bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MAX-DOAS measurements of tropospheric NO2 and HCHO in Nanjing and a comparison to ozone monitoring instrument observations
Authors: Chan Ka Lok , Wang Zhuoru , Ding Aijun , Heue Klaus-Peter , Shen Yicheng , Wang Jing , Zhang Feng , Shi Yining , Hao Nan , Wenig Mark 
Published: August 2019

Abstract. In this paper, we present long-term observations of atmospheric nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and formaldehyde (HCHO) in Nanjing using a
Multi-AXis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) instrument. Ground-based MAX-DOAS measurements were performed from April 2013 to February 2017. The MAX-DOAS measurements of NO2 and HCHO vertical column densities (VCDs) are used to validate ozone monitoring instrument (OMI) satellite observations over Nanjing. The comparison shows that the OMI observations of NO2 correlate well with the MAX-DOAS data with Pearson correlation coefficient (R) of 0.91. However, OMI observations are on average a factor of 3 lower than the MAX-DOAS measurements. Replacing the a priori NO2 profiles by the MAX-DOAS profiles in the OMI NO2 VCD retrieval would increase the OMI NO2 VCDs by ∼30 % with correlation nearly unchanged. The comparison result of MAX-DOAS and OMI observations of HCHO VCD shows a good agreement with R of 0.75 and the slope of the regression line is 0.99. An age-weighted backward-propagation approach is applied to the MAX-DOAS measurements of NO2 and HCHO to reconstruct the spatial distribution of NO2 and HCHO over the Yangtze River Delta during summer and winter time. The reconstructed NO2 fields show a distinct agreement with OMI satellite observations. However, due to the short atmospheric lifetime of HCHO, the backward-propagated HCHO data do not show a strong spatial correlation with the OMI HCHO observations. The result shows that the MAX-DOAS measurements are sensitive to the air pollution transportation in the Yangtze River Delta, indicating the air quality in Nanjing is significantly influenced by regional transportation of air pollutants. The MAX-DOAS data are also used to evaluate the effectiveness of air pollution control measures implemented during the Youth Olympic Games 2014. The MAX-DOAS data show a significant reduction of ambient aerosol, NO2 and HCHO (30 %–50 %) during the Youth Olympic Games. Our results provide a better understanding of the transportation and sources of pollutants over the Yangtze River Delta as well as the effect of emission control measures during large international events, which are important for the future design of air pollution control policies.
Aerosol optical depth comparison between GAW-PFR and AERONET-Cimel radiometers from long-term (2005–2015) 1 min synchronous measurements
Authors: Cuevas Emilio , Romero-Campos Pedro Miguel , Kouremeti Natalia , Kazadzis Stelios , Räisänen Petri , García Rosa Delia , Barreto Africa , Guirado-Fuentes Carmen , Ramos Ramón , Toledano Carlos , Almansa Fernando , Gröbner Julian 
Published: August 2019

Abstract. A comprehensive comparison of more than 70 000 synchronous 1 min aerosol optical depth (AOD) data from three Global Atmosphere Watch precision-filter radiometers (GAW-PFR), traceable to the World AOD reference, and 15 Aerosol Robotic Network Cimel radiometers (AERONET-Cimel), calibrated individually with the Langley plot technique, was performed for four common or “near” wavelengths, 380, 440, 500 and 870 nm, in the period 2005–2015. The goal of this study is to assess whether, despite the marked technical differences between both networks (AERONET, GAW-PFR) and the number of instruments used, their long-term AOD data are comparable and consistent. The percentage of data meeting the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) traceability requirements (95 % of the AOD differences of an instrument compared to the WMO standards lie within specific limits) is >92 % at 380 nm, >95 % at 440 nm and 500 nm, and 98 % at 870 nm, with the results being quite similar for both AERONET version 2 (V2) and version 3 (V3). For the data outside these limits, the contribution of calibration and differences in the calculation of the optical depth contribution due to Rayleigh scattering and O3 and NO2 absorption have a negligible impact. For AOD >0.1, a small but non-negligible percentage (∼1.9 %) of the AOD data outside the WMO limits at 380 nm can be partly assigned to the impact of dust aerosol forward scattering on the AOD calculation due to the different field of view of the instruments. Due to this effect the GAW-PFR provides AOD values, which are ∼3 % lower at 380 nm and ∼2 % lower at 500 nm compared with AERONET-Cimel. The comparison of the Ångström exponent (AE) shows that under non-pristine conditions (AOD >0.03 and AE <1) the AE differences remain <0.1. This long-term comparison shows an excellent traceability of AERONET-Cimel AOD with the World AOD reference at 440, 500 and 870 nm channels and a fairly good agreement at 380 nm, although AOD should be improved in the UV range.
Replication of ecologically relevant hydrological indicators following a modified covariance approach to hydrological model parameterization
Authors: Visser-Quinn Annie , Beevers Lindsay , Patidar Sandhya 
Published: August 2019

