bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sinema ve Dans Arasındaki İlişki: Müzikal Filmlerinde Hareket İmge
Authors: UĞUR Aysu 
Published: May 2019

Sanat insanın dünyayı anlamlandırmasına ve
kendini ifade etmesine yardımcı olmaktadır. Tüm sanat dalları çeşitli
dönemlerde birbirinden etkilenmiştir. Sinemanın 7. Sanat olarak görülmesi diğer
sanatlarla güçlü bir şekilde etkileşim halinde olmasından kaynaklıdır. Sinema
görsel sanatlar içinde etkili bir yere sahiptir ve görsel- işitsel tekniklerin
kullanılması açısından esnektir. Sinemanın diğer sanatlarla ilişkisinde en çok
incelenen konular edebiyat, resim ve fotoğraftır. Ancak bu çalışmada dans ve
sinema arasındaki ilişkiden doğan müzikal filmler, hareket-imge bağlamında
incelenmiştir. Hareket, dansın ve sinemanın özünü oluşturmaktadır ve bu
hareketlerin kurgusu anlam yaratmada önemlidir. Sessiz sinema döneminde Mack
Sennett, Charlie Chaplin güldürülerini bedenin hareketiyle anlatmıştır ve beden
sinemada bir imge haline gelmiştir. Müzikal filmlerde öne çıkan beden, müzik ve dansın etkisiyle estetik bir forma
bürünmüştür, filmlerin anlatı yapısı müzikal türüne özgü değişmiştir. Deleuze
sinemanın hareket bloklarından oluştuğunu söyler ve sinemayı hareketle düşünen
bir sanat olarak görmektedir. Bu yaklaşımdan yola çıkarak müzikal filmlerindeki
görsel imajların, sinematografik unsurlarla ve hareket ile güçlendiğini
söylemek mümkündür. Bu bağlamda Damien
Chazelle ’in yönettiği ‘’La
la land’’ (2016) filminin örneklem olarak seçilmesinde düşsel dünyayı kuran
hareket-imgeler etkili olmuştur. Film
analizi yöntemiyle filmdeki hareket imajlar incelenmiş ve müzikal türünün
kendine özgü kodları açıklanmıştır.
Sexual Dimorphism in Permanent Maxillary and Mandibular Canine of Medical Students in Gandaki Medical College, Nepal
Authors: Shrestha Bijayata 
Published: May 2019

Introduction: Gender determination is important for identification in forensic practice. Odontometrics plays an important role in sex determination in young individuals where secondary sexual characters are yet to be developed.
Objective: The objective was to re-evaluate the previous finding of the sexual dimorphism in Mesiodistal (MD) and Buccolingual (BL) dimension of maxillary and mandibular canine in the study population being Medical Students of Medical College in province 4 of Nepal.
Methodology: This is a cross sectional study conducted on the study cast of 40 male and 40 female medical students of academic year 2017/18 of Gandaki Medical College, Nepal, of age group 18-24 from October to December 2017. The MD and BL dimensions of all the four canines were measured using digital vernier's caliper. Data were compared using descriptive statistics, student's t-test and paired sample t test. P<0.05 was found statistically significant.
Results: Statistically significant sexual dimorphism was found in MD and BL dimension of maxillary and mandibular canine with males' canine measuring larger than females'. The left mandibular canine was found to be the most dimorphic in term of BL dimension among the canines.
Conclusion: The present study exhibited the buccolingual dimension of the left mandibular canine as the most dimorphic tooth. Further studies using large representative sample from all the provinces has to be conducted to quantify and generalize the result among the Nepalese Dentition.
