bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Accommodating three low-scale anomalies (g − 2, Lamb shift, and Atomki) in the framed Standard Model
Authors: Bordes José , Chan Hong-Mo , Tsou Sheung Tsun 
Published: September 2019

The framed Standard Model (FSM) predicts a [Formula: see text] boson with mass around 20 MeV in the “hidden sector,” which mixes at tree level with the standard Higgs [Formula: see text] and hence acquires small couplings to quarks and leptons which can be calculated in the FSM apart from the mixing parameter [Formula: see text]. The exchange of this mixed state [Formula: see text] will contribute to [Formula: see text] and to the Lamb shift. By adjusting [Formula: see text] alone, it is found that the FSM can satisfy all present experimental bounds on the [Formula: see text] and Lamb shift anomalies for [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], and for the latter for both hydrogen and deuterium. The FSM predicts also a [Formula: see text] boson in the “hidden sector” with a mass of 17 MeV, that is, right on top of the Atomki anomaly [Formula: see text]. This mixes with the photon at 1-loop level and couples thereby like a dark photon to quarks and leptons. It is however a compound state and is thought likely to possess additional compound couplings to hadrons. By adjusting the mixing parameter and the [Formula: see text]’s compound coupling to nucleons, the FSM can reproduce the production rate of the [Formula: see text] in beryllium decay as well as satisfy all the bounds on [Formula: see text] listed so far in the literature. The above two results are consistent in that the [Formula: see text], being [Formula: see text], does not contribute to the Atomki anomaly if parity and angular momentum are conserved, while [Formula: see text], though contributing to [Formula: see text] and Lamb shift, has smaller couplings than [Formula: see text] and can, at first instance, be neglected there. Thus, despite the tentative nature of the three anomalies in experiment on the one hand and of the FSM as theory on the other, the accommodation of the former in the latter has strengthened the credibility of both. Indeed, if this FSM interpretation were correct, it would change the whole aspect of the anomalies from just curiosities to windows into a vast hitherto hidden sector comprising at least in part the dark matter which makes up the bulk of our universe.
Phyjama
Authors: Kiaghadi Ali , Homayounfar Seyedeh Zohreh , Gummeson Jeremy , Andrew Trisha , Ganesan Deepak 
Published: September 2019

Unobtrusive and continuous monitoring of cardiac and respiratory rhythm, especially during sleeping, can have significant clinical utility. An exciting new possibility for such monitoring is the design of textiles that use all-textile sensors that can be woven or stitched directly into a textile or garment. Our work explores how we can make such monitoring possible by leveraging something that is already familiar, such as pyjama made of cotton/silk fabric, and imperceptibly adapt it to enable sensing of physiological signals to yield natural fitting, comfortable, and less obtrusive smart clothing.We face several challenges in enabling this vision including requiring new sensor design to measure physiological signals via everyday textiles and new methods to deal with the inherent looseness of normal garments, particularly sleepwear like pyjamas. We design two types of textile-based sensors that obtain a ballistic signal due to cardiac and respiratory rhythm ---the first a novel resistive sensor that leverages pressure between the body and various surfaces and the second is a triboelectric sensor that leverages changes in separation between layers to measure ballistics induced by the heart. We then integrate several instances of such sensors on a pyjama and design a signal processing pipeline that fuses information from the different sensors such that we can robustly measure physiological signals across a range of sleep and stationary postures. We show that the sensor and signal processing pipeline has high accuracy by benchmarking performance both under restricted settings with twenty one users as well as more naturalistic settings with seven users.
VLA
Authors: Shen Meng , Liao Zelin , Zhu Liehuang , Xu Ke , Du Xiaojiang 
Published: September 2019

