bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Radial streak artifact reduction using phased array beamforming
Authors: Mandava Sagar , Keerthivasan Mahesh B. , Martin Diego R. , Altbach Maria I. , Bilgin Ali 
Published: February 2019

PurposeA new method for streak artifact reduction in radial MRI based on phased array filtering.TheoryRadial imaging in applications that require large fields‐of‐view can be susceptible to streaking artifacts due to gradient nonlinearities. Coil removal methods prune the coils contributing the most to streaking artifacts at the expense of signal loss. Phased array beamforming is a form of spatial filtering used to suppress unwanted signals. The proposed method uses interference covariance generated from the streaking artifact samples which are manually extracted with phased array beamforming to suppress streaking in the images.MethodsThe performance of the proposed method was evaluated on abdomen radial fast spin echo images acquired on a 1.5T Siemens scanner and compared with previously proposed methods.ResultsOur results demonstrate that the proposed method can effectively suppress streaking artifacts without any noticeable loss in signal levels. Coil removal methods can suppress streaks as well but they may incur significant signal loss due to coil pruning. Quantitative metrics also demonstrate the superiority of the proposed method over earlier methods.ConclusionThe use of interference covariance with phased array beamforming can help reduce streaking artifacts.
Radiofrequency phase encoded half‐pulses in simultaneous multislice ultrashort echo time imaging
Authors: Rettenmeier Christoph , Stenger V. Andrew 
Published: February 2019

PurposeTo describe a simultaneous multislice (SMS) ultrashort echo time (UTE) imaging method using radiofrequency phase encoded half‐pulses in combination with power independent of number of slices (PINS) inversion recovery (IR) pulses to generate multiple‐slice images with short T2* contrasts in less than 3 min with close to an eightfold acceleration compared with a standard 2D approach.Theory and MethodsRadiofrequency phase encoding is applied in an SMS (NSMS = 4) excitation scheme using “sinc” half‐pulses. With the use of coil sensitivity encoding (SENSE) and controlled aliasing in parallel imaging (CAIPI) in combination with a gradient echo 2D spiral readout trajectory and IR PINS pulses for contrast enhancement a fast UTE sequence is developed. Images are obtained using a model‐based reconstruction method. Sequence details and performance tests on phantoms as well as the heads of healthy volunteers at 3T are presented.ResultsAn SMS UTE sequence with an undersampling factor of 4 is developed using radiofrequency phase encoded half‐pulses and PINS IR pulses which enables the acquisition of 8 slices at 0.862 mm2 resolution in less than 3‐min scan time. UTE images of the head are obtained showing highlighted signal of cortical bone. Image quality and T2 contrast are comparable to the one obtained by corresponding single slice acquisitions with only minor deviations.ConclusionsThe method combining radiofrequency phase encoded SMS half‐pulses and PINS IR pulses presents a suitable approach to SMS UTE imaging. The usage of coil sensitivity information and increased sampling density by means of interleaved slice group acquisitions allows to reduce the total scan time by a factor close to 8.
Copper Sulfate Pretreatment for Snail Control Reduces Channel Catfish Fry Survival
Authors: Mischke Charles C , Wise David J , Tucker Craig S , Griffin Matt J , Baker Beth H , Greenway Terry E , Byars Todd S , Tiwari Ambika 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus fry farmers are interested in treating ponds to prevent trematode infections. Control strategies rely on chemical treatments to reduce snail populations and break the trematode life cycle. On a commercial catfish fingerling operation, we evaluated water quality, zooplankton, phytoplankton, and fish production in catfish nursery ponds treated with 1.02-mg/L Cu 21 d before fry stocking. These variables were also evaluated in controlled experimental ponds treated with 1.27-mg/L Cu 21, 14, 7, or 1 d before stocking. In the on-farm trial, copper sulfate treatment initially reduced phytoplankton and zooplankton populations, but communities recovered to adequate numbers at stocking. However, fry survival and revenue from ponds treated with copper sulfate were reduced relative to those from untreated ponds (survival: 17.7% versus 63.0%; revenue: $10,250 versus $27,467 per hectare). In the experimental pond study, free copper concentrations at fry stocking were 0.52 mg/L for the 1-d interval between treatment and stocking, 0.10 mg/L for the 7-d interval, 0.04 mg/L for the 14-d interval, and 0.02 mg/L for the 21-d interval. Similar results were observed in the experimental study, with lower survival in all treatment groups compared to controls; the lowest survival was observed in fry stocked 1 d after copper sulfate treatment. The cause of lower survival in copper-treated ponds is unclear. With the exception of ponds stocked 1 d after copper treatment, lower survival was likely related to effects on environmental quality rather than direct copper toxicity. Regardless of the cause, until further work evaluates copper's environmental effects, copper sulfate should not be used in Channel Catfish nursery ponds during early developmental fry stages.
