bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Alterations of tumor microenvironment by nitric oxide impedes castration-resistant prostate cancer growth
Authors: Arora Himanshu , Panara Kush , Kuchakulla Manish , Kulandavelu Shathiyah , Burnstein Kerry L. , Schally Andrew V. , Hare Joshua M. , Ramasamy Ranjith 
Published: October 2018

Significance
This study presents insights into the underexplored areas of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) therapeutics—the role of nitric oxide (NO) in CRPC reduction through its microenvironment. Results of this study provide important information on the tumor reduction capabilities of increased NO levels and its mechanistic aspect and demonstrates the potential long-term efficacy of NO on CRPC. An in-depth understanding of how NO affects the tumor microenvironment will allow development of chemotherapeutics based on NO for a CRPC cure.
Can cultural scripts be used for teaching interactional norms?
Authors: Sadow Lauren 
Published: October 2018

AbstractImproving the teaching of invisible culture is a recognised need in the TESOL sector. While there are both scholars calling for a more nuanced focus in classrooms, and teachers willing to take this approach, there has yet been no systematic approach developed for its teaching. This paper attempts to bridge the gap between theory and pedagogical need by proposing that the Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) is a useful tool in ELT through which resources for teachers and learners can be developed. In particular, it will discuss the results of a pilot study into using cultural scripts to teach cultural norms, demonstrate how they can be applied to classroom teaching situations, and discuss how materials can be developed from the theories.
The “ideograph” and the 漢字hànzì
Authors: McDonald Edward 
Published: October 2018

AbstractIn the Anglophone sphere, according to popular and most academic understandings, the term “ideograph” is regarded as an unproblematic synonym of 漢字hànzì‘Chinese character.’ On graphological grounds, i.e. as applied to writing systems, it can easily be shown that the concept of “ideograph” is both theoretically incoherent and practically unfeasible (McDonald 2016); while historically it is clear that the notion was founded on an imperfect understanding of Chinese characters as a writing system, and grew out of a European obsession with the notion of a “universal character” at a particular historical moment (Mungello 1985;Saussy 2001). Nevertheless the concept has become deeply embedded in European understandings of Chinese language and culture, to the extent that it is, in effect, a valuable conceptual possession of Western modernity (Bush 2010), and promoted alike by those with a detailed knowledge of Chinese writing, such as H. G.Creel (1936), as by those in blissful ignorance of it, like Jacques Derrida (1967/1976). In the Sinophone sphere, while for most practical purposes, as well as in a large proportion of scholarly work, more grounded understandings of Chinese characters as a writing system operate either implicitly or explicitly, the traditional emphasis on characters as a link between civilization and the cosmos (O’Neill 2013), as well as a long tradition of pedagogical “just so stories” about the construction of individual characters (e.g.,Zuo 2005), provide a key point of contact with Western notions of the “ideograph” as symbolizing not a word, but an idea or an object. The situation may thus be described involving a type of inversion of the phenomenon offaux amisor “false friends,” where twodifferentwords are understood as being more or less synonymous; or alternatively as an example of LydiaLiu’s (2004)notion of a cross-lingual “supersign” where two comparable terms exercise an influence on each other across linguistic and cultural boundaries. This article will attempt to trace the genealogy of these complex and overlapping notions, and see what differing understandings of Chinese characters have to tell usabout notions of cultural specificity, cultural production, and cross-cultural (mis-)communication in the contemporary globalized world.
Animal confinement and use
Authors: Streiffer Robert , Killoren David 
Published: October 2018

AbstractWe distinguish two conceptions of confinement – the agential conception and the comparative conception – and show that the former is intimately related to use in a way that the latter is not. Specifically, in certain conditions, agential confinement constitutes use and creates a special relationship that makes neglect or abuse especially egregious. This allows us to develop and defend an account of one important way in which agential confinement can be morally wrong. We then discuss some of the account’s practical implications, including its usefulness for decision-making in real-world contexts in which animals are confined.
Politicisation of the Eurozone crisis in Finland: adaptation toward the radical right?
Authors: Salo Sanna , Rydgren Jens 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThis paper analyses the politicisation of the Eurozone crisis in Finnish public debate, in May-November 2010. We emphasise how the mainstream parties responded to the radical right Finns Party's framing, in addition to two context factors: first, the constraints posed on domestic policymakers by EU and EMU-level decisions, and secondly, the sharp, economic downturn, encouraging a zero-sum interpretation of distributive claims. To trace actor positions, we analyse 1183 actor-issue statements coded from Finland's main newspaper, Helsingin Sanomat. Our findings suggest that radical right-wing parties can benefit from the high salience of socio-economic issues, if distributive conflict can plausibly be portrayed as a in- and out-group conflict, and that the mainstream parties did not only adopt nationalistic rhetoric as a response to the radical right-wing Finns Party's framing, but were responding to a constraints such as the diminished room for maneuver in the EMU, moving them towards the Finns Party's position.
Anatomical Study of the Chinese Nasal Keystone Region
Authors: Han Zeli , Wang Feng , Zhou Chengyong , Chou Adriana 
Published: October 2018

