bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Copolyesters developed from bio‐based 2,5‐furandicarboxylic acid: Synthesis, sequence distribution, mechanical, and barrier properties of poly(propylene‐co‐1,4‐cyclohexanedimethylene 2,5‐furandicarboxylate)s
Authors: Jia Zhen , Wang Jinggang , Sun Liyuan , Liu Fei , Zhu Jin , Liu Xiaoqing 
Published: November 2018

ABSTRACTA series of poly(propylene‐co‐1,4‐cyclohexanedimethylene 2,5‐furandicarboxylate)s (PPCFs) with different compositions were synthesized from bio‐based aromatic monomer 2,5‐furandicarboxylic acid and 1,3‐propanediol (PDO), along with 1,4‐cyclohexanedimethylene (CHDM). The chemical structure, composition, and sequence distribution of PPCFs were determined by nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR and 13C NMR). Results showed that the compositions of copolyesters depended on the feed molar ratio of PDO and CHDM, and all the obtained PPCFs copolyesters had triad component in a random sequential structure. With the addition of CHDM, the gas barrier properties of poly(propylene 2,5‐furandicarboxylate) (PPF) deteriorated. However, when the content of CHDM reached 79%, PPCF79 still showed the CO2 and O2 barrier improvement factor of 4.5 and 3.25, respectively, which were better than those of poly(ethylene naphthalate), a well‐known polymer with barrier property. Besides, PPCF79 showed good performance on tensile modulus, tensile strength, elongation at break, and the crystallization enthalpy was improved from 3.2 J g−1 for PPF to 30.7 J g−1 for PPCF79. It has the potential to serve as a promising bio‐based polymer with excellent comprehensive performance. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47291.
Preparation of a high‐temperature‐resistant lightening agent and its application in a cement slurry system
Authors: Zhang Rui , Han Qiong , Zhu Xuyang , Cai Youfeng , Zhang Tongqing 
Published: November 2018

ABSTRACTWith an organic–inorganic polymer lightening material (EL) based on epoxy resin and an aromatic amine curing agent, through addition reaction, we synthesized an epoxy‐cured resin coupled with an inorganic activation filler, microsilicon. First, epoxy resin bisphenol A 2‐glycidyl ether (E‐51) and the curing agent, m‐phenylenediamine, were selected as the materials for the epoxy‐curing system. The thermal stability of the epoxy‐cured compound (EM) was studied by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. The glass‐transition temperature (T
g) of EM reached 131 °C, and the results show that T
g and the thermal stability was raised when EM was kept at 150 °C for 12 h. Second, the inorganic active filler was modified with a titanate coupling agent and characterized by contact angle measurement and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and the results show that the titanate coupling agent was successfully applied to the modification of the inorganic active filler. Finally, the performance of EL in a cement slurry system was also studied. The macroscopic data showed that the compressive strength of the cement stone increased from 8.6 MPa for the EM cement stone system to 13.2 MPa for the EL cement stone system. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 136, 47292.
Enhancement of flame retardancy and mechanical properties of polyamide 6 by incorporating melamine cyanurate combined with attapulgite
Authors: Hou Wei , Fu Yifan , Zeng Cen , Liu Na , Yin Cuiyu 
Published: November 2018

ABSTRACTIn this study, the nanocomposites are prepared which used polyamide 6 (PA6) composite as matrix, melamine cyanurate (MCA) as fire retardant and attapulgite (AT) as synergistic agent. The mathematical model between MCA content, AT content, and limited oxygen index (LOI) is established by multiple linear regression fitting. The polymer materials are characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, Thermogravimetric Analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. Through response surface methodology, the important variables (polymerization time, the content of MCA, and the content of AT) affecting the mechanical strength of composites are modeled. Results demonstrate that when the t is 0.6 h, the AT content is 6.2%, and the MCA content is 11.5%, the mechanical properties of the PA6/MCA/AT composite are up to 44.81 MPa, and the sample passes the UL‐94 V‐0 flammability rating, and the LOI reaches 27.9%. Therefore, polymers with highly effective flame retardancy and optimal mechanical properties are prepared. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 47298.
Thermosetting mechanism study of silicon‐containing polyarylacetylene via in situ FTIR and solid‐state NMR spectroscopy
Authors: You Xintong , Deng Shifeng , Huang Yanchun , Liu Zhongqi , Hu Yanhong 
Published: November 2018

