bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A modified phase‐based constitutive model for shape memory polymers
Authors: Pan Zhouzhou , Zhou Yu , Zhang Ni , Liu Zishun 
Published: August 2018

ABSTRACTConstitutive models used for predicting the thermomechanical behavior of shape memory polymers (SMPs) are critical for the development of SMP applications. Among the existing models, the phase transition concept attracts wide attention due to its good predictive capacity and great convenience. However, most of the present phase transition models for SMPs have limitations or deficiencies in considering the effect of temperature change rate on the thermomechanical behavior of SMPs. In this paper, based on the kinetics of phase transitions, we propose a constitutive model in which the temperature change rate is incorporated into the phase evolution function to consider the effect of the temperature change rate on the thermomechanical properties of SMPs. Then experimental data under different recovery conditions for two different types of SMP materials are used to validate the predictive capacity and versatility of the present model. The predicted results agree quite well with the experimental observations, which demonstrates that the present model is robust enough to predict the complex thermomechanical behavior for different SMPs. In addition, through experiments and model predictions, we find that the shape free recovery curves at different heating rates can be easily predicted by just moving a reference recovery curve along the horizontal direction by a distance whose value is calculated through the proposed equation. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
The impact of the EU neonicotinoid seed‐dressing ban on oilseed rape production in England
Authors: Scott Charles , Bilsborrow Paul E 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBACKGROUNDNeonicotinoid seed dressings on oilseed rape were banned in the European Union (EU) from December 2013. A survey of > 200 farms was conducted in England in the 2014/15 and 2015/16 seasons to assess the impact of the ban on changes in crop area, crop losses to cabbage stem flea beetle (CSFB), insecticide use and the economics of oilseed rape production.RESULTSThe area of oilseed rape grown fell in both seasons, with CSFB identified as the third most important reason for the decrease. Crop losses to CSFB were 3% and 5% in the respective seasons, with clear variation by county. There were clear differences in the crop area treated (1.14 vs 0.77 million ha) and the number of insecticide applications per crop (2.0 vs 1.4) to combat CSFB in 2014/15 and 2015/16, respectively. Within the derogation area counties there was a clear reduction in the number of applications per crop when neonicotinoid‐treated vs non‐treated seed was used (1.0 vs 1.9), respectively.CONCLUSIONIncreasing resistance to pyrethroid insecticides in combination with the neonicotinoid seed dressing ban is likely to have significant impacts on the viability of growing oilseed rape in England particularly where CSFB activity/risk is high. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Ion mobility mass spectrometry with molecular modelling to reveal bioactive isomer conformations and underlying relationship with isomerization
Authors: Ouyang Hui , Bo Tao , Zhang Zhengxiang , Guo Xinqiu , He Mingzhen , Li Junmao , Yang Shilin , Ma Xin , Feng Yulin 
Published: August 2018

RationaleIn medicine and drug development, molecular modelling is an important tool. It is attractive to develop a platform connecting the theoretical structural modelling and the results from experimental measurement. In addition, the separation and structural analysis of bioactive constituent isomers are still challenging tasks.MethodsDrift tube ion mobility (IM) mass spectrometry (MS) provides the experimental collision cross section (CCS) which contains the structural information. The experimental CCS can be compared with the calculated CCS of the molecular modelling structures. This technique is especially useful for bioactive constituents in herbal medicine because active isomers with the same chemical formula are common in these samples. IM helps separate and identify these isomers and reveals details about their structures and conformations.ResultsTwo model bioactive constituents, caffeoylquinic acids (CQAs) and dicaffeoylquinic acids (di‐CQAs), were selected to systematically investigate the influence of solution, ion source conditions and ion heating on the isomer CCS distributions. By comparing the calculated CCS with the experimental value, we identified the favorable conformations of CQAs. The most compact conformation of a CQA was less likely to isomerize than the more extended conformation. It was found that the isomerization tendency was in accord with the conformation favorability.ConclusionsThis study offers an effective approach to predict and demystify the conformation and isomerization of the active constituents in herbal medicines.
Characteristics of Metal Cation Carbonation and Carbon Dioxide Utilization Using Seawater‐Based Industrial Wastewater
Authors: Yoo Yunsung , Kang Dongwoo , Kim Injun , Park Jinwon 
Published: August 2018

