bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Scaling as an Organizational Method: Ethnographic Explorations of Two Danish Sustainability Organizations
Authors: Papazu Irina , Nelund Mette 
Published: April 2018

AbstractOrganization studies have shown limited interest in the part that scaling plays in organizational responses to climate change and sustainability. Moreover, while scales are viewed as central to the diagnosis of the organizational challenges posed by climate change and sustainability, the role of scaling in meeting these challenges has not yet been recognized. By analysing two ethnographic case studies, conducted at Samsø Energy Academy and Farendløse Cider Works, respectively, the authors identify scaling as a core activity of the sustainability organization. The two organizations studied each situate their operations at the heart of the climate change problematic – one in organic farming, the other in renewable energy – and, employing what the authors term ‘the method of scaling’, they impose order on the world in which they operate. The method of scaling helps the organizations relate their actions to the ambiguous concepts of sustainability and climate change. The authors find that the two organizations’ scaling activities occur in three modes: rejection, innovation and conscious adoption of core concepts such as sustainability and climate change. These modes of scaling help organizations turn something as immense as the climate into a small and manageable problem, thus making abstract concepts part of concrete, organizational practice.
Dash for Gas: Climate Change, Hegemony and the Scalar Politics of Fracking in the UK
Authors: Nyberg Daniel , Wright Christopher , Kirk Jacqueline 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThis paper investigates the political contestation over hydraulic fracturing of shale gas, or ‘fracking’, in the UK. Based on an analysis of four public inquiries, it shows how both proponents and opponents of fracking employed scaling to mobilize interests by connecting (or disconnecting) fracking to spatial and temporal scales. The analysis explains how a fossil fuel hegemony was reproduced by linking local and specific benefits to nationally or globally recognized interests such as employment, energy security and emission reductions. The paper contributes to recent debates on environmental political contestation by showing how scaling enables the linkage of competing interests by alternating between spatial (e.g. local vs. global) and temporal (e.g. short term vs. long term) horizons. The authors argue that scaling allows dominant actors to uphold contradictory positions on climate change, which contributes to explaining the current disastrous political climate impasse.
Sustainability: Issues of Scale, Care and Consumption
Authors: Chatzidakis Andreas , Shaw Deirdre 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThis paper investigates how consumers interested in sustainability are affected by conflicts in caring and scale. Contrasting previous emphasis relating scale to production, the paper illustrates how scale influences consumption and social reproduction, including consumers’ more concrete preoccupations with caring about and for themselves, significant others and, not least, the planet. The paper makes three contributions to the nascent management literature in this field. First, it illustrates how scalar logics at urban through to global levels influence seemingly micro‐social routine consumption decisions. Second, it develops an approach that emphasizes the scale‐sensitivity of consumer decision‐making around sustainability and the conflicts inherent in caring. Third, it addresses critiques of current studies preoccupied with processes of production rather than social reproduction and illustrates the critical role that consumption plays in the social construction of scales. Based on these findings, we argue that policy promoting sustainability may be misplaced in that it does not sufficiently acknowledge how people's consumption and caring decisions are nested in relational and spatial contexts.
Scaling Sustainability: Regulation and Resilience in Managerial Responses to Climate Change
Authors: Goworek Helen , Land Chris , Burt George , Zundel Mike , Saren Mike , Parker Martin , Lambe Brendan 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThis paper introduces the special issue of the British Journal of Management on ‘Scaling Sustainability: Regulation and Resilience in Managerial Responses to Climate Change’, providing an overview of the key issues in scaling sustainability, comprising an analysis of the six papers in the special issue. We discuss the complex relationship between micro, meso and macro scales, in the context of organizations’, managers’ and consumers’ complicity in the creation and intensification of climate‐changing conditions. In networking multiple sites into a ‘global’ scale, managers and organizations can lose sight of the situated, localized nature of the position from which they perform the global. We conclude that a key factor in the capacity and speed at which local actions can be scaled up is the connection of sustainability‐related activities by intermediary organizations that can generate resonance between multiple sites through association or alliance, rather than imposing a single logic. Thus, more resilient approaches, which acknowledge the significance of the interconnection between scales, are required to effectively scale sustainability strategies upwards or downwards.
Insurance and Climate Change Risk Management: Rescaling to Look Beyond the Horizon
Authors: Thistlethwaite Jason , Wood Michael O. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractClimate change represents a significant financial risk to the insurance industry, but research has yet to assess whether the industry is managing this risk. Through the application of scale as a vertically nested hierarchy of relationships, this paper seeks to evaluate whether insurers are ‘rescaling’ risk management practices to accommodate the temporal and spatial uncertainty associated with climate change. This framework is applied to a content analysis of 178 (183) firm responses to the 2012 (2015) U.S. National Association of Insurance Commissioners Climate Risk Disclosure Survey to detect evidence of rescaling through climate change risk management (CCRM). The results reveal that the majority of companies do not integrate climate change into their risk management practices, but reinsurers are rescaling in a greater proportion than primary insurers. This finding confirms that a nested spatial and temporal scale in the insurance industry creates resistance to CCRM. The use of scale contributes to emerging scholarship on organizations and climate change by offering a framework for measuring organizational responses and justifying a research agenda on rescaling strategies as a means of risk management.
On Ek and Jak In Middle Norwegian: Mixed Methods In Historical Sociolinguistics
Authors: Blaxter Tam , Kinn Kari 
Published: April 2018

