bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preservation of Pension Rights
Authors: Spratling F. H. , Bacon F. W. , Bromfield A. E. 
Published: June 2019

The Council of the Institute decided that ‘a Working Party be set up to advise the Council on the actuarial and other problems arising in connexion with the transferability of pension rights’. The Council of the Faculty accepted the Institute's invitation to be associated with the project and we were appointed to be the members of the Working Party.2. In considering the subject remitted to us, we quickly formed the view that the description preservation of pension rights is more apt than transferability of pension rights, for the transfer of pension rights from one scheme to another when a member changes his employment is only one of several methods of preserving the whole or part of his accrued pension rights. We have accordingly used the term preservation in preference to transferability throughout this report.3. We have confined our attention to the question of preservation of pension rights as it concerns individual members of pension schemes who change their employment, as distinct from the problem that arises when groups of members are transferred with the work they do from one employment to another, as they were, for example, on a large scale when the nationalized industries were set up; in such cases other problems arise.
Aural fullness and transtympanic ventilation tubes in Ménière's disease: a scoping review
Authors: Sevilla C , Goody J , Baguley D M , Kasbekar A V 
Published: June 2019

AbstractBackgroundMénière's disease often presents with aural fullness, for reasons that are currently not well understood. Transtympanic ventilation tube insertion has been historically used for the management of this symptom, though the nature and mechanism of effectiveness is unclear.ObjectiveTo give an overview of the data available on the effects of ventilation tube insertion on aural fullness in Ménière's disease.MethodsThe databases PubMed, Embase, Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, Central and Google Scholar were searched to identify relevant records. Records were subsequently analysed and data extracted.ResultsOnly two studies directly measured the effect of ventilation tube insertion on aural fullness, while three others measured it as a placebo to assess another treatment. Considerable heterogeneity was found amongst the studies, including conflicting conclusions.ConclusionThere is a paucity of evidence investigating the effect of grommet insertion on aural fullness in Ménière's disease. This work directs future research into this topic.
The diet and incidence of scurvy and adopted preventative measures in the two branches of Shackleton’s Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition 1914–1917
Authors: Harrowfield David L. , Alp Bill 
Published: June 2019

AbstractSir Ernest Henry Shackleton’s Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition (ITAE) 1914–1917, consisted of two parties – a Weddell Sea party led by Shackleton withEndurance,and a supporting Ross Sea depot-laying party, led by Captain Aeneas L.A. Mackintosh withAurora. The purpose of this research paper is to consider why the Ross Sea party contracted scurvy and the Weddell Sea party did not. The authors suggest that for the Ross Sea shore party there was ineffectual leadership, insufficient medical care and sledging with excessive loads, and an inadequate diet for sledging, in both energy and vitamin C content. In their second season, depletion of vitamin C was again evident with one person dying. The Weddell Sea party, ably led by Shackleton, not only faced the arduous task of sledging heavy stores and moving camps in thick snow, but also had to haul three boats over pressure ridges, before reaching open water and rowing to Elephant Island. Here, the men lived almost exclusively on a fresh meat diet and were not affected by scurvy. This is the final paper for the trilogy commemorating the Ross Sea party centenary (the others are Harrowfield, 2013, 2015).
Risk and protective factors for anxiety and obsessive-compulsive disorders: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses
Authors: Fullana Miquel A. , Tortella-Feliu Miquel , Fernández de la Cruz Lorena , Chamorro Jacobo , Pérez-Vigil Ana , Ioannidis John P. A. , Solanes Aleix , Guardiola Maria , Almodóvar Carmen , Miranda-Olivos Romina , Ramella-Cravaro Valentina , Vilar Ana , Reichenberg Abraham , Mataix-Cols David , Vieta Eduard , Fusar-Poli Paolo , Fatjó-Vilas Mar , Radua Joaquim 
Published: June 2019

