bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Coronectomy: a recognised procedure?
Authors: Dhanrajani P. , Smith M. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractAimThis paper reviews the literature on coronectomy with respect to indications, surgical procedure and complications and presents the results of a retrospective study.Materials and methodsA retrospective study involving lower third molar surgery performed by a single surgeon in an outpatient extraction clinic under local anaesthesia as well as in day surgery under general anaesthesia was conducted from January 2012 to December 2016.A total of 3654 lower third molars were removed. In the cohort of 855 (23.4%) teeth removed in outpatient under local anaesthetics, 42 (4.9%) were coronectomies and of 2799 (76.6%) removed under general anaesthesia, 172 (6.1%)were coronectomies. The present study also included medically compromised patients and patients with decayed teeth. The technique for the coronectony procedure previously described in the literature was modified in some cases to obtain optimal outcomes.This study also correlates age, sex, medical history, types of impaction, radiological findings and follow‐up.ResultsThe results showed coronectomies are a safe option to treat lower wisdom teeth having a high risk of neurosensory implications. The technique appears to be associated with a low incidence of complications in medically compromised and patients with decayed teeth.ConclusionCoronectomy appears to be a viable technique in those cases where the removal of the whole tooth might put the inferior alveolar nerve at considerable risk.
Idiopathic unilateral persistent hypoglossal nerve palsy – literature review and illustrative case
Authors: Humphreys J. , Rajaram K. , Chapman L. , Patel M. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe motor nerve innervation of the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue is through the hypoglossal nerve. Hypoglossal nerve palsy arising as a result of injury to the nerve can occur anywhere along its course from the hypoglossal nuclei, medulla oblongata to the tongue itself. Idiopathic isolated and unilateral persistent hypoglossal nerve palsy is an extremely rare condition with only four cases ever reported. In this article, we review reported cases in the literature with comparison to a recent case in the oral and maxillofacial department of University Hospital South Manchester, which highlight the necessity of a segmental and stepwise approach in the diagnosis and management of this condition.
Phenotypes of childhood wheeze in Japanese children: A group‐based trajectory analysis
Authors: Yang Limin , Narita Masami , Yamamoto‐Hanada Kiwako , Sakamoto Naoko , Saito Hirohisa , Ohya Yukihiro 
Published: April 2018

AbstractBackgroundExploring patterns of childhood wheeze may help to clarify the etiology and prognosis of respiratory diseases. The purpose of this study was to classify phenotypes of wheezing in children up to 9 years of age in Japan and to evaluate the individual and environmental risk factors for these phenotypes.MethodsWheeze was evaluated at approximately 1‐year intervals based on the mothers’ recollection of their child’s wheezing or whistling in the chest during the preceding 12 months. The children were aged 1‐9 years. In total, 1116 children who had at least five measures of wheezing at all nine time points were used for identifying trajectories. Trajectories were identified with group‐based trajectory analysis. A multinomial logit model was built to evaluate the relationships between phenotypes and risk factors.ResultsFive typical trajectories were identified. The probability of group membership was 43.7%, 32.2%, 6.2%, 8.6%, and 9.2% for the never/infrequent wheeze, transient early wheeze, school‐age‐onset wheeze, early‐childhood‐onset remitting wheeze, and persistent wheeze trajectories, respectively. Infant tobacco exposure increased the odds of membership in the transient early wheeze trajectory compared to the never/infrequent wheeze trajectory.ConclusionsUsing the group‐based trajectory modeling approach, we identified five trajectories of childhood wheeze development in a Japanese population. The trajectories shown here are based on formal statistical modeling rather than on subjective classification, and an assessment of its precision suggested that the model has high assignment accuracy.
Anticipating or Accommodating to Public Concern? Risk Amplification and the Politics of Precaution Reexamined
Authors: Wardman Jamie K. , Löfstedt Ragnar 
Published: April 2018

