bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Retailer Compliance as a Predictor of Youth Smoking Participant and Consumption
Authors: Ahmed Rashid , Diener Alan , Bahri Saad 
Published: January 2019

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDNinety percent of smokers report having their first whole cigarette before the age of 19. Policies, such as youth access laws, are essential to prevent youth from becoming future smokers. In Canada, the Tobacco Act prohibits retailers from furnishing tobacco products to individuals under the age of 18. These laws can only be effective when retailers comply with them. This paper investigates the effect of retailer compliance on youth smoking behavior.METHODSData on individual smoking behavior in conjunction with provincial retailer compliance rates and cigarette prices for the years 1999–2005 were employed to examine the effects of retailer compliance on youth smoking participation and consumption.RESULTSBoth price and retailer compliance were significant predictors of smoking participation. A large portion of participants endorsed obtaining their cigarettes through social means. Price elasticity of demand for the overall sample was estimated to be −0.54.CONCLUSIONSConsistent with previous literature, our results found that retailer compliance is an essential component to the successful implementation of youth access laws. Given that youth access laws and retailer compliance did not quell social access to cigarettes, there is an apparent need within schools and communities to reduce the social sale of tobacco products.
Substance Use, Academic Performance, and Academic Engagement Among High School Seniors
Authors: Bugbee Brittany A. , Beck Kenneth H. , Fryer Craig S. , Arria Amelia M. 
Published: January 2019

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDSubstance use is prevalent and is associated with academic performance among adolescents. Few studies have examined the association between abstinence from all substances and academic achievement.METHODSData from a nationally representative sample of 9578 12th graders from the 2015 Monitoring the Future survey were analyzed to examine relationships between abstinence from substance use and 4 academic variables: skipping school, grades, academic self‐efficacy, and emotional academic engagement. Participants were categorized as lifetime non‐users, former users, and past‐year users based on the use of 14 substances.RESULTSApproximately one‐fourth of participants had never used cigarettes, alcohol, or other drugs during their lifetime, and 8%wt used at least one substance during their lifetime but not during the past year. Adjusting for demographic variables, past‐year substance users had 2.71 greater odds of skipping school during the past month than lifetime non‐users and 1.74 greater odds of having low grades. Lifetime non‐users reported greater academic self‐efficacy and emotional academic engagement than past‐year users.CONCLUSIONSMany 12th graders have abstained from all substance use during their lifetime, and these adolescents experience better academic outcomes than their substance‐using peers. Substance use prevention programs should be evaluated as a way to promote academic achievement.
Effect of dietary supplementation of hemp (Cannabis sativa) and dill seed (Anethum graveolens) on performance, serum biochemicals and gut health of broiler chickens
Authors: Vispute Mayur M. , Sharma Divya , Mandal Asit B. , Rokade Jaydip J. , Tyagi Praveen K. , Yadav Ajit S. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe present study was carried out to study the effect of different doses of hemp seed alone or in combination with dill seed against antibiotic growth promoter on performance, serum biochemicals and gut health of broiler chickens over a period of 42 days. Total 192 broiler chicks were grouped randomly into six treatments and fed with basal diet (BD) along with different levels of seeds, viz., T1 (BD), T2 (BD + 0.2% HS), T3 (BD + 0.2% HS + 0.3 DS), T4 (BD + 0.3% HS) and T5 (BD + 0.3% HS + 0.3 DS) and T6 (BD + 0.025% Bacitracin Methylene Disalicylate‐BMD). The performance traits like feed intake, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR) and carcass traits like cut‐up parts, giblet and abdominal fat yield remained unaffected due to dietary treatments for overall trial period; however, the average feed intake in early phase (0–3 weeks) reduced significantly (p < 0.05) in treatment birds than both controls (T1 & T6). Serum protein concentration remained unchanged, whereas significant (p < 0.05) reduction in serum lipids like triglyceride, LDL and total cholesterol concentration was noticed due to dietary inclusion of seeds. Serum enzymes like AST and ALT concentrations depleted significantly (p < 0.05) treated groups, except at higher seed doses (T5); however, alkaline phosphatase levels were unaffected. Coliform count in caecum and jejunum reduced linearly (p < 0.01) due to seed inclusion, whereas dose‐dependent proliferation of lactobacilli was evident (p < 0.01) in caecum and jejunum of treated birds. No effect was observed on the villus height and crypt depth of the jejunal mucosa. To conclude, dietary supplementation of hemp and dill seed could not affect the growth performance and carcass traits; however, it positively altered the serum lipid profile of the birds and improved gut health as well, thereby enhanced overall performance of broiler chickens.
Future reference with and without future marking
Authors: Bochnak M. Ryan 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe nature of future temporal reference has long posed a challenge to linguistic theories of temporal interpretation. On the one hand, the future would seem to be the mirror image of the past on a linear timeline. On the other hand, the future is inherently non‐factual, suggesting a modal analysis of the future that is non‐symmetrical with the past and the present. Cross‐linguistic studies of temporal reference have furthermore uncovered much variation in the strategies used to express future interpretation, and this variation cross‐cuts the tensed/tenseless language divide. This article focuses on two aspects of future interpretation: (a) the semantics of future markers and the division of labor between the temporal and modal semantics encoded in them and (b) the availability of future interpretations without overt future morphology. The cross‐linguistic picture suggests that a modal treatment of the future may be a semantic universal, though certain cases that appear to challenge this generalization will be discussed and require future research.
Organizations as the building blocks of social inequalities
Authors: Avent‐Holt Dustin , Tomaskovic‐Devey Donald 
Published: January 2019

