bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How to Avoid Bottom Hole Assembly Twist Off Challenges in Underreaming While Drilling Operations Using 4D Finite Element Analysis Modelling
Authors: Zhandayev Olzhas , Ungaliyev Gaukharbek , James Biju 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Historically underreaming while drilling (UWD) operations were implemented in offshore field in Azerbaijan to decrease Equivalent Circulating Density (ECD) and have better hole quality for casing running. Lithology in this UWD, 8.5 × 10.25-inch section consists of sand and shales with 3-5kpsi Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS). Well trajectory has planned dogleg severity up to 3-3.5 deg/30m. In such a condition underreaming operations are known to be more challenging and complex compared to conventional drilling with bit only. In the offset well, an operator had fatigue related twist off at the reamer's lower sub connection which contributed to 58 hours of NPT.
Our challenge was to come up with the root cause of the twist off and then suggest changes in BHA to avoid this and prove that the modified BHA performs as expected. Our finite element analysis (FEA) based 4D modeling software can identify different vibrations (axial, lateral, stick slip), bending stresses and bending moment of each component in the BHA. Using this software, we were able to come up with the root cause of the twist off, which was due to high bending stress.
In UWD there are two cutting structures in the BHA, so optimizing both cutting structures has a significant impact on the overall performance. Successful run key points are to analyze the underreamer placement in BHA, operating parameters selection for different scenarios (when both bit and undereamer are in the same rocks or when the bit is in soft and undereamer is in hard rock), lateral vibrations and whirling phenomenon which can potentially damage and develop fatigue on BHA components. Multiple BHA's were simulated and based on the results the most stable BHA was recommended for the upcoming well.
The operator implemented the recommended BHA and a total of 1200m was successfully drilled and opened in one run without any NPT. All directional requirements were achieved and both bit and underreamer came out in good condition which confirmed that the new optimized BHA was stable in the downhole drilling conditions. The liner was also run without any issue confirming the borehole quality.
This paper will review the results of analysis and how modeling prediction was validated in the field.
Assessing Mechanical Integrity of Expanding Cement
Authors: Patel Harshkumar , Salehi Saeed , Teodoriu Catalin 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Cement sheath is a critical barrier for maintaining well integrity. Formation of micro-annulus due to volume shrinkage and/or pressure/temperature changes is the major challenge in achieving good hydraulic seal. Expansion of cement after the placement is a promising solution to this problem. Expanding cement can potentially close micro-annulus and further achieve pre-stress condition because of the confinement. Primary aim of this paper is to investigate mechanical integrity of different pre-stressed cement system under loading condition.
To achieve the objectives, finite element modelling approach was employed. Three dimensional computer models consisting of liner, cement sheath, and casing were developed. Pre-stress condition was generated by modelling contact interference at the cement-casing interface. Three cement (ductile, moderately ductile, and brittle) were considered for simulation cases. Wellbore and annulus pressure were applied. Resultant, radial, hoop, and maximum shear stresses were investigated at the cement-pipe interface to assess mechanical integrity. For comparison purpose, similar simulations were conducted using cement sheath without pre-stress and cement system representing uniform volume shrinkage and presence micro-annulus.
For constant wellbore pressure, the radial stresses observed in all three types of cement system were practically similar and decreased as pre-stress was increased. Hoop stress also reduced with increase in compressive pre-load. However, their absolute values were distinct for different cement types. These results indicate that cement system with compressive pre-load can notably reduce the risk of radial crack failure by providing compensatory compressive stress. However, on the contrary, the maximum shear stress developed at cement-pipe interface, increased because of pre-load. This can compromise the mechanical integrity by reducing the safety margin on shear failure. Thus, the selection of expansive cement should be made after carefully weighing reduced risk of radial failure/debonding against the increased risks of shear failure.
This paper provides novel information on expanding cement from the perspective of mechanical stresses and integrity. Modelling approach discussed in this work, can be used to estimate amount of pre-stress required for a selected cement system under anticipated wellbore loads.
The Need of NMR Cement Properties Characterization and Lesson Learned
Authors: Ichim Adonis , K Saleh Fatemeh , Teodoriu Catalin , Sondergeld Carl 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Cement is a key element for successful drilling and completing of a well. From oil and gas wells to geothermal applications, cement is a major material ensuring zonal isolation. With an increase in global energy needs and an expected uptick in drilling and plugging and abandonment activities, evaluating and understanding cement properties is crucial, since these properties are used in various engineering designs and calculations. The objective of this paper is to present how Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) can be used to understand the cement hydration process and the development of key properties such as strength and porosity. NMR applications for cement include determination of porosity, water interactions, identification of hydration stages and C-S-H gel development with curing time. Since water is present in all cement slurries, NMR can potentially help to understand microstructural changes in cement during curing. Data from more than 600 cement specimens cured for more than a year are compiled. Standard cement properties such as UCS (unconfined compressive strength) are compared with NMR responses. In this paper, we document cement hydration and porosity changes through NMR measurements in samples with five different recipes. Our study also confirms a strong correlation between NMR response and cement strength.
