bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Desafios Contemporâneos da Teoria Crítica: As novas (bio)tecnologias e o remodelamento da base material da sociedade
Authors: Rotondaro Tatiana Gomes 
Published: December 2018

Somos diariamente submetidos à informações, veiculadas pela mídia e por periódicos especializados, que reforçam a ideia de que os nossos genes são responsáveis pelas nossas ações e comportamentos. Mas se a compreensão dos condicionantes da ação humana é um dos principais problemas sociológicos, torna-se pertinente indagarmos por que essa tese determinista possui tanto apelo na opinião pública. U melhor dizendo, por que as ciências sociais, ao menos aparentemente, têm publicamente perdido a sua autoridade acadêmica para explicar os condicionantes da ação humana para biólogos e psicólogos evolucionistas, que se apoiam em explicações genéticas altamente deterministas? Trabalhando nos marcos da Teoria Crítica, e olhando para essa questão a partir das (bio)tecnologias, argumentarei que essas novas tecnologias são atores privilegiados de uma transformação orgânico-material histórica, e que parte da fragilidade sociológica em lidar com esta especificidade se deve ao próprio desdobramento epistemológico apresentado pela disciplina nas últimas décadas.
The Outcome Effect and Professional Skepticism
Authors: Brazel Joseph F. 
Published: December 2018

SUMMARY
Despite the importance placed on professional skepticism by the accounting profession and regulators, the failure of auditors to exercise an appropriate level of skepticism continues to be a global issue. This article summarizes a recent study by Brazel, Jackson, Schaefer, and Stewart (2016) that examines a potential barrier to skepticism: that outcome knowledge biases supervisors' evaluations of skeptical behavior. Holding a staff member's skeptical judgments and acts constant, Brazel et al. (2016) find that superiors on engagement teams evaluate the staff's skeptical behavior based on whether the staff's investigation of an issue ultimately identifies a misstatement. The evidence suggests that evaluators penalize auditors who employ an appropriate level of skepticism, but do not identify a misstatement. Collectively, Brazel et al. (2016) depict an evaluation system that may inadvertently discourage skepticism amongst auditors in the field.
Organizational and infrastructural solutions in creating competitive advantage of sustainable urban transport – Gdańsk case study
Authors: Chaberek-Karwacka Grażyna 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The paper presents conclusions of the survey conducted in Gdańsk in October 2017. The study aimed to compare travel times between the largest residential districts in Gdańsk and the area of the business-academic center. The research was aimed at showing time losses on the commuting trips and their organizational and infrastructural causes, which lead to the extension of the actual travel time. Based on the identified time losses and their causes, recommendations regarding further organizational and investment work were presented to improve the competitiveness of public urban transport and bicycles in relation to the cars.
The Association Between Changes in Weekly Running Distance and Running–Related Injury: Preparing for a Half Marathon
Authors: Damsted Camma , Parner Erik Thorlund , Sørensen Henrik , Malisoux Laurent , Hulme Adam , Nielsen Rasmus Østergaard 
Published: December 2018

Background Sudden changes in training load may play a key role in the development of running-related injury (RRI). Because the injury mechanism depends on the runner's musculoskeletal load capacity, the running schedule followed prior to sudden change in training load may influence the amount of change that a runner can tolerate before the runner is at a higher risk of RRI. Objectives To investigate the association between change in weekly running distance and RRI, and to examine whether the association may be modified by the running schedule the runner follows. Methods Two hundred sixty-one healthy (noninjured) runners were included in this prospective cohort study over a period of 14 weeks. Data on running activity were collected daily and objectively, using a global positioning system watch or smartphone. Instances of RRIs were collected using weekly e-mailed questionnaires. Primary exposure was defined as changes in weekly running distance. Data were analyzed with time-to-event models that produced cumulative risk difference as the measure of association. Results A total of 56 participants (21.5%) sustained an RRI during the 14-week study period. Twenty-one days into the study period, significantly more runners were injured when they increased their weekly running distance by 20% to 60% compared with those who increased their distance by less than 20% (risk difference, 22.6%; 95% confidence interval: 0.9%, 44.3%; P = .041). No significant difference was found after 56 and 98 days. No significant effect-measure modification by running schedule was found. Conclusion Significantly more runners were injured 21 days into the study period when they increased their weekly running distances by 20% to 60% compared with those who increased their distances by less than 20%. Level of Evidence Prognosis, level 1b. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2019;49(4):230–238. Epub 7 Dec 2018. doi:10.2519/jospt.2019.8541
Formation of Collections of Early Printed Books in Museums and Libraries: What Does “Acquisition Data” Say?
