bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Losing or Choosing Faith: Mother Loss and Religious Change
Authors: Wilkinson Renae 
Published: August 2018

AbstractMaternal religiosity is associated with children's religiosity even as they grow into adults. Yet, experiencing the death of one's mother during the transition to adulthood could modify the transmission of maternal religiosity across the life course. Using the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health), I find that the relationship between mother loss and religiosity is bidirectional. Results from longitudinal models of child religiosity across the transition from adolescence to adulthood show that mother loss is negatively associated with service attendance but is positively associated with salience. Further, mother loss predicted higher frequency of prayer among bereaved children at lower levels of maternal religiosity but lower prayer frequency at higher levels of mothers’ religiousness. Overall, these findings direct attention to differences in the associations between mother loss and indicators of religiosity and to the interplay between mother loss and maternal religiosity as important factors in the transmission of religiosity across generations.
Measuring Religious Identification in the United States
Authors: Lehman Derek , Sherkat Darren E. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractA popular measure of religious identification poses several problems for researchers because of its lack of conceptual and historical grounding. The scheme truncates continuity along the well‐established sect‐church continuum, and poses problems for both theory and methodological operationalization. We reiterate the importance of key sociological and historical foundations for classifying religious groups, provide an empirical assessment of a more exacting scheme compared to the newly dominant classification, and supply a coding system for the General Social Survey which could also be applied to other studies. We conclude by discussing the usefulness of our categorization for advancing social science research on religious identification.
Association of Toll‐like receptor 4 polymorphism with hepatitis E virus‐infected Indian patients
Authors: Arya Ravi P. , Mishra Nischay , Biswas Kakali , Arankalle Vidya A. 
Published: August 2018

SummaryHepatitis E infection caused by hepatitis E virus (HEV), a major public health concern in developing countries, is responsible for sporadic and epidemic acute viral hepatitis in adults. Pathogenesis of hepatitis E infection is poorly understood. Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) are the key players of innate immunity recognize pathogen‐associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Previously, we found higher TLR4 expression (at protein and gene level) with impaired cytokine response upon stimulus of PBMCs with LPS in HEV‐infected patients. In view of the earlier observations of the association of polymorphisms in TLR4 genes (A299G, C399T) with liver diseases, we investigated TLR4 polymorphisms in HEV‐infected patients. We observed the significant association of TLR4‐399CC and CT alleles with hepatitis E (both subclinical and acute patients). Carrier frequency of TLR4‐399 CT was lower in patients’ categories in comparison with the controls. Higher frequency of allele TLR4‐399C significantly correlated with disease progression. Acute hepatitis E patients showed the higher frequency of CG and TA haplotypes, while the rare haplotype (TG) was more frequent in controls. The other single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) at TLR4‐299 (A>G) did not show any difference. We report here for the first time the association of TLR4 polymorphism with hepatitis E and suggest that TLR 4 hyporesponsiveness during HEV infection might be related to its polymorphism.
Sofosbuvir with NS5A inhibitors in hepatitis C virus infection with severe renal insufficiency
Authors: Singh Akash , Kumari Sunita , Kumar Pramod , De Arka , Singh Virendra 
Published: August 2018

