bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Remoteness, urbanization, and child nutrition in sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: Headey Derek , Stifel David , You Liangzhi , Guo Zhe 
Published: September 2018

AbstractRural populations face a much higher burden of child undernutrition than urban populations, especially in sub‐Saharan Africa, a continent where many households still live in remote rural areas. Despite this, relatively little research has analyzed nutrition differences across rural and urban populations, or across gradients of rural remoteness. In this article, we study these differences in sub‐Saharan Africa by linking spatial data on travel times to urban centers with 20,000 or more people as our measure of remoteness to Demographic Health Survey data covering 74,398 children from 10,900 communities in 23 countries. We find that children in rural communities have much worse linear growth and dietary outcomes than urban children, but that children in more remote rural communities face only a small nutritional penalty compared to children from less remote communities. Moreover, the harmful effects of remoteness and rural living largely disappear once we control for education, wealth, and social/infrastructural services. This implies that the key nutritional disadvantages faced by rural populations stem chiefly from social and economic poverty. Combating these problems requires a combination of innovative cost‐effective mechanisms for extending basic services to isolated rural communities and facilitating welfare‐enhancing migration to urban areas.
The Contested Legacies of Indigenous Debt Bondage in Southeast Asia: Indebtedness in the Vietnamese Sex Sector
Authors: Lainez Nicolas 
Published: September 2018

ABSTRACTThe modern‐slavery paradigm promotes analogies between contemporary trafficking and the transatlantic, white, and indigenous slave trade. The analogy some scholars use to address debt bondage in past and present Southeast Asia prompted me to consider the hypothesis that the debts incurred by Vietnamese sex workers with moneylenders, procurers, and migration brokers are a remnant of indigenous slavery. However, the ethnographic and legalistic study of debt in the Vietnamese sex sector across Southeast Asia in relation to debt‐bondage traditions provides limited support to the transhistorical thesis. Nonetheless, it throws light on the creditor–debtor relationship and shows that sex workers need credit to finance production and social reproduction in a region undergoing rapid capitalist development, and that because of their exclusion from financial, labor, and labor migration markets, they access it through personalized arrangements that generate strong obligations and dependencies with the potential for restrictions of freedom, in a social structure that promotes patronage, vertical bonding, and dependency. [debt, (modern) slavery, trafficking, sex work, migration, Vietnam, Cambodia, Singapore]
Dietary soyasaponin attenuates 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene-induced contact hypersensitivity via gut microbiota in mice
Authors: Nagano T , Katase M , Tsumura K 
Published: September 2018

SummarySoyasaponins (SSs) are abundant in soybeans and display inhibitory activity against contact hypersensitivity (CHS), which is often used as a mouse model for allergic contact dermatitis (ACD); however, their therapeutic mechanisms remain unknown. Here, we attempted to clarify the role of gut microbiota in the inhibition of CHS by dietary soyasaponins. For antibiotic treatment, mice were administered a mixture of ciprofloxacin and metronidazole or vancomycin. These antibiotics and SSs were given to mice via drinking water 3-weeks prior to CHS induction with 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene, and the mice were analysed for ear swelling, tissue oedema, infiltration of Gr-1-positive immune cells, the composition of faecal microbiota and regulatory T (Treg) cells. The soyasaponin diets attenuated ear swelling and tissue oedema, and reduced the number of Gr-1-positive cells infiltrating ear tissues. CHS caused changes in the structure of the gut microbiota, but dietary SSs blocked the changes in the microbiota composition. Ciprofloxacin and metronidazole treatments significantly enhanced the severity of CHS symptoms, whereas vancomycin treatment blocked the suppressive effect of dietary SSs on CHS. These antibiotic treatments differed in their effects on the gut microbiota composition. Treg cells in auricular lymph node and spleen increased under SS-enriched diets, but this increase was blocked by vancomycin treatment. These results suggest that dietary SSs exert their inhibitory activity on CHS via the gut microbiota in mice, suggesting that dietary supplementation with SSs may have beneficial effects on ACD patients, but that the gut microbiota is a critical determinant of the therapeutic value of dietary SSs.
Safety of calcium and vitamin D supplements, a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Aloia John F. , Katumuluwa Subhashini , Stolberg Alexandra , Usera Gianina , Mikhail Mageda , Hoofnagle Andrew N. , Islam Shahidul 
Published: September 2018

