bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Es könnte auch anders kommen – und das ist gut (Essay)
Authors: Gabriel Johannes 
Published: June 2018

Things could change – and that's good (essay)
Thinking about the future means going into paradoxes. The uncertainty about future developments is the cause of curiosity and anxiety. Uncertainty can be seen as a challenge in terms of risk and opportunity. In order to deal with uncertainties in an enlightened, prudent and open-minded manner, we need a good sense of temporality and the interaction of human activities. A multiperspective approach and handling of uncertainties (use of scenarios) allows a complex view of uncertainty and overcomes the myopia of common means of reducing uncertainty, such as forecasts. It is precisely in times of doubt and anxiety about the future that uncertainty should lead us to conceive of the future as something that may be shaped. Foresight as an applied and professional set of skills has the potential, through its communication function, to develop alternative strategies to deal with uncertainties.
Neue Hilfsmittel zur Anwendung zweiphasiger Stichprobenverfahren in der Waldinventurpraxis
Authors: Gabriel Andreas , Hill Andreas , Breschan Jochen 
Published: June 2018

New tools for application of two-phase sampling in forest inventory practice
Sample-based forest inventories provide reliable information on the status and development of the forest. The sample sizes are thereby chosen in order to meet high estimation precisions for forest attributes on the national, cantonal or forest district level. In order to provide sufficient precision for regions where the sample size is limited, the combination of the terrestrial information with auxiliary data such as derived from remote sensing sources can constitute a cost-saving alternative compared to increasing the terrestrial sample size. Design-based estimation methods developed at ETH Zurich which implement such two-phase inventory concepts have lately been provided by the open-source software package “forestinventory” in the statistical software R. This article explains the principle of a two-phase inventory of small-area estimation and illustrates the workflow by the example of a case study in Embrach (Canton of Zurich). Target variable to be estimated for 22 subregions (small areas) located in the study area (503 ha) was the average timber volume density. The main work steps were (A) the enlargement of the one-phase inventory to a two-phase inventory, (B) the derivation of explanatory variables from remote sensing data (mean vegetation height, standard deviation of the vegetation heights and broadleaf tree proportion), (C) the formulation of a regression model to link these explanatory variables to the terrestrial information, and (D) the calculation of small area estimates (average timber volume density) using forestinventory. Despite average model accuracy (R̂2 = 0.533), it was possible to reduce the variance (as a measure of the estimation accuracy) in the 22 small areas by 40% on average.
Demographic correlates of the onset of work limiting health conditions
Authors: Couch Kenneth A. , Yu Peijingran 
Published: June 2018

This study examines demographic correlates of the onset of work limiting health conditions in the United States using retrospective histories from the 2004 Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP). Because the SIPP data are based on respondent recall, comparisons are first made to information from the 2004 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). Reports of work limiting health in the SIPP and the NHIS correspond closely and little evidence of recall bias is found in the retrospective SIPP reports. Analysis of the SIPP data reveals that most onsets of work limiting health conditions occur for persons younger than 16 or older than 46. However, onset age varies greatly by condition. Conditions like deafness, cerebral palsy, and intellectual disabilities tend to show up early in life while others like back problems and heart conditions usually arrive much later in life. Logistic regressions relating common demographic factors including age, gender, race, Hispanic origin, marital status and educational level to the onset of health limitations show that most measures are highly predictive. However, we find that some specific conditions, like cancer, the presence of tumors, and paralysis, appear to be primarily related to aging particularly among married individuals.
Maximum likelihood estimation of the Markov chain model with macro data and the Ecological inference model
Authors: ten Cate Arie 
Published: June 2018

