bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hoe wethouders hun eigen gezag waarnemen
Authors: van der Meulen Corné , Jansen Thijs , Karsten Niels 
Published: October 2018

How Dutch Aldermen experience their Authority.
Over the last four years, one in five Dutch aldermen was forced to step down involuntarily. Drawing on a survey among the 2018 population of these local political-executives, the article evaluates office holders’ self-perceived authority in four authorizing environments, that is the municipal council, the municipal board, among civil servants, and among citizens. The results show that, contrary to the authority-crisis thesis, Dutch aldermen perceive quite a high level of authority overall. Current office holders name trustworthiness as their main source of authority, followed by their personal style in executing their tasks and their moral leadership. This finding illustrates the individualization of contemporary authority at the expense of institutional and positional sources of authority.
Het volk in beweging, of het einde van de democratie?
Authors: Steur Boudewijn 
Published: October 2018

The people on the move, or the end of democracy?
The election of Donald Trump, the referendum on the Brexit and the election victory of the Five Star Movement and Lega in Italy have led to the believe that democracy is at a crossroad. Many scholars and opinion makers raise concerns about the future of liberal democracy in Europe and the United States.This article gives an overview of recent publications on the future of liberal democracy. The article focuses on the causes and possible solutions that are presented in these publications.
Adult nasolacrimal duct obstruction
Authors: Shermetaro Carl , Gladstone Geoffrey J. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Tear production resulting from obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct is a common ophthalmic problem. The diagnosis and treatment of this condition require a thorough understanding of the lacrimal apparatus and its ocular and nasal relationships. Idiopathic or primary acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction is a syndrome of unknown etiology. Of all nontraumatic fonus, it accounts for the vast majority of cases found in adults. The authors discuss a number of potential causes, some of them iatrogenic and discuss the technique of dacryocystorhinostomy, the standard surgical treatment, in detail.
Superior Stability and Efficiency Over 20% Perovskite Solar Cells Achieved by a Novel Molecularly Engineered Rutin–AgNPs/Thiophene Copolymer
Authors: Elseman Ahmed Mourtada , Sharmoukh Walid , Sajid Sajid , Cui Peng , Ji Jun , Dou Shangyi , Wei Dong , Huang Hao , Xi Wenkang , Chu Lihua , Li Yingfeng , Jiang Bing , Li Meicheng 
Published: October 2018

AbstractPerovskite solar cells (PSCs) with efficiencies greater than 20% have been realized mostly with expensive spiro‐MeOTAD hole‐transporting material. PSCs are demonstrated that achieve stabilized efficiencies exceeding 20% with straightforward low‐cost molecularly engineered copolymer poly(1‐(4‐hexylphenyl)‐2,5‐di(thiophen‐2‐yl)‐1H‐pyrrole) (PHPT‐py) based on Rutin–silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) as the hole extraction layer. The Rutin–AgNPs additive enables the creation of compact, highly conformal PHPT‐py layers that facilitate rapid carrier extraction and collection. The spiro‐MeOTAD‐based PSCs show comparable efficiency, although their operational stability is poor. This instability originated from potential‐induced degradation of the spiro‐MeOTAD/Au contact. The addition of conductive Rutin–AgNPs into PHPT‐py layer allows PSCs to retain >97% of their initial efficiency up to 60 d without encapsulation under relative humidity. The PHPT‐py/ Rutin–AgNPs‐based devices surpass the stability of spiro‐MeOTAD‐based PSCs and potentially reduce the fabrication cost of PSCs.
Boosting the Thermoelectric Performance of Pseudo‐Layered Sb2Te3(GeTe)n via Vacancy Engineering
Authors: Xu Xiao , Xie Lin , Lou Qing , Wu Di , He Jiaqing 
Published: October 2018