Clinical Biopsychosocial Reflection on Coping With Chronic Illness and Reliance Upon Nutrition Support: An Integrated Healthcare Approach
Authors: Price Jenessa S. , Larsen Sadie E. , Miller Lawrence A. , Smith Heather M. , Apps Jennifer A. , Weis Jo M. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractNutrition deficits are common in patients with chronic illnesses reliant upon nutrition support and can contribute to an increase in cognitive deficits that impact treatment adherence and challenge patients’ abilities to cope and successfully implement appropriate psychological and psychosocial interventions. Adopting a multidisciplinary approach addresses biological, psychological, and social barriers that help patients, families, and caregivers develop and maintain proper nutrition behaviors that can enhance patients’ quality of life and reduce frustration and misunderstandings with medical providers. This article is a review of the literature, and it advances the importance of encompassing a biopsychosocial approach when addressing the needs of individuals with nutrition support needs.
Cutting the double loop: Theory and algorithms for reliability‐based design optimization with parametric uncertainty
Authors: del Rosario Zachary , Fenrich Richard W. , Iaccarino Gianluca 
Published: February 2019

SummaryParametric uncertainties complicate engineering design—confounding regulated design approaches and degrading the performance of reliability efforts. The simplest means to tackle this uncertainty is double‐loop simulation, a nested Monte Carlo method that, for practical problems, is intractable. In this work, we introduce a flexible, general approximation technique that obviates the double loop. This approximation is constructed in the context of a novel theory of reliability design under parametric uncertainty: we introduce metrics for measuring the efficacy of reliability‐based design optimization strategies (epistemic design gap and effective reliability), minimal conditions for controlling uncertain reliability (precision margin), and stricter conditions that guarantee the desired reliability at a designed confidence level. We provide a number of examples with open‐source code to demonstrate our approaches in a reproducible fashion.
How canopy shadow affects invasive plant species classification in high spatial resolution remote sensing
Authors: Lopatin Javier , Dolos Klara , Kattenborn Teja , Fassnacht Fabian E. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractPlant invasions can result in serious threats for biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Reliable maps at very‐high spatial resolution are needed to assess invasions dynamics. Field sampling approaches could be replaced by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to derive such maps. However, pixel‐based species classification at high spatial resolution is highly affected by within‐canopy variation caused by shadows. Here, we studied the effect of shadows on mapping the occurrence of invasive species using UAV‐based data. MaxEnt one‐class classifications were applied to map Acacia dealbata, Ulex europaeus and Pinus radiata in central‐south Chile using combinations of UAV‐based spectral (RGB and hyperspectral), 2D textural and 3D structural variables including and excluding shaded canopy pixels during model calibration. The model accuracies in terms of area under the curve (AUC), Cohen's Kappa, sensitivity (true positive rate) and specificity (true negative rate) were examined in sunlit and shaded canopies separately. Bootstrapping was used for validation and to assess statistical differences between models. Our results show that shadows significantly affect the accuracies obtained with all types of variables. The predictions in shaded areas were generally inaccurate, leading to misclassification rates between 65% and 100% even when shadows were included during model calibration. The exclusion of shaded areas from model calibrations increased the predictive accuracies (especially in terms of sensitivity), decreasing false positives. Spectral and 2D textural information showed generally higher performances and improvements when excluding shadows from the analysis. Shadows significantly affected the model results obtained with any of the variables used, hence the exclusion of shadows is recommended prior to model calibration. This relatively easy pre‐processing step enhances models for classifying species occurrences using high‐resolution spectral imagery and derived products. Finally, a shadow simulation showed differences in the ideal acquisition window for each species, which is important to plan revisit campaigns.
