bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Red Britain
Authors: Taunton Matthew 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Red Britain provocatively situates the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 as the most definitive pretext for the cultural and political debates of the British mid-century. Drawing on new archival research and historical scholarship to investigate British responses to Soviet politics and culture, Taunton describes their conceptual, discursive, and formal reverberations in British literature and culture. The book provides new insight into writers including Arthur Koestler, Doris Lessing, George Orwell, Dorothy Richardson, H. G Wells, and Raymond Williams, as well as a diverse cast of lesser-known writers, intellectuals, journalists, and visitors to the Soviet Union. As Taunton shows, the cultural resonances of the Russian Revolution are more far-reaching and various than has been acknowledged. Each of the five chapters of Red Britain takes as its subject one particular problem or debate, and explores the ways in which it was politicized as a result of the Russian Revolution and the subsequent development of the Soviet state. The chapters focus on the idea of the future; numbers and arithmetic; law and justice; debates around agriculture and landowning; and finally orality, literacy, and religion. In all of these spheres, Red Britain explores how political ideas formed in the Bolshevik revolution—futurist, utilitarian, literate, urban, statist, and economistic—clashed with and sometimes redirected, and were sometimes overwritten by, the medievalist, romantic, oral, pastoral, anarchic, and ethical emphases of English socialism.
Two and Two Make Five
Authors: Taunton Matthew 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The Bolshevik Revolution induced British writers to rethink the politics of number, and this chapter considers the significance of the marked preponderance of numbers, equations, and arithmetic in discussions of the Russian Revolution and the Soviet State. It explores the obsessive use of statistics by the Soviet Union and its British defenders, as a utilitarian form of socialism came to dominate left-wing discussions of politics. The chapter theorizes a ‘Romantic anti-Communism’ that opposed itself to such calculations, and often to the principle of quantitative equality. The chapter also explores—partly via the equation ‘two and two make five’ (featured Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four, but also in other texts that mediate the relationship between Russian and British socialism)—how the seemingly timeless propositions of mathematics were up for grabs in the debates around Marxist science and dialectical materialism. Writers covered include Orwell, Arthur Koestler, and Bertrand Russell.
Conclusion
Authors: Taunton Matthew 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The conclusion assesses the contribution of Red Britain to the study of twentieth-century literature and politics. It touches on questions of periodization, assessing the usefulness of terms such as ‘late modernism’, the ‘long 1930s’, and ‘mid-century’ in light of the book’s arguments. In particular, it is argued here that Red Britain resists a still dominant narrative of the ‘Red Decade’, which sees the politicized writing of the Auden gang as a temporary and embarrassing blip, in which the energies released by the Russian Revolution could be cordoned off and dismissed as the youthful enthusiasm of a few upper-middle-class, Oxbridge poets. The cultural effects of the Russian Revolution run deeper and wider, as the preceding chapters have shown. The conclusion then reflects on some methodological questions, arguing that Red Britain represents a decisive move away from a Marxist aetiology of culture, while also acknowledging a debt to the New Left, and to Raymond Williams in particular.
Introduction
Authors: Sadurski Wojciech , Sevel Michael , Walton Kevin 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This introduction identifies some themes of the collection and indicates the content of each chapter. It starts by pointing out that every contribution is concerned, even if only implicitly, with the nature of legitimacy. It then notes some aspects of this general issue discussed by the contributors and mentions two theorists whose work on legitimacy has been especially influential. The introduction ends with brief descriptions of each of the chapters. Those in Part One are concerned directly with the nature of legitimacy. Those in Part Two consider the legitimacy of the state. The chapters in Part Three examine legitimacy beyond the state.
The Future of State Sovereignty
Authors: Raz Joseph 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter is the first of four to focus on the legitimacy of the state. It starts with a question: Do increasing challenges to state sovereignty require legal theory to be re-thought? The chapter observes that, despite these increasing challenges, state sovereignty persists, since no alternative is available. It then argues that the success of the assortment of international organizations that challenge state sovereignty depends on their ability to attract loyalty, which depends, in turn, on their ability to recognize the truth of pluralism and respond to diverse interests, preferences, and traditions. It also suggests that perhaps such value-pluralism is best protected by sovereign states.
The Rule of Law and State Legitimacy
Authors: Krygier Martin 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter, on the rule of law and state legitimacy, begins by pointing out that how the rule of law contributes to state legitimacy turns on how the rule of law is understood. It recommends looking first to the point of the rule of law, which is, it suggests, to temper the arbitrary exercise of power. The chapter suggests that such tempering is something without which a state cannot be legitimate. It then insists that the rule of law does not depend simply on the formal rules and procedures of states, but also on the actual and the perceived functioning of those rules and procedures, on tempering both state and non-state arbitrariness, and on being effective.
