bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Framework for Practice-Based Teaching in Public Health
Authors: Greece Jacey A. , Wolff James , McGrath Donna 
Published: September 2018

Context:
To prepare master of public health graduates for successful application of public health competencies in their careers, accredited schools of public health must identify the knowledge, technical and professional skills needed for practice, and provide opportunities for application of these skills in public health settings.

Program:
Practice-based teaching (PBT) is a pedagogical approach where students learn through course instruction while working on a real problem and producing implementable deliverables for a public health agency. Currently, no framework exists for designing, implementing, and evaluating the pedagogy. This article defines PBT for public health and presents a novel 5-step framework, PBT STEPS, to guide faculty in development of a practice-based curriculum for public health education, including (1) securing partnerships, (2) training and technology, (3) engagement and implementation, (4) presenting deliverables, and (5) sizing up the results.

Implementation:
PBT has been implemented using PBT STEPS in both domestic and global courses, teaching a variety of technical competencies. Collaborating agencies for PBT courses have ranged from small community-based organizations to large departments of public health, to international nongovernmental organizations and to private hospitals. Each step is described and illustrated through a practical example from a past PBT course.

Evaluation:
The practical example was evaluated through a mixed-methods approach to assess outcomes for students and collaborating agencies. All students (n = 12) reported significant increases in ability with the technical and professional competencies addressed in the course, and all agencies (n = 3 representing 5 distinct projects) reported utility of the final deliverables to the agency and populations served.

Discussion:
Evidence-informed, feasible, and innovative solutions created through PBT collaboration provide significant benefits to the agency and the communities they serve while successfully training students for the public health workforce. Utilizing the PBT STEPS framework allows for successful and productive academic and community collaborations.
Effects of Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy on Distraction Osteogenesis in Rat Mandible
Authors: Ginini Jiriys G. , Maor Gila , Emodi Omri , Shilo Dekel , Gabet Yankel , Aizenbud Dror , Rachmiel Adi 
Published: September 2018

Background:
Distraction osteogenesis has widespread clinical use in the treatment of congenital and acquired craniofacial deformities. Nonetheless, during the prolonged consolidation period, the newly regenerated bone carries the risk of complications. A known method for enhancing bone healing is extracorporeal shock wave therapy, which has been shown to induce neovascularization and promote tissue regeneration. The authors investigated whether extracorporeal shock wave therapy can accelerate bony consolidation and regeneration in distraction osteogenesis of the rat mandible and at which stage of distraction osteogenesis it should be applied.

Methods:
Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to distraction osteogenesis of the right mandible (latency period, 3 days; distraction period, 10 days; 0.5 mm/day). Experimental groups consisted of the following: group I (control), no extracorporeal shock wave therapy; group II, extracorporeal shock wave therapy (0.18 mJ/mm2) at the latency period; and group III, extracorporeal shock wave therapy (0.18 mJ/mm2) at the consolidation period. Explants were removed for evaluation after 4 weeks of consolidation.

Results:
Histologic evaluation showed well-developed cortical cortex and a higher degree of bone formation and mature bone in group III; micro–computed tomography showed significantly increased bone mineral density, bone volume fraction, and trabecular thickness; immunohistochemistry demonstrated significantly increased expression of bone morphogenetic protein-2, vascular endothelial growth factor, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen.

Conclusion:
Extracorporeal shock wave therapy application at the consolidation period during distraction osteogenesis in the rat mandible enhances bone formation and osteogenic and angiogenic growth factors, improves bone mechanical properties, and accelerates bone mineralization.
Contralateral Botulinum Toxin Improved Functional Recovery after Tibial Nerve Repair in Rats
Authors: Lima Washington , Salles Alessandra Grassi , Faria Jose Carlos Marques , Nepomuceno André Coelho , Salomone Raquel , Krunn Patricia , Gemperli Rolf 
Published: September 2018

Background:
There is clinical and experimental evidence that botulinum toxin applied to the healthy side of patients with facial paralysis positively affects functional recovery of the paralyzed side. The authors created an experimental model to study the effects of botulinum toxin injection in the gastrocnemius muscle contralateral to the side of tibial nerve lesion/repair in rats.

