bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Magnetosonic wave-aided terahertz emission by nonlinear mixing of lasers in plasmas
Authors: Kumar Narender , Singh Ram Kishor , Uma R. , Sharma R. P. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractA scheme of phase-matched terahertz generation by beating two co-propagating lasers in magnetized plasma, in the presence of a magnetosonic wave (MSW), is developed. The beat frequency ponderomotive force of the lasers imparts an oscillatory drift to electrons. The electron drift velocity couples with the electron density perturbation associated with the MSW to produce an irrotational nonlinear current $\left(\nabla \times {\vec J}\;{}^{\rm NL}\ne 0\right)$. The beat current density resonantly excites a THz (Terahertz) radiation when the phase-matching conditions are satisfied. The MSW mediates the phase matching. At 9.6 and 10.6 µm wavelengths, and background magnetic field of 285 kG, one may achieve normalized THz wave amplitude of the order of 10−3 and one obtains the ratio of THz power to pump power of the order of 10−6.
Recast type, repair, and acquisition in AAC mediated interaction
Authors: SOTO Gloria , CLARKE Michael T. , NELSON Keith , STAROWICZ Renee , SAVALDI-HARUSSI Gat 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe present study investigated the effects of different types of recasts and prompts on the rate of repair and spontaneous use of novel vocabulary by eight children with severe motor speech disabilities who used speech-generating technologies to communicate. Data came from 60 transcripts of clinical sessions that were part of a conversation-based intervention designed to teach them pronouns, verbs, and verb inflections. The results showed that, when presented alone, interrogative choice and declarative recasts led to the highest rates of child repair. The results also showed that when children were presented with recasts and prompts to repair, the rate of repair increased. Spontaneous use of linguistic targets was significantly and positively related to conversational sequences where the adult recast was followed by child repair. These findings suggest that using different recast types and prompts to repair may be beneficial for spontaneous use of linguistic targets in this population.
Historic fishing rights in the law of the sea and Brexit
Authors: Kopela Sophia 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe United Kingdom’s withdrawal from the 1964 Fisheries Convention and from the European Union has raised questions concerning the potential existence of third states’ fishing rights in the UK’s maritime zones post-Brexit. Historic fishing rights are a complex and controversial issue in the law of the sea. Uncertainty remains regarding their nature, the process for their formation and ascertainment, as well as their contemporary relevance in the light of the Law of the Sea Convention (LOSC) and other fisheries agreements. This article explores the concept of historic fishing rights in the law of the sea. First, it examines the nature and scope of historic fishing rights as discussed in the jurisprudence of international courts and tribunals and their relationship with other akin terms such as ‘customary’ and ‘traditional’ fishing rights. Issues related to the formation and establishment of these rights are also explored. The article also examines whether these rights have been superseded by the LOSC in the territorial sea and exclusive economic zone (EEZ), or whether they are still relevant in the post-LOSC era and maritime zones. It finally explores the relationship between historic fishing rights and treaty-based fishing access rights, and addresses the question posed by Brexit whether withdrawal from a fishing access treaty can unilaterally eliminate any related pre-existing historic rights. This discussion will provide an answer to the question whether it is possible for other states to have historic fishing rights in the UK’s territorial sea and EEZ following its withdrawal from the London Fisheries Convention and the European Union.
‘Targeted killing’ and the lack of acquiescence
Authors: Schweiger Elisabeth 
Published: September 2019

AbstractOver the last decade, the concept targeted killing has received much attention in debates on the customary interpretation of the right to self-defence, particularly in the context of practices such as US armed drone attacks. In these debates, government silence has often been invoked as acquiescence to thejus ad bellumaspects of targeted killing. Focusing on the question of state silence on targeted killing practices by the Israeli and US governments in recent years, this article investigates over 900 UN Security Council and Human Rights Council debates and argues that there has been no tacit consent to targeted killing. The analysis firstly shows that the majority of states have condemned Israeli targeted killing practices and have raised concerns about armed drone attacks, while falling short of directly protesting against US practices. The article, secondly, applies the customary international law requirements for acquiescence and challenges the idea that silence on US armed drone attacks can be understood as a legal stance towards targeted killing. The article, finally, investigates the political context and engages with alternative interpretations of silence. Contextualizing acts of protest and lack of protest within an asymmetrical political context, the article posits that the invocation of silence as acquiescence in the case of targeted killing is problematic and risks complicity of legal knowledge production with the violence of hegemonic actors.
