bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of Renewable Energy in Kuwait
Authors: Altaneeb Sulaiman 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
One objective of the proposed paper, given Kuwait's extremely high CO2-equivalent emissions per capita, high energy consumption per capita, and the international environmental agreements Kuwait has agreed to abide by, is to inspire action by decision makers to increase the share of renewable energy applications in the energy mix in Kuwait to ensure compliance with such agreements. In addition, the paper aims to raise public awareness regarding the energy sector, especially renewable energy, in Kuwait.
To increase the deployment of renewable energy applications in Kuwait, the paper suggests multiple solutions for decision makers to consider. First, electricity can be generated through solar PV or concentrated solar power (CSP). Further, CSP can be used for enhanced oil recovery. In addition, water desalination, which Kuwait relies on heavily for drinkable water and consumes lots of energy, can be done using solar PV or CSP. Another utilization of solar energy is thermal collectors. Such collectors can be used for water heating for domestic use or industrial purposes. Also, they can be used for air conditioning through absorption cooling.
Kuwait has taken serious steps to diversify the sources of its electricity. His Highness the Amir of the State of Kuwait, Sheikh Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah, has called for 15% of Kuwait's electricity needs to be comprised of renewable energy by 2030. A number of projects were undertaken to achieve the vision of His Highness, the most prominent of which is the establishment of Al-Shagaya Renewable Energy Park (SREP). The park includes three types of renewable energy technologies: solar photovoltaic (PV), concentrated solar power (CSP), and wind power. SREP was divided into three phases with different power capacities and different combination of renewable energy technologies for the different phases. Despite the above plan, Kuwait still has a long way to go to reduce its carbon footprint. According to Kuwait Energy Outlook report issued in February 2019, Kuwait is expected to emit more than four times CO2-equivalent emissions per capita than the world's average in 2035. Decision makers in Kuwait are encouraged to take immediate action to avoid such occurrence by 2035. The report also highlights the main sectors causing such emissions.
This paper addresses novel solutions to the emissions issue in Kuwait, particularly solutions relevant to solar energy applications. It also informs the public about Al-Dibdibah Solar Project, to be constructed in Kuwait, which will be one of the largest solar projects in the world.
Water Shutoff Challenges Experience and Lessons Learned in Horizontal Passive Inflow Control Devices Completions of Giant North Kuwait Darcy Reservoir
Authors: Abdel-Basset Mohammed , Zakaria Shams El-Dine , Al-Husaini Mohammed , Barki Jassim , Chong Mizan 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Water conformance is a common challenge in oilfield industry especially in water flood and active water drive reservoirs where water production has a significant impact on production economics, oil recovery and facilities constraints. Water shut-off (WSO) is an essential solution to delay or minimize water production however effectiveness depends on treatment efficiency. This abstract will demonstrate extensive mechanical and chemical WSO experience in horizontal drilled wells completed with passive Inflow Control Devices (ICD) completions, with case histories from North Kuwait giant water aquifer reservoir.
The main challenge during water conformance treatment is the proper diagnosis and the full understanding of the water flow profile; accurately identify the water source as well as reservoir understanding will help selecting the efficient WSO mechanism, which is crucial for a sound decision making considering the associated cost and the operational complications. Understanding reservoir geology, Integration of inflow profiling via Horizontal PLT and new technologies of water saturation logsare key to accurately identify the water source (heal, middle or toe side) and by turn WSO mechanism. This is done in integration of multidisciplinary domains of G&G, production and reservoir engineers and operation teams.
Mechanical WSO using inflatable packers’ technologies were applied for isolating the toe side, while chemical WSO technologies used for heal side isolation in the open-hole passive ICD completions. Rig-less shifting of ICD sleeves used where active SSD-ICD's completion installed. The statistics of executed WSO results of many case histories have shown relatively good success ratio represented in reducing water cut from 80 – 90% down to 20 – 70%, increase oil production rate from 200 bopd up to 3000 bopd in some wells depending on water source. Furthermore, WSO enabled bringing some inactive high-water wells back to production. This helps extending well-life and by turn maximizes ultimate hydrocarbon recovery. Also, reducing the total water production to facility allowed increasing production of some other wells producing to same facilities. As key learnt lesson; managing the produced liquid rate and drawdown post WSO is essential to maximize the benefit of WSO and delay sharp increase of water cut.
WSO solutions are in constant improvement. Integrating reservoir characterization, fluid inflow profiling and proper selection of WSO technique is crucial for any successful WSO decision. WSO became a common practice to maximize the oil recovery factor from Lower Burgan reservoir of North Kuwait fields.
