bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Maize root‐derived C in soil and the role of physical protection on its relative stability over shoot‐derived C
Authors: Xu Hui , Vandecasteele Bart , Zavattaro Laura , Sacco Dario , Wendland Matthias , Boeckx Pascal , Haesaert Geert , Sleutel Steven 
Published: February 2019

Evidence is accumulating that belowground crop residues contribute more efficiently to the build‐up and maintenance of native soil organic carbon (SOC) than aboveground plant parts. We corroborated previous testing of the hypothesis that root‐C would preferentially accumulate in soil microaggregates, where it is physically protected against microbially mediated decomposition. In three European field trials with C3 to C4 crop transitions, we compared the content of maize‐C (Zea mays L.) in soil from rotations with grain maize (MG) or silage maize (MS) (i.e. with incorporation of roots and shoots or roots only). After decades of maize cultivation, SOC content did not differ within three out of four MG–MS pairs, although obviously larger amounts of shoot biomass were added to soil in the case of MG. We found that relative contribution of roots was on average 3.5 times more than shoots to the build‐up of SOC per equivalent mass of residue C added to soils. Preferential occlusion of root‐C as silt‐sized intra‐microaggregate particulate organic matter (iPOM) was not observed. There were much larger effects from shoot incorporation on maize‐C in the >53‐μm fraction and free silt and clay. Storage of root‐C as sand‐sized iPOM was not quantified here, but first estimates suggested that physical entrapment at this level could only partly explain the longevity of root‐C in soil. We reconfirm the relative stability of root‐C in soil, but do not conclude that this stems from preferential physical entrapment over shoot‐C. Future work should investigate the cause of preferential root‐C association with the clay‐sized fraction and if this occurs before or after microbial processing.Highlights
The hypothesized preferential physical stabilization of root‐C was assessed.
Aboveground biomass had a minor effect on SOC storage in European long‐term trials.
Contribution of maize root‐C to maintenance of SOC was three‐fold that of shoot‐C inputs.
There was no preferential occlusion of root‐C in silt‐sized microaggregates.
On the importance of habitat continuity for delimiting biogeographic regions and shaping richness gradients
Authors: Fenberg Phillip B. , Rivadeneira Marcelo M. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe formation and maintenance of biogeographic regions and the latitudinal gradient of species richness are thought to be influenced, in part, by the spatial distribution of physical habitat (habitat continuity). But the importance of habitat continuity in relation to other variables for shaping richness gradients and delimiting biogeographic regions has not been well established. Here, we show that habitat continuity is a top predictor of biogeographic structure and the richness gradient of eastern Pacific rocky shore gastropods (spanning c. 23 000 km, from 43°S to 48°N). Rocky shore habitat continuity is generally low within tropical/subtropical regions (compared to extratropical regions), but particularly at biogeographic boundaries where steep richness gradients occur. Regions of high rocky shore habitat continuity are located towards the centres of biogeographic regions where species turnover tends to be relatively low. Our study highlights the importance of habitat continuity to help explain patterns and processes shaping the biogeographic organisation of species.
Effects of exercise training on multiple sclerosis biomarkers of central nervous system and disease status: a systematic review of intervention studies
Authors: Negaresh R. , Motl R. W. , Zimmer P. , Mokhtarzade M. , Baker J. S. 
Published: February 2019

Background and purposeMultiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that can be tracked through biomarkers of disease status. We investigated the effects of exercise on MS biomarkers associated with CNS status including imaging, blood–brain barrier (BBB) function and neurotrophic factors.MethodsWe conducted open‐dated searches of Scopus, Medline, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library. We included studies written in English describing interventions of exercise that measured one or more of the biomarkers associated with MS published up to October 2018.ResultsWe located a total of 3012 citations through searches in electronic databases. Of these, 16 studies were eligible for review; six studies focused on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) markers, nine studies focused on neurotrophic factors and three studies focused on BBB function markers. It is of note that two studies included both neurotrophic factor and BBB function markers and are therefore included across categories of biomarkers in this review. The existing evidence from MRI studies confirmed that exercise training can improve CNS integrity and function. There is evidence of a positive effect of exercise training on modulation of BBB permeability markers and brain‐derived neurotrophic factor.ConclusionsExercise successfully improves MRI outcomes and peripheral biomarkers (i.e. brain‐derived neurotrophic factor) in people with MS. This suggests that exercise can be recommended as an adjuvant therapy for MS treatment. This conclusion is tempered by some methodological limitations including small sample sizes and high drop‐out rates in the reviewed studies.
