bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of and Challenges Faced by Logging Business Owners in Southern New England
Authors: Egan Andrew 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The heavily populated states of southern New England—Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island—are primarily forested, providing forest-related services and timber and nontimber forest products. Despite reported challenges to the region's forestry sector, including a shortage of logging capacity, there has been a lack of systematically gathered data about the region's logging community. A mailed survey, informed by focus groups, key informant interviews, and previous research, was used to develop baseline information about the region's logging business owners and to explore challenges to the region's logging businesses. There were few significant differences among logging businesses and logging business owners from the three southern New England states for the attributes studied. Although some mechanized felling was reported, most logging businesses in the region used chain saw felling and 46% of the businesses reported a logging equipment value of less than $100,000. Logging business owners cited several challenges to maintaining or expanding their businesses, including day-to-day operating costs, equipment and insurance costs, the price of stumpage, a shrinking forestland base, and harvest regulations. In addition, there was a general perception of the public's lack of respect for loggers and logging, as well as a perceived disconnect between forest products that the public consumes and the work that loggers perform. Loggers in the region appeared to have less familial attachment to logging, more nonlogging employment opportunity, and a diminished sense of occupational prestige compared with other logging business owners in the northeast. As with similar studies of the logging communities in other states in the northeast, this study represents a reference point from which future studies of the region's logging workforce may be more clearly understood.
Nontarget Insects Caught on Emerald Ash Borer Purple Monitoring Traps in Western Pennsylvania
Authors: Skvarla Michael J. , Holland Jeffrey D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), is an invasive beetle attacking North American ash trees (Fraxinus L. [Oleaceae]). Populations in infested areas are monitored with purple sticky traps. During summer 2008, we monitored nine pairs of purple traps and clear control traps to determine which other insect families are attracted to these traps and whether these traps might be used to monitor other pest insects. We argue that monitoring bycatch in these traps could greatly increase the potential of finding other invasive species.
Thinning Response of Immature White Pine
Authors: Gillespie Andrew R. , Hocker Harold W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A study of response of immature white pine to thinning showed no significant difference in 8-year net basal area per acre production between three treatments: (A) thinning to B-line stocking; (B) thinning to release approximately 80 crop trees per acre; (C) controls. Plots, located in six stands in southern New Hampshire, produced an 8-year average of 45 ft 2 of basal area per acre regardless of thinning intensity. B-line thinning gave greatest response over controls for 4-in trees. Crop tree thinning showed best response over controls for 8-in trees, the average crop tree size. Differences in basal area production among stands were attributed to site characteristics. Results indicate that immature white pine responds well to treatment and that growth by size class can be controlled by thinning method to meet different management objectives. North. J. Appl. For. 3:148-150, Dec. 1986.
Mycorrhizae Benefit Growth and Development of Eastern Black Walnut Seedlings
Authors: Melichar Michael W. , Garrett Harold E. , Cox Gene S. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Eastern black walnut seedlings were inoculated with four vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal-forming fungi and grown in the greenhouse for 198 days. Stem and root growth of inoculated and noninoculated control plants were compared. Growth and development of seedlings inoculated with Glomus microcarpus, G. mosseae, or G. microcarpus + G. fasciculatus were superior to those of seedlings inoculated with G. caledonius or left uninoculated. Application of these findings may be beneficial in reducing the number of cull seedlings produced in nursery operations and in stimulating early growth of outplanted walnut stock. North. J. Appl. For. 3:151-153, Dec. 1986.
Crown Release and Fertilization of Natural Black Walnut
Authors: Ponder Felix , Schlesinger Richard C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In a natural mixed hardwood stand, black walnut trees that received crown release only or received crown release and fertilized with nitrogen only or in combination with phosphorus and potassium were significantly larger than nonreleased trees after 11 years. A large part of the growth difference was due to release. Larger diameter trees benefitted more from crown release than smaller trees. The best response to fertilization was by trees receiving the highest amount of nitrogen and in the diameter class ranging from 14.6-18.7 in. North. J. Appl. For. 3:153-155, Dec. 1986.
