bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Real-time Communication With Health Care Providers Through an Online Respiratory Pathogen Laboratory Report
Authors: Christensen Paul A , Olsen Randall J , Perez Katherine K , Cernoch Patricia L , Long S Wesley 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
We implemented a real-time report to distribute respiratory pathogen data for our 8-hospital system to anyone with an Internet connection and a web browser. Real-time access to accurate regional laboratory observation data during an epidemic influenza season can guide diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
Opportunistic Proposals by Union Shareholders
Authors: Matsusaka John G , Ozbas Oguzhan , Yi Irene 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
This paper investigates whether labor unions use proposals opportunistically to influence contract negotiations. Our empirical strategy relies on the observation that proposals have higher bargaining-chip value in contract expiration years, when a new contract must be negotiated. We find that in contract expiration years compared with nonexpiration years, unions increase their proposal rate by one-fifth, particularly proposals concerning executive compensation. Union proposals made during expiration years are less likely to be supported by other shareholders or a leading proxy advisor; the market reacts negatively to union proposals in expiration years; and withdrawn union proposals are accompanied by higher wage settlements.
Received March 14, 2017; editorial decision July 19, 2018 by Editor Wei Jiang. Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix, which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online
How Close Are Close Shareholder Votes?
Authors: Bach Laurent , Metzger Daniel 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
We show that close votes on shareholder proposals are disproportionately more likely to be won by management than by shareholder activists. Using a sample of shareholder proposals from 2003 to 2016, we uncover a large and discontinuous drop in the density of voting results at the 50% threshold. We document similar patterns for say on pay votes and director elections. Our findings imply that shareholder influence through voting is limited by managerial opposition. It also follows that one cannot routinely use an RDD to identify the causal effects of changes in corporate governance generated by shareholder votes.
Received May 29, 2017; editorial decision August 21, 2018 by Editor Itay Goldstein. Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix, which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online.
Preservation Effect: Cigarette Smoking Acts on the Dynamic of Influences Among Unifying Neuropsychiatric Triple Networks in Schizophrenia
Authors: Liao Wei , Fan Yun-Shuang , Yang Siqi , Li Jiao , Duan Xujun , Cui Qian , Chen Huafu 
Published: November 2018

Abstract

Objective
The high prevalence of cigarette smoking in schizophrenia (SZ) is generally explained by the self-medication theory. However, its neurobiological mechanism remains unclear. The impaired dynamic of influences among unifying neuropsychiatric triple networks in SZ, including the central executive network (CEN), the default mode network (DMN), and the salience network (SN), might explain the nature of their syndromes, whereas smoking could regulate the dynamics within networks. Therefore, this study examined whether cigarette smoking could elicit a distinct improvement in the dynamics of triple networks in SZ and associated with the alleviation of symptoms.

Methods
Four groups were recruited, namely, SZ smoking (n = 22)/nonsmoking (n = 25), and healthy controls smoking (n = 22)/nonsmoking (n = 21). All participants underwent a resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The dynamics among unifying neuropsychiatric triple networks were measured using Granger causality analysis on the resting-sate fMRI signal. Interaction effects between SZ and smoking on dynamics were detected using 2-way analysis of covariance, correcting for sex, age, and education level.

Results
Whereas smoking reduced SN→DMN dynamic in healthy controls, it preserved the dynamic in SZ, thus suggesting a preservation effect. Moreover, smoking additionally increased DMN→CEN dynamic in SZ.

Conclusions
This finding from neural pathways shed new insights into the prevailing self-medication hypothesis in SZ. More broadly, this study elaborates on the neurobiological dynamics that may assist in the treatment of the symptomatology of SZ.
High Birth Weight, Early UV Exposure, and Melanoma Risk in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults
Authors: Wojcik Katherine Y. , Escobedo Loraine A. , Wysong Ashley , Heck Julia E. , Ritz Beate , Hamilton Ann S. , Milam Joel , Cockburn Myles G. 
Published: November 2018

Background:
Melanoma, the deadliest form of skin cancer, is the second most common cancer diagnosed before age 30. Little is known about potentially modifiable or intervenable risk factors specific to developing melanoma at a young age. The objective was to determine if high birth weight or higher early-life ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposure would be associated with increased risk of melanoma in young patients.

