bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intra-strain elicitation and suppression of plant immunity by Ralstonia solanacearum type-III effectors in Nicotiana benthamiana
Authors: Sang Yuying , Yu Wenjia , Zhuang Haiyan , Wei Yali , Derevnina Lida , Yu Gang , Luo Jiamin , Macho Alberto P. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractEffector proteins delivered inside plant cells are powerful weapons for bacterial pathogens, but this exposes the pathogen to potential recognition by the plant immune system. Therefore, the effector repertoire of a given pathogen must be balanced for a successful infection. Ralstonia solanacearum is an aggressive pathogen with a large repertoire of secreted effectors. One of these effectors, RipE1, is conserved in most R. solanacearum strains sequenced to date. In this work, we found that RipE1 triggers immunity in N. benthamiana, which requires the immune regulator SGT1, but not EDS1 or NRCs. Interestingly, RipE1-triggered immunity induces the accumulation of salicylic acid (SA) and the overexpression of several genes encoding phenylalanine-ammonia lyases (PALs), suggesting that the unconventional PAL-mediated pathway is responsible for the observed SA biosynthesis. Surprisingly, RipE1 recognition also induces the expression of jasmonic acid (JA)-responsive genes and JA biosynthesis, suggesting that both SA and JA may act cooperatively in response to RipE1. Finally, we found that RipE1 expression leads to the accumulation of glutathione in plant cells, which precedes the activation of immune responses. R. solanacearum encodes another effector, RipAY, which is known to inhibit immune responses by degrading cellular glutathione. Accordingly, we show that RipAY inhibits RipE1-triggered immune responses. This work shows a strategy employed by R. solanacearum to counteract the perception of its effector proteins by the plant immune system.
Benchmarking Computational Methods for Estimating the Pathogenicity of Wilson’s Disease Mutations
Authors: Tang Ning , Sandahl Thomas , Ott Peter , Kepp Kasper P. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractGenetic variations in the gene encoding the copper-transport protein ATP7B are the primary cause of Wilson’s disease. Controversially, clinical prevalence seems much smaller than prevalence estimated by genetic screening tools, causing fear that many people are undiagnosed although early diagnosis and treatment is essential. To address this issue, we benchmarked 16 state-of-the-art computational disease-prediction methods against established data of missense ATP7B mutations. Our results show that the quality of the methods vary widely. We show the importance of optimizing the threshold of the methods used to distinguish pathogenic from non-pathogenic mutations against data of clinically confirmed pathogenic and non-pathogenic mutations. We find that most methods use thresholds that predict too many ATP7B mutations to be pathogenic. Thus, our findings explain the current controversy on Wilson’s disease prevalence, because meta analysis and text search methods include many computational estimates that lead to higher disease prevalence than clinically observed. Since proteins differ widely, a one-size-fits-all threshold for all proteins cannot distinguish efficiently pathogenic and non-pathogenic mutations, as shown here. We also show that amino acid changes with small evolutionary substitution probability, mainly due to amino acid volume, are more associated with disease, implying a pathological effect on the conformational state of the protein, which could affect copper transport or ATP recognition and hydrolysis. These findings may be a first step towards a more quantitative genotype-phenotype relationship of Wilson’s disease.
A fuzzy encounter complex precedes formation of the fully-engaged TIR1-Aux/IAA auxin co-receptor system
Authors: Ramans Harborough Sigurd , Kalverda Arnout P. , Thompson Gary S. , Kieffer Martin , Kubes Martin , Quareshy Mussa , Uzunova Veselina , Prusinska Justyna M. , Hayashi Ken-ichiro , Napier Richard , Manfield Iain W. , Kepinski Stefan 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe plant hormone auxin regulates almost every aspect of plant development via the TIR1/AFB-auxin-Aux/IAA auxin co-receptor complex. Within this ternary complex, auxin acts as a molecular glue to promote the binding of Aux/IAA transcriptional repressor proteins to SCFTIR1/AFB ubiquitin-ligase complexes, thereby catalysing their ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis. A conspicuous feature of the crystal structure of the complex is a rare cis W-P bond within the Aux/IAA degron motif. To study receptor complex assembly, we have used NMR to determine the solution structure of the amino-terminal half of the Aux/IAA protein AXR3/IAA17, including the degron, both in isolation and in complex with TIR1 and auxin. We show that this region of AXR3 is intrinsically-disordered with only limited elements of structure and yet the critical degron W-P bond occurs with an unusually high (1:1) ratio of cis to trans isomers. We show that assembly of the co-receptor complex involves both auxin-dependent and -independent interaction events in which the disorder of the Aux/IAA is retained. Further, using the synthetic auxin molecule cvxIAA and by analysing specific Aux/IAA conformers, we show that a subset of auxin-dependent binding events occur away from the base of the canonical auxin binding pocket in TIR1. Our results reveal the existence of a fuzzy, topologically-distinct ternary encounter complex and thus that auxin perception is not limited to sequential, independent binding of auxin and then Aux/IAA to TIR1.
Selection-based model of prokaryote pangenomes
Authors: Domingo-Sananes Maria Rosa , McInerney James O. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe genomes of different individuals of the same prokaryote species can vary widely in gene content, displaying different proportions of core genes, which are present in all genomes, and accessory genes, whose presence varies between genomes. Together, these core and accessory genes make up a species’ pangenome. The reasons behind this extensive diversity in gene content remain elusive, and there is an ongoing debate about the contribution of accessory genes to fitness, that is, whether their presence is on average advantageous, neutral, or deleterious. In order to explore this issue, we developed a mathematical model to simulate the gene content of prokaryote genomes and pangenomes. Our model focuses on testing how the fitness effects of genes and their rates of gene gain and loss would affect the properties of pangenomes. We first show that pangenomes with large numbers of low-frequency genes can arise due to the gain and loss of neutral and nearly neutral genes in a population. However, pangenomes with large numbers of highly beneficial, low-frequency genes can arise as a consequence of genotype-by-environment interactions when multiple niches are available to a species. Finally, pangenomes can arise, irrespective of the fitness effect of the gained and lost genes, as long as gene gain and loss rates are high. We argue that in order to understand the contribution of different mechanisms to pangenome diversity, it is crucial to have empirical information on population structure, gene-by-environment interactions, the distributions of fitness effects and rates of gene gain and loss in different prokaryote groups.
Land tenure and agricultural investments in China: a meta-regression analysis
Authors: Li Jing 
Published: September 2019

