bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Carbon Footprint and CO2 Emissions in the Concrete-Polymer Composites Technology
Authors: Sokołowska Joanna Julia , Chmielewska Bogumiła 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
In the building materials industry, similarly to other industry sectors, the quantification of greenhouse gas emissions is undertaken, enabling the identification of GHG sources both for individual production processes and in total – for specific material solutions and products. While recently a lot of attention is paid to analyze carbon footprint of ordinary concrete and development of low-emission cements with significantly reduced Portland clinker content, the issue of GHG quantification in the context of concrete-like polymer composites (including concretes with polymer binders e.g. PCC or PC and concretes with significant amounts of polymer modifiers) is not recognized. This article attempts to make a preliminary assessment of the impact of the presence of polymers on the carbon footprint of such composites.
The Role of Polymer in Calcium Sulfoaluminate Cement-Based Materials
Authors: Wang Ru 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
In order to realize sustainable development, new types of cements were paid more attention. Calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA) cement is a kind of eco-friendly cement that has the characteristics of low carbon emission, low energy consumption, fast setting and hardening, and so on. But the main hydration product ettringite (AFt) is quite sensitive to curing conditions that makes CSA cement-based materials sensitive to temperature and ageing. Polymer plays a key role in improving the properties of CSA cement mortar. Our researches showed that styrene-butadiene copolymer (SB) could result in a big reduction of zeta potential and conductivity of the CSA cement paste, retard the very initial hydration of CSA cement but not after 3 h, and lead to the generation of more AFt and aluminium hydroxide (AH3). With SB addition increasing, the yield stress, viscosity, thixotropy, fluidity and thus workability of CSA cement mortar were significantly improved. The mechanical strength of CSA cement mortar showed a reduction after a certain age, but when SB was added there was no reduction anymore under various curing conditions. SEM observation of the morphology accounts well for the changes in mechanical properties. The shrinkage, water capillary adsorption, and durability such as resistance to freezing and thawing cycle, carbonization and sulfate attack were also investigated. This paper reviewed the role of polymer in CSA cement-based materials taking SB as an example based on recent research work of our group.
Study and Characterization of Gypsum Mortars Made with Phenolic Melamine Polymer Wastes from the Decorative Paper Industry
Authors: Santamaría-Vicario Isabel , Zurro-García Belén , Paredes-Núñez Ana María , Petrement Carlos Junco , Saiz Ángel Rodríguez 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The proposed research studies the properties of gypsum mortars made with polymeric waste from the manufacturing process of high pressure laminated (HPL) thermosetting decorative panels, composed of cellulose paper layers impregnated with phenolic resins and melamine resins. The waste generated in the cutting, profiling and milling of the decorative panels is discarded and sent to landfill without a defined use. This research aims to contribute to the Circular Economy of Waste by recovering it as a raw material. Gypsum mortars are designed by adding different amounts of melamine waste. Subsequently, the properties of the mortars are studied following the technical prescriptions established in the European regulations. Firstly, the properties of the mortars in their fresh state are studied, such as the water/gypsum ratio, consistency, apparent density of the fresh mortar and setting time. Then, the properties of the hardened mortars are determined, such as the apparent density of the hardened mortar, mechanical resistance to bending and compression, adhesion, Shore C surface hardness and capillary absorption. Based on the results obtained in the tests, the viability of this type of waste is assessed for its use as a mineral aggregate to replace traditional aggregates, in order to obtain commercial gypsum mortars for use in masonry work, cladding, walls, or as a raw material for the manufacture of prefabricated materials. The results obtained show that the limit of gypsum substitution by melamine waste could be a maximum of 25%. New mortar formulations with lower substitutions would provide significant advantages in this type of ecological materials, in accordance with the technical requirements established by the applicable European regulations.
Valorisation of Polyurethane Waste in Gypsum Mortar to Improve Its Circular Economy
Authors: Rodrigo-Bravo Alba , Gutiérrez-González Sara , Carpintero Verónica Calderón , Cuenca-Romero Lourdes Alameda 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The study of the behaviour of polymeric waste in building materials is of great interest. Both sectors are important and have a significant impact on the environment, so more sustainable alternatives that drive the circular economy are needed. A multi-criteria assessment on gypsum mortar with polyurethane waste from eight different industries has been carried out to analyse in depth the influence of this polymer on building materials. The methodology used studies the physico-mechanical properties of the mixtures. A “cradle to gate” Life Cycle Assessment at laboratory level is also included to evaluate and compare their environmental performance. The dosage evaluated is the one that recovers the greatest amount of waste possible while maintaining its performance above the values established in the regulation. The results of the study show that the incorporation of polyurethane waste in gypsum mortars decreases their bulk density by 2–22% in the fresh state and 7–24% in the hardened state, while flexural and compressive strengths are reduced by about one third. The environmental impact assessment of the innovative materials shows that some samples are 15–22% more environmentally friendly than the conventional one. It is concluded that the incorporation of polyurethane waste in gypsum mortar products is a viable alternative to landfill disposal or incineration, given its good technical and environmental performance.