Comparative regenerative biology of spiny (Acomys cahirinus) and laboratory (Mus musculus) mouse skin
Authors: Jiang Ting‐Xin , Harn Hans I‐Chen , Ou Kuang‐Ling , Lei Mingxing , Chuong Cheng‐Ming 
Published: February 2019

AbstractWound‐induced hair follicle neogenesis (WIHN) has been demonstrated in laboratory mice (Mus musculus) after large (>1.5 × 1.5 cm2) full‐thickness wounds. WIHN occurs more robustly in African spiny mice (Acomys cahirinus), which undergo autotomy to escape predation. Yet, the non‐WIHN regenerative ability of the spiny mouse skin has not been explored. To understand the regenerative ability of the spiny mouse, we characterized skin features such as hair types, hair cycling, and the response to small and large wounds. We found that spiny mouse skin contains a large portion of adipose tissue. The spiny mouse hair bulge is larger and shows high expression of stem cell markers, K15 and CD34. All hair types cycle synchronously. To our surprise, the hair cycle is longer and less frequent than in laboratory mice. Newborn hair follicles in anagen are more mature than C57Bl/6 and demonstrate molecular features similar to C57Bl/6 adult hairs. The second hair cycling wave begins at week 4 and lasts for 5 weeks, then telogen lasts for 30 weeks. The third wave has a 6‐week anagen, and even longer telogen. After plucking, spiny mouse hairs regenerate in about 5 days, similar to that of C57Bl/6. After large full‐thickness excisional wounding, there is more de novo hair formation than C57Bl/6. Also, all hair types are present and pigmented, in contrast to the unpigmented zigzag hairs in C57Bl/6 WIHN. These findings shed new light on the regenerative biology of WIHN and may help us understand the control of skin repair vs regeneration.
A geographic information system‐based model for economical and eco‐friendly high‐speed railway route determination using analytic hierarchy process and least‐cost‐path analysis
Authors: Yildirim Volkan , Bediroglu Sevket 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIn this study, geographic information system (GIS)‐based network analysis and analytic hierarchy process (AHP) methods were applied to the Erzincan–Trabzon segment of the Turkish high‐speed railway (HSR) project. A new hybrid route, which considers both economic and environmental criteria, was created and compared with three different routes from various preconstruction studies. The route‐generating analysis included the eight parameters (criteria) of slope, geology, soil quality, rivers, protected areas, roads, land cover, and lakes. The optimum route for connecting the port of Trabzon to Turkey's interior via HSR was generated. The weights for determining the route were tested for sensitivity. The study demonstrated the efficiency of GIS and AHP integration in generating optimum routes for HSR projects according to given databases. All these GIS and AHP analyses were applied automatically with our novel GIS extension for determining optimum HSR routes. The final route has preserved cultural and historical structures, environmental integrity. The new hybrid route also decreased construction costs by approximately 12%, and the least‐cost‐path analysis confirmed the environmental efficiency of the route.
Recovery of fatigue life using laser peening on 2024‐T351 aluminium sheet containing scratch damage: The role of residual stress
Authors: Smyth Niall A. , Toparli M. Burak , Fitzpatrick Michael E. , Irving Phil E. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe aim of the current work was to study the effect of laser shock peening (LSP) when applied to 2‐mm thick 2024‐T351 aluminium samples containing scratch‐like defects in the form of V‐shaped scribes 50 to 150 μm deep. The scribes decreased fatigue life to 5% of that of the pristine material. The effect of laser peening on fatigue life was dependent on the specifics of the peen treatment, ranging from further reductions in life to restoration of the fatigue life to 61% of pristine material. Fatigue life was markedly sensitive to near‐surface tensile residual stress, even if a compressive residual stress field was present at greater depth. Fatigue life after peening was also dependent on sample distortion generated during the peening process. Sample distortion modified local stresses generated by externally applied loads, producing additional life changes. Models based on residual stress intensity and crack closure concepts were successfully applied to predict fatigue life recovery.