Authors: Bogdanov Vladimir P. 
Published: December 2018

The article is devoted to the history of acquisition of the municipal and state repositories with early printed Cyrillic monuments in the 19th — 21st centuries. The aim of the research is to show the process of acquisition of the collections of state museums, archives and libraries of Russia. The author uses descriptions of the books from the catalogues published with the participation or under the guidance of experts in archaeography of the Moscow State University (MSU) named after M.V. Lomonosov. They cover the collections of the MSU Scientific Library, as well as the collections of museums, archives and libraries of Tver, Yaroslavl and Perm Regions, as well as the State Historical, Architectural and Ethnographic Museum-Reserve “Kizhi”.As a total there are involved 3953 descriptions containing information about the date and source of acquisition of the books to the repositories. The author concluded that archaeographic expeditions made a great contribution to the replenishment of the collections of the early printed Cyrillic monuments (860 books), but this contribution was not decisive. The most part of the unique monuments got into repositories as private donations or were purchased in old book shops, or during the expropriation of Church valuables. Only in the 1920s there were obtained 1068 books from the Church libraries.Significant event in the life of repositories in the twentieth century was more or less permanent redistribution of stocks between the major collections. The most part of the early printed Cyrillic books (almost half of them already introduced into scientific discourse), preserved now in the Scientific Library of the Moscow State University, was obtained not in the course of expeditionary work, but as a result of transfer of the books from the V.I. Lenin State Library of the USSR, the State Public Historical Library of Russia, the State Historical Museum and the Moscow Kremlin Museums.
PENGARUH KARAKTERISTIK INDIVIDU, KARAKTERISTIK PEKERJAAN, LINGKUNGAN KERJA TERHADAP STRES KERJA KARYAWAN ADMINISTARSI UMUM RUMAH SAKIT UMUM DAERAH PROVINSI NTB
Authors: Sulaimiah Sulaimiah , Nururly Santi , Suprayetno Joko , Nasir Mahyuddin 
Published: December 2018

AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan mengethuai hubungan signifikan karakteristikindividu,karakteritik pekerjaan, lingkungan kerja baik secara simultan maupun secra parsial serta pengaruh dominan.Penelitian ini berlokasi di rumah sakit umum provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat bagian adminstrasi yang berjumlah 60 orang sebagai reponden , jenis penelitian yang di gunakan adalah penelitian asosiatif , metode pengumpulan data dengan angket dan wawancara serta dekumentasi dengan alat analisis regresi bergaanda linier dengan uji f dan uji t.Hasil penelitian yang di dapatkan pengaruh significantkarakteristiindividu, karakteristik pekerjaan,lingkungan kerja berpengaruh simultan terhadap stres kerja, sementara secara parsial karakteristik individu dan lingkungan kerja berpengaruh significan terhadap stres kerja , sementara pengaruh dominan adalah lingkungan kerja.
