bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Current infection prevention and antibiotic stewardship program practices: A survey of the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA) Research Network (SRN)
Authors: Chiotos Kathleen , Rock Clare , Schweizer Marin L. , Deloney Valerie M. , Morgan Daniel J. , Milstone Aaron M. , Henderson David K. , Harris Anthony D. , Han Jennifer H. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWe used a survey to characterize contemporary infection prevention and antibiotic stewardship program practices across 64 healthcare facilities, and we compared these findings to those of a similar 2013 survey. Notable findings include decreased frequency of active surveillance for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, frequent active surveillance for carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, and increased support for antibiotic stewardship programs.
On the Size-Ramsey Number of Cycles
Authors: Javadi R. , Khoeini F. , Omidi G. R. , Pokrovskiy A. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractFor given graphs G1,…, Gk, the size-Ramsey number

$\hat R({G_1}, \ldots ,{G_k})$

is the smallest integer m for which there exists a graph H on m edges such that in every k-edge colouring of H with colours 1,…,k, H contains a monochromatic copy of Gi of colour i for some 1 ≤ i ≤ k. We denote

$\hat R({G_1}, \ldots ,{G_k})$

by

${\hat R_k}(G)$

when G1 = ⋯ = Gk = G.Haxell, Kohayakawa and Łuczak showed that the size-Ramsey number of a cycle Cn is linear in n,

${\hat R_k}({C_n}) \le {c_k}n$

for some constant ck. Their proof, however, is based on Szemerédi’s regularity lemma so no specific constant ck is known.In this paper, we give various upper bounds for the size-Ramsey numbers of cycles. We provide an alternative proof of

${\hat R_k}({C_n}) \le {c_k}n$

, avoiding use of the regularity lemma, where ck is exponential and doubly exponential in k, when n is even and odd, respectively. In particular, we show that for sufficiently large n we have

${\hat R_2}({C_n}) \le {10^5} \times cn$

, where c = 6.5 if n is even and c = 1989 otherwise.
Genetic potential of rice under alternate-wetting-and-drying irrigation management for barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) suppression and grain yield production
Authors: Gealy David R. , Rohila Jai S. , Boykin Deborah L. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBarnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus-galli(L.) P. Beauv.] is one of the most troublesome and competitive weed species in rice (Oryza sativaL.) grown under conventional flood (FLD) irrigation and is expected to be similarly damaging under alternate-wetting-and-drying (AWD) irrigation. Severalindicarice genotypes have been shown to suppressE. crus-galliunder FLD management, but very little is known about the nature and potential of weed suppression using AWD irrigation. In this 3-yr field study, we evaluated seven diverse rice genotypes for their weed suppression and grain yield potential under FLD and AWD irrigation. TheE. crus-gallidry biomass at midseason was 11% less under AWD compared with FLD. Overall, plots of anindicavariety and a hybrid resulted in lessE. crus-gallidry biomass under AWD compared with FLD. Grain yield in weed-free AWD plots averaged 12% less than in weed-free FLD plots. Grain yield of the tropicaljaponica(TRJ) type, ‘Bengal’, was 32% lower under AWD than FLD, whereas grain yields of the twoindicagenotypes, PI 312777 and ‘Rondo’, and a hybrid were similar in both irrigation systems. Grain yield reduction inE. crus-galli–infested AWD plots averaged greater than 90%. Thus,E. crus-galligreatly reduced the grain yield of all rice genotypes tested in both FLD and AWD systems in this study. Grain yield of theindicaand hybrid genotypes was relatively less affected by the AWD treatments compared with the TRJ genotypes, particularly with Bengal, suggesting that the weed-suppressive genotypes, PI 312777 and Rondo, would be better suited to AWD irrigation systems and for inclusion in weed-suppression rice-breeding programs in the southern United States.
Seasonal Evolution of Light Transmission Distributions Through Arctic Sea Ice
Authors: Katlein Christian , Arndt Stefanie , Belter H. Jakob , Castellani Giulia , Nicolaus Marcel 
Published: July 2019

