bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intensity contrast of solar network and faculae
Authors: Yeo K. L. , Krivova N. A. 
Published: March 2019

Aims. We aim to gain insight into the effect of network and faculae on solar irradiance from their apparent intensity.
Methods. Taking full-disc observations from the Solar Dynamics Observatory, we examined the intensity contrast of network and faculae in the continuum and core of the Fe I 6173 Å line and 1700 Å, including the variation with magnetic flux density, distance from disc centre, nearby magnetic fields, and time.
Results. The brightness of network and faculae is believed to be suppressed by nearby magnetic fields from its effect on convection. We note that the degree of magnetically crowding of an area also affects the magnetic flux tube sizes and the depth at which magnetic concentrations are embedded in intergranular lanes, such that intensity contrast can be enhanced in magnetically crowded areas at certain flux densities and distances from disc centre. The difference in intensity contrast between the quiet-Sun network and active region faculae, noted by various studies, arises because active regions are more magnetically crowded and is not due to any fundamental physical differences between network and faculae. These results highlight that solar irradiance models need to include the effect of nearby magnetic fields on network and faculae brightness. We found evidence that suggests that departures from local thermal equilibrium (LTE) might have limited effect on intensity contrast. This could explain why solar irradiance models that are based on the intensity contrast of solar surface magnetic features calculated assuming LTE reproduce the observed spectral variability even where the LTE assumption breaks down. Certain models of solar irradiance employ chromospheric indices as direct indications of the effect of network and faculae on solar irradiance. Based on past studies of the Ca II K line and on the intensity contrast measurements derived here, we show that the fluctuations in chromospheric emission from network and faculae are a reasonable estimate of the emission fluctuations in the middle photosphere, but not of those in the lower photosphere. This is due to the different physical mechanisms that underlie the magnetic intensity enhancement in the various atmospheric regimes, and represents a fundamental limitation of these solar irradiance models. Any time variation in the radiant properties of network and faculae is, of course, relevant to their effect on solar irradiance. The data set, which extends from 2010 to 2018, indicates that their intensity contrast was stable to about 3% in this period.
Conclusions. This study offers new insights into the radiant behaviour of network and faculae, with practical implications for solar irradiance modelling.
Cerebral and Muscle Oxygenation during Repeated Shuttle Run Sprints with Hypoventilation
Authors: Woorons Xavier , Dupuy Olivier , Mucci Patrick , Millet Gregoire P. , Pichon Aurelien 
Published: March 2019

AbstractTen highly-trained Jiu-Jitsu fighters performed 2 repeated-sprint sessions, each including 2 sets of 8 x ~6 s back-and-forth running sprints on a tatami. One session was carried out with normal breathing (RSN) and the other with voluntary hypoventilation at low lung volume (RSH-VHL). Prefrontal and vastus lateralis muscle oxyhemoglobin ([O2Hb]) and deoxyhemoglobin ([HHb]) were monitored by near-infrared spectroscopy. Arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2), heart rate (HR), gas exchange and maximal blood lactate concentration ([La]max) were also assessed. SpO2 was significantly lower in RSH-VHL than in RSN whereas there was no difference in HR. Muscle oxygenation was not different between conditions during the entire exercise. On the other hand, in RSH-VHL, cerebral oxygenation was significantly lower than in RSN (−6.1±5.4 vs−1.5±6.6 µm). Oxygen uptake was also higher during the recovery periods whereas [La]max tended to be lower in RSH-VHL. The time of the sprints was not different between conditions. This study shows that repeated shuttle-run sprints with VHL has a limited impact on muscle deoxygenation but induces a greater fall in cerebral oxygenation compared with normal breathing conditions. Despite this phenomenon, performance is not impaired, probably because of a higher oxygen uptake during the recovery periods following sprints.
Gründe für den Ausstieg aus dem Arztberuf und Determinanten, eine ärztliche Tätigkeit wiederaufzunehmen: eine qualitative Studie mit ehemaligen Teilnehmern eines Wiedereinstiegsseminars
Authors: Izaguirre Anna-Lena Dávila , Schneider Dagmar , Steinhäuser Jost 
Published: March 2019

