bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ANALYSIS OF ANIMAL FOOD PRODUCTS FOR CHLORINATED INSECTICIDE RESIDUES.
Authors: Stemp A. R. , Langlois B. E. , Liska B. J. 
Published: November 2018

Summary
The use of ECGC along with proper sample clean-up provides an accurate analytical method for the detection and measurement of trace amounts of chlorinated insecticide residues. Levels of 0.01 ppm of several insecticides may be determined, providing a degree of accuracy comparable to other analytical procedures, if the following precautions are observed: (a) a representative sample is available; (b) the linearity of the instrument is determined for each compound; (c) all reagents are redistilled; (d) only high purity nitrogen is used as the carrier gas; (e) the chromatographic clean-up column is not overloaded with fat; (f) proper elution techniques are followed; (g) the best column packing is used for the insecticides being analyzed; (h) an all glass system is used including a borosilicate glass injector tube and a borosilicate glass column; (i) careful control of temperature and rate of gas flow is performed; and (j) analytical instrument is carefully calibrated with standard insecticide solutions at specified times.
EVOLUTIONARY CHANGES IN THE CORNELL PHOSPHATASE TEST
Authors: Kosikowski Frank V. 
Published: November 2018

Summary
The Cornell phosphatase test, with its single buffer for milk and all dairy products, has been adopted successfully and widely in the past 15 years. Recent changes in national and state regulations raising temperatures to high levels for acceptable pasteurization, and direct experience gained on the behavior of chemical reagents in phosphatase testing have suggested evolutionary revisions in the Cornell test, leading to greater simplicity without upsetting its demonstrated past high sensitivity and reproducibility. Changes include estabishing one hour as the incubation time for the standard test, simplifying color standard preparation, substituting CQC for BQC, reducing time of color development to 5 min, emphasizing butyl alcohol extraction and selecting a lower level phenol value for defining underpasteurization.
The revised Cornell standard 1-hr phosphatase test detects 0.1% raw milk addition to pasteurized milk and a drop of between one and two degrees in HTST milk pasteurization processes. It does the above with less reagents and in a shorter time than formerly.
APPLICATION OF THE WISCONSIN MASTITIS TEST UNDER FIELD CONDITIONS1
Authors: Postle D. S. , Smith A. R. 
Published: November 2018

Summary
The Wisconsin Mastitis Test was subjected to a trial in five Wisconsin Department of Agriculture Brucellosis Ring Test Laboratories. The test was conducted by 15 laboratory technicians and was evaluated on two bases, namely (a) reproducibility and (b) correlation of the test results of the technicians with a standard. The reproducibility for the results of each technician and each laboratory was expressed as a coefficient of variability (average pooled C.V. 8.46%) and the correlation was expressed as correlation coefficients (average 0.96). The results of the field trial indicate that the Wisconsin mastitis test can perform as well under field conditions as in a research laboratory.
EFFECT OF PIPETTE TYPE AND SAMPLE SIZE ON PLATE COUNT RESULTS
Authors: Marth E. H. , Proctor J. F. , Hussong R. V. 
Published: November 2018

