bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predictors of failure to detect early hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic hepatitis B who received regular surveillance
Authors: Chon Y. E. , Jung K. S. , Kim M.‐J. , Choi J.‐Y. , An C. , Park J. Y. , Ahn S. H. , Kim B. K. , Kim S. U. , Park H. , Hwang S. K. , Rim K. S. , Han K.‐H. , Kim D. Y. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryBackgroundA proportion of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients are diagnosed with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) despite regular surveillance.AimsTo determine predictors for HCC detection failure in CHB patients who underwent regular surveillance.MethodsCHB patients with well‐preserved liver function, who underwent ultrasonography and alpha‐foetoprotein (AFP) analysis every 6 months, were enrolled. Cox regression analysis was used to identify predictors for detection failure, defined as HCC initially diagnosed at Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) stage B or C.ResultsOf the 4590 CHB patients (mean age, 52.1 years; men, 61.6%), 169 patients were diagnosed with HCC (3.68%) and 35 (20.7%) HCC patients were initially diagnosed with HCC BCLC stage B or C. The cumulative incidence of HCC detection failure was 0.2% at year 1 and 1.3% at year 5. Multivariate analyses indicated that cirrhosis (hazard ratio [HR], 3.078; 95% CI, 1.389‐6.821; P = 0.006), AFP levels ≥9 ng/mL (HR, 5.235; 95% CI, 2.307‐11.957; P = 0.010), and diabetes mellitus (HR, 3.336; 95% CI, 1.341‐8.296; P = 0.010) were independent predictors of HCC detection failure. Another model that incorporated liver stiffness (LS) values identified LS values ≥11.7 kPa (HR, 11.045; 95% CI, 2.066‐59.037; P = 0.005) and AFP levels ≥9 ng/mL (HR, 4.802; 95% CI, 1.613‐14.297; P = 0.005) as predictors of detection failure.ConclusionsIn CHB patients undergoing regular surveillance with ultrasonography and alpha‐foetoprotein (AFP) analysis every 6 months, the HCC detection failure rate was not high (0.8% per person; 0.1% per test). However, careful attention should be paid in patients with advanced liver fibrosis (clinical cirrhosis or LS value >11.7 kPa), high AFP levels, or diabetes mellitus, who are prone to surveillance failure.
Use of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder medication among older adults in Denmark
Authors: Ormhøj Stina Schultz , Pottegård Anton , Gasse Christiane , Rasmussen Lotte 
Published: March 2018

AimsKnowledge on the use of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) medication among older adults is limited. We hypothesized that ADHD medication is used off‐label in adults aged ≥50 years as part of palliative care in e.g. cancer patients. The aim of this study was to describe the use of ADHD medication among adults aged ≥50 years in Denmark.MethodsUsing the Danish health registries, we identified new users ≥50 years of ADHD medication during 2000–2012. We estimated the annual incidence of ADHD medication use and ADHD diagnoses. We described new users of ADHD medication according to co‐medication, comorbidities and assessed the 1‐year cumulative mortality rate. A posthoc analysis allowed us to include new users until 2015.ResultsWe identified 6690 new users of ADHD medication from 2000 to 2012. From 2000 to 2015 we observed an increase in the incidence of ADHD medication use from 12.5 to 30.3 per 100 000 person‐years. However, the incidence rate decreased from 2010 to 2015. Throughout the study period, the incidence rate of ADHD diagnoses was low (overall prevalence among new users ≤2%). Opioids were the most frequent comedication used (used by 54%), while cancer was the most frequent diagnosis preceding treatment (prevalence of 52%). The 1‐year cumulative mortality was 50%, primarily driven by patients with a preceding cancer diagnosis.ConclusionThere was an increase in the incidence of ADHD medication use in adults aged ≥50 years from 2000–2010 and a decreasing incidence from 2010–2015. Our results suggest that ADHD medication is used off‐label in older adults as part of palliative care.
A MODEL OF INFLATION TRANSMISSION IN AN EXCHANGE RATE TARGET ZONE
Authors: Chua Kevin C. 
