bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The CCB-ID approach to tree species mapping with airborne imaging spectroscopy
Authors: Anderson Christopher B. 
Published: October 2018

Background
Biogeographers assess how species distributions and abundances affect the structure, function, and composition of ecosystems. Yet we face a major challenge: it is difficult to precisely map species across landscapes. Novel Earth observations could overcome this challenge for vegetation mapping. Airborne imaging spectrometers measure plant functional traits at high resolution, and these measurements can be used to identify tree species. In this paper, I describe a trait-based approach to species identification with imaging spectroscopy, the Center for Conservation Biology species identification (CCB-ID) method, which was developed as part of an ecological data science evaluation competition.

Methods
These methods were developed using airborne imaging spectroscopy data from the National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON). CCB-ID classified tree species using trait-based reflectance variation and decision tree-based machine learning models, approximating a morphological trait and dichotomous key method inspired by botanical classification. First, outliers were removed using a spectral variance threshold. The remaining samples were transformed using principal components analysis (PCA) and resampled to reduce common species biases. Gradient boosting and random forest classifiers were trained using the transformed and resampled feature data. Prediction probabilities were calibrated using sigmoid regression, and sample-scale predictions were averaged to the crown scale.

Results
CCB-ID received a rank-1 accuracy score of 0.919, and a cross-entropy cost score of 0.447 on the competition test data. Accuracy and specificity scores were high for all species, but precision and recall scores varied for rare species. PCA transformation improved accuracy scores compared to models trained using reflectance data, but outlier removal and data resampling exacerbated class imbalance problems.

Discussion
CCB-ID accurately classified tree species using NEON data, reporting the best scores among participants. However, it failed to overcome several species mapping challenges like precisely identifying rare species. Key takeaways include (1) selecting models using metrics beyond accuracy (e.g., recall) could improve rare species predictions, (2) within-genus trait variation may drive spectral separability, precluding efforts to distinguish between functionally convergent species, (3) outlier removal and data resampling can exacerbate class imbalance problems, and should be carefully implemented, (4) PCA transformation greatly improved model results, and (5) targeted feature selection could further improve species classification models. CCB-ID is open source, designed for use with NEON data, and available to support species mapping efforts.
Young, American Indian or Alaskan Native, and born in the USA: at excess risk of starting extra-medical prescription pain reliever use?
Authors: Parker Maria A. , Lopez-Quintero Catalina , Anthony James C. 
Published: October 2018

Background
Prescription pain reliever (PPR) overdoses differentially affect ‘American Indian/Alaskan Natives’ in the United States (US). Here, studying onset of extra-medical PPR use in 12-24-year-olds, we examine subgroup variations in rates of starting to use prescription pain relievers extra-medically (i.e., to get ‘high’ or for other reasons outside boundaries of prescriber’s intent). Risk differences (RD) are estimated for US-born versus non-US-born young people, stratified by American Indian/Alaskan Natives versus other ethnic self-identities.

Methods
Between 2002–2009, nationally representative cross-sectional samples of 12–24-year-old non-institutionalized civilians completed interviews for the US National Surveys of Drug Use and Health. Analysis-weighted annual incidence estimates, RD, and confidence intervals (CI) are from the Restricted-use Data Analysis System, an online software tool for US National Surveys of Drug Use and Health.

Results
Each year, an estimated 2.5% of 12-24-year-olds in the US start using PPR extra-medically (95% CI [2.1%–3.0%]). Estimates for the US-born (3.8%; 95% CI [3.7%–3.9%]) are larger (non-US-born: 1.8%; 95% CI [1.5%–2.0%]; RD = 2.0; p < 0.05). US-born American Indian/Alaskan Natives youths have the largest incidence rate (4.8%). Robust RD for US-born can be seen for ‘non-Hispanic White’ subgroups, and for others (e.g., ‘Cuban’, ‘Dominican’).

