bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of stricter capital regulation on banks’ risk‐taking: Theory and evidence
Authors: Lundtofte Frederik , Nielsen Caren Yinxia 
Published: November 2018

AbstractA simple portfolio choice model shows that, when a bank's capital is constrained by regulation, regulatory cost (risk weightings) alters the risk and value calculations for the bank's assets. In particular, we find that banks may respond to stricter regulation by increasing the share of high‐risk assets. Our empirical results show that US banks responded to the implementation of the stricter Basel II regulations by increasing the share of high‐risk assets in the risky part of their portfolios.
Population dynamics has greater effects than climate change on tree species distribution in a temperate forest region
Authors: Wang Wen J. , Thompson Frank R. , He Hong S. , Fraser Jacob S. , Dijak William D. , Spetich Martin A. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractAimPopulation dynamics and disturbances have often been simplified or ignored when predicting regional‐scale tree species distributions in response to climate change in current climate‐distribution models (e.g., niche and biophysical process models). We determined the relative importance of population dynamics, tree harvest, climate change, and their interaction in affecting tree species distribution changes.LocationCentral Hardwood Forest Region of the United States.Major taxa studiedTree species.MethodsWe used a forest dynamic model, LANDIS PRO that accounted for population dynamics, tree harvest, and climate change to predict tree species’ distributions at 270 m resolution from 2000 to 2300. We quantified the relative importance of these factors using a repeated measures analysis of variance. We further investigated the effects of each factor on changes in species distributions by summarizing extinction and colonization rates.ResultsOn average, population dynamics was the most important factor affecting tree species distribution changes. Tree harvest was more important than climate change by 2100 whereas climate change was more important than harvest by 2300. By end of the 21st century, most tree species expanded their distributions irrespective of any climate or harvest scenario. By 2300, most northern, some southern, and most widely distributed species contracted their distributions while most southern species, some widely distributed species, and few northern species expanded their distributions under warmer climates with tree harvest. Harvest accelerated or ameliorated the contractions and expansions for species that were negatively or positively affected by climate change.Main conclusionsOur results suggest that population dynamics and tree harvest can be more important than climate change and thus should be explicitly included when predicting future tree species’ distributions. Understanding the underlying mechanisms that drive tree species distributions will enable better predictions of tree species distributions under climate change.
Arabidopsis ANAC092 regulates auxin‐mediated root development by binding to the ARF8 and PIN4 promoters
Authors: Xi Dandan , Chen Xu , Wang Yuxia , Zhong Ruiling , He Jianmei , Shen Jiabin , Ming Feng 
Published: November 2018

AbstractAuxin is an important plant hormone that is essential for growth and development due to its effects on organogenesis, morphogenesis, tropisms, and apical dominance. The functional diversity of auxin highlights the importance of its biosynthesis, transport, and associated responses. In this study, we show that a NAC transcription factor, ANAC092 (also named AtNAC2 and ORESARA1), known to positively regulate leaf senescence and contribute to abiotic stress responses, also affects primary root development. Plants overexpressing ANAC092 had altered root meristem lengths and shorter primary roots compared with the wild‐type control. Additionally, expression of the proANAC092::GUS was strongly induced by indole‐3‐acetic acid. Quantitative real‐time RT‐PCR (qRT‐PCR) analysis revealed that the YUCCA2, PIN, and ARF expression levels were downregulated in ANAC092‐overexpressing plants. Moreover, yeast one‐hybrid and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays confirmed that ANAC092 binds to the promoters of AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR 8 (ARF8) and PIN‐FORMED 4 (PIN4). Furthermore, a dual‐luciferase assay indicated that ANAC092 decreases ARF8 and PIN4 promoter activities. We also applied a CRISPR/Cas9 system to mutate ANAC092. The roots of three of the analyzed mutants were longer than normal. Collectively, our findings indicate that ANAC092 negatively affects root development by controlling the auxin pathway.
Systems model‐guided rice yield improvements based on genes controlling source, sink, and flow
Authors: Li Pan , Chang Tiangen , Chang Shuoqi , Ouyang Xiang , Qu Mingnan , Song Qingfeng , Xiao Langtao , Xia Shitou , Deng Qiyun , Zhu Xin‐Guang 
Published: November 2018

