bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Breeding for resilience to increasing temperatures: A field trial assessing genetic variation in soft red winter wheat
Authors: Russell Kathleen , Van Sanford David 
Published: November 2018

AbstractBreeding for resilience to climate change is a daunting prospect. Crop and climate models tell us that global wheat yields are likely to decline as the climate warms, causing a significant risk to global food security. High temperatures are known to affect crop development yet breeding for tolerance to heat stress is difficult to achieve in field environments. We conducted an active warming study over two years to quantify the effects of heat stress on genetic variation of soft red winter (SRW) wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Forty SRW cultivars and breeding lines were chosen based on marker genotypes at photoperiod sensitivity and reduced height loci. These genotypes were planted in a randomized complete block design replicated twice across two environments, ambient and artificially warmed. Average heading date occurred 5 days earlier in the warmed environment than in the ambient environment over both years (p ≤ 0.05). On average, grain yield was significantly reduced in the warmed environment by 211.41 kg/ha (p ≤ 0.05) or 4.84%, though we identified 13 genotypes with increased yield in response to warming in both years. Of these genotypes, eight had significantly increased N uptake while six showed significantly increased N utilization efficiency under warming. Under warming, genotypes with wild‐type alleles at the Rht‐D1 locus display significantly greater yields (p ≤ 0.01) and biomass (p ≤ 0.001) than genotypes with reduced height alleles. Of the 13 genotypes with higher (p ≤ 0.01) yields under warming, nine have the wild‐type allele at the Rht‐D1 locus in addition to being photoperiod insensitive. The next steps will be to validate these findings in other populations and to develop an efficient breeding/phenotyping scheme that will lead to more resilient cultivars.
Drought weakens the positive effects of defoliation on native rhizomatous grasses but enhances the drought‐tolerance traits of native caespitose grasses
Authors: Zhang Ruiyang , Schellenberg Michael P. , Han Guodong , Wang Hu , Li Junxian 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe objective of this study was to evaluate the drought tolerance, compensatory growth, and different plant traits between two native perennial caespitose grasses and two native rhizomatous grasses in response to drought and defoliation. A randomized complete block design at the Swift Current Research and Development Centre (SCRDC) of Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada (AAFC) examined the effects of water stress and clipping on the plant biomass, plant morphological traits, and relative leaf chlorophyll content (SPAD value) of four native grasses (caespitose grass: Hesperostipa comata and H. curtiseta; rhizomatous grass: Pascopyrum smithii and Elymus lanceolatus). Drought drastically decreased the shoot and root biomass, plant height, number of tillers and leaf growth of P. smithii and E. lanceolatus, as well as the rhizome biomass and R/S ratio of P. smithii. Defoliation had a positive effect on the shoot biomass of P. smithii and E. lanceolatus under well water treatments (100% and 85% of field capacity). However, the compensatory growth of P. smithii and E. lanceolatus significantly declined with increased water stress. In addition, there are no significant changes in plant biomass, plant height, number of tillers and leaves, and SPAD value of H. comata and H. curtiseta under relative dry condition (70% of field capacity). Consequently, these results demonstrated that the rhizomatous grasses possessed a stronger compensation in response to defoliation under wet conditions, but the positive effects of defoliation can be weakened by drought. The caespitose grasses (Hesperostipa species) exhibited a greater drought tolerance than rhizomatous grasses due to the relatively stable plant traits in response to water stress.
Fish assemblage responses to flow seasonality and predictability in a tropical flood pulse system
Authors: Ngor Peng Bun , Oberdorff Thierry , Phen Chheng , Baehr Christophe , Grenouillet Gaël , Lek Sovan 
Published: November 2018

