bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Increased Effectiveness of Platelet Concentrates Prepared in Acidified Plasma
Authors: FLATOW FREDERICK A. , FREIREICH EMIL J. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Platelet concentrates prepared in acidified plasma (pH 6.5-6.7) are superior to concentrates prepared by standard methods, and are 80-90 per cent as effective as platelet rich plasma (PRP). The use of excess citric acid to acidify plasma promotes resuspension of the concentrate by eliminating clumping, which is a major factor in the decreased effectiveness of standard concentrates. Analysis of posttransfusion recovery and survival of platelets reveals no evidence of platelet injury in an acid medium.
Acidification of PRP inhibits the aggregation of platelets by adenosine diphosphate (ADP). The presence of endogenous ADP may be an important factor in clumping during standard concentrate preparation.
A method of acidification of PRP using citric acid is described which allows preparation of an effective concentrate from fresh whole blood without subjecting the red cells to acid pH. Reconstitution of the acidified platelet poor plasma and its native red cells increases the citrate molarity by less than 6 per cent and results in minimal decrease in pH of the whole blood.
Tissue Culture of Bone Marrow
Authors: REISNER EDWARD H. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In cultures of normal human bone marrow in a medium of 20 per cent horse serum and balanced salt solution, estrone stimulated granulopoiesis; testosterone inhibited fibroblast formation markedly and stimulated erythropoiesis; prednisolone inhibited fibroblast formation completely and allowed continued differentiation of all blood elements in smaller numbers.
Measurement of the Amounts of the Individual Vitamin B12 Binding Proteins in Plasma
Authors: HALL CHARLES A. , FINKLER ALEXANDER E. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The findings of the present study, when combined with those of previous studies, support the following concept of binding of vitamin B12 by serum or plasma in vitro. There are primary binders of B12 which preferentially take B12 when small amounts are added and combine firmly with it. They include two already identified substances, TC I and TC II, which are of the seromucoid fraction of plasma. At concentrations of added B12 of the order of 1.0 ng./ml. of plasma, these proteins become saturated and secondary binders become important. The latter are relatively unimportant at lower concentrations of B12; they are weak binders of B12; they cannot be saturated by concentrations used to date, and they are not seromucoids.
Brief Report: In Vitro Effect of Erythropoietin on the Spleen of the Polycythemic Mouse. I
Authors: NAKAO KIKU , MIURA YASUSADA , TAKAKU FUMIMARO 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. Spleen explants of transfustion-induced polycythemic mice were incubated in vitro with and without erythropoietin.
2. After 24 hours incubation with the erythropoietin, immature large erythroblasts appeared, whereas the mature small erythroblasts were first observed after 48 hours incubation.
3. Marked radioiron incorporation into the heme was observed after 48 hours incubation with erythropoietin.
4. The control incubations without erythropoietin did not show these findings.
5. These data strongly suggest that erythropoietin induced the differentiation of erythroblasts from stem cells in vitro.
Chromosome Studies in Preleukemia
Authors: ROWLEY JANET D. , BLAISDELL RICHARD K. , JACOBSON LEON O. , Mikuta Judith , Byrne Rachel , Shepley Lona 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Three patients with different obscure hematologic disorders are presented. All 3 patients had abnormalities of chromosome number confined to marrow cells. Case 1 is a 23-year-old man with aplastic anemia; most of his bone marrow cells contained 45 chromosomes, with one missing from group C. Case 2 is a 62-year-old man who died of idiopathic sideroachrestic anemia; most of his bone marrow cells contained 47 chromosomes with an extra C group chromosome which appeared to be an autosome. Case 3 is a 59-year-old woman with idiopathic thrombocythemia; while the majority of her bone marrow cells contained 46 chromosomes, a stable minority cell line had 48 chromosomes.
Although many of the reported patients with myelodysplastic-myeloproliferative disorders have normal chromosomes, 5 cases with some chromosomal aberration, previously reported by others, are summarized. None of these patients had clinical evidence of leukemia. In 4 of the patients, the chromosomal anomaly involved a chromosome in group C, which is the group in which aneuploidy occurred in all 3 of our patients.
