bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pacing profile in the main international open‐water swimming competitions
Authors: Baldassarre Roberto , Bonifazi Marco , Piacentini Maria Francesca 
Published: October 2018

AbstractPurpose: Different aspects of pacing in endurance events have been investigated, however, there are very limited information on pacing strategies during open‐water swimming. The aim was to describe and compare the pacing profile used by male and female open‐water swimmers (OW‐swimmers) during the 5‐, 10‐ and 25 km races in the main international competitions. Methods: A total of 438 performances were analysed for 5 km, 579 for 10 km and 189 for 25 km, from 2012 to 2017. Swimmers were divided into four groups based on finishing time. G1 whose finishing times were within 0.5% of the winner's time, G2 between 0.51% and 1% slower than winner's time; G3 between 1.1% and 2% slower than winner's time; G4 over 2% of winner's time. Kolmogorov–Smirnov test was used to verify the normal distribution of data and repeated measures ANOVA was performed. Results: G1 adopted a negative pacing and significantly increased the speed in the last split compared with the other groups during the 5‐, 10‐ and 25‐km races in both males and females (p < .001). During the 5‐ and 10‐km race, the last split speed of G1 was significantly faster compared to the other groups in both males and females (p < .05). Conclusions: OW‐swimmers that used a conservative approach remaining in G1 until the finish of the race, increase the possibility to win a medal in the main international competitions.
A Bottom-up picture of intra-national welfare regimes: the case of marginalised communities in Puerto Rico
Authors: Cruz-Martínez Gibrán 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTThe main purpose of this article is twofold: (1) an examination of welfare regimes using a bottom-up approach, which enables a comprehensive analysis of welfare production based on recipients perceptions; and (2) an examination of more than one type of welfare-mix coexisting inside the national level across policy sectors. A classification of welfare regimes is carried out following a bottom-up approach and relying on the basis of the importance of welfare providers to satisfy social risks and promote well-being. Three traditional (e.g. state, market, family) and one alternative welfare providers (e.g. community) are considered. Data is collected through twenty semi-structured interviews in seven marginalised communities of Puerto Rico. The results show five configurations of intra-national welfare-mixes across the following welfare areas: housing, nourishment, health, education, maternity/paternity, disability, work-unemployment and older-age. This paper contributes to the theoretical proposals of intra-national welfare regimes, and alternatives providers in the welfare-mix.
Federalism and the politics of the Canada and Quebec Pension Plans
Authors: Béland Daniel , Weaver R. Kent 
Published: October 2018

AbstractDrawing on the literature on federalism and public policy, the present article explores the recent politics of two highly-similar and closely integrated Canadian public pension programs created in the mid-1960s: the Canada Pension Plan (CPP) and the Quebec Pension Plan (QPP). This article argues that the parallel evolution of CPP/QPP can be understood by examining how the unique jurisdictional arrangements for the CPP/QPP interacted with other factors to generate by these linked programs have led to the emergence of specific federalism policy dynamics, while muting or foreclosing other potential policy dynamics. As shown, governments have engaged in a process of ‘collusive benchmarking’ that has limited the scope of the available policy options. Differing demographic trends in Quebec and the ‘Rest of Canada’ have strained but also reinforced this policymaking dynamic in recent years. Simultaneously, intergovernmental race to the top dynamics have facilitated the recent push for both CPP and, later, QPP expansion.
Cumulative incidence regression for dynamic treatment regimens
Authors: Chen Ling-Wan , Yavuz Idil , Cheng Yu , Wahed Abdus S 
Published: October 2018