Methods:
Fifty rats were allocated into five groups: group I, control; group II, tibial nerve section; group III, tibial nerve section and immediate neurorrhaphy; group IV, tibial nerve section, immediate neurorrhaphy, and botulinum toxin injected into the contralateral gastrocnemius muscle; and group V, botulinum toxin injected into the gastrocnemius muscle and no surgery. Assessment tools included a walking track, electromyography, gastrocnemius muscle weight measurement, and histologic analysis of the nerve.

Results:
Paralysis in group V was transient, with function returning to normal at 8 weeks. At 12 weeks, group V had lower latency levels. At week 12, group IV showed higher functional outcomes and amplitude levels than group III, and lower muscle atrophy on the side injected with botulinum toxin compared with group V.

Conclusion:
Transient paralysis of the contralateral gastrocnemius muscle by botulinum toxin type A improved functional recovery in rats that underwent section and repair of the tibial nerve.
Clockwise and Counterclockwise Le Fort I Movements Influence Nasolabial Morphology Differently
Authors: Sawh-Martinez Rajendra , Lin Alex M. , DeSesa Christopher R. , Wu Robin T. , Gary Cyril S. , Steinbacher Derek M. 
Published: September 2018

Background:
Le Fort I maxillary advancements affect nasal proportions. However, there are no data on the three-dimensional nasal changes that occur with differential lateral plane adjustment (clockwise and counterclockwise movements) during Le Fort I maxillary advancements. This study analyzes and compares nasolabial soft-tissue changes after Le Fort I clockwise and counterclockwise repositioning.

Methods:
Single-piece Le Fort I advancements were included. A retrospective study of patients split into clockwise and counterclockwise groups was performed. Preoperative and postoperative three-dimensional photographs (VECTRA 3D) were analyzed. Nasolabial anthropometric measurements were recorded using Mirror software. Statistical analysis involved paired t test to compare preoperative and postoperative measurements.

Results:
Twenty-four patients were evaluated (12 per group), with 22 distinct nasolabial relationships measured. Counterclockwise movement showed a statistically significant increase in alar width (3.6 mm; p < 0.001), alar base width (1.6 mm; p = 0.009), oral width (3.2 mm; p = 0.02), and lip projection (3.4 mm; p = 0.04). Clockwise movement showed no statistically significant changes, with the largest position changes noted in alar width (2.7 mm; p = 0.07) and alar base width (1.7 mm; p = 0.09).

Conclusions:
Clockwise and counterclockwise Le Fort I advancements have a different effect on postoperative nasolabial morphology. Counterclockwise movements exhibit significant changes, widening the alar base and width and the oral and philtral widths. The impact on the nostril morphology and columella was similar between the groups. The differential impact on nasolabial appearance is important to recognize for treatment planning and patient counseling.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Therapeutic, III.
Herpes Zoster and Herpes Zoster Vaccine Rates Among Adults Living With and Without HIV in the Veterans Aging Cohort Study
Authors: Hawkins Kellie L. , Gordon Kirsha S. , Levin Myron J. , Weinberg Adriana , Battaglia Catherine , Rodriguez-Barradas Maria C. , Brown Sheldon T. , Rimland David , Justice Amy , Tate Janet , Erlandson Kristine M. ,   for the VACS Project Team
Published: September 2018

Background:
Despite historically high rates of herpes zoster among people living with HIV (PLWH), comparative studies of herpes zoster by HIV serostatus are lacking since the advent of combination antiretroviral therapy and availability of zoster vaccine.

Methods:
Annual rates (2002–2015) of first-episode herpes zoster and zoster vaccination were calculated for PLWH and uninfected adults in the Veterans Aging Cohort Study and stratified by HIV serostatus and age. Herpes zoster was captured using ICD9 codes and vaccine receipt with procedural codes and pharmacy data.

Results:
Of 45,177 PLWH and 103,040 uninfected veterans, rates of herpes zoster decreased among PLWH (17.6–8.1/1000) over the study period but remained higher than uninfected adults (4.1/1000) at the end of study period. Rates were higher in PLWH with lower CD4 (<200 vs >500 cells/µL: 18.0 vs 6.8/1000) and unsuppressed vs suppressed HIV-1 RNA (21.8 vs 7.1/1000). Restricted to virologically suppressed participants with CD4 >350 cells per microliter, herpes zoster rates were similar among PLWH aged younger than 60 years and aged 60 years and older in 2015 (6.6 vs 6.7/1000) but higher than all uninfected age groups. At study end, cumulative receipt of zoster vaccine for PLWH aged 60 years and older was less than half that of uninfected veterans: 98.7 vs 215.2/1000.

