bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Food or money? Children's brains respond differently to rewards regardless of weight status
Authors: Adise S. , Geier C. F. , Roberts N. J. , White C. N. , Keller K. L. 
Published: September 2018

SummaryBackgroundBrain responses to both food and monetary rewards have been linked to weight gain and obesity in adults, suggesting that general sensitivity to reward contributes to overeating. However, the relationship between brain reward response and body weight in children is unclear.ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to assess the brain's response to multiple rewards and the relationship to body weight in children.MethodsWe tested this by performing functional magnetic resonance imaging while children (7‐ to 11‐years‐old; healthy weight [n = 31], overweight/obese [n = 30]) played a modified card‐guessing task to assess blood‐oxygen‐level‐dependent (BOLD) response to anticipating and winning food and money rewards. Functional magnetic resonance imaging data were analysed using a region of interest and exploratory whole‐brain approach.ResultsRegion of interest results demonstrated increased BOLD response in the striatum to anticipating food vs. neutral (control) and winning money vs. neutral. Whole‐brain data showed that winning money vs. food was associated with increased activation in the striatum, as well as regions associated with cognitive control and emotion. Notably, for both approaches, these effects were independent of child weight status. Additionally, children's reported food responsiveness and emotional overeating were negatively correlated with the BOLD response in the left cingulate gyrus for winning food vs. money.ConclusionOverall, findings from this study show that regions associated with reward, cognitive control and emotion may play a role in the brain's response to food and money rewards, independently of how much the child weighs. These findings provide insight into reward sensitivity in children, which may have implications for understanding overeating and the development of obesity.
IL‐25 protects against high‐fat diet‐induced hepatic steatosis in mice by inducing IL‐25 and M2a macrophage production
Authors: Zheng Xue‐Lian , Wu Jian‐Ping , Gong Yue , Hong Jun‐Bo , Xiao Hai‐Ying , Zhong Jia‐Wei , Xie Bo , Li Bi‐Min , Guo Gui‐Hai , Zhu Xuan , Wang An‐Jiang 
Published: September 2018

AbstractInterleukin (IL)‐25 is a cytokine that has previously been shown to have a protective role against nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which is associated with the induction of M2 macrophage differentiation. However, the direct relationships between IL‐25 expression regulation, M2 induction and NAFLD remain unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that IL‐25 promotes hepatic macrophage differentiation into M2a macrophages both in vivo and in vitro via the IL‐13/STAT6 pathway. M2 macrophages that were differentiated in vitro were able to ameliorate high‐fat diet HFD‐induced hepatic steatosis. Furthermore, we found that IL‐25 treatment, both in vitro and in vivo, promotes direct binding of STAT6 to the IL‐25 gene promoter region. This binding of STAT6 in response to IL‐25 treatment also resulted in the increase of IL‐25 expression in hepatocytes. Together, these findings identify IL‐25 as a protective factor against HFD‐induced hepatic steatosis by inducing an increase of IL‐25 expression in hepatocytes and through promotion of M2a macrophage production.
Prevalence and nature of lung function abnormalities among Indigenous Australians referred to specialist respiratory outreach clinics in the Northern Territory
Authors: Schubert Jonathon , Kruavit Anuk , Mehra Sumit , Wasgewatta Sanjiwika , Chang Anne B. , Heraganahally Subash S. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractBackgroundPoor lung function is a predictor of future all‐cause mortality. In Australia, respiratory diseases are particularly prevalent among the indigenous population, especially in remote communities. However, there are little published pulmonary function tests’ (PFT) data of remote‐based adult indigenous patients.AimTo evaluate the severity of airflow obstruction and other PFT abnormalities of adults referred to specialist respiratory clinics in remote indigenous communities.MethodsRetrospective analysis of PFT (pre‐ and post‐bronchodilator spirometry, total lung capacity (TLC) and diffusing capacity to carbon monoxide (DLCO)) of indigenous patients collected during specialist respiratory clinics in remote Northern Territory (NT) indigenous communities (Australia) between 2013 and 2015. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III without ethnic correction was used as the reference.ResultsOf the 357 patients, 150 had acceptable spirometry, and 71 had acceptable DLCO and TLC studies. Despite the relatively young age (mean = 49 years, SD = 12.9), their lung function was generally low; mean % predicted values were FEV1 = 55% (SD = 20.5%), FVC = 61% (SD = 15.6%), DLCO = 64.0% (SD = 19.7%) and TLC = 70.1% (SD = 18.2%). Mean FEV1/FVC ratio was preserved (0.71, SD = 0.16). Post‐bronchodilator airflow obstruction (FEV1/FVC < 0.7) was observed in 37% of patients, where a large proportion (67%) demonstrated at least a severe airflow obstruction, with a mean FEV1 of 41% predicted.ConclusionIn this first study of PFT findings of indigenous adults from a remote‐based clinical service, we found a high rate of at least moderate airflow limitation and low FVC along with preserved FEV1/FVC ratio. Increased awareness and screening for reduced lung function needs to be considered in this population.
