bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Meddelanden från forntiden
Authors: Bergvall Margareta 
Published: August 2018

Messages from prehistory The paper briefly describes the history of signposting prehistoric sites and monuments in the Väster-norrland region of Northern Sweden. The author is critical of the routine way the information is offered and what it tells the reader. It is argued that the information contains only standardized phrases about the period the site belongs to and data about measurements that are largely obvious and unnecessary when you stand on the spot.
Kritisere for å forstå? Om hermeneutikk og negativ læring i religionsundervisning
Authors: Fuglseth Kåre 
Published: August 2018

Religionskritikk får stadig større plass i vårt fleirreligiøse samfunn og utfordrar religionsundervisning i skule og kyrkje. Artikkelen drøftar kva plass kritikk kan ha i religionsundervisning ved å sjå på sentrale teoretiske sider ved tilhøvet mellom kritikk og forståing som eit didaktisk grunnproblem. Drøftinga går føre seg på bakgrunn av teoritradisjonar i hermeneutikk, kritisk sosiologi og i danningsdidaktikk. Nokre klassiske, didaktiske problemstillingar og løysingar møter teoriar om kritikk generelt og religionskritikk spesielt. Hermeneutisk teori i Gadamers tradisjon får ein nøkkelfunksjon i teoretiseringar av undervisning og læring. Kritikk kjem i mange former, men har to hovudformer, som skiljande (vid tyding) og dømmande (trong tyding). Den særlege læringsverdien av kritiske spørsmål i trong tyding er knytt til rolla åt «negativ» erfaring, for læring er alltid omlæring. Religionskritikk må ein til sist sjå i lys av måla for undervisninga og ut frå danningsmål som både er absolutte og relative eller lukka og opne. Artikkelen konkluderer med at nokre former for kritikk ikkje er eigna i ein slik fleirkulturell didaktikk.Nøkkelord: didaktikk, hermeneutikk, forståing, kritikk, religionskritikk, danning. Abstract:Criticism of religions occupy more and more space in our multireligious society and challenges religious education. The article discusses the place of criticism in religious education by looking at core aspects of the relationship between critical theory and theories of meaning and understanding in an educational context. The theoretical questions involved are derived from hermeneutics in the tradition of Continental philosophy, critical sociology, and the German Bildung-theory. Some classical educational problems and solutions in that regard face theories of criticism generally and criticism of religions specifically. The main thesis defended is that criticism is founded upon understanding, in accordance with the hermeneutic approach by Gadamer, as a general principle for both teaching and learning. Criticism takes several shapes, but has two main forms: a wide (descriptive) and a narrow (judging) sense. The particular role of criticism in the narrow sense for learning is its role as a «negative» experience, since learning is always re-learning. The role of criticism of religions will finally be discussed in light of the overall objective for the school subject, formative objectives that may be seen as both absolute and relative at the same time. The article concludes that some forms of criticism are doubtful in principle in a plural educational system.Keywords: Educational theory, hermeneutics, understanding, critical theory, criticism of religions, Bildung.
Kritisk undervisning i KRLE
Authors: Hammer Aina , Schanke Åge 
Published: August 2018

I skolens overordnede styringsdokumenter er kritisk tenkning fremhevet som en sentral ferdighet, og i KRLE-fagets formålsbeskrivelse er det understreket at undervisningen skal være kritisk. I formålet for faget utdypes det ikke ytterligere hva som legges i kritisk undervisning. Denne artikkelen viser hvordan et utvalg lærere forstår kritisk undervisning i KRLE, og setter søkelys på hvordan lærerne begrunner sine forståelser. Det viser seg at lærernes tilnærming til kritisk undervisning kan sees i sammenheng med deres generelle kritikkforståelse, religionsforståelse og hvordan de forstår danningsoppdraget i faget. Nøkkelord: KRLE, kritisk undervisning, kritikk, religionskritikk, danning AbstractIn the school's overall management documents, critical thinking is emphasized as a central skill, and in the KRLE subject's purpose description it is emphasized that teaching must be critical. For the subject’s purpose, it is not further elaborated on what is included in critical teaching. This article shows how a variety of teachers understand critical teaching in KRLE, and focuses on how teachers justify their understanding. It turns out that the teachers' approach to critical teaching can be seen in the context of their general understanding of criticism, understanding of religion and how they understand the formation assignment in the subject.Keywords: Religious education, critical teaching, criticism, criticism of religion, formation
A Novel Circular Slotted Microstrip-Fed Patch Antenna with three Triangle Shape Defected Ground Structure for Multiband Applications
Authors: Jaiswal A. , Sarin R. K. , Raj B. , Sukhija S. 
Published: August 2018

