bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recent changes to the hydrological cycle of an Arctic basin at the tundra–taiga transition
Authors: Krogh Sebastian A. , Pomeroy John W. 
Published: July 2018

Abstract. The impact of transient changes in climate and vegetation on the hydrology of
small Arctic headwater basins has not been investigated before, particularly in the
tundra–taiga transition region. This study uses weather and land cover
observations and a hydrological model suitable for cold regions to investigate historical
changes in modelled hydrological processes driving the streamflow response of
a small Arctic basin at the treeline. The physical processes found in this
environment and explicit changes in vegetation extent and density were
simulated and validated against observations of streamflow discharge, snow
water equivalent and active layer thickness. Mean air temperature and
all-wave irradiance have increased by 3.7 ∘C and 8.4 W m−2,
respectively, while precipitation has decreased 48 mm (10 %) since 1960.
Two modelling scenarios were created to separate the effects of changing
climate and vegetation on hydrological processes. Results show that over
1960–2016 most hydrological changes were driven by climate changes, such as
decreasing snowfall, evapotranspiration, deepening active layer thickness,
earlier snow cover depletion and diminishing annual sublimation and soil
moisture. However, changing vegetation has a significant impact on decreasing
blowing snow redistribution and sublimation, counteracting the impact of
decreasing precipitation on streamflow, demonstrating the importance of
including transient changes in vegetation in long-term hydrological studies.
Streamflow dropped by 38 mm as a response to the 48 mm decrease in
precipitation, suggesting a small degree of hydrological resiliency. These
results represent the first detailed estimate of hydrological changes
occurring in small Arctic basins, and can be used as a reference to inform
other studies of Arctic climate change impacts.
The Margin of Appreciation in the ECtHR’s Case Law
Authors: Lemmens Koen 
Published: July 2018

The Margin of Appreciation in the ECtHR’s Case Law: A European Version of the Levels of Scrutiny Doctrine?
Although the American doctrine of levels of scrutiny and the European concept of margin of appreciation are regularly compared as typical instances of deferential judicial decision-making, this article argues that owing to the institutional setting in which they operate, the differences between the two are notable. It is also argued that the social consequences of the application of the two concepts may even be radically opposed.
Une approche comportementale des rôles du dirigeant de PME dans le développement des innovations durables
Authors: Aka Kadia Georges , Labelle François , Trépanier Michel 
Published: July 2018

Les enjeux de la durabilité offrent des possibilités considérables d’innovations durables (ID) aux entreprises. Pour en profiter, les dirigeants peuvent s’impliquer dans le développement de ces innovations en exerçant trois rôles essentiels : champion durable, entrepreneur durable et leader durable. L’approche par les traits utilisée pour révéler ces rôles est insuffisante pour comprendre comment les dirigeants parviennent à développer des ID dans différents contextes. Nous proposons une approche comportementale pour répondre à cette question tout en insistant sur la relation complémentaire entre les trois rôles. Au terme de l’exploration de deux cas d’ID développées par des PME, nos résultats montrent que pour réaliser ces innovations, les dirigeants de PME jouent les trois rôles et les intègrent en se comportant comme des observateurs actifs, des bricoleurs et des réseauteurs ainsi qu’en composant avec les événements constitutifs des contextes dans lesquels ils évoluent. Notre étude conclut en suggérant un modèle intégré qui présente les trois rôles et les comportements par lesquels ils sont activés comme les dimensions constituantes d’un construit unique : l’éco-innovateur.
L’expérience migratoire est-elle une source de potentialités pour l’entrepreneur ? Le cas marocain
Authors: Dokou Gérard Akrikpan Kokou , Philippart Pascal , Karbouai Khalid 
Published: July 2018

