bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spectral Sequences of Type Ia Supernovae. II. Carbon as a Diagnostic Tool for Explosion Mechanisms
Authors: Heringer E. , Kerkwijk M. H. van , Sim S. A. , Kerzendorf W. E. , Graham Melissa L. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
How an otherwise inert carbon–oxygen white dwarf can be made to explode as an SN Ia remains unknown. A promising test of theoretical models is to constrain the distribution of material that is left unburned, carbon in particular. So far, most investigations have used line identification codes to detect carbon in the ejecta, a method that cannot be readily compared against model predictions because it requires assumed opacities and temperatures. Here, we instead use tomographic techniques to investigate the amount of carbon in the inner layers of SN 2011fe, starting from the previously published tomographic analysis of Mazzali et al. From the presence of the carbon feature in the optical at early epochs and its disappearance later on, we derive an average carbon mass fraction between 0.001 and 0.05 for velocities in the range

, and an upper limit of 0.005 inside that region. Based on our models and the assumed density profile, only small amounts of carbon should be in the neutral state, too little to be responsible for features seen in near-infrared spectra that were previously identified as due to neutral carbon. We discuss possible reasons for this discrepancy and compare our results against a suite of explosion models, although uncertainties in both the models and our simulations make it difficult to draw definitive conclusions.
Variability and Proper Motion of X-Ray Knots in the Jet of Centaurus A
Authors: Snios Bradford , Wykes Sarka , Nulsen Paul E. J. , Kraft Ralph P. , Meyer Eileen T. , Birkinshaw Mark , Worrall Diana M. , Hardcastle Martin J. , Roediger Elke , Forman William R. , Jones Christine 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
We report results from Chandra observations analyzed for evidence of variability and proper motion in the X-ray jet of Centaurus A. Using data spanning 15 yr, collective proper motion of 11.3 ± 3.3 mas yr−1, or 0.68 ± 0.20c, is detected for the fainter X-ray knots and other substructure present within the jet. The three brightest knots (AX1A, AX1C, and BX2) are found to be stationary to an upper limit of

. Brightness variations up to 27% are detected for several X-ray knots in the jet. For the fading knots, BX2 and AX1C, the changes in spectral slope expected to accompany synchrotron cooling are not found, ruling it out and placing upper limits of ≃80 μG for each of their magnetic field strengths. Adiabatic expansion can account for the observed decreases in brightness. Constraints on models for the origin of the knots are established. Jet plasma overrunning an obstacle is favored as the generator of stationary knots, while moving knots are likely produced either by internal differences in jet speed or the late stages of jet interaction with nebular or cloud material.
The First Ultraviolet Detection of the Large Magellanic Cloud Pulsar PSR B0540–69 and Its Multi-wavelength Properties
Authors: Mignani R. P. , Shearer A. , de Luca A. , Marshall F. E. , Guillemot L. , Smith D. A. , Rudak B. , Zampieri L. , Barbieri C. , Naletto G. , Gouiffes C. , Kanbach G. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
We observed the young (∼1700 yr) pulsar PSR B0540−69 in the ultraviolet for the first time with the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph on board the Hubble Space Telescope. Imaging observations with the NUV-MAMA and ultraviolet FUV-MAMA detectors in TIME-TAG mode allowed us to clearly detect the pulsar in two bands around 2350 and 1590 Å, with magnitudes m
NUV = 21.45 ± 0.02 and m
FUV = 21.83 ± 0.10. We also detected the pulsar wind nebula in the NUV-MAMA image, with a morphology similar to that observed in the optical and near-infrared (IR). The extinction-corrected NUV and FUV pulsar fluxes are compatible with a very steep power-law spectrum

with spectral index α
UV ∼ 3, and incompatible with a Rayleigh–Jeans spectrum, indicating a non-thermal origin of the emission. The comparison with the optical/near-IR power-law spectrum (spectral index α
O,nIR ∼ 0.7), indicates an abrupt turnover at wavelengths below 2500 Å, not yet observed in other pulsars. We detected pulsations in both the NUV and FUV data at the 50 ms pulsar period. In both cases, the folded light curve features a broad pulse with two peaks closely spaced in phase, as observed in the optical and X-ray light curves. The NUV/FUV peaks are also aligned in phase with those observed in the radio (1.4 GHz), optical, X-ray, and γ-ray light curves, as in the Crab pulsar, implying a similar beaming geometry across all wavelengths. PSR B0540−69 is now the fifth isolated pulsar, together with Crab, Vela, PSR B0656+14, and the radio-quiet Geminga, detected in the optical, UV, near-IR, X-rays, and γ-rays, and seen to pulsate in at least four of these energy bands.
Les phénomènes de crise dans Raison et légitimité de Jürgen Habermas
Authors: Marmasse Gilles 
Published: February 2019

