bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Continuous glucose monitoring: data management and evaluation by patients and health care professionals – current situation and developments
Authors: Freckmann Guido , Mende Jochen 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) technology represents a valuable tool for diabetic patients to control and regulate their blood glucose (BG) levels and to reduce adverse metabolic states, for example, by defining glucose alarm thresholds that alert users if the glucose value crosses to an undesired range. Improvement of CGM technology is ongoing, but there are barriers which confine the usefulness of CGM systems. The utility is mainly defined by the operability of the specific device and also by the provided benefit of available CGM software solutions. In order to take best advantage of diabetes therapy, users should be adequately educated in how to use their CGM system and how to interpret the collected data. Different CGM software applications provide partially different CGM reports and statistics. The standardization of this information also would be conducive to the best possible diabetes management.
Sufficientarianism and the Measurement of Inequality
Authors: Schuessler Rudolf 
Published: October 2018

AbstractWhat impact should sufficientarianism have on the measurement of inequality? Like other theories of justice, sufficientarianism influences how economic inequality is conceived. For the purpose of measurement, its standards of justice can be approximated by income-based thresholds of sufficiency. At which income level could a threshold of having enough be pegged in OECD countries? What would it imply for standard indicators of inequality, such as decile comparisons of cumulated income, income spreads, or the Gini coefficient? This paper suggests some answers to these questions, showing that sufficientarian ideas could make a difference with respect to the measurement of inequality in a society.
The crystal structure of 6-amino-2-methyl-8-(4-(methylthio)phenyl)-2,3,8,8a-tetrahydroisoquinoline-5,7,7(1H)-tricarbonitrile – ethanol (1/1), C20H19N5S
Authors: Li Da , Zhang Hua , Zhang Qing , Zhou Yan , Zhou Sheng 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
C20H19N5S.C2H6O, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 12.1257(14) Å, b = 11.0862(14) Å, c = 16.0280(19) Å, β = 95.948(2)°, V = 2143.0(4) Å3, Z = 4, R
gt(F) = 0.0486, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.1487, T = 296(2) K.
Crystal structure of 3-methyl-2-oxo-2H-chromen-7-yl propionate, C13H12O4
Authors: Wang Bei-Bei , Zang Chuan-Yi , Zhang Ling , Wu Wei-Na 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
C13H12O4, triclinic, P1̄ (no. 2), a = 6.141(5) Å, b = 8.108(6) Å, c = 12.234(9) Å, α = 79.257(12)°, β = 76.820(12)°, γ = 74.687(11)°, V = 566.8(7) Å3, Z = 2, R
gt(F) = 0.0515, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.1575, T = 296(2) K.
Crystal structure of 3-((1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)amino)-2-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)isoindolin-1-one, C22H16N6O
Authors: Zeng Dai , Xing Ai-Ping , Wei Jun-Jun , Chu Yi-Xin , Zhang Shu-Ling 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
C22H16N6O, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 13.2081(5) Å, b = 23.3620(11) Å, c = 12.2769(5) Å, β = 102.345(4)°, V = 3700.7(3) Å3, Z = 8, R
gt(F) = 0.0648, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.1730, T = 293(2) K.
Crystal structure of citric acid–acetonitrile (1/1), C8H11NO7
Authors: Liu Yang , Zheng Xiao-Yuan , Qin Liu-Lei , Zhu Chun-Li , Liu Zunqi 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
C8H11NO7, triclinic, P1̄ (no. 2), a = 5.5944(13) Å, b = 10.402(3) Å, c = 10.666(3) Å, α = 110.297(2)
o
, β = 101.342(3)
o
, γ = 104.701(2)
o
, V = 534.6(2) Å3, Z = 2, R
gt(F) = 0.0318, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.0833, T = 293(2) K.
Crystal structure of rac-trans-6,6′-((cyclohexane-1,2-diylbis(azanylylidene))bis(methanylylidene))bis(2-bromophenolato-κ4
N,N′,O,O′)-bis(methanol)cobalt(III) chloride, C22H25Br2Co8N2O4Cl
Authors: Wu Qiong , Zi Qiaoli , Li Jindong , Li Yajuan 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
C22H25Br2Co8N2O4Cl, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 7.8246(13) Å, b = 23.695(4) Å, c = 13.225(2) Å, β = 95.987(17)°, V = 2438.6(7) Å3, Z = 4, R
gt(F) = 0.0844, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.2192, T = 173(2) K.
Crystal structure of 2-(2-(2-amino-6-chloro-9H-purin-9-yl)ethyl)propane-1,3-diyl diacetate, C14H18ClN5O4
