bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interviewer Bias in Selecting Households
Authors: Garter Roy E. , Troldahl Verling C. , Schuneman R. Smith 
Published: November 2018

The question raised in this article is: To what extent will noninterviewers be able to identify the households which interviewers themselves chose or rejected when they were assigned sex and age quotas in small block clusters? Apparently serious biases may be introduced when interviewers are briefed to use random-type methods in proceeding through an area.
A Pioneering Experiment in Assessing Advertising Effectiveness
Authors: Coffin Thomas E. 
Published: November 2018

According to this article, there are only two basic dimensions to the effectiveness of advertising: (1) size of audience, and (2) depth of impact. The advertising industry has been spending most of its research dollars in measuring the audience component, with the result that we can now measure this dimension reasonably well. Dr. Coffin believes it is now time to spend more dollars in assessing the dimension of impact—for it is this area which, for the future, promises the greatest improvement in advertising evaluation and sound media comparisons.
Marketing's Challenge to Economics
Authors: Coons Quentin L. 
Published: November 2018

Clearly recognized in the President's 1962 Economic Report to Congress is the fact that “faster economic growth in the United States requires, above all, EXPANSION OF DEMAND.” But most academic economists remain critical, ignoring or denying the contributions of creative marketing to a dynamic economy and questioning marketing's value as a progressive social force. Read what Quentin L. Coons has to say to these economists. Also see “An Economist Defends Advertising,” by John W. Lowe, pp. 16–19.
An Economist Defends Advertising
Authors: Lowe John W. 
Published: November 2018

In this article an economist presents a highly critical review of a standard economic attack on the advertising industry. He pinpoints errors in economic analysis, and shows how the advertising industry is in an excellent position for a counterattack. In this connection, see “Marketing's Challenge to Economists,” by Quentin L. Coons, pp. 11–15.
How Not to Do Consumer Research
Authors: Stock J. Stevens , Auerbach Barbara K. 
Published: November 2018

People often seek their friends' opinions about the quality of goods and services before buying. But should a collection of opinions be offered to the public as apparently scientific proof of quality? The marketing researcher assumes particular responsibility when he attempts to use public opinion as a method of evaluating products and services for the buying public. In this discussion of some of the difficulties involved in consumer research, the authors use a widely-read CONSUMER REPORTS magazine survey as an example.
Marketing in Finland
Authors: Alton A. J. 
Published: November 2018

Many readers will be surprised to learn of the timely marketing practices and institutions which characterize the small nation of Finland. Its “Americana” marketing appearance, exemplified by planned shopping centers, television advertising, and self-service stores seems incongruous with a common border with the Soviet Union. Wholesaling, retailing, and advertising are some of the areas included in this firsthand report of Finnish marketing.
What Are “Commodities of like Grade and Quality”?
Authors: Knopp Jacky 
Published: November 2018

The U. S. Supreme Court was never more correct than in saying that “precision of expression is not an outstanding characteristic of the Robinson-Patman Act.” This article shows the varied interpretations given by the FTC to one section of the Act, dealing with “commodities of like grade and quality.” The author also shows how the phrase “like grade and quality” may be given sharper and less ambiguous meaning.
The Use of ROI in Sales Management
Authors: Schiff Michael 
Published: November 2018

The shift in emphasis from sales volume to profitability as a measure of field sales management marked a real forward step in marketing management. One further step is necessary. The measure of effectiveness of business management should be return on investment (ROI), and not merely sales volume produced or profits as a percentage of sales. The field sales manager should be evaluated on the return on investment he produces in his segment of the business. The author believes that attention to ROI will not only result in harmonizing the objectives of the field sales organization with the over-all objective of the company, but will also equip field sales management with an effective businessman's tool for decision making.
Fringe Benefits or Salary?
Authors: Greene Mark R. 
Published: November 2018

Is management wasting a large portion of its payroll in unnecessary payments? Is it time to evaluate incentive systems for salaried employees in broader terms than cash payments alone? A first step is to find out how important “fringe benefits” or nonsalary compensation plans are in the minds of employees. The author reports on a study carried out to answer this and related questions.
Marketing's Little-Known Microscope
Authors: Murray Bruce W. 
Published: November 2018

Vast quantities of marketing information are gathered and tabulated every 10 years in the United States Census, but only a small fraction of these data are used by the average marketer. Detailed to the point of being almost microscopic and supremely useful when properly employed, the census-tract tabulations have not been popularly used in the past. The author explains how census-tract tabulations can be put to work, and gives details on the application of this highly sophisticated tool to several forms of marketing.
How Advertising Became Respectable
Authors: Ramond Charles K. 
Published: November 2018