L’article examine le concept de crise tel qu’il est développé dans Raison et légitimité de Jürgen Habermas et cherche à mettre en évidence la théorie de la société qui la sous-tend. Habermas définit la crise par l’association d’un trouble de la régulation et d’un trouble de socialisation et propose deux approches, l’une plutôt fonctionnaliste et l’autre plutôt normative, de la société. L’article cherche alors à mettre en évidence ce qui associe ces deux approches : une certaine perplexité théorique et néanmoins un choix militant en faveur de la raison.
Use of Simulation to Increase Self-Directed Learning for Nurse Practitioner Students
Authors: Gatewood Elizabeth 
Published: February 2019

Background:
Interprofessional (IP) clinical training experiences for nurse practitioner (NP) students are on the rise. Faculty interaction with students during clinical rotations varies. Therefore, students must be prepared to use self-directed learning (SDL) to maximize learning.

Method:
Using an SDL framework, this project prepared NP students for working with IP preceptors. A didactic presentation provided students with content on a typical clinical trajectory and common pitfalls. Subsequently, an innovative simulation experience allowed students to apply information, negotiate learning objectives, and discuss their professional role with an actor playing a physician preceptor.

Results:
Students prepared learning objectives to discuss with their preceptors. Students felt prepared to discuss their professional role and learning trajectory. Preceptors thought students were prepared for clinical rotations and ready to discuss their professional role and learning objectives.

Conclusion:

Innovative use of simulation increases NP students' ability to self-direct clinical experiences and better prepares them for working with IP preceptors.

[
J Nurs Educ.
2019;58(2):102–106.]
Treatment of Keratoconus by Topography-guided Customized Photorefractive Keratectomy: Two-year Follow-up Study
Authors: Cennamo Gilda , Intravaja Alfonso , Boccuzzi Domenico , Marotta Giuseppe , Cennamo Giovanni 
Published: February 2019

Purpose:
To evaluate the outcome of treatment of mild to moderate keratoconus with photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) and computed videokeratography for customized ablation of the superficial corneal layers.

Methods:
Eighteen nonconsecutive patients with bilateral keratoconus (Krumeich classification, grade 2) were examined. Both eyes were treated in 7 patients and 1 eye in 11 patients. Eight contralateral eyes served as controls. Photorefractive keratectomy was performed with the Zeiss MEL 70 excimer laser using the topographically supported customized ablation program. We evaluated changes in keratoconus topography data at 6 (25 eyes), 12 (25 eyes), and 24 (22 eyes) months after treatment (mean follow-up: 22.56±3.97 months) and versus control eyes. Changes in visual acuity and manifest refraction (spherical equivalent and cylindrical component) were also evaluated during follow-up.

Results:

The mean keratoconus index, keratoconus severity index, keratoconus apex, keratoconus predictor index, opposite sector index, and differential sector index were significantly lower (all
P
<.0001) 24 months after treatment versus baseline data. Keratoconus topography parameters were significantly worse in control eyes 24 months after study onset versus baseline. Mean uncorrected visual acuity (
P
<.0001) and best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (
P
<.05) were significantly increased 24 months after surgery.

Conclusions:

Customized photorefractive surgery improved videokeratography indices and clinical data in patients affected by grade 2 keratoconus. [
J Refract Surg
. 2008;24:145–149.]
Lean Six Sigma Methodology in the Implementation of a Standardized Health Literacy Assessment in a Safety Net Internal Medicine Residency Clinic
Authors: Penix Rose , Kish James , Gustovich Matthew , Cudnik Michelle 
Published: February 2019

Background:
Lean Six Sigma is a set of techniques intended to improve processes by greatly reducing the probability that errors will occur. The Lean Six Sigma approach was used to engage staff and clinicians in standardizing the assessment of patient health literacy in an academic safety net clinic.

