bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Influence of the Barrier Layer on SST Response during Tropical Cyclone Wind Forcing Using Idealized Experiments
Authors: Rudzin Johna E. , Shay Lynn K. , Johns William E. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractMultiple studies have shown that reduced sea surface temperature (SST) cooling occurs under tropical cyclones (TCs) where a fresh surface layer and subsurface halocline exist. Reduced SST cooling in these scenarios has been attributed to a barrier layer, an upper-ocean feature in the tropical global oceans in which a halocline resides within the isothermal mixed layer. Because upper-ocean stratification theoretically reduces ocean mixing induced by winds, the barrier layer is thought to reduce SST cooling during TC passage, sustaining heat and moisture fluxes into the storm. This research examines how both the inclusion of salinity and upper-ocean salinity stratification influences SST cooling for a variety of upper-ocean thermal regimes using one-dimensional (1D) ocean mixed layer (OML) models. The Kraus–Turner, Price–Weller–Pinkel, and Pollard–Rhines–Thompson 1D OML schemes are used to examine SST cooling and OML deepening during 30 m s−1 wind forcing (~category 1 TC) for both temperature-only and temperature–salinity stratification cases. Generally, the inclusion of salinity (a barrier layer) reduces SST cooling for all temperature regimes. However, results suggest that SST cooling sensitivities exist depending on thermal regime, salinity stratification, and the 1D OML model used. Upper-ocean thermal and haline characteristics are put into context of SST cooling with the creation of a barrier layer baroclinic wave speed to emphasize the influence of salinity stratification on upper-ocean response under TC wind forcing.
Consistency between Sea Surface Reconstructions from Nautical X-Band Radar Doppler and Amplitude Measurements
Authors: Støle-Hentschel Susanne , Seemann Jörg , Nieto Borge José Carlos , Trulsen Karsten 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThis study comprises the analysis and the interpretation of the coherent and the noncoherent parts of a coherent-on-receive microwave radar at grazing incidence conditions. The Doppler measurement is an extension of standard civil marine radar technology. While intensity images require interpretation based on understanding the underlying imaging mechanism, the Doppler signal measures the motion of an area of sea surface and is therefore closely related to the wave physics. Both the measured Doppler signal and the backscatter intensity signal are suitable for surface inversion and give almost identical surface elevations. A statistical comparison with a nearby buoy showed good correlation for the significant wave height and the peak period. By comparing the Doppler signal and the amplitude in the backscatter, the study amends the understanding of imaging mechanisms in marine radars at grazing incidence.
Improving the Explicit Prediction of Freezing Rain in a Kilometer-Scale Numerical Weather Prediction Model
Authors: Barszcz Agnieszka , Milbrandt Jason A. , Thériault Julie M. 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
A freezing rain event, in which the Meteorological Centre of Canada’s 2.5-km numerical weather prediction system significantly underpredicted the quantity of freezing rain, is examined. The prediction system models precipitation types explicitly, directly from the Milbrandt–Yau microphysics scheme. It was determined that the freezing rain underprediction for this case was due primarily to excessive refreezing of rain, originating from melting snow and graupel, in and under the temperature inversion of the advancing warm front ultimately depleting the supply of rain reaching the surface. The refreezing was caused from excessive collisional freezing between rain and graupel. Sensitivity experiments were conducted to examine the effects of a temperature threshold for collisional freezing and on varying the values of the collection efficiencies between rain and ice-phase hydrometeors. It was shown that by reducing the rain–graupel collection efficiency and by imposing a temperature threshold of −5°C, above which collisional freezing is not permitted, excessive rain–graupel collection and graupel formation can be controlled in the microphysics scheme, leading to an improved simulation of freezing rain at the surface.
The challenge of improving the diagnostic yield from metanephrine testing in suspected phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma
Authors: Samsudin Intan , Page Michael M , Hoad Kirsten , Chubb Paul , Gillett Melissa , Glendenning Paul , Vasikaran Samuel 
Published: April 2018