Tumour parcellation and quantification (TuPaQ): a tool for refining biomarker analysis through rapid and automated segmentation of tumour epithelium
Authors: Abdelsamea Mohammed M , Grineviciute Ruta B , Besusparis Justinas , Cham Sulayman , Pitiot Alain , Laurinavicius Arvydas , Ilyas Mohammad 
Published: February 2019

Background and aimsImmunohistochemistry (IHC) is an essential component of biomarker research in cancer. Automated biomarker quantification is hampered by the failure of computational algorithms to discriminate ‘negative’ tumour cells from ‘negative’ stromal cells. We sought to develop an algorithm for segmentation of tumour epithelium in colorectal cancer (CRC), irrespective of the biomarker expression in the cells.Methods and resultsWe developed tumour parcellation and quantification (TuPaQ) to segment tumour epithelium and parcellate sections into ‘epithelium’ and ‘non‐epithelium’. TuPaQ comprises image pre‐processing, extraction of regions of interest (ROIs) and quantification of tumour epithelium (total area occupied by epithelium and number of nuclei in the occupied area). A total of 286 TMA cores from CRC were manually annotated and analysed using the commercial halo software to provide ground truth. The performance of TuPaQ was evaluated against the ground truth using a variety of metrics. The image size of each core was 7000 × 7000 pixels and each core was analysed in a matter of seconds. Pixel × pixel analysis showed a sensitivity of 84% and specificity of 95% in detecting epithelium. The mean tumour area obtained by TuPaQ was very close to the area quantified after manual annotation (r = 0.956, P < 0.001). Moreover, quantification of tumour nuclei by TuPaQ correlated very strongly with that of halo (r = 0.891, P < 0.001).ConclusionTuPaQ is a very rapid and accurate method of separating the epithelial and stromal compartments of colorectal tumours. This will allow more accurate and objective analysis of immunohistochemistry.
ET SI C'ÉTAIT PAR LA FIN QUE TOUT COMMENÇAIT? PEN BEFORE PLOT, OR TRESCH ON POE'S REVERSALS
Authors: HELBIG DANIELA K. 
Published: February 2019

ABSTRACTThis brief comment offers some reflections on John Tresch's “Compositor's Reversal.” Contrasting his approach with Gaston Bachelard's, I situate Tresch in the tradition of reading Edgar A. Poe's Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym as a riddle to be decoded. I suggest that Tresch's analytical emphasis on material composition practices rather than Pym's content opens up insightful ways of reading both Pym itself in terms of its composition, style, and narrative voice, and also Poe's well‐known programmatic Philosophy of Composition. The key achievement of Tresch's article beyond its engagement with Poe scholarship is its contribution to the study of writing practices and media studies more broadly. By demonstrating the tight connection Poe forged between natural theology and the material practice of typography, Tresch inserts the typesetting process as an important step in the historiographical trajectory between pen and typewriter. He shows that the mid‐nineteenth‐century context of natural theology marks a decisive difference in connotation between Poe's compositional play with questions of authorship and plausibility, of truth and appearance both described in and performed by his narrative, and later concerns with the apparatus and its potential for the production of an écriture automatique.
Establishing a hepatitis C continuum of care among HIV/hepatitis C virus‐coinfected individuals in EuroSIDA
Authors: Amele S , Peters L , Sluzhynska M , Yakovlev A , Scherrer A , Domingo P , Gerstoft J , Viard JP , Gisinger M , Flisiak R , Bhaghani S , Ristola M , Leen C , Jablonowska E , Wandeler G , Stellbrink H , Falconer K , D'Arminio Monforte A , Horban A , Rockstroh JK , Lundgren JD , Mocroft A ,   the EuroSIDA study group
Published: February 2019

ObjectivesThe aim of the study was to establish a methodology for evaluating the hepatitis C continuum of care in HIV/hepatitis C virus (HCV)‐coinfected individuals and to characterize the continuum in Europe on 1 January 2015, prior to widespread access to direct‐acting antiviral (DAA) therapy.MethodsStages included in the continuum were as follows: anti‐HCV antibody positive, HCV RNA tested, currently HCV RNA positive, ever HCV RNA positive, ever received HCV treatment, completed HCV treatment, follow‐up HCV RNA test, and cure. Sustained virological response (SVR) could only be assessed for those with a follow‐up HCV RNA test and was defined as a negative HCV RNA result measured > 12 or 24 weeks after stopping treatment.ResultsNumbers and percentages for the stages of the HCV continuum of care were as follows: anti‐HCV positive (n = 5173), HCV RNA tested (4207 of 5173; 81.3%), currently HCV RNA positive (3179 of 5173; 61.5%), ever HCV RNA positive (n = 3876), initiated HCV treatment (1693 of 3876; 43.7%), completed HCV treatment (1598 of 3876; 41.2%), follow‐up HCV RNA test to allow SVR assessment (1195 of 3876; 30.8%), and cure (629 of 3876; 16.2%). The proportion that achieved SVR was 52.6% (629 of 1195). There were significant differences between regions at each stage of the continuum (P < 0.0001).ConclusionsIn the proposed HCV continuum of care for HIV/HCV‐coinfected individuals, we found major gaps at all stages, with almost 20% of anti‐HCV‐positive individuals having no documented HCV RNA test and a low proportion achieving SVR, in the pre‐DAA era.