AbstractHydropower dams are looming in the Mekong Basin, affecting river flows that structure aquatic communities. Here, we quantitatively assessed flow seasonality and predictability in three sites located in three rivers displaying a gradient in flow alterations caused by upstream dams and investigated how fish assemblages responded seasonally and inter‐annually to this gradient. By analyzing 7‐yr daily fish and water monitoring data, we found that dams disturbed the natural flow seasonality and predictability. While the river displaying the lower seasonality–predictability was characterized by a distinct seasonal variation in assemblage composition with high species turnover, rivers with stronger flow seasonality–predictability exhibited broadly similar seasonal patterns in fish assemblage composition with low species turnover and regular annual peaks of fish migration. These results challenge the expectation of higher species turnover in systems displaying higher flow seasonality and predictability and may be partly due to the strong adaptation of fish assemblages to these specific systems. By enhancing our understanding of biological systems in the highly seasonal–predictable and aseasonal–unpredictable environments of the lower Mekong system, these findings suggest that hydropower‐related pulsed flows that can mimic as far as possible natural pulsed flows are critical to reduce downstream effects on aquatic organisms.
Flower movement balances pollinator needs and pollen protection
Authors: Haverkamp Alexander , Li Xiang , Hansson Bill S. , Baldwin Ian T. , Knaden Markus , Yon Felipe 
Published: November 2018

AbstractFlower signaling and orientation are key characteristics that determine a flower's pollinator guild. However, many flowers actively move during their daily cycle, changing both their detectability and accessibility to pollinators. The flowers of the wild tobacco Nicotiana attenuata orientate their corolla upward at sunset and downward after sunrise. Here, we investigated the effect of different flower orientations on a major pollinator of N. attenuata, the hawkmoth Manduca sexta. We found that although flower orientation influenced the flight altitude of the moth in respect to the flower, it did not alter the moth's final flower choice. These behavioral observations were consistent with the finding that orientation did not systematically change the spatial distribution of floral volatiles, which are major attractants for the moths. Moreover, hawkmoths invested the same amount of time into probing flowers at different orientations, even though they were only able to feed and gather pollen from horizontally and upward‐oriented flowers, but not from downward‐facing flowers. The orientation of the flower was hence crucial for a successful interaction between N. attenuata and its hawkmoth pollinator. Additionally, we also investigated potential adverse effects of exposing flowers at different orientations to natural daylight levels, finding that anther temperature of upward‐oriented flowers was more than 7°C higher than for downward‐oriented flowers. This increase in temperature likely caused the significantly reduced germination success that was observed for pollen grains from upward‐oriented flowers in comparison to those of downward and horizontally oriented flowers. These results highlight the importance of flower reorientation to balance pollen protection and a successful interaction of the plant with its insect pollinators by maintaining the association between flower volatiles and flower accessibility to the pollinator.
Finite locally resonant Metafoundations for the seismic protection of fuel storage tanks
Authors: Basone Francesco , Wenzel Moritz , Bursi Oreste S. , Fossetti Marinella 
Published: November 2018

SummaryThis paper introduces a novel seismic isolation system based on metamaterial concepts for the reduction of ground motion‐induced vibrations in fuel storage tanks. In recent years, the advance of seismic metamaterials has led to various new concepts for the attenuation of seismic waves. Of particular interest for the present work is the concept of locally resonant materials, which are able to attenuate seismic waves at wavelengths much greater than the dimensions of their unit cells. Based on this concept, we propose a finite locally resonant Metafoundation, the so‐called Metafoundation, which is able to shield fuel storage tanks from earthquakes. To crystallize the ideas, the Metafoundation is designed according to the Italian standards with conservatism and optimized under the consideration of its interaction with both superstructure and ground. To accomplish this, we developed two optimization procedures that are able to compute the response of the coupled foundation‐tank system subjected to site‐specific ground motion spectra. They are carried out in the frequency domain, and both the optimal damping and the frequency parameters of the Metafoundation‐embedded resonators are evaluated. As case studies for the superstructure, we consider one slender and one broad tank characterized by different geometries and eigenproperties. Furthermore, the expected site‐specific ground motion is taken into account with filtered Gaussian white noise processes modeled with a modified Kanai‐Tajimi filter. Both the effectiveness of the optimization procedures and the resulting systems are evaluated through time history analyses with two sets of natural accelerograms corresponding to operating basis and safe shutdown earthquakes, respectively.
Microbiological quality of traditional and improved kiln smoked catfish (Clarias gariepinus; Pisces; Clariidae) in Lake Chilwa Basin
Authors: Likongwe Martin Charles , Kasapila William , Katundu Mangani , Mpeketula Placid 
Published: November 2018