AbstractLight transmission through sea ice is a critical process for energy partitioning at the polar atmosphere‐ice‐ocean boundary. Transmission of sunlight strongly impacts sea ice melting by absorption, as well as heat deposition, and primary productivity in the upper ocean. While earlier observations relied on a limited number of point observations, the recent years have seen an increase in spatially distributed light measurements underneath sea ice using remotely operated vehicles covering a wide range of ice conditions. These measurements allow us to reconstruct the seasonal evolution of the spatial variability in light transmission. Here we present measurements of sea ice light transmittance distributions from 6 years of Arctic under‐ice remotely operated vehicle operations. The data set covers the entire melt period of Central Arctic sea ice. Data are combined into a pseudo time series describing the seasonal evolution of the spatial variability of sea ice optical properties from spring to autumn freezeup. In spring, snowmelt increases light transmission continuously, until a secondary mode originating from translucent melt ponds appears in the histograms of light transmittance. This secondary mode persists long into autumn, before snowfall reduces overall light levels again. Comparison to several autonomous time series measurements from single locations confirms the detected general patterns of the seasonal evolution of light transmittance variability. This also includes characteristic spectral features caused by biological processes at the ice underside. The results allow for the evaluation of three different light transmittance parameterizations, implying that light transmission in current ice‐ocean models may not be accurately represented on large scales throughout all seasons while ice thickness alone is a poor predictor of light transmittance.
Decadal Variability of the Barrier Layer and Forcing Mechanism in the Bay of Bengal
Authors: Pang Shanshan , Wang Xidong , Liu Hailong , Zhou Guidi , Fan Kaigui 
Published: July 2019