AbstractAn ultrahigh figure of merit ZT value ≈2.4 at 773 K for p‐type pseudo‐layered Sb2Te3(GeTe)17 along the parallel direction is reported by synergistically optimizing its electrical and thermal properties via vacancy engineering. The microstructural origin of thermoelectric property enhancement is studied by spherical aberration corrected transmission electron microscopy and its in situ mode. The results reveal that upon annealing, Ge vacancy gaps in quenched samples tend to migrate and recombine into long‐range gaps in order to minimize the elastic and electrostatic energies. The recombination of Ge gaps would lead to an overall reduction of carrier concentration and electrical thermal conductivity. The detailed study of Ge vacancies migration via heat treatment and its effects on thermoelectric performance in pseudo‐layered Sb2Te3(GeTe)17 materials can provide enlightening clues for future research in a number of thermoelectric materials of similar structures.
The p‐Orbital Delocalization of Main‐Group Metals to Boost CO2 Electroreduction
Authors: He Sisi , Ni Fenglou , Ji Yujin , Wang Lie , Wen Yunzhou , Bai Haipeng , Liu Gejun , Zhang Ye , Li Youyong , Zhang Bo , Peng Huisheng 
Published: October 2018

AbstractEnhancing the p‐orbital delocalization of a Bi catalyst (termed as POD‐Bi) via layer coupling of the short inter‐layer Bi−Bi bond facilitates the adsorption of intermediate *OCHO of CO2 and thus boosts the CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) rate to formate. X‐ray absorption fine spectroscopy shows that the POD‐Bi catalyst has a shortened inter‐layer bond after the catalysts are electrochemically reduced in situ from original BiOCl nanosheets. The catalyst on a glassy carbon electrode exhibits a record current density of 57 mA cm−2 (twice the state‐of‐the‐art catalyst) at −1.16 V vs. RHE with an excellent formate Faradic efficiency (FE) of 95 %. The catalyst has a record half‐cell formate power conversion efficiency of 79 % at a current density of 100 mA cm−2 with 93 % formate FE when applied in a flow‐cell system. The highest rate of the CO2RR production reported (391 mg h−1 cm2) was achieved at a current density of 500 mA cm−2 with formate FE of 91 % at high CO2 pressure.
Towards Utilising Photocrosslinking of Polydiacetylenes for the Preparation of “Stealth” Upconverting Nanoparticles
Authors: Nsubuga Anne , Zarschler Kristof , Sgarzi Massimo , Graham Bim , Stephan Holger , Joshi Tanmaya 
Published: October 2018

AbstractWe demonstrate a novel strategy for preparing hydrophilic upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs) by harnessing the photocrosslinking ability of diacetylenes. Replacement of the hydrophobic oleate coating on the UCNPs with 10,12‐pentacosadiynoic acid, followed by overcoating with diacetylene phospholipid and subsequent photocrosslinking under 254 nm irradiation produces water‐dispersible polydiacetylene‐coated UCNPs. These UCNPs resist the formation of a biomolecular corona and show great colloidal stability. Furthermore, amine groups on the diacetylene phospholipid allow for functionalisation of the UCNPs with, for example, radiolabels or targeting moieties. These results demonstrate that this new surface‐coating method has great potential for use in the preparation of UCNPs with improved biocompatibility.
An Anisotropic Hydrogel Actuator Enabling Earthworm‐Like Directed Peristaltic Crawling
Authors: Sun Zhifang , Yamauchi Yoshihiro , Araoka Fumito , Kim Youn Soo , Bergueiro Julian , Ishida Yasuhiro , Ebina Yasuo , Sasaki Takayoshi , Hikima Takaaki , Aida Takuzo 
Published: October 2018

