bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sāṅkhya
Authors: Lusthaus Dan 
Published: September 2018

Considered one of the oldest classical Hindu schools by Indian tradition, Sāṅkhya is most famous in Indian philosophy for its atheism, its dualist model of puruṣa (passive, individual consciousness) and prakṛti (nonconscious, cognitive-sentient body) and its theory that effects pre-exist in their cause. In its classical formulation the puruṣa-prakṛti model is analysed into twenty-five components (tattva) intended to encompass entire metaphysical, cognitive, psychological, ethical and physical worlds in terms of their embodiment as individual constituents and the creative and interpretive projection of those worlds as experience by and for individuals. Both the world and the individual, in other words, are considered a phenomenological refraction and projection of the underlying and constitutive components of the conscious body.
Falsely identifying with the cognitive and sensory components of prakṛti (which according to orthodox Sāṅkhya performs cognitive and sentient operations, but is bereft of consciousness; puruṣa alone is conscious), Sāṅkhyans believe themselves to be the agents of their actions, rather than recognizing that actions are processes lacking any selfhood. Sāṅkhyans claim that liberation from the suffering of repeated rebirths can only be achieved through a profound understanding of the distinction between puruṣa and prakṛti. The latter is not abandoned after liberation, but continues to operate, observed with detachment by puruṣa. However, according to some versions of Sāṅkhya, prakṛti eventually becomes dormant. Puru ṣa and prakṛti both are considered to be eternal and to have no beginning. Since liberation is achieved through knowledge, Sāṅkhya stresses the importance and efficacy of knowledge over ritual and other religious endeavours.
Sāṅkhya is cognate to saṅkhyā, meaning ‘to count’ or ‘enumerate’. Thus Sāṅkhya seeks to enumerate the basic facts of reality so that people will understand them and find liberation. Basic Sāṅkhyan models and terms appear in some Upaniṣads and underlie important portions of the epic Mahābhārata, especially the Bhagavad Gītā and Mokṣadharma. No distinct Sāṅkhyan text prior to Īśvarakṛṣṇa’s Sāṅkhyakārikā (c.350–c.450) is extant. It enumerates and explains the twenty-five components and a subsidiary list of sixty topics (ṣaṣtitantra), which are then subdivided into further enumerative lists. Most of the subsequent Sāṅkhyan literature consists of commentaries and expositions of the Sāṃkhyakārikā and its ideas, which continued to be refined without major alterations well into the eighteenth century. Sāṅkhyan models strongly influenced numerous other Indian schools, including Yoga, Vedānta, Kashmir Shaivism and Buddhism.
Aseity
Authors: Matthews Grant Walter 
Published: September 2018

‘Aseity’ (short for ‘God’s aseity’) is the traditional divine attribute whereby God is said to exist of or from himself. Although the Latin phrase ‘a se’ (from which the Latin ‘aseitas’ and English ‘aseity’ derive) might suggest that God is from himself as an effect from a cause, only a minority of theists have held that God literally causes himself. In affirming aseity, most theists intend rather to claim that God is a self-sufficient or self-existent being who, in some significant sense, lacks dependence on other things. God’s lack of dependence on anything besides himself distinguishes him radically from creatures, every one of which depends on God, and therefore on at least one thing besides itself.
The claim that God is an independent or self-sufficient being has strong support within the Western tradition. Foreshadowed in classical Greek philosophy and taught at least implicitly in Jewish and Christian scripture, the claim is explicitly affirmed by the Church Fathers, the medieval philosopher-theologians, and the most prominent theistic philosophers of the classical modern period. Aseity has been thought by many simply to follow from other claims central to theism. Theists claim God to be the First Cause and the most perfect being possible. Since the First Cause cannot itself be caused, God will at least lack causal dependence on another. Moreover, if lack of dependence is a perfection, then God will lack dependence to the extent consistent with his other perfections.
While certain contemporary theists reject some of the traditional divine attributes, it is difficult to find any who reject the idea that God enjoys a special independence from other things. There are, however, various ways in which aseity might be defined, based on precisely what sort of dependence God is said to lack. Definitions of aseity will turn on, and vary in strength in accordance with, the broader metaphysical and theological commitments of different theists.
Intuitionism
Authors: McCarty David Charles 
Published: September 2018

