bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physical activity during pregnancy and offspring neurodevelopment: A systematic review
Authors: Niño Cruz Gloria Isabel , Ramirez Varela Andrea , da Silva Inácio Crochemore M. , Hallal Pedro Curi , Santos Iná S. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractBackgroundMaternal physical activity (PA) during pregnancy could affect offspring's neurodevelopment. However, studies in humans in early childhood are scarce and show inconsistent results. We aimed to review the literature on the association between physical activity during pregnancy and offspring neurodevelopment.MethodsLILACS, MEDLINE and Web of Science were searched for studies published since 1977. Original studies conducted in humans, without language, country, or study type restriction, were eligible. Information on the study methodology like study design, sample size, PA exposure and neurodevelopment assessment, covariates, and the effect measure were extracted from the selected articles.ResultsFrom 802 non‐duplicated titles initially located, 6 articles were selected and included (one randomised clinical trial and 5 cohort studies). The instruments used to measure PA during pregnancy and neurodevelopment varied between the studies. PA was self‐reported at different gestational ages and neurodevelopment was assessed prospectively in offspring aged 1‐8 years old. Only the randomised clinical trial found no effect of PA over offspring neurodevelopment. Cohort studies found a positive association between PA practice during pregnancy and offspring neurodevelopment.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that leisure‐time physical activity practice may have positive association with language offspring's neurodevelopment in the age range of 18 from 60 months.
Tilapia lake virus: a threat to the global tilapia industry?
Authors: Jansen Mona Dverdal , Dong Ha Thanh , Mohan Chadag Vishnumurthy 
Published: May 2018

AbstractTilapia lake virus (TiLV) is a recently described virus affecting wild and farmed tilapines. At present, it has been reported on three continents (Asia, Africa and South America) and the number of countries where the agent has been detected is likely to increase rapidly as a result of increased awareness, surveillance and availability of diagnostic methods. Any lack of openness regarding the TiLV status of a translocating live tilapia population destined for aquaculture may inadvertently contribute to the spread of the agent. Currently, there is no cure for viral diseases in aquaculture and while vaccines and selective breeding have proved successful in reducing the severity of some viral diseases, there are currently severe knowledge gaps relating to TiLV and no effective, affordable vaccines are yet available. This paper summarizes the published scientific information on TiLV and highlights important issues relating to its diagnosis, mitigation and control measures. While there have been no scientific studies on the socio‐economic impact of TiLV, it may pose a significant threat particularly to small‐scale fish farmers’ livelihoods and wild tilapine populations if left uncontrolled. To aid disease investigations, the authors propose case definitions for suspected and confirmed cases of TiLV infections.
Learning to balance on a slackline: Development of coordinated multi‐joint synergies
Authors: Mildren R. L. , Zaback M. , Adkin A. L. , Bent L. R. , Frank J. S. 
Published: May 2018

