bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Study on the Shift in Cropping Pattern from Agriculture to Horticulture in Coimbatore District, Tamil Nadu, India
Authors: Vincent A. , Kumar Senthil 
Published: September 2019

India is predominantly a food crop producing country in the world and a leading producer of world’s pulse (25.00%), rice (22.00%), wheat (13.00%) and cotton (25.00%). On the other hand, the country has gone through a substantial shift in cropping pattern from food crops (agricultural crops) to horticultural crops over the last five years (2011-15). The state Tamil Nadu has also witnessed a shift in cropping pattern towards horticulture. Therefore, micro-level research was undertaken in Malaipalayam and Vadavedampatti of Sultanpet block and Naickenpalayam and Nanjundapuram of Periyanaickenpalayam block in Coimbatore district, Tamil Nadu, India. The sample size of the study was 120 farmers. The research found that most (23.50%) of the farmers shifted their cropping pattern to horticulture during the year 2005-06 followed by 11.50 per cent during 2002-03. However, the shift in cropping pattern towards horticulture started during the 21st century.
It was observed from the study nearly one-fifth (20.84%) of the farmers chosen Coconut as the sole crop in the place of Pulses (Field bean/Cowpea/Horse gram + Field bean-Mochai) – Maize/ Sorghum + Sugarcane + Fodder crops during 2016-17. Twenty-two farmers cultivated Coconut + Vegetables during 2016-17 yet, these same farmers had the cropping pattern of Sugarcane/Maize/ Sorghum + Pulses (Horse gram + Bengal Gram/Cowpea/Red gram/Green gram/Field bean)/Cotton/ Paddy during 1999-2000.
The area under horticulture increased to more than three-fifths (67.35%) of the total area among the farmers during 2009-10 (After Shift). However, the area (4.50%) of horticulture was very less during 1999-2000 (Before Shift) when compared to the area (87.99%) of agriculture to the total area. In this context, this paper elucidates the nature of the shift in cropping pattern from agriculture to horticulture and the present status/ trend of horticulture in Coimbatore district and future prospectus.
Tenement Housing and Domestic Conflict in Diobu Port Harcourt, Rivers State
Authors: Ifeyinwa Alagbogu Gloria 
Published: September 2019

Aims: To examine Tenement housing and domestic conflict among Residents in Rivers State, Nigeria
Study Design: Cross-sectional survey design
Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out in Mile 1 and Mile 2 Diobu, Port Harcourt
Methodology: Triangulation methodology was used in this study to obtain insight into the problem. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were used. With the quantitative method data were collected using questionnaire and with the qualitative method data was collected using FGM and interviews with respondents. Probability design involving a simple random sampling technique was used.
Results: The result revealed an existing relationship between the common use of the toilet, bathroom, kitchen etc. and conflict among dwellers of tenement houses Furthermore it was revealed that there was a relationship between overpopulation and conflict among tenement house dwellers and that there is a relationship between tenement house pattern and conflict among dwellers.
Conclusion: It was concluded that a comprehensive approach should be employed to continuously check quality in housing structures and allocation. Also, realistic policies that will alleviate the suffering of Nigerians as it pertains to housing should be enacted and implemented.
Comparative Proximate, Vitamin and Mineral Composition of Leaves of Four Selected Tropical Vegetable Plants Namely: Ocimum gratissimum, Piper guineense, Gongronema latifolium and Vernonia amygdalina
Authors: Mgbeje Bob I. A. , Umoh Ezekiel Udo , Ekpe Onot 
Published: September 2019