SummaryTreatment of Hepatitis C virus (HCV) in patients with severe renal insufficiency is cumbersome as sofosbuvir is mainly excreted by the kidneys. There is paucity of data on the use of sofosbuvir and NS5A inhibitors in these patients. We hereby report our experience of treating chronic hepatitis C in patients with severe renal insufficiency with full dose sofosbuvir and NS5A inhibitors. Forty‐seven patients with severe renal insufficiency (on dialysis n = 39, predialysis n = 8) with HCV infection were treated between December 2015‐August 2017 with full dose sofosbuvir with ledipasvir or daclatasvir for 12/24 weeks depending on the genotype and the presence or absence of cirrhosis. The distribution of HCV genotype was genotype 1 in 32 (68.1%), genotype 3 in 13 (27.7%) and 4 in 2 (4.3%) patients. Among 12 (25.5%) patients with cirrhosis, 7 (14.9%) were decompensated with ascites. All patients had end of treatment response, and sustained viral response at 12 weeks was achieved in 45 (95.7%) patients. There was significant improvement in liver stiffness at 3 months after treatment (8.8 (3.8‐42) to 7.1 (3.3‐24.1) kPa; (P = 0.047)). There was no change in haemoglobin and eGFR with treatment in predialysis group (haemoglobin‐ 10.2 ± 1.5 g/dL vs 9.6 ± 1.3 g/dL, P = 0.44; eGFR‐ 19.8 ± 9.4 mL/min vs 17.9 ± 8.5 mL/min, P = 0.67). Therapy was very well accepted. Full dose sofosbuvir with NS5A inhibitors is a well tolerated and effective therapy for HCV infection in severe renal insufficiency.
Effect of insulin treatment on circulating insulin‐like growth factor I and IGF‐binding proteins in cats with diabetes mellitus
Authors: Strage Emma M. , Sundberg Mårten , Holst Bodil S. , Andersson Franko Mikael , Ramström Margareta , Fall Tove , Lewitt Moira 
Published: August 2018

BackgroundInsulin‐like growth factor‐I (IGF‐I) is used to screen for acromegaly in diabetic cats. In humans, most circulating IGF‐I forms ternary complexes (TC) with IGF‐binding protein (IGFBP‐3) and an acid‐labile subunit. Compared to humans, the amount of TC in cats is more variable. Insulin‐like growth factor‐I concentrations are reported to increase during insulin treatment, more rapidly in cats achieving remission.ObjectivesTo investigate (i) factors associated with circulating IGF‐I concentrations, including IGFBP‐profiles (ii) effect of insulin treatment on IGF‐I concentrations and (iii) IGF‐I as prognostic marker of diabetes mellitus remission.AnimalsThirty‐one privately owned diabetic cats of which 24 were followed 1 year, and 13 healthy cats.MethodsProspective study. Serum insulin, IGF‐I, glucose, and fructosamine concentrations were measured. IGF‐binding forms were determined by chromatography in 14 diabetic and 13 healthy cats; and IGF‐I, IGF‐II, IGFBP‐3, and IGFBP‐5 by mass spectrometry in 3 cats achieving remission.ResultsInsulin‐like growth factor‐I median (interquartile range) before start of insulin treatment was 300 (160‐556) ng/mL. Insulin‐like growth factor‐I was positively associated with TC (P < .0001) and endogenous insulin (P = .005) and negatively associated with fructosamine (P < .0001). Median IGF‐I was higher 2‐4 weeks after start of insulin treatment compared with baseline (300 versus 670 ng/mL,P = .0001) and predicted future remission (P = .046). In cats that went into remission, the amount of TC and IGFBP‐3 increased, suggesting increase in IGF‐I is dependent on TC formation.ConclusionsInsulin treatment should be accounted for when interpreting IGF‐I in diabetic cats. Insulin‐like growth factor‐I 2‐4 weeks after initiation of insulin treatment shows promise as prognostic marker for remission in diabetic cats.
Divergent brain gene expression profiles between alternative behavioural helper types in a cooperative breeder
Authors: Kasper Claudia , Hebert Francois Olivier , Aubin‐Horth Nadia , Taborsky Barbara 
Published: August 2018

