bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A human pathogenic bacterium Shigella proliferates in plants through adoption of type III effectors for shigellosis
Authors: Jo Sung Hee , Lee Jiyoung , Park Eunsook , Kim Dong Wook , Lee Dae Hee , Ryu Choong Min , Choi Doil , Park Jeong Mee 
Published: June 2019

AbstractShigella, which infects primates, can be transmitted via fresh vegetables; however, its molecular interactions with plants have not been elucidated. Here, we show that four Shigella strains, Shigella boydii, Shigella sonnei, Shigella flexneri 2a, and S. flexneri 5a, proliferate at different levels in Arabidopsis thaliana. Microscopic studies revealed that these bacteria were present inside leaves and damaged plant cells. Green fluorescent protein (GFP)‐tagged S. boydii and S. flexneri 5a colonized leaves only, whereas S. flexneri 2a colonized both leaves and roots. Using Shigella mutants lacking type III secretion systems (T3SSs), we found that T3SSs that regulate the pathogenesis of shigellosis in humans also play a central role in bacterial proliferation in Arabidopsis. Strikingly, the immunosuppressive activity of two T3S effectors, OspF and OspG, was required for proliferation of Shigella in Arabidopsis. Of note, delivery of OspF or OspG effectors inside plant cells upon Shigella inoculation was confirmed using a split GFP system. These findings demonstrate that the human pathogen Shigella can proliferate in plants by adapting immunosuppressive machinery used in the original host human.
How to Integrate Labor Disruption into an Economic Impact Evaluation Model for Postdisaster Recovery Periods
Authors: Zhang Zhengtao , Li Ning , Cui Peng , Xu Hong , Liu Yuan , Chen Xi , Feng Jieling 
Published: June 2019

AbstractEvaluating the economic impacts caused by capital destruction is an effective method for disaster management and prevention, but the magnitude of the economic impact of labor disruption on an economic system remains unclear. This article emphasizes the importance of considering labor disruption when evaluating the economic impact of natural disasters. Based on the principle of disasters and resilience theory, our model integrates nonlinear recovery of labor losses and the demand of labor from outside the disaster area into the dynamic evaluation of the economic impact in the postdisaster recovery period. We exemplify this through a case study: the flood disaster that occurred in Wuhan city, China, on July 6, 2016 (the “7.6 Wuhan flood disaster”). The results indicate that (i) the indirect economic impacts of the “7.6 Wuhan flood disaster” will underestimate 15.12% if we do not consider labor disruption; (ii) the economic impact in secondary industry caused by insufficient labor forces accounts for 42.27% of its total impact, while that in the tertiary industry is 36.29%, which can cause enormous losses if both industries suffer shocks; and (iii) the agricultural sector of Wuhan city experiences an increase in output demand of 0.07% that is created by the introduction of 50,000 short‐term laborers from outside the disaster area to meet the postdisaster reconstruction need. These results provide evidence for the important role of labor disruption and prove that it is a nonnegligible component of postdisaster economic recovery and postdisaster reduction.
Corporate social responsibility, vertical product differentiation and international competition
Authors: Li Jie , Wang Xingtang , Dong Baomin , Yu Eden S. H. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractWould a foreign firm’s consumer‐oriented corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities be rewarded by an importing country’s voluntary tariff reduction? The current paper addresses this question in an import‐competing duopoly model with vertical product differentiation. It is shown that the tariff will decrease if the foreign firm switches from a purely profit‐driven firm to a CSR firm. A consumer‐oriented CSR strategy will always hurt the domestic firm’s profit, whereas the relationship between the foreign firm’s profit and CSR sensitivity (the degree to which a firm cares about consumer welfare) is invertedly U‐shaped. When firms’ decisions to switch to CSR are endogeneized, only the foreign firm will become a CSR firm.
The development of implementation management instruments for a new complex stroke caregiver intervention based on systematic stakeholder and risk analyses
Authors: Krieger Theresia , Boumans Nicolle , Feron Frans , Dorant Elisabeth 
Published: June 2019

