bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cerebellar GABAergic correlates of cognition‐mediated verbal fluency in physiology and schizophrenia
Authors: Piras F. , Piras F. , Banaj N. , Ciullo V. , Vecchio D. , Edden R. A. E. , Spalletta G. 
Published: March 2019

ObjectiveDefective cerebellar GABAergic inhibitory control may participate to the cognitive impairments seen in SZ. We tested the prediction of a model for the relationship between cerebellar GABA concentration and the associative/executive processes required by verbal fluency in patients with schizophrenia (SZ) and matched healthy controls (HC).MethodMagnetic resonance spectroscopy of GABA was performed using a 3 Tesla scanner and verbal fluency assessed by the Controlled Word (WFT) and Semantic (SFT) Fluency tests. Cerebellar GABA measurements were obtained using the MEGA‐PRESS acquisition sequence. Linear correlations between cerebellar GABA levels and the WFT, SFT score were performed to test differences between correlation coefficients of SZ and HC. Quantile regressions between GABA levels and the WFT score were performed.ResultsHigher cerebellar GABA concentration was associated in SZ with lower phonemic fluency and reduced number of switches among subcategories as opposed to what observed in HC (with higher cerebellar GABA associated with higher number of words and phonemic switches). GABA levels explained phonemic fluency in SZ performing above the group mean.ConclusionStudying cerebellar GABA provides a valid heuristic to explore the molecular mechanisms of SZ. This is crucial for developing pharmacological treatments to improve cognition and functional recovery in SZ.
The influence of different cement spaces on the marginal gap of CAD/CAM all‐ceramic crowns
Authors: Zhang Y , Dudley J 
Published: March 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe purpose of this study was to measure the marginal gaps of CAD/CAM all‐ceramic crowns constructed using different cement spaces on crown preparations created by undergraduate students.MethodsTwenty‐four Columbia model lower left first molars with assessed tapers and reduction volumes (RV) were recruited to receive complete coverage E.max crowns. Three E.max crowns were digitally designed and milled for each crown preparation using three different cement spaces: 50 μm (CS‐50), 100 μm (CS‐100), 200 μm (CS‐200). Each crown was seated onto its original crown preparation and three vertical marginal gap measurements were taken at four locations (mid‐buccal, mid‐lingual, mid‐mesial, mid‐distal) using a stereomicroscope. The mean marginal gap (MMG) was calculated for each crown and each individual tooth surface.ResultsThe MMG was statistically significantly different for each of the three cement spaces (126 μm for CS‐50, 89 μm for CS‐100, and 75 μm for CS‐200) (P < 0.0001). A taper of between 20 and 30° produced the smallest MMG. Insufficient RV caused significantly larger MMGs. The buccal margin had significantly smaller MMGs than all other measured surfaces.ConclusionsThe most accurate margins of digitally designed all‐ceramic crowns constructed on simulation teeth prepared by undergraduate students were observed when using a 200 μm cement space.
Population structure and genetic diversity of four Henan pig populations
Authors: Qiao R. , Li X. , Han X. , Wang K. , Lv G. , Ren G. , Li X. 
Published: March 2019

SummaryTo investigate the population structure and genetic diversity of Henan indigenous pig breeds, samples from a total of 78 pigs of 11 breeds were collected, including four pig populations from Henan Province, three Western commercial breeds, three Chinese native pig breeds from other provinces and one Asian wild boar. The genotyping datasets were obtained by genotyping‐by‐sequencing technology. We found a high degree of polymorphism and rapid linkage disequilibrium decay in Henan pigs. A neighbor‐joining tree, principal component analysis and structure analysis revealed that the Huainan and Erhualian pigs were clustered together and that the Queshan black pigs were clearly grouped together but that the Nanyang and Yuxi pigs were extensively admixed with Western pigs. In addition, heterozygosity values might indicate that Henan indigenous pigs, especially the Queshan black and Huainan pigs, were subjected to little selection during domestication. The results presented here indicate that Henan pig breeds were admixed from Western breeds, especially Nanyang and Yuxi pigs. Therefore, establishment of purification and rejuvenation systems to implement conservation strategies is urgent. In addition, it is also necessary to accelerate genetic resources improvement and utilization using modern breeding technologies, such as genomic selection and genome‐wide association studies.
The European sea bass: a key marine fish model in the wild and in aquaculture
Authors: Vandeputte M. , Gagnaire P.‐A. , Allal F. 
Published: March 2019

