bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of environmental enrichment on behaviour, growth and meat quality in the domestic pig
Authors: Beattie V.E. , Sneddon I.A. , Walker N. 
Published: June 2019

Pigs in a semi-natural environment can spend up to one third of daylight hours in exploratory behaviour (Stolba & Wood-Gush, 1981). It has been suggested that the need for exploration in pigs is as necessary as feeding or sexual behaviour which are generally regarded as endogenous (Van Putten, 1989).This study investigated the effect of enriching the pig's environment on behaviour, growth and meat quality.In a comparative study using 6 groups each of 6 littermates, 3 groups were allocated at birth to an intensive housing system classified as the “barren” (B) environment and 3 groups to an “enriched” (E) environment. The enriched environment had four times more floor space per animal than the barren environment and allowed access to substrates such as peat, straw and shredded paper. Pigs were weaned at 6 weeks of age and pen size was increased at 6 and 12 weeks of age on both treatments. In both environments the pigs were fed ad libitum and had a continuous water supply. The behaviour of 2 focal animals in each group was observed for 10 minutes twice weekly between 1300 and 1800 hours throughout the 18 week life span of the animals. At 6 week intervals 24 hour time lapse video recordings were made to examine overall activity patterns.
Chairman's Opening Address
Authors: Geikie James 
Published: June 2019

I have to congratulate the Society on the re-appointment to our Presidential Chair of Lord Kelvin, first of British Physicists. Five years ago, as you are aware, Lord Kelvin became President of the Royal Society of London, at the urgent request of that body. This is not the first time, I may remind you, that we have provided a President for the London Society. The Philosophical Society of Edinburgh, as our body was known before it received the Royal Charter authorising it to assume its present designation, gave two Presidents to the Royal Society of London—namely, the Earl of Morton and Sir John Pringle, Bart.In his Address, delivered two years ago, our respected ex-President took note of some of the more important papers communicated to the Society during the immediately preceding Sessions. I think I can hardly do better than follow his example. But before making the attempt, I wish briefly to refer to the successful completion within the present year of a great national undertaking. I allude, of course, to the famous “Challenger” Expedition. Our Library has now received the two volumes of Summary of Results, with Appendices, which complete the Society's set of the fifty volumes of Reports of the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger. These voluminous Reports form by far the largest contribution hitherto made to Marine Zoology. Indeed, their publication marks an epoch in this department of science.
Some Points in the Physiological Chemistry and Coagulation of Milk
Authors: Harris David Fraser 
Published: June 2019

According to the latest views of physiological chemists, the innumerable fine particles of milk are identified with the caseinogen. For instance, Halliburton regards these particles as caseinogen and nuclein which are obviously not fat-globules; and Stirling unhesitatingly accepts the view of the particulate nature of this proteid, adducing as proof the fact of the absence of all particles from the filtrate of milk through a porous clay-filter.I used a “Berkefeld” diatomaceous filter (holding 150 c.c.) said to “sterilise” water. On immersing it in milk, and by creating a partial vacuum inside it, there was obtained an exhaustion-filtrate perfectly limpid and free from all particles. Unless sterilised by heat, a vigorous growth of fungi appeared in it, there being abundant nourishment for them, seeing that it contains lactose, chlorides, phosphates, sulphates, calcium, and a proteid (undoubtedly the lact-albumin), but is incapable of clotting with rennet. Its reaction is faintly acid. Caseinogen cannot, then, be held to be “dissolved” in the plasma, in the ordinary sense of a “solution,” else this pressure-filtrate would be coagulable; and only as a last resource should we fall back upon the rather unsatisfactory hypothesis that it may be present as molecules too large to pass through the pores of a diatomaceous filter.There is in milk undoubtedly, besides what we have been accustomed to call the oil-globules, a very large number of extremely minute particles or granules exhibiting Brownian movement, and it is these that are held to be caseinogen exclusively, while the globules are said to be only fat.
A Graphical Representation of Emotion as expressed in Rhythm
Authors: Dixon J. M. 
Published: June 2019