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund In Deutschland existiert ein zunehmender Bedarf an Ärzten. Zeitgleich gibt es viele approbierte Ärzte, die nicht ärztlich tätig sind. Diese wieder für eine ärztliche Tätigkeit zu gewinnen, wäre eine Maßnahme, dem Gesundheitssystem zeitnah Ärzte zuzuführen. Ziele der Studie waren daher die Exploration individueller Gründe für den Berufsausstieg sowie für die Entscheidung, zurück in den ärztlichen Beruf zu kehren. Ferner sollte der Stellenwert einer Teilnahme an einem Wiedereinstiegsseminar bei diesem Prozess erhoben werden.
Methodik Im Rahmen einer qualitativen Studie wurden 28 halbstrukturierte Interviews mit ehemaligen Teilnehmern an einem Wiedereinstiegsseminar der Bayerischen Landesärztekammer geführt. Diese wurden mit einem Diktiergerät aufgenommen, pseudonymisiert, transkribiert und entsprechend der qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse nach Mayring ausgewertet.
Ergebnisse Gründe, die zu einer Berufspause führten, waren die Familiensituation, unattraktive Arbeitsbedingungen, ein Wohnortswechsel sowie die Stellensituation zu Zeiten der „Ärzteschwemme“. Beweggründe für die Wiederaufnahme der ärztlichen Tätigkeit waren weniger Anforderungen durch die Familie, finanzielle Notwendigkeit, die Befürchtung, den beruflichen Anschluss zu verpassen, Unterforderung in der aktuellen Tätigkeit sowie Wunsch nach Bestätigung. Das Wiedereinstiegsseminar wurde mehrheitlich als „ausschlaggebend“ auf dem Weg zurück in die ärztliche Tätigkeit genannt. Positive Aspekte waren hier der Austausch mit Gleichgesinnten und das wiedergewonnene Selbstvertrauen in die eigenen Fähigkeiten.
Schlussfolgerung Die Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf zu ermöglichen, ist eine zentrale Aufgabe, um dem Verlust von hochqualifizierten Arbeitskräften vorzubeugen. Wiedereinstiegsseminare sollten gezielt die Aspekte Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf, Ängste und Peeraustausch adressieren.
Development and Validation of a UHPLC-DAD Method for the Quantitative Analysis of Major Dihydrochalcone Glucosides from Thonningia sanguinea VAHL
Authors: Pompermaier Luca , Schwaiger Stefan , Mawunu Monizi , Lautenschlaeger Thea , Stuppner Hermann 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Thonnigia sanguinea is a plant widely used in traditional African medicine against a variety of diseases. The obligate parasite is growing throughout tropical African forests and utilizes a large variety of hosts. Dihydrochalcone glucoside derivatives isolated from the subaerial parts of this plant were identified as potential antidiabetic lead compounds. In this study, an ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatographic method coupled with a photodiode array detector was developed for the quantitation of six major dihydrochalcone derivatives. The analytes were baseline separated in complex samples within 14 minutes on a Phenomenex Luna Omega 1.6 µm C18 column using a mobile phase consisting of water and acetonitrile (each + 0.01% trifluoroacetic acid) in gradient elution. Method validation confirmed the selectivity, linearity (R2 ≥ 0.9992), precision (inter-day ≤ 1.98%, intraday ≤ 2.00%), and accuracy (recovery rates of 97.4 – 106.3% for all analytes). At 280 nm, the LODs and LOQs were found to be lower than 1.42 and 4.30 µg/mL, respectively. Eight plant batches from the northern Angolan province of Uíge (collected in the wild or bought on markets) were extracted with methanol using an ultrasound-assisted extraction protocol and subsequently analyzed with the validated method. Results indicated high contents of dihydrochalcone glucosides in all eight samples. Most notably, the two bioactive constituents thonningianin A and B were present in fairly large amounts (2.42 – 5.35 w%).
Trigeminal Neuralgia Caused by Cerebellopontine Angle Tumors: Surgical Series
Authors: Meguins Lucas , Rodrigues Thayanna , Caramanti Ricardo , Rocha Carlos , Laurenti Matheus , Góes Mario , de Moraes Dionei , Tognola Waldir 
Published: March 2019

