bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Leukocyte Profiles Reflect Geographic Range Limits in a Widespread Neotropical Bat
Authors: Becker Daniel J , Nachtmann Cecilia , Argibay Hernan D , Botto Germán , Escalera-Zamudio Marina , Carrera Jorge E , Tello Carlos , Winiarski Erik , Greenwood Alex D , Méndez-Ojeda Maria L , Loza-Rubio Elizabeth , Lavergne Anne , de Thoisy Benoit , Czirják Gábor Á , Plowright Raina K , Altizer Sonia , Streicker Daniel G 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Quantifying how the environment shapes host immune defense is important for understanding which wild populations may be more susceptible or resistant to pathogens. Spatial variation in parasite risk, food and predator abundance, and abiotic conditions can each affect immunity, and these factors can also manifest at both local and biogeographic scales. Yet identifying predictors and the spatial scale of their effects is limited by the rarity of studies that measure immunity across many populations of broadly distributed species. We analyzed leukocyte profiles from 39 wild populations of the common vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus) across its wide geographic range throughout the Neotropics. White blood cell differentials varied spatially, with proportions of neutrophils and lymphocytes varying up to six-fold across sites. Leukocyte profiles were spatially autocorrelated at small and very large distances, suggesting that local environment and large-scale biogeographic factors influence cellular immunity. Generalized additive models showed that bat populations closer to the northern and southern limits of the species range had more neutrophils, monocytes, and basophils, but fewer lymphocytes and eosinophils, than bats sampled at the core of their distribution. Habitats with access to more livestock also showed similar patterns in leukocyte profiles, but large-scale patterns were partly confounded by time between capture and sampling across sites. Our findings suggest that populations at the edge of their range experience physiologically limiting conditions that predict higher chronic stress and greater investment in cellular innate immunity. High food abundance in livestock-dense habitats may exacerbate such conditions by increasing bat density or diet homogenization, although future spatially and temporally coordinated field studies with common protocols are needed to limit sampling artifacts. Systematically assessing immune function and response over space will elucidate how environmental conditions influence traits relevant to epidemiology and help predict disease risks with anthropogenic disturbance, land conversion, and climate change.
Acute impacts of bottom trawl gears on benthic metabolism and nutrient cycling
Authors: Tiano Justin C , Witbaard Rob , Bergman Magda J N , van Rijswijk Pieter , Tramper Anton , van Oevelen Dick , Soetaert Karline 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Research on the environmental impacts of bottom fishing gears has focused mainly on structural characteristics of benthic habitats such as faunal composition and the physical features of the seafloor. This study focuses more on functional characteristics by addressing the biogeochemical consequences associated with tickler chain beam trawl and electric PulseWing trawl gears. In June 2017, professional fishermen trawled experimental transects with both types of gears in the Frisian Front area of the North Sea. Box core sediment samples and in situ landers were used to evaluate biogeochemical fluxes and sediment characteristics in untrawled and trawled areas (samples taken 3.5–70 h after fishing). A reduction of sedimentary chlorophyll a was observed, which was larger following tickler chain (83%) compared to PulseWing trawling (43%). This displacement of surface material caused significant decreases in the sediment oxygen consumption in tickler chain (41%) and PulseWing trawled samples (33%) along with a deeper penetration of oxygen in the sediment (tickler chain: 3.78 mm, PulseWing: 3.17 mm) compared to untrawled areas (2.27 mm). Our research implies that bottom trawl disturbance can lead to immediate declines in benthic community metabolism, with tickler chain trawling exhibiting more prominent alterations than PulseWing trawling on benthic biogeochemical processes.
Frailty, disability and comorbidity: different domains lead to different effects after surgical aortic valve replacement in elderly patients
Authors: Piñón Miguel , Paredes Emilio , Acuña Beatriz , Raposeiras Sergio , Casquero Elena , Ferrero Ana , Torres Ivett , Legarra Juan José , Pradas Gonzalo , Barreiro-Morandeira Francisco , Rodriguez-Pascual Carlos 
Published: March 2019

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
Frailty syndrome predicts adverse outcomes after surgical aortic valve replacement. However, disability or comorbidity is frequently associated with preoperative frailty evaluation. The effects of these domains on early and late outcomes were analysed.

