bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
GEOPHYSICAL AND WATER QUALITY INDEX SURVEYS OF GROUNDWATER QUALITY AROUND UGBOR DUMPSITE IN BENIN CITY, EDO STATE, NIGERIA, WEST AFRICA.
Authors: Idehen Osabuohien 
Published: November 2018

This study takes a look into groundwater quality at Ugbor Dumpsite area using water quality index (WQI), 2-Dimensional (2-D) geophysical resistivity tomography and vertical electric sounding (VES).The geophysical resistivity methods employed revealed the depth to aquifer, the geoelectric layers being made up of lateritic topsoil, clayed sand and sand. Along the trasverse line in the third geoelectric layer of lateral distance of 76 m to 100 m is a very low resistivity of 0.9 to 13 m from a depth range o f about 3 to 25 m beneath the surface- indicating contamination. Water samples were collected and analyzed at the same site during the raining season and during the dry season. The value of water quality index during the raining season was 115.92 and during the dry season was 147.43. Since values at both seasons were more than 100, it implies that the water is contaminated to some extent and therefore poor for drinking purpose. The Water Quality Index was established from important analyses of biological and physico-chemical parameters with significant health importance. These values computed for dumpsite area at Ugbor were mostly contributed by the seasonal variations in the concentrations of some parameters, such as, conductivity, total dissolved solids, hardness, alkalinity, chlorides, nitrates, calcium,Â phosphates, zinc, which showed significant differences (P<0.01 and P<0.05) in seasonal variation.
Structural and optical properties of Tin Oxide and Indium doped SnO2 thin films deposited by thermal evaporation technique
Authors: Noaman Sura Ali , Kadhim Rashid Owaid , Hussain Saleem Azara 
Published: November 2018

Tin Oxide and Indium doped Tin Oxide (SnO2:In) thin films were deposited on glass and SiliconÂ substratesÂ byÂ thermal evaporation technique.Â X-ray diffraction pattern of Â pure SnO2 and SnO2:In thin films annealed at 650oC and the results showedÂ that the structure have tetragonal phase with preferred orientation in (110) plane. AFM studies showed an inhibition of grain growth with increase in indium concentration. SEM studies of pureÂ SnO2 and Â Indium doped tin oxide (SnO2:In) ) thin films showed that the films with regular distribution of particles and they have spherical shape.Â Optical properties such asÂ Transmission , optical band-gap have been measured and calculated.
On the stability of a nonic functional equation in quasi-normed spaces
Authors: Kim Soo Hwan 
Published: November 2018

In this paper, we extend normed spaces to quasi-normed spacesÂ and prove the generalized Hyers-Ulam stability of a nonic functional equation:$$\aligned&f(x+5y) - 9f(x+4y) + 36f(x+3y) - 84f(x+2y) + 126f(x+y) - 126f(x)\\&\qquad + 84f(x-y)-36f(x-2y)+9f(x-3y)-f(x-4y) = 9 ! f(y),\endaligned$$where $9 ! = 362880$ in quasi-normed spaces.
Properties of Copper nitride thin films deposited using a pulsed hollow cathode discharge
Authors: Metwaly Khaled Hussein , Saudy Ali Hassan , El-Akshar Farouk Fahmy 
Published: November 2018

Copper nitride (Cu3N) thin films were deposited on a glass substrates using pulsed hollow cathode discharge (PHCD). The deposition was performed at 4kV charging voltage, and nitrogen gas pressure of 10-2 torr. The structure of the thin films was identified by X-Ray diffraction (XRD) technique. The XRD measurements indicated that the thin films have a nanocrystalline nature and exhibit orientation at (111) phase of Cu3N. The grain size of the nanocrystalline films ranged from 41 nm to 80 nm. The optical band gaps were measured using UVâ€“Visâ€“NIR spectrophotometer and Touc's equation.Â The optical band gaps of the films decreased from 2.55 eV to 2.25 eV by increasing the number of deposition shots from 20 to 80 shots. The surface morphology was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The SEM image indicates that the film have facetted surface morphology packed particles.Â
Superconducting String Theory (Gravity explanation)
Authors: Felipe Sergio PÃ©rez 
Published: November 2018

TheÂ â€˜Theory of Everythingâ€™Â is aÂ hypotheticalÂ theory of physics that explains and connects all known physical phenomena into one. After study, I have reached to a solution that describes the origin ofÂ gravitational forceÂ and can be postulated as angular pieceÂ of this theory. It erase gravity as one of the fundamental forces of nature unifying it with strong nuclear force.
Multibody Energy States With exact electron-electron interactions
Authors: Goodman James W 
Published: November 2018

