bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An updated approach to incremental nerve sparing for robot‐assisted radical prostatectomy
Authors: Martini Alberto , Cumarasamy Shivaram , Haines Kenneth G. , Tewari Ashutosh K. 
Published: December 2018

ObjectivesTo update the algorithm for performing incremental nerve sparing (NS) using our multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI)‐based nomogram.Patients and methodsWe applied the coefficients of the nomogram to the observations extracted from our population of patients who underwent robot‐assisted radical prostatectomy between February 2014 and October 2015 and who received preoperative mpMRI. The information considered were PSA level, highest side‐specific biopsy Gleason grade group, highest ipsilateral percentage core involvement with the highest Gleason grade group, and extracapsular extension (ECE) on mpMRI. The nomogram‐derived probability [P (%)], after internal validation, was used as the independent variable on a classification tree to identify the most significant thresholds for ECE prediction. Incremental NS was performed as follows: Grade 1 NS: intrafascial dissection between the peri‐prostatic veins and the pseudocapsule of the prostate; Grade 2 NS: inter‐fascial dissection along the peri‐venous plane; Grade 3 NS: inter‐fascial dissection through the outer compartment of the lateral prostatic fascia; Grade 4 NS: extrafascial dissection.ResultsData from 561 patients were considered, and 829 prostatic lobes with biopsy‐documented tumour were analysed. Overall, 142 lobes presented ECE that was focal in 27 (19%) cases. The classification tree identified four risk categories. In the low‐ [P (%) ≤10], intermediate‐ [P (%) 10–21], high [P (%) 21–73] and very‐high‐risk [P(%) >73] groups, the ECE rates were 3.3%, 16%, 61.6% and 90%, respectively. Amongst those, ECE was focal in 41.7%, 31.7%, 7.9% and 0%, respectively.ConclusionWe suggest that Grade 1 NS (intrafascial) should be performed in the low‐risk group. The inter‐fascial approach, namely grades 2 and 3 NS, should be performed in the intermediate‐ and high‐risk categories, respectively. Grade 4 NS (extrafascial) should be performed in the very‐high‐risk group. The current algorithm yields a better accuracy than the previous one; however, prospective validation is warranted.
The impact of using a closed‐loop system on food choices and eating practices among people with Type 1 diabetes: a qualitative study involving adults, teenagers and parents
Authors: Lawton J. , Blackburn M. , Rankin D. , Allen J. , Campbell F. , Leelarathna L. , Tauschmann M. , Thabit H. , Wilinska M. E. , Hovorka R. ,   the APCam11 Consortium
Published: December 2018

AbstractAimsWe explored whether, how and why moving onto and using a hybrid day‐and‐night closed‐loop system affected people's food choices and dietary practices to better understand the impact of this technology on everyday life and inform recommendations for training and support given to future users.MethodsTwenty‐four adults, adolescents and parents were interviewed before commencing use of the closed‐loop system and following its 3‐month use. Data were analysed thematically and longitudinally.ResultsWhile participants described preparing and/or eating similar meals to those consumed prior to using a closed‐loop, many described feeling more normal and less burdened by diabetes in dietary situations. Individuals also noted how the use of this technology could lead to deskilling (less precise carbohydrate counting) and less healthy eating (increased snacking and portion sizes and consumption of fatty, energy‐dense foods) because of the perceived ability of the system to deal with errors in carbohydrate counting and address small rises in blood glucose without a corrective dose needing to be administered.ConclusionsWhile there may be quality‐of‐life benefits to using a closed‐loop, individuals might benefit from additional nutritional and behavioural education to help promote healthy eating. Refresher training in carbohydrate counting may also be necessary to help ensure that users are able to undertake diabetes management in situations where the technology might fail or that they take a break from using it.
Dynamic changes in insulin and glucagon during disease progression in rhesus monkeys with obesity‐related type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Wang Can , Xiao Yao , Wang Jue , Hou Ning , Cui Weiyi , Hu Xiaomin , Zeng Fanxin , Yuan Ye , Ma Dongwei , Sun Xueting , Zhang Yan , Zheng Wen , Liu Yuli , Shang Haibao , Chen Liangyi , Xiao Rui‐Ping , Zhang Xiuqin 
Published: December 2018