Summary
Raw and pasteurized milk samples were plated by seven analysts using 0.1- and 1.0-ml quantities (of appropriate dilutions) dispensed by 0.1-ml glass, 1.1-ml plastic and 1.1- and 2.2-ml glass pipettes. Incubation was at 32 C for 48 hr. Data were subjected to an analysis of variance and the standard deviation as a ratio was calculated. The procedures were compared from two points of view, first to determine if biases existed between the different methods and second if the techniques differed in their random error. No appreciable differences were found between types of pipettes when pasteurized milk was plated. The quantity used, however, was important. Use of a 0.1-ml sample size was associated with more variable results which averaged 10% higher than when a 1.0-ml quantity was plated. Statistical analysis of test results obtained with pasteurized milk suggests: (a) when 0.1-ml samples were used least variation was encountered with the 0.1-ml glass pipette and most variation with the 1.1-ml glass pipette, and (b) when 1.0-ml samples were used very little difference appeared between pipettes although the 1.1-ml plastic pipette tended toward less variation. When raw milk contained large numbers of bacteria, the plastic pipette tended to give higher results than glass pipettes when the 1.0-ml quantity was used; however, these differences with raw milk were not found to be statistically significant. Standard deviations as a ratio revealed: (a) greatest variation with the 2.2-ml glass pipette and least with a 0.1-ml glass or 1.1-ml plastic pipette when a 0.1-ml quantity was used, and (b) greatest variation with a 1.1-ml plastic pipette and least with a 2.2-ml glass pipette when a 1.0-ml sample size was used.
A SURVEY OF DAIRY CATTLE HOUSING IN INDIANA1,2
Authors: Albright J. L. , Young J. O. , Moeller N. J. , Cavanaugh Verne 
Published: November 2018

Summary
In three testing periods from January 1 to April 20, 1964 the milk, physical appearance of the cows and the bedded area in the free stall housing were cleaner than the other two basic systems of housing. Bedding requirements in free stall housing were reduced approximately 74 and 56% below those of loose housing and stanchion barns, respectively. Health disorders were reduced in free stall housing.
KEEPING QUALITY OF MARKET MILK OBTAINED AT RETAIL OUTLETS AND AT PROCESSING PLANTS1
Authors: Randolph H. E. , Freeman T. R. , Peterson R. W. 
Published: November 2018

Summary
A study was made of the keeping quality of market milk obtained from retail outlets and processing plants in Lexington, Ky., during 1963. Included were a total of 144 samples from retail outlets processed by 9 commercial plants and 92 samples obtained at 5 commercial processing plants.
Approximately 7, 16, 31, 58 and 74% of the retail outlet samples did not have a satisfactory flavor score after storage for 0 (date purchased), 4, 7, 10 and 14 days, respectively, at 40–42 F. The average keeping quality was 7.7 days from the date of purchase. The samples ranged from 0 to 14 days old when purchased, the average being 3.9 days. Approximately 2, 8, 52, and 83% of the samples obtained at the processing plants did not have a satisfactory flavor score after storage for 0 (date obtained), 3, 5, and 7 days, respectively, at 50 F. The majority of the samples possessed “psychrophilic” type defects at the time the flavor quality was judged unacceptable.
Initial standard plate, coliform, and psychrophilic counts were generally low. Standard plate counts (SPC) on the samples after storage were rather high.
Highly significant correlations were observed in samples obtained at retail outlets between the following individual factors: Initial SPC and age; initial SPC and SPC after storage; initial SPC and keeping quality; SPC after storage and age; SPC after storage and keeping quality; and age at purchase and keeping quality. The multiple correlation between keeping quality and age, initial SPC, and SPC after storage was 0.64. Highly significant differences were observed between plants with respect to age of samples when purchased, SPC after storage, and keeping quality.
There was a highly significant correlation between the keeping quality of the samples obtained from processing plants and the Moseley count. No significant correlations between keeping quality and SPC and psychrophilic counts were detectable. The multiple correlation between keeping quality and SPC, psychrophilic count, and Moseley count was 0.30. Highly significant differences were observed between plants with respect to keeping quality.
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE BACTERIAL QUALITY OF INSTANT NONFAT DRY MILK IN CONSUMER PACKAGES1
Authors: Mull L. E. , Smith K. L. 
Published: November 2018

Summary
Samples of instant nonfat dry milk in consumer-size packages were collected over a period of 12 months for bacteriological analysis. Highest average bacterial count was obtained at 30 C. The average bacterial count of all 72 samples was 1900 per g. Counts ranged from 18,000 to less than 300 per g. Statistical analysis of the data indicated that higher total counts might have been obtained using a plate incubation temperature below 30 C. Of 1350 isolates obtained from the samples, 13.5% were gram-positive cocci. The remainder of the organisms were gram-positive rods. There was a tendency for samples having higher bacterial counts to have a higher proportion of cocci.
BACTERIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF FILLETING PROCESSES IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST
Authors: Tretsven Wayne I. 
Published: November 2018

