bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fast-to-Alfvén Mode Conversion Mediated by Hall Current. II. Application to the Solar Atmosphere
Authors: González-Morales P. A. , Khomenko E. , Cally P. S. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Coupling between fast magnetoacoustic and Alfvén waves can be observed in fully ionized plasmas mediated by stratification and 3D geometrical effects. In Paper I, Cally & Khomenko have shown that in a weakly ionized plasma, such as the solar photosphere and chromosphere, the Hall current introduces a new coupling mechanism. The present study extends the results from Paper I to the case of warm plasma. We report on numerical experiments where mode transformation is studied using quasi-realistic stratification in thermodynamic parameters resembling the solar atmosphere. This redresses the limitation of the cold plasma approximation assumed in Paper I, in particular allowing the complete process of coupling between fast and slow magnetoacoustic modes and subsequent coupling of the fast mode to the Alfvén mode through the Hall current. Our results confirm the efficacy of the mechanism proposed in Paper I for the solar case. We observe that the efficiency of the transformation is a sensitive function of the angle between the wave propagation direction and the magnetic field, and of the wave frequency. The efficiency increases when the field direction and the wave direction are aligned for increasing wave frequencies. After scaling our results to typical solar values, the maximum amplitude of the transformed Alfvén waves, for a frequency of 1 Hz, corresponds to an energy flux (measured above the height of peak Hall coupling) of ∼103 W m−2, based on an amplitude of 500 m s−1 at β = 1, which is sufficient to play a major role in both quiet and active region coronal heating.
Observationally Based Models of Penumbral Microjets
Authors: Esteban Pozuelo S. , de la Cruz Rodríguez J. , Drews A. , Rouppe van der Voort L. , Scharmer G. B. , Carlsson M. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
We study the polarization signals and physical parameters of penumbral microjets (PMJs) by using high spatial resolution data taken in the Fe i 630 nm pair, Ca ii 854.2 nm, and Ca ii K lines with the CRISP and CHROMIS instruments at the Swedish 1 m Solar Telescope. We infer their physical parameters, such as physical observables in the photosphere and chromospheric velocity diagnostics, by different methods, including inversions of the observed Stokes profiles with the STiC code. PMJs harbor overall brighter Ca ii K line profiles and conspicuous polarization signals in Ca ii 854.2 nm, specifically in circular polarization that often shows multiple lobes mainly due to the shape of Stokes I. They usually overlap photospheric regions with a sheared magnetic field configuration, suggesting that magnetic reconnections could play an important role in the origin of PMJs. The discrepancy between their low LOS velocities and the high apparent speeds reported on earlier, as well as the existence of different vertical velocity gradients in the chromosphere, indicate that PMJs might not be entirely related to mass motions. Instead, PMJs could be due to perturbation fronts induced by magnetic reconnections occurring in the deep photosphere that propagate through the chromosphere. This reconnection may be associated with current heating that produces temperature enhancements from the temperature minimum region. Furthermore, enhanced collisions with electrons could also increase the coupling to the local conditions at higher layers during the PMJ phase, giving a possible explanation for the enhanced emission in the overall Ca ii K profiles emerging from these transients.
A Detailed Study of the Most Relaxed SPT-selected Galaxy Clusters: Properties of the Cool Core and Central Galaxy
Authors: McDonald M. , Allen S. W. , Hlavacek-Larrondo J. , Mantz A. B. , Bayliss M. , Benson B. A. , Brodwin M. , Bulbul E. , Canning R. E. A. , Chiu I. , Forman W. R. , Garmire G. P. , Gupta N. , Khullar G. , Mohr J. J. , Reichardt C. L. , Schrabback T. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
We present a multi-wavelength analysis of the four most relaxed clusters in the South Pole Telescope 2500 deg2 survey, which lie at 0.55 < z < 0.75. This study, which utilizes new, deep data from the Chandra X-ray Observatory and Hubble Space Telescope, along with ground-based spectroscopy from Gemini and Magellan, improves significantly on previous studies in both depth and angular resolution, allowing us to directly compare to clusters at z ∼ 0. We find that the temperature, density, and entropy profiles of the intracluster medium (ICM) are very similar among the four clusters, and share similar shapes to those of clusters at z ∼ 0. Specifically, we find no evidence for deviations from self-similarity in the temperature profile over the radial range 10 kpc < r < 1 Mpc, implying that the processes responsible for preventing runaway cooling over the past ≳6 Gyr are, at least roughly, preserving self-similarity. We find typical metallicities of ∼0.3 Z
⊙ in the bulk of the ICM, rising to ∼0.5 Z
⊙ in the inner ∼100 kpc, and reaching ∼1 Z
⊙ at r < 10 kpc. This central excess is similar in magnitude to what is observed in the most relaxed clusters at z ∼ 0, suggesting that both the global metallicity and the central excess that we see in cool core clusters at z ∼ 0 were in place very early in the cluster’s lifetime, and specifically that the central excess is not due to late-time enrichment by the central galaxy. Consistent with observations at z ∼ 0, we measure a diversity of stellar populations in the central brightest cluster galaxies of these four clusters, with star formation rates spanning a factor of ∼500, despite the similarities in cooling time, cooling rate, and central entropy. These data suggest that, while the details vary dramatically from system to system, runaway cooling has been broadly regulated in relaxed clusters over the past 6 Gyr.
Spécificités et évolution récente de la fiscalité bancaire
Authors: Quignon Laurent 
Published: January 2019

