bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Discussion of development processes in insect‐fungus association derived from the shaggy parasol fruiting on the nests of hairy wood ants
Authors: Fraser Douglas 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Chlorophyllum rhacodes, typically regarded as a rich grassland or open forest “mushroom” species, was found fruiting abundantly on nests of Formica lugubris, occurring in a Pinus silvestris plantation. Fruiting was absent from the rest of the woodland.

Research focussed on the activities in the nests that could explain this. Within nests, there was a spatial relationship between C. rhacodes mycelium, insect cadavers, fruitbody initiation, and roots of adjacent trees.

In vitro experiments found that C. rhacodes was not mycorrhizal with P. silvestris, but that it had qualities which rendered it suitable for colonization of the rhizosphere in the conditions of the nest mound and for further niche development.

Implications of the unusual presence of fruit‐bodies and the distribution of associated hyphae are discussed in relation to the nutritional biology (and recent taxonomical reassignment) of the fungus. This includes reference to the relevant physiology of insects and to the accepted evolution of mutualistic symbioses between fungi and the Attini and Termitidae.

An argument is presented that the situation observed in vivo provides evidence of a degree of facultative association and what could be tangible support for the theory for the developmental origin of mutualistic fungus cultivation by insects. It is presented as a context for continued experimental research.
Landscape genetics reveals unique and shared effects of urbanization for two sympatric pool‐breeding amphibians
Authors: Homola Jared J. , Loftin Cynthia S. , Kinnison Michael T. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractMetapopulation‐structured species can be negatively affected when landscape fragmentation impairs connectivity. We investigated the effects of urbanization on genetic diversity and gene flow for two sympatric amphibian species, spotted salamanders (Ambystoma maculatum) and wood frogs (Lithobates sylvaticus), across a large (>35,000 km2) landscape in Maine, USA, containing numerous natural and anthropogenic gradients. Isolation‐by‐distance (IBD) patterns differed between the species. Spotted salamanders showed a linear and relatively high variance relationship between genetic and geographic distances (r = .057, p < .001), whereas wood frogs exhibited a strongly nonlinear and lower variance relationship (r = 0.429, p < .001). Scale dependence analysis of IBD found gene flow has its most predictable influence (strongest IBD correlations) at distances up to 9 km for spotted salamanders and up to 6 km for wood frogs. Estimated effective migration surfaces revealed contrasting patterns of high and low genetic diversity and gene flow between the two species. Population isolation, quantified as the mean IBD residuals for each population, was associated with local urbanization and less genetic diversity in both species. The influence of geographic proximity and urbanization on population connectivity was further supported by distance‐based redundancy analysis and multiple matrix regression with randomization. Resistance surface modeling found interpopulation connectivity to be influenced by developed land cover, light roads, interstates, and topography for both species, plus secondary roads and rivers for wood frogs. Our results highlight the influence of anthropogenic landscape features within the context of natural features and broad spatial genetic patterns, in turn supporting the premise that while urbanization significantly restricts interpopulation connectivity for wood frogs and spotted salamanders, specific landscape elements have unique effects on these two sympatric species.
Fecundity compensation is dependent on the generalized stress response in a nematode host
Authors: Pike Victoria L. , Ford Suzanne A. , King Kayla C. , Rafaluk‐Mohr Charlotte 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackgroundFecundity compensation, increased offspring output following parasite exposure, is widely reported, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. General stress responses are linked to other indirect defenses against parasites, and therefore may be responsible. We challenged strains of Caenorhabditis elegans (wild type and mutants with compromised or strengthened stress responses) with Staphylococcus aureus.ResultsIn all strains except the compromised stress response mutant, we saw elevated offspring production if hosts survived initial parasite exposure.ConclusionWe infer that general stress responses are linked with fecundity compensation. These results may explain why trade‐offs are not always observed among parasite defense mechanisms.
