bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Understanding cauda equina syndrome: protocol for a UK multicentre prospective observational cohort study
Authors: Woodfield Julie , Hoeritzauer Ingrid , Jamjoom Aimun A B , Pronin Savva , Srikandarajah Nisaharan , Poon Michael , Roy Holly , Demetriades Andreas K , Sell Philip , Eames Niall , Statham Patrick F X 
Published: December 2018

IntroductionCauda equina syndrome (CES) is a potentially devastating condition caused by compression of the cauda equina nerve roots. This can result in bowel, bladder and sexual dysfunction plus lower limb weakness, numbness and pain. CES occurs infrequently, but has serious potential morbidity and medicolegal consequences. This study aims to identify and describe the presentation and management of patients with CES in the UK.Methods and analysisUnderstanding Cauda Equina Syndrome (UCES) is a prospective and collaborative multicentre cohort study of adult patients with confirmed CES managed at specialist spinal centres in the UK. Participants will be identified using neurosurgical and orthopaedic trainee networks to screen referrals to spinal centres. Details of presentation, investigations, management and service usage will be recorded. Both patient-reported and clinician-reported outcome measures will be assessed for 1 year after surgery. This will establish the incidence of CES, current investigation and management practices, and adherence to national standards of care. Outcomes will be stratified by clinical presentation and patient management. Accurate and up to date information about the presentation, management and outcome of patients with CES will inform standards of service design and delivery for this important but infrequent condition.Ethics and disseminationUCES received a favourable ethical opinion from the South East Scotland Research Ethics Committee 02 (Reference: 18/SS/0047; IRAS ID: 233515). All spinal centres managing patients with CES in the UK will be encouraged to participate in UCES. Study results will be published in medical journals and shared with local participating sites.Trial registration numberISRCTN16828522; Pre-results.
Fast Learning Requires Good Memory
Authors: Raz Ran 
Published: December 2018

We prove that any algorithm for learning parities requires either a memory of quadratic size or an exponential number of samples. This proves a recent conjecture of Steinhardt et al. (2016) and shows that for some learning problems, a large storage space is crucial.

More formally, in the problem of parity learning, an unknown string
x
∈ {0,1}

n

was chosen uniformly at random. A learner tries to learn
x
from a stream of samples (
a
1
,
b
1
), (
a
2
,
b
2
) …, where each
a

t

is uniformly distributed over {0,1}

n

and
b

t

is the inner product of
a

t

and
x
, modulo 2. We show that any algorithm for parity learning that uses less than
n
2
/25 bits of memory requires an exponential number of samples.

Previously, there was no non-trivial lower bound on the number of samples needed for any learning problem, even if the allowed memory size is
O
(
n
) (where
n
is the space needed to store one sample).

We also give an application of our result in the field of bounded-storage cryptography. We show an encryption scheme that requires a private key of length
n
, as well as time complexity of
n
per encryption/decryption of each bit, and is provably and unconditionally secure as long as the attacker uses less than
n
2
/25 memory bits and the scheme is used at most an exponential number of times. Previous works on bounded-storage cryptography assumed that the memory size used by the attacker is at most linear in the time needed for encryption/decryption.
Impact of high-fat diet on vasoconstrictor reactivity of white and brown adipose tissue resistance arteries
Authors: Hazra Sugata , Henson Grant D. , Bramwell R. Colton , Donato Anthony J. , Lesniewski Lisa A. 
Published: December 2018

