bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From Polyhalides to Polypseudohalides: Chemistry Based on Cyanogen Bromide
Authors: Schmidt Benjamin , Schröder Benjamin , Sonnenberg Karsten , Steinhauer Simon , Riedel Sebastian 
Published: May 2019

AbstractPseudohalogens are defined as molecular entities that resemble the halogens in their chemistry. While our understanding of polyhalogen chemistry has increased over the last years, research on polypseudohalogen compounds is lacking. The pseudohalogen BrCN possesses a highly pronounced σ‐hole at the bromine side of the molecule, inducing strong halogen bonding. This allows the synthesis and characterization of new polypseudohalogen anions, as shown by the single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction of [PNP][Br(BrCN)] and [PNP][Br(BrCN)3]. Both the nearly linear anion [Br(BrCN)]− and the distorted pyramidal anion [Br(BrCN)3]− were characterized by Raman spectroscopy and quantum‐chemical calculations. The behavior of the polypseudohalogen compounds in solution and as room‐temperature ionic liquids (RT‐ILs) using the [NBu4]+ cation was studied by 13C and 15N NMR spectroscopy. These types of ILs are capable of dissolving elemental gold and offer themselves as promising compounds in metal recycling.
A Very Strong Methylation Agent: [Me2Cl][Al(OTeF5)4]
Authors: Hämmerling Sebastian , Thiele Günther , Steinhauer Simon , Beckers Helmut , Müller Carsten , Riedel Sebastian 
Published: May 2019

AbstractA new chloronium‐containing salt, [Me2Cl][Al(OTeF5)4], was synthesized on multigram scale by means of a simple one‐pot procedure. The isolated product can be handled at room temperature and used as a strong electrophilic methylation agent. This is demonstrated by the methylation of the very weak bases P(CF3)3, PF3, MeI, and MeBr.
Free‐radical emulsion copolymerization of styrene with butadiene and vinyl triethoxysilane with a cumene hydroperoxide redox initiator
Authors: Yin Changjie , Zhang Qiuyu , Zhang Zhuorui , Zhu Chengyuan , Liu Jianxun 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACTThe emulsion free‐radical copolymerization of vinyl triethoxysilane (VTES) with styrene (St) and butadiene (Bd) was initiated by cumene hydroperoxide and ferrous sulfate at 0 °C. The effects of VTES on the copolymerization conversion, reaction time, gel content, latex particle size, thermal stability, and mechanical properties were thoroughly investigated. The success of this reaction was confirmed by the peaks attributed to both Si─O─Si groups at 1065 cm−1 and the Si─O─C bond at 1046 cm−1. A kinetics analysis showed that the conversion decreased with increasing VTES mass in the monomer feed. Compared with that in the St–Bd copolymer, the latex particle size increased slightly with increasing VTES mass. The Mooney viscosity and gel content results show that a large fraction of precrosslinking molecular chains was formed in the rubber particles. The thermogravimetric analysis results indicate that the thermal stability of the copolymers increased with increasing VTES concentration. The 300% modulus and tensile strength of the St–Bd–VTES copolymer increased with the mass of VTES at first and then decreased after 3 phr VTES, whereas the elongation at break decreased with increasing VTES mass. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47896.
HLA Alleles Associated With Risk of Ankylosing Spondylitis and Rheumatoid Arthritis Influence the Gut Microbiome
Authors: Asquith Mark , Sternes Peter R. , Costello Mary‐Ellen , Karstens Lisa , Diamond Sarah , Martin Tammy M. , Li Zhixiu , Marshall Mhairi S. , Spector Timothy D. , le Cao Kim‐Anh , Rosenbaum James T. , Brown Matthew A. 
Published: May 2019

ObjectiveHLA alleles affect susceptibility to more than 100 diseases, but the mechanisms that account for these genotype–disease associations are largely unknown. HLA alleles strongly influence predisposition to ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Both AS and RA patients have discrete intestinal and fecal microbiome signatures. Whether these changes are the cause or consequence of the diseases themselves is unclear. To distinguish these possibilities, we examined the effect of HLA–B27 and HLA–DRB1 RA risk alleles on the composition of the intestinal microbiome in healthy individuals.MethodsFive hundred sixty‐eight stool and biopsy samples from 6 intestinal sites were collected from 107 healthy unrelated subjects, and stool samples were collected from 696 twin pairs from the TwinsUK cohort. Microbiome profiling was performed using sequencing of the 16S ribosomal RNA bacterial marker gene. All subjects were genotyped using the Illumina CoreExome SNP microarray, and HLA genotypes were imputed from these data.ResultsAssociations were observed between the overall microbial composition and both the HLA–B27 genotype and the HLA–DRB1 RA risk allele (P = 0.0002 and P = 0.00001, respectively). These associations were replicated using the stool samples from the TwinsUK cohort (P = 0.023 and P = 0.033, respectively).ConclusionThis study shows that the changes in intestinal microbiome composition seen in AS and RA are at least partially due to effects of HLA‐B27 and HLA–DRB1 on the gut microbiome. These findings support the hypothesis that HLA alleles operate to cause or increase the risk of these diseases through interaction with the intestinal microbiome and suggest that therapies targeting the microbiome may be effective in preventing or treating these diseases.
