bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The physics of black holes I
Authors: Deruelle Nathalie , Uzan Jean-Philippe 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter describes two physical processes related to the Schwarzschild and Kerr solutions which can be induced by the gravitational field of a black hole. The first is the Penrose process, which suggests that rotating black holes are large energy reservoirs. Next is superradiance, which is the first step in the study of black-hole stability. The study of the stability of black holes involves the linearization of the Einstein equations about the Schwarzschild or Kerr solution. As this chapter shows, the equations of motion for perturbations of the metric are wave equations. The problem then is to determine whether or not these solutions are bounded.
Tests in the solar system
Authors: Deruelle Nathalie , Uzan Jean-Philippe 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter describes observable relativistic effects in the solar system. In the solar system we can, as a first approximation, neglect the gravitational field of all the stars except the Sun. In Newtonian theory, the planet trajectories are then Keplerian ellipses. Relativistic effects are weak because the dimensionless ratio characterizing them is everywhere less than GM⊙/c² R⊙≃ 2 × 10–6, and so they can be added linearly to the Newtonian perturbations due to the other planets, the non-spherical shape of celestial bodies, and so on. The chapter first describes the gravitational field of the Sun using a Schwarzschild spacetime, before moving on to look at the geodesic equation. It also discusses the bending of light, the Shapiro effect, the perihelion, post-Keplerian geodesics, and spin in a gravitational field.
The post-Newtonian approximation
Authors: Deruelle Nathalie , Uzan Jean-Philippe 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter embarks on a study of the two-body problem in general relativity. In other words, it seeks to describe the motion of two compact, self-gravitating bodies which are far-separated and moving slowly. It limits the discussion to corrections proportional to v2 ~ m/R, the so-called post-Newtonian or 1PN corrections to Newton’s universal law of attraction. The chapter first examines the gravitational field, that is, the metric, created by the two bodies. It then derives the equations of motion, and finally the actual motion, that is, the post-Keplerian trajectories, which generalize the post-Keplerian geodesics obtained earlier in the chapter.
Gravitational waves and the radiative field
Authors: Deruelle Nathalie , Uzan Jean-Philippe 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter turns to the gravitational radiation produced by a system of massive objects. The discussion is confined to the linear approximation of general relativity, which is compared with the Maxwell theory of electromagnetism. In the first part of the chapter, the properties of gravitational waves, which are the general solution of the linearized vacuum Einstein equations, are studied. Next, it relates these waves to the energy–momentum tensor of the sources creating them. The chapter then turns to the ‘first quadrupole formula’, giving the gravitational radiation field of these sources when their motion is due to forces other than the gravitational force.
Gravitational radiation
Authors: Deruelle Nathalie , Uzan Jean-Philippe 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter attempts to calculate the radiated energy of a source in the linear approximation of general relativity to infinity in the lowest order. For this, the chapter first expands the Einstein equations to quadratic order in metric perturbations. It reveals that the radiated energy is then given by the (second) quadrupole formula, which is the gravitational analog of the dipole formula in Maxwell theory. This formula is a priori valid only if the motion of the source is due to forces other than gravity. Finally, this chapter shows that, to prove this formula for the case of self-gravitating systems, the Einstein equations to quadratic order must be solved, and the radiative field in the post-linear approximation of general relativity obtained.
Friedmann–Lemaître spacetimes
Authors: Deruelle Nathalie , Uzan Jean-Philippe 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter discusses the laws governing the evolution of the scale factor as well as Hubble’s law, which is historically the first observational signature of cosmic expansion. Hubble’s law relates two measurable quantities, the redshift and the luminosity distance of a galaxy. The chapter also introduces the Weyl postulate (1923), which stipulates that the ‘cosmological fluid’ consisting of galaxies, quasars, and so on, visible or invisible, follows such geodesics. It then presents the Friedmann–Lemaître equations. Finally, the chapter discusses the first models of the universe, from 1917–60: the static Einstein model and the de Sitter and steady state models.
Inflationary models of the primordial universe
Authors: Deruelle Nathalie , Uzan Jean-Philippe 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter addresses the problem of fine-tuning the initial conditions of the previous chapter’s hot Big Bang model, so that the universe has the observed properties, as well as the problem of the origin of large-scale structure. It shows that these problems are related to each other, and can be solved by assuming a period of accelerated expansion in the earliest history of the universe. Since the 1980s, the general acceptance of this idea of a primordial inflationary phase can be considered as the third phase in the history of the development of relativistic cosmology. The chapter first outlines the issues with the hot Big Bang model: the flatness problem; the Big Bang horizon, and monopole problems; and the problem of the origin of the large-scale structure. It then provides a solution in the form of inflation, and goes on to discuss ‘chaotic’ inflation.
