bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of vision 2030 on traffic safety in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Dahim Mohammed A.H. 
Published: September 2018

Background and objectives:
Road traffic accident (RTA) in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) is the first and major cause of death. The primary objective of this paper is to investigate the impact of Saudi Vision 2030 on road traffic safety. The Vision 2030 programs lead to the implementation of two crucial steps. The first step was to introduce value-added tax (VAT), and the second step was to increase fuel prices. The effect of these two steps on RTAs, injuries, and fatalities is determined and evaluated in this study.

Research methods:
The data of RTAs, injuries, and fatalities in the last three decades before implementing VAT and before increasing fuel prices were collected and analyzed. A short-term effect of fuel prices was evaluated using the data of 3 months after each increase in fuel price. The results of RTA before the increase in fuel prices were compared with those of RTAs after the increase in fuel prices. Time series autoregressive and t-test were used to analyze the significant differences in the results.

Results and discussion:
The results show that RTAs have increased continuously during the last 30 years until the increase in fuel prices. A short-term effect of Vision 2030 and economic transformation were evaluated using RTA data before and after the increase in fuel prices. The remarkable decline in the number of RTAs, injuries, and fatalities after fuel prices increased was recorded.

Conclusion:
Despite all the core issues implementing to reduce RTAs, such as traffic law enforcement, RTAs in the KSA increase and become the first cause of death in the country. Vision 2030 leads to an increase in gasoline prices and the implementation of VAT. The increase in gasoline prices contributes to a short-term decrease in RTAs, injuries, and fatalities by 22.4%, 21.9%, and 14.1%, respectively, while intermediate-term decrease in RTAs and road traffic fatalities is by 72892 and 1842, respectively. The decrease in RTAs may be attributed to the reduction in unnecessary trips and slower and careful driving by people to decrease fuel consumption. Statistical analyses performed using time series and t-test confirmed the significant effect of fuel prices on reducing RTAs.
Prevalence and incidence of clinically diagnosed Alzheimer's disease dementia from 1994 to 2012 in a population study
Authors: Rajan Kumar B. , Weuve Jennifer , Barnes Lisa L. , Wilson Robert S. , Evans Denis A. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractIntroductionThe trends in prevalence and incidence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia remain uncertain.MethodsA sample of 2794 participants with a clinical diagnosis for AD dementia were included.ResultsThe 2010 census standardized prevalence of AD dementia was 14.5% (95% CI = 13.7–15.3), and annual incidence was 2.3% (1.7–2.9). Both prevalence and incidence showed substantial variation over time, but no secular trends. The prevalence of AD dementia did not change significantly from 14.6% (95% CI = 13.0, 16.2) in 1994–1997 to 14.7% (95% CI = 13.2, 16.2) in 2010–2012 (P = .84). The annual incidence of AD dementia was 2.8% (95% CI = 2.2, 3.2) in 1998–2000 and 2.2% (95% CI = 1.6, 2.8) in 2004–2006 (P = .20) and remained steady in 2010–2012. The prevalence and incidence among African Americans were approximately twice than those among European Americans.ConclusionsThe prevalence and incidence of AD dementia showed substantial variation between 1994 and 2012, but no secular trend.
Ankle Joint and Rearfoot Biomechanics During Toe‐In and Toe‐Out Walking in People With Medial Compartment Knee Osteoarthritis
Authors: Charlton Jesse M. , Hatfield Gillian L. , Guenette Jordan A. , Hunt Michael A. 
Published: September 2018