Adaptive Forecasting of Natural Gas Resources, Production, Infrastructure, and Prices
Authors: Virine Lev 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
An oil and natural gas producer should continuously analyze industry fundamentals such as supply, demand, storage, transportation, and pricing to make informed operational and business decisions. An oil and gas producer should be able to adapt to frequently changing industry environment by adjusting its operation: increasing or curtailing production, drilling and connecting new wells, obtaining new financing, locking in future natural gas prices, etc. In order to provide an input to the decision-making process, the adaptive management methodology needs to be applied.
Forecasts of hydrocarbon resources, production, infrastructure, and pricing are very sensitive to technological improvements, pricing changes, new discoveries, and other major events, the impacts of which are difficult to predict. One method to improve the quality of a forecast is to apply adaptive management process. The adaptive management methodology implies assuming supply and demand strategy, creating multiple scenarios for allocating oil or gas demand to different areas or regions, evaluating these scenarios, and performing detailed forecast for selected scenarios. One important step of adaptive management is monitoring of actual drilling and production activities. Based on this information original assumptions can be updated.
The result of the analysis is production, prices, and infrastructure forecast. The paper presents an example of a production forecast that is generated using adaptive management process.
Leveraging Improvements in Unitization to Reduce Mobilization Costs for Land Drilling Rigs
Authors: Carpenter Cole , Richards Lee 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
In recent years, an industry-wide demand for increased drilling efficiency has led to the development of technologies and methods focused on multi-well pad development and the minimization of the transportation of drilling rigs between locations. Studies have indicated the potential for improving drilling cycle efficiency through improvements in rig design and procedural documentation but have given limited consideration to the unitization and mobilization practices surrounding ancillary components such as mud pumps, light plants, bulk fluid storage and other systems that comprise modern land rigs. This study examines current unitization practices, as well as offers alternative methods of integrating ancillary system components to improve current transport configurations. Specifically, ancillary systems whose transport dimensions and weight exceed the federal and state requirements for commercial vehicles operating within the National Highway Freight Network (NHFN).
In this study, the application of transport logistics software is used to demonstrate that there exists the potential for significant reduction in land rig mobilization costs through revised unitization of drilling rig ancillary systems. Permit data from proposed wells located in the Permian, Bakken, and Marcellus are utilized to develop transport scenarios whose focus is to quantify the impact of ancillary system unitization on the total fee structure associated with rig mobilization between geographical regions. Within each scenario, ancillary systems from currently active rigs are compiled and itemized according to their weight, transport dimensions, and degree of component unitization. The resulting schedule is then processed through transport logistics software to identify fee schedules associated with oversize permits, overweight permits, civilian and police escorts, driver rate/fuel costs, and associated service fees for the individual loads. Following the conclusions derived from the analysis of the existing rig systems, the series of transport scenarios are repeated using revised component configurations. The revised system employs a combination of divisible and non-divisible loads whose components are either integrated as part of dedicated transport trailers or located within ISO containers loaded onto commercially available transport trailers. The fee schedules from active rigs, as well as the results from the proposed unitization, are explored in detail to identify critical areas for improvement regarding unitization practices for active rigs and future builds.
Field Development Using Compositional Reservoir Simulation and Uncertainty Analysis in the Delaware Basin
Authors: Hefner William , Davudov Davud , Moghanloo Rouzbeh Ghanbarnezhad 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This study presents a novel, integrated workflow to maximize recovery using PVT compositional modeling, history matching, and numerical reservoir simulation in a tight oil sand formation, the Second Bone Spring. Advancements in unconventional resource development have enabled the Delaware Basin to become highly significant. However, optimizing the development of each formation is still lacking in understanding. This study is one of multiple future studies over tight reservoirs in the Delaware Basin and exhibits a comprehensive approach. Properties that will be optimized are well spacing, reservoir parameters, and EOR feasibility.
To determine the behavior and optimize the development of each of these reservoirs, data from multiple sources was necessary. The data compiled consisted of reports from PVT analysis, completions design, petrophysical analysis, daily production and pressure, deviation surveys, structure and isopach maps, and well design. This data was then implemented into a 3D numerical reservoir simulator (CMG-GEM), first to confirm PVT output in a compositional simulation (CMG-WINPROP), then to simulate up to 20 years of production, and finally to use uncertainty analysis (CMG-CMOST) to optimize reservoir input parameters. Once a base case scenario was established, we then furthered our investigation of well spacing and EOR feasibility by setting up multiple different scenarios for each and running them for 20 years. EOR scenarios included 1-3 month huff-and-puff CO2, as well as low salinity water injection. Results are normalized per foot of completely lateral length and lab data is implemented in EOR simulations.
