bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“Defending the Innocent & redressing the Injurd”
Authors: Calvert Jane E. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
In Chapter Three, Dickinson begins his law practice in Philadelphia. He took all manner of cases ranging from the collection of small debts to murder, and he traveled the court circuit around all the counties in Pennsylvania, including the Three Lower Counties, now called Delaware. His highest-profile work was representing Reverend William Smith in his sham trial by the Pennsylvania Assembly for libel. Although it was clear Smith would not prevail, Dickinson made eloquent arguments in favor of liberty of the press. He also made an enemy of assemblyman Joseph Galloway. His most lucrative cases were in the Admiralty Court. Representing American merchants in flag-of-truce cases convinced him that Britain should allow Americans to trade freely with France, the enemy, provided they did not trade arms or warlike stores.
“Pursue moderate measures with vigour”
Authors: Calvert Jane E. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
In Chapter Eight, Dickinson continues to monitor British activities while cautioning Americans to refrain from violent measures. Pennsylvania resisted in fits and starts, while leaders around the colonies looked to Dickinson for guidance and assistance. After the so-called Boston Massacre, John Adams and Josiah Quincy used the Farmer’s words in their successful defense of the British soldiers. The Rhode Island legislature wrote for Dickinson’s advice on how to minimize the consequences of the burning of the Gaspee. Radical New York leader Alexander McDougall begged Dickinson to serve as his council in his libel trial. Samuel Adams sought Dickinson’s counsel when he realized things had gone too far with the Boston Tea Party. And the Lees of Virginia sought his opinion and implored him to take up his pen against the Intolerable Acts. Meanwhile, Dickinson married Mary (Polly) Norris, daughter of a leading Quaker politician, with whom he eventually had two daughters, and he continued his law practice, frequently defending the least fortunate members of society against charges of heinous crimes.
“I love Mankind”
Authors: Calvert Jane E. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
In Chapter Fourteen, Dickinson continues public service in two additional roles before he finally became a private citizen and activist. In 1791–92, he was president of the Delaware constitutional convention, where he played an active role. The following year, he served as a senator in the Delaware legislature. Together with his wife Polly, he continued his philanthropy, donating to causes from medicine to religion and founding institutions such as libraries, schools, and the first prison reform society. He published a treatise on the education of youth. He also became a citizen activist, protesting Federalist policies such as the Jay Treaty. His concern was to maintain good relations with America’s first ally, France, which he also expressed in several publications. He began mentoring his kinsman, Pennsylvania politician George Logan, who shared his love of France. Logan also adopted Dickinson’s former penname, “Farmer,” and was instrumental in founding the first democratic agrarian societies.
Introduction
Authors: Egerton Douglas R. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The introduction places Thomas Wentworth Higginson in a historiographical context by showing how particular aspects of his long career are well known to scholars, but only in their separate fields, from historians of reform and abolitionism to feminist scholars and specialists in nineteenth-century poetry, literature, and philosophy. At a time when most reformers devoted their lives to a single cause, Higginson was a man of many worlds, and he refused to prioritize one crusade over another. He was at once a radical minister, an advocate of rights for laboring people in New England factories, a militant abolitionist, a sometimes political candidate, an officer of a pioneering Black regiment, a women’s rights activist, and a mentor to poet Emily Dickinson.
“War always educates men to itself”
Authors: Egerton Douglas R. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Following the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which repealed the thirty-four-year-old ban on slavery in the Midwest, Kansas collapsed into a civil war between pro- and antislavery settlers. Higginson, who had found another pulpit in Worcester, at first was content to raise money to support Free Soil pioneers, but he soon found it necessary to run weapons into the troubled territory. Back in the East, Higginson found time to join Susan B. Anthony and Lucretia Mott in women’s rights conventions, and after conducting the wedding ceremony of Lucy Stone, Higginson helped draft what became known as the “Marriage Protest,” which omitted the word “obey” from the traditional wedding vows.
“A fighting parson”
Authors: Egerton Douglas R. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Many New England abolitionists, either because of their Garrisonian pacifist tendencies or because the Lincoln administration initially refused to use the conflict with the Confederacy to attack slavery, found it difficult to support the Union effort. As a “physical-force” abolitionist who had no patience for pacifism, Higginson ignored his own doubts about the Republican Party and agreed to serve as a captain in the 51st Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry. As a desk officer, Higginson believed he would be able to remain in Massachusetts and routinely check on his wife, Mary, whose health grew ever more precarious. The chapter ends with Higginson being contacted by General Rufus Saxton about serving as colonel to the troubled First South Carolina Volunteer Infantry, a regiment comprised of contraband soldiers from Florida and the Carolina coast.
