bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PROTOCOL: Advocacy interventions to reduce or eliminate violence and promote the physical and psychosocial well‐being of women who experience intimate partner abuse
Authors: Ramsay Jean , Carter Yvonne , Davidson Leslie , Eldridge Sandra , Hegarty Kelsey , Rivas Carol , Taft Angela , Warburton Alison , Dunne Danielle , Feder Gene 
Published: July 2019

The World Health Organisation estimates that between 10% and 50% of women worldwide report having been assaulted physically or sexually by an intimate partner at some time in their lives, and when threats, financial and emotional abuse are included the prevalence rates are even higher. Abused women can suffer injury and long‐lasting physical and emotional health problems. One form of interventionto assist these women is advocacy. Advocacy interventions aim to help abused women directly by providing them with information and support to facilitate access to community resources. However, before recommending them to health policy makers we need to know whether they improve the health and well‐being of abused women. In other words, are advocacy interventions effective?After searching the world literature for randomised controlled trials evaluating advocacy programmes for abused women, we found ten trials, involving 1,527 women. The studies comparing advocacy with “usual care” were conducted in a variety of settings both within and outside of healthcare. Participants were recruited from diverse ethnic populations and across a wide age range (15‐61 years), but manyhad a relatively deprived socioeconomic status. Most were experiencing current, often severe, abuse. All of the interventions sought to empower the women by helping them to achieve their goals. They differed in: duration (from 30 minutes to 80 hours), the outcomes reported, and the length of time the women were followed up.The evidence is consistent with intensive advocacy decreasing physical abuse more than one to two years after the intervention for women already in refuges, but there is inconsistent evidence for a positive impact on emotional abuse. Similarly, there is equivocal evidence for the positive effects of intensive advocacy on depression, quality of life and psychological distress. There is evidence that brief advocacy increases the use of safety behaviours by abused women.Taken as a whole, we conclude that at present there is equivocal evidence to determine whether intensive advocacy for women recruited in domestic violence shelters or refuges has a beneficial effect on their physical and psychosocial well‐being. Further, we do not know if less intensive interventions in healthcare settings are effective for women who still live with abusive partners. Too few studies evaluated interventions of comparable intensity and duration, measured the same outcomes, or had comparable follow‐up periods.
Roles of the Conserved Amino Acid Residues in Reduced Human Defensin 5: Cysteine and Arginine Are Indispensable for Its Antibacterial Action and LPS Neutralization
Authors: Chen Fang , Tang Yong , Zheng Hong , Xu Yang , Wang Junping , Wang Cheng 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAntimicrobial peptides (AMPs) that are able to neutralize toxins are promising antibiotics. In this study we investigated the role of structurally conserved amino acids in reduced human defensin 5 (HD5RED), which is an endogenous peptide with antibacterial action and the ability to neutralize lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Cys residues and high Arg content, rather than Gly18 and Arg6–Glu14, were found to be indispensable for HD5RED binding to lipid A, for penetrating the bacterial outer and inner membranes, and for eliminating bacteria. Otherwise, all the conserved sites were requisite for HD5RED to block the interaction between LPS and LPS‐binding protein and to suppress the TLR4–NF‐κB signaling pathway initiated by LPS. Accordingly, we designed the acetamidomethylated AcmCys‐E21R‐HD5RED, which was much more potent than HD5RED at eliminating bacteria and which can neutralize LPS. AcmCys‐E21R‐HD5RED was also found to exhibit a synergistic effect with ciprofloxacin in killing multidrug‐resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. The results of this study, in which multifunctional AMPs were designed based on structure–activity research, may help in the development of more peptide antibiotics.
