bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Global assessment of marine biodiversity potentially threatened by offshore hydrocarbon activities
Authors: Venegas‐Li Rubén , Levin Noam , Morales‐Barquero Lucía , Kaschner Kristin , Garilao Cristina , Kark Salit 
Published: March 2019

AbstractIncreasing global energy demands have led to the ongoing intensification of hydrocarbon extraction from marine areas. Hydrocarbon extractive activities pose threats to native marine biodiversity, such as noise, light, and chemical pollution, physical changes to the sea floor, invasive species, and greenhouse gas emissions. Here, we assessed at a global scale the spatial overlap between offshore hydrocarbon activities and marine biodiversity (>25,000 species, nine major ecosystems, and marine protected areas), and quantify the changes over time. We discovered that two‐thirds of global offshore hydrocarbon activities occur in areas within the top 10% for species richness, range rarity, and proportional range rarity values globally. Thus, while hydrocarbon activities are undertaken in less than one percent of the ocean's area, they overlap with approximately 85% of all assessed species. Of conservation concern, 4% of species with the largest proportion of their range overlapping hydrocarbon activities are range restricted, potentially increasing their vulnerability to localized threats such as oil spills. While hydrocarbon activities have extended to greater depths since the mid‐1990s, we found that the largest overlap is with coastal ecosystems, particularly estuaries, saltmarshes and mangroves. Furthermore, in most countries where offshore hydrocarbon exploration licensing blocks have been delineated, they do not overlap with marine protected areas (MPAs). Although this is positive in principle, many countries have far more licensing block areas than protected areas, and in some instances, MPA coverage is minimal. These findings suggest the need for marine spatial prioritization to help limit future spatial overlap between marine conservation priorities and hydrocarbon activities. Such prioritization can be informed by the spatial and quantitative baseline information provided here. In increasingly shared seascapes, prioritizing management actions that set both conservation and development targets could help minimize further declines of biodiversity and environmental changes at a global scale.
Metabolic Syndrome and Cognitive Impairment among High Socioeconomic, Nondemented Older US Adults
Authors: Martinez‐Miller Erline E. , Kohl Harold W. , Barlow Carolyn E. , Willis Benjamin L. , DeFina Laura F. 
Published: March 2019

OBJECTIVESNondemented cognitive impairment (CI) presents opportunities for early interventions among individuals at risk for dementia. Identification of modifiable determinants is paramount to the development of effective clinical interventions. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) was theorized as a risk factor, but current research yields inconsistent findings. Few studies have examined the association between MetS and CI among US populations, and global results may be ungeneralizable. We investigated the MetS‐CI association among high socioeconomic, nondemented older US adults, examining the roles of sociodemographic, clinical, behavioral, and genetic factors.DESIGNCross‐sectional.SETTINGCooper Clinic of Dallas, Texas: Cooper Center Longitudinal Study (2009‐2017).PARTICIPANTSA total of 5200 dementia‐free older adult Cooper Clinic patients.MEASUREMENTSCI was detected with a Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) score lower than 26. MetS was established based on National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel guidelines. Unadjusted and multivariable log‐binomial regression were used to assess the MetS‐CI association, with modification assessment by age, sex, education, cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), and apolipoprotein‐ε4 carrier status (APOE‐ε4).RESULTSMetS was not associated with CI when adjusting for age, sex, minority status, education, and marital status (prevalence ratio [PR] = 1.09; 95% confidence interval = .97‐1.23) or when additionally adjusting for body mass index, CRF, alcohol consumption, current smoking status, and APOE‐ε4 (PR = 1.07; 95% confidence interval = .80‐1.45). The association was not modified by age, sex, CRF, or APOE‐ε4 (P for interaction >.05).CONCLUSIONIn contrast with some global and US studies, MetS and CI were not associated among our study population of nondemented older US adults. MetS may not be a suitable intervention target for poor cognitive outcomes among high socioeconomic older US adults, although separate MetS components may have different recommendations. Future studies should explore more diverse older US populations. If replicated, these findings would inform clinical efforts to reduce the burden of poor cognitive outcomes in the United States.
Effect of oral health behavior and demographic variables on gingival health in 11‐16‐year‐old school children in Chandigarh, India: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Sharma Urvashi , Gill Namrata , Gulati Anubha , Passi Sidhi , Verma Leena , Bal Ikreet S. , Arora Rosy , Agnihotri Archna , Gauba Krishan 
Published: March 2019

