bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Diameter Limits and Stand Structure on Relative Density Indices: A Case Study
Authors: Curtis Robert O. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
An understory of shade-tolerant species often develops in stands in the Douglas-fir region of western Washington and Oregon and can have a disproportionate effect on relative density indices, such as Reineke stand density index and Curtis relative density. The effects of such understories and of other departures from the even-aged condition are illustrated with selected stand data. In general, the summation methods are less influenced by departures from the even-aged condition than are the conventional calculations based on quadratic mean diameter. Recommendations are made for consistent definition of the lower diameter limit of trees to be included in such computations
The Effects of a Western Spruce Budworm Outbreak on the Dead Wood Component in Relation to Ownership in Forests of Eastern Oregon
Authors: Azuma David 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Forest Inventory and Analysis data were used to investigate the effects of a severe western spruce budworm outbreak on the dead wood component of forests in 11 counties of eastern Oregon for two time periods. The ownership and the level of damage (as assessed by aerial surveys) affected the resulting down woody material and standing dead trees. The pattern of coarse woody debris with respect to ownership and management intensity remained consistent into the next 10-year period. Harvesting tended to lower the amount of coarse woody debris on private forests. Federally managed forests had more standing dead trees than private lands, with more in the reserved than nonreserved areas. There was a reduction in the number of standing dead trees between the two periods.
Costs, CO2 Emissions, and Energy Balances of Applying Nordic Slash Recovery Methods in British Columbia
Authors: Lindroos Ola , Nilsson Björn , Sowlati Taraneh 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This study evaluated the costs, CO2 emissions, and energy balances associated with three potential systems for recovering roadside slash in British Columbia, Canada, in which the biomass is transported as slash, hog fuel, or bundles. Costs, CO2 emissions, and energy balances of all three systems showed strong dependence on transportation distance and considerably weaker dependence on slash amounts at landing (cutting block size). The results indicated that the hog fuel system is the cheapest, per unit of delivered biomass, whereas the bundle system is the most expensive system when transportation distances are short (<100 km), and the slash system is the most expensive when transportation distances exceed 100 km. However, the viability of the systems is strongly dependent on payload assumptions.
Wildland Fire Science for Management: Federal Fire Manager Information Needs, Sources, and Uses
Authors: Ryan Clare M. , Cerveny Lee K. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A Web-based survey of wildland fire managers in federal agencies in the western United States explored fire science information needs and sources, why particular sources are used, and barriers to obtaining and using information. The fire managers we surveyed rely heavily on internal agency information sources (colleagues, technical experts, and resource advisors) and are more likely to face barriers in their ability to access and use relevant information (lack of time, funding, and personnel) than problems with the quality or availability of data. Information accessibility and applicability are important to managers when deciding which information sources to use. Managers frequently access research provided by US Forest Service Research and Development specialists and university scientists through various publications, the Internet, and direct communication with scientists. Understanding the types of information fire managers need, the sources they access for information, and the barriers they face in obtaining and using information may lead to improved fire science and its dissemination, as well as more effective and efficient fire management.
A Modeling Approach to Estimating Skidding Costs of Individual Trees for Thinning Operations
Authors: Contreras Marco A. , Chung Woodam 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Thinning is a common silvicultural treatment used for different forest management purposes. Traditionally, thinning prescriptions are derived from sample plots and applied to stands with various vegetation conditions. A few studies have optimized cut-tree selection to create site-specific thinning prescriptions. However, these studies greatly simplify the estimation of harvesting costs by ignoring the location of the cut trees relative to the extraction point. Consequently, resulting tree-level thinning prescriptions might not provide the most economically efficient selection of cut trees. In this study, we developed a model to estimate skidding costs of individual cut trees based on size, location, and spatial distribution of selected cut trees. The model uses a log-bunching algorithm to identify log-pile locations and then creates a skid-trail network that connects log piles to the exit point at a minimum skidding cost. We applied the model to a treatment unit, where light detection and ranging data were used to obtain terrain and tree data, considering two thinning scenarios with target densities of 400 and 300 leave trees/ha, respectively. Comparison of the model results with those obtained from the existing cost models indicates that our model results are within a reasonable range for skidding costs. As our model considers terrain slope to create skid trails, it can be effectively used to delineate nonaccessible or difficult terrain areas for skidding operations. The model can also be used to automatically generate optimal skid-trail networks connecting multiple log piles to the exit point.
Foliar Sulfate-Sulfur as a Nutrient Diagnostic Tool for Interior Douglas-Fir