MODELO DE DISEÑO PARA LA ACREDITACIÓN ANALÍTICA DE LABORATORIOS EN BIOLOGÍA Y QUÍMICA AMBIENTAL
Authors: Argota-Pérez George , Iannacone Jose Alberto , Castañeda-Pérez Luz , Huarancca Contreras Patricia 
Published: May 2019

En múltiples ocasiones, la toma de decisiones ambientales depende de la respuesta analítica emitida por un laboratorio y no siempre, los resultados químicos o biológicos se sustentan por la trazabilidad metodología que requiere su validación. El propósito del estudio fue desarrollar un modelo de diseño para la acreditación analítica de laboratorios en biología y química ambiental. El diseño del modelo referido como eje dinámico de primer orden, al proceso de medición donde otros cuatro ejes dinámicos de segundo orden confluyeron son denominados: I) proceso de la muestra (muestra), II) proceso de realización (métodos), III) proceso de seguimiento y mejora (resultados) y IV) proceso institucional (laboratorio). Cada uno de los ejes de segundo orden presentó diversos criterios de validez para asegurar el proceso de medición específica. Se concluyó que el diseño del modelo permitió asegurar la confiabilidad de los resultados.
Fatigue Cracking in a Stainless Steel Welded Exhaust Hose Assembly
Authors: Levy Eli 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
A failure analysis was conducted to determine the cause of recurring failure of flexible bellows in an exhaust hose assembly. The bellows were made of type 321 stainless steel. Visual examination showed that cracks followed a path along the seam weld in the bellows. Most of the cracks followed a multidirectional/circular pattern, occasionally chipping off the convolutions, an indication of high-resonance fatigue-type cracking. Scanning electron fractography showed fatigue striations throughout the fracture surface. The microstructure consisted of relatively large grains and an abnormal degree of titanium-base stringers. Wall thickness was about 0.15 mm (0.006 in.) underside. It was concluded that the high vane pass frequency excited the natural vibration of the bellows to a higher resonance and cracked the bellows after a relatively short service period. The assembly was redesigned, and no further cracking occurred.
Failure of a Brass Pipe Nipple
Authors: D'Antonio Carmine 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
A brass (CDA alloy 230) pipe nipple that was part of a domestic cold water bath system failed two weeks after installation. Macrofractography, SEM examination, metallography, and chemical analyses were performed on specimens cut through the main fracture surface. The physical and background evidence obtained indicated failure due to cracking initiated by stamped markings on the pipe wall and extended by high circumferential residual stresses. It was recommended that annealed pipe be used.
Failure of a Type 317L Stainless Steel Clad Bottom Cone of an Acid Sulfite Pulping Batch Digester
Authors: Chakrapani Durgam G. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
A segment of a stainless steel clad bottom cone of an acid sulfite pulping batch digester failed from severe corrosion loss. The digester was fabricated of 19 mm (34 in.) low-carbon steel with 3.8 mm (0.15 in.) type 317L stainless steel cladding. The manufacturing method for the cladding was unknown. Visual and metallographic analyses indicated that the failure was from transgranular stress-corrosion cracking (TGSCC), which caused extensive cracking and spalling of the cladding and was localized in a segment of the bottom cone. The remainder of the digester cladding was unaffected. The TGSCC was attributed to high, locked-in residual stresses from the cladding process. It was recommended that the bottom cone replacement segment be stress relieved prior to installation.
Failure Analysis of a Carrier Shaft
Authors: Bravenec Edward V. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
A 25 mm (1 in.) diam carrier shaft failed suddenly during operation. The shaft failed near the toe of the 4.8 mm (316 in.) frame-to-shaft 60 deg and 120 deg submerged metal arc (SMA) tack welds after an unknown time in service. Material specifications called for the shaft to be made from SAE 1018 cold-rolled carbon steel. Carrier assembly components were made from type 300 stainless steel, and all nuts, spacers, and washers were to be SMA tack welded to the stainless steel frame. Chemical analyses (OES, SEM/EDS) showed the shaft to actually be made from SAE 1050 high-carbon steel and that a low-carbon steel welding procedure had been used. This resulted in incipient cracks in the stainless steel weld metal near the toes of the component-to-shaft welds. The hardnesses of the heat-affected zones were as high as 58 HRC, and they were grain coarsened. The parting of the shaft was determined to have been caused by an impact failure mechanism, with the origin at the incipient cracks in the weld metal. Additionally, the coarsened heat-affected zones were found to be hydrogen embrittled. The primary cause of the failure was the use of an unspecified material.
