bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Morphology and genome size of Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz (Orchidaceae) growing in anthropogenic and natural habitats
Authors: Rewicz Agnieszka , Rewers Monika , Jędrzejczyk Iwona , Rewicz Tomasz , Kołodziejek Jeremi , Jakubska-Busse Anna 
Published: December 2018

Background
The process of apophytism or spreading native species to human-made habitats is one of the main elements in the creation of plant cover in anthropogenic areas. Lately, an increase of anthropogenic localities with valuable flora has been observed. Apophytes are also members of the family Orchidaceae, especially from the genus Epipactis. The aim of the study was to (i) determine and compare the phenotypic variation of E. helleborine (L.) Crantz plants in anthropogenic and natural habitats, (ii) compare the genome size of plants growing in natural and anthropogenic habitats. The results reported in this study may indicate that a habitat influences morphological characteristics of plant species.

Methods
Field studies were conducted on four native stands and four stands in anthropogenic areas of E. helleborine in Poland in years 2011–2013. Biometrical analyses were performed on shoots and flowers. The flowers were characterised by 25 biometric features and measured using a Nikon SMZ 800 binocular, microscopic Moticam-1SP cameras and the MIPlus07 programme (Conbest Co.). The nuclear DNA content was determined in fresh and young leaves of E. helleborine, collected from four natural and four anthropogenic populations.

Results
We observed that in anthropogenic populations: (i) shoots were higher than shoots from natural populations, (ii) flowers differed significantly in terms of ten biometric features between habitats, (iii) the genome size of some population differed significantly between plants growing in natural and anthropogenic habitats.

Discussion
According to some researchers, the presence of phenotypic variability and the occurrence of ecotypes are adaptation strategies of plants to environmental changes. In our opinion, in the case of the studied anthropogenic habitats (roadside) in which the E. helleborine populations grew, we can talk about ecofen due to the often repeated set of characteristic features, i.e., high shoots, long inflorescence and long, broad leaves. We agree, however, that it is difficult to isolate a taxonomic unit for ecofen due to the lack of experimental research.
Pumps
Authors: Nelik Lev 
Published: December 2018

AbstractPumps are used in a wide range of industrial applications in the chemical processing industries. Pumping equipment varies widely in terms of pump type, size, and materials of construction. The two principal pump types, kinetic, which is mainly centrifugal, and positive displacement, are presented and basic operating parameters such as capacity, head, power, efficiency, and specific speed are defined. Fundamentals of operation are discussed, selection guidelines given, and examples of pump applications and reliability concerns provided. Pump auxiliaries, such as couplings and seals, as well as effects of cavitation, recirculation, internal hydraulic forces, wear, and corrosion, are described. The article concludes with an outlook to energy cost savings and energy efficiency.
Rheology of Polymer–Carbon Nanotube Composites
Authors: Abraham Jiji , Thankappan Nair Sharika , Maria Hanna J. , George Soney C. , Thomas Sabu 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe rheological behavior of nanocomposite systems is of interest because of its importance in processing and as a tool for characterizing structure, morphology, and filler dispersion when used along with other techniques. This article deals with rheological characteristics of polymer nanocomposites based on carbon nanotubes (CNTs). First part of this article provides a brief idea about basics of rheology, various rheological measurements, and different types of rheometers. Second part is fully dedicated to rheological characteristics of CNT‐based polymer nanocomposites, which includes electrorheology, chemorheology, factors affecting rheological characteristics in multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)/polymer nanocomposites and finally application of rheological measurements in MWCNT/polymer nanocomposites.
Synaptotagmin oligomers are necessary and can be sufficient to form a Ca2+‐sensitive fusion clamp
Authors: Ramakrishnan Sathish , Bera Manindra , Coleman Jeff , Krishnakumar Shyam S. , Pincet Frederic , Rothman James E. 
Published: December 2018

