bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The impact of smoking and smoking cessation on disease outcomes in ulcerative colitis: a nationwide population‐based study
Authors: Blackwell Jonathan , Saxena Sonia , Alexakis Christopher , Bottle Alex , Cecil Elizabeth , Majeed Azeem , Pollok Richard C. 
Published: August 2019

SummaryBackgroundSmokers are less likely to develop ulcerative colitis (UC) but the impact of smoking and subsequent cessation on clinical outcomes in UC is unclear.AimTo evaluate the effect of smoking status and smoking cessation on disease outcomes.MethodsUsing a nationally representative clinical research database, we identified incident cases of UC during 2005‐2016. Patients were grouped as never‐smokers, ex‐smokers and smokers based on smoking status recorded in the 2 years preceding UC diagnosis. We defined subgroups of persistent smokers and smokers who quit within 2 years after diagnosis. We compared the rates of overall corticosteroid use, corticosteroid‐requiring flares, corticosteroid dependency, thiopurine use, hospitalisation and colectomy between these groups.ResultsWe identified 6754 patients with a new diagnosis of UC over the study period with data on smoking status, of whom 878 were smokers at diagnosis. Smokers had a similar risk of corticosteroid‐requiring flares (OR 1.16, 95% CI 0.92‐1.25), thiopurine use (HR 0.84, 95% CI 0.62‐1.14), corticosteroid dependency (HR 0.85, 95% CI 0.60‐1.11), hospitalisation (HR 0.92, 95% CI 0.72‐1.18) and colectomy (HR 0.78, 95% CI 0.50‐1.21) in comparison with never‐smokers. Rates of flares, thiopurine use, corticosteroid dependency, hospitalisation and colectomy were not significantly different between persistent smokers and those who quit smoking after a diagnosis of UC.ConclusionsSmokers and never‐smokers with UC have similar outcomes with respect to flares, thiopurine use, corticosteroid dependency, hospitalisation and colectomy. Smoking cessation was not associated with worse disease course. The risks associated with smoking outweigh any benefits. UC patients should be counselled against smoking.
Why is the therapeutic effect of acute antimigraine drugs delayed? A review of controlled trials and hypotheses about the delay of effect
Authors: Tfelt‐Hansen Peer , Messlinger Karl 
Published: August 2019

In randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of oral drug treatment of migraine attacks, efficacy is evaluated after 2 hours. The effect of oral naratriptan 2.5 mg with a maximum blood concentration (Tmax) at 2 hours increases from 2 to 4 hours in RCTs. To check whether such a delayed effect is also present for other oral antimigraine drugs, we hand‐searched the literature for publications on RCTs reporting efficacy. Two triptans, 3 nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), a triptan combined with an NSAID and a calcitonin gene–related peptide receptor antagonist were evaluated for their therapeutic gain with determination of time to maximum effect (Emax). Emax was compared with known Tmax from pharmacokinetic studies to estimate the delay to pain‐free. The delay in therapeutic gain varied from 1–2 hours for zolmitriptan 5 mg to 7 hours for naproxen 500 mg. An increase in effect from 2 to 4 hours was observed after eletriptan 40 mg, frovatriptan 2.5 mg and lasmiditan 200 mg, and after rizatriptan 10 mg (Tmax = 1 h) from 1 to 2 hours. This strongly indicates a general delay of effect in oral antimigraine drugs. A review of 5 possible effects of triptans on the trigemino‐vascular system did not yield a simple explanation for the delay. In addition, Emax for triptans probably depends partly on the rise in plasma levels and not only on its maximum. The most likely explanation for the delay in effect is that a complex antimigraine system with more than 1 site of action is involved.
Biogenetic ties and parent‐child relationships: The misplaced critique
Authors: Murphy Timothy F. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractAccording to an almost axiomatic standard in bioethics, moral commitment should ground parents’ relationship with their children, rather than biogenetic relatedness. This standard has been used lately to express skepticism about extending existing assisted reproductive treatments (ARTs) to same‐sex couples and to research into novel fertility interventions for those couples, but this skepticism is misplaced on several grounds. As a matter of access and equity, same‐sex couples seem presumptively entitled to genetic relatedness to their children as far as possible both in regard to existing ARTs and to novel ARTs under investigation. For those worried about the effects of trying to secure biogenetic relatedness for same‐sex couples, it may be noted that same‐sex couples will only ever be a fraction of the parents implicated in propping up “biologism,” as the expectation of biogenetic relatedness it is sometimes called. The cultural force of biologism would survive almost intact even if no same‐sex couples were ever to have genetically related children. It is therefore hard to see why same‐sex couples should forfeit aspirations to biogenetic relationships with their children or enjoy less subsidy for ARTs than the subsidy given to different‐sex couples. As matter of moral consistency, the full implications of the biologism critique have yet to be evaluated relative to different‐sex couples.
Institutional refusal to offer assisted dying: A response to Shadd and Shadd
Authors: Sumner L.W. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractEver since medical assistance in dying (MAID) became legal in Canada in 2016, controversy has enveloped the refusal by many faith‐based institutions to allow this service on their premises. In a recent article in this journal, Philip and Joshua Shadd have proposed ‘changing the conversation’ on this issue, reframing it as an exercise not of conscience but of an institutional right of self‐governance. This reframing, they claim, will serve to show how health‐care institutions may be justified in refusing to provide MAID on moral or religious grounds. I argue that it will not make it easier to justify institutional refusal, and is likely to make it harder.
Cardiac expression of HMOX1 and PGF in sickle cell mice and haem‐treated wild type mice dominates organ expression profiles via Nrf2 (Nfe2l2)
Authors: Gbotosho Oluwabukola T. , Ghosh Samit , Kapetanaki Maria G. , Lin Yu , Weidert Frances , Bullock Grant C. , Ofori‐Acquah Solomon F. , Kato Gregory J. 
Published: August 2019

