bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phenotypic and genetic introgression across a moving woodpecker hybrid zone
Authors: Billerman Shawn M. , Cicero Carla , Bowie Rauri C. K. , Carling Matthew D. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIn hybrid zones in which two divergent taxa come into secondary contact and interbreed, selection can maintain phenotypic diversity despite widespread genetic introgression. Red‐breasted (Sphyrapicus ruber) and red‐naped (S. nuchalis) sapsuckers meet and hybridize along a narrow contact zone that stretches from northern California to southern British Columbia. We found strong evidence for changes in the structure of this hybrid zone across time, with significant temporal shifts in allele frequencies and in the proportions of parental phenotypes across the landscape. In addition to these shifts, we found that differences in plumage predict genetic differences (R2 = 0.80), suggesting that plumage is a useful proxy for assessing ancestry. We also found a significant bimodal distribution of hybrids across the contact zone, suggesting that premating barriers may be driving reproductive isolation, perhaps as a result of assortative mating based on plumage differences. However, despite evidence of selection and strong patterns of population structure between parental samples, we found only weak patterns of genetic divergence. Using museum specimens and genomic data, this study of sapsuckers provides insight into the ways in which phenotypic and genetic structure have changed over a 40‐year period, as well as insight into the mechanisms that may contribute to the maintenance of the hybrid zone over time.
Dispersal of a nearshore marine fish connects marine reserves and adjacent fished areas along an open coast
Authors: Baetscher Diana S. , Anderson Eric C. , Gilbert‐Horvath Elizabeth A. , Malone Daniel P. , Saarman Emily T. , Carr Mark H. , Garza John Carlos 
Published: February 2019

