bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Endoparasites observed within invertebrates used as live food items for captive wild birds: Overview and potential risks
Authors: da Cruz Cláudio Estêvão Farias , Marques Sandra Márcia Tietz , Andretta Inês 
Published: June 2019

AbstractTo monitor and evaluate potential risks to birds’ health, invertebrate species that have been used as live food items had their body contents searched for endoparasites. The contents of approximately 10,000 invertebrates were analyzed. A principal component analysis was performed to study the relationship between the presence/absence of endoparasites and the characteristics of the invertebrates. In most of them, including the species preferred by birds such as caterpillars, waxworms, mealworms, most grasshoppers, and spiders, no organism was identified. Such findings suggest a low potential for parasite transmission associated with its consumption by birds. Although they had unknown or even unlikely implications for the birds’ health, gregarines, oxyurides Leidynema sp., and digenetic trematodes Monolecithotrema sp. were found in samples from woodlice, cockroaches, and centipedes, respectively. The only avian parasites observed in this study were Heterakis gallinarum in samples from earthworms and Acuaria spiralis from woodlice. Suggestively, soil invertebrates showed a higher prevalence of endoparasites and may represent a higher potential risk in comparison to the other categories of invertebrates sampled herein. Detritivory and collected origin were also explanatory variables related to the presence of endoparasites in the current study.
Biodiversity, Disparity and Evolvability
Authors: Minelli Alessandro 
Published: June 2019

AbstractA key problem in conservation biology is how to measure biological diversity. Taxic diversity (the number of species in a community or in a local biota) is not necessarily the most important aspect, if what most matters is to evaluate how the loss of the different species may impact on the future of the surviving species and communities. Alternative approaches focus on functional diversity (a measure of the distribution of the species among the different ‘jobs’ in the ecosystem), others on morphological disparity, still others on phylogenetic diversity. There are three major reasons to prioritize the survival of species which provide the largest contributions to the overall phylogenetic diversity. First, evolutionarily isolated lineages are frequently characterized by unique traits. Second, conserving phylogenetically diverse sets of taxa is valuable because it conserves some sort of trait diversity, itself important in so far as it helps maintain ecosystem functioning, although a strict relationships between phylogenetic diversity and functional diversity cannot be taken for granted. Third, in this way we maximize the “evolutionary potential” depending on the evolvability of the survivors. This suggests an approach to conservation problems focussed on evolvability, robustness and phenotypic plasticity of developmental systems in the face of natural selection: in other terms, an approach based on evolutionary developmental biology.
Between Explanans and Explanandum: Biodiversity and the Unity of Theoretical Ecology
Authors: Huneman Philippe 
Published: June 2019

AbstractBiodiversity is arguably a major topic in ecology. Some of the key questions of the discipline are: why are species distributed the way they are, in a given area, or across areas? Or: why are there so many animals (as G. Evelyn Hutchinson asked in a famous paper)? It appears as what is supposed to be explained, namely anexplanandumof ecology. Various families of theories have been proposed, which are nowadays mostly distinguished according to the role they confer to competition and the competitive exclusion principle.Nichetheories, where the difference between “fundamental” and “realised” niches (Hutchinson GE, Am Nat 93:145–159, 1959) through competitive exclusion explains species distributions, contrast withneutraltheories, where an assumption of fitness equivalence, species abundance distributions are explained by stochastic models, inspired by (Hubbell SP, The unified neutral theory of biodiversity and biogeography. Princeton University Press, Princeton, 2001).Yet, while an important part of community ecology and biogeography understands biodiversity as anexplanandum, in other areas of ecology the concept of biodiversity rather plays the role of theexplanans. This is manifest in the long lasting stability-diversity debate, where the key question has been: how does diversity beget stability? Thus explanatory reversibility of the biodiversity concept in ecology may prevent biodiversity from being a unifying object for ecology.In this chapter, I will describe such reversible explanatory status of biodiversity in various ecological fields (biogeography, functional ecology, community ecology). After having considered diversity as anexplanandum, and then as anexplanans, I will show that the concepts of biodiversity that are used in each of these symmetrical explanatory projects are not identical nor even equivalent. Using an approach to the concept of biodiversity in terms of “conceptual space”, I will finally argue that the lack of unity of a biodiversity concept able to function identically asexplanansandexplanandumunderlies the structural disunity of ecology that has been pointed out by some historians and philosophers.
Ordinary Biodiversity. The Case of Food
Authors: Borghini Andrea 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe green revolution, the biotech revolution, and other major changes in food production, distribution, and consumption have deeply subverted the relationship between humans and food. Such a drastic rupture is forcing a rethinking of that relationship and a careful consideration of which items we shall preserve and why. This essay aims at introducing a philosophical frame for assessing the biodiversity of that portion of the living realm that I call the edible environment. With such expression I intend not simply those plants and animals (including in this category, henceforth, also fish and insects) that were domesticated for human consumption, but also the thousands of species that are regularly consumed by some human population and that are regarded to some degree as wild. The visceral, existential, and identity-related relationship that link humans with the edible environment can be regarded as sui generis and can constitute a ground for explaining why it should receive a preferential treatment when it comes to preservation, propagation, and development. First of all, I discuss whether we should draw a sharp divide, when it comes to preservation efforts, between wild and domesticated species (§1); secondly, I assess whether to draw a sharp divide between natural and unnatural entities, when it comes to measurements and interventions regarding the edible environment (§2); finally, I ask what is the value of biodiversity as far as food is concerned, and how best to preserve and foster it (§3 and §4). The closing section draws some suggestions for future investigations and interventions.
Are Species Good Units for Biodiversity Studies and Conservation Efforts?
Authors: Reydon Thomas A. C. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractWhile species have long been seen as the principal units of biodiversity, with prominent roles in biodiversity research and conservation practice, the long-standing debate on the nature of species deeply problematizes their suitability as such units. Not only do the metaphysical questions remain unresolved what kinds of things speciesare, and whether species are at all real, there also is considerable disagreement on how to define the notion of species for use in practice. Moreover, it seems that different organism groups are best classified using different definitions of ‘species’, such that species of organisms in very different domains of biodiversity are not generally comparable units. In this chapter I will defend and elaborate the claim that species are not good units of biodiversity, focusing in the issue of species realism. I will sketch a pragmatic notion of ‘species’ that can be used as an epistemic tool in the context of biodiversity studies, without however involving a view of species as basic units of biodiversity or as the focal, real entities in biodiversity conservation.
An Immigrant in America Yes, But Not an Emigrant in My Own Country! The Unbearable Weight of a Persistent Label
Authors: Cordeiro Graça Índias 
Published: June 2019

