bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Survival and Growth of Planted and Direct-Seeded Cherrybark Oak in South Carolina
Authors: Stanturf John A. , Kennedy Harvey E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Five treatments were used to evaluate the survival and growth of planted 2-0 cherrybark oak (Quercus pagoda Raf.) seedlings and seedlings grown from direct-seeded acorns of cherrybark oak. The treatments included: (1) deep-planted, top-pruned, (2) deep-planted, not top-pruned, (3) shallow-planted, top-pruned, (4) shallow-planted, not top-pruned, and (5) acorns direct-seeded. Survival was not affected by treatments. Planting depth and pruning did not affect survival of planted seedlings. The root collar of seedlings was placed about 1 ft below the groundline in the deep-planted treatments; however, after 5 yr these seedlings had survived as well as those in the shallow-planting treatments where the root collar was set at or near the groundline. Seedlings from the irect-seeded acorns were significantly smaller after 5 yr than planted seedlings. There were no differences in the size of seedlings in the planting treatments. Seedlings were 1.0 to 1.5 ft shorter when pruned after planting than the unpruned seedlings and grew more in height during the 5 yr period than the unpruned seedlings. South. J. Appl. For. 20(4):194-196.
Mortality Models for Newly Regenerated Loblolly Pine Plantations in the Georgia Piedmont
Authors: Hitch K.L. , Shiver B.D. , Borders B.E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Several mortality functions were examined to develop useful equations to predict early seedling survival of site-prepared loblolly pine plantations in the Georgia Piedmont region. Models were developed to predict surviving trees per acre at age 5 from stand initiation, as well as from age 1, under optimal planting and handling practices. The models performed reasonably, predicting surviving trees per acre at age 5 with an average absolute prediction error of 9.2% and 1.9% respectively. The age 1 to age 5 model was also found to perform reasonably on operational plantings with an average absolute prediction error of 3.3% for the study data. The models could be used to obtain starting densities for existing mortality models used in long term planning, or to predict the success of stand establishment after the first growing season. South. J. Appl. For. 20(4):197-202.
Influences of Forest Type, Stand Age, and Weather on Deer Weights and Antler Size in the Southern Appalachians
Authors: Ford William M. , Johnson A. Sydney , Hale Philip E. , Wentworth James M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We analyzed correlations of forest type, age structure, and site index data with weights and antler characteristics of yearling white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) bucks from specific localities in the Chattahoochee, Cherokee, Nantahala, and Pisgah national forests in Georgia, Tennessee, and North Carolina. Areas in the northern part of the study region produced larger deer with larger antlers than those in the southern portion of the region. These northern areas differed from those to the south in having more diverse ownership and land use and in origins of deer stock. Weights and antler characteristics were significantly correlated (P < 0.05) with percent area in the cove hardwood type, but otherwise were poorly correlated with forest stand type and site index. Percent area in young (0-8 yr old) cove hardwood and in mid-successional (9-20 and 21-40) cove hardwood, pine (Pinus spp.), and upland oak (Quercus spp.) were significantly correlated (P < 0.05) with deer variables, particularly in years following a poor mast crop. Much of the quantifiable habitat influences on deer in the Southern Appalachians probably is masked by low deer densities and the small site quality differences among areas examined. Because much of the forest consists of mature mast-producing oaks and abundant forage is produced in both mature and younger aged stands, deer numbers seem to be below any threshold of quantifiable effects due to forest stand age structure. South. J. Appl. For. 21(1):11-18.
