bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
AT-TAGHAYYUR AN-NUTQIY FI MUFRADAT A-L ARABIYAH AD-DAKHILAH FI AL-LUGHAH AL-INDUNISIAH
Authors: Lubis Torkis 
Published: May 2018

<p>One of language realities is that Indonesian is affected by Arabic. It is proven by many Arabic vocabulary items which are absorbed in Indonesian. However, after adopting the Arabic words into Indonesian, it has changed in Phonemics, Syntax, and Semantics. In Phonemics, the changing of Arabic to Indonesian can be seen in “ث” which becomes “s”; “ح” to “h”; “ذ” to “z”; “ص” to “s”; “ض” to “d”; “ط” to “t”; “ظ” to “z”; “ع” to “_’_”; “غ” to “g”; and “ق” to “k”. Besides, there are still many changes in the Phonemics that is the change of alphabetic sound which has <em>harakat</em> becomes non-<em>harakat</em> and vice versa. For example, the sound of “a” becomes “e”, the lost of space and long sound, <em>tasydid</em> becomes non-<em>tasydid</em>, the unsounded of “ء” in the end of the word, and many more.</p><p> </p><p>Salah satu realitas bahasa adalah bahwa Bahasa Indonesia terpengaruh dengan Bahasa Arab. Hal itu dapat dibuktikan dengan banyaknya kosa kata Arab yang diserap Bahasa Indonesia. Tapi kosa kata Arab tersebut setelah diadopsi Bahasa Indonesia mengalami berbagai perubahan di dalam sistem bunyi, sintaksis, dan semantik. Di dalam sistem bunyi kosa kata Bahasa Arab yang diadopsi Bahasa Indonesia mengalami perubahan, seperti bunyi “ث” menjadi bunyi “s”; bunyi “ح” menjadi “h”; bunyi “ذ” beralih ke bunyi “z”; bunyi “ص” menjadi “s”; bunyi “ض” menjadi “d”; bunyi “ط” beralih menjadi “t”; bunyi “ظ” beralih ke bunyi “z”; bunyi “ع” beralih ke bunyi “_’_”; bunyi “غ” menjadi “g”; dan bunyi “ق” menjadi “k”. Di samping itu, ada perubahan lain yang berkaitan dengan sistem bunyi, yaitu perubahan bunyi huruf yang berharakat menjadi tidak berharakat atau sebaliknya. Bunyi vokal “a” menjadi bunyi vokal “e”. Bunyi jeda lama menjadi biasa, bunyi tasydid beralih ke bunyi tanpa tasydid, dan tidak adanya bunyi “ء” yang ada di akhir kata dan lain sebagainya.</p>
PENDIDIKAN (AGAMA) PLURALIS: Upaya Menciptakan Kerukunan Bangsa
Authors: Walid Muhammad 
Published: May 2018

<p>Religious education has to give contribution to form pluralistic attitude that appreciates the truth of other religions. The claim of being the only true religion by various religious followers may result in horrific conflicts. It is dangerous when religion is used to justify sadistic act in many conflicts. Therefore, religious education is very important to develop religiosity and to improve religious tolerance. As a social process, education is a mean of transferring religious values and knowledge to the religious followers that, in turn, form their religious attitudes. Consequently, if religion is learned exclusively, the output will be exclusive. Conversely, if religion is learned openly or inclusively, the output will be open-minded, it means they can understand the others.</p><p> </p><p>Pendidikan agama harus memberi kontribusi untuk membentuk pribadi pluralis yang menghargai kebenaran ajaran agama lain. Klaim pengkikut yang menyatakan agama mereka sebagai ajaran yang paling benar akan berakibat pada konflik besar. Sangat berbahaya jika agama digunakan untuk membenarkan perlakuan sadis di banyak konflik. Karenanya, pendidikan agama dirasa penting untuk membangun religiusitas dan menambah toleransi agama. Sebagai proses sosial, pendidikan adalah alat transfer nilai-nilai agama dan pengetahuan kepada pengikutnya yang pada akhirnya membentuk perilaku religius mereka. Akibatnya, jika agama dipelajari secara eksklusif maka hasilnya pun eksklusif. Sebaliknya, jika dipelajari secara terbuka atau inklusif maka akan menghasilkan pribadi yang open-minded, itu berarti mereka dapat memahami ajaran lainnya.</p>
DIFICULDADES ENFRENTADAS NO COTIDIANO DE TRABALHO EM COOPERATIVAS DE TRIAGEM DE MATERIAL RECICLÁVEL
Authors: Silva Pamela Lais Cabral , Nazari Mateus Torres , Hernandes Juliana Carriconde , Corrêa Luciara Bilhalva , Corrêa Érico Kunde 
Published: May 2018

