bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Disentangling Managers’ and Analysts’ Non‐GAAP Reporting
Authors: BENTLEY JEREMIAH W. , CHRISTENSEN THEODORE E. , GEE KURT H. , WHIPPLE BENJAMIN C. 
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACTResearchers frequently proxy for managers’ non‐GAAP disclosures using performance metrics available through analyst forecast data providers (FDPs), such as I/B/E/S. The extent to which FDP‐provided earnings are a valid proxy for managers’ non‐GAAP reporting, however, has been debated extensively. We explore this important question by creating the first large‐sample data set of managers’ non‐GAAP earnings disclosures, which we directly compare to I/B/E/S data. Although we find a substantial overlap between the two data sets, we also find that they differ in systematic ways because I/B/E/S (1) excludes managers’ lower quality non‐GAAP numbers and (2) sometimes provides higher quality non‐GAAP measures that managers do not explicitly disclose. Our results indicate that using I/B/E/S to identify managers’ non‐GAAP disclosures significantly underestimates the aggressiveness of their reporting choices. We encourage researchers interested in managers’ non‐GAAP reporting to use our newly available data set of manager‐disclosed non‐GAAP metrics because it more accurately captures managers’ reporting choices.
Direct and indirect effects of light pollution on the performance of an herbivorous insect
Authors: Grenis Kylee , Murphy Shannon M. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractLight pollution is a global disturbance with resounding impacts on a wide variety of organisms, but our understanding of these impacts is restricted to relatively few higher vertebrate species. We tested the direct effects of light pollution on herbivore performance as well as indirect effects mediated by host plant quality. We found that artificial light from streetlights alters plant toughness. Additionally, we found evidence of both direct and indirect effects of light pollution on the performance of an herbivorous insect, which indicates that streetlights can have cascading impacts on multiple trophic levels. Our novel findings suggest that light pollution can alter plant–insect interactions and thus may have important community‐wide consequences.
Middlemen: the good, the bad, and the ugly
Authors: Biglaiser Gary , Li Fei 
Published: February 2018

AbstractWe examine the role of a middleman as an expert in markets. A seller's effort determines the quality of the good. Buyers observe neither the seller's effort nor the good's quality. A middleman, after observing a signal about the good's quality, decides whether to purchase it and then to sell it. We show that the presence of a middleman may either reduce or exacerbate the seller's moral hazard problem. We also consider a model with multiple middlemen. We find that the seller's effort is minimized if either the middleman's signal is perfect or the number of middlemen is large.
Complements and substitutes in sequential auctions: the case of water auctions
Authors: Donna Javier D. , Espín‐Sánchez José‐Antonio 
Published: February 2018

AbstractWe use data on sequential water auctions to estimate demand when units are complements or substitutes. A sequential English auction model determines the estimating structural equations. When units are complements, one bidder wins all units by paying a high price for the first unit, thus deterring others from bidding on subsequent units. When units are substitutes, different bidders win the units with positive probability, paying prices similar in magnitude. We recover individual demand consistent with this stark pattern of outcomes and confirm it is not collusive but consistent with noncooperative behavior. Demand estimates are biased if one ignores these features.
Effects of 2 years of caloric restriction on oxidative status assessed by urinary F2‐isoprostanes: The CALERIE 2 randomized clinical trial
Authors: Il'yasova Dora , Fontana Luigi , Bhapkar Manjushri , Pieper Carl F. , Spasojevic Ivan , Redman Leanne M. , Das Sai Krupa , Huffman Kim M. , Kraus William E. ,   the CALERIE Study Investigators
Published: February 2018

