bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prey detection in antlions: propagation of vibrational signals deep into the sand
Authors: Podlesnik Jan , Klokočovnik Vesna , Lorent Vincent , Devetak Dušan 
Published: July 2019

AbstractTrap‐building antlion larvae detect their prey according to the substrate vibrations produced during movement of the prey on the sand surface. Although most studies are devoted to surface vibrational waves, in the present study, we determine the role of vibrations travelling through deeper sand layers. A behavioural experiment confirms that vibrational stimuli from prey insects on the surface of the sand stimulate the antlions buried in deeper sand layers to move towards the surface. Sand depth and particle size both have a strong effect on signal transmission. The damping coefficient (α10) varies from 0.49 dB to 3.30 dB cm−1 and depends on frequency (in the range from 100 to 300 Hz), particle size (from finest to coarse sand) and distance from the source of the vibrations. The deeper the sand, the narrower the frequency range of the signal becomes. Sand is a filter for higher frequencies. The smaller the sand particles, the more intense the filtering becomes. Fine sand with a mean sand particle size of 360 μm is a more efficient filter than coarse sand; consequently, high frequencies (> 2.5 kHz) are eliminated at a depth of 3 cm. Mean frequency depends on both depth and particle size. However, low frequency signals still propagate at a certain distance, which is biologically important in prey detection. Although the most efficient signal propagation appears to occur in coarse sand, it contains overly large particles that are inconvenient for relatively small antlion larvae. Predators seek a compromise between fine and coarse sand choosing medium sand.
Improved diagnostic yield for lung nodules with digital tomosynthesis‐corrected navigational bronchoscopy: Initial experience with a novel adjunct
Authors: Aboudara Matt , Roller Lance , Rickman Otis , Lentz Robert J. , Pannu Jasleen , Chen Heidi , Maldonado Fabien 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACTBackground and objectiveThe diagnostic yield of electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy (ENB) is inferior to that of computed tomography (CT)‐guided needle biopsy for pulmonary nodules. One explanation for this is divergence between the nodule location on the pre‐procedure CT scan and its actual location during the procedure. Fluoroscopic ENB (F‐ENB) consists of digital tomosynthesis using a conventional C‐arm to re‐register the target lesion based on near real‐time imaging. We performed a retrospective review of ENB cases at our institution before and after introduction of F‐ENB to assess diagnostic yield.MethodsAll consecutive ENB procedures performed at our institution from 25 December 2017 to 25 August 2018 were reviewed. F‐ENB was introduced on 25 April 2018. Two cohorts were analysed: standard ENB (S‐ENB) from 25 December 2017 to 24 April 2018 and F‐ENB from 25 April 2018 to 25 August 2018. All procedural, demographic and diagnostic data were collected. Descriptive statistics, chi‐square, Wilcoxon test and Student's t‐test were used where appropriate. A multivariable regression analysis was performed to assess factors associated with diagnostic yield.ResultsA total of 101 and 67 nodules were biopsied in the S‐ENB and F‐ENB groups, respectively. Diagnostic yield was 54% in S‐ENB cohort and 79% in the F‐ENB group (P = 0.0019). Factors independently associated with a positive diagnosis were F‐ENB and a positive radial ultrasound view (odds ratio (OR): 3.57, 95% CI: 1.56–8.18 and OR: 3.74, 95% CI: 1.37–11.05, respectively). Complications were minimal (pneumothorax: 1.5%).ConclusionThe use of F‐ENB may increase the diagnostic yield of ENB and has a low complication rate.
Body weight and subcutaneous fat patterning in elite judokas
Authors: Sengeis Marietta , Müller Wolfram , Störchle Paul , Führhapter‐Rieger Alfred 
Published: July 2019