Abstract. Hydrological models can be used to assess the impact of
hydrologic alteration on the river ecosystem. However, there are
considerable limitations and uncertainties associated with the replication
of ecologically relevant hydrological indicators. Vogel and
Sankarasubramanian's 2003 (Water Resources Research) covariance approach to
model evaluation and parameterization represents a shift away from
algorithmic model calibration with traditional performance measures
(objective functions). Using the covariance structures of the observed input
and simulated output time series, it is possible to assess whether the
selected hydrological model is able to capture the relevant underlying
processes. From this plausible parameter space, the region of parameter
space which best captures (replicates) the characteristics of a hydrological
indicator may be identified. In this study, a modified covariance approach
is applied to five hydrologically diverse case study catchments with a view
to replicating a suite of ecologically relevant hydrological indicators
identified through catchment-specific hydroecological models. The
identification of the plausible parameter space (here n≈20) is
based on the statistical importance of these indicators. Evaluation is with
respect to performance and consistency across each catchment, parameter set,
and the 40 ecologically relevant hydrological indicators considered. Timing
and rate of change indicators are the best and worst replicated
respectively. Relative to previous studies, an overall improvement in
consistency is observed. This study represents an important advancement
towards the robust application of hydrological models for ecological flow
studies.
Review of CIGRE TB 496 regarding Prequalification Test on Extruded MVDC Cables
Authors: Buchner Anton , Schichler Uwe 
Published: August 2019

The well established HVDC power transmission technology is currently also seen as a viable solution for the medium-voltage range and there is a growing demand for extruded MVDC cables. The CIGRE TB 496 gives recommendations for highvoltage tests on extruded DC cable systems with rated voltage up to 500 kV, but do not consider the technical differences between HVDC and MVDC cables. Therefore, the prequalification test described in CIGRE TB 496 is analysed and an optimised PQ test is proposed for extruded MVDC cables.
Factors Influencing Children’s Tooth Brushing Intention: An Application of the Theory of Planned Behaviour
Authors: Davison Jenny , McLaughlin Marian , Giles Melanie 
Published: August 2019

Objective: The aim of the present study was to employ the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) to predict and explain intentions and motivations to brush teeth among primary school children in Northern Ireland (NI).Design: Primary schools in NI were sorted by a number of key stratification variables and then randomly sampled. Twenty-seven schools took part in the research, and a questionnaire that incorporated both direct and indirect constructs of the TPB, related to tooth brushing behaviour, was administered to a sample of 867 year six school children.Results: Multiple regression analyses provided support for the TPB; together the TPB constructs predicted 57.1% of the variance in intentions to brush teeth. Correlational analyses confirmed self-efficacy as having the strongest association with intentions, followed by attitude, subjective norm and perceived control.Conclusion: The findings obtained in the present study suggest that the TPB is a useful framework for investigating children’s tooth brushing intentions, and provides the foundation for designing an intervention aimed at encouraging tooth brushing behaviour among children.
Prevalence and Associated Factors of Urinary Schistosomiasis among Basic School Children in the Akyemansa District, Ghana
Authors: Abaka-Yawson Albert , Hotorvi Christian , Oduro Enos Amoako , Tawiah Philip Apraku , Quarshie Solomon Sosu , Kumi Albert Awuku , Arhin-Wiredu Kingsley 
Published: August 2019