Introduction Cerebellopontine angle (CPA) tumors represent an important cause of persistent and refractory trigeminal neuralgia (TN). It is believed that ∼ between 1 and 9.9% of the cases of patients presenting with TN painful manifestation are caused by space-occupying lesions.
Objective The objective of the present study is to describe the clinical and surgical experience of the operative management of patients presenting with secondary type TN associated with CPA tumors.
Method An observational investigation was conducted with data collection from patients with secondary type TN associated with CPA tumors who were treated with surgical resection of the space-occupying lesion and decompression of the trigeminal nerve from January 2013 to November 2016 in 2 different centers in the western region of the state of São Paulo, Brazil.
Results We operated on 11 consecutive cases in which TN was associated with CPA during the period of analysis. Seven (63.6%) patients were female, and 4 (36.4%) were male. Seven (63.6%) patients presented with right-side symptoms, and 4 (36.4%) presented with left-side symptoms. After 2 years of follow-up, we observed that 8 (72.7%) patients showed a complete improvement of the symptoms, with an excellent outcome, and that 3 (27.3%) patients showed an incomplete improvement, with a good outcome. No patient reported partial improvement or poor outcome after the follow-up. There was no operative mortality.
Conclusion Cerebellopontine angle tumors represent an important cause of TN and must be included in the differential diagnosis of patients presenting with refractory and persistent symptoms. Surgical treatment with total resection of the expansive lesion and effective decompression of the trigeminal nerve are essential steps to control the symptoms.
Surgical Treatment of Lumbosacral Discospondylitis with Gentamicin-Impregnated Polymethylmethacrylate Cement and Omentalization
Authors: Manou Maria , Jeandel Aurélien , Blot Stéphane , Moissonnier Pierre 
Published: March 2019

Objective The aim of this study was to describe a novel technique using a gentamicin-impregnated polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) plug for the surgical treatment of lumbosacral discospondylitis with concomitant instability.
Clinical Report A 7-year-old male German Shepherd dog with lumbosacral (LS) discospondylitis and previously diagnosed with degenerative lumbosacral disease underwent ventral slot and distraction of the L7 to S1 intervertebral space with a gentamicin-impregnated PMMA plug. The lumbosacral joint was accessed via the abdomen. Samples were collected for bacterial culture and sensitivity, fungal culture and histopathological examination. The surgical site was omentalized. Long-term oral antimicrobials were administered.
Results Clinical improvement was seen immediately after surgery. Complete return to previous activity level was observed 12 months after surgery. Follow-up radiographs 18 months after the procedure revealed no implant migration.
Clinical Significance The gentamicin-impregnated PMMA plug in addition to the surgical debridement seemed to be an effective way for short-term distraction, potentially contributing, along with the appropriate antimicrobial therapy and analgesia, to alleviation of pain immediately after surgery and providing for a good short-term outcome, in this clinical case. The use of cement plugs as sole devices in the LS joint warrants further study.
Antimicrobial Activity of Glass Ionomer Cements with Chlorhexidine and Propolis: An In Vitro Study
Authors: Tuncdemir Makbule Tugba , Ugur Ayşe Ruveyda , Ozdemir Bilgen 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial effect of conventional glass ionomer cement with the addition of antibacterial constituents in its liquid preparation. Two groups of glass ionomers prepared with propolis and chlorhexidine and a third group without any additive used as control were sterilized by low-temperature hydrogen peroxide plasma sterilizer at the sterilization unit. Seven to eight disk-shaped restorative materials of each group were placed on the Mueller Hinton Agar with sheep blood 5% v/v, on which Streptococcus mutans inoculated. The plates were incubated at 37°C in 5% CO2 for 24 to 48 hours. After 24-hour and 48-hour-incubation, inhibition zone diameters of each restorative materials were measured. No distinct inhibition zone was reported; only a slight zone (6 mm) around the contact surfaces of each material was observed after the 24-hour and 48-hour incubations. No significant difference was observed in the inhibition zone diameters between the two test groups and control. Within the limitations of this study, results revealed that there was no antibacterial difference among glass ionomers prepared with propolis and chlorhexidine.
Establishing a framework for learning to teach English pronunciation in an Australian TESOL program
Authors: Burri Michael , Baker Amanda , Chen Honglin 
Published: March 2019

