bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Knowability Relative to Information
Authors: Berto Francesco , Hawke Peter 
Published: August 2018

AbstractWe present a formal semantics for epistemic logic, capturing the notion of knowability relative to information (KRI). Like Dretske, we move from the platitude that what an agent can know depends on her (empirical) information. We treat operators of the form (‘B is knowable on the basis of information A’) as variably strict quantifiers over worlds with a topic- or aboutness-preservation constraint. Variable strictness models the non-monotonicity of knowledge acquisition while allowing knowledge to be intrinsically stable. Aboutness-preservation models the topic-sensitivity of information, allowing us to invalidate controversial forms of epistemic closure while validating less controversial ones. Thus, unlike the standard modal framework for epistemic logic, KRI accommodates plausible approaches to the Kripke-Harman dogmatism paradox which bear on non-monotonicity or on topic-sensitivity. KRI also strikes a better balance between agent idealization and a non-trivial logic of knowledge ascriptions.
Self-similar galaxy dynamics below the de Sitter scale of acceleration
Authors: van Putten Maurice H P M 
Published: August 2018

ABSTRACT
Radial accelerations α in galaxy dynamics are now observed over an extended range in redshift that includes model calculations on galactic distributions of cold dark matter (CDM) in lambda cold dark matter (ΛCDM). In a compilation of data of the Spitzer Photometry and Accurate Rotation Curves (SPARC) catalogue, the recent sample of Genzel et al. (2017) and the McMaster Unbiased Galaxy Simulations 2 (MUGS2), we report on effective self-similarity in the variable ζ = aN/adS, given by the Newtonian acceleration aN based on baryonic matter content over the de Sitter scale of acceleration adS = cH, where c is the velocity of light and H is the Hubble parameter. SPARC, MUG2, and theory satisfy ${a_\mathrm{ N}}/{\alpha } \simeq 2.1\, \zeta ^\frac{1}{2}$ asymptotically at small accelerations (ζ &lt; &lt;1). At ζ = 1, however, aN/α ≃ 0.78 in MUGS2 galaxies falls short by 6σ of aN/α ≃ 1 in SPARC galaxies in transition to Newtonian gravity (ζ &gt; &gt;1) that eluded previous studies. This gap poses a novel challenge to CDM in ΛCDM against the apparent C0 galaxy dynamics observed in SPARC. We attribute the latter to reduced inertia below the de Sitter scale of acceleration (ζ &lt; 1), based on a causality constraint imposed by the cosmological horizon ${\cal H}$.
Cost-Benefit Analysis of Transitional Care in Neurosurgery
Authors: Liu Jingyi , Gormley Natalia , Dasenbrock Hormuzdiyar H , Aglio Linda S , Smith Timothy R , Gormley William B , Robertson Faith C 
Published: August 2018

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Transitional care programs (TCPs) coordinate care to improve safety and efficiency surrounding hospital discharge. While TCPs have the potential to reduce hospital length of stay and readmissions, their financial implications are less well understood.

OBJECTIVE
To perform a cost-benefit analysis of a previously published neurosurgical TCP implemented at an urban academic hospital from 2013 to 2015.

METHODS
Patients received intensive preoperative education and framing of expectations for hospitalization, in-hospital discharge planning and medication reconciliation with a nurse educator, and a follow-up phone call postdischarge. The cost-benefit analysis involved program costs (nurse educator salary) and total direct hospital costs within the 30-d perioperative window including readmission costs.

RESULTS
The average cost of the TCP was $435 per patient. The TCP was associated with an average total cost reduction of 17.2% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 7.3%-26.7%, P = .001). This decrease was driven by a 14.3% reduction in the average initial admission cost (95% CI: 6.2%-23.7%, P = .001), largely attributable to the 16.3% decrease in length of stay (95% CI: 9.93%-23.49%, P < .001). Thirty-day readmissions were significantly decreased in the TCP group, with a 5.5% readmission rate for controls and 2.4% for TCP enrollees (P = .04). The average cost of readmission was decreased by 71.3% (95% CI: 58.7%-74.7%, P < .01).