This paper merges two isolated bodies of literature: the Markov chain model with macro data, formally described in detail by MacRae in 1977, and the Ecological inference model, the pitfalls of which were discussed by Robinson in 1950. Both are choice models. They have the same likelihood function and the same regression equation. Decades ago, this likelihood function was computationally demanding. This has led to the use of several approximate methods, in particular with the Ecological inference model. Due to the improvement in computer hardware and software since Macrae (1977), the exact maximum likelihood should now be the preferred estimation method.
Phoebe: A Surface Dominated by Water
Authors: Fraser Wesley C. , Brown Michael E. 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
The Saturnian irregular satellite, Phoebe, can be broadly described as a water-rich rock. This object, which presumably originated from the same primordial population shared by the dynamically excited Kuiper Belt Objects (KBOs), has received high-resolution spectral imaging during the Cassini flyby. We present a new analysis of the Visual Infrared Mapping Spectrometer observations of Phoebe, which critically, includes a geometry correction routine that enables pixel-by-pixel mapping of visible and infrared spectral cubes directly onto the Phoebe shape model, even when an image exhibits significant trailing errors. The result of our re-analysis is a successful match of 46 images, producing spectral maps covering the majority of Phoebe’s surface, roughly a third of which is imaged by high-resolution observations (<22 km per pixel resolution). There is no spot on Phoebe’s surface that is absent of water absorption. The regions richest in water are clearly associated with the Jason and south pole impact basins. Phoebe exhibits only three spectral types, and a water–ice concentration that correlates with physical depth and visible albedo. The water-rich and water-poor regions exhibit significantly different crater size frequency distributions and different large crater morphologies. We propose that Phoebe once had a water-poor surface whose water–ice concentration was enhanced by basin-forming impacts that exposed richer subsurface layers. The range of Phoebe’s water–ice absorption spans the same range exhibited by dynamically excited KBOs. The common water–ice absorption depths and primordial origins, and the association of Phoebe’s water-rich regions with its impact basins, suggests the plausible idea that KBOs also originated with water-poor surfaces that were enhanced through stochastic collisional modification.
Energy Distribution of Pickup Ions at the Solar Wind Termination Shock
Authors: Kumar Rahul , Zirnstein Eric J. , Spitkovsky Anatoly 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
In-situ measurements taken by the Voyager 2 spacecraft suggest that the solar wind termination shock is significantly affected by the presence of pickup ions that are produced in the inner heliosphere due to charge exchange between interstellar neutrals and the solar wind ions. We use a fully kinetic particle-in-cell method to self-consistently simulate the shock with all physical properties available from Voyager 2. We have performed a set of simulations with varying velocity distribution functions for the pickup ions, since it was not determined by Voyager’s measurements. We show that the measurements suggest that the pickup ions upstream of the shock are more energetic than generally believed. If their velocity distribution function assumes a filled-shell shape in the wind frame, the maximum cutoff speed for the pickup ions should be ≳650 km s−1 in order to reproduce the measurements, which is almost twice the local wind speed. We suggest that pickup ions upstream of the shock are energized by adiabatic compression of the solar wind plasma as well as due to an enhanced level of turbulence in a broad foreshock region.
Determining the Nature of Late Gunn–Peterson Troughs with Galaxy Surveys
Authors: Davies Frederick B. , Becker George D. , Furlanetto Steven R. 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
Recent observations have discovered long (up to ∼110 Mpc/h), opaque Gunn–Peterson troughs in the z ∼ 5.5 Lyα forest, which are challenging to explain with conventional models of the post-reionization intergalactic medium. Here, we demonstrate that observations of the galaxy populations in the vicinity of the deepest troughs can distinguish two competing models for these features: deep voids where the ionizing background is weak due to fluctuations in the mean free path of ionizing photons would show a deficit of galaxies, while residual temperature variations from extended, inhomogeneous reionization would show an overdensity of galaxies. We use large (∼550 Mpc/h) semi-numerical simulations of these competing explanations to predict the galaxy populations in the largest of the known troughs at z ∼ 5.7. We quantify the strong correlation of Lyα effective optical depth and galaxy surface density in both models, and estimate the degree to which realistic surveys can measure such a correlation. While a spectroscopic galaxy survey is ideal, we also show that a relatively inexpensive narrowband survey of Lyα-emitting galaxies is ∼90% likely to distinguish between the competing models.
A New Technique for Measuring Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Emission in Different Environments
Authors: Xie Yanxia , Ho Luis C. , Li Aigen , Shangguan Jinyi 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
We present a new method to decompose the emission features of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from mid-infrared spectra using theoretical PAH templates in conjunction with modified blackbody components for the dust continuum and an extinction term. The primary goal is to obtain robust measurements of the PAH features, which are sensitive to the star formation rate, in a variety of extragalactic environments. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our technique, starting with the simplest Galactic high-latitude clouds to extragalactic systems of ever-increasing complexity, from normal star-forming galaxies to low-luminosity active galaxies, quasars, and heavily obscured infrared-luminous galaxies. In addition to providing accurate measurements of the PAH emission, including the upper limits thereof, our fits can reproduce reasonably well the overall continuum shape and constrain the line-of-sight extinction. Our new PAH line flux measurements differ systematically and significantly from those of previous methods by ∼15% to as much as a factor of ∼6. The decomposed PAH spectra show remarkable similarity among different systems, suggesting a uniform set of conditions responsible for their excitation.
Le livre et l’œuvre : la Penitence Adam entre l’Anonyme de l’Arsenal et Colard Mansion ( c. 1450-1480)
Authors: Fabre Isabelle 
Published: June 2018

