bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using the Pilodyn Tester in Selecting Plus Trees
Authors: Hall J. Peter 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The pilodyn tester was assessed in stands of black spruce, white spruce, and tamarack to determine its value in selecting trees of higher than average specific gravity. Trees were sampled from natural stands representative of areas where plus trees are selected. The specific gravity was determined using an 11 mm increment core. Pilodyn pin readings from the four sides of the tree were then correlated with measured specific gravity. Statistically significant correlations were obtained in 17 of 18 stands. It is recommended that specific gravity be assessed using four pin penetration readings in all three species. North. J. Appl. For. 5:170-171, Sept. 1988.
Focus Group Interviewing Applied to Retired West Virginia Nonindustrial Private Forest Landowners
Authors: Kingsley Neal P. , Brock Samuel M. , DeBald Paul S. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
To gain a deeper understanding of the interests and motivations of retired West Virginia forest landowners, the focus group interview technique was used with four groups of retired resident owners. This group discussion technique provided a deeper understanding of how this important group of forest landowners think. The results show that these owners display a strong sense of stewardship toward the land and a concern for their families, society as a whole, and for future generations that is not evident from the results of mail questionnaire surveys. They tend to downplay the financial aspects of timber production. A land ethic is clearly implied by their comments. They desire a sense of security and well-being from the ownership of forestland and evidence a deep feeling for nature. The results of this study show that focus group interviewing is a viable technique for gaining an understanding of important segments of the land owning population that goes beyond the information provided by mail canvasses. North. J. Appl. For. 5:198-200, Sept. 1988.
Control of Understory Vegetation in Allegheny Hardwood Stands with Oust
Authors: Horsley Stephen B. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Sulfometuron methyl (methyl 2-[[[[(4,6-dimethyl-2-pyrimidinyl) - amino]carbonyl]amino]sulfonyl]-benzoate), marketed under the trade name Oust Weed Killer by E. I. DuPont de Nemours and Co., was evaluated for its ability to control three herbaceous (hay-scented fern, New York fern, and short husk grass) and two woody species (striped maple and American beech) in the under-story of Allegheny hardwood stands. The herbicide was applied at four rates, 0, 2, 4, and 8 oz of product/ac, at the beginning of each month from May through November. Both ferns were nearly completely controlled at all application rates made between July 1 and October 1. Other dates of application gave less control and were rate-dependent. Short husk grass was not completely controlled at any time, but the most effective treatments were for the highest rate applied from September 1 through November 1. Striped maple and beech were not affected by any of the treatments. North. J. Appl. For. 5:261-262, December 1988.
Growth of Young Black Walnut Plantations in Kentucky1
Authors: Kalisz Paul J. , Stringer Jeffrey W. , Hill Deborah B. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Height, basal diameter, and crown width were determined for 2-to 16- year-old black walnut trees in 61 plantations distributed throughout Kentucky. Measurements from the 3050 trees sampled were used to develop height/age, diameter/age, and crown width/diameter equations and curves. These curves provide benchmarks for evaluating the early growth of typical plantations. Annual height and diameter growth were compared among different geologic substrates, landscape positions, levels of competition control, and soil suitability classes. At an average age of 6 years, height and diameter growth averaged 0.9 ft/yr and 0.2 in./yr, respectively, for all 61 plantations. Height growth was 35% greater for plantations located on suitable soils compared to plantations on soils of questionable suitability. Soil suitability did not affect diameter growth, but plantations with good competition control had 50% greater diameter growth compared to plantations with fair or poor competition control. Results of this study re-emphasize two principles of black walnut management: (1) only plant on good sites and (2) always control competition. North. J. Appl. For. 6(1):17-20, March 1989.
Juvenile Performance of Exotic Larches in Central Wisconsin1
Authors: Lee Chen H. , Schabel Hans G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A permanent test plantation consisting of a single provenance of Japanese larch and six provenances of European larch was established in central Wisconsin in the spring of 1982 by hand planting 2-0 stock grown from seed originating in Europe. A randomized complete block design with seven replications was used. Altogether 294 trees (6 trees/plot X *** plots/block x 7 replications) were installed in the test.