CONCLUSION
This neurosurgical TCP was associated with decreased costs of initial admissions, 30-d readmissions, and total costs of hospitalization alongside previously published decreased length of stay and reduced 30-d readmission rates. These results underscore the clinical and financial feasibility and impact of transitional care in a surgical setting.
Correlation of commercially available quantitative MGMT (O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase) promoter methylation scores and GBM patient survival
Authors: Dovek Laura , Nguyen Nhung T , Ozer Byram H , Li Ning , Elashoff Robert M , Green Richard M , Liau Linda , Nghiemphu P Leia , Cloughesy Timothy F , Lai Albert 
Published: August 2018

Abstract

Background
Between 2011 and 2016, O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter methylation testing at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) was performed through LabCorp, using a threshold of 2 to distinguish MGMT methylated from unmethylated tumors. In this study, we sought to determine whether the magnitude of the methylation score correlated with outcome.

Methods
We identified 165 newly diagnosed glioblastoma (GBM) isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) wild-type and temozolomide-treated upfront patients at UCLA and Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles with LabCorp-derived quantitative MGMT scores obtained on pretreatment tissue samples. Using LabCorp’s threshold, we found 102 unmethylated and 63 methylated patients. We then further substratified each group based on the magnitude of the score, and performed Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses of overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS).

Results
We validated that the standard LabCorp threshold of 2 could separate our cohort by survival, showing longer OS and PFS for MGMT methylated patients vs unmethylated patients. Cox regression analysis confirmed that MGMT (<1) patients had worse outcome, with OS and PFS hazard ratios of 2.375 (P = .053) and 2.463 (P = .023), respectively, when compared to the MGMT (1-1.99) patients. Contrary to our expectation, when we substratified the ≥2 (methylated) group, we did not find a dose-dependent relationship between the magnitude of MGMT methylation and improved survival.

