bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Processes of Religious and Spiritual Influence in Adolescence: A Systematic Review of 30 Years of Research
Authors: Hardy Sam A. , Nelson Jenae M. , Moore Joseph P. , King Pamela Ebstyne 
Published: June 2019

This is a systematic review of 30 years (1988‐2017) of empirical research on processes of religious/spiritual influence in adolescence. We followed a multi‐step process that resulted in 241 studies organized according to eight research questions and the corresponding methods and analyses typically used to address them. We coded these studies based on the dimensions of religiosity/spirituality and the youth outcomes involved. In some cases (quantitative studies of mediation and moderation, as well as qualitative studies) we also coded a third process variable. Results of the coding process revealed a number of interesting patterns. First, religiosity/spirituality is generally adaptive for adolescents, protecting them from negative outcomes (e.g., risk behaviors and mental illness), and promoting positive youth development and flourishing. Nevertheless, in some contexts, religiosity/spirituality may be at least partially maladaptive. Second, there is some evidence, from experimental and longitudinal studies, that relations between religiosity/spirituality and adaptive outcomes are causal. Third, there are numerous complex and dynamic processes by which religiosity/spirituality relate to youth outcomes. In terms of mediation studies, the most salient mediating processes seem to involve religiosity/spirituality dimensions, peers, values/attitudes, and social control/norms. Fourth, religiosity/spirituality is multidimensional, involving various interwoven facets at the individual and ecological levels. Private or personal aspects of religiosity/spirituality (e.g., religious/spiritual importance) tend to be more salient predictors of outcomes than public aspects of religiosity/spirituality (e.g., religious worship service attendance). The results of this systematic review point to promising directions for future research. First, more research is needed studying a broader range of dimensions of religiosity/spirituality, processes of influence, and outcomes. In terms of religiosity/spirituality, much of the prior work has focused on overall religiosity/spirituality, and religious/spiritual behaviors (e.g., worship service attendance). In terms of outcomes, the emphasis has been on religiosity/spirituality protecting against maladaptive outcomes (e.g., substance use). Second, more research is needed examining the role of culture, and using more rigorous methods (e.g., experience sampling, experimental design, longitudinal design, or mixed methods). This systematic review provides a detailed analysis of what is known regarding processes of religious/spiritual influence in the lives of adolescents, and hopefully better positions researchers to move the field forward.
Sleep deprivation increases threat beliefs in human fear conditioning
Authors: Zenses Ann‐Kathrin , Lenaert Bert , Peigneux Philippe , Beckers Tom , Boddez Yannick 
Published: June 2019

SummarySleep disturbances and anxiety disorders exhibit high comorbidity levels, but it remains unclear whether sleep problems are causes or consequences of increased anxiety. To experimentally probe the aetiological role of sleep disturbances in anxiety, we investigated in healthy participants how total sleep deprivation influences fear expression in a conditioning paradigm. In a fear conditioning procedure, one face stimulus (conditioned stimulus [CS+]) was paired with electric shock, whereas another face stimulus was not (unpaired stimulus [CS−]). Fear expression was tested the next morning using the two face stimuli from the training phase and a generalization stimulus (i.e. a morph between the CS+ and CS− stimuli). Between fear conditioning and test, participants were either kept awake in the laboratory for 12 hr (n = 20) or had a night of sleep at home (n = 20). Irrespective of stimulus type, subjective threat expectancies, but not skin conductance responses, were enhanced after sleep deprivation, relative to regular sleep. These results suggest that sleep disturbances may play a role in anxiety disorders by increasing perceived threat.
Growth phase‐dependent changes in the size and infectivity of SDS‐resistant Sup35p assemblies associated with the [PSI+] prion in yeast
Authors: Wang Kai , Melki Ronald , Kabani Mehdi 
Published: June 2019