Summary
Recently dynamic treatment regimens (DTRs) have drawn considerable attention, as an effective tool for personalizing medicine. Sequential Multiple Assignment Randomized Trials (SMARTs) are often used to gather data for making inference on DTRs. In this article, we focus on regression analysis of DTRs from a two-stage SMART for competing risk outcomes based on cumulative incidence functions (CIFs). Even though there are extensive works on the regression problem for DTRs, no research has been done on modeling the CIF for SMART trials. We extend existing CIF regression models to handle covariate effects for DTRs. Asymptotic properties are established for our proposed estimators. The models can be implemented using existing software by an augmented-data approximation. We show the improvement provided by our proposed methods by simulation and illustrate its practical utility through an analysis of a SMART neuroblastoma study, where disease progression cannot be observed after death.
Neurobiological substrates underlying the effect of genomic risk for depression on the conversion of amnestic mild cognitive impairment
Authors: Xu Jiayuan , Li Qiaojun , Qin Wen , Jun Li Mulin , Zhuo Chuanjun , Liu Huaigui , Liu Feng , Wang Junping , Schumann Gunter , Yu Chunshui 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Depression increases the conversion risk from amnestic mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer’s disease with unknown mechanisms. We hypothesize that the cumulative genomic risk for major depressive disorder may be a candidate cause for the increased conversion risk. Here, we aimed to investigate the predictive effect of the polygenic risk scores of major depressive disorder-specific genetic variants (PRSsMDD) on the conversion from non-depressed amnestic mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer’s disease, and its underlying neurobiological mechanisms. The PRSsMDD could predict the conversion from amnestic mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer’s disease, and amnestic mild cognitive impairment patients with high risk scores showed 16.25% higher conversion rate than those with low risk. The PRSsMDD was correlated with the left hippocampal volume, which was found to mediate the predictive effect of the PRSsMDD on the conversion of amnestic mild cognitive impairment. The major depressive disorder-specific genetic variants were mapped into genes using different strategies, and then enrichment analyses and protein–protein interaction network analysis revealed that these genes were involved in developmental process and amyloid-beta binding. They showed temporal-specific expression in the hippocampus in middle and late foetal developmental periods. Cell type-specific expression analysis of these genes demonstrated significant over-representation in the pyramidal neurons and interneurons in the hippocampus. These cross-scale neurobiological analyses and functional annotations indicate that major depressive disorder-specific genetic variants may increase the conversion from amnestic mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer’s disease by modulating the early hippocampal development and amyloid-beta binding. The PRSsMDD could be used as a complementary measure to select patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment with high conversion risk to Alzheimer’s disease.
Association of estimated sleep duration and naps with mortality and cardiovascular events: a study of 116 632 people from 21 countries
Authors: Wang Chuangshi , Bangdiwala Shrikant I , Rangarajan Sumathy , Lear Scott A , AlHabib Khalid F , Mohan Viswanathan , Teo Koon , Poirier Paul , TSE Lap Ah , Liu Zhiguang , Rosengren Annika , Kumar Rajesh , Lopez-Jaramillo Patricio , Yusoff Khalid , Monsef Nahed , Krishnapillai Vijayakumar , Ismail Noorhassim , Seron Pamela , Dans Antonio L , Kruger Lanthé , Yeates Karen , Leach Lloyd , Yusuf Rita , Orlandini Andres , Wolyniec Maria , Bahonar Ahmad , Mohan Indu , Khatib Rasha , Temizhan Ahmet , Li Wei , Yusuf Salim 
Published: October 2018

Abstract

Aims
To investigate the association of estimated total daily sleep duration and daytime nap duration with deaths and major cardiovascular events.

Methods and results
We estimated the durations of total daily sleep and daytime naps based on the amount of time in bed and self-reported napping time and examined the associations between them and the composite outcome of deaths and major cardiovascular events in 116 632 participants from seven regions. After a median follow-up of 7.8 years, we recorded 4381 deaths and 4365 major cardiovascular events. It showed both shorter (≤6 h/day) and longer (&gt;8 h/day) estimated total sleep durations were associated with an increased risk of the composite outcome when adjusted for age and sex. After adjustment for demographic characteristics, lifestyle behaviours and health status, a J-shaped association was observed. Compared with sleeping 6–8 h/day, those who slept ≤6 h/day had a non-significant trend for increased risk of the composite outcome [hazard ratio (HR), 1.09; 95% confidence interval, 0.99–1.20]. As estimated sleep duration increased, we also noticed a significant trend for a greater risk of the composite outcome [HR of 1.05 (0.99–1.12), 1.17 (1.09–1.25), and 1.41 (1.30–1.53) for 8–9 h/day, 9–10 h/day, and &gt;10 h/day, P trend &lt; 0.0001, respectively]. The results were similar for each of all-cause mortality and major cardiovascular events. Daytime nap duration was associated with an increased risk of the composite events in those with over 6 h of nocturnal sleep duration, but not in shorter nocturnal sleepers (≤6 h).

