bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Addendum to Benzene [BAT Value Documentation, 2018]
Authors: Kraus T. , Bader M. , Klotz K. , Weistenhöfer W. , Drexler H. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has derived biological reference values (BAR) and re‐evaluated the exposure equivalents for carcinogenic substances (EKA) for the urinary benzene metabolites S‐phenylmercapturic acid, t,t‐muconic acid and benzene in 2016. Available publications are described in detail.The existing exposure equivalents for carcinogenic substances (EKA) for the benzene metabolites were re‐evaluated and extended especially to the low‐exposure range. For the parameter benzene in urine, new EKA were established.Taking results of studies into consideration with persons of the general population not occupationally exposed to benzene, with sufficient number of cases and current biomonitoring methods, biological reference values (BAR) of 0.3 µg S‐phenylmercapturic acid/g creatinine, 150 µg t,t‐muconic acid/g creatinine and 0.3 µg benzene/L urine were established. Sampling time is at the end of exposure or the end of the working shift.
Addendum zu Aluminium [BAT Value Documentation in German language, 2019]
Authors: Klotz K. , Drexler H. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has evaluated a biological reference value (BAR) for aluminium [CAS No. 7429‐90‐5] in 2018. Available publications are summarised.Considering the available studies analysing aluminium in urine, a BAR of 15 µg aluminium/g creatinine was established. Sampling time is for long‐term exposures: at the end of the shift after several shifts. For aluminium in blood, the data base is not sufficient for the evaluation of a BAR.
Diisotridecylphthalat, Ditridecylphthalat [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2019]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: January 2019

Abstract

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has evaluated diisotridecyl phthalate (a mixture a various isomers) [
27253‐26‐5
] and ditridecyl phthalate [
119‐06‐2
] considering all toxicological endpoints. Available publications and unpublished study reports are described in detail. The critical effect is centrilobular hepatocyte hypertrophy following prolonged oral exposure of rats. There are signs of peroxisome proliferating activity which has also been observed with other phthalates like di(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate. Diisotridecyl phthalate and ditridecyl phthalate are not genotoxic. No carcinogenicity study has been performed, but due to the similarity to di(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate, liver carcinogenicity cannot be excluded. Therefore, diisotridecyl phthalate and ditridecyl phthalate are classified in Category 3B for suspected carcinogens.

Both phthalates cause at most minimal irritation to the eyes and skin of rabbits. As no inhalation study has been performed, possible long‐term effects on larynx and nasal goblet cells, the targets of other phthalates, cannot be evaluated. Therefore, no maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value) can be derived.
Ditridecyl phthalate does not cause developmental toxicity in rats up to an oral dose of 100 mg/kg body weight and day, the highest dose tested. Skin contact is not expected to contribute significantly to systemic toxicity. Limited data show no sensitization.
Wasserstoffperoxid [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2019]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: January 2019

Abstract

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated the maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value) of hydrogen peroxide [
7722‐84‐1
] as new inhalation studies are available.

Hydrogen peroxide is an irritant to the respiratory tract and the eyes.

In a 90‐day inhalation study in the rat a NOAEC of 7 ml/m
3
was determined, which confirms the previous 28‐day inhalation study and proves that the effects at the respiratory tract do not increase with exposure duration.

A new study of acute effects in volunteers suggests that hydrogen peroxide is slightly irritating at 2.2 ml/m
3
, but not at 0.5 ml/m
3
. These findings support all previously described results of inhalation studies in workers or volunteers.

Based on the NOAEC established for humans, the MAK value of 0.5 ml/m
3
is retained.

