bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Why people die in novels: testing the ordeal simulation hypothesis
Authors: Morin Olivier , Acerbi Alberto , Sobchuk Oleg 
Published: June 2019

AbstractWhat is fiction about, and what is it good for? An influential family of theories sees fiction as rooted in adaptive simulation mechanisms. In this view, our propensity to create and enjoy narrative fictions was selected and maintained due to the training that we get from mentally simulating situations relevant to our survival and reproduction. We put forward and test a precise version of this claim, the “ordeal simulation hypothesis”. It states that fictional narrative primarily simulates “ordeals”: situations where a person’s reaction might dramatically improve or decrease her fitness, such as deadly aggressions, or decisions on long-term matrimonial commitments. Experience does not prepare us well for these rare, high-stakes occasions, in contrast with situations that are just as fitness-relevant but more frequent (e.g., exposure to pathogens). We study mortality in fictional and non-fictional texts as a partial test for this view. Based on an analysis of 744 extensive summaries of twentieth century American novels of various genres, we show that the odds of dying (in a given year) are vastly exaggerated in fiction compared to reality, but specifically more exaggerated for homicides as compared to suicides, accidents, war-related, or natural deaths. This evidence supports the ordeal simulation hypothesis but is also compatible with other accounts. For a more specific test, we look for indications that this focus on death, and in particular on death caused by an agent, is specific to narrative fiction as distinct from other verbal productions. In a comparison of 10,810 private letters and personal diary entries written by American women, with a set of 811 novels (also written by American women), we measure the occurrence of words related to natural death or agentive death. Private letters and diaries are as likely, or more likely, to use words relating to natural or agentive death. Novels written for an adult audience contain more words relating to natural deaths than do letters (though not diary entries), but this is not true for agentive death. Violent death, in spite of its clear appeal for fiction, does not necessarily provide a clear demarcation point between fictional and non-fictional content.
‘I see you sharing, thus I share with you’: indirect reciprocity in toddlers but not infants
Authors: Nava Elena , Croci Emanuela , Turati Chiara 
Published: June 2019

AbstractHuman societies are organised around cooperative interactions, the origins and development of which have become a timely topic. In this study, we investigated the development of indirect reciprocity in 18–24-month-old toddlers, and infants aged 6 months, on a two-phase sharing task with non-familiar individuals. In the first phase, we observed whether infants and toddlers differentiated and manifested a preference toward an individual altruistically sharing or acting selfishly. In the second phase, infants and toddlers interacted with the same prosocial and antisocial individuals seen in the first phase, and we observed whether they were willing to share with one of the two. Indirect reciprocity was assessed as the match between the preferences for the prosocial individual in phase one, and the first-person sharing in the second phase. Evidence showed that toddlers, but not infants, indirectly reciprocated the prosocial individual, suggesting that understanding of such a complex behaviour as indirect reciprocity may require prolonged experience in order to emerge.
Elephants have a nose for quantity
Authors: Plotnik Joshua M. , Brubaker Daniel L. , Dale Rachel , Tiller Lydia N. , Mumby Hannah S. , Clayton Nicola S. 
Published: June 2019

SignificanceAlthough many animal species have demonstrated an ability to differentiate between more and less when presented with different amounts of food, they have done so primarily using vision. In this study, by contrast, elephants showed that they can detect differences between various quantities of food using only their sense of smell. Thus, elephants may be unique in their use of olfaction in cognitive tasks. This research suggests that it is important for psychologists to incorporate into experimental designs the ways in which different animals interact with their environment using all of their senses. Such species-specific paradigms would ensure comparisons about cognition across taxa are fair and relevant.
Earliest known Oldowan artifacts at >2.58 Ma from Ledi-Geraru, Ethiopia, highlight early technological diversity
Authors: Braun David R. , Aldeias Vera , Archer Will , Arrowsmith J Ramon , Baraki Niguss , Campisano Christopher J. , Deino Alan L. , DiMaggio Erin N. , Dupont-Nivet Guillaume , Engda Blade , Feary David A. , Garello Dominique I. , Kerfelew Zenash , McPherron Shannon P. , Patterson David B. , Reeves Jonathan S. , Thompson Jessica C. , Reed Kaye E. 
Published: June 2019

Significance
Humans are distinguished from all other primates by their reliance on tool use. When this uniquely human feature began is debated. Evidence of tool use in human ancestors now extends almost 3.3 Ma and becomes prevalent only after 2.6 Ma with the Oldowan. Here, we report a new Oldowan locality (BD 1) that dates prior to 2.6 Ma. These earliest Oldowan tools are distinctive from the 3.3 Ma assemblage and from materials that modern nonhuman primates produce. So, although tool production and use represent a generalized trait of many primates, including human ancestors, the production of Oldowan stone artifacts appears to mark a systematic shift in tool manufacture that occurs at a time of major environmental changes.
