bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of the Post-Socialist Transition on Inequality of Educational Opportunity: Evidence from German Unification
Authors: Betthäuser Bastian A 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
In 1990, German unification led to an abrupt and extensive restructuring of the educational system and economy of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) as the latter was reintegrated into the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG). However, the consequences of this large-scale institutional change for the educational inequality between children from different social class backgrounds in East Germany continue to be poorly understood. This article seeks to shed new light on this question by using a quasi-experimental approach to examine the difference in educational inequality between East and West Germany before and after German unification. We compare changes in the class gradient in the attainment of comparable school and university qualifications in East and West Germany across six birth cohorts, including three cohorts of individuals who completed their schooling after unification. We find that before unification, inequality of educational opportunity at the mid-secondary, upper-secondary and tertiary level was substantially lower in East Germany than in West Germany and that unification led to a substantial and sustained convergence of the level of inequality of educational opportunity in East Germany towards that of West Germany.
GmYUC2a mediates auxin biosynthesis during root development and nodulation in soybean
Authors: Wang Youning , Yang Wei , Zuo Yanyan , Zhu Lin , Hastwell April H , Chen Liang , Tian Yinping , Su Chao , Ferguson Brett J , Li Xia 
Published: March 2019

AbstractAuxin plays central roles in rhizobial infection and nodule development in legumes. However, the sources of auxin during nodulation are unknown. In this study, we analyzed the YUCCA (YUC) gene family of soybean and identified GmYUC2a as an important regulator of auxin biosynthesis that modulates nodulation. Following rhizobial infection, GmYUC2a exhibited increased expression in various nodule tissues. Overexpression of GmYUC2a (35S::GmYUC2a) increased auxin production in soybean, resulting in severe growth defects in root hairs and root development. Upon rhizobial infection, 35S::GmYUC2a hairy roots displayed altered patterns of root hair deformation and nodule formation. Root hair deformation occurred mainly on primary roots, and nodules formed exclusively on primary roots of 35S::GmYUC2a plants. Moreover, transgenic 35S::GmYUC2a composite plants showed delayed nodule development and a reduced number of nodules. Our results suggest that GmYUC2a plays an important role in regulating both root growth and nodulation by modulating auxin balance in soybean.
Quantitative measures of lexical complexity in modern prose fiction
Authors: Jones Ewan , Nulty Paul 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The complexity of literary language proves stubbornly difficult to isolate, for reasons that we can label as both absolute and relative. On the one hand, complexity is commonly understood as an intrinsic property of literature, which distinguishes it from whatever we take to be ‘normal’ or ‘natural’ language. Literature is complexity, whether through vocabulary, metaphors, syntax, narrative structure, temporality, etc. It would be hard enough to capture any or all of these features, even were they to remain constant across time. But this is not the case. For both the quantitative nature and the qualitative effect of literary complexity change throughout history. While a reader may naturally find Homer’s Iliad or Shakespeare’s King Lear heavy going, it is really only in the 19th century—and then more powerfully still with the access of modernism—that a common perception emerges of literature, or at least a specific subset of literature, as characteristically ‘difficult’. The differing expectations that a modern reader brings to bear upon a text change the nature of that text. Faced with the dual character of complexity, even the massively more powerful computational tools that now exist can come to seem like blunt instruments. This article argues that we can usefully model literary complexity, notwithstanding these significant challenges. We do not believe that our own suggestions—which develop a new measure, and bring it into contact with existing approaches—tell the whole story; far from it. But we do believe that our methodology might usefully signpost future possible work in the field.
NetworkAnalyst 3.0: a visual analytics platform for comprehensive gene expression profiling and meta-analysis
Authors: Zhou Guangyan , Soufan Othman , Ewald Jessica , Hancock Robert E W , Basu Niladri , Xia Jianguo 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The growing application of gene expression profiling demands powerful yet user-friendly bioinformatics tools to support systems-level data understanding. NetworkAnalyst was first released in 2014 to address the key need for interpreting gene expression data within the context of protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks. It was soon updated for gene expression meta-analysis with improved workflow and performance. Over the years, NetworkAnalyst has been continuously updated based on community feedback and technology progresses. Users can now perform gene expression profiling for 17 different species. In addition to generic PPI networks, users can now create cell-type or tissue specific PPI networks, gene regulatory networks, gene co-expression networks as well as networks for toxicogenomics and pharmacogenomics studies. The resulting networks can be customized and explored in 2D, 3D as well as Virtual Reality (VR) space. For meta-analysis, users can now visually compare multiple gene lists through interactive heatmaps, enrichment networks, Venn diagrams or chord diagrams. In addition, users have the option to create their own data analysis projects, which can be saved and resumed at a later time. These new features are released together as NetworkAnalyst 3.0, freely available at https://www.networkanalyst.ca.
A note on the two-dimensional electrostatic field produced by a line charge near a dielectric wedge
Authors: Rawlins A D 
Published: March 2019