Background Plasma-free metanephrines (PFM) or urinary fractionated metanephrines (UFM) are the preferred biochemical tests for the diagnosis of phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma (PPGL). Borderline increased results should be followed up to either exclude or confirm diagnosis. Methods We extracted all PFM and UFM results reported by our laboratory over a six-month period from the laboratory information system. We categorized patients with borderline increased results according to whether follow-up testing had been performed as suggested in the initial laboratory report. Questionnaires were then sent to all requesting doctors and medical notes reviewed where available. Results Two hundred and four patients with borderline increased PFM or UFM were identified. Sixty-five (38.5%) of 169 patients with borderline increased PFM had a repeat test out of which 36 were normal and 29 did not normalize. Of 35 patients with borderline increased UFM, 17 (48.6%) had subsequent PFM measurement, out of which 15 were normal. Questionnaires were returned to 106 (52%) patients. Of these, the most frequent indication for testing was hypertension ( n = 50); 15 patients had an incidental adrenal mass and two of these patients were diagnosed with a phaeochromocytoma. Conclusion Only 38% of patients with borderline increased PFM had a repeat PFM measurement. This was not significantly higher when compared with the 28% in a previous audit that we reported in 2010 ( P = 0.10). Forty-nine per cent of patients with a borderline increased UFM had a repeat UFM or PFM measurement. There remains a substantial possibility of missed detection of PPGL.
Services, systems, and policies affecting mobility device users’ community mobility: A scoping review
Authors: Jónasdóttir Sigrún Kristín , Polgar Jan Miller 
Published: April 2018

Background. Opportunities to travel from one place to another in the community, or community mobility, are especially important for mobility device users’ ability to participate fully in society. However, contextual challenges to such mobility exist. Purpose. This study summarizes the literature on existing community mobility barriers and facilitators of mobility device users created by services, systems, and policies as defined by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF). Method. Arksey and O’Malley’s approach for scoping studies was used for the review. The extraction chart was organized following the ICF, and frequency counts were used to report the data. Findings. The findings suggest that certain factors, such as transportation, open-space planning, and architecture and construction, influence community mobility opportunities. However, little attention has been paid to services, systems, and policies in the research literature, limiting the knowledge on the subject. Implications. Further research is needed to examine the relationship between specific services, systems, and policies and mobility device users’ mobility within their communities.
Examining Cybersecurity of Cyberphysical Systems for Critical Infrastructures Through Work Domain Analysis
Authors: Wang Hao , Lau Nathan , Gerdes Ryan M. 
Published: April 2018

Objective: The aim of this study was to apply work domain analysis for cybersecurity assessment and design of supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems. Background: Adoption of information and communication technology in cyberphysical systems (CPSs) for critical infrastructures enables automated and distributed control but introduces cybersecurity risk. Many CPSs employ SCADA industrial control systems that have become the target of cyberattacks, which inflict physical damage without use of force. Given that absolute security is not feasible for complex systems, cyberintrusions that introduce unanticipated events will occur; a proper response will in turn require human adaptive ability. Therefore, analysis techniques that can support security assessment and human factors engineering are invaluable for defending CPSs. Method: We conducted work domain analysis using the abstraction hierarchy (AH) to model a generic SCADA implementation to identify the functional structures and means–ends relations. We then adopted a case study approach examining the Stuxnet cyberattack by developing and integrating AHs for the uranium enrichment process, SCADA implementation, and malware to investigate the interactions between the three aspects of cybersecurity in CPSs. Results: The AHs for modeling a generic SCADA implementation and studying the Stuxnet cyberattack are useful for mapping attack vectors, identifying deficiencies in security processes and features, and evaluating proposed security solutions with respect to system objectives. Conclusion: Work domain analysis is an effective analytical method for studying cybersecurity of CPSs for critical infrastructures in a psychologically relevant manner. Application: Work domain analysis should be applied to assess cybersecurity risk and inform engineering and user interface design.
Academic Facility Utilization and Survival Outcomes in Adult Head and Neck Sarcomas: An NCDB Analysis
Authors: Cannon Richard B. , Carpenter Patrick S. , Boothe Dustin , Buchmann Luke O. , Hunt Jason P. , Lloyd Shane , Hitchcock Ying J. , Houlton Jeffrey J. , Weis John R. , Shepherd Hailey M. , Monroe Marcus M. 
Published: April 2018