“Path of duty is the way to glory”
Authors: Egerton Douglas R. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
As colonel of the First South Carolina, Higginson found himself leading the first regiment of African Americans to be approved by the War Department. What made his unit different from other Black regiments was their geographical cohesion, as the soldiers had fled in groups from estates in northern Florida and coastal Carolina, often bringing their families with them. Higginson recognized their connections to one another, and to the region, and was content to allow his Black sergeants to control the men while he planned upriver raids in search of necessary provisions and to liberate more Black Southerners. The chapter ends with Higginson’s brush with death while raiding up the Edisto River. He was mustered out due to his wounds and spent the remainder of the war lobbying Washington politicians to equalize pay between Black and white soldiers.
“The happiest day of my life”
Authors: Egerton Douglas R. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
After a period of mourning the death of his first wife, Higginson met and married the much younger Mary Thatcher, a fellow poet and writer. Higginson had always admitted that his lack of children was a great sorrow, so he was thrilled when, late in life, he became the father of two daughters, though one of them died very young. To support his family, Higginson returned to writing, publishing short essays in the Atlantic Monthly, and also longer works like his popular 1875 Young Folks’ History of the United States. His public support for New York Democrat Grover Cleveland in the 1884 presidential election cost him the friendship of Lucy Stone, who abhorred Cleveland’s fathering a child out of wedlock.
The Fourteen Regions
Authors: Matthews John 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
A survey of the distribution and topography of the Fourteen Regions into which, in the fashion of Rome though possibly only in the reign of Theodosius, Constantinople was divided. The intra-urban Regions (excluding XIII at Sycae and XIV, possibly at Regium) are classified in three groups, and each group described separately, with the help of schematic plans transferring the institutions listed by the Notitia, together with the geographical indications given by the text, onto the ground plan of the city. It is emphasized in this and succeeding chapters that the urban area involved is that contained by the walls of Constantine and not those of Theodosius II.
Urban Development (3)
Authors: Matthews John 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
See Chapter 6 for the contents Chapters 7 and 8, which discuss the monumental and other developments of the times of Constantius II, Julian, Valens, and Theodosius I and II, and trace the westwards shift of economic and social focus in the city, based on the establishment of new forums and new harbours with their attendant facilities on its southern coastline. Particular attention is given in Chapter 8 to the visual evidence preserved in the narrative frieze of the column of Arcadius.
Epilogue
Authors: Maler Anabel 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The Epilogue returns to the notion of resilience, showing how musical elements are resilient across modality. The conclusion notes, however, that the resilience of musicality within Deaf communities is only remarkable because of the ways in which the hearing majority have oppressed Deaf music-making and imposed hearing standards upon Deaf ways of knowing and creating music. This oppression continues to the present day, leaving many Deaf children without access to sign language music. The book’s conclusion urges us to value Deaf musical knowledge and practice by making space in music scholarship for our Deaf, DeafBlind, and hard-of-hearing colleagues, respecting their musical expertise, and following their lead.
Origin Stories and Atlantic Migrations
Authors: Calloway Colin G. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses origins stories and Atlantic migrations. As more and more Europeans migrated into the region, they pushed the Indigenous inhabitants out in which Delaware unity and identity were forged in dealings with other peoples and powers. Thus, migration and relocation were deeply rooted within the Delaware people's history and identity. The chapter cites that dissenting Protestantism became an important element in the identity, character, and world views of an Ulster-Scots community and culture, which then migrated to America. It explains that the migration of the people who became the Scotch-Irish in North America was part of a broader Irish historical experience of migration and diaspora.
A Devil’s Bargain
Authors: Calloway Colin G. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter looks into how the relentless expansion of colonial settlers put repeated pressure on borderland regions. Scotch-Irish colonists advanced on Indigenous lands and created a hard edge of settler colonialism that grated against Indian country, while some tribal peoples constructed layered buffer zones to protect themselves and their interests. Borderland peoples were perpetually on the move and often jostled for position. The chapter also notes that the Iroquois pursued a formal policy of neutrality after 1700 to avoid entanglement in conflicts between Britain and France. It cites the devil's bargain of Indigenous people protecting their backers with the expectation of receiving some protection as well.