AimsTo investigate the progression of obesity‐related type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in rhesus monkeys, especially dynamic changes in insulin and glucagon.Materials and methodsWe followed a cohort of 52 rhesus monkeys for 7 years throughout the progression of obesity‐related T2DM. Intravenous glucose tolerance tests were performed every 6 months to evaluate dynamic changes in glucose, insulin and glucagon levels.ResultsObesity in rhesus monkeys increased the overall mortality and T2DM morbidity. During the progression of T2DM, glucagon remained consistently elevated, while insulin initially increased in compensation but then dropped to below normal levels when the monkeys developed overt T2DM. After a glucose challenge, both the first and second phases of insulin secretion increased during the early stage of T2DM; in later stages the first phase was delayed and the second phase was diminished.ConclusionOur findings showed that, beside the decreased insulin level, hyperglucagonaemia also plays an important role in the development of T2DM.
Longitudinal assessment of the Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale (UHDRS) and UHDRS–For Advanced Patients (UHDRS‐FAP) in patients with late stage Huntington's disease
Authors: Winder J. Y. , Achterberg W. P. , Gardiner S. L. , Roos R. A. C. 
Published: December 2018

Background and purposeSymptoms and signs in patients with Huntington's disease are usually assessed with the Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale (UHDRS). Ceiling and floor effects hamper the measurement of disease progression in patients with late stage Huntington's disease and therefore the UHDRS–For Advanced Patients (UHDRS‐FAP) has been developed. The aim of this longitudinal study was to examine if the UHDRS‐FAP and UHDRS are sensitive enough to detect change over time in late stage Huntington's disease.MethodsForty nursing home residents and patients receiving day‐care were assessed with the UHDRS, UHDRS‐FAP and Care Dependency Scale (CDS). After 6 months, the assessment scales were completed again in 29 patients. Changes between baseline and follow‐up were calculated using paired t tests. Wilcoxon signed‐rank tests were used to calculate longitudinal changes for middle and late stage patients separately.ResultsThe motor and cognitive score of the UHDRS‐FAP deteriorated during 6 months’ follow‐up, whilst the motor and cognitive score of the UHDRS did not show change. Two functional domains of the UHDRS and the CDS also declined. The behavioral score significantly improved with both rating scales in late stage patients.ConclusionsOur results suggest that the UHDRS‐FAP motor and cognitive score, the functional domains of the UHDRS, and the CDS can detect disease progression in late stage Huntington's disease. Therefore, the use of these scores in nursing homes is recommended to optimize care by monitoring disease progression and by evaluating the effect of interventions in clinical care. Psychiatric symptoms seem to fade away as the disease progresses.
Necroptosis directly induces the release of full‐length biologically active IL‐33 in vitro and in an inflammatory disease model
Authors: Shlomovitz Inbar , Erlich Ziv , Speir Mary , Zargarian Sefi , Baram Noam , Engler Maya , Edry‐Botzer Liat , Munitz Ariel , Croker Ben A. , Gerlic Motti 
Published: December 2018

Interleukin‐33 (IL‐33) is a pro‐inflammatory cytokine that plays a significant role in inflammatory diseases by activating immune cells to induce type 2 immune responses upon its release. Although IL‐33 is known to be released during tissue damage, its exact release mechanism is not yet fully understood. Previously, we have shown that cleaved IL‐33 can be detected in the plasma and epithelium of Ripk1−/− neonates, which succumb to systemic inflammation driven by spontaneous receptor‐interacting protein kinase‐3 (RIPK3)‐dependent necroptotic cell death, shortly after birth. Thus, we hypothesized that necroptosis, a RIPK3/mixed lineage kinase‐like protein (MLKL)‐dependent, caspase‐independent cell death pathway controls IL‐33 release. Here, we show that necroptosis directly induces the release of nuclear IL‐33 in its full‐length form. Unlike the necroptosis executioner protein, MLKL, which was released in its active phosphorylated form in extracellular vesicles, IL‐33 was released directly into the supernatant. Importantly, full‐length IL‐33 released in response to necroptosis was found to be bioactive, as it was able to activate basophils and eosinophils. Finally, the human and murine necroptosis inhibitor, GW806742X, blocked necroptosis and IL‐33 release in vitro and reduced eosinophilia in Aspergillus fumigatus extract‐induced asthma in vivo, an allergic inflammation model that is highly dependent on IL‐33. Collectively, these data establish for the first time, necroptosis as a direct mechanism for IL‐33 release, a finding that may have major implications in type 2 immune responses.
Fatigue crack growth simulation in adhesively bonded composite joints
Authors: Tserpes Konstantinos , Floros Ioannis 
Published: December 2018