Nondestructive Sampling Applications of the Tele-Relaskop in Forest Inventory
Authors: Parker Robert C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The Tele-Relaskop dendrometer permits accurate upper stem measurements of diameter and height on standing trees for volume and form computations without destructive sampling. Its 8 x magnification and system of scales and relative measurement units facilitates measurements from any convenient distance. Horizontal and vertical percentages of the horizontal distance from the instrument to the tree axis are converted to defined units of measure during computations. Practical applications of the Tele-Relaskop are in growth and yield studies, CFI measurements, traditional volume equation construction, and inventory computations where numerical evaluation of tree form and/or volume is desired. Applications involving computations beyond stem diameters at calculated heights require a microcomputer and specialized software containing analytical techniques for the numerical description of tree form, one of which is a polynomial taper model. These software systems are available to link Tele-Relaskop procedures to traditional inventory processing. Single-tree taper equations are used to calculate tree volume to user-defined merchantability limits, and the volumes are fitted to a combined variable regression model to produce volume equations for use in inventory computations. Coefficients from the volume equations and multiple-tree, species-average taper equations can be used by inventory processors to compute gross tree volumes. Taper coefficients can also be used to compute scaling diameters of variable log length segments within inventory sample trees. South. J. Appl. For. 21(2):75-83.
Four Site-Preparation Techniques for Regenerating Pine-Hardwood Mixtures in the Piedmont
Authors: Waldrop Thomas A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Four variations of the fell-and-burn technique, a system developed to produce mixed pine-hardwood stands in the Southern Appalachian Mountains, were compared in the Piedmont region. All variations of this technique successfully improved the commercial value of low-quality hardwood stands by introducing a pine component. After six growing seasons, loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) occupied the dominant crown position and oaks the codominant position in fell-and-burn treated stands on poor to medium quality sites. The precise timing of felling residual stems, as prescribed by the fell-and-burn technique, may be flexible because winter and spring felling produced similar results. Although summer site preparation burns reduced hardwood height growth by reducing the length of the first growing season, they did not improve pine survival or growth. Pines were as tall as hardwoods within four growing seasons in burned plots and within six growing seasons in unburned plots. Additional research is needed to determine the level or intensity of site preparation needed to establish pine-hardwood mixtures over a range of site conditions. South. J. Appl. For. 21(3):116-122.
Forest Resource Management Plans: Importance of Plan Components to Nonindustrial Private Forest Landowners in South Carolina
Authors: Thrift Terrell G. , Straka Thomas J. , Marsinko Allan P. , Baumann Jeffrey L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This study is based on a survey of 100 South Carolina nonindustrial private forest (NIPF) landowners who participated in the Forest Stewardship Program in 1995-1996. The purpose of the study was to determine which components in a management plan are most important to NIPF landowners. Most important are the landowners' objectives, followed by individual stand descriptions and a schedule of prescribed activities. Data are summarized by type of preparer (government, consultant, or industry) and by timber or nontimber primary management objective. South. J. Appl. For. 21(4):164-167.
Growth After Thinning a 35-Year-Old Natural Stand to Different Loblolly Pine and Hardwood Basal Areas
Authors: Shelton Michael G. , Murphy Paul A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Growth was monitored for 4 yr in a thinned stand in southern Arkansas with three pine basal areas (70, 85, and 100 ft2/ac) and three hardwood basal areas (0, 15, and 30 ft2/ac); pretreatment basal areas averaged 119 and 33 ft2/ac for pines and hardwoods, respectively. Treatments were arranged in a 3 X 3 factorial randomized complete block design with three replicates, yielding 27 permanent 0.20 ac plots. Growth variables were regressed with residual pine and hardwood basal areas. Pine basal area and volume growth increased with the pine stocking level after thinning and decreased with the level of retained hardwoods. For basal area and merchantable volume, hardwood growth largely compensated for losses in the pine component, and thus, hardwood retention had little net effect on the total growth of the stand. The greatest impact of hardwood retention was on the stand's sawtimber growth, because hardwoods did not contribute to this product class. Each 1 ft2/ac of retained hardwood basal area reduced pine sawtimber growth by 6 to 10 bd ft Doyle/ac/yr, depending on the pine stocking. Because large differences existed in the value of timber products, retaining 15 and 30 ft2/ac of hardwoods reduced the value of timber production by 13 and 24%, respectively, at 4 yr after thinning. South. J. Appl. For. 21(4):168-174.
