bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the representational nature of value-driven spatial attentional biases
Authors: Anderson Brian A. , Kim Haena 
Published: October 2018

Reward learning biases attention toward both reward-associated objects and reward-associated regions of space. The relationship between objects and space in the value-based control of attention, as well as the contextual specificity of space-reward pairings, remains unclear. In the present study, using a free-viewing task, we provide evidence of overt attentional biases toward previously rewarded regions of texture scenes that lack objects. When scrutinizing a texture scene, participants look more frequently toward, and spend a longer amount of time looking at, regions that they have repeatedly oriented to in the past as a result of performance feedback. These biases were scene specific, such that different spatial contexts produced different patterns of habitual spatial orienting. Our findings indicate that reinforcement learning can modify looking behavior via a representation that is purely spatial in nature in a context-specific manner. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The representational nature of space in the value-driven control of attention remains unclear. Here, we provide evidence for scene-specific overt spatial attentional biases following reinforcement learning, even though the scenes contained no objects. Our findings indicate that reinforcement learning can modify looking behavior via a representation that is purely spatial in nature in a context-specific manner.
A Four-gene Decision Tree Signature Classification of Triple-negative Breast Cancer: Implications for Targeted Therapeutics
Authors: Quist Jelmar , Mirza Hasan , Cheang Maggie C.U. , Telli Melinda L. , O'Shaughnessy Joyce A. , Lord Christopher J. , Tutt Andrew N.J. , Grigoriadis Anita 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
The molecular complexity of triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) provides a challenge for patient management. We set out to characterize this heterogeneous disease by combining transcriptomics and genomics data, with the aim of revealing convergent pathway dependencies with the potential for treatment intervention. A Bayesian algorithm was used to integrate molecular profiles in two TNBC cohorts, followed by validation using five independent cohorts (n = 1,168), including three clinical trials. A four-gene decision tree signature was identified, which robustly classified TNBCs into six subtypes. All four genes in the signature (EXO1, TP53BP2, FOXM1, and RSU1) are associated with either genomic instability, malignant growth, or treatment response. One of the six subtypes, MC6, encompassed the largest proportion of tumors (∼50%) in early diagnosed TNBCs. In TNBC patients with metastatic disease, the MC6 proportion was reduced to 25%, and was independently associated with a higher response rate to platinum-based chemotherapy. In TNBC cell line data, platinum sensitivity was recapitulated, and a sensitivity to the inhibition of the phosphatase PPM1D was revealed. Molecularly, MC6-TNBCs displayed high levels of telomeric allelic imbalances, enrichment of CD4+ and CD8+ immune signatures, and reduced expression of genes negatively regulating the MAPK signaling pathway. These observations suggest that our integrative classification approach may identify TNBC patients with discernible and theoretically pharmacologically tractable features that merit further studies in prospective trials.
EIF1AX and RAS Mutations Cooperate to Drive Thyroid Tumorigenesis through ATF4 and c-MYC
Authors: Krishnamoorthy Gnana P. , Davidson Natalie R. , Leach Steven D. , Zhao Zhen , Lowe Scott W. , Lee Gina , Landa Iňigo , Nagarajah James , Saqcena Mahesh , Singh Kamini , Wendel Hans-Guido , Dogan Snjezana , Tamarapu Prasanna P. , Blenis John , Ghossein Ronald A. , Knauf Jeffrey A. , Rätsch Gunnar , Fagin James A. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract

Translation initiation is orchestrated by the cap binding and 43S preinitiation complexes (PIC). Eukaryotic initiation factor 1A (EIF1A) is essential for recruitment of the ternary complex and for assembling the 43S PIC. Recurrent EIF1AX mutations in papillary thyroid cancers are mutually exclusive with other drivers, including RAS. EIF1AX mutations are enriched in advanced thyroid cancers, where they display a striking co-occurrence with RAS, which cooperates to induce tumorigenesis in mice and isogenic cell lines. The C-terminal EIF1AX-A113splice mutation is the most prevalent in advanced thyroid cancer. EIF1AX-A113splice variants stabilize the PIC and induce ATF4, a sensor of cellular stress, which is co-opted to suppress EIF2α phosphorylation, enabling a general increase in protein synthesis. RAS stabilizes c-MYC, an effect augmented by EIF1AX-A113splice. ATF4 and c-MYC induce expression of amino acid transporters and enhance sensitivity of mTOR to amino acid supply. These mutually reinforcing events generate therapeutic vulnerabilities to MEK, BRD4, and mTOR kinase inhibitors.

