bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Digit Symbol Substitution Test
Authors: Jaeger Judith 
Published: August 2018

Abstract

Purpose/Background
Development of the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST) was initiated over a century ago as an experimental tool to understand human associative learning. Its clinical utility, owing to its brevity and high discriminant validity, was first recognized in the 1940s, and now the DSST is among the most commonly used tests in clinical neuropsychology.

Methods
Specific studies and articles were reviewed to illustrate what the test measures, to evaluate its sensitivity to change, and to discuss its use in clinical practice.

Results
The DSST is a valid and sensitive measure of cognitive dysfunction impacted by many domains. Performance on the DSST correlates with real-world functional outcomes (eg, the ability to accomplish everyday tasks) and recovery from functional disability in a range of psychiatric conditions including schizophrenia and major depressive disorder. Importantly, the DSST has been demonstrated to be sensitive to changes in cognitive functioning in patients with major depressive disorder and offers promise as a clinical decision-making tool for monitoring treatment effects in this and other disorders affecting cognition.

Implications/Conclusions
The DSST is sensitive to the presence of cognitive dysfunction as well as to change in cognitive function across a wide range of clinical populations but has low specificity to determine exactly which cognitive domain has been affected. However, the DSST offers a practical and effective method to monitor cognitive functions over time in clinical practice.
p75 Neurotrophin Receptor Regulates the Timing of the Maturation of Cortical Parvalbumin Cell Connectivity and Promotes Ocular Dominance Plasticity in Adult Visual Cortex
Authors: Baho Elie , Chattopadhyaya Bidisha , Lavertu-Jolin Marisol , Mazziotti Raffaele , Awad Patricia N , Chehrazi Pegah , Groleau Marianne , Jahannault-Talignani Celine , Sanon Nathalie T. , Vaucher Elvire , Ango Fabrice , Pizzorusso Tommaso , Baroncelli Laura , Cristo Graziella Di 
Published: August 2018

SummaryBy virtue of their extensive axonal arborisation and perisomatic synaptic targeting, cortical inhibitory Parvalbumin (PV) cells strongly regulate principal cell output and plasticity. An interesting aspect of PV cell connectivity is its prolonged maturation time course, which is completed only by end of adolescence. The p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) regulates a wide range of cellular function, including apoptosis, neuronal process remodeling and synaptic plasticity, however its role on cortical circuit development is still not well understood, mainly because localizing p75NTR expression with cellular and temporal resolution has, so far, been challenging.Using RNAscope and a modified version of the Proximity Ligation Assay (PLA), we show that p75NTR mRNA and protein are expressed in cortical PV cells in the postnatal and adult brain. Further, p75NTR expression in PV cells decreases between postnatal day (P)14 and P26, at a time when PV cell synapse numbers increase dramatically. Conditional knockout of p75NTR in single PV neurons in cortical organotypic cultures and in PV cell networks in vivo leads to precocious formation of PV cell perisomatic innervation and perineural nets around PV cell somata, suggesting that p75NTR expression controls the timing of the maturation of PV cell connectivity in the adolescent cortex.Remarkably, we found that p75NTR is still expressed, albeit at low level, in PV cells in adult cortex. Interestingly, activation of p75NTR onto PV cells in adult visual cortex in vivo is sufficient to destabilize their connectivity and to reintroduce juvenile-like cortical plasticity following monocular deprivation. Altogether, our results show that p75NTR activation dynamically regulates PV cell connectivity, and represents a novel tool to foster brain plasticity in adults.
Existing host range mutations constrain further emergence of RNA viruses
Authors: Zhao Lele , Pasricha Mansha Seth , Stemate Dragos , Crespo-Bellido Alvin , Gagnon Jacqueline , Duffy Siobain 
Published: August 2018

