bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recognition of tramadol abuse, dispensing practices, and opinions about its control policy among community pharmacists in Bangkok, Thailand
Authors: Potaros Tulaya , Yeephu Suwimon 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Background
Tramadol is classified as a pharmacist-only (restricted) medicine by the Food and Drug Administration of Thailand (Thai FDA). Because of concern about its abuse, in September 2013 the Thai FDA announced a policy to control the distribution of tramadol in community pharmacies.

Objectives
To identify tramadol dispensing practices by community pharmacists in Bangkok, their recognition of tramadol abuse and the Thai FDA control policy announcement; and opinions about the tramadol control policy.

Methods
This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in community pharmacies located in Bangkok. Pharmacists on duty were interviewed from September 2015 to April 2016.

Results
Data from 305 pharmacists working in 305 pharmacies revealed that tramadol, both single (tramadol alone) and combination (tramadol plus acetaminophen) formulations, was available in 185 pharmacies (60.7%). Most pharmacists dispensed tramadol to supply regular medicine along with previous prescriptions (74%). Among 305 pharmacists, 304 (99.7%) recognized tramadol abuse in combination with cold–cough remedies and carbonated beverages can create euphoria. Most (97.7%) knew about the announcement of the tramadol control policy, and most (82.6%) thought that the policy was practical. Approximately 43% of pharmacists agreed that the policy was effective in reducing the tramadol abuse problem, whereas 36.7% disagreed. Moreover, 60.3% disagreed with rescheduling tramadol as a prescription-only medicine. In their opinion, tramadol should still be available in pharmacies, to be dispensed by community pharmacists to patients with medical necessity.

