bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measurements of N2
+ ions in an inductively coupled plasma using saturated cavity ringdown spectroscopy
Authors: Rogers S D A , Kniebe-Evans C , Peverall R , Hancock G , Rhodes B J , Ritchie G A D 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This paper presents a unique study of the bulk plasma characteristics in a low pressure inductively coupled nitrogen plasma. Saturated cavity ringdown spectroscopy (sat-CRDS) has been used to determine the absolute number densities and translational temperatures of N2
+(X, ν = 0). The effect of saturation is readily accounted for by using an effective saturation parameter, S
eff, and determined by a simple method employing measurements at two different gain settings of the detection system. The appropriateness of this method is confirmed by comparison with fitting individual ringdown data using a time-dependent saturation parameter, S(t), within the local approximation model for sat-CRDS; the two methods are in excellent agreement in returning absolute number densities and translational temperatures. N2
+(X, ν = 0) number densities are determined across a matrix of pressure (10−100 mTorr) and radio-frequency power (200−400 W) conditions with maximum number densities of ca. 1.3 × 1010 cm–3 while translational temperatures range from 600−1500 K.
Superelastic behavior of novel Ni–Ti–Co shape memory alloys for seismic applications
Authors: Hong Huanpeng , Gencturk Bora , Saiidi M Saiid 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Ni–Ti–Co is a new shape memory alloy (SMA) composition that has a higher strength and a lower superelastic temperature range than the traditional binary Ni–Ti SMA composition. In this paper, the superelastic properties of Ni–Ti–Co bars that are important for seismic applications were studied and compared with those of Ni–Ti bars. The superelastic behavior, strength, strain recovery, low-cycle fatigue characteristics, and fracture strains of Ni–Ti–Co and Ni–Ti SMA with different heat treatment strategies and testing temperatures from −40 °C to 50 °C were investigated with seismic applications in mind. The effect of low-cycle fatigue loading and temperature variations on the superelasticity degradation of Ni–Ti–Co SMA were evaluated. The results showed that the yield stress of Ni–Ti–Co SMA at room temperature was 1.41–1.74 times that of the Ni–Ti SMA. Ni–Ti–Co SMA exhibited 100% strain recovery when unloaded from 5% strain in a temperature range from −40 °C to room temperature; while at 50 °C, a residual strain of 0.6% was observed when unloaded from 5% strain. For comparison, the Ni–Ti SMA lost superelasticity when the temperature was reduced to 0 °C. When subjected to low-cycle fatigue loading, the stability of the superelastic behavior (maintaining yield stress, energy dissipation and strain recovery) of Ni–Ti–Co SMA at −40 °C was better than that at room temperature and 50 °C. In particular, the superelasticity of Ni–Ti–Co SMA at −40 °C was superior to that of the Ni–Ti SMA at 0 °C. At −40 °C, the Ni–Ti–Co SMA showed almost no loss in yield stress, damping ratio and recovery strain during the first 100 cycles of fatigue loading. Moreover, from 100th to 471st cycle, at which the fracture occurred, the strain recovery of Ni–Ti–Co SMA showed almost no degradation.
Dynamic description of soliton solutions of nonlinear schrödinger equation with higher order dispersion and nonlinear terms
Authors: Shehzad Khurrem , Wang Jun , Seadawy Aly R , Arshad Muhammad , Ahmed Iftikhar 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The article presents an analytical solution for the higher-order nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLSE), which describes the propagation of short light pulses in monomode optical fibers. Various traveling wave solutions are obtained using the generalized exponential rational function method, a technique with substantial applications in physics and mathematics. Additionally, the parameters leading to the occurrence of optical bright and multipeak solitons in this medium are provided along with their formation conditions. The derived solutions are graphically displayed to enhance the understanding of the model’s physical phenomena. This approach is credible, potent, and successful in solving a wide variety of different models of this kind that arise in the applied sciences. Its robustness, strength, and efficiency make it suitable for addressing various higher-order nonlinear problems in current research fields, extending beyond the models encountered in the applied sciences.
Evaluation of photocathode materials in combination with commercial fiber-coupled UV photon sources as a compact electron source in mass spectrometry
Authors: Münst Maximilian G , Barwa Erik , Beyer Martin K 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The design of a compact electron source for mass spectrometry applications based on commercially available plug-and-play light sources and sturdy materials is presented, and its performance of photo-electron production is evaluated. We report quantum yields ranging between 1–2.5  × 10–5 for aluminum, 9  × 10–8–3  × 10–6 for stainless steel, 1– 2.2  × 10–6 for molybdenum, 6.3  × 10–7–5.1  × 10–6 for tantalum, and 1.4–2.1  × 10–6 for titanium, depending on the wavelength range of the irradiation source. In terms of quantum yield, the deuterium lamp provided better results compared to the two UV LEDs for all metals. However, due to their higher optical output power, the LEDs nevertheless yield a higher photoelectron current for all metals except for stainless steel. The measured photocurrents ranged from 1-2 nA for aluminum to 0.01 nA for Stainless Steel samples.
Effect of Ta content on elastic properties and magnetic properties of Zr-Ta binary alloys via first-principles calculation
Authors: Li Zhuang , Zhang Zhongde , Lei Shan , Gao Yi 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