Conclusion
Estimated total sleep duration of 6–8 h per day is associated with the lowest risk of deaths and major cardiovascular events. Daytime napping is associated with increased risks of major cardiovascular events and deaths in those with &gt;6 h of nighttime sleep but not in those sleeping ≤6 h/night.
Impetigo incidence and treatment: a retrospective study of Dutch routine primary care data
Authors: Loadsman Madelyn E N , Verheij Theo J M , van der Velden Alike W 
Published: October 2018

Abstract

Background
There is a lack of recently published data on impetigo presentation incidence and treatment practices in the routine Western European primary care setting.

Objectives
To investigate impetigo incidence, treatments and recurrence in primary care in the Netherlands.

Methods
A retrospective, observational study. Electronic records of patients treated for impetigo in 2015 at 29 general practices in Utrecht and surrounds were reviewed. An episode of impetigo was defined as one or more patient–doctor contacts within 8 weeks of the index consultation. Within an episode, patient demographics and prescribing patterns were analysed including number of treatments, and the category and sequence of individual medicines.

Results
A total of 1761 impetigo episodes were managed, with an incidence rate of 13.6 per 1000 person years. Impetigo peaked in summer. Most patients, the majority children, experienced a single episode (93%), and 25% had eczema as comorbidity. Topical antibiotics (primarily fusidic acid) were the most prescribed initial treatments (85%), followed by oral antibiotics (14%). Topical antibiotics were progressively used less over subsequent treatments, while there was an inverse increase in oral antibiotic use. Topical fusidic acid as the most common first line treatment seemed satisfactory as only 12% of initial treatments with this drug received further therapy. Repeat treatments generally occurred within 7 days.

Conclusion
This study of impetigo prescribing patterns in primary care highlighted that Dutch general practitioners were generally adherent to national treatment guidelines. Topical treatment, and if needed systemic small-spectrum antibiotic treatment, appeared satisfactory; these findings aid in antimicrobial stewardship.
Unmarried Older People: Are They Socially Better Off Today?
Authors: van Tilburg Theo G , Suanet Bianca 
Published: October 2018

Abstract

Objectives
Previous studies have shown that unmarried older adults are generally at disadvantage in personal networks and social well-being compared with the married. It can be questioned whether their situation has improved in contemporary society, as among others the stigma of divorce and being never-married has declined. We hypothesize differential developments in networks and well-being according to marital status (married, widowed, divorced, and never-married) across birth cohorts.

Method
Data are from the 1993 and 2013 observations of the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam on Dutch people aged 55–69 (N = 2,894) and 70–84 years (N = 2,317). We employ general linear modeling of network size and diversity, received emotional and instrumental support, emotional and social loneliness, and depressive symptoms.

Results
The widowed are better off socially in 2013 than in 1993. Similar to the divorced they have a larger network, and similar to the never-married they receive more emotional support and are less emotional lonely. We find some gender differences in these developments.