METHODS
A prospective study including patients aged ≥75 years with symptomatic severe aortic stenosis who received aortic valve replacement with or without coronary artery bypass grafting was conducted. We used the Cardiovascular Health Study Frailty Phenotype to assess frailty, the Lawton–Brody index to define disability and the Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) to evaluate comorbidity.

RESULTS
Frailty was identified in 57 (31%), dependence in 18 (9.9%) and advanced comorbidity (CCI ≥ 4) in 67 (36.6%) of the 183 enrolled patients. Operative mortality (1.6%), transfusion rate and duration of stay increased in patients with CCI ≥4 (P < 0.005). There was a non-significant trend for these adverse outcomes among the frail patients. Follow-up was achieved in all patients (median/interquartile range 869/699–1099 days). Kaplan–Meier univariable analysis showed a reduced survival rate for frail and dependent patients and for those with multiple comorbidities (P < 0.05). According to multivariable analysis, frailty and comorbidity were independent risk factors for 1-year mortality, while disability and comorbidity, but not frailty, were risk factors for 3-year mortality (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS
Surgical aortic valve replacement in patients aged ≥75 years is a safe procedure with low mortality rates. Operative outcomes are mainly affected by comorbidities. The main influence of survival occurs throughout the first year, and an improved functional status prevents any progression towards disabilities, which could potentially benefit long-term outcomes.