AbstractA substantial number of studies have been conducted in various second language teacher education settings. Yet, evidence about the effectiveness of teacher preparation continues to be debated and research findings about the efficacy of preparing language teachers are still somewhat inconclusive. As a further complication, even though pronunciation has regained some of its prominence in second language teaching, only minimal understanding exists about the preparation of pronunciation instructors in teacher education. The aim of this paper is to address this gap and to advance our understanding of teacher learning by first combining the findings from four research-based articles on learning to teach English pronunciation and then by introducing a new and innovative conceptual framework that reflects effective pronunciation teacher preparation in an Australian context.
Iberian linguistic elements among the black population in New Netherland (1614–1664)
Authors: Dewulf Jeroen 
Published: March 2019

AbstractSince the slave population in New Netherland (1614–1664) was small compared to that of other Dutch Atlantic colonies such as Curaçao, Dutch Brazil, and Suriname, it has traditionally received little attention by scholars, including creolists. It is, therefore, not well known that traces of Iberian languages can be found among the black population of seventeenth-century Manhattan. While the paucity of sources does not allow us to make any decisive claims with regard to the importance of Spanish and Portuguese for the colony’s black community, this article attempts to reconstruct the language use of this population group on the basis of an analysis of historical sources from New Netherland in a broader Atlantic context.
Trinidadian secondary school students’ attitudes toward accents of Standard English
Authors: Meer Philipp , Westphal Michael , Hänsel Eva Canan , Deuber Dagmar 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
In the anglophone Caribbean, tendencies of endonormative reorientation have been observed in the development of
local standards of English. Situated in the school context, this study adds a language attitude perspective on the question of
whether and to what extent an endonormative standard of English is emerging in the island of Trinidad. In an accent rating study,
803 secondary students were asked to evaluate the accents of Trinidadian, other anglophone Caribbean, American, and British
teachers and to identify their countries of origin. The results indicate that the respondents’ norm orientation is
multidimensional and includes exo- and endonormative influences: first, there is a general coexistence of different standards
since no standard serves as a superordinate norm. Second, there is no clear-cut distinction between exo- and endonormative
accents, but fine-grained differences in the ratings: British and American voices received slightly higher ratings than local
ones, but an American-influenced Trinidadian voice was also highly appreciated. These findings provide some new perspectives for
evolutionary models of World Englishes and new insights for the discussion of standards in Trinidad, the wider anglophone
Caribbean, and other small postcolonial speech communities where different local and global norms interact.
Hacia una ortografía para el chabacano zamboangueño
Authors: Tobar Delgado Eduardo , Fernández Mauro 
Published: March 2019