Harvesting Cost Implications of Changes in the Size of Timber Sales in Georgia
Authors: Greene W. Dale , Harris Thomas G. , DeForest Christopher E. , Wang Jingxin 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The size of individual forest stands and timber sales in Georgia is slowly declining. The trend runs counter to the minimum sale size sought by harvesting systems where increased capital requirements are making small sales more expensive to perform. Our most common systems will face increasingly expensive logging chances if current trends in sale size continue. South. J. Appl. For. 21(4):193-198.
Site Productivity Assessment for Cherrybark Oak on Minor Stream Bottoms in Mississippi: A Comparison of Methods
Authors: Belli Keith L. , Hodges John D. , Goelz Jeffery C. G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A study was conducted to test the accuracy of two soil-based site quality estimation methods against actual site index values for cherrybark oak located on minor stream bottoms in Mississippi. At the same time, the potential effects of slight changes in topographic position on estimated site quality and observed soil characteristics were examined. Of the two soil-based methods, only one system provided accurate estimates of observed site index. However, both soil-based methods proved to be more sensitive than observed site index to changes in topographic position. Finally, the soil characteristics found to have the most potential influence on estimates of site quality for cherrybark oak were depth to mottling, topsoil depth, and soil texture. South. J. Appl. For. 22(1):7-10.
Survival of Slash Pine Having Fusiform Rust Disease Varies with Year of First Stem Infection and Severity
Authors: Froelich R. C. , Schmidtling R. C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Probabilities of death of young slash pine infected by fusiform rust pathogen varied with timing and severity of infection. Trees in nine slash pine plantations varying widely in site quality and initial number of trees per acre had similar probabilities of death from rust. About 90% of trees with stem infections in the first three growing seasons died by age 15 if the gall spanned more than 50% of the circumference of the stem by age 5. If 50% gall encirclement occurred after age 5, mortality rates dropped to about 30% at age 15. Where first stem infection occurred after the fifth year, probability of death was essentially the same as for rust-free trees. Methods are given for using timing-severity data to estimate future stocking. South. J. Appl. For. 22(2):96-100.
Pattern of Growth of Sapwood, Heartwood, and Stem Volume of Open-Grown Eastern Redcedar in Grasslands
Authors: Alemayehu Dejene , Engle David M. , Wittwer Robert F. , Anderson Steve 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The relationship of sapwood width, heartwood width, and stem volume with tree age was studied in 141 open-grown eastern redcedar (Juniperus virginiana L.) trees in central, eastern, and western Oklahoma. The rate of growth of sapwood and heartwood and the increase in stem volume were slow up to 15 to 20 yr of age and increased thereafter at an exponential rate until about age 27. These data reinforce the recommendation that control measures applied to invading eastern redcedar should be taken when the trees are less than about 10 yr old or less than 2 m tall. Allowing the trees to grow for commercial harvest may present a management alternative after the trees are 15 to 20 yr old. South. J. Appl. For. 22(3):169-174.
Effect of Time Elapsed after Prescribed Burning in Longleaf Pine Stands on Potential Prey of the Red-Cockaded Woodpecker
Authors: New Kirsten C. , Hanula James L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The effects of dormant and growing season prescribed burns on the potential arthropod prey of the red-cockaded woodpecker (Picoides borealis) were studied in longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) stands on the upper Coastal Plain of South Carolina. Sampling was conducted 0, 1, 2, or 3 yr post-burn. Stands were burned once during the winters of 1991, 1992, 1993, and 1994 or in the summer of 1992. Four types of traps sampled arthropods in the litter layer, the herbaceous understory, and on the bole of pine trees. Woodpecker prey abundance and biomass were sampled continuously from June 30, 1993 to June 30, 1994. Overall arthropod diversity was sampled seasonally in June, October, January, and April of the same year. The different trap types had similar arthropod diversity and evenness, but most had low faunal overlap which indicates that they effectively sampled different parts of the arthropod community. When captures from all trap and prey types were combined for each plot no significant differences were found among winter burned plots or between winter and summer burned plots. However, certain prey types were affected by burning. Among stands burned in winter, spider abundance was highest in samples from the soil/litter layer of stands burned 3 yr prior to sampling. Comparison of stands burned in winter 1992 to those burned in the summer showed that the winter 1992 burns had higher spider and ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) biomass on the tree boles. Spiders appeared to be the only group affected by winter burning while spiders and ants were affected by the summer burning. In general, time elapsed after the prescribed burns were applied had little effect on the primary arthropod prey of the red-cockaded woodpecker. South. J. Appl. For. 22(3):175-183.