AbstractJuveniles of the cooperatively breeding cichlid fishNeolamprologus pulchereither consistently provide help in form of alloparental egg care (“cleaners”) or consistently abstain from helping (“noncleaners”). These phenotypes are not based on heritable genetic differences. Instead, they arise during ontogeny, which should lead to differences in brain structure or physiology, a currently untested prediction. We compared brain gene expression profiles of cleaners and noncleaners in two experimental conditions, a helping opportunity and a control condition. We aimed to identify (a) expression differences between cleaners and noncleaners in the control, (b) changes in gene expression induced by the opportunity and (c) differences in plasticity of gene expression between cleaners and noncleaners. Control cleaners and noncleaners differed in the expression of a single gene,irx2, which regulates neural differentiation. During the opportunity, cleaners and noncleaners had three upregulated genes in common, which were implicated in neuroplasticity, hormonal signalling and cell proliferation. Thus, the stimulus in the opportunity was sufficiently salient. Cleaners also showed higher expression of seven additional genes that were unique to the opportunity. One of these cleaner‐specific genes is implicated in neuropeptide metabolism, indicating that this process is associated with cleaning performance. This suggests that the two types employed different pathways to integrate social information, preparing them for accelerated reaction to future opportunities. Interestingly, three developmental genes were downregulated between the control and the opportunity in cleaners only. Our results indicate that the two behavioural types responded differently to the helping opportunity and that only cleaners responded by downregulating developmental genes.
FtsW activity and lipid II synthesis are required for recruitment of MurJ to midcell during cell division in Escherichia coli
Authors: Liu Xiaolong , Meiresonne Nils Y. , Bouhss Ahmed , den Blaauwen Tanneke 
Published: August 2018

SummaryPeptidoglycan (PG) is the unique cell shape‐determining component of the bacterial envelope, and is a key target for antibiotics. PG synthesis requires the transmembrane movement of the precursor lipid II, and MurJ has been shown to provide this activity in Escherichia coli. However, how MurJ functions in vivo has not been reported. Here we show that MurJ localizes both in the lateral membrane and at midcell, and is recruited to midcell simultaneously with late‐localizing divisome proteins and proteins MraY and MurG. MurJ septal localization is dependent on the presence of a complete and active divisome, lipid II synthesis and PBP3/FtsW activities. Inactivation of MurJ, either directly by mutation or through binding with MTSES, did not affect the midcell localization of MurJ. Our study visualizes MurJ localization in vivo and reveals a possible mechanism of MurJ recruitment during cell division.
ATP reduction by MgtC and Mg2+ homeostasis by MgtA and MgtB enables Salmonella to accumulate RpoS upon low cytoplasmic Mg2+ stress
Authors: Park Myungseo , Nam Daesil , Kweon Dae‐Hyuk , Shin Dongwoo 
Published: August 2018

SummaryRpoS is one of several alternative sigma factors known to alter gene expression profiles by RpoS‐associated RNA polymerase in response to a variety of stresses. The enteric bacteria Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli accumulate RpoS under low Mg2+ concentrations via a common mechanism in which the PhoP regulator activates expression of antiadaptor proteins that, by sequestering the adaptor RssB, prevent RpoS degradation by the protease ClpXP. Here, we demonstrate that this genetic program alone does not fully support RpoS accumulation when cytoplasmic Mg2+ concentration drops to levels that impair protein synthesis. Under these circumstances, only S. enterica continues RpoS accumulation in a manner dependent on other PhoP‐activated programs (i.e. ATP reduction by the MgtC protein and Mg2+ import by the MgtA and MgtB transporters) that maintain translation homeostasis. Moreover, we provide evidence that the mgtC gene, which is present in S. enterica but not in E. coli, is responsible for the differences in RpoS accumulation between these two bacterial species. Our results suggest that bacteria possess a mechanism to control RpoS accumulation responding to cytoplasmic Mg2+ levels, the difference of which causes distinct RpoS accumulation in closely related bacterial species.
GmBTB/POZ, a novel BTB/POZ domain‐containing nuclear protein, positively regulates the response of soybean to Phytophthora sojae infection
Authors: Zhang Chuanzhong , Gao Hong , Li Rongpeng , Han Dan , Wang Le , Wu Junjiang , Xu Pengfei , Zhang Shuzhen 
Published: August 2018