Ultimately, mathematical intuitionism gets its name and its epistemological parentage from a conviction of Kant: that intuition reveals basic mathematical principles as true a priori. Intuitionism’s mathematical lineage is that of radical constructivism: constructive in requiring proofs of existential claims to yield provable instances of those claims; radical in seeking a wholesale reconstruction of mathematics. Although partly inspired by Kronecker and Poincaré, twentieth-century intuitionism is dominated by the ‘neo-intuitionism’ of the Dutch mathematician L.E.J. Brouwer. Brouwer’s reworking of analysis, paradigmatic for intuitionism, broke the bounds on traditional constructivism by embracing real numbers given by free choice sequences. Brouwer’s theorem – that every real-valued function on a closed, bounded interval is uniformly continuous – brings intuitionism into seeming conflict with results of conventional mathematics.
Despite Brouwer’s distaste for logic, formal systems for intuitionism were devised and developments in intuitionistic mathematics began to parallel those in metamathematics. A. Heyting was the first to formalize both intuitionistic logic and arithmetic and to interpret the logic over types of abstract proofs. Tarski, Beth and Kripke each constructed a distinctive class of models for intuitionistic logic. Gödel, in his Dialectica interpretation, showed how to view formal intuitionistic arithmetic as a calculus of higher-order functions. S.C. Kleene gave a ‘realizability’ interpretation to the same theory using codes of recursive functions. In the last decades of the twentieth century, applications of intuitionistic higher-order logic and type theory to category theory and computer science have made these systems objects of intense study. At the same time, philosophers and logicians, under the influence of M. Dummett, have sought to enlist intuitionism under the banner of general antirealist semantics for natural languages.
Arithmetic, philosophical issues in
Authors: Potter Michael 
Published: September 2018

The philosophy of arithmetic gains its special character from issues arising out of the status of the principle of mathematical induction. Indeed, it is just at the point where proof by induction enters that arithmetic stops being trivial. The propositions of elementary arithmetic – quantifier-free sentences such as ‘7+5=12’ – can be decided mechanically: once we know the rules for calculating, it is hard to see what mathematical interest can remain. As soon as we allow sentences with one universal quantifier, however – sentences of the form ‘(∀x)f(x)=0’ – we have no decision procedure either in principle or in practice, and can state some of the most profound and difficult problems in mathematics. (Goldbach’s conjecture that every even number greater than 2 is the sum of two primes, formulated in 1742 and still unsolved, is of this type.)
It seems natural to regard as part of what we mean by natural numbers that they should obey the principle of induction. But this exhibits a form of circularity known as ‘impredicativity’: the statement of the principle involves quantification over properties of numbers, but to understand this quantification we must assume a prior grasp of the number concept, which it was our intention to define. It is nowadays a commonplace to draw a distinction between impredicative definitions, which are illegitimate, and impredicative specifications, which are not. The conclusion we should draw in this case is that the principle of induction on its own does not provide a non-circular route to an understanding of the natural number concept. We therefore need an independent argument. Four broad strategies have been attempted, which we shall consider in turn.
Continuum hypothesis
Authors: Tiles Mary 
Published: September 2018