Summary
Bacterial counts of the incoming fish, of the fillets produced from them, and of the surfaces of the processing equipment used were determined in 11 filleting plants in Oregon and Washington. The range in counts was wide. Counts among incoming fish in summer and winter and among fish of different quality, however, did not differ significantly. Washing the fish reduced the counts about 60%. During filleting, flushing the boards on which the filleting was done reduced the contamination on the boards by 85% and reduced the contamination of the fillets by 90%. Because the bacterial load on the fillets is due primarily to contamination, comparing the count on the incoming fish with that on the fillets produced from them was found to be a good index of sanitation during processing.
EVALUATION OF STATE CENTRAL MILK LABORATORIES BY STATISTICAL ANALYSES OF STANDARD PLATE COUNTS
Authors: Donnelly C. B. , Peeler J. T. , Black L. A. 
Published: November 2018

Summary
Donnelly, C. B. (Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center, Cincinnati, Ohio), James T. Peeler, and Luther A. Black. Evaluation of state central milk laboratories by statistical analyses of standard plate counts.—Standard plate counts reported by analysts in 54 state central laboratories for “normal” milk samples sent out in 1961, 1962, and 1963 revealed that an incubation temperature of 32 C produced more colonies than 35 C, and that the overall variance, s2, of counts for any sample should not greatly exceed 0.012. Based on this variance, s2 = 0.012, 80% of the analysts should agree within 1.3 standard deviations of the logarithmic mean of 75% of the normal samples. A method for detecting outliers and judging the performance of individual analysts is described.
EFFECTS OF LEUCOCYTE DEGENERATION ON MASTITIS SCREENING TESTS1
Authors: Singh B. , Marshall R. T. 
Published: November 2018

Summary
Direct microscopic leucocyte counts (DMLC) and morphological studies indicated that leucocytes disintegrate and lysis progresses rapidly from day 1 to day 2 in milk samples during storage. The average DMLC/ml decreased 34% during the first two days of storage. The reactivity of the samples to the California Mastitis Test decreased with sample age. These combined observations suggest that deoxyribonuclease (DNA), once free of the intact leucocyte, becomes less reactive or non-reactive to the test reagents. Milk samples which produced more than 20% O2 gave highly reproducible results when tested by the catalase method. Those which produced less than 20% gave erratic results.
FACTORS RELATED TO THE ESTIMATION OF CATALASE ACTIVITY IN MILK1
Authors: Willits R. E. , Babel F. J. 
Published: November 2018

Summary
A definite relationship between the somatic cell count of milk and catalase activity was observed when the oxygen liberated was measured accurately with a Warburg apparatus. The somatic cell count could be predicted from the equation: log Y = 2.79 + (1.35 log X), where Y = the somatic cell count in thousands, and X = the microliters of oxygen evolved from 0.5 ml of 1% hydrogen peroxide per milliliter of milk in 40 min at 30 C. The correlation coefficient for this regression is 0.90, and is highly significant.
Catalase activity of milk was maximal over the pH range of 5.64 to 10.74 and at 18 C. Activity was close to the maximum at 15 and 22 C and only slightly less at 10 and 25 C. Milk which contained 590 catalase-producing Staphylococcus aureus organisms per milliliter liberated very little oxygen; such numbers would not influence conclusions from the catalase test.
CORRELATION BETWEEN STANDARD PLATE COUNT AND FOUR DIRECT MICROSCOPIC COUNT PROCEDURES FOR MILK
Authors: Dabbah Roger , Moats W. A. 
Published: November 2018