Who’s Afraid of Suprastate Constitutional Theory?
Authors: Amhlaigh Cormac Mac 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter is a reply to critics of attempts to ground the legitimacy of suprastate institutions in constitutionalism. More specifically, it responds to the objection that suprastate constitutionalism is idealistic due to the improbability of a demos beyond the state. Two points are made: first, the objection relies on a normative understanding of the idea of a demos that is itself potentially idealistic and, second, the objection assumes that idealism in normative theory is problematic, which might be doubted. The chapter concludes that we should be more sanguine about the contribution that constitutionalism in all its forms can make to addressing the challenges of legitimacy faced by contemporary suprastate law and governance.
Editors’ Introduction
Authors: Tallgren Immi , Skouteris Thomas 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The introductory chapter to the volume serves four functions. First, it explains the motivations and sensibility of this collective work (Section:‘Intrigue’), with emphasis on the need to re-evaluate the received historiographical tradition of international criminal law. Second, it situates the project in the context of the current debates in international criminal law, international legal history and theory, and critique at large (Section:‘Context’). Third, it outlines the primary editorial objectives and the proposed mode of critique: to bring to the fore the structure and function of contemporary histories of international criminal law, to take issue with the consequences of these histories, and to call for their demystification (Section: ‘Objectives’). Finally, it discerns, post-hoc, the registers and thematics on the basis of which the essays retry the history of international criminal law (Section: ‘The Essays’).
From the Sentimental Story of the State to the Verbrecherstaat, Or, the Rise of the Atrocity Paradigm
Authors: Douglas Lawrence 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
By the terms of the ‘sentimental story of the state’ fashioned by thinkers such as Hobbes, the state represented the greatest bulwark against the disordering effects of violence, and C4.P2obedience to the law represented the supreme virtue of the pacified citizenry. Nazi Germany fundamentally upset the sentimental story; in the parlance of Karl Jaspers, Nazi Germany was a Verbrecherstaat, a criminal state. The Nuremberg trial treated aggression as the paradigmatic crime of the criminal state; subsequent developments in international criminal law view acts of atrocity—crimes against humanity, genocide, and war crimes—as the paradigmatic state crimes. In this chapter, it is argued that this shift—from treating aggression to treating acts of atrocity as the paradigmatic state-sponsored crimes—has unsettled basic legal categories, such as the criminal/enemy dyad and the distinction between policing and war-making. The unsettling of these categories leaves, the chapter argues, international criminal law in a vexed state.
‘Voglio una donna!’: On Rewriting the History of International Criminal Justice with the Help of Women Who Perpetrated International Crimes
Authors: Tallgren Immi 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
In histories of international criminal law, perpetrators of crimes are represented almost exclusively as men. Historiography, criminology, gender studies, and legal studies offer differing views on whether women perpetrators are actually so very few or merely excluded from accounts. This chapter analyses the quest of rectifying the absence (or exclusion) of women by a retroactive ‘search’ and inclusion of women perpetrators. It starts by discussing the discursive practices of ‘becoming’ a perpetrator and the tropes of histories featuring a woman accused of an ‘international crime’. Far from innocuous, various stereotypes of women are instrumental for either obscuring or elucidating women’s role as perpetrators in court practice as well as in ‘academic’ and ‘popular’ histories, serving gendered and racialized ideological discourses which also inform nations and nationalisms. To conclude, the chapter advances an intuitive explanation for the derivative histories of perpetrators, whilst pointing out the possibility of another kind of histories.
Writing More Inclusive Histories of International Criminal Law
Authors: Haslam Emily 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Historical master-narratives of international criminal law rest on a series of exclusions. Although there is growing recognition of the need to develop more inclusive histories of international criminal law, fundamental questions remain about the politics, methods, and agents of inclusion. This contribution explores some of the challenges of writing more inclusive international criminal legal histories and highlights some of the different registers within which questions of inclusion play out by reference to scholarship on the transatlantic slave trade and slavery. This rich literature provides an opportunity for reflecting on the dilemmas of more inclusive history writing in a cross-cultural racialized context. These challenges apply not just to the past. Scholarship on the slave trade, which has grappled with questions of agency, voice, and empathy, incites a challenge to the representation of victims in international criminal law today.
