bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chitosan as an emerging object for biological and biomedical applications
Authors: Jangid Nirmala Kumari , Hada Deepa , Rathore Kavita 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Natural polymers are being investigated with renewed exuberance as they have a tremendous unexploited potential. During the past few decades, much interest has developed in the biopolymer-based materials due to their biodegradable, nontoxic, biocompatible and non-allergic nature. Chitosan (CS) is the second most abundant naturally occurring amino polysaccharide after cellulose and is extracted from the shells of sea crustaceans. The primary amine group in CS is responsible for its various properties and it is derived from the deacetylated form of chitin. Its biocompatible, nontoxic, biodegradable and antimicrobial properties have led to significant research towards biomedical applications, such as tissue engineering, wound healing, drug delivery, obesity treatment, etc. This review summarizes the present work done by researchers in prospects of CS and its numerous applications in the biomedical field.
Assessing hip-hop discourse: Linguistic realness and styling
Authors: Werner Valentin 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis study provides a corpus-linguistic take on hip-hop discourse (as represented in rap), relating to one of the most influential cultural mass movements to date. To this end, a custom-built corpus of lyrics by US-American rap artists (LYRAP) was compiled, containing performed hip-hop discourse over a 25-year period. This material is used to test the alignment of hip-hop discourse with African American English in terms of morphosyntax, and to determine the amount of styling present in the lyrics. In addition, a comparative perspective with pop lyrics (as represented in the LYPOP corpus) is established, and highly characteristic lexical and discourse features of hip-hop discourse are identified. The analyses suggest that “linguistic realness” (in terms of conveying a street-conscious identity) is created on multiple structural levels, but that different artists style their lyrics to various extents to achieve this realness, and that a complete congruence of African American English with hip-hop discourse cannot be traced.
Correlation Transfer by Layer 5 Cortical Neurons Under Recreated Synaptic InputsIn Vitro
Authors: Linaro Daniele , Ocker Gabriel K. , Doiron Brent , Giugliano Michele 
Published: July 2019

Correlated electrical activity in neurons is a prominent characteristic of cortical microcircuits. Despite a growing amount of evidence concerning both spike-count and subthreshold membrane potential pairwise correlations, little is known about how different types of cortical neurons convert correlated inputs into correlated outputs. We studied pyramidal neurons and two classes of GABAergic interneurons of layer 5 in neocortical brain slices obtained from rats of both sexes, and we stimulated them with biophysically realistic correlated inputs, generated using dynamic clamp. We found that the physiological differences between cell types manifested unique features in their capacity to transfer correlated inputs. We used linear response theory and computational modeling to gain clear insights into how cellular properties determine both the gain and timescale of correlation transfer, thus tying single-cell features with network interactions. Our results provide further ground for the functionally distinct roles played by various types of neuronal cells in the cortical microcircuit.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTNo matter how we probe the brain, we find correlated neuronal activity over a variety of spatial and temporal scales. For the cerebral cortex, significant evidence has accumulated on trial-to-trial covariability in synaptic inputs activation, subthreshold membrane potential fluctuations, and output spike trains. Although we do not yet fully understand their origin and whether they are detrimental or beneficial for information processing, we believe that clarifying how correlations emerge is pivotal for understanding large-scale neuronal network dynamics and computation. Here, we report quantitative differences between excitatory and inhibitory cells, as they relay input correlations into output correlations. We explain this heterogeneity by simple biophysical models and provide the most experimentally validated test of a theory for the emergence of correlations.
Stochastic analysis of a prey–predator model with herd behaviour of prey
Authors: Bera Shyam Pada Pada , Maiti Alakes , Samanta Guruprasad 
Published: July 2019

In nature, a number of populations live in groups. As a result when predators attack such a population the interaction occur only at the outer surface of the herd. Again, every model in biology, being concerned with a subsystem of the real world, should include the effect of random fluctuating environment. In this paper, we study a prey–predator model in deterministic and stochastic environment. The social activity of the prey population has been incorporated by using the square root of prey density in the functional response. A brief analysis of the deterministic model including the stability of equilibrium points is presented. In random environment, the birth rate of prey species and death rate of predator species are perturbed by Gaussian white noises. We have used the method of statistical linearization to study the stability and non-equilibrium fluctuation of the populations in stochastic model. Numerical computations carried out to illustrate the analytical findings. The biological implications of analytical and numerical findings are discussed critically.