BackgroundStakeholders are important contributors in the implementation of a complex public health intervention. During the development phase of an implementation, alongside careful design of its components and investing in the exploration of the dynamic multi‐stakeholder stroke rehabilitation setting, it is essential to assess possible implementation risks. Systematic stakeholder and risk analyses can guide the exploration process and enable teams involved in complex interventions to develop context‐tailored implementation management instruments.PurposeTo develop instruments that facilitate the implementation of the complex stroke caregiver intervention project in the real‐life support system.MethodsSystematic stakeholder and risk analyses were conducted composing five activities. Project stakeholders were identified, classified and assessed using a top‐down approach, while implementation risks were identified and assessed by applying a bottom‐up approach. Data were collected through interviews and focus groups.ResultsBased on the knowledge provided by the stakeholders, two context‐tailored implementation management instruments were designed with a top‐down approach: (1) a comprehensive ‘stakeholder‐risk atlas’ providing individual stakeholder information, such as role, access, contribution, power and interest, expectations, perceived risks and specific engagement activities and (2) an overall ‘project implementation strategy’ concentrating on communication, transparency, network building and professionalism.ConclusionComplex interventions will benefit from early and comprehensive stakeholder and risk analyses. The early involvement of stakeholders, with their insightful knowledge, enables the research team to develop context‐tailored implementation management instruments. Instruments will support the team during implementation and may impact positively on the outcome of the intervention. Knowledge can be obtained by combining top‐down and bottom‐up working approaches.
How mentoring education affects nurse mentors’ competence in mentoring students during clinical practice – A quasi‐experimental study’
Authors: Tuomikoski Anna‐Maria , Ruotsalainen Heidi , Mikkonen Kristina , Miettunen Jouko , Juvonen Sari , Sivonen Pirkko , Kääriäinen Maria 
Published: June 2019

BackgroundMentors need diverse competencies, sources of motivation and characteristics to successfully mentor nursing students and support students’ learning processes. Effective mentoring education can benefit future nursing professionals, students’ satisfaction and learning, as well as the general perception of the nursing profession.ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to evaluate how an educational intervention affects nurse mentors’ competence in mentoring nursing students during clinical practice.DesignA quasi‐experimental study design with pre‐ and post‐tests was used.SettingsEducational interventions were conducted in one university hospital and two central hospitals in Finland between 2013 and 2017. The intervention was conducted twice per year with a duration of 3 months for each group. The inclusion criteria for the participants were as follows: volunteer participation to mentor education employment at the university hospital or central hospitals in Northern Finland.MethodsThe intervention aimed to increase Registered Nurses’ competence in mentoring nursing students. The education lasted 3 months and included online learning as well as three face‐to‐face teaching sessions. A total of 120 nurse mentors completed the Mentor Competence Instrument (MCI), which includes 10 subscales that describe various competence areas, before and after the education.ResultsNurse mentors’ mentoring competence increased across all mentoring competence areas after the educational intervention. More specifically, the participating nurses showed a statistically significant increase in their competence regarding knowledge of mentoring practices in the workplace, student‐centred evaluation, identifying student needs, mentoring practices between mentor and student, supporting students’ learning processes, goal orientation in mentoring and constructive feedback.ConclusionsOn an international level, nurse mentors are not typically required to have completed mentoring education prior to the mentoring of nurse students. Since mentoring education increased nurses’ competence at mentoring nursing students, we recommend that all nurse degree programs include mentoring education to prepare future nurses for the important future role in mentoring.
Healthcare staff's views on the patients' prerequisites to be co‐creator in preventing healthcare‐associated infections
Authors: Berglund Kristiansson Elisabeth , Källman Ulrika 
Published: June 2019

