bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seismic Anisotropy Evidence for Ductile Deformation of the Forearc Lithospheric Mantle in Subduction Zones
Authors: Wang Jian , Huang Xiaoge , Zhao Dapeng , Yao Zhenxing 
Published: July 2019

AbstractSeismic anisotropy provides important information on the structure and geodynamics of the Earth. The forearc mantle wedge in subduction zones mainly exhibits trench‐parallel azimuthal anisotropy globally, which is inconsistent with the model of olivine a axis aligning with the slab‐driven corner flow. Its formation mechanism is currently unclear. Here we present high‐resolution 3‐D P wave anisotropic tomography of the Tohoku subduction zone. We suggest that ductile deformation of the forearc lithospheric mantle of the overriding plate induces the trench‐parallel azimuthal anisotropy and positive radial anisotropy (i.e., horizontal velocity > vertical velocity) in Tohoku. Our results provide the first seismic anisotropic evidence for the slab‐mantle decoupling at a common depth of ~70 km. On the basis of the high‐resolution seismic images, we propose a geodynamic model suggesting that the forearc mantle wedge anisotropy is produced via ductile deformation of dry olivine or hydrous antigorite lithospheric mantle, which accords well with the trench‐parallel shear wave splitting measurements dominant in subduction zones globally.
Aerosol pH Dynamics During Haze Periods in an Urban Environment in China: Use of Detailed, Hourly, Speciated Observations to Study the Role of Ammonia Availability and Secondary Aerosol Formation and Urban Environment
Authors: Shi Guoliang , Xu Jiao , Shi Xurong , Liu Baoshuang , Bi Xiaohui , Xiao Zhimei , Chen Kui , Wen Jie , Dong Shihao , Tian Yingze , Feng Yinchang , Yu Haofei , Song Shaojie , Zhao Qianyu , Gao Jie , Russell Armistead G. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAerosol pH is a useful diagnostic of aerosol chemistry for formation of secondary aerosol and has been hypothesized to be a key factor in specific chemical reaction routes producing sulfate and nitrate. In this study, we measured hourly concentrations of water‐soluble ions in particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm, along with gaseous pollutants in Tianjin, China, from 4 to 31 January 2015. The following source contributions to water‐soluble ions were estimated by positive matrix factorization: secondary sulfate (13%), secondary nitrate (44%), coal (14%), vehicle (16%), and dust (13%). ISORROPIA‐II was used to investigate the complex relationships among aerosol pH, ammonia, and secondary aerosol formation. The estimated hourly aerosol pH varied from −0.3 to 7.7, with an average of 4.9 (±0.78); the median value was 4.89, and the interquartile range was 0.72. During less polluted conditions, aerosol pH ranged from less than 0 to about 7; during heavily polluted conditions, pH was close to 5 (3.9–7.9) despite large amounts of sulfate. Sufficient ammonia/ammonium was present to balance high sulfate and nitrate formation. NH4+/NH3 (g) helped stabilize pH while nonvolatile cations contributed less to decreasing aerosol acidity. High acidy (pH < 3), light pollution (total water soluble ions < 30 μg/m3), and low water content (less than 5 μg/m3) were more correlated with higher rates of sulfate formation than nitrate formation in the winter.
Global Occurrences of Auroral Kilometric Radiation Related to Suprathermal Electrons in Radiation Belts
Authors: Zhao Wanli , Liu Si , Zhang Sai , Zhou Qinghua , Yang Chang , He Yihua , Gao Zhonglei , Xiao Fuliang 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAuroral kilometric radiation (AKR) can potentially produce serious damage to space‐borne systems by accelerating trapped radiation belt electrons to relativistic energies. Here we examine the global occurrences of AKR emissions in radiation belts based on Van Allen Probes observations from 1 October 2012 to 31 December 2016. The statistical results (1,848 events in total) show that AKR covers a broad region of L= 3–6.5 and 00–24 magnetic local time (MLT), with a higher occurrence on the nightside (20–24 MLT and 00–04 MLT) within L= 5–6.5. All the AKR events are observed to be accompanied with suprathermal (∼1 keV) electron flux enhancements. During active geomagnetic periods, both AKR occurrences and electron injections tend to be more distinct, and AKR emission extends to the dayside. The current study shows that AKR emissions from the remote sources are closely associated with electron injections.
The Tropopause Inversion Layer Interaction With the Inertial Gravity Wave Activities and Its Latitudinal Variability
Authors: Zhang Yehui , Zhang Shaodong , Huang Chunming , Huang Kaiming , Gong Yun 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBy using 90 radiosonde stations with high vertical resolution data during the period 1998–2011, the latitudinal variation of the tropopause inversion layer (TIL) in different seasons and the interactions with the inertial gravity wave (IGW) activities in the region covering the Northern Hemispheric latitudes from 5° to 75° are studied. For the midlatitudes, the TIL features show obviously seasonal variations. In the Arctic region, TIL is strong and thick. The averaged Arctic TIL intensity peaks in summer. The intense interaction between the TIL and IGW is found in the region of 5°N to 75°N. The TIL could inhibit the upward propagation of IGWs from ~2 km below the tropopause in a larger region (40–75°N). It is found that for the middle‐latitude regions, the enhanced wind shear layer just above the tropopause could lead to instability and finally result in IGW breaking and intensive turbulence, which then leads to strong wave energy dissipation and a downward heat flux. The IGW‐induced cooling around the tropopause, which resulted from the downward heat flux, then makes a colder and sharper tropopause and finally form the TIL. The IGW‐associated strong downward heat flux is also found around the Arctic tropopause. However, there is no corresponding wind shear enhancement above the tropopause. This indicates that this strong heat flux may result from some other processes and then form the strong TIL in the Arctic.
Semi-supervised machine-learning classification of materials synthesis procedures
Authors: Huo Haoyan , Rong Ziqin , Kononova Olga , Sun Wenhao , Botari Tiago , He Tanjin , Tshitoyan Vahe , Ceder Gerbrand 
Published: July 2019