Adversarial example attacks have become a growing menace to neural network-based face recognition systems. Generated by composing facial images with pixel-level perturbations, adversarial examples change key features of inputs and thereby lead to misclassification of neural networks. However, the perturbation loss caused by complex physical environments sometimes prevents existing attack methods from taking effect.
In this paper, we focus on designing new attacks that are effective and inconspicuous in the physical world. Motivated by the differences in image-forming principles between cameras and human eyes, we propose VLA, a novel attack against black-box face recognition systems using visible light. In VLA, visible light-based adversarial perturbations are crafted and projected on human faces, which allows an adversary to conduct targeted or un-targeted attacks. VLA decomposes adversarial perturbations into a perturbation frame and a concealing frame, where the former adds modifications on human facial images while the latter makes these modifications inconspicuous to human eyes. We conduct extensive experiments to demonstrate the effectiveness, inconspicuousness, and robustness of the adversarial examples crafted by VLA in physical scenarios.
Lifetime Risk of Lower‐Extremity Peripheral Artery Disease Defined by Ankle‐Brachial Index in the United States
Authors: Matsushita Kunihiro , Sang Yingying , Ning Hongyan , Ballew Shoshana H. , Chow Eric K. , Grams Morgan E. , Selvin Elizabeth , Allison Matthew , Criqui Michael , Coresh Josef , Lloyd‐Jones Donald M. , Wilkins John T. 
Published: September 2019

Background

There are no available lifetime risk estimates of lower‐extremity peripheral artery disease (
PAD
).

Methods and Results

Using data from 6
US
community‐based cohorts and the vital statistics, we estimated the prevalence and incidence of
PAD
, defined as an ankle‐brachial index < 0.90, at each year of age from birth to 80 years for white, black, and Hispanic men and women. Then, we used Markov Monte Carlo simulations in a simulated cohort of 100 000 individuals to estimate lifetime risk of
PAD
. On the basis of odds ratios of
PAD
for traditional atherosclerotic risk factors (eg, diabetes mellitus and smoking), we developed a calculator providing residual lifetime risk of
PAD
. In an 80‐year horizon, lifetime risks of
PAD
were 30.0% in black men and 27.6% in black women, but ≈19% in white men and women and ≈22% in Hispanic men and women. From another perspective, 9% of blacks were estimated to develop
PAD
by 60 years of age, while the same proportion was seen at ≈70 years for whites and Hispanics. The residual lifetime risk within the same race/ethnicity varied by 3.5‐ to 5‐fold according to risk factors (eg, residual lifetime risk in 45‐year‐old black men was 19.9% when current smoking, diabetes mellitus, and history of cardiovascular disease were absent versus 70.4% when all were present).

Conclusions

In the United States, ≈30% of blacks are estimated to develop
PAD
during their lifetime, whereas the corresponding estimate is ≈20% for whites and Hispanics. The residual lifetime risk within the same race/ethnicity substantially varies according to traditional risk factors.
Gait-Synchronized Rhythmic Brain Stimulation Improves Poststroke Gait Disturbance
Authors: Koganemaru Satoko , Kitatani Ryosuke , Fukushima-Maeda Ayaka , Mikami Yusuke , Okita Yusuke , Matsuhashi Masao , Ohata Koji , Kansaku Kenji , Mima Tatsuya 
Published: September 2019

Background and Purpose—
Gait disturbance is one of serious impairments lowering activity of daily life in poststroke patients. The patients often show reduced hip and knee joint flexion and ankle dorsiflexion of the lower limbs during the swing phase of gait, which is partly controlled by the primary motor cortex (M1). In the present study, we investigated whether gait-synchronized rhythmic brain stimulation targeting swing phase-related M1 activity can improve gait function in poststroke patients.

Methods—
Eleven poststroke patients in the chronic phase participated in this single-blind crossover study. Each patient received oscillatory transcranial direct current stimulation over the affected M1 foot area and sham stimulation during treadmill gait. The brain stimulation was synchronized with individual gait rhythm, and the electrical current peaks reached immediately before initiation of the swing phase of the paretic lower limb. Ankle dorsiflexion was assisted by electrical neuromuscular stimulation in both real and sham conditions.

Results—

Regarding the effects of a single intervention, the speed of self-paced gait was significantly increased after oscillatory transcranial direct current stimulation, but not after sham stimulation (paired
t
test,
P
=0.009). After we administered the intervention repeatedly, self- and maximally paced gait speed and timed up and go test performance were significantly improved (self-paced:
F
(1,21)
=8.91,
P
=0.007, maximally paced:
F
(1,21)
=7.09,
P
=0.015 and timed up and go test:
F
(1,21)
=12.27,
P
=0.002), along with improved balance function and increased joint flexion of the paretic limbs during gait.