Construction Versus Circular Economy
Authors: Tomaszewska-Krygicz Justyna 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Closing the loop of materials circulation is certainly the right way to decrease the pressure humans place on the environment. Although many efforts have been made toward effective mitigation of anthropogenic impacts, mostly on the policy dimension, there is still much more to do. The transformation affects every phase of the building’s lifecycle, which therefore requires the engagement of all value chain actors and suppliers, often assigning them new roles and responsibilities. The experiences gained from over a decade of the EU’s journey towards CE clearly indicate that, regardless of how good the legal regulations are and how effective the educational efforts are, achieving the goals of maintaining resources in the economy is not possible without the implementation of innovation and proper business models. Considering that materials and resources marketplaces are among the most common areas of Contech investment, it is worth considering what role polymer concrete composites (CPC) may play in the sector's quest for circularity. This article will try to find an answer to this dilemma by discussing the meaning of CE for the sector, its main drivers, and implications for the supply chain.
Chloride Diffusion and Mechanical Performances of Geopolymer Concrete with Blended Precursor
Authors: Duży Patrycja , Hager Izabela , Choińska-Colombel Marta , Amiri Ouali 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Geopolymer concrete is an environment-friendly material and is presently accepted as an alternative to conventional concrete. It utilizes industrial by-products like fly ash and slag to reduce CO2 emissions associated with cement production. Despite being investigated over the decades, the application of geopolymers in construction is still very limited. Most of the research data refer to geopolymer pastes and mortars and their properties, performances, and durability. Although geopolymer concretes are well-accepted in the research community owing to their comparable or even better performances as a cement substitution.
In this paper, the precursors for geopolymer concrete preparations are blends of fly ash (FA) and ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS) in three slag proportions: 5%, 20%, and 35% expressed as a percent of FA mass. The concretes were denominated AAC5, AAC20, and AAC35, respectively. Their basic physical and mechanical characteristics were investigated, as were their transport properties of chloride ions. The ASTM C1556 test was applied to determine the chloride ions’ penetration of the geopolymers. The measurements revealed a strong dependence between chloride penetration through the concrete and the precursor composition.
The Effects of Calcium and Phosphate Compounds on the Mechanical and Microstructural Properties of Fly Ash Geopolymer Mortars
Authors: Prochoń Piotr , Piotrowski Tomasz , Courard Luc , Zhao Zengfeng 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Phosphorus and calcium compounds are present in the chemical composition of byproducts from coal and biomass combustion. They may have an influence on the microstructure and the mechanical properties through the specific bonds in polymeric aluminosilicates - geopolymers. Results proved that the 5% of CaO added to high-silica fly ash geopolymer increases material density and mechanical properties. Phosphate compounds available in the biomass fly ash have a negative effect on geopolymer mortars by increasing porosity and decreasing their compressive strength.
Effect of Polymer Mortar Modification Using Eco-friendly Biochar on Microstructure
Authors: Załęgowski Kamil , Kępniak Maja 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The construction sector should have much to offer in terms of helping to achieve circular economy goals, among others the use of waste materials. The example of such materials is biochar, a black porous and carbon-rich matter that could be converted from various waste biomass. A biochar could be utilized as microfiller in polymer concretes. This application of biochar is promising due to good interfacial bonding with polymer, no reactivity between surrounding polymer matrix and filler particles and fact that even fillers with irregular particles and large specific surface area could be utilized in polymer matrix. These create real opportunity to effectively dispose waste materials as a replacement of natural aggregates in polymer concrete technology. The presented paper is a second part of the research concerning the utilization of ecofriendly biochar in polymer composites conducted by authors. To better understand the impact of modification by biochar, already performed tests were supplemented by measurements of ultrasonic pulse velocity and quantitative analysis of microstructure.
Effect of Polymer Content on Properties of Polymer Cement Mortar
Authors: Demura Katsunori , Saito Toshikatsu 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
In this paper, the volume fraction of polymer as a solid in the polymer cement mortar (PCM) is defined as the polymer content. The effect of the polymer content on the properties such as the flexural and compressive strengths, water permeability, carbonation and chloride ion penetration of PCM is discussed. As a result, the equation of the effective factor (F) for the properties of the PCM by using the water-cement ratio (W/C), polymer content (Vp), and volume fractions of air (Va) and sand (Vs) is established as “F = (1-W/C)(1 + AVp)(1-Va)(1 + 5Vs)”. The empirical constant (A) is the 4, -6, -8, -6 and -4 for the flexural strength, compressive strength, water permeability, carbonation depth and chloride ion penetration depth of PCM, respectively. The equation for estimating the properties of PCM by using the effective factor and the properties of cement mortar (Plain) is established as “P