SummaryHaemolysis is a major feature of sickle cell disease (SCD) that contributes to organ damage. It is well established that haem, a product of haemolysis, induces expression of the enzyme that degrades it, haem oxygenase‐1 (HMOX1). We have also shown that haem induces expression of placental growth factor (PGF), but the organ specificity of these responses has not been well‐defined. As expected, we found high level expression of Hmox1 and Pgf transcripts in the reticuloendothelial system organs of transgenic sickle cell mice, but surprisingly strong expression in the heart (P < 0·0001). This pattern was largely replicated in wild type mice by intravenous injection of exogenous haem. In the heart, haem induced unexpectedly strong mRNA responses for Hmox1 (18‐fold), Pgf (4‐fold), and the haem transporter Slc48a1 (also termed Hrg1; 2·4‐fold). This was comparable to the liver, the principal known haem‐detoxifying organ. The NFE2L2 (also termed NRF2) transcription factor mediated much of the haem induction of Hmox1 and Hrg1 in all organs, but less so for Pgf. Our results indicate that the heart expresses haem response pathway genes at surprisingly high basal levels and shares with the liver a similar transcriptional response to circulating haem. The role of the heart in haem response should be investigated further.
The role of parental acute psychological distress in paediatric burn re‐epithelialization
Authors: Brown Erin A. , De Young Alexandra , Kimble Roy , Kenardy Justin 
Published: August 2019

ObjectivesFollowing a paediatric burn, parents commonly experience high levels of acute psychological distress, which has been shown to increase child psychological distress as well as child procedural distress. The influence of psychological stress and perceived pain on wound healing has been demonstrated in several laboratory and medical populations. This paper investigates the influence of parental acute psychological distress and procedural behaviour on the child's rate of re‐epithelialization, after controlling for child procedural distress.DesignA prospective observational study with longitudinal outcome.MethodsEighty‐three parents of children 1–6 years old reported acute psychological distress (post‐traumatic stress symptoms [PTSS], guilt, pre‐procedural fear, general anxiety/depression symptoms) in relation to their child's burn. A researcher observed parent–child behaviour at the first dressing change, and parents and nurses reported child procedural distress (pre‐, peak‐, and post‐procedural pain and fear). These variables, along with demographic and injury information, were tested for predicting time to re‐epithelialization. Date of re‐epithelialization was determined by the treating consultant.ResultsDays to re‐epithelialization ranged from 3 to 35 days post‐injury. A hierarchical multiple regression analysis found wound depth and size significantly accounted for 28% of the variance in time to re‐epithelialization. In Block 2, child peak‐procedural pain significantly accounted for 6% additional variance. In Block 3, parental PTSS significantly accounted for 5% additional variance.ConclusionsParental PTSS appears to be an important but under‐recognized factor that may influence their child's burn re‐epithelialization. Further investigation is required to understand the mechanisms contributing to this association.
Statement of contribution

What is already known on this subject?