AbstractPeristaltic crawling, which is the moving mechanism of earthworm‐like limbless creatures in narrow spaces, is a challenging target to mimic by using soft materials. Here we report an unprecedented hydrogel actuator that enables not only a peristaltic crawling motion but also reversing its direction. Our cylindrically processed hydrogel contains gold nanoparticles for photothermal conversion, a thermoresponsive polymer network for switching the electrical permittivity of the gel interior, and cofacially oriented 2D electrolytes (titanate nanosheets; TiNSs) to synchronously change their anisotropic electrostatic repulsion. When a hydrogel, which was designed to include cofacially oriented TiNSs along the cylindrical gel axis, is pointwisely photoirradiated with a visible‐light laser, it spatiotemporally expands immediately (<0.5 s) and largely (80 % of its original length) in an isovolumetric manner. When the irradiation spot is moved along the cylindrical gel axis, the hydrogel undergoes peristaltic crawling due to quick and sequential elongation/contraction events and moves oppositely toward the laser scanning direction. Thus, when the scanning direction is switched, the crawling direction is reversed. When gold nanorods are used in place of gold nanoparticles, the hydrogel becomes responsive to a near‐infrared light, which can deeply penetrate into bio tissues.
Adenosine A1 Receptor mRNA Expression by Neurons and Glia in the Auditory Forebrain
Authors: Hackett Troy A. 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTIn the brain, purines such as ATP and adenosine can function as neurotransmitters and co‐transmitters, or serve as signals in neuron–glial interactions. In thalamocortical (TC) projections to sensory cortex, adenosine functions as a negative regulator of glutamate release via activation of the presynaptic adenosine A1 receptor (A1R). In the auditory forebrain, restriction of A1R‐adenosine signaling in medial geniculate (MG) neurons is sufficient to extend LTP, LTD, and tonotopic map plasticity in adult mice for months beyond the critical period. Interfering with adenosine signaling in primary auditory cortex (A1) does not contribute to these forms of plasticity, suggesting regional differences in the roles of A1R‐mediated adenosine signaling in the forebrain. To advance understanding of the circuitry, in situ hybridization was used to localize neuronal and glial cell types in the auditory forebrain that express A1R transcripts (Adora1), based on co‐expression with cell‐specific markers for neuronal and glial subtypes. In A1, Adora1 transcripts were concentrated in L3/4 and L6 of glutamatergic neurons. Subpopulations of GABAergic neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia expressed lower levels of Adora1. In MG, Adora1 was expressed by glutamatergic neurons in all divisions, and subpopulations of all glial classes. The collective findings imply that A1R‐mediated signaling broadly extends to all subdivisions of auditory cortex and MG. Selective expression by neuronal and glial subpopulations suggests that experimental manipulations of A1R‐adenosine signaling could impact several cell types, depending on their location. Strategies to target Adora1 in specific cell types can be developed from the data generated here. Anat Rec, 301:1882–1905, 2018. © 2018 The Authors. The Anatomical Record published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Association of Anatomists.
Trabecular Bone Structural Variation in the Proximal Sacrum Among Primates
Authors: Russo Gabrielle A. 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTThe sacrum occupies a functionally important anatomical position as part of the pelvic girdle and vertebral column. Sacral orientation and external morphology in modern humans are distinct from those in other primates and compatible with the demands of habitual bipedal locomotion. Among nonhuman primates, however, how sacral anatomy relates to positional behaviors is less clear. As an alternative to evaluation of the sacrum's external morphology, this study assesses if the sacrum's internal morphology (i.e., trabecular bone) differs among extant primates. The primary hypothesis tested is that trabecular bone parameters with established functional relevance will differ in the first sacral vertebra (S1) among extant primates that vary in positional behaviors. Results for analyses of individual variables demonstrate that bone volume fraction, degree of anisotropy, trabecular number, and size‐corrected trabecular thickness differ among primates grouped by positional behaviors to some extent, but not always in ways consistent with functional expectations. When examined as a suite, these trabecular parameters distinguish obligate bipeds from other positional behavior groups; and, the latter three trabecular bone variables further distinguish knuckle‐walking terrestrial quadrupeds from manual suspensor‐brachiators, vertical clingers and leapers, and arboreal quadrupeds, as well as between arboreal and terrestrial quadrupeds. As in other regions of the skeleton in modern humans, trabecular bone in S1 exhibits distinctively low bone volume fraction. Results from this study of extant primate S1 trabecular bone structural variation provide a functional context for interpretations concerning the positional behaviors of extinct primates based on internal sacral morphology. Anat Rec, 302:1354–1371, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The influence of light sources on sunitinib measurements with photoisomerization
Authors: Matsunaga Noriko , Kitahara Takashi , Yamada Makiko , Sato Kayoko , Kodama Yukinobu , Sasaki Hitoshi 
Published: October 2018

