bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Color, Part I
Authors: Nel Philip 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the color choices in Harold and the Purple Crayon, noting that brown colored Harold’s outline, the type, the cover, and much of his own daily life: Johnson typically wore brown clothes. Additionally, Johnson understood that color is about relationships, allowing him to create nighttime on a white page. The chapter explains how the white page lightens the mood, and allows the purple crayon to pop. It then elaborates on how, in the book, language and props create reality.
Narrative & Perspective
Authors: Nel Philip 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the narrative and perspective within Harold and the Purple Crayon. Using the term “short cut” as an example, it shows how the narrative style invites the readers to adopt Harold’s perspective. In voicing Harold’s thoughts, apparently while Harold is thinking them, Crockett Johnson’s narrator creates an emotional intimacy between the reader and the boy, encouraging them to imagine Harold imagining. The chapter also identifies the narration as a “kind of” free indirect discourse because its diction and perspective exceed that of the 3-year-old protagonist.
Humor
Authors: Nel Philip 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers the humor in Harold and the Purple Crayon. Crockett Johnson’s jokes frequently arrives via language that oscillates between adults’ and children’s perspectives or gestures. The chapter posits that humor emerges less in the books’ art because Johnson rarely indulges in the exaggerations of visual caricature. Johnson’s approach of writing humor for adults results in the youngest readers missing some of the Harold books’ humor, but enjoying the books does not depend upon readers getting every joke. The chapter explains that the idiosyncrasies of a child’s logic, another recurring source of humor in the books, are never delivered in a way that invites laughter at young people.
Windows, Part II
Authors: Nel Philip 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter returns to windows via the view from Crockett Johnson’s desk as he wrote Harold and the Purple Crayon. It suggests that Johnson’s location influenced Harold’s adventures, even if the visual experience of immersing oneself in a Harold book is very different from the experience of being in Johnson’s house. The house’s physical presence creates a context of imagining its former residents, but the blank page lacks the context to jog a memory or attempt to correlate with a photo. The chapter explains that Harold’s purple minimalism offers enough specificity to distinguish between things but not enough to trigger realistic specificity.
The Big Picture
Authors: Nel Philip 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the big picture presented in Harold and the Purple Crayon. It contends that Crockett Johnson thinks and draws with the precision of a mathematician because he was an amateur mathematician. To present a precise, carefully laid-out landscape of Harold’s apparently spontaneous creation, Johnson must have mapped it all out in advance and then decided which moments to reveal on each page. The chapter then explains how Johnson helped with Gene Deitch’s animation of Harold’s Fairy Tale. Johnson’s Harold books are so meticulously designed that the films could only deliver the magic of Harold’s crayon by animating in reverse.
Translating Harold
Authors: Nel Philip 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores some differences in translations of Harold and the Purple Crayon. The current Swedish edition calls the protagonist Harald, while he is Tullemand in Danish. Meanwhile, instead of crayons in German, Harold uses magic chalk. Even the color of the crayon changes: red in German and Swedish, pink in French. The differences are neither flaws nor the result of a careless translator, whose job is to find the intended effect of the original in the new language.
Dream or Nightmare?
Authors: Nel Philip 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter wonders whether, since Harold never leaves the imaginary realm in Harold and the Purple Crayon, the book should be read as more nightmare than dream? Even though Harold’s imagination will always provide a furnished dwelling, a hand-drawn house on a flat page is the only home Harold has in this seven-book series. The book begins and ends with paradoxes which invite readers to dwell in these contradictions, but somehow not to dwell on them. It suggests that Harold’s ability to find a home in nothingness challenges the readers to confront their blank canvases, dream, and think.
Somaliland
Authors: Kiszely John 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter recounts Ismay’s military service in the British Somaliland Protectorate from 1914 to 1920. It gives the background to British rule in Somaliland and to the actions of Mullah Muhammad Abdullah Hassan, the leader of an insurgency and known to the British press and public as “the Mad Mullah”. It narrates Ismay’s role as an officer in the Somaliland Camel Corps and describes the major operations in which he participated. It also describes Ismay’s immense frustration at being prevented from leaving Somaliland to fight in the major campaigns of the First World War and his resulting depression. It details the major operation in which Ismay led the Camel Corps and for which he was awarded the Distinguished Service Order.
Apprenticeship
Authors: Kiszely John 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter covers the appointments which Ismay successively held between 1920 and 1936, all of which were part of the process of learning his trade as a staff officer. It recounts his attendance at both the Army staff college at Quetta and the Royal Air Force staff college at Andover, his logistics appointment at Headquarters India and his selection as an assistant secretary at the prestigious Committee of Imperial Defence in London—the appointment that first brought him to the notice of senior military officers and ministers, including Churchill. It describes his subsequent appointment as military secretary to Viceroy Willingdon in India, and his return to London in 1933 for a three-year appointment as a colonel in the military intelligence directorate of the War Office working for Major General John Dill.
