bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diagnóstico de prácticas de manejo agropecuario en el Cantón Mira Provincia del Carchi
Authors: Chuquín Yépez Héctor Guillermo , Ibarra Rosero Edison Marcelo 
Published: April 2019

La presente investigación se llevó a cabo en el cantón Mira perteneciente a la Provincia del Carchi – Ecuador, cantón incluido dentro de los límites de la cuenca transfronteriza del Río Mira – Mataje, para determinar las prácticas que se desarrollan en las actividades agrícolas y pecuarias y su efecto en la productividad. Se tomó como referencia los cultivos de mayor significancia en el cantón según el III Censo Nacional Agropecuario. A través del método descriptivo se caracterizó las actividades de manejo de los cultivos agrícolas y pe- cuarios en este sector de estudio, con un direccionamiento cuantitativo, adecuado para las variables investigativas propuestas, mediante la medición de sus realidades con un enfoque universalista. La historia de uso de suelo en el cantón Mira denota que la mayoría de cultivos se han mantenido en los últimos años, siendo el de cebada el más frecuente sin ningún tipo de rotación. La comercialización de los productos sobre el 70% lo hace a través de un in- termediario y/o negociante. El 90% de los productores agropecuarios del cantón Mira no realizan estudios de suelo previo a la aplicación de fertilizantes tanto químicos como or- gánicos. Para el control de malezas se utiliza en su mayoría productos químicos siendo las etapas de siembra y desarrollo en donde más se aplican. Sobre el 78% de los productores realizan un control de plagas y enfermedades de forma química, denotando la mínima uti- lización del manejo integrado de plagas y enfermedades. La siembra y cosecha se realiza sobre el 70% de forma manual, mientras que la cosecha en el cultivo de cebada es 100% mecanizada. En la parte pecuaria el 100% de los productores tienen un sistema de alimentación por pastoreo, con una carga animal promedio de 1 UBA/ha. La práctica de reproducción más usada es la monta natural. Dentro de las prácticas generales de manejo, la identificación es una de las más frecuentes, y el manejo de registros la menos común. No existe en la zona manejo de excretas, siendo estas dejadas en el ambiente (90.90%) y desechadas a las ver- tientes de agua. La fuente de capacitación para los productores del cantón son las casas comerciales y consultores privados, pero no se denotan temáticas como la conservación de suelos y aguas, y la administración contable. Los limitantes de producción mencionados por los productores están dados por la sequía, plagas y enfermedades, y el mercado y co- mercialización.
Las WEBQUEST una herramienta de aprendizaje estructurado aplicado a los entornos virtuales de aprendizaje
Authors: Miranda Realpe Jorge Humberto 
Published: April 2019

La presente investigación denominada “The WebQuest learning tool applied to structured Virtual Learning Environments” propone el empleo de recursos didácticos web 2.0 en aulas virtuales, con el objetivo de mejorar el trabajo en el ambiente virtual incidiendo positiva- mente sobre el aprendizaje estudiantil. En este proyecto se elaboraron encuestas y entrevis- tas dirigidas a estudiantes, docentes y directores, recolectando información relacionada con las aulas virtuales como frecuencia de uso, nivel de satisfacción, contenidos, retroalimenta- ción, utilización de las TIC, metodologías pedagógicas aplicadas, entre otros. Los resultados de los instrumentos aplicados señalan la importancia de reforzar la capaci- tación docente en la aplicación didáctica de las TIC, para garantizar el uso efectivo de las aulas virtuales. En la investigación se plantearon la guía y reglas para desarrollar y utilizar las webquests; además se analizaron los recursos tecnológicos Google Sites, 1 2 3 Tu WebQuest, Zunal WebQuest Maker y el módulo PHP WebQuest en base a parámetros como tipo de licencia- miento, ventajas, desventajas, facilidad de uso, idioma de la herramienta, plantillas dispo- nibles, sugerencias de ayuda, facilidad para incorporar recursos web 2.0, herramientas de respaldo de datos, entre otros. Así mismo se analizaron los resultados obtenidos a partir de la prueba piloto en la que se emplearon webquests para desarrollar actividades de aprendi- zaje junto a grupos de estudiantes. Las webquests y recursos web 2.0 constituyen herramientas didácticas basadas en la web, que al ser aplicados en aulas virtuales bajo la metodología: Presencia, Alcance, Capacitación, Interac- ción, Elearning – PACIE, permiten reforzar el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje; favoreciendo el desarrollo de capacidades cognitivas, procedimentales y actitudinales en los estudiantes
AKTIVITAS KESENIAN KOMUNITAS SARANG TARUNG
Authors: Hidayah Fajar Nurul 
Published: April 2019