Biomolecule‐Functionalized Solid‐State Ion Nanochannels/Nanopores: Features and Techniques
Authors: Ding Defang , Gao Pengcheng , Ma Qun , Wang Dagui , Xia Fan 
Published: February 2019

AbstractSolid‐state ion nanochannels/nanopores, the biomimetic products of biological ion channels, are promising materials in real‐world applications due to their robust mechanical and controllable chemical properties. Functionalizations of solid‐state ion nanochannels/nanopores by biomolecules pave a wide way for the introduction of varied properties from biomolecules to solid‐state ion nanochannels/nanopores, making them smart in response to analytes or external stimuli and regulating the transport of ions/molecules. In this review, two features for nanochannels/nanopores functionalized by biomolecules are abstracted, i.e., specificity and signal amplification. Both of the two features are demonstrated from three kinds of nanochannels/nanopores: nucleic acid–functionalized nanochannels/nanopores, protein‐functionalized nanochannels/nanopores, and small biomolecule‐functionalized nanochannels/nanopores, respectively. Meanwhile, the fundamental mechanisms of these combinations between biomolecules and nanochannels/nanopores are explored, providing reasonable constructs for applications in sensing, transport, and energy conversion. And then, the techniques of functionalizations and the basic principle about biomolecules onto the solid‐state ion nanochannels/nanopores are summarized. Finally, some views about the future developments of the biomolecule‐functionalized nanochannels/nanopores are proposed.
Recent Progress on Germanene and Functionalized Germanene: Preparation, Characterizations, Applications, and Challenges
Authors: Liu Nana , Bo Guyue , Liu Yani , Xu Xun , Du Yi , Dou Shi Xue 
Published: February 2019

AbstractA new family of single‐atom‐thick 2D germanium‐based materials with graphene‐like atomic arrangement, germanene and functionalized germanene, has attracted intensive attention due to their large bandgap and easily tailored electronic properties. Unlike carbon atoms in graphene, germanium atoms tend to adopt mixed sp2/sp3 hybridization in germanene, which makes it chemically active on the surface and allows its electronic states to be easily tuned by chemical functionalization. Impressive achievements in terms of the applications in energy storage and catalysis have been reported by using germanene and functionalized germanene. Herein, the fabrication of epitaxial germanene on different metallic substrates and its unique electronic properties are summarized. Then, the preparation strategies and the fundamental properties of hydrogen‐functionalized germanene (germanane or GeH) and other ligand‐terminated forms of germanene are presented. Finally, the progress of their applications in energy storage and catalysis, including both experimental results and theoretical predictions, is analyzed.
Recombinant Silk Fiber Properties Correlate to Prefibrillar Self‐Assembly
Authors: Xu Lingling , Weatherbee‐Martin Nathan , Liu Xiang‐Qin , Rainey Jan K. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractSpider silks are desirable materials with mechanical properties superior to most synthetic materials coupled with biodegradability and biocompatibility. In order to replicate natural silk properties using recombinant spider silk proteins (spidroins) and wet‐spinning methods, the focus to date has typically been on modifying protein sequence, protein size, and spinning conditions. Here, an alternative approach is demonstrated. Namely, using the same ≈57 kDa recombinant aciniform silk protein with a consistent wet‐spinning protocol, fiber mechanical properties are shown to significantly differ as a function of the solvent used to dissolve the protein at high concentration (the “spinning dope” solution). A fluorinated acid/alcohol/water dope leads to drastic improvement in fibrillar extensibility and, correspondingly, toughness compared to fibers produced using a previously developed fluorinated alcohol/water dope. To understand the underlying cause for these mechanical differences, morphology and structure of the two classes of silk fiber are compared, with features tracing back to dope‐state protein structuring and preassembly. Specifically, distinct classes of spidroin nanoparticles appear to form in each dope prior to fiber spinning and these preassembled states are, in turn, linked to fiber morphology, structure, and mechanical properties. Tailoring of dope‐state spidroin nanoparticle assembly, thus, appears a promising strategy to modulate fibrillar silk properties.