Brief description of activity:
Clinicians were surveyed, and a chart review was conducted to attain baseline information regarding the uniformity of health literacy assessment and documentation in the clinic. A workgroup used the survey data and Lean Six Sigma quality improvement tools to determine the root cause, which was the lack of standardization.

Implementation:
To address this root cause, a standardized process for health literacy assessment in the clinic was developed; an assessment tool was selected, support staff were trained, and the new process was initiated. A support staff focus group was conducted, and a second clinician survey was disseminated to gauge perception of the new health literacy assessment and documentation processes. Quantitative data were collected to assess the coverage achieved by the new processes. Monthly reporting and staff feedback sessions were conducted to ensure continued efficacy of the protocol.

Results:
Standardized assessment and documentation processes were effectively implemented using the Lean Six Sigma approach in an academic safety net clinic. Providers and rooming staff were satisfied with the new processes. Rooming staff input and buy-in were critical to successful implementation.

Lessons learned:

Our findings suggest that Lean Six Sigma tools and methodologies can be appropriate for health care quality improvement and process standardization in an academic safety net clinical setting.

[
HLRP: Health Literacy Research and Practice
. 2019;3(1):e25–e30.]

Plain Language Summary:
A growing body of evidence supports the role of Lean Six Sigma (LSS) tools and processes for the assessment, design, and implementation of the quality improvement in the health care industry. This study explored the use of LSS on the standardization and documentation of health literacy assessment of patients in an academic safety net clinic. Findings suggest that LSS is an appropriate method of standardizing assessment and documentation of health literacy in this clinical setting.
Electrofishing, Snorkel Spearing, and Piscicide Eradicate Brook Trout From a Small, Isolated Bull Trout Population
Authors: Banish Nolan P. , Tinniswood William R. , Smith Terry A. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
In 1992, a sampling crew from a multiagency group discovered a population of Bull Trout Salvelinus confluentus estimated at approximately 50 individuals in Threemile Creek, Oregon threatened with competition and hybridization with nonnative Brook Trout Salvelinus fontinalis. The group implemented Brook Trout and Bull Trout × Brook Trout hybrid removal using multiple techniques to conserve this population of Bull Trout in the Klamath River basin. From 1996 to 2000, backpack electrofishing and night snorkel spearing were used upstream of a culvert barrier to eradicate Brook Trout and hybrid trout from a 3.59-km section of Threemile Creek over 101 total days of effort (274 person-days of effort). Night snorkel spearing removed a lower percentage (7%) of target fish relative to electrofishing (93%), although this technique eliminated the risk of electrofishing injury to Bull Trout. Concurrent with the reduction and subsequent removal of Brook Trout, Bull Trout observations increased over 15-fold from 19 in 1996 to 299 in 2012 and Bull Trout distribution more than doubled, from 1.48 to 3.43 km during that same time. Immediately downstream in a separate 2.3-km section, the group eradicated Brook Trout using backpack electrofishing and rotenone application upstream of two man-made barriers from 2004 to 2010 over 43 total days of effort (150 person-days of effort). By 2016, Bull Trout had expanded their distribution throughout the upper 3.59-km section of Threemile Creek. Effort expended to eradicate Brook Trout was similar to successful eradication in other streams with comparable habitat characteristics and similar treatment length (&lt; 3.0 km). However, similar removal attempts have not been successful in streams with comparable habitat characteristics that had longer treatment length (&gt; 7.0 km). Application of piscicide may be more cost effective than manual techniques to remove Brook Trout when there is no risk to native fish of conservation concern, where target species are allopatric, and when piscicide use is publicly accepted. Brook Trout eradication proved valuable in providing Bull Trout the opportunity for range expansion and increased abundance necessary for recovery in the Klamath River basin.
The role of health insurance in the coverage of oral health care in Senegal
Authors: Diop Mbathio , Kanouté Aida , Diouf Massamba , Ndiaye Amadou Diaw , Lo Cheikh Mouhamadou Mbacké , Faye Daouda , Cissé Daouda 
Published: February 2019

