bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Total Synthesis of (−)‐Cylindrocyclophane F: A Yardstick for Probing New Catalytic C−C Bond‐Forming Methodologies
Authors: Berthold Dino , Breit Bernhard 
Published: September 2018

AbstractA short and efficient total synthesis of the C2‐symmetric (−)‐cylindrocyclophane F is presented, using a cross olefin metathesis dimerization strategy for construction of the [7,7]‐paracyclophane macrocycle. The synthesis of the dimerization building block includes a Pd‐catalyzed sp3‐sp2 Negishi cross coupling of a sterically hindered Zn‐reagent with an aromatic triflate, an enantiospecific Zn‐catalyzed sp3‐sp3 cross coupling of an α‐hydroxy ester triflate with a Grignard reagent and the application of an enantioselective Rh‐catalyzed C‐allylation of an electron rich arene.
Performance of multitarget stool DNA testing in African American patients
Authors: Cooper Gregory S. , Markowitz Sanford D. , Chen Zhengyi , Tuck Missy , Willis Joseph E. , Berger Barry M. , Brenner Dean E. , Li Li 
Published: September 2018

BACKGROUNDMultitarget stool DNA (mt‐sDNA) is an approved method for colon cancer screening that is especially relevant for patients who cannot undergo colonoscopy. Although the test performance has been evaluated in a large clinical trial, it was limited to a predominantly white population. Given differences in the epidemiology and biology of colon cancer in African American individuals, the authors sought to compare the performance of mt‐sDNA between racial groups.METHODSThe authors prospectively identified patients aged ≥40 years who were referred for colonoscopy at an academic medical center and 2 satellite facilities. Prior to the colonoscopy, the authors collected stool for mt‐sDNA and fecal immunochemical testing (FIT). They compared the sensitivity, specificity, and receiver operating characteristic curve between African American and white patients for the detection of advanced lesions or any adenoma.RESULTSA total of 760 patients were included, 34.9% of whom were African American. The prevalence of any adenoma (38.9% for African American patients and 33.9% for white patients) and that for advanced lesions (6.8% and 6.7%, respectively) were similar between groups. The overall sensitivities of mt‐sDNA for the detection of advanced lesions and any adenoma were 43% and 19%, respectively, and the specificities were 91% and 93%, respectively. In general, mt‐sDNA was more sensitive and less specific than FIT. When stratified by race, the sensitivity, specificity, and receiver operating characteristic curve area were similar between African American and white patients for both mt‐sDNA and FIT.CONCLUSIONSTest performance characteristics of mt‐sDNA were comparable in African American and white patients. Given the lower uptake of colonoscopy in African American individuals, mt‐sDNA may offer a promising screening alternative in this patient population.
The aid of colour on visuospatial navigation of elderly people in a virtual polyclinic environment
Authors: Süzer Özge Kumoğlu , Olguntürk Nilgün 
Published: September 2018

AbstractIt is well documented that elderly people often have difficulties in finding their way in unfamiliar environments. In this study, we aimed to explore the usage of colour as visuospatial navigation tool for elderly people by testing in a virtually simulated polyclinic environment. We compared neutral, warm and cool coloured experiment settings to find out the effect of different colours on elderly people's visuospatial navigation performances. We conducted our experiment with 90 participants in two phases, each with a specific task (Route Replication and Picture Classification). The findings showed that neutral coloured setting affected participants' visuospatial navigation performances negatively compared to warm and cool coloured settings. However, there was no significant performance difference between warm and cool coloured environments. In addition to that, when they were asked to reach to the destination point, male participants spent shorter time, did fewer wrong turns, experienced fewer hesitations and traveled shorter distances compared to female participants. Currently, due to the increase in the elderly population, designing well‐functioning interior spaces for the elderly has become a more pressing matter. We believe that the findings of this study will provide important clues for both interior designers and environmental psychologists.
Can a threshold for 11‐nor‐9‐carboxy‐Δ9 ‐tetrahydrocannabinol in hair be derived when its respective concentration in blood serum indicates regular use?
Authors: Zinka Bettina , Epple Sabine , Schick Sylvia , Skopp Gisela , Graw Matthias , Musshoff Frank 
Published: September 2018

