bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Advanced In Situ Soil Water Sampling System for Monitoring Solute Fluxes in the Vadose Zone
Authors: Reck Arne , Paton Eva , Kluge Björn 
Published: July 2019

Core Ideas
The monitoring system synchronizes soil water extraction with real drainage periods.
It is remote controllable and has SMS notification in case of automated sampling initiation.
It is easy to duplicate using commonly available measuring equipment.
The system can monitor field soil solute fluxes, such as contaminant migration.
To estimate potential risks of groundwater contamination, national and international environmental legislation stipulates standard values referred to pollutant contents in the soil and more rarely referred to loads in the soil leachate. Although in situ soil leachate analysis yields more realistic drainage water quality estimates than soil contamination level–derived estimates, there is no existing standard for how to explicitly sample soil leachate for the required contaminant migration detection. The objective of this study was to overcome current limitations of soil seepage sampling for detecting a contaminant migration in the unsaturated zone by introducing a technical solution that automatically restricts soil water extraction to drainage periods using active devices such as suction cups. Sampling is triggered by a moisture threshold parameterized according to the respective soil water retention properties defining the onset of a drainage period. We tested our sampling approach on two different bioretention systems in Germany for stormwater drainage quality analysis out of the upper soil layer. We present the monitoring results of the 4‐mo testing phase containing 19 individual storm events illustrating the fundamental functioning of the in situ soil leachate sampling system under different climatic conditions. The results clearly demonstrate the feasibility of restricting soil water extraction to drainage periods by means of actual soil moisture measures and indicate a general transferability of our approach. Our approach is easily duplicable, based on the included technical description, for further studies requiring explicit soil leachate sampling and is likely to help improve the reliability of field‐monitored pollutant migration from contaminated sites.
Tightly bound water in smectites
Authors: Kuligiewicz Artur , Derkowski Arkadiusz 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Smectites are able to retain molecular tightly bound water (TBW) at temperatures above 100 °C, even after prolonged drying. The presence of TBW affects the stable isotope ratios, the dehydroxylation behavior of smectites and smectite-rich samples and also has implications in measuring various properties of clay-rich rocks. Five reference smectites, in Mg-, Ca-, Na-, and Cs-exchanged forms were subjected to different drying protocols followed by the determination of TBW contents using precise thermogravimetric (TG) analysis. Activation energies (Ea) of the removal of different water fractions at temperatures up to 1000 °C were determined in non-isothermal TG experiments using model-independent methods. Additionally, 4A and 13X zeolites were examined in both cases as apparent OH-free references.
After drying at 110 °C, all smectites still contained up to 3 water molecules per interlayer cation. The TBW contents in smectites were found to be primarily dependent on the isothermal drying temperature. For a given temperature, TBW contents decreased with respect to the type of interlayer cation in the following order: Mg > Ca > Na > Cs. The influence of the time of drying and the smectite layer charge were found to be negligible. The Ea of dehydration below 100 °C, as determined by the Friedman method, was quite constant within the 45–60 kJ/mol range. The Ea of TBW removal increased along with the degree of reaction from 90 to 180 kJ/mol, while the Ea of dehydroxylation was found in the 159–249 kJ/mol range, highly depending on the sample’s octahedral sheet structure and the interlayer cation. The Mg2+ cation can hold H2O molecules even beyond 550 °C, making it available during dehydroxylation or—for geologic-scale reactions—pass H2O to metamorphic conditions.
High similarities between the TBW contents and the Ea of dehydration for smectites and cationic (low Si/Al-) zeolites lead to the conclusion that TBW in smectites is remarkably similar to zeolitic water in terms of cation bonding and diffusion characteristics. The optimal drying protocol for smectites is to substitute interlayer cations with cations of a low-hydration enthalpy, such as Cs, and to dry a sample at 300 °C, provided that the sample is Fe-poor. Fe-rich smectites should be dried at 200 °C to avoid dehydroxylation that occurs below 300 °C.
Water transport by subduction: Clues from garnet of Erzgebirge UHP eclogite
Authors: Schmädicke Esther , Gose Jürgen 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
A key question concerning the water budget of Earth’s mantle is how much water is actually recycled into the mantle by the subduction of eclogitized oceanic crust. Hydrous phases are stable only in quartz eclogite not coesite eclogite so that water transport to greater depths is mainly governed by structural water in omphacite and garnet. Here we explore if garnet can be used as a proxy to assess the amount of this water. Available data on the water contents of garnet in coesite eclogite vary over orders of magnitude, from a few up to ca. 2000 ppm. By implication, the maximum bulk-rock water contents are unrealistically high (wt% level). New data from the Erzgebirge indicate moderate amounts of structural H2O stored in garnet (43–84 ppm), omphacite (400–820 ppm), and in the bulk coesite eclogite (ca. 280–460 ppm). Higher garnet water contents occur, but these are not primary features. They are related to molecular water in fluid inclusions that can be attributed to eclogite-facies fluid influx postdating the metamorphic peak. Fluid influx also caused the uptake of additional structural water in garnet domains close to fluid inclusions. Such secondary H2O incorporation is only possible in the case of primary water-deficiency indicating that garnet hosted less water than it was able to store. This is insofar astonishing as comparably high H2O amounts are liberated by the breakdown of prograde eclogite-facies hydrous minerals as a result of ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) metamorphism. Judging from Erzgebirge quartz eclogite, dehydration of 5–10% hydrous minerals (±equal portions of zoisite+calcic amphibole) produces 1500–3000 ppm water. We infer that the largest part of the liberated water escaped, probably due to kinetic reasons, and hydrated exhuming UHP slices in the hanging-wall. Depending on the physical conditions, water influx in eclogite during exhumation (1) produces fluid inclusions and simultaneously enhances the structural water content of nominally anhydrous minerals—as in the Erzgebirge—and/or (2) it may give rise to retrograde hydrous minerals. We conclude that eclogite transports moderate quantities of water (several hundred parts per million) to mantle depths beyond 100 km, an amount equivalent to that in ca. 1% calcic amphibole.
Density-operator evolution: Complete positivity and the Keldysh real-time expansion
Authors: Reimer Viktor , Wegewijs Maarten 
Published: July 2019