Psychological stress delays wound healing, and this relationship has been found in paediatric burn populations with procedural pain. Parental psychological stress is often present after a child's burn and is related to the child's procedural coping and distress.

What does this study add?

Parental post‐traumatic stress is related to delayed child burn re‐epithelialization.

This association is in addition to procedural pain delaying re‐epithelialization.
Andrographolide alleviates Parkinsonism in MPTP‐PD mice via targeting mitochondrial fission mediated by dynamin‐related protein 1
Authors: Geng Ji , Liu Wen , Gao Jian , Jiang Chunhong , Fan Ting , Sun Yang , Qin Zheng‐Hong , Xu Qiang , Guo Wenjie , Gao Jing 
Published: August 2019

Background and PurposeAccumulating evidence indicates that mitochondrial dynamics play an important role in the progressive deterioration of dopaminergic neurons. Andrographolide has been found to exert neuroprotective effects in several models of neurological diseases. However, the mechanism of how andrographolide protects neurons in Parkinson's disease (PD) remains not fully understood.Experimental ApproachBehavioural experiments were performed to examine the effect of andrographolide in 1‐Methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)‐PD mice. Mitochondrial mass and morphology were visualized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). SH‐SY5Y cells and primary mouse neurons were exposed to rotenone to mimic PD in vitro. Western blotting, co‐immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence were performed. The target protein of andrographolide was identified by biotin‐andrographolide pulldown assay as well as drug affinity responsive target stability (DARTS), cellular thermal shift (CETSA), and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) assays.Key ResultsAndrographolide administration improved behavioural deficits and attenuated loss of dopaminergic neurons in MPTP‐exposed mice and reduced cell death induced by rotenone in vitro. An increased mitochondrial mass, and decreased surface area were found in the striatum from MPTP‐PD mice, as well as in rotenone‐treated primary neurons and SH‐SY5Y cells, while andrographolide treatment preserved mitochondrial mass and morphology. Dynamin‐related protein 1 (DRP1) was identified as a target protein of andrographolide. Andrographolide bound to DRP1 and inhibited its GTPase activity, thereby preventing excessive mitochondria fission and neuronal damage in PD.Conclusions and ImplicationsOur findings suggest that andrographolide may protect neurons against rotenone‐ or MPTP‐induced damage in vitro and in vivo through inhibiting mitochondrial fission.
The stratigraphic record of minibasin subsidence, Precaspian Basin, Kazakhstan
Authors: Jackson Christopher A.‐L. , Duffy Oliver B. , Fernandez Naiara , Dooley Tim P. , Hudec Michael R. , Jackson Martin P. A. , Burg George 
Published: August 2019