AbstractIn the USA, Portuguese-Americans are proud of being immigrants, seeing themselves as a part of the endless process of building the country. On the contrary, “emigrant” status does not fit well with their own perceptions of identity. Based on ongoing ethnographic fieldwork in Cambridge, Massachusetts, my aim is to discuss the ambivalent and tense relationship between being simultaneously a Portuguese immigrant in the USA and an American emigrant in one’s homeland. This discussion will contribute to studying the social construction of the “emigrant” category among the “Portuguese diaspora”. By treating Portuguese-American perceptions of the “emigrant” category as a reliable source, a paradoxical contrast between the use of an “immigrant” status as a choice versus an “emigrant” status as an imposition emerges. “Emigrant” is in fact a hetero-classification imposed by others, while “immigrant” comes across as a self-classification. While “being Portuguese” in the US seems to have an inclusive effect in the host society – helping to build a sense of belonging to what is experienced as “home” in a transnational context – “being an emigrant” in Portugal appears to exclude them in their homeland, retaining the strength of a historical prejudice associated with a stigmatised category.
New Migration Dynamics on the South-Western Periphery of Europe: Theoretical Reflections on the Portuguese Case
Authors: King Russell 
Published: June 2019

AbstractI reflect on the overall contents of the book and highlight the key theoretical insights contributed therein. I draw on my own theoretical writings on the nature of migration trends in Southern Europe – the so-called ‘Southern European model’ of migration, with its various historical and geographical phases – and enrich this analysis through specific reference to the Portuguese case. Notions of cores and (semi-)peripheries are crucial to understanding both the political economy and evolving typologies of Portuguese migration trends over the long term and in recent years. Key here is the coexistence of Portugal’s status as the metropolitan core of a (post)colonial periphery and its (semi-)peripheral situation within Europe. This dual perspective helps to explain the complex geography and history of Portugal’s migration flows. Finally, I point to four areas which could have been given more emphasis: the within-Portugal regional patterning of emigration trends, the relative lack of attention given to return migration, the question of gender in ongoing Portuguese migration patterns and the overall impact of migration on Portuguese economic and social development.
Portuguese Emigration Today
Authors: Pires Rui Pena 
Published: June 2019