Â In a class on quantum mechanics in 1964 at LSU a question was asked whether the potential energies of a multibody could be added up to give the energy state. It was stated that Vanagas was somewhat successful in using 2 body states. In 1971 two hypotheses were made using current Hilbert Space applied to the multibody SchrÃ¶dingerâ€™s EquationÂ and the wave functions derived. The ground states of atoms with atomic number Z=2-20 were calculated and agreed with Hartree-Fox iterations. The success was due to the exact electron-electron interactions.
Studies on Raman Spectra of Cu2+ Ion Doped B2O3-K2O-ZnO-BaO Glasses
Authors: Ravangave L.S. , Devde G.N. 
Published: November 2018

Glasses with compositions 59B2O3-10K2O-(30-x)ZnO-xBaO-1CuO were prepared using melt quenching technique. The effect of BaO content in present glass system doped with copper ion in place of ZnO has been studied with respect to structural properties. Raman spectroscopy is an experimental technique appropriate for providing information about Â the structure, local arrangement of the atoms in the present glasses. The Raman spectra of glasses were recorded at room temperature in the range 200-1800 cm-1 using a He-Ne excitation source having wavelength 632.81 nm. The Raman peaks appeared around 760 cm-1 assigned symmetric breathing vibrations of six-membered ring with both BO3 triangle and BO4 tetrahedral. The intensity of these peaks is slightly varied with the addition of BaO content while the broadness is found to be larger at 30 mol% of BaO than 30 mol% ZnO. This indicates that certain BO4 units could be preferentially converted while those in ring groups could be stabilized. Raman studies it is concluded that present glasses are composed of [BO4] and [BO3] units in metaborate, orthoborate, diborate groups.
Gravity
Authors: Goodman Jim 
Published: November 2018

Considering two balls of Z protons each near each other the residual electric potential V is calculated. Also the gravitational potential is calculated. The Gravitational constant is the same for both. Thus the electric field creates gravity. This calculation is possible because the multibody energy states are known exactly. The relativistic correction of 2 has been found from the Klein-Gordon Equation solution. This finding is an important step in reducing known forces to one field. Recall the electric field is generated by motion in the magnetic field of atoms of a magnetic dipole.Â The mass is a function of the length of the magnetic dipole.
Mass Increase with Speed Explained as a Relativistic Doppler Effect
Authors: SANDU Constantin , BRASOVEANU Dan 
Published: November 2018

In this paper the authors show that the â€˜mechanismâ€™ of mass increase is simple and can be explained by the wave feature of body micro-comps.
From this point of view, the mass increase with speed perceived by a fixed observer is a Doppler relativistic effect.
An Explanation for the Equality between Inertia and Gravitational Mass
Authors: SANDU Constantin , BRASOVEANU Dan 
Published: November 2018

The mechanism causing the equality of inertia and gravitational mass of a body, which was demonstrated experimentally by Eotvos in 1909 is still unexplained although this equality is the basis of Einsteinâ€™s General Theory of Relativity (GTR).
Using consequences of GTR, this paper explains why the inertia mass is equally to the gravitational mass.
The two masses are equal because the â€˜mechanismâ€™ that produces the inertia â€˜forceâ€™ of a body is the same with the 'mechanism' that produces the gravitational â€˜forceâ€™ of the same body.
Influence of Alloying Additives on The Adhesive Properties of Steels: Atomic Level Simulation
Authors: AlMotasem Ahmed Tamer 
Published: November 2018

In the present work we report atomistic molecular dynamics simulation results on adhesion force between self-mated iron/iron, iron/vanadium, iron-cementite and iron/titanium surfaces has been determined and we found that iron/cementite surface exhibits lower adhesive force than that of iron/iron surface. The results showed that adhesion, quantified by the work of adhesion, decreased as the vanadium content increased and highest reduction was obtained for 10 at.% vanadium and 7.5 at.% for titanium. Furthermore, the variation of adhesion force with temperature was studied in the temperature range between 300-700 K and we found that the adhesive force generally is lowered at higher temperature.
On Mechanics of Light Propagation in Free Space with Final Temperature
Authors: Ivanov M. Ja. , Mamaev V.K. 
Published: November 2018