We study the reduced time-evolution of general open quantum systems
by combining insights from quantum-information and statistical field theory.
Inspired by prior work [Eur. Phys. Lett.~102, 60001 (2013) and Phys. Rev. Lett.~111, 050402 (2013)]
we establish the explicit structure guaranteeing the complete positivity (CP) and trace-preservation (TP)
of the real-time evolution expansion in terms of the microscopic system-environment coupling.This reveals a fundamental two-stage structure of the coupling expansion:
Whereas the first stage naturally defines the dissipative timescales of the system
-before having integrated out the environment completely-
the second stage sums up elementary physical processes, each described by a CP superoperator.
This allows us to establish the highly nontrivial functional relation between the (Nakajima-Zwanzig) memory-kernel superoperator
for the reduced density operator
and novel memory-kernel operators that generate the Kraus operators of an operator-sum.
We illustrate the physically different roles of the two emerging coupling-expansion parameters for a simple solvable model.
Importantly, this operational approach can be implemented in the existing Keldysh real-time technique
and allows approximations for general time-nonlocal quantum master equations
to be systematically compared and developed while keeping the CP and TP structure explicit.Our considerations build on the result that a Kraus operator for a physical measurement process on the environment
can be obtained by `cutting' a group of Keldysh real-time diagrams `in half'.
This naturally leads to Kraus operators lifted to the system plus environment which
have a diagrammatic expansion in terms of time-nonlocal memory-kernel operators.
These lifted Kraus operators obey coupled time-evolution equations which constitute an unraveling of the original Schroedinger equation for system plus environment.
Whereas both equations lead to the same reduced dynamics,
only the former explicitly encodes the operator-sum structure of the coupling expansion.
AYIPLI MAL NEDENİYLE SÖZLEŞMEDEN DÖNEN TÜKETİCİNİN KULLANIM BEDELİ ÖDEME BORCU OLUP OLMADIĞI SORUNUNUN 6502 SAYILI TÜKETİCİNİN KORUNMASI HAKKINDA KANUN UYARINCA İNCELENMESİ
Authors: DEĞİRMENCİOĞLU AYDIN Nihan 
Published: July 2019