AbstractWork in historical sociolinguistics can broadly be divided into quantitative work which examines population‐level trends in past language use, and qualitative work which documents and explains the usage of individuals or within particular texts. In this paper, we argue for an approach which combines both of these. Using mixed methods we can achieve all the advantages of both qualitative and quantitative approaches, revealing the complexity of language use in real social contexts but situating it in a well‐described view of the historical processes at play. We demonstrate our approach with an exploration of the rise of ‘broken’ forms of the first person singular nominative pronoun in the history of Norwegian. We chart the overall progression and social patterning of the change using kernel density estimation, regression and geographically weighted regression. We then explore the wealth of fascinating local and ephemeral patterns by examining usage of particular individuals and texts.
Seeing Like a City‐State: Behavioural Planning and Governance in Egypt's First Affordable Gated Community
Authors: Simcik Arese Nicholas 
Published: April 2018

AbstractHaram City is Egypt's first ‘affordable’ gated community, hosting both aspirational middle‐class homeowners and resettled poor urban residents. Amidst legal ambiguity during Egypt's 2011–2013 revolutionary period, the management team of this public–private partnership was tasked with creating a ‘fully self‐sufficient’ city. While Haram City is the product of top‐down ‘seeing like a state’ master planning (Scott, ), the day‐to‐day resolution of class vulnerabilities and disputes over ‘reasonableness’ in city life requires forms of interpersonal adjudication otherwise addressed through local urban law—‘seeing like a city’ (Valverde, ). This article uses ethnography of management techniques aiming to ‘upgrade behaviour’ to theorize that a private entity, in a strategically indeterminate relationship with the state, reconciles future‐oriented planning and storied prejudices by merging two visions of governance. Imitating the repertoire of urban law, managers plan the very realm of bottom‐up decision making. They then adapt top‐down urban planning to bottom‐up dispute resolution to spatially consolidate the ‘consensual’ outcomes of a rigged game. Evoking both colonial Egyptian vagrancy laws and neoliberal paternalist welfare, ‘seeing like a city‐state’ governance amounts to authoritarianism that conceals itself within custom, appearing neutral so as to plan streets, codes and inner lives at once.
Rapporteur‐shadow rapporteur networks in the European Parliament: The strength of small numbers
Authors: HÄGE FRANK M. , RINGE NILS 
Published: April 2018