Features of electromagnetic waves propagation of light range are considered in free space with final temperature 2.725K. The presence in space of temperature (and final density) allows justification to introduce the longitudinal component of electromagnetic field. A modified theory of electromagnetic waves propagation in free space is offered. Â Exact solutions of the nonlinear equations system in the presence of electric and gasdynamic interaction are obtained. Some of demonstrated exact solutions have a nature of continues and decretive spectrum.
Determination of Radon and Uranium Concentrations in Soil Samples Iraqi Cities
Authors: Hady Majeed Heiyam Najy 
Published: November 2018

In this investigation the concentrations of radon and uranium levels in 180 soil samples distributed in 18 cities inÂ Iraqi Country have been measured using long term technique for alpha particles emission with solid state nuclear track detecror type CR-39 .
The maximum concentrations of radon was (261.54Bqm-3) in soil sample No. (18) : Basra city , while the minimum activity was (86.80 Bqm-3) in soil sample No. (6): Salahaddin city. The uranium concentrations in the same cities have been measured in (ppm) unit the maximum concentration was (0.0201) in soil sample No. (18):Basra city , while the minimum activity was (0.0067) in soil sample No. (6):Salahaddin city.
Â The variable values of radon and uranium concentrations may be mentioned that Iraq cities have variable geologies ,despite the limitation of existing data the observational and experimental data presented here is the first investigation and study provided a basis for the radon and uranium map in whole Iraq.
The Linkage of the Different Distinct Great Volcanic Eruptions of the Thera (Santorini) in the Range (1700Ã·1450 Â±14) BC and the Related Subsequent Intensifications of the Global Seismicity and Volcanic Activity in the End of the 19TH Century and
Authors: Simonenko Sergey V. 
Published: November 2018

The article presents the development of the cosmic geophysics (representing the deterministic thermohydrogravidynamic theory based on the authorâ€™s generalized differential formulation of the first law of thermodynamics)Â by taking into account the non-stationary energy gravitational influences on the Earth of the Sun (owing to the gravitational interaction of the Sun with the outer large planets) along with the non-stationary energy gravitational influences of the system Sun-Moon, the Venus, the Mars and the Jupiter.Â The author presents the evidence of the founded ranges of the fundamental global seismotectonic,Â volcanic and climatic periodicities () years and Â () years (determined by the combined predominant non-stationary energy gravitational influences on the Earth of the system Sun-Moon, the Venus, the Mars,Â the Jupiter and the Sun owing to the gravitational interactions of the Sun with the Jupiter and the Saturn) based on the established links between the different distinct great eruptions of the Thera (Santorini) in the range (1700Ã·1450 Â±14) BC and the subsequent intensifications of the global seismicity and volcanic activity in the end of the 19thÂ century and in the beginning of the 20th century, in the end of the 20th century, and in the beginning of the 21st century AD.
Simulation of An Asymmetric TM Metamaterial Waveguide Absorber
Authors: Mousa Hana Mohammed 
Published: November 2018

This paper tackles the simulation of an asymmetric Â TM mode absorption Â in a lossy metamaterial (left-handed) slab (LHM) sandwiched between a lossy substrate and coverd by a losseless dielectric cladding. The asymmetry solutions of the eigen value equation describeÂ lossy â€“guided modes with complex â€“valued propagation constants .Â The dispersion relations , normalized field and the longitudinal attenuationÂ were numerically solved for a given set of parameters: frequency range; filmâ€™s thicknesses; and TM mode order. I found out that high order modes which are guided in thinner films are generally have more loss of power than low-order modes since the mode attenuation along z-axis increases to negative values by the mode's order increase and the film thickness decrease . Moreover, Â LHM , atÂ incident wavelength =1.9, refractive index=andÂ at thickness , Â Â guides the power betterÂ thanÂ RHMÂ or metal one. This LHMÂ Â is appropriate for solar cell applications. For arbitrary LHM, at frequency band of wavelengt(600, 700 to 1200 )nm, Â the best absorption is attained at longer wavelengths and for lower order modes at wider films.
The influence of negatively charged heavy ions on Alfven waves in a cometary environment
Authors: Chandu Venugopal , G Sreekala , Sebastian Sijo , Michael Manesh , Willington Neethu Theresa , Abraham Noble P , Renuka G 
Published: November 2018

