bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Early Surgery in Prone Position for Associated Injuries in Patients Undergoing Non‐operative Management for Splenic and Liver Injuries
Authors: Markert Kathrin , Haltmeier Tobias , Khatsilouskaya Tatsiana , Keel Marius J. , Candinas Daniel , Schnüriger Beat 
Published: July 2018

AbstractBackgroundIn patients undergoing non‐operative management (NOM) of blunt splenic and/or liver injuries, no data exist on the safety of same‐admission surgery in prone position for concomitant injuries.MethodsRetrospective study including adult trauma patients with blunt splenic/liver injuries and attempted NOM from 01/2009 to 06/2015 was conducted. Patient and injury characteristics as well as outcomes [failed (f)NOM, mortality] of patients with/without surgery in prone position were compared (‘prone’ vs. ‘non‐prone’ group).ResultsA total of 244 patients with blunt splenic/liver injury and attempted NOM were included. Forty patients (16.4%) underwent surgery in prone position on median post‐injury day 2.0 [interquartile range (IQR) 3.0]. Surgery in prone position was mostly performed for associated spinal or pelvic injuries. The ISS was significantly higher, and the proportion of patients with high‐grade injuries (OIS ≥ 3) was significantly less frequent in the ‘proneʼ group (30.0 ± 14.5 vs. 23.9 ± 13.2, p = 0.009 and 27.5 vs. 53.9%, p = 0.002). In‐hospital mortality as well as NOM failure rates were not significantly different between the ‘prone’ and ‘non‐proneʼ group (2.5 vs. 2.9%, p = 1.000; 0.0 vs. 4.4%, p = 0.362). Eleven patients with high‐grade injuries were operated in prone position at median day 3 (IQR 3.0). None of these patients failed NOM. However, one patient with a grade IV splenic injury required immediate splenectomy after being operated in right‐sided position on the day of admission.ConclusionIn this single‐center analysis, surgery in prone position was performed in a substantial number of patients with splenic/liver injuries without increasing the fNOM rate. However, caution should be used in patients with grade IV/V splenic injuries.
The Mechanism Behind the Oxidation Protection of High Mg Al Alloys with Beryllium
Authors: Smith Nicholas , Kvithyld Anne , Tranell Gabriella 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe addition of beryllium to Al-Mg alloys is known to cause a dramatic decrease in oxidation; however, the mechanism behind this protective effect is not yet fully understood. To aid in finding an alternative to the toxic Be, a fundamental study of Be additions has been carried out. Industrial samples containing 2 ppm Be and a model alloy with 100 ppm Be were oxidized at temperatures between 550 °C and 750 °C in a horizontal tube furnace. The oxide layer and oxide–metal interface were investigated using SEM, FIB, and XPS. It was found that Be forms a uniform oxide layer at the oxide–metal interface which slows the diffusion of Mg and Al from the metal into the oxide layer resulting in a reduced oxidation rate and an increase in the time for breakaway oxidation to occur.
Petrographic and Geochemical Study of Gurha Lignites, Bikaner Basin, Rajasthan, India: Implications for Thermal Maturity, Hydrocarbon Generation Potential and Paleodepositional Environment
Authors: Singh Alok K. , Kumar Alok 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
In the present study an attempt has been made to characterize the Gurha lignites employing petrographic and geochemical techniques on a large number of lignite samples. The data generated has been discussed to understand the hydrocarbon generation potential as well as the evolution of the paleomires of these lignites. The present investigation indicates that these lignites are mainly dominated by the huminite followed by inertinite and liptinites occurs in meager concentration. The huminite reflectance values rank the Gurha lignite as a low-rank B lignite.
Petrographic result indicates these lignites are thermally immature in nature and comprised of Type-III kerogen and may generate only gas on maturation which is further supported by the rock-eval pyrolysis. The plots of rock eval data also indicates the same. The GI and TPI as well as GWI and VI values and the petrography-based facies critical models indicate that these lignites originated mostly under wet forest swamp condition. The microscopic constituents have also shown that these lignites are from herbaceous plants in wet forest swamp environment and ombrotrophic hydrological condition. The presences of framboidal pyrite in the study area infer the marine influence which also supported by the presence of high sulphur content.
5-Hydroxymethylome in Circulating Cell-Free DNA as A Potential Biomarker for Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Zhang Ji , Han Xiao , Gao Chunchun , Xing Yurong , Qi Zheng , Liu Ruijuan , Wang Yueqin , Zhang Xiaojian , Yang Yun-Gui , Li Xiangnan , Sun Baofa , Tian Xin 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the most common type of lung cancer accounting for 85% of the cases, is often diagnosed at advanced stages owing to the lack of efficient early diagnostic tools. 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) signatures in circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) that carries the cancer-specific epigenetic patterns may represent the valuable biomarkers for discriminating tumor and healthy individuals, and thus could be potentially useful for NSCLC diagnosis. Here, we employed a sensitive and reliable method to map genome-wide 5hmC in the cfDNA of Chinese NSCLC patients and detected a significant 5hmC gain in both the gene bodies and promoter regions in the blood samples from tumor patients compared with healthy controls. Specifically, we identified six potential biomarkers from 66 patients and 67 healthy controls (mean decrease accuracy &gt;3.2, P &lt; 3.68E−19) using machine-learning-based tumor classifiers with high accuracy. Thus, the unique signature of 5hmC in tumor patient’s cfDNA identified in our study may provide valuable information in facilitating the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic modalities for NSCLC.
Fisetin impedes developmental methylmercury neurotoxicity via downregulating apoptotic signalling pathway and upregulating Rho GTPase signalling pathway in hippocampus of F1 generation rats
Authors: Jacob Sherin , Thangarajan Sumathi 
Published: July 2018

