bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The contribution of participant, treatment, and outcome factors to treatment satisfaction
Authors: Sidani Souraya , Epstein Dana R. , Fox Mary , Collins Laura 
Published: September 2018

ABSTRACTTreatment satisfaction, which refers to the positive appraisal of process and outcome attributes of a treatment, is a prominent indicator of quality care. Although it is known that participant, treatment, and outcome factors influence treatment satisfaction, it remains unclear which factors contribute to satisfaction with each process and outcome attribute. In this study, we examined the extent to which participant (age, gender, education, race, employment), treatment (type of therapy, method of assignment to therapy), and outcome (self‐reported improvement in outcome) factors contribute to satisfaction with the process and outcome attributes of therapies for insomnia. This study consists of a secondary analysis of data obtained from a partially randomized preference trial in which persons with chronic insomnia (N = 517) were assigned to treatment randomly or by preference. Four types of behavioral therapies were included: sleep hygiene, stimulus control therapy, sleep restriction therapy, and multi‐component therapy. Self‐reported improvement in insomnia and satisfaction were assessed with validated measures at post‐test. Multiple regression analysis was used to examine which factors influenced satisfaction with each treatment attribute. The findings showed that treatment and outcome, more so than participant, factors influenced satisfaction with the process and outcome attributes of the behavioral therapies for insomnia. Future research on satisfaction should explore the contribution of treatment (type and preference‐matching) and outcome factors on satisfaction to build a better understanding of treatment attributes viewed favorably. Such understanding has the potential to inform modifying or tailoring treatments to improve their acceptance to participants and optimize their effectiveness.
Development and pharmacist‐mediated use of tools for monitoring atypical antipsychotic‐induced side effects related to blood glucose levels
Authors: Ishida Shunsuke , Takechi Kenshi , Bando Hiroshi , Imanishi Masaki , Zamami Yoshito , Chuma Masayuki , Yanagawa Hiroaki , Kirino Yasushi , Nakamura Toshimi , Teraoka Kazuhiko , Ishizawa Keisuke 
Published: September 2018

AbstractPurposeDrug side effects often lead to serious outcomes. Administration of second‐generation antipsychotics has resulted in diabetic ketoacidosis and diabetic coma leading to death. Therefore, pharmacists are required to collect information on clinical test values, determine the appropriate test timing, and coordinate with doctors for further clinical laboratory orders, all of which are labor‐intensive and time‐intensive tasks. In this study, we developed a side effect‐monitoring tool and aimed to clarify the influence and efficiency of monitoring side effects by using the tool in patients taking atypical antipsychotics in whom it is necessary to check clinical test values such as blood sugar levels.MethodsWe extracted clinical test values for patients treated with second‐generation antipsychotics from electronic medical records. The test values are automatically displayed in the side effect grade classification specified by CTCAE ver. 4.0. A database was constructed using scripts to provide alerts for the timing of clinical testing. The pharmacist used this tool to confirm clinical test values for patients taking medication and requested the physician to inspect orders based on the appropriate test timings.ResultsThe management tool reduced the pharmacists' effort in collecting information on patients' prescription status and test values. It enabled patients to undergo tests at the appropriate time according to the progression of glucose metabolism and allowed for easy monitoring of side effects.ConclusionsThe results suggested that regardless of pharmacists' experience or skill, the introduction of this tool enables centralization of side effect monitoring and can contribute to proper drug use.
Expression of exogenous dsRNA by Lecanicillium attenuatum enhances its virulence to Dialeurodes citri
Authors: Yu Shi‐Jiang , Pan Qi , Luo Ren , Wang Cui‐Lun , Cheng Lu‐Yan , Yang Juan‐Sheng , Zhou Hao‐Nan , Hou Dong‐Yuan , Liu Hao‐Qiang , Ran Chun 
Published: September 2018