Published: March 2018

ABSTRACTI incorporate an exchange rate target zone with intramarginal interventions in a small open economy model. Using the method of undetermined coefficients, I solve for the price level and the nominal exchange rate to determine how price shocks from the large economy affect the small open economy. The results show that the behaviour of inflation transmission within the band differs from the behavior of inflation transmission at the edge of the band of the target zone. Foreign shocks can affect local prices in both cases but the central bank can respond through market interventions within the band while it cannot do so at the edge. Near the edge of the band, a central bank has to intervene to stop the exchange rate from breaching the band. My model predicts that if the interventions are robust, then the exchange rate is mean reverting and an exchange rate target zone can insulate an economy from foreign price shocks. Based on the model, central bank interventions contribute to long‐run price stability in a target zone regime. Finally, I empirically test the model using unit root and cointegration tests, and present some policy implications.
Seismic geomorphology and origin of diagenetic geobodies in the Upper Cretaceous Chalk of the North Sea Basin (Danish Central Graben)
Authors: Smit F. W. H. , van Buchem F. S. P. , Holst J. C. , Lüthje M. , Anderskouv K. , Thibault N. , Buijs G. J. A. , Welch M. J. , Stemmerik L. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractKilometre‐scale geobodies of diagenetic origin have been documented for the first time in a high‐resolution 3D seismic survey of the Upper Cretaceous chalks of the Danish Central Graben, North Sea Basin. Based on detailed geochemical, petrographic and petrophysical analyses, it is demonstrated that the geobodies are of an open‐system diagenetic origin caused by ascending basin fluids guided by faults and stratigraphic heterogeneities. Increased amounts of porosity‐occluding cementation, contact cement and/or high‐density/high‐velocity minerals caused an impedance contrast that can be mapped in seismic data, and represent a hitherto unrecognized, third type of heterogeneity in the chalk deposits in addition to the well‐known sedimentological and structural features. The distribution of the diagenetic geobodies is controlled by porosity/permeability contrasts of stratigraphic origin, such as hardgrounds associated with formation tops, and the feeder fault systems. One of these, the Top Campanian Unconformity at the top of the Gorm Formation, is particularly effective and created a basin‐wide barrier separating low‐porosity chalk below from high‐porosity chalk above (a Regional Porosity Marker, RPM). It is in particular in this upper high‐porosity unit (Tor and Ekofisk Formations) that the diagenetic geobodies occur, delineated by “Stratigraphy Cross‐cutting Reflectors” (SCRs) of which eight different types have been distinguished. The geobodies have been interpreted as the result of: (i) escaping pore fluids due to top seal failure, followed by local mechanical compaction of high‐porous chalks, paired with (ii) ascension of basinal diagenetic fluids along fault systems that locally triggered cementation of calcite and dolomite within the chalk, causing increased contact cements and/or reducing porosity. The migration pathway of the fluids is marked by the SCRs, which are the outlines of high‐density bodies of chalk nested in highly porous chalks. This study, thus, provides new insights into the 3D relationship between fault systems, fluid migration and diagenesis in chalks and has important applications for basin modelling and reservoir characterization.
Effects of sumatriptan nasal spray (Imigran) on human nasal mucosa
Authors: Cheng L‐H. , Wu P‐C. , Lin Y‐Y. , Chu Y‐H. , Wang H‐W. 
Published: March 2018

ObjectivesSumatriptan (Imigran) is a potent and highly selective 5‐HT1 receptor agonist often used in treating acute migraine. Intranasal sumatriptan is well absorbed and is generally effective in relieving headache. However, the effects of Imigran on human nasal mucosa have rarely been well explored, to verify the effect of Imigran, which act on human nasal mucosa directly in vitro.Design and participantsWe examined the effectiveness of Imigran on human nasal mucosa by testing: (i) effect on human nasal mucosa resting tension; (ii) effect on contraction caused by 10−6 mol/L methoxamine as a sympathetic mimetic; and (iii) effect of the drugs on electrically induced on human nasal mucosa contractions.ResultsThe results indicated that addition of methoxamine to the incubation medium caused the nasal mucosa to contract in a dose‐dependent manner. Addition of Imigran at doses of 10−4 mol/L elicited a significant relaxation response to 10−6 mol/L methoxamine‐induced contraction. Imigran could not inhibit electrical field stimulation‐induced spike contraction. It also had a minimal effect on the basal tension of nasal mucosa as the concentration increased.ConclusionsThe study indicated that high concentrations of Imigran had a significant spasmolytic effect by antagonising α‐adreoceptors and nasal obstruction could not be released in the patient combined with acute migraine and stuffy nose by concomitant α‐adrenergic agonist nasal spray plus Imigran nasal spray.
