bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Origins and future of the concept of NEETs in the European policy agenda
Authors: Mascherini Massimiliano 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This chapter describes the origins of the concept of NEETs (young people not in employment, education, or training) and discusses its future role in the European policy agenda by disentangling the heterogeneity of the NEET population. The term NEET entered into European policy debates as an additional indicator to facilitate a better understanding of young people’s vulnerabilities—including young mothers and youth with disabilities—concerning their labor market participation. In order to design policy interventions targeted at the needs of particular subgroups of young people, knowing the size and the characteristics of these subgroups is essential. Using the EU-LFS, this chapter proposes a disaggregation of the NEET indicator into seven subgroups of youth, which enables a better understanding of the composition of the NEET population in Europe and can improve targeting and monitoring of the effectiveness of the policy efforts to (re)integrate NEETs into the labor market or education.
Youth Overeducation in Europe
Authors: McGuinness Seamus , Bergin Adele , Whelan Adele 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Less favorable outcomes—such as overeducation—early in the careers of younger workers may impact negatively on future labor market success, so it is important to understand the incidence of youth overeducation, its evolution over time, and the drivers of youth labor market mismatch. Most research has focused on examining the incidence and impacts of overeducation. This chapter represents one of the few attempts to examine patterns of overeducation within countries, while the adoption of a time-series approach enables the identification of common trends across Europe. Overeducation rates in Europe are converging upward over time, and the general pattern of overeducation is linked across many countries, suggesting that the phenomenon responds in a similar way to external shocks and, consequently, may react in similar ways to appropriate policy interventions. This chapter finds that youth overeducation is driven by the composition of education provision, aggregate labor demand, and labor market flexibility.
Values-Informed Research and Research-Informed Values
Authors: Longhofer Jeffrey , Floersch Jerry 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
While social work must be evaluative in relation to its diverse areas of practice and research (i.e., values-informed research), the purpose of this chapter is to propose that values are within the scope of research and therefore research on practice should make values a legitimate object of investigation (i.e., research-informed values). In this chapter the fact/value debate in social work research is considered by offering reflection on the history and philosophy of this debate and by offering summary thoughts on how social work must engage with normativity (i.e., the ought, what matters most to people, and how the world and people matter) so the debate moves beyond mere questions about the relevance of values to the questions asked, the methodologies used, the theories promoted, the interventions supported, engagements with many and diverse publics, and the investigation of values as causes.
Tools and Training to Support Social Work as an Integrative Science
Authors: Nurius Paula S. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This chapter aims to strengthen social work research training responsive to contemporary forms and expectations of science—in short, to prepare social work researchers for effectiveness “at the tables” of this work. It first describes national trends that increasingly expect science to be cross-disciplinary, multilevel, translational, and community engaged. Following this is explication of T-shaped training approaches that include a solid core of social work expertise, priorities, and identity. This is integrated with boundary-spanning skills and meta-competencies germane to advancing social work collaborative and communication roles. Recommendations are provided for doctoral-level research training, including specification of key meta-competencies. These aims are not solely a doctoral training issue but rather require efforts across school, university, and disciplinary levels to market and sustain social work as a robust collaborative, integrative science.
Can the President Obstruct Justice?
Authors: Coan Andrew 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
A surprising number of presidential scandals have involved alleged attempts to cover up wrongdoing. In light of this history, it might appear strange to ask, “Can the president obstruct justice?” The answer would seem obviously to be yes. That is probably correct, but the issue is more complicated than it initially appears. This chapter recounts the arguments on both sides, describes the elements of obstruction of justice, and discusses historical examples. The great weight of argument suggests that the president can obstruct justice, but this question is not likely to be decided by courts or even on the basis of traditional legal arguments. The real question is whether Congress can be persuaded to impeach and convict a president for obstruction of justice. Experience indicates that the answer is yes, in the right circumstances. Whether those circumstances exist depends on the vigilance of the American people.
Can Congress Protect Special Prosecutors from the President?
Authors: Coan Andrew 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Can Congress constitutionally restrict the president’s power to remove a special prosecutor? In a 1988 case called Morrison v. Olson, a nearly unanimous Supreme Court held that the answer was yes. Only Justice Antonin Scalia dissented. This chapter recounts the dramatic story of that case and the subsequent developments that have caused many commentators to question the vitality of the Court’s ruling. Partly for this reason and partly for reasons of ordinary politics, Congress seems unlikely to pass legislation protecting special prosecutors any time soon. As a result, the responsibility for protecting special prosecutors now rests where it has for most of U.S. history—squarely on the shoulders of the American people.