Dr. Charles K. Ramond suggests that sooner or later most companies will measure the return on their advertising as readily as they do the return on their other capital investments. And he also predicts that knowledge of the profitability of advertising will gradually inhibit tasteless advertising, thereby muting the public criticism some advertising men feel so keenly. Here is a “history” of the next 35 years of U.S. advertising.
Latest Developments in Automatic Retailing in Europe
Authors: Molinari Gianfranco 
Published: November 2018

Will automatic selling grow to dominate certain fields of retailing? For many years European retailers have set up coin-operated machines in front of their stores, offering goods after closing hours and on holidays. Recently some have been experimenting with completely automatic retailing. This article describes the latest developments in this growing trend, stressing the important role played by technical, marketing, and psychological factors.
EQ, Son of EQ, and the Reaction Profile
Authors: Wells William D. 
Published: November 2018

Are consumers' ratings of advertisements definitive enough to yield valid information about effectiveness? Or do such ratings register consumers' likes and dislikes, and nothing more? The author conducted a series of experiments on advertisement rating scales. He concludes that consumers' ratings can order advertisements along at least two, and perhaps three, different and important dimensions. He further indicates that results obtained from rating scales have a useful relationship to the results obtained from another well-known advertising-testing method, that of aided recall.
Trading Stamps in Japan—Boom in the Making?
Authors: Alton A. J. , Totten George O. 
Published: November 2018

As excitement concerning trading stamps diminishes in the United States, and controversy abounds in Great Britain's venture, a stamp boom is taking place in Japan. The rapid development of trading stamps in Japan is analyzed in this article by a marketing specialist who has been a student of the trading-stamp industry in the United States for a number of years, and by a specialist in Japanese political and economic life.
Increasing the Power of Research to Guide Advertising Decisions
Authors: Belson William A. 
Published: November 2018

Mass media research must provide decision makers with the most relevant information available, and must provide it accurately. It does not always do so. This article features the intensive interview, extended piloting and the intensive backtracking interview as techniques for assessing the relevance and the accuracy of media, measures currently in use and for developing more efficient alternatives where this is necessary.
The Carry-over Effect of Advertising
Authors: Tull Donald S. 
Published: November 2018

Most advertisers believe there is a carry-over effect of advertising. What evidence is available, and what does it indicate about the relationships of sales to advertising? The author of this article presents a case study, and examines other evidence bearing on this question. He also constructs models involving repeat purchasing and impression cumulation as underlying reasons for a carry-over effect.
How Should Advertising and Sales Promotion Funds be Allocated?
Authors: Fulmer Robert M. 
Published: November 2018

Should plans for a product's promotional push emphasize the potential of poorly developed sales districts? Or, should allocations for advertising and sales promotion stress the receptive environment provided by the brand's best markets? These questions have been frequently discussed around the corporate conference table. This article asserts that the purpose of promotional spending should vary according to a brand's strength in a particular geographic area. In strong sales areas, the significance of the brand's own franchise should be considered. Consequently, the primary purpose of spending in those areas is to sustain the franchise already developed. In weaker districts, “developmental dollars” are necessary to build a brand's franchise to a level where it will begin to generate spontaneous trade support and the marginal return on dollars invested will be higher.
Marketing Education and Marketing Personnel as Research Areas
Authors: Smith Wendell R. , Cooke Blaine 
Published: November 2018

In the second of the reports developed by the American Marketing Association task force on research on basic marketing problems, Smith and Cooke ask for research to guide marketing educators in relating education to job performance as well as evaluating curricula and teaching methods. They also point out that there is need to study the best means of identifying, attracting, and stimulating marketing people. Banks' commentary raises the question of education in marketing vs. education for marketing. He also seconds suggestions by Smith and Cooke that education in marketing may well be an efficient vehicle for understanding contemporary society.
Technological Innovation and Marketing Management: Implications for Corporate Policy
Authors: Muse William V. , Kegerreis Robert J. 
Published: November 2018

Research and development expenditures by American industry are increasing; yet the percentage of successful new products marketed is still low and product failures common. What are some factors that explain this relationship? What can be done by management to improve the R&D payoff? The authors offer three managerial perspectives that might become an integral part of corporate policy concerning organization, executive behavior, product analysis, and planning in the important area of integrating R&D and new product development.
Some Observations on Marketing Research in Top Management Decision Making
Authors: Keane John G. 
Published: November 2018

The author's comments on the role of marketing research in top management decisions are based on his association with six companies (and continuing contact with many more) spanning manufacturing, consulting, and advertising. Some of these observations on the diverse marketing research-top management interface in decision making were presented to the Chicago Chapter of the American Marketing Association. The Chapter conferred a Merit Award on the earlier presentation during its 1968 competition for papers advancing the science of marketing.
Can Cognitive Dissonance Theory Explain Consumer Behavior?
Authors: Oshikawa Sadaomi 
Published: November 2018

