bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Teaching methods for microbiology in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Ameen Fuad 
Published: January 2019

AbstractMicrobiology as an academic discipline that does not have a long history, but the knowledge accumulated over the past three centuries is rather considerable, and courses in microbiology are commonly taught in colleges and universities throughout the world. In this article, many of the methods that can be used for teaching microbiology in a classroom and laboratory are discussed. In brief, these methods are limited only by the basic technical facilities to which one has access as well as one's own imagination and creativity. The problems, the academic teaching is facing in Saudi Arabia are discussed; most important of them are the use of new technology and avoiding plagiarism. © 2019 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 47(2): 175–178, 2019.
Effects of high hydrostatic pressure on structures, properties of starch, and quality of cationic starch
Authors: Zhang Kuiliang , Ma Xiaoyu , Dai Yangyong , Hou Hanxue , Wang Wentao , Ding Xiuzhen , Zhang Hui , Li Xiangyang , Dong Haizhou 
Published: January 2019

AbstractBackground and objectivesThe chemical activity of starch granules is inert. The purpose of this study was to reveal the mechanism of producing high‐quality modified starch by advanced equipment.FindingsThere were pores and central cavities with loose structure in mung bean starch granules, so water could enter the starch granules through the pores under high hydrostatic pressure treatment. The starch molecules could be hydrated, and starch granules could even be gelatinized. The reaction efficiency (RE) of cationic starch increased to 32.20% and the other qualities (solubility, swelling degree, and viscosities) were significantly improved after 100 MPa treatment. The RE and other qualities of cationic starch changed differently after 200 and 400–600 MPa treatments.ConclusionsHigh hydrostatic pressure could produce significant mechanochemical effect on starch granules, so the structures and properties of mung bean starch were changed markedly, and the quality of cationic starch was improved.Significance and noveltyThe mechanism of producing high‐quality modified starch by advanced equipment was revealed using mechanochemical theory, which could lay a theoretical foundation for the manufacture of high‐performance modified starch industrial equipment in the future.
Amide Bond Formation Catalyzed by Recyclable Copper Nanoparticles Supported on Zeolite Y under Mild Conditions
Authors: Moglie Yanina , Buxaderas Eduardo , Mancini Agustina , Alonso Francisco , Radivoy Gabriel 
Published: January 2019

AbstractA series of catalysts based on supported copper nanoparticles have been prepared and tested in the amide bond formation from tertiary amines and acid anhydrides, in the presence of tert‐butyl hydroperoxide as an oxidant. Copper nanoparticles on zeolite Y (CuNPs/ZY) was found to be the most efficient catalyst for the synthesis of amides, working in acetonitrile as solvent, under ligand‐ and base‐free conditions in air. The products were obtained in good to excellent yields and in short reaction times. The CuNPs/ZY system also exhibited higher catalytic activity than some commercially available copper and iron sources and it was reused in ten reaction cycles without any further pre‐treatment. This methodology has been successfully scaled‐up to a gram scale with no detriment to the yield.
Hydration of Polycationic [5]Radialene with Quintuple 1,3‐Dithiol‐2‐ylidenes Leads to a New Class of π‐Extended Tetrathiafulvalene Scaffold
Authors: Ueda Masafumi , Tahara Akimi , Hasegawa Masashi , Shirahata Takashi , Mazaki Yasuhiro , Misaki Yohji 
Published: January 2019

