bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gender Equality as a Precondition for Meeting Various Challenges like Reducing Poverty, Promoting Sustainable Development and Good Governance: A Discussion
Authors: Ahsan Fatiimah Waariithah 
Published: March 2019

<p class="normal"><span>Gender equality and poverty are presented as two interrelated parameters. There is a negative correlation between the two concepts (Accordingly, when gender equality is enhanced, poverty decreases). The United Nations have religiously been there to tackle poverty, provide good governance and minimize the gender inequality gap. Much of the talk with gender equality and tackling poverty now is in relation to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the focus on development. Goal 5 of the SDGs is to achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls. But how far are these goals being achieved is still a growing question to debate about.</span></p><p class="normal">Amid all the discussion about inequality, gender voices are still a grey issue in many sectors. Even within the UN, most of the high-level policy debates are composed of men. There are not many women in the conversation. Gender inequalities vary considerably between goals. While young women in Africa are between two and four times more likely than their male contemporaries to be infected with HIV, globally girls are no more likely than boys to be underweight. In Bangladesh, it's the poorest boys who are less likely to go to school than the poorest girls.</p><p class="normal">Gender is just one of a multiplicity of inequalities that combine to form the patterns of poverty and exclusion that we see in the world today. Other inequalities are also hugely significant. In Vietnam, for example, only 7% of ethnic minority households have access to improved sanitation, while the figure for the majority Kinh and Chinese groups is 43%. In India, more than 90% of rich urban women have a skilled attendant with them when they give birth, but for poor rural women, the figure is less than 20%.</p><p class="normal">Gender equality is one of the most important branches of development in the world more so in the developing nations. It has created much buzz in recent times than ever before. What really is gender equality is an objective question. Is it the same rights for both the sexes or is it having to recognize the male and female values as the same or is it having the same pay scale for both male and female? Typically, when talking about gender equality, scholars, writers, bloggers and activists are concerned with giving women the same or similar rights as men. The issue is are men superior to women and whether this male-dominated society is decelerating sustainable development and good Governance.</p>
Adjustment among Adolescents of Guwahati City in Relation to Gender and Religion
Authors: Mozumdar Tahera Hoque , Borooah Indranee Phookan 
Published: March 2019

<p>Adjustment of adolescents in relation to their gender and religion was investigated. Gender (Male and Female) and religion (Hindu and Muslim) were treated as independent variables whereas adjustment was treated as a dependent variable. The sample comprised of 282 high school students (from class IX and X) of state Government schools of Guwahati city that belonged to lower middle-income group. The multi-stage sampling method was used for selecting the sample. Upadhyay-Saxena Socio-Economic Status (USSES) Scale, Adjustment Inventory for School Students (AISS) and Personal Information Data sheet were administered to all the participants. Mean, Standard Deviation and ANOVA were calculated to analyze the responses. The findings of the study revealed that females are better adjusted in the areas of emotional adjustment, educational adjustment and also in terms of total adjustment in comparison to males, which implies gender has a significant effect in the area of emotional adjustment, educational adjustment and also in the total adjustment of the adolescents. But no significant difference was found in the area of social adjustment between male and female adolescents. Further, it was found that religion has no significant effect on the adjustment among adolescents, which means that there is no significant difference in the adjustment of Hindu and Muslim adolescents of Guwahati city. </p>
Architectural Environmental Compatibility as an Approach to Conserve the Identity of Heritage Cities in Egypt Case Study: Rosetta City
Authors: Madkour Mai Wahba Mohamed 
Published: March 2019

Heritage is considered to be cultural wealth representing people’s values, ideas, beliefs, customs, and traditions, and since heritage represents the nation's identity, it has its originality and maintains it. Egypt is one of the richest countries with the cities of cultural value. This abundance has created the problem of conservation that wealth and highlighting the artistic and historical aspects of the cities that face a lot of neglecting and abusing. At the same time of reforming and conservation, this wealth requires very high significant potential.
The Egyptian heritage suffers from many problems such as economic, political, cultural, and social reality, including the associated concepts of conservation operations.
This research aims to study the effect of environmental compatibility on conservation of the identity and the sustainability of the heritage cities through: Monitoring the value and importance of heritage cities in Egypt.Reviewing the environmental directions and various approaches to dealing with architectural heritage and emphasizing the importance of improving the environmental effect in order to conserve the identity and sustainability of heritage cities.This research focuses on studying the identity of Rosetta city, its urban and architectural development through history. It also focuses on studying the strategies in the process of rehabilitation and reuse of its buildings, taking into consideration the environmental influence of the buildings of heritage value.Studying the environmental compliance of the rehabilitated buildings of heritage value in terms of the efficiency of internal environment and the efficiency of environmental suitability.The conclusion drawn from this research suggests an important relationship between Heritage cities identity and sustainability behavior which is suggested for future research.