Body weight and fat are major performance variables in many sports. Extreme weight reduction can lead to severe medical problems. Accurate body composition measurements are fundamental for both medical and performance optimization. Relative body weight in terms of mass index (MI1 = 0.53 M/(hs)), and in terms of body mass index (BMI = M/h2) were determined (h:stature, s:sitting height, M:body mass). Subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) was measured using a recently standardized ultrasound (US) method. US thickness sums from eight body sites were measured in 26 female and 35 male judokas of various weight classes. Comparisons of US and skinfold results indicate that the latter can be severely misleading in competitive judokas. Mean MI1 of females was 22.8 kg m−2 (BMI:22.9 kg m−2), males: 26.7 kg m−2 (BMI:26.5 kg m−2), but individual differences MI1‐BMI were larger than 0.5 kg m−2 in 13 and larger than 1.0 kg m−2 in three cases. Medians of SAT thickness sums DI were three‐times higher in females (66.1 mm) than in males (21.8 mm), and the fat patterning differed significantly. Females had 8.6% (median) fibrous structures embedded in SAT, and males 20.2%. Both MI and BMI were not correlated with SAT. Mean pre‐competition weight loss was 4.3% (ie, 3.0 kg), and maximum was 9.2% (7.4 kg), indicating that modifications of weigh‐in procedures are urgently needed. DI‐values mirror the athletes' potential to reduce ballast fat instead of short‐term weight reduction by dehydration; however, weight loss and SAT measured some weeks before the competitions were not correlated. Further, US measurements and medical longitudinal observations are required for discussing the large individual variations and possible fat minimum demands.
Increased stride‐rate in runners following an independent retraining program: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Baumgartner Jesson , Gusmer Rebecca , Hollman John , Finnoff Jonathan T. 
Published: July 2019

PurposeIncreasing stride‐rate by 5%‐10% has been used for injury prevention and rehabilitation but evidence is limited if an independent program can alter stride‐rate in runners. The objective of this study was to determine whether the preferred stride‐rate of recreational runners can be increased by 5%‐10% following a 6‐week independent training program.MethodsThirty‐eight runners running a minimum of 15 miles/wk with a preferred stride‐rate ≤85 strides/min determined during treadmill testing were randomized into two groups: (a) Experimental group was instructed to increase stride‐rate by 10% using a watch and foot pod for stride‐rate feedback; and (b) Control group was instructed to continue normal running. Compliance was tracked with a training log. One stride being defined as two sequential steps. Preferred running stride‐rate was retested at 6 weeks using the same testing protocol.ResultsThere was no significant difference in baseline preferred running stride‐rates between the experimental or control groups. A significant (P < .001) increase in stride‐rate from 79.9 ± 4.8 to 86.8 ± 5.7 strides/min (8.6% increase) was found in the experimental group. The control group did not significantly change their stride‐rate (Baseline: 80.4 ± 4.2, 6 weeks: 81.3 ± 3.3 strides/min).ConclusionA 6‐week home training program using a watch and foot pod can increase the preferred running stride‐rate by 5%‐10% in runners with a stride‐rate of 85 or less. Clinicians may be able to apply this type of gait retraining in recreational runners when designing injury prevention and rehabilitation programs.
Interactions between Transport Protein Particle (TRAPP) complexes and Rab GTPases in Arabidopsis
Authors: Kalde Monika , Elliott Liam , Ravikumar Raksha , Rybak Katarzyna , Altmann Melina , Klaeger Susan , Wiese Christian , Abele Miriam , Al Benjamin , Kalbfuß Nils , Qi Xingyun , Steiner Alexander , Meng Chen , Zheng Huanquan , Kuster Bernhard , Falter‐Braun Pascal , Ludwig Christina , Moore Ian , Assaad Farhah F. 
Published: July 2019

SummaryTransport Protein Particle II (TRAPPII) is essential for exocytosis, endocytosis, protein sorting and cytokinesis. In spite of a considerable understanding of its biological role, little information is known about Arabidopsis TRAPPII complex topology and molecular function. In this study, independent proteomic approaches initiated with TRAPP components or Rab‐A GTPase variants converge on the TRAPPII complex. We show that the Arabidopsis genome encodes the full complement of 13 TRAPPC subunits, including four previously unidentified components. A dimerization model is proposed to account for binary interactions between TRAPPII subunits. Preferential binding to dominant negative (GDP‐bound) versus wild‐type or constitutively active (GTP‐bound) RAB‐A2a variants discriminates between TRAPPII and TRAPPIII subunits and shows that Arabidopsis complexes differ from yeast but resemble metazoan TRAPP complexes. Analyzes of Rab‐A mutant variants in trappii backgrounds provide genetic evidence that TRAPPII functions upstream of RAB‐A2a, allowing us to propose that TRAPPII is likely to behave as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for the RAB‐A2a GTPase. GEFs catalyze exchange of GDP for GTP; the GTP‐bound, activated, Rab then recruits a diverse local network of Rab effectors to specify membrane identity in subsequent vesicle fusion events. Understanding GEF−Rab interactions will be crucial to unravel the co‐ordination of plant membrane traffic.
How can natural hybridisation between self‐compatible and self‐incompatible species be bidirectional?
Authors: Li C , Cousens R D , Mesgaran M B 
Published: July 2019