AbstractA numerical model has been developed for simulating fatigue crack growth (debonding) in adhesively bonded composite joints subjected to mode‐I, mode‐II, and mixed‐mode I + II loading conditions. The model employs a cohesive zone model described by a modified bilinear traction‐separation law. Fatigue damage in the composite adherends is not considered in the model. To account for crack divergence and reduce sensitivity of numerical results on mesh density, a crack front detection algorithm based on the effective element's length was employed. The model is implemented as a user‐defined subroutine (UMAT) in the commercial FE code LS‐DYNA. The model's input parameters, in the form of a modified Paris law, and the validation data were obtained from experimental tests conducted by the authors. It was found that the model is able to successfully simulate crack growth in the regime of the experimental data.
Director attention and firm value
Authors: Renjie Rex Wang , Verwijmeren Patrick 
Published: December 2018

AbstractIn this article, we show that exogenous director distraction affects board monitoring intensity and leads to a higher level of inactivity by management. We construct a firm‐level director “distraction” measure by exploiting shocks to unrelated industries in which directors have additional directorships. Directors attend significantly fewer board meetings when they are distracted. Firms with distracted board members tend to be inactive and experience a significant decline in firm value. Overall, this article highlights the impact of limited director attention on the effectiveness of corporate governance and the importance of directors in keeping management active.
Policy support for biochar: Review and recommendations
Authors: Pourhashem Ghasideh , Hung Shih Yu , Medlock Kenneth B. , Masiello Caroline A. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractSignificant evidence has accumulated demonstrating that soil biochar amendment has many environmental benefits; however, adoption has been slow. This raises the question of how to align the environmental benefits with commercial motivations to drive more widespread implementation. Here, we examine the role that government policy can play in accelerating production and use at commercial scale. We identify three types of programs that can support biochar production: commercial financial incentives, nonfinancial policy support, and research and development funding. We also describe how these programs are currently used to support biochar production. For example, financial incentives can motivate immediate changes in business practices while nonfinancial policies can be important mechanisms to educate consumers and expand market demand. Research and development support can provide the necessary funding for early‐stage innovations that may one day become commercially viable options, even without other types of policy support. There are different risk–reward profiles for each policy mechanism, and these must be considered when evaluating a policy direction. Finally, we offer broad recommendations to the development of policy that maximizes the net benefits of biochar adoption. Key recommendations include improving policies that allow for the monetization of environmental benefits and avoided costs, recognizing soil as a resource through national preservation policy, and developing a broadly accepted set of product standards for biochar.
What's Next Now That the Boom in Contaminant Hydrogeology Has Busted?
Authors: Schwartz Franklin W. , Zhang Yiding , Ibaraki Motomu 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThis paper shows how important the historical contaminant boom, 1975 to 2005, has been to hydrogeology. Its role in this respect has never been well documented or appreciated. We use text mining and machine learning to extract information describing research trends in subsurface hydrology (SH), groundwater plus the vadose zone. The analysis, using articles from Water Resources Research (WRR) and Environmental Science and Technology, shows how SH grew from a small niche area within broader hydrologic sciences in the 1960s to become the dominant area of research by 1995. Subsequently, the performance of SH has declined, as other areas of hydrologic sciences have emerged. These patterns reflect the growth and decline of research related to contaminant topics in SH. Thus, the decline is economic—less money leads to less research. The boom in contaminant hydrogeology was effectively a 1000‐year flood of money for SH. It let us outcompete the non‐SH areas for a while. From 1991 to 2000, SH research in WRR was dominated by papers on contaminant‐related themes. More recently, these themes and all other areas of SH except one have declined significantly in WRR. All major topics related to non‐SH areas are growing except one. This evidence points to a continuing decline in competitiveness of basic research in SH. The fact that critical problems or social needs for research still exist has not changed this basic trend. The focus of research has clearly shifted away from SH to areas of hydrology associated with climate change, water cycle modeling and similar themes.
Impact of sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor on histological features and glucose metabolism of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease complicated by diabetes mellitus
Authors: Akuta Norio , Kawamura Yusuke , Watanabe Chizuru , Nishimura Akihiro , Okubo Minoru , Mori Yasumichi , Fujiyama Shunichiro , Sezaki Hitomi , Hosaka Tetsuya , Kobayashi Masahiro , Kobayashi Mariko , Saitoh Satoshi , Suzuki Fumitaka , Suzuki Yoshiyuki , Arase Yasuji , Ikeda Kenji , Kumada Hiromitsu 
Published: December 2018

