bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Governing sustainable palm oil supply: Disconnects, complementarities, and antagonisms between state regulations and private standards
Authors: Pacheco Pablo , Schoneveld George , Dermawan Ahmad , Komarudin Heru , Djama Marcel 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe global palm oil value chain has grown in complexity; stakeholder relationships and linkages are increasingly shaped by new public and private standards that aim to ameliorate social and environmental costs while harnessing economic gains. Regulatory initiatives in the emerging policy regime complex struggle to resolve sector‐wide structural performance issues: pervasive land conflicts, yield differences between companies and smallholders, and carbon emissions arising from deforestation and peatland conversion. Identifying opportunities for more effective governance of the palm oil value chain and supply landscapes, this paper explores disconnects, complementarities, and antagonisms between public regulations and private standards, looking at the global, national, and subnational policy domains shaping chain actors’ conduct. Greater complementarities have emerged among transnational instruments, but state regulation disconnects persist and antagonisms prevail between national state regulations and transnational private standards. Emerging experimental approaches, particularly at subnational level, aim to improve coordination to both enhance complementarities and resolve disconnects.
Association of guideline and policy changes with incidence of lifestyle advice and treatment for uncomplicated mild hypertension in primary care: a longitudinal cohort study in the Clinical Practice Research Datalink
Authors: Sheppard James P , Stevens Sarah , Stevens Richard J , Mant Jonathan , Martin Una , Hobbs F.D. Richard , McManus Richard J 
Published: September 2018

ObjectivesEvidence to support initiation of pharmacological treatment in patients with uncomplicated (low risk) mild hypertension is inconclusive. As such, clinical guidelines are contradictory and healthcare policy has changed regularly. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of lifestyle advice and drug therapy in this population and whether secular trends were associated with policy changes.DesignLongitudinal cohort study.SettingPrimary care practices contributing to the Clinical Practice Research Datalink in England.ParticipantsData were extracted from the linked electronic health records of patients aged 18–74 years, with stage 1 hypertension (blood pressure between 140/90 and 159/99 mm Hg), no cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and no treatment, from 1998 to 2015. Patients exited if follow-up records became unavailable, they progressed to stage 2 hypertension, developed a CVD risk factor or received lifestyle advice/treatment.Primary outcome measuresThe association between policy changes and incidence of lifestyle advice or treatment, examined using an interrupted time-series analysis.ResultsA total of 108 843 patients were defined as having uncomplicated mild hypertension (mean age 51.9±12.9 years, 60.0% female). Patientsspent a median 2.6 years (IQR 0.9–5.5) in the study, after which 12.2% (95% CI 12.0% to 12.4%) were given lifestyle advice, 29.9% (95% CI 29.7% to 30.2%) were prescribed medication and 19.4% (95% CI 19.2% to 19.6%) were given both. The introduction of the quality outcomes framework (QOF) and subsequent changes to QOF indicators were followed by significant increases in the incidence of lifestyle advice. Treatment prescriptions decreased slightly over time, but were not associated with policy changes.ConclusionsDespite secular trends that accord with UK guidance, many patients are still prescribed treatment for mild hypertension. Adequately powered studies are needed to determine if this is appropriate.
Investigating equalisation of health inequalities during adolescence in four low-income and middle-income countries: an analysis of the Young Lives cohort study
Authors: Ward Joseph L , Viner Russell M 
Published: September 2018

ObjectiveTo investigate if socioeconomic gradients in health reduce during adolescence (the equalisation hypothesis) in four low-income and middle-income countries (LMIC).SettingAnalysis of the Young Lives Study cohorts in Ethiopia, Peru, Vietnam and India.ParticipantsA total of 3395 participants (across the four cohorts) aged 6–10 years at enrolment and followed up for 11 years.Outcomes measuredChange in income-related health inequalities from mid-childhood to late adolescence. Socioeconomic status was determined by wealth index quartile. The health indicators included were self-reported health, injuries in the previous 4 years, presence of long-term health problems, low mood, alcohol use, overweight/obesity, thinness and stunting. The relative risk of each adverse health outcome between highest and lowest wealth index quartile were compared across four waves of the study within each country.ResultsWe found steep socioeconomic gradients across multiple health indicators in all four countries. Socioeconomic gradients remained similar across all waves of the study, with no significant decrease during adolescence.ConclusionWe found no consistent evidence of equalisation for income-related health inequalities in youth in these LMIC. Socioeconomic gradients for health in these cohorts appear to persist and be equally damaging across the early life course and during adolescence.
Spatio - temporal modelling assessing the burden of malaria in affected low and middle-income countries: a scoping review
Authors: Odhiambo Julius Nyerere , Sartorius Benn 
Published: September 2018

