bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anterior Cervical Foraminotomy: 2-Dimensional Operative Video
Authors: Tan Lee A , Riew K Daniel 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
We provide a step-by-step technique guide for performing anterior cervical foraminotomy in this video. An illustrative case was presented with detailed narration and a discussion of surgical nuances. Anterior cervical foraminotomy can be an effective treatment strategy for patients with unilateral cervical radiculopathy without the need for cervical spine fusion. Spine surgeons should be familiar with technique and use it as a motion-preserving surgical option in treating isolated cervical radiculopathy. There is no identifying information in this video. A patient consent was obtained for publishing of the material included in the video.
Application of precision medicine to the treatment of anaphylaxis
Authors: Labella Marina , Garcia-Neuer Marlene , Castells Mariana 
Published: March 2018

Purpose of review
Recognize the presentation of anaphylaxis for prompt management and treatment and to provide tools for the diagnosis of the underlying cause(s) and set up a long-term treatment to prevent recurrence of anaphylaxis.

Recent findings
The recent description of phenotypes provides new insight and understanding into the mechanisms and causes of anaphylaxis through a better understanding of endotypes and biomarkers for broad clinical use.

Summary
Anaphylaxis is the most severe hypersensitivity reaction and can lead to death. Epinephrine is the first-line treatment of anaphylaxis and it is life-saving. Patients with first-line therapy-induced anaphylaxis are candidates for desensitization to increase their quality of life and life expectancy. Desensitization is a breakthrough novel treatment for patients with anaphylaxis in need of first-line therapy, including chemotherapy, mAbs, aspirin and others. Ultrarush with venom immunotherapy should be considered in patients who present with life-threatening anaphylaxis after Hymenoptera sting with evidence of IgE-mediated mechanisms. Food desensitization is currently being expanded to provide increased safety to adults and children with food-induced anaphylaxis.
How to diagnose food allergy
Authors: Sato Sakura , Yanagida Noriyuki , Ebisawa Motohiro 
Published: March 2018

Purpose of review
To assess the recent studies that focus on specific immunoglobulin E (sIgE) testing and basophil activation test (BAT) for diagnosing IgE-mediated food allergies.

Recent findings
The sIgE to allergen extract or component can predict reactivity to food. The cutoff value based on the positive predictive value (PPV) of sIgE can be considered whenever deciding whether oral food challenge (OFC) is required to diagnose hen's egg, cow's milk, wheat, peanut, and cashew nut allergy. However, PPV varies depending on the patients’ background, OFC methodology, challenge foods, and assay methodology. Component-resolved diagnostics (CRD) has been used for food allergy diagnosis. Ovomucoid and omega-5 gliadin are good diagnostic markers for heated egg and wheat allergy. More recently, CRD of peanut, tree nuts, and seed have been investigated. Ara h 2 showed the best diagnostic accuracy for peanut allergy; other storage proteins, such as Jug r 1 for walnut, Ana o 3 for cashew nut, Ses i 1 for sesame, and Fag e 3 for buckwheat, are also better markers than allergen extracts. Some studies suggested that BAT has superior specificity than skin prick test and sIgE testing.

Summary
The sIgE testing and BAT can improve diagnostic accuracy. CRD provides additional information that can help determine whether OFCs should be performed to diagnose food allergy.
Early-phase Innate Immune Suppression in Murine Severe Sepsis Is Restored with Systemic Interferon-β
Authors: Kusakabe Yoshiomi , Uchida Kanji , Yamamura Yoshiro , Hiruma Takahiro , Totsu Tokie , Tamai Yuho , Tsuyuzaki Hitoshi , Hasegawa Kyoko , Chang Kyungho , Yamada Yoshitsugu 
Published: March 2018

Abstract

Background
Sepsis is a leading cause of death in the intensive care unit. Immune modulatory therapy targeting sepsis-associated proinflammatory responses has not shown survival benefit. Here, the authors evaluated innate immunity at the early stage of murine mild or severe peritoneal sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture, and the effect of systemic interferon-β, a potent inflammatory mediator, on severe sepsis as well as its mechanism of action.

Methods
Mild and severe sepsis was induced in C57BL/6 mice by cecal ligation and puncture with 22- and 18-gauge needles for puncture, respectively. Interferon-β (700 U/g) was subcutaneously administered either before or 12 h after cecal ligation and puncture for the severe sepsis group.