Peak Limitation Category I and the excursion factor of 1 are retained as there are no new data.
Crafting Mussel‐Inspired Metal Nanoparticle‐Decorated Ultrathin Graphitic Carbon Nitride for the Degradation of Chemical Pollutants and Production of Chemical Resources
Authors: Cai Jingsheng , Huang Jianying , Wang Shanchi , Iocozzia James , Sun Zhongti , Sun Jingyu , Yang Yingkui , Lai Yuekun , Lin Zhiqun 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe development of efficient photocatalysts for the degradation of organic pollutants and production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is an attractive two‐in‐one strategy to address environmental remediation concerns and chemical resource demands. Graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C3N4) possesses unique electronic and optical properties. However, bulk g‐C3N4 suffers from inefficient sunlight absorption and low carrier mobility. Once exfoliated, ultrathin nanosheets of g‐C3N4 attain much intriguing photocatalytic activity. Herein, a mussel‐inspired strategy is developed to yield silver‐decorated ultrathin g‐C3N4 nanosheets (Ag@U‐g‐C3N4‐NS). The optimum Ag@U‐g‐C3N4‐NS photocatalyst exhibits enhanced electrochemical properties and excellent performance for the degradation of organic pollutants. Due to the photoformed valence band holes and selective two‐electron reduction of O2 by the conduction band electrons, it also renders an efficient, economic, and green route to light‐driven H2O2 production with an initial rate of 0.75 × 10−6 m min−1. The improved photocatalytic performance is primarily attributed to the large specific surface area of the U‐g‐C3N4‐NS layer, the surface plasmon resonance effect induced by Ag nanoparticles, and the cooperative electronic capture properties between Ag and U‐g‐C3N4‐NS. Consequently, this unique photocatalyst possesses the extended absorption region, which effectively suppresses the recombination of electron–hole pairs and facilitates the transfer of electrons to participate in photocatalytic reactions.
Breaking the Depth Dependence by Nanotechnology‐Enhanced X‐Ray‐Excited Deep Cancer Theranostics
Authors: Fan Wenpei , Tang Wei , Lau Joseph , Shen Zheyu , Xie Jin , Shi Jianlin , Chen Xiaoyuan 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe advancements in nanotechnology have created multifunctional nanomaterials aimed at enhancing diagnostic accuracy and treatment efficacy for cancer. However, the ability to target deep‐seated tumors remains one of the most critical challenges for certain nanomedicine applications. To this end, X‐ray‐excited theranostic techniques provide a means of overcoming the limits of light penetration and tissue attenuation. Herein, a comprehensive overview of the recent advances in nanotechnology‐enhanced X‐ray‐excited imaging and therapeutic methodologies is presented, with an emphasis on the design of multifunctional nanomaterials for contrast‐enhanced computed tomography (CT) imaging, X‐ray‐excited optical luminescence (XEOL) imaging, and X‐ray‐excited multimodal synchronous/synergistic therapy. The latter is based on the concurrent use of radiotherapy with chemotherapy, gas therapy, photodynamic therapy, or immunotherapy. Moreover, the featured biomedical applications of X‐ray‐excited deep theranostics are discussed to highlight the advantages of X‐ray in high‐sensitivity detection and efficient elimination of malignant tumors. Finally, key issues and technical challenges associated with this deep theranostic technology are identified, with the intention of advancing its translation into the clinic.
Chemical Nanomotors at the Gram Scale Form a Dense Active Optorheological Medium
Authors: Choudhury Udit , Singh Dhruv P. , Qiu Tian , Fischer Peer 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe rheological properties of a colloidal suspension are a function of the concentration of the colloids and their interactions. While suspensions of passive colloids are well studied and have been shown to form crystals, gels, and glasses, examples of energy‐consuming “active” colloidal suspensions are still largely unexplored. Active suspensions of biological matter, such as motile bacteria or dense mixtures of active actin–motor–protein mixtures have, respectively, reveals superfluid‐like and gel‐like states. Attractive inanimate systems for active matter are chemically self‐propelled particles. It has so far been challenging to use these swimming particles at high enough densities to affect the bulk material properties of the suspension. Here, it is shown that light‐triggered asymmetric titanium dioxide that self‐propel, can be obtained in large quantities, and self‐organize to make a gram‐scale active medium. The suspension shows an activity‐dependent tenfold reversible change in its bulk viscosity.
Electron Beam‐Induced Microstructural Evolution of SnS2 Quantum Dots Assembled on N‐Doped Graphene Nanosheets with Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity
Authors: Chen Dayong , Huang Shoushuang , Huang Ruting , Zhang Qian , Le Thanh‐Tung , Cheng Erbo , Yue Rong , Hu Zhangjun , Chen Zhiwen 
Published: January 2019