The covariant derivative and the curvature
Authors: Deruelle Nathalie , Uzan Jean-Philippe 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter first considers the tangent spaces of a non-connected manifold, in which the tangent t at the set of points p in the manifold is an element of the tangent space at p. Afterward, the chapter summarizes the elementary introduction to the exterior calculus of Chapter 5 of Book 2. Next, the chapter studies the Lie bracket and Lie derivative, before moving on to the covariant derivative and a connected manifold. The covariant derivative in particular is introduced to ensure the effectiveness of the Lie brackets and the Lie derivative. From here, this chapter considers the torsion of a covariant derivative and finally to the curvature of a covariant derivative.
It Keeps Me Seeking
Authors: Briggs Andrew , Halvorson Hans , Steane Andrew 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Two scientists and a philosopher aim to show how science both enriches and is enriched by Christian faith. The text is written around four themes: 1. God is a being to be known, not a hypothesis to be tested; 2. We set a high bar on what constitutes good argument; 3. Uncertainty is OK; 4. We are allowed to open up the window that the natural world offers us. This is not a work of apologetics. Rather, the text takes an overview of various themes and gives reactions and responses, intended to place science correctly as a valued component of the life of faith. The difference between philosophical analysis and theological reflection is expounded. Questions of human identity are addressed from philosophy, computer science, quantum physics, evolutionary biology and theological reflection. Contemporary physics reveals the subtle and open nature of physical existence, and offers lessons in how to learn and how to live with incomplete knowledge. The nature and role of miracles is considered. The ‘argument from design’ is critiqued, especially arguments from fine-tuning. Logical derivation from impersonal facts is not an appropriate route to a relationship of mutual trust. Mainstream evolutionary biology is assessed to be a valuable component of our understanding, but no exploratory process can itself fully account for the nature of what is discovered. To engage deeply in science is to seek truth and to seek a better future; it is also an activity of appreciation, as one may appreciate a work of art.
Introduction
Authors: Briggs Andrew , Halvorson Hans , Steane Andrew 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
The book is introduced. Four themes are presented; these run throughout the text. The chapter gives some initial material unfolding, briefly, what is intended by these themes. Some contemporary issues are addressed, such as confusion about what it means to seek God or to know God (however imperfectly). The book is neither a work of apologetics nor an attempt to introduce two different domains to one another. It is rather a celebration of a unity, and an invitation to a positive approach. Three example questions that commonly arise in the context of science and religion are discussed. These concern tension between scientific and religious perspectives, evolutionary biology, and moral dilemmas in scientific work. A vision for the positive partnership of science with our wider values is given.
Religion, history, and philosophy
Authors: Briggs Andrew , Halvorson Hans , Steane Andrew 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
The chapter provides a survey of the distinction between religious and philosophical reflection, and commentary on ways that have been tried in the past of relating them to each other and to science. The word ‘religion’ itself requires definition; if different people adopt different definitions then they may, on this basis, find themselves engaged in unproductive disputes. Philosophy also can sometimes misconceive what theological discourse is. This is illustrated through reactions to Thomas Aquinas. The attempt to separate science and religion as a separation between facts and meaning, process and value (‘NOMA’), is considered. The attempt has some positive features, but ultimately fails. Deism is discussed as an historical experiment which also failed.
On the way
Authors: Briggs Andrew , Halvorson Hans , Steane Andrew 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
In this the second of the three autobiographical chapters, Andrew Steane (A.S.) recounts some of his experiences. He describes a life at a crossing-point of conservative and liberal forms of Christian witness, and conscious of both modern-day atheist and theist values and points of view. This has been difficult but, hopefully, creative. A.S. describes his reading of Bertrand Russell as a young man, and of later being waylaid by Richard Dawkins’ The God Delusion. He gives brief reactions and asks what the reaction to such books shows us about contemporary culture. More penetrating authors have been Rowan Williams, R. S. Thomas, Brian McLaren, and N. T. Wright. A.S. describes aspects of Christian community life that have proved positive and significant for him.