AbstractUsing Simple Ocean Data Assimilation data set for 1951–2010, we analyze the decadal variability of barrier layer thickness (BLT) and its forcing mechanisms in the Bay of Bengal (BoB). The decadal variability of BLT shows a close connection with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). The PDO‐induced spatial distribution of BLT is similar to its first Empirical Orthogonal Function mode, showing a meridional dipolar pattern. PDO can exert an influence on the decadal variations in the Walker circulation to indirectly modulate decadal variations in BLT. Weakened southwesterly winds over the BoB associated with a positive PDO phase enhance shoreward Ekman transport along the eastern and northern boundary of the BoB and therefore deepen isothermal layer depth, which further induces positive BLT anomalies along the eastern and northern coast of the BoB. On the other hand, the weakened winds decrease oceanic heat loss; meanwhile, the enhanced upwelling driven by positive wind stress curl anomalies shoals the isothermal layer depth and thus decreases the BLT over the southeastern BoB. The opposite is true for the negative PDO phase. Using an ocean mixed layer model, we diagnose the relative contribution of different forcing terms to BLT variations on decadal timescales. It is found that horizontal advection and freshwater flux‐induced entrainment dominate the decadal BLT variability in the northern BoB, whereas heat and freshwater flux‐induced entrainment play a dominant role in the southern BoB.
Rapid Precipitation of Relativistic Electron by EMIC Rising‐Tone Emissions Observed by the Van Allen Probes
Authors: Nakamura S. , Omura Y. , Kletzing C. , Baker D. N. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractOn 23 February 2014, Van Allen Probes sensors observed quite strong electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves in the outer dayside magnetosphere. The maximum amplitude was more than 14 nT, comparable to 7% of the magnitude of the ambient magnetic field. The EMIC waves consisted of a series of coherent rising tone emissions. Rising tones are excited sporadically by energetic protons. At the same time, the probes detected drastic fluctuations in fluxes of MeV electrons. It was found that the electron fluxes decreased by more than 30% during the 1 min following the observation of each EMIC rising tone emissions. Furthermore, it is concluded that the flux reduction is a nonadiabatic (irreversible) process since holes in the particle flux levels appear as drift echoes with energy dispersion. We examine the process of electron pitch angle scattering by nonlinear wave trapping due to anomalous cyclotron resonance with EMIC rising tone emissions. The energy range of precipitated electrons agrees with the presumed energy for the threshold amplitude for nonlinear wave trapping. This is the first report of rapid precipitation (<1 min) of relativistic electrons by EMIC rising tone emissions and their drift echoes in time observed by spacecraft.
Atmospheric Dust Variations in the Ili Basin, Northwest China, During the Last Glacial Period as Revealed by a High Mountain Loess‐Paleosol Sequence
Authors: Li Yue , Song Yougui , Qiang Mingrui , Miao Yunfa , Zeng Mengxiu 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAtmospheric dust emission is closely related to conditions in the source area. Typically, loess deposits represent the accumulation of locally derived dust, providing the opportunity to reconstruct past variations in dust emission and hence insights into dust‐climate linkages and the underlying mechanisms of dust mobilization, transport, and deposition. As yet, however, information on patterns of dust emission in Central Asia is sparse. Here we present the last glacial sedimentological data of a loess section from the Ili Basin, northwest China. Our results show that the variations in sand‐sized fraction can indicate frequencies of occurring strong winds, which was likely driven by the Eurasian ice sheets during Marine Isotope Stage Stage 2 (MIS2) and MIS4 and by the boreal summer insolation during MIS3. The mass accumulation rate (MAR) reflects an integration of sediment availability in the provenance, vegetation cover in the deposition area, and wind regime. The differences of driving factors potentially explain the observed mismatches between variations in grain size and MAR. Comparison of dust fluxes observed in Greenland ice core and the North Pacific deep‐sea sediment with the Central/East Asian MAR records supports the idea that the high flux of long‐distance export of Asian dust is closely associated with the Siberian High and also influenced by changes in the atmospheric transport efficiency and likely by the source strength.
Cloud Masking for Landsat 8 and MODIS Terra Over Snow‐Covered Terrain: Error Analysis and Spectral Similarity Between Snow and Cloud
Authors: Stillinger Timbo , Roberts Dar A. , Collar Natalie M. , Dozier Jeff 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAutomated, reliable cloud masks over snow‐covered terrain would improve the retrieval of snow properties from multispectral satellite sensors. The U.S. Geological Survey and NASA chose the currently operational cloud masks based on global performance across diverse land cover types. This study assesses errors in these cloud masks over snow‐covered, midlatitude mountains. We use 26 Landsat 8 scenes with manually delineated cloud, snow, and land cover to assess the performance of two cloud masks: CFMask for the Landsat 8 OLI and the cloud mask that ships with Moderate‐Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) surface reflectance products MOD09GA and MYD09GA. The overall precision and recall of CFMask over snow‐covered terrain are 0.70 and 0.86; the MOD09GA cloud mask precision and recall are 0.17 and 0.72. A plausible reason for poorer performance of cloud masks over snow lies in the potential similarity between multispectral signatures of snow and cloud pixels in three situations: (1) Snow at high elevation is bright enough in the “cirrus” bands (Landsat band 9 or MODIS band 26) to be classified as cirrus. (2) Reflectances of “dark” clouds in shortwave infrared (SWIR) bands are bracketed by snow spectra in those wavelengths. (3) Snow as part of a fractional mixture in a pixel with soils sometimes produces “bright SWIR” pixels that look like clouds. Improvement in snow‐cloud discrimination in these cases will require more information than just the spectrum of the sensor's bands or will require deployment of a spaceborne imaging spectrometer, which could discriminate between snow and cloud under conditions where a multispectral sensor might not.
Deep-learning-powered photonic analog-to-digital conversion
Authors: Xu Shaofu , Zou Xiuting , Ma Bowen , Chen Jianping , Yu Lei , Zou Weiwen 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAnalog-to-digital converters (ADCs) must be high speed, broadband, and accurate for the development of modern information systems, such as radar, imaging, and communications systems; photonic technologies are regarded as promising technologies for realizing these advanced requirements. Here, we present a deep-learning-powered photonic ADC architecture that simultaneously exploits the advantages of electronics and photonics and overcomes the bottlenecks of the two technologies, thereby overcoming the ADC tradeoff among speed, bandwidth, and accuracy. Via supervised training, the adopted deep neural networks learn the patterns of photonic system defects and recover the distorted data, thereby maintaining the high quality of the electronic quantized data succinctly and adaptively. The numerical and experimental results demonstrate that the proposed architecture outperforms state-of-the-art ADCs with developable high throughput; hence, deep learning performs well in photonic ADC systems. We anticipate that the proposed architecture will inspire future high-performance photonic ADC design and provide opportunities for substantial performance enhancement for the next-generation information systems.
DRP-1 functions independently of mitochondrial structural perturbations to facilitate BH3 mimetic-mediated apoptosis
Authors: Milani Mateus , Beckett Alison J. , Al-Zebeeby Aoula , Luo Xu , Prior Ian A. , Cohen Gerald M. , Varadarajan Shankar 
Published: July 2019

