bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Communication and Diffusion of NIPF Management Strategies
Authors: West Patrick C. , Fly J. Mark , Blahna Dale J. , Carpenter Eugene M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Personal contact is more effective than targeted mailings or mass media in transmitting specific NIPF management advice, and in gaining adoption of that advice by NIPF owners, based on a survey of 220 NIPF owners in northern Lower Michigan. Interpersonal influence by friends, neighbors, and relatives was equally important as contact with professional foresters as a source of NIPF management advice. Peer influence was a significant source of advice about timber management and timber harvesting. This advice had about as much effect on adoption as advice given by private sector foresters, and a greater effect than advice given by state or federal forestry professionals. These findings suggest that investment in communications strategies should emphasize programs of targeted personal contact. However, recognizing the importance of lay peer influence implies that foresters should contact opinion leaders in the community first, and gain their approval so that informal influence among friends and neighbors of NIPF will be as positive as possible. North. J. Appl. For. 5:265-270, December 1988.
Yield of White Pine Plantations in Ohio
Authors: Dale Martin E. , Lutz David E. , Bailey Herman J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Yield equations are presented for white pine plantations established in the residual soils region of southern and eastern Ohio. Estimates of board-foot and cubic-foot volume, as well as tons of wood (either dry or green with or without bark), are given by site, age, and initial spacing. The results indicate that white pine, when established on suitable sites, produces rapid growth and high yields in comparison to other native species in Ohio.
North. J. Appl. For. 6:51-56, June 1989.
Douglas-Fir from New Mexico More Outstanding than Other Sources Studied in Maryland
Authors: Genys John B. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Douglas-fir, represented by different seed sources from its natural range, has been studied in two research plantations in Maryland. In the Piedmont Plateau, 24 populations at age 5 varied in foliage turning brown (0% to 22%) which was associated with the longitude (r = 0.61) and the altitude (r = -0.48) of the seed source. At age 12 they varied in survival (6% to 94%), in height (0.9 m to 1.9 m), and in attraction for use as Christmas trees (0% to 19%), all inversely correlated with the northern latitude. In the Appalachian region, 20 sources at age 19 varied in survival (13% to 81%) and in height (1.5 m to 4.2 m), which was inversely correlated to the western longitude, and directly correlated with the altitude of the seed source. In both plantations, the most outstanding populations in survival, height, and attraction for use as Christmas trees were the two sources from Otero County, NM. North. J. Appl. For. 6:56-59, June 1989.
Cavity Trees in Sawtimber-Size Oak Stands in Central Massachusetts
Authors: Healy William M. , Brooks Robert T. , DeGraaf Richard M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Animals that use cavities in trees are an important component of hardwood ecosystems, but reserving cavity trees is often perceived as an impact on timber production. Cavities occurred in 4% of the live trees in even-aged, saw-timber-size oak stands with no previous silvicultural treatment. Cavity trees accounted for 8% of the total live tree basal area and occurred in all tree quality and diameter classes. Dead trees were well distributed by diameter class. On the average, unthinned stands had about 2.9 times as many cavity trees and 1.8 times as many dead trees per ha as thinned stands. It is possible to conduct thinnings that both improve stand quality and retain cavity trees because 89% of the rough cull, and 63% of the rotten cull trees did not contain cavities.
North. J. Appl. For. 6:61-65, June 1989.
The Incidence of Sapstreak Disease of Sugar Maple in Menominee County, Wisconsin, and Its Relationship to Wounds and Season of Logging
Authors: Mielke Manfred E. , Charette David A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Stands of sugar maple along a 0.5 chain-wide strip on both sides of 6.1 rules of major skid and haul roads logged in 1977-1982 were examined for sapstreak disease caused by Ceratocystis coerulescens. There were an average of 0.89 wounded sugar maple per chain (0.1 ac) of roadside. Sapstreak was found in 4.8% (21 of 431) of the wounded sugar maples. Only one tree per 21.2 chains (2.1 ac) of roadside was found to have sapstreak. No significant differences (P = 0.51) existed in the incidence of sapstreak in stands logged during frozen versus non-frozen conditions. Losses amounted to between $41 and $82 per acre of roadside.
