bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conformal geometry and (super)conformal higher-spin gauge theories
Authors: Kuzenko Sergei M. , Ponds Michael 
Published: May 2019

AbstractWe develop a manifestly conformal approach to describe linearised (super)conformal higher-spin gauge theories in arbitrary conformally flat backgrounds in three and four spacetime dimensions. Closed-form expressions in terms of gauge prepotentials are given for gauge-invariant higher-spin (super) Cotton and (super) Weyl tensors in three and four dimensions, respectively. The higher-spin (super) Weyl tensors are shown to be conformal primary (super)fields in arbitrary conformal (super)gravity backgrounds, however they are gauge invariant only if the background (super) Weyl tensor vanishes. The proposed higher-spin actions are (super) Weyl-invariant on arbitrary curved backgrounds, however the appropriate higher-spin gauge invariance holds only in the conformally flat case. We also describe conformal models for generalised gauge fields that are used to describe partially massless dynamics in three and four dimensions. In particular, generalised higher-spin Cotton and Weyl tensors are introduced.
The role of neuroticism in self-harm and suicidal ideation: results from two UK population-based cohorts
Authors: Hafferty Jonathan D. , Navrady L. B. , Adams M. J. , Howard D. M. , Campbell A. I. , Whalley H. C. , Lawrie S. M. , Nicodemus K. K. , Porteous D. J. , Deary I. J. , McIntosh A. M. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackgroundSelf-harm is common, debilitating and associated with completed suicide and increased all-cause mortality, but there is uncertainty about its causal risk factors, limiting risk assessment and effective management. Neuroticism is a stable personality trait associated with self-harm and suicidal ideation, and correlated with coping styles, but its value as an independent predictor of these outcomes is disputed.MethodsPrior history of hospital-treated self-harm was obtained by record-linkage to administrative health data in Generation Scotland:Scottish Family Health Study (N = 15,798; self-harm cases = 339) and by a self-report variable in UK Biobank (N = 35,227; self-harm cases = 772). Neuroticism in both cohorts was measured using the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Short Form. Associations of neuroticism with self-harm were tested using multivariable regression following adjustment for age, sex, cognitive ability, educational attainment, socioeconomic deprivation, and relationship status. A subset of GS:SFHS was followed-up with suicidal ideation elicited by self-report (n = 3342, suicidal ideation cases = 158) and coping styles measured by the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations. The relationship of neuroticism to suicidal ideation, and the role of coping style, was then investigated using multivariable logistic regression.ResultsNeuroticism was positively associated with hospital-associated self-harm in GS:SFHS (per EPQ-SF unit odds ratio 1.2 95% credible interval 1.1–1.2,pFDR0.0003) and UKB (per EPQ-SF unit odds ratio 1.1 95% confidence interval 1.1–1.2,pFDR9.8 × 10−17). Neuroticism, and the neuroticism-correlated coping style, emotion-oriented coping (EoC), were also associated with suicidal ideation in multivariable models.ConclusionsNeuroticism is an independent predictor of hospital-treated self-harm risk. Neuroticism and emotion-orientated coping styles are also predictive of suicidal ideation.
Blockchain Support for Collaborative Business Processes
Authors: Di Ciccio Claudio , Cecconi Alessio , Dumas Marlon , García-Bañuelos Luciano , López-Pintado Orlenys , Lu Qinghua , Mendling Jan , Ponomarev Alexander , Binh Tran An , Weber Ingo 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Blockchain technology provides basic building blocks to support the execution of collaborative business processes involving mutually untrusted parties in a decentralized environment. Several research proposals have demonstrated the feasibility of designing blockchain-based collaborative business processes using a high-level notation, such as the Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN), and thereon automatically generating the code artifacts required to execute these processes on a blockchain platform. In this paper, we present the conceptual foundations of model-driven approaches for blockchain-based collaborative process execution and we compare two concrete approaches, namely Caterpillar and Lorikeet.
