bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Positive experiences of high arousal martial arts rituals are linked to identity fusion and costly pro‐group actions
Authors: Kavanagh Christopher M. , Jong Jonathan , McKay Ryan , Whitehouse Harvey 
Published: May 2018

AbstractA cross‐sectional study was conducted with 605 practitioners of Brazilian Jiu Jitsu (BJJ) to test the hypothesis that high arousal rituals promote social cohesion, primarily through identity fusion.BJJpromotion rituals are rare, highly emotional ritual events that often feature gruelling belt‐whipping gauntlets. We used the variation in such experiences to examine whether more gruelling rituals were associated with identity fusion and pro‐group behaviour. We found no differences between those who had undergone belt‐whipping and those who had not and no evidence of a correlation between pain and social cohesion. However, across the full sample we found that positive, but not negative, affective experiences of promotional rituals were associated with identity fusion and that this mediated pro‐group action. These findings provide new evidence concerning the social functions of collective rituals and highlight the importance of addressing the potentially diverging subjective experiences of painful rituals.
Optimal location of the tablet for typing while listening to a song
Authors: Yoon Jangwhon , Lee Jihyun 
Published: May 2018

AbstractTablets are much heavier than smartphones and able to bring more musculoskeletal disorders in the upper extremities. The aim of this study was to understand the effects of tablet location on the recruitment of muscles in the neck and upper extremities. Fifteen healthy volunteers typed the lyrics while listening to a song at three tablet locations for 5 min. An iPad 2 was randomly located at one of the levels with 70, 90, and 130 degrees of elbow flexion in sitting. Typing duration, frequency of typing error, perceived levels of fatigue, and subjective position preferences were recorded and recruitment of muscles in the neck and upper extremities was measured. Muscle recruitment of three parts of the trapezius and biceps brachii decreased and use of the levator scapula increased as the vertical level of the tablet heightened. Self‐reported discomfort increased significantly in the neck, upper back, shoulders, elbows, and wrists over time regardless of the tablet location. The table location affected the self‐reported discomfort only at the elbow joints. Subjective preference was highest at the lowest tablet location with the 130‐degree elbow flexion. The vertical levels of the tablet and typing duration independently affected the muscle recruitment and self‐reported discomfort. Findings of this study can be helpful for tablet users in preventing musculoskeletal disorders in the upper extremities.
Patients' experiences of frequent encounters with a rheumatology nurse—A tight control study including patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Sjö Ann‐Sofi , Bergsten Ulrika 
Published: May 2018

AbstractBackgroundRheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease that is treated with both pharmacological and nonpharmacological methods. The treatment works well for patients who are knowledgeable about their disease and situation. However, this may be different for others as, among other things, it depends on how well informed the patients are in relation to their condition. Available research primarily focuses on patients in remission. One way of supporting and strengthening the group who experience a lack of well‐being due to their disease and providing them with increased knowledge about their situation can be to give them access to a nurse‐led clinic based on person‐centred care.AimThe aim of the study was to describe the experience of patients with RA attending person‐centred, nurse‐led clinics over a 12‐month period.MethodsA qualitative method was employed to deepen the understanding of the phenomenon. Fifteen participants were interviewed, and the text of the interviews was analysed using the phenomenographic method.ResultsThe analysis resulted in three categories that described participants' experiences of their encounters with a nurse. The three categories describe a process with interrelated concepts: first, Encountering competence, followed by Experiencing a sustainable relationship and, finally, Making a personal journey.ConclusionPatients with RA who had frequent meetings with a nurse experienced being strengthened on several levels and having gained increased knowledge about their disease. The person‐centred approach made them feel that they had been met on their own level, in accordance with their needs and level of knowledge.