A disposição inadequada de resíduos e rejeitos pode acarretar na contaminação do ar, solo e água. Além disso, pode ocasionar a proliferação de vetores de doenças. A fim de gerenciar os resíduos sólidos urbanos (RSU) e minimizar os efeitos negativos provenientes da sua má disposição, em agosto de 2010, foi instituída a Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos (PNRS). Essa Lei também proporciona avanço social, ao propor que as cooperativas ou associações de catadores de material reciclável participem do gerenciamento dos resíduos sólidos, no qual o papel destas cooperativas é revalorizar os resíduos, de forma a obter renda. Apesar da PNRS vigorar desde 2010, há diversos obstáculos para que o cumprimento desta Lei seja efetivo. Para que a gestão de resíduos seja eficiente, é fundamental que haja capacidade de organização e cooperação entre todos os atores que participam do ciclo de vida do resíduo. Com base nos aspectos socioeconômicos dos catadores, na necessidade de fomentar a participação destes trabalhadores, no espaço democrático de aprendizagem e na informalidade, foi definida a roda de conversa como método de condução do trabalho, priorizando a participação dos cooperados, de modo a refletir e discutir a temática escolhida com as experiências desses trabalhadores. Através da quantificação das citações nas rodas de conversa, foi possível constatar que o recebimento de resíduos indevidos é o principal problema enfrentado pelos catadores. Diante disso, recomenda-se ao Poder Público, a elaboração de programas e campanhas eficientes de educação ambiental para a comunidade, tanto no âmbito formal, como no não formal, visando a mudança de atitude e comprometimento com o meio ambiente de todos os atores que atuam na gestão de resíduos sólidos.
A SUSTENTABILIDADE NA PRODUÇÃO DE BIOCOMBUSTÍVEIS DE AVIAÇÃO NO BRASIL
Authors: Garbin Rafael Borne , Henkes Jairo Afonso 
Published: May 2018

Este trabalho de pesquisa teve como objetivo geral analisar as diferentes matérias-primas e processos de refino para identificar alternativas sustentáveis para o desenvolvimento e produção de biocombustíveis para aviação no Brasil. Trata-se de uma pesquisa exploratória, com procedimentos bibliográficos e documentais, utilizando-se livros, artigos de jornais e revistas, publicações eletrônicas, leis e regulamentos. Foi feita uma abordagem qualitativa e quantitativa. A análise dos dados se deu por meio de resumos e fichamentos, avaliados de acordo com a sua relevância para o objetivo da pesquisa e atualidade do tema. Após análise dos dados da pesquisa, verificou-se que o Brasil possui as condições para ser um dos países líderes mundiais no desenvolvimento e produção de biocombustíveis sustentáveis para aviação. Como a indústria da aviação não se utilizará de apenas uma fonte energética, mas de várias e diferentes matérias-primas, diversos processos de refino poderão ser utilizados, dando-se preferência às culturas não alimentares, assim como aquelas produzidas de maneira sustentável. Recomenda-se a produção de matérias-primas que melhor se adaptem ao clima e solo de cada região, ou seja, diferentes matérias-primas deverão ser cultivadas em diferentes regiões climáticas do Brasil. As dificuldades que foram identificadas na logística do biocombustível de aviação, não são consideradas intransponíveis e poderão ser superadas com maiores investimentos em pesquisa e desenvolvimento.
The Need for New Microbiological Water Quality Criteria
Authors: El-Zanfaly Helmy T. 
Published: May 2018

