bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Settling in or passing through: differentiating between wood‐boring beetle visitation and colonization after a dead wood pulse
Authors: Gandiaga F. , Thibault M. , Nadeau P. , Moreau G. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractTo determine the effect of resource pulses on animal communities, it is important to differentiate the species colonizing the resource substrate from the ones simply moving through the system. In a manipulative field study, we surveyed the response of wood‐boring beetles (Coleoptera) to the small debris produced by commercial thinning operations in white spruce plantations using two methods. First, we sampled the wood‐boring beetles visiting the plantations using flight intercept traps. Then, at the end of the resource pulse in fresh woody debris, we documented the abundance of beetle emergence holes on vertical and horizontal woody debris, which indicate wood‐boring beetle colonization. Results demonstrated that the small horizontal debris generated by commercial thinning were used by saproxylic beetles but were not a preferred resource for colonization, by contrast with vertical dead wood. Only small‐body beetles colonized the horizontal debris and most debris were not colonized. Vertical dead wood, even if present in relatively small quantity when compared to horizontal dead wood, was a major determinant of beetle colonization and community composition. Biomass removal was shown to have a strong detrimental impact on beetle colonization rates. Based on these results, we suggest that most of the saproxylic species trapped after commercial thinning operations were attracted in response to the initial pulse of resource but did not actually colonize the debris from thinning. Thus, we stress the importance of distinguishing between species visitation and colonization following a resource pulse when sampling relies on indirect trapping methods.
Effects of the veterinary anthelmintic moxidectin on dung beetle survival and dung removal
Authors: Manning Paul , Lewis Owen T. , Beynon Sarah A. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractMacrocyclic lactones (MLs) are chemical compounds administered to livestock for parasite control. These compounds are poorly metabolized and pass relatively unchanged into the dung of treated animals. When coprophagous insects such as dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea) are exposed to ML residues while feeding on dung, lethal and sublethal effects are often observed. This can lead to ML residues impairing ecosystem functions that underpin agricultural production. A strategy to reduce these negative effects involves the use of compounds that offer lower risk to non‐target invertebrates, such as the ML moxidectin. Considering two dung beetle species with differing sensitivities to agricultural intensification, we asked whether exposure to moxidectin residues influenced survival, reproductive output, and functioning (short‐ and long‐term estimates of dung removal). When exposed to moxidectin, adults of the sensitive species – Geotrupes spiniger Marsham (Scarabaeidae) – experienced a 43% reduction in survival. In contrast, survival of the non‐sensitive species – Aphodius rufipes L. (Scarabaeidae) – was unaffected. We were unable to determine whether exposure affected reproductive output of either species. We found little evidence to suggest moxidectin impaired dung removal. However, high densities of a species with relatively low individual functional importance (A. rufipes) can compensate for the loss of a functionally dominant species (G. spiniger). Over a longer time frame, earthworms decomposed dung fully, irrespective of moxidectin residues. This functional redundancy reinforces that wider justification for the conservation of biodiversity should remain integrated into agricultural policy and practice.
Host‐related volatile cues used by a parasitoid wasp during foraging for its woodboring host
Authors: Fischbein D. , Villacide J.M. , López B. , Corley J.C. , Martínez A.S. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractParasitoids rely mainly on infochemicals to search for their herbivore hosts to oviposit on. Megarhyssa nortoni (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) is a parasitoid of siricid wasp larvae which are concealed inside tree stems of several coniferous tree species. This parasitoid is used as a biological control agent against the global pine pest Sirex noctilio Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Siricidae), which engages in an obligate nutritional symbiosis with the fungus Amylostereum areolatum (Chaillet ex Fr.) Boidin (Russulales). We explore the chemical cues that could be used by M. nortoni females while foraging for hosts on the two pine species most commonly planted in commercial forests in Patagonia, Argentina, Pinus contorta Douglas ex Loudon var. latifolia Engelm. ex S Watson and Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex C Lawson (Pinaceae). Behavioural assays were conducted in an olfactometer and the following odour sources were tested in pairwise combinations: (1) P. contorta, (2) P. ponderosa, (3) P. contorta with host fungal symbiont, (4) P. ponderosa with host fungal symbiont, and (5) air (control). Megarhyssa nortoni females discriminated the odours of infested wood (host fungal symbiont‐pine complex) from those of healthy trees, irrespective of the pine species. Additionally, when offered both pine species infested with the fungal symbiont, the parasitoids displayed a bias towards P. contorta. Even though the identity of the compounds responsible for the behavioural bias towards the symbiont was not established at this stage, our findings emphasize the relevance of chemical information derived from the fungal symbiont‐pine complex during parasitoids that forage for woodboring insect hosts.
The arundo wasp, Tetramesa romana, does not control giant river reed, Arundo donax, in Texas, USA
Authors: Showler Allan T. , Osbrink Weste L.A. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractGiant river reed, Arundo donax L. (Poaceae), native to the Mediterranean basin and east to the Indus River region of Afghanistan and Pakistan, has become widespread in temperate and subtropical regions worldwide. It is regarded as being deleterious for clogging waterways and for choking out natural riparian plant communities. In the USA efforts to control the pest have included the release of exotic herbivorous insects. One of them, the arundo wasp, Tetramesa romana Walker (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae), has been reported to utilize primary A. donax stalks for oviposition, stunting and killing the plant. In our study, stands of A. donax in natural habitats of Kerr County (TX, USA) were sampled at monthly intervals for 2 years and small plots of A. donax at annual intervals for five consecutive years. Parasitism of stalks, regardless of plant age, was rare or non‐existent. Arundo donax in natural habitats and freshly planted A. donax grew in dense stands and proliferated regardless of being infested by T. romana. We determined that parasitized culms can serve as plant propagules by growing roots and stems, hence, the wasp does not impede the ability of A. donax to propagate and proliferate from broken off plant parts. The wasp utilizes A. donax culm stems growing from hardening ≥1st‐year stalks for development in the winter and early summer when the larvae pupate and emerge as adults. We found that appreciable T. romana parasitism of an A. donax plant only occurs for 8.3–16.7% of the plant's 2‐year lifespan. Adult exit holes remain on the culms during summer. Under field conditions T. romana is a parasite that is well‐adapted to A. donax by not killing stalks, reducing stand density, and hindering propagation. Hence, the exotic wasp is ineffective as a biological control agent against A. donax.
Overexpression of striatal D2 receptors reduces motivation thereby decreasing food anticipatory activity
Authors: LeSauter Joseph , Balsam Peter D. , Simpson Eleanor H. , Silver Rae 
Published: October 2018

