bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Military nuclear relations between the United States and Great Britain under the terms of the McMahon Act, 1946–1958
Authors: Ball S. J. 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACTThis article takes a fresh look at Anglo-American nuclear relations between 1946 and 1958. It concentrates on the relationship between the military establishments of the two countries in general and the ties between the United States air force and the Royal Air Force in particular. The article argues that an understanding of military relations is essential for an understanding of the high politics of the nuclear relationship. It is shown that senior officers in the armed services were the main ‘functional elite’ dealing with nuclear delivery systems and the planning for their use. Relations between these groups were personally and institutionally close and on the whole cordial. In Britain the link sustained optimism about the possibility of close nuclear co-operation in the 1940s and early 1950s and suppressed fears about the loss of nuclear independence in the late 1950s. In the United States it was recognized that military relations were an important channel through which to influence British nuclear policy. The article offers accounts, based on new archival research, of the nuclear aspect of the October 1947 Pentagon talks on the Middle East, Churchill's visit to the United States in January 1952 and the first Anglo-American joint nuclear targeting agreement – the Wilson/Alexander agreement of 12 March 1954. It reveals for the first time details of Plans E and X which equipped the RAF with American atomic and thermonuclear weapons between 1955 and 1958. The article concludes that the British nuclear force was becoming subordinated to the United States even before negotiations about Thor, Skybolt and Polaris missiles became central to the relationship.
Must Liberal Citizens Be Reasonable?
Authors: Strike Kenneth A. 
Published: May 2019

Political Liberalism was motivated by Rawls's belief that A Theory of Justice inadequately treated the problem of stability. Theory of Justice grounded justice in a comprehensive doctrine, ethical liberalism. In a society wherein citizens hold a variety of reasonable comprehensive doctrines, such a theory of justice is unstable. Political Liberalism seeks a free-standing political theory compatible with many reasonable comprehensive doctrines.Reasonableness involves reciprocity which in turn requires the acceptance of the burdens of judgment. We cannot respect other citizens if we regard them or their comprehensive doctrines as pernicious or stupid. While we may continue to accept our own comprehensive doctrine, reciprocity and tolerance require that we recognize that other doctrines and those who hold them are reasonable.Callan claims that Rawls's project fails. Ethical liberalism views autonomy as essential to a good life. However, if the burdens of judgment are a prerequisite for reciprocity, political liberalism must also value autonomy, if not as an essential part of a good life, then as a public good. Any view of political socialization robust enough to secure a recognition of the burdens of judgment must also produce habits of mind tantamount to autonomy. If so, political liberalism collapses into ethical liberalism. Their implications for political socialization are indistinguishable. Many comprehensive doctrines, paradigmatically religious ones, will be weakened by these requirements for political socialization.Callan's argument points to a tension in liberal views of education. A liberalism that promotes a thick liberal culture will appear intolerant to many with religious commitments.
An Outbreak of Cutaneous Aspergillosis in a Tertiary-Care Hospital
Authors: Bryce E.A. , Walker M. , Scharf S. , Lim A.T. , Walsh A. , Sharp N. , Smith J.A. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractA cluster of four cases of surgical and burn wound aspergillosis occurred in a 900-bed, adult, tertiary-care hospital. The source was traced to the outside packages of dressing supplies, which had become contaminated during construction in the central Inventory Control area. This resulted in patients with large exposed surface areas being inoculated directly with Aspergillus spores.
Blood and Body Fluid Exposures Among Surgeons: A Survey of Attitudes and Perceptions Five Years Following Universal Precautions
Authors: Manian Farrin A. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractA mail survey of surgeons at our medical center 5 years following adoption of Universal Precautions revealed that 29% estimated having ≥1 potentially serious blood or body fluid exposures (BBEs) per month. Failure to report BBEs (usually needlesticks) to the employee health department was common, and the majority of surgeons in practice for ≥10 years never reported such exposures. The most commonly cited reason for not reporting BBEs was perceived low risk of acquiring bloodborne infections.
Trump’s foreign policy and NATO: Exit and voice
Authors: Sperling James , Webber Mark 
Published: May 2019