Abstract

Background
The keystone region is an important anatomical structure to consider in rhinoseptoplasty, because there are few published data regarding the keystone region in Chinese noses.

Objectives
The authors sought to describe the anatomy of the Chinese nasal keystone region and provide useful knowledge for rhinoseptoplasty.

Methods
Sixteen cadaveric heads (11 males, 5 females) were dissected, measured, and then compared with previously published data.

Results
Both the nasal bone caudal margin and nasal bone-upper lateral cartilage overlapping area displayed 5 distinct shapes, and the upper lateral cartilage showed 4 distinct shapes. The nasal bone-upper lateral cartilage overlap was 6.47 mm ± 2.50 in the midline, 3.53 mm ± 2.23 on the left, and 3.81 mm ± 2.56 on the right. The length of the whole quadrangular cartilage was 25.63 mm ± 4.27; 25% ± 8% was overlapped by the nasal bone. The height of the caudal quadrangular cartilage was 18.14 mm ± 3.44, and the width of the nasal bone-upper lateral cartilage articulation was 23.56 mm ± 8.30. The upper lateral cartilage-quadrangular cartilage complex stayed in position on the maxillary crest and nasal spine, even after being dissected from the nasal bone, perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone, and vomer. Bilateral perichondrial-periosteal mucosa detached from the nasal septum.

Conclusions
We report various anatomical and structural features of the Chinese keystone region, which will be valuable for rhinoseptoplasty planning in Chinese patients.
Imprecise Kidney Function Thresholds in Cancer Clinical Trials and the Potential for Harm
Authors: Wang Edwin , Paulus Jessica K , Hackenyos Douglas , Inker Lesley A , Levey Andrew S , Mathew Paul 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Current guidance for evaluation of kidney function and drug dosing emphasize using measured or estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) rather than measured or estimated creatinine clearance or serum creatinine (Scr) alone. We assessed the definitions of kidney function thresholds for eligibility in cancer clinical trials. A random sample of active Phase I–III trials with cisplatin (n = 465) and studies in cancer with decreased kidney function (n = 74) were identified from clinicaltrials.gov. Among cisplatin trials, kidney function thresholds were defined by Scr alone or a composite of Scr or creatinine clearance in 46% (212/465) of studies. Only 2% (n = 11) used GFR. Among trials in participants with decreased kidney function, the proportion utilizing GFR (14%, 10/74) was modestly higher. Imprecise and logically inconsistent kidney function thresholds are in frequent use in clinical trials in cancer and may cause harm from either toxicity or impaired efficacy. We recommend the adoption and harmonization of recommended standards.
Atorvastatin Treatment of Cavernous Angiomas with Symptomatic Hemorrhage Exploratory Proof of Concept (AT CASH EPOC) Trial
Authors: Polster Sean P , Stadnik Agnieszka , Akers Amy L , Cao Ying , Christoforidis Gregory A , Fam Maged D , Flemming Kelly D , Girard Romuald , Hobson Nicholas , Koenig James I , Koskimäki Janne , Lane Karen , Liao James K , Lee Cornelia , Lyne Seán B , McBee Nichol , Morrison Leslie , Piedad Kristina , Shenkar Robert , Sorrentino Matthew , Thompson Richard E , Whitehead Kevin J , Zeineddine Hussein A , Hanley Daniel F , Awad Issam A 
Published: October 2018

Abstract

BACKGROUND
More than a million Americans harbor a cerebral cavernous angioma (CA), and those who suffer a prior symptomatic hemorrhage have an exceptionally high rebleeding risk. Preclinical studies show that atorvastatin blunts CA lesion development and hemorrhage through inhibiting RhoA kinase (ROCK), suggesting it may confer a therapeutic benefit.

