bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Navigating the City and the Workplace: Migrant Female Construction Workers and Urban (Im)Mobilities
Authors: Bowers Rebecca 
Published: January 2019

While their labour shapes the growing cityscape, migrant construction workers often remain invisible – not only to property developers and consumers but also to the state. For female workers, this is compounded by gender-based discrimination within the industry. Utilising ethnographic data, this article explores how women working in construction in Bengaluru, India, both experience and strive for mobility. It provides a multi-sited analysis to establish the ways in which intersectionality between employment conditions, the urban environment and gender norms may inhibit or facilitate urban mobility for migrant female workers. Few ethnographic studies have attended to women’s experiences of intermingled work/accommodation sites within the industry, although the practices and outcomes produced by the blurring of such boundaries provides fertile ground for analysis. While the article confirms the enduring nature of discrimination experienced by women in the construction industry, it also attends to the ways in which female workers were able to utilise spaces of exploitation. I conclude that precarious livelihoods may not at first glance yield enduring or substantive beneficial outcomes for those compelled to undertake them, but they are nevertheless productive – allowing for the maintenance and fulfilment of aspirations which may not reside within the urban domain.
KEYWORDS circular migration; labour; gender; women; construction work
For a Future of Work with Dignity: A Critique of the World Bank Development Report, The Changing Nature of Work
Authors: Anner Mark , Pons-Vignon Nicolas , Rani Uma 
Published: January 2019

Technological change has brought about rapid changes in the world of work over the past decade. The World Bank’s World Development Report 2019: The Changing Nature of Work is a welcome contribution as it discusses the transformations that are taking place and tries to advise governments on how best to adapt to them. The report also brings out the concern related to the growing risks associated with tax evasion by large corporations that control the market power and have an ever-greater share of economic activity. However, the report is flawed in many ways as it portrays these changes in the nature of work as essentially benign, requiring “adaptation” and skills acquisition by workers facilitated by the provision of skills and “universal” social coverage by governments, with the latter understood as a prelude to labour-market deregulation. Such a narrow perspective ignores the growing body of research that points to very serious risks and challenges faced by workers in ensuring decent working conditions due to technological changes. This article provides a critique of the World Bank report by focusing on five areas related to technology and the future of work that are fundamental for ensuring minimum standards for workers and to ensure social cohesion: inequality, jobs, labour regulations, trade unions and social protection.
KEYWORDS future of work; technology; inequality; jobs; labour regulation; trade unions; social protection
Impaired Interneuron Development in a Novel Model of Neonatal Brain Injury
Authors: Lacaille Helene , Vacher Claire-Marie , Bakalar Dana , O’Reilly Jiaqi J. , Salzbank Jacquelyn , Penn Anna A. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractPrematurity is associated with significantly increased risk of neurobehavioral pathologies, including autism and schizophrenia. A common feature of these psychiatric disorders is prefrontal cortex (PFC) inhibitory circuit disruption due to GABAergic interneuron alteration. Cortical interneurons are generated and migrate throughout late gestation and early infancy, making them highly susceptible to perinatal insults such as preterm birth. Term and preterm PFC pathology specimens were assessed using immunohistochemical markers for interneurons. Based on the changes seen, a new preterm encephalopathy mouse model was developed to produce similar PFC interneuron loss. Maternal immune activation (MIA; modeling chorioamnionitis, associated with 85% of extremely preterm births) was combined with chronic sublethal hypoxia (CSH; modeling preterm respiratory failure), with offspring of both sexes assessed anatomically, molecularly and neurobehaviorally. In the PFC examined from the human preterm samples compared to matched term samples at corrected age, a decrease in somatostatin (SST) and calbindin (CLB) interneurons was seen in upper cortical layers. This pattern of interneuron loss in upper cortical layers was mimicked in the mouse PFC following the combination of MIA and CSH, but not after either insult alone. This persistent interneuron loss is associated with postnatal microglial activation that occurs during CSH only after MIA. The combined insults lead to long-term neurobehavioral deficits which parallel human psychopathologies that may be seen after extremely preterm birth. This new preclinical model supports a paradigm in which specific cellular alterations seen in preterm encephalopathy can be linked with a risk of neuropsychiatric sequela. Specific interneuron subtypes may provide therapeutic targets to prevent or ameliorate these neurodevelopmental risks.
Probability Distortion Depends on Choice Sequence in Rhesus Monkeys
Authors: Ferrari-Toniolo Simone , Bujold Philipe M. , Schultz Wolfram 
Published: January 2019