Cognitive dissonance theory is applicable to very limited areas of consumer behavior according to the author. Published findings in support of the theory are equivocal; they fail to show that cognitive dissonance is the only possible cause of observed “dissonance-reducing” behavior. Experimental evidences are examined and their weaknesses pointed out by the author to justify his position. He also provides suggestions regarding the circumstances under which dissonance reduction may be useful in increasing the repurchase probability of a purchased brand.
National Income Accounting and Distributive Trade Cost
Authors: Bucklin Louis P. 
Published: November 2018

The dearth of current information on trends in distribution cost is regrettable, with social concern about marketing at new and rising heights. Because the majority of distribution costs are incurred by middlemen, the estimation of expenditures for their sector is one way of providing some insight into this issue. The author shows how national income accounting data can be employed to determine the share of value added for goods contributed by the distributive trades. This new measure shows substantial, but little noted, cyclical shifts and a surprising change in the long-term importance of wholesaling.
Graphology and Marketing Research: A Pilot Experiment in Validity and Inter-judge Reliability
Authors: Green Paul E. , Rao Vithala R. , Armani Diana E. 
Published: November 2018

Researchers have pointed out the possible utility of handwriting analysis in revealing personality traits that could be useful in various business problems such as credit screening, personnel selection, and buying behavior. The authors examine the ability of professional graphologists to predict subjects’ self-rankings of personality traits. The study indicates both low-predictive ability and low inter-judge reliabilities across the predictions that are made.
The Russian Decision Process Governing Trade
Authors: Ostlund Lyman E. , Halvorsen Kjell M. 
Published: November 2018

Trade between the U.S.S.R. and the United States may increase sharply in the next decade. Therefore, U.S. companies must understand Russian decision-making policies on trade to participate fully in the substantial trade expansion anticipated. The authors examine the formal and informal trade decision-making structure in the U.S.S.R. and offer alternative approaches to trade negotiations with the Russians.
On the use of Hidden Surface Routines in the Analysis of Marketing Data
Authors: Batsell Richard R. 
Published: November 2018

“We first survey the plot, then draw the model,” Shakespeare, King Henry IV, Part II, Act I, Sc.3 The visual presentation of a set of data facilitates its understanding and explanation. This paper describes how hidden surface routines can be used to construct two-dimensional portrayals of three-dimensional data. Data from a study on consumer preferences is used to illustrate the process.
Quality indicators for Palliative Day Services: A modified Delphi study
Authors: McCorry Noleen K , O’Connor Sean , Leemans Kathleen , Coast Joanna , Donnelly Michael , Finucane Anne , Jones Louise , Kernohan W. George , Perkins Paul , Dempster Martin 
Published: November 2018

Background: The goal of Palliative Day Services is to provide holistic care that contributes to the quality of life of people with life-threatening illness and their families. Quality indicators provide a means by which to describe, monitor and evaluate the quality of Palliative Day Services provision and act as a starting point for quality improvement. However, currently, there are no published quality indicators for Palliative Day Services. Aim: To develop and provide the first set of quality indicators that describe and evaluate the quality of Palliative Day Services. Design and setting: A modified Delphi technique was used to combine best available research evidence derived from a systematic scoping review with multidisciplinary expert appraisal of the appropriateness and feasibility of candidate indicators. The resulting indicators were compiled into ‘toolkit’ and tested in five UK Palliative Day Service settings. Results: A panel of experts independently reviewed evidence summaries for 182 candidate indicators and provided ratings on appropriateness, followed by a panel discussion and further independent ratings of appropriateness, feasibility and necessity. This exercise resulted in the identification of 30 indicators which were used in practice testing. The final indicator set comprised 7 structural indicators, 21 process indicators and 2 outcome indicators. Conclusion: The indicators fulfil a previously unmet need among Palliative Day Service providers by delivering an appropriate and feasible means to assess, review, and communicate the quality of care, and to identify areas for quality improvement.
Metabolomics predicts the pharmacological profile of new psychoactive substances
Authors: Olesti Eulàlia , De Toma Ilario , Ramaekers Johannes G , Brunt Tibor M , Carbó Marcel·lí , Fernández-Avilés Cristina , Robledo Patricia , Farré Magí , Dierssen Mara , Pozo Óscar J , de la Torre Rafael 
Published: November 2018

