bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intraoperative Events in Liver Transplantation Using Donation After Circulatory Death Donors
Authors: Chadha Ryan M. , Croome Kristopher P. , Aniskevich Stephen , Pai Sher‐Lu , Nguyen Justin , Burns Justin , Perry Dana , Taner C. Burcin 
Published: September 2019

Liver grafts from donation after circulatory death (DCD) are a source of organs to decrease wait‐list mortality. While there have been lower rates of graft loss, there are concerns of an increased incidence of intraoperative events in recipients of DCD grafts. We aim to look at the incidence of intraoperative events between recipients of livers from DCD and donation after brain death (DBD) donors. We collected data for 235 DCD liver recipients between 2006 and 2017. We performed a 1:1 propensity match between these patients and patients with DBD donors. Variables included recipient age, liver disease etiology, biological Model for End‐Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score, allocation MELD score, diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma, and year of transplantation. DCD and DBD groups had no significant differences in incidence of postreperfusion syndrome (P = 0.75), arrhythmia requiring cardiopulmonary resuscitation (P = 0.66), and treatments for hyperkalemia (P = 0.84). In the DCD group, there was a significant increase in amount of total intraoperative and postreperfusion blood products (with exception of postreperfusion packed red blood cells) utilized (P < 0.05 for all products), significant differences in postreperfusion thromboelastography parameters, as well as inotropes and vasopressors used (P < 0.05 for all infusions). There was no difference in patient (P = 0.49) and graft survival (P = 0.10) at 1, 3, and 5 years. In conclusion, DCD grafts compared with a cohort of DBD grafts have a similar low incidence of major intraoperative events, but increased incidence of transient vasopressor/inotropic usage and increased blood transfusion requirements. This does not result in differences in longterm outcomes. While centers should continue to look at DCD liver donors, they should be cognizant regarding intraoperative care to prevent adverse outcomes.
Models of Intrauterine growth restriction and fetal programming in rabbits
Authors: Lopez‐Tello Jorge , Arias‐Alvarez Maria , Gonzalez‐Bulnes Antonio , Sferuzzi‐Perri Amanda N. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractIntrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) affects approximately 10% of human pregnancies globally and has immediate and life‐long consequences for offspring health. However, the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of IUGR and its association with later health and disease outcomes are poorly understood. To address these knowledge gaps, the use of experimental animals is critically important. Since the 50's different environmental, pharmacological, and surgical manipulations have been performed in the rabbit to improve our knowledge of the control of fetal growth, fetal responses to IUGR, and mechanisms by which offspring may be programmed by an adverse gestational environment. The purpose of this review is therefore to summarize the utility of the rabbit as a model for IUGR research. It first summarizes the knowledge of prenatal and postnatal development in the rabbit and how these events relate to developmental milestones in humans. It then describes the methods used to induce IUGR in rabbits and the knowledge gained about the mechanisms determining prenatal and postnatal outcomes of the offspring. Finally, it discusses the application of state of the art approaches in the rabbit, including high‐resolution ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, and gene targeting, to gain a deeper integrative understanding of the physiological and molecular events governing the development of IUGR. Overall, we hope to engage and inspire investigators to employ the rabbit as a model organism when studying pregnancy physiology so that we may advance our understanding of mechanisms underlying IUGR and its consequences in humans and other mammalian species.
Steady‐state imaging with inhomogeneous magnetization transfer contrast using multiband radiofrequency pulses
Authors: Malik Shaihan J. , Teixeira Rui P. A. G. , West Daniel J. , Wood Tobias C. , Hajnal Joseph V. 
Published: September 2019