The buttressed‐ring hypothesis, supported by recent cryo‐electron tomography analysis of docked synaptic‐like vesicles in neuroendocrine cells, postulates that prefusion SNAREpins are stabilized and organized by Synaptotagmin (Syt) ring‐like oligomers. Here, we use a reconstituted single‐vesicle fusion analysis to test the prediction that destabilizing the Syt1 oligomers destabilizes the clamp and results in spontaneous fusion in the absence of Ca2+. Vesicles in which Syt oligomerization is compromised by a ring‐destabilizing mutation dock and diffuse freely on the bilayer until they fuse spontaneously, similar to vesicles containing only v‐SNAREs. In contrast, vesicles containing wild‐type Syt are immobile as soon as they attach to the bilayer and remain frozen in place, up to at least 1 h until fusion is triggered by Ca2+.
Sibling Relationships during Old Age
Authors: Mack Kristin Y. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractAlthough siblings tend to have the longest lasting social relationships, there has been relatively little empirical research on them, especially during old age. This may be due to both theoretical and methodological challenges with the topic. Future research should extend what we know from studies on sibling relationships earlier in adulthood to provide clarification on the impact siblings may have on each other later in life.
Social Network Analysis
Authors: Crossley Nick 
Published: December 2018

AbstractSocial network analysis (SNA) is a set of methods and methodological approaches for gathering and, more especially, organizing, storing, and analyzing data regarding relations (“relational data”). The networks analyzed typically take one of three forms: (1) whole networks, (2) ego‐nets, and (3) two‐mode networks. This entry offers an overview of SNA and an introduction to some of its key elements.
Standardization
Authors: Epstein Steven , Timmermans Stefan 
Published: December 2018

AbstractStandardization is a social and technical process of constructing uniformities across time and space through the generation of agreed upon rules. Modern life increasingly depends on the creation, institutionalization, use, dissemination, and contestation of diverse kinds of standards, and standardization is an omnipresent feature of a modernizing and globalizing world. The spread of standardization sparks numerous concerns about consequences. However, scholarship indicates that standards do not lead to a uniform world.
Supermarkets
Authors: Isaacs Bronwyn Alison 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Supermarkets are among the most ubiquitous and homogeneous of urban retail spaces. Changes within the supermarket industry have played a role influencing nutrition, as well as social and cultural life, especially as supermarket chains and corporations spread internationally and adapt their retail formats to cater to different consumer lifestyles. Over the past decade, researchers in sociology and other social science disciplines have developed a new critical perspective on the social and economic power of supermarkets. This literature pays increased attention to the globalization of supermarkets, as well as market centralization and the new regulatory responsibilities of supermarket corporations, which include the monitoring of food safety standards. Sociologists also analyze supermarkets as social and cultural authorities, examining the ways supermarkets operate as food educators and the ways in which consumer practices communicate class identity and cultural capital.
Violent Crime
Authors: Hansen Laura L. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractLittle strikes more fear in members of society than the possibility of becoming a victim of violent crime. Yet incidents of the most violent crime, murder, have progressively reduced since the 1990s in the United States. In this entry what constitutes a violent crime is discussed, including the narrow definitions offered by law enforcement, compared with a broader spectrum of definitions of violent sexual acts as presented by the World Health Organization. The most likely victims are discussed, by race, ethnicity, and sex. Additionally, the key variables are introduced that contribute to violence‐prone communities, including poverty, blocked opportunities, and gang presence.
The First 2D Hybrid Perovskite Ferroelectric Showing Broadband White‐Light Emission with High Color Rendering Index
Authors: Ji Chengmin , Wang Sasa , Li Lina , Sun Zhihua , Hong Maochun , Luo Junhua 
Published: December 2018

AbstractLuminescent ferroelectrics have attracted considerable attention in terms of integrated photoelectronic devices, most of which are focused on the multicomponent systems of rare‐earth doping ferroelectric ceramics. However, bulk ferroelectricity with coexistence of strong white‐light emission, especially in the single‐component system, remains quite rare. Here, a new organic–inorganic hybrid ferroelectric of (C4H9NH3)2PbCl4 (1) is reported, adopting a 2D layered perovskite architecture, which exhibits an unprecedented coexistence of notable ferroelectricity and intrinsic white‐light emission. Decent above‐room‐temperature spontaneous polarization of ≈2.1 µC cm−2 is confirmed for 1. Particularly, it also exhibits brilliant broadband white‐light emission with a high color‐rendering‐index up to 86 under UV excitation. Structural analyses indicate that ferroelectricity of 1 originates from molecular reorientation of dynamic organic cations, as well as significant structural distortion of PbCl6 octahedra that also contribute to its white‐light emission. This work paves an avenue to design new hybrid ferroelectrics for multifunctional application in the photoelectronic field.
High‐Performance SiC Nanobelt Photodetectors with Long‐Term Stability Against 300 °C up to 180 Days
Authors: Yang Tao , Chen Shanliang , Li Xiaoxiao , Xu Xiaojie , Gao Fengmei , Wang Lin , Chen Junhong , Yang Weiyou , Hou Xinmei , Fang Xiaosheng 
Published: December 2018