Hard Neighbors
Authors: Calloway Colin G. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter highlights that Scotch-Irish communities perched on the edge of Indian country. It notes that the Paxton Boys’ murders with which this book opened forever gave the Scotch-Irish a reputation as Indian- killers. In theory and in general, settler colonialism required and effected the elimination of Native people. Meanwhile, Scottish-Irish settlement practices and patterns rarely complied with the expectations of government officials who hoped for stable communities built on property ownership. The chapter explains how Scotch-Irish and Indian peoples turned borderlands that were intended to serve as barriers into zones of cooperation, competition, and bicultural communities, while also considering the heightened violence due to cultural tensions.
Across the Mississippi
Authors: Calloway Colin G. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter covers the migration over the Mississippi. It explains that Scotch-Irish Americans in Missouri and Arkansas often found themselves sharing and contesting lands with Native peoples. After the American Revolution, Spain tried to make the Mississippi a barrier for its northern provinces, and its Mexican silver mines. The vast territory west of the Mississippi became the new land of opportunity after the Louisiana Purchase as thousands of people dreaming of independence migrated to the Ozarks. The chapter also notes that the Louisiana Purchase also opened commercial opportunities and possibilities for some Scotch-Irish Americans who entered the fur trade via the gateway to the Missouri River at St. Louis.
How the Scotch-Irish Became Americans and Americans Became Scotch-Irish
Authors: Calloway Colin G. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter looks into how Scotch-Irish became Americans and Americans became Scotch-Irish. For three hundred years, Scotch-Irish and Indian people were pushed together by colonial, political, and economic forces. As the Scotch-Irish and their descendants moved into every part of Native America, they became part of the fabric of American society. Meanwhile, other Americans of Scotch-Irish descent were working hard to establish a distinctive Scotch-Irish identity and role in the history of the United States. The chapter explains that old core areas of Scotch-Irish settlement felt robbed in modern America following an unholy alliance between white elites and people of color.
Innovation and Intellectual Property
Authors: Hall Bronwyn H. , Helmers Christian 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter introduces the book. It explains the importance of innovation for productivity, economic growth, and welfare. The chapter reviews the various topics that the textbook will cover: the importance of innovation in economic growth, the innovation process, innovation strategy, and innovation policy. The emphasis is on the economic analysis of these phenomena, and on the ways in which firms use intellectual property rights to secure returns to their innovation investments. There is a brief review of the concepts of non-rivalry and non-excludability as they relate to the production of new knowledge and innovative output. A final section describes the many ways in which the textbook might be used, depending on the nature of the course offered.
Returns to R&D and Innovation
Authors: Hall Bronwyn H. , Helmers Christian 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents the basic framework for estimating the returns to R&D and innovation. The main discussion centers on the private (firm-level) returns, although social returns are also considered; their estimation is deferred until Chapter 9. The methods of estimation presented here include the production function, rate-of-return estimation, and the market value approach. Issues and challenges in using these methods are discussed, with an emphasis on the problem of estimating the depreciation of R&D capital, a crucial ingredient in the computation of returns. The chapter also presents hedonic prices, that is, prices as a function of the characteristics that determine consumer demand. The hedonic framework is useful both as method for estimating quality change in products due to innovation, and as the basis for the market value approach to valuation of innovation assets.
Diffusion
Authors: Hall Bronwyn H. , Helmers Christian 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter covers the diffusion of new technologies, which is an important and necessary process if the economy is to receive the benefits of innovation. The workhorse model of diffusion is presented in two ways, as arising from consumer heterogeneity or from information epidemics. The real options model of technology adoption is also presented briefly. The role of network externalities and general-purpose technology (GPT) in slowing diffusion via their requirement for complementary investments is emphasized, along with the fact that network goods tend to exhibit increasing returns in adoption. The empirical evidence on factors affecting adoption choices is summarized at the end of the chapter.
Trademarks and Brands
Authors: Hall Bronwyn H. , Helmers Christian 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter covers trademarks and related marks such as collective marks, geographical indications, and certification marks. It presents the basic structure and purpose of these marks and the process by which they are obtained along with their economic justification. Empirical evidence on the connection between trademarks and product market competition, and the relationship of trademarks to economic performance is shown. The practical use of trademarks, sometimes in negative ways, is also discussed, such as squatting, cluttering, and congestion. The use of trademarks in combination with other IP rights such as patents or copyright and also the use of domain names are also covered.
Patent Litigation and Enforcement
Authors: Hall Bronwyn H. , Helmers Christian 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter covers patent litigation and its role in patent enforcement and dispute resolution. The basic structure of patent litigation is presented first. This is followed by models of litigation in general and patent litigation in particular. Patent litigation is a special case, which typically decides two things: validity and infringement. The different design choices of litigation systems, such as bifurcation, cost, duration, patent court specialization, and so forth, are reviewed. A final section describes the main characteristics of some of the most important patent litigation systems around the world, those in the United States, Europe, and China.
