bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
TLR2 Promotes Glioma Immune Evasion by Downregulating MHC Class II Molecules in Microglia
Authors: Qian Jiawen , Luo Feifei , Yang Jiao , Liu Jun , Liu Ronghua , Wang Luman , Wang Chen , Deng Yuting , Lu Zhou , Wang Yuedi , Lu Mingfang , Wang Ji-Yang , Chu Yiwei 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Gliomas, the most common primary neoplasms in the brain, are notorious for their ability to evade the immune response. Despite microglial infiltration in gliomas, expression of MHC class II molecules in those microglia is compromised. Here, we report that Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) activation downregulated expression of MHC class II molecules in microglia in an orthotopic murine glioma model. TLR2-induced microglial impairment hindered the proliferation and activation of CD4+ T cells, which facilitated glioma immune evasion. TLR2-induced downregulation of MHC class II molecules was caused by suppression of the master regulator of MHC class II molecule transcription, Ciita. TLR2 activation triggered downstream MAPK/ERK1/2 signaling and loss of histone H3 acetylation at Ciita promoters, which in turn inhibited Ciita expression. In glioblastoma tissues, various endogenous TLR2 ligands, including the heat shock proteins that are endogenous TLR2 ligands, were upregulated, a response that correlated with CIITA inhibition. Thus, TLR2 promotes glioma immune-system evasion. These results advance our understanding of microglia as antigen-presenting cells in the context of glioma. In the glioma tumor microenvironment, TLR2 activation of microglia induces downregulation of microglial MHC class II expression. Impaired MHC class II expression limits T-cell–dependent antitumor immunity. Cancer Immunol Res; 6(10); 1220–33. ©2018 AACR.
Nanoparticle Conjugation of Human Papillomavirus 16 E7-long Peptides Enhances Therapeutic Vaccine Efficacy against Solid Tumors in Mice
Authors: Galliverti Gabriele , Tichet Mélanie , Domingos-Pereira Sonia , Hauert Sylvie , Nardelli-Haefliger Denise , Swartz Melody A. , Hanahan Douglas , Wullschleger Stephan 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Treatment of patients bearing human papillomavirus (HPV)-related cancers with synthetic long-peptide (SLP) therapeutic vaccines has shown promising results in clinical trials against premalignant lesions, whereas responses against later stage carcinomas have remained elusive. We show that conjugation of a well-documented HPV-E7 SLP to ultra-small polymeric nanoparticles (NP) enhances the antitumor efficacy of therapeutic vaccination in different mouse models of HPV+ cancers. Immunization of TC-1 tumor-bearing mice with a single dose of NP-conjugated E7LP (NP-E7LP) generated a larger pool of E7-specific CD8+ T cells with increased effector functions than unconjugated free E7LP. At the tumor site, NP-E7LP prompted a robust infiltration of CD8+ T cells that was not accompanied by concomitant accumulation of regulatory T cells (Tregs), resulting in a higher CD8+ T-cell to Treg ratio. Consequently, the amplified immune response elicited by the NP-E7LP formulation led to increased regression of large, well-established tumors, resulting in a significant percentage of complete responses that were not achievable by immunizing with the non-NP–conjugated long-peptide. The partial responses were characterized by distinct phases of regression, stable disease, and relapse to progressive growth, establishing a platform to investigate adaptive resistance mechanisms. The efficacy of NP-E7LP could be further improved by therapeutic activation of the costimulatory receptor 4-1BB. This NP-E7LP formulation illustrates a “solid-phase” antigen delivery strategy that is more effective than a conventional free-peptide (“liquid”) vaccine, further highlighting the potential of using such formulations for therapeutic vaccination against solid tumors. Cancer Immunol Res; 6(11); 1301–13. ©2018 AACR.
Virulence of two entomopathogenic nematode species, Steinernema sp. (strain PQ16) and Heterorhabditis indica (strain KT3987), to nymphs of the coffee cicada Dundubia nagarasingna
Authors: Nguyen Chau N. , Do Anh T. , Trinh Phap Q. , Hoang Phuc K. 
Published: August 2018