This is the story of life on Earth
Authors: Briggs Andrew , Halvorson Hans , Steane Andrew 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
The story of Earth’s biosphere is looked at in the round, with a view to understanding correctly terminology such as ‘survival of the fittest’, and getting sound metaphors to underpin our understanding of genetics and natural selection. There is no need to pick Machiavellian metaphors when other less loaded ones will do. The evolutionary process has proved to be creative; it involves a rather lovely use of humble materials to improvise new structures and thus gain access to deeper and richer forms of existence. It is an open-handed process; its random element is a positive promoter of its freedom. Within this same process is the pain and tragedy of all life. None of this denies the truths of arithmetic or engineering; neither does it deny the truths of moral insight and social existence. Our meaning before God and each other is worked out within this tapestry.
You can’t live a divided life
Authors: Briggs Andrew , Halvorson Hans , Steane Andrew 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
In this the third autobiographical chapter, Hans Halvorson (H.H.) comments on his experience. Brought up in the USA, H.H. recounts the divided nature of American culture, in which science is all but worshipped by some, and regarded with deep suspicion by others. Emerging from the latter subculture, H.H. found himself mathematically capable and drawn to physics, but needing ‘permission’ to engage more fully with science. This he found in the work of John Polkinghorne and Thomas Torrance, and by this route finally landed in academia in the philosophy of science. The freedom to bring together his commitments, values, and interests into a coherent whole has been a deeply appreciated freedom.
Learning from the Bible
Authors: Briggs Andrew , Halvorson Hans , Steane Andrew 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Some of the difficulties of handling the Bible are discussed. These involve correctly discerning the genre of each part, the questions to which any given text is addressed, the limited knowledge of the writers, for example about natural phenomena, and moral objections. Such issues are handled by bringing to bear what wisdom we can, as a community of readers. It is merely correct to admit that the literary genre is varied and includes polemic and storytelling alongside history, sometimes woven together. When remarkable events are recounted, it is proper to bring science and archeology to bear, and aim to be fair to the text. The history of violence should be handled even more carefully, so as not to promote attitudes that lead to violence in the present. This can be done through careful reflection which foregrounds issues of fairness, and how injustice is properly opposed.
Array features
Authors: Metcalf Michael , Reid John , Cohen Malcolm 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
A complete description of the use of array processing is offered. Assumed-shape and automatic arrays are described, and the concept of elemental is introduced for operations, assignments, and procedures. Array-valued functions and the where construct are described, along with the notion of pure procedures. Array subobjects, aliasing, and array constructors are considered. The performance-enhancing features of the do concurrent construct and the contiguous property are included.
Specification statements
Authors: Metcalf Michael , Reid John , Cohen Malcolm 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
All the means whereby variables are specified with a name, type, attributes, and (possibly) initial values are fully described. The specification of named constants is similarly described. The rules for expressions that may appear in specification statements are listed. The methods used to access entities in modules and to control that access are described. The block construct is introduced. Structure constructors for objects of derived type are explained.
Intrinsic procedures and modules
Authors: Metcalf Michael , Reid John , Cohen Malcolm 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
The means by which intrinsic procedures (functions and subroutines) may be referenced are given, followed by descriptions of all the intrinsic procedures defined by the standard. These include the inquiry, elemental, and transformational functions, procedures for bit and character manipulation, functions for the construction and manipulation of arrays, and subroutines for accessing the computing environment including the elapsed and real time. The facilities available from intrinsic modules, in particular for obtaining information about the Fortran environment, are introduced.
Submodules
Authors: Metcalf Michael , Reid John , Cohen Malcolm 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Modules may be split into separate program units called submodules, which can be in separate files. Module procedures can then be split so that the interface information remains in the module, but the bodies can be placed in the submodules. A change in a submodule cannot alter an interface, and so does not cause the recompilation of program units that use the module. A submodule has access via host association to entities in the module, and may have entities of its own in addition to providing implementations of module procedures.
Coarrays
Authors: Metcalf Michael , Reid John , Cohen Malcolm 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
We describe the coarray programming model, which provides a simple syntactic extension from the point of view of both work distribution and data distribution. For work distribution, it adopts the single program multiple data (SPMD) programming model, with multiple ‘images’ (usually processes) executing identical programs. For data distribution it allows each image to access data on another image with coarray syntax that is similar to Fortran array syntax. The programmer is responsible for subdividing the executions on the images into segments within each of which the compiler is free to use its optimization techniques as if the image were executing on its own. We explain the special statements known as ‘image control statements’ that allow the programmer to achieve this.
Floating-point exception handling
Authors: Metcalf Michael , Reid John , Cohen Malcolm 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Exception handling is required for the development of robust and efficient numerical software, a principal application of Fortran. Indeed, the existence of such a facility makes it possible to develop more efficient software than would otherwise be possible. Most computers nowadays have hardware based on the IEEE standard for binary floating-point arithmetic, which later became an ISO standard. Therefore, the Fortran exception handling features are based on the ability to test and set the five flags for floating-point exceptions that the IEEE standard specifies.
