bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Climate, ocean circulation, and sea level changes under stabilization and overshoot pathways to 1.5 K warming
Authors: Palter Jaime B. , Frölicher Thomas L. , Paynter David , John Jasmin G. 
Published: June 2018

Abstract. The Paris Agreement has initiated a scientific debate on the role
that carbon removal – or net negative emissions – might play in achieving
less than 1.5 K of global mean surface warming by 2100. Here, we probe the
sensitivity of a comprehensive Earth system model (GFDL-ESM2M) to three
different atmospheric CO2 concentration pathways, two of which
arrive at 1.5 K of warming in 2100 by very different pathways. We run five
ensemble members of each of these simulations: (1) a standard Representative
Concentration Pathway (RCP4.5) scenario, which produces 2 K of surface
warming by 2100 in our model; (2) a “stabilization” pathway in which
atmospheric CO2 concentration never exceeds 440 ppm and the global
mean temperature rise is approximately 1.5 K by 2100; and (3) an
“overshoot” pathway that passes through 2 K of warming at mid-century,
before ramping down atmospheric CO2 concentrations, as if using
carbon removal, to end at 1.5 K of warming at 2100. Although the global mean
surface temperature change in response to the overshoot pathway is similar to
the stabilization pathway in 2100, this similarity belies several important
differences in other climate metrics, such as warming over land masses, the
strength of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), ocean
acidification, sea ice coverage, and the global mean sea level change and its
regional expressions. In 2100, the overshoot ensemble shows a greater
global steric sea level rise and weaker AMOC mass transport than in the
stabilization scenario, with both of these metrics close to the ensemble mean
of RCP4.5. There is strong ocean surface cooling in the North Atlantic Ocean and
Southern Ocean in response to overshoot forcing due to perturbations in the
ocean circulation. Thus, overshoot forcing in this model reduces the rate of
sea ice loss in the Labrador, Nordic, Ross, and Weddell seas relative to the
stabilized pathway, suggesting a negative radiative feedback in response to
the early rapid warming. Finally, the ocean perturbation in response to
warming leads to strong pathway dependence of sea level rise in northern
North American cities, with overshoot forcing producing up to 10 cm of
additional sea level rise by 2100 relative to stabilization forcing.
Analysis of soil hydraulic and thermal properties for land surface modeling over the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Zhao Hong , Zeng Yijian , Lv Shaoning , Su Zhongbo 
Published: June 2018

Abstract. Soil information (e.g., soil texture and porosity) from existing soil datasets over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) is claimed to be inadequate and even inaccurate for determining soil hydraulic properties (SHP) and soil thermal properties (STP), hampering the understanding of the land surface process over TP. As the soil varies across three dominant climate zones (i.e., arid, semi-arid and subhumid) over the TP, the associated SHP and STP are expected to vary correspondingly. To obtain an explicit insight into the soil hydrothermal properties over the TP, in situ and laboratory measurements of over 30 soil property profiles were obtained across the climate zones. Results show that porosity and SHP and STP differ across the climate zones and strongly depend on soil texture. In particular, it is proposed that gravel impact on porosity and SHP and STP are both considered in the arid zone and in deep layers of the semi-arid zone. Parameterization schemes for porosity, SHP and STP are investigated and compared with measurements taken. To determine the SHP, including soil water retention curves (SWRCs) and hydraulic conductivities, the pedotransfer functions (PTFs) developed by Cosby et al. (1984) (for the Clapp–Hornberger model) and the continuous PTFs given by Wösten et al. (1999) (for the Van Genuchten–Mualem model) are recommended. The STP parameterization scheme proposed by Farouki (1981) based on the model of De Vries (1963) performed better across the TP than other schemes. Using the parameterization schemes mentioned above, the uncertainties of five existing regional and global soil datasets and their derived SHP and STP over the TP are quantified through comparison with in situ and laboratory measurements. The measured soil physical properties dataset is available at https://data.4tu.nl/repository/uuid:c712717c-6ac0-47ff-9d58-97f88082ddc0.
