bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Manganese-Catalyzed Direct Olefination via an Acceptorless Dehydrogenative Coupling of Methyl Heteroarenes with Primary Alcohols
Authors: Maji Biplab , Barman Milan , Waiba Satyadeep 
Published: November 2018

Synthesis of olefins utilizing different catalytic strategies is an emerging topic in organic chemistry. However, despite of tremendous progress in the field the direct olefination of C(sp3)–H bonds using primary alcohols via an acceptorless dehydrogenative coupling (ADC) is not developed. Such an ADC reaction is highly environmentally benign as it produces dihydrogen and water as the sole byproducts. The liberated dihydrogen can potentially be used as an energy source. In this Synpact article, we present the recent development of ADC reaction as a tool to make unsaturated molecules and a summary of our recently developed synthetic procedure for the preparation of olefins employing an ADC reaction of methyl heteroarenes with alcohols. The catalyst development using an earth’s abundant metal manganese and the scope of such reaction is discussed.1	Introduction2	The Acceptorless Dehydrogenative Coupling as a Tool to Make Unsaturated Molecules3	Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Coupling of Alcohols with Methyl-Substituted Heteroarenes4	Development of the Manganese Catalyst for the Olefination of Methyl-Substituted Heteroarenes5	Scope and Limitation of the Manganese-Catalyzed Direct Olefination of Methyl-Substituted Heteroarenes6	Mechanistic Studies and Proposed Mechanism7	Conclusion
Base-Catalyzed Tandem Cyclization: Diastereoselective Access to the 3,4-Dihydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-one Core
Authors: Meshram Harshadas , Kumbhare Ravindra , Shirsat Prashishkumar , Khomane Navnath , Meshram Sneha , Sridhar Balasubramanian 
Published: November 2018

A novel, one-pot reaction for the synthesis of 3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-one derivatives is developed via a base-mediated three-component reaction of ninhydrin, aniline and acetylenic esters. This diastereoselective reaction takes place in methanol at 70 °C under transition-metal-free conditions, and direct construction of the C–N and C–C bonds is readily achieved via tandem cyclization. These cyclic frameworks are resourceful small molecular keys to many natural products.
Four-Dimensional Computed Tomography Scanning for Dynamic Wrist Disorders: Prospective Analysis and Recommendations for Clinical Utility
Authors: Carr Renee , MacLean Simon , Slavotinek John , Bain Gregory 
Published: November 2018

Background Four-dimensional computed tomography (4D CT) is a rapidly developing diagnostic tool in the assessment of dynamic upper limb disorders. Functional wrist anatomy is incompletely understood, and traditional imaging methods are often insufficient in the diagnosis of dynamic disorders.
Technique This study has developed a protocol for 4D CT of the wrist, with the aim of reviewing the clinical utility of this technology in surgical assessment. A Toshiba Aquilion One Vision scanner was used in the protocol, in which two- and three-dimensional “static” images, as well as 4D “dynamic” images were produced and assessed in the clinical context of each patient. These consisted of a series of multiple 7-second movement clips exploring the nature and range of joint motion.
Patients and Methods Nineteen patients with symptoms of dynamic instability were included in the study. Patients were assessed clinically by two orthopaedic surgeons, and qualitative data were obtained from radiological interpretation.
Results The study demonstrated varied abnormalities of joint movement attributed to a range of wrist pathology, including degenerative arthritis, ligamentous injuries, Kienbock's disease, and pain following previous surgical reconstructive procedures. Interpretation of the 4D CT scan changed the clinical diagnosis in 13 cases (68.4%), including the primary (15.8%) or secondary diagnosis (52.6%). In all cases, the assessment of the dynamic wrist motion assisted in understanding the clinical problem and led to a change in management in 11 cases (57.9%). The mean effective radiation dose for the scan was calculated at 0.26 mSv.
Conclusion We have found that the clinical utility of 4D CT lies in its ability to provide detailed information about dynamic joint pathology not seen in traditional imaging, targeting surgical treatment. Limitations to the use of 4D CT scan include lack of availability of the technology, potential radiation dose, and radiographer training requirements, as well as limited understanding of the nature of normal motion.
Assessment of Sensitivity and Specificity of Ultrasound and Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Diagnosis of Placenta Accreta
Authors: Lopes Elisa Santos , Feitosa Francisco Edson de Lucena , Brazil Antonio Viana , de Castro José Daniel Vieira , da Costa Jesus Irajacy Fernandes , Araujo Júnior Edward , Peixoto Alberto Borges , Carvalho Francisco Herlânio Costa 
Published: November 2018

