bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Age determination of glacially-transported boulders in Ireland and Scotland using Schmidt-hammer exposure-age dating (SHD) and terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide (TCN) exposure-age dating
Authors: Wilson Peter , Dunlop Paul , Millar Chris , Wilson Frances A. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractSchmidt-hammer exposure-age dating (SHD) was applied at 15 sites with glacially-transported granite boulders in parts of northern and western Ireland and southwest Scotland that had been exposed by retreat of the last British-Irish Ice Sheet (BIIS) or Younger Dryas (YD) ice masses. Seven of these surfaces had previously been dated using terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide (TCN) exposure-age dating. Application of the granite calibration equation of Tomkins et al. (2018c) indicated a close correspondence between the SHD ages and the TCN ages (within 1σ or 2σ uncertainties). These findings demonstrate that SHD ages can be of comparable accuracy, precision, and reliability to TCN ages and are a strong argument for the more extensive use of SHD in some Quaternary dating projects. However, surface ages obtained by both SHD and TCN dating should not be accepted uncritically; they must be assessed in relation to the wider geological, geomorphological, and geochronological evidence. Evaluation of eight SHD ages, for which corresponding TCN ages are not available, indicate that most are consistent with current theory and field evidence, but some anomalous age estimates occur.
Hostile visual encounters: fighting to control photographic meaning in the DRC's digital age
Authors: Graham Aubrey P. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractOn 16 July 2013, Simone Schlindwein, a German journalist, used her mobile phone to photograph a conflict-related image in the Democratic Republic of the Congo that later contributed to local riots and to her hasty exit across the border. From the ‘front’, she uploaded the photograph to her Twitter account and caused a melee of virtual and on-the-ground controversy that at record speed came to involve the United Nations, members of the Congolese diaspora, the Congolese army, the M23 rebel army propaganda office, and the residents of the region. This article starts from her image to ethnographically examine the resulting events and responses, both online and in the city of Goma. In so doing, it engages the heated regional debate as to whether the image was objectively captured or if the violence depicted was simply ‘playing for the camera’. Addressing the simultaneous online movement of the image through social media and news sites, the article argues that the combination of the socio-political climate, conflict and the uncontrollable narrative of the image created a perfect storm in which the entangled regional politics suddenly became visible.
‘Greenwich near London’: the Royal Observatory and its London networks in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries
Authors: HIGGITT REBEKAH 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBuilt in Greenwich in 1675–1676, the Royal Observatory was situated outside the capital but was deeply enmeshed within its knowledge networks and communities of practice. Scholars have tended to focus on the links cultivated by the Astronomers Royal within scholarly communities in England and Europe but the observatory was also deeply reliant on and engaged with London's institutions and practical mathematical community. It was a royal foundation, situated within one government board, taking a leading role on another, and overseen by Visitors selected by the Royal Society of London. These links helped develop institutional continuity, while instrument-makers, assistants and other collaborators, who were often active in the city as mathematical authors and teachers, formed an extended community with interest in the observatory's continued existence. After outlining the often highly contingent institutional and personal connections that shaped and supported the observatory, this article considers the role of two early assistants, James Hodgson and Thomas Weston. By championing John Flamsteed's legacy and sharing observatory knowledge and practice beyond its walls, they ensured awareness of and potential users for its outputs. They and their successors helped to develop a particular, and ultimately influential, approach to astronomical and mathematical practice and teaching.
The Status and Legitimacy of Popular Uprisings in the AU Norms on Democracy and Constitutional Governance
Authors: Dersso Solomon A 
Published: May 2019

AbstractDuring the first decade of the African Charter on Democracy, Elections and Governance, one significant political development in Africa has been the resort to popular protests or uprisings against tyrannical rule. These uprisings have been remarkable for their scale and extraordinary political ramifications, and succeeded in unseating longstanding authoritarian rulers. They presented serious challenges to the African Union's democratic and constitutional governance norms, in particular regarding the status of uprisings in relation to the ban on unconstitutional changes of government and the determination of whether and when resultant changes of government are constitutional. In addressing these issues, this article contends that, although popular uprisings (also called “democratic revolutions”) are not a priori deemed constitutional, the AU's application of its norm banning unconstitutional changes of government to the popular uprisings in North Africa and Burkina Faso has opened a legal avenue that offers constitutional legitimacy for popular uprisings overthrowing authoritarian regimes.