An analysis of the versification of some of our nineteenth century poets has produced certain very interesting results that may be graphically represented. The subject of versification still demands more exact treatment, and any contributions which embody the results of real analytical treatment are of value.It is well known that the chief objection to our iambic measure, which is the normal English measure, is its tendency to produce a monotonous pendulum-like tick-tick. If, on the other hand, we employ anapæstic measure, the triple movement to every foot demands too much exertion of the tongue. English verse possessing the finest cadences lies between the two extremes of a pure iambic treatment and a pure anapæstic treatment.It may be laid down as a safe dictum that, in lyric verse at least, one anapaest in a line otherwise iambic constitutes it an anapæstic line. The poet who writes in iambics is not then free to introduce anapæsts. The expedient to which he will resort is a free use of the catch. We shall see that Gordon, in his exquisite ballad The Sick Stock-Rider, uses the catch, where emotion is at a high pitch, 13 times in 16 lines. A poet writing in anapæsts is free to use iambs where he will, and even the monosyllabic foot at the beginning of a line or after the cæsura. Browning, in his Abt Vogler, has actually one hexameter line (Stanza III. 1. 7) with only 5 unaccented syllables, or one less than an iambic line can have. It is the shortest line in the poem and is placed next to an 11-syllabled line, the longest line he uses.
Notes on Clouds
Authors: Aitken John 
Published: June 2019

There are two points connected with clouds on which I wish to make a few remarks. The first is on the classification of clouds, and the second on the manner in which certain forms of clouds are produced. It may be as well to remark at the outset that the observations are those of an “outsider,” being in a department of meteorology to which the writer has given but little attention, and they have been written with the view of calling the attention of specialists, and getting their opinion on the subject.It appears to me that in classifying clouds they ought first of all to be divided into two great classes. In the one class should be placed all clouds in the process of formation, and in the other those in the process of decay. The two classes might be called Clouds in Formation and Clouds in Decay. We may take Cumulus clouds as an example of the former, and Nimbus of the latter. My observations made in the clouds themselves have shown that there is a difference in the structure of these two classes of clouds. In clouds in formation the water particles are much smaller and far more numerous than in clouds in decay; and while the particles in clouds in decay are large enough to be seen with the unaided eye when they fall on a properly lighted micrometer, they are so small in clouds in formation that, if the condensation is taking place rapidly, the particles cannot be seen without the aid of a lens of considerable magnifying power.
Note on the Digestion of Starch in the Stomach
Authors: Robertson W. G. Aitchison 
Published: June 2019

The following experiments were performed with normal human gastric secretion. After thoroughly washing out the stomach of a healthy man, several ounces of a dilute solution of Caffyn's liquor carnis were introduced into it. After the lapse of an hour the contents of the stomach were drawn off, filtered, and used instead of the pure acid solutions in former experiments. The acidity of the gastric fluid was due to inorganic acid and amounted to 0·15 per cent. hydrochloric acid.This experiment shows that, in the stomach, with an acidity of the contents less than that even normally present in the gastric secretion, the action of ptyalin is wholly restrained.Was the ferment merely inhibited from action by the acid, or was it destroyed ?To determine this, I took equal volumes of this gastric fluid, 1 per cent, starch solution, and saliva, and having mixed them, carefully neutralised the mixture with a solution of caustic potash, using very delicate test-papers to show the neutral point.On examining the mixture shortly after neutralisation, the whole of the starch was found to have undergone conversion. It reduced Fehling's solution strongly, and contained 0·22 per cent. of reducing substance. This demonstrates that, with an acidity equal to 0·05 per ′cent, hydrochloric acid, the action of ptyalin is restrained.I performed similar experiments with the gastric fluid from a case of chronic gastric catarrh, the acidity of which was equal to 0·067 per cent. hydrochloric acid.
Some Results obtained with the Röntgen X-Rays
Authors: Macintyre J. 
Published: June 2019

