bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Highlights of the 2017 European AIDS Clinical Society (EACS) Guidelines for the treatment of adult HIV‐positive persons version 9.0
Authors: Ryom L , Boesecke C , Bracchi M , Ambrosioni J , Pozniak A , Arribas J , Behrens G , Mallon PGM , Puoti M , Rauch A , Miro JM , Kirk O , Marzolini C , Lundgren JD , Battegay M ,   the EACS Governing Board
Published: March 2018

BackgroundThe European AIDS Clinical Society (EACS) Guidelines have since 2005 provided multidisciplinary recommendations for the care of HIV‐positive persons in geographically diverse areas.Guideline highlightsMajor revisions have been made in all sections of the 2017 Guidelines: antiretroviral treatment (ART), comorbidities, coinfections and opportunistic diseases. Newly added are also a summary of the main changes made, and direct video links to the EACS online course on HIV Management. Recommendations on the clinical situations in which tenofovir alafenamide may be considered over tenofovir disoproxil fumarate are provided, and recommendations on which antiretrovirals can be used safely during pregnancy have been revised. Renal and bone toxicity and hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment have been added as potential reasons for ART switches in fully virologically suppressed individuals, and dolutegravir/rilpivirine has been included as a treatment option. In contrast, dolutegravir monotherapy is not recommended. New recommendations on non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease, chronic lung disease, solid organ transplantation, and prescribing in elderly are included, and human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccination recommendations have been expanded. All drug–drug interaction tables have been updated and new tables are included. Treatment options for direct‐acting antivirals (DAAs) have been updated and include the latest combinations of sofosbuvir/velpatasvir/voxilaprevir and glecaprevir/pibrentasvir. Recommendations on management of DAA failure and acute HCV infection have been expanded. For treatment of tuberculosis (TB), it is underlined that intermittent treatment is contraindicated, and for resistant TB new data suggest that using a three‐drug combination may be as effective as a five‐drug regimen, and may reduce treatment duration from 18‐24 to 6‐10 months.ConclusionsVersion 9.0 of the EACS Guidelines provides a holistic approach to HIV care and is translated into the six most commonly spoken languages.
PLATFORM PRICING IN MIXED TWO‐SIDED MARKETS
Authors: Gao Ming 
Published: March 2018

AbstractWhen a consumer can appear on both sides of a two‐sided market, such as a user who both buys and sells on eBay, the platform may want to bundle the services it provides to two sides. I develop a general model for such “mixed” two‐sided markets and show that a monopolist platform's incentive to bundle and its optimal pricing strategy are determined by simple formulas using familiar price elasticities of demand, which embody the bundling effect, and price‐cost margins adjusted for network externalities, which incorporate “two‐sidedness.” The optimal pricing rule in such markets generalizes the familiar Lerner formula.
Closing the gap in Indigenous health inequity – Is it making a difference?
Authors: Deravin L. , Francis K. , Anderson J. 
Published: March 2018

AimThis paper will review progress towards the identified targets within the Australian government policy document commonly known as ‘Closing the Gap’ and examine the role of nurses in supporting its implementation.BackgroundAustralia is not alone in seeking to address the health inequity between Indigenous and non‐Indigenous people. Globally such health inequities are similar and require interventions supported by governments in conjunction with health and education systems to affect desired change. For this reason, it is timely to undertake a review of progress on the impact of the Closing the Gap initiative.Sources of evidenceThe Australian national partnership agreement and subsequent annual performance reports issued between 2010 and 2017.DiscussionTargets set within the Australian government national partnership agreement have had a range of success. Those targets not on track require significant long‐term investment to ensure their success. Nurses as a large professional group are powerful advocates to speak up and support policy change that affects disempowered social groups.ConclusionLong‐term social change takes time, yet without the commitment of Australian Governments through effective policy and economic support, the inequity in the health of Indigenous people will continue both now and in the future.Implications for health and social policyNurses, as the largest health professional group, are uniquely placed to support and implement social change at all levels of health care (primary, secondary and tertiary) and to lobby government to amend policy alongside those who are disempowered.Implications for nursing practiceHealth promotion and education programmes that are led by nurses can make an impact to health disparities within groups who are most at risk.
One‐pot combustion synthesis and efficient broad spectrum photoactivity of Bi/BiOBr:Yb,Er/C photocatalyst
Authors: Liang Shuhui , Zhang Tongtong , Zhang Dafeng , Pu Xipeng , Shao Xin , Li Wenzhi , Dou Jianmin 
Published: March 2018