AbstractRegulatory use of the precautionary principle (PP) tends to be broadly characterized either as a responsible approach for safeguarding against health and environmental risks in the face of scientific uncertainties, or as “state mismanagement” driven by undue political bias and public anxiety. However, the “anticipatory” basis upon which governments variably draw a political warrant for adopting precautionary measures often remains ambiguous. Particularly, questions arise concerning whether the PP is employed preemptively by political elites from the “top down,” or follows from more conventional democratic pressures exerted by citizens and other stakeholders from the “bottom up.” This article elucidates the role and impact of citizen involvement in the precautionary politics shaping policy discourse surrounding the U.K. government's “precautionary approach” to mobile telecommunications technology and health. A case study is presented that critically reexamines the basis upon which U.K. government action has been portrayed as an instance of anticipatory policy making. Findings demonstrate that the use of the PP should not be interpreted in the preemptive terms communicated by U.K. government officials alone, but also in relation to the wider social context of risk amplification and images of public concern formed adaptively in antagonistic precautionary discourse between citizens, politicians, industry, and the media, which surrounded cycles of government policy making. The article discusses the sociocultural conditions and political dynamics underpinning public influence on government anticipation and responsiveness exemplified in this case, and concludes with research and policy implications for how society subsequently comes to terms with the emergence and precautionary governance of new technologies under conflict.
The Spatial Distribution of Poverty and the Long Reach of the Industrial Makeup of Places: New Evidence on Spatial and Temporal Regimes
Authors: Curtis Katherine J. , Lee Junho , O'Connell Heather A. , Zhu Jun 
Published: April 2018

AbstractA wealth of research identifies industrial structure as a central correlate of place‐level poverty and suggests that changes in and the clustering of industry contribute to the spatial clustering of poverty over time. However, few studies have investigated the spatial and temporal dimensions simultaneously, and none have effectively examined spatiotemporal interactions. Consequently, a core tenet of theory on poverty in place has not been adequately examined. To address this limitation, we explicitly test hypotheses about systematic variation in the poverty‐industry relationship over time and across space using a new method to quantify dynamic associations by simultaneously accounting for spatial and temporal autocorrelation and relationship heterogeneity. The Upper Midwest is our study site given dramatic regional changes in dominant industries (i.e., manufacturing, services, and agriculture) and poverty during the past several decades. We find that the specific character of the poverty‐industry relationship systematically varies along both the temporal and spatial dimensions: Industry is more protective in certain periods than in others according to sector trends, and is more protective in certain places than others conditional on sector dependence. Our approach yields a more precise and reliable understanding of the effect of the long reach of local industrial structure on the spatial clustering of poverty.
Developing social robots for aging populations: A literature review of recent academic sources
Authors: Pedersen Isabel , Reid Samantha , Aspevig Kristen 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe perception of aging populations is a major factor driving the social robot development movement. A growing body of research reflects the expanding interest in social robots. This paper synthesizes research on the development of social robots with a literature review of academic articles with publication dates ranging from 2006 to 2017. The review is divided into three themes: (a) robots as an aid in treatment; (b) robots as social assistants and home companions; and (c) robots as custodial caregivers that are viewed in terms of ethical implications. This paper outlines the issues surrounding social, commitment, assistive, and companion robots for use in medical treatment, mental health therapy, physiotherapy, care facilities, and private homes. It describes some of the ethical concerns raised by researchers and media, including questions of control, privacy, consent, and the issue of simulated versus human compassion in caregiving. The research also points out that a rhetoric of urgency concerning aging populations drives the development of robots, which frames citizens who will benefit from robots in reductive ways. We argue that the contribution of humanities and social science research, including age studies and critical gerontology, should be better integrated with discourses of social robot development, largely from technical fields.
Changing public support for welfare sanctioning in Britain and the Netherlands: A persuasion experiment
Authors: Kootstra Anouk , Roosma Femke 
Published: April 2018