AbstractMarine species with pelagic larvae typically exhibit little population structure, suggesting long‐distance dispersal and high gene flow. Directly quantifying dispersal of marine fishes is challenging but important, particularly for the design of marine protected areas (MPAs). Here, we studied kelp rockfish (Sebastes atrovirens) sampled along ~25 km of coastline in a boundary current‐dominated ecosystem and used genetic parentage analysis to identify dispersal events and characterize them, because the distance between sedentary parents and their settled offspring is the lifetime dispersal distance. Large sample sizes and intensive sampling are critical for increasing the likelihood of detecting parent–offspring matches in such systems and we sampled more than 6,000 kelp rockfish and analysed them with a powerful set of 96 microhaplotype markers. We identified eight parent–offspring pairs with high confidence, including two juvenile fish that were born inside MPAs and dispersed to areas outside MPAs, and four fish born in MPAs that dispersed to nearby MPAs. Additionally, we identified 25 full‐sibling pairs, which occurred throughout the sampling area and included all possible combinations of inferred dispersal trajectories. Intriguingly, these included two pairs of young‐of‐the‐year siblings with one member each sampled in consecutive years. These sibling pairs suggest monogamy, either intentional or accidental, which has not been previously demonstrated in rockfishes. This study provides the first direct observation of larval dispersal events in a current‐dominated ecosystem and direct evidence that larvae produced within MPAs are exported both to neighbouring MPAs and to proximate areas where harvest is allowed.
Origin, evolution, phylogeny and taxonomy of Pulex irritans
Authors: Zurita A. , Callejón R. , García‐sánchez Á. M. , Urdapilleta M. , Lareschi M. , Cutillas C. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe human flea Pulex irritans Linnaeus, 1758 (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) is one of the most studied species together with the cat flea Ctenocephalides felis Bouché, 1835, because they have a cosmopolitan distribution and are closely related to humans. The present study aimed to carry out a comparative morphometric and molecular study of two different populations of P. irritans (Spain and Argentina). Accordingly, internal transcribed spacer (ITS)1 and ITS2 of rDNA and the partial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) and cytochrome b (cytb) mtDNA genes of these taxa were sequenced. Furthermore, the taxonomy, origin, evolution and phylogeny of P. irritans was assessed. The morphometric data obtained did not show significant differences between P. irritans specimens from Spain and Argentina, even when these two populations were collected from different hosts; however, there was a considerable degree of molecular divergence between both populations based on nuclear and mitochondrial markers. Thus, it is proposed that P. irritans, in contrast with other generalist fleas, maintains a certain degree of morphological similarity, at least between Western Palearctic and Neotropical areas. Furthermore, two well defined geographical genetic lineages within the P. irritans species are indicated, suggesting the existence of two cryptic species that could be discriminated by a polymerase chain reaction‐linked restriction fragment length polymorphism.
Sex hormone replacement therapy in periodontology—A systematic review
Authors: Chaves João Daniel Paganella , Figueredo Taize Franciele Massignani , Warnavin Stephanie Von Stein Cubas , Pannuti Cláudio Mendes , Steffens João Paulo 
Published: February 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo analyse whether sex hormone replacement therapy (HRT) improves periodontal parameters and dental implants osseointegration in humans.Materials and MethodsElectronic databases and hand searches were performed from June to August 2018 in SciELO, LILACS and PubMed/MEDLINE. Human observational and interventional studies that evaluated the following parameters were included: clinical attachment loss (CAL), probing pocket depth (PPD), bleeding on probing (BOP), radiographic bone loss (RBL) or osseointegration.ResultsInitial search retrieved 1,282 non‐duplicated articles. Fifteen studies were selected after inclusion criteria were applied. All studies were performed in postmenopausal women. Mean differences for PPD reduction ranged from 0.02 to 0.2 mm in HRT‐positive patients; mean CAL gain −0.18 to 0.54 mm; mean RBL reduction −0.87 to 0.15 mm; and mean BOP reduction 9%‐30.3%. Failure rate of dental implants increased −5.5% to 11.21% when HRT was used.ConclusionsVery low but consistent evidence suggests a reduction in BOP and no impact on RBL in postmenopausal women receiving HRT. There are inconsistent reports that suggest that HRT in postmenopausal women: (a) improves or does not impact PPD reduction and CAL gain; and (b) does not impact or increase implant loss. In summary, there is no evidence to support HRT prescription for either men or women for periodontal/implant placement purposes.
The effects of ozone therapy on periodontal therapy: A randomized placebo‐controlled clinical trial
Authors: Tasdemir Zekeriya , Oskaybas Merve N. , Alkan Arzu B. , Cakmak Omer 
Published: February 2019

AbstractObjectivesThe aim of this randomized split‐mouth clinical trial was to evaluate the effects of ozone therapy on clinical and biochemical parameters of moderate to severe generalized periodontitis patients after non‐surgical periodontal therapy.MethodsA total of 36 moderate to severe generalized periodontitis patients were included in the study. The patients were systemically healthy and 18 to 64 years of age. Periodontal parameters, including plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), probing depth (PD), percentage of bleeding on probing, percentage of pockets deeper than 5 mm and clinical attachment level (CAL), and percentage of ≥3 mm CAL, were evaluated at baseline and 3 months following periodontal therapy. All participants were treated non‐surgically. Topical gaseous ozone was applied into periodontal pockets twice a week for 2 weeks during active periodontal therapy. Gingival crevicular fluid pentraxin‐3 (PTX‐3), interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), and high sensitivity C‐reactive protein (Hs‐CRP) were evaluated. All statistical data were analyzed using SPSS software.ResultsTotal of 36 participants completed the study (18 males, 18 females). PI, GI, PD, percentage of bleeding on probing, percentage of pockets deeper than 5 mm and CAL, and percentage of ≥3 mm CAL were improved, and there were no significant differences between the two sides. All inflammatory parameters, PTX‐3, Hs‐CRP, and IL‐1, were reduced at 3‐month follow‐up. Only the decrease in PTX‐3 levels between baseline and 3‐month follow‐up was statistically significant.ConclusionsOzone therapy did not have any additional effect on periodontal parameters. All cytokines were reduced after periodontal therapy. Only PTX‐3 levels were significantly lower at ozone sites compared to those at the control sites.
Phenology and growth of Fagus sylvatica and Quercus robur seedlings in response to temperature variation in the parental versus offspring generation
Authors: Dewan S. , De Frenne P. , Leroux O. , Nijs I. , Vander Mijnsbrugge K. , Verheyen K. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract

Plants are known to respond to warming temperatures. Few studies, however, have included the temperature experienced by the parent plant in the experimental design, in spite of the importance of this factor for population dynamics.

We investigated the phenological and growth responses of seedlings of two key temperate tree species (Fagus sylvatica and Quercus robur) to spatiotemporal temperature variation during the reproductive period (parental generation) and experimental warming of the offspring. To this end, we sampled oak and beech seedlings of different ages (1–5 years) from isolated mother trees and planted the seedlings in a common garden.

Warming of the seedlings advanced bud burst in both species. In oak seedlings, higher temperatures experienced by mother trees during the reproductive period delayed bud burst in control conditions, but advanced bud burst in heated seedlings. In beech seedlings, bud burst timing advanced both with increasing temperatures during the reproductive period of the parents and with experimental warming of the seedlings. Relative diameter growth was enhanced in control oak seedlings but decreased with warming when the mother plant experienced higher temperatures during the reproductive period.

Overall, oak displayed more plastic responses to temperatures than beech. Our results emphasise that temperature during the reproductive period can be a potential determinant of tree responses to climate change.
The role of immunity in the pathogenesis and development of pre‐eclampsia
Authors: Lu Hui‐Qing , Hu Rong 
Published: February 2019

AbstractPre‐eclampsia (PE) is a leading cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality; however, the aetiology of PE still remains unclear. It has been widely accepted that the disease results from insufficient spiral artery remodelling, leading to placental ischaemia and the release of a variety of factors. In recent decades, a large number of studies have observed an abnormal immune response in preeclamptic women and studies of both patients and animal models have shown alterations in the function or the number of immune agents. Thus, researchers believe that alterations in the immune system may contribute to the genesis and pathophysiology of PE. Therefore, identifying the role of the immune system can not only shed light on the nature of PE but also contribute to the development of diagnostic and therapeutic methods for PE. This review focuses on the current knowledge of the immune system including both innate and adaptive immunity and sheds light on their role in PE. Additionally, advances in potential therapeutic measures are discussed.
Interferon‐γ facilitated adjuvant‐induced arthritis at early stage
Authors: Ma Hua , Xu Minwen , Song Yuanyuan , Zhang Ting , Yin Hanqiu , Yin Songlou 
Published: February 2019

AbstractBackground and aimInterferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) is a versatile cytokine which broadly involves in the inflammatory diseases, mediating both immune activation and tolerance. Here, we aimed to investigate the role of IFN‐γ in the initiation of adjuvant‐induced arthritis (AIA).Methods and ResultsIn an AIA mice model, increasing IFN‐γ mRNA was observed at day 3 and peaked on day 7. At day 3, the majority of IFN‐γ‐producing cells were located around vessels observed by immunofluorescent staining. Recombinant IFN‐γ or anti‐IFN‐γ antibody was injected into the AIA paw on day 2 to study the outcome of AIA. The recipients of IFN‐γ showed increased synovial inflammation, whereas anti‐IFN‐γ antibody injection repressed the expansion of inflammatory cells. As the percentages of blood monocytes were approximately equivalent, we hypothesized that IFN‐γ might impact the access of innate leucocytes from blood to expand local inflammation at this stage. Analysis of tissue CD31 and vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1 (VCAM‐1) expressions suggested a positive effect of these factors in the development of inflammation, and IFN‐γ affected the VCAM‐1 expression. To further verify this idea, mice regionally injected with IFN‐γ were systematically administrated with anti‐VCAM‐1 antibody during AIA induction. The IFN‐γ expression was inhibited, and the development of AIA was partly abolished in these mice regardless of regional IFN‐γ injection.ConclusionThese data suggested that IFN‐γ might be critical for the expansion of AIA at early stage through helping inflammatory cell access.
The Mediator kinase module serves as a positive regulator of salicylic acid accumulation and systemic acquired resistance
Authors: Huang Jianhua , Sun Yulin , Orduna Alberto R. , Jetter Reinhard , Li Xin 
Published: February 2019

