bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Calibration of European web‐crippling equations for cold‐formed C‐ and Z‐sections
Authors: Misiek Thomas , Belica Andrej 
Published: January 2019

AbstractCurrent design equations given in EN 1993‐1‐3 for calculating the web‐crippling resistance of cross‐sections with one web were copied from the AISI's Specification for the design of cold‐formed steel structural members, taking into account the different safety concepts: load and resistance factor design (LRFD), with resistance factors ϕw applied to nominal values, and limit state design, with partial factors γM applied to characteristic values as defined in EN 1990. Furthermore, the web‐crippling equations of subsequent editions of the AISI specification (then designated AISI S100) were completely revised based on the web‐crippling data collected and evaluated by Beshara and Schuster [5].This paper presents the results of a calibration of a generalized web‐crippling equation to be used for cross‐sections with one web (i.e. C‐ and Z‐sections). The coefficients of the generalized web‐crippling equation were calibrated to comply with the safety concept described in EN 1990, taking into account EN 1990, Annex D, and a partial factor γM1 = 1.1. This paper therefore provides an introduction to as well as background information on proposed changes and amendments to EN 1993‐1‐3.
Dimensional Control in Contorted Aromatic Materials
Authors: Peurifoy Samuel R. , Sisto Thomas J. , Ng Fay , Steigerwald Michael L. , Chen Rongsheng , Nuckolls Colin 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThis Account details key developments in dimensional control of contorted aromatics for organic electronics. Coronene, perylene, pyrene, and [4]helicene, which are fragments of graphene, can be contorted using facile synthetic chemistry into large nanoribbons and nano‐architectures. In comparing contorted or higher‐dimensional graphene architectures to planar or lower‐dimensional species, the materials properties are reliably enhanced for the contorted aromatics. Examples of enhanced properties include optical absorptivity, conductivity, device photoconversion efficiency, and solubility. These enhancements are exemplified in organic photovoltaics, photodetectors, field effect transistors, and perovskite solar cells. Described herein are key advances in dimensional control of contorted aromatics that have resulted in world record photoconversion efficiencies, photodetection capabilities matching inorganic state‐of‐the‐art devices, and ∼5 nm long ultrathin soluble graphene nanoribbons.
Utilising Principles of Earth Jurisprudence to Prevent Environmental Harm: Applying a Case Study of Unconventional Hydraulic Fracturing for Shale Gas in the United Kingdom
Authors: Lampkin Jack A. , Wyatt Tanya 
Published: January 2019

AbstractApproaching behaviour that produces environmental harm through the medium of criminal sanctions (largely involving monetary penalties) has been criticised consistently as failing to prevent environmental crimes and harms, and failing to concurrently reduce environmental re-offending. Furthermore, important state–corporate political and economic relationships exist that ensure the continuation of environmental degradation. We suggest that a way to overcome this is to re-work the current legal system to one grounded in Earth jurisprudence. Although we realise that state–corporate relationships would likely prevent the implementation of Earth jurisprudential principles, we argue such principles are essential to up-end the prioritisation of economic imperatives over ecological values within capitalist societies. To demonstrate the strength and utility of the Earth jurisprudential approach, we use the case of fracking for shale gas in the United Kingdom to examine how Earth jurisprudential principles could prevent environmental harm from occurring.
Open-Source Public Transportation Mobility Simulation Engine DTALite-S: A Discretized Space–Time Network-Based Modeling Framework for Bridging Multi-agent Simulation and Optimization
Authors: Tong Lu , Pan Yuyan , Shang Pan , Guo Jifu , Xian Kai , Zhou Xuesong 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Recently, an open-source light-weight dynamic traffic assignment (DTA) package, namely DTALite, has been developed to allow a rapid utilization of advanced dynamic traffic analysis capabilities. Aiming to bridge the modeling gaps between multi-agent simulation and optimization in a multimodal environment, we further design and develop DTALite-S to simplify the traffic flow dynamic representation details in DTALite for future extensions. We hope to offer a unified modeling framework with inherently consistent space–time network representations for both optimization formulation and simulation process. This paper includes three major modeling components: (1) mathematic formulations to describe traffic and public transportation simulation problem on a space–time network; (2) transportation transition dynamics involving multiple agents in the optimization process; (3) an alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM)-based modeling structure to link different features between multi-agent simulation and optimization used in transportation. This unified framework can be embedded in a Lagrangian relaxation method and a time-oriented sequential simulation procedure to handle many general applications. We carried out a case study by using this unified framework to simulate the passenger traveling process in Beijing subway network which contains 18 urban rail transit lines, 343 stations, and 52 transfer stations. Via the ADMM-based solution approach, queue lengths at platforms, in-vehicle congestion levels and absolute deviation of travel times are obtained within 1560 seconds.The case study indicate that the open-source DTALite-S integrates simulation and optimization procedure for complex dynamic transportation systems and can efficiently generate comprehensive space-time traveling status.
Diabetes is a Risk Factor for Inflatable Penile Prosthesis Infection: Analysis of a Large Statewide Database
Authors: Lipsky Michael J. , Onyeji Ifeanyi , Golan Ron , Munarriz Ricardo , Kashanian James A. , Stember Doron S. , Stahl Peter J. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract

Introduction
Although diabetes mellitus (DM) is often discussed as a risk factor for inflatable penile prosthesis (IPP) infection, the link between DM diagnosis and IPP infection remains controversial. High-quality population-based data linking DM to an increased risk of IPP infection have not been published.

Aim
To evaluate the association of DM with IPP infection in a large public New York state database.

Methods
The New York Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System (SPARCS) database was queried for men who underwent initial IPP insertion from 1995–2014. Diabetic patients were identified using ICD-9-CM codes. Patients presenting for first operation with diagnosis or Current Procedural Terminology codes suggestive of prior IPP surgery were excluded. Chi-squared analyses were performed to compare infection rates in diabetics and non-diabetics within the pre- and postantibiotic impregnated eras. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards models were constructed to evaluate whether or not DM was independently associated with IPP infection in the time periods before (1995–2003) and after (2004–2014) the widespread availability of antibiotic impregnated penile prostheses.

Main Outcome Measure
Time to prosthesis infection was measured.

Results
14,969 patients underwent initial IPP insertion during the study period. The overall infection rate was 343/14,969 (2.3%). Infections occurred at a median 3.9 months after implant (interquartile ratio: 1.0–25.0 months). Infectious complications were experienced by 3% (133/4,478) of diabetic patients and 2% (210/10,491) of non-diabetic patients (P &lt; .001). Diabetes was associated with a significantly increased IPP infection risk on multivariable analysis controlling for age, race, comorbidities, insurance status, annual surgeon volume, and era of implantation (Hazard Ratio: 1.32, 95% CI: 1.05–1.66, P = .016).

Conclusion
Our analysis supports the notion that DM is a risk factor for IPP infection. This has important implications for patient selection and counseling, and raises the question of whether this increased risk can be mitigated by optimization of glycemic control before surgery.
IL-10 is associated with increased mu-opioid receptor levels in major depressive disorder
Authors: Al-Fadhel Suhaer Zeki , Al-Hakeim Hussein Kadhem , Al-Dujaili Arafat Hussein , Maes Michael 
Published: January 2019

