bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Total Package in Utilisation of Low Rank Coals and Related Fossil Fuels
Authors: Sen Subhasis , Sen Meera 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Occurrence of petroleum and natural gas in intimate association with coal in various coalfields has led to the development of the concept that a large part of hydrocarbons are generated from coal and plant derived sources, especially from the exinite group of coal macerals. In certain part of North East India, it was observed that coals record, exceptiona1ly high volatile matter and hydrogen content. These coals have been found to yield very high amount of tar. The associated carbonaceous shales, shaly coal and durainous layers of these areas may contain appreciable amount of exinites and may virtually grade into hydrocarbon source rock.
In the Gondwana basins inferior layers like shaly coal, durainous coals and carbonaceous shales are integral part of the coal seams which may sometimes contain considerable quantum of exinite - the principal hydrocarbon generating coal macera1. In case of beneficiation of the low rank coals, these materials are likely to be incorporated in the high ash fractions as rejects. The authors consider that to derive full benefit, high ash low rank coals should be subjected to low temperature carbonisation. The tar or hydrocarbon crude thus obtained from different sources could be brought to a central pool for further treatment for conversion to petroleum substitute fuels and chemicals. Ammonical liquor and gas are additional by-products of the process whereas the soft coke or char can be beneficiated and utilised for power generation and various other purposes. The high ash content of the coals would give rise to serious ecological threat and problems of waste disposal which can be profitably surmounted by converting fly ash to construction materials like bricks and road metal.
Magnetostratigraphy of Vindhyan Supergroup
Authors: Poornachandra Rao G. V. S. , Bhalla M. S. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
In the absence of conventional radiometric dating and fossil evidence, magnetostratigraphy is considered to be a very powerful tool to correlate rock formations. Often the magnetozones are used as bench marks in correlation of rocks as the geomagnetic field reversals are ubiquitously synchronous. The Vindhyan sedimentation in the Indian stratigraphy represents a very important time period between 1400-400Ma with lithounits quite suitable for recovering the geomagnetic field signatures. With the recently obtained results from the Senui Group, palaeomagnetic field during the main Vindhyan Groups namely the Semri, Kaimur, Rewa and Bhander periods is available. It is quite interesting to note that all the formations investigated from these groups reveal both normal and reversed polarities of the palaeomagnetic field. Using this information a magnetic polarity time scale (GPTS) is constructed for the Vindhyan Supergroup during the late Proterozoic. When correlated with the Russian magnetostratigraphic scale for the Riphean period, it is noticed that the geomagnetic field during the late Proterozoic is similar to that of the Phanerozoic with superchrons at some periods and frequent reversals at others throughout the Precambrian.
Relationship Between Electrical Transverse Resistance and Hydraulic Transmissivity of Phreatic Aquifers in Basalts
Authors: Muralidharan D. , Shankar G. B. K. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
An attempt has been made to extend the empirical relationship between geoelectric parameters and hydraulic properties of an aquifer put forth by Kelly (1977) for the phreatic aquifers of Deccan Trap basalts. Results of pumping tests, resistivity surveys and hydrogeochemical analysis from Godavari-Purna basin were utilised. A linear relationship between Transverse Resistance and Transmissivity of phreatic aquifer was obtained. The linear relationship was extended to other similar basaltic areas for validation.
The Sandur Schist Belt and its Adjacent Plutonic Rocks Implications for Late Archaean Crustal Evolution in Karnataka
Authors: Chadwick Brian , Vasudev V. N. , Ahmed Nazeer 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Six formations are defined in a new lithostratigraphy of the volcanic and sedimentary rocks of the schist belt. The formations (Yeshwantnagar, Deogiri, Raman Mala, Donimalai, Taluru, Vibhuti Gudda) young consistently northeast, except for a part of the Taluru Formation in the northeast of the belt. We propose the new term Sandur Group to include these formations. Their combined thickness of c.35 km is in part an effect of thrust thickening. The Sandur Group was deposited in mainly shallow marine environments in a setting comparable with that of unstable mixed-mode basins. An incomplete, upright, synclinal sheath fold dominates the structure in the east of the schist belt, and another incomplete synclinal sheath fold occurs in the west, its hinge areas and northeastern limb having been cut out by a steepened thrust (the Sandur valley discontinuity). The margins of the belt were intruded by syntectonic, multipulse granites with magmatic and crystal-plastic solid-state linear and planar fabrics and the granite emplacement outlasted deformation. HT/LP metamorphism of the schist belt was contemporaneous with deformation and granite emplacement.
