bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impacts on the environment.
Authors: Witt A. , Belgeri A. 
Published: November 2018

Abstract

This chapter deals with the impact of parthenium weed (Parthenium hysterophorus) on the environment, more specifically, the negative impact of the weed on soil properties, and the above- and below-ground community biodiversity, including fauna, flora and microorganisms. Also, the chapter comprehensively examines the negative impact of parthenium weed on insect pollinators and shows how the weed can: (i) alter nutrient cycling; (ii) reduce plant species diversity and abundance; (iii) change vegetation structure; and (iv) alter the assemblage of other organisms such as invertebrates, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. Although some key gaps with regard to determining the impacts of parthenium weed on biodiversity have been detected, there is sufficient evidence to conclude that parthenium weed is having a dramatic impact on biodiversity and ecosystem function throughout its introduced range in Africa, Asia and Australia.
Biological control.
Authors: Dhileepan K. , McFadyen R. , Strathie L. , Naeem Khan Naeem Khan 
Published: November 2018

Abstract

Parthenium weed (Parthenium hysterophorus) is susceptible to herbivory, but there are no herbivores or pathogens in the introduced ranges that are known to exert any critical impact on parthenium weed. Classical biological control, using host-specific (highly selective) natural enemies introduced from the native range of the plant, to cause vegetative or reproductive suppression, is the most cost-effective, long-term management option for parthenium weed. This chapter focuses on biological control of parthenium weed. It covers key biological control agents available for the management of the weed, which are mainly based on Australian initiatives. This chapter also encompasses introduction history and status of parthenium weed biological control agents in other parts of the world, for example Eastern and South Africa, South Asia and the Pacific Islands. For effective management of parthenium weed, integrating various biological control options that include classical biological control, mycoherbicides and suppressive plants with management tools such as chemical, physical, grazing management and cultural management is desirable.
Management: physical, cultural, chemical.
Authors: Campbell S. D. , Vogler W. D. , Tamado Tana Tamado Tana 
Published: November 2018

Abstract

The ecology of parthenium weed (Parthenium hysterophorus), particularly its persistent soil seed bank, the multiple dispersal mechanisms and the ability to reach reproductive maturity quickly, allows it to persist in areas following initial control activities. To attain the desired level of management, several follow-up treatments are required and to do this most effectively, consideration should be given to all available options and how they can be integrated. This chapter considers the importance of other management strategies and discusses them in the context of integrated weed management. A detailed account is presented of cultural (legislative measures, hygiene practices, crop rotation, cover crops, competition and suppression), physical (manual and mechanical removal, fire and heat) and chemical (synthetic and natural products) approaches used to manage parthenium weed in different parts of the world.
History and management - Australia and Pacific.
Authors: McFadyen R. , Kunjithapatham Dhileepan Kunjithapatham Dhileepan , Day M. 
Published: November 2018

Abstract

Parthenium weed (Parthenium hysterophorus) is now recognized as a major invasive weed worldwide. Yet in the 1950s, when it was first discovered in Australia, it was an almost unknown plant. International research on parthenium weed did not start until the 1970s, after reports of increasing health problems caused by the dense infestations in central India. Australian policy makers in 1973-75 were therefore working in an information vacuum when trying to manage this new weed, which was rapidly spreading south from the northern cattle zone. Their response was to establish one of the largest long-term and well-funded weed management programmes ever seen against a single weed, and the outcome has been startlingly successful. This chapter outlines the history and background of parthenium in Australia and the management tools used to produce this success. It shows that the management programme in place from 1975 to the present day, along with the simultaneous development of on-ground methods to reduce spread and a well-funded biological control programme to reduce the impact of existing infestations, has proved highly effective. Parthenium weed is no longer a major threat to farmers and landholders in Australia, and no longer rates as one of the top weeds, even in the worst-affected areas.
History and management in East and South-east Asia.
Authors: Shi BoYang Shi BoYang , Tang SaiChun Tang SaiChun , Nguyen Thi Lan Thi Nguyen Thi Lan Thi , Kunjithapatham Dhileepan Kunjithapatham Dhileepan 
Published: November 2018

Abstract

In East and South-east Asia, parthenium weed (Parthenium hysterophorus) has invaded many countries, including Vietnam in 1922, Southern China in 1926, Japan in 1972, Taiwan in 1988, Korea in 1993, a new second introduction has been identified in Northern China (Shandong Province) in 2004, and it has been found in peninsular Malaysia and Sarawak in 2013 and Thailand in 2016. This chapter discusses the history of invasion, background, spread and management (using chemical, cultural, physical and biological control methods) of pathenium weed in East and South-east Asian countries. Only a limited amount of information is available on the incidence of parthenium weed in these countries. More survey work is suggested to determine the full extent of the parthenium weed invasion. Although some countries have reported the presence of the weed and have some knowledge of its spread, legislative frameworks to help prevent further invasion and spread of parthenium weed are still needed. Also, educational tools need to be developed to raise public awareness. Methods to prevent further spread need to be implemented, including restrictions on the movement of seed lots and food products from infested to non-infested weed-free regions, and the potential for future biological control investigated.
History and management - Southern Africa and western Indian Ocean islands.
Authors: Strathie L. W. , McConnachie A. J. 
Published: November 2018