AbstractBackgroundA multitude of risk/protective factors for anxiety and obsessive-compulsive disorders have been proposed. We conducted an umbrella review to summarize the evidence of the associations between risk/protective factors and each of the following disorders: specific phobia, social anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder, and to assess the strength of this evidence whilst controlling for several biases.MethodsPublication databases were searched for systematic reviews and meta-analyses examining associations between potential risk/protective factors and each of the disorders investigated. The evidence of the association between each factor and disorder was graded into convincing, highly suggestive, suggestive, weak, or non-significant according to a standardized classification based on: number of cases (>1000), random-effects p-values, 95% prediction intervals, confidence interval of the largest study, heterogeneity between studies, study effects, and excess of significance.ResultsNineteen systematic reviews and meta-analyses were included, corresponding to 216 individual studies covering 427 potential risk/protective factors. Only one factor association (early physical trauma as a risk factor for social anxiety disorder, OR 2.59, 95% CI 2.17–3.1) met all the criteria for convincing evidence. When excluding the requirement for more than 1000 cases, five factor associations met the other criteria for convincing evidence and 22 met the remaining criteria for highly suggestive evidence.ConclusionsAlthough the amount and quality of the evidence for most risk/protective factors for anxiety and obsessive-compulsive disorders is limited, a number of factors significantly increase the risk for these disorders, may have potential prognostic ability and inform prevention.
Clay larnakes
Authors: Hood Sinclair , Huxley George 
Published: June 2019

Some sixteen clay coffins or larnakes of the well-known Late Minoan type with gabled lids were recovered from nine tombs (IV, VI, VII in the first group, all the tombs IX–XIV of the second, and XVI of the third). They were made of coarse gritty pithos fabric, with the surface orange, paler orange or buff, or greenish, due to wet-smoothing or the application of a thin slip. The chests were between 0·75 and 1·20 long, standing to a height of about 0·50–75 including the legs but without the lids. One larnax (larnax II from tomb VI) had never apparently had any legs. One very small larnax (larnax II from tomb XII), only 0·67 long, was evidently for a child (Fig. 24aa). The sides normally had panels, inlet or suggested by incised lines, no doubt imitating panels of the wooden originals from which the larnakes were clearly copied. There were normally four vertical handles on the chest, two each side, and corresponding handles on the lid. But in some cases (e.g. larnax IV from tomb VI and that from tomb VII) the handles were replaced by perforations for ropes through the corners of the chest. The lids of these larnakes had curious small ribbed handles set on the four corners.All the larnakes were plain and unornamented, except for that from tomb VII, with a simple decoration of straight and wavy stripes in red paint; together with larnax IV from tomb VI, and the fine example unfortunately much destroyed from tomb XIII, which both had designs of spirals and papyrus flowers of a type classified by Furumark as Late Minoan IIIA 2.
Canada and the New International Economic Order: Some Legal Implications
Authors: Wigdor Mitchell 
Published: June 2019

SommaireSuit à la deuxième guerre mondiale, l’inefficacité des structures économiques et financières internationales mises sur pied par les grandes puissances occidentales à améliorer le niveau de vie des pays du Tiersmonde a poussé ces derniers à réclamer de nouvelles structures propres à réaliser un nouvel ordre économique mondial. Ces revendications aboutirent à l’adoption par l’Assemblée générale des Nations Unies, en décembre 1977, de la Charte des droits et devoirs économiques des Etats. Au même titre que les autres résolutions de l’Assemblée générale, cette charte n’a aucune force juridique, mais elle symbolise les aspirations du Tiers-monde. Elle constitue un défi lancé aux pays du Nord d’accepter de nouvelles règles de droit international leur imposant l’obligation de promouvoir le développement des pays du Sud.Il y a bien longtemps que le Canada reconnaît la nécessité d’apporter de l’aide au Tiers-monde et le participer activement au sein des conférences et organismes internationaux. Le Canada étant un Etat développé mais possédant aussi des caractéristiques de pays en développement est particulièrement bien placé pour jouer un rôle d’intermédiaire entre le Nord et le Sud. Toutefois, on note une dichotomie frappante entre les promesses faites par le Canada sur la scène internationale et ses réalisations concrètes. La volonté ne suffit pas, il faut en effet au Canada adopter une stratégie intégrée à tous les niveaux; chose qui n’existe pas encore.Cette nécessité d’adoption d’une stratégie s’impose, puisque le Canada doit assumer nombre d’obligations juridiques découlant de conventions multilatérales, mais aussi se montrer respectueux de nouvelles normes coutumières. L’auteur distingue trow nouvelles règles coutumières relatives au développement international. En premier lieu, tout Etat a l’obligation de promouvoir le développement international. Ensuite, en matière de commerce international, les pays en développement ont le droit de se voir accorder un traitement préférentiel non réciproque. Enfin, les besoins des pays les moins développés méritent une attention toute spéciale pour toute matière concernant le développement.
International Law and the Nuclear Arms of the New Damoclès
Authors: Santerre Lucette 
Published: June 2019

