bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chemical Solution Deposition (CSD)
Authors: Bäcker Michael , Baumann Annika , Brunkahl Oliver , Erbe Manuela , Schneller Theodor 
Published: February 2019

AbstractChemical solution deposition (CSD) can offer economic access to large area coatings, which are required to handle significant amounts of energy in innovative applications. CSD represents an umbrella term encompassing various methods such as sol–gel, metallo‐organic decomposition (MOD), and chemical bath deposition (CBD), which are used for the fabrication of functional metal chalcogenide films. These methods are all based on the layer fabrication from precursors dissolved in the liquid phase, which are transformed into the final functional film material by different working principles. The differences are related to the involved chemistry, solvent, temperatures, and heating processes, as described herein. In addition, chemical and physical deposition methods are briefly compared, highlighting their advantages and disadvantages.
Sol–Gel Deposition of Thin Films
Authors: Nagyal Little , Gupta Sachchidanand Soaham , Singh Rajeev , Kumar Amit , Chaudhary Pratibha 
Published: February 2019

AbstractOne of the most important applications of sol–gel processing is in the preparation of thin films. Thin‐film formation is possible due to deposition of alkoxide followed by exposure to moisture. There are various methods for thin‐film coating or deposition using sol–gel technique. However, the basic steps are almost similar, which include exhausting, excess deposit material processing, and then drying. The physical properties and microstructure of films (density, porosity etc.) are governed by the structure of the colloidal species in the dispersion. The criteria governing the deposition along with the methods of deposition and their applications are discussed in this article.
Growth Control and Thickness Measurement of Thin Films
Authors: Eisenmenger‐Sittner Christoph 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThis article presents the main control parameters of thin film growth. Structure zone models and methods to determine the deposition rate are discussed. In addition, the most important techniques used to determine thin films thickness (such as the quartz oscillator method and various optical methods) and roughness (such as STM, AFM, LEED, RHEED, and X‐ray reflectivity) are also presented.
Pulsed Laser Deposition
Authors: Lorenz Michael 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThis article is intended for both undergraduate and advanced students, and for physicists and materials scientists, who want to know more about the basics and the state of the art of pulsed laser deposition (PLD). PLD is a rapidly developing and widespread growth technique for both thin films and nanostructures, mainly in research environments, but with beginning industrial impact. Here, the important basic and technological aspects of PLD are treated in a concise way, and possible additional reading is given.
Fourier Plane Optical Microscopy and Spectroscopy
Authors: Vasista Adarsh B. , Sharma Deepak K. , Kumar G.V. Pavan 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIntensity, wavevector, phase, and polarization are the most important parameters of any light beam. Understanding the wavevector distribution has emerged as a very important problem in recent days, especially at nanoscale. It provides unique information about the light–matter interaction. Back focal plane or Fourier plane imaging and spectroscopy techniques help to measure wavevector distribution not only from single molecules and single nanostructures but also from metasurfaces and metamaterials. This article provides a birds‐eye view on the technique of back focal imaging and spectroscopy, different methodologies used in developing the technique, and applications including angular emission patterns of fluorescence and Raman signals from molecules, elastic scattering, etc. We first discuss on the information one can obtain at the back focal plane of the objective lens according to both imaging and spectroscopy viewpoints and then discuss the possible configurations utilized to project back focal plane of the objective lens onto the imaging camera or to the spectroscope. We also discuss the possible sources of error in such measurements and possible ways to overcome it and then elucidate the possible applications.