AbstractDevelopment of photocatalysts for degradation of organic pollutants with low‐cost and robust stability remains as one of the most serious challenges. Herein, SnS2 quantum dots (QDs)/N‐doped graphene nanocomposites (SNGNSs) are successfully prepared by combining a hydrothermal process with an electron‐beam irradiation (EBI) technique. Due to the enhanced light absorption and efficient separation of photogenerated electrons and holes, the resultant SNGNSs display excellent photodegradation ability for methyl orange (MO). Additionally, it is found that an EBI treatment could further improve the photocatalytic activity of SNGNSs. Particularly, the as‐prepared SNGNSs irradiated under 70 kGy exhibit a photodegraded rate of 95.6% for the degradation of MO within 60 min, which is greatly superior to that of the unirradiated one (59.5%). The enhanced photocatalytic performance can be ascribed to the doping of nitrogen element into graphene nanosheets, the enhanced crystallinity of SnS2 QDs as well as the creating lattice defects in SnS2 QDs. This work suggests that EBI treatment is an effective strategy to modify the surface of graphene‐based nanocomposites, which displays widely potential applications for constructing carbon‐based photocatalysts with excellent catalytic ability and developing high‐performance photoelectronic devices.
Impact of Initial Bulk‐Heterojunction Morphology on Operational Stability of Polymer:Fullerene Photovoltaic Cells
Authors: Limbu Saurav , Pont Sebastian , Doust Alexander B. , Kwon Sooncheol , Fuller Patrick , Tan Ellasia , Durrant James R. , Kim Ji‐Seon 
Published: January 2019

AbstractControlling initial bulk‐heterojunction (BHJ) morphology of photoactive layer is critical for device efficiency of organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells. However, its impact on performance, specifically long‐term operational stability is still poorly understood. This is mainly due to limitations in direct measurements enabling in situ monitoring of devices at a molecular level. Here, a thermal annealing preconditioning step is utilized to tune initial morphology of model polymer:fullerene BHJ OPV devices and molecular resonant vibrational spectroscopy to identify in situ degradation pathways. Direct spectroscopic evidence is reported for molecular‐scale phase‐segregation temperature (TPS) which critically determines a boundary in high efficiency and long operational stability. Under operation, initially well‐mixed blend morphology (no annealing) shows interface instability related to the hole‐extracting layer via de‐doping. Likewise, initially phase‐segregated morphology at a molecular level (annealed above TPS) shows instability in the photoactive layer via continuous phase‐segregation between polymer and fullerenes in macroscales, coupled with further fullerene photodegradation. The results confirm that a thermal annealing preconditioning step is essential to stabilize the BHJ morphology; in particular annealing below TPS is critical for improved operational stability while maintaining high efficiency.
Improving Supercapacitance of Electrospun Carbon Nanofibers through Increasing Micropores and Microporous Surface Area
Authors: Wang He , Wang Wenyu , Wang Hongjie , Li Yeran , Jin Xin , Niu Haitao , Wang Hongxia , Zhou Hua , Lin Tong 
Published: January 2019

AbstractPrevious papers about electrospun carbon nanofibers do not provide systemic understandings about how in situ activation agents affect the porous structure of carbon nanofibers. In this study, poly(vinylpyrrolidone), poly(methyl methacrylate), and high‐amylose starch (HAS) are used as activation agent to separately prepare porous carbon nanofibers from electrospun polyacrylonitrile nanofibers, and the effects of the polymer activation agents on the porous structure and supercapacitive properties of the resulting carbon nanofibers are examined. The studies indicate that melting point and decomposition temperature are two important parameters deciding the pore size profile. The one with high melting point and low decomposition temperature, such as HAS, allows to form micropore‐dominant porous structure with large specific surface area. The HAS‐activated carbon nanofibers have a micropore specific surface area as high as ≈809 m2 g−1, total pore volume of ≈0.42 cm3 g−1, and micropore content as high as ≈59%. The corresponding electrodes have a capacitance of 282 F g−1 at the current density of 1.0 A g−1 with excellent cycling durability. These novel understandings may be useful for the development of effective carbon nanofibers for high‐performance supercapacitor and other applications.
Visible‐Light‐Mediated Stereoselective 1,2‐Iodoalkylation of Alkynes
Authors: Liu Jie‐Jie , Lan Ling , Gao Yu‐Ting , Liu Qi , Cheng Liang , Wang Dong , Liu Li 
Published: January 2019