SummaryThe backbone of the legal structure set up to protect us from the use of nuclear weapons, the Non-proliferation Treaty (NPT), which is a masterpiece of the art of compromise, came into force in March 1971. More than a hundred countries are now Parties to it. The NPT prohibits the transfer of any type of nuclear explosive devices, or of control over such devices, from nuclear-weapons Parties to non-nuclear weapons Parties. However, the Superpowers never intended to transfer such devices or control to other States; they may still possess nuclear weapons on the territories of their non-nuclear allies if they keep control over such arms. For their part, non-nuclear weapons Parties to the NPT committed themselves not to build, or accept transfer or control over, any type of nuclear explosive devices and, in relation to this commitment, to accept safeguards and verifications by the IAEA. Because of the strong commitments imposed to the non-nuclear Parties, the NPT is often regarded as being discriminatory to those States. The gap between nuclear and non-nuclear Parties could be narrowed if the Superpowers gave more importance to another NPT commitment, whereby they undertook, with the other Parties, to pursue negotiations in good faith for the cessation of the arms race and, eventually, for disarmament. However, the SALT talks have brought us cruise missiles and multiple warheads pursuant to the old concept of balance of nuclear power between the USA and the USSR. Will the new START talks and the negotiations on limiting medium-range nuclear missiles in Europe be more productive? The second Conference of the NPT Parties and the Second United Nations special Session on Disarmament both proved disappointing, since no concrete progress was achieved toward non-proliferation objectives.
The Human Rights Committee and the Case of Sandra Lovelace
Authors: Bayefsky Anne F. 
Published: June 2019

SommaireEn vertu du Protocole facultatif au Pacte international sur les droits civils et politiques, tout particulier qui prétend être victime d’une violation des droits énoncés dans le Pacte peut adresser une plainte au Comité des droits de l’homme de l’O.N.U.Madame Sandra Lovelace, une indienne de la banque des Tobiques du Nouveau-Brunswick, eut recours à cette procédure et présenta une communication à l’effet que l’article 12(i)(b) de la Loi sur les Indiens, S.R.C, igyo, c. 1-6 était contraire au Pacte et ce qu’il faisait perdre à une femme indienne son statut d’Indienne lorsqu’elle épousait un non-indien, le même sort n’étant toutefois pas réservé à l’homme indien mariant une femme non-indienne. La plaignante plaidait en outre que cette disposition de la législation fédérale sur les indiens violait les articles 23(1), 23(4), 26 et 27 du Pacte international sur les droits civils et politiques.Dans une constatation du 30 juillet 1981, le Comité des droits de l’homme de l’O.N.U. concluait à la contravention par le Canada du Pacte et plus particulièrement à la violation de l’article 27 de celui-ci, lequel stipule que les personnes appartenant à des minorités ethniques ne peuvent être privés du droit d’avoir en commun avec les autres membres de leur groupe, leur propre vie culturelle de professer et de pratiquer leur propre religion et d’employer leur propre langue.La procédure d’examen de la plainte s’est étendu sur une période de trois ans et demie. La nature et le contenu des explications et déclarations faites par le Canada à la demande du Comité des droits de l’homme de l’O.N.U. pendant la procédure ainsi que la négligence actuelle du Canada à se plier à la constatation du Comité et à modifier son droit interne tendent à démontrer que le Canada ne se préoccupe guère de ses obligations internationales en matière de droits de l’homme.Il est à noter que le Comité des droits de l’homme de l’O.N.U. est présentement saisi d’une plainte dans laquelle la question de la con-formité de l’article 12(1) (b) de la Loi sur les Indiens au Pacte international sur les droits civils et politiques est à nouveau posée. A la différence de la communication de Sandra Lovelace, la récente plainte révèle que le mariage de la femme indienne à un non-indien a eu lieu après l’entrée en vigueur du Pacte, ce qui pourrait permettre notamment au Comité de constater la violation de son article 26 qui garantit l’égalité devant la loi et l’égale protection de la loi.
La responsabilité Internationale des États-Unis pour les dommages causés par les précipitations acides sur le territoire canadien
Authors: Corten Olivier , Schaus Annemie 
Published: June 2019