A preliminary demonstration on photography and fluorescence was given. A description accompanies the report on the communication made on 4th May 1896.When Professor Röntgen's results were first made known the greatest attention was paid to the photography of objects which had previously been considered beyond the range of human vision. It is clear, however, that the discoverer did more than present us with a new photography by a force differing, in many respects, from day or artificial light. In his first paragraph he describes fluorescence on a prepared screen, and in the second he shows how one may see shadows of the bones within a faint dark shadow of the hand itself. The obvious advantage of being able to throw shadows of the deep-seated structures of the body upon screens cannot be over-estimated for medical and surgical purposes. The following experiments were undertaken with a view of contributing something to the work in this direction.With regard to the salts employed, screens were prepared of potassium-platino-cyanide, barium-platino-cyanide, lithium-rubidium-platino-cyanide, calcium tungstate in its crystalline form (Edison), sulphide of calcium, magnesite, fluorspar, &c. In my experience it may be said at once that the potassium and bariumplatino-cyanide salts were found to be the best, although the lithium-rubidium-platino-cyanide gave an excellent picture. The fluorescence of the potassium salt is probably in advance of all others, but occasionally one seems to get at least a more pleasant picture of the deep-seated structures of the body with the barium screen, particularly when the latter has a thick coating.
Additional Notes on the Röntgen X-Rays
Authors: Macintyre John 
Published: June 2019

The first series of photographs thrown on the screen included the different parts of the human skeleton. The second series illustrated photographs of the soft tissues, such as the tongue, larynx, heart, and diaphragm, all from the living subject. The third series were taken with a view to reduction of the time in exposure. With the fourth is given a description of some experiments upon attempts to polarise the x-rays.The apparatus now most commonly employed was used in these experiments, viz., electricity (from the main), an induction coil giving a range of from 2 to 10 inch spark as required, a Crooke's tube having an aluminium cathodal disc, and a small plate of platinum for the positive pole. It is now known as the focus tube. Paget xxxxx-plates were used, as no particular advantage had been obtained from those specially prepared. The following points, amongst others, were found to be of great service in obtaining the best results:—Firstly, the current passing to the coil should be regulated according to the work to be done, and as little variation as possible should take place during the exposure. Primary batteries are not as satisfactory on account of this, and the best source is from the main. Lord Kelvin's cell tester and ampere gauge were used in the experiments, and any variations in the current were regulated by means of a rheostat. Secondly, the Apps or other coil or transformer must give, with the present form of tube, six inches or even more of spark when the deeper tissues of the body, such as the spine, are being taken. Thirdly, the vacuum of the tube should be carefully regulated and tested to give the maximum results.
Preliminary Note on Dietthio and Diethylsulphone derivatives of Succinic Acid
Authors: Brown Crum , Fairbairn R. 
Published: June 2019

Sodium mercaptide and dibromosuccinic ether, in the proportion of two molecules of the former to one of the latter, were dissolved separately in absolute alcohol, and slowly mixed. A considerable evolution of heat took place, while sodium bromide separated out. The flask was then digested for some hours on the steam-bath. The alcohol was subsequently distilled off, and the residue, on cooling, was treated with water. An oil separated out. This oil was collected by means of a separating funnel, and the aqueous layer several times extracted with ether. The oil and the ethereal extracts were added together and dried over calcium chloride. Next morning the ether was distilled off at the ordinary pressure. The remainder was distilled in vacuo. Between 50° and 60° a few drops came over, which proved to be ethyldisulphide.The remainder came over between 150° and 170°.This latter fraction was redistilled, and a portion of it used for analysis. The boiling point at 20 mm. pressure was 160°.Combustion of dietthiosuccinic ether.Weight of substance taken = ·2477 gram.Weight of carbonic acid obtained = ·4476 gram.Weight of water obtained = ·1702 gram.
On the Linear and Vector Function
Authors: Tait  
Published: June 2019