Decreasing cytokeratin 17 expression in head and neck cancer predicts nodal metastasis and poor prognosis: The first evidence
Authors: Xu E.‐S. , Yang M.‐H. , Liu C.‐Y. , Liu K.‐W. , Yang T.‐T. , Chou T.‐Y. , Hwang T.‐Z. , Hsu C.‐T. 
Published: March 2018

ObjectivesCytokeratins (CKs) are mainly expressed in epithelial carcinomas and are valuable for making diagnoses and identifying metastatic status. Changes in the expression of individual CKs in certain carcinoma may be relevant to establishing a prognosis. However, the prognostic significance of CKs in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) remains elusive. Herein, we investigated the diverse and unique expression patterns of Cytokeratin 13 (CK13) and Cytokeratin 17 (CK17) and assessed the role of CK17 as a predictor for HNSCC metastasis and prognosis.MethodsCK13 and CK17 expressions were evaluated using immunohistochemical tissue microarray (TMA) analysis with 106 patients of HNSCC. To clarify the characterisation of CK17 expression with respect to its ability in predicting metastatic disease, an in vitro study of cells migration/invasion assays was conducted. Furthermore, the correlation of CK17 expression to clinicopathologic variables and prognosis was analyzed using a serial statistical method.ResultsCK13 was predominately expressed in non‐cancerous tissues and was lost in HNSCC. Decreasing expression of CK17 correlated with cancerous cell migration and invasion (P < .0001) in an in vitro study. CK17 expression was lower in the N1 and N2 nodal metastases category compared to the N0 stage. Moreover, Kaplan‐Meier survival analyses showed that a lower CK17 expression was associated with a poorer survival connotation in HNSCC patients (P < .05) with 10‐year follow‐up.ConclusionOur findings provide the first evidence that CK17 under‐expression might be a potential predictor of nodal metastasis and adverse prognosis.
Does otitis media in early childhood affect later behavioural development? Results from the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study
Authors: Da Costa C. , Eikelboom R.H. , Jacques A. , Swanepoel D.W. , Whitehouse A.J.O. , Jamieson S.E. , Brennan‐Jones C.G. 
Published: March 2018

ObjectivesTo examine the relationship between early life episodes of otitis media and later behavioural development with adjustment for confounders.DesignLongitudinal cohort study.SettingThe Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study recruited 2900 pregnant women from King Edward Memorial Hospital (KEMH) in Perth, Western Australia, between 1989 and 1991.ParticipantsData from the children born were collected at both the Year 3 and Year 5 follow‐up. At Year 3, n = 611 were diagnosed with recurrent otitis media through parent‐report and clinical examination. At Year 5, n = 299 were considered exposed to otitis media based upon tympanometry results.Main outcome measuresPerformance in the Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL), a questionnaire completed by the primary caregiver at Year 10.ResultsSignificant associations were found between recurrent otitis media at Year 3 and internalising behaviours (P = .011), and the somatic (P = .011), withdrawn (P = .014), attention (P = .003) and thought problems domains (P = .021), and the totalCBCLscore (P = .010). A significant association was also found between exposure to otitis media at Year 5 and externalising behaviours (P = .026).ConclusionsA modest association was seen between recurrent otitis media at Year 3 and exposure to otitis media at Year 5 and a number of behaviour domains at Year 10.
Greater early postprandial suppression of endogenous glucose production and higher initial glucose disappearance is achieved with fast‐acting insulin aspart compared with insulin aspart
Authors: Basu Ananda , Pieber Thomas R. , Hansen Ann K. , Sach‐Friedl Stefanie , Erichsen Lars , Basu Rita , Haahr Hanne 
Published: March 2018

AimTo investigate the mechanisms behind the lower postprandial glucose (PPG) concentrations achieved with fast‐acting insulin aspart (faster aspart) than with insulin aspart (IAsp).Materials and methodsIn a randomized, double‐blind, crossover trial, 41 people with type 1 diabetes received identical subcutaneous single faster aspart and IAsp doses (individualized for each participant), together with a standardized mixed meal (including 75 g carbohydrate labelled with [1‐13C] glucose). PPG turnover was determined by the triple‐tracer meal method using continuous, variable [6‐3H] glucose and [6,6‐2H2] glucose infusion.ResultsInsulin exposure within the first hour was 32% greater with faster aspart than with IAsp (treatment ratio faster aspart/IAsp 1.32 [95% confidence interval {CI} 1.18;1.48]; P < .001), leading to a 0.59‐mmol/L non‐significantly smaller PPG increment at 1 hour (ΔPG1h; treatment difference faster aspart–IAsp −0.59 mmol/L [95% CI –1.19; 0.01]; P = .055). The trend towards reduced ΔPG1h with faster aspart was attributable to 12% greater suppression of endogenous glucose production (EGP; treatment ratio 1.12 [95% CI 1.01; 1.25]; P = .040) and 23% higher glucose disappearance (1.23 [95% CI 1.05; 1.45]; P = .012) with faster aspart than with IAsp during the first hour. Suppression of free fatty acid levels during the first hour was 36% greater for faster aspart than for IAsp (1.36 [95% CI 1.01;1.88]; P = .042).ConclusionsThe trend towards improved PPG control with faster aspart vs IAsp in this study was attributable to both greater early suppression of EGP and stimulation of glucose disappearance.
