bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Relationships Between Physical Performance, Activity Levels, and Falls in Older Men
Authors: Orwoll Eric S , Fino Nora F , Gill Thomas M , Cauley Jane A , Strotmeyer Elsa S , Ensrud Kristine E , Kado Deborah M , Barrett-Connor Elizabeth , Bauer Douglas C , Cawthon Peggy M , Lapidus Jodi ,   Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Study Research Group
Published: November 2018

Abstract

Background
Physical performance and activity have both been linked to fall risk, but the way they are jointly associated with falls is unclear. We investigated how these two factors are related to incident falls in older men.

Methods
In 2,741 men (78.8 ± 5 years), we evaluated the associations between activity and physical performance and how they jointly contributed to incident falls. Activity was assessed by accelerometry. Physical performance was measured by gait speed, dynamic balance (narrow walk), chair stand time, grip strength, and leg power. Falls were ascertained by tri-annual questionnaires.

Results
Men were grouped into four categories based on activity and performance levels. The greatest number of falls (36%–43%) and the highest fall rate (4.7–5.4/y among those who fell) (depending on the performance test) occurred in men with low activity/low performance, but most falls (57%–64%) and relatively high fall rates (3.0–4.35/y) occurred in the other groups (low activity/high performance, high activity/high performance and high activity/low performance; 70% of men were in these groups). There were interactions between activity, performance (gait speed, narrow walk), and incident falls (p = .001–.02); predicted falls per year were highest in men with low activity/low performance, but there was also a peak of predicted falls in those with high activity.

Conclusions
In community-dwelling older men, many falls occur in those with the lowest activity/worst physical performance but fall risk is also substantial with better activity and performance. Activity/physical performance assessments may improve identification of older men at risk of falls, and allow individualized approaches to prevention.
Changes in Physical Functioning as Short-Term Predictors of Mortality
Authors: Andrasfay Theresa 
Published: November 2018

Abstract

Objectives
Both performance-based and self-reported measures of physical functioning are predictors of mortality. There has been relatively little research examining whether their changes predict mortality. This study examines whether 5-year changes in performance-based and self-reported measures of functioning predict subsequent mortality.

Method
Data are from the 2006 wave of the Social Environment and Biomarkers of Aging Study, 2011 wave of the Taiwan Longitudinal Study of Aging, and mortality follow-up through 2015. Gompertz proportional hazard models predict mortality from changes in ability to complete performance-based tests and changes in performance-based and self-reported functioning.

Results
Incident inability to complete at least one performance-based test of functioning is associated with twice the risk of subsequent 4-year mortality. Conditional on the baseline measurement, a one standard deviation (SD) decline in grip strength is associated with a 61% increased risk of 4-year mortality; a one-SD decline in walking speed and a one-SD increase in self-reported limitations are both associated with around a 40% increased risk of 4-year mortality. Conditional on the most recent measurement of functioning, prior change is not significantly associated with subsequent mortality.

Discussion
Repeated measures of performance-based and self-reported functioning are valuable in that they provide an updated measurement of functioning.
Image Transfer and Visual Friction: Staging Palestine in the National Socialist Spectacle
Authors: Grossmann Rebekka 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
This article highlights modes of image transfer between photographers in Palestine and photo agencies and editors in 1930s Europe. It argues that Jewish photographers—who had shaped the central European photographic and photojournalistic scene before 1933, and were now excluded from it—continued to influence the international news and press market through their works. Palestine, a place to which several of these journalists fled, had been known in the European spectacle as the timeless ‘Holy Land’; now, through political upheavals, it entered the news. The photographic documents of the clashes between Arabs, Jews, and British troops during the 1930s and taken by German-Jewish photographers in exile became valuable commodities internationally and entered a plethora of national markets, including that of National Socialist Germany. Many of the photographers who had been banned from the German photojournalistic scene in fact remained part of the visual discourse negotiated in German illustrated newspapers. The experience of exile of the photographers and photo agents involved in the international image transfer of photographs from Palestine can be seen as a catalyst for the contingencies in international photo trade, the loss of control of news photographs, and ultimately the crossing of the aesthetic and artistic borders of National Socialist Germany, which were believed to be closed to outside influences. The various views and the ways in which they were used trigger questions about the nature of the photographic gaze and the possibility or impossibility of distorting visual content via textual frameworks in photo essays and newspaper articles.
Sex-Dependent Effects of 2,2′,3,5′,6-Pentachlorobiphenyl on Dendritic Arborization of Primary Mouse Neurons
Authors: Keil Kimberly P , Sethi Sunjay , Lein Pamela J 
Published: November 2018

