bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Academic Metrics Do Not Explain the Underrepresentation of Women in Orthopaedic Training Programs
Authors: Poon Selina , Nellans Kate , Crabb Rocío A.L. , Rothman Alyssa , Wendolowski Stephen F. , Kiridly Daniel , Gecelter Rachel , Akerman Meredith , Chahine Nadeen O. 
Published: April 2019

Background:
Among medical specialties, orthopaedic surgery persistently has one of the lowest representations of women in residency programs. This study examined whether differences exist in the academic metrics of the orthopaedic residency applicants and enrolled candidates by sex, which may be contributing to the persistent underrepresentation of women. Differences in enrollment rate in orthopaedic residency programs also were analyzed. We hypothesized that academic metrics were similar for female and male applicants and thus do not explain the underrepresentation of women in training programs.

Methods:
Academic data of first-time applicants (n = 9,133) and candidates who enrolled in an orthopaedic residency (n = 6,381) in the U.S. from 2005 to 2014 were reviewed. The United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) Step-1 and Step-2 Clinical Knowledge (CK) scores, Alpha Omega Alpha (AΩA) Honor Medical Society status, number of publications, and volunteer experiences were compared by sex and were analyzed over time.

Results:
From 2005 to 2014, representation of female applicants increased from 12.6% to 16.0%, corresponding with an increase in the percentage of enrolled female residents (from 12.9% to 16.1%); 70.3% of male and 67.1% of female applicants to orthopaedic residency enrolled as residents (p = 0.082). Mean academic metrics increased significantly over time for applicants and enrolled candidates, irrespective of sex. Comparing by sex, the mean USMLE Step-1 scores of male applicants and enrolled candidates were approximately 2% higher than those of female applicants (p < 0.0001). Volunteer experiences of female applicants and enrolled candidates were 12% higher compared with male applicants (p < 0.0001). There was no significant difference in USMLE Step-2 CK scores, number of publications, or AΩA status by sex.

Conclusions:
The enrollment rate of male and female applicants in orthopaedic residencies was similar and did not change during the 10-year study period. The academic metrics of applicants and enrolled candidates have increased significantly. The academic metrics were found to be comparable by sex; the differences in USMLE Step-1 scores and volunteer experiences were small relative to the magnitude of accomplishments that these values represent. The growth rate of the proportion of women in orthopaedic residencies lags other surgical subspecialties but appears to be independent of academic metrics.
Pedaling-Based Protocol Superior to a 10-Exercise, Non-Pedaling Protocol for Postoperative Rehabilitation After Total Knee Replacement
Authors: Sattler Larissa Nicole , Hing Wayne Anthony , Vertullo Christopher John 
Published: April 2019

Background:
Despite the routine use of physical therapy in the immediate and early postoperative phase for patients who undergo total knee replacement (TKR), there is a paucity of research into the optimal exercise protocols in both the acute inpatient setting and early period after discharge. Pedaling has often been recommended by clinicians after TKR for rehabilitation, but to our knowledge, there has been no investigation into its utility in the acute postoperative setting. Therefore, we performed a randomized controlled trial evaluating the efficacy of pedaling in the acute postoperative period.

Methods:
Sixty TKR patients were randomized to receive postoperative physical therapy involving either a 3-exercise pedaling (pedaling-based) or 10-exercise, non-pedaling (multi-exercise) protocol. Outcomes were assessed at 2 days, 2 weeks, and 4 months, and included physical tests of function, patient-reported outcomes, and other perioperative measures.

Results:
With respect to the primary outcome, the 6-minute walk test (6MWT), the measured distance was significantly greater in the pedaling-based group than in the multi-exercise group at 2 days postoperatively (mean difference, 66 m; p = 0.001). Results of other functional tests, the 10-m walk test (10MWT) and the Timed Up & Go (TUG) test, were both significantly superior for the 3-exercise pedaling group at 2 days (p = 0.016 for 10MWT, and p = 0.020 for TUG), as was the patient-reported Oxford Knee Score (p = 0.034). The latter continued to be superior at 2 weeks (p = 0.007), as was the EQ-5D score (p = 0.037). The visual analogue scale (VAS) component of the EQ-5D was significantly better for the pedaling group at all time points assessed. Length of stay was also significantly shorter, by a half-day, for the pedaling-based group (median of 2.5 days compared with 3.0 days for the multi-exercise group; p = 0.024). The multi-exercise protocol was not superior for any outcome measure at any time point.