AbstractBACKGROUNDDialeurodes citri is an important pest in citrus‐producing areas of the world. Lecanicillium attenuatum parasitizes D. citri and kills it, suggesting a potential approach for the biological control of pests. However, the low virulence of the fungus and its slow rate of killing have limited its commercial competitiveness. The objective reason for these disadvantages is immunological rejection by the host. Our strategy was to use fungi to express the double‐stranded RNA (dsRNA) of the host immune genes. The fungal hyphae release siRNA at the time of infection, thus interfering with the expression of immune genes in the host and facilitating fungal invasion.RESULTSWe selected prophenoloxidase (DcPPO), prophenoloxidase‐activating factor (DcPPO‐AF), and lysozyme (DcLZM) as target genes to construct intron‐splicing hairpin RNA expression vectors and to successfully obtain transgenic fungi. Two days after infection, the immune genes of D. citri showed varying degrees of silencing compared with those in the positive control group. The median lethal concentration (LC50; spores mL−1) values of La::GFP, La::DcPPO, La::DcPPO‐AF, and La::DcLZM were 9.63 × 104, 2.66 × 104, 1.21 × 105, and 3.31 × 104, respectively. The 50% lethal time (LT50) values of these fungi were 5.15, 3.60, 5.34, and 4.04 days, respectively. The virulence of La::DcPPO and La::DcLZM increased 3.62‐ and 2.91‐fold, respectively, and their LT50 decreased by 30.10% and 21.55%, respectively.CONCLUSIONSThe results indicate that this method, which uses tens of thousands of hyphae to inject dsRNA to improve the virulence of transgenic fungi, can play a greater role in the prevention and control of pests in the future. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Design and experimental evaluation of robust motion synchronization control for multivehicle system without velocity measurements
Authors: Zhu Bo , Zhang Qingrui , Liu Hugh H.T. 
Published: September 2018

SummaryThis paper investigates the robust motion synchronization problem of a class of multivehicle systems suffering from input disturbances but without velocity measurements. We first evaluate a velocity estimator–based scheme and show the performance limitation of the velocity estimator. We then develop a robust distributed control solution, which includes a passivity filter to inject damping into the system and to yield an output‐feedback stabilizer and a novel continuous disturbance estimator (DE) to achieve disturbance compensation. The solution has three attractive features: (i) both the DE and stabilizer are continuous and have the lowest orders; (ii) the DE can be designed in either the time domain or the frequency domain; (iii) by introducing an ingenious parameter mapping for the DE, it is easy to tune a single parameter to render the steady‐state synchronization and tracking errors sufficiently small. The solution is finally implemented on an experimental platform consisting of four desktop three‐degrees‐of‐freedom helicopters. The results of five control scenarios demonstrate that the platform suffers from severe input disturbances, and that different levels of control accuracy can easily be obtained by tuning the DE parameter.
Toxins targeting transfer RNAs: Translation inhibition by bacterial toxin–antitoxin systems
Authors: Walling Lauren R. , Butler J. Scott 
Published: September 2018

Prokaryotic toxin–antitoxin (TA) systems are composed of a protein toxin and its cognate antitoxin. These systems are abundant in bacteria and archaea and play an important role in growth regulation. During favorable growth conditions, the antitoxin neutralizes the toxin's activity. However, during conditions of stress or starvation, the antitoxin is inactivated, freeing the toxin to inhibit growth and resulting in dormancy. One mechanism of growth inhibition used by several TA systems results from targeting transfer RNAs (tRNAs), either through preventing aminoacylation, acetylating the primary amino group, or endonucleolytic cleavage. All of these mechanisms inhibit translation and result in growth arrest. Many of these toxins only act on a specific tRNA or a specific subset of tRNAs; however, more work is necessary to understand the specificity determinants of these toxins. For the toxins whose specificity has been characterized, both sequence and structural components of the tRNA appear important for recognition by the toxin. Questions also remain regarding the mechanisms used by dormant bacteria to resume growth after toxin induction. Rescue of stalled ribosomes by transfer‐messenger RNAs, removal of acetylated amino groups from tRNAs, or ligation of cleaved RNA fragments have all been implicated as mechanisms for reversing toxin‐induced dormancy. However, the mechanisms of resuming growth after induction of the majority of tRNA targeting toxins are not yet understood.This article is categorized under:
Translation > Translation Regulation
RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease
RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein–RNA Recognition
Learning at the Edge of History
Authors: Cook Justin W. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThis chapter explores essential questions of the role of education in society and how it must change as humanity assumes control and responsibility for many of the Earth’s systems. The chapter begins with an analysis of foundational concepts of education’s purpose and how and when its purpose as a societal construct was clear. Looking forward, humanity’s fate in the twenty-first century is tied together or commonly held. Sustainable well-being, complexity and systems change in education, and how teaching and learning should be reconfigured for an era of uncertainty are all examined as areas for redesign of teaching, learning and education systems themselves. The chapter concludes with the assertion that for a post-Enlightenment, deeply interconnected age marked by uncertainty and transformational technology, education’s purpose is to enable societies to succeed at a new frontier where the taxonomies of today are limiting progress.
Transforming Our Worldview Towards a Sustainable Future
Authors: Laininen Erkka 
Published: September 2018