L’article attend contribuer à la réflexion sur les frontières disciplinaires et séculaires en posant la question du rapport entre le livre et l’œuvre à partir d’un apocryphe de l’Ancien Testament, la Vita Adae et Evae , « translaté » au xv e siècle par un traducteur anonyme, puis par Colard Mansion. Le contraste entre les deux versions, l’une transmise à la fin d’un recueil encyclopédique, l’autre sous forme de traité pénitentiel autonome, fait valoir l’importance d’une approche tenant compte du support au croisement de la poétique des textes et de l’histoire du livre.
Discours, invectives et autres paradoxes « contre les lettres » : topique, thème ou genre ?
Authors: Corréard Nicolas 
Published: June 2018

Les discours « contre les lettres », adversus literas et literatos , forment à la Renaissance un ensemble qui n’a jamais été étudié comme tel : entre Érasme et l’« Apologie » de Montaigne, mais aussi avant et après eux, une multitude de productions paradoxales développent le thème à partir de conventions et de sources identiques, sous des étiquettes génériques disparates. Nous proposons un repérage de l’ensemble du corpus, en mettant l’accent sur le rôle de textes méconnus, mais influents. Leur interprétation pose des problèmes similaires, entre sérieux et comique, si bien que les textes s’éclairent les uns les autres et font apparaître des enjeux peu évidents.
Mapping the Migratory Movements
Authors: Bacon Lucie , Clochard Olivier , Honoré Thomas , Lambert Nicolas , Mekdjian Sarah , Rekacewicz Philippe 
Published: June 2018

Based on several conventional geography works and/or artistic works – some of them made by the authors of this paper –, this article focuses on how the mapping of international migrations has evolved since the beginning of the 1990s. The representation of migratory movements, which oscillates between arrows, measurements of stocks and different forms of design, implies both scientific and political stakes for the cartography and geography of migrations. After making a brief recalling of the changes that the mapping of migratory flows has experienced from its origins in the 19th century until today, the authors refer to the main technical and epistemological challenges that cartography of migratory movements and the presentations of itineraries raise nowadays. Finally the article analyses the new cartographic forms that have emerged since the beginning of the 2000s within the interconnected domains of sciences, arts, and militancy.
Actual and Perceived Questions Asked by Preceptors with and Without the Use of Bug-in-Ear Technology
Authors: Nottingham Sara L. 
Published: June 2018

