐β‐CD. Response surface methodology and central composite design were employed to model and optimize the reaction system.CONCLUSIONUnder the optimal conditions including pH of 6.60, 12.5 mg mL−1 enzyme, 35 mmol L−1 HP‐β‐CD, 0.06 mmol substrate, temperature 39°C, agitation speed 400 rpm and 40 h reaction time, the substrate conversion was up to 40.32% and the optical purity of the product (+)‐2‐(4‐methylphenyl) propionic acid was up to 95.22%. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Incubation temperature induced phenotypic plasticity in oviparous reptiles: Where to next?
Authors: Booth David T. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractIt is now undisputable that incubation temperature induces different phenotypes (sex, body size, body shape, behavior, and locomotion performance) in many if not most oviparous reptiles. These incubation temperature induced differences in phenotype are assumed to result in differential fitness among hatchlings and therefore to play an important role in recruitment of hatchlings and persistence of reptile populations. However, the role of incubation temperature induced differences in hatchling phenotypes in determining hatchling fitness is still under explored and needs more empirical study. This information is especially needed when making predictions on how climate change and its associated nest warming may affect long term persistence of oviparous reptile populations. Curiously, the ontogenetic and physiological mechanisms responsible for incubation temperature induced differences in hatchling reptile locomotion performance are still unknown. In this article, I review the literature on incubation temperature induced differences in hatchling locomotion performance and summarize what is known about this phenomenon and its influence on hatchling fitness. I discuss how the anticipated detrimental effects on hatchling locomotion performance caused by increased nest temperature associated with climate warming could be ameliorated. I also explore the most likely physiological mechanisms underlying incubation temperature induced differences in hatchling locomotion performance and how these mechanisms might be induced. Finally, I highlight current knowledge gaps in our understanding of incubation temperature induced phenotypic plasticity and suggest directions for future research.
Models of support for disclosure of HIV status to HIV‐infected children and adolescents in resource‐limited settings
Authors: Arrivé Elise , Ayaya Samuel , Davies Mary‐Ann , Chimbetete Cleophas , Edmonds Andrew , Lelo Patricia , Fong Siew Moy , Razali Kamarul Azahar , Kouakou Kouadio , Duda Stephany N , Leroy Valériane , Vreeman Rachel C ,   the IeDEA Pediatric Working Group
Published: July 2018

AbstractIntroductionDisclosure of HIV status to HIV‐infected children and adolescents is a major care challenge. We describe current site characteristics related to disclosure of HIV status in resource‐limited paediatric HIV care settings within the International Epidemiology Databases to Evaluate AIDS (IeDEA) consortium.MethodsAn online site assessment survey was conducted across the paediatric HIV care sites within six global regions of IeDEA. A standardized questionnaire was administered to the sites through the REDCap platform.ResultsFrom June 2014 to March 2015, all 180 sites of the IeDEA consortium in 31 countries completed the online survey: 57% were urban, 43% were health centres and 86% were integrated clinics (serving both adults and children). Almost all the sites (98%) reported offering disclosure counselling services. Disclosure counselling was most often provided by counsellors (87% of sites), but also by nurses (77%), physicians (74%), social workers (68%), or other clinicians (65%). It was offered to both caregivers and children in 92% of 177 sites with disclosure counselling. Disclosure resources and procedures varied across geographical regions. Most sites in each region reported performing staff members' training on disclosure (72% to 96% of sites per region), routinely collecting HIV disclosure status (50% to 91%) and involving caregivers in the disclosure process (71% to 100%). A disclosure protocol was available in 14% to 71% of sites. Among the 143 sites (79%) routinely collecting disclosure status process, the main collection method was by asking the caregiver or child (85%) about the child's knowledge of his/her HIV status. Frequency of disclosure status assessment was every three months in 63% of the sites, and 71% stored disclosure status data electronically.ConclusionThe majority of the sites reported offering disclosure counselling services, but educational and social support resources and capacities for data collection varied across regions. Paediatric HIV care sites worldwide still need specific staff members' training on disclosure, development and implementation of guidelines for HIV disclosure, and standardized data collection on this key issue to ensure the long‐term health and wellbeing of HIV‐infected youth.
Indium‐111 labeling of high‐density lipoprotein‐mimicking phospholipid‐styrene maleic acid copolymer complexes and its biodistribution in mice
Authors: Tanaka Masafumi , Hosotani Akira , Mukai Takahiro 
Published: July 2018