Comparisons of Modeled Height Predictions to Ocular Height Estimates
Authors: Bechtold W.A. , Zarnoch S.J. , Burkman W.G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Equations used by USDA Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis projects to predict individual tree heights on the basis of species and dbh were improved by the addition of mean overstory height. However, ocular estimates of total height by field crews were more accurate than the statistically improved models, especially for hardwood species. Height predictions from the improved equations attained the desired measurement quality objective only 57% of the time, while ocular estimates achieved the desired accuracy 75% of the time. South. J. Appl. For. 22(4):216-221.
Effects of Root Morphology on Nursery and First-Year Field Growth of Rooted Cuttings of Loblolly Pine
Authors: Goldfarb Barry , Surles Scott E. , Thetford Mack , Blazich Frank A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Stem cuttings of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) were rooted in a greenhouse and then scored for the number of roots per rooted cutting, the number of vertically oriented roots per rooted cutting, and symmetry of the arrangement of adventitious roots on the lower stem. Rooted cuttings were transplanted to a nursery bed, grown for 7 months, lifted and rescored, transplanted to a field location, and then measured after 1 yr in the field.
Shoot height after the rooting period was correlated weakly with the number of roots per rooted cutting, but not with the number of vertical roots or root system symmetry. Nursery culture slightly reduced the number of roots per cutting and root system symmetry. Root orientation changed dramatically as roots elongated, with 94% of all roots scored as vertical after nursery growth. Shoot height after the period of nursery growth was still correlated weakly with root number, but not with the number of vertical roots. Rooted cuttings with symmetrical root systems were slightly taller than cuttings with asymmetrical root systems after growth in the nursery. After 1 yr in the field, shoot height was no longer correlated with root number. On average, cuttings with symmetrical root systems were only 2 mm taller than cuttings with asymmetrical root systems. These early growth data suggest it is not beneficial to impose culling criteria for cuttings rooted in a greenhouse and transplanted to a nursery based on the root system architecture at the time of rooting. However, growth and stability of rooted cuttings over a longer time period must be assessed. South. J. Appl. For. 22(4): 231-234.
Impacts of Thinning Strategies on Financial Returns from Yellow-Poplar Stands
Authors: Pelkki Matthew H. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In the central and southern Appalachian region of the United States, yellow-poplar is an important timber resource for the sawmill and composite wood industries. A dynamic programming optimization algorithm was used to evaluate financial returns from various thinning strategies on yellow-poplar stands. Improvement thinning was found to increase long-term returns more than any other thinning strategy on most combinations of site and stand quality. Only on a high site index stand with a stem distribution dominated by high quality trees was thinning from above found to be the most valuable strategy. When stands have low or average stem quality distributions, the typical rotation has one to two thinnings removing 20% to 35% of the basal area in each thinning. Timing of the initial improvement thinning ranges from 22-32 yr, and occurs earlier in higher site index stands. In stands of high stem quality, one to five thinnings removing 20% to 40% of the basal area are employed, and rotation length increases as production shifts to sawtimber. Stands with higher site index and stem quality distributions have higher numbers of thinnings. This research demonstrates the value of intermediate treatments in improving financial returns from yellow-poplar. South. J. Appl. For. 23(2):69-77.
Assessing the Retention Potential of Conservation Reserve Program Practices in Alabama
Authors: Onianwa Okwudili O. , Wheelock Gerald C. , Dubois Mark R. , Warren Sarah T. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Conservation reserve program (CRP) participants in Alabama were surveyed to determine the probable utilization of CRP acres should the contracts expire without opportunity for renewal. From over 9000 contracts established between 1986 and 1995, 594 contracts were randomly selected and surveyed for the study. Two hundred and fourteen surveys were completed and returned. Of these, 204 (34%) were usable. Results indicate that 90% of CRP tree acres would be retained in trees while nearly 60% of CRP grass acres would be converted to row crop production. In addition, there are no significant differences in the response between the minority and white participants with regard to the intended use of CRP acres. Therefore, for sustained mitigation of soil loss and reduction of excess production capacity, tree planting as a conservation practice choice should be advocated and encouraged. South. J. Appl. For. 23(2):83-87.
