bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bond behavior of self compacting concrete
Authors: Ponmalar S. 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
The success of an optimum design lies in the effective load transfer done by the bond forces at the steel-concrete interface. Self Compacting Concrete, is a new innovative concrete capable of filling intrinsic reinforcement and gets compacted by itself, without the need of external mechanical vibration. For this reason, it is replacing the conventional vibrated concrete in the construction industry. The present paper outlays the materials and methods adopted for attaining the self compacting concrete and describes about the bond behavior of this concrete. The bond stress-slip curve is similar in the bottom bars for both SCC and normal concrete whereas a higher bond stress and stiffness is experienced in the top and middle bars, for SCC compared to normal concrete. Also the interfacial properties revealed that the elastic modulus and micro-strength of interfacial transition zone [ITZ] were better on the both top and bottom side of horizontal steel bar in the SCC mixes than in normal vibrated concrete. The local bond strength of top bars for SCC is about 20% less than that for NC. For the bottom bars, however, the results were almost the same.
Comparison of calculation and simulation of evacuation in real buildings
Authors: Szénay Martin , Lopušniak Martin 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Each building must meet requirements for safe evacuation in order to prevent casualties. Therefore methods for evaluation of evacuation are used when designing buildings. In the paper, calculation methods were tested on three real buildings. The testing used methods of evacuation time calculation pursuant to Slovak standards and evacuation time calculation using the buildingExodus simulation software. If calculation methods have been suitably selected taking into account the nature of evacuation and at the same time if correct values of parameters were entered, we will be able to obtain almost identical times of evacuation in comparison with real results obtained from simulation. The difference can range from 1% to 27%.
A practical approach to tramway track condition monitoring: vertical track defects detection and identification using time-frequency processing technique
Authors: Bocz Péter , Vinkó Ákos , Posgay Zoltán 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
This paper presents an automatic method for detecting vertical track irregularities on tramway operation using acceleration measurements on trams. For monitoring of tramway tracks, an unconventional measurement setup is developed, which records the data of 3-axes wireless accelerometers mounted on wheel discs. Accelerations are processed to obtain the vertical track irregularities to determine whether the track needs to be repaired. The automatic detection algorithm is based on time–frequency distribution analysis and determines the defect locations. Admissible limits (thresholds) are given for detecting moderate and severe defects using statistical analysis. The method was validated on frequented tram lines in Budapest and accurately detected severe defects with a hit rate of 100%, with no false alarms. The methodology is also sensitive to moderate and small rail surface defects at the low operational speed.
Examples of Lie and Balinsky-Novikov algebras related to Hamiltonian operators
Authors: Artemovych Orest D. , Prykarpatski Anatolij K. , Blackmore Denis L. 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
We study algebraic properties of Poisson brackets on non-associative non-commutative algebras, compatible with their multiplicative structure. Special attention is paid to the Poisson brackets of the Lie-Poisson type, related with the special Lie-structures on the differential-topological torus and brane algebras, generalizing those studied before by Novikov-Balinsky and Gelfand-Dorfman. Illustrative examples of Lie and Balinsky-Novikov algebras are discussed in detail. The non-associative structures (induced by derivation and endomorphism) of commutative algebras related to Lie and Balinsky-Novikov algebras are described in depth.
The American Dream meets the Chinese Dream: a corpus-driven phraseological analysis of news texts
Authors: Hou Zhide 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
This study is a corpus-driven examination of frequent lexical words and keywords in the news texts related to the American Dream and the Chinese Dream. Based on Sinclair’s (Sinclair, John McHardy. 2004. Trust the Text. Routledge: London) five categories of co-selection as framework, it discusses the patterns of co-selection across the corpora of news texts, with a particular focus on the cumulative effects of the co-construction of situated meanings and establishment of ideological positions associated with the two dreams. The corpus linguistic tool Wordsmith is used to generate frequent words and keywords for detailed concordance analysis along both syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations in order to indicate collocation, colligation, semantic preference, and semantic prosody. The findings demonstrate the individualistic home, work and education associations of the American Dream versus the collectivistic attributions of the Chinese Dream of national rejuvenation. The study not only confirms different cultural practices, but also reveals different social-historical conditions, and political influences associated with media representations of the American Dream and the Chinese Dream.
Mensch / Mikrochip
Authors: Homberg Michael 
Published: April 2018

