bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exploring Patterns of Change Processes Over Distinct In-Treatment Phases of Cognitive and Exposure Therapies for Electronic Gaming Machine Problem Gamblers
Authors: Smith David , Fairweather-Schmidt A. Kate , Pols Rene , Harvey Peter , Battersby Malcolm 
Published: August 2018

AbstractLittle is known about the change processes in gambling disorder-specific cognitive therapy (CT) and exposure therapy (ET). These therapies are underpinned by the cognitive approach (i.e., restructuring gambling cognitions) and the psychobiological approach (i.e., elimination of gambling urges) to treating problem gambling. Here, piecewise-linear modelling is used in a secondary analysis of randomised trial data for a CT group (n = 44) versus an ET group (n = 43) with the aim to open a discourse on how individuals respond to CT and ET relative to theory. Measures were administered between therapy sessions (average = 6.2 per individual) across 18 weeks for gambling urge (GUS) and gambling cognitions (GRCS). Results indicated the ET group had a stronger reduction in GUS (p < .01) in the first 4 weeks of treatment. Between 4–12 weeks, improvement in GUS (p < .01) and GRCS (p = .02) was more rapid in the CT group. Both groups experienced comparable improvements from 12–18 weeks. These findings have implications for further treatment development, including a combined cognitive and exposure approach that is flexibly adapted to the patient. A larger trial is needed to formally establish change processes and identify differences in problem gambler subgroups. This would provide therapists capacity to offer each patient a clear direction and an expedited pathway to their preferred outcome.
RURAL DEVELOPMENT, ROYAL HISTORY, AND THE STRUGGLE FOR AUTHORITY IN EARLY APARTHEID ZULULAND (1951–4)
Authors: PARCELLS ASHLEY 
Published: August 2018

AbstractFrom 1951, apartheid officials sought to implement soil rehabilitation programs in Nongoma, the home district of Zulu Paramount Chief Cyprian Bhekuzulu. This article argues that these programs brought to the surface fundamental questions about political authority in South Africa's hinterland during the first years of apartheid. These questions arose from ambiguities within native policy immediately after the passage of the 1951 Bantu Authorities Act: while the power of chiefs during the colonial and segregationist era in Zululand had been tied to their control of native reserve land, in Nongoma, these development interventions threatened that prerogative at the very moment apartheid policy sought to strengthen ‘tribal’ governance. In response, the Zulu royal family in Nongoma called on treaties with the British from the conquest era, colonial law, and the very language of apartheid to reassert chiefly control over land, and more importantly, to negotiate this new apartheid political order.
Land investments in Tanzania: assessing the role of state brokers
Authors: Bélair Joanny 
Published: August 2018

AbstractFocusing on one of the most targeted areas for land investments in Tanzania (Rufiji district), this article compares the involvement of two Tanzanian state agencies in land acquisition, in the context of the central government's new strategy on productive investors. Given the fragmented and contentious authority of many African states, I investigate the impact of state intermediaries on the relationships between investors and local populations and consider bureaucrats as a group of actors to analyse flows of power within the state. I make two main points. First, the central state's weak infrastructural power and resulting lack of local knowledge, and, conversely, local bureaucrats’ possession of these valuable resources, reverses the flow of power from local to central. Second, a central monitoring process might have a negative effect. Instead of protecting vulnerable populations, it fosters institutional innovations that protect local bureaucrats’ opportunities for accumulation with investors, to the detriment of local populations.
Playing the ‘fragile state’ card: the SPLM and state extraversion in South Sudan
Authors: de Simone Sara 
Published: August 2018

AbstractSouthern Sudan's past crises have mobilised consistent flows of humanitarian assistance. Recalling the humanitarian catastrophes and international interventions of the 1990s–2000s, the war that exploded in South Sudan in 2013 has been no exception. This paper shows that the SPLM/A political elite promptly incorporated these flows of external resources into its extraverted strategies of state-building. Similar to the current situation, it did so by appropriating not only material assets but also discourses, playing the ‘fragile state’ card and raising fears of governance failure and state collapse. This paper analyses two specific aspects of international support to Southern Sudan in the 1990s–2000s: the political legitimisation of the movement through the negotiation of relief delivery, and direct support to rebel local government structures. These two aspects contributed to the creation of a state that substantially overlapped with the SPLM/A structure, thanks to the movement's capacity to capitalise on external resources, a subject worth analysing in future research.
Regulating the old game of smuggling? Coltan mining, trade and reforms in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Authors: Wakenge Claude Iguma , Dijkzeul Dennis , Vlassenroot Koen 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThis article examines the smuggling of coltan into and out of artisanal mining areas in northern Katanga where the ITRI Tin Supply Chain Initiative (iTSCi), a policy on conflict minerals, tries to improve transparency in trading tin, tantalum (coltan) and tungsten. The article approaches smuggling from a sociology of economic life perspective, closely examining how and why artisanal miners and mine-based middlemen (négociants) helped smugglers (hiboux) in the trafficking of coltan. The findings indicate that the social networks in which miners and mine-basednégociantsare embedded allow the miners,négociantsand smugglers to maintain close relationships and to breach official regulations, but miners and mine-basednégociantsalso rely on the same networks to cheat in their dealings with the smugglers. This article concludes that, rather than considering coltan mining areas to be ‘enclaves of regulations’, understanding and addressing smuggling at both local and broader contexts call for a comprehensive, more contextualised approach.
International commissions as norm entrepreneurs: Creating the normative idea of the responsibility to protect
Authors: Madokoro Daisuke 
Published: August 2018