Authors: Wang Jian-Ge , Ji Li 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
C14H18ClN5O4, triclinic, P1̄, a = 7.7966(3) Å, b = 8.2167(4) Å, c = 12.9574(7) Å, α = 82.444(4)°, β = 81.604(4)°, γ = 86.751(4)°, V = 813.46(7) Å3, Z = 2, R
gt(F) = 0.0454, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.1131, T = 293(2) K.
Kinetics of radical telomerization of acrylic acid in the presence of 1-octadecanethiol
Authors: Mezhuev Yaroslav O. , Sizova Oksana Y. , Korshak Yuri V. , Luss Anna L. , Plyushchii Ivan V. , Svistunova Alina Y. , Stratidakis Antonis K. , Panov Alexey V. , Shtilman Mikhail I. , Tsatsakis Aristidis M. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
The oligomer of acrylic acid with a thiooctadecyl end-group was obtained by using octadecyl mercaptan as the chain-transfer agent. The resulting oligomer was characterized by 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopy and critical micelle concentration was determined in aqueous solution. The order with respect to the initiator concentration was 0.5 and 1.6 with respect to the monomer concentration. The abnormal reaction order with respect to the monomer concentration was explained by participation in the chain propagation of unassociated and associated forms of acrylic acid, which were stabilized by formation of hydrogen bonds. The kinetic parameters of telomerization were determined. Telomerization with acrylic acid in the non-associated form had lower activation energy and lower pre-exponential factor than in the case of associated forms. The synthesis of the acrylic acid oligomer with a thiooctadecyl end-group having a low critical micelle concentration in water was carried out in one stage and corresponds to the concept of atom economy.
Systematic Study of Gender, Conflict, and Peace
Authors: Gizelis Theodora-Ismene 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This article reviews the literature on gender, conflict, and peace. In traditional security studies there was not much room for gender or gender equality, while feminist theorists have claimed most of the research on war and peace. The empirical research on gender, conflict, and peace is a relatively new sub-field that brings together diverse traditions from sociology, feminist theory, international relations, and economic development. The common ground of all researchers included in this short review is the effort to systematically understand the role of gender in shaping outcomes of conflict and peace. Despite the increasing number of articles and new datasets, I identify four areas that scholars must address for the research agenda to further grow, deepen, and develop as part of the mainstream study of peace and conflict: women’s status and quality of peace, women’s participation, sexual violence, and gender mainstreaming to promote gender equality in development and peace.
Synesthesia in the process of phraseologismformation: a new approach
Authors: Zykova Irina 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe paper aims to explore how the process of phraseologism-formation is linked with the process of perception as part and parcel of human cognitive activity. Specifically, the research focuses on the role synesthesia plays in the construction of phraseological meaning. We proceed from the claim that the perceptual experience a human gains through multiple sensory channels while cognizing the world is preserved in the language semantics. Therefore, one of the main assumptions of the research is that synesthesia as a result of crossintegration of various perceptual sensations and their (sub)modalities influences the formation of phraseologisms and can be traced in their semantics. To test this assumption, a representative corpus of English and Russian phraseological units (more than 3,000) is analyzed. In the course of the analysis different types of synesthetic transfers that underlie the phraseological meanings in question are established. Special attention is paid to the way in which synesthesia is involved in the construction of the deep stratum of phraseological semantics that consists of the conceptual foundation (i.e., macro-metaphorical conceptual model) and phraseological image. Overall, the study offers further evidence that phraseological meaning is derived from the perceptual experience and from various synesthetic transfers in particular.
Interlinguale Faktoren für die Erfassung des Lernschwierigkeitsgrads von Phrasemen des Deutschen unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von DaF-Lernenden mit Griechisch als Muttersprache
