bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vulnerable areas of phosphorus leaching - detection by gis-analysis and measurements of phosphorus sorption capacity
Authors: Behrendt Horst , Lademann Lena , Pagenkopf Wolf-Gunther , Pöthig Rosemarie 
Published: May 2018

A model is presented to detect vulnerable areas of phosphorus leaching combing GIS-modeling and measurements on phosphorus sorption capacity of different soil types. The GIS-model uses spatial information on the topology, land use, soil types, water tables and climatic water balance. The phosphorus surplus of the agricultural topsoil is estimated based on the average of fertilizer use and the uptake by crops over a long period of time and, additionally, the application rates of manure around cowshed and pigsties.
The model is applied to the catchment area of Lake Schwielochsee, a hypertrophic shallow lake situated about 100 km south-east of German capital, Berlin.
The phosphorus content and the phosphorus sorption capacity were measured at several sides with differing soil types. Parameters of the GIS-model are deduced from the results of these measurements.
Reducing diffuse pollution through implementation of agricultural best management practices: a case study
Authors: Cook M. G. , Hunt P. G. , Stone K. C. , Canterberry J. H. 
Published: May 2018

A system of agricultural best management practices (BMPs) was implemented on a 2,100 ha watershed in Duplin County, North Carolina, USA, for the purpose of improving water quality. The BMPs included: Nutrient, pest, and animal waste management; and soil conservation practices. Both surface and ground water were continually analyzed to assess the water quality impacts. Nutrient management plans have been developed for over 80% of the cropland. Pest management plans have been developed for over 60% of the cropland. Over one-half of all plans have been implemented. Poultry mortality composting and improved swine waste management have decreased the potential adverse effects of animal operations. A constructed wetland shows promise as a pre-treatment of swine waste prior to land application.
Stream monitoring shows decreasing amounts of nitrate- and ammonium-nitrogen in the surface waters of the watershed. Ground water monitoring shows relatively high concentrations of nitrate in areas of intensive swine and poultry operations. Ground water monitoring of pesticides reveals low levels of alachlor, atrazine, and metolachlor even though large amounts of these chemicals are used on crops. The successful implementation of agricultural BMPs appears to be having a positive effect on water quality. Both stream and ground water monitoring will be continued for several years to assess more definitively the changes in water quality.
Biodegradation of herbicide chlornitrofen (CNP) and mutagenicity of its degradation products
Authors: Tanaka Y. , Iwasaki H. , Kitamori S. 
Published: May 2018

Chlornitrofen has been widely used as a diphenyl-ether-derived herbicide for the rice paddy fields. Thus, the present study was undertaken to see whether CNP and its degradation products are mutagenic, and how CNP can be degraded in the natural environment. The following results were obtained.
(1) CNP was weakly mutagenic in a new test strain YG 1029 but not mutagenic in the other strains tested here, even in both strains TA 100 and TA 98 that are conventionally used as the most sensitive strains in the Ames test. CNP was a direct-acting mutagen that does not require a metabolic activation system (S9 mix).
(2) Amino-CNP, a degradation product of CNP, was potentially mutagenic in the strains YG 1029 or YG 1024 and was a moderate mutagen in the other test strains employed here. Amino-CNP required S9 mix for the mutagenesis, suggesting that a metabolite of amino-CNP is an active mutagen. Acetylamino-CNP, another degradation product of CNP, was also mutagenic with almost the same strains, although the mutagenic potency was somewhat lower than that of amino-CNP. No mutagenicity was detected for the other degradation products, hydroxy-CNP, dichlorophenol, trichlorophenol, and p-chlorophenol.
(3) The diphenyl-ether-derived herbicides nitrofen and chlormethoxynil, which are structurally related to CNP, and their amino derivatives were tested for their mutagenicity in a similar way. Chlormethoxynil was not mutagenic in all strains tested, but nitrofen was highly mutagenic in strain YG 1026 and weakly in YG 1029 when tested in the presence of S9 mix. In contrast, amino-nitrofen and amino-chlormethoxynil were mutagens with quite similar properties to those of amino-CNP, respectively.
(4) The biological degradation of CNP was tested using river water. It was observed that CNP degraded rapidly and was converted to amino-CNP with a high efficiency in river water. An increase in the mutagenicity of the testing solution could be seen depending upon the decay of CNP, formation of amino-CNP, and elevation of temperature. It seems that most of the mutagenicity observed may be due to the mutagenicity of amino-CNP formed from CNP by microorganisms in the river water.
H2S papers as presumptive tests for Salmonella contamination in tropical drinking water
Authors: Gawthorne Tanya , Gibbs Robyn A. , Mathew Kuruvilla , Ho Goen E. 
Published: May 2018