SummaryCalorie restriction (CR) without malnutrition slows aging in animal models. Oxidative stress reduction was proposed to mediate CR effects. CR effect on urinary F2‐isoprostanes, validated oxidative stress markers, was assessed in CALERIE, a two‐year randomized controlled trial. Healthy volunteers (n = 218) were randomized to prescribed 25% CR (n = 143) or ad libitum control (AL, n = 75) stratifying the randomization schedule by site, sex, and BMI. F2‐isoprostanes were quantified using LC‐MS/MS in morning, fasted urine specimens at baseline, at 12 and 24 months. The primary measure of oxidative status was creatinine‐adjusted 2,3‐dinor‐iPF(2α)‐III concentration, additional measured included iPF(2α)‐III, iPF2a‐VI, and 8,12‐iso‐iPF2a‐VI. Intention‐to‐treat analyses assessed change in 2,3‐dinor‐iPF(2α)‐III using mixed models assessing treatment, time, and treatment‐by‐time interaction effects, adjusted for blocking variables and baseline F2‐isoprostane value. Exploratory analyses examined changes in iPF(2α)‐III, iPF(2α)‐VI, and 8,12‐iso‐iPF(2α)‐VI. A factor analysis used aggregate information on F2‐isoprostane values. In CR group, 2,3‐dinor‐iPF(2α)‐III concentrations were reduced from baseline by 17% and 13% at 12 and 24 months, respectively; these changes were significantly different from AL group (p < .01). CR reduced iPF(2α)‐III concentrations by 20% and 27% at 12 and 24 months, respectively (p < .05). The effects were weaker on the VI‐species. CR caused statistically significant reduction in isoprostane factor at both time points, and mean (se) changes were −0.36 (0.06) and −0.31 (0.06). No significant changes in isoprostane factor were at either time point in AL group (p < .01 between‐group difference). We conclude that two‐year CR intervention in healthy, nonobese men and women reduced whole body oxidative stress as assessed by urinary concentrations of F2‐isoprostanes.
Protein translation, proteolysis and autophagy in human skeletal muscle atrophy after spinal cord injury
Authors: Lundell L. S. , Savikj M. , Kostovski E. , Iversen P. O. , Zierath J. R. , Krook A. , Chibalin A. V. , Widegren U. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractAimSpinal cord injury‐induced loss of skeletal muscle mass does not progress linearly. In humans, peak muscle loss occurs during the first 6 weeks postinjury, and gradually continues thereafter. The aim of this study was to delineate the regulatory events underlying skeletal muscle atrophy during the first year following spinal cord injury.MethodsKey translational, autophagic and proteolytic proteins were analysed by immunoblotting of human vastus lateralis muscle obtained 1, 3 and 12 months following spinal cord injury. Age‐matched able‐bodied control subjects were also studied.ResultsSeveral downstream targets of Akt signalling decreased after spinal cord injury in skeletal muscle, without changes in resting Akt Ser473 and Akt Thr308 phosphorylation or total Akt protein. Abundance of mTOR protein and mTOR Ser2448 phosphorylation, as well as FOXO1 Ser256 phosphorylation and FOXO3 protein, decreased in response to spinal cord injury, coincident with attenuated protein abundance of E3 ubiquitin ligases, MuRF1 and MAFbx. S6 protein and Ser235/236 phosphorylation, as well as 4E‐BP1 Thr37/46 phosphorylation, increased transiently after spinal cord injury, indicating higher levels of protein translation early after injury. Protein abundance of LC3‐I and LC3‐II decreased 3 months postinjury as compared with 1 month postinjury, but not compared to able‐bodied control subjects, indicating lower levels of autophagy. Proteins regulating proteasomal degradation were stably increased in response to spinal cord injury.ConclusionTogether, these data provide indirect evidence suggesting that protein translation and autophagy transiently increase, while whole proteolysis remains stably higher in skeletal muscle within the first year after spinal cord injury.
Viral eradication reduces both liver stiffness and steatosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection who received direct‐acting anti‐viral therapy
Authors: Tada T. , Kumada T. , Toyoda H. , Sone Y. , Takeshima K. , Ogawa S. , Goto T. , Wakahata A. , Nakashima M. , Nakamuta M. , Tanaka J. 
Published: February 2018

