bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Community pharmacist's knowledge, attitude, roles and practices towards patient-centred care in Saudi Arabia: a systematic review of the literature
Authors: Rasheed Muhammad Kamran , Hasan Syed Shahzad , Babar Zaheer-Ud-Din 
Published: August 2018

Abstract

Objectives
This study aimed to evaluate published original studies in Saudi Arabia about knowledge, attitude, roles and practices of community pharmacists in providing patient-centred care services.

Methods
Systematic searching of original studies published between 1 January 2007 and 31 December 2017 using electronic databases: PubMed, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, Scopus, Science Direct, Cochrane Library, TRiP database, Springer Link and Google Scholar. Studies were included if they outlined community pharmacist's knowledge, role, attitude and professional practice behaviours towards patient-centred care provided by pharmacists alone or in collaboration with other healthcare professional (s). The studies were identified, and data were extracted independently by two reviewers. The modified Newcastle-Ottawa scale for cross-sectional studies was used to assess the quality of each study.

Key findings
Twenty-four original studies conducted in Saudi Arabia were included. Majority of studies were questionnaire-based surveys (62.5%). One quarter of the studies investigated knowledge, roles and attitude of community pharmacists about irrational dispensing and prescribing of antibiotics and prescription only medicines. Included studies highlighted numerous gaps in knowledge, attitude, roles and practices of community pharmacists in Saudi Arabia in providing efficient patient-centred care services. Lack of knowledge and time, absence of pharmacy information database, deficiency of continued professional development training, unavailability of adverse drug reaction reporting forms and professional and cultural issues were some of the barriers in providing patient-centred care.

Conclusions
The studies showed that although community pharmacists in Saudi Arabia do provide medicine counselling and other patient-centred care services; however, these services need substantial improvement. This review may be useful for policy makers, regulators, pharmacy educators and researchers in understanding the work being performed in the community pharmacy setting in Saudi Arabia.
Forecasting the amount and cost of medicine to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus in Nepal using knowledge on medicine usage from a developed country
Authors: Khanal Saval , Veerman Lennert , Nissen Lisa , Hollingworth Samantha 
Published: August 2018

Abstract

Objectives
This research was aimed to forecast the amount and cost of medicines required to treat people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Nepal over 30 years.

Methods
We modelled the financial burden of T2DM medicines by estimating the cost of medicines to treat all cases of T2DM in Nepal over three decades based on the prevalence of T2DM in Nepal, the Nepalese costs of medicine and the T2DM medicine use profile of Australia.

Key findings
With the current T2DM prevalence trend, it would cost US$63–95 million in 2013 to purchase T2DM medicines for Nepal, if Nepalese receive the same mix of T2DM medicines as used in Australia. This cost is almost one-quarter of the total health budget of Nepal (US$308 million). The cost of medicines to treat T2DM is projected to triple between 2013 and 2043.

Conclusions
With the medicines for only T2DM projected to cost about 25% of the entire health budget, the planned health insurance seems unaffordable if patients are treated with the same medicines as those in one of the best healthcare systems in the world. The government needs to stimulate rational prescribing and secure additional funding through taxation, health insurance or health levy to provide such medicines and services.
The Age of Neuroergonomics: Towards Ubiquitous and Continuous Measurement of Brain Function with fNIRS
Authors: Curtin Adrian , Ayaz Hasan 
Published: August 2018

AbstractNeuroergonomics is an emerging field that investigates the human brain in relation to behavioral performance in natural environments and everyday settings. Functional near‐infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), a noninvasive brain‐monitoring technology that relies on optical techniques to detect changes of cortical hemodynamic responses to human perceptual, cognitive, and motor functioning, is an ideal candidate tool. Ultraportable wearable and wireless fNIRS sensors are already breaking the limitations of traditional neuroimaging approaches that have imposed limitations on experimental protocols, data‐collection settings, and task conditions at the expense of ecological validity. This review summarizes emerging trends for fNIRS applications, from aerospace to medicine, with diverse populations and towards clinical solutions. We will review recent studies, such as mental workload assessment of specialized operators performing standardized and complex cognitive tasks and development of expertise during practice of complex cognitive and visuomotor tasks (ranging from aircraft piloting and robot control). Various recent synergistic fNIRS applications for human–human and human–machine interaction, including synthetic speech perception, interpersonal neural synchronization, and brain computer interfaces, highlight the potential use and are ushering the dawn of a new age in applied neuroscience and neuroengineering.
Effects of Aquatic Motor Intervention on Verbal Working Memory and Brain Activity—A Pilot Study
Authors: Nissim Michal , Ram‐Tsur Ronit , Glicksohn Joseph , Zion Michal , Mevarech Zemira , Harpaz Yuval , Dotan Ben‐Soussan Tal 
Published: August 2018