AbstractA highly efficient broad spectrum responsive Bi/BiOBr:Yb,Er/C ternary composite was synthesized by a simple one‐pot combustion method using nitrates and citric acid as raw materials. Experimental results show that Er3+/Yb3+ were successfully doped into BiOBr lattice, and metallic Bi nanoparticles and carbon species were formed simultaneously. Compared with pure BiOBr and Bi/BiOBr/C, as‐synthesized Bi/BiOBr:Yb,Er/C ternary photocatalyst is highly responsive in the UV‐visible‐NIR range, and possesses the best photodegradation performance for Rhodamine B, phenol, and imidacloprid under visible, NIR, or solar light irradiation, which can be attributed to the synergetic effects of surface plasma resonance of metallic Bi, up‐conversion transition of Er3+ and heterojunctions (Bi/BiOBr, Bi/C, and BiOBr/C). Moreover, a plausible mechanism was given, the main active species, and photostability of samples were studied. The solar light photoactivity and influences of pH value and anions (Cl−, SO42−, CO32−, HCO3−, and NO3−) were also investigated. This study highlights the advantages of synergetic effects of SPR, up‐conversion and heterojunctions, which provides a useful guide toward the rational design of broad spectrum (UV‐visible‐near infrared) photocatalysts.
Cultural aspects of death notification following cardiopulmonary resuscitation
Authors: Hassankhani Hadi , Haririan Hamidreza , Porter Joanne E. , Heaston Sondra 
Published: March 2018

AbstractAimsTo explore the lived experience of resuscitation team members involved in notifying family members when a patient dies following a resuscitation event in an Iranian cultural context.BackgroundDeath notification to the family is indeed a difficult and an important issue for resuscitation team members. The way health professionals deliver news to family members should incorporate elements of sensitivity, timing and adequate clinical explanations with emphasis on the efforts made by the professionals during the resuscitation.DesignA phenomenological study.MethodOver a period of 5 months (June 2016–November 2016) eleven nurses and six physicians were interviewed using an in‐depth interview process applying Van Manen's hermeneutic phenomenological approach for data collection and analysis. The participants were recruited from six tertiary hospitals in Tabriz, Iran.FindingsThere were two main themes that emerged from the data analysis including: “contributing factors on the impact of notification” and “notification strategies”. A further 13 subthemes emerged under the main themes. Several culturally related issues emerged with the participants feeling more comfortable informing male rather than female relatives about the death of the patient following a resuscitation.ConclusionsNotifying family members of a patient's death is a stressful and culturally sensitive task for the resuscitation team members. The nature of the patient's presenting condition, together with the various resuscitation interventions can result in relatives responding unpredictably. Providing health professionals with the appropriate training and skills to effectively communicate with family members will ensure that the families’ level of preparedness, understanding and cultural beliefs are taken into consideration.
The influence of social determinants of health among young adults after they have left foster care in the US
Authors: Collins Jennifer L. , Thomas Laura J. 
Published: March 2018

