bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of physical processing on in situ degradation of maize and peas in the caecum of ponies
Authors: McLean B M L , Hyslop J J , Longland A C , Cuddeford D , Hollands T 
Published: June 2019

Maize and peas that have undergone physical processing are used routinely in cereal mixes for equines. However, little information is available on how physical processing of maize and peas affects degradation dynamics in equines. This experiment examines the effect of two physical processing methods (micronisation and extrusion) on in situ degradation of maize and peas in the caecum of poniesTwo caecally-fistulated mature Welsh-cross pony geldings (approx. LW 270kg) were offered ad libitum grass hay plus minerals. Incubation bags (monofilament polyester 6.5 x 20cm, 41? m pores, 16mg/cm2 sample size) containing either unprocessed maize (UM), micronised maize (MM), extruded maize (EM), unprocessed peas (UP), micronised peas (MP) or extruded peas (EP) were incubated in the caecum for fixed times according to both a forward (0, 2, 4, 6, 12, 8, 24, 48h) and reverse (48, 24, 8, 4, 12, 6, 2, 0h) incubation sequence. For each feedstuff residues from each time were bulked within pony and across incubation sequence for subsequent analysis of dry matter (DM) and starch (STC).
In situ degradation of crude protein in physically processed barley, maize and peas in the caecum of ponies
Authors: McLean B M L , Hyslop J J , Longland A C , Cuddeford D , Hollands T 
Published: June 2019

Little information is available on how physical processing of cereals affects crude protein (CP) degradation dynamics in equines. In two experiments the effects of two physical processing methods (micronisation and extrusion) on in situ degradation of CP in barley, maize and peas in the caecum of ponies were investigated.In experiment 1, three caecally-fistulated mature Welsh-cross pony geldings (approx. LW 270kg) were used whilst two of these ponies were used in experiment 2. In both experiments ponies were offered ad libitum grass hay plus minerals. Incubation bags (monofilament polyester, 6.5 x 20cm, 41μm pores, 16mg/cm2 sample size) contained either unprocessed barley (UB), micronised barley (MB) or extruded barley (EB) (experiment 1) and either unprocessed maize (UM), micronised maize (MM), extruded maize (EM), unprocessed peas (UP), micronised peas (MP) or extruded peas (EP) (experiment 2).
Effect of screen diameter on particle size and water holding capacity of 15 starch based equine feedstuffs ground through a 1.0 mm or 0.5 mm screen
Authors: McLean B M L , Hyslop J J , Longland A C , Cuddeford D , Hollands T 
Published: June 2019

Particle size (PS) may be reduced when feeds are ground through small screen sizes leading to increased losses from artificial fibre bags during in situ or mobile bag experiments in equines. Smaller PS may also alter the water holding capacity (WHC) of feeds which in turn may alter bag transit times during mobile bag experiments. This study examines PS and WHC in a range of starch based equine feedstuffs ground through two screen sizes.Five feedstuffs (F) were used ie: barley (B), maize (M), peas (P), wheat (W) and naked oats (NO). Feedstuffs were subjected to three types of physical pre-processing (Pr) ie: unprocessed (Un), micronised (Mi) or extruded (Ex) and then ground through either a 1.0 or 0.5 mm screen size (SS). For PS analysis a 25g sample of each feedstuff was sieved through a stack of 11 sieves ranging in pore diameter between 45 μm and 2 mm using a mechanical shaker for 20 min.
Effect of inoculant and enzyme additives on fermentation characteristics and gas production of grass silage
Authors: Davies Z.S. , Brooks A.E. , Theodorou M.K. , Griffith G.W. , Merry R.J 
Published: June 2019

Inoculants containing lactic acid bacteria, added to herbage at time of cutting, aid the natural process of fermentation to produce lactic acid during ensilage. This lowers the pH and preserves the silage. It is also claimed that enzyme additives break down polysaccharides in plant cell walls, releasing fermentable sugar to stimulate fermentation and increase the digestibility of the silage. This study was carried out to investigate the effects of inoculants and enzymes on silage fermentation characteristics and gas production during in vitro fermentation.A second cut of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) was mown, chopped to 2 – 4 cm lengths, divided into aliquots and treated at a rate of 10 ml kg-1. The treatments were: 1) control (water), 2) inoculant (Pediococcus pentosaceus, Lactobacillus plantarum and Propionibacter jensenii at 1.6 x 105 cells g-1 herbage) 3) enzyme (xylanase, β-glucanase and amylase, applied at a rate of 0.001 g kg-1 herbage) and 4) inoculant + enzyme.
The effect of lead on the rate of fermentation of herbage by rumen micro-organisms
Authors: Strojan S. T. , Phillips C. J. C. 
Published: June 2019