L’objectif de cet article est de situer le niveau des potentialités de l’entrepreneur migrant de retour par rapport à celles de son homologue local. Une synthèse des principaux travaux relatifs aux paradigmes des traits et des faits de l’entrepreneur a permis d’asseoir le concept de potentialités entrepreneuriales. Le corpus théorique obtenu est complété par l’approche basée sur les ressources, étendue au modèle de l’entrepreneur effectuel.
Ce corpus théorique est relayé par le questionnaire adapté de Gasse qui a été administré à un échantillon de 393 entrepreneurs marocains MRE (40 %) et locaux (60 %). Les MRE sont les Marocains résidents à l’étranger revenus au Maroc pour créer leur entreprise. Les locaux sont ceux qui résident depuis toujours au Maroc et qui sont entrepreneurs. Les 393 questionnaires sont soumis aux techniques multidimensionnelles d’analyse de données approfondies. Les résultats obtenus confirment notre hypothèse initiale : le niveau des potentialités de l’entrepreneur migrant de retour est plus élevé que celui de l’entrepreneur local. De tels résultats font émerger des leviers originaux pouvant alimenter les dispositifs d’accompagnement endogènes. Ces mêmes résultats conduisent à la constitution d’une approche intégrative de l’entrepreneuriat de l’émigration de retour associant les paradigmes des traits, des faits et des processus.
L’entrepreneur responsable en développement durable : un cadre conceptuel intégrateur
Authors: Bon Véronique , Van Der Yeught Corinne 
Published: July 2018

Selon Schumpeter (1935), la fonction entrepreneuriale est par essence, le véhicule d’une transformation continuelle de l’économie. L’entrepreneur responsable n’est-il pas cet acteur, capable d’engager la révolution économique nécessaire pour qu’advienne un monde plus équitable et plus soutenable ? Comment cet entrepreneur parvient-il à combiner sa liberté d’entreprendre et sa créativité au bénéfice d’autrui ? Dans cette contribution, nous partons à la recherche de cet entrepreneur responsable. Il s’agit de mettre en évidence les capacités éthiques nécessaires à son action et de questionner la façon, dont elle se traduit au regard des quatre paradigmes de l’entrepreneuriat mis en exergue par Verstraete et Fayolle (2005) : à savoir la création de valeur, les opportunités d’affaires, l’innovation et la création d’organisation(s). Deux principales figures émergent de ces investigations : l’entrepreneur économique en DD et l’entrepreneur responsable en DD. Concernant ce dernier, un cadre conceptuel synthétique et intégrateur est proposé pour caractériser son action, les fondements de cette action et l’ensemble des capacités qu’il doit mobiliser.
The Construction of Physician-patient Trust. A Case Report of an Oncologist’s Consults in Palliative Care
Authors: Sylvain Maria Dieltjens  , Priscilla Clarisse Heynderickx  
Published: July 2018

The term bioethics generally refers to the study of the ways in which science and more particularly medicine influence our lives and our environment. It is fundamentally concerned with issues relating to the beginning and the end of human lives. This contribution describes an analysis of medical discourse in a palliative context, and more in particular it shows how trust is constructed between an oncologist and his terminal patients during follow-up visits in the academic hospital of Nijmegen in the Netherlands.
Scientific Knowledge and Legislative Drafting: Focus on Surrogacy Laws
Authors: Giuliana Elena Garzone  
Published: July 2018

This article discusses how sensitive bioethical issues are addressed in legislation, using as a starting point the analysis of a corpus of normative texts relating to Assisted Reproduction Technologies (ARTs), and in particular surrogacy, enacted in various English-speaking countries. In the investigation, special special attention is given to the re-elaboration and presentation of scientific knowledge in legal discourse with a view to detecting any possible slant or changes, and the reasons thereof. Another important object of investigation is the redefinition of certain well established categories of kinship because of the disruptive effects of biomediacal advances, and ARTs in particular, on family-based social relations. The analysis will focus on legal definitions, which are crucial in this domain considering that advances in the modern technosciences have brought about the need to categorize and name new medical practices and the situations they contribute to bringing about. The focus will be on how definitions are used in normative texts, functioning as initiators of a dynamic process generating discourses that acquire their meaning in the social and communicative contexts they are embedded in. Special attention will be devoted to the way in which specialised scientific, and especially medical, terminology and concepts, are dealt with in bioethically relevant legal discourse.
LCA/LCC analysis of starting-lighting-ignition lead-acid battery in China
Authors: Ma Yongxi , Yu Shuao , Wang Juanli , Yu Wei 
Published: July 2018

Background
China has the largest lead–acid battery (LAB) industry and market around the world, and this situation causes unavoidable emissions of Pb and other pollutants.

Methods
On the basis of a field survey on a starting–lighting–ignition (SLI) LAB plant in Zhejiang Province, this study applies life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle costing (LCC) methods to assess the environmental impacts and environment-related costs derived from the LAB industry during the life phases, including material preparation, battery assembly, transportation, and regeneration of the plant.