After five growing seasons in the field, plantation survival was 98%. Nineteen percent of the trees had suffered bark damage by deer, and 22% had terminals clipped by grasshoppers. The damages were not related to seed source origin, and they were of short duration.
The between-seedlot differences in annual shoot elongation were statistically significant in each of three consecutive growing seasons. Mean annual height growth for both exotic larches combined was 53 cm. Mean total height reached 3.73 m after seven growing seasons (two in the nursery, five in the plantation). Early growth potential of both larches was more than three times that of native red pine planted adjacent to the larch study site. Although the single Japanese larch provenance was slowest growing, sensitive to late frost, and possessed the lowest percentage of straight stems, it still outperformed red pine. European larch of Polish provenances, combining good growth with straightness characteristics, is recommended for general planting purposes on suitable sites in central Wisconsin. North. J. Appl. For. 6(1):31-33, March 1989.
A Harvesting Guide for Uneven-Aged Northern Hardwood Stands1
Authors: Kaya Ismail , Buongiorno Joseph 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This paper describes a cutting guide for northern hardwoods designed to take into account the uncertain growth of forest stands and the fluctuations of product prices. It illustrates the potential for increasing markedly the returns from selectively cut northern hardwood stands. In this guide, the state of a stand is defined by the basal area per acre in pole timber, small sawmill timber, and large sawtimber. Given a particular stand state and price level, the guide suggests either doing nothing, or cutting the stand into another state. Under the assumptions made, the guide maximizes the net present value of returns over an infinite horizon. The suggested regime results in an average yield of 2.8 ft²/ac/yr of basal area, and a residual stocking of 114 ft²/ac. The average interval between cuts (cutting cycle) is 9 years. When a cut is made, it practically never includes pulpwood, but only large (15 in. +) sawtimber, and more seldom small (11 to 15 in.) sawtimber. Volumes cut vary from 1400 to 15,000 bf/ac depending on stand state and price level. Stand values obtained by applying the guide are much higher than those yielded by the traditional Lake States marking guide. They are also generally superior to those obtained with a deterministic optimization model. North. J. Appl. For. 6:9-14, March 1989.
Heritability in Sugar Maple Families Suggest Breeding for Response to Wounding Would Pay
Authors: Garrett Peter W. , Funk David T. , Hawley Gary J. , Wendel George W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
There was no significant variation in response to wounding related to geographic origin in a 14-year-old provenance/progeny test of sugar maple. Narrow-sense heritability calculated for the 73 families was 0.38. The area of discolored wood was not correlated with tree size, suggesting the possibility of dual selection for growth and ability to compartmentalize discolored and decayed wood.
North. J. Appl. For. 6:59-61, June 1989.
Forage-Nutritional Advantages of Small Fuelwood Cuts for Deer
Authors: Pekins Peter J. , Mautz William W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Summer forage use by tame white-tailed deer in four fuelwood cuts (0.5-2.5 ha) in southeastern New Hampshire was studied from July 1 to September 10, 1980. Canada mayflower was the most consumed individual food. Leaves of hardwood stump sprouts were consumed and preferred more than leaves of hardwood seedlings and saplings. Red oak and red maple were the most consumed and available sprout leaves. Nutritional advantages of sprout leaves over leaves from seedlings and saplings were evident; sprout leaves were higher in crude protein and ether extract, and lower in crude fiber and ADF. Fuelwood harvesting recommendations in relation to deer use are discussed.
North. J. Appl. For. 6:72-74, June 1989.
Growth Response of Tamarack to Ditching
Authors: Trettin Carl C. , Jones Elizabeth A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Forest drainage systems have been used effectively to remove excess water from poorly drained forest soils and to increase site productivity. A study was conducted in northern Michigan to determine the effects of a drainage ditch on the productivity of tamarack 65 years after ditching. Site index increased 55% and average diameter increased 145% within 5 m of the ditch. There was no apparent effect of ditching on site index beyond 80 m from the ditch or diameter beyond 20 m.
