bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cumulative Effects of Multiple Contaminants on Caged Fish
Authors: Klaverkamp Jack F. , Palace Vince P. , Baron Christopher L. , Evans Robert E. , Wautier Kerry G. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Pearl dace (Semotilus margarita) were held in cages and exposed to mine effluents, municipal wastewater effluents, a combination of the two, or to the combination in addition to runoff from a garbage disposal facility. Fish exposed to mining effluents only had the lowest mean lengths and weights but highest concentrations of As, Ni and Hg and lowest Zn in their viscera. Fish exposed to municipal wastewater effluents only had the highest concentrations of Cd and metallothionein in their viscera. Histopathological analyses of gill and liver tissues revealed a higher incidence of lesions in fish exposed to municipal wastewater effluents. These fish also had the highest LSIs, condition factors and mean vitellogenin concentrations in plasma from males. Fish exposed near the garbage disposal site had the highest concentrations of Pb and Se in their viscera.
Accumulation of Marine Debris on an Intertidal Beach in an Urban Park (Halifax Harbour, Nova Scotia)
Authors: Walker Tony R. , Grant Jon , Archambault Marie-Claude 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
This study evaluated monthly accumulation rates and types of marine debris washed ashore at a recreational beach in Point Pleasant Park, Halifax Harbour, between April and September 2005. Black Rock Beach is 70 m long and a total of 2129 marine debris items were collected and sorted, representing a mean accumulation rate of 355 (±68 SE) items month-1. The total weight of debris items was only 10.8 kg (mean 2 kg ±0.4 SE), however eighty-six percent of this debris was plastic material. The types of litter found included: tampon applicators, condoms (i.e., sewage-related debris [SRD]); plastic fast food packaging, confectionary wrappers, Styrofoam fragments, plastic bottles and caps, items of clothing, soft drink cans, cigarettes and cigarette holders (i.e., recreational or land-based debris); packing bands, nylon rope and nets (i.e., shipping- or fishing-related debris). These items were generated by recreational use of the park (52%), sewage disposal (14%) and from shipping and fishing activities (7%). It is suggested that a significant reduction in marine debris at recreational beaches may arise by improving public awareness of the environmental and aesthetic impacts of marine litter and future improvements to the municipal sewage disposal system.
Effectiveness of Vegetative Filter Strips in Removal of Sediments from Overland Flow
Authors: Gharabaghi Bahram , Rudra Ramesh P. , Goel Pradeep K. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Many forms of natural heritage manifested as streams, rivers, ponds, lakes and wetlands play an integral role in maintaining natural beauty, health and a high quality of life. Agricultural intensification in southern Ontario has contributed to elevated sediments, nutrient and bacteria levels in water bodies. Vegetative filter strips (VFS) are control measures that can partially remove sediments and pollutants adhered to sediments from overland runoff before entering water bodies. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of vegetation type, width of the filter strip, runoff flow rate and inflow sediment characteristics on effectiveness of the VFS in removing pollutants from runoff. The results show that sediment removal efficiency increased from 50 to 98% as the width of the filter increased from 2.5 to 20 m. In addition to the width of the filter strip, grass type and flow rate were also significant factors. This study indicates that the first five (5) metres of a filter strip are critical and effective in removal of suspended sediments. More than 95% of the aggregates larger than 40 µm in diameter were trapped within the first five metres of the filter strip.
Treatment of Woodwaste Leachate in Surface Flow Mesocosm Wetlands
Authors: Tao Wendong , Hall Ken J. , Duff Sheldon J.B. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Woodwaste leachate is usually acidic, of high oxygen demand, and toxic. To prevent potential adverse impacts of the raw leachate on heterotrophic bacteria and aquatic plants, woodwaste leachate was diluted before discharge to constructed wetlands. This study compared treatment performance among four vegetated surface flow mesocosm wetlands fed with different dilutions of woodwaste leachate over a period of 12 weeks. During another period of 13 weeks, the effluent of a vegetated wetland fed with the raw leachate was further treated in a vegetated wetland and an open wetland. The highest reduction rates for chemical oxygen demand as well as tannin and lignin were achieved in the wetland fed with the raw leachate. The most diluted (6x) woodwaste leachate yielded the lowest reduction rates and highest reduction efficiencies. Up to 47 mg L-1 volatile fatty acids in influent were depleted through wetlands with a hydraulic retention time of 13 d. Vegetation made insignificant performance differences for treatment of woodwaste leachate. Chemical oxygen demand as well as tannin and lignin were further removed through the wetlands in series, though at lower reduction rates. Wetland performance for treatment of woodwaste leachate was likely regulated by dissolved oxygen concentration and availability of bacterial substrates.