The design, deployment, and testing of kriging models in GEOframe with SIK-0.9.8
Authors: Bancheri Marialaura , Serafin Francesco , Bottazzi Michele , Abera Wuletawu , Formetta Giuseppe , Rigon Riccardo 
Published: June 2018

Abstract. This work presents a software package for the interpolation of climatological variables, such as temperature and precipitation, using kriging techniques. The purposes of the paper are (1) to present a geostatistical software that is easy to use and easy to plug in to a hydrological model; (2) to provide a practical example of an accurately designed software from the perspective of reproducible research; and (3) to demonstrate the goodness of the results of the software and so have a reliable alternative to other, more traditional tools. A total of 11 types of theoretical semivariograms and four types of kriging were implemented and gathered into Object Modeling System-compliant components. The package provides real-time optimization for semivariogram and kriging parameters. The software was tested using a year's worth of hourly temperature readings and a rain storm event (11 h) recorded in 2008 and retrieved from 97 meteorological stations in the Isarco River basin, Italy. For both the variables, good interpolation results were obtained and then compared to the results from the R package gstat.
Medium-range predictability of early summer sea ice thickness distribution in the East Siberian Sea based on the TOPAZ4 ice–ocean data assimilation system
Authors: Nakanowatari Takuya , Inoue Jun , Sato Kazutoshi , Bertino Laurent , Xie Jiping , Matsueda Mio , Yamagami Akio , Sugimura Takeshi , Yabuki Hironori , Otsuka Natsuhiko 
Published: June 2018

Abstract. Accelerated retreat of Arctic Ocean summertime sea ice has focused attention on the potential use of the Northern Sea Route (NSR), for which sea ice thickness (SIT) information is crucial for safe maritime navigation. This study evaluated the medium-range (lead time below 10 days) forecast of SIT distribution in the East Siberian Sea (ESS) in early summer (June–July) based on the TOPAZ4 ice–ocean data assimilation system. A comparison of the operational model SIT data with reliable SIT estimates (hindcast, satellite and in situ data) showed that the TOPAZ4 reanalysis qualitatively reproduces the tongue-like distribution of SIT in ESS in early summer and the seasonal variations. Pattern correlation analysis of the SIT forecast data over 3 years (2014–2016) reveals that the early summer SIT distribution is accurately predicted for a lead time of up to 3 days, but that the prediction accuracy drops abruptly after the fourth day, which is related to a dynamical process controlled by synoptic-scale atmospheric fluctuations. For longer lead times ( >  4 days), the thermodynamic melting process takes over, which contributes to most of the remaining prediction accuracy. In July 2014, during which an ice-blocking incident occurred, relatively thick SIT ( ∼  150 cm) was simulated over the ESS, which is consistent with the reduction in vessel speed. These results suggest that TOPAZ4 sea ice information has great potential for practical applications in summertime maritime navigation via the NSR.
Developing an Instrument to Measure Objectivism
Authors: Dent Eric B. , Parnell John A. , Carraher Shawn M. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThis article describes the development and validation of a scale specifically designed to measure one's propensity for Objectivism. The scale developed in this article assesses metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, and politics. A three-stage process of scale development results in a multidimensional scale that largely supports Rand's original conception of the construct in the United States and Lithuania. Several challenges are identified, including problems with select items referencing specific political preferences and addressing notions of a higher being. Prospects for future research are identified, including tests for associations between Objectivism and individual factors such as leadership style, organizational commitment, and job performance.