AbstractPortuguese emigration increased ever since its interruption by the 1974 revolution, especially since Portugal became a member of the then European Economic Community. This increase was underpinned by the regime of free movement of people within the European Union, which has helped transform Europe into the lead destination of Portuguese emigration. The effects of the 2008 financial crisis on this migratory dynamic have proven complex. In the first instance, the fact that this crisis was global prompted a downturn in emigration. However, in a second phase, there was new and very marked growth in the rate of Portuguese emigration coupled with changes to the hierarchy of destinations. The greatest of these alterations was the abrupt decline in the numbers departing for Spain, which was overtaken by the United Kingdom as the main destination for emigration. From a comparative perspective, the joint effects of the growth in emigration and the stagnation of immigration mean that Portugal is today among the least attractive countries in EU. As a consequence, international migratory patterns in Portugal today – as in the 1960s – are exacerbating rather than countering the population decline in the country with the lowest fertility rate in Europe.
Working Class Condition and Migrant Experience: The Case of Portuguese Construction Workers
Authors: Queirós João 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis chapter presents results of fieldwork-based research on the professional, geographical and social mobility strategies adopted in recent years by construction workers emigrating from Northwest Portugal. Considering the impacts of the economic crisis that has affected Portugal throughout this period – impacts which included a sharp rise in unemployment rates and the reconfiguration of the professional aspirations and career trajectories of thousands of workers, especially in industrial and post-industrial areas –, this text analyses some of the findings of multi-sited ethnographic research conducted in Portugal, Spain and France between 2008 and 2014. The chapter briefly discusses the recent change in the condition of Portuguese construction workers, underlines the constitution and reinforcement of migration as a central element of this group’s professional and social reproduction strategies, and scrutinises the most salient aspects of the everyday experience of these true contemporary “nomads”.
Light-front bootstrap for Chern-Simons matter theories
Authors: Skvortsov Evgeny 
Published: June 2019

Abstract

We propose a new approach to solve conformal field theories and apply it to Chern-Simons Matter theories and three-dimensional bosonization duality. All three-point correlation functions of single-trace operators are obtained in the large-N as a simple application. The idea is to construct, as an effective weakly-coupled theory, a nonlinear realization of the conformal algebra in terms of physical, gauge-invariant, operators. The efficiency of the method is also in the use of an analog of the light-cone gauge and of the momentum-space on the CFT side. AdS/CFT is used as a convenient regulator and as a source of the canonical bracket. The uniqueness of the nonlinear realization manifests the three-dimensional bosonization duality at this order. We also find two more non-unitary solutions which should be analogous to the fishnet theories. The results can also be viewed as an explicit realization of the slightly-broken higher spin symmetry.
As a by-product, the cubic action of the Higher Spin Gravity in AdS
4 is constructed. While generic Higher Spin Gravities are obstructed at higher orders by nonlocality, we point out the existence of two especially simple and well-defined theories: chiral and anti-chiral whose three-point functions correspond to the two new solutions. These two theories are supposed to give a quantum complete and local example of gravitational bulk duals.
Clinical Outcomes and Quality of Literature Addressing Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficit: A Systematic Review
Authors: Kirsch Jacob M. , Bakshi Neil K. , Ayeni Olufemi R. , Khan Moin , Bedi Asheesh 
Published: June 2019