Philosophical Organization Theory
Authors: Tsoukas Haridimos 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
When it comes to the field of organization and management theory, a philosophical perspective enables us to conduct organizational research imbued with the attitude of “wonder”; it helps researchers question dominant images of thought underlying mainstream thinking, and provides fresh distinctions that enable the development of new theory. In bringing together a collection of key essays by Haridimos Tsoukas, this volume explores fundamental concepts, such as organizational routines, that have gained currency in the field, as well as revisiting traditional concepts such as change, strategy, and organization. It discusses organizational knowledge, judgment, and reflection-in-action, and, at the meta-theoretical level, suggests complex forms of theorizing that seek to reflect the complexity of organizations. The conceptual attention throughout is on process and practice, underlain by performative phenomenology and an emphasis on agents’ lived experience. This provides us with the language to appreciate the dynamic character of organizational behaviour, the embeddedness of action, and the complexity of organizational life. The theoretical claims presented in this volume have important implications for scholarly practice, insofar as they help retrain our attention: from seeing structures and individuals, we can now appreciate processes, experiences, and practices. A phenomenological attitude makes organization theory more open, more creative, and more reflexive, and this book will be essential reading for researchers and students in the field of organization studies.
What is Reflection-in-Action?
Authors: Tsoukas Haridimos 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
How does an administrator, manager, or other practitioner know how to do what she does while she does it? Building on the work of Donald Schön, this chapter proposes a phenomenological theory of practice and of reflection-in-the-course-of-practice that transcends what is seen as Schön’s cognitive orientation, as well as some other limitations in his theorizing. The theory includes: an appreciation for the evaluative dimensions built into competent practice that encourage, if not require, reflecting; a further theorizing of the character of surprise; and a fuller delineation of the character of improvisation in relation to practice and its surprises. Schön’s arguments are reframed in phenomenological, especially Heideggerian, terms, and these discussions are illustrated with vignettes from the world of practice drawn from field research.
The Power of the Particular
Authors: Tsoukas Haridimos 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This chapter elaborates on how singularities (unique, first-time/once-occurrent events) may be thought of in organization science, and how an organization science of singularities may be possible. Organizations are designed to generate regularities. Historically oriented towards capturing regularities, organization science has treated organizations as abstract systems, devoid of the idiosyncrasies of human agency. However, while organizations categorize and generalize, insofar as people in organizations act, they inevitably create and encounter differences. Difference indicates uniqueness implicit in the particularity of things, and the repetitiveness of regularities in organizations does not indicate the reproduction of sameness, since repetition is an occasion for generating difference. An organization science of singularities is concerned with bringing to attention the unique features of organizational life that create new possibilities. Such a science is performative, seeking to provide action-oriented accounts of organizational life from within.
Precarious Homes: Encounters with the Benefit System
Authors: Koch Insa Lee 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Chapter 3 looks at how so-called ‘single mothers’ engage the benefit system in their daily attempts to build and maintain family homes. In both policy terms and popular language, the ‘single mother’ is typically portrayed as a woman who corrupts both the immaculate trust of a mother to her child and the civic trust of a citizen to the public by bearing children in order to access public resources. By contrast, this chapter takes as its point of departure women’s own daily pursuits of family homes and the social relations that matter within them. It argues that the rules and logic of the benefit system come into conflict with women’s own expectations of what makes a good family home. By portraying women as needy individuals defined by their lack, means-tested benefits not only expose women to bureaucratic complexity but more substantively, penalize their reliance on fluid household arrangements that encompass friends, partners, grown-up children, and extended kin. While some women learn to ‘play the system’, their attempts to personalize the state also place them in an awkward and sometimes altogether illegal relationship with the law.