BackgroundToe‐in and toe‐out walking are 2 strategies that have been shown to be effective in reducing the knee adduction moment in people with knee osteoarthritis. However, despite a positive biomechanical impact on the knee, altering foot rotation may impart unintended forces or joint positions on the ankle that could impact joint health. The kinematic and kinetic changes at the ankle during toe‐in or toe‐out walking have yet to be examined.ObjectiveTo examine ankle/rearfoot biomechanics during toe‐in and toe‐out walking in those with knee osteoarthritis.DesignSingle‐session repeated measures design to compare ankle biomechanics during walking with 4 different foot rotations.SettingUniversity motion analysis laboratory.ParticipantsA convenience sample (N = 15) of males and females with a diagnosis of medial knee osteoarthritis confirmed by radiographs.MethodsParticipants walked in 4 conditions guided by real‐time biofeedback: (1) toe‐in (+10°), (2) zero rotation (0°), (3) toe‐out (−10°), and (4) toe‐out (−20°). Ankle and rearfoot kinematics and kinetics were examined during barefoot over‐ground walking.Main Outcome MeasuresAnkle joint angles, moments, moment impulses, and foot rotation.ResultsOverall, toe‐in compared to toe‐out walking decreased (P = .03) peak rearfoot eversion (toe‐in = −1.6°; 10° toe‐out = −3.7°; 20° toe‐out = −4.1°). Toe‐in compared to toe‐out walking also increased rearfoot inversion at initial contact (7.4° vs 3.1° at 10° toe‐out and 1.9° at 20° toe‐out; P < .001) and frontal plane rearfoot angle excursion (9.0° vs 6.8° at 10° toe‐out and 6.0° at 20° toe‐out; P < .006). Toe‐in compared to all other conditions increased peak external ankle inversion moments (0.04 Nm/kg vs 0.02 Nm/kg at 0°, 0.02 Nm/kg at 10° toe‐out, and 0.01 Nm/kg at 20° toe‐out; P < .003).ConclusionsToe‐in and toe‐out walking require different ankle/rearfoot biomechanics, though no differences in discomfort were observed. Longer‐term studies are required to properly assess these relationships in knee osteoarthritis populations.Level of EvidenceIV
Network‐based assessment of collaborative research in neuroscience
Authors: Marchand Gwen C. , Hilpert Jonathan C. , Bragg Kristine M. , Cummings Jeffrey 
Published: September 2018

AbstractIntroductionThe purpose of this study was to describe collaborative research in neuroscience within the context of the Center for Neurodegeneration and Translational Neuroscience (CNTN), a Center of Biomedical Research Excellence supported by the National Institute of General Medical Science. Drawing upon research on the science of team science, this study investigated the way that interactions around research emerged over the course of establishing a new research center. The objectives were to document changes in research activity and describe how human research support infrastructure functioned to support the production of science.MethodsSocial network analyses were used to model coauthorship relationships based on publication histories from baseline (2014) through the current grant year (2017) for key personnel (n = 12), as well as survey data on collaborative engagement among CNTN members (n = 59).ResultsExponential random graph models indicated that over time, CNTN members were increasingly likely to form coauthorship relationships. Community detection algorithms and brokerage analyses suggested that the CNTN was functioning as intended to support scientific development.DiscussionAssessment of team science efforts is critical to evaluating and developing appropriate support structures that facilitate successful team science efforts in translational neuroscience.
LeopardPanthera pardusdensity in southern Mozambique: evidence from spatially explicit capture–recapture in Xonghile Game Reserve
Authors: Strampelli Paolo , Andresen Leah , Everatt Kristoffer T. , Somers Michael J. , Rowcliffe J. Marcus 
Published: September 2018

AbstractRigorous status estimates of populations of large carnivores are necessary to inform their management and help evaluate the effectiveness of conservation interventions. The African leopardPanthera pardusfaces rising anthropogenic pressures across most of its contracting sub-Saharan range, but the scarcity of reliable population estimates means that management decisions often have to rely on expert opinion rather than being based on sound evidence. This is particularly true for Mozambique, where little is known about the ecology or conservation status of leopard populations as a result of prolonged armed conflict. We used camera trapping and spatially explicit capture–recapture models to provide a leopard density estimate in Xonghile Game Reserve in southern Mozambique, which is part of the Greater Limpopo Transfrontier conservation initiative. The estimated population density was 2.60 ± SE 0.96 leopards/100 km2. Our study provides a baseline leopard density for the region and the first empirical density estimate for southern Mozambique. Our results also suggest that current methods used to set trophy hunting quotas for leopards, both in Mozambique and elsewhere in Africa, may be leading to unsustainable quotas, which highlights the importance of robust empirical data in guiding conservation policy.
INTERTEXTUALITY IN THE MUSIC OF OUR TIME: PAWEŁ SZYMAŃSKI'S RIDDLES
Authors: Kostka Violetta 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThis article is devoted to the music of Paweł Szymański. The author is convinced that an intertextual reading of his music is the most compelling one. Taking into consideration Szymański's two-level technique she interprets his works by means of categories elaborated in the field of literature: intertextuality exponent, interpretant, and text characterised by intertextual play. In the second part of the article two different works are discussed, the first representing the algorithmic, and the second the improvisational method of composing. The author concludes that these works are deeply rooted in tradition and, at the same time, are modern, as well as original, with the interpretants constituting the major source of their originality.
Liminality as a dimension of the experience of living with terminal cancer
Authors: Willig Carla , Wirth Luisa 
Published: September 2018