The granites are an integral part of the Late Archaean polyphase granite complex in eastern Karnataka and contiguous parts of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu, for which we propose the term Dharwar batholith. Published isotopic age data show that its western part includes anatectic granites and relies of Peninsular Gneiss (&gt;2900 Ma), but the eastern part is dominated by juvenile granites. The batholith accreted onto the Archaean foreland to the west comprising Late Archaean marginal basins of the Dharwar Supergroup (Kudremukh. Bababudan-Ranibennur, Chitradurga-Gadag) and their basement of Peninsular Gneiss (&gt;3000 Ma) during Late Archaean plate convergence with NE-SW shortening and sinistral transcurrent displacements. The steep linear belts (Kolar, Ramagiri, Kushtagi. etc.) and irregular tracts (Sandur, Hutti) of volcanic and sedimentary rocks ineastem Karnataka formed as intraarc basins above the evolving Dharwar batholith.
The Fertile Granite at Allapatna, Mandya District, Karnataka : A Possible Parent to Rare Metal Pegmatites of Southern Karnataka
Authors: Sarbajna Chanchal , Krishnamurthy P. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The Allapatna granite has been found to be a low-calcic (CaO-0.85%), peraluminous (A/C+N+K ratio = 1.04) and potassic type (K2O=4.75%), enriched in Rb(362), Ga(25), Cs(3), Nb( 19), U(l3), Ta(18), Th(38), Pb(55) and strongly depleted in Ba(333). Such abundances together with low K/Rb ( 118.9), Ba/Rb (0.92) and Th/U (2.92), and high Rb/Sr (3.45) ratios than normal granite indicate their highly fractionated and fertile character and strongly suggests that the Li-Cs-Ta (LeT) rich rare metal bearing pegmatites of Marlagalla and nearby areas may have been derived from such a parental granitic magma.
Talchir Sedimentation in Jayanti Gondwana Basin: A Case of Glacio-Lacustrine Low Slope Prograding Delta Sedimentation
Authors: Sen D. P. , Banerji Tapas 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Reconstruction of sedimentation pattern and palaeogeographic model during Talchir sedimentation in Jayanti Gondwna basin has been attempted in the present paper.
The Talchir rocks in the basin consist of three distinct facies assemblages : Finer facies assemblage (Unit I) representing lake bottom sediments emplaced by two sets of processes namely - suspension from sediments introduced into the lake by interflow and overflow currents and turbidity current triggered by slumping in lake floor and delta front.
Sandstone facies assemblage (Unit II) representing mainly low slope (~5°) delta deposits. Channels, interchannel and bar sediments fonn the topset of the delta. The foreset beds are difficult to identify because of very low slope of the delta margin.
The upper coarser facies assemblages (Unit III) introduced into the lake by various glaciogenic processes. The most dominant process was range of gravity flow processes generated on the steeper slope in the subaerial part to the south of the lake margin. Sudden change of slope from steep in the subaerial part to gentle in the lake margin has restricted the distribution of the facies along the southern low slope lake margin.
The depositional model is that of a low slope, prograding glacio-fluvial delta advancing over glacio-lacustrine sediments. The model suggested is a modification of available glacio-lacustrine model of moderate to high slope glacial lakes.
Plate Tectonics or an Expanding Earth?
Authors: Shields Oakley 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Some geological problems are more readily solved by a rapidly expanding earth than by a constant sized earth (plate tectonics). These include some Triassic terrestrial organisms whose distributions span the Panthalassa and Tethys oceans, extreme degrees of global structural symmetry, and Jurassic-Cenozoic expansion of the Pacific basin and its perimeter.