The microbiological criteria for water quality have been directed towards protection of consumers from possible microbial pollution which may cause public health hazards. Therefore, the bacteriological standards for drinking water are based mainly on bacterial indicators. Another problem of prime concern to public health is the presence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in drinking water
Antibiotic–resistant bacteria were found among standard plate count populations of Chlorinated drinking water from two districts in Cairo. Most strains appeared to be ampicillin resistant (89%). Those were followed by sulfaguanidine (78%) and streptomycin (57%). The majority of the tested strains (62.4 to 98%) were multiple antibiotic resistant (MAR). Identification of 363 MAR strains revealed that Gram-positive rods were dominant, while Gram-negative fermentative rods, Gram-positive cocci and Gram-negative nonfermentative rods represent the second, third and fourth group.
A total of 101 strains isolated from underground water pumped from three water works in Cairo were classified and tested for their resistance towards four commonly used antibiotics; chloramphenicol, tetracycline, neomycin, penicillin and one chemotherapeutic agent namely sulfanilamide pyrimidine. Results showed that 77, 64 and 32 isolates have resistance towards penicillin, sulfanilamide pyrimidine and tetracycline, respectively. Only 18 and 8 isolates were resistant to chloramphenicol and neomycin, respectively. It was also found that 19 isolates belonging to 6 genera or groups were sensitive towards all of the tested compounds.
Therefore, any source of antibiotic~resistant bacteria must be viewed with concern and use of data on MAR bacteria should be made in future water quality deliberations and in regulating effluent quality discharges.
Preliminary Statistical Assessment of UK Water Quality Control Trials
Authors: Tillett H. E. , Lightfoot N. F. 
Published: May 2018

In the UK the Public Health Laboratory Service distributes simulated water samples with low or moderate counts of organisms, usually coliforms. Sometimes these include small numbers of E. coli. Statistical analysis can be used to assess the performance of laboratories. The reasoning behind the statistical methodology must be made clear to participants.
In any one trial the counts recorded by participating laboratories can be highly variable, but this may merely reflect the distribution of organisms between samples. Even with carefully prepared batches of water samples, where the aim is for random distribution of the organisms, there is no guarantee that randomness is achieved and greater variation may be observed. It would be unfair to criticise laboratories returning a result at the extreme ends of the range of counts without further evidence.
After a series of trials it is possible to assess whether there are any laboratories which are returning extreme low (or high) counts more often than would be expected by chance. As an example a non-parametric test (Cochran's Q) is used to demonstrate, from a series of ten trials, whether there were any laboratories giving poor results. With coliform organism counts an arbitrary definition of low or high counts is used.
It is important that the statistical assessment uses an approach which aims to detect poor performance when it is present but not when it is absent. The practice of automatically condemning a predetermined proportion (e.g. 5%) seems unfair, since all laboratories may be performing adequately or a large proportion may be inadequate.
The assessment demonstrated here is designed to cope with mixed methods - dilution series or direct counts.
Effect of Heat Shock on Recovery of Escherichia coli from Drinking Water
Authors: Berry C. , Lloyd B. J. , Colbourne J. S. 
Published: May 2018