Premelting increases the rate of regelation by an order of magnitude
Authors: REMPEL ALAN W. , MEYER COLIN R. 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACTGlacier sliding over small obstacles relies on melting on their upstream sides and refreezing downstream. Previous treatments have appealed to ‘pressure melting’ as the cause of the spatial variations in melting temperature that drive thisregelationprocess. However, we show that typical liquid pressure variations across small obstacles are negligible and therefore variations in ice pressure closely approximate variations in effective stress. For a given change in effective stress, the equilibrium melting temperature changes by an order of magnitude more than when the pressure of ice and liquid both change by an equal amount. In consequence, the temperature gradients that drive heat flow across small obstacles are larger than previously recognized and the rate of regelation is faster. Under typical conditions, the transition wavelength at which ice deformation and regelation contribute equally is of m-scale, several times longer than previous predictions, which have been reported to underestimate field inferences.
HUMAN RIGHTS IN INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT LAW: THE 2016 MOROCCO–NIGERIA BILATERAL INVESTMENT TREATY
Authors: Zugliani Niccolò 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe 2016 Morocco–Nigeria bilateral investment treaty (BIT) stands out from other such treaties because of its innovative human rights approach to the protection and promotion of foreign direct investment. Human rights permeate its approach to the regulation of investment in a manner which is most unusual in international investment agreements (IIAs). As a result, this is the most socially-responsible BIT currently concluded. Although it remains exceptional within the investment-treaty framework, the treaty reflects African initiatives to ensure that the next generation of BITs encourages more responsible investments. As such, it shows that human rights-compliant investment treaties can find fertile ground in developing African countries and it sets an example for current and future negotiations aimed at fostering respect for human rights in investment activities.
The Punishability of Impossible Attempts
Authors: Kremnitzer Mordechai 
Published: May 2019

A resolved to kill X and equipped himself for this purpose with a bottle containing poison. When X dined at A's house, A secretly poured some of the contents of the bottle into a drink that he offered X. X downed the drink but suffered no ill-effects since A's wife had, without his knowledge, poured away the poison and filled the bottle with water (first case).B put his hand into Y's coat pocket in order to pick its contents. His fingers scoured the pocket and found it to be empty. Alternatively, B fired at an empty bed with intent to kill Y, who was supposed to be in it (second case).
Recognition, Use of Force, and the Legal Effect of United Nations Resolutions under the Revised Restatement of the Foreign Relations Law of the United States
Authors: Halberstam Malvina 
Published: May 2019

The prestigious American Law Institute is in the process of promulgating a revised Restatement of the Foreign Relations Law of the United States. The present Restatement on the subject was adopted in 1962 and finally promulgated with revisions in 1965. Work on a revised restatement began in the late 1970s and the first tentative draft was submitted to the Institute in 1980. Thus far, five tentative drafts have been presented to the members of the Institute for their consideration and the Restatement as a whole is scheduled for consideration by the members of the Institute at its annual meeting in May 1985.The American Law Institute is a private organization of jurists, not a legislative body, and the Restatements are not official codifications. However, since the Institute membership includes some of the most noted scholars, judges and practitioners in the United States, the Restatements carry great weight and are often cited by United States courts in their decisions.
Is there a relationship between mastoid pneumatisation and facial canal dimensions?
Authors: Inal M , Bayar Muluk N , Asal N , Şahan M H , Şimşek G , Arikan O K 
Published: May 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate mastoid pneumatisation and facial canal dimensions.MethodIn this retrospective study, 169 multidetector computed tomography scans of temporal bone were reviewed. Facial canal dimensions were evaluated at the labyrinthine, tympanic and mastoid segments using axial and coronal multidetector computed tomography scans of temporal bone. Mastoid pneumatisation and facial canal dehiscence were evaluated. Facial canal dehiscence was measured if it was found to be present.ResultsThis study showed that facial canal dimensions decreased in pneumatised mastoids. Facial canal dimensions in females were smaller than in males. Facial canal dehiscence was detected in 5.9 per cent and 6.5 per cent of the patients on the right and left sides, respectively. No correlations were found between facial canal dehiscence and mastoid pneumatisation. The length of dehiscence was 1.92 ± 0.44 mm (range, 0.86–2.51 mm) on the left side. In older subjects, left facial canal dehiscence was detected more, and the length of the dehiscence increased.ConclusionThis study concluded that during surgery, facial canal dehiscence should be kept in mind in order to avoid complications.
