bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Does corporate social responsibility affect the cost of equity in controversial industry sectors?
Authors: Hmaittane Abdelmajid , Bouslah Kais , M’Zali Bouchra 
Published: July 2019

Purpose
This paper aims to examine whether corporate social responsibility influences the cost of equity capital of firms operating in controversial industry sectors.

Design/methodology/approach
This paper computes the ex-ante cost of equity capital implied in analyst earnings forecasts and stock prices for a sample of 2,006 US firm-year observations belonging to controversial industry sectors (alcohol, tobacco, gambling, military, firearms, nuclear power, oil and gas, cement and biotechnology) during the period 1991-2012. The baseline regression model links CSR score to the implied cost of equity capital (ICC) and controls for firm-specific characteristics, industry factors and economic or market-wide factors. This model enables to capture the differential effect of CSR on ICC when the firm belongs to a specific sector of the controversial industries by adding an interaction term between CSR and the dummy variable representing this belonging.

Findings
The findings show two main results. First, CSR engagement significantly reduces the implied cost of equity capital (ICC) in all controversial industry sectors, taken as a group, as well as in each one of these sectors individually. Second, this effect is more pronounced when the firm belongs to the alcohol and tobacco industry sectors.

Practical implications
The findings have two important practical implications. First, they should increase managers’ confidence and incentives, in controversial industry sectors, to pursue CSR activities. Second, policymakers can encourage managers to undertake CSR initiatives in controversial industry sectors through tax incentives (e.g. reduce taxes for CSR related investment projects).

Originality/value
This paper extends prior studies that investigate the perceptions of capital market participants of firm’s CSR commitment (Sharfman and Fernando, 2008; Goss and Roberts, 2011; El Ghoul et al., 2011; Jo and Na, 2012; Bouslah et al., 2013) by examining the effect of CSR on ICC in the controversial industry sectors. It contributes to the debate around the relevance of CSR in controversial sectors by providing evidence of the reduction effect of CSR activities on ICC in controversial industries and by showing that this reduction impact is more pronounced when the firm belongs to alcohol, tobacco industry sectors.
Industrial bees: The impact of apicultural intensification on local disease prevalence
Authors: Bartlett Lewis J. , Rozins Carly , Brosi Berry J. , Delaplane Keith S. , de Roode Jacobus C. , White Andrew , Wilfert Lena , Boots Michael 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

It is generally thought that the intensification of farming will result in higher disease prevalences, although there is little specific modelling testing this idea. Focussing on honeybees, we build multi‐colony models to inform how “apicultural intensification” is predicted to impact honeybee pathogen epidemiology at the apiary scale.

We used both agent‐based and analytical models to show that three linked aspects of apicultural intensification (increased population sizes, changes in population network structure and increased between‐colony transmission) are unlikely to greatly increase disease prevalence in apiaries. Principally this is because even low‐intensity apiculture exhibits high disease prevalence.

The greatest impacts of apicultural intensification are found for diseases with relatively low R0 (basic reproduction number), however, such diseases cause little overall disease prevalence and, therefore, the impacts of intensification are minor. Furthermore, the smallest impacts of intensification are for diseases with high R0 values, which we argue are typical of important honeybee diseases.

Policy Implications: Our findings contradict the idea that apicultural intensification by crowding honeybee colonies in large, dense apiaries leads to notably higher disease prevalences for established honeybee pathogens. More broadly, our work demonstrates the need for informative models of all agricultural systems and management practices in order to understand the implications of management changes on diseases.
Setting ecological expectations for adaptive management of marine protected areas
Authors: Nickols Kerry J. , White J. Wilson , Malone Dan , Carr Mark H. , Starr Richard M. , Baskett Marissa L. , Hastings Alan , Botsford Louis W. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are being implemented worldwide, yet there are few cases where managers make specific predictions of the response of previously harvested populations to MPA implementation.

Such predictions are needed to evaluate whether MPAs are working as expected, and if not, why. This evaluation is necessary to perform adaptive management, identifying whether and when adjustments to management might be necessary to achieve MPA goals.

Using monitoring data and population models, we quantified expected responses of targeted species to MPA implementation and compared them to monitoring data.

The model required two factors to explain observed responses in MPAs: (a) pre‐MPA harvest rates, which can vary at local spatial scales, and (b) recruitment variability before and after MPA establishment. Low recruitment years before MPA establishment in our study system drove deviations from expected equilibrium population size distributions and introduced an additional time lag to response detectability.