North. J. Appl. For. 6:107-109, September 1989.
Interpretations of Illinois Stumpage Price Trends
Authors: Campbell Gene E. , White David C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
To provide insight into the timber market accessible to owners of non-industrial private forestland in the central hardwoods region, we examine Illinois statewide average stumpage prices for 16 hardwood species and 2 species composites. Over the study period, upland hardwood stumpage prices have risen faster than inflation. Swings in stumpage prices during this same period have been frequent and significant, e.g., woods-run stumpage prices for upland hardwoods have changed as much as 41% within 1 year and 75% within 2 years. The frequency of price changes suggests a predominantly buyer controlled market. Illinois forest land-owners can increase their return on investment from forestland through judicious market timing when making timber sales, and by requiring competitive bids. When Illinois timber supply data are considered with the general price trends, a picture emerges of an ongoing market advantage for the production of high-value intolerant species, such as the oaks.
North. J. Appl. For. 68:115-120, September 1989.
Transplanting Stress in Bareroot Conifer Seedlings: Its Development and Progression to Establishment
Authors: Rietveld W. J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Transplanting stress is: (1) a temporary condition of distress from injuries, depletion, and impaired functions; (2) a process of recovery; and (3) a period of adjustment to a new environment. Some transplanting stress is unavoidable, even with good stock in a favorable environment. The degree and duration of stress depend on the interactions of seedling performance potential and the site environment. Renewal of root-to-soil contact is important for resumption of adequate water and nutrient uptake. Root growth is sensitive to soil temperature and plant moisture stress. If reserve carbohydrates are exhausted before they are replenished from photosynthesis, the seedlings may die. Preplant handling and postplant drought aggravate transplanting stress. Stress can be minimized by planting stock with high stress resistance, preserving seedling performance potential, preparing a favorable planting site environment, and planting the seedlings properly.
North. J. Appl. For. 6:99-107, September 1989
Regenerating Paper Birch in the Lake States with the Shelterwood Method
Authors: Perala Donald A. , Alm Alvin A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The two-cut uniform shelterwood method provides abundant seed and shade needed to regenerate paper birch on droughty sites. The key to success is site preparation by cross-discing within 2 years after seed dispersal to (a) incorporate organic matter, particularly brown cubical woody rot, into the mineral soil, (b) to control competing vegetation, and (c) to drill seed into the seed bed. Drilled seed produces seedlings that grow 3 to 4 times faster than seedlings from seed dispersed after site preparation. Because a uniform shelterwood intercepts some precipitation, narrow shaded clearcut strips or strip shelterwoods may be even better for regenerating paper birch. North. J. Appl. For. 6:151-153, December 1989.
Economic Contributions of the Lake States' Forest Resources, 1982-1995
Authors: Pedersen Larry , Chappelle Daniel E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The forest products industry in Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin accounts for about 8% of the region's manufacturing sales, employment, and income. In real terms, sales of forest products are forecasted to grow from $15 billion in 1982 to over $22 billion by 1995. Sales related to wood energy and outdoor recreation in forested areas of the region account for another $2 billion. Adding the multiplier effect, economic activity attributable to these three uses of the forest resource is projected to grow from over $30 billion in 1985 to over $40 billion by 1995. North. J. Appl. For. 7(1):10-13, March 1990.
Hardwood Stumpage Price Trends and Characteristics in Connecticut
Authors: Holmes Thomas P. , Bentley William R. , Broderick Stephen H. , Hobson Todd 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
During the 1960s, hardwood stumpage in Connecticut was valued well below the regional average. Beginning in 1973, the hardwood stumpage market in the state began a long period of value growth due to the increasing size and quality of standing timber and the improving market for oak. Between 1960 and 1987, real stumpage prices for lots of mostly oak timber in Connecticut increased at an average annual rate of 4.6%. During the 1980s, real prices for oak increased at an average annual rate of 7.3%, while the value increase for mixed hardwoods was 2 0%. In comparison, the value of softwoods fell at an average annual rate of 2 4% during this recent period. The inflation of hardwood stumpage prices was caused by outward shifts in the demand curve and decreasing supply elasticity. If these trends continue, good financial opportunities will exist for oak management. North. J. Appl. For. 7(1):13-16, March 1990.