Authors: Schmalz Heidi J. , Coleman Mark D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Foliar diagnostic tools have been used with varying success to identify limiting nutrients in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirab.] Franco var. glauca [Beissn.] Franco). The mechanisms of sulfur and nitrogen metabolism in plants enable the measurement of nutrient fractions that may yield more informative results. Measurements of sulfate-sulfur in conifer foliage have shown potential as a diagnostic tool for predicting tree response to nitrogen fertilization. Using archived samples and data from previously established fertilizer trials in northern Idaho, we tested the relationship between foliar sulfate-sulfur concentrations in unfertilized trees and 2-year growth response to nitrogen fertilization in Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir (P. menziesii [Mirab.] Franco var. glauca [Beissn.] Franco). Sulfate-sulfur concentrations explained 42% of the variability in growth response, compared with 17% for the total nitrogen to sulfur ratio. Sulfate-sulfur concentrations were variable within sites, presenting a challenge to the feasibility of sampling. Our results suggest that further controlled research would aid in development of sulfate-sulfur as a foliar diagnostic tool.
Evaluating Global Positioning System Accuracy for Forest Biomass Transportation Tracking within Varying Forest Canopy
Authors: Simwanda Matamyo , Wing Michael G. , Sessions John 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We examined the accuracy and reliability of consumer-grade global positioning system (GPS) receivers for tracking vehicles transporting forest biomass within several forested road systems. The road systems featured a range of forest canopy types on mountainous terrain. GPS receiver measurements were clearly influenced by forest canopy and varied among the receivers. Under mature forest canopy, the best average measurement accuracy was 5.9 m for one set of GPS receivers. The least favorable average accuracy in mature forest was 14.3 m for a different set of GPS receivers. Measurement accuracies generally increased on roads that featured less forest canopy, with considerable increases in accuracy in some cases. The consumer-grade GPS receivers we tested provided measurement accuracies that support forest biomass transportation applications, including transportation monitoring and planning, mapping forest road networks, and cataloging forest resource locations.
Financial Feasibility of a Log Sort Yard Handling Small-Diameter Logs: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Han Han-Sup , Bilek E.M. (Ted) , Dramm John (Rusty) , Loeffler Dan , Calkin Dave 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The value and use of the trees removed in fuel reduction thinning and restoration treatments could be enhanced if the wood were effectively evaluated and sorted for quality and highest value before delivery to the next manufacturing destination. This article summarizes a preliminary financial feasibility analysis of a log sort yard that would serve as a log market to buy and sell small-diameter logs in western Montana. We based our evaluations on equipment for a medium-sized log sort yard that would preprocess and sort 33 million board feet of small-diameter logs per year to seven different products. The delivered log input costs represent 78.1% of the total sales revenue, whereas the yard's operating costs account for 17.7% of the revenue. The log sort yard's operating cost would be $3.74/piece or $79.53/thousand board feet. Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) would make the biggest contribution to the yard's gross margin because this species both represents the largest volume (45% of the input log volume) into the yard and produces high-value products (house and veneer logs). Improved knowledge regarding wood market conditions and local log supplies is a prerequisite to understanding a log sort yard's financial feasibility.
Equipment Trials for Uprooting Root-Rot-Infected Stumps
Authors: Bloomberg W. J. , Reynolds G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Root residues were measured following stump-root extraction 1 year after harvesting a 55-year-old Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco) stand with 20% infestation of Phellinus weirii (Murr. Gilbertson) root rot. A D8 Cat, a 180-hp (large) backhoe, and a 115-hp (small) backhoe were each used to uproot stumps on 1.2-1.3 ha blocks. All treatments resulted in less than 10% of root volume remaining in the soil compared with pretreatment volumes calculated from dbh-root volume relationships on a similar site. Average numbers and lengths of root residues/m³ soil were significantly greater for the small backhoe than for the other treatments, and volume was greatest for the D8 Cat treatment. The large backhoe treatment resulted in smaller residual volumes than the other treatments. West. J. Appl. For. 3(3):80-82, July 1988.
Chemical Root Pruning Improves the Root System Morphology of Containerized Seedlings
Authors: Wenny David L. , Woollen Richard L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca) ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa var. ponderosa), and western white pine (Pinus monticola) where chemically root pruned with cupric carbonate (CuCO3) during greenhouse production. The interior walls of Styroblock 4A® and Ray Leach® pine cell containers (each 66 cm³) were coated with latex paint containing CuCO3 at concentrations of 0, 30, 100, or 300 g/l. Seedlings were potted after one growing season, initiating a standard root growth potential test (Duryea 1984). The number and length of new roots more than 1 cm in length were measured. Seedling root systems increased in total root number and length, especially in the upper segments of the root plug, as a result of chemical root pruning. Seedling height and caliper were unaffected by the cupric carbonate treatments during the production phase, and a latex paint carrier did not decrease seedling growth. West. J. Appl. For. 4(1):15-17, January 1989.
Grading Ponderosa Pine Seedlings for Outplanting According to their Root Volume1
