bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physical Properties of Red Cells as Related to Effects in Vivo. I. Increased Rigidity of Erythrocytes as Measured by Viscosity of Cells Altered by Chemical Fixation, Sickling and Hypertonicity
Authors: HAM THOMAS HALE , DUNN REBECCA F. , SAYRE RICHARD W. , MURPHY JOHN R. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Changes in the physical properties of red cells were produced by chemical fixation, the sickling process, by suspension in hypertonic sodium chloride and by a combination of hypertonicity and sickling.
These resulted in a loss of deformability or increased rigidity of cells as indicated by a rise in viscosity of cell suspensions and hemolysates, more Newtonian flow, diminished filtration of cell suspensions through microfilters, resistance to packing by centrifugal force and abnormal susceptibility to mechanical trauma. The results of these studies show that in hypertonic sodium chloride all cells have an increased viscosity and are more rigid. The relationship of these physical properties to the behavior of cells in the microcirculation is discussed for normal subjects and those with sickle cell disease, including the effect on the kidney.
Physical Properties of Red Cells as Related to Effects in Vivo. III. Effect of Thermal Treatment on Survival of Red Cells in the Dog. Role of the Spleen
Authors: CARLSON DENNIS J. , HAM THOMAS HALE 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Dog red cells heated at 49 C. for 15 minutes with no change in osmotic fragility, showed a decreased rate of survival in vivo, and increased sequestration by the spleen, and an increase in the osmotic fragility when recovered from the spleen. The peripheral blood showed normal osmotic fragility at all times. These changes were comparable to those seen in the spleen in homozygous sickle-cell disease and hereditary spherocytosis. There was no hemoglobinemia. Splenectomy decreased the rate of destruction of such heated red cells in vivo. In these studies the rigidity of the red cells with increased viscosity, but with normal osmotic fragility, may have resulted in the removal of the heated red cells by the spleen and subsequent conditioning of these cells in the spleen.
In contrast to the 15 minutes heating, dog cells heated at 49 C. for 60 minutes had increased osmotic fragility and were rapidly removed from the circulation. There was sequestration by the spleen or by the liver with hemoglobinemia. The red cells with the greatest increase in osmotic fragility were not preferentially removed in vivo.
Studies on Antibody-Producing Cells by Hemolytic Plaque Method and Phase Contrast Microscopy
Authors: KIYOHIRO IRIMAJIRI , HORIOCHI ATSUSHI , OKAMOTO YUJI , AMAKI ICHITA 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The numbers of the PFC in the thoracic duct and lymph node of the immunized rabbit were counted by the hemolytic plaque method and the morphologic features of the PFC in the lymph node were simultaneously observed by phase contrast microscopy.
The number of the PFC in the lymph node maintained a relatively high level on the fourth to seventh days, and then rose to attain the maximum on the ninth to thirteenth days, and then decreased.
The number of the PFC in the thoracic duct reached the maximum on the fourth day after the immunization and then dropped rapidly. The mechanism was discussed.
From morphologic observations, the PFC were classified into lymphogonia, lymphoblast, basophilic mature lymphocyte and plasma cell. The lymphogonia and lymphoblast, which belonged to immature lymphocyte series, were frequent in the early stage and the plasma cell was increased in the later stage of the immunization. The basophilic mature lymphocyte constituted more than 55 per cent through the whole process and were most frequent of the plaque forming cells.
The Ultrastructure of Phytohemagglutinin (PHA) Stimulated Lymphocytes of Chronic Lymphatic Leukemia
Authors: CLAUSEN KATHRYN P. , BOURONCLE BERTHA A. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Cultured lymphocytes of chronic lymphatic leukemia have been shown to have a delayed and diminished response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) stimulation.
By electron microscopic examination, a morphologically distinct intermediate blastoid cell was identified in the stimulated cultures which showed minimal differences between those derived from normal and leukemic lymphocytes. It was distinguished by a large vesicular nucleus and relatively scant cytoplasm with few organelles. This intermediate blastoid cell frequently predominated in cultures with a low total percentage of blastogenesis. It is suggested that this intermediate blastoid cell represents a premitotic phase in lymphocytic transformation, though the possibility of it’s being a nonmitotic blastoid cell cannot be excluded.