It is postulated that a stable, aneuploid stem line does not of itself produce neoplasia, but rather that this alteration of the genome may provide a more favorable milieu for the action of some transforming agent. Because of the frequent occurrence of C group abnormalities in these cases of marrow disorders, it is further postulated that genes on one or more C chromosomes might be responsible for homeostatic control of hemopoiesis, and that a change in genetic balance involving a C group chromosome(s) coupled with a transforming agent might result in leukemia in a greater proportion of individuals than aneuploidy of some other chromosomal group.
Cytogenetic Observations in Vitamin B12 and Folate Deficiency
Authors: HEATH CLARK W. , Fliegelman Lila 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Direct marrow cytogenetic preparations were examined in 14 cases of anemia associated with deficiency in vitamin B12 and/or folate. Seven cases showed distinct alterations in chromosome structure consisting of increased chromosome breakage, incomplete chromosome contraction and centromere spreading. These abnormalities were not present after vitamin replacement and were generally less distinct in cases with major medical complications or with only mild megaloblastic changes. No distinct aberrations in chromosome number or karyotype were found. The cytogenetic changes observed seem compatible with current concepts of megaloblastic cell division and with the role of folate and vitamin B12 in DNA metabolism.
The Action of Cytostatic Agents on the Chromosomes of Human Leukocytes in Vitro (Preliminary Communication)
Authors: HAMPEL KLAUS ERICH , KOBER BERNARD , RÖSCH DIETER , GERHARTZ HEINRICH , MEINIG KARL-HEINZ 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Quantitative analysis of the chromosomal injuries following in vitro addition of various cytostatic agents to short-term human leukocyte cultures was carried out. The data obtained suggest that the cytogenic action of these various compounds in vitro follows a pattern similar to its action when administered therapeutically to man. The technics used may form the basis of further evaluation of the cytogenetic activity of these various compounds.
Hypothesis: On the Role of the Reticulum and Lymphoid Tissues in Water and Food Transport
Authors: SHIELDS JACK W. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The observations of many individuals are correlated to indicate that the myeloid and lymphoid derivatives of mesenchyme carry on important complementary roles in tissue nutrition. Whereas the myeloid tissues specialize to the internal transport of oxygen by producing erythrocyte hemoglobin, it is suggested that the lymphoid tissues and, to some extent, the reticulum become specialized to the transport of water and food by producing plasma containing a variety of low and high molecular weight proteins, and by producing lymphocytes which may carry nucleoproteins to the tissues. Fundamentally, the lymphoid tissues (and the reticulum elsewhere) appear to subserve this nutritive function by utilizing molecular substrate from multiple sources—including the arteries, the branchial pouch entoderm (in the embryo), the gastrointestinal mucosa (in the adult), and the peripheral lymphatics—to produce a variety of mononuclear cells which "give of themselves" by undergoing dissolution, by shedding soluble cytoplasmic droplets, or by migrating to other tissues and dissolving there. It is stressed that dissolution of the reticulum, the mononuclear cells, and the cytoplasmic droplets (essentially gels) will yield sols (plasmas) whose water makes possible the intravascular migration and flow of proteins and other nutritive elements, and whose proteins (colloids) osmotically enable the intravascular retention of water. While it is assumed that the parenchymal cells of the liver are the source of most of the plasma proteins, circumstantial evidence is presented to suggest that this assumption is incorrect, and that derivatives of mesenchyme are the direct source of the blood, its cells, its plasma, its water, and its diverse extracellular as well as intracellular proteins.
Effect of Thymus Enclosed in Millipore Diffusion Envelopes on Thymectomized Hamsters
Authors: WONG F. M. , TAUB R. N. , SHERMAN J. D. , DAMESHEK W. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Neonatally thymectomized hamsters implanted with diffusion envelopes containing thymus showed partial prevention of the effects of thymectomy. A normal humoral antibody response was maintained in these animals, although a significant lymphocytopenia remained. This suggests that the thymus participates in immunogenesis by a humoral mechanism and possibly by a cellular mechanism as well, which was blocked by the diffusion envelope. Thymectomized hamsters implanted with diffusion envelopes containing adult spleen, bone marrow or kidney were still impaired in their ability to produce humoral antibody, although these tissues appeared to enhance antibody production. The thymus humoral factor appeared to be specific to the thymus. Reimplanted diffusion envelopes, containing large thymic cells resembling epithelial-reticular cells, were used to show that these cells produced the thymus humoral factor.
