bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessing the value of acoustic indices to distinguish species and quantify activity: A case study using frogs
Authors: Indraswari Karlina , Bower Deborah S. , Tucker David , Schwarzkopf Lin , Towsey Michael , Roe Paul 
Published: December 2018

Abstract

Soundscapes can provide information about a wide range of habitats and species through the recording of vocalisations over long temporal scales. Because of the large volumes of data collected, computational approaches, such as the application of acoustic indices, are required to extract useful information from long‐duration recordings.

Acoustic indices summarise various soundscape features into frequency ranges over defined time intervals and can aid in the visual exploration, detection, and analysis of species vocalisation patterns. Here, we examine the performance of combinations of three acoustic indices commonly used in visual exploration, the acoustic complexity index, the temporal entropy spectrum index, and the event spectrum index, and assess their ability to distinguish species and describe acoustic features commonly used to detect species and analyse activity. Our case study focuses on three frog species with distinct call structures from Bickerton Island, Northern Territory, Australia. Call structure was categorised based on the number of pulses and harmonics.

We summarised acoustic activity by calculating acoustic indices in 256 equal‐sized bins over the entire the frequency spectrum, for 30‐s intervals, and found that acoustic index values could be used to distinguish species and describe acoustic features. The acoustic complexity index was the most effective index for distinguishing species. To describe acoustic features, we examined correlations between acoustic index values and summarised acoustic features, including call rate, total duration, loudness and signal‐to‐noise ratio. In single‐pulsed species with no harmonics, we found spectral index values were significantly and sometimes strongly correlated with acoustic features. In comparison, species with harmonics were found to be weakly and less frequently correlated with acoustic features even if sampled calls were loud and have high signal‐to‐noise ratio. We suggest that acoustic indices have the potential to describe acoustic features in single‐pulsed species but are limited in those with harmonics.

We conclude that acoustic indices can be a useful tool to distinguish some anuran species and to broadly understand specific acoustic features used to analyse calling activity over long periods of time.

Further research is required to better understand the relationships between acoustic indices and acoustic features to determine the general utility of indices to detect and distinguish audible species and to identify other acoustic features of various taxa.
Congruent population genetic structure but differing depths of divergence for three alpine stoneflies with similar ecology and geographic distributions
Authors: Hotaling Scott , Giersch J. Joseph , Finn Debra S. , Tronstad Lusha M. , Jordan Steve , Serpa Larry E. , Call Ronald G. , Muhlfeld Clint C. , Weisrock David W. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractComparative population genetic studies provide a powerful means for assessing the degree to which evolutionary histories may be congruent among taxa while also highlighting the potential for cryptic diversity within existing species.In the Rocky Mountains, three confamilial stoneflies (Zapada glacier,Lednia tumana, andLednia tetonica; Plecoptera, Nemouridae) occupy cold alpine streams that are primarily fed by melting ice.Lednia tumanaandL. tetonicaare sister species diagnosed from systematic morphological differences, and they are endemic to areas surrounding Glacier National Park and Grand Teton National Park, respectively, in theU.S.Rocky Mountains.Zapada glacieris also present in alpine streams from Glacier National Park to the Teton Range, sometimes co‐occurring with eitherLedniaspecies.We used mitochondrial sequence data to clarify species boundaries, compare population genetic patterns, and test demographic models in a coalescent framework for the three stoneflies. We addressed four questions: (1) Is there genetic support for the morphology‐based species boundaries inLednia? (2) Is there genetic support for cryptic, or as‐yet undescribed, diversity withinZ. glacier? (3) Do similar geographic distributions and ecological requirements yield spatial congruence of genetic structure between high‐elevationLedniaandZ. glacierpopulations? (4) Is there evidence for contemporary gene flow among isolated populations in either group?Our results supported the existing taxonomy withZ. glacierand the twoLedniaspecies differing in their depths of divergence among study regions (e.g. maximum sequence divergence withinZ. glacier = 1.2% versus 5% betweenL. tumanaandL. tetonica). However, spatial population genetic patterns were broadly congruent, indicating stonefly populations isolated on mountaintop islands. Coalescent modelling supported the possibility of rare, extremely limited contemporary gene flow amongZ. glacierpopulations, with no support for gene flow betweenL. tumanaandL. tetonica.The focal stoneflies and associated assemblages occupy the highest elevation, coldest permanent alpine streams in the study region. This lotic habitat type faces an uncertain future under a diminishing alpine cryosphere. Given spatial congruence of genetic structure demonstrating unique biodiversity associated with individual alpine islands, we encourage conservation management strategies be developed and applied at corresponding spatial scales.
Quantifying the climate change effects of bioenergy systems: Comparison of 15 impact assessment methods
Authors: Brandão Miguel , Kirschbaum Miko U. F. , Cowie Annette L. , Hjuler Susanne Vedel 
Published: December 2018