Successful Black Walnut Management Requires Long-Term Commitment
Authors: Schlesinger Richard C. , Weber Barbara C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Intensive management of both naturally occurring and planted black walnut trees is necessary to meet the requirements of the furniture and other wood product industries for this high-value hardwood. Successful intensive culture of black walnut requires a consideration of the biological requirements of the trees as they relate to soil properties, competing vegetation, thinning or release, and pruning. Growers must understand the need for consistent and periodic cultural activities if they are to realize the objectives of short-rotation, high-quality production forestry. North. J. Appl. For. 4:20-23, March 1987.
Six-Year Effects of Two Late Spring Frosts on Appalachian Hardwoods
Authors: Rast Everette D. , Brisbin Robert L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Severe late spring frosts can kill new shoots and leaves on commercial tree species at higher elevations. A previous short-term study has shown that the resulting defoliation and dieback does not seriously affect the radial growth or mortality of most species except American beech. In this study we found that defoliation, dieback, and radial growth increment were related to species and crown class. The radial growth increment of American beech was reduced to 70% of the previous 6-yr growth during the first year after the frost. The annual growth then increased consistently over the measurement period. Black cherry and sugar maple radial increment was only reduced to 88% of the previous 6-yr growth, but subsequent increments were much more variable. Epicormic branching on the lower bole of black cherry and beech increased significantly after defoliation occurred. At elevations above 3,200 ft, managers should discourage beech regeneration if timber production is the primary management objective. The potential for higher value products may be reduced because of increased variability in growth rate. North. J. Appl. For. 4:26-28, March 1987.
Managing Beech Bark Disease: Evaluating Defects and Reducing Losses
Authors: Burns Barbara S. , Houston David R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Beech bark disease often produces bark defects that may result in trees being classed erronously as cull. Because of this, sale overruns occur, and sound trees are mistakenly left uncut in the woods. The disease occurs when Nectria fungi attack and kill bark predisposed by the beech scale. It results in several types of bark defects on residual trees that do not succumb or on young trees developing in the presence of the causal complex. Defects can be more or less serious depending on the depth of infection. A sawmill study showed that on trees with recognizable, superficial defects, yield is little affected. When the cambium is damaged, however, defects may lead to losses in lumber yield or quality. Understanding how defects develop helps in estimating volume, identifying high risk trees, and making prescriptions that leave stands more resistant to beech bark disease. North. J. Appl. For. 4:28-33, Mar. 1987.
Scandinavian Thinning Techniques in a Natural Northeastern Softwood Stand
Authors: Hoffman Benjamin F. , Wedge David C. , Gadzik Charles J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The applicability of Scandinavian thinning techniques to small-diameter northeastern softwood stands was tested in a hemlock stand in central Maine. Cutting used motormanual techniques in which the cutter felled, limbed, bucked and piled 8-ft bolts for extraction to trailside by a small tractor and winch. Sixteen-foot lengths were also cut in order to compare the relative merits of the two sizes. To simulate radio control, the winch was activated by a retractable nylon line that permitted the operator to control it remotely from within the stand. A small, tracked forwarder transported the wood to roadside landings. Total roadside cost of the operation was $42.86 per cord, but a cost of $37.87 is considered attainable. The most expensive and most difficult to improve function is cutting, which is most influenced by the small tree size. In this case, 27.5 trees were cut per cord, compared with 10-15 found in most commercial operations. Costs are unacceptable, but the technique may be viable for woodlot owners with limited equipment and low wage requirements. North. J. Appl. For. 4:38-42, March 1987
Silvicultural Cutting Opportunities in Oak-Hickory Forests
Authors: Gansner David A. , Dale Martin E. , Herrick Owen W. , Dickson David R. , Lutz David E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Analysis of cutting opportunities for oak-hickory forests of Pennsylvania reveals a timber bonanza for expanding wood-using plants. The current potential cut from silvicultural thinning, regeneration, and harvest opportunities totals 58 million cords. It amounts to 20 times the current annual harvest of all hardwood volume from the state. On the stump, the conversion value of this material totals $615 million. Moreover, the good housekeeping associated with the silviculture would improve timber productivity and quality. North. J. Appl. For. 4:59-63, June 1987.