AbstractRNA viruses are capable of rapid host shifting, typically due to a point mutation that confers expanded host range. As additional point mutations are necessary for further expansions, epistasis among host range mutations can potentially affect the mutational neighborhood and frequency of niche expansion. We mapped the mutational neighborhood of host range expansion using three genotypes of the dsRNA bacteriophage phi6 (wildtype and two isogenic host range mutants) on the novel hostPseudomonas syringaepv.atrofaciens(PA). Sanger sequencing of fifty PA mutant clones for each genotype and population Illumina sequencing both revealed the same high frequency mutations allowing infection of PA. Wildtype phi6 had at least nine different ways of mutating to enter the novel host, eight of which are in p3 (host attachment protein gene), and 13/50 clones had unchanged p3 genes. However, the two isogenic mutants had dramatically restricted neighborhoods: only one or two mutations, all in p3. Deep sequencing revealed that wildtype clones without mutations in p3 likely had changes in p12 (morphogenic protein), a region that was not polymorphic for the two isogenic host range mutants. Sanger sequencing confirmed that 10/13 of the wildtype phi6 clones had nonsynonymous mutations in p12 and two others had point mutations in p9 and p5 – none of these genes had previously been associated with host range expansion in phi6. We demonstrate, for the first time, epistatic constraint in an RNA virus due to host range mutations themselves, which has implications for models of serial host range expansion.ImportanceRNA viruses mutate rapidly and frequently expand their host ranges to infect novel hosts, leading to serial host shifts. Using an RNA bacteriophage model system (Pseudomonasphage phi6), we studied the impact of pre-existing host range mutations on another host range expansion. Results from both clonal Sanger and Illumina sequencing show extant host range mutations dramatically narrow the neighborhood of potential host range mutations compared to wildtype phi6. This research suggests that serial host shifting viruses may follow a small number of molecular paths to enter additional novel hosts. We also identified new genes involved in phi6 host range expansion, expanding our knowledge of this important model system in experimental evolution.
Market power and returns to scale in farm-value share determination
Authors: Ma Ling , Nuetah Alexander , Wang Xiuqing 
Published: August 2018

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the role of market power and returns to scale in the determination of farm-value share.

Design/methodology/approach
This paper utilizes the equilibrium displacement model to investigate the role of market power and returns to scale in the determination of farm-value share. Contrary to the current literature, the paper incorporates oligopoly power, oligopsony power and non-constant return to scale into one generalized model, which systematically enables us investigate the impacts of market power on the determination and changes of farm-value share.

Findings
The results imply that market power as well as non-constant returns to scale is central to the understanding of farm-value share. These, in turn, indicate that ignoring the impacts of market power and degree of return to scale may overestimate or underestimate the impacts of exogenous shocks on changes in farm-value share.

Originality/value
Thus, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, no literature has examined the co-existence of oligopsony power, oligopoly power as well as non-constant return to scale in farm-value share determination. This paper therefore tries to fill this gap.
A framework for ad hoc information management for the building design process
Authors: Jacob Jeevan , Varghese Koshy 
Published: August 2018

Purpose
The building design processes today are complex, involving many disciplines and issues like collaboration, concurrency and collocation. Several studies have focused on understanding and modeling formal information exchange in these processes. Few past studies have also identified the importance of informal information exchanges in the design process and proposed passive solutions for facilitating this exchange. The purpose of this paper is to term the informal information as ad hoc information and explores if components of ad hoc information exchanges can be actively managed.

Design/methodology/approach
An MDM-based framework integrating product, process and people dependencies is proposed and a prototype platform to implement this framework is developed. The demonstration on the usage of this platform to identify information paths during collaboration and hence manage ad hoc information exchanges is presented through an example problem.

Findings
Based on the effectiveness of the prototype platform in identifying information paths for design queries, it is concluded that the proposed framework is useful for actively managing some components of ad hoc information exchange.

Originality/value
This research enables the design manager/participants to make a more informed decision on requesting and releasing design information.
Contemporary young motherhood: experiences of hostility
Authors: Fearnley Barry 
Published: August 2018

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the hostility many young women who are also mothers experience within their everyday lives.

