bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Three‐Dimensional Resistivity Structure of Iwo‐Yama Volcano, Kirishima Volcanic Complex, Japan: Relationship to Shallow Seismicity, Surface Uplift, and a Small Phreatic Eruption
Authors: Tsukamoto K. , Aizawa K. , Chiba K. , Kanda W. , Uyeshima M. , Koyama T. , Utsugi M. , Seki K. , Kishita T. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractIwo‐yama volcano, part of the Kirishima Volcanic Complex, has recently shown signs of unrest. We conducted a hypocenter relocation of shallow earthquakes and broadband magnetotelluric measurements around Iwo‐yama. Three‐dimensional inversion of magnetotelluric data revealed an electrically conductive layer that is interpreted as a hydrothermally altered clay‐dominated unit. Shallow earthquakes occur beneath this layer, suggesting that it controls the location of seismicity. The base of the layer corresponds to the depth of a pressure source identified by a leveling survey. These observations suggest that the supply of high‐temperature fluids has increased over time beneath Iwo‐yama, causing an increase in pore pressure beneath the clay‐rich layer and resulting in tectonic earthquakes and ground inflation. Increased upwelling of fluids through a fracture in the clay‐rich layer may have caused a vigorous liquid‐gas phase transition near the surface, which in turn might have led to the small phreatic eruption on 19 April 2018.
Receiver Function Investigations of Seismic Anisotropy Layering Beneath Southern California
Authors: Kong Fansheng , Gao Stephen S. , Liu Kelly H. , Song Jianguo , Ding Weiwei , Fang Yinxia , Ruan Aiguo , Li Jiabiao 
Published: November 2018

AbstractSeismic azimuthal anisotropy characterized by shear wave splitting analyses using teleseismic XKS phases (including SKS, SKKS, and PKS) is widely employed to constrain the deformation field in the Earth's crust and mantle. Due to the near‐vertical incidence of the XKS arrivals, the resulting splitting parameters (fast polarization orientations and splitting times) have an excellent horizontal but poor vertical resolution, resulting in considerable ambiguities in the geodynamic interpretation of the measurements. Here we use P‐to‐S converted phases from the Moho and the 410‐ (d410) and 660‐km (d660) discontinuities to investigate anisotropy layering beneath Southern California. Similarities between the resulting splitting parameters from the XKS and P‐to‐S converted phases from the d660 suggest that the lower mantle beneath the study area is azimuthally isotropic. Similarly, significant azimuthal anisotropy is not present in the mantle transition zone on the basis of the consistency between the splitting parameters obtained using P‐to‐S converted phases from the d410 and d660. Crustal anisotropy measurements exhibit a mean splitting time of 0.2 ± 0.1 s and mostly NW‐SE fast orientations, which are significantly different from the dominantly E‐W fast orientations revealed using XKS and P‐to‐S conversions from the d410 and d660. Anisotropy measurements using shear waves with different depths of origin suggest that the Earth's upper mantle is the major anisotropic layer beneath Southern California. Additionally, this study demonstrates the effectiveness of applying a set of azimuthal anisotropy analysis techniques to reduce ambiguities in the depth of the source of the observed anisotropy.
The Influence of Convex Particles' Irregular Shape and Varying Size on Porosity, Permeability, and Elastic Bulk Modulus of Granular Porous Media: Insights From Numerical Simulations
Authors: Kerimov Abdulla , Mavko Gary , Mukerji Tapan , Dvorkin Jack , Al Ibrahim Mustafa A. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe shapes of particles play a crucial role in the transport and mechanical behavior of granular media. How densely particles of a specific shape can be arranged in a given volume has an enormous practical significance for many scientific and industrial fields. We developed a numerical workflow to investigate the effects of irregularly shaped frictionless, convex particles combined with the polydispersity of particle sizes on the porosity, permeability, and elastic bulk modulus of granular porous media. The workflow is based on the computationally generated three‐dimensional granular assemblies of both regular and irregularly shaped particles and pore‐scale simulation of physics to estimate the absolute permeability and elastic bulk modulus of the generated digital granular porous media. Our numerical results show that the porosity decreases by 14–25%, absolute permeability decreases by 45–76%, and elastic bulk modulus increases by 20–66% as we deviate from the regular‐shaped particle with the specified particle size distribution. How rapidly and to what degree these properties of granular assemblies of irregularly shaped particles change depends on particle size distribution. However, once the maximal densest packings of irregularly shaped particles with the prescribed aspect ratio are generated, any further change in the shape of particles has either a minimal impact or an opposite effects are observed. Overall, our numerical observations suggest that the irregular shape of particles has the greatest effect on permeability and the least effect on porosity in both monodisperse and polydisperse granular media.
Cloud Adiabaticity and Its Relationship to Marine Stratocumulus Characteristics Over the Northeast Pacific Ocean
Authors: Braun Rachel A. , Dadashazar Hossein , MacDonald Alexander B. , Crosbie Ewan , Jonsson Haflidi H. , Woods Roy K. , Flagan Richard C. , Seinfeld John H. , Sorooshian Armin 
Published: November 2018