Summary
The virulence and efficacy of two species of entomopathogenic nematodes, Steinernema sp. (strain PQ16) and Heterorhabditis indica (strain KT3987), against nymphs of the coffee cicada, Dundubia nagarasingna, was evaluated under laboratory and glasshouse conditions. The highest mortality rates of coffee cicada nymphs caused by these two nematode strains were 93.5 and 100%, respectively, at an inoculation dose of 600 infective juveniles (IJ) nymph−1. The virulence (LC50) was established as 137.5 IJ and 149.1 IJ for strains S-PQ16 and H-KT3987, respectively. The highest IJ yields of these nematode strains were 66 × 103 IJ (for S-PQ16) and 134.4 × 103 IJ (for H-KT3987) at a dose of 500 IJ nymph−1. The efficacies of the two nematode strains to coffee cicadas at treated dose of 60 × 103 IJ pot−1 were 84.4 and 88.9% after 30 days, higher than the efficacies at treated dose of 40 × 103 IJ pot−1. The number of IJ in 250 ml of soil at 10, 20 and 30 days after treatment, increased from 0.38 × 103 to 4.80 × 103 IJ in soil treated with a dose of 40 × 103 IJ and from 0.66 × 103 to 5.02 × 103 IJ in soil treated with a dose of 60 × 103 IJ (for S-PQ16). Similarly, for H-KT3987 the number of IJ increased from 0.43 × 103 to 8.99 × 103 IJ and from 0.62 × 103 to 9.64 × 103 IJ, at the respective doses. Based on results of a pot trial from glasshouse modelling, an IJ application dosage for biological control of coffee cicada nymphs in coffee plantations was proposed.
A Hydrometeorological Analysis of Venezuelan Rainfall *
Authors: Fletcher Robert D. 
Published: August 2018

A meteorological analysis is made of the general rainstorm of June 9–12, 1945, which produced substantial streamflow measurements over the Rio Tuy drainage basin of Venezuela. In this storm it appears that the intertropical convergence zone (ITC), in combination with the orography of the basin, was the weather model responsible for the rain.
There is shown to be a high correlation (a coefficient of 0.73) between the mean-annual-rainfall pattern and that of the June 9–12 storm. The same correlation coefficient is found between the mean-annual pattern and that of another storm which occurred between June 28 and July 2, 1945. It is concluded that most general rainstorms over the Rio Tuy Basin occur when the ITC, oriented such that the trade winds are blowing almost directly from the east, lies just south of the basin; that the isohyetal patterns which result are very much alike; and that the magnitude of the rainfall varies with the strength of the trade-wind current flowing over the basin.
Further Studies of the Movement and Formation of Hurricanes and Their Forecasting
Authors: Riehl Herbert , Burgner Newton M. 
Published: August 2018

At first the relation between the motion of tropical storms and the speed of the steering current is investigated quantitatively. This necessitates definition of the steering current along all space axes and time. The result is that the zonal component of motion of storms on the average equals the zonal component of the steering current. There is some scatter about the linear regression line.
The following parts deal with formation of tropical storms. Earlier work on the relation between motion of the long wave train in the westerlies and development of hurricanes is extended and it is shown that progression of the long waves very frequently precedes deepening. A synoptic example shows the three-dimensional structure of the atmosphere and its changes with time.
A Long-Term Fluctuation in Early Fall Precipitation in California
Authors: Jorgensen Donald L. 
Published: August 2018

Moving means of September rainfall amounts are given for six stations in California for the period of available record. Stations in the central portion showed a marked long-term fluctuation, but in the extreme south the fluctuation was not evident. The fluctuation was characterized by periods of light rainfall from 1860 to 1890 and from 1920 to the present with considerably heavier amounts recorded in the intervening period from 1890 to 1920. Whether or not the light amounts being experienced at present will be followed by a period of heavier amounts cannot be determined.
The first rains of the season in central California usually result from the development of upper cold lows or the deepening of unstable waves just off the coast. Since these storms result from characteristic surface and upper air flow patterns, a fluctuation in the amount of rain received from these storms probably results from changes in the broadscale features of the circulation.
A Thermocouple Voltage Amplifier for Temperature Recording
Authors: Denton Robert L. 
Published: August 2018