SummaryThe European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) is a marine fish of key economic and cultural importance in Europe. It is now more an aquaculture than a fisheries species (>96% of the production in 2016), although modern rearing techniques date back only from the late 1980s. It also has high interest for evolutionary studies, as it is composed of two semispecies (Atlantic and Mediterranean lineages) that have come into secondary contact following the last glaciation. Based on quantitative genetics studies of most traits of interest over the past 10–15 years, selective breeding programs are now applied to this species, which is at the beginning of its domestication process. The availability of a good quality reference genome has accelerated the development of new genomic resources, including SNP arrays that will enable genomic selection to improve genetic gain. There is a need to improve feed efficiency, both for economic and environmental reasons, but this will require novel phenotyping approaches. Further developments will likely focus on the understanding of genotype‐by‐environment interactions, which will be important both for efficient breeding of farmed stocks and for improving knowledge of the evolution of natural populations. At the interface between both, the domestication process must be better understood to improve production and also to fully evaluate the possible impact of aquaculture escapees on wild populations. The latter is an important question for all large‐scale aquaculture productions.
Transscleral sutureless intraocular lens versus retropupillary iris‐claw lens fixation for paediatric aphakia without capsular support: a randomized study
Authors: Shuaib Asmaa Mahmoud , El Sayed Yasmine , Kamal Ahmed , El Sanabary Zeinab , Elhilali Hala 
Published: March 2019

AbstractPurposeTo compare results of sutureless transscleral intraocular lens (IOL) fixation to retropupillary iris‐claw lens implantation in cases of paediatric aphakia without capsular support.MethodsThirty eyes of children with insufficient capsular support for IOL implantation were randomized to undergo sutureless transscleral IOL fixation or iris‐claw lens fixation. The primary outcome was best‐corrected visual acuity (BCVA). Secondary outcomes included operative time, astigmatism, central corneal thickness, endothelial cell count (ECC), IOL decentration and tilt, central foveal thickness and complications.ResultsThere was a significant improvement in BCVA at all follow‐up visits, with no significant difference between both groups. 53.3% in the transscleral‐fixated IOL group and 80% in the iris‐claw IOL group had a final BCVA ≥0.3. The operative time was significantly shorter in the iris‐claw IOL group (p = 0.001). IOL decentration and tilt were higher in the transscleral‐fixated IOL group, but the difference was not significant. The ECC was reduced by 14.6% in the transscleral‐fixated IOL group and 11% in the iris‐claw group at 6 months, with no significant difference between both groups (p = 0.5). In the transscleral‐fixated IOL group, two eyes developed ocular hypertension and two eyes had IOL decentration, while in the iris‐claw IOL group, 1 eye developed glaucoma, three eyes had haptic disenclavation, and one eye had retinal detachment.ConclusionBoth techniques yielded a comparable visual outcome. Retropupillary iris‐claw lens fixation is a shorter procedure and technically easier than sutureless transscleral fixation, but the risk of disenclavation should be considered especially in younger age groups. Scleral fixation is the only option in case of severe iris damage, but may be associated with more endothelial cell loss.
Effects of cladribine tablets on heart rate, atrio‐ventricular conduction and cardiac repolarization in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis
Authors: Hermann Robert , Litwin Jeffrey S. , Friberg Lena E. , Dangond Fernando , Munafo Alain 
Published: March 2019