Background Glenohumeral internal rotation deficit (GIRD) can negatively impact shoulder function particularly in the throwing athlete. Questions/Purpose This study aimed to systematically evaluate recent trends in clinical outcomes and quality of published evidence pertaining to GIRD. Methods A systematic review was performed in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. PubMed, MEDLINE, PubMed Central, and Embase were searched from January 1, 2011, through April 23, 2017, for all articles evaluating GIRD. Two reviewers independently screened articles for eligibility and extracted data for analysis. Results Eighty-two articles were included in the final review. In general, the overall number of articles published increased over time. Two-thirds of all studies were conducted in the USA. Seventy-eight percent ( N = 64) of included studies were level-III to level-V evidence, with no level-I study performed during the study period. Eighty-five percent of studies were either epidemiologic, review, or imaging articles, and only 12% were clinical studies. Significant variability in the clinical definition of GIRD was identified. All studies evaluating non-operative management of GIRD demonstrated significant improvements in internal rotation of the affected extremity. Conclusion Current trends in GIRD-related literature demonstrate limited focus on clinical, therapeutic, or patient-reported outcomes and mostly consist of low-level evidence. There is a lack of consensus in the literature on what clinically constitutes GIRD.
Would you be happier if you moved more? Physical activity focusing illusion
Authors: Kaczmarek Lukasz D. , Behnke Maciej , Enko Jolanta , Hoffman Agnieszka , Kiciński Marcin , Paruszewski Jakub , Szabat Michał , Dombrowski Stephan U. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractResearch shows that individuals who are more physically active also report greater happiness. However, subjective well-being is prone to cognitive biases. For instance, people overrate the influence of single factors (e.g., money) on their happiness; a phenomenon termed the focusing illusion. In this study, we examined whether the relationship between physical activity and subjective well-being is stronger when individuals focus on physical activity explicitly compared to individuals with no specific focus. We experimentally manipulated the physical activity focus by varying the order of scales administration. Participants (N = 200) completed questionnaires that measured physical activity and subjective well-being placed in separate envelopes and provided in a random order. We found that individuals with higher levels of vigorous physical activity were more satisfied with life regardless of the order of scale presentation (no focusing effect). However, we found evidence of a possible focusing illusion for moderate-intensity physical activity. Individuals with higher levels of moderate-intensity physical activity reported higher subjective well-being when they were asked about physical activity first but not when they reported their well-being unaware of the upcoming physical activity questions. Thus, subjective well-being judgments can be biased by a prior focus on moderate-intensity physical activity. The order of scale administration when assessing subjective well-being should be carefully considered.
Preferences and attitudes of young Chinese clinicians about using a shared decision making tools for communicating cardiovascular risk
Authors: Huang Rong‐Chong , Song Xian‐Tao , Zhang Dong‐Feng , Xu Jia‐Ying , Boehmer Kasey R. , Leppin Aaron A. , Gionfriddo Michael R. , Ting Henry H. , Montori Victor M. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractObjectiveThis study assesses the attitudes and preferences of Chinese clinicians toward their involvement in shared decision making (SDM).MethodsFrom May 2014 to May 2015, 200 Chinese clinicians from two hospitals were enrolled to complete a survey on their attitude towards SDM. We conducted the survey via face‐to‐face interviews before and after an educational intervention on SDM among young Chinese clinicians. The clinicians were asked to give the extent of agreement to SDM. They also gave the extent of difficulty in using decision aids (DAs) during the SDM process. The variation in the range of responses to each question before and after the SDM intervention was recorded. The frequency of changed responses was analyzed by using JMP 6.0 software. Data were statistically analyzed using Chi‐square and Mann–Whitney U tests, as appropriate to the data type. Multiple logistic regressions were used to test for those factors significantly and independently associated with preference for an approach for each scenario.ResultsOf the 200 young Chinese clinicians sampled, 59.0% indicated a preference for SDM and a desire to participate in SDM before receiving education or seeing the DA, and this number increased to 69.0% after seeing the DA with the sample video of the SDM process on Statin Choice. However, 28.5% of the respondents still reported that, in their current practice, they make clinical decisions on behalf of their patients. The clinicians who denied a desire to use the DA stated that the main barriers to implement SDM or DA use in China are lack of time and knowledge of SDM.ConclusionsMost young Chinese clinicians want to participate in SDM. However, they state the main barriers to perform SDM are lack of experience and time. The educational intervention about SDM that exposes clinicians to DAs was found to increase their receptivity.
Corporal punishment of children in the home in Australia: a review of the research reveals the need for data and knowledge
Authors: Poulsen Angelika 
Published: June 2019

AbstractA growing body of literature indicates that corporal punishment (CP) has the potential to adversely affect the mental and physical wellbeing of children in childhood as well as into adulthood. Corporal punishment of children in the home is legal in all states and territories in Australia, but not much is known about this type of family violence in the Australian context. This article presents a review of the literature currently available on the prevalence of CP of children in the home in Australia, covering online surveys, academic research, government data and grey literature. The role of online surveys is examined, and the lack of data available from government studies concerned with the wellbeing of children is also explored. There is found to be an overall lack of consistent data available on CP of children in the home in Australia, and this article calls on researchers and policymakers to further research and act on this aspect of family violence.
The Prevalence of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among Survivors After a Typhoon or Hurricane: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Wang Zhipeng , Wu Xin , Dai Wenjie , Kaminga Atipatsa C. , Wu Xiaoli , Pan Xiongfeng , Liu Ziyan , Wen Shiwu , Hu Shixiong , Liu Aizhong 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACTPosttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychological disorder, which could be caused by traumatic events. The prevalence of PTSD among survivors after a typhoon or hurricane varied widely. Therefore, this study aimed to determine a combined prevalence of PTSD among survivors after a typhoon or hurricane. A systematic search of literature was performed in the 3 English databases: PubMed (National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD), ISI Web of Science (Thomson Reuters, New York, NY), and Embase (Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands). Also, a similar search was performed in the 2 Chinese databases such as Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure and WanFang. Loney et al.’s criteria were used to evaluate the quality of the selected articles for this study. The combined prevalence of PTSD among the study population was estimated using the Freeman–Tukey double arcsine transformation method. Subgroup analyses and a meta-regression analysis were carried out to explore the origin of heterogeneity. Thirty-nine eligible articles were included in this study. They comprised 43 123 typhoon and hurricane survivors of which 9373 were diagnosed with PTSD. The combined prevalence of PTSD among this population was 17.81%. Subgroup analyses revealed that the combined prevalence of PTSD related to typhoon and hurricane Categories 5, 4, and 2 showing a corresponding decreasing tendency. About 18% of people who experienced a severe typhoon or hurricane develop PTSD with the prevalence decreasing with reduced severity of the typhoon or hurricane.