AbstractObjectiveIt is anticipated that an intake of vitamin D found acceptable by Endocrine Society Guidelines (10 000 IU/day) with co‐administered calcium supplements may result in frequent hypercalciuria and hypercalcaemia. This combination may be associated with kidney stones. The objective of this study was to compare the episodes of hypercalciuria and hypercalcaemia from calcium supplements co‐administered with 10 000 IU or 600 IU vitamin D daily. This design allows a comparison of the Institute of Medicine recommendation for the RDA of vitamin D along with the upper limit of calcium intake with the high intake of vitamin D suggested by the Endocrine Society.ContextHarms of currently recommended high intake of vitamin D have not been studied.DesignThe design was a randomized controlled trial with 2 groups with evaluation every 3 months for one year: (a) CaCO3 1200 mg/day with 10 000 IU vitamin D3/day or (b) CaCO3 1200 mg/day with 600 IU vitamin D3/day.PatientsThis study was conducted in an ambulatory research centre in healthy, white postmenopausal women.MeasurementsSerum and 24‐hour urine calcium were measured.ResultsHypercalcaemia and hypercalciuria occurred in both groups. At the final visit, 19/48 in the high dose D group had hypercalciuria. The odds of developing hypercalciuria were 3.6 [OR = 3.6(1.39, 9.3)] times higher in the high dose D group. The odds of developing hypercalcaemia did not differ between groups.ConclusionsThe safe upper level of vitamin D recommended by the Endocrine Society when accompanied by calcium supplements results in frequent hypercalciuria. The risk of kidney stones at these levels should be investigated.
Qualitative exploration of supporting figures in the lives of emerging adults who left care compared with their noncare‐leaving peers
Authors: Sulimani‐Aidan Yafit 
Published: September 2018

AbstractStudies on youth leaving care have emphasized their limited social support and their need for continuing support after emancipation. However, less is known about the nature of their existing social networks after emancipation and their roles during their transition to adulthood compared with their noncare‐leaving peers. With this in mind, 32 young adults aged 18 to 25 participated in semi‐structured interviews regarding their current support figures in order to learn whether they were congruent with their needs after emancipation. Thematic analysis revealed four main features of the two groups' social networks: (a) stability versus uncertainty as to the lasting presence of the supportive figure, (b) reliance on parents as main supportive figures versus relying on different supportive figures, (c) confidence versus uncertainty in the supportive figures' ability to help, and (d) holistic versus fragmented support of the young adults' needs. The discussion addresses the unique characteristics of care leavers in emerging adulthood and the implications of their social networks' features for their adjustment after emancipation. One of the study's recommendations is to proactively connect them to new supportive figures such as professionals or mentors by offering them mentoring programs cognizant of the instrumental and developmental tasks of emerging adulthood.
A quantitative appraisal of African Americans’ decisions to become registered organ donors at the driver’s license office
Authors: DuBay Derek A. , Ivankova Nataliya V. , Herbey Ivan , Redden David T. , Holt Cheryl , Siminoff Laura , Fouad Mona N. , Su Zemin , Morinelli Thomas A. , Martin Michelle Y. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractAfrican American (AA) organ donation registration rates fall short of national objectives. The goal of the present study was to utilize data acquired from a quantitative telephone survey to provide information for a future Department of Motorized Vehicles (DMV) intervention to increase AA organ donor registration at the DMV. AAs (n = 20 177) that had visited an Alabama DMV office within a 3‐month period were recruited via direct mailing to participate in a quantitative phone survey. Data from 155 respondents that participated in the survey were analyzed. Of those respondents deciding to become a registered organ donor (ROD; n = 122), one‐third made that decision at the time of visiting the DMV. Of those who chose not to become a ROD (n = 33), one‐third made the decision during the DMV visit. Almost 85% of all participants wanted to learn more about organ donation while waiting at the DMV, preferably via TV messaging (digital signage), with the messaging delivered from organ donors, transplant recipients, and healthcare experts. Altruism, accurate organ donation information, and encouragement from family and friends were the most important educational topics to support AAs becoming a ROD. These data provide a platform to inform future interventions designed to increase AAs becoming a ROD at the DMV.
Diagnostik blasenbildender Autoimmundermatosen
Authors: van Beek Nina , Zillikens Detlef , Schmidt Enno 
Published: September 2018

