bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the dynamics of the human endocrine pancreas and potential consequences for the development of type 1 diabetes
Authors: Skog Oskar , Korsgren Olle 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Little is known about the human islet life span, and beta-cell neogenesis is generally considered rare in adults. However, based on available data on beta-cell proliferation, calculations can be made suggesting that the dynamics of the endocrine pancreas is considerable even during adulthood, with islet neogenesis and a sustained increase in size of already formed islets. Islet-associated hemorrhages, frequently observed in most mammals including humans, could account for a considerable loss of islet parenchyma balancing the constant beta-cell proliferation. Notably, in subjects with type 1 diabetes, periductal accumulation of leukocytes and fibrosis is frequently observed, findings that are likely to negatively affect islet neogenesis from endocrine progenitor cells present in the periductal area. Impaired neogenesis would disrupt the balance, result in loss of islet mass, and eventually lead to beta-cell deficiency and compromised glucose metabolism, with increased islet workload and blood perfusion of remaining islets. These changes would impose initiation of a vicious circle further increasing the frequency of vascular events and hemorrhages within remaining islets until the patient eventually loses all beta-cells and becomes c-peptide negative.
Influence of two different cement space settings and three different cement types on the fit of polymer-infiltrated ceramic network material crowns manufactured using a complete digital workflow
Authors: Dauti Rinet , Lilaj Bledar , Heimel Patrick , Moritz Andreas , Schedle Andreas , Cvikl Barbara 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Objectives
The study evaluates the influence of two spacer settings and three resin luting materials on the marginal and internal fit of polymer-infiltrated ceramic network (PICN) material crowns manufactured using a complete digital workflow.

Methods
Optical impressions of fifty identical dies were performed using the 3M scanner (software version 5.0.2). Twenty crowns were designed using Ceramill Mind (version 3.4.10.1163), from which ten with spacer setting of 50 μm (G1) and ten with 80 μm (G2). Thirty crowns (spacer setting of 50 μm) were divided into three groups corresponding to the resin materials used as follows: RelyX Unicem (RX), Variolink Esthetic (VLE), and Nexus 3 (NX3). All crowns were milled from Vita Enamic blocks. After micro-CT scanning, absolute marginal discrepancy (AMD), internal gap (IG), total cement space volume (TCV), and marginal porosities (VP) were measured.

Results
Significant difference was detected on the VP between the RX and NX3 group (p = 0.033). The mean values of all parameters were the following: AMD (μm): G1 182.6, G2 253.7, RX 210.8, VLE 195.5, NX3 186.6; IG (μm): G1 215.6, G2 173.1, RX 171.1, VLE 198.6, NX3 203; TCV (mm3): G1 22.9, G2 20.49, RX 17.57, VLE 17.49, NX3 20.59; VP (mm3): G1 0.26, G2 0.34, RX 0.32, VLE 0.46, NX3 0.54.

Conclusions
Fit of PICN material crowns was not significantly influenced by increasing the spacer settings and cementation with different resin materials. Additionally, RelyX Unicem showed significantly less porosities as compared with Nexus3.

Clinical relevance
Both 50 μm and 80 μm virtual spacer settings can be suggested for the manufacture of PICN crowns when Ceramill Mind (version 3.4.10.1163) is used. Furthermore, a self-adhesive system can be recommended for the cementation.
Defining response to TNF-inhibitors in rheumatoid arthritis: the negative impact of anti-TNF cycling and the need for a personalized medicine approach to identify primary non-responders
Authors: Johnson Keith J. , Sanchez Helia N. , Schoenbrunner Nancy 
Published: September 2019

