bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Colonic delivery of nutrients for management of blood glucose in type 2 diabetes patients
Authors: Szewczyk Jerzy , Giannone JoAnn , Marcuard Stefano , Kindel Tammy , Tso Patrick , Nolan Roger 
Published: August 2018

Background: It is now widely accepted that bariatric surgeries such as Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and sleeve gastrectomy (SG) resolve or improve type 2 diabetes mellitus. Post-prandial glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) increases after both RYGB and SG and blockade of the GLP-1 receptor suppresses the hypoglycemic effect post-operatively. Expedited delivery of nutrients, such as L-glutamine and butyrate, to the distal small intestine and colon, where most GLP-1–secreting enteroendocrine L-cells are expressed, could explain this increase post-surgery. Pharmacological treatments that target nutrient-sensing receptors on L-cells may mimic the effects of bariatric surgeries and may ameliorate deficiencies in gut hormone responses involved in the regulation of glucose and satiety. In this study we investigated the effects of the colonic delivery of L-glutamine and butyrate on GLP-1 secretion and glucose homeostasis in both a pre-clinical rodent model and clinical type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Results: Infusion of 4.4 mg of sodium butyrate, compared to saline, into the colon of Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats increased GLP-1 secretion in response to an intra-duodenal glucose challenge. In a chronic study, oral dosing of 40 mg of sodium butyrate twice a day, formulated as colon-targeted sustained-release tablets, preserved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in ZDF rats. In ten T2DM patients requiring oral anti-hyperglymic agents, infusion of 1 g of L‑glutamine into the colon, compared to saline, increased plasma GLP-1 (p=0.017 at 30 min) and insulin (p<0.01 at 90 min; p=0.001 at 120 min; AUC p<0.005) after an oral glucose challenge. Similar infusion with butyrate significantly increased only insulin secretion at 120 min, compared to saline (p<0.05). Neither agent had an effect on glucose disposal.Conclusions: Targeted colonic delivery of L-glutamine and butyrate augments secretion of meal-stimulated GLP-1 and insulin. Such an approach may be valuable for the management of hyperglycemia in T2DM patients. A chronic clinical study with colon-targeted sustained-release L-glutamine is required to validate this hypothesis.Key words: Diabetes, nutrients, gut hormones, GLP-1, secretagogues, glucose management.
Double-blind, parallel group, placebo-controlled study of Kjellmaniella crassifolia Miyabe (Gagome) in human: The potential of Gagome to activate the immune system
Authors: Nishihira Jun , Nishimura Mie , Sugawara Miwako , Kudo Masafumi 
Published: August 2018

Background: Marine brown algae, Kjellmaniella crassifolia Miyabe (Gagome) is extensively harvested in Northern Japan and is known to help improve the immune system and prevent lifestyle diseases by its functional constituents, particularly the polysaccharide fucoidan. However, since most scientific findings come from animal studies, we examined its potential effectiveness in humans to raise immune functions, using small amounts of Gagome to avoid overconsumption of iodide. Methods: We set up a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial (n=30 subjects for Gagome consumption; n=30 for placebo), in which 0.8 gram/day of Gagome containing 200 mg as dietary fiber (ca. 80 mg as fucoidan) was ingested for 8 weeks. The primary end-point was natural killer (NK) cell activity while other immune-related biomarkers, such as immunoglobulins (IgM and IgA) and cytokines (IL-12 and IFN-g) were secondary end-points.Results: No adverse effects were observed during the course of the clinical trial. We found that 8-week daily Gagome intake raised NK cell activities for the group with a relatively higher baseline number of NK cells (p=0.03). We also demonstrated that Gagome intake exerted a tendency to stimulate IgA secretion. These results indicate the possibility that Gagome intake may potentiate host defense systems in human as seen in animal studies.Conclusion: In this study, we used small amounts of Gagome (0.8 g daily) as an active test sample to avoid overconsumption of iodide, and found that this amount could enhance NK cell activities, particularly in the subclass with initially higher NK cell numbers. We also found an appreciable increment of IgA. With all of these facts, it seems that Gagome intake activates immune responses that contribute to the promotion of health through stimulation of the immune system.Keywords: clinical trial, dietary fiber, fucoidan, Gagome, natural killer cells
Changes in the rate of PSA progression and the level of alkaline phosphatase during high dose vitamin C treatment of patients with prostate cancer
Authors: Mikirova Nina , Hunninghake Ronald 
Published: August 2018