<p>Artikel ini merupakan hasil penelitian yang membahas aktivitas kesenian komunitas Sarang Tarung. Fokus permasalahan yang diteliti adalah makna yang mendorong komunitas Sarang Tarung melakukan aktivitas kesenian, juga membahas bagaimana latar belakang berdirinya komunitas, serta bagaimana bentuk aktivitas mereka. metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah etnografi dengan analisis taksonomi. Teori interaksionisme simbolik (Herbert Blumer) digunakan sebagai pisau bedah. Sarang Tarung dilihat melalui interaksionisme simbolik merupakan serangkaian proses pembentukan makna yang mendasari mereka melakukan aktivitas kesenian. Melalui interaksionisme simbolik, dapat diketahui makna aktivitas kesenian bagi komunitas Sarang Tarung adalah bentuk rasa kepedulian, selain itu dapat diketahui bahwa komunitas Sarang Tarung tidak sepenuhnya paham tentang seni kerakyatan, mereka juga bagian anak muda yang mengkonsumsi tren seni kerakyatan. Mereka beranggapan bahwa seni kerakyatan adalah bentuk solidaritas yang mampu memberi perubahan pada kesejahteraan masyarakat kelas bawah. Anggapan tersebut yang mendorong mereka melakukan aktivitas kesenian dan tidak sekadar menjadi konsumen pasif.</p><p><strong> </strong></p>Kata kunci: Aktivitas Kesenian, Interaksionisme Simbolik, Komunitas Sarang Tarung, Makna
SENI LUKIS KARYA WIRYONO PERIODE 2006-2012
Authors: Wicaksana Arif , Cholis Henry 
Published: April 2019

<p>Artikel ini membahas mengenai seni lukis karya Wiryono periode 2006-2012 yang memiliki keunikan tersendiri terutama terkait dengan teknik, bentuk, fantasi, metafor, dan estetika yang ditampilkan dalam karya. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan menggunakan pendekatan fenomenologi yang memperoleh data melalui observasi langsung di lapangan, wawancara, kajian pustaka dan data visual lainnya. Untuk membedah karya digunakan teori kreativitas Monroe C. Beardsley.</p><p align="center"> </p><p>Kata kunci : estetika, wiryono, seni lukis.</p>
In vivo anti-diabetic effect of aqueous and methanolic macerated extracts of Atractylis gummifera
Authors: Bouabid Khadija , Lamchouri Fatima , Toufik Hamid , Boulfia Mohamed , Senhaji Souad , Faouzi My El Abbes 
Published: April 2019

The anti-diabetic effect of Atractylis gummifera (plant used in traditional Moroccan medicine) has been evaluated in type 2 diabetic mice model. The mice were divided into five groups: Normal control, diabetic control, diabetic treated with aqueous macerate (500 mg/kg), diabetic treated with methanol macerate (500 mg/kg) and diabetic treated with metformin (300 mg/kg). The treatment of the mice was performed by daily gastric gavage for 5 weeks. The monitoring of the mice was carried out weekly by fasting glucose and measurement of biochemical parameters at the end of treatment. The aqueous macerate of A. gummifera was most effective that reduced the fasting blood glucose with 62.7%. In addition, this extract restored the biochemical parameters of diabetic mice to normal.
Video Clip of Methodolpogy:
5 min 53 sec: Full Screen Alternate
LİMİTED ŞİRKETLERDE YAN EDİM YÜKÜMLÜLÜĞÜNÜN HUKUKİ NİTELİĞİ, HİZMET ETTİĞİ AMAÇ VE KONUSU
Authors: BAHAR SAYIN Hediye 
Published: April 2019

