bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Convergent degeneration of olfactory receptor gene repertoires in marine mammals
Authors: Liu Ake , He Funan , Shen Libing , Liu Ruixiang , Wang Zhijun , Zhou Jingqi 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Background: Olfactory receptors (ORs) can bind odor molecules and play a crucial role in odor sensation. Due to the frequent gains and losses of genes during evolution, the number of OR members varies greatly among different species. However, whether the extent of gene gains/losses varies between marine mammals and related terrestrial mammals has not been clarified, and the factors that might underlie these variations are unknown.
Results: To address these questions, we identified more than 10,000 members of the OR family in 23 mammals and classified them into 830 orthologous gene groups (OGGs) and 281 singletons. Significant differences occurred in the number of OR repertoires and OGGs among different species. We found that all marine mammals had fewer OR genes than their related terrestrial lineages, with the fewest OR genes found in cetaceans, which may be closely related to olfactory degradation. ORs with more gene duplications or loss events tended to be under weaker purifying selection. The average gain and loss rates of OR genes in terrestrial mammals were higher than those of mammalian gene families, while the average gain and loss rates of OR genes in marine mammals were significantly lower and much higher than those of mammalian gene families, respectively. Additionally, we failed to detect any one-to-one orthologous genes in the focal species, suggesting that OR genes are not well conserved among marine mammals.
Conclusions: Marine mammals have experienced large numbers of OR gene losses compared with their related terrestrial lineages, which may result from the frequent birth-and-death evolution under varied functional constrains. Due to their independent degeneration, OR genes present in each lineage are not well conserved among marine mammals. Our study provides a basis for future research on the olfactory receptor function in mammals from the perspective of evolutionary trajectories.
Epidemiological study of scarlet fever in Shenyang , China
Authors: Chen Huijie , Chen Ye , Sun Baijun , Wen Lihai , An Xiangdong 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Background : Since 2011, the rising incidence of scarlet fever has exerted a marked influence on people. The main objective of this study was to depict the Spatiotemporal epidemiological characteristics of the incidence of scarlet fever in Shenyang, China, in 2018 so as to provide the scientific basis for effective strategies of scarlet control and prevention. Methods: Excel 2010 was used to demonstrate the temporal distribution at the month level and ArcGIS10.3 was used to demonstrate the spatial distribution at the district/county level. Moran’s autocorrelation coefficient was used to examine the spatial autocorrelation and the Getis-Ord statistic was used to determine the hot-spot areas of scarlet fever. Results: A total of 2,314 scarlet fever cases were reported in Shenyang in 2018 with an annual incidence of 31.24 per 100,000. The incidence among males was higher than that among females（ p ＜0.001). A vast majority of the cases (96.89%) were among children aged 3 to 11 years. The highest incidence was 625.34/100,000 in children aged 5-9 years. There are two seasonal peaks occurred in June (Summer-peak) and in December (Winter-peak) in 2018. The incidence of scarlet fever in urban areas was significantly higher than that in rural areas( p ＜0.001).The incidence of scarlet fever was randomly distributed in Shenyang. There are hotspot areas located in seven districts. Conclusions: Urban areas are the hot spots of scarlet fever and joint prevention and control measures between districts should be applied. Children in the kindergartens and the primary schools are the main population of scarlet fever and measures for prevention and control in kindergartens and primary schools may be the key to control the epidemic of scarlet fever.