Effects of Financial Incentives on Saving Outcomes and Material Well‐Being: Evidence From a Randomized Controlled Trial in Uganda
Authors: Wang Julia Shu‐Huah , Ssewamala Fred M. , Neilands Torsten B. , Bermudez Laura Gauer , Garfinkel Irwin , Waldfogel Jane , Brooks‐Gunn Jeannie , You Jing 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe use of savings products to promote financial inclusion has increasingly become a policy priority across sub‐Saharan Africa, yet little is known about how families respond to varying levels of savings incentives and whether the promotion of incentivized savings in low‐resource settings may encourage households to restrict expenditures on basic needs. Using data from a randomized controlled trial in Uganda, we examine: (1) whether low‐income households enrolled in an economic‐empowerment intervention consisting of matched savings, workshops, and mentorship reduced spending on basic needs and (2) how varied levels of matching contributions affected household savings and consumption behavior. We compared primary school‐attending AIDS‐affected children (N = 1,383) randomized to a control condition with two intervention arms with differing savings‐match incentives: 1:1 (Bridges) and 1:2 (Bridges PLUS). We found that: (1) 24 months post‐intervention initiation, children inBridgesandBridges PLUSwere more likely to have accumulated savings than children in the control condition; (2) higher match incentives (Bridges PLUS) led to higher deposit frequency but not higher savings in the bank; (3) intervention participation did not result in material hardship; and (4) in both intervention arms, participating families were more likely to start a family business and diversify their assets.
Efficiency of an air curtain as an anti‐insect barrier: the honey bee as a model insect
Authors: Kairo Guillaume , Pioz Maryline , Tchamitchian Sylvie , Pelissier Michel , Brunet Jean‐Luc , Belzunces Luc P 
Published: May 2018

AbstractBACKGROUNDVector‐borne diseases are of high concern for human, animal and plant health. In humans, such diseases are often transmitted by flying insects. Flying insects stop their flight when their kinetic energy cannot compensate for the wind speed. Here, the efficiency of an air curtain in preventing insects from entering a building was studied using the honey bee as a model.RESULTSBees were trained to visit a food source placed in a building. The air curtain was tested with strongly motivated bees, when the visiting activity was very high. Airflow velocity was modulated by setting an air curtain device at different voltages. At the nominal voltage, the anti‐insect efficiency was 99.9 ± 0.2% compared with both the number of bees at a given time in the absence of the air curtain and the number of bees before the activation of the air curtain. The efficiency decreased as the airflow velocity decreased.CONCLUSIONThe results show that an air curtain operating at an airflow velocity of 7.5 m s−1 may prevent a strong flyer with high kinetic energy, such as the honey bee, from entering a building. Thus, air curtains offer an alternative approach for combating vector‐borne diseases. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Postneedling Soreness and Tenderness After Different Dosages of Dry Needling of an Active Myofascial Trigger Point in Patients With Neck Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Martín‐Pintado‐Zugasti Aitor , Fernández‐Carnero Josué , León‐Hernández Jose Vicente , Calvo‐Lobo Cesar , Beltran‐Alacreu Hector , Alguacil‐Diego Isabel , Gallego‐Izquierdo Tomás , Pecos‐Martin Daniel 
Published: May 2018

AbstractBackgroundPrevious studies in asymptomatic subjects have demonstrated that myofascial trigger point (MTrP) dry needling frequently is associated with postneedling soreness. However, to the authors’ knowledge, there is not any study that performs a detailed description of postneedling soreness characteristics in patients with myofascial pain. This information could help clinicians to make evidence‐informed decisions considering the benefits and negative effects of different dry needling dosages.ObjectiveTo (1) compare the prevalence, intensity, and duration of postneedling soreness and tenderness after different dosages of deep dry needling (DDN) and (2) analyze the influence on postneedling soreness of psychological factors and other factors involved in the DDN processDesign1‐week follow‐up, double‐blind randomized controlled trial.SettingUniversity community.ParticipantsPatients (n = 120: 34 male; 86 female) aged 18‐53 years (median ± interquartile range, 21.0 ± 7.0 years) with active MTrPs in the upper trapezius.InterventionAll patients received DDN in an active MTrP. They were randomly divided into 4 groups: no local twitch responses (LTRs) elicited (control group), 4 LTRs elicited, 6 LTRs elicited, and DDN until no more LTRs were elicited.Main outcome