Functional connectivity in obsessive-compulsive disorder and its subtypes
Authors: Ravindran Arun , Richter Margaret , Jain Tania , Ravindran Lakshmi , Rector Neil , Farb Norman 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackgroundObsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is an anxiety disorder with significant morbidity whose pathophysiology is not fully understood. Neuroimaging studies have characterized OCD in terms of elevated striatal and prefrontal reactivity to emotion provocation. This neural model may be informed by investigation of functional connectivity in OCD, identifying alterations in how sensory information is integrated into frontostriatal regions.MethodsThe current study employed functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to compare neural activity and connectivity in 31 OCD patients (12 washing and 19 checking subtypes) and 17 healthy volunteers in an emotion provocation paradigm using visual stimuli.ResultsOCD status was associated with hyper-activation of the posterior cingulate (PCg) in response to emotion provocation. Additionally, OCD patients demonstrated elevated PCg functional connectivity with the visual cortices and frontostriatal regions. Exploratory analyses suggested that stimulus-provoked activity and connectivity was elevated for checking subtypes in motor cortices, and elevated in washing subtypes in the anterior insula and orbitofrontal cortex.ConclusionsThe PCg's role in moderating connectivity between the visual cortex and frontolimbic regions is muted in OCD, consistent with the PCg's suggested role in regulating attention towards emotional stimuli. Exploratory analyses suggest distinct PCg connectivity profiles in OCD subtypes, with checking linked to motor activation, but washing linked to a network supporting emotional salience. The study was not powered to fully investigate the effects of medication, patients often endorsed secondary symptom subtypes that muddied washing/checking distinctions, and the emotion provocation paradigm was of limited intensity compared to life stressors.
L'ESPANSIONE DEL WELFARE STATE IN EUROPA OCCIDENTALE: 1900–1975
Authors: Alber Jens 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneLa precedente indagine sull'origine del welfare state in Europa Occidentale ha mostrato come la variante delle teorie pluraliste conflittuali che si rifà alla weberiana Herrschaftstheorie sia il modello interpretativo più valido per la comprensione della fase emergente delle assicurazioni sociali. Quest'ultima è stata perciò definita come una fase di politica sociale «dall'alto», caratterizzata dallo sforzo da parte del potere politico di integrare i lavoratori in seno all'ordine sociale borghese e allo stato autoritario. L'introduzione dei sistemi statali di assicurazione sociale costituisce tuttavia solo un momento nello sviluppo dello Stato del benessere. Resta quindi da vedere se gli interessi delle élites politiche abbiano influenzato in maniera più determinante rispetto alle rivendicazioni organizzate della classe operaia o alla pressione di problemi socio-economici anche i momenti successivi di tale sviluppo.
SUL GRADO DI PROPORZIONALITÀ DI ALCUNE FORMULE ELETTORALI
Authors: Lijphart Arend 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneNella letteratura sui sistemi elettorali è ben consolidata l'idea che la rappresentanza proporzionale (R.P.) abbia in genere maggior successo nel raggiungere il suo obiettivo principale — una trasformazione ragionevolmente proporzionale dei voti in seggi — soprattutto rispetto alle formule maggioritarie a uno o due turni. Una delle «proposizioni differenziali» di Douglas W. Rae è che «le formule di rappresentanza proporzionale tendono a distribuire i seggi in modo più proporzionale delle formule maggioritarie». È altrettanto noto che le diverse formule di R.P. non sono proporzionali nella stessa misura, ma gli studiosi sono in disaccordo su quali di esse siano più proporzionali e quali meno.
GLI OBIETTIVI DEL CONTROLLO CENTRALE. PER UN'ANALISI COMPARATA DELLE RELAZIONI TRA CENTRO E PERIFERIA
Authors: Dente Bruno 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneAlla base del rinnovato interesse per lo studio dei rapporti tra governi centrali e governi periferici nelle democrazie occidentali stanno una serie di considerazioni differenti. Da un lato, vi è la convinzione che le tendenze verso l'accentramento, fino a pochi anni or sono apparentemente destinate ad un inevitabile successo, hanno incontrato ed incontrano ostacoli di non poco conto. Sicché il risultato a medio e lungo termine appare tutt'altro che scontato. Tendenze decentralizzatrici, nella forma di regionalizzazioni o di rafforzamento dei governi locali, sono emerse un po’ dappertutto, ed è più che dubbio che il risultato finale sarà quel sistema centralizzato e tecnocratico che molti osservatori preconizzavano (e paventavano) alcuni anni or sono. D'altro lato, proprio per l'insopprimibile vitalità dei governi sub-nazionali, in molti paesi si è affacciata la convinzione che le relazioni tra livelli di governo costituiscono uno dei principali elementi di crisi del moderno welfare state, e in buona sostanza della sua ingovernabilità. Siano i governi locali identificati come una delle cause principali della lievitazione delle spese pubbliche oppure, al contrario, sia la complicazione dei rapporti tra amministrazioni centrali e amministrazioni periferiche posta sotto accusa come causa di ritardi e inefficienze nella attuazione delle politiche pubbliche, il risultato non cambia: studiare i rapporti tra livelli di governo sembra una delle indicazioni principali delle moderne scienze politiche ed amministrative.