Blood flow regulation is a critical factor for tissue oxygenation and substrate supply. Increased reactivity of arteries to vasoconstrictors may increase vascular resistance, resulting in reduced blood flow. We aimed to investigate the effect of a high-fat (HF) diet on stiffness and vasoconstrictor reactivity of white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT) resistance arteries and also investigated the interconversion of both adipose depots in the setting of a HF diet. Vasoconstrictor reactivity and passive morphology and mechanical properties of arteries from B6D2F1 mice (5 mo old) fed normal chow (NC) or a HF diet (8 wk) were measured using pressure myography. Receptor gene expression in WAT and BAT arteries and markers of WAT and BAT were assessed in whole tissue lysates by real-time RT-PCR. Despite greater receptor-independent vasoconstriction (in response to KCl, P < 0.01), vasoconstriction in response to angiotensin II ( P < 0.01) was lower in NC-BAT than NC-WAT arteries and similar in response to endothelin-1 ( P = 0.07) and norepinephrine ( P = 0.11) in NC-BAT and NC-WAT arteries. With the exception of BAT artery reactivity to endothelin-1 and angiotensin II, the HF diet tended to attenuate reactivity in arteries from both adipose depots and increased expression of adipose markers in BAT. No significant differences in morphology or passive mechanical properties were found between adipose types or diet conditions. Alterations in gene expression of adipose markers after the HF diet suggest beiging of BAT. An increase in brown adipocytes in the absence of increased BAT mass may be a compensatory mechanism to dissipate excess energy from a HF diet. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Despite no differences in passive mechanical properties and greater receptor-independent vasoconstriction, receptor-mediated vasoconstriction was either lower in brown than white adipose tissue arteries or similar in brown and white adipose tissue arteries. A high-fat diet has a greater impact on vasoconstrictor responses in white adipose tissue but leads to altered adipose tissue gene expression consistent with beiging of the brown adipose tissue. Listen to this article's corresponding podcast at https://ajpheart.podbean.com/e/vasoconstriction-in-white-and-brown-adipose/ .
Transfer function of the rhesus macaque oculomotor system for small-amplitude slow motion trajectories
Authors: Skinner Julianne , Buonocore Antimo , Hafed Ziad M. 
Published: December 2018

Two main types of small eye movements occur during gaze fixation: microsaccades and slow ocular drifts. While microsaccade generation has been relatively well studied, ocular drift control mechanisms are unknown. Here we explored the degree to which monkey smooth eye movements, on the velocity scale of slow ocular drifts, can be generated systematically. Two male rhesus macaque monkeys tracked a spot moving sinusoidally, but slowly, along the horizontal or vertical direction. Maximum target displacement in the motion trajectory was 30 min arc (0.5°), and we varied the temporal frequency of target motion from 0.2 to 5 Hz. We obtained an oculomotor “transfer function” by measuring smooth eye velocity gain (relative to target velocity) as a function of frequency, similar to past work with large-amplitude pursuit. Monkey eye velocities as slow as those observed during slow ocular drifts were clearly target motion driven. Moreover, as with large-amplitude smooth pursuit, eye velocity gain varied with temporal frequency. However, unlike with large-amplitude pursuit, exhibiting low-pass behavior, small-amplitude motion tracking was band pass, with the best ocular movement gain occurring at ~0.8–1 Hz. When oblique directions were tested, we found that the horizontal component of pursuit gain was larger than the vertical component. Our results provide a catalog of the control abilities of the monkey oculomotor system for slow target motions, and they also support the notion that smooth fixational ocular drifts are controllable. This has implications for neural investigations of drift control and the image-motion consequences of drifts on visual coding in early visual areas. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We studied the efficacy of monkey smooth pursuit eye movements for very slow target velocities. Pursuit was impaired for sinusoidal motions of frequency less than ~0.8–1 Hz. Nonetheless, eye trajectory was still sinusoidally modulated, even at velocities lower than those observed during gaze fixation with slow ocular drifts. Our results characterize the slow control capabilities of the monkey oculomotor system and provide a basis for future understanding of the neural mechanisms for slow ocular drifts.
Effects of mirror-box therapy on modulation of sensorimotor EEG oscillatory rhythms: a single-case longitudinal study
Authors: Rosipal Roman , Porubcová Natália , Barančok Peter , Cimrová Barbora , Farkaš Igor , Trejo Leonardo Jose 
Published: December 2018

