bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A strategy to what end? “The strategy of model building in population biology” in its programmatic context
Authors: Hasnes-Beninson Zvi 
Published: November 2024

Abstract“The Strategy of Model Building in Population Biology” published by Richard Levins in 1966 has been cited over 2500 times. For a paper concerned with modeling approaches in population biology a surprisingly large part of the attention. The Strategy received comes from history and philosophy of biology, and specifically from accounts on model and model formulation. The Strategy is an unusual paper; it presents neither new data nor a new formal model; at times it reads like a manifesto for some modeling approach, without specifying which broader program that approach intends to support. When these peculiarities of The Strategy are even mentioned, the philosophical literature tends to explain them away by invoking Levins’ Marxist commitments. In contrast, I argue that those peculiarities can be explained by examining the programmatic purpose of the paper; starting from his doctoral work, Levins was trying to establish a research program meant to account for the relations between fitness and environment in different terms than the prevalent lock-and-key view. My paper brings that program back to the discussion, explains its relation to competing approaches and examines Levins’ approach to modeling in light of that context
Putting an Integrated Theoretical Framework of Student Engagement into Practice: A Case Study of Three Student Initiatives at the Technical University of Munich
Authors: Reifenrath Johannes , Buchner Anna , Leeb Antonia , Hermann Lina , Allwang Christine , Dinkel Andreas , Berberat Pascal O. , Wijnen-Meijer Marjo 
Published: November 2024

AbstractStudent engagement is perceived as an increasingly important but complex phenomenon in medical education. Recently, integrated theoretical frameworks have been introduced to conceptualize student engagement from a psychological, behavioral, and psychosocial perspective. The body of literature underpinning the development of the frameworks is enormous, but there is a relative paucity of reports detailing the use of the frameworks in practice. Here, we present a case study of three de novo student initiatives at the Technical University of Munich. The initiatives cover various topics, from case-based learning tutorials to extracurricular offerings on mental health and mentoring. We will map each project to the integrated framework proposed by Kassab et al. (Med Teach 45:949–965, 2023) and assess its usefulness in capturing student engagement. We conclude that the framework holistically describes the engagement profile of each project but does not consider the different roles students assume when participating in a project or incentivizing it.
Road Traffic Injury Prevention: Bicycle
Authors: Hyman Simone Carlson , Ignacio Romeo 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

Purpose of review
We describe recent trends in bicycle-related trauma, associated morbidity and mortality, the disparate effects on adult and pediatric populations, the effects of socioeconomic inequities on injury patterns, and milestones in preventative efforts.

Recent findings
National data demonstrates a lower incidence of unintentional injuries but a higher number of bicycle-related fatalities in the United States over the past decade. Traumatic brain injury remains the leading cause of mortality and chronic morbidity for bicyclists overall. Extremity and facial trauma predominate among older populations, while children are more susceptible to solid organ injuries and severe trauma with the use of electric bicycles. Factors that improve rider safety include changes in infrastructure, speed limits, and the implementation of dedicated bicycle lanes. Helmet usage is the most critical aspect for reducing bicyclist mortality, though rates of consistent usage in the US remain low, they can be improved with mandatory helmet laws. The lowest rates of helmet use are seen in areas of lower socioeconomic status, with these bicyclists subsequently subject to a greater burden of bicycle-related trauma.

Summary
Bicycle accidents are relatively common injuries in both adults and children. Road traffic accidents (RTAs), including those involving bicycles and electric bicycles (E-bikes), contributing significantly to morbidity and mortality across age groups. The focus in mitigating these injuries is on preventive measures, emphasizing the role of infrastructure improvements, public policies, and educational initiatives. The review discusses the trends in bicycle-related trauma, disparities affecting different age groups, socioeconomic influences on injury patterns, and recent advancements in injury prevention strategies.
Benchmarking numerical simulation of induced fault slip with semi-analytical solutions
Authors: Novikov Aleksei , Shokrollahzadeh Behbahani Sara , Voskov Denis , Hajibeygi Hadi , Jansen Jan-Dirk 
Published: November 2024