Specialist healthcare services for UK care home residents: a latent class analysis
Authors: Hargreaves Claire , Tucker Sue , Hughes Jane , Hays Rebecca , Challis David 
Published: September 2019

AbstractAim:To identify discrete approaches to specialist healthcare support for older care home residents in the UK and to estimate their prevalence.Background:Internationally, a range of new initiatives are emerging to meet the multiple and complex healthcare needs of care home residents. However, little is known about their relative effectiveness and, given their heterogeneity, a classification scheme is required to enable research staff to explore this.Method:A UK survey collected information on the funding, age, coverage, aims, staffing and activities of 64 specialist care home support services. Latent class analysis (LCA) was used to allocate the sample into subgroups with similar characteristics.Findings:Three classes were identified. Class 1 (55% of sample) contained services with a high probability of providing scheduled input (regular preplanned visits) and support for all residents and a moderate probability of undertaking medication management, but a low probability of training care home staff (‘predominantly direct care’). Class 2 (23% of sample) had a moderate/high probability of providing scheduled input, support for all residents, medication management and training (‘direct and indirect care’). Class 3 (22% of sample) had a low probability of providing scheduled input, support for all residents and medication management, but a high probability of providing training for care home staff (‘predominantly indirect care’). Consultants were more likely to be members of services in Class 1 than Class 2, and Class 2 than Class 3.Conclusions:LCA offers a promising approach to the creation of a taxonomy of specialist care home support services. The skills and knowledge required by healthcare staff vary between classes, raising important issues for service design. The proposed classification can be used to explore the extent to which different organisational forms are associated with better resident, process and service outcomes.
Disentangling the relationship between sociotropic and egotropic trade attitudes: A survey experiment in Japan
Authors: Hearn Eddie 
Published: September 2019

AbstractPublic support for protection is typically attributed to economic self-interest. Beyond pocketbook anxieties, a competing approach, however, contends that sociotropic attitudes dictate foreign policy preferences. Researchers, however, have faced difficulty in disentangling sociotropic attitudes from pocketbook concerns in observational studies. This article addresses this problem by utilizing a priming experiment to examine the relationship between socio and egotropic attitudes. In line with the predictions of the sociotropic framework, individuals are less certain about the egotropic effects of trade and sociotropic attitudes are found to influence egotropic perceptions by reducing uncertainty about the pocketbook effects of trade. In contrast, the study fails to find support for the hypothesis that individuals project egotropic concerns onto societal evaluations. The results of the study suggest that future research should pay careful consideration to the relationship between socio and egotropic attitudes when modeling and analyzing trade-policy preferences.
Maternal folic acid supplementation does not counteract the deleterious impact of prenatal exposure to environmental pollutants on lipid homeostasis in male rat descendants
Authors: Navarro Pauline , Dalvai Mathieu , Charest Phanie L. , Herst Pauline M. , Lessard Maryse , Marcotte Bruno , Mitchell Patricia L. , Leblanc Nadine , Kimmins Sarah , Trasler Jacquetta , MacFarlane Amanda J. , Marette André , Bailey Janice L. , Jacques Hélène 
Published: September 2019

AbstractPrenatal exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) has been associated with the development of metabolic syndrome-related diseases in offspring. According to epidemiological studies, father’s transmission of environmental effects in addition to mother’s can influence offspring health. Moreover, maternal prenatal dietary folic acid (FA) may beneficially impact offspring health. The objective is to investigate whether prenatal FA supplementation can overcome the deleterious effects of prenatal exposure to POPs on lipid homeostasis and inflammation in three generations of male rat descendants through the paternal lineage. Female Sprague-Dawley rats (F0) were exposed to a POPs mixture (or corn oil) +/− FA supplementation for 9 weeks before and during gestation. F1 and F2 males were mated with untreated females. Plasma and hepatic lipids were measured in F1, F2, and F3 males after 12-h fast. Gene expression of inflammatory cytokines was determined by qPCR in epididymal adipose tissue. In F1 males, prenatal POPs exposure increased plasma lipids at 14 weeks old and hepatic lipids at 28 weeks old and prenatal FA supplementation decreased plasma total cholesterol at 14 weeks old. Prenatal POPs exposure decreased plasma triglycerides at 14 weeks old in F2 males. No change was observed in inflammatory markers. Our results show an impact of the paternal lineage on lipid homeostasis in rats up to the F2 male generation. FA supplementation of the F0 diet, regardless of POPs exposure, lowered plasma cholesterol in F1 males but failed to attenuate the deleterious effects of prenatal POPs exposure on plasma and hepatic lipids in F1 males.