We provide direct electrophysiological evidence that mirror therapy (MT) can change brain activity and aid in the recovery of motor function after stroke. In this longitudinal single-case study, the subject was a 58-yr-old man with right-hand hemiplegia due to ischemic stroke. Over a 9-mo period we treated him with MT twice a week and measured electroencephalograms (EEG) before, during, and after each therapy session. Using advanced signal processing methods, we identified five distinct movement-related oscillatory EEG components: one slow component designated as mu rhythm and four faster components designated as sensorimotor rhythms. Results show that MT produced long-term changes of two oscillatory EEG components including the mu rhythm, which is a well-documented correlate of voluntary movement in the frequency range of 7.5–12 Hz. Specifically, MT was significantly associated with an increase in the power of mu rhythm recorded over both hemispheres and a decrease in the power of one sensorimotor component recorded over the affected hemisphere. To obtain robust, repeatable individual measures of EEG components suitable for longitudinal study, we used irregular-resampling autospectral analysis to separate fractal and oscillatory components in the EEG power spectrum and three-way parallel factor analysis to isolate oscillatory EEG components and track their activations over time. The rhythms were identified over individual days of MT training and were clearly related to the periods of event-related desynchronization and synchronization (rest, observe, and move) during MT. Our results are consistent with a model in which MT promotes recovery of motor function by altering neural activity associated with voluntary movement.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We provide novel evidence that mirror therapy (MT), which helps in the recovery of motor function after a stroke, is also associated with long-lasting changes in brain electrical activity. Using precise measurements of oscillatory EEG components over a 9-mo period in a victim of ischemic stroke, we showed that MT produced long-term increases in the mu rhythm recorded over both hemispheres and a decrease in a sensorimotor EEG component recorded over the affected hemisphere.
A Linkage Between Thyroid and Breast Cancer: A Common Etiology?
Authors: Bolf Eric L. , Sprague Brian L. , Carr Frances E. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractBreast and thyroid cancers are two malignancies with highest incidence in women. These cancers often occur metachronously. Women with thyroid cancer are at increased risk for subsequent breast cancer; women with breast cancer have an increased incidence of later development of thyroid cancer, suggesting a common etiology. This bidirectional relationship is reported worldwide; however, the underlying reasons for this co-occurrence are unknown. In this review, we summarize the current epidemiologic evidence and putative mechanisms of these metachronous or synchronous cancers. Key potential causative factors are chemotherapy and radiotherapy of the primary tumor, genetic variants linking the two diseases, hormonal signaling both from the thyroid gland and from estrogens, and lifestyle and environmental factors. There is a critical need for additional epidemiologic studies focused on gender and regional incidence together with molecular investigations on common tumorigenic pathways in these endocrine cancers. Understanding the putative mechanisms will aid in the diagnosis and clinical management of both diseases.
The Antitumor Drugs Trabectedin and Lurbinectedin Induce Transcription-Dependent Replication Stress and Genome Instability
Authors: Tumini Emanuela , Herrera-Moyano Emilia , San Martín-Alonso Marta , Barroso Sonia , Galmarini Carlos M. , Aguilera Andrés 
Published: December 2018

Abstract

R-loops are a major source of replication stress, DNA damage, and genome instability, which are major hallmarks of cancer cells. Accordingly, growing evidence suggests that R-loops may also be related to cancer. Here we show that R-loops play an important role in the cellular response to trabectedin (ET743), an anticancer drug from marine origin and its derivative lurbinectedin (PM01183). Trabectedin and lurbinectedin induced RNA–DNA hybrid-dependent DNA damage in HeLa cells, causing replication impairment and genome instability. We also show that high levels of R-loops increase cell sensitivity to trabectedin. In addition, trabectedin led to transcription-dependent FANCD2 foci accumulation, which was suppressed by RNase H1 overexpression. In yeast, trabectedin and lurbinectedin increased the presence of Rad52 foci, a marker of DNA damage, in an R-loop–dependent manner. In addition to providing new insights into the mechanisms of action of these drugs, our study reveals that R-loops could be targeted by anticancer agents. Given the increasing evidence that R-loops occur all over the genome, the ability of lurbinectedin and trabectedin to act on them may contribute to enhance their efficacy, opening the possibility that R-loops might be a feature shared by specific cancers.