AbstractDigitizing large collections of scientific literature can enable new informatics approaches for scientific analysis and meta-analysis. However, most content in the scientific literature is locked-up in written natural language, which is difficult to parse into databases using explicitly hard-coded classification rules. In this work, we demonstrate a semi-supervised machine-learning method to classify inorganic materials synthesis procedures from written natural language. Without any human input, latent Dirichlet allocation can cluster keywords into topics corresponding to specific experimental materials synthesis steps, such as “grinding” and “heating”, “dissolving” and “centrifuging”, etc. Guided by a modest amount of annotation, a random forest classifier can then associate these steps with different categories of materials synthesis, such as solid-state or hydrothermal synthesis. Finally, we show that a Markov chain representation of the order of experimental steps accurately reconstructs a flowchart of possible synthesis procedures. Our machine-learning approach enables a scalable approach to unlock the large amount of inorganic materials synthesis information from the literature and to process it into a standardized, machine-readable database.
Fiber-coupled EPR-state generation using a single temporally multiplexed squeezed light source
Authors: Larsen Mikkel V. , Guo Xueshi , Breum Casper R. , Neergaard-Nielsen Jonas S. , Andersen Ulrik L. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractA prerequisite for universal quantum computation and other large-scale quantum information processors is the careful preparation of quantum states in massive numbers or of massive dimension. For continuous variable approaches to quantum information processing (QIP), squeezed states are the natural quantum resources, but most demonstrations have been based on a limited number of squeezed states due to the experimental complexity in up-scaling. The number of physical resources can however be significantly reduced by employing the technique of temporal multiplexing. Here, we demonstrate an application to continuous variable QIP of temporal multiplexing in fiber: Using just a single source of squeezed states in combination with active optical switching and a 200 m fiber delay line, we generate fiber-coupled Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen entangled quantum states. Our demonstration is a critical enabler for the construction of an in-fiber, all-purpose quantum information processor based on a single or few squeezed state quantum resources.
Amino-acid inserts of HIV-1 capsid (CA) induce CA degradation and abrogate viral infectivity: Insights for the dynamics and mechanisms of HIV-1 CA decomposition
Authors: Amano Masayuki , Bulut Haydar , Tamiya Sadahiro , Nakamura Tomofumi , Koh Yasuhiro , Mitsuya Hiroaki 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAccumulation of amino acid (AA) insertions/substitutions are observed in the Gag-protein of HIV-1 variants resistant to HIV-1 protease inhibitors. Here, we found that HIV-1 carrying AA insertions in capsid protein (CA) undergoes aberrant CA degradation. When we generated recombinant HIV-1s (rHIV-1s) containing 19-AAs in Gag, such insertions caused significant CA degradation, which initiated in CA’s C-terminal. Such rHIV-1s had remarkable morphological abnormality, decreased infectivity, and no replicative ability, which correlated with levels of CA degradation. The CA degradation observed was energy-independent and had no association with cellular/viral proteolytic mechanisms, suggesting that the CA degradation occurs due to conformational/structural incompatibility caused by the 19-AA insertions. The incorporation of degradation-prone CA into the wild-type CA resulted in significant disruption of replication competence in “chimeric” virions. The data should allow better understanding of the dynamics and mechanisms of CA decomposition/degradation and retroviral uncoating, which may lead to new approach for antiretroviral modalities.
An Unusually Broad Series of Seven Cyclombandakamines, Bridged Dimeric Naphthylisoquinoline Alkaloids from the Congolese Liana Ancistrocladus ealaensis
Authors: Tshitenge Dieudonné Tshitenge , Bruhn Torsten , Feineis Doris , Mudogo Virima , Kaiser Marcel , Brun Reto , Bringmann Gerhard 
Published: July 2019

