bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ecocídio e o Tribunal Penal Internacional
Authors: Gordilho Heron José de Santana , Ravazzano Fernanda 
Published: February 2018

Ecocídio e o Tribunal Penal Internacional

Resumo: O presente artigo de revisão de literatura analisa o crime de ecocídio, caracterizado pela ofensa massiva ao meio ambiente capaz de provocar a morte de animais ou vegetais, ou por tornar inapropriados o uso das águas, o solo, subsolo e/ou o ar, e ocasionando também graves danos à vida humana. Utilizando o método hermenêutico, o artigo utiliza a interpretação declaratória para demonstrar que as práticas ecocidas podem ser consideradas como crime contra a humanidade previsto na alínea k do artigo 7° do Estatuto de Roma. Para este enquadramento é imprescindível que se preencham os requisitos objetivos e subjetivos do tipo, quais sejam, um ataque generalizado ou sistemático a uma população civil, praticado de forma dolosa, exigindo-se ainda o objetivo político do ataque como fim específico do crime. Por fim, o artigo conclui pela insuficiência da mera adequação do crime de ecocídio aos delitos contra a humanidade, propondo uma Emenda ao estatuto de Roma para incluir o tipo penal de ecocídio de forma autônoma.
Palavras-chave: Direito Ambiental; Crimes contra a humanidade; Tribunal Penal Internacional; Princípio da legalidade; Estatuto de Roma.

Ecocide and the International Criminal Court

Abstract: The present review article analyzes the crime of ecocide, which is characterized by a massive environmental offense capable of causing the death of animals or plants, or of rendering inappropriate the use of water, soil, subsoil and/or air, and, also, causing serious damages to human life. Using the hermeneutical method, the article uses declaratory interpretation to demonstrate that ecocidal practices can be considered as a crime against humanity provided for in Article 7 (k) of the Rome Statute. For this framework, it is imperative that the objective and subjective requirements of the type, e.g. a generalized or systematic attack on a civilian population, practiced in an intentional way, be demanded, and the political objective of the attack is also demanded as a specific purpose of the crime. Finally, the article concludes that the mere inclusion of the ecocide crime as an offense against humanity does not suffice to address its matter. Therefore, an amendment to Rome’s Statute, aiming to include ecocide as an autonomous criminal type, is suggested.
Keywords: Crimes against humanity. Environmental Law. International Criminal Court. Principle of legality. Rome Statute.
The nutty world of hazel names – a critical taxonomic checklist of the genus Corylus (Betulaceae)
Authors: Holstein Norbert , Tamer Sarah el , Weigend Maximilian 
Published: February 2018

Hazelnuts (Corylus L.) are the source of one of the globally most important nut crops. Despite their economic and cultural importance, taxonomic knowledge is poor, even the number of species is equivocal. Weak morphological differentiation, the inconsistent taxonomic treatment of horticultural selections and cultivars, and uncritical regional treatments generated a multitude of names. The situation is further complicated by an ancient history of use (at least 10 400 years), trade (at least 4000 years) and domestication (at least 2000 years). Here, we present an annotated checklist of the taxa in the genus Corylus based on an extensive literature review, electronic database research, and visits to some European herbaria. Full citations are given for all names, typifications are provided for the majority of them. Cultivars are listed if described under the rules of the ICN. We designate lectotypes and neotypes for 28 names, and discuss the identity of enigmatic C. maxima Mill., a taxon not known from the wild.
El protocolo en el marco del Derecho. Características de las normas que afectan al protocolo
Authors: Casal Maceiras Olga 
Published: February 2018

El conjunto legislativo que afecta al protocolo español regula lo relativo a la normativa de precedencias y presidencias, al uso de los símbolos institucionales y la normativa de honores y distinciones que utilizan las instituciones como instrumento de premiación. Este conjunto normativo presenta una serie de rasgos comunes que lo caracterizan.The package of legislation affecting the Spanish protocol regulates matters relating to the rules of precedence and presidencies, the use of institutional symbols and rules of honors and distinctions used by institutions as an instrument of awards. This group of rules has a number of common features that characterize it.
El Protocolo, la ‘red invisible’ en las Relaciones Internacionales y la Diplomacia
Authors: Martínez Cazalla Maria Dolors 
Published: February 2018