Humans and other primates share many decision biases, among them our subjective distortion of objective probabilities. When making choices between uncertain rewards we typically treat probabilities nonlinearly: overvaluing low probabilities of reward and undervaluing high ones. A growing body of evidence, however, points to a more flexible pattern of distortion than the classical inverse-S one, highlighting the effect of experimental conditions in shifting the weight assigned to probabilities, such as task feedback, learning, and attention. Here we investigated the role of sequence structure (the order in which gambles are presented in a choice task) in shaping the probability distortion patterns of rhesus macaques: we presented 2 male monkeys with binary choice sequences of MIXED or REPEATED gambles against safe rewards. Parametric modeling revealed that choices in each sequence type were guided by significantly different patterns of probability distortion: whereas we elicited the classical inverse-S-shaped probability distortion in pseudorandomly MIXED trial sequences of gamble-safe choices, we found the opposite pattern consisting of S-shaped distortion, with REPEATED sequences. We extended these results to binary choices between two gambles, without a safe option, and confirmed the unique influence of the sequence structure in which the animals make choices. Finally, we showed that the value of gambles experienced in the past had a significant impact on the subjective value of future ones, shaping probability distortion on a trial-by-trial basis. Together, our results suggest that differences in choice sequence are sufficient to reverse the direction of probability distortion.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTOur lives are peppered with uncertain, probabilistic choices. Recent studies showed how such probabilities are subjectively distorted. In the present study, we show that probability distortions in macaque monkeys differ significantly between sequences in which single gambles are repeated (S-shaped distortion), as opposed to being pseudorandomly intermixed with other gambles (inverse-S-shaped distortion). Our findings challenge the idea of fixed probability distortions resulting from inflexible computations, and points to a more instantaneous evaluation of probabilistic information. Past trial outcomes appeared to drive the “gap” between probability distortions in different conditions. Our data suggest that, as in most adaptive systems, probability values are slowly but constantly updated from prior experience, driving measures of probability distortion to either side of the S/inverse-S debate.
Managing thymic enlargement in Graves’ disease
Authors: Kamath C , Witczak J , Adlan M A , Premawardhana L D 
Published: January 2019

Summary
Thymic enlargement (TE) in Graves’ disease (GD) is often diagnosed incidentally when chest imaging is done for unrelated reasons. This is becoming more common as the frequency of chest imaging increases. There are currently no clear guidelines for managing TE in GD. Subject 1 is a 36-year-old female who presented with weight loss, increased thirst and passage of urine and postural symptoms. Investigations confirmed GD, non-PTH-dependent hypercalcaemia and Addison’s disease (AD). CT scans to exclude underlying malignancy showed TE but normal viscera. A diagnosis of hypercalcaemia due to GD and AD was made. Subject 2, a 52-year-old female, was investigated for recurrent chest infections, haemoptysis and weight loss. CT thorax to exclude chest malignancy, showed TE. Planned thoracotomy was postponed when investigations confirmed GD. Subject 3 is a 47-year-old female who presented with breathlessness, chest pain and shakiness. Investigations confirmed T3 toxicosis due to GD. A CT pulmonary angiogram to exclude pulmonary embolism showed TE. The CT appearances in all three subjects were consistent with benign TE. These subjects were given appropriate endocrine treatment only (without biopsy or thymectomy) as CT appearances showed the following appearances of benign TE – arrowhead shape, straight regular margins, absence of calcification and cyst formation and radiodensity equal to surrounding muscle. Furthermore, interval scans confirmed thymic regression of over 60% in 6 months after endocrine control. In subjects with CT appearances consistent with benign TE, a conservative policy with interval CT scans at 6 months after endocrine control will prevent inappropriate surgical intervention.