AbstractSunitinib is an orally administered tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Therapeutic drug monitoring is an important component of the follow‐up of patients because of high interpatient variability in the pharmacokinetics of sunitinib and large variabilities in its efficacy and toxicity. The aim of the present study was to examine the light stability of sunitinib and confirm the effects of light exposure on sunitinib measurements by LC–MS/MS. Sunitinib and its active metabolite, SU12662, convert Z isomers to E isomers with exposure to light. The Z–E photoisomerization ratio reached a plateau at 35% for both E isomers in methanol within 15 min of normal light exposure (700 lx). However, the Z isomer of the sunitinib and SU12662 peak area ratios in plasma decreased by 10% within 15 min. These results suggest that sunitinib samples need to be handled without light exposure in all sample preparation steps. Alternatively, it should be measured sunitinib and SU12662 after the sample has reached photoisomerical equilibrium. These results suggest that the sunitinib therapeutic range changes depending on light conditions during sample handling in sunitinib and SU12662 measurements.
Design of Noble Metal Electrocatalysts on an Atomic Level
Authors: Chao Tingting , Hu Yanmin , Hong Xun , Li Yadong 
Published: October 2018

AbstractNanostructured noble metal‐based materials have been considered in recent years as promising catalysts for energy storage and conversion. One of their prominent applications is a series of electrochemical processes in fuel cells, as they show excellent electrocatalytic performance towards the reactions occurring at both anode and cathode. Nowadays, considerable efforts have been devoted to boosting the catalytic activity and minimizing the used amount of precious metals. In this review, we introduce the recent advances regarding controllable synthesis of noble metal electrocatalysts at an atomic level. Important electrochemical reactions, such as oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), electroreduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) and so on, catalyzed by precisely controllable noble metal electrocatalysts will be highlighted. This review primarily focuses on the exploration for the relationship between atomic‐level structure of electrocatalysts and their enhanced catalytic property combining theoretical calculations and experiments. Finally, perspectives for further advances of noble metal nanomaterials are proposed to realize rational design of electrocatalysts at an atomic level.
Construction of Cyclobutanes by Multicomponent Cascade Reactions in Homogeneous Solution through Visible‐Light Catalysis
Authors: Lei Tao , Zhou Chao , Wei Xiang‐Zhu , Yang Bing , Chen Bin , Tung Chen‐Ho , Wu Li‐Zhu 
Published: October 2018

Abstract[2+2] Photocycloaddition of two olefins is a general method to assemble the core scaffold, cyclobutane, found in numerous bioactive molecules. A new approach to synthesize cyclobutanes through multicomponent cascade reactions by merging aldol reaction and Witting reaction with visible‐light‐induced [2+2] cycloaddition is reported. An array of cyclobutanes with high selectivity has been achieved from commercially available aldehydes, ketones (or phosphorus ylide), and olefins with visible‐light irradiation of a catalytic amount of (fac‐tris(2‐phenylpyridinato‐C2,N)iridium) ([Ir(ppy)3]) at room temperature. Control experiments and spectroscopic studies revealed that the triplet–triplet energy transfer from the excited [Ir(ppy)3]* to enones, generated in situ from aldehyde and ketone or aldehyde and phosphorus ylide, is responsible for these simple and efficient muticomponent transformations.
Synthesis and Application of Interstrand Cross‐Linked Duplexes by Covalently Linking a Pair of Abasic Sites
Authors: Hirano Yu , Kojima Naoshi , Komatsu Yasuo 
Published: October 2018