Discoidal lipid nanoparticles mimicking native high‐density lipoproteins (HDL) are promising delivery vehicles of drugs and/or imaging agents. However, little is known about the in vivo biodistribution of such discoidal lipid nanoparticles compared to liposomes, clinically available spherical lipid nanoparticles. Recently, it has been reported that synthetic polymers instead of apolipoproteins can be complexed with phospholipid to form discoidal nanoparticles. In the present study, with the aim of developing phospholipid‐synthetic polymer complexes for future clinical applications, the biodistribution of such particles in normal mice was investigated. Lipid nanoparticles comprising 1‐palmitoyl‐2‐oleoyl‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine (POPC) and styrene maleic acid copolymer (SMA), having sizes similar to native HDL, were prepared using the freeze‐sonication method. POPC‐SMA complexes remained stable at 37°C for at least 3 days in buffer. By devising ways to avoid detrimental effects accompanied by pH reduction and nonspecific binding of 111In to SMA, POPC‐SMA complexes were successfully labeled with 111In without affecting particle integrity. The biodistribution of POPC‐SMA complexes in normal mice was similar to that of discoidal lipid nanoparticles composed of POPC and apolipoprotein A‐I, the major protein constituent of native HDL. Unlike liposomes, the accumulation of POPC‐SMA complexes in the spleen was low, suggesting that these complexes are not recognized as foreign substances. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first in vivo study of HDL‐mimicking phospholipid‐synthetic polymer complexes.
Direct analysis in real time coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry as a rapid tool to assess salmon (Salmo salar) freshness
Authors: Fiorino Giuseppina M. , Losito Ilario , De Angelis Elisabetta , Logrieco Antonio F. , Monaci Linda 
Published: July 2018

AbstractDirect analysis in real time‐high resolution mass spectrometry (DART‐HRMS) was applied to the detection of lipid species in the lipid extracts of farmed salmon samples collected from a local retailer and analyzed right after the purchase and after storage for 4 and 6 days under refrigerated conditions.The recognition of type and composition of lipids detected in DART‐HRMS spectra was performed by using the relevant accurate m/z data (accuracy better than 5 ppm) as input for a search on the LipidMaps database. As a result, several fatty acids (FA), either saturated or mono‐/poly‐unsaturated, and triacylglycerols (TAG) were recognized in the three types of samples from the corresponding negative and positive ion DART‐HRMS spectra, respectively. Following, spectral intensities were exploited to monitor the evolution of selected FA and TAG during the refrigeration of salmon meat. In particular, after 4 days of refrigeration, a statistically significant increase was recorded for FA with side chain compositions 18:2, 18:1, 20:5, and 22:6 despite a significant decrease found for TAG with overall side chain compositions 50:4, 52:5, 52:4, and 52:3 after the same time. These evolutions were consistent with a general model already proposed for the effect of low temperature treatments on seafood, implying the action of endogenous lipases, with consequent increase of the free FA amount and decrease in glycerophospholipids and triglycerides contents. The described results indicate DART‐HRMS as a promising MS‐based rapid tool for the assessment of fish, or other seafood, freshness.
Assessing divergent consequences of payments for ecosystem services on rural livelihoods: A case‐study in China's Loess Hills
Authors: Li Qirui , Amjath Babu T. S. , Sieber Stefan , Zander Peter 
Published: July 2018

AbstractPayments for ecosystem services (PES) are often used as a tool for arresting land degradation and desertification. Nevertheless, deeper investigation of farm household systems (FHSs) changes during PES projects is rather limited. It is important to understand how various FHSs evolve with the divergent resource allocation strategies aiming at livelihood security in response to the PES scheme. Taking the Grain for Green Programme (GGP) in China as an example, the intended and unintended consequences of a PES scheme on land management and conservation are analyzed. Using principal component analysis and cluster analysis, FHSs types are identified, whereas composite indices regarding environmental, economic, and food security are created to assess the livelihood security of each type. This is followed by a regression analysis to explore the determinants of the livelihood security, as well as a cost–benefit analysis that investigates the multidimensional costs and benefits of FHSs types. The results show that seven distinct FHSs types evolved under the GGP PES scheme, with significant differences in livelihood security components. The strategy of setting aside the optimal share of land for ecosystem services, such as erosion reduction, and then compensating the economic loss with permanent and market‐oriented farming activities (greenhouse horticulture and orchards) can establish a positive link between economic development and environmental protection. Findings indicate that careful consideration of market, institutional, and policy interventions for supporting FHSs reorganization under PES schemes is needed to align the environmental goals with food and economic security goals of farm households, ensuring sustainability of the benefits while limiting the unintended consequences.
A note on the deductive strength of the Nielsen‐Schreier theorem
Authors: Tachtsis Eleftherios 
Published: July 2018