Absence of Cis Delta Chain Synthesis in (δ β) Thalassemia (F-thalassemia)
Authors: COMINGS DAVID E. , MOTULSKY ARNO G. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
(δ β) thalassemia or F-thalassemia is characterized by a thalassemic blood picture, elevated hemoglobin F, and normal hemoglobin A2.
A family with (δ β) thalassemia is reported in which the propositus was a mixed heterozygote for (δ β) thalassemia and hemoglobin B2. There was complete absence of hemoglobin A2, indicating that this (δ β) thalassemia mutation completely suppressed the cis delta gene. The remaining normal delta gene was capable of increasing delta chain synthesis sufficiently to bring the hemoglobin A2 to within normal range. These findings account for the absence of elevated hemoglobin A2 in this form of thalassemia and demonstrate that (δ β) thalassemia is an entity genetically distinct from A2 thalassemia. The possible genetic mechanisms of (δ β) thalassemia are discussed.
Respiration and Glycolysis of Normal Human Lymphocytes
Authors: HEDESKOV CARL J. , ESMANN VIGGO 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The metabolism of intact, normal, human lymphocytes in vitro was studied from a total of 80 subjects. Corrected for the metabolism of contaminating red blood cells, the glucose uptake, lactic acid production, and oxygen consumption were 62, 95, and 117 µmoles per 1010 lymphocytes per hour, respectively, provided the cells were incubated at concentrations greater than 40 x 106 lymphocytes per ml. At lower lymphocyte concentrations the oxygen consumption per lymphocyte rose steeply with decreasing cell concentration (crowding effect). A similar but weaker crowding effect was noted for the lactic acid production, but not for the utilization of glucose.
The oxygen uptake was lower with 20 per cent than with 100 per cent oxygen as gas phase. Small Pasteur and Crabtree effects were demonstrated. The oxygen consumption and lactic acid production proceeded linear with time, while the glucose utilization was higher during the first 30 minutes of incubation than later on.
It is concluded that lymphocytes have a low aerobic glycolysis accounting for 75 per cent of the glucose utilization. The respiration is severely inhibited at high cell concentrations and it is suggested that this is caused by an insufficient availability of oxygen to the cells.
Selective Eradication of Erythropoiesis by Actinomycin D as the Result of Interference with Hormonally Controlled Effector Pathway of Cell Differentiation
Authors: REISSMANN KURT R. , ITO KENJIRO 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Daily injections of 60 µg. actinomycin D per Kg. mouse caused cessation of erythropoiesis due to complete disappearance of erythroid marrow elements, and the mice were absolutely refractory to erythropoietin. No decrease in myelo-, lympho-, or megakaryocytopoiesis was found during more than 3 weeks of daily administration of the drug. Observations on the effect of the drug on a cohort of erythroid cells, induced by erythropoietin in polycythemic mice, gave no evidence of its destructive or inhibitory action on early or late normoblasts. A critical reduction in the number of integer stem cells was likewise ruled out as the cause of eradication of erythropoiesis. The latter is attributed to a specific interference of actinomycin D in the effector pathway of erythropoietin controlled transformation (differentiation) of stem cells into early pronormoblasts. The findings indicate this process to be contingent on formation of new types of mRNA rather than on activation of templates already present in erythropoietin-sensitive stem cells.
Urinary Excretion of Erythropoietin in Normal Men and Women
Authors: ALEXANIAN RAYMOND , Prewitt Brenda 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The bioassay of erythropoietin in polycythemic mice was modified to include a protein-depletion diet and a divided erythropoietin injection schedule. Although less than 0.05 unit of standard erythropoietin was not detected, a more linear dose/response relationship resulted from increasing doses of erythropoietin in the 0.1 to 1.0 unit range. The amount of erythropoietin in concentrated specimens prepared from the 24-hour urinary excretion of 25 normal subjects was measured in comparison with known quantities of standard erythropoietin. A mean daily erythropoietin excretion in men of 2.8 ± 1.3 units, in women of 0.9 ± 0.4 unit and in prepubertal boys of 1.0 unit was calculated. The higher erythropoietin excretion in adult males may be secondary to a greater production of erythropoietin in this sex.