Aim: The aim of the study was to carry out a comparative analysis of the proximate, vitamin and mineral composition of the leaves of four selected tropical vegetable plants namely: Ocimum gratissimum, Piper guineense, Gongronema latifolium and Vernonia amygdalina.
Methodology: Fresh leaves of each vegetable were washed and air dried at room temperature for two weeks. The dried leaves were pulverized using a mechanical grinder. Measured amounts were subjected to quantitative proximate, vitamin and mineral analysis.
Results: For all four plants, carbohydrates was the major macronutrient constituents (range 49.61-64.09% dry wt.) followed by fats (15.06-29.43%), Protein (7.28-12.53%), ash (1.81-14.82%) and fiber (2.92-7.53%) in that order. G. latifolium had the highest carbohydrate (64.09±0.09% dry weight) and protein (12.53±0.10%) composition while V. amygdalina had the highest fat (29.43±0.03%) composition. Results of Ash analysis of the four leaves showed P. guineense to have the highest total mineral content (14.82±0.12% dry wt.) followed by V. amygdalina (10.75±0.01%), O. gratissimum (4.60±0.04%) and G. latifolium (1.81±0.01%) in that order. O. gratissimum and P. guineense had the highest composition of fiber (7.53±0.02% and 7.22±0.02% respectively) closely followed by G. latifolium (6.03±0.02%) and V. amygdalina (2.92±0.02%). Vitamin analysis revealed that leaves of the four vegetable plants contained high levels of vitamin C (range 18.1-43.4 mg/100 g) and appreciable quantities of vitamins A (0.3-1.2 mg/100 g) and E (0.67-0.9 mg/100 g). V. amygdalina leaf contained the highest concentration of vitamin C (43.4±0.01 mg/100 g) and A (1.2±0.9 mg/100 g) while O. gratissimum had the highest vitamin E content (0.9 mg/100 g). The mineral assay indicated that the leaves of the plants contain high levels of Magnesium (Mg)(3.6-24.8 mg/100 g), Phosphorus (P) (2.8-34.3 mg/100 g), Calcium (Ca) (12.1-19.0 mg/100 g) and copper (Cu) (5.8-18.5 mg/100 g) relative to their Zinc (Zn) (1.1-2.1 mg/100 g), Potassium (K) (2.1-6.9 mg/100 g) and Sodium (Na) (4.3-8.1 mg/100 g) contents.
Conclusion: In conclusion, these plants were shown to be rich in carbohydrates, proteins and fats, vitamins and minerals justifying their use in diets. That the plants were particularly rich in vitamins and mineral with antioxidant properties could explain the therapeutic uses of the various preparations of these leafy vegetables, in traditional medicine, for the treatment and management of diseases that have their etiology and pathophysiology in free radical generation and oxidative stress.
Multiple Sclerosis and Evaluation of Vitamin D Effect
Authors: Eslamifar Zahra , Deihim Behnaz , Ghaffaripour Reza 
Published: September 2019

Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system with symptoms of neurodegenerative diseases. The symptoms vary depending on damage location. Some of the symptoms include cognitive disorders, anxiety and depression, visual impairment, respiratory, speech and swallowing disorders, muscle spasm and fatigue.
Due to the lack of a definitive treatment method, various therapeutic approaches are proposed to control the disease. Drugs are classified into attack control drugs, complication control drugs and disease-modifying drugs. Vitamin D is a hormone-like steroidal compound with immune modulatory and anti-inflammatory properties. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with a variety of inflammatory, neurologic and autoimmune diseases.
Many studies on patients as well as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis studies have shown that the administration of vitamin D reduces inflammation in inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system. As argued, vitamin D level was significantly lower in MS compared to healthy subjects as controls. Also, a higher level of vitamin D is reported in relapsing-remitting MS patients compared to patients with progressive MS. It is observed that higher serum levels of vitamin D can reduce the severity of symptoms, progress, and also delays the relapses. Few studies considered vitamin D to be ineffective in stopping or inhibition the disease. Despite the controversies concerning the role of vitamin D in MS progress, there is a lot of interest in further research in this regard with the hope of reaching a common ground. Therefore, frequent reviews of past and recent studies are essential to achieve the same results.
Orbital Abscess Drainage Using Intravenous Cannula: Technique and Advantages
Authors: Zerrouk Rachid , Elkhoyaali Adil , Akioud Wafae , Khmamouche Mehdi , Elasri Fouad , Reda Karim , Oubaaz Abdelbarre 
Published: September 2019