Synthesis and applications. We combined monitoring data and population models to show how (a) harvest rates prior to Marine Protected Area (MPA) implementation, (b) variability in recruitment, and (c) initial population size structure determine whether a response to MPA establishment is detectable. Pre‐MPA harvest rates across MPAs plays a large role in MPA response detectability, demonstrating the importance of measuring this poorly known parameter. While an intuitive expectation is for response detectability to depend on recruitment variability and stochasticity in population trajectories after MPA establishment, we address the overlooked role of recruitment variability before MPA establishment, which alters the size structure at the time of MPA establishment. These factors provide MPA practitioners with reasons whether or not MPAs may lead to responses of targeted species. Our overall approach provides a framework for a critical step of adaptive management.
Multi‐omic analyses of exogenous nutrient bag decomposition by the black morel Morchella importuna reveal sustained carbon acquisition and transferring
Authors: Tan Hao , Kohler Annegret , Miao Renyun , Liu Tianhai , Zhang Qiang , Zhang Bo , Jiang Lin , Wang Yong , Xie Liyuan , Tang Jie , Li Xiaolin , Liu Lixu , Grigoriev Igor V. , Daum Chris , LaButti Kurt , Lipzen Anna , Kuo Alan , Morin Emmanuelle , Drula Elodie , Henrissat Bernard , Wang Bo , Huang Zhongqian , Gan Bingcheng , Peng Weihong , Martin Francis M. 
Published: July 2019

SummaryThe black morel (Morchella importuna Kuo, O'Donnell and Volk) was once an uncultivable wild mushroom, until the development of exogenous nutrient bag (ENB), making its agricultural production quite feasible and stable. To date, how the nutritional acquisition of the morel mycelium is fulfilled to trigger its fruiting remains unknown. To investigate the mechanisms involved in ENB decomposition, the genome of a cultivable morel strain (M. importuna SCYDJ1‐A1) was sequenced and the genes coding for the decay apparatus were identified. Expression of the encoded carbohydrate‐active enzymes (CAZymes) was then analyzed by metatranscriptomics and metaproteomics in combination with biochemical assays. The results show that a diverse set of hydrolytic and redox CAZymes secreted by the morel mycelium is the main force driving the substrate decomposition. Plant polysaccharides such as starch and cellulose present in ENB substrate (wheat grains plus rice husks) were rapidly degraded, whereas triglycerides were accumulated initially and consumed later. ENB decomposition led to a rapid increase in the organic carbon content in the surface soil of the mushroom bed, which was thereafter consumed during morel fruiting. In contrast to the high carbon consumption, no significant acquisition of nitrogen was observed. Our findings contribute to an increasingly detailed portrait of molecular features triggering morel fruiting.
Chitin synthase is involved in vegetative growth, asexual reproduction and pathogenesis of Phytophthora capsici and Phytophthora sojae
Authors: Cheng Wei , Lin Menglan , Qiu Min , Kong Liang , Xu Yuanpeng , Li Yaning , Wang Yan , Ye Wenwu , Dong Suomeng , He Shuilin , Wang Yuanchao 
Published: July 2019

SummaryChitin is a structural and functional component of the fungal cell wall and also serves as a pathogen‐associated molecular pattern (PAMP) that triggers the innate immune responses of host plants. However, no or very little chitin is found in the fungus‐like oomycetes. In Phytophthora spp., the presence of chitin has not been demonstrated so far, although putative chitin synthase (CHS) genes, which encode the enzymes that synthesize chitin, are present in their genomes. Here, we revealed that chitin is present in the zoospores and released sporangia of Phytophthora, and this is most consistent with the transcriptional pattern of PcCHS in Phytophthora capsici and PsCHS1 in Phytophthora sojae. Disruption of the CHS genes indicated that PcCHS and PsCHS1, but not PsCHS2 (which exhibited very weak transcription), have similar functions involved in mycelial growth, sporangial production, zoospore release and the pathogenesis of P. capsici and P. sojae. We also suggest that chitin in the zoospores of P. capsici can act as a PAMP that is recognized by the chitin receptors AtLYK5 or AtCERK1 of Arabidopsis. These results provide new insights into the biological significance of chitin and CHSs in Phytophthora and help with the identification of potential targets for disease control.
Comparative genomics reveals complex natural product biosynthesis capacities and carbon metabolism across host‐associated and free‐living Aquimarina (Bacteroidetes, Flavobacteriaceae) species
Authors: Silva Sandra G. , Blom Jochen , Keller‐Costa Tina , Costa Rodrigo 
Published: July 2019