AbstractDonald Trump assumed office in January 2017, committed to revamping US foreign policy and putting ‘America First’. The clear implication was that long-held international commitments would be sidelined where, in Trump’s view, the American interest was not being served. NATO, in the crosshairs of this approach, has managed to ride out much of the criticism Trump has levelled against it. Written off as ‘obsolete’ by the American president, it has fared better in the Trump era than many commentators had predicted. NATO exemplifies a tendency in US foreign policy, which pre-dates Trump, where open criticism stops short of abandonment. This pattern has continued since 2017 and indicates a preference for voice over exit. As such, it suggests that Trump’s foreign policy is not always as illogical as many have assumed. Logic is borne of institutional context: Trump has chosen to articulate voice where institutionalisation makes exit unviable. Institutional resilience in general and NATO’s case specifically has a wider relevance, both for transatlantic relations and international order.
The Dutch Version of the Centrality of Event Scale (CES)
Authors: Vermeulen Mirjam , Smits Dirk , Boelen Paul A. , Claes Laurence , Raes Filip , Krans Julie 
Published: May 2019

Abstract. Event centrality is defined as the extent to which the memory of a traumatic event forms a reference point for personal identity and the attribution of meaning to other experiences in a person’s life. The current study investigated the psychometric properties of the Dutch translation of the Centrality of Event Scale (CES; Berntsen & Rubin, 2006 ) and its relation with symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), depression, exposure to traumatic events as defined by DSM-5 trauma criterion A, and negative life events in a student sample ( N = 967). An underlying structure of one factor was found. This factor structure was replicated in two additional independent samples. High internal consistency was found for a 6-item CES. CES scores were positively related to symptoms of PTSD and depression, to the DSM-5 trauma criterion A, and the number of negative life events. The CES made a unique contribution to the explained variance in PTSD symptoms when controlling for depression. However, CES scores were unrelated to depression when controlling for PTSD symptoms, suggesting that event centrality might be more typically related to PTSD, and less to depression.
Vegetation Functional Properties Determine Uncertainty of Simulated Ecosystem Productivity: A Traceability Analysis in the East Asian Monsoon Region
Authors: Cui Erqian , Huang Kun , Arain Muhammad Altaf , Fisher Joshua B. , Huntzinger Deborah N. , Ito Akihiko , Luo Yiqi , Jain Atul K. , Mao Jiafu , Michalak Anna M. , Niu Shuli , Parazoo Nicholas C. , Peng Changhui , Peng Shushi , Poulter Benjamin , Ricciuto Daniel M. , Schaefer Kevin M. , Schwalm Christopher R. , Shi Xiaoying , Tian Hanqin , Wang Weile , Wang Jinsong , Wei Yaxing , Yan Enrong , Yan Liming , Zeng Ning , Zhu Qiuan , Xia Jianyang 
Published: May 2019