Conclusions
The MGMT unmethylated group contains a partially methylated group (greater than 1) that shares survival benefits similar to the methylated group. However, we did not demonstrate an association of very high methylation scores with increased survival. These findings will require validation in additional independent clinical data sets.
Single Academic Center Experience of Unrestricted β-d-Glucan Implementation
Authors: Fabre Valeria , Markou Theodore , DeMallie Kathryn , Mehta Seema , Shoham Shmuel , Tamma Pranita D , Zhang Sean , Cosgrove Sara E 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
We investigated serum β-d-glucan (BDG) testing among non-neutropenic adult inpatients at an academic center where the test is unrestricted. BDG orders were inappropriate in 49% of cases due to absence of predisposing host factors or clinical picture consistent with fungal infection. Providers’ knowledge about BDG was insufficient.
Lesbian Identity Construction
Authors: Jones Lucy 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
This chapter considers the relevance of cultural discourses to speakers’ indexing of recognizable “lesbian” identities. It begins with a discussion of the ideological discourses that lesbian women have been found to draw upon in their interactions, explaining key aspects of lesbian culture and experience. It then provides a survey of linguistic research into lesbian discourse, offering an account of the mostly Western studies conducted to date. A critical discussion of the prevalence of “butch” and “femme” identities is provided, with the inclusion of data from the author’s ethnographic fieldwork with a lesbian community of practice. The chapter demonstrates that these normative notions carry symbolic value in the construction of some lesbian identities, but also argues—through an account of studies looking at same-sex-identified women who identify with categories other than lesbian—for research that looks beyond the white, middle-class, Western women who so far dominate work in this area.
Rappalachia
Authors: Snyder Todd 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
In this chapter, I list the key players in the hick hop tradition and examine the regional pride, symbolic values, and performance of marginalized identities found in their work. The rhetorical moves employed by these artists are often misunderstood by cultural outsiders because stereotypes of the Appalachian region cloud the context from which the music is crafted. While maintaining a rhetorical tradition that borrows from yet is also distinct from the Dirty South subgenre, hick hop works to untangle a cultural thread at the intersection of authenticity, regionalism, and race in hip hop music. Appalachia, bounded by its namesake mountain range, is more of a cultural region—a state of mind, a set of living conditions, an identity configuration—than it is a geographic region. In other words, this culture is defined as much by rhetoric as by geography. As such, hick hop artists can be differentiated by the manner in which they pay homage to Appalachia’s cultural heritage, employing region-specific rhetorical traditions while simultaneously negotiating their identities in relation to connotations of ignorance and poverty—social stigmas attributed to the “Hillbilly.”
James and Evolution
Authors: Pearce Trevor 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
James was an evolutionary thinker who was critical of evolutionism; this chapter is an attempt to explain this strange state of affairs. In the first section, I will sketch James’s reaction to evolutionary ideas in the 1860s, especially those of Darwin: although he showed great interest, he stopped short of active endorsement. I will spend the bulk of the rest of the chapter detailing James’s response to the work of Herbert Spencer, seen at the time as the most important philosopher of evolution. James argued against Spencer’s evolutionism in the 1870s, but from the perspective of a broader naturalism. According to James, Spencer ignored important mental phenomena, in particular subjective interests and selective attention. Finally, I will briefly discuss how James deployed evolutionary ideas in his later writings on ethics and pragmatism. Although James opposed—often on scientific grounds—much of the philosophical work inspired by evolution, his philosophy was nevertheless built on its own evolutionary foundation.
Improving the Credibility of Educational Intervention Research
Authors: Robinson Daniel H. , Levin Joel R. , Graham Steve , Schraw Gregory , Fuchs Lynn , Vaughn Sharon R. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
This article discusses various forms of research that are contemporaneously being undertaken for either investigating or establishing the efficacy of educational interventions, along with their strengths and limitations. It first explains what “credible” educational intervention research means, taking into account the importance of causal inference in intervention research methodologies, before turning to single-case intervention designs and how they can be profitably applied in a number of educational and psychological intervention research contexts. It then describes randomization as a means to enhance the scientific credibility of single-case intervention research and how theory can make intervention research more credible. Finally, it offers recommendations for conducting, analyzing, and reporting educational intervention research, with an eye toward improving its quality and associated credibility.
AKARI and IRAS: From beam corrections to SEDs
Authors: Clements David L , Rowan-Robinson Michael , Pearson Chris , Afonso Jose , Labouteiller Vianney , Farrah Duncan , Efstathiou Andreas , Greenslade Josh , Wang Lingyu 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
There is significant scientific value to be gained from combining AKARI fluxes with data at other far-infrared (IR) wavelengths from the Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) and Herschel missions. To be able to do this we must ensure that there are no systematic differences between the data sets that need to be corrected before the fluxes are compatible with each other. One such systematic effect identified in the Bright Source Catalog version 1 (BSCv1) data is the issue of beam corrections. We determine these for the BSC version 2 (BSCv2) data by correlating ratios of appropriate IRAS and AKARI bands with the difference in 2 Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS) J-band extended and point source magnitudes for sources cross-matched between the IRAS Faint Source Catalog (FSC), AKARI BSCv2 and 2MASS catalogs. We find significant correlations (p ≪ 10 −13) indicating that beam corrections are necessary in the 65 and 90 μm bands. We then use these corrected fluxes to supplement existing data in spectral energy distribution (SED) fits for ultraluminous infrared galaxies (ULIRGs) in the Herschel ULIRG Survey (HERUS). The addition of AKARI fluxes makes little difference to the results of simple (T, β) fits to the SEDs of these sources, though there is a general decrease in reduced χ2 values. The utility of the extra AKARI data, however, is in allowing physically more realistic SED models with more parameters to be fitted to the data. We also extend our analysis of beam correction issues in the AKARI data by examining the Herschel Reference Sample (HRS) galaxies, which have Herschel photometry from 100 to 500 μm and which are more spatially extended than the HERUS ULIRGs. 34 of the HRS sources have good Herschel SEDs and matching data from AKARI. This investigation finds that our simple 2MASS-based beam correction scheme is inadequate for these larger and more complex sources. There are also indications that additional beam corrections at 140 and 160 μm are needed for these sources, extended on scales &gt;1′.
Screening Tools to Predict the Development of Chronic Low Back Pain: An Integrative Review of the Literature
Authors: Pauli Jena , Starkweather Angela , Robins Jo Lynne 
Published: August 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo identify and describe available instruments that can be used to screen patients with acute or subacute low back pain for a chronic low back pain trajectory.DesignIntegrative literature review.MethodsAn electronic search of PubMed/MEDLINE, CINAHL, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and PsychINFO databases took place from May through July of 2014 using systematic search strategies to identify screening instruments developed to identify people at risk of chronic low back pain. After screening for inclusion and exclusion criteria as well as quality indicators, the identified studies were categorized based on whether the instrument measured psychological, clinical, or functional measures to predict chronic low back pain.ResultsInitial searches identified 2,274 potential articles. After assessing for duplicates, title, and abstract content, there were 129 remaining articles. Articles were further excluded after analysis of the text, for a total of 42 studies reviewed. Most instruments reviewed were unable to provide evidence of predictive power for developing chronic low back pain.ConclusionsThis review identified numerous instruments developed to assess the likelihood of chronic low back pain in acute and subacute low back pain populations. Of the instruments reviewed, the STarT Back Screening Tool and the Örebro Musculoskeletal Pain Questionnaire demonstrated superior predictive power compared with other instruments. Both screening tools offer evidence of validation, translation into different languages and international application, and usage in various health care settings and provide data on predictive power.
Construction of a novel phagemid to produce custom DNA origami scaffolds
Authors: Nafisi Parsa M , Aksel Tural , Douglas Shawn M 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
DNA origami, a method for constructing nanoscale objects, relies on a long single strand of DNA to act as the ‘scaffold’ to template assembly of numerous short DNA oligonucleotide ‘staples’. The ability to generate custom scaffold sequences can greatly benefit DNA origami design processes. Custom scaffold sequences can provide better control of the overall size of the final object and better control of low-level structural details, such as locations of specific base pairs within an object. Filamentous bacteriophages and related phagemids can work well as sources of custom scaffold DNA. However, scaffolds derived from phages require inclusion of multi-kilobase DNA sequences in order to grow in host bacteria, and those sequences cannot be altered or removed. These fixed-sequence regions constrain the design possibilities of DNA origami. Here, we report the construction of a novel phagemid, pScaf, to produce scaffolds that have a custom sequence with a much smaller fixed region of 393 bases. We used pScaf to generate new scaffolds ranging in size from 1512 to 10 080 bases and demonstrated their use in various DNA origami shapes and assemblies. We anticipate our pScaf phagemid will enhance development of the DNA origami method and its future applications.
Oncological and genetic factors impacting PDX model construction with NSG mice in pancreatic cancer
Authors: Guo Shiwei , Gao Suizhi , Liu Rendong , Shen Jing , Shi Xiaohan , Bai Sijia , Wang Huan , Zheng Kailian , Shao Zhuo , Liang Chuanyu , Peng Siying , Jin Gang 
Published: August 2018

