bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Early viral‐specific T‐cell testing predicts late cytomegalovirus reactivation following liver transplantation
Authors: Sood S. , Haifer C. , Yu L. , Pavlovic J. , Gow P.J. , Jones R.M. , Visvanathan K. , Angus P.W. , Testro A.G. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractIntroductionAlthough antiviral prophylaxis is effective in preventing early cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation following liver transplantation (OLT), it predisposes patients to late CMV after prophylaxis has ceased. QuantiFERON–CMV (QFN‐CMV, Qiagen, The Netherlands) measures an individual's viral‐specific immune response.MethodsFifty‐nine OLT recipients were prospectively monitored post‐OLT in an observational cohort study. QFN‐CMV was performed at regular time‐points. An absolute QFN‐CMV <0.1 IU/mL was considered non‐reactive.Results50/59 (84.7%) had a reactive QFN‐CMV by M6. 38/59 (64.4%) had antiviral prophylaxis or treatment before M6, with 31/38 (81.6%) developing a reactive QFN‐CMV by 6 months. Over 90% already had a reactive result as early as 3 months post transplant, 3 patients (5.08%) developed late CMV between 6‐12 months (median 251 days)—all had a non‐reactive M6 QFN‐CMV. And 2/3 experienced CMV disease. Non‐reactive M6 QFN‐CMV was significantly associated with late CMV (OR = 54.4, PPV = 0.33, NPV = 1.00, P = .003).ConclusionAlthough only 5% of recipients developed late CMV, 2/3 suffered CMV disease. M6 QFN‐CMV has an excellent NPV for late CMV, suggesting patients who exhibit a robust ex vivo immune response at M6 can safely cease CMV monitoring. Furthermore, >90% already express viral‐specific immunity as early as 3 months. Conceivably, antiviral prophylaxis could be discontinued early in these patients.
Access to medicines for asthma, diabetes and hypertension in eight counties of Kenya
Authors: Wirtz Veronika J. , Turpin Kristen , Laing Richard O. , Mukiira Carol K. , Rockers Peter C. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo assess access to noncommunicable diseases (NCD) medicines in Kenya for patients diagnosed and prescribed treatment for asthma, diabetes and hypertension.MethodsHouseholds in eight purposively chosen counties were randomly selected. To be eligible, a household needed to have at least one member aged 18 years or older who had been previously diagnosed and prescribed medicines for one of the following NCDs: asthma, diabetes or hypertension. Using a logistic regression model, we explored the relationship between patient characteristics and the probability that patients had the medicines available at the time of the survey visit.ResultsA total of 627 individuals were included in the analysis. The highest percentage of medicines availability was in households with diabetes patients (83.1%), followed by hypertension (77.1%) patients. The lowest availability of medicines was found in households with asthma patients (53.1%). The median household expenditure on medicines per month was US$7.00 for households with diabetes patients; it was US$4.00 for asthma. In general, strong predictors of having medicines at home was being older, having some education compared to no education, few household members, wealth, being diagnosed at private nonprofit facilities and having only one patient with NCDs in the household.ConclusionsOur study found that nearly three‐quarters of patients diagnosed and prescribed a medicine for hypertension, asthma or diabetes had the medicine available at home. Access challenges remain, in particular for patients from low‐income households and for those diagnosed with asthma.
The independent effects of hypovolaemia and pulmonary vasoconstriction on ventricular function and exercise capacity during acclimatisation to 3800 m
Authors: Stembridge Mike , Ainslie Philip N. , Boulet Lindsey M. , Anholm James , Subedi Prajan , Tymko Michael M. , Willie Christopher K. , Cooper Stephen‐Mark , Shave Rob 
Published: May 2018