Summary
We shall consider the problem of determining the correct electrostatic field produced when an infinite two-dimensional line source is influenced by an adjacent infinite dielectric wedge. This result corrects a number of previous attempts at this problem, which are shown to be in error. The method avoids using the Mellin transform which has lead to some of these earlier errors. The method is used to solve a more general problem of the electrostatic field produced by an arbitrary number of line sources located in an arbitrary number of contiguous dielectric wedges.
Long-acting reversible contraceptives
Authors: Turner Jennifer H. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract:
NPs caring for adolescent females have an opportunity to reduce US teen pregnancy rates through unbiased counseling on contraception options, including highly effective long-acting reversible methods. Intrauterine devices and subdermal implants are safe, effective contraception options for adolescents, but their rates of use remain low among this patient population. This article discusses current adolescent contraceptive practices, barriers to access, and current recommendations for long-acting reversible contraceptive use.
Hypertension in menopausal women: the effect and role of estrogen
Authors: Srivaratharajah Kajenny , Abramson Beth L. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
States of estrogen imbalance or deprivation are associated with higher risks of hypertension and cardiovascular disease in women; however, the effects of estrogen on hypertension are multifactorial, complex, and not completely understood. Although controversial, hormone therapy may improve cardiovascular outcomes when initiated by recently menopausal women. Improved screening for hypertension, especially in specific groups of younger women at higher risk, is recommended. Further study is needed to determine whether sex-specific differences exist in therapeutic response to pharmacologic management of hypertension.
The Effects of Radiation and Emitted Light Transport on the Positional Response of 11 cm × 42.5 cm × 5.5 cm NaI(Tl) Detectors
Authors: Noey Jordan D. , Xiao Jeffery B. , DiFulvio Angela , Sulieman Noor A. , Carmona Marco A. , Chung Long Kiu , El-Amir Issa N. , Frank Samuel J. , Liu Kevin , Schiefer Kai , Seekamp James M. , Sosa Charles S. , Trimas David J. , Vyas Archan P. , Kearfott Kimberlee J. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Experiments were performed with 30 11 cm × 42.5 cm × 5.5 cm NaI(Tl) detectors to better understand their positional response. Spectra were collected using 0.02 to 0.15 MBq point sources of 241Am, 137Cs, 60Co, and 133Ba positioned on lines parallel and perpendicular to the long axis of the crystal along both the narrow and wide detector faces as well as at different distances from them. A greater density of positions was sampled at the ends of the detector, and repeated measurements were made to examine potential gain drifts during the experiment. Spectroscopic peak counts, spectroscopic pulse heights, and net counts were analyzed. Empirical equations were fit to the aforementioned data for each specific source energy as a function of source position. In addition, a Monte Carlo radiation transport code was used to simulate the expected positionally variable response based solely upon radiation absorption. The simulated radiation transport efficiency functions were compared to the experimental data. The effects of the geometric radiation efficiency, the attenuation and scattering of emitted light within the scintillation crystal, and combined effects such as nonuniformity of the photomultiplier tube, photocathode response, and crystal irregularities were then distinguished. Functions describing each effect were derived. The results suggest potential new corrections to data obtained with large scintillation detectors as well as a novel approach to partial positional gamma-ray detection with minimal collimation, given that the energy resolution is within reason for particular photopeaks.
Clinical Characteristics of Saffold Virus Infection in Children
Authors: Ugai Satoko , Iwaya Atsushi , Taneichi Hiromichi , Hirokawa Chika , Aizawa Yuta , Hatakeyama Shuji , Saitoh Akihiko 
Published: March 2019

