bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Coleridge the Lecturer, A Disappearing Act
Authors: Zimmerman Sarah 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Coleridge set some of the key terms of Romantic-era literary lecturing in his responses to two historical pressures. He attempted to define himself as a literary lecturer against his former roles as a political speaker and Dissenting preacher. He also tried to distance himself from the pressures of the literary marketplace. He developed his key concept of the “willing suspension of disbelief” partly from a desire to persuade auditors to see him not as a paid performer, but rather as a “Poet-philosopher.” Some of his best-known critical arguments gain new meaning once they are understood as in part responses to the culture for which they were pitched. These include his readings of the character of Hamlet and the relationship of Romeo and Juliet.
Thomas Campbell, Scholar-Poet
Authors: Zimmerman Sarah 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Among Romantic-era literary lecturers, Thomas Campbell had the distinction of having his own poetry treated by his primary competitors, Thelwall, Coleridge, and Hazlitt. Coleridge and Hazlitt attacked him in gendered critiques as the representative of a spurious popular poetry that pandered to the public, particularly women, and to periodical critics, thereby forfeiting lasting fame. As a literary lecturer Campbell performed the qualities that had made him an overnight success as a poet. Acculturated in Enlightenment Scotland, Campbell adhered to literary tradition and came to specialize in classical literature. He read aloud from polished scripts and presented himself appealingly in an effort to render his literary lessons accessible. He was willing to enter into a mutually beneficial exchange with auditors, especially the women whose patronage could advance his professional and social ambitions. He also viewed education as a viable means of reform in a counter-revolutionary era and launched a successful public campaign for a university in London.
Perception and Testimony as Data Providers
Authors: Floridi Luciano 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The first part of this chapter articulates an answer in terms of a re-interpretation of perception and testimony as data providers rather than full-blown cases of knowledge. But then, if perception and testimony are correctly understood as data providers, how is one supposed (to apply this analysis in order) to understand the semantic value of the data provided by such processes? The second part of the chapter argues in favour of a constructionist hypothesis about how data may become meaningful for human cognitive agents through a process of repurposing of natural data/signals. The conclusion of the chapter is that, from a non-naturalistic, constructionist perspective, human agents are natural-born data hackers.
Informational Scepticism and the Logically Possible
Authors: Floridi Luciano 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter addresses the question: how do we know that the world really is as our informational constructs tell us it is?—the classic sceptical challenge. The chapter articulates and defends a twofold answer: either informational scepticism is radical (but epistemologically innocuous because redundant); or it is moderate (but epistemologically beneficial because useful). The first part of the chapter reconstructs a historical ‘renaissance of epistemology’ between the two world wars in light of the radical scepticism debate. The second part is entirely theoretical, seeking to solve the problem of radical scepticism. Once the problem has been established, Borel numbers are introduced as a convenient way to refer uniformly to (the data that individuate) different possible worlds. The Hamming distance between Borel numbers is adopted as a metric to calculate the distance between possible worlds. Radical and moderate informational scepticism are analysed using Borel numbers and Hamming distances to show that they are either harmless (extreme form) or fruitful (moderate form). Potential objections are dealt with in a separate section. The conclusion briefly discusses the Peircean nature of the overall approach.
Logical Fallacies as Bayesian Informational Shortcuts
Authors: Floridi Luciano 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Information closure may help with the consistency of a database, so it is related to information quality. However, it cannot be used to expand such an information repository. For this, other forms of reasoning are needed. Bayesianism is often indicated as a classic means to upgrade a set of beliefs or indeed some bits of information, in the vocabulary of this book. Some other erroneous forms of reasoning, however, damage the same reservoir of information. Interestingly, the two dynamics are related. As argued in this chapter, the two best known formal logical fallacies, namely denying the antecedent (DA) and affirming the consequent (AC), are not just basic and simple errors, which prove human irrationality, but rather informational shortcuts, which may provide a quick and dirty (and therefore unsafe) way of extracting useful information from the same informational resources to which Alice already has access. And, in this sense, they can be shown to amount to degraded versions of Bayes’ theorem, once this is stripped of some of its probabilities. The less the probabilities count, the closer these fallacies become to a reasoning that is not only informationally useful but also logically valid.
