bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Risk of schizophrenia, schizoaffective, and bipolar disorders by migrant status, region of origin, and age-at-migration: a national cohort study of 1.8 million people
Authors: Dykxhoorn Jennifer , Hollander Anna-Clara , Lewis Glyn , Magnusson Cecelia , Dalman Christina , Kirkbride James B 
Published: December 2018

AbstractBackgroundWe assessed whether the risk of various psychotic disorders and non-psychotic bipolar disorder (including mania) varied by migrant status, a region of origin, or age-at-migration, hypothesizing that risk would only be elevated for psychotic disorders.MethodsWe established a prospective cohort of 1 796 257 Swedish residents born between 1982 and 1996, followed from their 15th birthday, or immigration to Sweden after age 15, until diagnosis, emigration, death, or end of 2011. Cox proportional hazards models were used to model hazard ratios by migration-related factors, adjusted for covariates.ResultsAll psychotic disorders were elevated among migrants and their children compared with Swedish-born individuals, including schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR]migrants: 2.20, 95% CI 1.96–2.47; aHRchildren : 2.00, 95% CI 1.79–2.25), affective psychotic disorders (aHRmigrant1.42, 95% CI 1.25–1.63; aHRchildren: 1.22 95% CI 1.07–1.40), and other non-affective psychotic disorders (aHRmigrant: 1.97, 95% CI 1.81–2.14; aHRchildren: 1.68, 95% CI 1.54–1.83). For all psychotic disorders, risks were generally highest in migrants from Africa (i.e. aHRschizophrenia: 5.24, 95% CI 4.26–6.45) and elevated at most ages-of-migration. By contrast, risk of non-psychotic bipolar disorders was lower for migrants (aHR: 0.58, 95% CI 0.52–0.64) overall, and across all ages-of-migration except infancy (aHR: 1.20; 95% CI 1.01–1.42), while risk for their children was similar to the Swedish-born population (aHR: 1.00, 95% CI 0.93–1.08).ConclusionsIncreased risk of psychiatric disorders associated with migration and minority status may be specific to psychotic disorders, with exact risk dependent on the region of origin.
Assessing cross-national invariance of the Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences (CAPE)
Authors: Pignon Baptiste , Peyre Hugo , Ferchiou Aziz , van Os Jim , Rutten Bart P. F. , Murray Robin M. , Morgan Craig , Leboyer Marion , Schürhoff Franck , Szöke Andrei ,   EU-GEI WP2 Group Author
Published: December 2018

AbstractBackgroundThe Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences (CAPE) is a 42-item self-report questionnaire that has been developed and validated to measure the dimensions of psychosis in the general population. The CAPE has a three-factor structure with dimensions of positive, negative and depression. Assessing the cross-national equivalence of a questionnaire is an essential prerequisite before pooling data from different countries. In this study, our aim was to investigate the measurement invariance of the CAPE across different countries.MethodsData were drawn from the European Union Gene-Environment Interaction (EU-GEI) study. Participants (incident cases of psychotic disorder, controls and siblings of cases) were recruited in Brazil, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain and UK. To analyse the measurement invariance across these samples, we tested configural invariance (i.e. identical structures of the factors), metric invariance (i.e. equivalence of the factor loadings) and scalar invariance (i.e. equivalence of the thresholds) of the three CAPE dimensions using multigroup categorical confirmatory factor analysis methods.ResultsThe configural invariance model fits well, providing evidence for identical factorial structure across countries. In comparison with the configural model invariance, the fit indices were very similar in the metric and scalar invariance models, indicating that factor loadings and thresholds did not differ across the six countries.ConclusionWe found that, across six countries, the CAPE showed equivalent factorial structure, factor loadings and thresholds. Thus, differences observed in scores between individuals from different countries should be considered as reflecting different levels of psychosis.
