bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differential place marking and differential object marking
Authors: Haspelmath Martin 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis paper gives an overview of differential place marking phenomena and formulates a number of universals that seem to be well supported. Differential place marking is a situation in which the coding of locative, allative or ablative roles depends on subclasses of nouns, in particular place names (toponyms), inanimate common nouns and human nouns. When languages show asymmetric coding differences depending on such subclasses, they show shorter (and often zero) coding of place roles with toponyms, and longer (often adpositional rather than affixal) coding of place roles with human nouns. Like differential object marking, differential place marking can be explained by frequency asymmetries, expectations derived from frequencies, and the general preference for efficient coding. I also argue that differential place marking patterns provide an argument against the need to appeal to ambiguity avoidance to explain differential object marking.
Hitler und das Reich
Authors: Maier Hans 
Published: October 2019

Vorspann
Das Reich war seit dem Mittelalter eine zentrale Kategorie deutschen juristischen und politischen Denkens. Vom Heiligen Römischen Reich deutscher Nation über das Kaiserreich bis zum Dritten Reich hat es gleichzeitig die politische wie territoriale Struktur als auch die politischen Hoffnungen der deutschen Lande bestimmt. Trotz seiner Zentralität ist das Konzept des Reichs im Kontext des Nationalsozialismus noch nicht vollständig untersucht worden. Wichtige Fragen über das Verhältnis des Regimes zu diesem politischen Begriff und Modell blieben daher bisher unbeantwortet: Wie sah, zum Beispiel, Hitler das Reich? Welche Rolle spielte es in seinem Denken? Dieser Aufsatz untersucht die Rolle des Konzepts des Reichs im Denken zentraler NS-Akteure wie Hitler selbst sowie Goebbels, Rosenberg und Himmler. Er zeigt, dass, trotz der wohlbekannten Identifikation des Nazismus mit dem Begriff Drittes Reich, Hitler sich tatsächlich vom Reichskonzept distanzierte - besonders vom Heiligen Römischen Reich und seiner christlich-universalistischen Tradition. Sogar Bismarcks Kaiserreich war nicht in dem Maß ein Vorbild für den Nationalsozialismus wie dies manchmal unterbreitet wird. Der Begriff Drittes Reich selbst wurde von Hitler explizit abgelehnt. Mit dem Ende des Nazismus verschwand das Reich endgültig aus der deutschen juristischen Tradition. Es wurde schlicht durch den Begriff Deutschland ersetzt.
Ein überschätztes Buch?
Authors: Lieb Felix 
Published: October 2019

Vorspann
Nur wenige Monate nach Ende des Zweiten Weltkriegs mahnte der Philosoph Karl Jaspers, dass das „Übernehmen der Schuld […] zu einem Grundzug unseres deutschen Selbstbewußtseins“ werden müsse. Jaspers’ 1946 veröffentlichte „Schuldfrage“ und die darin formulierte Unterscheidung zwischen krimineller, politischer, moralischer und metaphysischer Schuld gelten bis heute als ausgesprochen wichtigste Beiträge zur Frage nach der Verantwortung für die Verbrechen des Nationalsozialismus. Auf der Grundlage der zeitgenössischen Reaktionen kann Felix Lieb zeigen, dass Jaspers’ Buch in der Nachkriegszeit kaum wahrgenommen wurde. Außerdem begriffen die Deutschen seine Thesen zunächst weniger als Aufruf zum eigenen Schuldeingeständnis, sondern eher als willkommenes Instrument zur Abwehr eines vermeintlichen Kollektivschuldvorwurfs.
Was bringt der „erinnerte Jesus” der Bibeldidaktik? Überlegungen zu den didaktischen Chancen und Grenzen einer neuen Modellierung der Rede von Jesus Christus
Authors: Roose Hanna 
Published: October 2019

Zusammenfassung
Didaktische Überlegungen zur Behandlung des Themas „Jesus Christus“ basieren seit etwa vier Jahrzehnten auf der Diastase zwischen dem historischen Jesus und dem kerygmatischen Christus. An die Stelle dieser Unterscheidung tritt jedoch seit mehreren Jahren im neutestamentlichen Diskurs die Rede vom „erinnerten Jesus“, in dem diese Diastase überwunden werden soll. Der Beitrag untersucht, inwiefern von diesem Paradigmenwechsel auch für die Religionsdidaktik fruchtbare Impulse ausgehen könnten. Als anschlussfähig erweisen sich die Aufwertung narrativer Zugänge und das konstruktivistische Geschichtsverständnis, als problematisch die Anbahnung eines konstruktivistischen Geschichtsverständnisses bereits in der Grundschule sowie der drohende Verlust kritischen Potenzials und der fruchtbaren Distinktion zwischen Historie und Theologie.
New Hypotheses and Unanswered Questions in Running Injury Research – comment on Nigg et al.
Authors: Becker James 
Published: October 2019