Genel hükümlerin uygulama alanı bulduğu işlerde ayıp sebebiyle sözleşmeden dönen alıcının kullanım bedeli ödeyip ödemeyeceğine yönelik Türk Borçlar Kanunu’nda açık düzenleme yoktur. Öğretideki hâkim görüş alıcı semere getirmeyen malı kullanmak suretiyle yarar elde etmişse bunun karşılığında Türk Borçlar Kanunu m. 229/1 kapsamında kullanım bedeli ödemesi gerektiği yönündedir. Yargıtay yerleşmiş kararlarında da genel hükümlerin uygulama alanı bulduğu işlerde ayıp sebebiyle sözleşmeden dönme hakkının kullanılması üzerine kullanım bedeli ödenmesine karar vermektedir. Ancak Yargıtay Hukuk Genel Kurulu’nun 22.06.2005 tarihli kararında Tüketicinin Korunması Hakkında Kanunu’nda ayıp nedeniyle sözleşmeden dönen tüketicinin kullanım bedeli ödemesine yönelik bir hükmün mevcut olmaması sebebiyle kullanım bedelinin ödenmeyeceğine karar verilmiştir. Bu karar tüketici işlemlerinde kullanım bedeli ödenip ödenmeyeceği hususunda öğretide farklı görüşlere sebep olmuştur. Bu çalışma 6502 sayılı Tüketicinin Korunması Hakkında Kanun uyarınca ayıplı mal nedeniyle sözleşmeden dönen tüketicinin kullanım bedeli ödeme borcu olup olmadığı sorununa odaklanır. Bu hususta ilk olarak yasal düzenleme incelenir. Daha sonra öğreti ve Yargıtay uygulaması değerlendirilir. Ardından Avrupa Birliği hukuku ekseninde kullanım bedelinin ödenmesi gerektiği görüşü gerekçelendirilir. Son olarak kullanım bedelinin nasıl hesaplanması gerektiği netleştirilir.
PAZARLAMACININ SİGORTA SÖZLEŞMELERİNDEKİ GARANTİ YÜKÜMLÜLÜĞÜNÜN KAPSAMI
Authors: BATMAZ SİLAHTAROĞLU Elvin 
Published: July 2019

6098 sayılı Türk Borçlar
Kanunu’nun (TBK )448. maddesi uyarınca pazarlamacılık sözleşmesi,
pazarlamacının sürekli olarak bir ticari işletme sahibi işveren hesabına ve
işletmesinin dışında her türlü işlemin yapılmasına aracılık etmeyi veya yazılı
bir anlaşma varsa, bu anlaşmada belirtilen işlemleri yapmayı, işletme sahibi
işverenin de buna karşılık ücret ödemeyi üstlendiği sözleşme olarak
tanımlanmaktadır. Pazarlamacının, pazarlamacılık sözleşmesi kapsamında
müşterileri ziyaret etme, verilen talimatlara uyma, bilgi ve hesap verme, özen
gösterme ve müvekkili tacirin menfaatlerini gözetme, kendisi veya üçüncü kişiler hesabına işlem
yapmama, rekabet etmeme, sır saklama gibi yükümlülükleri bulunmaktadır.451/1.
maddesine göre, bağımlı tacir yardımcılarından birisi olarak değerlendirilen
pazarlamacının kural olarak aracılık yaptığı sözleşmelerin ifa edilmesini
garanti etme yükümlülüğü bulunmamaktadır. Bununla birlikte 451. maddesinin 2.
ve 3. fıkraları bu hükme istisnalar getirmiştir. Pazarlamacının garanti
yükümlülüğünün bulunmadığı kuralına getirilen istisnalardan birisi de
pazarlamacının aracılıkta bulunduğu sigorta sözleşmelerine ilişkindir.
Çalışmamızda pazarlamacının sigorta sözleşmelerinden doğan garanti
yükümlülüğünün hukuki niteliği, kapsamı ve şartları incelenecektir.
Unraveling the Black Box: Exploring Usage Patterns of a Blended Treatment for Depression in a Multicenter Study
Authors: Kemmeren Lise L , van Schaik Anneke , Smit Johannes H , Ruwaard Jeroen , Rocha Artur , Henriques Mário , Ebert David Daniel , Titzler Ingrid , Hazo Jean-Baptiste , Dorsey Maya , Zukowska Katarzyna , Riper Heleen 
Published: July 2019

Background
Blended treatments, combining digital components with face-to-face (FTF) therapy, are starting to find their way into mental health care. Knowledge on how blended treatments should be set up is, however, still limited. To further explore and optimize blended treatment protocols, it is important to obtain a full picture of what actually happens during treatments when applied in routine mental health care.

Objective
The aims of this study were to gain insight into the usage of the different components of a blended cognitive behavioral therapy (bCBT) for depression and reflect on actual engagement as compared with intended application, compare bCBT usage between primary and specialized care, and explore different usage patterns.