Methods:
Population-based, case–control study of 1,396 cases of melanoma diagnosed before age 30 in 1988–2013 and 27,920 controls, obtained by linking cancer registry data to birth records in California.

Results:
High birth weight (>4,000 g) was associated with 19% higher risk of melanoma (OR = 1.19; 95% CI = 1.02, 1.39), while low birth weight (<2,500 g) was associated with 41% lower risk (OR = 0.59; 95% CI = 0.43, 0.82), compared with normal birth weight (2,500–4,000 g); dose–response per 1,000 g increase was also evident (OR = 1.24; 95% CI = 1.13, 1.36). All quartiles of birthplace UV greater than the lowest quartile were associated with increased melanoma risk. The strongest relation between birthplace UV and melanoma was for 15–19 years of age at diagnosis.

Conclusions:
High birth weight and high early-life UV exposure may be important independent risk factors for melanoma diagnosis before age 30. The implication is that adopting skin-protective behaviors as early as infancy could be important for primary prevention of melanoma in younger people. However, research that accounts for early-life behavioral patterns of skin protection during infancy is needed to advance our understanding of how birth weight and early-life UV may influence the development of early-onset melanoma.
Oncologic management of sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma
Authors: Tyler Matthew A. , Holmes Brittany , Patel Zara M. 
Published: November 2018

Purpose of reviewThis article reviews the latest treatment paradigms in sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma (SNUC).Recent findingsThe aggressive biology and associated advanced presentation of SNUC make successful treatment a challenge shared across medical specialties. Still, studies reporting outcomes in SNUC indicate that an aggressive treatment strategy consisting of surgery, radiation and chemotherapy offers the best chance of prolonged survival.SummarySuccessful treatment of SNUC requires highly specialized care at tertiary cancer treatment facilities. A better understanding of the biology of the disease coupled with increasing outcome reporting will lead to optimized treatment regimens.
Control of Lead Sources in the United States, 1970-2017: Public Health Progress and Current Challenges to Eliminating Lead Exposure
Authors: Dignam Timothy , Kaufmann Rachel B. , LeStourgeon Lauren , Brown Mary Jean 
Published: November 2018

Context:
During the past 45 years, exposure to lead has declined dramatically in the United States. This sustained decline is measured by blood and environmental lead levels and achieved through control of lead sources, emission reductions, federal regulations, and applied public health efforts.

Objective:
Explore regulatory factors that contributed to the decrease in exposure to lead among the US population since 1970.

Design/Setting:
We present historical information about the control of lead sources and the reduction of emissions through regulatory and selected applied public health efforts, which have contributed to decreases in lead exposure in the United States. Sources of lead exposure, exposure pathways, blood lead measurements, and special populations at risk are described.

Results:
From 1976-1980 to 2015-2016, the geometric mean blood lead level (BLL) of the US population aged 1 to 74 years dropped from 12.8 to 0.82 μg/dL, a decline of 93.6%. Yet, an estimated 500 000 children aged 1 to 5 years have BLLs at or above the blood lead reference value of 5 μg/dL established by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Low levels of exposure can lead to adverse health effects. There is no safe level of lead exposure, and child BLLs less than 10 μg/dL are known to adversely affect IQ and behavior. When the exposure source is known, approximately 95% of BLLs of 25 μg/dL or higher are work-related among US adults. Despite much progress in reducing exposure to lead in the United States, there are challenges to eliminating exposure.

