bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prospective Epidemiological Study of Health Risks Associated with Wastewater Utilization in Agriculture
Authors: Fattal B. , Yekutiel P. , Wax Y. , Shuval H. I. 
Published: May 2018

A prospective epidemiological morbidity and aerology study was carried out in Israel in 1980/82 on the association between enteric disease incidence and wastewater utilization in 29 kibbutzim - collective agricultural communities (population 15 605).
Analysis of morbidity data indicates that no significant excess of enteric disease episode rates was found in any age group, including the 0-5 year old age group, or in any occupational group, in kibbutzim exposed to wastewater aerosols versus kibbutzim using wastewater but not exposed to aerosols, or kibbutzim not exposed to wastewater in any form.
Results of viral antibodies in blood sera of a subsample of the population generally confirmed the findings of the morbidity study. Of 8 enteroviruses tested no excess in antibody level was found in the population, exposed to aerosolized wastewater versus the control kibbutzim. However, a consistent and significant excess of prevalence for ECHO 4 virus antibodies was found in the 0–5 year old age group in kibbutzim exposed to aerosolized wastewater from nearby towns as compared with all other populations (p&lt;0.001). No excess of morbidity was detected, however, in this group.
A significant excess in the percentage of sera positives was found for Legionella pneumophila (serogroup 1–8) among all water contact workers versus nonwater contact control group workers (4.5% vs 1.5%). However, no differences were found between waste water-contact and clean water-contact workers.
In field studies, aerosolized enteric bacteria and viruses of wastewater origin were detected in air samples as far as 730 m downwind of wastewater sprinkler irrigated plots.
Microbiological Content and Health Effect of Fishponds Enriched with Wastewater Effluent
Authors: Guttman-Bass N. , Noe N. M. , Fattal B. 
Published: May 2018

During July to December 1980, a study was carried out on kibbutzim (cooperative agricultural settlements) in Israel, to determine the microbiological quality and health effect of fishponds enriched with human wastewater. Ponds on seven kibbutzim were sampled, two of which were chosen for intensive study: one (B231) used domestic wastewater effluent as a fish pond supplement, while the other (C252) used only animal wastes as a supplement.
Thirty-eight (38) water samples were assayed for total and fecal coliform. The use of wastewater in the ponds did not consistently increase the levels of the indicator bacteria, in comparison with unenriched ponds. Fish were assayed for coliform and fecal coliform levels in their intestinal tracts and muscle tissue. No consistent difference was found as a result of wastewater enrichment.
Salmonella strains were isolated from ponds or fish not exposed to human wastewater, while enteroviruses (poliovirus) were isolated from water from a pond enriched with human wastewater.
Analysis of morbidity data showed no significant excess in enteric disease rates among the total population or among fishpond workers on kibbutzim using wastewater for fishpond enrichment, in comparison with kibbutzim not using human wastewater in their fishpond.
Detection of Cryptosporidium from Wastewater and Freshwater Environments
Authors: Rose J. B. , Cifrino A. , Madore M. S. , Gerba C. P. , Sterling C. R. , Arrowood M. J. 
Published: May 2018

Cryptosporidium is a coccidian protozoan and has recently been recognized as a cause of human gastroenteritis. The illness may be severe in immunocom-promised individuals and can result in death. The organism is monoxenous, and infective oocysts are shed in the feces, which are transmitted via the fecal-oral route. Therefore, Cryptosporidium may be a possible candidate as an etiological agent of waterborne or foodborne disease. Previously, the lack of methods for detection of this organism in diarrheal samples as well as environmental samples, has made it difficult to substantiate this premise. Detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in water has now been accomplished using a filtration-elution procedure. A fluorescently-labelled monoclonal antibody which has been used for the detection of Cryptospori di urn in feces was also used to detect the oocysts in environmental samples.
The method developed for detection of Cryptosporidium in water including: 1) filtration with polypropylene cartridge filters, 2) elution with Tween 80/detergent, 3) concentration with Sheather's flotation, and 4) detection on membrane filters, was evaluated and used to examine wastewater and fresh water for Cryptosporidiurn oocyst concentrations. Recovery from the sucrose gradient step averaged 72 – 82%. Overall recovery efficiencies ranged from 25 – 82% (average 50%), but were diminished with low seeds. Concentrations were found in ranges from 60 to 52,000 oocysts/gal in treated and raw sewage. In fresh water, oocysts numbered 8 to 22,000/gal and were concentrated in rapid sand filters averaging 59,000/gal in the backflush. Cryptosporidium may now be considered a potential waterborne parasite.
The Utilization of Plastic Pipe for Submarine Outfalls – State of the Art
Authors: Lars-Eric Takeshi 
Published: May 2018

