bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IL POTERE DEL LAVORO NELLA SOCIETà POST-PACIFICATA (UN FUTURIBILE SINDACALE)
Authors: Sartori Giovanni 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneA dispetto di una intensiva auscultazione sociale, o sociologica, la contestazione studentesca ci ha colti alla sprovvista. Nemmeno eravamo preparati, sul finire degli anni sessanta, ai nuovi conflitti industriali. Per venti anni circa la prognosi era stata che le ideologie stavano tramontando, e la diagnosi era che le società occidentali erano ormai ≪ società pacificate ≫. Questi macroscopici errori predittivi lasciano sospettare che ci aspettano altre sorprese. E vale cominciare dall'autocritica, dal chiedersi come mai l'enorme massa di informazioni di cui disponiamo (relativamente parlando) ci lascia non meno sordi e non meno miopi di quando le informazioni non c'erano.
FATTORI DETERMINANTI DELLE PREFERENZE PARTITICHE IN ITALIA
Authors: Sani Giacomo 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneNell'interpretare la distribuzione delle preferenze politiche dell'elettorato italiano nel secondo dopoguerra, sono stati comunemente utilizzati, anche in funzione della natura dei dati usati, tre diversi gruppi di variabili. Alcuni studiosi, seguendo una ben affermata tradizione di sociologia politica, hanno sottolineato il ruolo dei fattori socio-economici, sia a livello individuale che a quello ecologico. Altri hanno dato risalto all'esistenza di tradizioni politiche profondamente radicate e alla continuità delle sub-culture politiche esistenti nelle diverse zone del paese. Infine, in alcune opere più recenti le preferenze politiche sono state messe in relazione con un altro gruppo di variabili strutturali, e cioè i circuiti di comunicazione direttamente o indirettamente collegati e ispirati a questa o quella organizzazione politica.
Thinking through other minds: A variational approach to cognition and culture
Authors: Veissière Samuel P. L. , Constant Axel , Ramstead Maxwell J. D. , Friston Karl J. , Kirmayer Laurence J. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe processes underwriting the acquisition of culture remain unclear. How are shared habits, norms, and expectations learned and maintained with precision and reliability across large-scale sociocultural ensembles? Is there a unifying account of the mechanisms involved in the acquisition of culture? Notions such as “shared expectations,” the “selective patterning of attention and behaviour,” “cultural evolution,” “cultural inheritance,” and “implicit learning” are the main candidates to underpin a unifying account of cognition and the acquisition of culture; however, their interactions require greater specification and clarification. In this article, we integrate these candidates using the variational (free-energy) approach to human cognition and culture in theoretical neuroscience. We describe the construction by humans of social niches that afford epistemic resources called cultural affordances. We argue that human agents learn the shared habits, norms, and expectations of their culture through immersive participation in patterned cultural practices that selectively pattern attention and behaviour. We call this process “thinking through other minds” (TTOM) – in effect, the process of inferring other agents’ expectations about the world and how to behave in social context. We argue that for humans, information from and about other people's expectations constitutes the primary domain of statistical regularities that humans leverage to predict and organize behaviour. The integrative model we offer has implications that can advance theories of cognition, enculturation, adaptation, and psychopathology. Crucially, this formal (variational) treatment seeks to resolve key debates in current cognitive science, such as the distinction between internalist and externalist accounts of theory of mind abilities and the more fundamental distinction between dynamical and representational accounts of enactivism.
Dereliction, decay and the problem of de-industrialization in Britain,c. 1968–1977
Authors: Andrews Aaron 
Published: May 2019

AbstractDe-industrialization and the rise of the service sector have formed the basis of recent attempts to develop a new metanarrative of economic change in twentieth-century Britain. Their effects have been taken as writ through labour market statistics or aggregate measures of gross domestic product. However, by focusing on particular micro-economic spaces, a different story emerges. Using the inner areas of Liverpool as a case-study, this article shows how the city's social and economic problems were underwritten by the decline of the service sector, located around the port. By reading the effects of social and economic change through accounts of the physical environment, it demonstrates how urban decay and dereliction provided material resonance to Liverpool's economic decline. The city's landscape of urban decay and dereliction encompassed the infrastructure of everyday life – housing, roads and even trees – as well as that of economic activity, including the docks and warehouses. Taken together, this article shows how this landscape of urban decay and dereliction came to be constituted as an agent within Liverpool's continued economic decline in the 1970s rather than simply being a reflection of it.