Maker’s Knowledge, between A Priori and A Posteriori
Authors: Floridi Luciano 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
If Alice’s knowledge is the knowledge enjoyed by a maker how can this be qualified according to the three classic distinctions, which specify that truths can be necessary vs. contingent, analytic vs. synthetic, and a priori vs. a posteriori? This chapter argues that (a) we need to decouple a fourth distinction, namely informative vs. uninformative, from the previous three and, in particular, from its implicit association with analytic vs. synthetic and a priori vs. a posteriori; (b) such a decoupling facilitates, and is facilitated by, moving from a monoagent to a multiagent approach; (c) the decoupling and the multiagent approach enable a re-mapping of currently available positions in epistemology on these four dichotomies; (d) within such a re-mapping, two positions, capturing the nature of a witness’s knowledge and of a maker’s knowledge, can best be described as contingent, synthetic, a posteriori, and uninformative and as contingent, synthetic, weakly a priori (ab anteriori), and uninformative respectively.
Rights, Citizenship, and Society
Authors: Caldwell Peter C. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The social rule of law, or social Rechtsstaat, was a second key term used in the first decade of the Federal Republic of Germany to justify extensive state interventions into society, so long as they preserved individual freedoms. Individual freedoms—such as the right to free speech, the right to enter and exit contracts, and the right to own property—required some kind of social supplement to ensure real freedom, or so the term suggested. By cementing this principle in the Basic Law, the founders opened up a debate about the justification, nature, and extent of the welfare state. Some, like Ernst Forsthoff, rejected the entire discussion as non-sensical; others, like Wolfgang Abendroth, viewed the constitutional concept as a spur to social reform. While this debate took place among lawyers, its real significance lay in the way it articulated the relationship between social policy and democracy.
The Semantics of Social Security
Authors: Caldwell Peter C. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The West German pensions reform bill of 1957 was the product of a decade-long discussion among German experts about the need for a comprehensive reform of social policy, elder poverty, and adequate pensions in a period of economic expansion. The ultimate bill maintained the income-linked Bismarckian pensions system, but increased payouts and linked them to the overall level of production in society, with the result of dramatically increasing pension levels. Despite harsh criticisms from the right, who argued that the new pensions system would create inflation, deform democracy, and make citizens into domesticated animals, the reform was passed overwhelmingly, forming one of the essential pillars of the West German welfare state. The successful bill was the product of an expert discussion that crossed party lines and pointed toward a new political consensus on the welfare state.
From Solution to Problem
Authors: Caldwell Peter C. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The 1970s and 1980s saw two important changes in the West German discussion of the welfare state. First, global trade put direct economic pressure on expensive welfare states in the western world. Second, the social science discussion of the welfare state shifted to a language of systems, which no longer viewed the welfare state as a tool of state or society, but asked about how systems of social policy could have unintended consequences—how social solutions could pose their own problems. Young Marxists, breaking with the SPD, questioned the possibility of a welfare state that could aid workers under capitalism; conservative state theorists questioned whether democracy, with its demands for state solutions, could paralyze the state. The result was a more complex reading of how the modern word created complex challenges for individuals and states alike, especially well articulated in the work of Kaufmann and Luhmann.
The Danish Agendas Project
Authors: Green-Pedersen Christoffer , Mortensen Peter B. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The Danish Policy Agendas Project was initiated in 2002. This chapter presents the dataset included in the Danish Policy Agendas Project. The major time series cover parliamentary activities, party manifestos, radio news, and the council agendas of local governments. All important aspects of the Danish political system are thus covered. The chapter also presents one of the major findings of Danish project, namely the ability of the opposition to influence the party system agenda, here illustrated with reference to the issue of immigration.
The Public Agenda
Authors: Bevan Shaun , Jennings Will 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter considers the question of what shapes the public agenda and how, in turn, the public agenda influences public policy. It introduces the survey question about the most important problem as a measure of the public agenda—comparing evidence on the policy issues attended to by publics in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Spain, and also the degree to which public opinion itself is subject to “punctuations.” The analysis shows how the public agenda reflects both the problem status and level of media coverage of certain issues (specifically crime and the economy). Lastly, it presents evidence on the correspondence between the priorities of citizens and those of policymakers.
Parliamentary Questions
Authors: Borghetto Enrico , Chaqués-Bonafont Laura 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Do political parties increasingly engage in non-legislative parliamentary activities? To what extent is the range of issues addressed through parliamentary questioning becoming more diverse? Is overtime change in issue attention during question time incremental or rather stable and occasionally interspersed with radical changes? These questions have generated an intense debate in legislative and agenda-setting studies during the last decades. The goal of this chapter is to explore these trends by focusing on a specific type of non-legislative activity: oral questions to the cabinet in the plenary. The analysis relies on the data available in eight countries of the Comparative Agendas Project: Belgium, Denmark, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, and the United Kingdom.