Micro‐CT analysis of chronic apical periodontitis induced by several specific pathogens
Authors: Chen S. , Lei H. , Luo Y. , Jiang S. , Zhang M. , Lv H. , Cai Z. , Huang X. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractAimTo conduct three‐dimensional micro‐CT analysis of bone destruction, periapical sclerotic changes and inflammatory root resorption (IRR) to compare the differences between Enterococcus faecalis (Ef)‐ and Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg)‐induced chronic apical periodontitis (CAP).MethodologyMono‐species bacteria‐induced CAP was established in the first and second molars of the right maxilla and mandible of male Sprague–Dawley rats. Fifteen animals were divided into three groups with five rats in each group: control group, Ef‐CAP group and Pg‐CAP group. The maxilla and mandible were harvested and then scanned by micro‐CT. Alveolar bone destruction was evaluated by measuring the volume of alveolar bone resorption, bone volume fraction (BV/TV), trabecular thickness (Tb. Th), trabecular number (Tb. N) and trabecular spacing (Tb. Sp). The results were analysed using one‐way analysis of variance and Fisher's least significant difference methods (LSD). The sclerotic changes in the periapical bone were graded and the IRR indexes were scored. The data were analysed using the chi‐square test.ResultsThe alveolar bone resorption volume of the Pg‐CAP group was significantly larger than that of the Ef‐CAP group (P < 0.01). In the maxilla, both Pg‐CAP and Ef‐CAP groups had a significant decrease in BV/TV and increase in Tb. Sp (P < 0.01) with the more significant changes of trabecular bone in the Pg‐CAP group. A significant reduction of Tb. N was only found in the Pg‐CAP group (P < 0.05). There was no significant change in Tb. Th in either group (P > 0.05). In the mandible, except for an increase in Tb. Sp in the Pg‐CAP group (P < 0.05), there was no significant change in BV/TV, Tb. Th or Tb. N (P > 0.05). No obvious sclerotic change was observed. IRR was detected in significantly more root surfaces in the Pg‐CAP group (240 surfaces, 60%) than those in the Ef‐CAP group (178 surfaces, 44.5%) (P < 0.001). The IRR extension was also significantly more advanced in the Pg‐CAP group (P < 0.05).ConclusionsPg‐CAP caused more substantial alveolar bone destruction and IRR than Ef‐CAP. The maxilla was more susceptible to CAP in terms of microstructural changes of trabecular bone than the mandible. Tb. Sp was the most sensitive index for evaluating the residual alveolar bone of CAP.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae biosorbed with grape pomace flavonoids: adsorption studies and in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion
Authors: de Oliveira Anna Lou Mucharski Strafit , Maciel Giselle Maria , Rossetto Raquel , de Liz Marcus Vinicius , Rampazzo Ribeiro Valéria , Haminiuk Charles Windson Isidoro 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe residual Saccharomyces cerevisiae from brewing was used as a biosorbent of flavonoids of hydro alcoholic extract from samples of grape pomace (Merlot and Tannat). Biosorption assays verified that the pseudo‐second order kinetic model and the Dubinin‐Raduschkevich isotherm model presented the best fit, with free energy of adsorption (E) of 7.1 and 6.5 kJ for the Merlot and Tannat varieties, respectively, indicating that the yeast has many binding sites and adsorption was a physical process. The analysis of microscopy and spectroscopy showed differences in structure and composition of the yeast after biosorption, demonstrating that the application was effective, which was confirmed by the chromatographic analysis, where a reduction in 17% and 50% in the catechin peak was observed in the Merlot and Tannat samples, respectively. Finally, there was an increase in the in vitro bioaccessibility of flavonoids in 68% for the Merlot sample and 88% for Tannat, reaching the main objective of this application.