Trends of Ocean Acidification and pCO2 in the Northern North Sea, 2003–2015
Authors: Omar A. M. , Thomas H. , Olsen A. , Becker M. , Skjelvan I. , Reverdin G. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractFor continental shelf regions, the long‐term trend in sea surface carbon dioxide (CO2) partial pressure (pCO2) and rates of ocean acidification are not accurately known. Here, we investigate the decadal trend of observed wintertime pCO2 as well as computed wintertime pH and aragonite saturation state (Ωar) in the northern North Sea, using the first decade long monthly underway data from a voluntary observing ship covering the period 2004–2015. We also evaluate how seawater CO2 chemistry, in response to physical and biological processes, drives variations in the above parameters on seasonal and interannual timescales.In the northern North Sea, pCO2, pH, and Ωar are subject to strong seasonal variations with mean wintertime values of 375 ± 11 μatm, 8.17 ± 0.01, and 1.96 ± 0.05. Dissolved inorganic carbon is found to be the primary driver of both seasonal and interannual changes while total alkalinity and sea surface temperature have secondary effects that reduce the changes produced by dissolved inorganic carbon. Average interannual variations during winter are around 3%, 0.1%, and 2% for pCO2, pH, and Ωar, respectively and slightly larger in the eastern part of the study area (Skagerrak region) than in the western part (North Atlantic Water region). Statistically significant long‐term trends were found only in the North Atlantic Water region with mean annual rates of 2.39 ± 0.58 μatm/year, −0.0024 ± 0.001 year‐1, and −0.010 ± 0.003 year‐1 for pCO2, pH, and Ωar, respectively. The drivers of the observed trends as well as reasons for the lack of statistically significant trends in the Skagerrak region are discussed.
Seismogeodetic P‐wave Amplitude: No Evidence for Strong Determinism
Authors: Goldberg D. E. , Melgar D. , Bock Y. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractWhether the final properties of large earthquakes can be inferred from initial observations of rupture (deterministic rupture) is valuable for understanding earthquake source processes and is critical for operational earthquake and tsunami early warning. Initial (P‐wave) characteristics of small to moderate earthquakes scale with magnitude, yet observations of large to great earthquakes saturate, resulting in magnitude underestimation. Whether saturation is inherent to earthquake dynamics or rather is due to unreliable observation of long‐period signals with inertial seismic instrumentation is unclear. Seismogeodetic methods are better suited for broadband observation of large events in the near‐field. In this study, we investigate the deterministic potential of seismogeodetically derived P‐wave amplitude using a dataset of 14 medium‐to‐great earthquakes around Japan. Our results indicate that seismogeodetic P‐wave amplitude is not a reliable predictor of magnitude, opposing the notion of strong determinism in the first few seconds of rupture.
Satellite‐Detected Ocean Ecosystem Response to Volcanic Eruptions in the Subarctic Northeast Pacific Ocean
Authors: Westberry T.K. , Shi Y.R. , Yu H. , Behrenfeld M.J. , Remer L.A. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractVolcanic eruptions in the Aleutian Archipelago during the summer of 2008 deposited large quantities of iron‐laden ash to the subarctic North Pacific Ocean. The surface ocean ecosystem response has been previously characterized using limited in situ and autonomous field measurements and numerical modeling, but basin‐scale satellite remote sensing has been limited to a simple description of chlorophyll variability. Here, we show that the ecosystem response is a complex combination of phytoplankton biomass and physiology that can be described with satellite ocean color diagnostics such as the chlorophyll‐to‐carbon biomass ratio (Chl:Cphyto) and chlorophyll fluorescence yield. Together, these quantities outline a more complete picture of ecological responses spanning unique signals of iron stress (and relief from), photoacclimation, changes in phytoplankton growth rate, increases in biomass, and timescales of decay for these processes.
Impacts of Observation Errors on Hurricane Forecasts When Assimilating Hyperspectral Infrared Sounder Radiances in Partially Cloudy Skies
Authors: Wang Pei , Li Jun , Li Zhenglong , Lim Agnes H. N. , Li Jinlong , Goldberg Mitchell D. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractHyperspectral infrared (IR) sounders provide high vertical resolution atmospheric sounding information that can improve the forecast accuracy of numerical weather prediction (NWP) models. Due to the challenges of assimilating cloudy radiances, NWP centers usually assimilate only radiances that are not affected by clouds. An imager based cloud‐clearing technique provides an alternative and effective way to remove the cloud effects from a partially cloudy field‐of‐view and derive the equivalent clear sky radiances or the cloud‐cleared radiances (CCRs) for assimilation in NWP. Since the observation error is amplified in the cloud‐clearing, or noise amplification process, it is necessary to inflate the observation errors appropriately in order to achieve the optimal value‐added impact from assimilating CCRs. The estimation of observation error inflation is established and discussed. Hurricane Harvey (2017) and Hurricane Maria (2017) are used to simulate and understand the impacts of observation error inflation on the assimilation of Cross‐track Infrared Sounder CCRs for hurricane forecast improvement. Both the precipitation location and intensity forecasts are improved when assimilating CCRs with an inflated observation error for Hurricane Harvey (2017). Assimilating CCRs with an inflated observation error adjusts the temperature and geopotential height fields and further affects the hurricane structures to improve the hurricane track forecasts, thereby demonstrating the importance of using hyperspectral IR measurements in partially cloudy skies for simulating the hurricane structure and improving its forecast. This method can be applied to other imager/sounder combined observations for improving sounder radiance assimilation in cloudy skies and has potential for operational applications.
