bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effector mining from the Erysiphe pisi haustorial transcriptome identifies novel candidates involved in pea powdery mildew pathogenesis
Authors: Sharma Gunjan , Aminedi Raghavendra , Saxena Divya , Gupta Arunima , Banerjee Priyajit , Jain Deepti , Chandran Divya 
Published: October 2019

SummaryPea powdery mildew (PM) is an important fungal disease caused by an obligate biotroph, Erysiphe pisi (Ep), which significantly impacts pea production worldwide. The phytopathogen secretes a plethora of effectors, primarily through specialized infection structures termed haustoria, to establish a dynamic relationship with its host. To identify Ep effector candidates, a cDNA library of enriched haustoria from Ep‐infected pea leaves was sequenced. The Ep transcriptome encodes 622 Ep candidate secreted proteins (CSPs), of which 167 were predicted to be candidate secreted effector proteins (CSEPs). Phylogenetic analysis indicates that Ep CSEPs are highly diverse, but, unlike cereal PM CSEPs, exhibit extensive sequence similarity with effectors from other PMs. Quantitative real‐time PCR of a subset of EpCSEP/CSPs revealed that the majority are preferentially expressed in haustoria and exhibit infection stage–specific expression patterns. The functional roles of EpCSEP001, EpCSEP009 and EpCSP083 were probed by host‐induced gene silencing (HIGS) via a double‐stranded (ds) RNA‐mediated RNAi approach. Foliar application of individual EpCSEP/CSP dsRNAs resulted in a marked reduction in PM disease symptoms. These findings were consistent with microscopic and molecular studies, suggesting that these Ep CSEP/CSPs play important roles in pea PM pathogenesis. Homology modelling revealed that EpCSEP001 and EpCSEP009 are analogous to fungal ribonucleases and belong to the RALPH family of effectors. This is the first study to identify and functionally validate candidate effectors from the agriculturally relevant pea PM, and highlights the utility of transcriptomics and HIGS to elucidate the key proteins associated with Ep pathogenesis.
The Glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonist, exendin‐4, ameliorated gastrointestinal dysfunction in the Wistar Kyoto rat model of Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Authors: O’Brien Rebecca , O’Malley Dervla 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackgroundGlucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) is beneficial in relieving pain‐related symptoms of Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), a prevalent, multi‐factorial functional bowel disorder characterized by diarrhea and/or constipation, abdominal bloating, and pain. Activation of myenteric neurons has been implicated in the inhibitory effects of GLP‐1 on gastrointestinal motility; however, the mechanisms of action underlying this are not clear.MethodsA rat model of IBS was used to examine physiological changes evoked by intraperitoneal administration of a GLP‐1 receptor agonist, exendin‐4. Behavioral and physiological analysis of stress‐sensitive Wister Kyoto (WKY) rats was used to determine if administration of exendin‐4, in the presence or absence of neutralizing interleukin‐6 receptor monoclonal antibodies, modified IBS‐like symptoms. Immunofluorescence, calcium imaging, and Western blotting techniques were used to investigate the potential role of enteric neural plexi and tight junction protein expression in this effect.Key ResultsConsistent with the expression of GLP‐1 and interleukin‐6 receptors in both submucosal and myenteric ganglia, exendin‐4 and interleukin‐6 stimulated calcium responses in these neurons. In vivo administration of exendin‐4 normalized stress‐induced defecation and visceral pain sensitivity in WKY rats. No additional changes were noted in rats co‐treated with exendin‐4 and anti‐interleukin‐6 receptor antibodies. Mucosal expression of occludin, a tight junction protein, was decreased by exendin‐4. Centrally regulated anxiety‐like behaviors were not modified.Conclusions and InferencesThese data suggest that intraperitoneal injection of exendin‐4 improves bowel dysfunction in WKY rats without impacting on centrally regulated anxiety‐like behaviors. Modulation of enteric neuronal function and tight junction expression appear to underlie the functional benefits of this intervention.
Intrauterine big toenail imprints: A new cause of congenital skin dimples
Authors: Restano Lucia , Zussino Martina , Cambiaghi Stefano , Gelmetti Carlo 
Published: October 2019

AbstractCongenital skin dimples (SD) are small cutaneous depressions that can be noted on any part of the body and may be caused by traumatic, mechanical, metabolic, and genetic factors as well as by exposure to infections or drugs. We describe 3 cases of unrelated healthy newborns displaying SD and discuss as a possible explanation the persistent friction of the big toenail onto the immature skin of the fetus during intrauterine life causing as depression in the skin.