Background:
Saffold virus (SAFV) is a novel human cardiovirus that was identified in 2007. Recently, SAFV has been isolated from nasal and stool specimens of infants presenting with respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms and from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens of children with central nervous system infection. However, little is known regarding clinical characteristics of SAFV in children.

Methods:
We reviewed 5412 specimens from the database of the infectious agents surveillance system in Niigata prefecture, Japan, between January 2006 and December 2013, and identified SAFV-infected patients. Subsequently, we retrospectively reviewed their medical records and evaluated their clinical characteristics.

Results:
We identified 9 SAFV-infected patients (median age: 5 years; range: 2–16 years). Seven patients were diagnosed with pharyngitis, one with meningitis and one with fever of unknown origin. Dominant symptoms were high fever, appetite loss and headache. The median duration of the fevers was 2 days in patients with pharyngitis; however, the patient with meningitis remained febrile for 5 days. All blood tests available in this case series revealed leukocytosis with a predominance of neutrophils. CSF profiles showed mild lymphocytic pleocytosis. All patients recovered fully without complications.

Conclusions:
A few clinical characteristics of SAFV infection were clarified, including high fever of short duration in patients with pharyngitis, and neutrophil-dominant leukocytosis. The clinical course and CSF profiles of a case of meningitis were similar to those of other aseptic meningitis. SAFV needs to be included in the differential diagnosis of pharyngitis or meningitis when commonly identified viruses are not identified in such patients.
Progesterone relates to enhanced incisional acute pain and pinprick hyperalgesia in the luteal phase of female volunteers
Authors: Pogatzki-Zahn Esther M. , Drescher Christiane , Englbrecht Jan S. , Klein Thomas , Magerl Walter , Zahn Peter K. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The role of sex hormones on postsurgical pain perception is basically unclear. Here, we studied the role of endogenous gonadal hormones for pain and hyperalgesia in human volunteers after experimental incision. A 4-mm incision was made in the volar forearm of 15 female volunteers both in the follicular and the luteal phase (random block design). Somatosensory profiles were assessed at baseline and 1 to 72 hours after incision by quantitative sensory testing, compared between both cycle phases, and related to individual plasma levels of gonadal hormones. Sensory testing at baseline revealed significantly lower pain thresholds (25 vs 46 mN, P < 0.005) and increased pain ratings to pinprick (0.96 vs 0.47, P < 0.0001) in the luteal phase; similarly, 1 hour after incision, pain intensity to incision (38 vs 21/100, P < 0.005), pinprick hyperalgesia by rating (P < 0.05), and area of secondary hyperalgesia (P < 0.001) were enhanced in the luteal phase. Multiple regression analysis revealed that pinprick pain sensitivity at baseline was significantly predicted by progesterone (partial r = 0.67, P < 0.001), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) (partial r = 0.61, P < 0.005), and negatively by testosterone (partial r = −0.44, P < 0.05). Likewise, incision-induced pain and pinprick hyperalgesia (rating and area) were significantly predicted by progesterone (partial r = 0.70, r = 0.46, and r = 0.47, respectively; P < 0.05-0.0001) and in part by FSH; the contribution of estrogen, however, was fully occluded by progesterone for all measures. In conclusion, pinprick pain and incision-induced pain and mechanical hyperalgesia were greater in the luteal phase and predicted by progesterone, suggesting a major role for progesterone. Other hormones involved are testosterone (protective) and in part FSH.
Partial Splenic Embolization Is a Safe and Effective Alternative in the Management of Portal Hypertension in Children
