bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Porcupine or pig? Sidney’s role in the Nashe–Harvey quarrel
Authors: Hadfield Andrew 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
In 1591 Thomas Nashe published a prefatory epistle, ‘Somewhat to reade for them that list’, to Thomas Newman’s edition of Sir Philip Sidney’s sonnet sequence, Astrophil and Stella. The edition was an unlicensed, pirated copy, and the first authorized edition, by William Ponsonby, did not appear until 1597/8. As others have noted, the publication of Sidney’s poems had a significant impact on the development of English poetry in the 1590s. However, this unauthorized edition may have had another less well-noticed impact—on Thomas Nashe, who appears to have taken against the Sidneys and makes biting comments about Sir Philip and his family throughout his writing career. There are jokes and sly references in Nashe’s later writings, in particular to Sir Philip’s public quarrel with Robert De Vere, earl of Oxford, on a tennis court (1579), and to what Nashe regarded as the botched printing of the Countess of Pembroke’s Arcadia in 1593, with the Sidney crest, a porcupine, appearing more like a pig. The connections between the Sidneys and Nashe, and the part they may have played in the Nashe–Harvey quarrel are under-explored, as is Mary Sidney’s role in Harvey’s life. This essay will make visible these important literary connections in the decade after Sir Philip’s death, casting new light on his much analysed literary legacy.
Sir John Spilman and the London rag-gatherers
Authors: Wolfe Heather 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Most of England’s white paper came from France in the Elizabethan and early Stuart periods. In an unsuccessful 1585 petition for a monopoly on paper-making, the printer Richard Tottel complained that the French continually sabotaged English paper-making efforts by flooding the market with French paper at a loss and exporting English rags into France. The problem of a lack of a domestic paper supply was finally solved by John Spilman, the queen’s jeweller, in 1588. Spilman established a paper mill in Dartford, Kent and was granted a patent for the exclusive production of white writing paper, a monopoly on linen rags and other scraps, and the right to prevent others from establishing similar mills without his licence. It has always been assumed that Spilman quickly abandoned making writing paper because he could not compete against imported grades. An examination of surviving manuscripts with his watermark suggest otherwise. Contemporaries declared his paper ‘very large and very good’, compared to the ‘very bad’ paper available from other sources. This chapter explores the impact of Spilman’s paper on English paper awareness and connoisseurship, and suggests that his products were a source of national pride for people who were previously unaware of the technology of paper-making. It also shows that Spilman’s paper was much more ubiquitous than previously believed.
The assiduous reader
Authors: Clarke Stephen 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Thomas Green (1769–1825) trained as a barrister, but the death of his father in 1794 gave him the means to devote himself to a life of leisure and reading. From 1796 he kept a diary of his reflections on the copious material he read, and in 1810 he published selections from that diary, Extracts from the Diary of a Lover of Literature. It received mixed reviews, but Green continued to keep his diary, and after his death The Gentleman’s Magazine published between 1834 and 1843 thirty-six articles containing further sections of the diary. These extracts, together with the published Diary, a scarce privately printed Memoir issued shortly after his death, and some letters in the Beinecke Library, give us a detailed and previously unstudied record of the broad and voracious consumption over thirty years of an intelligent, informed, receptive reader, with wide literary interests. The diaries also record Green’s engagement with the musical and literary world of London, and his activities as an active collector of art, in which he reveals an engaging touch of vanity. This chapter considers the extensive record of his reflections, and what they tell us about his achievement as a now-forgotten provincial connoisseur and man of letters.
‘How I would alter things!’
Authors: Karlin Daniel 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The manuscript of The Ring and the Book, now in the British Library, is the longest extant manuscript by Robert Browning. Although described as a ‘printer’s fair copy’, in many places it is anything but ‘fair’, and it contains some of the most interesting and revealing evidence of Browning’s method of composition and revision that we possess. It also contains a genuine puzzle—the status of book 4 of the 12-book poem is inexplicably anomalous, in that large parts of it consist of barely metrical ‘lines’ which must have been ‘versified’ in proof. The manuscript has received surprisingly little critical attention, and this chapter is the first to give an in-depth account of it. Besides the conundrum of book 4, the chapter pays special attention to the ‘running revisions’ in the text, the places where Browning changed his mind in the flow of copying from his draft. These instances give us an unrivalled insight into the ‘moment’ of composition and some of them are of real consequence for our reading of the poem.