Conclusions—
These findings suggest that rhythmic brain stimulation synchronized with gait rhythm might be a promising approach to induce gait recovery in poststroke patients.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
https://www.umin.ac.jp/ctr/
. Unique identifier: UMIN000013676.
Pathophysiology of Central Poststroke Pain
Authors: Tang Sung-Chun , Lee Lukas Jyuhn-Hsiarn , Jeng Jiann-Shing , Hsieh Sung-Tsang , Chiang Ming-Chang , Yeh Shin-Joe , Hsueh Hsueh-Wen , Chao Chi-Chao 
Published: September 2019

Background and Purpose—
Central poststroke pain (CPSP) is a disabling condition in stroke patients, and evidence suggests that altered corticospinal and motor intracortical excitability occurs in neuropathic pain. The objective of this study was to investigate changes in motor cortex excitability and sensorimotor interaction and their correlates with clinical manifestations and alterations in somatosensory systems in CPSP patients.

Methods—
Fourteen patients with CPSP but no motor weakness were compared with age- and sex-matched healthy controls for motor cortex excitability and sensorimotor interaction assessed by transcranial magnetic stimulation to measure resting motor thresholds, short-interval intracortical inhibition, intracortical facilitation, and afferent inhibitions. The sensory pathway was evaluated by quantitative sensory testing, contact heat evoked potential, and somatosensory evoked potentials. Clinical pain and quality of life were assessed with validated tools.

Results—
The duration of CPSP was 3.3±3.0 years (ranging 0.5–10 years), and pain significantly impaired quality of life. Compared with the unaffected hemisphere, the stroke hemisphere had higher thermal thresholds, lower contact heat evoked potential amplitudes, and prolonged cortical somatosensory evoked potential latencies. There was no difference in resting motor thresholds between the stroke and unaffected hemisphere or between patients and controls. CPSP patients had a reduction in short-interval intracortical inhibition in the stroke hemisphere compared with that in the unaffected hemispheres of patients and controls. No changes were noted in afferent inhibitions between the stroke and unaffected hemispheres. The short-interval intracortical inhibition of the stroke hemisphere was negatively correlated with self-rated health on a visual analog scale and positively correlated with cortical somatosensory evoked potential latencies.