Randomised controlled trial on vitreoretinal surgery with and without oral anticoagulants: surgical complications, visual results and perioperative thromboembolic events
Authors: Andonegui Jose , Capdevila Ferran , Zubicoa Alicia , Ibáñez Berta 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Abstract Background Vitreoretinal surgery in anticoagulated patients is a challenging situation for vitreoretinal surgeons, who have to choose between being faced with the systemic thromboembolic risks that the interruption of anticoagulation involves, or the intra and postoperative haemorrhagic risks associated with maintenance of this therapy. So far, no trial has compared, in a prospective and randomized manner, perioperative complications and the visual results associated with continuation or interruption of oral anticoagulant therapy before pars plana vitrectomy under retrobulbar anaesthesia. The main objective of this trial is to compare haemostasis-related perioperative complications of PPV in patients maintaining anticoagulant therapy before surgery compared to patients who interrupt this therapy before surgery. Methods Ninety six patients will be randomly assigned to either the control group, to whom oral anticoagulant therapy will be interrupted and substituted with subcutaneous heparin according to local clinical practice, or the intervention group to whom oral anticoagulant therapy will not be interrupted before surgery. Patients will be stratified according to the oral anticoagulant they were taking (direct or indirect anticoagulation). They will be followed-up for 12 weeks, and the primary outcome, and haemorrhagic complications until 15 days after surgery, will be evaluated. Discusion This trial will provide novel information on the possibility of continuing anticoagulant therapy during PPV. The benefits expected from the change in the current surgical management paradigm for anticoagulated patients would be a decreased risk in the incidence of perioperative thromboembolic events and the possibility of performing surgery without delay and without the need for patients to change their usual anticoagulation protocol to the more complex and less safe substitutive therapy.
The Status of Job Burnout and its Influence on the Working Ability of Copper-Nickel Miners in Xinjiang, China
Authors: Sun Xuemei , Ge Hua , Zhang Li , Zhang Chen , Liu Jiwen 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Background: Job burnout is increasingly common among occupational groups, and it is evolving into a new occupationally harmful phenomenon. The purpose of this study was to investigate the status of job burnout and its influence on the working ability of copper-nickel miners in Xinjiang, China, and to provide a theoretical basis for alleviating job burnout and improving the working ability of copper and nickel miners.
Methods: A cross-sectional survey was carried out in June 2017 to September 2018 in Hami City, Xinjiang Autonomous Uygur Region, China. According to the main production process stratification of copper-nickel ore (mining unit, beneficiation unit, smelting unit), a self-administered questionnaire survey on the general situation of miners was conducted on the basis of the Chinese Maslach Burnout Inventory and Work Ability Index Questionnaire among 1400 miners registered in the human resources department of copper and nickel mines by stratified cluster sampling.
Results: There were significant differences in the degree of burnout according to sex, age, education level, monthly income, and work unit (p < 0.05). The level of male burnout was higher than that of females. Miners aged 35-40 years, with a high-school education, a monthly income of less than 2500 yuan, and who belonged to the smelting unit had the highest job burnout.There were significant differences in working ability among miners with different burnout level (p < 0.01). Partial correlation analysis showed that work ability was negatively correlated with emotional exhaustion, reduced sense of achievement, and total burnout score (p < 0.001). Multinomial logistic regression analyses showed that the education level, professional title,work units and job burnout level had a pronounced impact on the working ability of miners (p < 0.001); The reduced level of education, primary title, smelting unit, and the increase in job burnout are risk factors for the reduction of working ability.
Conclusions: Our results indicate that job burnout is common among copper and nickel miners. Furthermore, working ability decreases with an increase in job burnout, and reducing job burnout can improve the working ability of copper and nickel miners.