Colon cancer as a subsequent malignant neoplasm in young adults
Authors: Teng Annabelle , Nelson Daniel W. , Dehal Ahmed , Chang Shu‐Ching , Fischer Trevan , Steele Scott R. , Goldfarb Melanie 
Published: July 2019

BackgroundThe incidence of colon cancer (CC) is rising in younger adults and can occur de novo or in patients previously treated for another cancer. To the authors' knowledge, the impact on survival of CC occurring as a subsequent malignant neoplasm (SMN) has not been described for younger patients, which the authors anticipate to be lower with SMNs than that of primary CC.MethodsPatients aged <50 years with CC in the 2004 through 2014 National Cancer Data Base were identified. Patients were stratified by primary or subsequent occurrence. The impact of SMN status on overall survival (OS) was evaluated.ResultsOf 41,915 patients, 2852 (6.8%) had colon SMNs. More patients with colon SMNs were aged 40 to 49 years compared with patients with primary CC (83% vs 77%; P < .001). Patients with colon SMNs presented with earlier clinical and pathological T, N, and M classifications (all P < .001). Colon SMNs more commonly occurred in the right colon, whereas primary CC was found to have a higher prevalence in the sigmoid colon (P < .001). Patients with colon SMNs more frequently underwent total colectomy (17% vs 5%; P < .001), but received less chemotherapy (53% vs 65%; P < .001). When adjusted for demographic, tumor, and treatment characteristics, SMN status was associated with a 23% decreased OS compared with primary CC (95% CI, 1.14‐1.31; P < .001). Chemotherapy offered a 33% improvement in OS (95% CI, 0.56‐0.8; P < .001).ConclusionsColon SMNs in younger patients present at an earlier stage and are treated more aggressively surgically compared with primary CCs. Patients with SMNs of the colon have decreased survival, although chemotherapy offers a survival advantage. Further investigation is warranted to determine whether these disparities are due to the effects of cancer treatment or differences in tumor biology.
Practices and perceptions regarding intravenous opioid infusion and cancer pain management
Authors: Arthur Joseph A. , Reddy Akhila , Smith Uniqua , Hui David , Park Minjeong , Liu Diane , Vaughan‐Adams Nicole , Haider Ali , Williams Janet , Bruera Eduardo 
Published: July 2019

BackgroundIn view of the recent opioid crisis, ways to promote safe and effective opioid‐related practices are needed. Faster intravenous (iv) opioid infusion rates can result in increased adverse effects and risk for nonmedical opioid use. Data on best practices regarding safe iv opioid administration for cancer pain are limited. This study examined iv opioid bolus infusion practices and perceptions about opioids in cancer pain among 4 groups of inpatient oncology nurses.MethodsAn anonymous cross‐sectional survey was conducted among oncology nurses working in medical, surgical, intensive care unit (ICU), and emergency department (ED) settings. An iv opioid bolus infusion speed less than 120 seconds was considered too fast.ResultsThe participant response rate was 59% (731 of 1234). Approximately 58%, 54%, and 58% of all nurses administered morphine, hydromorphone, and fentanyl, respectively, in less than 120 seconds. The median morphine infusion speeds were 55, 60, 60, and 85 seconds for ICU, surgical, ED, and medical unit nurses, respectively (P = .0002). The odds ratios for infusing too fast were 2.04 and 2.52 for ED (P = .039) and ICU nurses (P = .003), respectively, in comparison with medical unit nurses, and they were 0.27 and 0.18 with frequent (P = .003) and very frequent use of a timing device (P = .0001), respectively, in comparison with no use.ConclusionsMore than half the nurses working in the inpatient setting reported administering iv opioids too fast. ICU nurses administered opioids the fastest. Nurses who frequently used a timing device were less likely to infuse too fast. Further research is needed to standardize and improve the safe intermittent administration of iv opioids to patients with cancer.
Transforming Noble‐Metal Nanocrystals into Complex Nanostructures through Facet‐Selective Etching and Deposition
Authors: Ahn Jaewan , Zhang Luo , Qin Dong 
Published: July 2019

AbstractFacet‐selective etching and deposition, as determined by the landscape of surface energy, represent two powerful methods for the transformation of noble‐metal nanocrystals into nanostructures with complex shapes or morphologies. This review highlights the use of these two methods, including integration of them, for the fabrication of novel monometallic and bimetallic nanostructures with enhanced properties. We start with an introduction to the role of surface capping in controlling the facet‐selective etching or deposition on the surface of Ag nanocrystals, followed by a case study of how to maneuver etching and deposition at different facets of Pd nanocrystals for the fabrication of nanoframes. We then introduce the use of galvanic replacement to accomplish selective etching and deposition on two different facets in an orthogonal manner, transforming Pd nanocubes into Pd−Pt octapods. By complementing galvanic replacement with a chemical reduction reaction, it is also feasible to control the rates of these two reactions for the conversion of Ag nanocubes into Ag@Ag−Au concave nanocubes and Ag@Au core‐shell nanocubes. These transformation methods not only greatly increase the shape diversity of metal nanocrystals but also offer nanocrystals with enhanced plasmonic and/or catalytic properties.