Lead from car exhausts persists on roadside verges, and ruminants grazing close to a busy road are likely to consume contaminated herbage. However, cattle can detect lead on herbage when it is at concentrations of 170 mg Pb/kg DM or above and have been observed to avoid grazing pasture with 304 and 462 mg Pb/kg DM (Strojan and Phillips, 1997). Herbage 7.5 m from a busy dual carriageway has been recorded with 454 mg Pb/kg DM (Mottoet al., 1970).The avoidance of lead-contaminated herbage may be the result of low digestibility of the leadcontaminated herbage, so the digestion rate of samples of herbage from the experiments of Strojan and Phillips (1997), referred to in the Introduction, was determined by the gas production technique (Menke and Steingass, 1988). Using 15 and 10 replicates/treatment from two experiments where lead acetate was sprayed onto cut (Experiment 1) and grazed (Experiment 2) herbage, 200 mg DM of each herbage sample was incubated in sheep rumen liquor in syringe pipettes.
Prediction of in vitro gas production parameters of concentrate feeds by near infra-red reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS)
Authors: Fakhri S. , Moss A. R. , Givens D.I. , Owen E. 
Published: June 2019

Herrero et al. (1996) found that NIRS was able to calibrate and cross-validate the static values of gas produced from the incubation of Kikuyu grass using manual in vitro gas production. However, the fermentation kinetic coefficients were not calibrated satisfactorily by NIRS. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of NIRS as a means of predicting fermentation and the France et al. (1993) model parameters obtained from the automated in vitro gas production experiments for a range of concentrate feeds.Thirty-eight milled (1 mm) samples representing three typical concentrate feed types were scanned over the infra-red region covering 1100 to 2300 nm using an NIRS systems 6500 spectrometer. Optical data recorded as log 1/Reflectance were transformed to their standard normal variates and detrended values (SNV-D).
Predicting the apparent disappearance of starch in the rumen of cows from the in vitro gas production profile of their diet
Authors: Rymer C. , Givens D.I. 
Published: June 2019

Assessing the availability of a feed in the rumen is an important element of its characterisation. In the Metabolisable Protein system, it is assumed that all starch is available in the rumen, although clearly this is not the case. However, estimating the amount of starch that is apparently fermented in the rumen is difficult, expensive and cannot be routinely undertaken. The objective of this experiment was to determine whether the in vitro gas production technique could be used as a means of predicting the amount of starch that apparently disappears in the rumen (STA ADR).Four Holstein cows, each fitted with a rumen and duodenal cannula, were used. They were fed one of four diets in a 4x4 latin square design. The diets consisted of grass silage (GS), molassed sugarbeet feed (MSBF), fishmeal (FM) and minerals (MIN). They were also supplemented with either wheat (WHT) or maize (MZE).
The effects of amino acid supply on the sensitivity of IGF-1 secretion to growth hormone stimulation in ovine hepatocytes
Authors: Wheelhouse N.M. , Hazlerigg D.G. , MacRae J.C. , Lomax M.A. 
Published: June 2019

Many of the anabolic effects of growth hormone (GH), including promotion of lean tissue growth, are mediated by the actions of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) (Gluckman et al, 1987). It is known that the response of hepatic IGF-1 synthesis to GH may be modulated by alterations in levels of feeding or changes in protein supply (Pell et al, 1993). The aim of the current study was to develop an in vitro model to characterise interactions between amino acid supply and GH on hepatic IGF-1 release in ruminants.Ovine hepatocyes were prepared by a modification of a published method (Luo et al, 1992) from the median lobe of livers removed immediately after slaughter from sheep killed at a local abattoir. Free amino acid concentrations in test media were 5x, 1x and 0.2x physiological concentrations based upon in vivo ovine portal venous blood data (Lobley et al, 1995).
The effect of gestation feeding strategy on body composition of gilts at farrowing and response to dietary protein in lactation
Authors: Sinclair A.G. , Bland V.C. , Edwards S.A. 
Published: June 2019

