bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of the Non‐breaking Surface Wave‐induced Vertical Mixing on Winter Mixed Layer Depth in Subtropical Regions
Authors: Chen Siyu , Qiao Fangli , Huang Chuanjiang , Song Zhenya 
Published: March 2018

AbstractCompared to observations, the simulated multi‐model mean surface oceanic mixed layer depth (MLD) during winter in the subtropical regions of both hemispheres shows deep bias from 45 CMIP5 climate models. Our results from two numerical experiments using one of CMIP5 models show that the non‐breaking surface wave‐induced vertical mixing can serve as a remedy. The enhanced vertical mixing increases the heat content of the upper ocean and reduces the oceanic potential density in winter which then stabilize the upper ocean and shallow the simulated winter MLD in subtropical regions. This heat content increase is not directly induced by air‐sea heat fluxes during winter, but is the legacy of temperature increase during summer, when the additional vertical mixing induces an enhanced surface heating. The simulation biases of the annually averaged water temperatures in the upper 400 m reduced by 43% and 28% in south and north latitude bands between 20°and 40°, respectively. The non‐breaking surface wave‐induced vertical mixing shallows both boreal and austral winter MLDs by 2–11 m (a change of 5–20%) in both northern and southern subtropical regions. These results indicate that the incorporation of vertical mixing induced by the non‐breaking surface waves in our experiments can improve the simulation of boreal and austral winter MLDs in northern and southern subtropical regions.
Generation and Propagation of Nonlinear Internal Waves in Sheared Currents Over the Washington Continental Shelf
Authors: Hamann Madeleine M. , Alford Matthew H. , Mickett John B. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe generation, propagation, and dissipation of nonlinear internal waves (NLIW) in sheared background currents is examined using 7 days of shipboard microstructure surveys and two moorings on the continental shelf offshore of Washington state. Surveys near the hypothesized generation region show semi‐diurnal (D2) energy flux is onshore and that the ratio of energy flux to group speed times energy (
) increases sharply at the shelf break, suggesting that the incident D2 internal tide is partially reflected and partially transmitted. NLIW appear at an inshore mooring at the leading edge of the onshore phase of the baroclinic tide, consistent with nonlinear transformation of the shoaling internal tide as their generation mechanism. Of the D2 energy flux observed at the eastern extent of the generation region (133 ± 18 Wm−1), approximately 30% goes into the NLIW observed inshore (36 ± 11 Wm−1). Inshore of the moorings, 7 waves are tracked into shallow (30‐40 m) water, where a vertically sheared, southward current becomes strong. As train‐like waves propagate onshore, wave amplitudes of 25‐30 m and energies of 5 MJ decrease to 12 m and 10 kJ, respectively. The observed direction of propagation rotates from
N of E to
S of E in the strongly sheared region. Linear ray tracing using the Taylor‐Goldstein equation to incorporate parallel shear effects accounts for only a small portion of the observed rotation, suggesting that three‐dimensionality of the wave crests and the background currents is important here.
Northward Pathway Across the Tropical North Pacific Ocean Revealed by Surface Salinity: How do El Niño Anomalies Reach Hawaii?
Authors: Hasson Audrey , Puy Martin , Boutin Jacqueline , Guilyardi Eric , Morrow Rosemary 
Published: March 2018

AbstractUsing the unprecedented 7 year monitoring of sea surface salinity (SSS) from the Soil Moisture Ocean Salinity (SMOS) satellite mission, an unexpected large‐scale anomaly at 20°N is studied in the tropical Pacific Ocean following the 2015‐2016 extreme El Niño event. This basin‐wide negative anomaly (below −0.3) is present in October 2015 between 15 and 25°N, reaching the Hawaiian archipelago. It has not been previously observed during El Niño events. It is accompanied by a negative equatorial SSS anomaly at the dateline (below −0.5) which has been previously described as an El Niño‐associated SSS anomaly. A wide range of observations (in situ and space‐borne) and a state‐of‐the‐art ocean model simulation are used together to characterize and understand the mechanisms leading to this singular SSS signal. The extra‐equatorial negative SSS anomaly is found to be a superposition of a persisting SSS anomaly due to the 2014 weak El Niño and of the larger 2015‐2016 El Niño SSS anomaly. Both were advected northward in the tropical current system by the mean Ekman currents and hypothetically by instabilities in the zonal currents patterns. An analysis of analogous structures in the past 20 years shows that this northward displacement of SSS anomalies is not El Niño specific, even if their advection is enhanced during El Niño events. This study shows that when surface freshwater fluxes are weak SSS, unlike sea surface temperature, can be used to trace water mass displacement for up to 20 months.
Mapping Dependence Between Extreme Rainfall and Storm Surge
Authors: Wu Wenyan , McInnes Kathleen , O'Grady Julian , Hoeke Ron , Leonard Michael , Westra Seth 
Published: March 2018

