bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Considering Systemic Barriers to Treating Tobacco Use in Clinical Settings in the United States
Authors: Rojewski Alana M , Bailey Steffani R , Bernstein Steven L , Cooperman Nina A , Gritz Ellen R , Karam-Hage Maher A , Piper Megan E , Rigotti Nancy A , Warren Graham W 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe Comorbidity Workgroup of the Tobacco Treatment Research Network, within the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, previously highlighted the need to provide tobacco treatment to patients diagnosed with comorbid physical and mental health conditions. Yet, systemic barriers in the United States health care system prevent many patients who present for medical treatment from getting the evidence-based tobacco treatment that they need. The identified barriers include insufficient training in the epidemiologic impact of tobacco use, related disorders, and pharmacological and behavioral treatment approaches; misunderstanding among clinicians about the effectiveness of tobacco treatment; lack of therapeutic support from clinical staff; insufficient use of health information technology to improve tobacco use identification and treatment; and limited time and reimbursement for clinicians to provide treatment. We highlight three vignettes demonstrating the complexities of practical barriers at the health care system level. We consider each of the barriers in turn and discuss evidence-based strategies that could be implemented in the clinical care of patients with comorbid conditions. In addition, in the absence of compelling data to guide implementation approaches, we offer suggestions for potential strategies and avenues for future research.Implications: Three vignettes highlighted in this article illustrate some systemic barriers to providing tobacco treatment for patients being treated for comorbid conditions. We explore the barriers to tobacco treatment and offer suggestions for changes in training, health care systems, clinical workflow, and payment systems that could enhance the reach and the quality of tobacco treatment within the US health care system.
Association of Infectious Disease Consultation With Clinical Outcomes in Patients With Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia at Low Risk for Endocarditis
Authors: Yousaf Anna , Baird Grayson L , Mermel Leonard 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
Infectious disease (ID) consultation in patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia who were at low risk for endocarditis and who had no secondary site of infection was associated with a longer course of antibiotics (median duration of intravenous antimicrobial therapy of 31 days and 15 days in those with and without ID consultation, respectively; P ≤ .01), and based on Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, reduced in-hospital mortality (P = .2), and reduced 30-day mortality after discharge (P = .4). ID consultation was also associated with a higher readmission rate within 90 days of discharge: 46% and 34% with and without ID consultation, respectively (P = .2).
Responsibility, prudence and health promotion
Authors: Brown R C H , Maslen H , Savulescu J 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
This article considers the role of responsibility in public health promotion. Efforts to tackle non-communicable diseases which focus on changing individual behaviour and reducing risk factor exposure sometimes invoke individual responsibility for adopting healthy lifestyles. We provide a critical discussion of this tendency. First, we outline some key distinctions in the philosophical literature on responsibility, and indicate how responsibility is incorporated into health promotion policies in the UK. We argue that the use of some forms of responsibility in health promotion is inappropriate. We present an alternative approach to understanding how individuals can ‘take responsibility’ for their health, based on the concept of prudence (i.e. acting in one’s interests). In this discussion, we do not prescribe or proscribe specific health promotion policies. Rather, we encourage public health professionals to consider how underlying assumptions (in this case, relating to responsibility) can shape health promotion policy, and how alternative framings (such as a shift from encouraging individual responsibility to facilitating prudence) may justify different kinds of action, for instance, shaping environments to make healthy behaviours easier, rather than using education as a tool to encourage responsible behaviour.
Does Maternal Buprenorphine Dose Affect Severity or Incidence of Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome?
Authors: Wong Jacqueline , Saver Barry , Scanlan James M. , Gianutsos Louis Paul , Bhakta Yachana , Walsh James , Plawman Abigail , Sapienza David , Rudolf Vania 
Published: June 2018

Objectives:
To measure the incidence, onset, duration, and severity of neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) in infants born to mothers receiving buprenorphine and to assess the association between buprenorphine dose and NAS outcomes.

Methods:
We reviewed charts of all mother–infant pairs maintained on buprenorphine who delivered in our hospital from January 1, 2000 to April 1, 2016.

Results:
In 89 infants, NAS incidence requiring morphine was 43.8%. Means for morphine-treated infants included: 55.2 hours to morphine start, 15.9 days on morphine, and 20 days hospital stay. NAS requiring morphine treatment occurred in 48.5% and 41.4% of infants of mothers receiving ≤8 mg/d buprenorphine versus >8 mg/d, respectively (P = 0.39). We found no significant associations of maternal buprenorphine dose with peak NAS score, NAS severity requiring morphine, time to morphine start, peak morphine dose, or days on morphine. Among the other factors examined, only exclusive breastfeeding was significantly associated with neonatal outcomes, specifically lower odds of morphine treatment (odds ratio 0.24, P = 0.003).