1g versus 2g Daily Intravenous Ceftriaxone in the Treatment of Community Onset Pneumonia –a propensity score analysis of data from a Japanese multicenter registry
Authors: Hasegawa Shinya , Sada Ryuichi , Yaegashi Makito , Morimoto Konosuke , Mori Takahiro 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Objectives: Community-onset pneumonia (COP) is a supplant concept of community acquired pneumonia, which includes the previous classification of healthcare-associated pneumonia. Although ceftriaxone (CRO) is one of the treatment choices for COP, it is unclear whether 1 or 2 g CRO daily has better efficacy. We compared the effectiveness of 1 g with 2 g of CRO for COP treatment. We hypothesized that 1 g CRO would show non-inferiority over 2 g CRO. Methods: This study was an analysis of prospectively registered data from four Japanese hospitals for patients with COP (the Adult Pneumonia Study Group-Japan: APSG-J). Subjects who were initially treated solely with 1 or 2 g of CRO were enrolled. The propensity score was estimated from the 33 pre-treatment variables, including age, sex, weight, pre-existing comorbidities, prescribed drugs prior to admission, risk factors for aspiration pneumonia, vital signs, laboratory data, and findings from chest xrays. The primary endpoint was the cure rate, for which a non-inferiority analysis was performed with a margin of 0.05. In addition, we performed three sensitivity analyses; using data limited to the group in which CRO solely was used until the completion of treatment, using data limited for inpatient cases, and including a generalised linear mixed-effect logistic regression analysis to assess the primary outcome after adjusting for random hospital effects. Results: Of the 3,817 adult subjects with pneumonia who were registered in the APSG-J study, 290 and 216 were initially treated solely with 1 or 2 g of CRO, respectively. Propensity score matching was used to extract 175 subjects in each group. The cure rate was 94.6% and 93.1% in the 1 and 2 g CRO groups, respectively (risk difference, 1.5%; 95% confidence interval, −3.1 to 6.0; p = 0.009 for non-inferiority). The results of the sensitivity analyses were consistent with the primary result. Conclusions: The propensity score-matched analysis of multicenter cohort data from Japan revealed that the cure rate for COP patients treated with 1 g CRO was non-inferior to that of patients treated with CRO.
Genome-wide identification, expression profiles and regulatory network of MAPK cascade gene family in barley
Authors: Cui Licao , Yang Guang , Yan Jali , Pan Yan , Nie Xiaojun 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Background
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade is a conserved and universal signal transduction module in organisms. Although it has been well characterized in many plants, no systematic analysis has been conducted in barley.
Results
Here, we identified 20 MAPKs, 6 MAPKKs and 156 MAPKKKs in barley through a genome-wide search against the updated reference genome. Then, phylogenetic relationship, gene structure and conserved protein motifs organization of them were systematically analyzed and results supported the predictions. Gene duplication analysis revealed that segmental and tandem duplication events contributed to the expansion of barley MAPK cascade genes and the duplicated gene pairs were found to undergone strong purifying selection. Expression profiles of them were further investigated in different organs and under diverse abiotic stresses using the available 173 RNA-seq datasets, and then the tissue-specific and stress-responsive candidates were found. Finally, co-expression regulatory network of MAPK cascade genes was constructed by WGCNA tool, resulting in a complicated network composed of a total of 72 branches containing 46 HvMAPK cascade genes and 46 miRNAs.
Conclusion
This study provides the targets for further functional study and also contribute to better understand the MAPK cascade regulatory network in barley and beyond.
Characterization of SCCmec, spa types and Multi Drug Resistant of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates among inpatients and outpatients in a referral hospital in Shiraz, Iran.