Authors: Vittorio Jennifer , Orellana Katherine , Martinez Mercedes , Ovchinsky Nadia , Schlossberg Peter , Griesemer Adam , Lobritto Steven 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACTObjective:There are multiple approaches to manage the clinical complications of portal hypertension (PHTN) to treat/prevent spontaneous hemorrhage by mitigating thrombocytopenia. No single approach is ideal for all patients given the heterogeneity of this population. Our goal was to determine whether partial splenic embolization (PSE) was safe and effective in the pediatric population.Methods:This is a retrospective review of our single‐center experience for all patients ages 0 to 21 who underwent PSE between January 2010 and August 2017. The embolized splenic volume targeted was 60% to 70%.Results:Twenty‐six patients underwent PSE due to thrombocytopenia and/or recurrent variceal bleeding. Patients ranged in age from 18 months to 20 years (mean 13.1 years). The median platelet count before PSE was 53.0 (×109/L). The platelet count improved after PSE with values >100,000 in 21 patients (80.8%). Children with prior esophageal varices showed improvement after PSE with only 9 (34.6%) requiring further endoscopic therapy. After PSE, patients developed transient abdominal pain, distention, fever, and perisplenic fluid collections. Serious complications such as splenic abscess, splenic rupture, bleeding, pancreatic infarction, opportunistic infection, or death were not observed. One patient experienced thrombotic complications after PSE and was later diagnosed with myelodysplastic syndrome.Conclusions:PSE is a safe and effective alternative in the management of pediatric PHTN in select populations. PSE may be a favorable alternative to splenectomy and portal systemic shunting because it preserves functional spleen mass and avoids postprocedure accelerated liver disease or encephalopathy.
Clinically Evident Portal Hypertension
Authors: Bass Lee M. , Shneider Benjamin L. , Henn Lisa , Goodrich Nathan P. , Magee John C. ,   Childhood Liver Disease Research Network (ChiLDReN)
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACTPortal hypertension (PHT) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in pediatric liver diseases. Thus, research into causes and disease modifiers in PHT in these conditions is vitally important. PHT is rarely directly or indirectly measured in the assessment of children with chronic liver disease. A straightforward, reproducible definition of PHT could be invaluable for consistently identifying patients with PHT and for grouping these patients according to their risk of complications from their disease. We propose the term Clinically Evident Portal Hypertension (CEPH) to denote clinical findings that demonstrate evidence of elevated portal pressure. When CEPH criteria are met, PHT is highly likely to be present, although it is likely that PHT exists for variable periods of time before meeting CEPH criteria. Use of this research definition of CEPH will allow for consistent identification of these patients by clinicians in nearly any clinical setting and serve as a clinical milepost that may dictate future prognosis in pediatric patients with cirrhosis.
Prospective Longitudinal Patient-Reported Satisfaction and Health-Related Quality of Life following DIEP Flap Breast Reconstruction: Relationship with Body Mass Index
Authors: Ochoa Oscar , Garza Ramon , Pisano Steven , Chrysopoulo Minas , Ledoux Peter , Arishita Gary , Ketchum Norma , Michalek Joel E. , Nastala Chet 
Published: March 2019

Background:
Breast reconstruction plays a significant role in breast cancer treatment recovery. Introduction of the BREAST-Q questionnaire has facilitated quantifying patient-reported quality-of-life measures, promoting improved evidence-based clinical practice. Information regarding the effects of body mass index on patient-reported outcomes and health-related quality of life is significantly lacking.

Methods:
Consecutive deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap breast reconstruction patients prospectively completed BREAST-Q questionnaires preoperatively and at two points postoperatively. The first (postoperative time point A) and second (postoperative time point B) postoperative questionnaires were completed 1 month postoperatively and following breast revision, respectively. Postoperative flap and donor-site complications were recorded prospectively. BREAST-Q scores were compared at all time points and stratified by body mass index group (≤25, >25 to 29.9, 30 to 34.9, and ≥35 kg/m2).