Clinical trial registration number
NCT02745314
Design Nationalism, Technological Pragmatism and the Performance of Canadian-ness: The Case of the Contempra Telephone
Authors: Hadlaw Jan 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The Contempra is widely considered to be the first telephone designed and manufactured in Canada. Designed in 1967, Canada’s centennial year, it was a conspicuous departure from prevailing conventions of North American telephone styling in both its conception and design. It was designated as an icon of Canadian modern design and became a symbol of Canada’s identity as a modern nation at home and abroad. Its popularity in domestic and international markets set the stage for the transformation of its developer, Northern Electric, into a global telecommunication leader and Canada’s most valuable corporation, eventually renamed Nortel Networks. The history of the Contempra’s design and development offers an opportunity to consider how designed technological artefacts take on cultural and ideological meaning. Most accounts celebrate the Contempra as a distinctly Canadian design story, but do not elaborate on or question its ‘Canadian-ness’, and they are silent on the circumstances and events that culminated in the telephone’s development. This article examines the historical events, ideological discourses, human relationships, design values and material constraints that set the stage for what can be best described as the Contempra telephone’s performance of modern Canadian nationalism.
Categories of Resistance to Sugarcane Aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Among Sorghum Genotypes
Authors: Paudyal Sulochana , Armstrong John Scott , Giles Kristopher L , Payton Mark E , Opit George P , Limaje Ankur 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The sugarcane aphid Melanaphis sacchari (Zehnter) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) has emerged as a potential threat to sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) production in the United States. Since the late summer of 2013, finding and advancing M. sacchari-resistant germplasm has been a priority for all stakeholders involved. We evaluated 23 sorghum genotypes for resistance to the sugarcane aphid by testing for tolerance, and antixenosis. In addition, nine sorghum germplasm were evaluated for the expression of antibiosis. Free-choice and no-choice tests were conducted to explore the functional categories of resistance. Levels of resistance to M. sacchari were compared with the known resistant ‘TX 2783’ and the susceptible ‘KS 585’. Sorghum entries AG1201, AG1301, W844-E, and DKS 37-07 were identified as expressing tolerance, antibiosis, and antixenosis, while H13073 expressed antibiosis and GW1489 expressed both tolerance and antibiosis. These resistant sorghums identified during this study will have a significant impact on reducing economic damage from the sugarcane aphid infestations.
STOP1 regulates the expression of HsfA2 and GDHs that are critical for low-oxygen tolerance in Arabidopsis
Authors: Enomoto Takuo , Tokizawa Mutsutomo , Ito Hiroki , Iuchi Satoshi , Kobayashi Masatomo , Yamamoto Yoshiharu Y , Kobayashi Yuriko , Koyama Hiroyuki 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The SENSITIVE TO PROTON RHIZOTOXICITY 1 (STOP1) transcription factor regulates gene expression associated with multiple stress tolerances in plant roots. In this study, we investigated the mechanism responsible for the sensitivity of the stop1 mutant to low-oxygen stress in Arabidopsis. Transcriptomic analyses revealed that two genes involved in low-oxygen tolerance, namely GLUTAMATE DEHYDROGENASE 1 (GDH1) and GDH2, showed lower expression levels in the stop1 mutant than in the wild-type. Sensitivity of the gdh1gdh2 double-mutant to low-oxygen conditions was partly attributable to the low-oxygen sensitivity of the stop1 mutant. Two transcription factors, STOP2 and HEAT SHOCK FACTOR A2 (HsfA2), were expressed at lower levels in the stop1 mutant. An in planta complementation assay indicated that CaMV35S::STOP2 or CaMV35S::HsfA2 partially rescued the low-oxygen tolerance of the stop1 mutant, which was concomitant with recovered expression of genes regulating low-pH tolerance and genes encoding molecular chaperones. Prediction of cis-elements and in planta promoter assays revealed that STOP1 directly activated the expression of HsfA2. Similar STOP1-dependent low-oxygen sensitivity was detected in tobacco. Suppression of NtSTOP1 induced low-oxygen sensitivity, which was associated with lower expression levels of NtHsfA2 and NtGDHs compared with the wild-type. Our results indicated that STOP1 pleiotropically regulates low-oxygen tolerance by transcriptional regulation.
Single photoionization of the Kr-like Rb ii ion in the photon energy range 22–46.0 eV
Authors: McLaughlin Brendan M , Babb James F 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Single photoionization cross-sections for Kr-like Rb+ ions are reported in the energy (wavelength) range from 22 (564 Å) to 46 eV (270 Å). Theoretical cross-section calculations for this trans-Fe element are compared with measurements from the ASTRID radiation facility in Aarhus, Denmark and from the dual laser plasma technique, at respectively 40 and 35 meV FWHM energy resolution. In the photon energy region 22–32 eV the spectrum is dominated by excitation auto-ionizing resonance states. Above 32 eV the cross-section exhibits classic Fano window resonances features, which are analysed and discussed. Large-scale theoretical photoionization cross-section calculations, performed using a Dirac Coulomb R-matrix approximation are benchmarked against these high-resolution experimental results. Comparison of the theoretical work with the experimental studies allowed the identification of resonance features and their parameters in the spectra in addition to contributions from excited metastable states of the Rb+ ions.
Mock galaxy shape catalogues in the Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam Survey
Authors: Shirasaki Masato , Hamana Takashi , Takada Masahiro , Takahashi Ryuichi , Miyatake Hironao 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
We use the full-sky ray-tracing weak lensing simulations to generate 2268 mock catalogues for the Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) survey first-year shear catalogue. Our mock catalogues take into account various effects as in the real data: the survey footprints, inhomogeneous angular distribution of source galaxies, statistical uncertainties in photometric redshift (photo-z) estimate, variations in the lensing weight, and the statistical noise in galaxy shape measurements including both intrinsic shapes and the measurement errors. We then utilize our mock catalogues to evaluate statistical uncertainties expected in measurements of cosmic shear two-point correlations ξ± with tomographic redshift information for the HSC survey. We develop a quasi-analytical formula for the Gaussian sample variance properly taking into account the number of source pairs in the survey footprints. The standard Gaussian formula significantly overestimates or underestimates the mock results by 50 per cent level. We also show that different photo-z catalogues or the six disconnected fields, rather than a consecutive geometry, cause variations in the covariance by ${\sim } 5{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$. The mock catalogues enable us to study the chi-square distribution for ξ±. We find the wider distribution than that naively expected for the distribution with the degrees of freedom of data vector used. Finally, we propose a method to include non-zero multiplicative bias in mock shape catalogue and show that the non-zero multiplicative bias can change the effective shape noise in cosmic shear analyses. Our results suggest an importance of estimating an accurate form of the likelihood function (and therefore the covariance) for robust cosmological parameter inference from the precise measurements.
Faraday conversion and magneto-ionic variations in fast radio bursts
Authors: Vedantham H K , Ravi V 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACT
The extreme, time-variable Faraday rotation observed in the repeating fast radio burst (FRB) 121102 and its associated persistent synchrotron source demonstrates that some FRBs originate in dense, dynamic, and possibly relativistic magneto-ionic environments. Besides rotation of the linear polarization vector (Faraday rotation), such media can generally convert linear to circular polarization (Faraday conversion). We use non-detection of Faraday conversion, and the temporal variation in Faraday rotation and dispersion in bursts from FRB 121102 to constrain models where the progenitor inflates a relativistic nebula (persistent source) confined by a cold dense medium (e.g. supernova ejecta). We find that the persistent synchrotron source, if composed of an electron–proton plasma, must be an admixture of relativistic and non-relativistic (Lorentz factor γ &lt; 5) electrons. Furthermore, we independently constrain the magnetic field in the cold confining medium, which provides the Faraday rotation, to be between 10 and 30 mG. This value is close to the equipartition magnetic field of the confined persistent source implying a self-consistent and overconstrained model that can explain the observations.
Impact of pretransplant mitral annular calcification on the incidence of cardiac events after renal transplantation
Authors: El Hangouche Nadia , Gomez Javier , Asfaw Addis , Sreenivasan Jayakumar , Akhtar Tauseef , Teshome Meron , Vij Aviral , Matar Ralph , Campagnoli Tania , Doukky Rami 
Published: March 2019