Results
Severe sepsis resulted in significantly lower 6-day survival rates than mild sepsis (n = 48, 25% vs. n = 11, 81.8%, P = 0.002), significantly less phagocytic capacity of peritoneal exudate cells, and lower CXC chemokine receptor-2 expression on circulating neutrophils at 24 h after cecal ligation and puncture. Interferon-β administration 12 h after cecal ligation and puncture associated with significantly improved survival (n = 34, 52.9%, P = 0.017) increased the number and function of peritoneal exudate cells, peritoneal/systemic inflammatory cytokine/chemokine concentrations, and CXC chemokine receptor-2 on neutrophils, compared with the severe sepsis controls. However, those responses were not observed in the prophylactic interferon-β group (n = 24). Interferon-β increased lipopolysaccharide-induced interleukin-6 messenger RNA/protein expression of lipopolysaccharide-tolerant murine peritoneal macrophages, which was not observed in nontolerant cells.

Conclusions
In severe sepsis, immune suppression occurs within 24 h and is associated with worse mortality. Interferon-β given after the onset of peritonitis restores impaired innate immunity in vivo and in vitro.
The Speaker Gender Gap at Critical Care Conferences
Authors: Mehta Sangeeta , Rose Louise , Cook Deborah , Herridge Margaret , Owais Sawayra , Metaxa Victoria 
Published: March 2018

Objectives:
To review women’s participation as faculty at five critical care conferences over 7 years.

Design:
Retrospective analysis of five scientific programs to identify the proportion of females and each speaker’s profession based on conference conveners, program documents, or internet research.

Setting:
Three international (European Society of Intensive Care Medicine, International Symposium on Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, Society of Critical Care Medicine) and two national (Critical Care Canada Forum, U.K. Intensive Care Society State of the Art Meeting) annual critical care conferences held between 2010 and 2016.

Subjects:
Female faculty speakers.

Interventions:
None.

Measurements and Main Results:
Male speakers outnumbered female speakers at all five conferences, in all 7 years. Overall, women represented 5–31% of speakers, and female physicians represented 5–26% of speakers. Nursing and allied health professional faculty represented 0–25% of speakers; in general, more than 50% of allied health professionals were women. Over the 7 years, Society of Critical Care Medicine had the highest representation of female (27% overall) and nursing/allied health professional (16–25%) speakers; notably, male physicians substantially outnumbered female physicians in all years (62–70% vs 10–19%, respectively). Women’s representation on conference program committees ranged from 0% to 40%, with Society of Critical Care Medicine having the highest representation of women (26–40%). The female proportions of speakers, physician speakers, and program committee members increased significantly over time at the Society of Critical Care Medicine and U.K. Intensive Care Society State of the Art Meeting conferences (p < 0.05), but there was no temporal change at the other three conferences.

Conclusions:
There is a speaker gender gap at critical care conferences, with male faculty outnumbering female faculty. This gap is more marked among physician speakers than those speakers representing nursing and allied health professionals. Several organizational strategies can address this gender gap.
Family Presence During Resuscitation
Authors: Twibell Renee Samples , Siela Debra , Neal Alexis , Riwitis Cheryl , Beane Heather 
Published: March 2018

Background
Families often desire proximity to loved ones during life-threatening resuscitations and perceive clear benefits to being present. However, critical care nurses and physicians perceive risks and benefits. Whereas research is accumulating on nurses' perceptions of family presence, physicians' perspectives have not been clearly explicated. Psychometrically sound measures of physicians' perceptions are needed to create new knowledge and enhance collaboration among critical care nurses and physicians during resuscitation events.

Objective
This study tests 2 new instruments that measure physicians' perceived risks, benefits, and self-confidence related to family presence during resuscitation.

Methods
By a correlational design, a convenience sample of physicians (N = 195) from diverse clinical specialties in 1 hospital in the United States completed the Physicians' Family Presence Risk-Benefit Scale and Physicians' Family Presence Self-confidence Scale.

Results
Findings supported the internal consistency reliability and construct validity of both new scales. Mean scale scores indicated that physicians perceived more risk than benefit and were confident in managing resuscitations with families present, although more than two-thirds reported feeling anxious. Higher self-confidence was significantly related to more perceived benefit and less perceived risk (P = .001). Younger physicians, family practice physicians, and physicians who previously had invited family presence expressed more positive perceptions (P = .05-.001).