‘That Saucy Paradox’
Authors: Kesselring K.J. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Chapter 4 looks at the duel as envisioned when it first appeared in late sixteenth-century England. Seen as an inherently private, unauthorized quest for revenge fought by elite men, the duel prompted responses from King James VI and I that some common law advocates in time came to see as problematic. The chapter surveys the history of duelling in practice and as an idea. It argues that the abstraction of the duel as a special kind of fight by men of special status helped in the creation of stronger statements of the supremacy of the king’s peace and public justice over private interests, in part by doing so in ways that many elite men found useful or at least not unduly threatening.
‘For Publick Satisfaction’
Authors: Kesselring K.J. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Chapter 5 turns to the ways in which killings became ‘public’ in the sense of being made widely known, and how that contributed to making homicide public in the sense of being seen as an offence against a community. It examines public executions, the advent of printing—including both the new genre of the murder pamphlet and legal printing more generally—and the rise of the commercial stage. It examines the ways in which these discussions and displays helped inculcate a message that vengeance ought to be left to law, a public rather than private matter.
Conclusion
Authors: Kesselring K.J. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The conclusion sums up ways in which the manslaughter verdict became a useful mechanism for criminalizing homicide, or making murder public, and thus how it might have contributed to the declining incidence of homicide in the period. It surveys the responses to a number of killings by elite men at the end of the period, and how these responses show signs of the broader changes under discussion in the book. It ends with a brief summary of the political aspects of homicide and its prosecution, and addresses how talk of murder as an offence against a collectivity beyond king and kin both drew upon broad participation and served to exclude some people from law’s protections.
The Theory and Philosophy of Life
Authors: Flood Gavin 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The idea that there is an animating principle, a life force, that drives the living, that life itself comes to form through the manifold appearances of the world, is very ancient and can be found in Greece, China, and India. We also have more recent philosophical arguments that have understood life in terms of a vital principle or essence. Philosophies rooted in biology have tended to be sceptical of vitalist philosophies, while vitalist philosophies have rejected eliminative, materialist explanations. With reference to these concerns, the chapter examines the question of whether we are to understand life primarily in terms of human purposes, desires, fears, and hopes; or are we to explain life primarily in terms of impersonal, biological drives?
The Emergence of Religion
Authors: Flood Gavin 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The communicative practices that comprise religions have their roots in human niche construction. But this is not a cognitivist argument that locates religion in particular regions of the brain, or a naturalist, biological reductionism that maintains the hegemony of the genes; rather, it contends that forms of communicative practice that are constitutive of religions, while being rooted in human biology, function at a cultural level that has autonomy from the cellular. Religions are niche constructions that create worlds of meaning through imagination within which people can live complete and competent lives and that function eschatologically to facilitate self-repair; their roots are in the pro-social emotions, language development, and ritual behaviour.
Earth under Heaven
Authors: Flood Gavin 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
China developed the notion of life as a sustaining power of living beings, but in contrast to India, did not pursue the idea of transcendence as its source. In contrast to any Gnostic view of flight to a higher reality that we find in India or Greece, China throughout its history has maintained a positive evaluation of life, placing human life within a cosmos. In particular, pre-modern Chinese civilization emphasized harmony in the relationship between heaven (tian), earth (di), and humanity (jen): there should be a ‘unity of heaven and humanity’. Heaven is the source of all things and generally, with some philosophical exceptions, humanity is thought to be perfectible. There is a continuity between the political and natural orders that the chapter examines.
Transforming Life
Authors: Flood Gavin 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Although the category ‘Abrahamic religions’ is contentious, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam do form a group of traditions related historically, conceptually, and practically. The theme of life itself has been central for them all, especially the sacrificial model of transforming death into life and an eschatology that awaits the end of days. The history of these three religions has been more conflictual than harmonious, almost inseparable from the history of power and the emergence of the idea of the nation and state. A conception of life begins to emerge in these religions from common roots in Jewish and Greek thinking. Three trajectories of interest in life itself can be traced: first, a sacrificial imaginary at work across the Greek, Semitic, and Christian histories; second, life understood in terms of verticality; and third, a horizontal, scientific drive to understand life.
Bare Life and the Resurrection of the Body
Authors: Flood Gavin 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Vital materialism imbues life with positive value and interfaces with environmentalism. But there is another kind of vitalism in which the political colonizes life in a way that brings into question the value of life itself and brings life into proximity with nihilism. We might call this a dark vitalism, which we see emerging in the European body politic in the twentieth century. While this stream of thought can be read as an attempt to heal the past through creating a utopian and messianic future, it nevertheless negates the values of life and undermines its healing project because fundamentally locked into a form of nihilism, thereby negating life-affirming values. By contrast, spiritual philosophies of life offer a counter-narrative to the dark vitalism that has held such a grip on nations in the last hundred years.