Conclusions
Further studies nationwide in Thailand are likely to be useful to represent and compare information in different parts of the country.
Effects of task and corpus-derived association scores on the online processing of collocations
Authors: McConnell Kyla , Blumenthal-Dramé Alice 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIn the following self-paced reading study, we assess the cognitive realism of six widely used corpus-derived measures of association strength between words (collocated modifier–noun combinations likevast majority): MI, MI3, Dice coefficient,T-score,Z-score, and log-likelihood. The ability of these collocation metrics to predict reading times is tested against predictors of lexical processing cost that are widely established in the psycholinguistic and usage-based literature, respectively: forward/backward transition probability and bigram frequency. In addition, the experiment includes the treatment variable oftask: it is split into two blocks which only differ in the format of interleaved comprehension questions (multiple choice vs. typed free response). Results show that the traditional corpus-linguistic metrics are outperformed by both backward transition probability and bigram frequency. Moreover, the multiple-choice condition elicits faster overall reading times than the typed condition, and the two winning metrics show stronger facilitation on the critical word (i.e. the noun in the bigrams) in the multiple-choice condition. In the typed condition, we find an effect that is weaker and, in the case of bigram frequency, longer lasting, continuing into the first spillover word. We argue that insufficient attention to task effects might have obscured the cognitive correlates of association scores in earlier research.
Preparation of polymer–rare earth complexes based on Schiff-base-containing salicylic aldehyde groups attached to the polymer and their fluorescence emission properties
Authors: Zhang Dingjun , Zhao Wenjin , Feng Zhaoxuan , Wu Youzhi , Huo Caixia , He Ling , Lu Wenjiang 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIn this study, the salicylaldehyde hydrazone was bonded onto the side chains of poly (styrene-co-butyl acrylate), firstly obtaining a series of novel Schiff base-functionalized polymers. and using the base-containing polymers as macromolecular ligands through further reaction with EuCl3/YbCl3·6H2O, a series of polymer-rare earth complexes based on Eu(III)/Yb(III) ion were successfully prepared. The structures of the schiff base-containing polymers and their corresponding complexes were characterized by means of infrared spectra and UV spectra. The thermal properties of the functionalized polymers and complexes were investigated by TGA, and the fluorescence properties of the complexes were also researched by fluorescence spectrum. The experimental results show that the complexes have fine thermal stability likely because of the bidentate chelate effect of base-containing polymer and the conjugative effect of salicylaldehyde hydrazone group on the side chain of poly (styrene-co-butyl acrylate). More important, the salicylaldehyde hydrazone group on the side chains of poly(styrene-co-butyl acrylate) can efficaciously sensitize the fluorescence emission of the center ion due to effective intramolecular energy transfer. All the Eu(III)/Yb(III) complexes exhibit characteristic photoluminescence peaks in the visible region. The fluorescence excitation spectra of the complexes were obtained by monitoring the emission of Eu3+/Yb3+ ion at 497 nm, and the peak at 433 nm was found to be the optimal excitation peak. The concentration of salicylaldehyde hydrazone group was changed gradually with the variation of the molar ratio between the butyl acrylate and styrene (1:0.5; 1:1; 1:1.5; 1:2; 1:2.5), and the differences in their fluorescent intensity were followed, and the fluorescence intensity was very weak when the molar ratio of the butyl acrylate to styrene is equal to 1:2.5, while the fluorescence intensity reached a maximum value in the molar ratio of 1:1.
Effect of different nucleating agent on crystallization kinetics and morphology of polypropylene
Authors: An Yanjie , Wang Sihan , Li Rui , Shi Dezhu , Gao Yuxin , Song Lei 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe effects of phosphate nucleating agent (NA), carboxylate nucleating agent (MD), rosin type nucleating agent (WA) and sorbitol nucleating agent (NX) on crystallization behavior of isotactic polypropylene were investigated by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and polarized light microscopy (PLM). The results showed that different structure nucleating agents significantly affected the crystallization kinetics, rate and temperature of polypropylene. Among them, half crystallization time of NX nucleating agent was the shortest, which was 53.4 seconds, and the crystallization temperature was the highest, reaching 129.8°C.
Thermal degradation kinetics investigation on Nano-ZnO/IFR synergetic flame retarded polypropylene/ethylene-propylene-diene monomer composites processed via different fields
Authors: Wu Zheng-Huan , Zhou Bin , Fan Qi-Xiang , Cai Yu-Jun 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIn the field of polymer processing, disperse phase exhibited better dispersion and distribution performance in elongational field rather than shearing field. This property commonly brought a better functional feature for polymer composites. It could also be applied to Nano-ZnO/IFR synergetic flame retarded polypropylene/ ethylene-propylene-diene monomer composites. An experiment was designed to study the mechanism of improving flame retardant properties. In the experiment, the same formulas of composites were extruded by vane extruder (represents elongational field) and three-screw extruder (represents shearing field). Then Kissinger method and Flynn-Wall-Ozawa method were used to mutually proved that Nano-ZnO with better dispersion condition catalysed a more intense esterification of IFR in the whole thermal degradation process.
Polyarylene ether nitrile and boron nitride composites: coating with sulfonated polyarylene ether nitrile
Authors: Wei Renbo , Xiao Qian , Zhan Chenhao , You Yong , Zhou Xuefei , Liu Xiaobo 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Boron nitride (BN) coated with sulfonated poly-arylene ether nitrile (SPEN) (BN@SPEN) was used as additive to enhance the thermal conductivity of polyarylene ether nitrile. BN@SPEN was prepared by coating BN micro-platelets with SPEN through ultrasonic technology combined with the post-treatment bonding process. The prepared BN@SPEN was characterized by FTIR, TGA, SEM and TEM, which confirmed the successful coating of BN micro-platelets. The obtained BN@SPEN was introduced into the PEN matrix to prepare composite films by a solution casting method. The compatibility between BN and PEN matrix was studied by using SEM observation and rheology measurement. Furthermore, thermal conductivity of BN@SPEN/PEN films were carefully characterized. Thermal conductivity of BN@SPEN/PEN films was increased to 0.69 W/(m⋅K) at 20 wt% content of BN@SPEN, having 138% increment comparing with pure PEN.
Design of a Miniaturized UWB-MIMO Antenna with Four Notched-Band Characteristics
Authors: Wu Ling , Lyu Hao , Yu Huaqing , Xu Jing 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
With four rejected bands, a miniaturized ultrawideband multiple-input-multiple-output (UWB-MIMO) antenna is presented. Four notched bands are realized by applying three pairs of L-shape slots and two symmetrical C-like metal stubs. Thus the system can relief latent interference from 3.5 GHz WiMAX/5.3 GHz lower WLAN/5.8 GHz upper WLAN/8.1 GHz X-band. To minimize port coupling and covering 3.1–10.6 GHz UWB band, a T-like metal stub is designed in the ground plan. The results proves that the antenna has four rejected bands across the working band of 3.1 ~ 11 GHz. Moreover, the antenna has compact volume of 21 × 27 × 0.8 mm3, better than −18 dB port isolation, preferable radiation pattern and gentle gain.
Methods of comparison of families of real functions in porosity terms
Authors: Kowalczyk Stanisław , Turowska Małgorzata 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
We consider some families of real functions endowed with the metric of uniform convergence.
In the main results of our work we present two methods of comparison of families of real functions in porosity terms.
The first method is very general and may be applied to any family of real functions. The second one is more convenient but can be used only in the case of path continuous functions.
We apply the obtained results to compare in terms of porosity the following families of functions:
continuous, absolutely continuous, Baire one, Darboux, also functions of bounded variation and porouscontinuous, ρ-upper continuous, ρ-lower continuous functions.
Proximidades: Compositores Portugueses e o Terceiro Reich (1940–1943)
Authors: Almeida Inês Thomas 
Published: May 2019