Conclusions:
Herpes zoster rates among PLWH have markedly decreased, but, even in cART-treated individuals, remain 50% higher than uninfected adults. Lower rates of zoster vaccine receipt combined with high rates of herpes zoster support the need for a safe and effective vaccine against herpes zoster for PLWH, formal zoster vaccine guidelines for PLWH, and consideration for expanded use at younger ages.
Brief Report: Effectiveness of Trichloroacetic Acid vs. Electrocautery Ablation for the Treatment of Anal High-Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion in HIV-Infected Patients
Authors: Burgos Joaquin , Martin-Castillo Mario , Landolfi Stefania , Dinares Maria C. , Villar Judith , Navarro Jordi , Ribera Esteve , Falcó Vicenç , Curran Adria 
Published: September 2018

Background:
Trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and electrocautery ablation (ECA) are 2 of the main treatment options for anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL). Our aim was to compare the efficacy and tolerance of TCA vs. ECA for HSIL.

Methods:
Retrospective uncontrolled study of HIV-infected men who have sex with men who had an anal HSIL treated with TCA or ECA. On-treatment effectiveness was evaluated at 6–8 weeks after treatment. A complete response was defined as resolution of HSIL, a partial response as regression to low-grade lesion, and recurrence as biopsy-proven HSIL during follow-up. A propensity-score analysis was used to adjust efficacy to potential confounding.

Results:
From May 2009 to March 2018, 182 and 56 cases of anal HSIL were treated with ECA and TCA, respectively. Comparing ECA with TCA, a complete response was observed in 33.5% (95% confidence interval: 25.8 to 41.6) vs. 60.7% (50.0 to 74.8) and a partial response in 28.0% (20.3 to 36.0) vs. 23.2% (12.5 to 37.3), respectively (P < 0.001). These differences were maintained in the propensity-score analyses. Side effects were common in both treatment, but tolerance was reported as good in 80.6% (74.2 to 89.2) and 82.6% (73.9 to 93.9) of cases treated with ECA and TCA, respectively, and no serious events were described. Recurrence cumulative incidence for the first 12 months was 14.6% (9.1 to 23.1) for ECA episodes and 27.6% (11.5 to 57.7) for TCA (P = 0.183).

Conclusions:
Our study showed a higher efficacy of TCA than ECA with similar rates of side effects. In our opinion, considering the benefits of TCA, it should be considered as a first-line therapy for most anal HSIL management.
Comparability of Early Dynamic and Conventional Static Imaging With 18F-Fluorocholine PET/CT in a Patient With Primary Hyperparathyroidism
Authors: Prabhu Meghana , Kumari Garima , Damle Nishikant Avinash , Arora Geetanjali , Tripathi Madhavi , Bal Chandrasekhar , Kumar Praveen , Kumar Rajeev 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Recent studies have established the superiority of FCH PET/CT over MIBI scan in accurate preoperative localization of parathyroid adenomas. In this patient, we compared both early dynamic and conventional static imaging to see if early imaging could suffice. We describe a 15-year-old boy with primary hyperparathyroidism, in whom early dynamic FCH PET/CT was performed for 15 minutes after injection, followed by conventional static image at 60 minutes. Early dynamic images accurately localized the parathyroid adenoma. Also, higher SUVmax was observed on dynamic imaging when compared with conventional static images, but parathyroid-to-thyroid ratio was higher in the latter.
A Comparative Analysis of Survival and Funding Discrepancies in Cancers With High Mortality
Authors: Hall Bradley R. , Cannon Andrew , Atri Pranita , Wichman Christopher S. , Smith Lynette M. , Kumar Sushil , Batra Surinder K. , Wang Hongmei , Ganti Apar Kishor , Sasson Aaron R. , Are Chandrakanth 
Published: September 2018

Objective:
Comparative analyses of survival and funding statistics in cancers with high mortality were performed to quantify discrepancies and identify areas for intervention.