BackgroundEvery year, patients are affected by suffering and death caused by adverse events in connection with health care and the most common adverse events are healthcare‐associated infections (HAI). The Swedish Patient Act from 2015 strengthens the patient's position in health care; however, there is lack of knowledge of how healthcare staff experience the possibilities to make the patient involved in the preventive work of HAI.AimTo describe healthcare professionals' views on the patient's prerequisites to be co‐creator in preventing HAI in connection with hospital care.MethodThis study had a qualitative descriptive design with semi‐structured individual interviews. Qualitative inductive content analysis was used to analyse the transcribed interview data. The study setting was a hospital in Sweden in 2015. Interviews were carried out among six healthcare professionals.ResultsIn the analysis, 5 themes and 14 categories were identified in three different domains: Organisation, Healthcare staff and Patient. The result indicates an obstacle in each domain for the patient to become co‐creator in preventing HAI. In Organisation domain, a lack of organizational structure such as elaborated working methods to involve the patient was pointed out. In the domain Healthcare staff, it showed that the professionals allocate the responsibility of preventing HAI to the patient but only if they had to or if they trusted the patient. In the Patient domain, the result states that the patient was perceived as passive; they did not take own initiatives to get involved.ConclusionThe patient has an important role in successful HAI prevention work and should be considered as an obvious co‐creator. Nevertheless, this study shows that neither organisation nor healthcare staff are sufficiently prepared for this. The organisation must make an anchored, structured and systematic work centred on the patient's needs and give more support both to healthcare professionals and patients.
Facilitating Hope Among the Hopeless: The Role of Ideology and Moral Content in Shaping Reactions to Internal Criticism in the Context of Intractable Conflict
Authors: Elad‐Strenger Julia , Halperin Eran , Saguy Tamar 
Published: June 2019

ObjectiveThis study examines the conditions under which exposure to internal criticism among one's rival in conflict is effective in facilitating more positive views toward the rival.MethodsIn two experiments, Jewish Israelis were exposed to a Palestinian criticizing Palestinians for violations of either “binding” or “individualizing” moral values.ResultsExposure to Palestinian internal criticism increased rightists' hope regarding the conflict and decreased their support for exclusion of Palestinians, particularly when the criticism targeted “binding” (vs. “individualizing”) moral values. Exposure to both types of criticism decreased leftists’ hope regarding the conflict.ConclusionsInternal criticism can facilitate positive views about one's rival in conflict when the target audience holds particularly rigid and negative views about the self‐criticizing group, and particularly when the criticism communicates adherence values that echo those of the target audience. This study critically informs the design of interventions to induce hope and improve intergroup attitudes in intractable conflict.
Complementizer Agreement and the T0‐Φ Parameter in Jordanian Arabic
Authors: Jarrah Marwan 
Published: June 2019

AbstractContra Chomsky (2007, 2008), this paper argues that there is no Φ‐dependency between C0and T0in Jordanian Arabic (JA) grammar. C0and T0are independently endowed withuΦ‐content, something that turns them into active probes, which are shown to not necessarily agree with the same goal. This provides evidence for a proposal where T0and C0have distinctuΦ‐features (Haegeman & van Koppen 2012). The study also shows that C0in JA, unlike T0, may agree with a goal whose structural Case is already valued. We account for this variation following Oxford's (2017) microparametric proposal where the Activity Condition is a property of a particular functional head, rather than a property of the language as a whole. With respect to T0's Φ‐endowment, this study proposes that such endowment is a consequence of setting a positive value of the postulatedT0‐Φ Parameter, which distinguishes languages where T0is endowed with Φ‐features from those where it is not. This accounts for the observation that T0is always inflected for Φ‐agreement in JA, even in situations where C0is not projected.
Characteristics of transfusion‐transmitted Babesia microti, American Red Cross 2010‐2017
Authors: Tonnetti Laura , Townsend Rebecca L. , Dodd Roger Y. , Stramer Susan L. 
Published: June 2019

