bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Health Sectors as Actors and Advocates for Health and Health Equity
Authors: Baum Fran 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Many assume that the health sector is the central government agency for health. Yet very often, health sectors are actually “illness care” sectors that give little concern to the production or maintenance of health. This chapter argues that this state of affairs needs to change so that health sectors do become stewards of the health of the population they are established to serve. Achieving such a health sector will require strong and determined leadership that is able to ensure that curative functions are effective, while also ensuring that disease prevention and health promotion flourish. This is vital to governing for health. This chapter examines the importance of primary health care, disease prevention, and health promotion. The chapter plays particular attention to community strategies, including community ownership of health services, and public health functions, including health impact assessments and Health in All Policies.
Education
Authors: Baum Fran 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Education is a vital determinant of health. If you work in the education sector, you are likely to make a greater contributions to promoting population health than many other professionals, including doctors. This is because you have the opportunity to establish the building blocks for good health by encouraging children to maximize their social, emotional, and educational skills, each of which is vital to good health. You can both prevent problems before they occur and create the conditions for good health. This chapter demonstrates why education is so important to health and provides examples of public policies that enable education to maximize its health-promoting potential.
Urban Planning
Authors: Baum Fran 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses the symbiotic relationship between urban planning and public health, examines the features of healthy and sustainable urban environments, provides positive examples of healthy urban planning and the blocks to conducting such planning. Consideration is given to how urban planning can contain sprawl and can create cites that rely more on public transportation, cycling, and walking. Examples of good practice from New York, Zurich, and Bursa (Turkey) are provided. Issues of governance, including public participation in planning and the importance of visionary leadership, are discussed. A perspective of cities as contested ground in which developers seek to maximize profits, often at the expense of urban residents, is developed. Conflicts of interest that arise in development processes are examined.
Civil Society
Authors: Baum Fran 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Civil society has been vital to many measures that have improved governance for health. Advocates outside government have inspired many policy and law changes that have resulted in improved health and well-being. Examples include the abolition of slavery, women’s voting rights, and marriage equality. Civil society is also vital to maintain good governance through mechanisms including representative boards of management, watchdog functions, and formal processes of participation. This chapter reviews each of these to demonstrate that civil society is vital to good governance for health. The chapter argues that governance for health is much stronger and more likely to come about when there is top-down action from government, combined with bottom-up pressure for change that can force the hand of governments to act in favor of health, equity, and sustainability. Many examples of civil society action are provided.
Conclusion
Authors: Baum Fran 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This chapter distills the contents of the book into six central messages: (1) reducing inequities is the central, vital mechanism for building population health; (2) human health is intimately connected to planetary health and needs to be viewed as part of the broader ecosystem; (3) how we govern is vitally important to how healthy, sustainable and equitable we are: good governance is centrally concerned with the involvement of all sectors to promote health and reduce inequities; (4) regulation is a powerful and essential tool for public health; (5) new ways of measuring progress are important; (6) ubiquitous leadership is required for health, equity, and well-being. The chapter elaborates on each of these and then ends with a consideration of the importance of maintaining hope and acting with courage.
Enhancing Human Cognitive Capital by Harnessing the Brain’s Inherent Neuroplasticity
Authors: Chapman Sandra B. , Cook Lori G. , Vas Asha K. , Robertson Ian H. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This chapter addresses the capability to enhance human cognitive performance (i.e., cognitive capital) through training, with the down-range goal of improving functionality in contexts of great complexity, including military/political operations, corporate directions, and educational preparation. It highlights a multidimensional framework to measure gains in cognitive capital on brain, cognitive, psychological, life-functionality, and emotional-cognition factors. To illustrate the potential to harness neuroplasticity, the chapter summarizes evidence showing improved agility and focus from a specific cognitive training that targets strategic thinking (e.g., filter/focus, big picture thinking, innovation). This chapter also adds to the notion of increasing peak performance utilizing moderate stress levels to boost responses. Optimizing performance in continually changing and stressful environments relies on strengthening human cognitive capital in the healthy brain across the life span—similar to that achieved for physical fitness.