ZusammenfassungBlasenbildende Autoimmundermatosen (BAIDs) sind eine heterogene Gruppe seltener Erkrankungen, die klinisch durch Erosionen und/oder Blasen an Haut und Schleimhäuten charakterisiert sind. BAIDs können in zwei Gruppen eingeteilt werden: Pemphigus‐Erkrankungen, die durch intraepidermale Blasenbildung und Autoantikörper gegen desmosomale Proteine wie Desmoglein (Dsg) 1, Dsg3 und Mitglieder der Plakin‐Familie charakterisiert sind, sowie subepidermale BAIDs, die Pemphigoid‐Erkrankungen und die Dermatitis herpetiformis umfassen. Bei der Dermatitis herpetiformis greifen die Autoantikörper die Transglutaminasen 2 und 3 an, während sie bei Pemphigoid‐Erkrankungen gegen Strukturproteine der dermoepidermalen Junktionszone gerichtet sind. Die Analyse einer periläsionalen Biopsie mittels direkter Immunfluoreszenzmikroskopie (IF‐Mikroskopie) stellt zwar nach wie vor den diagnostischen Goldstandard dar, mittlerweile sind jedoch verschiedene Tests allgemein verfügbar, die eine serologische Diagnosefindung für den Großteil der Patienten ermöglichen. Zur serologischen Standarddiagnostik gehört die indirekte IF auf Affenösophagus und NaCl‐separierter Spalthaut. Die Spezifität der Autoantikörper kann mit ELISA‐Systemen, die auf rekombinanten Formen der immundominanten Regionen der Zielantigene basieren, sowie indirekter IF‐Mikroskopie anhand multivarianter Tests mit mehreren multivariate näher charakterisiert werden. Diese serologischen Tests werden durch verschiedene hauseigene Immunoblotting‐ und ELISA‐Systeme ergänzt, die nur in spezialisierten Laboratorien verfügbar sind. In diesem Review geben wir einen Überblick über neue Entwicklungen bei der Diagnose von BAIDs und beschreiben moderne Diagnoseverfahren für diese Krankheitsgruppe.
Phototherapy
Authors: Singer Sebastian , Berneburg Mark 
Published: September 2018

SummaryThe efficacy of phototherapy is based on the interaction between ultraviolet (UV) radiation and the skin. The photobiological effects thus achieved depend on the wavelengths used. Targeted use of UVA and UVB, where indicated in combination with a photosensitizer such as psoralen, provides the dermatologist with a broad armamentarium for the treatment of a multitude of skin diseases. The spectrum of indications ranges from superficial dermatitis, psoriasis, and malignancies, such as cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma, to deep sclerosing conditions such as morphea. The objective of the present review is to highlight the photobiological effects of the various types of UV radiation as well as the resultant clinical indications for phototherapy.
Evaluation of the effects of dapagliflozin, a sodium‐glucose co‐transporter‐2 inhibitor, on hepatic steatosis and fibrosis using transient elastography in patients with type 2 diabetes and non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Shimizu Masanori , Suzuki Kunihiro , Kato Kanako , Jojima Teruo , Iijima Toshie , Murohisa Toshimitsu , Iijima Makoto , Takekawa Hidehiro , Usui Isao , Hiraishi Hideyuki , Aso Yoshimasa 
Published: September 2018

