bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Story of My Son’s Birth
Authors: LoBue Vanessa 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter describes the personal story of the birth of the author’s son. She describes the onset of Braxton Hicks contractions, which are mild pre-labor contractions that can occur anytime during pregnancy, and then the onset of actual labor. Her experience of labor pain, epidural anesthesia, and the birth process itself is documented, as is the safe delivery of her healthy son. The author reminds readers that it is good to have a birth plan but, in pregnancy and birth, things often don’t work out as planned and that the ultimate goal is always to safely deliver a healthy child.
Afterword
Authors: LoBue Vanessa 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter offers an epilogue to the book, written more than a year later. Pregnant again, the author reflects on what she has learned about pregnancy and parenting. She describes her son’s rapid acquisition of language skills, an expanded vocabulary, and their consequent better communication. She also discusses her son’s developing personality and his clear preference for gender-stereotyped toys. The author emphasizes that letting go of some of the worries of parenthood has made her a better parent, more able to allow her son to explore his world and learn from his experiences, always with his secure attachment to his mom to reassure him.
Identity Accumulation, Verification, and Well-Being
Authors: Burke Peter J. , Cerven Christine 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Within identity theory, there are two theoretical approaches that can be used to link identity processes to outcomes of psychological well-being such as high self-esteem, increased happiness, and decreased sadness and anger. The “identity accumulation” hypothesis says accumulating identities based on the social positions people hold provides increasing ontological anchoring and well-being for individuals. The “identity verification” hypothesis says verifying identities increases self-esteem and positive. The present research brings together data to simultaneously examine the merits of both approaches. Results show that identity accumulation does increase well-being, but only if those identities are highly verified. Identity accumulation decreases well-being if those identities are not verified. This suggests that to maintain self-esteem and happiness, one should take on more roles and identities to the extent that those roles can be performed well and the identities verified.
Authenticity and the Religious Identity
Authors: Brenner Philip S. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter reports the findings of a study comparing the association of religious behavior with two identity-related concepts, testing their potential as a source of survey response bias in the self-reported measure of religious attendance. Religious identity prominence is defined as the value one places on one’s religious identity. Respondents with prominent religious identities interpret the religious attendance question in a way that allows them to report on their self-view as religious people rather than on their religious behavior. Religious authenticity is defined as the desire to be and be seen as who one “really is.” Respondents are motivated to demonstrate their authentic religious selves by reporting that they are the “kind of person” who attends. Results suggest that religious identity prominence, but not religious authenticity, positively influences reports of religious attendance. These findings shed light on the potential sources of error in survey measures of religious attendance and ways we might avoid them in the future.
Introduction
Authors: Hasday Jill Elaine 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Deception within sexual, marital, and familial relationships can cause severe—even life-altering—damage. But the law has shielded this persistent and pervasive source of harm, routinely denying deceived intimates access to the remedies that are available for deceit in other contexts. This book argues that the law has placed too much emphasis on protecting intimate deceivers and too little importance on helping the people they deceive. The law can and should do more to recognize, prevent, and redress the injuries that intimate deception can inflict, giving deceived intimates access to the same remedies they would have if equivalently deceived outside of intimacy, countering incentives to deceive, and thwarting duplicitous intimates from carrying out their plans. Entering an intimate relationship—or being duped into one—should not mean losing the law’s protection from deceit.
Simplicity and Complexity in the Nth Nuclear Era
Authors: Lehman Ron 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Exploring cross-domain deterrence and nuclear deterrence in parallel can be useful. It can also be confusing. As we compare and contrast, we need to keep in mind several questions: What are the domains that matter? What organizations and strategies govern them? What capabilities does each bring to the deterrence calculus? How do they interact? And when and why would conflict in one domain be introduced into the other domains? Comparing, contrasting, and synthesizing these deterrence issues related to nuclear, conventional, unconventional, air and missile defense, electromagnetic, cyber, and space operations is an excellent exercise for promoting new thinking about deterrence in all its dimensions and coming to grips with the fundamental complexity of modern strategic affairs.
Conclusion
Authors: Lindsay Jon R. , Gartzke Erik 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This concluding chapter provides an analytical summary of insights that emerge across the chapters, highlighting the ways in which the characteristics of different instruments of coercion examined in this book—nuclear weapons, operations on land, at sea, in the air, in space, and in cyberspace, and engineered migrations—can improve or undermine deterrence. By and large, the contributors to this book find that the notion of cross-domain deterrence is useful and can reveal novel insights that traditional deterrence theory obscures. Deterrence in history has often occurred across domains, combining land and naval power as well as force, diplomacy, and economic statecraft, but the logic of strategic choice has not been articulated. Deterrence theory as we know it may actually be a subset of cross-domain deterrence, an account of coercive bargaining that takes means as seriously as ends. Means matter because different tools and combinations of tools have different consequences for the costs, credibility, and consequences of deterrence. These insights opens up new research frontiers for international relations.