Key points
We sought to determine the isolated and combined influence of hypovolaemia and hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction on the decrease in left ventricular (LV) function and maximal exercise capacity observed under hypobaric hypoxia.
We performed echocardiography and maximal exercise tests at sea level (344 m), and following 5–10 days at the Barcroft Laboratory (3800 m; White Mountain, California) with and without (i) plasma volume expansion to sea level values and (ii) administration of the pulmonary vasodilatator sildenafil in a double‐blinded and placebo‐controlled trial.
The high altitude‐induced reduction in LV filling and ejection was abolished by plasma volume expansion but to a lesser extent by sildenafil administration; however, neither intervention had a positive effect on maximal exercise capacity.
Both hypovolaemia and hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction play a role in the reduction of LV filling at 3800 m, but the increase in LV filling does not influence exercise capacity at this moderate altitude.
AbstractWe aimed to determine the isolated and combined contribution of hypovolaemia and hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in limiting left ventricular (LV) function and exercise capacity under chronic hypoxaemia at high altitude. In a double‐blinded, randomised and placebo‐controlled design, 12 healthy participants underwent echocardiography at rest and during submaximal exercise before completing a maximal test to exhaustion at sea level (SL; 344 m) and after 5–10 days at 3800 m. Plasma volume was normalised to SL values, and hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction was reversed by administration of sildenafil (50 mg) to create four unique experimental conditions that were compared with SL values: high altitude (HA), Plasma Volume Expansion (HA‐PVX), Sildenafil (HA‐SIL) and Plasma Volume Expansion with Sildenafil (HA‐PVX‐SIL). High altitude exposure reduced plasma volume by 11% (P < 0.01) and increased pulmonary artery systolic pressure (19.6 ± 4.3 vs. 26.0 ± 5.4, P < 0.001); these differences were abolished by PVX and SIL respectively. LV end‐diastolic volume (EDV) and stroke volume (SV) were decreased upon ascent to high altitude, but were comparable to sea level in the HA‐PVX trial. LV EDV and SV were also elevated in the HA‐SIL and HA‐PVX‐SIL trials compared to HA, but to a lesser extent. Neither PVX nor SIL had a significant effect on the LV EDV and SV response to exercise, or the maximal oxygen consumption or peak power output. In summary, at 3800 m both hypovolaemia and hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction contribute to the decrease in LV filling, but restoring LV filling does not confer an improvement in maximal exercise performance.
Divergent Performance Outcomes Following Resistance Training Using Repetition Maximums or Relative Intensity
Authors: Carroll Kevin M. , Bernards Jake R. , Bazyler Caleb D. , Taber Christopher B. , Stuart Charles A. , DeWeese Brad H. , Sato Kimitake , Stone Michael H. 
Published: May 2018

Purpose: To compare repetition maximum (RM) to relative intensity using sets and repetitions (RISR) resistance training on measures of training load, vertical jump, and force production in well-trained lifters. Methods: Fifteen well-trained (isometric peak force = 4403.61 [664.69] N, mean [SD]) males underwent resistance training 3 d/wk for 10 wk in either an RM group (n = 8) or RISR group (n = 7). Weeks 8 to 10 consisted of a tapering period for both groups. The RM group achieved a relative maximum each day, whereas the RISR group trained based on percentages. Testing at 5 time points included unweighted (<1 kg) and 20-kg squat jumps, countermovement jumps, and isometric midthigh pulls. Mixed-design analyses of variance and effect size using Hedge’s g were used to assess within- and between-groups alterations. Results: Moderate between-groups effect sizes were observed for all squat-jump and countermovement-jump conditions supporting the RISR group (g = 0.76–1.07). A small between-groups effect size supported RISR for allometrically scaled isometric peak force (g = 0.20). Large and moderate between-groups effect sizes supported RISR for rate of force development from 0 to 50 ms (g = 1.25) and 0 to 100 ms (g = 0.89). Weekly volume load displacement was not different between groups (P > .05); however, training strain was statistically greater in the RM group (P < .05). Conclusions: Overall, this study demonstrated that RISR training yielded greater improvements in vertical jump, rate of force development, and maximal strength compared with RM training, which may be explained partly by differences in the imposed training stress and the use of failure/nonfailure training in a well-trained population.
Improvement of Flutter-Kick Performance in Novice Surface Combat Swimmers With Increased Hip Strength
Authors: Beethe Anne Z. , Nagle Elizabeth F. , Lovalekar Mita , Nagai Takashi , Nindl Bradley C. , Connaboy Christopher 
Published: May 2018