AimsTo investigate the effects of dapagliflozin on liver steatosis and fibrosis evaluated in patients with type 2 diabetes and non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).Materials and methodsIn a randomized, active‐controlled, open‐label trial, 57 patients with type 2 diabetes and NAFLD were randomized to a dapagliflozin group (5 mg/d; n = 33) or a control group (n = 24) and were treated for 24 weeks. Hepatic steatosis and fibrosis were assessed using transient elastography to measure controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) and liver stiffness, respectively.ResultsBaseline liver stiffness measurement (LSM) was positively correlated with several markers and scoring systems for liver fibrosis. In week 24, there was a significant decrease in CAP from 314 ± 61 to 290 ± 73 dB/m (P = 0.0424) in the dapagliflozin group, while there was no significant change in the control group. In addition, LSM tended to decrease from 9.49 ± 6.05 to 8.01 ± 5.78 kPa in the dapagliflozin group. In 14 patients from this group with LSM values ≥8.0 kPa, indicating significant liver fibrosis, LSM decreased significantly from 14.7 ± 5.7 to 11.0 ± 7.3 kPa (P = 0.0158). Furthermore, serum alanine aminotransferase and γ‐glutamyltranspeptidase levels decreased in the dapagliflozin group, but not in the control group, and visceral fat mass was significantly reduced in the dapagliflozin group.ConclusionsBased on these findings, the sodium‐glucose co‐transporter‐2 inhibitor dapagliflozin improves liver steatosis in patients with type 2 diabetes and NAFLD, and attenuates liver fibrosis only in patients with significant liver fibrosis, although the possibility cannot be excluded that a reduction in body weight or visceral adipose tissue by dapagliflozin may be associated with a decrease of liver steatosis or fibrosis.
Systematic review of the screening, diagnosis, and management of ADHD in children with epilepsy. Consensus paper of the Task Force on Comorbidities of the ILAE Pediatric Commission
Authors: Auvin Stéphane , Wirrell Elaine , Donald Kirsten A. , Berl Madison , Hartmann Hans , Valente Kette D. , Van Bogaert Patrick , Cross J. Helen , Osawa Makiko , Kanemura Hideaki , Aihara Masao , Guerreiro Marilisa M. , Samia Pauline , Vinayan Kollencheri Puthenveettil , Smith Mary Lou , Carmant Lionel , Kerr Michael , Hermann Bruce , Dunn David , Wilmshurst Jo M. 
Published: September 2018

SummaryAttention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common and challenging comorbidity affecting many children with epilepsy. A working group under the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) Pediatric Commission identified key questions on the identification and management of ADHD in children with epilepsy. Systematic reviews of the evidence to support approaches to these questions were collated and graded using criteria from the American Academy of Neurology Practice Parameter. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) requirements were followed, with PROSPERO registration (CRD42018094617). No increased risk of ADHD in boys with epilepsy compared to girls with epilepsy was found (Level A). Valproate use in pregnancy is associated with inattentiveness and hyperactivity in offspring (1 class I study), and children with intellectual and developmental disabilities are at increased risk of ADHD (Level A). Impact of early seizure onset on development of ADHD was unclear (Level U), but more evident with poor seizure control (Level B). ADHD screening should be performed from 6 years of age, or at diagnosis, and repeated annually (Level U) and reevaluated after change of antiepileptic drug (AED) (Level U). Diagnosis should involve health practitioners with expert training in ADHD (Level U). Use of the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire screening tool is supported (Level B). Formal cognitive testing is strongly recommended in children with epilepsy who are struggling at school (Level U). Behavioral problems are more likely with polytherapy than monotherapy (Level C). Valproate can exacerbate attentional issues in children with childhood absence epilepsy (Level A). Methylphenidate is tolerated and effective in children with epilepsy (Level B). Limited evidence supports that atomoxetine is tolerated (Level C). Multidisciplinary involvement in transition and adult ADHD clinics is essential (Level U). In conclusion, although recommendations could be proposed for some of the study questions, this systematic review highlighted the need for more comprehensive and targeted large‐population prospective studies.
Does This Adult Patient With Jolt Accentuation of Headache Have Acute Meningitis?
Authors: Tamune Hidetaka , Kuki Takaie , Kashiyama Tetsuya , Uchihara Toshiki 
Published: September 2018