Conclusions:
A pedaling-based protocol in the immediate postoperative period after TKR was superior to a standard multi-exercise protocol in both functional and patient-reported outcomes, with these benefits decreasing over time.

Level of Evidence:
Therapeutic Level I. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Lebak Swamp Typology and Rice Production Potency in Jakabaring South Sumatra
Authors: Wildayana Elisa , Armanto M. Edi 
Published: April 2019

<p>The research aimed to compare <em>lebak</em> swamp typology and rice production potency before and after landfills in Jakabaring South Sumatra. This study is a qualitative and quantitative research assisted with interpretation of Landsat images in 1987 and 2015. The research method was survey method in the fields and respondents were taken by randomly purposive sampling and by using open questionnaire. The research resulted that <em>lebak</em> swamp in Jakabaring can be divided into six typologies, namely <em>lebak lebung</em>, deep <em>lebak</em>, middle <em>lebak</em>, levee <em>lebak</em>, shallow <em>lebak</em> and dry land. After landfills, dry land covers an area of 1,964 ha (72.73%), while the <em>lebak</em> swamp was decreased by approximately 736 ha (27.27%). Before landfills, soil orders were found based on its dominance, namely <em>Histosols, Entisols, Inceptisols </em>and <em>Gelisols</em>. After landfills, composition of soil order is dominated by <em>Entisol, Inceptisol, Gelisols </em>and <em>Histosols</em>. Before landfills rice yields were produced about 3,240 tons of milled dry rice (MDR)/year, and potency rice production is now only about 506.25 tons of MDR/year.</p>
MultiTex RCT – a multifaceted intervention package for protection against cotton dust exposure among textile workers – a cluster randomized controlled trial in Pakistan: study protocol
Authors: Nafees Asaad Ahmed , De Matteis Sara , Kadir Muhammad Masood , Burney Peter , Coggon David , Semple Sean , Cullinan Paul 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Background

In the Pakistani textile industry the prevalence of workplace respiratory illnesses, including byssinosis, is high. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of a multifaceted intervention package in reducing dust levels in cotton mills, decreasing the frequency of respiratory symptoms among cotton textile workers, and improving their lung function.

Methods/design

We will conduct a cluster-randomized controlled trial at 28 textile mills in Karachi. The intervention will comprise: training in occupational health for all workers and managers backed by regular refresher sessions; the formation of workplace committees to draw up, agree and promote a health and safety plan that includes wet mopping, safe disposal of cotton dust, and the use of simple face masks, as well as further publicity about the risks from cotton dust; and provision of adequate supplies of face masks to support the health and safety plan. Participating mills will be randomized to intervention and control arms following a baseline survey. The impact of the intervention will be determined through follow-up surveys conducted at 3, 12 and 18 months. Data collection in the surveys will include spirometry, questionnaire-based interviews and cotton dust measurements.

Discussion

If successful, the study may pave the way for simple, low-cost interventions that can help reduce cotton dust levels in textile mills, and improve the respiratory health of textile workers in developing countries such as Pakistan.
Cover Crop Biomass Production in Temperate Agroecozones
Authors: Ruis Sabrina J. , Blanco‐Canqui Humberto , Creech Cody F. , Koehler‐Cole Katja , Elmore Roger W. , Francis Charles A. 
Published: April 2019