measuresPostneedling soreness and pressure pain threshold were assessed before treatment, during DDN procedure, and every 24 hours during 1 week.ResultsPostneedling soreness showed a significant effect for time (F2,006 = 173.603; P < .001, ηp2 = 0.659) and a significant interaction between group and time (F6,017 = 3.763; P = .001; ηp2 = 0.111). Pressure pain threshold showed a significant effect for time (F2,377 = 16.833; P < .001; ηp2 = 0.127) and a significant interaction between group and time (F7,130 = 2.100; P = .04; ηp2 = 0.052). Psychological factors did not show relevant correlations with the intensity of postneedling soreness.ConclusionsPostneedling soreness is present in most of subjects after DDN of active MTrPs. The groups in which DDN was performed eliciting LTRs exhibited greater post‐needling soreness. The number of needle insertions was associated with postneedling soreness but psychological factors did not seem to play a relevant role on its perception.Clinical trial registration numberNCT02190890Level of EvidenceI
Specially-Affected States and the Formation of Custom
Authors: Heller Kevin Jon 
Published: May 2018

AbstractAlthough the United States has relied on the ICJ's doctrine of specially-affected states to claim that it and other powerful states in the Global North play a privileged role in the formation of customary international law, the doctrine itself has never been systematically developed by the ICJ or by legal scholars. This article fills that lacuna by addressing two questions: (1) what makes a state “specially affected”?; and (2) what is the importance of a state qualifying as “specially affected” for the formation of custom? It concludes that a theoretically coherent understanding of the doctrine would give states in the Global South significant power over custom formation.
Herpetogasterfrom the early Cambrian of Nevada (Series 2, Stage 4) and its implications for the evolution of deuterostomes
Authors: KIMMIG JULIEN , MEYER RONALD C. , LIEBERMAN BRUCE S. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe Pioche Formation of SE Nevada preserves a diverse soft-bodied fauna from the early and middle Cambrian (Series 2–3: Stage 4–5). While the fauna is dominated by arthropods, animals belonging to other taxa can be found. Here we document the first occurrence ofHerpetogaster collinsioutside the Burgess Shale. Further, the specimens are from theNephrolenellus multinodusbiozone and thus represent the oldest occurrence of the species, as well as possibly the earliest soft-bodied deuterostomes in Laurentia.
Safeguarding the Integrity of Judicial Appointments in Malawi: A Proposed Reform Agenda
Authors: Nkhata Mwiza Jo 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThis article focuses on the appointment of judges in Malawi. It explores the constitutional provisions governing judicial appointments and finds that the system established by Malawi's Constitution has manifest weaknesses. For example, the composition of the Judicial Service Commission (JSC) is narrow and not representative of Malawian society; there are also no procedures for the JSC to follow in its operations. The article argues that the system for appointing judges has a bearing on the eventual character and integrity of the judiciary itself, hence it is important to align it with the constitution's ideals. In conclusion, the article makes recommendations for improving the system, including by broadening the JSC's composition, adopting a law to stipulate clear and transparent procedures for the JSC and also curbing presidential powers in relation to judicial appointments.
Rapid responses against invasive species on islands: lessons from the introduced Barbary ground squirrelAtlantoxerus getulusin the Canary Islands
Authors: Medina Félix M. , López-Darias Marta , Piquet Julien C. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractDespite efforts to combat invasive species, further measures are still required to prevent their arrival and translocation, especially into biodiverse island ecosystems. Although many governments worldwide have already established protocols to control alien species, the European outermost regions have yet to implement fully effective prevention or rapid response procedures. The numerous translocations of the invasive Barbary ground squirrelAtlantoxerus getuluswithin the Canary Islands illustrate this problem. From 1996 to 2016 at least 2.1 individuals per year have been moved from Fuerteventura to other islands. If movements of these medium-sized vertebrates are taking place regularly, the number of smaller species transported within the archipelago could potentially be greater. We argue that it is essential to implement stricter strategies for invasive species control in these remote biodiversity-rich islands, including early detection and rapid response, to minimize impacts on native biodiversity.