Aims and objectivesTo describe the influence of the social determinants of health on health care seeking among young adults after they left foster care.BackgroundExtensive research suggests that stakeholders in foster care systems throughout the world struggle to consistently and effectively manage the health and well‐being of youth. These struggles extend beyond time in foster care as indicated by poor health and social outcomes throughout the life course. Evidence that describes how young adults address health and related social needs after leaving foster care is missing.DesignA phenomenological design, Phenomenology of Practice, was used to collect data. Content analysis was used to analyse the data, using constructs from the Healthy People 2020 SDOH Model to organise the data.MethodsThirteen young adults who left foster care in the southwestern US were recruited using convenience sampling. Data were collected via individual interviews.ResultsYoung adults formerly in foster care reported using and lacking social support networks to navigate SDOH. The interrelatedness of SDOH on health outcomes after foster care is evident.ConclusionsSocial support networks can help explain how young adults are both able and unable to navigate systems to address health issues. Evaluating social networks used to access care is an important aspect of assessment and intervention for these vulnerable young adults.Relevance to clinical practiceHealthcare providers facilitate healthcare access for young adults who have been in foster care through evaluation of social determinants. Assessment and care planning based on social determinants for those who have been in foster care are critical to ensure the efficacy of interventions designed to address health outcomes. Social support systems are key factors for young adults formerly in foster care to access resources, substantiating the need for ongoing assessment and development of these support systems.
Challenges in everyday life among recently diagnosed and more experienced adults with type 2 diabetes: A multistage focus group study
Authors: Gardsten Cecilia , Blomqvist Kerstin , Rask Mikael , Larsson Åse , Lindberg Agneta , Olsson Gith 
Published: March 2018

Aims and objectivesTo identify perceived challenges related to self‐management among recently diagnosed adults and those with longer experience of type 2 diabetes as a foundation for the future development of a person‐centred information and communication technology service.BackgroundLearning self‐management of type 2 diabetes includes mastering the skills required to complete complex emotional and physical tasks. A service developed with the participation of stakeholders may be an alternative way to meet rising needs for self‐management.DesignQualitative descriptive design influenced by a participatory approach.MethodsMultistage focus group interviews among one group of recently diagnosed (≤3 years, n = 4) adults and one group with longer experience (≥5 years, n = 7) of type 2 diabetes.ResultsChallenges in self‐management in everyday life with type 2 diabetes were identified: understanding; developing skills and abilities; and mobilising personal strengths. Both groups described challenges in understanding the causes of fluctuating blood glucose and in developing and mobilising skills for choosing healthful food and eating regularly. The recently diagnosed group was more challenged by learning to accept the diagnosis and becoming motivated to change habits while the experienced group was mainly challenged by issues about complications and medications.ConclusionAdults with diabetes have different needs for support during different phases of the disease. From a person‐centred perspective, it would be desirable to meet individual needs for self‐management on peoples’ own terms through a technological service that could reach and connect to a large number of people.Relevance to clinical practiceDiabetes nurses need to address the knowledge needs of patients with diabetes and support them in developing self‐management skills. Consistent with person‐centred care, practitioners should also encourage patients’ abilities to mobilise their own personal strengths to maintain self‐management.
Influence of physical restraint on delirium of adult patients in ICU: A nested case–control study
Authors: Pan Yanbin , Jiang Zhixia , Yuan Changrong , Wang Lianhong , Zhang Jingjing , Zhou Jing , Tao Ming , Quan Mingtao , Wu Qiong 
Published: March 2018