Land Use - Nutrient Level Relationships on Two Southern Ontario Watersheds
Authors: Terry R. D. , Salbach S. E. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
It is often considered that modern agricultural usage of land and the extensive use of fertilizers contributes significantly to nutrient levels in surface runoff. Catfish Creek and Duffin Creek are two predominantly rural watersheds of similar size located in southern Ontario. Three times as much nitrogen and phosphorus is applied per acre to the Catfish Creek basin as is applied to the Duffin Creek basin.
Nutrient data from 21 sampling points on the two river basins were analyzed using a multiple regression technique to relate nutrient concentrations to land use. The Mann-Whitney U-test was used to verify the existence of a significant difference in nutrient levels between the two basins. A comparison between the contributions of nutrients from municipal-industrial sources and rural land drainage revealed that 95 per cent of the total nitrogen load and over 75 per cent of the total phosphorus load from the Catfish Creek watershed appeared to have rural origin. By comparison, in the Duffin Creek basin about 8 9 per cent of the nitrogen and 5 0 per cent of the phosphorus load was contained in the rural land drainage.
Factors that Influence Variations in the Composition of Urban Surface Runoff
Authors: Waller D.H. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Most of the attention that has been devoted to urban runoff quality has been concerned with establishing the nature and magnitude of pollution from this source. This paper examines variations in composition in terms of their relationships to causative factors: rate of flow, time from start of storm, dry period lengths, season, land use, leaves and litter, sediment, dustfall, city works practices, and roof runoff composition. Effects of catch basins on storm water composition are considered. The variation revealed by this work indicate that mean concentrations of urban runoff constituents do not provide an adequate description of runoff composition. Future work should be directed toward determining quantitative relationships between variations in composition and their causative factors.
Model for Selection of Stormwater Control Alternatives
Authors: Bedrosyan R. , Ganczarczyk J. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
In urban centres, the degree of pollution from combined sewer overflows and stormwater runoff is becoming ever more noticeable and critical. Among the many stormwater management alternatives for combined sewer overflow abatement, remote monitoring/real-time control is emerging as a cost-effective method in large urban centres. Its advantage is that it does not require additional facilities, but uses the existing system more effectively.
A general computer model is needed in the planning stage, which can estimate the overall performance of real-time control and other stormwater management alternatives, without employing expensive, single-event models like WREM. The well-established and most widely used initial planning model STORM is unable to provide an overall system description. Therefore, a new programme, named RAFFI, was devised which can be combined with STORM. The RAFFI is a simple model which provides hourly information on flows and pollutants (BOD and SS) diverted into receiving waters from various overflow points and treatment and by-pass operations at the plant.
The model can simulate the overall behaviour of existing and proposed systems in multi-basin urban areas for single storms, or for many storms over a long period, such as one year. In-system storage can be simulated by assuming that the interceptor acts as a common reservoir which can store flows from all watersheds, while each trunk can store flows only from the watershed that it serves. Dynamic regulators can be simulated according to a built-in control strategy, which changes the flow capacity of diversion pipes and outfalls, based on plant, trunk and interceptor flow and storage values at each hour. Capacities for primary, secondary or by-pass operations at the plant can be varied during storms. Treatment of overflows at each outfall can also be simulated. The model is equally applicable to separate storm sewer systems.
The objective was not to produce yet another new model, but to integrate programme RAFFI with STORM, in order to increase its capabilities in the initial planning stage. By using STORM-RAFFI, a decision-maker can estimate the overall performance of an existing system during wet
The Numerical Analysis of Contaminant Migration from Sanitary Landfill Sites
Authors: Sykes J.F. , Crutcher A.J. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
A two-dimensional Galerkin finite element model for flow and contaminant transport in variably saturated porous media is used to analyze the transport of chlorides from a sanitary landfill located in Southern Ontario. A representative cross-section is selected for the analysis. Predicted chloride concentrations are presented for the cross section at various horizon years.
Sedimentation of Pb-210 in Laurentian Shield Lakes
Authors: Cornett R.J. , Chant L. , Link D. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The average annual flux of Pb-210 from the atmosphere to lake surfaces and to the bottom sediments was measured in seven small lakes located on the Laurentian Shield. Direct atmospheric fallout of Pb-210 was 136 ± 16 Bq m-2 a-1 Streams from the lakes' catchments input an additional 5 to 473 Bq m-2 a-1. Only 16 to 80 percent of the total input was found in the lake sediments. The fractional rate constant for Pb-210 sedimentation from the water column ranged from 0.25 to 5.3 per annum.