No morphologic differences were noted between the large blastoid cells transformed from normal and leukemic lymphocytes.
Radioautographic Studies of the Lymphocytic Bone Marrow
Authors: GRIFFITHS DAVID A. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A method is described for producing large numbers of bone marrow lymphocytes in Lewis rats. The bone marrow of posthypoxic polycythemic rats contained larger numbers of lymphocytes than was found in mice and guinea pigs subjected to similar procedures. Autoradiographical studies on the rebound bone marrow, produced evidence that the majority of the lymphocytes were produced in situ, and that they were rapidly turning over. One hundred per cent labeling was achieved after thrice daily intraperitoneal injections of 3/4 µc, tritiated thymidine for 4 days.
Effect of Amino Acids on Iron Absorption from a Staple Vegetable Food
Authors: MARTINEZ-TORRES CARLOS , LAYRISSE MIGUEL 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Black beans, a staple food consumed in large amounts in Central and South America, were used as a model for the studies of the effect of fish or amino acids present in fish on iron absorption from vegetable food.
The iron absorption rate in 137 subjects showed an asymmetric distribution. The mean iron absorption was 2.6 per cent and the limit of one standard deviation was from 0.8-8.2 per cent.
Iron absorption from black beans increased about twice when the food was administered with either fish or with amino acids in number and proportion as present in 100 Gm. of fish. Further experiments showed that the absorption is not enhanced if the black beans were mixed with either basic amino acids (Histidine, Arginine and Lysine), aromatic amino acids (phenylalanine, Tyrosine and Tryptophan) or other amino acids grouped as "aliphatics" (Glycine, Alanine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Serine, Threonine, Aspartic acid and Glutamic acid). However, either cysteine plus methionine, or cysteine alone enhances iron absorption from black beans in similar proportion as observed when this food was mixed with fish or total amino acids present in fish.
The Response of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia to Treatment by Extracorporeal Irradiation of the Blood, Assessed by Isotope-labeling Procedures
Authors: FIELD E. O. , DAWSON K. B. , PECKHAM M. J. , HAMMERSLEY P. A. , COOLING C. I. , MORGAN R. L. , SMITHERS D. W. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The changes in circulating and extravascular lymphocyte pools that followed treatment by extracorporeal irradiation of the blood (ECIB) have been studied by isotopic labeling methods in three patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), each of whom exhibited one of three characteristic patterns of response. The patterns of response, and their interpretations in terms of cell kinetics, were as follows:
A rapid, sustained reduction in circulating leukocytes which occurs when extravascular pools are small in relation to the circulating pool.
A rapid rise in peripheral count after ECIB due to a transfer of cells from the extravascular depots when extravascular pools are relatively large and cellular exchange is slow.
A continuing fall in leukocyte count after ECIB resulting from a differential depletion of proliferating cells when the circulating leukocytes consist both of nonproliferating end cells and of their precursors.
These studies have shown that in planning a treatment schedule it is important to determine the nature of the kinetic processes involved.
Normal and Variant Isoenzymes of Human Blood Cell Hexokinase and the Isoenzyme Patterns in Hemolytic Anemia
Authors: ALTAY CIGDEM , ALPER CHESTER A. , NATHAN DAVID G. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Electrophoresis of red cell hexokinase in agarose electrophoresis revealed two major (1 and 2) and two minor (3 and 4) bands. Platelet and leukocyte hexokinase patterns differed from those of red cells. There was a strong band 1, but considerably faster bands termed 5, 6 and 7 were also observed which were sensitive to changes in glucose concentration. The presence of contaminating leukocytes can significantly alter the electrophoretic pattern of "red cell" hexokinase activity. Bands 2, 3 and 4 of red cells appeared to be synthesized independently of band 1 and absence of band 1 did not effect either red cell metabolism or survival. Absence of bands 2, 3 and 4 may be associated with hemolytic anemia, decreased erythrocyte hexokinase activity and decreased erythrocyte glycolysis. Young red cells had increased activity of all bands, particularly band 2. No influence of hemoglobin type on hexokinase patterns was observed, nor was there any selective influence of cell storage, medium glucose, or 2-mercaptoethanol on individual bands. None of the various isoenzyme patterns were associated with abnormal hexokinase kinetics.