AbstractDiscussion in international relations often centres on a wide variety of norms, such as sustainable development, global governance, human security, and the responsibility to protect. A significant amount of work focuses on not only the theoretical and policy development of these norms but also the role of various norm entrepreneurs in promoting norm emergence and diffusion. Yet there are still knowledge gaps regarding the norm entrepreneurship role of international commissions that engage in the early stage of the emergence of these norms and their processes. This article elucidates the process of creation of normative ideas by analysing the role of international commissions as norm entrepreneurs, utilising a case study of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS), which proposed the normative idea of the responsibility to protect (R2P) in 2001. The theoretical contribution of this article is to expand the understanding of norm entrepreneurship by adding international commissions to the universe of norm entrepreneurs and illuminating their strategies for constructing normative ideas. Empirically, it explores the role and activities of the ICISS in creating the normative idea of R2P, which contrasts the existing literature that has only focused on the development of R2P after the Commission has finished its work.
The role of philanthropy in international relations
Authors: Youde Jeremy 
Published: August 2018

AbstractGlobal philanthropy is a significant source of financial resources in contemporary international relations, and it has provoked intense debates about the appropriateness of involving private foundations in global policymaking. Despite these facts, International Relations as a discipline has shown remarkably little reference to philanthropy as an important and relevant actor in global politics. In this article, I make the case for explicitly incorporating philanthropy into international relations analyses. Drawing on both historical examples and contemporary cases from the global health space, I show how philanthropy exerts a unique and independent influence within international society and that it needs to be understood holistically rather than focusing solely on individual philanthropic organisations. I also discuss how this expanding influence raises serious questions about accountability and legitimacy. Rather than making an argument about the appropriateness of philanthropy’s involvement in international society, this article aims to make the case for philanthropy’s analytical inclusion within the discipline.
Behavioural preference for low levels of UV-B radiation in two neotropical frog species from Costa Rica
Authors: DeMarchi Joseph A. , Britton Andrew , O'Donnell Kaylee , Saporito Ralph A. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract:Tropical frogs experience damaging effects from exposure to UV-B radiation, and some diurnally active, conspicuous species exhibit avoidance behaviours to high levels of UV-B. To determine if similar behaviours are present in other diurnal frogs, we experimentally compared UV-B avoidance in two common species of neotropical diurnal frogs –Oophaga pumilio, an aposematic poison frog andCraugastor bransfordii, a cryptic leaf-litter frog – in response to different levels of UV-B. Wild-caught frogs were tested in experimental arenas fitted with filters that permitted two different levels of UV-B (low: 14% vs. high: 84% UV-B). Both species spent significantly more time under the low UV-B filter, suggesting that behavioural preferences for lower levels of UV-B are common to different diurnal species. Furthermore, maleO. pumiliosignificantly preferred lower levels of UV-B, whereas females did not exhibit a preference for lower UV-B, which may suggest differences in UV-B exposure or sensitivity and/or alternative mechanism(s) to avoid UV-B between sexes. Although limited in scope, the findings of our study suggest that UV-B avoidance may be a behavioural adaptation common to all diurnal frogs.
Utilisation of medications to reduce symptoms in children with postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome
Authors: Boris Jeffrey R. , Bernadzikowski Thomas 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBackgroundPostural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome encompasses multiple disabling symptoms that interfere with daily activities. Non-pharmacologic approaches can be insufficient and can require adjunctive medications to manage symptoms. Minimal data exist in the literature on medication outcomes in these patients. We reviewed our database for medication management outcomes.Materials and MethodsPatients aged 18 years and younger at initial diagnosis met the inclusion criteria. All prescribed patient medications were extracted from the electronic health record, excluding medications for unrelated symptoms or comorbid diseases. Medications were grouped by symptom class consistent with our programme utilisation protocol. Within symptom classification, therapy was deemed successful when a specific dose was prescribed at least five consecutive times without changes; this was confirmed by chart review. Individual medications and overall percentage of successful therapies within symptom classifications were assessed, with further analysis by gender. t-Test, χ2, and Mann–Whitney U-test were used to assess for differences in specific variables, as appropriate.ResultsA total of 708 patients met the study criteria. The percentage of patients with effective therapy by symptom includes light-headedness (52.2%), headache (48.2%), nausea (39.1%), dysmotility (43.4%), pain (53.4%), and insomnia (42.8%). Insomnia therapy was better for females; all other therapies showed no gender difference. The median number of therapies prescribed per patient per symptom was 2 for light-headedness, headache, and insomnia, and 1 for nausea, dysmotility, and pain.DiscussionSymptoms associated with this disorder can be effectively managed with various medications. Further randomised studies are needed to better ascertain true efficacy compared with placebo.
Process evaluation of a national, community-based, food supplementary programme for improving the nutritional status of children in Iran
Authors: Ghodsi Delaram , Rashidian Arash , Omidvar Nasrin , Eini-Zinab Hassan , Raghfar Hossein , Ebrahimi Marziyeh 
Published: August 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the process of implementation of a national nutritional programme for improving the nutritional status of children in Iran.DesignA cross-sectional process evaluation was carried out using field observations, document reviews, semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions.SettingData were collected across urban and rural areas of Qazvin and Semnan provinces of Iran, March–September 2014.SubjectsMothers (n 362) of children under programme coverage were chosen for the survey. Senior nutrition officers, the head of Hygiene, Remedy and Insurance Affairs at Imam Khomeini Relief Foundation and community health workers were selected purposively for interviews. Mothers with at least one child under 6 years of age covered by the programme were selected to participate in focus group discussions.ResultsFive steps of programme implementation were identified: supplementary food basket content, food basket distribution methods, selection of eligible children, distributed food consumption, and child growth monitoring and nutrition training sessions for mothers. The distributed food baskets did not have enough milk/dairy products, vegetables and fruits. Nearly 50 % of children consumed 75–100 % of the distributed milk and cake/biscuit, while staple foods were shared with other family members. When electronic cards were offered instead of food baskets, attendance for child growth monitoring and the food items participants chose with the cards tended to differ from what was originally designed.ConclusionsFocusing on food items that are mostly being used for child feeding (e.g. eggs or milk in food baskets) may be beneficial to assure the target child is receiving the distributed foods.
The effects of bowl size and portion size on food intake and fullness ratings in a sample of Japanese men
Authors: Shimpo Misa , Akamatsu Rie 
Published: August 2018