Significance:
Mutations of EIF1AX, a component of the translation PIC, co-occur with RAS in advanced thyroid cancers and promote tumorigenesis. EIF1AX-A113splice drives an ATF4-induced dephosphorylation of EIF2α, resulting in increased protein synthesis. ATF4 also cooperates with c-MYC to sensitize mTOR to amino acid supply, thus generating vulnerability to mTOR kinase inhibitors.
This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 151
Antiallodynic Effects of Intrathecal Areca Nut for Spinal Nerve-Ligated and Chemotherapy-Induced Neuropathic Pain in Rats
Authors: Lee Hyung Gon , Song Ji A , Han Dong Soo , Woo Kyeong Wan , Yoon Myung Ha 
Published: October 2018

This study examined the effects of intrathecal areca nut on spinal nerve-ligated and chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain (NP), and investigated the relevance of spinal 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and α2-adrenergic receptors to those effects. For drug administration, intrathecal catheters were inserted into the subarachnoid space of male Sprague-Dawley rats. NP was induced either by spinal nerve ligation (left spinal nerves L5 and L6) or by chemotherapeutic injection (intraperitoneal cisplatin, 2 mg/kg/day, once daily for 4 days). Paw withdrawal thresholds (PWT) were mechanically assessed using von Frey filaments. The involvement of 5-HT and α2-adrenergic receptors in antiallodynia was determined using antagonists with the following receptor specificities: nonselective 5-HT (dihydroergocristine), 5-HT7 (SB269970), nonselective α2-adrenoceptor (yohimbine), α-2A (BRL 44408), α-2B (ARC 239), and α-2C (JP 1302). Intrathecal areca nut significantly increased the PWT in both spinal nerve-ligated and chemotherapy-induced NP (<sup>‡</sup> <i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.001). Intrathecal dihydroergocristine, SB269970, yohimbine, BRL 44408, ARC 239, and JP 1302 significantly reversed the antiallodynic effects of areca nut in both NP states (<sup>‡</sup> <i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.001). Collectively, intrathecal areca nut suppressed mechanical allodynia induced by spinal nerve ligation and cisplatin injection. Furthermore, spinal 5-HT7 receptor and α2A, α2B, and α2C-adrenoceptors contributed to the antiallodynic effects of areca nut.
Effect of Baseline Impedance on Ablation Lesion Dimensions
Authors: Barkagan Michael , Rottmann Markus , Leshem Eran , Shen Changyu , Buxton Alfred E. , Anter Elad 
Published: October 2018

Background:
Radiofrequency ablation using irrigated catheters is performed using a power-controlled mode. However, lesion size is dependent on current delivery at a particular impedance, such that a power value alone may not reflect actual energy delivery, resulting in lesion size variability at similar power settings. We hypothesized that modulating baseline impedance at fixed power settings affects ablation lesion dimensions.

Methods:
In 20 ex vivo swine hearts, radiofrequency ablation was performed using an irrigated catheter at a fixed power setting of 30 W per 20 seconds and a multistepped impedance load (100–210Ω). In 4 in vivo thigh muscle preparations and right atria, ablation was performed using similar power settings at 3 baseline impedances: low (90–130Ω), intermediate (131–180Ω), and high (181–224Ω). The relationship between baseline impedance, current, and lesion dimensions was examined.

Results:

Baseline impedance had a strong negative correlation with current squared (
I
2
) for all experimental models: ex vivo (R=−0.94;
P
<0.0001), thigh muscle (R=−0.93;
P
<0.0001), and right atria (R=−0.94;
P
<0.0001). Lesion dimensions at similar power settings were highly variable and directly related to
I
2
(width [R=0.853], depth [R=0.814]). In the thigh muscle, lesion depth was 8.2±0.7, 6.5±0.8, and 4.2±0.5 mm for low, intermediate, and high impedance, respectively (
P
<0.0001). In right atria lines, low baseline impedance resulted in wider lines (7.2±1.4 mm) relative to intermediate (5.8±1.8 mm) and high impedance (4.7±1.7 mm;
P
<0.0001).