Oral diseases costs are among the most expensive health care benefits. In Senegal, households contribute up to 37.6% of the national health spending through direct payments. The aim of this work was to study the role of health insurance in the coverage of oral health care in Senegal. The study was based on health insurance agents and policyholders. The study reveals that oral health care coverage through health insurance still does not meet requirements for treatment of oral infections. In financial terms, oral health care costs health insurance too much. As a result, carriers cover them partially. On top of that, the majority of the population’s lack of knowledge about mutual, because they have a little background on oral health care, the latter weighs heavily on health insurance leading to the use of self-medication, traditional medicine and handicraft prosthetists. The analysis reveals an unequal access to oral health care through the health insurance system. To bring under control the expenditure for oral health care, carriers and dental surgeons must work together to raise the populations’ awareness on community solidarity.
The First Decade of Web-Based Sports Injury Surveillance: Descriptive Epidemiology of Injuries in US High School Boys' Ice Hockey (2008–2009 Through 2013–2014) and National Collegiate Athletic Association Men's and Women's Ice Hockey (2004–2005 Through 2013–2014)
Authors: Lynall Robert C. , Mihalik Jason P. , Pierpoint Lauren A. , Currie Dustin W. , Knowles Sarah B. , Wasserman Erin B. , Dompier Thomas P. , Comstock R. Dawn , Marshall Stephen W. , Kerr Zachary Y. 
Published: February 2019

Context
Web-based sports injury surveillance via programs such as the High School Reporting Information Online system and the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program has aided efforts to collect data on ice hockey injuries.

Objective
To describe the epidemiology of injuries sustained in high school boy's ice hockey in the 2008–2009 through 2013–2014 academic years and collegiate men's and women's ice hockey in the 2004–2005 through 2013–2014 academic years using Web-based surveillance.

Design
Descriptive epidemiology study.

Setting
Online injury surveillance of ice hockey teams of high school boys (annual average = 34), collegiate men (annual average = 20), and collegiate women (annual average = 11).

Patients or Other Participants
Boys', men's, and women's ice hockey players who participated in practices and competitions during the 2008–2009 through 2013–2014 high school academic years or the 2004–2005 through 2013–2014 collegiate academic years.

Main Outcome Measure(s)
Athletic trainers collected time-loss (≥24 hours) injury and exposure data. We calculated injury rates per 1000 athlete-exposures (AEs), injury rate ratios (IRRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and injury proportions by body site and diagnosis.

Results
The High School Reporting Information Online system documented 831 boys' ice hockey time-loss injuries during 356 997 AEs; the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program documented 2611 men's ice hockey time-loss injuries during 552 642 AEs and 752 women's ice hockey injuries during 232 051 AEs. Injury rates were higher in collegiate men than in high school boys during 2008–2009 through 2013–2014 (4.38 versus 2.33/1000 AEs; IRR = 1.88; 95% CI = 1.73, 2.05) and collegiate women during 2004–2005 through 2013–2014 (IRR = 1.46; 95% CI = 1.34, 1.58). Most injuries occurred during competitions (boys = 80.0%, men = 66.9%, women = 55.3%); injury rates were higher in competitions than in practices for boys (IRR = 8.14; 95% CI = 6.87, 9.65), men (IRR = 6.58; 95% CI = 6.06, 7.13), and women (IRR = 3.63; 95% CI = 3.14, 4.19). At all levels, most injuries occurred to the head/face and shoulder/clavicle and resulted in concussions, contusions, or ligament sprains.

Conclusions
Injury rates varied across sports but were consistently higher in competitions than in practices. In competitions, concussions were common injuries, highlighting the need for continued development of injury-prevention strategies.
Impairment-Based Rehabilitation With Patterned Electrical Neuromuscular Stimulation and Lower Extremity Function in Individuals With Patellofemoral Pain: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Glaviano Neal R. , Marshall Ashley N. , Mangum L. Colby , Hart Joseph M. , Hertel Jay , Russell Shawn , Saliba Susan A. 
Published: February 2019

Context
Patellofemoral pain (PFP) is a chronic condition that presents with lower extremity muscle weakness, decreased flexibility, subjective functional limitations, pain, and decreased physical activity. Patterned electrical neuromuscular stimulation (PENS) has been shown to affect muscle activation and pain after a single treatment, but its use has not been studied in a rehabilitation trial.

