bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Five-Year Performance of Three Conifer Stock Types on Fine Sandy Loam Soils Treated With Hexazinone
Authors: Pitt D. G. , Krishka C. Stern , Bell F. W. , Lehela A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In May 1987, hexazinone (Velpar® L) was applied by helicopter at 0, 1, 2, and 4 kg active ingredient (a.i.) in 45 L of total solution per ha to a sandy loam site approximately 74 km northwest of Thunder Bay, Ontario. Container (FH408 paper pot)jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) and container (FH408 paper pot) and bareroot (1½ + 1½) black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill.] B.S.P.) were hot-planted 1 month and deferred-planted 12 months after herbicide application. Survival, height, and diameter growth were monitored annually, through the fall of 1991. Jack pine container stock planted 1 month after hexazinone treatment at 2 and 4 kg a.i./ha suffered 12% greater mortality than trees planted 1 yr later. However, the benefits of early establishment and herbaceous weed control offset these early losses and hot-planted areas supported equal volumes at age 4, and 2.3-fold more volume per ha than deferred-planted areas 5 growing seasons after herbicide treatment. Black spruce container and bareroot stock exhibited high tolerance to hexazinone throughout the range of rates tested. Overall, a 1 yr delay in planting resulted in stem and stand volumes that were less than half of those observed in hot-planted areas. Growth response was positively related to the level of herbaceous weed control achieved, with 4 kg treated areas supporting volumes 2- to 4-fold greater than those on untreated areas. The data illustrate significant growth advantages associated with early crop establishment and herbaceous weed control. North. J. Appl. For. 16(2):72-81.
Relative Density Guide for Norway Spruce Plantations in Central New York
Authors: Halligan J. P. , Nyland R. D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Number of stems per acre, sum of diameters per acre, and sum of squared diameters per acre were taken from sixty-five, 0.1 ac plots in Norway spruce plantations within a six county area in central New York. These data were used to generate a maximum average density line plotted on a relative density guide following the format used by Gingrich (1967) and incorporating modifications suggested by Ernst and Knapp (1985). Crown width and diameter data for 27 open-grown Norway spruce indicated that the equation by Krajicek et al. (1961) could be used to calculate a minimum density line for the guide. The maximum density line extrapolates stand development past about 50 yr of age, but should prove useful as an interim guide for management until older Norway spruce plantations become available. North. J. Appl. For. 16(3):154-159.
Ice and Forest Health
Authors: Smith William H. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In January 1998, a major ice storm damaged millions of urban and rural forest acres in the states of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, and New York. A total of 37 counties across the four-state region were designated Federal disaster areas. This article evaluates the storm's influence on general northeastern forest health. It presents a diagnosis of the damage, a prognosis of short- and long-term effects, and a prescription for management and research opportunities. North. J. Appl. For. 17(1)16-19.
Hardwood Tree Quality Development in the White Mountains of New Hampshire
Authors: Sendak Paul E. , Leak William B. , Rice Wanda B. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Few studies in New England have related timber cutting in northern hardwood stands to improvements in timber quality. The objective of this study was to assess tree-quality improvement for lumber production from initial cutting in a northern hardwood forest on the Bartlett Experimental Forest in New Hampshire that occurred about 40 yr ago. This study used nine compartments on the Forest that were initially cut in the 1950s. Cutting methods included three diameter-limit cuts and six individual tree selection cuts followed by timber stand improvement by chemical girdling.The nine compartments remained undisturbed by cutting for approximately 40 yr. By 1996, average tree grade had improved in all compartments, from 3.8 to 3.1 for the diameter limits combined and from 3.2 to 2.7 for the selection compartments combined. Returns per acre of standing inventory were influenced by tree quality but also were confounded with compartment volume and species mix. In general, return of standing inventory in 1996, whether per acre or per mbf, was greater in the selection compartments, but one of the diameter limits had a significant volume of high value red oak timber that skewed its total value upward. North. J. Appl. For. 17(1):9-15.