Factors associated with patient satisfaction in a private health care setting in India: A cross-sectional analysis
Authors: Vinodkumar Sudhaya , Varghese Binu Gigimon , Setia Maninder Singh 
Published: June 2018

The present study was conducted to assess patient satisfaction and factors associated with it in a tertiary care hospital in India; and to evaluate the delay in discharge process and its association with satisfaction. It is a cross-sectional analysis of secondary data abstracted from patient satisfaction forms of 1,054 individuals. We analysed factors associated with rating of hospital services and overall hospital experience. We also evaluated the delay in discharge process and its association with overall satisfaction of these patients. We used regression models to assess factor associated with satisfaction scores and “good hospital experience”. About 91% of individuals reported that their experience in the hospital was good. The mean satisfaction scores were significantly lower in patients with delays in discharge due to insurance problems (-0.14, 95% CI: -0.27, -0.02). An increase in one unit in doctor’s score was significantly associated with “good rating” of hospital services (OR: 1.37, 95% CI: 1.19, 1.58). Similarly, one unit increase in the housekeeping score (OR: 1.34, 95% CI: 1.18, 1.52) and billing score (OR: 1.83, 95% CI: 1.56, 2.16) were significantly associated with an overall “good” rating. Thus, problems faced by patients and relatives during completion of billing procedures are important factors that determine overall satisfaction with health care settings. Improving the interpersonal and communication skills of doctors will be an important intervention for better hospital experience.
Monitoring of dynamic objects by observation systems of visible range of waves
Authors: Prudyus Ivan , Tkachenko Viktor , Lazko Leonid , Kondratov Petro , Fabirovskyy Sergiy , Hryvachevskyi Andrii 
Published: June 2018

The article deals with the problem of correct detection of moving objects when they are monitored by the monitoring system that operates in the visible range of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum. Based on the analysis of existing methods, for detection of moving objects there is proposed an algorithm that is adaptive to destabilizing factors. This algorithm makes it possible to increase the accuracy of moving objects detection. The algorithm takes into account the presence of noise and its heterogeneity, both in space and time, and also removes the influence of moving shadows. The correctness of the algorithms described in this article is confirmed by their software implementation and modelling. In the process of modelling, the accuracy of object detection, proposed by the algorithm under different observation conditions, and the motion parameters of the objects were estimated.
Keywords: video monitoring, detection of moving objects, detection of moving shadows, background subtraction, interframe difference
Examination of informativeness of diagnoses expressed with multiple-valued logic
Authors: Duer Stanisław , Bernatowicz Dariusz , Wrzesień Paweł , Duer Radosław 
Published: June 2018

This paper presents the essence of an examination of informativeness in the diagnostic information outputs expressed with multiple-valued logic. The diagnostic test required for the examination was completed on wind turbine equipment. The examination included a constant set of determined diagnostic output values. The DIAG 2 diagnostic system was used for the examination and the diagnostic test. DIAG 2 is a smart diagnostic system capable of any inference k of the set {k = 2, 3, 4}. The examination results were expressed in an Object State Table, separately for each k-valued logic of inference tested.
Keywords: technical diagnostics, diagnostic inference, multiple-valued logic, artificial intelligence
Determination of Aflatoxins and Ochratoxin A in Traditional Turkish Cereal-Based Fermented Food by Multi-Affinity Column Cleanup and LC Fluorescence Detection: Single-Laboratory Validation
Authors: Kaymak Tugrul , Koca Ercan , Atak Mustafa , Sarikaya Ercan , Stroka Joerg 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
Background: Tarhana is a traditional fermented, sun-dried Turkish food containing yogurt and cereals. There are several potential sources of mycotoxins in tarhana, such as contamination of ingredients or formation during preparation, when water activity is suitable for fungal growth and may lead to mycotoxin production during fermentation or subsequent sun-drying. Objective: To optimize an immunoaffinity column method and carry out single-laboratory validation for the determination of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2 together with ochratoxin A (OTA) in tarhana. Method: A homogenized sample was extracted with methanol–acetonitrile–water (25 + 25 + 50) using a high-speed blender. The sample extract was filtered, diluted with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solution, and applied to a multi-immunoaffinity column (AFLAOCHRA PREP®). Aflatoxins and OTA were removed with neat methanol and then directly analyzed by reverse-phase LC with fluorescence detection using post-column bromination (Kobra® Cell). Results: Test portions of blank tarhana were spiked with a mixture of total aflatoxins and OTA to give levels ranging from 2.5 to 10.0 and 1.5 to 6.0 μg/kg, respectively. Recoveries for total aflatoxins and OTA ranged from 82 to 93 and 78 to 94%, respectively, for spiked samples. Based on results for spiked tarhana (30 replicates, each at three levels), the relative standard deviation for repeatability ranged from 1.4 to 7.2 and 3.6 to 7.7% for total aflatoxins and OTA, respectively. Conclusions: The performance characteristics for recovery, repeatability, and sensitivity have demonstrated that the method meets method performance criteria for use for official purposes. The method was demonstrated as being applicable to naturally contaminated samples of tarhana of varied composition obtained from local markets in Turkey. Highlights: This is the first immunoaffinity column method for simultaneous analysis of aflatoxins and OTA in traditional Turkish food (tarhana). Suitability was demonstrated by single-laboratory validation for official purposes in Turkey. The method was demonstrated as suitable for naturally contaminated samples of tarhana of varied composition.