Sap Sweetness Consistency vs. Growth Rates in Young Sugar Maples
Authors: Laing Frederick M. , Howard Diantha B. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Mature sugar maples have been shown in a previous study to be consistent for sap sweetness when ranked against other trees in a population for many years. This study examined sap sweetness in young sugar maples in relation to basal area growth rates. A definite trend toward consistency for sap sweetness was found in young trees although there was greater variability than in mature trees. Reasons for this variability are postulated to be the continuing competitive growth of the younger trees and mortality due to natural causes and/or management. However, the trend toward consistency for sweetness warrants sap testing as a criterion in selecting potential crop trees for sap production. Annual correlations between sap sweetness and growth rates varied with no clear trend. North. J. Appl. For. 7(1):5-9, March 1990.
Effects of Site Quality and Season of Clearcutting on Hardwood Regeneration in Ohio
Authors: Ward Jeffrey S. , Heiligmann Randall B. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In 1962-64 eight plots (0.21 ha) were established to study the effects of site quality and season of clearcutting on regeneration at the Mead Experimental Forest in south-central Ohio. Summer and winter clearcutting treatments were applied on both good and medium black oak sites. Regeneration was inventoried 1 year and 18-20 years after clearcutting. Medium sites had a greater number of trees than good sites, but they were smaller in diameter. Upland oak density was significantly higher on medium sites. Season of harvest had minimal effect on improving oak composition on good sites. However, on medium sites upland oaks dominated following summer harvesting, while mixed hardwoods and upland oaks dominated following winter harvesting. North. J. Appl. For. 7:69-72, June 1990.
An Improved Saratoga Spittlebug Nymphal Appraisal Survey
Authors: Wilson Louis F. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The traditional Saratoga spittlebug nymphal appraisal survey was made more accurate and more efficient by: (1) restricting the time for sampling; (2) sampling only high risk acreage stands; (3) tallying the nymphs by using percentage of sample-frames infested; and (4) providing a broader range of decision options for the forest manager. The new survey reduced sampling time by one-third to one-half that of the traditional method. North. J. Appl. For. 7:83-86, June 1990.
Control of Grass and Sedge in Allegheny Hardwood Stands with Roundup-Residual Herbicide Tank Mixes
Authors: Horsley Stephen B. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A small plot experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of forest floor disturbance on establishment of grasses and sedges and to test whether addition of a residual herbicide in tank mix with Roundup could reduce grass and sedge reinvasion. Seven residual herbicides, each at three rates of application, were tested against a Roundup control. Herbicides were Hyvar X (bromacil), Karmex (diuron), Racer (fluorochloridone) (R-40244)), Devrinol (napropamide), Surflan (oryzalin), Oust (sulfometuron methyl), and Sinbar (terbacil). Herbicides were applied on three dates of application at two northwestern Pennsylvania sites. Half of each plot was mechanically disturbed to simulate logging disturbance. Response data were collected for 2 or 3 years after treatment application. Soil disturbance was a significant factor in promoting emergence of grass and sedge; most germination occurred during the growing season immediately following treatment. Little grass or sedge emerged on undisturbed areas. In the second growing season following treatment, plants that did emerge grew to full size. Two of the tank mixes, Roundup plus Hyvar X and Roundup plus Karmex, gave less control of vegetation on the plot at the time of treatment than Roundup alone. Most Round-up-residual herbicide tank mixes reduced emergence and growth of new grass and sedge plants, regardless of application date; however, the amount and duration of control differed among herbicides. Roundup (1 # ai/ac) plus Surflan (2-4 # ai/ac) and Roundup plus Oust (0.09-0.19 # ai/ac) produced the best results reducing grass and sedge ground cover for at least 3 and 2 years, respectively. By use of Roundup-residual herbicide tank mixes and manipulation of cutting techniques, forest land managers can minimize the impact of grass and sedge on the forest regeneration process in Allegheny hardwood stands. North. J. Appl. For. 7:124-129, September 1990.