AbstractCurrent guidelines recommend treating rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients to reach low disease activity or remission, however, most biologic-naive RA patients fail to reach treatment targets on their first biologic therapy. Approximately 90% of biologic-naive RA patients receive a tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibitor (anti-TNF) as their first biologic treatment, even though several alternative mechanism of action (MOA) therapies are approved as first-line options. After 3 months of therapy, patients may remain on anti-TNF therapy even if they fail to achieve the treatment target, mainly due to formulary structures. This means patients have to endure a second and even a third ineffective anti-TNF—called anti-TNF cycling—before changing MOA. This significantly delays patients from reaching their treatment targets. All anti-TNF drugs target the same molecular and inflammatory pathways; thus, it is not surprising that most patients who are primary non-responders to their initial anti-TNF therapy fail to achieve their treatment targets when cycled through alternative anti-TNFs. This suggests that primary non-responders should be switched to an alternative MOA therapy rather than enduring anti-TNF cycling. Avoiding anti-TNF cycling would prevent disease progression and improve quality of life for RA patients who are primary non-responders to anti-TNFs. The development of a personalized medicine approach to identify primary non-responders to anti-TNFs prior to treatment would allow significantly more patients to reach their treatment target by treating them with alternative MOA therapies as first-line therapies.
Development and Multi-Scale Validation of a Finite Element Football Helmet Model
Authors: Decker William , Baker Alex , Ye Xin , Brown Philip , Stitzel Joel , Gayzik F. Scott 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Head injury is a growing concern within contact sports, including American football. Computational tools such as finite element (FE) models provide an avenue for researchers to study, and potentially optimize safety tools, such as helmets. The goal of this study was to develop an accurate representative helmet model that could be used in further study of head injury to mitigate the toll of concussions in contact sports. An FE model of a Schutt Air XP Pro football helmet was developed through three major steps: geometry development, material characterization, and model validation. The fully assembled helmet model was fit onto a Hybrid III dummy head–neck model and National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment (NOCSAE) head model and validated through a series of 67 representative impacts similar to those experienced by a football player. The kinematic and kinetic response of the model was compared to the response of the physical experiments, which included force, head linear acceleration, head angular velocity, and carriage acceleration. The outputs between the model and the physical tests were quantitatively evaluated using CORelation and Analysis (CORA), amounting to an overall averaged score of 0.76. The model described in this study has been extensively validated and can function as a building block for innovation in player safety.
CO Oxidation on Stepped Rh Surfaces: μm-Scale Versus Nanoscale
Authors: Suchorski Y. , Bespalov I. , Zeininger J. , Raab M. , Datler M. , Winkler P. , Rupprechter G. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The catalytic CO oxidation reaction on stepped Rh surfaces in the 10−6 mbar pressure range was studied in situ on individual μm-sized high-Miller-index domains of a polycrystalline Rh foil and on nm-sized facets of a Rh tip, employing photoemission electron microscopy (PEEM) and field-ion/field-emission microscopy (FIM/FEM), respectively. Such approach permits a direct comparison of the reaction kinetics for crystallographically different regions under identical reaction conditions. The catalytic activity of the different Rh surfaces, particularly their tolerance towards poisoning by CO, was found to be strongly dependent on the density of steps and defects, as well as on the size (µm vs. nm) of the respective catalytically active surface.

Graphic Abstract
In vitro morphogenetic responses from obligatory apomictic Taraxacum belorussicum Val. N. Tikhom seedlings explants
Authors: Gałuszka Adrianna , Gustab Maciej , Tuleja Monika 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Taraxacum belorussicum Val. N. Tikhom, a poorly known and obligatory apomictic species, is an attractive plant material for studying the embryological, genetic and molecular mechanisms of apomixis. This work aims to obtain an efficient protocol for Taraxacum belorussicum regeneration. Four types of explants (cotyledons, hypocotyls, meristems and roots) that were taken from 2-weeks-old seedlings were used for in vitro cultures, and a fast and efficient protocol of T. belorussicum regeneration was obtained. Various ½ MS-based media containing IAA (5.71 µM), TDZ (4.54 µM) and PSK (100 nM) were chosen to assess the morphogenetic abilities of selected T. belorussicum explants. Studies on the role of PSK were done in three independent experiments, where the most significant factors were always light and darkness. All explants produced callus by the third day of culture and adventitious shoots after 7 days, although in an asynchronous indirect manner, and with different intensities for all explant types. The most preferred medium culture for hypocotyl, cotyledon and meristem explants was ½ MS + TDZ, and ½ MS + IAA + TDZ + PSK for roots which were the only explant sensitive to PSK. A short darkness pretreatment (8 days) in PSK medium was found suitable to enhance organogenesis. Secondary organogenesis was observed for regenerated plants on meristem explants from the ½ MS + IAA + TDZ + PSK medium. A weak somatic embryogenesis was observed for hypocotyl and cotyledon explants from ½ MS + IAA + TDZ and ½ MS + IAA + TDZ + PSK media. Histological and scanning electron microscope images (SEM) of T. belorussicum confirmed indirect organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis. Plant material treated with aniline blue solution revealed the presence of callose in the cell walls of cotyledon and hypocotyl explants. The presence of extracellular matrix (ECM) and heterogenic structure of callus was also verified by scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy, confirming the high morphogenetic ability of T. belorussicum.
Training zum Umgang mit Unterrichtsstörungen: Effekte auf die Gesundheit von Lehrkräften
Authors: Kunz Heim Doris , Sandmeier Anita , Hänggi Yves , Safi Netkey , Cina Annette 
Published: September 2019