True Well Performance Validation Using Management by Exception and Data Analytics to Improve Well Test Validation KPI
Authors: Gutierrez Daniel , Cornwall Rachelle Christine , Nuimi Saber Mubarak , Tripathi Deepak Tripathi , Hidalgo Melvin Hidalgo , Alkuwaiti Hamda , Soni Sandeep , Isambertt Jose 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A workflow-based approach was implemented to improve the efficiency of well-test validation processes and to enhance the reliability of well models. This approach is based on automated validation and management-by-exception rules in order to highlight problematic tests and to execute an engineering validation process for approving or rejecting well-test results.
The well-test validation process is dynamically linked with the ADNOC corporate database to fetch the well-test results automatically in real time. The first-step validation is an automated process that compares well test data against user-defined surface parameters criteria and validates the calculated subsurface parameters. Next, engineering validations of problematic test results are performed to analyze parameter trend plots and to adjust outflow model parameters or subsurface parameters for acceptable well tests. Additionally, a repository of calibrated well models is available for asset utilization.
The well-test validation process was implemented throughout a large asset with multiple fields encompassing different lift types, including natural flow, gas lift and ESP. Automatic validation and in-built management-by-exception methodology reduced the requirement for engineering analysis of well tests by 70%, in an asset which validates more than 700 well tests per month. The most significant result is the reliability of the calibrated well models in the implemented integrated asset operations model (IAOM) to support and improve scenario predictions for the business objectives such as field-capacity test predictions and gas-lift optimization. The results of field-capacity tests achieved 98.8% of the targeted production rate for a particular zone.
The holistic two-step well-test validation process allowed the identification of actual failed well tests in achieving an optimized well testing KPI and focused well test planning. This engineering validation approach enhances the skills of the engineer thereby, optimizing available human resources.
The new management-by-exception approach forms the backbone of all other workflows contained in the IAOM, and has helped assets track well performance over time.
Success Story of using an Integrated Subsurface Model for North Kuwait Jurassic Gas Asset Development
Authors: Mahran Ahmed , Grammer Sunday , Emera Mohammed , Sommerauer Gerald , Abbas Ameer Ali , DashtI Qasem 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The objective of this paper is to show the integrated subsurface reservoir models created for high challengeable HPHT North Kuwait Jurassic (NKJ) Gas Asset. The successful story focuses on the study and modelling achievements that involved applying the appropriate method of upscaling the fine grid static model, calibrating & initializing, history matching with field observation data and finally performing a long-term production forecast. The IPSM (Integrated Production System Modelling) tool has been used to integrate all (six) fields to fill planned facilities and optimize each field forecast to get facilities production target
The new history matched models and base forecast scenarios built by an integrated multi-disciplinary subsurface team of Schlumberger, Shell and KOC staff members. KOC is the focal point and the owner of these models and the asset.
The new Middle Marrat static model is supported as a tool for dynamic simulation, volumetric calculation and other static model applications. Overall the model presents a number of significant improvements over previous models such as the following list of updates:
Updated non-horizontal tilted hydrocarbon contact. Refined zonation and layering to capture vertical heterogeneities observed on porosity / permeability logs Modify the log upscaling method for porosity by removing the bias by facies Update the porosity using the kriging method constrained to IPSOM Correct the log upscaling method for water saturation by using the bulk volume of water Include recent well data Updated fault distribution
Discrete fracture network (DFN) model was built for Middle Marrat reservoirs. The ultimate objective of the fracture modelling work is to provide full field heterogeneous fracture properties to be used in the dynamic simulation as input for history matching and forecasting. The full field DFN which has been calibrated by PTA database.
The models were upscaled and initialized with different approaches such as up-gridding method (SLB workflow) and Reduce ++ application (Shell workflow) on a field by field bases. After the history match and individual development well number and location optimization by reservoir/field, the models were coupled with IPSM tool to predict the production potential of the assets at the per field and reservoir level This tool is the key enabler for asset development planning in order to achieve KOC's gas production target of 1 Bscf/d. The integrated development planning tool allows KOC to determine the number of wells and drilling rigs required to achieve this target. As there are new coming facilities for NJK fields. The integrated development tool was also used to test the gas production plateau length after start-up of the new production facilities and the gas supply of the underlying fields/reservoirs and wells.