AbstractA 100 μg/L or higher concentration of 11‐nor‐9‐carboxy‐Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (THC‐COOH) in blood serum is generally assumed to be associated with regular and/or heavy use of cannabis. At present, determination of the extent of cannabis use by means of the concentration of THC‐COOH in hair has not been assessed. Therefore, we aimed at establishing a threshold for THC‐COOH concentrations in hair to prove frequent consumption by comparing THC‐COOH concentrations in 129 corresponding serum and hair samples, respectively.The concentration of THC‐COOH in the serum was analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and in the hair by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Data were statistically evaluated using receiver operating characteristic curves and contingency tables. Our results suggest that a THC‐COOH concentration of ≥4.2 pg/mg in hair was always accompanied by a THC‐COOH concentration of at least 100 μg/L in blood serum. Should this be confirmed by further studies of a larger study population, a hair concentration of 4.2 pg/mg THC‐COOH can be set as a threshold to predict regular and/or heavy consumption of cannabis even if no corresponding blood sample is available for analysis.
Multiple incidence of the prescription diuretic hydrochlorothiazide in compounded nutritional supplements
Authors: Favretto Donata , Visentin Sindi , Scrivano Salvatore , Roselli Emanuele , Mattiazzi Fabio , Pertile Roberto , Vogliardi Susanna , Tucci Marianna , Montisci Massimo 
Published: September 2018

AbstractDiuretic agents are prohibited in sports in‐ and out‐of‐competition according to the regulations of the World Anti‐Doping Agency (WADA) because of their possible masking effects on other doping agents in urine samples, and their ability to produce fast acute weight losses. Despite previous studies reported adverse analytical findings (AAFs) resulting from contaminations at ppm level (μg/g) of medicinal products, and recommended to introduce reporting limits for diuretics in doping controls, these are not adopted in analyses performed by WADA‐accredited laboratories. We report the case of an athlete with two AAFs for hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) at low urinary concentrations (<10 ng/mL), who declared the use of nutritional supplements prepared in a compounding pharmacy. His nutritional supplements were analyzed revealing HCTZ presence in different concentrations, at the ppm level (μg/g and ng/mL).With the aim of testing the plausibility of the observed urinary HCTZ concentrations with the nutritional supplement ingestion, a urinary excretion study with three healthy volunteers was performed. HCTZ‐contaminated powder (6.4 μg/g of HCTZ) was administered to each subject in different dosages, reproducing the possible ingestion pattern occurred. Urine specimens were collected before and after ingestion of the powder, up to 24 hours, and underwent liquid–liquid extraction and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry determination.Post‐administration specimens were found to contain HCTZ at concentrations of 5–230 ng/mL, which supported the accidental inadvertent intake of the prohibited substance by the athlete. This study makes the argument that the introduction of reporting limits for diuretics are warranted in doping control samples, in order to protect against inadvertent AAFs due to contaminated products.
Cre/lox‐controlled spatiotemporal perturbation of FGF signaling in zebrafish
Authors: Kirchgeorg Lucia , Felker Anastasia , van Oostrom Marek , Chiavacci Elena , Mosimann Christian 
Published: September 2018