SummarySelf‐compatible (SC) plants often deposit pollen on their own stigmas before flowers open. Thus, if we find natural hybrids between a SC species and a closely related self‐incompatible (SI) species, the pollen donor is usually expected to be the SC species. However, in previous studies of naturally occurring mixed populations of invasive Cakile maritima (SI) and Cakile edentula (SC) in Australia, hybridisation was found to have been bidirectional. Here, we explored the floral development of these species in order to test the hypothesis that there might be a short opportunity for pollinators to visit open SC flowers before the self‐pollen is released. Results indicated that both species showed reverse herkogamy during early development, though by the time pollen was ripe the four long anthers always overtopped the stigma; in C. maritima, most of the short anthers remained below the stigma. In both species, ripe, compatible pollen was able to germinate on the stigmatic surface at all stages of floral development. Anther dehiscence commenced earlier in C. edentula and well before flowers opened, in contrast to C. maritima, but the timing of pollen release varied between individual flowers, with a small proportion of uncontaminated stigmas after flowering; therefore, C. edentula can be either pollen recipient or pollen donor when interspecific outcrossing occurs. In summary, our results suggest that the variation between individual flowers of C. edentula contributed to the bidirectional hybridisation despite being a predominant selfer, providing new insights into plant colonisation.
Monocyte and macrophage subtypes as paired cell biomarkers for coronary artery disease
Authors: Arnold Kathryn A. , Blair John E. , Paul Jonathan D. , Shah Atman P. , Nathan Sandeep , Alenghat Francis J. 
Published: July 2019

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?
Are circulating monocyte markers correlated with their derived macrophage polarization patterns and coronary artery disease severity?

What is the main finding and its importance?
There was an inverse relationship between circulating CD16+ monocytes (high) and M2 macrophages (low) that marked coronary disease severity, and the differences in polarization of macrophages were seen despite a week of cell culture ex vivo. This study highlights the importance, and potential prognostic implications, of circulating monocyte and descendant macrophage phenotypes in coronary artery disease.

AbstractMonocytes and macrophages are central to atherosclerosis, but how they combine to mark progression of human coronary artery disease (CAD) is unclear. We tested whether patients’ monocyte subtypes paired with their derived macrophage profiles were correlated with extent of CAD. Peripheral blood was collected from 40 patients undergoing cardiac catheterization, and patients were categorized as having no significant CAD, single vessel disease or multivessel disease according to the number of affected coronary arteries. Mononuclear cells were measured for the monocyte markers CD14 and CD16 by flow cytometry, and separate monocytes were cultured into macrophages over 7 days and measured for the polarization markers CD86 and CD206. At baseline, patients with a greater CAD burden were older, with higher rates of statin, β‐blocker and antiplatelet drug use, whereas other characteristics were similar across the spectrum of coronary disease. CD16+ (both intermediate and non‐classical) monocytes were elevated in patients with single vessel and multivessel disease compared with those without significant CAD (P < 0.05), whereas regulatory M2 macrophages (CD206+) were decreased in patients with single vessel and multivessel disease (P < 0.001). An inverse relationship between paired CD16+ monocytes and M2 macrophages marked CAD severity. On multivariable linear regression, CAD severity was associated, along with age and traditional cardiovascular risk factors, with CD16+ monocytes (directly) and M2 macrophages (inversely). Circulating monocytes may influence downstream polarization of lesional macrophages, and these measures of monocyte and macrophage subtypes hold potential as biomarkers in CAD.
Effects of organisational and patient factors on doctors’ burnout: a national survey in China
Authors: Cheng Yao , Wang Fang , Zhang Liuyi , Zhang Ping , Ye Beizhu , Sun Yi , Zhu Xi , Zhang Naixing , Liang Yuan 
Published: July 2019