AbstractIn this study, carbon capture and utilization (CCU) technology was used to capture CO2 in simulated industrial flue gas using industrial wastewater from a refined‐salt production plant. Also, captured CO2 was converted to metal carbonate salt which has a potential to be used as valuable product in another industry. In order to increase the purity of the products, the target ions were first separated from the industrial wastewater using pH control. And, three amine‐type absorbents were used to transport CO2 to the metal ions for carbonation reaction. However, for that which cannot make precipitated salt with ionic CO2 species, direct carbonation method was applied. X‐Ray Diffraction, Field‐Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy, and Thermogravimetry/Derivative Thermogravimetry were used to investigate properties of the products. Mg and Ca product were comprised of nesquehonite‐ (purity: 95.150%) and calcite‐dominant (purity: 96.51%) mixtures, respectively. Under the experimental conditions, the number of mole of CO2 converted to valuable material in the total process was 0.9546 mol per 500 ml industrial wastewater.
Role of Charge‐Transfer State in Perylene‐Based Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Shivanna Ravichandran , Rajaram Sridhar , Narayan K. S. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractA Charge‐transfer (CT) states in bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells play a decisive role in determining the characteristics and performance of the devices. The photophysical processes of CT states are closely investigated in a perylene based BHJ and a fullerene‐based BHJ. Comparison of the band‐tail photocurrent, PL/EL and morphology reveal the role of molecular structure‐property correlation on charge generation processes. The inference drawn from these results points to decreased early recombination losses at the polymer‐perylene interface and possibility of realizing higher efficiencies in such non‐fullerene systems compared to PC71BM based systems.
Synthesis of Core‐Shell Structured MnO2 Petal Nanosheet@Carbon Sphere Composites and Their Application as Supercapacitor Electrodes
Authors: Chen Xiao‐Ping , Wen Jie , Zhao Chun‐Xia , Li Yun‐Tao , Wang Ning 
Published: August 2018

AbstractA novel MnO2 petal nanosheet@carbon sphere core‐shell structure was successfully fabricated by adjusting the quantity of the KMnO4 precursor employed during the in situ growth of MnO2 on the surface of carbon spheres via a facile hydrothermal method. In the presence of low KMnO4 contents, only MnOOH was generated. In contrast, upon increasing the quantity of KMnO4, δ‐MnO2 nanorods and petal nanosheets were obtained, thereby allowing the formation of the core‐shell structured δ‐MnO2 petal nanosheet@carbon sphere composites. However, beyond a certain point, further increases in the KMnO4 content were unfavorable. Although, prepared MnO2/carbon sphere composites of different morphologies can be used for supercapacitors (SCs) electrode materials, we found that the core‐shell structured MnO2 petal nanosheet@carbon sphere composites exhibited the optimal capacitance performances in all the composites. These composites exhibited an excellent specific capacitance of 231 F⋅g−1 under a current density of 0.5 A⋅g−1. Furthermore, they also demonstrated an impressive cycling stability. Indeed, after 1,000 cycles at 10 A⋅g−1, the MnO2 petal nanosheet@carbon spheres exhibited 96% of their initial capacitance in a 1 M Na2SO4 aqueous electrolyte. The synergistic effect between δ‐MnO2 and the porous carbon spheres in the unique core‐shell structured is responsible for the excellent cycle life.
Nanobubbles from Ethanol‐Water Mixtures: Generation and Solute Effects via Solvent Replacement Method
Authors: Millare Jeremiah C. , Basilia Blessie A. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractReplacement of ethanol‐water solutions (70 – 100% v/v) with deionized water was performed in a flow cell of a particle size analyzer. The resulting alcohol solutions were found to contain bulk nanoscale bubbles due to air supersaturation as can be induced by the difference in gas solubility of the solvents. The effect of charged and polar solutes (salt and sugar) that may influence the formation and surface chemistry of nanobubbles was also determined. Dispersion characteristics such as hydrodynamic diameter, particle concentration, along with the particle‘s electrokinetic property were measured all at once using light scattering techniques after solution replacement with and without the solute species. Light scattering results showed that the resulting solutions upon exchange have higher particle quantities than the starting ethanol‐water solvents with smaller diameters ranging from 80 to 160 nm due to nanobubble formation. The claim for air supersaturation forming nanobubbles that may have resulted to the increase in particle density can also be deduced from the obtained optical images in a microscope. The electrokinetic potential or zeta potential was also higher for the solvent exchange protocols entailing for a selective orientation of ethanol molecules in a bubble surface. More importantly, In terms of solute effects, it appears that while salt anions promote gaseous diffusion, sugar molecules inhibit it.
pH‐Switchable Water‐Soluble Boron Nitride Nanotubes
Authors: Guan Jingwen , Kim Keun Su , Jakubinek Michael B. , Simard Benoit 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe first example of aqueous solutions of boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) with switchable stability and without use of surfactants is demonstrated. The as‐produced boron nitride nanotubes are both purified and solubilized through an environmentally friendly and scalable approach using water extraction and liquid bromine treatment. This treatment effectively removes elemental boron particles and excess bromine reacts with BNNTs, inducing B−N bond cleavage on the BNNT surface to yield hydroxyl (OH) and amino (NH2) functionalized BNNTs. The resulting functionalized BNNTs form stable aqueous solutions around neutral pH (4 < pH < 8), but readily precipitate in other pH ranges. This switchable solubility is explained in terms of the capability of the functional groups (OH and NH2) to form hydrogen‐bonding networks in water. Further, the solubility differences in selected polar organic solvents have been utilized to prepare functionalized BNNTs with higher purity.
About the assessment of gold concentrations in tiny inclusions within sulfide mineral matrix: An electron microprobe study
Authors: Finkelshtein Alexander L. , Tatarinov Vasiliy V. , Finkelstein Evgeniya , Pavlova Ludmila A. , Kravtsova Raisa G. 
Published: August 2018