Failure of a Flexible Pump Connector
Authors: D'Antonio Carmine 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
A stainless steel flexible connector failed after a short period of service. Visual examination of the failed part revealed that a fracture had occurred in the thin-walled stainless steel bellows brazed into the flanges at each end. Surface examination by SEM fractography showed that failure of the bellows occurred via fatigue. The crack in the bellows had widened considerably after the fracture, and the bellows had been severely compressed on the fracture side prior to failure. Based on these observations, it was concluded that bellows had been damaged prior to installation. The damage resulted in high mean tensile stresses upon which were superimposed cyclic stresses, with fatigue failure the final result.
Gaseous Corrosion of a Heat-Resistant Alloy (Metal Dusting)
Authors: Colwell Richard L. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
A 150 mm (6 in.) diam, 1.6 mm (0.065 in.) thick alloy 800 1iner from an internal bypass line in a hydrogen reformer was removed from a waste heat boiler because of severe metal loss. Visual and metallographic examinations of the liner indicated severe metal wastage on the inner surface, along with sooty residue. Patterns similar to those associated with erosion/corrosion damage were observed. Microstructural examination of wasted areas revealed a bulk matrix composed of massive carbides, indicating that gross carburization and metal dusting had occurred. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the carbides were primarily chromium based (Cr23C7 and Cr7C3). The sooty substance was identified as graphite. Wasted areas were ferromagnetic and the degree of ferromagnetism was directly related to the degree of wastage. Three actions were recommended: (1) inspection of the waste heat boiler to determine the extent of metal damage in other areas by measuring the degree of ferromagnetism, (2) replacement of metal determined to be magnetic, and (3) closer monitoring of temperatures in the region of the reformer furnace outlet.
Service Failure of a Die Insert Made From AISI D2 Tool Steel
Authors: Menke Hector H. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
An AISI D2 tool steel insert from a forming die used in the manufacture of automotive components failed prematurely during production. Results of various analyses and simulation tests indicated fatigue failure resulting from improper heat treatment. The fatigue fracture originated because of a highly stressed condition produced by a sharp corner combined with low toughness from ineffective tempering. It was recommended that 25 other inserts that belonged to the same die be double tempered.
Failure of a Stainless Steel Hip Fracture Fixation Device
Authors: D'Antonio Carmine 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
A type 316L stainless steel “Jewett nail” hip implant failed after 2 months of service. Fracture occurred through the first of five screw holes in the plate section. Microscopic examination of mating fracture surfaces showed that failure had initiated at the outside (convex) surface of the plate and proceeded through its thickness. The fracture morphology was characteristic of fatigue. A beveled area on the inside surface of the plate indicated that the implant had been fractured for some time prior to removal. Metallographic examination of samples cut from the plate section revealed a series of hidden repair welds on the inside surface of the plate in the vicinity of the fracture. Comparison of the microstructure in the area of the fracture with that in an area away from the weld indicated that the repair welding had resulted in the creation of an annealed, softened zone. Manufacturers should never attempt to salvage this type of critical device by welding or any other procedure that might compromise its integrity.
Failed Missile Launcher Detent Spring
Authors: Wechsler Gary , Champagne Victor K. , Pepi Marc 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
A missile detached from a Navy fighter jet during a routine landing on an aircraft carrier deck because of a faulty missile launcher detent spring. Visual inspection of Inconel 718 detent spring assembly revealed that four of the nine spring leafs comprising the assembly were plastically deformed while two of the deformed leafs did not meet minimal hardness or tensile requirements. Liquid penetrant testing revealed no cracks or other surface discontinuities on the leaf springs. Material sectioned from the soft spring leafs was heat-treated according to specifications in the laboratory. The resultant increase in mechanical properties of the re-heat-treated material indicated that the original heat treatment was not performed correctly. The failure was attributed to improper heat treatment. Recommendations focused on more stringent quality control of the heat-treat operations.
Feedwater Piping Erosion at a Waste-to-Energy Plant
Authors: Weiss Wendy L. , McClave Brian 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The carbon steel feedwater piping at a waste-to-energy plant was suffering from wall thinning and leaking after being in service for approximately six years. Metallographic examination of ring sections removed front the piping revealed a normal microstructure consisting of pearlite and ferrite. However, the internal surface on the thicker regions of the rings exhibited significant deposit buildup, where the thinned regions showed none. No significant corrosion or pitting was observed on either the internal or external surface of the piping. The lack of internal deposits on the affected areas and the evidence of flow patterns indicated that the wall thinning and subsequent failure were caused by internal erosion damage. The exact cause of the erosion could not be determined by the appearance of the piping. Probable causes of the erosion include an excessively high velocity flow through the piping, extremely turbulent flow, and/or intrusions (weld backing rings or weld bead protrusions) on the internal surface of the pipes. Increasing the pipe diameter and decreasing the intrusions on the internal surface would help to eliminate the problem.