SummaryBackgroundWhether direct‐acting anti‐viral therapy can reduce liver fibrosis and steatosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is unclear.AimsTo evaluate changes in liver stiffness and steatosis in patients with HCV who received direct‐acting anti‐viral therapy and achieved sustained virological response (SVR).MethodsA total of 198 patients infected with HCV genotype 1 or 2 who achieved SVR after direct‐acting anti‐viral therapy were analysed. Liver stiffness as evaluated by magnetic resonance elastography, steatosis as evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging‐determined proton density fat fraction (PDFF), insulin resistance, and laboratory data were assessed before treatment (baseline) and at 24 weeks after the end of treatment (SVR24).ResultsAlanine aminotransferase and homeostatic model assessment‐insulin resistance levels decreased significantly from baseline to SVR24. Conversely, platelet count, which is inversely associated with liver fibrosis, increased significantly from baseline to SVR24. In patients with high triglyceride levels (≥150 mg/dL), triglyceride levels significantly decreased from baseline to SVR24 (P = 0.004). The median (interquartile range) liver stiffness values at baseline and SVR24 were 3.10 (2.70‐4.18) kPa and 2.80 (2.40‐3.77) kPa respectively (P < 0.001). The PDFF values at baseline and SVR 24 were 2.4 (1.7‐3.4)% and 1.9 (1.3‐2.8)% respectively (P < 0.001). In addition, 68% (19/28) of patients with fatty liver at baseline (PDFF ≥5.2%; n = 28) no longer had fatty liver (PDFF <5.2%) at SVR24.ConclusionViral eradication reduces both liver stiffness and steatosis in patients with chronic HCV who received direct‐acting anti‐viral therapy (UMIN000017020).
Successful weight loss initiation and maintenance among adolescents with overweight and obesity: does age matter?
Authors: Rancourt D. , Jensen C. D. , Duraccio K. M. , Evans E. W. , Wing R. R. , Jelalian E. 
Published: February 2018

SummaryTreatments for adolescents with overweight/obesity demonstrate mixed success, which may be due to a lack of consideration for developmental changes during this period. Potential developmental differences in weight loss motivations, weight maintenance behaviours and the role of parents in these efforts were examined in a sample of successful adolescent weight losers. Participants enrolled in the Adolescent Weight Control Registry (n = 49) self‐reported demographic information and weight history, reasons for weight loss and weight control, weight loss approach and weight maintenance strategies, and perceived parental involvement with weight loss. Associations between age at weight loss initiation and the aforementioned factors were examined using linear and generalized regressions, controlling for highest z‐BMI and sex. Adolescents who were older (≥16 years) at their weight loss initiation were more likely to report losing weight on their own (37.5% vs. 75%, P = 0.01) and reported greater responsibility for their weight loss and weight loss maintenance (P < 0.001) compared to younger adolescents. Younger age at weight loss initiation was associated with greater parental involvement (P = 0.005), whereas older age was associated with greater adolescent responsibility for the decision to lose weight (P = 0.002), the weight loss approach (P = 0.007) and food choices (P < 0.001). Findings suggest the importance of considering developmental differences in responsibility for weight loss and maintenance among adolescents with overweight/obesity.
Stage‐Gate Contracts to Screen Agents with Inside Information
Authors: Wang Chunlin , Schmidt Glen , van der Rhee Bo 
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACTStage‐gate contracts are common in R&D projects, and outsourcing of R&D (from a principal to an agent) is becoming more prevalent. We explore how the principal can best formulate an outsourcing contract when the agent's effort is unobservable (moral hazard) and the agent has inside information (adverse selection) in a stage‐gate setting with two distinct stages. We find that the stage‐gate contract can help offset the information asymmetry and that the agent pays an upfront buy‐in.
Genetic variations and phylogeography of the swallowtail butterfly Papilio machaon on the Japanese Islands
Authors: Miyakawa Misa , Hosoi Mari , Kawakita Ai , Ito‐Harashima Sayoko , Yagi Takashi , Ishihara Michihiro 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe swallowtail butterfly Papilio machaon Linnaeus, 1758 is widely distributed in the Holarctic region, including all of the main islands of Japan, as well as Sakhalin, and on other smaller islands south to Yakushima Island. The Japanese population is situated at the margin of the Eurasian distribution range of this species. It is morphologically different from other populations and has been classified as the subspecies hippocrates C. & R. Felder, 1864. The population of the Japanese Islands is considered to be genetically distinct from the continental populations in relation to the geographical history of the Japanese Islands. Therefore, we examined a part of the ND5 gene sequence of the mitochondrial DNA for P. machaon individuals of various localities in Japan and some nearby countries, and found 68 haplotypes in 400 individuals from the Japanese Islands and Sakhalin. A DNA polymorphism analysis revealed that the genetic structure of the Hokkaido population was significantly different from that of the southern populations on the main Japanese islands. These results imply that P. machaon expanded its range from the Amur region of Russia southward through Sakhalin to the Japanese Islands, and that the Tsugaru Strait between Hokkaido and Honshu may have subsequently limited their gene flow as a geographical barrier.
Predictors of Saudi nursing students’ attitudes towards environment and sustainability in health care
Authors: Cruz J.P. , Alshammari F. , Felicilda‐Reynaldo R.F.D. 
Published: February 2018

