bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modular control with carrier auto‐interleaving and capacitor‐voltage balancing for MMCs
Authors: Seleme Seleme Isaac , Grégoire Luc‐André , Cousineau Marc , Ladoux Philippe 
Published: December 2018

In this study, a new control method dedicated to modular multilevel converters (MMCs) is proposed. The approach is based on local communication between the individual controls of each submodule (SM). The local values of the capacitor voltages and the carrier‐phase angles are shared between immediate neighbours achieving balancing of their capacitor voltages, and an automatic interleaving of the pulse‐width modulation (PWM) signals. Using an inter‐cell communication strategy, the number of required data exchanges with a centralised controller is greatly reduced. This method works for any number of SMs present in the converter and provides an integrated dynamic reconfiguration capability to enable or disable SMs during operation, without any additional consideration for the control‐algorithm's implementation. Such a capability is not offered by classical MMC control methods using either PWM or nearest‐level control strategies. Higher stability, robustness and larger bandwidth of the proposed method are first demonstrated through real‐time simulation. The auto‐interleaving of the PWM carriers and the capacitor‐voltage balancing, provide fast responses and adequate accuracy. Experimental results are provided using a 600 V/3 kW/18 cells single‐phase MMC demonstrator confirming the simulation results, and the advantages of this SM control strategy.
Centralised model‐predictive decoupled active–reactive power control for three‐level neutral point clamped photovoltaic inverter with preference selective index‐based objective prioritisation
Authors: Bonala Anil Kumar , Sandepudi Srinivasa Rao 
Published: December 2018

This study presents a single‐stage grid‐tied three‐level neutral point clamped photovoltaic inverter with a centralised model‐predictive decoupled active–reactive power control. The proposed centralised model predictive control (CMPC) incorporates the constraints of maximum power extraction, dc‐link capacitor voltage balancing and active–reactive power tracking in a single objective function. The dc‐link voltage of the inverter is regulated to its reference for extracting the maximum power. In order to eliminate the impact of reactive power exchange on floating dc‐link voltage regulation, a decoupled active–reactive power control is used in the CMPC. Furthermore, a preference selective index‐based dynamic weighting factor selection approach is introduced to maintain the relative importance between the power tracking and dc‐link capacitor voltage balancing. The proposed control approach eliminates the outer dc‐link voltage control loop and also, the empirical approach required for the selection of weighting factors. As a result, it ensures an optimal control action in each sampling period to improve the steady‐state and dynamic tracking performance of the control objectives. The proposed control approach is experimentally verified by using a 1.2 kW laboratory‐scale prototype and the results are presented to demonstrate its effectiveness compared to the classical proportional–integral‐based model predictive control.
Simulation analysis of intermittent arc grounding fault applying with improved cybernetic arc model
Authors: Li Shurong , Xue Yongduan , Feng Guang , Xu Bingyin 
Published: December 2018

Intermittent arc grounding fault frequently occurs in non‐solidly earthed networks. Establishing an accurate arc model is the basis for analysis of fault characteristics. First of all, an improved cybernetic arc model is introduced in this study, which can effectively demonstrate arcing process through controlling the arc length, and which is applied to simulation analysis of intermittent arc grounding fault. Then, a novel method is proposed to identify when the arc would extinguish or restrike. Arc extinction is determined by comparing the stable ignition voltage and air withstand voltage, while arc reignition is dependent on the competition between recovery voltage and air withstand voltage. Finally, a typical simulation model of 10 kV distribution network is built via PSCAD, and impacts of arc model parameters on fault characteristics are analysed. Comparison between simulation results and field data indicates that the arc model can accurately describe arc characteristics and that the intermittent arc grounding overvoltage generated by the suggested method is consistent with the actual case. In the Petersen coil grounded system, arc reignition times turns to be fewer, intermittent arc duration shorter and the overvoltage amplitude lower than those in the isolated neutral system.
Fault location in AC transmission lines with back‐to‐back MMC‐HVDC using ConvNets
Authors: Zhu Beier , Wang Haozong , Shi Shenxing , Dong Xinzhou 
Published: December 2018

