bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prospective Risk Factor Analysis for the Development of Post‐operative Urinary Retention Following Ambulatory General Surgery
Authors: Scott A. J. , Mason S. E. , Langdon A. J. , Patel B. , Mayer E. , Moorthy K. , Purkayastha S. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractAimsPost‐operative urinary retention (POUR) is a common cause of unplanned admission following day‐case surgery and has negative effects on both patient and surgical institution. We aimed to prospectively evaluate potential risk factors for the development of POUR following day‐case general surgical procedures.MethodsOver a 24‐week period, consecutive adult patients undergoing elective day‐case general surgery at a single institution were prospectively recruited. Data regarding urinary symptoms, comorbidities, drug history, surgery and perioperative anaesthetic drug use were collected. The primary outcome was the incidence of POUR, defined as an impairment of bladder voiding requiring either urethral catheterisation, unplanned overnight admission or both. Potential risk factors for the development of POUR were analysed by logistic regression.ResultsA total of 458 patients met the inclusion criteria during the study period, and data were collected on 382 (83%) patients (74.3% male). Sixteen patients (4.2%) experienced POUR. Unadjusted analysis demonstrated three significant risk factors for the development of POUR: age ≥ 56 years (OR 7.77 [2.18–27.78], p = 0.002), laparoscopic surgery (OR 3.37 [1.03–12.10], p = 0.044) and glycopyrrolate administration (OR 5.56 [2.00–15.46], p = 0.001). Male sex and lower urinary tract symptoms were not significant factors. Multivariate analysis combining type of surgery, age and glycopyrrolate use revealed that only age ≥ 56 years (OR 8.14 [2.18–30.32], p = 0.0018) and glycopyrrolate administration (OR 3.48 [1.08–11.24], p = 0.0370) were independently associated with POUR.ConclusionsPatients aged at least 56 years and/or requiring glycopyrrolate—often administered during laparoscopic procedures—are at increased risk of POUR following ambulatory general surgery.
Sonographically Guided Plantaris Tendon Release: A Cadaveric Validation Study
Authors: Smith Jay , Alfredson Håkan , Masci Lorenzo , Sellon Jacob L. , Woods Charonn D. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractBackgroundThe plantaris tendon (PT) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of symptoms in a subset of patients with Achilles region pain syndromes and traditionally has been managed via open surgical resection. Although the PT can be visualized on ultrasound, a minimally invasive technique for sonographically guided PT release has not been formally described.ObjectiveTo validate a technique to perform sonographically guided PT release in an unembalmed cadaveric model.DesignProspective, cadaveric laboratory investigation.SettingProcedural skills laboratory in a tertiary medical center.SubjectsTwenty unembalmed cadaveric knee–ankle–foot specimens (10 right, 10 left) obtained from 16 donors (6 male, 10 female) ages 55‐96 years (mean 82.6 years) with body mass indexes of 14.1‐33.2 kg/m2 (mean 23.3 kg/m2).MethodsAfter simulated local anesthesia and sonographically guided hydrodissection of the plantaris tendon–Achilles tendon interval, a single experienced operator performed sonographically guided PT release on each specimen using an in‐plane, lateral‐to‐medial approach, a commercially available, disposable 3.0‐mm hook knife, and either a 17‐5 MHz or 15‐7 MHz linear array transducer. Each specimen was subsequently dissected to assess for PT release and iatrogenic injury.Main OutcomeStatus of the PT, Achilles tendon, and regional neurovascular structures as determined by dissection.ResultsAll 20 PT releases were completed in a single attempt through a 3‐ to 5‐mm incision. Dissection confirmed complete PT release in all specimens without damage to the adjacent Achilles tendon or regional neurovascular structures.ConclusionSonographically guided PT release is technically feasible and can be performed while avoiding injury to the Achilles tendon and regional neurovascular structures. Additional research is warranted to further define the role of sonographically guided PT release in patients with suspected PT‐mediated Achilles region pain syndromes.Level of EvidenceIV
Statistical advances in clinical trials and clinical research