AbstractMicrobiological quality of smoked catfish (Clarias gariepinus) locally known as Mlamba was assessed in this study where traditional and improved smoking kilns were used to smoke fish. Catfish is common fish caught in abundance in the Lake Chilwa basin, and the fish is usually smoked to reduce postharvest losses and increase shelf life. Samples were collected in sterile polythene bags, well labeled, and collected in cooler boxes transported ready for laboratory analysis. One gram representative sample was obtained aseptically from the muscle of the fresh and smoked catfish (Mlamba) samples. The samples were grounded, and fourfold serial dilutions (10−1–10−4) of the homogenized samples were made using sterile distilled water. Fish samples were analyzed for total plate count (TPC), Escherichia coli counts, and pathogenic organisms (Salmonella) following the methods prescribed by AOAC (Official methods of analysis, Association of Official Analytical Chemistry, Arlington, VA, 2000). Each analysis was carried out in triplicates. There were significant differences (p = 0.05), with respect to total viable bacterial counts between traditional kiln smoked and improved kiln smoked catfish (5.6 × 106 cfu/g, 1.9 × 106 cfu/g, respectively). Traditional kiln smoked catfish harbored significantly higher total viable counts as well as a higher population of E. coli compared to improved kiln smoked catfish. However, for both types of smoking kilns there were detected levels of pathogenic bacteria Salmonella with traditional kiln smoked catfish containing 2.1 × 104 cfu/g which were significantly higher than amount found in improved kiln smoked catfish (1.5 × 104 cfu/g; p = 0.05). Salmonella is a microbe of public health importance and has implications on the handling and source of the fish.
Teaching and Learning Electrochemistry
Authors: Tsaparlis Georgios 
Published: November 2018

AbstractNumerous conceptual difficulties and misconceptions have been reported in the science and chemistry education literature about electrochemistry concepts such as electrolytes, redox equations, and about electrochemical (galvanic and electrolytic) cells. Other studies have considered teaching approaches aimed at improving learning and at overcoming misconceptions. This paper reviews these studies and considers strategies and approaches for the effective teaching of electrochemistry. Then, the review focuses on problem solving in equilibrium electrochemistry, especially problems involving the Nernst equation. The main findings of four studies with Greek university chemistry students, dealing with: (i) algorithmic problem‐solving ability; (ii) practice on problem solving; (iii) the effect of the format of a problem; and (iv) the construction and evaluation of a website devoted to electrochemistry problem solving, are reported.
Inside Front Cover: Multispectral optoacoustic tomography of systemic sclerosis (J. Biophotonics 11/2018)
Authors: Masthoff Max , Helfen Anne , Claussen Jing , Roll Wolfgang , Karlas Angelos , Becker Heidemarie , Gabriëls Gert , Riess Jan , Heindel Walter , Schäfers Michael , Ntziachristos Vasilis , Eisenblätter Michel , Gerth Ulrich , Wildgruber Moritz 
Published: November 2018

Hybridized Multispectral Optoacoustic Tomography/Ultrasonography reveals dedicated biomarkers in inflamed joints in systemic sclerosis.Further details can be found in the article by Max Masthoff, Anne Helfen, Jing Claussen, et al. (e201800155).
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Back Cover: Development and in vivo test of a miniature Raman probe for early cancer detection in the peripheral lung (J. Biophotonics 11/2018)
Authors: McGregor Hanna C. , Short Michael A. , Lam Stephen , Shaipanich Tawimas , Beaudoin Eve‐Léa , Zeng Haishan 
Published: November 2018