The ‘continuum hypothesis’ (CH) asserts that there is no set intermediate in cardinality (‘size’) between the set of real numbers (the ‘continuum’) and the set of natural numbers. Since the continuum can be shown to have the same cardinality as the power set (that is, the set of subsets) of the natural numbers, CH is a special case of the ‘generalized continuum hypothesis’ (GCH), which says that for any infinite set, there is no set intermediate in cardinality between it and its power set.
Cantor first proposed CH believing it to be true, but, despite persistent efforts, failed to prove it. König proved that the cardinality of the continuum cannot be the sum of denumerably many smaller cardinals, and it has been shown that this is the only restriction the accepted axioms of set theory place on its cardinality. Gödel showed that CH was consistent with these axioms and Cohen that its negation was. Together these results prove the independence of CH from the accepted axioms.
Cantor proposed CH in the context of seeking to answer the question ‘What is the identifying nature of continuity?’. These independence results show that, whatever else has been gained from the introduction of transfinite set theory – including greater insight into the import of CH – it has not provided a basis for finally answering this question. This remains the case even when the axioms are supplemented in various plausible ways.
The Local Geodetic Service
Authors: Trobiš Janko 
Published: September 2018

The local geodetic service systematically provides information that is relevant to the implementation of the strategic policies of the sustainable development and rational management of space, municipality environment and wider local communities. It is also important as a public service for supplying data to the professional and interested public in their further work, as well as for providing information at the state level and within the framework of the European integrations.
The paper explains why the institute of the local geodetic service differs in individual local communities. The central part of the paper deals with some additional possibilities of using the services from the area of the local geodetic service. These services can essentially contribute to better political decisions of local communities in making strategically relevant decisions.

Key words: • Slovenia • local self-government • local geodetic service • public infrastructure • spatial planning
Legal and Institutional Framework of Local Self-Government in the Republic of Macedonia
Authors: Siljanovska Davkova Gordana 
Published: September 2018

In general, a comprehensive and well-designed local self-government will significantly improve community
management in the Republic of Macedonia. The increased competences and strengthening of the political culture of the population will result in a more active participation of citizens in local processes. An increase in the professional level of the executive and administrative bodies along with improved communication with a civil society will have a positive impact on the quality of municipal management. Decentralized approaches to local development can be a sustainable way to preserve multiculturalism in an ethnically and culturally diverse country. The outcome of the process will depend on the level of public engagement, accountability of local leaders, and transparency of procedures.

KEYWORDS: • local self-government • legal framework • municipality • decentralization • Macedonia
Evaluation of US Orthopaedic Surgery Academic Centers Based on Measurements of Academic Achievement
Authors: Namavar Aram A. , Loftin Amanda H. , Khahera Anadjeet S. , Stavrakis Alexandra I. , Hegde Vishal , Johansen Daniel , Zoller Stephen , Bernthal Nicholas 
Published: September 2018

Introduction:Although a variety of agencies have attempted to evaluate the academic achievements of orthopaedic surgery academic centers, most use opaque criteria that are difficult to interpret and do not provide clear targets for improvement. This study leverages a weighted algorithm using objective measurements that has been linked to academic achievement to attempt to provide a comprehensive assessment of scholarly accomplishment for orthopaedic surgery academic centers.Methods:We examined full-time faculty at 138 US orthopaedic surgery academic centers; part-time or volunteer faculty were excluded. Five metrics of academic achievement were assessed: National Institutes of Health funding (2013), number of publications, Hirschberg-index (ie, a metric of impact of publications), leadership positions held in orthopaedic surgery societies, and editorial board positions of top orthopaedic and subspecialty journals. Academic programs were given a score for every category, and the algorithm was used to calculate an overall score of academic achievement for each program.Results:The five most academically productive programs were Washington University in St. Louis, Hospital for Special Surgery, Mayo Clinic, University of Pennsylvania, and Thomas Jefferson University.Conclusion:This algorithm may provide faculty with an assessment tool that can establish benchmarks to help focus efforts toward increasing the academic productivity of their respective programs.
Symptomatic, Unstable Os Acromiale
Authors: Hasan S. Ashfaq , Shiu Brian , Jauregui Julio J. 
Published: September 2018

Management of a persistently symptomatic, unstable os acromiale remains controversial. An unstable os acromiale is an easy diagnosis to miss and should be specifically evaluated for in patients with shoulder pain and a high degree of clinical suspicion. Surgical options include open or arthroscopic excision and open reduction and internal fixation. Open excision of large fragments has had poor results. Arthroscopic treatment is commonly used for small fragments (preacromion), and the technique has also been used in larger fragments (meso-os), but concerns persist over postoperative weakness secondary to shortening of the deltoid lever arm. Open reduction and internal fixation through a transacromial approach has been shown to have predictable union rates but can be complicated by symptomatic implant. Recent biomechanical studies have expanded our understanding of optimal fixation constructs, which may also decrease implant-related issues. Ultimately, the choice of which procedure to use will be dictated by patient factors such as age, activity level, and the nature of rotator cuff pathology.