Introduction: Intravenously administered vitamin C (IVC) may have anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory properties. Many studies demonstrated evidence of a good safety profile of IVC treatments and improvement of the quality of life in cancer patients. IVC has been proposed as a treatment for cancer as an adjuvant in conjunction with other therapies. To investigate high dose ascorbic acid potential in treating prostate cancer, a retrospective study was conducted using clinical data from the Riordan Clinic database (1994-2015).Methods: We collected data, when available, on the following patient characteristics at diagnosis and during the courses of IVC therapy: age, tumor stage, Gleason score, serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels, and location of metastases. In particular, PSA, ALP, and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels are analyzed in prostate cancer patients given IVC therapy during several years. Results: We found that PSA, CRP, and ALP correlate with tumor staging as measured by Gleason scores. Moreover, peak plasma ascorbate levels attained during the patients first IVC infusions are reduced in patients with elevated PSA and CRP levels. Tracking the changes in PSA and ALP with time in patients for whom data are available indicates that the rate of increase in these variables over time can be reduced by incorporating IVC therapy and by increasing the frequency of IVC treatments.Conclusion: There appeared to be a relation between the frequency of IVC treatments and the rate of PSA change, with PSA rate of growth decreasing as the frequency of IVC increases. Further research into the use of IVC in prostate cancer patients is warranted.Key words: High dose vitamin C, prostate cancer, prostate specific antigen, alkaline phosphatase, C-reactive protein.
Evaluation of the effect of N-acetyl-glucosamine administration on biomarkers for cartilage metabolism in healthy individuals: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical study
Authors: Tomonaga Akihito , Fukagawa Mitsuhiko , Suzuki Asahi , Kurokawa Mihoko , Nagaoka Isao 
Published: August 2018

Background: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical study was conducted to evaluate the chondroprotective action of N-acetyl-glucosamine (GlcNAc) supplement on healthy individuals without arthritis.Methods: Healthy subjects (n=120, 54.3 ± 8.1 years (mean ± SD)) without arthritis were randomly assigned to receive 500 mg GlcNAc (n=60, GlcNAc group) or a placebo (n=60, placebo group) once a day for 16 weeks, and cartilage metabolism was evaluated by analyzing type II collagen degradation (C2C) and type II collagen synthesis (PIICP) markers, and the ratio of type II collagen degradation to type II collagen synthesis (C2C/PIICP).Results: Among 120 eligible subjects, 114 subjects completed the study. First, all the subjects with a body mass index of ≥25 kg/m2 and Kellgren and Lawrence grade of ≥1 were analyzed. However, the changes in the C2C and PIICP levels and the C2C/PIICP ratios from the baseline were not significantly different between the placebo and GlcNAc groups during 16 weeks and 8 weeks after the intervention. Next, to make the effect of GlcNAc even clearer, the subjects with body mass index of <25 kg/m2 and Kellgren and Lawrence grade of 0 were analyzed. The changes in the C2C levels from the baseline were significantly decreased in the GlcNAc group compared with the placebo group at 8 and 12 weeks during the intervention. In contrast, the changes in the PIICP levels from the baseline levels were almost constant during and after the intervention in both groups. Based on these findings, the changes in the C2C/CIICP ratios from the baseline slightly decreased in the GlcNAc group compared to the placebo group at 8 and 12 weeks during the intervention. Furthermore, no test supplement-related adverse events were observed during and after the intervention.Conclusions: These observations suggest that oral administration of GlcNAc at a dose of 500 mg/day exerts a chondroprotective effect in subjects without arthritis. This effect was achieved by improving cartilage metabolism (reducing type II collagen degradation), without causing apparent adverse effects. Key words: N-acetyl-glucosamine, biomarker, cartilage metabolism, joint health, randomized clinical study
Natural product inhibitors of acetyl-lysine erasers in the prevention and treatment of heart failure
Authors: Evans Levi W. , Romanick Samantha S. , Ferguson Bradley S. 
Published: August 2018