α-admissible Prešić type operators and fixed points
Authors: Shukla Satish , Shahzad Naseer 
Published: July 2019

In this paper, we introduce α-admissible mappings on product spaces and obtain fixed point results for α-admissible Prešić type operators. Our results extend, unify and generalize some known results of the literature. We also provide examples which illustrate the results proved herein and show that how the new results are different from the existing ones.
Guarantee in Islamic Law Perspectives: A Theoretical discussion of Fiqh Al-Muqārin/Madhāhib Comparison
Authors: Muhajirin Muhajirin 
Published: July 2019

Guarantee in Islamic Law Perspectives: Guarantee is a system that usually comes in the selling of automotive or electronics product, including others. The reason for this guarantee application for producer is basically to increase the selling rate of one product. While for the consumers this is a form of protection to the item they have purchased. There is indeed a mutualism relationship in this practice. The discussion of the application of guarantee in an Islam Law of trade practice is still being argued whether it is legal or not among the scholars. This happens because of the differences of foundation they use in establishing the legality of guarantee in Islam trade. The definition of guarantee in Indonesia state Law can be found in verse 1316 of Law Book, which is: guarantee is an enclose later from a product saying that the producers ensure a particular product from any worker mistakes and material failure during certain time. The result of this research is the enclosing of Guarantee given in trade as a promise between seller and buyer to ensure the satisfaction of the buyer. The consequence would be to replace the item by justifying its damage.
Islamic Law Review on The Determination of Surrogate Heirs
Authors: Utama Sofyan Mei 
Published: July 2019

The surrogate heirs position on Islamic laws in indonesia reflects a justice form in the inheritance distribution, and constitutes a relief to the inheritors of inheritance, which is called the pre-empitiv policy ie, in the testator life by distributing his property to the heirs or heirs substitute. In accordance with the objectives of Islamic law (maqashid al-syari'ah) is intended for the benefit of the ummah and the theorem of Al-Maslahah Al-Mursalah which is necessary for caution, avoid following harmful lusts. Then the problem is: What was underlies the surrogate heirs position in Islamic law and how it relates to the Maslahah Mursalah's theory in Islamic law. The result of the research shows that, the substitute heirs position in Islamic law is based on the Article 185; Islamic Law Compilation in Indonesia by adhering to the principle of monotheism, an obedience to God's rule by not forgetting Iltihad. And the relationship with Maslahah Mursalah theory which is tied to Tawheed is the basis of this theory, ie : seeking the benefit for Allah SWT. there are benefits that are covered in the objectives of syara, so regarding to the surrogate heirs is done by giving priority to the benefit
Integrasi Sosial Masyarakat Berbeda Ormas Islam di Perdesaan Bandung
Authors: Kurniati Aneu Lita , Rahman M. Taufiq 
Published: July 2019

Pemahaman keagamaan yang berbeda menciptakan kelompok keagamaan tertentu. Pemahaman keagamaan merupakan salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi perilaku sosial keagamaan masyarakat. Perilaku sosial dan perilaku keagamaan orang PERSIS dan NU dipengaruhi oleh pemahaman keagamaan masing-masing organisasi tersebut. Namun meskipun jamaah kedua organisasi ini mempunyai perbedaan mengenai permahaman keagamaan, namun interaksi sosial yang terjalin di antara mereka dapat dikatakan berjalan dengan baik. Hal tersebut dikarenakan mereka terintegrasi dalam struktur sosial masyarakat.Adapun implikasi teori terhadap realitas sosial di masyarakat dapat dijelaskan oleh beberapa pendekatan, yang pertama pendekatan humanistic yang implementasinya terlihat dalam menjabarkan faktor internal yang melatarbelakangi terjadinya perilaku sosial orang PERSIS dan NU. Kemudian perilaku sosial yang nampak di lingkungan sosial ini berelevansi dengan pendekatan behavioristik, dan yang terakhir adalah pendekatan kognitif yang berimplementasi terhadap pengaruh stimulus (faktor eksternal) yang membentuk sebuah perilaku baru yang ada di masyarakat.