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate whether atorvastatin produces a difference compared to placebo in lesional iron deposition as assessed by quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) on magnetic resonance imaging in CAs that have demonstrated a symptomatic hemorrhage in the prior year. Secondary aims shall assess effects on vascular permeability, ROCK activity in peripheral leukocytes, signal effects on clinical outcomes, adverse events, and prespecified subgroups.

METHODS
The phase I/IIa placebo-controlled, double-blinded, single-site clinical trial aims to enroll 80 subjects randomized 1-1 to atorvastatin (starting dose 80 mg PO daily) or placebo. Dosing shall continue for 24-mo or until reaching a safety endpoint.

EXPECTED OUTCOMES
The trial is powered to detect an absolute difference of 20% in the mean percent change in lesional QSM per year (2-tailed, power 0.9, alpha 0.05). A decrease in QSM change would be a signal of potential benefit, and an increase would signal a safety concern with the drug.

DISCUSSION
With firm mechanistic rationale, rigorous preclinical discoveries, and biomarker validations, the trial shall explore a proof of concept effect of a widely used repurposed drug in stabilizing CAs after a symptomatic hemorrhage. This will be the first clinical trial of a drug aimed at altering rebleeding in CA.
Analysis of Shoulder Complex Function After Posterior Spinal Fusion in Adolescents With Idiopathic Scoliosis
Authors: Rapp van Roden Elizabeth A. , Richardson Robert Tyler , Russo Stephanie A. , Rose William C. , Nicholson Kristen F. , Chafetz Ross S. , Gabos Peter G. , Shah Suken A. , Samdani Amer F. , Richards James G. 
Published: October 2018

Background:
Nonsurgically treated patients with AIS demonstrate altered scapular kinematics and decreased patient-reported shoulder function compared with typically developing adolescents. It is unknown whether surgical correction of the spine deformity has beneficial or detrimental effects on scapulothoracic joint function, as previous assessments of shoulder function following surgery have only focused on humerothoracic motion. The objective of this study was to perform a comprehensive analysis of scapular kinematics before and after PSF and compare postoperative scapular kinematics in AIS to those of a typically developing cohort.

Methods:
Typically developing adolescents (n=33) and patients with AIS (n=20) with a planned PSF surgery were recruited. Motion capture was used to analyze scapular kinematics at rest and in full abduction. AIS subjects were evaluated before surgery and at a 6-month follow-up. Individual changes following surgery were assessed, and postoperative scapular kinematics were compared with the typically developing subjects.

Results:
Patients with AIS patients in this study demonstrated significant losses of scapulothoracic range of motion for the convex side shoulder and gains of scapulothoracic range of motion for the concave side shoulder following PSF. When compared with typically developing adolescents, the resting scapular position of the postoperative AIS group seemed normalized, but the AIS group still exhibited altered scapular motion, particularly along the upward rotation and tilt axes.

Conclusions:
Patients with AIS demonstrated significant changes at the scapulothoracic joint following PSF. Compared with typically developing adolescents, scapular resting position normalized, but the AIS group still demonstrated altered scapular kinematics, including patterns associated with shoulder pathology. The results of this study will inform the course of short-term postoperative rehabilitation by addressing the upper extremity implications of PSF for individuals with AIS.

Level of Evidence:
Level III.
Evaluation of Healthcare Use and Clinical Outcomes of Alvimopan in Patients Undergoing Bowel Resection: A Propensity Score-Matched Analysis
Authors: Steele Scott R. , Brady Justin T. , Cao Zhun , Baumer Dorothy L. , Robinson Scott B. , Yang H. Keri , Delaney Conor P. 
Published: October 2018