A sensitive amplifier is described which can be used, in conjunction with a milliammeter, to measure the low voltages encountered in thermocouple temperature measurements. It is much faster in response and more accurate than conventional bourdon tube type thermographs.
The virtual absence of either the zero or sensitivity drift, so common in some types of d.c. amplifiers, and the use of battery power make it particularly useful for recording or indicating in remote locations where it must operate unattended.
Results of Rocket and Meteor Research *
Authors: Whipple Fred L. 
Published: August 2018

Results are presented of rocket and meteor research in the upper atmosphere during the past three years. Both methods have been valuable in determining the pressures, densities and temperatures in the upper atmosphere and variations with time and place above an altitude of 30 km. The basic atmospheric data are now rather well determined to 130 km over New Mexico. Knowledge of the composition of the atmosphere to 72 km depends solely upon rocket sampling techniques. A great deal of information has been obtained from the rocket measures concerning radiation from the sun in the far ultraviolet to wavelength about 800 Å and in the soft X-ray region below 20 Å.
A considerable section of the paper is devoted to the question of micro-meteorites, their existence and effect on the upper atmosphere. In addition, three Appendixes include some more recent information concerning temperatures and composition of the upper atmosphere and concerning high-frequency solar radiation.
An Evaluation of the Results of Cloud Seeding in Western New Mexico and Southeastern Arizona During July and August, 1951 and 1952
Authors: Buell C. Eugene 
Published: August 2018

An attempt is made to determine whether or not the effectiveness of cloud seeding in increasing the amount of natural rainfall during the years 1951 and 1952 over western New Mexico and southeastern Arizona can be established. Only the months of July and August are considered since these are the months during which the rainfall is greatest and is mostly from non-frontal convective thunderstorms or showers.
The method used consists of estimating the amount of natural rainfall that might be expected from the mixing ratios at the 700-mb and 500-mb levels and the temperature difference between these levels, the difference between the estimate of the natural rainfall and the actual rainfall containing the part that might be attributed to the effectiveness of cloud seeding.
It is found that the effectiveness of cloud seeding cannot be established by this method on the basis of the data accumulated to date at an acceptable level of significance (1% or at most 5%). An interesting dilemma develops in that if effectiveness is acceptable at the 9% level for only those days on which seeding occurred, it is not possible to escape the conclusion that since seeding did not occur on all days, the suspension of operations on these few days reduces the effectiveness of the whole operation to nearly zero.
It seems evident from the data analyzed that if there is additional rainfall due to cloud seeding it can, at most, not exceed an amount of about 10%. Statistical methods to establish so small an amount must be very refined.
A Study of Reference Citations in the Journal of Meteorology and the Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society
Authors: Baum Werner A. 
Published: August 2018

References cited in ten volumes (1944–1953) of the Journal of Meteorology and the Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society were analyzed for country and year of publication of the references. American and British authors are found to have remarkably similar referencing patterns. Both rely primarily on the literature of their own nation and on quite recent literature. They rely to almost the same extent on the literature of various foreign nations, and both display very little utilization of the available Soviet publications.
A proposal is made for annual publication of a survey of significant advances in Soviet meteorology.
Frictional Filling of Hurricanes
Authors: Hubert Lester F. 
Published: August 2018

As a hurricane moves from ocean to land, the surface roughness and the wind stress increase, which in turn causes the surface wind to blow across the isobars at an increased angle.
The resulting increase in mass convergence in the surface friction layer is examined in the light of the Rossby-Montgomery theory on the influence of friction on surface flow, and the results are compared with the analysis of fifty years of hurricanes that moved into the United States.
Those hurricanes are also analyzed to study the rate of pressure gradient decrease in the maximum wind zone. The results of this study indicate that frictional effect alone cannot dissipate the dangerous winds of a mature hurricane within the first eight to ten hours after moving onshore, but that dissipation is controlled essentially by the energy budget.
Low-Level Temperature Structure under Alaskan Ice Fog Conditions *
Authors: Robinson Elmer , Bell Gordon B. 
Published: August 2018

