bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
GDVFS: A New Toolkit for Analysis and Design of Vegetative Filter Strips Using VFSMOD
Authors: Rudra Ramesh P. , Gharabaghi Bahram , Sebti Saleh , Gupta Neelam , Moharir Ashwini 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
The Guelph design tool for vegetative filter strips, GDVFS, is a toolkit for the analysis and design of vegetative filter strips (VFSs). The upland hydrology model UH and the vegetative filter strip model VFSMOD (the two main components of GDVFS) were adopted from an existing interface (VFSMOD-W), and new nutrient and bacteria transport add-ons for UH and VFSMOD were incorporated into GDVFS. Other utilities and tools were also included in GDVFS to provide a capable toolkit for the analysis and design of VFSs. The published evaluation of computational procedures used in GDVFS indicates that these procedures perform very well in the estimation of VFS sediment and phosphorus removal efficiencies. According to these results, comparison of the predicted and observed values for sediment and phosphorus removal efficiencies indicates 10 and 20% error, respectively. This paper provides descriptions on the capabilities and methodology followed in the GDVFS toolkit.
Chemistry of the Interfaces of an Electric Water Heater: Implications from an Input-Output Analysis
Authors: Hocking Martin B. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
In a case study, this paper responds to increasing public interest in water quality issues by investigating chemical changes as water passes through a domestic water hot water system. Elemental changes were measured by simultaneous analysis of the incoming and outgoing water streams and the deposited sediment from an electric water heater tank. The results may alter some long-held beliefs. The collected and dried sediment from the tank was analyzed for thirty common elements by inductively coupled plasma and atomic absorption techniques. Of the 25 elements found, the dominant seven in order of concentration were magnesium, aluminum, copper, zinc, manganese, iron, and sodium, as well as some surprising traces of other elements. The cold water input and the heated output were also analyzed for thirteen measurable elements. In the heated water output, magnesium had a massive 151% increase in concentration, followed by much more modest increases shown by arsenic, calcium, lead, potassium, silicon, and strontium. None of these mass balance changes compromised the potability of the water. The six elements, aluminum, boron, copper, iron, manganese, and sodium, showed decreases in aqueous concentrations on heating, thereby improving the water quality.
Summary of a Decade of Research on the Effects of a New Zealand Pulp and Paper Mill on Reproduction in Fishes
Authors: van den Heuvel Michael R. , Slade Alison H. , Landman Michael J. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
The effluent of the Tasman pulp and paper mill (Kawerau, New Zealand) has been intensively studied for its effects on the health of fishes between 1998 and present. This review summarizes peer-reviewed scientific literature on the reproductive effects of the Tasman Mill effluent on fishes. In the 1990s there was an emerging body of literature from around the world showing that exposure to pulp and paper effluent could cause subtle reproductive alterations in exposed fishes. Locally, the Tarawera River had proved to be a difficult environment to conduct field studies. To overcome some of the difficulties with studying fish populations in the Tarawera River, initial studies on the reproductive health of fishes were focused on mesocosm and laboratory bioassays. During the later part of this period of study, wild fish population sampling was conducted inriver to assess the cumulative impact of multiple discharges. The initial mesocosm studies were conducted with rainbow trout exposures over an entire reproductive development cycle. The Tasman Mill effluent was initially observed to cause reductions in gonad size in females corresponding with lower circulating sex steroid hormones and reduced egg and larval sizes. This result was not observed again in the two subsequent long-term exposures conducted after 2001. Laboratory studies initially found the effluent to have a masculinizing effect on female mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis). This mosquitofish masculinization response disappeared after 2001 and was also not seen in effluent-exposed wild populations. Upstream and downstream populations of the native common bully (Gobiomorphus cotidianus) showed different reproductive timing, and investigation revealed that genetic differences were a potential reason for these differences. Subsequent investigation compared the Tarawera River bully to genetically similar Rangitiki River bully and found no evidence of reproductive alterations. The entire body of published data was assessed with regards to changes at the mill and chemical profiles of the effluent. It was evident that continuing effort on the part of the mill has resulted in gradual improvement in effluent quality over the duration of the studies. However, the disappearance of reproductive effects as assessed by multiple bioassays corresponds to one major change: screen room closure in the pulp mill. This change would have resulted in wood extractives being shunted from the treatment system to the recovery boiler, resulting in a net reduction in compounds derived from wood.
