Abstract 457: Protein and chemotherapy profiling of extracellular vesicles harvested from therapeutic-induced senescent triple-negative breast cancer cells
Authors: Kavanagh Emma L. , Lindsay Sinéad , Halasz Melinda , Gubbins Luke C. , Weiner-Gorzel Karolina , Guang Matthew Ho Zhi , McGoldrick Aloysius , Collins Eoin , Henry Michael , O'Gorman Peter , Fitzpatrick Patricia , Higgins Michaela J. , Dowling Paul , McCann Amanda 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive subtype with relatively poor clinical outcomes and limited treatment options. Chemotherapy, while killing cancer cells, can result in the generation of highly chemoresistant therapeutic induced senescent (TIS) cells that potentially form stem cell niches resulting in metastases. Intriguingly, senescent cells release significantly more extracellular vesicles (EVs) than non-senescent cells. Our aim was to profile EVs harvested from TIS TNBC cells compared with control cells to identify a potential mechanism by which TIS TNBC cells maintain survival in the face of chemotherapy. TIS was induced and confirmed in Cal51 TNBC cells using the chemotherapeutic paclitaxel (PTX) (Taxol). Mass spectrometry (MS) analysis of EVs harvested from TIS compared with control Cal51 cells was performed using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis and InnateDB programs. We demonstrate that TIS Cal51 cells treated with 75 nM PTX for 7 days became senescent (senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-Gal) positive, Ki67-negative, increased p21 and p16, G2/M cell cycle arrest) and released significantly more EVs (P=0.0002) and exosomes (P=0.0007) than non-senescent control cells. Moreover, TIS cells displayed an increased expression of the multidrug resistance protein 1/p-glycoprotein. MS analysis demonstrated that EVs derived from senescent Cal51 cells contained 142 proteins with a significant increased fold change compared with control EVs. Key proteins included ATPases, annexins, tubulins, integrins, Rabs and insoluble senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) factors. A fluorescent analogue of PTX (Flutax-2) allowed appreciation of the removal of chemotherapy in EVs from senescent cells. Treatment of TIS cells with the exosome biogenesis inhibitor GW4869 resulted in reduced SA-β-Gal staining (P=0.04). In summary, this study demonstrates that TIS cells release significantly more EVs compared with control cells, containing chemotherapy and key proteins involved in cell proliferation, ATP depletion, apoptosis and the SASP. These findings may partially explain why cancer senescent cells remain viable despite chemotherapeutic challenge.
Citation Format: Emma L. Kavanagh, Sinéad Lindsay, Melinda Halasz, Luke C. Gubbins, Karolina Weiner-Gorzel, Matthew Ho Zhi Guang, Aloysius McGoldrick, Eoin Collins, Michael Henry, Peter O'Gorman, Patricia Fitzpatrick, Michaela J. Higgins, Paul Dowling, Amanda McCann. Protein and chemotherapy profiling of extracellular vesicles harvested from therapeutic-induced senescent triple-negative breast cancer cells [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 457.