Site Preparation & Soil remediation for Kuwait's Largest Environmental Friendly oil Refinery, by Utilizing Dredging & Soil Compaction
Authors: Aljiran Talal , Alkandari Walid 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Kuwait Integrated Petroleum Industries Company is Constructing a new refinery at AI Zour, Kuwait. The refinery site's native land is low lying and contains areas of loose or poor soils known as Sabkha (soil consisting of deposits which are usually soft and susceptible to salt leaching). The low-lying area is prone to flooding from extreme rainfalls and from extreme high tides. The site of the Al-Zour Refinery requires soil remediation to improve its load bearing properties and it requires to be raised in levels to alleviate the risk of flooding and enabling the underground services to be above the groundwater level, as well as, providing stormwater drainage system of the refinery to be a gravity drained, which will save major capital cost.
KNPC (Former Owner of the Project) has contracted with M/s Van Oord to perform the Ground Remediation and Site Preparation for the project site. The work package is consisting of the preparation, remediation, and filling of the ground in the Al-Zour refinery area to the designed level, including testing and (geotechnical) monitoring. The majority of the fill is imported by dredging; hydraulic transport and disposal of fill materials obtained from selected marine borrow areas. To repopulate the affected marine habitat in the area where the sand was excavated, the crushed rocks are placed on the seabed to create an artificial reef, so that marine habitat can blossom in 5-10 years’ time.
The estimated quantity required to complete the project was 60,000,000 m3. Which is equivalent to 40 times the total volume of Burj Khalifa in Dubai. By using this approach (dredging the sand from the sea) we had prevented the risk of using the public roads to transport around 3.3 million truckloads. Another challenge of the project is the pumping distance for the heavy sand, the closest area is located approximately 5.5 KM from the nearest offshore vessel stand.
This paper will elaborate on the major challenges in this project, where the weak parts of the site are dominant by Sabkha. Therefore, sand was driven in to replace the in-situ soil by placing a layer of sand and dropping heavy concrete blocks. The sand formed columns and a solid base for the material above. Subsequently, another layer of good dredged sand is placed and compacted further. until the final level is reached. This paper will provide insight on how the farsighted vision and planning for major projects from environmentally, safety, logistically and quality point of view has led to a successful execution within the required time period and allocated budget.
Successful Implementation of a Single Well Chemical Tracer SWCT Test for a Giant Sandstone Reservoir in North Kuwait
Authors: Al-Murayri Mohammed T. , Kamal Dawood S. , Al-Abbas Reem S. , Shahin Gordon T. , Chilek Greg A. , Shukla Shunahshep R. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A one-spot EOR pilot was successfully completed to demonstrate the efficacy of a lab-optimized ASP formulation to mobilize remaining oil from a giant sandstone reservoir in Kuwait. This one-spot EOR pilot, which also referred to as a Single Well Chemical Tracer (SWCT) test, was a significant milestone in de-risking ASP flooding for multi-well pilot implementation.
The vertical zone of investigation for the Raudhatain Zubair (RAZU) SWCT was chosen to be a confined channel sand with relatively homogeneous and representative properties in a producer near the proposed pilot area. Two SWCT tests were performed and the difference in residual oil saturation from post water flood and post ASP injection tracer tests quantitatively determines the displacement efficiency of the ASP slug. The tracer chemicals for the tests included a hydrolyzing, partitioning tracer (ethyl acetate) and two alcohols (n-propyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol) that serve as cover tracer and material balance tracer, respectively, to ensure robustness of test interpretation.
The water flood SWCT test showed ideal behavior with well-defined profiles. Interpretation of this test was accomplished using a single layer model and showed that at the end of the water flood, the residual oil saturation to water was 0.24 ± 0.02% in the 23 -ft interval for the SWCT test. The ASP tracer test was complicated due to poor injectivity, well mechanical issues, and dilution from a zone which did not accept any SWCT test injection fluids but contributed substantially to production. Due to the dilution from another zone, the ASP tracer test profiles were more dispersed than the water flood tracer test but were adequately modeled using a two-layer model with irreversible flow. Analysis of the ASP SWCT test showed that the average oil saturation was reduced to 0.06 ± 0.05%, which represents a ~67% reduction in residual oil saturation.
Despite poor injectivity leading to a reduced polymer drive and taper injection and dilution from another zone resulting in a non-idealized tracer response, careful interpretation of the SWCT test measurements resulted in a reliable estimate of the post-ASP oil saturation. The SWCT test results demonstrate the feasibility of applying ASP flooding to increase oil recovery from a giant high-temperature sandstone reservoir in North Kuwait.