Recent Progress in Understanding the Causes of Endocrine Disruption Related to Pulp and Paper Mill Effluents
Authors: van den Heuvel Michael R. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Reproductive impairment in fishes exposed to pulp and paper effluent has been observed in the wild for three decades. Despite intense research, identification of causative agents, if indeed the changes are strictly chemically mediated, has yet to be achieved. This review examines the body of research developed over the last six years that was directed at understanding the mechanisms of reproductive dysfunction in fishes associated with pulp mill effluent exposures. Research has continued to show diminishing effects of effluent exposure on fish reproductive physiology. Observations of exposure to androgens and estrogens continue to be observed and new evidence suggests that antiestrogens may be present. The presence of androgenic steroids remains a consistent observation, and those androgens appear to be native to wood. Recent studies have also suggested a number of alternate mechanisms beyond androgens or estrogens. One such possibility is that neuroactive substances are interfering with endocrine balance critical to reproduction. A second possibility is that some reproductive effects in the field may be due to nutritional factors, and thus reproductive impacts are caused by indirect effects of pulp mill effluent exposure. Ongoing mechanistic studies, particularly with paired field-lab components, are required to make further progress.
Masculinization of Eastern Mosquitofish (Gambusia) and Exposure to Pulp and Paper Discharge: Diminished Responses Following Mill Process Modifications
Authors: Noggle Jessica J. , Gross Timothy S. , Holm Stewart E. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
The abnormal induction of anal fin elongation (masculinization) in female Gambusia was first reported in the 1980s for Florida streams receiving pulp and paper effluents. Although these early reports indicated masculinization responses that were similar to the complete development of a gonopodium (male secondary sex structure), additional evaluations throughout the 1990s demonstrated significant reductions in this response. These historic data suggested that mill process modifications may have been responsible for the reduced masculinization responses. The objective of the current study was to utilize Georgia Pacifics Palatka Mill to monitor a series of mill process modifications and their effects on masculinization responses in Mosquitofish (Gambusia). Gambusia were collected from upstream, discharge, and downstream sites in the Palatka Mill receiving stream (Rice Creek) and masculinization was evaluated. Collections were conducted annually during 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2008, and 2009, before and after a series of modifications which included: conversion to elemental chlorine free bleaching, conversion of secondary treatment to aerobic degradation, reduction of in-mill black liquor losses, addition of condensate stripping, reduction in water usage from 136 to 83 million litres per day (36 to 22 million gallons per day), installation of new brown stock washers, and oxygen delignification. Masculinization responses were evaluated using the anal fin index (ratio or anal fin rays 4 and 6). Reductions in this masculinization response were observed gradually across 1999 through 2009, with an absence of response in female Gambusia during 2004, 2006, and 2008 to 2009. These data indicate that pulp and paper mill upgrades and process modifications have resulted in the elimination of this biological response in Gambusia.
Effects of Neutral Sulfite Semichemical Pulp Mill Effluent in the Mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus.) Adult Fish Reproductive Test
Authors: Bosker Thijs , Hewitt L. Mark , Doyle Meghan A. , MacLatchy Deborah L. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Short-term adult fish reproductive tests using freshwater species have demonstrated negative impacts on egg production in fish exposed to complex pulp and paper mill effluents. In an effort to address the ability of laboratory tests to predict effects on wild fish, mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus) were exposed in saltwater conditions for 21 days to 3 and 30% final effluent of a neutral sulfite semichemical pulp mill that discharges into an estuarine environment in eastern Canada. Although no effects on gonad size, liver size, or condition factor were found, egg production was significantly increased by 31% and decreased by 30% when fish were exposed to 3 and 30% final effluent, respectively. This study i) is the first to demonstrate a decrease in egg production when fish are exposed to complex effluents under estuarine conditions and ii) provides the first linkage of effects on gonad size in wild fish to egg production from laboratory testing in the same species. In so doing, this study also demonstrates the utility of egg production measurements to further investigate the causes and solutions to the effects of mill effluents in both freshwater and marine wild fish.