Previous experiments (Sinclair et al., 1998) have indicated that reproductive function in lean modern genotypes may be more dependent on body protein mass than, as previously believed, on body lipid reserves. Related work (Sinclair et al., 1996) also indicated that lean genotypes of sows are particularly sensitive to dietary protein restriction during lactation. This experiment was designed to achieve differential body reserves of protein and fat at farrowing by different feeding strategies during pregnancy, and to measure the interactive effect of dietary protein during lactation on subsequent nutrient partitioning.A 3x2 factorial experiment involving 60 first parity sows compared 3 different pregnancy feeding strategies and 2 lactation diets. During pregnancy, sows were fed, from day 42, either a set quantity (mean of 2.27 kg/day) of basal diet (5g lysine/kg, 13 MJ DE/kg [C]), or basal diet + energy (maize starch + soya oil in 3:1 ratio [E]), or additional basal diet supplying both protein and energy [P].
Effects of Buserelin on day of service or 12 days post service on farrowing rate and litter size to first service in outdoor sows and gilts
Authors: Peters A.R. , Dwyer L.A. , Dawson A. , Canham P.A. , Mackinnon J.D. 
Published: June 2019

The problem of seasonal infertility in pigs has been recognised for many years. The infertility complex can may be manifested by increased returns to service, prolonged weaning to oestrus intervals and decreased litter size. The purpose of this trial was to evaluate the effects of Buserelin treatment on fertility in sows and gilts during the seasonally infertile period.A total of 1231 mixed parity sows and gilts from five outdoor herds in East Anglia were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups. Any sows not presented for service at first post weaning oestrus were excluded. All sows and gilts judged to be in adequate health and condition to be kept in a commercial breeding herd were included. Group C sows and gilts were given no treatment. Group R1 sows and gilts were injected i.m. with 8μg Buserelin (2.0ml Receptal; Hoechst Roussel Vet UK Ltd) on the day of service.
The effect of handling, oral dosing and injection of iron on the heart rate and behavioural responses of day old piglets
Authors: Wynn R.J. , Spoolder H.A.M. , Kay R.M. 
Published: June 2019

Injectable solutions of iron are a long established and widely accepted method of preventing anaemia in neonate piglets, although recently several oral iron preparations have become available which avoid the intrusive nature of injection. However, both methods of iron administration involve handling piglets which in itself may be stressful to the neonatal piglet. The aim of this study was to investigate the heart rate and behavioural responses of piglets during handling, or during handling associated with administration of either oral or injectable iron.Whole litters of 33 PIC Camborough sows were randomly assigned to one of three treatments, each administered before 24 hours of age; injection of 1ml of iron into the neck muscle (Gleptosil; Alstoe Animal Health), oral administration of 2ml of iron (Neoglobin; Labtec) and handling the piglet for 30 seconds between removal and replacement in the creep, but without the administration of iron.
The effects of farrowing system design on gilt behaviour
Authors: Marchant J.N. , Forde R.M. , Corning S. , Broom D.M. 
Published: June 2019

The farrowing crate was designed to make sow management easier, allow higher stocking densities and reduce piglet mortality. Recently, concerns about sow welfare within farrowing crates have lead to a reappraisal of open farrowing systems. However, more freedom of movement for the sow places greater influence on the quality of maternal care, if piglet welfare is to be safeguarded. The aims of this study were to compare the behaviour of gilts housed in different farrowing systems and to determine any differences in behaviour, that may affect piglet survival.After service, 38 LW x Landrace gilts (PIC, Abingdon, UK) were formed into groups of 3-5 and were assigned to either farrowing crates or a communal farrowing system. Each crate room housed six conventional crates with sow feeders, nipple drinkers and forward piglet creeps. Each pen room contained five individual strawed pens (2.7m x 1.9m) with a rectangular piglet creep at the rear, sloping walls along both sides and piglet and sow drinkers.
The effect of breed on calpastatin isoforms and longissimus shear force in pigmeat
Authors: Sensky P.L. , Parr T. , Bardsley R.G. , Buttery P.J. , Warkup C. C. 
Published: June 2019