Context:Questioning is an instructional strategy used by preceptors to assess knowledge and improve clinical reasoning in students. Preceptors face challenges asking high-level questions, and bug-in-ear (BIE) technology may be one way to address these challenges.Objective:Assess the cognitive level of questions asked by preceptors with and without the use of BIE technology.Design:Mixed methods.Setting:Seven clinical education sites affiliated with 3 Commission on Accreditation of Athletic Training Education–accredited undergraduate athletic training programs.Patients or Other Participants:A total of 13 athletic training students and 8 preceptors.Main Outcome Measure(s):Preceptor-student interactions were observed and audio recorded for 2 days without and 2 days with the availability of BIE technology. Cognitive levels of questions were analyzed using the Question Classification Framework and a 2 (Intervention) × 3 (Question Type) analysis of variance. Interviews were conducted to obtain participants' experiences with and perceptions of questioning and BIE technology. Interviews were analyzed by 2 individuals using an inductive coding process. Trustworthiness was established with member-checking, multiple-analyst triangulation, and data-source triangulation.Results:Preceptors asked 1044 questions, including 46.94% low-level (n = 557), 2.38% high-level (n = 24), and 50.69% other (n = 463), such as yes/no questions, during 149 hours of observation. Preceptors asked more questions during the control sessions than when they used BIE technology (39.1 ± 31.7 versus 26.1 ± 20.4 questions; F1,7 = 6.3; P = .04), although participants perceived the opposite. Two themes emerged from the interview data: (1) Preceptors use questioning to develop clinical reasoning in students, and (2) BIE technology facilitates low-level questioning.Conclusions:Although preceptors primarily asked low-level and basic recall questions of their students during clinical education, participants described the use of strategic sequencing of questions to facilitate clinical reasoning. Preceptors should be encouraged to ask more high-level questions and sequence them to target higher cognitive processing. Bug-in-ear technology was not effective at facilitating effective questioning in clinical education.
Arctic warming induced by the Laurentide Ice Sheet topography
Authors: Liakka Johan , Lofverstrom Marcus 
Published: June 2018

Abstract. It is well known that ice sheet–climate feedbacks are essential for
realistically simulating the spatiotemporal evolution of continental ice
sheets over glacial–interglacial cycles. However, many of these feedbacks
are dependent on the ice sheet thickness, which is poorly constrained by
proxy data records. For example, height estimates of the Laurentide Ice Sheet
(LIS) topography at the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM; ∼ 21 000 years ago)
vary by more than 1 km among different ice sheet reconstructions. In order
to better constrain the LIS elevation it is therefore important to understand
how the mean climate is influenced by elevation discrepancies of this
magnitude. Here we use an atmospheric circulation model coupled to a
slab-ocean model to analyze the LGM surface temperature response to a broad
range of LIS elevations (from 0 to over 4 km). We find that raising the LIS
topography induces a widespread surface warming in the Arctic region,
amounting to approximately 1.5 ∘C per km of elevation increase, or
about 6.5 ∘C for the highest LIS. The warming is attributed to an
increased poleward energy flux by atmospheric stationary waves, amplified by
surface albedo and water vapor feedbacks, which account for about two-thirds
of the total temperature response. These results suggest a strong feedback
between continental-scale ice sheets and the Arctic temperatures that may
help constrain LIS elevation estimates for the LGM and explain differences in
ice distribution between the LGM and earlier glacial periods.
MINIMIZATION OF PHENOL AND AMMONIACAL NITROGEN IN REFINERY WASTEWATER EMPLOYING BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT
Authors: Silva M.R. , Coelho M.A.Z. , Araújo O.Q.F. 
Published: June 2018

Wastewater from refineries is usually characterized by presence of phenol and ammoniacal nitrogen. The aim of this work was to search for a refinery wastewater minimization employing a biological technology to reduce these pollutants. Experimental data was obtained by treating a synthetic wastewater in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) operating on different operational schemes for batch scheduling. COD, nitrate, ammonia, phosphate and phenol were monitored as well as dissolved oxygen, pH, level and redox potential through a supervisory control software. Reductions of 95 % were achieved for different concentrations of NH4 + and phenol, providing an effluent acceptable by Brazilian environmental legislation.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF INTERACTION SHALE-FLUID THROUGH IMMERSION TESTS
Authors: Rabe Claudio , Da Fontoura Sérgio Augusto Barreto , Antunes Franklin Dos Santos 
Published: June 2018