AbstractOngoing concern over climate change has led to interest in replacing fossil energy with bioenergy. There are different approaches to quantitatively estimate the climate change effects of bioenergy systems. In the present work, we have focused on a range of published impact assessment methods that vary due to conceptual differences in the treatment of biogenic carbon fluxes, the type of climate change impacts they address and differences in time horizon and time preference. Specifically, this paper reviews fifteen different methods and applies these to three hypothetical bioenergy case studies: (a) woody biomass grown on previously forested land; (b) woody biomass grown on previous pasture land; and (b) annual energy crop grown on previously cropped land. Our analysis shows that the choice of method can have an important influence on the quantification of climate change effects of bioenergy, particularly when a mature forest is converted to bioenergy use as it involves a substantial reduction in biomass carbon stocks. Results are more uniform in other case studies. In general, results are more sensitive to specific impact assessment methods when they involve both emissions and removals at different points in time, such as for forest bioenergy, but have a much smaller influence on agricultural bioenergy systems grown on land previously used for pasture or annual cropping. The development of effective policies for climate change mitigation through renewable energy use requires consistent and accurate approaches to identification of bioenergy systems that can result in climate change mitigation. The use of different methods for the same purpose: estimating the climate change effects of bioenergy systems, can lead to confusing and contradictory conclusions. A full interpretation of the results generated with different methods must be based on an understanding that the different methods focus on different aspects of climate change and represent different time preferences.
Associations among behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia, care burden, and family‐to‐work conflict of employed family caregivers
Authors: Sakka Mariko , Goto Jun , Kita Sachiko , Sato Iori , Soejima Takafumi , Kamibeppu Kiyoko 
Published: December 2018

AimThe present study aimed to examine the associations among behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) of persons with dementia (PWD), care burden and family‐to‐work conflict (FWC) of employed family caregivers.MethodA cross‐sectional study was carried out with employed adult daughter or son (or in‐law) caregivers for PWD from two rural cities in Japan. FWC, care burden and the degree of BPSD were evaluated by the Survey Work‐Home Interaction‐NijmeGen, Zarit Burden Scale‐Short Version and Dementia Behavior Disturbance Scale, respectively. Of the 200 questionnaires distributed, 130 were returned. A total of 53 respondents were not employed, and seven questionnaires had missing data for demographic variables, Survey Work‐Home Interaction‐NijmeGen, Zarit Burden Scale‐Short Version or Dementia Behavior Disturbance Scale. Thus, complete data from 70 respondents were analyzed through structural equation modeling.ResultsThe mean age of employed family caregivers was 56 years, and 34 (48.5%) were men. The mean age of PWD was 84 years, and there were 68 (68.6%) men. The path model with a good fit was shown (root mean square error of approximation 0.136, comparative fit index 0.960 and goodness of fit index 0.965). The path model showed that BPSD affected FWC, and that the association was partially mediated by care burden.ConclusionsThe results show that a decrease in not only care burden, but also BPSD, of PWD is important for employed family caregivers to reduce their FWC and maintain their work–life balance. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2019; 19: 51–55.
Risk factors and prognostic implications of aspiration pneumonia in older hip fracture patients: A multicenter retrospective analysis
Authors: Byun Seong‐Eun , Shon Hyun‐Chul , Kim Ji Wan , Kim Hyung Kyung , Sim Youngsuk 
Published: December 2018