Authors: Shan Guogen , Banks Sarah , Miller Justin B. , Ritter Aaron , Bernick Charles , Lombardo Joseph , Cummings Jeffrey L. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractIntroductionNew treatments for neurodegenerative disease are urgently needed, and clinical trial methods are an essential component of new drug development. Although a parallel‐group study design for neurological disorder clinical trials is commonly used to test the effectiveness of a new treatment as compared to placebo, it does not efficiently use information from the on‐going study to increase the success rate of a trial or to stop a trial earlier when the new treatment is indeed ineffective.MethodsWe review some recent advances in designs for clinical trials, including futility designs and adaptive designs.ResultsFutility designs and noninferiority designs are used to test the nonsuperiority and the noninferiority of a new treatment, respectively. We provide some guidance on using these two designs and analyzing data from these studies properly. Adaptive designs are increasingly used in clinical trials to improve the flexibility and efficiency of trials with the potential to reduce resources, time, and costs. We review some typical adaptive designs and new statistical methods to handle the statistical challenges from adaptive designs.DiscussionStatistical advances in clinical trial designs may be helpful to shorten study length and benefit more patients being treated with a better treatment during the discovery of new therapies for neurological disorders. Advancing statistical underpinnings of neuroscience research is a critical aspect of the core activities supported by the Center of Biomedical Research Excellence award supporting the Center for Neurodegeneration and Translational Neuroscience.
Atmospheric Response to Kilometer‐Scale Changes in Sea Ice Concentration Within the Marginal Ice Zone
Authors: Batrak Yurii , Müller Malte 
Published: June 2018

AbstractSea ice kilometer‐scale characteristics are not explicitly represented in weather and climate model systems. However, due to the large differences of the surface temperature between sea ice and ocean, sea ice‐free areas (leads, polynyas, etc.) can have a strong impact on the surface heat fluxes and, in turn, on atmospheric dynamics. In the present study we analyze the atmospheric response to changes in the sea ice characteristics in the marginal ice zone of the Fram Strait and Barents Sea. A kilometer‐scale convection permitting atmospheric modeling system is used. The model sensitivity experiment is idealized, since there is no complete information on sea ice on these scales available. Instead, we are merging information from the passive microwave satellite product of sea ice concentration with a sea ice lead product based on thermal infrared sensors. An important constraint is that the sea ice‐free areas are introduced locally, but on scales of 100 km the sea ice coverage is kept constant for both the experiments. The sensitivity of air‐sea fluxes, atmospheric temperature, and winds is analyzed between the model experiments. In general, the standard deviation of the changes in surface air temperature and winds is, on large scales, about 2 K and 2 m/s, respectively. Those values are in the same order as the mean 12‐hr forecast error of advanced weather forecast models in this region.
Prognostic Validation of a Neural Network Unified Physics Parameterization
Authors: Brenowitz N. D. , Bretherton C. S. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractWeather and climate models approximate diabatic and sub‐grid‐scale processes in terms of grid‐scale variables using parameterizations. Current parameterizations are designed by humans based on physical understanding, observations, and process modeling. As a result, they are numerically efficient and interpretable, but potentially oversimplified. However, the advent of global high‐resolution simulations and observations enables a more robust approach based on machine learning. In this letter, a neural network‐based parameterization is trained using a near‐global aqua‐planet simulation with a 4‐km resolution (NG‐Aqua). The neural network predicts the apparent sources of heat and moisture averaged onto (160 km)2 grid boxes. A numerically stable scheme is obtained by minimizing the prediction error over multiple time steps rather than single one. In prognostic single‐column model tests, this scheme matches both the fluctuations and equilibrium of NG‐Aqua simulation better than the Community Atmosphere Model does.