Background:
Discrepancies in research funding may contribute to stagnant survival rates in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC).

Methods:
The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database was queried for survival statistics. Funding data were obtained from the National Cancer Institute (NCI). Clinical trial data were obtained from www.clinicaltrials.gov. Cancers with high mortality were included for analyses.

Results:
Since 1997, PDAC has received lesser funding ($1.41 billion) than other cancers such as breast ($10.52 billion), prostate ($4.93 billion), lung ($4.80 billion), and colorectal ($4.50 billion). Similarly, fewer clinical trials have been completed in PDAC (n = 608) compared with breast (n = 1904), lung (n = 1629), colorectal (n = 1080), and prostate (n = 1055) cancer. Despite this, since 1997, dollars invested in PDAC research produced a greater return on investment with regards to 5-year overall survival (5Y-OS) compared with breast, prostate, uterine, and ovarian cancer. Incremental cost-effectiveness analysis demonstrates that millions (liver, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and melanoma) and billions (colorectal and lung) of dollars were required for each additional 1% increase in 5Y-OS compared with PDAC. Funding of research towards early diagnosis of PDAC has decreased by 19% since 2007. For nearly all cancers, treatment-related research receives the highest percentage of NCI funding.

Conclusions:
Funding of PDAC research is significantly less than other cancers, despite its higher mortality and greater potential to improve 5Y-OS. Increased awareness and lobbying are required to increase funding, promote research, and improve survival.
Laparoscopic Versus Open Major Hepatectomy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Chen Ke , Pan Yu , Hu Geng-yuan , Maher Hendi , Zheng Xue-yong , Yan Jia-fei 
Published: September 2018

Background:
Although large series of laparoscopic resections for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) were published, reports of laparoscopic major hepatectomy (LMH) are still limited in expert centers because LMH for HCC remains a challenging procedure requiring extensive experience in both laparoscopic and hepatic surgery. We performed a meta-analysis to assess the safety and efficacy of LMH and open major hepatectomy (OMH) for HCC.

Methods:
A literature search was performed to identify studies comparing LMH with OMH for HCC. Postoperative morbidity, mortality, operative time, intraoperative blood loss, length of hospital stay, R0 rate, and long-term survival outcomes were analyzed.

Results:
Eight studies with a total of 780 HCC patients were included for meta-analysis. The pooled data showed that LMH was associated with longer operative time [weighted mean differences (WMD)=81.04 min; 95% confidence interval (CI), 37.95~124.13; P<0.01], less blood loss (WMD=−117.14 mL; 95% CI, −170.35~−63.93; P<0.01), and shorter hospital stay (WMD=−3.41 d; 95% CI, −4.90~−1.92; P<0.01). Overall morbidity was significantly lower in the LMH group (odds ratio=0.45; 95% CI, 0.23~0.86; P=0.02), as were major complications (odds ratio=0.36; 95% CI, 0.18~0.73; P<0.01). However, there was no difference in margin negativity and long-term survival outcomes.

Conclusions:
LMH can be performed as safely and efficiently as OMH for HCC regarding both surgical and oncological outcomes. LMH is associated with less intraoperative blood loss and postoperative morbidity and may serve as a promising alternative to OMH for HCC patients.
Reinforced Stapling Technique for Reconstruction After Laparoscopic Distal Gastrectomy
Authors: Ojima Toshiyasu , Nakamura Masaki , Hayata Keiji , Nakamori Mikihito , Yamaue Hiroki 
Published: September 2018

Purpose:
We outline our reinforced stapling technique for reconstruction after laparoscopic distal gastrectomy (LDG). We also investigated the safety and feasibility of short-term surgical outcomes of this technique for patients with gastric cancer (GC).

Materials and Methods:
This is a retrospective study of 24 consecutive patients with GC who underwent reinforced stapling technique for reconstruction after LDG at our institute between 2016 and 2017. We adopted intracorporeal anastomosis, namely delta-shaped Billroth I gastroduodenostomy or Roux-en-Y gastrojejunostomy, using reinforced staples with polyglycolic acid sheets (Neoveil).