Design/methodology/approach
The paper will draw on qualitative research, incorporating a narrative approach, to illustrate the hostility many young mothers experience on a daily basis. The research design included a focus group, semi-structure interviews and participant observations.

Findings
The paper reports the findings of a study that explored the experiences of young women who are also mothers. The author presents the findings that indicate that many young women, who are also young mothers, experience hostile reactions and interactions as part of their everyday lives.

Research limitations/implications
The small sample size means that this study cannot be generalised, but it does contribute to the growing body of qualitative evidence in relation to young mothers.

Practical implications
The findings suggest that there needs to be more recognition and acknowledgement of the hostility young women experience. Such hostility could have deleterious consequences on the young women, their parenting ability and also on the children.

Originality/value
This paper documents the experiences of young women who are also mothers and how they experience hostility as a daily occurrence. The hostility ranged from verbal to non-verbal and how they felt they were being treated, inferences about their sexuality to stereotyping.
Topical evolution patterns and temporal trends of microblogs on public health emergencies
Authors: An Lu , Yu Chuanming , Lin Xia , Du Tingyao , Zhou Liqin , Li Gang 
Published: August 2018

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to identify salient topic categories and outline their evolution patterns and temporal trends in microblogs on a public health emergency across different stages. Comparisons were also examined to reveal the similarities and differences between those patterns and trends on microblog platforms of different languages and from different nations.

Design/methodology/approach
A total of 459,266 microblog entries about the Ebola outbreak in West Africa in 2014 on Twitter and Weibo were collected for nine months after the inception of the outbreak. Topics were detected by the latent Dirichlet allocation model and classified into several categories. The daily tweets were analyzed with the self-organizing map technique and labeled with the most salient topics. The investigated time span was divided into three stages, and the most salient topic categories were identified for each stage.

Findings
In total, 14 salient topic categories were identified in microblogs about the Ebola outbreak and were summarized as increasing, decreasing, fluctuating or ephemeral types. The topical evolution patterns of microblogs and temporal trends for topic categories vary on different microblog platforms. Twitter users were keen on the dynamics of the Ebola outbreak, such as status description, secondary events and so forth, while Weibo users focused on background knowledge of Ebola and precautions.

Originality/value
This study revealed evolution patterns and temporal trends of microblog topics on a public health emergency. The findings can help administrators of public health emergencies and microblog communities work together to better satisfy information needs and physical demands by the public when public health emergencies are in progress.
Why Symmetry may not be the Answer to the UK's Constitutional Unsettlement: A Response to Bruce Ackerman
Authors: Kenny Michael 
Published: August 2018

AbstractIn this reply Michael Kenny identifies the distinctiveness of Ackerman's characterisation of Britishness and the case he makes for constitutional reform. But he queries the remedies that he advances and, in particular, the attempt to address the problem of asymmetry through a system of regional government in England. Kenny argues instead that any adequate approach to reform in this area needs to grasp the decline of existing forms of territorial statecraft in the UK and the specific character of, and underlying motivations for, the increasing sense of democratic self‐assertion among the English.
Bedside external ventricular drain placement for haemorrhagic stroke patients with brain herniation and acute hydrocephalus: A case series
Authors: Woo Peter Y.M. , Yip Ada S.M. , Mak Calvin H.K. , Wong Alain K.S. , Wong Hoi‐Tung , Chan Kwong‐Yau , Kwok John C.K. 
Published: August 2018