Interoperability with C
Authors: Metcalf Michael , Reid John , Cohen Malcolm 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Fortran provides a standardized mechanism for interoperating with C. Any entity involved must be such that equivalent declarations of it may be made in the two languages. This is enforced within the Fortran program by requiring all such entities to be interoperable. We explain in turn what this requires for types, variables, and procedures. They are all requirements on the syntax so that the compiler knows at compile time whether an entity is interoperable. We examine interoperability for global data and then discuss some examples.
Fortran 2018 coarray enhancements
Authors: Metcalf Michael , Reid John , Cohen Malcolm 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Teams allow separate sets of images to execute independently. An important design objective is that, given code that has been developed and tested on all images, it should be possible to run the code on a team without making changes. This requires that if a team has n images, the image indices within the team run from 1 to n. Teams are formed by partitioning an existing team into parts, starting with the team of all the images. New teams are executed within change team constructs. Most execution will be within the team, but direct access to data in ancestor and sibling teams is allowed. The number of images may be huge, making the probability of one failing significant. Facilities are therefore provided to allow the programmer to recover the computation after a failure. All these features are explained, together with events and new collective and atomic intrinsic procedures.
Fortran 2018 conformance with ISO/IEC/IEEE 60559:2011
Authors: Metcalf Michael , Reid John , Cohen Malcolm 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
A large number of changes to the intrinsic modules ieee_arithmetic, ieee_exceptions, and ieee_features have been made for conformance with the new IEEE standard for floating-point arithmetic (ISO/IEC/IEEE 60559:2011), including hexadecimal-significand I/O.
Minor Fortran 2018 features
Authors: Metcalf Michael , Reid John , Cohen Malcolm 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Numerous minor changes to the standard are described. In particular, there are a number of new intrinsic procedures, and some existing ones have been modified. The performance of a do concurrent construct may be improved by the programmer declaring objects to be shared or private. Enhancements to the input/output features have been made. Additions to the import statement allow better control of host association, and assumed-rank dummy arguments have been added.
Functions for Representation
Authors: Shea Nicholas 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
What kind of functions are suited for grounding representational content? Do they derive from behaviour that is robust and apparently goal-directed, or from consequence etiology? Rather than choosing between these two elements the account here combines them: ‘robust outcome functions’ combine with ‘stabilized functions’ to form ‘task functions’, which are the functions-for-representation that offer a good basis for fixing content. Task functions allow space for contents on which they are based to have a distinctive kind of explanatory purchase.
Descriptive and Directive Representation
Authors: Shea Nicholas 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
A distinction between descriptive and directive representations can readily be drawn within the varitel framework. Neither decoupling, nor the ability to keep track of goal satisfaction, are constitutive of having directive content, although both imply that content will be directive. The distinction drawn here has plausible consequences when applied to the case studies based on UE information and UE structural correspondence in previous chapters. There are several other kinds of sophistication which, while going along with a descriptive–directive difference, are not constitutive of it. Interestingly, the rat navigation case gives us a possible subpersonal example of a mode of representing that goes beyond the descriptive or the directive. Something like supposing may be involved when place cell activity is used offline to calculate shortest routes.
How Content Explains
Authors: Shea Nicholas 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
The varitel accounts of content allow us to see how the practice of representational explanation works and why content has an explanatory role to play. They establish the causal-explanatory relevance of semantic properties and are neutral about causal efficacy. Exploitable relations give the accounts an advantage over views based only on outputs. Content does valuable explanatory work in areas beyond psychology, but it need not be explanatorily valuable in every case. The varitel accounts illuminate why there should be a tight connection between content and the circumstances in which a representation develops. The accounts have some epistemological consequences. Representations at the personal level are different in a variety of ways that are relevant to content determination. Naturalizing personal-level content thus becomes a tractable research programme. Most importantly, varitel semantics offers a naturalistic account of the content of representations in the brain and other subpersonal representational systems.
The hydrogen atom and the periodic table
Authors: Solymar L. , Walsh D. , Syms R. R. A. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Investigates the energy levels in a configuration when a heavy positive particle (proton) and a light negative particle (electron) are present. The wave functions and permissible energy levels are derived from Schrödinger's equation. The role of quantum numbers is discussed. Electron spin and Pauli’s exclusion principle are introduced. The properties of the elements in the periodic table are discussed, based on the properties of the hydrogen atom. Exceptions when such a simple approach does not work are further discussed.