PERBEDAAN KARAKTERISTIK BPR KECIL DAN BPR MENENGAH DI NUSA TENGGARA BARAT
Authors: Ardana Putra I Nyoman Nugraha , Buana Sakti Dwi Putra , Mandra I Gede , Bisma I Dewa Gede , Oktaryani GA Sri 
Published: December 2018

ABSTRAKMotivasi untuk dilakukan penelitian ini berawal dari adanya fenomena menunjukkan bahwa belum adanya aturan yang mengklasifikasikan BPR Kecil dan BPR Menengah seperti halnya pada UMKM dan Peraturan OJK yang baru. Penelitian ini bertujuan menggolongkan BPR dalam kategori kecil dan menengah. Penelitian dilakukan pada BPR di Propinsi NTB yang menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dan jenis penelitian komparatif dalam upaya membedakankarakteristik ukuran BPR. Data yang digunakan adalah data sekunder yang berasal dari laporan keuangan BPR dan publikasi lainnya baik dari pihak BPR maupun Bank Indonesia. Teknik analisis data dengan analisis kluster menggunakan program SPSS untuk mengklasifikasikan BPR yang ada. Hasil Menunjukkan bahwa dari keseluruhan BPR di NTB yaitu 29 buah BPR, ada 23 buah tergolong dalam BPR Kecil dan 6 buah masuk dalam kategori BPR Menengah. Selain itu ada perbedaan antara BPR Kecil Menengah. Kata Kunci: BPR Kecil, BPR Menengah, dan Aset
Analisis Perbandingan Profil Pengrajin di Tiga Sentra Kerajinan Tenun Songket Palembang
Authors: Irmeilyana Irmeilyana , Desiani Anita 
Published: December 2018

Abstrak—Paper ini membahas profil dan karakter kerja pengrajin songket di 3 kecamatan yang ada di Kabupaten Ogan Ilir. Perbandingan profil pengrajin didasarkan pada histogram dari kategori variabel profil. Gambaran grafis dari matriks data pengrajin dari setiap kecamatan direpresentasikan dalam bentuk biplot. Distribusi umur pengrajin pada ketiga kecamatan hampir sama. Tingkat pendidikan pengrajin mayoritas tingkat SD. Jika ditinjau dari produktivitas berdasarkan waktu dan jumlah kain yang dihasilkan, maka pengrajin Tanjung Batu mempunyai produktivitas yang lebih tinggi. Sedangkan produktivitas ditinjau dari segi pendapatan, maka pengrajin Pemulutan Barat mempunyai produktivitas yang lebih tinggi. Masa kerja yang berkorelasi tinggi dengan umur dapat dikarenakan profesi penenun dilakukan sejak usia masih belia. Masa kerja, umur, pendidikan, dan budaya kerja pengrajin di setiap kecamatan cenderung tidak berkorelasi terhadap pendapatan dan produktivitas.Kata kunci—pengrajin songket, produktivitas, biplot, perbandingan profil, profil pengrajin. Abstract— This paper discusses the profile and work character of songket weavers in 3 districts in Kabupaten Ogan Ilir. Comparison of weavers profile is based on histogram of the profile variable cathegories. Graphics description of weavers’ data matrices on each districts were representated by biplot. The education level of the majority of weavers is elementary school. If productivity that is based on time and the amount of fabric produced is reviewed, the Tanjung Batu weavers have higher productivity. Whereas productivity is viewed in terms of income, the Pemulutan Barat weavers have higher productivity. Period of work, age, education, and work culture of weavers in each district tend not to correlate with income and productivity.Keywords— Songket weavers, productivity, biplot, profile comparison, weavers profile.
Polymer Science for Engineers
Authors: Clements Linda L. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This article outlines the fundamentals of polymer science and emphasizes the aspects that are necessary and useful to applications of engineering plastics. The basic structure of polymers influences the properties of both polymers and the plastics made from them. An understanding of this basic structure permits the engineers to understand which polymers may be acceptable for a certain application, and which may not. There are various possible classification schemes for polymers. Typical classification categories include polymerization process, chemical elements that make up the monomer, or crystalline versus noncrystalline structure. The article describes the various aspects of chemical structure that are important to an understanding of polymer properties and, thus, affect eventual end uses. It discusses different types of names assigned to polymers. The article details the aspects of polymer structure and examines the properties of polymers and the way they are altered by structure.