IntroductionSpatio - temporal modelling of malaria has proven to be a valuable tool for forecasting as well as control and elimination activities. This has been triggered by an increasing availability of spatially indexed data, enabling not only the characterisation of malaria at macrospatial and microspatial levels but also the development of geospatial techniques and tools that enable health policy planners to use these available data more effectively. However, there has been little synthesis regarding the variety of spatio - temporal approaches employed, covariates employed and ‘best practice’ type recommendations to guide future modelling decisions. This review will seek to summarise available evidence on the current state of spatio - temporal modelling approaches that have been employed in malaria modelling in low and middle-income countries within malaria transmission limits, so as to guide future modelling decisions.Methods and analysisA comprehensive search for articles published from January 1968 to April 2018 will be conducted using of the following electronic databases: PubMed, Web of Science, JSTOR, Cochrane CENTRAL via Wiley, Academic Search Complete via EBSCOhost, MasterFILE Premier via EBSCOhost, CINAHL via EBSCOhost, MEDLINE via EBSCOhost and Google Scholar. Relevant grey literature sources such as unpublished reports, conference proceedings and dissertations will also be incorporated in the search. Two reviewers will independently conduct the title screening, abstract screening and, thereafter, a full-text review of all potentially eligible articles. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis Protocols guidelines will be used as the standard reporting format. A qualitative thematic analysis will be used to group and evaluate selected studies around their aim, spatio - temporal methodology employed, covariates used and model validation techniques.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval is not applicable to this study. The results will be disseminated through a peer-reviewed journal and presented in conferences related to malaria and spatial epidemiology.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42017076427.
Long-term retreatment rates of cerebral aneurysms in a population-level cohort
Authors: Daileda Taylor , Vahidy Farhaan S , Chen Peng Roc , Kamel Hooman , Liang Conrad W , Savitz Sean I , Sheth Sunil A 
Published: September 2018

BackgroundThe likelihood of retreatment in patients undergoing procedures for cerebral aneurysms (CAs) has an important role in deciding the optimal treatment type. Existing determinations of retreatment rates, particularly for unruptured CAs, may not represent current clinical practice.ObjectiveTo use population-level data to examine a large cohort of patients with treated CAs over a 10-year period to estimate retreatment rates for both ruptured and unruptured CAs and explore the effect of changing treatment practices.MethodsWe used administrative data from all non-federal hospitalizations in California (2005–2011) and Florida (2005–2014) and identified patients with treated CAs. Surgical clipping (SC) and endovascular treatments (ETs) were defined by corresponding procedure codes and an accompanying code for ruptured or unruptured CA. Retreatment was defined as subsequent SC or ET.ResultsAmong 19 482 patients with treated CAs, ET was performed in 12 007 (62%) patients and SC in 7475 (38%). 9279 (48%) patients underwent treatment for unruptured CAs and 10203 (52%) for ruptured. Retreatment after 90 days occurred in 1624 (8.3%) patients (11.2% vs 3.7%, ET vs SC). Retreatment rates for SC were greater in unruptured than in ruptured aneurysms (4.6% vs 3.1%), but the opposite was true for ET (10.6% vs 11.8%). 85% of retreatments were within 2 years of the index treatment. Retreatment was associated with age (OR=0.99, 95% CI 0.98 to 0.99), female sex (OR=1.5, 95% CI 1.3 to 1.7), Hispanic versus white race (OR=0.86, 95% CI 0.75 to 0.98), and ET versus SC (OR=3.25, 95% CI 2.85 to 3.71). The adjusted 2-year retreatment rate decreased from 2005 to 2012 for patients with unruptured CAs treated with ET (11% to 8%).ConclusionsRetreatment rates for CAs treated with ET were greater than those for SC. However, for patients with unruptured CAs treated with ET, we identify a continuous decline in retreatment rate over the past decade.
Cardiologist perceptions of family-centred rounds in cardiovascular clinical care
Authors: Ludmir Jonathan , Liu Xinggang , Gupta Anuj , Ramani Gautam V , Liu Stanley S , Zakaria Sammy , Verceles Avelino C , Shah Nirav G , McCurdy Michael T , Dammeyer Jennifer A , Netzer Giora 
Published: September 2018