Spruce Budworm Damage in Aspen/Balsam Fir Stands Affected by Cutting Methods
Authors: Batzer Harold O. , Benzie John W. , Popp Michael P. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
An aspen/balsam fir study area in Wisconsin with several replicated cutting treatments dating from 1950 when the stand was 36 years old became infested by the spruce budworm in 1976. Remeasurement in 1981 revealed that balsam fir mortality and growth loss were directly related to the amount of aspen removed from the overstory. Complete and commercial clearcutting of the overstory aspen produced 60% more balsam fir basal area than uncut plots by 1975. However, mortality from budworm defoliation averaged 98% of the basal area in these plots. Thinning from above best achieved the objective of early release and provided near maximum protection from the spruce budworm. North. J. Appl. For. 4:73-75, June 1987.
Fuelwood Processing in New Hampshire Becomes a Mature Industry
Authors: Evans Arthur W. , Parker Richard G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In the past few years, New Hampshire's fuelwood processing industry has changed. The majority of output no longer comes from many small entrepreneurs, but from traditional multiproduct loggers. Ninety-four percent of the fuel-wood is marketed by producers whose annual output is over 100 cords. Most are integrated logging businesses; sawlogs are the major product, but fuelwood averages 30% of the output. Whole tree chips comprise 19% of the fuelwood output. Survey respondents reported that profit margins were satisfactory for cordwood and marginal for biomass chips. With more multi-product harvesting, and larger, better equipped fuelwood contractors, forest managers may be better able to utilize increased fuelwood demand to improve forest management. North. J. Appl. For. 4:76-78, June 1987.
Multiple Resource Information and Modeling: A Survey of Needs in the Lake States
Authors: Guertin D. Phillip , Brooks Kenneth N. , Ffolliott Peter F. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A project addressing the requirements of multiple-resource models in the Lake States was undertaken. As part of this project, professionals involved with forest resource management and planning were queried about informational and modeling needs to carry out multiple resource evaluations. Participants of seven work-shops indicated that multiple resource models can be useful to define response relationships for land-use practices, to design inventory programs, to identify research needs, and to assess environmental impacts. Different levels of resolution are needed for project-level planning in contrast to forest-level (county-level) planning. North. J. Appl. For. 4:81-84, June 1987.
Modeling the Cost and Profitability of Timber Harvesting with Cable Skidders
Authors: Howard Andrew F. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Logging costs and profitability are affected by many variables. Computer simulation based on detailed production studies and an accounting-based cost analysis was used to investigate the relative importance of tree size and species group on logging costs and profits. Tree size had the greatest affect on skidding costs. Species group was found to be important only in felling. Marginal tree size and margins for profit and risk were computed for seven timber sales. Marginal tree size ranged from 12+ to 13+ in. Volume in submarginal trees ranged from 16.3 to 44.8% of the total volume. Margins earned by a hypothetical contractor were found to be low. The findings and methodology can be used by researchers and operations managers for analysis and planning of harvesting activities. The procedures provide a means for establishing merchantability limits for individual harvests based on characteristics of the stand, logging system, and harvest layout. They can also be used to establish equitable contract rates. North. J. Appl. For. 4:87-92, June 1987.
Potential Sawtimber Availability in Northcentral Pennsylvania: the Next Three Decades
Authors: Strauss Charles H. , McWilliams William H. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Analysis of future hardwood sawtimber availability from an 8-county region in Pennsylvania over a 30-year period shows that the volume of rotation harvests from even-aged forests could double. This is based on a model projection of the stand structure of the region's forests in combination with the assumed forest management regimes for public and private owners. Additional sawtimber could also be provided from intermediate and selection harvests. Realization of this potential output will depend on an expansion of sawtimber markets and an effective means for regenerating stands after their rotation harvest. North. J. Appl. For. 4:119-123, September 1987.
