bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Strikingly high levels of heterozygosity despite 20 years of inbreeding in a clonal honey bee
Authors: Smith Nicholas M. A. , Wade Claire , Allsopp Michael H. , Harpur Brock A. , Zayed Amro , Rose Stephen A. , Engelstädter Jan , Chapman Nadine C. , Yagound Boris , Oldroyd Benjamin P. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractInbreeding (the mating between closely related individuals) often has detrimental effects that are associated with loss of heterozygosity at overdominant loci, and the expression of deleterious recessive alleles. However, determining which loci are detrimental when homozygous, and the extent of their phenotypic effects, remains poorly understood. Here, we utilize a unique inbred population of clonal (thelytokous) honey bees,Apis mellifera capensis, to determine which loci reduce individual fitness when homozygous. This asexual population arose from a single worker ancestor approximately 20 years ago and has persisted for at least 100 generations. Thelytokous parthenogenesis results in a 1/3 of loss of heterozygosity with each generation. Yet, this population retains heterozygosity throughout its genome due to selection against homozygotes. Deep sequencing of one bee from each of the three known sub‐lineages of the population revealed that 3,766 of 10,884 genes (34%) have retained heterozygosity across all sub‐lineages, suggesting that these genes have heterozygote advantage. The maintenance of heterozygosity in the same genes and genomic regions in all three sub‐lineages suggests that nearly every chromosome carries genes that show sufficient heterozygote advantage to be selectively detrimental when homozygous.
The weight of the flood‐of‐record in flood frequency analysis
Authors: St. George Scott , Mudelsee Manfred 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe standard approach to flood frequency analysis (FFA) fits mathematical functions to sequences of historic flood data and extrapolates the tails of the distribution to estimate the magnitude and likelihood of extreme floods. Here, we identify the most exceptional floods in the United States as compared against other major floods at the same location, and evaluate how the flood‐of‐record (Qmax) influences FFA estimates. On average, floods‐of‐record are 20% larger by discharge than their second‐place counterparts (Q2), and 212 gages (7.3%) have Qmax:Q2 ratios greater than two. There is no clear correspondence between the Qmax:Q2 ratio and median instantaneous discharge, and exceptional floods do not become less likely with time. Excluding Qmax from the FFA causes the median 100‐year flood to decline by −10.5%, the 200‐year flood by −11.8%, and the 500‐year flood by −13.4%. Even when floods are modelled using a heavy tail distribution, the removal of Qmax yields significantly “lighter” tails and underestimates the risk of large floods. Despite the temporal extension of systematic hydrological observations in the United States, FFA is still sensitive to the presence of extreme events within the sample used to calculate the frequency curve.
GRAIN LENGTH AND AWN 1 negatively regulates grain size in rice
Authors: Wang Tao , Zou Ting , He Zhiyuan , Yuan Guoqiang , Luo Tao , Zhu Jun , Liang Yueyang , Deng Qiming , Wang Shiquan , Zheng Aiping , Liu Huainian , Wang Lingxia , Li Ping , Li Shuangcheng 
Published: November 2018

SummaryGrain size is an important factor determining yield in rice. Here, we identified a recessive mutant gene, grain length and awn 1 (gla1), which caused a significant increase in grain length and weight, and was associated with long awns. The gla1 mutation was mapped to a single‐nucleotide polymorphism in a gene encoding a cytoplasmically‐localized mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphatase. Overexpression of GLA1 caused a decrease in grain length, and the GLA1 protein interacted with OsMAPK6. These results suggest that GLA1 may serve as a negative regulator of the OsMAPKK4‐OsMAPK6 cascade, controlling grain size via the dephosphorylation of OsMAPK6.