Objective To assess and compare the sensitivity and specificity of ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of placenta accreta in patients with placenta previa.
Methods This retrospective cohort study included 37 women, and was conducted between January 2013 and October 2015; 16 out of the 37 women suffered from placenta accreta. Histopathology was considered the gold standard for the diagnosis of placenta accreta; in its absence, a description of the intraoperative findings was used. The associations among the variables were investigated using the Pearson chi-squared test and the Mann-Whitney U-test.
Results The mean age of the patients was 31.8 ± 7.3 years, the mean number of pregnancies was 2.8 ± 1.1, the mean number of births was 1.4 ± 0.7, and the mean number of previous cesarean sections was 1.2 ± 0.8. Patients with placenta accreta had a higher frequency of history of cesarean section than those without it (63.6% versus 36.4% respectively; p < 0.001). The mean gestational age at birth among women diagnosed with placenta previa accreta was 35.4 ± 1.1 weeks. The mean birth weight was 2,635.9 ± 374.1 g. The sensitivity of the ultrasound was 87.5%, with a positive predictive value (PPV) of 65.1%, and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 75.0%. The sensitivity of the magnetic resonance imaging was 92.9%, with a PPV of 76.5%, and a NPV of 75.0%. The kappa coefficient of agreement between the 2 tests was 0.69 (95% confidence interval [95%CI]: (0.26–1.00).
Conclusion The ultrasound and the magnetic resonance imaging showed similar sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of placenta accreta.
Use of a Fibrin Sealant Patch at Cesarean for Conservative Management of Morbidly Adherent Placenta
Authors: Greenberg James , Robinson Julian , Carabuena Jean , Farber Michaela , Carusi Daniela 
Published: November 2018

Background Morbidly adherent placenta represents a surgical challenge and source of maternal morbidity and mortality. We report the use of a fibrin sealant patch to address hemorrhage associated with a morbidly adherent placenta during cesarean delivery.
Case A patient underwent repeat cesarean delivery with complete anterior placenta previa and anticipated morbidly adherent placenta. Bleeding persisted following delivery and removal of the placenta, despite uterine artery embolization. A fibrin sealant patch was applied as an adjuvant intervention to the placental bed and hemostasis was achieved without resorting to a hysterectomy.
Conclusion Postpartum hemorrhage is an ongoing leading source of maternal morbidity and mortality. A case is presented in which a fibrin sealant patch provided control of focal placental bed bleeding, allowing removal of a focal morbidly adherent placenta and avoidance of hysterectomy.
Site occupancy calibration of taxane pharmacology in live cells and tissues
Authors: Pineda Javier J. , Miller Miles A. , Song Yuyu , Kuhn Hallie , Mikula Hannes , Tallapragada Naren , Weissleder Ralph , Mitchison Timothy J. 
Published: November 2018

Significance
Taxanes are important for treating cancer and as tools in mitosis research, but mechanistic understanding has been limited by their complex pharmacology. They cause multiple biological actions, and it has been unclear how much drug bound to microtubules is needed for each action. We developed microscopy-based assays for measuring the fraction of specific binding sites occupied by taxanes in living cells as a function of drug concentration, and, in parallel, the different biological activities they cause. These assays will be useful for new drug development and suggest that the most important anticancer action of taxanes is postmitotic micronucleation.
Epithelial Cell Chirality Revealed by Three-Dimensional Spontaneous Rotation
Authors: Chin Amanda S. , Worley Kathryn E. , Ray Poulomi , Kaur Gurleen , Fan Jie , Wan Leo Q. 
Published: November 2018