Results:
Between July of 2012 and August of 2016, 73 patients underwent 130 DIEP flap breast reconstructions. Breast satisfaction and psychosocial and sexual well-being scores increased significantly postoperatively. Chest and abdominal physical well-being scores returned to baseline levels by postoperative point B. Preoperatively, stratified by body mass index, breast satisfaction and psychosocial well-being scores were significantly lower among patients with body mass index of 35 or higher and of more than 30, respectively. After reconstruction, not only were breast satisfaction, psychosocial, and sexual well-being scores significantly improved in all body mass index groups versus baseline, but also between–body mass index group differences were no longer present. Outcome satisfaction, flap, and donor-site morbidity were similar irrespective of body mass index.

Conclusions:
Patient-reported outcomes demonstrate significant improvements in breast satisfaction and psychosocial and sexual well-being among patients following DIEP flap reconstruction. Preoperative differences in quality-of-life scores were improved in patients with obesity (body mass index ≥30 kg/m2).

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Risk, II.
Bioengineered Approach to the Design of a Fat Graft Based on Mathematical Modeling that Predicts Oxygen Delivery
Authors: Suszynski Thomas M. , Rohrich Rod J. , Sieber David A. , Boyd Travis G. , Thornton James F. , Teotia Sumeet S. , Cunningham Bruce L. , Van Beek Allen L. 
Published: March 2019

Background:
Fat grafting is a common procedure in plastic surgery. A major limitation is unpredictable graft retention, in part caused by inadequate oxygen delivery during the early posttransfer period.

Methods:
The authors present a bioengineered approach to the design of a fat graft based on mathematical theory, which can estimate the limitations of oxygen delivery. To simplify the problem, four variables were defined: (1) recipient-site oxygen partial pressure; (2) adipose tissue oxygen permeability; (3) adipose tissue oxygen consumption rate; and (4) fat graft size. Recipient-site oxygen partial pressure and adipose tissue oxygen permeability were estimated from literature, whereas adipose tissue oxygen consumption rate was measured using stirred microchamber technology. Calculations were performed in both spherical and planar geometry to calculate the maximum allowable fat graft size from an oxygen delivery standpoint.

Results:
As expected, planar geometry is less favorable for oxygenation but represents a realistic configuration for a fat graft. Maximum allowable fat graft thickness is only approximately 1 to 2 mm at external oxygen partial pressures of 10 to 40 mm Hg; any thicker and an anoxic or necrotic core likely develops. Given a reasonably large surface area and assuming several planes of injection, the maximum allowable fat graft volume is tens of milliliters.

Conclusions:
A systematic bioengineered approach may help better design a fat graft. Applying principles of mass transfer theory can predict whether a fat graft has a favorable chance of surviving from an oxygen delivery standpoint and can direct the development of strategies for improved fat graft oxygenation.
How to Reduce the Probability of a Pollybeak Deformity in Primary Rhinoplasty: A Single-Center Experience
Authors: Hoehne Julius , Brandstetter Michael , Gubisch Wolfgang , Haack Sebastian 
Published: March 2019

Summary:
Being a very common and highly stigmatizing deformity following primary rhinoplasty, a pollybeak deformity should be avoided during any primary rhinoplasty, especially in patients with thick nasal skin. Two surgical techniques used in the authors’ department to decrease the probability of its development in at-risk patients are described in this article: the authors’ modification of the supratip suture initially described by Guyuron, and a direct excision of excessive skin that the authors term supratip excision, reserved for rare cases with massive skin excess. In addition, a brief overview of the results of the authors’ case series of 74 patients treated with the supratip suture technique, and 21 patients treated with the supratip excision technique over a 5-year period, is given. In the authors’ experience, very good aesthetic results are achieved using either of the two techniques in selected cases.