Toddy, Race, and Urban Space in Colonial Singapore, 1900–59
Authors: ALAGIRISAMY DARINEE 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBritish Malaya's toddy industry features in history as a problem that plagued the plantation economy, when the city toddy shop was no less important in contributing to a racialized discourse of modernity in Singapore. Although colonial policy served to engender the racialization of toddy drinking as a peculiarly Tamil vice, toddy's social life in Singapore demonstrates that it became the poor man's beer regardless of race. The alcoholic drink gave rise to new adaptations, enterprises, and innovations in colonial Singapore, thus carving out a unique place for itself in the city's cultural landscape. Yet, Singapore's toddy industry dominated the public spotlight for less palatable reasons, which rendered it the subject of numerous demands for increased government regulation. The colonial government responded with a slew of measures that often differed from the federation's toddy policy. Singapore's toddy industry yielded divergent imaginaries of modernity, particularly in the aftermath of the Second World War. Some reformers sought its abolition or relocation away from city spaces, whilst others demanded its modernization on the grounds that this meagre establishment was the labourer's sole source of recreation. In light of recent developments that have prompted the government's intervention in limiting migrant labourers’ access to alcohol, this article will examine the considerations that informed the colonial establishment's urban toddy policy and its corresponding impact on Singapore society as it sped towards decolonization. Through an exploration of toddy's treatment in the English-language press, oral histories, and colonial office records, this article seeks to contribute perspectives on an aspect of Singapore's social history that remains largely unexplored.
Interactive impact of childhood maltreatment, depression, and age on cortical brain structure: mega-analytic findings from a large multi-site cohort
Authors: Tozzi Leonardo , Garczarek Lisa , Janowitz Deborah , Stein Dan J. , Wittfeld Katharina , Dobrowolny Henrik , Lagopoulos Jim , Hatton Sean N. , Hickie Ian B. , Carballedo Angela , Brooks Samantha J. , Vuletic Daniella , Uhlmann Anne , Veer Ilya M. , Walter Henrik , Bülow Robin , Völzke Henry , Klinger-König Johanna , Schnell Knut , Schoepf Dieter , Grotegerd Dominik , Opel Nils , Dannlowski Udo , Kugel Harald , Schramm Elisabeth , Konrad Carsten , Kircher Tilo , Jüksel Dilara , Nenadić Igor , Krug Axel , Hahn Tim , Steinsträter Olaf , Redlich Ronny , Zaremba Dario , Zurowski Bartosz , Fu Cynthia H.Y. , Dima Danai , Cole James , Grabe Hans J. , Connolly Colm G. , Yang Tony T. , Ho Tiffany C. , LeWinn Kaja Z. , Li Meng , Groenewold Nynke A. , Salminen Lauren E. , Walter Martin , Simmons Alan N , van Erp Theo G.M. , Jahanshad Neda , Baune Bernhard T. , van der Wee Nic J.A. , van Tol Marie-Jose , Penninx Brenda W.J.H. , Hibar Derrek P. , Thompson Paul M. , Veltman Dick J. , Schmaal Lianne , Frodl Thomas ,   ‘for the ENIGMA-MDD Consortium’
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackgroundChildhood maltreatment (CM) plays an important role in the development of major depressive disorder (MDD). The aim of this study was to examine whether CM severity and type are associated with MDD-related brain alterations, and how they interact with sex and age.MethodsWithin the ENIGMA-MDD network, severity and subtypes of CM using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire were assessed and structural magnetic resonance imaging data from patients with MDD and healthy controls were analyzed in a mega-analysis comprising a total of 3872 participants aged between 13 and 89 years. Cortical thickness and surface area were extracted at each site using FreeSurfer.ResultsCM severity was associated with reduced cortical thickness in the banks of the superior temporal sulcus and supramarginal gyrus as well as with reduced surface area of the middle temporal lobe. Participants reporting both childhood neglect and abuse had a lower cortical thickness in the inferior parietal lobe, middle temporal lobe, and precuneus compared to participants not exposed to CM. In males only, regardless of diagnosis, CM severity was associated with higher cortical thickness of the rostral anterior cingulate cortex. Finally, a significant interaction between CM and age in predicting thickness was seen across several prefrontal, temporal, and temporo-parietal regions.ConclusionsSeverity and type of CM may impact cortical thickness and surface area. Importantly, CM may influence age-dependent brain maturation, particularly in regions related to the default mode network, perception, and theory of mind.