Background: Spatiotemporal perturbation of signaling pathways in vivo remains challenging and requires precise transgenic control of signaling effectors. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling guides multiple developmental processes, including body axis formation and cell fate patterning. In zebrafish, mutants and chemical perturbations affecting FGF signaling have uncovered key developmental processes; however, these approaches cause embryo‐wide perturbations, rendering assessment of cell‐autonomous vs. non‐autonomous requirements for FGF signaling in individual processes difficult.Results: Here, we created the novel transgenic line fgfr1‐dn‐cargo, encoding dominant‐negative Fgfr1a with fluorescent tag under combined Cre/lox and heatshock control to perturb FGF signaling spatiotemporally. Validating efficient perturbation of FGF signaling by fgfr1‐dn‐cargo primed with ubiquitous CreERT2, we established that primed, heatshock‐induced fgfr1‐dn‐cargo behaves similarly to pulsed treatment with the FGFR inhibitor SU5402. Priming fgfr1‐dn‐cargo with CreERT2 in the lateral plate mesoderm triggered selective cardiac and pectoral fin phenotypes without drastic impact on overall embryo patterning. Harnessing lateral plate mesoderm‐specific FGF inhibition, we recapitulated the cell‐autonomous and temporal requirement for FGF signaling in pectoral fin outgrowth, as previously inferred from pan‐embryonic FGF inhibition.Conclusions: As a paradigm for rapid Cre/lox‐mediated signaling perturbations, our results establish fgfr1‐dn‐cargo as a genetic tool to define the spatiotemporal requirements for FGF signaling in zebrafish. Developmental Dynamics 247:1146‐1159, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Factors influencing experimental estimation of scavenger removal and observer detection in bird–window collision surveys
Authors: Riding Corey S. , Loss Scott R. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractWildlife collisions with human‐built structures are a major source of direct anthropogenic mortality. Understanding and mitigating the impact of anthropogenic collisions on wildlife populations require unbiased mortality estimates. However, counts of collision fatalities are underestimated due to several bias sources, including scavenger removal of carcasses between fatality surveys and imperfect detection of carcasses present during surveys. These biases remain particularly understudied for bird–window collisions, the largest source of avian collision mortality. In Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA, we used bird carcasses collected during window collision monitoring to experimentally assess factors influencing scavenging and observer detection, and we employed trail cameras to characterize the scavenger community and timing of scavenging. We recorded nine scavenger species, but the domestic cat and Virginia opossum were responsible for 73% of known‐species scavenging events. The most frequent scavenger species were primarily nocturnal, and 68% of scavenging events occurred at night. Scavenger species best predicted time to first scavenging event, season best predicted carcass persistence time, and both season and carcass size predicted whether any carcass remains persisted after scavenging. Our results also suggest that observer detection was influenced by substrate, with greater detection of carcasses on artificial substrates. Our findings related to scavenging timing have important implications for the unbiased estimation of collision mortality because the timing of peak scavenging relative to timing of peak mortality can substantially influence accuracy of adjusted mortality estimates. Further, the differences in correlates for time to first scavenging and time to carcass removal (i.e., persistence time) illustrate the importance of explicitly measuring these often‐independent events that are frequently conflated in the anthropogenic mortality literature.
Pace of life syndrome under warming and pollution: integrating life history, behavior, and physiology across latitudes
Authors: Debecker Sara , Stoks Robby 
Published: September 2018

AbstractTo fully comprehend and predict the impact of drivers of global change such as climate warming and pollution, integrated multi‐trait approaches are needed. As organismal traits are often correlated, responses to stressors are expected to induce coordinated changes in many traits. A promising framework to study this is the pace of life syndrome (POLS), which predicts the integration of life history, behavioral, and physiological traits along a fast‐slow continuum. Using an integrative multi‐trait approach, we evaluated the presence of a POLS both within and across latitudes and how POLS patterns are affected by warming and metal pollution. We studied this in Ischnura elegans damselfly larvae of replicated low‐ and high‐latitude populations that strongly differ in voltinism (three to four generations per year vs. one generation every two years) reared in a common‐garden experiment at two temperatures. Across latitudes, life history, behavior, and physiology covaried in accordance with the POLS, with the fast‐paced low‐latitude damselflies characterized by a fast growth rate, high activity, and more explorative and risk‐taking behavior, fast metabolic rate, and low investment in immune function (activity of phenoloxidase). This fast POLS strategy was associated with a higher sensitivity to metal exposure and a higher vulnerability to predation. Warming caused opposite responses between the latitudes consistent with differential thermal adaptation in growth rate, behavior, and oxidative stress parameters. Despite this, damselflies of both latitudes showed a consistent pattern in phenotypic correlations among traits that, moreover, was not affected by warming and metal exposure. Within latitudes, there was no full support for the POLS. More active larvae were more explorative and risk taking, which aligned with the fast‐slow life history axis, but less strong than at the across‐latitude level. Physiological traits were also integrated within latitudes, yet there was no unambiguous coupling with the fast‐slow life history continuum. The consistent syndrome structure, if underpinned by genetic correlations, may restrict the independent evolution of individual traits, yet may not necessarily constrain adaptive evolution of integrated trait sets. This is because the covariance pattern was to a large extent similar across latitudes and within latitudes, suggesting adaptive trait integration guiding adaptive evolution of trait sets along the fast‐slow continuum.
Biofluid pumping and mixing by an AC electrothermal micropump embedded with a spiral microelectrode pair in a cylindrical microchannel
Authors: Gao Xiaobo , Li Yuxiao 
Published: September 2018