Our results confirm that reservoir parameters, once established after uncertainty analysis, have a large impact on both optimizing well spacing and EOR feasibility in the Second Bone Spring formation. With each well having very similar cluster spacing, proppant amount and type, and fracturing fluid and type, up to 250 feet of inter-well spacing is unaccounted for. Optimized models show that closer spacing of at least 150 feet can increase EUR estimates an average of 11.25%. An increase of 5-17% recovery is observed once a smaller spacing is implemented. EOR models showed that CO2 and low salinity water injection are viable candidates for the formation (7.25-9% increase for CO2, 6.25% for LSWI).
This integrated study refines our reservoir parameter estimates and helps identify potential to maximize recovery. It suggests that a tighter spacing is necessary to cover a larger portion of the reservoir, as well as showing that EOR is feasible. An improved understanding of the entire reservoir leads to better production and economic estimates.
Well Spacing and Landing Zone Optimization to Improve Development Strategy - A Case Study from the Stack
Authors: Karam Pierre , Yang Junjie , Cozyris Kristian , Stephenson Tim , An Xiaoxuan , Jung Chimok , Jun Jongyoung , Lee Hyungseok 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Sooner Trend Anadarko Canadian Kingfisher, also known as STACK, is a booming unconventional oil play in North America. As one of the main features that makes the asset profitable, multiple targeting benches raise a challenge of optimization. Well-developed natural fracture system brings in another level of complexity to estimate well spacing. This study introduces an integrated workflow to better understand the fluid flow mechanism in the reservoir and optimize development strategy.
From borehole image log, natural fracture orientation and density was interpreted and statistically populated into geologic model along with petrophysical properties. To account for productivity enhancement due to natural fractures, enhanced permeability was embedded into the simulation model according to the distribution of discrete fracture network. After being history matched, the reservoir model was used to test the sensitivity on well spacing, landing zone and hydraulic fracturing pump schedule. Both infill drilling program and green field development scenarios were tested and compared to optimize our field development study.
Production history match indicates that natural fractures serve as fluid flow conduit and contribute significantly to the production in Osage. Pressure transient observation shows a similar reservoir behavior in the Osage as opposed to the Woodford. Multiple wells experience productivity reduction over longer production history, indicating near-field damage (such as scaling) and/or far-field damage (such as fracture closure). Introduction of skin factor and pressure dependent permeability captured the trend on productivity behavior in the history match. In addition, the simulation study shed light on the hydraulic fracture geometry that provides direct insight on well spacing and landing zone analyses. Results from the infill drilling program show that staggered design with 3 Osage and 4 Woodford wells per section yields the higher oil recovery. However, using the greenfield sensitivities, and depending on the pumping schedule, hydraulic fractures from Woodford wells show upward growth, draining both formations effectively even without Osage wells.
This study provides valuable information about the development strategy in STACK unconventional resources, particularly for scenarios with natural fracture system and multiple targeting zones. The simulation workflow considers well interference in both horizontal and vertical directions simultaneously to optimize oil recovery and reduce operational cost.
Optimal dose of pretreated-dexmedetomidine in fentanyl-induced cough suppression: a prospective randomized controlled trial
Authors: Zhou Wei , Zhang Dongsheng , Tian Shunping , Yang Yang , Xing Zhi , Ma Rongrong , Zhou Tianqi , Bao Tianxiu , Sun Jianhong , Zhang Zhuan 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Background: To investigate the optimal dose of pretreated-dexmedetomidine in fentanyl-induced cough suppression.
Methods: Patients of 180 undergoing elective surgery with general anesthesia, aged 18-65 years, BMI 18.5-30 kg/m2, ASA I or II, were equally randomized into four groups (n = 45) to receive intravenous pretreatment of dexmedetomidine with 0 (group 1), 0.3 (group 2), 0.6 (group 3) and 0.9 (group 4) mcg/kg over 10 mins, respectively. After the pretreatment, all patients were given a 5-s intravenous injection of fentanyl 4 mcg/kg. The symptoms of irritating cough including the severity and onset time were recorded for 1 min after fentanyl injection. General anesthesia induction was completed with midazolam, propofol and cisatracurium, then endotracheal tube or laryngeal mask was inserted and connected to an anesthesia machine. MAP, HR and SpO2 at the beginning of pretreatment (T0), 3 min (T1), 6 min (T2), 9 min (T3) and 12 min (T4) after the beginning of pretreatment were recorded. Side effects of dexmedetomidine, such as bradycardia, hypertension, hypotension, and respiratory depression were also recorded during the course.