AbstractMethyl mercury is a teratogenic and neurodevelopmental toxicant in the environment. MeHg affects several biological pathways critical for brain development. The present study validated the effect of Fisetin on developmental MeHg exposure induced alterations in mitochondrial apoptotic pathway and Rho GTPase mRNA expressions in hippocampus of F1 generation rats. Pregnant Wistar rats were grouped as Group I : administered with vehicle control, Group II: MeHg (1.5 mg/kg b.w), Group III: MeHg + Fisetin (10 mg/kg b.w), Group IV: MeHg + Fisetin (30 mg/kg b.w), Group V: MeHg + Fisetin (50 mg/kg b.w), Group VI: MeHg + Fisetin (70 mg/kg b.w), Group VII: Fisetin (30 mg/kg b.w) alone. Fisetin reduced mercury accumulation in offspring brain. In hippocampus, Fisetin preserved mitochondrial total thiol status, glutathione antioxidant system, mitochondrial metabolic integrity and respiratory chain activity. Fisetin ameliorated apoptotic signals by preventing Cytochrome c release, down regulating ERK 1/2 and Caspase 3 gene expression. Fisetin also upregulated mRNA expressions of RhoA/Rac1/Cdc42 in hippocampus. Predominant effect of Fisetin was to reduce mercury accumulation in offspring brain there by diminishing the toxic effect of MeHg. Hence we showed that, gestational intake of Fisetin (30 mg/kg b.w.) impedes developmental MeHg neurotoxicity by regulating mitochondrial apoptotic and Rho GTPase signalling molecules and by reducing the mercury accumulation in hippocampus of F1 generation rats
Disappearance of cerebrovascular laminin immunoreactivity as related to the maturation of astroglia in rat brain
Authors: Kálmán Mihály , Oszwald Erzsébet , Pócsai Károly , Bagyura Zsolt , Adorján István 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe present paper provides novel findings on the temporo‐spatial correlation of perivascular laminin immunoreactivity with the early postnatal astrocyte development. The cerebrovascular laminin immunoreactivity gradually disappears during development. The fusion of the glial and vascular basal laminae during development makes the laminin epitopes inaccessible for antibody molecules (Krum et al., 1991, Exp Neurol 111:151). The fusion is supposed to correlate with the maturation of the glio‐vascular connections. Glial development was followed by immunostaining for GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein), S100 protein, glutamine synthetase as glial markers and for nestin to visualize the immature glial structures. Our investigation focused on the period from postnatal day (P)2 to P16, on the dorso‐parietal pallium. In the wall of the telencephalon the laminin immunoreactivity disappeared between P5 and P10; in subcortical structures it persisted to P12 or even to P16. Its disappearance overlapped the period when GFAP‐immunopositive astrocytes were taking the place of radial glia. Despite the parallel time courses, however, the spatial patterns of the two processes were just the opposite: disappearance of the laminin immunoreactivity progressed from the middle zone whereas the appearance of GFAP from the pial surface and the corpus callosum. Rather, the regression of the vascular laminin immunoreactivity followed the progression of the immunoreactivities of glutamine synthetase and S100 protein. Therefore, the regression really correlates with a ‘maturation’ of astrocytes which, however, affects other astrocyte functions rather than cytoskeleton.
Molecular imaging in dementia: Past, present, and future
Authors: Laforce Robert , Soucy Jean‐Paul , Sellami Leila , Dallaire‐Théroux Caroline , Brunet Francis , Bergeron David , Miller Bruce L. , Ossenkoppele Rik 
Published: July 2018