Resumo
O Instituto Ibero-Americano de Berlim emitiu durante a 2ª Guerra Mundial um programa de rádio sobre compositores portugueses, visando angariar simpatias, em Portugal, para a Alemanha de Hitler. Neste artigo é analisada pela primeira vez a correspondência enviada pelo Instituto aos músicos, revelando ligações estreitas entre a máquina de propaganda nacional-socialista e figuras como Luiz e Pedro de Freitas Branco, Cláudio Carneiro, Ivo Cruz, Santiago Kastner e muitos outros, e por oposição a reacção singular de Fernando Lopes Graça – único que recusou negociar com a instituição nazi.
The Development of Standard Agitator Conditions for Effective Performance of a Batch Crutcher in the Frame of Semi-Boiled Process
Authors: Esonye Chizoo 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The saponification reactor, otherwise called the crutcher is a dual purpose unit operational vessel that serves for reactor and mixer in the production of soapy detergent. Little or no efforts have been made by available literatures to work on the crutcher agitation concepts and geometry which determines the rate of reaction and degree of homogeneity of reactor mixture in the crutcher as used in the currently most widely applied semi-boiled process. This paper presents for the first time the standard optimum agitation conditions for effective performance of a crutcher for semi-boiled laundry soap production. A standard reactor volume to diameter of 0.17 m3/m and height to diameter ratio of 1.2 ratios on 7 % over design, agitator speeds of 0.75 rps (paddle), motor power of 10.5 W and torque of 2.24 Nm with impeller to reactor diameter of 1/3 and teflon shaft centralizer have been developed. The introduction of “bottom scrapper” component to the agitation unit in a cone bottomed cylindrical batch reactor would enhance mixing and heat transfer, eliminate recycling unit and the application of under steam bubbling for effective cone content mixing. Also, the introduction of 4 baffles on 0.5 × 10–2 m clearance from impeller blades would promote efficient mixing and heat transfer. The overall conditions developed ensured effective mixing, heat transfer and high rate of reaction.
Surgical leadership: the British concept
Authors: Primrose John N. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIn the UK all surgeons need to have leadership skills as, despite the increasing importance of team management, the consultant surgeon still has overall responsibility for the patient under their care. Poor care is evident when clinical leadership fails. The UK hospital system is non-hierarchical within the consultant body. The clinical surgical manager in a hospital may not be the most senior clinician and the role will often rotate. The manager may or may not have the characteristics of a leader, and very often surgical leaders in a hospital may have no formal role. They are, however, essential to the functioning of the service. Nationally the roles in which professional leadership may reside are numerous. The country has multiple Surgical Royal Colleges and innumerable specialty associations and sub specialty associations all of which have councils and presidents and the multiple specialty and sub-specialty associations normally will have an annual meeting. In the long term this is probably unsustainable and although consolidation is desirable it is hard to achieve. In summary, good surgical leadership is found in many settings in the UK, some in formal roles within hospitals, some in the colleges and specialty associations and sometimes in individuals with no formal role but the capacity to make things happen.
Production and study of chemical properties of superheavy elements
Authors: Düllmann Christoph E. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Some highlight examples on the study of production and chemical properties of heaviest elements carried out mostly at GSI Darmstadt are presented. They focus on the production of some of the heaviest known elements (114Fl, 115Mc, and 117Mc), studies of non-fusion reactions, and on chemical studies of 114Fl. This is the heaviest element, for which chemical studies have been performed to date.
Cutaneous nociceptive sensitization affects the directional discrimination – but not the 2-point discrimination
Authors: Frahm Ken Steffen , Mørch Carsten Dahl , Andersen Ole Kæseler 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Background and aims
Several pain conditions have been shown to reduce the discriminative abilities of external stimuli. The aim of this study was to investigate how cutaneous sensitization affects the tempo-spatial discrimination for both painful laser stimulation and mechanical stimulation.

