bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative semi‐empirical modeling and physico‐functional analysis of hot‐air and vacuum dried puran powder
Authors: Kardile Nilesh Balasaheb , Nema Prabhat Kumar , Kaur Barjinder Pal , Thakre Shubhangi Mahadeo 
Published: June 2019

AbstractPuran is a stuffing of puran poli (sweet flat bread)—an Indian traditional cuisine made from the mixture of cooked chickpea splits and jaggery. Instant puran powder (IPP) was made by hot air drying (HAD) and vacuum drying (VD) at different temperatures (40, 50, and 60°C) to reduce the preparation time of puran. Different semi‐empirical models were fitted to the drying data and Page model was found to suitably explain the experimental data. The highest water absorption index, water solubility index, rehydration ratio, lightness, firmness, and overall acceptability were found in case of vacuum dried IPP produced at 60°C. Browning index, a*, and b* of vacuum dried IPP at 60°C were the lowest. In vitro protein digestibility and minerals were not significantly affected by the drying method. Highest moisture diffusivity (7.24 × 10−09 m2/s) and lowest activation energy (70.28 kJ/mol) were found in IPP dried by VD at 60°C.Practical applicationsResults of this investigation would facilitate food industries in developing efficient and robust process condition for puran manufacturing. This study is the first report that deals with the physico‐functional properties and drying characteristics of puran. Moreover, models generated in this work for moisture mapping of the product provide vital information for engineering control systems. Vacuum drying technology for puran at 60°C was found the most suitable for commercial preparation of puran powder.
Airflow resistance and pressure drop behavior in different conditions of bulk‐stored onion and its dynamic modeling
Authors: Kate Adinath E. , Chakraborty Subir K. , Pawar Dilip A. , Gorrepati Kalyani 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe knowledge of airflow resistance and distribution pattern in a highly porous‐bed commodity like an onion is an important consideration in designing an appropriate ventilation system and for proper selection of fans. The resistance to airflow through bulk onions was determined at the airflow rates range of 0.04–1.0 m3/s.m2, bed depth of 0–100 cm, and scaled and descaled condition of onion at vertical and horizontal position of the onion stock. Three models (Shedd, Hukill and Ives, and Ergun) were investigated to describe pressure drop data of onion bulbs. The pressure drop through bulk onion was increased with an increase in airflow rate and bed depth. Also, pressure drop was 43.5 and 33.3% higher in scaled condition over the descaled condition of bulbs at the vertical and horizontal position of the column, respectively. Shedd model was found to more reliable among three models to describe airflow resistance in bulk of onion bulbs.Practical ApplicationsOnion is perishable vegetable consumed throughout the year. Being a seasonal crop and to fulfill the demand of consumers it must be stored for off seasonal use. Storage of the onion bulbs at ambient and modified environment condition is the most commonly used methods in a tropical climate. But there were huge postharvest losses mainly in the form of physiological weight loss, sprouting, and decay and considerable loss in nutritional qualities. Properly designed aeration, ventilation, and fumigation system is the only way to reduce such losses. Therefore, the understanding of dynamic behavior of applied ventilation and fumigation with its distribution pattern in a highly porous commodity like an onion is a preliminary requirement for the proper design of storage system. Different model based approach to understand flow dynamics could be used in the dimensional design of a storage system in a tropical climate.
GLOBAL VALUE CHAINS AND RELATIVE LABOUR DEMAND: A GEOMETRIC SYNTHESIS OF NEOCLASSICAL TRADE MODELS
Authors: Franssen Loe 
Published: June 2019

AbstractTechnological advancements and reductions in trade tariffs have made it increasingly profitable for firms to separate their production into individual tasks, creating global value chains (GVCs). The theoretical literature on the distributional effects of GVCs is large, but ambiguous. Since the early conception of Jones' general equilibrium model in 1965, there seems to have been a tendency to repackage (part of) this model, generating apparent conflicts and implicit overlaps. This paper goes back to the basics by using the dual nature of the production model in Jones to provide a geometric exposition of the main channels by which GVCs can affect the relative demand for skilled labour. The explanatory power of this figure is vast. First, it can synthesize the ambiguous literature in a coherent and intuitive framework and show how subtle modelling differences can have widespread effects on key predictions. Second, it can serve as a conceptual framework and as a guide to empirical analysis. Third, it can be used as an illustration of key models explaining global value chains. Ultimately, the proposed figure can be used as a pedagogical tool for policy makers and (under)graduate students alike, without the need to understand complex algebra.
Comparing Protest Massacres
Authors: Anisin Alexei 
Published: June 2019