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to examine the factors that lead to the controversy within the existing empirical literature on the relationship between land tenure and agricultural investments in China.

Design/methodology/approach
This study conducts a meta-regression analysis (MRA) based on 265 samples from 29 selected studies. These studies are collected from different regions and populations; therefore, this study utilizes a random-effects meta-regression model to control between-study heterogeneity.

Findings
The empirical results show that the variable “land-related long-term investments” significantly affects the relationship between land tenure and agricultural investments. The variables: “ration land,” “land titling” and “land transfer rights” all have significant effects on this relationship, but at different levels. The study area (e.g. “western China,” “central/inland China,” “two regions contained”), “plot level,” “panel data,” “sample size,” “considered endogeneity” and “off-farm employment” variables all significantly influence the relationship. Additionally, the results show that the relationship is significantly affected by the survey time.

Practical implications
Policymakers should treat the existing research conclusions with caution and pay more attention to defining land tenure. The relationship between land tenure and agricultural investments also depends on regional resource availability. Therefore, land property rights policies should be region-specific in order to successfully encourage agricultural investments.

Originality/value
In this study, the author collectively examines existing empirical studies to investigate whether their inconsistent results are affected by research characteristics. To the author’s knowledge, this is the first study that analyzes land tenure and agricultural investments in China using MRA. Future research should refine the definition of land tenure, the selection of agricultural investment types, the research method and the method of data collection.
Market and internationalization knowledge in entrepreneurial internationalization processes
Authors: Galdino Katia M. , Rezende Sérgio Fernando Loureiro , Lamont Bruce T. 
Published: September 2019