β-type Zirconium alloys are promising biomedical implant materials, the elastic and magnetic properties of which are of great importance to be studied. In this work, β-type Zr1-xTax binary alloys (x = 0.0625, 0.125, 0.1875, 0.25, 0.3125, 0.375, 0.4375, 0.50, 0.5625, 0.625, 0.6875, 0.75, 0.8125, 0.875, 0.9375) were established. The effects of Ta content on lattice constant, elastic properties and magnetic properties of β-type Zr-Ta alloys were investigated via first-principles calculations, the calculated results were also verified through experiments. The results shown that with the increase of Ta content, the lattice constant and total energy of β-type Zr-Ta alloys gradually decreased, the elastic moduli of E, K and G increased on the whole, and the magnetic moment generally increased first and then decreased. The changing trend of elastic and magnetic properties were consistent between experimental and calculated results. Notably, Zr0.875Ta0.125 exhibited the lowest Young’s modulus and magnetic susceptibility among the β-type Zr-Ta alloys, which was one-third that of Ti-6Al-4V, meeting the requirements for low Young’s modulus and low magnetism, and can be anticipated to be promising biomedical implant materials.
First-principles calculations of the effect of vacancy defects on the optoelectronic and mechanical properties of the double perovskite Cs2NaInCl6
Authors: Li Xiaodie , Li Li , Mo Jialong , Xiang Xia , Deng Hongxiang , Nie Jinlan , Zu Xiaotao 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Cs2NaInCl6 have become a hot research topic in perovskite optoelectronic materials. However, there is no research on the vacancy properties of Cs2NaInCl6 at present. Herein, using density functional theory-based first-principles calculations, the impact of Cs, Na, In, and Cl single vacancies on the microstructure, electronic, optical, and mechanical properties of the double perovskite Cs2NaInCl6 were investigated. The research shows that the presence of vacancy defects leads to distortion of the Cs2NaInCl6 double perovskite structure and an increase in the unit cell volume. Cs vacancy (VCs) and Na vacancy (VNa) cause an increased band gap for Cs2NaInCl6, by 2.92 eV and 3.1 eV respectively, without changing the characteristics of the initial direct band gap; VIn and VCl cause the intrinsic semiconductor Cs2NaInCl6 transform into p-type and n-type semiconductors, respectively, altering the conductivity of Cs2NaInCl6. In terms of optical properties, different vacancy defect systems exhibit different absorption abilities in the visible and ultraviolet light ranges. The defect system overall improves light absorption in the low energy region, and as the incident photon energy increases, the material exhibits the best optical performance at around 15 eV. In addition, it is found that VCs, VNa, and VIn caused blue shift in the absorption edge of Cs2NaInCl6, while VCl caused red shift in the absorption edge. In terms of mechanical properties, defects cause varying degrees of reduction in Young’s modulus (E), shear modulus (G), and bulk modulus (B) of Cs2NaInCl6, which to some extent alters the mechanical properties of Cs2NaInCl6. These research results provide theoretical guidance for understanding the influence of vacancies on the properties of Cs2NaInCl6 double perovskite and optimizing the performance of perovskite optoelectronic devices, and they also enhance its applications in photovoltaic cells, optoelectronic sensors, and other optoelectronic coupling devices.
Theory of gravity with nonminimal matter-nonmetricity coupling and the de-Sitter swampland conjectures
Authors: Mandal Sanjay , Bamba Kazuharu 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
In this study, we investigate swampland conjectures within the setup of matter and non-metricity nonminimal coupling theories of gravity. We examine how the inflationary solution produced by a single scalar field can be resolved with the swampland criteria in string theory regarding the formation of de Sitter solutions. The new important findings are that the inflationary scenario in our study differs from the one in general relativity because of the presence of a nonminimal coupling term, and that difference gives the correction to general relativity. In addition, we observe that the slow-roll conditions and the swampland conjectures are incompatible with each other for a single scalar field within the framework of nonminimally coupled alternative gravity theories. We predict that these results will hold for a wide range of inflationary scenarios in the context of nonminimal coupling gravitational theories.
Revisiting the alpha-decay reduced width of the lightest uranium isotope 214U*
Authors: Zhang 张 Shuangshuang 双双 , Wang 王 Yongjia 永佳 , He 贺 Xiaotao 晓涛 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The lightest uranium isotope