SummaryIn plants, the calmodulin‐binding transcription activators (CAMTAs) are required for transcriptional regulation of abiotic and biotic stress responses. Among them, CAMTA3 in Arabidopsis has been intensively studied and shown to function redundantly with CAMTA1 and CAMTA2 to negatively regulate plant immunity. The camta1/2/3 triple mutant accordingly exhibits severe dwarfism due to autoimmunity. Here, through a suppressor screen using camta1/2/3 triple mutant, we found that a mutation in Cyclin‐Dependent Kinase 8 (CDK8) partially suppresses the dwarfism and constitutive resistance phenotypes of camta1/2/3. CDK8 positively regulates steady‐state salicylic acid (SA) levels and systemic required resistance (SAR). The expression of SA biosynthesis genes such as ICS1 and EDS5 is down‐regulated in cdk8 mutants under uninfected conditions, suggesting that CDK8 contributes to the transcriptional regulation of these SA pathway genes. Knocking out another Mediator kinase module member MED12 yielded similar defects including decreased steady‐state SA level and compromised SAR, suggesting that the whole Mediator kinase module contributes to the transcriptional regulation of SA levels and SAR.
Urzędnicy najemni i służba w miastach Wołynia w drugiej połowie XVI – pierwszej połowie XVII wieku
Authors: Zajac Andrij 
Published: February 2019

Officials and Servants in Towns and Cities of Volhynia in the Second Half of 16th and the First Half of the 17th CenturyThe article looks into activity of officials and servants hired in the Volhynian towns and cities. Among them scribes played a particularly important role. In smaller towns there was only one scribe, but in larger towns, primarily of the county town status , there were two scribes – one for the council and one for the vogt. In private towns scribes were mostly noblemen, but in royal cities burghers prevailed in the post. Some scribes worked also as lawyers as their side job. Municipal finances were managed by “shafars” and interests of the burghers were secured by the “instigator”. The vogt and municipal servants carried out the instructions and orders of the city council and the court. The announcements in the cities were made by the herald. In emergency cases church bells were used to alert the citizens. Public order in the city was maintained by day and night guards. Punishment in the cities was carried out by the executioner. The articles also makes a mention of lower-ranking city servants , such as: canons, locksmiths, shepherds, and trumpeters.
The Views of Pre-Service Teachers at an Internship High School on Pedagogical Formation Program in Turkey
Authors: Filiz Bijen , Durnali Mehmet 
Published: February 2019

<p style="text-align:justify">A variety of teacher training system was implemented in Turkey until today. One of these systems is pedagogical formation training. The aim of this study was to determine the strengths and weaknesses of the pedagogical formation training according to the opinions of pre-service teachers and the experiences during the pedagogical formation training, to gather information about whether these experiences contributed to their teaching, and to evaluate the place of the pedagogical formation training in teacher employment in the light of this information. The research was carried out using an interview technique of qualitative analysis methods. The study group comprised of 20 pre-service teachers from different undergraduate programs, and they participated in a 14-weekinternship program at a high school in Ankara during the 2017-2018 academic year as a requirement for a training course. Content analysis method was used for data analysis. As a result of the research, the pre-service teachers stated that they found the internship training in practice schools as useful for future teaching lives, but they did not find the theoretical training given in the classes useful for various reasons. They considered that there are some weak points of the program: the duration of the formation course is short, lessons are late in the evening, classes are crowded, and the teaching staff have negative effects on the students: they are indifferent, and there are almost the same topics in each lesson. This means that they were mostly not satisfied with its overall quality, and so its operability was enough. Like some of the suggestions, it is recommended that duration of the program should be extended to a long period, and the instructors should be selected from those who can give energy to the class, have communication skills, can create discipline in the classroom, and have experience in traditional classroom teaching.</p>
Cytotoxicity of drugs injected into joints in orthopaedics
Authors: Busse P. , Vater C. , Stiehler M. , Nowotny J. , Kasten P. , Bretschneider H. , Goodman S. B. , Gelinsky M. , Zwingenberger S. 
Published: February 2019