In/exclusão escolar: a invenção de tipos específicos de alunos
Authors: Corcini Lopes Maura 
Published: July 2019

Este trabalho apresenta, analisa e discute os dados de 371 pareceres pedagógicos e 105 entrevistas com professores sobre como eles posicionam os alunos que apresentam dificuldade de aprendizagem . Entre tais alunos, observouse que é feita uma distinção entre aqueles considerados alunos problemas e os considerados alunos com deficiência . Entre os alunos problema, estão os que possuem diagnóstico médico de Transtorno de Déficit de Atenção e Hiperatividade (TDAH) ou que, segundo os professores, têm os sintomas desse transtorno e os que apresentam problemas de aprendizagem. Entre os alunos com deficiência, estão os que apresentam deficiência sensorial, cognitiva ou física. Todos eles são posicionados pelos professores como alunos de inclusão . As posições de aluno problema , aluno com deficiência e de aluno de inclusão, são construídas a partir de fronteiras imaginárias que separam o aprendente do não-aprendente, o aluno médio do aluno insuficiente, a corrigibilidade da incorrigibilidade, o incluído do excluído, etc. Problematizando esses enunciados e outras questões que se relacionam ao tema inclusão escolar , o trabalho traz alguns excertos dos materiais da pesquisa para dar materialidade à idéia de invenção de tipos específicos de alunos e de posições necessárias ocupadas por eles no currículo escolar.
Constraints of Crustal Heterogeneity and Q(f) from Regional (<4  Hz) Wave Propagation for the 2009 North Korea Nuclear Test
Authors: Olsen Kim B. , Begnaud Michael , Phillips Scott , Jacobsen Bo Holm 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWe carried out 3D finite‐difference (FD) simulations (<4  Hz) of regional wave propagation for the 2009 North Korea nuclear explosion and compared the synthetics with instrument‐corrected records at stations INCN and TJN in South Korea. The source is an isotropic explosion with a moment magnitude of 4.1. Synthetics computed in the relatively smooth Sandia/Los Alamos National Laboratory SALSA3D (SAndia LoS Alamos 3D) velocity model significantly overpredict Rayleigh‐wave amplitudes by more than an order of magnitude while underpredicting coda amplitudes. The addition to SALSA3D of a von Karman distribution of small‐scale heterogeneities with correlation lengths of ∼1000  m, a Hurst number of 0.1, and a horizontal‐to‐vertical anisotropy of ∼5 produces synthetics in general agreement with the data. The best fits are obtained from models with a gradient in the strength of the velocity and density perturbations and strong scattering (10%) limited to the top 7.5–10 km of the crust. Deeper scattering tends to decrease the initial P‐wave amplitudes to levels much below those for the data, a critical result for methods discriminating between explosive and earthquake sources. In particular, the amplitude at the onset of Pn can be affected by as little as 2% small‐scale heterogeneity in the lower crust and upper mantle. Simulations including a constant Q of 200 (INCN) to 350 (TJN) below 1 Hz and a power‐law Q(f) formulation at higher frequencies, with an exponent of 0.3, generate synthetics in best agreement with the data. In our simulations, very limited scattering contribution from the near‐source area accumulates along the regional path.
Motion at an Explosive Source as Deduced From Surface Waves
Authors: Kisslinger Carl 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The history of events occurring near the source following a small explosion has been deduced from the Rayleigh waves recorded at two distances. The Fourier analysis method developed by Sato, and Lamb’s solution for the displacement on a half-space have been employed in two distinct approaches to this problem. The displacement history from the first approach shows an essentially rectilinear vibration of the earth partiele, following the initial compression. The second technique yields the vertical point force equivalent to the explosion. The vertical acceleration at the source from the first method agrees fairly well in general form with the force found in the second.
