bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Validating curricular competencies in innovation and entrepreneurship for biomedical research trainees: A modified Delphi approach
Authors: Garbutt Jane , Antes Alison , Mozersky Jessica , Pearson James , Grailer Joseph , Toker Emre , DuBois James 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIntroduction:Biomedical researchers need skills in innovation and entrepreneurship (I&E) to efficiently translate scientific discoveries into products and services to be used to improve health.Methods:In 2016, the European Union identified and published 15 entrepreneurial competencies (EntreComp) for the general population. To validate the appropriateness of these competencies for I&E training for biomedical researchers and to identify program content, we conducted six modified Delphi panels of 45 experts (6–9 per panel). Participating experts had diverse experience, representing such fields as entrepreneurship, academic research, venture capital, and industry.Results:The experts agreed that all 15 EntreComp competencies were important for biomedical research trainees and no additional competencies were identified. In a two-round Delphi process, the experts identified 120 topics to be included in a training curriculum. They rated the importance of each topic using a 5-point scale from not at all important (1) to extremely important (5) for two student groups: entrepreneurs (those interested in starting their own ventures) and intrapreneurs (those wanting to be innovative and strategic within academia or industry). Consensus (mean importance score >4) was reached that 85 (71%) topics were of high importance for the curriculum. Four topics were identified by multiple panels for both student groups: resiliency, goal setting, team management, and communication skills.Conclusions:I&E training for biomedical trainees should address all 15 EntreComp competencies, including “soft skills,” and be flexible to accommodate the needs of trainees on different career trajectories.
National trends in the treatment of urinary tract infections among Veterans’ Affairs Community Living Center residents
Authors: Appaneal Haley J. , Caffrey Aisling R. , Lopes Vrishali V. , Crnich Christopher J. , Dosa David M. , LaPlante Kerry L. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractObjective:To describe urinary tract infection (UTI) treatment among Veterans’ Affairs (VA) Community Living Centers (CLCs) nationally and to assess related trends in antibiotic use.Design:Descriptive study.Setting and participants:All UTI episodes treated from 2013 through 2017 among residents in 110 VA CLCs. UTI episodes required collection of a urine culture, antibiotic treatment, and a UTI diagnosis code. UTI episodes were stratified into culture-positive and culture-negative episodes.Methods:Frequency and rate of antibiotic use were assessed for all UTI episodes overall and were stratified by culture-positive and culture-negative episodes. Joinpoint software was used for regression analyses of trends over time.Results:We identified 28,247 UTI episodes in 14,983 Veterans. The average age of Veterans was 75.7 years, and 95.9% were male. Approximately half of UTI episodes (45.7%) were culture positive and 25.7% were culture negative. Escherichia coli was recovered in 34.1% of culture-positive UTI episodes, followed by Proteus mirabilis and Klebsiella spp, which were recovered in 24.5% and 17.4% of culture-positive UTI episodes, respectively. The rate of total antibiotic use in days of therapy (DOT) per 1,000 bed days decreased by 10.1% per year (95% CI, −13.6% to −6.5%) and fluoroquinolone use (ciprofloxacin or levofloxacin) decreased by 14.5% per year (95% CI, −20.6% to −7.8%) among UTI episodes overall. Similar reductions in rates of total antibiotic use and fluoroquinolone use were observed among culture-positive UTI episodes and among culture-negative UTI episodes.Conclusion:Over a 5-year period, antibiotic use for UTIs significantly decreased among VA CLCs, as did use of fluoroquinolones. Antibiotic stewardship efforts across VA CLCs should be applauded, and these efforts should continue.
Inappropriate intravenous antimicrobial starts: An antimicrobial stewardship metric for hemodialysis facilities
Authors: Hahn Phillip D. , Figgatt Mary , Peritz Tiina , Coffin Susan E. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWe assessed the appropriateness of intravenous antimicrobial starts (IVASs) in Philadelphia County hemodialysis facilities using only National Healthcare Safety Network data. We classified 57.5% of IVASs as inappropriate. These findings warrant further investigation into the determinants of inappropriate IVASs in hemodialysis facilities to enhance antimicrobial stewardship.