AbstractObjectivePortion sizes and bowl sizes may be related to food intake and perceived fullness. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of portion size and bowl size and possible interactions between these variables on food intake and fullness in a sample of Japanese men.DesignParticipants ate four different experimental meals across four weeks and completed questionnaires about their fullness using a visual analogue scale administered before and after meals. The four meal patterns included consistent portions of several foods commonly eaten together in typical Japanese meals, along with 150 g of rice served in a small rice bowl (diameter of 11·5 cm), 150 g of rice served in a large rice bowl (diameter of 13·5 cm), 250 g of rice served in a small rice bowl or 250 g of rice served in a large rice bowl.SettingTokyo.SubjectTwenty-one adult men participated in the study.ResultsPortion size had a significant main effect on rice intake (F(1,20)=83, P<0·001) and fullness (F(1,20)=8·0, P=0·010), but no significant effects of bowl size on the outcome variables were found. The interactions between portion size and bowl size on intake and fullness were not significant.ConclusionsThe sample of Japanese men showed an influence of portion size on food intake. Further research is needed to clarify the combined effects of bowl size and portion size on intake and fullness.
A comparison of Monte Carlo, anisotropic analytical algorithm (AAA) and Acuros XB algorithms in assessing dosimetric perturbations during enhanced dynamic wedged radiotherapy deliveries in heterogeneous media
Authors: Zaman Ashfaq , Kakakhel Muhammad Basim , Hussain Amjad 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBackgroundA comparison of anisotropic analytical algorithm (AAA) and Acuros XB (AXB) dose calculation algorithms with Electron Gamma Shower (EGSnrc) Monte Carlo (MC) for modelling lung and bone heterogeneities encountered during enhanced dynamic wedged (EDWs) radiotherapy dose deliveries was carried out.Materials and methodsIn three heterogenous slab phantoms: water–bone, lung–bone and bone–lung, wedged percentage depth doses with EGSnrc, AAA and AXB algorithms for 6 MV photons for various field sizes (5×5, 10×10 and 20×20 cm2) and EDW angles (15°, 30°, 45° and 60°) have been scored.ResultsFor all the scenarios, AAA and AXB results were within ±1% of the MC in the pre-inhomogeneity region. For water–bone AAA and AXB deviated by 6 and 1%, respectively. For lung–bone an underestimation in lung (AAA: 5%, AXB: 2%) and overestimation in bone was observed (AAA: 13%, AXB: 4%). For bone–lung phantom overestimation in bone (AAA: 7%, AXB: 1%), a lung underdosage (AAA: 8%, AXB: 5%) was found. Post bone up to 12% difference in the AAA and MC results was observed as opposed to 6% in case of AXB.ConclusionThis study demonstrated the limitation of the AAA (in certain scenarios) and accuracy of AXB for dose estimation inside and around lung and bone inhomogeneities. The dose perturbation effects were found to be slightly dependent on the field size with no obvious EDW dependence.
Beyond “Market” and “State” Feminism: Gender Knowledge at the Intersections of Marketization and Securitization
Authors: Stachowitsch Saskia 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThis article assesses the implications of the shifting market-state relationship for feminism in the neoliberal era. In a case study of the private military and security industry as an actor that is uniquely positioned at the intersections of security governance and global markets, the analysis combines feminist security studies’ critique of securitized gender discourses and feminist global political economy scholarship on corporate-led equality initiatives. Based on a critical discourse analysis of documents from industry and nongovernmental organizations, such as codes of conduct and policy recommendations, I argue that the discourses on gender put forward in the context of security privatization merge securitized and marketized discourses to the effect that the emancipatory potential of “gender” is further curtailed, raising new challenges for feminist knowledge in powerful organizations. The article thus contributes to the critical gender research on private security, debates on the neoliberalization and securitization of feminism, and the integration of feminist security studies and feminist global political economy.
Is universal and uniform health insurance better for China? Evidence from the perspective of supply-induced demand
Authors: Yu Jianxing , Qiu Yue , He Ziying 
Published: August 2018