has been produced at the Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou, China. The α-decay reduced width (

) of

has been found to be significantly larger than those of other nuclei by a factor of 2. However, the extraction of

depends on the penetration probability (P) through the barrier, and P is related to the theoretical method of obtaining it and the form of the α-core potential. The aim of this study is to investigate whether the selections of the α-core potential and the method of calculating P can affect the above conclusion. Four different phenomenological α-core potentials and two microscopic double-folding potentials, together with the Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin (WKB) approximation and transfer matrix (TM) approach, are used to obtain P. The value of P obtained using the WKB approximation is about 20%−40% smaller than the one obtained using the TM approach. Thus, the deduced

is overestimated. The choice of α-core potential can significantly affect the value of

. With the spherical form for the α-core potentials, the

of

obtained with both the WKB and TM approaches are about twice as large as those of the surrounding nuclei. With the deformed double-folding potential, the ratio between

of

and that of the surrounding nuclei is observed to be slightly below 2. The effects of nuclear deformation and the α-core potential should be considered when studying the α-decay reduced width in the

systematics.
An empirical formula of nuclear $\beta$-decay half-lives with the transition-strength contribution
Authors: Tian Lei , Li Weifeng , Fang Jiyu , Niu Zhongming 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
An empirical formula of nuclear $\beta$-decay half-lives is proposed by including the transition-strength contribution. It is found that the inclusion of the transition-strength contribution can reduce nuclear $\beta$-decay half-lives by about an order of magnitude, and its effect gradually increases toward the neutron-rich or heavy nuclear regions. For nuclear $\beta$-decay half-lives less than $1$ second, the empirical formula can describe the experimental data within about $2$ times, which can be more accurate than the sophisticated microscopic models. The transition-strength contribution can also be taken into account effectively by refitting the parameters of other empirical formulas without transition-strength term, but they still show remarkable deviations from the new empirical formula in the light or heavy neutron-rich nuclear regions. This indicates that the inclusion of the transition-strength contribution in the empirical formula is crucial for the global description of nuclear $\beta$-decay half-lives. The extrapolation ability of the new empirical formula is verified by the newly measured $\beta$-decay half-lives.
Inferring a spinning black hole in an expanding universe via the S2 star around the Galactic Center
Authors: Yao Jin-Tao , Li Xin 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The nearest black hole to Earth, Sagittarius A$^\star$ (Sgr A$^\star$), with its intense gravitational field, provides a unique opportunity to explore black hole mysteries. Over the past few decades, monitoring of the S2 star has provided extensive valuable data that can be utilized to examine various gravity theories and black hole paradigms. This paper focuses on the most intriguing objects in astronomy, spinning black holes, and investigates the effects of spin on orbital motion. By applying the Markov Chain Monte Carlo algorithm to publicly available observational data of the S2 star, our findings indicate that current data fail to constrain the spin of Sgr A$^\star$. Simulated stars with smaller semi-major axis reveal that the direction of Lense-Thirring precession aligns with the spin direction of Sgr A$^\star$. Additionally, by incorporating the cosmological constant, which accounts for the expansion of the universe, into our analysis, we establish an upper limit of $\Lambda \lesssim 7.3 \times 10^{-34} \text{ km}^{-2}$ on the cosmological constant at the $1\sigma$ confidence level. Future long-term monitoring of S-cluster stars, combined with enhanced observational precision, may enable the determination of the spin of Sgr A$^\star$ and further tighten the bound for cosmological constant.