Growth of Three Pine Species after Eleven Years on Reclaimed Minesoils In Virginia
Authors: Torbert J.L. , Burger J.A. , Schoenholtz S.H. , Kreh R.E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A reforestation experiment was established to test the growth of three pine species on two different surface-mined sites in the Appalachian coalfields of southwest Virginia. One site was mined just prior to enactment of the 1977 Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (SMCRA), and one site was mined and reclaimed to its approximate original contour in accordance with post-SMCRA regulations. Three pine species (Pinus taeda, P. virginiana, and P. strobus) were planted on each site in 1981. A fertilization and an herbaceous weed control treatment were tested. Half the plots were fertilized with a 21 g fertilizer tablet at time of planting and a broadcast application of 50 kg/ha N as ammonium nitrate prior to the fourth growing season. Each plot was split to accommodate an herbaceous weed control treatment during the first 3 yr. After 11 yr, all three tree species grew very well on the prelaw bench site, but were less productive on the postlaw AOC site. The fastest growing species was loblolly pine, which averaged 22 ft tall. Aggressive herbaceous ground covers commonly established on surface-mined land to reduce erosion were successfully controlled by herbicides, resulting in a significant improvement in survival and growth for all tree species. Fertilization as used in this study had little effect on growth and was not as beneficial for tree establishment as the herbicide treatment. The performance of these commercial tree species in this study demonstrates that good forest management opportunities exist for the owners of surface-mined land. North. J. Appl. For. 17(3):95–99.
Computer Corner: A GIS-Based Technique for Randomly Selecting Sample Units on the Landscape
Authors: DeSanty Jacqueline A. , Flock Brian E. , Applegate Roger D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We describe a simple rapid method for randomly selecting sample units using digital orthophotos in a GIS. A table of coordinates is generated to allow the use of a portable GPS unit to locate sample units in the field. This technique greatly improves use of random numbers tables, grids, and other manual methods of field sample selection and location. North. J. Appl. For. 18(2):42–43.
Six-Year Development of Regenerating Natural Hardwood Stands with HerbaceousWeed Control
Authors: McGill David W. , Brenneman Bruce B. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A study was established to examine the effects of herbaceous weed control (HWC) on the development of natural hardwood stands in southeastern West Virginia. In two Appalachian mixed hardwood stands, HWC treatments, consisting of Oust (4 oz/ac) or Oust (4 oz/ac) + Escort (1 oz/ac), were applied prior to budbreak during the first or second growing season after clearcutting. Fern and Rubus species dominated the herbaceous plant cover in the first 3 yr following treatment. Oust + Escort plots had significantly less total herbaceous plant cover than the check plots in the first 2 yr. Mean plot-level treatment effects were significant only in one of the two stands. Sixth-year average tree heights on HWC plots at one site were greater than those on the check plots, and ranged from 11.4 ft (Oust + Escort) to 9.2 ft (check). Six-year heights of tagged stems were greater for Fraser magnolia (Magnolia fraseri Walt.) on HWC plots. Although black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.) had the greatest extent of crown damage from the herbicide treatments initially, average heights of tagged black cherry stems in both stands ranked higher on the HWC plots than on the check plots.
Reforestation of Orchard Stands and Savannahs on Pennsylvania's Allegheny Plateau
Authors: Horsley Stephen B. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Orchard stands and savannahs are forest openings that failed to regenerate after turn-of-the-century logging and have been dominated by dense herbaceous plant growth for 50 or more years. The effectiveness of herbicide application, mechanical site preparation, and fertilization on survival and growth of five species of seedlings was tested over a 6-year period. Neither site preparation nor fertilization significantly increased survival of any species above the control during the first 2 years after planting. Residues of picloram, one of the herbicides used during site preparation, reduced survival of all species, except white ash, below that of the control. Fertilization reduced survival of all species. Black cherry was the only species that grew better as a result of the treatments. Weed removal significantly increased black cherry seedling growth, but much of this increased growth was in branches, rather than the terminal shoot. Mechanical site preparation plus herbicide did not increase growth of black cherry seedlings above that of herbicide alone during the first 2 years and had the disadvantage of stimulating reinvasion by grass. Deer which penetrated the protective fence interfered with evaluation of growth after the second year. North J. Appl. For. 2:22-26, Mar. 1985.