AbstractMinibasins are fundamental components of many salt‐bearing sedimentary basins, where they may host large volumes of hydrocarbons. Although we understand the basic mechanics governing their subsidence, we know surprisingly little of how minibasins subside in three‐dimensions over geological timescales, or what controls such variability. Such knowledge would improve our ability to constrain initial salt volumes in sedimentary basins, the timing of salt welding and the distribution and likely charging histories of suprasalt hydrocarbon reservoirs. We use 3D seismic reflection data from the Precaspian Basin, onshore Kazakhstan to reveal the subsidence histories of 16, Upper Permian‐to‐Triassic, suprasalt minibasins. These minibasins subsided into a Lower‐to‐Middle Permian salt layer that contained numerous relatively strong, clastic‐dominated minibasins encased during an earlier, latest Permian phase of diapirism; because of this, the salt varied in thickness. Suprasalt minibasins contain a stratigraphic record of symmetric (bowl‐shaped units) and then asymmetric (wedge‐shaped units) subsidence, with this change in style seemingly occurring at different times in different minibasins, and most likely prior to welding. We complement our observations from natural minibasins in the Precaspian Basin with results arising from new physical sandbox models; this allows us to explore the potential controls on minibasin subsidence patterns, before assessing which of these might be applicable to our natural example. We conclude that due to uncertainties in the original spatial relationships between encased and suprasalt minibasins, and the timing of changes in style of subsidence between individual minibasins, it is unclear why such complex temporal and spatial variations in subsidence occur in the Precaspian Basin. Regardless of what controls the observed variability, we argue that vertical changes in minibasin stratigraphic architecture may not record the initial (depositional) thickness of underlying salt or the timing of salt welding; this latter point is critical when attempting to constrain the timing of potential hydraulic communication between sub‐salt source rocks and suprasalt reservoirs. Furthermore, temporal changes in minibasin subsidence style will likely control suprasalt reservoir distribution and trapping style.
Impact of a pre‐existing transverse drainage system on active rift stratigraphy: An example from the Corinth Rift, Greece
Authors: Somerville David J. P. , Mountney Nigel P. , Colombera Luca , Collier Richard E. Ll. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractModels to explain alluvial system development in rift settings commonly depict fans that are sourced directly from catchments formed in newly uplifted footwalls, which leads to the development of steep‐sided talus‐cone fans in the actively subsiding basin depocentre. The impact of basin evolution on antecedent drainage networks orientated close to perpendicular to a rift axis, and flowing over the developing hangingwall dip slope, remains relatively poorly understood. The aim of this study is to better understand the responses to rift margin uplift and subsequent intrabasinal fault development in determining sedimentation patterns in alluvial deposits of a major antecedent drainage system. Field‐acquired data from a coarse‐grained alluvial syn‐rift succession in the western Gulf of Corinth, Greece (sedimentological logging and mapping) has allowed analysis of the spatial distribution of facies associations, stratigraphic architectural elements and patterns of palaeoflow. During the earliest rifting phase, newly uplifted footwalls redirected a previously established fluvial system with predominantly southward drainage. Footwall uplift on the southern basin margin at an initially relatively slow rate led to the development of an overfilled basin, within which an alluvial fan prograded to the south‐west, south and south‐east over a hangingwall dip slope. Deposition of the alluvial system sourced from the north coincided with the establishment of small‐scale alluvial fans sourced from the newly uplifted footwall in the south. Deposits of non‐cohesive debris flows close to the proposed hangingwall fan apex pass gradationally downstream into predominantly bedload conglomerate deposits indicative of sedimentation via hyperconcentrated flows laden with sand‐ and silt‐grade sediment. Subsequent normal faulting in the hangingwall resulted in the establishment of further barriers to stream drainage, blocking flow routes to the south. This culminated in the termination of sediment supply to the basin depocentre from the north, and the onset of underfilled basin conditions as signified by an associated lacustrine transgression. The evolution of the fluvial system described in this study records transitions between three possible end‐member types of interaction between active rifting and antecedent drainage systems: (a) erosion through an uplifted footwall, (b) drainage diversion away from an uplifted footwall and (c) deposition over the hangingwall dip slope. The orientation of antecedent drainage pathways at a high angle to the trend of a developing rift axis, replete with intrabasinal faulting, exerts a primary control on the timing and location of development of overfilled and underfilled basin states in evolving depocentres.
Claudin‐4 immunohistochemistry is a useful pan‐carcinoma marker for serous effusion specimens
Authors: Vojtek Melissa , Walsh Michael D. , Papadimos David J. , Shield Paul W. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the utility of claudin‐4 as a pan‐carcinoma marker in cell‐blocks of effusion specimens and compare results with Ber‐Ep4 staining.MethodsEffusion cell‐blocks (n = 284) were stained for claudin‐4 and results compared with Ber‐Ep4. Cases included 172 metastatic malignancies (137 adenocarcinomas, 20 small cell lung tumours, eight metastatic melanoma, four squamous cell carcinoma, three urothelial cell carcinoma), 49 benign reactive cases and 63 mesotheliomas.ResultsAll 49 benign effusions were negative. Only 1/63 (1.6%) mesotheliomas was positive for claudin‐4. Claudin‐4 staining was positive in 131/137 (95.6%) adenocarcinoma cases. Cases negative for claudin‐4 included single cases of metastases from breast, colon, stomach, prostate, kidney and ovary. Claudin‐4 outperformed Ber‐Ep4. Sensitivity (95.6% vs 85.4%), specificity (99.1% vs 86.6%), negative predictive value (94.9% vs 82.9%) and positive predictive value (99.2% vs 88.6%) were all higher for claudin‐4 compared with Ber‐Ep4, respectively. Only two cases were claudin‐4−/Ber‐Ep4+. Significantly (P < .0064) more cases of metastatic adenocarcinoma stained positive for claudin‐4 (131/137; 95.6%) than Ber‐Ep4 (117/137; 86.2%). Claudin‐4 staining was present in 15/20 (75%) of neuroendocrine carcinomas, 3/4 (75%) squamous cell carcinoma and 3/3 (100%) urothelial cell carcinoma. All eight cases of melanoma were negative for both claudin‐4 and Ber‐Ep4.ConclusionsClaudin‐4 staining is a useful addition to IHC panels for effusions specimens with superior performance to Ber‐Ep4.
The role of tactile interactions in flight responses in the Bronze Cory catfish (Corydoras aeneus)
Authors: Riley Riva J. , Gillie Elizabeth R. , Savage James L. , Boogert Neeltje J. , Manica Andrea , Jungwirth Arne 
Published: August 2019