A miniature Raman probe was successfully developed and navigated through the lung architecture into the narrow peripheral airways. Using this probe and a home‐made rapid Raman spectroscopy system, in vivo Raman spectra were successfully obtained from the periphery lung for the first time.Further details can be found in the article by Hanna C. McGregor, Michael A. Short, Stephen Lam, et al. (e201800055).
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Fetal lipomyelomeningocele: A closed neural tube defect diagnosed at second‐trimester ultrasound examination
Authors: Sarmento‐Gonçalves Inês , Cunha Manuela , Loureiro Teresa , Pinto Pedro S. , Ramalho Carla 
Published: November 2018

AbstractFetal lipomyelomeningocele was suspected during the second‐trimester ultrasound and confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging. The pregnancy took its course and a term neonate was delivered. At 2 years of age lipomyelomeningocele surgical removal was performed. The patient is now 4 years old and, despite neurogenic bladder, is a healthy boy with normal psychomotor development for his age. This case illustrates the favorable prognosis of this entity and the importance of prompt diagnosis and multidisciplinary counseling.
Risk factors for delayed hemorrhage after colonoscopic postpolypectomy: Polyp size and operative modality
Authors: Liu Changqin , Wu Ruijin , Sun Xiaomin , Tao Chunhua , Liu Zhanju 
Published: November 2018

Background and AimDelayed postpolypectomy hemorrhage is relatively common, with occasional extensive blood loss, endangering life. This study aimed to determine the factors associated with postoperative hemorrhage.MethodsThe study was a retrospective cohort study of patients hospitalized for colonoscopic polypectomy at the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, China, between January and December 2015. Data on gender, age, bowel preparation, location, size, number of polyps, operative modality, pathology, and operation practitioner were collected. Patients were divided into two groups based on the presence or absence of postoperative hemorrhage.ResultsA total of 1962 polyps were detected in patients and they underwent polypectomy; hemorrhage occurred in 41 cases. A correlation was demonstrated between postpolypectomy hemorrhage and each of the following factors: polyp size and operative modality. The odds ratio (OR) was 4.535 (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.331–8.823) for 1–2‐cm polyps, 4.008 (95% CI, 0.904–17.776) for 2–3‐cm polyps, and 22.407 (95% CI, 5.783–86.812) for ≥3‐cm polyps. Compared with argon plasma coagulation, OR was 9.128 (95% CI, 3.548–23.486) for endoscopic mucosal resection and 31.257 (95% CI, 7.009–139.395) for endoscopic submucosal dissection.ConclusionsThe independent risk factors for delayed postpolypectomy hemorrhage include polyp size and operative modality.
Comparative study of ink photoinitiators in food packages using gas chromatography with vacuum ultraviolet detection and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry
Authors: Pechancová Radka , Qiu Changling , Smuts Jonathan , Lemr Karel , Schug Kevin A. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThis work focused on the development and validation of the analytical procedure using gas chromatography equipped with vacuum‐ultraviolet detection for the specific and sensitive determination of nine photoinitiators in food packages. Subsequently, a comparison of the combination of vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopy with gas chromatography and a developed gas chromatography with mass spectrometry method was performed. The vacuum‐ultraviolet spectra of all tested photoinitiators were collected and found to be highly distinct, even for isomers. Under the optimal conditions, the limits of detection for nine photoinitiators ranged from 1 to 5 mg/L using vacuum ultraviolet detection and from 0.15 to 0.5 mg/L using mass spectrometric detection. Both techniques were successfully applied for screening of photoinitiators in seven kinds of food packages and the obtained data showed good agreement (the relative difference was between 3 and 18%). The variability in concentrations found in triplicate samples was assessed to be below 18%. Predominantly benzophenone was found in all analysed samples in the range of 0.31–4.23 mg/kg. It appears to be preferably selected by food packaging manufacturers. This study proposes a new simple and sensitive technique used for analysis of photoinitiators that could be a good alternative to gas chromatography with mass spectrometry.
Transplanted human multipotent stromal cells reduce acute tongue fibrosis in rats
Authors: Vahabzadeh‐Hagh Andrew M. , Goel Alexander N. , Frederick John W. , Berke Gerald S. , Long Jennifer L. 
Published: November 2018