AbstractCloud adiabaticity (α) is defined as the ratio of the actual liquid water path (LWPmeasured) in a cloud to its corresponding adiabatic value (LWPad). Processes such as drizzle and entrainment can lead to subadiabatic LWPmeasured. This study examines α and its relationship to microphysical properties for 86 cloud events over the Northeast Pacific Ocean based on data collected during four separate summertime airborne campaigns. For the study region, α was found to be 0.766 ± 0.134. For most cases, clouds with a low value of α were found to have lower droplet number concentration (Nd), higher droplet effective radius (re), higher relative dispersion (d), and higher rain rate (R). The subcloud aerosol concentration (Na) was often less for the low‐α cases. The relationship between α and the vertical profiles and cloud‐top characteristics for both the cloud droplet‐only spectrum and full spectrum (cloud and rain droplets) is also examined. Inclusion of rain droplets produced a larger change in d for the low‐α clouds as compared to the high‐α clouds. On average, R increased at cloud top for high‐α clouds but decreased at cloud top for low‐α clouds. Accounting for α when estimating Nd from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer retrievals results in better agreement with in situ Nd values. Results of this work motivate the need for additional focus on the factors governing α, such as cloud type, and implications of its value, especially for remote‐sensing retrievals.
Soil Organic Carbon and Isotope Composition Response to Topography and Erosion in Iowa
Authors: Li Xia , McCarty Gregory W. , Karlen Douglas L. , Cambardella Cynthia A. , Effland William 
Published: November 2018

AbstractSoil redistribution (erosion and deposition) can greatly affect the fate of soil organic carbon (SOC) in agroecosystems. Landscape topography is one of the key factors controlling erosion processes and creating spatial variability in SOC. We combined carbon (C) isoscape (isotopic landscape) analysis, historic orthophoto interpretation, cesium (137Cs) inventory measurement, and digital terrain analysis to quantify SOC dynamics and soil redistribution relationship and their responses to landscape topography in an Iowa cropland field with soybean/maize (C3/C4) rotation. The historic orthophotos and 137Cs were used to reflect soil redistribution before and after the 1960s, respectively. Topography‐based models were developed to simulate 137Cs inventory, SOC density, and C isotopes using stepwise principal component regression. Spatial patterns of SOC were similar to soil erosion/deposition patterns with high SOC density in depositional areas and low SOC density in eroded areas. Soil redistribution, SOC density, and isotopic signature of SOC (δ13C) were highly correlated with topographic metrics, suggesting that topographic heterogeneity drove the spatial variability in erosion and SOC dynamics. Considering the isotopic composition of SOC, C3‐derived SOC density was strongly controlled by topographic metrics, but C4‐derived SOC density showed weaker expression of spatial pattern and poor correlation to topographic parameters. The resulting topography‐based stepwise principal component regression models captured more than 60% of the variability in SOC density, δ13C, and C3‐derived SOC density but could not reliably predict C4‐derived SOC density. Our results indicate that exploring C isotopes in response to soil erosion is important to understand the fate of eroded SOC within croplands under C3/C4 cultivation.
In Situ Data and Effect Correlation During September 2017 Solar Particle Event
Authors: Jiggens P. , Clavie C. , Evans H. , O'Brien T. P. , Witasse O. , Mishev A. L. , Nieminen P. , Daly E. , Kalegaev V. , Vlasova N. , Borisov S. , Benck S. , Poivey C. , Cyamukungu M. , Mazur J. , Heynderickx D. , Sandberg I. , Berger T. , Usoskin I. G. , Paassilta M. , Vainio R. , Straube U. , Müller D. , Sánchez‐Cano B. , Hassler D. , Praks J. , Niemelä P. , Leppinen H. , Punkkinen A. , Aminalragia‐Giamini S. , Nagatsuma T. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractSolar energetic particles are one of the main sources of particle radiation seen in space. In the first part of September 2017 the most active solar period of cycle 24 produced four large X‐class flares and a series of (interplanetary) coronal mass ejections, which gave rise to radiation storms seen over all energies and at the ground by neutron monitors. This paper presents comprehensive cross comparisons of in situ radiation detector data from near‐Earth satellites to give an appraisal on the state of present data processing for monitors of such particles. Many of these data sets have been the target of previous cross calibrations, and this event with a hard spectrum provides the opportunity to validate these results. As a result of the excellent agreement found between these data sets and the use of neutron monitor data, this paper also presents an analytical expression for fluence spectrum for the event. Derived ionizing dose values have been computed to show that although there is a significant high‐energy component, the event was not particularly concerning as regards dose effects in spacecraft electronics. Several sets of spacecraft data illustrating single event effects are presented showing a more significant impact in this regard. Such a hard event can penetrate thick shielding; human dose quantities measured inside the International Space Station and derived through modeling for aircraft altitudes are also presented. Lastly, simulation results of coronal mass ejection propagation through the heliosphere are presented along with data from Mars‐orbiting spacecraft in addition to data from the Mars surface.
A randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial assessing the effect of tadalafil (Cialis) on the cardiovascular response in men with complete spinal cord injury above the sixth thoracic level: A Pilot Study
Authors: Ethans Karen D. , Casey Alan , Tarhoni Mohamed , Nankar Mayur , Entcheva Stella 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Study design
Double-blind, randomized cross-over placebo-controlled pilot study.