The back‐to‐back modular multi‐level converter–high‐voltage DC (MMC‐HVDC) system is gaining popularity in the field of enhancing power transmission capacity but poses challenges to fault diagnosis. A novel method for the fault location for such a system based on convolutional networks (ConvNets) is presented. The proposed method uses voltages and currents of only one terminal of transmission lines. Compared with existing methods, the proposed method automatically learns features from a dataset of voltage and currents signals. The fault location is then achieved by linear regression with an L 1 penalty using the features extracted by ConvNets. Additionally, the fault location network is trained jointly with fault‐type information to improve performance. The feasibility of the proposed method has been verified on a 220 kV back‐to‐back MMC‐HVDC transmission system for various fault locations and under different fault conditions using power systems computer‐aided design (PSCAD)/electro magnetic transient design and control (EMTDC). Results show that the proposed method can locate faults using one cycle data with high accuracy.
Arylpyridines: A Review from Selective Synthesis to Atropisomerism
Authors: Czarnocki Zbigniew , Pomarański Piotr 
Published: December 2018

Multiply arylated heterocycles are interesting structures with highly useful functions and fascinating optoelectronic and biological properties. Pyridines are an important class of compounds, playing a role in various fields of chemistry. When the pyridine ring is connected to other aromatic systems, novel stereochemical outcomes may arise. This work summarizes different methodologies applied for the synthesis of substituted arylpyridine derivatives and summarizes stereochemical phenomena resulting from atropisomerism present in certain arylated pyridines.1	Introduction2	Arylpyridines Containing meta- and para-Substituted Phenyl Groups2.1	Arylpyridine Derivatives as Amphetamine Analogues Markers2.2	Site-Selective Synthesis of Arylpyridines3	Atropisomerism in Arylpyridines Containing ortho-Substituted Phenyl Groups3.1	Synthesis of Arylpyridines Containing ortho-Substituted Phenyl Groups3.2	Other Methods for the Preparation of Arylated Pyridines4	Fully Substituted Pyridine Derivatives4.1	Site-Selective Synthesis of Fully Arylated Pyridines4.3	Atropisomerism in Densely Substituted Arylpyridines Containing ortho-Substituted Phenyl Groups5	Enantioselective Synthesis of Arylpyridine Derivatives6	Conclusion
Cardiovascular and Metabolic Risk in Women in the First Year Postpartum: Allostatic Load as a Function of Race, Ethnicity, and Poverty Status
Authors: Shalowitz Madeleine U. , Schetter Christine Dunkel , Hillemeier Marianne M. , Chinchilli Vernon M. , Adam Emma K. , Hobel Calvin J. , Ramey Sharon Landesman , Vance Maxine Reed , O'Campo Patricia , Thorp John M. , Seeman Teresa E. , Raju Tonse N. K. ,   Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Human Development Community Child Health Network
Published: December 2018

Objective Allostatic load (AL) represents multisystem physiological “wear-and-tear” reflecting emerging chronic disease risk. We assessed AL during the first year postpartum in a diverse community sample with known health disparities.
Study Design The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute for Child Health and Human Development Community Child Health Network enrolled 2,448 predominantly low-income African-American, Latina, and White women immediately after delivery of liveborn infants at ≥20 weeks' gestation, following them over time with interviews, clinical measures, and biomarkers. AL at 6 and 12 months postpartum was measured by body mass index, waist:hip ratio, blood pressure, pulse, hemoglobin A1c, high-sensitive C-reactive protein, total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein, and diurnal cortisol slope.
Results Adverse AL health-risk profiles were significantly more prevalent among African-American women compared with non-Hispanic Whites, with Latinas intermediate. Breastfeeding was protective, particularly for White women. Complications of pregnancy were associated with higher AL, and disparities persisted or worsened through the first year postpartum.
Conclusion Adverse AL profiles occurred in a substantial proportion of postpartum women, and disparities did not improve from birth to 1 year. Breastfeeding was protective for the mother.
Association of Antenatal Depression with Clinical Subtypes of Preterm Birth
Authors: Venkatesh Kartik , Ferguson Kelly , Smith Nicole , Cantonwine David , McElrath Thomas 
Published: December 2018