Photonics for Explosives Detection
Authors: Venugopal Rao Soma , Abdul Kalam Shaik , Bharathi Moram Sree Satya 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIn this article, we present an overview of the various photonic aspects involved in different techniques for explosives detection on field and in the lab. We confine this synopsis to only laser‐based techniques for detecting explosive molecules in point or proximal setup (laser source and detectors are in the proximity of sample) and in standoff mode (laser and detectors are at certain distance from the sample). The techniques considered in this overview are (a) laser‐induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), (b) Raman spectroscopy and its variants [surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), coherent anti‐Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS), and spatial offset Raman spectroscopy (SORS)], (c) terahertz (THz) spectroscopy, and (d) photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS). Various photonic aspects related to these techniques such as (i) laser sources used and the future requirements, (ii) detectors employed at present and improvements required, (c) design and advances in variety of optics used for illuminating, collimating, collecting, focusing, etc., and (d) integration of all these components for the creation of efficient portable devices for explosives detection in the laboratory and field are discussed in detail. We also present results obtained through some of our efforts toward trace and standoff explosives detection using SERS and femtosecond LIBS techniques, respectively.
Genetic Pathways Important for Iron Nutrition and Biofortification of Bread Wheat
Authors: Bonneau Julien , O'Brien Martin , Plett Darren C. , Johnson Alexander A. T. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractHuman iron (Fe) deficiency affects two billion people and causes a range of serious health disorders including anaemia and depressed immune function. Iron‐biofortified cereals could greatly improve food security in developing countries where dietary diversity, food fortification, and supplementation programs are limited. In this article, we present a synopsis of human Fe deficiency and highlight gross national income and anaemia prevalence around the globe in conjunction with wheat and rice production and consumption. We then describe the genetic pathways underlying Fe uptake and nutrition in plants and summarize the effects of altering specific aspects of these genetic pathways on rice grain Fe. Building on valuable information gleaned from rice, we then delve into the wheat genome and demonstrate with case studies how recently released wheat genome assemblies and gene expression platforms greatly facilitate gene discovery and can play an integral role in the development of Fe biofortified bread wheat.
Determination of Fructans in Plants: Current Analytical Means for Extraction, Detection, and Quantification
Authors: Matros Andrea , Peukert Manuela , Lahnstein Jelle , Seiffert Udo , Burton Rachel 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Fructans are one of the most significant groups of sucrose‐derived water‐soluble carbohydrates in higher plants and microbes. They are largely differentiated by the linkage type between the terminal sucrose and the adjacent fructosyl units as well as by the degree of polymerisation ranging from oligomers (DP 3–9) to polymers (DP ≥10 up to a few hundred) and whether they are linear or highly branched structures (Section 2). The rapidly increasing scientific evidence for fructans functioning as reserve and structural carbohydrates as well as having antioxidant and immunomodulatory/signalling potential has motivated a recent boost in both fundamental research and in potential applications for food and nutrition. In contrast, analytical methods for fructan determination and discrimination have developed slowly. In this article, we summarise the current knowledge concerning methodologies for fructan analysis. We focus on fructan extraction and isolation (Section 3), quantification (Section 4), separation and detection (Section 5), structural characterisation (Section 6) as well as approaches for tissue‐specific and spatially resolved analysis (Section 7), and nondestructive detection of fructans (Section 8) in various plant materials. Finally, we discuss future perspectives for fructan analysis in plant tissues, also in the context of investigating structure–function relationships (Section 9).
F‐Box Proteins in Plants
Authors: Zhang Xuebin , Gonzalez‐Carranza Zinnia H. , Zhang Shulin , Miao Yuchen , Liu Chang‐Jun , Roberts Jeremy A. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe F‐box domain containing proteins is one of the super protein families in Eukaryotic cells including yeast, plant, and mammals. For example, the model plantArabidopsisandMedicagogenomes contain nearly 700 and 1000 F‐box protein encoding genes, respectively, which are the two largest gene families in the plant kingdom. Excluding the N‐terminal signature, the approximately 40–50 conserved amino‐acid F‐box motif and their C‐terminal protein–protein interaction domains define the different F‐box protein subfamilies. Most of the F‐box proteins studied so far can interact with SKP proteins, together with Cullin and Rbx1 to form the SCF complexes, which are the classic and most well‐studied E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes. Through the F‐box protein C‐terminal domains, the SCF complexes confer the specificity of selective protein ubiquitination and subsequent degradation by the 26S proteasome, and this process is routinely termed as the ubiquitin–protease pathway (UPP). UPP‐mediated protein degradation is one of the key regulatory mechanisms for protein stability and is the major protein degradation pathway for the majority of the intracellular proteins. Since the first plant F‐box gene,UFO(Unusual Floral Organs) was isolated in 1995, a collection of about 20 plant F‐box genes have been identified and functionally characterised. Proteins encoded by plant F‐box genes have been revealed to be functionally diverse and play a variety of roles in developmental processes including plant hormonal signal transduction, floral development, secondary metabolism, senescence, circadian rhythms, and responses to both biotic and abiotic stresses. In recent years, with the rapid improvements of new genome sequencing technologies, hundreds of F‐box genes from every sequenced plant species have been identified. Comparing with the large number of F‐box genes identified so far, only a handful of them have been studied in detail and the functional characterisation of the majority of F‐box gene families remains unknown. This article summarises our current understanding of plant F‐box proteins, including their classification and the pathways that they regulate, and seeks to lay the foundation for a systematical investigation of F‐box genes in plants.