Background: Globally, urinary schistosomiasis has devastating implications on school children. It predisposes them to dysuria, haematuria among others which can negatively influence their academic performance. This study determined the prevalence and associated risk factors of urinary schistosomiasis among basic school children in the Akyemansa district.
Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study design using multi-stage sampling was used to enroll 504 basic school children from six communities of the Akyemansa District into study. Structured questionnaires were used to gather information on risk factors. Urine samples were collected and microscopically examined for the presence of Schistosoma haematobium (SH) ova. The observed ova were then quantified as light or heavy.
Results: Prevalence of SH infection among school children in Akyemansa District was 10.32% [95% CI: 7.80 -13.31%]. Out of 52 participants who were infected, 69.2% had light infection whilst the rest had heavy infection. Female participants were less likely to be infected with SH than males [OR=0.47; 95% CI: 0.23-0.97], children who do not stay by the river/stream were also less likely to be infected with SH compared to those who lived near waterbodies [OR=0.35; 95% CI: 0.17-0.72]. Additionally, participants who did not play around water bodies were also less likely to be infected with SH compared to those who did [OR=0.17; 95% CI= 0.04-0.71; p=0.015]. However, inhabitants of Kotokuom were more likely to be infected compared to those in Pawuda [OR=8.54; 95% CI: 1.91-38.27; p=0.005]
Conclusion: The prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis among basic school children in the Akyemansa district was found to be 10.32% [95% CI: 7.80 -13.31%]. Gender, staying around river/ stream, playing at river/ stream and habitation of participants were significantly associated with the prevalence of Schistosoma haematobium infection. The study therefore recommends that periodic drug administration and a comprehensive intervention strategy should be designed and implemented to reduce schistosomiasis prevalence.
Colon Interposition for Esophageal Reconstruction in Cancer Patients
Authors: Hangaard Martin H. , Mortensen Michael B. 
Published: August 2019

Objective:
The aim of this study was to report our experience with colon interposition (COI) and to compare the results with an extensive review of the COI literature.

Summary of Background Data:
The stomach is the first choice as an esophageal substitute following esophagectomy in cancer patients, while COI is reserved for patients where the stomach is not available or must be included in the resection due to cancer.

Methods:
We retrospectively reviewed the records of cancer patients undergoing colon interposition from 2006 to 2017. Outcomes were compared with an extensive review of the literature published between 2000 and 2017.

Results:
A total of 13 patients underwent planned COI. Mortality was zero and overall morbidity was 53%; 4 patients suffered from leakage and 2 patients from strictures. None of the patients suffered from necrosis of the interponat and there was no need for subsequent redundancy operations.
The extensive review identified 23 publications. Overall study grading was low (grade C). Only 3 studies were prospective, no randomized studies were found, and many outcomes were poorly defined. The rates for 30-day and in-hospital mortality were 1% and 2%, respectively. Overall morbidity was 43%. The reported number of leakages, strictures, necrosis of the interponat, and redundancy operations varied between 0% and 50%, 0% and 21%, 0% and 9%, and 0% and 2%, respectively.

Conclusions:
COI is a complex technique that is necessary in a relatively small group of selected patients after esophagectomy for cancer. Prospective and comparative studies with strict outcome definitions, long-term follow up, and patient reported outcome measures are lacking.
Am I guilty or not? Deontological guilt, uncertainty, and checking behavior
Authors: Giacomantonio Mauro , Salvati Marco , Mancini Francesco 
Published: August 2019