AbstractA series of seven unusual dimeric naphthylisoquinoline alkaloids was isolated from the leaves of the tropical liana Ancistrocladus ealaensis J. Léonard, named cyclombandakamine A (1), 1-epi-cyclombandakamine A (2), and cyclombandakamines A3–7 (3–7). These alkaloids have a chemically thrilling structural array consisting of a twisted dihydrofuran-cyclohexenone-isochromene system. The 1′″-epimer of 4, cyclombandakamine A1 (8), had previously been discovered in an unidentified Ancistrocladus species related to A. ealaensis. Both lianas produce the potential parent precursor, mbandakamine A (9), but only A. ealaensis synthesizes the corresponding cyclized form, along with a broad series of slightly modified analogs. The challenging isolation required, besides multi-dimensional chromatography, the use of a pentafluorophenyl stationary phase. Featuring up to six stereocenters and two types of chiral axes, their structures were elucidated by means of 1D and 2D NMR, HRESIMS, in combination with oxidative chemical degradation experiments as well as chiroptical (electronic circular dichroism spectroscopy) and quantum chemical calculations. Compared to the ‘open-chain’ parent compound 9, these dimers displayed rather moderate antiplasmodial activities.
A sweet orange mutant impaired in carotenoid biosynthesis and reduced ABA levels results in altered molecular responses along peel ripening
Authors: Romero Paco , Lafuente María Teresa , Rodrigo María Jesús 
Published: July 2019

AbstractCitrus fruit ripening is a complex process involving biochemical, physiological and molecular events that differ between the flesh and the peel of the fruit. We characterized sweet orange peel maturation by means of a comparative transcriptomic analysis between Navelate orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) and its mutant fruit Pinalate, which presents a severe blockage at early steps of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway and consequently reduced ABA levels. Peel ripening involved the decrease of the photosynthetic activity and the transmembrane transport processes, as well as the buildup of starch and cuticular waxes and the cell wall modification. In addition, a number of biotic and abiotic stress responses, including the defense response, and the response to blue light, water deprivation and abscisic acid stimulus were modulated in a ripening-stage specific manner. The regulation of energy-related processes and secondary metabolism pathways was attenuated in Pinalate, while the molecular mechanisms underlying stress responses displayed dependency on ABA levels. These results indicate that ABA is a key signal inducing stress responses along orange peel ripening, which might determine the fruit postharvest performance.
High retreatability and dimensional stability of polymer grafted waterlogged archaeological wood achieved by ARGET ATRP
Authors: Zhou Yihang , Wang Kai , Hu Dongbo 
Published: July 2019

AbstractTo explore new methods to maintain the dimensional stability of waterlogged archaeological wood after drying and keep the natural cell lumens unaltered for future retreatments, activator regenerated by electron transfer (ARGET) atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) is employed to consolidate archaeological wood. To prepare the ATRP process, the waterlogged archaeological wood samples (Pinus massoniana with maximum moisture content of around 529%) were first modified by 2-bromoisobutyryl bromide in CH2Cl2 to acquire C-Br bonds as initiators. Then, butyl methacrylate or styrene was polymerized to the remaining cell walls with catalyst (CuBr2), reductant (ascorbic acid) and ligand (PMDETA) in ethanol. After the treatment, the samples were washed and naturally dried. The results characterized by microscopy showed that the polymerization only took place within the remaining cell walls, showing no sign of collapse or distortion after air drying, and all natural cell lumens could be retained for future retreatments. Also, anti-shrinkage efficiencies as high as 87.8% for the wood sample grafted with polystyrene and 98.5% for the wood sample grafted with polybutylmethacrylate were obtained from the treatment described in this paper, indicating modification of grafting polymer through ARGET ATRP can help maintain the dimensional stability of water archaeological wood effectively.
Ultrahigh omnidirectional, broadband, and polarization-independent optical absorption over the visible wavelengths by effective dispersion engineering
Authors: Jin Yeonghoon , Park Junghoon , Rah Yoonhyuk , Shim Jaeho , Yu Kyoungsik 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAchieving perfect light absorption at a subwavelength-scale thickness has various advantageous in terms of cost, flexibility, weight, and performance for many different applications. However, obtaining perfect absorbers covering a wide range of wavelengths regardless of incident angle and input polarization without a complicated patterning process while maintaining a small thickness remains a challenge. In this paper, we demonstrate flat, lithography-free, ultrahigh omnidirectional, polarization-independent, broadband absorbers through effective dispersion engineering. The proposed absorbers show day-integrated solar energy absorption up to 96%, which is 32% better than with lossy semiconductor/metal absorbers. The proposed simple yet effective method can be applied to light absorption thin film structures based on various types of highly lossy semiconductor materials, including emerging 2D materials.
Insgesamt positiv, aber das geht noch
besser
Authors: Dormann Patrick , Stimming Christian 
Published: July 2019