BackgroundTongue fibrosis resulting from head and neck cancer, surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, or a combination thereof devastates one's quality of life. Therapeutic options are limited. Here we investigate human bone marrow–derived multipotent stromal cells (MSC) as a novel injectable treatment for post‐injury tongue fibrosis.MethodsMSCs were grown in culture. Eighteen athymic rats underwent unilateral partial glossectomy. After two weeks for scar formation, a single injection was performed in the tongue scar. Three treatment groups were studied: low and high concentration MSC, and control media injection. Tongues were harvested for evaluation at three weeks post‐treatment.ResultsDense fibrosis was achieved in control animals at five weeks. High concentration MSC reduced cross sectional scar burden (P = .007) and pathologic score for inflammation and fibrosis.ConclusionThis study establishes the feasibility of a novel rodent tongue fibrosis model, and begins to assess the utility of human MSCs to reduce scar burden.Level of EvidenceN/a
Multidimensional Coherent Spectroscopy of Semiconductors
Authors: Smallwood Christopher L. , Cundiff Steven T. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractOptical multidimensional coherent spectroscopy (MDCS) is a nonlinear spectroscopy technique where a material is excited by a series of laser pulses to produce a spectrum as a function of multiple frequencies. The technique's ability to elucidate excited‐state structure and interactions has made MDCS a valuable tool in the study of excitons in semiconductors. This review introduces the method and describes progress it has fostered establishing a better understanding of dephasing rates, coherent coupling mechanisms, and many‐body interactions pertaining to optically generated electronic excitations in a variety of semiconductor material systems. Emphasis is placed on nanostructured gallium arsenide quantum wells and quantum dots, on quantum dots in other III–V and II–VI semiconductors, and on atomically thin transition metal dichalcogenides. Recent technical advances and potential future directions in the field are also discussed.
Color Conversion Materials for High‐Brightness Laser‐Driven Solid‐State Lighting
Authors: Li Shuxing , Wang Le , Hirosaki Naoto , Xie Rong‐Jun 
Published: November 2018

AbstractSolid‐state lighting is advancing toward higher power, higher brightness, and smaller size to cope with the market competitiveness, and laser‐driven solid‐state lighting technology is springing up owing to its super‐high brightness and compactness. These developments put forward new requirements for color conversion materials (i.e., phosphors). Here, the state‐of‐art achievements in laser phosphors are summarized, and the topics of luminescence saturation, light extraction efficiency, and light uniformity encountered in laser lighting technology are discussed. Several typical types of color converters, such as single crystal, phosphor ceramics, phosphor‐in‐glass, phosphor films, and quantum‐well light‐emitting diodes, are comparatively overviewed and discussed. The cutting‐edge applications of high‐brightness white laser light in lighting, displays, healthcare, and communications are summarized. The challenges and outlook in laser‐driven solid‐state lighting and some empirical rules for designing novel laser phosphors are highlighted.
Differential Scanning Calorimetry of Native Silk Feedstock
Authors: Holland Chris , Hawkins Nicholas , Frydrych Martin , Laity Peter , Porter David , Vollrath Fritz 
Published: November 2018

AbstractNative silk proteins, extracted directly from the silk gland prior to spinning, offer access to a naturally hydrated protein that has undergone little to no processing. Combined with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), it is possible to probe the thermal stability and hydration status of silk and thus investigate its denaturation and solidification, echoing that of the natural spinning process. It is found that native silk is stable between −10 °C and 55 °C, and both the high‐temperature enthalpy of denaturation (measured via modulated temperature DSC) and a newly reported low‐temperature ice‐melting transition may serve as useful quality indicators in the future for artificial silks. Finally, compared to albumin, silk's denaturation enthalpy is much lower than expected, which is interpreted within a recently proposed entropic desolvation framework which can serve to unveil the low‐energy aquamelt processing pathway.