Limited şirketlerde ortakların temel yükümlülüğü sermaye borcunu ödemektir. Bazı
hallerde şirketin sahip olduğu nitelikler, ortaklara başkaca yükümlülükler yüklenmesini haklı
kılabilir. Şirket sözleşmesi ile şirketin işletme konusunu gerçekleştirilmesine hizmet edecek yan
edim yükümlülüklerinin öngörülmesi mümkündür (TTK m. 606/1). Yan edimler, esas sermaye
payına bağlı ve ikincil nitelikte yükümlülükler olup bazı veya tüm paylara, pay kategorilerine
yüklenebilen yapma, yapmama, katlanma, kullandırma edimlerinden oluşabilir. Bu edimler,
limited şirkete sermaye şirketi olma vasfı yanında şahıs şirketlerine benzer bir görünüm verir.
TTK m. 606’da yer alan yan edim yükümlülüğüne ilişkin düzenleme mehaz İsviçre OR Art.
796’dan bazı farklılıklar içerir. Bu farklılıklar, hükmün yorumlanması, yan edim yükümlülüklerinin hizmet ettiği amacın kapsamı ve yan edim yükümlülüklerinin konusunun belirlenmesi
açısından önem arz eder.&nbsp;
TAŞINMAZLARIN BİRLİKTE REHNİ (TMK m. 855)
Authors: KAŞAK Fahri Erdem , GÜVENÇ İpek 
Published: April 2019

Taşınmaz rehnine hâkim ilkelerden olan belirlilik ilkesine göre, bir alacağın tek bir
taşınmaz üzerinde rehin hakkı kurularak temin edilmesi esastır. TMK m. 855 hükmünün
öngördüğü birlikte rehin kurumu ise bir alacağın birden çok taşınmaz ile güvence altına
alınabilmesine imkân sağlar. Böylece uygulamada özellikle bankaların verdiği yüksek meblağlı
kredileri birden fazla taşınmazı rehnederek temin edebilmek mümkün hâle gelmektedir. Bir
alacağın birden çok taşınmaz rehnedilerek temin edilmesi hâlinde, her bir taşınmazın açıkça
ve ayrı ayrı alacağın ne kadarlık kısmını temin ettiğinin belirtilmesi kuraldır. Bununla birlikte
istisnaen, alacağı temin edecek taşınmazlar aynı kişiye aitse veya taşınmazların malikleri
müteselsil borçlu ise taşınmazların toplu olarak rehnedilebilmesi mümkündür. Bu ihtimalde her
bir taşınmazın alacağın ne kadarlık kısmını temin ettiği belirlenmez.&nbsp;
KAMU ALACAKLARINDA HAKSIZ ÇIKMA ZAMMI UYGULAMASI VE ANAYASA’YA AYKIRILIĞININ YARGI KARARLARI ÇERÇEVESİNDE DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ
Authors: SARAÇOĞLU Fatih , DAYIOĞLU ERUL Rana 
Published: April 2019

Haksız çıkma zammı, 6183 sayılı Amme Alacaklarının Tahsil Usulü Kanun’a göre; itirazında tamamen veya kısmen haksız çıkan borçludan, hakkındaki itirazın reddolunduğu miktardaki kamu alacağının %10 zamla tahsil edilmesi uygulamasıdır. Bu uygulama, mahkemelerin veya yargı kuruluşlarının boş yere meşgul edilmesini ve kamu borçlularının kötü niyetle
hareket etmesini önlemek amacıyla getirilmiştir.
Haksız çıkma zammı uygulamasının getirilmesine esas olan amaçların, zammın Anayasa’nın bazı hükümlerine aykırı olması gerekçesiyle istenilen şekilde gerçekleşemediği düşünülmektedir. Haksız çıkma zammı; bireylerin yasal hakkı olan dava açma hakkından vazgeçmesine
neden olabileceğinden hukuk devleti ilkesinin zedelenmesine ve temel hak ve özgürlüklerden
olan hak arama özgürlüğünün engellenmesine neden olabilmektedir.
Çalışmada haksız çıkma zammı uygulamasının esaslarına yer verildikten sonra, zammın Anayasa’ya aykırılığı sorunu, yargı kararları çerçevesinde tartışılmış ve değerlendirilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, haksız çıkma zammının Anayasa’ya aykırı olmadığı yönünde verilen kararlar
olsa da, haksız çıkma zammı konusunda mahkemelere yetki verilmesi gibi yeni düzenlemeler
yapılarak uygulamanın daha adil bir hale dönüştürülebileceği ifade edilmiştir.
2017 ANAYASA DEĞİŞİKLİĞİNE GÖRE CUMHURBAŞKANLIĞI KARARNAMELERİ
Authors: AKYILMAZ Cemre 
Published: April 2019