Background: Heart failure (HF) is a major public health concern, with five-year mortality rates following first admission for HF being approximately 50%, thereby stressing the need for novel therapeutic approaches. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) govern lysine acetylation of histone tails that regulates nucleosmal DNA. HDAC inhibitors have emerged as efficacious therapies in pre-clinical models of HF. Interest in diet-gene interactions has given rise to the study of ‘food bioactives’ as epigenetic regulators of gene expression that control human health and disease. These reports demonstrate that bioactive food compounds regulate epigenetic marks that link diet to gene regulation. In fact, others have also shown that bioactive compounds can target HDACs for inhibition; accordingly, bioactive food compounds offer unique opportunities for therapeutic intervention and prevention of heart failure. Lastly, there is emerging interest into how these food bioactives function together or as additives within foods ‘functional foods’ to regulate epigenetic disease. This review will highlight bioactive compound HDAC inhibitors and their role in the heart.Keywords: acetylation, bioactive compounds, dietary HDAC inhibitors, HDACs, histone deacetylases
Functional Foods in fad diets: A review
Authors: Navaro Daniela Abigail , Raz Olga , Gabriel Sharon , Shriqui Vered Kaufman , Gonen Esther , Boaz Mona 
Published: August 2018

Background: Fad diets can be defined as any diet making claims that are unrealistic and not supported by evidence-based data. Having been developed since the early 19th century, fad diets promise drastic weight loss and/or other unsubstantiated health claims, often omitting entire food groups. Their popularity with the public makes them an important topic for nutritionists and clinicians, especially in the framework of the obesity epidemic. Additionally, it is conceivable that components of fad diets can indeed facilitate weight loss, even if the diet overall is without merit. The grapefruit diet, the cabbage soup diet, and the human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) diet are among the most popular fad diets and are reviewed within this study not only in terms of the diet plan itself, but also in terms of possible and known weight loss and health benefits provided by the foods on which the diets are based. Bioflavonoids in grapefruit, including naringin, hesperidin, and bergamottin, may benefit glucose homeostasis. Cabbage contains lutein, zeaxanthin, kaempferol, quercetin, and apigenin, which have anti-inflammatory properties and improve both glucose homeostasis and fat metabolism. The hCG diet is frequently supplemented with non-hCG preparations, which often contains African mango, which has been shown to enhance weight loss by an unspecified mechanism; astragalus root, which has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma receptor agonistic properties; arginine, which stimulates lipolysis; glutamine, which has been shown to enhance weight loss, perhaps by altering the gut microbiome; carnitine, which appears to facilitate weight loss; B12, which improves insulin resistance; and niacin, which improves the dyslipidemia associated with overweight/obesity. Presently, high quality clinical trials suggest that fad diets reduce weight in the short term due to drastic caloric restriction rather than functional food properties. However, the proof of principle has been demonstrated, and clinical trials of the functional foods utilized in fad diets are much needed.Keywords: functional foods, Fad diet, weight loss, naringin, hesperidin, and bergamottin
Improvement of defecation in healthy individuals with infrequent bowel movements through the ingestion of dried Mozuku powder: a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study
Authors: Matayoshi Masaki , Teruya Junjiro , Yasumoto-Hirose Mina , Teruya Ryuji , Miura Naoki , Takeda Ryuji 
Published: August 2018