Abstract

Parthenium weed (Parthenium hysterophorus) has been recorded in the Southern African countries of South Africa, Swaziland, Zimbabwe, Mozambique and most recently Botswana, and the western Indian Ocean islands of Madagascar, Mauritius including Rodrigues, as well as Réunion, Seychelles, Comoros, Mayotte and Salomon islands. This chapter outline the history of invasions, background, spread and management (using mechanical, chemical and biological control methods as well as containment strategies and growing competitive plant species) of parthenium weed in southern Africa and the Western Indian Ocean islands. Management of parthenium weed within Southern Africa and the western Indian Ocean islands remains a challenge, as it does for most developing countries, for a number of reasons. These include one or more of the following: (i) lack of inventory of invasive species and knowledge of their extent and impacts; (ii) lack of broad awareness of the impacts or potential impacts of invasive alien species such as parthenium weed; (iii) lack of value placed on conservation of biodiversity; (iv) lack of legislation on the management of invasive alien species; (v) lack of national long-term commitment and coordinated efforts to manage invasive species; (vi) limited resources for large-scale management programmes; and (vii) lack of expertise and/or facilities.
Conclusions.
Authors: Adkins S. W. , Asad Shabbir Asad Shabbir , Kunjithapatham Dhileepan Kunjithapatham Dhileepan 
Published: November 2018

Abstract

This chapter draws conclusions and makes future recommendations on the management of parthenium weed (Parthenium hysterophorus), based on extensive information reviewed in different chapters of the book. There are some research gaps, particularly in quantification of economic losses and health effects of parthenium weed. The chapter also examines integrated management options and the way forward in the management of the weed under changing environmental conditions. Finally, this chapter looks at the gaps in our knowledge and how we might close these with collaborative programmes of research around the globe.
Essentials of extracellular vesicles: posters on basic and clinical aspects of extracellular vesicles
Authors: Nieuwland Rienk , Falcon‐Perez Juan Manuel , Soekmadji Carolina , Boilard Eric , Carter Dave , Buzas Edit I. 
Published: November 2018

ABSTRACTThe past decade has witnessed an exponential development in the field of extracellular vesicles. Sporadic observations have reached a critical level and the scientific community increasingly recognizes the potential biomedical significance of these subcellular structures present in all body fluids as significant components of the cellular secretome. The Educational Committee of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles prepared two posters (“Basic aspects of extracellular vesicles” and “Clinical aspects of extracellular vesicles”) to provide essential pieces of information on extracellular vesicles at glance for anyone not familiar with the field.
Funds of Knowledge and Cultural Capital: Working toward Diversity and Equity of Knowledges
Authors: Cho Seonhee , Yi Youngjoo 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
In this Forum article, we discuss issues emerging from utilizing two significant theoretical constructs, Funds of Knowledge and Cultural Capital, in the field of second/multilingual language studies. Some similar underlying characteristics yet opposite perspectives surrounding the concepts and theoretical applications have confused researchers and practitioners. Hence, we address three major issues related to social class-based knowledge distinction, little consideration of diversity and agency, and lack of empirical evidence on the convertibility and transferability of knowledges. Through the discussions, we pose important questions to seek diversity and equity of knowledges and urge applied linguists to raise their critical awareness of recognition and use/exchange value of second/multilingual learners’ resources and knowledges.
Inflammatory and Infectious Syndromes Associated With Cancer Immunotherapies
Authors: Fishman Jay A , Hogan John I , Maus Marcela V 
Published: November 2018

AbstractImmunotherapy using antibodies to immune checkpoint molecules or targeted chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells (CAR-T cells) represent dramatic advances in cancer treatment. These therapies mediate immune-related adverse events that may mimic or amplify infectious presentations. Checkpoint inhibitor therapy may be associated with diverse irAEs including mild skin, endocrine, and autoimmune manifestations or severe inflammatory processes including colitis, pneumonitis, myocarditis, and shock. CAR-T-cell therapies may induce toxicities including cytokine-release syndrome with fevers and multiorgan dysfunction, CAR-T-cell–related encephalopathy syndrome with altered mental status and neurologic dysfunction, or hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis-macrophage-activation syndrome. Infectious risks may relate to prior cancer therapies or to treatments of inflammatory dysregulation, including corticosteroids and inhibitors of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6. Immune activation may unmask subclinical infections. Clinical approaches must attempt to identify infections in the face of immunotherapy-associated inflammatory processes. Empirical antimicrobial therapies should not be delayed based on the presumption of noninfectious syndromes.
Carriage and Acquisition of Extended-spectrum β-Lactamase–producing Enterobacterales Among Neonates Admitted to Hospital in Kilifi, Kenya
Authors: Kagia Ngure , Kosgei Patrick , Ooko Michael , Wafula Leonard , Mturi Neema , Anampiu Kirimi , Mwarumba Salim , Njuguna Patricia , Seale Anna C , Berkley James A , Bottomley Christian , Scott J Anthony G , Morpeth Susan C 
Published: November 2018