AbstractMost contemporary inequalities emerge in and are constituted through organizations. In this article, we review research at the intersection of organizations and inequalities, bringing the organizational literature and social stratification literature into conversation with one another. In doing so, we outline an emerging theoretical perspective, Relational Inequality Theory (RIT), that helps to make sense of how inequalities emerge within and between organizations. RIT places social relations within organizational contexts as constitutive of inequalities in access to organizational resources such as income, jobs, and respect. Much research supports theorizing inequalities as emerging through social relations within organizations, and we suggest comparative organizational designs as the key methodological strategy to study organizational inequalities.
Cytonuclear interactions remain stable during allopolyploid evolution despite repeated whole‐genome duplications in Brassica
Authors: Ferreira de Carvalho Julie , Lucas Jérémy , Deniot Gwenaëlle , Falentin Cyril , Filangi Olivier , Gilet Marie , Legeai Fabrice , Lode Maryse , Morice Jérôme , Trotoux Gwenn , Aury Jean‐Marc , Barbe Valérie , Keller Jean , Snowdon Rod , He Zhesi , Denoeud France , Wincker Patrick , Bancroft Ian , Chèvre Anne‐Marie , Rousseau‐Gueutin Mathieu 
Published: January 2019

SummarySeveral plastid macromolecular protein complexes are encoded by both nuclear and plastid genes. Therefore, cytonuclear interactions are held in place to prevent genomic conflicts that may lead to incompatibilities. Allopolyploidy resulting from hybridization and genome doubling of two divergent species can disrupt these fine‐tuned interactions, as newly formed allopolyploid species confront biparental nuclear chromosomes with a uniparentally inherited plastid genome. To avoid any deleterious effects of unequal genome inheritance, preferential transcription of the plastid donor over the other donor has been hypothesized to occur in allopolyploids. We used Brassica as a model to study the effects of paleopolyploidy in diploid parental species, as well as the effects of recent and ancient allopolyploidy in Brassica napus, on genes implicated in plastid protein complexes. We first identified redundant nuclear copies involved in those complexes. Compared with cytosolic protein complexes and with genome‐wide retention rates, genes involved in plastid protein complexes show a higher retention of genes in duplicated and triplicated copies. Those redundant copies are functional and are undergoing strong purifying selection. We then compared transcription patterns and sequences of those redundant gene copies between resynthesized allopolyploids and their diploid parents. The neopolyploids showed no biased subgenome expression or maternal homogenization via gene conversion, despite the presence of some non‐synonymous substitutions between plastid genomes of parental progenitors. Instead, subgenome dominance was observed regardless of the maternal progenitor. Our results provide new insights on the evolution of plastid protein complexes that could be tested and generalized in other allopolyploid species.
Variational Approach for a Class of Two-point Fractional Boundary Value Systems
Authors: A. Afrouzi Ghasem , Kolagar Samad Mohseni , Hadjian Armin , Xu Jiafa 
Published: December 2018