Discussion
Each year, one in 20 of US-born American Indian/Alaskan Natives starts using PPR extra-medically. Overdose prevention is important, but is no substitute for primary prevention initiatives for all young people. The observed epidemiological patterns can guide targeted prevention initiatives for the identified higher risk subgroups in complement with more universal prevention efforts intended to reduce incidence of first extra-medical PPR use, a crucial rate-limiting step on the path toward more serious drug involvement (i.e., progressing past initial use).
Safety and Immunogenicity of Rituximab Biosimilar GP2013 After Switch From Reference Rituximab in Patients With Active Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Tony Hans‐Peter , Krüger Klaus , Cohen Stanley B. , Schulze‐Koops Hendrik , Kivitz Alan J. , Jeka Sławomir , Vereckei Edit , Cen Liyi , Kring Laura , Kollins Dmitrij 
Published: October 2018

ObjectiveComparable clinical efficacy of the rituximab (RTX) biosimilar GP2013 and reference RTX has been established in blinded randomized trials. However, when switching from a reference biologic to a biosimilar, potential safety implications are often an important consideration. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the safety of switching from reference RTX to RTX biosimilar GP2013 compared with treatment continuation with reference RTX in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).MethodsIn this multinational, randomized, double‐blind, parallel‐group safety study, 107 patients with RA who had previously received treatment (of any duration) with reference RTX as part of routine practice and who required continuation of treatment were randomized to receive either GP2013 or to continue treatment with reference RTX. All patients received a stable dosage of methotrexate and folic acid during the study. Study assessments included the incidence of hypersensitivity, infusion‐related and anaphylactic reactions, immunogenicity (antidrug antibodies), and general safety.ResultsRegardless of whether patients switched to GP2013 or continued treatment with reference RTX, the incidences of hypersensitivity (9.4% and 11.1%, respectively) and infusion‐related reactions (11.3% and 18.5%, respectively) were similarly low. Only 1 patient (in the reference RTX group) developed antidrug antibodies to RTX after starting study treatment. No neutralizing antidrug antibodies were observed. Antidrug antibodies were not associated with adverse events (AEs). No clinically meaningful differences in the rate of AEs were observed between treatment groups.ConclusionNo safety risks were detected when patients switched from reference RTX to GP2013. The safety profiles of patients in both treatment groups were similar, although the study was not powered for statistical testing of equivalence in safety.
Relationship Between Esophageal Abnormalities on Fluoroscopic Esophagram and Pulmonary Function Testing in Juvenile Systemic Sclerosis
Authors: Ambartsumyan Lusine , Zheng Hengqi B. , Iyer Ramesh S. , Soares Jennifer , Henstorf Gretchen , Stevens Anne M. 
Published: October 2018

ObjectiveJuvenile systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a disabling autoimmune condition that affects multiple organs in addition to skin, notably the gastrointestinal and pulmonary systems. The relationship between esophageal abnormalities and pulmonary disease in juvenile SSc is not well understood. We describe associations between radiologic esophageal abnormalities and pulmonary function.MethodsClinical and radiographic data of children ages >18 years who fulfilled the 2007 Pediatric Rheumatology Provisional Classification Criteria for juvenile SSc between 1994 and 2016 were reviewed. Fluoroscopic upper gastrointestinal (UGI) studies, high‐resolution computed tomography (HRCT), and pulmonary function tests (PFTs) within 12 months of presentation to Seattle Children's Hospital were extracted.ResultsTwenty‐one children with juvenile SSc (67% female, ages 8–17 years) were studied. Esophageal abnormalities, defined as abnormal esophageal peristalsis and/or bolus clearance, were found in 12 patients. Abnormal esophagus on UGI tests was not associated with gastrointestinal or pulmonary symptoms, disease duration, use of medications (proton pump inhibitor or immunosuppressant), or specific autoantibodies. Compared with patients with a normal esophagus on UGI tests, children with an abnormal esophagus had decreased PFTs: mean forced expiratory volume in 1 second 96% versus 78% (P = 0.03), forced vital capacity 94% versus 76% (P = 0.02), and vital capacity 95% versus 76% (P = 0.02). Children with an abnormal esophagus on UGI tests had a larger mean esophageal diameter on HRCT (14.6 mm compared to 8.5 mm; P < 0.01).ConclusionThere was an association between esophageal and pulmonary disease in children with juvenile SSc. Esophageal findings on UGI tests or HRCT, despite lack of symptoms, should raise concern for esophageal dysfunction and prompt heightened surveillance for concurrent lung disease.
Effect of Physical State on Pain Mediated Through Emotional Health in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Nakagami Yukako , Sugihara Genichi , Takei Nori , Fujii Takao , Hashimoto Motomu , Murakami Kosaku , Furu Moritoshi , Ito Hiromu , Uda Miyabi , Torii Mie , Nin Kazuko , Murai Toshiya , Mimori Tsuneyo 
Published: October 2018