Beam-ion losses velocity-space distribution under neutral-beam injection on EAST
Authors: Wang S.S. , Zhang Z.X. , Huang J. , Chang J.F. , Galdon-Quiroga J. , Sanchis L. , Gao W. , Fu J. , Sun Y.X. , Wang X.H. , Shi C. ,   the EAST Team
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The velocity-space distribution of the fast-ion loss in EAST neutral-beam injection (NBI) heating discharge is obtained both from Scintillator-based fast-ion loss detector (FILD) signals and by ASCOT5 and FILDSIM simulations. The results of simulations are in good agreement with the distribution of beam-ion losses measured with FILD of EAST and the correctness of the fast-ion loss distribution has been demonstrated. Simulations indicate that the beam-ion losses observed by the FILD probe are attributed to the fast ions from both the high-field side (HFS) and the low-field side (LFS). However, the beam-ion losses from the HFS (associated with NBI1L) have not been observed experimentally due to the limited detecting range of the FILD probe. Therefore, an upgrade and modification of the FILD probe was carried out in 2022 to enable the detection of fast-ion loss with smaller pitch angles. Comparative analysis is conducted in neutral-beam injection (NBI2R) discharges after the upgrade, which indicates that the velocity-space distribution of beam-ion losses from the HFS has strong agreement between experimental measurements and simulation results. However, the experimental and simulated results of the velocity-space distribution of beam-ion losses from the LFS shows inconsistencies, primarily because the BBNBI module in the simulation does not consider the contributions of boundary neutral particles to neutral-beam deposition (ionization reactions). These conclusions not only provide valuable references for improving the neutral-beam deposition model but also establish a fundamental basis for further exploring the mechanisms of fast-ion loss under various conditions on the EAST tokamak.
Low-cost FPGA-based multi-channel TDC with high resolution and density for time-of-flight detectors
Authors: Wang Xinpeng , Yang Haibo , Xia Xiaolin , Zou Chaojie , Su Yangzhou , Sun Wenchao , Wang Shikai , Zhao Yun , Zhao Chengxin 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The Time-to-Digital Converter (TDC) is widely used for precise time interval measurements and play a critical role in Time-of-Flight (ToF) applications. In this paper, we present the design of a 64-channel leading-edge and trailing-edge TDC based on a Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). This TDC is implemented on a Xilinx Kintex-7 XC7K410T-2FFG900I FPGA and consists of modules including a coarse counter, pulse generator, tapped delay line, decomposition encoder, and calibrator. To better evaluate its performance, we designed a multi-channel hardware verification board. According to laboratory test results, the timing precision has a root mean square (RMS) value of 6.69 ps, and a least significant bit (LSB) of 2.99 ps. The experimental results confirm that our TDC design achieves excellent timing precision.
Cherenkov radiation from relativistic heavy ions: interpretation in terms of diffraction
Authors: Bogdanov O.V. , Rozhkova E.I. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
We demonstrate here the relationship between the diffraction theory and the theory of optical radiation in the vicinity of the Cherenkov cone from relativistic heavy ions taking account of the slowing-down in a radiator. We draw an analogy with the Huygens-Fresnel principle and demonstrate how the Cornu spiral, known in physical optics, is useful for qualitative and quantitative analysis of the shape and width of the non-trivial angular distributions of radiation.
Predominantly electric storage ring with nuclear spin control capability
Authors: Talman Richard , Talman John 
Published: November 2024