After critical evaluation of the evidence, Nigg et al.’s target article reject currently discussed hypotheses regarding relationships between impact forces, pronation, and running injuries. In doing so, they highlight methodological questions underlying research in this field. This commentary focuses on three such questions including: how are impact forces and the relationship between impact and injury being quantified, what are the methods currently used to measure foot pronation and what are metrics being extracted, and the importance of focusing on individual response patterns. Each of these areas represents important venues for continued development in the field of running biomechanics and running injuries.
Postoperative expression of Cushing disease in a young male: metamorphosis of silent corticotroph adenoma?
Authors: Jahan Sharmin , Hasanat M A , Mahmood Tahseen , Morshed Shahed , Haq Raziul , Fariduddin Md 
Published: October 2019

Summary
Silent corticotroph adenoma (SCA) is an unusual type of nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma (NFA) that is silent both clinically and biochemically and can only be recognized by positive immunostaining for ACTH. Under rare circumstances, it can transform into hormonally active disease presenting with severe Cushing syndrome. It might often produce diagnostic dilemma with difficult management issue if not thoroughly investigated and subtyped accordingly following surgery. Here, we present a 21-year-old male who initially underwent pituitary adenomectomy for presumed NFA with compressive symptoms. However, he developed recurrent and invasive macroadenoma with severe clinical as well as biochemical hypercortisolism during post-surgical follow-up. Repeat pituitary surgery was carried out urgently as there was significant optic chiasmal compression. Immunohistochemical analysis of the tumor tissue obtained on repeat surgery proved it to be an aggressive corticotroph adenoma. Though not cured, he showed marked clinical and biochemical improvement in the immediate postoperative period. Anticipating recurrence from the residual tumor, we referred him for cyber knife radio surgery.

Learning points:

Pituitary NFA commonly present with compressive symptoms such as headache and blurred vision.

Post-surgical development of Cushing syndrome in such a case could be either drug induced or endogenous.

In the presence of recurrent pituitary tumor, ACTH-dependent Cushing syndrome indicates CD.

Rarely a SCA presenting initially as NFA can transform into an active corticotroph adenoma.

Immunohistochemical marker for ACTH in the resected tumor confirms the diagnosis.
Inconsistent Management of Neonatal Herpes Simplex Virus Infections
Authors: Keuning Maya W. , van der Kuip Martijn , van Hattem Jarne M. , Pajkrt Dasja 
Published: October 2019

OBJECTIVES:
The incidence of neonatal herpes simplex virus (nHSV) infections is monitored periodically in the Netherlands, yet management and outcome is unknown. Comprehensive national guidelines are lacking. We aim to describe management and outcome in the last decade to explore current diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. We aim to identify possible variability in management of patients with a suspected nHSV infection.

METHODS:
We conducted a retrospective case series of management and outcome of nHSV infections at 2 tertiary care center locations in the Netherlands.

RESULTS:
An nHSV infection was diagnosed in 1% (12 of 1348) of patients in whom polymerase chain reaction for HSV was performed. Of the patients with nHSV infection, 3 of 12 died, and 4 of 9 (44%) survivors suffered neurologic sequelae. Neurologic symptoms at presentation were seen in only 2 of 8 patients with nHSV encephalitis. A cerebral spinal fluid analysis was performed in 3 of 6 patients presenting with skin lesions. Only 3 of 6 patients with neurologic symptoms received suppressive therapy. nHSV infection was diagnosed in 8 of 189 (4%) patients who were empirically treated.

CONCLUSIONS:
Management of nHSV infection, particularly when presented with skin lesions, is inconsistent. Many infants without a HSV infection are exposed to antiviral medication. There is substantial interhospital variation in diagnostic and therapeutic management of a suspected infection. Comprehensive guidelines need to be developed to standardize management of suspected nHSV infection.
Volume Versus Mass Dosing of Epinephrine for Neonatal Resuscitation: A Randomized Trial
Authors: Brune Kate D. , Bhatt-Mehta Varsha , Rooney Deborah M. , Weiner Gary M. 
Published: October 2019

BACKGROUND:
Intravenous epinephrine for neonatal resuscitation requires weight-based calculations. Epinephrine is available in 2 different concentrations, increasing the risk of dosing errors. Expert panels have conflicting recommendations for the ordering method. The Neonatal Resuscitation Program recommends the volume (milliliters per kilogram) method, whereas the Institute for Safe Medication Practices recommends the mass (milligrams per kilogram) method. In this study, we aim to determine if the mass method is more accurate and efficient than the volume method.