PurposeInhomogeneous magnetization transfer (ihMT) is an emerging form of MRI contrast that may offer high specificity for myelinated tissue. Existing ihMT and pulsed MT sequences often use separate radiofrequency pulses for saturation and signal excitation. This study investigates the use of nonselective multiband radiofrequency pulses for simultaneous off‐resonance saturation and on‐resonance excitation specifically for generation of ihMT contrast within rapid steady‐state pulse sequences.Theory and MethodsA matrix‐based signal modeling approach was developed and applied for both balanced steady state free precession and spoiled gradient echo sequences, accounting specifically for multiband pulses. Phantom experiments were performed using a combination of balanced steady state free precession and spoiled gradient echo sequences, and compared with model fits. A human brain imaging exam was performed using balanced steady state free precession sequences to demonstrate the achieved contrast.ResultsA simple signal model derived assuming instantaneous radiofrequency pulses was shown to agree well with full integration of the governing equations and provided fits to phantom data for materials with strong ihMT contrast (PL161 root mean square error = 0.9%, and hair conditioner root mean square error = 2.4%). In vivo ihMT ratio images showed the expected white matter contrast that has been seen by other ihMT investigations, and the observed ihMT ratios corresponded well with predictions.ConclusionsihMT contrast can be generated by integrating multiband radiofrequency pulses directly into both spoiled gradient echo and balanced steady state free precession sequences, and the presented signal modeling approach can be used to understand the acquired signals.
North American extreme precipitation events and related large-scale meteorological patterns: a review of statistical methods, dynamics, modeling, and trends
Authors: Barlow Mathew , Gutowski William J. , Gyakum John R. , Katz Richard W. , Lim Young-Kwon , Schumacher Russ S. , Wehner Michael F. , Agel Laurie , Bosilovich Michael , Collow Allison , Gershunov Alexander , Grotjahn Richard , Leung Ruby , Milrad Shawn , Min Seung-Ki 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThis paper surveys the current state of knowledge regarding large-scale meteorological patterns (LSMPs) associated with short-duration (less than 1 week) extreme precipitation events over North America. In contrast to teleconnections, which are typically defined based on the characteristic spatial variations of a meteorological field or on the remote circulation response to a known forcing, LSMPs are defined relative to the occurrence of a specific phenomenon—here, extreme precipitation—and with an emphasis on the synoptic scales that have a primary influence in individual events, have medium-range weather predictability, and are well-resolved in both weather and climate models. For the LSMP relationship with extreme precipitation, we consider the previous literature with respect to definitions and data, dynamical mechanisms, model representation, and climate change trends. There is considerable uncertainty in identifying extremes based on existing observational precipitation data and some limitations in analyzing the associated LSMPs in reanalysis data. Many different definitions of “extreme” are in use, making it difficult to directly compare different studies. Dynamically, several types of meteorological systems—extratropical cyclones, tropical cyclones, mesoscale convective systems, and mesohighs—and several mechanisms—fronts, atmospheric rivers, and orographic ascent—have been shown to be important aspects of extreme precipitation LSMPs. The extreme precipitation is often realized through mesoscale processes organized, enhanced, or triggered by the LSMP. Understanding of model representation, trends, and projections for LSMPs is at an early stage, although some promising analysis techniques have been identified and the LSMP perspective is useful for evaluating the model dynamics associated with extremes.
In-Hospital Mortality in Patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: A US Cohort Study
Authors: Durheim Michael T. , Judy Jennifer , Bender Shaun , Baumer Dorothy , Lucas Joseph , Robinson Scott B. , Mohamedaly Omar , Shah Bimal R. , Leonard Thomas , Conoscenti Craig S. , Palmer Scott M. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Purpose
In patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), hospitalizations are associated with high mortality. We sought to determine in-hospital mortality rates and factors associated with in-hospital mortality in patients with IPF.

Methods
Patients with IPF were identified from the Premier Healthcare Database, a representative administrative dataset that includes > 20% of hospital discharges in the US, using an algorithm based on diagnostic codes and billing data. We used logistic regression to analyze associations between patient-, hospital-, and treatment-related characteristics and a composite primary outcome of death during the index visit, lung transplant during the index visit and > 1 day after admission, or death during a readmission within 90 days.

Results
The cohort comprised 6665 patients with IPF hospitalized between October 2011 and October 2014. A total of 963 (14.4%) met the primary outcome. Factors significantly associated with a higher risk of the primary outcome included mechanical ventilation [odds ratio 4.65 (95% CI 3.73, 5.80)], admission to the intensive care unit [1.83 (1.52, 2.21)], treatment with opioids (3.06 [2.57, 3.65]), and a diagnosis of pneumonia [1.44 (1.21, 1.71)]. Factors significantly associated with a lower risk included concurrent chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [0.65 (0.55, 0.77)] and female sex [0.67 (0.57, 0.79)].