SummaryThe translation termination factor Sup35p can form self‐replicating fibrillar aggregates responsible for the [PSI+] prion state. Sup35p aggregation yields detergent‐resistant assemblies detectable on agarose gels under semi‐denaturant conditions and fluorescent puncta within the yeast cytosol when the protein is fused to GFP. It is still unclear whether any of these manifestations of [PSI+] truly correspond to the Sup35p assemblies that faithfully transmit the [PSI+] prion from mother to daughter cells. The infectious titer of prions in cells can be indirectly assessed by the ability of [PSI+] cells lysates to induce the prion state when introduced into naïve cells. Here, we report that the dramatic changes in the size and amounts of SDS‐resistant Sup35p that occur during growth do not correlate with the infectious titer. Our results suggest that fluorescent Sup35‐GFP puncta and detergent‐resistant Sup35p assemblies are good indicators of Sup35p conversion to the prion state but not of infectious particles number.
Correlative single‐molecule localization microscopy and electron tomography reveals endosome nanoscale domains
Authors: Franke Christian , Repnik Urska , Segeletz Sandra , Brouilly Nicolas , Kalaidzidis Yannis , Verbavatz Jean‐Marc , Zerial Marino 
Published: June 2019

AbstractMany cellular organelles, including endosomes, show compartmentalization into distinct functional domains, which, however, cannot be resolved by diffraction‐limited light microscopy. Single molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) offers nanoscale resolution but data interpretation is often inconclusive when the ultrastructural context is missing. Correlative light electron microscopy (CLEM) combining SMLM with electron microscopy (EM) enables correlation of functional subdomains of organelles in relation to their underlying ultrastructure at nanometer resolution. However, the specific demands for EM sample preparation and the requirements for fluorescent single‐molecule photo‐switching are opposed. Here, we developed a novel superCLEM workflow that combines triple‐color SMLM (dSTORM & PALM) and electron tomography using semi‐thin Tokuyasu thawed cryosections. We applied the superCLEM approach to directly visualize nanoscale compartmentalization of endosomes in HeLa cells. Internalized, fluorescently labeled Transferrin and EGF were resolved into morphologically distinct domains within the same endosome. We found that the small GTPase Rab5 is organized in nanodomains on the globular part of early endosomes. The simultaneous visualization of several proteins in functionally distinct endosomal sub‐compartments demonstrates the potential of superCLEM to link the ultrastructure of organelles with their molecular organization at nanoscale resolution.
Early life socioeconomic position and mortality from cardiovascular diseases: an application of causal mediation analysis in the Stockholm Public Health Cohort
Authors: Hossin Muhammad Zakir , Koupil Ilona , Falkstedt Daniel 
Published: June 2019

ObjectiveWe aimed to quantify the mediating impact of adult social and behavioural mechanisms in the association between childhood socioeconomic position (SEP) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality by employing a weighting approach to mediation analysis.DesignProspective cohort study.SettingStockholm County, Sweden.Participants19 720 individuals who participated in the Stockholm Public Health Cohort survey in 2002 and were older than 40 years.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe primary outcome was CVD mortality. Non-CVD mortality was additionally analysed for comparison.MethodsStudy subjects were followed in routine registers from 2002 to 2011 for mortality. Data on father’s SEP and adult social and behavioural factors came from questionnaire survey. The inverse odds weighting method was used to estimate the total effect, the natural direct effect and the natural indirect effect (NIE) in Poisson regression models. All results were adjusted for gender, age, country of birth and marital status. Multiple imputation was used to handle missing data.ResultsThe total effect of manual versus non-manual father’s SEP on CVD mortality was estimated as an incidence rate ratio (IRR) of 1.24 (95% CI 1.09 to 1.41). When the social and behavioural factors were accounted for, the IRR for the NIE was 1.09 (95% CI 1.04 to 1.14), suggesting a mediation of 44% of the total effect. As for non-CVD mortality, father’s manual SEP was associated with 1.15 fold excess risk (IRR: 1.15; 95% CI 1.04 to 1.27) of which the effect represented by the whole set of mediators was 1.06 (95% CI 1.01 to 1.10).ConclusionAdult social and behavioural factors had a considerable mediating effect on the early life social origin of mortality from CVDs and other causes. Future research employing causal mediation analysis may nevertheless have to consider additional factors for a fuller understanding of the mechanisms.
The impact of the Luton social prescribing programme on energy expenditure: a quantitative before-and-after study
Authors: Pescheny Julia Vera , Gunn Laura H , Randhawa Gurch , Pappas Yannis 
Published: June 2019

ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to assess the change in energy expenditure levels of service users after participation in the Luton social prescribing programme.DesignUncontrolled before-and-after study.SettingThis study was set in the East of England (Luton).ParticipantsService users with complete covariate information and baseline measurements (n=146) were included in the analysis.InterventionSocial prescribing, which is an initiative that aims to link patients in primary care with sources of support within the community sector to improve their health, well-being and care experience. Service users were referred to 12 sessions (free of charge), usually provided by third sector organisations.Primary outcome measureEnergy expenditure measured as metabolic equivalent (MET) minutes per week.ResultsUsing a Bayesian zero-inflated negative binomial model to account for a large number of observed zeros in the data, 95% posterior intervals show that energy expenditure from all levels of physical activities increased post intervention (walking 41.7% (40.31%, 43.11%); moderate 5.0% (2.94%, 7.09%); vigorous 107.3% (98.19%, 116.20%) and total 56.3% (54.77%, 57.69%)). The probability of engaging in physical activity post intervention increased, in three of four MET physical activity levels, for those individuals who were inactive at the start of the programme. Age has a negative effect on energy expenditure from any physical activity level. Similarly, working status has a negative effect on energy expenditure in all but one MET physical activity level. No consistent pattern was observed across physical activity levels in the association between gender and energy expenditure.ConclusionThis study shows that social prescribing may have the potential to increase the physical activity levels of service users and promote the uptake of physical activity in inactive patient groups. Results of this study can inform future research in the field, which could be of use for commissioners and policy makers.
Study protocol of a multicentre cohort pilot study implementing an expanded preconception carrier-screening programme in metropolitan and regional Western Australia
Authors: Ong Royston , Edwards Samantha , Howting Denise , Kamien Benjamin , Harrop Karen , Ravenscroft Gianina , Davis Mark , Fietz Michael , Pachter Nicholas , Beilby John , Laing Nigel 
Published: June 2019

IntroductionPreconception carrier screening (PCS) identifies couples at risk of having children with recessive genetic conditions. New technologies have enabled affordable sequencing for multiple disorders simultaneously, including identifying carrier status for many recessive diseases. The aim of the study was to identify the most effective way of delivering PCS in Western Australia (WA) through the public health system.Methods and analysisThis is a multicentre cohort pilot study of 250 couples who have used PCS, conducted at three sites: (1) Genetic Services of Western Australia, (2) a private genetic counselling practice in Perth and (3) participating general practice group practices in the Busselton region of WA. The primary outcome of the pilot study was to evaluate the feasibility of implementing the comprehensive PCS programme in the WA healthcare system. Secondary outcome measures included evaluation of the psychosocial impact of couples, such as reproductive autonomy; identification of areas within the health system that had difficulties in implementing the programme and evaluation of tools developed during the study.Ethics and disseminationApproval was provided by the Women and Newborn Health Service Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC) at King Edward Memorial Hospital for Women (RGS0000000946) and the University of Western Australia (UWA) HREC (RA/4/20/4258). Participants may choose to withdraw at any time. Withdrawal will in no way affect participating couples' medical care. Study couples will be redirected to another participating health professional for consultation or counselling in the event of a health professional withdrawing. All evaluation data will be deidentified and stored in a password-protected database in UWA. In addition, all hard copy data collected will be kept in a locked cabinet within a secure building. All electronic data will be stored in a password-protected, backed-up location in the UWA Institutional Research Data Store. All evaluative results will be published as separate manuscripts, and selected results will be presented at conferences.
Effect of do-not-resuscitate orders on patients with sepsis in the medical intensive care unit: a retrospective, observational and propensity score-matched study in a tertiary referral hospital in Taiwan
Authors: Chang Ya-Chun , Fang Ying-Tang , Chen Hung-Cheng , Lin Chiung-Yu , Chang Yu-Ping , Chen Yu-Mu , Huang Chi-Han , Huang Kuo-Tung , Chang Huang-Chih , Su Mao-Chang , Wang Yi-Hsi , Wang Chin-Chou , Lin Meng-Chih , Fang Wen-Feng 
Published: June 2019