Conclusions:
There are future challenges, particularly from the inequitable distribution of lead hazards among some communities. Maintaining federal, state, and local capacity to identify and respond to populations at high risk can help eliminate lead exposure as a public health problem. The results of this review show that the use of strong evidence-based programs and practices, as well as regulatory authority, can help control or eliminate lead hazards before children and adults are exposed.
Determining the symmetries of difference equations
Authors: Xenitidis Pavlos 
Published: November 2018

We derive the determining equations for the
N
th-order generalized symmetries of partial difference equations defined on
d
consecutive quadrilaterals on the lattice using the theory of integrability conditions. We provide their algebraic formulation and develop the necessary theoretical framework for their analysis along with a systematic method for solving functional equations of the form

T

(

f
)
+
A
f
+
B
=
0

. Our approach is algorithmic and can be easily implemented in symbolic computations. We demonstrate our approach by deriving the symmetries of various equations and discuss certain applications and extensions of the theory.
Peripheral blood exosomes pass blood-brain-barrier and induce glial cell activation
Authors: Morales-Prieto Diana M. , Stojiljkovic Milan , Diezel Celia , Streicher Priska-Elisabeth , Röstel Franziska , Lindner Julia , Weis Sebastian , Schmeer Christian , Marz Manja 
Published: November 2018

ABSTRACTBackgroundExosomes are involved in intracellular communication and contain proteins, mRNAs, miRNAs, and signaling molecules. Exosomes were shown to act as neuroinflammatory mediators involved in neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Brain aging has been associated to increased neuroinflammation. In addition, a decreased extracellular vesicle concentration was observed in aging tissues. The specific mechanisms how exosomes and aging are connected are not known yet.ResultsHere we have shown that peripheral injection had almost no effect on selected gene expression in the liver. However, exosome injection has led to changes in the specific markers of glial cell activation (CD68, Iba1, GFAP). Interestingly, only injection of exosomes isolated from aged mice induced significant activation of astrocyte cells, as shown by increased GFAP expression.ConclusionTranscription levels of genes GFAP, TGF-β, CD68, Iba1 known to be involved in glial cell function are significantly changing after introduction of peripheral extracellular vesicles. Exosomes were able to pass blood brain barrier and induce glial cell activation. GFAP known to be a specific astrocyte activation marker was significantly higher expressed after injection of old but not young exosomes, indicating a possible role of exosomes in the mechanisms of brain aging.
Estimation of permutation-based metabolome-wide significance thresholds
Authors: Peluso Alina , Glen Robert , Ebbels Timothy M D 
Published: November 2018

AbstractMotivationA key issue in the omics literature is the search for statistically significant relationships between molecular markers and phenotype. The aim is to detect disease-related discriminatory features while controlling for false positive associations at adequate power. Metabolome-wide association studies have revealed significant relationships of metabolic phenotypes with disease risk by analysing hundreds to tens of thousands of molecular variables leading to multivariate data which are highly noisy and collinear. In this context, conventional Bonferroni or Sidak multiple testing corrections are rather useful as these are valid for independent tests, while permutation procedures allow for the estimation of significance levels from the null distribution without assuming independence among features. Nevertheless, under the permutation approach the distribution of p-values may present systematic deviations from the theoretical null distribution which leads to overly conservative adjusted threshold estimates i.e. smaller than a Bonferroni or Sidak correction.MethodsWe make use of parametric approximation methods based on a multivariate Normal distribution to derive stable estimates of the metabolome-wide significance level. A univariate approach is applied based on a permutation procedure which effectively controls the overall type I error rate at the α level.ResultsWe illustrate the approach for different model parametrizations and distributional features of the outcome measure, using both simulated and real data. We also investigate different levels of correlation within the features and between the features and the outcome.AvailabilityMWSL is an open-source R software package for the empirical estimation of the metabolome-wide significance level available at https://github.com/AlinaPeluso/MWSL.
Integrating prediction errors at two time scales permits rapid recalibration of speech sound categories
Authors: Olasagasti Itsaso , Giraud Anne-Lise 
Published: November 2018