AbstractMolecular imaging techniques using 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose, amyloid tracers, and, more recently, tau ligands have taken dementia research by storm and undoubtedly improved our understanding of neurodegenerative diseases. The ability to image in vivo the pathological substrates of degenerative diseases and visualize their downstream impact has led to improved models of pathogenesis, better differential diagnosis of atypical conditions, as well as focused subject selection and monitoring of treatment in clinical trials aimed at delaying or preventing the symptomatic phase of Alzheimer's disease. In this article, we present the main molecular imaging techniques used in research and practice. We further summarize the key findings brought about by each technique individually and more recently, as adjuncts to each other. Specific limitations of each imaging modality are discussed, as well as recommendations to overcome them. A nonvalidated clinical algorithm is proposed for earlier and more accurate identification of complex/atypical neurodegenerative diseases.
Enterprise-grade networks: the answer to IoT security challenges
Authors: Beecher Phil 
Published: July 2018

The Internet of Things (IoT) is quietly transforming the way utilities, industrial firms and smart city stakeholders operate. Some sectors are certainly accelerating faster than others to an IoT-driven future. But one thing is true across the board: cyber-security remains the primary barrier to the success of projects, both in terms of technical challenges and getting all-important board-level buy-in. Enterprise-grade networks should therefore be a priority for organisations wanting to improve the quality of life of citizens, drive business efficiencies, lower costs and increase the reliability of systems and services. The Internet of Things (IoT) is quietly transforming the way utilities, industrial firms and smart city stakeholders operate. Some sectors are accelerating faster than others to an IoT-driven future. But one thing is true across the board: cyber-security remains the primary barrier to the success of projects, both in terms of technical challenges and getting all-important board-level buy-in. Enterprise-grade networks should therefore be a priority for organisations wanting to improve the quality of life of citizens, drive business efficiencies, lower costs and increase the reliability of systems and services, argues Phil Beecher of the Wi-SUN Alliance.
The influence of wall roughness on bubble drag reduction in Taylor–Couette turbulence
Authors: Verschoof Ruben A. , Bakhuis Dennis , Bullee Pim A. , Huisman Sander G. , Sun Chao , Lohse Detlef 
Published: July 2018

We experimentally study the influence of wall roughness on bubble drag reduction in turbulent Taylor–Couette flow, i.e. the flow between two concentric, independently rotating cylinders. We measure the drag in the system for the cases with and without air, and add roughness by installing transverse ribs on either one or both of the cylinders. For the smooth-wall case (no ribs) and the case of ribs on the inner cylinder only, we observe strong drag reduction up to DR$=33\,\%$ and DR$=23\,\%$, respectively, for a void fraction of $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}=6\,\%$. However, with ribs mounted on both cylinders or on the outer cylinder only, the drag reduction is weak, less than DR$=11\,\%$, and thus quite close to the trivial effect of reduced effective density. Flow visualizations show that stable turbulent Taylor vortices – large-scale vortical structures – are induced in these two cases, i.e. the cases with ribs on the outer cylinder. These strong secondary flows move the bubbles away from the boundary layer, making the bubbles less effective than what had previously been observed for the smooth-wall case. Measurements with counter-rotating smooth cylinders, a regime in which pronounced Taylor rolls are also induced, confirm that it is really the Taylor vortices that weaken the bubble drag reduction mechanism. Our findings show that, although bubble drag reduction can indeed be effective for smooth walls, its effect can be spoiled by e.g. biofouling and omnipresent wall roughness, as the roughness can induce strong secondary flows.
Social norms and the law in responding to infanticide
Authors: Brennan Karen 
Published: July 2018