Results
Material preparation and regeneration phases contribute 3.4 and 42.2 g to Pb emission, respectively, and result in 3.29 × 108 CHY of environmental cost for each function unit (1 KVA h LAB capacity). The material preparation phase is the largest mass contributor to global warming potential (GWP, 97%), photo-chemical oxidation potential (POCP, 88.9%), and eutrophication potential (EP, 82.5%) and produces 2.68 × 108 CHY of environmental cost.

Discussion
Decision makers in the Chinese LAB industry should replace the pyrogenic process in smelting with the use of clean energy, increase the lead recovery rate while producing the same capacity of LABs, and develop new technologies to reduce heavy metal emission, especially in the regeneration phase.
Neonicotinoids with a 6‐chloropyridinyl group (e.g. imidacloprid, acetamiprid, thiacloprid, nitenpyram, boscalid) – Determination of 6‐chloronicotinic acid in urine by GC‐MS [Biomonitoring Methods, 2018]
Authors: Gries W. , Leng G. , Hoppe H.‐W. , Göen T. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe working group „Analyses in Biological Materials“ of the Permanent Senate Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area verified the presented biomonitoring method.Neonicotinoids with a 6‐chloropyridinyl structure are metabolised in warm‐blooded organisms to 6‐chloronicotinic acid that is excreted in urine. This analytical method permits the specific quantification of 6‐chloronicotinic acid in urine. For determination, 2 mL of a urine sample are hydrolysed using 500 µL concentrated hydrochloric acid to cleave the conjugates, which are subsequently extracted with methyl tert‐butyl ether. The solvent is evaporated to dryness under a stream of nitrogen and the residue is dissolved in acetonitrile. Then 6‐chloronicotinic acid is derivatised with hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) in the presence of diisopropylcarbodiimide. In a subsequent washing and extraction step, the formed HFIP ester is extracted using isooctane and an aliquot is injected in the GC‐MS system for quantitative analysis. Calibration is performed using calibration standards that are prepared in pooled urine and processed in the same way as the samples to be analysed.The method was extensively validated and the reliability data were confirmed by an independent laboratory, which has established and cross‐checked the whole procedure.
Chlorbenzol [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2018]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: July 2018

Abstract

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated chlorobenzene [
108‐90‐7
] to derive a maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value), considering all toxicity endpoints. Adverse effects are a depression of the central nervous system in humans and histological alterations in liver and kidneys in rats. A 2‐generation reproduction study with chlorobenzene vapour in Sprague‐Dawley rats resulted in a NOAEC of 50 ml/m
3
. Based on this NOAEC, a MAK value of 5 ml/m
3
is derived. This value is supported by a study with healthy volunteers at rest, who showed no neurotoxic or chemosensory effects at a NAEC of 5.9 ml/m
3
, which takes the increased respiratory volume at the work place into account. As systemic effects are critical, the substance remains assigned to Peak Limitation Category II and the excursion factor of 2 is confirmed. Chlorobenzene caused a statistically significantly increased incidence of neoplastic nodules in the liver of male F344 rats in a carcinogenicity study at the highest dose of 120 mg/kg body weight and day. As chlorobenzene is genotoxic only at high doses given intraperitoneally, and female rats and mice did not show any tumours in this study, it remains regarded neither as a carcinogen nor as a germ cell mutagen. From a synopsis of all data, the classification of chlorobenzene in Pregnancy Risk Group C is maintained. Chlorobenzene did not lead to contact sensitization in mice and guinea pigs.
Oleylsarkosin [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2018]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: July 2018

Abstract

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated the maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value) of oleoyl sarcosine [
110‐25‐8
].

Critical effects are lung fibrosis and inflammation at the epiglottis in rats in a 28‐day study at an aerosol concentration of 6 mg/m
3
, the lowest concentration tested. A BMDL
05
of 1.3 mg/m
3
as surrogate for a NOAEC for fibrosis had been calculated. For inflammation at the epiglottis an NAEC of 2 mg/m
3
was estimated. Taken together, a MAK value of 0.1 mg/m
3
had been set. Since the NAEC for inflammation at the epiglottis is similar to the BMDL
05
for lung toxicity, the MAK value had been established for the inhalable fraction (I). The MAK value is now lowered to 0.05 mg/m
3
(I) considering the increased respiratory volume at the workplace (see List of MAK and BAT Values, chapters I b and I c).