Assessment of Executive Functions in Preschool Children With Sickle Cell Anemia
Authors: Downes Michelle , Kirkham Fenella J. , Telfer Paul T. , de Haan Michelle 
Published: May 2018

AbstractObjectives: Children with sickle cell anemia (SCA) are commonly reported to experience executive dysfunction. However, the development of executive function (EF) in preschool-age children without stroke in this patient population has not been investigated so it is unclear when and how these deficits emerge. Methods: This case-control study examines the feasibility of assessing the early development of executive functioning in 22 preschool children years with SCA in the domains of processing speed, working memory, attention, inhibitory control, and cognitive flexibility, as well as everyday function, in comparison to matched control children. Results: A pattern of potential deficits in early emerging executive skills was observed in the domains of inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility. Parents reported no differences for everyday EF and no significant differences were observed for working memory and processing speed. Conclusions: Results suggest that deficits in everyday executive difficulties, working memory, and processing speed, as commonly reported for older children with SCA, may not yet have emerged at this early developmental stage, despite specific deficits in cognitive flexibility and inhibitory control on behavioral measures. The feasibility of using available executive measures with preschool age children to characterize the development of early EF skills is discussed. (JINS, 2018, 24, 949–954)
Resistance against the Court of Justice of the European Union
Authors: Hofmann Andreas 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThis contribution reviews different forms of resistance against the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU). While backlash is rare, various forms of pushback are more common than accounts of the CJEU's apparent success suggest. It is not uncommon that national policy-makers, administrations and the judiciary fail to comply with individual rulings. Moreover, Member State authorities have developed multiple strategies to limit the practical effect of controversial lines of CJEU case-law. The availability of ‘work-arounds’ that national authorities can live with shields the CJEU against significant backlash. At the same time, the multiple processes of pushback in the Member States lead to an outcome of considerable heterogeneity.
The African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights: mapping resistance against a young court
Authors: Daly Tom Gerald , Wiebusch Micha 
Published: May 2018

AbstractAt first glance, it appears that the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights – the first pan-continental court of the African Union (AU) for human rights protection – epitomises the advances made by international courts in Africa in the past decade. Since its first judgment in 2009, the Court has taken a robust approach to its mandate and its docket is growing apace. However, a closer look at the overall context in which the Court operates reveals that it is susceptible to many of the patterns of resistance that have hampered other international courts in the region, which cut across the development of its authority and impact. This paper analyses the forms and patterns of resistance against the African Court and the actors involved, emphasising the additional difficulties entailed in mapping resistance to a young court compared to long-established courts, such as the European and Inter-American human rights courts.
The Interannual Variability of Sea Surface Temperature in the Red Sea From 35 Years of Satellite and In Situ Observations
Authors: Karnauskas Kristopher B. , Jones Burton H. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractFalling between the dynamics of the seasonal cycle and expressions of longer‐term trends, the interannual variability of sea surface temperature (SST) in the Red Sea has not received enough attention. With multiple decades of satellite SST observations with spatial resolution capable of resolving patterns of variability within the Red Sea, the time has come for a description and diagnosis of the observed interannual variability of SST in this important semienclosed sea. While interannual variability of SST occurs throughout the Red Sea in both summer and winter, the greatest variability is found in the northern Red Sea during winter. Objective analysis reveals two dominant statistical modes of interannual variability of Red Sea SST: a whole‐sea mode described by general warm or cool anomalies throughout the Red Sea (∼60% of total variance), and a meridional gradient mode of opposing SST anomalies in the northern and southern Red Sea (∼20% of total variance). The warm phase of the whole‐sea mode corresponds to warm surface air temperature anomalies extending across the broader region and local surface wind anomalies opposite to the mean low‐level circulation. The whole‐sea mode is found to be a regional response to remote forcing by the East Atlantic/Western Russia (EAWR) pattern. The gradient mode, on the other hand, is a manifestation of superimposing (and statistically independent) remote impacts of El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) whereby ENSO drives SST anomalies in the southern Red Sea and the NAO drives SST anomalies in the northern Red Sea.