Container Production of Yellow-poplar Seedlings
Authors: Houston Daniel B. , Heiligmann Randall B. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The effects of two container sizes, six potting media, and three fertilizer levels on growth of yellow-poplar were studied in the greenhouse. Maximum growth in this study was produced in 593 cc containers, a peat-perlite-soil (1:1:1, by volume) potting mix, fertilized twice-weekly with a modified Ingestad's solution. North J. Appl. For. 2:79-81, Sept 1985.
The Influence of Price Expectations on Forestry Decisions
Authors: Dennis Donald F. , Remington Susan B. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Real price trends in New Hampshire for 1964 to 1983 indicate much variation among species and products. Average annual changes in real stumpage price ranged from -3.0% for spruce/fir pulpwood to +5.6% for high-quality red oak sawtimber from 1964 to 1983. Optimum rotation ages and soil rent values vary significantly with different expectations of stumpage prices. For eastern white pine, a 2% upward trend in real stumpage price lengthens the rotation age by 13 years and almost quadruples soil rent over the amount with constant real prices. Failure to consider the dynamic nature of stumpage prices will lead to suboptimal forestry decisions. North J. Appl. For. 2:81-83, Sept. 1985.
Response of Yellow Birch and Sugar Maple to Release and Fertilizer
Authors: Hannah Peter R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Small yellow birch and sugar maple pole-size trees 4 to 7 in dbh growing on four forest sites in Vermont did not respond significantly to fertilizers during a study period of up to 14 years. Trees were released by thinning, and various combinations of N, P, K, and lime were applied at up to three rates. Improved growth was best related to crown size. Selecting and releasing large-crowned crop trees of good form on the best sites may be the best investment of time and money.
North. J. Appl. For. 2:108-110, Dec. 1985.
Growth Response of Pitch × Loblolly Pine Hybrids Following Crown Touching Release
Authors: Fox T.R. , Kreh R.E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The 13 yr growth response of pitch × loblolly pine hybrids following a crown touching release conducted at age 7 in the Virginia Piedmont was evaluated. Growth of crop trees was related to the degree of crown release as measured by the free-to-grow (FTG) rating that ranged from 0 (no release) to 4 (complete release on all sides). Diameter growth of the released crop trees (FTG ≥ 3) was 63% greater than diameter growth in nonreleased trees (FTG < 3), while height growth was 9% greater. At age 20, the average dbh of the crop trees was 10.3 in., while the average dbh of the nonreleased trees was 7.8 in. The live crown ratio in the crop trees was significantly greater than in the nonreleased trees (47% vs. 38%), which contributed to the growth response. However, stem quality of the crop trees was poorer than in the nonreleased trees, due to the persistence of branches on the lower bole. These results suggest that sawtimber size pitch × loblolly hybrid pines can be grown in a short rotation if adequate growing space is provided.
Preharvest Manual Herbicide Treatments for Controlling American Beech in Central West Virginia
Authors: Kochenderfer Jeffrey D. , Kochenderfer James N. , Warner David A. , Miller Gary W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Application costs and efficacy were determined for manual preharvest herbicide treatments applied to control American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) that was interfering with the establishment and development of black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.) in central West Virginia. The treatments consisted of four levels of basal area reduction using combinations of two application methods: hack-and-squirt injection with Accord (41.5%) and basal spraying with Garlon 4 (61.6% butoxyethyl ester). The treatments were applied in late Aug. 2000 and evaluated 12 months after treatment. A numerical rating system ranging from 1 to 7 (0–100% crown affected), based on a visual estimation of top kill, was used to evaluate the efficacy of each treatment. Trees receiving a rating of 5 (75% crown control) or greater were considered controlled. After 12 months, almost complete control (99%) was achieved with both application methods. Injection of ≥6.0-in. dbh beech stems also controlled 52% and 21.6% of small untreated beech understory stems in the 2-ft tall to 0.9-in. dbh and 1.0- to 5.9-in. dbh classes, respectively. Average application costs (chemical and labor) ranged from $39.28/ac for injection of 159 stems/ac ≥6 in. dbh to $80.32/ac for basal spraying 396 stems/ac in the 1.0- to 5.9-in. dbh class and $230.09/ac for basal spraying 3,743 stems/ac in the 2-ft tall to 0.9-in. dbh class. Basal spraying the numerous small 2-ft tall to 0.9-in. dbh stems dramatically increased treatment costs. Black cherry occupied 30% of total stand basal area and accounted for 91% of total stand value ($6,288.10/ac). Application costs expressed as a percentage of total stand value ranged from <1% for the injection-only treatment up to 6.5% for combination basal spray and injection treatments. The individual stem herbicide application methods described here are applicable to the steep topography and small nonindustrial ownerships found in Appalachia.