The Soils
Authors: Macphail R I 
Published: May 2019

During the summer of 1980, excavations at Shaugh Moor were extended to the Saddlesborough reave, it was hoped to establish the nature of the land boundaries which characterise this part of Dartmoor.In this area the reave runs downslope in a south-easterly direction away from Saddlesborough and it was investigated by a number of sections at progressively lower elevations between approximately 300 and 285 metres OD. Sections in a number of trenches were studied in detail (trenches AN, AM, AL, AJ, AI, and AG; see figure 1). Profiles Ai and Aii are examples of modern soils adjacent to trenches AN and AG respectively. The soils were described,ignited to give a visual indication of their iron content and thin sections were made of material from trenches AL and AJ.
Soil Pollen Analysis
Authors: Balaam N D 
Published: May 2019

Samples for pollen analysis were cut from freshly cleaned excavation sections. They were taken at one or two centimetre intervals through the buried soils and the reave bank. Towards the top of each section samples were taken at five centimetre intervals.The position of each of the sample columns taken is recorded on the drawn sections in the excavation archive. Diagramatic sections showing major stratigraphie boundaries are included with each pollen diagram. Detailed descriptions of soil characters at different points along the reave are given in the accompanying soil report by Dr Macphail. The pollen profiles to which the descriptions relate are indicated in the soil report.
Phosphate analysis
Authors: Balaam N D , Porter H M 
Published: May 2019

The principal method adopted for the soil phosphate analysis for the Shaugh Moor project was a slightly modified version of that published by Dick and Tabatabai (1977). This method involves extraction of soil phosphate by alkaline oxidation with Sodium hypobromite (NaOBr-NaOh). It has been calculated that this process extracts about 60-70% of total phosphate from soils such as those on Shaugh Moor (Ralph, pers comm). This was considered satisfactory foe the purposes of this project.It is thought that this method has not been used before in archaeological survey work but it is suggested that the simplicity of the technique and the relatively high level of phosphate extraction might prove of value in future work.
Unraveling the complexity of the relations of metalinguistic skills to word reading with struggling adult readers: Shared, independent, and interactive effects
Authors: Tighe Elizabeth L. , Fernandes Mary A. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis study investigates the shared, independent, and interactive effects of metalinguistic skills (phonological awareness, morphological awareness, and orthographic knowledge) to word reading with a sample of struggling adult readers. Controlling for vocabulary knowledge, a second-order latent factor of metalinguistic awareness accounted for unique variance (62.5%) in adults’ word reading skills. Two-way latent interactions between the metalinguistic skills (phonological awareness × morphological awareness, morphological awareness × orthographic knowledge, and phonological awareness × orthographic knowledge) revealed unique interactive contributions (1%–5.2%) of these skills to word reading controlling for the metalinguistic skill main effects and vocabulary knowledge. In particular, high levels of morphological awareness are critical to word reading irrespective of high or low phonological awareness and orthographic knowledge. In addition, higher phonological awareness skills are critical to word reading irrespective of high or low orthographic knowledge. These results indicate the importance as well as the complexity of the nature of metalinguistic skills underlying word reading for struggling adult readers. The theoretical, empirical, and applied implications of these findings are discussed in the context of researchers and practitioners invested in improving outcomes in adult literacy programs.