AbstractDependence between extreme storm surge and rainfall can have significant implications for flood risk in coastal and estuarine regions. To supplement limited observational records, we use reanalysis surge data from a hydrodynamic model as the basis for dependence mapping, providing information at a resolution of approximately 30 km along the Australian coastline. We evaluated this approach by comparing the dependence estimates from modeled surge to that calculated using historical surge records from 79 tide gauges around Australia. The results show reasonable agreement between the two sets of dependence values, with the exception of lower seasonal variation in the modeled dependence values compared to the observed data, especially at locations where there are multiple processes driving extreme storm surge. This is due to the combined impact of local bathymetry as well as the resolution of the hydrodynamic model and its meteorological inputs. Meteorological drivers were also investigated for different combinations of extreme rainfall and surge—namely rain‐only, surge‐only, and coincident extremes—finding that different synoptic patterns are responsible for each combination. The ability to supplement observational records with high‐resolution modeled surge data enables a much more precise quantification of dependence along the coastline, strengthening the physical basis for assessments of flood risk in coastal regions.
The Remobilization and Removal of Fe in Estuary—A Case Study in the Changjiang Estuary, China
Authors: Zhu Xunchi , Zhang Ruifeng , Wu Ying , Zhu Jianrong , Bao Daoyang , Zhang Jing 
Published: March 2018

AbstractDissolved iron (dFe) delivered by rivers plays a vital role in supporting primary productivity in coastal ecosystems. River‐borne Fe is generally removed in estuaries due to the salt‐induced flocculation. However, effects of the river mouth bar area on the variations of dFe concentration are frequently overlooked. Here we show the results of quasi‐synchronous observation conducted in three water channels in the mouth bar area of the Changjiang Estuary during both spring and neap tides in July 2014. dFe showed high spatial variation, from 2.63 to 690 nM, with higher values commonly found in the inner study area. An episode of significant Fe remobilization was observed in the inner mouth bar before the removal in the subsequent fresh‐saline water mixing process. Averaged dFe concentration increased from 45.2 ± 22.9 nM at Xuliujing to 188 ± 185 nM in the inner salinity (S) ≤ 1 water, then decreased to 10.3 ± 9.53 nM in the outer S > 1 water. Budget calculations revealed that the Changjiang input was the largest terrestrial source for dFe, while desorption from particles was the main reason for dFe enhancement in the study area. The entire mouth bar area was identified as a net sink for dFe, whereas, its S ≤ 1 and S > 1 zones were a source and a sink, respectively. We suggest that the mouth bar area diversifies the biogeochemical behavior of Fe in the estuary and enhances Fe output flux. Our study offers a new insight for better understanding the behavior of Fe and other particle‐reactive elements in large dynamic estuaries.
The Structure of Martian Magnetosphere at the Dayside Terminator Region as Observed on MAVEN Spacecraft
Authors: Vaisberg O. L. , Ermakov V. N. , Shuvalov S. D. , Zelenyi L. M. , Halekas J. , DiBraccio G. A. , McFadden J. , Dubinin E. M. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractWe analyzed 44 passes of the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN mission (MAVEN) spacecraft through the magnetosphere, arranged by the angle between electric field vector and the projection of spacecraft position radius vector in the plane perpendicular to the Mars‐Sun line (θE). All passes were divided into three angular sectors near 0°, 90°, and 180° θE angles in order to estimate the role of the interplanetary magnetic field direction in plasma and magnetic properties of dayside Martian magnetosphere. The time interval chosen was from 17 January to 4 February 2016 when MAVEN was crossing the dayside magnetosphere at solar zenith angle ~70°. Magnetosphere as the region with prevailing energetic planetary ions is always found between the magnetosheath and the ionosphere. The analysis of dayside interaction region showed that for each angular sector with different orientation of the solar wind electric field vector E = −1/c V × B one can find specific profiles of the magnetosheath, the magnetic barrier (Michel, 1971, https://doi.org/10.1029/RG009i002p00427; Zhang et al., 1991, https://doi.org/10.1029/91JA00088), and the magnetosphere. Magnetic barrier forms in front of the magnetosphere, and relative magnetic field magnitudes in these two domains vary. The average height of the boundary with ionosphere is ~530 km, and the average height of the magnetopause is ~730 km. We discuss the implications of the observed magnetosphere structure to the planetary ions loss mechanism.
Including Kinetic Ion Effects in the Coupled Global Ionospheric Outflow Solution
Authors: Glocer A. , Toth G. , Fok M.‐C. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractWe present a new expansion of the Polar Wind Outflow Model to include kinetic ions using the particle‐in‐cell (PIC) approach with Monte Carlo collisions. This implementation uses the original hydrodynamic solution at low altitudes for efficiency and couples to the kinetic solution at higher altitudes to account for kinetic effects important for ionospheric outflow. The modeling approach also includes wave‐particle interactions, suprathermal electrons, and a hybrid parallel computing approach combining shared and distributed memory paralellization. The resulting model is thus a comprehensive, global, model of ionospheric outflow that can be run efficiently on large supercomputing clusters. We demonstrate the model's capability to study a range of problems starting with the comparison of kinetic and hydrodynamic solutions along a single field line in the sunlit polar cap, and progressing to the altitude evolution of the ion conic distribution in the cusp region. The interplay between convection and the cusp on the global outflow solution is also examined. Finally, we demonstrate the impact of these new model features on the magnetosphere by presenting the first two‐way coupled ionospheric outflow‐magnetosphere calculation including kinetic ion effects.
Coronal Flux Rope Catastrophe Associated With Internal Energy Release
Authors: Zhuang Bin , Hu Youqiu , Wang Yuming , Zhang Quanhao , Liu Rui , Gou Tingyu , Shen Chenglong 
Published: March 2018