Characterization of cerebral cortical endocannabinoid levels in a rat inguinal surgery model using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS)
Authors: Ita M. , Kelly J. 
Published: July 2019

Background:The brain endocannabinoid system is believed to play significant roles in anti-nociception, fear response, anxiety, and stress. This study investigated the effects of rat inguinal surgery on the levels of endocannabinoids in the cerebral cortex.Aim:The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of acute post-surgical pain on the levels of endocannabinoids in the cerebral cortex.Methods:Quantitation of endocannabinoids in the rat cerebral cortex was performed by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry.Results:There was no significant difference in the cerebral cortical levels of anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) between the sham and surgery experimental groups. However, there were lateralized differences in the levels of these endocannabinoids between the right and left cerebral cortices irrespective of the two groups. The concentrations of AEA and 2-AG were significantly higher in the right cerebral cortex compared to the contralateral cerebral cortex.Conclusion:Acute post-surgical pain did not induce significant alterations in the cerebral cortical levels of endocannabinoids in this study, but the phenomenon of lateralization of the cerebral cortical AEA and 2-AG levels was observed; this latter finding may be related to the role played by endocannabinoids in fear conditioning.
Large Eddy Simulation of Two-Phase Flow Pattern and Transformation Characteristics of Flow Mixing Nozzle
Authors: Zhao Jin , Ning Zhi , Lü Ming 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACTThe two-phase flow pattern of a flow mixing nozzle plays an important role in jet breakup and atomization. However, the flow pattern of this nozzle and its transformation characteristics are still unclear. A diesel-air injection simulation model of a flow mixing nozzle is established. Then the two-phase flow pattern and transformation characteristics of the flow mixing nozzle is studied using a numerical simulation method. The effect of the air-diesel velocity ratio, ratio of the distance between the tube orifice and nozzle hole and the tube diameter (H/D), and the diesel inlet velocity was studied in terms of the jet breakup diameter (jet diameter at the breakup position) and jet breakup length (length of the diesel jet from the breakup position to the nozzle outlet). The results show that the jet breakup diameter decreases with the decrease in H/D or the increase in the air-diesel velocity ratio and diesel inlet velocity. The jet breakup length increases first and then decreases with the increase in H/D and air-diesel velocity ratio; the trend of the diesel inlet velocity is complicated. In addition, a change in the working conditions also causes some morphological changes that cannot be quantitatively analyzed in the diesel-air flow pattern. The transition characteristics of the flow pattern are analyzed, and it is found that the main reason for the change in the flow pattern is the change in the inertial force of the air, surface tension force, and viscous force of diesel (non-dimensional Reynolds number and Weber number describe the transition characteristics in this paper). The surface tension force of diesel decreases and the viscous force of diesel and inertial force of air increase when the air-diesel velocity ratio increases or H/D decreases. However, the effects of the diesel surface tension force and viscous force effect are much smaller than that of the air inertial force, which changes the diesel-air flow pattern from a drop pattern to a vibration jet pattern, broken jet pattern, and then a chaotic jet pattern.
What characteristics of funding, provision and regulation are associated with effective social investment in ECEC in England, France and Germany?
Authors: WEST ANNE , BLOME AGNES , LEWIS JANE 
Published: July 2019

AbstractEarly childhood education and care (ECEC) is seen as a crucial element of the social investment state. Whilst the extent of social investment in ECEC depends on financial expenditure, its effectiveness depends on certain conditions being met: namely, affordable, high quality provision being available. We explore policy development and the role played by government in the funding, provision and regulation of ECEC in England, France and Germany and then compare availability, affordability and quality. We argue that for children aged three and over, social investment can be deemed to be broadly effective in France and Germany, but in England quality is compromised by low staff qualification levels in private childcare centres. For children under three, effective social investment is elusive in all countries, although as a result of different conditions not being met. Our findings lead us to question the limitations of the concept of social investment in ECEC, particularly in marketised contexts.