Core Ideas
Cover crop (CC) biomass production across temperate regions averaged 3.37 ± 2.96 Mg ha−1.Ten high‐biomass producing CCs in temperate ecoregions were in this order: sorghum > sunn hemp > millet > rye > mixes > crimson clover > barley = hairy vetch > annual ryegrass > oat.Cover crop biomass production was greater in humid than semiarid regions and in areas with relatively high mean temperatures.Cover crop biomass production by cropping system was in this order: vegetables > other systems > maize > small grains.Cover crop biomass production generally increased with drill‐planting and increased seeding rate and growing season.
Cover crop (CC) biomass production dictates agricultural and environmental services that CCs deliver, but finding a review on this topic is difficult. We synthesized published data on CC biomass production for 20 common CC species in temperate regions and discussed factors affecting CC biomass production. Review of 389 papers indicated CC biomass production was 3.37 ± 2.96 Mg ha−1 (mean ± SD). Cover crop biomass production for the top five biomass‐producing species was: sorghum (Sorghum sp.) (5.99 Mg ha−1) > sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.) (5.77 Mg ha−1) > millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) (4.95 Mg ha−1) > rye (Secale cereale L.) (4.93 Mg ha−1) > two‐species mix (4.18 Mg ha−1). In humid regions (>750 mm precipitation), CC biomass production ranged from 1.67 to 6.30 Mg ha−1 depending on species. In regions with <750 mm precipitation, CC biomass production ranged from 0.87 to 6.03 Mg ha−1. Cover crop biomass production was in this order by cropping system: vegetables > other systems [soybean (Glycine max L.), cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), and others] > maize (Zea mays L.) > small grains. Rye was among the most common and highest biomass producing species in most regions and cropping systems. Drill‐planting and maximizing CC growing season, such as early planting or late termination, can increase CC biomass production. Irrigation at establishment increased CC biomass production for legumes and mixes in humid regions, and all CC groups in semiarid regions. Overall, CCs can produce significant amount of biomass, but this can be highly dependent on climate, CC species, cropping system, and management.
Isolation Distances for Transgenic Alfalfa Seed Production in the Pacific Northwest
Authors: Kesoju Sandya R. , Greene Stephanie L. , Martin Ruth C. , Kramer Matthew , Walsh Douglas B. , Boydston Rick A. 
Published: April 2019

ABSTRACTAlfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) was the first perennial crop genetically engineered (GE) to resist glyphosate herbicide. Since alfalfa is insect pollinated, the potential for transgene flow and occurrence of adventitious presence (AP) in conventional varieties is a concern, especially for organic and export producers. In response, the industry developed seed production isolation distances. However, no landscape‐scale studies have been conducted to validate industry standards. Our objective was to quantify the extent of gene movement from GE seed fields to commercial conventional seed fields on a landscape level to provide the industry with information to support coexistence strategies. Alfalfa seed fields were mapped in the Touchet area, Walla Walla Valley, Washington, during spring 2013. Fourteen conventional seed fields located at various distances from GE sources were identified, harvested, and tested for the presence of the GE trait. Although other variables affect gene flow, this article focuses on geographic distance, since this variable can be easily controlled by growers and industry. Using distance as the predictor variable, we modeled the relationship between AP proportion and distance to GE source fields at 0.1, 0.5, and 0.9% AP threshold levels using quadratic regression. As distance increased, transgene flow generally decreased. At a threshold level of 0.9% AP, an isolation distance of 330 m between conventional and GE fields is needed to ensure that at least 95% of the samples fall below this threshold level. Spatial prediction maps were consistent with our statistical analysis. At an average distance of 2.2 km, AP was 0.05%, and this decreased to 0.03% at an average distance of 8.8 km from GE seed fields.
Losy Sakramentarza Tynieckiego podczas II wojny światowej
Authors: Sijka Katarzyna 
Published: April 2019

The SacramentoriumTynecensis was written in circa 1060-1070, probably in Cologne. It was located in the Benedictine Abbey in Tyniec from 11th century to 19th century. In 1814 the illuminated manuscript was bought by Stanisław Kostka Zamoyski, then in 1818 he located the codex in the Zamoyski Ordynacja Library in Warsaw. It stayed there to the end of World War II. Two formations of Nazi Germany were as follows: a military unit led by Professor of Archaeology, Peter Paulsen and a group led by art historian Kajetan Mühlman. Both were responsible for the plundering of Poland's cultural heritage. They wanted to get the Sacramentorium Tynecensis because it was connected with German culture. The employees of the Zamoyski Ordynacja Library have tried to rescue the codex, sometimes at the risk of their own lives. In 1944 during the action of rescuing library collections from the ruins of the capital city of Poland (action called ‘Pruszkowska’), the manuscript codex was exported and hidden by Stanisław Lorentz in the Cathedral in Łowicz. Thankfully that the ST returned to Warsaw in 1947 and was deposited in the National Library of Poland.
Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Cancer Preventive and Therapeutic Potential of Algal Polysaccharides
Authors: Sajadimajd Soraya , Momtaz Saeideh , Haratipour Pouya , El-Senduny Fardous F. , Panah Amin Iran , Navabi Jafar , Soheilikhah Zhaleh , Farzaei Mohammad Hosein , Rahimi Roja 
Published: April 2019