AbstractGlobal and regional projections of climate change by Earth system models are limited by their uncertain estimates of terrestrial ecosystem productivity. At the middle to low latitudes, the East Asian monsoon region has higher productivity than forests in Europe‐Africa and North America, but its estimate by current generation of terrestrial biosphere models (TBMs) has seldom been systematically evaluated. Here, we developed a traceability framework to evaluate the simulated gross primary productivity (GPP) by 15 TBMs in the East Asian monsoon region. The framework links GPP to net primary productivity, biomass, leaf area and back to GPP via incorporating multiple vegetation functional properties of carbon‐use efficiency (CUE), vegetation C turnover time (τveg), leaf C fraction (Fleaf), specific leaf area (SLA), and leaf area index (LAI)‐level photosynthesis (PLAI), respectively. We then applied a relative importance algorithm to attribute intermodel variation at each node. The results showed that large intermodel variation in GPP over 1901–2010 were mainly propagated from their different representation of vegetation functional properties. For example, SLA explained 77% of the intermodel difference in leaf area, which contributed 90% to the simulated GPP differences. In addition, the models simulated higher CUE (18.1 ± 21.3%), τveg (18.2 ± 26.9%), and SLA (27.4±36.5%) than observations, leading to the overestimation of simulated GPP across the East Asian monsoon region. These results suggest the large uncertainty of current TBMs in simulating GPP is largely propagated from their poor representation of the vegetation functional properties and call for a better understanding of the covariations between plant functional properties in terrestrial ecosystems.
Properties of the Stimulated Electromagnetic Emissions During the Inclined High‐Frequency Pumping of the Ionosphere Near the Fourth Electron Gyroharmonic at the High‐Frequency Active Auroral Research Program Facility
Authors: Shindin A. V. , Grach S. M. , Sergeev E. N. , Smolina V. P. , Pogorelko N. A. , Bernhardt P. A. , Briczinski S. J. , Broughton M. , LaBelle J. , McCarrick M. J. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractMany phenomena in the high‐frequency pumped ionosphere exhibit dependence on the pump beam incident angle α. This motivates a systematic study of the α dependence of the stimulated electromagnetic emission (SEE), particularly near electron gyroharmonics. We report the first observations of stationary SEE spectra for α ranging from −28° (north) to 28° (south) at three receiving sites, for the pump frequency (f0) sweeping near the fourth gyroharmonic (4fc). The following is established: (i) For pumping near the magnetic zenith (α = 7°, 14°, 21°), when existent dynamic broad upshifted maximum in the SEE spectrum indicates that artificial ionization layers are excited, suppression of the downshifted maximum at f0 ≈ 4fс is weakest, and 4fс increases. (ii) Weaker similar effects occur for α = −14° (a condition called “mirror magnetic zenith”). (iii) For northern pump beam inclinations, the SEE intensity decreases (in comparison with southern inclinations and vertical), most strongly at the southernmost receiving site.
Controlling hypoxia-inducible factor-2α is critical for maintaining bone homeostasis in mice
Authors: Lee Sun Young , Park Ka Hyon , Yu Hyung-Gu , Kook Eunbyul , Song Won-Hyun , Lee Gyuseok , Koh Jeong-Tae , Shin Hong-In , Choi Je-Yong , Huh Yun Hyun , Ryu Je-Hwang 
Published: May 2019

AbstractPathological bone loss is caused by an imbalance between bone formation and resorption. The bone microenvironments are hypoxic, and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) is known to play notable roles in bone remodeling. However, the relevant functions of HIF-2α are not well understood. Here, we have shown that HIF-2α deficiency in mice enhances bone mass through its effects on the differentiation of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. In vitro analyses revealed that HIF-2α inhibits osteoblast differentiation by targeting Twist2 and stimulates RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis via regulation of Traf6. In addition, HIF-2α appears to contribute to the crosstalk between osteoblasts and osteoclasts by directly targeting RANKL in osteoprogenitor cells. Experiments performed with osteoblast- and osteoclast-specific conditional knockout mice supported a role of HIF-2α in this crosstalk. HIF-2α deficiency alleviated ovariectomy-induced bone loss in mice, and specific inhibition of HIF-2α with ZINC04179524 significantly blocked RANKL-mediated osteoclastogenesis. Collectively, our results suggest that HIF-2α functions as a catabolic regulator in bone remodeling, which is critical for the maintenance of bone homeostasis.
Theoretical analysis of Polycomb-Trithorax systems predicts that poised chromatin is bistable and not bivalent
Authors: Sneppen Kim , Ringrose Leonie 
Published: May 2019