Conclusions:
Radiofrequency ablation in a power control mode results in variable lesion dimensions that are partially related to differences in baseline impedance and current output. Ablation at a lower baseline impedance results in increased current output and lesion dimensions.
Genotype‐Positive Status Is Associated With Poor Prognoses in Patients With Left Ventricular Noncompaction Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Li Shijie , Zhang Ce , Liu Nana , Bai Hui , Hou Cuihong , Wang Jizheng , Song Lei , Pu Jielin 
Published: October 2018

Background

Left ventricular noncompaction cardiomyopathy (
LVNC
) is a genetically and phenotypically heterogeneous disease. This study aims to investigate the genetic basis and genotype‐phenotype correlations in a cohort of Chinese patients with
LVNC
.

Methods and Results

A total of 72 cardiomyopathy‐associated genes were comprehensively screened in 83 adults and 17 children with
LVNC
by targeted sequencing. Pathogenicity of the detected variants was determined according to their prevalence and American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics recommendations. Baseline and follow‐up clinical data were collected. The primary end point was a composite of death and heart transplantation. Overall, 42 pathogenic variants were identified in 38 patients (38%), with

TTN

,

MYH
7

,

MYBPC
3

, and

DSP

being the most commonly involved genes. At baseline, genotype‐positive adults had higher rates of atrial fibrillation and family history, and lower left ventricular ejection fraction, compared with genotype‐negative adults. During a median follow‐up of 4.2 years, more primary end points occurred in genotype‐positive adults than in genotype‐negative adults (50.0% versus 23.5%;
P
=0.013). Multivariable analysis demonstrated that genotype‐positive status was associated with higher risks of death and heart transplantation, independent of age, sex, and cardiac function at baseline in patients with
LVNC
(adjusted hazards ratio, 2.49; 95% confidence interval, 1.15–5.37;
P
=0.020).

Conclusions

Our study revealed a distinct genetic spectrum in Chinese patients with
LVNC
, with variants in

TTN

,

MYH
7

,

MYBPC
3

, and

DSP

being the most common. The presence of pathogenic variants is an independent risk factor for adverse outcomes and may aid in risk stratification in adult patients. Larger studies are needed to confirm these findings.
International Comparison of Patient Characteristics and Quality of Care for Ischemic Stroke: Analysis of the China National Stroke Registry and the American Heart Association Get With The Guidelines––Stroke Program
Authors: Wangqin Runqi , Laskowitz Daniel T. , Wang Yongjun , Li Zixiao , Wang Yilong , Liu Liping , Liang Li , Matsouaka Roland A. , Saver Jeffrey L. , Fonarow Gregg C. , Bhatt Deepak L. , Smith Eric E. , Schwamm Lee H. , Prvu Bettger Janet , Hernandez Adrian F. , Peterson Eric D. , Xian Ying 
Published: October 2018

Background
Adherence to evidence‐based guidelines is an important quality indicator; yet, there is lack of assessment of adherence to performance measures in acute ischemic stroke for most world regions.

Methods and Results

We analyzed 19 604 patients with acute ischemic stroke in the China National Stroke Registry and 194 876 patients in the Get With The Guidelines––Stroke registry in the United States from June 2012 to January 2013. Compared with their
US
counterparts, Chinese patients were younger, had a lower prevalence of comorbidities, and had similar median, lower mean, and less variability in National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (median 4 [25th percentile–75th percentile, 2–7], mean 5.4±5.6 versus median 4 [1–10], mean 6.8±7.7). Chinese patients were more likely to experience delays from last known well to hospital arrival (median 1318 [330–3209] versus 644 [142–2055] minutes), less likely to receive thrombolytic therapy (2.5% versus 8.1%), and more likely to experience treatment delays (door‐to‐needle time median 95 [72–112] versus 62 [49–85] minutes). Adherence to early and discharge antithrombotics, smoking cessation counseling, and dysphagia screening were relatively high (eg >80%) in both countries. Large gaps existed between China and the United States with regard to the administration of thrombolytics within 3 hours (18.3% versus 83.6%), door‐to‐needle time ≤60 minutes (14.6% versus 48.0%), deep venous thrombosis prophylaxis (65.0% versus 97.8%), anticoagulation for atrial fibrillation (21.0% versus 94.4%), lipid treatment (66.3% versus 95.8%), and rehabilitation assessment (58.8% versus 97.4%).

