bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Robust Backstepping Sensorless Control for Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Using a Super‐Twisting Based Torque Observer
Authors: Wu Shaofang , Zhang Jianwu , Chai Benben 
Published: April 2018

AbstractIn order to achieve high‐performance speed regulation for sensorless interior permanent magnet synchronous motors (IPMSMS), a robust backstepping sensorless control is presented in this paper. Firstly, instead of a real mechanical sensor, a robust terminal sliding mode observer is used to provide the rotor position. Then, a new super‐twisting algorithm (STA) based observer is designed to obtain estimates of load torque and speed. The proposed observer ensures finite‐time convergence, maintains robust to uncertainties, and eliminates the common assumption of constant or piece‐wise constant load torque. Finally, a sensorless scheme is designed to realize speed control despite parameter uncertainties, by combining the robust backstepping control with sliding mode actions and the presented sliding mode observers. The stability of the observer and controller are verified by using Lyapunov's second method to determine the design gains. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Reappraisal of classification of distal cholangiocarcinoma based on tumour depth
Authors: Aoyama H , Ebata T , Hattori M , Takano M , Yamamoto H , Inoue M , Asaba Y , Ando M , Nagino M ,   Nagoya Surgical Oncology Group, Aoba T , Kaneoka Y , Arai T , Shimizu Y , Kiriyama M , Sakamoto E , Miyake H , Takara D , Shirai K , Ohira S , Kobayashi S , Kato Y , Yamaguchi R , Hayashi E , Miyake T , Mizuno S , Sato T , Suzuki K , Hashimoto M , Kawai S , Matsubara H , Kato K , Yokoyama S , Suzumura K 
Published: April 2018

Abstract

Background
In the eighth edition of the AJCC cancer staging classification, the T system for distal cholangiocarcinoma (DCC) has been revised from a layer-based to a depth-based approach. The aim of this study was to propose an optimal T classification using a measured depth in resectable DCC.

Methods
Patients who underwent pancreatoduodenectomy for DCC at 32 hospitals between 2001 and 2010 were included. The distance between the level of the naive bile duct and the deepest cancer cells was measured as depth of invasion (DOI). Invasive cancer foci were measured as invasive tumour thickness (ITT). Log rank χ2 scores were used to determine the cut-off points, and concordance index (C-index) to assess the survival discrimination of each T system.

Results
Among 404 patients, DOI was measurable in 182 (45·0 per cent) and ITT was measurable in all patients, with median values of 2·3 and 5·6 mm respectively. ITT showed a positive correlation with DOI (rs = 0·854, P &lt; 0·001), and the cut-off points for prognosis were 1, 5 and 10 mm. Median survival time was shorter with increased ITT: 12·4 years for ITT below 1 mm, 5·2 years for ITT at least 1 mm but less than 5 mm, 3·0 years for ITT at least 5 mm but less than 10 mm, and 1·5 years for ITT 10 mm or more (P &lt; 0·001). This classification exhibited more favourable prognostic discrimination than the T systems of the seventh and eighth editions of the AJCC (C-index 0·646, 0·622 and 0·624 respectively).

Conclusion
ITT is an accurate approach for depth assessment in DCC. The four-tier ITT classification with cut-off points of 1, 5 and 10 mm seems to be a better T system than those in the seventh and eighth editions of the AJCC classification.
Genetic influences on prefrontal activation during a verbal fluency task in children: A twin study using near‐infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Sakakibara Eisuke , Takizawa Ryu , Kawakubo Yuki , Kuwabara Hitoshi , Kono Toshiaki , Hamada Kasumi , Okuhata Shiho , Eguchi Satoshi , Ishii‐Takahashi Ayaka , Kasai Kiyoto 
Published: April 2018