North. J. Appl. For. 6:65-67, June 1989.
New Estimates of Central and Eastern U.S. Hardwood Lumber Production
Authors: Luppold William G. , Dempsey Gilbert P. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
New estimates of hardwood lumber production are higher than the widely used production statistics released by the U.S. Department of Commerce. These estimates were developed through use of Forest Service timber product output studies, state tax records, and state level sawmill surveys. The analysis also indicates that hardwood lumber production was higher in 1986 than at any time during the last 20 years and that hardwood lumber production is increasing in the northern regions relative to the southern regions. Because of underreporting, the returns from management investments in quality northern forest sites could be undervalued. This undervaluation could discourage forest investment and, ironically, could result in even higher long-term prices.
North. J. Appl. For. 6:120-123, September 1989.
High-Vacuum Pumping Effects on Maple Sap Sugar Yield
Authors: Kelley John W. , Staats Lewis J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Some maple producers are reluctant to take advantage of high-vacuum pumping to increase yields of sugar maple sap in their closed-tubing sap collection systems. They believe that only sap of significantly lower sugar content will be obtained. During 1985 and 1986, at Lake Placid, NY, sap collected from sugar maple trees subjected to three levels of vacuum pumping (10-, 15-, and 20-in. Hg) was compared to sap obtained by gravity flow. In most instances the higher levels of vacuum resulted in significantly higher sap volumes with no significant decrease in sap sugar content. Application of 15-in. Hg pumped vacuum at the taphole in a well-maintained tubing system should result in a significant increase in syrup production.
North. J. Appl. For. 6:126-129, September 1989.
Timber Availability in Northcentral Pennsylvania—The Next Hundred Years
Authors: Strauss Charles H. , Lord Roger G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Timber availability was forecast over a 100-year period for Pennsylvania's most valuable hardwood region using the USDA Forest Service FORPLAN model. The eight-county region was found to have a sawtimber production capability that could more than triple during the next 60 years. Age class distributions would also become more balanced, thereby tempering cyclical harvest patterns.
North. J. Appl. For. 6:133-137, September 1989.
Data Gap in Growth and Investment Projections of Black Walnut Plantations
Authors: Bliss John C. , Martin A. Jeff 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The popularity of black walnut as a plantation species has grown tremendously in the past three decades. A comparison of several recent plantation walnut growth and investment projections shows the limited empirical data upon which they are built, and the resulting disparity in the projections. Furthering our knowledge of walnut culture and investment opportunities will require a commitment to long-term empirical research that is currently lacking.
North. J. Appl. For. 6:169-171, December 1989.
Growth Intercept Methods for Predicting Site Index in Red Pine Plantations in the Allegheny Plateau of Ohio
Authors: Brown James H. , Duncan Charles A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Growth intercept (GI) techniques were evaluated for estimating site quality in red pine stands planted on old-field sites in the unglaciated Western and Central Allegheny Plateau regions of Ohio. Correlations between height growth of trees below breast height (BH) and height growth above BH were not statistically significant. Site index estimates were made using age at BH and height from BH to the growing tip. Three-year and 5-year growth beginning three internodes above the BH annual increment and 10-year growth beginning one internode above BH were more significantly correlated with height than were intercepts beginning at BH. In equations developed for predicting site index, 3-, 5-, and 10-year intercepts in combination with age accounted for 64 to 80% of the variation in tree heights. Combining thickness of the A soil horizon with GI and age statistically increased the variation accounted for in the 3- and 5-year GI equations; however, for field use, the improvement in accuracy was not sufficient to justify making the additional soil measurement. North. J. Appl. For. 7(1):27-30, March 1990.