The orbital infections are known to be the most frequent primitive orbital pathology.
Rhinosinusitis (RS) is the most common cause of orbital inflammation and infection, especially in the pediatric range. So far, the main orbital complication of RS is the preseptal cellulitis. The dissemination of the infection in the orbital retroseptal area may occur and is considered to be a serious complication requiring urgent diagnosis and treatment. It is usually seen as an orbital (OSPA) subperiosteal abscess adjacent to the infected sinus. The diagnosis of an OSPA is based on clinical evaluation as well as X-ray imaging. The CT scan is the preferred imaging modality for orbital abscess diagnosis. In most cases of OSPA, the surgery is often indicated and can be conducted by an external method, transnasal endoscopy or a combined method. In this article, we describe the technique of external drainage using an intravenous cannula (case report of 10 patients) as well as the results obtained.
Process Energy Management
Authors: Rossiter Alan , Jones Beth 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThis article provides an overview of design, management, and optimization considerations for energy use in the process industries. It presents the thermodynamic basis for the systems commonly used to deliver heat and power to chemical plants, including cogeneration, hydraulic power recovery, and waste heat recovery. From this foundation, it examines techniques and tools for designing and retrofitting chemical processes and utility systems to optimize energy efficiency. This includes a discussion of proven tools for identifying energy efficiency improvements, such as pinch analysis and process flow diagram reviews. In addition, the article explores the main areas where energy efficiency improvements occur, including operational improvements, effective maintenance practices, facility upgrades and advances in technology. Specific examples are given in each of these areas. The article also describes techniques for designing, implementing, and maintaining effective energy management systems, which are an important tool for driving efficiency improvements at industrial facilities. Energy sourcing choices are also discussed, including the changes that are occurring with the growth of renewable energy, and the resulting potential for greater electrification of chemical processes.
Bioactive Glasses
Authors: Contreras Jaimes Altair T. , Poologasundarampillai Gowsihan , Brauer Delia S. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractBioactive silicate glasses release ions when in contact with physiological solutions, leading to the formation of a biomimetic apatite surface layer. This apatite layer allows for protein adhesion, cell attachment and proliferation, and, subsequently, formation of a strong interfacial bond between bioactive glass and bone. In addition, bioactive glasses degradein vivoand are replaced by new bone, and they thus help to regenerate bone tissue. These reactions are possible owing to the highly disrupted silicate structure of bioactive glasses, containing large concentrations of modifier ions and nonbridging oxygen atoms. Bioactive glasses have been used clinically since the mid‐1980s, and they are used mainly to treat bone defects. However, their mineralizing properties have also resulted in them being used in oral care products for the treatment of sensitive teeth and the remineralization of enamel.
Atomic Force Microscopy Methods forDNAAnalysis
Authors: Lyubchenko Yuri L. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractApplications of atomic force microscopy (AFM) to imaging of DNA with various structures, topologies, and complexes with proteins are reviewed. The emphasis is given to methods utilizing chemical functionalization of mica, enabling AFM visualization of different DNA structures. Special attention is given to the ability of AFM to image the dynamics of DNA at the nanoscale. The capabilities of time‐lapse AFM in aqueous solutions are illustrated by imaging of dynamic processes as transitions of local alternative structures (transition of DNA between H and B forms). The application of AFM to studies of protein–DNA complexes is illustrated by a few examples of imaging site‐specific complexes, as well as systems such as chromatin. The time‐lapse AFM studies of protein–DNA complexes including very recent advances with the use of high‐speed AFM are reviewed.
Fundamentals and Advances of Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Hecht Elizabeth S. , Scigelova Michaela , Eliuk Shannon , Makarov Alexander 
Published: September 2019

AbstractAnalytical chemistry has considerably benefited from the developments in the field of mass spectrometry. The high resolution, mass accuracy, and sensitivity offered by modern mass spectrometers have been essential in addressing analytical needs in numerous areas of research as well as in routine laboratory praxis. Orbitrap‐based instruments have established themselves firmly in the field of proteomics, biopharmaceuticals, metabolomics, and metabolite analysis and made an ultra‐high resolution mass spectrometer accessible to most life science laboratories. Moreover, it has gained increased popularity in areas of bioanalysis, lipidomics, doping, as well as in drug and pesticide residue analysis. This article presents the principle of operation of the Orbitrap analyzer, its most recent technological developments and outlook, and it reviews application areas where the Orbitrap analyzers represent the state‐of‐the‐art solution to a multitude of analytical needs.
Rapid Pathogen Detection Tools
Authors: Vongkamjan Kitiya , Yingkajorn Mingkwan , Thammakulkrajang Rarinthorn 
Published: September 2019