Abstract[5]Radialene with quintuple 4,5‐benzo‐1,3‐dithiol‐2‐ylidenes (DTs) easily forms a stable polycationic salt (1)4+(BF4−)4 owing to its aromatic character in the central cyclopentadienide ring. In this work, it was found that the polycationic salt (1)4+ underwent a hydration reaction in moist polar solvent to give several unexpected products, namely, an oxygen adduct dicationic salt (2)2+, a tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) vinylogue (3) with 1,4‐dithiine‐2(3H)‐one moieties, and an oxygen adduct of π‐extended TTF with a cyclopentenone core (4). Their molecular structures were fully determined by X‐ray crystal‐structure analysis. In this reaction, irreversible hydration to the polycationic salt might either initiate the ring expansion and lead to the successive hydration at the specific cationic DT ring (for 3), or promote the transannular reactions to the next DT ring followed by elimination of the DT ring (for 4). Cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry measurements for compound 3 indicated the occurrence of multi redox process resulting from electronic delocalization on the vinylogous TTF moiety. The electronic structures of the cationic species of 3 were also investigated by electronic spectra.
Strong Emission Enhancement in pH‐Responsive 2:2 Cucurbit[8]uril Complexes
Authors: Schoder Stefan , Schröder Hendrik V. , Cera Luca , Puttreddy Rakesh , Güttler Arne , Resch‐Genger Ute , Rissanen Kari , Schalley Christoph A. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractOrganic fluorophores, particularly stimuli‐responsive molecules, are very interesting for biological and material sciences applications, but frequently limited by aggregation‐ and rotation‐caused photoluminescence quenching. A series of easily accessible bipyridinium fluorophores, whose emission is quenched by a twisted intramolecular charge‐transfer (TICT) mechanism, is reported. Encapsulation in a cucurbit[7]uril host gave a 1:1 complex exhibiting a moderate emission increase due to destabilization of the TICT state inside the apolar cucurbituril cavity. A much stronger fluorescence enhancement is observed in 2:2 complexes with the larger cucurbit[8]uril, which is caused by additional conformational restriction of rotations around the aryl/aryl bonds. Because the cucurbituril complexes are pH switchable, this system represents an efficient supramolecular ON/OFF fluorescence switch.
Both excitatory and inhibitory neurons transiently form clusters at the outermost region of the developing mammalian cerebral neocortex
Authors: Shin Minkyung , Kitazawa Ayako , Yoshinaga Satoshi , Hayashi Kanehiro , Hirata Yukio , Dehay Colette , Kubo Ken‐ichiro , Nakajima Kazunori 
Published: January 2019

AbstractDuring development of the mammalian cerebral neocortex, postmitotic excitatory neurons migrate toward the outermost region of the neocortex. We previously reported that this outermost region is composed of densely packed relatively immature neurons; we named this region, which is observed during the late stage of mouse neocortical development, the “primitive cortical zone (PCZ).” Here, we report that postmigratory immature neurons spend about 1–1.5 days in the PCZ. An electron microscopic analysis showed that the neurons in the PCZ tend to be in direct contact with each other, mostly in a radial direction, forming “primitive neuronal clusters” with a height of 3–7 cells and a width of 1–2 cells. A time‐course analysis of fluorescently labeled neurons revealed that the neurons took their positions within the primitive clusters in an inside‐out manner. The neurons initially participated in the superficial part of the clusters, gradually shifted their relative positions downward, and then left the clusters at the bottom of this structure. GABAergic inhibitory interneurons were also found within the primitive clusters in the developing mouse neocortex, suggesting that some clusters are composed of both excitatory neurons and inhibitory interneurons. Similar clusters were also observed in the outermost region of embryonic day (E) 78 cynomolgus monkey occipital cortex and 23 gestational week (GW) human neocortices. In the primate neocortices, including human, the presumptive primitive clusters seemed to expand in the radial direction more than that observed in mice, which might contribute to the functional integrity of the primate neocortex.
The competition–dispersal trade‐off exists in forbs but not in graminoids: A case study from multispecies alpine grassland communities
Authors: Zhou Xiaolong , Li Chengzhi , Li Honglin , Shi Qingdong 
Published: January 2019

AbstractMuch theoretical evidence has demonstrated that a trade‐off between competitive and dispersal ability plays an important role in facilitating species coexistence. However, experimental evidence from natural communities is still rare. Here, we tested the competition–dispersal trade‐off hypothesis in an alpine grassland in the Tianshan Mountains, Xinjiang, China, by quantifying competitive and dispersal ability using a combination of 4 plant traits (seed mass, ramet mass, height, and dispersal mode). Our results show that the competition–dispersal trade‐off exists in the alpine grassland community and that this pattern was primarily demonstrated by forbs. The results suggest that most forb species are constrained to be either good competitors or good dispersers but not both, while there was no significant trade‐off between competitive and dispersal ability for most graminoids. This might occur because graminoids undergo clonal reproduction, which allows them to find more benign microenvironments, forage for nutrients across a large area and store resources in clonal structures, and they are thus not strictly limited by the particular resources at our study site. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time the CD trade‐off has been tested for plants across the whole life cycle in a natural multispecies plant community, and more comprehensive studies are still needed to explore the underlying mechanisms and the linkage between the CD trade‐off and community composition.
Residual LCMV antigen in transiently CD4+ T cell‐depleted mice induces high levels of virus‐specific antibodies but only limited B‐cell memory
Authors: Schweier Oliver , Aichele Ulrike , Marx Anna‐Friederike , Straub Tobias , Verbeek J. Sjef , Pinschewer Daniel D. , Pircher Hanspeter 
Published: January 2019