Discussion
These 2 new scales offer a means to assess key perceptions of physicians related to family presence. Further testing in diverse physician populations may further validate the scales and yield knowledge that can strengthen collaboration among critical care nurses and physicians and improve patient and family outcomes.
Missing Voices: Profile, Extent, and 12-Month Outcomes of Nonfatal Traumatic Brain Injury in Aboriginal and Non-Aboriginal Adults in Western Australia Using Linked Administrative Records
Authors: Katzenellenbogen Judith M. , Atkins Emily , Thompson Sandra C. , Hersh Deborah , Coffin Juli , Flicker Leon , Hayward Colleen , Ciccone Natalie , Woods Deborah , Greenland Melanie E. , McAllister Meaghan , Armstrong Elizabeth M. 
Published: March 2018

Objective:
To investigate differences in the profile and outcomes between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Western Australians (WAs) hospitalized with traumatic brain injury (TBI).

Setting:
WA hospitals.

Participants:
TBI cases aged 15 to 79 years surviving their first admission during 2002-2011.

Design:
Patients identified from diagnostic codes and followed up for 12 months or more using WA-wide person-based linked hospital and mortality data.

Main Measures:
Demographic profile, 5-year comorbidity history, injury mechanism, injury severity, 12-month readmission, and mortality risks. Determinants of 12-month readmission.

Results:
Of 16 601 TBI survivors, 14% were Aboriginal. Aboriginal patients were more likely to be female, live remotely, and have comorbidities. The mechanism of injury was an assault in 57% of Aboriginal patients (vs 20%) and transport in 33% of non-Aboriginal patients (vs 17%), varying by remoteness. One in 10 Aboriginal TBI patients discharged themselves against medical advice. Crude 12-month readmission but not mortality risk was significantly higher in Aboriginal patients (48% vs 36%). The effect of age, sex, and injury mechanism on 12-month readmission was different for Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal patients.

Conclusion:
These findings suggest an urgent need for multisectoral primary prevention of TBI, as well as culturally secure and logistically appropriate medical and rehabilitation service delivery models to optimize outcomes.
Effects of Web-Based Parent Training on Caregiver Functioning Following Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury: A Randomized Control Trial
Authors: Raj Stacey P. , Shultz Emily L. , Zang Huaiyu , Zhang Nanhua , Kirkwood Michael W. , Taylor H. Gerry , Stancin Terry , Yeates Keith Owen , Wade Shari L. 
Published: March 2018

Objective:
To examine the effects of a Web-based parenting intervention (I-InTERACT), and an abbreviated version (Express), on caregiver depression, psychological distress, parenting stress, and parenting efficacy following pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI).

Setting:
Four children's hospitals and 1 general hospital in the United States.

Participants:
148 caregivers of 113 children aged 3 to 9 years with a moderate to severe TBI.

Design:
Multicenter randomized controlled trial. Participants were randomly assigned to I-InTERACT, Express, or an active control condition. Caregiver data were collected at baseline and postintervention (6 months later).

Intervention:
I-InTERACT (10-14 sessions) and Express (7 sessions) combine live coaching of parenting skills and positive parenting strategies.

Main Measures:
Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D); Global Severity Index of the Symptom Checklist-90-R (GSI), Parenting Stress Index (PSI), and Caregiver Self-Efficacy Scale (CSES).

Results:
Analyses revealed no main effects of treatment on caregiver distress (GSI), parenting stress (PSI), or parenting efficacy (CSES). However, analyses examining baseline severity as a moderator found that caregivers with elevated levels of depression in I-InTERACT experienced significantly greater reductions in CES-D scores compared with caregivers in the active control condition.

Conclusions:
I-InTERACT reduced caregiver depression but no other facets of caregiver psychological functioning. Modifications to the treatment content may be necessary to reduce parenting stress and improve caregiver efficacy.
Family Needs on an Inpatient Brain Injury Rehabilitation Unit: A Quantitative Assessment
Authors: Kreutzer Jeffrey S. , Marwitz Jennifer H. , Klyce Daniel W. , Wilder Schaaf Kathryn P. , Sima Adam P. , Welch Abigail M. , Niemeier Janet P. 
Published: March 2018

Objective:
To examine the needs of family members in an inpatient setting and factors predicting extent to which needs are perceived as met.