AbstractDopamine has been implicated in circadian timing underlying the food entrainable oscillator (FEO) circuitry and overexpression of the dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) in the striatum has been reported to reduce motivation to obtain food rewards in operant tasks. In the present study, we explored both of these mechanisms by examining food anticipatory activity (FAA) in dopamine D2 receptor‐overexpressing (D2R‐OE) mice under various durations of food availability. First, we noted that at baseline, there were no differences between D2R‐OE mice and their littermates in activity level, food intake, and body weight or in circadian activity. Under conditions of very restricted food availability (4 or 6 hr), both genotypes displayed FAA. In contrast, under 8‐hr food availability, control mice showed FAA, but D2R‐OE mice did not. Normalization of D2R by administration of doxycycline, a tetracycline analogue, rescued FAA under 8‐hr restricted food. We next tested for circadian regulation of FAA. When given ad libitum access to food, neither D2R‐OE nor controls were active during the daytime. However, after an interval of food restriction, all mice showed elevated locomotor activity at the time of previous food availability in the day, indicating circadian timing of anticipatory activity. In summary, motivation is reduced in D2R‐OE mice but circadian timing behavior is not affected. We conclude that an increase in striatal D2R reduces FAA by modulating motivation and not by acting on a clock mechanism.
Detectability of stop‐signal determines magnitude of deceleration in saccade planning
Authors: Indrajeet Indrajeet , Ray Supriya 
Published: October 2018