Border clashes: the distributive politics of professional liberalisation in Greece, 2010–2018
Authors: Stolfi Francesco , Papamakariou Natalia 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis article studies the political conflict surrounding the implementation of the European Union’s Services Directive in Greece between 2010 and 2018, the period in which the country was subject to external conditionality by external institutions. Focusing on the opening of jurisdictional boundaries for four professions (tourist guides, taxi owners, lawyers and engineers) that differ in terms of power and of organisational structure, we find that power differences, including control of the professions’ institutions of interest aggregation and representation, explain the liberalisation outcomes across the four professions. This article thus puts the spotlight on the role of domestic interest groups in the implementation of EU legislation and directs researchers’ attention to the broader issue of bias in interest intermediation, a classic, but lately understudied, issue in the study of politics.
A critical review of research relating to the learning, use and effects of additional and multiple languages in later life
Authors: Pfenninger Simone E. , Singleton David 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWhile there is a growing body of research on second language acquisition (SLA) in children, adolescents, young and more mature adults, much remains to be explored about how adults in later life learn a new language and how good additional language learning is forthem. Our goal in this article is to survey and evaluate what is known about the linguistic, socio-affective, neurobiological and cognitive underpinnings of the second language (L2) learning process in older individuals, the extent to which L2 acquisition may be seen as contributing to healthy and active ageing, and how these phenomena are to be approached scientifically, methodologically and pedagogically. Our view is that a developmental enterprise as complex as L2 learning in senior adulthood and its effects in later life cannot be explained by a single theory or set of principles. Furthermore, we take it that L2 acquisition in the third age needs to be regarded not just as a goal in itself but as a means of promoting social interaction and integration, and that it is partly through the stimulation of social well-being that its cognitive effects may potentially be observed.
Internal Model Control and Experimental Study of Ankle Rehabilitation Robot
Authors: Wang Lan , Chang Ying , Zhu Haitao 
Published: July 2019

SUMMARYIn the present work, the ankle rehabilitation robot (ARR) dynamic model that implements a new series of connection control strategies is introduced. The dynamic models are presented in this regard. This model analyzes the robot LuGre friction model and the nonlinear disturbance model. To improve the ARR system’s rapidity and robustness, a composite 2-degree of freedom (2-DOF) internal model control (IMC) controller is presented. The control performance of the compound 2-DOF IMC controller is simulated and analyzed in the present work. The simulation shows that the composite 2-DOF IMC controller has high following performance. For practical testing purposes, 1-DOF passive training and predetermined trajectory following have been completed for different swing amplitudes and frequencies. Moreover, the thrust and tension torque of the robotic dynamic and static loading characteristics are studied in active control mode. The experimental results show the effectiveness of passive training of the given trajectory and impedance training active control strategy. This paper gives the specific functions of ARR.
Congeneric mutualist ant symbionts (Tetraponera, Pseudomyrmecinae) differ in level of protection of their myrmecophyte hosts (Barteria, Passifloraceae)
Authors: Kokolo Bertrand , Atteke Christiane , Mintsa Boris Achille Eyi , Ibrahim Brama , McKey Doyle , Blatrix Rumsais 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBarteria fistulosaandB. dewevrei, central African rain-forest trees, provide nesting cavities forTetraponera aethiopsandT. latifronsants, respectively, which protect them against herbivores. To compare protection efficiency between these two symbioses, for 20 plants of each species in two sites in Gabon we measured the time elapsed before ants reached a focal leaf, for host leaves that were undisturbed, damaged (cut with scissors) or subjected to slight vibration (mimicking such damage), and for damaged leaves of the non-hostBarteriaspecies.Tetraponera aethiopsdisplayed stronger protective behaviour than didT. latifrons. Time to reach a damaged host leaf (4.5 ± 2.6 min, mean ± SD) did not differ significantly from time to reach a leaf subjected to slight vibration (5.2 ± 3.0 min) forT. aethiops, but response to a leaf subjected to slight vibration (9.5 ± 1.9 min) was significantly slower than that to a damaged leaf (7.8 ± 1.9 min) forT. latifrons. The faster response ofT. aethiopsto slight vibration may have masked a response of this species to chemical signalling. Both ants reached damaged host leaves faster than damaged leaves of the non-hostBarteriasp., indicating host plant specificity in ant responses.