AimThe aim of this study was to investigate the therapeutic potential of sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor (SGLT2I) as an effective therapeutic option for non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).MethodsIn this prospective study, nine patients with NAFLD complicated by type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), were introduced to the regimen of canagliflozin 100 mg once daily for 24 weeks and were evaluated by liver histology at pretreatment and at 24 weeks after the start of treatment. The primary outcome was histological improvement, defined as a decrease in NAFLD activity score of one point or more without worsening in fibrosis stage. Glucose metabolism was evaluated based on the meal tolerance test. The usefulness of extracellular and exosome microRNA‐122 (miR‐122) as early predictors of histological improvement was investigated.ResultsAll of the nine patients achieved histological improvement. Scores of steatosis, lobular inflammation, ballooning, and fibrosis stage decreased by 78%, 33%, 22%, and 33% at 24 weeks compared to the pretreatment, respectively. Six patients showed improvement in insulin resistance, and the other three patients showed partial improvement of insulin secretion function. Six patients, who showed a decrease in both extracellular and exosome miR‐122 ratios (the ratio of miR‐122 levels at 1 day after treatment to that at baseline), showed histological improvement. Furthermore, one patient, who showed a decrease in exosome miR‐122 ratios regardless of the increase in extracellular miR‐122 ratios, also showed decreases in NAFLD activity score and fibrosis stage.ConclusionA prospective study showed that SGLT2I for NAFLD complicated by DM improved histological features in connection with glucose metabolism. This trial was registered as clinical trial UMIN000018166.
Preparation, growth mechanism and slag resistance behavior of ternary Ca2Mg2Al28O46 (C2M2A14)
Authors: Li Bin , Chen Haiyang , Chen Junhong , Wang Enhui , Hou Xinmei , Li Yong 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe ternary phase Ca2Mg2Al28O46 (C2M2A14) in the CaO‐Al2O3‐MgO system was synthesized by reaction sintering using analytically pure CaO, MgO and Al2O3 as raw materials. The solid‐solution reaction between CaAl12O19 (CA6) and MgAl2O4 (MA) takes place at 1650°C and hexagonal thick flake C2M2A14 are produced at 1750°C. Due to the substitution of Al3+ for Mg2+ in the spinel unit of C2M2A14, C2M2A14, CM2A8 and CA2 appear in the product batched with stoichiometric ratio. When the firing temperature is 1750°C and the solid soluble amount of Al3+ is 0.2, C2M2A14 with high purity of 96.5 wt % is obtained. As for the growth mechanism, it follows a two‐dimensional nucleation theory, i.e., MA forms two‐dimensional nuclei on the (0001) plane of CA6 and provide growth steps for atomic deposition. When the temperature reaches a certain point, MA's crystallization interface obtains great growth driving force and MA on the layer begins to merge with the CA6 matrix to form hexagonal thick flake C2M2A14. During the slag corrosion, the formation of dense coating layer with CA2 as the main component improve the high temperature stability and corrosion resistance. Therefore, C2M2A14 is of great potentiality to be applied in the ladle lining.
Systemic comorbidities associated with rosacea: a multicentric retrospective observational study
Authors: Aksoy Berna , Ekiz Özlem , Unal Emine , Ozaydin Yavuz Goknur , Gonul Müzeyyen , Kulcu Cakmak Seray , Polat Mualla , Bilgic Özlem , Baykal Selcuk Leyla , Unal Idil , Karadag Ayse S. , Kilic Arzu , Balta Ilknur , Kutlu Ömer , Uzuncakmak Tuğba K. , Gunduz Kamer 
Published: December 2018