AbstractMagnetic energy during the catastrophe was predominantly studied by the previous catastrophe works since it is believed to be the main energy supplier for the solar eruptions. However, the contribution of other types of energies during the catastrophe cannot be neglected. This paper studies the catastrophe of the coronal flux rope system in the solar wind background, with emphasis on the transformation of different types of energies during the catastrophe. The coronal flux rope is characterized by its axial and poloidal magnetic fluxes and total mass. It is shown that a catastrophe can be triggered by not only an increase but also a decrease of the axial magnetic flux. Moreover, the internal energy of the rope is found to be released during the catastrophe so as to provide energy for the upward eruption of the flux rope. As far as the magnetic energy is concerned, it provides only part of the energy release, or even increases during the catastrophe, so the internal energy may act as the dominant or even the unique energy supplier during the catastrophe.
Exploring the Potential Impact of Greenland Meltwater on Stratification, Photosynthetically Active Radiation, and Primary Production in the Labrador Sea
Authors: Oliver Hilde , Luo Hao , Castelao Renato M. , van Dijken Gert L. , Mattingly Kyle S. , Rosen Joshua J. , Mote Thomas L. , Arrigo Kevin R. , Rennermalm Åsa K. , Tedesco Marco , Yager Patricia L. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractIn July 2012, the surface of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) melted to an extent unprecedented over the last 100 years; we questioned the potential for such an extreme melt event to impact marine phytoplankton offshore. We hypothesized that stratification from meltwater could reduce light limitation for phytoplankton, and used a suite of numerical models to quantify the impact for 2003–2012. Because much of the 2012 meltwater discharged from southern Greenland, our study focused on the southwestern and southeastern coasts of Greenland, and the Labrador Sea. A 1‐D phytoplankton model used output from a Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) coupled with a Regional Climate Model and a hydrological model of meltwater from runoff sources on the ice sheet, peripheral glaciers, and tundra. ROMS was run with and without meltwater to test the sensitivity of phytoplankton photosynthetic rates to the meltwater input. With meltwater, the pycnocline was shallower during late summer and early fall and thus light limitation on photosynthesis was reduced. Averaged over all years, added meltwater had the potential to increase gross primary production by 3–12% in the summer (July–August), and 13–60% in the fall (September–October). This meltwater effect was amplified when light was more limiting, and thus was greatest in the fall, under cloudier conditions, with higher self‐shading, and with more light‐sensitive phytoplankton groups. As the GrIS melt is projected to increase, late summer primary production in this region has the potential to increase as well, which could constitute an important biosphere response to high‐latitude climate change.
A study on the living environment of Bangladeshi foreign residents in Kita‐ku, Tokyo: Influence on the concentrated area in a receiving country of migrant workers from chain migration based on international labor movement
Authors: Kitahara Reiko , Otsuki Toshio 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThis study focused on Bangladeshi foreign residents as a case study of an ethnic group. It aimed to clarify the influence on the living environment from the concentration of foreign residents in Kita‐ku, Tokyo. Bangladeshi foreign residents have concentrated in Urban Renaissance (UR) rental housing based on the ethnic network of social classes. At the same time, there has been expansion of living facilities based on Bangladesh culture in the area surrounding the housing estates. The foreign residents’ residential style has gradually transitioned from temporary single migration to long‐term family settlement. The local government of the area has required deep understanding and quick response in support of foreign residents to prevent the social problem of spatial and social segregation.
What Remains Unexplained about the Properties of Halide Perovskites?
Authors: Egger David A. , Bera Achintya , Cahen David , Hodes Gary , Kirchartz Thomas , Kronik Leeor , Lovrincic Robert , Rappe Andrew M. , Reichman David R. , Yaffe Omer 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe notion that halide perovskite crystals (ABX3, where X is a halide) exhibit unique structural and optoelectronic behavior deserves serious scrutiny. After decades of steady and half a decade of intense research, the question which attributes of these materials are unusual, is discussed, with an emphasis on the identification of the most important remaining issues. The goal is to stimulate discussion rather than to merely present a community consensus.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Sequential C(sp2)‐H Alkynylation/Annulation of 2‐Phenylphenols with Haloalkynes Using Phenolic Hydroxyl as the Traceless Directing Group
Authors: Jiang Guangbin , Fang Songjia , Hu Weigao , Li Jianxiao , Zhu Chuanle , Wu Wanqing , Jiang Huanfeng 
Published: March 2018