Authors: Chrissou Marios 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Ιn phraseodidactic research there is a broad agreement upon the fact that collocational fluency is a significant factor of language fluency. For this reason high frequency and common set phrases with a high relevance in written and oral communication should be subject to systematic teaching. However, we still have insufficient knowledge about the proper learning progression that accounts for an adequate sequence of introducing set phrases according to the degree of difficulty in the lesson of German as a foreign language. Progression is not to be organized in purely formal terms, but rather in terms that involve factors such as the age, the genre, the association with speech acts and the L1-knowledge. Especially the formal, semantic and pragmatic congruency of L1 and L2 is an essential factor that affects the degree of difficulty and subsequently the burden of learning associated with set phrases. The present study focuses on a subset of the phraseological core vocabulary (“Optimum”) by Hallsteinsdottir et al. (2006) which consists of the 142 representative, i.e. frequent and common, set phrases in German. It aims to determine their difficulty degree for learners with Greek as L1 by highlighting the interlingual equivalence relations by means of methods of contrastive linguistics: L1-L2 proximity is assumed to have a positive impact on learning reducing the learning burden, whereas lack of proximity is assumed to increase the difficulty degree. In line with the results of the interlingual contrastive survey, proposals are formulated for a comprehensible learning progression that provides continuity in the development of phraseological competence based on the common reference levels of language proficiency.
Uranium oxide synthetic pathway discernment through thermal decomposition and morphological analysis
Authors: Schwerdt Ian J. , Hawkins Casey G. , Taylor Bryan , Brenkmann Alexandria , Martinson Sean , McDonald IV Luther W. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Many commercial processes exist for converting uranium from ore to the desired uranium compound for use in nuclear power or nuclear weapons. Accurately determining the processing history of the uranium ore concentrates (UOCs) and their calcination products, can greatly aid a nuclear forensics investigation of unknown or interdicted nuclear materials. In this study, two novel forensic signatures, based on nuclear materials synthesis, were pursued. Thermogravimetric analysis – mass spectrometry (TGA-MS) was utilized for its ability to discern UOCs based on mass changes and evolved gas species; while scanning electron microscopy (SEM), in conjunction with particle segmentation, was performed to identify microfeatures present in the calcination and reduction products (i.e. UO3, U3O8, and UO2) that are unique to the starting UOC. In total, five UOCs from common commercial processing routes including: ammonium diuranate (ADU), uranyl peroxide (UO4), sodium diuranate (SDU), uranyl hydroxide (UH), and ammonium uranyl carbonate (AUC), were synthesized from uranyl nitrate solutions. Samples of these materials were calcined in air at 400 °C and 800 °C. The 800 °C calcination product was subsequently reduced with hydrogen gas at 510 °C. The starting UOCs were investigated using TGA-MS; while SEM quantitative morphological analysis was used to identify signatures in the calcination products. Powder X-ray diffractometry (p-XRD) was used to identify the composition of each UOC and the subsequent calcination products. TGA-MS of the starting UOCs indicate temperature-dependent dehydration, volatilization, and reduction events that were unique to each material; thus making this a quantifiable signature of the initial material in the processing history. In addition, p-XRD, in conjunction with quantitative morphological analysis, was capable of discriminating calcination products of each processing history at the 99 % confidence level. Quantifying these nuclear material properties, enables nuclear forensics scientists to better identify the origin of unknown or interdicted nuclear materials.
Characterization of the antinociceptive effects of intrathecal DALDA peptides following bolus intrathecal delivery
Authors: Kokubu Shinichi , Eddinger Kelly A. , Nguyen Thi M.-D. , Huerta-Esquivel Lena Libertad , Yamaguchi Shigeki , Schiller Peter W. , Yaksh Tony L. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract

