bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Soil nitrous oxide emissions from grassland: Potential inhibitor effect of hippuric acid
Authors: Ciganda Verónica S. , López-Aizpún María , Repullo Miguel A. , Wu Di , Terra José A. , Elustondo David , Clough Tim , Cardenas Laura M. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractIn grassland systems, cattle and sheep urine patches are recognized as nitrous oxide (N2O) emission hot spots due to the high urinary nitrogen (N) concentrations. Hippuric acid (HA) is one of the constituents of ruminant urine that has been reported as a natural inhibitor of soil N2O emissions. The aim of this study was to examine the potential for elevated ruminant urine HA concentrations to reduce N2O emissions, in situ, on an acidic heavy clay soil under poorly drained conditions (WFPS > 85%). A randomized complete block design experiment with three replications and four treatments was conducted using the closed‐static‐flux chamber methodology. The four treatments were applied inside the chambers: control with no artificial urine application (C), control artificial urine (U), and enriched artificial urine with two rates of HA (55.8 and 90 mM, U+HA1, U+HA2). Soil inorganic‐N, soil dissolved organic carbon (DOC), soil pH as well as N2O and methane (CH4) fluxes were monitored over a 79‐d period. Although N2O emissions were not affected by the HA enriched urine treatments, U+HA2 positively affected the retention of N as
until day 3, when the soil pH dropped to values < 5. Subsequently, as a consequence of rainfall events and soil acidification, it is likely that leaching or sorption onto clay reduced the efficacy of HA, masking any treatment differential effect on N2O emissions. Moreover, CH4 fluxes as well as DOC results reflected the soil anaerobic conditions which did not favour nitrification processes. Further research is needed to determine the fate of HA into the soil which might clarify the lack of an in situ effect of this compound.
Automatic Raman spectroscopic urine crystal identification system using fluorescent image‐guided 2D scanning platform with Fe3O4crystal violet nanoclusters
Authors: Lo Pei‐An , Huang Yi‐Hsiu , Chiu Yi‐Chun , Huang Li‐Ci , Bai Jia‐Lun , Wu Shu‐Han , Huang Chih‐Chia , Chiang Huihua Kenny 
Published: October 2018

AbstractUrolithiasis is a common urological disease with a very high recurrence rate, within 5 years. Urine stones are formed by urine crystals. Although the relationship between the composition of the urine stone and the type of urine crystal has been recognized, the efficient collection and accurate identification of the type of urine crystal in clinics remains a challenge. In this study, we develop an automatic Raman spectroscopic urine crystal collection and identification system. Custom‐developed Fe3O4crystal violet nanoclusters are used for (a) separating the urine crystals from the urine samples by a custom‐developed urine processing system and for (b) fluorescent labeling, image guiding, and the Raman spectroscopic measurement of the urine crystals on a 2D scanning stage. The control of the system and the Raman spectroscopic analysis are developed in a LabVIEW environment. This system is a fast and convenient method for the efficient collection and analysis of urinary crystals from urine samples, within 9 min. This automatic urine crystal identification system can enable the early prediction of the types of urine stones and the diet management for urolithiasis patients.
Hairy polyps: A new case presentation and a pathogenetic hypothesis
Authors: Simmonds Jonathan C. , Jabbour Jad , Vaughn Jennifer A. , Paulson Vera A. , Poe Dennis S. , Rahbar Reza 
Published: October 2018

Hairy polyps are benign lesions found in the oropharynx or nasopharynx that are thought to be present at birth and can lead to upper airway obstruction in infants. Also known as naso‐oropharyngeal choristoma, they are increasingly viewed as aggregates of bigeminal tissue, likely from the first or second branchial arches, found in aberrant locations. They are benign lesions that are usually successfully treated by surgical excision. Here we present a rare case of a hairy polyp originating in the eustachian tube of a 7‐week‐old male, discuss our management of the patient, and put forth a new hypothesis as to the origin of these lesions.Laryngoscope, 129:2398–2402, 2019
Association between audiometric patterns and probabilities of cardiovascular diseases
Authors: Bertrand Robert A. , Huang Zhaoxing 
Published: October 2018