Nurses’ perceived spiritual climate of a hospital in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Cruz J.P. , Alquwez N. , Albaqawi H.M. , Alharbi S.M. , Moreno‐Lacalle R.C. 
Published: September 2018

AimThis study investigated the spiritual climate of a hospital in Saudi Arabia as perceived by nurses.BackgroundA spiritually conducive environment improves patient, nurse and organizational outcomes. Despite being important, no studies have investigated this area in the Muslim‐dominated Middle Eastern countries.IntroductionA snapshot on the degree of spiritual climate perception may provide insight into the aspects that may need improvement and may become basis for the creation of health and nursing policies directed towards creating a spiritually‐accepting and respecting clinical workplace.MethodA sample of 219 nurses employed in a 500‐bed capacity hospital in Saudi Arabia was included in this cross‐sectional study utilizing the spiritual climate scale.ResultsThe nurses perceived their hospital's spiritual climate to be fair. The item ‘I am encouraged to express spirituality in this clinical area’ received the lowest mean, whereas the item ‘My spiritual views are respected in this clinical area’ received the highest mean. Being Saudi, having less total experience as a nurse, and having greater total experience as a nurse in Saudi Arabia and in the present hospital positively influenced the perception of the spiritual climate among nurses.ConclusionThe findings stress the need to improve the spiritual climate in the hospital.Implications for nursing and nursing policyHospitals are recommended to create policies to implement interventions geared towards creating a spiritually‐friendly environment. Hospitals are encouraged to create a safe place where nurses can freely express their spirituality regardless of preference or religious denomination. Spiritual education may be provided by hospitals as part of continuing education. Managers may also focus on the existential spirituality of nurses, especially for spiritually‐sensitive environments such as Saudi Arabia.
SiO2‐improved stability of Mn‐doped CsPbBr0.5I2.5NC and their application for white LED
Authors: He Meiling , Liu Shengnan , Ding Ling , Zhang Zelong , Liu Jianping , Xiang Weidong , Liang Xiaojuan 
Published: September 2018

AbstractWe successfully synthesized Mn‐doped CsPbBr0.5I2.5 nanocrystals (NCs) using a traditional hot injection method. The Mn‐doped CsPbBr0.5I2.5 NCs have very good luminescence propertie. Unfortunately, they can only be dissolved in nonpolar solvents, and they suffer from the effect of air instability, thermal instability, and water instability. In this study, we used mesoporous SiO2 and Al2O3 coatings to improve the air stability and water stability of these nanocrystals, inhibit the loss of Mn2+. The prepared composite material not only maintains the excellent optical properties of the NCs, but also the most important is to significantly improve the stability of the NCs. Importantly, Mn‐doped CsPbBr0.5I2.5 NCs can also be used as a red fluorescent material, with green CsPbBr3 NC glass‐emitting white LED under the excitation of an InGaN blue chip.