Background: Okinawa mozuku (Cladosiphon okamuranu) is a type of edible seaweed of the family Chordariaceae that typically contains the polysaccharide fucoidan as a functional ingredient. In Okinawa, raw mozuku is eaten as vinegared mozuku together with vinegar or as tempura (deep-fried in batter). Polysaccharides such as fucoidan are generally known to regulate intestinal function, which is why we have used Okinawa mozuku to investigate this intestinal regulatory effect.Methods: The study was designed as a randomized, double-blind, parallel group study. Dried Okinawa mozuku powder at a dose of 2.4 g/day (1.0 g/day of fucoidan) and a placebo not containing any dried Okinawa mozuku powder were each made into capsules and given to healthy men and women with infrequent weekly bowel movements (2–4 movements a week) to ingest for eight weeks. We then investigated changes in the defecation situation, blood tests, and adverse events. Results: In the group that ingested the capsules containing dried Okinawa mozuku powder, the number of days with a bowel movement significantly increased compared with the placebo group after four weeks of ingestion (p < 0.05). Furthermore, after eight weeks of ingestion, the same increasing trend was seen compared with the placebo group (p = 0.0964). The volume of stool also increased significantly in the dried Okinawa mozuku powder group after eight weeks compared with the placebo group. In terms of blood tests and adverse events, no adverse events occurred that were the result of the test food.Conclusions: Ingestion of Okinawa mozuku was found to have a regulatory effect on intestinal function by promoting defecation in healthy individuals with a tendency for constipation. This demonstrated that Okinawa mozuku is a functional food capable of making defecation smoother and increasing the volume of stool.Key Words: Okinawa mozuku, Cladosiphon okamuranus, fucoidan, dry powder, bowel movement, constipation
A Test of MONDian Gravity in ∼300 Pressure-supported Elliptical Galaxies from the MaNGA Survey
Authors: Durazo R. , Hernandez X. , Cervantes Sodi B. , Sanchez S. F. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Pressure-supported systems modeled under Modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND)ian extended gravity are expected to show an outer flattening in their velocity dispersion profiles. A characteristic scaling between the amplitude of the asymptotic velocity dispersion and the radius at which the flattening occurs is also expected. By comprehensively analyzing the dynamical behavior of ∼300 extremely low-rotating elliptical galaxies from the Mapping Nearby Galaxies at APO (MaNGA) survey, we show this type of pressure-supported system to be consistent with MONDian expectations, for a range of central velocity dispersion values of 60 km s−1 < σ
central < 280 km s−1 and asymptotic velocity dispersion values of

. We find that a universal velocity dispersion profile accurately describes the studied systems; the predicted kinematics of extended gravity are verified for all well-observed galaxies.
A Subarcsecond ALMA Molecular Line Imaging Survey of the Circumbinary, Protoplanetary Disk Orbiting V4046 Sgr
Authors: Kastner Joel H. , Qi C. , Dickson-Vandervelde D. A. , Hily-Blant P. , Forveille T. , Andrews S. , Gorti U. , Öberg K. , Wilner D. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
We present a suite of Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) interferometric molecular line and continuum images that elucidate, on linear size scales of ∼30–40 au, the chemical structure of the nearby, evolved, protoplanetary disk orbiting the close binary system V4046 Sgr. The observations were undertaken in the 1.1–1.4 mm wavelength range (ALMA Bands 6 and 7) with antenna configurations involving maximum baselines of several hundred meters, yielding subarcsecond-resolution images in more than a dozen molecular species and isotopologues. Isotopologues of CO and HCN display centrally peaked morphologies of integrated emission-line intensity, whereas the line emission from complex nitrile group molecules (HC3N, CH3CN), deuterated molecules (DCN, DCO+), hydrocarbons (as traced by C2H), and potential CO ice line tracers (N2H+, and H2CO) appears as a sequence of sharp and diffuse rings. The dimensions and morphologies of HC3N and CH3CN emission are suggestive of photodesorption of organic ices from the surfaces of dust grains, while the sequence of increasing radius of peak intensity represented by DCN (smallest), DCO+, N2H+, and H2CO (largest) is qualitatively consistent with the expected decline of midplane gas temperature with increasing disk radius. Empirical modeling indicates that the sharp-edged C2H emission ring lies at relatively deep disk layers, leaving open the question of the origin of C2H abundance enhancements in evolved disks. This study of the “molecular anatomy” of V4046 Sgr should serve as motivation for additional subarcsecond ALMA molecular line imaging surveys of nearby, evolved protoplanetary disks aimed at addressing major uncertainties in protoplanetary disk physical and chemical structure and molecular production pathways.
Inside a Beehive: The Multiple Merging Processes in the Galaxy Cluster Abell 2142*
Authors: Liu 刘 Ang 昂 , Yu 余 Heng 恒 , Diaferio Antonaldo , Tozzi Paolo , Hwang Ho Seong , Umetsu Keiichi , Okabe Nobuhiro , Yang 杨里 Li-Lan 岚 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
To investigate the dynamics of the galaxy cluster A2142, we compile an extended catalog of 2239 spectroscopic redshifts of sources, including 237 newly measured redshifts, within 30 arcmin from the cluster center. With the σ-plateau algorithm from the caustic method, we identify 868 members and a number of substructures in the galaxy distribution both in the outskirts, out to ∼3.5 Mpc from the cluster center, and in the central region. In the outskirts, one substructure overlaps a falling clump of gas previously identified in the X-ray band. These substructures suggest the presence of multiple minor mergers, which are responsible for the complex dynamics of A2142, and the absence of recent or ongoing major mergers. We show that the distribution of the galaxies in the cluster core and in several substructures is consistent with the mass distribution inferred from the weak-lensing signal. Moreover, we use spatially resolved X-ray spectroscopy to measure the redshift of different regions of the intracluster medium within ∼3 arcmin from the cluster center. We find a ring of gas near the two X-ray cold fronts identified in previous analyses and measure a velocity of this ring of 810 ± 330 km s−1 larger than the cluster mean velocity. Our analysis suggests the presence of another ring surrounding the core, whose velocity is 660 ± 300 km s−1 larger than the cluster velocity. These X-ray features are not associated with any optical substructures, and support the core-sloshing scenario suggested in previous work.
Two new species of the family Nippobodidae (Acari, Oribatida), including a description of the leg-folding process
Authors: Fernandez Nestor , Theron Pieter , Leiva Sergio 
Published: August 2018