AbstractObjectiveThe genetic and environmental influences on prefrontal function in childhood are underinvestigated due to the difficulty of measuring prefrontal function in young subjects, for which near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a suitable functional neuroimaging technique that facilitates the easy and noninvasive measurement of blood oxygenation in the superficial cerebral cortices.MethodUsing a two‐channel NIRS arrangement, we measured changes in bilateral prefrontal blood oxygenation during a category version of the verbal fluency task (VFT) in 27 monozygotic twin pairs and 12 same‐sex dizygotic twin pairs ages 5–17 years. We also assessed the participant's full‐scale intelligence quotient (FIQ) and retrieved parental socioeconomic status (SES). Classical structured equation modeling was used to estimate the heritability.ResultsThe heritability of VFT‐related brain activation was estimated to be 44% and 37% in the right and left prefrontal regions, respectively. We also identified a significant genetic contribution (74%) to FIQ, but did not to VFT task performance. Parental SES was not correlated with FIQ, task performance, or task‐related prefrontal activation.ConclusionsThis finding provides further evidence that variance in prefrontal function has a genetic component since childhood and highlights brain function, as measured by NIRS, as a promising candidate for endophenotyping neurodevelopmental disorders.
Altered somatosensory neurovascular response in patients with Becker muscular dystrophy
Authors: Lindberg Ulrich , Kruuse Christina , Witting Nanna , Jørgensen Stine Lundgaard , Vissing John , Rostrup Egill , Larsson Henrik Bo Wiberg 
Published: April 2018

AbstractIntroductionPatients with dystrophinopathies show low levels of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), due to reduced or absent dystrophin expression, as nNOS is attached to the dystrophin‐associated protein complex. Deficient nNOS function leads to functional ischemia during muscle activity. Dystrophin‐like proteins with nNOS attached have also been identified in the brain. This suggests that a mechanism of cerebral functional ischemia with attenuation of normal activation‐related vascular response may cause changes in brain function.MethodsThe aim of this study was to investigate whether the brain response of patients with Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) is dysfunctional compared to that of healthy controls. To investigate a potential change in brain activation response in patients with BMD, median nerve somatosensory evoked stimulation, with stimulation durations of 2, 4, and 10 s, was performed while recording electroencephalography and blood oxygen level‐dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging.ResultsResults in 14 male patients with BMD (36.2 ± 9.9 years) were compared with those of 10 healthy controls (34.4 ± 10.9 years). Compared to controls, the patients with BMD showed sustained cortical electrical activity and a significant smaller BOLD activation in contralateral primary somatosensory cortex and bilaterally in secondary somatosensory cortex. In addition, significant activation differences were found after long duration (10 s) stimuli in thalamus.ConclusionAn altered neurovascular response in patients with BMD may increase our understanding of neurovascular coupling and the pathogenesis related to dystrophinopathy and nNOS.
Anchoring Ni2P on the UiO‐66‐NH2/g‐C3N4‐derived C‐doped ZrO2/g‐C3N4 Heterostructure: Highly Efficient Photocatalysts for H2 Production from Water Splitting
Authors: Xu Jixiang , Gao Jianyang , Qi Yinhong , Wang Chao , Wang Lei 
Published: April 2018

AbstractConstructing heterostructured photocatalysts and depositing an appropriate co‐catalyst to facilitate charge separation are crucial steps to improve photocatalytic H2 evolution from water splitting. Herein, we reported the synthesis of C‐doped ZrO2/g‐C3N4/Ni2P (C‐ZrO2/g‐C3N4/Ni2P) composite based on the UiO‐66‐NH2 material for photocatalytic H2 production under visible‐light irradiation. The optimal H2 evolution rate over C‐ZrO2/g‐C3N4/20 %Ni2P was 10.04 mmol g−1 h−1, which was more than 10 times higher than that of C‐ZrO2/20 %Ni2P (0.90 mmol g−1 h−1). The apparent quantum yield of C‐ZrO2/g‐C3N4/20 %Ni2P at 420 nm reached 35.5 %. A detailed analysis of the action mechanism revealed that the improved photocatalytic activity could be ascribed to the highly efficient spatial separation of the photoinduced charge carriers between C‐ZrO2 and g‐C3N4, as a result of the tightly bound structure of C‐ZrO2/g‐C3N4/20 %Ni2P and its staggered band energy. The presence of the Ni2P co‐catalyst accelerates the surface reaction as well. This work demonstrates that anchoring appropriate co‐catalysts onto a metal–organic framework (MOF)/g‐C3N4‐derived metal oxide/g‐C3N4 hybrid is an effective way to obtain heterostructured photocatalysts for H2 production.
Highly Durable and Active Ternary Pt–Au–Ni Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Liu Fei , Sun Kui , Rui Zhiyan , Liu Jianguo , Juan Tian , Liu Ruirui , Luo Jun , Wang Zhongwei , Yao Yingfang , Huang Lin , Wang Peng , Zou Zhigang 
Published: April 2018