The Memory of Crowds
Authors: O’Brien Michael J. , Bentley R. Alexander 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
All animals face myriad adaptive issues, such as how to find and store food, how to plan, how to avoid danger, how to recognize cheaters, and how to choose a mate. The question is why humans developed such an exceptional memory system compared to other species and how such a complex adaptive system evolved in the first place, given that the benefits received would have required an energetic expense not incurred by other animals. The story of human evolution used to be the purview primarily of palaeontologists, but it has become increasingly clear that human evolution must also be told in terms of the evolution of the mind, which requires collaboration among biologists, evolutionary anthropologists, palaeoanthropologists, experimental psychologists, linguists, and cognitive neuroscientists. No longer can one be genuinely Darwinian in terms of how behaviour is analysed and simultaneously be agnostic as to what psychology brings to the table. To understand the evolution of human behaviour requires an understanding of the role played by social learning over the past 300,000 years. Many cognitive processes—for example, judgement, inference, affect, and emotion—structure the use of social information for learning, but our evolutionary perspective prioritizes the cognitive results of learning that occur under three scales of memory—individual, group, and cultural.
The Value of a Comparative Approach to Investigating Adaptive Memory and Cognitive Processes across Species
Authors: Perdue Bonnie M. , Wilson Megan L. , Maple Terry L. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Through natural selection, memory processes that aid in survival may be selected for over time and can be observed in modern humans as well as nonhuman animals. By taking a comparative perspective, one can better understand a phenomenon of interest, including adaptive memory. As a field, comparative psychology is rooted in evolutionary principles and focuses on assessing abilities across species to identify continuities and discontinuities in these abilities. In this chapter, we present on various aspects of natural history, such as habitat and species-specific behaviours in the order Carnivora and hoofed mammals. We describe existing cognitive research, though this is sometimes limited, across these taxa, and also offer a framework for considering how and why certain elements of adaptive memory might have emerged that can guide future testing. Adopting a comparative approach is beneficial for a broader understanding of adaptive memory.
The Development of Adaptive Memory During Childhood
Authors: Cooper Lauren M. , Howe Mark L. , Wang Jane , Otgaar Henry 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
In this chapter we explore the development of adaptive memory during childhood. The survival processing advantage is said to enhance learning and memory because evolution has led to the prioritization of the retention of fitness-relevant information. However, various studies have demonstrated that survival processing involves elaborate, distinctive, relational, and self-referential encoding, which can predict the memorial advantage of survival processing and other adaptive memory benefits. Furthermore, research suggests that these effects are consistent across development, indicating that fitness-relevant survival processing is observable even very early in children’s memory. Throughout the chapter we examine how fitness-relevant information processing engages multiple cognitive processes simultaneously, leading to mnemonic advantages. These processes begin to develop early in childhood and can be observed in various contexts. We review the position that although our current memory system is the result of evolutionary pressures, it is not essential for an evolutionary hypothesis of memory to consider the survival processing advantage as a distinct component of adaptive memory that remains invariant across development. We conclude by emphasizing the need for further scientific investigation to understand the functional properties of memory, including both the role of proximate mechanisms in adaptive memory in general and survival processing specifically. Although research in this area has started, there is still much to be discovered about the development of these mechanisms and their relevance to changes in our adaptive memory systems.
Aristotelian Objections
Authors: Deranty Jean-Philippe 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter studies objections to the centrality of work that rely on the conceptual distinction between actions that are intrinsically valuable (praxis) and actions whose value is only instrumental (poiesis). Work is a paradigm example of the latter. Section 5.1 outlines the distinction and shows how it has been at the heart of influential diagnoses of modern society (e.g., Marx in some passages, Arendt, Habermas, and MacIntyre). Section 5.2 emphasizes modes of acting and of being that this strand of critique contrasts to work, such as aesthetic activity, play, leisure, religious cults, and spiritual contemplation. Section 5.3 shows that the distinction is highly unstable conceptually and this conceptual fuzziness undermines diagnoses of modern society premised on the distinction. Moreover, several leading Aristotelians who use the distinction do so to defend positive conceptions of work. The section ends by responding to the challenges from play, leisure, and cults.
Nihilistic Work
Authors: Deranty Jean-Philippe 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter is dedicated to critiques of the centrality of work inspired by the thought of Friedrich Nietzsche. Section 6.1 reviews Nietzsche’s own pronouncements on work. Section 6.2 studies the ‘Heidegger case’. While Heidegger’s texts on technology are major reference points for critiques of industrial society, his writings of the 1930s, which formulate a fascistic conception of work redolent of national-socialist ideology, have been read as exemplary of the totalitarian implications of the centrality of work. Section 6.3 investigates the impact of Nietzschean and Heideggerian themes on French thinkers, who influenced contemporary writing on work through their visions of a community beyond work, and the paradoxical notion of ‘unworking’. Section 6.4 shows that a positive conception of work can be identified in Nietzsche’s own writing. Section 6.5 demonstrates that work is not inherently repressive of self and other. In conclusion, a positive notion of work is also found in Heidegger.
