bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Harsh parenting, amygdala functional connectivity changes across childhood, and behavioral problems
Authors: Koyama Yuna , Tiemeier Henning , Huang Pei , Chan Shi Yu , Sudo Mioko , Kyeong Yena , Meaney Michael , Setoh Peipei , Tan Ai Peng 
Published: October 2024

AbstractBackgroundHarsh parenting in early childhood is related to offspring's adverse behavioral outcomes. Due to the scarcity of longitudinal neuroimaging data, few studies have explored the neurobiological underpinnings of this association, focusing on within-person variability. This study examined the temporal associations among harsh parenting, later behavioral problems, and the developmental trajectories of amygdala volume and amygdala resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) profiles, using longitudinal neuroimaging data.MethodsThe study was embedded in the Growing Up in Singapore Towards healthy Outcomes (GUSTO) cohort. T1-weighted (296 children, 642 scans) and resting-state functional scans (256 children, 509 scans) were collected at ages 4.5, 6, 7.5, and 10.5 years. Amygdala volume and RSFC between the amygdala and six brain regions that have leading roles in emotional regulation were extracted. Harsh parenting at 4.5 years and child behavioral problems at 10.5 years were assessed via parent-report questionnaires. Linear regression and linear mixed models were applied.ResultsHarsh parenting was associated with more severe externalizing problems in girls (β = 0.24, 95% CI 0.08–0.40) but not boys (pint = 0.07). In the overall sample, harsh parenting was associated with the developmental trajectories of amygdala-ACC, amygdala-OFC, and amygdala-DLPFC RSFC. In addition, the developmental trajectory of amygdala-ACC RSFC mediated the harsh parenting–externalizing problems association in girls (indirect effect = 0.06, 95% CI 0.01–0.14).ConclusionsHarsh parenting in early childhood was associated with amygdala neurocircuitry development and behavioral problems. The developmental trajectory of amygdala-ACC RSFC is a potential neural mechanism linking harsh parenting and externalizing problems in girls.
Alterations in inhibitory neuron subtype-selective transcripts in the prefrontal cortex: comparisons across schizophrenia and mood disorders
Authors: Okuda Takeshi , Kimoto Sohei , Kawabata Rika , Bian Yufan , Tsubomoto Makoto , Okamura Kazuya , Enwright John F. , Kikuchi Mitsuru , Lewis David A. , Hashimoto Takanori 
Published: October 2024

AbstractBackgroundIn schizophrenia (SZ), impairments in cognitive functions, such as working memory, have been associated with alterations in certain types of inhibitory neurons that utilize the neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). For example, GABA neurons that express parvalbumin (PV) or somatostatin (SST) have more prominent gene expression alterations than those that express vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). In bipolar disorder (BD) and major depression (MD), which exhibit similar, but less severe, cognitive impairments than SZ, alterations of transcript levels in GABA neurons have also been reported. However, the extent to which GABA neuron subtype-selective transcripts in the DLPFC are affected, and the relative magnitudes of the diagnosis-associated effects, have not been directly compared across SZ, BD, and MD in the same study.MethodsWe used quantitative polymerase chain reaction to examine levels of GABA neuron subtype-selective transcripts (PV, potassium voltage-gated channel modifier subfamily-S member-3, SST, VIP, and calretinin mRNAs), as well as the pan-GABA neuron marker 67 kDa glutamate decarboxylase mRNA, in DLPFC total gray matter of 160 individuals, including those with SZ, BD, or MD and unaffected comparison (UC) individuals.ResultsRelative to UC individuals, individuals with SZ exhibited large deficits in levels of all transcripts except for calretinin mRNA, whereas individuals with BD or MD showed a marked deficit only for PV or SST mRNAs, respectively.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that broader and more severe alterations in DLPFC GABA neurons might contribute to the greater cognitive impairments in SZ relative to BD and MD.