Recycling of Plastics
Authors: Walling Ronald L. , Ehrig Ray 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This article discusses postconsumer plastics recyclate quantities, the classification of plastics recycling into primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary categories, and how the life cycle of plastics is affected by recycling. The recycling processes of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), which accounts for the largest percentage of plastic recycling, high-density polyethylene (HDPE) plastics, the other large-volume plastic recyclate, as well as vinyl resins and polycarbonate resins are described. The life cycle of plastics has four phases: poly formation, part fabrication, product service, and disposal. Landfilling is still the primary method of final disposal, and incineration is another option, but recycling has become a viable alternative. The article presents a comparison between secondary and tertiary recycling.
Friction and Wear Testing of Polymers
Authors: Tuszynski Rebecca 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Tribology is the science and technology of interacting surfaces in relative motion or, the study of friction, wear, and lubrication. This article focuses on friction and wear processes that aid in the evaluation and selection of materials, for polymers and some composites used in friction and wear applications. It provides information on friction, types of wear, and lubrication. The article includes a brief description of the friction and wear test methods, laboratory-scale friction, and wear testing, usually performed either to rank the performance of candidate materials for an application or to investigate a particular wear process. It describes the wear tests conducted with/without abrasives and explains the concept of PV limit (where P is contact pressure and V is velocity). The article concludes with references and tables of friction and wear test data for polymeric materials.
Crystal Structure of Metallic Elements
Authors: Baker Hugh 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Crystal structure is the arrangement of atoms or molecules in the solid state that involves consideration of defects, or abnormalities, in idealized atomic/molecular arrangements. The three-dimensional aggregation of unit cells in the crystal forms a space lattice or Bravais lattice. This article provides a brief review of the terms and basic concepts associated with crystal structures. It also discusses some of the significant defects obstructing plastic flow in real crystals, namely point defects, line defects, stacking faults, twins, and cold work. Several tables in the article provide information on the crystal structures and lattice parameters of allotropes of metallic elements.
Properties of Metals
Authors: Baker Hugh 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Material properties are the link between the basic structure and composition of the material and the service performance of a part or component. This article describes the most significant properties that must be considered when choosing a metal for a given application, namely physical properties (mass characteristics and thermal, electrical, magnetic, radiation, and optical properties), chemical properties (corrosion and oxidation resistance) and mechanical properties (tensile and yield strength, elongation, toughness, hardness, creep, and fatigue). The article also contains tables that list room-temperature physical properties, vapor pressures, and mechanical properties for various metals.
Structure/Property Relationships in Irons and Steels
Authors: Bramfitt Bruce L. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The properties of irons and steels are linked to the chemical composition, processing path, and resulting microstructure of the material. For a particular iron and steel composition, most properties depend on microstructure. Processing is a means to develop and control microstructure, for example, hot rolling, quenching, and so forth. This article describes the role of these factors in both theoretical and practical terms, with particular focus on the role of microstructure. It lists the mechanical properties of selected steels in various heat-treated or cold-worked conditions. In steels and cast irons, the microstructural constituents have the names ferrite, pearlite, bainite, martensite, cementite, and austenite. The article presents four examples that have very different microstructures: the structural steel has a ferrite plus pearlite microstructure; the rail steel has a fully pearlitic microstructure; the machine housing has a ferrite plus pearlite matrix with graphite flakes; and the jaw crusher microstructure contains martensite and cementite.
Corrosion Resistance of Titanium and Titanium Alloys
Authors: Boyer Rodney R. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This article discusses corrosion resistance of titanium and titanium alloys to different types of corrosion, including galvanic corrosion, crevice corrosion, stress-corrosion cracking (SCC), erosion-corrosion, cavitation, hot salt corrosion, accelerated crack propagation, and solid and liquid metal embrittlement. A short section discusses the addition of alloys that can improve the corrosion resistance of titanium.