SummaryIn this article, the authors argue that, given that there is now strong evidence to the effect that acid rain from the United States has caused and is causing damage in Canada, the United States must bear responsibility for this damage at international law. The principal consequence of U.S. responsibility is that the United States must take decisive steps to prevent further damage caused by acid rain in Canada.
L'affaire de la délimitation maritime Canada/France
Authors: Hornby Ross , Hughes Valerie 
Published: June 2019

SummaryThe authors contend that the ad hoc Court of Arbitration established by Canada and France to delimit the maritime boundary off the French islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon has come up with an equitable solution, fully consistent with the applicable international law. They argue that the decision of June 10, 1992 properly rejected the extreme claims of the Parties, and correctly applied the law in adopting a method that gave predominance to geographical factors, in particular the enormous disparity in the lengths of the Parties' coasts, with a view to arriving at a proportionate result. Although the decision leaves the bulk of the fisheries resources under Canadian control, with a view to arriving at a proportionate result. Although the decision leaves the bulk of the fisheries resources under Canadian control, the authors consider this to be commensurate with the relative interests of the Parties in the area, and suggest that the judgment has facilitated the ongoing management of both the resources and Franco-Canadian relations. In their view the emphasis in the judgment on the tendency of coasts to project in the direction in which they face, and the application of the corridor method to allow a full 200-mile zone to the French islands, finds support in both the jurisprudence and in State practice.
Visit, Search, Diversion, and Capture in Naval Warfare: Part II, Developments since 1945
Authors: Von Heinegg Wolff Heintschel 
Published: June 2019

SommaireIci la deuxième partie de l'article qui était publié dans le volume XXIX de l'Annuaire.Elle examine la pratique des États depuis 1945.Bien que les belligérants aient eu tendance depuis 1945 à ne pas recourir à la guerre maritime économique et à opter plutôt pour une politique de torpillage sans restriction, il est encore pertinent d'examiner les mesures relevant de la guerre maritime qui sont acceptables en vertu du droit international traditionnel et de se demander si ces règles s'appliquent à la guerre maritime moderne.Le traitement des équipages et des passagers ainsi que la réquisition et la légalité ne sont pas abordées.
III. Investissement
Authors: Ratelle Pierre 
Published: June 2019

I Mise en oeuvre de l'Accord de libre-échange Canada-États-UnisLe 1er janvier 1993 marquait le quatrième anniversaire de l'Accord de libre-échange entre le Canada et les États-Unis (ALÉ), mais aussi le début de sa cinquième période de transition devant conduire à sa pleine réalisation en matière d'investissement. À cet égard, il convient de noter que, dans le cadre de la Loi sur Investissement Canada (LIC), le seuil donnant ouverture à l'examen de l'acquisition directe du contrôle d'une entreprise canadienne par une entreprise américaine a été établi à 150 millions de dollars canadiens, en dollars constants de 1992. Rappelons que, depuis le 1er janvier 1992, l'acquisition indirecte du contrôle d'une entreprise canadienne par une entreprise américaine n'est plus assujettie à un examen de l'agence Investissement Canada.
From the Margins to the Mainstream: The Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action
Authors: Waldron Marcia 
Published: June 2019