AbstractIn the present work, high‐performance photodetectors (PDs) based on a single B‐doped 3C‐SiC nanobelt, which are synthesized via catalyst‐free pyrolysis of polymeric precursors of polysilazane, are reported. The as‐built PDs have a high responsivity and external quantum efficiency of 6.37 × 105 A · W−1 and 2.0 × 108% under 405 nm light with a power density of 0.14 mW · cm−2 at 5 V, respectively. The detectivity of the PDs is measured to be of 6.86 × 1014 Jones. Moreover, the B‐doped 3C‐SiC nanobelt PDs exhibit a long‐term stability against 300 °C up to 180 days, suggesting their promising applications to be served under harsh conditions.
A Strain‐Mediated Magnetoelectric‐Spin‐Torque Hybrid Structure
Authors: Nan Tianxiang , Hu Jia‐Mian , Dai Minyi , Emori Satoru , Wang Xinjun , Hu Zhongqiang , Matyushov Alexei , Chen Long‐Qing , Sun Nian 
Published: December 2018

AbstractMagnetization dynamics induced by spin–orbit torques in a heavy‐metal/ferromagnet can potentially be used to design low‐power spintronics and logic devices. Recent computations have suggested that a strain‐mediated spin–orbit torque (SOT) switching in magnetoelectric (ME) heterostructures is fast, energy‐efficient, and permits a deterministic 180° magnetization switching. However, its experimental realization has remained elusive. Here, the coexistence of the strain‐mediated ME coupling and the SOT in a CoFeB/Pt/ferroelectric hybrid structure is shown experimentally. The voltage‐induced strain only slightly modifies the efficiency of SOT generation, but it gives rise to an effective magnetic anisotropy and rotates the magnetic easy axis which eliminates the incubation delay in current‐induced magnetization switching. The phase field simulations show that the electric‐field‐induced effective magnetic anisotropy field can reduce the switching time approximately by a factor of three for SOT in‐plane magnetization switching. It is anticipated that such strain‐mediated ME‐SOT hybrid structures may enable field‐free, ultrafast magnetization switching.
Bioinspired Self‐Gating Nanofluidic Devices for Autonomous and Periodic Ion Transport and Cargo Release
Authors: Zhao Chen , Lu Jun , Hou Jue , Li Xingya , Wang Jian , Jiang Lei , Wang Huanting , Zhang Huacheng 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe biochemical oscillatory reaction induced self‐gating process of biological ion channels is essential to life processes, characterized as autonomous, continuous, and periodic. However, few synthetic nanochannel systems can achieve such excellent self‐gating property. Their gating properties work greatly depending on the frequent addition of reactants or the supply of external stimuli. Herein, a novel bioinspired self‐gating nanofluidic device that can transport mass in a continuous and periodic manner is reported. This self‐gating device is constructed by using a fully closed‐system pH oscillator to control the gating processes of the artificial proton‐gated nanochannels. With cyclic oscillation of protons inside the nanochannel induced by the oscillatory chemical reactions of the pH oscillator, surface charge density and polarity of the nanochannels can be self‐regulated, resulting in an autonomous and periodic switching of the nanochannel conductance between high and low states as well as the selectivity between cation selective and anion selective states. Moreover, by using Rhodamine B and Ruthenium(II) compound as the cationic cargoes, periodic release of these charged molecules is also observed. Therefore, this work opens up a new avenue to build self‐gating nanofluidic devices, which may not only act as ion oscillators, but potentially find applications in controlled‐release fields as well.
Interfacial Thermoreversible Chemistry on Functional Coatings: A Focus on the Diels–Alder Reaction
Authors: Vauthier Madeline , Jierry Loïc , Oliveira Jamerson Carneiro , Hassouna Lilia , Roucoules Vincent , Bally‐Le Gall Florence 
Published: December 2018