Failure of Aircraft Target Towing Cables
Authors: Smith G.D.W. , Easterling K.E. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Over a period of 2 or 3 years, 40 to 50 premature failures of drawn high-tensile, pearlitic high-carbon (0.8 wt% C) steel wires used as cables for towing targets behind aircraft occurred. Six service failures were examined in detail. Four types of failure characteristics were noted. A close examination of wire that had been flown several times without failure was also made, and dynamic tests were conducted to investigate the fracture characteristics of wire subjected to dynamic loading. It was concluded that dynamic shock loading transmitted by the target during unsteady flight conditions was the major cause of failure. Recommendations emphasized the need for a suitable shock absorber to be fitted at the constant-tensioning device of the winch system.
Failure of Trailer Kingpins Caused by Overheating During Forging
Authors: Maccagno T.M. , Jonas J.J. , Yue S. , Thompson J.G. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
To forged AISI 4140 steel trailer kingpins fractured after 4 to 6 months of service. Fractographic and metallographic examination revealed that cracks were present in the spool-flange shoulder region of the defective kingpins prior to installation on the trailers. The cracks grew and coalesced during service. Consideration of the manufacturing process suggested that the cracks were the result of overheating of the kingpin blanks prior to forging, which was exacerbated during forging by deformation heating in the highly-strained region. This view was supported by results of two types of tensile tests conducted near the incipient melting temperature at the grain boundaries. All kingpins made by the supplier of the fractured ones were ultrasonically inspected and six more anticipated to fail were found. It was recommended that the heating of forging blanks be more carefully controlled, especially with respect to the accuracy of the optical pyrometer temperature readout. Also, procedures must be developed such that forging blanks that trigger the over-temperature alarm are reliably and permanently removed from the production line.
Failure of a Sprocket Drive Wheel in a Tracked All-Terrain Vehicle
Authors: Pollard W.A. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
A sand-cast LM6M aluminum alloy sprocket drive wheel in an all-terrain vehicle failed. Extensive cracking had occurred around each of the six bolt holes in the wheel. Evidence of considerable deformation in this area was also noted. Examination indicated that the part failed because of gross overload. Use of an alloy with a much higher yield strength and improvement in design were recommended.
Fracture of a Train Wheel Due to Thermally Induced Fatigue and Residual Stress
Authors: D'Antonio Carmine 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
An ASTM A 504 carbon steel railway car wheel that was used on a train in a metropolitan railway system failed during service, causing derailment. The wheel was completely fractured from rim to hub. Macrofractography of the fracture surface showed road grime, indicating that the crack had existed for a considerable time prior to derailment and initiated in the flange. Failure propagated from the flange across the rim and down the plate to the bore of the hub. Two zones that exhibited definite signs of heating were observed. The fracture initiation site was typical of fatigue fracture. No defects were found that could have contributed to failure. The wheel conformed to the chemical, microstructural, and hardness requirements for class A wheels. Failure was attributed to repeated severe heating and cooling of the rim and flange due to brake locking or misapplication of the hand brake. It was recommended that the brake system on the car be examined and replaced if necessary.
In-Service Failure of SAE Grade 8.1 Wheel Studs
Authors: Shipley Roch J. , Bouldin Peter C. , Holmes Edward W. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Failure of carbon-manganese steel wheel studs caused by improper tightening of the inner wheel nuts resulted in separation of a dual wheel assembly on a heavy truck. The benchmark pattern observed on the fracture surfaces of the studs evidenced fatigue cracks emanating from multiple origins around the circumference. There was no indication that any microstructural characteristics of the material contributed to the failure. Inclusions that were present were small and relatively few in number. Failure to check the torque of the inner wheel nuts as per the manufacturer's recommendation caused the inner wheel nuts to loosen during break-in and lose the required clamping force. The development and promotion of educational programs on proper wheel tightening procedures was recommended.