INTRODUCTION TO THE SPECIAL ISSUE ON LEARNING, OPTIMIZATION, AND THEORY OF G-NETWORKS
Authors: Pekergin Nihal 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWe introduce the special issue on “Learning, Optimization, and the Theory of G-Networks” of the journal Probability in the Engineering and Informational Sciences that appears in 2019. We first outline some of the applications and developments of G-Networks which motivate the ongoing interest for this area, including some areas which could not be covered in this special issue. We then briefly discuss the contributions presented in the ten papers that are published in this special issue in the context of related work.
Metathesis of aspiration as the source of anticipatory voicelessness in Basque
Authors: Egurtzegi Ander 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACTIn Basque, there is evidence, especially in early loans from Latin, that a sequence #DV(R)T… where D is a voiced stop and T is a voiceless (aspirated) stop was optionally produced with devoicing of the first of these stops. An additional particularity of this sound pattern is that the devoiced word-initial stop typically surfaces with aspiration, while the previously aspirated stop loses it: #DV(R)T(h)… > #T(h)V(R)T… This typologically uncommon sound pattern has been described as assimilation of voicelessness in the literature, or spread of [-voiced]. I propose that this sound pattern is triggered by aspiration, not voicelessness, and that it is a case of metathesis, not assimilation. Under the proposed analysis, aspiration of the second stop in the word is reanalysed as originating in the first stop, an instance of perceptual metathesis. This approach accounts for the distribution of aspirated stops before and after the optional change, and the failure of post-sibilant stops to trigger. This account also has implications for the chronology of aspiration-loss in Western dialects: at the time the earliest Latin loans were borrowed, all Basque dialects still maintained a historical series of aspirated stops. Only later, after this process of optional metathesis, did the Western dialects lose *h and stop aspiration.
Heart failure in primary care: prevalence related to age and
comorbidity
Authors: Bosch Lieke , Assmann Patricia , de Grauw Wim J. C. , Schalk Bianca W. M. , Biermans Marion C. J. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Background
Diagnosing heart failure (HF) in primary care can be challenging, especially
in elderly patients with comorbidities. Insight in the prevalence, age,
comorbidity and routine practice of diagnosing HF in general practice may
improve the process of diagnosing HF.

Aim
To examine the prevalence of HF in relation to ageing and comorbidities, and
routine practice of diagnosing HF in general practice.

Methods
A retrospective cohort study was performed using data from electronic health
records of 56 320 adult patients of 11 general practices. HF patients were
compared with patients without HF using descriptive analyses and
χ2 tests. The following comorbidities were considered: chronic
obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD), diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension,
anaemia and renal function disorder (RFD). Separate analyses were performed
for men and women.

Findings
The point prevalence of HF was 1.2% (95% confidence interval
1.13–1.33) and increased with each age category from 0.04%
(18–44 years) to 20.9% (⩾85 years). All studied
comorbidities were significantly (P<0.001) more
common in HF patients than in patients without HF: COPD (24.1% versus
3.1%), DM (34.7% versus 6.5%), hypertension
(52.7% versus 16.0%), anaemia (10.9% versus
2.3%) and RFD (61.8% versus 7.5%). N-terminal pro-BNP
(NT-proBNP) was recorded in 38.1% of HF patients.

Conclusions
HF is highly associated with ageing and comorbidities. Diagnostic use of
NT-proBNP in routine primary care seems underutilized. Instruction of GPs to
determine NT-proBNP in patients suspected of HF is recommended, especially
In elderly patients with comorbidities.