Minnesota's Private Forest Management Assistance Program: An Evaluation of Aspen Timber Sale Assistance
Authors: Henly Rusell K. , Ellefson Paul V. , Baughman Melvin J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
State and federal expenditures for Minnesota's private forest management (PFM) program approached $1.9 million in 1987. Nearly 15,000 landowners received PFM assistance in 1986. Seven paired harvests were studied to determine the cost-effectiveness of PFM forester assistance on aspen harvests. PFM forester assistance was found to have little effect on physical harvest conditions (e.g., regeneration and soil impacts) but did result in significantly higher stumpage prices received by landowners. On average, assistance costs exceeded incremental tax returns by $19.70/ac; assisted landowners received a net incremental return of $16.25/ac. Thus, public costs exceeded private landowner returns by $3 45/ac. Increasing the advisory role of PFM foresters while reducing their provision of on-site technical assistance could reduce program costs, as could imposition of larger assistance fees. Cost-effectiveness could be different for other assistance and timber types. North. J. Appl. For. 7(1):31-34, March 1990.
Regeneration after Strip Cutting and Block Clearcutting in Northern Hardwoods
Authors: Martin C. Wayne , Hornbeck James W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Regeneration was studied during the first 10 years after clearcutting on two sites in the northern hardwood forest of New Hampshire. One site was a 12-ha block clearcut; the other was a 36-ha progressive strip cut harvested in three phases using 25-m wide strips which approximated one tree height. Permanent plots on each site were measured at intervals of 1 to 4 years. Changes in the density and biomass of the major commercial species and their primary noncommercial competitors are presented. At 10 years after clearcutting, yellow birch was the most common tree on the block clearcut; sugar maple was most numerous on the strip cut. Pin cherry dominated the biomass on the block clearcut and the strips first cut (1970), but yellow birch and sugar maple biomass was greater on the strips cut later (1972 and 1974). North. J. Appl. For. 7:65-68, June 1990.
Regional Greenweight Biomass Equations for the Northeast
Authors: Barrett James , Jastrembski John 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Total stem green-weight biomass equations are given for four northeastern softwood species and ten northeastern hardwood species groups. Data, compiled from studies conducted in New York, New Hampshire, Michigan, Ohio, and two independent studies in West Virginia, suggest that for some data sets there were regional differences for species group. The regional differences may reflect differences in stem form, site quality, and moisture content of the trees due to soil moisture and seasonal variation in data collection analysis. North. J. Appl. For. 7:187-189, December 1990.
Damage to Residual Trees after Cable Logging in Northern Hardwoods
Authors: Fairweather Stephen E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Damage to residual trees after cable logging was observed in two northern hardwood stands in Pennsylvania. In the first stand, primarily red maple and black cherry, only 8% (by basal area) sustained major damage. Felling was the major source of damage, as the amount due to yarding was negligible. The second stand, a mix of red maple, red oak, and black birch, sustained 10% major damage. The results were similar to observations made in West Virginia, and support the effort to use cable yarding for partial cuts in hardwood stands. North J. Appl. For. 8(1):15-17
An Improved Canopy Access Technique
Authors: Tucker Gabriel F. , Powell John R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Several canopy access techniques are reviewed including a preferred method that is presented in detail. Included is a description for devising the necessary equipment and step-by-step instruction for its use. The technique was developed for use with sugar maple with a crown base 12 to 16 m above the ground. A combination of mountaineering, hunting, and fishing equipment and techniques is employed to propel an initial line into the canopy and rig the tree so that a rope can be ascended. Based on several years of development and testing, the technique is assessed with regard to possible variations and other techniques. The method should be most useful for practitioners and researchers working in the crowns of mature, stand-grown hardwood tree species like those found in the northeastern and midwestern North America. North. J. Appl. For 8(1):29-32.