Efficacy of two plant extracts against acne vulgaris: Initial results of microbiological tests and cell culture studies
Authors: Kılıç Songül , Okullu Sinem Öktem , Kurt Özgür , Sevinç Hakan , Dündar Cihat , Altınordu Fahim , Türkoğlu Murat 
Published: November 2018

SummaryBackgroundAcne vulgaris is a common skin disease characterized by increased sebum production, inflammation, and colonization of Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) on pilosebaceous follicles.AimsTo determine the efficacy of two different plant extracts against P. acnes and to analyze the gene expression levels of IL‐1α, SRD5A1, and TNFα in HaCaT cells treated with these plant extracts.MethodsAnti‐acne extract 1 (AE1) consisted of Juglans regia (walnut husk), Myrtus communis (myrtle leaves), Matricaria chamomilla (chamomilla flowers), Urtica dioica (stinging nettle leaves), and Rosa damascena (rose flowers). Anti‐acne extract 2 (AE2) contained Brassica oleracea var. botrytis (broccoli) and B. oleracea var. italica (cauliflower). The antimicrobial activities of the extracts were tested on two different P. acnes strains: the reference strain of P. acnes (ATCC 51277) and the clinical isolate from a patient. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extracts was determined using the broth dilution method. Human keratinocyte cells were used for in vitro tests. Gene expression analyses were performed with RT‐qPCR.ResultsThe MIC values of the extracts were below 1/2048 µg/mL. In the gene expression analysis, AE1 increased the expression level of TNFα (1.1719, P < 0.0001), suppressed the expression level of IL‐1α, SRD5A1 (0.0588, P = 0.0231; 0.3081, P = 0.0351), respectively. AE2 suppressed gene expression level of IL‐1α, SRD5A1, TNFα (0.3815, P = 0.0254; 0.3418, P = 0.0271; 0.1997, P = 0.0623).ConclusionsBoth herbal extracts demonstrated strong antibacterial and anti‐inflammatory activity in this preliminary trial. In conclusion, the topical application of these botanical extracts can be good candidates for local acne treatment.
Attainment Discrepancy and New Geographic Market Entry: The Moderating Roles of Vertical Pay Disparity and Horizontal Pay Dispersion
Authors: Lim Elizabeth 
Published: November 2018

AbstractStudies in the behavioural strategy literature have examined the influence of attainment discrepancy on new geographic market entry with inconclusive results. We clarified the relationship between attainment discrepancy and new geographic market entry by considering the moderating effects of managerial pay gaps with concentration on vertical pay disparity and horizontal pay dispersion. The framework also contributes to our understanding of tournament theory and social comparison theory by identifying specified performance contexts under which types of pay gaps conform to or violate theoretical predictions. Empirical analyses based on a panel data of Standard and Poor’s (S&P) 500 firms from 1996 to 2006 showed that our hypotheses are largely supported.
Clinicopathological analysis of oral diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma, NOS: A systematic review
Authors: Rodrigues‐Fernandes Carla Isabelly , de Souza Lucas Lacerda , Santos‐Costa Sara Ferreira dos , Pontes Hélder Antônio Rebelo , de Almeida Oslei Paes , Vargas Pablo Agustin , Henao Javier Rendón , Rahimi Siavash , Brennan Peter A. , Fonseca Felipe Paiva 
Published: November 2018

BackgroundDiffuse large B‐cell lymphoma, NOS (DLBCL NOS) is the commonest extranodal non‐Hodgkin lymphoma diagnosed in the oral and maxillofacial region. However, few studies are currently available and its prognostic determinants remain undefined.PurposeTo analyse the available data on oral DLBCL NOS and to describe its clinicopathological features, identifying potential prognostic factors.MethodsAn electronic systematic search was performed using multiple databases with a specific search strategy in April 2018. All reports describing DLBCL NOS involving the oral cavity and jaw bones with sufficient clinicopathological information were assessed.ResultsSixty‐three publications were included in the study, comprising 122 cases. Oral DLBCL NOS was found predominantly in elderly males (61.5%), and most often presented as an asymptomatic swelling of the gingiva. Patients commonly were HIV‐negative (36.1%), with few reports describing EBV‐positive cases (four cases/3.3%). Only eight cases presented B symptoms and most cases were classified as stage I or II (48.4%). CHOP therapy was the main treatment option (24.5%) and the overall 5‐year survival rate achieved 83%. Males and advanced Ann Arbor stage patients presented significantly lower survival rates in the univariate analysis, but no significance was found in the multivariate model.ConclusionOral DLBCL NOS is an aggressive malignancy, but with a high survival rate.