In this paper, a novel circular slotted rectangular patch antenna with three triangle shape Defected Ground Structure (DGS) has been proposed. Radiating patch is made by cutting circular slots of radius 3 mm from the three sides and center of the conventional rectangular patch structure and three triangle shape defects are presented on the ground layer. The size of the proposed antenna is 38 X 25 mm2. Optimization is performed and simulation results have been obtained using Empire XCcel 5.51 software. Thus, a miniaturized antenna is designed which has three impedance bandwidths of 0.957 GHz, 0.779 GHz, 0.665 GHz with resonant frequencies at 3.33 GHz, 6.97 GHz and 8.59 GHz and the corresponding return loss at the three resonant frequencies are -40 dB, -43 dB and -38.71 dB respectively. A prototype is also fabricated and tested. Fine agreement between the measured and simulated results has been obtained. It has been observed that introducing three triangle shape defects on the ground plane results in increased bandwidth, less return loss, good radiation pattern and better impedance matching over the required operating bands which can be used for wireless applications and future 5G applications.
Photoinduced Orientation‐Dependent Interlayer Carrier Transportation in Cross‐Stacked Black Phosphorus van der Waals Junctions
Authors: Xin Wei , Jiang Hao‐Bo , Li Xiao‐Kuan , Zhou Xiang‐Feng , Lu Jin‐Long , Yang Jian‐Jun , Guo ChunLei , Liu Zhi‐Bo , Tian Jian‐Guo 
Published: August 2018

AbstractA combination of different 2D layered materials by van der Waals (vdW) stacking or lateral splicing provides the basic building blocks for dynamic behavior researches of interlayer carriers. Anisotropic materials, recently, have further attracted attentions in this field because of their supply of freedoms for regulating the performance of electro‐optical devices, whereas detailed characteristics and mechanisms of interlayer carrier transportation in these materials need remain to be revealed. Here, by using the photoassisted field effect and scanning photocurrent imaging measurements, it is demonstrated that the photoinduced interlayer carrier transportation in cross‐stacked black phosphorus (BP) vdW junctions is strongly dependent on the crystal orientation and stacking morphology. Type‐I and II band alignments are respectively predicted in the BP junctions with parallel and vertical crystal orientation stacking. The interlayer carrier transportation with both vertical and lateral modes is observed within only one sample. Combined first principle calculation with band theory analyses, the small band offset for holes and tunneling effect play key roles during the interlayer transportation. These results highlight the importance of crystal orientation of materials in vdW junctions and provide insights, both experimentally and theoretically, into engineering and design of orientation‐based nanodevices.
Optical Performance Study of Gyroid‐Structured TiO2 Photonic Crystals Replicated from Natural Templates Using a Sol‐Gel Method
Authors: Wu Liping , Wang Wanlin , Zhang Wang , Su Huilan , Gu Jiajun , Liu Qinglei , Zhang Di , Pantelić Dejan , Jelenković Branislav 
Published: August 2018