AbstractBackgroundMitral annular calcification (MAC) is associated with increased risk of major adverse cardiac events. We hypothesized that MAC, identified on a pretransplant transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), is predictive of cardiac events following renal transplantation (RT).MethodsIn a retrospective cohort of consecutive RT recipients, pretransplant MAC presence and severity were determined on TTE performed within 1 year prior to transplant. MAC severity was quantified based on the circumferential MAC extension relative to the mitral valve annulus. Post-transplant cardiac risk was assessed using the sum of risk factors (range: 0–8) set forth by the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Foundation consensus statement on the assessment of RT candidates. Subjects underwent pretransplant stress single-photon emission computed tomography myocardial perfusion imaging and followed for post-transplant composite outcome of cardiac death or myocardial infarction (CD/MI).ResultsAmong 336 subjects (60.5% men; mean age 52 ± 12 years), MAC was present in 78 (23%) patients. During a mean follow-up of 3.1 ± 1.9 years, a total of 70 events were observed. Patients with MAC had a higher event rate compared with those without MAC (34.6% versus 17.8%, log-rank P = 0.001). There was a stepwise increase in CD/MI risk with increasing MAC severity (P for trend = 0.002). MAC-associated risk remained significant after adjusting for sex, duration of dialysis, sum of risk factors, ejection fraction and perfusion abnormality burden, providing an incremental prognostic value to these parameters (Δχ2 =4.63; P = 0.031).ConclusionAmong RT recipients, the burden of pretransplant MAC is an independent predictor of post-transplant risk of CD/MI. MAC should be considered in the preoperative assessment of RT candidates.
Frock Coats against Brass Hats? Politicians, the Military and the War in Afghanistan 2001–2014
Authors: Dixon Paul 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe ‘Dominant Military Narrative’ (DMN) on the Iraq and Afghan wars defends the effectiveness of the British military and its use of force by deflecting responsibility for failure onto the politicians and ‘Whitehall’. The politicians are blamed for over-stretching the military by fighting two wars, resulting in a shortage of equipment, inadequate troop numbers and without a clear ‘Strategic Narrative’. This article critiques the DMN and provides evidence to suggest that it was the military elite that sought maximum involvement in the Iraq and Afghan wars. The problem is that the military has too much rather than too little power to shape policy.
The Distortive Effects of Too Big To Fail: Evidence from the Danish Market for Retail Deposits
Authors: Iyer Rajkamal , Lærkholm Jensen Thais , Johannesen Niels , Sheridan Adam 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
We study the impact of too-big-to-fail (TBTF) guarantees on the market for retail deposits. Exploiting information about all personal deposit accounts in Denmark and salient changes to the deposit insurance limit, we provide evidence that systemically important banks successfully retain and attract uninsured deposits in a crisis at the expense of other banks even as they differentially lower their interest rates. The funding shock suffered by nonsystemic banks causes a decrease in their lending. The results point to the distortive effects of TBTF guarantees in the market for retail deposits.
Received March 15, 2018; editorial decision January 15, 2019 by Philip Strahan.
External Fixation as a Definitive Treatment for Humeral Shaft Fractures: Radiographic and Functional Results With Analysis of Outcome Predictors
Authors: Costa Giovan Giuseppe , Aloj Domenico Costantino , Cerbasi Simone , Rizzo Maria , Massè Alessandro , Pascarella Raffaele , Mariconda Massimo 
Published: March 2019