Chemistry of Bulk Precipitation in Halifax and its Effects on Chain and Chocolate Lakes
Authors: Thirumurthi Ramalingaigh Dhandapani , Hart William C. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Fifty-nine weekly bulk deposition samples and about 1100 lake water samples from the study area were analyzed for water quality parameters to document the bulk deposition chemistry and its effects on Chain and Chocolate Lakes. The composition of bulk deposition in Halifax (on chemical equivalent basis) was: chloride, 28 % of total ions; sodium, 25% sulfate, 15%; hydrogen, 14%; calcium, 6%; total nitrogen, 6%; magnesium, 4%; nitrate(N), 2%; ammonia(N), 1%; total phosphorus, 0.06%; and orthophosphorus, 0.03%. Marine sources contributed almost all of chloride and magnesium, 97% of sodium, 17% of sulfate, and 13% of calcium. Bulk deposition was not the major source of sodium, chloride, sulfate, calcium, magnesium, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus to the study lakes. However, it was the principal source of hydrogen, nitrogen, and total phosphorus to the forested watersheds of Chain Lakes, and of hydrogen, orthophosphorus and total phosphorus to the urbanized watershed of Chocolate Lake. The effects of these ions were not reflected in the lakes' water quality, probably because of the excess alkalinity produced in the watersheds of Chain Lakes, and also because of high flushing rates of the lakes.
The Effectiveness of the Electrochemical Recovery of Cadmium from Metal Plating Rinsewater
Authors: Vachon D.T. , Bissett W. , Calver B.A. , Dickson G.C. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
A prototype electrochemical reactor system was installed in late 1980 at X-Pert Metal Finishing to recover cadmium and destroy cyanide from plating rinsewater. Ninety-eight percent recovery of expected cadmium losses and 93 percent cyanide destruction were achieved. Payback was not realized in terms of metal recovery alone, but the system was economical when compared to upgrading the existing conventional waste treatment facility. The quality of the effluent discharged to the municipal sewer improved significantly. Monitoring identified the need for improved rinsing procedures and additional cyanide destruction capacity.
The Limnological Units of the Lower Great Lakes - St. Lawrence River Corridor and Their Role in the Source and Aquatic Fate of Toxic Contaminants
Authors: Allan R.J. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The waterways of the lower Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River, between Sarnia and the Saguenay Fiord, are made up of four limnological units. The first comprises the high discharge, rapid flow rivers, namely the St. Clair, Detroit, Niagara and St. Lawrence. Second are the four shallow, short residence time, riverine lakes, namely St. Clair, St. Francois, St. Louis and St. Pierre. Third are the two, relatively deep, long residence time, lower Great Lakes Erie and Ontario. Lastly, there is the freshwater-salt water mixing zone of the upper St. Lawrence Estuary. The rivers are essentially sources and transport systems of toxic contaminants on a grand scale. The riverine lakes provide only temporary storage or sinks even for contaminants associated with sediments because these are eventually resuspended and moved on downstream. The major sinks, where long-term effects are most evident are the two lower Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence Estuary. These sites are also where sediment associated contaminants can be permanently removed by deep burial in bottom sediments. However, even here, a proportion of the contaminant load passes on downstream and eventually out to the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The distinctive characteristics of the four limnological units are discussed in relation to sources and fate of toxic contaminants. Understanding the role of the units is critical to development of toxic chemicals control strategies and reduction in aquatic ecosystem contamination.
Description of Two Treatment Methods for Detoxifying Oil Sands Tailings Pond Water
Authors: MacKinnon M.D. , Boerger Hans 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Large quantities of toxic wastewater are produced in the processing of oil sands. The toxicity appears to be due primarily to polar organic carboxylic acids (naphthenic acids). These surfactants occur naturally in oil sands and are released during the caustic hot-water extraction process. Relatively high concentrations of suspended particulate matter, bitumen, and dissolved solids, as well as low dissolved oxygen levels, may also contribute to the toxicity of the water. Tailings pond water can be detoxified by rapid chemical treatments which involve coagulation at a pH between 4.5 - 5.0, followed by flocculation with an anionic polyelectrolyte. This method has been successfully scaled up to large batch and flowthrough systems under field conditions. A second treatment method involves the storage of tailings pond water in shallow, well aerated pits for 1 - 2 years, during which period natural processes result in a significant improvement in water quality. Bioassays with bacteria (Beckman Microtox), trout and Daphnia indicate that both treatment met hods result in removal of acute toxicity ( EC50 and LC50 greater than 100%). Ten-week tests with multi-species, simulated pond “ecosystems” in 10 m3 outdoor pooIs indicate some chronic effects remain after treatment. However, these effects are not considered to be limiting to the environmental acceptability of the treated waters.