East Asian Monsoon History and Paleoceanography of the Japan Sea Over the Last 460,000 Years
Authors: Gallagher Stephen J. , Sagawa Takuya , Henderson Andrew C. G. , Saavedra‐Pellitero Mariem , De Vleeschouwer David , Black Heather , Itaki Takuya , Toucanne Sam , Bassetti Maria‐Angela , Clemens Steve , Anderson William , Alvarez‐Zarikian Carlos , Tada Ryuji 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe Japan Sea is directly influenced by the Asian monsoon, a system that transports moisture and heat across southeast Asia during the boreal summer, and is a major driver of the Earth's ocean‐atmospheric circulation. Foraminiferal and facies analyses of a 460‐kyr record from Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 346 Site U1427 in the Japan Sea reveal a record of nutrient flux and oxygenation that varied due to sea level and East Asian monsoon intensity. The East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) was most intense during marine isotope stage (MIS) 5e, MIS 7e, MIS 9e, and MIS 11c when the Tsushima Warm Current flowed into an unrestricted well‐mixed normal salinity Japan Sea, whereas East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM) conditions dominated MIS 2, MIS 4, MIS 6, and MIS 8 when sea level minima restricted the Japan Sea resulting in low‐salinity and oxygen conditions in the absence of Tsushima flow. Reduced oxygen stratified, low‐salinity, and higher productivity oceanic conditions characterize Terminations TV, TIII, TII, and TI when East China Sea coastal waters breached the Tsushima Strait. Chinese loess, cave, and Lake Biwa (Japan) and U1427 proxy records suggest EASM intensification during low to high insolation transitions, whereas the strongest EAWM prevailed during lowest insolation periods or high to low insolation transitions. Ice sheet/CO2 forcing leads to the strongest EAWM events in glacials and enhanced EASM in interglacials. Mismatches between proxy patterns suggest that latitudinal and land/sea thermal contrasts played a role in East Asian monsoon variability, suggesting that a complex interplay between ice sheet dynamics, insolation, and thermal gradients controls monsoonal intensity.
Spatial maps of prostate cancer transcriptomes reveal an unexplored landscape of heterogeneity
Authors: Berglund Emelie , Maaskola Jonas , Schultz Niklas , Friedrich Stefanie , Marklund Maja , Bergenstråhle Joseph , Tarish Firas , Tanoglidi Anna , Vickovic Sanja , Larsson Ludvig , Salmén Fredrik , Ogris Christoph , Wallenborg Karolina , Lagergren Jens , Ståhl Patrik , Sonnhammer Erik , Helleday Thomas , Lundeberg Joakim 
Published: June 2018

AbstractIntra-tumor heterogeneity is one of the biggest challenges in cancer treatment today. Here we investigate tissue-wide gene expression heterogeneity throughout a multifocal prostate cancer using the spatial transcriptomics (ST) technology. Utilizing a novel approach for deconvolution, we analyze the transcriptomes of nearly 6750 tissue regions and extract distinct expression profiles for the different tissue components, such as stroma, normal and PIN glands, immune cells and cancer. We distinguish healthy and diseased areas and thereby provide insight into gene expression changes during the progression of prostate cancer. Compared to pathologist annotations, we delineate the extent of cancer foci more accurately, interestingly without link to histological changes. We identify gene expression gradients in stroma adjacent to tumor regions that allow for re-stratification of the tumor microenvironment. The establishment of these profiles is the first step towards an unbiased view of prostate cancer and can serve as a dictionary for future studies.
Urinary cell-free DNA is a versatile analyte for monitoring infections of the urinary tract
Authors: Burnham Philip , Dadhania Darshana , Heyang Michael , Chen Fanny , Westblade Lars F. , Suthanthiran Manikkam , Lee John Richard , De Vlaminck Iwijn 
Published: June 2018

AbstractUrinary tract infections are one of the most common infections in humans. Here we tested the utility of urinary cell-free DNA (cfDNA) to comprehensively monitor host and pathogen dynamics in bacterial and viral urinary tract infections. We isolated cfDNA from 141 urine samples from a cohort of 82 kidney transplant recipients and performed next-generation sequencing. We found that urinary cfDNA is highly informative about bacterial and viral composition of the microbiome, antimicrobial susceptibility, bacterial growth dynamics, kidney allograft injury, and host response to infection. These different layers of information are accessible from a single assay and individually agree with corresponding clinical tests based on quantitative PCR, conventional bacterial culture, and urinalysis. In addition, cfDNA reveals the frequent occurrence of pathologies that remain undiagnosed with conventional diagnostic protocols. Our work identifies urinary cfDNA as a highly versatile analyte to monitor infections of the urinary tract.