AbstractSpeech perception is assumed to arise from internal models of specific sensory features associated speech sounds. When these features change, the listener should recalibrate its internal model by appropriately weighing new versus old evidence in a volatility dependent manner. Models of speech recalibration have classically ignored volatility. Those that explicitly consider volatility have been designed to describe human behavior in tasks where sensory cues are associated with arbitrary experimenter-defined categories or rewards. In such settings, a model that maintains a single representation of the category but continuously adapts the learning rate works well. Using neurocomputational modelling we show that recalibration of existing “natural” categories is better described when sound categories are represented at different time scales. We illustrate our proposal by modeling the rapid recalibration of speech categories (Lüttke et al. 2016).
First estimation of the scale of canonical 5’ splice site GT>GC mutations generating wild-type transcripts and their medical genetic implications
Authors: Lin Jin-Huan , Tang Xin-Ying , Boulling Arnaud , Zou Wen-Bin , Masson Emmanuelle , Fichou Yann , Raud Loann , Tertre Marlène Le , Deng Shun-Jiang , Berlivet Isabelle , Ka Chandran , Mort Matthew , Hayden Matthew , Gac Gerald Le , Cooper David N. , Li Zhao-Shen , Férec Claude , Liao Zhuan , Chen Jian-Min 
Published: November 2018

ABSTRACTIt has long been known that canonical 5’ splice site (5’SS) GT>GC mutations may be compatible with normal splicing. However, to date, the true scale of canonical 5’SS GT>GC mutations generating wild-type transcripts, both in the context of the frequency of such mutations and the level of wild-type transcripts generated from the mutation alleles, remain unknown. Herein, combining data derived from a meta-analysis of 45 informative disease-causing 5’SS GT>GC mutations (from 42 genes) and a cell culture-based full-length gene splicing assay of 103 5’SS GT>GC mutations (from 30 genes), we estimate that ∼15-18% of the canonical GT 5’SSs are capable of generating between 1 and 84% normal transcripts as a consequence of the substitution of GT by GC. We further demonstrate that the canonical 5’SSs whose substitutions of GT by GC generated normal transcripts show stronger complementarity to the 5’ end of U1 snRNA than those sites whose substitutions of GT by GC did not lead to the generation of normal transcripts. We also observed a correlation between the generation of wild-type transcripts and a milder than expected clinical phenotype but found that none of the available splicing prediction tools were able to accurately predict the functional impact of 5’SS GT>GC mutations. Our findings imply that 5’SS GT>GC mutations may not invariably cause human disease but should also help to improve our understanding of the evolutionary processes that accompanied GT>GC subtype switching of U2-type introns in mammals.
Colistin kills bacteria by targeting lipopolysaccharide in the cytoplasmic membrane
Authors: Sabnis Akshay , Hagart Katheryn L. H. , Klöckner Anna , Becce Michele , Evans Lindsay E. , Furniss R. Christopher D. , Mavridou Despoina A. I. , Murphy Ronan , Stevens Molly M. , Davies Jane C. , Larrouy-Maumus Gerald J. , Clarke Thomas B. , Edwards Andrew M. 
Published: November 2018

SummaryColistin is an antibiotic of last resort, but has poor efficacy and resistance is a growing problem. Whilst it is well established that colistin disrupts the bacterial outer membrane by selectively targeting lipopolysaccharide (LPS), it was unclear how this led to bacterial killing. We discovered that MCR-1 mediated colistin resistance is due to modified LPS at the cytoplasmic rather than outer membrane. In doing so, we also demonstrated that colistin exerts bactericidal activity by targeting LPS in the cytoplasmic membrane. We then exploited this information to devise a new therapeutic approach. Using the LPS transport inhibitor murepavadin, we were able to cause LPS accumulation in the cytoplasmic membrane, which resulted in increased susceptibility to colistin in vitro and improved treatment efficacy in vivo. These findings reveal new insight into the mechanism by which colistin kills bacteria, providing the foundations for novel approaches to enhance therapeutic outcomes.
SyntrophusConductive Pili Demonstrate that Common Hydrogen-Donating Syntrophs can have a Direct Electron Transfer Option
Authors: Walker David J.F. , Nevin Kelly P. , Holmes Dawn E. , Rotaru Amelia-Elena , Ward Joy E. , Woodard Trevor L. , Zhu Jiaxin , Ueki Toshiyuki , Nonnenmann Stephen S. , McInerney Michael J. , Lovley Derek R. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractSyntrophic interspecies electron exchange is essential for the stable functioning of diverse anaerobic microbial communities. Hydrogen/formate interspecies electron transfer (HFIT), in which H2and/or formate function as diffusible electron carriers, has been considered to be the primary mechanism for electron sharing because most common syntrophs were thought to lack biochemical components, such as electrically conductive pili (e-pili), necessary for direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET). Here we report thatSyntrophus aciditrophicus, one of the most intensively studied microbial models for HFIT, produces e-pili and can grow via DIET. Pilin genes likely to yield e-pili were found in other genera of hydrogen/formate-producing syntrophs. The finding that DIET is a likely option for diverse syntrophs that are abundant in many anaerobic environments necessitates a reexamination of the paradigm that HFIT is the predominant mechanism for syntrophic electron exchange within anaerobic microbial communities of biogeochemical and practical significance.
Biofilm-associatedMycobacterium abscessuscells have altered antibiotic tolerance and surface glycolipids in Artificial Cystic Fibrosis Sputum Media
Authors: Hunt-Serracin Augusto Cesar , Parks Brian J. , Boll Joseph , Boutte Cara 
Published: November 2018