Richmond
Authors: Curtis Cathy 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Born in 1922 in Richmond, Virginia, Nell Blaine was a rebellious only child, a loner fussed over by her mother. Her early years were plagued by serious vision problems, finally corrected in her teens. She was active in extracurricular clubs in both high school and college, where she encountered avant-garde art for the first time. Although she had to drop out of college after two years for financial reasons, she took an evening class in painting that helped her connect with new ideas in art. Meanwhile, she worked at an advertising agency, gaining experience that would stand her in good stead years later when she needed to earn a living. At age twenty, she left for Manhattan, ignoring the pleas and threats of her mother.
New York
Authors: Curtis Cathy 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Her first stop in New York was the Hans Hofmann School of Art. His precepts and open-minded approach would guide her work from then on. An abandoned industrial loft served as her home and studio. In 1942, the war cast a pall on New York, but exhibitions enabled her to see work by exiled European painters that would have a major influence on her own work. Painter Leland Bell—whom she introduced to his future wife, painter Louisa Matthíasdóttir—convinced her to follow the austere style of Mondrian. Her marriage to a musician, Robert Bass, was an impulsive move that would end in divorce a few years later. In 1944, she became the youngest member of American Abstract Artists. While working at part-time jobs, she would paint all night and party with friends who shared her love for jazz; her painting Lester Leaps was a tribute to Lester Young.
Zinā (Adultery and Fornication)
Authors: Kamali Mohammad Hashim 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Beginning with the juridical meaning and attributes of zinā, this chapter proceeds with its proof by witnesses and confession, followed by issues over rape and the position of pregnancy as a proof. Then it expounds the definition of a muḥṣan (married) person, issues over stoning as a punishment of zinā, and a roundup of modern opinion on the validity of stoning. The chapter ends with a section on homosexuality, incest, and lesbianism.
The Ḥudūd Debate Continued
Authors: Kamali Mohammad Hashim 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter focus on subsequent developments, both political and legal. One of the main developments is a certain rapprochement between the federal government and the state government of Kelantan. The minister for Religious Affairs sets up a committee to study the possibility of amendments with a view that the federal government may consent and obtain parliament’s approval for an amended version of the Hudud Bill of Kelantan to be enforced.
Shariah Punishments in the Islamic Republics of Mauritania and Maldives, and Islamic State of Yemen
Authors: Kamali Mohammad Hashim 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The Mauritanian Criminal Code 1983 identified a number of ḥudūd crimes. In 1984, the code was amended to include the death penalty for apostates. In 2008, Maldives adopted a new constitution containing a clause that no law contrary to Islam can be enacted in the Maldives. A new Penal Code was introduced in 2014, yet with regard to ḥudūd, this code has only one section, which makes shariah punishments applicable in the country. The Islamic State of Yemen introduced its Law of Crimes and Punishments (No. 12/1994), as the first ever Penal Code in its history. This code divided crimes into two types: crimes punished with ḥudūd or qiṣāṣ, and crimes punished by the judge’s discretion (taʿzīr). The code then makes provisions for seven ḥudūd crimes.
Shariah Punishments in Libya, the United Arab Emirates, and Qatar
Authors: Kamali Mohammad Hashim 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Libya introduced four laws between 1972 and 1974 that regulated ḥudūd crimes and other related offences. In 1994 another statute was introduced, which ordered the courts to follow the classical rules of retaliation and blood money in homicide cases. The United Arab Emirates (UAE) Constitution 1971 states that “Islam is the official religion of the Union, and that Islamic shariah is the main source of its legislation.” This last phrase is understood to mean that, in addition to shariah, other sources may also be utilised for purposes of legislation. The formula thus provides for a mixed legal system. Qatar Penal Code 2004 incorporates the shariah ḥudūd punishments for various offenses. Article 1 of this law states that the provisions of Islamic law concerning qiṣāṣ and taʿzīr offences also apply if the defendant or victim is a Muslim.
Conclusion and Recommendations
Authors: Kamali Mohammad Hashim 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
While bearing in mind the diversity of practices and developments concerning Islamic criminal laws in Muslim countries, as well as the strong currents of opinion that obtain on ḥudūd, the presentation in this chapter offers a number of reform proposals on each of the ḥudūd offences, qiṣāṣ, and taʿzīr. These proposals integrate a degree of flexibility and choice that envisage different possibilities for various countries and jurisdictions. These proposals do not preclude the suspension altogether of at least some ḥudūd penalties.