Conclusions—
CPSP patients with intact corticospinal tracts showed reduced motor intracortical inhibition in the stroke hemisphere, suggesting defective gamma-aminobutyric acid-ergic inhibition. This disinhibition was associated with impaired quality of life and was related to dorsal column–medial lemniscus pathway dysfunction.
Maasai Relationships with and Perceptions of Dogs in Northern Tanzania
Authors: Webster Lena K. , Ebersole James J. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Semi-structured interviews with 26 Maasai adults in one pastoralist, northern Tanzanian community showed that dogs were considered owned by one household, allowed to roam, and fed regularly. Interviewees strongly valued that dogs warn of wild predators threatening livestock, which provide nearly all human food and income, but most liked dogs only moderately, and only a few expressed affection for dogs. Participants disliked that dogs steal food, create disturbances, sometimes threaten people, and spread disease to humans. The strong utilitarian attitude toward dogs might be from poor economic security, frequent death of all Maasai non-human animals, and mostly non-expressive culture. Although dogs cause nearly all of the substantial Tanzanian human rabies cases, few dogs were vaccinated although most people would pay if the vaccine were available. These dogs also present disease risks to wildlife, so vaccination programs, facilitated by perceived ownership of all dogs, could reduce hazards to people and wildlife.
Traditional History and Cultural Memory in the Pesharim
Authors: Miller Shem 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThis article explores the type and function of historiography in the pesharim, a group of biblical commentaries in the Dead Sea Scrolls. Although the unabashedly subjective viewpoint of history in the pesharim strongly contrasts modern notions of historiography, they nevertheless present a kind of history writing. In particular, historiography in the pesharim is analogous to traditional history, a type of history writing found in oral epics from around the world. Like traditional history, the pesharim owe their primary allegiance to a special register of language that is both traditional and adaptable. Rather than a factual record, the pesharim are formative cultural texts that use history to create and transmit cultural memory. More specifically, traditional history in the pesharim constructs a common descent of membership and “instrumentalizes” the past for identity formation in the present.
Exploring the Links between Residence and Social Rights for Economically Inactive EU Citizens
Authors: Mantu Sandra , Minderhoud Paul 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This article examines the links between residence and social rights in the context of EU citizens’ mobility. It builds on national replies to a questionnaire concerning the implementation and application of Directive 2004/38 at the national level. Our focus is on how the EU28 are implementing the provisions on social assistance for economically inactive EU citizens, including five relevant European Court of Justice (ECJ) judgments in this area (Brey, Dano, Alimanovic, Garcia-Nieto and Commission v UK) and the provisions on permanent residence status. Based on the national replies we argue that asking for social benefits becomes a first step towards being considered by the administration as an unreasonable burden, which leads to the termination of EU residence rights. Our analysis shows that asserting and maintaining residence rights under Articles 7 and 16 of Directive 2004/38 is becoming problematic for certain categories of EU citizens and linked with the more restrictive position taken by some Member States in relation to accessing their national social assistance systems.
A Robe of Many Colors: Children and their Clothing in Early Modern Ashkenaz
Authors: Berner Tali 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This article discusses the clothing of Jewish children and adolescents in Western and Central Europe in the early modern period. Looking at egodocuments, sumptuary laws, visual representations, moral books, halakhic literature and apprenticeship contracts, it gives a first overview of children’s dress and involvement in the textile industry. The article explore the forces that shaped children’s garments—parental desires, legal and halakhic constraints and social norms. It pays special attention to the places where children and adolescents desires were manifested, and the ways children’s agency is professed, through choosing their own garments and contributing to the textile industry and changing of fashions.
Fair and Equitable Treatment Between the International and National Rule of Law
Authors: Živković Velimir 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Promoting the rule of law is a potentially strong legitimating narrative for international investment law. Illustrating the interlinkage, the ubiquitous ‘fair and equitable treatment’ (FET) standard embodies distinctly rule of law requirements. But these requirements remain open-textured and allow understanding their meaning in either more ‘international’ or ‘national’ way. An ‘international’ understanding – detached from the host State’s vision on how the rule of law should look like – should remain dominant. But I argue that decision-making under the FET standard should also involve a systematic engagement with how these requirements would be understood in the host State’s law and how they were complied with from that perspective. Whilst not determinative for establishing a breach, this assessment better respects the expectations of the parties, strengthens the persuasiveness of findings and helps enhance the national rule of law as a key contributor to the ultimate goal of investment protection – economic development.
Safety of coloanal/ileoanal anastomosis during cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy for peritoneal carcinomatosis: results of 20 consecutive patients
Authors: Duzgun Ozgul , Kalin Murat 
Published: September 2019

Objective No studies to date have focused on the safety of coloanal/ileoanal anastomosis (CAIAA) in cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (CRS + HIPEC), which is associated with severe morbidity and mortality. We herein present the outcomes of patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC) who underwent CAIAA. Methods We evaluated the prospectively collected data from 20 patients with PC who underwent CRS + HIPEC with respect to the primary disease, synchronous resections, intraoperative chemotherapy regimen, timing of protective ileostomy closure, and overall postoperative complications. Results Most patients underwent CRS + HIPEC and CAIAA for PC due to colorectal cancer. Coloanal anastomosis was performed in 15 (75%) patients, and J-pouch ileoanal anastomosis was performed in 5 (25%) patients. No anastomosis-related complications occurred in any patients who underwent CAIAA; however, one patient died of pulmonary embolism on postoperative day 7. Conclusions CAIAA is associated with serious complications even after performing benign colorectal surgery. However, it may be challenging for surgeons to simultaneously perform CAIAA in patients with PC who undergo CRS + HIPEC. We emphasize that this procedure can be safely performed with experienced surgical teams by using a multidisciplinary approach.
Anatomy of the Lateral Plantar Ligaments of the Transverse Metatarsal Arch
Authors: Mason Lyndon , Jayatilaka Malwattage Lara Tania , Fisher Andrew , Fisher Lauren , Swanton Eric , Molloy Andrew 
Published: September 2019