Vorspann
Digitalisierung und Globalisierung haben die Welt in den letzten 50 Jahren ebenso rasant wie tiefgreifend verändert. Beschleunigte Austauschbeziehungen, für die vor allem Errungenschaften der Mikroelektronik Pate stehen, prägen den Alltag und sind aus unserem Leben kaum noch wegzudenken. Die historische Forschung fängt gerade erst an, dieses faszinierende Themenfeld zu vermessen und wissenschaftlich zu erschließen. Michael Homberg verbindet die Geschichte der Computerindustrie mit der Geschichte der Migration und der Geschichte der Arbeit an der Wende vom 20. zum 21. Jahrhundert. Mit seinen Fragen, Perspektiven und Thesen liefert er wichtige Bausteine für eine transnationale Vorgeschichte unserer Gegenwart.
Voltage-Gated K+Channel β Subunits: Expression and Distribution of Kvβ1 and Kvβ2 in Adult Rat Brain
Authors: Rhodes Kenneth J. , Monaghan Michael M. , Barrezueta Nestor X. , Nawoschik Stanley , Bekele-Arcuri Zewditu , Matos Maria F. , Nakahira Kensuke , Schechter Lee E. , Trimmer James S. 
Published: April 2018

Recent cloning of K+channel β subunits revealed that these cytoplasmic polypeptides can dramatically alter the kinetics of current inactivation and promote efficient glycosylation and surface expression of the channel-forming α subunits. Here, we examined the expression, distribution, and association of two of these β subunits, Kvβ1 and Kvβ2, in adult rat brain.In situhybridization using cRNA probes revealed that these β-subunit genes are heterogeneously expressed, with high densities of Kvβ1 mRNA in the striatum, CA1 subfield of the hippocampus, and cerebellar Purkinje cells, and high densities of Kvβ2 mRNA in the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and brainstem. Immunohistochemical staining using subunit-specific monoclonal and affinity-purified polyclonal antibodies revealed that the Kvβ1 and Kvβ2 polypeptides frequently co-localize and are concentrated in neuronal perikarya, dendrites, and terminal fields, and in the juxtaparanodal region of myelinated axons. Immunoblot and reciprocal co-immunoprecipitation analyses indicated that Kvβ2 is the major β subunit present in rat brain membranes, and that most K+channel complexes containing Kvβ1 also contain Kvβ2. Taken together, these data suggest that Kvβ2 is a component of almost all K+channel complexes containing Kv1 α subunits, and that individual channels may contain two or more biochemically and functionally distinct β-subunit polypeptides.
Plasticity in GABAAReceptor Subunit mRNA Expression by Hypothalamic Magnocellular Neurons in the Adult Rat
Authors: Fénelon Valérie S. , Herbison Allan E. 
Published: April 2018

The magnocellular hypothalamic neurons exhibit a substantial degree of structural and functional plasticity over the time of pregnancy, parturition, and lactation. This study has usedin situhybridization techniques to examine whether the content of α1, α2, β2, and γ2GABAAreceptor subunit mRNAs expressed by these cells fluctuates over this period. A process of regional, followed by cellular and then topographical, analyses within the supraoptic (SON) and posterior paraventricular (PVN) nuclei revealed that an increase in magnocellular α1subunit mRNA content occurred during the course of pregnancy up to day 19, after which a decline in expression was detected on the day of parturition. Significant fluctuations of this nature were observed only in the oxytocin neuron-enriched regions of the SON and PVN. The expression of α2, β2, and γ2subunit mRNAs in the SON and PVN and of all subunit mRNAs in the cingulate cortex did not change over this period. During lactation, γ2subunit mRNA content within the PVN increased significantly on day 14 of lactation as compared with day 7, and topographical analysis suggested that it involved principally magnocellular vasopressin neurons.These results demonstrate the cell- and subunit-specific regulation of GABAAreceptor mRNA expression within the hypothalamic magnocellular system. In particular, they suggest that fluctuations in α1subunit expression may contribute to the marked variations in electrical activity exhibited by magnocellular oxytocin neurons at the time of parturition. More generally, they provide evidence in support of GABAAreceptor plasticity within a physiological context in the adult rat brain.
The Clustering of Axonal Sodium Channels during Development of the Peripheral Nervous System
Authors: Vabnick Ian , Novaković Sanja D. , Levinson S. Rock , Schachner Melitta , Shrager Peter 
Published: April 2018