ZusammenfassungDas Aktionsbündnis Notfallpflege befürwortet die DKG-Empfehlung zur Weiterbildung
Notfallpflege vom 29.11.2016, die am 01.01.2017 in Kraft getreten ist. Durch
diese wird eine standardisierte und bundesweit vergleichbare
Weiterbildungsmöglichkeit geschaffen, um den Bedarf an professionellen und
hochqualifizierten Pflegekräften im Setting Notaufnahme sicherzustellen.
Allerdings bestehen aus Sicht der Autoren jedoch einige neuralgische Punkte in
Bezug auf die konkrete inhaltliche und strukturelle Gestaltung der
Empfehlung.
Gut aufgehoben im Gespräch
Authors: Karde Carmen , Weber Iris , Massarotto Paola 
Published: July 2019

ZusammenfassungDas Leben mit einem Herzunterstützungssystem ist herausfordernd. Patienten und
Angehörige machen sich Sorgen und entwickeln Ängste. Um den Informationsbedarf
und die Anliegen der Betroffenen strukturiert und gezielt zu erfassen, hat sich
im Universitätsspital Zürich ein Gesprächsleitfaden bewährt.
Hungern auf der Intensivstation?
Authors: Graeb Fabian , Graeb Erika 
Published: July 2019

ZusammenfassungOb, wann und wie im Intensivbereich ernährt werden soll, führt häufig auch
zwischen den Disziplinen zu Konflikten. Gleichzeitig ist aus der Forschung
bekannt, dass viele Patienten massiv an Gewicht und vor allem Muskelmasse
verlieren, was zu verlängerten Liegezeiten und erhöhter Mortalität führen kann.
Wie soll nun vorgegangen werden, um das Grundbedürfnis der Ernährung nicht aus
dem Blick zu verlieren?
Electrocardiographic changes following six months of long‐distance triathlon training in previously recreationally active individuals
Authors: Dawkins Tony G. , Shave Rob E. , Baggish Aaron L. , Drane Aimee L. , Parisi Erika J. , Roberts Michael G. , Roberts Justin D. 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACTBackground: Clinical electrocardiographic (ECG) guidelines for athlete's heart are based upon cross‐sectional data. We aimed to longitudinally evaluate the influence of endurance training on the ECG and compare the prevalence of ECG abnormalities defined by contemporary criteria.Methods: A group of 66 training‐naïve individuals completed a six‐month training programme with resting ECGs and cardiopulmonary exercise tests performed at baseline, two and six months. Data were analysed using repeated measures analysis of variance and the prevalence of ECG abnormalities compared between proposed criteria.Results : Maximal oxygen consumption increased from 45.4 ± 7.1 to 50.3 ± 7.1 ml·kg−1·min−1 (p < 0.05) pre‐to‐post training. ECG changes included, bradycardia (60 ± 12 vs. 53 ± 8 beats·min−1; p < 0.05), shorter P wave duration (106 ± 10 vs. 103 ± 11 ms; p < 0.05), reduced QTc (413 ± 27 vs. 405 ± 22 ms; p < 0.05), and increased left ventricular Sokolow‐Lyon index (2.45 ± 0.66 vs. 2.62 ± 0.78 mV; p < 0.05). 85% of individuals showed ≥1 ‘training‐related’ ECG finding at six months vs. 68% at baseline. Using the 2013 Seattle Criteria, 4 ECGs were ‘abnormal’ at baseline and 3 at month six vs. 2 at baseline and 1 at month six, using the 2017 International Consensus. Prevalence of ‘borderline’ findings did not increase with training (11% at baseline and six months).Conclusion: Six‐months endurance training leads to a greater prevalence of ‘training‐related’ but not ‘borderline’ or ‘training‐unrelated’ ECGs. ‘Borderline findings’ may not necessarily represent training‐related cardiac remodelling in novice athletes following a six‐month training intervention.KEY MESSAGES
This study aimed to assess the longitudinal ECG changes following six months of endurance training, in training‐naïve individuals, and whether these ECG changes support the revisions made to the recent 2017 international consensus criteria.
The prevalence of ‘training‐related’ findings were increased with six months of endurance training, however the prevalence of the revised ‘borderline’ criteria, according to the 2017 international consensus, did not increase and the associated quantitative ECG data (e.g. P‐wave amplitude, QRS axis and QRS duration) remained unchanged.
Further clinical consideration may be warranted for individuals within the early phase of exercise engagement presenting with ‘borderline’ ECG abnormalities, defined by the International criteria.
Mixed dynamical decoupling
Authors: Genov Genko T , Aharon Nati , Jelezko Fedor , Retzker Alex 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
We propose a scheme for mixed dynamical decoupling (MDD), where we combine continuous dynamical decoupling with robust sequences of phased pulses. Specifically, we use two fields for decoupling, where the first continuous driving field creates dressed states that are robust to environmental noise. Then, a second field implements a robust sequence of phased pulses to perform inversions of the dressed qubits, thus achieving robustness to amplitude fluctuations of both fields. We show that MDD outperforms standard concatenated continuous dynamical decoupling in realistic numerical simulations for dynamical decoupling in NV centers in diamond. Finally, we also demonstrate how our technique can be utilized for improved sensing.
Efficacy and safety of empagliflozin in older patients in the EMPA-REG OUTCOME® trial
Authors: Monteiro Pedro , Bergenstal Richard M , Toural Elvira , Inzucchi Silvio E , Zinman Bernard , Hantel Stefan , Kiš Sanja Giljanovic , Kaspers Stefan , George Jyothis T , Fitchett David 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Objective
The risks of cardio-renal complications of diabetes increase with age. In the EMPA-REG OUTCOME® trial, empagliflozin reduced cardiovascular (CV) mortality by 38% in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and CV disease. Here we compare outcomes with empagliflozin in older patients in EMPA-REG OUTCOME.