AbstractPhotonic crystals with novel nanostructures have attracted huge attention due to their potential applications in manipulation of light propagation and next‐generation energy and information technologies. In this work, TiO2 photonic crystals with 3D bicontinuous gyroid structure in visible light wavelength range are successfully fabricated by templating from natural templates using a sol‐gel method. This is the first time to report controlling the volume fraction (VF) through regulating the rinsing time of templates in the sol‐gel precursor. Gyroid‐structured TiO2 photonic crystals (GTPCs) with different VFs, 3.2, 8.0, and 13.5% are obtained. Combined with finite‐difference time‐domain simulations, the photonic bandgap properties of the GTPCs are systematically studied. Based on this work, one step is moved further toward the exploitation of the optical performance of the GTPCs in visible light wavelength range beyond the previous simulation works.
Vibrational Coupling between Organic and Inorganic Sublattices of Hybrid Perovskites
Authors: Grechko Maksim , Bretschneider Simon A. , Vietze Laura , Kim Heejae , Bonn Mischa 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe interplay of electronic and nuclear degrees of freedom in semiconductor hybrid organic–inorganic perovskites determines many of their fundamental photophysical properties. For instance, charge carriers are dressed with phonons, that is, form polarons, and combination modes composed of strongly mixed localized vibrations and delocalized phonons can provide pathways for electronic energy relaxation and dissipation. Mixing of the different types of nuclear motion in vibrational combination modes requires their strong coupling. The direct measurement of coupling between the high‐frequency N−H stretch modes of the organic methylammonium and formamidinium ions and low‐frequency Pb−I phonon modes of the inorganic sub‐lattice in hybrid organic–inorganic perovskites is presented. The results reveal direct and substantial coupling between the non‐covalently interacting organic and inorganic sub‐lattices.
Low‐Temperature Thermal Rate Constants for the Water Formation Reaction H2+OH from Rigorous Quantum Dynamics Calculations
Authors: Welsch Ralph 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThermal rate constants for the prototypical water‐forming reaction H2+OH→H+H2O were obtained for temperatures between 150 K and 600 K by rigorous quantum dynamics calculations including all degrees of freedom. Results are reported for a recent, highly accurate neural network potential (NN1) and compared to results obtained on a previous, semi‐empirical potential (SE). The rate constants computed on both potentials significantly differ in their temperature dependence, and differences of over one order of magnitude in the rates were found. The rate constants computed for the NN1 potential compare very well to experimental work. Furthermore, the influence of overall rotation is discussed for the title reaction. While previous close‐coupling simulations were limited to thermal rate constants above room temperature, we report rate constants for temperatures as low as 250 K. The high‐level results reported here provide an accurate benchmark for the development of approximate methods for the calculation of thermal as well as microcanonical rate constants.
Rationally Designed Fluorescence .OH Probe with High Sensitivity and Selectivity for Monitoring the Generation of .OH in Iron Autoxidation without Addition of H2O2
Authors: Li Hongyu , Li Xiaohua , Shi Wen , Xu Yanhui , Ma Huimin 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe first sensitive fluorescence .OH probe (1) that is capable of monitoring the generation of trace .OH in iron autoxidation is presented. The probe 1 was designed by utilizing both the unique aromatic hydroxylation and the electrophilicity of .OH, and prepared by incorporating a strong electron‐donating methoxy group into a cyanine fluorochrome to enhance the trapping ability for .OH. Reaction of 1 with .OH leads to a larger π‐conjugation formation and near‐infrared fluorescence off–on response. The capability of probe 1 has been demonstrated by imaging .OH generated in living cells under iron autoxidation as well as various stimuli, which reveals that the basal level of .OH in RAW 264.7 cells is lower than that in HeLa cells. The superior analytical performance of probe 1 makes it useful for detecting trace .OH in some critical physiological and pathological processes associated with iron autoxidation.
Compatibilizing and reinforcing an immiscible blend based on poly(lactic acid) with delaminated graphite: From raw graphite to enhanced polymer mechanical properties
Authors: Komrapit Nopparat , Punyodom Winita , Worajittiphon Patnarin 
Published: August 2018

ABSTRACTThe centrifugation–filtration method is widely applied to the delamination of layered fillers for polymer reinforcement. However, it is a time‐consuming, multistep procedure and offers low product yield. In this study, a simple mechanical grinding process was used as a delamination method for raw graphite. For the first time, without centrifugation and the removal of the graphite precipitate, the incorporation of the entire ground graphite obtained from the grinding process into a poly(lactic acid) (PLA)–poly(butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate) (PBAT) immiscible blend was capable of improving the polymer mechanical properties. The composites obtained displayed an enhancement of either the ductility or strength, depending on the loaded ground graphite content. The blend films uniquely exhibited an enhanced elongation at break because of the PLA–PBAT compatibilizing role of the delaminated graphite at a low loading (0.1 phr). With the higher content of ground graphite (0.5–3 phr), the Young's modulus of the blend increased to achieve the value predicted by the Halpin–Tsai equation. Mechanical grinding required only a small amount of delamination medium without the aid of surfactants and harsh preparation conditions and, thus, was promisingly simple, cost effective, general, high yield, and practically scalable. The use of a low filler content rendered it potentially extendable to the delamination of other layered fillers available in limited amounts for high‐mechanical‐performance polymer composites. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46821.
Recent Advances in Radical‐Enabled Bicyclization and Annulation/1,n‐Bifunctionalization Reactions
Authors: Huang Min‐Hua , Hao Wen‐Juan , Jiang Bo 
Published: August 2018

