bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Local and global organisational dynamics in the field of finance
Authors: Hernandez Javier 
Published: April 2018

PurposeWhile financial organisations and systems are becoming global, there still seems to be some country-based differences explained mainly by social dynamics of power and distribution of resources. The purpose of this paper is to analyse practices of a wide variety of financial organisations in two very different social environments, namely, the UK and Chile, with special focus on recruitment and promotion procedures and work under the industry.Design/methodology/approachFrom 41 in-depth interviews with practitioners in London, Edinburgh and Santiago de Chile and participant observation of recruitment practices, it was possible to analyse the practices of financial organisations, emphasising on the way they interact with people in global markets and local fields. Interviews and observation were designed to understand organisational procedures in the life course of a set of people working in financial firms and related institutions.FindingsThe paper argues for a field approach since Chile’s peripheral position in global markets and its elite-concentrated local distribution of resources encourage more traditional organisational practices, especially in terms of recruitment, socialisation and staff allocation, while in the UK, organisational processes are more technically designed and competitive, as part of a different field, the one of the main centres of financial activities.Research limitations/implicationsAlthough organisations are accessed via their workers and not studied directly, the design of the interviews and the findings allow understanding how financial work is structured by organisational procedures.Practical implicationsThe paper contributes to highlight the role played by organisational procedures and how policies oriented to decrease inequality should take them into account.Social implicationsIt contributes to understanding how inequality is based on organisational practices which are, at the same time, grounded in inequal social structures.Originality/valueVery few studies have compared, from an in-depth and qualitative perspective, the way organisational procedures are constituted in two very different countries. It covers a wide variety of organisations types and financial products and services. It also tries to make a contribution bridging the current economic sociology literature and organisational studies. Very few articles have also performed systematic fieldwork in two very different countries.
Nephropreventing effect of hypoxia‐inducible factor 1α in a rat model of ischaemic/reperfusion acute kidney injury
Authors: Wang Huiling , Liu Nanmei , Li Rui , Tian Jun , Hu Weifeng , Zhang Jinyuan 
Published: April 2018

SummaryAcute kidney injury (AKI) occurs in 5% of hospitalized patients and in 50% of sepsis patients with acute renal dysfunction. However, there have been no safe and effective therapeutic strategies. The hypoxia condition is closely related to renal injury and function under AKI. As hypoxia‐inducible factor 1α (HIF‐1α) is critical for the cellular response to hypoxia, we investigated the protective effect of HIF‐1α in a rat AKI model. We found that HIF‐1α injection improved the survival of rat with AKI, and the level of creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) was also increased. Our data showed that HIF‐1α treatment significantly alleviated ischaemic/reperfusion injury to kidney tubules and nephrocytes. We also found the downstream factors, such as EPOR, VEGF, and PHD3, were also upregulated by HIF‐1α. Finally, it was observed that HIF‐1α treatment also increased the percentage of adult resident progenitor cells (ARPC) in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, HIF‐1α plays a protective role in the ischaemic AKI model through stimulating the proliferation of ARPC, and our study provided a potential therapeutic strategy for AKI.
Narratives of illness and offending: mentally disordered offenders’ views on their offending
Authors: Dixon Jeremy 
Published: April 2018

AbstractNarratives have been used in both the sociology of health and illness and in criminology to examine how groups of people present themselves in moral terms. This article focuses on the narratives of offenders with mental health problems in England subject to section 37/41 of the Mental Health Act 1983 to examine how they justified offending prior to admission. Participants presented illness in a variety of different ways indicating a range of moral positions towards offending. In line with previous research a first group used mental illness to excuse offending and saw themselves as achieving moral reform through treatment. A second group also used illness to excuse offending, but did so inconsistently, seeking to mitigate responsibility whilst distancing themselves from treatment obligations. A third group portrayed themselves as dishonourable both due to their category of offence and the type of illness experienced. A final group rejected both labels of illness and offending, seeking to portray themselves as consistently moral.
Disability differentials in educational attainment in England: primary and secondary effects
Authors: Chatzitheochari Stella , Platt Lucinda 
Published: April 2018

AbstractChildhood disability has been largely overlooked in social stratification and life course research. As a result, we know remarkably little about mechanisms behind well‐documented disability differentials in educational outcomes. This study investigates educational transitions of disabled youth using data from the Longitudinal Study of Young People in England. We draw on social stratification literature on primary and secondary effects as well as that on stigma and labelling in order to explain disabled young people's educational outcomes. We find that disability differentials in transition rates to full‐time academic upper secondary education and to university are largely the result of primary effects, reflected in differences in school performance between disabled and non‐disabled young people. However, we also find evidence for secondary effects, with similarly achieving disabled young people less likely to pursue full‐time academic upper secondary education compared to their non‐disabled peers. We examine the extent to which these effects can be explained by disabled youth's suppressed educational expectations as well as their experiences of being bullied at school, which we link to the stigma experienced by disabled young people and their families. We find that educational expectations play an important role at crucial transitions in the English school system, while the effect of bullying is considerably smaller. By drawing attention to different social processes contributing to disability differentials in attainment, our study moves beyond medical models that implicitly assume a naturalized association of disability with poor educational outcomes, and demonstrates the parallels of disability with other ascriptive inequalities.
Labour Demand in the Post‐apartheid South African Wine Industry
Authors: Conradie Beatrice , Piesse Jenifer , Thirtle Colin , Vink Nick 
Published: April 2018

