bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ImmuneRegulation: a web-based tool for identifying human immune regulatory elements
Authors: Kalayci Selim , Selvan Myvizhi Esai , Ramos Irene , Cotsapas Chris , Harris Eva , Kim Eun-Young , Montgomery Ruth R , Poland Gregory , Pulendran Bali , Tsang John S , Klein Robert J , Gümüş Zeynep H 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Humans vary considerably both in their baseline and activated immune phenotypes. We developed a user-friendly open-access web portal, ImmuneRegulation, that enables users to interactively explore immune regulatory elements that drive cell-type or cohort-specific gene expression levels. ImmuneRegulation currently provides the largest centrally integrated resource on human transcriptome regulation across whole blood and blood cell types, including (i) ∼43,000 genotyped individuals with associated gene expression data from ∼51,000 experiments, yielding genetic variant-gene expression associations on ∼220 million eQTLs; (ii) 14 million transcription factor (TF)-binding region hits extracted from 1945 ChIP-seq studies; and (iii) the latest GWAS catalog with 67,230 published variant-trait associations. Users can interactively explore associations between queried gene(s) and their regulators (cis-eQTLs, trans-eQTLs or TFs) across multiple cohorts and studies. These regulators may explain genotype-dependent gene expression variations and be critical in selecting the ideal cohorts or cell types for follow-up studies or in developing predictive models. Overall, ImmuneRegulation significantly lowers the barriers between complex immune regulation data and researchers who want rapid, intuitive and high-quality access to the effects of regulatory elements on gene expression in multiple studies to empower investigators in translating these rich data into biological insights and clinical applications, and is freely available at https://immuneregulation.mssm.edu.
Talk About Intimate Subjects
Authors: Gaudio Rudolf P. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Ethnographic research is to a great extent a process of language socialization. Like children and other neophytes, ethnographers learn how to use language to participate in the social worlds they are studying. For scholars of language, gender, and sexuality, this ideally entails developing communicative competence as gendered and sexual subjects: we learn how people talk, and don’t talk, about gender and sex. This chapter describes how long-term participant-observation, the core ethnographic research method, allowed the author to come to a (partial) appreciation of the language and subjectivities articulated by Hausa-speaking men in northern Nigeria, who saw themselves as “feminine” and/or enjoyed sex with other men. Using examples of miscommunication that occurred at different stages of fieldwork, the chapter illustrates how the time and attention required for ethnographic research can contribute to nuanced understandings of language, gender, and sexuality in particular cultural contexts.
Modeling Group Creativity as the Evolution of Community-Level, Creative Problem Solving
Authors: Doboli Alex , Liu Xiaowei , Li Hao , Doboli Simona 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Understanding creativity and innovation in large communities (collectivities) is emerging as a key problem in computational and social sciences as the amount and importance of innovation achieved by groups significantly exceeds innovation produced by individuals. Community-level innovation raises new, intriguing yet challenging problems (e.g., knowledge and belief formation, learning, and decision-making at the community level). This chapter presents and contrasts computational modeling approaches for studying creativity in large communities, from cognitive models to multiagent models and machine learning models. It also details a new model for gaining insight on the evolution process that leads to innovative solutions by large communities. The model has the following components: (1) explicit knowledge representation, (2) expression of the evolution process, and (3) a backward differential reasoning method for characterizing the trajectory of the evolution process. The chapter presents an application of the proposed model as a cyber-social system for reducing fixation in communities working on related problems.
Group Creativity and Collective Choice
Authors: Stasser Garold , Abele Susanne 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Identifying creative collective decisions often depends on pooling diverse information. However, groups tend to focus on commonly known information and forego full consideration of all information known to members. Among the reasons for this state of affairs is that consensus often implies correctness, there is a bias for common information that is typically seen as credible and compelling. The SCOPE model identifies factors that facilitate effective information exchange and thereby increase the likelihood of creative decisions. A group climate that is conducive to information exchange, provision of opportunities to share information, using optimal procedures such as the nominal group technique or electronic communication systems, and assigning expert roles are highlighted as ways of enhancing information exchange in groups.
Creativity in Computer-Mediated Virtual Groups
Authors: Dennis Alan R. , Minas Randall K. , Williams Michael L. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Virtual teams exist throughout business and society, impacting creative generation in a variety of modalities. This chapter examines research on computer-mediated creativity and draws conclusions about the effects of computer technology across three distinct areas of interest: electronic brainstorming (EBS) groups, individual cognition, and crowdsourcing. This chapter examines EBS performance from the individual level, small group level, and large, distributed group level. It further examines theoretical underpinnings in the exchange of ideas among group members and how computer technology may alter traditional face-to-face approaches to creativity. It considers emergent research on how the computer can be intentionally designed to leverage the creativity of group members in ways that are not easy to implement in traditional face-to-face interactions. Finally, it considers how technology enables creativity on a massive scale through crowdsourcing.