Information about the phase velocities and the initial phases of the constituent frequency components is a valuable by product of the Fourier analysis technique.
Gravity Studies of Earthquake-Related Structures Near Massena, New York
Authors: Frohlich Reinhard K. , Albert Robert L. , Revetta Frank A. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The causes of the seismicity of the St. Lawrence River Valley are not well understood. As is the case for the entire east coast of North America, epicentral zones often occur in regions where no correlation exists between seismicity and mapped geologic structures. Several explanations have been proposed for such a phenomenon: a) earthquakes occur along unmapped surface faults; b) earthquakes occur along subsurface faults showing no surface expression; or c) the earthquakes are not related to existing faults.
Conventional analytical techniques, such as upward and downward continuation, were applied to gravity data from the St. Lawrence River Valley in an attempt to delineate possible seismic–related structures. The analysis of the gravity data indicates that the anomalies trend in a north-northeast direction similar to the structural trends of the Precambrian rocks. The major feature of the Simple Bouguer anomaly map is an extensive positive gravity anomaly centered at Massena, New York.
Profiles across the Bouguer gravity anomalies and the up-and downward continued gravity anomalies were reproduced with a two–dimensional modeling technique. Among the various non-unique anomaly-producing structures tested we prefer a model suggesting that the positive anomaly near Massena is derived from two bodies with different density contrasts. The first is a wedge (8 km deep by 35 km wide) located 6 km below sea level with a density contrast of +0.11 gm/cm3 and the second is a smaller body (2 km deep by 6 km wide) located 3.3 km below sea level with a density contrast of +0.2 gm/cm3. The large wedge may represent a sequence of interlayered metasediments and metavolcanics related to the Grenville sequence. The smaller body may represent a mafic intrusive. Several authors have suggested that high gradients of gravity (toward positive) produced by mafic intrusives are associated with earthquakes in the eastern United States. The possible existence of a mafic intrusive near Massena, New York, and its proximity to epicentral zones suggest a similar association for earthquakes in the study area.
Sensitivity of Kansas Microearthquake Network
Authors: Sheehan Anne Frances , Steeples Don W. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This study explores the magnitude-versus-distance sensitivity of the Kansas Geological Survey (KGS) microearthquake network. The ability of each seismograph station to record earthquakes of various magnitudes as a function of epicentral distance is investigated, and a series of magnitude-versus-distance graphs results. The ability of the network to monitor seismic activity in eastern Kansas is excellent to magnitude 1.5 and is sufficient to detect events greater than magnitude 2.3 in western Kansas. Station detection radii for magnitude 1.5 events range from 145 km for the Emporia seismograph station (EMK) to 225 km at Tuttle Creek (TCK); and for a magnitude 2 event, from 245 km at EMK to 385 km at TCK. The sensitivities of the nine seismographs of the network are similar despite their widespread locations across eastern Kansas.
Earthquakes and Plutons in the Midcontinent - Evidence From the Bloomfield Pluton, New Madrid Rift Complex
Authors: Ravat D. N. , Braile L. W. , Hinze W. J. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
A three-dimensional gravity and magnetic model of the Bloomfield Pluton near New Madrid, Missouri, has been generated that provides an excellent match to the observed gravity and magnetic anomaly maps. Although this modeling is inherently non-unique, the steep gradients on the flanks of the anomalies constrain the causative body to a relatively shallow depth (≈2 km) and define the outline of the steep-sided (near-vertical) pluton. Comparison of the configuration of the Bloomfield Pluton with concentrated microearthquake seismicity in part of the New Madrid Seismic Zone indicates that earthquakes in the northern part of the zone occur primarily on the southeastern side of the pluton at about 10 km from the edge of the body. Based on the location of hypocenters and earthquake focal mechanisms, there is no evidence that stress concentration associated with the mass excess of the pluton is the cause of earthquakes near the pluton. The seismicity may be along zones of weakness independent of the pluton. Among other explanations investigated to explain the constant distance of earthquakes from the pluton, we favor the possibility of a zone of rigidity contrast caused by the thermal metamorphism of the country rock associated with the pluton intrusion. We have estimated increased temperatures of the country rock using an instantaneous intrusion model. Maximum anomalous country rock temperatures of greater than 100°C dominated the region within 10 km of the pluton edge. This ‘thermally metamorphosed’ aureole may provide sufficient homogeneity in the upper crust to localize anomalous stresses away from the margin and along the most favorable zones of weakness, thus influencing the locations of earthquakes.