AbstractWhy do some bouts of collective action end in bloodshed? This study evaluates a diverse collection of cases featuring opposition movements that experienced government‐led massacres. Historically, protest massacres originate to 19th century struggles associated with populational needs of obtaining public goods and political representation from governments. Unlike genocide and politicide which are likely to take place during heightened conflict, protest massacres tend to occur outside of war and civil war. Data on 76 incidents (1819–2017) capturing direct action strategies, preceding levels of mobilization, regime threat levels, and temporal characteristics of each massacre is analyzed.
The Jewish Issue in Islamic Radicalism: Historicity, Impact and Evolutions
Authors: Adraoui Mohamed‐Ali 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis article focuses on the long‐term ideological vision of Jews and Israel in radical Islam. By examining, on the one hand, the animosity towards Judeo‐Israelis in the spawning and bolstering of Islamist, Salafist and Jihadist movements, and on the other hand, the sociological composition of Jihadist elites related to the Israeli‐Palestinian conflict, I show the centrality of the Judeophobic discourse in the world of radical Islam as well as the importance of Israel in its reinforcement. By trying to historicize this discourse, as well as political and strategic movements linked with the State of Israel, I also question the nature of the hostility towards Judaism, and more specifically the role of the Israeli issue in the development and evolution of the most radical and violent forms of Muslim identity over nearly a century.
Endogenous pain modulation assessed with offset analgesia is not impaired in chronic temporomandibular disorder pain patients
Authors: Moana‐Filho Estephan Jose , Herrero Babiloni Alberto , Nisley Aaron 
Published: June 2019

AbstractBackgroundAbnormal endogenous pain modulation (EPM) was suggested as a pathophysiological characteristic of chronic pain. EPM has been investigated using psychophysical tests for pain facilitation and inhibition such as temporal summation of pain and conditioned pain modulation, respectively. Another psychophysical test for pain inhibition is offset analgesia (OA), where small variations in noxious stimulus intensity over time elicit a disproportionately large analgesic response. OA has been investigated in patients with mixed pain conditions, but not in chronic temporomandibular disorder (TMD) patients.ObjectiveTo compare OA responses in chronic TMD female cases to age‐matched, pain‐free female controls.MethodsOffset analgesia was assessed by applying noxious heat over the non‐dominant forearm of chronic TMD cases (n = 22) and controls (n = 17), using a previously reported paradigm with individualised test temperatures (TT): T1(5 seconds) = TT, T2(5 seconds) = TT + 1°C and T3(20 seconds) = TT. Clinical and psychosocial characteristics were measured. Main outcomes for OA were delta computerised visual analogue scale (COVAS), per cent change (T2‐T3/T2‐T1) and area under the curve (AUC) ratio of pain ratings controlling for TT.ResultsNo statistically significant between‐group differences were found for delta COVAS (TMD cases mean ± SD = 53.5 ± 22.0; controls = 51.6 ± 22.9, P = 0.876) and per cent change (T2‐T3/T2‐T1) (cases mean = 327.2 ± 375.1; controls = 226.9 ± 553.4, P = 0.515), with both groups presenting a robust OA response. TMD cases perceived more pain during OA trials than controls, as measured by AUC ratio (mean difference [95% CI] = −15.6 [−26.9, −3.5], P = 0.017).ConclusionChronic TMD cases presented with similar OA response over the forearm as controls; however, they experienced greater pain during testing. Future studies including this patient population should investigate OA responses over painful body sites, for example, jaw/face.
Efficacy of modified chin tuck against resistance exercise using hand‐free device for dysphagia in stroke survivors: A randomised controlled trial
Authors: Kim Hwan‐Hee , Park Ji‐Su 
Published: June 2019