Fullerton Virtual Twin Project: Overview and 2019 Update
Authors: Segal Nancy L. , Niculae Francisca J. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractVirtual twins (VTs) are defined as same-age unrelated siblings raised together from early infancy. This special class of adoptive siblings replays the rearing situation of twins, absent genetic relatedness. The first such pair was identified and studied in 1990 at the University of Minnesota, leading to the creation of the Fullerton Virtual Twin Study (FVTS) at California State University, Fullerton (CSUF) the following year. The registry currently includes 169 VT pairs, mostly children, with new pairs identified on a regular basis. These sibling sets provide a direct estimate of environmental influences on developmental traits and, as such, offer informative comparisons with ordinary monozygotic and dizygotic twins, full siblings and adoptive brothers and sisters. The sample characteristics, assessment battery and findings to date are summarized in this 2019 update.
Local Time Variation in the Large‐Scale Structure of Saturn's Magnetosphere
Authors: Sorba A. M. , Achilleos N. A. , Sergis N. , Guio P. , Arridge C. S. , Dougherty M. K. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe large‐scale structure of Saturn's magnetosphere is determined by internal and external factors, including the rapid planetary rotation rate, significant internal hot and cold plasma sources, and varying solar wind pressure. Under certain conditions the dayside magnetospheric magnetic field changes from a dipolar to more disk‐like structure, due to global force balance being approximately maintained during the reconfiguration. However, it is still not fully understood which factors dominantly influence this behavior, and in particular how it varies with local time. We explore this in detail using a 2‐D force‐balance model of Saturn's magnetodisk to describe the magnetosphere at different local time sectors. For model inputs, we use recent observational results that suggest a significant local time asymmetry in the pressure of the hot (>3 keV) plasma population, and magnetopause location. We make calculations under different solar wind conditions, in order to investigate how these local time asymmetries influence magnetospheric structure for different system sizes. We find significant day/night asymmetries in the model magnetic field, consistent with recent empirical studies based on Cassini magnetometer observations. We also find dawn‐dusk asymmetries in equatorial current sheet thickness, with the varying hot plasma content and magnetodisk radius having comparable influence on overall structure, depending on external conditions. We also find significant variations in magnetic mapping between the ionosphere and equatorial disk, and ring current intensity, with substantial enhancements in the night and dusk sectors. These results have consequences for interpreting many magnetospheric phenomena that vary with local time, such as reconnection events and auroral observations.
Bottom and Intermediate Nepheloid Layer Induced by Shoaling Internal Solitary Waves: Impacts of the Angle of the Wave Group Velocity Vector and Slope Gradients
Authors: Tian Zhuangcai , Jia Yonggang , Zhang Shaotong , Zhang Xiaojiang , Li Yang , Guo Xiujun 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe widely recognized global phenomena of bottom nepheloid layer (BNL) and intermediate nepheloid layer (INL) are ubiquitous in the ocean. These phenomena are induced by shoaling internal solitary waves (ISWs), as observed in many studies. In this study, we analyzed the BNLs and INLs induced by shoaling ISWs and their detailed processes using flume experiments and field observations. ISWs suspended seabed sediment by the horizontal velocity in the vortex, and the near‐bottom vertical velocity lifted sediment into the water column to create a BNL, which detached from the slope and diffused along the isopycnals, forming more than one INL. Considering the results of previous researchers, we found that the numbers of BNLs and INLs were principally determined by the relationship between the angle of the ISW group velocity vector (α) relative to horizontal and the slope gradients (γ). In transmissive regions (γ/α < 1), one BNL and more than one INL were formed. In critical regions (γ/α~1), only one BNL and less than one INL were observed. In reflective regions (γ/α > 1), less than one BNL was formed and no INL. The BNL in the critical regions should be the thickest where the sediment resuspension was the greatest. The concentrations and thicknesses of BNLs and INLs were related to the energy and amplitude of ISW and the sediment condition. The results in the transmissive regions were proved by field observation. Our research will help to predict the number and magnitude of transport channels formed by shoaling ISWs from the ocean margin to the ocean interior.