AbstractAn inhibitory control is exerted when the context in which a movement has been planned changes abruptly making the impending movement inappropriate. Neurons in the frontal eye field and superior colliculus steadily increase activity before a saccadic eye movement, but cease the rise below a threshold when an impending saccade is withheld in response to an unexpected stop‐signal. This type of neural modulation has been majorly considered as an outcome of a race between preparatory and inhibitory processes ramping up to reach a decision criterion. An alternative model claims that the rate of saccade planning is diminished exclusively when the stop‐signal is detected within a stipulated period. However, due to a dearth of empirical evidence in support of the latter model, it remains unclear how the detectability of the stop‐signal influences saccade inhibition. In our study, human participants selected a visual target to look at by discriminating a go‐cue. Infrequently they cancelled saccade and reported whether they saw the stop‐signal. The go‐cue and stop‐signal both were embedded in a stream of irrelevant stimuli presented in rapid succession. Participants exhibited difficulty in detection of the stop‐signal when presented almost immediately after the go‐cue. We found a robust relationship between the detectability of the stop‐signal and the odds of saccade inhibition. Saccade latency increased exponentially with the maximum time available for processing the stop‐signal before gaze shifted. A model in which the stop‐signal onset spontaneously decelerated progressive saccade planning with the magnitude proportional to its detectability accounted for the data.
Diagnostic value of the 2017 McDonald criteria in patients with a first demyelinating event suggestive of relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis
Authors: Lee D.‐H. , Peschke M. , Utz K. S. , Linker R. A. 
Published: October 2018

Background and purposeFor the diagnosis of relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS), the revised 2017 McDonald criteria include cerebrospinal fluid specific oligoclonal bands as a new criterion for dissemination in time. Amongst other things, one expectation of the new criteria is to marginalize the diagnosis of clinically isolated syndrome (CIS), thus allowing for a faster and at the same time still reliable diagnosis of RRMS.MethodsIn this study, data from an unselected patient cohort with a typical CIS and dissemination in space at a large German Multiple Sclerosis Center from 2013 to 2016 were re‐analysed to compare differences in diagnosing RRMS with the 2017 versus 2010 McDonald criteria in everyday practice.ResultsOut of a cohort of 290 patients presenting with a typical first demyelinating event, 52% (152 patients) with the diagnosis of RRMS and 48% (138 patients) with the diagnosis of CIS according to the 2010 McDonald criteria were identified. The application of the 2017 McDonald criteria in the same patients increased the number of definite RRMS to 94% (273), thus leaving only 6% of patients with the diagnosis of CIS. The reason for this shift was the presence of cerebrospinal fluid specific oligoclonal bands which was found in 92.7% of the total population and in all patients with 2017 McDonald RRMS. Over a mean follow‐up of 1.5 years, 50% of patients formerly diagnosed with CIS who are now RRMS also fulfilled the 2010 McDonald criteria.ConclusionsOur data support the use of the 2017 McDonald criteria for a more sensitive, but not that specific, diagnosis of RRMS in everyday practice.
Higher intake of medications for digestive disorders in children prenatally exposed to drugs with atropinic properties
Authors: Benevent Justine , Hurault‐Delarue Caroline , Araujo Mélanie , Montastruc François , Montastruc Jean‐Louis , Lacroix Isabelle , Damase‐Michel Christine 
Published: October 2018