AbstractLong‐term stable and high active catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) are required for the commercialization of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Platinum (Pt) catalyst is the preferred choose for ORR, but the stability and activity of existing Pt catalyst are unsatisfactory for the commercialization of PEMFCs. Here the ternary Pt–Au–Ni/C and binary Pt–Ni/C are synthesized by a rapid microwave‐assisted polyol reduction. The Pt–Au–Ni/C exhibits superior ORR activity to both of Pt–Ni/C and commercial Pt/C. Moreover, the Pt–Au–Ni/C exhibited the long‐term stability in both of half‐cell and single‐cell accelerated degradation tests. The above results indicate that the addition of Au into binary Pt–Ni catalyst can not only enhance the stability but also improve the electrocatalytic activity.
Commercial Gold(I) and Gold(III) Compounds Supported on Carbon Materials as Greener Catalysts for the Oxidation of Alkanes and Alcohols
Authors: Carabineiro Sónia A. C. , Martins Luísa M. D. R. S. , Pombeiro Armando J. L. , Figueiredo José L. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe front cover artwork for issue 8/2018 stems from a collaboration between the Universities of Porto and Lisbon (Portugal). The image shows two reactions of industrial importance, namely the oxidation of cyclohexane and the oxidation of methyl benzyl alcohol, catalyzed by commercial gold complexes anchored on functionalized carbon nanotubes, in “greener conditions”. See the Full Paper itself at https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201701886.
Remixing Analysis of Four‐Product Dividing‐Wall Columns
Authors: Ling Hao , Qiu Jie , Hua Tao , Wang Zhifeng 
Published: April 2018

AbstractDividing‐wall columns can separate multicomponent mixtures and offer large energy savings over conventional column sequences. The separation of a mixture of four alcohols was studied in a Kaibel column and a fully extended Petlyuk column or Sargent arrangement, respectively. The flow paths of intermediates are different so that the Sargent arrangement could save more energy. Remixing of intermediates is unavoidable in the Kaibel column because each of them cannot detour all around both ends of the dividing wall. The Sargent arrangement exhibits the desired detouring paths and the remixing of intermediates is alleviated but still occurs in the prefractionator and the middle column. Finally, an alternative configuration of the Sargent arrangement is proposed which presents a better thermodynamic efficiency.
Sulfur‐Containing Molecules Grafted on Carbon Nanotubes as Highly Cyclable Cathodes for Lithium/Organic Batteries
Authors: Charrier Gaëlle , Kamaleddine Hanine , Barchasz Céline , Cornut Renaud , Jousselme Bruno , Campidelli Stéphane 
Published: April 2018

AbstractLithium/organic and lithium/sulfur batteries have attracted great interest lately due to their high theoretical specific capacity and potential low cost. However, two major roadblocks currently prevent industrial development of these kind of batteries: (i) the progressive dissolution of active material in the electrolyte which hinders cyclability of the devices and; (ii) the electrical insulating nature of organic or sulfur materials. In this work, we show an elegant solution to solve both, the conductivity and dissolution issues. We covalently functionalized multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) with electrochemically active thiolated molecules. The MWNTs insure a well distributed electronic conductivity inside the positive electrode and serve as a support for a covalent immobilization of the thiolated active species. Compared to electrodes formed by simply mixing carbon nanotubes with thiol‐containing molecules, covalently functionalized MWNT materials present an excellent stability over prolonged cycling and a promising specific capacity, in the range of 100 mAh gelectrode−1, i. e., including carbon and current collector masses.
Pharmacokinetics of Upadacitinib With the Clinical Regimens of the Extended‐Release Formulation Utilized in Rheumatoid Arthritis Phase 3 Trials
Authors: Mohamed Mohamed‐Eslam F. , Zeng Jiewei , Marroum Patrick J. , Song In‐Ho , Othman Ahmed A. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractUpadacitinib is a Janus kinase 1 inhibitor under development for the treatment of several inflammatory disorders including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Upadacitinib was administered in the phase 2 RA trials primarily as twice‐daily regimens of an immediate‐release (IR) formulation. The upadacitinib extended‐release (ER) formulation was developed to enable once‐daily dosing. In the present study, upadacitinib pharmacokinetics were characterized after the administration of single and multiple once‐daily doses of the ER formulation in healthy subjects relative to single and multiple twice‐daily doses of the IR formulation. Increase in upadacitinib exposure was dose‐proportional over the evaluated 15‐ to 30‐mg ER dose range. Single 15‐ and 30‐mg ER doses provided equivalent AUC0–inf compared with single 12‐ and 24‐mg IR doses, respectively. A high‐fat breakfast increased upadacitinib ER Cmax and AUC0–inf by only 20% and 17%, respectively, relative to fasting conditions. The median time to peak plasma concentrations was 2 to 4 hours for the ER formulation, and steady state was achieved by day 4 of once‐daily dosing. Doses of 15 and 30 mg once daily using the ER formulation provided equivalent AUC0–24, comparable Cmax and Cmin, and a fluctuation index over a 24‐hour period at steady state similar to 6 and 12 mg twice daily, respectively, using the IR formulation. These results supported the use of upadacitinib 15‐ and 30‐mg doses of the ER formulation in the phase 3 trials in RA.
30 Years of Crystal Growth Under Microgravity Conditions in Freiburg: An Overview of Past Activities
Authors: Sorgenfrei Tina 
Published: April 2018