AimThe present study aimed to investigate the risk factors and prognostic implications of aspiration pneumonia in older hip fracture patients.MethodsA total of 394 female and 125 male hip fracture patients aged ≥60 years who underwent surgery between 2015 and 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. To identify risk factors of aspiration pneumonia, demographic factors, the American Society of Anesthesiologists classification, past medical history, known risk factors of aspiration and factors associated with surgery were compared between the aspiration pneumonia group and the control group. Regression analysis was also carried out. To assess the prognostic implications of aspiration pneumonia, hospital stay, frequency of the intensive care unit admission and in‐hospital mortality rates were compared between groups.ResultsAspiration pneumonia was diagnosed in 8.8% of the hip fracture patients. Increased age, low body mass index, malnutrition, longer duration of surgery and delayed surgery were identified as risk factors of aspiration pneumonia. Regarding prognostic implications, hospital stay, the frequency of intensive care unit care and in‐hospital mortality rates were significantly higher in the aspiration pneumonia group (P < 0.001, <0.001 and 0.001, respectively).ConclusionsOlder hip fracture patients with aspiration pneumonia showed worse prognostic outcome compared with patients without aspiration pneumonia. Longer duration of surgery and delayed surgery, as well as patient characteristics including increased age, low body mass index and malnutrition were identified as risk factors for aspiration pneumonia. Therefore, surgeons should try to reduce the operation time and the time interval between injury and surgery when treating older patients for hip fractures. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2019; 19: 119–123.
Impact of gut microbiota on gut‐distal autoimmunity: a focus on T cells
Authors: Sprouse Maran L. , Bates Nicholas A. , Felix Krysta M. , Wu Hsin‐Jung Joyce 
Published: December 2018

SummaryThe immune system is essential for maintaining a delicate balance between eliminating pathogens and maintaining tolerance to self‐tissues to avoid autoimmunity. An enormous and complex community of gut microbiota provides essential health benefits to the host, particularly by regulating immune homeostasis. Many of the metabolites derived from commensals can impact host health by directly regulating the immune system. Many autoimmune diseases arise from an imbalance between pathogenic effector T cells and regulatory T (Treg) cells. Recent interest has emerged in understanding how cross‐talk between gut microbiota and the host immune system promotes autoimmune development by controlling the differentiation and plasticity of T helper and Treg cells. At the molecular level, our recent study, along with others, demonstrates that asymptomatic colonization by commensal bacteria in the gut is capable of triggering autoimmune disease by molecular mimicking self‐antigen and skewing the expression of dual T‐cell receptors on T cells. Dysbiosis, an imbalance of the gut microbiota, is involved in autoimmune development in both mice and humans. Although it is well known that dysbiosis can impact diseases occurring within the gut, growing literature suggests that dysbiosis also causes the development of gut‐distal/non‐gut autoimmunity. In this review, we discuss recent advances in understanding the potential molecular mechanisms whereby gut microbiota induces autoimmunity, and the evidence that the gut microbiota triggers gut‐distal autoimmune diseases.
Working with consumers who hear voices: The experience of early career nurses in mental health services in Australia
Authors: White Melanie R. , Stein‐Parbury Jane , Orr Fiona , Dawson Angela 
Published: December 2018

AbstractMental health consumers who hear voices frequently experience distress and express a desire to discuss their voice‐hearing experience. Nurses do not regularly demonstrate a willingness to engage in such discussions. With the introduction of educational strategies that develop empathy and an understanding of voice‐hearing experiences, it is anticipated that early career nurses will be able to translate such understanding into their professional nursing practice. To explore early career nurses’ understanding of providing care to mental health consumers who hear voices, a qualitative exploratory descriptive study was conducted in which nine early career Registered Nurses were interviewed regarding their experiences of caring for people who hear voices. Thematic analysis was employed to analyse the data and generate themes. Participants reported difficulty in developing relationships with consumers who hear voices, due to a workplace culture that was focussed on risk and lacking professional support. Nurses need specific education to develop the skills necessary to respond to consumers who hear voices and engage in dialogue that assists consumers to relate to the voices in a meaningful way. However, for this to succeed in practice, changes need to be supported by addressing the cultural barriers, such as risk‐focussed environments, that prevent nurses implementing best practice.
Leonurine suppresses neuroinflammation through promoting oligodendrocyte maturation
Authors: Jin Min , Li Qian , Gu Yuting , Wan Bing , Huang Jiefang , Xu Xuanbai , Huang Rui , Zhang Yanyun 
Published: December 2018