Previous research has investigated synergies involved in locomotion and balance reactions; however, there is limited insight into the emergence of skilled balance control with practice of challenging tasks. We explored motor learning of tandem and single leg stance on an unstable surface—a slackline. Balance was tested in 10 naïve healthy adults at four time points: baseline, after one slackline practice session, after 1 week of practice, and 1 week following the final practice session. We recorded kinematics of the upper and lower arms bilaterally, trunk, and thigh and foot unilaterally while participants balanced in tandem and single leg stance on a slackline and narrow rigid beam (transfer task). When participants first attempted to stand on the slackline, they exhibited fast and frequent movements across all joints with actions along the frontal plane (particularly the hip) and fell after a short period (~3 seconds). Performance improved rapidly (fewer falls), and this was accompanied by dampened trunk and foot oscillations and the development of coordinated movement patterns with a progressive emphasis on more distal upper body segments. Continuous relative phase angles between joint pairs began to cluster around either 0° (indicating in‐phase movement) or 180° (indicating anti‐phase movement). Participants also began to demonstrate coordinated upper body synergies and performance improvements (fewer falls) on the transfer task, while a control group (n = 10) did not exhibit similar synergies or performance improvements. Our findings describe the emergence of coordinated movement synergies involving the upper body as healthy adults learn a challenging balance task.
Contemporary anarchist and anarchistic movements
Authors: Williams Dana M. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractAlthough the period of highest activity for anarchist movements peaked in the early 1990s, such movement continues in the present. Contemporary antiauthoritarian movements are a product of the 1950s and New Left, as well as the USSR's demise. Antiauthoritarian movements are either explicitly anarchist or implicitly anarchist (thus, simply “antiauthoritarian,” “autonomist,” or “libertarian‐socialist”). Anarchist identity is diverse, although anchored around an opposition to dominant culture, institutions, and hierarchical norms. The values and goals pursued revolve around a principled adoption of horizontalism, direct action, antiauthoritarianism, decentralization, anticapitalism, and mutual aid. These anarchist movements are unique movements, yet they also run parallel to certain movements—in both the adoption of anarchist strategies and membership overlap—such as antifascist, global justice, and squatter movements. Confrontational and playful street tactics combine with strategies of reclamation of radically egalitarian space, in opposition to hierarchical society. Despite their association with violence, contemporary anarchist movements are fairly nonviolent; however, many anarchists do not disavow the selective use of violence. Thus, massive efforts of social control through police and mass media attempt to moderate, disrupt, and suppress anarchist movements.
How good is the evidence that soil‐applied biochar improves water‐holding capacity?
Authors: Atkinson C. J. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractBiochar application to soil is suggested as a way of enhancing soil fertility by increasing the availability of nutrients and water. The former is perhaps better documented while the latter has less experimental support. This review critically investigates the recent literature which focuses on determining whether biochar induces increases in plant available water and that this provides part of the explanation for possible increases in crop yield. A number of studies suggest that biochar increases crop yields, and this is linked to the enhancement of soil water content and increased crop growth. However, many of these studies fail to fully consider if the measured biochar increases of 10–30% in soil water content were actually responsible for an increase in plant available water for crop growth. There is also limited evidence of increased crop yields when biochar is used in field experiments. While biochar soil application may increase soil water content, this appears to most likely occur with free draining coarsely textured sandy soils. As yet there is limited evidence that biochar improves soil water content in temperate soils and even less that it facilitates plant tolerance to drought stress. More recent literature shows the use of methods which quantify soil biochar changes with respect to plant water availability. However, despite some advances in our understanding of biochar's mode of action, there are still only a few studies which link increases in plant available water with increased crop yields, and particularly with respect to the longer term use and functionality of soil‐applied biochar.
Meeting the urgent need for rabies education in Haiti
Authors: Osinubi M. O. V. , Fenelon N. , Dyer J. L. , Franka R. , Etheart M. , Ali A. , Birhane M. , Phaimyr Jn Charles N. , Destine A. , Saleme N. , Newman C. , Crowdis K. , Lutfy C. , Rupprecht C. E. , Wallace R. M. , Johnson V. R. 
Published: May 2018

SummaryThe highest rate of human rabies deaths reported in the Americas is in Haiti, and most of these deaths result from rabies virus infections that occur after individuals are bitten by infected dogs and do not receive rabies post‐exposure prophylaxis. One barrier to rabies prevention in Haiti is a lack of knowledge about this disease among healthcare professionals and community members. During the past 4 years, The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has collaborated with public health officials and partners to develop, test and refine educational materials aimed at filling this need for rabies education. This report summarizes the use of feedback from knowledge, attitudes and practises surveys; key informant interviews; and focus groups to develop culturally appropriate rabies prevention materials for community members, health officials, clinicians, laboratory professionals, veterinary professionals, government officials and national and local district leaders about ways to prevent rabies. These formative research methods were critically important in ensuring that the materials would be culturally appropriate and would stand the greatest likelihood of motivating Haitians to protect themselves from rabies. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is using lessons learned in Haiti to develop and test materials in other countries with high rates of canine rabies.
An Escherichia coli Nitrogen Starvation Response Is Important for Mutualistic Coexistence with Rhodopseudomonas palustris
Authors: McCully Alexandra L. , Behringer Megan G. , Gliessman Jennifer R. , Pilipenko Evgeny V. , Mazny Jeffrey L. , Lynch Michael , Drummond D. Allan , McKinlay James B. 
Published: May 2018