ObjectiveFew data exist regarding physician attitudes and implementation of family-centred rounds (FCR) in cardiovascular care. This study aimed to assess knowledge and attitudes among cardiologists and cardiology fellows regarding barriers and benefits of FCRs.MethodsAn electronic, web-based questionnaire was nationally distributed to cardiology fellows and attending cardiologists.ResultsIn total, 118 subjects were surveyed, comprising cardiologists (n=64, 54%) and cardiology fellows (n=54, 46%). Overall, 61% of providers reported participating in FCRs and 64% felt family participation on rounds benefits the patient. Both fellows and cardiologists agreed that family rounds eased family anxiety (fellows, 63%; cardiologists, 56%; p=0.53), improved communication between the medical team and the patient and family (fellows, 78%; cardiologists, 61%; p=0.18) and improved patient safety (fellows, 59%; cardiologists, 47%; p=0.43). Attitudes regarding enhancement of trainee education were similar (fellows, 69%; cardiologists, 55%; p=0.19). Fellows and cardiologists felt that family increased the duration of rounds (fellows, 78%; cardiologists, 80%; p=0.18) and led to less efficient rounds (fellows, 54%; cardiologists, 58%; p=0.27).ConclusionThe majority of cardiologists and fellows believed that FCRs benefited families, communication and patient safety, but led to reduced efficiency and longer duration of rounds.
Origin of the southernmost Arctic tundra of continental North America
Authors: Payette Serge , Pilon Vanessa , Frégeau Mathieu 
Published: September 2018

The Arctic tundra extends beyond the treeline north of 58°N in eastern North America and north of 66°N in western North America and Eurasia. A marked exception to this distribution is the azonal tundra situated as far south as 54°30′–45′N, in the Pointe-Louis-XIV area (JABA), along the fast-rising coasts of James Bay–Hudson Bay. The unusual position of JABA calls into question the influence of climate as the main causal factor for its existence. Macrocharcoal remains extracted from tundra and forest soils were used along a 105 km transect to date the onset of the boreal environment based on past occurrence of conifer fires. Assuming crustal uplift 1.3 m 100 year−1 and 2.4 m 100 year−1 over and before the last 1000 years, and after correcting site elevation at the time the oldest conifer fires occurred, trees established along the coast before 4000 cal. BP. Given charcoal distribution suggesting boreal vegetation in sites ≤13 m a.s.l., JABA was created after 4000 cal. BP when the flat, elongated peninsula emerged above marine waters. It is concluded that JABA origin was most likely caused by the synergistic impact of geophysical factors, isostatic uplift and topography, on a coastal environment already influenced by cold, wind-exposed conditions.
VEGFC Antibody Therapy Drives Differentiation of AML
Authors: Kampen Kim R. , Scherpen Frank J.G. , Mahmud Hasan , ter Elst Arja , Mulder André B. , Guryev Victor , Verhagen Han J.M.P. , De Keersmaecker Kim , Smit Linda , Kornblau Steven M. , De Bont Eveline S.J.M. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
High expression of VEGFC predicts adverse prognosis in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). We therefore explored VEGFC-targeting efficacy as an AML therapy using a VEGFC mAb. VEGFC antibody therapy enforced myelocytic differentiation of clonal CD34+ AML blasts. Treatment of CD34+ AML blasts with the antibody reduced expansion potential by 30% to 50% and enhanced differentiation via FOXO3A suppression and inhibition of MAPK/ERK proliferative signals. VEGFC antibody therapy also accelerated leukemia cell differentiation in a systemic humanized AML mouse model. Collectively, these results define a regulatory function of VEGFC in CD34+ AML cell fate decisions via FOXO3A and serve as a new potential differentiation therapy for patients with AML.
Significance: These findings reveal VEGFC targeting as a promising new differentiation therapy in AML. Cancer Res; 78(20); 5940–8. ©2018 AACR.
Cholinergic Signaling via Muscarinic Receptors Directly and Indirectly Suppresses Pancreatic Tumorigenesis and Cancer Stemness
Authors: Renz Bernhard W. , Tanaka Takayuki , Sunagawa Masaki , Takahashi Ryota , Jiang Zhengyu , Macchini Marina , Dantes Zahra , Valenti Giovanni , White Ruth A. , Middelhoff Moritz A. , Ilmer Matthias , Oberstein Paul E. , Angele Martin K. , Deng Huan , Hayakawa Yoku , Westphalen C. Benedikt , Werner Jens , Remotti Helen , Reichert Maximilian , Tailor Yagnesh H. , Nagar Karan , Friedman Richard A. , Iuga Alina C. , Olive Kenneth P. , Wang Timothy C. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
In many solid tumors, parasympathetic input is provided by the vagus nerve, which has been shown to modulate tumor growth. However, whether cholinergic signaling directly regulates progression of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has not been defined. Here, we found that subdiaphragmatic vagotomy in LSL-Kras+/G12D;Pdx1-Cre (KC) mice accelerated PDAC development, whereas treatment with the systemic muscarinic agonist bethanechol restored the normal KC phenotype, thereby suppressing the accelerated tumorigenesis caused by vagotomy. In LSL-Kras+/G12D;LSL-Trp53+/R172H;Pdx1-Cre mice with established PDAC, bethanechol significantly extended survival. These effects were mediated in part through CHRM1, which inhibited downstream MAPK/EGFR and PI3K/AKT pathways in PDAC cells. Enhanced cholinergic signaling led to a suppression of the cancer stem cell (CSC) compartment, CD11b+ myeloid cells, TNFα levels, and metastatic growth in the liver. Therefore, these data suggest that cholinergic signaling directly and indirectly suppresses growth of PDAC cells, and therapies that stimulate muscarinic receptors may be useful in the treatment of PDAC.
Significance: Subdiaphragmatic vagotomy or Chrm1 knockout accelerates pancreatic tumorigenesis, in part via expansion of the CSC compartment. Systemic administration of a muscarinic agonist suppresses tumorigenesis through MAPK and PI3K/AKT signaling, in early stages of tumor growth and in more advanced, metastatic disease. Therefore, CHRM1 may represent a potentially attractive therapeutic target. Cancer Discov; 8(11); 1458–73. ©2018 AACR.
This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1333
Un aspect de l’art de la guerre de l’armée mamelouke : la pratique de la « fausse ouverture » à la bataille de Šaqḥab (702/1303)
Authors: Berriah Mehdi 
Published: September 2018