Background and aims
We systematically characterized the potency and side effect profile of a series of small opioid peptides with high affinity for the mu opioid receptor.

Methods
Male Sprague Dawley rats were prepared with intrathecal (IT) catheters, assessed with hind paw thermal escape and evaluated for side effects including Straub tail, truncal rigidity, and pinnae and corneal reflexes. In these studies, DMT-DALDA (dDAL) (H-Dmt-D-Arg-Phe-Lys-NH2 MW=981), dDALc (H-Dmt-Cit-Phe-Lys-NH2 MW=868), dDALcn (H-Dmt-D-Cit-Phe-Nle-NH2 MW=739), TAPP (H-Tyr-D-Ala-Phe-Phe-NH2 MW=659), dDAL-TICP ([Dmt1]DALDA-(CH2)2-NH-TICP[psi]; MW=1519), and dDAL-TIPP (H-Dmt-D-Arg-Phe-Lys(Nε-TIPP)-NH2 were examined. In separate studies, the effects of approximately equiactive doses of IT DMT DALDA (10 pmol), morphine (30 nmol) and fentanyl (1 nmol) were examined on formalin-induced flinching at different pretreatment intervals (15 min – 24 h).

Results
(1) All agents resulted in a dose-dependent reversible effect upon motor function (Straub Tail>Truncal rigidity). (2) The ordering of analgesic activity (%MPE) at the highest dose lacking reliable motor signs after bolus delivery was: DMT-DALDA (80%±6/3 pmol); dDALc (75%±8/1 pmol); dDALcn (84%±10/300 pmol); TAPP (56%±12/10 nmol); dDAL-TICP (52%±27/300 pmol). (3) All analgesic effects were reversed by systemic (IP) naloxone (1 mg/kg). Naltrindole (3 mg/kg, IP) had no significant effect upon the maximum usable peptide dose. (4) Tolerance and cross-tolerance development after 5 daily boluses of DMT-DALDA (3 pmol) and morphine (30 nmol) revealed that both agents displayed a progressive decline over 5 days. (5) Cross-tolerance assessed at day 5 revealed a reduction in response to morphine in DMT-DALDA treated animal but not DMT-DALDA in the morphine treated animal, indicating an asymmetric cross-tolerance. (6) IT DMT-DALDA, morphine and fentanyl resulted in significant reductions in phase 1 and phase 2 flinching. With a 15 min pretreatment all drugs resulted in comparable reductions in flinching. However, at 6 h, the reduction in flinching after DMT-DALDA and morphine were comparably reduced while fentanyl was not different from vehicle. All effects on flinching were lost by 24 h.

Conclusions
These results emphasize the potent mu agonist properties of the DALDA peptidic structure series, their persistence similar to morphine and their propensity to produce tolerance. The asymmetric cross-tolerance between equiactive doses may reflect the relative intrinsic activity of morphine and DMT-DALDA.

Implications
These results suggest that the DALDA peptides with their potency and duration of action after intrathecal delivery suggest their potential utility for their further development as a spinal therapeutic to manage pain.
Supersonic Jet Control by Tabs with Slanted Perforation
Authors: Ezhilmaran G. , Khandai Suresh Chandra , Pavithrabalan S. , Udhayakumar K. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Control of Mach 1.8 circular jet with slanted perforated tabs is studied experimentally. Two sets of perforated tabs were used for this study. The perforation angles were 0° and 30° with respect to axis of the nozzle. The blockage areas of the tabs were 5 %. The mixing enhancements caused by these tabs were studied in the presence of adverse and favorable pressure gradients, corresponding to nozzle pressure ratio (NPR) of 4, 5.74 and 8. For Mach number 1.8, jet NPR 4 corresponds to 30 % adverse pressure gradients and NPR 8 corresponds to 39.37 % favorable pressure gradients. The pressure decay characteristics and shadowgraph images of perforated tabs at different NPR were compared. There is 45 % and 65 % reduction in jet core length were observed for the 0° and 30° perforated tabs respectively in both pitot and shadowgraph experiments in comparison to uncontrolled jet.
Secondary High Tones in Koshikijima Japanese
Authors: Kubozono Haruo 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This paper examines the nature and behavior of secondary H(igh) tones in Koshikijima Japanese, a highly endangered dialect spoken on three small, remote islands in the south of Japan. This dialect generally has a mora-counting prosodic system with two distinctive accent types/classes (Type A and Type B), and displays two H tones, primary and secondary, in words of three or more moras: The primary H tone appears on the penultimate and final moras in Type A and Type B, respectively, whereas the secondary H tone occurs at the beginning of the word redundantly.
Koshikijima Japanese displays regional variations with respect to the secondary H tone, particularly regarding its domain/position, its (in)dependence on the primary H tone, its interaction with the syllable, and its behavior in postlexical phonology. This paper examines how the secondary H tone behaves differently in three distinct accent systems of the dialect: (i) the system described by Takaji Kamimura eighty years ago, (ii) the one that is found quite extensively on the islands today, including Kamimura’s native village (Nakakoshiki) and Teuchi Village, and (iii) the system observed in Kuwanoura Village today. Comparing the three accent systems, this paper also proposes historical scenarios to account for the different behaviors of the secondary H tone across time and space.
Die Auslagerung familiärer Sorgearbeit als Vertrauensproblem – Eine wirtschaftssoziologische Betrachtung der Nachfrage nach Haushaltshilfen und Kinderbetreuung
Authors: Nisic Natascha 
Published: October 2018