SummaryPhytophthora sojae is a destructive pathogen of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] which causes stem and root rot on soybean plants worldwide. However, the pathogenesis and molecular mechanism of plant defence responses against P. sojae are largely unclear. Herein, we document the underlying mechanisms and function of a novel BTB/POZ protein, GmBTB/POZ, which contains a BTB/POZ domain found in certain animal transcriptional regulators, in host soybean plants in response to P. sojae. It is located in the cell nucleus and is transcriptionally up‐regulated by P. sojae. Overexpression of GmBTB/POZ in soybean resulted in enhanced resistance to P. sojae. The activities and expression levels of enzymatic superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) antioxidants were significantly higher in GmBTB/POZ‐overexpressing (GmBTB/POZ‐OE) transgenic soybean plants than in wild‐type (WT) plants treated with sterile water or infected with P. sojae. The transcript levels of defence‐associated genes were also higher in overexpressing plants than in WT on infection. Moreover, salicylic acid (SA) levels and the transcript levels of SA biosynthesis‐related genes were markedly higher in GmBTB/POZ‐OE transgenic soybean than in WT, but there were almost no differences in jasmonic acid (JA) levels or JA biosynthesis‐related gene expression between GmBTB/POZ‐OE and WT soybean lines. Furthermore, exogenous SA application induced the expression of GmBTB/POZ and inhibited the increase in P. sojae biomass in both WT and GmBTB/POZ‐OE transgenic soybean plants. Taken together, these results suggest that GmBTB/POZ plays a positive role in P. sojae resistance and the defence response in soybean via a process that might be dependent on SA.
Redox signalling from NADPH oxidase targets metabolic enzymes and developmental proteins in Fusarium graminearum
Authors: Fernando Ursla , Chatur Salima , Joshi Manisha , Thomas Bonner Christopher , Fan Tao , Hubbard Keith , Chabot Denise , Rowland Owen , Wang Li , Subramaniam Rajagopal , Rampitsch Christof 
Published: August 2018

SummaryNADPH oxidase (NOX) is one of the sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that modulates the activity of proteins through modifications of their cysteine residues. In a previous study, we demonstrated the importance of NOX in both the development and pathogenicity of the phytopathogen Fusarium graminearum. In this article, comparative proteomics between the wild‐type and a Nox mutant of F. graminearum was used to identify active cysteine residues on candidate redox‐sensing proteins. A two‐dimensional gel approach based on labelling with monobromobimane (mBBR) identified 19 candidate proteins, and was complemented with a gel‐free shotgun approach based on a biotin switch method, which yielded 99 candidates. The results indicated that, in addition to temporal regulation, a large number of primary metabolic enzymes are potentially targeted by NoxAB‐generated ROS. Targeted disruption of these metabolic genes showed that, although some are dispensable, others are essential. In addition to metabolic enzymes, developmental proteins, such as the Woronin body major protein (FGSG_08737) and a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)‐anchored protein (FGSG_10089), were also identified. Deletion of either of these genes reduced the virulence of F. graminearum. Furthermore, changing the redox‐modified cysteine (Cys325) residue in FGSG_10089 to either serine or phenylalanine resulted in a similar phenotype to the FGSG_10089 knockout strain, which displayed reduced virulence and altered cell wall morphology; this underscores the importance of Cys325 to the function of the protein. Our results indicate that NOX‐generated ROS act as intracellular signals in F. graminearum and modulate the activity of proteins affecting development and virulence in planta.
Inheritance of resistance to the peach root‐knot nematode (Meloidogyne floridensis) in interspecific crosses between peach (Prunus persica) and its wild relative (Prunus kansuensis)
Authors: Maquilan Mary Ann D. , Olmstead Mercy A. , Dickson Donald W. , Chaparro José X. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe peach root‐knot nematode, Meloidogyne floridensis (MF), infects majority of available nematode‐resistant peach rootstocks which are mostly derived from peach (Prunus persica) and Chinese wild peach (P. davidiana). Interspecific hybridization of peach with its wild relative, Kansu peach (P. kansuensis), offers potential for broadening the resistance spectrum in standard peach rootstocks. We investigated the inheritance of resistance to MF in segregating populations of peach (‘Okinawa’ or ‘Flordaguard’) × P. kansuensis. A total of 379 individuals from 13 F2 and BC1F1 families were challenged with a pathogenic MF isolate “MFGnv14” and were classified as resistant (R) or susceptible (S) based on root galling intensity. Segregation analyses in F2 progeny revealed the involvement of a major locus with a dominant or recessive allele determining resistance in progeny segregating 3R:1S and 1R:3S, respectively. Testcrosses with a homozygous‐susceptible peach genotype (‘Flordaguard’ or ‘UFSharp’) confirmed P. kansuensis as a source of new resistance and the heterozygous allelic status of P. kansuensis at the locus conferring resistance to MF. We propose a single‐locus dominant/recessive model for the inheritance of resistance.
Macroscale analysis of mistletoe host ranges in the Andean‐Patagonian forest
Authors: Amico G. C. , Nickrent D. L. , Vidal‐Russell R. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract

The number of host species infected by a mistletoe (host range) is critical in that it influences prevalence, virulence and overall distribution of the parasite; however, macroecological analyses of this life history feature are lacking for many regions.

The Andean‐Patagonian forest, found along the southern Andes from 35 °S to Tierra del Fuego at 55 °S, contains 12 mistletoe species in three families (Loranthaceae, Misodendraceae and Santalaceae). By tabulating herbarium records, the host ranges and geographical distributions of these mistletoes were explored.

Our results show that these parasites occur on 43 plant species in 24 families but with varying degrees of specificity. All Misodendrum species and Desmaria mutabilis (Loranthaceae) are specialists that use Nothofagus as their primary hosts. Tristerix and Notanthera (Loranthaceae) and Antidaphne and Lepidoceras (Santalaceae) are generalists parasitizing more than six host species from several genera and families. Although many of the mistletoe species are sympatric, there is low overlap in host use.

Our data show that in the southern South American bioregion, generalist mistletoes have smaller geographic ranges than specialists. This contrast with a previous hypothesis that predicted mistletoes with large geographic ranges would also have large host ranges, and conversely, less diverse regions would have more specialised mistletoes.
Macroeconomic Uncertainty in South Africa
Authors: Redl Chris 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThis paper develops a new index of economic uncertainty for South Africa for the period 1990–2014. The index is constructed from three sources: (1) Disagreement among professional forecasters, (2) a count of international and local newspaper articles discussing economic uncertainty in South Africa and (3) mentions of uncertainty in the quarterly economic review of the South African Reserve Bank. The index shows high levels of uncertainty around the period of democratic transition in 1992–1994, the large depreciation of the currency in 2001 and the financial crisis of 2008. The uncertainty index is a leading indicator of a recession. An unanticipated increase in the index is associated with a fall in GDP, investment, industrial production and private sector employment. Contrary to evidence for the U.S.A and the U.K., uncertainty shocks are inflationary. These results are robust to controlling for global uncertainty shocks, consumer confidence and financial shocks.
Emergency patients' and family members' experiences of encountering care providers and receiving care in nonconveyance situations
Authors: Salminen‐Tuomaala Mari , Mikkola Riitta , Paavilainen Eija , Leikkola Päivi 
Published: August 2018

BackgroundNot much research has been conducted on emergency patients’ and family members’ experiences of encountering care providers and receiving care in nonconveyance situations. This knowledge is required to develop the quality and safety of emergency care.AimThe aim of the study was to describe patients’ and family members’ experiences concerning encounters with emergency care providers and the patient's care in nonconveyance situations.MethodsThe study is a descriptive, cross‐sectional survey carried out using quantitative methods. Statistical data were analysed using SPSS Statistics for Windows. The responses to an open question were analysed using inductive content analysis.ResultsPatients and family members found that emergency care providers had acted in a professional and friendly manner. They would have expected more psychological support. Family members were less satisfied with the emergency care than patients, especially as regards psychological support and the amount of time given to the patient.ConclusionsEmergency care providers should take the whole family's situation into consideration and seek to promote the family's coping by providing comprehensible counselling and support.