Impact of a Kraft Pulp and Paper Mill Effluent on Phytoplankton and Macroinvertebrates in River Nzoia, Kenya
Authors: Ojunga Salome , Masese Frank O. , Manyala Julius O. , Etiegni Lazare , Onkware Augustino O. , Senelwa Kingiri , Raburu Phillip O. , Balozi Bekuta K. , Omutange Elijah S. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Phytoplankton and macroinvertebrate assemblages were used to assess the impact of a kraft pulp and paper mill effluent in Kenya, on River Nzoia downstream of the discharge point in relation to changes in water quality during May to June and November 2008 (rainy and dry seasons, respectively). Total phosphorus concentration increased from 0.027 mg.L-1 upstream to 0.04 mg.L-1 downstream. Ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) concentration was 0.51 mg.L-1 upstream and 0.86 mg.L- 1 downstream. Nitrate concentration stood at 1.18 mg.L-1 upstream compared with the 2.23 mg.L-1 downstream. The pH changed from 4.5 to 5.0 upstream to 5.5 to 6.0 downstream, while DO increased from 6.57 to 7.03 mg.L-1 downstream. The BOD5 (biochemical oxygen demand after five days) values remained almost unchanged from 4.63 mg.L-1 upstream to 4.67 mg.L-1 downstream. Taxon composition of phytoplankton and macroinvertebrates correlated with adverse environmental gradients resulting from the mill's effluent discharge. Overall, there was a shift in composition and abundance of both phytoplankton and macroinvertebrates, with the downstream site recording high numbers of tolerant taxa (i.e., Microcystis sp. and Chironomus sp.). It was recommended that water quality monitoring with effluents of this nature be done using a combination of chemical analysis and biological indicators such as phytoplankton and macroinvertebrates.
Dissolved and Colloidal Fraction Transport of Antibiotics in Soil under Biotic and Abiotic Conditions
Authors: Kim Sung-Chul , Yang Jae E. , Ok Yong-Sik , Carlson Kenneth 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Veterinary antibiotics, leached from contaminated manure that is applied as fertilizer, could be transported to surface water as runoff or infiltrated to groundwater after a significant rainfall. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the transport behaviour of ten antibiotics belonging to four different groups in soil through the column leaching study under biotic and abiotic conditions. Among compared antibiotic groups, tetracyclines (TCs) were found to have no residual in the leachate and mainly remained sorbed to the fixed column soil ranging 34~81% of initially applied mass. In contrast, sulfamethazine(SMTs), one of the sulfonamides (SAs) group, was mostly recovered in the leachate at the ranges of 74~83% of the total mass applied. Also, colloidal-facilitated transport of antibiotics was observed. Depending on the antibiotics, recovered mass of colloidal-facilitated transport was 0.4~22.7% for biotic and 0.2~62.5% for abiotic treatment as compared to total mass applied in soil. In general, a less mass was recovered in biotic leachate and soil columns indicating that microorganism activity might be a minor attenuation mechanism. Results indicated that phase partitioning of antibiotics would be a major factor to be assessed in evaluation of fate and transport of antibiotics in soil.
Case Study of Particle-Related UV Shielding of Microorganisms When Disinfecting Unfiltered Surface Water
Authors: Cantwell Raymond E. , Hofmann Ron , Rand Jennie L. , Devine Patrick M. , VanderMarck Monique 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
The goal of this case study was to provide pilot-scale information about the ability of ultraviolet (UV) light to disinfect unfiltered surface water. A pilot-scale (0.25 L/s) UV reactor with low-pressure UV lamps was installed on raw water entering an aqueduct from the Pardee Reservoir at the East Bay Municipal District, California. A pilot monitoring system also collected hourly particle count (2 to 100 m), turbidity, and ultraviolet transmittance (UVT) measurements for 14 months. Grab microbial samples were collected and analyzed for indigenous total coliforms and total aerobic spores (TAS) both before and after UV disinfection, to correlate survival of the organisms across the UV reactor to water quality characteristics. Concentrations of indigenous coliforms and TAS ranged up to 163 and 1,383 per 100 mL respectively, before UV exposure. The data showed that the ability of UV to disinfect coliforms was essentially unaffected by the presence of particles (up to 703&gt;10 m per mL and 1.3 nephelometric turbidity unit [NTU]) in the unfiltered surface water. In 13 of 14 samples, no coliforms were detected in the UV treated water. Log-linear inactivation of TAS up to 2.5-log suggests that at least 99.6% of the TAS were not protected from UV disinfection by particles.