Este artículo tiene por objetivo mostrar cómo el protocolo puede no sólo modificar/matizar las relaciones internacionales, sino incluso llegar a producir cambios de 180º sobre los acontecimientos (aun sobre los ya previstos). Así pues, el artículo tratará de dar respuesta a la pregunta: ‘¿cómo el protocolo actúa a modo de ‘red invisible’, atrapando en su seno las relaciones internacionales y, por ende, a la diplomacia?’. La intención será mostrar esa ‘red invisible’ y demostrar cómo a pesar de su invisibilidad es el arma más potente de las relaciones internacionales y de la diplomacia. Para ello se estudiará el caso del viaje del Papa Benedicto XVI a Francia en septiembre de 2008. En su inicio, dicho viaje estaba pensado y organizado como viaje privado y acabó convirtiéndose en un Viaje de Estado. La ‘pócima’ utilizada no fue otra que el buen uso del protocolo, el refinado arte de tejer y de echar la ‘red’._______________The aim of the paper is to show how protocol can modify/add a quality to international relations, and even make events turn 180º (even on those already agreed on). Therefore, this paper aims to answer the question: ‘how does the protocol work as an ‘invisible net’, trapping in its bosom the international relations and, consequently, the diplomacy?’ The intention will be to show this ‘invisible net’ and to prove how, despite its invisibility, this is the most powerful weapon of the international relations and of the diplomacy. The case of the trip of Pope Benedict the XVI to France in September 2008 will be analyzed as an example. This trip was initially organized as private visit; finally it turned into a State Visit. The ‘potion’ that could accomplish this change was the right use of protocol, the refined art of weaving and to throw the ‘net’ away.
Droit romain aux Antilles : la pratique des affranchissements
Authors: Mignot Dom A. 
Published: February 2018

La question de l’esclavage aux « isles d’Amérique » a suscité une longue et pénétrante littérature depuis de nombreuses années. En revanche, l’institution de l’affranchissement ne connaît pas un tel succès, soit que l’on trouve cette pratique trop réduite et que l’on tende à la minimiser, soit que la technique issue du « favor libertatis » romain ait été négligée involontairement par les auteurs. Or, les études traditionnelles font souvent référence à la matrice romaine (Lebeau, Y. Debbasch...) sans toutefois préciser à quel état exact d’avancement du droit romain ils font allusion. En effet, ce dernier a connu une longue évolution depuis les temps archaïques (époque royale) jusqu’au droit fixé par le Code de Justinien. Le modèle antique est lui-même très flexible : l’affranchissement n’a pas toujours connu l’engouement que les auteurs modernes prêtent aux Romains de l’époque impériale. On a trop en vue la montée sociale prodigieuse des affranchis impériaux décrite dans la thèse remarquable de G. Boulvert. La réalité fut plus mitigée. Le modèle romain, à l’instar de son application plus ou moins consciente aux Antilles a connu des périodes plus ou moins favorables aux affranchis, l’empereur Auguste allant jusqu’à dénoncer un « mélange de races » qui effondrera le monde romain...
La réforme foncière en Guadeloupe (1950-1994)
Authors: Beccaria Pierre 
Published: February 2018