I VALORI POSTMATERIALISTI DIECI ANNI DOPO
Authors: Cartocci Roberto 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneNella seconda metà degli anni ‘70, sotto la direzione di Giovanni Sartori e Alberto Marradi è stata condotta la sezione italiana di un'indagine internazionale su «Insoddisfazione, protesta e mutamento nelle società post-industriali», i cui risultati sono stati commentati più volte su questa rivista. Il disegno di tale ricerca prevedeva ampio spazio per l'analisi degli orientamenti dei giovani, in particolare alla luce del tema della «rivoluzione silenziosa», avanzato da Ronald Inglehart. Con tale formula suggestiva il politologo americano aveva sintetizzato la novità, rispetto al consueto panorama politico, costituita dai movimenti di contestazione giovanile della fine degli anni ‘60.
STATI UNITI E COMUNITÀ EUROPEA: CONFLITTO O COOPERAZIONE?
Authors: Revilla Claudio Cioffi 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneLa Comunità europea (CE) e la sua integrazione rappresentano un punto di svolta significativo nello sviluppo politico-internazionale dell'ultimo dopoguerra. È da anni che il complesso sistema della CE è oggetto di ricerca da parte di studiosi e, in particolare, il tema delle relazioni esterne e della politica estera della Comunità e dei suoi membri ha ricevuto notevole attenzione. In questo ambito, l'importanza delle relazioni politiche fra i membri della CE e gli Stati Uniti è ben stabilita, dato il ruolo svolto da questi nel favorire la genesi del sistema CE. Tuttavia, malgrado la rilevanza riconosciuta a questo macro-evento politico, un'analisi comportamentistica degli effetti dell'integrazione euroepa sulle relazioni euro-americane, non è stata ancora condotta.
GOVERNO, PRIMO MINISTRO, ALTA AMMINISTRAZIONE
Authors: Lombardo Antonio 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneNel dibattito scientifico e politico in Italia e sull'Italia, nei primi anni Ottanta, viene sovente indicata l'esigenza di rafforzare e modernizzare il sistema di governo. A connotare il problema s'è anche coniato e diffuso un neologismo: «governabilità». In questo scritto prendo, innanzi tutto, in esame le più significative proposte di riforma del sistema di governo, che richiedono modifiche costituzionali. Non mi occupo, quindi, di quelle riforme, pure suscettibili di incidere sul sistema complessivo di governo, che non richiedono per la loro attuazione modifiche della Costituzione, come le possibili riforme elettorali. Considero, invece, alcune proposte volte a cambiare i modi di elezione e i poteri del Capo dell'Esecutivo, o l'intero sistema costituzionale di Governo.
SCHUMPETER E LA SCIENZA POLITICA
Authors: Urbani Giuliano 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneNell'anno appena trascorso non sono mancate opportune celebrazioni critiche del pensiero schumpeteriano, in coincidenza con il centenario della nascita dell'illustre economista austriaco. Stupisce però, e non poco, la quasi completa assenza di riflessioni altrettanto approfondite sui suoi lavori politici, o meglio sulle ampie e frequenti «aree politiche» delle sue trattazioni teoriche. Lo faccio notare, perché mi sembra che tale sottovalutazione finisca col nuocere considerevolmente alla migliore comprensione dell'intera opera schumpeteriana: un'opera, a dire poco, «poliedrica», dove ciascuna faccia si presenta intimamente legata ad ogni altra, tanto da richiedere un'analisi per lo più multidisciplinare.
A Quotient of Awareness
Authors: Kearins J. 