Internal Corrosion Severity Ranking of Crude Oil Pipelines
Authors: Jaragh Amer , Al-Ahmad Abdul Wahab , Prakash Surya , Al-Mutairi Adel , Mathew Ashok 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Internal corrosion is a leading cause of failure of pipelines that transport crude oil. The small amounts of saline water present in crude oil separates over a period due to any stagnancy or low flow conditions. The separated water causes water wetting of the pipe surface and creates corrosive condition along with the presence of carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide and bacteria, especially the sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) and acid producing general anaerobic bacteria (GAnB) that thrive under the anaerobic conditions existing in pipelines. This is the major reason for pitting and leakages of pipelines.
The On-line Corrosion Monitoring (OCM) using corrosion coupons provide early indication of internal corrosion taking place on the pipe wall. The chemical analysis of deposits removed from cleaning pigging provide qualitative information of general corrosion and its possible mechanism, while the microbiological analysis can indicate the involvement of bacteria in the internal corrosion. In-line Inspection (ILI) conducted on a cleaned pipeline measure pit depth on the internal pipe wall.
This paper analyzes the data collected by each of these internal corrosion monitoring techniques and suggests a means for ranking the internal corrosion severity of crude pipelines of the Oil Field Operating Company, based on interpretation of the data. This ranking can help in optimizing the ILI activities by changing to a need-based program from the current schedule-based program.
Big Loop : Capture and Quantity Uncertainty for Accurate Predictions Through Machine Learning Approach
Authors: Agarwal Vikram , Walia Samir 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Accurate assessments of production forecast of field with time is the ultimate goal of any field operator. To achieve this operators employ a multi-disciplinary team approach and try to obtain a unified representation of the field. The data and the resulting model goes from one team to another after getting the best case or satisfactory results and this has been a standard exercise in the industry till now. In traditional approach, the uncertainties at each stage of the modeling process is not carried over to the next stage and as a result, it is lost at each stage of the process. Big loop addresses this gap in the modeling process where seismic to simulation process is dealt with not just one model at a time, but with ensemble of models and with this approach, the uncertainties are not lost in the process but carried over to the next stage and can be quantified in this process from where they occur to where they matter.
The Big loop workflow is automated and can be run many times and updated with additional information obtained like drilling new wells, as the field passes thru' its lifecycle. With the use of stochastic proxy modeling technique, the stochastic uncertainty in the geological model can be captured. The Big loop workflow gives a geologically consistent history matched model without any local modification in the geological model through the use of machine learning approach and proxy model built by the tool. The model can later be extended to prediction times to capture and quantify uncertainty in the prediction phase of the study. The workflow allows the team to spend more time in analyzing the model to build a common understanding rather than wasting time on manual adjustments or spending time on non-influential uncertain parameters which might not have much influence on the parameters under study.
Building Kuwaiti Researcher Capabilities through DACUM Based S-OJT
Authors: Al-Jasmi Ahmad Kh. , Al-Otaibi Abdullah E. , Al-Qattan Abdullah H. , Thomas Cyril 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The Innovation & Technology (I&T) group at Kuwait Oil Company (KOC) has been working to build and develop Kuwaiti Researcher capabilities, to be "ready" to execute R&D projects in line with the requirements of the KOC Technology Roadmap. The R&D Planning & Support team has designed and implemented a unique initiative to build this researcher capability, using a DACUM based Structured On-the-Job Training (S-OJT) program. This paper details the capability development program designed by KOC I&T group, to build Kuwaiti Researcher capabilities for the Upstream K-companies.
DACUM is an acronym that stands for "Developing a Curriculum" and involves using a systematic process to analyze and capture a job's duties and tasks, as defined by a group of high-performing incumbent workers. Through the DACUM process, the KOC Junior Researcher job was analyzed and its constituent Duties and Tasks were identified. A detailed training curriculum was defined for each Junior Researcher Task, based on the inputs of Subject Matter Experts. This training curriculum provides information to the trainee, on the Steps that make up each task, resources and trainings required to complete the task, safety information that the trainee must be aware of, and practical learning exercises that the trainee must independently do in order to learn the task.
An implementation process was established to ensure that experienced coaches demonstrated how to perform each task in the actual work setting, while Mentors were assigned to assess and verify trainee learning progress. The advantages in having implemented this program at I&T group included clear evidence-based development, consistency in researcher skill development, and greater trainee motivation.
This process has helped establish a comprehensive and structured training program to develop Junior Researchers in KOC, based on an analysis of their actual work requirements. The training content is developed using internal capabilities, and is delivered by internal coaches and mentors who are well versed with the training curriculum. This Structured On-the-Job Training (S-OJT) program also aligns very strongly with the blended learning principles adopted by K-companies as part of their L&D strategy.