Abstract

Background
Infections caused by extended-spectrum β-lactamase–producing Enterobacterales (ESBL-E) among hospitalized neonates in sub-Saharan Africa pose significant clinical challenges. Data on prevalence and acquisition of ESBL-E carriage among hospitalized neonates in the region are few, and risk factors for transmission are not clearly defined.

Methods
In a cohort study of consecutive neonatal admissions to Kilifi County Hospital from July 2013 through August 2014, we estimated ESBL-E carriage prevalence on admission using rectal swab cultures and identified risk factors using logistic regression. Using twice-weekly follow-up swabs, we estimated the incidence and identified risk factors for ESBL-E acquisition in hospital using Poisson regression.

Results
The prevalence of ESBL-E carriage at admission was 10% (59/569). Cesarean delivery, older neonatal age, and smaller household size were significant risk factors. Of the 510 infants admitted without ESBL-E carriage, 238 (55%) acquired carriage during their hospital stay. The incidence of acquisition was 21.4% (95% confidence interval, 19.0%–24.0%) per day. The rate was positively associated with the number of known neonatal ESBL-E carriers and with the total number of neonates on the same ward.

Conclusions
Carriage of ESBL-E was common among neonates on admission, and in-hospital acquisition was rapid. The dissemination and selection of ESBL-E appears to be driven by hospital exposures, operative delivery, and neonatal ward patient density. Further attention to infection control, patient crowding, and carriage surveillance is warranted.
From risk to care: the hepatitis C screening and diagnostic cascade in a primary health care clinic in Karachi, Pakistan—a cohort study
Authors: Khalid Gul Ghuttai , Kyaw Khine Wut Yee , Bousquet Christine , Auat Rosa , Donchuk Dmytro , Trickey Adam , Hamid Saeed , Qureshi Huma , Mazzeo Valentina , Aslam Khawar , Khowaja Salima , Van den Bergh Rafael 
Published: November 2018

Abstract

Background
In the high-prevalence setting of Pakistan, screening, diagnosis and treatment services for chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients are commonly offered in specialized facilities. We aimed to describe the cascade of care in a Médecins Sans Frontières primary health care clinic offering CHC care in an informal settlement in Karachi, Pakistan.

Methods
This was a retrospective cohort analysis using routinely collected data. Three different screening algorithms were assessed among patients with one or more CHC risk factors.

Results
Among the 87 348 patients attending the outpatient clinic, 5003 (6%) presented with one or more risk factors. Rapid diagnostic test (RDT) positivity was 38% overall. Approximately 60% of the CHC patients across all risk categories were in the early stage of the disease, with an aspartate aminotransferase:platelet ratio index score &lt;1. The sequential delays in the cascade differed between the three groups, with the interval between screening and treatment initiation being the shortest in the cohort tested with GeneXpert onsite.

Conclusions
Delays between screening and treatment can be reduced by putting in place more patient-centric testing algorithms. New strategies, to better identify and treat the hidden at-risk populations, should be developed and implemented.
Semantic domains in Picasso’s poetry
Authors: Meneses Luis , Mallen Enrique 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe question of why Pablo Picasso dedicated a considerable amount of his time to writing around 1935 is open to speculation. Many have cited, among possible causes: the Spanish artist’s emotional crisis, the political turmoil in Europe in the period between the two wars, and the menace of a confrontation in Spain. All of these views are predicated on an assumed irreducible conflict between visual composition and verbal expression. However, we cannot forget that Picasso’s interest in alternative methods of expression might have started with his fascination for linguistic structure as a whole during his cubist period. In this article, we explore the possibility that the transition into poetry that we observe in Picasso is simply one more manifestation of his pursuit of alternative approaches to language as a means of representation. In this sense, one thing that remained to be determined was how concrete concepts in both languages cluster into representative semantic categories and how these categories interact with each other in semantic networks.
Shelf life: Identifying the abandonment of online digital humanities projects
Authors: Meneses Luis , Furuta Richard 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
A large portion of the research carried out in the digital humanities has an online digital object (usually referred as a project) as one of its components. In turn, these online digital objects can be catalogued as distributed resources, which implies that the administrative control of information related to a topic may be spread across online resources and/or collections maintained by multiple scholars in different institutions. This administrative decentralization can lead to changes in content that are often unexpected by a researcher, which can be caused by different factors or circumstances. This reasoning led us to formulate the following question: When can online digital humanities projects be considered abandoned? In this article, we carry out a study on the persistence and average life span of online projects in the digital humanities. More specifically, we will elaborate on their reliance on distributed resources and methods for measuring their shelf life: the average length of time that a digital project can endure without updates until it can ultimately be considered abandoned by its researcher.
Prevalence of cryptococcal antigenemia and nasal colonization in a free-ranging koala population
Authors: Schmertmann Laura J , Kan Alex , Mella Valentina S A , Fernandez Cristina M , Crowther Mathew S , Madani George , Malik Richard , Meyer Wieland , Krockenberger Mark B 
Published: November 2018