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to analyze the progression of the audiometric pattern of serial screening tests in companies with hearing conservation program (HCP) to clinical audiometric tests to identify individuals more susceptible to develop cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). The procedure is based on the analysis of various audiometric patterns that have been demonstrated to have a statistically significant relation to certain CVDs. Identifying these individuals, based on pattern progression of hearing loss, could result in earlier detection to prevent disease or decrease its morbidity.Study designUsing the data from the clinical and screening audiograms, pattern analysis was performed and statistical analysis using Fisher's exact test, odds ratios and P values were used to calculate the confidence intervals.MethodsThe analysis was based on potential risk factors related to CVD in 29 cohorts of 10,105 subjects. Of these, a total of 704 subjects also had clinical audiometric tests and examination by an ENT to verify the exactitude of the screening test questionnaire and pattern relation with the clinical audiogram.ResultsA first analysis was made on 704 subjects who had clinical evaluation and clinical audiometric tests showed results comparable to those of Friedland. A correlation between the questionnaire of the clinical and the self‐reporting screening tests questionnaires was performed and showed a correlation between the following risk factors: diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia and smoking. Analysis of the progression of audiometric patterns suggested a relationship with the predictive probabilities of developing CVDs.ConclusionProgression toward low‐frequency hearing loss patterns provides early identification of patients whose audiometric pattern progression suggests increased probability of developing CVDs. The treating physician, by prescribing further investigations, could potentially prevent or reduce the morbidity of these diseases.Level of EvidenceIII
Biogeochemical tools for characterizing organic carbon in inland aquatic ecosystems
Authors: McCallister S. L. , Ishikawa N. F. , Kothawala D. N. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractIntegration of inland waters into regional and global carbon (C) budgets requires a comprehensive understanding of factors regulating organic carbon (OC) delivery and in situ processing. This study reviews advances in optical, molecular, and isotopic approaches to resolve the sources, ages, and transformations of OC in aquatic systems. OC characterization using excitation emission matrix spectra, Fourier transform ion cyclotron mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance provides detailed molecular level insight. Radiocarbon isotopic approaches and compound‐specific techniques resolve the input, metabolic fate, and turnover time of OC in ecosystems ranging in size from streams to the open ocean. Accumulating evidence suggests that aquatic OC is composed of diverse biogeochemical components. We conclude with enduring and emerging questions that underscore the role of inland systems in the global C cycle and propose unique combinations of approaches to better discern their role in the delivery and transformation of OC from soils to seas.
Dose volume histogram‐based optimization of image reconstruction parameters for quantitative 90Y‐PET imaging
Authors: Siman Wendy , Mikell Justin K. , Mawlawi Osama R. , Mourtada Firas , Kappadath S. Cheenu 
Published: October 2018

Purpose90Y‐microsphere radioembolization or selective internal radiation therapy is increasingly being used as a treatment option for tumors that are not candidates for surgery and external beam radiation therapy. Recently, volumetric 90Y‐dosimetry techniques have been implemented to explore tumor dose–response on the basis of 3D 90Y‐activity distribution from PET imaging. Despite being a theranostic study, the optimization of quantitative 90Y‐PET image reconstruction still uses the mean activity concentration recovery coefficient (RC) as the objective function, which is more relevant to diagnostic and detection tasks than is to dosimetry. The aim of this study was to optimize 90Y‐PET image reconstruction by minimizing errors in volumetric dosimetry via the dose volume histogram (DVH). We propose a joint optimization of the number of equivalent iterations (the product of the iterations and subsets) and the postreconstruction filtration (FWHM) to improve the accuracy of voxel‐level 90Y dosimetry.MethodsA modified NEMA IEC phantom was used to emulate clinically relevant 90Y‐PET imaging conditions through various combinations of acquisition durations, activity concentrations, sphere‐to‐background ratios, and sphere diameters. PET data were acquired in list mode for 300 min in a single‐bed position; we then rebinned the list mode PET data to 60, 45, 30, 15, and 5 min per bed, with 10 different realizations. Errors in the DVH were calculated as root mean square errors (RMSE) of the differences in the image‐based DVH and the expected DVH. The new optimization approach was tested in a phantom study, and the results were compared with the more commonly used objective function of the mean activity concentration RC.ResultsIn a wide range of clinically relevant imaging conditions, using 36 equivalent iterations with a 5.2‐mm filtration resulted in decreased systematic errors in volumetric 90Y dosimetry, quantified as image‐based DVH, in 90Y‐PET images reconstructed using the ordered subset expectation maximization (OSEM) iterative reconstruction algorithm with time of flight (TOF) and point spread function (PSF) modeling. Our proposed objective function of minimizing errors in DVH, which allows for joint optimization of 90Y‐PET iterations and filtration for volumetric quantification of the 90Y dose, was shown to be superior to conventional RC‐based optimization approaches for image‐based absorbed dose quantification.ConclusionOur proposed objective function of minimizing errors in DVH, which allows for joint optimization of iterations and filtration to reduce errors in the PET‐based volumetric quantification 90Y dose, is relevant to dosimetry in therapy procedures. The proposed optimization method using DVH as the objective function could be applied to any imaging modality used to assess voxel‐level quantitative information.
Bulk Free‐Radical Co‐ and Terpolymerization of n‐Butyl Acrylate/2‐Ethylhexyl Acrylate/Methyl Methacrylate
Authors: Gabriel Vida A. , Dubé Marc A. 
Published: October 2018