Methods
Fifteen healthy subjects were presented with two different stimulation paradigms, a continuous line stimulation and a 2-point stimulation. Line stimulations were delivered in two different directions in lengths of 25, 50, 75, and 100 mm. Two-point distances from 0 to 100 mm were tested. The subjects reported the perceived intensity, and either direction (line stimulations) or number of perceived points (2-point stimulations). All stimuli were tested both before and after topical capsaicin (8% concentration) sensitization (30 min).

Results
All mechanical line stimulations were reported correctly before capsaicin and 3 stimulations (out of 240) were reported incorrectly after capsaicin. For the laser line stimulation, the directional discrimination threshold (DDT) was 69.5 mm before capsaicin and 76.3 mm after capsaicin. The 2-point discrimination threshold for laser stimulation was 70.3 mm before capsaicin and 68.0 mm after, for the mechanical stimuli it was 31.5 mm before capsaicin and 31.0 mm after capsaicin. The perceived intensities were increased for the laser line stimulations after capsaicin (linear mixed model (LMM), p < 0.001) and increased with stimulation length (LMM, p < 0.001). For mechanical stimuli, NRS was increased following capsaicin (LMM, p < 0.001). The intensities for both mechanical and laser 2-point stimuli increased after capsaicin and increased with distance between points (LMM, p < 0.01).

Conclusions
The findings show how cutaneous sensitization appears to affect directional discrimination to a larger extent than the 2-point discrimination.

Implications
This study is the first to investigate how directional discrimination is altered during sensitization. If such measures can be optimized they may provide a new method to probe the neural mechanisms in pain patients.
Physicians’ Attitudes on Resuscitation of Extremely Premature Infants: A Systematic Review
Authors: Cavolo Alice , Dierckx de Casterlé Bernadette , Naulaers Gunnar , Gastmans Chris 
Published: May 2019

CONTEXT:
Whether to resuscitate extremely premature infants (EPIs) is a clinically and ethically difficult decision to make. Indications and practices vary greatly across different countries and institutions, which suggests that resuscitation decisions may be influenced more by the attitudes of the individual treating physicians. Hence, gaining in-depth insight into physicians’ attitudes improves our understanding of decision-making regarding resuscitation of EPIs.

OBJECTIVE:
To better understand physicians’ attitudes toward resuscitation of EPIs and factors that influence their attitudes through a systematic review of the empirical literature.

DATA SOURCES:
Medline, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus.

STUDY SELECTION:
We selected English-language articles in which researchers report on empirical studies of physicians’ attitudes toward resuscitation of EPIs.

DATA EXTRACTION:
The articles were repeatedly read, themes were identified, and data were tabulated, compared, and analyzed descriptively.

RESULTS:
Thirty-four articles were included. In general, physicians were more willing to resuscitate, to accept parents’ resuscitation requests, and to refuse parents’ nonresuscitation requests as gestational age (GA) increased. However, attitudes vary greatly for infants at GA 23 to 24 weeks, known as the gray zone. Although GA is the primary factor that influences physicians’ attitudes, a complex interplay of patient- and non–patient-related factors also influences their attitudes.