AbstractPore pressure fluctuation in subsurface reservoirs and its resulting mechanical response can cause fault reactivation. Numerical simulation of such induced seismicity is important to develop reliable seismic hazard and risk assessments. However, modeling of fault reactivation is quite challenging, especially in the case of displaced faults, i.e., faults with non-zero offset. In this paper, we perform a systematic benchmarking study to validate two recently developed numerical methods for fault slip simulation. Reference solutions are based on a semi-analytical approach that makes use of inclusion theory and Cauchy-type singular integral equations. The two numerical methods both use finite volume discretizations, but they employ different approaches to represent faults. One of them uses a conformal discrete fault model (DFM) while the other employs an embedded (non-conformal) fault model. The semi-analytical test cases cover a vertical frictionless fault, and inclined displaced faults with constant friction and slip-weakening friction. It was found that both numerical methods accurately represent pre-slip stress fields caused by pore pressure changes. Moreover, they also successfully cope with a vertical frictionless fault. However, for the case with an inclined displaced fault with a constant friction coefficient, the embedded method can not converge for the post-slip phase, whereas the DFM successfully coped with both constant and slip-weakening friction coefficients. In its current implementation, the DFM is therefore the model of choice when accurate simulation of local faulted systems is required.
Processing cataphoric they amidst pronominal innovation
Authors: Foley Steven , Ahn Byron 
Published: November 2024

AbstractWhen they encounter a cataphoric pronoun during real-time sentence processing, the comprehender begins searching actively for a feature-matched noun that can supply its reference. The present study investigates individual variation in this active search procedure, leveraging an ongoing change in the pronoun system of North American English. The types of referents compatible with the they-series of pronouns is expanding, with an increasing number of speakers allowing definite singular referents: especially but not exclusively when referring to someone with a nonbinary gender identity. Sociolinguistic work shows that the speakers who most accept innovative usages of singular they tend to be younger, or to be non-cisgender (e.g. transgender, nonbinary). Recruiting participants representing diverse ages and gender identities, the present experiment tracked reading times of sentences involving cataphora. Results shows that cataphoric they is processed differently than cataphoric s/he, across the board. There is a significant processing cost to reading a plural noun that follows cataphoric s/he, indicating that singular cataphors evoke strong number expectations. However, the cost of reading a singular noun after they is smaller and emerges later; they seems to evoke weak number expectations. Individual differences show that those expectations are especially weak for younger participants, perhaps reflecting a higher baseline familiarity with singular they. On the other hand, course-grained gender identity (cis vs. non-cis) does not seem to be a reliable predictor of how cataphoric they is processed. Integrating insights from sociolinguistics and psycholinguistics, this study offers a novel view into ongoing language change and its manifestation in real-time processing measures.
Short- and long-term outcomes of adrenalectomy for primary aldosteronism in a single UK center: rear-mirror view
Authors: Abdel-Aziz Tarek , Abdelsalam Alaa , Chung Teng-Teng , Srirangalingam Umasuthan , Hurel Steven , Conway Gerard , Baldeweg Stephanie E. , Kurzawinski Tom R. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Purpose
Primary aldosteronism (PA), which is the commonest cause of secondary hypertension, can be cured by unilateral adrenalectomy. We report the short-and long-term outcomes after adrenalectomy performed at a single UK center over a period of 24 years.

Methods
Retrospective analysis of biochemical (potassium, aldosterone, renin, and ARR) radiological (CT/MRI, AVS, and nuclear scans), and clinical (surgical complications, blood pressure, and number of antihypertensive medications) short-and long-terms outcomes in patients who underwent adrenalectomy for PA between 1998 and 2021. Standardized PASO and Clavien-Dindo criteria to assess biochemical, clinical, and surgical outcomes were used.