Authors: Rose Robin , Gleason John , Atkinson Mary , Sabin Tom 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In probably one of the first studies of its kind, three different seed sources of 2 + 0 ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) seedlings were graded on the basis of three root-volume categories (< 4.5, 4.5-7, and > 7 cm³) and out-planted to determine differences in survival and growth over 1 and 2 growing seasons, examine the relationship of seedling field height to nursery root volume, total fresh weight, diameter, and height over the same period, and observe differences in nutrient uptake by seedlings among the three categories over 174 days in the field. Seedling survival was good over the two growing seasons. Seedlings graded to the largest root-volume category were significantly taller and grew significantly more than those in the two smaller categories over the 2 years. Nitrogen and potassium contents decreased over the growing season, those seedlings with larger root volumes showing the greatest decrease. The results suggest that root volume has potential as a useful criterion for grading seedlings. West. J. Appl. For. 6(1):11-15.
Serbian Spruce is as Vulnerable as Sitka Spruce to Damage by the Sitka Spruce Weevil
Authors: Hulme Michael A. , Dawson Allan F. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Serbian spruce (Picea omorika) was first damaged naturally by the Sitka spruce weevil (Pissodes strobi) at about 15 years of age in an area on Vancouver Island where this weevil commonly attacks Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis). By about 20 years of age, all 35 trees in the observation group had been damaged at least once. Serbian spruce cannot therefore be considered a suitable replacement for Sitka spruce in areas where attack by the Sitka spruce weevil is a forest management concern. West. J. Appl. For. 7(1):5-6.
Controlled Release Fertilizer Effects on Growth and Foliar Nutrient Concentration of Container Grown Jeffrey Pine and Singleleaf Pinyon
Authors: Walker R. F. , Huntt C. D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Two controlled release fertilizers, Sierra 17-6-12 Plus Minors controlled release nutrients and Agriform 14-4-6 container tablets, were evaluated for their effects on containerized Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi) and singleleaf pinyon (Pinus monophylla) planting stock. Seedlings produced with a conventional water soluble fertilizer, Peters 20-10-20, and unfertilized seedlings provided bases for comparison of fertilizer effects on growth and mineral nutrition. After 12 mo, mean volume of Jeffrey pine seedlings fertilized with Sierra prills exceeded that of Agriform and Peters treatments by >40% and unfertilized seedlings by 215%. Volume of singleleaf pinyon in the Sierra and Peters treatments exceeded those of the Agriform and unfertilized treatments by ≥100%. Shoot/root ratios of seedlings fertilized with Agriform tablets were significantly higher than those of the other treatments in both species. Foliar analyses for 11 plant-essential elements revealed that concentrations of most elements in fertilized seedlings were sufficient for adequate seedling nutrition. Apparent luxury consumption of one or more nutrients, particularly N, was detected in Jeffrey pine fertilized with Sierra prills and Agriform tablets. Overall, Sierra 17-6-12 proved effective for growth of Jeffrey pine and singleleaf pinyon container seedlings, while Agriform 14-4-6 was marginal for growing Jeffrey pine and unsuitable for singleleaf pinyon. West. J. Appl. For. 7(4):113-117.
Young-Growth Redwood Stands Respond Well to Various Thinning Intensities
Authors: Oliver William W. , Lindquist James L. , Strothmann Rudolph O. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Three 45- to 50-yr-old redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) sawtimber stands spanning a substantial portion of the species' commercial range were thinned to three stocking levels. Treatments were low thinnings leaving 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of the before-treatment stand density, expressed as basal area/ac. Trees were measured for dbh, and a sampling of heights was taken for volume estimations at 0, 5, 10, and 15 yr after thinning. Leave trees responded strongly to the increased growing space, in spite of the vigorous stump sprouting of cut trees. Stand growth in basal area and volume varied narrowly among treatments. Overall, volume production was significantly different only in the 25% leave plots where sites were not fully occupied by the leave trees. Results illustrate the similarity between two growth/growing stock theories which appear to conflict. We conclude that 50% of the basal area in fully stocked stands could be removed in a low thinning without significant loss in volume production. West. J. Appl. For. 9(4):106-112.
The Effect and Extent of Railroad Tie Drives in Streams of Southeastern Wyoming
Authors: Young Michael K. , Haire David , Bozek Michael A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Millions of railroad ties were floated (driven) down streams in southeastern Wyoming between 1868 and 1940. We identified 61 tie-driven streams in or near the Medicine Bow National Forest. We hypothesized that tie drives, and the stream clearing associated with driving, altered channel morphology and riparian vegetation. When comparing stream reaches of similar width and gradient, we found that tie-driven stream reaches contained less coarse woody debris and had significantly lower densities of large riparian trees than did unaffected reaches. Tie-driven reaches had lower channel complexity, a greater proportion of riffles, and fewer plunge and dammed pools than did unaffected reaches. We found significant relations among characteristics of the riparian trees, coarse woody debris, and stream channel structure. Recovery of the affected reaches may be contingent on the long-term increase in large trees in the riparian zone. West. J. Appl. For. 9(4):125-130.
Medical Student Psychological Distress and Mental Illness Relative to the General Population: A Canadian Cross-Sectional Survey
Authors: Maser Brandon , Danilewitz Marlon , Guérin Eva , Findlay Leanne , Frank Erica 
Published: August 2019