AbstractBackgroundChin tuck against resistance exercise was recently reported as a novel method for improving the swallowing function of patients with post‐stroke dysphagia. However, as this exercise involves holding and fixing the device using the hand, physically weak patients may find it difficult to perform it.ObjectivesThis study aimed to investigate the effect of modified chin tuck against resistance (mCTAR) exercise on patients with post‐stroke dysphagia.MethodsIn total, 30 patients with dysphagia were recruited in this study. They were randomly assigned to either the experimental or control group. The experimental group performed mCTAR exercise and received traditional dysphagia treatment, whereas the control group received only traditional dysphagia treatment. mCTAR exercise involved isometric and isotonic exercises. Aspiration and oral diet were evaluated using penetration‐aspiration scale (PAS) and functional oral intake scale (FOIS), respectively. Moreover, the rate of nasogastric tube removal was analysed.ResultsCompared with the control group, the experimental group showed statistically significant improvement in PAS and FOIS (P < 0.001, both). The rates of nasogastric tube removal were 25% and 15% in the experimental and control groups, respectively.ConclusionThis study demonstrated that mCTAR exercise can reduce aspiration and improve dietary levels in patients with post‐stroke dysphagia. Therefore, mCTAR exercise is expected to be beneficial for physically vulnerable patients with dysphagia who have limited hand strength and range of motion.
Belief in a Loving Versus Punitive God and Behavior
Authors: Shepperd James A. , Pogge Gabrielle , Lipsey Nikolette P. , Miller Wendi A. , Webster Gregory D. 
Published: June 2019

We examined the extent to which beliefs in a loving God and punitive God correspond with self‐reported behavior in an online, longitudinal survey involving three waves of data collection, each separated by 6 months. Adolescents (N = 760) reported the extent to which they believed in a loving God and a punitive God (Times 1 and 3) and reported their engagement in benevolent (helping and forgiveness) and aggressive behavior (Times 2 and 3). Participants strongly endorsed a loving God but not a punitive God. In addition, belief in a loving God corresponded with reports of less aggressive and more benevolent behavior, whereas belief in a punitive God corresponded with more aggressive and less benevolent behavior.
A Person‐Centered Approach to the Study of Black Adolescent Religiosity, Racial Identity, and Sexual Initiation
Authors: Taggart Tamara , Powell Wizdom , Gottfredson Nisha , Ennett Susan , Eng Eugenia , Chatters Linda M. 
Published: June 2019

Decreasing the number of adolescents who have never had sexual intercourse is one way to address sexual health disparities. We used intersectionality to explore the joint effects of religiosity and racial identity on Black adolescent sexual initiation. Data originated from the National Survey of American Life‐Adolescent (n = 1,170), a nationally representative study of Black adolescents. Latent profile analysis and survival analysis were used to evaluate study hypotheses. Results showed four distinct profiles of religiosity and racial identity. These profiles explained 19% of the variability in sexual initiation. Additional analyses revealed sociodemographic differences in profile membership. Findings contribute to understanding ethnic heterogeneity among Black adolescents and racial identity and religiosity as sociocultural factors that influence sexual initiation; and support reconceptualizing Black adolescent religiosity.
Consequences of Confronting Patronizing Help for People with Disabilities: Do Target Gender and Disability Type Matter?
Authors: Wang Katie , Walker Keshia , Pietri Evava , Ashburn‐Nardo Leslie 
Published: June 2019