Authors: hashemizadeh zahra , hadi nahal , mohebi samane , kalantar-Neyestanaki davood , bazargani abdolla 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Objectives: Molecular typing such as spa typing is used to control and prevent of Staphylococcus. aureus widespread in hospitals and community acquired. Hence, the aim of this study was to find the common types of S. aureus strains circulating in Shiraz via spa and SCCmec typing methods. Results: Total of 159 S. aureus isolates were collected from two tertiary hospitals in Shiraz. Isolates were identified by biochemical tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed by standard disk diffusion method and then genetic analysis of bacteria was performed using SCCmec and spa typing. In this study 31.4% of the isolates were methicillin-resistant S. aureus. The majority of isolates were SSC mec type ІІІ. Spa type t030 was the most prominent type among MRSA strains. In this study, for the first time in Iran, spa003, t386, t1877, t314, t186, t1816, t304, t325, t345 were reported. It was shown that there is a possibility that these spa types are natives to this region. Our findings showed that SCCmec ІІ, ІІІ and IV disseminate from hospital to community and vice versa. Thus, effective monitoring of MRSA in hospital and community is desirable. Keyword: Staphylococcus aureus , methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), SCCmec typing, spa typing
Intentions to leave and associated factors among laboratory professionals working at Amhara National Regional State public hospitals, Ethiopia: An institution-based cross-sectional study
Authors: Dellie Endalkachew , Andargie Gashaw , Asrade Geta , Gebremedhin Tsegaye 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Objective

Laboratory professionals play a vital role in the detection, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases. Knowledge of workplace variables that either motivates staff to keep working or quit their jobs is important for decision making. Thus, this study aimed to assess intentions to leave workplace and associated factors among laboratory professionals working at public hospitals of the Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia. Results

An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted from February 16 to March 14, 2016, among 336 randomly selected laboratory professionals. The study revealed that 65.5% (95% CI: 60-70) of the professionals had intentions to leave their hospitals. Dissatisfaction with the provision of educational opportunities (AOR: 3.59, 95% CI: 1.61-7.99), poor pays and benefits (AOR: 3.89, 95% CI: 1.53-9.89), lack of recognition (AOR: 2.69, 95% CI: 1.35-5.38), poor working environments (AOR: 2.77, 95% CI: 1.45-3.30), high workload (AOR: 1.94, 95% CI: 1.04-3.63), low affective commitment (AOR: 2.05, 95% CI: 1.10-3.82), and being unmarried (AOR:2.46, 95% CI: 1.32-4.58) were factors significantly associated with intentions to leave. Magnitude of laboratory professionals’ intention to leave was so high. Healthcare policymakers and hospital managers need to develop and institutionalize evidence-based retention strategies to reduce the intention of laboratory professionals to leave their workplace.
Analysis of Five Deep-sequenced Trio-genomes of the Peninsular Malaysia Orang Asli and North Borneo Populations
Authors: Deng Lian , Lou Haiyi , Zhang Xiaoxi , Bhooma Thiruvahindrapuram , Lu Dongsheng , Marshall Christian , Liu Chang , Xie Bo , Xu Wanxing , Wong Lai-Ping , Yew Chee-Wei , Farhang Aghakhanian , Ong Rick Twee-Hee , Hoque Mohammad Zahirul , Thuhairah Abdul Rahman , Jong Bhak , Phipps Maude E. , Scherer Stephen W. , Teo Yik-Ying , Kumar Subbiah Vijay , Hoh Boon Peng , Xu Shuhua 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Background
Recent advances in genomic technologies have facilitated genome-wide investigation of human genetic variations. However, most efforts have focused on the major populations, yet trio genomes of indigenous populations from Southeast Asia have been under-investigated.
Results
We analyzed the whole-genome deep sequencing data (~30×) of five native trios from Malaysia, and discovered approximately 6.9 million single nucleotide variants (SNVs), 1.2 million small insertions and deletions (indels), and 9,000 copy number variants (CNVs) in the 15 samples. We found 2.7% SNVs, 2.3% indels and 22% CNVs were novel, implying the insufficient coverage of population diversity in existing databases. We identified a higher proportion of novel variants in the Orang Asli (OA) samples, i.e., the indigenous people from Peninsular Malaysia, than that of the North Bornean (NB) samples, likely due to more complex demographic history and long-time isolation of the OA groups. We used the pedigree information to identify autosomal de novo variants and estimated the mutation rates to be 0.81×10-8–1.33×10-8 , 1.0×10-9–2.9×10-9, and ~0.001 per site per generation for SNVs, indels, and CNVs, respectively. The trio-genomes also allowed for accurate haplotype phasing with high accuracy, which serves as references to the future genomic studies of OA and NB populations. In addition, high-frequency inherited CNVs specific to OA or NB were identified. One example was a 50-kb duplication in DEFA1B detected only in the Negrito trios, implying plausible effects on host defense against the exposure of diverse microbial in tropical rainforest environment of these hunter-gatherers. The CNVs shared between OA and NB groups were much fewer than those specific to each group. Nevertheless, we identified a 142-kb duplication in AMY1A in all the 15 samples, and this gene is associated with the high-starch diet. Moreover, novel insertions shared with archaic hominids were identified in our samples.