Removal of Organic Micropollutants from Contaminated Groundwater by Oxidation and Stripping
Authors: Simovic L. , Jones J.P. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
In 1984, Environment Canada carried out a bench scale study on the removal of organic micropollutants from contaminated groundwater. The groundwater samples were obtained from the Special Waste Compound at Gloucester Landfill Site, near Ottawa, Ontario. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of chemical oxidation to destroy the organic micropollutants present in this groundwater. Comparison was made between the results of ozonation and the air stripping effects.
The oxidants evaluated were ozone (O3), sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), chlorine dioxide (ClO2) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) with hydrated iron sulphate FeSO4 7H2O (Fenton’s reagent). The organics present in the contaminated groundwater included the following, predominantly volatile, compounds: bromodichloro-methane, bromoform, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, chloroform, 1,1-dichloroethane, dichloromethane, 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,1-dichloroethylene, and trichloroethylene. The process variables investigated were pH and oxidant dosage. The significance of low and high values of these variables was examined by using a full 22 factorial design.
From the results, it appeared that the best removal efficiency was achieved by using ozone as an oxidant. However, during the experiments, it was observed that the ozonation process was being confounded with the air stripping process.
Chlorine dioxide and hydrogen peroxide, in that order, were determined to be less effective oxidants. Sodium hypochlorite was found to be the least effective oxidant in this study.
The results of this study demonstrated that air stripping was the most appropriate technology for the removal of the organic compounds from this groundwater.
Use of Fingernail Clams (Pisidiidae) and X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry for Monitoring Metal Pollution in Contwoyto Lake, N.W.T.
Authors: Duncan William F.A. , Tevesz Michael J.S. , Towns Robert L.R. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The suitability of freshwater molluscs, particularly fingernail clams, (Family Pisidiidae) as biological monitors of metal pollution in northern Canada is briefly examined. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of mollusc samples by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry were performed on samples collected just prior to exposure and after approximately three months of exposure to effluent from a newly opened gold mine located near Contwoyto Lake, N.W.T. The resulting contamination factors (post-exposure meta 1 levels in samples divided by pre-exposure levels) indicated an increase of iron, lead and zinc in the clam shells while copper decreased and arsenic remained constant, Contamination factors for clam shells were generally higher than corresponding factors for sampled sediments and fish, suggesting that, as an early warning system, clams may be superior monitors.
Preliminary results also indicate that X-ray fluorescence spectrometry is valuable as an analytical technique for shells and soft tissues of freshwater molluscs. The non-destructive nature of XRF allows qualitative analyses to be followed by quantitative analyses and subsequent archiving of samples.
Sources of Chlorophenolic Compounds to the Fraser River Estuary
Authors: Carey J. H. , Hart J. H. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The identity and concentrations of chlorophenolic compounds in the Fraser River estuary were determined under conditions of high and low river flow at three sites: a site upstream from the trifurcation and at downstream sites for each main river arm. Major chlorophenolics present under both flow regimes were 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP), 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol (2,3,4,6-TeCP), pentachlorophenol (PCP), tetrachloroguaiacol (TeCG) and a compound tentatively identified as 3,4,5-trichloroguaiacol (3,4,5-TCG). Under high flow conditions, concentrations of the guaiacols were higher than any of the Chlorophenols and concentrations of all five chlorophenolics appeared to correlate. Under low flow conditions, concentrations of chloroguaiacols were higher than Chlorophenols at the upstream site and at the downstream site on the Main Arm, whereas at the downstream site on the North Arm, concentrations of 2,3,4,6-TeCP and PCP were higher than the chloroguaiacols in some samples. Overall, the results indicate that pulp mills upstream from the estuary are important sources of chlorophenolics to the estuary under all flow conditions. Additional episodic inputs of 2,3,4,6-TeCP and PCP from lumber mills occur along the North Arm. When these inputs occur, they can cause the concentrations of Chlorophenols in the North Arm to exceed provisional objectives. If chloroguaiacols are included as part of the objective, concentrations of total chlorophenolics in water entering the estuary can approach and exceed these objectives, especially under low flow conditions.
Bioconcentration of Chlorophenols by Early Life Stages of Fraser River Pink and Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha, O. tshawytscha)
Authors: Servizi James A. , Gordon Robert W. , Carey John H. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Chlorophenol content of emergent pink salmon fry from five natal spawning grounds and fingerling Chinook from the Fraser River was determined. Major Chlorophenols identified were pentachlorophenol, 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol. Sources of these compounds appear to be lumber mills using chlorophenol based fungicides and pulp and paper mill effluents. Chlorophenol content was greatest in pink salmon fry from the Thompson River (58.4 ng/g total Chlorophenols). Fingerling Chinook from the Fraser River contained 3 7.7 ng/g total Chlorophenols.
The 96-hr LC50 of Woodbrite 24, a chlorophenol based fungicide to pink salmon during the egg-to-fry stage was determined to be in the 100 to 150 ug/L range. This range is about 100 times higher than average levels reported for Fraser River water.