bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Practice of Otology During the First Quarter Century of the American Otological Society (1868–1893)
Authors: Sioshansi Pedrom C. , Jackler Robert K. , Alyono Jennifer C. 
Published: March 2018

Objective:
To describe the practice of otology in America during the first quarter century of the American Otological Society (AOS).

Methods:
Two sources were used to determine the most prevalent disease conditions cared for and surgical procedures undertaken during this era. All articles published in the AOS transactions between 1868 and 1893 were studied as were the otology textbooks published by 6 of the first 10 Presidents of the Society.

Results:
The primary emphasis of late 19th century American otological scholarship was on chronic ear infection with numerous articles focusing on complications of otitis including frequent descriptions of fatalities. Much emphasis was placed upon the Eustachian tube with catheterization and insufflation a major part of otological practice. Due to limitations in technology, the overwhelming focus was on diseases of the ear canal and middle ear. Understanding of temporal bone anatomy was much superior to that of physiology. Erroneous speculations on the function of the middle and inner ear were common. Surgical interventions were largely limited to myringotomy and mastoidectomy, the latter of which was sometimes life saving during the preantibiotic era.

Conclusion:
The latter half of the 19th century saw the emergence of otology as a specialty in America and many emerging diagnostic and therapeutic advances were adopted. While capabilities were notably limited during this era, the efforts of a small band of pioneer otologists in the founder generation of the AOS contributed greatly to the progress of the emerging specialty.
Women of the American Otological Society
Authors: Alyono Jennifer C. , Jackler Robert K. , Chandrasekhar Sujana S. 
Published: March 2018

Objective:
To describe the history of women in the American Otological Society (AOS).

Methods:
Biographies of the early women of the AOS were compiled through review of the AOS transactions, their published scholarship, newspaper articles, and memorials. Interviews were conducted with the only two women to have led the society and also with former colleagues and family members of pioneering AOS women members who are no longer with us. The evolving gender composition of the society over time was researched from AOS membership lists and compared with data on surgical workforce composition from multiple sources such as the Association of American Medical Colleges, Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education, American Medical Association, and the American Academy of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery.

Results:
Although American women specialized in otology as far back as 1895, the first woman to be invited to join the AOS as Associate member in 1961 was Dorothy Wolff, PhD. The first female full member was otologic surgeon LaVonne Bergstrom, M.D., who was elected in 1977, 109 years after the foundation of the Society. As of 2017, only two women have served as AOS President. The first was Aina Julianna Gulya, M.D., who took office during the 133rd year in 2001. At the time of the sesquicentennial (2017), 7.5% of AOS members are women including three of eight who serve on the AOS Council. This compares with 15.8% of women among the otolaryngology workforce and a growing 10.9% representation among those who have earned subcertification in neurotology.

Conclusion:
Gender disparities remain in the AOS, but both participation and scholarly contributions by women in otology have grown substantially since the society's inception 150 years ago, and particularly in the 21st century. Increasing the presence of women in leadership provides role models and mentorship for the future.
Diagnoses of Dizziness- and Vertigo-related Disorders in ENT Practices in Germany
Authors: Seidel David Ulrich , Park Jonas Jae-Hyun , Sesterhenn Andreas M. , Kostev Karel 
Published: March 2018

Aim:
The aim of this study was to analyze the prevalence of dizziness- and vertigo-related diagnoses in ear, nose, and throat (ENT) practices in Germany and the associated demographic characteristics based on data from a representative nationwide practice database.

Method:
The study sample included patients from 138 ENT practices in Germany who received dizziness- and vertigorelated diagnoses (ICD-10 code) between January 2012 and December 2015. Collected parameters included age, sex, insurance status, prescribed medication (anatomical therapeutic chemical [ATC] class), and referrals to other specialists and hospitals.