Les banques présentent des caractéristiques qui justifient qu'une fiscalité particulière leur soit appliquée. Le levier financier d'abord, indissociable de l'activité d'intermédiation, ne rend guère pertinent la correction du « biais fiscal de l'endettement » et le plafonnement des charges d'intérêts retenu pour les entreprises non financières. La délicate mesure de la valeur ajoutée, ensuite, explique que la plupart des pays développés exonèrent leurs services financiers de TVA et aient adopté des mécanismes alternatifs (à l'instar de la taxe sur les salaires en France). En revanche, l'imposition des bénéfices est commune aux secteurs financier et non financier, exception faite des surtaxes mises en œuvre dans quelques pays. À l'échelle de la zone euro, nos calculs fondés sur les comptes nationaux montrent que la contribution fiscale des sociétés financières est, en proportion de leur valeur ajoutée, plus élevée que celle des sociétés non financières et que l'écart tend même à s'accroître depuis la crise financière, sous l'influence notamment des nouvelles taxes bancaires introduites dans plusieurs pays. Enfin il existe une complémentarité, mais aussi un risque de redondance, entre la fiscalité bancaire, les contributions au Fonds de résolution unique et la réglementation prudentielle. Classification JEL : G01, H21, H32, G21, G28.
Exacerbation of Granular Corneal Dystrophy Type II (Avellino Corneal Dystrophy) After LASEK
Authors: Lee Jae Hwan , Stulting R. Doyle , Lee Dong Ho , Lee Christopher Seungkyu , Kim Woon Cho , Kim Eung Kweon 
Published: January 2019

Purpose:
To report cases of granular corneal dystrophy type II (Avellino corneal dystrophy) that were exacerbated by uncomplicated laser epithelial keratomileusis (LASEK) for myopia.

Methods:
Eight patients (15 eyes) with granular corneal dystrophy type II who underwent LASEK were examined by DNA sequencing, slit-lamp microscopy, and confocal microscopy.

Results:
The number and density of the opacities increased after LASEK. Best spectacle-corrected visual acuity decreased after LASEK as the density of the opacities increased. In three patients, mitomycin C was used intraoperatively, but corneal deposits also worsened in these patients.

Conclusions:

LASEK is contraindicated in patients with granular corneal dystrophy type II because vision may be reduced from an increase in the density of corneal opacities postoperatively. [
J Refract Surg.
2008;24:39–45.]
Primary Topography-Guided LASIK: Treating Manifest Refractive Astigmatism Versus Topography-Measured Anterior Corneal Astigmatism
Authors: Wallerstein Avi , Gauvin Mathieu , Qi Susan Ruyu , Bashour Mounir , Cohen Mark 
Published: January 2019

PURPOSE:
To investigate whether topography-guided laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) with anterior corneal astigmatism measured on the WaveLight Contoura (Alcon Laboratories, Inc., Fort Worth, TX) leads to better refractive outcomes compared to treating on the clinically measured manifest refractive astigmatism axis in eyes with primary myopic astigmatism.

