bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Oxygen Uptake Kinetic Asymmetries in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis: A Pilot Study
Authors: Larson Rebecca D. , Barton Monica , Farrell III John W , Cantrell Gregory S. , Lantis David J. , Black Christopher D. , Ade Carl J. 
Published: December 2018

Background of Study: Observations of limb to limb differences (bilateral asymmetry) in leg strength, power, peak oxygen uptake (VO2) and bone mineral density has been reported in individuals with Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Objetives: The purpose of this study was to quantify the magnitude of bilateral asymmetries in oxygen uptake (VO2) kinetics response to single leg cycling (SLC) in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Methods: Five MSpatients (2 men, 3 women; age 43±7 yrs) performed constant work rate SLC trials to determine VO2 kinetics in each leg. Asymmetry scores were used to quantify the magnitude of the bilateral asymmetries. Results: Significant asymmetries were seen in VO2 peak and parameters of VO2 kinetics. VO2peak asymmetry score was significantly different than 0% (p=0.015). Similarly,significant asymmetry for VO2 kinetic response to exercise as mean response time was observed (p=0.03). In addition the VO2 response to exercise resulted in a significant asymmetry in VO2 deficit between legs (p=0.03). No correlation between EDSS scores and any asymmetry scores existed. Conclusions: These findings provide insight into the potential differences in metabolic perturbation and limb specific symptomatic fatigue within the MS population.
Comparison of the Spinal Loads Produced by Carrying a Backpack and Carrying a Person Piggyback: Crossfit Training
Authors: Graham Sheena , Alexander Marion J.L. , Leiter Jeff , Glazebrook Cheryl , Telles-Langdon David 
Published: December 2018

Background of Study: The piggyback carry has recently become a more popular exercise through the emerging sport of CrossFit. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine any biomechanical differences that exist in the lumbar spine when carrying no load, a backpack, and a person on the back. Methods: Twelve 70+ kg male strength-trained athletes were recruited from local CrossFit affiliates. One child with a mass of 27 kg was recruited to be the piggybackpassenger for all participants. All participants and the guardian of the passenger signed an informed consent form. The participants walked three times over a force plate for each of three conditions: carrying no load, a 27 kg backpack, or a 27 kg passenger. Three Canon video cameras recorded each trial, and Dartfish Software was used to measure joint angles and gait parameters. Maximal trunk inclination angle, was used in a static lumbar spine model to calculate trunkmuscle torque and force, and lumbosacral joint reaction forces. Results: Both load conditions produced compensatory trunk flexion; trunk flexion increased from no load to piggybacking to backpacking. Mean values were determined for each participant for each variable, and these values were compared amongst the three conditions of no load, piggybacking, and backpacking. An alpha value of 0.05 was used. Conclusion: Due to the more extreme position of the trunk andgreater magnitude of torques, backpacking likely places the musculoskeletal system at more risk than does piggybacking.
Design-driven innovation in design practice
Authors: Kristiansen Helge Tor , Gausdal Anne Haugen 
Published: December 2018

The aim of this paper is to investigate Verganti’s framework for design-driven innovation (DDI) in the context of design practice and to discuss, elaborate and deepen the understanding of DDI, especially on aspects related to design. To meet this aim, an in-depth longitudinal case study of a DDI project for developing a radical new vision for an offshore ship bridge concept is performed. DDI is generally recognised as an in-depth research process, but we also approach it as a highly creative, generative process of design in which design artefacts serve as knowledge production and exploration. Therefore, Verganti’s divide between research and creativity and his critique of user centredness are challenged. The paper adds complementary understandings to Verganti’s framework, particularly regarding the role of design, and the Generative Design-Driven Innovation framework is developed.
Componentes curriculares de cursos de graduação em turismo: uma leitura sintático-semântica na relação dialógica entre áreas de conhecimento
Authors: Marinho Marcela Ferreira , Dos Santos Marcia Maria Cappellano , Ferreira Luciane Todeschini 
Published: December 2018