During the last 25 years, a great number of submarine pipelines have been built in Scandinavia. They are all a result of intensive activity in the field of environmental control, the consequence of which has often been that the last purification step in the wastewater treatment process has been considered to be the dilution of the residual waste into the ocean. Efforts have been made to develop a new piping technology which would allow great depths and points situated far off-shore to be reached, where the risk of problems due to floatable materials flowing back to the shore is insignificant. It has been regarded as especially essential to find a technique which would enable a cheap and rapid procedure for pipe submersion even far off-shore and in heavy sea conditions. The reason for this is that a major proportion of the cost of a submarine pipeline relates to submersion work. Additional requirements were that the pipe material should withstand sudden and even exceptional wave forces and also permit uneven settlements as well as movement of sediment on the sea bed. Thus, the aim has been to develop a highly flexible pipe.
The paper presents the state of the art by referring to a submarine outfall project implemented in Sweden 1985. Some need for further development is also discussed.
Criteria for the Utilization, Design and Operation of UASB Reactors
Authors: Souza M. E. 
Published: May 2018

This paper describes and discusses the principal ideas and parameters related to the application, design and operation of wastewater treatment systems using the upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor (UASB). The differences in the process brought about by the high or low concentration of organic material in the wastewater to be treated are pointed out in each consideration.
The purpose of this paper is to make the development of simple, but safe and efficient UASB reactor treatment units, by technicians not necessarily highly specialized in the subject, possible. It also attempts to point out problems which are not yet completely solved in order to help in the preparation of future research and development plans.
A number of possible questions that deal with the following subjects are discussed:–types of waste which can be treated by the UASB reactor–concentrated wastes (for example, stillage from sugar-cane) and diluted wastes (for example, domestic sewage)–necessity of pre- and post-treatment–temperature–shape and dimensions of the reactor–criteria and details for design–start-up, operation and control of the unit–forecasts of efficiency, costs, etc.
Advanced Reactor Design, Operation and Economy
Authors: Lettinga Gatze , Pol Look Hulshoff 
Published: May 2018

Of the high rate anaerobic wastewater treatment systems the UASB (Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket) reactor has found the widest application. Therefore the attention with respect to design, operation and economy will be focussed on this reactor type.
In designing a UASB reactor specific attention is needed for the GSS (Gas-Solids Separator) device and the feed inlet system.
For soluble wastewater generally no phase separation is required. Only for wastewaters high in suspended solids pre-acidification in a separate acidification reactor can be beneficial. Increasing attention is given to the development of modified UASB systems, such as a combination of a sludge bed reactor and an anaerobic filter.
Other possible modified UASB systems may be found in a FS (Floating Settling) UASB reactor, the EGSB (Expanded Granular Sludge Bed) reactor and the UASB IC (Internal Circulation) reactor. As many factors are involved in the costs of a UASB reactor, only some rough data on reactor costs are presented.
Safe Use of the Assimilative Capacity of the Marine Environment for Waste Disposal – Is It Feasible?
Authors: Portmann J. E. , Lloyd R. 
Published: May 2018