Nazi Atrocities, International Criminal Law, and Soviet War Crimes Trials
Authors: Exeler Franziska 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter analyses the Soviet Union’s role in the global moment of post-Second World War justice. It examines the extent to which Moscow’s participation at the International Military Tribunal in Nuremberg, its war crimes trials of Axis soldiers, and its treason (or collaboration) trials of Soviet citizens were linked, but also when and why these different-level processes remained separate. Although the Soviet side made productive contributions to the history of international criminal law, its war crimes and treason trials continued to lack basic rule of law. In one crucial respect, though, the Soviet trials of Axis soldiers were distinct from Soviet prewar show trials. The difference lay in fabricated or imagined versus actual and visible acts, and in the extent to which almost everyone in occupied territory had suffered under the Germans. This, in turn, not only affected public perception of the trials, it also accounted for differences within illiberal justice.
Theodor Meron and the Humanization of International Law
Authors: Peltonen Aleksi 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The chapter explores legal life-writing as a method of history within the context of international criminal law. It offers a biographical sketch of Theodor Meron and discusses some of his major works and especially his humanization thesis in light of the structural changes that occurred in the international legal order after the end of the Cold War. This account serves a triple function. The first is to draw a linkage between Meron’s scholarly works and certain developments in international criminal law. The second is to offer a critical perspective on the humanization thesis. The third is to ask questions about human agency, structural constraints, and historical causality in a self-reflective manner. Thus apart from being a work of legal life-writing in itself, the chapter simultaneously seeks to highlight the strengths and weaknesses of this form of history.
Poverty
Authors: Drèze Jean 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses various aspects of poverty measurement in India, from a practical point of view. It argues against the official practice of “BPL targeting”, whereby social programmes are aimed at households below the poverty line. India's poverty line is really a destitution line, there is no simple way of identifying those who are below it, and BPL targeting is also divisive. The poverty line is best treated as a statistical benchmark for purposes of making poverty comparisons rather than as an eligibility criterion for social benefits. The chapter also includes an essay on social security pensions for widows, the elderly, and disabled persons. Recent evidence suggests that pension schemes in India are doing relatively well—there is a strong case for expanding their coverage, as well as for raising the pension amounts.
Top-up
Authors: Drèze Jean 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter covers a range of issues that do not fit in earlier chapters. These include urban poverty, universal basic income, the Gujarat model, electoral politics, India's bullet train, the economics of corruption, the aberrations of the caste system, and India's disastrous experience with demonetisation in late 2016. The book concludes with an extended essay on “Development and Public‐spiritedness”. This essay takes issue with the notion, common in economics, that people generally act out of self‐interest. This assumption has no theoretical or empirical basis. Public‐spiritedness, in the sense of a reasoned habit of consideration for the public interest, is a common feature of social life. Expanding the scope of public‐spiritedness is an important aspect of social development.
Knowing and Seeing
Authors: Ayers Michael 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Knowing and Seeing explores the insight behind the distinction of kind between knowledge and belief drawn by most philosophers from Plato to Locke. Judging that S is P (with or without good reason) is distinguished from seeing that S is P (when reasons are unnecessary), having evidence that S is P from its being immediately evident that S is P. After a historical account of the rise and fall of the distinction, a detailed, careful phenomenological analysis of perceptual experience, consonant with recent empirical psychology, suggests that a distinction is indeed needed at the traditional place, on broadly traditional grounds, if not between ‘knowledge’ and ‘belief’ then between what are here called primary and secondary knowledge. Primary knowledge is immediate awareness or grasp of reality or truth, and consciously so. The explanation given of these features is contrasted with McDowell’s conceptualist, rationalistic explanation. Part I ends with the traditional question, approached through an examination of ordinary language, whether knowledge and belief have different objects—for example, do nominalized sentences of the form ‘that S is P’ refer to the same kind of entity after ‘believe’, ‘know’, and ‘see’? Employing the results of Part I, Part II is a sustained critique of sceptical argument and its current ‘methodological’ use in philosophy, in particular by ‘externalists’, ‘fallibilists’, ‘contextualists’, and ‘reliabilists’. The relationship between ascriptions of knowledge and judgements of certainty, probability and fallibility is analysed, and a particular understanding of ‘defeasibility’ is defended. The thesis of ‘disjunctivism’ is assessed.