Background:
Algal polysaccharide and oligosaccharide derivatives have been shown to possess a
variety of therapeutic potentials and drug delivery applications. Algal polysaccharides contain sulfated sugar
monomers derived from seaweed including brown, red, and green microalgae. Here, in this review, the recent
progress of algal polysaccharides’ therapeutic applications as anticancer agents, as well as underlying cellular and
molecular mechanisms was investigated. Moreover, recent progress in the structural chemistry of important polysaccharides
with anticancer activities were illustrated.

Methods:
Electronic databases including “Scopus”, “PubMed”, and “Cochrane library” were searched using the
keywords “cancer”, or “tumor”, or “malignancy” in title/abstract, along with “algae”, or “algal” in the whole text
until July 2018. Only English language papers were included.

Results:
The most common polysaccharides involved in cancer management were sulfated polysaccharides, Fucoidans,
Carageenans, and Ulvan from different species of algae that have been recognized in vitro and in vivo.
The underlying anticancer mechanisms of algal polysaccharides included induction of apoptosis, cell cycle arrest,
modulation of transduction signaling pathways, suppression of migration and angiogenesis, as well as activation
of immune responses and antioxidant system. VEGF/VEGFR2, TGFR/Smad/Snail, TLR4/ROS/ER, CXCL12/
CXCR4, TGFR/Smad7/Smurf2, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, PBK/TOPK, and β-catenin/Wnt are among the main cellular
signaling pathways which have a key role in the preventive and therapeutic effects of algal polysaccharides
against oncogenesis.

Conclusion:
Algal polysaccharides play a crucial role in the management of cancer and may be considered the
next frontier in pharmaceutical research. Further well-designed clinical trials are mandatory to evaluate the efficacy
and safety of algal polysaccharides in patients with cancer.
Intimacy as a Distinct Construct: Validating the Intimacy Scale among Older Adults of Residential Care Homes in Hong Kong
Authors: Chan Wallace C.H. , To Siu M. , Wong Karen L.Y. 
Published: April 2019

Objectives:
Intimacy is a construct that has received limited attention in the Chinese context. This study aimed
to validate the Intimacy Scale among older adults in residential care homes in Hong Kong.

Methods:
Seventy-eight Chinese older adults were invited to respond to the Chinese version of the scale and other
measurements validating the scale.

Results:
The scale demonstrated good internal consistency and item-total correlation. Correlations supported the construct
validity of the scale: significant positive correlations were found between perceived intimacy with the family caregiver
and life satisfaction, presence of meaning and perceived family support. No correlation was found between intimacy and
frequency of the family caregiver’s visit.

Conclusion:
We found the Intimacy Scale to be a valid measurement for assessing the quality of the relationship between
older adults and family caregivers in the Hong Kong Chinese context. Assessing how older adults perceive the level of
intimacy with family caregivers is important for helping professionals when working with older adults and their family
members.
Doctoral Theses as a Source of Knowledge Production for IPV Prevention: A Literature Review of Doctoral Theses at a Swedish University
Authors: Leah Okenwa-Emegwa 
Published: April 2019

Background:
Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) is a pervasive form of Violence Against Women (VAW). IPV has been acknowledged as a human rights violation and a public health problem. Years of research and advocacy have led to a better understanding of the problem including the development of the ecological model for explaining IPV. Although diverse international policies and global advances in women’s rights have contributed to addressing IPV, the problem still persists. IPV is associated with adverse health outcomes, therefore, its prevention is an important aspect of population health promotion.

Objective:
Considering that doctoral research and theses form an integral aspect of knowledge production, the present study aims to provide a review of doctoral theses on IPV at a Swedish university in order to identify areas of unmet need for future IPV prevention studies.

Methods:
A search was conducted to identify IPV related thesis stored in the Karolinska Institutet (KI), which is a database where all publications produced at KI are stored. A total of thirteen PhD theses (the earliest published in 2004 and the latest in 2017) met the inclusion criteria and were reviewed.