Novel Carbazole‐Based N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands to Access Synthetically Relevant Stilbenes in Pd‐Catalyzed Coupling Processes
Authors: Girase Tejpalsingh Ramsingh , Kapdi Anant R. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractA series of new carbazole‐based N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands have been synthesized in a simple and facile synthetic route and subsequently used in a Pd/carbazole‐based NHC catalytic system, which was found to be effective in catalyzing Heck reactions to provide substituted stilbene derivatives in good yields. Several bioactive stilbenes, including pterostilbene, pinosylvin, trimethoxy resveratrol, and resveratrol, were synthesized in good yields, and a 10 mmol scale‐up was also performed for trimethoxy resveratrol. The synthetic application was also extended by performing a double‐tandem chemoselective Heck reaction followed by Miyaura borylation in a one‐pot procedure to give single‐step access to synthetically useful stilbenyl boronate esters. Similarly, a unique triple‐tandem protocol of a chemoselective Heck reaction/Miyaura borylation/Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reaction sequence was performed for the one‐pot modification of biologically relevant molecules.
PI‐PD controller design for time delay systems via the weighted geometrical center method
Authors: Ozyetkin Munevver Mine , Onat Cem , Tan Nusret 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIn this study, a PI‐PD controller tuning method is presented using the weighted geometrical center method, which is based on the calculation of the weighted geometric center of the stability region obtained by the stability boundary locus method. The proposed method for tuning of PI‐PD controller parameters (kd,kf,kp and ki) is performed in three steps. In the first step, the (kd,kf) parameter region for the inner loop with PD controller is obtained, and then the weighted geometric center of this region is calculated. In the second step, the inner PD loop is reduced to a single block using the numerical values of (kd,kf) that are obtained in the first step. Then, the (kp,ki) values of the external loop with PI controller are determined by the same procedure. This tuning method has some advantages over other tuning methods in terms of simplicity and robustness. The simulation examples show that a PI‐PD controller designed using the proposed method provides good performance results when compared to other tuning methods presented in the literature.
Veränderung des Frost‐ und Frost‐Tausalzwiderstands von Hochleistungsbeton in Abhängigkeit vom Betonalter
Authors: Palecki Susanne 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBeton ist in der Praxis verschiedenen Umwelteinflüssen wie z. B. einem Frost‐Tausalzangriff ausgesetzt, der je nach Zusammensetzung die Dauerhaftigkeit unterschiedlich stark beeinflussen kann. Für eine entsprechende Überprüfung der Eignung einer Betonmischung vor deren Einsatz in der Praxis stehen verschiedene Laborprüfverfahren zur Verfügung, die aus Konformitätsgründen ein Prüfalter von 28 Tagen vorschreiben, obwohl in der Praxis Bauteile häufig erst zu einem späteren Zeitpunkt Frost‐Tau‐Wechseln ausgesetzt sind. Die Erfahrungen zeigen, dass besonders bei Betonen mit Zusatzstoffen, wie sie bei hochfesten Betonen eingesetzt werden, eine Beeinflussung der Prüfergebnisse vom Zeitpunkt der Frost‐Tausalzprüfung gegeben ist. Hier wird sowohl die innere als auch äußere Schädigung mit zunehmendem Prüfalter negativ verändert. Als Ursache können in erster Linie Änderungen innerhalb der Gefügestruktur sowie der gefrierbaren Wassermenge genannt werden.Im Rahmen eines Forschungsprojekts wurde dieser Sachverhalt an mehreren Reihen hochfester Betonmischungen unterschiedlichster Zusammensetzung über einen Zeitraum von bis zu drei Jahren systematisch überprüft. Die Untersuchungen erfolgten dabei sowohl an labor‐ als auch freigelagerten Proben. Ziel des Projekts war eine Beschreibung der Schädigungs‐ und Transportmechanismen unter Frost‐/Frost‐Tausalzeinwirkung in Abhängigkeit von der Zeit und den Umgebungsbedingungen unter Berücksichtigung der sich verändernden Materialparameter.