Conclusions
We found significant differences in clinical characteristics and gaps in adherence for certain performance measures between China and the United States. Additional efforts are needed for continued improvements in acute stroke care and secondary prevention in both nations, especially China.
The Casa da Índia and the Emergence of a Science of Administration in the Portuguese Empire
Authors: Barreto Xavier Ângela 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
The role played by archives in the making of a Portuguese science of imperial administration is scarcely known. Systematic research is still lacking on what literature suggests was a critical dimension in the management of the empire. By focusing on the Casa da Índia’s activities of production, record-keeping and retrieving of information and knowledge, this study intends to contribute to a better understanding of the links between empire and Portuguese early-modern archival experiences. For more than a century, the Casa da Índia was the institution responsible for the circulation and storage of commodities, information and people within the Portuguese empire, as well as the payment of duties and taxes. What challenges did territorial expansion entail for the Portuguese monarchy, and, in particular, for its archival organization and practices? How did the Casa da Índia register these imperial dynamics? Did its archive materialize the Empire at home? Finally, was its archive relevant to the emergence of a Portuguese science of imperial administration?
Tyndale, Erasmus, and the Early English Reformation
Authors: Rankin Mark 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This essay reconsiders the relationship between William Tyndale, the English reformer and bible translator, and Erasmus of Rotterdam. Modern Tyndale biographers have distorted their account of this relationship because of their commitment to interpreting events associated with Tyndale through a hagiographical lens. The essay reviews evidence of Tyndale’s knowledge of Erasmus’ writings and argues that Tyndale used Erasmus to support his positions, but also differed from him when occasion demanded. Diglot bibles printed from the 1530s to c. 1550 paired Tyndale’s and Erasmus’ bible translations beside each other and thereby established an interpretation that has endured into modern times.
An Eleventh- or Twelfth-Century Masoretic Bible Codex (Jeremiah, Zechariah, Proverbs, and Chronicles): Its Place among Eastern Codices
Authors: Penkower Jordan S. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThis study analyzes BB (Bloomsbury Bible), an eleventh- or twelfth-century Eastern Masoretic Bible codex of Jeremiah, Zechariah, Proverbs, and Chronicles (all incomplete). Comparing BB in Jeremiah and Chronicles with other early Eastern Masoretic codices, we arrive at the following characteristics: (1) Text—BB is far from A (Aleppo Codex) (mostly plene-defective spelling), but not very far like the Ashkenazi based Soncino 1488 edition; other Eastern codices are closer to A; (2) Sections—BB is far from A; so, too, other Eastern codices; (3) Sedarim—BB, as well as other Eastern codices, reflect one tradition, with only minor variants; (4) Poetic texts—two layouts, depending on column width: (a) each line represents a verse, with a space before the second hemistich; (b) each line does not represent a verse; there is a space before each hemistich (wherever it occurs on the line). BB follows the second layout.
Robust Responses of the Sahelian Hydrological Cycle to Global Warming
Authors: Hill Spencer A. , Ming Yi , Zhao Ming 
Published: October 2018

AbstractHow the globally uniform component of sea surface temperature (SST) warming influences rainfall in the African Sahel remains insufficiently studied, despite mean SST warming being among the most robustly simulated and theoretically grounded features of anthropogenic climate change. A prior study using the NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) AM2.1 atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) demonstrated that uniform SST warming strengthens the prevailing northerly advection of dry Saharan air into the Sahel. The present study uses uniform SST warming simulations performed with 7 GFDL and 10 CMIP5 AGCMs to assess the robustness of this drying mechanism across models and uses observations to assess the physical credibility of the severe drying response in AM2.1. In all 17 AGCMs, mean SST warming enhances the free-tropospheric meridional moisture gradient spanning the Sahel and with it the Saharan dry-air advection. Energetically, this is partially balanced by anomalous subsidence, yielding decreased precipitation in 14 of the 17 models. Anomalous subsidence and precipitation are tightly linked across the GFDL models but not the CMIP5 models, precluding the use of this relationship as the start of a causal chain ending in an emergent observational constraint. For AM2.1, cloud–rainfall covariances generate radiative feedbacks on drying through the subsidence mechanism and through surface hydrology that are excessive compared to observations at the interannual time scale. These feedbacks also act in the equilibrium response to uniform warming, calling into question the Sahel’s severe drying response to warming in all coupled models using AM2.1.
Disease Intervention Specialist Education for the Future: An Analysis of Public Health Curricula
Authors: Mase William A. , Hansen Andrew R. , Smallwood Stacy W. , Shah Gulzar , Peden Angela H. , Mulherin Ted , Bender Kaye 
Published: October 2018