Analysis of electron and heavy particle velocity distribution under consideration of nonthermal equilibrium arc
Authors: Nemoto Yusuke , Iwata Soshi , Maeda Yoshifumi , Iwao Toru 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe circuit breaker is required to interrupt the current in order to prevent the spreading fault current. The reignition caused by the remaining high‐temperature gas in the opening of circuit breaker occurs. As this countermeasure, the external magnetic field application and blast gas to arc are used in order to decrease the arc temperature. It has been reported that the nonthermal equilibrium of arc is remarkable near the electrode and post arc. However, few reports have the analysis of separating electron and heavy particle momentums under consideration of the nonthermal equilibrium because the physical phenomena are complicated in the nonthermal equilibrium. In this paper, the electron and heavy particle velocity distribution under consideration of nonthermal equilibrium arc were analyzed. As a result, it is possible to quantify the electron and heavy particle velocity. The electron velocity distribution is dominant to the electric potential distribution. On the other hand, the heavy particle velocity distribution is dominant to the pressure gradient. Therefore, the difference between the electron and heavy particle velocity distribution was elucidated.
Public perception and valuation of long‐term ecological monitoring
Authors: Vander Naald Brian P. , Sergeant Christopher J. , Beaudreau Anne H. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractOrganizations tasked with implementing long‐term ecological monitoring programs often struggle to stay funded. Government agencies are typically the only entities with sufficient capacity and motivation to support long‐term scientific programs that generate data for environmental management and conservation. Taxpayers bear this funding burden, yet we know of no studies assessing public perception of government‐led long‐term monitoring. We present the results of a survey designed to assess willingness to pay (WTP) for the benefits resulting from long‐term ecological monitoring in Southeast Alaska for residents and visitors. We hypothesized that four factors have the potential to influence preferences for long‐term ecological monitoring: (1) type of ecosystem service monitored (intermediate vs. final); (2) place of residence; (3) prior knowledge of monitoring; and (4) sociodemographic characteristics. We defined final ecosystem services as ecosystem attributes that have clear relevance to human well‐being and intermediate ecosystem services as those required to produce final services. We found a greater WTP for programs monitoring intermediate ecosystem services, longer‐running programs, and programs covering a larger spatial extent. Respondents with higher income and conservative political preferences were more likely to choose no monitoring program at all (status quo), whereas respondents with previous knowledge of monitoring were generally more supportive of long‐term monitoring programs.
Hepatorenal dysfunction identifies high‐risk patients with acute heart failure: insights from the RELAX‐AHF trial
Authors: Biegus Jan , Demissei Biniyam , Postmus Douwe , Cotter Gad , Davison Beth A. , Felker G. Michael , Filippatos Gerasimos , Gimpelewicz Claudio , Greenberg Barry , Metra Marco , Severin Thomas , Teerlink John R. , Voors Adriaan A. , Ponikowski Piotr 
Published: October 2019

AbstractAimsEpisodes of acute heart failure (AHF) may lead to end‐organ dysfunction. In this post hoc analysis of the Relaxin in Acute Heart Failure trial, we used the MELD‐XI (Model of End‐Stage Liver Dysfunction) score to examine hepatorenal dysfunction in patients with AHF.Methods and resultsOn admission, the MELD‐XI score was elevated (abnormal) in 918 (82%) patients, with 638 (57%) having isolated renal dysfunction (creatinine > 1 mg/dL), 73 (6.5%) isolated liver dysfunction (bilirubin > 1 mg/dL), and 207 (18.5%) coexisting dysfunction of the kidneys and the liver (both creatinine and bilirubin > 1 mg/dL). The percentage of patients with elevated MELD‐XI score remained constant through a 60 day follow‐up, as we observed a gradual decrease of liver dysfunction prevalence, counterbalanced by an increase in renal dysfunction. Serelaxin treatment was associated with a lower MELD‐XI score on Day 2 and Day 5 (both P < 0.05), but this difference vs. placebo disappeared during longer follow‐up. In the multivariable model, an elevated MELD‐XI score on admission was associated with higher 180 day mortality: hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) for cardiovascular death were 3.10 (1.22–7.87), and for all‐cause death 2.47 (1.19–5.15); both P < 0.05. The addition of the MELD‐XI score to a prespecified prognostic model increased the discrimination of the model for all‐cause death, but the increment in the C‐index was only modest: 0.013 (P = 0.02).ConclusionsIn patients with AHF, hepatorenal dysfunction is prevalent and related to poor outcome. The MELD‐XI score is a useful prognosticator in AHF.