AbstractTraditional methods for detection of foodborne pathogenic bacteria in food and clinical samples are typically time‐consuming and require multiple steps or even skilled persons for identification and confirmation of pathogens. Multiple serious pathogens including Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, Campylobacter jejuni, and Vibrio spp. have been linked to foodborne diseases and outbreaks worldwide. Rapid, reliable, and less labor intensive detection methods can simplify the steps for pathogen detection for routine testing or monitoring of food samples as well as for following‐up on foodborne illness cases by testing clinical samples. Monitoring of pathogens can become more common and effortless to perform. Immediate responses to potential pathogen contamination in foods can be one of the most effective ways to control foodborne outbreaks. This section reviews the principles and characteristics of some recent rapid detection methods, including (i) immunoassays and nucleic acid‐based detection platforms and (ii) tools based on metabolites released or consumed. As these methods have gained interest for use to detect pathogens in both food and clinical samples, a perspective on the future directions is also described.
M
ethanonatronarchaeia
Authors: Sorokin Dimitry Y. , Merkel Alexander Y. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Me.tha.no.na.tron.ar.chae'i.a. N.L. fem. pl. n.
Methanonatronarchaeales
, the type order of the class; ‐
ia
ending to denote a class; N.L. neut. pl. n.
Methanonatronarchaeaia
, the
Methanonatronarchaeales
class.

Halobacteriota / Methanonatronarchaeia

Type order
:
Methanonatronarchaeales
Sorokin, Merkel, Abbas, Makarova, Rijpstra, Koenen, et al. 2018, 2206
VP
.
F
astidiosibacteraceae
Authors: Salam Nimaichand , Xiao Min , Li Wen‐Jun 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Fas.ti.di.o.si.bac.te.ra.ce'ae. N.L. masc. n.
Fastidiosibacter
, the type genus of the family; L. suff. ‐
aceae
ending to denote a family; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Fastidiosibacteraceae
, the family of the genus
Fastidiosibacter
.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Thiotrichales / Fastidiosibacteraceae

The family contains four genera
Fastidiosibacter
(type),
Cysteiniphilum
,
Fangia
and
Caedibacter
. The family contains ubiquinone‐8 as the respiratory quinone, and saturated fatty acids with 15, 17 and 18 carbons as the major fatty acids.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 37–38 (HPLC).

Type genus
:
Fastidiosibacter
Xiao, Salam, Liu, Jiao, Zheng, Wang, et al. 2018, 350
VP
.
B
lastococcus
Authors: Carro Lorena , Trujillo Martha E. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Blas.to.coc'cus. Gr. masc. n.
blastos
bud, shoot; N.L. masc. n.
coccus
(from Gr. masc. n.
kokkos
grain, seed) coccus; N.L. masc. n.
Blastococcus
budding coccus.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Geodermatophilales / Geodermatophilaceae / Blastococcus

Gram‐stain‐positive; coccoid; occurs singly, in pairs, or in tetrads.
Often reproducing by budding and multiple fission
,
giving rise to a variety of cell forms
.
Strains may form motile zoospores
. Formation of buds on rods is common, but not universal. Membranous bodies, 1–4 per cell, which are linked to the cytoplasmic membrane, may be present. Aerobic; some strains may be microaerophilic. Strains have been isolated from surfaces of marble and limestone, sea and sand sediments, desert soils, and plant leaves.

Peptidoglycan contains
meso
‐A
2
pm

as diagnostic diamino acid.
The predominant menaquinone is MK‐9
(

H
4

). The polar lipid profile consists of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylinositol; phosphatidylethanolamine and several unidentified lipids may occur. The predominant fatty acid is iso‐C
16:0
. Phylogenetically, a member of the family
Geodermatophilaceae
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 72.3–74.6 (HPLC, WGS).