An existence result of multiple solutions for a class of two-point fractional boundary value equations depending upon a positive parameter is established. Our main tool is a three critical points theorem due to Bonanno and Marano [G. Bonanno and S.A. Marano,On the structure of the critical set of non-differentiable functions with a weakcompactness condition, Appl. Anal. 89 (2010), 1-10].
Algorithm for Solution of Non-convex Optimization Problem Through Piece-wise Convex Transformation
Authors: Kerk Lee Chang , Ahmad Rohanin 
Published: December 2018

Optimization is central to any problem involving decision making. Thearea of optimization has received enormous attention for over 30 years and it is still popular in research field to this day. In this paper, a global optimization method called Kerk and Rohanin’s Trusted Interval will be introduced. The method introduced is able to identify all local solutions by converting non-convex optimization problems into piece-wise convex optimization problems. A mechanism which only considers the convex part where minimizers existed on a function is applied. This mechanism allows the method to filter out concave parts and some unrelated parts automatically. The identified convex parts are called trusted intervals. The descent property and the globally convergent of the method was shown in this paper. 15 test problems have been used to show the ability of the algorithm proposed in locating global minimizer.
Keberkesanan Penggunaan Grafik Berkomputer Sebagai Alat Bahan Bantu Mengajar Dalam Kalangan Pelajar Reka Bentuk Dan Teknologi
Authors: Isa Nur Syafiqah , Mohd Imam Ma’arof Nurul Nazirah 
Published: December 2018

This study aims to identify the effectiveness of computerized graphics usage as a teaching tool among students in a secondary school. A total of 30 students were chosen as respondents for this study. The research instruments used were questionnaire, pre and post test. A set of questionnaire comprising two parts, part A (respondents’ demographics) and part B (questions related to research questions) were used. The data obtained were processed and analyzed using Statictical Package for Social Science version 20 (SPSS). While data analysis used was descriptive statistical values such as frequency, percentage, standard deviation, mean and T-test. In addition, students were divided into two groups, namely traditional group and Graphic learning group. The findings of the study showed that computerized learning graphs could affect and increase interest and motivation. Furthermore, through pre and post tests, there was a difference in the achievement of Form 1 students in Design and Technology (RBT) subject using computerized graphics with the use of traditional learning methods
Potential Impacts of Net-Zero Energy Buildings With Distributed Photovoltaic Power Generation on the U.S. Electrical Grid
Authors: Kim Dongsu , Cho Heejin , Luck Rogelio 
Published: January 2019

This study evaluates the potential aggregate effects of net-zero energy building (NZEB) implementations on the electrical grid in a simulation-based analysis. To estimate the impact of NZEBs on the electrical grid, a simulation-based study of an office building with a grid-tied photovoltaic (PV) power generation system is conducted. This study assumes that net-metering is available for NZEBs such that the excess on-site PV generation can be fed to the electrical grid. The impact of electrical energy storage (EES) within NZEBs on the electrical grid is also considered in this study. Different levels of NZEB adoption are examined: 20%, 50%, and 100% of the U.S. office building stock. Results indicate that significant penetration of NZEBs could potentially affect the current U.S. electricity demand profiles by reducing purchased electricity from the electrical grid and by increasing exported electricity to the electrical grid during peak hours. Annual electricity consumption of simulated office NZEBs in the U.S. climate locations is in the range of around 94–132 kWh/m2 yr. Comparison of hourly electricity demand profiles for the actual U.S. demand versus the calculated net-demand on a national scales indicates that the peak percentage difference of the U.S. net-electricity demand includes about 10.7%, 15.2%, and 9.3% for 100% of the U.S. NZEB stock on representative summer, transition, and winter days, respectively. Using EES within NZEBs, the peak percentage differences are reduced and shifted to the afternoon, including 8.6%, 13.3%, and 6.3% for 100% of the U.S. NZEB stock on each representative day.
Fuel Consumption and Emissions in Transient Operation During Ship Maneuvering
Authors: Dahms Felix , Reska Michael , Püschel Marko , Nocke Jürgen , Hassel Egon 
Published: January 2019