ABSTRACT

Microbial mutualistic cross-feeding interactions are ubiquitous and can drive important community functions. Engaging in cross-feeding undoubtedly affects the physiology and metabolism of individual species involved. However, the nature in which an individual species' physiology is influenced by cross-feeding and the importance of those physiological changes for the mutualism have received little attention. We previously developed a genetically tractable coculture to study bacterial mutualisms. The coculture consists of fermentative
Escherichia coli
and phototrophic
Rhodopseudomonas palustris
. In this coculture,
E. coli
anaerobically ferments sugars into excreted organic acids as a carbon source for
R. palustris
. In return, a genetically engineered
R. palustris
strain constitutively converts N
2
into NH
4
+
, providing
E. coli
with essential nitrogen. Using transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) and proteomics, we identified transcript and protein levels that differ in each partner when grown in coculture versus monoculture. When in coculture with
R. palustris
,
E. coli
gene expression changes resembled a nitrogen starvation response under the control of the transcriptional regulator NtrC. By genetically disrupting
E. coli
NtrC, we determined that a nitrogen starvation response is important for a stable coexistence, especially at low
R. palustris
NH
4
+
excretion levels. Destabilization of the nitrogen starvation regulatory network resulted in variable growth trends and, in some cases, extinction. Our results highlight that alternative physiological states can be important for survival within cooperative cross-feeding relationships.

IMPORTANCE
Mutualistic cross-feeding between microbes within multispecies communities is widespread. Studying how mutualistic interactions influence the physiology of each species involved is important for understanding how mutualisms function and persist in both natural and applied settings. Using a bacterial mutualism consisting of
Rhodopseudomonas palustris
and
Escherichia coli
growing cooperatively through bidirectional nutrient exchange, we determined that an
E. coli
nitrogen starvation response is important for maintaining a stable coexistence. The lack of an
E. coli
nitrogen starvation response ultimately destabilized the mutualism and, in some cases, led to community collapse after serial transfers. Our findings thus inform on the potential necessity of an alternative physiological state for mutualistic coexistence with another species compared to the physiology of species grown in isolation.
Understanding case mix across three paediatric services: could integration of primary and secondary general paediatrics alter walk-in emergency attendances?
Authors: Steele Lloyd , Coote Nicky , Klaber Robert , Watson Mando , Coren Michael 
Published: May 2018

ObjectiveTo understand the case mix of three different paediatric services, reasons for using an acute paediatric service in a region of developing integrated care and where acute attendances could alternatively have been managed.MethodsMixed methods service evaluation, including retrospective review of referrals to general paediatric outpatients (n=534) and a virtual integrated service (email advice line) (n=474), as well as a prospective survey of paediatric ambulatory unit (PAU) attendees (n=95) and review by a paediatric consultant/registrar to decide where these cases could alternatively have been managed.ResultsThe case mix of outpatient referrals and the email advice line was similar, but the case mix for PAU was more acute. The most common parental reasons for attending PAU were referral by a community health professional (27.2%), not being able to get a general practitioner (GP) appointment when desired (21.7%), wanting to avoid accident and emergency (17.4%) and wanting specialist paediatric input (14.1%). More than half of PAU presentations were deemed most appropriate for community management by a GP or midwife. The proportion of cases suitable for community management varied by the reason for attendance, with it highestl for parents reporting not being able to get a GP appointment (85%), and lowest for those referred by community health professionals (29%).ConclusionsOne in two attendances to acute paediatric services could have been managed in the community. Integration of paediatric services could help address parental reasons for attending acute services, as well as facilitating the community management of chronic conditions.
Treatment choice, medication adherence and glycemic efficacy in people with type 2 diabetes: a UK clinical practice database study
Authors: Gordon Jason , McEwan Phil , Idris Iskandar , Evans Marc , Puelles Jorge 
Published: May 2018