AbstractEarly life exposures to environmental contaminants are implicated in the pathogenesis of many neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). These disorders often display sex biases, but whether environmental neurotoxicants act in a sex-dependent manner to modify neurodevelopment is largely unknown. Since altered dendritic morphology is associated with many NDDs, we tested the hypothesis that male and female primary mouse neurons are differentially susceptible to the dendrite-promoting activity of 2,2′,3,5′,6-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 95). Hippocampal and cortical neuron-glia co-cultures were exposed to vehicle (0.1% dimethylsulfoxide) or PCB 95 (100 fM–1 μM) from day in vitro 7–9. As determined by Sholl analysis, PCB 95-enhanced dendritic growth in female but not male hippocampal and cortical neurons. In contrast, both male and female neurons responded to bicuculline with increased dendritic complexity. Detailed morphometric analyses confirmed that PCB 95 effects on the number and length of primary and nonprimary dendrites varied depending on sex, brain region and PCB concentration, and that female neurons responded more consistently with increased dendritic growth and at lower concentrations of PCB 95 than their male counterparts. Exposure to PCB 95 did not alter cell viability or the ratio of neurons to glia in cultures of either sex. These results demonstrate that cultured female mouse hippocampal and cortical neurons are more sensitive than male neurons to the dendrite-promoting activity of PCB 95, and suggest that mechanisms underlying PCB 95-induced dendritic growth are sex-dependent. These data highlight the importance of sex in neuronal responses to environmental neurotoxicants.
Seeing From the Eyes of the Beholder: A Pilot Program for Learning Through Reflection in Graduate Nursing Education
Authors: Marrocco Geraldine F. , Ginzburg Ekaterina , Feder Shelli L. 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
A key element in the comprehensive physical exam is the patient interview in which the nurse practitioner (NP) elicits information from the patient to help guide in the discovery of a health issue. Technologies that allow the NP student to view patient interviews from the patient’s perspective may enhance interviewing techniques and promote therapeutic interview behaviors. We report the results of a pilot program for NP students enrolled in an advanced health assessment course. Student volunteers conducted interviews with patient actors. Actors wore Google Glass®, an optical head-mounted device with video-recording capabilities.
Evaluation of 4 Algorithms to Identify Incident Syphilis Among HIV-Positive Men Who Have Sex With Men Engaged in Primary Care
Authors: Menza Timothy William , Levine Kenneth , Grasso Chris , Mayer Kenneth 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
We developed 4 algorithms for syphilis among HIV-positive men who have sex with men who engaged in primary care in 2016 to 2017. Clinician-based diagnosis from chart reviews was the gold standard. Sensitivities ranged from 74.2% to 93.9%. Specificities were greater than 99% with positive and negative predictive values of greater than 95%. Algorithms that incorporated treatment data performed best.
Advancing Patient Safety Through the Clinical Application of a Framework Focused on Communication
Authors: Manojlovich Milisa , Hofer Timothy P. , Krein Sarah L. 
Published: November 2018

Objectives
The study of communication has evolved from diverse academic disciplines, yet those diverse fields are not well represented in theoretical frameworks that describe communication in health care, narrowing our ability to explain how communication affects patient safety. The purpose of this review article is to describe a conceptual framework of communication drawn from multiple academic disciplines and apply it to health care, specifically for examining communication between providers about the clinical care of their patients.