Entre as designações de componentes (disciplinas) de estruturas curriculares de cursos de graduação em Turismo, encontram-se aquelas em que o Turismo e outras áreas de conhecimento constituem uma construção sintática, cujos termos vêm ligados por elementos como: “do”, “no”, “em”, “e” e “aplicado ao”. Assim, objetiva-se, com base em análise sintático-semântica dessas designações, depreender indiciadores de configurações de diálogo interdisciplinar estabelecido entre elas, uma vez que a essas configurações tendem a corresponder práticas pedagógicas. Considerando como supostos: 1) que o documento Projeto Pedagógico de Curso (PPC) e, nele, a estrutura curricular, se constitui em materialização da dimensão intangível do currículo e que, portanto, as designações das disciplinas deveriam estar aneladas ao intricado de pressupostos norteadores subjacentes ao PPC; 2) que a linguagem, não sendo neutra, traz marcas de vozes dos sujeitos enunciador e enunciatário, de sorte que tais designações implicam sentidos para além do mero registro formal; numa pesquisa de natureza exploratória, analisaram-se, após procedimentos metodológicos de recorte, 74 estruturas curriculares e, nelas, 139 disciplinas, sendo que, percentualmente, apresentaram diferentes números de incidências das referidas construções, com predomínio de “X aplicado ao Turismo”. Nessa formulação sintática emerge uma transitividade de mão única, conferindo ao Turismo a conotação de objeto de aplicação da área X, não conotando simetria relacional no diálogo entre elas. Os resultados trazem à reflexão a pertinência das designações, tanto no que se refere à natureza do Turismo, quanto ao que as Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais dos cursos de Turismo preconizam sobre interdisciplinaridade. A própria opção pela leitura sintático-semântica como ferramenta de análise originária de competências da Linguística do Texto e de linguísticas enunciativas propiciou estender o campo de interpretações dos resultados, concorrendo para estabelecer, interdisciplinarmente, outras/novas conexões conceituais.
Revolts, Egyptian
Authors: Fischer‐Bovet Christelle 
Published: December 2018

Abstract

Revolts in Hellenistic Egypt consisted of rebellions and riots, which occurred sporadically from the reign of Ptolemy III Euergetes (246–221
bce
) until the year following the Roman conquest (29
bce
). The term may also include the various periods of unrest in Roman Egypt until the end of the third century; normally, however, it excludes riots of the mob in Alexandria, where the population consisted of Egyptians alongside Greeks and Jews, as well as the Jewish revolt in Egypt of 116–117
bce
. Several explanations have been put forward for these revolts: on the one hand, they have been seen as religious, ethnic, or nationalistic, on the other, socioeconomic, or some combination of both.
Berytus
Authors: Hall Linda Jones 
Published: December 2018

Abstract

Berytus was a Roman colony founded by Augustus for his veterans. The city, famed for the teaching of Roman law in the Late Antique era, was also economically successful due to its involvement in the trade and production of purple dye and silk fabrics. Wine production is confirmed by both archaeological finds and literary sources. A diverse economy was supported by agricultural productivity and the manufacture of glass, linen, various metal objects, and books. Occupying a key position on many ancient land and sea routes, Berytus was a center of cultural interaction until the devastating earthquake and tidal wave of 551
ce
.
Carinus (Marcus Aurelius Carinus Augustus)
Authors: Davis Raymond 
Published: December 2018

Abstract

Carinus (born ca. 250/255
ce
;
PLRE
I 181;
PIR
2
A 1475) was Roman emperor from 282 to 285. A serious problem in assessing Carinus is the prejudice of the sources, which present him as debauched, the seducer of the wives of the nobility, and even as the husband of nine successive wives (Historia Augusta, Car. 16.7); he put innocent men to death on false charges, even those who had taunted him at school. Such stories, when they are not the fiction of the sources, are likely to be the spin of emperors who succeeded him. One wife only, Magnia Urbica, with the style
Augusta
, is known from inscriptions and coins.
Claudius Quintillus (Marcus Aurelius Claudius Quintillus Augustus)
Authors: Davis Raymond 
Published: December 2018