Development of sleep patterns in children with obese and normal‐weight parents
Authors: Xiu Lijuan , Hagströmer Maria , Bergqvist‐Norén Linnea , Johansson Elin , Ekbom Kerstin , Svensson Viktoria , Marcus Claude , Ekstedt Mirjam 
Published: November 2018

AimTo study the sleep development and sleep characteristics in children at different obesity risks, based on parental weight, and also to explore their weekday–weekend sleep variations and associated family factors.MethodsA total of 145 children participating in a longitudinal obesity prevention project were included, of which 37 had normal‐weight parents (low obesity risk), and 108 had overweight/obese parents (high obesity risk). Sleep diaries at ages 1 and 2 years were used to study sleep development in children at different obesity risks. Objectively assessed sleep using an accelerometer at 2 years of age was used to analyse weekday–weekend sleep variations.ResultsThere was no difference in sleep development from age 1 to age 2 among children at different obesity risks, but more children in the high‐risk group had prolonged sleep onset latency and low sleep efficiency. At 2 years of age, children in the high‐risk group had more weekday–weekend variation in sleep offset (mean difference 18 min, 95% confidence interval (CI) 4–33 min), midpoint of sleep (mean difference 14 min, 95% CI 3–25 min) and nap onset (mean difference 42 min, 95% CI 10–74 min) than children in the low‐risk group, after adjusting for other family factors. However, no difference could be detected between groups in weekday–weekend variation in sleep duration.ConclusionsUnfavourable sleep characteristics, as well as more variation in sleep schedules, have been observed in children at high obesity risk. While the differences were relatively small, they may reflect the unfavourable sleep hygiene in families at high obesity risk.
Effect of gellan gum on functional properties of low‐fat chicken meat batters
Authors: Li Ke , Liu Jiu‐Ya , Fu Lei , Li Wen‐Jie , Zhao Ying‐Ying , Bai Yan‐Hong , Kang Zhuang‐Li 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe effects of substituting pork back‐fat with addition of gellan gum and water on gel characteristics, rheological property, water mobility, and distribution of chicken meat batters were studied. The addition of gellan gum significantly affected the cooking yield, color, texture, and rheological property of chicken meat batters (p < .05). The cooking yield and textural properties were not significantly different (p > .05) when gellan gum was added with 0, 0.2, and 0.4%. When the level of gellan gum reached 0.6%, the cooked chicken meat batters had significantly lowerL* value, cooking yield, hardness, springiness, cohesiveness, and chewiness values (p < .05). The initial storage modulus (G′) of chicken batters was significantly decreased (p < .05) with increasing gellan gum. During the heating, an increase in denaturation temperature of the myosin head and tail were observed in chicken batters with added gellan gum. TheG′ of chicken batters with 0, 0.2, and 0.4% gellan gum were not significant difference (p > .05) at 80C, but theG′ of chicken batters with 0.6% gellan gum was significantly decreased (p < .05). LF‐NMR revealed that T21and T22were significantly increased (p < .05) with increasing the water and gellan gum content while P21and P22were not significantly different (p > .05) in the chicken batters with 0, 0.2, and 0.4% gellan gum. A significant decrease was observed (p < .05) in the chicken batter with 0.6% gellan gum. Overall, added 0.2 and 0.4% gellan gum to chicken meat batters could reduce pork back‐fat.Practical applicationsEmulsion‐type meat products contain a high level of fat, saturated fatty acids, and cholesterol, which have a potential negative effect on consumers health. However, animal fat plays an important role in the textural properties and water‐holding capacity of meat products. One of great challenges in meat processing is how to find a fat substitute to produce low‐fat meat products which have overall acceptable quality. This study showed that the addition of gellan gum influenced the textural properties of chicken batters and changed the dynamic rheological behavior. The addition of 0.2 and 0.4% gellan gum kept a stable cooking yield and textural properties of cooked chicken batters and also reduced the pork back‐fat. LF‐NMR could reflect the cooking yield and gel properties of the chicken batters. Gellan gum may be used to replace pork back‐fat to produce low‐fat chicken meat batters having overall acceptability in meat industry for meeting consumer demand.