The (Lack of) Power of the Violent Few
Authors: Nassauer Anne 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Chapter 2 examines whether protesters’ motivations and the presence of the “violent few” can lead to violence in protest marches. The chapter first discusses how some protest groups, often dubbed the “black bloc,” are frequently viewed as motivated toward physical violence per se and are commonly assumed to be solely responsible for it. Yet the goals and influence of the violent few on violent clashes are often misinterpreted. A first section sheds light on who the violent few are. It shows that their key motivations, often associated with either anarchism or destruction for fun, in fact lie elsewhere and that their presence alone is not sufficient for clashes. Further sections discuss what the violent few want and whether they have the potential to stir up the crowd, as police and media often assume. A last section broadens the discussion to the overall impact of peoples’ motivations for the outbreak of violence.
In the Tunnel of Violence
Authors: Nassauer Anne 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Chapter 7 examines in detail the emotional dynamics created by the three situational paths to violence elaborated upon in Chapters 4 through 6. It discusses how these dynamics disrupt routine interactions and thereby raise tension and fear. The chapter examines how violence erupts after specific triggering moments and how violent situations end. Triggering moments include police–protester lines breaking up, people falling down, or being outnumbered. The chapter also focuses on the degree of violence used; in some protests, a specific temporal sequence of interactions leads to a forward panic and police using excessive force in so-called police riots. Detailed descriptions of protests in Germany and the United States from the 1960s until 2010 highlight that surprising outcomes occur when situational routines break down, chaos and confusion prevail, and actors are tense and afraid.
Fighting
Authors: Rotter Andrew J. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the sensual response to violence in the first few years of empire in India and the Philippines. It outlines the history of how the British came to India in the mid-nineteenth century, and the Americans to the Philippines at the end of the century. It also shows how important a part violence and war played in the creation of these two empires. The chapter relates violence and rebellion to the senses of taste and sight. It examines the Great Rebellion in India (1857-58) and the American war in the Philippines (1898-1902), looking at their causes and consequences, and the first sensual sensory encounters in these places. The chapter also looks at how soundscapes can be changed by war.
Sanitizing
Authors: Rotter Andrew J. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter looks at the sense of smell, which it argues was a very important sense in the encounters that the Britons and Americans had with the people of India and the Philippines. They talked of the smell of the people, the food, the drink, and the environment. As is true of all senses, there is a biological and a cultural basis for perceptions of odor. Most smells also have complicated meanings, which have shifted over time and depend on place. What emerges from the writings of Britons and Americans in Asia at the time, the chapter shows, was a sense of anxiety about their safety in a tropical environment. Strong odors frightened them perhaps most of all.
Touching, Feeling, and Healing
Authors: Rotter Andrew J. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter considers touch in empire: it asks us to imagine how the body would feel being moved to a completely new environment. Hapticity, the chapter argues, is both the pauper and king of the senses. It is generally relegated to the realm of the lower senses, beneath even smell and taste. Conversely, touch can also be seen as the most powerful of the senses. It was of great importance in medieval Europe, for example. The metaphors used to describe empire were frequently haptic. The chapter also looks at how the Britons and Americans in India and the Philippines wanted to change the people they encountered. Health was a great motivator in this desire.
Secularity and Science
Authors: Ecklund Elaine Howard , Johnson David R. , Vaidyanathan Brandon , Matthews Kirstin R.W. , Lewis Steven W. , Thomson Robert A. , Di Di 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
In order to take an in-depth look at the relationship between science and religion around the world, the authors of this book completed the most comprehensive international study of scientists’ attitudes toward religion ever undertaken, surveying more than twenty thousand scientists and conducting in-depth interviews with over six hundred of them. From this wealth of data, the authors extract the real story of the relationship between science and religion in the lives of scientists around the world. Secularity and Science makes four big claims: There are more religious scientists than we might think. Religion and science sometimes overlap in scientific work. Scientists—even some atheist scientists—see spirituality in science. And finally, the idea that religion and science must conflict is an invention of the West. Throughout the chapters, the book couples nationally representative survey data with captivating stories of individual scientists, whose experiences highlight these important themes in the data. Secularity and Science leaves inaccurate assumptions about science and religion behind, and offers a new, more nuanced understanding of how science and religion interact and how they can be integrated for the common good.