Results:
A total of 107,458 patients were available for analysis. Most common diagnoses were “dizziness and giddiness” (67.7%), “benign paroxysmal vertigo” (10.2%) and “disorder of vestibular function, unspecified” (7.2%). Referrals and admissions were made in 12.8%, mostly to radiologists (7.7%), followed by neurologists (3.7%), and hospitals (1.4%). Most referrals were made for unspecific diagnoses and for “vestibular neuronitis.” The rate of medical prescriptions was 37.3%, with the most common prescription being for antivertigo preparations.

Conclusions:
Dizziness- and vertigo-related disorders are frequently diagnosed in ENT practices in Germany. The majority of these diagnoses are unspecific and lead to an increased rate of referrals and hospital admissions. The medical prescription rate, especially of antivertigo preparations, was high, even among patients with benign paroxysmal positioning vertigo. This study reflects a mostly pragmatic approach to a complex diagnostic and therapeutic challenge in daily ENT practice as well as the limited ability of the ICD-10 system to classify the underlying etiology.
Biologics in pediatric lung disease
Authors: McGhee Sean A. 
Published: March 2018

Purpose of review
Although biologic therapies can provide outstanding efficacy in the management of lung disease, especially asthma, most of these agents have been approved only for adults. Recent findings provide new strategies for using these agents in children.

Recent findings
Extensive evidence has consistently demonstrated the efficacy and safety of biologic therapy for asthma. In addition, some studies have documented potentially important secondary effects, such as improving response to respiratory virus infection in asthmatic patients. Additional strategies for improving asthma control using biologic therapy, such as seasonal administration, have been suggested, and may limit cost while still providing a high degree of efficacy.

Summary
Many of the current biologics are able to readily establish control even in asthmatic patients for whom inhaled steroid and long-acting β agonist have failed. However, biologics currently have limited regulatory approval and availability in the pediatric age range, despite this age being disproportionately affected by asthma. In addition, successful biologics for asthma to date have largely been limited to the Th2-high endotype of asthma, and there is great need for similar medications to target the Th2-low endotype. Other pediatric lung disease might well benefit from the specificity allowed by biologic therapy.
Characterization of Pediatric In-Hospital Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Quality Metrics Across an International Resuscitation Collaborative*
Authors: Niles Dana E. , Duval-Arnould Jordan , Skellett Sophie , Knight Lynda , Su Felice , Raymond Tia T. , Sweberg Todd , Sen Anita I. , Atkins Dianne L. , Friess Stuart H. , de Caen Allan R. , Kurosawa Hiroshi , Sutton Robert M. , Wolfe Heather , Berg Robert A. , Silver Annemarie , Hunt Elizabeth A. , Nadkarni Vinay M. 
Published: March 2018

Objectives:
Pediatric in-hospital cardiac arrest cardiopulmonary resuscitation quality metrics have been reported in few children less than 8 years. Our objective was to characterize chest compression fraction, rate, depth, and compliance with 2015 American Heart Association guidelines across multiple pediatric hospitals.

Design:
Retrospective observational study of data from a multicenter resuscitation quality collaborative from October 2015 to April 2017.

Setting:
Twelve pediatric hospitals across United States, Canada, and Europe.

Patients:
In-hospital cardiac arrest patients (age < 18 yr) with quantitative cardiopulmonary resuscitation data recordings.

Interventions:
None.

Measurements and Main Results:
There were 112 events yielding 2,046 evaluable 60-second epochs of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (196,669 chest compression). Event cardiopulmonary resuscitation metric summaries (median [interquartile range]) by age: less than 1 year (38/112): chest compression fraction 0.88 (0.61–0.98), chest compression rate 119/min (110–129), and chest compression depth 2.3 cm (1.9–3.0 cm); for 1 to less than 8 years (42/112): chest compression fraction 0.94 (0.79–1.00), chest compression rate 117/min (110–124), and chest compression depth 3.8 cm (2.9–4.6 cm); for 8 to less than 18 years (32/112): chest compression fraction 0.94 (0.85–1.00), chest compression rate 117/min (110–123), chest compression depth 5.5 cm (4.0–6.5 cm). “Compliance” with guideline targets for 60-second chest compression “epochs” was predefined: chest compression fraction greater than 0.80, chest compression rate 100–120/min, and chest compression depth: greater than or equal to 3.4 cm in less than 1 year, greater than or equal to 4.4 cm in 1 to less than 8 years, and 4.5 to less than 6.6 cm in 8 to less than 18 years. Proportion of less than 1 year, 1 to less than 8 years, and 8 to less than 18 years events with greater than or equal to 60% of 60-second epochs meeting compliance (respectively): chest compression fraction was 53%, 81%, and 78%; chest compression rate was 32%, 50%, and 63%; chest compression depth was 13%, 19%, and 44%. For all events combined, total compliance (meeting all three guideline targets) was 10% (11/112).