AbstractDuring the last few decades, welfare sanctioning has come to play an increasingly central role in the institutional design of, and the philosophical and political approach to, most welfare states. Although much attention has been given to the morality and effectiveness of such policies, there is limited research that examines their social legitimacy. In this article we map public support for welfare sanctioning for unemployed people who do not want to accept jobs with wages or skill levels lower than their previous jobs. Our main contribution to the literature lies in the aim to discover how the social legitimacy of this policy can be increased or reduced by providing moral and economic counterarguments in a persuasion experiment. We use five waves of panel data administered in 2014–15 among approximately 9,000 respondents in Britain and the Netherlands. We show that support for welfare sanctioning is high in the two countries. Findings indicate that arguments opposing the policy reduce support to a greater extent than arguments in favor of the policy are able to improve its social legitimacy. We found moral arguments, considering the well‐being of unemployed people, to be more effective than economic arguments focusing on the effects of the policy on welfare spending. In Britain, people are more persistent in their support than in the Netherlands, which could be because the debate on this topic is more polarized in Britain. Also, people with higher political interests, higher education, and men are less likely to change opinions after being confronted with counterarguments.
Prevalence and risk factors for HBV and HCV in prisoners in Iran: a national bio‐behavioural surveillance survey in 2015
Authors: Moradi Ghobad , Gouya Mohammad‐Mehdi , Azimizan Zavareh Fatemeh , Mohamadi Bolbanabad Amjad , Darvishi Sonia , Aghasadeghi Mohammad Reza , Nabavi Mahmood , Alasvand Ramin , Tashakorian Mehrzad , Nouri Bijan , Rahmani Khaled , Molaei Leila 
Published: April 2018

SummaryObjectivesTo provide more accurate estimates of the prevalence of Hepatitis B (HBV) and Hepatitis C (HCV) and their contributing factors among prisoners in Iran.MethodsCross‐sectional study of 6200 Iranian prisoners in 2015. Data were collected through questionnaires and interviews. HBV infection and HCV exposure status of the participants was determined by HBsAg and HCV antibodies blood tests using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Data were analysed in STATA‐12.ResultPrevalence of HCV exposure was 9.48% (95% CI: 8.73–10.27), and prevalence of HBV was 2.48% (95% CI: 2.07–2.89) in the general prison population. In multivariate analysis, the most important risk factor for HBV was a history of drug use in lifetime (adjusted odds ratio, AOR: 1.8, 95% CI: 1.17–3.02). The main risk factors for HCV exposure were a history of drug use in lifetime (AOR: 4.08, CI: 2.56–6.27), age over 30 (AOR: 2.68, CI: 2.01–3.56), and having tattoos (AOR = 1.67, CI: 1.35–2.07).ConclusionAlthough vaccination is used to control HBV among prisoners, prevalence of HCV exposure is alarming in the prison population of Iran, especially among people who inject drugs. Eliminating viral hepatitis in Iran by 2030 requires a national commitment and rapid measures for targeting this high‐risk group. Given the increased efficiency of HCV treatment in recent years, prisons provide an opportunity to access patients for treatment.
Red blood cell specifications for patients with hemoglobinopathies: a systematic review and guideline
Authors: Compernolle Veerle , Chou Stella T. , Tanael Susano , Savage William , Howard Jo , Josephson Cassandra D. , Odame Isaac , Hogan Christopher , Denomme Gregory , Shehata Nadine ,   for the International Collaboration for Transfusion Medicine Guidelines
Published: April 2018