The distribution of Na+channels in rat peripheral nerve was measured during development by using immunofluorescence. Small segments of sciatic nerve from postnatal day 0–13 (P0–P13) pups were labeled with an antibody raised against a well conserved region of the vertebrate Na+channel. At day P0 axons contained almost no Na+channel aggregates. The number of clusters increased dramatically throughout the first week. In almost all cases Na+channels clustered in the vicinity of Schwann cell processes. At least four classes of aggregates were noted. Clusters formed singly at Schwann cell edges, in pairs or in broad regions between neighboring Schwann cells, and in more focal zones at presumptive nodes. Almost all Na+channel aggregates had reached the latter stage by the end of the first week. Histograms plotting the frequency of occurrence of each cluster type suggested a sequence of events in node formation involving the initiation of channel aggregation by Schwann cell processes. The requirement for Schwann cells during sodium channel clustering was tested by blocking proliferation of these cells with the antimitotic agent mitomycin C. Na+channel clustering was sharply reduced, whereas node formation was normal at a distal site along the same nerve. Immunocytochemical detection of myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) indicated that Schwann cells must begin to ensheathe axons before inducing Na+channel clustering.
Neural Influence on Protein Kinase C Isoform Expression in Skeletal Muscle
Authors: Hilgenberg Lutz , Yearwood Simone , Milstein Stuart , Miles Kathryn 
Published: April 2018

Protein kinase C (PKC) is a family of enzymes involved in synapse formation and signal transduction at the neuromuscular junction. Two PKC isoforms, classical PKC α and novel PKC θ, have been shown to be enriched in skeletal muscle or localized to the endplate. We examined the role of nerve in regulating the expression of these PKC isoforms in rat skeletal muscle by denervating diaphragm muscle and measuring PKC protein expression at various postoperative times. nPKC θ protein levels decreased 65% after denervation, whereas cPKC α levels increased 80% compared with control hemidiaphragms. These results suggest that innervation regulates PKC θ and α isoform expression in skeletal muscle. To explore further how nerve regulates PKC expression, we characterized PKC isoform expression in rat myotubes deprived of neural input. Myoblast expression of nPKC θ was low, and the increase in nPKC θ expression that occurred during differentiation into myotubes resulted in levels of nPKC θ significantly below adult skeletal muscle. cPKC α expression in myoblasts increased during differentiation to levels that exceeded expression in adult skeletal muscle. Coculturing myotubes with a neuroblastoma X glioma hybrid clonal cell line (NG108-15) increased nPKC θ expression, but not cPKC α, suggesting that nPKC θ in skeletal muscle and myotubes is regulated by nerve contact or by a factor(s) provided by nerve. Treating myotubes with tetrodotoxin did not affect either basal- or NG108-15 cell-stimulated nPKC θ expression. Together these results suggest that expression of nPKC θ in skeletal muscle is regulated by a transynaptic interaction with nerve that specifically influences nPKC θ expression.
Two Alternative Promoters Direct Neuron-Specific Expression of the Rat Microtubule-Associated Protein 1B Gene
Authors: Liu Dong , Fischer Itzhak 
Published: April 2018

Microtubule-associated protein 1B (MAP1B) is a major constituent of the neuronal cytoskeleton that is expressed at high levels during early brain development and plays a role in axonal growth and neuronal plasticity. Previous studies suggested that the regulation of its gene expression is primarily at the transcriptional level. Thus, the characterization of the promoter region should help to define regulatory elements that control neuron-specific and developmental expression of the MAP1B gene. We have isolated genomic clones containing up to 11 kb of the upstream region of the rat MAP1B gene, sequenced ∼1.8 kb upstream from the translation start codon, and identified several consensus sequences. These sequences include a consensus element common to several neuronal genes, a TCC repeat, a cAMP response element, and two TATA boxes that were 134 nucleotides apart from each other. S1 nuclease and RNase protection assays identified two corresponding groups of transcription initiation sites that were used selectively in distinct regions of the nervous system and during different stages of development. Transient transfection assays with neuronal and non-neuronal cell lines demonstrated that each TATA sequence and its corresponding adjacent region could independently direct neuron-specific expression of a reporter gene. Furthermore, the transcription of the reporter gene was initiated from the same sites as those of the MAP1B genein vivo. These results suggest that two alternative and overlapping promoters, one inducible and the other constitutive, regulate the temporal and tissue-specific expression of the rat MAP1B gene.
Distinct Properties of Neuronal and Astrocytic Endopeptidase 3.4.24.16: A Study on Differentiation, Subcellular Distribution, and Secretion Processes
Authors: Vincent Bruno , Beaudet Alain , Dauch Pascale , Vincent Jean-Pierre , Checler Frédéric 
Published: April 2018