The role of the spinal cyclooxygenase (COX) for incisional pain in rats at different developmental stages
Authors: Segelcke Daniel , Reichl Sylvia , Neuffer Simon , Zapp Sebastian , Rüther Theresa , Evers Dagmar , Zahn Peter K. , Pogatzki‐Zahn Esther M. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackgroundCyclooxygenase enzymes (COX)‐1 and COX‐2 are important targets for pain relief after surgery, but the spinal contribution of both isoforms is still unclear, e.g., from a developmental point of view. Here, we studied changes of spinal COX‐1 and COX‐2 expression and their functional relevance in rats of different ages for pain‐related behaviour after incision.MethodsMechanical paw withdrawal thresholds (PWT) were assessed before and after incision and after intrathecal administration (IT) of SC‐560 (COX‐1 inhibitor) or NS‐398 (COX‐2 inhibitor) in rats aged 5, 14 and 28 days (P5, P14, P28). Furthermore, spinal expressions of COX m‐RNA and proteins were investigated.ResultsIn P5 rats, only IT‐administered NS‐398 but not SC‐560 significantly reversed the decreased PWT after incision. In P14 rats, none of the substance modified PWT, and in P28 rats, only SC‐560 increased PWT. Spinal COX‐2 mRNA and protein were increased in P5 but not in P14 and P28 rats after incision. Whereas COX‐2 is located in spinal neurons, COX‐1 is mainly found in spinal microglia cells.ConclusionOur results demonstrate a possible developmental transition from COX‐2 to COX‐1 activation. Whereas in adult rats spinal COX‐1 but not COX‐2 is involved in pain‐related behaviour after incision, it seems opposite in P5 rats. Interestingly, in P14, neither COX‐1 nor COX‐2 seems to play a role. This switch may relate to altered neuronal/microglia activation. Our findings indicate specific mechanisms to pain after incision that are age‐dependent and may guide further research improving paediatric pain management.SignificancePostoperative pain in pediatric patients after surgery is still poorly controlled; this might contribute to long‐lasting alteration in the nociceptive system and prolonged chronic pain. Here we show a possible developmental switch in the COX‐dependent pathway for nociceptive spinal transmission that may explain why pain management in young children needs to be related to age‐dependent mechanisms.
Better in the (near) future: Group‐based differences in forecasting biases
Authors: King Jesse S. , Bee Colleen C. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractSocial identities are an important component of an individual’s self‐concept. In the current research, we examine how identification with a group can lead to biased intergroup judgments similar to those made when evaluating the self, relative to others. We compared evaluations of in‐ and outgroups in order to examine differences in temporal perspective and optimistic evaluations. Our findings suggest that compared to an outgroup, ingroup members more strongly consider the future potential of their group, are more optimistic when considering future ingroup outcomes, and hold a more uniformly positive view of an ingroup’s future. Furthermore, we find that when evaluating ingroups, shifts in temporal perspectives are related to greater optimism. We conclude by discussing theoretical implications and future research related to temporal judgments and social groups.
Numerical investigations of a novel vertical axis wind turbine using Blade Element Theory‐Vortex Filament Method (BET‐VFM)
Authors: Hilewit Doma , Matida Edgar , Fereidooni Amin , Abo el Ella Hamza , Nitzsche Fred 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe aerodynamic performance of three different configurations of vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT), namely: (a) conventional Darrieus troposkein VAWT (based on turbines designed by Sandia National Laboratories), (b) novel 50% STS‐VAWT (50% shifted‐troposkein‐shaped STS‐VAWT), and (c) novel 100% STS‐VAWT were investigated numerically. An in‐house code, which combined the blade element theory (BET) and the vortex filament method (VFM), was used. The main purpose of this work was to develop an aerodynamic code to predict the performance of conventional VAWT as well as assess the novel 50% and 100% STS‐VAWT configurations. Simulation results (power coefficients) were verified and then validated against experimental data available from the literature (2‐, 5‐, and 17‐m conventional troposkein VAWT measured by Sandia National Laboratories). Additional numerical results showed that the 50% STS‐VAWT outperformed both the conventional VAWT and the 100% STS‐VAWT by up to 14% (peak power), within the range of rotation and turbine sizes that were investigated in the present work.