Effects of Sulfometuron on the Emergence and Growth of Seeded Northern Red Oak, White Ash, and White Pine
Authors: McCormick Larry H. , Allen David H. , Groninger John W. , Bowersox Todd W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Sulfometuron (Oust®) and glyphosate (Roundup®) were applied separately and as tank mixes to plots direct seeded with northern red oak, white ash, and white pine. Treatments included applications of glyphosate, sulfometuron (low and high rate), sulfometuron (low and high rate) + glyphosate, and an untreated control. Results after 2 years showed no effect of sulfometuron at either rate on the emergence of northern red oak and white ash. Emergence of white pine was reduced by both rates of sulfometuron alone or in combination with glyphosate. Sulfometuron at the higher rate alone or in combination with glyphosate reduced the height growth of northern red oak and white ash, and increased first-year mortality of northern red oak. Height growth and first-year survival of white pine was not affected by either rate of sulfometuron. Glyphosate alone or in combination with sulfometuron at the lower rate had no adverse effect on the emergence or seedling growth of northern red oak, white ash, or white pine. North. J. Appl. For. 8(1):9-11
The Availability of Fuelwood from Vermont's Nonindustrial Private Forest Lands (NIPF)
Authors: Lindsay John J. , Gilbert Alphonse H. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Vermont's nonindustrial, private forest lands (NIPF) have the potential of supplying 3.3 million cords of fuelwood annually to the Northeast energy market. Annual commercial production levels during the energy crisis of the early 1980s, however, only reached 660,000 cords; 342,000 cords came from NIPF. An additional 340,000 cords were cut and consumed by NIPF owners. Low stumpage prices, landowner self-consumption, adverse esthetic impacts, and low stumpage volumes restricted the actual amount of NIPF wood sold to the region's commercial energy market. Fuelwood harvest in Vermont was associated with large parcel sizes (>100 ac), the landowner's personal use of fuelwood, and the existence of a forest management plan. Even under these conditions, the percentage of NIPF owners willing to sell to the commercial market remained small (25%). If fuelwood is to establish itself as a reliable energy resource in the Northeast, large ownerships must be protected from subdivision and fuelwood stumpage prices must increase dramatically. North J. Appl. For 8(2):57-59
Improved Site Index Curves for Young Red Pine Plantations in the Northern Lake States
Authors: Jones Elizabeth A. , Reed David D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Potential site productivity (site index) functions have generally been developed from data where stands are 20 years of age or more. A segmented regression technique was applied to existing site index curves to aid in predicting heights at ages less than 20 years. This approach is illustrated with young red pine data from the Lake States and shows improvement in height prediction at young ages. With this approach, existing site curves for older trees are not changed and can continue to be used without altering their results for older stands. North. J. Appl. For. 8(2):59-63
Survival, Development Time, and Pupal Weights of Larvae of Gypsy Moth Reared on Foliage of Common Trees of the Upper Great Lakes Region
Authors: Roden David B. , Surgeoner Gordon A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Survival, development time, and pupal weights of larvae were determined for gypsy moth reared on foliage of red oak, sugar maple, white birch, trembling aspen, white spruce, black spruce, jack pine, and balsam fir. Mortality was >50% on sugar maple and balsam fir, 35% on jack pine, and ≤15% on the other species. Female larvae developed significantly faster on trembling aspen foliage (29 days at 21°C) than on that of other species. Larvae reared on foliage of trembling aspen, white birch, or a mixture of foliage of either species and that of other species produced larger pupae than did other foliage combinations. North. J. Appl. For. 8(3):126-128.
Does Larval Dispersal Cause the Expansion of Gypsy Moth Outbreaks?