Abstract

Perhaps born ca. 220
ce
, of Danubian origin, Claudius Quintillus (
PLRE
I 579;
PIR
2
A 1480) was Roman emperor for two or three months in the summer of 270. His acceptance of the throne, mainly on the basis of being the younger brother of his predecessor Claudius II, displayed the problems of hereditary succession when it did not produce the most capable candidate at a time when the empire faced critical economic and military problems.
Latins, Latium
Authors: Farney Gary D. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract

Latium was a territory in central Italy that contained the city of Rome. It was divided into two parts, Old Latium (
Latium Vetus
), the original land of the Latini, and Farther Latium (
Latium Adiectum
). The Latini themselves formed a self‐conscious ethnic group, with a common name, customs, religion, language, and similar political systems.
Optimates, populares
Authors: Robb M. A. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract

Cicero's Pro Sestio 96 defines
optimates
and
populares
as two antithetical political types. The definition has traditionally been taken, with little attention to its specific context in the speech, to indicate that a distinction using these labels was generally made in late republican Rome. Although most modern models of late republican politics make heavy use of the terms, there is considerable divergence over their precise significance.
Apollonios of Perge
Authors: Fried Michael N. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Apollonios of Perge, along with Euclid and Archimedes, was one of the greatest mathematicians of the Hellenistic period. The work for which he is best known is his Conics in Eight Books. Even in the ancient period, this was a celebrated work and was the reason Apollonios came to be known as the “great geometer.” Most of his other works seem to have been geometrical in character, but there are some which may have been of a more general nature, and there is a reference to work he may have done in astronomy.
Embryology
Authors: Kapparis Konstantinos 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
More than a dozen studies have survived in the corpus of ancient Greek medical authors dedicated to the study of prenatal life, the processes of fertilization, fetal development and pregnancy; moreover, abundant material can be found in gynecological and anatomical treatises. Earlier studies were interested in the fetus and the question of human identity before birth in relation to the debate on induced abortion. Since the 1980s, an interest in antenatal life was linked to ancient gynecological treatises and their importance for the study of Women and Gender in the ancient world. The legacy of Hippocratic embryology, and its impact upon medieval and early European and Arabic works has also attracted attention for its philosophical and ontological extensions. Although ancient embryological theory was influenced by Greek cultural stereotypes, it attempted to provide rational explanations to the processes of antenatal life, and thus set the foundation for future progress on the subject. Simultaneously it provides valuable commentary on the gender relations and stereotypes of the ancient Greeks, and as such it constitutes an important source for women's studies and the Social and Cultural history of the ancient Greek world.
Paleopathology
Authors: Fornaciari Gino 
Published: December 2018

Abstract

The word paleopathology, derived from the Greek
palaios
,
pathos
, and
logos
, meaning literally “study of ancient diseases,” was coined in 1892/3 by the German physicist R. W. Schufeldt and has appeared in the Standard Dictionary of Funk and Wagnall since 1895. However, it was Sir Armand Ruffer who made the word popular, using it in his extensive studies on Egyptian mummies. Paleopathology can be defined as the discipline that studies the diseases of past populations through the examination of ancient human remains, both skeletonized and mummified.
Ariovistus
Authors: Nice Alex 
Published: December 2018

Abstract

Ariovistus (died ca. 54
bce
) was a Germanic king at the time of Julius Caesar's Gallic campaigns. He was recognized as a king and ally of Rome in 59
bce
. He assisted the Arverni and Sequani in their struggle against the Aedui. Ariovistus subsequently settled over 120,000 Germans in Gallic territory. After the Aedui appealed to Julius Caesar, he fought and was defeated by the Romans at the battle of Vesontio in 58
bce
.
Auctoritas
Authors: Hölkeskamp Karl‐J. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract

The concept of
auctoritas
is a legal as well as social, political, and moral term with a broad range of explicit meanings and implicit connotations: it can denote “approval,” “authorization” and “sanction,” magisterial “guidance” and authoritative “advice,” and, more specifically, the “right” and “power” of a person or a body politic “to approve,” “authorize,” and “sanction” an action, and in its legal sense, “right” or “title of ownership.”
Auctoritas
is wielded by individuals of superior social standing, especially prominent political figures and the holders of magistracies, but is also exercised by institutions and other bodies, in particular the Senate as a whole, the group of senior senators known as
principes civitatis
, and the patrician members of the body (
senatus auctoritas
,
patrum auctoritas
).
Secundus the Silent
Authors: Hafner Markus 
Published: December 2018

Abstract

Secundus the Silent, a celebrated, yet possibly mythical, philosopher and sage who probably lived in the second century
ce
. He took an oath of silence, which he refused to break, even when threatened by the Emperor Hadrian, but he eventually agreed to produce written responses to the emperor's twenty cosmological and ethical questions. The oldest testimony, the
Bios Sekoundou
, is a papyrus fragment dating to the second or third centuries
ce
. The rich later manuscript tradition points to an enduring and keen interest in this wise man's deeds and words by both a Christian and an early Islamic readership.
Hyginus Gromaticus, surveyor
Authors: Guillaumin Jean‐Yves 
Published: December 2018

Abstract

Hyginus Gromaticus wrote one of the most important Latin treatises about the theory and practices of Roman centuriation. Using many contemporary examples from Roman colonies, he explains how to establish a system of
limites
, gives the meaning of the abbreviations carved on the stones, with a great deal of didactic illustrations.
Crum, Walter Ewing (1865–1944)
Authors: Cromwell Jennifer 
Published: December 2018

Abstract

Walter Crum was one of the foremost scholars of Coptic. His
Coptic Dictionary
is an indispensable tool for Coptic linguistics and philology. During the course of producing his major work, he published several thousand texts, mainly of a non‐literary nature, which are vital for the study of daily life throughout Egypt in Late Antiquity and the Islamic period.
Legal documents, Coptic
Authors: Richter Tonio Sebastian 
Published: December 2018

AbstractCoptic, the written norm of the native language of Egypt from ca. 300ceuntil ca. 1300ce, entered into the production of private legal documents in the later sixth centuryce,a domain hitherto dominated by Greek. After the Arab conquest of Egypt (642ce) when the use of Greek for private writing ceased, Coptic became the major language in this field and went on to maintain its leading role during the first century of thehijra. The reformation of the administrative bureaucracy by the Arab government, the formation and refinement of Islamic private law, and the advancement of Arabic literacy and education during the eighth centurycelead to an increase of private legal instruments drawn up in Arabic also by Coptic‐speaking Christian Egyptians from the ninth centuryceonward.
Pomponius (Sextus Pomponius)
Authors: Cascione Cosimo 
Published: December 2018

Abstract

Sextus Pomponius was a Roman jurist active in the mid‐second century
ce
. He was likely a teacher and was certainly a very prolific author, writing on both civil and praetorian law, but also on the history of law, producing the important short manual entitled
Enchiridium
(a portion of which survives in
J
ustinian's Digest), that has served as a model through the centuries.
Aventine
Authors: Nice Alex 
Published: December 2018

Abstract

Aventine (
Mons Aventinus
) was the most southerly of Rome's seven hills. Ancus Marcius added the hill to the city but it was not until the reign of Claudius that it was included in the
pomerium
. The hill had a special position in Roman myth because of its connections with Hercules and with Romulus and Remus. In the historical period, it was home to a number of temples and other religious sites, pagan and Christian. The area was well‐populated in antiquity by rich and poor alike. Ancient and modern sources have regarded the Aventine as a plebeian stronghold but this may be a convenient fiction based on Gaius Gracchus’ occupation of the hill in 121
bce
.
Predicting the changes in the structure of food demand in China
Authors: Zheng Zhihao , Henneberry Shida R. , Zhao Yinyu , Gao Ying 
Published: December 2018