Acidic Pitting in Waterwall Tubing
Authors: Weiss Wendy L. , Jones John C. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Severe pitting was found on the internal surfaces of SA-210 Grade C waterwall tubing of a coal-fired boiler at a cogeneration facility. Metallographic examination showed the pits to be elliptical, having an undercut morphology with supersurface extensions,. a type of pitting characteristic of acidic attack. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscope revealed the presence of chlorine in the pit deposits, indicating that the pitting was promoted by underdeposit chloride attack. The presence of copper in deposits on the internal surface of the tubing may have acted as a secondary factor. Acidic conditions may have formed during a low-pH excursion that reportedly occurred several years prior. To prevent future failures, severely damaged tubing must be replaced. Internal deposit buildup must be removed by chemical cleaning to prevent further pitting. Water quality needs continued monitoring and maintenance to ensure that another low-pH excursion does not occur.
Failure of a Reactor Tube
Authors: Ciulik J. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
A low-carbon steel (St35.8) tube in a phthalic anhydride reactor system failed. Visual and stereomicroscopic examination of fracture surfaces revealed heavy oxide/deposits on the outer surface of the tube, tube wall thinning in the area of the fracture, and discolorations and oxides/deposits on the inner surface. Cross sections from the fracture surface were metallographically examined, and the deposits were analyzed. It was determined that the tube had thinned from the inner surface because of a localized overheating condition (probably resulting from a runaway chemical reaction within the tube) and then fractured, which allowed molten salt to flow into the tube.
Steam Superheater 800H Tube Failure
Authors: Franz Edward J. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
An SB407 alloy 800H tube failed at a 100 deg bend shortly after startup of a new steam superheater. Three bends failed and one bend remote from the failure area was examined. Visual examination showed that the fracture started on the outside surface along the inside radius of the bend and propagated in a brittle, intergranular fashion. Chemical analysis revealed that lead contamination was a significant factor in the failure and phosphorus may have contributed. The localized nature of the cracks and minimum secondary cracking suggested a distinct, synergistic effect of applied tensile stress with the contamination. Stress analysis found that stress alone was not enough to cause failure; however the operating stresses in the 100 deg bends were higher than at most other locations in the superheater Reduced creep ductility may be another possible cause of failure. Remedial actions included reducing the tube temperature, replacing the Schedule 40 100 deg bends with Schedule 80 pipe, and solution annealing the pipe after bending.
Stress-Corrosion Cracking in a Downcomer Expansion Joint
Authors: Bowman Ralph D. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
A type 321 stainless steel downcomer expansion joint that handled process gases was found to be leaking approximately 2 to 3 weeks after installation. The expansion joint was the second such coupling placed in the plant after failure of the original bellows. The failed joint was disassembled and examined to determine the cause of failure. Energy-dispersive x-ray analysis revealed significant peaks for chlorine and phosphorus, indicating failure by chloride stress-corrosion cracking (SCC). Cracks in the liner and bellows exhibited a branched pattern also typical of SCC. Cracks through the inner liner initiated on the outer surface of the liner and propagated inward, whereas cracks in the bellows originated on the inner surface and propagated outward. Stress-corrosion cracking of the assembly was caused by chloride contaminants trapped inside the bellows following hydrostatic testing. Checking the test fluid for chloride and removing all fluids after hydrostatic testing were recommended to prevent further failure.
Failure of a Service Water Pump Shaft
Authors: Shaikh Hasan , Khatak H.S. , Gnanamoorthy J.B. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
A service water pump in a nuclear reactor failed when its shaft gave way. The fracture originated in the threaded portion of the sleeve nut on the drive-end side of the shaft. Results of the failure analysis showed that the cracking initiated at the thread root as a result of corrosion fatigue. Crack propagation occurred either by corrosion or mechanical fatigue. Evidence was found indicating high rotary bending stresses on the shaft during operation. The nonstandard composition of the En 8 steel used in the shaft and irregular maintenance reduced the life of the shaft. Recommendations included use of a case-hardened En 8 steel with the correct composition and regular maintenance of the pump.