AbstractA large number of genes related to source, sink, and flow have been identified after decades of research in plant genetics. Unfortunately, these genes have not been effectively utilized in modern crop breeding. This perspective paper aims to examine the reasons behind such a phenomenon and propose a strategy to resolve this situation. Specifically, we first systematically survey the currently cloned genes related to source, sink, and flow; then we discuss three factors hindering effective application of these identified genes, which include the lack of effective methods to identify limiting or critical steps in a signaling network, the misplacement of emphasis on properties, at the leaf, instead of the whole canopy level, and the non‐linear complex interaction between source, sink, and flow. Finally, we propose the development of systems models of source, sink and flow, together with a detailed simulation of interactions between them and their surrounding environments, to guide effective use of the identified elements in modern rice breeding. These systems models will contribute directly to the definition of crop ideotype and also identification of critical features and parameters that limit the yield potential in current cultivars.
Protective stabilization of mitochondrial permeability transition and mitochondrial oxidation during mitochondrial Ca2+ stress by melatonin's cascade metabolites C3‐OHM and AFMK in RBA1 astrocytes
Authors: Jou Mei‐Jie , Peng Tsung‐I , Reiter Russel J. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractCyclic 3‐hydroxymelatonin (C3‐OHM) and N1‐acetyl‐N2‐formyl‐5‐methoxykynuramine (AFMK) are two major cascade metabolites of melatonin. We previously showed melatonin provides multiple levels of mitochondria‐targeted protection beyond as a mitochondrial antioxidant during ionomycin‐induced mitochondrial Ca2+ (mCa2+) stress in RBA1 astrocytes. Using noninvasive laser scanning fluorescence coupled time‐lapse digital imaging microscopy, this study investigated whether C3‐OHM and AFMK also provide mitochondrial levels of protection during ionomycin‐induced mCa2+ stress in RBA1 astrocytes. Interestingly, precise temporal and spatial dynamic live mitochondrial images revealed that C3‐OHM and AFMK prevented specifically mCa2+‐mediated mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS) formation and hence mROS‐mediated depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential (△Ψm) and permanent lethal opening of the MPT (p‐MPT). The antioxidative effects of AFMK, however, were less potent than that of C3‐OHM. Whether C3‐OHM and AFMK targeted directly the MPT was investigated under a condition of “oxidation free‐Ca2+ stress” using a classic antioxidant vitamin E to remove mCa2+‐mediated mROS stress and the potential antioxidative effects of C3‐OHM and AFMK. Intriguingly, two compounds still effectively postponed “oxidation free‐Ca2+ stress”‐mediated depolarization of △Ψm and p‐MPT. Measurements using a MPT pore‐specific indicator Calcein further identified that C3‐OHM and AFMK, rather than inhibiting, stabilized the MPT in its transient protective opening mode (t‐MPT), a critical mechanism to reduce overloaded mROS and mCa2+. These multiple layers of mitochondrial protection provided by C3‐OHM and AFMK thus crucially allow melatonin to extend its metabolic cascades of mitochondrial protection during mROS‐ and mCa2+‐mediated MPT‐associated apoptotic stresses and may provide therapeutic benefits against astrocyte‐mediated neurodegeneration in the CNS.
Selling to Strangers, Buying from Friends: Effect of Communal and Exchange Norms on Expectations in Negotiation
Authors: Ramirez‐Fernandez Jaime , Ramirez‐Marin Jimena Y. , Munduate Lourdes 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThis study examines the effect of relationships on negotiators' expectations. The authors derive theory and hypotheses from relational norms that govern relationships (communal and exchange) which impact negotiators' expectations when interacting with close others. The study focuses on the influence of the negotiator's role (buyer or seller) and relational norms on expected offers. The authors tested the hypotheses across three studies. Results consistently show that close relationships influence expectations such that buyers expect more favorable offers from best friends than from friends and acquaintances (Studies 1–3). And this effect is absent for sellers (Study 1). Moreover, the motivation to meet the needs of the other party (communal strength) is higher for close relationships but it does not moderate the effect of relationships on expectations (Study 2). Finally, negotiators high in communal strength and exchange orientation norms expect more generous offers from best friends (Study 3).
Diplomatic Chameleons: Language Style Matching and Agreement in International Diplomatic Negotiations
Authors: Bayram A. Burcu , Ta Vivian P. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractLinguistic style refers to how individuals put their words together. This study offers the first application of linguistic style analysis to international multilateral diplomatic negotiations. We hypothesize that agreement in multilateral negotiations is characterized by convergence of diplomats’ linguistic styles whereas disagreement associates with divergence of linguistic styles. We test our claim using original data from the plenary sessions of the Constitutional Convention on the Future of the European Union (2002–2003). We evaluate linguistic style convergence by linguistic style matching (LSM) using the text analysis program Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC). We find that linguistic style convergence among negotiators was higher in discussions on the legal personality of the European Union that ended with agreement and lower in negotiations on the definition of qualified majority voting that ended with disagreement. This study facilitates a richer understanding of how negotiators’ language use influences negotiation dynamics in international multilateral diplomacy and encourages negotiation and conflict resolution scholars and practitioners to pay attention to how diplomats express their policy position in addition to what they say.
Trans‐lineage polymorphism and nonbifurcating diversification of the genusPicea
Authors: Feng Shuo , Ru Dafu , Sun Yongshuai , Mao Kangshan , Milne Richard , Liu Jianquan 
Published: November 2018