Significance
The handedness of cells, also known as cell chirality, has become widely accepted with the determination of cell chirality using micropatterning techniques. While reliable, this system only works with the cells that can attach, subsequently polarize, and migrate on a 2D protein-coated substrate, which does not necessarily recapitulate the 3D cellular environment. With a unique biomaterial-based approach, we now can determine the chirality of less adhesive and/or less polarized cells in a 3D setting. Thus, it becomes much easier for researchers from various backgrounds, including embryogenesis, epithelial biology, and cancer biophysics, to study chirality. Our discovery will boost a fast-growing field of research: cell chirality in development and disease.
Dynamic interactions of type I cohesin modules fine-tune the structure of the cellulosome of
Clostridium thermocellum
Authors: Barth Anders , Hendrix Jelle , Fried Daniel , Barak Yoav , Bayer Edward A. , Lamb Don C. 
Published: November 2018

Significance
Cellulosomes are large, multienzyme complexes that efficiently degrade plant cell walls. Their central building blocks are cohesin modules that serve as attachment sites for enzymes. We study the dynamic structural organization by investigating a dyad of cohesin modules connected by a flexible linker using a combination of single-molecule FRET experiments and molecular dynamics simulations. We show that cohesin modules engage in intermodular interactions on the submillisecond timescale, which persist in the presence of the catalytic modules of the cellulosome. We propose that cohesin–cohesin interactions are important for the fine-tuning of the structure of cellulosomes for precise positioning of the catalytic enzymes, while their structural flexibility is facilitated by the flexible linkers.
Intracellular transport is accelerated in early apoptotic cells
Authors: Li Bo , Dou Shuo-Xing , Yuan Jing-Wen , Liu Yu-Ru , Li Wei , Ye Fangfu , Wang Peng-Ye , Li Hui 
Published: November 2018

Significance
Apoptosis is a programmed cell death and critical to embryonic development, organism homeostasis, and even cancer. Although the biological aspects of apoptosis such as the molecular signaling pathway and cellular structure transformation have been intensively studied over the past 40 years, studies of the physical aspects such as intracellular dynamics are still lacking. We report that the intracellular transport with both directed and nondirected motions is accelerated in early apoptotic cells, and this results from an elevated cytosolic ATP level. Furthermore, we find that, by regulating the accelerated intracellular transport back to the normal level, the apoptotic progress is significantly delayed. This study, from the physical perspective, highlights the critical importance of intracellular transport dynamics in apoptosis.
Metabolic programming a lean phenotype by deregulation of RNA polymerase III
Authors: Willis Ian M. , Moir Robyn D. , Hernandez Nouria 
Published: November 2018

SignificanceAs a repressor of transcription by RNA polymerase (Pol) III, Maf1 is thought to play an important role in the energetic economy of cells by controlling the synthesis of highly abundant tRNAs and 5S rRNA. Accordingly,Maf1knockout mice are lean, resist weight gain on normal and high fat diets, and up-regulate catabolic processes to meet their increased demand for cellular energy. The origin of this energy demand is proposed to reside in a futile cycle of RNA synthesis and turnover that is enhanced by constitutive Pol III transcription. We present metabolomic evidence supporting this mechanism. We find that central metabolic pathways are reprogrammed in the liver ofMaf1knockout mice to direct substrates toward energy generation and nucleotide synthesis.
African-American Rhetorical Education and Epistolary Relations at the Holley School (1868–1917)
Authors: VanHaitsma Pamela 
Published: November 2018

ABSTRACTThis study establishes the Holley School as an important site of African-American rhetorical education in the post–Civil War United States. Abolitionist Caroline F. Putnam was a white Northerner who, like countless other freedmen’s teachers, moved south after the war to teach formerly enslaved African Americans. Putnam’s educational work was remarkable, however, in that she taught rhetoric in service of racial justice and continued this work for almost fifty years. I argue that she was able to sustain the Holley School through epistolary relations cultivated to persuade others to join in educating freedmen as well as support the school through donations.
Restricting short‐wavelength light in the evening to improve sleep in recreational athletes – A pilot study
Authors: Knufinke Melanie , Fittkau‐Koch Lennart , Møst Els I. S. , Kompier Michiel A. J. , Nieuwenhuys Arne 
Published: November 2018