AbstractStimuli‐responsive materials have properties that depend on the environment in which they are used. In most cases, the material itself is formulated to react to the corresponding stimulus. However, many phenomena occur at the surface of the material. In this context, the design and the investigation of the reactivity of stimuli‐responsive surfaces are particularly interesting. More precisely, this review focuses on functional coatings that react via Diels–Alder (DA) chemistry, a thermoreversible reaction between a diene and a dienophile. According to the nature of the substrate, these coatings are mainly based on self‐assembled monolayers or silane assemblies, on polydopamine derivatives, or on polymer thin films deposited by vapor‐phase processes including plasma polymerization. The different works discussed here show that interfacial thermoreversible reactions occur between a DA‐functionalized surface and a DA reactant in solution but also between two solid substrates are possible. The direct cycloaddition is always described in the cited papers but the reversibility of the reaction is less discussed. The latter however remains very challenging for smart applications in material science.
Exciton Dynamics and Effects of Structural Order in Morphology‐Controlled J‐Aggregate Assemblies
Authors: Anantharaman Surendra B. , Stöferle Thilo , Nüesch Frank A. , Mahrt Rainer F. , Heier Jakob 
Published: December 2018

AbstractNarrow‐band photoluminescence (PL) together with high quantum efficiency from organic molecules is essential for high‐color‐purity emitters. Supramolecular assemblies like J‐aggregates are promising materials due to their narrow PL signal with full‐width at half maximum <20 nm. However, their microcrystalline nature and coherent exciton migration results in strong nonradiative exciton recombination at the grain boundaries that diminish the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY), and possibilities for improving the crystallinity by tuning the growth mechanism are limited. Here, two distinct routes to grow different J‐aggregate morphologies like platelets and lamellar crystals with improved crystallinity by surface‐guided molecular assembly are demonstrated, thereby suppressing nonradiative decay and improving PLQY. Both platelets and lamellar crystals show similar absorbance at room temperature. However, temperature‐dependent PL studies show sevenfold (twofold) higher PLQY for lamellar films compared to platelets at 6 K (300 K). Using time‐resolved PL spectroscopy, different nonradiative decay pathways are identified. The dependence of exciton diffusion on energetic disorder and nonradiative decay is discussed. The results suggest that the difference in domain size and order gives rise to significantly enhanced radiative decay from lamellar films as compared to platelets or films formed by spin‐coating.
Alloy Nanocatalysts for the Electrochemical Oxygen Reduction (ORR) and the Direct Electrochemical Carbon Dioxide Reduction Reaction (CO2RR)
Authors: Kim Cheonghee , Dionigi Fabio , Beermann Vera , Wang Xingli , Möller Tim , Strasser Peter 
Published: December 2018

AbstractIn the face of the global energy challenge and progressing global climate change, renewable energy systems and components, such as fuel cells and electrolyzers, which close the energetic oxygen and carbon cycles, have become a technology development priority. The electrochemical oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and the direct electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO2RR) are important electrocatalytic processes that proceed at gas diffusion electrodes of hydrogen fuel cells and CO2electrolyzers, respectively. However, their low catalytic activity (voltage efficiency), limited long‐term stability, and moderate product selectivity (related to their Faradaic efficiency) have remained challenges. To address these, suitable catalysts are required. This review addresses the current state of research on Pt‐based and Cu‐based nanoalloy electrocatalysts for ORR and CO2RR, respectively, and critically compares and contrasts key performance parameters such as activity, selectivity, and durability. In particular, Pt nanoparticles alloyed with transition metals, post‐transition metals and lanthanides, are discussed, as well as the material characterization and their performance for the ORR. Then, bimetallic Cu nanoalloy catalysts are reviewed and organized according to their main reaction product generated by the second metal. This review concludes with a perspective on nanoalloy catalysts for the ORR and the CO2RR, and proposes future research directions.
Active‐Matrix GaN µ‐LED Display Using Oxide Thin‐Film Transistor Backplane and Flip Chip LED Bonding
Authors: Um Jae Gwang , Jeong Duk Young , Jung Younghun , Moon Joon Kwon , Jung Yeon Hong , Kim Seonock , Kim Sung Hwan , Lee Jeong Soo , Jang Jin 
Published: December 2018