PurposeBy bringing together the IB and IE literatures, the purpose of this paper is to examine the internationalization process as an entrepreneurial process related to the development of international opportunities. It explicitly connects different types of knowledge (i.e. market and internationalization), international opportunities and the internationalization process comprising both new foreign market entry and sequential moves that happen after entry.Design/methodology/approachThis is a conceptual paper that reviews the literature on knowledge, opportunities and the internationalization process. Moreover, the paper identifies the current gaps in the literature and builds new theory that sheds light into how these three concepts are related. The paper also presents a model and propositions that should guide future research.FindingsThe proposed model shows that market and internationalization knowledge combine to form the international knowledge stockpile of the firm, which moderates the relationship between the development of international opportunities and the internationalization process, comprising not only new foreign market entry but also sequential moves that happen after entry using either mode continuation or modal shift. Moreover, it shows that the development of opportunities only leads to modal shifts after a certain threshold is achieved.Research limitations/implicationsThe propositions suggest that market and internationalization knowledge are positively related to international opportunities, which, in turn, are related to foreign market entry and sequential moves using mode continuation. International opportunities, however, are related to modal shifts only beyond a threshold. Moreover, the international knowledge stockpile of the firm moderates the relationship between international opportunities and the internationalization process. Because this is a conceptual paper, the propositions have not been tested and, therefore, lack empirical validation. Nonetheless, the model is a starting point to new research on internationalization distinguishing different types of knowledge as well as different sequential moves.Originality/valueThis study shows that the internationalization process is contingent on the different types of knowledge associated with it. It also introduces the idea of a threshold that shapes the internationalization process. The bulk of the research on internationalization suggests that such a process is gradual and incremental. This study offers a non-linear alternative.
Do men and women experience work engagement and job satisfaction to the same extent in collectivistic, patriarchal societies?
Authors: Ghosh Piyali , Jawahar I.M. , Rai Alka 
Published: September 2019

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate how cognitive and emotional job demands interact with job resources to influence work engagement, and whether work engagement mediates the association of job demands with job satisfaction. In collectivistic patriarchal societies women have fewer resources to devote to work; thus, based on Conservation of Resources theory, the authors have tested if job demands relate differently to work engagement for women than for men and if the mediation differs across genders.Design/methodology/approachUsing data collected from 724 bank officers in India, the authors used the PROCESS macro developed for SPSS to test the hypotheses.FindingsGender interacted with job demands to influence work engagement, such that the relationship was stronger for men than for women. Moderated mediation analysis showed that men experience work engagement and through work engagement increased job satisfaction from challenging job demands, whereas these benefits do not accrue for women, and when they do, they are significantly less than for men.Originality/valueMost models and theories of organizational behavior have been developed in the western world where, relatively speaking, men and women enjoy almost equal privileges at work and at home. In collectivistic patriarchal societies, women are responsible for the lion’s share of household chores (Rout et al., 1999) and thus have fewer resources to devote to work, affecting their work engagement and satisfaction. The results behoove researchers to consider gender as a study variable when designing studies on organizational phenomena.
Cause-related marketing
Authors: Liu Gordon , Wu Meng-Shan Sharon , Ko Wai Wai , Chen Cheng-Hao Steve , Chen Yantai 
Published: September 2019

PurposeCause-related marketing (CRM) focuses on the use of marketing tools to publicize a firm’s corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities. Drawing on legitimacy theory, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of CRM-led CSR in international business-to-business (B2B) markets. In particular, the authors examine the relationship between supplier CRM-led philanthropic CSR reputation and foreign customer business engagement in an international B2B setting. The authors also test how the foreign customer’s host-country sustainable development level moderates this relationship.Design/methodology/approachThe authors collect and analyze dyadic data from multiple sources including: dyadic data from a supplier and its 90 foreign customers; the supplier’s internal company records; and publically available data.FindingsThe authors find that supplier CRM-led philanthropic CSR reputation positively affects foreign customer business engagement. Furthermore, the authors find that this positive relationship is stronger when host-country environments are characterized by achieving higher level of environmental well-being development. In contrast, this positive relationship is weaker when the foreign customer host-country environment is characterized by achieving higher level of economic well-being development.Originality/valueThe authors examine that impacts of CRM-led CSR in international B2B markets and differentiate the contingent roles of foreign customer host-country sustainable development in moderating such impacts.
Innovative performance of Brazilian public higher educational institutions
Authors: Souza Thais Assis de , Antunes Luiz Guilherme Rodrigues , Azevedo Angélica da Silva , Angélico Giulia Oliveira , Zambalde Andre Luiz 
Published: September 2019

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to identify the compensation between research groups and companies that contribute the most for the innovative performance of Brazilian public higher educational institutions (PHEI), using as database the 2010’s tabular plan from CNPq’s Directory of Research Groups.

Design/methodology/approach
Descriptive and multivariate statistical techniques such as spearman correlation, cluster analysis, ANOVA and discriminant analysis were used.

Findings
Compensations that contribute the most for the updating of the PHEI are identified as transfer of financial resources from the partner to the group; providing grants for the group; transfer of material supplies to partner’s activities; temporary physical transfer of human resources from the group to the activities conducted by the partner; other forms of compensation that do not fit in the previous categories; and partnering with transfers of resources of any kind going in any direction.