METHODS:
Retrospective analysis of 1,274 consecutive LASIK eyes treated on the topography-measured anterior corneal astigmatism axis compared to eyes treated on the conventional clinical manifest refractive astigmatism axis.

RESULTS:

In eyes with a small axis discrepancy between anterior corneal astigmatism and refractive astigmatism of 5° to 20°, there was no significant difference in efficacy index, refractive astigmatism accuracy, and most Alpins vector analysis parameters. Both treatment modalities achieved 20/20 uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA) in 90% of eyes, with 95% having postoperative cylinder of 0.50 diopters (D) or less. In eyes with a large axis discrepancy between 21° and 45° treated on the anterior corneal astigmatism axis, outcomes were both statistically and clinically inferior. Fewer eyes achieved UDVA of 20/20 (88.9% vs 73.6%;
P
= .01) and fewer had a defocus equivalent of 0.25 (65.6% vs 52.7%), 0.50 (86.9% vs 80.0%), and 0.75 (97.5% vs 90.9%) D or less (
P
< .05 for all). Significantly more eyes achieved an angle of error greater than 15° (25.4% vs 8.1%;
P
= .004), had postoperative residual astigmatism of 0.75 D or less (18.2% vs 7.4%;
P
= .03), and needed an excimer laser re-treatment (11% vs 1.6%;
P
= .007).

CONCLUSIONS:
Topography-guided myopic astigmatism LASIK treated on the topography-measured anterior corneal astigmatism axis resulted in inferior refractive and visual outcomes compared to treating on the clinical manifest refractive astigmatism axis.

[
J Refract Surg
. 2019;35(1):15–23.]
Evaluation of Different IOL Calculation Formulas of the ASCRS Calculator in Eyes After Corneal Refractive Laser Surgery for Myopia With Multifocal IOL Implantation
Authors: Vrijman Violette , Abulafia Adi , van der Linden Jan Willem , van der Meulen Ivanka J.E. , Mourits Maarten P. , Lapid-Gortzak Ruth 
Published: January 2019

PURPOSE:
To compare the accuracy of different intraocular lens (IOL) calculation formulas available on the American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery (ASCRS) post-refractive surgery IOL power calculator for the prediction of multifocal IOL power after previous corneal refractive laser surgery for myopia.

METHODS:
An analysis and comparison were performed of the accuracy of three methods using surgically induced change in refraction (ie, Masket, Modified Masket, and Barrett True-K formulas) and three methods using no previous data (ie, Shammas, Haigis-L, and Barrett True-K No History formulas). The average of all formulas was also analyzed and compared.

RESULTS:

Thirty-six eyes of 36 patients were included. All formulas, except for the Masket, Modified Masket, and Barrett True-K formulas, had myopic mean numerical errors that were significantly different from zero (
P
⩽ .01). The median absolute error of the Shammas formula (0.52 diopters [D]) was significantly higher compared to all of the other formulas (
P
< .05), except for the Haigis-L formula (
P
= .09). Comparing the formulas using no previous data, the Barrett True-K No History formula had the lowest median absolute error (0.33 D,
P
< .001).

CONCLUSIONS:
The Shammas formula showed the least accuracy in predicting IOL power in eyes with multifocal IOL implantation after previous corneal refractive laser surgery for myopia. In eyes with all available data, all formulas performed equally except for the Shammas formula, whereas in eyes lacking historical data, the Barrett True-K No History formula performed best.

[
J Refract Surg
. 2019;35(1):54–59.]
CIRCLE Software for the Management of Retained Lenticule Tissue Following Complicated SMILE Surgery
Authors: Ganesh Sri , Brar Sheetal , K.V. Manasa 
Published: January 2019

PURPOSE:
To describe the therapeutic use of CIRCLE software (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Jena, Germany) for the management of retained lenticule tissue after complicated small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE).

METHODS:
Two patients were referred for consultation and treatment due to intraoperative complications during SMILE. In case 1, a black patch during laser delivery caused the lenticule to be torn irregularly from the undersurface during extraction and a sliver of it was retained in the pocket. Case 2 presented with false plane dissection and a completely retained lenticule on anterior segment optical coherence tomography. Both cases were managed using the CIRCLE software by converting the cap into a flap, thus making access to the interface possible.