SummaryThis study determines the natural product biosynthesis and full coding potential within the bacterial genus Aquimarina. Using comprehensive phylogenomics and functional genomics, we reveal that phylogeny instead of isolation source [host‐associated (HA) vs. free‐living (FL) habitats] primarily shape the inferred metabolism of Aquimarina species. These can be coherently organized into three major functional clusters, each presenting distinct natural product biosynthesis profiles suggesting that evolutionary trajectories strongly underpin their secondary metabolite repertoire and presumed bioactivities. Aquimarina spp. are highly versatile bacteria equipped to colonize HA and FL microniches, eventually displaying opportunistic behaviour, owing to their shared ability to produce multiple glycoside hydrolases from diverse families. We furthermore uncover previously underestimated, and highly complex secondary metabolism for the genus by detecting 928 biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) across all genomes, grouped in 439 BGC families, with polyketide synthases (PKSs), terpene synthases and non‐ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) ranking as the most frequent BGCs encoding drug‐like candidates. We demonstrate that the recently described cuniculene (trans‐AT PKS) BGC is conserved among, and specific to, the here delineated A. megaterium‐macrocephali‐atlantica phylogenomic clade. Our findings provide a timely and in‐depth perspective of an under‐explored yet emerging keystone taxon in the cycling of organic matter and secondary metabolite production in marine ecosystems.
Implementation evaluation of academic detailing on naloxone prescribing trends at the United States Veterans Health Administration
Authors: Bounthavong Mark , Devine Emily Beth , Christopher Melissa L. D. , Harvey Michael A. , Veenstra David L. , Basu Anirban 
Published: July 2019

AbstractObjectiveAcademic detailing in partnership with the Opioid Overdose Education and Naloxone Distribution (OEND) program was implemented to increase naloxone access for the prevention of opioid overdose mortality in veterans at the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). However, implementation was not uniform leading to varying levels of intervention exposure potentially impacting naloxone prescribing. We examined the impact of implementation strength (proportion of providers exposed to academic detailing) at each station on naloxone prescribing from September 2014 to December 2017.Study Design and SettingRetrospective cohort design with fixed effects models at the VA.Data Collection/Extraction MethodsWe used VA Corporate Data Warehouse for data on pharmacy dispensing, station‐, provider‐ and patient‐level characteristics. OEND‐specific academic detailing activities came from data recorded by academic detailers using Salesforce.com.Principal FindingsVA stations wherein 100 percent of providers exposed to an OEND‐related academic detailing educational outreach visit experienced an increased incident rate of naloxone prescribing that was 5.52 times the incident rate of stations where no providers were exposed; alternatively, this is equivalent to an average monthly increase of 2.60 naloxone prescriptions per 1000 population at risk for opioid overdose.ConclusionsOur findings highlight the importance of academic detailing's implementation strength on naloxone prescribing. Decision makers must carefully consider the implementation process to achieve the greatest effectiveness from the intervention.
Trade effects of geographical indication policy: The EU case
Authors: Raimondi Valentina , Falco Chiara , Curzi Daniele , Olper Alessandro 
Published: July 2019