Hemoglobin Switching in Nonanemic Sheep. III. Evidence for Presumptive Identity between the A→ C Factor and Erythropoietin
Authors: THURMON THEODORE F. , BOYER SAMUEL H. , CROSBY EMILIO F. , SHEPARD MARGUERITE K. , NOYES ANDREA N. , STOHLMAN FREDERICK 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The degree of A → C hemoglobin switching following administration of a human urine erythropoietin preparation to a non-anemic sheep was compared, in the same animal, with the switching obtained with administration of anemic sheep plasma containing known amounts of erythropoietin. A strong correlation emerges between the dosage of erythropoietin given and the degree of A → C switching observed. This correlation between erythropoietin dose and A → C response is maintained despite the use of materials that originated in different species (man and sheep), were assayed for erythropoietin in yet another species (mouse), and had grossly different specific activities (units/mg.) of erythropoietin, so that the specific activity of the human urine preparation was approximately 400 to 1600 times that of anemic sheep plasma. We believe these observations provide substantial evidence for a provisional hypothesis of identity between erythropoietin and the A → C switching factor.
Effect of Surface Digestion and Metabolic Inhibitors on Appearance of Ferritin in Guinea Pig Erythroblasts In Vitro: Evidences for the Production of Apoferritin on the Erythroblast Cell Membrane
Authors: TANAKA YASUKAZU , BRECHER GEORGE 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Short-term cultures of guinea pig erythroblasts permitted observation on the micropinocytosis (rhopheocytosis) of ferritin. In the presence of enzymes that attack the cell surface (neuraminidase and trypsin) or of an inhibitor of RNA synthesis (puromycin), accumulation of ferritin in the micropinocytotic vesicle was reduced. No change was seen in presence of lead nitrate, which inhibits transport of iron into hemoglobin-synthesizing cells only slightly. In the presence of potassium cyanide, which inhibits iron transport markedly, ferritin increased two-seven times over controls. The data are compatible with the notion that apoferritin is made on or near the cell surface in response to an excess of iron which accumulates on the cell surface due to failure or overloading of the normal transport mechanism.
Gaucher’s Cells in Thalassemia
Authors: ZAINO EDWARD C. , ROSSI MARIO B. , PHAM TUAN DUC , AZAR HENRY A. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Gaucher or Gaucher-like cells are described in the spleen and bone marrow of patient with thalassemia major, by light and electron microscopy. The ultrastructure shows intracytoplasmic tubules and phagocytosis of mature and immature erythrocytes. The spleen has an increase in monohexosyl ceramide. These findings support the concept that the intracytoplasmic tubular material of the Gaucher’s cells is of extracellular origin. Erythrophagocytosis common in Gaucher’s disease, chronic myelogenous leukemia, and thalassemia suggest that impaired catabolism of erythrocytes may give rise to the increased glucocerebroside.
Bactericidal and Metabolic Properties of Human Eosinophils
Authors: MICKENBERG IRA D. , ROOT RICHARD K. , WOLFF SHELDON M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The bactericidal and metabolic activities of peripheral leukocytes obtained by dextran sedimentation from six patients with eosinophilia (50%-90%) due to a variety of etiologies were compared to cells collected from normal donors (70%-95% polymorphonuclear leukocytes). Eosinophils exhibited less phagocytosis than granulocytes, which appeared to account for diminished bactericidal activity against S. albus, S. aureus, and E. coli. The oxidation of glucose-1-14C, glucose-6-14C, and formate-14C were all significantly greater by nonphagocytizing eosinophils than neutrophils. With phagocytosis the increase in glucose-1-14C and glucose-6-14C oxidation was greater for eosinophils than neutrophils despite less measurable particle ingestion. The oxidation of formate-14C by phagocytizing eosinophils was similar to neutrophils in two patients studied. Leukocytic pyrogen (LP) was produced by phagocytosis of heat-killed S. albus or exposure to endotoxin in four out of five cases studied. Blood cells obtained from the fifth patient who had a probable myeloproliferative disorder did not produce significant amounts of LP when similarly stimulated. The common feature of diminished phagocytic activity and elevated resting oxidative metabolism in all patients regardless of etiology of the eosinophilia suggest that this property is common to all eosinophils. The failure of the morphologically abnormal eosinophils of the last patient to release LP served as another distinguishing feature of his cells and may be common to myeloproliferative disorders of the granulocyte series in general.