ABSTRACTSilicon‐containing polyarylacetylene (abbreviated as PSA) resins, which contain Si‐(R1, R2) (R1 and R2 represent methyl or phenyl groups) and —CC—, exhibits high thermal stability upon curing up to 250 °C. The structure and thermosetting mechanism of PSA were characterized using FTIR, in situ FTIR, 13C and 29Si CP‐MAS spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. From the experimental results we can conclude that: (1) biphenyl and naphthalene rings are formed via a Diels–Alder reaction between the Ph—CC and CC groups at 210 °C, (2) the terminal alkyne mainly transforms into ethylenic bonds at 170 and 210 °C, and (3) an oxidation reaction occurs to give the oxide structure (Si—O—Si) and carbon dioxide at 250 °C. A new curing procedure has been proposed to maximize the Td5 up to 635.2 °C on that basis. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47301.
Bio‐based transparent polyamide 10T/10I/1012 with high performance
Authors: Zou Guangji , Wang Pingli , Feng Wutong , Ren Zhonglai , Ji Junhui 
Published: November 2018

ABSTRACTTransparent polyamide (TPA) is a type of optically transparent material with high performance, and poly(decamethylene terephthalamide) (PA10T) is an emerging bio‐based opaque polyamide. With the purpose of preparing bio‐based and low‐cost TPA based on PA10T, we chose dodecanedioic acid and isophthalic acid as comonomers, and successfully obtained a series of transparent PA10T/10I/1012. The basic properties of these copolyamides were characterized by intrinsic viscosity measurement, Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, proton nuclear magnetic resonance, X‐ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, dynamic mechanical analysis, ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometer, solvent resistance test, water absorption measurement, and tensile measurement. Results show that PA10T/10I/1012 copolymers are amorphous and have high optical transparency. Moreover, these copolymers exhibit high thermal stability, low water absorption, and good solvent resistance, and they also show better mechanical properties compared to some commercial TPAs. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 136, 47305.
A flame retarded chitosan binder for insulating miscanthus/recycled textile fibers reinforced biocomposites
Authors: El Hage Roland , Khalaf Yasmina , Lacoste Clément , Nakhl Michel , Lacroix Patrick , Bergeret Anne 
Published: November 2018

ABSTRACTThe main objective of this study is devoted to the development of new insulating and ignifuged miscanthus fibers (Mf)/recycled textile fibers (RTf) reinforced biocomposites (BCs) using chitosan as polysaccharide‐based binder and aluminum trihydroxide (ATH) fillers while focusing on the fire behavior. To achieve this goal, a preliminary study was carried out on flame retarded chitosan‐based films with various ATH‐filler ratios (20, 33, 50, and 60 wt %). ATG and pyrolysis‐combustion flow calorimeter analysis showed significant improvement of chitosan thermal behavior with the addition of 33 wt % and above of ATH. Mechanical properties of films were, however, degraded. Thereafter, different ratios of miscanthus/RTf reinforced BCs (fibers content up to 89.5–90 wt %) were elaborated through thermocompression process using neat chitosan and chitosan/ATH (67/33 wt %) as a binder. Mechanical, thermal, and fire behavior were evaluated. Higher mechanical properties were found for hybrid materials containing the association of both RTf and Mf in comparison to those containing only RTf or Mf. Fireproof BCs (E rating: according to the NF EN ISO 11925‐2), with thermal conductivity values between 0.07 and 0.09 W m−1 K−1 and density range between 270 and 299 kg m−3 were successfully elaborated. The results of this study show a promising use of the chitosan/ATH system as flame retardant for biobased insulating building materials. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47306.
Synthesis and properties of polyurethane elastomers based on renewable castor oil polyols
Authors: Zhang Jun , Yao Ming , Chen Jianjun , Jiang Zhiguo , Ma Yuhong 
Published: November 2018