AbstractAimsThe aims of the present study were to assess the prevalence and pattern of gingival bleeding on probing (BOP) and to evaluate the effect of oral health behavior and demographic determinants on gingival health in 11‐16‐year‐old school children in Chandigarh, India.MethodsA cross‐sectional study, using stratified random sampling, was conducted across two age groups, 11‐13 years and 14‐16 years, and two socioeconomic strata: upper and lower. The World Health Organization (WHO) Oral Health Questionnaire for Children was used to record the data, and the WHO Community Periodontal Index (modified) was used to assess gingival BOP.ResultsAmong all the 2294 children examined, an estimated 54.2% had gingival BOP. The odds of BOP were also higher in the younger age group (odds ratio [OR]: 1.261, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.068‐1.487, P = 0.006), higher for boys (OR: 1.200, 95% CI: 1.017‐1.416, P = 0.031), and lower in the upper strata (OR: 0.805, 95% CI: 0.682‐0.951, P = 0.011). Gingival BOP was 58.5% in the mandibular and 41.5% in the maxillary arch (P < 0.0001); χ2‐test found tooth cleaning frequency to be a significant contributing factor for gingival BOP (P = 0.014).ConclusionsAn inverse co‐relation of gingival BOP with age, socioeconomic status, and a higher prevalence in boys was observed, necessitating periodic preventive dental education, particularly focusing on the target group. Additionally, early screening and prompt treatment to intercept the disease is advocated.
Evolution of fetal lung stiffness during gestation in two different congenital malformations
Authors: Mottet Nicolas , Metz Jean‐Patrick , Chaussy Yann 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThis report is aimed at opening a new reflexion about exploration of fetal lungs malformations with 2‐D ultrasound shear wave elastography (2D‐SWE) in two fetuses. These preliminary results are drawn from the ELASTOMAP study, which was designed to explore feasibility of 2D‐SWE on fetal lungs. Fetus A presented Congenital Pulmonary Airway Malformation and fetus B congenital obstructive emphysema. We estimated every 3 weeks the Congenital Pulmonary Airway Malformation Volume Ratio (CVR) of the malformation and we evaluated stiffness by 2D‐SWE. Stiffness of the lesion and the normal lung were compared to liver stiffness using Lung to Liver Elastography (LLE) ratio. Interestingly, CVR and LLE ratios evolved differently in these two lesions caused by distinct physiopathological processes. In both cases, LLE ratio' variations preceded that of CVR. LLE ratio of the normal lung was constant through gestation. 2D‐SWE could be a promising tool to describe stiffness evolution in fetal lungs malformations.
Listening to the voices of children: an illuminative evaluation of the teaching of early reading in the light of the phonics screening check
Authors: Carter Jane 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe phonics screening check (PSC) was introduced in England in 2012 for children in Year 1. There have been criticisms in relation to its reliability and appropriateness as an assessment tool for early reading although supporters of the PSC see it as a valuable tool in securing progress in reading. The DfE‐funded evaluation concluded, however, that it “did not find any evidence of improvements in pupils' literacy performance, or in progress, that could be clearly attributed to the introduction of the PSC”. This article reports some of the findings from a doctoral study that sought to illuminate the voices of those most affected by the PSC: children in Year 1 and their teachers. The study used an illuminative evaluation methodology (Kushner, 2017) and focused on a range of schools in a large city, selected for their diversity in relation to attainment data (PSC and reading) and socio‐economic status. The findings demonstrate the negative backwash from the assessment process which has influenced the way that phonics is taught and so raises some questions for teachers and policy‐makers about the approach to the teaching of early reading in the light of the PSC.
Diversity patterns in upper Cambrian to Lower Ordovician trilobite communities of north‐western Argentina
Authors: Serra Fernanda , Balseiro Diego , Waisfeld Beatriz G. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe hierarchical structure of biodiversity from a regional scale analysis has received much attention as an alternative approach to unravelling the principal drivers of biodiversification. To better understand the processes that control the diversification of Cambro‐Ordovician trilobite communities from the Argentine Cordillera Oriental, we explore patterns of occupancy and diversity trajectories at the local and regional scales through seven intervals (Furongian, loTr1, upTr1, loTr2, upTr2, Tr3 and Fl2–3), and across an onshore‐offshore profile. Our results indicate: (1) a decrease in regional diversity from the upper Tr2 onwards, mainly caused by a reduction in the number of rare taxa, coupled with stable beta diversity at regional scale and a constant rise in beta diversity in deep subtidal environments; (2) a higher proportion of regional diversity allocated to the within‐habitat beta component; and (3) that changes in gamma diversity are driven primarily by changes in alpha diversity during the Furongian–Tr3, whereas in the Floian, beta diversity seems to modulate regional diversity. These trends and associated patterns indicate increasing ecological differences among taxa, shifting from metacommunities where most taxa have similar ecological preferences or ‘Hubbell type’ to metacommunities with high niche differentiation or ‘Hutchinson type’. Interestingly, the timing of this shift coincides with the regional‐scale turnover between trilobite evolutionary faunas suggesting that the rise in niche differentiation among these genera may be related to the transition. Superimposed on this general trend, particular diversity structures can be understood in the light of metacommunity dynamics, such as dispersal limitation and mass effect.
Perceptions of traditional and modern types of depression: A cross‐cultural vignette survey comparing Japanese and American undergraduate students
Authors: Kashihara Jun , Yamakawa Itsuki , Kameyama Akiko , Muranaka Masaki , Taku Kanako , Sakamoto Shinji 
Published: March 2019