Methods
Patients with T2D and CV disease were randomised to empagliflozin 10 or 25 mg, or placebo plus standard of care. In post hoc analyses, risks of 3-point major adverse CV events (3P-MACE: composite of CV death, non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI) or non-fatal stroke), CV death, hospitalisation for heart failure, all-cause mortality, all-cause hospitalisation and incident/worsening nephropathy were evaluated for empagliflozin versus placebo by baseline age (&lt;65, 65 to &lt;75, ≥75 years). Adverse events (AEs) were analysed descriptively.

Results
Effect of empagliflozin on all outcomes was consistent across age categories (P ≥ 0.05 for interactions) except 3P-MACE. The 3P-MACE hazard ratios (HRs) were 1.04 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.84, 1.29), 0.74 (0.58, 0.93) and 0.68 (0.46, 1.00) in patients aged &lt;65, 65 to &lt;75, and ≥75 years, respectively (P = 0.047 for treatment-by-age group interaction). Corresponding CV death HRs were 0.72 (95% CI 0.52, 1.01), 0.54 (0.37, 0.79) and 0.55 (0.32, 0.94), respectively (P = 0.484 for treatment-by-age group interaction). Across age categories, empagliflozin AEs reflected its known safety profile. Rates of bone fractures, renal AEs and diabetic ketoacidosis were similar between empagliflozin and placebo across age categories.

Conclusions
In the EMPA-REG OUTCOME trial, empagliflozin reduced risks of CV mortality, heart failure and renal outcomes, supporting its cardio-renal benefits in older patients.
Increased translation as a novel pathogenic mechanism in Huntington’s disease
Authors: Creus-Muncunill Jordi , Badillos-Rodríguez Raquel , Garcia-Forn Marta , Masana Mercè , Garcia-Díaz Barriga Gerardo , Guisado-Corcoll Anna , Alberch Jordi , Malagelada Cristina , Delgado-García José M , Gruart Agnès , Pérez-Navarro Esther 
Published: July 2019

See Brouillet and Merienne (doi:10.1093/brain/awz274) for a scientific commentary on this article.Creus-Muncunill et al. report that protein translation is altered in the striatum of Huntington’s disease mouse models, with upregulated expression of proteins from ribosomal and oxidative phosphorylation pathways. Pharmacological normalization of protein translation in R6/1 mice ameliorates motor disturbances and normalizes ribosomal content in the striatum.