Fast-moving bat ears create informative Doppler shifts
Authors: Yin Xiaoyan , Müller Rolf 
Published: June 2019

Significance
Many animal species are known for unparalleled abilities to encode sensory information that supports fast, reliable action in complex environments, but the mechanisms remain often unclear. Here, we present a nonlinear principle for sensory information encoding in bats. Through fast ear motions, bats can encode information on target direction into time-frequency Doppler signatures. These species were thought to be evolutionarily tuned to Doppler shifts generated by a prey’s wing beat. Self-generated Doppler shifts from the bat’s own flight motion were, for the most part, considered a nuisance that the bats compensate for. Our findings indicate that these Doppler-based biosonar systems may be more complicated than previously thought because the animals can actively inject Doppler shifts into their input signals.
Chancery norms before Chancery English?
Authors: Timofeeva Olga 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis study analyses two Old English formulaegret freodlice(‘greets in a friendly manner’) andic cyðe eow þæt(‘I make it known to you that’), which form a salutation–notification template in a document type calledwrits. It connects the emergence of this formulaic set to previous oral traditions of delivering news and messages, and to their reflection in dictation practices from at least the time of King Alfred. Their later routinisation and standardisation is seen as a factor brought about by the centralised production of royal writs and their subsequent adoption as templates in monastic scriptoria across the country. These templates continue to be recycled in the early Middle English period both in English and in Latin writs, ultimately shifting to Latin-only documents during the reign of William the Conqueror. Although this shift does not hinder the continuity of the selected bureaucratic template into the later Middle Ages, it affects the structure of the discourse community associated with the chancery norms, consolidating its core (those literate in Latin who are involved in production and preservation of writs) and marginalising its periphery (English speakers who used to make up the informed audience for writs in local courts).
Kinship or friendship?
Authors: Häcker Martina 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe use of the wordcousinas a term of address for non-relatives in late-medieval and Renaissance English is well documented in letters between monarchs, but weak for other social groups in the standard dictionaries, with one example each in theOxford English Dictionaryand theMiddle English Dictionary. As it is difficult to establish for earlier periods whether people were blood relations, an investigation ofcousinas a term of address needs to establish the relationship between addressor and addressee, as far as possible, from independent historical sources. This study is based on the use of the termcousinin letters, as this often provides precise information on the relationships of correspondents. This investigation documents the use ofcousinfrom the thirteenth to the early-sixteenth century in all literate ranks of society and concludes that the royal use ofcousinconstitutes a relic of an earlier more widespread use.
Ecosystem service bundles in global hinterlands
Authors: Haberman Daniel , Bennett Elena M 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
In the face of projected increases in globalization and urbanization, there is growing recognition that cities and their hinterlands will play a pivotal role in both creating and addressing the sustainability challenges of the future. Hinterlands, the rural areas that surround cities, are connected to cities as the source of many of the ecosystem services (ES) that are used in urban areas. While much is known about the provision of multiple ES in and around a few well-studied cities, there is a limited amount of consistently measured, global-scale data about the provision of multiple ES in urban areas and their hinterlands. We mapped eight ES globally, and examined how the production of ES varied between the hinterlands (within 200 km) of 768 major city centers (population > 500 000). We found that there are seven archetypes of ES supply bundles in global hinterlands. Hinterlands near wealthy cities are specialists in regulating ES production while the poorest and most populated hinterlands are specialists in food production, with low levels of regulating and cultural ES provision. These hinterlands also experience different synergies and tradeoffs between ES, with interesting implications for landscape management. Global teleconnections have likely also played a role in the ES bundles of hinterlands, since they have allowed cities to exploit remote areas to meet their demand for ES, undermining the traditional supply-demand relationship between each city and its proximal hinterland. These results emphasize the diverse, and sometimes inequitable, ways that urbanization and globalization are influencing ES supply in the planet’s most human-modified landscapes.
Design and Finite Element Analysis of Ultrasonic Composite Abrasive Vibration Polishing Equipment
Authors: Wan Hongqiang , Han Peiying , Han Quanli , Ge Shuai , Li Fancong 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
In order to develop a workpiece surface polishing equipment with high performance and high precision, the overall structural design and parameter selection of ultrasonic composite abrasive vibration polishing equipment were mainly completed. Secondly, static analysis of the crankshaft connecting rod piston mechanism is performed by ANSYS Workbench software. We can know that the crankshaft connecting rod piston mechanism has the most concentrated stress at the contact between the small end of the connecting rod and the connecting rod shaft. And the stress value is 121.04MPa but less than the allowable stress value of the connecting rod. Therefore, the strength of the crankshaft connecting rod piston mechanism meets the design requirements, and the modal analysis of the crankshaft is carried out, and the crankshaft right crank displacement deformation amount is the most. It provides a theoretical basis for the optimization design of the crankshaft later and provides a reference for the research of ultrasonic composite abrasive vibration polishing equipment.