Alfven waves are important in a wide variety of areas like astrophysical, space and laboratory plasmas. In cometary environments, waves in the hydromagnetic range of frequencies are excited predominantly by heavy ions. We, therefore, study the stability of Alfven waves in a plasma of hydrogen ions, positively and negatively charged oxygen ions and electrons. Each species has been modeled by drifting distributions in the direction parallel to the magnetic field; in the perpendicular direction the distribution isÂ simulated with a loss cone type distribution obtained through the subtraction of two Maxwellian distributions with different temperatures.Â We find that for frequencies Â ( andÂ Â being respectively the Doppler shifted and hydrogen ion gyro-frequencies ), the peak growthÂ rateÂ increases with increasing negatively charged oxygen ion densities. On the other hand, for frequenciesÂ Â (being the oxygen ion gyro-frequencies) the region of wave growth increases with increasing negatively charged oxygen ion densities.
Homomorphisms and derivations on Câˆ—-ternary algebras associated with a generalized Cauchy-Jensen type additive functional equation
Authors: Kim Soo Hwan , Kim Seong Sik , Rassias John Michael 
Published: November 2018

In this paper, we prove the generalized Hyers-Ulam stability of Câˆ—-ternary homomorphisms and Câˆ—-ternary derivations on Câˆ—-ternary algebras associated with the generalized Cauchy-Jensen type additive functional equationfor all xi; xj âˆˆ X where n âˆˆ Z+ is a fixed integer with n â‰¥ 3.ABSTRACTIn this paper, we prove the generalized Hyers-Ulam stability of âˆ*-ternary homomorphisms and âˆ*-ternary derivations onâˆ*-ternary algebras associated with the generalized Cauchy-Jensen type additive functional equation for allÂ where Â is a fixed integer with
Estimation of monthly global solar radiation in Buenos Aires: preliminary analysis
Authors: Lakkis Susan G. , Lavorato Mario , Canziani Pablo O. 
Published: November 2018

Six existing models and one proposed approach for estimating global solar radiation were tested in Buenos Aires using commonly measured meteorological data as temperature and sunshine hours covering the years 2010-2013. Statistical predictors as mean bias error, root mean square, mean percentage error, slope and regression coefficients were used as validation criteria. The variability explained (R2), slope and MPE indicated that the higher precision could be excepted when sunshine hours are used as predictor. The new proposed approach explained almost 99% of the RG variability with deviation of less than Â± 0.1 MJm-2day-1 and with the MPE smallest value below 1 %. The well known Ã…ngstrÃ¶m-Prescott methods, first and third order, was also found to perform for the measured data with high accuracy (R2=0.97-0.99) but with slightly higher MBE values (0.17-0.18 MJm-2day-1). The results pointed out that the third order Ã…ngstrÃ¶m type correlation did not improve the estimation accuracy of solar radiation given the highest range of deviation and mean percentage error obtained.Â Where the sunshine hours were not available, the formulae including temperature data might be considered as an alternative although the methods displayed larger deviation and tended to overestimate the solar radiation behavior.
ELECTROMAGNETIC ELECTRON-CYCLOTRON WAVES WITH AC FIELD IN THE MAGNETOSPHERE
Authors: Kaur Rajbir , Pandey R.S. , Kumar S. , Tomar B.S. 
Published: November 2018

In this paper the effect of externally injected beam of cold electrons on electromagnetic electron-cyclotron (EMEC) waves in the magnetosphere has been discussed. The investigation is conducted using the methodology of characteristic solution and considering kappa distribution function in the presence of AC field.Â The objective of present study is to examine the variation in growth rate of EMEC waves when temperature anisotropy, magnitude of AC field and number density of energetic particles varies. It is inferred that EMEC waves grow more significantly when propagating oblique to magnetic field direction rather than parallel to magnetic field direction. Also that as the temperature anisotropy and number density of background plasma increases, growth rate of EMEC waves increases.
1.3mW 1550nm Er-DOPED SUPER FLUORESCENT FIBER SOURCE FOR MISSILE FIBER OPTICS GYROSCOPE
Authors: Rao P Nageswara , Shrivastava S K 
Published: November 2018