Methods
A seminal article in the field of communication that attempted to map the entire field of communication theory inspired our conceptual framework. We adapted these concepts, largely from the social science literature, to find alternative ways of conceptualizing communication and ways to enhance communication in health care.

Results
There are 8 theoretical traditions that informed our conceptual framework: rhetorical, phenomenological, semiotic, cybernetic, sociopsychological, sociocultural, critical, and pragmatic. We provide practical, clinical applications of our conceptual framework, encompassing the interpersonal nature of communication, relationship building and trust, hierarchical differences, and the role of technology in communication. In adopting our conceptual framework, we suggest that researchers and clinicians can choose from any combination of these 8 theoretical traditions to more fully describe and ultimately enhance communication-related phenomena.

Conclusions
Poor communication remains a stubborn problem in health care in part because of a narrow theoretical and definitional approach to resolving it. Our conceptual framework suggests ways to build relationships and trust, addresses hierarchical differences between communicators, and illuminates the role of technology in communication. It also importantly expands the definition of the value of communication beyond simple information exchange to include creation of new knowledge during communication through the development of shared understanding.
Effect of TB/HIV Integration on TB and HIV Indicators in Rural Ugandan Health Facilities
Authors: Burnett Sarah M. , Zawedde-Muyanja Stella , Hermans Sabine M. , Weaver Marcia R. , Colebunders Robert , Manabe Yukari C. 
Published: November 2018

Background:
The World Health Organization recommends integrating services for patients coinfected with tuberculosis (TB) and HIV. We assessed the effect of TB/HIV integration on antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation and TB treatment outcomes among TB/HIV-coinfected patients using data collected from 14 rural health facilities during 2 previous TB and HIV quality of care studies.

Methods:
A facility was considered to have integrated TB/HIV services if patients with TB/HIV had combined treatment for both illnesses by 1 provider or care team at 1 treatment location. We analyzed the effect of integration by conducting a cross-sectional analysis of integrated and nonintegrated facility periods comparing performance on ART initiation and TB treatment outcomes. We conducted logistic regression, with the patient as the unit of analysis, controlling for other intervention effects, adjusting for age and sex, and clustering by health facility.

Results:
From January 2012 to June 2014, 996 patients with TB were registered, 97% were tested for HIV, and 404 (42%) were HIV-positive. Excluding transfers, 296 patients were eligible for analysis with 117 and 179 from nonintegrated and integrated periods, respectively. Being treated in a facility with TB/HIV integration was associated with lower mortality [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 0.38, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.18 to 0.77], but there was no difference in the proportion initiating ART (aOR = 1.34, 95% CI: 0.40 to 4.47), with TB treatment success (aOR = 1.43, 95% CI: 0.73 to 2.82), lost to follow-up (aOR = 1.64, 95% CI: 0.53 to 5.04), or failure (aOR = 1.21, 95% CI: 0.34 to 4.32).

Conclusions:
TB/HIV service integration was associated with lower mortality during TB treatment even in settings with suboptimal proportions of patients completing TB treatment and starting on ART.
HIV-Related Stigma, Motivation to Adhere to Antiretroviral Therapy, and Medication Adherence Among HIV-Positive Methadone-Maintained Patients
Authors: Shrestha Roman , Altice Frederick L. , Copenhaver Michael M. 
Published: November 2018

Background:
Opioid agonist therapies with methadone are associated with higher levels of adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART); yet, no studies have explored factors associated with optimal ART levels in HIV-positive patients on methadone maintenance treatment, including explanatory pathways using mediation analysis.

Setting:
Participants included 121 HIV-positive, methadone-maintained patients who reported HIV-risk behaviors and were taking ART.

Methods:
Participants were assessed using an audio computer-assisted self-interview. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify significant correlates and PROCESS macro to test the explanatory pathway (ie, mediational effect) for optimal ART adherence.