En Guadeloupe, depuis une quarantaine d’années, la réforme foncière se situe dans un processus assez semblable aux mouvements traditionnels de morcellement et de concentration des domaines sucriers. Toutefois, la réforme foncière introduit une plus grande amplitude d’action sur le système agraire et industriel sucrier, que ce soit en matière de morcellement foncier comme en matière d’intervention de l’État. Cette amplitude accrue est due à la Départementalisation qui, en promouvant la parité sociale avec la Métropole, a progressivement créé des espaces socio-économiques plus attractifs que la plantation pour la main-d’oeuvre comme pour l’investissement.
A elle seule donc, la Départementalisation remet en question la plantation et conduit ainsi les pouvoirs publics à financer toujours plus de mesures pour accompagner le morcellement foncier. La réforme foncière, en elle-même, ne cadre que les modalités de lotissement sur le terrain en aboutissant à un report massif de la production de canne à sucre sur la catégorie mixte des salariés/fournisseurs canniers des usines devenus exploitants propriétaires de leur terre. De nombreuses mesures, allant des soutiens à la production cannière aux prestations sociales spécifiques aux attributaires d’un mot de réforme foncière, ont couvert l’interface entre ces deux niveaux contextuel et sectoriel.
Un examen décennal des produits sucrier et cannier comparés aux salaires et charges salariales met en évidence le contexte globalement favorable puis défavorable de la Départementalisation sur la plantation. Malgré les mesures prises pour soutenir la production de canne et restructurer la filière, les petites plantations perdent plus de potentiel de production qu’elles ne le concentrent en accroissant leur productivité. De leur côté, les domaines sucriers issus des concentrations les plus importantes ferment au début des années quatre-vingts en cédant la majeure partie de leurs terres, notamment leur cannes en faire-valoir direct Ces terres serviront à une ultime et massive installation d’exploitations « moyennes » (10 ha dont 6 ha en canne à sucre). Les usines cessent donc leur processus traditionnel de concentration pour s’approvisionner majoritairement auprès d’un nombre croissant de leurs métayers acquéreurs des terres.
Cette restructuration fondamentale de la plantation traditionnelle faite sur le tard ne s’accompagne pas de la mise en place d’exploitations cannières solides. La mécanisation de la récolte, notamment, n’a pas connu d’adaptation spécifique pour l’attributaire d’un lot afin qu’il investisse réellement sa place dans l’exploitation de son lot. Ce fait amène à redéfinir la portée économique et sociale de la réforme foncière ou à en compléter les initiatives. L’examen de la mécanisation légère parallèlement aux solutions lourdes en coopérative peut donc apporter un éclairage sur les potentialités du secteur sucrier et sur l’avenir des populations rurales.
Depressive symptoms and web user experience
Authors: Thielsch Meinald T. , Thielsch Carolin 
Published: February 2018

Background
Depression, as one of the most prevalent mental disorders, is expected to become a leading cause of disability. While evidence-based treatments are not always easily accessible, Internet-based information and self-help appears as a promising approach to improve the strained supply situation by avoiding barriers of traditional offline treatment. User experience in the domain of mental problems therefore emerges as an important research topic. The aim of our study is to investigate the impact of depressive symptoms on subjective and objective measures of web user experience.

Method
In this two-part online study (Ntotal = 721) we investigate the relationship between depressive symptoms of web users and basic website characteristics (i.e., content, subjective and objective usability, aesthetics). Participants completed search and memory tasks on different fully-functional websites. In addition, they were asked to evaluate the given websites with standardized measures and were screened for symptoms of depression using the PHQ-9. We used structural equation modeling (SEM) to determine whether depression severity affects users’ perception of and performance in using information websites.

Results
We found significant associations between depressive symptoms and subjective user experience, specifically of website content, usability, and aesthetics, as well as an effect of content perception on the overall appraisal of a website in terms of the intention to visit it again. Small yet significant negative effects of depression severity on all named subjective website evaluations were revealed, leading to an indirect negative effect on the intention to revisit a website via impaired content perceptions. However, objective task performance was not influenced by depressiveness of users.

Discussion
Depression emerges as capable of altering the subjective perception of a website to some extend with respect to the main features content, usability, and aesthetics. The user experience of a website is crucial, especially as it facilitates revisiting a website and thus might be relevant in avoiding drop-out in online interventions. Thus, the biased impression of persons affected by symptoms of depression and resulting needs of those users should be considered when designing and evaluating E-(Mental)-Health-platforms. The high prevalence of some mental disorders such as depression in the general population stresses the need for further investigations of the found effects.
Evaluating Impacts of Recent Arctic Sea Ice Loss on the Northern Hemisphere Winter Climate Change
Authors: Ogawa Fumiaki , Keenlyside Noel , Gao Yongqi , Koenigk Torben , Yang Shuting , Suo Lingling , Wang Tao , Gastineau Guillaume , Nakamura Tetsu , Cheung Ho Nam , Omrani Nour‐Eddine , Ukita Jinro , Semenov Vladimir 
Published: February 2018