AbstractIn 2013 the minimum agricultural wage in South Africa was increased by an unprecedented 51%. We use data on 77 Western Cape Province wine grape farms from 2005–2015 to estimate the impacts on employment. Previous post‐apartheid labour market reforms increased minimum wages substantially, but re‐entry to global markets after sanctions were lifted increased demand and this preserved jobs in the wine sector. However, by 2005 this demand growth had largely ceased. The long‐run wage elasticity for permanent employees was found to be −0.4, but for casual workers the figure was −4.7, so the 51% wage increase is likely to decimate casual employment in the future. Thus, the poorest and most vulnerable casual workers lose most in terms of jobs, incomes and secure livelihoods, whereas 80% of full‐time staff benefit from the higher minimum wages. Thus, the minimum wage change is likely to increase the gap between privileged permanent staff and casual workers. This result is not surprising in view of the long‐standing interdependence between farmers and their permanent workers in wine grape production.
Interpolymeric Complexes Formed Between Whey Proteins and Biopolymers: Delivery Systems of Bioactive Ingredients
Authors: Santos Monique Barreto , da Costa Naiara Rocha , Garcia‐Rojas Edwin Elard 
Published: April 2018

AbstractWhey proteins are obtained from dairy industry waste. Studies involving the analysis of the bioactive compounds in whey show health benefits, as it is an excellent source of indispensable amino acids. Milk whey contains principally β‐lactoglobulin, α‐lactoglobulin, bovine serum albumin, and lactoferrin, proteins with innumerable functional and technological properties. One application of these proteins in food is the formation of interpolymer complexes, along with other proteins or anionic polysaccharides. The formation of complexes occurs mainly through electrostatic interactions between a negatively charged biopolymer and a positively charged biopolymer. This formation is influenced by factors such as pH, ionic strength, and biopolymer ratio. Because they do not use high temperatures and chemical reagents and have additional nutritional and functional value, these complexes have been used as encapsulating agents for bioactive ingredients. Recent studies on their training and applications are addressed in this review to boost new research and applications in the food industry, thus increasing opportunities for utilizing whey proteins.
Yeast Identification During Fermentation of Turkish Gemlik Olives
Authors: Mujdeci Gamze , Arévalo‐Villena María , Ozbas Z. Yesim , Briones Pérez Ana 
Published: April 2018

AbstractNaturally fermented black table olives of the Gemlik variety are one of the most consumed fermented products in Turkey. The objective of this work was to identify yeast strains isolated during their natural fermentation by using Restriction Fragments Lengths Polymorphism‐Polimerase Chain Reaction (RFLP‐PCR) and DNA sequencing methods. The study also focused on determining the effect of regional differences on yeast microflora of naturally fermented Gemlik olives. A total of 47 yeast strains belonging to 12 different species which had been previously isolated from the natural brine of Akhisar and Iznik‐Gemlik cv. olives were characterized by molecular methods. Forty‐two of the tested strains could be identified by RFLP‐PCR to species level. These yeast species were determined as Candida mycetangi, Candida hellenica, Candida membranaefaciens, Candida famata, Candida pelliculosa, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Zygosaccharomyces mrakii. Five strains were identified by DNA sequencing. These strains belonged to three different species: Aureobasidium pullulans, Kloeckera apiculate, and Cryptococcus saitoi. The most frequent species were C. famata and C. pelliculosa in both regions.Practical ApplicationThis work studies the yeasts from Turkish table olives which could prove to be of importance to the food industry in that area. On the other hand, it compares identification by molecular and classical biochemical methods and offers an idea about the differences between the ecosystems of Gemlik olives in the Akhisar (AO) and Iznik (IO) regions. The study could be useful in characterizing a very important product and, in this way, could help to promote its marketing.
Metaproteomics of Microbiota in Naturally Fermented Soybean Paste, Da‐jiang
Authors: Zhang Ping , Zhang Pengfei , Xie Mengxi , An Feiyu , Qiu Boshu , Wu Rina 
Published: April 2018