AimsCladribine tablets have shown significant efficacy for the treatment of relapsing multiple sclerosis, a chronic and debilitating immune‐mediated disorder. This study was conducted to examine acute and/or cumulative effects of cladribine tablets 10 mg (3.5 or 5.25 mg/kg cumulative dose over 2 years) on heart rate, AV conduction and cardiac repolarization in patients with relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS).MethodsCLARITY was a 96‐week, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, multicentre trial which evaluated the safety and efficacy of cladribine tablets 3.5 and 5.25 mg/kg body weight in patients with RRMS. A total of 135 patients were included in the ECG substudy, providing a total of 1534 post‐dose ECGs. ECG data were collected 15 minutes pre‐dose and between 0.5 and 3 hours post‐dose at pre‐study evaluation, study Day 1 and Weeks 5, 9, 13, 48 and 52.ResultsFor cladribine tablets 3.5 mg/kg, the maximum change in placebo‐adjusted post‐dose QTcF vs. visit‐baseline (BL) was −0.42 ms (90% CI: −3.61–4.44) at Week 1 (acute effects), and 3.20 ms (90% CI: −0.08–6.33) for cladribine tablets 5.25 mg/kg. The greatest observed differences in post‐dose QTcF vs. study BL occurred at Week 48 for both the 3.5 and 5.25 mg/kg doses of cladribine tablets with 5.99 ms (90% CI: 0.53–11.44) and 8.74 ms (90% CI: 3.18–14.31), respectively. No significant changes were observed in T‐wave morphology in either treatment group.ConclusionsCladribine tablets 3.5 mg/kg (approved dose in Europe/other regions) did not confer clinically meaningful effects on heart rate, AV conduction and ventricular repolarization.
Pre‐natal brain development as a target for urban air pollution
Authors: Sunyer Jordi , Dadvand Payam 
Published: March 2019

AbstractAir pollution is the main urban‐related environmental hazard and one of the major contributors to the global burden of disease based on its cardiovascular‐respiratory impacts. In children, exposure to urban air pollution is associated, among others, with decelerated neurodevelopment early in life and increased risk of neurodevelopmental problems such as attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorders, academic failure and the start of Alzheimer's pathogenesis. However, the evidence of the effects of air pollution on brain development is still inadequate, mainly due to the limitations in (a) characterizing brain development (most studies were based on subjective tools such as questionnaires or neuropsychological tests) and (b) air pollution exposure (most studies only used residential levels based on geographical modelling and also overlooking the variation in the mixture of air pollutants as well as the composition and hence toxicity of particulate pollutants in different settings), (c) the lack of studies during the most vulnerable stages of brain development (foetal and early life (first two years post‐natally)) and (d) the lack of structural and functional imaging data underlying these effects. In mice, in utero exposure to fine particles was linked to structural brain changes and there is a need to establish the generalizability of these findings in human beings. Though scarce, current evidence in children supports the importance of the pre‐natal period as a susceptible window of exposure. Two studies in schoolchildren found that pre‐natal air pollution exposure might damage brain structure while exposure during childhood was not linked to any structural alteration. Another study showed that children with higher traffic‐related air pollution at school had lower functional integration in key brain networks, but no changes in brain structure, possibly partly because of the time window of air pollution exposure (in utero versus childhood exposure). A key development is to discover the windows of greatest sensitivity of structural brain changes to air pollution exposure by incorporating the recent advances in non‐invasive imaging to characterize natal and post‐natal brain development and exploring whether and to what extend placental dysfunction could mediate such an association. Studying pre‐natal life is important because effects at this time are of a potentially irreversible nature and because the largest preventive opportunities occur during these periods.
Functional outcome assessment in bipolar disorder: A systematic literature review
Authors: Chen Maxine , Fitzgerald Heather M. , Madera Jessica J. , Tohen Mauricio 
Published: March 2019