The effect of interval sprinting exercise on vascular function and aerobic fitness of post‐menopausal women
Authors: Ho Tze Y. , Redmayne Georgia P. , Tran Aengus , Liu Diana , Butlin Mark , Avolio Alberto , Boutcher Stephen H. , Boutcher Yati N. 
Published: October 2019

Menopausal transition accelerates an age‐associated decrease in vascular function and a decline in aerobic fitness. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of 8 weeks of interval sprinting cycle ergometer exercise on arterial stiffness, basal forearm blood flow, and aerobic fitness of post‐menopausal women. Sixty overweight post‐menopausal women were randomized into either exercise (Ex, n = 30) or control (C, n = 30) groups. Ex participants completed 24 interval sprinting exercise (ISE) sessions over 8 weeks. Each 20‐minute ISE session comprised of alternating 8 seconds sprints and 12 seconds of light pedaling. Arterial stiffness assessed through ankle‐brachial pulse wave velocity (baPWV) and augmentation index (AIx), basal forearm blood flow (FBF) assessed using venous occlusion, and aerobic fitness were assessed before and after the intervention. baPWV was significantly decreased in the Ex group by 7.2%, P = .03, whereas AIx demonstrated a 10% decrease, P = .002. No changes were found in basal FBF. Aerobic fitness was significantly increased, P = .002, in the Ex group (14%) with no change occurring in the control group.ISE training, despite minimal exercise commitment time (8 hours over 8 weeks), significantly lowered the arterial stiffness and increased the aerobic fitness of post‐menopausal women. These results suggest that ISE positively influences the negative change in arterial stiffness and aerobic fitness that typically accompanies menopause.
School Sector and Climate: An Analysis of K–12 Safety Policies and School Climates in Indiana
Authors: DeAngelis Corey A. , Lueken Martin F. 
Published: October 2019

ObjectiveWe evaluate differences in school‐safety‐related practices and problems between school sectors (private, public charter, and traditional public) in Indiana in 2018.MethodsUsing survey data collected from 618 school leaders in the state, we empirically examine the relationship between school sector and the reported presence of school‐safety‐related practices and problems occurring at school. Subgroup analyses based on voucher program participation status, school level, and location are also performed.ResultsAfter controlling for factors such as school type, enrollment, number of students eligible for the federal free and reduced‐price lunch, the number of minority students and teachers, and urbanicity, we find evidence to suggest that private and charter schools tend to report fewer discipline problems while employing fewer disciplinary practices than traditional public schools.ConclusionOur descriptive results suggest that school sector may play a role in producing positive school environments. Further research is needed to better understand short‐ and long‐run consequences of school safety problems and how school safety and school sector might affect students’ academic and life trajectories.
A porous collagen‐GAG scaffold promotes muscle regeneration following volumetric muscle loss injury
Authors: Panayi Adriana C. , Smit Lucindi , Hays Nicole , Udeh Kodi , Endo Yori , Li Bin , Sakthivel Dharaniya , Tamayol Ali , Neppl Ronald L. , Orgill Dennis P. , Nuutila Kristo , Sinha Indranil 
Published: October 2019

AbstractVolumetric muscle loss (VML) is a segmental loss of skeletal muscle which commonly heals with fibrosis, minimal muscle regeneration, and loss of muscle strength. Treatment options for these wounds which promote functional recovery are currently lacking. This study was designed to investigate whether the collagen‐GAG scaffold (CGS) promotes functional muscle recovery following VML. A total of 66 C57/Bl6 mice were used in a three‐stage experiment. First, 24 animals were split into three groups which underwent sham injury or unilateral quadriceps VML injury with or without CGS implantation. Two weeks post‐surgery, muscle was harvested for histological and gene expression analysis. In the second stage, 18 mice underwent bilateral quadriceps VML injury, followed by weekly functional testing using a treadmill. In the third stage, 24 mice underwent sham or bilateral quadriceps VML injury with or without CGS implantation, with tissue harvested six weeks post‐surgery for histological and gene expression analysis. VML mice treated with CGS demonstrated increased remnant fiber hypertrophy versus both the VML with no CGS and uninjured groups. Both VML groups showed greater muscle fiber hypertrophy than non‐injured muscle. This phenomenon was still evident in the longer‐term experiment. The gene array indicated that the CGS promoted upregulation of factors involved in promoting wound healing and regeneration. In terms of functional improvement, the VML mice treated with CGS ran at higher maximum speeds than VML without CGS. A CGS was shown to enhance muscle hypertrophy in response to VML injury with a resultant improvement in functional performance. A gene array highlighted increased gene expression of multiple growth factors following CGS implantation. This suggests that implantation of a CGS could be a promising treatment for VML wounds.