A method for estimating the native gold composition in micron‐ and submicron‐sized inclusions in the matrix of a sulfide mineral with electron probe X‐ray microanalysis is proposed. Such inclusion sizes are comparable with or less than the X‐ray generation volume, and therefore, the analytical signal is a mixture of signals from the matrix elements and the inclusion elements, which significantly complicates the quantification. The proposed procedure is based upon the extrapolation of the trend of the dependence of the measured elemental contents in the inclusions, for example, Au or Ag, versus the content of matrix elements, namely, S, Fe, and As. To define the influence of the inclusion size on the intensity of the excited X‐rays, the trajectories of the electrons in a sample were simulated by the Monte Carlo method. It was found that the trends in the behavior calculated by the Monte Carlo method are consistent with the data measurements of an artificial pyrite sample with a sprayed pure gold layer (approximately 1 μm thick) arranged perpendicular to the sample surface. The measurements were performed on a Superprobe JXA‐8200 microanalyzer. The proposed method was demonstrated by analyzing natural, finely dispersed gold inclusions in arsenopyrite. This approach made it possible to evaluate the Au and Ag contents in the approximately 1 μm inclusions and assess the uncertainty of the measurement.
Nosocomial transmission of hepatitis C virus in a liver transplant center in Hong Kong: implication of reusable blood collection tube holder as the vehicle for transmission
Authors: Cheng Vincent C.C. , Wong Shuk-Ching , Wong Sally C.Y. , Sridhar Siddharth , Yip Cyril C.Y. , Chen Jonathan H.K. , Fung James , Chiu Kelvin H.Y. , Ho Pak-Leung , Chen Sirong , Cheng Ben W.C. , Ho Chi-Lai , Lo Chung-Mau , Yuen Kwok-Yung 
Published: August 2018

BackgroundA liver transplant recipient developed hospital-acquired symptomatic hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 6a infection 14 months post transplant.ObjectiveStandard outbreak investigation.MethodsPatient chart review, interviews of patients and staff, observational study of patient care practices, environmental surveillance, blood collection simulation experiments, and phylogenetic study of HCV strains using partial envelope gene sequences (E1–E2) of HCV genotype 6a strains from the suspected source patient, the environment, and the index patient were performed.ResultsInvestigations and data review revealed no further cases of HCV genotype 6a infection in the transplant unit. However, a suspected source with a high HCV load was identified. HCV genotype 6a was found in a contaminated reusable blood-collection tube holder with barely visible blood and was identified as the only shared item posing risk of transmission to the index case patient. Also, 14 episodes of sequential blood collection from the source patient and the index case patient were noted on the computerized time log of the laboratory barcoding system during their 13 days of cohospitalization in the liver transplant ward. Disinfection of the tube holders was not performed after use between patients. Blood collection simulation experiments showed that HCV and technetium isotope contaminating the tip of the sleeve capping the sleeved-needle can reflux back from the vacuum-specimen tube side to the patient side.ConclusionsA reusable blood-collection tube holder without disinfection between patients can cause a nosocomial HCV infection. Single-use disposable tube holders should be used according to the recommendations by Occupational Safety and Health Administration and World Health Organization.
Eating with a smaller spoon decreases bite size, eating rate and ad libitum food intake in healthy young males
Authors: James Lewis J. , Maher Tyler , Biddle Jack , Broom David R. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThere is a paucity of data examining the effect of cutlery size on the microstructure of within-meal eating behaviour or food intake. Therefore, the present studies examined how manipulation of spoon size influenced these eating behaviour measures in lean young men. In study one, subjects ate a semi-solid porridge breakfast ad libitum, until satiation. In study two, subjects ate a standardised amount of porridge, with mean bite size and mean eating rate covertly measured by observation through a one-way mirror. Both studies involved subjects completing a familiarisation visit and two experimental visits, where they ate with a teaspoon (SMALL) or dessert spoon (LARGE), in randomised order. Subjective appetite measures (hunger, fullness, desire to eat and satisfaction) were made before and after meals. In study one, subjects ate 8 % less food when they ate with the SMALL spoon (SMALL 532 (SD 189) g; LARGE 575 (SD 227) g; P=0·006). In study two, mean bite size (SMALL 10·5 (SD 1·3) g; LARGE 13·7 (SD 2·6) g; P<0·001) and eating rate (SMALL 92 (SD 25) g/min; LARGE 108 (SD 29) g/min; P<0·001) were reduced in the SMALL condition. There were no condition or interaction effects for subjective appetite measures. These results suggest that eating with a small spoon decreases ad libitum food intake, possibly via a cascade of effects on within-meal eating microstructure. A small spoon might be a practical strategy for decreasing bite size and eating rate, likely increasing oral processing, and subsequently decreasing food intake, at least in lean young men.
Arlinskii's Iteration and its Applications
Authors: Titkos Tamás 
Published: August 2018