AimThis study aimed to investigate the predictors of Saudi nursing students’ attitudes towards the environment and sustainability in health care.BackgroundWith rising temperature and decreasing annual rainfall, Saudi Arabia is threatened by the harmful effects of climate change on its population. In response to these threats, the Ministry of Health adapted sustainable development and environmental preservation in their National E‐Health strategy.IntroductionTo implement these policies successfully, healthcare practitioners should be educated on how climate change could impact human health negatively.MethodsA secondary analysis of 280 questionnaires from baccalaureate nursing students of a university in Hail City, Saudi Arabia, was completed. The New Ecological Paradigm (NEP) Scale and Sustainability Attitudes in Nursing Survey 2 (SANS‐2) were used to investigate the predictors of student attitudes towards the environment and sustainable development in health care.ResultsThe NEP score indicated moderate pro‐environment attitudes, whereas the SANS‐2 mean score showed very positive attitudes towards sustainability in health care. Learning about the environment and related issues in the nursing programme, raising climate change awareness and attending environment‐related seminars and training positively influenced the environmental and sustainability attitudes of nursing students.DiscussionSaudi nursing students moderately manifested pro‐environment attitudes but exhibited extremely positive attitudes towards sustainability in health care. The results support the need to strengthen the education of nursing students about environmental and sustainability concepts and the inclusion of these topics in the nursing curricula.ConclusionThe study underscores the critical role of enriching the awareness of nursing students on environmental issues and concerns and sustainability in health care.Implications for nursing and nursing policyThe findings of this study can support the inclusion of course contents, which deal specifically with environmental health and sustainability practices, in the creation of new policies directed towards curricular revision.
Physical restraint: perceptions of nurse managers, registered nurses and healthcare assistants
Authors: Leahy‐Warren P. , Varghese V. , Day M.R. , Curtin M. 
Published: February 2018

AimTo examine the perceptions of nurse managers, registered nurses and healthcare assistants of physical restraint use on older people in a long‐term care setting in the Republic of Ireland.BackgroundThe use of physical restraint, although controversial, persists in long‐term care settings, despite recommendations for restraint‐free environments. Perception and attitude of staff can influence use of physical restraint.MethodsA descriptive cross‐sectional design was used. A total of 250 nursing and healthcare assistant staff were recruited. A questionnaire incorporating demographics and the Perceptions of Restraint Use Questionnaire was used. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were conducted.ResultsMean age of respondents (n = 156) was 41 years, and the majority were female. Overall, a low level of importance was attached to the use of restraint. Nurse managers and registered nurses compared favourably with healthcare assistants who attached a higher importance to use of restraint. Across all three staff groups, greatest importance was attached to the use of physical restraint for reducing falls, followed by prevention of treatment interference. Restraint was least favoured as a means of impairment management. Education was not an explanatory factor in perceived importance of physical restraint use.ConclusionNurse managers and registered nurses are unlikely to use physical restraint. However, there is concern regarding perception of healthcare assistants on use of restraint.Implications for nursing and health policyResults from this study compare favourably with those in countries that have no policy on physical restraint use. Educational programmes alone are insufficient to address use of physical restraint. Attention to skill mix with adequate support for healthcare assistants in long‐term care settings is recommended.
A Place for Beauty in Art Education
Authors: Watts Robert 
Published: February 2018