Coliform bacteria may not be adequate as sole indicators of recent faecal contamination in tropical waters. Salmonella spp. in particular have been found in tropical waters in the absence of traditional indicator bacteria. Remote areas without access to a laboratory have no opportunity for salmonellae analysis as portable tests are currently not available. H2S papers indicate the presence of hydrogen sulphide producing bacteria, a characteristic shared by the majority of Salmonella spp.. The potential of H2S papers to act as a presumptive test for salmonellae in the absence of coliform bacteria was assessed.
Salmonella spp. grew in the H2S medium, with an optimum incubation temperature of 37°C and a recommended length of incubation for a negative result of 48 hours. The presence of high numbers of the type of noncoliform bacteria commonly found in drinking water did not affect the performance of the H2S strips. H2S papers are recommended for use in conjunction with a coliform test as a presumptive test for the presence of Salmonella spp. in drinking water.
Kinetics of O·− and O3·− in alkaline aqueous solutions
Authors: Gonzalez Mónica C. , Mártire Daniel O. 
Published: May 2018

In aerated solutions containing molecular oxygen, O·− radicals effectively react with O2 yielding ozonide radical ions, O3·−. In the absence of O·− scavengers, O3·− mainly decays by unimolecular reaction yielding O·− and O2 and by further reaction with O·−. The decay rate of O3·− is therefore extremely sensitive to the presence of small quantities of ·− scavengers. In the present communication we have generated O3·− radicals by two different methods: photolysis of strong alkaline (pH &gt; 12.7) solutions of either H2O2 or S2O8=. A detailed kinetic study shows a first order decay of O3·− generated after photolysis of hydrogen peroxide, while a more complex kinetics is observed when O3·− is formed following photolysis of S2O8=. These observations indicate the involvement of different reaction mechanisms. In order to obtain a complete interpretation of the experimental data, ab-initio kinetic computer simulations were done.
On one hand, the decay kinetics of O3·− generated from alkaline photolysis of H2O2 in the presence and absence of scavengers was well fitted by the ab-initio kinetic computer simulations. From the analysis of the mechanism, information on the reaction kinetics of the hydroxyl radicals with different substrates can be obtained. The possibility of retrieving information on the reaction kinetics and efficiency of these substrates as O·− and HO· scavengers, is exemplified for cyanide and carbonate ions.
On the other hand, the decay kinetics of O3·− generated from alkaline photolysis of K2S2O8 can only be understood if the participation of reaction intermediates other than SO4.·−, O·− / HO·, and O2·− are considered. Alternative reaction mechanisms are discussed.
Activated sludge process control via particle monitoring
Authors: Jiwani Ashifa , Graham Nigel J. D. , Day Martin C. 
Published: May 2018