Introduction
Authors: Manis R. Zachary 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
There are many different criteria by which one might judge a particular solution to the problem of hell to be adequate or inadequate. The author discusses a number of such possibilities, noting that the problem of hell is more or less difficult to solve depending on one’s standards, and that each must judge for him- or herself what kind of solution will count as adequate. Following this, the author discusses the two broad types of solution that might be developed to address the problem of hell—namely, theodicy and defense—and sets out to construct a theodicy of hell in the “weak” sense—that is, a solution that demonstrates that all of the accepted constraints are reconcilable under a certain model which is itself plausible.
The Problem of Justice, The Problem of Love
Authors: Manis R. Zachary 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Traditionalism, which takes hell to be a state of eternal conscious suffering whose purpose is retributive punishment, faces a problem of justice. No matter how egregious an individual’s earthly sins might be, the infinite punishment of endless suffering will always be far out of proportion to the severity of the crimes committed, and thus never a punishment that fits. On the heels of this is a second difficulty for traditionalism: the problem of love. On retributivist accounts, the suffering of hell neither serves nor is intended to serve a reformative function: it is not aimed at the moral improvement—or more generally, the good—of the one punished. But a punishment inflicted with neither the intention nor the possibility of reform is unloving, even if it can be made to fall within some plausible account of justice.
Annihilationism
Authors: Manis R. Zachary 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
In general, annihilationism is the view that there are some persons who will not be saved, but instead will cease to exist at some point. There are a number of different ways that annihilationism can be developed, however, including both retributive and non-retributive versions. The chapter argues that the retributive versions face the same basic problems as traditionalism. The non-retributive versions come in two main forms: those that focus on the natural consequences of sin, and those that focus on human free will. According to the first, annihilation is the natural, albeit unintended consequence of persistence in sin and/or self-exclusion from the presence of God. According to the second, annihilation is that which follows—either with or without divine assistance—a certain intention on the part of the one who is damned to bring about his or her own nonexistence. The author argues that each view turns out to have unacceptable consequences.
The Choice Model
Authors: Manis R. Zachary 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
According to the choice model, damnation is, in some important sense, chosen by the damned: God is simply respecting human free will in consigning some to hell. The choice model is subdivided into two general forms, corresponding to the way that damnation can be chosen either directly or indirectly. The first form, which sees damnation as the explicit and direct object of choice of those who are finally lost, faces the challenge of explaining motive: why would anyone freely choose eternal damnation? The second form, in which damnation is the natural consequence of certain free choices but not that which is chosen directly, faces the challenge of explaining why God does not annihilate the damned, mercifully putting them out of their misery. The author argues that Kierkegaard’s The Sickness unto Death contains conceptual resources for addressing both of these challenges and thereby strengthening the choice model significantly; nevertheless, even this version faces difficulties that prevent it from being entirely satisfactory.
Conclusion
Authors: Manis R. Zachary 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
In some brief concluding remarks, the author considers the degree to which his proposed model is successful, according to the criteria established in the book’s introduction, in addressing the problem of hell as a “weak” theodicy. He contends that the model should be judged a success when evaluated on these terms, while recognizing that this is not enough to demonstrate that its claims actually are true. In closing, the author considers whether the divine presence model, or the broader theological framework in which it is most naturally situated, supports any reasonable conjectures as to what lies beyond the Day of Judgment.
Saving the House of Islam
Authors: Biberman Yelena 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter describes the alliances between the Pakistani state and nonstate actors during the 1971 counterinsurgency campaign in the country’s eastern wing. The Pakistani army enlisted the help of nonstate allies to tilt the local balance of power in its favor, but only when it was able to satisfy their varied interests. Thousands of Razakars (civilian “volunteers”) joined the counterinsurgency because of the patronage and protection the state was able to offer once it regained some footing in the region. The activists, notably the members of the Jamaat-e-Islami’s youth wing comprising the al-Badr Brigade, became allies only after the Pakistani army built robust links with Islamist organizations and made a credible commitment to the Islamist agenda. In September 1971, even though Pakistan was clearly losing the war to the insurgents (and India), the activists created a death squad targeting high-profile supporters and sympathizers of the secessionist movement.
Practical Postmoderns
Authors: Clydesdale Tim , Garces-Foley Kathleen 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The concluding chapter summarizes the book’s findings on the religious, spiritual, and secular lives of American twentysomethings. It compares the findings from the National Study of American Twentysomethings with research on adolescent religiosity and analyses the role of spirituality in the lives of Christian and religiously unaffiliated Twentysomethings. Chapter 7 also includes multivariate analyses of the strength of association between religion, spirituality, and eight life statuses. Lastly, this chapter discusses the importance of the 20s to understanding the life course as well as thinking about what the future holds for America’s Christian traditions and the growing number of adults with no religious affiliation.