SHEA-CDC TB Survey, Part II: Efficacy of TB Infection Control Programs at Member Hospitals, 1992
Authors: Fridkin Scott K. , Manangan Lilia , Bolyard Elizabeth ,   The Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America, Jarvis William R. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractObjective:To assess the efficacy of current Myco-bacterium tuberculosis control measures.Design:Voluntary questionnaire to members of the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America.Results:Healthcare worker (HCW) tuberculin skin-test (TST) conversion rates were significantly higher in larger hospitals ( ≥ 437 beds) (0.9% versus 0.6%; P < 0.05), or in hospitals reporting ≥ 6 TB patients in 1992 (1.2% versus 0.6%; P < 0.05). Among larger hospitals or those hospitals surveyed reporting ≥ 6 TB patients, those without at least three of the four criteria suggested in the 1990 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) TB guidelines for acid-fast bacilli (AFB) isolation (specifically, a single-patient room; negative pressure; and air exhausted directly outside) had significantly higher annual TST conversion rates than those with these criteria (1.8% versus 0.6%; P < 0.05). Respiratory therapist or bronchoscopist TST conversion rates were significantly lower in hospitals compliant with the exhaust criteria (1.2% versus 2.8%; P < 0.05). Regardless of hospital characteristic, HCW TST conversion rates did not differ between hospitals in which HCWs used surgical masks or used disposable particulate respirators.Conclusion:Among larger hospitals or hospitals reporting ≥ 6 TB patients per year, failure to comply with the 1990 CDC TB recommendations for AFB isolation room guidelines was associated with higher HCW TST conversion rates. These data suggest that complete implementation of the 1990 CDC TB guidelines would decrease HCWs’ risk of nosocomial transmission of TB in larger hospitals or those reporting more TB patients. However, in nonoutbreak situations, disposable particulate respirators or submicron surgical masks may not offer significantly greater protection to HCWs than surgical masks.
Tuberculosis Surveillance Practices in Long-Term Care Institutions
Authors: Naglie Gary , McArthur Margaret , Simor Andrew , Naus Monika , Cheung Angela , McGeer Allison 
Published: May 2019

AbstractObjecitves:To identify the tuberculosis (TB) skin-testing practices of long-term care facilities for the elderly in Toronto, Ontario.Design:A telephone survey using a 25-item questionnaire.Setting:Twenty-nine nursing homes (NHs) and 26 Homes for the Aged (HFAs) in metropolitan Toronto.Results:Thirty-one percent of facilities (17 of 55) had no formal tuberculin skin-testing program, including 52% of NHs (15 of 29) versus 8% of HFAs (2 of 26; P= 0.001). Ninety-two percent of HFAs (24 of 26) compared with 45% of NHs (13 of 29), obtained preadmission or admission skin-test status of residents (P= 0.0005). Annual testing was performed at 46% of HFAs (12 of 26) and 27% of NHs (8 of 29; P= 0.28). Of facilities that carried out any skin testing, 64% of HFAs (16 of 25) versus 32% of NHs (6 of 19) measured induration to establish test positivity (P=0.068). Fifty-two percent of HFAs (13 of 25), compared with 21% of NHs (4 of 19), recorded the actual size of induration in the patient record (P=0.085). Only 28% of HFAs (7 of 25) and 21% of NHs (4 of 19) correctly defined a positive tuberculin skin test.Conclusions:TB surveillance practices in long-term care institutions in Toronto are inadequate and often yield results that do not predict the risk of infection and cannot be used to investigate outbreaks. Tuberculin skin-testing practices were better at HFAs, which are subject to provincial legislation regarding TB surveillance, than at NHs, which are not subject to this legislation. Staff at HFAs and NHs require education regarding tuberculin skin-testing policies and procedures.