AbstractSustainable development is said to be the greatest learning challenge that mankind has ever faced. When exploring this statement closely, it seems that the question is about unlearning. Unsustainable ways of living as well as economic models and production systems accelerating environmental problems are so deeply rooted in our culture and daily lives that it feels almost impossible to change them. Nevertheless, this transformation is the only way that enables us to thrive on this planet in the future. Are we prisoners of our current worldview, culture and our mental models with a predetermined destiny? Or is there a power inside us that can give the humankind a chance for a fundamental mind shift? What can educational organisations and systems do to liberate this potential?
Creativity, the Arts, and the Future of Work
Authors: Nathan Linda F. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThose who study the future tend to imagine worlds where burdens are eased and pleasure and personal freedom are elevated. While the concept of work has not disappeared from their predictions, changing technological and global realities have caused a re-imagining of that world. This chapter explores how to educate young students for work environments in a very different future. Specifically, I demonstrate how creativity and arts learning strengthen students’ ability to manage and navigate that new world and contribute to a sustainable society. I offer an educational case study of a highly successful urban public high school for the arts and argue that its intensive arts education model prepares passionate students who can engage with an uncertain future, even if they are less advantaged.
The Impact of Prior Laparotomy and Intra‐abdominal Adhesions on Bowel and Mesenteric Injury Following Blunt Abdominal Trauma
Authors: Loftus Tyler J. , Morrow Megan L. , Lottenberg Lawrence , Rosenthal Martin D. , Croft Chasen A. , Smith R. Stephen , Moore Frederick A. , Brakenridge Scott C. , Borrego Robert , Efron Philip A. , Mohr Alicia M. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractBackgroundEarly recognition of bowel and mesenteric injury following blunt abdominal trauma remains difficult. We hypothesized that patients with intra‐abdominal adhesions from prior laparotomy would be subjected to visceral sheering deceleration forces and increased risk for bowel and mesenteric injury following blunt abdominal trauma.
MethodsWe performed a multicenter retrospective cohort analysis of 267 consecutive adult trauma patients who underwent operative exploration following moderate‐critical (abdominal injury score 2–5) blunt abdominal trauma, comparing patients with prior laparotomy (n = 31) to patients with no prior laparotomy (n = 236). Multivariable regression was performed to identify predictors of bowel or mesenteric injury.ResultsThere were no significant differences between groups for injury severity scores or findings on abdominal ultrasound, diagnostic peritoneal aspirate/lavage, pelvic radiography, or preoperative CT scan. The prior laparotomy cohort had greater incidence of full thickness bowel injury (26 vs. 9%, p = 0.010) and mesenteric injury (61 vs. 31%, p = 0.001). The proportion of bowel and mesenteric injuries occurring at the ligament of Treitz or ileocecal region was greater in the no prior laparotomy group (52 vs. 25%, p = 0.003). Prior laparotomy was an independent predictor of bowel or mesenteric injury (OR 5.1, 95% CI 1.6–16.8) along with prior abdominal inflammation and free fluid without solid organ injury (model AUC: 0.81, 95% CI 0.74–0.88).ConclusionsPatients with a prior laparotomy are at increased risk for bowel and mesenteric injury following blunt abdominal trauma. The distribution of bowel and mesenteric injuries among patients with no prior laparotomy favors embryologic transition points tethering free intraperitoneal structures to the retroperitoneum.
The Military in America
Authors: Hilsman Roger 
Published: September 2018