Democracy without political parties: the case of ancient Athens
Authors: Tridimas George 
Published: May 2019

AbstractPolitical parties, formal, durable and mass organizations that inform voters on public policy issues, nominate candidates for office and fight elections for the right to govern, are ubiquitous in modern representative democracies but were absent from the direct participatory democracy of ancient Athens. The paper investigates how the political institutions of Athens may explain their absence. The arguments explored include voter homogeneity; the conditions at the start of the democracy, characterized by single constituency configuration of the demos, simple majority voting and lack of organized groups; the irrelevance of holding public office for determining public policy; appointment to public posts through sortition; and voting on single-dimension issues. The paper then discusses how in the absence of parties voters became informed and how political leaders were held accountable by the courts.
The national boundaries of solidarity: a survey experiment on solidarity with unemployed people in the European Union
Authors: Kuhn Theresa , Kamm Aaron 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAmidst the European sovereign debt crisis and soaring unemployment levels across the European Union, ambitions for European unemployment policies are high on the political agenda. However, it remains unclear what European taxpayers think about these plans and who is most supportive of European unemployment policies. To contribute to this debate, we conducted a survey experiment concerning solidarity towards European and domestic unemployed individuals in the Netherlands and Spain. Our results suggest that (1) Europeans are less inclined to show solidarity towards unemployed Europeans than towards unemployed co-nationals, (2) individuals with higher education, European attachment, and pro-immigration attitudes show more solidarity towards unemployed people from other European countries, but (3) even they discriminate against foreigners, and (4) finally, economic left-right orientations do not structure solidarity with unemployed people from abroad.
Industrialization in the Middle East, Obstacles and Potential
Authors: Mallakh Ragaei El 
Published: May 2019

Both public opinion and planners have generally emphasized and in some cases overestimated the importance of industrialization in the Middle East. Yet the needed research for sustained industrial development has lagged behind the desire for and interest in that sector and such research and literature are still in only the beginning phases.Literature on Middle East industrial development has been constrained by, (1) modern industrialization is a relatively new phenomenon in the region. (2) Analysis of industry and its related sophisticated technology is heavily dependent on quantitative measurements and data, the inadequacy of which is still a major obstacle to researchers and writers. (3) Even with the dominant feature of Middle Eastern economics--oil--authors have tended to deal with the region overwhelmingly as a raw material producer rather than as a center for refining and processing. These difficulties have led to two approaches in literature on the Middle East's industrialization.
Intense Seismicity During the 2014–2015 Bárðarbunga‐Holuhraun Rifting Event, Iceland, Reveals the Nature of Dike‐Induced Earthquakes and Caldera Collapse Mechanisms
Authors: Ágústsdóttir Thorbjörg , Winder Tom , Woods Jennifer , White Robert S. , Greenfield Tim , Brandsdóttir Bryndís 
Published: May 2019

AbstractOver 2 weeks in August 2014, magma propagated 48 km laterally from Bárðarbunga volcano before erupting at Holuhraun for 6 months, accompanied by collapse of the caldera. A dense seismic network recorded over 47,000 earthquakes before, during, and after the rifting event. More than 30,000 earthquakes delineate the segmented dike intrusion. Earthquake source mechanisms show exclusively strike‐slip faulting, occurring near the base of the dike along preexisting weaknesses aligned with the rift fabric, while the dike widened largely aseismically. The slip sense of faulting is controlled by the orientation of the dike relative to the local rift fabric, demonstrated by an abrupt change from right‐ to left‐lateral faulting as the dike turns to propagate from an easterly to a northerly direction. Around 4,000 earthquakes associated with the caldera collapse delineate an inner caldera fault zone, with good correlation to geodetic observations. Caldera subsidence was largely aseismic, with seismicity accounting for 10% or less of the geodetic moment. Approximately 90% of the seismic moment release occurred on the northern rim, suggesting an asymmetric collapse. Well‐constrained focal mechanisms reveal subvertical arrays of normal faults, with fault planes dipping inward at ∼60° ± 9°, along both the north and south caldera margins. These steep normal faults strike subparallel to the caldera rims, with slip vectors pointing toward the center of subsidence. The maximum depth of seismicity defines the base of the seismogenic crust under Bárðarbunga as 6 km below sea level, in broad agreement with constraints from geodesy and geobarometry for the minimum depth to the melt storage region.