Implications:
The data presented in this study provide the new concept that R-loops are important cellular factors that contribute to trabectedin and lurbinectedin anticancer activity.
Development and Preliminary Validation of a Medicare Claims–Based Model to Predict Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction Class in Patients With Heart Failure
Authors: Desai Rishi J. , Lin Kueiyu Joshua , Patorno Elisabetta , Barberio Julie , Lee Moa , Levin Raisa , Evers Thomas , Wang Shirley V. , Schneeweiss Sebastian 
Published: December 2018

Background:
Ejection fraction (EF) class is an important predictor of treatment response in heart failure (HF); however, administrative claims databases lack information on EF, limiting their usefulness in clinical and health services research of HF.

Methods and Results:
We linked Medicare claims data to electronic medical records containing EF measurements for a cohort of 11 073 patients with HF from 2 academic medical centers. A a claims-based model predicting EF class was constructed using data from center 1 (“training sample”) and validated using data from center 2 (“testing sample). Linear and logistic regression models with least absolute square shrinkage operator and Bayesian information criteria were developed to select the relevant predictor variables out of the total 57 candidate variables in the training sample. Higher accuracy was noted in the testing sample with models classifying patients into 2 EF classes (reduced EF <0.45) versus preserved EF (≥0.45) when compared with classifying patients into 3 EF classes (reduced, <0.40, moderately reduced, 0.40–0.49, or preserved, ≥0.50). In the testing sample, the most efficient model had 35 predictors and resulted in 83% of patients being correctly classified (95% CI, 82%–84%). The model had positive predictive value of 0.73 (95% CI, 0.68–0.78) and 0.84 (95% CI, 0.83–0.86) and sensitivity of 0.29 (95% CI, 0.25–0.32) and 0.97 (95% CI, 0.97–0.98) for reduced and preserved EF, respectively. In addition to HF-specific diagnosis codes, other factors including age, sex, medication use, and comorbidities, such as myocardial infarction and valve disorders, were important discriminators between EF classes.

Conclusions:
The claims-based model developed in this study may be used to identify patient subgroups with specific EF class in studies evaluating the health outcomes, utilization patterns, and cost, of HF patients in routine care when EF measurements are not available.
In Pursuit of Shadows: Al-Hariri’s Maqāmāt
Authors: Roxburgh David J. 
Published: December 2018

Focusing on the well-known 1237 Maqāmāt copied and illustrated by Yahya b. Mahmud. b. Yahya. b. Abi al-Hasan b. Kurriha al-Wasiti (Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris, Ms. Arabe 5847), this essay reexamines the question of the interaction between al-Hariri’s text and al-Wasiti’s interpretation of it through a cycle of narrative paintings. The absence of such an approach can be explained by scholarly judgments going back to D. S. Rice’s essay of 1959—in which he argues that the images are a distraction—mostly restated in subsequent studies by Richard Ettinghausen (1962), David James (1974), and Oleg Grabar (1984). Grabar concluded that “the purpose and success of the story lie exclusively in its language, not in its narrative,” an assessment that gave license to the interpretation of al-Wasiti’s paintings as indices of contemporary culture and society. This essay considers the various effects of the paintings on the text and its meaning, and examines the interplay between truth and fiction, a tension that was at issue since the immediate reception of al-Hariri’s work.
卡嶺語動詞的派生形態
Authors: Jacques Guillaume 
Published: December 2018

提要
本文描寫卡嶺語動詞的幾種派生形態，包括應用態/使動態的-t 後綴以及表示反使動態的聲母清濁交替，並討論這些派生形態對原始漢藏語構擬的貢獻。
Identifying Early Sino-Vietnamese Vocabulary via Linguistic, Historical, Archaeological, and Ethnological Data (早期漢越語詞彙的確認—— 來自語言學、歷史學、考古學、民族學的資料證據)
Authors: Alves (歐邁強) Mark J. 
Published: December 2018