The Long History of Work
Authors: Deranty Jean-Philippe 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter begins the substantive case for work by returning to the objections identified in the first chapter. A wealth of anthropological and historical scholarship is surveyed, which demonstrates that work has been central in many human societies besides modern, industrial ones. Section 11.1 focuses on horticultural societies, which have been studied in founding texts of cultural anthropology. Section 11.2 considers the popular claim that early human societies were ‘leisure societies’ in which people knew how to limit their needs and thereby also the need to work. Recent evidence shows this to be a myth. Section 11.3 reads recent cultural histories of work in ancient Greece and Rome to debunk the other popular claim that pre-modern societies despised work and valued other activities. Based on the scholarship reviewed, Section 11.4 responds to the accusation that endorsing the centrality of work is ethnocentric and a misguided form of essentialism.
The Social Centrality of Work
Authors: Deranty Jean-Philippe 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers the different ways in which work is central in a social sense. Section 12.1 responds to the objection presented in Chapter 8 that the very idea of an institution being ‘central’ is a category mistake. This objection relies on the assumption that work is one sphere among others, but the view from social reproduction shows that work cannot properly be called a sphere, since work is required to reproduce all social spheres. Sections 12.2 and 12.3 mobilize the theory of social action of Jürgen Habermas to show in detail how work activities are interwoven in all aspects of social life, including its cultural and ‘communicative’ aspects. Based on this fine-tuned description of the work of social reproduction and referencing classical social philosophers, Section 12.4 identifies seven different senses in which work can be considered ‘socially’ central.
Organizing Necessity
Authors: Deranty Jean-Philippe 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter applies the ‘view from necessity’ from the previous chapter to the way in which a collective organizes itself, to highlight the political significance of work. Section 14.1 describes what is entailed in a collective facing the necessities that work responds to through its social and economic organization. As this organization of necessity creates many ‘pressure points’, all kinds of normative issues become vivid and demand to be answered as a result. Section 14.2 explores this first sense of work’s political centrality. Section 14.3 outlines a second, positive sense of work’s political centrality, via the different ways in which the collective organizing of necessity can also be a condition of freedom in several senses: psychological, democratic, and social.
Love in Plato and Aristotle
Authors: Sheffield Frisbee C. C. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Ancient philosophers put love on the philosophical agenda. The Greeks distinguished between various forms of love, two of which (erōs, roughly ‘passionate desire’ and philia, often construed as ‘friendship’) concern Plato and Aristotle in particular (though the former to a lesser extent for Aristotle). It is the task of this paper to explain the nature and role of these forms of love in the ethical and political writings of Plato and Aristotle. Plato’s preoccupation with erōs speaks to his concern with how what we love most passionately both reflects what we take to be of supreme value in life and shapes our attitude toward those bearers of value. The central ethical question of how to live, then, inevitably involves reflection on desire and love (erōs). The interpersonal aspect of love is developed by both Plato and Aristotle in accounts of philia, the paradigmatic forms of which are love between family and friends. Though ancient ethics is often seen as egoistic, centrally concerned with achievement of the agent’s own flourishing, the importance of philia for both Plato and Aristotle shows that neither their ethics nor their politics is limited to self-interested concerns. The central importance of love, for Plato and Aristotle, mitigates the egoism in their ethics.
The Personal Experience of Transcendental Love
Authors: Van Dyke Christina 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Transcendental love occupies a central place in medieval contemplative philosophy. Contemplative discussions in the Rome-based Christian tradition in particular tend to focus on the practice of love (what sorts of activities and disciplines develop and increase love), the nature of love, and the experience of love. This chapter follows suit, first addressing the widespread medieval belief that imaginative meditation is the best way to learn how to love, and then turning to different understandings of both what love is and what love feels like. Today, a distinction is often drawn between sacred love (caritas) and secular love (amor). In the later Middle Ages, however, not only were these terms used more or less interchangeably, but the tropes associated with the terms overlapped extensively as well, with medieval contemplatives and mystics frequently using the language of ‘courtly love’ or fin’amor to depict their religious experiences.
Anne Conway on the Love-Worthiness and Perfectibility of All Things
Authors: Mercer Christia 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Love plays a central role in the radical proposals of the seventeenth-century English philosopher, Anne Conway (1631–1679). Because God, as first substance, shares its infectious “vital” love with all creatures, each loves all the others. Love is the primary motivating force and connective glue among the infinity of the world’s creatures and so guarantees the world’s ultimate perfectibility. An examination of love’s role in Conway’s metaphysics not only uncovers unnoticed features of her philosophy, it also reveals the unique place her thought occupies in love’s history. Her philosophy, as it turns out, is more radical and original than has been previously understood.
