bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ethoxylated Amine Friction Modifiers and ZDDP
Authors: Dawczyk Joanna , Russo Joe , Spikes Hugh 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe influence of a series of Ethomeens (ethoxylated alkylamine organic friction modifiers) on the durability and friction of tribofilms formed by a commercial blend of primary and secondary ZDDP in sliding/rolling contact has been studied. When pre-formed ZDDP tribofilms are rubbed in Ethomeen solution, boundary friction is reduced and some of the ZDDP film is removed. Ethomeens having just two ethoxy groups give lower boundary friction on ZDDP than those with 15 ethoxy groups, but result in much greater removal of the tribofilm itself. Based on XANES analysis, the film removed by both types of Ethomeen consists primarily of nanocrystalline orthophosphate. The level of boundary friction and its dependence on sliding speed, coupled with the dimensions of the molecules, suggests that the Ethomeens with two ethoxy groups may form quite closely packed vertical monolayers on ZDDP tribofilm surfaces, but that those with fifteen ethoxy groups cannot be close packed; yet they still reduce boundary friction significantly. The study shows that selection of an appropriate aminic friction modifier for use with ZDDP is a balance between its ability to reduce friction and its potentially harmful effect on a ZDDP tribofilm.
Colorectal cancer screening and prevention—pros and cons
Authors: Niederreiter Markus , Niederreiter Lukas , Schmiderer Andreas , Tilg Herbert , Djanani Angela 
Published: September 2019

Summary
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most frequent cancer entities worldwide and a leading cause of death. The disease is known to develop from potentially curable, premalignant lesions over several years and therefore is suitable for screening procedures and preventive measures. Several trials have demonstrated reduced incidence and mortality in screening cohorts. A multitude of different screening strategies for CRC have been implemented in different parts of the world. While randomized controlled studies directly comparing screening procedures are still ongoing, colonoscopy remains the gold standard for screening and the only procedure that allows to effectively prevent CRC by treating premalignant lesions. However, population-wide participation rates vary greatly but often only reach approximately 25%. Noninvasive screening strategies are indispensable to increase acceptance rates and for resource-limited regions with limited capacity for colonoscopy. Importantly, while incidence of CRC increases with age, lately we have seen a raise in incidence for CRC in the population below 50 years of age, potentially requiring to include younger adults (e.g., 45 years of age) into established screening programs. It remains important to continue to gather data and evidence regarding effectiveness of various screening strategies, preferably in randomized controlled trials. This short review will outline currently established screening procedures and will discuss the pros and cons for each individual approach.
Biomass Ashes for Acid Mine Drainage Remediation
Authors: Bogush Anna A. , Dabu Cosmina , Tikhova Vera D. , Kim Jong Kyu , Campos Luiza C. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Acid mine drainage (AMD) is the largest environmental problem facing the world mining and processing industry because it has low pH and can contain high concentrations of potential pollutants. Biomass ash (BA) can be considered as a potential material for AMD treatment. The main goal of this work was to investigate potential use of Biomass ash of CPK-LA and PK-LA types for AMD remediation. Four UK BAs from different fuels (i.e. straw, meat and bone meal, poultry litter), synthetic AMD, and raw AMDs (Belovo and Ursk) were used for the AMD treatment experiments. Batch experiments showed that in 1 h the biomass ash from straw combustion can effectively neutralise the synthetic AMD and the Belovo AMD with removal of potential pollutants at the liquid-to-solid ratio (L/S) of 100–250 and 10–50, respectively. The biomass ashes from straw and poultry litter combustion can effectively remove pollutants from the Ursk AMD at L/S 100 and adjust pH. The metal concentrations of those treated AMDs met receiving water quality standards. Potential pollutants precipitated as carbonate/hydroxide/sulphate, co-precipitated with Fe oxyhydroxides and Ca phosphates, and appeared as new phases such as Ca, Cu, Zn phosphates and Ca, Fe phosphates. This investigation is essential for development of appropriate, environmentally friendly and economically rational waste management.