Objectives Intra-articular injections of local anaesthetics (LA), glucocorticoids (GC), or hyaluronic acid (HA) are used to treat osteoarthritis (OA). Contrast agents (CA) are needed to prove successful intra-articular injection or aspiration, or to visualize articular structures dynamically during fluoroscopy. Tranexamic acid (TA) is used to control haemostasis and prevent excessive intra-articular bleeding. Despite their common usage, little is known about the cytotoxicity of common drugs injected into joints. Thus, the aim of our study was to investigate the effects of LA, GC, HA, CA, and TA on the viability of primary human chondrocytes and tenocytes in vitro. Methods Human chondrocytes and tenocytes were cultured in a medium with three different drug dilutions (1:2; 1:10; 1:100). The following drugs were used to investigate cytotoxicity: lidocaine hydrochloride 1%; bupivacaine 0.5%; triamcinolone acetonide; dexamethasone 21-palmitate; TA; iodine contrast media; HA; and distilled water. Normal saline served as a control. After an incubation period of 24 hours, cell numbers and morphology were assessed. Results Using LA or GC, especially triamcinolone acetonide, a dilution of 1:100 resulted in only a moderate reduction of viability, while a dilution of 1:10 showed significantly fewer cell counts. TA and CA reduced viability significantly at a dilution of 1:2. Higher dilutions did not affect viability. Notably, HA showed no effects of cytotoxicity in all drug dilutions. Conclusion The toxicity of common intra-articular injectable drugs, assessed by cell viability, is mainly dependent on the dilution of the drug being tested. LA are particularly toxic, whereas HA did not affect cell viability. Cite this article: P. Busse, C. Vater, M. Stiehler, J. Nowotny, P. Kasten, H. Bretschneider, S. B. Goodman, M. Gelinsky, S. Zwingenberger. Cytotoxicity of drugs injected into joints in orthopaedics. Bone Joint Res 2019;8:41–48. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.82.BJR-2018-0099.R1.
Quality assessment of instructions for authors in dental, oral and maxillofacial journals
Authors: Hebda Aleksandra , Odri Guillaume A , Olszewski Raphael 
Published: February 2019

Objective: to develop and test inter-observer reproducibility of instructions for authors quality rating (IAQR) tool measuring the quality of instructions for authors at journal level for a possible improvement of editorial guidelines.Material and methods: instructions for authors of 75 dental and maxillofacial surgery journals were assessed by two independent observers using assessment tool inspired from AGREE with 16 questions and 1 to 4 points scale per answer. Two observers evaluated the instructions of authors independently and blind to impact factor of a given journal. Scores obtained from our tool were compared with “journal impact factor 2013”. Results: IAQR presented with an excellent interobserver reproducibility (κ= 0.81) despite a difference in data distribution between observers. There existed a weak positive correlation between IAQR and “journal impact factor 2013”. Conclusions: The IAQR is a reproducible quality assessment tool at the journal level. The IAQR assess the quality of instruction for authors and it is a goodstarting point for possible improvements of the instructions for authors, especially when it comes to their completeness. Nemesis relevance: 28% of dental and maxillofacial journals might revise their instructions for authors to provide more up-to-date version.