Background: The unprecedented proliferation of new psychoactive substances (NPS) threatens public health and challenges drug policy. Information on NPS pharmacology and toxicity is, in most cases, unavailable or very limited and, given the large number of new compounds released on the market each year, their timely evaluation by current standards is certainly challenging. Aims: We present here a metabolomics-targeted approach to predict the pharmacological profile of NPS. Methods: We have created a machine learning algorithm employing the quantification of monoamine neurotransmitters and steroid hormones in rats to predict the similarity of new drugs to classical ones of abuse (MDMA (3,4-methyl enedioxy methamphetamine), methamphetamine, cocaine, heroin and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol). Results: We have characterized each classical drug of abuse and two examples of NPS (mephedrone and JWH-018) following alterations observed in the targeted metabolome profile (monoamine neurotransmitters and steroid hormones) in different brain areas, plasma and urine at 1 h and 4 h post drug/vehicle administration. As proof of concept, our model successfully predicted the pharmacological profile of a synthetic cannabinoid (JWH-018) as a cannabinoid-like drug and synthetic cathinone (mephedrone) as a MDMA-like psychostimulant. Conclusion: Our approach allows a fast NPS pharmacological classification which will benefit both drug risk evaluation policies and public health.
The Arterial Anatomy of the Lateral Ligament Complex of the Ankle: A Cadaveric Study
Authors: Gosselin Michelle M. , Haynes Jacob A. , McCormick Jeremy J. , Johnson Jeffery E. , Klein Sandra E. 
Published: November 2018

Background: Ankle sprains are the most common musculoskeletal injury in the United States. Chronic lateral ankle instability can ultimately require operative intervention to decrease pain and restore stability to the ankle joint. There are no anatomic studies investigating the vascular supply to the lateral ankle ligamentous complex. Purpose: To define the vascular anatomy of the lateral ligament complex of the ankle. Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Methods: Thirty pairs of cadaveric specimens (60 total legs) were amputated below the knee. India ink, followed by Ward blue latex, was injected into the peroneal, anterior tibial, and posterior tibial arteries to identify the vascular supply of the lateral ligaments of the ankle. Chemical debridement was performed with 8.0% sodium hypochlorite to remove the soft tissues, leaving casts of the vascular anatomy intact. The vascular supply to the lateral ligament complex was then evaluated and recorded. Results: The vascular supply to the lateral ankle ligaments was characterized in 56 specimens: 52 (92.9%) had arterial supply with an origin from the perforating anterior branch of the peroneal artery; 51 (91.1%), from the posterior branch of the peroneal artery; 29 (51.8%), from the lateral tarsal branch of the dorsalis pedis; and 12 (21.4%), from the posterior tibial artery. The anterior branch of the peroneal artery was the dominant vascular supply in 39 specimens (69.6%). Conclusion: There are 4 separate sources of extraosseous blood supply to the lateral ligaments of the ankle. In all specimens, the anterior talofibular ligament was supplied by the anterior branch of the peroneal artery and/or the lateral tarsal artery of the dorsalis pedis, while the posterior talofibular ligament was supplied by the posterior branch of the peroneal artery and/or the posterior tibial artery. The calcaneofibular ligament received variable contributions from the anterior and posterior branches of the peroneal artery, with few specimens receiving a contribution from the lateral tarsal or posterior tibial arteries. Clinical Relevance: Understanding the vascular anatomy of the lateral ligament complex is beneficial when considering surgical management and may provide insight into factors that lead to chronic instability.
Fetal Anthropometric Features: A Postmortem Study of Fetuses After the Termination of Pregnancy for Psychosocial Reasons Between 12 and 20 Gestational Weeks
Authors: Muller Brochut Anne-Claude , Taffe Patrick , Piaget-Rossel Romain , de Leval Laurence , Rougemont Anne-Laure 
Published: November 2018

Introduction Reference ranges in fetal postmortem anthropometric data derive from heterogeneous studies and rely on data obtained after intrauterine fetal death and abortion, which may introduce bias in the reported fetal growth parameters. We report anthropometric findings in fetuses with the least variation due to cause of death or developmental anomalies. Methods We analyzed fetuses after the termination of pregnancy for psychosocial reasons. The external measurements, X-ray dimensions, and body and organ weights were recorded as well as the placenta weight. A thorough and standardized postmortem analysis allowed the design of 2 different groups. Group 1 was composed of fetuses (1) born to mothers with no relevant obstetrical history, (2) no X-ray anomaly, (3) no abnormal autopsy findings, and (4) unremarkable placenta histology. An anomaly in any of these 4 entities moved the fetuses to Group 2. For reference ranges and graph construction, a well-designed statistical methodology was applied. Results A total of 335 fetuses were analyzed during an 11-year period. Group 1 comprised 232 fetuses aged 12 to 20 gestational weeks, whereas 103 fetuses were considered in Group 2. Comparison between the 2 groups showed almost no differences. Only the Group 1 results were submitted to statistical analysis, and reference ranges and graphs were constructed. Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, we provide in this study the first anthropometric references established from almost normal fetuses, albeit for a limited fetal timeframe.