Establishing long-term research relationships with older people: exploring care practices in longitudinal studies
Authors: Attuyer Katia , Gilroy Rose , Croucher Karen 
Published: December 2018

AbstractDrawing on a recently completed longitudinal research project with 96 participants aged 55+, the paper provides insight into the challenges of carrying out ethical practices when engaged in longer-term research relationships with older people. It builds on a body of work that purposely records in detail the ethical dilemmas researchers face, the options available to them and the rationale guiding their reaction. The Co-Motion research, led by the University of York, examined the impact of major later-life transitions on mobility and wellbeing, and was therefore focused on times of change that were, for some participants, accompanied by suffering. Over three years, the project used a range of methods to explore with each individual the dynamic nature of lived experience: change, continuity, endurance, transition and causality. The paper addresses the negotiation of informed consent over the life of long-term research relationships; the ‘care work’ involved; contested understandings of vulnerability; and the need for ongoing ethical reflection. The paper concludes by calling for greater reflexivity and suggests a more participant-focused approach to ethics in the field, demanding both greater self-awareness from researchers and allowing the participants to have greater voice in the research processes.
Health of migrant care-givers across Europe: what is the role of origin and welfare state context?
Authors: Kaschowitz Judith 
Published: December 2018

AbstractAcross Europe a rising number of migrants are reaching higher ages. As old age is related to care dependency, care-giving within migrant families is becoming more important. To date, little research has focused on health outcomes for migrant care-givers. Theories and empirical evidence suggest differences in the relationship of care-giving and health between migrants and non-migrants due to differences in support, income, norms and values. Furthermore, across Europe the degree of formal care supply and the obligation to provide informal care vary considerably and presumably lead to different health outcomes of care-giving in different countries. Based on data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (Waves 1, 2, 4, 5 and 6) and the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (Waves 2–6), this paper studies the relationship between informal care-giving inside the household and health for migrant and non-migrant care-givers across Europe and analyses changes in health. In most countries migrant care-givers are in worse self-perceived and mental health compared to non-migrant care-givers. When controlling for important influences no differences in the relationship between health and care-giving for migrants and non-migrants can be found. Moreover, care-giving deteriorates mental health irrespective of origin. The country models showed that for non-migrants care-giving is most detrimental in Southern welfare states whereas for migrants care-giving is also burdening in Nordic welfare states.
Deviating from IDSA treatment guidelines for non-purulent skin infections increases the risk of treatment failure in emergency department patients
Authors: Haran J. P. , Wilsterman E. , Zeoli T. , Goulding M. , McLendon E. , Clark M. A. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA) publishes guidelines regularly for the management of skin and soft tissue infections; however, the extent to which practice patterns follow these guidelines and if this can affect treatment failure rates is unknown. We observed the treatment failure rates from a multicentre retrospective ambulatory cohort of adult emergency department patients treated for a non-purulent skin infection. We used multivariable logistic regression to examine the role of IDSA classification and whether adherence to IDSA guidelines reduced treatment failure. A total of 759 ambulatory patients were included in the cohort with 17.4% failing treatment. Among all patients, 56.0% had received treatments matched to the IDSA guidelines with 29.1% over-treated, and 14.9% under-treated based on the guidelines. After adjustment for age, gender, infection location and medical comorbidities, patients with a moderate infection type had three times increased risk of treatment failure (adjusted risk ratio (aRR) 2.98; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.15–7.74) and two times increased risk with a severe infection type (aRR 2.27; 95% CI 1.25–4.13) compared with mild infection types. Patients who were under-treated based on IDSA guidelines were over two times more likely to fail treatment (aRR 2.65; 95% CI 1.16–6.05) while over-treatment was not associated with treatment failure. Patients ⩾70 years of age had a 56% increased risk of treatment failure (aRR 1.56; 95% CI 1.04–2.33) compared with those <70 years. Following the IDSA guidelines for non-purulent SSTIs may reduce the treatment failure rates; however, older adults still carry an increased risk of treatment failure.