AbstractPeople with disabilities face a dilemma in dealing with patronizing help: Although accepting unsolicited assistance can incur psychological costs, confronting the helper has been shown to incur interpersonal penalties. The present research explored whether the consequences of confronting patronizing help vary across target gender and disability type. A vignette paradigm introduced participants to various interactions between adults with and without disabilities. Study 1 (N = 137) showed that, when blind targets confronted help that was clearly patronizing, they were rated as ruder and less warm after (vs. before) confronting regardless of their gender. Study 2 (N = 368) showed that, although both blind and wheelchair‐using targets were rated as less warm and ruder after (vs. before) confronting, blind targets were penalized more, and patronizing behavior toward blind targets was perceived as more appropriate. These results highlight the importance of considering intersectionality and cross‐disability heterogeneity when examining the multifaceted experience of ableism.
Evaluation of sedative, analgesic, physiological, and laboratory effects of two doses off medetomidine and xylazine in dromedary calves
Authors: Samimi Amir Saeed , Sakhaee Ehsanollah , Iranmanesh Fattah 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe present study aims to comparatively evaluate the effects of different doses of intravenous xylazine and medetomidine on sedation and antinociception scores, and physiological and laboratory parameters in dromedary calves. Thirty clinically healthy male dromedary calves 15 ± 2 weeks old and weighing 95 ± 5.5 kg were studied. Two groups received xylazine at low (0.2 mg/kg) and high (0.4 mg/kg) doses. Two groups received medetomidine at low (10 µg/kg) and high (20 µg/kg) doses. One group received normal saline. Sedation signs were scored using a 3‐point scale. Analgesic effect was analyzed using pinpricks. Data were analyzed by one‐way ANOVA and Mann–WhitneyU‐tests. Sedation and antinociception scores of the animals 1 hr after receiving the higher dose of xylazine and medetomidine were significantly higher than that of other groups. Compared with other studied groups, the animals receiving the higher dose of xylazine showed significantly higher potassium and creatinine serum levels after 24 hr. Doses as high as 0.4 mg/kg for xylazine and 20 µg/kg for medetomidine can be considered safe and useful for procedures associated with mild pain in dromedary calves.
Pharmacokinetics of levosulpiride after single‐dose administration in goats (Capra hircus) by different routes of administration
Authors: Łebkowska‐Wieruszewska Beata , Barsotti Giovanni , Camillo Francesco , Rota Alessandra , Panzani Duccio , Poapolathep Amnart , Lisowski Andrzej , Giorgi Mario 
Published: June 2019

AbstractLevosulpiride (LSP) is the l‐enantiomer of sulpiride, and LSP recently replacing sulpiride in several EU countries. Several studies about LSP in humans are present in the literature, but neither pharmacodynamic nor pharmacokinetic data of LSP is present for veterinary species. The aim of this study was to assess the pharmacokinetic profile of LSP after intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), and oral (PO) administration in goats. Animals (n = 6) were treated with 50 mg LSP by IV, IM, and PO routes according to a randomized cross‐over design (3 × 3 Latin‐square). Blood samples were collected prior and up to 24 hr after LSP administration and quantified using a validated HPLC method with fluorescence detection. IV and IM administration gave similar concentration versus time curve profiles. The IM mean bioavailability was 66.97%. After PO administration, the drug plasma concentrations were detectable only in the time range 1.5–4 hr, and the bioavailability (4.73%) was low. When the AUC was related to the administered dose in mg/kg, there was a good correlation in the IV and IM groups, but very low correlation for the PO route. In conclusion, the IM and IV administrations result in very similar plasma concentrations. Oral dosing of LSP in goats is probably not viable as its oral bioavailability was very low.
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intramammary cefquinome in lactating goats with and without experimentally inducedStaphylococcus aureusmastitis
Authors: El Badawy Shymaa A. , Amer Aziza M. M. , Kamel Gehan M. , Eldeib Kamal M. , Constable Peter D. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractValues for pharmacokinetic variables are usually obtained in healthy animals, whereas drugs are frequently administered to diseased animals. This study investigated cefquinome pharmacokinetics in healthy goats and goats with experimentally induced mastitis. Five adult lactating goats received 75 mg of cefquinome intramammary infusion using a commercially available product into one udder half in healthy goats and goats with clinical mastitis that was induced by intracisternal infusion of 100 cfu ofStaphylococcus aureusATCC 29213 suspended in 5 ml of sterile culture broth. Cefquinome concentrations were determined in plasma and skimmed milk samples using high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Pharmacodynamics was investigated using the California Mastitis Test and pH of milk. Experimentally induced mastitis significantly increased the California Mastitis Test score and pH, and decreased the maximal cefquinome concentration and shortened the half‐life in milk when compared to healthy goats. In conclusion, mastitis facilitated the absorption of cefquinome from the mammary gland of lactating goats and induced marked changes in milk pH, emphasizing the importance of performing pharmacokinetic studies of antimicrobial agents in infected animals.
Nest removal by humans creates an evolutionary trap for Amazonian freshwater turtles
Authors: Quintana I. , Norris D. , Valerio A. , Becker F. G. , Gibbs J. P. , Michalski F. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractNest‐site selection exerts a fundamental maternal effect on offspring fitness in oviparous species. In many freshwater turtles, females do not care for their eggs after oviposition but rather rely on a nest's micro‐environment to incubate developing embryos although linkages between oviposition choices and overall fitness remain poorly evaluated. We tested predictions derived from multiple hypotheses to examine nesting patterns of the yellow‐spotted river turtle Podocnemis unifilis, a species imperiled by egg harvesting by humans throughout its range, based on data collected from 73 nesting sites along 118 km of river in the eastern Brazilian Amazon. Nesting area size largely explained nest‐site selection by turtles, but only weakly explained turtle egg harvesting by humans. Despite the wide availability of alternative nesting habitats, turtles do not appear to be capable of avoiding hazardous nesting sites associated with increased egg harvesting by humans. Because signals used by female turtles to select nesting areas are apparently not sufficient for avoiding nesting along rivers accessible to humans, direct conservation action will be vital for persistence of these and likely other Amazonian freshwater turtles.
Differences in regional oceanography and prey biomass influence the presence of foraging odontocetes at two Atlantic seamounts
Authors: Romagosa Miriam , Lucas Carlos , Pérez‐Jorge Sergi , Tobeña Marta , Lehodey Patrick , Reis Jesus , Cascão Irma , Lammers Marc O. , Caldeira Rui M. A. , Silva Mónica A. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe importance of seamounts as foraging hotspots for cetaceans depends on interactions between ocean flow and topographical features that concentrate prey. However, the oceanographic processes driving these aggregations are still unclear. Here, we analyzed two months of passive acoustic recordings from two remote seamounts in the Northeast Atlantic, Atlantis and Irving, in relation to regional oceanography and estimates of prey biomass. Delphinids and sperm whales were detected in both seamounts with higher foraging activity at night, indicating feeding on diel migrating prey. There were more detections of delphinids and sperm whales at Atlantis than at Irving. These two seamounts lie in different oceanographic settings created by the Azores Current that separates colder and less saline water masses in the north (Atlantis seamount) from warmer and more saline waters in the south (Irving seamount). Irving seamount is only affected by transient features like eddies that enhance productivity for short time periods. These conditions translate into more productive waters at Atlantis seamount than at Irving, as shown by predicted prey biomasses that ultimately attract top predators. Comparative studies such as this one can help to explain the main drivers of presence of top predators at seamounts.
GbCYP86A1‐1 from Gossypium barbadense positively regulates defence against Verticillium dahliae by cell wall modification and activation of immune pathways
Authors: Wang Guilin , Xu Jun , Li Lechen , Guo Zhan , Si Qingxin , Zhu Guozhong , Wang Xinyu , Guo Wangzhen 
Published: June 2019