Adsorption Studies with Arsenic onto Ferric Hydroxide Gel in a Non-oxidizing Environment: the Effect of Co-occurring Solutes and Speciation
Authors: Nayak Bishwajit , Hossain Md. Amir , Sengupta Mrinal Kumar , Ahamed Saad , Das Bhaskar , Pal Arup , Mukherjee Amitava 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Groundwater arsenic contamination has emerged as a major health threat to millions of people around the world. Studying the sorption process of As(III) and As(V) onto ferric hydroxide gel is important to understand the mobilization of arsenic under nonoxidizing conditions. Most of the previous adsorption studies were limited to single element or multi-element equilibrium in synthetic water. To investigate the effect of matrix and speciation in real groundwater systems, adsorption tests with added As(III) and As(V) separately and in mixture were conducted in both double-distilled deionized water (DDDW) and As-safe (&lt;3 µg L-1) tubewell water. In DDDW, the As(III)/As(V) ratio in the mixture strongly influenced the sorption behaviour by shifting the adsorption edge and also the efficiency. For As(III) and As(V) mixture in 1:1 proportions in tubewell water, the adsorption of both the species decreased up to pH 8; in the alkaline ranges the adsorption extent was marginally increased in comparison to that in DDDW. When As(III):As(V) was added in 3:1 proportions in tubewell water, the adsorption of both was enhanced in alkaline ranges compared to that in DDDW. When As(V) was predominant [As(V):As(III) = 3:1] in tubewell water, no significant changes were observed for As(V), though adsorption of As(III) was notably retarded. The statistical analysis of the results indicates the concentration ratio of As species in the system has a definite impact on adsorption behaviour onto ferric hydroxide gel.
Pharmaceuticals and Endocrine Disruptors in Wastewater Treatment Effluents and in the Water Supply System of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
Authors: Chen Mei , Ohman Klas , Metcalfe Chris , Ikonomou Michael G. , Amatya Prasanna L. , Wilson Jeffrey 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Due to a growing interest in the occurrence of pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) and endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) in the aquatic environment and their potential impacts on humans and the environment, a collaborative study was conducted on these emerging contaminants in the effluents from the wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and in the drinking water supply system of Calgary, Alberta. A number of PhACs and EDCs were detected in the WWTP effluents, at concentrations ranging from ng/L to low µ-g/L. Although these compounds were generally removed from WWTP effluents during wastewater treatment, some compounds, such as carbamazepine were more persistent. Some target PhACs and EDCs were detected at low ng/L levels in the surface and potable water in this study. Currently, there is no evidence that trace amounts of PhACs and EDCs in Calgary's waterways can have a health impact on humans, but they may pose adverse chronic effects on aquatic life.
Photocatalytic Disinfection of Bacteria by Sodium Light with Smectite Catalysts
Authors: Kuo Shu-Lung , Liao Chiu-Jung 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
In this study, modifications of Wyoming smectite clay minerals are conducted using four types of metallic cations that cover the surface with Ag+, Zn2+, Ti4+ and Ag+/Zn2+ to form smectite catalysts and destroy bacteria. When the smectite catalysts are illuminated with a sodium lamp, they reduce the number of viable bacteria in surface water and achieve a disinfecting effect. On the whole, smectite-Ti catalysts have the best disinfection efficiency, followed by coupled smectite-Ag/Zn catalysts, smectite-Ag catalysts and smectite-Zn catalysts. The higher quantity of catalysts there is, the easier it is for the shielding effect to take place. This causes a lower intensity of sodium light to react with the bacteria. When smectite-Zn catalysts are in the catalytic process, they produce intermediates that can compete for reaction sites with the OH free radicals. This can reduce the production of electrons and holes, and hence the reaction rate of objects on the surface of smectite-Zn catalysts. In smectite-Ag/Zn catalysts, coupled catalysts combine two types of semiconductor catalysts that have different energy gaps and energy band sites. These can separate electrons and holes more efficiently, increase the lifetime of electron carriers, and enhance disinfection efficiency.