AbstractOver the past few years, the development of new radical reactions has gained considerable momentum. Most such radical transformations heavily depend on the in situ generation of reactive radical species, initiated by oxidants, metal salts, visible‐light photocatalysis, or electrocatalysis. In this context, numerous radical‐enabled bicyclization and annulation/1,n‐bifunctionalization reactions have been developed, thereby providing efficient synthetic strategies for the assembly of functionalized cyclic rings that contain both heterocyclic and isocyclic skeletons. In this Focus Review, we highlight recent progress in this rapidly growing area by presenting a series of catalytic oxidative reactions, along with their reaction mechanisms and applications.
The Next Generation of Anticancer Metallopharmaceuticals: Cancer Stem Cell‐Active Inorganics
Authors: Laws Kristine , Suntharalingam Kogularamanan 
Published: August 2018

AbstractCancer stem cells (CSCs) are heavily linked to fatal incidences of cancer relapse and metastasis. Conventional cancer therapies such as surgery, chemotherapy and radiation are largely futile against CSCs. Therefore, highly original approaches are needed to overcome CSCs and to provide durable, long‐term clinical outcomes. Many academia‐ and pharmaceutical‐led studies aimed at developing chemical or biological anti‐CSC agents are ongoing; however, the application of inorganic compounds is rare. In this minireview, we discuss how the chemical diversity and versatility offered by metals has been harnessed to develop an unprecedented, emerging class of metallopharmaceuticals: CSC‐active inorganics. A detailed account of their mechanism(s) of action is provided, and possible future directions for exploration are also put forward.
RhIII‐Catalyzed Functionalization of closo‐Dodecaborates by Selective B−H Activation: Bypassing Competitive C−H Activation
Authors: Zhang Yuanbin , Wang Tao , Wang Lingyao , Sun Yuji , Lin Furong , Liu Jiyong , Duttwyler Simon 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe closo‐dodecaborate dianion is a fundamental icosahedral boron cage with 12 identical B−H vertices. The chemistry and applications of boron clusters have inspired researchers ever since their discovery several decades ago, and the selective modification of the cage positions has remained a major synthetic challenge. A rhodium(III)‐catalyzed B−H functionalization–cyclization cascade of closo‐dodecaborate amides is reported. The transformations occur chemoselectively at B−H positions in the presence of C−H bonds prone to competitive cyclometalation. Previously inaccessible cage derivatives with B−C(sp2) and B−C(sp3) bonds as well as a fused diboraoxazole ring are obtained in a one‐pot process. The reactions proceed under mild conditions and exhibit complete cage regioselectivity with broad functional group tolerance. These cluster derivatives enable a largely extended investigation of the application of anionic boron clusters in research areas such as photoluminescent materials and medicinal chemistry.
In Silico Prediction of Blood–Brain Barrier Permeability of Compounds by Machine Learning and Resampling Methods
Authors: Wang Zhuang , Yang Hongbin , Wu Zengrui , Wang Tianduanyi , Li Weihua , Tang Yun , Liu Guixia 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe blood–brain barrier (BBB) as a part of absorption protects the central nervous system by separating the brain tissue from the bloodstream. In recent years, BBB permeability has become a critical issue in chemical ADMET prediction, but almost all models were built using imbalanced data sets, which caused a high false‐positive rate. Therefore, we tried to solve the problem of biased data sets and built a reliable classification model with 2358 compounds. Machine learning and resampling methods were used simultaneously for the refinement of models with both 2 D molecular descriptors and molecular fingerprints to represent the chemicals. Through a series of evaluation, we realized that resampling methods such as Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique (SMOTE) and SMOTE+edited nearest neighbor could effectively solve the problem of imbalanced data sets and that MACCS fingerprint combined with support vector machine performed the best. After the final construction of a consensus model, the overall accuracy rate was increased to 0.966 for the final external data set. Also, the accuracy rate of the model for the test set was 0.919, with an excellent balanced capacity of 0.925 (sensitivity) to predict BBB‐positive compounds and of 0.899 (specificity) to predict BBB‐negative compounds. Compared with other BBB classification models, our models reduced the rate of false positives and were more robust in prediction of BBB‐positive as well as BBB‐negative compounds, which would be quite helpful in early drug discovery.