Double-orifice mitral valve repair
Authors: Gonzalez Teresa , Vera Francisco , Ruiz Enrique 
Published: December 2018

AbstractWe present the case of a 6-year-old patient with double-orifice mitral valve and severe regurgitation, which was successfully repaired. We demonstrate that mitral valve repair may be attempted even in complex anatomy such as the double-orifice mitral valve, where it can offer excellent results.
Nitrogen and Isotope Flows Through the Costa Rica Dome Upwelling Ecosystem: The Crucial Mesozooplankton Role in Export Flux
Authors: Stukel Michael R. , Décima Moira , Landry Michael R. , Selph Karen E. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe Costa Rica Dome (CRD) is an open‐ocean upwelling ecosystem, with high biomasses of picophytoplankton (especiallySynechococcus), mesozooplankton, and higher trophic levels. To elucidate the food web pathways supporting the trophic structure and carbon export in this unique ecosystem, we used Markov Chain Monte Carlo techniques to assimilate data from four independent realizations of δ15N and planktonic rate measurements from the CRD into steady state, multicompartment ecosystem box models (linear inverse models). Model results present well‐constrained snapshots of ecosystem nitrogen and stable isotope fluxes. New production is supported by upwelled nitrate, not nitrogen fixation. Protistivory (rather than herbivory) was the most important feeding mode for mesozooplankton, which rely heavily on microzooplankton prey. Mesozooplankton play a central role in vertical nitrogen export, primarily through active transport of nitrogen consumed in the surface layer and excreted at depth, which comprised an average 36–46% of total export. Detritus or aggregate feeding is also an important mode of resource acquisition by mesozooplankton and regeneration of nutrients within the euphotic zone. As a consequence, the ratio of passively sinking particle export to phytoplankton production is very low in the CRD. Comparisons to similar models constrained with data from the nearby equatorial Pacific demonstrate that the dominant role of vertical migrators to the biological pump is a unique feature of the CRD. However, both regions show efficient nitrogen transfer from mesozooplankton to higher trophic levels (as expected for regions with large fish, cetacean, and seabird populations) despite the dominance of protists as major grazers of phytoplankton.
Mutual Allocation of the Artificial Airglow Patches and Large‐Scale Irregularities in the HF‐Pumped Ionosphere
Authors: Grach S. M. , Nasyrov I. A. , Kogogin D. A. , Shindin A. V. , Sergeev E. N. , Razi Mousavi S. A. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe paper reports first simultaneous observations of artificial emission of 630‐nm oxygen red line, along with perturbations of slant total electron content (STEC). They were induced by the high‐frequency (HF) ionospheric heating produced by the SURA facility situated near Nijniy Novgorod, Russia. The HF heating affects differently the optical emission and STEC. While the patches of the artificial airglow are close to the area of the reduced STEC, the STEC increases at the periphery of the patches. Thus, the artificial airglow occurs mostly inside the large plasma cavities.
Causes of East Asian Temperature Multidecadal Variability Since 850 CE
Authors: Wang Jianglin , Yang Bao , Osborn Timothy J. , Ljungqvist Fredrik Charpentier , Zhang Huan , Luterbacher Jürg 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe drivers of multidecadal‐ to centennial‐scale variability in East Asian temperature, apparent in temperature reconstructions, are poorly understood. Here we apply a multivariate regression analysis to distinguish the influences of large‐scale modes of internal variability (Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation and Pacific Multidecadal Oscillation) and external natural (orbital, solar, and volcanic) and anthropogenic (greenhouse gas concentrations, aerosols, and land use changes) forcings on East Asian warm‐season temperature over the period 850–1999 CE (Common Era). We find that ~80% of the temperature change on time scales longer than 30 years can be explained including all drivers over the full‐length period. The Pacific Multidecadal Oscillation was the most important driver of multidecadal temperature variability during the Medieval Climate Anomaly (here 950–1250), while solar contribution was important during the Little Ice Age (here 1350–1850). Since 1850, two thirds of temperature change can be explained with anthropogenic forcing, whereas one third was related mainly to the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation and volcanic forcing.