Creativity in Sociocultural Systems
Authors: Simonton Dean Keith 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Although psychologists typically see creativity as an individual-level event, sociologists and cultural anthropologists are more likely to view it as a sociocultural phenomenon. This phenomenon takes place at the level of relatively large and enduring collectives, such as cultures, nations, and even whole civilizations. This chapter reviews the extensive research on such macro-level creativity. The review begins with a historical overview before turning to the cross-sectional research on the creative Ortgeist, a subject that encompasses the factors that influence the relative creativity of both preliterate cultures and entire modern nations. From there the chapter turns to role of the Zeitgeist in affecting the creativity of civilizations across time—the rise and fall of creative activity. This research examines both quantitative and qualitative causes that operate both short- and long-term.
Design and Group Creativity
Authors: Markman Arthur B. , Cagan Jonathan 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Design communities in engineering and other disciplines have a practical reason for caring about group creativity. People employed in these areas have to generate creative solutions routinely, and they often must do so in a group. As a result, research in these areas has focused on processes to improve group creativity. This chapter explores techniques for generating problem statements and solutions in groups that have emerged from this literature. It also examines computer-based methods of problem solving that groups can use to enhance the ideas that arise from these group processes. This work has expanded the range of elements explored in studies of group creativity. Although theoretical studies of creativity can be useful in uncovering underlying mental processes, design development requires useful end products. The focus of this research on techniques that enhance creativity in design provides an opportunity to link this literature with the broader literature on individual and group creativity.
How Science Teams Deal with Uncertainty
Authors: Chan Joel , Paletz Susannah B. F. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter reviews prior and new research on the unique strategies that multidisciplinary teams possess for dealing with uncertainty. In particular, it summarizes recent findings from research on the 2004 NASA mission that sent two rovers on opposite sides of Mars so that scientists on Earth could determine whether there was evidence for liquid water. Using natural audiovideo data from these scientists’ task-relevant conversations, researchers were able to explore novel cross-psychology questions about how this exemplary multidisciplinary science team dealt with uncertainty. The findings in concert with prior research on teams and problem solving suggest that in knowledge diverse teams, disagreement can uncover latent uncertainty between individuals, whereas analogies can serve to reduce uncertainty. These findings advance understanding of how multidisciplinary science teams succeed, and point to the value of studying real-world cases for uncovering novel connections between social and cognitive processes in teams.
The Cognitive Underpinnings of Creativity in Teams
Authors: Taggar Simon 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines how individual creativity and teamwork impact team creativity in part through self-efficacy mechanisms. At the team level, it examines the role played by creative collective-efficacy and teamwork collective-efficacy mechanisms in a team’s creative performance. It concludes that the individual differences leading to fit with the creative task may differ from those leading to fit with teamwork. That is, individuals may prefer creative tasks due to relatively high creative self-efficacy and relatively good performance on creative tasks but may not want to work in teams because of low teamwork self-efficacy and low performance as a team player. However, while traits are stable, efficacy beliefs can be positively influenced by managers. Therefore, interventions aimed at building efficacy beliefs are useful when organizations cannot select individuals solely according to a set of desirable stable trait characteristics.
Innovation in the Arts
Authors: Kerrigan Susan 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The filmmaking creative process is staged and task specific, and the success of a film is dependent on filmmaker’s working collaboratively and creatively, in small and large teams, to complete discrete tasks that are frequently iterative and recursive. These tasks are enabled and constrained by situational variables including financial, logistical, technological, aesthetic, and editorial, and the successful completion of the filmmaking tasks is dependent on a filmmaker’s creativity. This practice-led research presents an innovative methodological case study that captures the creative and collaborative activities of a documentary filmmaker and illustrates how filmmakers collaborate with other filmmakers and the community to create a film. Four collaborative principles are identified that describe how filmmakers achieve their goals; the principles reflect group approaches to creative filmmaking practices and, more broadly, the collective nature of arts practice.
Better Than Individuals?
Authors: Nemeth Charlan Jeanne , O'Connor Alexander 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Groups have notoriously shown less creativity than the sum of their group members. And while others can inhibit creative thought and its expression, another line of research finds that, when another group member shares a dissenting viewpoint, group creativity is often increased. Dissent stimulates thought that is divergent, and, on balance, leads to better decision-making and more creativity. This is true even if that dissent is wrong and even if the dissenter(s) are not valued. Importantly, evidence shows that for dissent to effectively stimulate such divergent thinking, it should be authentic. Role-playing techniques are less effective and may in fact have unintended consequences. The take-home message is that groups should embrace, not just tolerate, dissenting viewpoints for they improve the quality of thought.