Kriechen und mechanische Eigenschaften von Straßenbetonen nach AKR‐provozierender Lagerung
Authors: Mielich Oliver , Reinhardt Hans‐Wolf , Özkan Hasan 
Published: May 2019

AbstractVier Straßenbetone wurden mit der am F.A. Finger‐Institut für Baustoffkunde der Bauhaus‐Universität Weimar entwickelten FIB‐Klimawechsellagerung einer AKR‐provozierenden Lagerung unterzogen. Es wurden Dehnungen, Druckfestigkeit, Elastizitätsmodul, Kriechen und Schwinden bestimmt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass der AKR‐bedingte Schädigungsprozess wie folgt beschrieben werden kann: AKR‐verursachte Mikrorissbildung in der Zementmatrix ist für die Druckfestigkeit des Betons eher nebensächlich. Löseprozesse und Rissbildungen in der Gesteinskörnung setzen die Steifigkeit des Betons (E‐Modul) herab, nicht jedoch die Druckfestigkeit. Die Risse, die bei langsam reagierenden Gesteinskörnungen ihren Ursprung im Gesteinskorn haben, setzen sich in die Matrix fort. Bei größerem Matrixvolumen und vermehrter Rissbildung wird das Kriechen vergrößert. Ungeschädigter Beton zeigt, wenn auch nur marginal, unter Einfluss einer Natriumchloridlösung (NaCl‐Lösung) ein erhöhtes Kriechen, was auf einen chemischen Einfluss der Matrix hinweist.
Parallel experimental evolution reveals a novel repressive control of GalP on xylose fermentation in Escherichia coli
Authors: Kurgan Gavin , Sievert Christian , Flores Andrew , Schneider Aidan , Billings Thomas , Panyon Larry , Morris Chandler , Taylor Eric , Kurgan Logan , Cartwright Reed , Wang Xuan 
Published: May 2019

AbstractEfficient xylose utilization will facilitate microbial conversion of lignocellulosic sugar mixtures into valuable products. In Escherichia coli, xylose catabolism is controlled by carbon catabolite repression (CCR). However, in E. coli such as the succinate‐producing strain KJ122 with disrupted CCR, xylose utilization is still inhibited under fermentative conditions. To probe the underlying genetic mechanisms inhibiting xylose utilization, we evolved KJ122 to enhance its xylose fermentation abilities in parallel and characterized the potential convergent genetic changes shared by multiple independently evolved strains. Whole‐genome sequencing revealed that convergent mutations occurred in the galactose regulon during adaptive laboratory evolution potentially decreasing the transcriptional level or the activity of GalP, a galactose permease. We showed that deletion of galP increased xylose utilization in both KJ122 and wild‐type E. coli, demonstrating a common repressive role of GalP for xylose fermentation. Concomitantly, induced expression of galP from a plasmid repressed xylose fermentation. Transcriptome analysis using RNA sequencing indicates that galP inactivation increases transcription levels of many catabolic genes for secondary sugars including xylose and arabinose. The repressive role of GalP for fermenting secondary sugars in E. coli suggests that utilization of GalP as a substitute glucose transporter is undesirable for conversion of lignocellulosic sugar mixtures.
Using healthcare claims data to analyze the prevalence of BCR‐ABL‐positive chronic myeloid leukemia in France: A nationwide population‐based study
Authors: Foulon Stéphanie , Cony‐Makhoul Pascale , Guerci‐Bresler Agnès , Delord Marc , Solary Eric , Monnereau Alain , Bonastre Julia , Tubert‐Bitter Pascale 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackgroundData on Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) prevalence are scarce. Here we provide an estimation of the prevalence of CML in France for the year 2014 using French national health insurance data.MethodsWe selected patients claiming reimbursement for tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) or with hospital discharge diagnoses for CML, BCR/ABL‐positive or with full reimbursement of health care expenses for myeloid leukemia. We built an algorithm which we validated on a random sample of 100 potential CML patients by comparing the results obtained using the algorithm and the opinion of two hematologists who reviewed the patient demographics and sequence of care abstracted from claims data (internal validity). For external validity, we compared the number of incident CML patients identified using the algorithm with those recorded in French population‐based cancer registries in departments covered by such a registry.ResultsWe identified 10 789 prevalent CML patients in 2014, corresponding to a crude prevalence rate of 16.3 per 100 000 inhabitants [95% confidence interval (CI) 16.0‐16.6]: 18.5 in men [18.0‐19.0] and 14.2 in women [13.8‐14.6]. The crude CML prevalence was less than 1.6 per 100 000 [1.2‐2.0] under age 20, increasing to a maximum of 48.2 [45.4‐51.2) at ages 75‐79. It varied from 10.2 to 23.8 per 100 000 across French departments. The algorithm showed high internal and external validity. Concordance rate between the algorithm and the hematologists was 96%, and the numbers of incident CML patients identified using the algorithm and the registries were 162 and 150, respectively.ConclusionWe built and validated an algorithm to identify CML patients in administrative healthcare databases. In addition to prevalence estimation, the algorithm could be used for future economic evaluations or pharmaco‐epidemiological studies in this population.