Effect of Al2O3 on the formation of color centers and CdSe/Cd1−xZnxSe quantum dots in SiO2–Na2O–ZnO glasses
Authors: Xia Mengling , Liu Chao , Xu Yinsheng , Zhao Xiujian 
Published: September 2018

Abstract color centers and CdSe/Cd1−xZnxSe quantum dots (QDs) were formed in silicate glasses, respectively, by carefully adjusting the content of Al2O3. The absorption coefficient and broad visible emission at 400‐700 nm of color centers increased firstly and then decreased upon increasing concentration of Al2O3 from 0 to 5 mol. %. With 2 mol. % Al2O3 adding, the band edge emission centered at 497 nm from CdSe QDs in glasses was observed after heat treatment. Raman spectra and TEM characterization confirmed the formation of CdSe/Cd1−xZnxSe QDs. The small amount addition of Al2O3 had a significant effect on the formation of color centers and precipitation of CdSe/Cd1−xZnxSe QDs in glasses due to its complicated effect on the network structure and optical basicity of the glasses.
Melatonin as adjunctive therapy in the treatment of periodontitis associated with obesity
Authors: Virto Leire , Cano Pilar , Jiménez‐Ortega Vanesa , Fernández‐Mateos Pilar , González Jerián , Haugen Håvard J. , Esquifino Ana Isabel , Sanz Mariano 
Published: September 2018

AbstractAimsTo study the effect of adjunctive systemic administration of melatonin to standard mechanical periodontal therapy in obese rats with experimental periodontitis.Materials and methodsIn 42 Wistar rats with an initial body weight of 180 g., half (n = 21) were fed with a high‐fat diet to induce obesity. In both obese and normal‐weight groups, experimental periodontitis was subsequently induced through oral gavages with a combination of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum. Both groups were randomly allocated to either no treatment or periodontal treatment consisting on standard mechanical debridement, with either adjunctive chlorhexidine or melatonin. Outcomes were evaluated by the changes in clinical parameters (probing depth modified gingival index, plaque dental index and bleeding on probing [BOP]), in bone resorption and in the levels of biomarkers in plasma and in gingival tissue (inflammatory cytokines, insulin, leptin, osteocalcin, osteopontin, plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1, intercellular adhesion molecule 1, E‐selectin and lipids).ResultsIn the obese‐periodontitis group, adjunctive melatonin administration resulted in reduced gingival inflammation and BOP, with significant reductions in probing depth and enhanced bone repair demonstrated by micro‐CT (15% reduction in alveolar bone destruction) when compared with the same group treated with adjunctive CHX or the normal‐weight rats with either melatonin or CHX. In this melatonin‐treated obese‐periodontitis group, a significant impact on biochemical biomarkers was also demonstrated in both gingival and plasma samples, when compared with the other groups, with significant reductions in pro‐inflammatory cytokines.ConclusionsAdjunctive melatonin therapy significantly reduced alveolar bone loss and exerted a protective anti‐inflammatory effect mainly in those experimental animals affected by the co‐morbidity of periodontitis and obesity.
Repeated switches from cooperative to selfish worker oviposition during stingless bee evolution
Authors: Grüter Christoph 
Published: September 2018

AbstractReproductive division of labour is a defining feature of insect societies. Stingless bees (Meliponini) are an interesting exception among the highly eusocial insects in that workers of many species contribute significantly to the production of males. Since workers remain sterile in other species of this large tropical tribe, it has been hypothesized that, in the latter species, ancestral queens have won the conflict over who produces the males. The fact that sterile workers of some species lay trophic eggs to feed the queen and display ritualized behaviours towards her during oviposition has been interpreted as an evolutionary relic of this ancient conflict. Here, I used ancestral state estimation to test whether worker reproduction is indeed the ancestral condition and worker sterility a derived state in stingless bees. Contrary to this hypothesis, data suggest that trophic egg laying was the ancestral condition, whereas selfish worker reproduction in queenright colonies evolved subsequently during stingless bee diversification. The appearance of worker reproduction in queenright conditions was tightly linked to the laying of trophic eggs, which suggests that having activated ovaries in queen presence facilitates the evolution of worker reproduction. Worker reproduction is also linked to brood cell architecture, but surprisingly not to colony size or queen–worker dimorphism. The reason for this association between brood cell architecture and worker oviposition is currently unknown. These results suggest that trophic eggs are not a relic of an ancient conflict, but a sign of overlapping interests between the queen and workers about who produces the males.