For centuries the sea has absorbed a variety of inputs from rivers, streams, salt marshes and the atmosphere. It is generally accepted that additional limited inputs by man are unlikely to have a significant effect on the marine environment. Various control systems have been constructed to provide a framework within which the regulation of anthropogenic inputs can be achieved. These are briefly reviewed.
With care, and in the light of past experience in both freshwater and marine environments, reasonable assumptions or estimations can be applied where uncertainties exist; safe limits can therefore be set for discharges. Case histories are used to illustrate the contention that it is possible to assess the assimilative capacity of a marine area to receive wastes.
There is a major distinction to be drawn between contamination and pollution of the marine environment. Moreover, acknowledgement of the assimilative capacity concept in the marine environment does not automatically provide dischargers with the right to utilise that capacity either in part or to the upper limit. What it does is indicate the upper limit which must not be exceeded if pollution is to be avoided, and provide an indication to the control authority of the safety margin involved in the discharge limits they set accordingly.
Pilot-Scale Experiments in Water Hyacinth Lagoons for Wastewater Treatment
Authors: Kawai H. , Uehara M. Y. , Gomes J. A. , Jahnel M. C. , Rossetto R. , Alem S. P. , Ribeiro M. D. , Tinel P. R. , Grieco V. M. 
Published: May 2018

Based on some information collected in foreign bibliography which classifies water hyacinth as one of the possible interesting alternatives for the treatment of some types of domestic sewage, CETESB has since 1980 been developing, in participation with other institutions, a series of pilot-scale experiments in order to evaluate the real applicability of this system of wastewater treatment in Brazil.
The conclusions that can be drawn from the experiments that have been carried out up to the present have indicated that the water hyacinth lagoon presents a better performance when it is integrated with other treatment systems, mainly at tertiary level, instead of its direct application to raw sewage treatment.
One of the operational problems of this system, which has been observed during the experiments, refers to the intense proliferation of mosquitos, the control levels of which were not satisfactory even with the periodical application of larvicide. The problem of water hyacinth removal and its use as biomass has not been solved at industrial level yet. In pilot-scale experiments carried out by CETESB, the use of water hyacinth as an organic compost has proved to be economically unfeasible, on an industrial scale, considering that there are many other residues which offer better alternatives both from the economical point of view and the available amounts.
High-Rate Denitrification of Concentrated Nitrate Wastewater
Authors: Bode H. , Seyfried C. F. , Kraft A. 
Published: May 2018

The principles of high-rate denitrification are explained. In the experimental section of the paper the results of nine lab-scale experiments are described and compared with data gained from reviewed literature. The tests were performed in continuous flow stirred-tank and wash-out reactors under mesophilic and thermophilic conditions. The experimental results confirm that high-rate denitrification is an extremely efficient process. Removal rates of up to 25 kg NOx-Nel./ (m3·d) were achieved with the activated sludge systems.
The nitrate sludge loading was found to be the significant design parameter for the process if there is an excess of organic substrate. The maximum rate achieved by thermophilic bacteria was 10 kg NOx-Nel./(kg MLVSS·d) which exceeded by 33 % that for mesophilic organisms. Due to this, in the wash-out reactors the thermophilic system was superior to the mesophilic at system-related, inevitably similar MLVSS concentrations. But because of a temperature-dependent type of growth (thermophilic: disperse; mesophilic: flocculating), in the case of systems with recycling of biomass, higher removal rates (per volume) were obtained for the mesophilic reactors.
Activated Carbon as an Advanced Treatment for Petrochemical Wastewaters
Authors: Guarino C. F. , Da-Rin B. P. , Gazen A. , Goettems E. P. 
Published: May 2018