AbstractA visible‐light‐mediated and photocatalyst/initiator‐free addition to alkynes has been developed. An atom transfer radical addition (ATRA) mechanistic afforded a broad scope of valuable iodo‐substituted alkenyl derivatives with high E/Z‐selectivities, which are versatile intermediates for the synthesis of various tri‐ and tetra‐ substituted alkenes.magnified image
Sandwich‐structured starch‐grafted polyethylhexylacrylate/polyvinyl alcohol thin films
Authors: Prusty Kalyani , Sethy Pramod K. , Swain Sarat K. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe present study aimed to explore the designing of nanoclay‐decorated polyethylhexylacrylate/polyvinyl alcohol clay (S‐g‐PEHA/PVA@clay) thin films. The thickness of the S‐g‐PEHA/PVA@clay thin films mainly depends on the polymerization of ethylhexylacrylate and concentrations of PVA. The presence of clay nanoparticles in S‐g‐PEHA/PVA thin films was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy analyses. The field emission scanning electron microscopy images showed the presence of exfoliated nanoclay throughout the films. High‐resolution transmission electron microscopy was also performed to determine the degree of distribution and exfoliation of clay platelets. The surface and nano‐tribological characteristics of the thin films were investigated by atomic force microscopy. It was found that the exfoliation and intercalation of clay platelets in thin films depend on the concentration of Cloisite® 30B loading. The thermal conductivity, tensile strength, thermal properties, and refractive index were studied as a function of clay loading. It was noticed that tensile strength, thermal conductivity, thermal properties, and refractive index of the thin films were enhanced with the increase in Cloisite® 30B content due to the formation of an exfoliated and partially intercalated structure of the S‐g‐PEHA/PVA@clay. Chemical resistance and antibacterial and biodegradable properties of the thin films were also studied. The oxygen barrier property of the thin films was reduced fivefold due to the sandwich structure of clay platelets.
Fabrication of graphene oxide‐lead oxide epoxy based composite with enhanced chemical resistance, hydrophobicity and thermo‐mechanical properties
Authors: Abdollahifar Ali , Hashemi Seyyed Alireza , Mousavi Seyyed Mojtaba , Rahsepar Mansour , Amani Ali Mohammad 
Published: January 2019

AbstractIn this study, graphene oxide (GO) was synthesized using modified Hummer's method and thence GO's surface was decorated with Pb3O4 and active functional groups. Thereafter, composites containing GO‐Pb3O4 at diverse filler loadings were fabricated using vacuum shock technique. Successful synthesize of GO and GO‐Pb3O4 were confirmed using FTIR, EDAX, SEM, and PSA analyses, while developed composites subjected to chemical resistance and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis analyses to examine their resistance against chemical degradation and thermo‐mechanical performance, respectively. Achieved results showed that developed composites present fantastic resistance against solvents infiltration, chemical degradation, and crack propagation. Moreover, increase in the weight percentage of GO‐Pb3O4 to 10 wt% can lead to 0.9 kgf/mm2, 27.8°, and 53.23°C increase in the hardness, contact angle, and glass transition temperature compared with neat epoxy resin, respectively. This significant enhancement of developed composites is due to the strong interfacial connection and interaction between fillers and matrix.
Local transgene expression and whole‐body transgenesis to model brain diseases in nonhuman primate
Authors: Chansel‐Debordeaux Lucie , Bezard Erwan 
Published: January 2019

AbstractAnimal model is an essential tool in the life sciences research, notably in understanding the pathogenesis of the diseases and for further therapeutic intervention success. Rodents have been the most frequently used animals to model human disease since the establishment of gene manipulation technique. However, they remain inadequate to fully mimic the pathophysiology of human brain disease, partially due to huge differences between rodents and humans in terms of anatomy, brain function, and social behaviors. Nonhuman primates are more suitable in translational perspective. Thus, genetically modified animals have been generated to investigate neurologic and psychiatric disorders. The classical transgenesis technique is not efficient in that model; so, viral vector‐mediated transgene delivery and the new genome‐editing technologies have been promoted. In this review, we summarize some of the technical progress in the generation of an ad hoc animal model of brain diseases by gene delivery and real transgenic nonhuman primate.
A Single‐Atom Nanozyme for Wound Disinfection Applications
Authors: Xu Bolong , Wang Hui , Wang Weiwei , Gao Lizeng , Li Shanshan , Pan Xueting , Wang Hongyu , Yang Hailong , Meng Xiangqin , Wu Qiuwen , Zheng Lirong , Chen Shenming , Shi Xinghua , Fan Kelong , Yan Xiyun , Liu Huiyu 
Published: January 2019