2017 yılında yapılan Anayasa değişikliği ile yürütme organının yapısında önemli değişikliklere gidilmiş ve bu çerçevede Cumhurbaşkanı’nın yetkileri yeniden düzenlenmiştir. Cumhurbaşkanı’na tanınan yetkilerden biri de yeni anlamıyla “Cumhurbaşkanlığı kararnamesi”
çıkarma yetkisidir. Cumhurbaşkanlığı kararnamesi önceki dönemde Anayasa’da hüküm altına
alınan düzenleyici işlemlerle benzerlik gösterse de yapılış usulü, nitelikleri, konusu, denetim
usulü ve normlar hiyerarşisindeki yeri bakımından farklılık göstermektedir. Cumhurbaşkanı’na
aslî düzenleme yapma yetkisi tanıyan Cumhurbaşkanlığı kararnamelerinin aynı zamanda yasama yetkisi bağlamında da incelenmesi zaruridir. Bu çalışmada Cumhurbaşkanlığı kararnameleri olağan dönem Cumhurbaşkanlığı kararnameleri ve olağanüstü hal Cumhurbaşkanlığı
kararnameleri olarak iki başlık altında ele alınacak bu kararnamelere ilişkin düzenlemelerin
yaratabileceği sorulara cevap aranacaktır.&nbsp;
Magnetic Stability of Massive Star-forming Clumps in RCW 106
Authors: Tamaoki Shohei , Sugitani Koji , Nguyen-Luong Quang , Nakamura Fumitaka , Kusune Takayoshi , Nagayama Takahiro , Watanabe Makoto , Nishiyama Shogo , Tamura Motohide 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The RCW 106 molecular cloud complex is an active massive star-forming region where a ministarburst is taking place. We examined its magnetic structure by near-IR polarimetric observations with the imaging polarimeter SIRPOL on the IRSF 1.4 m telescope. The global magnetic field is nearly parallel to the direction of the Galactic plane and the cloud elongation. We derived the magnetic field strength of ∼100–1600 μG for 71 clumps with the Davis–Chandrasekhar–Fermi method. We also evaluated the magnetic stability of these clumps and found that massive star-forming clumps tend to be magnetically unstable and gravitationally unstable. Therefore, we propose a new criterion to search for massive star-forming clumps. These details suggest that the process enhancing the clump density without an increase of the magnetic flux is essential for the formation of massive stars and the necessity for accreting mass along the magnetic field lines.
Cloud Atlas: Rotational Spectral Modulations and Potential Sulfide Clouds in the Planetary-mass, Late T-type Companion Ross 458C
Authors: Manjavacas Elena , Apai Dániel , Lew Ben W. P. , Zhou Yifan , Schneider Glenn , Burgasser Adam J. , Karalidi Theodora , Miles-Páez Paulo A. , Lowrance Patrick J. , Cowan Nicolas , Bedin Luigi R. , Marley Mark S. , Metchev Stan , Radigan Jacqueline 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Measurements of photometric variability at different wavelengths provide insights into the vertical cloud structure of brown dwarfs and planetary-mass objects. In seven Hubble Space Telescope consecutive orbits, spanning ∼10 hr of observing time, we obtained time-resolved spectroscopy of the planetary-mass T8 dwarf Ross 458 C using the near-infrared Wide Field Camera 3. We found spectrophotometric variability with a peak-to-peak signal of 2.62 ± 0.02% (in the 1.10–1.60 μm white light curve). Using three different methods, we estimated a rotational period of 6.75 ± 1.58 hr for the white light curve, and similar periods for narrow J- and H-band light curves. Sine wave fits to the narrow J- and H-band light curves suggest a tentative phase shift between the light curves with wavelength when we allow different periods between both light curves. If confirmed, this phase shift may be similar to the phase shift detected earlier for the T6.5 spectral type 2MASS J22282889–310262. We find that, in contrast with 2M2228, the variability of Ross 458C shows evidence for a color trend within the narrow J-band, but gray variations in the narrow H-band. The spectral time-resolved variability of Ross 458C might be potentially due to heterogeneous sulfide clouds in the atmosphere of the object. Our discovery extends the study of spectral modulations of condensate clouds to the coolest T-dwarf, planetary-mass companions.
Carnegie Supernova Project-II: Using Near-infrared Spectroscopy to Determine the Location of the Outer 56Ni in Type Ia Supernovae∗
Authors: Ashall C. , Hsiao E. Y. , Hoeflich P. , Stritzinger M. , Phillips M. M. , Morrell N. , Davis S. , Baron E. , Piro A. L. , Burns C. , Contreras C. , Galbany L. , Holmbo S. , Kirshner R. P. , Krisciunas K. , Marion G. H. , Sand D. J. , Shahbandeh M. , Suntzeff N. B. , Taddia F. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
We present the H-band wavelength region of 37 postmaximum light near-infrared spectra of three normal, nine transitional, and four subluminous type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia), extending from +5 days to +20 days relative to the epoch of B-band maximum. We introduce a new observable, the blue-edge velocity, v
edge, of the prominent Fe/Co/Ni-peak H-band emission feature, which is quantitatively measured. The v
edge parameter is found to decrease over subtype ranging from around −14,000 km s−1 for normal SNe Ia, to −10,000 km s−1 for transitional SNe Ia, down to −5000 km s−1 for the subluminous SNe Ia. Furthermore, inspection of the +10 ± 3 days spectra indicates that v
edge is correlated with the color-stretch parameter, s