Summary
The standard plate count (SPC-32 C) and the direct microscopic count (DMC) of samples of commercially pasteurized milk inoculated with pure cultures of actively growing (18–24 hr growth) bacteria commonly found in milk were compared. Four staining procedures for DMC were used: (a) Levowitz-Weber's methylene blue stain; (b) a modified Levowitz-Weber stain incorporating basic fuchsin; (c) alcoholic-acetic acid fixation followed by periodic acid-bisulfite treatment and staining with pH4 toluidine blue; and (d) alcoholic-acetic acid fixation and staining with pH4 toluidine blue. Counting was standardized by the use of a geometrical pattern. Correlations between SPC and each DMC procedure, or among the DMC procedures were little influenced by the number of microscopic fields counted, their location on the smear or the definition of “clumping” used. Correlations were influenced by the type of bacterial culture inoculated in milk and by the staining procedure. Precision of DMC was shown to be independent from the staining procedure, but varied directly with the number of cells per field and inversely with the square root of the number of fields counted.
SUITABILITY OF LOW TEMPERATURE VACUUM PAN EVAPORATOR CONDENSATE FOR PLANT USES
Authors: Stock Daniel A. 
Published: November 2018

Summary
A preliminary study to investigate the possibility of utilizing condensates and tailwater from the low temperature vacuum pan evaporation of skim milk for evaporating plant uses was made. The results indicated that the utilization of these condensates and tailwaters for various plant purposes is possible and should provide a readily available, safe and sanitary water source if adequate steps such as quality monitoring and treatment are taken to insure that the highest quality of water is retained and used. The use of tailwater as a heat exchange medium on a single pass basis should require only quality control monitoring. However, condensate or tailwater which is to be used for other purposes should be aerated and may need additional treatment to prevent the development of tastes, odors, growths, corrosion, and scale formation.
THE RELATIONSHIP OF YELLOW COLOR ON MILK SEDIMENT PADS TO MASTITIS1
Authors: Choi Sung S. , Forster T. L. 
Published: November 2018

Summary
In a study of the relationship of yellow-colored material on milk sediment disks to mastitis, representative milk samples were examined from 400 individual quarters of 144 different cows in 7 dairy herds. Observations made included (a) California Mastitis Test (CMT) reaction, (b) yield of milk per quarter at one experimental milking, (c) leucocyte count, (d) catalase activity, (e) A-esterase activity, and (f) evaluation of a sediment disk for degree of yellow-colored material present. These observations revealed that the yellow-colored material was closely related to the other indices of mastitis. It was concluded that the yellow-colored material (a) is particulate in nature, (b) originates in the udder, and (c) the amount appearing on milk sediment disks is, in general, directly proportional to the severity of mastitis.
COMPARISON OF THE OVAL TUBE WITH THE STANDARD PLATE COUNT METHOD FOR DETERMINI NG VIABLE COUNTS OF RAW MILK
Authors: Wilson S. G. 
Published: November 2018

Summary
Standard plate counts (SPC) and oval tube counts (OTC) were compared and analyzed by the statistical method on 547 samples of raw milk from the Wichita milk shed. 389 of these milks were paired as routine two-dilution standard plates vs. single tube estimates of viable bacteria; 127 were set in duplicate by each method; and 31 samples were set in replicates of five for the purpose of two-factor variance analysis. Using the criterion of the IAMFES Committee on Applied Laboratory Methods, the experimental results indicated that the comparison odds were approximately even for equivalent counts between methods (48.9% of samples); two out of five random samples showed that the oval tube counts were higher (39.6% of samples) and that one out of ten of the standard plate counts was superior (11.5% of samples). Also, revised data of differences between two-dilution SPC's and single OTC's that passed the chi-square test for goodness of fit for a normal distribution gave a significant difference of means at the 1% level (89 samples). However, with another trial run, two-factor analysis did not yield a significant difference between methods (33 samples × 5 replicates), and the F ratio of the means of the pooled variance data showed no difference in precision between methods; the interaction between samples and methods was highly significant. A comparison of the results from these experiments with data obtained in five other laboratories over a span of 25 years is shown in Table form. It was concluded that there is no significant difference between the two methods where paired estimates are based on replication, but the oval tube is preferred where time and economy are important.
VARIATIONS IN VOLUME OF MILK DELIVERED BY A STANDARD 0.01 ML LOOP
Authors: Jasper D. E. , Dellinger J. 
Published: November 2018