AimDepression is a heterogeneous disorder that has various subtypes. In Japan, however, a prevailing misunderstanding is that the term utsu‐byo (clinical depression) indicates only the melancholic type. Consequently, a subtype called ‘modern‐type depression’ (MTD), which has contrasting features to those of melancholic or traditional‐type depression (TTD), is severely stigmatized in Japan these days. The present study conducted a cross‐cultural comparison of perceptions of TTD and MTD between Japan and the USA to examine how the Japanese collectivistic culture contributes to negative biases toward MTD.MethodsUndergraduate students in Japan (N = 303) and the Midwestern USA (N = 272) completed the survey. They read two vignettes that described the conditions of fictional individuals with either TTD or MTD, and then reported their perceptions of each vignette.ResultsMixed analyses of variance revealed significant interactions between nation (Japan or the USA) and vignette (TTD or MTD) on most perception items. These interactions and subsequent analyses with Bonferroni corrections mainly indicate the following: (i) Japanese are more likely to suppose that conditions of MTD are milder compared with TTD; and (ii) Japanese are more likely to hold stronger aversive attitudes and weaker willingness to provide support toward people with MTD than toward those with TTD.ConclusionThese results indicate that people with MTD are more likely to be accepted in the US independent culture than in the Japanese collectivistic culture. Discussion highlights that cultural diversity education potentially reduces stigma of MTD in Japan.
Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans in a pediatric patient with ataxia telangiectasia syndrome
Authors: Duffy Robert , Liaqat Maryam , Lawrence Naomi , Manders Steven 
Published: March 2019

AbstractAtaxia telangiectasia (AT) is a rare autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder caused by a mutation in the ATM gene. An impaired immune response due to the gene mutation leads to an increased risk of infection and malignancy. We present a rare case of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans arising in a patient with AT.
Comparison of efficacy and safety profile for home NB‐UVB vs. outpatient NB‐UVB in the treatment of non‐segmental vitiligo: A prospective cohort study
Authors: Zhang Li , Wang Xiuxiu , Chen Shujun , Zhao Juemin , Wu Jiaqiang , Jiang Min , Zhang Chengfeng , Xiang Leihong 
Published: March 2019