AbstractChildhood digestive disorders are a common occurrence and are sometimes unexplained. Maternal medication during the development of the foetus' digestive system may contribute to the increase in childhood digestive disorders, especially with drugs acting on the cholinergic system. This study investigated the association between prenatal exposure to drugs with atropinic properties and the use of digestive disorder medications in childhood (0–3 years). Children from POMME (PrescriptiOn Médicaments Mères Enfants), a French database of reimbursed drugs for pregnant women and their children, were included (N = 8 372). Each drug prescribed during antenatal life was assigned an atropinic score (0 = null, 1 = low, 3 = strong). The prenatal atropinic burden was calculated as the sum of atropinic scores of drugs prescribed. More than 30% (N = 2 652) of the children were prenatally exposed to atropinic drugs. They used significantly more digestive disorder medications than unexposed children (RRa = 1.11 [1.06; 1.16]). The strength of the association increased with the prenatal atropinic burden. Our results suggest long‐term digestive effects after prenatal exposure to atropinic drugs.
Shedding light on IRIS: from Pathophysiology to Treatment of Cryptococcal Meningitis and Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome in HIV‐Infected Individuals
Authors: Balasko A , Keynan Y 
Published: October 2018

ObjectivesThe aim of this work was to review current treatment options and propose alternatives for immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) in HIV‐infected individuals with cryptococcal meningitis (CM) (termed ‘HIV‐CM IRIS’). As a consequence of the immunocompromised state of these individuals, the initial immune response to CM is predominantly type 2 T helper (Th2) /Th17 rather than Th1, leading to inefficient fungal clearance at the time of antiretroviral initiation, and a subsequent overexaggeration of the Th1 response and life‐threatening IRIS development.MethodsAn article‐based and clinical trial‐based search was conducted to investigate HIV‐CM IRIS pathophysiology and current treatment practices.ResultsGuidelines for CM treatment, based on the Cryptococcal Optimal Antiretroviral Timing (COAT) trial, recommend delayed antiretroviral therapy (ART) following antifungal treatment. The approach aims to decrease fungal burden and allow immune balance restoration prior to ART initiation. If the initial immune balance is not restored, the fungal burden is not sufficiently reduced and there is a risk of developing IRIS post‐ART, highlighted by a Th1 immune overcompensation, leading to increased mortality. The mainstay treatment for Th1‐biased IRIS is corticosteroids; however, this treatment has been shown to correlate with increased mortality and significant associated adverse events. We emphasize targeting a more specific Th1 mechanism via the tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α cytokine antagonist thalidomide, as it is the only TNF‐α antagonist currently approved for use in infectious disease settings and has been shown to decrease Th1 overreaction, restoring immune balance in HIV‐CM IRIS.ConclusionsAlthough the side effects and limitations of thalidomide must be considered, it is currently being successfully used in infectious disease settings and warrants mainstream application as a therapeutic option for treatment of IRIS in HIV‐infected patients with CM.
Heterogeneity of virological suppression in the national antiretroviral programme of Cameroon (ANRS 12288 EVOLCAM)
Authors: Liégeois F , Eymard‐Duvernay S , Boyer S , Maradan G , Kouanfack C , Domyeum J , Boyer V , Mpoudi‐Ngolé E , Spire B , Delaporte E , Vidal L , Kuaban C , Laurent C ,   the EVOLCAM study group
Published: October 2018

ObjectivesIn terms of HIV infection, western and central Africa is the second most affected region world‐wide, and the gap between the regional figures for the testing and treatment cascade and the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) 90–90–90 targets is particularly worrying. We assessed the prevalence of virological suppression in patients routinely treated in 19 hospitals in Cameroon.MethodsA cross‐sectional survey was performed in adult patients receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) in the Centre and Littoral regions. The prevalences of virological suppression (<1000 HIV‐1 RNA copies/mL) were compared among all 19 hospitals using the χ2 test. Potential individual and health care‐related determinants of virological suppression were assessed using multivariate logistic regression models.ResultsA total of 1700 patients (74% women; median age 41 years; median time on ART 3.7 years) were included in the study. The prevalence of virological suppression was 82.4% overall (95% confidence interval 80.5–84.2%). It ranged from 57.1 to 97.4% according to the individual hospital (P < 0.001). After adjustment, virological suppression was associated with age, CD4 cell count at ART initiation, disclosure of HIV status to family members, interruption of ART for more than two consecutive days, and location of patient's residence and hospital (rural/urban). These factors did not explain the heterogeneity of virological suppression between the study hospitals (P < 0.001).ConclusionsThe overall prevalence of virological suppression was reassuring. Nevertheless, the heterogeneity of virological suppression among hospitals highlights that, in addition to programme‐level data, health facility‐level data are crucial in order to tailor the national AIDS programme's interventions with a view to achieving the third UNAIDS 90 target.
Influence of plant growth regulators on key‐coding genes expression associated with phytochemicals biosynthesis and antioxidant activity in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr) sprouts
Authors: Guo Xinbo , Wang Linzhen , Chang Xiaoxiao , Li Quan , Abbasi Arshad Mehmood 
Published: October 2018