Recent studies on the survival of bacteria in the aquatic environment have suggested that bacteria in water may enter a ‘viable non-culturable' phase in response to stress. Such bacteria are a cause of concern if pathogenic, because they cannot be detected using traditional culture methods. It has been found that mild heat shock causes viable non-culturable Legionella pneumophila to grow on laboratory media.
The survival and culturability of Escherichia coli in sterile drinking water was investigated. The isolates used were from the environment rather than clinical. As expected, the count by culture on nutrient agar declined with time while the microscopy count remained approximately constant. Under laboratory conditions the E. coli isolates survived up to three months or more. After three months a portion of each suspension was heat shocked at 35°C for 20 minutes and then assayed by culture and microscopy immediately. An average increase of three log cycles was noted in the count by culture. There was no corresponding increase in the count by microscopy.
Thus E. coli appears to exhibit viable non-culturable behaviour. Heat shock causes non-culturable bacteria to regain their ability to grow on artificial media. Such a finding may have several implications for the water industry and microbiology in general.
Determining Giardiasis Prevalence by Examination of Sewage
Authors: Jakubowski Walter , Sykora Jan L. , Sorber Charles A. , Casson Leonard W. , Gavaghan Patrick D. 
Published: May 2018

Raw sewage samples were collected monthly for one year from 11 wastewater treatment plants located across the United States. Giardia cyst concentrations in the raw sewage were determined by direct count using criteria of size, shape and the presence of two or more internal morphological characteristics for identification. The data were adjusted based on percentage of industrial wastewater reported processed by each plant.
Although differences in the adjusted annual geometric mean cyst concentrations were noted among the sites (the highest was 3750 cysts/L and the lowest was 683 cysts/L), there was no correlation of cyst concentration with geographical location as determined by either latitude or longitude. However, when the three southernmost sites were grouped and compared against the group of all remaining sites, there was a significant difference in the annual geometric mean cyst concentration with the southernmost sites being higher. There was no significant association of geometric mean cyst concentration with size of the wastewater treatment plant as represented by mean daily flow.
Attempts were made to obtain and correlate giardiasis cases with the monthly cyst levels at each of the sites. Due to reporting problems, low number of cases or unavailability of data, case information was deemed usable for only four of the 11 sites. A significant positive correlation with cases in the community was found at one site. Lack of correlation at other sites was believed to be due to deficiencies in case reporting. The results suggest that sewage examination may be useful for surveillance of Giardia infections in the community.
Clostridium Perfringens, as an Indicator Microorganism for the Evaluation of the Effect of Wastewater and Sludge Treatment Systems
Authors: Hirata T. , Kawamura K. , Sonoki S. , Hirata K. , Kaneko M. , Taguchi K. 
Published: May 2018

In order to evaluate the effectiveness and significance of Clostridiumperfringens as an indicator microorganism for fecal pollution, a series of field investigations were performed on the incidence of several indicator microorganisms as well as C.perfringens. Water samples were collected from several stages of wastewater and sludge treatment processes and natural environmental water bodies, such as rivers and lakes. Beside these field surveys, laboratory experiments were also performed to assess the chlorine resistance of these micrporganisms. Results obtained are as follows:The contact time required for 99% inactivation of C. perfringens with 0.1 mg/L free chlorine at pH 7 was 5 minutes for pure cultured cells. Chlorine resistance of C. perfringens indigenous in sewage was 3 to 5 times higher than that of pure cultured one.A proportional relationship was found between the density of C. perfringens and that of heterotrophic bacteria in environmental waters.C.perfringens was least reduced in almost all unit processes, compared with the other indicator microorganisms studied.
These results suggest that C.perfringens is an attractive indicator microorganism which is useful for the assessment of microbial removal in wastewater and sludge treatment, and for the evaluation of the quality of treated wastewater which is discharged to the rivers and/or reused for industrial purposes.
Use of a new anaerobic-aerobic sequencing batch reactor system to enhance biological phosphorus removal
Authors: Danesh Shahnaz , Oleszkiewicz Jan A. 
Published: May 2018