Vitamin C in Acerola and Red Plum Extracts: Quantification via HPLC, in Vitro Antioxidant Activity, and Stability of their Gel and Emulsion Formulations
Authors: Cefali Letícia Caramori , de Oliveira Maia Ludmila , Stahlschimidt Rebeca , Ataide Janaína Artem , Tambourgi Elias Basile , Rosa Paulo Cesar Pires , Mazzola Priscila Gava 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
Background: The fruits acerola and red plum are known to be good sources of antioxidants, particularly vitamin C. Antioxidants are compounds that protect organisms from biomolecular damage, such as accelerated aging, caused by free radicals. Objective: The objective of this study was to extract vitamin C from acerola and red plum, incorporate these extracts into different topical formulations, and evaluate the physicochemical stabilities of these formulations under stress conditions. Methods: Vitamin C was extracted from acerola and red plum via dynamic maceration for 2 h at 50 ± 2°C and was quantified via HPLC. In vitro antioxidant activities were evaluated using DPPH assays. The extracts were then incorporated into emulsion and gel formulations in two types of packaging, and stability studies were carried out. Results: Red plum and acerola extracts were orange and red and contained vitamin C concentrations of 2732.70 ± 93.01 mg/100 g and 2.60 ± 1.2 mg/100 g, respectively. In vitro antioxidant activity resulted in over 90.0% inhibition of free radicals at 0.01 mL/mL acerola extract and 0.1 mL/mL red plum extract. In the stability study, pH values decreased for both acerola formulations when stored in the oven or in transparent glass containers. Formulations containing red plum extract were stable under all conditions. Acerola extracts contained a higher concentration of vitamin C than red plum extracts. Both extracts possessed antioxidant activity, although the acerola-based formulation was unstable when stored at high temperatures or in transparent glass containers. Highlights: Extracts from red plum and acerola contained vitamin C; antioxidant activity of the extracts resulted in over 90.0% inhibition of free radicals. Formulations containing red plum were stable under all tested conditions, and formulations containing acerola were unstable when stored in the oven or in transparent glass containers.
Determination of Total Phenolic Content Using the Folin-C Assay: Single-Laboratory Validation, First Action 2017.13
Authors: Kupina Steve , Fields Chris , Roman Mark C , Brunelle Sharon L 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
A single-laboratory validation of a method using Folin & Ciocalteu’s phenol reagent (Folin-C reagent) for determination of total phenolic content of selected dietary supplement extracts was performed. The method is composed of a water extraction of dried extracts with sonication followed by reaction with the Folin-C reagent. The resulting colorimetric reaction is measured at 765 nm and compared with a standard curve generated with gallic acid standard solutions. The validation results were compared with Standard Method Performance Requirement (SMPR®) 2015.009, developed by the Stakeholder Panel on Dietary Supplements. The method demonstrated acceptable within-day RSDr of 1.96–7.47% for the five matrixes studied (grape seed extract, grape skin extract, black tea extract, green coffee extract, and cocoa extract). When gallic acid was spiked into maltodextrin (a surrogate dietary supplement carrier) at 30 or 70%, the recovery ranged from 91 to 104%, within the acceptable range established by SMPR 2015.009. Selectivity testing with glucose, fructose, and sucrose demonstrated no positive interference by these compounds. Finally, ruggedness studies demonstrated no significant effects due to changes in the heating apparatus, test material weight, read time after reaction, amount of Folin-C reagent, reaction time, reaction temperature, and amount of Na2CO3. The single-laboratory validation results support adoption of the method as First Action Official MethodSM 2017.13 and further evaluation in a collaborative study.