Results:
Through their wide range of contexts and contents, these theses provide a global insight into IPV. Findings show that prevalence estimates and risk factors at the individual and relationship levels are well researched. Potential areas of unmet needs include the under-researched nature of risk factors and interventions at the community and societal level as well as underlying issues preventing the healthcare sector from actively playing its role in addressing IPV.

Conclusion:
Capacity building for the health sector and addressing community and societal level risk factors of IPV are modifiable factors to address IPV and improve population health.
Plant-Based Diets and Incident CKD and Kidney Function
Authors: Kim Hyunju , Caulfield Laura E. , Garcia-Larsen Vanessa , Steffen Lyn M. , Grams Morgan E. , Coresh Josef , Rebholz Casey M. 
Published: April 2019

Background and objectives
The association between plant-based diets, incident CKD, and kidney function decline has not been examined in the general population. We prospectively investigated this relationship in a population-based study, and evaluated if risk varied by different types of plant-based diets.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements
Analyses were conducted in a sample of 14,686 middle-aged adults enrolled in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study. Diets were characterized using four plant-based diet indices. In the overall plant-based diet index, all plant foods were positively scored; in the healthy plant-based diet index, only healthful plant foods were positively scored; in the provegetarian diet, selected plant foods were positively scored. In the less healthy plant-based diet index, only less healthful plant foods were positively scored. All indices negatively scored animal foods. We used Cox proportional hazards models to study the association with incident CKD and linear mixed models to examine decline in eGFR, adjusting for confounders.

Results
During a median follow-up of 24 years, 4343 incident CKD cases occurred. Higher adherence to a healthy plant-based diet (HR comparing quintile 5 versus quintile 1 [HRQ5 versus Q1], 0.86; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.78 to 0.96; P for trend =0.001) and a provegetarian diet (HRQ5 versus Q1, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.82 to 0.99; P for trend =0.03) were associated with a lower risk of CKD, whereas higher adherence to a less healthy plant-based diet (HRQ5 versus Q1, 1.11; 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.21; P for trend =0.04) was associated with an elevated risk. Higher adherence to an overall plant-based diet and a healthy plant-based diet was associated with slower eGFR decline. The proportion of CKD attributable to lower adherence to healthy plant-based diets was 4.1% (95% CI, 0.6% to 8.3%).

Conclusions
Higher adherence to healthy plant-based diets and a vegetarian diet was associated with favorable kidney disease outcomes.
Ensino de literatura brasileira: investigando concepções de professores da rede estadual de Pernambuco sobre orientações e documentos curriculares oficiais
Authors: Suassuna Lí­via , Pereira Mirelly Karoline Tabosa 
Published: April 2019

Há cerca de 40 anos, os estudos linguí­sticos passaram a conceber a linguagem como interação social. Isso implicou modificações no ensino de lí­ngua e literatura, levando ao questionamento da divisão rí­gida historicamente operada entre elas (CHIAPPINI, 2006). Ademais, a literatura tem sido vista como poderoso instrumento de formação humana, fruição estética e compreensão do humano, o que justifica sua inserção nos currí­culos (CANDIDO, 2012). Em Pernambuco, os professores da rede pública dispõem de uma proposta curricular oficial (Base Curricular Comum - BCC), que contém conceitos e orientações para a prática docente, sem prejuí­zo da autonomia das escolas. Além dela, existem as OTM (Orientações Teórico-metodológicas), com sugestões de atividades e rocedimentos adequados aos conceitos dispostos na base. Como esses documentos servem de principal referência à elaboração dos currí­culos escolares, objetivamos, de acordo com Cosson (2006) e Ferreira (2007), investigar os posicionamentos dos professores da Rede Estadual de PE frente à BCC e í s OTM, no que tange ao ensino de literatura. Para tanto, realizamos entrevistas semiestruturadas com 2 professores de uma escola de referência e 1 de uma escola convencional. A análise dos dados indicou que os entrevistados têm conhecimento das propostas curriculares, julgam-nas relevantes e ressaltam a necessidade de uma formação que forneça sugestões metodológicas especí­ficas para o ensino de literatura. Diante disso, julgamos necessária uma formação continuada que forneça subsí­dios à prática docente e ressaltamos a relevância de se estabelecer um diálogo maior entre as escolas e universidades, a fim de avaliarmos, (re)criarmos o currí­culo pensado e vivido.