Conclusions:
These findings suggest higher buprenorphine doses can be prescribed to pregnant women receiving medication therapy for addiction without increasing NAS severity. Our finding of reduced risk of NAS requiring morphine treatment also suggests breastfeeding is both safe and beneficial for these infants and should be encouraged.
Surgical Treatment of Diplopia in Graves Orbitopathy Patients
Authors: Eckstein Anja , Esser Joachim , Oeverhaus Michael , Saeed Peerooz , Jellema Hinke Marijke 
Published: June 2018

Purpose:
To review the authors’ current understanding of motility dysfunction in patients with thyroid eye disease and to summarize appropriate evaluation and available management options.

Methods:
Data were retrieved from a systematic search of the literature.

Results:
Diplopia is one of the most disabling symptoms for Graves orbitopathy patients. It occurs in moderate-to-severe Graves orbitopathy stages and does not respond well to available anti-inflammatory treatment. Inflammation of extraocular muscles induces relatively rapid fibrotic and degenerative changes, which lead to scarring and loss of elasticity with preserved contractility. Inferior and medial rectus muscles are most often involved, which results in horizontal or vertical misalignment or both, and sometimes cyclotorsion. Impaired motility can also be caused by entrapment after orbital decompression. The aim of surgical correction is to restore/enlarge the field of binocular single vision and alleviate abnormal head posture. The basis for successful treatment is dependent on the identification of the involved muscles combined with the correct assessment of motility, misalignment, and binocular single vision.

Conclusions:
Due to increased muscle tightness, recessions are the first choice of surgical procedures. Dosing is the most difficult part of the surgery. Several techniques are described: deviation-correction with preoperative determination of the dose, duction-correction either by active or passive intraoperative evaluation of ductions, and the application of adjustable sutures. Achievable success rates are comparable among these techniques but are dependent on the surgeon’s experience. Cyclotorsion and misalignment after decompression and combined horizontal and vertical misalignments are more challenging to correct. Those types of deviations need special solutions like surgery on the oblique muscles and the usage of implants. The field of binocular single vision is the main outcome criteria for success, and the quantification may differ for research questions, study designs, and clinical purposes.
Huge Bursitis and Bursal Synovial Osteochondromatosis Associated With Scapular Osteochondroma Mimicking a Giant Calcific Mass of the Chest Wall
Authors: Tuncer Kutsi , Izgi Emine , Cankaya Bahar , Ogul Hayri , Kantarci Mecit 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
Osteochondroma is the most common benign bone tumor, but it rarely arises from the scapula. Scapulothoracic bursitis is quite rare and osteochondroma is one of the unusual causes of this condition. Synovial chondromatosis may occur extremely uncommonly in this bursa. We reported an unusual case of scapulothoracic bursitis with synovial chondromatosis, which is caused by osteochondroma. To the best of our knowledge, there is no defined chondromatosis in the scapulothoracic bursa secondary to scapular osteochondroma in the literature.
Can a power law improve prediction of pain recovery trajectory?
Authors: Hartmann George C. , George Steven Z. 
Published: June 2018

Abstract

Introduction:
Chronic pain results from complex interactions of different body systems. Time-dependent power laws have been used in physics, biology, and social sciences to identify when predictable output arises from complex systems. Power laws have been used successfully to study nervous system processing for memory, but there has been limited application of a power law describing pain recovery.

Objective:
We investigated whether power laws can be used to characterize pain recovery trajectories.

Methods:
This review consists of empirical examples for an individual with complex regional pain syndrome and prediction of 12-month pain recovery outcomes in a cohort of patients seeking physical therapy for musculoskeletal pain. For each example, mathematical power-law models were fitted to the data.

Results:
This review demonstrated how a time-dependent power law could be used to refine outcome prediction, offer alternate ways to define chronicity, and improve methods for imputing missing data.