ZusammenfassungLehrkräfte sind täglich mit Unterrichtsstörungen in unterschiedlichen Erscheinungsformen und Ausprägungen konfrontiert. Unterrichtsstörungen beeinträchtigen nicht nur das Lernen der Schülerinnen und Schüler, sondern können auch zu einem zentralen Faktor bei der Entstehung von negativen Beanspruchungen bei Lehrpersonen werden. In der vorliegenden Studie wird die Wirkung eines Trainings zum besseren Umgang mit Unterrichtsstörungen (4. bis 6. Schuljahr) auf die wahrgenommene Belastung, die bereichsspezifischen Selbstkognitionen und die negative Beanspruchung von Lehrkräften untersucht. Im Rahmen einer längsschnittlichen Quasi-Experimentalstudie mit einem Pretest und drei Posttests (N Interventionsgruppe = 65,NKontrollgruppe = 53) zeigte sich anhand varianzanalytischer Auswertungen, dass in der Interventionsgruppe die Belastung und die negative Beanspruchung durch Unterrichtsstörungen abnehmen und sich die bereichsspezifischen Selbstkognitionen verbessern.
Human adaptation to biodiversity change: An adaptation process approach applied to a case study from southern India
Authors: Thornton Thomas F. , Puri Rajindra K. , Bhagwat Shonil , Howard Patricia 
Published: September 2019

AbstractAdaptation to environmental change, including biodiversity change, is both a new imperative in the face of global climate change and the oldest problem in human history. Humans have evolved a wide range of adaptation strategies in response to localised environmental changes, which have contributed strongly to both biological and cultural diversity. The evolving set of locally driven, ‘bottom-up’ responses to environmental change is collectively termed ‘autonomous adaptation,’ while its obverse, ‘planned adaptation,’ refers to ‘top-down’ (from without, e.g. State-driven) responses. After reviewing the dominant vulnerability, risk, and pathway approaches to adaptation, this paper applies an alternative framework for understanding human adaptation processes and responding more robustly to future adaptation needs. Thisadaptation processes-to-pathwaysframework is then deployed to consider human responses to biodiversity change caused by an aggressive ‘invasive’ plant,Lantana camaraL., in several agri-forest communities of southern India. The results show that a variety of adaptation processes are developing to make Lantana less disruptive and more useable—from avoidance through mobility strategies to utilizing the plant for economic diversification. However, there is currently no clear synergy or policy support to connect them to a successful long-term adaptation pathway. These results are evaluated in relation to broader trends in adaptation analysis and governance to suggest ways of improving our understanding and support for human adaptation to biodiversity change at the household, community, and regionallivelisystemlevels, especially in societies highly dependent on local biodiversity for their livelihoods.
On the order of strong starlikeness and the radii of starlikeness for of some close-to-convex functions
Authors: Nunokawa Mamoru , Sokół Janusz 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
In this paper we show several sufficient conditions for close-to-convex functions to be strongly starlike of some order. The results continue the line of study from the first author’s paper on the order of strong starlikeness of strongly convex functions, (Nunokawa in Proc Japan Acad Ser A 69(7):234–237, 1993). Also it appears an small improvement of a certain classical results of Ch. Pommerenke. As an application, we also derive estimates for the radii of star-likeness for close-to-convex functions.
Real-world experience with dalbavancin therapy in gram-positive skin and soft tissue infection, bone and joint infection
Authors: Tobudic Selma , Forstner Christina , Burgmann Heinz , Lagler Heimo , Steininger Christoph , Traby Ludwig , Vossen Mathias G. , Winkler Stefan , Thalhammer Florian 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Purpose
Dalbavancin is a novel lipoglycopeptide with potent activity against several gram-positive pathogens, an excellent safety profile and a long elimination half-life.