ObjectivePain is one of the main symptoms of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Pain in RA is caused by specific physical changes, such as joint destruction, and is therefore used as a disease activity marker. Although pain can also be influenced by emotional factors, neither the effect of emotional health nor the indirect effect of the physical state mediated by emotional health on pain has been quantified.MethodsA total of 548 patients with RA participated. Emotional health was assessed using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Measures routinely used in practice were used to evaluate the physical state and pain. To quantify the effects of the physical state on emotional health, and the effects of both physical and emotional health on pain, we used structural equation modeling, with emotional health, physical state, and pain as latent variables.ResultsThe prevalence of anxiety and depression (HADS score ≥8 for each) among patients with RA was 18.7% and 29.4%, respectively. Emotional health was significantly influenced by the physical state (β = 0.21). Pain was affected by physical (β = 0.54) and emotional health (β = 0.29). The effect of the physical state on pain was mediated by emotional health, with this mediation effect (β = 0.06) accounting for 10.2% of the total effect.ConclusionThe magnitude of pain in RA is determined by the mediation effect of emotional health as well as the direct physical state. Our findings suggest that emotional factors should be taken into account when assessing RA disease activity.
Long‐Term Safety of Rituximab in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis: Results of a Five‐Year Observational Study
Authors: Winthrop Kevin L. , Saag Kenneth , Cascino Matthew D. , Pei Jinglan , John Ani , Jahreis Angelika , Haselkorn Tmirah , Furst Daniel E. 
Published: October 2018

ObjectiveTo evaluate the long‐term safety of rituximab in an observational cohort of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who had an inadequate response to ≥1 anti–tumor necrosis factor therapy in the US (SUNSTONE [Study of the Safety of Rituxan in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis After an Inadequate Response to Previous Anti‐TNF Therapy] registry).MethodsIn this prospective, observational cohort study, patients received rituximab according to their physician's standard practice and were evaluated at standard‐of‐care follow‐up visits at least every 6 months. The primary outcome was the incidence of protocol‐defined significant infections. Secondary outcomes included serious adverse events potentially associated with rituximab, cardiovascular or thrombotic events, seizures, deaths, and pregnancies. Post hoc analyses assessed outcomes by concomitant medication use.ResultsOverall, 989 patients (safety‐evaluable population) received ≥1 dose of rituximab, with a total follow‐up of 3,844 patient‐years (mean duration 3.9 years). In total, 341 significant infections occurred in 197 patients (19.9%). The incidence rates (95% confidence intervals [95% CIs]) for significant infections, cardiovascular or thrombotic events, and seizures were 8.87 (95% CI 7.98–9.86), 1.95 (95% CI 1.56–2.45), and 0.18 (95% CI 0.09–0.38) per 100 patient‐years, respectively. The incidence of significant infections did not increase with time or with cumulative rituximab exposure. During the study, 64 patients died (crude mortality rate 1.66 per 100 patient‐years [95% CI 1.30–2.13]). The most common causes of death were infections (n = 19), malignancy (n = 14), and cardiovascular events (n = 13). Eight pregnancies were reported in 7 patients.ConclusionIn patients with RA treated with rituximab for up to 5 years, the rates of significant infections were stable over time and higher in patients who received long‐term systemic steroid treatment.
Recent Advances in Polyesters for Biomedical Imaging
Authors: Attia Mohamed F. , Brummel Beau R. , Lex Timothy R. , Van Horn Brooke A. , Whitehead Daniel C. , Alexis Frank 
Published: October 2018