Learning points:

Chest imaging is common in modern clinical practice and incidental anterior mediastinal abnormalities are therefore diagnosed frequently.

Thymic enlargement (TE) associated with Graves’ disease (GD) is occasionally seen in view of the above.

There is no validated strategy to manage TE in GD at present.

However, CT (or MRI) scan features of the thymus may help characterise benign TE, and such subjects do not require thymic biopsy or surgery at presentation.

In them, an expectant ‘wait and see’ policy is recommended with GD treatment only, as the thymus will show significant regression 6 months after endocrine control.
Hypercalcitoninaemia in pseudohypo­parathyroidism type 1A and type 1B
Authors: Yavropoulou Maria P , Chronopoulos Efstathios , Trovas George , Avramidis Emmanouil , Elli Francesca Marta , Mantovani Giovanna , Zebekakis Pantelis , Yovos John G 
Published: January 2019

Summary
Pseudohypoparathyroidism (PHP) is a heterogeneous group of rare endocrine disorders characterised by normal renal function and renal resistance to the action of the parathyroid hormone. Type 1A (PHP1A), which is the most common variant, also include developmental and skeletal defects named as Albright hereditary osteodystrophy (AHO). We present two cases, a 54- and a 33-year-old male diagnosed with PHP who were referred to us for persistently high levels of serum calcitonin. AHO and multinodular goitre were present in the 54-year-old male, while the second patient was free of skeletal deformities and his thyroid gland was of normal size and without nodular appearance. We performed GNAS molecular analysis (methylation status and copy number analysis by MS-MLPA) in genomic DNA samples for both patients. The analysis revealed a novel missense variant c.131T>G p.(Leu44Pro) affecting GNAS exon 1, in the patient with the clinical diagnosis of PHP1A. This amino acid change appears to be in accordance with the clinical diagnosis of the patient. The genomic DNA analysis of the second patient revealed the presence of the recurrent 3-kb deletion affecting the imprinting control region localised in the STX16 region associated with the loss of methylation (LOM) at the GNAS A/B differentially methylated region and consistent with the diagnosis of an autosomal dominant form of PHP type 1B (PHP1B). In conclusion, hypercalcitoninaemia may be encountered in PHP1A and PHP1B even in the absence of thyroid pathology.

Learning points:

We describe a novel missense variant c.131T>G p.(Leu44Pro) affecting GNAS exon 1 as the cause of PHP1A.

Hypercalcitoninaemia in PHP1A is considered an associated resistance to calcitonin, as suggested by the generalised impairment of Gsα-mediated hormone signalling.

GNAS methylation defects, as in type PHP1B, without thyroid pathology can also present with hypercalcitoninaemia.
Purine Homeostasis Is Necessary for Developmental Timing, Germline Maintenance and Muscle Integrity in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Marsac Roxane , Pinson Benoît , Saint-Marc Christelle , Olmedo María , Artal-Sanz Marta , Daignan-Fornier Bertrand , Gomes José-Eduardo 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Purine homeostasis is ensured through a metabolic network widely conserved from prokaryotes to humans. Purines can either be synthesized de novo, reused, or produced by interconversion of extant metabolites using the so-called recycling pathway. Although thoroughly characterized in microorganisms, such as yeast or bacteria, little is known about regulation of the purine biosynthesis network in metazoans. In humans, several diseases are linked to purine metabolism through as yet poorly understood etiologies. Particularly, the deficiency in adenylosuccinate lyase (ADSL)—an enzyme involved both in the purine de novo and recycling pathways—causes severe muscular and neuronal symptoms. In order to address the mechanisms underlying this deficiency, we established Caenorhabditis elegans as a metazoan model organism to study purine metabolism, while focusing on ADSL. We show that the purine biosynthesis network is functionally conserved in C. elegans. Moreover, adsl-1 (the gene encoding ADSL in C. elegans) is required for developmental timing, germline stem cell maintenance and muscle integrity. Importantly, these traits are not affected when solely the de novo pathway is abolished, and we present evidence that germline maintenance is linked specifically to ADSL activity in the recycling pathway. Hence, our results allow developmental and tissue specific phenotypes to be ascribed to separable steps of the purine metabolic network in an animal model.
Genetic Aspects of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Authors: Bogomolov Pavel O. , Kokina Kseniya Yu. , Mayorov Aleksander Yu. , Mishina Ekaterina E. 
Published: January 2019