ObjectivesTo investigate clinicopathologic and treatment factors associated with survival in adult head and neck sarcomas in the National Cancer Database (NCDB). To analyze whether treatment settings and therapies received influence survival outcomes and to compare trends in utilization via an aggregated national data set.Study DesignProspectively gathered data.SettingNCDB.Subjects and MethodsThe study comprised a total of 6944 adult patients treated for a head and neck sarcoma from January 2004 to December 2013. Overall survival (OS) was the primary outcome.ResultsIncreased age and tumor size, nodal involvement, and poorly differentiated histology had significantly reduced OS (P <. 001). Angiosarcoma, malignant nerve sheath tumor, malignant fibrous histiocytoma, osteosarcoma, and rhabdomyosarcoma histologic subtypes had significantly reduced OS, while liposarcoma, chondrosarcoma, and chordoma had improved OS (P <. 001). Utilization of surgical therapy was associated with improved OS, while positive surgical margins were associated with treatment at a community‐based cancer program and had reduced OS (P <. 001). On multivariate analysis, treatment with radiation and/or chemotherapy was not significantly associated with OS; however, primary treatment with definitive chemoradiotherapy had significantly reduced OS. Patients treated at academic/research cancer programs (n = 3874) had significantly improved 5‐ and 10‐year OS (65% and 54%, respectively) when compared with patients treated at community‐based cancer programs (n = 3027; 49% and 29%; P <. 001). The percentage utilization of these programs (56% vs 44%) did not change over the study period.ConclusionFor adult head and neck sarcomas, treatment at an academic/research cancer program was associated with improved survival; however, despite increasing medical specialization, the percentage utilization of these programs for this rare tumor remains constant.
The use of periodized exercise prescription in rehabilitation: a systematic scoping review of literature
Authors: Boggenpoel Blake Yale , Nel Stephan , Hanekom Susan 
Published: April 2018

Objective: To describe the use of periodized exercise prescription with patients in the context of rehabilitation. Data source: The following databases were searched: The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, PubMed, CINAHL, ScienceDirect, PEDro, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, SAGE and Google Scholar. Databases were searched from inception to March 2018. Results: The literature search yielded 1772 articles with 1755 being excluded leaving 17 articles in total for the full review. Methodological quality and internal validity of the included papers were lacking. The included studies failed to indicate in which phase rehabilitation had occurred. Programme structure relating to the use of a familiarization phase, sequencing of exercises and structuring of specific phases (i.e. macrocycle, mesocycle and microcycle) was not present and lacked consistency across the board. Conclusion: Periodization models of exercise prescription are being used within a variety of population groups in the rehabilitation setting. Integration of periodization principles into a rehabilitation programme still however remains a challenge. Although there is a lack of consistency with regard to the structure and implementation of a periodized model of exercise prescription in the rehabilitation context, it seems to be an alternative way in which to prescribe exercise within the rehabilitation setting.
Overhead Electricity Power Lines and Childhood Leukemia: A Registry-Based, Case-Control Study
Authors: Bianchi Nadia , Crosignani Paolo , Rovelli Adriano , Tittarelli Andrea , Carnelli Celeste Antonio , Rossitto Francesco , Vanelli Umberto , Porro Emma , Berrino Franco 
Published: April 2018

Aims and background To evaluate the role of exposure to low-frequency electromagnetic fields generated by overhead power lines on the risk of childhood leukemia, we carried out a case-control study in the area (Varese province) covered by the Lombardy Cancer Registry. Methods and study design Exposure to magnetic fields was estimated using line load data and the distance between subjects’ homes and the nearest power line. A total of 101 cases and 412 controls were investigated. Results Twenty subjects (9 cases and 11 controls) were considered exposed. A significant fourfold increase in risk for leukemia in exposed subjects and a dose-response relationship were found. The risk was higher than that reported by other studies. Potential biases related to the representativity of controls and validity of exposure assessment do not seem to have influenced the risk estimates. Conclusions We suggest that measures to remedy residential exposure should be taken wherever practicable.
Low Incidence of Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer Syndrome in a Selected Area of the Lombardy Cancer Registry
Authors: Cornaggia Matteo , Tibiletti Maria Grazia , Albarello Luca , Taborelli Monica , Longa Elena Dalla , Capella Carlo 
Published: April 2018