Research on promotion incentive policy and mechanism simulation model of energy storage technology
Authors: Wang Qiang , Tan Zhongfu , De Gejirifu , Pu Lei , Wu Jing 
Published: October 2019

AbstractWith the promulgation and implementation of a large number of renewable energy policies in China, the rapid development of renewable energy is accompanied by the prominent phenomenon of renewable energy abandoning wind and light. Energy storage technology is the key technology to promote the consumption of renewable energy. The government can promote the energy storage technology through the incentive policy of energy storage industry. Firstly, content analysis method is used to analyze China's energy storage policy, and five incentive policies for promoting energy storage technology are obtained. Secondly, built a game model of energy storage technology promotion based on the evolutionary game theory. Finally, use MATLAB software for numerical simulation. Numerical simulation results show that: (a) When the local government chooses to promote less, energy enterprises will eventually adopt the nonconfigure strategy; (b) when the local government chooses to promote more vigorously, energy enterprises will finally adopt the configure strategy; (c) increase in the total electricity sold by energy enterprises with energy storage devices, the sales price of energy stored per unit, the compensation price of energy stored per unit, tax relief standards, and incentive costs of local governments can promote energy enterprises to choose configure strategies; and (d) the reduction of unit energy storage cost, configure cost, and comprehensive tax rate can promote energy enterprises to choose configure strategy.
Recommendations for Improving Methods and Models for Aquatic Hazard Assessment of Ionizable Organic Chemicals
Authors: Escher Beate I. , Abagyan Ruben , Embry Michelle , Klüver Nils , Redman Aaron D. , Zarfl Christiane , Parkerton Thomas F. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Ionizable organic chemicals (IOCs) such as organic acids and bases are an important substance class requiring aquatic hazard evaluation. Although the aquatic toxicity of IOCs is highly dependent on the water pH, many toxicity studies in the literature cannot be interpreted because pH was not reported or not kept constant during the experiment, calling for an adaptation and improvement of testing guidelines. The modulating influence of pH on toxicity is mainly caused by pH-dependent uptake and bioaccumulation of IOCs, which can be described by ion-trapping and toxicokinetic models. The internal effect concentrations of IOCs were found to be independent of the external pH because of organisms’ and cells’ ability to maintain a stable internal pH milieu. If the external pH is close to the internal pH, existing quantitative structure–activity relationships (QSARs) for neutral organics can be adapted by substituting the octanol–water partition coefficient by the ionization-corrected liposome–water distribution ratio as the hydrophobicity descriptor, demonstrated by modification of the target lipid model. Charged, zwitterionic and neutral species of an IOC can all contribute to observed toxicity, either through concentration-additive mixture effects or by interaction of different species, as is the case for uncoupling of mitochondrial respiration. For specifically acting IOCs, we recommend a 2-step screening procedure with ion-trapping/QSAR models used to predict the baseline toxicity, followed by adjustment using the toxic ratio derived from in vitro systems. Receptor- or plasma-binding models also show promise for elucidating IOC toxicity. The present review is intended to help demystify the ecotoxicity of IOCs and provide recommendations for their hazard and risk assessment. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:269–286. © 2019 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC.
Abstract
pH-dependence of the toxicity of ionizable organic chemicals (IOCs) is caused by the pH-dependence of the uptake with constant internal effect concentrations that depend on the mode of action of the IOC, for example, baseline toxicity, uncoupling, or receptor activation.