Glucose‐lowering effects and mechanisms of the bile acid‐sequestering resin sevelamer
Authors: Brønden Andreas , Mikkelsen Kristian , Sonne David P. , Hansen Morten , Våben Christoffer , Gabe Maria N. , Rosenkilde Mette , Tremaroli Valentina , Wu Hao , Bäckhed Fredrik , Rehfeld Jens F. , Holst Jens J. , Vilsbøll Tina , Knop Filip K. 
Published: March 2018

AimsSevelamer, a non‐absorbable amine‐based resin used for treatment of hyperphosphataemia, has been demonstrated to have a marked bile acid‐binding potential alongside beneficial effects on lipid and glucose metabolism. The aim of this study was to investigate the glucose‐lowering effect and mechanism(s) of sevelamer in patients with type 2 diabetes.Materials and MethodsIn this double‐blinded randomized controlled trial, we randomized 30 patients with type 2 diabetes to sevelamer (n = 20) or placebo (n = 10). Participants were subjected to standardized 4‐hour liquid meal tests at baseline and after 7 days of treatment. The main outcome measure was plasma glucagon‐like peptide‐1 excursions as measured by area under the curve. In addition, blood was sampled for measurements of glucose, lipids, glucose‐dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, C‐peptide, glucagon, fibroblast growth factor‐19, cholecystokinin and bile acids. Assessments of gastric emptying, resting energy expenditure and gut microbiota composition were performed.ResultsSevelamer elicited a significant placebo‐corrected reduction in plasma glucose with concomitant reduced fibroblast growth factor‐19 concentrations, increased de novo synthesis of bile acids, a shift towards a more hydrophilic bile acid pool and increased lipogenesis. No glucagon‐like peptide‐1‐mediated effects on insulin, glucagon or gastric emptying were evident, which points to a limited contribution of this incretin hormone to the glucose‐lowering effect of sevelamer. Furthermore, no sevelamer‐mediated effects on gut microbiota composition or resting energy expenditure were observed.ConclusionsSevelamer reduced plasma glucose concentrations in patients with type 2 diabetes by mechanisms that seemed to involve decreased intestinal and hepatic bile acid‐mediated farnesoid X receptor activation.
Effect of alirocumab on lipids and lipoproteins in individuals with metabolic syndrome without diabetes: Pooled data from 10 phase 3 trials
Authors: Henry Robert R. , Müller‐Wieland Dirk , Taub Pam R. , Bujas‐Bobanovic Maja , Louie Michael J. , Letierce Alexia , Ginsberg Henry N. 
Published: March 2018

AimsThis analysis assessed the efficacy and safety of alirocumab, a proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitor, in patients with or without metabolic syndrome (MetS) using pooled data from 10 phase 3 ODYSSEY trials.Materials and MethodsData from 4983 randomized patients (1940 with MetS; 1642 with diabetes excluded) were assessed in subgroups by MetS status. Efficacy data were analysed in 4 pools per study design: 2 placebo‐controlled pools (1 using alirocumab 150 mg every 2 weeks [Q2W], 1 using 75/150 mg Q2W) with background statin, and 2 ezetimibe‐controlled pools (both alirocumab 75/150 mg Q2W), 1 with and 1 without background statin. Alirocumab 75/150 mg indicates possible dose increase from 75 to 150 mg at Week 12 based on Week 8 LDL‐C.ResultsLDL‐C percentage reduction from baseline at Week 24 with alirocumab was 63.9% (MetS) and 56.8% (non‐MetS) in the pool of alirocumab 150 mg Q2W, and 42.2% to 52.2% (MetS) and 45.0% to 52.6% (non‐MetS) in 3 pools using 75/150 mg Q2W. Levels of other lipid and lipoprotein parameters were also improved with alirocumab treatment, including apolipoprotein B, non‐high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (non‐HDL‐C), lipoprotein(a) and HDL‐C. Overall, the percentage change at Week 24 in LDL‐C and other lipids and lipoproteins did not vary by MetS status. Adverse event rates were generally similar between treatment groups, regardless of MetS status; injection‐site reactions occurred more frequently in alirocumab vs control groups.ConclusionsAcross study pools, alirocumab‐associated reductions in LDL‐C, apolipoprotein B, and non‐HDL‐C were significant vs control, and did not vary by MetS status.