SummaryLiterature suggests that checking behaviors are aimed at reducing feelings of uncertainty both in clinical samples with obsessive‐compulsive disorder and in general population. Previous studies also showed that deontological guilt is an emotion often associated with obsessive‐compulsive disorder. Thus, the aim of the current study was to investigate the differences in checking behaviors in the condition of high versus low uncertainty, by exploring the moderating role of deontological versus altruistic guilt. Participants were 108 undergraduate Italian university students who took part in a visual search task designed to elicit checking behavior. Ahead of the visual task, participants were administered one scenario in order to manipulate either deontological or altruistic guilt. The results showed that in the condition of uncertainty, compared with the condition of certainty, participants spent more time in checking behaviors and that such a difference was more consistent when participants experienced deontological rather than altruistic guilt. Limitations and further directions are discussed.
Characterizing the Use of Expectations in Orthopedic Surgery Research: A Scoping Review
Authors: Cortes Alejandro , Meints Samantha M. , Katz Jeffrey N. 
Published: August 2019

ObjectiveOrthopedic literature on expectations is limited by lack of uniformity in how expectations are defined, conceptualized, and measured. Within this scoping review, we present a conceptual framework for understanding the construct of expectations and its derivatives (ie, expectation, expectancy, expectancies, etc) in studies of elective surgical orthopedic procedures. We also utilize this framework to map the current orthopedic surgery literature on expectations, highlighting its strengths, weaknesses, and gaps in its knowledge base.MethodsWe included articles that mentioned both expectations and one or more of 10 selected surgeries in their title or abstract. We focused on representative elective orthopedic surgeries that covered the body's major regions. We operationalized each study's individual expectation items into one of the expectation concept types within the presented conceptual model. We also extracted the name and type of expectations measurement tool used, whose expectations were measured, and descriptive information (eg, surgery type, publication date, country of origin, and study type).ResultsNinety studies were included, with 70% published after 2008. A total of 64% investigated total knee and total hip arthroplasty, whereas 90% of studies investigated the expectations of patients, 5.6% investigated the expectations of physicians, and 4.4% investigated both. Of all studies, 72% utilized either study‐specific instruments with close‐ended, Likert‐type response formats or modifications of existing expectations questionnaires. Most studies focused on desirable, nontimeline‐related, treatment outcome expectations. Many studies aggregated multiple expectation results into a single score.ConclusionAdopting the standardized framework for expectations presented in this study will foster clearer communication and permit researchers to aggregate results across studies.
Optimization of Organic/Water Hybrid Electrolytes for High‐Rate Carbon‐Based Supercapacitor
Authors: Xiao Dewei , Dou Qingyun , Zhang Li , Ma Yalan , Shi Siqi , Lei Shulai , Yu Haiyun , Yan Xingbin 
Published: August 2019

Abstract“Water‐in‐salt” (WIS) electrolytes with wide electrochemical stability windows (ESWs) have made a breakthrough in energy density of aqueous batteries and supercapacitors (SCs), but the sluggish ion diffusion limits their widespread application. Although the ion diffusion of WIS electrolytes can be improved by the addition of organic co‐solvents, the effects of types and amounts of added organic solvents on the physicochemical properties of hybrid electrolytes are not clear. Here, the conductivity, ESW, and flammability of a series of hybrid electrolytes prepared by adding different organic solvents to a typical lithium bis(trifluoromethane sulfonyl) imide (LiTFSI)‐based WIS electrolyte are systematically studied. The results show that acetonitrile (ACN) is the best one to improve ion diffusion while maintaining high‐level safety and wide ESW. Furthermore, a ternary phase diagram of LiTFSI/H2O/ACN is drawn to comprehensively show the relationship among the conductivity, flammability, and solubility of the hybrid electrolytes. According to the guidance of this phase diagram, an optimal hybrid electrolyte (LiTFSI/H2O/(ACN)3.5) is obtained, and the carbon‐based symmetric SC using such hybrid electrolyte is able to fully work at 2.4 V with superior rate capability and excellent cycling stability over 40 000 cycles.
Triamine‐Based Aromatic Cation as a Novel Stabilizer for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Kim Jinhyun , Yun Alan Jiwan , Gil Bumjin , Lee Younghyun , Park Byungwoo 
Published: August 2019

AbstractOperational stability of perovskite solar cells has been a challenge from the beginning of perovskite research. In general, humidity and heat are the most well‐known degradation sources for perovskites, requiring ideal design of perovskite chemistry to withstand them. Although triple‐cation perovskite (Cs0.05(FA0.85MA0.15)0.95Pb(I0.85Br0.15)3) has been already introduced as the stable perovskite material, the high reactivity of methylammonium and formamidinium in the cation sites demands further modification. Herein, 1,2,4‐triazole is suggested as an effective cation solute to improve the performance and stability of perovskite solar cells. 1,2,4‐Triazole is an aromatic cation with low dipole moment that is stable under humidity and heat. It also possesses three nitrogen atoms, forming additional hydrogen bonds in the lattice, stabilizing the material. In this study, the solar cell utilizing 1,2,4‐triazole alloying achieves a power conversion efficiency of 20.9% with superior stability under extreme condition (85 °C/85% of relative humidity (RH), encapsulated) for 700 h. The 1,2,4‐triazole‐alloyed perovskite exhibits reduced trap density and film roughness and enhanced carrier lifetime with electrical conductivity, suggesting an ideal perovskite structure for efficient and stable optoelectronic applications.
Unusual Competitive and Synergistic Effects of Graphite Nanoplates in Engine Oil on the Tribofilm Formation
Authors: Pham Sang T. , Wan Shanhong , Tieu Kiet A. , Ma Ming , Zhu Hongtao , Nguyen Huynh H. , Mitchell David R. G. , Nancarrow Mitchell J. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractTo exploit the improved efficiency from formulated oil modified with graphite nanoplates (GNP), it is important to understand how GNP behave alongside conventional additives such as zinc dialkyl dithiophosphates (ZDDP). The results in this work demonstrate unusual tribological responses of engine oil due to GNP additions, which cannot be explained by the traditionally low shearing mechanism between graphene layers in GNP. A competitive and synergistic effect of GNP on tribofilm formation is proposed for this unusual friction and wear behavior. The presence of GNP modifies the tribofilm formation and spontaneously creates alternate hard and soft regions from the microscopic view of the surface. At low concentrations (≤0.05 wt%), graphene is formed by shear‐assisted exfoliation of GNP and intermixed with intermediate oxide region. Due to its random orientation, graphene produces mechanical reinforcement of the tribofilm, but low shear yielding is not achieved. This gives rise to high friction but low wear conditions. At higher concentrations (>0.05 wt%), GNP align with their hexagonal sheets parallel to the surface to promote low‐shear sliding, but wear increases. This is due to GNP clumping together which makes them less effective at forming graphene and providing stable reinforcement of the tribofilm.
Ultrathin Bilayer of Graphite/SiO2 as Solid Interface for Reviving Li Metal Anode
Authors: Pathak Rajesh , Chen Ke , Gurung Ashim , Reza Khan Mamun , Bahrami Behzad , Wu Fan , Chaudhary Ashraf , Ghimire Nabin , Zhou Bin , Zhang Wen‐Hua , Zhou Yue , Qiao Qiquan 
Published: August 2019

AbstractLithium metal anodes are expected to drive practical applications that require high energy‐density storage. However, the direct use of metallic lithium causes safety concerns, low rate capabilities, and poor cycling performance due to unstable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and undesired lithium dendrite growth. To address these issues, a radio frequency sputtered graphite‐SiO2 ultrathin bilayer on a Li metal chips is demonstrated, for the first time, as an effective SEI layer. This leads to a dendrite free uniform Li deposition to achieve a stable voltage profile and outstanding long hours plating/stripping compared to the bare Li. Compared to a bare Li anode, the graphite‐SiO2 bilayer modified Li anode coupled with lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide cathode (NMC111) and lithium titanate shows improved capacity retention, higher capacity at higher rates, longer cycling stability, and lower voltage hysteresis. Graphite acts as an electrical bridge between the plated Li and Li electrode, which lowers the impedance and buffers the volume expansion during Li plating/stripping. Adding an ultrathin SiO2 layer facilitates Li‐ion diffusion and lithiation/delithiation, provides higher electrolyte affinity, higher chemical stability, and higher Young's modulus to suppress the Li dendrite growth.