Discussion
Societal change has not radically altered networks and well-being of unmarried older people. The widowed seem to benefit most, possibly because they are better able to retain relationships after widowhood.
Addiction: Definition, Epidemiology, and Neurobiology
Authors: Torrington Matthew 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter discusses the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for substance use disorders and identifies addiction as a disease of reward, motivation, and memory rooted in complex biologic changes. It explains the epidemiology of addiction and identifies the rise and fall of specific drug use and behaviors. It then moves to the neurobiology of addiction, naming the numerous survival systems that are intertwined with addiction’s genetics, early brain development, and learning pathways. Finally, it looks at why some people become addicts, describing it as a pro-inflammatory, bio-psycho-social-environmental-spiritual disease state. Addicted persons often engage in this behavior, no longer to obtain pleasure, but to relieve discomfort created by withdrawal from the drug and the negative life consequences of addiction. The chapter concludes by addressing what needs to be done in both the short- and long-term, noting that applying the disease model to addiction has been the most effective method of saving lives.
Overview of the Addiction Recovery Industry
Authors: Torrington Matthew 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter traces the history of drug and alcohol use in America, starting in the 1850s through Prohibition, the emergence of Alcoholics Anonymous in 1935, and the treatment evolution around the 1950s. It reviews the US Drug Policy in the 1970s, the rise of the “designated driver” movement in the 1980s. There were 52,000 deaths due to overdose in 2015 with 33,000 of these attributed to opiates. The addiction-recovery business is now a $35 billion industry; yet there is still an access-to-care issue. Finally, this chapter examines the shift in medical culture to include risk evaluation and mitigation strategies, mandatory training in addiction and pain management, and the American College of Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) recognized medical specialty, addiction medicine. It presents the six different domains to best assess what intervention or treatment program is likely to help the patient and concludes that more money needs to be directed at mental health and addiction recovery programs.
Food Addiction
Authors: Mello Edison de 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Although an impressive and increasing amount of research has shown how particular foods affect brain chemistry and can lead to food addictions, the idea of food addiction as an actual disease is still controversial. The alarming growth in the obesity epidemic in the United States, however, is quickly eating away at this controversy. Research now shows that genetics, the nucleus accumbens, the gut bacteria (microbiota), and other physiological factors have a vast effect on obesity, cravings, binge eating, and food addiction. Speculation that the food industry has utilized the effects of the high glycemic index foods, such as refined starches, sugars, and fat have on the brain to engineer foods for taste, not nutrition and to get people “hooked” is also discussed. Integrative treatment approaches to food addiction that can synergically help with food addiction recovery are presented. These include biochemical restoration, IV nutrient therapy, meditation practices, pharmacological intervention, and more.
Integrative Approach to Sedative-Hypnotic Use Disorder
Authors: Rees Gayla , Shapiro Benjamin , Torrington Matthew 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Sedatives, hypnotics, and anxiolytics are CNS depressants with GABAergic activity that are potentially habit-forming due to their activity in brain reward pathways. They are central in the drug overdose epidemic with benzodiazepines (BZD) being involved in approximately 31% of all fatal overdoses. There are 4 withdrawal syndromes: High dose minor and major withdrawal, low dose withdrawal, and protracted withdrawal. Benzodiazepines are chemically related positive allosteric modulators of the GABA at the GABA-A receptor. In differential expression 5 different receptor subunits play a role in acute and prolonged withdrawal syndromes. Benzodiazepines have supplanted barbiturates for treatment of anxiety and insomnia due to their wider therapeutic index. Barbiturates can be helpful managing opiate and benazodiazapeine withdrawal. Traditional Chinese Medicine can improve hypnotics-dependent insomnia. Mindfulness-based relapse prevention and yoga may offer benefits but are poorly studied.
Integrative Approach to Cannabis-Use Disorder