METHODS:
In a randomized crossover simulation study, 70 NICU and pediatric emergency department nurses calculated the intended dose then prepared epinephrine using both the mass and volume methods. Both epinephrine concentrations were available. Scenarios were video recorded and timed. The primary outcome was the proportion of epinephrine doses prepared correctly. Variables associated with correct dosing were analyzed by using logistic regression.

RESULTS:
Of 136 total doses, 77 (57%) were prepared correctly. The correct intended dose was calculated more frequently by using the mass method (82% vs 68%; risk difference 15%; 95% confidence interval 3% to 26%), but there was no difference in the proportion of doses that were actually prepared correctly (53% of mass method doses versus 60% of volume method doses; risk difference −7%; 95% confidence interval −24% to 9%). There was no difference between methods in the time required to prepare the dose. Selecting the correct epinephrine concentration was the only variable associated with correct dosing.

CONCLUSIONS:
The mass method was neither more accurate nor more efficient. Nurses made frequent errors when using both methods. This is a serious patient safety risk. Additional educational and medication safety interventions are urgently needed.
Predictors of Bacteremia in Children Hospitalized With Community-Acquired Pneumonia
Authors: Lipsett Susan C. , Hall Matthew , Ambroggio Lilliam , Desai Sanyukta , Shah Samir S. , Brogan Thomas V. , Hersh Adam L. , Williams Derek J. , Grijalva Carlos G. , Gerber Jeffrey S. , Blaschke Anne J. , Neuman Mark I. 
Published: October 2019

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:
The yield of blood cultures in children hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is low. Characteristics of children at increased risk of bacteremia remain largely unknown.

METHODS:
We conducted a secondary analysis of a retrospective cohort study of children aged 3 months to 18 years hospitalized with CAP in 6 children’s hospitals from 2007 to 2011. We excluded children with complex chronic conditions and children without blood cultures performed at admission. Clinical, laboratory, microbiologic, and radiologic data were assessed to identify predictors of bacteremia.

RESULTS:
Among 7509 children hospitalized with CAP, 2568 (34.2%) had blood cultures performed on the first day of hospitalization. The median age was 3 years. Sixty-five children with blood cultures performed had bacteremia (2.5%), and 11 children (0.4%) had bacteremia with a penicillin-nonsusceptible pathogen. The prevalence of bacteremia was increased in children with a white blood cell count &gt;20 × 103 cells per µL (5.4%; 95% confidence interval 3.5%–8.1%) and in children with definite radiographic pneumonia (3.3%; 95% confidence interval 2.4%–4.4%); however, the prevalence of penicillin-nonsusceptible bacteremia was below 1% even in the presence of individual predictors. Among children hospitalized outside of the ICU, the prevalence of contaminated blood cultures exceeded the prevalence of penicillin-nonsusceptible bacteremia.

CONCLUSIONS:
Although the prevalence of bacteremia is marginally higher among children with leukocytosis or radiographic pneumonia, the rates remain low, and penicillin-nonsusceptible bacteremia is rare even in the presence of these predictors. Blood cultures should not be obtained in children hospitalized with CAP in a non-ICU setting.
Associations Between Opioid Prescribing Patterns and Overdose Among Privately Insured Adolescents
Authors: Groenewald Cornelius B. , Zhou Chuan , Palermo Tonya M. , Van Cleve William C. 
Published: October 2019

OBJECTIVES:
Little is known about the risk for overdose after opioid prescription. We assessed associations between the type of opioid, quantity dispensed, daily dose, and risk for overdose among adolescents who were previously opioid naive.

METHODS:
Retrospective analysis of 1 146 412 privately insured adolescents ages 11 to 17 years in the United States captured in the Truven MarketScan commercial claims data set from January 2007 to September 2015. Opioid overdose was defined as any emergency department visit, inpatient hospitalization, or outpatient health care visit during which opioid overdose was diagnosed.