Activity patterns of sympatric living exotic and endemic carnivores (the fosa) in Western Madagascar's deciduous forests
Authors: Merson S. D. , Dollar L. J. , Tan C. K. W. , W Macdonald D. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractWestern Madagascar's deciduous forest is an important, threatened habitat to little‐known Eupleridae, such as the fosa Cryptoprocta ferox. Using camera‐trap grids established in two important deciduous forests, Ankarafantsika National Park and Andranomena Special Reserve, we explore the activity patterns of endemic and exotic carnivores and evaluate how exotics may be influencing fosa temporal activity across these two protected areas. Three methodologies, kernel density, circular and wave analysis, were used to evaluate the activity pattern overlap between exotic free‐ranging cats Felis sp. and dogs Canis familiaris, exotic small Indian civets Viverricula indica and the endemic fosa. Our results showed fosas to be cathemeral, peaking in activity in the evening and at dawn. Cats were nocturnal, whilst also highly active at dusk. Civets did not display a dominant period of activity, but were relatively more active in the night, and at dusk. In contrast, dogs were diurnal and also active at dawn, in alignment with human activity. Fosa activity significantly overlapped with the nocturnal cat and civet, whilst being distinct from the diurnal dog and humans. Our results suggest that there is potentially a competitive impact of exotic free‐ranging dogs and cats when present across fosas’ dry forest habitat. This highlights the need for further examination into the impact of Madagascar's exotic carnivores, and the experimental trial to investigate the impact of their removal (or reduced abundance), on Madagascar's wildlife.
Allergy alerts — The incidence of parentally reported allergies in children presenting for general anesthesia
Authors: Sommerfield David L. , Sommerfield Aine , Schilling Alina , Slevin Lliana , Lucas Michaela , von Ungern‐Sternberg Britta S. 
Published: November 2018

SummaryBackground and aimPediatric patients increasingly report allergies, including allergies to food and medications. We sought to determine the incidence and, nature of parent‐reported allergies in children presenting for surgery and its significance for anesthetists.MethodsWe prospectively collected data on admissions through our surgical admission unit over a 2‐month period at a pediatric tertiary care teaching hospital. Data collected included patient demographics, history of atopy, with more comprehensive information collected if an allergy was reported. A clinical immunologist and an anesthetist reviewed the documentation of all patients reporting an allergy.ResultsWe reviewed 1001 pediatric patients, 158 (15.8%) patients with parent‐reported allergies; to medications/drugs (n = 73), food (n = 66), environmental allergens (dust/grasses, n = 35), tapes/dressings (n = 27), latex (n = 4), and venom (eg, bee, wasp, n = 9). Forty‐one patients reported antibiotic allergies, with Beta‐lactam antibiotics being the most common, with the majority presenting with rash alone (57%). Ten patients reported allergies to nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs and eight to opioids. Twenty‐four patients reported egg and/or peanut allergy. Only 3/1001 (0.3%) patients were deemed to have evidence of likely IgE‐mediated drug allergy. Of the reported allergies, only 60 (38.2%) had been investigated prior, most likely to be followed up were food (53%) and environmental allergies (44.4%). Only 4/73 (5.5%) reported medication allergies had further follow‐up. Just four patients (0.4% of the entire cohort) had drug sensitivities/allergies that were likely to majorly alter anesthesia practice.ConclusionOnly the minority of parent‐reported allergies in pediatric surgical patients were specialist confirmed and likely to be clinically relevant. Self‐reported food allergy is commonly specialist verified whereas reactions to medications were generally not. Over‐reporting of allergies is increasingly common and limits clinician choice of medications. Better education of patients and their families and more timely verification or dismissal of parent‐reported reactions is urgently needed.
Performance measures and models for open‐water integrated multi‐trophic aquaculture
Authors: Reid Gregor K. , Lefebvre Sébastien , Filgueira Ramón , Robinson Shawn M.C. , Broch Ole J. , Dumas Andre , Chopin Thierry B.R. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractQualifying and quantifying nutrient flows within open‐water Integrated Multi‐Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) systems is necessary to determine transfer efficiencies and to assess overall system performance. There are numerous empirical performance metrics, such as spatially defined growth and nutrient sequestration, which may have application. When used in combination with modelling techniques, empirical approaches can be a powerful tool for system assessment or prediction. Simple empirical growth models, such as the thermal‐growth coefficient (TGC) and scope for growth (SFG), are applicable to aquatic animals and can include nutritional mass‐balance approaches to estimate nutrient loads. Comparable empirical growth models exist for seaweeds. Mechanistic‐based dynamic growth and reproduction models, such as Dynamic Energy Budget (DEB), are more complex, but have application beyond site‐specific empirical models and can, therefore, be included into larger ecosystem models for application to IMTA. Proximity, ecological transfer efficiencies, particle dynamics, species culture ratios and the timing of multi‐species production cycles can have profound implications for IMTA effectiveness and require careful consideration for system assessment. This review provides a pragmatic evaluation of performance measures and models to assess nutrient transfer and growth in open‐water IMTA systems.