Intraamniotic Zika virus inoculation of pregnant rhesus macaques produces fetal neurologic disease
Authors: Coffey Lark L. , Keesler Rebekah I. , Pesavento Patricia A. , Woolard Kevin , Singapuri Anil , Watanabe Jennifer , Cruzen Christina , Christe Kari L. , Usachenko Jodie , Yee JoAnn , Heng Victoria A. , Bliss-Moreau Eliza , Reader J. Rachel , von Morgenland Wilhelm , Gibbons Anne M. , Jackson Kenneth , Ardeshir Amir , Heimsath Holly , Permar Sallie , Senthamaraikannan Paranthaman , Presicce Pietro , Kallapur Suhas G. , Linnen Jeffrey M. , Gao Kui , Orr Robert , MacGill Tracy , McClure Michelle , McFarland Richard , Morrison John H. , Van Rompay Koen K. A. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractZika virus (ZIKV) infection of pregnant women can cause fetal microcephaly and other neurologic defects. We describe the development of a non-human primate model to better understand fetal pathogenesis. To reliably induce fetal infection at defined times, four pregnant rhesus macaques are inoculated intravenously and intraamniotically with ZIKV at gestational day (GD) 41, 50, 64, or 90, corresponding to first and second trimester of gestation. The GD41-inoculated animal, experiencing fetal death 7 days later, has high virus levels in fetal and placental tissues, implicating ZIKV as cause of death. The other three fetuses are carried to near term and euthanized; while none display gross microcephaly, all show ZIKV RNA in many tissues, especially in the brain, which exhibits calcifications and reduced neural precursor cells. Given that this model consistently recapitulates neurologic defects of human congenital Zika syndrome, it is highly relevant to unravel determinants of fetal neuropathogenesis and to explore interventions.
Advances in highly doped upconversion nanoparticles
Authors: Wen Shihui , Zhou Jiajia , Zheng Kezhi , Bednarkiewicz Artur , Liu Xiaogang , Jin Dayong 
Published: June 2018

AbstractLanthanide-doped upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) are capable of converting near-infra-red excitation into visible and ultraviolet emission. Their unique optical properties have advanced a broad range of applications, such as fluorescent microscopy, deep-tissue bioimaging, nanomedicine, optogenetics, security labelling and volumetric display. However, the constraint of concentration quenching on upconversion luminescence has hampered the nanoscience community to develop bright UCNPs with a large number of dopants. This review surveys recent advances in developing highly doped UCNPs, highlights the strategies that bypass the concentration quenching effect, and discusses new optical properties as well as emerging applications enabled by these nanoparticles.
Assigning the absolute configuration of single aliphatic molecules by visual inspection
Authors: Ebeling Daniel , Šekutor Marina , Stiefermann Marvin , Tschakert Jalmar , Dahl Jeremy E. P. , Carlson Robert M. K. , Schirmeisen André , Schreiner Peter R. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractDeciphering absolute configuration of a single molecule by direct visual inspection is the next step in compound identification, with far-reaching implications for medicinal chemistry, pharmacology, and natural product synthesis. We demonstrate the feasibility of this approach utilizing low temperature atomic force microscopy (AFM) with a CO-functionalized tip to determine the absolute configuration and orientation of a single, adsorbed [123]tetramantane molecule, the smallest chiral diamondoid. We differentiate between single enantiomers on Cu(111) by direct visual inspection, and furthermore identify molecular dimers and molecular clusters. The experimental results are confirmed by a computational study that allowed quantification of the corresponding intermolecular interactions. The unique toolset of absolute configuration determination combined with AFM tip manipulation opens a route for studying molecular nucleation, including chirality-driven assembly or reaction mechanisms.