Aims and background Epidemiological investigations on the frequency of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) syndrome are few and have shown a variable worldwide incidence ranging from 1% to 7% of all colorectal cancers (CRCs). In Italy, relevant differences have been observed: 2.8-3% of all CRCs in northern regions and less than 1% in southern regions. The aim of the present study was to investigate the HNPCC incidence in a selected area of northern Italy belonging to the Lombardy Cancer Registry. Methods and study design We analyzed 197 consecutive patients with newly diagnosed CRCs, histologically verified, and resident in two areas of the Lombardy Cancer Registry. For each case, genetic counseling with at least three generations pedigree reconstruction, HNPCC classification according to Amsterdam criteria, molecular analysis for microsatellite instability and immunohistochemistry for hMLH1 and hMSH2 were performed. Results A very low frequency (0.5%) of HNPCC fulfilling the Amsterdam criteria was found in comparison to the other Italian areas. Such an incidence seems to be due to actual population differences and reflects a genetic heterogeneity. Conclusions The data underline the importance of a precise knowledge of actual HNPCC incidence in different populations in order to optimize effectiveness and efficiency of screening programs for the disease.
Prognostic Effects of Lymph Node Micrometastases in Patients Undergoing Curative Gastrectomy for Cancer
Authors: Bozzetti Federico , Andreola Salvatore , Bignami Paola , Sirizzotti Grazia 
Published: April 2018

Aims & background It is not known whether the presence of micrometastases in the regional lymph nodes has an impact on the oncologic outcome of patients undergoing a curative (Ro) gastrectomy for cancer. The aim of the study was to assess the effects of the presence of micrometastases on survival. Methods We reviewed 29 patients operated on for curative (Ro) gastrectomy, with a final diagnosis of pN0, 16 or more lymph nodes in the specimen, and a follow-up of at least 4 years. The original hemotoxylin and eosin slides were reviewed, and a new section was cut from the lymph nodes and immunostained with a pool of antibodies against different types of cytokeratins. Micrometastases were detected in 5 patients (27.5% of the series) and 11 lymph nodes (1.51% of all removed lymph nodes). Results Mortality due to cancer progression occurred in 3 patients from the pN0 group (14.2%) and 1 patient from the pN1 group (12.5%). Conclusions There was no suggestion from the data that the presence of micrometastases carries an ominous prognosis in terms of survival.
Intra-Arterial Liver Chemotherapy and Hormone Therapy in Malignant Insulinoma: Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Moscetti Luca , Saltarelli Rosa , Giuliani Rosa , Fornarini Giuseppe , Bezzi Mario , Cortesi Enrico 
Published: April 2018

Background Malignant insulinoma is a rare tumor. Metastatic disease confined to the liver can be treated with various locoregional treatments. Case report We report a case of a young woman who developed liver metastases twelve years following resection of a pancreatic insulinoma positive to anti-insulin antibodies. With five cycles of intra-arterial locoregional chemotherapy (fluorouracil and epirubicin) to the liver and monthly hormone therapy (octreotide) the patient obtained a clinical complete response. After twelve months she is still disease free. Conclusion Locoregional therapy for insulinoma metastatic to the liver might represent the treatment of choice; hepatic intra-arterial chemotherapy is an interesting therapeutic approach which deserves attention. The role of somatostatin analogs is limited to symptom control.
Epirubicin, Cisplatin and Continuous Infusion 5-Fluorouracil (ECF) in Locally Advanced or Metastatic Gastric Cancer: A Single Institution Experience
Authors: Aitini Enrico , Rabbi Carla , Mambrini Andrea , Cavazzini Giovanna , Pari Franca , Zamagni Donatella , Cantore Maurizio , Pagani Mauro , Sorio Marco , Lusenti Annita , Adami Francesca , Smerieri Franco 
Published: April 2018