Conclusion
Our study presents a full catalogue of the genome variants of the native Malaysian populations, which is a complement of the genome diversity in Southeast Asians. It implies specific population history of the native inhabitants, and demonstrated the necessity of more genome sequencing efforts on the multi-ethnic native groups of Malaysia and Southeast Asia.
Trends in maternal use of snus and smoking tobacco in pregnancy. A register study in Southern Norway
Authors: Rygh Ellen , Gallefoss Frode , Grøtvedt Liv 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Background
The use of tobacco products including Swedish snus (moist snuff) in pregnancy may cause adverse health outcomes. While smoking prevalence has decreased among fertile women in Norway, snus use has increased during the last years. We investigated whether these trends were reflected also during pregnancy in a population of women in Southern Norway.
Methods
Data on smoking tobacco and snus use at three time points before and during pregnancy for 20 844 women were retrieved from the electronic birth record for the years 2012-2017. The results for the three-year period 2015-2017 were compared with a previously studied period 2012-2014. Prevalence and quit rates of tobacco use within groups of age, parity and education were reported. Within the same groups adjusted quit rates were analyzed using logistic regression. Mean birthweight and Apgar score of offspring were calculated for tobacco-users and non-users.
Results
There was an increase of snus use before pregnancy from the period 2012-2014 to the period 2015-2017 from 5.1% (CI; 4.6 to 5.5) to 8.4% (CI; 7.8 to 8.9). Despite this, the use of snus during pregnancy did not increase from the first to the second period, but stabilized at 2.8% (CI; 2.5 to 3.2) in first trimester and 2.0% (CI; 1.7 to 2.2) in third trimester. Cigarette smoking decreased significantly both before and during pregnancy. Snus use and smoking during pregnancy were associated with a reduction in average birthweight, but no significant effects on Apgar scores. Odds ratios for quitting both snus and smoking tobacco during pregnancy were higher for women aged 25-34 years, for the primiparas and for those with a high level of education. Pregnant women were more likely to have quit tobacco use in the last time period compared to the first.

Conclusions
While smoking during pregnancy was decreasing, the use of snus remained constant, levelling off to around 3% in first trimester and 2% in third trimester. Approximately 25% of those that used snus, and 40% that smoked before pregnancy, continued use to the third trimester. This calls for a continuous watch on the use of snus and other nicotine products during pregnancy.
Association of PD-1 polymorphisms with the risk and prognosis of lung adenocarcinoma in the northeastern Chinese Han population
Authors: huang Kun , Hu Erqiang , Li Wan , Lv Junjie , He Yuehan , Deng Gui , Xiao Jinling , Yang Chengcheng , Zhao Xinyu , Chen Lina , Wang Xinyan 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Introduction Lung cancer is a leading cause of death from cancer worldwide, especially non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The marker of progression in lung adenocarcinoma has been rarely studied. PD-1 is an effective drug target for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. The study of the effect of polymorphism on the progression of lung adenocarcinoma in the Han population of Northeast China may provide a valuable reference for the research and application of these drugs. Methods Chi-square test, Wilcoxon rank sum test, and classification efficacy assessment were used to teste SNPs of PD-1 in 287 patients and combined with clinical information. Results We successfully identified biomarkers (rs2227981, rs2227982, and rs3608432) that could distinguish the early stages and late stages of lung adenocarcinoma. Multiple clinical indicators showed significant differences among different SNP typing and cancer stages. Furthermore, this gene was confirmed to effectively distinguish the staging of lung adenocarcinoma with RNA-seq data in TCGA. Conclusions This indicated that the PD-1 gene and the SNPs on it could be used as markers for distinguishing lung adenocarcinoma staging in the Northeast Han population.