The Educational Traveller
Authors: Corens Liesbeth 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This chapter foregrounds the diversity and dynamics of the expatriate community and writes the history of expatriate English Catholics into a much older tradition of educational travel. Recognizing that continuity alerts us to read the expatriate houses neither as a purely new phenomenon, nor as exclusively defined by flight from repression. Rather, without prioritization, it integrates retreat from persecution and preparation for the future, but still recognizing the two-way interaction. Children and youngsters were sent to colleges on the Continent to ensure that they were safe from Protestant influence and to prepare them for an active apostolate. Highlighting these dynamics helps to move beyond a static understanding of expatriates which limits the understanding of movement to the moment of migration, and instead discloses an expatriate life that was much more dynamic and in flux than these images suggest. Going abroad was a transformative experience.
The Intercessor
Authors: Corens Liesbeth 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores questions about assimilation and integration of Catholics in a universal Church through the lens of expatriates’ devotional lives. Their English identity was not a merely abstract idea but was, like all early modern belonging, constituted through bonds and reciprocal relations. The formative role of charity in fostering and maintaining communal bonds explains some of the driving motivations behind expatriate English Catholics’ preserving their own English community distinct from that of their hosts. They needed to perpetuate the commemoration of their ancestors to ensure their salvation, and intended to return England to the Catholic fold for the salvation of their compatriots. Yet this chapter also questions the assumption that migrants belonged either to their home society or their host society, and that there is a linear way to map their steady integration into the new host culture. Identification with and participation in one community did not preclude membership of other communities.
Full Steam Ahead or Dead in the Water? European Union Environmental Policy after the Economic Crisis
Authors: Gravey Viviane , Moore Brendan 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
For the EU, environmental policy has been posited as both a source of legitimacy and an opportunity for international leadership. However, concerns have been raised that the 2007–8 economic crisis and its consequences have negatively affected the EU’s environmental ambition. This chapter addresses this issue by comparing the pre-crisis and post-crisis policy intensity of three EU environmental policy subsectors (environment–industry, climate and energy, and air-quality policy) using the Index of Policy Activity (IPA). The results suggest that average policy intensity has increased in these subsectors since the economic crisis. The pre-crisis policy intensity in the climate and energy subsector was significantly lower than environment–industry or air-quality policy, but a rapid increase has led to a post-crisis convergence.
Irish Environmental Policy after the Economic Crisis
Authors: Flynn Brendan 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This chapter employs qualitative analysis to apply the Index of Policy Activity (IPA) to environmental policy in Ireland between 1995 and 2016. It develops the IPA by deploying the new indicator of ‘provenance’, which enables the lack of environmental policy innovation in Ireland to be demonstrated, finding the state to be a ‘policy-taker’ from the European Union. The chapter shows that, while Ireland was hugely affected by the economic crisis of 2007–8 and became the subject of a complex bailout from the Troika, the impact upon environmental policy has been limited. Ireland was a relative laggard prior to the crisis, and possessed a Green coalition government, so there have been few demands or scope for reversals and deregulation. Ironically, the chapter finds that crisis has been good for environmental policy outcomes and that a return to growth may pose the biggest challenge for the future of the Irish environment.
Environmental Policy in Times of Crisis
Authors: Davidescu Simona 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This chapter employs qualitative analysis to apply the Index of Policy Activity (IPA) to a relative newcomer to the European Union, Romania. The chapter analyses renewable energy legislation, and finds that the unexpected success of Romania in this policy area is actually a case of ‘reluctant and accidental compliance’ over the period 2008–17. The chapter reveals a case of active, high visibility dismantling from 2013 onwards, which domestic politicians consistently linked to the global financial crisis of 2007–8. However, the analysis suggests that past legacies, sloppy and vague policy formulation, and lack of learning were actually the real drivers of policy failure in Romania and therefore of policy dismantling.
The Restoration of Biodiversity in France
Authors: Berny Nathalie 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This chapter employs qualitative analysis to apply the Index of Policy Activity (IPA) to nature protection and biodiversity policy in France over a twenty-year period. It extends the application of the IPA to include consideration of two critical aspects of implementation that can shape policy ambition: the support of the policy actors and administrative capacity. The chapter reveals that biodiversity policy has been subject to extensive reforms, which have overlapped with a devolution agenda, leading to increased regionalization of this policy sector. One outcome of this process is that under-resourced regional administrations must shoulder the burden of implementing policy. These findings suggest that France may be engaging in dismantling by arena shifting.