Conclusions
Patients with IPF, particularly those receiving mechanical ventilation or intensive care, are at substantial risk of death or lung transplant during hospitalization or death during a readmission within 90 days.
Principles of Risk-Based Rock Engineering Design
Authors: Spross Johan , Stille Håkan , Johansson Fredrik , Palmstrøm Arild 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
In comparison with other types of construction, the development of rock engineering design codes has been slow. Codes must, however, be developed with relevant discipline-specific characteristics in mind. This paper, therefore, presents a generic design framework for rock engineering. The framework is based on the presumption that rock engineering design must be viewed as decision-making under uncertainty, which makes the design process subject to general risk management principles, as risk is defined as “effect of uncertainties on objectives” (ISO 31000). Thus, rock engineering design codes ultimately need to facilitate design processes that target the risk, to enable design of structures that not only are sufficiently safe and durable and cost-effectively constructed, but also imply safe and healthy work conditions during construction and an acceptably low environmental impact. The presented framework satisfies this fundamental requirement and the authors find codification of its principles to be rather straightforward, as long as the level of detail in the code is governed by a strict application of ISO’s general risk management principles. Further details on methods and practical recommendations can instead be supplemented in separate handbooks and application guidelines.
The Influence of Climate Change on the Restoration Trajectory of a Nutrient-Rich Deep Lake
Authors: Radbourne Alan D. , Ryves David B. , Madgwick Genevieve , Anderson N. John 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Nutrient reduction in impacted lowland freshwater systems is ecologically and culturally important. Gaining a greater insight into how lakes respond to lowering nutrient loads and how climate-driven physical limnology affects present and future cycling of available nutrients is important for ecosystem resource management. This study examines the nutrient decline in a hypereutrophic freshwater lake (Rostherne Mere, Cheshire, UK) 25 years after sewage effluent diversion, a uniquely long-term analysis of a recovering nutrient-rich deep lake. Using nutrient, phytoplankton, climate and catchment hydrological monitoring, the contemporary lake system is compared to previous studies from 1990 to 2002. Nutrient change since point source load diversion showed annual average and maximum phosphorus (P) concentrations decreased significantly for the first 10 years (1992: ~ 600 µg P L−1; 2002: ~ 200 µg P L−1), but have since stabilised due to a substantial legacy sediment P internal load. Dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) concentrations have not substantially changed since diversion, resulting in the alteration of the DIN/SRP ratio from a system characterised by N limitation (N:P ~ 5), to one predominantly P limited (N:P > 20). Nutrient changes over this time are shown to drive ecological change, especially in the cyanobacterial and algal communities. Furthermore, very high-resolution monitoring of lake inflow and outflow (every 5 min during 2016) shows that water residence time at this lake is significantly shorter than previously estimated (~ 0.8 years compared to previous estimates of ~ 1.6–2.4 years). Together with long-term data demonstrating that the stratification period at Rostherne Mere has increased by 40 days over the last ~ 50 years (due to later autumnal mixing), we show that a rapid rate of epilimnetic flushing together with a long stratification period substantially reduces the available epilimnetic P during the summer cyanobacterial bloom. This is of growing importance for many such lakes, given widespread climate-driven lengthening of stratification and a national trend of decreasing summer rainfall (decreasing seasonal flushing) but more intense summer storm events (resulting in short-term flushing events).
Markovian lifts of positive semidefinite affine Volterra-type processes
Authors: Cuchiero Christa , Teichmann Josef 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
We consider stochastic partial differential equations appearing as Markovian lifts of matrix-valued (affine) Volterra-type processes from the point of view of the generalized Feller property (see, e.g., Dörsek and Teichmann in A semigroup point of view on splitting schemes for stochastic (partial) differential equations, 2010. arXiv:1011.2651). We introduce in particular Volterra Wishart processes with fractional kernels and values in the cone of positive semidefinite matrices. They are constructed from matrix products of infinite dimensional Ornstein–Uhlenbeck processes whose state space is the set of matrix-valued measures. Parallel to that we also consider positive definite Volterra pure jump processes, giving rise to multivariate Hawkes-type processes. We apply these affine covariance processes for multivariate (rough) volatility modeling and introduce a (rough) multivariate Volterra Heston-type model.
Revealing Evolutionarily Optimal Strategies in Self-Reproducing Systems via a New Computational Approach
Authors: Sandhu Simran Kaur , Morozov Andrew , Kuzenkov Oleg 
Published: September 2019

AbstractModelling the evolution of complex life history traits and behavioural patterns observed in the natural world is a challenging task. Here, we develop a novel computational method to obtain evolutionarily optimal life history traits/behavioural patterns in population models with a strong inheritance. The new method is based on the reconstruction of evolutionary fitness using underlying equations for population dynamics and it can be applied to self-reproducing systems (including complicated age-structured models), where fitness does not depend on initial conditions, however, it can be extended to some frequency-dependent cases. The technique provides us with a tool to efficiently explore both scalar-valued and function-valued traits with any required accuracy. Moreover, the method can be implemented even in the case where we ignore the underlying model equations and only have population dynamics time series. As a meaningful ecological case study, we explore optimal strategies of diel vertical migration (DVM) of herbivorous zooplankton in the vertical water column which is a widespread phenomenon in both oceans and lakes, generally considered to be the largest synchronised movement of biomass on Earth. We reveal optimal trajectories of daily vertical motion of zooplankton grazers in the water column depending on the presence of food and predators. Unlike previous studies, we explore both scenarios of DVM with static and dynamic predators. We find that the optimal pattern of DVM drastically changes in the presence of dynamic predation. Namely, with an increase in the amount of food available for zooplankton grazers, the amplitude of DVM progressively increases, whereas for static predators DVM would abruptly cease.
Protective and defensive roles of non-glandular trichomes against multiple stresses: structure–function coordination
Authors: Karabourniotis George , Liakopoulos Georgios , Nikolopoulos Dimosthenis , Bresta Panagiota 
Published: September 2019