Integrative taxonomy successfully resolves the pseudo‐cryptic complex of the disjunct epiphytic moss Orthotrichum consimile s.l. (Orthotrichaceae)
Authors: Medina Rafael , Lara Francisco , Goffinet Bernard , Garilleti Ricardo , Mazimpaka Vicente 
Published: February 2019

AbstractBroad morphological variation and a complex taxonomic history suggest that Orthotrichum consimile, an epiphytic moss known from oceanic forests of western North America and western Europe, may be a complex of cryptic species rather than a single taxon. This hypothesis was tested through an integrative taxonomic approach combining morphological investigations and phylogenetic inferences from four chloroplast loci. We show that O. consimile is in fact a polyphyletic assemblage of four lineages, which can be diagnosed unambiguously on morphological characters. They are Orthotrichum consimile s.str., O. columbicum (resurrected from synonymy), O. persimile sp. nov. and O. confusum sp. nov. Except for O. columbicum, which has a trans‐Atlantic distribution, these species are endemic to western North America. Phylogenetic inferences increasingly resolve cases of so‐called cryptic speciation within bryophytes exhibiting broad geographic distributions. Almost invariably the hypothesis of cryptic differentiation remains untested. Here we show that parallel morphological and phylogenetic inferences can lead to the resolution of apparent incongruence and lead to the discovery of new, morphologically defined, species.
Cryptic taxa should have names: Reflections in the glasswort genus Salicornia (Amaranthaceae)
Authors: Kadereit Gudrun , Piirainen Mikko , Lambinon Jacques , Vanderpoorten Alain 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIncongruence between morphology and molecules, i.e., genetic differentiation of lineages that are morphologically identical, or morphological variation among accessions sharing identical genotypes, has been increasingly reported and is most problematic in taxa with reduced morphologies. We here review and discuss these issues for plant taxonomy, taking Salicornia, one of the taxonomically most challenging genera of angiosperms, as a model. We argue in favour of a taxonomic system that remains as much 'workable' as possible for traditional morphology‐based taxonomy, but avoids merging genetically widely divergent lineages despite their morphological similarity. Our revised classification of Eurasian taxa includes four species, ten subspecies and one nothosubspecies. The molecular and morphological characteristics as well as the geographical distribution of each taxon are described. A key to the Eurasian taxa based on morphology and geographical distribution is presented.
The forgotten Hermann Herbarium: A 17th century collection of useful plants from Suriname
Authors: van Andel Tinde , Veldman Sarina , Maas Paul , Thijsse Gerard , Eurlings Marcel 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe National Herbarium of the Netherlands houses a 17th century, bound herbarium containing 51 dried specimens from Suriname, which was composed by the well‐known botanist Paul Hermann (1646–1695). This is considered as the oldest documented herbarium collection not only for Suriname but for the Guianas region. Most specimens are accompanied by (pre‐Linnaean) Latin or vernacular names and sometimes by Latin descriptions of the plants and their uses. To assess the importance of this collection for the present‐day flora and ethnobotany of Suriname, we identified all specimens (one by using ancient DNA analysis), translated the Latin texts, traced back the origin of the herbarium in national archives, 17th century and modern literature and compared plant names and uses with present‐day ethnobotanical data. We digitized the entire herbarium and made it available online (http://www.hermann‐herbarium.nl). The specimens were probably collected around 1687 by a certain Hendrik Meyer, who had a keen interest in botany and indigenous plant use. The 48 species in the herbarium are almost all useful plants: cultivated crops, wild edible fruits, medicinal plants, timber trees, fish poison, colorants and roof thatch material. Most species are used similarly today, and more than half of the vernacular names still exist in the region. The presence of Abelmoschus esculentus and Sesamum indicum in the herbarium prove the early establishment of African food plants in the emerging plantation economy of Suriname. Unlike Hermann's collections from Ceylon and the Cape, this herbarium was never seen by Linnaeus and therefore does not contain any type specimens.