AbstractObjectiveThis paper is concerned with the phenomenology of death awareness within the context of being diagnosed with terminal cancer. The objective of the research presented here is to provide a deeper insight into terminally ill cancer patients’ engagement with their mortality.MethodThe analysis forms part of a wider project that involved conducting a metasynthesis of 23 phenomenological studies of the experience of living with the awareness of having terminal cancer published between 2011 and 2016.ResultThe metasynthesis identified four master themes that represent distinct experiential dimensions of living with terminal cancer. This paper focuses on one of these themes, liminality, to provide novel insights into the structure of death awareness whilst living with terminal cancer.Significance of resultsThe results suggest that liminality describes an experiential space from within which terminal cancer patients encounter a new relationship with their existence. Liminality offers opportunities for both connection (e.g., with the natural world) as well as disconnection (e.g., from loved ones and others who still have a future) and therefore contains the potential for suffering and distress as well as for joy and a sense of fulfillment. This understanding of liminality can help healthcare professionals provide psychological support for this client group.
Assessing the Efficiency of Thermal Pressurization Using Natural Pseudotachylyte‐Bearing Rocks
Authors: Brantut Nicolas , Mitchell Thomas M. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe efficiency of thermal pressurization as a dynamic weakening mechanism relies on the thermal and hydraulic properties of the rocks forming the fault core. Here we assess the effectiveness of thermal pressurization by comparing predictions of temperature rise to field estimates based on pseudotachylyte‐bearing rocks. We measure hydraulic and transport properties of a suite of fault rocks (a healed cataclasite, an unhealed breccia, and the intact parent rock) from the pseudotachylyte‐bearing Gole Larghe fault in the Adamello batholith (Italy) and use them as inputs in numerical simulations of thermal pressurization. We find that the melting temperature can be reached only if damaged, unhealed rock properties are used. A tenfold increase in permeability or a fourfold increase in pore compressibility of the intact rock is required to achieve melting. Our results emphasize the importance of damage processes that strongly modify fault rock properties and dynamic weakening processes during earthquake propagation.
Mesoscale F Region Neutral Winds Associated With Quasi‐steady and Transient Nightside Auroral Forms
Authors: Zou Ying , Nishimura Yukitoshi , Lyons Larry , Conde Mark , Varney Roger , Angelopoulos Vassilis , Mende Stephen 
Published: September 2018

AbstractHigh‐latitude neutral winds often circulate in a two‐cell pattern as driven by large‐scale auroral forcing. However, auroral forcing also occurs in various types of mesoscale forms (i.e., tens to hundreds of kilometers in space and a few to tens of minutes in time) and contains more energy input over mesoscale than large scale. A question arises as to whether and how winds respond to the mesoscale forcing. We characterize F region winds associated with various types of auroral forms using scanning Doppler imagers, auroral imagers, and radars. The auroras examined include a quasi‐steady east‐west elongated arc, a quasi‐steady Harang aurora, transient streamers, and a transient substorm westward traveling surge. We find that winds exhibit distinct spatial structures, appearing as channels, vortices, and reversals. Such structures are consistent with the structures of the plasma flows associated with the auroras. Winds exhibit a temporal evolution very similar to the plasma flows and reach maximum perturbations only <~20 min after the flows. The above results suggest that the thermosphere is closely coupled to the ionosphere/magnetosphere through the ion drag force. The <~20‐min time scale can be partially explained by the strong ionization effect associated with the auroras and partially by the fact that the wind perturbations do not approach the flow perturbations but halt at ~20% possibly due to momentum forces other than the ion drag.
GPS Scintillations and Losses of Signal Lock at High Latitudes During the 2015 St. Patrick's Day Storm
Authors: Jin Yaqi , Oksavik Kjellmar 
Published: September 2018