The present work has as objective the study of the behavior of preserved shale samples when immersed in aqueous solutions. The obtained results show that the solutions presented high variations of pH, salinity and electric conductivity, what indicates ionic migration of salts from the rock to the fluid, and small variations of Redox potential. Chemical analysis indicate strong migrations of ions from the rock to the fluid. It can also be observed that the solutions become cloudy, denser and more viscous. Besides, the samples suffer elevations of its water content, small variation of its cation exchange capacity and chemical composition, loss of solid material from superficial disintegration and the development of fractures in the cores. This work contributes to the understanding of the shale behavior in presence of drilling fluid water base.
Militair strafrecht en militair optreden in het ruimte- en informatiedomein
Authors: Stad J.M. 
Published: June 2018

Militair strafrecht en militair optreden in het ruimte- en informatiedomein – Nog sciencefiction of al realiteit?
De Nederlandse krijgsmacht treedt behalve op land, ter zee en in de lucht steeds meer op in het ruimte- en informatiedomein. In het artikel wordt het belang voor de partijen in het militair strafproces verkend om voldoende kennis te vergaren over de aard van het militair optreden in deze twee nieuwe domeinen. Daartoe wordt kort beschreven wat de twee nieuwe domeinen inhouden en waar deze zijn geïncorporeerd in de organisatie van de krijgsmacht. Verder wordt de noodzaak om tot een ruimere interpretatie van aanbeveling 2 van de Commissie Borghouts te komen beschreven.
Effect of Different Placement of Heel Rockers on Lower-Limb Joint Biomechanics in Healthy Individuals
Authors: Farzadi Maedeh , Safaeepour Zahra , Nabavi Hoda , Cham Masumeh Bagherzadeh , Mousavi Mohammad Ebrahim 
Published: June 2018

Background:Rocker shoes are commonly prescribed to healthy and pathologic populations to decrease stress on the lower limbs. An optimal rocker shoe design must consider both toe and heel rockers. Heel rockers are as effective as toe rockers in relieving foot plantar pressures. However, most studies have focused on the position of toe rockers. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of different heel rocker apex placements on lower-limb kinetics and kinematics.Methods:Eighteen healthy females participated in this study. Three pairs of rocker shoes with rocker apex positions anterior to the medial malleolus (shoe A), at the medial malleolus (shoe B), and posterior to the medial malleolus (shoe C) were fabricated and then compared with a flat shoe (shoe D). Kinetic and kinematic data were collected, and lower-extremity joint ranges of motion and moments were calculated.Results:Ankle range of motion was increased by shoe C (P = .04) during initial contact and by shoe A (P = .02) during single-limb support. Peak knee moment was significantly larger for shoes A and B (P &lt; .05) during single-limb support.Conclusions:Results showed that forward and backward shifting of the heel rocker apex could change the knee moment and ankle joint range of motion in the stance phase of gait. Therefore, placement of the heel rocker in a rocker-bottom shoe can be manipulated to promote the desired lower-limb motion, at least in healthy individuals.
Perplexing Rash: Challenges to Diagnosis and Management of Mycosis Fungoides
Authors: Aun Jonathan A. , Patel Hamish S. , Patel Kinal K. , Cashman Jeffrey , Bailey Elizabeth 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
Mycosis fungoides is the most ubiquitous form of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Diagnosis is arduous, as early phases often resemble common inflammatory dermatoses. The principal histologic features of MF include medium to large-sized cerebriform mononuclear cells in single or small clusters in the epidermis. Treatment modalities are prodigious and relapses are common. The authors present a case of a 69-year-old man with mycosis fungoides, followed by a review of diagnostic modalities and phototherapeutic interventions for patients with this condition. According to literature reports, monochromatic excimer light therapy is the most advantageous and well-tolerated phototherapy modality for patients with early patch stage mycosis fungoides.