AbstractObjective:Activation of the immune-inflammatory response system (IRS) and the compensatory immune-regulatory system (CIRS) and aberrations in endogenous opioids play a role in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD). There are no studies which examined the associations between both systems in MDD. The aim of the present study was to examine the relation between β-Endorphin (β-EP), Endomorphin-2, and their mu-opioid receptor (MOR) as well as interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10, an anti-inflammatory cytokine, in MDD patients.Method:The study included 60 depressed drug-free male patients and 30 matched controls. Serum β-EP, Endomorphin-2, MOR, IL-6 and IL-10 levels were measured using ELISA techniques.Results:The results revealed a significant increase in serum β-EP, MOR, IL-6 and IL-10 in MDD patients versus healthy controls. MOR levels were strongly associated with IL-10 levels. There were no significant correlations between endogenous opioids and IL-6 and IL-10.Conclusion:The results show that MOR levels may function as a possible component of the CIRS whilst there is no evidence that β-EP and EM-2 may modify the IRS. The significant correlation between MOR levels and IL-10 may be explained through central activation of the HPA-axis and increased B-cell numbers expressing MOR as a response to cytokine over-secretion in MDD.
A novel rapid method of purely elastic solution correction to estimate multiaxial elastic-plastic behaviour
Authors: Antoni Nicolas 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
In structural analysis, it is of paramount importance to assess the level of plasticity a structure may experience under monotonic or cyclic loading as this may have a significant impact, particularly in fatigue analysis for singular areas. For efficient design analyses, it is often searched for a compromise in accuracy that consists in correcting a purely elastic analysis, generally simpler and faster to obtain compared to a full non-linear Finite Element (FE) analysis involving elastic-plastic behaviour, to estimate the actual elastic-plastic solution. There exists a great number of correction techniques in the literature among which the most famous and commonly used are Neuber and ESED energy-based methods. Nonetheless, both of them are known to provide respectively upper and lower bounds of the exact solution in most cases, with a relative deviation depending on the level of multiaxiality and on the amount of stress redistribution due to yielding. The new methodology presented in this paper is based on the well-known multiaxial Radial Return Method (RRM) revisited using effective parameters approach. By essence, it is fast and can be applied either to analytical elastic problems or to more complex three-dimensional elastic FE analyses. The accuracy of the proposed method is assessed by direct comparison with results from Neuber and ESED methods on various examples. It is also shown for each of them that this new method is very good agreement with the exact elastic-plastic solution.
Highlights A new technique of purely elastic solution correction is presented and evaluated. The proposed method relies on the modification of Return Radial Method (RRM) considering effective parameters in lieu of initial elastic tensor. The obtained equation preserves the simplicity and efficiency of other well-known energy-based methods such as Neuber and ESED. It is shown on several examples that the proposed technique is in very good agreement with the exact or FE elastic-plastic solution, with very low relative deviation.
New sharks and other chondrichthyans from the latest Maastrichtian (Late Cretaceous) of North America
Authors: Gates Terry A. , Gorscak Eric , Makovicky Peter J. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractCretaceous aquatic ecosystems were amazingly diverse, containing most clades of extant aquatic vertebrates as well as an array of sharks and rays not present today. Here we report on the chondrichthyan fauna from the late Maastrichtian site that yielded the Tyrannosaurus rex skeleton FMNH PF 2081 (“SUE”). Significant among the recovered fauna is an unidentified species of carcharhinid shark that adds to the fossil record of this family in the Cretaceous, aligning with estimates from molecular evidence of clade originations. Additionally, a new orectolobiform shark, here named Galagadon nordquistae n. gen. n. sp., is diagnosed on the basis on several autapomorphies from over two-dozen teeth. Common chondrichthyan species found at the “SUE” locality include Lonchidion selachos and Myledaphus pustulosus. Two phylogenetic analyses (Maximum Parsimony and Bayesian Inference) based on twelve original dental character traits combined with 136 morphological traits from a prior study of 28 fossil and extant taxa, posited Galagadon n. gen. in two distinct positions: as part of a clade inclusive of the fossil species Cretorectolobus olsoni and Cederstroemia triangulata plus extant orectolobids from the Maximum Parsimony analysis; and as the sister taxon to all extant hemiscyllids from the Bayesian Inference. Model-based biogeographical reconstructions based on both optimal trees suggest rapid island hopping-style dispersal from the Western Pacific to the Western Interior Seaway of North America where Galagadon n. gen. lived. Alternatively, the next preferred model posits a broader, near-global distribution of Orectolobiformes with Galagadon n. gen. dispersing into its geographic position from this large ancestral range.UUID: http://zoobank.org/61e32ffc-4f87-4ff7-820d-0bb33a80f0a0
Bayesian statistics to test Bayes optimality
Authors: Turner Brandon M. , McClelland James L. , Busemeyer Jerome 
Published: January 2019