BACKGROUND:Postoperative ileus is a significant complication after bowel resection surgeries. Alvimopan is the only US Food and Drug Administration–approved therapy for accelerating the return of bowel function after large- and small-bowel resection.OBJECTIVE:The purpose of this study was to estimate the healthcare use and in-hospital morbidities associated with on-label use of alvimopan in patients undergoing bowel resection surgeries.DESIGN:A retrospective observational propensity-matched cohort study was conducted using a large hospital administrative database.SETTING:The study included inpatient postsurgical patients.PATIENTS:Patients aged ≥18 years undergoing a primary large or small segmental bowel resection with discharge dates between January 2010 and December 2014 were included.INTERVENTIONS:Patients receiving 2 to 15 doses of alvimopan were defined as the treatment cohort, and those without any alvimopan use were included as control subjects.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:The primary outcome was postoperative length of stay. Secondary outcomes included postoperative in-hospital morbidities, inpatient mortality, intensive care unit length of stay, discharge disposition, and 30-day readmission.RESULTS:Each propensity-score matched cohort included 18,559 patients. The mean (±SD) postoperative length of stay was 4.62 ± 2.45 days in alvimopan-treated patients compared with 5.24 ± 3.35 days in control subjects (p< 0.001). Alvimopan-treated patients had lower rates of postoperative GI complication (12.15% vs 16.50%;p< 0.001). The rates of urinary tract infections; other postoperative infections; and cardiovascular, pulmonary, thromboembolic, and cerebrovascular events were also lower compared with the control subjects.LIMITATIONS:The study was limited by its inability to generalize to the US population, because the database included a convenience sample of hospital discharges. The identification of patients undergoing bowel resection and their clinical conditions relied on the accuracy and completeness of International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification diagnosis and procedure coding. There may be a confounding effect by the use of enhanced recovery pathways associated with the use of alvimopan.CONCLUSIONS:The use of alvimopan was associated with a reduction of 0.62 days in postsurgery length of stay and lower rates of postoperative GI complications, infections, and other in-hospital morbidities. SeeVideo Abstractat http://links.lww.com/DCR/A703.
Impact of Disgust on Intentions to Undergo Colorectal Surgery
Authors: Turner Megan C. , O’Brien Julia D. , Kahn Rachel M. , Mantyh Christopher R. , Migaly John , Ariely Dan 
Published: October 2018

BACKGROUND:
Surgeons present patients with complex information at the perioperative appointment. Emotions likely play a role in surgical decision-making, and disgust is an emotion of revulsion at a stimulus that can lead to avoidance.

OBJECTIVE:
The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of disgust on intention to undergo surgical resection for colorectal cancer and recall of perioperative instructions.

DESIGN:
This was a cross-sectional observational study conducted online using hypothetical scenarios with nonpatient subjects.

SETTINGS:
The study was conducted using Amazon’s Mechanical Turk.

PATIENTS:
Survey respondents were living in the United States.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:
Surgery intention and recall of perioperative instructions were measured.

RESULTS:
A total of 319 participants met the inclusion criteria. Participants in the experimental condition, who were provided with detailed information and pictures about stoma care, had significantly lower surgery intentions (mean ± SD, 4.60 ± 1.15) compared with the control condition with no stoma prompt (mean ± SD, 5.14 ± 0.91; p = 0.05) and significantly lower recall for preoperative instructions (mean ± SD, 13.75 ± 2.38) compared with the control condition (mean ± SD, 14.36 ± 2.19; p = 0.03). Those within the experimental conditions also reported significantly higher state levels of disgust (mean ± SD, 4.08 ± 1.74) compared with a control condition (mean ± SD, 2.35 ± 1.38; p < 0.001). State-level disgust was found to fully mediate the relationship between condition and recall (b = –0.31) and to partially mediate the effect of condition on surgery intentions (b = 0.17).

LIMITATIONS:
It is unknown whether these results will replicate with patients and the impact of competing emotions in clinical settings.

CONCLUSIONS:
Intentions to undergo colorectal surgery and recall of preoperative instructions are diminished in patients who experience disgust when presented with stoma information. Surgeons and care teams must account for this as they perform perioperative counseling to minimize interference with recall of important perioperative information. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/A776.
PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY–INDUCED ACUTE EXUDATIVE MACULOPATHY
Authors: Manayath George Joseph , Ranjan Ratnesh , Vidhate Swapnil , Narendran Venkatapathy 
Published: October 2018

Purpose:
To describe the incidence, clinical features, and long-term outcomes of photodynamic therapy (PDT)-induced acute exudative maculopathy (PAEM) in patients who underwent PDT for various indications.

Methods:
This retrospective observational case series included all cases who developed massive serofibrinous macular exudation within a week after PDT. Medical records of patients with post-PDT exudative events were reviewed for relevant data and imaging abstraction including optical coherence tomography and indocyanine green angiography features and were subjected to analysis.