Conclusions:
Across an international pediatric resuscitation collaborative, we characterized the landscape of pediatric in-hospital cardiac arrest chest compression quality metrics and found that they often do not meet 2015 American Heart Association guidelines. Guideline compliance for rate and depth in children less than 18 years is poor, with the greatest difficulty in achieving chest compression depth targets in younger children.
Cardiac Index Changes With Fluid Bolus Therapy in Children With Sepsis—An Observational Study*
Authors: Long Elliot , Babl Franz E. , Oakley Ed , Sheridan Bennett , Duke Trevor 
Published: March 2018

Objectives:
Fluid bolus therapy is the initial recommended treatment for acute circulatory failure in sepsis, yet it is unknown whether this has the intended effect of increasing cardiac index. We aimed to describe the effect of fluid bolus therapy on cardiac index in children with sepsis.

Design:
A prospective observational cohort study.

Setting:
The Emergency Department of The Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.

Patients:
A convenience sample of children meeting international consensus criteria for sepsis with acute circulatory failure.

Intervention:
Treating clinician decision to administer fluid bolus therapy.

Measurements and Main Results:
Transthoracic echocardiography was recorded immediately before, 5 minutes after, and 60 minutes after fluid bolus therapy. Cardiac index was calculated by a pediatric cardiologist blinded to the timing of the echocardiogram. Cardiac index was calculated for 49 fluid boluses in 41 children. The median change in cardiac index 5 minutes after a fluid bolus therapy was +18.0% (interquartile range, 8.6–28.1%) and after 60 minutes was –6.0% (interquartile range, –15.2% to 3.0%) relative to baseline. Thirty-one of 49 fluid boluses (63%) resulted in an increase in cardiac index of greater than 10% at 5 minutes, and these participants were considered fluid responsive. This was sustained in four of 31 (14%) at 60 minutes. No association between change in cardiac index at 5 or 60 minutes and age, baseline mean arterial blood pressure, fluid bolus volume, and prior volume of fluid bolus therapy was found on linear regression.

Conclusions:
Fluid bolus therapy for pediatric sepsis is associated with a transient increase in cardiac index. Fluid responsiveness is variable and, when present, not sustained. The efficacy of fluid bolus therapy for achieving a sustained increase in cardiac index in children with sepsis is limited.
Anatomical Examination of Mandibular Condyle Protrusion Into the Middle Cranial Fossa
Authors: Wilson Charlotte , Iwanaga Joe , Oskouian Rod J. , Tubbs R. Shane 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Trauma to the mandible can occasionally be a life-threatening event. Although extremely rare with only 56 reported patients in the English language, fracture of the floor of the middle cranial fossa with protrusion of the mandibular condyle into the middle cranial fossa was first reported in 1963 by Dingman. The authors review the anatomy of the temporomandibular joint in relation to the middle cranial fossa and demonstrate the possible complications due to condylar intrusion with anatomical dissection.
Complications of Cranioplasty
Authors: Sahoo Nanda Kishore , Tomar Kapil , Thakral Ankur , Rangan N. Mohan 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Cranioplasty is a time-honoured surgical procedure to restore the calvarial form and function that is associated with a relatively high complication rate. The present article analyzed various complications and reviewed the complications based on study of the relevant research in the craniofacial literature. Complications were broadly divided into 2 groups, intraoperative and postoperative, for ease of understanding. The etiological factors, local and systemic condition of the patient, prevention, and management of various complications were widely discussed. The article also highlighted problems and complications associated with various reconstructive materials. Insights into various complications of cranioplasty enable surgeon to understand them better, minimize the chances of occurrence, and improve surgical outcome. In spite of reported high rate of complications, serious complications like meningitis, air embolism, and death are rare.
Predicting mucositis risk associated with cytotoxic cancer treatment regimens: rationale, complexity, and challenges
Authors: Bachour Petra C. , Sonis Stephen T. 
Published: March 2018