Erythropoietin Excretion in Normal Man
Authors: ADAMSON J. W. , ALEXANIAN R. , MARTINEZ C. , FINCH C. A. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Levels of erythropoietin have been consistently demonstrated in urine collections from healthy adult males using a modification of the polycythemic mouse assay. This method is stable and reproducible, and it provides assay animals with low background erythropoiesis. Six hour collections of urine can be concentrated without apparent loss of activity and the entire daily excretion can be used in the assay. Quantitation has been achieved by comparing the response to a concentrate of normal urine directly to a linear dose/response curve of erythropoietin standard B. Based on 6 hour urine collections, erythropoietin excretion in the subjects tested averaged 4.0 units of erythropoietin standard B (range 1.2-9.5). In addition to wide unexplained variations in results seen from day to day, the data indicate that a diurnal pattern of excretion of the hormone may exist.
Serum Anti-γG Globulin Factors in Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria
Authors: KAPLAN MANUEL E. , KOCHWA SHAUL , WASSERMAN LOUIS B. , ROSENFIELD RICHARD E. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Sera from 16 of the 25 patients with PNH were found to exhibit anti-γC globulin activity as demonstrated by their ability to agglutinate human red cells sensitized with certain incomplete Rh antibodies. Of the 16 active sera, 9 agglutinated human FII-coated tanned sheep cells and 5 FII-coated latex particles in significant titer. Only one serum exhibited anti—Gm specificity. In 3 cases serum anti-γG globulin activity was found prior to transfusion of the patient, suggesting that isoimmunization is not in all cases responsible for this phenomenon. The chromatographic behavior of the serologically active substances and their inactivation by treatment with 2 ME suggest that they are γM globulins related to the rheumatoid factors. The possible role of these antiglobulin factors in the lysis of the PNH erythrocyte is discussed.
The Intravascular Lifespan of Monocytes
Authors: WHITELAW D. M. , Bell Maureen 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Monocytes, defined as peroxidase positive mononuclear cells in the peripheral blood of healthy rats, were labeled by frequent intermittent injections of tritiated thymidine. About 25 per cent of the monocytes were labeled within 1 day and 82 per cent in 8 days. Both labeled and unlabeled monocytes disappeared from the circulation in accordance with an exponential function with a half-time of about 3 days. Mean grain counts increased asymptotically toward a limit reached in 4 or 5 days. The monocyte turnover rate in the rat is in the neighbourhood of 3.6 x 106 cells per day.
It is concluded that monocytes leave the circulation at random and not as a consequence of senescence. It is probable that they are the product of a cell lineage consisting of about 3 generations from the primitive precursor to the mature form, and that the average generation time is about 24 hours. Because of the rapid appearance of large numbers of labeled cells, it is unlikely that they are derived from lymphocytes which acquire label much more slowly.
Impairment of Red Cell Viability by Exposure to "Excess" Acid—Citrate Dextrose
Authors: MAYER KLAUS , LEY ALLYN B. , D’AMARO JOSEPH 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Collection of blood in "excess" ACD leads to a loss of red cell viability when the blood is transfused back into the donor, even without any appreciable storage period. The mechanism of this loss of viability is not clear. The loss is accentuated by incubation at 37 C.; it is not affected by varying the dextrose concentration of the ACD; it cannot entirely be attributed to change in pH of the final suspension medium; and it is not related to the degree of swelling of the red cells. The loss of viability can completely be corrected by the addition of small amounts of chloride to the ACD.
This effect is presumably the same as the "lesion of collection" described by Gibson et al. in relation to viability studies after 28 days of storage.4
Brief Note Lymphocyte RNA Synthesis in Infectious Mononucleosis: The Response to Phytohemagglutinin in Vitro
Authors: RUBIN ARNOLD D. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Circulating lymphocytes were isolated from normal individuals and from patients with IM. IM lymphocytes synthesized RNA at 10 times the rate of normal lymphocytes. A 1-hour exposure to PHA did not result in the stimulation of 4 to 30S RNA synthesis which occurs in a similarly treated normal lymphocyte. RNA synthesis in IM lymphocytes actually appeared to be depressed by this short exposure to PHA.