Quantitative analysis of desmopressin (DDAVP) response in adult patients with type 1 von Willebrand disease
Authors: Guddati Achuta K. , Rosovsky Rachel P. , Van Cott Elizabeth M. , Kuter David J. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIntroductionPatients with Type 1 von Willebrand disease (VWD) have reduced amounts of von Willebrand factor (VWF) in their blood. Desmopressin (DDAVP) has been used to raise the blood levels of VWF in these patients. However, not all patients with Type 1 VWD are known to respond to DDAVP therapy. We sought to compare the levels of Factor VIII, VWF antigen (VWF:Ag), VWF ristocetin cofactor (VWF:RCo), and fibrinogen at different time points after administration of DDAVP.MethodsA retrospective analysis was conducted at a single institution on 89 patients with Type 1 VWD who received a single intravenous dose of 0.3 μg/kg DDAVP. Levels of Factor VIII, VWF:Ag, VWF:RCo, and fibrinogen were measured before and then 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes after completion of DDAVP administration.ResultsMedian levels of Factor VIII, VWF:Ag, and VWF:RCo were significantly elevated (P < 0.001) at 30 (175 IU/dL, 111 IU/dL, 127 IU/dL), 60 (218 IU/dL, 138 IU/dL, 139 IU/dL), and 90 (212 IU/dL, 134 IU/dL, 130 IU/dL) minutes time points when compared to their respective baseline values (71 IU/dL, 54 IU/dL, 54 IU/dL). At 60 minutes, 96% of subjects were responders, but three subjects failed to respond at any time point.ConclusionMeasurement of levels of Factor VIII, VWF:Ag, and VWF:RCo, optimally at 60 minutes after the DDAVP infusion, is sufficient to confirm a patient as a responder in a DDAVP challenge test. Curtailing the number of time points of measurement will result in significant savings in cost and time to patients and their providers.
Association of breastfeeding and gestational diabetes mellitus with the prevalence of prediabetes and the metabolic syndrome in offspring of Hispanic mothers
Authors: Vandyousefi Sarvenaz , Goran Michael I. , Gunderson Erica P. , Khazaee Erfan , Landry Matthew J. , Ghaddar Reem , Asigbee Fiona M. , Davis Jaimie N. 
Published: February 2019

SummaryBackgroundThe effects of breastfeeding (BF) on metabolic syndrome (MetS) and diabetes mellitus in children exposed to gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in utero have rarely been evaluated.ObjectiveThis study assessed BF and GDM in relation to the prevalence of prediabetes and MetS in Hispanic children and adolescents (8‐19 y).MethodsThis is a longitudinal study with 229 Hispanic children (8‐13 y) with overweight/obesity, family history of diabetes, and an average of four annual visits (AV). Participants were categorized as follows: never (negative for prediabetes/MetS at all AVs), ever (positive for prediabetes/MetS at any visit), intermittent (positive for prediabetes/MetS at 1‐2 AVs), and persistent (positive for prediabetes/MetS at greater than or equal to 3 AVs).ResultsCompared with GDM offspring who were not BF (referent), GDM offspring who were BF had lower odds of persistent prediabetes (OR = 0.18; 95% CI, 0.04‐0.82; P = 0.02) and MetS (OR = 0.10; 95% CI, 0.02‐0.55; P = 0.008). Compared with referent group, non‐GDM offspring who were BF, and non‐GDM offspring not BF had lower odds of persistent prediabetes (OR = 0.10; 95% CI, 0.03‐0.39; P = 0.001; OR = 0.05; 95% CI, 0.01‐0.11; P < 0.001) and MetS (OR = 0.14; 95% CI, 0.04‐0.59; P = 0.01 and OR = 0.04; 95% CI, 0.01‐0.11; P < 0.001).ConclusionsThese results show BF is protective against prediabetes and MetS in offspring regardless of GDM status.