Objective
To determine the effects of a 4-week impairment-based rehabilitation program using PENS on subjective function, pain, strength, range of motion, and physical activity in individuals with PFP.

Design
Randomized controlled trial.

Setting
Laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants
A total of 21 patients with PFP (5 males, 16 females; age = 23.4 ± 7.6 years, height = 168.0 ± 7.5 cm, mass = 69.0 ± 19.5 kg).

Intervention(s)
Participants completed a 4-week supervised rehabilitation program in conjunction with random assignment to receive PENS or sham treatments.

Main Outcome Measure(s)
Subjective function, pain, strength, range of motion, and physical activity levels were assessed prerehabilitation and postrehabilitation. Subjective function and pain were also assessed at 6 and 12 months postrehabilitation. Repeated-measures analyses of variance and Tukey post hoc testing were conducted with α ≤ .05. We calculated Cohen d effect sizes with 95% confidence intervals.

Results
Both groups had statistically and clinically meaningful differences in subjective function, pain, strength, range of motion, and activity level after 4 weeks of impairment-based rehabilitation. Improved subjective function was observed in both groups at 6 and 12 months after the interventions. The PENS group had improvements in current pain for all 3 postrehabilitation times compared with baseline measures.

Conclusions
An impairment-based intervention effectively improved subjective function, pain, strength, range of motion, and physical activity levels in individuals with PFP. Participants who received PENS in addition to the rehabilitation program had improved current pain at 6 and 12 months postrehabilitation compared with baseline scores.

Trial Registration
ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02441712
Care Transition Processes to Achieve a Successful Community Discharge After Postacute Care: A Scoping Review
Authors: Leland Natalie E. , Roberts Pamela , De Souza Roxanne , Hwa Chang Sun , Shah Kruti , Robinson Marla 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Readmissions to health care facilities are undesirable outcomes that indicate the quality of the care transitions. Although there is a growing evidence-base for preventing readmissions, the focus has been on acute care. Postacute care (PAC) patients are often excluded from these studies, and thus there is limited evidence guiding practitioners’ efforts to facilitate an effective community transition after PAC rehabilitation. To provide direction for PAC research and clinical practice, this scoping review summarizes current community transition interventions and identifies practices that facilitate successful community discharge. Thirteen care processes emerged from 35 studies, of which 5 were included in at least 60% of the studies, including coaching on the care transition process, medical self-management, medication self-management, scheduling follow-up medical services, and telephone follow-up. These findings can inform the development, evaluation, and implementation of PAC community transition interventions.
Long-term outcomes of percutaneous coronary interventions within coronary artery bypass grafts
Authors: Januszek Rafał , Siudak Zbigniew , Dziewierz Artur , Rakowski Tomasz , Dudek Dariusz , Bartuś Stanisław 
Published: February 2019

IntroductionThe long-term outcomes of percutaneous coronary interventions (PCIs) within coronary artery bypasses are still poor as compared to those within native coronary arteries. Thus, we aimed to assess predictors of long-term clinical outcomes after PCIs of coronary bypasses.Material and methodsWe enrolled 194 patients after PCIs of coronary artery bypasses at the mean age of 69.5 ±8.3 years (73.2% male). The primary study endpoint was a combination of target-vessel revascularization (TVR), target-lesion revascularization (TLR), myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and death. The mean follow-up was 964 ±799.1 days and was completed among 156 patients. Multivariate analysis was used to assess determinants of study endpoints during follow-up. Moreover, we compared survival curves according to the type of PCI and presence of anti-embolic protection.ResultsThe primary endpoint of the study occurred in 59.7% of patients after the mean time of 669.6 ±598.7 days. The TVR occurred in 37.9% of individuals, TLR in 24.2%, MI in 26.3%, stroke in 4.2%, CABG in 2.1% and death in 30.5% of patients. In Cox multivariate analysis, PCI of two or more bypasses (p < 0.01), post-dilatation (p < 0.05) and no-reflow (p < 0.05) were the independent determinants of the primary study endpoint. No significant impact of anti-embolic protection devices on long-term outcomes was observed.ConclusionsPercutaneous coronary interventions of two or more bypasses, post-dilatation and no-reflow are predictors of worse outcome in patients undergoing PCI within coronary artery bypass grafts.