AbstractObjectiveIn order to identify appropriate candidates with suspected meningitis for lumbar puncture (LP), study designs and diagnostic values of jolt accentuation of headache (JA) were reviewed.BackgroundAcute meningitis is a life‐threatening disease that requires LP for accurate diagnosis. JA was reported the most sensitive indicator of cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis; however, subsequent studies have failed to confirm this claim.MethodsWe reviewed articles concerning JA, published prior to December 2017, using MEDLINE and Japanese medical databases. Seven original articles based on independent cohorts were eligible for inclusion and articles citing these 7 were thoroughly searched (11 in total). Additionally, all medical records of our previously reported cohort were reviewed again to explore how the patients’ background influenced diagnostic values of JA.ResultsWe hypothesized that an oversimplified dichotomy of JA findings, pleocytosis, and meningitis created a misconception that JA is a universal indicator of meningitis. We clarify the difference between them and present altered mental status (AMS) as a key to decrease the sensitivity of JA. Notably, the sensitivity and specificity of JA were relatively low in unselected groups, while they tended to be high in the selected sub‐groups with acute onset of headache and fever, without AMS or neurological deficits. Unselected populations included etiologies of pleocytosis other than acute meningitis, which might weaken the association between JA and pleocytosis.ConclusionJA is not a universal, stand‐alone, indicator of meningitis in febrile patients with headache. Therefore, we propose a stepwise approach for patients with suspected acute meningitis. AMS or neurological deficits suggest an intracranial pathology, which may necessitate a lumbar puncture. JA seems a useful tool for distinguishing acute aseptic meningitis from upper respiratory infection when used in the selected cohort of febrile patients (≥37°C) with recent‐onset headache (within 2 weeks before presentation) and normal mental status. This approach and diagnostic values of JA should be further investigated by prospective studies using operationally sorted candidates.
Chronic Migraine – Evolution of the Concept and Clinical Implications
Authors: Medrea Ioana , Christi Suzanne 
Published: September 2018

AbstractObjectiveThe current definition of chronic migraine is relatively new. This definition has been field tested multiple times and has gone through multiple revisions. The evolution of the concept of migraine and its transformation to involve the category of chronic migraine is outlined.DiscussionChronic migraine as a disease was initially recognized in patients seen in headache clinics with a large burden of disability from frequent headaches and a history of prior migraines. Over time, this observation was operationalized into multiple diagnostic criteria with requirements for frequent headache days, typically 15 or more, and additionally a certain predisposition to migraine phenotype whether counted in number of headaches with migrainous features or a transformation from migraine in certain diagnostic criteria. In addition, the observation of medication overuse in this population raises a valid question – whether this is a factor for chronification versus a separate secondary headache etiology.ConclusionChronic migraine is a relatively newly recognized disease. We have an increasing number of medications studied specifically in chronic migraines, and these are briefly introduced. Additionally, there are guidelines to help design trials in chronic migraine. A valid future research question is to further study the efficacy of the medications studied in an undifferentiated migraine population, as there is economic pressure to use these medications as first line.
Spontaneous regression of hepatocellular carcinoma with reduction in angiogenesis‐related cytokines after treatment with sodium‐glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor in a cirrhotic patient with diabetes mellitus
Authors: Kawaguchi Takumi , Nakano Dan , Okamura Shusuke , Shimose Shigeo , Hayakawa Masako , Niizeki Takashi , Koga Hironori , Torimura Takuji 
Published: September 2018

Spontaneous regression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a rare event, and the pathogenesis remains unclear. Here, we present a case of spontaneous regression of HCC after treatment with sodium‐glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor (SGLT2i) in a cirrhotic patient with diabetes mellitus (DM). A 68‐year‐old man regularly visited our hospital for follow‐up of HCC after treatment with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization, and management of liver cirrhosis and type 2 DM. Contrast‐enhanced computed tomography scan showed a hypervascular tumor in the liver and elevated serum α‐fetoprotein levels, indicating the recurrence of HCC. Simultaneously, the hemoglobin A1c value increased to 8.0%; therefore, he was treated with SGLT2i (canagliflozin 100 mg/day). Ten weeks after the initiation of SGLT2i treatment, he was admitted to our hospital for treatment of recurrent HCC. However, the hypervascular tumor had disappeared, and the elevated serum α‐fetoprotein level had decreased to normal limits, indicating spontaneous regression of HCC. In addition, an angiogenesis array analysis revealed downregulated protein expression of matrix metalloproteinase‐8, angiopoietin‐1/2, platelet‐derived growth factor‐AA, and prolactin at 10 weeks after SGLT2i treatment. In this report, we first describe a case of spontaneous regression of HCC with reduction in angiogenesis‐related cytokines after SGLT2i treatment.