Conclusion:
The overall goal of this review was to introduce new conceptual direction to improve understanding of chronic pain development using mathematical approaches successful for other complex systems. Therefore, the primary conclusions are meant to be hypothesis generating only. Future research will determine whether time-dependent power laws have a meaningful role in improving strategies for predicting pain outcomes.
Inferring time-dependent migration and coalescence patterns from genetic sequence and predictor data in structured populations
Authors: Müller Nicola F. , Dudas Gytis , Stadler Tanja 
Published: June 2018

AbstractPopulation dynamics can be inferred from genetic sequence data using phylodynamic methods. These methods typically quantify the dynamics in unstructured populations or assume the parameters describing the dynamics to be constant through time in structured populations. Inference methods allowing for structured populations and parameters to vary through time involve many parameters which have to be inferred. Each of these parameters might be however only weakly informed by data. Here we introduce an approach that uses so-called predictors, such as geographic distance between locations, within a generalized linear model to inform the population dynamic parameters, namely the time-varying migration rates and effective population sizes under the marginal approximation of the structured coalescent. By using simulations, we show that we are able to reliably infer the parameters from phylogenetic trees. We then apply this framework to a previously described Ebola virus dataset. We infer incidence to be the strongest predictor for effective population size and geographic distance the strongest predictor for migration. This allows us to show not only on simulated data, but also on real data, that we are able to identify reasonable predictors. Overall, we provide a novel method that allows to identify predictors for migration rates and effective population sizes and to use these predictors to quantify migration rates and effective population sizes. Its implementation as part of the BEAST2 software package MASCOT allows to jointly infer population dynamics within structured populations, the phylogenetic tree, and evolutionary parameters.
A pragmatic approach to produce theoretical syntheses in ecology
Authors: Travassos-Britto Bruno , Pardini Renata , El-Hani Charbel N. , Prado Paulo I. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractTheoretical syntheses have the role of describing and guiding knowledge generation, and are usually done by enunciating the conceptual bases that guide research in a given field. In fields that develop axiomatically, the conceptual basis can be easily identified in the set of axioms guiding model building. However, ecology does not develop axiomatically but rather pragmatically, i.e., ecologists do not build models based on a predefined set of assumptions (axioms). They rather resort to any information that seems useful to learn about ecological phenomena. Therefore, a theoretical synthesis in ecology cannot rely on the enunciation of axioms; instead, it requires identifying what information and knowledge ecologists use (i.e., what they decide is useful to learn). Here we present an approach for producing theoretical syntheses based on the information/knowledge most frequently used to learn about the world. The approach consists of (i) defining a phenomenon of interest; (ii) defining a collective of scientists studying the phenomenon; (iii) surveying the scientific studies about the phenomenon published by this collective; (iv) identifying the most relevant publications used in these studies; (v) identifying how the studies refer to the most relevant publications; (vi) synthesizing what is being used by this collective to learn about the phenomenon. We implemented the approach in a case study on the phenomenon of ecological succession, defining the collective as the scientists currently studying succession. We identified three propositions that synthesize the views of the defined collective about succession. The theoretical synthesis revealed that there is no clear division between “classical” and “contemporary” succession models, and that neutral models are being used to explain successional patterns alongside with models based on niche assumptions.By implementing the pragmatic approach in a case study, we show that it can be successfully used to produce syntheses describing the conceptual bases of a field, which have the potential to guide knowledge generation. As such, these syntheses fulfil the roles ascribed to scientific theories in the epistemological literature.
Fine Specificity Epitope Analysis by HX-MS Identifies Contact Points on Ricin Toxin Recognized by Protective Monoclonal Antibodies
Authors: Slyke Greta Van , Angalakurthi Siva Krishna , Toth Ronald T. , Vance David J , Rong Yinghui , Ehrbar Dylan , Shi Yuqi , Russell Middaugh C. , Volkin David B. , Weis David D. , Mantis Nicholas J. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractRicin is a fast-acting protein toxin classified by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as a biothreat agent. In this report we describe five new mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) directed against an immunodominant region, so-called epitope cluster II, on the surface of ricin’s ribosome-inactivating enzymatic subunit, RTA. The five mAbs were tested alongside four previously described cluster II-specific mAbs for their capacity to passively protect mice against 10 × LD50ricin challenge by injection. Only three of the mAbs (LE4, PH12 and TB12) afforded protection over the seven-day study period. Neither binding affinity norin vitrotoxin-neutralizing activity could fully account for LE4, PH12 and TB12’s potentin vivoactivity relative to the other six mAbs. However, epitope mapping studies by hydrogen exchange-mass spectrometry (HX-MS) revealed that LE4, PH12 and TB12 shared common contact points (i.e., “strong” protection by HX-MS) on RTA that encompassed residues 154-164 and 62-69, which correspond to RTA α-helices D-E and β-strands d-e, respectively, located on the back side of RTA relative to the active site. The other six mAbs recognized overlapping epitopes on RTA but none shared the same HX-MS profile as LE4, PH12 and TB12. A high-density competition ELISA with a panel of ricin-specific single domain camelid antibodies (VHHs) indicated that even though LE4, PH12 and TB12 make contact with similar secondary motifs, they ultimately approach RTA different from angles. These results underscore how subtle differences in epitope specificity have significant impacts on the antibody functionalityin vivoand have important implications in the design of immune-based countermeasures against ricin.
Accuracy and reliability of [11C]PBR28 specific binding estimated without the use of a reference region
Authors: Plaven-Sigray Pontus , Schain Martin , Zanderigo Francesca ,   Karolinska [11C]PBR28 study group, Rabiner Ilan , Gunn Roger , Ogden Todd , Cervenka Simon 
Published: June 2018