Background: While the anatomy of the Lisfranc complex is well understood, the lateral tarsometatarsal ligamentous structures, in contrast, are less well studied. Our aim in this study was to identify an anatomical explanation as to why the second to fifth metatarsals function as a unit in homolateral and divergent midfoot injuries. Methods: Eleven cadaveric lower limbs, preserved in formaldehyde, were examined at the University of Liverpool Human Anatomy and Resource Centre. Each of the lower limbs was dissected to identify the plantar aspect of the transverse metatarsal arch. Results: On removal of the long plantar ligament, the peroneal longus tendon was visible, as was its insertion onto the first metatarsal base. A lateral Lisfranc ligament (which was a transverse suspensory metatarsal ligament) spanned between the bases of the second and fifth metatarsals in all specimens with an average length of 33.7 mm and width of 4.6 mm. This ligament has not previously been described. It was noted that in all specimens, the long plantar ligament blended with the lateral Lisfranc ligament. In addition to the lateral Lisfranc ligament, separate intermetatarsal ligaments were identifiable connecting each metatarsal. The long plantar ligament provided a connection through the lateral Lisfranc ligament connecting the transverse and longitudinal arches of the foot. Conclusion: We found a plantar ligament that provided connection through the long plantar ligament of both the transverse and the longitudinal arches. It spanned from the second to the fifth metatarsal, which we believe may explain that in some cases, lateral instability can be overcome when the middle column is stabilized. Clinical Relevance: We suspect that in the majority of homolateral and divergent types of tarsometatarsal injuries that the lateral Lisfranc ligament remains intact and thus it has significant clinical ramifications.
Feasibility of improving cerebral autoregulation in acute intracerebral hemorrhage (BREATHE-ICH) study: Results from an experimental interventional study
Authors: Minhas Jatinder S , Panerai Ronney B , Swienton David , Robinson Thompson G 
Published: September 2019

Background Cerebral autoregulation is impaired in a multitude of neurological conditions. Increasingly, clinical studies are correlating the nature of this impairment with prognostic markers. In acute intracerebral hemorrhage, impairment of cerebral autoregulation has been associated with worsening clinical outcomes including poorer Glasgow Coma Score and larger hematoma volume. Hypocapnia has been shown to improve cerebral autoregulation despite concerns over hypoperfusion and consequent ischemic risks, and it is therefore hypothesized that hypocapnia (via hyperventilation) in acute intracerebral hemorrhage may improve cerebral autoregulation and consequently clinical outcome. Aims To assess the feasibility and acceptability of the first cerebral autoregulation-targeted intervention in acute intracerebral hemorrhage utilizing a simple bed-side hyperventilatory maneuver. Methods Twelve patients with acute intracerebral hemorrhage within 48 h of onset were enrolled. The experimental setup measured cerebral blood flow velocity (transcranial Doppler), blood pressure (Finometer), and end-tidal CO2 (EtCO2, capnography) at baseline, and in response to hypocapnia (−5 mmHg below baseline) achieved via a 90-s hyperventilatory maneuver. Cerebral autoregulation was evaluated with transfer function analysis and autoregulatory index calculations. Results We observed tolerance to the protocol in a cohort of mild (National Institutes of Health Scale 4) supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage patients with small volume hematomas without intraventricular extension. Importantly, a significant difference was noted between ipsilateral autoregulatory index at baseline 4.8 (1.7) and autoregulatory index during hypocapnic intervention 7.0 (0.8) (p = 0.0004), reflecting improved cerebral autoregulation, though a dose-dependent effect of EtCO2 on autoregulatory index was not observed. Conclusions In this small study, there was no observed effect on 14-day death and disability in recruited participants. This is the first report of improvement in cerebral autoregulation in acute intracerebral hemorrhage using a non-invasive interventional maneuver, through induction of hypocapnia via hyperventilation. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03324321 URL: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03324321