Pycnodus lametae (Pycnodontidae), a Holostean Fish from Freshwater Upper Cretaceous Lameta Formation of Maharashtra
Authors: Mohabey D. M. , Udhoji S. G. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
A well-preserved, nearly complete skeleton of the holostean fish Pycnodus lametae, is described from the freshwater Upper Cretaceous Lameta Formation of Bhatali in Chandrapur district of Maharashtra. Earlier, the genus was known only by its partly-preserved crushed skull. However, isolated crushing teeth are widely known from the Lameta and Interttappean sediments of Peninsular India. Other associated fishes include Holostei: Lepidotes deccanensis, Lepisosteus indicus; Teleostei: Clupeidae, Osteoglossidae, Enchodus, Eoserranus: and myliobatoids including Dasyatis and Igdabatis.
The Granitoids of Pindar-Sarju-Ramganga and Goriganga Valleys of Higher Kumaun Himalaya
Authors: Kaur Manudip , Chamyal L. S. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
In the Higher Kumaun Himalaya granitoids are widely distributed and occur as bands, lenses or sheet-like bodies. They include different varieties of gneissic granites (schistose, foliated, augen and porphyroblastic). The field, petrographic as well as chemical data indicate that the granitoids of Kumaun Higher Himalaya are formed due to metasomatic transformation of metasediments by alkalirich emanations. The geochemistry of these reveal their calc-alkaline, peraluminous, S-type nature and compositionally mainly represent granite. Trace elements discriminate the granitoids in the syncollisional environment.
Occurrence of Cochlichnus Hitchcock in the Vindhyan Supergroup (Proterozoic) of Madhya Pradesh
Authors: Kulkarni K. G. , Borkar V. D. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
A trace fossil occurring in an unusual and peculiar way was found in the upper Bhander Sandstone (Bhander Group, Vindhyan Supergroup) from near Sagoni, district Damoh, Madhya Pradesh. It is an unbranched, smooth, meandering trail, preserved in negative epirelief on the upper surface of a ripple marked sandstone. Individual trails, preserved within nineteen consecutive troughs without crossing crests anywhere, are restricted to only one of the flanks of the ripples. Trail-bearing flanks are on one and the same side of their respective troughs. This trail, identified as Cochlichnus Hitchcock is assigned a Vendian age.
Petrochemistry of the Eastern Part of Piparan Granite, Doda District, Jammu Lesser Himalaya
Authors: Jamwal M. M. S. , Raina A. K. , Dhar B. L. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Piparan Granite batholith, in the southwest of Pir Panjal, Jammu Lesser Himalaya, is exposed within the Older Metamorphics (Precambrian). The granite is Ieuco- to mesocratic composed of quartz (32%), perthitic K-feldspar (27%), plagioclase An13-28 (23%), micas(13%), garnet, apatite, zircon and ilmenite (8%). It is of two mica monzogranitic composition. Its major and trace element concentrations are comparable to the average crustal granite. The differentiation of the rock favours a normal trend with a positive correlation of alkalies and a negative trend of magnesium against silica. The granite is S-type (ilmenite series) and peraluminous, produced as a result of syntectonic crustal anatectic process at a temperature range of 650°-690°C, 3-5 kb PH2O and at a depth of approximately 20-30 km.
Some Aspects of Petrology of the Granites of the Western Himalaya
Authors: Sharma T. R. , Sharma K. R. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Several granite plutons occur in the Great and Lesser Himalaya in Ladakh, Jammu and Kashmir. These granites assume batholithic to sub-batholithic dimensions and are composed of quartz, orthoclase, microcline, plagioclase, muscovite, biotite, hornblende and tourmaline besides epidote, apatite, futile, zircon, magnetite, ilmenite and sphene as accessories. These granites are peraluminous as the molar proportions of Al2O3 is greater than the molar proportions of (K2O+Na2O+CaO). High molar AI2O3/ (K2O+Na2O+CaO) ratios and normative corundum are indicative of the generation of these granites due to partial fusion of crustal materials.
Laterite Profile Geochemistry in Outlining Supergene Gold Deposits: A Case Study from Nilambur, Kerala
Authors: Omana P. K. , Santosh M. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
A natural example for exceedingly pure gold was recently identified from the laterite weathering profiles of Nilambur, northern Kerala. The laterites are highly ferruginous and nodular, containing saprolite and clayey horizons. Within the various horizons in the laterites, gold is found as small grains or nuggets. In many cases, the oxidised zone contains high concentrations of gold, closely associated with iron oxide/hydroxide matrix and was observed to be crystalline. This occurrence supports dissolution and reprecipitation of gold during weathering.