ABSTRACTAquatic motor activity (AMA) has been reported to affect motor and cognitive abilities. However, the neural mechanisms that may mediate this relationship have never been explored. The traditional functions of the cerebellum include involvement in coordination and balance. Recent studies have shown cerebellar activity during verbal working memory (VWM) tasks.The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of AMA on VWM and changes in cerebellar activity. Twenty‐four subjects were allocated to 1 month of AMA, on‐land motor activity or nonmotor activity intervention. We examined the effects of intervention on VWM ability using the digit span task. Using magnetoencephalography, we measured changes in alpha power.Our results demonstrate that the AMA significantly improved VWM. Moreover, improved VWM was positively correlated with increased right cerebellar alpha power.These results support previous studies regarding the cerebellar region's role in VWM, and demonstrate that VWM can be improved by AMA.
Research strategy for health sciences: Facebook friend request is non‐differentially accepted in a diverse, young adult population
Authors: Adrian Molly , Moreno Megan , Nicodimos Semret , McCauley Elizabeth , Vander Stoep Ann 
Published: August 2018

AbstractSocial media is being used for recruitment and the study of health‐care choices and behavior, and could be particularly helpful to reach young adult populations outside of a 4 year college setting. The aim of this study was to report on overall success of recruiting young adults in diverse settings with respect to education and employment into a study using Facebook (FB). Young adults (n = 380, 50% male, 44% white) who had been involved in a longitudinal research project received a friend request from the research study group's profile. Acceptance rates of friend requests and sociodemographic and mental health factors associated with acceptance were evaluated. Approximately 67% of 318 participants who received a friend request accepted the request. Sociodemographic and mental health characteristics were similar between those who did and did not accept friend requests, suggesting non‐differential recruitment through FB. Friending through FB is a feasible way to reach young adults involved in health and behavioral research, and could be a way to expand the populations that are studied in health science research to maximize generalizability of the conclusions drawn.
Four Es of caring in contemporary nursing: Exploring novice to experienced nurses
Authors: Tang Fiona Wing Ki , Ling Gigi Cheuk Chi , Lai Adela Shuet Fun , Chair Sek Ying , So Winnie Kwok Wei 
Published: August 2018

AbstractCaring seems to be undervalued in the technologically‐advanced and fast‐paced clinical environment. To improve nursing practice, it is important to understand the meanings of caring to nurses. The aim of the present study was to explore nurses' perspectives of caring in the contemporary clinical environment. A focus group exploration was employed. Multiple perspectives were elicited from 80 nurses with different backgrounds: nursing students, nurse educators, registered nurses, advanced clinical nurses, and nurse executives. The qualitative data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Nurses' understanding of caring could be described using four Es: engaging in reciprocal relationships, embracing the essence of caring, engendering instances of caring, and embodying caring in practice. Participants described nurses as having the dual roles of caregiver and care recipient. The centrality of caring in nursing and the necessity of caring for caregivers were emphasized. The nurses also described various caring behaviors in daily practice. The present study revealed that nurses need empowerment to sustain their compassion. The findings provide new insights, which indicate that the revitalization of nurses' passion for caring in the contemporary clinical environment should begin with caring for caregivers.
Carnap's Noncognitivism about Ontology
Authors: Flocke Vera 
Published: August 2018