Challenge test studies on Listeria monocytogenes in ready‐to‐eat iceberg lettuce
Authors: Tucci Patrizia , Centorotola Gabriella , Salini Romolo , Iannetti Luigi , Sperandii Anna Franca , D'Alterio Nicola , Migliorati Giacomo , Pomilio Francesco 
Published: October 2019

AbstractShelf‐life studies in ready‐to‐eat (RTE) modified atmosphere packaged (MAP) precut iceberg lettuce (minimally processed) were carried out in order to evaluate the natural microflora of the product and survival or multiplication of Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes), taking into consideration the impact of the production steps resulting in a reduction of the shelf life of the fresh‐cut produce, due to the accelerated enzymatic activity, moisture loss, and microbial proliferation. The research first aimed to evaluate the characteristics of the natural microflora of the product, and then, L. monocytogenes dynamics were studied via challenge tests. L. monocytogenes concentration was studied at 8 and 12°C storage temperature for 10 days, 6 days longer than their shelf life. The number of L. monocytogenes in samples stored both at 8°C and 12°C increased gradually, more evidently in samples stored at 12°C. L. monocytogenes dynamics were studied to define maximum growth rate (μmax) at 8°C (0.0104 log10CFU/g/h) and 12°C (0.0183 log10CFU/g/h). Data obtained from the study were used to develop and validate a specific predictive model able to predict the behavior of L. monocytogenes in RTE MAP iceberg lettuce. According to the model, an increase in storage temperature of 6°C (e.g., from 8 to 14°C) would lead to an increase in L. monocytogenes concentration of more than 6 log10CFU/g at the 10th day of the challenge test (12th days of shelf life). Storage at 4°C allowed to increase L. monocytogenes enumeration from 3.30 log10CFU/g at D0 to 3.60 log10CFU/g at D10. The model could be applied to microorganisms other than L. monocytogenes, modifying the coefficients of the polynomial equation on which it is based.
Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) sap as a potential source of sugar: Antioxidant and nutritional properties
Authors: Asghar Muhammad Tuseef , Yusof Yus Aniza , Mokhtar Mohd. Noriznan , Ya'acob Mohammad Effendy , Mohd. Ghazali Hasanah , Chang Lee Sin , Manaf Yanty Noorzianna 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis study was carried out to compare the antioxidant and nutritional properties of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) sap with other natural sources of sugar such as sugar palm (Borassus flabellifer) and sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.). Coconut sap and juice from sugar palm and sugarcane were analyzed for proximate composition, pH and total soluble solid (TSS), color, sugar profile, vitamin profile, antioxidant properties (total phenolic contents, DPPH, FRAP, and ABTS), and mineral content. The results indicated that coconut sap possesses high DPPH (23.42%), FRAP (2.09 mM/ml), and ABTS (21.85%) compared with the juices. Coconut sap also had high vitamin C (116.19 µg/ml) and ash (0.27%) contents, especially in potassium (960.87 mg/L) and sodium (183.21 mg/L) which also indicating high content of minerals. These properties showed that coconut sap could be served as a potential healthier sugar source compared with sugar palm and sugarcane juices.
Sickerlinienberechnung in nachbergbaulichen Böschungsbereichen
Authors: Kriegel David , Blankenburg René , Mansel Holger 
Published: October 2019

AbstractFür die Standsicherheitsermittlung in Böschungssystemen ist die Kenntnis der geohydraulischen Verhältnisse von immenser Bedeutung. An einem synthetischen bodenmechanischen Schnitt wird die Vorgehensweise zur Berechnung der Sickerlinie und der Feuchteverteilung in einem Böschungsbereich an einem Tagebaurestloch gezeigt. Mittels der sich ergänzenden Programmsysteme PCGeofim und PCSiWaPro sollen die Sickerlinie, die Druckhöhenpotenziale sowie die Sättigung und der Wassergehalt im Böschungskörper berechnet werden. Die verwendeten Programmsysteme erlauben dem Nutzer, eine hinreichend genaue Abbildung der Feuchteverteilung im Untergrund zu erzielen und Berechnungsergebnisse für weitere Standsicherheitsbetrachtungen sowie Nutzungsplanungen zu erhalten. Die Sensitivitätsbetrachtung für die hydraulische Leitfähigkeit zeigt die Relevanz einer genauen Kenntnis der Bodenparameter.