AbstractWide disagreement among individual modeling studies has contributed to a debate on the role of recent sea ice loss in the Arctic amplification of global warming and the Siberian wintertime cooling trend. We perform coordinated experiments with six atmospheric general circulation models forced by the observed and climatological daily sea ice concentration and sea surface temperature. The results indicate that the impact of the recent sea ice decline is rather limited to the high‐latitude lower troposphere in winter, and the sea ice changes do not significantly lead to colder winters over Siberia. The observed wintertime Siberian temperature and corresponding circulation trends are reproduced in a small number of ensemble members but not by the multimodel ensemble mean, suggesting that atmospheric internal dynamics could have played a major role in the observed trends.
Age of the Subducting Philippine Sea Slab and Mechanism of Low‐Frequency Earthquakes
Authors: Hua Yuanyuan , Zhao Dapeng , Xu Yixian , Liu Xin 
Published: February 2018

AbstractNonvolcanic low‐frequency earthquakes (LFEs) usually occur in young and warm subduction zones under condition of near‐lithostatic pore fluid pressure. However, the relation between the LFEs and the subducting slab age has never been documented so far. Here we estimate the lithospheric age of the subducting Philippine Sea (PHS) slab beneath the Nankai arc by linking seismic tomography and a plate reconstruction model. Our results show that the LFEs in SW Japan take place in young parts (~17–26 Myr) of the PHS slab. However, no LFE occurs beneath the Kii channel where the PHS slab is very young (~15 Myr) and thin (~29 km), forming an LFE gap there. According to the present results and previous works, we think that the LFE gap at the Kii channel is caused by joint effects of several factors, including the youngest slab age, high temperature, low fluid content, high permeability of the overlying plate, a slab tear, and hot upwelling flow below the PHS slab.
Historical Tropospheric and Stratospheric Ozone Radiative Forcing Using the CMIP6 Database
Authors: Checa‐Garcia Ramiro , Hegglin Michaela I. , Kinnison Douglas , Plummer David A. , Shine Keith P. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractWe calculate ozone radiative forcing (RF) and stratospheric temperature adjustments for the period 1850–2014 using the newly available Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6) ozone data set. The CMIP6 total ozone RF (1850s to 2000s) is 0.28 ± 0.17 W m−2 (which is 80% higher than our CMIP5 estimation), and 0.30 ± 0.17 W m−2 out to the present day (2014). The total ozone RF grows rapidly until the 1970s, slows toward the 2000s, and shows a renewed growth thereafter. Since the 1990s the shortwave RF exceeds the longwave RF. Global stratospheric ozone RF is positive between 1930 and 1970 and then turns negative but remains positive in the Northern Hemisphere throughout. Derived stratospheric temperature changes show a localized cooling in the subtropical lower stratosphere due to tropospheric ozone increases and cooling in the upper stratosphere due to ozone depletion by more than 1 K already prior to the satellite era (1980) and by more than 2 K out to the present day (2014).
Turbulent and Laminar Flow in Karst Conduits Under Unsteady Flow Conditions: Interpretation of Pumping Tests by Discrete Conduit‐Continuum Modeling
Authors: Giese M. , Reimann T. , Bailly‐Comte V. , Maréchal J.‐C. , Sauter M. , Geyer T. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractDue to the duality in terms of (1) the groundwater flow field and (2) the discharge conditions, flow patterns of karst aquifer systems are complex. Estimated aquifer parameters may differ by several orders of magnitude from local (borehole) to regional (catchment) scale because of the large contrast in hydraulic parameters between matrix and conduit, their heterogeneity and anisotropy. One approach to deal with the scale effect problem in the estimation of hydraulic parameters of karst aquifers is the application of large‐scale experiments such as long‐term high‐abstraction conduit pumping tests, stimulating measurable groundwater drawdown in both, the karst conduit system as well as the fractured matrix. The numerical discrete conduit‐continuum modeling approach MODFLOW‐2005 Conduit Flow Process Mode 1 (CFPM1) is employed to simulate laminar and nonlaminar conduit flow, induced by large‐scale experiments, in combination with Darcian matrix flow. Effects of large‐scale experiments were simulated for idealized settings. Subsequently, diagnostic plots and analyses of different fluxes are applied to interpret differences in the simulated conduit drawdown and general flow patterns. The main focus is set on the question to which extent different conduit flow regimes will affect the drawdown in conduit and matrix depending on the hydraulic properties of the conduit system, i.e., conduit diameter and relative roughness. In this context, CFPM1 is applied to investigate the importance of considering turbulent conditions for the simulation of karst conduit flow. This work quantifies the relative error that results from assuming laminar conduit flow for the interpretation of a synthetic large‐scale pumping test in karst.
Digitization protocol for scoring reproductive phenology from herbarium specimens of seed plants
Authors: Yost Jennifer M. , Sweeney Patrick W. , Gilbert Ed , Nelson Gil , Guralnick Robert , Gallinat Amanda S. , Ellwood Elizabeth R. , Rossington Natalie , Willis Charles G. , Blum Stanley D. , Walls Ramona L. , Haston Elspeth M. , Denslow Michael W. , Zohner Constantin M. , Morris Ashley B. , Stucky Brian J. , Carter J. Richard , Baxter David G. , Bolmgren Kjell , Denny Ellen G. , Dean Ellen , Pearson Katelin D. , Davis Charles C. , Mishler Brent D. , Soltis Pamela S. , Mazer Susan J. 
Published: February 2018