Information Processing, Motivation, and Group Creativity
Authors: Nijstad Bernard A. , Bechtoldt Myriam , Choi Hoon-Seok 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
According to an information processing perspective, group creativity results from the combination of individual resources into a (creative) group product. This involves information processing at the individual as well as the group level (by means of communication). This chapter first discusses how individual-level information processing is affected by group interaction in terms of both cognitive interference and cognitive stimulation. It then discusses (1) the evidence linking group-level information processing (i.e., communication, information sharing, collaborative problem solving) to group creativity and (2) the factors that stimulate or reduce group-level information processing. It is argued that many research findings can be explained by assuming that group creativity involves motivated information processing of members.
The Emergence of Team Creativity
Authors: Yuan Yingjie 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Viewing teams as evolving networks of intertwined social relations, the social network perspective has been increasingly adopted to understand the emergence of team creativity in the past decades. This network lens enables creativity scholars to accurately depict how creative inputs embedded in team structures combine to take effects in collective processes and eventually form team creative outcomes in a dynamic fashion. Yet applications of this network view in team creativity research are scarce, and not closely linked to the development of social network theories. Therefore, after introducing the core concepts and principles of social network theories, this chapter reviews the status quo of team creativity research in terms of three components—creative inputs, team structure, and creative processes from a social network perspective. Furthermore, this chapter puts forward three key directions for future studies on the emergence of team creativity—specialization, integration, and dynamics.
Alternative Splicing in the Regulation of Plant–Microbe Interactions
Authors: Rigo Richard , Bazin Jï¿½rï¿½mie , Crespi Martin , Charon Cï¿½line 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
As sessile organisms, plants are continuously exposed to a wide range of biotic interactions. While some biotic interactions are beneficial or even essential for the plant (e.g. rhizobia and mycorrhiza), others such as pathogens are detrimental and require fast adaptation. Plants partially achieve this growth and developmental plasticity by modulating the repertoire of genes they express. In the past few years, high-throughput transcriptome sequencing have revealed that, in addition to transcriptional control of gene expression, post-transcriptional processes, notably alternative splicing (AS), emerged as a key mechanism for gene regulation during plant adaptation to the environment. AS not only can increase proteome diversity by generating multiple transcripts from a single gene but also can reduce gene expression by yielding isoforms degraded by mechanisms such as nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. In this review, we will summarize recent discoveries detailing the contribution of AS to the regulation of plant–microbe interactions, with an emphasis on the modulation of immunity receptor function and other components of the signaling pathways that deal with pathogen responses. We will also discuss emerging evidences that AS could contribute to dynamic reprogramming of the plant transcriptome during beneficial interactions, such as the legume–symbiotic interaction.
Machine Learning and the Police: Asking the Right Questions
Authors: Vestby Annette , Vestby Jonas 
Published: May 2019

AbstractHow can we secure an accessible and open democratic debate about police use of predictive analytics when the technology itself is a specialized area of expertise? Police utilize technologies of prediction and automation where the underlying technology is often a machine learning (ML) model. The article argues that important issues concerning ML decision models can be unveiled without detailed knowledge about the learning algorithm, empowering non-ML experts and stakeholders in debates over if, and how to, include them, for example, in the form of predictive policing. Non-ML experts can, and should, review ML models. We provide a ‘toolbox’ of questions about three elements of a decision model that can be fruitfully scrutinized by non-ML experts: the learning data, the learning goal, and constructivism. Showing this room for fruitful criticism can empower non-ML experts and improve democratic accountability when using ML models in policing.
MONTE CARLO-BASED INVESTIGATION OF MICRODOSIMETRIC DISTRIBUTION OF HIGH ENERGY BRACHYTHERAPY SOURCES
Authors: Chattaraj Arghya , Selvam T Palani , Datta D 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
FLUKA-based Monte Carlo calculations were carried out to study microdosimetric distributions in air and in water for encapsulated high energy brachytherapy sources (60Co, 137Cs, 192Ir and 169Yb) by simulating a Tissue Equivalent Proportional Counter (Model LET1/2) having sensitive diameter of 1. 27 cm for a site size of 1 μm. The study also included microdosimetric distributions of bare sources. When the sources are in air, for a given source, the source geometry does not affect the y¯F and y¯D values significantly. When the encapsulated 192Ir, 137Cs and 60Co sources are in water, y¯F and y¯D values increase with distance in water which is due to degradation in the energy of photons. Using the calculated values of y¯D, relative biological effectiveness (RBE) was obtained for the investigated sources. When 60Co, 137Cs and 192Ir sources are in water, RBE increases from 1.03 ± 0.01 to 1.17 ± 0.01, 1.24 ± 0.01 to 1.46 ± 0.02 and 1.50 ± 0.01 to 1.75 ± 0.03, respectively, when the distance was increased from 3–15 cm, whereas for 169Yb, RBE is about 2, independent of distance in water.