Objective To estimate the association between antenatal depression and spontaneous preterm birth (SPTB) relative to medically indicated preterm birth (MPTB).
Study Design This was a secondary analysis of a nested case–control study of preterm birth (PTB). The exposure was a clinical diagnosis of antenatal depression. The outcome was PTB at <37 weeks classified as SPTB (spontaneous labor, preterm premature rupture of membranes, placental abruption, and cervical shortening); and MPTB (preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction). Multinomial logistic regression models compared women without PTB versus MPTB and SPTB, adjusting for age, race, parity, tobacco use, insurance status, and prepregnancy body mass index, and history of PTB for SPTB.
Results Among 443 pregnant women, 15.6% had an SPTB and 8.6% had an MPTB, and 16% were diagnosed with antenatal depression. Women with an SPTB were three times more likely to have antenatal depression compared with women without an SPTB (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 2.81; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.40–5.63). No significant association was identified between antenatal depression and MPTB (AOR: 1.77; 95% CI: 0.67–4.62). The association between antenatal depression and SPTB did not change after adjusting the aforementioned model for a history of PTB and antidepressant use.
Conclusion Antenatal depression may differentially affect the risk of PTB through an increase in the odds of SPTB. These results have implications for future studies on prevention and treatment options for depression and PTB.
Therapeutic Hypothermia in Brazil: A MultiProfessional National Survey
Authors: Variane G. F. , Cunha L. M. , Pinto P. , Brandao P. , Mascaretti R. S. , Magalhães Mauricio , Sant'Anna Guilherme M. 
Published: December 2018

Objective To determine the rate of therapeutic hypothermia (TH) use, current practices, and long-term follow-up.
Study Design Prospective cross-sectional national survey with 19 questions related to the assessment of hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) and TH practices. An online questionnaire was made available to health care professionals working in neonatal care in Brazil.
Results A total of 1,092 professionals replied, of which 681 (62%) reported using TH in their units. Of these, 624 (92%) provided TH practices details: 136 (20%) did not use any neurologic score or amplitude-integrated electroencephalogram (aEEG) to assess encephalopathy and 81(13%) did not answer this question. Any specific training for encephalopathy assessment was provided to only 81/407 (19%) professionals. Infants with mild HIE are cooled according to 184 (29%) of the respondents. Significant variations in practice were noticed concerning time of initiation and cooling methods, site of temperature measurements and monitoring, and access to aEEG, electroencephalogram (EEG), and neurology consultation. Only 19% could perform a brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and 31% reported having a well-established follow-up program for these infants.
Conclusion TH has been implemented in Brazil but with significant heterogeneity for most aspects of hypothermia practices, which may affect safety or efficacy of the therapy. A step forward toward quality improvement is important.
Accuracy of Prenatal Diagnosis of Congenital Cardiac Malformations
Authors: Pinheiro Diesa Oliveira , Varisco Bruna Boff , Silva Marcelo Brandão da , Duarte Rafaela Silva , Deliberali Graciele Dequi , Maia Carlos Roberto , Jiménez Mirela Foresti , El Beitune Patrícia 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Objective To evaluate the accuracy of the diagnosis of fetal heart diseases obtained through ultrasound examinations performed during the prenatal period compared with the postnatal evaluation.
Methods A retrospective cohort study with 96 pregnant women who were attended at the Echocardiography Service and whose deliveries occurred at the Complexo Hospitalar Santa Casa de Porto Alegre, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Risk factor assessment plus sensitivity and specificity analysis were used, comparing the accuracy of the screening for congenital heart disease by means of obstetrical ultrasound and morphological evaluation and fetal echocardiography, considering p < 0.05 as significant. The present study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Institution.
Results The analysis of risk factors shows that 31.3% of the fetuses with congenital heart disease could be identified by anamnesis. The antepartum echocardiography demonstrated a sensitivity of 97.7%, a specificity of 88.9%, and accuracy of 93% in the diagnosis of congenital heart disease. A sensitivity of 29.3% was found for the obstetric ultrasound, of 54.3% for the morphological ultrasound, and of 97.7% for the fetal echocardiography. The fetal echocardiography detected fetal heart disease in 67.7% of the cases, the morphological ultrasound in 16.7%, and the obstetric ultrasound in 11.5% of the cases.
Conclusion There is a high proportion of congenital heart disease in pregnancies with no risk factors for this outcome. Faced with the disappointing results of obstetric ultrasound for the detection of congenital heart diseases and the current unfeasibility of universal screening of congenital heart diseases through fetal echocardiography, the importance of the fetal morphological ultrasound and its performance by qualified professionals is reinforced for a more appropriate management of these pregnancies.
Effect of Narcotic Analgesics on the Ultrastructure of the Eyeball (Experimental Study)
Authors: Pidvalna Uliana , Kost Andriy , Mateshuk-Vatseba Lesya 
Published: December 2018