SummaryNonbifurcating divergence caused by introgressive hybridization is continuously reported for groups of closely related species. In this study, we aimed to reconstruct the genome‐scale classification of deep lineages of the conifer genusPicea, establish their phylogenetic relationships and test the bifurcating hypothesis between deeply branching lineages based on genomic data.We sequenced the transcriptomes of 35 individuals of 27 taxa covering all main lineages of the genus. Four major lineages, comprising three to 12 taxa each, largely consistent with morphological evidence, were recovered across the coalescent and integrated nuclear phylogeny. However, many of the individual gene trees recovered contradict one another. Moreover, the well‐supported coalescent tree inferred here differs from previous studies based on various DNA markers, with respect to topology and inter‐lineage relationships.We identified the shared polymorphisms between four major lineages. ABBA–BABA tests confirmed the inter‐lineage gene flow and thus violated the bifurcating divergence model. Gene flow occurred more frequently between lineages distributed in the same continent than those disjunct between continents.Our results indicate that introgression and nonbifurcating diversification apply, even between deeply branching lineages of the conifer genusPicea.
Tracking seasonal rhythms of plants in diverse ecosystems with digital camera imagery
Authors: Richardson Andrew D. 
Published: November 2018

SummaryGlobal change is shifting the seasonality of vegetation in ecosystems around the globe. High‐frequency digital camera imagery, and vegetation indices derived from that imagery, is facilitating better tracking of phenological responses to environmental variation. This method, commonly referred to as the ‘phenocam’ approach, is well suited to several specific applications, including: close‐up observation of individual organisms; long‐term canopy‐level monitoring at individual sites; automated phenological monitoring in regional‐to‐continental scale observatory networks; and tracking responses to experimental treatments. Several camera networks are already well established, and some camera records are a more than a decade long. These data can be used to identify the environmental controls on phenology in different ecosystems, which will contribute to the development of improved prognostic phenology models.
Effect of racing on blood variables in Standardbred horses
Authors: Bos Astrid , Compagnie Ellen , Lindner Arno 
Published: November 2018