AbstractSpecialisation and delegation of policy leadership within committees is the norm rather than the exception in legislatures around the world. Yet, little research has studied the sub‐groups of lawmakers who serve as policy leaders on particular bills. This article uses conceptual and methodological tools from social network analysis to investigate the groups’ composition and relational structure. It tests the proposition that limited human resources lead lawmakers from small parties to more frequently engage with a greater number of colleagues from other parties across a wider range of policy areas. This may have important relational benefits that have the potential to outweigh the structural disadvantages of small party size. The article examines whether small party lawmakers participate more, are more central and have greater potential for brokerage in policy‐making networks, or if the constraints associated with small party size and/or particular ideological leanings prevent their realisation. Empirically, the analyses focus on working relationships between rapporteurs and shadow rapporteurs in the adoption of reports by standing committees of the 7th European Parliament, 2009–2014. Methodologically, a mixed methods approach is employed. The quantitative analyses show that small party size does not affect legislators’ participation in policy‐making networks, but that it increases legislators’ centrality and brokerage potential. Regarding ideology, being committed to democratic participation as a good in itself has a positive association with all three outcomes, while attitudes to European integration show no effect. The qualitative data suggest that the relational benefits of belonging to a small party partially mitigate the structural disadvantages associated with it. They also indicate that policy making in the European Parliament is quite inclusive, as any systematic exclusion tends to be the result of self‐marginalisation.
Can the online crowd match real expert judgments? How task complexity and coder location affect the validity of crowd‐coded data
Authors: HORN ALEXANDER 
Published: April 2018

AbstractCrowd‐coding is a novel technique that allows for fast, affordable and reproducible online categorisation of large numbers of statements. It combines judgements by multiple, paid, non‐expert coders to avoid miscoding(s). It has been argued that crowd‐coding could replace expert judgements, using the coding of political texts as an example in which both strategies produce similar results. Since crowd‐coding yields the potential to extend the replication standard to data production and to ‘scale’ coding schemes based on a modest number of carefully devised test questions and answers, it is important that its possibilities and limitations are better understood. While previous results for low complexity coding tasks are encouraging, this study assesses whether and under what conditions simple and complex coding tasks can be outsourced to the crowd without sacrificing content validity in return for scalability. The simple task is to decide whether a party statement counts as positive reference to a concept – in this case: equality. The complex task is to distinguish between five concepts of equality. To account for the crowd‐coder's contextual knowledge, the IP restrictions are varied. The basis for comparisons is 1,404 party statements, coded by experts and the crowd (resulting in 30,000 online judgements). Comparisons of the expert‐crowd match at the level of statements and party manifestos show that the results are substantively similar even for the complex task, suggesting that complex category schemes can be scaled via crowd‐coding. The match is only slightly higher when IP restrictions are used as an approximation of coder expertise.
Review article: Investigations and the pregnant woman in the emergency department – part 1: Laboratory investigations
Authors: Morton Adam , Teasdale Stephanie 
Published: April 2018

AbstractAccurate assessment of the pregnant patient in the ED depends on knowledge of physiological changes in pregnancy, and how these changes may impact on pathology tests, appearance on point‐of‐care ultrasound and electrocardiography. In addition the emergency physician needs to be cognisant of disorders that are unique to or more common in pregnancy. Part 1 of this review addresses potential deviations in laboratory investigation reference intervals resulting from physiological alterations in pregnancy, and the important causes of abnormal laboratory results in pregnancy. Part 2 will address the role of point‐of‐care ultrasound in pregnancy, physiological changes that may affect interpretation of point‐of‐care ultrasound, physiological changes in electrocardiography, and the safety of radiological procedures in the pregnant patient.
Efficacy of 7‐benzyloxyindole and other halogenated indoles to inhibit Candida albicans biofilm and hyphal formation
Authors: Manoharan Ranjith Kumar , Lee Jin‐Hyung , Lee Jintae 
Published: April 2018