SummarySuberin acts as stress‐induced antipathogen barrier in the root cell wall. CYP86A1 encodes cytochrome P450 fatty acid ω‐hydroxylase, which has been reported to be a key enzyme for suberin biosynthesis; however, its role in resistance to fungi and the mechanisms related to immune responses remain unknown. Here, we identified a disease resistance‐related gene, GbCYP86A1‐1, from Gossypium barbadense cv. Hai7124. There were three homologs of GbCYP86A1 in cotton, which are specifically expressed in roots and induced by Verticillium dahliae. Among them, GbCYP86A1‐1 contributed the most significantly to resistance. Silencing of GbCYP86A1‐1 in Hai7124 resulted in severely compromised resistance to V. dahliae, while heterologous overexpression of GbCYP86A1‐1 in Arabidopsis improved tolerance. Tissue sections showed that the roots of GbCYP86A1‐1 transgenic Arabidopsis had more suberin accumulation and significantly higher C16‐C18 fatty acid content than control. Transcriptome analysis revealed that overexpression of GbCYP86A1‐1 not only affected lipid biosynthesis in roots, but also activated the disease‐resistant immune pathway; genes encoding the receptor‐like kinases (RLKs), receptor‐like proteins (RLPs), hormone‐related transcription factors, and pathogenesis‐related protein genes (PRs) were more highly expressed in the GbCYP86A1‐1 transgenic line than control. Furthermore, we found that when comparing V. dahliae ‐inoculated and noninoculated plants, few differential genes related to disease immunity were detected in the GbCYP86A1‐1 transgenic line; however, a large number of resistance genes were activated in the control. This study highlights the role of GbCYP86A1‐1 in the defence against fungi and its underlying molecular immune mechanisms in this process.