Purpose of reviewThe goals of this review are to describe the complexity of factors influencing the risk of cancer regimen-related mucosal injury (CRRMI), to evaluate the contribution of the innate immune response to CRRMI risk, to compare the concordance of genome analytics in describing mechanism and risk, and to determine if common biological pathways are noted when CRRMI is compared to a disease with a similar phenotype.Recent findingsThe pathogenesis of and risk for CRRMI are complex and influenced by multiple intrinsic and extrinsic factors. It is incumbent on analyses to recognize the likelihood that the interplay and cross-talk of synergistically expressed factors is critical and that the contributing weights of these factors is not uniform from patient to patient. Genomically derived analyses imply final common pathways are implicit in phenotype expression.SummaryThe identification of specific factors (both genomic and otherwise) which contribute to CRRMI risk represents an important opportunity to apply principles of precision medicine to the management of regimen-related toxicities.
Neuropharmacology of compulsive eating
Authors: Moore Catherine F. , Panciera Julia I. , Sabino Valentina , Cottone Pietro 
Published: March 2018

Compulsive eating behaviour is a transdiagnostic construct observed in certain forms of obesity and eating disorders, as well as in the proposed construct of ‘food addiction'. Compulsive eating can be conceptualized as comprising three elements: (i) habitual overeating, (ii) overeating to relieve a negative emotional state, and (iii) overeating despite adverse consequences. Neurobiological processes that include maladaptive habit formation, the emergence of a negative affect, and dysfunctions in inhibitory control are thought to drive the development and persistence of compulsive eating behaviour. These complex psychobehavioural processes are under the control of various neuropharmacological systems. Here, we describe the current evidence implicating these systems in compulsive eating behaviour, and contextualize them within the three elements. A better understanding of the neuropharmacological substrates of compulsive eating behaviour has the potential to significantly advance the pharmacotherapy for feeding-related pathologies.This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Of mice and mental health: facilitating dialogue between basic and clinical neuroscientists’.
Translational new approaches for investigating mood disorders in rodents and what they may reveal about the underlying neurobiology of major depressive disorder
Authors: Robinson Emma S. J. 
Published: March 2018

Mood disorders represent one of society's most costly and challenging health burdens. The drug treatments used today were initially discovered serendipitously in the 1950s. Animal models were then developed based on the ability of these drugs to alter specific behaviours. These models have played a major role in the development of the second generation of antidepressants. However, their use has been heavily criticized, particularly in relation to whether they recapitulate similar underlying biology to the psychiatric disorder they are proposed to represent. This article considers our work in the field of affective bias and the development of a translational research programme to try to develop and validate better animal models. We discuss whether the new data that have arisen from these studies support an alternative perspective on the underlying neurobiological processes that lead to major depressive disorder (MDD). Specifically, this article will consider whether a neuropsychological mechanism involving affective biases plays a causal role in the development of MDD and its associated emotional and behavioural symptoms. These animal studies also raise the possibility that neuropsychological mechanisms involving affective biases are a precursor to, rather than a consequence of, the neurotrophic changes linked to MDD.
This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Of mice and mental health: facilitating dialogue between basic and clinical neuroscientists’.
Responses of migratory species and their pathogens to supplemental feeding
Authors: Satterfield Dara A. , Marra Peter P. , Sillett T. Scott , Altizer Sonia 
Published: March 2018