Results: Totally 168 patients completed the study. The incidences of cough were 52.4%, 42.9%, 11.9%, and 14.3% in groups 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively, with no significant differences between groups 1 and 2 (P > 0.05) and between groups 3 and 4 (P > 0.05). The incidence and severity of cough in groups 3 and 4 were significantly lower than those in groups 1 and 2 (P < 0.05). Compared to T0, HR at T2 (P < 0.05), T3 (P < 0.01), and T4 (P < 0.01) decreased significantly and MAP at T4 decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in group 4. Bradycardia occurred in 1 case and respiratory depression occurred in 1 case in group 4. Compared to group 1, the onset time of cough in the other 3 groups were delayed significantly (P < 0.05).
Conclusion: Pretreated dexmedetomidine 0.6 mcg/kg blous intravenous infusion over 10 mins could reduce FIC effectively without side effects.
EFFICACY OF EXTRAPLEURAL PLOMBAGE WITH SILICONE PLUG IN DESTRUCTIVE PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS PATIENTS AND ITS IMPACT ON PULMONARY FUNCTIONS AND BLOOD GASES
Authors: Krasnikova E. V. , Bagirov M. A. , Lovacheva O. V. , Popova L. A. , Sadovnikova S. S. , Karpina N. L. 
Published: April 2019

The objective of the study: to analyze the efficacy of extrapleural plombage with silicone plug (EPSP) in those suffering from destructive pulmonary tuberculosis with multiple/extensive drug resistance (M/XDR) and to assess EPSP impact on pulmonary functions and blood gases. Subjects and methods. 34 patients with chronic persistent destructive pulmonary tuberculosis who underwent EPSP were enrolled in the study. 23 were men and 11 were women at the age from 18 to 54 years old (the median age made 36.29± 10.2 years). MDR was diagnosed in 31/34 (91.2%) patients, and of them, 22/31 (70.0%) had XDR. A high profile life long breast implants with texturized coating causing no rejection by the host were used for extrapleural plombage. Results. 18 patients who underwent EPSP as a single surgery had their cavities healed in the operated lung in 100% of cases (95% CI 96.3-100%). There were no lethal outcomes. 1/18 (5.6%) patient suffered from a late complication (empyema) related to EPSP. Postponed outcomes of tuberculosis treatment (effective course of treatment after EPSP) were favorable in 13/16 (81.3%; 95% CI 57.0-93.4%) patients. In 11 patients with disseminated destructive tuberculosis who had EPSP combined with resection or collapse surgery, 12/12 (100%; 95% CI 75.8-100%) had their cavities healed in the operated lung; 2/12 patients needed additional bronchial valve block. Surgeries for EPSP resulted in no lethal outcomes or complications. In 5 patients with destructive tuberculosis relapse in the only lung, EPSP was used to stop the progress of the disease due to poor efficacy of chemotherapy. The impact on cavities healing in the operated lung was achieved in 4/5 (80.0%; 95% CI (37.6-96.3%) patients. The complication after EPSP was observed in у 1/5 (20.0%) patient and resulted in the lethal outcome. 3/5 patients had favorable postponed outcomes. After EPSP, ventilation and gas exchange functions deteriorated in 32% of patients, while in 28% of patients, they improved. The intensity of change was moderate or significant. The most dynamic and informative indicators were the vital capacity of the lungs and the partial tension of oxygen in oxygenated blood (PaO2).
Does the source of water for piped supplies affect child health? Evidence from rural Vanuatu
Authors: Foster Tim , Rand Emily , Sami Erie , Dance Brieana , Kohlitz Jeremy , Willetts Juliet 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Piped water systems are considered to provide the highest service level for drinking water supplies; however, global monitoring of safe water access pays little attention to the type of water source that piped systems draw upon, even if the water is not treated prior to distribution. This study sought to understand whether the source of water for untreated piped supplies influences the prevalence of diarrhoea among children in rural Vanuatu. The analysis was based on a dataset integrating a Demographic and Health Survey and a nationwide water supply inventory. After adjusting for a range of potential confounders, the results revealed a significant association between diarrhoea and the type of water source supplying a piped system. Compared with borehole-supplied piped systems, spring-fed piped systems were significantly associated with increased odds of diarrhoea (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 5.8, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1–31, p = 0.040). No significant association between diarrhoea and piped systems drawing on surface water was observed. Increased odds of diarrhoea were significantly associated with water supply systems constructed prior to the year 2000 (AOR 4.9, 95% CI 1.9–13, p = 0.001). The results highlight the need for improvements in spring protection as well as ongoing maintenance and periodic renewal of water supply infrastructure.
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