Properties, Compositions, and Applications of Selected Titanium Alloys
Authors: Boyer Rodney R. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This article is a comprehensive collection of properties, compositions, and applications of standard grades of titanium and selected titanium alloys. It provides data regarding the common names, Unified Number System numbers, composition limits, typical uses with service temperatures, precautions in use, and general corrosion behavior of each. The applications of titanium alloys include aerospace, gas turbine engines and prostheses. Further, the article graphically presents a comparative study of fatigue, creep and tensile properties of various titanium alloys.
Powder Metallurgy
Authors: Klar Erhard 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This article focuses on the significant fundamental powder characteristics, which include particle size, particle size distribution, particle shape, and powder purity, followed by an overview of general and individual powder production processes such as mechanical, chemical, electrochemical, atomizing, oxide reduction, and thermal decomposition processes. It also covers the consolidation of powders by pressing and sintering, as well as by high density methods. Further emphasis is provided on the distinguishing features of powders, their manufacturing processes, compacting processes, and consolidated part properties. In addition, a glossary of powder metallurgy terms is included.
Steel Springs
Authors: Godfrey Loren 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Steel springs are made in many types, shapes, and sizes, ranging from delicate hairsprings for instrument meters to massive buffer springs for railroad equipment. The primary focus of this article is small steel springs that are cold wound from wire. Wire springs are of four types: compression springs (including die springs), extension springs, torsion springs, and wire forms. Chemical composition, mechanical properties, surface quality, availability, and cost are the principal factors to be considered in selecting steel for springs. Both carbon and alloy steels are used extensively. The three types of wire used in the greatest number of applications of cold formed springs are hard-drawn spring wire, oil tempered wire and music wire. Residual stresses can increase or decrease the strength of a spring material, depending on their direction. Steel springs are often electroplated with zinc or cadmium to protect them from corrosion and abrasion. Although some hot-wound springs are made of steels that are also used for cold-wound springs, hot-wound springs are usually much larger, which results in significant metallurgical differences. All spring design is based on Hooke’s law; charts and formulas are available to aid in the design of springs.
Properties of Magnesium Alloys
Authors: Housh Susan , Mikucki Barry , Stevenson Archie 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This article is a compilation of property data for standard grades of wrought magnesium and cast magnesium alloys. Data are provided for mechanical, physical, thermal, and electrical properties. Valuable information is provided regarding the applications, chemical compositions, relevant specifications, fabrication characteristics and mass characteristics of each alloy.
Induction Surface Hardening of Steels
Authors: Rudnev Valery , Dossett Jon 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThis article commences with a description of the principles of induction heating followed by a discussion on the high temperature electrical, magnetic, and thermal properties of steel, which influence the performance of induction heaters. The importance of eddy current distribution in a workpiece is explained, with emphasis on the skin effect. The article discusses typical procedures for induction hardening of steel, namely, austenitizing and quenching to form martensite either on the surface (case hardening) or through the entire section (through hardening). It briefly describes induction heating parameters for surface hardening, through hardening, tempering, and some general heating operations in metalworking.
Carbonitriding of Steels
Authors: Dossett Jon 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Carbonitriding is a modified form of carburizing that involves the introduction and diffusion of atomic nitrogen into the surface steel during carburization. This article discusses the composition, depth, and hardenability of a carburized case, and demonstrates how to control atmosphere in batch and continuous furnaces. It discusses the most important considerations in the selection of carbonitriding temperature. The article also describes the processing factors for minimizing retained austenite in the carbonitrided case. Hardness testing and carbonitriding of powder metallurgy parts, quenching and tempering of carbonitrided steel parts, and applications of carbonitriding are also covered in the article.
Quench Process Sensors
Authors: Totten G.E. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Quenching severity is agitation-dependent and therefore, magnitude and turbulence of fluid flow around a part in the quench zone are critically important relative to the uniformity of heat transfer throughout the quenching process. This article provides an overview of the measurement principles for different types of flow devices used in production quench tanks, namely, vane sensors, fluid-quench sensors, caterpillar quench-evaluation sensors, and thermal probes. Various methods of flow measurement in commercial quench tanks may be acceptable for adequate control to ensure a high-quality production process.