Nosocomial Tuberculosis: An Outbreak of a Strain Resistant to Seven Drugs
Authors: Ikeda Robin M. , Birkhead Guthrie S. , DiFerdinando George T. , Bornstein Donald L. , Dooley Samuel W. , Kubica George P. , Morse Dale L. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractObjective:To evaluate nosocomial transmission of multidrug-resistant (MDR) tuberculosis (TB).Design:Outbreak investigation: review of infection control practices and skin test results of healthcare workers (HCWs); medical records of hospitalized TB patients and mycobacteriology reports; submission of specimens for restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) typing; and an assessment of the air-handling system.Setting:A teaching hospital in upstate New York.Results:Skin-test conversions occurred among 46 (6.6%) of 696 HCWs tested from August through October 1991. Rates were highest on two units (29% and 20%); HCWs primarily assigned to these units had a higher risk for conversion compared with HCWs tested following previous incidents of exposure to TB (relative risk [RR] = 53.4, 95% confidence interval [CI95] =6.9 to 411.1; and RR=37.4, CI95= 5.0 to 277.3, respectively). The likely source patient was the only TB patient hospitalized on both units during the probable exposure period. This patient appeared clinically infectious, was associated with a higher risk of conversion among HCWs providing direct care (RR = 2.37; CI95 = 1.05 to 5.34), and was a prison inmate with TB resistant to seven antituberculosis agents. The MDR-TB strain isolated from this patient also was isolated from other inmate and noninmate patients, and a prison correctional officer exposed in the hospital. Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from all of these patients had matching RFLP patterns. Infection control practices closely followed established guidelines; however, several rooms housing TB patients had marginal negative pressure with variable numbers of air changes per hour, and directional airflow was disrupted easily.Conclusions:These data strongly suggest nosocomial transmission of MDR-TB to HCWs, patients, and a prison correctional officer working in the hospital. Factors contributing to transmission apparently included prolonged infectiousness of the likely source patient and inadequate environmental controls. Continued urgent attention to TB infection control is needed.
Transmission of Multidrug-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Among Persons Exposed in a Medical Examiner's Office, New York
Authors: Ussery Xilla T. , Bierman Jennifer A. , Valway Sarah E. , Seitz Teresa A. , DiFerdinando George T. , Ostroff Stephen M. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractObjective:To determine the prevalence of and risk factors for having a positive tuberculin skin test (TST) result among employees at a medical examiner's office (MEO).Design:Cohort study, environmental investigation.Setting:Several employees at a medical examiner's office were found to have positive TST results after autopsies were performed on persons with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB).Participants:Employees of the MEO.Results:Of 18 MEO employees, 5 (28%) had a positive TST result; 2 of these 5 had TST conversions. We observed a trend between TST conversion and participation in autopsies on persons with MDR-TB (2 of 2 converters versus 3 of 13 employees with negative TST; relative risk=4.3; 95% confidence interval 1.61 to 11.69; P=0.l0). The environmental investigation revealed that the autopsy room was at positive pressure relative to the rest of the MEO and that air from the autopsy room mixed throughout the facility.Conclusions:A systematic approach to preventing transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in autopsy suites should include effective environmental controls and routine tuberculin skin testing of employees.
Infection Control in a Country with Annual Inflation of 3,600%
Authors: Wey Sergio B. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe economic crisis that has been seen worldwide affects developing countries such as Brazil even more severely. Worsening budget shortfalls for the healthcare system progressively threaten patient care. Infection control programs also are affected, and basic preventive policies are not implemented. Infection control practitioners face lack of equipment and poor microbiological support. In contrast, the motivation of the infection control people can be maintained through training courses, conferences, and meetings. Administrative support may be the most important single factor determining success in decreasing the infection control rate and should be (but is not always) provided, given that several infection control measures are cost effective.
Simulation of dense plasma focus devices to produce N-13 efficiently
Authors: Sadeghi H. , Amrollahi R. , Fazelpour S. , Omrani M. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractA novel idea is presented in this paper to simulation, design, and feasibility of making a machine in order to produce nitrogen 13 (N-13) at a much lower cost than conventional medical applications. In a plasma focus device, only 0.02% of the generated ions have more than 1 MeV energy. In this paper, using a new idea we have tried to find a solution to increase the energy of deuterium ions to produce N-13. To achieve this, a series of magnetic lenses has been used to focus and guide the ions. To increase the ion energy, a small linear accelerator has been designed using a TM010 waveguide. The accelerator waveguide is also designed and optimized to have the highest impedance matching and maximum power transmission. Eventually, low-energy ions that are transmitted by magnetic lenses accelerate in the waveguide electric field and their energy increases significantly. The collision of these energetic ions with graphite target produce N-13.