The calpain enzyme system plays an important role in the proteolytic events leading to the conversion of muscle to meat in livestock species. Increasing evidence suggests that calpastatin, the inhibitory component of the system, correlates negatively with tenderness in beef and pigs (Koohmaraieet al., 1995; Senskyet al., 1998). In this study, the immunoreactivity of calpastatin in three pig breeds with different meat quality traits have been measured.Thirty-six female pigs, comprising equal numbers of Duroc (D), Large White (LW) and Duroc x Large White (50:50 DxLW) breeds were reared under identical conditions at a commercial pig unit and slaughtered at a commercial slaughterhouse on the same day by electrical stunning and severance of the carotid arteries. Carcass weight, backfat thickness, pH45and pHuwere all monitored.
Ethical attitudes of consumers and farmers to the use of two dairy technologies : Bovine somatotrophin (BST) and Automated Milking Systems (AMS)
Authors: Millar K.M. , Tomkins S.M. , Mepham T.B. 
Published: June 2019

The importance of considering public opinion in technology development and use is widely recognised. Several studies have assessed public opinion on modern biotechnologies used in animal production systems (Eurobarometer, 1997), but few have focused on specific technologies. The aim of this study was to evaluate attitudes to two defined technologies, bovine somatotrophin (BST) and automated milking systems (AMS), as part of a wider study of the role of ethical analysis in technology assessment. The preliminary results described below highlight only certain aspects of a much more comprehensive survey.Postal surveys of consumers and farmers were conducted in the Spring/Summer of 1998. The farmers’ population sample (n=1,000) was randomly selected from the National Farmers Union Dairy Farmers database. The selection, based on an nth term sample, was stratified for geographical region only.
Describing the lactation curve of dairy animals
Authors: Pollott G. E. 
Published: June 2019

Most functions used to describe the lactation curve of dairy animals are empirical in approach and result in parameters with little or no biological meaning. A new model for describing lactation based on the biology of the pregnant and lactating animal is proposed and compared to several empirical models (Wood, 1967; Grossman and Koops, 1988; Morant and Gnanasakthy, 1989).Lactation is thought of as the balance between an increase in secretory cell numbers (NSCP) and their later decline (NSCD). The difference between them is the number of active secretory cells, each of which secretes milk at a particular rate (S kg/cell/day). Thus daily milk yield (MY) = (NSCP – NSCD) x S.
Comparison of 15N and purines as microbial markers in a RUSITEC system
Authors: Carro M.D. , Miller E.L. 
Published: June 2019

One of the problems of quantifying the microbial protein synthesis in the rumen is the lack of an ideal microbial marker. Purines and 15N are two of the most recommended microbial markers (Broderick and Merchen, 1992), but none of them has proven to be completely satisfactory. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of using two different microbial markers (15N and purines) on the estimation of microbial production of four different diets in a RUSITEC system (Czerkawski and Breckenridge, 1977).Two 14-day incubation trials were carried out with a RUSITEC system (8 vessels). In each vessel 12 g of fibre were incubated daily in nylon bags for 48 h. Half of the nitrogen (N) requirements was infused continuously as ammonia (NH4Cl). The other half of N was infused as protein, peptides, amino acids (AA) or ammonia. In each period, 2 vessels received each of the N treatments and a solution of (15NH4)2SO4 was infused as microbial marker.
Why do people bring dogs back to the pound? A questionnaire study in Milan, Italy
Authors: Mondelli F. , Levi D. , Magistrelli S. , Prato Previde E. , Valsecchi P. 
Published: June 2019

The ASL (Local Sanitary Agency) dog pound in Milan is a sanitary structure where stray dogs (dogs which have run away from their owners, abandoned dogs and free ranging dogs) are housed after being found. Dogs cannot be adopted during the first 10 days. After this period, dogs stay in the same structure if space is available (and can be adopted), otherwise they are put in private kennels for unlimited time. Only dogs which are seriously sick or proved to be aggressive and dangerous can be put down through euthanasia (Law 281/91). When an adopted dog is brought back to the pound, the adoptive owner is asked to fill in a questionnaire. However, not everyone accepts to do so.The aim of this study is to understand: a) the reasons why dogs adopted from the pound are then left again; b) what influences the owner’s decision to leave their pet; c) if the decision is linked to problems caused by the dog or to the owner’s choice.
The effect of live yeast (Yeasacc) and yeast culture (Diamond V XP) on the performance of intensively fed Swaledale store lambs
Authors: Minter C M , Middlemass C A , Higham S P , Marsden M 
Published: June 2019