Results
A total of 82 patients were treated via adrenalectomy for PA over a 24-year period. Short-term follow-up data (within 3 months after surgery) was available for all 82 patients (M45, F37, mean age 51.7 years): 24 of them were followed up for at least 60 months (range 60 to 72 months) and 77 (93.9%) patients had laparoscopic surgery (one conversion). Seven patients had postoperative complications classified as Clavien-Dindo II (4), IIIa(1) and IVa(2). Median LOS was 2.5 days (1–12). Complete and partial clinical success was achieved in 29 and 58.3% and 41.7 and 45.8% of patients in the short and the long term, respectively. Clinical benefit was observed in 88% of patients. Complete biochemical success was achieved in 95.8% of patients in the short and the long term.

Conclusion
Unilateral adrenalectomy in patients with PA showed clinical benefit in 88% and achieved biochemical cure in almost all of them. Our data suggest that these benefits persisted for at least 5 years.
Flotation of a South African Low-Grade Banded Iron Formation (BIF)
Authors: Maistry Nichole , Singh Ashma 
Published: November 2024

AbstractDue to declining iron ore grades, low-grade ores with complex mineralogy, namely, banded iron formation (BIF), are being explored to maximize iron ore resources and increase the life of mine. Flotation is the standard global process used for the beneficiation of BIF ores, as it is a complex ore reserve, and liberation is typically achieved below 1 mm. This study focuses on flotation of a South African BIF evaluating its response to different collectors, as well as effect of grind. Since flotation is an expensive process and South Africa ranks high on the production cost curve, pre-concentration via gravity or magnetic separation is performed prior to flotation. Thus, flotation was also performed on a gravity concentrate to determine if a grade suitable for steelmaking (~ 63%) is achievable. The results indicate that the use of an alkyl ether amine-based collector partially neutralized with acetic acid is suitable for separation of hematite from illite and quartz at high pH values. Further optimization tests are being pursued to improve overall recovery and grade.
Physiological and Molecular Responses of Red Amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus L.) and Green Amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus L.) to Salt Stress
Authors: Emam Tartil M. , Hosni Abd Elaziz M. , Ismail Ahmed , El-Kinany Ramy G. , Hewidy Mohammed , Saudy Hani Saber , Omar Mohamed M. A. , Ibrahim Mariam T. S. , Sui Shunzhao , El-Sayed Salwa M. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractSalinization, as a serious climate change phenomenon, continues to cause critical issues for soils and crops. Abundance of genetic diversity of plants could contribute in solving the impacts of salinity. However, the relations between physiological and molecular traits of plant species need deep investigation and interpretation. Pot experiments were conducted in the greenhouse to investigate the difference in behavior between two amaranth species when they were beforehand subjected to salinity-stress conditions, specifically on some specific physiological and molecular characteristics. After 45 days from transplanting, salt stress was induced using a 150 mM sodium chloride solution. Treatments were arranged in randomized complete block design using three replications. After 0, 2, 6, 10, and 24 h, samples were collected to evaluate physiological data as well as diversity of gene expression. The samples were immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored in -80⁰ C ultralow temperature refrigerators. Findings revealed that the red amaranth species (Amaranthus cruentus) was more tolerant to saline stress than the green amaranth species (Amaranthus hypochondriacus). Result data revealed that malondialdehyde (MDA) content in the red amaranth increased after 2 h then decreased (after 6 and 10 h) before rising again after 24 h. In the green amaranth, MDA content initially decreased after 2 h before increasing and later decreasing in a zigzag pattern ending in an increase after 24 h. There was an initial steep rise in proline content of green amaranth after 2 h which continued to still rise moderately till 24 h. In the red amaranth the initial rise in proline continued after 2, 6 and 10 h before it stopped. Results also showed that red amaranth gave higher value of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity as compared with green amaranth in all tested salinity exposure times. The investigation on the expression of four genes assessed through quantitative PCR indicated the efficiency of red amaranth in increasing the expression of SOS1, HKT1, NHX1, and DGR2 genes, which encode adaptation-related proteins under salinity stress. In summary, the current work demonstrated that red amaranth could be an efficient genetic resource in improving salt-tolerant genotypes belonging to Amaranthus genus.
Limb-Specific Comparison of Flow-Mediated Dilation in Abdominal Obese Pre-menopausal Women
Authors: Restaino Robert M. , Barlow Matthew A. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