Height Development of Upper-Canopy Trees Within Even-Aged Adirondack Northern Hardwood Stands
Authors: Nyland Ralph D. , Ray David G. , Yanai Ruth D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Knowledge of the relative rates of height growth among species is necessary for predicting developmental patterns in even-aged northern hardwood stands. To quantify these relationships, we used stem analysis to reconstruct early height growth patterns of dominant and codominant sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.), yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britton), white ash (Fraxinus americana L.), and America beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) trees. We used three stands (aged 19, 24, and 29 years) established by shelterwood method cutting preceded by an understory herbicide treatment. We analyzed 10 trees of each species per stand. Height growth was similar across stands, allowing us to develop a single equation for each species. Our data show that yellow birch had the most rapid height growth up to approximately age 10. Both sugar maple and white ash grew more rapidly than yellow birch beyond that point. Beech consistently grew the slowest. White ash had a linear rate of height growth over the 29-year period, while the other species declined in their growth rates. By age 29, the heights of main canopy trees ranged from 38 ft for beech to 51 ft for white ash. Both yellow birch and sugar maple averaged 46 ft tall at that time. By age 29, the base of the live crown had reached 17, 20, 21, and 26 ft for beech, sugar maple, yellow birch, and white ash, respectively. Live–crown ratios of upper-canopy trees did not differ appreciably among species and remained at approximately 40% for the ages evaluated. These results suggest that eliminating advance regeneration changes the outcome of competition to favor species other than beech. North. J. Appl. For. 21(3):117–122.
Biological Efficacy of Gypchek Against a Low-Density Leading-Edge Gypsy Moth Population
Authors: Webb R. E. , White G. B. , Sukontarak T. , Podgwaite J. D. , Schumacher D. , Diss A. , Reardon R. C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The USDA's Slow-the-Spread (STS) program seeks to retard the continued spread of the gypsy moth using ecologically desirable treatments such as Gypchek. At “trace” population levels, evaluation of treatment success by defoliation reduction, egg mass reduction, burlap counts, or larval collection is not feasible. We adapted the “bugs-in-bags” technique to evaluate an operational application of Gypchek against trace populations of gypsy moths in Wisconsin, an STS area. Late first- or early second-instar gypsy moth larvae were placed, 1 per bag or 10 per bag, in sleeve cages placed over treated foliage one hour posttreatment. Mortality observed for larvae placed 10 per bag was equivalent to that recorded for larvae placed 1 per bag, and both should approximate the mortality occurring to the larvae scattered in nature. A single application of Gypchek applied in 9.5 liters of Carrier 038 at 1012 polyhedral inclusion bodies per hectacre was found to induce a higher rate of infection in blocks treated in the early morning than in blocks treated later in the morning, correlating significantly with a lowering of relative humidity and an increase in temperature and wind speed. Recorded levels of efficacy (24–67%) did not meet quarantine objectives; however, Gypchek, which kills only the gypsy moth, remains a product of choice by many land managers for use in certain environmentally sensitive areas. These results provide such land managers with a realistic assessment of the level of efficacy that can be expected from this formulation of Gypchek used at the currently recommended dose. North. J. Appl. For. 21(3):144–149.