Purpose: To examine strength, range of motion, anthropometric, and physiological contributions to novice surface-combat-swimming (sCS) performance and establish differences from freestyle-swimming (FS) performance to further understand the transition of FS to sCS performance. Methods: A total of 13 competitive swimmers (7 male and 6 female; 27.7 [2.3] y; 176.2 [2.6] cm; 75.4 [3.9] kg) completed 8 testing sessions consisting of the following: physiological land-based measurements for maximal anaerobic and aerobic capacity and upper- and lower-extremity strength and range of motion, an sCS anaerobic capacity swim test measuring peak and mean force and fatigue index, 2 aerobic capacity tests measuring maximal aerobic capacity for both FS and sCS, and four 500-m performance swims for time, 1 FS, and 3 sCS. Separate multiple linear-regression analysis was used to analyze predictors of both sCS and FS performance models. Results: FS performance was predicted by the final FS maximal oxygen uptake with an R2 of 42.03% (F1,10 = 7.25; P = .0226), whereas sCS performance was predicted by isometric hip-extension peak strength with an R2 of 41.46% (F1,11 = 7.79; P = .0176). Conclusions: Results demonstrate that different physiological characteristics predict performance, suggesting that an altered strategy is used for novice sCS than FS. It is suggested that this may be due to the added constraints as mandated by mission requirements including boots, weighted gear, and clandestine requirements with hips lowered beneath the surface. Further research should examine the kinematics of the sCS flutter kick to improve performance by developing training strategies specific for the task.
OpenSim Versus Human Body Model: A Comparison Study for the Lower Limbs During Gait
Authors: Falisse Antoine , Van Rossom Sam , Gijsbers Johannes , Steenbrink Frans , van Basten Ben J.H. , Jonkers Ilse , van den Bogert Antonie J. , De Groote Friedl 
Published: May 2018

Musculoskeletal modeling and simulations have become popular tools for analyzing human movements. However, end users are often not aware of underlying modeling and computational assumptions. This study investigates how these assumptions affect biomechanical gait analysis outcomes performed with Human Body Model and the OpenSim gait2392 model. The authors compared joint kinematics, kinetics, and muscle forces resulting from processing data from 7 healthy adults with both models. Although outcome variables had similar patterns, there were statistically significant differences in joint kinematics (maximal difference: 9.8° [1.5°] in sagittal plane hip rotation), kinetics (maximal difference: 0.36 [0.10] N·m/kg in sagittal plane hip moment), and muscle forces (maximal difference: 8.51 [1.80] N/kg for psoas). These differences might be explained by differences in hip and knee joint center locations up to 2.4 (0.5) and 1.9 (0.2) cm in the posteroanterior and inferosuperior directions, respectively, and by the offset in pelvic reference frames of about 10° around the mediolateral axis. The choice of model may not influence the conclusions in clinical settings, where the focus is on interpreting deviations from the reference data, but it will affect the conclusions of mechanical analyses in which the goal is to obtain accurate estimates of kinematics and loading.
White matter microstructural alterations in amblyopic adults revealed by diffusion spectrum imaging with systematic tract-based automatic analysis
Authors: Tsai Tzu-Hsun , Su Hsien-Te , Hsu Yung-Chin , Shih Yao-Chia , Chen Chien-Chung , Hu Fung-Rong , Tseng Wen-Yih Isaac 
Published: May 2018