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to determine whether do-not-resuscitate (DNR) orders affect outcomes in patients with sepsis admitted to intensive care unit (ICU).DesignThis is a retrospective observational study.ParticipantsWe enrolled 796 consecutive adult intensive care patients at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, a 2700-bed tertiary teaching hospital in southern Taiwan. A total of 717 patients were included.Main measuresClinical factors such as age, gender and other clinical factors possibly related to DNR orders and hospital mortality were recorded.Key resultsThere were 455 patients in the group without DNR orders and 262 patients in the group with DNR orders. Within the DNR group, patients were further grouped into early (orders signed on intensive care day 1, n=126) and late (signed after day 1, n=136). Patients in the DNR group were older and more likely to have malignancy than the group without DNR orders. Mortality at days 7, 14 and 28, as well as intensive care and hospital mortality, were all worse in these patients even after propensity-score matching. There were higher Charlson Comorbidity Index in the emergency room, but better outcomes in those with early-DNR orders compared with late-DNR orders.ConclusionsDNR orders may predict worse outcomes for patients with sepsis admitted to medical ICUs. The survival rate in the early-DNR order group was not inferior to the late-DNR order group.
Disparities in Mortality from Noncancer Causes among Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer
Authors: Anderson Chelsea , Lund Jennifer L. , Weaver Mark A. , Wood William A. , Olshan Andrew F. , Nichols Hazel B. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract

Background:
Few studies have examined noncancer outcomes among patients diagnosed with cancer as adolescents and young adults (AYA). We examined risk of mortality from noncancer causes after an AYA cancer diagnosis and investigated disparities according to race/ethnicity and other characteristics.

Methods:
Patients with a first primary cancer at ages 15 to 39 years diagnosed during 1987 to 2015 were identified in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database (N = 242,940 women, 158,347 men). Survival months were accrued from diagnosis until death or December 2015. Multivariable-adjusted HRs were used to examine disparities in mortality from all noncancer causes, cardiovascular diseases (CVD), and infectious diseases (ID) according to race/ethnicity, geographic region, and county-level characteristics.

Results:
For all cancer types combined, the 10-year cumulative incidence of noncancer-related death after AYA cancer was 2% and 5% among women and men, respectively. With adjustment for cancer type, all noncancer mortality was increased among non-Hispanic Black AYAs [HR vs. non-Hispanic White: HRWomen = 2.31; 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.16–2.47; HRMen = 2.17; 95% CI: 2.05–2.30] and those in the South (HR vs. Northeast: HRWomen = 1.18; 95% CI: 1.07–1.29; HRMen = 1.42; 95% CI: 1.31–1.55) or in rural counties (HR vs. metro: HRWomen = 1.74; 95% CI: 1.47–2.07; HRMen = 1.57; 95% CI: 1.33–1.86). Mortality from CVD and ID was also elevated among non-Hispanic Black AYAs.

Conclusions:
Results of this study suggest that noncancer mortality after AYA cancer is highest among survivors who are non-Hispanic Black or live in the South or in rural counties.

Impact:
Our analyses highlight disparities among AYAs with cancer and identify subgroups that may be targeted for increased medical surveillance or behavioral interventions.
Watch This Space: The Development of Commercial Space Law in Australia and New Zealand
Authors: Lisk Joel , de Zwart Melissa 
Published: June 2019

AbstractSpace law is regulated largely by international treaties which have little to say regarding the use and regulation of commercial space. As the costs of access to outer space decrease and the benefits exponentially increase, more countries are seeking to support and encourage ‘NewSpace’ entrepreneurs in order to establish commercial space industries. Australia has been a minor player in the space domain, primarily through involvement with Europe and the US since the late 1960s, but its domestic legislation bears little relevance to the shape of space industry today. Australia’s neighbour, New Zealand, now wants to become a NewSpace incubator and has recently enacted legislation designed to make it a competitive host nation for launch providers. This article will compare the regulatory space regimes of these two countries to provide an assessment of the importance of domestic regulation in fostering competitive commercial space services, for countries seeking to become competitive in the commercial space race.
Comparative evaluation of intrathecal bupivacaine alone and bupivacaine combined with dexmedetomidine in cesarean section using spinal anesthesia: a meta-analysis
Authors: Liu Xin , Zhang Xiongjie , Wang Xujian , Wang Jinyan , Wang Hao 
Published: June 2019