Results:
Among 121 participants, almost 40% reported suboptimal adherence to ART. Optimal ART adherence was significantly associated with being virally suppressed [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 6.470, P = 0.038], higher motivation to adhere to ART (aOR = 1.171, P = 0.011), and lower anticipated HIV-related stigma (aOR = 0.384, P = 0.015). Furthermore, results revealed an indirect effect of motivation on the relationship between HIV stigma and ART adherence (effect = −0.121, P = 0.043), thus supporting the mediation effect.

Conclusions:
Our findings underscore the complexities surrounding ART adherence, even in patients on methadone maintenance treatment. These findings provide insights on how to more effectively intervene to optimize HIV treatment outcomes, including HIV treatment-as-prevention initiatives, in methadone-maintained patients.
Treatment of Vaginal Shortening and Narrowing With Autologous Buccal Mucosa Graft Augmentation Without Vaginal Mold
Authors: Berger Alexander A. , Echols Karolynn T. 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Vaginal foreshortening can occur after hysterectomy leading to inability to engage successfully in vaginal intercourse resulting in decreased quality of life. Vaginal elongation using autologous buccal mucosal graft with mold and postoperative bed rest has been reported extensively for vaginal stenosis and foreshortening, but graft without mold has never been described. A 61-year-old woman 5 years after robotic-assisted hysterectomy with foreshortened vagina and vaginal stricture sought care secondary to the inability to have sexual intercourse. Her vagina was successfully repaired with autologous buccal mucosal grafting without the use of a vaginal mold facilitating a next-day discharge and ultimately ability to resume intercourse. Vaginal shortening and narrowing after hysterectomy can be repaired using autologous buccal mucosal grafting without the need for a vaginal mold or 5 to 7 days of bed rest.
The ability of ddRAD-Seq to estimate genetic diversity and genetic introgression in endangered native livestock
Authors: Tezuka Ayumi , Takasu Masaki , Tozaki Teruaki , Nagano Atsushi J. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractUnplanned crossbreeding between a native livestock and a specific productive breed was one of the main reasons that caused the loss of valuable genetic resources in native livestock. To avoid further loss and damage of genetic resources in the native livestock, introgressed individuals should be distinguished to eliminate them by preventing any further employment in future mating plans. In general, the genetic diversity of native livestock had already decreased and mass elimination of introgressed individuals from the population endangers their existence. To solve this problem, high-resolution markers are required to discriminate between introgressed variation and native variation. Here, we applied ddRAD-Seq markers for native Japanese horse “Taishu” that has undergone recent genetic introgression. Genome-wide ddRAD-Seq markers can distinguish five breeds of native Japanese horses and Anglo-Arabian introgressed breeds. We found the signatures of genetic introgression of Anglo-Arabian at only two chromosomes; however, the signatures were separated in their genome suggesting that it might not be the cause of recent introgression. The genetic diversity of Taishu was less than other Japanese breeds and the decreasing genetic diversity is an urgent issue compared to genetic introgression. Although few signatures of recent introgression were detected, a lot of shared SNPs (10% of all SNPs in Taishu) were detected between Taishu and Anglo-Arabian. To avoid misestimation of the presence and degree of introgression in native livestock, information regarding shared SNPs and population genetic approaches need to be assessed by using the large number of genome-wide markers such as ddRAD-Seq.
Temporal evolution from retinal image size to perceived size in human visual cortex
Authors: Chen Juan , Sperandio Irene , Henry Molly J. , Goodale Melvyn A 
Published: November 2018