P
= B(FP

0
) + C”. Where, P

P
, F, and P

0
are the properties of PCM, the effective factor and the properties of Plain with the same W/C, sand-cement ratio and curing condition as the PCM. The empirical constants B and C in this equation are depending on the type of polymer used and curing condition.
Effect of Polymer Paste Content on the Porosity and Strength of Pervious Polymer Concrete
Authors: Yeon Jung Heum , Choi Yeoung-Geun , Yang Cheol-Jae , Yeon Kyu-Seok 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This study investigates the effect of polymer paste content on the porosity and strength of pervious polymer concrete made of unsaturated polyester resin, fly ash filler, and crushed coarse aggregate. The porosity (total porosity and connected porosity) and strength (compressive and flexural strengths) for different polymer paste contents were investigated. The polymer paste content was chosen as an experimental variable because it determines the cost-effectiveness and has a significant impact on various material properties. The results showed that the total and connected porosity fell between 37.5–8.8% and 34.2–7.2%, respectively, when the polymer paste content increased from 7 to 19.5 wt.%. The porosity tended to decrease as the polymer paste content increased. The compressive and flexural strengths ranged from 14.5 to 41.5 MPa and 4.3 to 16.1 MPa, and the strengths increased as the paste content increased. In particular, the strengths were much higher than those of many existing studies on conventional portland cement concrete due to the enhanced adhesion of the polymer binder upon the addition of the cross-linking agent.
Study on the Use of Glass By-Products for Sustainable Polymer-Modified Mortars
Authors: Žižková Nikol , Hodul Jakub , Drochytka Rostislav 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This investigation is focused on the observation of changes in the properties of polymer-modified cement mortars caused by the addition of recycled glass. The current requirements for reducing CO2 emissions in the production of cement composites, are also forcing the producers of polymer-modified mortars (PMMs) to use alternative materials, such as silica-rich supplementary materials. Selected types of recycled glass with pozzolanic behavior were specifically ground (particle size below 63 μm) and used as a partial cement substitute (10 wt.%, 20 wt.% and 30 wt.% substitution of Portland cement). In order to explain the obtained results and garner new knowledge of the microstructure of the mixtures being studied, the following tests were performed: scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation, differential thermal analysis (DTA) and high-pressure mercury intrusion porosimetry. The findings show that the finely ground recycled glass has high potential to be used as an effective cement replacement for PMM materials, that are currently used in large amounts, mainly in the rehabilitation of concrete structures.
Effects of Polymers and Other Material Components on Electrical Resistivity of Cement Mortar
Authors: Wakasugi Mikio , Fukui Takuya , Kanda Toshiyuki , Demura Katsunori 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
In the repair of the reinforced concrete structures deteriorated due to the chloride corrosion of rebars, it is desirable that the electrical resistivity of the patching repair mortar is equal to or lower than that of the existing concrete, considering the case of adopting the cathodic protection in the future. In general, cementitious patching repair mortars contain polymer components, which are thought to increase the resistivity, but there are also components other than polymer components that affect the resistivity. Such components without polymer include admixture components such as ground granulated blast furnace slag and fly ash, cement components such as ultra rapid hardening cement, and corrosion inhibitor components such as lithium nitrite. In this study, the effects of those components on the resistivity of cementitious patching repair mortars up to the age of 26 weeks are clarified. As a result, the electrical resistivity of cementitious patching repair mortar depends greatly on the types and amounts of their components.
Condition of Circular Economy in Poland
Authors: Falaciński Paweł , Machowska Agnieszka 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The article covers the state of circular economy implementation in Poland. The consumption of raw materials is presented, as well as indicators of monitoring the transformation of the CE in EU and Poland acc. to the COM/EC, OECD and oto-GOZ project. Poland’s priorities within the circular economy are also presented. They include innovations, markets for secondary raw materials as well as ensuring their high quality and service. The main financial, organizational, social and technological barriers defined. There are a few examples presenting technical solutions implementing the CE in Poland (e.g. building materials, hydraulic binders). The public authorities are recognized as leaders in the implementation of the CE also in the construction sector. Introducing the circular business models is also necessary.
Influence of Aging Condition on the Hydration and Setting Performance of Cement Paste in the Presence of Triethanolamine
Authors: Lu Zichen , Liu Zhiwei , Zhang Liheng , Sun Zhenping 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Effect of aging conditions on the hydration and setting performance of cement paste with the addition of TEA were investigated through the combined techniques of calorimetry, Vicat test, XRD and TGA. It is found that, along with the increased aging time and RH, an obvious formation of AFt, AFm and CH can be found due to the pre-hydration of clinker. Besides, under the RH of 90%, the pre-hydration within the first day was significantly improved, and this process was continuously developed in the next 7 days through the strong carbonation of CH. Further analysis indicates that the pre-hydration can retard the cement hydration and increase the setting time of cement paste. Compared to the reference, a prolonged induction period and an increased setting time were observed for the aged samples with the addition of TEA. Besides, the commonly observed flash setting performance under the TEA dosage of 0.5 wt.-% was eliminated when the samples were pre-hydrated under 90% RH, which indicates the pre-hydration can alleviate the strongly accelerated aluminate phase hydration caused by TEA.
Recent Application of Concrete Polymer Materials for Highway Bridges in Japan
Authors: Kawakami Makoto , Demura Katsunori , Wakasugi Mikio , Omata Fujio , Satoh Shinya 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Recently, the deterioration and renovation of the aged bridges are urgent issue. Approximately 30% of more than 700,000 highway and road bridges in Japan have been in service for more than 50 years. The performance and function of them are required equal to be better than those at the beginning of construction and extend the service life. In addition to above, Japan is also a highly seismic country and there have been frequent damages of the bridges due to earthquakes. Therefore, securing the resilience of the bridges corresponding to robustness, redundancy, resourcefulness and rapidity is strongly demanded. In this study, the current status and practical countermeasures for the bridges to ensure the required performance and function, and to enhance the resilience using concrete polymer materials were investigated and discussed. Concrete polymer materials, which have high strength, high early strength development and high durability, are effective for repair and strengthening to sustain the current performance of structures. The main construction contents are as follows;