Multiple exposure to environmental factors and variations in CYP27B1 and the microRNA‐binding site of IL‐13 are associated with breast cancer risk
Authors: Zhang Nannan , Chen Yanbo , Li Shuo , Yin Huihui , Li Liangliang , Shan Ming , Long Zhiping , Tian Jingshen , Li Jing , Yu Hongyuan , Xie Kun , Wu Zhen , Daria Volontovich , Wang Fan , Zhao Yashuang 
Published: May 2019

AbstractPurposeSeveral molecular epidemiology studies have evidenced an association of environmental factors and genetic polymorphisms with breast cancer (BC) risk. However, most have considered the functions of a single element rather than combined effects.MethodsThis case‐control study of 693 newly‐diagnosed BC cases and 714 cancer‐free controls evaluated the effect of multiple exposures to environmental factors and polymorphisms in CYP27B1 and IL‐13 on BC risk. Genotypes were detected using TaqMan genotyping. Combinations and interactions were analyzed using cross‐over analysis and multivariate logistic regression. Combining exposure models were assessed using classification and regression tree and multivariate logistic regression analyses.ResultsNo significant independent association was observed for any polymorphism in CYP27B1 or IL‐13 with the risk of BC. However, significant combined effects were noted for ≥1 time/wk physical activity with rs10877012 (adjusted odds ratio [ORadj] = 0.21, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.11‐0.39) and rs4646536 (ORadj = 0.21, 95% CI = 0.11‐0.39) in CYP27B1. Furthermore, taking garlic ≥4 times/wk, ≥1 time/wk physical activity, and a psychological index score ≥33 all displayed significant combined effects with three IL‐13 polymorphisms. These relationships remained significant after Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. Combining exposure models indicated that compared with consuming garlic ≥4 times/wk, five models (model 5, ORadj = 2.94, 95% CI = 1.07‐8.06; model 6, ORadj = 10.26, 95% CI = 5.81‐18.10; model 7, ORadj = 5.05, 95% CI = 2.78‐9.17; model 8, ORadj = 3.95, 95% CI = 2.79‐5.58; and model 9, ORadj = 7.97, 95% CI = 5.26‐12.07) showed a significant increased risk.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that personalized adjustments to diet and behavioral patterns may aid BC prevention in variant carriers of CYP27B1 and IL‐13.
A Fusion Method to Develop an Expanded Artificial Genomic RNA Replicable by Qβ Replicase
Authors: Ueda Kensuke , Mizuuchi Ryo , Matsuda Fumio , Ichihashi Norikazu 
Published: May 2019

AbstractRNA‐based genomes are used to synthesize artificial cells that harbor genome replication systems. Previously, continuous replication of an artificial genomic RNA that encoded an RNA replicase was demonstrated. The next important challenge is to expand such genomes by increasing the number of encoded genes. However, technical difficulties are encountered during such expansions because the introduction of new genes disrupts the secondary structure of RNA and makes RNA nonreplicable through replicase. Herein, a fusion method that enables the construction of a longer RNA from two replicable RNAs, while retaining replication capability, is proposed. Two replicable RNAs that encode different genes at various positions are fused, and a new parameter, the unreplicable index, which negatively correlates with the replication ability of the fused RNAs better than that of the previous parameter, is determined. The unreplicable index represents the expected value of the number of G or C nucleotides that are unpaired in both the template and complementary strands. It is also observed that some of the constructed fused RNAs replicate efficiently by using the internally translated replicase. The method proposed herein could contribute to the development of an expanded RNA genome that can be used for the purpose of artificial cell synthesis.