Graphic Abstract
Experimental study of the hydraulic jump on reverse bed with porous screens
Authors: Abbaspour A. , Taghavianpour T. , Arvanaghi H. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Nowadays, the porous screens have been used extensively in open channels to prevent erosion in ditches as the water in supercritical state flows past the screen which forces the formation of a hydraulic jump upstream of the screen and produces significant energy loss. In this investigation, the operation of screens has been studied for supercritical flow and the Froude number in the range of 4.5 to 10.6 on two reverse slopes experimentally. In this study, the parameters included arrangements of screens in both the single and double types, and the angle and distance of screens from the hydraulic jump toe. The screens were studied with a porosity of about 50% with square holes. The study results showed that using of screens on the reverse slope of − 0.025 dissipates more energy compared to reverse slope of − 0.015. The screens with double arrangement have better performance and dissipate more energy than the screens with single arrangement, while the distance of screens from the toe of the hydraulic jump does not have a significant effect on the energy dissipation.
The Cr impurity effect on the optical properties of the Ti2N graphene-like materials: a DFT study
Authors: Khodarahmi Mohammad Reza , Boochani Arash , Khosravi Heidar 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The electronic and optical behaviors of the Ti2N graphene-like (GL) materials under the Cr impurity have been investigated based on DFT framework. The band structure and density of state (DOS) diagrams indicated that Ti2N:Cr GL has the magnetic metallic behavior about 3.2μB. The density levels around the Fermi level in the band structure and the continuous DOS of under-Fermi to upper refer to the metallic nature of this compound. Adding Cr impurity has increased the metallic behavior so that the real and imaginary parts of dielectric functions have the red shift and their static values shifted to an infinite amount. Also, other optical parameters such as refraction, extinction and Eloss have been studied from the dielectric functions.
A Remark on the Continuous Subsolution Problem for the Complex Monge-Ampère Equation
Authors: Kołodziej Sławomir , Nguyen Ngoc Cuong 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
We prove that if the modulus of continuity of a plurisubharmonic subsolution satisfies a Dini-type condition then the Dirichlet problem for the complex Monge-Ampère equation has the continuous solution. The modulus of continuity of the solution also given if the right hand side is locally dominated by capacity.
Advances in the Molecular and Cellular Biology of Strongyloides spp.
Authors: Jaleta Tegegn G. , Lok James B. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractPurpose of ReviewThis paper constitutes an update of recent studies on the general biology, molecular genetics, and cellular biology ofStrongyloidesspp. and related parasitic nematodes.Recent FindingsIncreasingly, human strongyloidiasis is considered the most neglected of neglected tropical diseases. Despite this, the last 5 years has seen remarkable advances in the molecular biology ofStrongyloidesspp. Genome sequences forS. stercoralis,S. ratti,S. venezuelensis,S. papillosus, and the related parasiteParastrongyloides trichosuriwere created, annotated, and analyzed. These genomic resources, along with a practical transgenesis platform forStrongyloidesspp., aided a major achievement, the advent of targeted mutagenesis via CRISPR/Cas9 inS. stercoralisandS. ratti. The genome sequences have also enabled significant molecular epidemiologic and phylogenetic findings on human strongyloidiasis, including the first genetic evidence of zoonotic transmission ofS. stercoralisbetween dogs and humans. Studies of molecular signaling pathways identified the nuclear receptorSs-DAF-12 as one that can be manipulated in the parasite by exogenous application of its steroid ligands. The chemotherapeutic implications of this were unscored by a study in which aSs-DAF-12 ligand suppressed autoinfection byS. stercoralisin a new murine model of human strongyloidiasis.SummarySeminal advances in genomics ofStrongyloidesspp. have transformed research into strongyloidiasis, facilitating fundamental phylogenetic and epidemiologic studies and aiding the deployment of CRISPR/Cas9 gene disruption and editing as functional genomic tools inStrongyloidesspp. Studies ofSs-DAF-12 signaling inS. stercoralisdemonstrated the potential of this pathway as a novel chemotherapeutic target in parasitic nematodes.
The courts’ development of the criminal law and the role of declarations
Authors: Horder Jeremy 
Published: September 2019

AbstractI consider the ways in which the courts use a variety of existing powers to determine the scope of criminal offences, on a prospective basis, through declarations as to the limits or extent of the law. I argue that the courts should be emboldened to build on these powers through greater openness to the circumstances in which declarations may be issued. In particular, courts should be more open to actions for declarations as to the scope of criminal offences brought by a broader range of third parties, such as third sector organisations devoted to exposing wrongdoing.
Intra-cabinet politics and fiscal governance in times of austerity
Authors: Herzog Alexander , Jankin Mikhaylov Slava 
Published: September 2019