International bimetallism and silver absorption in Singapore, 1840–73
Authors: Kobayashi Atsushi 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThis study reveals the mechanism underlying the silver trade in Singapore during the third quarter of the nineteenth century by analysing banking business and bullion arbitrage. After 1849, the California Gold Rush induced gold depreciation and silver appreciation in Singapore's bullion market, and arbitrage profits for silver imports from Britain emerged. At the same time, the expansion of banking business by eastern exchange banks enhanced the connectivity of Singapore's exchange market with London, and enabled bullion arbitrage between the two distant cities. As a result, there was an influx of silver from Britain. In addition, Dutch silver, which was exported to Java by the Netherlands after 1854, flowed into Singapore due to the unfavourable exchange policy of the Dutch government.
Corticocortical projections to area 1 in squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus)
Authors: Cerkevich Christina M. , Kaas Jon H. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractCortical area 1 is a non‐primary somatosensory area in the primate anterior parietal cortex that is critical to tactile discrimination. The corticocortical projections to area 1 in squirrel monkeys were determined by placing multiple injections of anatomical tracers into separate body part representations defined by multiunit microelectrode mapping in area 1. The pattern of labeled cells in the cortex indicated that area 1 has strong intrinsic connections within each body part representation and has inputs from somatotopically matched regions of areas 3b, 3a, 2 and 5. Somatosensory areas in the lateral sulcus, including the second somatosensory area (S2), the parietal ventral area (PV), and the presumptive parietal rostral (PR) and ventral somatosensory (VS) areas, also project to area 1. Topographically organized projections to area 1 also came from the primary motor cortex (M1), the dorsal and ventral premotor areas (PMd and PMv), and the supplementary motor area (SMA). Labeled cells were also found in cingulate motor and sensory areas on the medial wall of the hemisphere. Previous studies revealed a similar pattern of projections to area 1 in Old World macaque monkeys, suggesting a pattern of cortical inputs to area 1 that is common across anthropoid primates.
A global comparison of the climatic niches of urban and native tree populations
Authors: Kendal Dave , Dobbs C. , Gallagher R. V. , Beaumont L. J. , Baumann J. , Williams N. S. G. , Livesley S. J. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractAimUrban macroecology studies can provide important insights into the impacts of climate change and human intervention in ecosystems. Current theory predicts that urban trees are constrained by temperature in very cold climates but not in other climates. Here we predict the climatic niche variables of planted urban tree populations from the realized climatic niche of native populations and explore whether niches are constrained across all temperatures.LocationGlobal (182 cities across six continents).Time periodUrban tree data: 1980–2016. Native tree data: 1950–2017.Major taxa studiedTwo hundred and three tree species.MethodsWe used urban tree inventory data and Global Biodiversity Information Facility occurrence data to compare the realized climatic niches of native and urban tree populations. Realized climatic niches are calculated by combining bioclimatic data with native tree and urban tree occurrence data. Regression is used to predict the climatic niche of urban tree populations from the climatic niche of native populations.ResultsThe realized climatic niche of native tree populations was a good predictor of the realized climatic niche of urban tree populations, although climatic niches are attenuated in urban populations. Urban tree niches were 38–90% wider than native tree niches, with the mean annual temperature niche breath of urban tree populations 3.3 °C (52%) wider than native tree populations.Main conclusionsUrban trees are planted in climates that are outside the realized climatic niche of native populations. Temperature remains a strong filter on urban tree populations across the full temperature range. Temperature increases attributable to the combined effect of the urban heat island and global climate change are likely to have a substantial impact on urban tree populations around the globe. This is particularly true for temperate cities, where cold climate trees are planted near the upper limits of their realized temperature niches.