Summary
Milk smears were prepared and the weights of milk delivered were determined following use of the syringe and use of the 0.01 ml loop. Large and significant increases in the volume of milk delivered resulted when the angle of the loop with the milk was 20° rather than 90° or when the flat surface of the loop was brought out of the milk in the manner of a dipper. Slow withdrawal of the loop resulted in loss of milk and delivery of small volumes. Delivery of 0.01 ml of milk required that the loop be held in a vertical position and withdrawn quickly, but not with forced rapidity.
The platinum loop, calibrated to deliver 0.01 ml of milk, has been used extensively for counting leukocytes in milk (1, 3, 5). Some limitations have been encountered, particularly the tendency for the loop to pick up an excessive volume of cell-laden fat from the suface of poorly mixed milk (1, 6). With well-mixed milk, leukocyte counts from smears made with the loop using carefully standardized techniques were found not to differ significantly from those made with the syringe1 (6).
Standard procedure calls for the loop to be withdrawn vertically from the milk (1, 3). It has been observed, however, that workers from different milk quality control laboratories may withdraw the loop in differing ways so that the volumes of milk removed may vary substantially (2). During the course of these studies, it also became evident that the speed with which the loop was withdrawn influenced the volume of milk delivered.
When the milk container is level, the loop is easily withdrawn vertically at an angle of about 90° to the surface of the milk, or it may be withdrawn at angles considerably smaller. When the milk container is tipped, it becomes convenient to withdraw the loop at an angle of about 20°. With the container tipped, the loop may also be used as a “dipper” by bringing it out with the broad surface almost horizontal with that of the milk. Tendencies toward use of each of these procedures have been noted in general laboratory practice.
Because leukocyte counts have become a vital part of many milk quality control programs, any causes of error inherent in use of the loop should be understood. The following observations were made in order to evaluate the nature and magnitude of differences in volume of milk delivered by the loop as a consequence of variations in the manner of withdrawal of the loop from the milk.
THE EFFECT OF SELECTED PLATING PROCEDURES ON THE BACTERIAL COUNT OF INSTANT NONFAT DRY MILK1
Authors: Smith K. L. , Mull L. E. 
Published: November 2018

Summary
It was estimated that the addition of 10.5 g of instant non-fat dry milk to 99 ml of water more nearly approximated a 1:10 dilution than did the currently recommended addition of 11 g of powder. It was estimated that the addition of a gram of powder to 99 ml of water increased the volume 0.5798 ml. Incubation of plates for 3 days produced counts 71% higher than those obtained using 2 days incubation. The use of dilution blanks tempered at 45 C resulted in a 27% increase over the count obtained using dilution blanks at room temperature. The interaction between incubation time and water blank temperature indicated that the warmed dilution blanks exerted a stimulatory effect upon the microorganisms in the powder. Counts obtained using overlayed plates could be more accurately replicated but non-overlayed plates yielded counts 15% greater. The use of Standard Methods Agar produced counts 10% higher than those obtained using Milk Protein Hydrolysate Agar. Shaking dilution bottles 50 times produced counts no larger than those obtained by shaking the bottles 25 times. A pooled estimate of the variance between duplicate plates was found to be 0.0087.
Iron‐Based Superconductors: Materials Aspects for Applications
Authors: Pallecchi Ilaria , Putti Marina 
Published: November 2018

The article contains sections titled:IntroductionGeneral Aspects ofFe‐Based SuperconductorsMaterial PreparationSuperconducting PropertiesCritical Current PinningGrain BoundariesWires and TapesCoated ConductorsElectronic ApplicationsSummary