AbstractUsing a new detailed dataset on country‐product information on European Union (EU) Geographical Indications (GIs), we study the impact of this food quality policy on trade margins over the 1996–2014 period. We consider the effect of GIs on both intra‐ and extra‐EU trade margins (extensive and intensive), as well as on export (and import) unit values. Our main results show that GIs affect trade flows differently depending on whether GIs are produced by the exporter or importer country. The presence of GIs in the exporter country systematically exerts a positive trade effect on both the extensive and intensive trade margin. When registered only in the importer country, GIs seem to act weakly as a trade‐reducing measure, at least at the intensive trade margin. In addition, GIs positively affect export prices, consistent with the idea that GI products are perceived by consumers as higher quality goods. Importantly, extra‐EU trade margins react similarly to those on intra‐EU trade. These results have clear and interesting implications concerning the EU strategy of promoting the protection of GIs worldwide.
Profitability and Efficiency of High Nature Value Marginal Farming in England
Authors: Vigani Mauro , Dwyer Janet 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe UK Brexit vote triggered a new wave of policy developments for a future outside the EU. In this context, we analyse the business performance of English hill and upland farms, characterised by marginal economic conditions but also high nature value (HNV). The analysis aims to help identify farm‐level management and policy options for greater economic, environmental and social sustainability. Business performance is measured as technical efficiency and the occurrence and persistence of abnormal profits, estimated through stochastic frontier analysis and static and dynamic panel‐data methods. The results help indicate rationales for recent trends including farm enlargement, farm family diversification, and agri‐environment scheme entry. The single farm payment is found to be negatively associated with farm technical efficiency while agri‐environmental subsidies were positively associated to short‐term farm profitability. Farm adaptation and resilience during a period of likely turbulence in external circumstances is discussed in light of these findings, as well as potential parallels with marginal HNV areas across Europe.
Adverse Reactions to Wheat or Wheat Components
Authors: Brouns Fred , van Rooy Gonny , Shewry Peter , Rustgi Sachin , Jonkers Daisy 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWheat is an important staple food globally, providing a significant contribution to daily energy, fiber, and micronutrient intake. Observational evidence for health impacts of consuming more whole grains, among which wheat is a major contributor, points to significant risk reduction for diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and colon cancer. However, specific wheat components may also elicit adverse physical reactions in susceptible individuals such as celiac disease (CD) and wheat allergy (WA). Recently, broad coverage in the popular and social media has suggested that wheat consumption leads to a wide range of adverse health effects. This has motivated many consumers to avoid or reduce their consumption of foods that contain wheat/gluten, despite the absence of diagnosed CD or WA, raising questions about underlying mechanisms and possible nocebo effects. However, recent studies did show that some individuals may suffer from adverse reactions in absence of CD and WA. This condition is called non‐celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) or non‐celiac wheat sensitivity (NCWS). In addition to gluten, wheat and derived products contain many other components which may trigger symptoms, including inhibitors of α‐amylase and trypsin (ATIs), lectins, and rapidly fermentable carbohydrates (FODMAPs). Furthermore, the way in which foods are being processed, such as the use of yeast or sourdough fermentation, fermentation time and baking conditions, may also affect the presence and bioactivity of these components. The present review systematically describes the characteristics of wheat‐related intolerances, including their etiology, prevalence, the components responsible, diagnosis, and strategies to reduce adverse reactions.
Inhibition Mechanism of Catechin, Resveratrol, Butylated Hydroxylanisole, and Tert‐Butylhydroquinone on Carboxymethyl 1,2‐Dipalmitoyl‐sn‐Glycero‐3‐Phosphatidylethanolamine Formation
Authors: Han Lipeng , Lin Qingna , Liu Guoqin , Han Dongxue , Niu Li , Su Dongxiao 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIt is important to inhibit the food‐derived, potentially hazardous chemical glycated lipids by natural products. A model system was established and the products are identified to study the inhibitory mechanism of four types of catechin, resveratrol (RES), and the synthetic antioxidants butylated hydroxylanisole (BHA) and tert‐butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) on the formation of carboxymethyl 1,2‐dipalmitoyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphatidylethanolamine (CM‐DPPE) by determining hydroxyl radical (OH·), Amadori‐1,2‐dipalmitoyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphatidylethanolamine (Amadori‐DPPE) and glyoxal (GO). The results show that the inhibitory rates of catechin and RES on the content of CM‐DPPE in the model system are higher than those of BHA and TBHQ. There are at least two inhibitory mechanisms of antioxidants on CM‐DPPE. (1) Antioxidants scavenge OH·, which blocks the process of Amadori‐DPPE oxidation to form CM‐DPPE. (2) Antioxidants trap GO, which blocks the reaction between GO and DPPE to form CM‐DPPE. This research will reveal the inhibitory mechanisms of natural antioxidants on glycated lipids from the aspect of scavenging OH· and trapping GO.Practical ApplicationFood manufacturers should pay attention on the production of glycated lipids in food processing. This study will provide the theoretical basis for the use of natural products to inhibit the formation of food‐derived glycated lipids. Natural products, such as catechin and resveratrol, can substitute chemical synthesis antioxidants, such as butylated hydroxylanisole and tert‐butylhydroquinone, in food processing, which inhibit the formation of glycated lipids.
Grade Identification of Tieguanyin Tea Using Fluorescence Hyperspectra and Different Statistical Algorithms
Authors: Li Yating , Sun Jun , Wu Xiaohong , Lu Bing , Wu Minmin , Dai Chunxia 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIn order to rapidly and nondestructively identify tea grades, fluorescence hyperspectral imaging (FHSI) technology was proposed in this paper. A total of 309 Tieguanyin tea samples with three different grades were collected and the fluorescence hyperspectral data was acquired by hyperspectrometer (400 to 1000 nm). The characteristic wavelengths were respectively selected by Bootstrapping Soft Shrinkage (BOSS), Variable Iterative Space Shrinkage Approach (VISSA) and Model Adaptive Space Shrinkage (MASS) algorithms. Then, Support Vector Machine (SVM) was applied to establishing the relationship between the characteristic peaks, the full spectra, three characteristic spectra and the labels of tea grades. The results showed that VISSA‐SVM model had the best classification performance, but the model precision can still be improved. Thus, Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) algorithm was introduced to optimize the parameters of SVM model. The accuracy and Kappa coefficient of test set of VISSA‐ABC‐SVM model were improved to 97.436% and 0.962, respectively. Therefore, the combination of fluorescence hyperspectra with VISSA‐ABC‐SVM model can accurately identify the grade of Tieguanyin tea.Practical ApplicationThe rapid and accurate nondestructive tea grade identification method contributes to the construction of the tea online grade detection system. FHSI technology can solve the shortcomings of the reported methods and improved the identification accuracy of tea grades. It can be applied to the rapid detection of tea quality by tea companies, tea market, tea farmers and other demanders.