BACKGROUNDBabesia microti, a red blood cell (RBC) parasite transmitted naturally to vertebrate hosts by ixodid ticks, is endemic to the northeastern and upper midwestern United States, with the geographic range of infected ticks expanding. B. microti is a blood safety issue with >200 transfusion‐transmissions reported.METHODSThe American Red Cross's Hemovigilance program investigated hospital‐reported transfusion‐transmitted babesiosis (TTB) cases. Follow‐up samples from involved donors were tested for B. microti antibodies and parasite DNA, the latter by real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Test‐positive donors were permanently deferred from future donations.RESULTSB. microti‐positive donors were implicated in 77 of 143 suspect TTB cases investigated from 2010 through 2017. In four cases, two positive donors were identified for a total of 81 positive donors. In three cases, a RBC unit was split and components transfused multiple times to the same pediatric recipient. RBCs were the transmitting product in all cases. At follow‐up, all involved donors were antibody positive; 25 donors were also PCR positive. Positive donations were collected throughout the year, peaking in the summer. Most donors (78) were resident of, or traveled to (2), an endemic state. One donor resided in a non‐endemic state without relevant travel history. One fatality listed babesia as a contributing factor. No implicated donation was screened by an investigational protocol.CONCLUSIONSBabesiosis remains a blood safety issue. Prior to FDA‐licensed screening test availability and final FDA Guidance, blood collectors in endemic states investigationally tested none, a portion, or all collections. Future expanded testing will reduce the frequency of TTB cases.
Adjuvant anthracycline‐based vs metronomic chemotherapy vs no medical treatment for dogs with metastatic splenic hemangiosarcoma: A multi‐institutional retrospective study of the Italian Society of Veterinary Oncology
Authors: Marconato Laura , Chalfon Carmit , Finotello Riccardo , Polton Gerry , Vasconi Maria E. , Annoni Maurizio , Stefanello Damiano , Mesto Paola , Capitani Ombretta , Agnoli Chiara , Amati Maria , Sabattini Silvia 
Published: June 2019

AbstractTreatment options for dogs with metastatic (stage III) splenic hemangiosarcoma are limited. A doxorubicin‐based chemotherapy regimen is commonly administered; however, there are no published data to support this practice. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of maximum‐tolerated‐dose chemotherapy (MTD), metronomic chemotherapy (MC) and no adjuvant treatment on outcome in dogs with stage III splenic hemangiosarcoma undergoing splenectomy. Medical records of dogs with stage III splenic hemangiosarcoma that underwent splenectomy followed by MTD chemotherapy, MC or no adjuvant treatment were retrieved. Time to progression (TTP), survival time (ST) and toxicity were evaluated. One hundred three dogs were identified: 23 received adjuvant MTD, 38 MC and 42 were not medically treated. Overall median TTP and ST were 50 (95% confidence interval [CI], 39‐61) and 55 days (95% CI, 43‐66), respectively. Dogs treated with adjuvant MTD had a significantly longer TTP and ST compared with dogs receiving MC (median TTP, 134 vs 52 days, P = .025; median ST, 140 vs 58 days, P = .023, respectively). Dogs treated by splenectomy only had the shortest median TTP (28 days) and ST (40 days). However, treatment‐related adverse events (AEs) were significantly more frequent in the MTD group (P = .017). The outcome for dogs with metastatic splenic hemangiosarcoma is poor. While MTD showed greater efficacy compared to MC, toxicity was higher in this group. Treatment‐related AEs need to be carefully balanced against this modest survival prolongation when offering adjuvant MTD to dogs with advanced stage hemangiosarcoma.
Thermal-Hydraulic Performance Enhancement by the Combination of Rectangular Winglet Pair and V-Shaped Dimples
Authors: Kaur Inderjot , Singh Prashant , Ekkad Srinath V. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This paper presents numerical study on heat transfer enhancement due to the combination of rectangular winglet pair with V-dimples in an array-type arrangement. Array of rectangular winglet pairs results in heat transfer enhancement, however, at a cost of significant pressure drop, resulting in reduced thermal-hydraulic performance (THP). On the other hand, dimples are associated with lower heat transfer enhancement levels at relatively lower pumping power penalty. To this end, a combination of rectangular winglet pair and V-shaped dimples has been studied in this paper, where the arrangements were intended to achieve enhanced thermal-hydraulic performance. Three different configurations, namely, rectangular winglet pair, rectangular winglet pair with one V-dimple between two consecutive winglets, and rectangular winglet pair with two V-dimples packed in a pitch, are studied here. The variation of heat transfer enhancement, pressure drop gain, and THP with respect to winglet-to-winglet (S) spacing variation for rectangular winglet pair and rectangular winglet pair with one V-dimple configuration is presented at a Reynolds number of 25,000. The THP of the rectangular winglet pair configuration decreases up to S/H equal to 2.5 and then increases (H: channel height). For rectangular winglet pair with one V-dimple, three values of winglet-to-dimple (P) spacings are analyzed. For fixed S/H, the highest P/H configuration provided highest heat transfer enhancement and THP. Among the three configurations studied, rectangular winglet pair with two V-dimples resulted in the highest thermal-hydraulic performance.
Condensation and Evaporation Heat Transfer Characteristics of Low Mass Fluxes in Horizontal Smooth Tube and Three-Dimensional Enhanced Tubes
Authors: Ma Xiang , Li Wei , Zhang Chuan-cai , Sun Zhi-chuan , Kukulka David J. , He Yan , Kim Nae-Hyun , Zhang Zhixiao 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
An experimental investigation of condensation and evaporation heat transfer characteristics was performed in 15.88-mm-OD and 12.7-mm-OD smooth and three-dimensional enhanced tubes (1EHT, 3EHT) using R134A and R410A as the working fluid. The enhanced surface of the 1EHT tube is made up of dimples and a series of petal arrays; while the 3EHT tube is made up of rectangular cavities. Evaluations are performed at a saturation temperature of 45 °C, over the quality range of 0.8–0.2 for condensation; while for evaporation the saturation temperature was 6 °C and the quality ranged from 0.2 to 0.8. For condensation, the enhancement ratio (enhanced tube/smooth tube) of the heat transfer coefficients was 1.42–1.95 for the mass flux ranging from 80 to 200 kg/m2s; while for evaporation, the heat transfer enhancement ratio is 1.05–1.42 for values of mass flux that range from 50 to 180 kg/m2s. Furthermore, the 1EHT tube provides the best condensation and evaporation heat transfer performance, for both working fluids at the mass flux considered. This performance is due to the dimples in the enhanced surface that produce interface turbulence; additionally, the increased surface roughness causes additional disturbances and secondary flows near the boundary, producing higher heat fluxes. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the heat transfer enhancement of two enhanced tubes when using R134A and R410A as a function of mass flux, saturation temperature, and tube diameter. As a result of this study, it was determined that the heat transfer coefficient decreases with an increase in saturation temperature and tube diameter.
Hummingbird Study: a study protocol for a multicentre exploratory trial to assess the acceptance and performance of a digital medicine system in adults with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder or first-episode psychosis
Authors: Fowler J Corey , Cope Nathan , Knights Jonathan , Phiri Peter , Makin Andrew , Peters-Strickland Tim , Rathod Shanaya 
Published: June 2019