BACKGROUNDRed blood cell (RBC) transfusions remain essential in the treatment of patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) and β‐thalassemia. Alloimmunization, a well‐documented complication of transfusion, increases the risk of delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions, complicates crossmatching and identifying compatible units, and delays provision of transfusions. Guidance is required to optimize the RBC product administered to these patients.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSAn international, multidisciplinary team conducted a systematic review and developed, following the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology, recommendations to assist treating physicians and transfusion specialists in their decision to select RBCs for these patients.RESULTSEighteen studies (17 clinical studies and one cost‐effectiveness study) were included in the systematic review. The overall quality of the studies was very low. In total, 3696 patients were included: 1680 with β‐thalassemia and 2016 with SCD.CONCLUSIONThe panel recommends that ABO D CcEe K–matched RBCs are selected for individuals with SCD and β‐thalassemia, even in the absence of alloantibodies, to reduce the risk of alloimmunization. In patients with SCD and β‐thalassemia who have developed clinically significant alloantibodies, selection of RBCs antigen negative to the alloantibody is recommended, if feasible. In these patients, selection of more extended phenotype‐matched RBCs will likely reduce the risk of further alloimmunization. However, given the limited availability of extended phenotype‐matched units, attention should be given to ensure that a delay in transfusion does not adversely affect patient care.
Identity in the London Indian diaspora: Towards the quantification of qualitative data
Authors: Hundt Marianne , Staicov Adina 
Published: April 2018

AbstractFor second‐generation members of a diaspora community, ethnic and cultural affiliation are less straightforward than for the first generation. We compare information on identity construction in London's Indian Diaspora with the participants’ linguistic integration into the host community. Our study is novel and exploratory in that it combines quantitative, variationist methodology with a qualitative approach. We employ two standard sociolinguistic instruments to model subjects’ ethnic identity: a questionnaire and sociolinguistic interviews with a focus on discursive identity construction. In a second step we investigate possible connections between morphosyntactic variation and ethnic identity in language use data from three different communicative contexts. The results show that, while interview data on ethnic identity are amenable to quantification, clear correlations between the resulting identity scores and vernacular morphosyntactic features are difficult to find. In particular, patterns of style‐shifting between the different communicative contexts are not as expected.
Genetic and Functional Characterization of an MCR-3-Like Enzyme-Producing Escherichia coli Isolate Recovered from Swine in Brazil
Authors: Kieffer Nicolas , Nordmann Patrice , Moreno Andrea Micke , Zanolli Moreno Luisa , Chaby Richard , Breton Aude , Tissières Pierre , Poirel Laurent 
Published: April 2018

ABSTRACT

A collection of 126 pigs was screened for carriage of colistin-resistant
Enterobacteriaceae
in a farm in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Out of this collection, eight colistin-resistant
Escherichia coli
isolates were recovered, including one from Minas Gerais State producing a new MCR-3 variant (MCR-3.12). Analysis of the lipopolysaccharide revealed that MCR-3.12 had a function similar to that of MCR-1 and MCR-2 as a result of the addition of a phosphoethanolamine group to the lipid A moiety. Genetic analysis showed that the
mcr-3.12
gene was carried by an IncA/C
2
plasmid and was embedded in an original genetic environment. This study reports the occurrence of the MCR-3-like determinant in South America and is the first to demonstrate the functionality of this group of enzymes as a phosphoethanolamine transferase.
Timeliness of Proteolytic Events Is Prerequisite for Efficient Functioning of the Alphaviral Replicase
Authors: Lulla Valeria , Karo-Astover Liis , Rausalu Kai , Saul Sirle , Merits Andres , Lulla Aleksei 
Published: April 2018