This study utilizes factor analysis of multivariate analysis to discuss the correlations between different catalysts, e.g., the four types of smectite catalysts and catalysts with different weight percentages, respectively. The results show two findings: (1) there is only one main factor influencing the disinfection efficiency of the four types of smectite catalysts—the photocatalytic competitiveness factor; and (2) only one main factor affects the disinfection efficiency of the four types of catalysts with different weight percentages—the concentration shielding effect factor.
Assessing the Disinfecting Power of Chlorite in Drinking Water
Authors: Bichai Françoise , Barbeau Benoit 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
The goal of this study was to review and confirm experimentally chlorite effectiveness as a drinking water disinfectant. The steps in the experiment were a series of laboratory assays performed on three types of microorganisms, Bacillus subtilis spores, MS2 coliphages, as well as heterotrophic (HPC) bacteria, to verify chlorite action in water. The tests showed that chlorites have no disinfectant effect on B. subtilis spores (CT &gt; 106 mg min/L), that they slightly decrease HPC bacterial regrowth and, finally, that a dose of 1 and 10 mg ClO2-/L can inactivate almost 2 log and 4.5 log of MS2 phages, respectively, after 9 days of contact time. It would therefore appear that chlorites are not a good primary disinfectant, but do exhibit a bacteriostatic effect.
Variations saisonnières et mobilité potentielle du phosphore sédimentaire de la retenue de barrage Al Massira (Maroc)
Authors: Kemmou Souad , Dafir Jamal-Eddine , Wartiti Mohamed , Taoufik Mohamed 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Les différentes fractions du phosphore du sédiment de la retenue de barrage Al Massira sont identifiées par l'extraction séquentielle et les échanges à l'interface eau-sédiment sont déterminés par les tests de fixation-relargage. Le phosphore sédimentaire est essentiellement sous formes inorganiques (o-P + Fe(OOH)-P + CaCO3-P=77% du P-Tot) avec la prédominance de la fraction CaCO3-P. Les formes organiques (ASOP + ROP) représentent seulement 23% du P-Tot. Les tests de fixationrelargage ont montré que les formes minérales du phosphore sont les plus impliquées dans les échanges à l'interface eausédiment, en particulier la fraction liée au fer [Fe(OOH)-P]. Les variations saisonnières significatives de Fe(OOH)-P et de CaCO3-P (p&lt; 0,01) au cours d'un cycle annuel expliquent les tendances de stockage et de mobilisation du phosphore par chacune d'entre elles. Ces deux fractions peuvent stocker ou libérer chacune prés de 17% du P-Tot, alors que la mobilité du phosphore mesurée est de 23% du P-Tot. Ce décalage apparent entre la mobilité considérée par fraction et la mobilité totale peut être expliqué par la mobilité interne entre les différentes fractions dans le sédiment. En effet, selon les conditions environnementales (pH, potentiel rédox), le phosphore libéré par une fraction sera en partie récupéré par l'autre.