Introduction
Authors: Banner Stuart 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The US Supreme Court was the most powerful court in the world when it was established in the late 1700s. Until recently, it had no competitors for the title. The Court “is justly regarded by all lawyers as the most august tribunal upon earth,” one popular magazine explained more than a century ago. This book is about how the Court acquired so much power, how it has retained its power in the face of repeated challenges, whether it has been as powerful in practice as in theory, and what it has done with its power over the years.
The Liberal Court
Authors: Banner Stuart 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
From the late 1950s through the early 1970s, the Court interpreted the Constitution to guarantee a wide variety of individual rights that had not previously been recognized, rights that could now be wielded against the government by political and religious dissenters, by penniless criminal defendants, and by others who lacked influence in their own communities. This brief period of liberal constitutional reinterpretation lasted scarcely a decade and a half, but it produced some of the Court’s most famous—and still most controversial—decisions, including Engel v. Vitale (1962), which outlawed prayer in public schools; Miranda v. Arizona (1966), which placed strict limits on the power of the police to obtain confessions from suspects; and Roe v. Wade (1973), which recognized a constitutional right to abortion.
New Paths to the Court
Authors: Banner Stuart 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The Supreme Court changed in some important ways in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. New kinds of people became justices, as concern for racial and gender diversity supplanted the earlier interest in regional and religious diversity. The process for selecting them changed, as nominations and confirmations came to resemble political campaigns. And as the justices were taking new paths to the Court, so were the cases, as the sheer volume of work required the Court to make some significant adjustments to its personnel and to its working procedures. In each of these respects, changes at the Court reflected changes in the world outside.
Eternal Hacking
Authors: Blake David Haven 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
As “Benito Cereno” and Clarel suggest, Melville remained interested in dismemberment as an image of the body politic after Moby-Dick. Having lost an arm and leg fighting for Mexican independence, Clarel’s Don Hannibal laments the New World’s democratic progress, but he has none of Ahab’s aggrievement, nor the will to power that it creates. The chapter argues that scholars should reject Cold War readings of Ahab, not to de-emphasize his authoritarianism but to view him as an explicitly American threat. At the same time, it rejects the Cold War tendency to present Ishmael as a quintessential democrat, especially considering his detachment from the politics of slavery and expansionism. Turning to “Benito Cereno,” the discussion juxtaposes Babo and Fedallah, two loosely Islamicized men whose corpses gaze into the eyes of a shaken white power. The chapter concludes by discussing the wooden prosthesis that Ahab wears during his final battle.
Lifeworlds in Crisis
Authors: Behrends Andrea 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The continuing Darfur War has caused mass displacement since 2003, with hundreds of thousands driven from their homes and many forced into refugee camps in western Sudan and neighboring Chad. Building on twenty years of research in the region, Andrea Behrends tracks the repercussions of this conflict—sometimes referred to as the “first genocide of the twenty-first century”—for those living through it: those who stayed put, those who fled from rural areas to towns, those who moved to refugee camps, and those who fought. Telling the story of everyday survival on the Chad–Sudan border, an area central to state politics in the larger region, her account sheds light on how people create belonging, exchange knowledge, develop new practices and build futures in the face of extreme uncertainty. Departing from the focus on large-scale humanitarian and military interventions associated with “states of emergency”, Behrends highlights the forms of cooperation and mutual knowledge production that emerge on the ground in these lifeworlds in crisis. She combines meticulous ethnographic description with theoretically grounded arguments to offer a pioneering study of how individuals have anticipated, survived and adapted to recurring crises and war in one of the world’s most economically marginalized regions.
Clearly, they are ‘internally displaced persons’
Authors: Behrends Andrea 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Moving the perspective from the direct borderlands to the UNHCR refugee camps a bit further inland, the book’s second part starts with a reflection on the way the “refugee category” affects politics. It focuses firstly on the interaction of the borderland’s population with international aid agencies. In this situation, aid functions as a driver of new modes of belonging and difference among those receiving and resisting aid. This chapter explores knowledge systems and the practice of regulation within the world of aid by continuing with the opening story about the list (of Part I), drawn up by the villagers during wartime,to recapture the author’s encounters with a number of aid agencies and their respective, varied reactions. The chapter also considers competition among aid agencies and how these actors also categorize each other and the people they target.