Methods
Data used were collected from participants of the European Comparative Effectiveness Research on Internet-Based Depression Treatment project, a European multisite randomized controlled trial comparing bCBT with regular care for depression. Patients were recruited in primary and specialized routine mental health care settings between February 2015 and December 2017. Analyses were performed on the group of participants allocated to the bCBT condition who made use of the Moodbuster platform and for whom data from all blended components were available (n=200). Included patients were from Germany, Poland, the Netherlands, and France; 64.5% (129/200) were female and the average age was 42 years (range 18-74 years).

Results
Overall, there was a large variability in the usage of the blended treatment. A clear distinction between care settings was observed, with longer treatment duration and more FTF sessions in specialized care and a more active and intensive usage of the Web-based component by the patients in primary care. Of the patients who started the bCBT, 89.5% (179/200) also continued with this treatment format. Treatment preference, educational level, and the number of comorbid disorders were associated with bCBT engagement.

Conclusions
Blended treatments can be applied to a group of patients being treated for depression in routine mental health care. Rather than striving for an optimal blend, a more personalized blended care approach seems to be the most suitable. The next step is to gain more insight into the clinical and cost-effectiveness of blended treatments and to further facilitate uptake in routine mental health care.
Las disyuntivas en curso en Brasil Crisis en Brasil. El ciclo del Estado, 1988-2017
Authors: Oliver Costilla Lucio Fernando 
Published: July 2019

<p>El artículo analiza la crisis política actual de Brasil en el marco del ciclo del Estado que se abre en 1988 con la aprobación de una nueva Constitución y el retorno a la vida civil democrática. Se pone énfasis en el estudio de la ecuación Estado-sociedad civil y cómo ésta se va modificando a lo largo del tiempo hasta arribar a la situación de aguda crisis política de hoy. Particular atención se otorga a la valoración de lo acontecido bajo los dos gobiernos progresistas de Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva y el primero de Dilma Rousseff y a las contradicciones e insuficiencias de sus exitosas políticas. Se da seguimiento a la protesta multitudinaria de la sociedad civil en junio de 2013, cuando inicia un distanciamiento profundo entre la sociedad y el Estado, mismo que no hizo más que profundizarse con el <em>impeachment</em> de 2016 a la presidenta Dilma. El artículo concluye preguntando si hay un agotamiento del ciclo del Estado iniciado en 1988.</p>
Diseño de lo sentido: una incidencia social
Authors: Caballero Quiroz Aaron J. 
Published: July 2019

<p>En <em>L</em><em>os sentidos del sujeto</em>, Judith Butler esclarece la sutil diferencia entre la manera de entender normalmente las emociones: como una resolución unívoca en quien las representa o como una transitoriedad que, acaso, queda configurada previa formación del sujeto. Aunque el libro de Butler no se refiere a las emociones y los sentidos de manera particular, sus reflexiones en torno a la trascendencia del sujeto ofrecen elementos para considerar nuevas discusiones teóricas que permitan al diseño caracterizar lo social y lo individual, lo público y lo privado, en un mismo movimiento recíproco.</p>
Integración comercial del sector agrícola y desigualdad económica en los países en vías de desarrollo
Authors: Baudasse Thierry , Calderón Villarreal Cuauhtémoc 
Published: July 2019