SummaryThe United Nations Fourth World Conference on Women provided an important occasion for the international community to assess and to develop its political commitment to the protection of the human rights of women. The author discusses the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action that resulted from the conference and considers whether international machineries for the enforcement of rights will be adequate to deal with rights that traditionally have been marginalized. Recognizing the past and current limitations of international mechanisms, the author argues that working within mainstream institutions as well as developing independent special procedures are necessary measures to ensure that the international system reflects the needs of women.
Notre Mer? An Independent Québec's Maritime Claims in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Beyond
Authors: Smith Jeffrey J. 
Published: June 2019

SummaryThe basic fact of Québec as a coastal entity creates interesting questions when considering the implications of its independence. A historical survey of its maritime boundaries further confirms the importance of maritime boundaries for an independent Québec. The author examines Québec's possible claims in the light of recent international law cases and conventions. He also explores the application of various methods of maritime boundary delimitation on (Québec and Canada. Finally, the author explores the possibility of joint sovereignty in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the application of the condominium concept to Canada and Québec.
Environmental Harm in Developing Countries Caused by Subsidiaries of Canadian Mining Corporations: The Interface of Public and Private International Law
Authors: Seck Sara L. 
Published: June 2019

SummaryThis article addresses the responsibility of Canada for ensuring that Canadian transnational mining corporations do not cause environmental harm in other countries. The author discusses the liability of parent companies under Canadian law for the actions of their subsidiaries abroad and considers the jurisdictional and choice of law problems in bringing a tort action in Canadian courts. The author also considers the implications under international law of any extraterritorial application of Canadian law.
Utopia without Apology: Form and Imagination in the Work of Ronald St. John Macdonald
Authors: Knop Karen 
Published: June 2019

SummaryThe word “utopia” is a pun on eu topos (a good place) and ou topos (no place). While utopia in the sense of eu topos refers to an ideal society and its realization, utopia in the sense of ou topos emphasizes a mode of narrative rather than a political goal. Traditionally, the utopian form is a traveller’s account of a visit to an imaginary country where the journey is either to a far-off land or to the distant future. This article offers an appreciation of Ronald St. John Macdonald as a practitioner, presenter, and promoter of the utopian form in international law. Beyond the ability of a particular eu-topia to confront us with a complete package of ideas for international law that would otherwise remain unimagined, ou-topia generally encourages comprehensive and radical thinking about international law’s future and perhaps even jolts us into a heightened consciousness of our creativity and potential for change. The article also touches on the corresponding disadvantages of utopias and speculates that Macdonald reconciles the advantages and disadvantages partly through the fact that the power of the utopian form is available even to those who have been historically and unjustly excluded from international law.
L’importance de l’opinion publique: L’homoparentalité et la décision de la Cour européenne des droits de l’Homme dans l’affaire Fretté c. France
Authors: LaViolette Nicole 
Published: June 2019

SommaireRécemment, dans l’affaire Fretté c. France, l’État français a échappé d’extrême justesse à une condamnation de la Cour européenne des droits de l’Homme pour discrimination fondée sur l’orientation sexuelle. Dans l’affaire Fretté, la Cour européenne conWrme que l’interdiction d’adoption opposée par l’administration française aux personnes homosexuelles ne porte pas atteinte aux droits de la personne. Selon l’auteure, la Cour a négligé le fait qu’un grand nombre d’hommes gais et de lesbiennes presentment les qualités humaines et éducatives requises d’un candidat à l’adoption, et elle a préféré avaliser une différence de traitement discriminatoire et absolue envers les personnes homosexuelles. La Cour ne fonde aucunement ses motifs sur une preuve explicite et concluante quant au préjudice que peut présenter l’homosexualité d’un parent pour l’enfant adopté. Elle invoque plutôt la controverse publique pour motiver sa décision en faveur de l’interdiction d’adoption par les gais.