ResumenEl chabacano zamboangueño goza de una vitalidad en el ámbito oral que no se corresponde con la escasez de textos publicados en esta lengua criolla. Con todo, en los últimos tiempos están aumentando las prácticas escritas en ámbitos como el sistema escolar, los medios audiovisuales o internet. Estas novedades han propiciado el interés por la estandarización de la lengua y el desarrollo de una ortografía estable. Para lograr estos objetivos, los zamboangueños se enfrentan no solo a problemas técnicos sino también ideológicos, ya que el proceso de selección o descarte de rasgos lingüísticos o de grafemas suscita, casi inevitablemente, tensiones antes inexistentes. Este artículo examina la diversidad de prácticas escritas existentes y las propuestas de normativización ortográfica surgidas en los últimos años, prestando atención a los pormenores técnicos y al valor simbólico de las relaciones fonema/grafema.
Teaching vocabulary to young second- or foreign-language learners
Authors: Butler Yuko Goto 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
While vocabulary knowledge is considered a foundational element for young learners of a second or foreign language
(L2/FL), pedagogically useful information on this topic is not easily accessible for practitioners. This is in part due to the
fact that the relevant information is scattered across multiple fields, including first-language acquisition, child development,
and education. The aim of this paper is to synthesize recent knowledge from the related fields and to provide theoretically sound
and evidence-based information that is useful for teaching vocabulary to young learners of L2/FL. I identify four major
recommendations for vocabulary instruction: (a) ensure frequent and repeated exposure to the target words (as well as nontarget
words); (b) provide explicit word definitions and meanings in context; (c) create opportunities for discussions and interactions
around the words in question; and (d) use multimodal approaches to teach vocabulary. I also suggest future research directions,
with the goal of finding effective approaches that teachers can use to improve their vocabulary instruction while meeting the
specific needs of their young L2/FL students.
Agent-backgrounding in Turkish Sign Language (TİD)
Authors: Kelepir Meltem , Özkul Aslı , Özparlak Elvan Tamyürek 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This paper investigates agent-backgrounding constructions in Turkish Sign Language (TİD). TİD displays many of the
agent-backgrounding strategies reported in the literature that signed (and spoken) languages employ (Barberà & Cabredo Hofherr, this volume). Use of non-specific indefinite pronominals is a major
strategy, and this paper is the first study that identifies these forms in TİD. Moreover, we show that TİD has ways of marking
clusivity distinctions of indefinite arguments, and has a special sign that derives exclusive indefinite pronominals,
other. We argue that (i) whereas lateral-high R-locus is unambiguously associated with non-specificity, non-high
(lateral and central) loci are underspecified in terms of specificity; (ii) the R-locus of indefinite arguments observed in
agent-backgrounding contexts in TİD consists of two spatial features [+high] and [+lateral] which express non-specificity and
exclusivity. This study further shows that clusivity, usually associated with personal pronouns, must be extended to indefinite
pronouns.
Longitudinal Changes in Spirometry in South African Adolescents Perinatally Infected With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Who Are Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy
Authors: Githinji Leah N , Gray Diane M , Hlengwa Sipho , Myer Landon , Machemedze Takwanisa , Zar Heather J 
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Background
Despite increased access to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), lung disease remains common in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–infected (HIV+) adolescents. There is limited information on changes in lung function over time in perinatally HIV+ adolescents on HAART. The objective was to investigate the progression of spirometry findings over 2 years in HIV+ adolescents on HAART in a prospective cohort, the Cape Town Adolescent Antiretroviral Cohort (CTAAC).

Methods
HIV+ adolescents aged 9–14 years, with at least 6 months of HAART, and a comparator group of healthy HIV-uninfected (HIV–), age-matched controls were enrolled in CTAAC. Spirometry and bronchodilator testing were done at baseline, 12 months, and 24 months. Mixed-effect models were used to compute longitudinal changes in lung function.

Results
Five hundred fifteen HIV+ adolescents, mean age 12 (standard deviation [SD], 1.6) years, 50.4% male, and 110 HIV– adolescents, mean age 11.8 (SD, 1.8) years, 45.6% male, were tested at baseline; 477 (93%) HIV+ and 102 (93%) HIV– adolescents at 12 months; and 473 (92%) HIV+ and 97 (88%) HIV– adolescents at 24 months. Only 5.4% of the HIV+ adolescents had HIV viral load &gt;10 000 copies/mL at baseline. Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) were lower in the HIV+ compared to the HIV– adolescents and tracked with no deterioration or catch-up over 2 years. Previous pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) or lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) was significantly associated with reduced FEV1 and FVC (P &lt; .05 for both).

Conclusions
HIV+ adolescents had lower lung function over 2 years than HIV– adolescents. This study highlights the need for lung function surveillance and prevention of LRTIs and PTB in HIV+ adolescents.