Mars Science Laboratory Observations of the 2018/Mars Year 34 Global Dust Storm
Authors: Guzewich Scott D. , Lemmon M. , Smith C. L. , Martínez G. , de Vicente‐Retortillo Á. , Newman C. E. , Baker M. , Campbell C. , Cooper B. , Gómez‐Elvira J. , Harri A.‐M. , Hassler D. , Martin‐Torres F. J. , McConnochie T. , Moores J. E. , Kahanpää H. , Khayat A. , Richardson M. I. , Smith M. D. , Sullivan R. , de la Torre Juarez M. , Vasavada A. R. , Viúdez‐Moreiras D. , Zeitlin C. , Zorzano Mier Maria‐Paz 
Published: December 2018

AbstractMars Science Laboratory Curiosity rover observations of the 2018/Mars year 34 global/planet‐encircling dust storm represent the first in situ measurements of a global dust storm with dedicated meteorological sensors since the Viking Landers. The Mars Science Laboratory team planned and executed a science campaign lasting approximately 100 Martian sols to study the storm involving an enhanced cadence of environmental monitoring using the rover's meteorological sensors, cameras, and spectrometers. Mast Camera 880‐nm optical depth reached 8.5, and Rover Environmental Monitoring Station measurements indicated a 97% reduction in incident total ultraviolet solar radiation at the surface, 30K reduction in diurnal range of air temperature, and an increase in the semidiurnal pressure tide amplitude to 40 Pa. No active dust‐lifting sites were detected within Gale Crater, and global and local atmospheric dynamics were drastically altered during the storm. This work presents an overview of the mission's storm observations and initial results.
Seismic Attenuation of the Eastern Himalayan and Indo‐Burman Plate Boundary Systems, Northeast India
Authors: Sharma Shubham , Mitra Supriyo 
Published: December 2018

AbstractWe use local earthquake coda waveform to characterize the seismic attenuation across northeast India. We measure temporal decay of coda amplitude to estimate coda quality factor (Qc) at frequencies 1 to 14 Hz and abstract Q0 and its frequency dependence (η). Single‐trace measurements reveal similar average Qc between 1 and 3 Hz and significant variation at higher frequencies. We combine single‐trace Qc measurements into a backprojection algorithm to compute 2‐D Qc tomography maps. The Qc maps reveal strong correlation with tectonic settings. At low frequencies (1–5 Hz) we observe relatively lower Qc in the Sikkim and Eastern Himalaya, southern Tibetan Plateau, and Bengal Basin, while the intraplate region and Indo‐Burman subduction zone have higher Qc. At higher frequencies (>5 Hz) we observe pronounced low Qc beneath Sikkim Himalaya, relatively lower Qc in the intraplate region and relatively higher Qc in the Bengal Basin and Indo‐Burman subduction zone. We compare our Q0 map with Vs tomography to characterize the crust. The lateral variation in the structure of the Himalayan thrust sheets between Sikkim and Eastern Himalaya is highlighted by low and intermediate Q0, respectively. The southern Tibetan Plateau, known to have low Vs due to elevated crustal temperatures, is characterized by low Q0, indicating associated scattering and anelastic effects. The intraplate continental crust and the cold elastic subducting oceanic lithosphere have intermediate‐to‐high Vs and are marked by high Q0. The Bengal Basin, with thick low Vs sedimentary layers overlying a rift‐faulted high Vs transitional crust, has low‐to‐intermediate Q0 due to depth averaging of attenuation characteristics.