Endopeptidase 3.4.24.16 belongs to the zinc-containing metalloprotease family and likely participates in the physiological inactivation of neurotensin.The peptidase displays distinct features in pure primary cultured neurons and astrocytes. Neuronal maturation leads to a decrease in the proportion of endopeptidase 3.4.24.16-bearing neurons and to a concomitant increase in endopeptidase 3.4.24.16 activity and mRNA content. By contrast, there is no change with time in endopeptidase 3.4.24.16 activity or content in astrocytes. Primary cultured neurons exhibit both soluble and membrane-associated endopeptidase 3.4.24.16 activity. The latter behaves as an ectopeptidase on intact plated neurons and resists treatments with 0.2% digitonin and Na2CO3. Further evidence for an association of the enzyme with plasma membranes was provided by cryoprotection experiments and electron microscopic analysis. The membrane-associated form of endopeptidase 3.4.24.16 increased during neuronal differentiation and appears to be mainly responsible for the overall augmentation of endopeptidase 3.4.24.16 activity observed during neuronal maturation. Unlike neurons, astrocytes only contain soluble endopeptidase 3.4.24.16. Astrocytes secrete the enzyme through monensin, brefeldin A, and forskolin-independent mechanisms. This indicates that endopeptidase 3.4.24.16 is not released by classical regulated or constitutive secreting processes. However, secretion is blocked at 4°C and by 8 bromo cAMP and is enhanced at 42°C, two properties reminiscent of that of other secreted proteins lacking a classical signal peptide. By contrast, neurons appear unable to secrete endopeptidase 3.4.24.16.
Optical Recordings of the Effects of Cholinergic Ligands on Neurons in the Ganglion Cell Layer of Mammalian Retina
Authors: Baldridge William H. 
Published: April 2018

Cholinergic regulation of the activity of rabbit retinal ganglion cells and displaced amacrine cells was investigated using optical recording of changes in intracellular free calcium ([Ca2+]i). Labeling of neurons in the mature retina was achieved by injecting calcium green-1 dextran (CaGD) into the isolated retina. Nicotine increased ganglion cell [Ca2+]i, affecting every loaded cell in some preparations; the pharmacology of nicotine was consistent with an action at neuronal nicotinic receptors, and specifically it was κ-(neuronal-)bungarotoxin-sensitive but α-bungarotoxin-insensitive. Muscarine also raised [Ca2+]i, but it was less potent than nicotine, affecting only a subpopulation of ganglion cells, with an M1-like muscarinic receptor pharmacology. Neither the nicotine- nor muscarine-induced increases of ganglion cell [Ca2+]iwere blocked by the glutamate receptor antagonists 6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione and aminophosphonopentanoic acid. Therefore, the effects of cholinergic agonists on ganglion cell [Ca2+]iwere not attributable to an indirect effect mediated by glutamatergic bipolar cells. The effects of nicotine and muscarine were abolished in calcium-free solution, indicating that the responses depend on calcium influx.Displaced (Cb) cholinergic amacrine cells were also loaded with CaGD and were identified by selective labeling with the nuclear dye 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenyl-indole. Cbamacrine cells did not respond to either nicotine or muscarine, but responded vigorously to the glutamate receptor agonist kainic acid. There is anatomical evidence indicating that cholinergic amacrine cells make synaptic contact with each other, but the present results do not support the hypothesis that communication between these cells is cholinergic.
Onset of Electrical Excitability during a Period of Circus Plasma Membrane Movements in DifferentiatingXenopusNeurons
Authors: Olson Eric C. E. 
Published: April 2018