It is a construction to replace the damaged reinforced concrete floor slab with a more durable floor slab. Treatment of joints of precast prestressed concrete slab is included.

It is a construction to install high-performance floor slab waterproofing on the waterproof layer.

In order to improve the durability of the bridge, it is a construction to attach reinforcing members to the girder.

Seismic retrofit of concrete piers such as steel jacketing is one of main reinforcement technologies.
Ionic Conductive Polyesters—Assessing the Risk of Corrosion in Steel-Reinforced Concrete
Authors: Weichold Oliver 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Sensors based on ion-conducting polymers are a reliable alternative to conventional metallic sensors. Formulated as 2K resin, they are quick and easy to install and cost-effective, so that larger sensor arrays with improved accuracy are affordable. The present systems are based on poly(ethylene oxide) or poly(propylene oxide) containing unsaturated polyesters doped with lithium perchlorate and are cross-linked on site with styrene. The curing reaction proceeds even at 0 ℃ and tolerates the presence of water. The best system in this series exhibits a resistivity of 194 Ω·m, which is several orders of magnitude lower than conventional polymers, but also several orders of magnitude higher than metals. The values are sufficient to accurately reproduce the progress of corrosion currents measured with conventional sensors and to detect changes in the humidity of concrete specimen.
Chemically Resistant Concrete Coating Systems with Secondary Raw Materials
Authors: Hodul Jakub , Drochytka Rostislav , Žlebek Tomáš 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
New types of highly chemically resistant coating systems, mainly developed for concrete and metal substrates were subject to experimental testing and evaluation within the project. Secondary raw materials, including solidified hazardous waste (neutralization sludge (NS)), were used as microfillers. The three-layer polymer coating systems, applied using spray technology, were tested at two quality levels – one with a high content of solidification products, and the other with a low content. The microstructure of the epoxy coatings, including an observation of the degree of contamination of the polymer matrix, was investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was demonstrated that the substitution of some of the primary filler with a solidification product does not result in the deterioration of the properties of the coating system, such as its adhesion to concrete or chemical resistance.
Alkaline Hydrogels—Multifunctional Materials for Concrete Rehabilitation
Authors: Mrohs Tim , Jung Andre , Weichold Oliver 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The most important factor for the protection of steel reinforcement in cementitious materials such as concrete is the alkalinity. As well as slowing down the penetration of atmospheric carbon dioxide, it delays to a certain extent the action of chloride ions. Both act at the molecular level in the form of discrete, individually mobile objects that can trigger steel corrosion. Therefore, maintenance materials designed to address these problems at the molecular level benefit from their own high pH value.
To accomplish this an alkaline hydrogel based on diallyldimethylammonium hydroxide was developed which proved to be a multitool for modern building maintenance. The gel structure can be modified in order to tune macroscopic properties such as viscosity and stickiness relevant for applications. These are e. g. the restoration of the alkaline buffer of carbonated concrete, coupling material for the electrochemical chloride extraction, and crack injection, where the gel performs three functions simultaneously.