Wiresonde temperature soundings were taken during two winters at Eielson Air Force Base, near Fairbanks, Alaska, as part of an ice fog investigation. Correlations were found between the depths of the visible fog layers and the steep portions of the temperature inversions.
The steep portions of the temperature inversions were usually confined to the lowest 100 feet of the atmosphere. The frequency of occurrence of strong surface inversions was less than had previously been expected for an arctic continental area with temperatures in the vicinity of −40C. This is attributed to the modifying effect of the ice fog, which was usually present in the observation area at temperatures below −30C.
Weather Service to Agriculture in the Western Great Plains*
Authors: Palmer Wayne C. 
Published: August 2018

The general purpose of this paper is to discuss the weather problems which confront those engaged in agriculture in a semiarid region such as the Western Great Plains. Some appraisal is made of the present service to agriculture with a view to the potentialities for a more adequate service.
Specifically, comments are made on the use of the daily forecasts in planning and performing the farming operations. Instances are given of problems requiring information which is now unavailable, and suggestions are made for improving the service through forecasting, climatological and observational procedures aimed at reducing the risks to the farmer due to the hazards of weather.
A Common Wind Damage Pattern in Relation to the Classical Tornado
Authors: Reynolds George W. 
Published: August 2018

A wind damage pattern in which no major damage has been accomplished by winds blowing toward the direction from which the storm came can result from a classical tornado if the speed of translation is high enough relative to the maximum wind speed.
A distinct rotary damage pattern indicates that the speed of translation is a less important component of the total speed.
One might consider a wind damage pattern in which there is,An increase in damage intensity from right to left,No major damage accomplished to the left of the line of most extreme damage, andEvidence indicating that the damage in the major damage area was accomplished by winds blowing with the direction of translation of the storm,
to be a point in favor of cyclonic rotation. If the build-up were from left to right, with the break-off to the right of the line of most extreme damage, the point would be in favor of anti-cyclonic rotation.
The wind speed-wind pressure relationship is discussed briefly, and tables and graphs showing the wind speeds and pressures at points on opposite sides of a tornado, for assigned values of the speeds of rotation and translation, are included.
A table estimating the total force on a wall resulting from assumed wind speeds is also presented.
A Solar Time Classification for Meteorological Use
Authors: Singer Irving A. , Raynor Gilbert S. 
Published: August 2018

In order to effect a more consistent grouping of hourly meteorological data influenced by the diurnal cycle, a chronology based on the time of sunrise and sunset was devised. A code classified all hours within each bi-weekly period by this time system. The classification was further extended by dividing the year into solar seasons, defined as periods of time during which the distribution of solar hours is uniform.
The use of solar time as a major classification in the analysis of two years of hourly wind and temperature data obtained from six levels on the 420-ft meteorological tower at Brookhaven National Laboratory resulted in a better understanding of the relationships between the variables than could have been obtained by the use of standard time. Results of several lapse-rate and wind-profile studies made using both standard and solar time demonstrated the advantage of the latter system. Application of this method to other problems and regions is discussed.
Typhoon Sarah, 19561
Authors: Fortner Limon E. 
Published: August 2018

Typhoon Sarah, 1956, the first of the season, was unusual in several respects. First, Sarah formed in a tropical depression that first became a closed circulation less than a hundred miles from the equator. Second, Sarah showed a marked diurnal variation in intensity after reaching a maximum of intensity on the second day as a typhoon. Third, besides the diurnal variation there were two periods of intensification and weakening. Fourth, the cyclone retrograded to the east-southeast several hundred miles parallel to its previous track.
The diurnal variation of Typhoon Sarah appears to have its origin in the arrival of short intense lines of convergence at the eye. The arrival of these lines of convergence at the eye furnished the energy that gave the typhoon a pulsating characteristic.
Air Chemistry
Authors: Junge Christian E. 
Published: August 2018