Living neurons are usually first identifiable in primary cultures at the time of neurite initiation, and studies of excitability have been restricted largely to the subsequent period. A morphological early marker is described that identifies neurons for whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings before neurite initiation. Video time-lapse recordings of cultured cells dissociated from neurectoderm ofXenopusneural plate stage embryos reveal cells demonstrating circus movements, in which blebs of plasma membrane propagate around the cell circumference within a period of several minutes. All neurons demonstrate circus movements before morphological differentiation; the fraction of cells exhibiting circus movements that differentiate morphologically depends on the substrate on which they are cultured. Blockade of circus activity with cytochalasin B does not prevent neuronal differentiation. Circus movements are not neurectoderm-specific because they similarly predict differentiation of myocytes developing in mesodermal cultures.Initially inexcitable, neurons develop voltage-dependent K+, Na+, and Ca2+currents during the period of several hours in which they exhibit circus movements. The early development of depolarization-induced elevations of [Ca2+]iseveral hours before morphological differentiation corresponds to the previously described onset of functionally significant spontaneous elevations of [Ca2+]iin these neurons and demonstrates a role for early expression of voltage-dependent ion channels.
Haltere Afferents Provide Direct, Electrotonic Input to a Steering Motor Neuron in the Blowfly,Calliphora
Authors: Fayyazuddin Amir , Dickinson Michael H. 
Published: April 2018

The first basalar muscle (b1) is one of 17 small muscles in flies that control changes in wing stroke kinematics during steering maneuvers. The b1 is unique, however, in that it fires a single phase-locked spike during each wingbeat cycle. The phase-locked firing of the b1’s motor neuron (mnb1) is thought to result from wingbeat-synchronous mechanosensory input, such as that originating from the campaniform sensilla at the base of the halteres. Halteres are sophisticated equilibrium organs of flies that function to detect angular rotations of the body during flight. We have developed a new preparation to determine whether the campaniform sensilla at the base of the halteres are responsible for the phasic activity of b1. Using intracellular recording and mechanical stimulation, we have found one identified haltere campaniform field (dF2) that provides strong synaptic input to the mnb1. This haltere to mnb1 connection consists of a fast and a slow component. The fast component is monosynaptic, mediated by an electrical synapse, and thus can follow haltere stimulation at high frequencies. The slow component is possibly polysynaptic, mediated by a chemical synapse, and fatigues at high stimulus frequencies. Thus, the fast monosynaptic electrical pathway between haltere afferents and mnb1 may be responsible in part for the phase-locked firing of b1 during flight.
Three Cases of Enduring Memory Impairment after Bilateral Damage Limited to the Hippocampal Formation
Authors: Rempel-Clower Nancy L. , Zola Stuart M. , Squire Larry R. , Amaral David G. 
Published: April 2018

Patient RB (Human amnesia and the medial temporal region: enduring memory impairment following a bilaterial lesion limited to field CA1 of the hippocampus, S. Zola-Morgan, L. R. Squire, and D. G. Amaral, 1986, J Neurosci 6:2950–2967) was the first reported case of human amnesia in which detailed neuropsychological analyses and detailed postmortem neuropathological analyses demonstrated that damage limited to the hippocampal formation was sufficient to produce anterograde memory impairment. Neuropsychological and postmortem neuropathological findings are described here for three additional amnesic patients with bilateral damage limited to the hippocampal formation. Findings from these patients, taken together with the findings from patient RB and other amnesic patients, make three important points about memory. (1) Bilateral damage limited primarily to the CA1 region of the hippocampal formation is sufficient to produce moderately severe anterograde memory impairment. (2) Bilateral damage beyond the CA1 region, but still limited to the hippocampal formation, can produce more severe anterograde memory impairment. (3) Extensive, temporally graded retrograde amnesia covering 15 years or more can occur after damage limited to the hippocampal formation. Findings from studies with experimental animals are consistent with the findings from amnesic patients. The present results substantiate the idea that severity of memory impairment is dependent on locus and extent of damage within the hippocampal formation and that damage to the hippocampal formation can cause temporally graded retrograde amnesia.