AbstractIn the framework of this overview, the past four decades of research activities from the Freiburg Crystallography in the field of crystal growth in microgravity (µg) environments is presented. Crystal growth from the melt and solution phases of different materials was investigated onboard various manned and unmanned µg platforms such as parabolic flights, shuttle missions, satellite missions, and sounding rocket flights. The focus of material research in Freiburg was and is still in semiconducting materials; elemental semiconductors like Si, Ge, and GeSi as well as various compound semiconductors like InP, GaAs, and CdTe. The objectives of the single experiments, the results, and their further application and utilizations are summarized in this overview.
Iodine‐Catalyzed Isomerization of Dimethyl Muconate
Authors: Settle Amy E. , Berstis Laura , Zhang Shuting , Rorrer Nicholas A. , Hu Haiming , Richards Ryan M. , Beckham Gregg T. , Crowley Michael F. , Vardon Derek R. 
Published: April 2018

Abstractcis,cis‐Muconic acid is a platform bio‐based chemical that can be upgraded to drop‐in commodity and novel monomers. Among the possible drop‐in products, dimethyl terephthalate can be synthesized via esterification, isomerization, Diels–Alder cycloaddition, and dehydrogenation. The isomerization ofcis,cis‐dimethyl muconate (ccDMM) to thetrans,trans‐form (ttDMM) can be catalyzed by iodine; however, studies have yet to address (i) the mechanism and reaction barriers unique to DMM, and (ii) the influence of solvent, potential for catalyst recycle, and recovery of high‐purityttDMM. To address this gap, we apply a joint computational and experimental approach to investigate iodine‐catalyzed isomerization of DMM. Density functional theory calculations identified unique regiochemical considerations owing to the large number of halogen‐diene coordination schemes. Both transition state theory and experiments estimate significant barrier reductions with photodissociated iodine. Solvent selection was critical for rapid kinetics, likely because of solvent complexation with iodine. Under select conditions,ttDMM yields of 95 % were achieved in <1 h with methanol, followed by high purity recovery (>98 %) with crystallization. Lastly, post‐reaction iodine can be recovered and recycled with minimal loss of activity. Overall, these findings provide new insight into the mechanism and conditions necessary for DMM isomerization with iodine to advance the state‐of‐the‐art for bio‐based chemicals.
Sperm morphology and the evolution of intracellular sperm–egg interactions
Authors: Southern Helen M. , Berger Mitchell A. , Young Philippe G. , Snook Rhonda R. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractSperm morphology is incredibly diverse, even among closely related species, yet the coevolution between males and females of fertilization recognition systems is necessary for successful karyogamy (male and female pronuclear fusion). In most species, the entire sperm enters the egg during fertilization so sperm morphological diversity may impact the intracellular sperm–egg interactions necessary for karyogamy. We quantified morphological variation of sperm inside eggs prior to and following karyogamy in several species of Drosophila to understand whether evolution of sperm morphology could influence intracellular sperm–egg interactions (ISEIs). We measured seven parameters that describe ISEIs among species to determine whether these parameters varied both within a species across development and across species at the same developmental stage. We used heterospecific crosses to test the relative role of male origin, female origin, and interaction between the male and female in determining ISEIs. We found that sperm shape changed within a species as development proceeded and, at particular development stages, species varied in some ISEIs. Parental origin had an effect on some ISEIs, with a general trend for a stronger female effect. Overall, our findings identify conserved and variable ISEIs among species and demonstrate the potential to contribute understanding to gamete evolution and development.
Resistance of a terrestrial plant community to local microhabitat changes