ABSTRACTIn this contribution, castor oil polyols with functionality of f = 2.7 and f = 2 are used as soft segments (SS) for synthesizing polyurethane elastomers (PUEs) without addition of petroleum‐based polyol. The effect of molar ratio of castor oil polyols on structure and properties of PUEs has been investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, dynamic mechanical analysis, X‐ray diffraction, tensile, swelling, and water absorption tests. The results reveal that hydrogen bonding mainly exists in hard segments (HSs) and weakens with decreasing the molar percentage of castor oil polyol (f = 2.7) in SS. T
g of SS decreases while T
g of HS remains constant as molar percentage of castor oil polyol (f = 2.7) decreased. The initial degradation temperatures (T5%) are above 300 °C and independent of the molar ratio of castor oil polyols. However, the temperature at 50% weight loss (T50%) decreases significantly as molar percentage of castor oil polyol (f = 2.7) decreased. Moreover, PUEs exhibit very low water absorption rate, <1%, after immersing in water for 140 h at room temperature. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47309.
High‐Tg porous polyimide films with low dielectric constant derived from spiro‐(adamantane‐2,9′(2′,7′‐diamino)‐fluorene)
Authors: Lv Pengxia , Dong Zhixin , Dai Xuemin , Qiu Xuepeng 
Published: November 2018

ABSTRACTPorous polyimide (PI) films with low dielectric constants and excellent thermal properties have been a pressing demand for the next generation of high‐performance, miniature, and ultrathin microelectronic devices. A series of novel porous PI films containing fluorenyl‐adamantane groups were prepared successfully via thermolysis of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) added in the PI matrix. The cross‐sectional morphologies of porous PI films showed closed pores with diameters ranging from 135 to 158 nm, which were uniform and regular in shape without interconnectivity. These porous PI films exhibited excellent thermal properties with a glass‐transition temperature at 376 °C whereas the 5% weight loss temperature in air excess of 405 °C due to enhanced rigidity afforded by fluorenyl‐adamantane groups. Accompanied by thermolysis content of PEG increasing from 0 to 20 wt %, the density of porous PI films decreased, and the corresponding porosity grew significantly from 0 to 11.48%. Depending on porosity, the dielectric constant and dielectric loss of porous PI films significantly declined from 2.89 to 2.37 and from 0.050 to 0.021, respectively. These excellent properties benefit the as‐prepared porous PI films for application as interlayer dielectrics, integrated circuit chips, or multichip modules in microelectronic fields. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47313.
Suppression of dielectric loss of PPE/HIPS alloys in microwave region by utilization of MgO filler
Authors: Imai Yusuke , Kodama Naoki , Takahashi Susumu , Kan Akinori , Hotta Yuji , Ogawa Hirotaka 
Published: November 2018

ABSTRACTThe high‐frequency dielectric, thermal, and mechanical properties of poly(2,6‐dimethyl‐1,4‐phenylene ether)/high‐impact polystyrene (PPE/HIPS) alloys compounded with MgO filler were investigated as a function of MgO content. A comparison with isotactic polypropylene/MgO composites was also carried out. Composite samples without voids were successfully prepared by melt‐kneading and hot‐pressing processes. A reduction of dielectric loss (tan δ) to less than 10−3 was achieved by adding 40 vol % of MgO to the PPE/HIPS alloys. The compositional dependencies of the real part of the dielectric constant (ε′), tan δ, and temperature coefficient of ε′ (TCε) showed correspondence with the Bruggeman theory. The decrease in thermal expansion with increasing filler concentration followed the logarithmic rule of mixture. The flexural moduli of the composites increased with MgO loading in accordance with the Nielsen theory. On the other hand, deteriorations were observed in flexural and Charpy impact strengths. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47315.
Investigation of thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) foaming process using blowing agent by rheological and morphological methods
Authors: Kong Hyo Jae , Lee Seung Hak , Kim Dong Gun , Kim Hyo Jun , Park Gun Wook , Hyun Kyu 
Published: November 2018

ABSTRACTThe effects of a chemical blowing agent (CBA) or an encapsulated physical blowing agent (PBA) on morphological development in ethylene octene copolymer (EOC) matrix using dicumyl peroxide (DCP) as a curing agent were investigated by rheological, mechanical, and morphological methods. Temperature ramp tests were carried out to understand curing and foaming processes. Curing temperature (Tcure) was determined as the crossover temperature where storage modulus G′ coincided with loss modulus G′′ in the rheological point of view. For the CBA, Tcure increased with increasing CBA concentration, whereas for the PBA, Tcure decreased with increasing PBA concentration. Other critical temperatures T1st, T2nd by foaming process were determined using the axial normal force. With these critical temperatures (Tcure, T1st, T2nd), curing and foaming mechanisms can be estimated. Simultaneously, volume expansions of samples were observed with camera. Morphology and mechanical analysis were conducted on fully cured and foamed ECP (is defined as EOC with DCP) with blowing agent. ECP with the CBA exhibited an irregular open‐cell structure, whereas when produced using the PBA, it formed a regular closed‐cell structure. Specific tensile strength tended to increase with increasing PBA concentration but as blowing agent concentration increased elongation at break decreased. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47358.
Ecological correlates of Himalayan musk deer Moschus leucogaster
Authors: Singh Paras Bikram , Saud Pradip , Cram Douglas , Mainali Kumar , Thapa Arjun , Chhetri Nar Bahadur , Poudyal Laxman Prasad , Baral Hem Sagar , Jiang Zhigang 
Published: November 2018