In this study, over 60 Chinese loanwords in Vietnamese are claimed to have been borrowed during the East Han or West Jin Dynasties. These Early Sino-Vietnamese (esv) words are identified via a combination of linguistic, historical, archaeological, and ethnological data sources and frameworks. Such an interdisciplinary method helps to confirm or refute these words’ status as loanwords and as belonging to this specific historical period. The combined linguistic and extralinguistic data also leads to hypotheses about possible phonological changes in Chinese from the Old Chinese (oc) to Middle Chinese (mc) periods. In particular, while Sino-Vietnamese words from the mc period have expected qusheng tones for Chinese qusheng loanwords, oc-era esv words have either shangsheng or, unexpectedly, pingsheng tones. It is hypothesized that esv words with shangsheng tones for oc
qusheng words were borrowed earliest, while esv items with pingsheng represent a later stage in oc in which final *-s was in the process of being lost in the first few centuries ce.
本文重點討論東漢或西晉時代借自漢語的60多個早期漢越語詞，通過語言學、歷史學、考古學、民族學等多個學科，綜合使用各種資料加以論證。這種跨學科的方法可用來解答它們是否屬於外來詞、這些詞是否屬於此一歷史時期的問題。此外，語言學材料和非語言學材料的結合還使我們能夠就上古到中古可能存在的語音變化提出假設；具體說來，源自中古的漢越語借詞本該以去聲對應漢語去聲，然而在源自上古時代的早期漢越語中卻可以是上聲甚至是出人意料的平聲。我們因此可以假設：對應古音去聲的早期漢越語上聲出現得比較早，而對應上古音去聲的早期漢越語平聲，應該出自*-s逐漸消亡的晚期上古音階段，即剬元紀年的頭幾個世紀。(This article is in English.)
Gaussian Copula Method for Bias Correction of Daily Precipitation Generated by a Dynamical Model
Authors: Kim Moosup , Yhang Yoo-Bin , Lim Chang-Mook 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe daily precipitation data generated by dynamical models, including regional climate models, generally suffer from biases in distribution and spatial dependence. These are serious flaws if the data are intended to be applied to hydrometeorological studies. This paper proposes a scheme for correcting the biases in both aspects simultaneously. The proposed scheme consists of two steps: an aggregation step and a disaggregation step. The first one aims to obtain a smoothed precipitation pattern that must be retained in correcting the bias, and the second aims to make up for the deficient spatial variation of the smoothed pattern. In both steps, the Gaussian copula plays important roles since it not only provides a feasible way to correct the spatial correlation of model simulations but also can be extended for large-dimension cases by imposing a covariance function on its correlation structure. The proposed scheme is applied to the daily precipitation data generated by a regional climate model. We can verify that the biases are satisfactorily corrected by examining several statistics of the corrected data.
On the Mechanisms of Pacific Decadal Oscillation Modulation in a Warming Climate
Authors: Geng Tao , Yang Yun , Wu Lixin 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Changes of the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) under global warming are investigated by using outputs from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) and a theoretical midlatitude air–sea coupled model. In a warming climate, the decadal variability of the PDO is found to be significantly suppressed, with the amplitude reduced and the decadal cycle shifted toward a higher-frequency band. We used the theoretical model put forward by Goodman and Marshall (herein the GM model) to underpin the potential mechanisms. The GM model exhibits a growing coupled mode that resembles the simulated PDO. It is found that the suppression of the PDO appears to be associated with the acceleration of Rossby waves due to the enhanced oceanic stratification under global warming. This shortens the PDO period and reduces PDO amplitude by limiting the growth time of the coupled mode. The GM model also suggests that the increase of growth rate due to strengthening of oceanic stratification tends to magnify the PDO amplitude, counteracting the Rossby wave effect. This growth rate influence, however, plays a secondary role.
New Methods for Data Storage of Model Output from Ensemble Simulations
Authors: Düben Peter D. , Leutbecher Martin , Bauer Peter 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Data storage and data processing generate significant cost for weather and climate modeling centers. The volume of data that needs to be stored and data that are disseminated to end users increases with increasing model resolution and the use of larger forecast ensembles. If precision of data is reduced, cost can be reduced accordingly. In this paper, three new methods to allow a reduction in precision with minimal loss of information are suggested and tested. Two of these methods rely on the similarities between ensemble members in ensemble forecasts. Therefore, precision will be high at the beginning of forecasts when ensemble members are more similar, to provide sufficient distinction, and decrease with increasing ensemble spread. To keep precision high for predictable situations and low elsewhere appears to be a useful approach to optimize data storage in weather forecasts. All methods are tested with data of operational weather forecasts of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts.