bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Consumption and Intellectual Property
Authors: David Matthew 
Published: May 2019

AbstractConsumption does not just refer to using something up. It also refers to purchase of goods. However, nonrivalrous informational goods (intangibles) can circulate freely on today's global digital networks, undoing both senses of the term consumption. Intellectual property (IP) protection is designed to maintain scarcity in intangibles, and hence of maintaining scope for price and thereby profit. This entry examines six primary forms of IP: copyright, design rights, geographical indication, patent, trademark, and traditional knowledge. Intellectual property rights do not protect consumers nor incentivize quality or novelty. Neither, thankfully, in today's global network society does IP prevent infringement, as free downloads, knock‐off brand goods, and generic medicines circulate widely. Rather IP creates monopoly prices and those willing and able to pay these prices gain status from doing so.
Evaluation of a commercial Monte Carlo dose calculation algorithm for electron treatment planning
Authors: Huang Jessie Y. , Dunkerley David , Smilowitz Jennifer B. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe RayStation treatment planning system implements a Monte Carlo (MC) algorithm for electron dose calculations. For a TrueBeam accelerator, beam modeling was performed for four electron energies (6, 9, 12, and 15 MeV), and the dose calculation accuracy was tested for a range of geometries. The suite of validation tests included those tests recommended by AAPM's Medical Physics Practice Guideline 5.a, but extended beyond these tests in order to validate the MC algorithm in more challenging geometries. For MPPG 5.a testing, calculation accuracy was evaluated for square cutouts of various sizes, two custom cutout shapes, oblique incidence, and heterogenous media (cork). In general, agreement between ion chamber measurements and RayStation dose calculations was excellent and well within suggested tolerance limits. However, this testing did reveal calculation errors for the output of small cutouts. Of the 312 output factors evaluated for square cutouts, 20 (6.4%) were outside of 3% and 5 (1.6%) were outside of 5%, with these larger errors generally being for the smallest cutout sizes within a given applicator. Adjustment of beam modeling parameters did not fix these calculation errors, nor does the planning software allow the user to input correction factors as a function of field size. Additional validation tests included several complex phantom geometries (triangular nose phantom, lung phantom, curved breast phantom, and cortical bone phantom), designed to test the ability of the algorithm to handle high density heterogeneities and irregular surface contours. In comparison to measurements with radiochromic film, RayStation showed good agreement, with an average of 89.3% pixels passing for gamma analysis (3%/3mm) across four phantom geometries. The MC algorithm was able to accurately handle the presence of irregular surface contours (curved cylindrical phantom and a triangular nose phantom), as well as heterogeneities (cork and cortical bone).
Assembly Strategy and Performance Evaluation of Flexible Thermoelectric Devices
Authors: Qu Dawei , Li Xin , Wang Hanfu , Chen Guangming 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAlthough organic and composite thermoelectric (TE) materials have witnessed explosive developments in the past five years, the research of flexible TE devices is rather limited. In particular, their assembly strategies and device performance reported in the literature cannot be directly compared, due to a variety of deviances including p‐ and n‐type component materials, shape and dimensions of p‐n flexible films, and applied temperature gradient (ΔT). Here, three types of assembly strategies for flexible TE devices, that is, serial, folding, and stacking, are compared by fixing the corresponding experimental parameters. Furthermore, a convenient and general method to evaluate the flexible device performance (FDP) is put forward, that is, , where the maximum output power (Pmax) is divided by product mass (m), ΔT, and pair number of p‐n couples (N). The FDPs for the present serial, folding, and stacking devices are 11.13, 8.87, and 0.05 nW g−1 K−1, respectively, confirming that the serial configuration is the best among the three strategies for flexible device fabrication. The preliminary evaluation method proposed herein will pave the way for a design strategy of flexible TE devices and speed up their applications in waste‐heat harvesting, e‐skin, wearable electronics, etc.
Pathway Control in Cooperative vs. Anti‐Cooperative Supramolecular Polymers
Authors: Herkert Lorena , Droste Jörn , Kartha Kalathil K. , Korevaar Peter A. , de Greef Tom F. A. , Hansen Michael Ryan , Fernández Gustavo 
Published: May 2019

AbstractControlling the nanoscale morphology in assemblies of π‐conjugated molecules is key to developing supramolecular functional materials. Here, we report an unsymmetrically substituted amphiphilic PtII complex 1 that shows unique self‐assembly behavior in nonpolar media, providing two competing anti‐cooperative and cooperative pathways with distinct molecular arrangement (long‐ vs. medium‐slipped, respectively) and nanoscale morphology (discs vs. fibers, respectively). With a thermodynamic model, we unravel the competition between the anti‐cooperative and cooperative pathways: buffering of monomers into small‐sized, anti‐cooperative species affects the formation of elongated assemblies, which might open up new strategies for pathway control in self‐assembly. Our findings reveal that side‐chain immiscibility is an efficient method to control anti‐cooperative assemblies and pathway complexity in general.
Killing Effects of IFN R−/− Mouse NK Cells Activated by HN Protein of NDV on Mouse Hepatoma Cells and Possible Mechanism with Syk and NF‐κB
Authors: Liang Shuang , Lin Xiao , Liang Ying , Song Dezhi , Zhang Lei , Fan Xiaohui 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACTThe objective of this article is to evaluate whether the tumoricidal activity of mouse IFN R−/− nature killer (NK) cells is induced by Newcastle disease virus hemagglutinin‐neuraminidase (NDV‐HN) stimulation, and to investigate what is the mechanism of the HN‐stimulated NK cells to kill mouse hepatoma cell line in vitro. The mouse IFN R−/− NK cells were stimulated for 16 hr with 500 ng/mL NDV‐HN in 1640 medium. Quantify the cytotoxic activities of NK cells against mouse hepatoma cells (Hepa1‐6) by flow cytometry. Granzymes B (GrB) and Fas/FasL concentrations in the supernatants of IFN R−/− NK cells medium were determined by specific ELISA assay. The expression of cell surface GrB and Fas was determined by Western blot. NDV‐HN stimulation enhanced tumoricidal activity of IFN R−/− NK cells toward Hepa1‐6 in vitro. Treating with anti‐HN neutralizing mAb induced significant decline in the cytotoxicity of IFN R−/− NK cells toward Hepa1‐6 cell line (P < 0.05). After treating with anti‐HN protein (1 μL/mL), Syk‐specific inhibitor Herbimycin A(250 ng/mL) and NF‐κB inhibitor PDTC (500 ng/mL) downregulated the tumoricidal activity of HN‐stimulated IFN R−/− NK cells (P < 0.05). Moreover, significant suppressions in the production of GrB and Fas/FasL were observed in HN‐stimulated IFN R−/− NK cells (P < 0.05). Thus, we concluded that killer activation receptors pathway is involved in the IFN‐γ‐independent GrB and Fas/FasL expression of NDV‐HN‐stimulated IFN R−/− NK cells, and these are activated by Syk and NF‐κB. Anat Rec, 302:1718–1725, 2019. © 2019 The Authors. The Anatomical Record published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Association for Anatomy
Angles of Axes of Incudes
Authors: Specht Jessica Lynn , Todd Norman Wendell 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACTIncus angles of axes (the angle between “short process axis” and the “long process axis”) are more open in humans than chimpanzees: 64.0 versus 55.7 degrees (Quam et al.: J Anat 225 (2014) 167–196). However, Flohr et al. (Anat Rec 293 (2010) 2094–2106) raise concern about interobserver agreement of the axes. The concern is important as phylogenetic relationships of mammals are inferred from the incus (and malleus and stapes). We sought to check (1) interobserver agreement; and (2) if the angles of the axes of incudes (incuses) exhibit bilateral symmetry, which is expected if the axes are genetically determined. We studied incudes from 41 modern adult crania with clinically normal temporal bones. Angles of axes were determined on rectilinear digital photographs of incudes in standard lateral orientation. Two observers independently drew the axes and measured the axes. Interobserver agreement was within 4 degrees for 24 of 34 left‐sided incudes and for 27 of 35 right‐sided incudes. The mean of the two observers' angle determinations were used. Left incudes' median was 67 degrees, range 60–73; right 67.5 degrees, range 58–77. Bilateral symmetry of angles of axes was found: r = 0.55, N = 31, 95% CI 0.24–0.75. Angles of axes of modern human incudes are probably genetically determined features, but are of doubtful physiologic or evolutionary advantage in modern humans. Interobserver agreement of angles of modern human axes is concerning and must be specified in reports. Consideration should be given to a convention to designate axes in ambiguous cases. Anat Rec, 302:1615–1619, 2019. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy
Reduced frontal gamma power at 24 months is associated with better expressive language in toddlers at risk for autism
Authors: Wilkinson Carol L. , Levin April R. , Gabard‐Durnam Laurel J. , Tager‐Flusberg Helen , Nelson Charles A. 
Published: May 2019

Frontal gamma power has been associated with early language development in typically developing toddlers, and gamma band abnormalities have been observed in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), as well as high‐risk infant siblings (those having an older sibling with ASD), as early as 6 months of age. The current study investigated differences in baseline frontal gamma power and its association with language development in toddlers at high versus low familial risk for autism. Electroencephalography recordings as well as cognitive and behavioral assessments were acquired at 24 months as part of prospective, longitudinal study of infant siblings of children with and without autism. Diagnosis of autism was determined at 24–36 months, and data were analyzed across three outcome groups—low‐risk without ASD (n = 43), high‐risk without ASD (n = 42), and high‐risk with ASD (n = 16). High‐risk toddlers without ASD had reduced baseline frontal gamma power (30–50 Hz) compared to low‐risk toddlers. Among high‐risk toddlers increased frontal gamma was only marginally associated with ASD diagnosis (P = 0.06), but significantly associated with reduced expressive language ability (P = 0.007). No association between gamma power and language was present in the low‐risk group. These findings suggest that differences in gamma oscillations in high‐risk toddlers may represent compensatory mechanisms associated with improved developmental outcomes. Autism Res 2019, 12: 1211–1224. © 2019 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Lay SummaryThis study looked at differences in neural activity in the gamma range and its association with language in toddlers with and without increased risk for ASD. At 2 years of age, gamma power was lower in high‐risk toddlers without ASD compared to a low‐risk comparison group. Among high‐risk toddlers both with and without later ASD, reduced gamma power was also associated with better language outcomes, suggesting that gamma power may be a marker of language development in high‐risk children.
The world as we know it and the world as it is: Eye‐movement patterns reveal decreased use of prior knowledge in individuals with autism
Authors: Król Magdalena , Król Michał 
Published: May 2019

We used a perceptual closure task with Mooney images as stimuli to record eye‐movement patterns in response to the same degraded image before and after perceptual learning in 21 adolescents and young adults with ASD and 23 sex‐, age‐, and IQ‐matched typically developing individuals. In the control group, we observed changes in the eye‐movement patterns between the first and the last presentation of the degraded stimulus, reflecting top‐down optimization of eye‐movement patterns, that is, a decrease in the number of fixations and interfixation distance, coupled with an increase in the duration of fixations. This effect was attenuated in individuals with autism, pointing to a decreased rate of perceptual learning. We also found that participants with autism displayed decreased scanpath stability, that is, a lower recurrence of fixation locations between different presentations of the same image, which may suggests a lower rate of perceptual learning or decreased predictability in the eye‐movement patterns. These results provide evidence for decreased use of prior knowledge in perceptual decisions in autism. Autism Res 2019, 12: 1386–1398. © 2019 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Lay SummaryWe showed autistic and typically developing participants some degraded images that were difficult to recognize for the first time, but once you knew what they represent, you could see it easily. We found that the eye‐movement patterns of persons with autism did not change as much after learning what the pictures represented as in the case of typically developing participants. This means that previous experiences and knowledge change the way people with autism perceive things to a smaller extent.
Human–virtual character interaction: Toward understanding the influence of haptic feedback
Authors: Krogmeier Claudia , Mousas Christos , Whittinghill David 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIn this study, we compare haptic feedback and nonhaptic feedback conditions in which virtual characters bump into the participant who is immersed in a virtual environment. A questionnaire was developed to determine the influence of haptic feedback on a number of concepts (presence, embodiment, positive and negative affect, interaction realism with virtual character, and haptic feedback realism). Physiological data were also collected using galvanic skin response (GSR) to investigate the influence of haptic feedback on physiological arousal during human–virtual character interaction. Five conditions were developed (no haptic feedback, full intensity, half intensity, incorrect position, and delayed timing) to determine which aspects of haptic feedback are most important in influencing participant responses. Significant differences were found in embodiment, realism of virtual character interaction, and haptic feedback realism. In addition, significant differences were found in GSR amplitude after the first interaction with the virtual character. Implications for further research are discussed.
A New Strategy for Solar‐to‐Hydrogen Energy Conversion: Photothermal‐Promoted Electrocatalytic Water Splitting
Authors: Qi Jing , Zhang Wei , Cao Rui 
Published: May 2019

AbstractSolar‐to‐hydrogen (STH) energy conversion can be typically realized by photocatalytic water splitting, photoelectrochemical water splitting, and photovoltaic water electrolysis. Herein, we propose a new strategy for STH energy conversion based on photothermal‐promoted electrocatalysis (PTPE). First, carbon hemispheres were developed with strong capability of collecting and concentrating heat by absorbing photons (>630 nm). Second, we incorporated two representative materials, Co(OH)2 and MoS2, with the heat collectors (carbon hemispheres) as electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), respectively. The two hybrids showed enhanced electrocatalytic activity of water splitting under light irradiation, owing to the elevated local temperature of carbon that had been heated by the light. PTPE might be widely applied in electrocatalytic systems for solar energy utilization via a simple STH and subsequent heat‐promoted electrosynthesis route.
Iodophenylsulfonates and Iodobenzoates as Redox‐Active Supporting Electrolytes for Electrosynthesis
Authors: Roesel Arend F. , Broese Timo , Májek Michal , Francke Robert 
Published: May 2019

AbstractHypervalent iodine compounds constitute a popular class of reagents in organic chemistry. Regardless of whether they are generated in situ from an iodoarene precursor with a terminal oxidant or used in stoichiometric amounts, the resulting separation and waste issues are major challenges en route to sustainable and scalable processes. The electrochemical generation of iodine(III) compounds represents an attractive alternative, since electric current is used as traceless oxidant and unstable or hazardous species are conveniently generated in situ. In this context, we have explored the possibility for the use of iodoarene sulfonates and iodobenzoates as ex‐cell mediators for electrosynthesis in 1,1,1,3,3,3‐hexafluoroisopropanol. While 2‐, 3‐ and 4‐iodobenzoate salts proved to be impractical for various reasons, 2‐ and 4‐iodobenzenesulfonates salts can be selectively oxidized to the iodine(III) species and used for synthetic applications. The ionic tag on the mediator allows for electrolysis without supporting electrolyte additives and enables a straightforward recovery from the product mixture.
The impact of frequent cystoscopy on surgical care and cancer outcomes among patients with low‐risk, non–muscle‐invasive bladder cancer
Authors: Schroeck Florian R. , Lynch Kristine E. , Li Zhongze , MacKenzie Todd A. , Han David S. , Seigne John D. , Robertson Douglas J. , Sirovich Brenda , Goodney Philip P. 
Published: May 2019

BackgroundSurveillance recommendations for patients with low‐risk, non–muscle‐invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) are based on limited evidence. The objective of this study was to add to the evidence by assessing outcomes after frequent versus recommended cystoscopic surveillance.MethodsThis was a retrospective cohort study of patients diagnosed with low‐risk (low‐grade Ta (AJCC)) NMIBC from 2005 to 2011 with follow‐up through 2014 from the Department of Veterans Affairs. Patients were classified as having undergone frequent versus recommended cystoscopic surveillance (>3 vs 1‐3 cystoscopies in the first 2 years after diagnosis). By using propensity score‐adjusted models, the authors estimated the impact of frequent cystoscopy on the number of transurethral resections, the number of resections without cancer in the specimen, and the risk of progression to muscle‐invasive cancer or bladder cancer death.ResultsAmong 1042 patients, 798 (77%) had more frequent cystoscopy than recommended. In adjusted analyses, the frequent cystoscopy group had twice as many transurethral resections (55 vs 26 per 100 person‐years; P < .001) and more than 3 times as many resections without cancer in the specimen (5.7 vs 1.6 per 100 person‐years; P < .001). Frequent cystoscopy was not associated with time to progression or bladder cancer death (3% at 5 years in both groups; P = .990).ConclusionsFrequent cystoscopy among patients with low‐risk NMIBC was associated with twice as many transurethral resections and did not decrease the risk for bladder cancer progression or death, supporting current guidelines.
Breast cancer histologic subtypes show excess familial clustering
Authors: Henry N. Lynn , Cannon‐Albright Lisa A. 
Published: May 2019

BackgroundThe inherited predisposition to developing specific histologic subtypes of invasive breast carcinoma has been incompletely investigated. By using a large, population‐based database, the authors sought to investigate familial clustering of breast cancer by histologic subtype.MethodsBy using the Utah Population Database, which links genealogy records to the National Cancer Institute's statewide Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results cancer registry, the authors identified patients with breast cancer by histology and tested for evidence of shared genetic predisposition to histologic specific subtypes by examining pairwise relatedness and estimating the relative risk (RR) among first‐degree, second‐degree, and third‐degree relatives.ResultsThe authors identified 23,629 individuals in the Utah Population Database who had at least 3 generations of genealogy and at least 1 primary breast cancer, 2883 (12.2%) of which were specific histologic subtypes other than invasive ductal carcinoma (including inflammatory [n = 178], lobular [n = 1688], and mucinous [n = 542]). Statistically significant excess distant relatedness was identified for the mucinous subtype (P = .011) as well as for inflammatory breast cancers (P = .024). The RR for breast cancer of any histology in second‐degree relatives was significantly increased for patients with inflammatory (RR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.02‐1.68; P = .03), lobular (RR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.25‐1.47; P < .001), and mucinous (RR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.12‐1.44; P = .00021) subtypes.ConclusionsThese findings provide evidence for significant familial clustering within histological subtypes for lobular, mucinous, and inflammatory breast carcinomas. Further research is required to identify the underlying genetic variants responsible for the increased risk. Studies of high‐risk pedigrees segregating a specific histologic subtype could be a powerful design for predisposition gene identification.
Race and risk of subsequent aggressive breast cancer following ductal carcinoma in situ
Authors: Liu Ying , West Robert , Weber Jason D. , Colditz Graham A. 
Published: May 2019

BackgroundGeneral populations of black women have a higher risk of developing breast cancer negative for both estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) in comparison with white counterparts. Racial differences remain unknown in the risk of developing aggressive invasive breast cancer (IBC) that is characterized by negativity for both ER and PR (ER–PR–) or higher 21‐gene recurrence scores after ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS).MethodsThis study identified 163,892 women (10.5% black, 9.8% Asian, and 8.6% Hispanic) with incident DCIS between 1990 and 2015 from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results data sets. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate hazards ratios (HRs) of subsequent IBC classified by the hormone receptor status and 21‐gene recurrence scores.ResultsDuring a median follow‐up of 90 months, 8333 women developed IBC. In comparison with white women, the adjusted HR of subsequent ER–PR– breast cancer was 1.86 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.57‐2.20) for black women (absolute 10‐year difference, 2.2%) and 1.40 (95% CI, 1.14‐1.71) for Asian women (absolute 10‐year difference, 0.4%); this was stronger than the associations for ER+ and/or PR+ subtypes (Pheterogeneity = .0004). The 21‐gene recurrence scores of subsequent early‐stage, ER+ IBCs varied by race/ethnicity (Pheterogeneity = .057); black women were more likely than white women to have a recurrence score of 26 or higher (HR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.00‐1.92). No significant difference was observed in the risks of subsequent IBC subtypes for Hispanic women.ConclusionsBlack and Asian women with DCIS had higher risks of developing biologically aggressive IBC than white counterparts. This should be considered in treatment decisions for black and Asian patients with DCIS.
Intimate Interfacial Interaction between Amino‐Modified Ti5 Clusters and BiVO4 towards Efficient Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting
Authors: Dai Shuqi , Jiang Lizhi , Zhao Chaowei , Chen Fengjiao , Chen Ruihao , Qin Ruixuan , Zhang Wuyong , Zhang Weijie , Wu Binghui , Zheng Nanfeng 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIn this work, a novel series of amino‐modified Ti5 clusters (NH2‐TOCs) with a Janus surface were synthesized. Then, a facile hydrolysis self‐assembly strategy was adopted to fabricate a well‐defined monolayer of NH2‐TOCs on BiVO4 with intimate interaction at low temperature. The as‐formed NH2‐TOCs/BiVO4 heterojunction electrode exhibited high performance on photoelectrochemical water‐splitting, which was ascribed to strong M−O−Ti (M=Bi, V) bonding at the interface. It is anticipated that this work could boost new insights for cluster‐support interaction and corresponding applications.