AbstractIn this paper, we numerically investigated a multifunctional AC electrothermal (ACET) micropump embedded with an asymmetric spiral microelectrode pair in a cylindrical microchannel for simultaneous pumping and mixing in high‐conductivity fluids, which makes the pump useful for biofluid applications. When an AC signal was applied to the asymmetric spiral electrode pair, the vortices induced on the electrode surfaces with centerlines along the corresponding spiral electrode length exhibit a spiral distribution, and the net flow in the cylindrical microchannel is generated by the ACET effect. The vorticity field distribution can explain the mechanism of simultaneous pumping and mixing. Because the vorticity field is inclined against the microchannel direction, vortices on top of the spiral electrodes can affect the ACET flow in the following two aspects at the same time: one is pumping the flow in the microchannel direction, and the other is mixing the samples by stirring the flow. We also determined that the geometric ratios of the electrode width to the gap or slant angle of the spiral electrodes can feasibly be used to control the relative strength of the pumping and mixing capabilities, and we achieved an optimal design that gives both desirable pumping and mixing efficiencies. This study shows that the spiral ACET micropump design can rapidly drive the high‐conductivity fluids and efficiently mix samples simultaneously. The numerical simulation of the spiral ACET micropump is of significant importance for practical, chemical and biological applications, and feasible fabrication techiniques should be experimentally investigated in future studies.
Covalent organic framework TpPa‐1 as stationary phase for capillary electrochromatographic separation of drugs and food additives
Authors: Kong Deying , Chen Zilin 
Published: September 2018

AbstractBecause of unique properties like permanent porosity, low density and large surface area, covalent organic frameworks are attractive microporous materials as stationary phase for CEC. Among them, COF‐TpPa‐1 possesses extraordinary chemical stability and common features of covalent organic frameworks. So, COF‐TpPa‐1 could be a promising material as stationary phase to enhance separation selectivity and tolerate the acid or alkaline electrochromatographic separation conditions. Here, we report the preparation of COF‐TpPa‐1 modified capillary column by in situ growth for electrochromatographic separation. The immobilization of COF‐TpPa‐1 on the inner wall of capillary column was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X‐ray diffraction. The fabricated COF‐TpPa‐1 modified capillary column indicated good resolution for the separation of neutral analytes, nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs and food additives in open‐tubular CEC mode. Compared with bare capillary column, the COF‐TpPa‐1 modified capillary column improved separation selectivity remarkably for tested analytes, including hydrophobic, π–π and hydrogen bond interactions. Besides, the prepared capillary column showed excellent repeatability and stability. The intraday, interday and column‐to‐column relative standard deviations of migration time for neutral analytes were less than 3.54%. This work shows enamine‐linked covalent organic frameworks have great potential as stationary phases in CEC.
Alkanethiol‐functionalized organosilicon monoliths for nano‐reversed‐phase liquid chromatography
Authors: Demir Cihan , Kip Çiğdem , Tuncel Ali 
Published: September 2018