The following article details a method for the optimization and improved use of the internal combustion engine as main propulsion. The focus here is not on new propulsion systems or combustion processes, but on the characterization of the typical usage of existing systems in order to enable better utilization.
As one major potential for improvement, the transient machinery operation is examined and discussed in this article. Higher fuel consumption and higher emissions occur compared with stationary engine operation in that operation mode. Experimental data from test bed (“Caterpillar MaK 6M20”) measurements are presented which explain the consequences of transient operation. Furthermore, appropriate analyzing methods to evaluate this operation mode are shown. Finally, a modelling approach is presented using the data for calibration and validation of an engine simulation model.
The most significant part to predict real transient efficiency and emissions is the in-cylinder process and especially its combustion process. Therefore, the simulation model does not use engine maps but a mostly physically based engine model by using thermodynamic approaches and chemical reaction kinetics. The specific application of that simulation model for four-stroke medium-speed engines covers the behavior of transient operation during ship maneuverings since it is developed for integration into a ship engine simulator.
Predictive CFD Modeling of Diesel Engine Combustion Using an Efficient Workflow Based on Tabulated Chemistry
Authors: Tap Ferry , Meijer Casper , Goryntsev Dmitry , Starikov Anton , Tvrdojevic Mijo , Priesching Peter 
Published: January 2019

The use of 3D CFD combustion models based on tabulated chemistry is becoming increasingly popular. Especially the runtime benefit is attractive, as the tabulated chemistry method allows to include state-of-the-art chemical reaction schemes in CFD simulations. In this work, the Tabkin FGM combustion model in AVL FIRE™ is used to assess the predictivity on a large database of a light-duty Diesel engine measurements. The AVL TABKIN™ software is used to create the chemistry look-up tables for the Tabkin FGM model.
The TABKIN software has been extended with the kinetic soot model, where the soot mass fraction calculation is done during the chemistry tabulation process, as well as an NO model using a second progress variable. From recent validation studies, a best-practice and nearly automated workflow has been derived to create the look-up tables for Diesel engine applications based on minimal input. This automated modeling workflow is assessed in the present study.
A wide range of parameter variations are investigated for 5 engine load points, with and without EGR, in total 186 cases. This large number of CFD simulations is run in an automated way and the parameters of the CFD sub-models are kept equal as well as all numerical settings.
Results are presented for combustion and emissions (NO and soot). Combustion parameters and NO emissions correlate very well to the experimental database with R2 values above 0.95. Soot predictions give order-of-magnitude agreement for most of the cases; the trend however is not always respected, which limits the overall correlation for all cases together, as reported by other authors. Further fundamental research on modeling soot formation and oxidation process remains required to improve the models. In terms of CPU time, the present study was executed on an off-the-shelf HPC cluster, using 8 CPU cores per case and requiring around 3 hrs of wall-time per case, e.g. such a large set of calculations can be simulated overnight on a standard HPC cluster.
Comparison of conventional and videolaryngoscopy blades in neonates
Authors: Kirolos Sandy , O’Shea Joyce E 
Published: January 2019