Objectives:
To evaluate the results obtained using unilateral external fixation as a definitive treatment for humeral shaft fractures and to identify possible predictors of radiographic and functional outcomes.

Design:
Retrospective study.

Setting:
One large metropolitan hospital.

Patients:
A consecutive cohort of 107 patients who underwent external fixation for 109 humeral shaft fractures.

Main Outcome Measures:
Union rate, time to fracture healing, and functional assessment with disabilities of the arm, shoulder, and hand questionnaire, Constant score, Mayo Elbow Performance Index, and return to prefracture sports activity at a minimum of 2 years after surgery. Comorbidities were evaluated using the Cumulative Illness Rating Scale. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to determine whether any explanatory variables were significantly associated with the outcomes.

Results:
The union rate in 109 humeral shaft fractures was 97.2% (106/109) at a mean of 99.2 days. Two patients (1.8%) had delayed union, and 1 patient (0.9%) did not achieve union. At the latest follow-up, the mean Constant score, Mayo Elbow Performance Index, and disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand questionnaire score was 85.6, 97.4, and 7.4 points, respectively. All patients engaged in sports activities before fracture resumed a sport activity. At the multiple linear regression analysis, obesity was directly related to a delayed healing of fracture (P = 0.010) and comorbidity was the most important determinant of the functional outcomes at follow-up (P < 0.001).

Conclusions:
These data support the use of unilateral external fixation as an effective therapeutic option in patients with humeral shaft fracture. Comorbidity as assessed by Cumulative Illness Rating Scale score is the most important determinant of functional outcomes.

Level of Evidence:
Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Current opinion about antimicrobial therapy in palliative care: an update
Authors: Macedo Filipa , Bonito Nuno 
Published: March 2019

Purpose of review
The review englobes the latest studies published regarding the problem of antimicrobial usage with palliative intent.

Recent findings
In the advanced stages of illness like cancer, dementia, or neurodegenerative diseases, important decisions have to be made concerning the global treatment plan. Infections are very common among this kind of patients as they typically have multiple comorbidities and are incapacitated. These infections, in a majority of the cases, will be treated with antimicrobial therapy because this is a standard medical procedure. For a health professional, the decision of whether to treat, withhold, or withdraw a treatment can be difficult. In fact, in palliative care, the challenge is to balance compassionate care for people suffering from end-of-life diseases with the need for responsible antibiotic usage. Antimicrobial treatment could alleviate symptoms from an infection and make patients more comfortable, on the other hand, its overuse of it could bring a broader public health risk.

Summary
On the contrary, in 18 months there are few studies about this problem, what reveals no concern about the use of antimicrobians in end-of-life patients.
The Nurse-Chaplain-Family Spiritual Care Triad
Authors: Sonemanghkara Rocky , Rozo Jose Andres , Stutsman Sonja 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACT:This qualitative study utilized a phenomenological approach to better understand nurse, chaplain, and family member experiences with the delivery of spiritual services at the end of life in an inpatient intensive care unit. Triadic semistructured interviews (six with the patient's family members, six with nurses, and six with chaplains) were conducted. Family members perceived that the nurses' role was to care for the physical needs of their loved one, whereas chaplains were there to care for the emotional needs of those involved.
Impacting Depression in Homebound Elderly
Authors: Parson Laurie J. 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACT:
Depression among homebound older adults is a significant problem. This pilot project examined the effect of a faith community nurse (FCN) educational intervention based on the CREATION Health Model, on depression in older homebound adults. Results showed a downward trend in depression scores on the Geriatric Depression Scale: Short Form, suggesting that FCN interventions and the CREATION Health Model may be helpful for decreasing depression in this group.