Setting:
University health system inpatient rehabilitation unit.

Participants:
Adult survivors of traumatic brain injury and family members (n = 85).

Design:
Prospective, cross-sectional.

Main Measure:
Family Needs Questionnaire-Revised (FNQ-R).

Results:
Needs related to the Health Information subscale were most frequently rated as met, whereas needs related to the Instrumental Support and Emotional Support subscales were most frequently rated as unmet. Predictors related to the FNQ-R included family income, gender, and ethnicity. For 4 of 6 subscales, white family members were more likely to rate needs as unmet than minority members. For 3 subscales, females were more likely to rate needs as unmet than males. Greater household income was associated with fewer met needs for 2 subscales.

Conclusions:
The ranking of met and unmet needs in the present study was remarkably similar to previous studies within and outside the United States. Clinicians should not assume that families with relatively higher incomes will experience fewer unmet needs. Through structured assessment, clinicians can reveal perceived needs that might have otherwise been unrecognized and facilitate appropriate supports. Findings provide direction for inpatient program development.
Adjuvant Use of Cyclosporine A in the Treatment of Primary Pterygium: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Zhang Qing , Bao Ning , Liang Kun , Tao Liming 
Published: March 2018

Purpose:
To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of cyclosporine A (CsA) as an adjuvant treatment for primary pterygium.

Methods:
A comprehensive literature search from 7 databases (EMBASE, ISI Web of Science, PubMed, and the Cochrane Library for studies published in English and VIP, Wan Fang, and CNKI for studies published in Chinese). For the recurrence rate, pooled odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using a random-effects model. Tolerability estimates were measured by OR for adverse events.

Results:
A total of 7 studies meeting the inclusion criteria were included in this meta-analysis. Compared with the group with adjunctive CsA usage, the control group (no adjuvant use of CsA) showed a significantly increased risk of pterygium recurrence (OR = 2.71; 95% CI, 1.62–4.54). No obvious heterogeneity was detected in the included studies. Subgroup analysis showed that adjuvant use of CsA with pterygium excision alone resulted in a significantly lower frequency of recurrence than was seen in the group without adjuvant use of CsA (OR = 3.16; 95% CI, 1.18–8.84). However, there is no significant difference in pterygium recurrence between the subgroup (CsA + pterygium excision + limbal conjunctival autograft or flap rotation) and the subgroup without adjunctive CsA usage (pterygium excision + limbal conjunctival autograft or flap rotation).

Conclusions:
This meta-analysis suggests that adjuvant use of CsA can significantly reduce the risk of pterygium recurrence compared with pterygium excision alone, whereas adjuvant use of CsA may not reduce the risk of pterygium recurrence in terms of pterygium excision + limbal conjunctival autograft or conjunctival flap rotation.
Antibiotic Overuse in Children with Respiratory Syncytial Virus Lower Respiratory Tract Infection
Authors: van Houten Chantal B. , Naaktgeboren Christiana , Buiteman Brigitte J. M. , van der Lee Maaike , Klein Adi , Srugo Isaac , Chistyakov Irena , de Waal Wouter , Meijssen Clemens B. , Meijers Pieter W. , de Winter-de Groot Karin M. , Wolfs Tom F.W. , Shachor-Meyouhas Yael , Stein Michal , Sanders Elisabeth A. M. , Bont Louis J. 
Published: March 2018

Background:
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common cause of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) during the first year of life. Antibiotic treatment is recommended in cases suspected of bacterial coinfection. The aim of this prospective study was to estimate the incidence of bacterial coinfections and the amount of antibiotic overuse in children infected with RSV using expert panel diagnosis.

Methods:
Children 1 month of age and over with LRTI or fever without source were prospectively recruited in hospitals in the Netherlands and Israel. Children with confirmed RSV infection by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) on nasal swabs were evaluated by an expert panel as reference standard diagnosis. Three experienced pediatricians distinguished bacterial coinfection from simple viral infection using all available clinical information, including all microbiologic evaluations and a 28-day follow-up evaluation.