AbstractSleep is crucial for recovery and skill acquisition in athletes. Paradoxically, athletes often encounter difficulties initiating and maintaining sleep, while having sufficient sleep opportunity. Blue (short‐wavelength) light as emitted by electronic screens is considered a potential sleep thief, as it suppresses habitual melatonin secretion. The current study sought to investigate whether blocking short‐wavelength light in the evening can improve sleep onset latency and potentially other sleep parameters among recreational athletes. The study had a within‐subject crossover design. Fifteen recreational athletes, aged between 18 and 32 years (12 females, 3 males), were randomly assigned to start the intervention period with either the light restriction condition (LR; amber‐lens glasses), or the no‐light restriction condition (nLR; transparent glasses). Sleep hygiene practices, actigraphy and diary‐based sleep estimates were monitored during four consecutive nights within each condition. Sleep hygiene practices did not significantly differ between conditions. Results indicate that blocking short‐wavelength light in the evening, as compared to habitual light exposure, significantly shortened subjective sleep onset latency (Δ = 7 min), improved sleep quality (Δ = 0.6; scale 1–10), and increased alertness the following morning. Actigraphy‐based sleep estimates showed no significant differences between conditions. Blocking short‐wavelength light in the evening by means of amber‐lens glasses is a cost‐efficient and promising means to improve subjective sleep estimates among recreational athletes in their habitual home environment. The relatively small effects of the current study may be strengthened by additionally increasing morning‐ and daytime light exposure and, potentially, by reducing the alerting effects of media use before bedtime.
Nitrogen enrichment alters carbon fluxes in a New England salt marsh
Authors: Geoghegan Emily K. , Caplan Joshua S. , Leech Francine N. , Weber Paige E. , Bauer Caitlin E. , Mozdzer Thomas J. 
Published: November 2018

ABSTRACT

Introduction:
Nitrogen enrichment of coastal salt marshes can induce feedbacks that alter ecosystem-level processes including primary production and carbon sequestration. Despite the rising interest in coastal blue carbon, the effects of chronic nutrient enrichment on blue carbon processes have rarely been measured in the context of experimental fertilization. Here, we examined the ecosystem-level effects of nitrate (NO
3
−
) enrichment on the greenhouse gas dynamics of a
Spartina alterniflora
-dominated salt marsh. We measured CO
2
and CH
4
fluxes using static chambers through two growing seasons in a salt marsh that was nitrogen-enriched for 13 years and compared fluxes to those from a reference marsh.

Outcomes
: We found that nitrogen enrichment increased gross primary productivity (GPP) by 7.7% and increased ecosystem respiration (R
eco
) by 20.8%. However, nitrogen enrichment had no discernible effect on net ecosystem exchange (NEE). Taken together, these results suggest that nitrogen-induced stimulation of R
eco
could transform this salt marsh from a carbon sink into a source of carbon to the atmosphere.

Conclusion:
Our results complement prior findings of nitrogen enrichment weakening soil structure and organic matter stability in tidal salt marshes, suggesting that increased nutrient inputs have the potential to alter the carbon storage function of these ecosystems through enhanced microbial respiration of previously sequestered carbon.
Integral comparison of Monsky–Washnitzer and overconvergent de Rham–Witt cohomology
Authors: Ertl Veronika , Sprang Johannes 
Published: November 2018

The goal of this short note is to extend a result by Christopher Davis and David Zureick-Brown on the comparison between integral Monsky–Washnitzer cohomology and overconvergent de Rham–Witt cohomology for a smooth variety over a perfect field of positive characteristic

p
p

to all cohomological degrees independent of the dimension of the base or the prime number

p
p

.