The interrelationships between activated sludge plant operation and floc characteristics were examined in order to determine process control mechanisms for the effective treatment of domestic wastewaters and surplus activated sludge. A quantitative indicator of the physiological floc characteristics was developed and termed the morphological index. This may be evaluated by plant operators using a simple assessment form and matching photographic guide of various floc structures. The morphological index and floc size distribution were found to be useful tools for activated sludge process control and monitoring the dewaterability of surplus activated sludge.
It was found that floc size, morphology and in turn the dewaterability of surplus activated sludge varied with different operating conditions. Hydraulic retention times (HRTs) of &lt; 10 hours and sludge ages of ≤8 days, resulted in the presence of small diffuse floc structures in the mixed liquor. The effluent quality was poor and the activated sludge had unfavourable filtering and dewatering properties. Switching plant operation to sludge ages in the region of ≥8 days and HRTs of ≥10 hours, was found to improve effluent quality and the dewaterability of surplus activated sludge. Here the flocs were large compact structures with short filaments protruding from the floc body.
Destruction of pollutants in industrial rinse waters by advanced oxidation processes
Authors: Luck F. , Djafer M. , Karpel Vel Leitner N. , Gombert B. , Legube B. 
Published: May 2018

Recycling process water is a growing need for a variety of industries faced with increasing water costs and environmental constraints. Metal finishing activities such as printed circuit board (PCB) manufacturing generate large volumes of rinse water slightly contaminated with inorganic chemicals and organic additives. While the former can be removed with proven technologies, there is a need for effective processes for elimination of trace organics in order to allow recycling of rinse water without negative impact on process bath quality.
A cooperative research project started recently to study a water recycling process adapted to this need, able to remove 95% of the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) of the rinse water by combining proven membrane separation with an innovative chemical oxidation. Two types of advanced oxidations based on the conjunction of heterogeneous catalysts with oxidants will be specifically investigated.
In a preliminary stage of the project, the experimental tests were performed with a set of model compounds, selected from among the chemicals most frequently used in the plating processes, namely chelating agents, surfactants and corrosion inhibitors. These compounds were oxidized comparatively by ozone and catalytic ozonation. The differences between standard oxidation and catalytic oxidation are presented and discussed.
Constructed wetlands and nature conservation
Authors: Worrall P. , Peberdy K. J. , Millett M. C. 
Published: May 2018

By reference to examples in the UK this paper examines the wildlife potential of reedbed treatment systems, both in their ability to act as pollutant buffers to protect or create downstream wetlands of conservation importance and as wildlife resources in their own right.
The constraints of size, structural diversity, pollution stresses and design criteria of constructed wetlands are evaluated in terms of wildlife conservation opportunities, and the more stringent water quality requirements for wildlife functions are discussed.
As a case study example, the paper examines in detail the South Finger Reedbed developed by The Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust. This system has been designed with the dual objectives of improving the quality of effluent from a large collection of captive wildfowl in order to buffer sensitive downstream wetlands and of creating a wetland habitat of nature conservation value. The performance of this system, constructed in 1993, indicates good treatment levels, with suspended solids reduction around 80% and BOD generally above 60%. In terms of wildlife performance the system rapidly evolved to support a broad range of vertebrate and invertebrate species.
The paper concludes that constructed wetlands for waste water treatment can be designed and managed to achieve optimal wildlife potential if approached from an ecological perspective as opposed to a strictly engineering viewpoint.
Long term performance of the sand-plant-filter Schattweid (Switzerland)
Authors: Schönborn Andreas , Züst Brigitta , Underwood Evelyn 
Published: May 2018

The human waste concept of the Centre for Applied Ecology Schattweid, Switzerland combines treatment of feces in compost toilets and a constructed wetland for the liquid wastes. The wastewater of 5.1 population equivalents (greywater and urine) is treated in a two chambered settling tank followed by an underground vertical flow sand filter and a horizontal flow constructed wetland. The wastewater system has been in operation since 1985. Its performance has been monitored on COD, NH4-N, NO3-N, NO2-N, Total-P and Total-N almost monthly since then, and on other parameters (Total-Fe, Cl) occasionally.
COD elimination (91.4 %) and Total-P removal (90.6%) were stable over the years, whereas NH4-N and Total-N elimination have improved markedly from around 55% to 93.0% (NH4-N) and 80.0% (Total-N). Performance in winter was excellent. The addition of an easily degradable carbon source to the plant filter in summer 1991 led to a markedly decreased phosphorus retention and a washout of iron during the experiment.
The impact of microbiological tools on mathematical modelling of biological wastewater treatment
Authors: Pollard P. C. , Münch E. v. , Lant P. A. , Greenfield P. F. 
Published: May 2018