Research limitations/implications
As a limitation, it is pointed out the discontinuity of the tabular plan, which presents 2010 as the last available data.

Practical implications
The results can contribute to programs and policies to encourage innovation within universities.

Originality/value
It may be inferred that the stimulus to specific compensations may expand the quantitative idea of interaction points between the university and companies, linking qualitative aspects, which leads to an understanding that such interactions may, in fact, contribute directly to the activity of generating and spreading knowledge and innovation.
Examining formal and relational governance in family small medium enterprises
Authors: Kussudyarsana Kussudyarsana , Soepatini Soepatini , Maimun Muhammad Halim , Vemuri Ram 
Published: September 2019

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to investigate factors that influence the application of governance mechanism in family small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Indonesia.Design/methodology/approachThis study used multiple regression analysis to examine the hypothesis. For data collection, questionnaires were distributed to 337 owners and managers of SMEs around 7 districts in Java Island in Indonesia.FindingsThe result indicates that uncertainty influences the application of formal governance in family SMEs in Indonesia. Meanwhile, asset specificity has impact on both formal and relational governance in the context of firms. Financial and non-financial objectives did not impact both formal and relational governance.Research limitations/implicationsThough this research was carried out in a particular cultural context, this study was not specifically designed to examine the interaction between cultural variables and family corporate governance variables. In the future, there is need for a study that examines how culture can influence the practice of formal and relational governance in family business.Practical implicationsThe study will give guidance to owners or managers of family business in terms of governance mechanism when uncertainty increases. This evidence suggests that family firms need to adopt formal governance within family firms when uncertainty exists.Social implicationsThe research finding indicated that uncertainty influenced the application of formal governance in family SMEs in Indonesia. This research finding suggests that family firms need to adopt formal governance when uncertainty exists. The adoption of formal governance, however, may implicate to some others organizational areas in family firms such as leadership, recruitment and selection and corporate culture.Originality/valueThis study is one of the few on family SMEs, which applied the transaction cost theory. Most of the studies use agency theory for investigating governance mechanism in the family business. This study is one of the few on family SMEs, which applied the transaction cost. This study provides an explanation about a factor that influences a family firm to choose formal and relational governance within the firm.
Digital rights management (DRM) in libraries of public universities in Jordan
Authors: Abu Sirhan Afaf , Abdrabbo Khalid Mohamad , Ahmed Ali Al Tawalbeh Serhan , Hamdi Ahmed Mustafa , Ali Helalat Mohammad 
Published: September 2019

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to illustrate some methods to protect digital libraries using digital rights management (DRM) technologies and specifically the methods applied at the digital libraries of Jordan universities.

Design/methodology/approach
A descriptive research method has been used to examine the extent of DRM in digital libraries of universities in Jordan.

Findings
Majority of the universities in Jordan use different methods of protection including coding, identification, authenticity and digital watermark. However, methods including digital signature, digital fingerprint, copy detection systems and pay system have not been employed within Jordanian universities. The use of copyright management systems has been limited, which shows the weakness in the use of technological protection within the investigated libraries.

Originality/value
This study has shown contribution to the development of digital libraries that are based on the protection of new technology and are able to provide better services to users without concern about protecting publishers’ rights.
Selective laser melting of magnesium AZ31B alloy powder
Authors: Pawlak Andrzej , Szymczyk Patrycja E. , Kurzynowski Tomasz , Chlebus Edward 
Published: September 2019

Purpose
This paper aims to discuss the results of material tests conducted on specimens manufactured from AZ31 alloy powder by selective laser melting (SLM) technology. The manufactured specimens were then subjected to porosity assessment, microstructure analysis as well as to mechanical and corrosion tests.

Design/methodology/approach
SLM process was optimized using the design of experiments tools. Experiments aimed at selecting optimum process parameters were carried out in accordance with a five-level rotatable central composite design.

Findings
The porosity results showed very low values of <1 per cent, whereas mechanical properties were close to the values reported for the reference wrought AZ31 alloy in hot-rolled state. A fine-grained microstructure was observed with a large range of grain size, which enhanced the material’s mechanical properties. Corrosion characteristics of the SLM-manufactured material exceed those determined for the wrought material.

Originality/value
The results presented in this paper drive interest in magnesium alloys used in additive manufacturing processes. Low porosity, good mechanical properties, form of the microstructure and, most importantly, improved corrosion characteristics suggest that SLM provides great potential for the manufacture of ultralight structures, including resorbable metallic implants.