Type species
:
Blastococcus aggregatus
Ahrens and Moll 1970, 264
AL
emend. Urzì, Salamone, Schumann, Rohde and Stackebrandt 2004a, 257 emend. Hezbri, Louati, Nouioui, Gtari, Rohde, Spröer, et al. 2016, 4869.
Rickettsia
Authors: Fournier Pierre‐Edouard , Raoult Didier 
Published: September 2019

AbstractRick.ett'si.a. N.L. fem. n.Rickettsia,named after Howard Taylor Ricketts, who first associated these microorganisms with spotted fever and typhus and who died of typhus contracted in the course of his studies.Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Rickettsiales / Rickettsiaceae / RickettsiaShort,often paired rods,0.3–0.5μm×0.8–2.0μm. The rickettsial envelope has a typical Gram‐negative structure with a bilayer inner membrane, a peptidoglycan layer, and a bilayer outer membrane. The cells are often surrounded by a protein microcapsular layer and slime layer. Rickettsiae retain basic fuchsin when stained by Giménez method. The organisms areobligately intracellular and reside free in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic host cells, where they divide bybinary fission. Rickettsiae of the spotted fever group (SFG) may also reside in the nucleus of eukaryotic host cells.Rickettsiae are closely associated with arthropods(ticks, mites, fleas, lice, and other insects)for their maintenance in nature. Their natural cycle usually involves both a vertebrate and an invertebrate host. For some, the arthropod host is both a reservoir and a vector.Transovarian transmissionof the agent from the infected female to the next generation is the essential mechanism for the maintenance of many species. Rickettsial cells are usually unstable when separated from host components, except for highly stable forms found in the feces of arthropod hosts; stability can be enhanced by certain proteins, sucrose, and reagents that tend to maintain the integrity of outer membranes, osmolarity, and ATP level. Rickettsiae are best preserved by rapid freezing and storage below −50°C. The cells are rapidly inactivated at 56°C. Rickettsiae derive energy from the metabolism of glutamate via the citric acid cycle, but do not utilize glucose. They transport and metabolize phosphorylated compounds but do not synthesize or degrade nucleoside monophosphates. Rickettsial species have genomes ranging from 1.1 to 2.3 Mb. They may also have up to four plasmids.Rickettsiae are etiological agents of typhus and spotted fevers in humans. There are 31 recognized species.DNA G+C content (mol%): 29–33.Type species:Rickettsia prowazekiida Rocha‐Lima 1916, 567. (Nom. Cons. Opin. 19, Jud. Comm. 1958, 158.)
Desulfobulbus
Authors: Galushko Alexander , Kuever Jan 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

De.sul.fo.bul'bus. L. pref.
de
from; L. neut. n.
sulfur
; L. masc. n.
bulbus
onion; N.L. masc. n.
Desulfobulbus
onion‐shaped sulfate reducer.

Desulfobacterota / Desulfobulbia / Desulfobulbales / Desulfobulbaceae / Desulfobulbus

Cells are ovoid‐to‐rod shaped, or lemon shaped with pointed ends, 0.6–1.5 µm × 1.5–2.5 µm. Occur singly, in pairs, or in chains. Spore formation is not observed. Stain Gram‐negative. Cells are motile by a single polar flagellum or nonmotile. Strictly anaerobic, having both a respiratory and a fermentative type of metabolism. Chemoorganoheterotrophic, using propionate, lactate, pyruvate, ethanol, or 1‐propanol as electron donors and carbon sources; organic compounds are incompletely oxidized to acetate. H
2
can be used as an electron donor in the presence of acetate as organic carbon source (chemolithoheterotrophic growth). Sulfate, sulfite, and often thiosulfate serve as terminal electron acceptors and are reduced to H
2
S. In the absence of an external electron acceptor, growth may occur by fermentation of lactate, pyruvate, and low molecular weight alcohols (acetate + CO
2
), malate, or fumarate. Mesophilic, the optimum temperature range for growth is 31–39°C. Neutrophilic (most species) and obligately alkaliphilic (one species). Media containing a reductant are required for growth; some species need also
p
‐aminobenzoate. Occur in anoxic parts of freshwater, brackish water, and marine habitats; also isolated from rumen contents, animal dung, and sewage sludge.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 50.6–61.7 (
T
m
, HPLC, genome).

Type species
:
Desulfobulbus propionicus
Widdel 1981, 382
VP
(Effective publication: Widdel 1980, 374).