ObjectiveUsing primary care data obtained from the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink, this retrospective cohort study examined the relationships between medication adherence and clinical outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes.Research design and methodsData were extracted for patients treated between 2008 and 2016, and stratified by oral antihyperglycemic agent (OHA) line of therapy (mono, dual or triple therapy). Patients were monitored for up to 365 days; associations between medication possession ratio (MPR) and outcomes at 1 year (glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), weight and hypoglycemia incidence) were assessed using linear regression modeling and descriptive analyses.ResultsIn total, 33 849 patients were included in the study (n=23 925 OHA monotherapy; n=8406 OHA dual therapy; n=1518 OHA triple therapy). One-year change in HbA1c was greater among adherent (−0.90 to −1.14%; −9.8 to −12.5 mmol/mol) compared with non-adherent patients (−0.49 to −0.69%; −5.4 to −7.5 mmol/mol). On average, adherent patients had higher hypoglycemia event rates than non-adherent patients (rate ratios of 1.24, 1.10 and 2.06 for OHA mono, dual and triple therapy cohorts, respectively) and experienced greater weight change from baseline. A 10% improvement in MPR was associated with −0.09% (−1.0 mmol/mol), −0.09% (−1.0 mmol/mol) and −0.21% (−2.3 mmol/mol) changes in HbA1c for OHA mono, dual and triple therapy cohorts, respectively.ConclusionsFor patients with type 2 diabetes, increasing medication adherence can bring about meaningful improvements in HbA1c control as the requirement for treatment escalation increases. Regimens associated with weight loss and the avoidance of hypoglycemia were generally associated with better medication adherence and improved glycemic control.
What is the epidemiology of medication errors, error-related adverse events and risk factors for errors in adults managed in community care contexts? A systematic review of the international literature
Authors: Assiri Ghadah Asaad , Shebl Nada Atef , Mahmoud Mansour Adam , Aloudah Nouf , Grant Elizabeth , Aljadhey Hisham , Sheikh Aziz 
Published: May 2018

ObjectiveTo investigate the epidemiology of medication errors and error-related adverse events in adults in primary care, ambulatory care and patients’ homes.DesignSystematic review.Data sourceSix international databases were searched for publications between 1 January 2006 and 31 December 2015.Data extraction and analysisTwo researchers independently extracted data from eligible studies and assessed the quality of these using established instruments. Synthesis of data was informed by an appreciation of the medicines’ management process and the conceptual framework from the International Classification for Patient Safety.Results60 studies met the inclusion criteria, of which 53 studies focused on medication errors, 3 on error-related adverse events and 4 on risk factors only. The prevalence of prescribing errors was reported in 46 studies: prevalence estimates ranged widely from 2% to 94%. Inappropriate prescribing was the most common type of error reported. Only one study reported the prevalence of monitoring errors, finding that incomplete therapeutic/safety laboratory-test monitoring occurred in 73% of patients. The incidence of preventable adverse drug events (ADEs) was estimated as 15/1000 person-years, the prevalence of drug–drug interaction-related adverse drug reactions as 7% and the prevalence of preventable ADE as 0.4%. A number of patient, healthcare professional and medication-related risk factors were identified, including the number of medications used by the patient, increased patient age, the number of comorbidities, use of anticoagulants, cases where more than one physician was involved in patients’ care and care being provided by family physicians/general practitioners.ConclusionA very wide variation in the medication error and error-related adverse events rates is reported in the studies, this reflecting heterogeneity in the populations studied, study designs employed and outcomes evaluated. This review has identified important limitations and discrepancies in the methodologies used and gaps in the literature on the epidemiology and outcomes of medication errors in community settings.
Early rehabilitation to prevent postintensive care syndrome in patients with critical illness: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Fuke Ryota , Hifumi Toru , Kondo Yutaka , Hatakeyama Junji , Takei Tetsuhiro , Yamakawa Kazuma , Inoue Shigeaki , Nishida Osamu 
Published: May 2018