A Tribute to Richard A. Vollenweider (1922-2007)
Authors: Vallentyne J.R. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
This study evaluates the suitability of using Hyalella azteca as a predictor of the risk that tributyltin (TBT) poses to freshwater invertebrates by comparing the toxicity and bioaccumulation of TBT in H. azteca to five species: Hexagenia limbata, Physella gyrina, Tubifex tubifex, Chironomus riparius and Daphnia magna. Young from each species were added to aquaria containing sediment spiked with TBT concentrations of 0, 28.6, 258 and 1900 ng Sn/g dry weight. Chironomus riparius data could not be quantified reliably due to poor control survival. Bioaccumulation of TBT in the five remaining species was similar at sediment concentrations of 258 ng Sn/g, and the bioaccumulation relationships of P. gyrina and H. azteca were virtually identical. No toxicity was evident in any test species at body concentrations of 1100 to 1800 ng Sn/g. Body concentrations of 4000 to 6000 ng Sn/g were associated with significant (p &lt; 0.05) mortality in H. limbata, P. gyrina, T. tubifex and D. magna, but not in H. azteca. However, bioaccumulation of TBT in H. azteca was comparable and can be used in predicting the effects of environmental TBT concentrations on these four species of freshwater invertebrates.
Composite Water Quality: Evaluation and Management Feedbacks
Authors: Parparov Arkadi , Hambright K. David 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
In this article we both outline and offer an approach to quantitative estimation of aggregated water quality, in the form of the Composite Water Quality Index (CWQI), calculated as a weighted sum of rating values for a set of preselected water quality indices. The weighting procedure uses variable weights that are inversely proportional to the separate rating values. We also suggest a simplified procedure for estimating the sensitivity of several common algorithms that may be used for CWQI calculations. Among the different methods of CWQI calculation, Smith's minimum operator had the highest sensitivity, while an equal weighting procedure based on the arithmetic mean had the lowest sensitivity. We discuss the relationship between the choice of method for a CWQI calculation and the strategy of water resources management, and show that besides its indicative function, the CWQI should serve as a target of, and tool for, water resources management.
Efficiency of the Coagulation-Flocculation Method for the Treatment of Dye Mixtures Containing Disperse and Reactive Dye
Authors: Wong Pei Wen , Teng Tjoon Tow , Norulaini Nik Abdul Rahman Nik 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
The coagulation-flocculation method was used to treat aqueous solutions containing varying ratios of commercial disperse and reactive dyes. The effectiveness of this method was assessed using such coagulants as alum, polyaluminium chloride (PACl) and MgCl2, and an anionic coagulant aid. The jar test method was used to measure the effects of pH and coagulant type and dosage on colour removal and chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction. The effect of coagulant aid on floc settling time was also measured. The results showed that the coagulant dosage needed to achieve optimum colour removal and COD reduction increased as the percentage of reactive dye in the mixture increased. Alum and PACl performed effectively in a lower pH range (pH 3.8 to 5.2), whereas MgCl2 performed effectively in a higher pH range (pH 10.4 to 10.9). PACl was more effective than MgCl2 and alum, achieving &gt;99% colour removal and 96.3% COD reduction using a smaller quantity of the coagulant. The addition of coagulant aid improved floc settling time. These results show that PACl is more effective than MgCl2 and alum in removing both colour and COD in the treatment of the industrial textile wastewater samples.
Application of a Pair-Breeding Fathead Minnow (Pimephales promelas) Adult Reproduction Bioassay to a Pulp Mill Effluent
Authors: Rickwood Carrie J. , Dubé Monique G. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
A short-term reproductive bioassay was applied to observe performance of pair-breeding fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) before and after exposure to treated pulp and paper mill effluent. Reproductive performance was assessed for 21 days under controlled laboratory conditions to obtain baseline data of endpoints including cumulative egg production, number of spawning events, hatching success, and occurrence of deformed larvae. Breeding pairs were then exposed to 50 and 100% concentrations of secondary treated effluent for an additional 21 days. A significant reduction in egg production after exposure to both 100 and 50% pulp mill effluent was observed. This was accompanied by an increased appearance of pathological lesions (eosinophilic material) in male gonads as well as increased gonad size (gonadosomatic index). Reduced hatching success and appearance of larval deformities were also observed after exposure to both 50 and 100% pulp mill effluent. The pattern of responses observed may indicate that the reduced reproductive output was due to exposure to endocrine disrupting compounds within the effluent. By using the short-term fathead minnow bioassay, we were able to identify a response pattern to pulp mill effluent that is indicative of exposure to estrogenic and/or androgenic compounds.