The field of atmospheric chemistry, which is defined as the chemistry of trace substances in the troposphere, is reviewed. Trace substances can be present as aerosols or as gases. Major sources of aerosols are the ocean and industrial activities. The chemical composition of the aerosol particles is not only determined by their source but also by various processes in the atmosphere—notably, reactions with gas traces.
Only little is known about trace gases like SO2, H2S, NH3 or NO2. Of special importance for meteorology is CO2 and its long-term fluctuations. The facts and possible reasons for its 10 per cent increase during this century are discussed.
The last part of the discussion is concerned with the physical processes by which the trace substances are removed from the atmosphere, primarily the role of precipitation.
Mesoanalysis of a Tornado-Producing Situation in Texas, 25–26 May 1955 1
Authors: Smith Warren 
Published: August 2018

The contrast between the macroscale synoptic patterns expanded to the mesoscale is illustrated by a series of maps showing a detailed analysis of surface conditions in Texas just prior to and during the destructive tornado outbreak of 25–26 May 1955.
Hourly maps indicate the development and movement of the mesosystems and the interrelation of the parameters of pressure, temperature, precipitation, and radar, from a time when the pressure field is relatively undisturbed until the pressure disturbance moves out of the network area.
Evidence of the formation of a pressure disturbance area was found prior to indications from any stations or radar reports.
What are Some of the Economic Possibilities for the Younger Meteorologist?
Authors: Crow Loren W. 
Published: August 2018

Even with a sizable expansion in numbers, the typical professional meteorologist is a salaried governmental employee. This is in sharp contrast to several of the other professions. The predominant salary range of meteorologists is between $5,000 and $10,000 per year.
Challenging opportunities exist for a few meteorologists to serve as consultants to industry. These consultants stand in a unique position of being some of the most active agents in expanding reliable uses of weather information and deserve encouragement by the entire profession. However, several limiting factors do exist which cause slow growth in this specialized field.
Temperature Trends in Minnesota 1
Authors: Baker Donald G. 
Published: August 2018

The change in average summer, winter, and annual temperatures of 19 Minnesota stations was investigated. Records were studied for a uniform number of years for comparative purposes as well as for the total period of record. Seven of the stations were believed to qualify as climatic reference stations, 11 had records of intermediate reliability, and one was included solely for its long record dating from 1819.
Based on the linear-regression equation, the climatic reference stations showed an average increase in summer (1900 to 1958), winter (1900 to 1958), and annual (1900 to 1957) temperatures of 1.4, 3.7, and 1.3F, respectively. These rises were equivalent to 2.4, 6.3, and 2.2F per century. Stations of intermediate value generally did not show such large increases. Slopes of the temperature regression lines were generally significantly greater than zero for the reference stations and for a few of the others. Records for longer periods showed similar results.
The St. Paul record, originating in October 1819, indicated that the central date of the smoothing period in which summer, winter, and annual temperatures reached a minimum was in 1863, 1854, and 1865, respectively. The latter date appeared to be anomalous compared to east coast records. Recent summer, winter, and annual maxima were obtained in 1934, 1943, and 1933–34, respectively. Winter maximum temperatures at some other Minnesota stations occurred in the early 1930's.
The Relation Between Cloudiness over the Greenland Icecap and Synoptic Weather Types 1 2
Authors: Carpenter Clarence A. 
Published: August 2018

This paper is a summary of cloudiness over the Greenland icecap route from Sondrestrom Air Base, approximately 67N–51W, to Angmagssalik, approximately 65.5N–37.5W. Four types of synoptic systems were chosen and cloudiness summarized by types both annually and for the summer season. Total cloudiness annually and for the summer season without regard to synoptic types is also presented.
Data for this paper consisted of 511 flight cross sections made by Scandinavian Airlines System flight crews in scheduled air service over the icecap route. It is presented in the form of a cross-section grid with isopleths showing the percentage of time cloudiness was observed at each grid point. These cross sections are of particular value in that they are the first source of systematic, observed weather data over this area.
An attempt is made to explain icecap cloud distribution by correlation with system type in order to provide a practical forecasting aid for the Greenland air-route forecasters.