Biological systems are being used to treat an increasing range of complex wastes; domestic and industrial wastewaters containing nutrients and refractory organic compounds, soil sites and groundwater contaminated by organics, and organic solid residues. These treatment processes rely on micro-organisms and, more than ever before, must deliver higher quality outcomes at higher levels of reliability to protect the environment. At the same time, pressures to deliver cost-effective treatment have increased. The challenge for these biological treatment technologies and the associated engineering is to achieve the environmental and economic goals simultaneously. Mathematical modelling is an essential component in developing a detailed understanding of such processes, as well as design guidelines and suitable operating and control strategies.
This paper provides a brief summary of the development of mathematical models for biological waste treatment systems, why they have become increasingly complex and how certain microbiological tools can provide the experimental means to validate more complex segregated and structured models of biological behaviour. With a number of specific modelling examples in the field of wastewater treatment, we illustrate the potential of these modern microbiological tools and their implications for gaining an improved understanding of biological waste treatment.
Strategy for land application of sewage sludge in Norway
Authors: Paulsrud Bjarne , Nedland Kjell Terje 
Published: May 2018

The Norwegian public health and environmental authorities have launched a regulation for sewage sludge handling and disposal aiming at increasing the amount of sludge to be utilised on land areas. The strategy for achieving this is to secure that only high quality sludge is being offered to agriculture and green areas; the two disposal routes acceptable for land application of sludge in Norway.
Most sewage treatment plants have experienced a considerable reduction in sludge heavy metals content during the last 15-20 years and the major reason for this is believed to be the continuous control of industrial effluents discharged to the municipal sewerage system and the implementation of cleaner technologies in the industry.
Health risks and odour nuisance from the sewage sludge will be almost eliminated by employing treatment processes with the main purpose of disinfection and stabilisation of the sludge.
Pilot-scale thermophilic anaerobic treatment of wastewaters from seasonal vegetable processing industry
Authors: Rintala J. A. , Lepistö S. S. 
Published: May 2018

Thermophilic anaerobic treatment of food industry wastewaters was studied using a 0.65 m3 upflow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) reactor. The reactor was operated at 55°C and placed on the premises of a factory manufacturing deep-frozen goods from vegetables. The hot (&gt;80-90°C) and concentrated (COD 14-79 g/l) wastewater streams, deriving from steam peeling and blanching of carrot and potato were used.
The UASB reactor was inoculated with a small amount of granular sludge from a full-scale mesophilic UASB reactor. Prior to inoculation, the inoculum was acclimated to 55°C for 2 days. The reactor was fed with a mixture of wastewaters diluted to the desired COD. The reactor was started with loading rates of about 1.2 kgCOD/m3d. After the initial acidification of the process, apparently due to insufficient buffer capacity, the COD removal started to improve and reached 60% within 35 days of inoculation. At the end of the 70 days run, more than 80% COD removal was achieved with loading rates of about 4 kgCOD/m3d. The pilot-study run was limited due to the end of the seasonal production in the target factory.
The results of the pilot study together with the results from the intensive laboratory studies suggest the feasibility of thermophilic anaerobic treatment for the studied wastewaters.
Characteristics of stormwater runoff and its control in Japan
Authors: Uchimura Konomu , Nakamura Eiichi , Fujita Shoichi 
Published: May 2018

To improve the living environment in Japanese cities, both combined type and separate type sewer systems are being provided to cope with rainwater and sewerage. However, during heavy rain, overflows are causing pollution of the rivers or lakes at the discharge destinations.
In response to this problem, river management authorities in Japan have been studying the discharge load on combined sewer systems during rainfall and have established a simulation method to enable its prediction. As a result, the control of discharge loads by means of detention ponds has been effectively carried out in various cities in Japan.
In addition, in recent years the separate system, that was thought to result in relatively good water quality, has been found to cause adverse effects as a non-point source of pollution in lakes and rivers at discharge destinations. For this reason, simulation models are being developed for the case of separate systems for several cities to accurately determine the discharge loads during rainfall.
In this paper, as well as describing the discharge loads and control during rainfall for combined sewer systems in Japan, a report is given of the results of new research in regard to the discharge loads occurring in the case of separate sewer systems.
Quantitative assessment of improvements in hydrological water cycle in urbanized river basin
Authors: Imbe M. , Ohta T. , Takano N. 
Published: May 2018