Nuclear delivery of plasmid DNA determines the efficiency of gene expression
Authors: Liu Hui , Yang Zhen , Xun Zhe , Gao Zihao , Sun Yanping , Yu Jiankun , Yang Tianzhi , Zhao Xiaoyun , Cai Cuifang , Ding Pingtian 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAs a cationic non‐viral gene delivery vector, poly(agmatine/
N,
N′‐cystamine‐bis‐acrylamide) (AGM‐CBA) showed significantly higher plasmid DNA (pDNA) transfection ability than polyethylenimine (PEI) in NIH/3T3 cells. The transfection expression of AGM‐CBA/pDNA polyplexes was found to have a non‐linear relationship with AGM‐CBA/pDNA weight ratios. To further investigate the mechanism involved in the transfection process of poly(AGM‐CBA), we used pGL3‐control luciferase reporter gene (pLUC) as a reporter pDNA in this study. The distribution of pLUC in NIH/3T3 cells and nuclei after AGM‐CBA/pLUC and PEI/pLUC transfection were determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis. The intracellular trafficking of the polyplexes was evaluated by cellular uptake and nuclei delivery of pLUC, and the intracellular availability was evaluated by the ratio of transfection expression to the numbers of pLUC delivered in nuclei. It was found that pLUC intracellular trafficking did not have any correlation with the transfection expression, while an excellent correlation was found between the nuclei pLUC availability and transfection expression. These results suggested that the intracellular availability of pLUC in nuclei was the rate‐limiting step for pLUC transfection expression. Further optimization of the non‐viral gene delivery system can be focused on the improvement of gene intracellular availability.
Vrl1 relies on its VPS9‐domain to play a role in autophagy in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Li Wenjing , Wu Zulin , Liang Yongheng 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAutophagy is an intracellular degradation process involving many Atg proteins, which are recruited hierarchically to regulate this process. Rab/Ypt GTPases and their activators, guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), which are critical for regulating vesicle trafficking, are also involved in autophagy. Previously, we reported that yeast Vps21 and its GEF Vps9 are required for autophagy. Later, a third yeast VPS9‐domain‐containing protein, VARP‐like 1 (Vrl1), which was identified as a mutant in major laboratory strains, had partially overlapping functions with Vps9 in trafficking. In this study, we showed that Vrl1 performed roles in autophagy, and its VPS9‐domain was crucial for its role in autophagy. We found that localization of Vrl1 differed from the other two VPS9‐domain‐containing proteins, Vps9 and Muk1, and only Vrl1 changed from multipoint to diffusion after starvation. Like Vps9, Vrl1 suppressed autophagic defects caused by the VPS9 deletion. We further showed that these VPS9‐domain‐containing proteins, Vps9, Muk1, and Vrl1, all co‐localized with Atg8 on autophagosomes in cells blocked in any late step of starvation‐induced autophagy, with Vrl1 most often co‐localizing with Atg8. A small portion (<25%) of these VPS9‐domain‐containing proteins were degraded through autophagy. However, a large portion (>60%) of Vrl1 decreased independently of autophagy. We propose that Vrl1 may regulate autophagy in a similar way as Vps9, and the level of Vrl1 partly decreases through both autophagy‐dependent and ‐independent routes.
How active management survives
Authors: Heaton J. B. , Pennington Ginger L. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThere is much evidence that passive equity strategies dominate active equity management, but many investors remain committed to active investing despite its poor relative performance. We explore the behavioral‐economic hypothesis that investors fall prey to the conjunction fallacy, believing good returns are more likely if investment is accompanied by hard work. This is an especially plausible manifestation of the conjunction fallacy, because in most areas of life, hard work leads to greater success than laziness. Our internet survey results show that from 30% to over 60% of higher‐income, over‐30 individuals fall prey to the conjunction fallacy in this context, raising significant questions for law and regulatory policy, including whether actively managed equity products should carry warnings, at least for retail investors.
Highly Enantio‐ and Diastereoselective Catalytic Asymmetric Tamura Cycloaddition Reactions
Authors: Collar Aarón Gutiérrez , Trujillo Cristina , Connon Stephen J. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe first broad‐scope catalytic asymmetric Tamura cycloaddition reactions are reported. Under the influence of anion‐binding bifunctional catalysis a wide range of α,β‐unsaturated N‐trityl imines undergo reactions with enolisable anhydrides to form highly synthetically useful α‐tetralone structures with excellent enantio‐ and ‐diastereocontrol. In stark contrast to the previous literature benchmarks, doubly activated or highly electron deficient alkenes are not required. A facile two‐step, high yielding sequence can convert the cycloadducts to α‐haloketones (challenging to generate catalytically by other means) with the net formation of two new C−C bonds and three new contiguous stereocentres with exquisite stereocontrol. A DFT study has provided insight into the catalyst mode of action and the origins of the observed enantiocontrol.