Abstractn‐Butyl acrylate (BA), 2‐ethylhexyl acrylate (EHA), and methyl methacrylate (MMA) are commonly used monomers in pressure‐sensitive adhesive formulations. The bulk free‐radical copolymerizations of BA/EHA, MMA/EHA, and BA/MMA are studied at 60 °C to demonstrate the use of copolymer reactivity ratios for the prediction of BA/MMA/EHA terpolymer composition. The reactivity ratios for BA/EHA and MMA/EHA copolymer systems are determined using low conversion experiments; BA/MMA reactivity ratios are already known from the literature. The reactivity ratio estimates for the BA/EHA system are r
BA  = 0.994 and r
EHA  = 1.621 and the estimates for MMA/EHA are r
MMA  = 1.496 and r
EHA  = 0.315. High conversion experiments are conducted to validate the reactivity ratios. The copolymer reactivity ratios are shown to predict terpolymer composition of high conversion BA/MMA/EHA experiments.
Magnetic resonance fingerprinting with quadratic RF phase for measurement of T2* simultaneously with δf, T1, and T2
Authors: Wang Charlie Yi , Coppo Simone , Mehta Bhairav Bipin , Seiberlich Nicole , Yu Xin , Griswold Mark Alan 
Published: October 2018

PurposeThis study explores the possibility of using a gradient moment balanced sequence with a quadratically varied RF excitation phase in the magnetic resonance fingerprinting (MRF) framework to quantify T2* in addition to , T1, and T2 tissue properties.MethodsThe proposed quadratic RF phase‐based MRF method (qRF‐MRF) combined a varied RF excitation phase with the existing balanced SSFP (bSSFP)‐based MRF method to generate signals that were uniquely sensitive to , T1, T2, as well as the distribution width of intravoxel frequency dispersion, . A dictionary, generated through Bloch simulation, containing possible signal evolutions within the physiological range of , T1, T2, and , was used to perform parameter estimation. The estimated T2 and were subsequently used to estimate T2*. The proposed method was evaluated in phantom experiments and healthy volunteers (N = 5).ResultsThe T1 and T2 values from the phantom by qRF‐MRF demonstrated good agreement with values obtained by traditional gold standard methods (r2 = 0.995 and 0.997, respectively; concordance correlation coefficient = 0.978 and 0.995, respectively). The T2* values from the phantom demonstrated good agreement with values obtained through the multi‐echo gradient‐echo method (r2 = 0.972, concordance correlation coefficient = 0.983). In vivo qRF‐MRF‐measured T1, T2, and T2* values were compared with measurements by existing methods and literature values.ConclusionThe proposed qRF‐MRF method demonstrated the potential for simultaneous quantification of , T1, T2, and T2* tissue properties.
Development of a Questionnaire for the Reflective Practice of Nursing Involving Invasive Mechanical Ventilation: Assessment of validity and reliability
Authors: Tsukuda Makoto , Fukuda Atsuko , Taru Chiemi , Miyawaki Ikuko 
Published: October 2018