Level of Evidence:
Level V
Treatment Patterns and Outcomes of Stable Hips in Infants With Ultrasonic Dysplasia
Authors: Kim Harry K. W. , Beckwith Terri , De La Rocha Adriana , Zepeda Erica , Jo Chan-Hee , Sucato Dan 
Published: September 2018

Introduction:
No clear practice guideline exists for the management of stable hip with ultrasonic dysplasia (UD). This study assessed the treatment patterns for stable UD and determined the outcomes of Pavlik harness (PH) treatment or observation (OB).

Methods:
This is a prospective study of 80 infants (107 hips) aged ≤12 weeks at presentation diagnosed with stable UD.

Results:
Sixty-five hips were treated with PH, whereas 42 hips were observed. Patients who were older at the time of initial sonogram and those with lower head coverage were more likely to be treated with PH. The mean head coverage was lower in the PH group, indicating more severe UD. At a 2-year follow-up period, 93% of patients in the OB group and 87% in the PH group had a good radiographic outcome.

Discussion:
Head coverage and age at first sonogram had a significant influence on the treatment decision for PH. A milder ultrasonic hip dysplasia can be observed because 93% of the patients who were observed had a good outcome.

Level of Evidence:
Level II: prospective cohort study
Multimodalité et hybridité de la diffusion de la recherche-création : le point de vue des chercheurs-créateurs
Authors: Provost Chantal 
Published: September 2018

Cet article aborde des enjeux de l’interdisciplinarité en recherche-création sous l’angle de la diffusion, notamment à partir d’extraits d’entrevues menées auprès de deux chercheurs-créateurs universitaires. Leur discours témoigne d’une vision de la création bien présente dans la diffusion, c’est-à-dire une diffusion copartagée et faite de collaborations. L’article explore aussi des pratiques de diffusion qui favorisent un décloisonnement des publics et de la scène, de même que l’usage du numérique comme mode d’écriture multimodale et comme archive ouverte. Le discours et les pratiques de diffusion des chercheurs-créateurs révèlent une forme de recherche universitaire « indisciplinée » autant dans son faire que dans sa diffusion.
Large‐Area Hybrid Plasmonic Optical Cavity (HPOC) Substrates for Surface‐Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Liu Bowen , Yao Xu , Chen Shu , Lin Haixin , Yang Zhilin , Liu Shou , Ren Bin 
Published: September 2018

AbstractSurface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is receiving increasing interests owing to its high sensitivity and molecular fingerprint information. The practical application of SERS relies on the highly enhancing, uniform, reproducible, and affordable substrates. A novel gap‐free 3D SERS substrate with unique hybrid plasmonic and optical cavity (HPOC) structures to improve the uniformity and reduce the fabrication cost while maintaining the high SERS enhancement is introduced here. The gold HPOC structures are fabricated by the tunable holographic lithography followed by gold deposition and can be conveniently optimized for a specific excitation wavelength by tuning the cavity length. The substrate shows average enhancement factor larger than 106 and excellent uniformity with a standard deviation smaller than 6.7%. Together with the capability to be fabricated on a flexible polyethylene substrate, the HPOC SERS substrate is promising for practical applications.
Lithium Electrochemical Tuning for Electrocatalysis
Authors: Lu Zhiyi , Jiang Kun , Chen Guangxu , Wang Haotian , Cui Yi 
Published: September 2018