Construction and Properties of Sierpiński Triangular Fractals on Surfaces
Authors: Wang Yifan , Xue Na , Li Ruoning , Wu Tianhao , Li Na , Hou Shimin , Wang Yongfeng 
Published: July 2019

AbstractFractal structures are of fundamental importance in science, engineering, mathematics, and aesthetics. Construction of molecular fractals on surfaces can help to understand the formation mechanism of fractals and a series of achievements have been acquired in the preparation of molecular fractals. This review focuses on Sierpiński triangles (STs), representatives of various prototypical fractals, on surfaces. They are investigated by Monte Carlo simulations and ultra‐high vacuum scanning tunneling microscopy. STs are bonded through halogen bonds, hydrogen bonds, metal‐organic coordination bonds and covalent bonds. The coexistence of and competition between fractals and crystals are realized for a hydrogen‐bonded system. Electronic properties of two types of STs are summarized.
Molecular testing in metastatic colorectal adenocarcinoma cytology cell pellets
Authors: McHugh Kelsey E. , Dermawan Josephine K. , Cheng Yu‐Wei , Cruise Michael , Sohal Davendra P. S. , Reynolds Jordan P. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackgroundMutational status for KRAS, NRAS, and BRAF genes should be performed on all colorectal carcinoma (CRC) specimens in order to guide targeted therapy selection for metastatic disease. Mutations are typically assessed via polymerase chain reaction and/or next generation sequencing (NGS) on formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded tissues. With minimally invasive diagnostic methodologies, the cytology cell pellet obtained by fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) can serve as an alternative source of tumor deoxyribonucleic acid.MethodsAn electronic record review of the cytopathology files (CoPathPlus, Cerner Corp., North Kansas City, Missouri) from September 1, 2015 through December 31, 2018 was conducted. All cytology specimens obtained via FNA and diagnosed as metastatic CRC on which NGS was performed were included. NGS for KRAS, NRAS, and BRAF mutations using the AmpliSeq Cancer Hotspot Panel v2.0 kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, Massachusetts) was performed on cytology cell pellets.ResultsForty‐eight cases were identified. Forty‐six of 48 specimens (96%) were adequate for molecular testing. Of those adequate specimens, proportion of malignant cells in the sample ranged from 5% to 95% (mean 46%). Twenty‐seven of 48 cases (56%) were positive for clinically relevant mutations. Twenty‐four of 27 cases (89%) were positive for KRAS mutations, with exon 2 most frequently involved (22/24 cases, 92%). Two of 27 cases (7%) were positive for NRAS mutations and one case (1/27, 4%) was positive for a BRAF mutation involving codon 594.ConclusionMutational analysis performed on cytology cell pellets serves as a useful means of gathering clinically actionable information on tumor mutation status in metastatic CRC.
Drought‐Net rainfall shelters did not cause nondrought effects on photosynthesis for California central coast plants
Authors: Loik Michael E. , Lesage Josephine C. , Brown Timothy M. , Hastings Daniel O. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractRainfall interception shelters are frequently used to study the ecological consequences of drought. One common shelter design employs V‐shaped plastic troughs spaced on a supporting frame to intercept rainfall. Shading, reflection, and infrared radiation may alter the radiative environment under shelters in ways independent of their intended effect on soil moisture. We measured microclimate and several photosynthetic variables for watered, potted plants under rain‐out shelters and in open‐air, unsheltered plots. We tested whether the shelter infrastructure altered aboveground micrometeorology and photosynthesis for watered, potted plants of native Californian species: Elymus glaucus, Eriogonum latifolium, Mimulus aurantiacus, and Morella californica. We quantified the effects on photosynthesis in terms of light harvesting by photosystem II (PSII) and leaf‐level gas exchange on open‐air and shelter plots, the quantum yield of PSII for darkened leaves, dark respiration, and nocturnal stomatal conductance. The rain‐out shelter reduced daily integrated photosynthetically active radiation by 20%. Air temperature, leaf temperature, and leaf‐to‐air vapour pressure difference were not different under shelters compared with controls during the day. Likewise, there were no effects of shelters on net CO2 assimilation, stomatal conductance to water vapour (gs), internal leaf (CO2), or electron transport rate through PSII during the daytime. At night, Tair was 0.6°C higher under shelters, but there were no effects on dark respiration or stomatal conductance. Despite some differences in micrometeorology under rain‐out shelters compared with open‐air plots, there were little or no aboveground nondrought effects of the shelters on leaf‐level photosynthesis for watered, potted plants of these California native plant species.