Oleoyl sarcosine remains assigned to Peak Limitation Category II because the fibrosis is considered not to result from an immediate irritation. As the half‐life in the lung is not known, the default excursion factor of 2 is retained.
There are still no data on sensitization of the airways, no clinical evidence and only an equivocal result from a maximization test for skin sensitization.
Acrylic acid ethyl ester [MAK Value Documentation, 2016]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: July 2018

Abstract

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated the maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value) of ethyl acrylate [
140‐88‐5
] of 5 ml/m
3
, considering all toxicity endpoints. Available unpublished study reports and publications are described in detail. The critical effect of ethyl acrylate is irritation of eye and nose in humans and the olfactory mucosa in rats and mice. The chronic NOAEC in rats is 5 ml/m
3
. Since 2014 the Commission uses an empirical approach to set MAK values for substances with critical effects on the upper respiratory tract or the eyes. Accordingly, the MAK value has to be lowered to 2 ml/m
3
, which is confirmed in a recent volunteer study with a NOAEC of 2.5 and a LOAEC of 5 ml ethyl acrylate/m
3
. As local effects are critical, the assignment to Peak Limitation Category I and the excursion factor of 2 are confirmed. Developmental toxicity studies with ethyl acrylate show no risk for the embryo or foetus if the MAK value is observed, and the assignment to Pregnancy Risk Group C is retained. Ethyl acrylate is not genotoxic in vivo and not carcinogenic. Skin contact may contribute significantly to systemic toxicity and ethyl acrylate is designated with an “H” notation. The available data confirm that the substance is a skin sensitizer and the designation with “Sh” is retained. There are no data concerning the potential for respiratory sensitization.
tert‐Butylacetat [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2018]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: July 2018

Abstract

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated the maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value) and the Pregnancy Risk Group for
tert
‐butyl acetate [
540‐88‐5
].

Critical effects are transient acute neurotoxic symptoms which are observed in a 90‐day‐study with mice with a NOAEC of 100 ml/m
3
. From this concentration the former MAK value of 50 ml/m
3
was derived. It is now lowered to 20 ml/m
3
taking into account the increased respiratory volume at the workplace because the blood:air partition coefficient of
tert
‐butyl acetate is > 5 (see List of MAK and BAT Values, chapters I b and I c). This value also provides protection from irritation. Since a systemic effect is critical, Peak Limitation Category II is retained. The excursion factor of 2 is set in spite of the short half‐life of
tert
‐butyl acetate in blood as it is an acute effect for which an adaptation during subchronic exposure has been noticed. Therefore, peaks of exposure will not enhance the effect at chronic exposure. Furthermore, since the incidences after 90 days at 400 ml/m
3
are low, the true NAEC might have been higher than 100 ml/m
3
.

tert
‐Butyl acetate had been classified in Pregnancy Risk Group C because the NOAEC for fetotoxicity is 1600 ml/m
3
in a screening study in rats and taking into consideration the data for the metabolite
tert
‐butyl alcohol. There is no new data on developmental toxicity. This classification is retained even considering the increased respiratory volume at the workplace.
Finite‐time synchronization and adaptive synchronization of memristive recurrent neural networks with delays
Authors: Li Xiaofan , Fang Jian‐an , Li Huiyuan 
Published: July 2018