Purpose
To provide national data on Canadian medical students’ mental health and show how their mental health compares with that of similarly aged postsecondary graduates from the general population.

Method
In 2015–2016, the authors conducted a survey of medical students in all years of study at all 17 Canadian medical schools. The surveys included validated items and instruments to assess for psychological distress, suicidal ideation, and diagnosed mood and anxiety disorders. Comparative analyses were performed between medical students and similarly aged postsecondary graduates using data from the Canadian Community Health Survey–Mental Health 2012.

Results
The participation rate across all medical students was 40.2% (4,613/11,469). Relative to the general population of postsecondary graduates aged 20–34, medical students aged 20–34 had significantly higher rates of diagnosed mood disorders, diagnosed anxiety disorders, suicidal ideation, and psychological distress. Among medical students, being female was associated with having a mood or anxiety disorder, lifetime suicidal ideation, moderate or severe psychological distress, and higher mean Kessler Psychological Distress Scale 6-item summative scores. Being in clinical training was associated with having suicidal ideation, moderate or severe psychological distress, and mood and anxiety disorders.

Conclusions
Compared with postsecondary graduates from the general population, medical student respondents had significantly higher rates of psychological distress, suicidal ideation, and mood and anxiety disorders. Further research is needed to understand the factors that are contributing to these higher rates.
Total intravenous anaesthesia in ambulatory care
Authors: McIlroy Edward I. , Leslie Kate 
Published: August 2019

Purpose of review
The purpose of this article is to review the use of total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) in ambulatory care.

Recent findings
The number of ambulatory surgery cases is likely to increase in coming years. Recent meta-analyses suggest that TIVA offers decreased postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) and decreased pain scores in the postanaesthesia care unit (PACU) in day case/ambulatory surgery patients when compared with volatile anaesthesia. Particular improvements have also been shown in endoscopic nasal surgery in terms of decreased blood loss. TIVA consistently scores higher than volatile techniques in patient satisfaction surveys. Surveys of anesthetists suggest that TIVA is not in widespread use. This may be because of the perceived lack of training or confidence in the technique, therefore, recent internationally agreed guidelines aimed at formalizing its practice are welcome. There is also some recent evidence to suggest that intraoperative dexmedetomidine is superior to remifentanil with respect to postoperative pain and speed of recovery, and that intraoperative lignocaine infusion may reduce chronic pain incidence in breast surgery.

Summary
Review of recent evidence of TIVA's use in ambulatory surgery and summary of new international guidelines on its use.
Tailoring Individualized Evaluation of Pediatric Abdominal Pain Using Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA)
Authors: Cushing Christopher C. , Kichline Tiffany , Blossom Jennifer B. , Friesen Craig A. , Schurman Jennifer V. 
Published: August 2019

Objective:
The current study aimed to determine if it was feasible and acceptable to use ecological momentary assessment to assess individual associations between biopsychosocial contributors to chronic abdominal pain with 2 objective sensors and a mobile application. Specifically, we aimed to determine if it was possible to identify individualized associations between idiopathic pain associations. The goal was to determine if idiographic profiles have clinical value while the field works torward consensus about nomothetic trends.

Materials and Methods:
Participants included 30 pediatric chronic abdominal pain patients, aged 8 to 17, who wore a physiological monitor and accelerometer that measured sleep and physical activity and answered 4 surveys per day on an app over the course of a 14-day study period.

Results:
Results indicated that participants were 96.2% and 95.5% compliant to the wrist-worn accelerometer measuring sleep and physical activity, respectively. Participants completed 76.3% of expected surveys and were least adherent to the physiological monitor (37.9%). In addition, it was possible to generate 24 (80%) personalized reports describing unique associations with pain for participants in the study.

Discussion:
Findings provide initial support for the use of ecological momentary assessment over a 2-week period to inform and create personalized profiles for improved clinical care in this population.