AbstractInfection of C57BL/6 mice with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) strain Armstrong (Arm) induces an acute infection with rapid virus clearance by CD8+ T cells independently of CD4+ T cell help. Residual viral antigen may, however, persist for a prolonged time. Here, we demonstrate that mice that had been transiently depleted of CD4+ T cells during acute LCMV Arm infection generated high levels of virus‐specific IgG antibodies (Ab) after viral clearance. Robust induction of LCMV‐specific IgG after transient CD4+ T cell depletion was dependent on Fcγ receptors but not on the complement receptors CD21/CD35. In contrast to the potent production of LCMV‐specific IgG, the generation of LCMV‐specific isotype‐switched memory B cells after transient CD4+ T cell depletion was considerably reduced. Moreover, mice depleted of CD4+ T cells during acute infection were strongly impaired in generating a secondary LCMV‐specific B cell response upon LCMV rechallenge. In conclusion, our data indicate that LCMV antigen depots after viral clearance were capable of inducing high levels of virus‐specific IgG. They failed, however, to induce robust virus‐specific B cell memory revealing a previously unappreciated dichotomy of specific Ab production and memory cell formation after priming with residual antigen.
Test and study on transfusion law of gas in mining coal
Authors: Zhang Bang‐an , Zhang Dong‐ming , Yang Yu‐shun , Wen De‐cai 
Published: January 2019

AbstractIn this paper, the seepage tests of mining coal were conducted by servo‐controlled seepage apparatus. These tests consist of conventional triaxial compression seepage tests, and load and unload seepage tests. It was observed that the peak strength and corresponding axial strain of raw coal samples gradually increase with the increase of confining pressure, which conforms to the Mogi‐Coulomb strength criterion, and the internal friction angle was calculated as φ = 42.65°, and the cohesion force was c = 3.56 MPa. The ultimate strength of coal samples after load and unload test was obviously lower than that of the triaxial compression test under the same confining stress conditions, and the deviatoric stress‐permeability curves consistent with the exponential function under two stress paths. In load and unload test, the damage degree of raw coal was characterized by the permeability damage rate and the maximum permeability damage rate. The permeability of coal seam was closely related to the mining stress, it presents a nonlinearly declining as the mining stress increases, and the permeability increases nonlinearly when the mining stress was released.
Effectiveness of Delphi‐ and scenario planning‐like processes in enabling organizational adaptation: A simulation‐based comparison
Authors: Phadnis Shardul S. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThis study compares two foresight processes—modelled according to empirical evidence of judgment changes in the Delphi method and scenario planning—against aggregation of unaided predictions of key decision‐makers, for guiding an organization's adaptation to its changing environment. Using computer simulation to examine adaptations to environments evolving incrementally (i.e., from one state to another of the same type) and radically (i.e., between states of opposite types), this study seeks to make four contributions to the foresight processes literature. One, it affirms the virtue of decision‐making based on majority agreement among experts by showing that it allows even unaided decisions to outperform the Delphi‐ and scenario planning‐like processes in numerous environmental conditions. Two, it highlights the moderating effect of ambiguity on decision process–performance relationship by showing that slow decision‐making can outperform fast one in hypercompetitive environments when ambiguity is high. Three, it shows that the cost of implementing changes in organizational strategy influences the superiority between the Delphi method and scenario planning for enabling adaptation in turbulent environments. Four, it reveals that the Delphi method and scenario planning outperform unaided decision‐making when managers are slow to update their mental models of the changing environment, and thus, can compensate for this limitation of human decision‐making.
Transoral laser microsurgery for glottic cancer in the elderly: Efficacy and safety
Authors: Rodrigo Juan P. , García‐Velasco Fabian , Ambrosch Petra , Vander Poorten Vincent , Suárez Carlos , Coca‐Pelaz Andrés , Strojan Primoz , Hutcheson Kate , Folz Benedikt J. , Bernal‐Sprekelsen Manuel , Rinaldo Alessandra , Silver Carl E. , Ferlito Alfio 
Published: January 2019