Zusammenfassung
Der Beitrag untersucht die Nachfrage nach Haushaltshilfen und verschiedenen Kinderbetreuungsformen von Paar- und Familienhaushalten aus wirtschaftssoziologischer Perspektive. Dabei wird ein einheitlicher transaktionskostentheoretischer Ansatz gewählt, der die Auslagerung familiärer Sorgetätigkeiten analog zu betrieblichen Outsourcing-(„make-or-buy“) Entscheidungen betrachtet. Im Mittelpunkt stehen Vertrauensprobleme, die bei der entgeltlichen Auslagerung für den Haushalt essenzieller, traditionell in Eigenarbeit verrichteter Tätigkeiten an haushaltsfremde Dritte entstehen. Die empirische Untersuchung erfolgt auf Grundlage des Sozioökonomischen Panels (SOEP) anhand binärer und multinomialer logistischer Regressionen, die Merkmale beider Partner berücksichtigen. Übereinstimmend mit den theoretischen Vorhersagen erweisen sich die individuelle Vertrauensbereitschaft sowie Indikatoren für die Möglichkeit der Überwachung der ausgelagerten Tätigkeiten als signifikante Prädiktoren. Der Beitrag zeigt zudem Verbindungen zu kultur- und geschlechtersoziologischen Ansätzen auf und diskutiert Mehrwert und Implikationen der gewählten Perspektive.
Gleichgeschlechtliche Arbeitnehmer und Vorgesetzte: Der Effekt von Homophilie und Gruppenzusammensetzung auf Einkommensdifferenzen
Authors: Klug Christina 
Published: October 2018

Zusammenfassung
Dieser Aufsatz analysiert Einkommensunterschiede zwischen Arbeitnehmern mit Vorgesetzten mit gleichem oder anderem Geschlecht. Der Homophilie-Mechanismus sagt einen positiven Einkommenseffekt mit einem gleichgeschlechtlichen Vorgesetzten voraus. Um moderierende Effekte der Gruppenzusammensetzung identifizieren zu können, werden zusätzlich vier konkurrierende Theorien herangezogen. Die Hypothesen werden anhand der Daten des Bayerischen Absolventenpanels mit Fixed-Effects Panelregressionen getestet. Es zeigt sich, dass die Gruppenzusammensetzung beachtet werden muss, wenn man Einkommensunterschiede anhand von Homophilie untersucht. Männer haben in Minderheits- und Mehrheitsgruppen Einkommensvorteile. Hingegen erfahren Frauen in der Mehrheitsgruppe Nachteile, wenn der Vorgesetzte das gleiche Geschlecht hat.
Social Background and Between-track Mobility in the General Education System in West Germany and in East Germany after German Unification
Authors: Blossfeld Pia 
Published: October 2018

ZusammenfassungDieser Artikel untersucht auf der Basis der Daten des Nationalen Bildungspanels (NEPS) die langfristige Entwicklung der Mobilitätsprozesse zwischen dem akademischen und nicht-akademischen Schulzweig im allgemeinen Schulsystem in Westdeutschland und im wiedervereinigten Ostdeutschland. Die Analysen basieren auf logistischen Regressionen. Es wird ein multidimensionales Herkunftskonzept verwendet. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass es heute noch immer mehr Abwärts- als Aufwärtsmobilität im allgemeinen Schulsystem in Westdeutschland gibt. Insgesamt sind die Mobilitätsraten zwischen den Schulzweigen generell sehr niedrig. Kinder hochgebildeter Eltern und aus Herkunftsfamilien mit hohem Status steigen in Westdeutschland häufiger vom nicht-akademischen zum akademischen Schulzweig auf. Außerdem steigen vor allem Kinder niedrig gebildeter Eltern in Westdeutschland und im wiedervereinigten Ostdeutschland eher vom akademischen zum nicht-akademischen Schulzweig ab.
Synthesis, structure, photoluminescent, optical and magnetic properties of a novel thulium p-hydroxybenzenesulfonate complex
Authors: Hu Rong-Hua , Chen Wen-Tong , Huang Jian-gen 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
A novel thulium p-hydroxybenzenesulfonate complex [Tm(C6H5O4S)2(H2O)6](C6H5O4S)·3H2O (1) was solvothermally synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses, photoluminescence, solid-state UV/vis diffuse reflectance, magnetic measurements and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Complex 1 features an ionic structure with the thulium ion possessing a square antiprismatic geometry. Complex 1 crystallized in the monoclinic system with space group P21. Photoluminescent measurements with solid-state sample demonstrate that the anti-Stokes emission bands in the red/NIR spectral region 710 and 812 nm are observed from the Tm3+ 4f intrashell transitions from the 3F2,3 excited states to the 3H6 and 1G4 excited state to the 3H5 state, respectively. Solid-state UV/vis diffuse reflectance spectra of complex 1 show the existence of a wide optical band gap of 3.56 eV. Variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility and field dependence magnetization measurements are also studied and the magnetic susceptibility obeys the Curie-Weiss law (χ
m

=c/(T−θ)) with the value C being of 8.6 K and a negative Weiss constant θ being of −0.2 K.