Eastern Black Walnut Plantations: An Economically Viable Option for Conservation Reserve Lands Within the Corn Belt
Authors: Noweg Tonga A. , Kurtz William B. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The financial returns to establishing eastern black walnut plantations in the Corn Belt region are financially acceptable. Roughly one million acres lend themselves to walnut culture. Stumpage price and site quality reflected through land price influence the level of returns realized. These plantations can provide a viable land use and investment alternative in utilizing erodible land, in diversifying the rural economy, and over the long run in supplementing farm income. North. J. Appl. For. 4:158-160, Sept. 1987.
White Pine Management: Volume and Value Growth
Authors: Hibbs David E. , Bentley William R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Physical and financial yields from investments in white pine spacing control were estimated using a simulation model sensitive to site quality and changes in spacing. Financial returns were estimated using two assumptions each for price-diameter relationships, real interest rates, and precommercial spacing costs. Management guidelines were developed on the basis of the results. Precommercial thinning was not recommended. First thinnings were suggested as average tree size reaches commercial minimums (45 to 60 yr, depending on site and utilization standards) and final harvest was recommended at 60 to 75 yr, again depending on site and standards. Comparison of pine and oak management opportunities in southern New England favored pine, even if substantial investments were required for hardwood control. North. J. Appl. For. 4:197-201, December 1987
Impact of Cone and Seed Insects in a Red Pine Seed Orchard
Authors: Katovich Steven A. , Kulman Herbert M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The impact of cone and seed insects was studied in a southern Wisconsin red pine seed orchard in 1985. Insects destroyed 66.5% of the cones and may have caused the early spring abortion of 8.3% of the cones. Twenty-five percent of the cones survived; however, the average sound seed/cone was less than one. Seed-worms destroyed 30.5% of the developed seed and 67.0% was empty. North. J. Appl. For. 4:204-206, December 1987.
Pitch X Loblolly Hybrids after 10 Years in New Jersey
Authors: Kuser John E. , Knezick Donald R. , Garrett Peter W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Eleven years after planting, 88% of the pitch × loblolly hybrid families in a 1973 southern New Jersey test plantation are taller than the top pitch pine control, and 94% are taller than the top loblolly pine control. Ten years after planting, 88% of the pitch × loblolly hybrid families in a nearby test plantation established in 1974 are taller than the top pitch pine control, and 100% are taller than the top loblolly pine control. Survival of the hybrids averages 93% and 99%, respectively. The authors conclude that the best "pitchlob" hybrids can be used, depending on site, for replanting logged tracts and reclaiming sand and gravel pits. They may also prove useful for reforestation work in Korea. North. J. Appl. For. 4:207-209, December 1987.
Estimating Biomass Yields by Source Components for Appalachian Hardwood Thinnings
Authors: Baumgras John E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Equations are presented for estimating biomass yields from thinning stands of Appalachian hardwoods. These equations were developed from sample plot data collected in overstocked poletimber and small-sawtimber stands aged 50 to 70 years. Yields in green ton(s) per acre can be estimated for three source components: roundwood and topwood of trees ≥5.0 in. dbh. and whole trees 1.0 to 4.9 in. dbh. Yield estimates are a function of the square feet of basal area to be removed per acre from specified tree dbh classes. Application of these equations provides information needed to evaluate harvesting and utilization alternatives that include whole-tree chipping options.
North. J. Appl. For. 5:38-40, March 1988.