ObjectivesTo measure the burnout of doctors affiliated with western medicine (WM) and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) hospitals and to evaluate its relationships with organisational and patient factors.DesignA national cross-sectional study in China.SettingBy convenience sampling, this study was conducted in 64 general hospitals from six provinces and Beijing between July 2014 and April 2015. There were a total of 2576 eligible participants, including 1766 WM doctors and 810 TCM doctors in this study.Primary outcome measuresBurnout symptoms of emotional exhaustion, job involvement and personal accomplishment were measured.ResultsIn total, 73.6% of doctors reported emotional exhaustion, the core component of burnout. In multivariable models, emotional exhaustion was significantly associated with organisational factors, including salary fairness [WM: odds ratio (OR)=2.36, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.80 to 3.09; TCM: OR=1.59, 95% CI: 1.08 to 2.33], participation in organisational decision-making (WM: OR=1.58, 95% CI: 1.21 to 2.08; TCM: OR=1.84, 95% CI: 1.23 to 2.74), professional value (WM: OR=1.74, 95% CI: 1.35 to 2.25), frequency of participation in full-time training (TCM: OR=1.48, 95% CI: 1.01 to 2.16) and frequency of participation in clinical meetings (WM: OR=1.53, 95% CI: 1.11 to 2.10; TCM: OR=2.48, 95% CI: 1.57 to 3.92). Patient factors are also associated with burnout among both WM and TCM doctors, including respect (WM: OR=1.73, 95% CI: 1.31 to 2.28; TCM: OR=1.65, 95% CI: 1.10 to 2.45) and unreasonable demands (WM: OR=2.31, 95% CI: 1.68 to 3.20; TCM: OR=3.44, 95% CI: 2.15 to 5.49). Moreover, job involvement and personal accomplishment among both WM and TCM doctors were significantly associated with organisational and patient factors.ConclusionsOur results suggest that improving organisational management and patient behaviours may be beneficial to reduce doctors’ burnout. Our findings require further validation in different organisational settings.
Optimisation of telephone triage of callers with symptoms suggestive of acute cardiovascular disease in out-of-hours primary care: observational design of the Safety First study
Authors: Erkelens Daphne CA , Wouters Loes TCM , Zwart Dorien LM , Damoiseaux Roger AMJ , De Groot Esther , Hoes Arno W , Rutten Frans H 
Published: July 2019