AimExternal ventricular drainage (EVD) for patients with acute hydrocephalus is a potentially life‐saving neurosurgical procedure that can be quickly performed at the bedside, but is rarely carried out in Hong Kong.Patients and MethodsThe present study is a retrospective review of eight adult patients who underwent bedside EVD from 1 January 2010 to 31 March 2018 at Hong Kong's public neurosurgical centres. Disease aetiology, neurological presentation, radiological findings, procedure‐related complications and functional outcomes were reviewed.ResultsThe mean age was 56 years, with a median presenting Glasgow Coma Score of 3/15 with half having at least one fixed dilated pupil. All were treated at a single neurosurgical centre. Five patients had haemorrhagic stroke (63 per cent) with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. After bedside EVD, five patients were stable enough to attempt further definitive surgery. All catheters were placed accurately achieving Kakarla grade I, and there were no procedure‐related complications. Three patients survived (38 per cent), with one having a mild disability (modified Rankin score of 2) at 1 year after stroke.ConclusionOur experience indicates that bedside EVD is a feasible life‐saving procedure that can be performed in selected rapidly deteriorating haemorrhagic stroke patients with brain herniation in our locality.
Periodic Variation of Mutation Rates in Bacterial Genomes Associated with Replication Timing
Authors: Dillon Marcus M. , Sung Way , Lynch Michael , Cooper Vaughn S. 
Published: August 2018

ABSTRACT

The causes and consequences of spatiotemporal variation in mutation rates remain to be explored in nearly all organisms. Here we examine relationships between local mutation rates and replication timing in three bacterial species whose genomes have multiple chromosomes:
Vibrio fischeri
,
Vibrio cholerae
, and
Burkholderia cenocepacia
. Following five mutation accumulation experiments with these bacteria conducted in the near absence of natural selection, the genomes of clones from each lineage were sequenced and analyzed to identify variation in mutation rates and spectra. In lineages lacking mismatch repair, base substitution mutation rates vary in a mirrored wave-like pattern on opposing replichores of the large chromosomes of
V. fischeri
and
V. cholerae
, where concurrently replicated regions experience similar base substitution mutation rates. The base substitution mutation rates on the small chromosome are less variable in both species but occur at similar rates to those in the concurrently replicated regions of the large chromosome. Neither nucleotide composition nor frequency of nucleotide motifs differed among regions experiencing high and low base substitution rates, which along with the inferred ~800-kb wave period suggests that the source of the periodicity is not sequence specific but rather a systematic process related to the cell cycle. These results support the notion that base substitution mutation rates are likely to vary systematically across many bacterial genomes, which exposes certain genes to elevated deleterious mutational load.

IMPORTANCE
That mutation rates vary within bacterial genomes is well known, but the detailed study of these biases has been made possible only recently with contemporary sequencing methods. We applied these methods to understand how bacterial genomes with multiple chromosomes, like those of
Vibrio
and
Burkholderia
, might experience heterogeneous mutation rates because of their unusual replication and the greater genetic diversity found on smaller chromosomes. This study captured thousands of mutations and revealed wave-like rate variation that is synchronized with replication timing and not explained by sequence context. The scale of this rate variation over hundreds of kilobases of DNA strongly suggests that a temporally regulated cellular process may generate wave-like variation in mutation risk. These findings add to our understanding of how mutation risk is distributed across bacterial and likely also eukaryotic genomes, owing to their highly conserved replication and repair machinery.
Detection ofChlamydia trachomatisandNeisseria gonorrhoeaewith the cobas CT/NG v2.0 test: performance compared with the BD ProbeTec CT Qxand GC Qxamplified DNA and Aptima AC2 assays
Authors: Nye Melinda B , Osiecki John , Lewinski Michael , Liesenfeld Oliver , Young Stephen , Taylor Stephanie N , Lillis Rebecca A , Body Barbara A , Eisenhut Carol , Hook III Edward W , Van Der Pol Barbara 
Published: August 2018