Agricultural Neglect and Retarded Structural Change in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Auty Richard M. , Furlonge Haydn I. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Sub-Saharan Africa has followed a singular pattern of structural change that lags global trends and traps a large proportion of the workforce in low-productivity agriculture through a process of agricultural involution. This chapter focuses on the small land-rich crop-driven economies, which comprised the vast majority of sub-Saharan countries at independence. Baldwin’s yeoman farm model suggests that the diffuse linkages of such economies are advantageous for development, but his model neglects the need for resilient institutions and sound policy, which most countries lacked. The elite in sub-Saharan Africa abused crop marketing boards to extract rents from small farmers, converting the linkages from favourably diffuse to concentrated and theft-prone. Most economies traced staple trap trajectories and experienced growth collapses that, contrary to staple trap theory, failed to motivate the elite to promote diversified economic growth, with the exception of Mauritius. This chapter traces this policy failure to the prioritization of industrialization and associated persistent neglect of the potential development stimulus of agriculture.
The Evolving Role of Manufacturing in Economic Development
Authors: Auty Richard M. , Furlonge Haydn I. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Differences in industrial policy explain why Latin America lost its head start in economic development to East Asia. Latin America persisted with industrialization by import substitution under soft budget constraints, which failed to mature and generate adequate foreign exchange and government revenues. In contrast, East Asia abandoned import substitution early to pursue competitive industrialization under hard budget constraints that incentivized rapid sector maturation. East Asia is closing the productivity gap with the US, but Taiwan’s cautious competitive industrialization is more welfare-enhancing than South Korea’s aggressive big push. Chile pioneered Latin American reform in line with its comparative advantage in commodity-driven growth and successfully managed its mineral rent to become best practice. However, diversification remains constrained and economic growth has slowed. Brazilian reforms have been less effective than Chile in managing rents to minimize Dutch disease and curb growth-sapping rent-seeking. However, contrary to Rodrik, this chapter argues that Latin American structural change reflects realignment with comparative advantage and not premature deindustrialization.
The Principal Findings and some Policy Implications
Authors: Auty Richard M. , Furlonge Haydn I. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
The resource curse is part of a broader rent curse linked to geopolitical rent, regulatory rent, and labour rent, as well as natural resource rent. Variation in the intensity of rent curse effects reflects major shifts in policy fashion. It declined with the post-1980s dismantling of industrialization by import substitution. Previously, low rent incentivized the pursuit of policies promoting efficient economic growth under hard budget constraints in East Asia and Mauritius (and now in Bangladesh, Vietnam, and the Philippines). High rent in Latin America and sub-Saharan Africa led to staple trap trajectories associated with protracted growth collapses. However, labour surplus South Asia and the Gulf states can learn from policy errors to, respectively, pursue labour-intensive growth and merge dualistic labour markets as part of a package of sector neutral policies, macroeconomic stability, and an enabling environment.
The Decadent Imagination
Authors: Eastlake Laura 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines how aesthetes and decadents staked a competing claim to those Roman narratives of corruption and contagion outlined in Chapter 7. Beginning with a detailed analysis of Marius the Epicurean (1885), it shows how Walter Pater and his contemporaries sought to delink aestheticism from Gibbonian narratives of decline and fall, and to reclaim aesthetic masculinity from associations of moral and masculine deviance. The second part examines decadent authors such as Oscar Wilde, Villiers de L’Isle Adam, and George Moore, who adopted an equally recuperative, though more controversial approach to the ancient Roman past. Revelling in the more illicit and disturbing aspects of Roman history with a playfully self-parodic humour which is typical of the movement as a whole, and frequently voicing their affinity with the most notorious of Roman emperors—Nero—decadent writers appear be invested in a very genuine attempt to disassociate decadent ideologies from Gibbonian models of degeneration and decline.
Conclusion
Authors: Eastlake Laura 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This final chapter examines the cultural implications of a new century and the outbreak of the Great War for notions of masculinity. It considers the writings of commentators like Robert Baden Powell and A. C. Benson to show that questions of how best to prepare Britain’s youth to face the ‘vast energies and problems’ of the modern world were also, inevitably, questions about the role and relevance of a classical education in that process. The final section glances forward to examine the processes by which receptions of Ancient Rome persist, and are remade during the Great War and a new modern era of total war. Far from attempting to ‘finish’ the meaning of Rome or to homogenize its uses as part of a single theory of what Rome meant to the Victorian male, this chapter emphasizes the ongoing pluralities and complexities inherent in the Roman parallel.