RESULTS:
In case 1, after lifting the flap a small sliver of tissue was found in the interface, which was dissected, following which a 20-µm phototherapeutic keratectomy was done to smooth the interface. In case 2, after lifting the flap the edge of the retained lenticule was identified by using an endoilluminator and the lenticule was separated and subsequently removed. Both cases showed significant improvement in uncorrected distance visual acuity, corrected distance visual acuity, and Objective Scatter Index score on day 1 after repair surgery.

CONCLUSIONS:
CIRCLE software may be successfully used for managing retained lenticule tissue apart from performing enhancement after SMILE.

[
J Refract Surg.
2019;35(1):60–65.]
Bilaterally Asymmetric Corneal Ectasia Following SMILE With Asymmetrically Reduced Stromal Molecular Markers
Authors: Shetty Rohit , Kumar Nimisha Rajiv , Khamar Pooja , Francis Matthew , Sethu Swaminathan , Randleman J. Bradley , Krueger Ronald R. , Sinha Roy Abhijit , Ghosh Arkasubhra 
Published: January 2019

PURPOSE:
To evaluate extracellular matrix regulators and inflammatory factors in a patient who developed ectasia after small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) despite normal preoperative tomographic and biomechanical evaluation.

METHODS:
The SMILE lenticules from both eyes of the patient with ectasia and three control patients (5 eyes) matched for age, sex, and duration of follow-up were used for gene expression analysis of lysyl oxidase (LOX), matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9), collagen types I alpha 1 (COLIA1) and IV alpha 1 chain (COLIVA1), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7), interleukin-6 (IL-6), cathepsin K, cluster of differentiation 68, integrin beta-1, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP1). Furthermore, the functional role of LOX was assessed in vitro by studying the collagen gel contraction efficiency of LOX overexpressing in primary human corneal fibroblast cells.

RESULTS:
Preoperatively, manifest refraction was −9.25 diopters (D) in the right eye and −10.00 D in the left eye. Corneal thickness, Pentacam (OCULUS Optikgeräte GmbH, Wetzlar, Germany) tomography, and Corvis biomechanical indices (OCULUS Optikgeräte GmbH) were normal. The ectatic eye lenticule (left) had reduced expression of LOX and COLIA1 compared to controls without ectasia. Increased mRNA fold change expression of TGF-beta, BMP7, IL-6, cathepsin K, and integrin beta-1 was noted in the ectatic left eye compared to controls; however, MMP9 and TIMP1 levels were not altered. Ectopic LOX expression in human corneal fibroblast induced significantly more collagen gel contraction, confirming the role of LOX in strengthening the corneal stroma.

CONCLUSIONS:
Reduced preexisting LOX and collagen levels may predispose clinically healthy eyes undergoing refractive surgery to ectasia, presumably by corneal stromal weakening via inadequately cross-linked collagen. Preoperative molecular testing may reveal ectasia susceptibility in the absence of tomographic or biomechanical risk factors.

[
J Refract Surg
. 2019;35(1):6–14.]
Knowledge management processes at St Paul’s University Library in Kenya
Authors: Sirorei Emily C. , Fombad Madeleine C. 
Published: January 2019