The President's Reorganization Plan for the Defense Department, so much in the news these past few months, brings before us a fundamental issue that every democracy must face anew in times of threat and crisis. The issue—the role that the military shall play in our society and in the making of our national policy—is familiar. What makes it compelling is the siege the Soviet Union has laid to the United States and the Western world and the peculiarly fearsome dangers of war fought with missiles and thermonuclear warheads.So long as the nations of the world must rely for their security principally on themselves, they will continue to establish armed forces for their protection against outside threats. But every democratic society faces the danger that these forces of arms and of men trained in their use will be used against the society that created them.
Diplomatic Ruptures
Authors: Dufour J. M. 
Published: September 2018

The government of Pnompenh has suddenly decided to break diplomatic relations with that of Bangkok. This gesture concludes a long quarrel which had scarcely broken out during the period of the French protectorate of Cambodia.Siam, now Thailand, used to consider Cambodia a vassal state, and for a long time all the diplomatic latitude that was allowed the Kings of Cambodia by their two powerful neighbors, the Emperor of Annam and the King of Siam, was the privilege of acknowledging themselves, in turn, as proteges of the one in order to fight the other.
Theologians and the Bomb
Authors: Schwarzschild Steven S. 
Published: September 2018

In sophisticated theological circles of all religious communions unqualified rejection of war is not even argued against anymore. It is just insulted. The word “pacifists” is apparently never used without the adjective “sentimental,” if not worse.The reason for this attitude is a little difficult to understand. It would seem that there must be more deserving objects of scorn than people who are so revolted by the shedding of human blood that, sometimes perhaps without lengthy casuistic cogitations, they raise their hands heavenward and swear to abstain from all forms of direct or indirect military action.
Right and Wrong Calculation
Authors: Ramsey Paul 
Published: September 2018

“Calculation is the life blood of politics,” writes Ernest W. Lefever, “and the heart of ethics” (The Ethics of Calculation,” Worldview, October, italics added). This statement should be subjected to thorough scrutiny, and searchingly criticized.Indeed, calculation is the heart of ethics as Mr. Lefever understands it. For this reason, there is for him no particular difficulty about making ethicopolitical judgements; and there is little to disturb or limit the “moral-political calculations” of which he speaks, since the heart of morality was already assumed to be calculative. Research the facts and weigh them properly: this is about all that is needed in politics; and, happily, also about all it is the business of ethics to do.
Overview of Monitoring of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism after Severe Head Injury
Authors: Muizelaar J. Paul , Schröder Marc L. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe relationships between cerebral blood flow (CBF), cerebral metabolism (cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen, CMRO2) and cerebral oxygen extraction (arteriovenous difference of oxygen, AVDO2) are discussed, using the formula CMRO2 = CBF × AVDO2. Metabolic autoregulation, pressure autoregulation and viscosity autoregulation can all be explained by the strong tendency of the brain to keep AVDO2 constant. Monitoring of CBF, CMRO2 or AVDO2 very early after injury is impractical, but the available data indicate that cerebral ischemia plays a considerable role at this stage. It can best be avoided by not "treating" arterial hypertension and not using too much hyperventilation, while generous use of mannitol is probably beneficial. Once in the ICU, treatment can most practically be guided by monitoring of jugular bulb venous oxygen saturation. If saturation drops below 50%, the reason for this must be found (high intracranial pressure, blood pressure not high enough, too vigorous hyperventilation, arterial hypoxia, anemia) and must be treated accordingly.
Wars of National Liberation II
Authors: Gessert Robert A. 
Published: September 2018