Oil and the Great Powers
Authors: Toprani Anand 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
During the first half of the twentieth century, a lack of oil constrained Britain and Germany from exerting their economic and military power independently. Having fought World War I with oil imported from the United States, Britain was determined to avoid relying upon another great power for its energy needs ever again. Even before the war had ended, Whitehall began implementing a strategy of developing alternative sources of oil under British control. Britain’s key supplier would be the Middle East—already a region of vital importance to the British Empire, but one whose oil potential was still unproven. There turned out to be plenty of oil in the Middle East, but Italian hostility after 1935 threatened British transit through the Mediterranean. As war loomed in 1939, Britain’s quest for independence from the United States was a failure. Germany was in an even worse position than Britain. The Third Reich went to war dependent on petroleum synthesized from coal, meager domestic crude oil production, and overland imports—primarily from Romania. German leaders were confident, however, that they had sufficient oil to fight a series of short, localized campaigns that would deliver to them the mastery of Europe. Their plan derailed following Germany’s swift victory over France, when Britain refused to make peace. This left Germany responsible for satisfying Europe’s oil requirements while cut off from world markets. A looming energy crisis in Axis Europe, an absence of strategic alternatives, and ideological imperatives all compelled Germany to invade the Soviet Union in 1941—a decision that ultimately sealed its fate.
The Years of Complacency
Authors: Toprani Anand 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter begins with a discussion of Britain’s efforts to monopolize the development of imperial oil reserves and stockpile naval oil reserves. It then shifts to Iraq, which (along with Iran) was one of the centerpieces of Britain’s oil strategy in the Middle East, before examining the failure of British efforts to bring Shell under the control of British nationals. It also discusses the formation of the Oil Board of the Committee of Imperial Defence, which was responsible for assessing Britain’s wartime oil position. The Oil Board identified the key obstacle confronting Britain—a shortage of tankers to move oil from the Middle East. Finally, it contrasts Britain’s ambiguous record in the Middle East with that of Venezuela, which by the early 1930s was becoming Britain’s most important oil supplier.
The Reality of Dependence
Authors: Toprani Anand 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter and the one that follows demonstrate how and why Britain’s strategy of energy independence failed. The initial threat came from anticolonial nationalism, initially in Iran and then in Mexico. Britain weathered both crises but emerged with a false sense of security. The second and most challenging threat came from the fascist states, particularly Italy following the Abyssinian crisis of 1935–6. Although Italian hostility would jeopardize Britain’s plan to achieve energy independence by exploiting the Middle East, British officials paid little or no attention to the Italian threat to their energy lifelines when considering whether to support League of Nations sanctions against Italy for its aggression against Abyssinia. Compounding the Italian problem was U.S. isolationism via the Neutrality Acts, which complicated British logistics by forcing Britain to import oil from the United States on British tankers and pay for it using scarce foreign exchange.
From Crisis to Opportunity
Authors: Toprani Anand 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter offers a reassessment of Germany’s oil strategy during World War II. Fuel consumption during Germany’s early campaigns (1939–40) was lower than expected, but the swift victory over France left the Third Reich in a quandary. Before the war, Europe had imported two-thirds of its petroleum consumption. Germany’s prewar efforts had only aimed to make it self-sufficient—the Third Reich could not hope, however, to replace the supplies other European nations had imported from overseas. German planners concluded that unless Germany took control of the oil resources of either the Soviet Union or the Middle East, fuel shortages would soon derail the entire war effort. This looming energy crisis in Europe strengthened Hitler’s ideological and strategic conviction that Germany should risk a two-front war in 1941 by attacking the Soviet Union before the United States could intervene.
Pocket Maps and Public Poetry in the English Renaissance
Authors: Lecky Katarzyna 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
If maps are instruments of power, then it matters that in Renaissance Britain they were often found in the pockets of ordinary people. Pocket Maps and Public Poetry in the English Renaissance demonstrates how early modern British poets paid by the state adapted inclusive modes of nationhood charted by inexpensive, small-format maps. It places chapbooks (“cheapbooks”) by Edmund Spenser, Samuel Daniel, Ben Jonson, William Davenant, and John Milton into conversation with the portable cartography circulating in the same retail print industry. Domestic pocket maps were designed for heavy use by a broad readership that included those on the fringes of literacy. The era’s de facto laureates all banked their success as writers appealing to this burgeoning market share by drawing the nation as the property of the commonwealth rather than the Crown. This book investigates the accessible world of small-format cartography as it emerges in the texts of the poets raised in the expansive public sphere in which pocket maps flourished. It works at the intersections of space, place, and national identity to reveal the geographical imaginary shaping the flourishing business of cheap print. Its placement of poetic economies within mainstream systems of trade also demonstrates how cartography and poetry worked together to mobilize average consumers as political agents. This everyday form of geographic poiesis was also a strong platform for poets writing for monarchs and magistrates when their visions of the nation ran counter to the interests of the government.