Malvinas Current at 40°S–41°S: First Assessment of Temperature and Salinity Temporal Variability
Authors: Paniagua Guillermina F. , Saraceno Martin , Piola Alberto R. , Guerrero Raúl , Provost Christine , Ferrari Ramiro , Lago Loreley S. , Artana Camila I. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe temporal variability of 11 months of in situ velocity, temperature, and salinity data collected at five moorings deployed at 40°S–41°S across the shelf‐break in the Southwestern Atlantic is analyzed. Two distinct regimes characterized by strong and weak along‐slope velocities are present. During the strong regime the Malvinas Current flows northward through the moorings while during the nearly 5 months long weak regime reversals of the along‐slope velocities are frequently observed. Comparison with the previous in situ time series obtained in the same region shows that such an extended period of weak flow has not been previously observed. During the weak regime, Sub‐Antarctic Mode Water is observed over the 1,800 m isobath at an average depth of 500 m. Water masses occupying the upper 1,600 m during the strong regime deepen and shift eastward during the weak period. Satellite geostrophic velocities and sea surface temperature clearly show that the weak regime is due to a deflection to the east of the Malvinas Current, upstream of the mooring position. Analysis of the vertical structure of the currents indicate that during the weak regime the flow weakens mostly at the surface and presents a very small vertical shear. In contrast, during the strong regime currents are surface‐intensified. The change in the structure of the currents at the mooring location impacts the relationship between in situ and altimetry‐derived currents: during the weak regime altimetry adequately represents (rmsd 12 cm/s) in situ currents in the whole water column, while during strong regime rmsd are larger than 15 cm/s below 600 m depth.
Derivation of a Sigmoid Generalized Complementary Function for Evaporation With Physical Constraints
Authors: Han Songjun , Tian Fuqiang 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe generalized complementary function to estimate actual evaporation, namely, the ratio of actual evaporation to Penman potential evaporation (E/EPen) as a function of the proportion of the radiation term in EPen (Erad/EPen), has been increasingly recognized. Existing analytical forms of this generalized function present deficiencies because they are limited by improper boundary conditions resulting from inadequate understanding of physical constraints. In this study, its zero‐ and first‐order boundary conditions were rigorously derived by adopting the physical constraints for E in Penman's combination theory, and a sigmoid feature of relationship between E/EPen and Erad/EPen was derived. Minimum and maximum limits of Erad/EPen were introduced based on the derived boundary conditions, and accordingly, a new sigmoid function was developed. By restricting it to be approximately equivalent to the linear advection‐aridity (Brutsaert & Stricker, 1979, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR015i002p00443) function under normal environments, the new sigmoid function satisfies the upper limits of Penman's open water evaporation and Priestley‐Taylor's minimal advection evaporation in parallel. The sigmoid feature and the new sigmoid function were validated by tower‐based data from FLUXNET. This work improves our understanding of the three‐stage pattern of the complementary behavior, and the new function demonstrates a favorable potential for use in evaporation estimation.
Information‐Theoretic Approach to Bidirectional Scaling
Authors: Boso Francesca , Tartakovsky Daniel M. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractWe present an information‐theoretic approach for integration of multiresolution data into multiscale simulations. This general framework is used to upscale and downscale equations of fluid flow in heterogeneous porous media. Fine‐scale information can comprise observational data and/or simulation results related to both system states and system parameters. It is aggregated into its coarse‐scale representation by setting a probabilistic equivalence between the two scales, with parameters that are determined via minimization of observable error and mutual information across scales. The same quantities facilitate the use of coarse‐scale data to constrain compatible fine‐scale distributions.