"Impotent" Platelets in Albinos With Prolonged Bleeding Times
Authors: Maurer Harold M. , Wolff James A. , Buckingham Sue , Spielvogel Arthur R. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Functional, biochemical, and morphologic platelet abnormalities are reported in four children with the syndrome of albinism, mild bleeding tendency, prolonged bleeding time, and normal platelet count. In these children, primary platelet aggregation with adenosine diphosphate occurred normally, but secondary aggregation was impaired. Collagen and norepinephrine produced almost no platelet aggregation. Platelet content of serotonin (5-HT) was markedly reduced, and uptake and retention of 5-HT by the platelets in vivo and in vitro was poor. In one child who was given a tryptophan load, urinary tryptophan metabolites were normal, suggesting that there was no evidence of a block in the 5-HT synthetic pathway in the gastrointestinal tract. Electron microscopy revealed an absence of densely osmophilic granules in 5-HT poor platelets. Platelets from other albinos with no history of bleeding contained normal amounts of 5-HT and densely osmophilic granules.
Dyskeratosis Congenita: Relationship to Fanconi’s Anemia
Authors: Steier William , Van Voolen G. Arthur , Selmanowitz Victor J. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Dyskeratosis congenita and Fanconi’s anemia share impressive features in common: primary refractory pancytopenia; bone marrow hyperplasia (curtailed phase) and megaloblastosis, eventuating in severe hypoplasia of the marrow; cutaneous melanotic dyschromia; lacrimal duct blockage and a host of other minor abnormalities, in addition to mental retardation and generalized impairment of growth. Evaluation of two brothers with dyskeratosis congenita, and review of previous reports, indicate the following to be more prominent in dyskeratosis congenita than in Fanconi’s anemia: cutaneous telangiectatic erythema and atrophy; exocrine, ungual, and dental dysplasias; mucosal leukoplakia, carcinomatosis, and stenosis; and esophageal diverticula. Prominent in Fanconi’s anemia but not dyskeratosis congenita are the renal and particular skeletal anomalies. Possible transition cases are discussed. The proband studied suffered from progressive refractory pancytopenia, fevers, abdominal pains, malabsorption syndrome, and finally subarachnoid hemorrhage. Cultured leukocytes had normal-appearing karyotypes. The proband’s brother had cutaneous alterations of dyskeratosis congenita, but a hemogram revealed only mild thrombocytopenia and macrocytosis. Both brothers had elevated levels of hemoglobin F, leukocyte alkaline phosphatase, serum IgG, and thyroglobulin antibody, and both had reduced levels of serum IgM and vitamin B12.
EXPERIMENTAL THORACIC DUCT FISTULA OBSERVATIONS ON LYMPHOCYTE OUTPUT
Authors: GLENN WILLIAM W. L. , BAUER FRANCIS X. , CRESSON SAMUEL L. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Thoracic duct fistulae in dogs created under local anesthesia and draining continuously from two to eight days have been utilized for the study of lymphocyte output. Too few observations have been made for them to be statistically significant. It is realized that after several days of fistula drainage, factors other than the simple loss of lymphocytes through the thoracic duct fistula may have influenced the lymphocyte output. The necessity for taking into consideration the many factors which may influence lymphocyte output in the evaluation of the effect of any single factor is emphasized.
THE USE OF REPLACEMENT TRANSFUSION IN DISEASES OTHER THAN HEMOLYTIC DISEASE OF THE NEWBORN
Authors: BESSIS M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The technic of exchange transfusion in adults and children is given. It differs from that in newborns only by the use of arm or leg veins and of a motor driven pump to withdraw and inject the blood. The use of exchange transfusion in acute toxemia with anuria was tried on the theory that by withdrawing sufficient toxic products, the patient could be tided over the acute phase. Seven patients were thus treated, all with success.
The use of exchange transfusion in leukemia is based on the theory that normal persons have an antileukemic substance in their blood. Thirty-eight cases were treated with the following results: 30 clinical remissions, of which 15 also had peripheral blood remissions; and of these, 6 had complete clinical peripheral blood and marrow remissions. The author concludes by pointing out some possible applications of this technic.