Stem Form and Lumber Yield: Long-Term Effects of Thinning and Pruning
Authors: Lowell Kim E. , Dwyer John P. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Though stem form and taper greatly affect the amount of recoverable lumber in a tree, little work has been conducted on the long-term effects of thinning and pruning on stem form and lumber yield. The work described suggests that long after treatment neither stem form nor the bf/ft3 conversion ratio is affected by thinning and/or pruning. It is apparent that all of the merchantable volume increase induced by thinning will be recovered in the sawn lumber, but pruning does not appear to be a viable method for producing more cylindrical logs and increasing the conversion ratio.
North. J. Appl. For. 5:56-58, March 1988.
Correction Equations for Dendrometer Band Measurements of Five Hardwood Species
Authors: Fuller Leslie G. , Cattelino Peter J. , Reed David D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Dendrometer bands are commonly used tools for the measurement of tree diameter increment. An inherent problem of band type dendrometers is the inaccuracy of newly installed bands due to band slack. A study to determine the amount of correction needed to account for first-year slack was conducted for five northern hardwood species. Prediction equations to correct for first year errors are given as well as a discussion of their application. North. J. Appl. For. 5:111-113, June 1988.
Airborne Video Digital Data for Resource Analysis and Management in the Northeast
Authors: Greene Roger H. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Airborne video data in digital form provides an inexpensive alternative to aerial photography to provide up-to-date information on the size, kinds, and distribution of forest types. Its capability to be incorporated into a geographic information system can augment the value of information produced during analysis. In Maine, Landmark Applied Technologies has developed and is using a system which includes acquiring the video imagery, extracting scenes in digital form, analyzing these data, and incorporating them into an Intergraph GIS to provide a mechanism for rapid updating of spatial data bases. North. J. Appl. For. 5:117-120, June 1988.
An Application of Linear Programming for Short-Term Harvest Scheduling
Authors: Macmillan Douglas C. , Fairweather Stephen E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The technique of linear programming (LP) is illustrated by developing a harvest schedule for an industrial forest ownership in northwestern Pennsylvania. The objective was to maximize net present value of the harvest over a five-year planning period. The effect of changes in timber value and growth rate on the optimum schedule was determined. Sensitivity analysis provided additional information the manager could use to make decisions. In order to successfully apply LP, the forester must be able to define the management objective of the harvest schedule and the resource and managerial constraints that will influence its attainment. Data used in the model have to be available and reliable. Many forest enterprises should be in the position to adopt LP since commercial programs for microcomputers are now available for which a high level of computing expertise is not required. North. J. Appl. For. 5:145-148, June 1988.
Estimating Site Quality of Young Red Pine Plantations by Growth Intercept Methods
Authors: Bottenfield Timothy R. , Reed David D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Five growth intercept measurements were correlated with site index of red pine plantations in the northern Lakes States. The growth intercept variables were obtained by direct field measurement or indirectly through interpolation of stem analysis data. Growth intercepts represented both time (age in years) and distance (height in feet) measurements. Growth intercepts representing time and the age at breast height are not recommended for use in young red pine plantations. The amount of height growth in the first five annual whorls above 5 and 8 ft were good predictors of site index. North. J. Appl. For. 5:91-93, June 1988.
Crop Tree Release of a Scarlet-Black Oak Stand
Authors: Mitchell Robert J. , Dwyer John P. , Musbach Ralph A. , Garrett Harold E. , Cox Gene S. , Kurtz William B. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In 1953 and 1954 a series of crop tree thinning and pruning studies were initiated in 30- to 35-year-old stands composed predominantly of scarlet oak and black oak. Growth of the crop trees was monitored until the average stand age was 61. Removal of all trees whose crowns were within 8 ft of the 50 crop trees resulted in significantly increased diameter growth and cubic volume of wood produced. The moderate and heavy 50-crop-tree thinning treatments produced the highest net cubic volume per acre. Crop tree thinning also tended to reduce mortality during the study period. Yield increases due to thinning in this study were comparable to those previously determined to economically justify a precommercial thinning of the scarlet and black oak type in Missouri. North. J. Appl. For. 5:96-99, June 1988.