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most commonly diagnosed hepatopathy. There is an increase in the incidence of NAFLD in the structure of liver diseases in children and adolescents, which is directly related to the increasing prevalence of obesity. The spectrum of liver tissue changes in NAFLD ranges from benign hepatocellular steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis, cirrhosis of the liver, and hepatocellular carcinoma. With the increasing prevalence of NAFLD in children, we can expect an increase in the incidence of adverse outcomes among people of working age. The key problem for NAFLD is the prediction of disease outcomes. In epidemiological and genetic studies, the relationship between the morphological stage of NAFLD and hereditary factors is shown. Currently, there are three genes associated with NAFLD (PNPLA3, TM6SF2, and GCKR), which, together with the genes responsible for insulin resistance, lipid deposition, inflammation and fibrogenesis in hepatocytes, determine the phenotype of fatty liver disease. The article considers the modern understanding of the issues of genetics, development of liver steatosis and progression of NASH. It is expected that this knowledge can transform our risk stratification strategies in patients with NAFLD and help identify new therapeutic goals.
How Not to Miss the Mild Forms of Mucopolysaccharidosis Type I in Patients With Articular Manifestations of the Disease?
Authors: Buchinskaya Natalia V. , Kostik Mikhail M. , Kolobova Oksana L. , Melnikova Larisa N. 
Published: January 2019

Mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS I) is a hereditary metabolic disease that manifests itself in childhood by systemic damage to tissues and organs, a constantly progressive course leading to disability. Diagnosis of mild forms of the disease is particularly difficult due to the absence of specific symptoms. A specific symptom of the mild forms of MPS I (as for other types of MPS) is joint stiffness in children combined with hernia, frequent infections, or valvular defects. Stiffness in MPS I is often interpreted as a manifestation of rheumatological diseases (arthrogriposis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis). The article offers a simple algorithm for diagnosing MPS I, which helps to eliminate the disease using a simple test for determining the activity of an enzyme called alpha-L-iduronidase in a dried blood spot.
O conhecimento, suas ameaças e limitações para a educação do futuro e a cidadania
Authors: Regert Rodrigo , Baade Joel Haroldo , Ribeiro Arã Paraguassu 
Published: January 2019