Aims and objectivesTo investigate the impact of physical restraint on delirium of adult patients in intensive care unit.BackgroundDelirium is a common clinical syndrome in intensive care unit, correlated with various adverse clinical outcomes. Physical restraint is a precipitating factor for delirium; however, the effect of physical restraint on delirium, such as duration, number and appliance is still unclear.DesignA nested case–control study.MethodsA cohort of 593 intensive care unit patients were observed for 12 months, and 447 of them who received physical restraint were included for analysis. Delirium was assessed using the Confusion Assessment Method for the intensive care unit. During hospitalisation in intensive care unit, newly‐onset delirium patients (the delirium group), and nondelirium patients of similar age, same gender, and conditions of mechanical ventilation and sedative drug usage (the nondelirium group) were included as the matching criteria. Patient data were acquired by reviewing medical and nursing electronic records.ResultsAmong the 447 patients that had been physically restrained, 178 (39.8%) developed delirium. Delirium risk in patients with restraint ≥6 days was 26.30 times higher than in those <6 days. Patients who had two and three times of restraint had a 2.38‐fold and 3.62‐fold higher risk of delirium than those with one time of restraint. However, the appliance, site, time to apply and remove restraint had no effect on the incidence of delirium.ConclusionsThe incidence of delirium is high when patients use physical restraint. Duration and number of restraint are positively related to delirium. Restrictions on the use of restraint in intensive care unit are required to reduce the occurrence of delirium.Relevance to clinical practiceTo reduce delirium risk of patients in intensive care unit, nurses need to assess the risk of physical restraint and consider alternative measures, thereby to achieve the minimisation of the use of restraint.
Tracking patients with advanced kidney disease in the last 12 months of life
Authors: Bonner Ann , Chambers Shirley , Healy Helen , Hoy Wendy , Mitchell Geoff , Kark Adrian , Ratanjee Sharad , Yates Patsy 
Published: March 2018

SUMMARYBackgroundThere is increasing recognition of the clinical need for timely and coordinated supportive and palliative care for those with terminal organ failure.ObjectiveTo describe symptoms, quality of life and supportive care needs in the anticipated 12‐month period prior to death in adults with chronic kidney disease (CKD) stages 4 or 5.MethodAn observational, prospective, longitudinal design was used to follow 19 patients. The measures used were the Chronic Kidney Disease‐Symptom Burden Index (CKD‐SBI), the Australian Karnofsky Performance Scale (AKPS), the Functional Assessment of Chronic illness Therapy Palliative‐14 (FACIT PAL‐14), the Assessment of Quality of Life 6 Dimensions (AQoL‐6D) and the Sheffield Profile for Assessment and Referral for Care (SPARC). Data were collected at study entry and three monthly until death or study end.ResultsPatients’ median age was 78 years (range 42–90), most were male (63%), 10 were receiving dialysis and seven died during the study. The most prevalent symptoms reported differed from those that were most troublesome. The median AKPS score did not change over time (60). Quality of life remained steady over time [FACIT‐PAL median range: 43.5‐46; AQoL‐6D means range: 0.66 (SD 0.19) to 0.75 (SD 0.2)]. Supportive care needs were few.ConclusionWe found a substantial symptom burden and slow functional decline in this group of patients. Regular assessment of both symptoms and QOL is warranted particularly if clinical experience indicates that the person is likely to be in their last year of life. Integrated supportive care programmes could assist with easing symptom burden during this time.
Pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory compounds exert similar effects on P-glycoprotein in blood–brain barrier endothelial cells
Authors: Torres-Vergara Pablo , Penny Jeffrey 
Published: March 2018

Abstract

Objectives
The effects of anti-inflammatory glucocorticoids dexamethasone (DX) and hydrocortisone (HC), pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and dietary long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on expression and activity of the ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-GP) were studied in porcine brain endothelial cells (PBECs).

Methods
Primary PBECs were treated for 24 h with glucocorticoids, IL-1β and long-chain PUFAs. P-GP activity was determined by measuring intracellular calcein accumulation and P-GP expression by Western blotting. The effect of PUFAs on membrane fluidity was assessed by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP).

Key findings
Dexamethasone, HC and IL-1β significantly increased P-GP expression and activity. The effect of IL-1β was attenuated by the IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA). This is the first report of the combined actions of IL-1β and IL-1RA on P-GP expression and the first evidence of glucocorticoid-mediated P-GP up-regulation in PBECs. Arachidonic acid (AA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentenoic acid (EPA) significantly decreased P-GP activity without affecting expression or membrane fluidity. AA, DHA and EPA counteracted IL-1β-mediated increases in P-GP activity, while AA and EPA, but not DHA, counteracted glucocorticoid-mediated increase in P-GP activity.