SummaryCertain pathogenic bacteria and yeast form biofilms on biotic and abiotic surfaces including medical devices and implants. Hence, the development of antibiofilm coating materials becomes relevant. The virulence of those colonizing pathogens can be reduced by inhibiting biofilm formation rather than killing pathogens using excessive amounts of antimicrobials, which is touted as one of the main reasons for the development of drug resistance. Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen, and the transition of yeast cells to hyphal cells is believed to be a crucial virulence factor. Previous studies have shown that indole and its derivatives possess antivirulence properties against various bacterial pathogens. In this study, we used various indole derivatives to investigate biofilm‐inhibiting activity against C. albicans. Our study revealed that 7‐benzyloxyindole, 4‐fluoroindole and 5‐iodoindole effectively inhibited biofilm formation compared to the antifungal agent fluconazole. Particularly, 7‐benzyloxyindole at 0.02 mM (4.5 μg ml−1) significantly reduced C. albicans biofilm formation, but had no effect on planktonic cells, and this finding was confirmed by a 2,3‐bis‐(2‐methoxy‐4‐nitro‐5‐sulfophenyl)‐2H‐tetrazolium‐5‐carboxanilide (XTT) assay and three‐dimensional confocal laser scanning microscopy. Scanning electron microscopy analyses revealed that 7‐benzyloxyindole effectively inhibited hyphal formation, which explains biofilm inhibition. Transcriptomic analysis showed that 7‐benzyloxyindole downregulated the expressions of several hypha/biofilm‐related genes (ALS3, ECE1, HWP1 and RBT1). A C. albicans‐infected Caenorhabditis elegans model system was used to confirm the antivirulence efficacy of 7‐benzyloxyindole.
Exploring Nontraditional Participation as an Approach to Make Water Quality Trading Markets More Effective
Authors: Heberling Matthew T. , Thurston Hale W. , Nietch Christopher T. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractWater quality trading (WQT) has the potential to be a low‐cost means for achieving water quality goals.WQTallows regulated wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) facing discharge limits the flexibility to either reduce their own discharge or purchase pollution control from otherWWTPs or nonpoint sources (NPSs) such as agricultural producers. Under this limited scope, programs withNPSs have been largely unsuccessful at meeting water quality goals. The decision to participate in trading depends on many factors including the pollution control costs, uncertainty in pollution control, and discharge limits. Current research that focuses on makingWQTwork tends to identify how to increase participation by traditional traders such asWWTPs and agricultural producers. As an alternative, but complementary approach, we consider whether augmentingWQTmarkets with nontraditional participants would help increase the number of trades. Determining the economic incentives for these potential participants requires the development of novel benefit functions requiring not only economic considerations but also accounting for ecological and engineering processes. Existing literature on nontraditional participants in environmental markets tends to center on air quality and only increasing citizen participation as buyers. Here, we consider the issues for broadening participation (both buyers and sellers) inWQTand outline a multidisciplinary approach to begin evaluating feasibility.
Better performance of four‐dimension computed tomography as a localization procedure in normocalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism
Authors: Cunha‐Bezerra Phelipe , Vieira Ricardo , Amaral Fernando , Cartaxo Henrique , Lima Túlio , Montarroyos Ulisses , Bandeira Francisco 
Published: April 2018