AbstractDo numbers exist? Carnap (1956 [1950]) famously argues that this question can be understood in an “internal” and in an “external” sense, and calls “external” questions “non‐cognitive”. Carnap also says that external questions are raised “only by philosophers” (p. 207), which means that, in his view, philosophers raise ”non‐cognitive” questions. However, it is not clear how the internal/external distinction and Carnap's related views about philosophy should be understood. This paper provides a new interpretation. I draw attention to Carnap's distinction betweenpurelyexternal statements, which are independent from all frameworks, andpragmaticexternal statements, which concern which framework one should adopt, and argue that the latter express noncognitive mental states. Specifically, I argue that “frameworks” are systems of rules for the assessment of statements, which are utterances of ordinary language sentences. Pragmatic external statements express noncognitive dispositions to follow only certain rules of assessment. For instance, “numbers exist” understood as a pragmatic external statement expresses a noncognitive disposition to use only rules of assessment according to which numbers do exist. Carnap can thereby be understood as proposing a distinctive form of noncognitivism about ontology that is in some respects analogous to norm‐expressivism in metaethics.
Surgical and Clinical Results of Minimally Invasive Spinal Fusion Surgery in an Unselected Patient Cohort of a Spinal Care Unit
Authors: Senker Wolfgang , Gruber Andreas , Gmeiner Matthias , Stefanits Harald , Sander Kirsten , Rössler Philipp , Pflugmacher Robert 
Published: August 2018

ObjectivesTo review the surgical results and to identify possible parameters influencing the clinical outcomes in an unselected patient collective undergoing minimally invasive lumbar interbody fusion in a spinal care unit.MethodsA total of 229 adult patients who underwent minimally invasive lumbar spinal fusion between 2008 and 2016 were included in this retrospective analysis. Lumbar fusion was performed using transforaminal interbody fusion (TLIF) devices and posterolateral fusion. To eliminate confounding parameters, in all patients interbody fusion was indicated by lumbar degenerative pathologies, and surgery was performed using the same fusion device. Treatment efficacy was evaluated using scores describing pain (visual analogue scale [VAS]) and health impairment (EQ‐5D, Oswestry Disability Index [ODI]). The influence of patient age, obesity, active smoking status, and co‐morbidities on clinical outcome and perioperative complications was analyzed.ResultsThe patient population reviewed had improved VAS (P(leg pain) ≤ 0.0001, P(back pain) ≤ 0.0001), ODI (P ≤ 0.0001), EQ‐VAS (P ≤ 0.0001), and EQ‐5D subscales “mobility”, “self‐care”, “pain”, and “anxiety” (P(mobility) ≤ 0.0001, P(self‐care) = 0.41, P(pain) ≤ 0.0001, P(anxiety) = 0.011) postoperatively. Neither advanced patient age, nor increased body mass index (BMI), hypertension, or active smoking status had a significantly limiting influence on the success of minimally invasive spinal surgeries (MIS). Duration of surgery strongly correlated with the number of spinal levels treated and with intraoperative blood loss (r = 0.774, P ≤ 0.0001, n = 208). Weak positive correlations were found between patient age and duration of surgery (r = 0.184, P = 0.005, n = 229), intraoperative blood loss (r = 0.165, P = 0.012, n = 229), and duration of hospitalization (r = 0.270, P ≤ 0.0001, n = 228), respectively. When compared to non‐smokers, smokers were younger (P ≤ 0.0001), and had a significantly lower BMI (P = 0.001), shorter durations of surgery (P ≤ 0.0001), decreased intraoperative blood loss (P = 0.022), and shorter hospital stays (P = 0.006), respectively. Complications occurred in 17 patients (7%) and were not affected by patient age, BMI, hypertension, or active smoking status.ConclusionMinimally invasive spinal surgery is a safe and effective treatment option and may be superior to open surgery in subpopulations with significant co‐morbidities and risk factors, such as elderly and obese patients as well as patients with an active smoking status.
Lateral Subcutaneous Locking Compression Plate and Small Incision Reduction for Distal‐third Diaphyseal Humerus Fractures
Authors: Chang Hong , Yao Zi‐Long , Hou Yi‐Long , Cao Yang , Guo Xin‐Hui , Li Guan‐Jun , Yu Bin 
Published: August 2018