SummaryObjectiveThe aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of home and outpatient narrowband ultraviolet B light (NB‐UVB) for the treatment of non‐segmental vitiligo.MethodsA total of 94 patients with non‐segmental vitiligo were enrolled. Forty‐eight patients were treated with home NB‐UVB, and the other 46 patients were treated with outpatient NB‐UVB over a period of 6 months. The efficacy, patient quality of life, and adverse events were assessed at month 3 and month 6 after treatment.ResultsThere was no significant difference in repigmentation and VASI‐reverse (VR) rates between outpatient NB‐UVB and home NB‐UVB groups. VR was higher in outpatient NB‐UVB group at month 3, and similar at month 6. For long‐standing vitiligo, VR was higher in the outpatient NB‐UVB group compared with home NB‐UVB group after 6 months of treatment. In recent vitiligo, the VR was similar between the two groups. Additionally, vitiligo‐specific health‐related quality‐of‐life instrument (VitiQoL) score was similar, and the adverse effects were minimal among the two groups.ConclusionsThe efficacy and safety of home NB‐UVB and outpatient NB‐UVB phototherapy for non‐segmental vitiligo were comparable. According to our results, those with long‐standing vitiligo may be recommended to receive outpatient NB‐UVB phototherapy.
Characterization of tanning behavior assessed via online survey: Attitudes, habits, and preventive measures with focus on sunscreen use
Authors: Schneiderbanger Constanze K. , Schuler Gerold , Heinzerling Lucie , Kirchberger Michael C. 
Published: March 2019

SummaryBackground/purposeIncidence of melanoma is increasing globally. Exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) as important risk factor for developing skin cancer can be influenced by tanning behavior. Only a few studies are available concerning sun tanning behavior and protective measures.MethodsAn online survey was distributed via social media to assess tanning habits and examine associated demographic and behavioral factors.ResultsIn total, 403 questionnaires were distributed, and mean age of respondents was 32. Having a tanned skin, feeling warm and relaxed were the most common motivations for tanning. The use of sunscreen varied and seemed to depend on the occasion of UVR exposure, constantly applied during vacation and during tanning, less commonly applied in daily life and during work. Avoiding painful solar dermatitis was more important as motivation for the use of sunscreen than skin cancer prevention. Skin aging as reason for the use of sunscreen was especially important for females younger than 26 years. The most common applied sun protection factor was 16‐49. The main reason opposing the use of sunscreen was a too laborious usage, which was significantly associated with male. Beauty was the only association related to tanned skin the majority (62%) agreed with.ConclusionThe motivation for tanning and reasons for avoiding sunscreen strongly varies. Knowledge about these factors could be used for improving campaigns with respect to target groups. Clarifying the appropriate application of sunscreen, developing convenient sunscreen formulations and providing information about UVR‐induced skin aging could lead to an increased usage of sunscreen and therefore to an improved UVR protection.
Parasite load stemming from immunization route determines the duration of liver‐stage immunity
Authors: Patel Hardik , Althubaiti Nouf , Parmar Rajesh , Yadav Naveen , Joshi Urja , Tyagi Rajeev K. , Krzych Urszula , Dalai Sarat K. 
Published: March 2019