AbstractIn the context of recent economic and financial crisis in Europe, questions about the power of the core executive to control fiscal outcomes are more important than ever. Why are some governments more effective in controlling spending while others fall prey to excessive overspending by individual cabinet ministers? We approach this question by lifting the veil of collective cabinet responsibility and focusing on intra-cabinet decision-making around budgetary allocation. Using the contributions of individual cabinet members during budget debates in Ireland, we estimate their positions on a latent dimension that represents their relative levels of support or opposition to the cabinet leadership. We find some evidence that ministers who are close to the finance minister receive a larger budget share, but under worsening macro-economic conditions closeness to the prime minister is a better predictor for budget allocations. Our results highlight potential fragility of the fiscal authority delegation mechanism in adverse economic environment.
Larval spirurids in a supralittoral amphipod in the north-east of Russia and the identification of the intermediate host of Antechiniella septentrionalis (Spirurida: Acuariidae), parasitic in a tundra vole
Authors: Ivanova E.S. , Dokuchaev N.E. , Spiridonov S.E. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The supralittoral amphipod Traskorchestia ditmari (Derzhavin, 1923) was identified as the intermediate host for Antechiniella septentrionalis Ivanova, Dokuchaev & Spiridonov, 2019, a parasite of the tundra vole Microtus oeconomus and Skrjabinocerca sp. (both Spirurida: Acuariidae) in Magadan Oblast in north-eastern Russia. Joint infection by both larval spirurids was not observed. The infective stage of A. septentrionalis was the encysted larvae, while larvae of Skrjabinocerca sp. were free in the amphipod's coelom. The identity of A. septentrionalis was confirmed using cox1 mtDNA gene analysis, performed on adult stages from a tundra vole and on larvae from amphipods. Possible transmission routes of A. septentrionalis are discussed.
Rethinking Augustine's misunderstanding of the Stoic therapy of passions: a critical survey of metriopatheia and apatheia
Authors: Yuan Gao 
Published: September 2019

AbstractAugustine's identification of the Stoic therapy of passions (apatheia) as moderation (metriopatheia) has long been a focus of controversy. This article examines the theoretical foundation for Augustine's comments on the relationship between apatheia and metriopatheia in the Stoic and the Peripatetic contexts, with particular focus on whether Augustine misrepresents his predecessors’ doctrines. Based upon a critical examination of recent research and a systematic analysis of Augustine's position in various phases of his writing, this article argues for a dynamic scheme of the psychotherapy of passions in Augustine's late thought, in which he deliberately deviates from philosophical traditions by adopting new criteria to re-evaluate the quality of emotions from the perspective of theological anthropology. This dynamic theological vantage point contributes to Augustine's insight into passions as well as his new use of the philosophical terms in refuting the Stoic pride.
Critical perspectives on environmental protection in non-international armed conflict: Developing the principles of distinction, proportionality and necessity
Authors: Smith Tara 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThis article presents a timely and relevant critical examination of the customary international law principles of distinction and proportionality, and the doctrine of military necessity and the extent to which they can be better interpreted to protect the environment during the conduct of hostilities in non-international armed conflict. In so doing, this article contributes new perspectives to the ongoing debate on how environmental protection ought to be enhanced during non-international armed conflict. The article also suggests ways in which the International Law Commission (ILC) might approach the development of draft principles based on these customary principles as part of their current programme of work.
Animating Antiquity in the Vision animée
Authors: Fuchs Sarah 
Published: September 2019