Authors: Danovitch Itai , Modir Shahla J. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Recreational cannabis use is widespread, with estimates of 2.8% to 4.5% of the world population having used in the past year, and many more having used over their lifetimes. While most occasional users do not suffer any consequences, among persons who have ever used cannabis, approximately 9% will develop a cannabis-use disorder at some point in their lives, and 1.8% will meet diagnostic criteria for cannabis-use disorder within the past year. Several interventions are available to treat cannabis-use disorder. Psychotherapy, delivered individually as well as in groups, is the most well-established treatment approach. Several medications may offer benefit, though evidence supporting their role is weak. Integrative treatment approaches also show promise, notwithstanding a paucity of evidence. This chapter reviews the current understanding of cannabis-use disorder, including diagnosis, epidemiology, neurobiology, and treatment. Psychotherapeutic, medication, and integrative interventions are reviewed, with a particular focus on integrative approaches.
Integrative Approach to Opiates, Opioids, and Opiate Use Disorder
Authors: Ling Walter , Torrington Matthew 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter defines terms such as “opiate” and “opioid” and explains their physiological functions as agonist, antagonist, and partial agonist. It notes the long history of medicinal opioid use for acute pain, as well as the curse of addiction with chronic use, highlighting the three opioid use epidemics in the United States: the morphine addiction of the Civil War era, the heroin addiction of the Vietnam War era, and the current epidemic of prescription opioid addiction. The chapter describes the commonly encountered natural, synthetic, and semi-synthetic opioids, noting their therapeutic use, potential for abuse, and their use in management of opioid use disorders. Of particular interest are the sections on detoxification and relapse prevention using methadone, buprenorphine, and naltrexone. The sections also explain the rationale for their use against the epidemiological background and recent exploration of genetic influences. The chapter also emphasizes the need for an integrated strategy in overcoming opioid addiction.
Integrative Approach to Behavioral Addictions: Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) and Compulsive Buying Disorder (CBD)
Authors: Sagan Meredith , Fong Timothy 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
In recent years, awareness and concern has grown within the psychological and medical communities regarding “behavioral addictions”: these are defined as the compulsive performance of otherwise normal everyday activities such as sex, gambling, use of the Internet and online video games, and shopping. This chapter examines 3 such addictive disorders: gambling disorder, compulsive buying disorder (CBD), and Internet gaming disorder (IGD), exploring their definitions, prevalence, diagnoses, consequences, and treatment. All 3 disorders share similar neurobiological mechanisms, acting on the pleasure centers of the brain and having potentially severe social, mental, and psychological repercussions, including loss of interest in life and withdrawal symptoms as intense as those felt by substance abusers when quitting drugs. Certain pharmaceuticals, CBT, and treatment principles similar to those followed by substance abusers, as well as various non-traditional modalities such as acupuncture and yoga, all have shown promise in treating these disorders.
Psychiatric Assessment and Co-Occurring Disorders
Authors: Modir Shahla J. , Tsuang John 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter on co-occurring disorders examines issues pertaining to substance-use disorder and psychiatric illnesses. It takes a very close look at prevalence, diagnoses, and medication treatment strategies for both psychiatric disorders, as well as for substance-use disorders. The chapter puts special emphasis on psychiatric disorders such as depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety, psychosis, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Complementary treatment tools such as use of various vitamins, fish oil, and other natural chemical agents are reviewed here as well. Finally, alternative therapies such as social rhythm therapy, exercise, neurofeedback, and meditation—which can all integrate into treatment of this population—are presented and examined.
Psychosocial Treatment Approaches for Substance Use
Authors: McFarr Lynn , Snyder Julie , Benson Lisa , Higier Rachel 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Multiple psychosocial treatments for substance-use disorders have been studied for efficacy. A recent meta-analysis indicates that psychosocial interventions are effective across multiple types of substances used. In the case of opiates, psychosocial interventions combined with medication appear to be the most effective. Many studies further agree that psychosocial interventions are an integral and necessary part of treating substance-use disorders. Although theoretical orientations may differ across psychosocial treatments, they have several principles and practices in common. All involve talk therapy or talk in communities as a way to clarify triggers, build commitment, and improve accountability. Many also target addiction behaviors and work to develop alternative contingencies to reduce or eliminate use. Finally, targeting repeated performance (or building “chains of committed behavior”) decreases the likelihood of relapse. This chapter discusses the most frequently studied and employed psychosocial treatments for substance use including CBT, motivational interviewing, contingency management, mindfulness, and community-based programs.