Delirium risk and mortality in people with pre-existing severe mental illness: a retrospective cohort study using linked datasets in England
Authors: Bauernfreund Yehudit , Launders Naomi , Favarato Graziella , Hayes Joseph F , Osborn David , Sampson Elizabeth L 
Published: October 2024

AbstractBackgroundDelirium is a severe neuropsychiatric syndrome caused by physical illness, associated with high mortality. Understanding risk factors for delirium is key to targeting prevention and screening. Whether severe mental illness (SMI) predisposes people to delirium is not known. We aimed to establish whether pre-existing SMI diagnosis is associated with higher risk of delirium diagnosis and mortality following delirium diagnosis.MethodsA retrospective cohort and nested case–control study using linked primary and secondary healthcare databases from 2000–2017. We identified people diagnosed with SMI, matched to non-SMI comparators. We compared incidence of delirium diagnoses between people with SMI diagnoses and comparators, and between SMI subtypes; schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and ‘other psychosis’. We compared 30-day mortality following a hospitalisation involving delirium between people with SMI diagnoses and comparators, and between SMI subtypes.ResultsWe identified 20 566 people with SMI diagnoses, matched to 71 374 comparators. Risk of delirium diagnosis was higher for all SMI subtypes, with a higher risk conferred by SMI in the under 65-year group, (aHR:7.65, 95% CI 5.45–10.7, ⩾65-year group: aHR:3.35, 95% CI 2.77–4.05). Compared to people without SMI, people with an SMI diagnosis overall had no difference in 30-day mortality following a hospitalisation involving delirium (OR:0.66, 95% CI 0.38–1.14).ConclusionsWe found an association between SMI and delirium diagnoses. People with SMI may be more vulnerable to delirium when in hospital than people without SMI. There are limitations to using electronic healthcare records and further prospective study is needed to confirm these findings.
The purpose of policy portfolios: design, intention, and logic
Authors: Migone Andrea , Howlett Michael 
Published: October 2024

AbstractWe propose a qualitative method of assessing a policy mix’s content, which can be utilized alongside currently common quantitative techniques such as counting the number of tools, policies, and levels of government involved. Focussing on whether or not the mix promotes flexibility or standardization and whether it is intended to be maintaining or innovating helps to better map existing policy mixes and inform design decisions than do more contentless quantitative methods. It has implications for theories of policy-making in improving on current depictions of the nature and dynamics of policy mixes, especially with respect to the impact of procedural tools, and also helps underscore the significance of what often appear in quantitative studies to be marginal or incremental shifts in instruments and goals. The utility of the model and its improvement on existing methods are illustrated through examination of two cases of banking regulation and pension policy in Canada.
Combining Type Checking and Set Constraint Solving to Improve Automated Software Verification
Authors: CRISTIÁ MAXIMILIANO , ROSSI GIANFRANCO 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThis technical note shows how we have combined prescriptive type checking and constraint solving to increase automation during software verification. We do so by defining a type system and implementing a typechecker for
$\{log\}$
(read ‘setlog’), a Constraint Logic Programming language and satisfiability solver based on set theory. The constraint solver is proved to be safe w.r.t. the type system. Two industrial-strength case studies are presented where this combination is used with very good results.
Spectral Analysis of Hydrological Signals to Estimate Watershed Properties Considering Impacts of Unsaturated Zone
Authors: Zhou Yunqiu , Liang Xiuyu , Ma Enze , Chen Kewei , Schilling Keith , Zheng Tianyuan , Zheng Yuhu , Zhang You‐Kuan , Zheng Chunmiao 
Published: November 2024

AbstractUnderstanding responses of stream discharge to precipitation in a watershed is important in gaining insights into watershed hydrology and estimating hydraulic parameters. Transfer functions in the spectral domain are commonly used to quantify the relationship between precipitation and discharge, and estimate watershed hydraulic parameters. However, previous models have not adequately accounted for the impact of the unsaturated zone. To address this, we have developed a novel analytical model that considers the effect of the unsaturated zone to obtain transfer functions within watersheds. These transfer functions are derived by the spectral method and verified through numerical simulations. The results indicate that the transfer functions are influenced significantly by the relative hydraulic conductivity exponent αk in the moisture characteristic curve. A higher αk results in a lower transfer function, indicating more robust filtering of hydrological signals. A thicker unsaturated zone results in lower transfer functions at higher frequencies. The traditional transfer functions, which neglect the retention capacity of the unsaturated zone, tend to overestimate hydrological responses at high frequencies. Our transfer functions agree well with integrated watershed‐scale flow models and are also applied to observed data from four watersheds in Iowa, providing reasonable estimates for the hydraulic parameters. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of watershed behavior and offers an enhanced tool for estimating hydraulic parameters with practical applications.