AbstractIn 1900, the soprano Jeanne Hatto recorded a scene from Gluck's 1779 opera Iphigénie en Tauride for the Phono-Cinéma-Théâtre, an exhibit at the Paris Exposition Universelle that screened silent films manually synchronised with cylinder recordings. Recently restored and digitised by the Cinémathèque Française and the Gaumont Pathé Archives, Hatto's film affords us a glimpse into the revitalising force ascribed to female performers around the turn of the century: the ability to bring ancient statues – and antiquity itself – to life through physical movement. Through their embodiment of ancient Greek figures on stage and in visions animées, prima donnas laid claim to a form of corporeal authority that had all but disappeared from the French stage over the preceding century.
The Triage of Older Adults with Physiologic Markers of Serious Injury Using a State-Wide Prehospital Plan
Authors: Meyers Matthew H. , Wei Trent L. , Cyr Julianne M. , Hunold Thomas M. , Shofer Frances S. , Cowden Christopher S. , Moss Chailee F. , Jensen Christopher E. , Platts-Mills Timothy F. , Brice Jane H. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractIntroduction:In January of 2010, North Carolina (NC) USA implemented state-wide Trauma Triage Destination Plans (TTDPs) to provide standardized guidelines for Emergency Medical Services (EMS) decision making. No study exists to evaluate whether triage behavior has changed for geriatric trauma patients.Hypothesis/Problem:The impact of the NC TTDPs was investigated on EMS triage of geriatric trauma patients meeting physiologic criteria of serious injury, primarily based on whether these patients were transported to a trauma center.Methods:This is a retrospective cohort study of geriatric trauma patients transported by EMS from March 1, 2009 through September 30, 2009 (pre-TTDP) and March 1, 2010 through September 30, 2010 (post-TTDP) meeting the following inclusion criteria: (1) age 50 years or older; (2) transported to a hospital by NC EMS; (3) experienced an injury; and (4) meeting one or more of the NC TTDP’s physiologic criteria for trauma (n = 5,345). Data were obtained from the Prehospital Medical Information System (PreMIS). Data collected included proportions of patients transported to a trauma center categorized by specific physiologic criteria, age category, and distance from a trauma center.Results:The proportion of patients transported to a trauma center pre-TTDP (24.4% [95% CI 22.7%-26.1%]; n = 604) was similar to the proportion post-TTDP (24.4% [95% CI 22.9%-26.0%]; n = 700). For patients meeting specific physiologic triage criteria, the proportions of patients transported to a trauma center were also similar pre- and post-TTDP: systolic blood pressure &lt;90 mmHg (22.5% versus 23.5%); respiratory rate &lt;10 or &gt;29 (23.2% versus 22.6%); and Glascow Coma Scale (GCS) score &lt;13 (26.0% versus 26.4%). Patients aged 80 years or older were less likely to be transported to a trauma center than younger patients in both the pre- and post-TTDP periods.Conclusions:State-wide implementation of a TTDP had no discernible effect on the proportion of patients 50 years and older transported to a trauma center. Under-triage remained common and became increasingly prevalent among the oldest adults. Research to understand the uptake of guidelines and protocols into EMS practice is critical to improving care for older adults in the prehospital environment.
Word sense disambiguation using implicit information
Authors: Jain Goonjan , Lobiyal D.K. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractHumans proficiently interpret the true sense of an ambiguous word by establishing association among words in a sentence. The complete sense of text is also based on implicit information, which is not explicitly mentioned. The absence of this implicit information is a significant problem for a computer program that attempts to determine the correct sense of ambiguous words. In this paper, we propose a novel method to uncover the implicit information that links the words of a sentence. We reveal this implicit information using a graph, which is then used to disambiguate the ambiguous word. The experiments show that the proposed algorithm interprets the correct sense for both homonyms and polysemous words. Our proposed algorithm has performed better than the approaches presented in the SemEval-2013 task for word sense disambiguation and has shown an accuracy of 79.6 percent, which is 2.5 percent better than the best unsupervised approach in SemEval-2007.
Dignity and the Foundation of Human Rights: Toward an Averroist Genealogy
Authors: Vatter Miguel 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe aim of this article is to give a new reconstruction of the conception of human dignity as a pre-associative yet legal status. Such a legal conception of human dignity carries a universal legal obligation to respect the “innate” right to independence and enables us to move beyond the impasse between moral and political views of human rights. The argument has a normative and a genealogical component. The normative component shows why a legal conception of human rights is grounded on the Kantian idea of an innate legal right to independence, as well as showing that Kant adopted a legal status concept of human dignity. The genealogical component shows that the conception of human dignity as legal status undergoes a transvaluation from its ancient aristocratic to its modern democratic meaning in Dante's political thought, which is itself rooted in the western reception of Arabic philosophy, in particular political Averroism. By contrast to the Christian elaboration of dignity, the Averroist genealogy of dignity better describes the modern pursuit of an ideal of worldly happiness essentially linked with the collective attainment of public happiness through the unrestricted public use of reason facilitated by republican constitutions crowned by human rights.
Two Germanys? Investigating the Religious and Social Base of the 1930 Nazi Electorate
Authors: Frøland Hans Otto , Jakobsen Tor Georg , Osa Peder Berrefjord 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACTBy applying data from the 1930 Reichstag election we test whether the German National Socialist Worker’s Party (NSDAP) was a workers, bourgeois, or a catch-all party. We argue that the degree to which the different groups in society voted NSDAP is dependent on the proportion of Protestants and Catholics in their respective Kreis. We build on two important works on the Nazi electorate, Jürgen Falter’s Hitlers Wähler (1991) and King et al. (2008). We specifically make one important change to Falter and King et al.’s models whereby we include new social groups in our study of the interaction between religious affiliation and social groups as an explanation of the Nazi vote. Similar arguments have been made by other historians, yet this has not been tested on data for the whole of Germany until Falter’s work in 1991. We find significant explanatory power in the interaction between religion and social groups on the propensity to vote for the Nazi party.
Spectral Analysis of Accelerated Electron Populations at Mars
Authors: Akbari Hassanali , Andersson Laila , Fowler Christopher , Mitchell David 
Published: September 2019

AbstractAccelerated electron populations observed in the nightside ionosphere of Mars are investigated by utilizing measurements obtained by the Solar Wind Electron Analyzer aboard the MAVEN spacecraft. The measurements are of particular interest as they extend to altitudes as low as 130 km, allowing us to investigate the degree to which the accelerated populations precipitate into the Martian upper atmosphere and cause ionization. The spectral features of the accelerated electron populations suggest that a large fraction of these electron populations originate from a cold plasma with electron temperature as low as 1 eV. The peak energy of the accelerated electrons is generally found in the range of tens to hundreds of electron volts. Electrons in this energy range have been previously suggested as the cause of the discrete aurora emissions observed on Mars. Finally, we find that even though the detection rate of the accelerated electrons is small (<1%), they account for ∼10% of the total energy that is deposited into the nightside ionosphere by electron precipitation.