Continuum Modeling of Pressure‐Balanced and Fluidized Granular Flows in 2‐D: Comparison With Glass Bead Experiments and Implications for Concentrated Pyroclastic Density Currents
Authors: Breard E. C. P. , Dufek J. , Roche O. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractGranular flows are found across multiple geophysical environments and include pyroclastic density currents, debris flows, and avalanches, among others. The key to describing transport of these hazardous flows is the rheology of these complex multiphase mixtures. Here we use the multiphase model MFIX in 2‐D for concentrated currents to examine the implications of rheological assumptions and validate this approach through comparison to experiments of both frictional and fluidized flows made of glass beads (Sauter mean grain‐size of 75 μm). Because the rheology of highly polydisperse, highly angular, polydensity granular mixtures is poorly known, we focus on simplified monodisperse or bidisperse mixtures described by the frictional flow theory of Schaeffer (1987, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022‐0396(87)90038‐6) and Srivastava‐Sundaresan, often referred to as the Princeton model (Srivastava & Sundaresan, 2003, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032‐5910(02)00132‐8). We show that simulations including the latter model replicate well the flow shape, kinematics, and pore fluid pressure that match well‐constrained dam‐break experiments of initially fluidized or pressure‐balanced granular flows. Simulations reveal that pore fluid pressure is intrinsically modulated by dilation and compaction of the flow and hence can be generated in concentrated pyroclastic density currents. We use these simulations to interpret basal pore pressure signals from local flow properties (mixture density, solid velocity, and pore fluid pressure). Rheological changes retard these simulated flows considerably near the predicted runout, but most continuum models cannot inherently predict a zero velocity. We suggest an inertial number parameter that can be used to approximate deposition, and this approach could be a valuable tool used to validate simulations against natural pyroclastic current examples.
Electrical Resistivity of Iron Phosphides at High‐Pressure and High‐Temperature Conditions With Implications for Lunar Core's Thermal Conductivity
Authors: Yin Yuan , Zhai Kuan , Zhang Baohua , Zhai Shuangmeng 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBased on cosmochemistry evidence and element partitioning experiments, phosphorus is thought to be present in the iron‐rich cores of Earth and Moon. Phosphorus has a similar effect as silicon and sulfur on the electrical and thermal transport properties of iron at core conditions. However, the magnitude of the impurity scattering caused by phosphorus, the temperature dependence of iron phosphorus compounds, and the change across melting all have not been intensively investigated. We measured the electrical resistivity of Fe3P, Fe2P, and FeP using a four‐wire method at 1.3 to 3.2 GPa and temperatures up to 1800 K. We also identify the melting temperatures of FeP, Fe2P, and Fe3P by sudden changes in resistivity upon heating. The present experimental results demonstrate that phosphorus can enhance the electrical resistivity of iron more effectively than silicon. The resistivity of iron phosphides decreases with increasing pressures and decreasing phosphorus content. The resistivity of Fe‐P alloys obeys the Matthiessen's rule, which describes the positive linear correlation between resistivity and phosphorus content. This finding is comparable to previously observed atomic order‐disorder in Fe‐Si and Fe‐C systems. Furthermore, the resistivity of liquid Fe2P and Fe3P shows a negative linear correlation with temperatures. Different from pure iron, the calculated thermal conductivity of Fe3P increases by 33% upon melting. It is speculated that the thermal conductivity of the lunar solid inner core may be much lower than that of the liquid outer core when ordered iron light element compounds (e.g., Fe3C and Fe3P) are present in the solid core.
The Use of a Jet Reference Frame to Analyze Drifter Trajectories in the Agulhas Current
Authors: d'Hotman Jethan Shaun , Malan Neil , Collins Charine , de Vos Marc , Lumpkin Rick , Morris Tamaryn , Hermes Juliet 
Published: May 2019

AbstractStudies based on drifters that are deployed using fixed geographical locations can alias the variability in the Agulhas Current. Numerical model simulations have shown that tracking particles using jet coordinate systems will improve our understanding of the variability in western boundary currents. In this study we use in situ observations to show the potential of quasi‐Lagrangian measurements with an investigation into the relationship of the upstream surface velocity configuration and the trajectories surface drifters follow. Additionally, we use these drifters, along with ship‐based measurements, to expose biases in satellite‐derived geostrophic velocities in the Agulhas Current. Between September 1992 and October 2017, 49 surface drifters crossed the altimeter track #096 in a nonmeandering state. Of the 49 surface drifters, 16 crossed inshore of the surface velocity maxima, 3 of which leaked into the South Atlantic Ocean. Biases between altimetry‐derived geostrophic velocities and absolute velocities from ship acoustic Doppler current profiler and drifters measurements have pointed toward surface drifters leaking from inshore of the Agulhas Current core in a region of high shear. However, the bias between these velocities is inconsistent, with the highest range in bias found inshore of the Agulhas Current core. Due to the lack of data in the Agulhas Current and various sources of error, much work remains to be done and results presented here may provide motivation for further targeted drifter deployments in the future.