AbstractOur visual system affords a distance-invariant percept of object size by integrating retinal image size with viewing distance (size constancy). Single-unit studies with animals have shown that real changes in distance can modulate the firing rate of neurons in primary visual cortex and even subcortical structures, which raises an intriguing possibility that the required integration for size constancy may occur in the initial visual processing in V1 or even earlier. In humans, however, EEG and brain imaging studies have typically manipulated the apparent (not real) distance of stimuli using pictorial illusions, in which the cues to distance are sparse and not congruent. Here, we physically moved the monitor to different distances from the observer, a more ecologically valid paradigm that emulates what happens in everyday life. Using this paradigm in combination with electroencephalography (EEG), we were able for the first time to examine how the computation of size constancy unfolds in real time under real-world viewing conditions. We showed that even when all distance cues were available and congruent, size constancy took about 150 ms to emerge in the activity of visual cortex. The 150-ms interval exceeds the time required for the visual signals to reach V1, but is consistent with the time typically associated with later processing within V1 or recurrent processing from higher-level visual areas. Therefore, this finding provides unequivocal evidence that size constancy does not occur during the initial signal processing in V1 or earlier, but requires subsequent processing, just like any other feature binding mechanisms.
Collective Excitations in α-helical Protein Structures Interacting with the Water Environment
Authors: Kadantsev Vasiliy N. , Goltsov Alexey 
Published: November 2018

AbstractLow-frequency vibrational excitations of protein macromolecules in the terahertz frequency region are suggested to contribute to many biological processes such as enzymatic catalysis, intra-protein energy/charge transport, recognition, and allostery. To explain high effectiveness of these processes, two possible mechanisms of the long-lived excitation were proposed by H. Fröhlich and A.S. Davydov which relate to either vibrational modes or solitary waves, respectively. In this paper, we developed a quantum dynamic model of vibrational excitation in α-helical proteins interacting with the aqueous environment. In the model, we distinguished three coupled subsystems, i.e. (i) a chain of hydrogen-bonded peptide groups (PGs), interacting with (ii) the subsystem of the side-chain residuals which in turn interacts with (iii) the environment, surrounding water responsible for dissipation and fluctuation in the system. It was shown that the equation of motion for phonon variables of the PG chain can be transformed to nonlinear Schrodinger equation which admits bifurcation into the solution corresponding to the weak damped vibrational modes (Fröhlich-type regime) and Davydov solitons. A bifurcation parameter is derived through the strength of phonon-phonon interaction between the side-chains and hydration-shell water molecules. As shown, the energy of these excited states is pumped through the interaction of the side-chains with fluctuating water environment of the proteins. The suggested mechanism of the collective vibrational mode excitation is discussed in connection with the recent experiments on the long-lived collective protein excitations in the terahertz frequency region and vibrational energy transport pathways in proteins.
Inter-slice leakage and intra-slice aliasing in simultaneous multi-slice echo-planar images
Authors: McNabb Carolyn Beth , Lindner Michael , Shen Shan , Burgess Laura Grace , Murayama Kou , Johnstone Tom 
Published: November 2018

AbstractSimultaneous multi-slice (SMS) imaging is a popular technique for increasing acquisition speed in echo-planar imaging (EPI) fMRI. However, SMS data are prone to motion sensitivity and slice leakage artefacts, which spread signal between simultaneously acquired slices. Relevant to motion sensitivity, artefacts from moving anatomic structures propagate along the phase-encoding (PE) direction. This is particularly relevant for eye movement. As signal from the eye is acquired along with signal from simultaneously excited slices during SMS, there is potential for signal to spread in-plane and between spatially remote slices. After identifying an artefact temporally coinciding with signal fluctuations in the eye and spatially distributed in correspondence with multiband slice acceleration and parallel imaging factors, we conducted a series of small experiments to investigate eye movement artefacts in SMS data and the contribution of PE direction to the invasiveness of these artefacts. Five healthy adult volunteers were scanned during a blinking task using a standard SMS-EPI protocol with posterior-to-anterior (P≫A), anterior-to-posterior (A≫P) or right-to-left (R≫L) PE direction. The intensity of signal fluctuations (artefact severity) was measured at expected artefact positions and control positions. We demonstrated a direct relationship between eye movements and artefact severity across expected artefact regions. Within-brain artefacts were apparent in P≫A- and A≫P-acquired data but not in R≫L data due to the shift in artefact positions. Further research into eye motion artefacts in SMS data is warranted but researchers should exercise caution with SMS protocols. We recommend rigorous piloting of SMS protocols and switching to R≫L/L≫R PE where feasible.