AbstractMaintenance of mitochondrial integrity is critical for normal cellular homoeostasis. Most cells respond to stress stimuli and undergo apoptosis by perturbing mitochondrial structure and function to release proteins, such as cytochrome c, which are essential for the execution of the intrinsic apoptotic cascade. Cancer cells evade these events by overexpressing the anti-apoptotic BCL-2 family of proteins on mitochondrial membranes. Inhibitors of the anti-apoptotic BCL-2 family proteins, also known as BH3 mimetics, antagonise the pro-survival functions of these proteins and result in rapid apoptosis. Although the precise mechanism by which BH3 mimetics induce apoptosis has been well characterised, not much is known in terms of the structural changes that occur in mitochondria during apoptosis. Using a panel of highly selective BH3 mimetics and a wide range of cell lines, we demonstrate that BH3 mimetics induce extensive mitochondrial fission, accompanied by swelling of the mitochondrial matrix and rupture of the outer mitochondrial membrane. These changes occur in a BAX/ BAK-dependent manner. Although a major mitochondrial fission GTPase, DRP-1, has been implicated in mitochondrial apoptosis, our data demonstrate that DRP-1 might function independently/downstream of BH3 mimetic-mediated mitochondrial fission to facilitate the release of cytochrome c and apoptosis. Moreover, downregulation of DRP-1 prevented cytochrome c release and apoptosis even when OPA1, a protein mediating mitochondrial fusion, was silenced. Although BH3 mimetic-mediated displacement of BAK and other BH3-only proteins from BCL-XL and MCL-1 was unaffected by DRP-1 downregulation, it prevented BAK activation significantly, thus placing DRP-1 as one of the most critical players, along with BAX and BAK, that governs BH3 mimetic-mediated cytochrome c release and apoptosis.
The longevity-promoting factor, TCER-1, widely represses stress resistance and innate immunity
Authors: Amrit Francis R. G. , Naim Nikki , Ratnappan Ramesh , Loose Julia , Mason Carter , Steenberge Laura , McClendon Brooke T. , Wang Guoqiang , Driscoll Monica , Yanowitz Judith L. , Ghazi Arjumand 
Published: July 2019

AbstractStress resistance and longevity are positively correlated but emerging evidence indicates that they are physiologically distinct. Identifying factors with distinctive roles in these processes is challenging because pro-longevity genes often enhance stress resistance. We demonstrate that TCER-1, the Caenorhabditis elegans homolog of human transcription elongation and splicing factor, TCERG1, has opposite effects on lifespan and stress resistance. We previously showed that tcer-1 promotes longevity in germline-less C. elegans and reproductive fitness in wild-type animals. Surprisingly, tcer-1 mutants exhibit exceptional resistance against multiple stressors, including infection by human opportunistic pathogens, whereas, TCER-1 overexpression confers immuno-susceptibility. TCER-1 inhibits immunity only during fertile stages of life. Elevating its levels ameliorates the fertility loss caused by infection, suggesting that TCER-1 represses immunity to augment fecundity. TCER-1 acts through repression of PMK-1 as well as PMK-1-independent factors critical for innate immunity. Our data establish key roles for TCER-1 in coordinating immunity, longevity and fertility, and reveal mechanisms that distinguish length of life from functional aspects of aging.
Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 3 in the medial prefrontal cortex promotes stress resilience by reducing inflammatory processes
Authors: Corbett Brian F. , Luz Sandra , Arner Jay , Pearson-Leary Jiah , Sengupta Abhishek , Taylor Deanne , Gehrman Philip , Ross Richard , Bhatnagar Seema 
Published: July 2019