Bounding the covolume of lattices in products
Authors: Caprace Pierre-Emmanuel , Le Boudec Adrien 
Published: October 2019

We study lattices in a product$G=G_{1}\times \cdots \times G_{n}$of non-discrete, compactly generated, totally disconnected locally compact (tdlc) groups. We assume that each factor isquasi just-non-compact, meaning that$G_{i}$is non-compact and every closed normal subgroup of$G_{i}$is discrete or cocompact (e.g. $G_{i}$is topologically simple). We show that the set of discrete subgroups of$G$containing a fixed cocompact lattice$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E4}$with dense projections is finite. The same result holds if$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E4}$is non-uniform, provided$G$has Kazhdan’s property (T). We show that for any compact subset$K\subset G$, the collection of discrete subgroups$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E4}\leqslant G$with$G=\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E4}K$and dense projections is uniformly discrete and hence of covolume bounded away from $0$. When the ambient group$G$is compactly presented, we show in addition that the collection of those lattices falls into finitely many$\operatorname{Aut}(G)$-orbits. As an application, we establish finiteness results for discrete groups acting on products of locally finite graphs with semiprimitive local action on each factor. We also present several intermediate results of independent interest. Notably it is shown that if a non-discrete, compactly generated quasi just-non-compact tdlc group$G$is a Chabauty limit of discrete subgroups, then some compact open subgroup of$G$is an infinitely generated pro-$p$group for some prime$p$. It is also shown that in any Kazhdan group with discrete amenable radical, the lattices form an open subset of the Chabauty space of closed subgroups.
Numerical Characterization of Viscous Heat Dissipation Rate in Oscillatory Air Flow
Authors: Jalil S. M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The effect of viscous heat dissipation (VHD) in raising the temperature field of incompressible oscillatory air flow is studied numerically. A threshold is established for when the viscous heat dissipation term in the thermal energy equation changes or does not change the temperature field for the case of oscillatory air flow in a tube connecting two reservoirs. This new criterion has not been specified clearly in earlier oscillatory flow research. According to the defined threshold and when VHD is important, the effect of dissipative bulk heating can be described by a proposed correlation in terms of Womersley number (Wo) and axial tidal displacement (ΔZ) of the oscillatory fluid. These results are determined using two-dimensional (2D) numerical simulations of laminar oscillatory air flow (Pr = 0.7) for different adiabatic unconductive tube-reservoirs' systems configurations over a wide range of oscillatory frequencies and tidal displacements. It is found that the low amount of fluid kinetic energy, which is converted into internal energy, is not sufficient to significantly heat up the fluid at a low rate of the viscous work. Therefore, the effect of viscous heat dissipation in oscillatory air flow can be ignored only below a specific limit of unsteadiness depending on Womersley number and axial tidal displacement. Also, the results showed that the VHD becomes more significant with increasing (Wo) and (ΔZ).