Background/aimWe investigated the microstructural changes in white matter of adults with amblyopia using diffusion spectrum imaging with systematic tract-based automatic analysis of the whole brain.MethodsTen adults with amblyopia (six women and four men, 33.6±10.6 years old on average) and 20 age- and sex-matched normal-sighted controls were enrolled. The mean generalised fractional anisotropy (GFA) was measured in 76 white matter tracts and compared between the experimental and control groups using a threshold-free cluster-weighted method andt-test. A 2-percentile cut-off was used to identify segments with the greatest differences between the two groups.ResultsParticipants with amblyopia had significantly lower GFA values than the controls in 11 segments located in nine white matter tracts, which included the following: left arcuate fasciculus, left frontal aslant tract, left fornix and left inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus of the association fibres; left thalamic radiations of the auditory nerve and bilateral optic radiations of the projection fibres; and genu and middle temporal gyrus of the callosal fibres. Amblyopic participants had statistically higher GFA values in the bilateral uncinate fasciculus than those of the controls.ConclusionThis preliminary study using whole-brain tractographic analysis of white matter reveals association between abnormal early visual processing and alterations in brain architecture, which may be related to various higher-level deficits, such as audiovisual integration and hand−eye coordination in patients with amblyopia.
Reducing inequity of cataract blindness and vision impairment is a global priority, but where is the evidence?
Authors: Ramke Jacqueline , Evans Jennifer R , Gilbert Clare E 
Published: May 2018

Throughout the world, people who are socially or economically disadvantaged disproportionately experience blindness and vision impairment caused by cataract. Reducing vision loss from cataract and its unequal distribution must be a priority if the WHO’s aim of ‘universal eye health’ is to be realised. To help achieve this, decision-makers and service planners need evidence on which strategies improve access to cataract services among disadvantaged populations, and under what circumstances. Unfortunately, despite many strategies to improve cataract services being implemented in recent decades, evidence of what works, for who and in what circumstances is not readily available. This paper summarises the extent of the evidence on interventions to reduce inequity of vision loss from cataract and makes suggestions for how the evidence base can be strengthened.
Establishing a protocol for building a pan-Canadian population-based monitoring system for early childhood development for children with health disorders: Canadian Children’s Health in Context Study (CCHICS)
Authors: Janus Magdalena , Brownell Marni , Reid-Westoby Caroline , Bennett Teresa , Birken Catherine , Coplan Robert , Duku Eric , Ferro Mark A , Forer Barry , Georgiades Stelios , Gorter Jan Willem , Guhn Martin , Maguire Jonathon L , Manson Heather , Pei Jacqueline , Santos Rob 
Published: May 2018

IntroductionHealth disorders early in life have tremendous impact on children’s developmental trajectories. Almost 80% of children with health disorders lack the developmental skills to take full advantage of school-based education relative to 27% of children without a health disorder. In Canada, there is currently a dearth of nationally representative data on the social determinants of early childhood development for children with health disorders. Evidence from Canada and other countries indicate that poorer developmental outcomes in typically developing children are associated with lower socioeconomic status (SES). However, to date, it is not known whether this relationship is stronger among children with health disorders. The study’s objectives are to estimate the prevalence and to investigate social determinants of developmental outcomes for young children with health disorders, using the Early Development Instrument (EDI).Methods and analysisStudy objectives will be achieved through three steps. First, using existing EDI data for 10 provinces and 2 territories collected from 2004 to 2015, we will investigate differences in developmental health outcomes among children with identified health disorders. Second, population-level EDI data will be linked with neighbourhood sociodemographic census data to explore associations between socioeconomic characteristics and rates of specific diagnoses among children aged 5–6 years, including trends over time. Third, for 3 of these 12 regions, additional health and/or education databases will be linked at an individual level. These data will be used to establish differences in EDI outcomes in relation to the age-of-onset of diagnosis, and presence of intervention or treatment.Ethics and disseminationStudy methodologies have been approved by the Hamilton Integrated Research Ethics Board. The results of the analyses of developmental health outcomes for children with health disorders combined with SES will have implications for both health service delivery and school-based intervention strategies. Results will contribute to a framework for public policy.
The Juggler of Notre Dame and the Medievalizing of Modernity
Authors: Ziolkowski Jan M. 
Published: May 2018