A Comprehensive Analysis of Air‐Sea CO2 Flux Uncertainties Constructed From Surface Ocean Data Products
Authors: Ford Daniel J. , Blannin Josh , Watts Jennifer , Watson Andrew J. , Landschützer Peter , Jersild Annika , Shutler Jamie D. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractIncreasing anthropogenic CO2 emissions to the atmosphere are partially sequestered into the global oceans through the air‐sea exchange of CO2 and its subsequent movement to depth, commonly referred to as the global ocean carbon sink. Quantifying this ocean carbon sink provides a key component for closing the global carbon budget, which is used to inform and guide policy decisions. These estimates are typically accompanied by an uncertainty budget built by selecting what are perceived as critical uncertainty components based on selective experimentation. However, there is a growing realization that these budgets are incomplete and may be underestimated, which limits their power as a constraint within global budgets. In this study, we present a methodology for quantifying spatially and temporally varying uncertainties in the air‐sea CO2 flux calculations for the fCO2‐product based assessments that allows an exhaustive assessment of all known sources of uncertainties, including decorrelation length scales between gridded measurements, and the approach follows standard uncertainty propagation methodologies. The resulting standard uncertainties are higher than previously suggested budgets, but the component contributions are largely consistent with previous work. The uncertainties presented in this study identify how the significance and importance of key components change in space and time. For an exemplar method (the UExP‐FNN‐U method), the work identifies that we can currently estimate the annual ocean carbon sink to a precision of ±0.70 Pg C yr−1 (1σ uncertainty). Because this method has been built on established uncertainty propagation and approaches, it appears that applicable to all fCO2‐product assessments of the ocean carbon sink.
Investigating the Effect of Lithosphere Thickness and Viscosity on Mantle Dynamics Throughout the Supercontinent Cycle
Authors: Plimmer A. , Davies J. H. , Panton J. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThe relationship between the lithosphere and the mantle during the supercontinent cycle is complex and poorly constrained. The processes which drive dispersal are often simplified to two end members: slab pull and plume push. We aim to explore how lithosphere thickness and viscosity during supercontinent assembly may affect the interaction of deep mantle structures throughout the supercontinent cycle. We consider supercontinental lithosphere structure as one of many potential processes which may affect the evolution of upwellings and downwellings and therefore systematically vary the properties of continental and cratonic lithosphere, respectively within our 3D spherical simulations. The viscosity and thickness of the lithosphere alters the dip and trajectory of downwelling material beneath the supercontinent as it assembles. Focusing on Pangea, we observe that plumes evolve and are swept beneath the center of the supercontinent by circum‐continental subduction. The proximity of these upwelling and downwelling structures beneath the supercontinent interior varies with lithosphere thickness and viscosity. Where slabs impinge on the top of an evolving plume head (when continental and cratonic lithosphere are thick and viscous in our simulations), the cold slabs can reduce the magnitude of an evolving plume. Conversely, when the continental lithosphere is thin and weak in our simulations, slab dips shallow in the upper mantle and descend adjacent to the evolving plume, sweeping it laterally near the core‐mantle boundary. These contrasting evolutions alter the magnitude of the thermal anomaly and the degree to which the plume can thin the lithosphere prior to breakup.
Opposite Trends in the Northern Hemisphere Stratosphere Between Mid‐Winter and Early Spring Linked to Surface Temperature Anomalies
Authors: Rivière Gwendal , D’Andrea Fabio , Domeisen Daniela I. V. , Portal Alice 
Published: November 2024

AbstractTrends in the coupled stratosphere‐troposphere system during the 1979–2022 period are investigated in the Northern Hemisphere using reanalysis datasets. More upward planetary wave propagation in December is shown to precede the deceleration of the stratospheric polar vortex in January. This deceleration prevents the waves from continuing to propagate upward in February and favors an acceleration of the stratospheric polar vortex in March. This is associated with an increased Northern Hemisphere annular mode in March in the stratosphere and the troposphere. Trends show a moderate significance level because of strong interannual variability. Recent seasons whose anomalies project onto the trends are those for which wave‐1 anomaly constructively interferes with wave‐1 climatology in December, which occurs when there is warming in an area extending from Eastern Canada to Greenland and slight cooling over Eurasia. It shows the potential for predicting the springtime stratospheric polar vortex from wintertime wave‐1 anomalies.