The Physiological Characteristics of an 83-Year-Old Champion Female Master Runner
Authors: Cattagni Thomas , Gremeaux Vincent , Lepers Romuald 
Published: October 2019

Purpose: To examine the cardiorespiratory, muscular, and skeletal characteristics of an 83-year-old champion female master athlete (called DL in this study) who had set multiple world running records in the 80-to-84-year-old age group. Methods: Measures of maximal oxygen uptake, maximal heart rate, maximal isometric torque for knee extensor muscles, thigh and triceps surae muscle volumes, and bone mineral density (BMD) of the proximal femur region were evaluated. Based on previously published equations, physiological age was determined for maximal oxygen uptake, maximal heart rate, and maximal isometric torque. Muscle volumes for the dominant leg were compared with previously published sex- and age-matched data using z scores. For BMD, T score and z score were calculated. Results: DL had the highest maximal oxygen uptake (42.3 mL·min−1·kg−1) ever observed for a female older than 80 years of age, which gave her a remarkable physiological age (27 y). By contrast, she had a physiological age closer to her biological age for maximal isometric torque (90 y) and maximal heart rate (74 y). The z scores for thigh (0.4) and triceps surae (1.1) muscle volumes revealed that DL’s leg muscles were affected almost as much as her sex- and age-matched peers. The T score (−1.7) for BMD showed that DL had osteopenia but no osteoporosis, and the z score (0.7) showed that DL’s BMD was similar to that of females of the same age. Conclusion: This single case study shows that the remarkable cardiorespiratory fitness coupled with intensive endurance training observed in a female master athlete was not associated with specific preservation of her muscular and skeletal characteristics.
The Effects of Different Forms of Caffeine Supplement on 5-km Running Performance
Authors: Whalley Peter J. , Dearing Chey G. , Paton Carl D. 
Published: October 2019

Purpose: Caffeine is frequently used by athletes as an ergogenic aid. Various alternate forms of caffeine administration are available, which may produce different effects. This investigation compares the effects of different forms of caffeine supplementation on 5-km running performance, and the relationship between athlete ability and degree of enhancement attained. Methods: Fourteen amateur runners completed a series of self-paced outdoor time trials following unknown ingestion of a placebo (P) or one of 3 alternate forms of caffeine supplement. Trials were randomized in a crossover design with caffeine (approximately 3–4.5 mg·kg−1) administered 15 minutes before each trial via chewing gum (CG), dissolvable mouth strips (CS), or tablet (CT). Results: Compared with P, all caffeine supplements led to worthwhile enhancements in running performance with a mean (±95% confidence limit) overall effect across all supplements of 1.4% ± 0.9%. Individual caffeine treatment effects (CG = 0.9% ± 1.4%, CS = 1.2% ± 1.0%, and CT = 2.0% ± 1.1%) were not significantly different (P > .05) from each other; however, CT trials produced the largest gain and was significantly different (P = .02) compared with P. There was no significant difference in heart rate or rate of perceived exertion across the performance trials. The magnitude of caffeine enhancement was also strongly correlated (r = .87) with no-treatment performance time. Conclusions: The findings showed that irrespective of delivery form, moderate dose of caffeine supplementation produces worthwhile gains in 5-km running performance compared with a P. Furthermore, the magnitude of caffeine enhancement is highly individualized, but it appears related to athlete performance ability.
Geochemical evolution of Keanakāko‘i Tephra, Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i
Authors: Garcia Michael O. , Mucek* Adonara E. , Lynn† Kendra J. , Swanson Don A. , Norman Marc D. 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACT
The Keanakāko‘i Tephra was deposited from 1500 to ca. 1820 CE, when Kīlauea’s magmatic output was ~2% of the average output during historical times (post–1823 CE). The tephra consists of deposits from numerous phreatomagmatic and phreatic eruptions, three episodes of high lava fountains, and one lava. Fresh glass is available from most tephra units. Major elements and trace elements were determined for glass from 49 tephra units and three pretephra lavas. Olivine crystals from 11 high-MgO tephra glasses were also analyzed. These results were compared to compositions from Kīlauea’s historical period to evaluate ~500 yr of Kīlauea geochemical evolution. Keanakāko‘i Tephra glass composition ranged widely (e.g., 3.4–11.2 wt% MgO). The observed large variations in FeO, CaO, TiO2, and K2O at a given MgO indicate numerous compositionally distinct parental magmas, with the two early nineteenth-century pumice eruptions showing the most diverse compositions. These two magmas were erupted on opposite sides of the caldera and probably tapped different magma bodies. The common occurrence of high-MgO olivine compositions (forsterite [Fo] 88%–89%) in MgO-rich tephra glasses indicates that primitive magma (Mg# 73–74) was routinely supplied to Kīlauea’s summit. Wide ranges and reverse zoning in olivine core compositions from some units show that magma mixing occurred before some eruptions. Modeling of compositional variations within Keanakāko‘i Tephra units using alphaMELTS showed that the most consistent trends for crystal fractionation involved shallow magma (1–2 km), with low water content (0.2 wt% in parental magma) and oxygen fugacity just below the quartz-fayalite-magnetite (QFM) buffer (–0.5 log units). Keanakāko‘i Tephra glasses have lower La/Yb and Nb/Y ratios than historical Kīlauea lavas. Low ratios have been observed during periods of high magma output for historical lava, which is inconsistent with the low magma output at Kīlauea’s summit during 1500–1820 CE. The most likely explanation for this inconsistency is endogenous growth within Kīlauea during this period, following formation of the modern summit caldera. No correlation was found between glass chemistry and eruption style for Keanakāko‘i Tephra deposits. Glass samples from many explosive units have lower Nb/Y and La/Yb ratios compared to glass from high lava-fountain units and historical effusive eruptions. The explosive character of Keanakāko‘i Tephra eruptions was probably caused by interaction of magma with shallow or surface water.