Aims and Background The role of chemotherapy in locally advanced or metastatic gastric cancer has been controversial, but chemotherapy has recently been shown to relieve tumor-related symptoms, improve quality of life and prolong survival when compared with best supportive care. Furthermore, palliative chemotherapy is also cost-effective. “Second-generation” combination chemotherapy regimens were developed in the 1980s with high activity in advanced or metastatic gastric cancer (EAP, FAMTX, PELF, ECF). In randomized studies, EAP demonstrated no difference in activity but a significantly higher overall toxicity and toxic death rate than FAMTX, and the ECF (epirubicin, cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil) regimen gave a survival and response advantage, tolerable toxicity, better quality of life and was more cost-effective than FAMTX. Methods Sixty patients with locally advanced or metastatic gastric cancer were treated with the ECF regimen (21 weeks of 5-fluorouracil given by continuous infusion through a central line at 200 mg/m2 for 24-hr combined with cisplatin at 60 mg/m2 iv and epirubicin at 50 mg/m2 iv beginning on day 1 and repeated every 3 weeks for 8 courses). There were 42 males and 18 females, with a median age of 64 years (range, 40-74). The median performance status was 1. The histologic type was adenocarcinoma in 44 patients and undifferentiated carcinoma in 16 (27%). Three patients had locally advanced disease (5%) and 57 had metastatic disease (95%). Seven patients (12%) had received prior chemotherapy for advanced disease. Results All patients were assessable for toxicity and 55 for response (5 had insufficient treatment). Toxicity was mild or moderate, and there was no toxic death. Incidence of WHO toxicity ≥ 2 was nausea and vomiting in 3%, mucositis in 3%, leukopenia in 7%, anemia in 3%, and thrombocytopenia in 2%. Port-a-Cath toxicity was thrombosis in 4, dislocation in 2 and infection in 3 patients. Seven complete responses and 13 partial responses (overall response rate, 36%) were achieved, with a response rate of 39% in untreated and 17% in pretreated patients. Nine patients (16%) had stable disease and 26 (47%) progressive disease. Most patients felt symptomatically improved on ECF. Conclusions Our study confirms that the ECF regimen has a favorable pattern of toxicity and is feasible on an outpatient basis. However, it did not confirm the high response rate reported in other phase II trials.
The Value of Cell Proliferation and Angiogenesis in the Prognostic Assessment of Ovarian Granulosa cell Tumors
Authors: Jurić Gordana , Žarković Neven , Nola Marin , Tillian Manfred , Jukić Stanko 
Published: April 2018

Objectives Most cases of granulosa cell tumors (GCT) of the ovary are characterized by a relatively good outcome. However, some tumors behave aggressively and some tend to recur many years after the initial diagnosis. Tumor growth depends on cell proliferation and angiogenesis. Thus, proliferative indices and microvessel density were studied to determine possible valuable methods to assess the GCT patient's outcome. Methods and study design Paraffin-embedded tissue blocks were available for 60 patients with primary GCT and were investigated by immunostaining with monoclonal antibodies against PCNA, Ki-67 and factor VIII-related antigen. The follow-up was available for 51 patients and ranged from 25 to 206 months. A clinical follow-up distribution of patients was made: 8 patients with recurrence (group I); 6 patients who lived with no evidence of recurrence for 100 months or more (group II), and 37 patients alive with no evidence of recurrence in the follow-up period of less than 100 months (group III). Results There was a statistical correlation between PCNA and Ki-67 proliferative indices. A significant increase (P «0.05) of mean PCNA and Ki-67 proliferative indices and mean tumor size was seen in patients of Group I compared to those of Group II. The mean PCNA proliferative index positively correlated with the mean Ki-67 proliferative index for Groups I and II. Mean microvessel density showed a positive correlation with mean PCNA and Ki-67 proliferative indices and with mean tumor size for Group I, whereas it was negatively correlated with PCNA proliferative index and tumor size for Group II. A positive correlation was found between mean mitotic count and both proliferative indices only for Group II. The following features were indicative of a relatively poor prognosis: GCT measuring >9 cm in diameter, PCNA >4.0%, Ki-67 >1.2%, and diffuse, insular and sarcomatoid histologic patterns. Conclusions The findings support the importance of proliferative factors, tumor size and histologic patterns as possible prognostic indicators for estimating the biologic behavior of patients with GCT. Unfortunately, angiogenesis did not seem to be a useful determinant parameter of a possible aggressive behavior. However, a longer follow-up period with larger series may be required to assess the value of the parameters in prediction of patient survival.