AbstractWe agree with the authors that putting forward specific models and examining their agreement with experimental data are the best approach for understanding the nature of decision making. Although the authors only consider the likelihood function, prior, cost function, and decision rule (LPCD) framework, other choices are available. Bayesian statistics can be used to estimate essential parameters and assess the degree of optimality.
LPCD framework: Analytical tool or psychological model?
Authors: Danks David 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe target article uses a mathematical framework derived from Bayesian decision making to demonstrate suboptimal decision making but then attributes psychological reality to the framework components. Rahnev & Denison's (R&D) positive proposal thus risks ignoring plausible psychological theories that could implement complex perceptual decision making. We must be careful not to slide from success with an analytical tool to the reality of the tool components.
Serial effects are optimal
Authors: Cicchini Guido Marco , Burr David C. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractIn the target article, Rahnev & Denison (R&D) use serial effects as an example of suboptimality. We show here that serial effects can be beneficial to perception, serving to reduce both error and response times in a near-optimal fashion. Furthermore, serial effects for stable attributes are positive, whereas those for changeable attributes are negative, demonstrating that they are engaged flexibly to optimize performance.
When the simplest voluntary decisions appear patently suboptimal
Authors: Salinas Emilio , Seideman Joshua A. , Stanford Terrence R. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractRahnev & Denison (R&D) catalog numerous experiments in which performance deviates, often in subtle ways, from the theoretical ideal. We discuss an extreme case, an elementary behavior (reactive saccades to single targets) for which a simple contextual manipulation results in responses that are dramatically different from those expected based on reward maximization – and yet are highly informative and amenable to mechanistic examination.
Leveraging decision consistency to decompose suboptimality in terms of its ultimate predictability
Authors: Wyart Valentin 
Published: January 2019

AbstractAlthough the suboptimality of perceptual decision making is indisputable in its strictest sense, characterizing the nature of suboptimalities constitutes a valuable drive for future research. I argue that decision consistency offers a rarely measured, yet important behavioral metric for decomposing suboptimality (or, more generally, deviations from any candidate model of decision making) into ultimately predictable and inherently unpredictable components.
Strength in numbers: A survival strategy that helps explain social bonding and commitment
Authors: Lankford Adam 
Published: January 2019

AbstractWe seek strength in numbers as a survival strategy, so it seems unlikely that social bonds would make us want to intentionally die. However, our deep desire to be protected may explain our attraction to exaggerated notions of intentional self-sacrifice – even though research on suicide terrorists, kamikaze pilots, and cult members suggests they were not actually dying for their group.
What motivates devoted actors to extreme sacrifice, identity fusion, or sacred values?
Authors: Atran Scott , Gómez Ángel 
Published: January 2019

AbstractWhy do some individuals willingly make extreme sacrifices for their group? Whitehouse argues that such willingness stems from a visceral feeling of oneness with the group – identity fusion – that emerges from intense, shared dysphoric experiences or from perceived close kinship with others. Although Whitehouse's argument makes a valuable contribution to understanding extreme sacrifice, factors independent of identity fusion, such as devotion to sacred values, can predict self-sacrifice.
Identity fusion “in the wild”: Moving toward or away from a general theory of identity fusion?
Authors: Swann William B. , Jetten Jolanda 
Published: January 2019

AbstractWhitehouse's focus on two causes of identity fusion (evolution and shared experiences/biology) deepens understanding of these specific topics. While we applaud his analysis, in his efforts to elaborate these two causes, he has – perhaps unavoidably – produced a narrower conceptualization of identity fusion. This is unfortunate because it undermines his stated goal of developing a more general, encompassing theory.
Origins of social fusion
Authors: Rochat Philippe 
Published: January 2019