Origin of Nb2O5 Lewis Acid Catalysis for Activation of Carboxylic Acids in the Presence of a Hard Base
Authors: Hirunsit Pussana , Toyao Takashi , Siddiki S. M. A. Hakim , Shimizu Kenichi , Ehara Masahiro 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe Nb2O5 surface catalyzes the amidation of carboxylic acids with amines through Nb5+ Lewis acid activation of the C=O group. In this work, DFT calculations were applied to theoretically investigate the C=O bond activation of a model carboxylic acid (acetic acid) on θ‐Al2O3(110), anatase TiO2(101), and T‐Nb2O5(100) surfaces. The adsorption sites, adsorption energies, reaction energy barriers, electronic properties, and vibrational frequency of acetic acid were examined in detail. It was found that the bond activation of the carbonyl group is most efficient on Nb2O5, although the adsorption energy is larger on Al2O3 and TiO2. The most efficient C=O bond activation on Nb2O5 results in the lowest energy barrier of C−N bond formation during amidation. The Nb2O5 surface also shows larger tolerance to methylamine and water molecules than Al2O3 and TiO2 surfaces. These crucial factors contribute to the highest amidation catalytic reactivity on Nb2O5. Furthermore, the position of the mean density of states of the d‐conduction band of the active metal site relative to the Fermi energy level correlates well with the efficiency in the C=O bond activation and, consequently, the catalytic activity for amidation. These results suggest that, unlike a classical understanding of strong acid sites of metal oxide surfaces, interaction of a carbonyl HOMO with an unoccupied metal d‐orbital, or, in other words, covalent‐like interaction between a carbonyl group and metal adsorption site, is relevant to the present system.
flowIO: Flow cytometry standard conformance testing, editing, and export tool
Authors: Koblížek Miroslav , Lebedeva Anastasia , Fišer Karel 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe Flow Cytometry Standard (FCS) format is a widely accepted norm for storing Flow Cytometry (FCM) data. Its goal as a standard is to allow FCM data sharing and re‐analysis. Over more than three decades of its existence FCS has evolved into a well‐defined, flexible file format reflecting technical changes in the FCM field. Its flexibility as well as rising numbers of instrument vendors leads to suboptimal implementations of FCS in some cases. Such situations compromise the primary goal of the standard and hinder the ability to reproduce FCM analyses. It is further underlined by rapid rise of advanced FCM analyses, often carried out outside traditional software tools and heavily relying on standard data storage and presentation. We have developed flowIO, an R package which tests FCS file conformance with the standard as defined by International Society for Advancement of Cytometry (ISAC) normative. Along with the package we provide a web based application (also at http://bioinformin.cesnet.cz/flowIO/) allowing user friendly access to the conformance testing as well as FCS file editing and export for further analysis.
The health care reform in Portugal: Outcomes from both the New Public Management and the economic crisis
Authors: Nunes Alexandre Morais , Ferreira Diogo Cunha 
Published: August 2018

SummaryThe Portuguese health system concentrates most of its activity in a National Health Service, created in 1979 to promote universal and general access. The National Health Service should ensure equity, efficiency, and quality of all health care delivered services. This study assesses the impact of health care policies between 2002 and 2017, focusing on 3 timeframes: the adoption and adaptation of New Public Management principles to the health care sector (2002 to 2010), the economic and financial crisis period (2011‐2015), and the postcrisis recovery period (2016‐2017). The current study evaluates the main policy measures in the health sector, presenting their impacts in terms of access, efficiency, accountability, and costs over those 3 economic periods. It was verified that not all the measures implemented by the successive governments obtained the desired outcomes, generating even costs increase, apart from the austerity period in which health expenditure showed a significant reduction because of the financial constraints.