Facts, truths and myths about SPF shrimp in Aquaculture
Authors: Alday‐Sanz Victoria , Brock James , Flegel Timothy W. , McIntosh Robins , Bondad‐Reantaso Melba G. , Salazar Marcela , Subasinghe Rohana 
Published: November 2018

AbstractShrimp domestication and genetic improvement programmes began in late 1980s, in the United States of America, under the United States Marine Shrimp Farming Program (USMSFP), using the Pacific whiteleg shrimp Penaeus vannamei. The USMSFP was based on proven concepts from the livestock and poultry industries and began with establishing a specific pathogen‐free (SPF) shrimp stock. The original shrimp stock was obtained using rigorous screening of captured wild shrimp for selection of individuals naturally free of major shrimp pathogens. Although the concept of SPF animals was well defined for terrestrial animals, it was relatively new for aquaculture, and it took some time to be adopted by the aquaculture community. In the early 1990s, parallel to USMSFP, several other programmes on genetic improvement of shrimp were also initiated in Latin America. Subsequently, several new terminologies and products, such as specific pathogen resistant (SPR) shrimp, specific pathogen tolerant (SPT) shrimp and even ‘all pathogen exposed’ (APE) shrimp, entered the shrimp industry vocabulary and became commercial. This led to confusion in the shrimp industry about the meaning, relationship and significance of these new terms with respect to SPF. This position paper attempts to clarify these concepts, provide science‐based definitions, reconfirms the importance of developing, maintaining and using domesticated, specific pathogen‐free (SPF) shrimp stocks (which may also achieve SPR and/or SPT status) to reduce the risk of disease outbreaks and increase production and profit. The same principles would apply to development of domesticated SPF stocks for other species used in aquaculture. The paper also discusses the difficulties of confirming and certifying SPF status due to the presence of endogenous viral elements (EVEs) and calls for internationally agreed science and evidence‐based technical guidelines for producing healthy shrimp.
An unusual case of Nocardia cyriacigeorgica presenting with spinal abscesses in a renal transplant recipient and a review of the literature
Authors: Freiberg Jeffrey A. , Saharia Kapil K. , Morales Megan K. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractNocardia species represent a well‐recognized yet uncommon cause of opportunistic infections in humans. It most frequently presents as a pulmonary infection with or without central nervous system involvement. It is a very rare cause of spinal abscesses, with only 26 cases reported in the literature. Here we report a 49‐year‐old man with a history of renal transplantation who presented with low back pain and was diagnosed with epidural and paraspinal abscesses due to Nocardia cyriacigeorgica that was successfully treated with antimicrobial therapy alone. In addition to the case reported here, we also conducted a systematic review of the existing literature regarding spinal abscesses due to Nocardia species and examined the success of the various treatments utilized.
Aligning Developmental and Processing Accounts of Implicit and Statistical Learning
Authors: Peter Michelle S. , Rowland Caroline F. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractA long‐standing question in child language research concerns how children achieve mature syntactic knowledge in the face of a complex linguistic environment. A widely accepted view is that this process involves extracting distributional regularities from the environment in a manner that is incidental and happens, for the most part, without the learner's awareness. In this way, the debate speaks to two associated but separate literatures in language acquisition: statistical learning and implicit learning. Both fields have explored this issue in some depth but, at present, neither the results from the infant studies used by the statistical learning literature nor the artificial grammar learning tasks studies from the implicit learning literature can be used to fully explain how children's syntax becomes adult‐like. In this work, we consider an alternative explanation—that children use error‐based learning to become mature syntax users. We discuss this proposal in the light of the behavioral findings from structural priming studies and the computational findings from Chang, Dell, and Bock's (2006) dual‐path model, which incorporates properties from both statistical and implicit learning, and offers an explanation for syntax learning and structural priming using a common error‐based learning mechanism. We then turn our attention to future directions for the field, here suggesting how structural priming might inform the statistical learning and implicit learning literature on the nature of the learning mechanism.