ObjectiveIatrogenic radial nerve injury is a great challenge for orthopaedic surgeons who deal with distal‐third diaphyseal humerus fractures. Conventional open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) remains the gold standard, but complications such as nonunion and iatrogenic radial nerve injury still occur. We fixed the fractures with a lateral locking compression plate (LCP) subcutaneously after small incision reduction to protect the radial nerve. This study reports the clinical and radiographic outcomes of our modified method.MethodsThirty‐eight patients with distal‐third diaphyseal humerus fractures were treated with lateral subcutaneous LCP and small incision reduction at our department between September 2013 and August 2016. There were 33 males and 5 females, with an average age of 30.3 years (range, 17 to 49 years). All the cases were types A or B (AO/OTA classification, type A, 24 cases; type B, 14 cases). Among them, 6 cases were combined with preoperative radial nerve palsy. All patients were diagnosed with closed humeral fractures after X‐ray examination, and had typical upper limb pain, swelling, and movement disorders. The operations were performed by a single surgeons’ team. Union time, range of motion (ROM), University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) shoulder rating scale, and Mayo Elbow Performance Index (MEPI) scores were assessed to evaluate the postoperative results.ResultsAll patients were followed up for an average of 11.4 months (range, 3 to 36 months). The average operation time was 75.5 min (range, 60 to 150 min) and average intraoperative radiation exposure was 10.5 s (range, 8 to 18 s). Bony union was achieved in all cases after an average of 16.2 weeks (range, 12 to 25 weeks). No complications such as infection or screw and plate fracture occurred, and no iatrogenic radial nerve injury was observed. According to the UCLA shoulder rating scale, the average score was 33.7 (range, 31 to 35), with 33 excellent (86.8%) and 5 good cases (13.2%). They were all excellent according to their MEPI scores (ranging, 94 to 100, with an average of 97.4). The average operation time for secondary removal of the plate was 15.2 min (range, 10 to 20 min), and no complications such as infection or secondary radial nerve injury occurred.ConclusionsLateral subcutaneous LCP and small incision reduction may reduce the risk of iatrogenic radial nerve injury significantly in the treatment of distal‐third diaphyseal humerus fractures. It also leads to solid fixation, good postoperative function, and convenient removal of the plate without injuring the radial nerve.
The Rapoport effect and the climatic variability hypothesis in Early Jurassic ammonites
Authors: Zacaï Axelle , Brayard Arnaud , Laffont Rémi , Dommergues Jean‐Louis , Meister Christian , Fara Emmanuel 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe increase in species range size towards high latitudes, known as Rapoport's rule, remains one of the most debated and poorly understood macroecological patterns. Numerous studies have challenged both its universality and the main mechanism originally proposed to explain it: the climatic variability hypothesis. Here, we study this pattern using a group of fossil marine organisms: the early Pliensbachian ammonites of the western Tethys. We further take into account the influence of the marked provincialism prevailing at that time, with a Mediterranean province (MED) and a north‐west European province (NWE) located on each side of a latitudinally oriented palaeobiogeographical barrier. We find that only species from theNWEprovince display a Rapoport effect, whereas species from the more tropicalMEDprovince show a boundary effect and have larger range sizes on average. This dual pattern can be explained by an alternative climatic variability hypothesis that better captures latitudinal seasonal variations and outlines the influence of the intertropical zone, characterized by stable and homogeneous climate that allows species to disperse over very large areas, regardless of their thermal tolerance. Accordingly, theNWEprovince probably displayed a gradient of seasonal climatic variations which caused the emergence of a Rapoport effect, whereas theMEDprovince was probably located in the intertropical zone where no gradient in species range size is expected. Our multiscale approach further shows that the Rapoport effect is scale‐dependent and may be labile through time. This probably explains the conflicting results of previous studies carried out at various spatiotemporal scales.
The tumor suppressor BAP1 cooperates with BRAFV600E to promote tumor formation in cutaneous melanoma
Authors: Webster Joshua D. , Pham Trang H. , Wu Xiumin , Hughes Nicolas W. , Li Zhongwu , Totpal Klara , Lee Ho‐June , Calses Philamer C. , Chaurushiya Mira S. , Stawiski Eric W. , Modrusan Zora , Chang Matthew T. , Tran Christopher , Lee Wyne P. , Chalasani Sreedevi , Hung Jeffrey , Sharma Neeraj , Chan Sara , Hotzel Kathy , Talevich Eric , Shain Alan , Xu Mengshu , Lill Jennie , Dixit Vishva M. , Bastian Boris C. , Dey Anwesha 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe deubiquitinating enzyme BAP1 is mutated in a hereditary cancer syndrome with a high risk of mesothelioma and melanocytic tumors. Here, we show that Bap1 deletion in melanocytes cooperates with the constitutively active, oncogenic form of BRAF (BRAFV600E) and UV to cause melanoma in mice, albeit at very low frequency. In addition, Bap1‐null melanoma cells derived from mouse tumors are more aggressive and colonize and grow at distant sites more than their wild‐type counterparts. Molecularly, Bap1‐null melanoma cell lines have increased DNA damage measured by γH2aX and hyperubiquitination of histone H2a. Therapeutically, these Bap1‐null tumors are completely responsive to BRAF‐ and MEK‐targeted therapies. Therefore, BAP1 functions as a tumor suppressor and limits tumor progression in melanoma.
Aging in Asia: Introduction to Symposium
Authors: Horioka Charles Yuji , Morgan Peter J. , Niimi Yoko , Wan Guanghua 
Published: August 2018