Résumé. Le but de ce travail est de prolonger un résultat de Christopher Davis et David Zureick-Brown concernant la comparaison entre la cohomologie de Monsky–Washnitzer entière et la cohomologie de de Rham–Witt surconvergente d’une variété lisse sur un corps parfait de charactéristique positive

p
p

à tous les degrés cohomologiques indépendent de la dimension de base et du nombre premier

p
p

.
Normal numbers with digit dependencies
Authors: Aistleitner Christoph , Becher Verónica , Carton Olivier 
Published: November 2018

We give metric theorems for the property of Borel normality for real numbers under the assumption of digit dependencies in their expansion in a given integer base. We quantify precisely how much digit dependence can be allowed such that almost all real numbers are normal. Our theorem states that almost all real numbers are normal when at least slightly more than

log
⁡
log
⁡
n

\log \log n

consecutive digits with indices starting at position

n
n

are independent. As the main application, we consider the Toeplitz set

T
P

T_P

, which is the set of all sequences

a
1

a
2

…

a_1a_2 \ldots

of symbols from

{
0
,
…
,
b
−
1
}

\{0, \ldots , b-1\}

such that

a
n

a_n

is equal to

a

p
n

a_{pn}

for every

p
p

in

P
P

and

n
=
1
,
2
,
…

n=1,2,\ldots

. Here

b
b

is an integer base and

P
P

is a finite set of prime numbers. We show that almost every real number whose base

b
b

expansion is in

T
P

T_P

is normal to base

b
b

. In the case when

P
P

is the singleton set

{
2
}

\{2\}

we prove that more is true: almost every real number whose base

b
b

expansion is in

T
P

T_P

is normal to all integer bases. We also consider the Toeplitz transform which maps the set of all sequences to the set

T
P

T_P

, and we characterize the normal sequences whose Toeplitz transform is normal as well.
Metformin suppresses the esophageal carcinogenesis in rats treated with NMBzA through inhibiting AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway
Authors: Fan Hongjun , Yu Xiying , Zou Zhigeng , Zheng Wei , Deng Xin , Guo Liping , Jiang Wei , Zhan Qimin , Lu Shih-Hsin 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Metformin is a widely used antidiabetic drug for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Recently, epidemiological studies demonstrate that metformin has anticancer effects on esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and other cancers. However, the effects and potential mechanisms of metformin on ESCC remain elusive. In this study, we used N-nitroso-N-methylbenzylamine (NMBzA), a special carcinogen for esophagi, to develop a rat ESCC model, in which the carcinogenesis progression of ESCC in rat was induced and promoted. We investigated the effects of metformin on carcinogenesis of ESCC in this model. Our results revealed that metformin significantly decreased the incidence and precancerous lesions of ESCC and inhibited proliferation and promoted apoptosis of esophageal epithelial cells in rat treated with NMBzA. Moreover, metformin also increased apoptosis and inhibited migration, colony formation and tumor sphere formation of human ESCC cells in vitro. Immunohistochemistry and western blotting showed that without interfering the metabolism of NMBzA, metformin inhibited the inflammation of esophagi via reducing the expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Treatment of metformin led to activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and attenuated signaling of the downstream molecules such as p-mTOR, p-p70S6K and cyclin D1 expression both in vivo and in vitro. Taken together, our study demonstrated that metformin suppressed the carcinogenesis of ESCC through inhibiting AMPK/mammalian target of the rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway, resulting in its chemopreventive effects on the carcinogenesis of ESCC.
ErbB4 acts as a suppressor in colitis and its associated carcinoma by negatively regulating cholesterol metabolism
Authors: Ni Hengli , Chen Lin , Song Liming , Sun Lina , Cui Hongxia , Zhou Qun , Hu Caihong , Jiao Weijuan , Shen Tong , Gao Tianming , Liu Yao , Li Jianming 
Published: November 2018

AbstractPreviously we reported that ErbB4 played a protective role in chronic liver injury and hepatocellular carcinoma. Herein, we examined the role of ErbB4 in the development of colitis-associated cancer (CAC) in ErbB4 knockout mice models, in vitro cell lines and clinical samples. We found that ErbB4 deficiency may lead to more severe inflammation, slower recovery and the development of CAC. Further, loss of ErbB4 could activate Kras by upregulating rate-limiting enzymes in cholesterol metabolism pathway through interacting with the transcription factor Srebf1. In clinic samples, ErbB4 is downregulated in colonic tissues from patients with Crohn’s disease. And data from The Cancer Genome Atlas also showed significant negative correlation between ErbB4 and several cholesterol metabolic enzymes. In summary, our study uncovers ErbB4 as a protector in the development of CAC, for its loss could activate Kras by upregulating cholesterol metabolism.