AbstractHimalayan musk deer (Moschus leucogaster; hereafter musk deer) are endangered as a result of poaching and habitat loss. The species is nocturnal, crepuscular, and elusive, making direct observation of habitat use and behavior difficult. However, musk deer establish and repeatedly use the same latrines for defecation. To quantify musk deer habitat correlates, we used observational spatial data based on presence–absence of musk deer latrines, as well as a range of fine spatial‐scale ecological covariates. To determine presence–absence of musk deer, we exhaustively searched randomly selected forest trails using a 20‐m belt transect in different study sites within the Neshyang Valley in the Annapurna Conservation Area. In a subsequent way, study sites were classified as habitat or nonhabitat for musk deer. A total of 252 plots, 20 × 20 m, were systematically established every 100 m along 51 transects (each ~0.5 km long) laid out at different elevations to record a range of ecological habitat variables. We used mixed‐effect models and principal component analysis to characterize relationships between deer presence–absence data and habitat variables. We confirmed musk deer use latrines in forests located at higher elevations (3,200–4,200 m) throughout multiple seasons and years. Himalayan birch (Betula utilis) dominated forest, mixed Himalayan fir (Abies spectabilis), and birch forest were preferred over pure Himalayan fir and blue pine (Pinus wallichiana) forest. Greater crown cover and shrub diversity were associated with the presence of musk deer whereas tree height, diameter, and diversity were weakly correlated. Topographical attributes including aspect, elevation, distance to water source, and slope were also discriminated by musk deer. Over‐ and understory forest management can be used to protect forests likely to have musk deer as predicted by the models to ensure long‐term conservation of this rare deer.
Circulating levels of microRNA 423‐5p are associated with 90 day mortality in cardiogenic shock
Authors: Jäntti Toni , Segersvärd Heli , Tolppanen Heli , Tarvasmäki Tuukka , Lassus Johan , Devaux Yvan , Vausort Mélanie , Pulkki Kari , Sionis Alessandro , Bayes‐Genis Antoni , Tikkanen Ilkka , Lakkisto Päivi , Harjola Veli‐Pekka 
Published: November 2018

AbstractAimsThe role of microRNAs has not been studied in cardiogenic shock. We examined the potential role of miR‐423‐5p level to predict mortality and associations of miR‐423‐5p with prognostic markers in cardiogenic shock.Methods and resultsWe conducted a prospective multinational observational study enrolling consecutive cardiogenic shock patients. Blood samples were available for 179 patients at baseline to determine levels of miR‐423‐5p and other biomarkers. Patients were treated according to local practice. Main outcome was 90 day all‐cause mortality. Median miR‐423‐5p level was significantly higher in 90 day non‐survivors [median 0.008 arbitrary units (AU) (interquartile range 0.003–0.017) vs. 0.004 AU (0.002–0.009), P = 0.003]. miR‐423‐5p level above median was associated with higher lactate (median 3.7 vs. 2.4 mmol/L, P = 0.001) and alanine aminotransferase levels (median 68 vs. 35 IU/L, P < 0.001) as well as lower cardiac index (1.8 vs. 2.4, P = 0.04) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (56 vs. 70 mL/min/1.73 m2, P = 0.002). In Cox regression analysis, miR‐423‐5p level above median was associated with 90 day all‐cause mortality independently of established risk factors of cardiogenic shock [adjusted hazard ratio 1.9 (95% confidence interval 1.2–3.2), P = 0.01].ConclusionsIn cardiogenic shock patients, above median level of miR‐423‐5p at baseline is associated with markers of hypoperfusion and seems to independently predict 90 day all‐cause mortality.
Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the prostatic urethra: A case report
Authors: Sugimura Rumiko , Kawahara Takashi , Noguchi Go , Takamoto Daiji , Izumi Koji , Miyoshi Yasuhide , Kishida Takeshi , Yao Masahiro , Tanabe Mikiko , Uemura Hiroji 
Published: November 2018