AbstractBackgroundOnce considered a disorder limited to the skin, rosacea is now known to be associated with systemic disorders. The aim of this study was to determine what systemic comorbidities accompany rosacea and to determine the relationship between the type, severity, and duration of rosacea, and the presence of and type of systemic comorbidities.MethodsThis retrospective multicenter study was conducted by the Turkish Society of Dermatology Acne Study Group. Thirteen dermatology clinics throughout Turkey participated in the study. A structured physician‐administered questionnaire was used to collect patient demographics, clinical findings, and lifestyle data. The principal rosacea subtype, physician global assessment of severity, and duration of rosacea were recorded. Physicians recorded each participant's medical history, including current and past comorbidities, duration of any such comorbidity, and the use of medications to treat any comorbidities.ResultsThe study included 1,195 rosacea patients and 621 controls without rosacea aged 18–85 years. As compared to the controls, more of the rosacea patients had respiratory tract, gastrointestinal system, and metabolic and hepatobiliary system disorders in a rosacea's severity‐ and duration‐dependent manner.ConclusionClinicians must be aware of the potential for systemic comorbidities in rosacea patients, which becomes more likely as disease duration and severity increase.
Hysteresis in unemployment: A confidence channel
Authors: Plotnikov Dmitry 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThis paper develops a general equilibrium rational expectations model with search and multiple equilibria where aggregate shocks have a permanent effect on the unemployment rate. If agents’ wealth decreases, for either fundamental (productivity) or non‐fundamental (sunspot) reasons, the unemployment rate can increase for a potentially indefinite period. This makes the unemployment rate dynamics path dependent.
Les coûts sexués de l'austérité: les effets du régime d'État‐providence et des politiques publiques sur l'emploi dans les pays de l'OCDE au cours de la période 2000–2013
Authors: KUSHI Sidita , McMANUS Ian P. 
Published: December 2018

RésuméLes auteurs analysent l'impact sexué des politiques menées face à la crise de 2008 sur le chômage dans 28 pays de l'OCDE. Ils s'appuient sur une modélisation à effets aléatoires pour tester l'influence des systèmes de protection sociale au cours de la période 2000–2013. Ils montrent que la nature du régime d'État‐providence a un effet significatif, qui s'exerce principalement à travers le niveau des dépenses sociales et la dynamique de l'emploi public et qui tend à pénaliser les femmes. L'analyse présentée plaide en faveur de la recherche d'autres remèdes que les politiques d'austérité. Les auteurs formulent quelques recommandations à cet égard.
Évaluer l'efficacité des dispositions relatives au travail figurant dans les accords commerciaux: cadre analytique et méthodologique
Authors: AISSI Jonas , PEELS Rafael , SAMAAN Daniel 
Published: December 2018

RésuméLes auteurs proposent un cadre analytique et méthodologique aux fins de l'évaluation de l'efficacité des dispositions relatives au travail figurant dans les accords commerciaux. Avant d'illustrer leur propos par plusieurs études de cas, ils précisent la notion de capacité à trois niveaux (État, société civile et entreprises) et font la distinction entre résultats immédiats (aménagements juridiques, institutionnels et politiques) et lointains (amélioration des droits au travail et des conditions de travail). Affirmant le caractère multidimensionnel de ces dispositions, ils suggèrent de les évaluer par des méthodes qualitatives et quantitatives, selon la capacité traitée et les données disponibles. Ils formulent aussi quelques recommandations générales.
Making Chimerica great again
Authors: Ferguson Niall , Xu Xiang 
Published: December 2018

AbstractA decade after the outbreak of the global financial crisis, a large trade imbalance between the world's two biggest economies, the U.S. and China, still exists and is more politically contentious than ever. This economic relationship, which we termed ‘Chimerica’ in 2007, seemed likely to end as a result of the global financial crisis. Yet this did not happen. In this paper, we examine the evolution of Chimerica in the aftermath of the global financial crisis and explain how the stimulus policies of both the U.S. and China have contributed to its survival. We show how stimulus policies helped change Chimerica from a marriage of opposites to a marriage of equals. We then explain why this marriage is now destined for strife, in the form of a trade war between the U.S. and China. The consequences of such a trade war would deeply impact the global economy. We believe constructive negotiations on trade rebalancing and policy coordination are therefore needed to avoid a disruptive end to Chimerica.