Life history traits predict colonization and extinction lags of desert plant species since the Last Glacial Maximum
Authors: Butterfield Bradley J. , Holmgren Camille A. , Anderson R. Scott , Betancourt Julio L. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractVariation in life‐history strategies can affect metapopulation dynamics and consequently the composition and diversity of communities. However, data sets that allow for the full range of species turnover from colonization to extinction over relevant time periods are limited. The late Quaternary record provides unique opportunities to explore the traits that may have influenced interspecific variation in responses to past climate warming, in particular the rate at which species colonized newly suitable habitat or went locally extinct from degrading habitat. We controlled for differences in species climate niches in order to predict expected colonization and extinction sequences recorded in packrat middens from 15 localities in the Mohave, Sonoran, and Chihuahuan deserts of North America. After accounting for temperature niche differences, we tested the hypotheses that dispersal syndrome (none, wind, vertebrate), growth form (herb, shrub, tree) and seed mass mediated variation in postglacial colonization lags among species, whereas clonality (clonal, non‐clonal), growth form, and seed mass affected extinction lags. Growth form and dispersal syndrome interactively affected colonization lags, where herbaceous species lacking long‐distance dispersal mechanisms exhibited lags that exceeded those of woody, wind or vertebrate‐dispersed species by an average of 2,000–5,000 yr. Growth form and seed mass interactively affected extinction lags, with very small‐seeded shrubs persisting for 4,000–8,000 yr longer than other functional groups. Taller, vertebrate‐dispersed plants have been shown in other studies to disperse farther than shorter plants without specialized dispersal mechanisms. We found that variation along this axis of dispersal syndromes resulted in dramatic differences in colonization rates in response to past climate change. Very small seeded shrubs may have a unique combination of long vegetative and seed bank lifetimes that may allow them to persist for long periods despite declines in habitat condition. This study indicates that readily measurable traits may help predict which species will be more or less sensitive to future climate change, and inform interventions that can stabilize and promote at‐risk populations.
Miocene potassic and adakitic intrusions in eastern central Lhasa terrane, Tibet: Implications for origin and tectonic of postcollisional magmatism
Authors: Zhang Zhi , Li Guang Ming , Cao Hua Wen , Zhang Lin Kui , Huang Yong , Dong Sui–Liang , Lu Liu , Liu Yu Qi 
Published: July 2019

Miocene postcollisional potassic and adakitic rocks are widely distributed in the southern Lhasa terrane and western central Lhasa terrane. However, coeval potassic and adakitic rocks in eastern central Lhasa terrane were rarely recognized, and their origins and formation mechanism remain controversial. In this paper, we provide new geochronological and geochemical data for the Miocene postcollisional potassic and adakitic intrusions exposed in the Qingdu area, eastern central Lhasa terrane, southern Tibet. The Qingdu Miocene intrusions consist of quartz monzonite porphyry and biotite granite with coeval zircon U–Pb ages of 14.1 Ma and 14.0 Ma, respectively. They have high SiO2 (67.98–75.32 wt.%), Al2O3 (14.13–14.78 wt.%), and K2O (4.06–6.18 wt.%) and low MgO (0.25–1.46 wt.%) contents. They are both enriched in light rare earth elements (LREEs) and depleted in heavy rare earth elements (HREEs), with high (La/Yb)N (25.37–42.32) ratios. The biotite granite samples have low Y (7.10–9.96 ppm) and Yb (0.61–0.85 ppm) contents, and high Sr (229–384 ppm) contents and high Sr/Y (30–41) ratios, which show adakitic geochemical characteristics, whereas the quartz monzonite porphyry samples show potassic geochemical characteristics. They display initial (87Sr/86Sr)i ratios of 0.7083–0.7103, εHf(t) values of −6.7 to −0.1, εNd(t) values of −8.96 to −7.44, (208Pb/204Pb)i ratios of 39.028–39.110, (207Pb/204Pb)i ratios of 15.662–15.684, and (206Pb/204Pb)i ratios of 18.541–18.577. These signatures indicate that both the potassic and adakitic intrusions are more likely to originate from partial melting of a thickened lower crust, which were mainly the products of the binary mixing between the juvenile and ancient crust components. Based on the spatial distributions and isotopic features of the postcollisional potassic and adakitic rocks in the Lhasa terrane, we suggest that the differences of the lower crustal composition played a crucial role in causing the geochemical variations of the Miocene postcollisional adakitic and potassic rocks in Lhasa terrane.