É sabido que o ser humano é, por si só, muito curioso e está sempre em busca do conhecimento. Desse modo, é necessário cada vez mais compreender o próprio conhecimento, seja por meio da educação formal ou não. Essa compreensão é necessária para que os indivíduos, ao exercerem sua cidadania, tenham mais certezas em suas ações corriqueiras. Nesse sentido, o presente artigo tem como objetivo compreender o conhecimento, suas ameaças e limitações para a educação do futuro voltada à busca da cidadania. A pesquisa é de natureza básica; utilizou-se do método descritivo e da forma bibliográfica como procedimento técnico. Conclui-se que para a educação do futuro estar realmente voltada à atuação cidadã, ela deve auxiliar os indivíduos a agirem de forma efetiva no dia a dia e na comunidade em que estão inseridos.Palavras-chave: Conhecimento. Educação. Cidadania. Knowledge, its threats and limitations for education of the future and citizenshipABSTRACTIt is well-known that the human being is, by itself, very curious and is always in search of knowledge. In this way, it is increasingly necessary to understand one’s own knowledge, whether through formal education or not. This understanding is necessary so that individuals, when exercising their citizenship, have more certainty in their ordinary actions. In this sense, the present article aims to understand the knowledge, its threats and limitations for the education of the future focused on the search for citizenship. The research is of a basic nature; the descriptive method was used; as well as the bibliographic form as technical procedure. It is concluded that for the education of the future to be really focused on citizen action, it should help individuals to act effectively in the day-today life and in the community in which they are inserted.Keywords: Knowledge. Education. Citizenship. El conocimiento, sus amenazas y limitaciones para la educación del futuro y la ciudadaníaRESUMENYa se sabe que el ser humano es, por si propio, muy curioso y está siempre en búsqueda del conocimiento. De esa manera, es necessário cada vez más comprender el propio conocimiento, sea por medio de la educación formal o no. Esa comprensión es necesaria para que los individuos, al ejercer su ciudadanía, tengan más certidumbre de sus acciones habituales. En ese sentido, el presente artículo tiene como objetivo comprender el conocimiento, sus amenazas y limitaciones para la educación del futuro vuelta a la búsqueda de la ciudadanía. La investigación es de naturaleza básica; se utilizó el método descriptivo y la forma bibliográfi ca como procedimiento técnico. Se concluye que para la educación del futuro estar realmente actuando sobre la formación ciudadana, ella debe auxiliar a los individuos a actuar de forma efectiva en la comunidad en que están insertados.Palabras-clave: Conocimiento. Educación. Ciudadanía.
ОЦЕНКА СОСТОЯНИЯ ПРИПОСЕЛКОВЫХ КЕДРОВНИКОВ ТОМСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ С ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕМ ДАННЫХ ДИСТАНЦИОННОГО ЗОНДИРОВАНИЯ ЗЕМЛИ
Authors: (Olga A. Pasko) Пасько Ольга Анатольевна , (Olga S. Tokareva) Токарева Ольга Сергеевна , (Ahmed J. A. Alshaibi) Алшаиби Ахмед Джамал Абдулрахман , (Tatyana Yu. Chernikova) Черникова Татьяна Юрьевна , (Pedro Cabral) Кабраль Педро 
Published: January 2019

Актуальность исследования обусловлена необходимостью получения объективной, в т. ч. ретроспективной, информации о состоянии ценных лесных массивов, являющихся ботаническими памятниками природы, для организации их охраны от пожаров, болезней и вредителей. Цель: мониторинг состояния припоселковых кедровников на примере Томской области с использованием методов наземного обследования и данных дистанционного зондирования Земли. Объекты: 13 припоселковых кедровников, которые являются особо охраняемыми территориями, относятся к лесничествам филиала ОГУ «Томское управление лесами» Томской области и расположены на землях лесного фонда. Методы: тематическое картирование территории; расчет показателя количества фотосинтетически активной биомассы NDVI (Normalize Difference Vegetation Index) по космическим снимкам среднего пространственного разрешения (30 м) со спутников Landsat 5 (камера TM), 7 (камера ETM+) и 8 (камера OLI), полученных в период с 2002 по 2015 гг. из архива Геологической службы США c использованием интернет-сервиса Earth Explorer; пространственный анализ данных с использованием геоинформационных технологий; статистическая обработка полученных результатов путем проведения корреляционного и регрессионного анализа. Результаты. Дана комплексная оценка состояния 13-ти припоселковых кедровников; проведен анализ динамики значений NDVI в период с 2002 по 2017 гг. и установлены основные причины (незаконные вырубки, ветровалы, пожары и распространение вредителей); проведена группировка кедровников по их состоянию; установлены максимальные значения NDVI для Богашовского и Белоусовского кедровников, минимальные – для Аксеновского, Плотниковского и Протопоповского кедровников; показаны положительные корреляции между значениями NDVI и состоянием деревьев: высокая корреляция – с индексом жизненного состояния, и средняя – со средневзвешенной категорией состояния деревьев в древостое; достоверные корреляционные связи значений NDVI кедровников с количеством осадков и суммой температур не обнаружены (за исключением Аксеновского кедровника, характеризуемого как «сильно ослабленный»); предложенные подходы применимы к оценке любых кедровников.