RESULTS:
Among our cohort, 725 participants (0.06%) experienced an opioid overdose, and the overall rate of overdose events was 28 events per 100 000 observed patient-years. Receiving ≥30 opioid tablets was associated with a 35% increased risk for overdose compared to receiving ≤18 tablets (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.35; 95% confidence interval: 1.05–1.73; P = .02). Daily prescribed opioid dose was not independently associated with an increased risk for overdose. Tramadol exposure was associated with a 2.67-fold increased risk for opioid overdose compared to receiving oxycodone (adjusted HR = 2.67; 95% confidence interval: 1.90–3.75; P &lt; .0001). Adolescents with preexisting mental health conditions demonstrated increased risk for overdose, with HRs ranging from 1.65 (anxiety) to 3.09 (substance use disorders).

CONCLUSIONS:
One of 1600 (0.06%) previously opioid-naive adolescents who received a prescription for opioids experienced an opioid overdose a median of 1.75 years later that resulted in medical care. Preexisting mental health conditions, use of tramadol, and higher number of dispensed tablets (&gt;30 vs &lt;18) were associated with an increased risk of opioid overdose.
English Central
Authors: Obaid Naji Rashed 
Published: October 2019

English Central is an online software program designed to teach various skills of conversation and the basic vocabulary of English. The program is available in 11 different languages, including Chinese, Turkish, Arabic, Spanish, Portuguese, and Korean. Non-native English speakers can use one of these languages to access the website and its various learning materials. According to the program’s homepage (www.englishcentral.com), English Central is a leading provider of online conversation solutions, combining the Internet’s best English videos, a proprietary Intelligent Speech Assessment Technology, an adaptive vocabulary learning system, and live tutors, all of which are delivered seamlessly to computers and mobile devices. Users enjoy a welcome lesson, and every topic in the course’s platform contains at least ten units that have comprehensive lessons in conversation. The software also offers different activities for grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation, reading, writing, and speaking. Each activity focuses on a particular sort of conversation arising in everyday life, such as those associated with business engagements, social interactions, travel, academic encounters, and so on. Those who initiate a lesson but then stop prior to its completion can complete the exercise at a later point. The program will mark their placement and remind them where to resume their training.
On Scaling of Earthquake Rise‐Time Estimates
Authors: Gusev Alexander A. , Chebrov Danila 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe scaling behavior of rise times Tr determined within earthquake source inversions that used strong‐motion data is determined using estimates as accumulated in the SRCMOD database. The Tr versus M0 trend derived from this data set is close to logTr=1/3logM0+ const; this agrees with the assumption of self‐similarity of earthquake ruptures. No biasing effect of station distance on Tr was found. The result was compared to recent scaling estimates based on mass teleseismic inversions. Absolute levels of teleseismic and local inversions match well; the slope of the trend of teleseismic estimates is somewhat more gradual. The absolute levels of Tr versus M0 trends recovered from finite source inversions may need reduction when used to predict parameters of near‐source ground motion. The observed scaling behavior of Tr is incompatible with the assumption that Tr defines the second corner frequency of the source spectrum.
MOVIMENTO BROWNIANO: APLICAÇÃO EM ESTRATÉGIAS DE BUSCA
Authors: Carvalho Matheus Dias , Falcão Ricardo de Carvalho , Siqueira Antonio Marcos de Oliveira 
Published: October 2019

This article has elucidated information about Brownian Motion in the ring, something that is still little explored in the literature. In addition, the ideas of feed, metabolic rate and stochastic restart to the walker were added, features that have been gaining ground recently in the study of random processes. This paper structured partial differential equations governing this process for the immortal case of walker, and later found analytical solutions to these expressions. The representation of stationary state was also performed in graphical form, thus obtaining the distribution function of probability required. In order to briefly approach the walker in a deadly process, a graph was produced that presents the function between the number of steps taken by a walker before his death and his metabolic capacity.
Este artigo elucidou informações a respeito do movimento browniano no anel, algo ainda pouco explorado na literatura. Além disso, foram adicionadas as ideias de alimentação, taxa metabólica e reinício estocástico ao caminhante, características que vem ganhando espaço recentemente no estudo de processos aleatórios. Esse artigo realizou a estruturação das equações diferenciais parciais que regem tal processo para o caso de um caminhante imortal, além de posteriormente encontrar soluções analíticas para estas expressões. A representação do estado estacionário do caminhante também foi realizada na forma gráfica, obtendo assim as funções distribuição de probabilidade requeridas. Com o intuito de abordar brevemente o caminhante em um processo mortal, foi produzido um gráfico que apresenta a função entre o número de passos dados por um caminhante antes de sua morte e sua capacidade metabólica.
Potential of Parijoto (Medinilla speciosa) Fruits and Leaves in Male Fertility
Authors: Wijayanti Dwi , Ardigurnita Firgian 
Published: October 2019