Estimating Financial Returns from Mid-Rotation Release in Coastal Plain Loblolly Pine Plantations
Authors: Caulfield Jon P. , Shiver Barry D. , Pienaar Leon V. , Quicke Harold E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Financial rates of return are estimated for mid-rotation release from hardwood competition for Coastal Plain loblolly pine plantations. Economic benefits were measured against the costs required to obtain those benefits. A base case scenario was employed to approximate the average initial stand conditions of an existing release study. Product volumes were projected for released and nonreleased conditions for a maximum rotation length of 30 yr. Three release levels, 95%, 75%, and 50%, were simulated. Annualized rates of return were calculated from age 10 for each 5 yr period up to age 30. Sensitivity tests estimated how changing release age, maximum height response, and timber product prices influenced results. South. J. Appl. For. 23(2):94-99.
Pitch Canker in Young Loblolly Pines: Influence of Precommercial Thinning and Fertilization on Disease Incidence and Severity
Authors: Blakeslee G.M. , Jokela E.J. , Hollis C.H. , Wilson D.S. , Lante W.D. , Allen J.E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Pitch canker disease affects southern pines, causing shoot dieback, stem deformation, and reduced growth. Disease occurrence is influenced by genetic resistance, abiotic and biotic environmental factors, and cultural practices. In young loblolly pine plantations with significant disease occurrence, options for disease control must focus primarily on silvicultural practices such as precommercial thinning or fertilization. In this study, cumulative disease incidence levels of 90-98% in the control, fertilize-only, and fertilize + thin treatments were reduced to 64% by precommercial thinning. Similarly, cumulative disease severity was reduced by 43% in the thin-only treatment. The positive effects of precommercial thinning on disease occurrence and severity were most evident during conditions of severe disease outbreak. Fertilization with potassium plus micronutrients did not suppress disease occurrence or severity and when combined with thinning, potassium plus micronutrients increased disease incidence by 50% over the thin-only treatment. The mechanisms responsible for these effects are not clearly understood but may reflect silvicultural influences on physiologically active defense mechanisms. South. J. Appl. For. 23(3):139-143.
Prescribed Fire Affects Eastern White Pine Recruitment and Survival on Eastern Kentucky Ridgetops
Authors: Blankenship Beth A. , Arthur Mary A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Successful fire prevention and suppression efforts during the past 50 yr have resulted in the proliferation of eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) in the understory of oak-pine forests on the Cumberland Plateau. Along with red maple (Acer rubrum L.), increasing density of eastern white pine in these forests signals a change in plant species composition from species adapted to periodic surface fires, such as oaks (Quercus spp.) and yellow pines (P. echinata Miller and P. rigida Miller), to species adapted to longer fire-free intervals. In the Daniel Boone National Forest (DBNF) in eastern Kentucky, the USDA Forest Service has reintroduced fire to these ridgetop ecosystems. In March 1995 and March 1996, single prescribed fires were conducted on three different ridgetops in the Red River Gorge of the DBNF. Diameter and age of white pine stems were recorded prior to burning, two growing seasons post-burn (for 1995 and 1996 fires), and three growing seasons post-burn (for 1995 fires only). Nearly all white pine less than 2.0 cm dbh were killed after a single prescribed fire, and significant mortality (P < 0.05) was measured in size classes up to 6 cm dbh. Post-burn regeneration of white pine, however, was abundant at each site. Therefore, a single prescribed burn affected the age structure of white pine but will not have an important influence on long-term species composition of these stands. A fire return interval of at least 10 to 20 yr will be required to control white pine competition with fire-adapted species on the ridgetop ecosystems of the DBNF. South. J. Appl. For. 23(3): 144-150.