AbstractObjectivesFunctional impairment is an important driver of disability in patients with bipolar disorder (BD) and can persist even when symptomatic remission has been achieved. The objectives of this systematic literature review were to identify studies that assessed functioning in patients with BD and describe the functional scales used and their implementation.MethodsA systematic literature review of English‐language articles published between 2000 and 2017 reporting peer‐reviewed, original research related to functional assessment in patients with BD was conducted.ResultsA total of 40 articles met inclusion criteria. Twenty‐four different functional scales were identified, including 13 clinician‐rated scales, 7 self‐reported scales, and 4 indices based on residential and vocational data. The Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) and the Functional Assessment Short Test (FAST) were the most commonly used global and domain‐specific scales, respectively. All other scales were used in ≤2 studies. Most studies used ≥1 domain‐specific scale. The most common applications of functional scales in these studies were evaluations of the relationships between global or domain‐specific psychosocial functioning and cognitive functioning (eg, executive function, attention, language, learning, memory) or clinical variables (eg, symptoms, duration of illness, number of hospitalizations, number of episodes).ConclusionsThe results of this review show growing interest in the assessment of functioning in patients with BD, with an emphasis on specific domains such as work/educational, social, family, and cognitive functioning and high utilization of the GAF and FAST scales in published literature.
Inhibition of phosphodiesterase‐4 attenuates murine ulcerative colitis through interference with mucosal immunity
Authors: Li Heng , Fan Chen , Feng Chunlan , Wu Yanwei , Lu Huimin , He Peilan , Yang Xiaoqian , Zhu Fenghua , Qi Qing , Gao Yuanzhuo , Zuo Jianping , Tang Wei 
Published: March 2019

Background and PurposeUlcerative colitis (UC) is an aetiologically refractory inflammatory disease, accompanied by dysfunction of the epithelial barrier and intestinal inflammation. Phosphodiesterase‐4 (PDE4) serves as an intracellular proinflammatory enzyme, hydrolyzing and inactivating cAMP. Though PDE4 inhibitors have been approved for pulmonary and dermatological diseases, the role of PDE4 inhibition in modulating mucosal immunity in the intestine remains ill‐defined. This study was designed to explore whether PDE4 inhibition by apremilast exerts protective effects in dextran sulfate sodium‐induced murine UC.Experimental ApproachIntestinal inflammation and disease severity were evaluated by morphological, histopathological and biochemical assays, and in vivo imaging. Expression of inflammatory mediators, components of PDE4‐mediated pathways in colon and macrophages were determined using quantitative real‐time PCR, ELISA, Luminex assay, immunostaining, or western blotting, along with siRNA knockdown. Immune cells in mesenteric lymph nodes and colonic lamina propria were analysed by flow cytometry.Key ResultsApremilast attenuated clinical features of UC, suppressing microscopic colon damage, production of inflammatory mediators, oxidative stresses, and fibrosis. Apremilast also promoted epithelial barrier function and inhibited infiltration of immune cells into inflamed tissues, through decreasing expression of chemokines and chemokine receptors. Furthermore, in UC, PDE4A, PDE4B, and PDE4D were highly expressed in colon. Apremilast not only inhibited PDE4 isoform expression but also activated PKA–CREB and Epac‐Rap1 pathways and subsequently suppressed MAPK, NF‐κB, PI3K–mTOR, and JAK–STAT–SOCS3 activation.Conclusion and ImplicationsInhibition of PDE4 by apremilast protected against UC, by interfering with mucosal immunity. These findings represent a promising strategy for regulating intestinal inflammation.
Food for naught: Using the theory of planned behaviour to better understand household food wasting behaviour
Authors: van der Werf Paul , Seabrook Jamie A. , Gilliland Jason A. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractTo better understand food wasting behaviour, the theory of planned behaviour was used to inform the development of a survey which was administered to households in London, Ontario, Canada. Respondent households (n = 1,263) threw out avoidable food waste 4.77 times/week (SD = 4.81, Mdn = 4.0) and 5.89 food portions/week (SD = 5.66, Mdn = 4.0). When asked to choose one of three possible motivators to reduce food wasting behaviour, 58.9% selected reducing monetary loss as their first choice and this was significantly (p < 0.001) higher than both reducing environmental impact (23.9%) and reducing social impacts (17.2%). A linear hierarchical regression analysis (R2 = 0.30, p < 0.001) on intention to avoid food waste demonstrated that perceived behavioural control (p < 0.001) and personal norms (p < 0.001) had the greatest positive impact on intention. A linear hierarchical regression analysis (R2 = 0.32, p < 0.001) on self‐reported food wasting behaviour showed that perceived behavioural control (p < 0.001) and personal attitudes (p < 0.01) resulted in less food wasting behaviour, while more children in a household (p < 0.01) resulted in more food wasting behaviour. Interventions that seek to strengthen perceived behavioural control and convey the monetary impact of food waste could help reduce its disposal.
The application of a newly designed L‐shaped titanium mesh for GBR with simultaneous implant placement in the esthetic zone: A retrospective case series study
Authors: Zhang Tianxu , Zhang Tao , Cai Xiaoxiao 
Published: March 2019