AbstractDo instances of extreme self-sacrifice represent a valid paradigm to capture what makes typical individuals fuse with others? Probably not, because they can be viewed as aberrant phenomena. To understand the origins and mechanisms of human social fusion, one should first look at the development of babies and young children. Typical development represents the best alternative to Whitehouse's extreme model of social fusion.
Extreme self-sacrifice beyond fusion: Moral expansiveness and the special case of allyship
Authors: Crimston Daniel , Hornsey Matthew J. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractAs a general theory of extreme self-sacrifice, Whitehouse's article misses one relevant dimension: people's willingness to fight and die in support of entities not bound by biological markers or ancestral kinship (allyship). We discuss research on moral expansiveness, which highlights individuals’ capacity to self-sacrifice for targets that lie outside traditional in-group markers, including racial out-groups, animals, and the natural environment.
Does identity fusion give rise to the group – or the reverse? Politics- versus community-based groups
Authors: Khalil Elias L. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThis comment questions Whitehouse's theory. This comment proffers that people first choose their identity and later employ shared facts from the past to cement it. This is true with respect to two kinds of group identity: politics- and community-based identities. Contrary to Whitehouse, neither shared biology nor shared experience from the past is necessary for the constitution of either kind.
Considering selection pressures for identity fusion and self-sacrifice in small-scale societies
Authors: Wiessner Polly 
Published: January 2019

AbstractWhitehouse's view that our ultrasocial species evolved in small, warring bands is questioned, and alternative social selection pressures for the evolution of identity fusion and self-sacrifice in small-scale societies are proposed. Short durations of states of fusion allow for re-evaluation of risks; the consolidation of episodic memories into collective oral traditions elicits cooperation. Dysmorphic memories may be more powerful in generating identity fusion when followed by euphoric ones, as in “rites of torture” in male initiations.
Segregation and belief polarization as boundary conditions for when fusion leads to self-sacrifice
Authors: Melton Zachary J. , Motyl Matt 
Published: January 2019

AbstractPhysical enclavement, away from out-group members, may determine when identify fusion leads to self-sacrifice. When people surround themselves with ideologically similar others, their attitudes may polarize and become moralized, leading to more violence and hostility toward people who do not share those attitudes. We discuss how this segregation may increase the amount of political violence in typically nonviolent systems.
Accumulative fusion and the issue of age: Reconciling the model with the data
Authors: Rosenzweig Cheskie , Ruisch Benjamin C. , Stern Chadly 
Published: January 2019

AbstractWe discuss a disconnect between the predictions of Whitehouse's model regarding the accumulative nature of fusion and real-world data regarding the age at which people generally engage in self-sacrifice. We argue that incorporating the link between age and identity development into Whitehouse's theoretical framework is central to understanding when and why people engage in self-sacrifice on behalf of the group.
Religious Attendance Moderates the Environmental Effect on Prosocial Behavior in Nigerian Adolescents
Authors: Hur Yoon-Mi , Jeong Hoe-Uk , Ajose Frances , Knafo-Noam Ariel 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThere is a growing body of literature linking religious attendance to prosocial behavior (PB). The main purposes of the present study were to estimate genetic and environmental influences on the frequency of religious attendance (FRA) and to explore whether and how FRA moderates genetic and/or environmental influences on PB. As part of the Nigerian Twin and Sibling Study, 2860 (280 monozygotic male, 417 monozygotic female, 544 dizygotic male, 699 dizygotic female, and 920 opposite-sex dizygotic) twins (mean age = 14.2 years; SD = 1.7 years; age range = 12–18 years) completed a questionnaire regarding FRA and a PB scale. Similar to the findings from western twin samples, FRA showed substantial shared environmental influences of 74% (95% CI = 69%, 78%), with absence of genetic effects. The phenotypic correlation between FRA and PB was modest but positive and significant (r = .12; p < .01), suggesting that PB is higher among more frequent attenders than among less frequent attenders. The results of gene–environment (G × E) interaction model-fitting analysis revealed that FRA changed individual environmental experiences rather than genetic effects on PB such that while genetic variance was stable, non-shared environmental variance declined, leading the total phenotypic variance of PB to decrease with increasing levels of religious attendance.