In the following Abstract I refer to such Linear and Vector Functions, only, as correspond to homogeneous strains which a piece of actual matter can undergo. There is no difficulty:—though caution is often called for:—in extending the propositions to cases which are not realizable in physics.The inquiry arose from a desire to ascertain the exact nature of the strain when, though it is not pure, the roots of its cubic are all real:—i.e. when three lines of particles, not originally at right angles to one another, are left by it unchanged in direction.1. The sum, and the product (or the quotient), of two linear and vector functions are also linear and vector functions. But, while the sum is always self-conjugate if the separate functions are so (or if they be conjugate to one another), the product (or quotient) is in general not self-conjugate:—though the determining cubic has, in this case, real roots. The proof can be given in many simple forms.
The Physiological Action of Eucain
Authors: Charteris M. , MacLennan William 
Published: June 2019

Eucain, like cocaine, is a methyl ester of a benzoylated-oxypiperidine, carbo-oxylic acid. It is, however, a synthetic product, while cocaine is obtained exclusively from coca leaves; only, in the exhaustion, synthesis has been introduced for the purpose of completely exhausting the cocaine in the leaves.The formula of cocaine and of eucain is the same.Eucain, like cocaine, is insoluble in water, or nearly so, but the neutral salts formed by combinations with acids are soluble.The hydrochloric salt of eucain appears in two forms.One modification crystallises from water in small shining plates, which contain a molecule of water of crystallisation, and the formula for it isC19H27NO4HCLH2O.It dissolves in water to the extent of 6 per cent.The second modification crystallises from a solution in methyl alcohol in shining prisms, which contain two molecules of methyl alcohol in crystallised form.For anæsthetic purposes the first modification crystallised from water is to be preferred. A solution of it in water differs from a solution of cocaine in water in this respect, that it remains unchanged, while the cocaine solution, after a time, undergoes decomposition.The appellation ‘eucain’ has no meaning. It is used simply to dispense with the complex chemical nomenclature which has been mentioned.Eucain hydrochlorate is not so expensive as cocaine hydrochlorate.
On the Eliminant of a Set of Ternary Quadrics
Authors: Muir Thomas 
Published: June 2019

(1) In the Cambridge Math. Journal, ii. p. 233, Sylvester showed how to eliminate x, y, z from the set of equationsHis method consisted in deriving other three equations involving the variables x2, y2, z2, yz, zx, xy, and then eliminating these six variables from the six equations. The result obtained was—a result which, on account of its complexity, it is impossible to rest satisfied with.The manifest fact that when A = M = R = 0, the eliminant takes the formand the further fact, that when a = m = r = 0, the equations become linear, with the eliminantraise the presumption that Sylvester had not hit upon the simplest mode of performing the elimination.
Theoretical Researches on the Daily Change of the Temperature of the Air
Authors: Halm J. 
Published: June 2019

I have the honour to lay before the Royal Society a short account of some theoretical researches on the daily change of the temperature of the air, made by me in 1895, and published to a certain extent in the Nova Acta der kaiserlich Leopoldinisch-Carolinischen Academie der Naturforscher, Band lxvii., No. 2. Some more recent investigations on the subject, chiefly dealing with the physical point of view of the problem, have not yet been published, but seem to me of such importance as to justify me in presenting a brief sketch of them to the Society in this paper.The history of the mathematical aspect of the problem can be traced back as far as the middle of the last century, when Lambert made the first attempt at investigating the relation between solar and terrestrial radiation and the temperature of the atmosphere. He was succeeded by a great number of famous mathematicians and meteorologists, whose labours, however, though they contributed considerably to our knowledge of certain parts of the question, have not been rewarded, it must be said, with any sufficient result; so that a satisfactory solution of the problem by means of theoretical investigations has been eventually considered impossible, at least in some quarters.There can be no doubt that, in a problem like this, an immense number of different errors affect the principal conditions of the propagation of heat, which conditions are supposed to be the causes of the observed changes of the temperature.
The Eliminant of a Set of Quaternary Quadrics
Authors: Muir Thomas 
Published: June 2019