AbstractSeveral synthetic materials exhibiting contrast imaging properties have become vital to the field of biomedical imaging. Polymeric biomaterials and metals are commonly used imaging agents and can assist in the monitoring of therapy response, migration, degradation, changes in morphology, defects, and image‐guided surgery. In comparison to metals, most bio and synthetic polymers lack inherent imaging properties. Polymeric biomaterials, specifically polyesters, have gained a considerable amount of attention due to their unique properties including biocompatibility, biodegradation, facile synthesis, and modification capability. Polyester implants and nanomaterials are available on the market or are in clinical trials for many applications including: dental implants, cranio‐maxilofacial implants, soft tissue sutures and staples, abdominal wall repair, tendon and ligament reconstruction, fracture fixation devices, and coronary drug eluting stents. This review aims to provide a summary of the recent developments of polyesters with bioimaging contrast properties. The three main approaches to prepare bioimaging polyesters (coating, encapsulation, and functionalization) are discussed in depth. Furthermore, commonly used imaging modalities including X‐ray computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound, fluorescence, and radionucleotide polyester contrast agents are highlighted. In each section, examples of impactful bioimaging polyesters in the five major imaging modalities are evaluated.
Programmable Coding Acoustic Topological Insulator
Authors: Xia Jian‐Ping , Jia Ding , Sun Hong‐Xiang , Yuan Shou‐Qi , Ge Yong , Si Qiao‐Rui , Liu Xiao‐Jun 
Published: October 2018

AbstractTopological acoustics has recently revolutionized fundamental concepts of acoustic propagation, giving rise to strikingly unique acoustic edge modes immune to backscattering. Despite the rapid progress in this field, simultaneous realization of reconfigurability, intelligentization, and automatic control over acoustic propagation paths is posing a great challenge. This challenge is overcome by proposing the concept of a programmable acoustic topological insulator based on two digital elements “0” or “1,” which consist of honeycomb‐lattice sonic crystals made of cylindrical rods with different diameters. The acoustic propagation paths in the topological insulators can be controlled automatically by programming different coding sequences, which arises from efficient transformation of pseudospin‐dependent edge modes on both interfaces of the digital elements. More importantly, a unique unit is experimentally fabricated that has either a “0” or “1” response automatically manipulated by an air cylinder, and design topological insulators with programmable functionality, to realize three digital acoustic devices, such as a single‐pole double‐throw switch, a single‐pole single‐throw switch, and a tunable logic gate. The proposed programmable topological insulators may enable future intelligent acoustic devices with exciting reconfigurable and programmable functionalities, which may lead to important advances in various applications, such as integrated acoustics, acoustic security, and information processing.
Rationally Armoring PtCu Alloy with Metal‐Organic Frameworks as Highly Selective Nonenzyme Electrochemical Sensor
Authors: Chen Luning , Wang Tao , Xue Yakun , Zhou Xi , Zhou Jinhong , Cheng Xiqing , Xie Zhaoxiong , Kuang Qin , Zheng Lansun 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe nonenzymatic electrochemical sensors based on nanomaterials recently have attracted increasing attention because of the limitations of natural enzyme‐based sensors in stability and reproducibility. However, traditional nonenzymatic electrochemical sensors suffer from poor selectivity and antiinterference capacity in spite of high activity and stability. Herein, a kind of well‐designed nonenzymatic electrochemical sensor with a PtCu@metal organic frameworks (MOFs)/C configuration is successfully constructed. In this sensor configuration, PtCu alloy nanoparticles as H2O2‐active centers, which are preloaded on an electroconductive support, are armored with a Cu‐based MOF shell via a self‐sacrificial template route to form a semisurrounding structure. Thanks to the synergy between the MOF shells and the well‐consolidated PtCu/electroconductive support interface, this nonenzymatic sensor not only exhibits superior selectivity and antiinterference capacity toward the detection of H2O2, but also illustrates its great potential in real biological systems (e.g., living tumor cells). The present work greatly deepens the understanding of the role of MOF shells in improving the sensing performance of nonenzymatic electrochemical sensors based on MOF composites. More importantly, these findings provide new design views for the rational construction of high‐performance MOF‐based composites.
Graphene Oxide Exoskeleton to Produce Self‐Extinguishing, Nonignitable, and Flame Resistant Flexible Foams: A Mechanically Tough Alternative to Inorganic Aerogels
Authors: Carosio Federico , Maddalena Lorenza , Gomez Julio , Saracco Guido , Fina Alberto 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe potential safety hazard associated to commonly used flame retardant chemicals generates a strong demand for new, sustainable, and high performing solutions to reduce the fire threats of widespread polymer foams. In this work, the production of self‐extinguishing, nonignitable, and flame resistant flexible polyurethane foams by means of simple layer‐by‐layer assembly of graphene oxide nanoplatelets is reported. The process builds a protective exoskeleton that completely wraps the complex 3D structure of the foam and is capable of stopping flame spread in flammability tests and preventing ignition when exposed to heat fluxes typical of developing fires. In addition, treated foams are found able to withstand the penetration of a flame torch, successfully protecting the unexposed side from thermal decomposition for more than 6 min. The outstanding temperature gradient greater than 500 °C cm−1 achieved through the foam thickness makes the performances of these foams comparable to those of a silica aerogel, while maintaining excellent flexibility and toughness. The results reported in this paper represent a tremendous opportunity for the production of a novel class of organic and flexible foams, capable of ensuring unprecedented fire safety properties while relying on an easy, green, and straightforward approach to material design.
Alkali‐Treated Mg–Al Layered Double Hydroxides for General Use: Oxidative Polymerization, Metal and Nanocarbon Oxidation, and Catalytic Decomposition of Pollutants
Authors: Han Nara , Kaang Byung Kwon , Choi Won San 
Published: October 2018