IntroductionIn the Netherlands, the ‘Netherlands Triage Standard’ (NTS) is frequently used as digital decision support system for telephone triage at out-of-hours services in primary care (OHS-PC). The aim of the NTS is to guarantee accessible, efficient and safe care. However, there are indications that current triage is inefficient, with overestimation of urgency, notably in suspected acute cardiovascular disease. In addition, in primary care settings the NTS has only been validated against surrogate markers, and diagnostic accuracy with clinical outcomes as the reference is unknown. In the Safety First study, we address this gap in knowledge by describing, understanding and improving the diagnostic process and urgency allocation in callers with symptoms suggestive of acute cardiovascular disease, in order to improve both efficiency and safety of telephone triage in this domain.Methods and analysisAn observational study in which 3000 telephone triage recordings (period 2014–2016) will be analysed. Information is collected from the recordings including caller and symptom characteristics and urgency allocation. The callers’ own general practitioners are contacted for the final diagnosis of each contact. We included recordings of callers with symptoms suggestive of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) or transient ischaemic attack (TIA)/stroke. With univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses the diagnostic accuracy of caller and symptom characteristics will be analysed in terms of predictive values with urgency level, and ACS and TIA/stroke as outcomes, respectively. To further improve our understanding of the triage process at OHS-PC, we will carry out additional studies applying both quantitative and qualitative methods: (i) case-control study on serious adverse events (SAE), (ii) conversation analysis study and (iii) interview study with triage nurses.Ethics and disseminationThe Medical Ethics Committee Utrecht, the Netherlands endorsed this study (National Trial Register identification: NTR7331). Results will be disseminated at scientific conferences, regional educational sessions and publication in peer-reviewed journals.
Innate αβ T Cells Mediate Antitumor Immunity by Orchestrating Immunogenic Macrophage Programming
Authors: Hundeyin Mautin , Kurz Emma , Mishra Ankita , Rossi Juan Andres Kochen , Liudahl Shannon M. , Leis Kenna R. , Mehrotra Harshita , Kim Mirhee , Torres Luisana E. , Ogunsakin Adesola , Link Jason , Sears Rosalie C. , Sivagnanam Shamilene , Goecks Jeremy , Islam K.M. Sadeq , Dolgalev Igor , Savadkar Shivraj , Wang Wei , Aykut Berk , Leinwand Joshua , Diskin Brian , Adam Salma , Israr Muhammad , Gelas Maeliss , Lish Justin , Chin Kathryn , Farooq Mohammad Saad , Wadowski Benjamin , Wu Jingjing , Shah Suhagi , Adeegbe Dennis O. , Pushalkar Smruti , Vasudevaraja Varshini , Saxena Deepak , Wong Kwok-Kin , Coussens Lisa M. , Miller George 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Unconventional T-lymphocyte populations are emerging as important regulators of tumor immunity. Despite this, the role of TCRαβ+CD4−CD8−NK1.1− innate αβ T cells (iαβT) in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) has not been explored. We found that iαβTs represent ∼10% of T lymphocytes infiltrating PDA in mice and humans. Intratumoral iαβTs express a distinct T-cell receptor repertoire and profoundly immunogenic phenotype compared with their peripheral counterparts and conventional lymphocytes. iαβTs comprised ∼75% of the total intratumoral IL17+ cells. Moreover, iαβT-cell adoptive transfer is protective in both murine models of PDA and human organotypic systems. We show that iαβT cells induce a CCR5-dependent immunogenic macrophage reprogramming, thereby enabling marked CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell expansion/activation and tumor protection. Collectively, iαβTs govern fundamental intratumoral cross-talk between innate and adaptive immune populations and are attractive therapeutic targets.

Significance:
We found that iαβTs are a profoundly activated T-cell subset in PDA that slow tumor growth in murine and human models of disease. iαβTs induce a CCR5-dependent immunogenic tumor-associated macrophage program, T-cell activation and expansion, and should be considered as novel targets for immunotherapy.
See related commentary by Banerjee et al., p. 1164.
This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1143
Comparison of Corneal Epithelial and Stromal Thickness between Keratoconic and Normal Eyes in an Asian Population
Authors: Wang Qing , Lim Li , Lim Samuel Wen Yan , Htoon Hla Myint 
Published: July 2019

<b><i>Purpose:</i></b> To assess corneal epithelial and stromal thickness in keratoconic and normal eyes by spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SDOCT) in an Asian population. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Forty-three keratoconic and 24 normal eyes were studied and examined using SDOCT. Keratoconic eyes with corneal scarring were excluded. Epithelial and stromal thickness was assessed at 25 points, 0.5 mm apart, across the central 6 mm of the pupil centre in the horizontal and vertical meridians. The correlation between epithelial and stromal thickness in both keratoconic and normal eyes (at the corneal centre) was also assessed. <b><i>Results:</i></b> The corneal epithelium at the pupil centre was significantly thinner in keratoconic eyes (<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.05) than in controls. Epithelial thickness varied widely in keratoconic eyes compared to controls (<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.05). The epithelium and stroma were significantly thinner inferiorly and temporally in keratoconic eyes (<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.05). There was a significant correlation between epithelial and stromal thickness (at the pupil centre) in the keratoconus group (<i>r</i><sub>s</sub> = 0.348, <i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.001) but not the normal group (<i>r</i><sub>s</sub> = 0.036, <i>p</i> = 0.376). <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> Corneal epithelial thickness was markedly thinner and varied in keratoconic eyes compared to controls. Epithelial thinning occurred secondary to the abnormal elevation of the stroma. These findings are useful in detecting early keratoconus and in the evaluation of refractive surgery candidates.