AbstractSingle‐atom catalysts (SACs), as homogeneous catalysts, have been widely explored for chemical catalysis. However, few studies focus on the applications of SACs in enzymatic catalysis. Herein, we report that a zinc‐based zeolitic‐imidazolate‐framework (ZIF‐8)‐derived carbon nanomaterial containing atomically dispersed zinc atoms can serve as a highly efficient single‐atom peroxidase mimic. To reveal its structure–activity relationship, the structural evolution of the single‐atom nanozyme (SAzyme) was systematically investigated. Furthermore, the coordinatively unsaturated active zinc sites and catalytic mechanism of the SAzyme are disclosed using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The SAzyme, with high therapeutic effect and biosafety, shows great promises for wound antibacterial applications.
Auto‐Tandem Cooperative Catalysis Using Phosphine/Palladium: Reaction of Morita–Baylis–Hillman Carbonates and Allylic Alcohols
Authors: Chen Peng , Chen Zhi‐Chao , Li Yue , Ouyang Qin , Du Wei , Chen Ying‐Chun 
Published: January 2019

AbstractAuto‐tandem catalysis (ATC), in which a single catalyst promotes two or more mechanistically different reactions in a cascade pattern, provides a powerful strategy to prepare complex products from simple starting materials. Reported here is an unprecedented auto‐tandem cooperative catalysis (ATCC) for Morita–Baylis–Hillman carbonates from isatins and allylic carbonates using a simple Pd(PPh3)4 precursor. Dissociated phosphine generates phosphorus ylides and the Pd leads to π‐allylpalladium complexes, and they undergo a γ‐regioselective allylic–allylic alkylation reaction. Importantly, a cascade intramolecular Heck‐type coupling proceeds to finally furnish spirooxindoles incorporating a 4‐methylene‐2‐cyclopentene motif. Experimental results indicate that both Pd and phosphine play crucial roles in the catalytic Heck reaction. In addition, the asymmetric versions with either a chiral phosphine or chiral auxiliary are explored, and moderate results are obtained.
Calculation of Nitrogen‐to‐Protein Conversion Factors: A Review with a Focus on Soy Protein
Authors: Krul Elaine S. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractProtein content in foods and feeds is measured indirectly by nitrogen determination, requiring a nitrogen‐to‐protein conversion factor (NPCF). Historically, 6.25 was applied to all proteins based on two assumptions: (1) all proteins had a nitrogen content of 16% (100/16 = 6.25) and (2) all nitrogen was derived from protein. Amino acid analyses revealed that a conversion factor of 6.25 overestimated the protein content of most foods due to variations in amino acid profiles and nonprotein nitrogen. The lack of standardization of methods to determine food‐specific NPCF has resulted in continued use of 6.25 and inconsistent development of new factors. This review summarizes efforts made to derive NPCF for various foods. Soy protein has been the subject of considerable debate since publication of the “Jones factors” in 1931, which based the soy conversion factor of 5.71 on the nitrogen content of glycinin. Nonetheless, 6.25 is still used by the soy industry, analytic associations, and government regulatory bodies. Given the impact to the valuation of soy protein products and food relabeling costs, changes to soy alone appear discriminatory in the absence of standardized methods for developing NPCF for all proteins. Proposed solutions include (1) developing a consensus method to determine NPCF applicable to all foods, (2) applying standardized NPCF to measure protein in all foods and assessing the economic, nutritional, and regulatory consequences equitably, and (3) developing standardized direct methods to measure protein, such as amino acid analyses, in foods intended as single sources in vulnerable populations where more accurate measurement and reducing any risk of adulteration with nonprotein nitrogen are essential.