Examining the Influence of Adaptive Instructional Techniques on Human Performance for Tasks Conducted in Extremely Stressful Work Environments
Authors: Sottilare Robert , Goldberg Stephen 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the potential benefits of computer-based adaptive instruction to human performance during the training of tasks usually conducted in extremely stressful work environments (e.g., law enforcement, firefighting, emergency medicine, or combat) that often include time, performance, and safety stressors. Adaptive instruction is training in which a computer-based intelligent tutoring system tailors its interaction with the learner to optimize learning and adapts the training environment (e.g., simulation) to maintain challenge level and flow. The design goal of adaptive instruction for tasks in extreme environments is to influence knowledge and skill acquisition to the point where the learner can successfully perform the expected tasks during training and then successfully transfer those skills to the work environment and perform regardless of the conditions. This chapter includes recommendations for representing and adapting work environment stressors during adaptive instruction to optimize learning and transfer of skills and is written for training developers.
Climate Change and the People's Health
Authors: Friel Sharon 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Climate change threatens humanity and the planet on which we live. Social inequities, including in the health outcomes that different population groups enjoy, also pose a threat to humanity and our freedom to live healthy and flourishing lives. This book makes three key contributions to the current understanding of climate change and health inequity. First, it describes how climate change interacts with the social determinants of health and exacerbates existing health inequities. Second, the book introduces the concept of a “consumptagenic system.” This is an integrated network of market-based policies, processes, governance, and modes of understanding that fuel unhealthy and environmentally destructive production and consumption. Finally, the book outlines some of the progressive steps that are necessary to move from denial and inertia toward effective mobilization against the status quo and hope for the future. The book argues that this requires a systems approach and calls for action that uses fit-for-purpose knowledge and analytical tools from across the sciences, social sciences, and even humanities. The book finishes with the offer of a policy vision and describes some pathways forward across economic, social, and health policy domains that will reduce inequality, mitigate further environmental degradation, and improve health.
Climate Change, Global Justice, and Health Inequities
Authors: Friel Sharon 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This chapter explains the role of human activities in driving climate change, and some of its most significant impacts. It discusses justice issues raised by climate change, including causal responsibility, future development rights, the distribution of climate change harms, and intergenerational inequity. The chapter also provides a status update on current health inequities, noting the now recognized role of political, economic, commercial, and social factors in determining health. This section also discusses environmental epidemiology and the shift to eco-social approaches and eco-epidemiology, noting that while eco-epidemiologists have begun to research the influence of climate change on health, this research has not yet considered in depth the influence of social systems. The chapter concludes with an overview of how climate change exacerbates existing health inequities, focusing on the health implications of significant climate change impacts, including extreme weather events, rising sea levels, heat stress, vector-borne diseases, and food insecurity.
Jesus Without Miracles
Authors: Moskalenko Sophia , McCauley Clark 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This chapter retells the most famous story in the world, leaving aside claims of divinity, miracles, and resurrection and focusing only on the ideas of self-sacrifice and martyrdom in the Gospels. The authors ask how (without divine intervention) the story of Jesus could have had such remarkable success. What was it about Jesus’s martyrdom that made it the best-sold story of the past 2,000 years? What was it about Jesus’s teaching of self-sacrifice that was revolutionary then and is still relevant today?
Psychology of Altruism
Authors: Moskalenko Sophia , McCauley Clark 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Why would anyone do something unselfish? Evolutionary theories––Inclusive Fitness and Reciprocal Altruism––offer limited help in answering this question. Social psychology supplies two competing explanations of helping behavior: Distress Theory and Empathy Theory. We find surprising and informative parallels between textbook presentations of research on self-sacrifice and Gospel stories of self-sacrifice.
Curious Coincidences
Authors: Moskalenko Sophia , McCauley Clark 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
wwThe worldwide success of three blockbusters discussed earlier—the Lord of the Rings trilogy, the Harry Potter series, and the Matrix trilogy—could be seen as a coincidence were it not for the presence of the same seven narrative conditions the authors identify in every one of the three stories. Taken together, these seven conditions make up a prototype of ideal martyrdom: seven ideal conditions for martyrdom (ICMs) that map onto the Gospel story of Jesus. Each ICM contributes to the appeal and mobilizing power of a martyrdom story.