Typification of eight names in Hieracium (Asteraceae)
Authors: Di Gristina Emilio , Raimondo Francesco M. , Domina Gianniantonio , Gottschlich Günter 
Published: February 2019

AbstractEight names in Hieracium (H. atrovirens Froel., H. crinitum Sm., H. lucidum Guss., H. pallidum Biv., H. racemosum subsp. todaroanum Zahn, H. siculum Guss., H. siculum var. minus Guss., H. symphytifolium Froel.), the descriptions of which are based totally or in part on Sicilian material, are typified. Hieracium racemosum subsp. todaroanum is treated as a synonym of H. crinitum, and H. siculum and H. siculum var. minus are treated as synonyms of H. symphytifolium. Hieracium atrovirens is recognized as a subspecies of H. murorum L. (H. murorum subsp. atrovirens (Froel.) Raimondo & Di Grist.).
Today’s Migration-Mobility Nexus in Switzerland
Authors: D’Amato Gianni , Wanner Philippe , Steiner Ilka 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThis chapter provides a general overview of the Migration-Mobility Nexus in Switzerland. Today’s patterns of migration move on a continuum from long-term and permanent to increasingly temporary and fluid. Based on data from the Migration-Mobility Survey and on theoretical and political considerations, it aims at providing a general empirical overview of the migration flows towards Switzerland. First and on a theoretical level, the two paradigmatic lenses of migration research and mobility studies are presented. Second, the transformation of European migration regimes since the 1970s and its effect on the patterns of migration and mobility are discussed. Third, we show how Switzerland, being part of the European Migration Regime in transformation, can be used as a laboratory to understand the changes in and of an advanced post-industrial society. To this end, we provide a short empirical overview of the immigrant population and their living conditions in the country. Fourth, the chapter provides a set of analytical questions that will be addressed throughout this volume – by means of the Migration-Mobility Survey data – and discussed in the concluding chapter.
Surveying Migrants in Europe. Experiences of the Swiss Migration-Mobility Survey
Authors: Steiner Ilka , Landös Aljoscha 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe increasing need for information on immigrants can scarcely be satisfied by traditional population surveys or censuses. Only migrant-specific surveys allow for the integration of migrant-specific topics. However, when organizing a survey targeting immigrants, challenges concerning the survey setup are even more accentuated compared to traditional surveys. After a short introduction, this chapter first reviews the literature on survey methodology when targeting migrant populations. Second, it provides an overview of how specific migrant surveys, which have been undertaken in Europe since the year 2000, have addressed different challenges. Third, and considering the first two chapters, it reviews the implementation of the Migration-Mobility Survey by presenting the target population, the sampling procedure, the survey design and the data collection process and response rates. The chapter closes with a short overview of the main socio-demographic characteristics of the participants, thus serving as a basis for the following chapters of this book, and a short preview of the planned second wave of the Migration-Mobility Survey.
Integration of Recently Arrived Migrants in the Swiss Labour Market – Do the Reasons for Migration Matter?
Authors: Wanner Philippe 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThis chapter aims at measuring the extent to which the subjective reasons of immigration impact on the level and the pace of structural integration, defined as the participation in the labour market. The analysis not only considers primary migrants but also accompanying spouses and distinguishes between migrants regarding their country of origin and level of education. Based on the Migration-Mobility Survey data, the author uses not only descriptive statistics but also logistic regressions models to better understand the determinants of integration. Results show that migrants consider themselves relatively well integrated in the labour market: in particular, three-quarters of the men and almost two-thirds of the women declare an improvement in their work conditions compared to the situation before the move, their unemployment rate is low, fewer than 20% of migrants do short-term work or work without a contract, and approximately 60% use their skills at work. However, one can observe differences in the level of integration according to the reason for migration. Not only family migrants but also migrants who arrived in Switzerland for other reasons present a lower probability of job satisfaction and a higher risk of underuse of skills compared with those arriving with a work contract. Results also show a gender gap, men being better integrated than women whatever the indicator that is used.