En las últimas décadas el sector agrícola de los países en vías de desarrollo ha estado sometido a importantes cambios estructurales. Las estrategias de desarrollo económico aplicadas en el período 1960-1970 dieron prioridad a la aplicación de políticas agrícolas cuyo objeto fue la manipulación de los términos internos del intercambio. Su intención era transferir recursos del sector agrícola al sector industrial y contribuir de este modo al proceso de industrialización de estos países. Esta poítica agrícola contribuyó a mantener el sector agrícola en el estancamiento, a reducir su productividad y a aislarlo del progreso técnico. Esta política tampoco incitó a los productores agrícolas a modernizar ni a aplicar los frutos del progreso técnico. Además la presencia de infraestructuras públicas inadecuadas e insuficientes y la falta de acumulación de capital humano contribuyeron a mantener esta tendencia hacia el estancamiento económico y baja o nula productividad
Seasonal (Kharif, Rabi and Zaid) Precipitation, Potential Evapotranspiration and Aridity Index with Respect to Various Agro Ecological Zones of India
Authors: Goparaju Laxmi , Ahmad Firoz 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Climate change has very significant impact on livelihoods and food security. The geospatial technology provides a better understanding of various themes related to climate change. This study examined the seasonal (kharif, rabi and zaid) long term (1970-2000) monthly climatic parameters such as precipitation, potential evapotranspiration over the country of India. The seasonal Aridity Index was computed and analyzed with respect to various agro-ecological zones of India. The analysis of long term mean precipitation (mm) during kharif, rabi and zaid season was found to be in the range of (14-7463), (0-914) and (0-1722) respectively. The analyses of the long term mean potential evapotranspiration in all seasons was found notable high in arid/semiarid zones. The Aridity Index during kharif, rabi and zaid seasons was found to be in the range of (0.19-4.27), (0.03-0.73) and (0.01-1.48) respectively. The seasonal Aridity Index in some of the agro-ecological zones of the central India in the arid and semiarid regions was found to be notably low. A concrete plan with synergic approach including integrated watershed management and traditional ecological practices will help to fulfill crop water demand and maintain adequate soil moisture for the present and future crops.
History and Debut of the Ski-Mountaineering
Authors: Martinescu-Bădălan Fabiana , Stănciulescu Robert 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Since ancient times, skiing has been a way of moving, born out of a spirit of survival. The usefulness of this means of transportation has undergone numerous transformations with implications in terms of utility-applied aspect as well as in the area of sports and recreation. Military Physical Education, as a component of military training, includes utility-applied skiing, focusing in particular on cross-country skiing and ski touring. The modern battlefield requires military training in increasingly complex and new areas in this century, with a focus on the formation of well-trained and multispecialized armies of professionals, to the detriment of mass armies. Ski-mountaineering has increasingly evolved over the last few years, due to the possibility of reaching relatively fast on the ridge tips and lowering even faster, eliminating the barriers imposed by the relief. As the name calls it, it combines the techniques and procedures of skiing with mountaineering.
Correlation Between Human Development and Sustainable Development – Condition of Human Security
Authors: Neag Mihai-Marcel , Halmaghi Elisabeta-Emilia 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
For the sake of contemporaneity, the notion of sustainable development has become the key concept in developing new paradigms of human survival, in designing new ways of managing social systems. The current state of today’s humanity is looking for a new development model as well as new security objectives.
Considered as a process over time, human development means creating, through action at policy level, the conditions for facilitating sustainable human development, such as appropriate education, health, material wellbeing, participation, social empowerment and inclusion and establishment of a model of socially and geographically equitable economic growth.
Personal Online Identity-Branding or Impression Management
Authors: Popescu Maria Magdalena 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
It is said that western society is heading toward individuation, towards personalization. This, along with continuous technological progress, triggers the concept of Personal Identity Online (PIO) which highlights and tailors a specific characteristic of an individual’s behavior in an online network of similar ones, benefitting from a single opportunity to shape an individual’s identity differently from the one he has in reality. Looked at from the network of ties existent in a social online environment, identity is tailored by each individual representation in virtual encounters. This representation is provided by the users’ profiles while the posts used are enriched and shared account for the visual representation of alterity. The present paper looks at how impression management and personal branding are developed in the social network environment in a desire to complete personal characteristics that reality did not grant. Analysis on posted content, management of information and social manifestation are involved to this end.
Study Regarding the Technical Training in the Military Pentathlon at the 50 M Race with Obstacles
Authors: Sopa Ioan Sabin , Pomohaci Marcel 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The following research started from the idea that correcting the crawl swimming style could help improve the performance of military students in the 50 m swimming with obstacles at the military pentathlon. Alongside with other specialists in the military pentathlon and swimming coaches we have elaborated a scoring grid for every error that can occure in the 50 m swimming with obstacle event. The methods used for evaluating was the scoring grid errors for 50 m swimming with obstacles, the observation method and also the experiment method. We had two samples in our research, the first group was the experiment group that was formed by 30 students with the age between 18-22 years old components of the military pentathlon team, and the second group, the control group, formed by 30 students with same age. The results of our investigation showed that the experiment group had improved statistical significant differences compared with the control group proving the necessity of using a scorring grid for the 50 m obstacle swimming in the military pentathlon.
The conclusions of the investigation showed that through the specific scoring system, the experts’ assessment certifies the viability of the new analytical curriculum introduced into student planning program within the experimental group.