Kierkegaard’s Theistic Conception of Love, Existentially Considered
Authors: Krishek Sharon 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Søren Kierkegaard, the nineteenth-century Danish philosopher, is well known for his existential thought, but no less significantly he was a profound religious thinker. These two different philosophical tendencies are interestingly united in his understanding of love. Indeed, his influential Works of Love—the only essay he explicitly devoted to the exploration of the nature of love—is specifically religious. However, this chapter aims to show that it is rather the conflation of Kierkegaard’s religiosity and his existentialism that results in his unique thesis of love. This thesis not only reconciles between neighborly (religious) love and romantic love but allows for a reclaiming of the value of the latter.
“Always ready to invest in treason”
Authors: Egerton Douglas R. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Although Higginson continued to publish articles in the Atlantic Quarterly on various reform causes, including women’s “dress reform,” he continued to speak at women’s rights conventions beside Stone and Anthony, just as he did at antislavery meetings beside Frederick Douglass. As a former Kansas “free-stater,” Higginson was contacted by John Brown, now back in the East, and became a major fundraiser for Brown’s ever-evolving plans to liberate Southern bondsmen. Together with five other activists, Higginson became part of the “secret six,” Brown’s benefactors. The chapter ends with word arriving of Brown’s failure to capture Harpers Ferry, a plan unknown to Higginson.
“The crowning years”
Authors: Egerton Douglas R. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
With public reform largely behind him, Higginson continued to write, publishing short essays in Ladies’ Home Journal, Harper’s Bazar, and Century magazine. His history book grew into a larger and very profitable version for adults, and his reminiscences of his war years, Army Life in a Black Regiment, sold well among Northern whites and Southern Blacks. Together with Mabel Todd, he published the first collection of Emily Dickinson’s poetry, and with journalist Upton Sinclair, attorney Clarence Darrow, novelist Jack London, and feminist Charlotte Perkins Gilman formed the Inter-Collegiate Socialist Society. His always robust health failed him in early 1911, but his poetry and essays lived on after his death. Army Life was republished in 1963 in time for the centennial of the Emancipation Proclamation.
Hard Neighbors
Authors: Calloway Colin G. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Hard Neighbors: The Scotch-Irish Invasion of Native America and the Making of an American Identity examines the shifting relationships of Scotch-Irish people living on the frontier, neighboring Indian peoples, and more distant governments. Scotch-Irish people refers to the distinct ethnic group who repeatedly inserted themselves on Native land despite the collusion and conflict with colonial authorities. The Scotch-Irish fought Indian wars and shaped the frontier, and their experiences living near and fighting against Indians shaped their identity and their attitudes towards government. Moreover, Scotch-Irish people influenced national attitudes and policies. Hard Neighbors provides an overview of how Scotch-Irish people reaffirmed their reputation as Indian-killers and transformed themselves into Americans.
Indian-Killers
Authors: Calloway Colin G. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Indian killers. It starts with the Paxton massacre that was typically singled out as marking the ultimate descent into darkness, finally shattering patterns and policies of peaceful coexistence that William Penn had instilled in Pennsylvania. Essentially, the social tensions fueled a new political culture of backcountry nationalism. The telling and retelling of Indian raids and terrors turned backcountry settlers into Indian-killers and also turned them against their government. The chapter then provides an overview of the political repercussions of the Paxton Massacre and the subsequent pamphlet war of 1764 where Paxtonian defenders argued that killing Indians was a legitimate form of opposition to bad government.
Scotch-Irish Captives and Scotch-Irish Indians
Authors: Calloway Colin G. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores settler suffering in Indian warfare in correlation with Scotch-Irish captives and Scotch-Irish Indians. Captive-taking highlighted the brutality and violence of Indian resistance while revealing and creating connections between Native people and Scotch-Irish people who contested the same land. Moreover, Indian captors often targeted children for adoption. The chapter cites that captives found that time and the wealth of kinship relations in Native communities healed many wounds and kept them in Indian country. It explains that the return of captives effectively stopped plenty of people from becoming white Indians, as they returned with Indian skills, languages, and relatives.
Innovation and Economic Growth
Authors: Hall Bronwyn H. , Helmers Christian 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides an introduction to models of economic growth that incorporate R&D investment and technical change. It reviews the various growth models of Solow-Swan, Romer, Jones, and Aghion-Hewitt. This is followed by an explanation of how to use growth accounting and total factor productivity (TFP) analysis to measure the returns to innovation at the economywide level. The chapter goes on to present ways in which the contribution of knowledge spillovers to growth and the social returns to innovation can be measured empirically. A final section explains how R&D investment and innovation output have been included in the national income accounts (NIAs) of a number of countries.