Identification of Continental Mantle Earthquakes Using Regional Waves Propagating Into a Thinned Continental Crust
Authors: Wang Shiqi , Klemperer Simon L. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractWe evaluate three identifiers of continental mantle earthquakes (CMEs) motivated by surface‐wave normal‐mode theory: the amplitude ratio of Sn to Lg, and the frequency content of Sn and of Lg, after wave propagation through continental crustal thinning. These flexible and easily applicable methods allow for potential new discoveries of CMEs. They rely on guided waves whose propagation is dependent on the uniformity of their waveguides. For a range of Moho models, we perform 2.5D axisymmetric simulations that reach the conventional distance and frequency ranges of observational studies; we compare results from four different source depths straddling the Moho. Our synthetics, and six south‐Tibet earthquakes recorded by an array in Bangladesh, show our Sn/Lg identifier is robust in the presence of crustal thinning, but the identifying frequency contents of Sn and Lg are easily obscured. These results strengthen the utility of Sn/Lg methods for global studies of CMEs.
Electron Scattering Due To Asymmetric Drift‐Orbit Bifurcation: Geometric Jumps of Adiabatic Invariant
Authors: Kamaletdinov S. R. , Artemyev A. V. , Angelopoulos V. , Neishtadt A. I. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractRadial transport of energetic electrons is one of the key processes responsible for the variability of the outer radiation belt. This transport amounts to a violation of the drift motion. One of the mechanisms that can lead to such violation and associated radial transport is drift‐orbit bifurcation. This arises naturally from solar wind compression of the dayside magnetosphere, which results in a local maximum of the field strength at the equator and two off‐equatorial minima at the north and south segments of the field line. Azimuthally drifting, near‐equatorially mirroring electrons can be trapped, bouncing along the field line in either of those minima for a portion of their drift orbit around Earth. Trapping and the ensuing de‐trapping are associated with jumps of the second adiabatic invariant, making the third adiabatic invariant undefined and the drift orbit open. Drift‐orbit bifurcation has been previously investigated for north‐south and dawn‐dusk symmetric configurations of the magnetospheric magnetic field. Here we study the implications of an asymmetry in the drift‐orbit bifurcation due to a large IMF field. Using the theory of separatrix crossings in Hamiltonian systems with a slow and a fast variable, we demonstrate that there are geometric (in phase space) jumps of adiabatic invariants due to the asymmetry of the magnetic field configuration. These jumps have magnitudes comparable to the initial invariant magnitudes and are dictated by the topology of the magnetic field. We develop a technique that allows estimation of the jumps in a given magnetic field configuration. We also assess the radial transport expected from asymmetric drift‐orbit bifurcation. We find that such transport can reach (Earth's radius) per drift period, depending on the magnitude of the IMF .
More Than Deoxygenation: Linking Iodate Reduction to Nitrogen, Iron, and Sulfur Chemistry in Reducing Regimes
Authors: Evans Natalya , Johnson Emma , Taing Amanda , Schnur Alexi A. , Chace Peter J. , Richards Samantha , Hardisty Dalton S. , Moffett James W. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractA striking feature of Oxygen Deficient Zones (ODZs) on the eastern boundary of the Pacific Ocean are large subsurface plumes of iodide. Throughout the oceans, iodate is the predominant and thermodynamically favored species of dissolved iodine, but iodate is depleted within these plumes. The origin of iodide plumes and mechanism of reduction of iodate to iodide remains unclear but is thought to arise from a combination of in situ reduction and inputs from reducing shelf sediments. To distinguish between these sources, we investigated iodine redox speciation along the Oregon continental shelf. This upwelling system resembles ODZs but exhibits episodic hypoxia, rather than a persistently denitrifying water column. We observed elevated iodide in the benthic boundary layer overlying shelf sediments, but to a much smaller extent than within ODZs. There was no evidence of offshore plumes of iodide or increases in total dissolved iodine. Results suggest that an anaerobic water column dominated by denitrification, such as in ODZs, is required for iodate reduction. However, re‐analysis of iodine redox data from previous ODZ work suggests that most iodate reduction occurs in sediments, not the water column, and is also decoupled from denitrification. The underlying differences between these regimes have yet to be resolved, but could indicate a role for reduced sulfur in iodate reduction if the sulfate reduction zone is closer to the sediment‐water interface in ODZ shelf sediments than in Oregon sediments. Iodate reduction is not a simple function of oxygen depletion, which has important implications for its application as a paleoredox tracer.