Neonatal intubation is an essential but difficult skill to learn. Videolaryngoscopy allows the airway view to be shared by the intubator and supervisor and improves intubation success. Ideally, a videolaryngoscope (VL) should be usable as a conventional laryngoscope (CL). The aims of this report were to describe differences in the shape of currently available CL and VL blades and to compare the direct airway view obtainable on a neonatal manikin with different laryngoscope blades.Three main differences were observed; compared with CL, the VL blades have a reduced vertical height, a curved tip and curved body. The direct airway view obtained by the VL is narrower than that obtained with the CL, although the corresponding view on the VL screen is maintained.Minor adaptation of intubation technique may be required when using a VL. Modifying VL blades to reduce these differences may improve their usefulness as an intubation training tool.
Circulating high sensitivity C reactive protein concentrations and risk of lung cancer: nested case-control study within Lung Cancer Cohort Consortium
Authors: Muller David C , Larose Tricia L , Hodge Allison , Guida Florence , Langhammer Arnulf , Grankvist Kjell , Meyer Klaus , Cai Qiuyin , Arslan Alan A , Zeleniuch-Jacquotte Anne , Albanes Demetrius , Giles Graham G , Sesso Howard D , Lee I-Min , Gaziano J Michael , Yuan Jian-Min , Hoffman Bolton Judith , Buring Julie E , Visvanathan Kala , Le Marchand Loic , Purdue Mark P , Caporaso Neil E , Midttun Øivind , Ueland Per M , Prentice Ross L , Weinstein Stephanie J , Stevens Victoria L , Zheng Wei , Blot William J , Shu Xiao-Ou , Zhang Xuehong , Xiang Yong-Bing , Koh Woon-Puay , Hveem Kristian , Thomson Cynthia A , Pettinger Mary , Engström Gunnar , Brunnström Hans , Milne Roger L , Stampfer Meir J , Han Jiali , Johansson Mikael , Brennan Paul , Severi Gianluca , Johansson Mattias 
Published: January 2019

Abstract

Objectives
To conduct a comprehensive analysis of prospectively measured circulating high sensitivity C reactive protein (hsCRP) concentration and risk of lung cancer overall, by smoking status (never, former, and current smokers), and histological sub-type.

Design
Nested case-control study.

Setting
20 population based cohort studies in Asia, Europe, Australia, and the United States.

Participants
5299 patients with incident lung cancer, with individually incidence density matched controls.

Exposure
Circulating hsCRP concentrations in prediagnostic serum or plasma samples.

Main outcome measure
Incident lung cancer diagnosis.

Results
A positive association between circulating hsCRP concentration and the risk of lung cancer for current (odds ratio associated with a doubling in hsCRP concentration 1.09, 95% confidence interval 1.05 to 1.13) and former smokers (1.09, 1.04 to 1.14) was observed, but not for never smokers (P<0.01 for interaction). This association was strong and consistent across all histological subtypes, except for adenocarcinoma, which was not strongly associated with hsCRP concentration regardless of smoking status (odds ratio for adenocarcinoma overall 0.97, 95% confidence interval 0.94 to 1.01). The association between circulating hsCRP concentration and the risk of lung cancer was strongest in the first two years of follow-up for former and current smokers. Including hsCRP concentration in a risk model, in addition to smoking based variables, did not improve risk discrimination overall, but slightly improved discrimination for cancers diagnosed in the first two years of follow-up.

Conclusions
Former and current smokers with higher circulating hsCRP concentrations had a higher risk of lung cancer overall. Circulating hsCRP concentration was not associated with the risk of lung adenocarcinoma. Circulating hsCRP concentration could be a prediagnostic marker of lung cancer rather than a causal risk factor.
Renovations of neighbourhood parks: long-term outcomes on physical activity
Authors: Cohen Deborah A , Han Bing , Isacoff Jennifer , Shulaker Bianca , Williamson Stephanie 
Published: January 2019

BackgroundNeighbourhood parks are places designed to support physical activity, but are often underutilised. Park renovations are major improvements to the quality of these spaces and usually attract more park users. This study assessed changes in the use of six San Francisco neighbourhood parks and park-based physical activity levels over a 6-year period, during which five of the six parks were renovated.MethodsWe used direct observation to assess park-based physical activity. We used a stepped-wedge study design at three time points in all six parks over 6 years (before all parks were renovated, after two parks were renovated and after an additional three were renovated) to evaluate the short-term and long-term effects of park renovations.ResultsLevels of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and metabolic equivalent hours expended in the parks increased overall, most immediately after renovation. Age groups responded differently with the largest increases in park use and MVPA among adults and children under age 12, with no changes among teens and seniors.ConclusionsPark renovations attracted more users and increased park-based MVPA than non-renovated parks and sustained increases over time for adults and children, but not teens or seniors. Park renovations that consider and provide facilities that support varied levels of physical activity and cater to all age groups may foster increased park-based physical activity that can be sustained.