AbstractOrganosilicon monoliths carrying chromatographic ligands with different alkyl chain lengths were obtained by thiol‐methacrylate photopolymerization. The use of thiol‐ene chemistry in the presence of a main monomer with a series of methacrylate functionality (i.e., methacrylate substituted polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane) allowed the synthesis of organosilicon monoliths with high cross‐linking density and carrying hydrophobic alkyl‐chain ligands by a one‐pot process. In the synthesis runs, 1‐butanethiol, 1‐octanethiol, and 1‐octadecanethiol were used as the hydrophobic thiol ligands with the number of methylene units between 4 and 18. The selectivity analysis performed using cytosine/uracil retention ratio showed that alkanethiol‐attached organosilicon monoliths exhibited hydrophobicity close to octadecyl‐attached silica‐based RP columns. In the RP, chromatographic runs performed in nano‐liquid chromatography, phenols, alkylbenzenes, and PAHs were used as the analytes. Among the synthesized monoliths, retention‐independent plate height behavior and the smallest plate heights were obtained with 1‐octadecanethiol‐attached organosilicon monolith for the analytes in a wide polarity range. With this monolith, the mobile phases prepared with ACN contents ranging between 35 and 85% v/v could be used for satisfactory separation of analytes in a wide polarity range.
Effects of electrode size and surface morphology on electrode polarization in physiological buffers
Authors: Koklu Anil , Mansoorifar Amin , Beskok Ali 
Published: September 2018

AbstractElectrode polarization (EP) is inevitable in high conductivity buffers at low AC frequencies due to the accumulation of free charges at the electrode/electrolyte interface. Electrode miniaturization increases EP effect on impedance measurements. In this paper, six gold planar (GP) electrodes having different diameters () were used to investigate the size effect on EP with parallel plate electrode geometry. GP electrode surface was electrochemically deposited with gold nanostructures (GNs) to minimize the EP effect. Equivalent circuit model was used to attain electrode/electrolyte interfacial impedance. Constant phase element model was used to analyze the relation between the size and morphology of electrodes on EP. The surface morphology of gold nanostructured electrodes was examined using SEM, and the influence of different applied potential on the growth of GNs was elucidated with Nernst equilibrium condition. Surface roughness and wettability characteristics were examined performing surface roughness and contact angle measurements, respectively. The improvement of GNs deposited electrode performance was investigated by analytically generated Jurkat cell suspension spectra. The results show that the error in estimating the subcellular properties can be drastically reduced by using GNs deposited electrodes.
Have Fish Will Travel—A Scientist's View of the World
Authors: Swales Stephen 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
In this article, I provide a brief description of my experience working in the field of fisheries in various countries around the world from Europe to Australasia. The fish and fisheries of New Zealand, Australia, and Papua New Guinea are discussed and the various factors affecting them are summarized and compared. Although environmental conditions and fish faunas vary considerably among these countries, all are affected to various degrees by human disturbances to land and water. Many fish species are particularly threatened by river modifications, such as impoundment and abstraction, resource development (e.g., mining), and changes in land use through forest clearance and agricultural development, as well as by the effects of introduced species, such as carp and trout. However, continued improvements in environmental management and implementation of species conservation programs provide hope that the declines may be halted or reversed. My experience suggests that working in a range of countries can provide a unique perspective on the problems facing the world's fish and fisheries.
Signal transduction in astrocytes: Localization and release of inorganic polyphosphate
Authors: Angelova Plamena R. , Iversen Kathrine Z. , Teschemacher Anja G. , Kasparov Sergey , Gourine Alexander V. , Abramov Andrey Y. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractInorganic polyphosphate (polyP) is present in every cell and is highly conserved from primeval times. In the mammalian cells, polyP plays multiple roles including control of cell bioenergetics and signal transduction. In the brain, polyP mediates signaling between astrocytes via activation of purinergic receptors, however, the mechanisms of polyP release remain unknown. Here we report identification of polyP‐containing vesicles in cortical astrocytes and the main triggers that evoke vesicular polyP release. In cultured astrocytes, polyP was localized predominantly within the intracellular vesicular compartments which express vesicular nucleotide transporter VNUT (putative ATP‐containing vesicles), but not within the compartments expressing vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (VGLUT2). The number of lysosomes which contain polyP was dependent on the conditions of astrocytes. Release of polyP from a proportion of lysosomes could be induced by calcium ionophores. In contrast, polyP release from the VNUT‐containing vesicles could be triggered by various physiological stimuli, such as pH changes, polyP induced polyP release and other stimuli which increase [Ca2+]
i. These data suggest that astrocytes release polyP predominantly via exocytosis from the VNUT‐containing vesicles. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.