IntroductionClear cell adenocarcinoma of the prostatic urethra in men is an extremely rare disease, with only eight case reports published.Case presentationA 56‐year‐old man visited our hospital for gross hematuria. Urinary cytology detected class V, cystoscopy showed no abnormal findings, and contrast‐enhanced computed tomography also showed no abnormal findings in his upper urinary tract except for a low‐enhancement lesion on his left prostate lobe. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a cystic lesion surrounding the prostate that was suspected of being urethral or prostate cancer, so transurethral resection was performed. A papillary tumor was detected at the prostatic urethra, and after resecting this tumor, a cavity showing multiple tumors was observed. The final pathological diagnosis was clear cell adenocarcinoma. Laparoscopic radical cystectomy and urethrectomy were thus performed. The pathological diagnosis was the same as at the primary tumor site.ConclusionWe herein report a case of clear cell adenocarcinoma of the prostatic urethra.
Determination of Normal Breast and Areolar Skin Elasticity Using Shear Wave Elastography
Authors: Şendur Halit Nahit , Gültekin Serap , Salimli Leyla , Cindil Emetullah , Cerit Mahinur , Şendur Aylin Billur 
Published: November 2018

ObjectivesIn this study, we aimed to determine reference values for normal breast and areolar skin elasticity using shear wave elastography.MethodsThe right breasts of 200 female participants were evaluated. The age, weight, body mass index, menopausal status, and parity number of all participants were noted. The elasticity values and thickness of the areolar skin and 4 quadrants of the breast skin of all participants were measured. To assess the reproducibility of shear wave elastography, a randomly selected subgroup of 35 participants was reevaluated by a second observer.ResultsThe mean age of the participants ± SD was 48.79 ± 10.74 years (range, 18–79 years). The mean elasticity measurements for the superior, inferior, lateral, and medial regions of the breast and areolar skin were 33.54, 29.84, 30.16, 29.20, and 31.35 kPa, respectively. The mean of the 4‐quadrant measurements of breast skin elasticity was 30.68 ± 9.11 kPa. Age had a moderate negative correlation with breast skin elasticity (r = –0.353; P < .001) and a weak negative correlation with areolar skin elasticity (r = –0.237; P = .001). The parity number had weak negative correlations with breast (r = –0.150; P = .034) and areolar (r = –0.207; P < .001) skin elasticity. The interobserver agreement varied from good to excellent (intraclass correlation coefficients, 0.67–0.91) for the breast and areolar skin elasticity measurements.ConclusionsShear wave elastography is a reproducible imaging modality for evaluations of breast and areolar skin elasticity, and our results may provide important pilot data for evaluations of clinical entities that affect the breast and areolar skin structures.
The success of salvage procedures for failing digital replants: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Hatchell Alexandra C. , Sandre Anthony R. , McRae Matthew , Farrokhyar Forough , Avram Ronen 
Published: November 2018

BackgroundThe success of salvage procedures for failing digital replants (FR) is poorly documented. We sought to evaluate the success of salvage procedures for FR and factors contributing to successes and failures of replants.MethodsAdult patients who presented to our center between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2015, suffered ≥1 digital amputation(s), and underwent digital replantation were included. Preoperative, perioperative, and postoperative details were recorded. Digits were monitored postoperatively via nursing and physician assessments. The presumed reason for failure, details, and outcomes of salvage attempts were recorded for FR. Length of hospital stay and complications were also recorded.ResultsFifty‐two patients and 83 digits were included. Fifty‐two digits (63%) were compromised (arterial ischemia in 15 digits; venous congestion in 37 digits) and 48 digits had salvage therapy. Twenty‐one FR (44%) were salvaged via operative (1 of 2; 50%), nonoperative (19 of 43; 44%), and combined (1 of 3; 33%) therapies. FR patients were more likely than those with successful replants to receive a blood transfusion (52 vs. 23%; p = .009) with more transfused units (3.45 ± 3.30 vs. 0.86 ± 0.95; p = .001). Length of stay was prolonged for FR patients (9 [range: 2–22] vs. 7 [range: 3–19] days; p = .039). Ultimately, 59% (49 of 83) of replants were successful, where 25% (21 of 83) were successfully salvaged.ConclusionNonoperative and operative salvage therapies improve the rate of replant survival. We suggest close postoperative monitoring of all replants and active salvage interventions for compromised replants in the postoperative period.