Communication strategy of the U.S. Geological Survey Hawaiian Volcano Observatory during the lava-flow crisis of 2014–2015, Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i
Authors: Brantley Steven R. , Kauahikaua James P. , Babb Janet L. , Orr Tim R. , Patrick Matthew R. , Poland Michael P. , Trusdell Frank A. , Oliveira Darryl 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACT
In 2014–2015, a slow-moving pāhoehoe lava flow from the remote Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō vent on Kīlauea Volcano advanced 20 km into populated areas of the Puna District on the Island of Hawai‘i. The staff of the U.S. Geological Survey’s (USGS) Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) mobilized their resources to closely monitor the flow and provide up-to-date information to the Hawai‘i County Civil Defense (HCCD) agency, the public, and the news media. Scientists issued formal USGS notifications about the flow and Kīlauea’s two eruptions, prepared maps and annotated photographs, infrared images, and videos for dissemination online, and wrote weekly “Volcano Watch” articles for local newspapers. They also provided regular briefings for federal, state, and county agency representatives, answered questions during near-daily briefings with local and national media, and offered information through an established lecture series and participation in community emergency preparedness fairs. Noteworthy among the communication activities was a series of public meetings organized by the Hawai‘i County mayor’s office and led by the HCCD administrator. The meetings were a regular forum for many HVO scientists to talk directly and frequently with residents, business owners, elected officials, and other stakeholders about their concerns, the evolving status of the eruptions, and the uncertain prognosis of the flow’s advance and extent. The dialogue was essential for HVO staff to describe their observations and insights about the lava flow’s behavior and to gain credibility with the community during the crisis. This experience suggests that personal engagement with people at risk from future lava flows in Hawai‘i and elsewhere in the world will remain a crucial part of an eruption response, even with greater capability to disseminate warnings and information digitally via the Internet.
San Antonio Pool of the Edwards (Balcones Fault Zone) Aquifer
Authors: Green R.T. , Bertetti F.P. , Fratesi B. , Schindel G.M. 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACT
The Edwards (Balcones Fault Zone) Aquifer in central Texas is typically defined as having three segments: the San Antonio, the Barton Springs, and the Northern segment, which are separated by groundwater divides or points of discharge. The San Antonio segment of the Edwards Aquifer is defined as extending from east of Brackettville in the west to Hays County in the east. The San Antonio segment has been further delineated into two pools, the San Antonio Pool and the Uvalde Pool, for water management purposes. The San Antonio Pool is the larger of the two pools and is recharged by the Dry Frio, Frio, Sabinal, Medina, Cibolo, Guadalupe, and Blanco River watersheds, in addition to direct recharge and flow from the Uvalde Pool via the Knippa Gap. To a lesser extent, interformational flow between units stratigraphically above and below the Edwards Formation limestone also occurs. The most prominent points of discharge from the San Antonio Pool are Comal, San Marcos, and Hueco Springs. San Pedro and San Antonio Springs in Bexar County discharge during periods of high stage in the aquifer. There are limited numbers of additional springs in the Frio River watershed with limited discharge. Significant water is discharged from the Medina Lake and Diversion Lake (downstream from Medina Lake dam) system via conduits and surface flow to recharge paleo-alluvial deposits (Leona Gravel) in the Medina River floodplain. This discharge had previously been assumed to recharge the Edwards Aquifer, but it continues downgradient in the Leona Gravel and is lost to the aquifer.