AbstractStress can promote the development of psychiatric disorders, though some individuals are more vulnerable to stress compared to others who are more resilient. Here we show that the sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 3 (S1PR3) in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of rats regulates resilience to chronic social defeat stress. S1PR3 expression is elevated in the mPFC of resilient compared to vulnerable and control rats. Virally-mediated over-expression of S1PR3 in the mPFC produces a resilient phenotype whereas its knock-down produces a vulnerable phenotype, characterized by increased anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors, and these effects are mediated by TNFα. Furthermore, we show that S1PR3 mRNA in blood is reduced in veterans with PTSD compared to combat-exposed control subjects and its expression negatively correlates with symptom severity. Together, these data identify S1PR3 as a regulator of stress resilience and reveal sphingolipid receptors as important substrates of relevance to stress-related psychiatric disorders.
Super-resolution microscopy reveals ultra-low CD19 expression on myeloma cells that triggers elimination by CD19 CAR-T
Authors: Nerreter Thomas , Letschert Sebastian , Götz Ralph , Doose Sören , Danhof Sophia , Einsele Hermann , Sauer Markus , Hudecek Michael 
Published: July 2019

AbstractImmunotherapy with chimeric antigen receptor-engineered T-cells (CAR-T) is under investigation in multiple myeloma. There are reports of myeloma remission after CD19 CAR-T therapy, although CD19 is hardly detectable on myeloma cells by flow cytometry (FC). We apply single molecule-sensitive direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (dSTORM), and demonstrate CD19 expression on a fraction of myeloma cells (10.3–80%) in 10 out of 14 patients (density: 13–5,000 molecules per cell). In contrast, FC detects CD19 in only 2 of these 10 patients, on a smaller fraction of cells. Treatment with CD19 CAR-T in vitro results in elimination of CD19-positive myeloma cells, including those with <100 CD19 molecules per cell. Similar data are obtained by dSTORM analyses of CD20 expression on myeloma cells and CD20 CAR-T. These data establish a sensitivity threshold for CAR-T and illustrate how super-resolution microscopy can guide patient selection in immunotherapy to exploit ultra-low density antigens.
BRCA2 abrogation triggers innate immune responses potentiated by treatment with PARP inhibitors
Authors: Reisländer Timo , Lombardi Emilia Puig , Groelly Florian J. , Miar Ana , Porru Manuela , Di Vito Serena , Wright Benjamin , Lockstone Helen , Biroccio Annamaria , Harris Adrian , Londoño-Vallejo Arturo , Tarsounas Madalena 
Published: July 2019

AbstractHeterozygous germline mutations in BRCA2 predispose to breast and ovarian cancer. Contrary to non-cancerous cells, where BRCA2 deletion causes cell cycle arrest or cell death, tumors carrying BRCA2 inactivation continue to proliferate. Here we set out to investigate adaptation to loss of BRCA2 focusing on genome-wide transcriptome alterations. Human cells in which BRCA2 expression is inhibited for 4 or 28 days are subjected to RNA-seq analyses revealing a biphasic response to BRCA2 abrogation. The early, acute response consists of downregulation of genes involved in cell cycle progression, DNA replication and repair and is associated with cell cycle arrest in G1. Surprisingly, the late, chronic response consists predominantly of upregulation of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). Activation of the cGAS-STING-STAT pathway detected in these cells further substantiates the concept that BRCA2 abrogation triggers cell-intrinsic immune signaling. Importantly, we find that treatment with PARP inhibitors stimulates the interferon response in cells and tumors lacking BRCA2.
A broadband and strong visible-light-absorbing photosensitizer boosts hydrogen evolution
Authors: Wang Ping , Guo Song , Wang Hong-Juan , Chen Kai-Kai , Zhang Nan , Zhang Zhi-Ming , Lu Tong-Bu 
Published: July 2019

AbstractDeveloping broadband and strong visible-light-absorbing photosensitizer is highly desired for dramatically improving the utilization of solar energy and boosting artificial photosynthesis. Herein, we develop a facile strategy to co-sensitize Ir-complex with Coumarins and boron dipyrromethene to explore photosensitizer with a broadband covering ca. 50% visible light region (Ir-4). This type of photosensitizer is firstly introduced into water splitting system, exhibiting significantly enhanced performance with over 21 times higher than that of typical Ir(ppy)2(bpy)+, and the turnover number towards Ir-4 reaches to 115840, representing the most active sensitizer among reported molecular photocatalytic systems. Experimental and theoretical investigations reveal that the Ir-mediation not only achieves a long-lived boron dipyrromethene-localized triplet state, but also makes an efficient excitation energy transfer from Coumarin to boron dipyrromethene to trigger the electron transfer. These findings provide an insight for developing broadband and strong visible-light-absorbing multicomponent arrays on molecular level for efficient artificial photosynthesis.