BV
, and hence with peak luminosity. These results follow the previous findings that brighter SNe Ia tend to have 56Ni located at higher velocities as compared to subluminous objects. As v
edge is a model-independent parameter, we propose it can be used in combination with traditional observational diagnostics to provide a new avenue to robustly distinguish between leading SNe Ia explosion models.
Les enseignants de la formation professionnelle : leur travail, leur réalité
Authors: Holgado Otilia 
Published: April 2019

Cet article rend compte d’une recherche qui explore le travail quotidien de huit enseignants de la formation professionnelle secondaire au Québec, dans six métiers : arpentage, cuisine, entretien paysager, secrétariat, transport par camion et conduite des engins de chantier. Menée selon une démarche d’analyse du travail à partir d’entretiens libres, la recherche se propose d’accéder aux représentations des enseignants participants afin de rendre compte de la manière dont ceux-ci se représentent leur propre métier, les tâches qui le composent, les responsabilités qui leur incombent, ainsi que les conditions de travail, les difficultés qu’ils rencontrent et les moyens qu’ils déploient pour y faire face au quotidien. Les résultats obtenus montrent le partage entre les tâches prescrites et celles qui sont prises en charge volontairement par les enseignants, dans le but de favoriser l’apprentissage des élèves et d’assurer le bon fonctionnement de leur centre de formation. Nous constatons que cela amène une surcharge de travail dont la réalisation se prolonge sur le temps personnel, conduisant à une délimitation floue entre vie professionnelle et vie privée.
Au service de l’Europe
Authors: Georgakakis Didier 
Published: April 2019

Tout est dit, et pense-t-on a été dit, sur les « eurocrates », leurs privilèges, leur idéologie (néo-libérale pour les uns, au contraire régulatrice et étatiste pour d’autres, technocratique pour tous) et les diktats multiples qu’ils imposeraient. Rares sont pourtant les analyses qui dépassent ces anathèmes et traite de la diversité sociologique des fonctionnaires européens, de la complexité de leur position et des fondations de leur pouvoir individuel et collectif. À y regarder de plus près, ce groupe vit pourtant une transformation assez majeure. Originellement pensé comme un corps assez unique de permanents de l’Europe proche d’une fonction publique d’État et destiné à neutraliser les nombreux conflits d’intérêts politiques, économiques et sociaux qui vont de pair avec une « Union toujours plus étroite », cette infrastructure humaine de l’intégration européenne a subi de profondes transformations qui l’ont progressivement bien plus rapprochée du modèle des manageurs internationaux indifféremment publics et privés que de son modèle d’origine. Ce mouvement, né dans un contexte chargé de réformes administratives et institutionnelles, d’élargissements, puis de crise économique et monétaire, représente un déplacement important ; il est plus encore à l’origine d’une véritable crise sociologique qui fragilise ce collectif et comprend de nombreuses conséquences sur le processus européen et sa direction.