Conclusion
Authors: Behrends Andrea 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
By engaging the concept of emplacement, the concluding chapter aligns the book’s analytical results of lifeworlds in crisis with a brief review of the relevant literature on how people stay and continue to live in precarious and uncertain places. It also takes account of a personal conclusion regarding getting involved in each other’s lives, and about what crisis made visible. To follow up on the way knowledge is productive in situations of uncertainty, how it constantly changes and relates to human practice in the context of lifeworlds in crisis, is reiterated as the prime incentive for this book.
Thomas Howard and the Character of English Violence During the Reign of Henry Viii
Authors: Murphy Neil 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The chapter examines the use of violence against civilians by Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk, who was one of Henry VIII’s leading generals. Over the course of almost four decades, Howard employed a military strategy which was based on the use of extreme violence against civilian populations. In France, Scotland and Ireland, he implemented a military strategy based on the extensive use of scorched earth which was aimed at depopulating entire regions of populations who were labelled “rebels”. As well as considering the ruination of the countryside and the sack of towns, this chapter examines the use of sexual violence against women as well as the killing of children. It situates Howard’s action within both contemporary European laws of war and a colonial context.
Violence in Scotland the British Army and Government After Culloden
Authors: Pittock Murray 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter goes beyond the well-rehearsed scholarship concerning atrocities in the wake of the battle. It identifies the global implications of the Forty-Five, noting that men from 18 regiments which had fought one another at Fontenoy were on the field at Culloden, and placing both the Rising and its imperial legacy in the shape of the Acadian deportations in the context of the imperial struggle over Canada. The Army’s desire to implement a Cromwellian “Irish” policy of population transplantation and summary execution was nullified by British political pressure, but the military struggle to control the institutions of Scottish governance and society throughout the whole of the country continued deep into the 1750s, until population transplantation in Canada was accompanied by extensive Scottish recruitment to fight the French there.
‘You Have Not Had a Sufficient Number Killed and Wounded’1
Authors: Lambert Andrew 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the conduct of two successful British Baltic campaigns in the Crimean War in 1854 and 1856. It argues the classic “British Way of Warfare”, maritime economic warfare, blockades to stop trade, backed by naval combat and limited power projection against hostile naval bases, resulted in very few casualties among civilians, or British personnel. This strategy was a deliberate policy choice, to minimize casualties among non-Russian populations, and a striking contrast to the violence against civilians, both deliberate and random, that occurred in other campaigns examined in this book. War at sea minimizes civilian involvement, especially that of women and children, and some claim this renders it more “humane”. These campaigns had an important role in defeating Russia.
The Blockade in the First World War
Authors: Cox Mary Elisabeth 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
During the First World War, the Allied Blockade of Germany, (also known as the British Blockade) stopped goods, including food and fertilizer, from entering Germany. It is estimated that these actions resulted in the deaths of some 424,000 – 763,000 civilians, or 0.5 – 1% of the population. While the actions of the British government were legal, for some it was an immoral and diplomatic embarrassment given the recent 1909 Declaration of London. Over the past century, arguments in support of the Allied Blockade have included the likely fact that Germany, with its submarine warfare, would have issued a similarly devastating blockade on Britain if it had been possible, and that technological changes in weaponry would have made a traditional close blockade of Germany impossible. This episode suggests that deadly violence that is inflicted slowly through nutritional deprivation and blockades may be easier for the international community to accept than instantaneous violence.
Creating a Deeper State
Authors: Jaffrelot Christophe 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The government’s lack of will to reform and strengthen the police and the judiciary resulted in a persistently high level of criminality and corruption. The ruling party was so tainted that it had a vested interest in weakening the police and the judiciary. While RTI activists were among the last whistleblowers, they were also among the first casualties of corruption and the criminalization of politics. The kind of state that the BJP started to create in Gujarat was “deeper” than its predecessor because it relied not only on forms of surveillance but also on Hindu vigilante groups which imposed a de facto Hindu Rashtra (state or nation) on the ground by exerting a form of cultural policing.
Personal Power Versus Hindutva’s Collegiality
Authors: Jaffrelot Christophe 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Narendra Modi managed to concentrate power in his hands very quickly in the first half of the 2000s. The first group to fall in line was the bureaucracy. Indian civil servants considered that they could not resist their political masters easily because they could be transferred, penalized, and even dismissed. The conquest of the Gujarat state BJP was more difficult, not only because state party leaders resisted, but also because they were supported by personalities within the RSS. Modi surmounted all these opponents, including Keshubhai Patel and ultimately exerted a largely personal authority after developing a parallel power structure and building networks that allowed him to relate directly to the people, and to rely on local bodies (including municipal corporations and cooperatives).