AbstractFocal inflammation and remyelination failure are major hallmarks of multiple sclerosis and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). In this study, we found that leonurine, a bioactive alkaloid, alleviated EAE disease severity along with reduced central nervous system inflammation and myelin damage. During the pathogenesis of EAE, leonurine dramatically suppressed the recruitment of encephalitogenic T cells into the central nervous system, whereas did not impair periphery immune responses and microglia activation. Mechanistically, leonurine protected mice against demyelination along with enhanced remyelination through promoting the maturation of oligodendrocytes in both EAE and cuprizone‐induced demyelination mouse models. Moreover, we identified that the expression of demethylase jumonji domain‐containing protein D3 was significantly enhanced upon treatment of leonurine, which suppressed the trimethylation of histone H3 lysine‐27 and enhanced oligodendrocyte maturation accordingly. Collectively, our study identified the therapeutic effect of leonurine on EAE model, which potentially represents a promising therapeutic strategy for multiple sclerosis, even other demyelination disorders.
Helicobacter pylori eradication improves glycemic control in type 2 diabetes patients with asymptomatic active Helicobacter pylori infection
Authors: Cheng Kai‐Pi , Yang Yao‐Jong , Hung Hao‐Chang , Lin Ching‐Han , Wu Chung‐Tai , Hung Mei‐Hui , Sheu Bor‐Shyang , Ou Horng‐Yih 
Published: December 2018

AbstractAims/IntroductionHelicobacter pylori infection is associated with insulin resistance and glycemia in non‐diabetes. However, the relationship between H. pylori infection and glycemia in diabetes remains inconclusive. Therefore, we explored the effect of H. pylori infection status and its eradication on glycemic control and antidiabetic therapy in type 2 diabetes patients.Materials and MethodsA total of 549 diabetes patients were recruited for sequential two‐step approach (immunoglobulin G [IgG] serology followed by 13C‐urea breath test [UBT]) to discriminate “active” (IgG+ and UBT+) from “non‐active” (UBT− or IgG−) H. pylori infection, and “past” (IgG+ but UBT−) from “never/remote” (IgG−) infection. The differences in hemoglobin A1c (A1C) and antidiabetic regimens between groups were compared. In the “active” infection group, the differences in A1C changes between participants with and without 10‐day eradication therapy were compared after 3 months.ResultsDespite no between‐group difference in A1C, the “active” infection group (n = 208) had significantly more prescriptions of oral antidiabetic drug classes (2.1 ± 1.1 vs 1.8 ± 1.1, P = 0.004) and higher percentages of sulfonylurea use (67.3% vs 50.4%, P < 0.001) than the “non‐active” infection group (n = 341). There were no differences in A1C and oral antidiabetic drug classes between “past” (n = 111) and “never/remote” infection groups (n = 230). Compared with the non‐eradication group (n = 99), the eradication group (n = 98) had significant within‐group (−0.17 ± 0.80%, P = 0.036) and between‐group (−0.23 ± 0.10%, P = 0.024) improvements in A1C.ConclusionsDiabetes patients with active H. pylori infection need higher glycemic treatment intensity to achieve comparable glycemia. Furthermore, H. pylori eradication decreases A1C, and thus improves glycemic control.
Surveillance of Microsporidia and Protozoan Pathogens in Pensacola Florida: A One‐year Study
Authors: Moss Joseph A. , Snyder Richard A. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractPathogens and the potential risk they present to public health in recreational waters are of continual public concern. The focus of this study was a year‐long sampling campaign to document the presence of Microsporidia and protozoan pathogens in the Bayou Texar waterway in Pensacola, Florida. We used biofilms as sentinel indicators for trapping pathogens in five different locations in Pensacola, Florida. Of the 34 biofilm samples, 16 were positive for pathogens. Of these samples, 13 were positive for Enchephalitozoon spp. (mostly E. cuniculi), 11 were positive for Enterocytozoon bieneusi, and two were positive for Cryptosporidium parvum. The data demonstrate that Microsporidia were easily recovered and primarily present in water during summer months.
Growth and Chloroplast Replacement of the Benthic Mixotrophic Ciliate Mesodinium coatsi
Authors: Kim Miran , Kang Misun , Park Myung Gil 
Published: December 2018