Microbiological risk assessment and simple cost‐effective ways to reduce the risk in bulk food bags manufacturing company
Authors: Zaman Sharmin , Ahmed Sunzid , Kabir Md.Raihan , Bari Md.Latiful 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThis study was conducted to evaluate the microbial risk associated in bulk food bags manufacturing facilities and its cost‐effective way to minimize the risk. Swab samples from each step of manufacturing process was collected and microbiological analysis was done. Results showed that the bulk food bags manufacturing process was grossly contaminated with multiple types of bacteria. Moderate number of total aerobic bacteria (≤3.68 log cfu/unit), coliform (≤3.63 log cfu/unit), fecal coliform (1.0–1.25 log cfu/unit), Staphylococcus spp. count (≤3.6 log cfu/unit) was recorded in worker's hand gloves and different sections of the whole production facility. Although no Escherichia coli or Salmonella spp. was detected, enrichment culture study detected Streptococcus spp., and fecal Streptococcus spp. in some swabs and hand gloves samples. Other than UV treatment alone, washing the hand gloves with calcinated calcium (CCa; 0.02%) followed by drying under UV light, and UV light in finished product storage room, and sanitizing the floor surfaces with 0.02% CCa, was able to significantly reduce (1.0–3.68 log cfu/unit) or eliminate the bacterial contaminants from hand gloves, finished products, and floor surfaces. This simple treatment was seen to minimize the risks of microbial contamination in the bulk food bags manufacturing facilities.Practical applicationsFlexible intermediate bulk containers (FIBCs) are used by various industrial sectors like agriculture, chemicals, and pharmaceutical, but one of the largest users of FIBC bags is the food industry. Transporting and storing food is tougher to do than any other product. The food companies are constantly in search of ways to maximize profits while cutting costs and conserving space. FIBC bags have helped thousands of businesses around the world to achieve this goal. On the other hand, reducing risks from microbial contamination is an essential part of every food manufacturer's responsibility to protect both its customers and its business. The cost‐effective and simple methods described in this study will be applicable in the bulk food bags manufacturing facilities worldwide to ensure the quality and safety of the food.
Frailty and Delirium in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of the Literature
Authors: Persico Ilaria , Cesari Matteo , Morandi Alessandro , Haas Justin , Mazzola Paolo , Zambon Antonella , Annoni Giorgio , Bellelli Giuseppe 
Published: September 2018

OBJECTIVESTo evaluate the relationship between frailty and delirium.DESIGNSystematic review and meta‐analysis.SETTINGMEDLINE, EMBASE, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases were searched for articles on frailty and delirium published on or before October 31, 2017.PARTICIPANTSIndividuals aged 65 and older.MEASUREMENTSTwo authors independently reviewed all English‐language citations, extracted relevant data, and assessed studies for potential bias. Articles involving pediatric or neurosurgical populations, alcohol or substance abuse, psychiatric illness, head trauma, or stroke, as well as review articles, letters, and case reports were excluded. Studies underwent qualitative or quantitative analysis according to specified criteria. Using a random‐effects or fixed‐effects model, relative risk (RR) was calculated for the effect of frailty as a predictor of subsequent delirium. Heterogeneity was tested using Q and I2 statistics.RESULTSWe identified 1,626 articles from our initial search, of which 20 fulfilled the selection criteria (N=5,541 participants, mean age 77.8). Eight studies were eligible for meta‐analysis, showing a significant association between Q2 frailty and subsequent delirium (RR = 2.19, 95% confidence interval = 1.65–2.91). There was low variability among studies in the measures of association between frailty and delirium (I2 2.24, p‐value Q‐statistic = .41) but high heterogeneity in the methods used to assess the two conditions.CONCLUSIONThis systematic review and meta‐analysis supports the existence of an independent relationship between frailty and delirium, although there is notable methodological heterogeneity between the methods used to assess the 2 conditions. Future studies are needed to better delineate the dynamics between these syndromes.
The Demand for Assets and Optimal Monetary Aggregation
Authors: JADIDZADEH ALI , SERLETIS APOSTOLOS 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThis paper uses a highly disaggregated demand system to estimate the degree of substitutability among monetary assets and to address the issue of optimal monetary aggregation in the United States. We address the problems of dimensionality and nonlinearity, estimating a very detailed monetary asset demand system encompassing the full range of assets based on the locally flexible normalized quadratic expenditure function. We treat the concavity property as a maintained hypothesis and provide evidence consistent with neoclassical microeconomic theory. Statistical tests reject the appropriateness of the aggregation assumptions for all the money measures published by the Federal Reserve as well as for a large number of groupings suggested by earlier studies. This supports and reinforces Barnett's (2016) assertion that we should employ the broadest M4 monetary aggregate published by the Center for Financial Stability.