It is sometimes suggested that nuclear weapons technology has made the world safe for “wars of national liberation.” I don't happen to accept this proposition, but I do acknowledge that “wars of national liberation” are a prominent part of both the declaratory and action policies of the Communist world. The free world does not have the option of declining to respond to such wars. This is sufficient reason for attempts to assay the ethical issues they raise.Wars of liberation have been called “political wars.” I assume two different things are intended by this: on the one hand, that they have a larger political component than other wars in that they do emphasize or circumvent some of the more typical military missions such as seizing and holding territory; on the other hand, as compared with nuclear war, they seem more nearly to be. compatible with Clausewitx's dictum that war is a continuation of policy. There are difficulties with both notions, but I do acknowledge that wars of liberation are intimately related to the political purposes of their sponsors and that they do generally employ means aimed directly at political power and try to postpone or avoid military engagements as the determinants of their outcome.
Neither Utopian Nor Realist
Authors: Brandon Donald 
Published: September 2018

Of the two prominent schools of political thought loosely labeled Utopian and realist, the first has been subjected to rigorous criticism. There is increasing evidence that- the realist position needs equally close examination. This paper considers one position from which such an examination can be made systematically.The assumption of leadership of the Western world by the United States has been generally accepted by American statesmen, scholars and publicists as a necessary but painful task. The Truman, Eisenhower and Kennedy Administrations have understood that, in the circumstances following the second World War, the United States national interest could only be furthered through cooperation with other nations of the free world.
The Intellectuals: God's Frozen People
Authors: Barber Arthur 
Published: September 2018

Over a century ago, Ralph Waldo Emerson travelled to the Midwest to meet with a group of intellectual and political leaders, to discuss the organization of a rational world. After many days of debate on the subject of nationalism vs. internationalism, and the organization of a world community, it was decided that the future capital of the world should be in Constantinople. At this point, Emerson stalked from the- conference, with the comment: “Impossible. It's too far from Concordl”Today, as the distance from Constantinople to Concord has dwindled, our concept of the future and of ourselves has faded. The influence, self-confidence, and poise of the American intellectual has declined.
The Liberal, The Conservative, and the Pope
Authors: Novak Michael 
Published: September 2018

Both Catholics and non-Catholics attempt to enlist the Pope as a partisan of one or another political cause: disarmament, socialization, civil rights, aid for underdeveloped nations, the condemnation of a Hitler. The relationship between morality and politics, however, is ambiguous. Good men may well disagree about which long-range or short-range political programs are best calculated to serve man's moral interests. What, then, is the present position of the Catholic—liberal or conservative—when the Pope makes a moral-political statement about the issues of our time?In its general lines, the traditional answer to this question is simple enough. There are three elements to distinguish: (1) moral principles; (2) political programs; (3) concrete decisions. The Pope's moral competence extends most clearly to declarations about principles. In proportion as judgments about historical facts, present trends, and the yet uncertain future are involved in political programs, the Pope's competence becomes increasingly ambiguous; his is increasingly but one of many prophetic voices “crying in the wilderness.”
Questions For Vatican II
Authors: Weber Theodore R. 
Published: September 2018

Whether there is any excitement in the otherwise unimaginative Article 25 ("On Making Lasting Peace") of Schema XIII depends on the meaning of a reference to nuclear arms. The relevant passage reads:Although, after all the aids of peaceful discussion have been exhausted, it may not be illicit, when one's rights have been unjustly hampered, to defend those rights against such unjust aggression by violence and force, nevertheless the use of arms, especially nuclear weapons, whose effects are greater than can be imagined and therefore cannot be reasonably regulated by men, exceeds all just proportion and therefore must be judged before God and man as most wicked.
Dialogue: A Moral Imperative
Authors: Riga Peter J. 
Published: September 2018

There can be little doubt that the omission on the part of John XXIII to speak of communism in either of the two greatest encyclicals of our time, Mater et Magistra and Pacem in Terris, has caused grave consternation in various Catholic circles.This consternation has gone as far as Vatican II. The Council from the beginning was born on a note of positive confrontation with the modern world in the open spirit of John XXIII. It was taken for granted that from the opening words of John to the Council Fathers, there would be no anathemas and condemnations.