Objectives
To determine the effects of tadalafil on systolic blood pressure (SBP), heart rate (HR), and dizziness of men with American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale-A (AIS-A) spinal cord injury (SCI) between cervical-4 (C4) and thoracic-5 (T5) levels.

Setting
Outpatient rehabilitation clinic.

Design
Double-blind, randomized cross-over placebo-controlled pilot study.

Methods
20 males with AIS-A SCI, C4-T5 received either tadalafil 20 mg or placebo for the first arm, and then were crossed-over after 1 week to the second arm. SBP, HR, and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for dizziness upon sitting up from lying were measured at baseline and again 1, 2, 4, 12, 22, 29, and 36 h post dose administration. The change in each outcome measure (SBP, HR, VAS dizziness) was observed from pre-dose to each time point. A change in VAS dizziness of 2 cm or greater (scale 0–10 cm) was considered positive.

Results
SBP did not change significantly in either group. However, HR increased significantly in the tadalafil group at several time points (12 h p < 0.05, 22 h p <0.05, 29 h p <0.01, and 36 h p <0.05), with no change in the placebo group. The VAS dizziness significantly increased (range 2–6 cm changes) at some time point in 1/4 of the subjects after tadalafil, but not in the placebo group; all reports of dizziness were at 12 h or later.

Conclusions
Tadalafil use in people with SCI above T6 is safe with respect to not causing hypotension; hemodynamic changes that occurred 12–36 h post administration were compensated for by elevations in HR.

Sponsorship
The Manitoba Medical Services Foundation and the Health Sciences Centre Foundation.
Passive directional sub-ambient daytime radiative cooling
Authors: Bhatia Bikram , Leroy Arny , Shen Yichen , Zhao Lin , Gianello Melissa , Li Duanhui , Gu Tian , Hu Juejun , Soljačić Marin , Wang Evelyn N. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractDemonstrations of passive daytime radiative cooling have primarily relied on complex and costly spectrally selective nanophotonic structures with high emissivity in the transparent atmospheric spectral window and high reflectivity in the solar spectrum. Here, we show a directional approach to passive radiative cooling that exploits the angular confinement of solar irradiation in the sky to achieve sub-ambient cooling during the day regardless of the emitter properties in the solar spectrum. We experimentally demonstrate this approach using a setup comprising a polished aluminum disk that reflects direct solar irradiation and a white infrared-transparent polyethylene convection cover that minimizes diffuse solar irradiation. Measurements performed around solar noon show a minimum temperature of 6 °C below ambient temperature and maximum cooling power of 45 W m–2. Our passive cooling approach, realized using commonly available low-cost materials, could improve the performance of existing cooling systems and enable next-generation thermal management and refrigeration solutions.
Understanding dynamics of coherent Ising machines through simulation of large-scale 2D Ising models
Authors: Böhm Fabian , Inagaki Takahiro , Inaba Kensuke , Honjo Toshimori , Enbutsu Koji , Umeki Takeshi , Kasahara Ryoichi , Takesue Hiroki 
Published: November 2018