Catchment Residents-Based SWOT Analysis of a Reservoir Ecosystem for Sustainable Water Management: A Case Study From the Region of Alentejo, Portugal
Authors: Matias Nuno-Gonçalo 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
The European Union Water Framework Directive (WFD, 2000/60/EC) makes public participation a requirement in managing water resources and maintaining water quality in a watershed. Whilst participatory approaches to sustainable water management are supported by a growing body of research, actively involving people affected by water resources is far from straightforward. This paper investigates the use of the Strengths-Weaknesses-Opportunities-Threats (SWOT) analysis framework as a consultation tool to support catchment populations participation in water resources management by a case study developed in a reservoir ecosystem. The application of a multiple correspondence analysis helped identify underlying structures of respondents SWOT stated issues and their associations with socio-demographic characteristics and type of reservoir ecosystem uses. In particular, five clusters of responses were suggested by this analysis, focusing on: the use and importance of the reservoir ecosystem for agriculture, existing qualities/amenities at the study area for recreation, socioeconomic issues, concerns about littering and litter management of the area, and issues about reservoir water quality and management. Overall, the issues raised information about public perceptions and understandings of the reservoir ecosystem, which may enable decision makers and water managers to perform fair and sustainable management of water resources.
A Comparison of Urbanization Effects on Stream Benthic Macroinvertebrates and Water Chemistry in an Urban and an Urbanizing Basin in Southern Ontario, Canada
Authors: Bazinet Normand L. , Gilbert Beth M. , Wallace Angela M. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Benthic invertebrate communities were compared in several watersheds within an urban basin and an urbanizing basin in southern Ontario, Canada. The urban watersheds of the Lake Ontario basin and the urbanizing watersheds within the Lake Simcoe basin share similar geologies, soils, and climates, but differ in the stage of urban development within these two basins. Correspondence analysis showed that invertebrate populations formed distinct groups split between these two basins owing to intense urban development in the Lake Ontario watersheds versus the agricultural nature of the Lake Simcoe basin. Canonical correspondence analysis ordinations indicated that the major environmental gradients were related to urban land cover (imperviousness), chloride, nitrates and stream order factors. Urban land cover and chloride were most strongly associated with the first axis. The typical logarithmic relationship between urban land cover and benthos found in other studies was not evident in this study. Rather, 9 of the 12 metrics tested had significant linear relationships with urban land cover. The Hilsenhoff Family Biotic Index and percent Oligochaeta metrics showed the strongest positive linear relationships with urban land cover. Pollution sensitive groups (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera) along with richness and diversity measures decreased with increasing urbanization.
Potential Aquatic Health Impacts of Selected Dechlorination Chemicals
Authors: Basu Onita D. , Dorner Sarah M. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Municipal wastewater effluents are one of the largest single effluent discharges in Canada. Chlorination of wastewater effluents is a widespread practice throughout Canada (excluding Quebec), the United States and parts of Europe. As chlorine in wastewater effluents is toxic to aquatic biota, dechlorination chemicals may be used to reduce residual chlorine concentrations to below 0.02 mg/L (as Cl2) as mandated by Canadian law. However, the potential aquatic health impacts of residual dechlorination chemicals must also be determined. Seven dechlorination agents (ascorbic acid, hydrogen peroxide, calcium thiosulfate, sodium sulfite, sodium thiosulfate, sodium metabisulfite, sodium bisulfite) were evaluated with regards to their 48 hour acute toxicity. Tests were conducted using Daphnia magna to identify the acute (48 h) toxicity affects of the dechlorination chemicals over a range of concentrations (0-200 mg/L). Sodium sulfite and thiosulfate were found to have the least aquatic mortality effects while hydrogen peroxide and calcium thiosulfate had the most deleterious effects.