Sources and Fates of Sedimentary Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the East Siberian Arctic Shelf: Implications for Input Pathways and Black Carbon Constraint
Authors: Yu Wenxiu , Hu Limin , Zhang Yuying , Du Jiazong , Bai Yazhi , Lin Tian , Yu Huimin , Guo Zhigang , Bosin Alexander , Astakhov Anatolii , Shi Xuefa 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThe Arctic region is experiencing more rapid climate changes than the other parts of the world and serves as a sink for semi‐volatile persistent organic pollutants, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which can be utilized as molecular markers for pyrogenic carbon, such as black carbon (BC). As the sea ice retreats and increased terrestrial inputs with widespread wildfires, the PAH concentrations in the Arctic Ocean are rising. In this study, the sources and fates of PAHs together with BC in surface sediments from the East Siberian Arctic Shelf (ESAS) were analyzed. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) elucidated a mixed petrogenic and pyrogenic sources and distinct PAH fates associated with diverse input pathways including coastal permafrost erosion contribution (∼30%), petrogenic‐related emission (∼34%), fossil fuel combustion (∼26%), and biomass burning (∼10%). Correlation analysis indicated that BC plays a key role in affecting the behavior and fates of PAHs. In the Chukchi Sea, PAHs are closely associated with soot‐BC, whereas in the Laptev Sea (LS) and west East Siberian Sea (W‐ESS), they exhibit a coupling process with char‐BC. The presence of these carbonaceous materials in the sediments of CS is likely influenced by atmospheric deposition and biological activity, whereas the LS and W‐ESS regions are mainly affected by long‐distance river transport and direct deposition from coastal permafrost. As global warming continues, permafrost thawing induces the remobilization and retranslocation of PAHs, thereby becoming a significant PAH contributor and input pathway in the rapidly changing Arctic coastal margin.
Massive Ice Sheet Basal Melting Triggered by Atmospheric Collapse on Mars, Leading to Formation of an Overtopped, Ice‐Covered Argyre Basin Paleolake Fed by 1,000‐km Rivers
Authors: Buhler P. B. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractNear the Noachian‐Hesperian boundary (∼3.6 billion years ago), most of Mars' near‐surface water inventory was likely frozen in large southern ice sheets and Mars' CO2 atmosphere had eroded enough that it began to periodically collapse. Here, I report model results showing that thermal blanketing of a southern H2O ice sheet by a CO2 ice cap formed during atmospheric collapse would produce melt equivalent to ∼0.2–2.0 × Mars' present‐day global near‐surface H2O inventory. I then model downstream flow, demonstrating the likely development of an ice‐covered fluviolacustrine system with 1,000s‐of‐kilometer‐long rivers, an overtopped Mediterranean‐Sea‐sized lake in Argyre Basin, and substantial water delivery into Margaritifer Terra and potentially Chryse Planitia. This study shows that a steady‐state hydrologic cycle driven by pole‐to‐equator melt and equator‐to‐pole sublimation and atmospheric transport lasting 105–107 year could occur multiple times throughout a ∼108‐year window during which atmospheric pressure was low enough to collapse yet CO2 and H2O inventories and geothermal heat output were high enough to produce substantial meltwater. The nature of this proposed hydrologic cycle is consistent with estimates of the timing, duration, and intermittency of Noachian‐Hesperian fluvial activity. Thus, meltwater release triggered by atmospheric collapse potentially played an important role in the intense pulse of Noachian‐Hesperian fluvial activity: directly so for the Argyre‐Margaritifer‐Chryse system and perhaps indirectly for other catchments. Finally, this study demonstrates that large amounts of water can mobilize in a cold climate, driven by the same atmospheric collapse process occurring on Mars today, without invoking late‐stage warming processes.