AbstractWe show that the Boolean Prime Ideal Theorem () does not imply the Nielsen‐Schreier Theorem () in , thus strengthening the result of Kleppmann from “Nielsen‐Schreier and the Axiom of Choice” that the (strictly weaker than ) Ordering Principle () does not imply in . We also show that is false in Mostowski's Linearly Ordered Model of . The above two results also settle the corresponding open problems from Howard and Rubin's “Consequences of the Axiom of Choice”.
Some remarks on the notions of boundary systems and boundary triple(t)s
Authors: Waurick Marcus , Wegner Sven‐Ake 
Published: July 2018

AbstractIn this note we show that if a boundary system in the sense of (Schubert et al. 2015) gives rise to any skew‐self‐adjoint extension, then it induces a boundary triplet and the classification of all extensions given by (Schubert et al. 2015) coincides with the skew‐symmetric version of the classical characterization due to (Gorbachuk et al. 1991). On the other hand we show that for every skew‐symmetric operator there is a natural boundary system which leads to an explicit description of at least one maximal dissipative extension. This is in particular also valid in the case that no boundary triplet exists for this operator.
Technical Note: Development of a phantom for dosimetric comparison of murine micro‐CT protocols with optically stimulated luminescent dosimeters
Authors: Mendez Claudia , Colpo Nadine , Duzenli Cheryl , Atwal Parmveer , Gill Brad 
Published: July 2018

PurposeThis work aims to evaluate the utility and accuracy of a mouse‐like phantom and optically stimulated luminescent dosimeters (OSLDs) in measuring dose delivered to the body and lung of mice undergoing micro‐CT imaging.MethodsA phantom with two cavities for NanoDot OSLDs (Landauer, Inc., Greenwood, IL) was designed and constructed using acrylic to model the mouse body and polyurethane foam to obtain an approximate lung tissue dose. The OSLD dose was compared to ion chamber measurements for the same imaging protocols delivered by a Siemens Inveon micro‐CT (Siemens Medical Solutions USA, Inc., Hoffman Estates, IL, USA). A whole body scan, using 80 kV, 0.5 mA and 0.5 mm of aluminum filter, was used to compare results to previously published data. Additionally, dose was measured for the whole body scan without the aluminum filter and two chest protocols (full and half rotation).ResultsOSLD dose results agree with chamber measurements within 3%. Average OSLD measurements for the whole body scan without filter were 10.7 ± 0.7 cGy in the abdomen and 11.2 ± 0.7 cGy in the lung. For the full rotation chest protocol, the average dose measured in the lung was 65.8 ± 4.3 cGy and 60.2 ± 3.9 cGy in the abdomen. Average doses were 41.1 ± 2.7 cGy in the lung and 38.2 ± 2.5 cGy in the abdomen for the half rotation chest protocol. The OSLD measurements showed a coefficient of variation under 1.4%. A maximum rotational geometry under‐response of 0.86% with respect to exposure at normal incidence to the OSLD was measured.ConclusionsThe doses measured were found to be comparable to other studies for the scanner configuration and protocols chosen. The phantom built for this study was found to give reproducible dose measurements with 4% uncertainty. In this way, a robust and convenient method is established for future dose assessment of micro‐CT protocols and interinstitutional comparisons.
An integral equation for the second moment function of a geometric process and its numerical solution
Authors: Pekalp Mustafa Hilmi , Aydoğdu Halil 
Published: July 2018

AbstractIn this article, an integral equation satisfied by the second moment function M2(t) of a geometric process is obtained. The numerical method based on the trapezoidal integration rule proposed by Tang and Lam for the geometric function M(t) is adapted to solve this integral equation. To illustrate the numerical method, the first interarrival time is assumed to be one of four common lifetime distributions, namely, exponential, gamma, Weibull, and lognormal. In addition to this method, a power series expansion is derived using the integral equation for the second moment function M2(t), when the first interarrival time has an exponential distribution.
Obesity and healthcare resource utilization: results from Clinical Practice Research Database (CPRD)
Authors: le Roux C. W. , Chubb B. , Nørtoft E. , Borglykke A. 
Published: July 2018