ObjectivesInfections due toChlamydia trachomatis(CT) andNeisseria gonorrhoeae(NG) are among the most common bacterial sexually transmitted infections worldwide, most of which are asymptomatic. Detection of infection using a variety of specimen types in symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects is important to effectively combat CT/NG infections. The performance of the cobas CT/NG v2.0 test was assessed for urogenital swabs, urine and cervical cytology samples collected in PreservCyt Solution from 5266 symptomatic and asymptomatic women (including 202 who were pregnant), and urine from 738 men.MethodsSensitivity and specificity were estimated compared with a patient infected status determined using two US Food and Drug Administration–cleared nucleic acid amplification tests.ResultsAmong 6004 participants, 487 CT (8.1%) and 159 NG (2.6%) infections were identified. Sensitivity estimates for CT for women ranged from 91.2% to 97.6% depending on specimen type, and the estimate for male urine specimens was 98.4%. Specificity for CT ranged from 99.2% to 99.7%. Sensitivity estimates for NG ranged from 95.6% to 100.0% for women, and the estimate for men was 100.0%. Specificity for NG ranged from 99.3% to 100.0%.ConclusionsThe cobas CT/NG v2.0 test performs well using urogenital swabs, urine and cervical samples collected in PreservCyt solution.
standardizing meteorological instrument testing1
Authors: Lamb Robert C. , Pharo James A. 
Published: August 2018

There presently exists a need for standardized testing techniques for meteorological instrument sensors and systems. It is suggested that representatives of the American Meteorological Society, the National Bureau of Standards, and the meteorological equipment manufacturers meet to determine these standard tests.
It is further proposed that meteorological equipment companies who perform the standard tests on their own equipment be awarded an American Meteorological Society Seal of Approval.
the first color picture of the Earth taken from the ATS-3 satellite
Authors: Warnecke Guenter , Sunderlin Wendell S. 
Published: August 2018

The third Applications Technology Satellite (ATS-3) of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) was launched into a geo-synchronous orbit at 35,800 km altitude over Brazil on 5 November 1967. One of the meteorological experiments onboard is the Multicolor Spin-Scan Cloud Camera. It provides instantaneous high resolution color pictures of the whole disc of the Earth in a 30-min sequence. Three images are obtained by simultaneous scanning through three different color filters (green, red, blue). The three separate signals are transmitted to the ground station where the multicolor picture is produced.
The first picture of 10 November 1967 is shown on the front page of this Bulletin. The superiority over monochrome pictures (black and white) is demonstrated by the strikingly better contrast between clouds and the background (Earth surface).
A large number of interesting meteorological details are shown in the picture and pointed out in this article. A montage of the ATS-3 picture and an ATS-1 photograph taken on the same day over the Pacific Ocean provides a synoptic picture of the cloud distribution over more than two thirds of the globe.
These successful experiments constitute a large step in obtaining a complete survey on short-time changes of global cloudiness as required for the World Weather Watch.
Sovietizacija ir kinas: lytis, tapatybė, ideologija filme „Marytė“ (1947)
Authors: Davoliūtė Violeta , Kaminskaitė - Jančorienė Lina 
Published: August 2018

[only abstract in English; full article and abstract in Lithuanian]
This article analyzes post-war Sovietization through the prism of the first feature film made in Soviet Lithuania – Marytė – directed by Vera Strojeva and released in 1947, revealing the intention, process and outcome of propaganda in the newly occupied society under Stalinism. As the culture of cinema was part of a broader ideological endeavor, the analysis of this film helps to understand developments across the new Soviet western borderlands. This article reconstructs the context of the narrative of the film, its creation, dissemination and evaluation. The central character of the film is a Soviet Lithuanian war hero – a young female partisan captured and shot in the area of her native Zarasai. The authors analyze the construction of this protagonist in the film following the classical Soviet archetype of the young female “war saint”, similar to the Russian Zoya Kosmodemjanskaja. The choice of a female protagonist for the promotion of the “new Soviet subject” in the recently occupied territory is significant and may be interpreted as a deliberate attempt for encouraging a more sympathetic identification with the Soviet interpretation of history – especially in a country where an anti-Soviet partisan struggle was still taking place. The authors also demonstrate how well-established national and cultural metaphors and narratives were used in constructing a new ideology, considering the focus of this movie on the local level, the cinematic difficulties encountered and the critical reviews. The study employs interdisciplinary methodological tools that demonstrate the benefits of the cultural analysis of text and context.