Results:
The incidence rate of PAEM was 4.52%, being noted in 8 eyes (out of 177 PDT sessions in 155 eyes) with a mean age of 70.25 ± 6.65 years. Pre-PDT factors commonly associated with PAEM included age ≥65 years (87.5%), clinical diagnosis of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (75%), spot size ≥3,500 µm (100%), best-corrected visual acuity of 20/40 or better (87.5%), low-fluence PDT (87.5%), and the first exposure to PDT (75%). Photodynamic therapy–induced acute exudative maculopathy was noted at a mean interval of 2.9 ± 1.7 days (2–7 days) after PDT. Photodynamic therapy–induced acute exudative maculopathy resulted in significant decrease in mean best-corrected visual acuity from logMAR 0.29 ± 0.21 (approximate Snellen equivalent 20/39) to logMAR 0.91 ± 0.37 (approximate Snellen equivalent 20/163) [P = 0.0018], and significant increase in mean central macular thickness from 228.1 ± 71.8 µm to 481.4 ± 154.8 µm (P = 0.0029). Photodynamic therapy–induced acute exudative maculopathy resolved to baseline or even better tomographic status at a mean interval of 4.6 ± 1.2 weeks, resulting in complete visual recovery compared with baseline. During mean follow-up of 77.8 ± 46.4 weeks after PDT, no activity was noted for a mean duration of 26.3 ± 42.5 weeks after resolution. At final visit, mean best-corrected visual acuity and central macular thickness was logMAR 0.49 ± 0.28 (approximate Snellen equivalent 20/62) and 153.6 ± 40.0 µm, respectively, with underlying pathology being stable in 50% of the eyes.

Conclusion:
Photodynamic therapy–induced acute exudative maculopathy is an uncommon complication with self-resolving course and favorable prognosis. Patients undergoing PDT should be warned of the possibility of PAEM. The factors frequently associated with PAEM include elderly age (>65 years), clinical diagnosis of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy, larger spot size (≥3,500 µm), pre-PDT best-corrected visual acuity of 20/40 or better, low-fluence PDT, and the first exposure to PDT.
Motivation to Care: A Qualitative Study on Iranian Nurses
Authors: ASADI Neda , MEMARIAN Robabeh , VANAKI Zohreh 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACT

Background:
The performance of nurses, which is rooted in personal motivation, determines the quality of care. Therefore, it is important that nurses are motivated to provide high-quality care.

Purpose:
The purpose of this study was to explore the factors that affect caring motivation from the perspectives of nurses in Iran.

Methods:
This was a qualitative study. Seventeen nurses were interviewed using a semistructured, in-depth interview method. The interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using content analysis.

Results:
Data analysis led to the identification of the two themes of (a) self-valuation and (b) providing beneficial care.

Conclusions/Implications for Practice:
The findings of this study increase scholarly understanding of the caring motivations of nurses. These motivations may be used in related programs by senior nursing managers to improve the quality of nursing care.
New autoinflammatory diseases
Authors: Poli M. Cecilia 
Published: October 2018

Purpose of review
Advances in sequencing techniques and systematic cohort-analysis of patients with autoinflammatory phenotypes have enabled a burst in the recognition of new autoinflammatory diseases and contributed to the description of the mechanisms involved in autoinflammation. This review focuses on new genetic and mechanistic discoveries that have broadened the definition of autoinflammatory diseases in the context of the established landscape, providing new therapeutic opportunities and avenues for further discoveries.

Recent findings
Mechanistic insights of inflammatory diseases open opportunities for new targeted therapies. Advances in high-throughput screening of small-molecule inhibitors accelerate the discovery of new and more specific therapeutic options. Recent evidence establishes IL-18 as a driver of macrophage activation, emerging as a new biomarker and therapeutic target. Finally, the identification of escape of nonsense-mediated decay as the genetic mechanism resulting in a monogenic immune-dysregulatory disease, unveils a possibility for future discoveries.

Summary
Recent mechanistic findings in autoinflammatory diseases as well as the identification of specific biomarkers and discovery of new diseases, continue to pave the way for ever more specific targeted approaches. These therapies are not only applicable to monogenic autoinflammatory syndromes but also for other diseases in which the same pathways are dysregulated.