BackgroundBlood is collected for hematologic and biochemical analyses when racehorses perform poorly. However, racing affects most analyte levels; therefore, the timing of blood sampling can affect analyte levels and interpretations.ObjectiveThis study aimed to determine if the blood variable levels returned to pre‐racing levels 2 and 3 days post‐racing.MethodsBlood was sampled from 17 healthy racehorses pre‐ and post‐racing. The variables measured from plasma were albumin, cholesterol, creatinine, calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), potassium (K), creatine phosphokinase (CK), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), gamma‐glutamyl transferase (GGT), and cortisol. Hematocrit (HCT), hemoglobin (HGB), white blood cell (WBC), red blood cell (RBC), granulocyte, and lymphocyte counts were analyzed from blood collected in EDTA‐coated vials.ResultsCalcium was lower 3 days post‐racing compared with 2 days pre‐racing (P < 0.01), P and GGT were higher 2 and 3 days post‐racing compared with those at the pre‐racing timepoints (P ≤ 0.01), and RBC, HCT, and HGB were higher 2 days post‐racing compared with those at the pre‐racing and 3‐day post‐racing time points (P < 0.01, all).ConclusionsA few blood biochemical and hematologic variables were significantly altered 2 and 3 days post‐racing. The level of these changes did not affect the clinicopathologic interpretation of the values.
Basal cell enumeration does not predict malignancy in canine perianal gland tumor cytology
Authors: Evans Samantha J. M. , Connolly Sara L. , Schaffer Paula A. , Vieson Miranda D. , Stiles Amanda , Moore A Russell 
Published: November 2018

BackgroundPerianal (hepatoid) gland tumors are common in dogs, and the distinction between the benign and malignant forms is clinically important. Cytology of these tumors typically contains many large hepatoid cells and fewer small basal cells.ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to determine whether the proportion of the smaller basaloid reserve cells in cytologic samples from perianal tumors correlates with malignancy.MethodsEighty‐three cases of cytologically diagnosed perianal gland tumors with corresponding histopathologic sections were identified from two separate institutions and included six (7.2%) malignant tumors and 77 (92.8%) benign tumors. The proportion of basal cells from each sample was evaluated.ResultsNo difference between these groups was found, although the study was sufficiently powered to detect an approximately 1.5‐fold change in basal cell proportion.ConclusionsThis report found no evidence that the proportion of basal cells in canine perianal tumor cytology is an indication of the potential for malignancy. We, therefore, do not recommend citing this feature in cytologic reports or when communicating with clinicians.
The challenge of asymptomatic coronary artery disease in aircrew; detecting plaque before the accident
Authors: Gray Gary , Davenport Eddie D , Bron Dennis , Rienks Rienk , d’Arcy Joanna , Guettler Norbert , Manen Olivier , Syburra Thomas , Nicol Edward D 
Published: November 2018

Coronary events remain a major cause of sudden incapacitation, including death, in both the general population and among aviation personnel, and are an ongoing threat to flight safety and operations. The presentation is often unheralded, especially in younger adults, and is often due to rupture of a previously non-obstructive coronary atheromatous plaque. The challenge for aeromedical practitioners is to identify individuals at increased risk for such events. This paper presents the NATO Cardiology Working Group (HFM 251) consensus approach for screening and investigation of aircrew for asymptomatic coronary disease.A three-phased approach to coronary artery disease (CAD) risk assessment is recommended, beginning with initial risk-stratification using a population-appropriate risk calculator and resting ECG. For aircrew identified as being at increased risk, enhanced screening is recommended by means of Coronary Artery Calcium Score alone or combined with a CT coronary angiography investigation. Additional screening may include exercise testing, and vascular ultrasound imaging. Aircrew identified as being at high risk based on enhanced screening require secondary investigations, which may include functional ischaemia, and potentially invasive coronary angiography. Functional stress testing as a stand-alone investigation for significant CAD is not recommended in aircrew. Aircrew identified with coronary disease require further clinical and aeromedical evaluation before being reconsidered for flying status.
Management of established coronary artery disease in aircrew with previous myocardial infarction or revascularisation
Authors: Davenport Eddie D , Syburra Thomas , Gray Gary , Rienks Rienk , Bron Dennis , Manen Olivier , d’Arcy Joanna , Guettler Norbert J , Nicol Edward D 
Published: November 2018