AbstractAn efficient, palladium(II)‐catalyzed, C(sp2)‐H alkynylation/annulation of 2‐phenylphenols with haloalkynes for the synthesis of substituted 6‐methylene‐6H‐dibenzo[b,d]pyrans is reported. This protocol features a traceless directing group strategy, unique regioselectivity and mild reaction conditions. Significantly, preliminary mechanistic studies suggest that the sequential C(sp2)‐H alkynylation and annulation reaction could be involved in the transformation procedure.magnified image
Nutcracker syndrome: A proposed ultrasound protocol
Authors: Englund Katherine M. , Rayment Michael 
Published: March 2018

AbstractBackgroundNutcracker phenomenon (NCP) describes the compression of the left renal vein between the aorta and the superior mesenteric artery. Nutcracker Syndrome (NCS) refers to the clinical manifestations of NCP.AimsThis paper aims to provide education and ultrasound protocol for Clinicians and Sonographers who encounter patients with the symptoms of NCS during their course of practice.MethodsThe following report examines two case studies where a diagnosis of NCP was made from clinical history and ultrasound findings. Based on these case studies, we would like to propose an appropriate ultrasound scanning protocol for patients presenting with symptoms of gonadal vein incompetence.ResultsThe above case studies highlight the need for further assessment with ultrasound to help diagnose cases of NCP.ConclusionThe proposed ultrasound techniques are a valid protocol extension to the ultrasound examination to help diagnose NCP.
Impact of an intensive education programme of diagnostic lung and lower limb ultrasound on physiotherapist knowledge: A pilot study
Authors: Ntoumenopoulos George , Parry Selina M. , Neindre Aymeric Le 
Published: March 2018