IntroductionWe examined the effectiveness of early rehabilitation for the prevention of postintensive care syndrome (PICS), characterised by an impaired physical, cognitive or mental health status, among survivors of critical illness.MethodsWe performed a systematic literature search of several databases (Medline, Embase and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials) and a manual search to identify randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the effectiveness of early rehabilitation versus no early rehabilitation or standard care for the prevention of PICS. The primary outcomes were short-term physical-related, cognitive-related and mental health-related outcomes assessed during hospitalisation. The secondary outcomes were the standardised, long-term health-related quality of life scores (EuroQol 5 Dimension (EQ5D) and the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short Form Health Survey Physical Function Scale (SF-36 PF)). We used the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach to rate the quality of evidence (QoE).ResultsSix RCTs selected from 5105 screened abstracts were included. Early rehabilitation significantly improved short-term physical-related outcomes, as indicated by an increased Medical Research Council scale score (standardised mean difference (SMD): 0.38, 95% CI 0.10 to 0.66, p=0.009) (QoE: low) and a decreased incidence of intensive care unit-acquired weakness (OR 0.42, 95% CI 0.22 to 0.82, p=0.01, QoE: low), compared with standard care or no early rehabilitation. However, the two groups did not differ in terms of cognitive-related delirium-free days (SMD: −0.02, 95% CI −0.23 to 0.20, QoE: low) and the mental health-related Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale score (OR: 0.79, 95% CI 0.29 to 2.12, QoE: low). Early rehabilitation did not improve the long-term outcomes of PICS as characterised by EQ5D and SF-36 PF.ConclusionsEarly rehabilitation improved only short-term physical-related outcomes in patients with critical illness. Additional large RCTs are needed.
Cross-sectional associations of active transport, employment status and objectively measured physical activity: analyses from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Authors: Yang Lin , Hu Liang , Hipp J Aaron , Imm Kellie R , Schutte Rudolph , Stubbs Brendon , Colditz Graham A , Smith Lee 
Published: May 2018

BackgroundTo investigate associations between active transport, employment status and objectively measured moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in a representative sample of US adults.MethodsCross-sectional analyses of data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. A total of 5180 adults (50.2 years old, 49.0% men) were classified by levels of active transportation and employment status. Outcome measure was weekly time spent in MVPA as recorded by the Actigraph accelerometer. Associations between active transport, employment status and objectively measured MVPA were examined using multivariable linear regression models adjusted for age, body mass index, race and ethnicity, education level, marital status, smoking status, working hour duration (among the employed only) and self-reported leisure time physical activity.ResultsPatterns of active transport were similar between the employed (n=2897) and unemployed (n=2283), such that 76.0% employed and 77.5% unemployed engaged in no active transport. For employed adults, those engaging in high levels of active transport (≥90 min/week) had higher amount of MVPA than those who did not engage in active transport. This translated to 40.8 (95% CI 15.7 to 65.9) additional minutes MVPA per week in men and 57.9 (95% CI 32.1 to 83.7) additional minutes MVPA per week in women. Among the unemployed adults, higher levels of active transport were associated with more MVPA among men (44.8 min/week MVPA, 95% CI 9.2 to 80.5) only.ConclusionsFindings from the present study support interventions to promote active transport to increase population level physical activity. Additional strategies are likely required to promote physical activity among unemployed women.