AbstractWe investigate the Global Positioning System (GPS) amplitude and phase scintillations during a severe geomagnetic storm on 17 March 2015. The auroral oval expanded significantly due to a strongly southward interplanetary magnetic field (Bz was −25 nT). When the auroral oval was over Skibotn in northern Norway, significant enhancements in total electron content (TEC) fluctuations, amplitude, and phase scintillation were observed. The strongest amplitude and phase scintillations were observed when a TEC blob propagated across the field of view. Strong amplitude and phase scintillations were observed near the edges of the TEC blob. The European Incoherent SCATter ultrahigh frequency radar observed significant enhancement of electron density (from 0.8 × 1011 to 1.6 × 1011 m−3) near the edge of the TEC blob in the F2 region, while the E region was only slightly enhanced. This indicates that the plasma processes and instability modes, which accounted for the strong GPS scintillations, should involve the F2 region ionosphere. We also analyzed the tracking performance of the GPS receiver during strong ionospheric scintillation condition. While the receiver maintained tracking of the GPS L1 signal, the strong amplitude scintillation resulted in a power fade up to 12 dB‐Hz. Losses of lock occurred in the GPS L2 band. Both the power fade and rapid phase fluctuation should contribute to losses of lock.
Antarctic Ice Properties Revealed From Teleseismic P Wave Coda Autocorrelation
Authors: Phạm Thanh‐Son , Tkalčić Hrvoje 
Published: September 2018