Conclusions
While glucocorticoids and IL-1β possess opposing actions in inflammation, they demonstrate functional consistency by increasing P-GP expression and activity in PBECs.
Effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles on the egg quality, immune response, zinc retention, and blood parameters of laying hens in the late phase of production
Authors: Abedini M. , Shariatmadari F. , Karimi Torshizi M. A. , Ahmadi H. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryThe objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation with zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO‐NPs) on the performance, egg quality, Zn retention, immunity responses, superoxide dismutase activity (SOD), egg malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and serum parameters in laying hens in the late phase of production. A total of 288 laying hens at 64 weeks of age were randomly assigned to 4 treatments with 6 replicates, and 12 birds within each group. Experimental diets included a corn‐soybean meal‐based diet (without Zn supplementation) and a basal diet supplemented with 80 mg/kg of Zn‐oxide, ZnO‐NPs, and Zn‐methionine. The results indicated that egg production and egg mass were significantly higher in the Zn‐methionine and ZnO‐NPs groups (p < .05). Also, eggshell thickness and shell strength increased in the ZnO‐NPs group as compared with the other groups (p < .05). Moreover, Zn supplementation decreased egg loss (p < .05). There were significant differences among treatments in Zn deposition in tibiotarsus, liver, pancreas, eggs, and excreta (p < .01). Antibody titre, heterophil (%(, and phytohemagglutinin (PHA) were significantly higher in birds fed with Zn‐supplemented diets (p < .05). In treatments supplemented with ZnO‐NPs and Zn‐methionine, the SOD activity in the liver, pancreas, and plasma was greater as compared with the other treatments (p < .05). The MDA content in eggs was significantly reduced in groups supplemented with Zn (p < .01). Moreover, dietary Zn supplementation significantly affected serum total protein, albumin, glucose, alkaline phosphatase activity, carbonic anhydrase activity, and Zn level (p < .05). In conclusion, this study demonstrated that dietary supplementation with ZnO‐NPs can improve the performance of laying hens. Therefore, ZnO‐NPs can enhance zinc absorption in the intestine of aged layers and can be a more suitable source of zinc than regular Zn‐oxide in diets.
Healing of toothbrush‐induced abrasions to keratinized mucosa of the palate in humans: A pilot study
Authors: De Nutte M. , Behaeghe E. , van der Weijden G. A. , Coucke W. , Teughels W. , Quirynen M. 
Published: March 2018

Background and ObjectiveTo the best of our knowledge, the healing time for toothbrush‐induced gingival abrasions in humans has not yet been explored. The aim of this study was to evaluate the time needed to heal for toothbrush‐induced abrasions of the keratinized mucosa of the palate.Material and MethodsIn patients without, with mild periodontitis or with periodontitis, gingival abrasion lesions were induced at the keratinized mucosa of the palate by brushing up to 2 minutes. Healing as observed clinically was followed via calibrated digital photographs of the lesion after staining, every 24 hours until the lesion had resolved. In patients without or with only mild periodontitis, the healing time of lesions caused by 30 seconds and 1 minute of brushing was also recorded.ResultsThirty‐one participants (11 without or with mild periodontitis, 20 with periodontitis) met the inclusion criteria. In patients without or with mild periodontitis, the lesions induced by brushing for 2 minutes diminished by 48.7% of their original surface area within 24 hours. In patients with periodontitis the respective outcome was 45.4% (P = .87). Abrasions caused by 2 minutes of brushing needed more than 24 hours to heal completely. When decreasing the time exposed to trauma, fewer lesions were visible at baseline and the time needed to heal decreased. The subgroup of smokers was too small to evaluate any effect.ConclusionThe longer the exposure time of the keratinized mucosa of the palate to trauma, the more lesions were visible, the larger the abrasions were and the more time they needed to heal completely. More studies are needed to investigate the role of smoking, gingival biotype and to link these findings with gingival recessions.