Sorption of Heavy Metals with Sol-Gel Particles Containing Crude Metallothionein Extracts from Scchizosaccharomyces pombe
Authors: Bahrami Shirin , Bassi Amarjeet S. , Yanful Ernest K 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Crude metallothionein (MT) extracts from Scchizosaccharomyces pombe entrapped in sol-gels were investigated for the removal of heavy metals such as cadmium and zinc. The sol-gel provided a robust immobilization matrix for the protein extract. Adsorption and desorption isotherms were developed for both cadmium and zinc. Both metals were recovered from the sol-gel by desorption using a 1 M NaCl solution. The adsorption kinetic studies showed that cadmium and zinc adsorption followed the Langmuir isotherm. The distribution factors for cadmium and zinc were found to be 5.43 L/mg and 2.88 L/mg, respectively. Greater than 60% of Zn2+ was also removed using MT sol-gels. The experiments demonstrated that MT has a greater capacity for Cd than polyethyleneimine immobilized in the sol-gels. The adsorption capacity of MT was found to be 588.2 mg of cadmium and 434.8 mg of zinc per gram of immobilized MT, which is significantly higher than with nonbiological chelators such as polyethyleneimine or EDTA.
Polycyclic and Nitro Musks in Canadian Municipal Wastewater: Occurrence and Removal in Wastewater Treatment
Authors: Smyth Shirley Anne , Lishman Lori A. , McBean Edward A. , Kleywegt Sonya , Yang Jian-Jun , Svoboda M. Lewina , Ormonde Sandra , Pileggi Vince , Lee Hing-Biu , Seto Peter 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
The removal and/or partitioning (to sludge) of six polycyclic and five nitro musks through the liquid treatment train of a conventional Canadian secondary activated sludge wastewater treatment plant is characterized. Raw influent, primary effluent, secondary effluent, primary sludge, and waste activated sludge concentrations were correlated to seasonal process temperatures (warm, 22°C; cold, 15°C). Maximum influent concentrations of polycyclic and nitro musks were 7,030 ± 2,120 ng/L for Galaxolide (HHCB) and 158 ± 89 ng/L for musk ketone respectively. Maximum secondary effluent concentrations were 2,000 ± 686 ng/L for HHCB and 51 ± 14 ng/L for musk ketone. Temperature appeared to influence the degree of removal of musks from wastewater during primary clarification (40% median removal at warm temperatures and 9% at cold temperatures) and overall treatment (82% median removal at warm temperatures and 74% at cold temperatures) but not secondary activated sludge treatment (71% median removal at warm temperatures and 70% at cold temperatures). In primary sludge, polycyclic musks were found at concentrations up to 35,000 ng/g for HHCB, and nitro musks were found at concentrations up to 490 ng/g for musk ketone. In waste activated sludge, polycyclic musks were found at concentrations up to 52,000 ng/g (HHCB), and nitro musks were found at concentrations up to 1,100 ng/g (musk ketone). The hydraulic retention time and the suspended solids of the treatment process appeared to influence the degree of partitioning of musks to sludge.
Ion Export from a Small British Columbia Watershed After Forest Harvesting
Authors: Nordin Richard N. , Zhu Zhanxue , Mazumder Asit 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
A small coastal British Columbia lake was monitored before and after approximately 11% of the watershed was logged. There was an increase in the concentrations of most of the ions measured in the lake water after logging. Peak concentrations occurred two to three years after logging and most ions returned to background concentrations in five to eight years. Two methods were used to estimate the increased export of ions resulting from the forest harvesting. The first method used a water chemistry / hydrology watershed model, and the second used the changes in lake concentrations to calculate watershed input. The changes in ion concentrations and export varied with model and chemistry parameter with a change from a 1.3- to 4.2-fold increase for major cations and anions like calcium, magnesium, sodium, and chloride, to a 5- to 35-fold increase in ion export for nitrate and ammonium. The export of nitrogen from the watershed has implications for both water quality and future forest productivity. The measurement of lake ion increase is proposed as a general means of evaluating longer term change or disturbance in a watershed.