AbstractMycobacterium abscessus(Mab) is a biofilm-forming, multi-drug resistant, non-tuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) pathogen increasingly found in Cystic Fibrosis patients. Antibiotic treatment for these infections is often unsuccessful, partly due toMab’s high intrinsic antibiotic resistance. It is not clear whether antibiotic tolerance caused by biofilm formation also contributes to poor treatment outcomes. We studied the surface glycolipids and antibiotic tolerance ofMabbiofilms grown in Artificial Cystic Fibrosis Sputum (ACFS) media in order to determine how they are affected by nutrient conditions that mimic infection. We found thatMabdisplays more of the virulence lipid trehalose dimycolate when grown in ACFS compared to standard lab media. In ACFS media, biofilm-associated cells are more antibiotic tolerant than planktonic cells in the same well. This contrasts with standard lab medias, where biofilm and planktonic cells are both highly antibiotic tolerant. These results indicate thatMabcell physiology in biofilms depends on environmental factors, and that nutrient conditions found within Cystic Fibrosis infections could contribute to both increased virulence and antibiotic tolerance.
Robotic platform for microinjection into single cells in intact tissue
Authors: Shull Gabriella , Haffner Christiane , Huttner Wieland B. , Taverna Elena , Kodandaramaiah Suhasa B 
Published: November 2018

AbstractMicroinjection into single cells in intact tissue allows the delivery of membrane-impermeant molecules such as nucleic acids and proteins is a powerful technique to study and manipulate the behavior of these cells and, if applicable, their progeny. However, a high level of skill is required to perform such microinjection and is a low-throughput and low-yield process. The automation of microinjection into cells in intact tissue would empower an increasing number of researchers to perform these challenging experiments and could potentially open up new avenues of experimentation. We have developed the ‘Autoinjector’, a robot that utilizes images acquired from a microscope to guide a microinjection needle into tissue to deliver femtoliter volumes of liquids into single cells. The robotic operation enables microinjection of hundreds of cells within a single organotypic slice, resulting in an overall yield that is an order of magnitude greater than manual microinjection. We validated the performance of the Autoinjector by microinjecting both apical progenitors (APs) and newborn neurons in the embryonic mouse telencephalon, APs in the embryonic mouse hindbrain, and neurons in fetal human brain tissue. We demonstrate the capability of the Autoinjector to deliver exogenous mRNA into APs. Further, we used the Autoinjector to systematically study gap-junctional communication between neural progenitors in the embryonic mouse telencephalon and found that apical contact is a characteristic feature of the cells that are part of a gap junction-coupled cell cluster. The throughput and versatility of the Autoinjector will not only render microinjection a broadly accessible high-performance cell manipulation technique but will also provide a powerful new platform for bioengineering and biotechnology for performing single-cell analyses in intact tissue.