Sustainable Eco-Friendly Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Method for Simultaneous Determination of Caffeine and Theobromine in Commercial Teas: Evaluation of Greenness Profile Using NEMI and Eco-Scale Assessment Tools
Authors: Shaaban Heba , Mostafa Ahmed 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
Background: Green analytical chemistry (GAC) aims to eliminate or minimize the amount of hazardous solvents consumed and generated daily worldwide. Considering the environmental impact of all analytical procedures and replacing the polluting methodologies with clean ones is of a paramount interest. Objective: This work aims to develop and validate a sustainable, fast, and economic ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography method for simultaneous determination of methylxanthines in commercial tea samples as well as to evaluate the greenness profile of the proposed method using two greenness assessment tools: National Environmental Methods Index (NEMI) and analytical Eco-scale. Methods: The method was designed based on applying GAC principles in method development. The green chromatography approach was applied by using benign mobile phases. The chromatographic separation was optimized to minimize sample preparation, achieve short analysis time with low solvent consumption, and minimize waste generation. Results: All the studied analytes were separated in only 1.7 min. The detection limits of the studied analytes ranged from 0.015 to 0.03 mg/L, while LOQs were in the range of 0.05 to 0.1 μg/L with UV detection. The proposed method neither uses nor generates harmful chemicals, it passes the four quadrants of the NEMI greenness profile, and it has a high Eco-scale score. Conclusions: Compared with the reported methods, the proposed method is greener, more economical, and faster; therefore, it can be used as a green alternative to the existing conventional methods for routine analysis of the studied analytes without harming the environment.
Identification of Lysinibacillus fusiformis Isolated from Cosmetic Samples Using MALDI-TOF MS and 16S rRNA Sequencing Methods
Authors: Sulaiman Irshad M , Hsieh Ying-Hsin , Jacobs Emily , Miranda Nancy , Simpson Steven , Kerdahi Khalil 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
Background: Lysinibacillus fusiformis is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacterium that can cause tropical ulcers, severe sepsis, and respiratory illnesses in humans. Objective: In this study, we analyzed cosmetic samples for the presence of human pathogenic microorganisms. Methods: Five unopened jars of exfoliating cream were examined initially by microbiological methods. Afterward, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) MS and 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequencing techniques were applied to characterize the recovered isolates. Results: Of the eight recovered Gram-positive bacterial subs, the VITEK® MS could provide genus-level identification to five subs and species-level identification to two subs (L. fusiformis with a 99.9% confidence value); one sub was unidentified. Subsequently, the deoxyriboneucleic acid sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene was done on an ABI 3500XL Genetic Analyzer for the confirmation of species identification. An analysis of sequencing data revealed a complete absence of genetic variation among the eight subs sequenced at this locus and confirmed the eight bacterial subs to be L. fusiformis, as their respective 16S rRNA sequences were identical to the available sequence in public domain (GenBank accession No. KU179364). Conclusions: Our results suggest that the VITEK MS and the 16S rRNA sequencing can be used for the identification of human pathogenic bacteria of public health importance. Highlights: We characterized eight isolates of Lysinibacillus spp. from cosmetics by MALDI-TOF MS and 16S rRNA sequence analyses.