AbstractDa‐jiang is a typical traditional fermented soybean product in China. At present, the proteins in da‐jiang are needed to be explored. The composition and species of microbial proteins in traditional fermented da‐jiang were analyzed by metaproteomics based on sodium dodecyl sulfonate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE) and liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS). The results showed that the number and variety of microbial proteins in the traditional fermented da‐jiang from different regions were different. The production site influences the fermentation in da‐jiang. Then we analyzed the functions of the microbial proteins identified in da‐jiang, and found that they were mainly involved in the process of protein synthesis, glycometabolism and nucleic acid synthesis. In addtion, we compared the proteins composition in different da‐jiang. There are 51 common proteins of naturally fermented da‐jiang, and 25 common microbial sources. The main commonly microbial sources of fungal proteins are Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces; the main commonly microbial sources of bacterial proteins are Enterococcus faecalis, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Bacillus subtilis. These common microbes play the predominant role in da‐jiang fermentation. The present results help us to understand the fermentation of da‐jiang and improve the quality and safety of final products in the future.Practical ApplicationThe study illustrated metaproteome of microbiota in traditional fermented soybean paste, da‐jiang, by sodium dodecyl sulfonate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE) and liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS). A method of extracting metaproteome from microbiota in da‐jiang was attempted. The findings help to understand the fermentation of da‐jiang and improve the quality and safety of da‐jiang in fermented industry.
Response of Formed‐Biofilm of Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella oxytoca, and Citrobacter freundii to Chlorite‐Based Disinfectants
Authors: Cai Linlin , Wang Huawei , Liang Lijiao , Wang Guangyu , Xu Xinglian , Wang Huhu 
Published: April 2018

AbstractBacterial biofilms formed on equipment surfaces are potential sources of cross‐contamination and can be responsible for the spread of bacteria involved in food spoilage, such as some Enterobacteriaceae family members. In this study, the effect of chlorite‐based disinfectants, including sodium hypochlorite (SH), chlorine dioxide (CD), strongly acidic electrolyzed water (StAEW), and neutral electrolyzed water (NEW), on inactivation of mono‐biofilms of Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella oxytoca, and Citrobacter freundii was evaluated separately. All the strains were enumerated by the viable plate‐count method after disinfection for 30 min. A comparison of the surviving cells after disinfection indicated that E. cloacae biofilms were more resistant to disinfectants than the biofilms of the other two strains, and treatment with all the disinfectants improved sanitizing. SH (200 mg/L) was the most effective in the reduction of cell number in the biofilms of all strains. Considering the safety of use and environmental protection, electrolyzed oxidizing water, especially StAEW, was a good suggestion for the inactivation of cells in K. oxytoca or C. freundii biofilms. These results suggest that the cells in biofilm of E. cloacae, K. oxytoca, and C. freundii were highly sensitive to chlorite‐based disinfectants and provide insights into the efficacy of disinfectants in killing bacteria.Practical ApplicationThe Enterobacteriaceae biofilms formed on equipment surfaces, which can cause cross‐contamination and food spoilage, are greatly challenging bacterial contaminants of food products. Electrolyzed oxidizing water is a novel, environmentally friendly disinfectant that can effectively treat Enterobacteriaceae biofilms. The results of this study may be used to design effective measures to disinfect biofilms on equipment contact surfaces.
Optimization of Extraction of Hypoglycemic Ingredients from Grape Seeds and Evaluation of α‐Glucosidase and α‐Amylase Inhibitory Effects In Vitro
Authors: Kong Fansheng , Qin Yaru , Su Zhipeng , Ning Zhengxiang , Yu Shujuan 
Published: April 2018

AbstractGrape seeds full with oil and also rich in hypoglycemic ingredients. This study is to improve the comprehensive utilization of grape seeds and the quality of grape seeds oil. Extract water soluble active substances before extracting oil from grape seeds, which show the grape seeds in water soluble extracts containing TP, TC, PC contents, respectively, are 171.1 ± 1.1, 658.8 ± 0.2, 482.3 ± 0.2 (mg GSAE/g). Also we found GSAE samples containing catechin and epicatechin were 44.12 ± 0.21 mg/mL, 111.23 ± 1.29 mg/g, GSAE against α‐glucosidase IC50 was 25.25 ± 0.53 g/mL and GSAE against α‐amylase IC50 was 66.68 ± 1.1 g/mL, both were competitive way, the effects of Inhibitory were obviously better than that of acarbose. In addition, our process guarantee the fat ingredients remained in the grape seeds and not reduce functional components of oil, our study suggests that GSAE can be used to develop functional foods for prevention and treatment of diabetes and its complications.Practical ApplicationGrape seeds, by‐products of brewing wines, are rich in polyphenol and other ingredients. The optimized extraction, composition of constituents and hypoglycemic activity were investigated in this study. The results showed that grape seeds were rich in anthocyanins and polyphenols and other active substances, inhibited α‐glucosidase and α‐amylase activity, which provide background and practical knowledge for the deep‐processed products of grape seeds with high added value.
Performance of amplicon and shotgun sequencing for accurate biomass estimation in invertebrate community samples
Authors: Bista Iliana , Carvalho Gary R. , Tang Min , Walsh Kerry , Zhou Xin , Hajibabaei Mehrdad , Shokralla Shadi , Seymour Mathew , Bradley David , Liu Shanlin , Christmas Martin , Creer Simon 
Published: April 2018