AbstractPolycomb (PcG) and Trithorax (TrxG) group proteins give stable epigenetic memory of silent and active gene expression states, but also allow poised states in pluripotent cells. Here we systematically address the relationship between poised, active and silent chromatin, by integrating 73 publications on PcG/TrxG biochemistry into a mathematical model comprising 144 nucleosome modification states and 8 enzymatic reactions. Our model predicts that poised chromatin is bistable and not bivalent. Bivalent chromatin, containing opposing active and silent modifications, is present as an unstable background population in all system states, and different subtypes co-occur with active and silent chromatin. In contrast, bistability, in which the system switches frequently between stable active and silent states, occurs under a wide range of conditions at the transition between monostable active and silent system states. By proposing that bistability and not bivalency is associated with poised chromatin, this work has implications for understanding the molecular nature of pluripotency.
An integrated stress response via PKR suppresses HER2+ cancers and improves trastuzumab therapy
Authors: Darini Cedric , Ghaddar Nour , Chabot Catherine , Assaker Gloria , Sabri Siham , Wang Shuo , Krishnamoorthy Jothilatha , Buchanan Marguerite , Aguilar-Mahecha Adriana , Abdulkarim Bassam , Deschenes Jean , Torres Jose , Ursini-Siegel Josie , Basik Mark , Koromilas Antonis E. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractTrastuzumab is integral to HER2+ cancer treatment, but its therapeutic index is narrowed by the development of resistance. Phosphorylation of the translation initiation factor eIF2α (eIF2α-P) is the nodal point of the integrated stress response, which promotes survival or death in a context-dependent manner. Here, we show an anti-tumor function of the protein kinase PKR and its substrate eIF2α in a mouse HER2+ breast cancer model. The anti-tumor function depends on the transcription factor ATF4, which upregulates the CDK inhibitor P21CIP1 and activates JNK1/2. The PKR/eIF2α-P arm is induced by Trastuzumab in sensitive but not resistant HER2+ breast tumors. Also, eIF2α-P stimulation by the phosphatase inhibitor SAL003 substantially increases Trastuzumab potency in resistant HER2+ breast and gastric tumors. Increased eIF2α-P prognosticates a better response of HER2+ metastatic breast cancer patients to Trastuzumab therapy. Hence, the PKR/eIF2α-P arm antagonizes HER2 tumorigenesis whereas its pharmacological stimulation improves the efficacy of Trastuzumab therapy.
Plasmodium falciparum sexual differentiation in malaria patients is associated with host factors and GDV1-dependent genes
Authors: Usui Miho , Prajapati Surendra K. , Ayanful-Torgby Ruth , Acquah Festus K. , Cudjoe Elizabeth , Kakaney Courage , Amponsah Jones A. , Obboh Evans K. , Reddy Deepti K. , Barbeau Michelle C. , Simons Lacy M. , Czesny Beata , Raiciulescu Sorana , Olsen Cara , Abuaku Benjamin K. , Amoah Linda E. , Williamson Kim C. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractPlasmodium sexual differentiation is required for malaria transmission, yet much remains unknown about its regulation. Here, we quantify early gametocyte-committed ring (gc-ring) stage, P. falciparum parasites in 260 uncomplicated malaria patient blood samples 10 days before maturation to transmissible stage V gametocytes using a gametocyte conversion assay (GCA). Seventy six percent of the samples have gc-rings, but the ratio of gametocyte to asexual-committed rings (GCR) varies widely (0–78%). GCR correlates positively with parasitemia and is negatively influenced by fever, not hematocrit, age or leukocyte counts. Higher expression levels of GDV1-dependent genes, ap2-g, msrp1 and gexp5, as well as a gdv1 allele encoding H217 are associated with high GCR, while high plasma lysophosphatidylcholine levels are associated with low GCR in the second study year. The results provide a view of sexual differentiation in the field and suggest key regulatory roles for clinical factors and gdv1 in gametocytogenesis in vivo.
Mesenchymal stem cells for hemorrhagic stroke: status of preclinical and clinical research
Authors: Turnbull Marion T. , Zubair Abba C. , Meschia James F. , Freeman William D. 
Published: May 2019

SummarySignificant progress has been made during the past few decades in stem cell therapy research for various diseases and injury states; however this has not been overwhelmingly translated into approved therapies, despite much public attention and the rise in unregulated ‘regenerative clinics’. In the last decade, preclinical research focusing on mesenchymal stem/stromal cell (MSC) therapy in experimental animal models of hemorrhagic stroke has gained momentum and has led to the development of a small number of human trials. Here we review the current studies focusing on MSC therapy for hemorrhagic stroke in an effort to summarize the status of preclinical and clinical research. Preliminary evidence indicates that MSCs are both safe and tolerable in patients, however future randomized controlled trials are required to translate the promising preclinical research into an effective therapy for hopeful patients.
Local level estimates of food, drink and tobacco expenditure for Great Britain
Authors: James William H. M. , Lomax Nik , Birkin Mark 
Published: May 2019