AbstractAs superficial structures, non-glandular trichomes, protect plant organs against multiple biotic and abiotic stresses. The protective and defensive roles of these epidermal appendages are crucial to developing organs and can be attributed to the excellent combination of suitable structural traits and chemical reinforcement in the form of phenolic compounds, primarily flavonoids. Both the formation of trichomes and the accumulation of phenolics are interrelated at the molecular level. During the early stages of development, non-glandular trichomes show strong morphological similarities to glandular ones such as the balloon-like apical cells with numerous phenolics. At later developmental stages, and during secondary wall thickening, phenolics are transferred to the cell walls of the trichomes. Due to the diffuse deposition of phenolics in the cell walls, trichomes provide protection against UV-B radiation by behaving as optical filters, screening out wavelengths that could damage sensitive tissues. Protection from strong visible radiation is also afforded by increased surface light reflectance. Moreover, the mixtures of trichome phenolics represent a superficial chemical barrier that provides protection against biotic stress factors such as herbivores and pathogens. Although the cells of some trichomes die at maturity, they can modulate their quantitative and qualitative characteristics during development, depending on the prevailing conditions of the external biotic or abiotic environment. In fact, the structure and chemical constituents of trichomes may change due to the particular light regime, herbivore damage, wounding, water stress, salinity and the presence of heavy metals. Hence, trichomes represent dynamic protective structures that may greatly affect the outcome of many plant–environment interactions.
Do women benefit more than men from off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting?
Authors: ter Woorst J. F. , Hoff A. H. T. , Haanschoten M. C. , Houterman S. , van Straten A. H. M. , Soliman-Hamad M. A. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Objectives
Outcomes after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) are worse in women than in men. This study aims to investigate whether off-pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB) surgery improves the outcomes in women by comparing different outcome measures in both genders.

Methods
Patients who underwent isolated CABG, either on-pump (ONCAB) or OPCAB, between January 1998 and June 2017 were included. Primary endpoints were 30-day and 120-day mortality. Logistic regression models were constructed to evaluate the effect of the CABG technique on important outcomes such as mortality and the need for blood transfusion.

Results
The data of 17,052 patients were analysed, 3,684 of whom were women (414 OPCAB) and 13,368 men (1,483 OPCAB). The mean number of grafts was lower in the OPCAB group of both genders (p < 0.001). Postoperatively, both men and women undergoing OPCAB surgery received fewer red blood cell transfusions (p < 0.001) and had higher postoperative haemoglobin levels (p < 0.001) than those undergoing ONCAB. Early mortality occurred less frequently after OPCAB surgery in both genders, although the difference was not significant. However, 120-day mortality was significantly lower after OPCAB surgery in women, even after correction for preoperative risk factors [odds ratio (OR) = 0.356, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.144–0.882, p = 0.026]. The difference in 120-day mortality was not significant in men (OR = 0.787, 95% CI 0.498–1.246, p = 0.307).

Conclusions
Women undergoing CABG benefit more from OPCAB surgery than from ONCAB surgery in terms of 120-day mortality. This difference was not found in men in our patient population.
Can IMF program design resurrect investor sentiment? An empirical investigation
Authors: Vadlamannati Krishna Chaitanya 
Published: September 2019

AbstractDoes international investor sentiment improve when a crises-ridden country participates in an International Monetary Fund (IMF) program? I argue that merely participating in an IMF program may not revive the sentiments of investors. Rather, investor sentiment would improve when governments enhance the credibility of their commitment to reforms by accepting severe conditions imposed by the IMF, which incur ex ante and ex post political costs. Using panel data on 166 countries during the 1992–2013 period (twenty-two years), I find that countries participating in IMF programs, with conditions attached, specifically prior actions and performance criteria conditions, after controlling for endogeneity concerns using exogeneous instruments, are associated with an increase in long-term investor sentiment. These results are robust to using alternative data, variables and estimation methods. My findings are in stark contrast to those who argue that IMF conditional programs are akin to swallowing a bitter pill. In fact, my results demonstrate that the so-called bitter pill may act as a palliative.
Positive contagion and the macrostructures of generalized balance
Authors: Friedkin Noah E. , Proskurnikov Anton V. , Bullo Francesco 
Published: September 2019

AbstractBalance theory has advanced with interdisciplinary contributions from social science, physical science, engineering, and mathematics. The common focus of attention is social networks in which every individual has either a positive or negative, cognitive or emotional, appraisal of every other individual. The current frontier of work on balance theory is a hunt for a dynamical model that predicts the temporal evolution of any such appraisal network to a particular structure in the complete set of balanced networks allowed by the theory. Finding such a model has proved to be a difficult problem. In this article, we contribute a parsimonious solution of the problem that explicates the conditions under which a network will evolve either to a set of mutually antagonistic cliques or to an asymmetric structure that allows agreement, cooperation, and compromise among cliques.