Methods
In this case series observed at the University Hospital of Vienna between 2015 and 2017, all adult patients with gram-positive infections who received at least one dosage of dalbavancin were screened (n = 118). A total of 72 patients were included in the final analysis. The number of included patients stratified by the source of infection was: skin and soft tissue infection (SSTI) (n = 26), osteomyelitis (n = 20), spondylodiscitis (n = 14), acute septic arthritis (n = 4) and prosthetic joint infection (n = 8).

Results
In 46 patients (64%), clinical cure was detected at the end of dalbavancin therapy without additional antibiotic therapy. Of the 26 patients who received additional antibiotic therapy other than dalbavancin, 15 patients (21%) showed no clinical improvement under dalbavancin therapy, four patients (5%) had side effects (nausea n = 1, exanthema n = 2, hyperglycemia n = 1), and in seven patients (10%) clinical improvement under dalbavancin therapy was detected but antibiotic therapy was de-escalated to an oral drug.

Conclusion
We demonstrated high clinical effectiveness of dalbavancin for acute gram-positive infections primarily acute SSTI, acute septic arthritis, acute osteomyelitis and spondylodiscitis. In patients with biofilm-associated infection (chronic infection or joint prosthesis), source control was absolutely necessary for treatment success.
Das neue Pflichtpraktikum an Handelsakademien – Was berichten Schüler/innen über Umsetzung und Kompetenzerwerb?
Authors: Schopf Christiane , Aflenzer Birgit , Glas Manuela 
Published: September 2019