This paper presents the results of a study conducted with the purpose of establishing the feasibility of using activated carbon as an advanced treatment process for petrochemical wastewaters.
Two pilot plants using Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC) and Granular Activated Carbon (GAC), respectively, were operated for a period of 15 weeks, fed with the effluent of a petrochemical wastewater treatment plant.
The study was made using all available Brazilian carbons at the time. Isotherm tests and other carbon properties were used to select the carbons for GAC and PAC plants.
The two pilot plants were operated between 8 April and 24 June 1981 at CETREL's wastewater treatment plant located at Camacari, BA, Brazil. The plant treats organic wastewaters from a petrochemical complex.
During the first two GAC runs, low COD removal efficiencies were evident, and the effluent of all columns contained color due to the presence of organic colloids which were not adsorbed by the carbon. For this reason the feed to the system was pretreated to remove organic colloids.
During the study period six GAC test runs were conducted using carbon GM and one using carbon HIDRO-G. Comparison of the two carbons showed that GM was the superior of the two.
At all times, the GAC pilot plant using GM produced a colorless effluent from the amber-colored influent. At the same time, the PAC system, with a carbon dosage of 100 mg/l, was not capable of removing the color.
One sample of carbon was regenerated to study its performance after regeneration. The analysis of the obtained data suggests that the adsorptive properties of the virgin and regenerated carbon may differ by as much as 12%.
Several tests were made to determine the removal efficiency of priority pollutants in the GAC and PAC systems. These tests indicated that the GAC system is capable of reducing organic priority pollutants to below detectable limits.
Metal analyses were made on several occasions on the GAC systems in addition to those conducted on priority pollutants samples. These tests indicated that metal concentrations in the GAC effluent were at or below the proposed effluent standards.
The authors concluded that granular activated carbon is a sound advanced treatment process for petrochemical wastes to reduce organic priority pollutants to below detectable limits, producing an effluent with less than 150 mg/l COD.
IAS SpA Priolo Associated Biological Plant for Domestic and Petrochemical Wastewaters in Priolo (Italy): Experience and Results after 5 Years' Management
Authors: Franceschi G. , Nicolosi M. 
Published: May 2018

Priolo Associated Biological Plant, designed and constructed for the treatment of 1200 1/s ± 20% (about 4300 m3/h) of industrial and domestic wastewaters, occupies a site of about 40 000 m2 near Siracusa (Italy), It is very important in the Siracusa Industrial Area where, within the space of about 20 years, uncontrolled industrialization occurred. The main users of the plant are the big petrochemical factories of the area (Montedison, Enichem, and Exxon) and small towns such as Melilli, Priolo, and Belvedere.
The wastewaters are transported to the plant via a glass fibre reinforced plastic (GRP) pipe 40 km long, laid in a north-south direction. The treated effluent is discharged into the sea through a submerged outfall 1600 m long and 35 m deep. The plant is provided with large waterproof basins (75 000 and 25 000 m3) were toxic and harmful wastes can be held.
Plant management is carried out by IAS SpA (Siracusa Water Industry), a company which is both public and private.
This paper gives some data on the characteristics of the treated wastewater, tests performed, process efficiency, type of management, and running costs. The results of research conducted using a pilot plant are briefly discussed. From May 1987, this research has enabled the biological plant to treat about 14 tons per hour of untreated sulphuric soda effluent sent directly from a petrochemical plant. The constant research activities implemented by the management have given the users of the plant the opportunity of reducing their highly expensive pretreatments to a minimum.
Water Pollution Control Administration in Japan
Authors: Ozawa Mitsuyoshi 
Published: May 2018

In the 1960's environmental pollution began to pose a serious problem in Japan. To cope with the situation, the Basic Law for Environmental Pollution Control and other related laws and regulations were legislated.
In 1970 in particular, a Central Headquarters for Environmental Pollution Control (headed by the Prime Minister) was established as the center of environmental pollution control administration, and 14 Pollution related laws including an amendment to the Basic Law for Environmental Pollution Control were enacted by the so-called environmental pollution control session of the Diet at the end of that year.
Along with the legislation of the related laws and regulations, the Environment Agency was inaugurated on July 1, 1971 in order to obtain comprehensiveness and unity in environmental administration. The agency took over and coordinated the administrative measures on the prevention of environmental pollution and the conservation of nature, which had previously been handled by various related ministries and agencies, and has been furthering these measures comprehensively.
Fungi from Potable Water: Interaction with Chlorine and Engineering Effects
Authors: Rosenzweig William D. , Pipes Wesley O. 
Published: May 2018