VEGFR‐2 is downregulated in sestamibi‐negative parathyroid adenomas
Authors: Erovic Boban M. , Goldstein David P. , Asa Sylvia L. , Janik Stefan , Mete Ozgur , Irish Jonathan C. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe purpose of this study was to determine the expression profile of several biomarkers in sestamibi‐positive (n = 23) and sestamibi‐negative (n = 6) parathyroid adenomas.MethodsA tissue microarray of parathyroid adenomas from 29 patients was constructed and slides were stained for several proteins involved in angiogenesis, inflammation, cell adhesion, cell cycle, apoptosis, and with markers of the sonic hedgehog, mTOR, Forkhead box O and WNT signal transduction pathways. Protein expression was determined using an image‐analysis software (Spectrum Plus©, 38 Aperio).ResultsProtein expression analysis revealed that the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) score was significantly higher in the sestamibi‐positive cohort compared to sestamibi‐negative adenomas (P = .038). Other proteins were not differentially expressed between sestamibi‐positive and sestamibi‐negative adenomas.ConclusionIt is hypothesized that VEGFR‐2 overexpression in parathyroid adenomas increases vascular permeability resulting in a higher uptake of sestamibi.
A numerical investigation of various phase change models on simulation of saturated film boiling heat transfer
Authors: Hosseini Seyed Amirreza , Kouhikamali Ramin 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThere is a great variety of two‐phase models in numerical simulations. The performance of each model complicates the numerical simulation of boiling. The challenge of the right choice of heat and mass transfer models makes this type of problem more complicated. In this research work, the volume of the fluid two‐phase model has been used to simulate the film boiling of saturated liquid. The geo‐reconstruction method also reconstructs the interface of two phases. The models of the sharp interface, Lee and Tanasawa have been employed among the available models for calculating the phase change rate and the source terms of the equations. The Numerical solver of the phase‐change is verified through the Stefan one‐dimensional vaporizing problem. Correct empirical coefficients used in both Lee and Tanasawa models are presented. Bubble detachment time, flow pattern, the periodic Nusselt number, and the bubble form have been investigated in all three phase change models. Two Berenson and Klimenko experimental correlations have been used for verification of Nusselt number derived from simulations. The Nusselt number shows a proper fit with the Klimenko's Nusselt number. Obtained Nusselt number demonstrates the Lee model is more precise than other phase change models in simulating of film boiling on the flat plate.
Reflective Capacity: An Antidote to Structural Racism Cultivated Through Mental Health Consultation
Authors: Silverman Miriam E. , Hutchison Margaret S. 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACTEffecting a paradigm shift from “reproductive health” to “reproductive justice” within the perinatal field requires changes simultaneously at the levels of the individual healthcare provider and the system of care. The Infant‐Parent Program at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) has extended its pioneering infant and early childhood mental health consultation to perinatal service systems applying an infant mental health approach to programs caring for expecting and new parents. In partnership with two nursing programs, UCSF consultants direct their efforts at supporting reflective practice capacities and use‐of‐self in patient–provider relationships. Both nursing programs serve vulnerable groups of expectant and new parents who grapple with challenges to health and well‐being stemming from structural racism. As reflective capacities are supported within the consultation case conferences, providers spontaneously identify the need for tools to effectively address issues of race, class, and culture and to combat structural racism throughout the healthcare system. Policies and procedures that uphold structural racism cease to be tolerable to providers who bring their full selves to the work that they are trained to do. Using these nurse consultation partnerships as organizational case studies, this article describes a range of challenges that arise for providers and delineates steps to effective engagement toward reproductive justice.