AbstractChina has achieved nearly universal social health insurance (SHI) coverage by implementing three statutory schemes, but gaps and differences in benefit levels are apparent. There is wide agreement that China should merge the three schemes into a universal and uniform SHI. However, data on the medical expenses of all inpatients in 2014 at a public Tier-three hospital suggests that supply-induced demand (SID) is a serious concern and that, under the design of the current schemes, a higher benefit level has a greater impact on the total expenses of insured patients. Thus, if SID is not effectively controlled, a universal and uniform SHI may be more harmful than beneficial in China. Finally, we suggest that China should substitute the existing fee-for-service design with a suite of bundled provider payment methods; furthermore, China should replace its current system of pricing drugs that encourages hospitals and doctors to use costlier medications.
Effect of early postnatal nutrition on chronic kidney disease and arterial hypertension in adulthood: a narrative review
Authors: Juvet C. , Simeoni U. , Yzydorczyk C. , Siddeek B. , Armengaud J.-B. , Nardou K. , Juvet P. , Benahmed M. , Cachat F. , Chehade H. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractIntrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) has been identified as a risk factor for adult chronic kidney disease (CKD), including hypertension (HTN). Accelerated postnatal catch-up growth superimposed to IUGR has been shown to further increase the risk of CKD and HTN. Although the impact of excessive postnatal growth without previous IUGR is less clear, excessive postnatal overfeeding in experimental animals shows a strong impact on the risk of CKD and HTN in adulthood. On the other hand, food restriction in the postnatal period seems to have a protective effect on CKD programming. All these effects are mediated at least partially by the activation of the renin–angiotensin system, leptin and neuropeptide Y (NPY) signaling and profibrotic pathways. Early nutrition, especially in the postnatal period has a significant impact on the risk of CKD and HTN at adulthood and should receive specific attention in the prevention of CKD and HTN.
Quality of life of parents of mentally-ill children: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Dey M. , Paz Castro R. , Haug S. , Schaub M. P. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractAimsTo examine the quality of life (QOL) of parents of children with a specific mental disorder (any age).MethodsRelevant articles were searched using different databases. Articles were included that compared the QOL of parents with mentally-ill children to parents of healthy controls or norm values or provided the required data for this comparison. A meta-analysis was conducted to obtain an overall mean effect size estimate. Additional analyses were performed to assess publication bias and moderation.ResultsTwenty-six out of 10 548 articles met the pre-defined inclusion criteria. Most of these studies focused on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder or autism spectrum disorder, used clinical samples that mainly included males and young children and studied the QOL of mothers. The meta-analysis revealed that parents of mentally-ill children are experiencing a clinically relevant reduction in their QOL relative to parents of healthy children and norm values (g= −0.66).ConclusionsThe compromised QOL of parents of mentally-ill children needs to be considered and addressed by health professionals who are in contact with them. The paper provides insights into existing research gaps and suggests improvements for subsequent work.