SummaryThis paper solves the finite‐time synchronization and adaptive synchronization problems of drive‐response memristive recurrent neural networks with delays under two control methods. First, the state‐feedback control rule containing delays and the adaptive control rule are designed for realizing synchronization of drive‐response memristive recurrent neural networks in finite time. Then, on the basis of the Lyapunov stability theory, many algebraic sufficient conditions are obtained to guarantee finite‐time synchronization and adaptive synchronization of drive‐response memristive recurrent neural networks via two control methods, which are easily verified. In addition, the estimation of the upper bounds of the settling time of finite‐time synchronization is obtained. Lastly, to illustrate the effectiveness of the obtained theoretical results, two examples are given.
Simultaneous Enhancement in Electrical Conductivity and Thermopower of n‐Type NiETT/PVDF Composite Films by Annealing
Authors: Wolfe Rylan M. W. , Menon Akanksha K. , Fletcher Thomas R. , Marder Seth R. , Reynolds John R. , Yee Shannon K. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractNickel ethenetetrathiolate (NiETT) polymers are promising n‐type thermoelectric (TE) materials, but their insolubility requires the use of an inert polymer matrix to form films, which is detrimental to the TE performance. In this work, the use of thermal annealing as a post‐treatment process simultaneously enhances the electrical conductivity from 6 ± 2 to 23 ± 3 S cm−1 and thermopower from −28 ± 3 to −74 ± 4 µV K−1 for NiETT/PVDF composite films. Spectroscopic characterization reveals that the underlying mechanism involves removal of residual solvent and volatile impurities (carbonyl sulfide and water) in the NiETT polymer backbone. Additionally, microscopic characterization reveals morphological changes caused by a densification of the film that improves chain packing. These effects result in a 25 × improvement in power factor from 0.5 to 12.5 µW m−1 K−2 for NiETT/PVDF films and provide insight into the composition of these coordination polymers that maintain their stability under ambient conditions.
Citrate‐Based Fluorescent Biomaterials
Authors: Shan Dingying , Hsieh Jer‐Tsong , Bai Xiaochun , Yang Jian 
Published: July 2018

AbstractFluorescence imaging has emerged as a promising technique for monitoring and assessing various biologically relevant species in cells and organisms, driving the demand for effective fluorescent agents with good biocompatibility and high fluorescence performance. However, traditional fluorescent agents, such as quantum dots (QDs) and organic dyes, either suffer from toxicity concerns or poor fluorescence performance (e.g., low photobleaching‐resistance). In this regard, citrate‐based fluorescent biomaterials, which are synthesized from the natural and biocompatible precursor of citric acid (CA), have become competitive alternatives for fluorescence imaging owing to their biocompatibility, cost effectiveness, straightforward synthetic routes, flexible designability, as well as strong fluorescence with adjustable excitation/emission wavelengths. Accordingly, numerous citrate‐based biomaterials, including carbon dots (CDs), biodegradable photoluminescent polymers (BPLPs), and small molecular fluorophores, have been developed and researched in the past few decades. This review discusses recent progress in the research and development of citrate‐based fluorescent materials with emphasis on their design and synthesis considerations, material properties, fluorescence properties and mechanisms, as well as biomedical applications. It is expected that this review will provide an insightful discussion on the citrate‐based fluorescent biomaterials, and lead to innovations for the next generation of fluorescent biomaterials and fluorescence‐based biomedical technology.
Halogenated Aza‐BODIPY for Imaging‐Guided Synergistic Photodynamic and Photothermal Tumor Therapy
Authors: Zhao Menglong , Xu Yunjian , Xie Mingjuan , Zou Liang , Wang Zhaoli , Liu Shujuan , Zhao Qiang 
Published: July 2018

AbstractIt is always a huge challenge to develop novel near‐infrared (NIR) phototherapeutic agents suitable for imaging‐guided cancer therapy. In order to clarify the positive heavy atom effects on the photodynamic and photothermal efficiencies of phototherapeutic agents, a series of chlorine‐, bromide‐, or iodine‐substituted aza‐BODIPYs (B2, B3, and B4, respectively) are designed and synthesized. Among them, B4 exhibits both excellent photodynamic and photothermal effects (singlet oxygen yield of B4 is 1.57 times more than that of B3) and excellent photothermal effects (1.3 °C higher than that of B3). Then, nanoparticles of B4 (IABNs) with excellent biocompatibility are prepared by coating hydrophobic B4 with hydrophilic polymer DSPE‐mPEG5000. IABN exhibits high photostability, excellent biocompatibility, and low dark toxicity both in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, IABN shows the enhanced photodynamic effect and high photothermal conversion efficiency (34.8%). In addition, the strong fluorescence emission of IABN makes it suitable for fluorescence imaging‐guided tumor therapy in vivo. Finally, IABN has successfully healed the Hela tumor‐bearing mice under NIR fluorescence imaging‐ and photothermal imaging‐guided synergistic photothermal and photodynamic therapy with low side effects, demonstrating that it is promising for future clinical applications.