TLDECOXCEL: A DYNAMIC EXCEL SPREADSHEET FOR THE COMPUTERISED CURVE DECONVOLUTION OF TL GLOW CURVES INTO DISCRETE-ENERGY AND/OR CONTINUOUS-ENERGY-DISTRIBUTION PEAKS
Authors: Kazakis Nikolaos A 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The present work presents a new user-friendly and dynamic tool, TLDecoxcel, for the computerised curve deconvolution analysis (CCDA) of simple or complex TL glow peaks using Microsoft® Excel. TLDecoxcel can be applied for the fitting of glow curves consisting of discrete-energy peaks (general or mixed order) or continuous-energy-distribution peaks or combination of the above using widely accepted analytical expressions, with minimal user intervention.
Design and assessment of TRAP-CSP fusion antigens as effective malaria vaccines
Authors: Lu Chafen , Song Gaojie , Beale Kristin , Yan Jiabin , Garst Emma , Lund Emily , Catteruccia Flaminia , Springer Timothy A. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe circumsporozoite protein (CSP) and thrombospondin-related adhesion protein (TRAP) are major targets for pre-erythrocytic malaria vaccine development. However, the most advanced CSP-based vaccine RTS,S provides only partial protection, highlighting the need for innovative approaches for vaccine design and development. Here we design and characterize TRAP-CSP fusion antigens, and evaluate their immunogenicity and protection against malaria infection. TRAP N-terminal folded domains were fused to CSP C-terminal fragments consisting of the C-terminal αTSR domain with or without the intervening repeat region. Homogenous, monomeric and properly folded fusion proteins were purified from mammalian transfectants. Notably, fusion improved expression of chimeras relative to the TRAP or CSP components alone. Immunization of BALB/c mice with the P. berghei TRAP-CSP fusion antigens formulated in AddaVax adjuvant elicited antigen-specific antibody responses. Remarkably, fusion antigens containing the CSP repeat region conferred complete sterile protection against P. berghei sporozoite challenge, and furthermore, mice that survived the challenge were completely protected from re-challenge 16 weeks after the first challenge. In contrast, fusion antigens lacking the CSP repeat region were less effective, indicating that the CSP repeat region provided enhanced protection, which correlated with higher antibody titers elicited by fusion antigens containing the CSP repeat region. In addition, we demonstrated that N-linked glycans had no significant effect on antibody elicitation or protection. Our results show that TRAP-CSP fusion antigens could be highly effective vaccine candidates. Our approach provides a platform for designing multi-antigen/multi-stage fusion antigens as next generation more effective malaria vaccines.
R.ROSETTA: an interpretable machine learning framework
Authors: Garbulowski Mateusz , Diamanti Klev , Smolińska Karolina , Baltzer Nicholas , Stoll Patricia , Bornelöv Susanne , Øhrn Aleksander , Feuk Lars , Komorowski Jan 
Published: May 2019

AbstractMotivationFor machine learning to matter beyond intellectual curiosity, the models developed therefrom must be adopted within the greater scientific community. In this study, we developed an interpretable machine learning framework that allows identification of semantics from various datatypes. Our package can analyze and illuminate co-predictive mechanisms reflecting biological processes.ResultsWe present R.ROSETTA, an R package for building and analyzing interpretable machine learning models. R.ROSETTA gathers combinatorial statistics via rule-based modelling for accessible and transparent results, well-suited for adoption within the greater scientific community. The package also provides statistics and visualization tools that facilitate minimization of analysis bias and noise. Investigating case-control studies of autism, we showed that our tool provided hypotheses for potential interdependencies among features that discerned phenotype classes. These interdependencies regarded neurodevelopmental and autism-related genes. Although our sample application of R.ROSETTA was used for transcriptomic data analysis, R.ROSETTA works perfectly with any decision-related omics data.AvailabilityThe R.ROSETTA package is freely available at https://github.com/komorowskilab/R.ROSETTA.Contactmateusz.garbulowski@icm.uu.se (Mateusz Garbulowski), jan.komorowski@icm.uu.se (Jan Komorowski)