Background The use of opioids among people of the young and working age has sharply increased in recent years simultaneously with the outbreak observed in the general population.
Objective To determine the trigger mechanism of the destructive effect of narcotic analgesics on the ultrastructural level of the vascular tunic of the eyeball. Methods: This experimental study was performed on 26 male rats aged 3.0 months and body weight 160–180 g with daily intramuscular injection of Nalbuphine hydrochloride during 4 weeks. The material for the study was represented by ultramicroscopic sections of the vascular tunic of the eyeball.
Results In comparison with the control group there was observed swelling of the cytoplasm and the nuclei of endotheliocytes, considerably narrowed lumens of the capillaries. Plasmolemma of endotheliocytes forms protrusions into the lumen of endotheliocytes forming microvilli. Changes of destructive nature took place in the elements of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial complex. Signs that are characteristic of sclerosis were found in the surrounding connective tissue complex. In particular, lesions of endothelium and basement membrane of the elements of hemomicrocirculatory bloodstream, epithelium of the ciliary processes, cellular and non-cellular elements of the iris and the uvea proper have studied.
Conclusion The databased on the experimental model allow extrapolation the results obtained to humans. It is confirmed that the development of angiopathy is the trigger mechanism of the destructive effect of narcotic analgesics.
3‐min whole body cryotherapy/cryostimulation after training in the evening improves sleep quality in physically active men
Authors: Douzi Wafa , Dupuy Olivier , Tanneau Maxence , Boucard Geoffroy , Bouzigon Romain , Dugué Benoit 
Published: December 2018

AbstractExercise training during evening may disturb sleep patterns and hinder recovery process. The present study aimed to examine the effect of whole body cryotherapy (WBC) exposure after training in the evening on sleep quality and night heart rate variability (HRV). A total of 22 physically active men were randomized to undergo either WBC (3‐min at −40°C, wind speed of 2.3 m s−1) or passive recovery (control) following an evening training consisting of 25 min of continuous running at 65% of the maximal aerobic speed (MAS) followed by intermittent running at 85% of the MAS. Each night following the training, the number of movements and HRV during sleeping time were recorded. The next morning, subjective sleep quality and perceived pain were assessed using Spiegel questionnaire and a visual analogue scale, respectively. The number of movements during the night following WBC was significantly reduced (p < 0.05) compared with the control condition. Subjective sleep quality following WBC was significantly better than the control group (p < 0.05). During the estimated slow‐wave sleep (SWS), the high frequency power (HF) was higher in the WBC group than the control group (p < 0.05), and the low frequency power (LF) and the LF/HF ratio were lower than the control group (p < 0.05). Pain was significantly reduced following WBC compared to the control (p < 0.01). In conclusion, the use of 3‐min WBC after training in the evening improves subjective and objective sleep quality in physically active subjects, which may be due to greater pain relief and improved parasympathetic nervous activity during the SWS period.
Directionally compensated mechanical work provided by the shoulder leads to similar racket velocities during open and square stance forehand groundstrokes in tennis*
Authors: Kawamoto Yuta , Iino Yoichi , Yoshioka Shinsuke , Fukashiro Senshi 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe differences between the racket‐arm acceleration mechanisms during open and square stance forehand groundstrokes in tennis were examined by quantifying the mechanical work done on the racket arm. We studied 13 advanced tennis players as they performed these strokes at maximum effort and calculated the work using inverse dynamics. The racket head speed was similar between the open and square stances. In the open stance, the lack of weight shifting towards the hitting direction resulted in a lower velocity for the shoulder joint centre in the hitting direction than in the square stance, and less work was done by the shoulder joint force in the hitting direction in the open stance than in the square stance (0.30 ± 0.11 J·kg‐1 vs. 0.38 ± 0.16 J·kg‐1; p = 0.005). However, in the open stance, the torso rotated more towards the hitting direction and had more upward acceleration, which resulted in more work done by the sideways and upward shoulder joint forces than in the square stance (sideways: 0.07 ± 0.09 J·kg‐1 vs. 0.05 ± 0.09 J·kg‐1, p = 0.046; upward: 0.08 ± 0.09 J·kg‐1 vs. 0.04 ± 0.07 J·kg‐1, p = 0.002). Thus, the greater work done by the sideways and upward shoulder joint forces compensated for the lesser work done by the shoulder joint force in the hitting direction in the open stance. In both stances, mainly the horizontal flexion torque and internal rotation torque at the shoulder increased the energy of the racket arm.
Mothers, Peers, and Gender-Role Identity
Authors: Olivetti Claudia , Patacchini Eleonora , Zenou Yves 
Published: December 2018