Prediction of Scale Formation in Calcium Carbonate Aqueous Phase for Water Treatment and Distribution Systems
Authors: Bahadori Alireza 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Accurate estimation of scale formation in distribution systems for drinking water and water treatment technologies is of utmost importance. A novel and simple method is presented here to predict the formation of calcium carbonate scaling as a function of pH, temperature, ionic strength of the solution, calcium cation, and bicarbonate anion concentrations, in order to evaluate the effect of solution conditions on precipitation tendency. The proposed simple method covers concentrations of calcium cations and bicarbonate anions up to 10,000 mg/L, temperatures up to 90°C, pressures up to 500 kPa, total ionic strength up to 3.6, and pH values ranging between 5.5 and 8. The predicted values are found to be in good agreement with the reported data with average absolute deviations being less than 2.6%. Predictive tool presented in the paper can be of immense practical value for engineers and researchers to have a quick check on the formation of calcium carbonate scaling at various conditions without opting for any experimental measurements. In particular, personnel dealing with water treatment and distribution systems would find the proposed method to be user-friendly with transparent calculations involving no complex expressions.
Compost Biofilters For Highway Stormwater Runoff Treatment
Authors: Finney Karen , Gharabaghi Bahram , McBean Ed , Rudra Ramesh , MacMillan Glenn 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Stormwater runoff containing pollutants deposited on highways from vehicular traffic and urban activities has been identified as a serious threat to aquatic habitats. Although many urban stormwater management technologies serve to reduce the concentrations of pollutants from being transported to larger bodies of water, these stormwater management installations do not always meet the provincial water quality guidelines. In summer 2007, a compost biofilter was installed in a ditch near Highway 8 in Kitchener, Ontario and monitored for 18 storm events spanned over two years for both flow rate and water quality. The main objectives of the study were to determine highway runoff quality and biofilter pollutant removal efficiency. This study shows that the key factors that affect the build-up of the pollutants on a highway are the average annual daily traffic (AADT) and the antecedent dry days (ADD), and the main factors that affect the wash-off of pollutants, include total rainfall depth and rainfall intensity. Before filtration, highway runoff contaminant levels often exceeded the Ontario Provincial Water Quality Objectives (PWQO). However, the biofilter reduced the total suspended solids, zinc, copper and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by 42, 32, 29, and 66%.
Investigation of Laboratory-Scale and Pilot-Scale Attached Growth Ammonia Removal Kinetics at Cold Temperature and Low Influent Carbon
Authors: Delatolla Robert , Tufenkji Nathalie , Comeau Yves , Gadbois Alain , Lamarre Daniel , Berk Dimitrios 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
A mobile testing center was installed at a lagoon wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) at Terrebonne, Canada to investigate the rate of ammonia removal of attached growth treatment systems at 4°C and at low influent carbon concentrations. The testing center housed two laboratory-scale reactors, a pilot-scale BioStyr system (Veolia Water) and a pilot-scale moving bed bioreactor (MBBR) system (Veolia Water). Although the rates of laboratory-scale and the pilot-scale systems demonstrated that the exposure time to low temperature has a significant effect on the kinetics of the system, the ammonia removal rates of all the systems were shown to be significant at 4°C. A strong correlation was demonstrated between the rates of ammonia removal produced by the laboratory-scale reactors, the pilot BioStyr system and pilot MBBR system; thus verifying the scaleup capability of the laboratory-scale reactors and demonstrating that nitrifiers can achieve ammonia removal under cold temperature conditions for elapsed periods of time independent of the reactor design. Finally, the ammonia removal rates of the laboratory-scale systems, the BioStyr pilot system, and the MBBR pilot system were all accurately predicted by a recently proposed Theta model.