Single - axis missile fiber optic gyroscope requires a light source Â with a band width> 10 nm and Â output powerÂ > 0.5 mW Â .The commercial FOGsÂ Â Â weighÂ Â 200-250gms withÂ a physical size of 100mmX100mmX50mm..The type of light source for missile fiber optic gyroscope is selected by operating wavelength, wavelength stability with temperature, volume and physical size. Incase of space fiber gyroscopes,Â the source should be insensitive to high energy radiation like proton and gamma radiations as well. Large bandwidth light source contributes to small bias drift by gyroscope. A small volume and light weight Single Pass Backward Signal Er3+Â doped Super-fluorescent Fiber source was developed using only four commercially available components for use inÂ missile single axis fiber optic gyroscope .The bandwidth and output power of the source are 30. 507nm and1.318mW Â respectively. We presented the experimental results along with non-flattened ASE spectrum. The packed super-fluorescent fiber Â source Â Â has Â Â aÂ volumeÂ of 100mm X 100mm X 25mm Â and a weight of 150 grams which to our knowledge the Â smallest Â in volume and light in weight ever reported.
Neutron dose evaluation of Elekta Linac at two energies (10 & 18 MV) by MCNP code and comparison with experimental measurements
Authors: Shagholi Negin , Ali Hassan , Sadeghi Mahdi , Shahvar Arjang , Darestani Hoda , Nooshin Banaee , Mohammadi Kheirolah 
Published: November 2018

Medical linear accelerators, besides the clinically high energy electron and photon beams, produce other secondary particles such as neutrons which escalate the delivered dose. In this study the neutron dose at 10 and 18MV Elekta linac was obtained by using TLD600 and TLD700 as well as Monte Carlo simulation. For neutron dose assessment in 2020 cm2 field, TLDs were calibrated at first. Gamma calibration was performed with 10 and 18 MV linac and neutron calibration was done with 241Am-Be neutron source. For simulation, MCNPX code was used then calculated neutron dose equivalent was compared with measurement data. Neutron dose equivalent at 18 MV was measured by using TLDs on the phantom surface and depths of 1, 2, 3.3, 4, 5 and 6 cm. Neutron dose at depths of less than 3.3cm was zero and maximized at the depth of 4 cm (44.39 mSvGy-1), whereas calculation resultedÂ in the maximum of 2.32 mSvGy-1 at the same depth. Neutron dose at 10 MV was measured by using TLDs on the phantom surface and depths of 1, 2, 2.5, 3.3, 4 and 5 cm. No photoneutron dose was observed at depths of less than 3.3cm and the maximum was at 4cm equal to 5.44mSvGy-1, however, the calculated data showed the maximum of 0.077mSvGy-1 at the same depth. The comparison between measured photo neutron dose and calculated data along the beam axis in different depths, shows that the measurement data were much more than the calculated data, so it seems that TLD600 and TLD700 pairs are not suitable dosimeters for neutron dosimetry in linac central axis due to high photon flux, whereas MCNPX Monte Carlo techniques still remain a valuable tool for photonuclear dose studies.
A Review of Conformal Field Theory in 2D
Authors: Nigam Rahul 
Published: November 2018

In this review we study the elementary structure of Conformal Field Theory in which is a recipe for further studies of critical behavior of various systems in statistical mechanics and quantum field theory. We briefly review CFT in dimensions which plays a prominent role for example in the well-known duality AdS/CFT in string theory where the CFT lives on the AdS boundary. We also describe the mapping of the theory from the cylinder to a complex plane which will help us gain an insight into the process of radial quantization and radial ordering. Finally we will develop the representation of the Virasoro algebra which is the well-known "Verma module".Â Â
MAGNETIC FIELD, PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE DEPENDENT OPTICAL PROPERTIES IN A GaAs 9.0 P 1.0 QUANTUM DOT
Authors: PETER A. JOHN , Vinolin Ada 
Published: November 2018

Simultaneous effects of magnetic field, pressure and temperature on the exciton binding energies are found in a 9.0 1.0 6.0 4.0 GaAs P / GaAs P quantum dot. Numerical calculations are carried out taking into consideration of spatial confinement effect. The cylindrical system is taken in the present problem with the strain effects. The electronic properties and the optical properties are found with the combined effects of magnetic field strength, hydrostatic pressure and temperature values. The exciton binding energies and the nonlinear optical properties are carried out taking into consideration of geometrical confinement and the external perturbations.Compact density approach is employed to obtain the nonlinear optical properties. The optical rectification coefficient is obtained with the photon energy in the presence of pressure, temperature and external magnetic field strength. Pressure and temperature dependence on nonlinear opticalÂ susceptibilities of generation of second and third order harmonics as a function of incident photon energy are brought out in the influence of magnetic field strength. The result shows that the electronic and nonlinear optical properties are significantly modified by the applications of external perturbations in a 9.0 1.0 6.0 4.0 GaAs P / GaAs P quantum dot.