AbstractCryptococcosis, caused by environmental fungi in the Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii species complexes, affects a variety of hosts, including koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus). Cryptococcal antigenemia and nasal colonization are well characterized in captive koalas, but free-ranging populations have not been studied systematically. Free-ranging koalas (181) from the Liverpool Plains region of New South Wales, Australia, were tested for cryptococcal antigenemia (lateral flow immunoassay) and nasal colonization (bird seed agar culture). Results were related to environmental and individual koala characteristics. Eucalypt trees (14) were also randomly tested for the presence of Cryptococcus spp. by bird seed agar culture. In sum, 5.5% (10/181) and 6.6% (12/181) of koalas were positive for antigenemia and nasal colonization, respectively, on at least one occasion. And 64.3% (9/14) of eucalypts were culture-positive for Cryptococcus spp. URA5 restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis identified most isolates as C. gattii VGI, while C. neoformans VNI was only found in one koala and one tree. Colonized koalas were significantly more likely to test positive for antigenemia. No associations between antigenemia or colonization, and external environmental characteristics (the relative abundance of Eucalyptus camaldulensis and season), or individual koala characteristics (body condition, sex, and age), could be established, suggesting that antigenemia and colonization are random outcomes of host-pathogen-environment interactions. The relationship between positive antigenemia status and a relatively high abundance of E. camaldulensis requires further investigation. This study characterizes cryptococcosis in a free-ranging koala population, expands the ecological niche of the C. gattii/C. neoformans species complexes and highlights free-ranging koalas as important sentinels for this disease.
Direct and indirect costs of end-stage renal disease patients in the first and second years after initiation of nocturnal home haemodialysis, hospital haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis
Authors: Wong Carlos K H , Chen Julie , Fung Samuel K S , Mok Maggie M Y , Cheng Yuk Lun , Kong Irene , Lo Wai Kei , Lui Sing Leung , Chan Tak Mao , Lam Cindy L K 
Published: November 2018

AbstractPurposeTo estimate the direct and indirect costs of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients in the first and second years of initiating peritoneal dialysis (PD), hospital-based haemodialysis (HD) and nocturnal home HD.MethodsA cost analysis was performed to estimate the annual costs of PD, hospital-based HD and nocturnal home HD for ESRD patients from both the health service provider’s and societal perspectives. Empirical data on healthcare resource use, patients’ out-of-pocket costs, time spent on transportation and dialysis by ESRD patients and time spent by caregivers were analysed. All costs were expressed in Hong Kong year 2017 dollars.ResultsAnalysis was based on 402 ESRD patients on maintenance dialysis (PD: 189; hospital-based HD: 170; and nocturnal home HD: 43). From the perspective of the healthcare provider, hospital-based HD had the highest total annual direct medical costs in the initial year (mean ± SD) (hospital-based HD = $400 057 ± 62 822; PD = $118 467 ± 15 559; nocturnal home HD = $223 358 ± 18 055; P &lt; 0.001) and second year (hospital-based HD = $360 924  ± 63 014; PD = $80 796 ± 15 820; nocturnal home HD = $87 028 ± 9059; P &lt; 0.001). From the societal perspective, hospital-based HD had the highest total annual costs in the initial year (hospital-based HD = $452 151  ± 73 327; PD = $189 191 ± 61 735; nocturnal home HD = $242 038 ± 28 281; P &lt; 0.001) and second year (hospital-based HD = $413 017 ± 73 501; PD = $151 520 ± 60 353; nocturnal home HD = $105 708 ± 23 853; P &lt; 0.001).ConclusionsThis study quantified the economic burden of ESRD patients, and assessed the annual healthcare and societal costs in the initial and second years of PD, hospital-based HD and nocturnal home HD in Hong Kong. From both perspectives, PD is cost-saving relative to hospital-based HD and nocturnal home HD, except that nocturnal home HD has the lowest cost in the second year of treatment from the societal perspective. Results from this cost analysis facilitate economic evaluation in Hong Kong for health services and management targeted at ESRD patients.