Objectives: The objectives of this study were to (1) determine the degree of alignment between an existing public health curricula and disease intervention specialist (DIS) workforce training needs, (2) assess the appropriateness of public health education for DISs, and (3) identify existing curriculum gaps to inform future DIS training efforts. Methods: Using the iterative comparison analysis process of crosswalking, we compared DIS job tasks and knowledge competencies across a standard Council on Education for Public Health (CEPH)-accredited bachelor of science in public health (BSPH) and master of public health (MPH) program core curricula offered by the Georgia Southern University Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health. Four researchers independently coded each DIS task and competency as addressed or not in the curriculum and then discussed all matches and non-matches between coders. Researchers consulted course instructors when necessary, and discussion between researchers continued until agreement was reached on coding. Results: The BSPH curriculum aligned with 75% of the DIS job tasks and 42% of the DIS knowledge competencies. The MPH core curriculum aligned with 55% of the job tasks and 40% of the DIS knowledge competencies. Seven job tasks and 9 knowledge competencies were considered unique to a DIS and would require on-the-job training. Conclusions: Findings suggest that an accredited public health academic program, grounded in CEPH competencies, could address multiple components of DIS educational preparation. Similar analyses should be conducted at other CEPH-accredited schools and programs of public health to account for variations in curriculum.
The Limits of Pragmatism: The Rise and Fall of the Brazilian Workers’ Party (2002–2016)
Authors: Loureiro Pedro Mendes , Saad-Filho Alfredo 
Published: October 2018

Under favorable external circumstances, the pragmatic political and economic strategy of Brazil’s Partido dos Trabalhadores (Workers’ Party—PT) helped to secure short-term political stability, boosted growth, and supported an unprecedented distribution of income. However, it also meant that the PT had to accommodate to rather than transform the constraints on growth in Brazil and that stability would involve unwieldy political alliances preventing deeper reforms. When it was confronted with deteriorating global economic conditions and increasingly ineffectual economic policies, the PT’s strategy immobilized the party, facilitated the dissolution of its base of support, and expedited its ouster from power. The Brazilian experience suggests that political pragmatism can, within limits, support progressive economic change but that the outcomes depend heavily on external circumstances and the stability of the political coalitions supporting the administration. Em circunstâncias externas favoráveis, a pragmática estratégia política e econômica do Partido dos Trabalhadores (PT) ajudou a assegurar a estabilidade política no curto prazo, impulsionou o crescimento e apoiou uma distribuição de renda sem precedentes. No entanto, isso também significou que o PT teve que se acomodar a, em vez de transformar, as restrições ao crescimento no Brasil, e que a estabilidade envolveria alianças políticas comprometedoras, impedindo reformas mais profundas. Quando foi confrontada com a deterioração das condições econômicas globais e apresentando políticas econômicas cada vez mais ineficazes, a estratégia do PT imobilizou o partido, facilitou a dissolução de sua base de apoio e acelerou sua saída do poder. A experiência brasileira sugere que o pragmatismo político pode, dentro de certos limites, apoiar a mudança econômica progressista, mas que os resultados dependem muito das circunstâncias externas e da estabilidade das coalizões políticas que apóiam a administração.
Optimal Allocation of Interviews to Baseline and Endline Surveys in Place-Based Randomized Trials and Quasi-Experiments
Authors: Green Donald P. , Lin Winston , Gerber Claudia 
Published: October 2018

Background: Many place-based randomized trials and quasi-experiments use a pair of cross-section surveys, rather than panel surveys, to estimate the average treatment effect of an intervention. In these studies, a random sample of individuals in each geographic cluster is selected for a baseline (preintervention) survey, and an independent random sample is selected for an endline (postintervention) survey. Objective: This design raises the question, given a fixed budget, how should a researcher allocate resources between the baseline and endline surveys to maximize the precision of the estimated average treatment effect? Results: We formalize this allocation problem and show that although the optimal share of interviews allocated to the baseline survey is always less than one-half, it is an increasing function of the total number of interviews per cluster, the cluster-level correlation between the baseline measure and the endline outcome, and the intracluster correlation coefficient. An example using multicountry survey data from Africa illustrates how the optimal allocation formulas can be combined with data to inform decisions at the planning stage. Another example uses data from a digital political advertising experiment in Texas to explore how precision would have varied with alternative allocations.