Martyr Versus Terrorist
Authors: Moskalenko Sophia , McCauley Clark 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Some contenders for the martyrs’ title wish to abuse the power of martyrdom against the West. These include terrorists, especially suicide bombers. Less dangerous, though no less misleading, are claims that self-immolators and victims are martyrs. Continuing to explore the interaction between martyrs and their audiences, this and the following two chapters focus on these cases of mistaken identity. Both martyrs and terrorists act in response to perceived widespread suffering and injustice. Martyrs are willing to pay a personal price for their cause, whereas terrorists intend to extract this price from others. In a sort of a literary experiment, readers are offered a chance to learn more about their own responses to suffering and injustice in order to appreciate the differences between terrorists and martyrs.
The Threat of Suicide Terrorism
Authors: Moskalenko Sophia , McCauley Clark 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This chapter evaluates the moral threat of suicide terrorism. Political and psychological resilience to the threat of suicide bombing requires understanding the difference between suicide bombers and true martyrs. A martyr’s political power comes from the indisputable evidence—the martyr’s own suffering at the hands of the powerful—that the powerful are corrupt and unjust. This evidence is tainted if the would-be martyr indulges in provocation, aggression, or retaliation. The authors offer three directions that can help boost Western political resilience in facing suicide bombers, emphasizing the importance of clearly understanding the definitions of martyr, victim, suicide bomber, and terrorist and how perceptions can be changed in the immediate aftermath of an attack or an uprising.
Invoking the Name
Authors: Moskalenko Sophia , McCauley Clark 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
The Arab Spring brought to the front pages of Western newspapers stories of people who were hailed as martyrs by Muslims and accepted as such by the West. Two such cases are detailed in this chapter, one of a Tunisian self-immolator who started the Arab Spring; the other of a victim of the Iranian regime’s crackdown on the Green Revolution. The authors use these cases to build on the previous chapter in further exploration of the purposes and pitfalls of misusing the term “martyr.” These cases illuminate the power a word can have over mass politics and individual psychological reactions.
Bringing Us Together
Authors: Moskalenko Sophia , McCauley Clark 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
How and why does a martyr story spread beyond individuals to larger groups, permeating a cultural landscape? What are the social psychological mechanisms that make people want to share the story with others? This chapter will trace the effects of martyrdom beyond individual followers, to groups of sympathizers and opponents of the martyr’s cause. The authors suggest that a martyrdom story endows those who tell it with social status, creates a sense of community among those who agree with the martyr’s cause, and establishes a common value system. Martyrdom stories change people, sometimes for the better, sometimes for worse.
Bread Crumbs and Parting Gifts
Authors: Moskalenko Sophia , McCauley Clark 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
In the concluding chapter, the authors highlight the power of self-sacrifice and martyrdom as psychological, political, and cultural forces that persevere despite Western devotion to values of competition and self-interest. A case of self-sacrificial leadership in the military (General Slim) highlights the little-utilized power of leaders’ self-sacrifice to move and inspire followers. The chapter ends with suggestions about how elements of self-sacrifice in everyday life can make our lives happier and more meaningful.
Policy transfer and innovation for building resilient bridges to the youth labor market
Authors: Petmesidou Maria , Menéndez María González 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
In the aftermath of the Great Recession, rising levels of youth unemployment led to an array of policy responses involving learning, transfer, and experimentation to address the complex needs of youth at risk. Reviewing these recent experiences, this chapter examines nine European countries (including Turkey) representing a range of different school-to-work transition regimes and with varying levels of youth unemployment and gender inequalities. It analyzes the institutional and process “enablers” of and “barriers” to policy learning and innovation, and it traces the pathways and major foci of learning and transfer within and between countries, as well as through supranational channels. This examination highlights where changes in policy governance have occurred. It is concluded that innovative initiatives for sustained labor market integration of youth require a policy environment that is conducive to coordinated sharing and diffusion of knowledge between different levels of administration and joint stakeholders’ bodies.
Youth transitions and job quality
Authors: Filandri Marianna , Nazio Tiziana , O’Reilly Jacqueline 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores how youth unemployment, discontinuous employment, and working in low-quality jobs affect individuals’ subsequent occupational conditions. Using cross-sectional and longitudinal EU-SILC data (2005–2012) for five countries, the chapter distinguishes between different types of good and bad jobs, examining the effect of family background on successful transitions. Findings show that young people from families of higher social class have better chances of making transitions into good-quality jobs than do youth from lower class families. Securing a good entry job is crucial to achieving a successful outcome, whereas experiencing either brief periods of unemployment or employment continuity has limited effects. These mechanisms are evident across all countries considered. The findings reinforce established knowledge on patterns of stratification, evidencing a direct channel of social transmission of inequalities through education and an indirect channel through better labor market entries.