ZusammenfassungPflichtpraktika sind in den Curricula österreichischer berufsbildender Schulen bereits seit Langem verankert. Eine Ausnahme stellten bisher die kaufmännischen Schulen dar. Mit dem Lehrplan 2014 wurde nun aber auch in diesem Schultyp eine verpflichtende Praxisphase eingeführt, um die Employability der Absolvent/inn/en zu stärken. Mit dieser Innovation sind umfangreiche Erwartungen verbunden. Es stellt sich die Frage, inwieweit diese tatsächlich eingelöst werden können. Erstaunlicherweise sind die Lernprozesse, die sich im Rahmen derartiger Praxisphasen bzw. durch die Verbindung von schulischem und betrieblichem Lernen vollziehen, bisher nur wenig wissenschaftlich erforscht. Ziel dieses Beitrags ist es vor diesem Hintergrund, im Rahmen einer Interviewstudie zu untersuchen, wie Handelsakademie-Schüler/innen die derzeitige Umsetzung des Pflichtpraktikums in Bezug auf Vorbereitungs‑, Durchführungs- und Nachbereitungsphase erleben und welche konkreten Beiträge zum eigenen Kompetenzerwerb sie den einzelnen Phasen zuschreiben. Auf Basis der Erkenntnisse werden Handlungsempfehlungen für die gezielte Weiterentwicklung der Konzeption und Implementation des Pflichtpraktikums abgeleitet.
Pedestrian perception-based level-of-service model at signalized intersection crosswalks
Authors: Marisamynathan S. , Vedagiri P. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Pedestrian level of service (PLOS) is an important measure of performance in the analysis of existing pedestrian crosswalk conditions. Many researchers have developed PLOS models based on pedestrian delay, turning vehicle effect, etc., using the conventional regression method. However, these factors may not effectively reflect the pedestrians’ perception of safety while crossing the crosswalk. The conventional regression method has failed to estimate accurate PLOS because of the primary assumption of an arbitrary probability distribution and vagueness in the input data. Moreover, PLOS categories in existing studies are based on rigid threshold values and the boundaries that are not well defined. Therefore, it is an important attempt to develop a PLOS model with respect to pedestrian safety, convenience, and efficiency at signalized intersections. For this purpose, a video-graphic and user perception surveys were conducted at selected nine signalized intersections in Mumbai, India. The data such as pedestrian, traffic, and geometric characteristics were extracted, and significant variables were identified using Pearson correlation analysis. A consistent and statistically calibrated PLOS model was developed using fuzzy linear regression analysis. PLOS was categorized into six levels (A–F) based on the predicted user perception score, and threshold values for each level were estimated using the fuzzy c-means clustering technique. The developed PLOS model and threshold values were validated with the field-observed data. Statistical performance tests were conducted and the results provided more accurate and reliable solutions. In conclusion, this study provides a feasible alternative to measure pedestrian perception-based level of service at signalized intersections. The developed PLOS model and threshold values would be useful for planning and designing pedestrian facilities and also in evaluating and improving the existing conditions of pedestrian facilities at signalized intersections.
Surface chemical properties and pore structure of the activated coke and their effects on the denitrification activity of selective catalytic reduction
Authors: Xie Wei , Liang Daming , Li Lanting , Qu Sijian , Tao Wu 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
In order to study the mechanism of selective catalytic reduction of activated coke to remove NO in low-temperature flue gas and provide some theoretical basis for the development of related technologies. The pore size distribution and BET specific surface area of AC were obtain by data analyzing of N2 adsorption/desorption isotherm at − 196 °C and carbon matrix and surface chemistry of virgin activated coke samples were characterized by acid–base titration and XPS. The process of selective catalytic reduction of activated coke (AC) samples with NH3 as reducing agent was studied in a fixed bed reactor at 150 °C. The result shows that pore size distribution or BET specific surface of activated cokes have not correlation with denitrification activity for SCR. The NO reduction activities of the activated cokes are apparent to increase with their surface oxygen element content and total amount of acidic sites. Obviously there is good linear relationship between the NH3 adsorption capacity and activity for SCR with linear correlation coefficient 0.943. It has been presented that adsorption of NH3 on acidic functional groups in the edge of large polycyclic aromatic ring of activated coke is key rate controlling step in the SCR heterogeneous catalytic reaction.
Rational over-specification in visually-situated comprehension and production
Authors: Tourtouri Elli N. , Delogu Francesca , Sikos Les , Crocker Matthew W. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Contrary to the Gricean maxims of quantity (Grice, in: Cole, Morgan (eds) Syntax and semantics: speech acts, vol III, pp 41–58, Academic Press, New York, 1975), it has been repeatedly shown that speakers often include redundant information in their utterances (over-specifications). Previous research on referential communication has long debated whether this redundancy is the result of speaker-internal or addressee-oriented processes, while it is also unclear whether referential redundancy hinders or facilitates comprehension. We present an information-theoretic explanation for the use of over-specification in visually-situated communication, which quantifies the amount of uncertainty regarding the referent as entropy (Shannon in Bell Syst Tech J 5:10, 10.1002/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x, 1948). Examining both the comprehension and production of over-specifications, we present evidence that (a) listeners’ processing is facilitated by the use of redundancy as well as by a greater reduction of uncertainty early on in the utterance, and (b) that at least for some speakers, listeners’ processing concerns influence their encoding of over-specifications: Speakers were more likely to use redundant adjectives when these adjectives reduced entropy to a higher degree than adjectives necessary for target identification.
Could the Internet be a safety-net for democracy in crisis?
Authors: Ceccarini Luigi 
Published: September 2019

AbstractDemocratic politics does not meet the expectations of citizens who have gradually become more critical towards representative politics and the political elite that represent them. From these well-known considerations and social evaluation spread among the citizenry, this paper focuses on political representation and the concept of citizenship in the age of the Internet. After discussing the positive and negative aspects of digital disintermediation (and henceneo-intermediation), this study concentrates on the potentialities of the role of the Internet, with its ambiguities, and monitoring of citizens' engagement as a possible safety-net for representative democracies in crisis worldwide.