Effect of Crystal Orientation on Cyclic Plastic Behaviors of Partially Recrystallized Single Crystal Nickel-based Superalloy
Authors: Wei D H , Zhang W J , Huang H Y , Zhang L P , Chen R Y , Wu Y W , Shi H J , Ma X F 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Surface recrystallization (RX) is one of the main causes of fatigue failure of heavy gas turbine single crystal (SX) blade and thus a threat to safe long-time operation. Using crystal plasticity model, the effects of primary and secondary crystal orientation on the cyclic plastic deformation behaviors of recrystallized SX nickel-based superalloy was investigated via crystal plasticity finite element simulation. The results show that primary orientation has significant effect on the accumulated plastic shear stain γ of the recrystallized SX superalloy: the maximum accumulated plastic shear strain γ
max occurs in SX matrix near RX transverse grain boundary; the maximum accumulated plastic shear strain γ
max of RX-SX system increases with increasing primary orientation(β); the maximum accumulated plastic shear strain γ
max at β=15° is 31.6% larger than that at β=0°; the maximum accumulated plastic shear strain γ
max decreases first and then increases with the increasing of the secondary orientation(θ) from 0° to 90°, with the lowest value of γ
max at θ=43°, which is 1.4% smaller than that at θ=0° and θ=90°. The study shows that the crystal orientation can be optimized to reduce the effect of recrystallized grain on the fatigue property of SX nickel-based superalloy.
Crystal Plasticity Simulation of Hot Deformation Texture of Titanium Alloy Considering Alpha-beta Transformation
Authors: Wei D H , Zhang W J , Zhang L P , Huang H Y , Chen R Y , Wu Y W , Ma X F , Xiong Z H 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Titanium alloys are usually subjected to hot deformation to optimize its microstructure and mechanical property. In the hot forming process, such as extrusion, texture is of great importance to both manufacturing and performance. In this study, an alpha-beta titanium was used to study the texture evolution during hot extrusion. Large area electronic backscattering scan was used to examine grain orientation distribution. Experimentally measured alpha and beta textures were compared with a rate-dependent crystal plasticity based simulation. The model is capable of predicting the deformation textures of both alpha and beta phases at extrusion temperature. The model also takes into account the transformation of metastable beta phase to alpha phase in the cooling process, considering variant selection. The transformation texture components mostly have [0001] along extrusion direction, forming the primary component of alpha extruded texture. The model works well in predicting hot deformation texture of titanium alloy.
Study on Aerodynamic Characteristics of Super High Speed Elevator
Authors: Yang Zhe , Zhang Qing , Zhang Ruijun 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
With the increase of elevator running speed, the influence of aerodynamic force on elevator becomes more and more obvious, and the impact is also increasing gradually. In this paper, the Computational Fluid Dynamic numerical simulation method is used to simulate and analyse the aerodynamic characteristics of elevator car under the influence of different operating speed and distance from side of car to hoistway wall by establishing full-scale model of elevator and hoistway. The results show that when the car is in a symmetrical position, the aerodynamic characteristics on both sides always show obvious symmetry. With the decrease of distance from side of car to hoistway wall and the operating speed of the car, the flow field around the car changes intensified, and the aerodynamic forces on the side of the car will also increase significantly.
Study on Transverse Vibration Characteristics of High-Speed Elevator under Gas-Solid Coupling
Authors: Liu Jie , Zhang Ruijun , Zhang Qing 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to study the transverse vibration characteristics of highspeed elevator under the action of gas-solid coupling. A three-dimensional physical model of the high-speed elevator is established, the aerodynamic loads on the car under different transverse vibration states (translation and rotation) are numerically solved, and then the relationship between the different transverse vibration states of the car and the aerodynamic loads is obtained. The transverse vibration model of the high-speed elevator based on gas-solid coupling is established by transferring the attitude parameters and aerodynamic parameters of the car in real time combined with the guide excitation. Finally, the transverse vibration characteristics of high-speed elevators with or without gas-solid coupling are compared and analysed by solving the model with an example. The results show that the effect of gas-solid coupling on the transverse vibration acceleration peak value of high-speed elevator is greater when the running speed is greater than 4m/s, and the greater the speed, the more obvious the effect is, which provide some theoretical guidance for the analysis and control of the transverse vibration of high-speed elevator.