This ambitious and vivid study in six volumes explores the journey of a single, electrifying story, from its first incarnation in a medieval French poem through its prolific rebirth in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The Juggler of Notre Dame tells how an entertainer abandons the world to join a monastery, but is suspected of blasphemy after dancing his devotion before a statue of the Madonna in the crypt; he is saved when the statue, delighted by his skill, miraculously comes to life.
Jan Ziolkowski tracks the poem from its medieval roots to its rediscovery in late nineteenth-century Paris, before its translation into English in Britain and the United States. The visual influence of the tale on Gothic revivalism and vice versa in America is carefully documented with lavish and inventive illustrations, and Ziolkowski concludes with an examination of the explosion of interest in The Juggler of Notre Dame in the twentieth century and its place in mass culture today.
The Juggler of Notre Dame and the Medievalizing of Modernity is a rich case study for the reception of the Middle Ages in modernity. Spanning centuries and continents, the medieval period is understood through the lens of its (post)modern reception in Europe and America. Profound connections between the verbal and the visual are illustrated by a rich trove of images, including book illustrations, stained glass, postage stamps, architecture, and Christmas cards.
Presented with great clarity and simplicity, Ziolkowski's work is accessible to the general reader, while its many new discoveries will be valuable to academics in such fields and disciplines as medieval studies, medievalism, philology, literary history, art history, folklore, performance studies, and reception studies.
Simulated Sensitivity of Urban Green Infrastructure Practices to Climate Change
Authors: Sarkar Saumya , Butcher Jonathan B. , Johnson Thomas E. , Clark Christopher M. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Climate change is likely to alter the quantity and quality of urban stormwater, presenting a risk to water quality and public health. How might stormwater management practices need to change to address future climate? Answering requires understanding how management practices respond to climate forcing. Traditional “gray” stormwater design employs engineered structures, sized based on assumptions about future rainfall, which have limited flexibility once built. Green infrastructure (GI) uses vegetation, soil, and distributed structures to manage rainwater where it falls and may provide greater flexibility for adaptation. There is, however, uncertainty about how a warmer climate may affect performance of different types of GI. This study uses the hydrologic and biogeochemical watershed model, Regional Hydro-Ecologic Simulation System (RHESSys), to investigate sensitivity of different GI practices to climate. Simulations examine 36 urban “archetypes” representing different development patterns (at the city block scale) of typical U.S. cities, 11 regional climatic settings, and a range of mid-twenty-first-century scenarios based on downscaled climate model output. Results suggest regionally variable effects of climate change on the performance of GI practices for water quantity, water quality, and carbon sequestration. GI is able to mitigate most projected future increases in surface runoff, while bioretention can mitigate increased nitrogen yield at nine of 11 sites. Simulated changes in carbon balance are small, while local evaporative cooling can be substantial. Given uncertainty in the local expression of future climate, infrastructure design should emphasize flexibility and robustness to a range of future conditions.
The Downward Influence of Uncertainty in the Northern Hemisphere Stratospheric Polar Vortex Response to Climate Change
Authors: Simpson Isla R , Hitchcock Peter , Seager Richard , Wu Yutian , Callaghan Patrick 
Published: May 2018

AbstractGeneral circulation models display a wide range of future predicted changes in the Northern Hemisphere winter stratospheric polar vortex. The downward influence of this stratospheric uncertainty on the troposphere has previously been inferred from regression analyses across models and is thought to contribute to model spread in tropospheric circulation change. Here we complement such regression analyses with idealized experiments using one model where different changes in the zonal-mean stratospheric polar vortex are artificially imposed to mimic the extreme ends of polar vortex change simulated by models from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). The influence of the stratospheric vortex change on the tropospheric circulation in these experiments is quantitatively in agreement with the inferred downward influence from across-model regressions, indicating that such regressions depict a true downward influence of stratospheric vortex change on the troposphere below. With a relative weakening of the polar vortex comes a relative increase in Arctic sea level pressure (SLP), a decrease in zonal wind over the North Atlantic, drying over northern Europe, and wetting over southern Europe. The contribution of stratospheric vortex change to intermodel spread in these quantities is assessed in the CMIP5 models. The spread, as given by 4 times the across-model standard deviation, is reduced by roughly 10% on regressing out the contribution from stratospheric vortex change, while the difference between models on extreme ends of the distribution in terms of their stratospheric vortex change can reach up to 50% of the overall model spread for Arctic SLP and 20% of the overall spread in European precipitation.