Résumé
Le dimanche 3 ramaḍān 702/21 avril 1303, à Šaqḥab, une localité située à une quarantaine de kilomètres au sud de Damas, les Mamelouks vainquirent l’armée ilkhanide après deux jours de rudes combats. Cette nouvelle défaite des Mongols ilkhanides marqua la fin de tout espoir pour ces derniers de reconquérir un jour la Syrie. Outre la victoire, la manière par laquelle les Mamelouks battirent leurs ennemis, plus nombreux, démontre, à bien des égards, leur supériorité tactique sur le champ de bataille. À partir du croisement des sources narratives et didactiques, cet article tente de faire la lumière sur un des aspects de l’art de la guerre des Mamelouks baḥrites.
Mating pattern, female reproduction and sexual size dimorphism in a narrow-mouthed frog (Microhyla fissipes)
Authors: Ding Guo-Hua , Tang Yun , Lin Zhi-Hua , Fan Xiao-Li , Wei Li 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
The difference in body size and/or shape between males and females, called sexual size dimorphism, is widely accepted as the evolutionary consequence of the difference between reproductive roles. To study the mating pattern, female reproduction and sexual size dimorphism in a population of Microhyla fissipes, amplexus pairs were collected, and the snout-vent length of males and females, female reproductive traits and fertilization rate were measured. If the body size of amplexed females is larger than that of amplectant males, this is referred to as a female-larger pair, a phenomenon that was often observed for M. fissipes in this study. Interestingly, snout-vent length of males in male-larger pairs was greater than that in female-larger pairs, however the post-spawning body mass, clutch size, egg dry mass and clutch dry mass did not differ between both types of pairs. Snout-vent length of males was positively related to that of females in each amplexus pair. After accounting for the snout-vent lengths of females, we showed that snout-vent lengths of males in male-larger pairs were greater than those of females in female-larger pairs. The snout-vent length ratio of males and females was not related to fertilization rate in each amplexus pair. The mean fertilization rate was not different between both amplexus pairs. These results suggest that (1) M. fissipes displays female-biased sexual size dimorphism and has two amplexus types with size-assortative mating; (2) the snout-vent length ratio of males and females in each amplexus type was consistent with the inverse of Rensch’s rule, and was driven by the combined effect of sexual selection and fecundity selection; (3) females with a larger body size were preferred by males due to their higher fecundity, while the body size of males was not important for fertilization success.
Postoperative Monitoring Following Adenotonsillectomy for Severe Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Authors: Rhodes Cecil Bryant , Eid Anas , Muller Grant , Kull Amanda , Head Tim , Mamidala Madhu , Gillespie Boyd , Sheyn Anthony 
Published: September 2018