Infecting the Union
Authors: Kenny Michael 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The coronavirus pandemic caused extensive loss of life and economic damage and placed new strains upon Britain's institutions and the relations between the UK’s central and devolved governments. Initially, this immense challenge prompted a new spirit of cooperation between them. However, as the pandemic progressed, powerful political dynamics led to policy divergence (some of which was more rhetorical than substantive) and a decline in co-operation between the political leaders. The UK government struggled with its dual mandate, overseeing fiscal policy for the whole country but being responsible for public health measures in England only. The pandemic underscored the limitations of centralized decision-making and the need for better coordination within the UK's multi-layered system of governance. But, notably, despite the trumpeting of some differences in the public health rules that were applied, outcomes on the key metrics were similar across all parts of the UK.
India and the Cold War
Authors: Benvenuti Andrea 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter identifies the key factors that impacted India’s foreign relations during the early Cold War. These factors include the rise of the United States as a major global and regional power; the emergence of the Cold War understood as a political, ideological, economic and military rivalry between two opposing blocs competing for global influence; and the resurgence of China as an influential actor in regional affairs. The chapter recounts how Nehru’s India responded to emerging Cold War tensions between the two blocs and interacted with the United States, the Soviet Union and China—Moscow’s junior partner in Asia, responsible for promoting communism in that area. It also explains why the Nehru government viewed American containment as the most significant threat to regional stability, rather than Sino-Soviet communism. The chapter also assesses the impact of the 1954 defense agreement between the United States and Pakistan on India. It shows how Washington’s emerging alliance with India’s sworn enemy was to harden Nehru’s criticism of American policy in Asia while also strengthening his opposition to growing Cold War tensions in the region.
The Colombo Conference
Authors: Benvenuti Andrea 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Chapter 3 examines Nehru’s involvement in the April 1954 Colombo Conference and his reaction to an Indonesian proposal for an Asian-African conference to foster Afro-Asian coordination and reduce Cold War tensions. This chapter reveals that Nehru, who is generally viewed as a strong supporter of Afro-Asian internationalism, doubted that a large gathering of countries with disparate historical backgrounds, cultures and political traditions could produce significant results. Yet, these reservations notwithstanding, Nehru and the other Asian prime ministers present at the Colombo Conference agreed to let Indonesia’s Ali Sastroamidjojo explore the possibility of an Asian-African conference. This chapter also sheds light on the perceptions, interests and policies of the so-called Colombo group and its role in initiating the diplomatic steps that eventually led to the Bandung Conference in 1955. However, as this chapter makes it clear, the Indonesian proposal to hold an Asian-African summit was still little an inchoate idea in April 1954. Its feasibility and purpose were uncertain, and it was unclear how such a meeting would fit into Nehru’s diplomacy or contribute to India’s regional policy.
Bandung’s Aftermath
Authors: Benvenuti Andrea 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Chapter 10 reflects on the roles played by both Nehru and Zhou Enlai during the Bandung Conference’s proceedings and discusses their positive assessments of the conference’s outcomes. If Nehru felt vindicated in inviting China to Bandung, Zhou saw the conferences as an opportunity to advance China’s regional interests. That said, this chapter also shows that for all their high-minded and intoxicating rhetoric of Afro-Asian solidarity and peaceful coexistence, some differences emerged between Nehru and Zhou Enlai during the conference. These differences centred on whether some Afro-Asian machinery should be established to promote deeper Afro-Asian cooperation and if Afro-Asian conferences should become a regular feature of international life. While Zhou was enthusiastic about it, Nehru baulked at the idea of more Afro-Asian jamborees. Having secured a Chinese commitment to peaceful coexistence and facilitated Chinese peaceful engagement with the rest of the Third World—or so he thought—Nehru may have felt that a Bandung-style conference was not the most effective way of pursuing his goal of a neutralized and peaceful Asia.
Conclusions
Authors: Benvenuti Andrea 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This concluding chapter recaps the book’s main argument, which is that Nehru viewed the Bandung Conference largely as a tool for realizing his neutralist vision and securing China’s long-term backing of peaceful coexistence. In doing so, it evaluates the success of Nehru’s grand design and concludes that the post-Bandung years produced mixed results for Nehru’s Cold War strategy. On the plus side, Nehru’s vision of a non-aligned Asia appeared to be ultimately validated, as, in the late 1950s, significant support for neutralism existed even in those Asian countries aligned with the West. Additionally, peaceful coexistence became the catchphrase for all diplomatic exchanges between Afro-Asian nations. On the minus side, proclamations of neutralist intent and adherence to the Five Principles were no indication that Asia had become, or was ever likely to become, an area of peace, as Nehru had envisioned. Nor did they provide the kind of defense guarantee against regional threats he had hoped for. When China attacked India in October 1962, Nehru tragically discovered how fragile the foundations of his vision were and how professions of neutralism and peaceful coexistence were no insurance against the Chinese threat to Indian security.