Concentrate finishing systems for store lambs often involves a dramatic change in the basal diet as lambs are moved from being managed on, e.g. grass and / or roots to concentrates. If this is done too quickly there is a risk of digestive disturbances leading to acidosis and secondary infections. However, the desire of the lamb finisher is to transfer the lambs onto the concentrate diets as quickly as possible and reduce rumen friendly materials such as straw to maximise performance. Yeast products have been shown repeatedly to reduce the production of lactic acid and stimulate the utilisation of lactic acid by certain rumen microflora, e.g. M. elsdenii leading to a more optimal rumen environment for the rumen microflora that in turn enhances nutrient supply and animal performance.The aim of this trial was to determine whether there would be any response to the inclusion of two yeast products, a live yeast, Yeasacc 1026 and a yeast culture, Diamond V XP, in intensively finished Swaledale wether store lambs.
Effects of B vitamins and methyl group donors on milk production, milk composition and blood biochemistry in dairy cows
Authors: Richards S.E , Hicklin S , Lord T , Nickson A , Long J , Brackenbury J , Newbold J.R. 
Published: June 2019

Recent reviews highlight the importance of the liver in the coordination of nutrient fluxes in support of pregnancy and lactation (e.g. Drackley et al., 2001). Mobilisation of body fat reserves in the late dry period and early lactation leads to an increase in uptake of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) by the liver. Their metabolic fate is either oxidation or esterification into triacylglycerides (TAG) that are either exported in very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) or accumulated within liver cells. Recent evidence indicates that TAG accumulation impairs ureagenic and gluconeogenic capacity of the liver, with consequent reductions in feed intake and milk yield, increased incidence of disease and decreased reproductive performance (Overton and Piepenbrink, 1999).LiFTTM (NuTec Ltd.) is a proprietary mixture of B-group vitamins and methyl group donors (rumen protected choline, niacin, vitamin B12, biotin, folic acid and thiamine) designed to reduce the accumulation of TAG in the liver and accelerate VLDL export. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of LiFT on milk yield and composition and concentrations of metabolites in blood.
Regulation of leptin expression in farm animals
Authors: Chilliard Y. , Delavaud C. , Bonnet M. 
Published: June 2019

Leptin is a hormone mainly expressed by adipose tissue (AT) in mammals and/or by liver in birds, at levels that differ according to genetic, physiological, nutritional and environmental factors, as well as hormone treatments (Houseknecht et al., 1998; Barb et al., 2002; Chilliard et al., 2002; Taouis et al., 2002).AT leptin mRNA level was higher in sheep and goat subcutaneous than visceral tissues, and the opposite was observed in cattle; it was higher in fat than in lean selection line in sheep. Leptin gene expression was decreased by undernutrition and increased by refeeding in AT of cattle and sheep, and decreased during fasting but not after feed restriction in AT of pig. In the chicken, both AT and liver leptin mRNA were decreased by undernutrition. In lactating goats, the replacement of part of the dietary concentrates by soybeans did not change leptin expression. The injection of NPY in sheep, as well as growth hormone (GH) treatment of growing sheep and cattle increased AT leptin mRNA. In the pig, AT leptin mRNA decreased after GH administration and estrogen-induced leptin mRNA increased with age and adiposity. In the chicken, estrogen treatment decreased AT and liver leptin mRNA. In vitro, insulin and glucocorticoïds increased AT leptin mRNA in cattle and pig, and leptin production in sheep. However, these effects on leptin gene expression were inhibited by GH. In the chicken, liver but not AT leptin mRNA was either increased by insulin, glucocorticoïds and GH or decreased by glucagon treatments. Long daylength increased AT lipogenic activities and leptin mRNA, as well as plasma leptin in sheep. In sheep, AT leptin mRNA increased from prebreeding to mid-pregnancy and declined to prebreeding levels during early lactation (Ehrhardt et al., 2001).