AbstractOne of the primary functions of animal aggregations is defence against predators. Many social animals enjoy reduced predation risk as a result of grouping, and individuals within groups can benefit from information transferred by their group‐mates about a potential predator. We present evidence that a tactile interaction behaviour we term “nudging” substantially modified group responses to a potential threat in a highly social catfish,Corydoras aeneus. These catfish deployed nudges during flight responses, and these nudges were associated with a greater likelihood of group cohesion following a threat event. Increased nudging behaviour also resulted in longer flight responses, a potentially costly outcome in natural contexts. In addition, individuals that perceived the threat first were more likely to initiate nudges, implying that nudges could be used to alert group‐mates to the presence of a threat. Taken together, our results suggest that tactile communication plays an important role in mediating anti‐predator benefits from sociality in these fish.
A refined diffuse cohesive approach for the failure analysis in quasibrittle materials—part I: Theoretical formulation and numerical calibration
Authors: De Maio Umberto , Greco Fabrizio , Leonetti Lorenzo , Luciano Raimondo , Nevone Blasi Paolo , Vantadori Sabrina 
Published: August 2019

AbstractIn this work, a refined interelement diffuse fracture theoretical model, based on a cohesive finite element approach, is proposed for concrete and other quasibrittle materials. This model takes advantage of a novel micromechanics‐based calibration technique for reducing the artificial compliance associated with the adopted intrinsic formulation. By means of this technique, the required values for the elastic stiffness parameters to obtain nearly invisible cohesive interfaces are provided. Furthermore, the mesh‐induced toughening effect, essentially related to the artificial crack tortuosity caused by the different orientations of the interelement cohesive interfaces, is numerically investigated by performing comparisons with an additional fracture model, newly introduced for the purpose of numerical validation. These comparisons are presented to assess the reliability and the numerical accuracy of the proposed fracture approach.
Spatial interpolation using areal features: A review of methods and opportunities using new forms of data with coded illustrations
Authors: Comber Alexis , Zeng Wen 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThis paper provides a high‐level review of different approaches for spatial interpolation using areal features. It groups these into those that use ancillary data to constrain or guide the interpolation (dasymetric, statistical, street‐weighted, and point‐based), and those do not but instead develop and refine allocation procedures (area to point, pycnophylactic, and areal weighting). Each approach is illustrated by being applied to the same case study. The analysis is extended to examine the opportunities arising from the many new forms of spatial data that are generated by everyday activities such as social media, check‐ins, websites offering services, microblogging sites, and social sensing, as well as intentional VGI activities, both supported by ubiquitous web‐ and GPS‐enabled technologies. Here, data of residential properties from a commercial website was used as ancillary data. Overall, the interpolations using many of the new forms of data perform as well as traditional, formal data, highlighting the analytical opportunities as ancillary information for spatial interpolation, and for supporting spatial analysis more generally. However, the case study also highlighted the need to consider the completeness and representativeness of such data. The R code used to generate the data, to develop the analysis and to create the tables and figures is provided.