When Does Vapor Pressure Deficit Drive or Reduce Evapotranspiration?
Authors: Massmann Adam , Gentine Pierre , Lin Changjie 
Published: September 2019

AbstractIncreasing vapor pressure deficit (VPD) increases atmospheric demand for water. While increased evapotranspiration (ET) in response to increased atmospheric demand seems intuitive, plants are capable of reducing ET in response to increased VPD by closing their stomata. We examine which effect dominates the response to increasing VPD: atmospheric demand and increases in ET or plant response (stomata closure) and decreases in ET. We use Penman‐Monteith, combined with semiempirical optimal stomatal regulation theory and underlying water use efficiency, to develop a theoretical framework for assessing ET response to VPD. The theory suggests that depending on the environment and plant characteristics, ET response to increasing VPD can vary from strongly decreasing to increasing, highlighting the diversity of plant water regulation strategies. The ET response varies due to (1) climate, with tropical and temperate climates more likely to exhibit a positive ET response to increasing VPD than boreal and arctic climates; (2) photosynthesis strategy, with C3 plants more likely to exhibit a positive ET response than C4 plants; and (3) plant type, with crops more likely to exhibit a positive ET response, and shrubs and gymniosperm trees more likely to exhibit a negative ET response. These results, derived from previous literature connecting plant parameters to plant and climate characteristics, highlight the utility of our simplified framework for understanding complex land‐atmosphere systems in terms of idealized scenarios in which ET responds to VPD only. This response is otherwise challenging to assess in an environment where many processes coevolve together.
Nuclear control of lung cancer cells migration, invasion and bioenergetics by eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3F
Authors: Esteves Pauline , Dard Laetitia , Brillac Aurélia , Hubert Christophe , Sarlak Saharnaz , Rousseau Benoît , Dumon Elodie , Izotte Julien , Bonneu Marc , Lacombe Didier , Dupuy Jean-William , Amoedo Nivea , Rossignol Rodrigue 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The basic understanding of the biological effects of eukaryotic translation initiation factors (EIFs) remains incomplete, notably for their roles independent of protein translation. Different EIFs exhibit nuclear localization and DNA-related functions have been proposed, but the understanding of EIFs novel functions beyond protein translation lacks of integrative analyses between the genomic and the proteomic levels. Here, the noncanonical function of EIF3F was studied in human lung adenocarcinoma by combining methods that revealed both the protein–protein and the protein–DNA interactions of this factor. We discovered that EIF3F promotes cell metastasis in vivo. The underpinning molecular mechanisms involved the regulation of a cluster of 34 metastasis-promoting genes including Snail2, as revealed by proteomics combined with immuno-affinity purification of EIF3F and ChIP-seq/Q-PCR analyses. The interaction between EIF3F and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) controlled the EIF3F-mediated increase in Snail2 expression and cellular invasion, which were specifically abrogated using the STAT3 inhibitor Nifuroxazide or knockdown approaches. Furthermore, EIF3F overexpression reprogrammed energy metabolism through the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase and the stimulation of oxidative phosphorylation. Our findings demonstrate the role of EIF3F in the molecular control of cell migration, invasion, bioenergetics, and metastasis. The discovery of a role for EIF3F–STAT3 interaction in the genetic control of cell migration and metastasis in human lung adenocarcinoma could lead to the development of diagnosis and therapeutic strategies.
Host–virus–predator coexistence in a grey-box model with dynamic optimization of host fitness
Authors: Thingstad Tron Frede , Våge Selina 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Lytic viruses are believed to affect both flow patterns and host diversity in microbial food webs. Models resolving host and virus communities into subgroups can represent both aspects. However, when flow pattern is the prime interest, such models may seem unnecessary complex. This has led to proposals of black-box models using only total community sizes as state variables. This simplification creates a coexistence problem, however, since predator and virus communities then compete for the same, shared, prey = host community. Mathematically, this problem can be solved by introducing feedbacks allowing community-level properties to adapt. The different mathematical alternatives for such feedback represent different ecological assumptions and thus different hypotheses for how the balance between predators and viruses is controlled in nature. We here explore a model where the feedback works through an increase in host community resistance in response to high virus abundances, thereby reducing virus production. We use a dynamic “strategy” index S to describe the balance between defensive and competitive abilities in the host community, and assume the rate of change in S to be proportional to the local slope of the per capita fitness gradient for the host. We explore how such a “grey-box” model can allow stable coexistence of viruses and predators, and how equilibrium food web structure, virus-to-host ratio, and partitioning of host production varies; both as functions of host community traits, and as functions of external bottom-up and top-down drivers.