Results:
No anastomosis-related complications (anastomotic leakage, anastomotic stricture, postoperative gastrointestinal bleeding) were found in our 24 consecutive patients.

Conclusions:
Reinforced stapling for reconstruction after LDG is a feasible and safe procedure for GC with regard to short-term surgical outcomes.
Changes in US mass shooting deaths associated with the 1994–2004 federal assault weapons ban: Analysis of open-source data
Authors: DiMaggio Charles , Avraham Jacob , Berry Cherisse , Bukur Marko , Feldman Justin , Klein Michael , Shah Noor , Tandon Manish , Frangos Spiros 
Published: September 2018

BACKGROUND
A federal assault weapons ban has been proposed as a way to reduce mass shootings in the United States. The Federal Assault Weapons Ban of 1994 made the manufacture and civilian use of a defined set of automatic and semiautomatic weapons and large capacity magazines illegal. The ban expired in 2004. The period from 1994 to 2004 serves as a single-arm pre-post observational study to assess the effectiveness of this policy intervention.

METHODS
Mass shooting data for 1981 to 2017 were obtained from three well-documented, referenced, and open-source sets of data, based on media reports. We calculated the yearly rates of mass shooting fatalities as a proportion of total firearm homicide deaths and per US population. We compared the 1994 to 2004 federal ban period to non-ban periods, using simple linear regression models for rates and a Poison model for counts with a year variable to control for trend. The relative effects of the ban period were estimated with odds ratios.

RESULTS
Assault rifles accounted for 430 or 85.8% of the total 501 mass-shooting fatalities reported (95% confidence interval, 82.8–88.9) in 44 mass-shooting incidents. Mass shootings in the United States accounted for an increasing proportion of all firearm-related homicides (coefficient for year, 0.7; p = 0.0003), with increment in year alone capturing over a third of the overall variance in the data (adjusted R
2 = 0.3). In a linear regression model controlling for yearly trend, the federal ban period was associated with a statistically significant 9 fewer mass shooting related deaths per 10,000 firearm homicides (p = 0.03). Mass-shooting fatalities were 70% less likely to occur during the federal ban period (relative rate, 0.30; 95% confidence interval, 0.22–0.39).

CONCLUSION
Mass-shooting related homicides in the United States were reduced during the years of the federal assault weapons ban of 1994 to 2004.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Observational, level II/IV.
Association of age and colostrum discarding with exclusive breastfeeding in Ethiopia: systematic review and meta-analyses
Authors: Alemu Sisay Mulugeta , Alemu Yihun Mulugeta , Habtewold Tesfa Dejenie 
Published: September 2018

AbstractIntroductionEven though optimal breastfeeding is important, significantly low percentage of mothers’ initiate breastfeeding timely and maintain exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months. The aim of this meta-analyses and systematic review was to investigate whether maternal/caregivers’ age, infant age (0-6 months) and discarding colostrum affects timely initiation of breastfeeding (TIBF) and exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) in Ethiopia.MethodsA systematic search of PubMed, SCOPUS, EMBASE, CINHAL, Web of Science and WHO Global Health Library electronic databases was done for all English published articles from 2000 to January 2018, supplemented by manual search of identified articles and grey literatures bibliographies. Two reviewers independently screened, extracted and graded the quality studies using Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS). Heterogeneity was assessed using the I2and Cochran Chi-square statistics. A weighted inverse variance random-effects model meta-analysis was done.ResultA total of 37 articles (i.e., 14 studies on TIBF and 23 on EBF) were included. TIBF was associated with colostrum discarding (Odds ratio (OR) = 0.38, 95% CI = 0.21-0.68) but not with maternal/caregivers’ age (OR = 0.98, 95% CI = 0.83-1.15). In addition, colostrum discarding (OR = 0.56, 95% CI = 0.37-0.84) and infant age (OR = 1.86, 95% CI = 1.45-2.39) were significantly associated with EBF but not maternal/caregivers’ age (OR = 1.07, 95% CI = 0.81-1.40).ConclusionThis meta-analyses indicated absence of association between maternal/caregivers’ age and breastfeeding practice. Colostrum discarding was associated with both EBF and TIBE. This evidence could be helpful to counsel all reproductive age mothers and who discard colostrum.