AbstractAntarctica is largely covered by an ice cap of a variable thickness characterized by relatively low density and seismic velocities. Passive seismological deployments have a limited use in imaging a thin ice layer because of the dominance of a relatively low‐frequency content in the teleseismic wavefield. Here we use passive seismological data and an improved autocorrelation method utilizing P wave coda to image the ice cover. The resulting autocorrelograms are interpreted as reflectivity records from a virtual source on the surface and reflection pulses at the ice base. We convert the reflection delay of P waves to the ice thickness measurements using a homogeneous P wave speed compatible with previous studies. Apart from P wave reflectivity, we obtain S wave reflectivity from the autocorrelation of radial component. The ratio of S wave and P wave reflection times represents a measurement of the P over S wave speed ratio (and Poisson's ratio). The successful application to unveil the Antarctic ice sheet properties presented here opens a way for future studies to measure properties of the ice cover in Antarctica, other continents, and icy planets in future space missions.
Making Cratonic Lithospheric Mantle
Authors: Su Bin , Chen Yi 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe origin of cratonic lithospheric mantle has been attributed to either high‐pressure (5–7 GPa) melting in hot mantle plumes or low‐pressure (<5 GPa) melting in mid‐ocean ridges or suprasubduction zones. To resolve this long‐standing debate, it is necessary to confirm under what depths the incipient cratonic mantle melted. Compared with most cratonic mantle xenoliths and xenocrysts, which commonly experienced metasomatic modification after melt extraction, diamond inclusions with predominantly harzburgitic compositions can better track the compositional signature of pristine cratonic mantle. This paper presents thermodynamic calculations performed with THERMOCALC software to establish a quantitative relationship between garnet and cratonic peridotite compositions. Along the normal cratonic geotherm (40 mW/m2), the XCa [atomic Ca/(Ca + Mg + Fe2+)] and Cr# [atomic Cr/(Cr + Al) × 100] values in garnet depend mainly on the bulk CaO/Al2O3 and Cr# values, respectively. Furthermore, mantle melting modeling shows that the Cr# of the residue displays a negative correlation with melting pressure at melt fractions of greater than ~15%. Therefore, the high Cr# values (mostly 12–36) of global garnet inclusions in diamond support a low‐pressure (<4 GPa) origin for cratonic lithospheric mantle. More importantly, the incipient cratonic mantle calculated from the garnet inclusions exhibits similar bulk CaO/Al2O3 and Cr# compositions to oceanic lithosphere but different values from arc lithosphere with higher CaO/Al2O3 and Cr# values. These results imply that cratonic mantle was initially formed by the extensive melting of hot ambient mantle in the Archean ocean ridge environments. The shallow oceanic lithosphere was subsequently stacked to generate the thick and stable cratonic lithospheric mantle.
The role of acid-sensitive ion channels in panic disorder: a systematic review of animal studies and meta-analysis of human studies
Authors: Quagliato Laiana A. , Freire Rafael C. , Nardi Antonio E. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractAcid-sensitive ion channels, such as amiloride-sensitive cation channel (ACCN), transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 (TRPV1), and T-cell death-associated gene 8 (TDAG8) are highly related to the expression of fear and are expressed in several regions of the brain. These molecules can detect acidosis and maintain brain homeostasis. An important role of pH homeostasis has been suggested in the physiology of panic disorder (PD), with acidosis as an interoceptive trigger for panic attacks. To examine the effect of acid-sensitive channels on PD symptoms, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of these chemosensors in rodents and humans. Following PRISMA guidelines, we systematically searched the Web of Science, Medline/Pubmed, Scopus, Science Direct, and SciELO databases. The review included original research in PD patients and animal models of PD that investigated acid-sensitive channels and PD symptoms. Studies without a control group, studies involving patients with a comorbid psychiatric diagnosis, and in vitro studies were excluded. Eleven articles met the inclusion criteria for the systematic review. The majority of the studies showed an association between panic symptoms and acid-sensitive channels. PD patients appear to display polymorphisms in the ACCN gene and elevated levels of TDAG8 mRNA. The results showed a decrease in panic-like symptoms after acid channel blockade in animal models. Despite the relatively limited data on this topic in the literature, our review identified evidence linking acid-sensitive channels to PD in humans and preclinical models. Future research should explore possible underlying mechanisms of this association, attempt to replicate the existing findings in larger populations, and develop new therapeutic strategies based on these biological features.
Gut microbiota regulates mouse behaviors through glucocorticoid receptor pathway genes in the hippocampus
Authors: Luo Yuanyuan , Zeng Benhua , Zeng Li , Du Xiangyu , Li Bo , Huo Ran , Liu Lanxiang , Wang Haiyang , Dong Meixue , Pan Junxi , Zheng Peng , Zhou Chanjuan , Wei Hong , Xie Peng 
Published: September 2018

AbstractGut microbiota has an important role in the immune system, metabolism, and digestion, and has a significant effect on the nervous system. Recent studies have revealed that abnormal gut microbiota induces abnormal behaviors, which may be associated with the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. Therefore, we investigated the behavioral changes in germ-free (GF) mice by behavioral tests, quantified the basal serum cortisol levels, and examined glucocorticoid receptor pathway genes in hippocampus using microarray analysis followed by real-time PCR validation, to explore the molecular mechanisms by which the gut microbiota influences the host’s behaviors and brain function. Moreover, we quantified the basal serum cortisol levels and validated the differential genes in anEscherichia coli-derived lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment mouse model and fecal “depression microbiota” transplantation mouse model by real-time PCR. We found that GF mice showed antianxiety- and antidepressant-like behaviors, whereasE. coliLPS-treated mice showed antidepressant-like behavior, but did not show antianxiety-like behavior. However, “depression microbiota” recipient mice exhibited anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors. In addition, six glucocorticoid receptor pathway genes (Slc22a5,Aqp1,Stat5a,Ampd3,Plekhf1, andCyb561) were upregulated in GF mice, and of these only two (Stat5aandAmpd3) were upregulated in LPS-treated mice, whereas the shared gene,Stat5a, was downregulated in “depression microbiota” recipient mice. Furthermore, basal serum cortisol levels were decreased inE. coliLPS-treated mice but not in GF mice and “depression microbiota” recipient mice. These results indicated that the gut microbiota may lead to behavioral abnormalities in mice through the downstream pathway of the glucocorticoid receptor. Herein, we proposed a new insight into the molecular mechanisms by which gut microbiota influence depressive-like behavior.