Development of a Robotic Structural Steel Cutting System
Authors: Zhao Xijun , Chung Yunchan 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Curved buildings and structures are getting popular and digital fabrication of the structural steels has been successfully tried in several ways. This study presents a development of a robotic system cutting structural steels and marking texts on the steels using digital information of shapes. A configuration of the overall system is explained based on functional decomposition of conventional cutting systems. The cutting system consists of a robotic system and a handling system, and the main functions of the cutting system are classified as translation, orientation, alignment, and cutting. A digital model of the system was created and tested in a robot simulation system. A robot tool-path generation system was also developed. The tool-path generation system uses the DSTV file, an industry standard for the shape of a structural steel, to generate robot job files. This study also provides robot workspaces in which the cutting tool can safely access and cut the workpieces. The proposed system was tested for cutting structural steels clamped in front of the robot. The results show that the generated tool-paths are valid in cutting the structural steel and the possibility of an overall robotic system for cutting structural steels.
CFD Simulation of Cavitation Bubble Collapse near a Rectangular Groove Wall
Authors: Yu Yan , Sun Changguo , Liu Yazhe , Liu Yang , Xia Dongsheng 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The collapse process of a vapour bubble near to a rectangular groove wall is numerically simulated based on the Volume of Fluid (VOF) method with considering bubble surface tension, liquid viscosity and gas compressibility. Under the conditions of different stand-off parameters, evolution of the bubble profile, the jet velocity and the shock pressure around the bubble are obtained. Variation of the maximum jet velocity and the shock pressure around the bubble with the stand-off parameters is analyzed. Moreover, the impact pressure on the groove wall induced by the jet and the shock wave is also discussed, respectively. Cavitation erosion of the groove wall is explored for different stand-off parameters.
Double Fuzzy Logical Control in Hybrid Power Supply Electric Vehicle
Authors: Wu Meng-Qiang , Guo Hao , Xu Zi-Qiang , Yang Yun-Long , Yuan Zhi-Mei , Xiao Chao-Qun , Liu Jian 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The hybrid power supply of fuel cell and super capacitor combines the advantages of high energy density of fuel cell with high power density of super capacitor. Based on the fuzzy logical control strategy, two fuzzy logical controllers are set up to participate in power distribution, and the simulation verification is carried out under the standard working Condition experiment, which effectively reduces the driving energy consumption of pure electric vehicles. This scheme control strategy is simple and easy to engineer.
Method for Determining Accurate Initial Air Pressure Range of Air Suspension Airbag Based on Vehicle Ride Comfort Simulation Analysis
Authors: Zhou Quan , Yuan Puguang , Tudor Tim , Wang Xudong , Guo Zhangwei , Huang Yihui , Sun Jingfeng , Wang Boyun 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
With the rapid development of automobile technology and the improvement of people’s quality of life, people put forward higher requirements for vehicle ride comfort. Shock absorption has become an important direction for automobile research, manufacturing and optimization. The traditional air suspension airbag delimits the initial air pressure range based on the bearing capacity of the airbag material, so the range of the pressure is inaccurate. Considering optimizing ride comfort of the vehicle, this paper proposes a method to determine the accurate initial air pressure range. In order to determine the accurate initial air pressure range of the airbag, this paper needs to know the vehicle ride comfort under any air pressure. The airbag spring stiffness is calculated using the airbag model in MATLAB environment. A shock absorber with appropriate damping coefficient is selected by using the single mass system model and the airbag spring stiffness. Suspension stiffness is calculated by constructing a single wishbone beam independent suspension model and using the airbag spring stiffness. The damping coefficient and suspension stiffness are introduced into the Simulink five-degree-freedom vehicle model to obtain the acceleration signals of every part including the seat whose RMS value of the acceleration signal is used to judge the ride comfort of the vehicle. Under the specific simulation conditions in this paper, there is an accurate range (14∼16kPa) in the rough range (12∼20kPa) of the initial air pressure of the airbag to make the vehicle ride smoothly.
A Road-Holding Index Based on Ride Dynamics for High-Downforce Racing Cars
Authors: Marchesin Felipe , Barbosa Roberto Spinola , Gadola Marco , Chindamo Daniel 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This work builds on some of the current industry techniques used in racing to evaluate vertical dynamics performance and propose a new methodology to evaluate vehicle performance. The proposed method creates a quantitative numerical index from the classic tyre vertical load variation frequency response function with some novelties that cover all peculiarities of high downforce race cars. In this method the aerodynamic forces are included as non-linear functions vs ride height and it is shown that they affect system stiffness and damping. As a result, the system response changes as a function of vehicle longitudinal speed. The importance of non-linear suspension rates in this kind of vehicle is also highlighted. The proposed index can also be customized for a certain vehicle speed range. A Formula 3 racecar model has been used as an application example.