AbstractA complete demand system is estimated separately for urban and rural residents using a two‐stage almost ideal demand system–quadratic almost ideal demand system model and pooled provincial and time‐series data from 2000 to 2012. The estimated demand elasticities with respect to income and demographic variables are then used to predict the changes in the structure of food demand in China for the year 2030. Results of this study suggest that, as per capita incomes grow further while both urbanization and population aging continue their upward trends, the shares of expenditures on foods away from home are expected to rise while the shares of spending on foods at home would decline, and that at‐home food budget shares of grains are expected to continue decreasing whereas at‐home food budget shares of foods with animal origins and fruits would be on the rise. Thus, food security in China has been transformed into feed grain security.
Valuing switching options in international grain marketing
Authors: Johansen Stephan , Wilson William 
Published: December 2018

AbstractAn important strategy for commodity trading firms is geographical diversification through acquisitions and greenfield development, often justified with the quest for multiple origins. This strategy can be interpreted as a “switching option” which tend to be undervalued using traditional valuation techniques. This paper develops a stochastic binomial real options model to value networks of export elevators. It is applied to soybean trading for shipments from ports in the United States, Brazil, and Ukraine. The paper estimates the value of the option of being able to switch origins in export trade. This option value is substantial and is determined partly by margin distributions and correlations among these.
Measuring the cost of capital in cooperative businesses
Authors: Royer Jeffrey S. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractCooperatives usually cannot employ market‐based methods for valuating equity capital and must rely instead on accounting‐based methods. This paper assesses several approaches for valuating cooperative equity and suggests that the rate of return on equity is an appropriate measure of the opportunity cost of equity because it determines the levels of cash patronage refunds, equity retirement, and growth a cooperative can maintain. Simulations are used to explore the relationship between various measures and the rate of growth and demonstrate that the rate of return on equity is the only measure invariant with respect to changes in the growth rate. Calculations for US cooperatives show that the rate of return on equity results in a higher cost of equity than estimates based on the opportunity cost of funds and confirm that equity is more expensive than borrowed capital. A numerical example illustrates the early redemption of member equities at a discount.
How can the productivity of Indonesian cocoa farms be increased?
Authors: Tothmihaly Andras , Ingram Verina 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThis study investigates the Indonesian cocoa production to reveal the possibilities for poverty alleviation. We estimate, using 1,290 panel observations from 722 households and stochastic frontier analysis, the technical efficiency of cocoa production and disaggregate productivity growth. Our results indicate that the average efficiency of the cocoa farmers is 50%. Farmers' educational attainment and their experience in cocoa farming are significant factors increasing efficiency. We also find that the productivity of Indonesian cocoa farms increased by 75% between 2001 and 2013. Technical efficiency growth and the increased chemicals use supported by government subsidies were responsible for the majority of this gain. Furthermore, large distortions in input allocation were found. Hence, policies that encourage the efficient use of farm inputs would be highly beneficial. Weather‐ and pests‐induced volatility in cocoa production could be decreased by promoting agricultural research on drought‐ and disease‐resistant cocoa varieties (EconLit citations: D24, O13, Q12).
The use of ROI overlays and a semi‐automated method for measuring cortical area in ImageJ for histological analysis
Authors: Dominguez Victoria M. , Agnew Amanda M. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractA major part of histologic studies is the use of high resolution imaging for data collection and analysis. ImageJ, a freely available software from the NIH designed for image analysis, has many features that are not well‐known among bone histologists and can be incredibly beneficial in terms of stream‐lining data collection and maximizing limited resources. The aims of this technical note are twofold: (a) to describe methods for image annotation and measurement using region of interest overlays in ImageJ, and (b) to present a new code for a semi‐automated method of measuring cortical bone areas from high resolution cross‐sectional images also using ImageJ.