AbstractAimTo develop the Questionnaire for Reflective Practice of Nursing Involving Invasive Mechanical Ventilation (Q‐RPN‐IMV), a Japanese self‐evaluation instrument for ward nurses’ IMV practices.DesignCross‐sectional survey.MethodsParticipants were 305 ward nurses from five hospitals in Japan with nursing involving invasive mechanical ventilation. Items concerning the process of nursing practice, including the thought process related to ventilator care, were collected from the literature and observation and interviews with five IMV specialists. Construct validity, concurrent validity, internal consistency and test–retest reliability were tested.ResultsInitially, 141 items were collected and classified into three domains (i.e., observation, assessment and practice). Examination of exploratory factor analysis yielded five factors in the observation domain, six factors in the assessment domain and six factors in the practice domain. The data exhibited internal consistency, stability and concurrent validity. Items of practical content, including thoughts on ventilator care, are useful for preparing educational programmes.
Preparation of stimulus‐responsive, polyfluorene‐wrapped carbon nanotubes via palladium cross coupling
Authors: Fong Darryl , Andrews Grace M. , Adronov Alex 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTDecoration of carbon nanotube surfaces without damaging nanotube optoelectronic properties is an ongoing challenge. Here, we utilize Sonogashira coupling chemistry to decorate the nanotube surface without perturbing optoelectronic properties. Reactive, noncovalently functionalized polymer–nanotube complexes were prepared using a polyfluorene with aryl iodide groups in its side chains. The aryl iodides enable Pd cross coupling between polymer–nanotube complexes and small molecules or polymers derivatized with an alkyne. Modestly efficient coupling was found to occur under dilute conditions at elevated temperatures. Successful coupling between aryl iodide and alkyne partners was observed using infrared spectroscopy via the appearance of carbonyl stretches that originate from covalently linked, carbonyl‐containing alkynes, and thermogravimetric analysis was used to measure reaction conversion under various conditions. Grafting of the hydrophobic polymer–nanotube complex with poly(ethylene glycol) enabled the dispersion to be transferred from organic to aqueous solution. This chemistry resulted in no damage to the nanotube sidewall, as evidenced by Raman spectroscopy. The aryl iodide‐containing polyfluorene–nanotube complex was also coupled to a photoswitchable alkyne‐containing spiropyran moiety and it was found that the photoswitch retained its functionality after coupling to the polymer–nanotube complex. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2018, 56, 2723–2729
Structural and transport phenomena of urocanate‐based proton carrier in sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) membrane composite
Authors: Nimmanpipug Piyarat , Kodchakorn Kanchanok , Lee Vannajan Sanghiran , Yana Janchai , Jarumaneeroj Chatchai , Phongtamrug Suttinun , Chirachanchai Suwabun 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTProton transport is one of crucial phenomena in electrolytic part highly considered to overcome a limit in fuel cell efficiency improvement. Proton conducting organic electrolyte was modeled and simulated at atomistic level of calculation by doping of butyl urocanate (C4U), a composite material with imidazole substructure, with sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) amorphous membrane at various working temperature. Molecular dynamics simulations were used to investigate structural and dynamics characteristic of C4U in the membrane comparing with the SPEEK‐hydronium membrane model as a control. From simulations, thermal effect on water and proton carriers cluster surrounding the sulfonate groups was explored. At higher temperature, the more transport dynamics of C4U ions in SPEEK membranes were found than that of hydronium ions in the control system. Likewise, phase separation of hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts was taken into consideration here. A critical role of the enhancing proton conductivity by increasing the diffusion coefficient at temperature beyond C4U melting point in composite polymer membrane was emphasized. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2018, 56, 1625–1635
Risk of dermal and inhalation exposure to chlorantraniliprole assessed by using whole‐body dosimetry in Korea
Authors: Noh Hyun H , Lee Jae Y , Park Hyo K , Lee Jung W , Jo Seung H , Kim Jeong‐Han , Kwon Hyeyoung , Kyung Kee S 
Published: October 2018