AbstractBackgroundTo our acknowledgment, there were limited clinical studies about the guided bone regeneration (GBR) for both vertical and horizontal augmentation at the same time using titanium mesh (Ti‐mesh) with simultaneous implant placement in the esthetic zone. Meanwhile, studies that specially evaluate resorption and long‐term stability of the augmented labial bone after loading were also rare. Therefore, this study introduced a newly designed L‐shaped Ti‐mesh used for GBR with simultaneous implant placement and evaluated the bone augmentation effectiveness, resorption, and long‐term stability of peri‐implant bone with this newly designed L‐shaped Ti‐mesh.Materials and MethodsTwelve patients (16 implants) who had underwent a GBR procedure using L‐shaped Ti‐mesh with simultaneous implants placement were reviewed in this study. Complications, implant success, and survival rate were recorded and calculated. Furthermore, the bone gain values, labial bone resorption, and remaining labial bone volume were measured by cone beam CT (CBCT) during 13‐41 months follow‐up.ResultsAfter GBR using L‐shaped Ti‐mesh, the average bone gain values were 3.61 ± 1.50 mm vertically and 3.10 ± 2.06 mm horizontally. The implant success and surviving rate were 93.75% and 100%, respectively during the longest 41 months follow‐up. The vertical labial bone resorption was −0.81 ± 1.00 mm, horizontal labial bone resorption was −0.13 ± 1.19 mm at the top of the implants. The remaining labial bone thickness was 2.24 ± 1.29 mm at the top of the implants and 2.86 ± 1.08 mm at the 2 mm apically from the implant tops after loading. There was still 1.13 ± 1.18 mm vertical labial bone remaining above the top of implants for approximately 87.5% sites.ConclusionsGBR using L‐shaped Ti‐mesh with simultaneous implant placement (one‐step surgery) in the esthetic zone could achieve predictable results for vertical and horizontal bone augmentation at the same time. Meanwhile, L‐shaped Ti‐mesh could preferably reconstruct and reduce the labial bone resorption to achieve long‐term esthetics. This newly designed L‐shaped Ti‐mesh may offer predictable and excellent outcomes for the implant restoration in the esthetic zone.
Passive uplift of plant and animal populations during mountain‐building
Authors: Heads Michael 
Published: March 2019

AbstractIf a community and its substrate are raised by tectonic uplift, the species present can either die out in the area, survive in situ unchanged, or survive in situ with adaptation and differentiation. The large‐scale passive uplift of plant and animal populations during mountain‐building is accepted in a growing number of studies, but the idea has seldom been examined critically. If passive uplift does occur, it has implications for interpreting community structure and speciation in some of the most biodiverse places on Earth, tropical mountains. It would also provide a simple explanation for many altitudinal anomalies, such as the occurrence of typical coastal elements at unusually high altitudes in certain localities. Examples include the coastal saltmarsh plant Salicornia at 4200 m altitude in the rapidly uplifted Andes, coastal frogs and ferns in African mountains, and inland mangroves in New Guinea. The first aim of this paper is to review previous work on passive uplift worldwide and the main ideas that have been discussed. A second goal is to discuss possible tests of passive uplift.