ABSTRACTA patient‐derived xenograft (PDX) approach, which relies on direct transplantation of tumor specimens into an immunocompromised animal, is a commonly used method for investigating tumor therapy predictions in vivo. This study evaluated influencing factors, including clinical, oncological, and genetic variables, for a pancreatic PDX model in mice. Tumor specimens were obtained from 121 patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma who underwent surgical resection at the Changhai Pancreatic Surgery Medical Center (Shanghai, China) between April 2016 and February 2017. Pancreatic cancer (PC) samples <3 mm3 were subcutaneously implanted into the NOD/Shi‐scid/IL‐2Rγnull (NSG) mice. Once the xenograft reached 300–500 mm3 or reached 180 d after cell inoculation, the tumor was excised. Part of the tumor was subsequently transplanted to next‐generation mice, and another part was analyzed by using immunohistochemistry. Among the 121 patients with PC, tumor xenograft was successfully generated in 86 patients (71.1%). Primary tumor >3.5 cm in size was independently associated with xenograft formation rate. In addition, several enriched mutated genes within the VEGF pathway and higher microvessel density were found in the positive group (with xenograft) compared with the negative group (without xenograft). We concluded that tumor size and mutated VEGF pathway in PC are important factors affecting PDX model construction with NSG mice.—Guo, S., Gao, S., Liu, R., Shen, J., Shi, X., Bai, S., Wang, H., Zheng, K., Shao, Z., Liang, C., Peng, S., Jin, G. Oncological and genetic factors impacting PDX model construction with NSG mice in pancreatic cancer. FASEB J. 33, 873–884 (2019). www.fasebj.org
Motor cortical beta transients delay movement initiation and track errors
Authors: Little Simon , Bonaiuto James , Barnes Gareth , Bestmann Sven 
Published: August 2018

ABSTRACTMotor cortical activity in the beta range (13-30 Hz) is a hallmark signature of healthy and pathological movement, but its behavioural relevance remains unclear. Recent work in primates and human sensory cortex suggests that sustained oscillatory beta activity observed on average, may arise from the summation of underlying short-lasting, high-amplitude bursts of activity. Classical human movement-related event-related beta desynchronisation (ERD) and synchronization (ERS) may thus provide insufficient, non-dynamic, summaries of underlying focal spatio-temporal burst activity, limiting insight into their functional role during healthy and pathological movement.Here we directly investigate this transient beta burst activity and its putative behavioural relevance for movement control, using high-precision magnetoencephalography (MEG). We quantified the subject-specific (n=8), trial-wise (n>12,000) dynamics of beta bursts, before and after movement. We show that beta activity on individual trials is dominated by high amplitude, short lasting bursts. While average beta changes generally manifest as bilaterally distributed activity (FWHM = 25mm), individual bursts are spatially more focal (FWHM = 6 mm), sporadic (1.3 −1.5/s), and transient (mean: 96 ms).Prior to movement (the period of the classical ERD), the timing of the last pre-movement burst predicts movement onset, suggesting a role in the specification of the goal of movement. After movement (the period of the classical ERS), the first beta burst is delayed by ~100ms after a response error occurs, intimating a role in error monitoring and evaluation.Movement-related beta activity is therefore dominated by a spatially dispersed summation of short lasting, sporadic and focal bursts. Movement-related beta bursts coordinate the retrieval and updating of movement goals in the pre- and post-movement periods, respectively.
Personal clinical history predicts antibiotic resistance in urinary tract infections
Authors: Yelin Idan , Snitser Olga , Novich Gal , Katz Rachel , Tal Ofir , Parizade Miriam , Chodick Gabriel , Koren Gideon , Shalev Varda , Kishony Roy 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe prevalence of antibiotic resistance in urinary tract infections (UTIs) often renders the prescribed antimicrobial treatment ineffective, highlighting the need for personalized prediction of resistance at time of care. Here, crossing a 10-year longitudinal dataset of over 700,000 community-acquired UTIs with over 6,000,000 personally-linked records of antibiotic purchases, we show that the resistance profile of infections can be predicted based on patient-specific demographics and clinical history. Age, gender, and retirement home residence had strong, yet differential and even non-monotonic, associations with resistance to different antibiotics. Resistance profiles were also associated with the patient’s records of past urine samples and antibiotic usage, with these associations persisting for months and even longer than a year. Drug usage selected specifically for its own cognate resistance, which led indirectly, through genetic linkage, also to resistance to other, even mechanistically unrelated, drugs. Applying machine learning models, these association patterns allowed good personalized predictions of resistance, which could inform and better optimize empirical prescription of antibiotics.