AbstractBackgroundData about the results of transoral laser microsurgery (TLM) in elderly patients are limited.MethodsA retrospective study of 72 consecutive cases of glottic carcinoma (63 pT1 and 9 pT2 cases) in elderly patients (≥70 years old, mean 76 years) treated with TLM was made. A systematic review of the literature was performed.ResultsSix patients (8%) had postoperative complications, but no treatment‐related deaths were observed. Local recurrences occurred in 12 patients (16.5%): nine with pT1 (14%) and three with pT2 (33%) tumors. Five‐year disease‐specific survival (DSS), overall survival, and laryngectomy‐free survival were 95%, 68%, and 88%, respectively. The literature review indicated that TLM is safe and effective treatment for these patients, with few complications and good local control (>85%) and DSS (>90%) rates.ConclusionsOur results and the information from the literature show that TLM for glottic cancer in elderly patients can lead to satisfactory treatment results.
Transnasal endoscopic surgery in selected nasal‐ethmoidal cancer with suspected brain invasion: Indications, technique, and outcomes
Authors: Mattavelli Davide , Ferrari Marco , Bolzoni Villaret Andrea , Schreiber Alberto , Rampinelli Vittorio , Turri‐Zanoni Mario , Lancini Davide , Taglietti Valentina , Accorona Remo , Doglietto Francesco , Battaglia Paolo , Castelnuovo Paolo , Nicolai Piero 
Published: January 2019

AbstractBackgroundIn nasal‐ethmoidal malignancies, brain involvement is associated with dismal prognosis.MethodPatients undergoing endoscopic resection with transnasal craniectomy and subpial dissection (ERTC‐SD) for brain‐invading nasal‐ethmoidal cancer between 2008 and 2016 were included. Complications were analyzed in all patients, whereas oncological outcomes only in patients with pathological brain invasion. The prognostic impact of previous treatments, brain edema, and histology was assessed. Hospitalization ratio was calculated.ResultsNineteen patients received ERTC‐SD and 11 had pathological‐proven brain invasion. Histologies were 6 olfactory neuroblastomas (ONB), 3 neuroendocrine carcinomas, and 2 intestinal‐type adenocarcinomas. Mean follow‐up was 21.9 months. Three‐year overall, local recurrence‐free, and distance recurrence‐free survivals were 65.5%, 81.8%, and 68.2%, respectively. Overall and distant recurrence‐free survivals were significantly better in patients with ONB (P = 0.032 and P = 0.013, respectively). Hospitalization ratio was 4.1%. Complication rate was 10.5%.ConclusionIn selected nasal‐ethmoidal tumors with brain invasion, ERTC‐SD can provide good local control, satisfactory survival, and limited morbidity.
Prognostic significance and population dynamics of peripheral monocytes in patients with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Takahashi Hideyuki , Sakakura Koichi , Tada Hiroe , Kaira Kyoichi , Oyama Tetsunari , Chikamatsu Kazuaki 
Published: January 2019