Laterite samples from different horizons of two representative vertical sections of the weathering profiles in the Maruda area of Nilambur have been analysed for major. minor and trace elements, including gold in this study. The distribution of Fe, Al, Si, Ca, Mg, Na, K, P, Ti and Mn in these profiles can be correlated with the element mobility patterns associated with tropical weathering environment. The results indicate that a predominantly acidic environment is generated during lateritization, which is conducive to gold mobility. Our study confirms that the concentration of naturally purified gold in the laterites was achieved by acidic oxygenated fluids in the weathering front.
Hydrogeochemistry of the Upper Ganges River, India
Authors: Bhatt Kailash P. , Saklani Shailendra 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Analyses of more than fifty water samples were conducted to evaluate the chemistry of the Upper Ganges River system. Major ion concentrations were measured for the Alaknanda, Bhagirathi and the Upper Ganges River. High velocity water of the livers may lead to excessive mass transport over the rock weathering. Mechanical weathering plays a major role at the sources of the tributaries, where alpine glacial environment persists. However, chemical weathering is a major factor in determining river water chemistry in downstream temperate areas. Results indicate Alaknanda has more alkalinity and hardness as compared to the Bhagirathi. Rocks of Sub-and Lesser Himalayas have greater influence on total water chemistry, compared to Precambrian rocks of the Higher Himalayas. Rocks of the Higher Himalaya are major source of sodium and potassium ions in the river water, whereas Sub-and Lesser Himalayan rocks are major contributors of calcium, magnesium and sulphate ions. Na/Na + Ca ratio and ranges of TDS for the river system suggest that chemistry of Upper Ganges River and its tributaries is dominated by rock weathering processes.
Factor Analysis of Benthic Foraminifera from Coastal and Estuarine Sediments of Kovalam-Tuticorin, South India
Authors: Jayaraju N. , Reddeppa Reddi K. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This study investigates the present faunal geographical boundaries and environmental limits of foraminifera in the southeast coast of India. Ninety samples were examined. The raw data of foraminiferal population was analysed with the R-mode factor analysis program. Twelve factor assemblages, explaining 74% of the observed variance emerged from this test. The statistically most important assemblage is Ammonia beccarii, Asterorotalia dentata. The last assemblage is represented by Rectobolivina raphana. These assemblages reflect the hyposaline to hypersaline conditions and sandy to muddy sand substrate environment. The cross plot of the first two factors shows the separation of two groups as lower, which is dominated by Miliolids and seconded by Rotaliids and upper group is predominately represented by Rotaliids. Physico-chemical parameters could be the reason for the separate grouping of the species.
Association of Authigenic Apatite with Uraniferous Organic Matter at Domiasiat, Meghalaya and its Genetic Implications
Authors: Sunilkumar T. S. , Narasimhan D. , Krishna Rao N. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The occurrence of authigenic apatite with uraninite, pyrite, sphalerite and galena within organic matter is a characteristic feature of the sandstone-type uranium deposit at Domiasiat, Meghalaya. Apatite occurs in the form of thin hexagonal basal plates and its identification is confirmed by x-ray diffraction. The authigenic apatite in this specific association points towards diagenesis in euxenic conditions of marine affinity.
Geochemical Changes Due to Weathering Under Different Environmental Conditions in Parts of Eastern Ghats
Authors: Suryanarayana K. , Krishna Rao G. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Geochemical changes in weathering profiles from khondalites, charnockites and leptynites at different altitudes in the Eastern Ghats were studied. Chemical changes of major oxides (SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3) and minor oxides (CaO, MgO, K2O, Na2O) in the weathering profiles and the percentage of net loss or gain of each constituent reveal that climate and topography have significant role on their behaviour.