Nippobodespanemorfissp. n.andLeobodestrypasissp. n.are described by means of optical and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and compared to other congeners. The leg-folding process is described and illustrated.Nippobodespanemorfissp. n.is characterised by interlocking, double hook-shaped, posterior prodorsal condyle and anterior zone humeral apophysis; posterior prodorsal depression present. Tutorium a large lamina defining a pocket-shaped structure; bothridial opening ovoid, situated at the bottom of a U-shaped structure; deep, rounded-ovoid anterior notogastral depression present; ten pairs of notogastral setae;csetae looped, dentate, sharply tipped. Marginal setaeh3,p3on large promontories, followed by deep V-shaped incision; notogaster completely surrounded by circumgastric depression; lateral genital zone with locking structure constituted by longitudinal cuticular elevation, with promontories and a parallel furrow involved in the leg-folding process; genital plate smaller than anal plate.Leobodestrypasissp. n.is characterised by: the presence of posterior prodorsal depression and anterior notogastral depression; bridge-shaped anterior prodorsal condyles; heart-shaped frontal prodorsal orifice; ten pairs of notogastral setae; posterior prodorsal condyle and humeral condyle interlocked, forming double hook-like structure; circumgastric furrow surrounding entire notogaster; setaelp, h2, h1situated on shallow medial furrow; notogastral setaelm,lp,h1,h2medially aligned;p1, p2, p3, h3marginally situated. Legs I-IV, tutorium, pedotectum I, and pedotectum II involved in leg folding which is inferred to be a protection mechanism.
Besides and Beyond Histopathology; for Adjuvant Treatment in Early Tongue Cancer
Authors: Chakrabarti Swagnik , Ghosh Shreshtha , Qayyumi Burhanuddin N , Malik Akshat , Nair Deepa , Nair Sudhir , Chaturvedi Pankaj , Agrawal JP 
Published: August 2018

AbstractOral tongue squamous cell carcinomas differ significantly from that of other subsites of oral cavity in relation to clinical behavior. They are more aggressive and have a poorer prognosis. The treatment of choice of early (stage I and II) tongue cancers is surgery. The need for adjuvant treatment is decided on the basis of the histopathology report of the surgical specimen. High-risk patients (positive surgical margins, perineural invasion, lymphovascular spread, lymph node metastasis, and extracapsular extension) receive adjuvant treatment while others are observed. Unfortunately, in the apparently low-risk patients who are observed, there is a high rate of locoregional failure. There are certain histopathology parameters though not routinely validated may be of prognostic significance in this subset of patients. In this review, we have highlighted the importance of the routinely validated and the nonvalidated histopathology parameters and their proper assessment in the decision-making for adjuvant treatment of patients with early tongue cancers.