Authors: Liehold Andrew M. , McManus Michael L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Pest managers often suggest that gypsy moth outbreaks spread from one area to another. An example of this concept is the so-called "focal area" theory. Under this theory, outbreaks start in small, specific areas (foci) and expand out into larger, concentric zones about this area in successive years. The hypothesized mechanism for this expansion is dispersal of first instar larvae. A simple simulation model was developed to describe the role of dispersal and biomodal density-dependent mortality in the spatial dynamics of gypsy moth densities. Using this model, it was impossible to explain large-scale expansion of outbreaks from foci. Thus, dispersal is an unlikely cause of the commonly observed expansion of defoliated areas. Instead, we hypothesize that these patterns are caused by the spatial distribution of resistant tree stands and that, on a regional scale, spatially separate populations operate largely independently of one another. This conclusion suggests that suppressing populations in one area is unlikely to have an affect on the development of outbreaks in adjacent areas. North. J. Appl. For. 8(3):95-98.
Postharvest Assessment of Vermont's Acceptable Silvicultural Management Practices and Water Quality Impacts
Authors: Brynn David J. , Clausen John C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Seventy-eight recently completed timber harvesting operations in Vermont were evaluated for Acceptable Management Practice (AMP) compliance, soil erosion extent, and water quality impacts using a systematic, one-day examination of each site. Evaluations of water quality impacts and soil erosion were conducted on the portions of the transportation network and streams that could be most heavily affected by the timber harvesting operation. Increased stream sedimentation was observed on 46% of the operations with streams. Woody debris impacts occurred on 65% of the operations with streams. AMP compliance was over 90% for protective strip maintenance and stream avoidance, but soil erosion control practices on truck roads and skid trails commonly failed to meet AMP recommendations. Soil erosion was very limited on truck roads, skid trails, and log landings. Although the Vermont operations often only partially complied with the AMPs, minimal soil erosion and water quality impacts were observed. North. J. Appl. For. 8(4):140-144.
The Occurrence of Oak Reproduction After Clearcut Harvesting on the Hoosier National Forest
Authors: George David W. , Fischer Burnell C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The quantity of oak regeneration after clearcutting upland hardwood stands is frequently described as adequate on poor quality sites, sparse on medium quality sites, and almost absent on good quality sites. The specific objective of this study was to quantify the occurrence of the largest oak tree (LOT) distributed across a range of site qualities, defined by aspect and slope position, on the Hoosier National Forest, Indiana. Data were collected in 74 clearcut stands, 5 to 17 years of age, using 1,801 0.01-ac plots. Data collected on each plot included species, crown class, height, and stem origin. Average annual height growth of the LOTs was approximately 2.0 ft/yr for dominant stems, 1.5 ft/yr for co-dominant stems, and 0.4 ft/yr for suppressed stems. A LOT was present on 56% of the plots. The site classification approach used described a quantitative gradient of the occurrence of LOTs by aspect code and slope position. The percentage of plots with a LOT increased from lower to upper slope positions and from a northeast to southwest aspect. North. J. Appl. For. 8(4):144-146.
Silvicultural Influence on Heartwood Discoloration in Sugar Maple
Authors: Erickson Michael D. , Mroz Glenn D. , Reed David D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The impacts of diameter limit and selection system cutting on the extent of heartwood discoloration in sugar maple were found to be similar for trees of similar sizes. Heartwood discoloration is thought to be triggered by injury to the stem. The extent of discoloration is more likely due to damage to the residual stand and the frequency of disturbance than it is to the choice of diameter limit versus selection harvests. In either system, it is unlikely that heartwood discoloration can be eliminated from the stand. The extent of discoloration is heavily dependent on tree size, probably due to the greater likelihood of injury occurring sometime in the life of older trees. The economic impact of heartwood discoloration is greater in stands harvested under the selection system simply due to the fact that larger trees were maintained in the stand for longer periods of time. North. J. Appl. For. 9(1):27-29.
Sampling Unit, Spatial Distribution of Trees, and Precision
Authors: Reich Robin M. , Arvanitis Loukas G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The relationship between plot size and sample variance as affected by the spatial patterns of trees, volume, and basal area is reported. This information is useful for practicing foresters in determining the best combination of sample size, plot area, or basal area factor in forest surveys. North. J. Appl. For. 9(1):3-6.