Diameter Growth in Even- and Uneven-Aged Northern Hardwoods in New Hampshire Under Partial Cutting
Authors: Leak William B. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
One important concern in the conversion of even-aged stands to an uneven-aged condition through individual-tree or small-group cutting is the growth response throughout the diameter-class distribution, especially of the understory trees. Increment-core sampling of an older, uneven-aged northern hardwood stand in New Hampshire under management for about 50 years established the baseline diameter-growth responses of the sapling, pole, and sawtimber strata. Growth responses of the poletimber and sawtimber in a 70-year-old even-aged stand were comparable to the uneven-aged stand after an initial partial cutting treatment; growth of the understory began approaching comparable rates after the second entry about 25 years after the first cut. North. J. Appl. For. 21(3):160–163.
Wet Heartwood Distribution in the Stem, Stump, and Root Wood of Black Spruce in the Quebec Boreal Forest, Canada
Authors: Krause Cornelia , Gagnon Réjean 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Wet heartwood has been studied since the beginning of the 20th century. The present work focused on wet heartwood of 44 black spruces (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) from boreal forest swampy sites Quebec, Canada. Trees were studied to characterize their tree crown shape, quickly identify them in the field, measure their moisture content, establish their moisture content distribution pattern, evaluate the wet heartwood volume inside their stem, and find the possibility of water entrance in this species. Black spruces with wet heartwood were characterized by a typical tree shape with a small number of living branches, short branches, and a clump of green needles at the top of the tree. The wet heartwood was characterized by high moisture content at the stem base and decreased with stem height. Wet heartwood was observed as high as 5 m above stem base for trees around 10.5 m in height. Moisture content of sapwood along the stem varied from 81 to 161%, whereas in dry heartwood, it was around 43% but reached more than 100% in the wet heartwood. Wet heartwood volume in the first 3.25 m of black spruce stems averaged 13% with variations between 2 and 35% per study site. Twelve stumps had wet heartwood moisture contents reaching 143% or higher. Moisture content of wet heartwood in root sections closest to the stump varied along a gradient: lower or absent at ground level and increasing with depth up to a maximum value before decreasing again. North. J. Appl. For. 22(1):12–18.
The Response of Conifer and Broad-Leaved Trees and Shrubs to Wildfire and Clearcut Logging in the Boreal Forests of Central Labrador
Authors: Simon Neal P.P. , Schwab Francis E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
To assess the differences between forest management and natural disturbance, we retrospectively compared crown cover of woody plant species between burned and clearcut sites after 5, 14, and 27 years of succession. All 16 sites had been dominated by black spruce (Picea mariana) before disturbance. We found no difference in species richness between disturbance types, but richness was lowest on 5-year-old sites for both disturbances. Burned and clearcut sites differed in the cover of woody plant species, differences increasing slightly with time since disturbance. Both balsam fir (Abies balsamea) and black spruce were more abundant on 14- and 27-year-old clearcut plots than burned plots. Black spruce cover was always greater than fir, but the spruce:fir ratio on clearcut plots was lower than on burned plots. Our data suggest that fire and clearcut logging affect postdisturbance succession differently. Contrary to other studies, logging resulted in more commercially valuable black spruce than fire, and broad-leaved woody plants were not in greater abundance on logged sites. However, the persistence of fir through logging suggests that the resulting forest would be of lower commercial value than a pure black spruce forest. North. J. Appl. For. 22(1):35–41.
A Model-Based Approach to Developing Density Management Diagrams Illustrated with Lake States Red Pine
Authors: Mack Timothy J. , Burk Thomas E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Density management diagrams (DMDs) are widely used within the North American forestry community. DMDs, as traditionally implemented, have some limitations, including lack of automation, poor age and mortality accounting, and inflexible product yield reporting. We propose a model-based approach to circumvent these limitations. Resinosa, an interactive DMD for Lake States red pine, takes this approach. We describe the stand-level, self-thinning-constrained growth model that is the basis for Resinosa to illustrate our arguments. Resinosa allows foresters to make quick and easy comparisons among management regimes.North. J. Appl. For. 22(2):117–123.