AbstractWe present expenditure estimates for 106 product categories across Great Britain for the years 2008–2016. Estimates are at the Local Authority District level (n = 380) and the categories cover all food, drink and tobacco commodities. Reliable, local level expenditure estimates are crucial for understanding broader market trends, assessing economic stability and for projections. This is especially important for commodities such as alcohol, tobacco and unhealthy foods due to their role in the prevalence of non-communicable diseases. There has been relatively little research into local area spatial patterns of expenditure, with existing estimates often of insufficient resolution for informing planning decisions. We use spatial microsimulation to create an archive of expenditure datasets. This was achieved by linking socio-demographic foundations with detailed datasets on individual expenditure. Whilst initially developed to aid investigations into sociodemographic trends in the meat industry, the data have reuse potential in a number of disciplines, including public health, economics, retail geography and environmental management. The framework could be applied to other regions with appropriate data.
Egyptian metallic inks on textiles from the 15th century BCE unravelled by non-invasive techniques and chemometric analysis
Authors: Festa G. , Christiansen T. , Turina V. , Borla M. , Kelleher J. , Arcidiacono L. , Cartechini L. , Ponterio R. C. , Scatigno C. , Senesi R. , Andreani C. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe development of black inks has enabled writing to become an established method of communication in history. Although a large research effort has been devoted to the study of pigments and dyes used in ancient Egypt to decorate burial walls and furnishings, or to write on papyrus, to date little attention has been paid to the nature and technology of inks used on ritual and daily-use textiles, which may have fostered the transfer of metallic ink technology onto papyrus and parchment supports. We report about inks from 15thcentury BCE Egyptian textiles by combining non-invasive techniques, including ultraviolet (UV) reflected imaging, near-infrared reflectography (NIRR), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and prompt-gamma-activation-analysis (PGAA). It is argued that the inks are related to the family of iron gall inks, whose introduction is commonly attributed to the third century BCE. This interpretation frames the technology of writing on fabrics, used by the ancient Egyptians, in a different time, thus providing new information on the genesis of mordant inks in the ancient Mediterranean cultures. We anticipate our study to be a starting point for further and more sophisticated investigations of textiles, which will clarify the origin of metallic ink in the ancient world.
Effects of diaphragmatic myofascial release on gastroesophageal reflux disease: a preliminary randomized controlled trial
Authors: Martínez-Hurtado I. , Arguisuelas M. D. , Almela-Notari P. , Cortés X. , Barrasa-Shaw A. , Campos-González J. C. , Lisón J. F. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe purpose of this study is to investigate whether implementing a myofascial release (MFR) protocol designed to restore the myofascial properties of the diaphragm has any effect on the symptoms, quality of life, and consumption of proton pump inhibitors (PPI) drugs by patients with non-erosive gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). We randomized 30 patients with GERD into a MFR group or a sham group. Changes in symptomatology and quality of life were measured with the Reflux Disease Questionnaire and the Gastrointestinal Quality of Life Index. Need of PPIs was measured as the milligrams of drug intake over the 7 days prior to each assessment. All variables were assessed at baseline, one week and 4 weeks after the end of the treatment. At week 4, patients receiving MFR showed significant improvements in symptomatology (mean difference-1.1; 95% CI: −1.7 to −0.5), gastrointestinal quality of life (mean difference 18.1; 95% CI: 4.8 to 31.5), and PPIs use (mean difference-97 mg; 95% CI: −162 to −32), compared to the sham group. These preliminary findings indicate that the application of the MFR protocol we used in this study decreased the symptoms and PPIs usage and increased the quality of life of patients with non-erosive GERD up to four weeks after the end of the treatment.
Crystallographic contributions to piezoelectric properties in PZT thin films
Authors: Tan Goon , Maruyama Kazuki , Kanamitsu Yuya , Nishioka Shintaro , Ozaki Tomoatsu , Umegaki Toshihito , Hida Hirotaka , Kanno Isaku 
Published: May 2019

AbstractWe report on the correlated investigation between macroscopic piezoelectric properties and the microscopic deformation of crystal structures of both epitaxial and polycrystalline Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 (PZT) thin films grown on MgO and Si substrates, respectively. We observed the reversible elongation and contraction of lattice parameter under an applied electric field using synchrotron X-ray diffraction. The effective piezoelectric coefficients were estimated from the relationship between electric field and field-induced strain, and compared with those characterized by the macroscopic cantilever method. The electric field dependences of the piezoelectric coefficients obtained from both characterization were in good agreement with each other. The results also revealed large and nonlinear piezoelectric properties for the polycrystalline PZT thin film. The comparative discussion in this study provides valuable insights of crystallographic contributions and opens the way to improve the piezoelectricity in thin-film based piezoelectric devices.