AbstractMany problems in mathematics, statistical mechanics, and computer science are computationally hard but can often be mapped onto a ground-state-search problem of the Ising model and approximately solved by artificial spin-networks of coupled degenerate optical parametric oscillators (DOPOs) in coherent Ising machines. To better understand their working principle and optimize their performance, we analyze the dynamics during the ground state search of 2D Ising models with up to 1936 mutually coupled DOPOs. For regular as well as frustrated and disordered 2D lattices, the machine finds the correct solution within just a few milliseconds. We determine that calculation performance is limited by freeze-out effects and can be improved by controlling the DOPO dynamics, which allows to optimize performance of coherent Ising machines in various tasks. Comparisons with Monte Carlo simulations reveal that coherent Ising machines behave like low temperature spin systems, thus making them suitable for optimization tasks.
Megadomains and superloops form dynamically but are dispensable for X-chromosome inactivation and gene escape
Authors: Froberg John E. , Pinter Stefan F. , Kriz Andrea J. , Jégu Teddy , Lee Jeannie T. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe mammalian inactive X-chromosome (Xi) is structurally distinct from all other chromosomes and serves as a model for how the 3D genome is organized. The Xi shows weakened topologically associated domains and is instead organized into megadomains and superloops directed by the noncoding loci, Dxz4 and Firre. Their functional significance is presently unclear, though one study suggests that they permit Xi genes to escape silencing. Here, we find that megadomains do not precede Xist expression or Xi gene silencing. Deleting Dxz4 disrupts the sharp megadomain border, whereas deleting Firre weakens intra-megadomain interactions. However, deleting Dxz4 and/or Firre has no impact on Xi silencing and gene escape. Nor does it affect Xi nuclear localization, stability, or H3K27 methylation. Additionally, ectopic integration of Dxz4 and Xist is not sufficient to form megadomains on autosomes. We conclude that Dxz4 and megadomains are dispensable for Xi silencing and escape from X-inactivation.
NF1 heterozygosity fosters de novo tumorigenesis but impairs malignant transformation
Authors: Brosseau Jean-Philippe , Liao Chung-Ping , Wang Yong , Ramani Vijay , Vandergriff Travis , Lee Michelle , Patel Amisha , Ariizumi Kiyoshi , Le Lu Q. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractNeurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is an autosomal genetic disorder. Patients with NF1 are associated with mono-allelic loss of the tumor suppressor gene NF1 in their germline, which predisposes them to develop a wide array of benign lesions. Intriguingly, recent sequencing efforts revealed that the NF1 gene is frequently mutated in multiple malignant tumors not typically associated with NF1 patients, suggesting that NF1 heterozygosity is refractory to at least some cancer types. In two orthogonal mouse models representing NF1- and non-NF1-related tumors, we discover that an Nf1+/− microenvironment accelerates the formation of benign tumors but impairs further progression to malignancy. Analysis of benign and malignant tumors commonly associated with NF1 patients, as well as those with high NF1 gene mutation frequency, reveals an antagonistic role for NF1 heterozygosity in tumor initiation and malignant transformation and helps to reconciliate the role of the NF1 gene in both NF1 and non-NF1 patient contexts.
TRIM28 protects TRIM24 from SPOP-mediated degradation and promotes prostate cancer progression
Authors: Fong Ka-wing , Zhao Jonathan C. , Song Bing , Zheng Bin , Yu Jindan 
Published: November 2018