SummaryBackground/ObjectivesThe economic burden of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) rises with increasing prevalence. This study estimates the association between obesity, healthcare resource utilization (HCRU) and associated costs in individuals with/without T2D.Subjects/MethodsThis observational cohort study used the United Kingdom Clinical Practice Research Datalink data. Between 1 January 2011 and 31 December 2015, total HCRU costs and individual component costs (hospitalizations, general practitioner contacts, prescriptions) were calculated for individuals linked to the Hospital Episodes Statistics database with/without T2D with normal weight, overweight, class I, II, III obesity.ResultsA total of 396,091 individuals were included. Increasing body mass index (BMI) was associated with increased HCRU costs. At each BMI category, costs were greater for individuals with than without T2D. Relative to normal BMI, increasing BMI was positively associated with increased HCRU costs, with similar magnitude regardless of T2D. The total HCRU cost for an individual with class III obesity was 1.4‐fold (£3,695) greater than for normal weight.ConclusionIn the United Kingdom, HCRU costs were positively associated with increasing BMI, irrespective of T2D status. The combination of T2D and obesity was associated with higher HCRU costs compared with individuals of the same BMI, without T2D. These findings suggest that prioritizing weight management programmes focused specifically on individuals with obesity and T2D may be more cost‐effective than for those with obesity alone.
Improved microfiltration and bacteria removal performance of polyethersulfone membranes prepared by modified vapor‐induced phase separation
Authors: Barzin Jalal , Safarpour Mahdie , Kordkatooli Zahra , Vahedi Mohammad 
Published: July 2018

Polyethersulfone (PES) microfiltration membranes were fabricated by a combined vapor‐induced phase separation and wet phase separation method. The effect of different non‐solvent additives in casting solution, ie, acetone, diethylene glycol, and triethylene glycol (TEG) was investigated on the membrane morphology and performance. Scanning electron microscopy images showed that the membrane containing TEG additive had a skinless symmetric structure with well interconnected pores. The permeability of the PES/PVP/TEG membranes increased by decreasing PES and TEG and increasing PVP concentration. Bacteria removal performance of the prepared membranes was investigated by the filtration of E. coli suspension. The membrane made from casting solution containing 15 wt.% PES, 16 wt.% PVP, and 20wt.% TEG showed a pure water flux of ~ 5370 L/m2 h at low transmembrane pressure of 10 psi and 100% bacteria removal efficiency. The results of in vitro cytotoxicity test and cell viability assay showed non‐toxic nature of the prepared membranes.
Micro Nozzle Assisted Spraying Process for Re‐crystallization of Submicrometer Hexanitrostilbene Explosive
Authors: Gupta Shallu , Kumar Pal Dinesh , Jindal Deepika , Sharma Sandeep , Agarwal Arun , Lata Prem 
Published: July 2018

AbstractHexanitrostilbene has excellent thermal and shock stability, and shelf life. It has reliable initiation functioning when subjected to short duration pressure pulse stimuli. These characteristics make it one of the potential explosives for miniature devices such as exploding foil initiators, through bulkhead initiator, and fuzes for high ‘g’ applications. It also finds wide application in devices used for civilian applications such as mining and oil exploration. However, preparation of submicrometer HNS (sm‐HNS) explosives and batch‐to‐batch variation is a challenging task in terms of filtering, repeatability of particle size and shape distribution. In our research work, micro nozzle assisted spraying process (MNASP) was developed. The MNASP setup consists of micro fuel nozzle, pressure cylinder for HNS solution, flow meter and pressure gauges. The process attributes such as stirring rate, pressure, temperature, nozzle diameter, flow rate, ultra‐sonication frequency were optimized using weighted average method of Analytical Network Process (ANP) techniques. Laser diffraction‐based particle size analysis showed that sm‐HNS in the range of 300 to 700 nm, with average particle size of 515 nm and narrow standard deviation of 34 nm can be obtained using this process with very high consistency in batch‐to‐batch preparation. 1H NMR investigations were carried out to confirm the purity of sm‐HNS. FTIR spectra confirmed the structure of sm‐HNS. The process is a unique laboratory scale table‐top pilot plant which is highly repeatabe under same conditions, and cost‐effective for large scale production at the rate of 50 grams per hour. The advantage of consistency in preparation of sm‐HNS with narrow particle size distribution is observed in performance of exploding foil initiators. There is consistency in threshold firing voltage of 1.5 kV, with standard deviation of 147 V.
The Impact of Time on the Detonation Capacity of Bulk Emulsion Explosives based on Emulinit 8L
Authors: Mertuszka Piotr , Kramarczyk Bartłomiej 
Published: July 2018

AbstractOne of the elements of enhanced safety of mechanically loaded emulsion explosives is the loss of its explosive properties after a certain period of time, without reference to the particular research. The manufacturer described this time for approximately 48 hours from the time of its charging to the blasting holes with a gas sensitized product. Under regular conditions of mining works, this time is absolutely sufficient for safe mining operations. In practice, some unforeseeable situations may occur that the charged explosive is not fired within the prescribed period of time. The aim of the study was to verify the knowledge regarding the behavior of mechanically loaded emulsion explosives used in Polish underground copper mines by tracking the changes of detonation velocity over time. The subject of research was Emulinit 8L emulsion explosive manufactured by NITROERG from Bieruń, Poland. The measurements were provided using a MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder, which allows for continuous measurement of the detonation velocity of explosives.