AbstractWe study whether a woman’s labor supply as a young adult is shaped by the work behavior of her adolescent peers’ mothers. Using detailed information on a sample of U.S. teenagers who are followed over time, we find that labor force participation of high school peers’ mothers affects adult women’s labor force participation, above and beyond the effect of their own mothers. The analysis suggests that women who were exposed to a larger number of working mothers during adolescence are less likely to feel that work interferes with family responsibilities. This perception, in turn, is important for whether they work when they have children.
Association of Facility Type With Procedural-Related Morbidities and Adverse Events Among Patients Undergoing Induced Abortions
Authors: Roberts Sarah C. M. , Upadhyay Ushma D. , Liu Guodong , Kerns Jennifer L. , Ba Djibril , Beam Nancy , Leslie Douglas L. 
Published: December 2018

(Abstracted from JAMA 2018;319:2497–2506)
Despite the ruling in June 2016 by the US Supreme Court that the Texas law requiring abortion facilities to meet ambulatory surgery center (ASC) standards is unconstitutional, 13 states still have laws requiring abortions to be provided in these centers. Supporters of these laws have argued that ASC requirements make abortion safer.
Screening for Cervical Cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement
Authors: Curry Susan J. , Krist Alex H. , Owens Douglas K. , Barry Michael J. , Caughey Aaron B. , Davidson Karina W. , Doubeni Chyke A. , Epling John W. , Kemper Alex R. , Kubik Martha , Landefeld C. Seth , Mangione Carol M. , Phipps Maureen G. , Silverstein Michael , Simon Melissa A. , Tseng Chien-Wen , Wong John B. 
Published: December 2018

(Abstracted from JAMA 2018;320:674–686)
The number of deaths from cervical cancer in the United States has decreased substantially since the 1960s and especially during the last 2 decades because of the implementation of widespread cervical cancer screening. Most cases of this cancer occur in women who have not been adequately screened.
Periconception Glycemic Control in Women With Type 1 Diabetes and Risk of Major Birth Defects: Population-Based Cohort Study in Sweden
Authors: Ludvigsson Jonas F. , Neovius Martin , Söderling Jonas , Gudbjörnsdottir Soffia , Svensson Ann-Marie , Franzén Stefan , Stephansson Olof , Pasternak Björn 
Published: December 2018

(Abstracted from BMJ 2018;362:k2638)
Poor glycemic control has been linked to both immediate (eg, ketoacidosis) and long-term (eg, mortality and cardiovascular disease) complications in people with type 1 diabetes. The risk of pregnancy-related complications is of particular relevance to women with type 1 diabetes.
Prenatal Biochemical Screening and Long Term Risk of Maternal Cardiovascular Disease: Population Based Cohort Study
Authors: Ray Joel G. , Huang Tianhua , Meschino Wendy S. , Cohen Eyal , Park Alison L. 
Published: December 2018

(Abstracted from BMJ 2018;362:k2739)
Placental vascular disease is thought to arise within the temporary interface of the trophoblast and endometrial decidua, resulting in adverse outcomes for mother and fetus, including preeclampsia, placental abruption, poor fetal growth, and preterm birth. Some risk factors for placental vascular disease, including for preeclampsia, are the same as those for cardiovascular disease.
Association Among Depression, Symptom Experience, and Quality of Life in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Authors: Greenwood Eleni A. , Pasch Lauri A. , Cedars Marcelle I. , Legro Richard S. , Huddleston Heather G. 
Published: December 2018

(Abstracted from Am J Obstet Gynecol 2018;219:279.e1–279.e7)
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) affects up to 15% of reproductive-age women. Symptoms of PCOS include hirsutism, obesity, menstrual disturbances, and infertility; these impair health-related quality of life among women with the syndrome.