A Note on the December 1986 - January 1987 Richmond, Virginia, Felt Earthquake Sequence
Authors: Davison Frederick C. , Bodé Melissa J. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
A series of small, felt earthquakes occurred in Richmond, Virginia, during December 1986 and January 1987. Historie records show that such a sequence is unique for Richmond. There were at least 11 felt events, of which six were instrumentally recorded and four were located. Duration magnitudes of these four ranged from 1.5 to 2.2. A focal mechanism solution was calculated and indicates reverse faulting on a plane striking north-northwest and dipping either 45° northeast or 44° southwest. Epicentral intensity reports, up to MMI V, and felt areas do not conform to usual intensity - magnitude relationships. Independent estimates of depth suggest that extremely shallow foei (<2.5 km) may be the cause for this anomaly. The shallow focal depths have important implications concerning the stability of the crust around any shallow underground facilities sited in the area, especially with respect to protection of the groundwater environment.
A Preliminary Report on the Variability in Particle Velocity Recording of the June 10, 1987 Southeastern Illinois Earthquake
Authors: Street R. , Zekulin A. , Jones D. , Min G. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Free-field particle velocities for the June 10, 1987 southeastern Illinois earthquake, demonstrate the importante of site and source effects in the prediction of ground motion values for central United States earthquakes. The 54 particle velocity recordings of the 5.0 mbLg magnitude event, ranging in epicentral distances of 56 to 443 kilometers and azimuths of 19° to 282° about the epicenter, exhibit appreciable variability that can be attributed to both site and source effects.
Seismicity in South Carolina
Authors: Shedlock Kaye M. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The largest historical earthquake in South Carolina, and in the southeastern US, occurred in the Coastal Plain province, probably northwest of Charleston, in 1886. Locations for aftershocks associated with this earthquake, estimated using intensities based on newspaper accounts, defined a northwest trending zone about 250 km long that was at least 100 km wide in the Coastal Plain but widened to a northeast trending zone in the Piedmont. The subsequent historical and instrumentally recorded seismicity in South Carolina images the 1886 aftershock zone. Except for a few scattered earthquakes and a swarm of shallow (≤ 4 km deep), small (ML ≤ 2.5), primarily reverse faulting earthquakes that occurred along the flanks of a granite pluton about 60 km northwest of Columbia, the seismicity in the Piedmont province has been associated with water level changes in reservoirs. Reservoir induced seismicity (RIS) is shallow (≤ 6 km deep), primarily strike-slip or thrust faulting corresponding to an inferred maximum horizontal compressive stress oriented approximately N 60° E. Instrumentally recorded seismicity in the Coastal Plain province occurs in 3 seismic zones or clusters: Middleton Place-Summerville (MPSSZ), Adams Run (ARC), and Bowman (BSZ). Approximately 68% of the Coastal Plain earthquakes occur in the MPSSZ, a north trending zone about 22 km long and 12 km wide, lying about 20 km northwest of Charleston. The hypocenters of MPSSZ earthquakes range in depth from near the surface to almost 12 km. Thrust, strike-slip, and some normal faulting are indicated by the fault plane solutions for Coastal Plain earthquakes. The maximum horizontal compressive stress, inferred from the P-axes of the fault plane solutions, is oriented NE-SW in the shallow crust (< 9 km deep) but appears to be diffusely E-W between 9 to 12 km deep. Although there is localized variability, the current seismicity and associated faulting in South Carolina probably represent a regional response to the NE-SW maximum horizontal compressive stress prevalent throughout eastern North America.