Authors: Tubay Jerrold M. , Yoshimura Jin 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe number of plant and animal species that exist today is estimated to be around 8.7 million. Approximately 300,000 of these species are flora. This extremely high species diversity has been puzzling scientist since the beginning of ecological research because most of these species compete for limited resources that should lead to the exclusion of all but few superior species. This can be seen in a number of coexistence model today that can only maintain at most four species at a time. We have shown recently that by incorporating minute differences in microhabitat to a lattice competition model, about 13 species can coexist from an initial number of 20. Here, we improve the model further by considering that microhabitat differences are not fixed but can change over time which can affect coexistence. A primary driver to this alteration is climate change, both natural and human induced. To show the resistance of a lattice plant community model, a dynamic microhabitat locality is incorporated by changing the spatial and species‐specific heterogeneity of each lattice site. We show that even if the microhabitat locality of each plant species is dynamic, diversity can still be maintained in a lattice plant ecosystem model. This shows that natural communities of terrestrial plants can be resistant to the stress of microhabitat locality changes to a certain extent.
Genetic diversity of the Chinese goat in the littoral zone of the Yangtze River as assessed by microsatellite and mtDNA
Authors: E Guang‐Xin , Zhao Yong‐Ju , Chen Li‐Peng , Ma Yue‐Hui , Chu Ming‐Xing , Li Xiang‐Long , Hong Qiong‐Hua , Li Lan‐Hui , Guo Ji‐Jun , Zhu Lan , Han Yan‐Guo , Gao Hui‐Jiang , Zhang Jia‐Hua , Jiang Huai‐Zhi , Jiang Cao‐De , Wang Gao‐Fu , Ren Hang‐Xing , Jin Mei‐Lan , Sun Yuan‐Zhi , Zhou Peng , Huang Yong‐Fu 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe objective of this study was to assess the genetic diversity and population structure of goats in the Yangtze River region using microsatellite and mtDNA to better understand the current status of those goat genetic diversity and the effects of natural landscape in fashion of domestic animal genetic diversity. The genetic variability of 16 goat populations in the littoral zone of the Yangtze River was estimated using 21 autosomal microsatellites, which revealed high diversity and genetic population clustering with a dispersed geographical distribution. A phylogenetic analysis of the mitochondrial D‐loop region (482 bp) was conducted in 494 goats from the Yangtze River region. In total, 117 SNPs were reconstructed, and 173 haplotypes were identified, 94.5% of which belonged to lineages A and B. Lineages C, D, and G had lower frequencies (5.2%), and lineage F haplotypes were undetected. Several high‐frequency haplotypes were shared by different ecogeographically distributed populations, and the close phylogenetic relationships among certain low‐frequency haplotypes indicated the historical exchange of genetic material among these populations. In particular, the lineage G haplotype suggests that some west Asian goat genetic material may have been transferred to China via Muslim migration.
Strategies for effective collaborative manuscript development in interdisciplinary science teams
Authors: Oliver Samantha K. , Fergus C. Emi , Skaff Nicholas K. , Wagner Tyler , Tan Pang‐Ning , Cheruvelil Kendra Spence , Soranno Patricia A. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractScience is increasingly being conducted in large, interdisciplinary teams. As team size increases, challenges can arise during manuscript development, where achieving one team goal (e.g., inclusivity) may be in direct conflict with other goals (e.g., efficiency). Here, we present strategies for effective collaborative manuscript development that draw from our experiences in an interdisciplinary science team writing collaborative manuscripts for six years. These strategies are rooted in six guiding principles that were important to our team: to create a transparent, inclusive, and accountable research team that promotes and protects team members who have less power to influence decision‐making while fostering creativity and productivity. To help alleviate the conflicts that can arise in collaborative manuscript development, we present the following strategies: understand your team composition, create an authorship policy and discuss authorship early and often, openly announce manuscript ideas, identify and communicate the type of manuscript and lead author management style, and document and describe authorship contributions. These strategies can help reduce the probability of group conflict, uphold individual and team values, achieve fair authorship practices, and increase science productivity.