AbstractInterstrand cross‐linking of DNA or RNA inhibits the double strands from dissociating into single strands. This article contains detailed procedures for the synthesis of a novel interstrand cross‐linker that comprises a bis‐aminooxy naphthalene derivative and a description of its use in the preparation of sequence‐specific interstrand cross‐linked oligonucleotide duplexes. The interstrand cross‐linker covalently connects a pair of apurinic/apyrimidinic sites in DNA/RNA duplexes with bis(aminooxy) groups. The resulting oxime linkages are stable under physiological conditions and greatly improve the thermal stability of the duplex. In addition, we construct a novel anti‐miRNA oligonucleotide (AMO) flanked by interstrand cross‐linked 2′‐O‐methylated RNA duplexes (CLs). AMO flanked by CLs at the 5′‐ and 3′‐termini exhibited high inhibition activity toward miRNA function in cells. The novel interstrand cross‐linker indicates potent activity and is applicable in biophysical studies, oligonucleotide therapeutics, and materials science. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Miniscope GRIN Lens System for Calcium Imaging of Neuronal Activity from Deep Brain Structures in Behaving Animals
Authors: Zhang Lifeng , Liang Bo , Barbera Giovanni , Hawes Sarah , Zhang Yan , Stump Kyle , Baum Ira , Yang Yupeng , Li Yun , Lin Da‐Ting 
Published: October 2018

AbstractVisualizing neural activity from deep brain regions in freely behaving animals through miniature fluorescent microscope (miniscope) systems is becoming more important for understanding neural encoding mechanisms underlying cognitive functions. Here we present our custom‐designed miniscope GRadient INdex (GRIN) lens system that enables simultaneously recording from hundreds of neurons for months. This article includes miniscope design, the surgical procedure for GRIN lens implantation, miniscope mounting on the head of a mouse, and data acquisition and analysis. First, a target brain region is labeled with virus expressing GCaMP6; second, a GRIN lens is implanted above the target brain region; third, following mouse surgical recovery, a miniscope is mounted on the head of the mouse above the GRIN lens; and finally, neural activity is recorded from the freely behaving mouse. This system can be applied to recording the same population of neurons longitudinally, enabling the elucidation of neural mechanisms underlying behavioral control. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The role of the motor system in action understanding and communication: Evidence from human infants and non‐human primates
Authors: Salo Virginia C. , Ferrari Pier F. , Fox Nathan A. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThere is growing evidence that activation of the motor system during observation of actions, a phenomenon first observed in non‐human primates, underlies action understanding and even communication. This review (a) examines the evidence on motor system activity as an underlying neural correlate of action understanding; (b) reviews the theoretical and empirical work linking action understanding and the development of communication, with a specific focus on the role that gestures play as an intermediary; and (c) discusses the research on and existing opportunities for understanding the link between the motor system and communication in both humans and non‐human primates, through the lens of action perception. Bringing together findings and perspectives from developmental social cognition in both humans and non‐human primates and applying recent neuroscientific perspectives will help to elucidate the processes underlying the ability to understand and communicate with others.
Complex gene expansion of theCYP2Dgene subfamily
Authors: Feng Ping , Liu Zhijun 
Published: October 2018

AbstractCytochrome P450 (CYP) superfamily genes encode enzymes that play a role in metabolizing endogenous compounds and in detoxifying exogenous chemicals. The CYP2D subfamily is a member of the CYP2 family, and its gene expansion in herbivores is presumably linked with the need to detoxify abundant plant toxins in the diet, which indicates thatCYP2Dgene expansion is associated with dietary preferences. To test this hypothesis, the dietary information andCYP2Dgene number for 73 vertebrates from different taxonomic groups including 22 mammals, 49 birds, 1 reptile, and 1 amphibian were collected, and correlation analysis and ANOVA were conducted. The results showed that most species (45/73) had only oneCYP2Dgene, despite their different diets, and dietary preferences were not correlated withCYP2Dgene numbers. Specifically, the majority of birds and 7 mammals had only 1CYP2Dgene, and theCYP2Dgene number of mammals ranged from 1 to 11, irrespective of their feeding habits. Species with aCYP2Dgene number ≥5 included carnivores, herbivores, and omnivores. Furthermore, statistical analyses revealed that no significant correlation existed between dietary preferences andCYP2Dgene number, and there was no significantCYP2Dgene number variation among species with different dietary preferences, regardless of whether all vertebrates or specific lineages were considered. Furthermore, gene dynamics which indicated by gene duplication events and loss events showed thatCYP2Dgene number variation had no relationship with diet, suggesting that diet was not a driving force ofCYP2Dgene expansion and thatCYP2Dgene expansion was more complex than previously recognized.