This manuscript focuses on the broad aviation medicine considerations that are required to optimally manage aircrew with established coronary artery disease (CAD) without myocardial infarction (MI) or revascularisation (both pilots and non-pilot aviation professionals). It presents expert consensus opinion and associated recommendations and is part of a series of expert consensus documents covering all aspects of aviation cardiology.Aircrew may present with MI (both ST elevation MI (STEMI) and non-ST elevation MI (NSTEMI)) as the initial presenting symptom of obstructive CAD requiring revascularisation. Management of these individuals should be conducted according to published guidelines, ideally with consultation between the cardiologist, surgeon and aviation medical examiner. Return to restricted flight duties is possible in the majority of aircrew; however, they must have normal cardiac function, acceptable residual disease burden and no residual ischaemia. They must also be treated with aggressive cardiac risk factor modification. Aircrew should be restricted to dual pilot operations in non-high-performance aircraft, with return to flying no sooner than 6 months after the event. At minimum, annual follow-up with routine non-invasive cardiac evaluation is recommended.
The Computational Complexity of and Approximation Algorithms for Variants of the Component Selection Problem
Authors: Nouri-Baygi Mostafa 
Published: November 2018

In the past decades, there has been a burst of activity to simplify implementation of complex software systems. The solution framework in software engineering community for this problem is called component-based software design (CBSD), whereas in the modeling and simulation community it is called composability. Composability is a complex feature due to the challenges of creating components, selecting combinations of components, and integrating the selected components. In this paper, we address the challenge through the analysis of Component Selection (CS), the NP-complete process of selecting a minimal set of components to satisfy a set of objectives. Due to the computational complexity of CS, we consider approximation algorithms that make the component selection process practical. We define three variations of CS and present good approximation algorithms to find near optimal solutions. In spite of our creation of approximable variants of Component Selection, we prove that the general Component Selection problem is inapproximable.
The Effectiveness of Hepatic Arterial Infusion Chemotherapy with 5-Fluorouracil/Cisplatin and Systemic Chemotherapy with Ramucirumab in Alpha-Fetoprotein-Producing Gastric Cancer with Multiple Liver Metastases
Authors: Doi Yasuhiro , Takii Yasushi , Mitsugi Kenji , Kimura Koichi , Mihara Yutarou 
Published: November 2018

Alpha-fetoprotein- (AFP-) producing gastric cancer (AFPGC) is characterized by a high incidence of liver and lymph node metastases and poor prognosis. Although several case reports have described successful multidisciplinary treatment, there are currently no standard therapies for AFPGC. A 57-year-old man presented with upper abdominal pain. His serum AFP level was extremely high (588.9 ng/mL). Computed tomography (CT) revealed multiple liver metastases with several lesions at an imminent risk of rupture. Five days after admission to our hospital, one lesion ruptured. Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) of the ruptured tumor was performed, and hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy (HAIC) with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)/cisplatin (CDDP) to the other liver metastases was administered. The patient’s AFP levels decreased to 297.1 ng/mL. Gastrointestinal endoscopy revealed Borrmann type 2 lesion in the pyloric portion. Pathological examination indicated hepatoid adenocarcinoma of the stomach and metastatic liver. The final diagnosis was AFPGC and multiple liver metastases. The patient underwent systemic chemotherapy with capecitabine/CDDP (cape/CDDP) for three months. His AFP level increased extremely, and CT revealed progression of the liver metastases. TACE was performed, and HAIC (5FU/CDDP) was administered to the progressive lesion of the liver. Originating from the gastric lesion, a distal gastrectomy and D2 + α lymph node resection were performed. One month after the operation, the patient underwent systemic chemotherapy with paclitaxel/ramucirumab (PTX/RAM). After eight cycles of chemotherapy, his AFP level had declined, and CT showed a complete response. After three months of drug withdrawal, the patient has undergone maintenance treatment with RAM. It has been two years since the recurrence. Our experience suggests that HAIC with 5-FU/CDDP and systemic chemotherapy with a regimen including RAM may be an effective treatment for AFPGC.