ABSTRACT

Polyprotein processing has an important regulatory role in the life cycle of positive-strand RNA viruses. In the case of alphaviruses, sequential cleavage of the nonstructural polyprotein (ns-polyprotein) at three sites eventually yields four mature nonstructural proteins (nsPs) that continue working in complex to replicate viral genomic RNA and transcribe subgenomic RNA. Recognition of cleavage sites by viral nsP2 protease is guided by short sequences upstream of the scissile bond and, more importantly, by the spatial organization of the replication complex. In this study, we analyzed the consequences of the artificially accelerated processing of the Semliki Forest virus ns-polyprotein. It was found that in mammalian cells, not only the order but also the correct timing of the cleavage events is essential for the success of viral replication. Analysis of the effects of compensatory mutations in rescued viruses as well as
in vitro
translation and
trans
-replicase assays corroborated our findings and revealed the importance of the V515 residue in nsP2 for recognizing the P4 position in the nsP1/nsP2 cleavage site. We also extended our conclusions to Sindbis virus by analyzing the properties of the hyperprocessive variant carrying the N614D mutation in nsP2. We conclude that the sequence of the nsP1/nsP2 site in alphaviruses is under selective pressure to avoid the presence of sequences that are recognized too efficiently and would otherwise lead to premature cleavage at this site before completion of essential tasks of RNA synthesis or virus-induced replication complex formation. Even subtle changes in the ns-polyprotein processing pattern appear to lead to virus attenuation.

IMPORTANCE
The polyprotein expression strategy is a cornerstone of alphavirus replication. Three sites within the ns-polyprotein are recognized by the viral nsP2 protease and cleaved in a defined order. Specific substrate targeting is achieved by the recognition of the short sequence upstream of the scissile bond and a correct macromolecular assembly of ns-polyprotein. Here, we highlighted the importance of the timeliness of proteolytic events, as an additional layer of regulation of efficient virus replication. We conclude that, somewhat counterintuitively, the cleavage site sequences at the nsP1/nsP2 and nsP2/nsP3 junctions are evolutionarily selected to be recognized by protease inefficiently, to avoid premature cleavages that would be detrimental for the assembly and functionality of the replication complex. Understanding the causes and consequences of viral polyprotein processing events is important for predicting the properties of mutant viruses and should be helpful for the development of better vaccine candidates and understanding potential mechanisms of resistance to protease inhibitors.
KRAB-ZFP Repressors Enforce Quiescence of Oncogenic Human Herpesviruses
Authors: Li Xiaofan , Burton Eric M. , Koganti Siva , Zhi Jizu , Doyle Francis , Tenenbaum Scott A. , Horn Biljana , Bhaduri-McIntosh Sumita 
Published: April 2018

ABSTRACT
Cancer-causing herpesviruses infect nearly every human and persist indefinitely in B lymphocytes in a quiescent state known as latency. A hallmark of this quiescence or latency is the presence of extrachromosomal viral genomes with highly restricted expression of viral genes. Silencing of viral genes ensures both immune evasion by the virus and limited pathology to the host, yet how multiple genes on multiple copies of viral genomes are simultaneously silenced is a mystery. In a unifying theme, we report that both cancer-causing human herpesviruses, despite having evolved independently, are silenced through the activities of two members of the Krüppel-associated box (KRAB) domain–zinc finger protein (ZFP) (KRAB-ZFP) epigenetic silencing family, revealing a novel STAT3-KRAB-ZFP axis of virus latency. This dual-edged antiviral strategy restricts the destructive ability of the lytic phase while promoting the cancer-causing latent phase. These findings also unveil roles for KRAB-ZFPs in silencing of multicopy foreign genomes with the promise of evicting herpesviruses to kill viral cancers bearing clonal viral episomes.

IMPORTANCE
Despite robust immune responses, cancer-causing viruses Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) persist for life. This persistence is accomplished partly through a stealth mechanism that keeps extrachromosomal viral genomes quiescent. Quiescence, or latency, ensures that not every cell harboring viral genomes is killed directly through lytic activation or indirectly via the immune response, thereby evicting virus from host. For the host, quiescence limits pathology. Thus, both virus and host benefit from quiescence, yet how quiescence is maintained through silencing of a large set of viral genes on multiple viral genomes is not well understood. Our studies reveal that members of a gene-silencing family, the KRAB-ZFPs, promote quiescence of both cancer-causing human viruses through simultaneous silencing of multiple genes on multicopy extrachromosomal viral genomes.