The purpose of the study was to find out the potential of parijoto fruit and leaves qualitatively and quantitatively in male fertility. The content of fruits and parijoto were secondary compounds in the form of flavonoids, saponins, tannins, terpenoids, beta-carotene and antioxidants. Fertility is also needed in male animals. Decreased fertility in male cause a decrease in livestock productivity results in a decrease in gain from farmers. Handling of animals that occur after fertilization was usually carried out by injecting prostaglandin hormones. However, the relatively expensive price of hormones causes many farmers not to be able to buy. Another alternative that could cause a decrease in fertility was to use herbal plants, namely parijoto. The use of Parijoto plants was not certain which relevanted in fertility. Need to be tested first about phytochemical screening on parijoto leaves and fruit. The results of parijoto leaf and fruit analysis were qualitative and quantitative. The content of fruits and parijoto were secondary compounds in the form of flavonoids, saponins, tannins, terpenoids, beta-carotene and antioxidants. Parijoto fruits were founded flavonoids and saponins namely 3. 61% b/b and 3. 71% b/b. Total flavonoids and saponins in Parijoto leaves were 2.65% b/b and 4.19% b/b. Total antioxidants, total polyphenols, tannins in parijoto leaves and fruit respectively were 36.84 ppm; 3.95%; 3.52% and 20.06 ppm; 12.68%; 11.70%. The conclusion was that part of the parijoto fruit and leaf were the potential in male fertility. Key words: Antioxidants, Fertility, Flavonoids, Males, Parijoto.
The Influence of Microclimatic Ammonia Changes in Closed House on Broiler’s Performance in Dry Season
Authors: Angkeke Ica Putri , Sarjana Teysar Adi , Suprijatna Edjeng 
Published: October 2019

This research aims at investigating the impact of microclimatic ammonia change on Broiler’s performance in closed house during dry season. Seven hundred and twenty broiler’s with their initial weight of 49.29 ± 1.13 grams are kept in a 60 x 12 m2 cage.The research consists of 4 treatments and 6 experiment units. The microclimatic ammonia change is measured at a distance of 0, ¼, ½, and ¾ of closed house’s length from the inlet. The parameters observed are feed consumption, body weight gain (BWG), feed convertion ratio (FCR), performance index (PI) and Income Over Feed Cost (IOFC). The obtained data are subjected to analysis of variance and several data related to microclimatic ammonia and heat stress index (HSI) are also calculted for their correlation to find out their correlation with the broiler’s’s performance. The research results indicate that the microclimatic ammonia change significantly reduces Broiler’s performance. This is shown by the significant increase of FCR value, decrease of feed consumption, BWG, PI and IOFC (P≤0.05) starting from a distance of ¼ of cage length from the inlet. The correlation analysis result shows a negative, significant correlation between performance with ammonia, while HSI does not show any correlation with the observed parameters. The conclusion of this research is that the increase in microclimatic ammonia at increasingly further distance from the inlet decreases Broiler’s performance in dry season.
Respon Kembang Kol Dataran Rendah Terhadap Kepekatan Nutrisi pada Floating Hydroponic System Termodifikasi
Authors: Rovi'ati Astri , Muliawati Endang Setia , Harjoko Dwi 
Published: October 2019

<p style="text-align: justify;">Cauliflower has a high consumption level but its production is limited to its region in the highlands and the planting season. An effort to increase its production outside the highland in all seasons is using hydroponics on tolerant varieties. Selection of varieties and giving the right amounts of nutrients will optimize the production of lowland cauliflower. This study aims to determine the types of varieties and concentration of nutrient solution suitable for the cultivation of hydroponic cauliflower in the lowlands. This research uses a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) which consists of 2 factors namely varieties and nutrient solution concentration level with 9 combination treatments and each treatment consisted of 4 plants. The results showed that variety of Mona and PM 126 are better than the Diamond in the hydroponic cultivation of cauliflower in the lowlands. Concentrations of the nutrient solution did not improve growth and show no significant results, so nutrient solution from EC 2.2 to 2.4 mS/cm is better in the hydroponic cultivation of cauliflower in the lowlands.</p>