LIMITATIONS:
Analysis of English-only articles may limit generalizability of the results. In addition, authors of only 1 study used a qualitative approach, which may have led to a biased reductionist approach to understanding physicians’ attitudes.

CONCLUSIONS:
Although correlations between GA and attitudes emerged, the results suggested a more complex interplay of factors influencing such attitudes.
Design and Implementation of a Cost Effective Quartz Crystal Microbalance System for Monitoring Small Changes on any Surface
Authors: TÜRKDOĞAN Sunay 
Published: May 2019

Quartz crystal microbalance systems are widely
used in different fields from biology to electronic. Those devices are very
sensitive to mass changes on the piezoelectric crystal surface in nano gram
scale and therefore can be used to detect even a single virus on surface of any
substance. Although they are very practical and versatile, they are sold with
very high prices and thus hindering the usage for someone with tight research
budget. In this work, we try to find a
cost effective solution and bring this device into the price range on two to
three orders of magnitude lower than the commercial counterparts. For that
purpose, we develop a cost effective quartz crystal microbalance system using a
cost effective microcontroller and a typical oscillator circuit and the final
product can be used in different fields to detect the mass change on any
surface caused by different reactions or effects.
Prejudices towards the Catalans: An experience in primary education
Authors: Navarro Oscar , Sanchez-Verdejo Francisco Javier , Fernandes Filomena , Lopez Eduardo 
Published: May 2019

In recent years, the society of our country has maintained a tense political situation between the Spanish state and the autonomous community of Catalonia. The children have been exposed to this situation and the comments heard may have been able to cause the appearance of prejudices or the creation of a stereotype about the inhabitants of this region. The beliefs of children from two different contexts, a rural setting and an urban one, the capital of Spain, have been taken into account. From a sample of students from two different contexts, we have obtained results that indicate that girls from Primary Education show more positive prejudices towards Catalans than boys. In addition, if we consider gender, children who live in an urban environment do not show differences when it comes to showing negative prejudices.
Keywords: Prejudices, Catalans, primary education, urban, rural.
Racist prejudices in different contexts. Differences between rural and urban environments
Authors: Acero Juana Maria Anguita , Martinez Oscar Navarro , Olivares Angel Luis Gonzalez , Martino Monica di 
Published: May 2019

The purpose of this research is to analyse the presence of racist prejudices in response to certain statements in two different contexts, namely, a rural environment and an urban environment. A questionnaire was prepared using nine statements in respect to real situations of preconceived ideas regarding certain minority groups of society. Specifically, these situations refer to gypsies, Blacks, immigrants, Moroccans, beggars, refugees from Latin America or handicapped persons. The questionnaire was given to university students, who were asked to assess the racist characteristics of each statement on a scale of 1â€“4. The results obtained show certain differences that are detected between the two contexts in respect to participantsâ€™ perception of prejudice. The conclusion is that the presence of racist prejudices is very similar in the two contexts in which the research was carried out, with a high correlation between studentsâ€™ answers.
Keywords: Prejudices, university students, urban, rural
Physics textbooks and its network structures
Authors: Kralikova Petra , Teleki Aba 
Published: May 2019

We can observe self-organised networks all around us. These networks are, in general, scale-invariant networks described by the Barabasi-Albert model. The self-organised networks show certain universalities. These networks, in simplified models, have scale-invariant distribution (power law distribution) and the characteristic parameter Î± of the distribution has value between 2 and 5. Textbooks are an essential part of the learning process; therefore, we analysed the curriculum in secondary school textbooks of physics from the viewpoint of semantic network structures. We converted the textbook into a tripartite network, where the nodes represented sentences, terms and formulae. We found the same distribution as for self-organised networks. Cluster analysis was applied on the resulting network and we found individual modulesâ€”clusters. We obtained nine clusters, three of which were significantly larger. These clusters presented kinematics of point mass, dynamics of point mass and gravitational field with electric field.
Keywords: Physics textbook, scale-invariant distribution, semantic network.