Objective This meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the effect of spinal anesthesia (SA) using bupivacaine combined with dexmedetomidine (DEX) in cesarean section, analyze the adverse drug reactions induced by this mixture, and provide a reference for rational drug use. Methods Randomized controlled trials were obtained from the PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Embase databases. The primary outcome measure was the time to the highest sensory block level (min), and the secondary outcome measure was adverse effects. Results The time to the highest sensory block level was significantly shorter in the bupivacaine-DEX group than in the control group (standardized mean difference, −0.23; 95% confidence interval, −0.43 to −0.03). The incidence of shivering during the process of anesthesia, especially at a dose of 5 µg DEX, was significantly lower in the bupivacaine-DEX group than in the control group (odds ratio, 0.26; 95% confidence interval, 0.14–0.49). No significant differences were observed in the symptoms of hypotension, bradycardia, nausea/vomiting, or pruritus. Conclusion Compared with the use of bupivacaine alone for SA in cesarean section, adding dexmedetomidine during SA can significantly shorten the onset time and decrease the rate of shivering during anesthesia.
Prospective analysis of visual function changes in patients with dermatochalasis after upper eyelid blepharoplasty
Authors: Altin Ekin Meryem , Karadeniz Ugurlu Seyda 
Published: June 2019

Objective: To evaluate the changes of visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, astigmatism, and higher order aberrations after blepharoplasty in patients with dermatochalasis. Methods: Two hundred six eyelids of 103 patients with dermatochalasis were prospectively studied. Visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, corneal topography, astigmatism degree, and higher order aberrations were examined and recorded before and at 1 month after upper eyelid blepharoplasty. Change in contrast sensitivity and astigmatism values were determined according to margin reflex distance of patients, which were classified into three following groups: <2 mm, 2–3 mm, and ⩾ 4 mm. A Wilcoxon signed rank test was performed to compare the difference. Results: No significant differences were observed for visual acuity (p = 0.157). The contrast sensitivity of patients significantly increased at all spatial frequencies both under glare and nonglare conditions (p < 0.05). The mean refractive astigmatism significantly decreased from ‒1.01 ± 1.3 to ‒0.79 ± 0.71, postoperatively (p = 0.029). In patients with marginal reflex distance < 2 mm, mean contrast sensitivity was increased (p < 0.001) and mean astigmatism was decreased significantly (p < 0.001) compared with those with ⩾ 2 mm. Higher order aberrations decreased significantly from 0.62 ± 0.41 µm to 0.55 ± 0.38 µm (p = 0.038) after blepharoplasty. Root mean square of the vertical trefoil (p = 0.038), vertical coma (p = 0.002), horizontal trefoil (p = 0.027), third-order aberration (p = 0.005), secondary vertical stigmatism (p = 0.001), spherical aberration (p = 0.023), secondary horizontal astigmatism (p = 0.002), fourth-order aberration (p = 0.024), vertical pentafoil (p = 0.015), secondary horizontal coma (p = 0.035), secondary horizontal trefoil (p = 0.030), and horizontal pentafoil (p = 0.048) were decreased significantly. Conclusion: Upper eyelid blepharoplasty in patients with dermatochalasis has a significant improvement in visual function in terms of contrast sensitivity, astigmatism, and higher order aberrations.
The next step: Parent Perspectives of Transition to Preschool of Children with Disabilities
Authors: Campbell Julie 
Published: June 2019

An innovative project was established to support the transition of young children from their home-based early intervention program to a neighbourhood preschool. The project, called Stepping Stones, provides specialist staff for a small group of severely disabled children with the aim of gradually introducing them to the on-site preschool. The participation of parents, consistent with a family-centred philosophy, was an important part of the transition process. Parents and staff were interviewed in the second week of the project to identify initial concerns and information needs. A follow-up interview was undertaken six weeks later. Results suggest that the parents were not really sure about the educational objectives for non-disabled children at the preschool and therefore were uncertain about what to expect in terms of developmental gains for their disabled children in spite of their strong commitment to the general principles of inclusive practice. In preparation for transition, more time needs to be given to familiarising parents with the implicit educational goals of preschool programs and making these more explicit where necessary.