AbstractWhile the ecophysiology of planktonic Mesodinium rubrum species complex has been relatively well studied, very little is known about that of benthic Mesodinium species. In this study, we examined the growth response of the benthic ciliate Mesodinium coatsi to different cryptophyte prey using an established culture of this species. M. coatsi was able to ingest all of the offered cryptophyte prey types, but not all cryptophytes supported its positive, sustained growth. While M. coatsi achieved sustained growth on all of the phycocyanin‐containing Chroomonas spp. it was offered, it showed different growth responses to the phycoerythrin‐containing cryptophytes Rhodomonas spp., Storeatula sp., and Teleaulax amphioxeia. M. coatsi was able to easily replace previously ingested prey chloroplasts with newly ingested ones within 4 d, irrespective of prey type, if cryptophyte prey were available. Once retained, the ingested prey chloroplasts seemed to be photosynthetically active. When fed, M. coatsi was capable of heterotrophic growth in darkness, but its growth was enhanced significantly in the light (14:10 h light:dark cycle), suggesting that photosynthesis by ingested prey chloroplast leads to a significant increase in the growth of M. coatsi. Our results expand the knowledge of autecology and ecophysiology of the benthic M. coatsi.
Current trends in antibiotic prescription behavior among Saudi dentists performing implant surgery: A cross‐sectional observational study
Authors: Al‐Kattan Reem , Al‐Shibani Nouf 
Published: December 2018

AbstractAimThe aim of the present study was to investigate current trends in antibiotic prescription behavior among dentists performing implant surgery.MethodsA cross‐sectional observational study was conducted among 133 dental specialists in Saudi Arabia. A self‐administered questionnaire comprising of 21 questions related to basic demographic details (ie, sex, age, nationality, undergraduate training, type of specialty, clinical, and implant practice experience) made up the first part of the questionnaire. The second part of the questionnaire consisted of 12 close‐ended questions concerning knowledge and opinions of the dental specialists related to antibiotic prescription patterns pre‐ or post‐implant surgeries. Data were compiled and analyzed using SPSS version 20. Descriptive statistics were employed to calculate the means and percentages for demographic data and preoperative and postoperative antibiotic‐prescribing habits in dental implant placement.ResultsAll practicing dentists prescribed antibiotics preoperatively prior to routine dental implant placement; 41.4% (N = 55) of participants were in favor of recommending antibiotics after routine dental implant placement (postoperatively).ConclusionAntibiotic‐prescribing patterns in implant surgery among Saudi dentists are diverse and inconsistent. Further studies are required to investigate the effect of prophylactic antibiotics in lowering the risk of implant failure.
Amerindian Sociocosmologies of Northwestern South America: Some Reflections on the Dead, Metamorphosis, and Religious Specialists1
Authors: Halbmayer Ernst 
Published: December 2018

ResumenEste artículo analiza las relaciones con los muertos, las formas de la metamorfosis y el papel de los especialistas religiosos entre diferentes grupos Chibcha (Kogi, Barí), Carib (Yukpa) y Arawak (Wayuu). Estos grupos desvían de las nociones convencionales del animismo amazonico. A pesar de su heterogeneidad comparten la creencia en una interacción continua con los muertos y al mismo tiempo la practica de la metamorfosis voluntaria esta ausente. Las relaciones con los espíritus y los muertos son de mayor importancia que las relaciones inmediatas con los animales de caza, que generalmente no tienen la misma interioridad que los seres humanos. Esta diferencia coincide con formas del chamanismo y el sacerdocio basado en la adivinación, los sueños y el dominio de espíritus auxilares. La area Istmo‐Colombiana está entonces marcada por formas de animismo jerárquico en lo cual relaciones con la collectividad de los muertos, ‘pagamentos’, ofrendas y en el caso de los wayuu sacrificios juegan un papel importante.