AbstractAn alkali‐treated Mg–Al layered double hydroxide (A‐LDH) is prepared by NaOH treatment of normal Mg–Al LDH (N‐LDH) at high temperature. Four NaOH treatments are performed with N‐LDH to control the basicity of the LDHs. Among the four A‐LDHs, the A‐LDH possessing a certain basicity shows several unique characteristics that are not observed in N‐LDH. The A‐LDH induces a controlled oxidative polymerization of dopamine into spherical polydopamine (Pdop) particles and can effectively oxidize metals (Cu and Al) and nanocarbons (carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphite) to produce oxidized CNTs and oxidized/exfoliated graphene oxide with excellent dispersibility. These interesting phenomena are tested by simply mixing the compounds with A‐LDH at room temperature without an energy‐consuming process and toxic chemicals. Furthermore, A‐LDH exhibits excellent catalytic performances for the degradation of organic pollutants such as various azo dyes.
Optical Response of Nanohole Arrays Filled with Chalcogenide Low‐Epsilon Media
Authors: Piccinotti Davide , Gholipour Behrad , Yao Jin , MacDonald Kevin F. , Hayden Brian E. , Zheludev Nikolay I. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractWhen an array of subwavelength apertures in a metal film is filled with a chalcogenide semiconductor acting as a low‐epsilon medium at optical frequencies, an increase in transmission is observed over a broad range of plasmonic frequencies, and found to be enabled by “laminar” flow of energy through the chalcogenide inclusions. As losses decrease in such a low‐epsilon medium, with causality‐bound dispersion of complex relative permittivity, a peak in transmission emerges at a wavelength tending toward that of unitary refractive index, while counterintuitively the absorption of the composite structure increases.
Emerging Organic and Organic/Inorganic Hybrid Photovoltaic Devices for Specialty Applications: Low‐Level‐Lighting Energy Conversion and Biomedical Treatment
Authors: Chen Fang‐Chung 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThis article reviews the progress made in emerging photovoltaic devices, including dye‐sensitized solar cells, organic solar cells, and perovskite solar cells, for specialty applications. Because they all feature tunable band structures, which can be modified through molecular design and/or altered compositions, the properties of emerging photovoltaic devices can be tailored to fit the special requirements of a particular application. For instance, they can be designed according to the emission spectrum of an artificial light source (e.g., fluorescence lamp and white light‐emitting diode), thereby efficiently converting the indoor lighting to electricity. Furthermore, because there exists a near‐infrared window—ranging from 650 to 1350 nm—in which photons can penetrate deeply into tissues, the absorption bands of these photovoltaic devices can be tailored specially to this therapeutic window to harvest tissue‐penetrating light, thereby wirelessly providing power to biomedical devices positioned beneath the skin. The rapid progress made in these two representative areas suggests further promising applications of such emerging photovoltaic devices.