Markov Chain Analysis of the Shallow Marine lBhuj Sandstone of Early Cretaceous Age, Kachchh Basin, India
Authors: Shukla U. K. , Khan Z. A. , Singh I. B. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Cyclic characteristics of lithofacies of the shallow marine Bhuj Sandstone were studied statistically, using embedded Markov chain analysis and the concept of entropy. Data came from thirteen measured sections. The upward transmissions from one sedimentary lithofacies to another are plotted on a 5×5 matrix and a transition tree is constructed. Results strongly suggest that the Bhuj Sandstone was influenced by a Markovian mechanism and accumulating in well-defined depositional environments; the vertical distribution of lithofacies was controlled by a number of natural processes. The preferential upward transition path of lithologic and depositional envitonment changes are as follows: Carbonaceous siltstone/shale (A) (Coastallagoon) ? Coarse-grained cross bedded Sandstone (8) (Estuarine channel) ? interbedded sandstone siltstone (C) (Tidal flat-tidal channel) ? silty sandstone (D) (Sandflat - shoal) ? Bioturbated sandstone (E) (Shelf Sheet sand) ? Carbonaceous siltstone/shale (A) (Coastal lagoon).
This sequence is an asymmetrical cycle. It can be identified into a progradational event (lithofacies A-D) and a transgressive event (lithofacies E). The statistical results concur with the sedimentological evidence for depositional environments.
Entropy plots of the E(pre) and E(post) values of each lithological state correspond to the type A-4 category (Hattori, 1976), signifying lower and upper truncated asymmetrical cycles. The values of E (system) fall just on the boundary of the area allocated for the neritic environment. The area occupied by the Bhuj Sandstone evidently represents the domain of deposits of a coastal complex of estuary, lagoon and tidal flat environments, deposits for which Hattori had no data base.
Inventory of Glacier Basins in Himachal Himalaya
Authors: Dobhal D. P. , Kumar Surendar 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Himachal Pradesh has over 80% of mountain terrain. The inventory of glacier in such a terrain is carried out by the Remote Sensing Techniques (RST). About 10% of the lotal mountainous area in the Himachal Himalaya is covered with permanent snow and ice. The whole mountainous area has been divided into six basins as defined by the outlet of the glaciers. Six hundred and one glaciers have been identified in these basins. Studies show that the distribution of these glaciers is uneven. Majority of glaciers are concentrated in the Chandra-Bhagha (200), Beas-Parvati (80), Ravi (54), Malung (40), Spiti (159) and Satluj (68) basins. The summer snow line fluctuates between 4000 to 5000 m (mst). The total area of these basins is about 48,034 sq km, of which 4,516 sq km is covered by permanent snow. Hence, the total mountainous area of Himachal consists of about 60% of seasonal snow cover and 10% area is permanent snow and ice covered, the remaining 30% area is snow-free in the lower altitudes.
Marine Magnetic Studies over the Laccadive Ridge, Indian Ocean
Authors: Satyanarayana Y. , Murty G. R. K. , De Chanchal 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Laccadive ridge is a prominent feature in Indian Ocean, off west coast of India .Marine magnetic survey carried out across the ridge between 8° and 12°N reveals that the ridge is associated with strong magnetic anomalies of the order of 200 to 400 nT. A significant low magnetic trend is present over the topographic high of the ridge. The results of spectral analysis and two-dimensional modelling of the data suggest the possible presence of an anomalous basic body, with varying thickness. The inclination and declination obtained indicate that the basic body may be derived from same volcanic activity as of the onshore traps associated with normal remanent magnetism.
Flood Studies in India: A Brief Review
Authors: Kale Vishwas S. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This paper provides a brief outline of the flood studies in India in the field of geomorphology, meteorology and hydrology. The review clearly shows that, though the general characteristics of floods have been known for a long time, our scientific understanding of the floods remains incomplete to a surprisingly large extent. Existing studies seem to concentrate in two areas. The first deals with hydrometeorological analysis of flood producing rainfall and associated synoptic conditions. The second area is related to streamflow analysis and the estimation of design floods. Both the research areas place considerable emphasis on statistical analysis and modelling. This trend is likely to continue in future. While a quantitative approach to the problem is indispensable in predictive models, it is felt that future opportunities to improve our understanding of this recurring natural hazard should include research into the natural trends and the behaviour of floods on longer time scale, and increased evaluation ofthe impact of anthropogenic activities on the river systems.