Migratory animals undergo seasonal and often spectacular movements and perform crucial ecosystem services. In response to anthropogenic changes, including food subsidies, some migratory animals are now migrating shorter distances or halting migration altogether and forming resident populations. Recent studies suggest that shifts in migratory behaviour can alter the risk of infection for wildlife. Although migration is commonly assumed to enhance pathogen spread, for many species, migration has the opposite effect of lowering infection risk, if animals escape from habitats where pathogen stages have accumulated or if strenuous journeys cull infected hosts. Here, we summarize responses of migratory species to supplemental feeding and review modelling and empirical work that provides support for mechanisms through which resource-induced changes in migration can alter pathogen transmission. In particular, we focus on the well-studied example of monarch butterflies and their protozoan parasites in North America. We also identify areas for future research, including combining new technologies for tracking animal movements with pathogen surveillance and exploring potential evolutionary responses of hosts and pathogens to changing movement patterns. Given that many migratory animals harbour pathogens of conservation concern and zoonotic potential, studies that document ongoing shifts in migratory behaviour and infection risk are vitally needed.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Anthropogenic resource subsidies and host–parasite dynamics in wildlife’.
Food for contagion: synthesis and future directions for studying host–parasite responses to resource shifts in anthropogenic environments
Authors: Altizer Sonia , Becker Daniel J. , Epstein Jonathan H. , Forbes Kristian M. , Gillespie Thomas R. , Hall Richard J. , Hawley Dana M. , Hernandez Sonia M. , Martin Lynn B. , Plowright Raina K. , Satterfield Dara A. , Streicker Daniel G. 
Published: March 2018

Human-provided resource subsidies for wildlife are diverse, common and have profound consequences for wildlife–pathogen interactions, as demonstrated by papers in this themed issue spanning empirical, theoretical and management perspectives from a range of study systems. Contributions cut across scales of organization, from the within-host dynamics of immune function, to population-level impacts on parasite transmission, to landscape- and regional-scale patterns of infection. In this concluding paper, we identify common threads and key findings from author contributions, including the consequences of resource subsidies for (i) host immunity; (ii) animal aggregation and contact rates; (iii) host movement and landscape-level infection patterns; and (iv) interspecific contacts and cross-species transmission. Exciting avenues for future work include studies that integrate mechanistic modelling and empirical approaches to better explore cross-scale processes, and experimental manipulations of food resources to quantify host and pathogen responses. Work is also needed to examine evolutionary responses to provisioning, and ask how diet-altered changes to the host microbiome influence infection processes. Given the massive public health and conservation implications of anthropogenic resource shifts, we end by underscoring the need for practical recommendations to manage supplemental feeding practices, limit human–wildlife conflicts over shared food resources and reduce cross-species transmission risks, including to humans.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Anthropogenic resource subsidies and host–parasite dynamics in wildlife’.
A genome-wide assessment of the ancestral neural crest gene regulatory network
Authors: Hockman Dorit , Chong-Morrison Vanessa , Gavriouchkina Daria , Green Stephen , Amemiya Chris T. , Smith Jeramiah J. , Bronner Marianne E. , Sauka-Spengler Tatjana 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe neural crest is an embryonic cell population that contributes to key vertebrate-specific features including the craniofacial skeleton and peripheral nervous system. Here we examine the transcriptional profiles and chromatin accessibility of neural crest cells in the basal sea lamprey, in order to gain insight into the ancestral state of the neural crest gene regulatory network (GRN) at the dawn of vertebrates. Transcriptome analyses reveal clusters of co-regulated genes during neural crest specification and migration that show high conservation across vertebrates for dynamic programmes like Wnt modulation during the epithelial to mesenchymal transition, but also reveal novel transcription factors and cell-adhesion molecules not previously implicated in neural crest migration. ATAC-seq analysis refines the location of knowncis-regulatory elements at theHox-α2locus and uncovers novelcis-regulatory elements forTfap2BandSoxE1. Moreover, cross-species deployment of lamprey elements in zebrafish reveals that the lampreySoxE1enhancer activity is deeply conserved, mediating homologous expression in jawed vertebrates. Together, our data provide new insight into the core elements of the GRN that are conserved to the base of the vertebrates, as well as expose elements that are unique to lampreys.