SummaryThe present study was aimed to investigate the effect of plant growth regulators (PGRs) on phytochemicals biosynthesis and antioxidant activity in soybean sprouts. GmVTC2, GmDHAR and GmGLDH were investigated for the biosynthesis of vitamin C. GmPAL, GmCHS and GmIFS were investigated for the biosynthesis of phenolics, flavonoids and isoflavones. Our results revealed that 6‐benzylaminopurine (6‐BA) treatment significantly affected the expression levels of those major genes, followed by Gibberellin (GA3) and Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). Moreover, the highest levels of vitamin C, polyphenolics and antioxidant activity in 6‐BA and GA3 treated groups indicate the synergistic and antagonistic role of growth regulators in the biosynthesis of phytochemicals. Overall, 6‐BA seems the key contributor in genes’ expression involve in the biosynthesis secondary metabolites and their antioxidant activity. Therefore, it could be the most suitable option to enhance nutritional quantity and health benefits of soybean sprouts.
Microbiological, chemical and sensory aspects of bread supplemented with different percentages of the culinary mushroom Pleurotus eryngii in powder form
Authors: Gaglio Raimondo , Guarcello Rosa , Venturella Giuseppe , Palazzolo Eristanna , Francesca Nicola , Moschetti Giancarlo , Settanni Luca , Saporita Paola , Gargano Maria Letizia 
Published: October 2018

AbstractPleurotus eryngii (DC.) Quél. powder was used in bread production. Three dough trials (0, 5 and 10% of mushroom) were obtained with commercial baker's yeast. P. eryngii powder was first tested against several yeast species; 10% P. eryngii trial was characterised by the highest pH and total titratable acidity. P. eryngii did not influence negatively the fermentation process, since all trials reached yeast levels of 108 CFU g−1. Mushroom powder decreased bread height and softness, increased crust redness and crumb void fraction and cell density and, although the breads were scored diverse, the overall assessment was comparable. The final breads provided higher concentrations of thiamin, riboflavin and pantothenic acid than control breads and, mostly importantly, supplied biotin, cobalamin and cholecalciferol generally absent in wheat bread. P. eryngii can be cultivated on food residues. Thus, its inclusion in functional bread production represents an optimal strategy for the valorisation of food processing by‐products.
Effect of audiovisual distraction on the management of dental anxiety in children: A systematic review
Authors: Liu Yunkun , Gu Zhiyu , Wang Yan , Wu Qi , Chen Vivian , Xu Xin , Zhou Xuedong 
Published: October 2018

SummaryBackgroundAudiovisual distraction, a non‐pharmacological intervention, has been used to manage dental anxiety in prior clinical trials.AimSynthesize the available evidences to evaluate the efficacy of audiovisual distraction techniques on the management of dental anxiety in children.DesignElectronic databases (PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Embase) were searched. We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs), and methodological quality of included trials was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration's criteria. Information on reported anxiety, pain, behaviors, vital signs (including blood pressure, oxygen saturation, and pulse rate), and children satisfaction was analyzed.ResultsNine studies were included for a systematic review, and none of them had low risk of bias. Significant differences in anxiety were found. According to the study, a majority of results indicated a significant difference in pain and behavior between the audiovisual and control group. Three studies reported children in the audiovisual group preferred usage of an audiovisual device for future dental visits. No significant differences could be found regarding blood pressure.ConclusionsThere is some low‐quality evidence suggesting that the usage of audiovisual distraction during dental treatment may relieve children's dental anxiety.