Introduction: Patients undergoing adenotonsillectomy (T&A) for severe obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) are usually admitted for observation, and many surgeons use the intensive care unit (ICU) for observation due to the risk of postsurgical airway obstruction. Given the limited resources of the pediatric ICU (PICU), there is a push to better define the patients who require postoperative monitoring in the PICU for monitoring severe OSA. Methods: Forty-five patients were evaluated. Patients who had cardiac or craniofacial comorbidities were excluded. Patients undergoing T&A for severe OSA were monitored in the postanesthesia care unit (PACU) postoperatively. If patients required supplemental oxygen or developed hypoxia while in the PACU within the 3-hour monitoring period, they were admitted to the PICU. Results: Overall, 16 of 45 patients were admitted to the ICU for monitoring. Patients with an Apnea-Hypopnea Index (AHI) >50 or with an oxygen nadir <80% were significantly more likely to be admitted to the PICU. The mean AHI of patients admitted to the PICU was 40.5, and the mean oxygen nadir was 69.9%. Patients younger than 2 years were significantly more likely to be admitted to the PICU. Conclusion: Based on the data presented here and academy recommendations, not all patients with severe OSA require ICU monitoring.
Idiopathic Unilateral Vocal Fold Paralysis in Older Patients: Characteristics in the Disease Course and Implication of Computed Tomography for Evaluation of Etiology
Authors: Kwon Minsu , Bae Mi Rye , Lee Yoon Se , Roh Jong-Lyel , Choi Seung-Ho , Nam Soon Yuhl , Kim Sang Yoon 
Published: September 2018

Objectives: This study aimed to compare the characteristics of idiopathic unilateral vocal fold paralysis (IUVFP) in elderly versus younger patients, including the diagnostic yield of computed tomography (CT) scans for identifying the structural causes of IUVFP. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed medical records of the patients initially diagnosed with IUVFP in a single referral tertiary hospital. We compared patients’ baseline characteristics, initial symptoms, laryngoscopic findings, and prevalence of structural causes on CT scans with respect to age (younger, <65 years vs older, ⩾65 years). Results: One hundred forty-two patients were enrolled (90 younger, 52 older). Evident structural causes were more frequently found on CT in older patients than younger patients (40.4% vs 22.2%, P = .034). Among truly idiopathic cases (70 younger, 31 older), recovered vocal fold mobility was identified in 48.6% younger and 41.9% older patients ( P = .666). There was no statistically significant difference in the characteristics between unrecovered and recovered subjects of the older patients with true IUVFP (all P > .05). Conclusions: The CT scans provided significantly higher diagnostic yields in older patients than younger patients. The degrees of symptoms and complications and likelihood of natural recovery did not significantly differ between younger and older patients with IUVFP.
The Effect of Material Factors on the Density and Cell Morphology of Chemically Foamed Polypropylene
Authors: Dixon D. , Martin P.J. , Harkin-Jones E. 
Published: September 2018

This paper assesses the effect of various material factors on the cell morphology and density of extruded expanded polypropylene (EPP), rod samples produced using a range of commercial chemical blowing agents (CBAs). This work is part of a research project into the optimisation of the extrusion and subsequent thermoforming of EPP sheet for food packaging applications. In each case the agents were added to PP and extruded under identical processing conditions, and the resulting variations in foam density and cell morphology are reported and discussed. Trials were also carried out to quantify the effects on the foam of additives, such as pigment, sodium benzoate, co-polymer and regrind, and the grade of polymer used (nucleated and un-nucleated). A design of experiment (DOE) methodology was adopted for all of these latter tests. The chemical blowing agents tested, produced foams with markedly different cellular structures with cell densities in the range 4.77×104 to 1.45×106 cells/cm3. Of the other material factors tested the change in polymer grade and the addition of sodium benzoate were found to most significantly affect the density and cell morphology.