AbstractIntroductionThe multi‐phase or four‐dimensional computed tomography (4D CT) has emerged as a promising technique for preoperative localization of parathyroid lesions in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT), but little is known about its accuracy in patients with normocalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism (NPHPT).MethodsA total of 18 patients diagnosed with PHPT underwent three methods of preoperative localization (4D CT, TC‐99‐Sestamibi scintigraphy and ultrasonography). After surgery, the results of imaging were compared with operative findings, pathological and biochemical data to evaluate the sensitivity and of each localization procedure.ResultsIn NPHPT the sensitivity for identifying the parathyroid lesion, according to presentation of PHPT (hypercalcemic or normocalcemic), was better with 4DCT in comparison to USG and scintigraphy. In these patients, the sensitivity for lateralization was as follows: USG: 22% (95% CI 0–44.9), scintigraphy: 11.1% (95% CI 0–31.6), 4DCT: 55.6% (95% CI 23.1–88). In hypercalcemic patients the results were as follows: USG: 58.3% (95% CI 30.4–86.2), scintigraphy: 75% (95% CI 50.5–99.5), 4DCT: 75% (95% CI 50.5–99.5). There was a poor agreement between the three procedures in the identification of the parathyroid lesions, with Kappa coeficients of 0.292 and 0.01 for scintigraphy and 4DCT, respectively, in comparison to USG.ConclusionOur data showed that 4DCT had a better performance as a preoperative localization procedure of the parathyroid lesion in patients with NPHPT.
Determination of a suitable low‐dose abdominopelvic CT protocol using model‐based iterative reconstruction through cadaveric study
Authors: Moloney Fiachra , Twomey Maria , Fama Daniel , Balta Joy Y , James Karl , Kavanagh Richard G , Moore Niamh , Murphy Mary Jane , O'Mahony Siobhan M , Maher Michael M , Cryan John F , O'Connor Owen J 
Published: April 2018

AbstractIntroductionCadaveric studies provide a means of safely assessing new technologies and optimizing scanning prior to clinical validation. Reducing radiation exposure in a clinical setting can entail incremental dose reductions to avoid missing important clinical findings. The use of cadavers allows assessment of the impact of more substantial dose reductions on image quality. Our aim was to identify a suitable low‐dose abdominopelvic CT protocol for subsequent clinical validation.MethodsFive human cadavers were scanned at one conventional dose and three low‐dose settings. All scans were reconstructed using three different reconstruction algorithms: filtered back projection (FBP), hybrid iterative reconstruction (60% FBP and 40% adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction (ASIR40)), and model‐based iterative reconstruction (MBIR). Two readers rated the image quality both quantitatively and qualitatively.ResultsModel‐based iterative reconstruction images had significantly better objective image noise and higher qualitative scores compared with both FBP and ASIR40 images at all dose levels. The greatest absolute noise reduction, between MBIR and FBP, of 34.3 HU (equating to a 68% reduction) was at the lowest dose level. MBIR reduced image noise and improved image quality even in CT images acquired with a mean radiation dose reduction of 62% compared with conventional dose studies reconstructed with ASIR40, with lower levels of objective image noise, superior diagnostic acceptability and contrast resolution, and comparable subjective image noise and streak artefact scores.ConclusionThis cadaveric study demonstrates that MBIR reduces image noise and improves image quality in abdominopelvic CT images acquired with dose reductions of up to 62%.
Effects of geranylgeranylacetone upon cardiovascular diseases
Authors: Zeng Shengqiang , Wang Hong , Chen Zaihua , Cao Qianqiang , Hu Lin , Wu Yanqing 
Published: April 2018

SummaryHeat shock proteins (HSPs) are an important family of protective proteins. They are involved actively in an array of cellular processes, including protective effects on the cardiovascular system in response to various stimuli. Increasing evidence shows that pharmacologic interventions that induce expression of HSPs may be a novel approach for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. However, agents that induce expression of HSPs used previously are toxic or have harmful side effects, which limit their clinical application. Geranylgeranylacetone (GGA) is not only a widely used antiulcer agent in Asia, but also a nontoxic inducer of HSPs expression. It increases the expression of HSPs rapidly in the presence of ischemia, anoxia, oxidative stress, and toxicants, thereby having significant protective effects. The cardioprotective effects of GGA have been corroborated by experiments in vivo and in vitro. Importantly, several derivatives of GGA have been synthesized that have improved pharmaco‐chemical and HSPs‐boosting properties. In this review, the current knowledge and potential cardioprotective mechanisms of GGA are summarized comprehensively. We discuss the protective effects of GGA in cardiovascular diseases and myocardial injury induced by physical or chemical injury. Currently available information suggests that GGA could be employed as a novel pharmacologic intervention against cardiovascular disease.