Hippocampal-Temporopolar Connectivity Contributes to Episodic Simulation During Social Cognition
Authors: Pehrs Corinna , Zaki Jamil , Taruffi Liila , Kuchinke Lars , Koelsch Stefan 
Published: June 2018

AbstractPeople are better able to empathize with others when they are given information concerning the context driving that person’s experiences. This suggests that people draw on prior memories when empathizing, but the mechanisms underlying this connection remain largely unexplored. The present study investigates how variations in episodic information shape the emotional response towards a movie character. Episodic information is either absent or provided by a written context preceding empathic film clips. It was shown that sad context information increases empathic concern for a movie character. This was tracked by neural activity in the temporal pole (TP) and anterior hippocampus (aHP). Dynamic causal modeling with Bayesian Model Selection has shown that context changes the effective connectivity from left aHP to the right TP. The same crossed-hemispheric coupling was found during rest, when people are left to their own thoughts. We conclude that (i) that the integration of episodic memory also supports the specific case of integrating context into empathic judgments, (ii) the right TP supports emotion processing by integrating episodic memory into empathic inferences, and (iii) lateral integration is a key process for episodic simulation during rest and during task. We propose that a disruption of the mechanism may underlie empathy deficits in clinical conditions, such as autism spectrum disorder.
Reducing uncertainties in energy dissipation measurements in atomic force spectroscopy of molecular networks and cell-adhesion studies
Authors: Biswas Soma , Leitao Samuel , Theillaud Quentin , Erickson Blake W. , Fantner Georg E. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractAtomic force microscope (AFM) based single molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS) is a valuable tool in biophysics to investigate the ligand-receptor interactions, cell adhesion and cell mechanics. However, the force spectroscopy data analysis needs to be done carefully to extract the required quantitative parameters correctly. Especially the large number of molecules, commonly involved in complex networks formation; leads to very complicated force spectroscopy curves. One therefore, generally characterizes the total dissipated energy over a whole pulling cycle, as it is difficult to decompose the complex force curves into individual single molecule events. However, calculating the energy dissipation directly from the transformed force spectroscopy curves can lead to a significant over-estimation of the dissipated energy during a pulling experiment. The over-estimation of dissipated energy arises from the finite stiffness of the cantilever used for AFM based SMFS. Although this error can be significant, it is generally not compensated for. This can lead to significant misinterpretation of the energy dissipation (up to the order of 30%). In this paper, we show how in complex SMFS the excess dissipated energy caused by the stiffness of the cantilever can be identified and corrected using a high throughput algorithm. This algorithm is then applied to experimental results from molecular networks and cell-adhesion measurements to quantify the improvement in the estimation of the total energy dissipation.
Human IgM antibody rHIgM22 promotes phagocytic clearance of myelin debris by microglia
Authors: Zorina Yana , Stricker Jason , Caggiano Anthony O. , Button Donald C. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractIn multiple sclerosis (MS), demyelinated CNS lesions fail to sufficiently remyelinate, despite the presence of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) capable of differentiating into mature oligodendrocytes. MS lesions contain damaged myelin debris that can inhibit OPC maturation and hinder repair. rHIgM22 is an experimental human recombinant IgM antibody that promotes remyelination in animal models and is being examined in patients with MS. rHIgM22 binds to CNS myelin and partially rescues OPC process outgrowth on myelin. Since rHIgM22 does not affect OPC process outgrowth in vitro on permissive substrate, we examined the possibility that it acts by enhancing phagocytic clearance of myelin debris by microglia. In this study, we tested if rHIgM22 binding could tag myelin for microglial phagocytosis. A mouse microglial cell line and primary rat microglia were treated with myelin and rHIgM22 and assayed for myelin phagocytosis. We found that: 1) rHIgM22 stimulates myelin phagocytosis in a dose-dependent manner; 2) rHIgM22-mediated myelin phagocytosis requires actin polymerization; and 3) rHIgM22-stimulation of myelin phagocytosis requires activity of rHIgM22 Fc domain and activation of Complement Receptor 3. Since myelin inhibits OPC differentiation, stimulation of phagocytic clearance of damaged myelin may be an important means by which rHIgM22 promotes remyelination.