Purpose
Normal aging can lead to arterial wall stiffening and development of atherosclerosis; however, the effects of overweight conditions can expedite the dysfunction of arterial health. In an earlier study, we identified in a group of abdominal obese pre-menopausal woman that during menses, these women had decreased vascular conductance of the brachial artery during dynamic hand-grip exercise. Endothelial function in abdominal obese (AO) premenopausal women could be associated with being highly sedentary which attenuates dilatory responses to FMD of both upper and lower limb vascular function. We hypothesized that the AO women would exhibit limb-specific differences in artery dilation with reduced dilation in the popliteal artery as compared to the brachial artery.

Methods
Artery dilatory responses in the brachial and popliteal arteries were assessed using flow-mediated dilation (FMD) in age-matched sedentary controls and AO groups during menses.

Results
Significant differences were found between groups including % BF, BMI, weight, waist to hip ratio, fasting blood glucose, and oxLDL. A between-group comparison revealed significantly lower percent dilation of the popliteal artery in AO participants compared to controls (p < 0.05) not present in the brachial arteries. Our results also indicate a difference in the time-to-peak (TP) of dilation between the control (33.38 ± 3.232) and AO (62.104 ± 5.813) groups (p < 0.01). Following FMD correction with shear rate as the covariate, significant differences in FMD between the brachial and popliteal artery were abolished.

Conclusion
We conclude that young, AO women show a limb-specific difference in dilation of the upper and lower extremities when compared to controls. Thus, reductions in FMD of the popliteal artery could be due to impaired dilation of the downstream resistance vasculature preventing increases in shear within the leg conduit arteries not as significantly in the arms.
Intersectional racial and gender bias in family court
Authors: Williams Monnica T. , Faber Sonya , Zare Manzar , Barker Theresa , Abdulrehman Rehman Y. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractCustody cases characterized by conflict may involve allegations of abuse or parental alienation, necessitating a thorough examination of the situation for the child’s wellbeing. This case series describes stereotypes and biases faced by three racialized fathers, resulting in problems in the processes and outcomes of the family court system. Occurring at the intersection of race, culture, religion, and gender, social myths about these fathers of South Asian and MENA (Middle Eastern, North African, Arab) descent led to inequities in parental rights and harm to their children. Biases experienced by fathers included racism, sexism, Islamophobia, and xenophobia, which manifested as presumptions that such fathers espoused outdated gender roles, exerted excessive authority in the home, and were unwilling to adapt to mainstream culture—which can bias the decision-making of custody evaluators, child advocates, lawyers, and judges. This paper presents the relevant facts of each case, critical errors made by the court—such as ignoring the voices of the fathers, delayed verdict delivery, inadequate assessment of abuse, and failure to prioritize the children's welfare. This article discusses stigma, abuse, interracial dynamic, and the mental health toll of this process on fathers, despite having respected professions and financial resources. Also addressed is the challenge of differentiating parental alienation from estrangement due to child abuse when children reject a parent. It is hoped that by recognizing and addressing these biases outcomes in parental disputes can be greatly improved.
Epidemic spreading and herd immunity in a driven non-equilibrium system of strongly-interacting atoms
Authors: Liu Zong-Kai , Ding Dong-Sheng , Yu Yi-Chen , Busche Hannes , Shi Bao-Sen , Guo Guang-Can , Adams C. Stuart , Nori Franco 
Published: November 2024

AbstractIt is increasingly important to understand the spatial dynamics of epidemics. While there are numerous mathematical models of epidemics, there is a scarcity of physical systems with sufficiently well-controlled parameters to allow quantitative model testing. It is also challenging to replicate the macro non-equilibrium effects of complex models in microscopic systems. In this work, we demonstrate experimentally a physics analog of epidemic spreading using optically-driven non-equilibrium phase transitions in strongly interacting Rydberg atoms. Using multiple laser beams we can impose any desired spatial structure. The observed spatially localized phase transitions simulate the outbreak of an infectious disease in multiple locations, and the splitting of the outbreak in subregions, as well as the dynamics towards “herd immunity” and “endemic state” in different regimes. The reported results indicate that Rydberg systems are versatile enough to model complex spatial-temporal dynamics.
Regulation of sulfur molecules for advanced lithium–sulfur batteries: strategies, mechanisms, and characterizations
Authors: Wang Lei , Zhang Liang 
Published: November 2024

AbstractLithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries have been regarded as the pinnacle in the domain of high-energy-density Li–metal batteries, mainly because of their high theoretical specific capacity and natural abundance. However, their practical implementation is chiefly impeded by the sluggish redox kinetics of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) and the parasitic shuttle effect, which are associated with the intrinsic physiochemical properties of multiphase sulfur species. On this account, rationally regulating the properties of sulfur species at the molecular level is promising to achieve ample opportunities to circumvent these key stumbling blocks, hence driving the practical application of Li–S technology. Herein, the recent achievements in tailoring the molecular structures of sulfur species are summarized and reviewed, including low-order sulfur molecules, heteroatom-doped sulfur molecules, and LiPSs-based functional intermediates. Moreover, some advanced characterizations allowing structural and chemical environment detection of regulated sulfur species, such as X-ray absorption spectroscopy, X-ray emission spectroscopy, neutron scattering, and pair distribution function, are also discussed, aimed at propelling the theoretical and practical research of sulfur species. Finally, future perspectives on the molecular engineering of sulfur species are provided to enlighten the development of advanced Li–S batteries.
Impact of varying solar angles on Arctic iceberg area retrieval from Sentinel-2 near-infrared data
Authors: Fisser Henrik , Doulgeris Anthony P. , Høyland Knut V. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Icebergs are part of the glacial mass balance and they interact with the ocean and with sea ice. Optical satellite remote sensing is often used to retrieve the above-waterline area of icebergs. However, varying solar angles introduce an error to the iceberg area retrieval that had not been quantified. Herein, we approximate the iceberg area error for top-of-atmosphere Sentinel-2 near-infrared data at a range of solar zenith angles. First, we calibrate an iceberg threshold at a

$56^\circ$

solar zenith angle with reference to higher resolution airborne imagery at Storfjorden, Svalbard. A reflectance threshold of 0.12 yields the lowest relative error of 0.19% ± 15.74% and the lowest interquartile spread. Second, we apply the 0.12 reflectance threshold to Sentinel-2 data at 14 solar zenith angles between

$45^\circ$

and

$81^\circ$

in the Kangerlussuaq Fjord, south-east Greenland. Here we quantify the error variation with the solar zenith angle for a consistent set of large icebergs. The error variation is then standardized to the error obtained in Svalbard. Up to a solar zenith angle of

$65^\circ$

, the mean standardized iceberg area error remains between 5.9% and −5.67%. Above

$65^\circ$

, iceberg areas are underestimated and inconsistent, caused by a segregation into shadows and sun-facing slopes.
The discreet charm of the oligarchy: conceptualizing material power and opportunity hoarding
Authors: Bogliaccini Juan A. , Madariaga Aldo 
Published: November 2024

AbstractStark wealth inequality is consequential for politics, yet the underlying mechanisms are still understudied. We join recent research urging a deeper analysis of how oligarchic interests and material power operate in highly unequal societies by expanding the business power literature to understand new sources of influence based on wealth. We engage in a concept-building exercise for the concept of business power and clarify the similarities and differences between material power and other sources of business power. We then discuss different mechanisms underlying material power and develop the mechanism of opportunity hoarding from the literature on social closure. Opportunity hoarding helps understand how oligarchic interests appropriate well-functioning state institutions for their benefit. We illustrate these mechanisms by analyzing the case of Guatemala, a country with tremendous wealth inequality and pervasive political instability. We highlight the usefulness of our proposed concept structure for analyzing diverse instances of business power and the concept of material power for understanding business influence in highly unequal societies.