[11C]PBR28 is a positron emission tomography radioligand used to estimate the expression of 18kDa translocator protein (TSPO). TSPO is expressed on glial cells and can function as a marker for immune activation. Since TSPO is expressed throughout the brain, no true reference region exists. For this reason, an arterial input function is required for accurate quantification of [11C]PBR28 binding and the most common outcome measure is the total distribution volume (VT). Notably, VT reflects both specific binding and non-displaceable binding (VND). Therefore, estimates of specific binding, such as binding potentials (e.g., BPND) and specific distribution volume (VS) should theoretically be more sensitive to underlying differences in TSPO expression. It is unknown, however, if unbiased and accurate estimates of these measures are obtainable for [11C]PBR28.The Simultaneous Estimation (SIME) method uses time-activity-curves from multiple brain regions with the aim to obtain a brain-wide estimate of VND, which can subsequently be used to improve the estimation of BPND and VS. In this study we evaluated the accuracy of SIME-derived VND, and the reliability of resulting estimates of specific binding for [11C]PBR28, using a combination of simulation experiments and in vivo studies in healthy humans.The simulation experiments showed that VND values estimated using SIME were both precise and accurate. Data from a pharmacological competition challenge showed that SIME provided VND values that were on average 19% lower than those obtained using the Lassen plot, but similar to values obtained using the Likelihood-Estimation of Occupancy technique. Test-retest data showed that SIME-derived VS values exhibited good reliability and precision, while larger variability was observed in SIME-derived BPND values.The results support the use of SIME for quantifying specific binding of [11C]PB28, and suggest that VS can be used in preference to, or as a complement to the conventional outcome measure VT. Additional studies in patient cohorts are warranted.
Maximum likelihood estimation of fitness components in experimental evolution
Authors: Liu Jingxian , Champer Jackson , Liu Chen , Chung Joan , Reeves Riona , Luthra Anisha , Lee Yoo Lim , Clark Andrew G. , Messer Philipp W. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractEstimating fitness differences between allelic variants is a central goal of experimental evolution. Current methods for inferring selection from allele frequency time series typically assume that evolutionary dynamics at the locus of interest can be described by a fixed selection coefficient. However, fitness is an aggregate of several components including mating success, fecundity, and viability, and distinguishing between these components could be critical in many scenarios. Here we develop a flexible maximum likelihood framework that can disentangle different components of fitness and estimate them individually in males and females from genotype frequency data. As a proof-of-principle, we apply our method to experimentally-evolved cage populations ofDrosophila melanogaster, in which we tracked the relative frequencies of a loss-of-function and wild-type allele ofyellow. This X-linked gene produces a recessive yellow phenotype when disrupted and is involved in male courtship ability. We find that the fitness costs of the yellow phenotype take the form of substantially reduced mating preference of wild-type females for yellow males, together with a modest reduction in the viability of yellow males and females. Our framework should be generally applicable to situations where it is important to quantify fitness components of specific genetic variants, including quantitative characterization of the population dynamics of CRISPR gene drives.
Local unfolding of the HSP27 monomer regulates chaperone activity
Authors: Alderson T. Reid , Roche Julien , Gastall Heidi Y. , Pritišanac Iva , Ying Jinfa , Bax Ad , Benesch Justin L. P. , Baldwin Andrew J. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe small heat-shock protein HSP27 is a redox-sensitive molecular chaperone that is expressed throughout the human body. Here we describe redox-induced changes to the structure, dynamics, and function of HSP27 and its conserved α-crystallin domain, and provide the first structural characterization of a small heat-shock protein monomer. While HSP27 assembles into oligomers, we show that the transiently populated monomers released upon reduction are highly active chaperonesin vitro, but are kinetically unstable and susceptible to uncontrolled aggregation. By using relaxation dispersion and high-pressure nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, we reveal that the pair of β-strands that mediate dimerization become partially disordered in the monomer. Strikingly, we note that numerous HSP27 mutations associated with inherited neuropathies cluster to this unstructured region. The high degree of sequence conservation in the α-crystallin domain amongst mammalian sHSPs suggests that partially unfolded monomers may be a general, functional feature of these molecular chaperones.