AbstractSeveral Lebesgue-type decomposition theorems in analysis have a strong relation to the operation called theparallel sum. The aim of this paper is to investigate this relation from a new point of view. Namely, using a natural generalization of Arlinskii's approach (which identifies the singular part as a fixed point of a single-variable map) we prove the existence of a Lebesgue-type decomposition for non-negative sesquilinear forms. As applications, we also show how this approach can be used to derive analogous results for representable functionals, non-negative finitely additive measures, and positive definite operator functions. The focus is on the fact that each theorem can be proved with the same completely elementary method.
Dynamic feedforward control of spatial cable-driven hyper-redundant manipulators for on-orbit servicing
Authors: Mu Zonggao , Liu Tianliang , Xu Wenfu , Lou Yunjiang , Liang Bin 
Published: August 2018

SUMMARYThe hyper-redundant manipulators are suitable for working in the constrained on-orbit servicing environment due to the extreme flexibility. However, its modelling and control are very challenging due to the characteristics of non-linearity and strong coupling. In this paper, considering the multi-level mapping among the motors, cables, joints, and end-effector, a proportional derivative (PD) with dynamic feedforward compensation control system is designed. The corresponding control system is divided into five parts: controller, planner, actuator, manipulator, and sensor. The actual control torque consisting of the desired feedforward torque and the feedback torque is generated by the controller. In order to improve the tracking accuracy and maintain rapid response, the torque, which is calculated by the dynamics model of the traditional joint-driven manipulator, is regarded as the desired feedforward torque. The parameters of interest are the angle and velocity of the universal joint and motors. The planner plans and converts the desired parameters of the universal joint to corresponding motors. Combining with the feedback angles and velocities signals of the corresponding motors, the feedback torque can be calculated by the PD control module. Finally, typical cases of six universal joints (12DOFs) manipulators are simulated and experimented. The results demonstrate that the method is very efficient for controlling spatial cable-driven hyper-redundant manipulators.
The Case for Foreign Electoral Subversion
Authors: Fabre Cécile 
Published: August 2018

AbstractIt is widely alleged that President Putin's regime attempted to exercise influence on the 2016 U.S. presidential election. It is known that its Soviet predecessors funded Western communist parties for decades as a means to undermine noncommunist regimes. Similarly, the United States has a long history of interfering in the institutions and elections of its Latin American neighbors, as well as (at the height of the Cold War) its European allies. More recently, many believe that, absent U.S.-driven assistance, the Democratic Opposition of Serbia would have lost the 2000 Yugoslavian presidential election to Slobodan Milošević. As those examples suggest, attempting to subvert the democratic elections of a putatively sovereign country is a time-honored way of bending the latter's domestic and foreign policy to one's will. In this paper, I focus on the state-sponsored, nonviolent, nonkinetic subversion of nationwide elections (for short, subversion) through campaign and party financing, tampering with electoral registers, and conducting disinformation campaigns about candidates. I argue that, under certain conditions and subject to certain constraints, subversion is pro tanto justified as a means to prevent or end large-scale human rights violations.
The Moral Limits of Territorial Claims in Antarctica
Authors: Mancilla Alejandra 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBy virtue of the Antarctic Treaty, signed in 1959, the territorial claims to Antarctica of seven of the original signatories were held in abeyance or “frozen.” Considered by many as an exemplar of international law, the Antarctic Treaty System has come to be increasingly questioned, however, in a very much changed global scenario that presents new challenges to the governance of the White Continent. In this context, it is necessary to gain a clearer understanding of the moral weight of those initial claims, which stand (despite being frozen) as a cornerstone of the treaty. The aim of this article is to offer an appraisal of such claims, which may be divided into two main kinds: those grounded on some relevant link to the territory, and those grounded on official documents and geographical doctrines. After pointing to the limitations and challenges that they face, I conclude with some remarks about how this assessment ought to serve as a starting point to rethink the territorial status of Antarctica.