Fruit d’un ensemble d’enquêtes sociologiques de terrain sur les fonctionnaires européens et le mystère de leur formation en tant que groupe, ce livre tranche avec la somme d’anathèmes et leur pendant de justifications que déchaine ordinairement la seule évocation des « eurocrates ». En en éclairant des aspects largement méconnus, il s’interroge sur les transformations de leur pouvoir et, au-delà, du projet européen lui-même. La question du sens et de la direction à venir de l’Europe est indissociable d’une réflexion sur sa fonction publique dans tous les sens du terme.
Gastric lymphoma and gastric tuberculosis: A diagnostic dilemma
Authors: Jain Atul , Yadav Pradhuman , Dey Subhajeet , Karim Tanweer 
Published: April 2019

AbstractGastric outlet obstruction may be caused by a heterogeneous group of diseases that include both benign and malignant conditions. Primary gastric lymphoma (3%–5% of all gastrointestinal malignancies) and primary gastric tuberculosis (TB) (0.4%–2%) are very rare and resemble each other in clinical presentation with diagnostic dilemma between them. Do the two entities exist concomitantly or precede each other is still a topic of debate in the literature. Here, we present a case of primary gastric TB and gastric lymphoma in the same patient.
Octamer 4 expression and lymph node metastasis in ductal carcinoma of breast: Are they associated?
Authors: Vanik Sangita A , Yadav Shakti Kumar , Jahan Aarzoo , Pruthi Sonam Kumar , Sarin Namrata , Chopra Ratna , Singh Sompal 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Purpose: Octamer 4 (Oct-4) is a transcription factor which is required for the self-renewal and pluripotency of embryonic stem cells and germ cells. In this study, we tried to examine the association of expression of Oct-4 with lymph node metastasis in ductal carcinoma of the breast. Methods: The study was conducted on a total of 45 cases of invasive ductal carcinoma of breast, no special type. Oct-4 expression was studied on paraffin-embedded sections by immunohistochemistry. Results: Oct-4 expression was seen in 22.2% of cases. No statistically significant association was found between the expression of Oct-4 and histological type, tumor size, histological grade, and lymph node metastasis. Of Oct-4 positive tumor, 80% of cases showed lymph node metastasis, as compared to 62.85% without Oct-4 expression. However, the association was statistically insignificant. Conclusion: Oct-4 expression can be a promising biomarker of carcinogenesis, metastatic potential, and prognosis of carcinoma breast. However, the study with larger sample size is needed to establish the clinicopathological potential of this biomarker.
Trends in gallbladder cancer incidence in the high- and low-risk regions of India
Authors: Phadke Prachi Ravindra , Mhatre Sharayu Sitaram , Budukh Atul Madhukar , Dikshit Rajesh Prabhakar 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Background: Gallbladder cancer (GBC), a common cancer surrounding the Gangetic belt of India, accounts for 80%–90% of biliary tract cancers. GBC incidence shows striking geographical variation in India. Materials and Methods: We used the data from the National Cancer Registry Programme for the year 2001–2014 to study the time trends of GBC in the high- and low-risk geographical regions of India. Annual percentage change (APC) in age-adjusted incidence rates was computed by log-linear regression model. Results: Among females, a statistically significant increase in trend was observed in Cachar (APC: 7.0, P = 0.02), Delhi (APC: 4.0, P = 0.04), and Kamrup (APC: 4.3, P = 0.02) marked under high-risk region and in Bengaluru (APC: 5.7, P = 0.04) and Pune (APC: 3.4, P = 0.04) marked under low-risk region. Among males, increasing but statistically nonsignificant trends were observed in Cachar, Dibrugarh, Kamrup, Nagpur, and Sikkim, whereas decreasing trends were observed in Bengaluru, Barshi, Bhopal, and Kolkata. Aurangabad showed a statistically significant decrease in trend (APC: −14.5, P < 0.001) among males. Conclusion: The time trend and pattern of GBC have striking differences within the country as well as in state. Further large-scale region-wise studies are needed to find the risk factors of GBC.