AbstractNew applications of DNA and RNA sequencing are expanding the field of biodiversity discovery and ecological monitoring, yet questions remain regarding precision and efficiency. Due to primer bias, the ability of metabarcoding to accurately depict biomass of different taxa from bulk communities remains unclear, while PCR‐free whole mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) sequencing may provide a more reliable alternative. Here, we used a set of documented mock communities comprising 13 species of freshwater macroinvertebrates of estimated individual biomass, to compare the detection efficiency of COI metabarcoding (three different amplicons) and shotgun mitogenome sequencing. Additionally, we used individual COI barcoding and de novo mitochondrial genome sequencing, to provide reference sequences for OTU assignment and metagenome mapping (mitogenome skimming), respectively. We found that, even though both methods occasionally failed to recover very low abundance species, metabarcoding was less consistent, by failing to recover some species with higher abundances, probably due to primer bias. Shotgun sequencing results provided highly significant correlations between read number and biomass in all but one species. Conversely, the read–biomass relationships obtained from metabarcoding varied across amplicons. Specifically, we found significant relationships for eight of 13 (amplicons B1FR‐450 bp, FF130R‐130 bp) or four of 13 (amplicon FFFR, 658 bp) species. Combining the results of all three COI amplicons (multiamplicon approach) improved the read–biomass correlations for some of the species. Overall, mitogenomic sequencing yielded more informative predictions of biomass content from bulk macroinvertebrate communities than metabarcoding. However, for large‐scale ecological studies, metabarcoding currently remains the most commonly used approach for diversity assessment.
Out‐of‐home placement to age 18 years in children exposed to a postpartum mental disorder
Authors: Vigod Simone N. , Laursen Thomas Munk , Ranning Anne , Nordentoft Merete , Munk‐Olsen Trine 
Published: April 2018

ObjectivesLittle is known about risk of custody loss or out‐of‐home placement among children whose mothers experience postpartum mental disorders, and whether this risk differs from that of children whose mothers had earlier onset of their mental disorder.MethodsNational Danish registers comprising 1 868 467 births (1982–2012) were used to determine how the timing of maternal illness onset influences out‐of‐home placement risk up to age 18 years among children exposed to a maternal mental disorder.ResultsCompared to children unexposed to maternal mental illness, risk was higher for children exposed to a maternal mental disorder whose mothers had a first contact for a mental disorder in the 0–12 months of predelivery (8.17/1000 person‐years; aIRR 4.56, 95% CI 4.08–5.09), the first 3 months postpartum (4.60/1000 person‐years; 3.55, 2.95–4.26) and 4–12 months postpartum (6.49/1000 person‐years; 3.93, 3.50–4.41). Risk was even higher for children exposed to a maternal mental disorder when illness onset was more than 1‐year predelivery (9.11/1000 person‐years; 5.48, 5.32–5.66).ConclusionRisk of out‐home placement in children exposed to mothers with a new‐onset postpartum mental disorder is almost as high as in children whose mothers have long‐standing illness. A better understanding of the trajectories of these mothers and children is warranted.
The specific social costs of expressive negative symptoms in schizophrenia: reduced smiling predicts interactional outcome
Authors: Riehle M. , Mehl S. , Lincoln T. M. 
Published: April 2018

ObjectiveWe tested whether people with schizophrenia and prominent expressive negative symptoms (ENS) show reduced facial expressions in face‐to‐face social interactions and whether this expressive reduction explains negative social evaluations of these persons.MethodWe compared participants with schizophrenia with high ENS (n = 18) with participants with schizophrenia with low ENS (n = 30) and with healthy controls (n = 39). Participants engaged in an affiliative role‐play that was coded for the frequency of positive and negative facial expression and rated for social performance skills and willingness for future interactions with the respective role‐play partner.ResultsParticipants with schizophrenia with high ENS showed significantly fewer positive facial expressions than those with low ENS and controls and were also rated significantly lower on social performance skills and willingness for future interactions. Participants with schizophrenia with low ENS did not differ from controls on these measures. The group difference in willingness for future interactions was significantly and independently mediated by the reduced positive facial expressions and social performance skills.ConclusionReduced facial expressiveness in schizophrenia is specifically related to ENS and has negative social consequences. These findings highlight the need to develop aetiological models and targeted interventions for ENS and its social consequences.