1. The “dialytic” method of elimination, in the case of more than one variable, is not without its drawbacks, as most mathematicians know. The requisite derived equations are not always easily obtained, the difficulty being due as often to the existence of too many as of too few; and, when this has been got over, it not unfrequently happens that the order of the resulting determinant is alarmingly high, and unaccompanied by any hope of a successful guess as to the character of the extraneous factor. The discoverer's original paper affords sufficient testimony of this, and very little has been done since its appearance to put matters on a sounder footing. The most noteworthy improvement, due to Cayley, is more interesting theoretically than practically, his main object being the detection of the extraneous factor when there is an over-plus of equations. Nothing, indeed, will be found more conducive to an understanding of the limitations of the method than a careful comparison of the application of this process of Cayley's to the problem of eliminating x, y, z from the three ternary quadricswith Sylvester's original treatment of the same problem, and the latter especially as commented on in footnotes by the author himself.2. The want of definiteness in the mode of arriving at the exact number of derived equations is not without its compensating advantage, as it leaves that scope for the exercise of ingenuity which is half the charm of mathematical work.
Note on the Reducing Power of the Living Animal Tissues
Authors: Harris David Fraser 
Published: June 2019

The following demonstration of the avidity for oxygen on the part of the living animal tissues was made incidentally while I was injecting the gelatine and soluble Berlin-blue mixture (Ranvier) into the blood-vessels of cats and rabbits in preparation of histological material. It is a fundamental fact that living cells must have oxygen continually supplied to them; the tissues crave oxygen, and will take it from any substance within their reach capable of yielding it (the inspiratory phase of the internal respiration). Normally the HbO2 yields it—the gas reaching the cells via the lymph. The left external jugular was chosen, and opened the instant the chloroformed animal's heart ceased to beat: thus, though the animal was “dead” as a whole, its tissues were alive for varying periods thereafter.The fluid traversed heart and lungs before reaching the aorta and arterial circulation. On cutting up the organs I thought the injection must have “failed” in certain organs, for the kidneys and liver were markedly pale—pale green—and in some of the divisions of the portal vein the gelatine seemed uncoloured or “bleached” white. The lungs were of a deep blue; and such organs as brain and eye were blue, while there was no loss of colour where the fluid and the blood had mixed in the vessels (in a case in which the blood had not been first washed out of the vascular system). Here we had clearly a case of de-oxidation of the deep blue ferric ferrocyanide (Berlin or Prussian blue) to the pale green or almost colourless ferrous ferrocyanide, which, however, underwent re-oxidation on exposure to the air, for the blue colour returned progressively in from ten minutes to twenty-four hours after.
Hæmatoporphyrinuria and its Relations to the Origin of Urobilin
Authors: Harris David Fraser 
Published: June 2019

The chief pigment of normal urine is known as urobilin (seeing that this name indicates a relation to “bile,” “urochrome” would be a better term, not connoting any view as to genetic relationship). The name for the chromogen “urobilinogen” would become “urochromogen.” Other pigments are or may be present in normal urine, e.g., the indigo-blue pigment whose ancestor is intestinal indol, and “uroerythim” genetically related, it is believed, to skatol, while, according to some physiologists, traces of “pathological urobilin” (which, might be better called para-urochrome) and even of hæmatoporphyrin are recognisable in healthy urine.Certainly, in some morbid urines, urohæmatoporphyrin has been the chief pigment replacing urobilin, while, in a few very rare ones, a pigment allied to it, but, according to M'Munn, less de-oxidised, has appeared. This substance, like urobilin and urohæmatoporphyrin, is a proteid-free, iron-free pigment, as yet unnamed. I propose to call it meio-de-oxyhæmatoporphyrin. Urobilin is amber-coloured, urohæmatoporphyrin makes the urine of orange tint, while the rarer ally gives it a deep port-wine colour: urines containing this last do not decompose for many weeks.I lately encountered meio-de-oxyhæmatoporphyrin in the urine from a case of rare skin-disease, Dermatitis herpetiformis bullosa. Both these hæmatoporphyrins have absorption-spectra resembling that of alkaline hæmatoporphyrin, and each, on the addition of strong sulphuric acid, is changed to the characteristic two-banded acid-hæmatoporphyrin.