Premise of the StudyHerbarium specimens provide a robust record of historical plant phenology (the timing of seasonal events such as flowering or fruiting). However, the difficulty of aggregating phenological data from specimens arises from a lack of standardized scoring methods and definitions for phenological states across the collections community.Methods and ResultsTo address this problem, we report on a consensus reached by an iDigBio working group of curators, researchers, and data standards experts regarding an efficient scoring protocol and a data‐sharing protocol for reproductive traits available from herbarium specimens of seed plants. The phenological data sets generated can be shared via Darwin Core Archives using the Extended MeasurementOrFact extension.ConclusionsOur hope is that curators and others interested in collecting phenological trait data from specimens will use the recommendations presented here in current and future scoring efforts. New tools for scoring specimens are reviewed.
Hybrid and total endovascular repair of the aortic arch
Authors: Rudarakanchana N. , Jenkins M. P. 
Published: February 2018

Abstract

Background
Recent advances in endovascular technology have enabled minimally invasive repair of the aortic arch, with specifically designed stent-grafts. This article reviews hybrid and total endovascular repair in the management of aortic arch pathology.

Methods
Studies relating to aortic arch management were identified using MEDLINE and Embase, focusing on endovascular repair.

Results
Hybrid arch repair is associated with an early mortality rate of some 12 per cent, and carries significant risk of stroke (up to 15 per cent), paraplegia (up to 6 per cent), retrograde dissection (up to 6·5 per cent) and proximal endoleak (6 per cent). Despite patients being of overall higher perioperative risk, hybrid repair has morbidity and early mortality rates comparable to those of open arch replacement. However, rates of freedom from aortic rupture or reintervention are significantly lower in the longer term, owing to the incidence of endoleak. Total endovascular arch repair may be achieved by the use of parallel stents or in situ fenestration in the emergency setting, or use of custom-made devices (scalloped, fenestrated or branched stent-grafts) in the elective setting. Reports of these relatively novel technologies suggest acceptable short-term outcomes, but long-term data are still awaited.

Conclusion
Repair of aortic arch pathology presents a formidable challenge for endovascular technology. Open aortic arch repair remains the standard in younger, fitter patients, but endovascular technology and experience continue to evolve with encouraging early outcomes and expanding indications.