Ruin and Reformation in Spenser, Shakespeare, and Marvell
Authors: Mottram Stewart 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Ruin and Reformation explores writerly responses to the religious violence of the long reformation in England and Wales, spanning over a century of literature and history, from the establishment of the national church under Henry VIII (1534), to its disestablishment under Oliver Cromwell (1653). It focuses on representations of ruined churches, monasteries, and cathedrals in the works of a range of English protestant writers, including Spenser, Shakespeare, Jonson, Herbert, Denham, and Marvell, reading literature alongside episodes in English reformation history: from the dissolution of the monasteries and destruction of church icons and images, to the puritan reforms of the 1640s. The study departs from previous responses to literature’s ‘bare ruined choirs’, which tend to read writerly ambivalence towards the dissolution of the monasteries as evidence of traditionalist, catholic, or Laudian nostalgia for the pre-reformation church. Instead, Ruin and Reformation shows how English protestants of all varieties—from Laudians to presbyterians—could, and did, feel ambivalence towards, and anxiety about, the violence that accompanied the dissolution of the monasteries and the other acts of protestant reform. The study therefore demonstrates that writerly misgivings about ruin and reformation need not necessarily signal an author’s opposition towards England’s reformation project. In so doing, Ruin and Reformation makes an important contribution to cross-disciplinary debates about the character of English protestantism in its formative century, revealing that doubts about religious destruction were as much a part of the grammar of English protestantism as expressions of popular support for iconoclasm in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
John the Theologian and his Paschal Gospel
Authors: Behr John 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This is an inter-disciplinary work, bringing together historical scholarship (regarding the earliest readers of the Gospel of John), contemporary scriptural scholarship on John, and philosophy, specifically Michel Henry, a French Phenomenologist and another reader of John, to explore how the Incarnation relates to the Passion of Christ, and how we understand and speak of revelation, that is, the relationship between scriptural exegesis and theological discourse. In particular, the work shows how ‘incarnation’ is not an event now in the past, but rather the continuing embodiment of God in those who follow Christ in the present. Those who do so, moreover, are born into life as human beings, giving their assent to the project of God initiated in the opening verses of Scripture, ‘Let us make a human being in our image’. The intimate connection between theology and anthropology, centered in Christology, as this work demonstrates, illumines the nature and task of theology itself, bringing together the various disciplines drawn upon in this study.
History, Phenomenology, and Theology
Authors: Behr John 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter brings together the presentation of Michel Henry’s reading of John in Chapter Six with themes explored in the previous two parts of the work. In particular the connection is made in the concern of both theology and phenomenology with ‘apocalypse’, that is, ‘unveiling’, ‘revelation’, ‘appearance’. This unveiling results in a doubling: the way Scripture had been read before the Passion (as narratives about the past) and now in the light of the Passion (as speaking about Christ); and following this unveiling: the identity of Christ, no longer known as the son of Joseph and Mary, but the eternal Word of God; the Eucharist, which appears in the world to be bread and wine, but is consumed as the life-giving flesh of Christ; and ourselves, not simply as bodily children of our parents, but, as living flesh, sons and daughters of God, with a body not made by hands, eternal in the heavens. Sharing the Passion of Christ, recalled from absorption in the world to the pathos of life, is our entry, in and with Christ, into the divine reality of God, in which, while remaining what we are by nature, created beings, we share in the properties of God, uncreated and eternal, just as iron, when placed in a fire, remains what it is by nature but is now only known by the properties of the fire. And in turn, the divine fire, while remaining unchanged, is now embodied, but in a body no longer known by spatio-temporal properties as it appears in this world. The economy of God, understood in an apocalyptic key, brings together heaven and earth, the beginning and the end, in Christ, the first human being, the theanthropos.
Conclusion
Authors: Behr John 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The Conclusion brings together the different threads spun during the course of this work to reflect on the nature and task of theology. Rather than seeing theology as the articulation of various doctrines, Trinity and Incarnation chief among them, and as a separate discipline from scriptural exegesis or phenomenological reflection, the conclusion argues that the subject of Christian theology is the Crucified and Exalted Jesus Christ, as preached by the apostles in accordance with Scripture, who, in the way in which he dies as a human being, shows us what it is to be God and human, simultaneously, so calling us to become human, as he is, and share in the life that he offers. This connection between theology and anthropology, centered in Christology, is compared to similar insights developed by Karl Barth and Karl Rahner.