Published: May 2019

Since the development of psychological assessments of ‘intelligence’ at about the beginning of this century, many groups of people have been tested. By and large, most have performed at lower levels than people of north-western European origin or ancestry, who belong to the culture within which the tests were devised.Among the poor performers, with average IQ’s of 80 to 92, have been people of southern and eastern Europe and Caucasian people from further east (Greeks, Yugoslavs, Iranians, Iraqis, Turks, Indians), tested in their homelands, mostly in large numbers and by compatriots, on ‘standard’ non-verbal or translated tests.These relatively poor performances demonstrate the extent of cultural learning of a particular type involved in most cognitive tests. Presumably, north-western European cultural learning is required for good performances on tests coming from this cultural background, so that children from different backgrounds, even those from other areas of Europe, are likely to be disadvantaged.Children from more widely different backgrounds, such as those from hunting and gathering groups, can be expected to be disadvantaged even further.Nevertheless, hunting and gathering people have been tested on Western-type tests, and poor performances interpreted as indicating inferior ability. Kalahari ‘bushmen’ people in the 1930s were assigned a mean mental age of 7.5 by Porteus as a result of their performance on his Maze Test.In the same period, Aboriginal people of north-west Australia performed poorly on this test, with ages ranging from 8.22 years to 12.17 years for adults. Aboriginal people have performed poorly, but not invariably so, on other tests.
“Americans and Their Guns”: Civilian Military Organizations and the Destabilization of American National Security
Authors: Kaufman Jason 
Published: May 2019

“The Second Amendment is there as a balance of power. It is literally a loaded gun in the hands of the people held to the heads of government.”—NRA field representative Fred Romero, 1990The right to bear arms is one of the most controversial issues in United States history; it has always been so, though not for the reasons usually cited by contemporaries. It has been customary since at least the late nineteenth century to view military organizations as an extension of the legitimate authority of the state (except in case of unsanctioned resistance). The American experience, however, gives lie to the assumption that there is a clean analytical divide between state and civil society when it comes to military matters.
Silence of the Land: On the Historical Irrelevance of Territory to Congressional Districting and Political Representation in the United States
Authors: Rehfeld Andrew 
Published: May 2019

Every ten years, the United States “constructs” itself politically. On a decennial basis, U.S. Congressional districts are quite literally drawn, physically constructing political representation in the House of Representatives on the basis of where one lives. Why does the United States do it this way? What justifies domicile as the sole criteria of constituency construction? These are the questions raised in this article.Contrary to many contemporary understandings of representation at the founding, I argue that there were no principled reasons for using domicile as the method of organizing for political representation. Even in 1787, the Congressional district was expected to be far too large to map onto existing communities of interest. Instead, territory should be understood as forming a habit of mind for the founders, even while it was necessary to achieve other democratic aims of representative government.
Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D is associated with obesity and metabolic parameters in US children
Authors: Fu Zhi , Xu Cheng , Shu Yaqin , Xie Zongyun , Lu Changgui , Mo Xuming 
Published: May 2019

AbstractObjective:To explore the relationships of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) with obesity and metabolic parameters in US children.Design:Cross-sectional analysis. We evaluated the associations between serum 25(OH)D and multiple measurements of adiposity, serum lipid concentrations, fasting glucose and insulin resistance in children aged 6–18 years with adjustments for multiple covariates.Setting:The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001–2006.Participants:A nationally representative sample of 6311 children and adolescents aged 6–18 years.Results:Among US children and adolescents, the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency has been especially high in older children, girls and the non-Hispanic Black population. Higher odds of obesity were found at a 25(OH)D concentration of <30 nmol/l (deficiency) than at >50 nmol/l under both criteria for obesity in children (OR = 3·27, Ptrend ≤ 0.001). Moreover, increased odds of having abnormal HDL-cholesterol (OR = 1·71, Ptrend ≤ 0.001) and impaired insulin resistance (OR = 4·15, Ptrend ≤ 0·001) were found for children deficient in 25(OH)D compared with those with normal 25(OH)D concentrations. When the children and adolescents were stratified by gender, we found stronger associations between serum 25(OH)D concentration and both HDL-cholesterol and insulin resistance in girls. No association of 25(OH)D with any other metabolic parameter was found.Conclusions:Our results suggest a potential harmful association between low serum 25(OH)D concentration and the risk of obesity among children. However, the underlying mechanisms require further investigation.