In recent years various types of imperfect fungi have been isolated from water systems. Fungal spores and mycelia can be inactivated by low concentrations of chlorine in the laboratory but survive in some habitats in water distribution systems. This report describes a field study which provides evidence that some types of fungi are able to grow in water distribution systems. Replicate samples from private residences were used to demonstrate that fungal densities are sometimes much greater than the levels which could be explained by adventitious spores.
The microbiological content of water samples from fire hydrants was often significantly different from that of water samples from nearby private residences. The treated water input to distribution systems was found to be significantly lower in fungus content than water from private residences. Elevated storage tanks open to the atmosphere appear to be significant sources of fungal input to some systems.
Degradation of Trichloroethylene by Methanotrophic Bacteria in a Laboratory Column of Saturated Aquifer Material
Authors: Mayer K. P. , Grbić-Galić D. , Semprini L. , McCarty P. L. 
Published: May 2018

A laboratory experiment was designed to investigate the biotransformation of trichloroethylene (TCE) by bacteria using methane as a primary substrate under conditions simulating a contaminated aquifer. Solid material was acquired aseptically from an uncontaminated shallow confined aquifer and packed in glass columns. The relationship between the methane and oxygen supplied, bacterial growth, and TCE transformation was examined in an attempt to optimize a potentially applicable process of in situ treatment of ground water.
Approximately 20 percent of the 14C-labelled TCE, at an initial concentration of 50 µg/L, was transformed to CO2. A five-fold increase in the rate at which methane and oxygen were supplied to the columns resulted in no substantial increase in TCE transformation. The sorption of TCE onto aquifer solids may have obscured treatment differences. Addition of hydrogen peroxide as the source of oxygen caused a decrease in methane utilization, although the impact on TCE transformation is not yet clear.
Survival of Pathogenic Bacteria in Elevated Temperature Oxidation Ponds
Authors: Barzily Ahuva , Kott Yehuda 
Published: May 2018

Oxidation ponds are commonly used as an inexpensive method for wastewater treatment. The overall treatment results are measured in terms of pH, oxygen concentration, number and type of algae, and order of magnitude of coliform bacteria reduction. It is often found that pond water temperatures, especially in the summer, reach levels which cause a rapid die-off of pathogenic bacteria.
The purpose of the current study was to follow the die-off of pathogenic bacteria in an elevated temperature experimental oxidation pond. Raw wastewater was pumped from a suburban main sewer to the Environmental Engineering Department's pilot plant installations and was introduced daily into two experimental oxidation ponds to give a detention time of 10 - 12 days. One pond was held at 42 - 45°C whilst the other served as a control at ambient temperatures. Salmonellatyphimurium was introduced daily into the two ponds.
In another set of experiments, the Salmonella were kept in dialysis bags placed in the ponds. The dialysis bags were filled with saline, control pond effluent, or raw wastewater. The results showed that it is very difficult to isolate the bacteria from the pond effluent. The number of Salmonella bacteria in the dialysis bags in the elevated temperature pond decreased by a few orders of magnitude within days. The Salmonella in the control pond survived for longer. It is thought that the high temperature and adverse environmental conditions caused the rapid die-off of the bacteria in the elevated temperature pond.
Taking into account the fact that the numbers of the various pathogenic bacteria in nature are much smaller than the numbers introduced into the experimental ponds, it is thought that effluents from oxidation ponds operating at temperatures in the range 40 - 45°C will not contain any pathogenic bacteria.
Biochemical Oxygen Demand by a Simplified Procedure
Authors: Bristow J. L. 
Published: May 2018

Comparative tests made in 1979 and 1980 have shown that the Klein & Gibbs mathematical calculation of BOD5 can give equivalent results to those obtained using the APHA Standard Method 16th Edition Section 507. This method corrects for dilution water blank and seed. It can give just as consistent results as the “Standard Method”. Both methods can be inaccurate when interfering substances are present.
Aging of dilution water and aeration of samples with less than 5 mg/L DO have improved the consistency of the results. Halving of the incubation volume has had no effect on the accuracy of results.