Results:
A total of 188 children (24% of all 784 recruited patients) were positive for RSV. From these, 92 (49%) were treated with antibiotics. All 27 children (29%) with bacterial coinfection were treated with antibiotics. Fifty-seven patients (62%) were treated with antibiotics without a diagnosis of bacterial coinfection. In 8 of the 92 (9%), the expert panel could not distinguish simple viral infection from bacterial coinfection.

Conclusion:
This is the first prospective international multicenter RSV study using an expert panel as reference standard to identify children with and without bacterial coinfection. All cases of bacterial coinfections are treated, whereas as many as one-third of all children with RSV LRTI are treated unnecessarily with antibiotics.
Increasing Prevalence of Pediatric Drug-resistant Tuberculosis in Mumbai, India, and Its Outcome
Authors: Shah Miti A. , Shah Ira 
Published: March 2018

Background:
The prevalence and type of Drug resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) was evaluated pre- and post-2013, and outcome was studied.

Methods:
Descriptive retrospective study. Children were defined as having DR-TB on the basis of GeneXpert or line probe assay and/or drug susceptibility testing (DST) of M. tuberculosis grown on culture or from contact’s DST.

Results:
The prevalence of DR-TB was 110 of 1145 cases (9.6%), which showed an increase, compared with 5.6% pre-2010 and 7% in 2010–2013 (P = 0.014408). Twenty-two children (20%) had pulmonary-TB and 88 (80%) had extra-pulmonary-TB with disseminated-TB being the most common presentation in 31 children (28.18%). Ninety-six children (87.3%) were bacteriologically confirmed TB cases, and 14 (12.7%) were clinically diagnosed-TB and treated as per contact DST. Eight cases (7.2%) were monoresistant, 7 (6.3%) polyresistant, MDR-TB seen in 28 patients (25.45%), 32 (29.09%) had pre-XDR-TB, 9 (8.18%) had XDR-TB and 12 (10.9%) were rifampicin resistant. Ethionamide resistance increased from 26.1% pre-2013 to 60.8% post-2013 (P = 0.014408) and ofloxacin resistance rose from 30.4% pre-2010, to 47.6% in 2010–2013 and 56.9% post-2013 (P = 0.080863). Moxifloxacin resistance showed an acute rise from 8.7% pre-2010, to 46% in 2010–2013 and 57% post-2013 (P = 0.000275). Thirty-three patients (30%) had completed their treatment, 21 (19.09%) were lost to follow-up and 56 (50.09%) patients are still on treatment.

Conclusions:
DR-TB is increasing in Mumbai, India. Based on the DST results, individualised therapy would be recommended.
Dietary Supplementation With Medium-Chain Triglycerides Reduces Candida Gastrointestinal Colonization in Preterm Infants
Authors: Arsenault Amanda B. , Gunsalus Kearney T. W. , Laforce-Nesbitt Sonia S. , Przystac Lynn , DeAngelis Erik J. , Hurley Michaela E. , Vorel Ethan S. , Tucker Richard , Matthan Nirupa R. , Lichtenstein Alice H. , Kumamoto Carol A. , Bliss Joseph M. 
Published: March 2018

Background:

Candida is an important cause of infections in premature infants. Gastrointestinal colonization with Candida is a common site of entry for disseminated disease. The objective of this study was to determine whether a dietary supplement of medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) reduces Candida colonization in preterm infants.

Methods:
Preterm infants with Candida colonization (n = 12) receiving enteral feedings of either infant formula (n = 5) or breast milk (n = 7) were randomized to MCT supplementation (n = 8) or no supplementation (n = 4). Daily stool samples were collected to determine fungal burden during a 3-week study period. Infants in the MCT group received supplementation during 1 week of the study period. The primary outcome was fungal burden during the supplementation period as compared with the periods before and after supplementation.

Results:
Supplementation of MCT led to a marked increase in MCT intake relative to unsupplemented breast milk or formula as measured by capric acid content. In the treatment group, there was a significant reduction in fungal burden during the supplementation period as compared with the period before supplementation (rate ratio, 0.15; P = 0.02), with a significant increase after supplementation was stopped (rate ratio, 61; P < 0.001). Fungal burden in the control group did not show similar changes.

Conclusions:
Dietary supplementation with MCT may be an effective method to reduce Candida colonization in preterm infants.