A Family of Congenital Atransferrinemia
Authors: Goya Nagahide , Miyazaki Sumio , Kodate Saburo , Ushio Bunichi 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
An 8-yr-old boy with familial congenital atransferrinemia was studied. He had marked hypochromic anemia but did not respond to administration of iron. The patient responded favorably to parenteral "Eisen-mangel" human serum transferrin. One gram of transferrin was infused intravenously; it disappeared almost completely from the serum within a week. However, the hemoglobin and erythrocytes increased, and there was general improvement in the color and activity of the patient. After 3-6 mo, his clinical picture had returned to that seen prior to treatment. Thus, it appeared that the hemopoiesis was stimulated by transferrin and that the clinical effectiveness of transferrin was related to the resultant increased red cell production and the duration of the effect to the life-span of the erythrocyte. Neither side effects nor reduction in the effectiveness of transferrin administration was noticed during a year and a half of treatment.
Cellular Handling of Antigen Following Injection Into Neonatal Rabbits
Authors: Garvey Justine S. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Newborn rabbits were injected intraperitoneally with a tolerance-inducing dose of labeled radioactive bovine serum albumin. At varying times, 12 hr to 6 wk after injection, tissues were obtained for radioautography. Cellular uptake of antigen appeared confined to the liver, occurring as follows: (1) It became attached initially to erythrocytes in the intravascular system of the liver. (2) Within 1-2 days after injection, it adhered to the cells in extravascular sites where erythropoiesis persisted. (3) Still later. it was associated with hepatocytes. Erythrocytes with adherent antigen were also found in the peripheral blood throughout the period of investigation. The latter finding led to studies of the peripheral erythrocytes of the neonate; membrane properties of these were found unique compared with the adult. It is inferred that erythropoiesis in the liver represents a distinct stage in cellular development. Studies of nonforeign protein, i.e., rabbit serum albumin in neonates, strongly suggested that the erythrocyte-antigen-hepatocyte interaction in the neonate involved a pattern of cellular recognition of foreign protein. Both hematopoiesis and maturation of the liver are discussed as principal factors modulating antigen handling, antibody production, and/or its detection in the neonatal environment that led to the condition commonly defined as "tolerance."
Time-Space Clustering Among Cases of Acute Leukemia in Two Georgia Counties
Authors: Evatt Bruce L. , Chase Gary A. , Heath Clark W. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Statistical analyses were made of the time-space configuration of 406 acute leukemia cases in DeKalb and Fulton Counties, Georgia, over the 13-yr period 1956-1968. Separate analyses were performed for each of three age groups, 0-14 yr, 15-49 yr, and 50 yr-plus, cases being assigned to 2- and 3-yr time segments and to census tract units according to date of onset and place of residence at diagnosis. Pearson chi-square statistics and Haldane’s moments were used as a measure of homogeneity in case configurations. All calculations took into account age-specific populations for each census tract unit corrected for shifting population density. Evidence of inhomogeneity of time-space configurations, based on case clustering, was found among cases in the 0-14 age group but not at older ages. Clustering was present in both counties whether examined separately or combined, and it was more clearly seen in case distributions in DeKalb County. Analyses done for various periods of time showed that degree of clustering depended greatly on placement of time boundaries.
Metabolism of Human Prothrombin and Fibrinogen in Patients With Thrombocytosis Secondary to Myeloproliferative States
Authors: Martinez Jose , Shapiro Sandor S. , Holburn Ruth R. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Simultaneous studies of the metabolism of 125I-prothrombin and 131I-fibrinogen were performed in ten patients with thrombocytosis secondary to myeloproliferative syndromes. The mean fractional catabolic rate (FCR) of prothrombin was 61.9%, differing significantly from the normal mean of 42.5% (p <0.01). Similarly, the mean FCR of fibrinogen was 34.0%, differing significantly from the normal mean of 23.9% (p <0.01). Excellent correlation existed between the increased FCRs of prothrombin and fibrinogen but not between these FCRs and the platelet level, at least for platelet counts above 1,000,000/cu mm. Therapeutic reduction of platelet counts to the normal range was associated with a normalization of FCRs as well.