AbstractBackgroundSeveral inflammatory biomarkers are considered potential prognostic factors in various cancers. This study aimed to investigate the prognostic significance and population dynamics of pretreatment inflammatory biomarker levels in patients with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC).MethodsThe influence of neutrophil counts, lymphocyte counts, monocyte counts, platelet counts, lymphocyte‐to‐monocyte ratio (LMR), neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio, and platelet‐to‐lymphocyte ratio on progression‐free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) was analyzed. We also analyzed the peripheral blood mononuclear cells collected from patients and healthy donors (HDs).ResultsElevated monocyte count was an independent prognostic factor for PFS. Low LMR was an independent prognostic factor for OS. The proportion of intermediate monocytes was lower, and that of classical monocytes was higher in patients than in HDs. Furthermore, PD‐L1 expression on monocytes was higher in patients than in HDs.ConclusionsWe showed the prognostic significance and population dynamics of peripheral monocytes in patients with OPSCC.
Sequential therapy of neoadjuvant biochemotherapy with cetuximab, paclitaxel, and cisplatin followed by cetuximab‐based concurrent bioradiotherapy in high‐risk locally advanced oral squamous cell carcinoma: Final analysis of a phase 2 clinical trial
Authors: Yen Chia‐Jui , Tsou Hsiao‐Hui , Hsieh Ching‐Yun , Chu Chang‐Yao , Chiu Chang‐Fang , Chen Chih‐Cheng , Tsao Chao‐Jung , Tsai Kuo‐Yang , Tsai Sen‐Tien , Chang Jang‐Yang , Chang Kwang‐Yu 
Published: January 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe prognosis of advanced oral squamous cell carcinoma is poor. We investigated the effect of cetuximab‐based sequential therapy as a primary treatment.MethodsForty‐seven treatment‐naive patients with advanced tumors originating from the oral cavity or oropharynx were enrolled. Neoadjuvant cetuximab, paclitaxel, and cisplatin were administered, followed by cetuximab‐based radiotherapy. Immunohistochemical staining was applied to study the tissues.ResultsThe best overall response rate was 70.2%, including 4 patients with a complete response and 29 with a partial response. The median progression‐free and overall survival rates were 10.3 and 15.2 months, respectively. Patients with more than 50% tumor reduction with neoadjuvant therapy had better survival outcomes. Twenty‐two patients had severe adverse events with mostly dermatological complications. Of the 16 patients who received operations, 9 had increased PD‐L1 staining compared to pretreatment biopsy in the post hoc study.ConclusionThe regimen was effective in selected patients. Increased PD‐L1 suggested altered tumor features.
Situation awareness, human error, and organizational learning in sociotechnical systems
Authors: Marquardt Nicki 
Published: January 2019

AbstractIn many organizations, the performance of individuals and teams is negatively affected by human error. Studies have shown that these errors can be reduced or even prevented by learning from them and by developing an understanding of error causation and its consequences. The ability to detect, understand, and anticipate errors refers to situation awareness (SA). Although SA is not limited to human error and it is more closely linked with decision making, it is a prerequisite for error reduction in complex sociotechnical work settings. The main objectives of this study were threefold: First, a model that can explain the interrelations between human error, SA, and organizational learning in sociotechnical systems was developed. Secondly, functional and dysfunctional factors that affect human error, SA, and organizational learning were identified. Thirdly, a research methodology was selected and adapted to empirically test the model in a real‐world sociotechnical task environment. To do so, an SA performance test and a human error questionnaire were used to examine SA and respective learning modes of 108 assembly‐line workers in the manufacturing industry. The final test results supported the central assumptions of the applied model. The article concludes by discussing applications in the field of sociotechnical systems analysis, team training, human performance programs, and high‐reliability organizations.
Laminar natural convection of power‐law fluids over a horizontal heated flat plate
Authors: Bahmani Alireza , Kargarsharifabad Hadi 
Published: January 2019

AbstractNatural convection of power‐law fluids over a horizontal flat plate with constant heat flux is studied. The stretching transformations relating the similarity forms of the boundary layer velocity, pressure, and temperature profiles are applied to the governing boundary layer equations. The resultant set of coupled ordinary differential equations are solved analytically and numerically using the integral method and the finite difference method, respectively. The results are presented for the details of the velocity and temperature fields for various values of the non‐Newtonian power‐law viscosity index (n) and the generalized Prandtl number (Pr*). At a fixed value of the viscosity index, increasing the Prandtl number increases the skin friction and wall temperature. For Pr* > 1, a lower viscosity index results in larger wall skin friction, temperature scale, and thermal boundary layer thickness, and thus lower Nusselt number. The reverse trend is observed for Pr* < 1. By using an integral solution and the numerical results, a semi‐analytical correlation for the Nusselt number is obtained, valid for and .