SummaryImmunization with radiation‐attenuated Plasmodium sporozoites (RAS) induces sterile and long‐lasting protective immunity. Although intravenous (IV) route of RAS immunization is reported to induce superior immunity compared to intradermal (ID) injection, its role in the maintenance of sterile immunity is yet to be understood. We investigated whether the route of homologous sporozoite challenge of Plasmodium berghei (Pb) RAS‐immunized mice would influence the longevity of protection. C57BL/6 mice immunized with Pb‐RAS by IV were 100% protected upon primary IV/ID sporozoite challenge. In contrast, ID immunization resulted in 80% protection, regardless of primary challenge route. Interestingly, the route of primary challenge was found to bring difference in the maintenance of sterile protection. While IV Pb RAS‐immunized mice remained protected at all challenges regardless of the route of primary challenge, ID Pb‐RAS‐immunized mice receiving ID primary challenge became parasitaemic upon secondary IV challenge. Significantly, primary IV challenge of Pb RAS ID‐immunized mice resulted in 80% and 50% survival at secondary and tertiary challenges, respectively. According to phenotypically diverse liver CD8+ T cells, the percentages and the numbers of both CD8+ T effector memory and resident memory cells were significantly higher in IV than in ID Pb RAS‐immunized mice. IFN‐γ‐producing CD8+ T cells specific to Pb TRAP130 and MIP‐4‐Kb‐17 were also found significantly higher in IV mice than in ID mice. The enhanced T‐cell generation and the longevity of protection appear to be dependent on the parasite load during challenge when infection is tolerated under suboptimal CD8+ T‐cell response.
On cusp location estimation for perturbed dynamical systems
Authors: Kutoyants Yury A. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractWe consider the problem of parameter estimation in the case of observation of the trajectory of the diffusion process. We suppose that the drift coefficient has a singularity of cusp type and that the unknown parameter corresponds to the position of the point of the cusp. The asymptotic properties of the maximum likelihood estimator and Bayesian estimators are described in the asymptotic of small noise, that is, as the diffusion coefficient tends to zero. The consistency, limit distributions, and the convergence of moments of these estimators are established.
In or Out? Understanding How Social and Symbolic Boundaries Influence the Economic Integration of Transnational Migrants in Non‐Metropolitan Economies
Authors: McAreavey Ruth , Krivokapic‐Skoko Branka 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThis article uses data from Australia and Northern Ireland to examine migrants’ inclusion in non‐metropolitan economies that have limited experience of migration. These places came to our attention in recent decades when the accelerated arrival of migrants presented challenges and opportunities within these so called New Immigration Destinations. We scrutinise migrants’ entry into, their participation in, and eventual mobility within, the labour market in these places. Contributing to the literature that challenges a linear concept of integration, social and symbolic boundaries are used to explore how migrants are included or excluded from rural and regional labour markets. We show how the state frames legal boundaries of inclusion and exclusion and how those boundaries are influenced and manipulated by a range of social actors, including private sector agents working within agri‐food businesses. We find a misalignment between different scales of social boundaries. At a macro level, migrants may be included in the labour market while in reality they can be excluded through everyday interactions.
Attitudes and perceptions among men having sex with men towards a new non‐deferral blood donation policy in Israel
Authors: Levy Itzchak , Olmer Liraz , Livnat Yuval , Shalhavi Ran , Hizki Ohad , Shinar Eilat 
Published: March 2019

BackgroundIn June 2017, Israel lifted the ban on blood donations from men who have sex with men (MSM) and accepts donations if 12 months have passed since the last sexual contact. Recently, the National Blood Services suggested a novel approach that involves acceptance of MSM blood donations without deferral, keeping solely the frozen plasma in quarantine and releasing it for transfusion if a subsequent donation, at least 4 months later, is found negative for transfusion‐transmitted agents. In this study, we examined the attitudes and perceptions of MSM to the new Frozen Plasma Quarantine Policy (FPQP).MethodA survey was published on gay‐oriented websites, collecting anonymous demographic data, history of blood donations and attitudes towards the new policy.ResultsWe analysed responses from 1233 MSM. Of these, 13·4% had donated blood at least once during the previous year, almost all of them (89·7%) not complying with the current 12‐month deferral. Most respondents (64·5%) supported the suggested new approach and would consider donating blood if it were introduced. Of MSM who had donated blood in the previous year, 85% stated they would agree to reveal their sexual practice in the donor health questionnaire (DHQ) in order to be included in the programme, compared with 8·5% under the current 12‐month deferral policy.ConclusionThe suggested Plasma Quarantine Policy may be more acceptable to MSM than a 12‐month deferral and increase their compliance with the blood services policy. This and retesting of donors may increase blood safety.
The Intramural Program: A Comprehensive Analysis
Authors: Farrell Anne , Thompson Sharon 
Published: March 2019

While the majority of the members of the National Intramural-Recreational Sports Association work at the community college, college or university level of higher education, there exists at the elementary and secondary level of higher education an untapped area of recreational sports development. Why intramural sports remains at this relatively low level of participation and resource allocation is more than likely the result of a combination of factors. This article examines the components and benefits of a properly organized, funded and supported intramural sports program. Intramural sports programs at the elementary/secondary levels need three basic components in order to be successful: (1) Student involvement; (2) Assistance from the school staff; and (3) Cooperative efforts from the school district. The effective and efficient intramural sports program results in the development of character and leadership among the participating students and leads to a commitment to a lifetime of physical activity.