Outcomes and Predictors of Survival for Patients with Relapsed or Refractory Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma: A Large Population-Based Analysis
Authors: Gong Inna , Crump Michael , Prica Anca , Calzavara Andrew , Liu Ning , Rodin Danielle , Hodgson David , Mozessohn Lee , Cheung Matthew C. , Kuruvilla John 
Published: December 2024

Background
Despite therapeutic advances for treatment of diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL), 20-30% of patients (pts) experience relapse or refractory disease (R/R) after initial therapy (1L). With ongoing development of novel therapies, better understanding of outcomes for pts with R/R disease are needed to establish benchmarks for future studies. We conducted a population-based analysis of outcomes in pts with R/R DLBCL treated with curative or palliative approaches, and identified factors associated with overall survival (OS).
Methods
All patients with DLBCL ≥ 18 years (y) in Ontario, Canada, who received rituximab-based treatment as 1L between January 2012 - December 2022 were identified using linked administrative databases (follow-up to August 2023). Pts with R/R disease were defined as initiation of second line therapy (2L) with curative intent (salvage chemotherapy [SC] with or without autologous stem cell transplant [ASCT]), palliative systemic therapy or palliative radiation (&gt; 3 months after 1L). The primary outcome was OS. Analyses were stratified by 2L intent (curative vs. palliative), age, and time to next treatment (TTNT) (surrogate for time to relapse). TTNT was defined as the time from end of 1L to initiation of 2L, categorized as ≤3, 3-6, 6-12, 12-24, and ≥ 24 months (mos). Univariate and multivariable Cox regression analyses were used to identify factors associated with OS.
Results
We identified 8,675 pts diagnosed with DLBCL;1,675 (19%) met definition for R/R disease (median age 67 y, 60-69 y n=474 [28%], 70-79 y [27%], ≥ 80 y [14%]; 40% female; 56% stage IV with known stage). Median LDH was 265 U/L (IQR 195-438). The 2-y and 5-y OS rates from start of 2L were 33% and 26%, respectively.
For 2L therapy, 976 pts (58%) had curative intent SC (including 440 pts [26%] who underwent ASCT), 338 pts (20%) had palliative intent systemic therapy (146 oral, 17 investigational, 175 multiagent), and 361 (22%) had palliative intent radiotherapy. The 2-y and 5-y OS rates for curative and palliative intent were 38%, 32%, and 26%, 17%, respectively. Univariate regression showed that curative intent 2L had improved OS over palliative radiation (hazard ratio [HR] 0.56, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.49-0.65, p&lt;0.0001), as did palliative intent systemic therapy (HR 0.79, 95% CI 0.66-0.93, p=0.006).
Univariable analysis showed that increasing age was associated with inferior OS compared to pts aged &lt;60 years: age 60-69 years: HR 1.35, 95% CI 1.16-1.59, p=0.0002, 2-y OS 33%, 5-y OS 27%; age 70-79 years: HR 1.64, 95% CI 1.40-1.92, p&lt;0.0001, 2-y OS 29%, 5-y OS 16%; age ≥80 years: HR 2.08, 95% CI 1.73-2.49, p&lt;0.0001, 2-y OS 20%, 5-y OS 12%).
Pts with short TTNT (&lt; 12 mos 1,231 pts, 73% of cohort) had worse OS compared to late TTNT ≥ 24 mos: (&lt;3 mos: HR 1.45, 95% CI 1.19-1.77, p=0.0002, 2-y OS 32%, 5-y OS 29%; 3-6 mos: HR 1.51, 95% CI 1.23-1.85, p=0.0001, 2-y OS 33%, 5-y OS 29%; 6-12 mos: HR 1.88, 95% CI 1.53-2.31, p&lt;0.0001, 2-y OS 22%, 5-y OS 14%), while those with TTNT 12-24 mos did not (HR 1.27, 95% CI 0.99-1.61, p=0.054, 2-y OS 39%, 5-y OS 22%). Patients with TTNT &lt; 12 mos had inferior OS compared to ≥ 24 mos for curative (5-y OS 28% vs. 54%) and palliative intent 2L (5-y OS 11% vs. 20%).
In multivariable analysis (adjusting for sex, rurality, income, LDH, and comorbidity burden), predictors of mortality included older age (per 10 y increase, adjusted HR [aHR] 1.17, 95% CI 1.11-1.23, p&lt;0.0001; dichotomized as ≥ 70 y vs. &lt; 70 y, aHR 1.34, 95% CI 1.16-1.55, p&lt;0.0001), shorter TTNT (&lt;12 mos vs. ≥ 12 mos aHR 1.39, 95% CI 1.21-1.60, p&lt;0.0001), and LDH level 200-399 vs. &lt; 200, aHR 1.39, 95% CI 1.17-1.65, p&lt;0.0001; LDH level ≥ 400 aHR 2.53, 95% CI 2.12-3.03, p&lt;0.0001) and treatment choice curative intent or palliative intent therapy (aHR 0.73, 95% CI 0.62-0.86 vs. aHR 0.74, 95% CI 0.62-0.88, when compared to palliative radiation).
Conclusions
In this contemporary population-based review, ~ 20% of patients relapsed after 1L therapy, with 5-y OS of only 26%. Independent predictors of inferior outcomes were time to relapse, age, and LDH. Pts with TTNT &lt; 12 mos had worse OS outcomes compared to those with later relapse. Furthermore, our data highlight the need to assess novel therapies in older pts (&gt; 70 y) to address the disparity in outcomes. Future analyses are required to evaluate the impact of novel treatment (CAR-T or bispecifics) in the 2L+ setting on outcomes at a population level.