Hamilton‐based adaptive robust control for the speed and tension system of reversible cold strip rolling mill
Authors: Liu Le , Shao Nuan , Lin Minghao , Fang Yiming 
Published: February 2019

SummaryThe adaptive robust control problem for the speed and tension system of reversible cold strip rolling mill is studied based on the Hamilton theory in this paper. First, the dissipative Hamilton model of the rolling mill system's speed and tension outside loop is built through pre‐feedback control, and then, dissipative Hamilton controllers are designed by utilizing the interconnection and damping assignment and the energy shaping method. Second, in order to realize tensiometer‐free control and adaptive robust control for the perturbation parameters and load disturbance, full‐order state observers and adaptive robust controllers are designed for the rolling mill system's speed and tension outside loop by using the “extended system + feedback” method. Third, robust controllers for the rolling mill system's current inside loop are designed based on the cascade control thought, so as to realize the tracking control for the speed and tension of reversible cold strip rolling mill. Theoretical analyses show that the resulting closed‐loop system is stable. Finally, simulation research is carried out on the speed and tension system of a 1422‐mm reversible cold strip rolling mill, and simulation results verify the validity of the proposed control strategy in comparison with the decentralized overlapping control strategy.
Poly(Ferulic Acid) with an Anticancer Effect as a Drug Nanocarrier for Enhanced Colon Cancer Therapy
Authors: Zheng Yinghao , You Xinru , Guan Shuyu , Huang Jun , Wang Liying , Zhang Jiayuan , Wu Jun 
Published: February 2019

AbstractAs colorectal cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer‐related death worldwide, colorectal cancer therapy requires new strategies for improved therapeutic effects. Recently, nanodrug carriers have emerged to weaken the systemic toxicity of chemotherapy drugs and strengthen the treatment effectiveness against colorectal cancer. In this report, ferulic acid, a plant derivative, is polycondensed into poly(ferulic acid) (PFA) for the first time to serve as an excellent drug carrier with anticancer performance. PFA self‐assembles into nanoparticles by nanoprecipitation, and the screened PFA nanoparticles (NPs) have a diameter of ≈100 nm and possess a reasonable drug‐loading capacity of ≈8.3% of paclitaxel (PTX). Evaluation of CT26 cells and a corresponding mouse model indicates remarkable inhibition of colon cancer with PTX‐loaded PFA nanoparticles (PFA@PTX NPs) treatment both in vitro and in vivo. Meanwhile, evaluation of blank PFA NPs in a tumor mouse model also shows tumor inhibition, confirming that PFA itself has an anticancer effect in vivo. Overall, the novel nanoparticles based on poly(ferulic acid) can not only effectively deliver chemodrugs but also provide additional anticancer therapeutic effects, providing a promising platform for clinical colon cancer therapy.