The worklessness legacy
Authors: Berloffa Gabriella , Matteazzi Eleonora , Villa Paola 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines how intergenerational transmission of worklessness varies according to the gender of parents and their children in 26 European countries. The analysis draws on EU-SILC 2011 cross-sectional data, using a sample of young people aged 25–34 years for whom information about parental background characteristics when the young people were aged approximately 14 years is available. Fathers’ and mothers’ employment conditions during their children’s adolescence were expected to impact differently on the labor outcomes of sons and daughters, with cross-country differences depending on national-specific socioeconomic structures and institutional contexts. Empirical findings suggest that having had a workless mother increases both sons’ and daughters’ likelihood of being workless at approximately age 30 years in all but the Nordic countries. Fathers’ employment matters for both sons and daughters in Mediterranean and Eastern countries, only for daughters in English-speaking countries, and only for sons in Nordic countries.
Europe’s promise for jobs?
Authors: Spreckelsen Thees F. , Leschke Janine , Seeleib-Kaiser Martin 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the labor market integration of recent migrant youth from Central and Eastern Europe (EU8) countries, Bulgaria and Romania (EU2), Southern Europe, and the remaining European Union in the German and UK labor markets. The chapter measures levels of employment, income, marginal employment, fixed-term employment, (solo) self-employment, and the skills/qualification mismatch of each group compared to nationals before and after the financial crisis. Despite institutional differences, young EU citizens are well integrated into the respective labor markets (especially in the United Kingdom) in terms of employment rates. However, EU youth migrants’ qualitative labor market integration seems to mirror the existing stratification across regions of Europe: EU8 and EU2 citizens often work in precarious and nonstandard employment, youth from Southern Europe take a middle position, and youth from the remaining EU countries do as well or better on several indicators compared to their native peers.
Do business start-ups create high-quality jobs for young people?
Authors: Ortlieb Renate , Sheehan Maura , Masso Jaan 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Since the onset of the recent economic crisis, there has been renewed interest among policymakers across Europe in measures to stimulate self-employment and entrepreneurship as an alternative to unemployment. However, fundamental questions about policies that promote self-employment, especially among young people, remain unanswered. For instance, do such policies create new jobs or just promote new forms of precarious, poor-quality employment? This chapter finds that for some young people, self-employment is an option that offers high-quality jobs. Young self-employed people report that they can use and further develop their skills, and they appreciate the high degrees of autonomy and flexibility. However, the actual volume of jobs created through self-employment is low. Moreover, job quality is impaired by poor social protection, with severe negative consequences especially in the long term. Policies are needed to address the risks associated with self-employment, especially in relation to unemployment, health care, and pension benefits.
The Realist Frame
Authors: Brekke John , Anastas Jeane , Floersch Jerry , Longhofer Jeffrey 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Any definition of social work science must make its philosophy of science manifest. While not the only ones in social work to espouse realism, especially critical realism, the IslandWood Group used key ideas from this school of thought to guide many discussions. The main tenets of scientific realism are described followed by a description of some key features of critical realism. Basic tenets of the realisms include the existence of a mind-independent reality, the existence of the unseen, upward and downward causation, stratified reality, emergence, the embrace of multiple methodologies, and the importance of theory in science. This epistemological and ontological stance differs from positivist and behaviorist approaches. The chapter concludes with a summary of other frameworks—pragmatism, constructionism, and critical theories—that are also relevant to a science of social work.
Science and Identity in Social Work
Authors: Brekke John 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This chapter offers a definition of science that encompasses the interacting elements of theory, prediction, observation, and testing. The chapter also discusses disciplines and professions and their boundaries, capitalizing on the work of Abbott and Jacobs on interdisciplinarity. Disciplines are essential for science and learning, and interdisciplinarity is sometimes crucial to solving vexing problems in science—but “inter-” or “trans-” disciplinary work is only viable in the context of disciplines and disciplinary identity. A crucial linking construct in social work science is technology, which is the application of scientific knowledge to human life. In terms of identity, social work science has a dual focus on scientific understanding as well as on using and developing methods (technologies) for human behavior change on multiple levels. In many areas of society, the existence of scientific disciplines that merge with professions forms the nexus of understanding and technology for solving “problems in living.”