AbstractIntroduction/PurposeDiagnostic ultrasound of the respiratory system and peripheral muscular systems is increasingly being used by clinicians. The aim of this study was to evaluate the knowledge outcomes of a bespoke one‐day curriculum for physiotherapists that incorporated lung, diaphragm and lower limb muscle diagnostic ultrasound theory and practical training in image acquisition and analysis.MethodsA one‐day course comprised of three instructors and 32 participants on key diagnostic ultrasound findings of the lungs, diaphragm and lower limb musculature included didactic lectures combined with expert‐led hands‐on training in practical sessions. Participants undertook pre‐ and post‐course knowledge questionnaire covering key ultrasound findings for normal lungs, pleural/pulmonary pathologies and normal and abnormal findings for the diaphragm and key lower limb muscle groups. The pre‐test and post‐test questionnaire and survey results were reported using parametric descriptive statistics (meansSD) as the data were normally distributed.ResultsOf the 32 physiotherapists who undertook the one‐day training, 25 (78%) completed the pre‐ and post‐course questionnaires. The pre‐course knowledge scores (mean percentage,SD) were 63% (21), and the post‐course scores were 62% (20) after training.DiscussionThis novel diagnostic ultrasound course led to limited improvements of ultrasound knowledge in the specific areas of the key ultrasound findings pulmonary system and lower limb muscle anatomy. The pre‐reading material and course structure may have been too burdensome for the participants.ConclusionCombined lung and muscle diagnostic ultrasound course may require more than the standard one‐day training for appropriate knowledge acquisition, and use of online pre‐course video lectures may facilitate learning.
Taste impairment in chronic rhinosinusitis
Authors: Othieno Florence , Schlosser Rodney J. , Rowan Nicholas R. , Storck Kristina A. , Mattos Jose L. , Smith Timothy L. , Soler Zachary M. 
Published: March 2018

BackgroundThough many patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) describe disturbances in smell and taste, there have been no studies specifically assessing taste impairment in CRS. This study sought to objectively assess taste dysfunction in CRS patients and determine whether taste impairment correlates with olfactory dysfunction. Additionally, this investigation sought to determine the impact of taste dysfunction on quality of life (QOL) in CRS and identify the clinical factors that influence taste.MethodsSixty‐eight CRS patients were prospectively enrolled and completed several QOL surveys in relation to taste, smell, overall sinus‐specific QOL, and depression. Validated taste strips were used to determine gustatory dysfunction pertaining to sweet, sour, salty, and bitter. Olfactory testing was assessed using the Sniffin’ Sticks Test while both Lund‐Kennedy and Olfactory Cleft Endoscopy Scoring (OCES) systems were used for endoscopic evaluation.ResultsThe overall prevalence of dysgeusia was 28%, with scores significantly lower for sour compared to other subgroups. No correlation was observed between taste scores and objective olfactory metrics including olfaction tests and OCES. Taste scores were better in younger patients (r = 0.28, p = 0.02), female patients (p = 0.004), and never smokers compared to former smokers (p = 0.01). Taste scores did not correlate with patient‐reported outcome measures or CRS disease severity metrics.ConclusionTaste dysfunction is a common complaint in CRS. This cohort shows prevalence of gustatory loss to be about 28% using ideal normative values. This dysfunction correlated with male gender, smoking history, and older age. Taste dysfunction did not correlate with measured olfactory outcomes.
Dynamic Nuclear Polarization‐Enhanced Biomolecular NMR Spectroscopy at High Magnetic Field with Fast Magic‐Angle Spinning
Authors: Jaudzems Kristaps , Bertarello Andrea , Chaudhari Sachin R. , Pica Andrea , Cala‐De Paepe Diane , Barbet‐Massin Emeline , Pell Andrew J. , Akopjana Inara , Kotelovica Svetlana , Gajan David , Ouari Olivier , Tars Kaspars , Pintacuda Guido , Lesage Anne 
Published: March 2018

AbstractDynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) is a powerful way to overcome the sensitivity limitation of magic‐angle‐spinning (MAS) NMR experiments. However, the resolution of the DNP NMR spectra of proteins is compromised by severe line broadening associated with the necessity to perform experiments at cryogenic temperatures and in the presence of paramagnetic radicals. High‐quality DNP‐enhanced NMR spectra of the Acinetobacter phage 205 (AP205) nucleocapsid can be obtained by combining high magnetic field (800 MHz) and fast MAS (40 kHz). These conditions yield enhanced resolution and long coherence lifetimes allowing the acquisition of resolved 2D correlation spectra and of previously unfeasible scalar‐based experiments. This enables the assignment of aromatic resonances of the AP205 coat protein and its packaged RNA, as well as the detection of long‐range contacts, which are not observed at room temperature, opening new possibilities for structure determination.