Urbanization generally causes expansion of urban areas, improvement of lifestyles, high population density and high levels of land utilization. Those urbanization processes have resulted in an expansion of impermeable areas such as roofs and pavements, an increase in water demand, an increase in industrial and domestic waste water and a reduction of water surface areas and green lands.
The above-mentioned phenomena tend to distort the appropriate hydrological water cycle and derive the six issues to be solved which were pointed out in our previous paper Imbe et al.(1995). Six issues were described as: 1) Maintenance of Ordinary Water Discharge; 2) Flood Control; 3) Conservation and Development of Water Resources; 4) Conservation and Revival of Ecological System; 5) Pollution Control; 6) Improvement of Heat Environment.
In order to prevent the deterioration of the hydrological water cycle, many relevant measures are taken into account and the effect of those measures should be evaluated before the implementation. This paper presents a practical example of the evaluation procedure through a case study of the actual urbanized river basin called Azuma River.
Radar-aided CSO-control-criteria for an ecological approach
Authors: Petruck A. , Sperling F. 
Published: May 2018

The control strategy of a combined sewer system incorporating three stormwater storage tanks with overflows presented here attempts to consider all aspects of acute CSO effects. These are the hydraulic and the composition components as well as the time factor. The result is an integrated approach, which is not based on the classic emission view (i.e. reduction of volume), but on pollution criteria (i.e. possible harm to the biotic community). The aim is to reduce the exceeding of critical peak values of the CSO components at critical time intervals.
Control decisions will be based on continuous measurements in the sewer system and in the receiving stream. Furthermore the measurements are carried out to determine the effects (both hydraulic and chemical) of particular CSO discharges in order to evolve the critical values for the project area. The chemical and physical measurements are accompanied by a biological monitoring programme. Macroinvertebrates are sampled upstream and downstream of outfalls and at a reference site. This allows the evaluation of the control measures on an ecological basis, and thus an assessment of the ecological potential of radar-aided real-time control of the combined sewer systems.
Wastewater treatment and nutrient removal in the combined reactor
Authors: Roš M. , Vrtovšek J. 
Published: May 2018

A combined anaerobic anoxic aerobic reactor for the treatment of the industrial wastewater that contains nitrogen and complex organic compounds as well as its design procedure is presented.
The purpose of our experiments was to find a simple methodology that would provide combined reactor design. The reactor is based on the combination of anaerobic, anoxic and aerobic process in one unit only. It was found that the HRT even under 1 hour in the anaerobic zone is long enough for the efficient transformation of complex organic compounds into readily biodegradable COD which is then used in dentrification process. In the N-NO3 concentration range 1.5-50 mg/l the denitrification rate could be expressed as half-order reaction when the CODrb was in excess. N-NO3 removal efficiency is controlled by the recycle flow from the aerobic to the anoxic zone. Nitrification rate can be expressed as first, half or zero-order reaction with respect to effluent N-NH4 concentration. Nitrification rate depends on the dissolved oxygen concentration and hydrodynamic conditions in the reactor.
Case study for design of a pilot plant of the combined reactor for treatment of pre-treated pharmaceutical wastewater is shown. Characteristics of pre-treated wastewater were: COD=200 mg/l, BOD5=20 mg/l, N-Kjeldahl=80 mg/l, N-NH4=70 mg/l, N-NOx&lt;1 mg/l, P-PO4=5 mg/l. Legal requirements for treated wastewater were: COD=&lt;100 mg/l, BOD5&lt;5 mg/l, N-NH4=&lt;1 mg/l, N-NOx=&lt;10 mg/l.