AbstractFor the past 100 years beauty has been marginalised in Western art and regarded as a problematic notion in a range of cultural contexts. Art educators tend to associate experiences of beauty with passive appreciation rather than active engagement, while researchers of children's understanding of art characterise references to beauty as evidence of low levels of aesthetic development. This article draws on evidence from a recent study to challenge these assumptions. The study explored how children describe and analyse their perceptions of beauty and how they reflect upon and articulate their experiences of beauty. Fifty‐one children in two English primary schools were asked to find and photograph images they thought were beautiful, which they shared and discussed during a series of group interviews. The interviews provided evidence of the diversity of these children's perceptions of beauty, of their awareness of how visual and formal qualities contribute towards the beauty of images and of how their experiences of beauty can be meaningful and relevant to them. The article suggests that children's responses to beauty are not merely passive but often expressive, and that some of their responses to beauty illustrate art educators’ principles of participation, individuality and self‐expression. It argues that art educators should reappraise the value of beauty in art education and reflect on its potential for raising children's levels of engagement with the visual world.
A field study on watching eyes and hand hygiene compliance in a public restroom
Authors: Pfattheicher Stefan , Strauch Christoph , Diefenbacher Svenja , Schnuerch Robert 
Published: February 2018

AbstractHumans modify their behavior in a socially desirable way when being watched by others. We applied this basic idea to hand hygiene compliance, a behavior that is crucial for preventing germ transmission and successive infections in many settings. Building on the assumption that hand hygiene behavior is socially desirable, we assume that individuals show stronger hand hygiene compliance when being watched. In a field study in a women's public restroom (N = 354), we exposed individuals to a message advising that hand‐washing protects against the spread of pathogens. In the experimental condition, stylized human watching eyes were presented above the message. In the control condition, three stars were presented. Analysis revealed a significantly higher percentage of hand hygiene compliance in the watching eyes condition (83.3%) compared to the control condition (71.9%; odds ratio: 1.95, p = .01). The applied value for employers and public institutions is discussed.
Environmental and genetic control of cold tolerance in the Glanville fritillary butterfly
Authors: de Jong M. A. , Saastamoinen M. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThermal tolerance has a major effect on individual fitness and species distributions and can be determined by genetic variation and phenotypic plasticity. We investigate the effects of developmental and adult thermal conditions on cold tolerance, measured as chill coma recovery (CCR) time, during the early and late adult stage in the Glanville fritillary butterfly. We also investigate the genetic basis of cold tolerance by associating CCR variation with polymorphisms in candidate genes that have a known role in insect physiology. Our results demonstrate that a cooler developmental temperature leads to reduced cold tolerance in the early adult stage, whereas cooler conditions during the adult stage lead to increased cold tolerance. This suggests that adult acclimation, but not developmental plasticity, of adult cold tolerance is adaptive. This could be explained by the ecological conditions the Glanville fritillary experiences in the field, where temperature during early summer, but not spring, is predictive of thermal conditions during the butterfly's flight season. In addition, an amino acid polymorphism (Ala‐Glu) in the geneflightin, which has a known function in insect flight and locomotion, was associated with CCR. These amino acids have distinct biochemical properties and may thus affect protein function and/or structure. To our knowledge, our study is the first to link genetic variation inflightinto cold tolerance, or thermal adaptation in general.