The Viscosities of Partially Molten Materials Undergoing Diffusion Creep
Authors: Rudge John F. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractPartially molten materials resist shearing and compaction. This resistance is described by a fourth‐rank effective viscosity tensor. When the tensor is isotropic, two scalars determine the resistance: an effective shear and an effective bulk viscosity. Here calculations are presented of the effective viscosity tensor during diffusion creep for a 2‐D tiling of hexagonal unit cells and a 3‐D tessellation of tetrakaidecahedrons (truncated octahedrons). The geometry of the melt is determined by assuming textural equilibrium. The viscosity tensor for the 2‐D tiling is isotropic but that for the 3‐D tessellation is anisotropic. Two parameters control the effect of melt on the viscosity tensor: the porosity and the dihedral angle. Calculations for both Nabarro‐Herring (volume diffusion) and Coble (surface diffusion) creep are presented. For Nabarro‐Herring creep the bulk viscosity becomes singular as the porosity vanishes. This singularity is logarithmic, a weaker singularity than typically assumed in geodynamic models. The presence of a small amount of melt (0.1% porosity) causes the effective shear viscosity to approximately halve. For Coble creep, previous modeling work has argued that a very small amount of melt may lead to a substantial, factor of 5, drop in the shear viscosity. Here a much smaller, factor of 1.4, drop is obtained for tetrakaidecahedrons. Owing to a Cauchy relation symmetry, the Coble creep bulk viscosity is a constant multiple of the shear viscosity when melt is present.
Small‐Scale Metal/Silicate Equilibration During Core Formation: The Influence of Stretching Enhanced Diffusion on Mixing
Authors: Lherm V. , Deguen R. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractGeochemical data provide key information on the timing of accretion and on the prevailing physical conditions during core/mantle differentiation. However, their interpretation depends critically on the efficiency of metal/silicate chemical equilibration, which is poorly constrained. Fluid dynamics experiments suggest that, before its fragmentation, a volume of liquid metal falling into a magma ocean undergoes a change of topology from a compact volume of metal toward a collection of sheets and ligaments. We investigate here to what extent the vigorous stretching of the metal phase by the turbulent flow can increase the equilibration efficiency through what is known as stretching enhanced diffusion. We obtain scaling laws giving the equilibration times of sheets and ligaments as functions of a Péclet number based on the stretching rate. At large Péclet, stretching drastically decreases the equilibration time, which in this limit depends only weakly on the diffusivity. We also perform 2‐D numerical simulations of the evolution of a volume of metal falling into a magma ocean, from which we identify several equilibration regimes depending on the values of the Péclet (Pe), Reynolds (Re), and Bond (Bo) numbers. At large Pe, Re, and Bo, the metal phase is vigorously stretched and convoluted in what we call a stirring regime. The equilibration time is found to be independent of viscosity and surface tension and depends weakly on diffusivity. Equilibration is controlled by an efficient thermochemical stretching enhanced diffusion mechanism developing from the mean flow and entraining the surrounding silicate phase.
An Analysis of Gravitational Gradients in Rotated Frames and Their Relation to Oriented Mass Sources
Authors: Panet Isabelle 
Published: December 2018

AbstractMany mass sources within the Earth and its fluid envelopes show elongated geometries, aligning with the orientations of plate boundaries and plate motions, coastlines, rivers, and drainage basins for instance. To enhance their identification and separation in global or regional gravity observations and models, a dedicated method based on gravitational gradients analysis is presented here. This approach provides a detailed description of the geographic pattern of the gravity variations, which are accurately mapped thanks to the regular spatial coverage of high‐accuracy satellite data and arise from lateral density changes within the planet. First, gravity gradients are defined at different spatial scales in spherical frames, which are rotated along the radial axis according to the orientation of the source. The sensitivity of these gradients to the mass distribution inside a spherical Earth is described and analytical expressions relating the source to the observable are introduced. Then, the gravity gradients responses at different spatial scales to flat, elementary mass sources located at the surface and at increasing depth are studied. Specifically, the paper investigates how a source width and orientation can be determined, for localized and oscillatory mass anomalies with different width‐to‐length aspect ratios. This theoretical case study aims at providing a basis for the analysis of more complex mass structures, when applying the presented method to static or time‐varying satellite gravity field models. It may help deciphering the nature of the gravity sources by the detection of meaningful geometries and orientations in the gravity field.