AbstractPopulation aging (an increase in the share of the elderly in total population) is occurring in many, if not most, countries in the world, including those in Asia. Both economists and policymakers warn that population aging can have many deleterious effects on a country's economy including a decline in its saving rate, the emergence of a labor shortage, a deterioration in government finances owing to increased spending on old‐age related programs, and reduced innovation and productivity growth. It is therefore imperative for countries to prepare themselves for the advent of an aged society. The emerging and developing countries in Asia are no exception, with the region generally lacking adequate systems in such areas as long‐term care, public pensions, and health insurance. Against this background, an international workshop on “Aging in Asia” was held in Kitakyushu City, Japan, on November 15 to 16, 2016. The workshop was jointly sponsored by the Asian Development Bank Institute and the Asian Growth Research Institute and was organized by Charles Yuji Horioka, Peter J. Morgan, Yoko Niimi, and Guanghua Wan. This special issue of the Review includes nine papers presented at this workshop plus one paper that was not presented there but was written by one of the workshop participants. All of these papers underwent the usual rigorous refereeing process of this Review.
I Want You to Want Me: Interpersonal Stress and Affective Experiences as Within‐Person Predictors of Nonsuicidal Self‐Injury and Suicide Urges in Daily Life
Authors: Victor Sarah E. , Scott Lori N. , Stepp Stephanie D. , Goldstein Tina R. 
Published: August 2018

ObjectiveTo investigate near‐term risk for self‐injurious urges, we evaluated how within‐person changes in internalizing and externalizing negative affect, as well as interpersonal rejection and criticism, impact subsequent nonsuicidal self‐injury (NSSI) and suicide urges in daily life.MethodYoung adult women (N = 62) from an ongoing community cohort study with past‐year self‐injurious thoughts completed a 21‐day ecological momentary assessment protocol. We used multilevel path analyses to model within‐person effects of negative affect and interpersonal stress on subsequent suicide and NSSI urges within several hours.ResultsWhen modeled simultaneously, within‐person changes in internalizing, but not externalizing, negative affect predicted later self‐injurious urges. Rejection and criticism predicted later self‐injurious urges, with rejection showing a unique relationship to NSSI urges specifically. Effects of rejection and criticism on later NSSI and suicide urges were mediated by internalizing negative affect; rejection also retained a significant direct effect on NSSI urges.ConclusionInterpersonal stressors may be potent near‐term risk factors for self‐injurious urges by increasing internalizing negative affect among vulnerable individuals. The direct role of rejection and criticism on self‐injurious urges is less clear, particularly for suicide. These findings have implications for understanding processes underlying self‐injurious urges, as well as designing real‐time interventions for these experiences in daily life.