AbstractBACKGROUNDWe determined the characteristics and evaluated associated risks of sprayed pesticide exposure among workers cultivating Korean cabbage. The test pesticide, a mixture of 3% chlorantraniliprole and 4% indoxacarb wettable granules diluted 2000 times, was sprayed on Korean cabbage within a 3000 m2 area in Goesan, Korea. Dermal exposures were measured using a whole‐body dosimetry method.RESULTSExposure to chlorantraniliprole was observed among ten individuals, ranging from 140.4 to 4234.0 µg person−1. The legs were the most prominent exposure area (86.35%), with the face being the least exposed (0.06%). Exposure risk was assessed by calculating the margin of safety (MOS) on the exposure amount for each body part. The MOS based on dermal and inhalation exposure doses ranged from 59 to 1765.CONCLUSIONExposure was the greatest for the legs, probably as a result of the low height of the crop and the use of a long‐wand sprayer. An MOS value >1 indicates a low risk for applicators using this method of application. However, with tall crops, exposure level and MOS values can vary widely, as MOS increases or decreases based on exposure dose. Therefore, future research is needed to better understand appropriate safety precautions when working with potent pesticides. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Studies towards the Synthesis of Portentol
Authors: Kumar Gavireddy Chaithanya , Satyanarayana Vavilapalli , Muralikrishna Katta , Yadav Jhillu Singh 
Published: October 2018

AbstractA highly stereoselective and competent approach for studies towards the synthesis of Portentol has been described. The salient features of the synthesis are the utilization of desymmetrization protocol, Crimmin's non‐Evans syn aldol reaction, C−C bond formation through an intermolecular Aldol reaction and Barton‐McCombie deoxygenation.
Preparation of Water‐Soluble CsPbBr3 Perovskite Quantum Dot Nanocomposites via Encapsulation into Amphiphilic Copolymers
Authors: Lee See Mak , Jung Hyunsung , Park Woon Ik , Lee Younki , Koo Eunhae , Bang Jiwon 
Published: October 2018

AbstractWater‐dispersible and stable fluorescent CsPbBr3 perovskite quantum dots (QDs)‐loaded polymeric nanospheres were prepared by an emulsification process. Colloidal CsPbBr3 QDs that were initially prepared in organic solvents were transferred to an aqueous solution by coating with non‐ionic amphiphilic polymers, viz., poly(ethyleneoxide)‐poly(propyleneoxide)‐poly(ethyleneoxide) triblock‐copolymer and polyethylene glycolylated hydrogenated castor oil. The polymer‐encapsulated CsPbBr3 QDs‐loaded nanospheres have an average diameter of ∼55 nm and they disperse well in aqueous solutions without aggregation or flocculation. The fabricated CsPbBr3 QDs‐loaded nanospheres retain their luminescence properties in pure and salt‐containing water, which indicates that the polymeric shell of the QDs‐polymer nanospheres effectively blocks the diffusion of water and ions into the nanospheres. The results of this study might open many new possibilities for the fluorescent cesium lead halide QDs in a wide variety of applications; for example, they can serve as fluorescent bio‐imaging probes.
Estimation of Outlet Temperature of a Flow Reactor Heated by Microwave Irradiation
Authors: Takeda Kazuhiro , Yanagi Nana , Nonaka Keisuke , Mase Nobuyuki 
Published: October 2018

AbstractFlow reactors heated by microwave irradiation attract attention. The reactors are suitable for difficult synthesis processes due to rapid heating and cooling, and easy pressurization. In order to predict the quality of the product, it is appropriate to estimate the outlet conditions of the reactor. In this paper, the outlet temperature of the flow direction is estimated by using the flow condition and dynamic thermal energy balance of the reactor.
Molecular Design Tactics for Highly Efficient Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitters for Organic Light Emitting Diodes
Authors: Konidena Rajendra Kumar , Lee Jun Yeob 
Published: October 2018

AbstractRecently, pure organic thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters have attracted considerable interest from the scientific community in the field of organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) as they can theoretically realize 100 % of the internal quantum efficiency by exploiting both the singlet and triplet excitons via the reverse intersystem crossing enabled by small singlet‐triplet energy splitting. Currently, the external quantum efficiency of the TADF emitters is reaching the level of phosphorescent emitters. Therefore, the TADF approach is considered as a potential alternative to the low efficiency conventional fluorescent and expensive phosphorescent emitters. In this account, we summarized our recent development of blue and green TADF molecular designs to improve the device performances of the TADF devices.