AbstractDuring the early and middle decades of the twentieth century, a number of jurisdictions introduced specific laws to deal with the crime of infanticide, following the English approach to this offence which allowed for a reduced conviction and flexible sentence in cases where women killed their babies aged under 12 months whilst in a mentally disturbed state. Taking the Irish experience, this paper explores the role of social norms in the criminal justice response to infanticide. It is argued that, irrespective of the existing legal framework in place, implicit shared social norms about the ‘appropriate’ outcome in cases where women killed their babies played a crucial part in how this crime has been dealt with by the courts. The criminal justice response will be assessed against shifting legal and social environments, in particular, the enactment of a specific Infanticide Act in 1949, and Ireland's transition from a conservative to a liberal society during the last decades of the twentieth century. In particular, the role of social norms in the interpretation of the medical rationale for this law is explored, and the impact of Ireland's social and cultural liberalisation on the criminal justice response to infanticide is examined.
White matter lesions in magnetic resonance imaging of the brain in 56 patients with visual vertigo
Authors: Dimitriadis P A , Saad M , Igra M S , Mandavia R , Bowes C , Hoggard N , Ray J 
Published: July 2018

AbstractBackgroundVisual vertigo is defined as a condition in which there is worsening or triggering of vestibular symptoms in certain visual environments. Previous studies have associated visual vertigo with an increased prevalence of underlying white matter lesions on brain imaging.MethodThis study evaluated the magnetic resonance imaging scans of the brain from a cohort of patients with visual vertigo, and compared the outcomes to an age- and gender-matched group of healthy volunteers.Results and conclusionWhite matter lesions were observed in 17.9 per cent of the patient group and in 16.3 per cent of the control group. The prevalence of white matter lesions in the patient group was not too different to that expected based on age.
Stabilizing Forests and Communities: Accommodative Buffering within China's Collective Forest Tenure Reform
Authors: Zinda John Aloysius , Zhang Zhiming 
Published: July 2018

AbstractChina's recent collective forest tenure reform is intended to clarify and certify forest rights, and thereby promote market circulation of forestland, encourage forestry production and safeguard conservation. Central policy statements prioritize parcelling tenure among households to promote efficient management. This study examines how participants experienced the programme in communities in north-west Yunnan. In the study area, rather than individualizing tenure, forestry agencies compelled communities to re-collectivize forests. Nonetheless, residents persist in using household forests despite restrictions. Local officials tacitly sanction these activities. In mountain hinterlands, forest tenure reform has been focused on “stabilizing” forests and communities. Rather than forcibly impose tenure designs, authorities perform what we call accommodative buffering. A set of formal institutions, rules and mappings enables projects like forest ecological compensation payments to go forward. However, state agents at local and higher levels tolerate informal practices that contain the trouble that poorly fitted formal institutions might cause. While potentially more resilient than by-the-book enforcement, these arrangements could leave residents vulnerable to political shifts that require a demonstration of policy adherence.
F-fluorodeoxyglucose-positive emission tomography/CT imaging for left ventricular assist device-associated infections in children
Authors: Absi Mohammed , Bocchini Claire , Price Jack F. , Adachi Iki 
Published: July 2018

AbstractLeft ventricular assist device implantation is an important therapeutic option for children with end-stage heart failure. However, device-related complications such as infection may occur while the patient is supported. Device-associated infection can be life-threatening, and early detection is critical. F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography and CT is a highly sensitive imaging modality for the detection of an inflammatory response and is useful to evaluate the response to antibiotic therapy. We present two case reports of a left ventricular assist device-associated infection detected by F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography and CT in children.
External auditory meatus involvement in nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Lee Dai Wee , Ho Gwo Fuang 
Published: July 2018