AbstractElectrocatalysis is of great importance to a variety of energy conversion processes, where developing highly efficient catalysts is critical. While common strategies involve screening a wide range of materials with new chemical compositions or structures, a different approach to continuously, controllably, and effectively tune the electronic properties of existing catalytic materials for optimized activities has been demonstrated recently. Inspired by studies in lithium‐ion batteries, systematical lithium electrochemical tuning (LiET) methods such as Li intercalation, extraction, cycling, and strain engineering, are employed to effectively tune the electronic structures of different existing catalysts and thus improve their catalytic activities dramatically. Herein, the advantages of the LiET method in electrocatalysis are introduced, and then some recent representative examples in improving the performances of important electrochemical reactions are reviewed briefly. Lastly, a few promising directions on extending the applications of the LiET method in electrocatalysis are proposed.
Growth of Epithelial Organoids in a Defined Hydrogel
Authors: Broguiere Nicolas , Isenmann Luca , Hirt Christian , Ringel Till , Placzek Silja , Cavalli Emma , Ringnalda Femke , Villiger Lukas , Züllig Richard , Lehmann Roger , Rogler Gerhard , Heim Markus H. , Schüler Julia , Zenobi‐Wong Marcy , Schwank Gerald 
Published: September 2018

AbstractEpithelial organoids are simplified models of organs grown in vitro from embryonic and adult stem cells. They are widely used to study organ development and disease, and enable drug screening in patient‐derived primary tissues. Current protocols, however, rely on animal‐ and tumor‐derived basement membrane extract (BME) as a 3D scaffold, which limits possible applications in regenerative medicine. This prompted us to study how organoids interact with their matrix, and to develop a well‐defined hydrogel that supports organoid generation and growth. It is found that soft fibrin matrices provide suitable physical support, and that naturally occurring Arg‐Gly‐Asp (RGD) adhesion domains on the scaffold, as well as supplementation with laminin‐111, are key parameters required for robust organoid formation and expansion. The possibility to functionalize fibrin via factor XIII‐mediated anchoring also allows to covalently link fluorescent nanoparticles to the matrix for 3D traction force microscopy. These measurements suggest that the morphogenesis of budding intestinal organoids results from internal pressure combined with higher cell contractility in the regions containing differentiated cells compared to the regions containing stem cells. Since the fibrin/laminin matrix supports long‐term expansion of all tested murine and human epithelial organoids, this hydrogel can be widely used as a defined equivalent to BME.
Synthesis of Particulate Hierarchical Tandem Heterojunctions toward Optimized Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production
Authors: Sun Bojing , Zhou Wei , Li Haoze , Ren Liping , Qiao Panzhe , Li Wei , Fu Honggang 
Published: September 2018

AbstractPhotocatalytic hydrogen production using semiconductors is identified as one of the most promising routes for sustainable energy; however, it is challenging to harvest the full solar spectrum in a particulate photocatalyst for high activity. Herein, a hierarchical hollow black TiO2/MoS2/CdS tandem heterojunction photocatalyst, which allows broad‐spectrum absorption, thus delivering enhanced hydrogen evolution performance is designed and synthesized. The MoS2 nanosheets not only function as a cost‐effective cocatalyst but also act as a bridge to connect two light‐harvesting semiconductors into a tandem heterojunction where the CdS nanoparticles and black TiO2 spheres absorb UV and visible light on both sides efficiently, coupling with the MoS2 cocatalyst into a particulate photocatalyst system. Consequently, the photocatalytic hydrogen rate of the black TiO2/MoS2/CdS tandem heterojunction is as high as 179 µmol h−1 per 20 mg photocatalyst under visible‐light irradiation, which is almost 3 times higher than that of black TiO2/MoS2 heterojunctions (57.2 µmol h−1). Most importantly, the stability of CdS nanoparticles in the black TiO2/MoS2/CdS tandem heterojunction is greatly improved compared to MoS2/CdS because of the formation of tandem heterojunctions and the strong UV‐absorbing effect of black TiO2. Such a tandem architectural design provides new ways for synthesizing particulate photocatalysts with high efficiencies.