AbstractA predominantly electric E&m storage ring, with weak superimposed magnetic bending, is shown to be capable of storing two different particle type bunches, such as helion (h) and deuteron (d), or h and electron (e-), co-traveling with different velocities on the same central orbit. Rear-end collisions occurring periodically in a full acceptance particle detector/polarimeter, allow the (previously inaccessible) direct measurement of the spin dependence of nuclear transmutation for center of mass (CM) kinetic energies (KE) ranging from hundreds of keV up toward pion production thresholds. With the nuclear process occurring in a semi-relativistic moving frame, all initial and final state particles have convenient laboratory frame KEs in the tens to hundreds of MeV. The rear-end collisions occur as faster stored bunches pass through slower bunches. An inexpensive facility capable of meeting these requirements is described, with several nuclear channels as examples. Especially noteworthy are the e+/--induced weak interaction triton (t)β-decay processes, t +e+→ h +νand h +e-→ t +ν. Experimental capability of measurement of the spin dependence of the induced triton case is emphasized. For cosmological nuclear physics, the experimental improvement will be produced by the storage ring's capability to investigate the spin dependence of nuclear transmutation processes at reduced kinetic energies compared to what can be obtained with fixed target geometry.
Quantum-inspired attribute selection algorithms
Authors: Sharma Diksha , Singh Parvinder , Kumar Atul 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
In this study, we propose the use of quantum information gain (QIG) and fidelity as quantum splitting criteria to construct an efficient and balanced quantum decision tree. QIG is a circuit-based criterion in which angle embedding is used to construct a quantum state, which utilizes quantum mutual information to compute the information between a feature and the class attribute. For the fidelity-based criterion, we construct a quantum state using the occurrence of random events in a feature and its corresponding class. We use the constructed state to further compute fidelity for determining the splitting attribute among all features. Using numerical analysis, our results clearly demonstrate that the fidelity-based criterion ensures the construction of a balanced tree. We further compare the efficiency of our quantum information gain and fidelity-based quantum splitting criteria with different classical splitting criteria on balanced and imbalanced datasets. Our analysis shows that the quantum splitting criteria lead to quantum advantage in comparison to classical splitting criteria for different evaluation metrics.
Are local climate assemblies politically representative of the macro-public they represent, and does this matter?
Authors: Coxcoon Rachel 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Using the results of a follow-up survey circulated to the participants of the Herefordshire Citizens Climate Assembly (HCCA), I compare their stated political identity with the political makeup of the county of Herefordshire (the macro public from which they were drawn) using probability testing based on a hypergeometric distribution. I also assess recent recruitment data for three other climate-themed deliberative citizens panels, to determine whether political party allegiance affects volunteer rate. I conclude that there were significantly fewer Conservative voters than would have been needed for the HCCA to be politically representative of the wider population from which its members were drawn. This is mirrored in the recruitment data for the three more recent climate-themed deliberative citizens panels, where Conservative voters systematically ‘under-volunteered’ to take part compared to supporters of left-leaning parties. I consider the potential reasons for this disparity in representation between participants of differing political identities, and make recommendations relating to recruitment for future assemblies.
Varieties of climate activism: assessing public support for mainstream and unorthodox climate action in the United Kingdom
Authors: Foxe Jana , Dolšak Nives , Prakash Aseem 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Is the UK public willing to financially support environmental organizations that adopt disruptive tactics (museum and art gallery protests, sporting event disruptions, and traffic stoppages), as opposed to orthodox tactics (litigation, lobbying, and research and education)? Using a conjoint choice experiment (N = 1,023; Nobs = 10,230), we asked respondents’ willingness to donate £25 to hypothetical environmental organizations that differ in terms of (1) advocacy tactics, (2) expenditure on administrative overheads, (3) representation of women on their boards, (4) organizational age, (5) organizational size, (6) number of volunteers, and (7) revenue from citizen donations. We find respondents’ willingness to donate diminishes when organizations adopt disruptive tactics. These results hold across party preferences, ideology, generation, location, and environmental policy attitudes. Further, respondents are willing to donate to organizations that rely on donations from the general public, have low overheads, are supported by volunteer labor, and provide representation to women on their boards.