Hierarchical Co3O4 Nanofiber–Carbon Sheet Skeleton with Superior Na/Li‐Philic Property Enabling Highly Stable Alkali Metal Batteries
Authors: Li Siyuan , Liu Qilei , Zhou Jiajun , Pan Teng , Gao Lina , Zhang Weidong , Fan Lei , Lu Yingying 
Published: February 2019

AbstractUncontrollable dendritic behavior and infinite volume expansion in alkali metal anode results in the severe safety hazards and short lifespan for high‐energy batteries. Constructing a stable host with superior Na/Li‐philic properties is a prerequisite for commercialization. Here, it is demonstrated that the small Gibbs free energy change in the reaction between metal oxide (Co3O4, SnO2, and CuO) and alkali metal is key for metal infusion. The as‐prepared hierarchical Co3O4 nanofiber–carbon sheet (CS) skeleton shows improved wettability toward molten Li/Na. The 3D carbon sheet serves as a primary framework, offering adequate lithium nucleation sites and sufficient electrolyte/electrode contact for fast charge transfer. The secondary framework of Co/Li2O nanofibers provides physical confinement of deposited Li and further redistributes the Li+ flux on each carbon fiber, which is verified by COMSOL Multiphysics simulations. Due to the uniform deposition behavior and near‐zero volume change, modified symmetrical Li/Li cells can operate under an ultrahigh current density of 20 mA cm−2 for more than 120 cycles. When paired with LiFePO4 cathodes, the Li/Co–CS cell shows low polarization and 88.4% capacity retention after 200 cycles under 2 C. Convincing improvement can also be observed in Na/Co–CS symmetrical cells applying NaClO4‐based electrolyte. These results illustrate a significant improvement in developing safe and stable alkali metal batteries.
Fortifying Angiogenesis in Ischemic Muscle with FGF9‐Loaded Electrospun Poly(Ester Amide) Fibers
Authors: Said Somiraa S. , Yin Hao , Elfarnawany Mai , Nong Zengxuan , O'Neil Caroline , Leong Hon , Lacefield James C. , Mequanint Kibret , Pickering J. Geoffrey 
Published: February 2019

AbstractDelivery of angiogenic growth factors lessens ischemia in preclinical models but has demonstrated little benefit in patients with peripheral vascular disease. Augmenting the wrapping of nascent microvessels by mural cells constitutes an alternative strategy to regenerating a functional microvasculature, particularly if integrated with a sustained delivery platform. Herein, electrospun poly(ester amide) (PEA) nanofiber mats are fabricated for delivering a mural cell‐targeting factor, fibroblast growth factor 9 (FGF9). Proof‐of‐principle is established by placing FGF9/FGF2‐loaded PEA fiber mats on the chick chorioallantoic membrane and identifying enhanced angiogenesis by 3D power Doppler micro‐ultrasound imaging. To assess the delivery system in ischemic muscle, FGF9‐loaded PEA fiber mats are implanted onto the surface of the tibialis anterior muscle of mice with hindlimb ischemia. The system supplies FGF9 into the tibialis anterior muscle and yields a neo‐microvascular network with enhanced mural cell coverage up to 28 days after injury. The regenerating muscle that receives FGF9 display near‐normal sized myofibers and reduced interstitial fibrosis. Moreover, the mice demonstrate improved locomotion. These findings of locally released FGF9 from PEA nanofibers raise prospects for a microvascular remodeling approach to improve muscle health in peripheral vascular disease.
2D–Organic Hybrid Heterostructures for Optoelectronic Applications
Authors: Sun Jia , Choi Yongsuk , Choi Young Jin , Kim Seongchan , Park Jin‐Hong , Lee Sungjoo , Cho Jeong Ho 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe unique properties of hybrid heterostructures have motivated the integration of two or more different types of nanomaterials into a single optoelectronic device structure. Despite the promising features of organic semiconductors, such as their acceptable optoelectronic properties, availability of low‐cost processes for their fabrication, and flexibility, further optimization of both material properties and device performances remains to be achieved. With the emergence of atomically thin 2D materials, they have been integrated with conventional organic semiconductors to form multidimensional heterostructures that overcome the present limitations and provide further opportunities in the field of optoelectronics. Herein, a comprehensive review of emerging 2D–organic heterostructures—from their synthesis and fabrication to their state‐of‐the‐art optoelectronic applications—is presented. Future challenges and opportunities associated with these heterostructures are highlighted.