Stand Development and Economic Analysis of Alternative Cutting Methods in Northern Hardwoods: 32-Year Results
Authors: Erickson Michael D. , Reed David D. , Morz Gleen D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Changes in stand quality and financial returns are evaluated for Upper Michigan northern hardwood stands managed for 32 years under eight alternative cutting techniques. Improvements in tree grade and stand soundness were greatest under a light improvement cutting method which support recommendations that bole quality improvement can be attained through selection type cuttings. Harvest revenues were maximized by a 12-in. diameter limit cut, followed by a 16-in. diameter limit and a light improvement cutting. In contrast, the managed forest value, assuming sustainable stand conditions have been achieved for all treatments, was maximized by the 16-in. diameter limit cut, followed closely by the light improvement treatment. Although the 16-in. diameter limit cut provided returns slightly greater than the light improvement cut and had a more even flow of revenues, it did not lead to quality improvements. These results support those of other studies which indicate the importance of considering economic criteria in developing silvicultural recommendations. North. J. Appl. For. 7:153-158, December 1990.
Site Index Curves and Site Factors Affecting the Growth of White Pine in Southern Ontario
Authors: Williams Peter A. , Gordon Andrew M. , Taylor Edward P. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The objectives of this project were to develop site index curves and provide soil-site information for southern Ontario white pine and to compare that information to similar information on white pine from other regions and to information on Norway spruce in the study area. Sampling points were selected in unthinned white pine plantations and classified by sod textural class (course, medium, and free) and depth to distinct mottling (0-16, 16-40, and 40 + in.). Two sets of anamorphic site index curves were constructed from stem analysis data, using a total age of 30 years (SI30) and a breast height age of 25 years (SIBH25) as base ages. Significant differences due to soil factors were found in the number of years it took seedlings to reach breast height (BH) (mean = 6 5 years; range = 3 to 11 years) but not in SIBH25. Years to BH was significantly greater on clayey sites than those with loamy or sandy textures (6.1 vs. 5.0 and 4.9 years). White pine height growth in the study area compared favorably with white pine height growth in New England, Wisconsin, and Ohio. When white pine height growth was compared to the growth of Norway spruce in the study area, SIBH25 values were significantly higher for Norway spruce but years to BH were significantly lower for white pine. On poorly drained sites, site index values for white pine and Norway spruce were similar, but it took 2.2 years less for white pine to reach breast height (7.2 vs. 5.0 years). On imperfectly and well-drained sites, white pine seedlings took less time than Norway spruce to reach BH, but the site index of Norway spruce was much greater. North. J. Appl. For. 7:183-186, December 1990.
Market Assessment and Economic Potential of the Red Pine Utility Pole Industry in Wisconsin
Authors: Harms Jan C. , Johnson James E. , Johnson Peter W. , Stier Jeffrey C. , Guries Raymond P. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Minnesota, Iowa, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin electric and telephone utilities use an estimated 278,000 distribution poles annually, of which 180,000-245,000 are 35 or 40 ft long and in pole Class 1, 2 or 3. Most poles are southern pine, Douglas-fir or western red cedar. Red pine's current market share is only 7%. Most utilities surveyed expressed a willingness to use red pine poles if they could be purchased at the same or at a slightly lower price than they currently pay for southern pine poles. A local pole production facility would benefit from Wisconsin's lower stumpage prices and transportation costs relative to those in the Pacific Northwest and the South. Wages are somewhat higher in Wisconsin than in competing regions, but on balance Wisconsin producers should initially enjoy a net cost advantage of $18-$38 per pole. As pole production expands, some of this cost advantage is expected to be passed on to timber growers in the form of higher stumpage prices. A single pole-treatment facility could treat 10,000-15,000 poles annually, and retain an additional one to two million dollars per year in the state economy. The regional demand appears to be sufficient to support several such plants. Whether sufficient pole material supply would be forthcoming from Wisconsin forests to support such plants is a crucial question that remains to be addressed. North. J. Appl. For. 7:189-193, December 1990.