The Detection of Iso-Antigens on Leukemic Cells Using the Cytotoxicity Test
Authors: PEACOCKE IVAN , AMOS BERNARD , LASZLO JOHN 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The cytotoxicity test has been shown to give reproducible information concerning specific iso-antigens of human leukemic lymphoxytes. The distribution frequency of these antigens is at least as great in chronic lymphocytic leukemia antigens or of decreased cellular reactivity. The majority of patients were tested repeatedly and in most instances the cytotoxicity test remained constant, regardless of drug therapy and disease status. Cells from five patients having acute granulocytic leukemia were typed in a similar fashion and contained antigens in common with normal lymphocytes.
Allogeneic Marrow Engraftment by Cross Circulation in Lethally Irradiated Dogs
Authors: EPSTEIN R. B. , GRAHAM T. C. , BUCKNER C. D. , BRYANT J. , THOMAS E. D. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Dogs given 1200 r of total body irradiation were cross-circulated with dogs having normal marrow function. Irradiated controls died in from 4 to 11 days with marrow aplasia. Dogs cross-circulated daily for 6 to 9 days showed histologic evidence of bone marrow repopulation after 1 week. Male dogs cross-circulated with female partners showed typical female drumsticks on mature granulocytes after repopulation had occurred. Cytogenetic studies of an irradiated male dog cross-circulated with a female partner showed all mitotable cells from the bone marrow and peripheral blood to be of female donor type. Allogeneic bone marrow engraftment was associated with an early and severe secondary syndrome which resulted in the death of the animals in the second week. When methotrexate was given, survival was increased to 3 weeks.
It was concluded that (1) cross circulation provided leukocytes and platelets adequate for support during the period of radiation-induced marrow aplasia, (2) allogeneic marrow engraftment was produced consistently by cells transferred in the peripheral blood of the normal cross circulation partner, (3) the grafts were associated with an early and severe form of secondary disease, and (4) methotrexate given during the early period of engraftment reduced the severity of the secondary disease.
Iron-Deficient Diet: Effects in Rats and Humans
Authors: KAUFMAN RICHARD M. , POLLACK SIMEON , CROSBY WILLIAM H. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. Iron absorption in rats is increased by dietary iron deprivation.
2. Erythropoiesis in the rat is unaffected by dietary iron deprivation that increases iron absorption by more than a factor of four.
3. Iron absorption is not increased in rats bled of an amount of iron equivalent to that lost in 5 days of iron deprivation.
4. These findings are compatible with the concept that iron-absorption is controlled by depletion of iron from a specific pool, separate from the hepatic and erythrocytic iron pools.
5. Iron absorption in human subjects was unaffected by dietary iron deprivation for 13 days. Reasons for differences between human and rat results are discussed.
A Radioautographic Study of Hemopoietic Repopulation Using Irradiated Parabiotic Rats
Authors: TYLER RUTH W. CAFFREY , EVERETT N. B. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
These radioautographic studies using parabiotic rats and partial marrow shielding showed that cells responsible for recovery of irradiated bone marrow had their origin in the shielded marrow. Three morphologically distinct cell types appeared in the blood of these parabionts, mature granulocytes, small lymphocytes and monocytoid cells. The monocytoid was the major cell type which crossed from the shielded to nonshielded marrow, and the observations suggested that it is this cell which served as a stem cell for both the erythrocytic and granulocytic cell lines.
Labeled erythroblasts and myeloblasts were observed in the recovering marrow, and the labeling intensity of these cells indicated that they were the second or third division products of labeled immigrant cells.
The effect of marrow shielding upon the recovery of lymphopoiesis in spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and bone marrow is also discussed.
Observations on the Presence of Pteroyl Polyglutamates in Human Serum
Authors: BANERJEE D. K. , CHATTERJEA J. B. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Treatment of serum with folic acid conjugase obtained from fresh chicken pancreas indicated the presence therein of polyglutamyl derivatives of pteroic acid. The polyglutamyl derivatives appeared to belong to a group higher than the triglutamate.
Two groups of subjects, one with normal level and the other with low level of unconjugated folate, were studied. In the normal group, the level of unconjugated serum folate varied between 3.2 and 18.0 ng./ml., while that of total folate (unconjugated plus conjugated) varied between 14.0 and 47.0 ng./ml. In the other group, the level of unconjugated folate varied from 2.0 to 2.6 ng./ ml., while that of total folate varied from 14.5 to 31.0 ng./ml. No significant difference, either in the individual values or in their means, was noticed in the two groups of subjects.