AbstractBackgroundNasopharyngeal carcinoma with local extension to the external auditory meatus is rarely reported.Case presentationWe present two cases of nasopharyngeal carcinoma with invasion to the external auditory meatus. First case at initial presentation; and the second at disease recurrence. Both patients presented with unilateral otologic symptoms corresponding to the affected site; as well as being heavily node positive. Otoscopic examination and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron-emission topography demonstrated the involvement of external auditory meatus.ConclusionsThese two cases highlight the need of careful otoscopic examination and functional imaging to diagnose such cases.
The “Radiating Effects” of the ECtHR on Social Mobilizations Around Religion and Education in Europe: An Analytical Frame
Authors: Fokas Effie , Anagnostou Dia 
Published: July 2018

AbstractA growing non-legal scholarship explores the domestic implementation of international court judgments in national law and policy. Yet little attention has been paid to the indirect effects of European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) case law: namely, the ways in which its judgments may raise public consciousness, change how social actors articulate their claims, and/or prompt mobilization among civil society actors. This paper conceptualizes the significance of the indirect effects of ECtHR judgments in the domain of religion and education. Drawing on a constitutive approach to the law it explains the potential impact of such indirect effects. Second, it presents analytical concepts such as legal mobilization, which underpin the country-based case studies included in this symposium. Third, it provides an overview of the ECtHR religion and education-related case law which sets the stage for examining the nature and effects of the shadow of that case law in different country contexts.
The neurocranium of the Lower Carboniferous sharkTristychius arcuatus(Agassiz, )
Authors: Coates Michael I. , Tietjen Kristen 
Published: July 2018

ABSTRACTTristychius arcuatus, from the late Viséan of Scotland, is known from numerous ironstone nodule-encased specimens. These are reinvestigated using computerised tomography (CT) scanning and 3-D digital reconstruction methods. CT scans of the neurocranium (braincase) corroborate many features of the existing reconstruction, but also reveal new details of the gross proportions, the external morphology and, for the first time, features of the internal morphology, including the otic skeletal labyrinth. The unusual position of the articulation for the palatoquadrate on the ventral surface of the postorbital process is confirmed, but the area for the hyoid articulation is relocated posteriorly and the configuration of nerve foramina within the orbit is changed. A preliminary phylogenetic hypothesis is offered, suggesting a place forTristychiuswithin a sequence of early branching events in the elasmobranch lineage. In this,Tristychiusis not resolved as a hybodontid, but is instead a stem elasmobranch possibly related to genera such asAcronemus, and exemplifying anatomical conditions close to the base of the Euselachii. As such, the neurocranium ofTristychiusoffers important insight into a defining feature of these early members of the anatomically advanced elasmobranchs: the origin of specialised phonoreception.
Cross‐Phase Determination of Ultralow Frequency Wave Harmonic Frequencies and Their Associated Plasma Mass Density Distributions
Authors: Wharton S. J. , Wright D. M. , Yeoman T. K. , James M. K. , Sandhu J. K. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractLatitudinally spaced ground‐based magnetometers can be used to estimate the eigenfrequencies of magnetic field lines using the cross‐phase technique. These eigenfrequencies can be used with a magnetic field model and an assumed plasma mass density distribution to determine the plasma mass density in the magnetosphere. Automating this process can be difficult, and so far, it has not been possible to distinguish between the different harmonics. Misidentification of the harmonic mode will lead to incorrect estimations of the plasma mass density. We have developed an algorithm capable of identifying multiple harmonics in cross‐phase spectrograms, using International Monitor for Auroral Geomagnetic Effects magnetometers. Knowledge of multiple harmonics allows the distribution of plasma mass density to be estimated instead of assumed. A statistical study was performed that showed clear common bands of eigenfrequencies, interpreted as different harmonics. These eigenfrequencies were lowest in the early afternoon and at higher latitudes. There was also a greater occurrence of measurements in the dayside. We then modeled the plasma mass density distribution with a power law characterized by the exponent p and compared the model eigenfrequencies to the data. This suggested that the even modes did not form during the interval of this study. Examination of the harmonic spacing and the high occurrence of the third harmonic supported this suggestion. We attribute the absence of the even modes to the driving mechanisms. Finally, we show that an equatorial bulge in plasma mass density was not present in our study.