“You Win or You Die”
Authors: Rahman Smita A. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter is focused on the popular HBO television show Game of Thrones and closely analyzes the character arc of the protagonist of the first season, Ned Stark, who embodies the traditional narrative tropes of honor and heroism in the show, in order to sketch out a more complex understanding of honor which is grounded in the conceptual framework of subjectivity and the politics of recognition. It analyzes the tight connection between tradition and honor that binds and constrains his every move and reads this alongside Aristotle’s account of honor, family, and tragedy. Hegel’s account of chivalric honor is then used to explore honor’s inherent vulnerability to recognition by others and is developed further through an engagement with Patchen Markell’s work on the limits of recognition and Judith Butler’s work on power and subjectivity.
The Ornamental Politics of Honor
Authors: Rahman Smita A. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter analyzes Hilary Mantel’s Booker Prize–winning novel Wolf Hall and its central character, Thomas Cromwell, to construct an ornamental concept of honor that is deeply rooted in aesthetics, perspective, and sensory experience. It reads Mantel’s portrayal of Cromwell alongside works by Machiavelli and Rancière to explore how the fungible exercise of honor as ornamental—as badges to be pinned on when required, and dispensed with when necessary—is crucial to the art of power and the expansion of political imagination.
Slavery and Race-Based Trauma
Authors: Coker Ross Carolyn 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
“Slavery and Race-Based Trauma: The Impact of Historical and Intergenerational Trauma on Health” explores the impact of trauma, including race-based trauma, on African Americans and how its effects can be seen as a legacy of slavery that has been passed from one generation to another over 400 years. Race-based traumatic stress is most common in Black, Indigenous, and people of color individuals and can cause psychological symptoms resembling posttraumatic stress disorder. Historical trauma theory illuminates the devastating subjugation that began with the enslavement of Africans brought to the Americas and has continued to modern times, leaving Black Americans with trauma effects that cause mental and physical health disparities, economic devastation, and the mass incarceration of Black Americans. Despite the painful history of Black people in America and the systemic racism based on the notion of White supremacy Black Americans have had to endure, they have made enormous contributions to America through their innate resilience and their belief in the American dream.
Before Race. After Race. Post Racial.
Authors: Tatham Nerine 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Before race, families, ethnic groupings, and cultures existed for countless millennia and rose and fell due to a variety of natural and manmade causes. After race, artificial control of the global balance of power was imposed. Written from an American and diasporic lens, “Before Race. After Race. Post Racial” explores the parallel impacts of the creation of the concept of race. It covers a brief historical review of the fabrication of race and a racial hierarchy as a means of control of natural resources by an elite few. This chapter posits that the fabrication of race is a strategy based in antiblackness and has been psychologically harmful to all. Moreover, the only way we can all survive is through the dismantling of anti-Black (-Indigenous, -African) White supremacy racism and the establishment or re-establishment of an antiracist global structure in which we all can survive.
Do You See Me or Am I Invisible?
Authors: Ramsey Colleen P. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Through years of desegregation and improvements in equitable access to higher education, one might think that the representation of African American women in medicine would be greater. On the contrary, the numbers are suboptimal, the work conditions at times are unacceptable, and support is often not achievable. Black female physicians find themselves too often balancing a tight rope of what to wear, what to say, and how to say it, all the while continuing to be professional without finding themselves isolated. They wear a fascade to cover the frustration and disappointment while manuevering through everyday. “Do You See Me or Am I Invisible? An African American Female Physician Working in a White Male–Dominant Profession” explores one doctor’s experience.
How Not to Be an Ally
Authors: Oware Matthew 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Over the last decade, Black Lives Matter has transformed from a hashtag to a social movement. Created by three Black women, the movement highlights racial injustice and police brutality. Curiously, there have been cases of White individuals posing as Black who are at the forefront of social justice organizations. Why would a White person pass as Black? Research on Rachel Dolezal and broader reactions to her Black identity claim exist. However, recently exposed imposters Jessica Krug and Satchel Cole deserve focus. Through the lens of critical race theory and Afro-pessimism, “How Not to Be an Ally: Critical Race Theory, Afro-Pessimism, and White Women Who Pass as Black” examines the instances of White women and gender-nonconforming individuals who reverse pass as Black. This chapter argues that these individuals profit from presenting themselves as Black but also express antiblackness.