AbstractA 2 in. active‐matrix light‐emitting diode (AMLED) display by integration of the micro‐LED onto the oxide thin‐film transistor (TFT) backplane using flip chip bonding is reported. A blue‐emitting micro‐LED (µ‐LED) with a size of 90 × 50 µm2 is fabricated on the GaN epi grown on a sapphire substrate. The amorphous indium‐gallium‐zinc‐oxide (a‐IGZO) TFT on glass exhibiting the mobility of 18.4 cm2 V−1 s−1, turn‐on voltage (V
ON) of 0.2 V, and subthreshold swing 0.25 V dec−1, is used for LED backplane. A two TFT and one capacitance pixel structure is utilized for driving 128 × 384 AMLED with 120 Hz frame rate. The laser lift‐off process with flip‐chip bond allows the transfer of the µ‐LED chips with 49 152 pixels onto the TFT backplane, demonstrating a 2 in. AMLED display with a good gray scale image. The current efficiency of µ‐LED is found to be 12.9 Cd A−1 at the luminance of 630 Cd m−2. Therefore, a‐IGZO TFT backplane can be used for µ‐LED displays.
Higher Mobility and Carrier Lifetimes in Solution‐Processable Small‐Molecule Ternary Solar Cells with 11% Efficiency
Authors: Liang Ru‐Ze , Zhang Yiming , Savikhin Victoria , Babics Maxime , Kan Zhipeng , Wohlfahrt Markus , Wehbe Nimer , Liu Shengjian , Duan Tainan , Toney Michael F. , Laquai Frédéric , Beaujuge Pierre M. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractSolution‐processed small molecule (SM) solar cells have the prospect to outperform their polymer‐fullerene counterparts. Considering that both SM donors/acceptors absorb in visible spectral range, higher expected photocurrents should in principle translate into higher power conversion efficiencies (PCEs). However, limited bulk‐heterojunction (BHJ) charge carrier mobility (<10‐4 cm2 V‐1 s‐1) and carrier lifetimes (<1 µs) often impose active layer thickness constraints on BHJ devices (≈100 nm), limiting external quantum efficiencies (EQEs) and photocurrent, and making large‐scale processing techniques particularly challenging. In this report, it is shown that ternary BHJs composed of the SM donor DR3TBDTT (DR3), the SM acceptor ICC6 and the fullerene acceptor PC71BM can be used to achieve SM‐based ternary BHJ solar cells with active layer thicknesses >200 nm and PCEs nearing 11%. The examinations show that these remarkable figures are the result of i) significantly improved electron mobility (8.2 × 10‐4 cm2 V‐1 s‐1), ii) longer carrier lifetimes (2.4 µs), and iii) reduced geminate recombination within BHJ active layers to which PC71BM has been added as ternary component. Optically thick (up to ≈500 nm) devices are shown to maintain PCEs >8%, and optimized DR3:ICC6:PC71BM solar cells demonstrate long‐term shelf stability (dark) for >1000 h, in 55% humidity air environment.
High levels of objectively measured physical activity across adolescence and adulthood among the Pokot pastoralists of Kenya
Authors: Sayre M. Katherine , Pike Ivy L. , Raichlen David A. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractObjectivesLevels of physical activity (PA) across the lifespan are important predictors of physical fitness, impacting individual health, and longevity. Individuals living in industrialized societies are often characterized as more sedentary than those who live in small‐scale societies, and this inactivity is generally linked with increased incidence of chronic disease, especially during aging. However, less empirical data exist regarding levels and patterns of PA across the lifespan among small‐scale societies compared with industrialized societies. The goal of this study was to characterize PA among the Pokot pastoralists of rural northern Kenya.MethodsPA was measured in 40 participants ranging in age from 14 to 78 years using ActiGraph wrist‐worn accelerometers. Wear time spanned 24–77 hours, with a modal wear time of 50 hours.ResultsWe show that the Pokot spend large amounts of time in moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity (MVPA), achieving an average of 99.14 ± 7.25 minutes per day in MVPA. Males and younger participants tended to spend more time in MVPA. However, older participants were still physically active and engaged in over 50 minutes per day of MVPA.ConclusionsThe Pokot are highly physically active from adolescence through adulthood. Other pastoralist groups may display a similar pattern of PA. During human evolution, lifespans increased, and lifestyles were characterized by a relatively high level of physical activity. The human aging process may be adapted for activity throughout life, and lifelong activity may have played an important role in increases in human longevity during evolution.