Financial Frictions, Financial Shocks, and Aggregate Volatility
Authors: FUENTES‐ALBERO CRISTINA 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe Great Moderation was accompanied by an increase in financial volatility. We explore the sources of these divergent patterns in volatilities by estimating a model with time‐varying financial rigidities subject to structural breaks in the size of shocks, the monetary policy rule coefficients, and the average size of the financial rigidity. Institutional changes are key in accounting for the Great Moderation and in shaping the transmission mechanism of financial shocks. The increase in financial volatilities is accounted for by larger financial shocks, but the vulnerability of the economy to these shocks is significantly alleviated by the estimated changes in institutions.
Pharmacokinetics of florfenicol and thiamphenicol in ducks
Authors: Tikhomirov Marta , Poźniak Błażej , Smutkiewicz Andrzej , Świtała Marcin 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe pharmacokinetics of florfenicol (FF) and thiamphenicol (TP) after single intravenous (IV) and oral (PO) administration was investigated in Mulard ducks. Both antibiotics were administered at a dose of 30 mg/kg body weight, and their concentrations in plasma samples were assayed using high‐performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using a noncompartmental method. AfterIVadministration, significant differences were found for the mean residence time (2.25 ± 0.21 hr vs. 2.83 ± 0.50 hr forFFandTP, respectively) and the general half‐life (1.56 ± 0.15 hr vs. 1.96 ± 0.35 hr forFFandTP, respectively) indicating slightly slower elimination ofTPas compared toFF. The clearance, however, was comparable (0.30 ± 0.07 L/hr/kg forFFand 0.26 ± 0.04 L/hr/kg forTP). The mean volume of distribution was below 0.7 L/kg for both drugs. Pharmacokinetics afterPOadministration was very similar forFFandTPsuggesting minor clinical importance of the differences found in theIVstudy. Both antimicrobials showed rapid absorption and bioavailability of more than 70% indicating thatPOroute should be an efficient method ofFFandTPadministration to ducks under field conditions.
Heating experiments of the Tagish Lake meteorite: Investigation of the effects of short‐term heating on chondritic organics
Authors: Chan Queenie H. S. , Nakato Aiko , Kebukawa Yoko , Zolensky Michael E. , Nakamura Tomoki , Maisano Jessica A. , Colbert Matthew W. , Martinez James E. , Kilcoyne A. L. David , Suga Hiroki , Takahashi Yoshio , Takeichi Yasuo , Mase Kazuhiko , Wright Ian P. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractWe present in this study the effects of short‐term heating on organics in the Tagish Lake meteorite and how the difference in the heating conditions can modify the organic matter (OM) in a way that complicates the interpretation of a parent body's heating extent with common cosmothermometers. The kinetics of short‐term heating and its influence on the organic structure are not well understood, and any study of OM is further complicated by the complex alteration processes of the thermally metamorphosed carbonaceous chondrites—potential analogues of the target asteroid Ryugu of the Hayabusa2 mission—which had experienced posthydration, short‐duration local heating. In an attempt to understand the effects of short‐term heating on chondritic OM, we investigated the change in the OM contents of the experimentally heated Tagish Lake meteorite samples using Raman spectroscopy, scanning transmission X‐ray microscopy utilizing X‐ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy, and ultraperformance liquid chromatography fluorescence detection and quadrupole time of flight hybrid mass spectrometry. Our experiment suggests that graphitization of OM did not take place despite the samples being heated to 900 °C for 96 h, as the OM maturity trend was influenced by the heating conditions, kinetics, and the nature of the OM precursor, such as the presence of abundant oxygenated moieties. Although both the intensity of the 1s−σ* exciton cannot be used to accurately interpret the peak metamorphic temperature of the experimentally heated Tagish Lake sample, the Raman graphite band widths of the heated products significantly differ from that of chondritic OM modified by long‐term internal heating.