IntroductionIn patients with schizophrenia, medication adherence is important for relapse prevention, and effective adherence monitoring is essential for treatment planning. A digital medicine system (DMS) has been developed to objectively monitor patient adherence and support clinical decision making regarding treatment choices. This study assesses the acceptance and performance of the DMS in adults with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder or first-episode psychosis and in healthcare professionals (HCPs).Methods/AnalysisThis is a multicentre, 8-week, single-arm, open-label pragmatic trial designed using coproduction methodology. The study will be conducted at five National Health Service Foundation Trusts in the UK. Patients 18–65 years old with a diagnosis of schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder or first-episode psychosis will be eligible. HCPs (psychiatrists, care coordinators, nurses, pharmacists), researchers, information governance personnel, clinical commissioning groups and patients participated in the study design and coproduction. Intervention employed will be the DMS, an integrated system comprising an oral sensor tablet coencapsulated with an antipsychotic, non-medicated wearable patch, mobile application (app) and web-based dashboard. The coencapsulation product contains aripiprazole, olanzapine, quetiapine or risperidone, as prescribed by the HCP, with a miniature ingestible event marker (IEM) in tablet. On ingestion, the IEM transmits a signal to the patch, which collects ingestion and physical activity data for processing on the patient’s smartphone or tablet before transmission to a cloud-based server for viewing by patients, caregivers and HCPs on secure web portals or mobile apps.Ethics and disseminationApproval was granted by London - City and East Research Ethics Committee (REC ref no 18/LO/0128), and clinical trial authorisation was provided by the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Written informed consent will be obtained from every participant. The trial will be compliant with the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use guidelines and the Declaration of Helsinki.Trial registration numberNCT03568500; EudraCT2017-004602-17; Pre-results.