A two-stage anaerobic-aerobic sequencing batch reactor (SBR) system (PAF-SBR) was developed to enhance biological phosphorus removal in the sequencing batch reactors. The system performance was evaluated against a conventional SBR system in parallel lab-scale reactors at room temperature, using the degritted raw wastewater as the feed. The SRT for the anaerobic SBR which is named PAF (Primary Acid Fermenter) was 12 days, and for both the BNR reactors was 10 days. All reactors were run at 3 cycles per day.
A significant difference (P=0.01) was observed between the performances of the two systems. The Ortho-P concentration in the effluent from the PAF-SBR was mostly below 0.5 mg/L while in the conventional SBR was generally above 1.5 mg/L. Lack of availability of carbon (mean VFA/PSol.=1.1) and long anoxic/anaerobic period were the major causes of inefficient removal of phosphorus in the conventional SBR system. The use of anaerobic stage however increased the mean VFA/PSol. to 11.3 which enhanced Bio-P removal in the PAF-SBR system. Prefermentation also improved the sludge consistency and settleability in the following SBR unit.
The results indicated that by using the perfermentation step, the anoxic/anaerobic period in the BNR-SBR could be controlled and reduced to less than 50 minutes, which would reduce the total cycle time from 8 hr to 6 hr.
Water from (waste)water – the dependable water resource (The 2001 Stockholm Water Prize Laureate Lecture)
Authors: Asano Takashi 
Published: May 2018

Water reclamation and reuse provides a unique and viable opportunity to augment traditional water supplies. As a multi-disciplined and important element of water resources development and management, water reuse can help to close the loop between water supply and wastewater disposal. Effective water reuse requires integration of water and reclaimed water supply functions. The successful development of this dependable water resource depends upon close examination and synthesis of elements from infrastructure and facilities planning, wastewater treatment plant siting, treatment process reliability, economic and financial analyses, and water utility management.
In this paper, fundamental concepts of water reuse are discussed including definitions, historical developments, the role of water recycling in the hydrologic cycle, categories of water reuse, water quality criteria and regulatory requirements, and technological innovations for the safe use of reclaimed water. The paper emphasizes the integration of this alternative water supply into water resources planning, and the emergence of modern water reclamation and reuse practices from wastewater to reclaimed water to repurified water.
Analisis Efisiensi Ekonomi Penggunaan Faktor Produksi Usahatani Padi Sawah Organik di Desa Pasar Terusan Kecamatan Muara Bulian Kabupaten Batanghari
Authors: Febrina Viona , Nurachaini Dewi Sri , Saputra Ardhyan 
Published: May 2018

Penlitian ini dilaksanakan bertujuan untuk (1) Mengetahui gambaran kegiatan usahatani padi sawah organik di daerah penelitian (2) Mengetahui pengaruh faktor-faktor produksi usahatani padi sawah organik terhadap produksinya (3) Mengetahui tingkat efisiensi ekonomi penggunaan faktor produksi pada produksi padi sawah organik. Ukuran Sampel yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 45 petani, penarikan sampel dilakukan dengan metode acak sederhana. Alat analisis yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah analisis regresi berganda dengan pendekatan fungsi produksi Cobb Douglass.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa secara parsial pengaruh faktor-faktor produksi padi sawah organik yang berpengaruh nyata terhadap produksi padi sawah organik adalah luas lahan, benih, pupuk organik, dan tenaga kerja sedangkan obat-obatan tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap produksi padi sawah organik. Tingkat Efisiensi ekonomi penggunaan faktor produksi yang memiliki indeks efisiensi ekonomi > 1 adalah luas lahan, benih, artinya faktor produksi tersebut perlu ditambah penggunaanya untuk menambah hasil produksi padi sawah organik, dan faktor produksi benih mencapai efisiensi ekonomi tertinggi sedangkan indeks efisiensi ekonomi < 1 yaitu tenaga kerja yang artinya faktor produksi tersebut perlu dikurangi penggunaanya untuk mendapatkan produksi yang optimal.
Kata Kunci: Efisiensi, Faktor Produksi, Fungsi Produksi, Padi Organik.
STUDI AGRIBISNIS KAKAO DALAM MENINGKATKAN PENDAPATAN USAHATANI KAKAO DI KECAMATAN KUMPEH KABUPATEN MUARO JAMBI
Authors: Mukminin Ummil , Murdy Saad , Kernalis Emy 
Published: May 2018

Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mendeskripsikan sistem agribisnis kakao usahatani dan menganalisis seberapa besar nilai pendapatan usahatani kakao yang dilakukan oleh petani di Kecamatan Kumpeh. Metode penarikan sampel menggunakan metode Random Sampling dengan jumlah sampel 56 responden. Analisis data menggunakan deskriptif kualitatif dan deskriptif kuantitatif. Hasil pembahasan dari kegiatan kurangnya keterkaitan antara subsistem hulu dan usahatani dalam hal bantuan pupuk dari pemerintah. Dalam pengadaan pupuk dan obat-obatan petani harus mengantri pembelian di kios desa karena stock pupuk terbatas. Keterkaitan antara subsistem usahatani dengan subsistem hilir dengan baik dari segi harga, kuantitas, kualitas dan waktu pemasaran. Keterkaitan antara subsistem agribisnis hulu, usahatani, dan subsistem hilir dengan sarana dan prasarana fisik (jalan, alat angkut dan komunikasi). Pada komunikasi baik dari segi kuantitas dan kualitas masih kurang tepat tidak dilakukannya proses fermentasi. Sedangakan subsitem penunjang tidak adanya perhatian dari pemerintah yang menaungi sehingga petani berjalan dengan sendirinya. Kemudian produksi kakao rata-rata sebesar 1,527 kg dan 977 kg per hektar dengan penerimaaan petani sebesar Rp. Rp. 21,723,345 per hektar sedangkan pendapatan yang diterima sebesar Rp. . 18,549,432
Kata Kunci : Tanaman Kakao, Agribisnis, Pendapatan Usahatani
Modal Sosial dan Hubungannya dengan Kesejahteraan Petani Plasma PT. Kresna Duta Agroindo di Desa Tanah Abang Kecamatan Pamenang Kabupaten Merangin Provinsi Jambi
Authors: Nurjayanti Nurjayanti , Rosyani Rosyani , Farida Aulia 
Published: May 2018

Modal sosial merupakan bentuk jaringan kerja sosial dan ekonomi di masyarakat yang terjadi antara individu baik formal maupun informal yang bermanfaat dan menguntungkan. Konsep modal sosial yang terdiri dari kepercayaan, norma, jaringan. Modal sosial digunakan masyarakat dalam bermitra pada perusahaan.Selain itu Modal sosial dapat meningkatkan kesejahteraan.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat kesejahteraan petani plasma dan hubungan modal sosial dengan kesejahteraan masyarakat petani plasma di Desa Tanah Abang Kecamatan Pamenang Kabupaten Merangin.Pemilihan lokasi dilakukan secara purposive dilatar belakangi karena Desa Tanah Abang mayoritas Petani Plasma dan dekat dengan perusahaan kelapa sawit.Jenis data dalam penelitian ini meliputi data primer dan data skunder.Data di analisis secara deskriptif melalui Tabel distribusi frekuensi.Uji analisis yang digunakan adalah uji dengan motode Chi-Square (X2). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan : 1) penerapan modal sosial yang terdiri dari kepercayaan dengan kategori tinggi 52,38 persen, norma dengan kategori 53,57 persen, dan jaringan dengan kategori 54,76 persen. 2) kesejahteraandilihat dari dua pendekatan yaitu kesejahteraan ekonomi objektif kategori tinggi 55,95 persen, kesejahteraan ekonomi subjektif (kepuasan pemenuhan kebutuhan pangan kategori tinggi 55,95 persen, non-pangan kategori tinggi 57,14 persen dan investasi kategori sebesar 55,95 persen). 3) hubungan modal sosial dengan kesejahteraan masyarakat petani plasma tergolong kuat.

Kata kunci :Modal Sosial, Kesejahteraan Ekonomi Objektif, Kesejahteraan Ekonomi Subjektif