AbstractTRIM24 is an effector substrate of the E3 ubiquitin ligase adaptor SPOP and becomes stabilized in prostate cancer (PCa) with SPOP mutations. However, how TRIM24 protein is regulated in the vast majority of SPOP-wildtype PCa is unknown. Here we report TRIM28 as a critical upstream regulator of TRIM24. TRIM28 protein interacts with TRIM24 to prevent its ubiquitination and degradation by SPOP. Further, TRIM28 facilitates TRIM24 occupancy on the chromatin and, like TRIM24, augments AR signaling. TRIM28 promotes PCa cell proliferation in vitro and xenograft tumor growth in vivo. Importantly, TRIM28 is upregulated in aggressive PCa and associated with elevated levels of TRIM24 and worse clinical outcome. TRIM24 and AR coactivated gene signature of SPOP-mutant PCa is similarly activated in human PCa with high TRIM28 expression. Taken together, this study provides a novel mechanism to broad TRIM24 protein stabilization and establishes TRIM28 as a promising therapeutic target.
Copper and other heavy metals in grapes: a pilot study tracing influential factors and evaluating potential risks in China
Authors: Li Xiaomin , Dong Shujun , Su Xiaoou 
Published: November 2018

AbstractIn this study, grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) were systematically sampled across the main grape-producing areas in a nationwide survey of China. Grapes from special regions, such as heavy metal polluted areas (e-waste dismantling area) and pesticide free areas (courtyard) were also collected to make a comparison. Grape skins and pulps were separated to evaluate influence of accumulation behavior, environmental transport and water cleaning efficiency to heavy metals. Levels of copper in grape skins (5.02 ± 3.18 μg/g) were higher than in pulps (3.74 ± 1.48 μg/g). Only high level of copper in two grape skins (sampled from an e-waste dismantling area) showed obvious decrease during water clean-up procedure, indicating the influence of air deposition. Statistical analysis showed no significant difference in the copper levels of grapes from markets, courtyards and e-waste dismantling areas. Concentrations and sources of chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and arsenic (As) were also analyzed. Higher levels of these heavy metals were observed in grape skins than pulps. Finally, we evaluated the risk of ingesting heavy metal through grapes using the estimated daily intake (EDI). No health risk was found by consuming grapes according to the data from this study.
β-diversity decreases with increasing trophic rank in plant – arthropod food chains on lake islands
Authors: Zalewski Marcin , Hajdamowicz Izabela , Stańska Marzena , Dudek-Godeau Dorota , Tykarski Piotr , Sienkiewicz Paweł , Ciurzycki Wojciech , Ulrich Werner 
Published: November 2018

AbstractContrasting trophic theories of island biogeography try to link spatial patterns in species distribution and richness with dietary preferences, arguing that the spatial turnover of species among habitat patches changes with trophic rank causing a systematic change in the proportion of plants, herbivores, and predators across habitats of different size. Here we test these predictions using quantitative surveys of plants, spiders, and herbivores as well as of omnivorous and predatory ground beetles on undisturbed Polish lake islands. We found decreased proportions of predators and habitat generalists on larger islands. Environmental niches and niche overlap were highest in predators. Variability in environmental niche width among species increased at higher trophic levels. Our results confirm models that predict a decrease in spatial species turnover (β-diversity) with increasing trophic level. We speculate that the major trigger for these differences is a reduced dispersal ability in plants at basal trophic ranks when compared to higher trophic levels.
Partitioning beta diversity in a tropical karst seasonal rainforest in Southern China
Authors: Guo Yili , Xiang Wusheng , Wang Bin , Li Dongxing , Mallik Azim U. , Chen Han Y. H. , Huang Fuzhao , Ding Tao , Wen Shujun , Lu Shuhua , Li Xiankun 
Published: November 2018

AbstractBoth deterministic and stochastic processes have been linked to forest community assembly; however, their contribution to beta diversity has not been properly explored, and no studies to date have investigated their impacts on sparse depleted soils in forests that contain widespread exposed limestone karst. We found that the pairwise differences in species composition between quadrates was determined by a balanced variation in abundance, whereby the individuals of some species at one site were substituted by an equivalent number of individuals of different species at another site. Both the total beta diversity and its balanced variation in abundance declined with increasing sampling grain size. Our research indicated that environmental differences exert a strong influence on beta diversity, particularly total beta diversity and its balanced abundance variation in larger grain sizes. It was evident that deterministic and stochastic processes worked together, and that deterministic processes were more important than stochastic processes in the regulation of beta diversity in this heterogeneous tropical karst seasonal rainforest of Southern China. However, in future research a functional trait based approach will be required to tease out the relative degree of deterministic and stochastic processes toward an assessment of the temporal changes in species composition.