Voltage‐Control of Magnetism in All‐Solid‐State and Solid/Liquid Magnetoelectric Composites
Authors: Molinari Alan , Hahn Horst , Kruk Robert 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe control of magnetism by means of low‐power electric fields, rather than dissipative flowing currents, has the potential to revolutionize conventional methods of data storage and processing, sensing, and actuation. A promising strategy relies on the utilization of magnetoelectric composites to finely tune the interplay between electric and magnetic degrees of freedom at the interface of two functional materials. Albeit early works predominantly focused on the magnetoelectric coupling at solid/solid interfaces; however, recently there has been an increased interest related to the opportunities offered by liquid‐gating techniques. Here, a comparative overview on voltage control of magnetism in all‐solid‐state and solid/liquid composites is presented within the context of the principal coupling mediators, i.e., strain, charge carrier doping, and ionic intercalation. Further, an exhaustive and critical discussion is carried out, concerning the suitability of using the common definition of coupling coefficient to compare the strength of the interaction between electricity and magnetism among different magnetoelectric systems.
Ultrathin Cobalt Oxide Layers as Electrocatalysts for High‐Performance Flexible Zn–Air Batteries
Authors: Zhou Tianpei , Xu Wanfei , Zhang Nan , Du Zhiyi , Zhong Chengan , Yan Wensheng , Ju Huanxin , Chu Wangsheng , Jiang Hong , Wu Changzheng , Xie Yi 
Published: February 2019

AbstractSynergistic improvements in the electrical conductivity and catalytic activity for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR)/oxygen evolution reaction (OER) are of paramount importance for rechargeable metal–air batteries. In this study, one‐nanometer‐scale ultrathin cobalt oxide (CoOx) layers are fabricated on a conducting substrate (i.e., a metallic Co/N‐doped graphene substrate) to achieve superior bifunctional activity in both the ORR and OER and ultrahigh output power for flexible Zn–air batteries. Specifically, at the atomic scale, the ultrathin CoOx layers effectively accelerate electron conduction and provide abundant active sites. X‐ray absorption spectroscopy reveals that the metallic Co/N‐doped graphene substrate contributes to electron transfer toward the ultrathin CoOx layer, which is beneficial for the electrocatalytic process. The as‐obtained electrocatalyst exhibits ultrahigh electrochemical activity with a positive half‐wave potential of 0.896 V for ORR and a low overpotential of 370 mV at 10 mA cm−2 for OER. The flexible Zn–air battery built with this catalyst exhibits an ultrahigh specific power of 300 W gcat
−1, which is essential for portable devices. This work provides a new design pathway for electrocatalysts for high‐performance rechargeable metal–air battery systems.
Materials and Designs for Wearable Photodetectors
Authors: Cai Sa , Xu Xiaojie , Yang Wei , Chen Jiaxin , Fang Xiaosheng 
Published: February 2019

AbstractPhotodetectors (PDs), as an indispensable component in electronics, are highly desired to be flexible to meet the trend of next‐generation wearable electronics. Unfortunately, no in‐depth reviews on the design strategies, material exploration, and potential applications of wearable photodetectors are found in literature to date. Thus, this progress report first summarizes the fundamental design principles of turning “hard” photodetectors “soft,” including 2D (polymer and paper substrate‐based devices) and 1D PDs (fiber shaped devices). In short, the flexibility of PDs is realized through elaborate substrate modification, material selection, and device layout. More importantly, this report presents the current progress and specific requirements for wearable PDs according to the application: monitoring, imaging, and optical communication. Challenges and future research directions in these fields are proposed at the end. The purpose of this progress report is not only to shed light on the basic design principles of wearable PDs, but also serve as the roadmap for future exploration in wearable PDs in various applications, including health monitoring and Internet of Things.