Background: Given the changes in society resulting from the explosion of information and knowledge in a knowledge economy, academic libraries are becoming an integral part of the knowledge system, and knowledge management is recognised as a vital process in academic libraries. The success of academic libraries in the competitive and challenging knowledge environment depends on their ability to utilise information and knowledge to meet the needs of the academic community.Objectives: This article investigates knowledge management processes at St Paul’s University Library in Kenya and suggests ways in which knowledge management processes may be enhanced.Method: A qualitative research approach and a case study research design have been adopted. Out of the 50 target population, only 32 were successfully interviewed to the point of saturation, and the data were analysed using content analysis.Results: The findings revealed that knowledge management processes were utilised at St Paul’s University Library, albeit to varying degrees, and the knowledge management processes were not formalised.Conclusion: The article recommends that knowledge management processes should be formally incorporated at academic libraries in Kenya. A formal knowledge management process at St Paul’s University Library may be realised through an institutionalised written knowledge management policy with leadership buy-in. A future quantitative survey of knowledge management processes in all academic libraries in Kenya is suggested.
New experience in cochlear implantation at Benghazi Medical Center
Authors: Al-Barasi Agila , S. Abdulkarim Yosef 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Aims: Deafness is a pathology that interferes in several aspects of the emotional, psychological, social, and intellectual life. Cochlear implants are electronic devices that allow hearing rehabilitation. This study is carried out to show our experience in cochlear implantation at Benghazi Medical Center, Libya. Patients and Methods: A retrospective descriptive study was performed over 110 patients at the Otorhinolaryngology Department, Benghazi Medical Center, between August 2012 and April 2016. The patients were analyzed according to the age, sex, type of implant inserted, approach, and intraoperative and postoperative complications. Two types of implant devices were used: cochlear and MED-EL. Surgery was done by the same surgical team. Results: Seventy of all patients operated for cochlear implantation were male (63.6%), while forty were female (36.4%). One hundred and four (94.5%) were children and 6 (5.55%) were adults. One hundred (91%) cases were prelingually deaf and 10 (9%) were postlingual deafness. Telemetry showed satisfactory neural response in 107 (97.35) cases. Failure to insert the electrode in 1 (0.9%) case as the cochlea was ossified bilaterally. Extrusion of the receiver took place in 1 (0.9%) case. One (0.9%) patient had extrusion after 2 years; another 1 (0.9%) had wound dehiscence. Despite our few years of experience in cochlear implantation, we have achieved the requirement of our patients. The need for structured services and trained professionals in this type of procedure is clear.
The effects of preoperative pregabalin administration on postoperative pain on Libyan patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy
Authors: Elmansouri Munira , Dugani Aisha , Adala Salah 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Objective: The present prospective study was carried out in Surgical Department of Tripoli Central Hospital with the aim to evaluate the effect of preoperative single dose of 150 mg pregabalin in reducing postoperative pain and analgesic consumption after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Patients and Methods: Sixty patients of both sexes in the age of 18–60 years undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy were randomly allocated into two equal groups of 30 patients each. The pregabalin group received 150 mg oral pregabalin 1 h before induction of anesthesia and a placebo group received a matching placebo orally. Variables measured included age, sex, body mass index (BMI), duration of surgery, time to first dose and total dose of meperidine after recovery, and the visual analog scale (VAS – static and dynamic). The occurrence of nausea and vomiting during the first 24 h postoperative was also recorded. Results: No significant difference was found between the meperidine and the placebo groups regarding age, sex, BMI, or duration of surgery. The time of first meperidine dose required to alleviate pain after surgery was significantly four times longer in the pregabalin group as compared to the placebo group. The total dose of meperidine required for pregabalin group was significantly lower than that required for placebo group. Moreover, VAS was significantly decreased in the pregabalin group compared to placebo group both at static and dynamic states only 1 h after recovery. Conclusion: This study validates the preoperative use of a single dose of pregabalin in attenuating pain intensity postoperatively and reducing total analgesic consumption.
Prevalence and types of bacterial infections of the upper respiratory tract at a tertiary care hospital in the City of Tripoli
Authors: Atia Ahmed , Abired Ahmed , Ammar Anees , Elyounsi Najla , Ashour Abdulsalam 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Aim: The study aimed to determine the bacterial etiology of upper tract respiratory infection in Abu-Sitta Hospital, Tripoli, Libya. Subjects and Methods: A total of 470 sputum specimens and 60 throat swabs were collected over a period of 1 year (From January 2014 to December 2014) from patients presented with clinical signs of upper respiratory tract infection at Abu-Sitta Hospital. Enrolled patients were sorted as inpatients or outpatients and by gender. Data were entered and analyzed using SPSS version 22.0. Variables were expressed as percentages. Differences in age and gender were analyzed using Chi-square test. Results: Of the total 530 screened samples, 80.5% were culture positive, where bacterial pathogens were detected in 83.7% of sputum specimens and in 56.5% of throat swabs. Streptococcus pneumoniae was the most prevalent (48%), followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (23%), Staphylococcus aureus (13%), Enterobacter (8%), Citrobacter freundil (5%), and latest with Klebsiella (3%). Conclusions: The spectrum of pathogenic bacterium causing upper respiratory infection in Abu-Sitta Hospital is considerably wide, with S. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa being the major causative bacteria.