Global Warming Increases the Incidence of Haze Days in China
Authors: Xu Bing , Gu Zhaoyan , Wang Luo , Hao Qingzhen , Wang Haizhi , Chu Guoqiang , Lv Yanwu , Jiang Dabang 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBoth wind strength and anthropogenic emissions have been assumed to be the dominant factors in determining the occurrence of hazy weather in China. However, few records are available with sufficient temporal length and resolution, which enable the two signals to be separated, and hence address the dynamics of haze days and the global impact of the anthropogenic emissions in China, particularly in the context of global warming. Here we present the first long‐term (last ~180 years) lake sediment records of changes in wind strength and atmospheric loading of anthropogenic emissions in China. Our results show that the atmospheric loading of anthropogenic emissions and haze formation are closely related to the changes in wind strength associated with temperature changes, which are likely forced by tropical sea surface temperature. Comparison of our results with Pb isotope records from Japan and with the record of Pb concentrations in Greenland ice core indicates that the anthropogenic pollutants emitted in China stagnate mainly over the source area and neighboring regions, which thus favors haze formation under a warming climate. However, they would be transported worldwide under conditions of strong winds and decreased temperature. Climatic warming, together with the periodic changes in temperature, has caused unprecedented heavy haze days in recent decades in China. The observed pattern of periodic temperature variations suggests that in the next ~30 years, wind strength will increase and thus reduce the incidence of haze days. However, this reduction may be attenuated by continued climatic warming as anthropogenic greenhouse gases emissions continue.
Relative Contributions of North and South Pacific Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies to ENSO
Authors: Ding Ruiqiang , Tseng Yu‐heng , Li Jianping , Sun Cheng , Xie Fei , Hou Zhaolu 
Published: May 2019

AbstractVariations in the sea surface temperature (SST) field in both the North Pacific (represented by the Victoria mode [VM]) and the South Pacific (represented by the South Pacific quadrapole [SPQ] mode) are related to the state of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) three seasons later. Here with the aid of observational data and numerical experiments, we demonstrate that both VM and SPQ SST forcing can influence the development of ENSO events through a similar air‐sea coupling mechanism. By comparing ENSO amplitudes induced by the VM and SPQ, as well as the percentages of strong ENSO events followed by the VM and SPQ events, we find that the VM and SPQ make comparable contributions and therefore have similar levels of importance to ENSO. Additional analysis indicates that although VM or SPQ SST forcing alone may serve as a good predictor for ENSO events, it is more effective to consider their combined influence. A prediction model based on both VM and SPQ indices is developed, which is capable of yielding skillful forecasts for ENSO at lead times of three seasons.
Is the Southern Ocean Getting Greener?
Authors: Del Castillo Carlos E. , Signorini Sergio R. , Karaköylü Erdem M. , Rivero‐Calle Sara 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe Southern Ocean is a key player in regulating the planet's biogeochemistry, productivity, and climate. Ocean color data from two National Aeronautics and Space Administration satellites show statistically significant increases in the concentration of chlorophyll in all sectors of the Southern Ocean, particularly in the Sub‐Antarctic Zone and Permanently Open Ocean Zone. The smallest changes were observed in the Atlantic and Pacific sectors of the Sub‐Tropical Zone. These trends seem accentuated by higher chlorophyll concentrations during the austral winter. Increases in the annual and wintertime chlorophyll concentrations can have implications for the Southern Ocean biological pump and ocean productivity and higher trophic levels.
Statistical Characteristics of Ionospheric Hiss Waves
Authors: Xia Zhiyang , Chen Lunjin , Zhima Zeren , Santolík Ondrej , Horne Richard B. , Parrot Michel 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIn this study, we use the observations of electromagnetic waves by Detection of Electromagnetic Emissions Transmitted from Earthquake Regions satellite to investigate propagation characteristics of low‐altitude ionospheric hiss. In an event study, intense hiss wave power is concentrated over a narrow frequency band with a central frequency that decreases as latitude decreases, which coincides to the variation of local proton cyclotron frequency fCH. The wave propagates obliquely to the background magnetic field and equatorward from high latitude region. We use about ∼6 years of observations to statistically study the dependence of ionospheric hiss wave power on location, local time, geomagnetic activity, and season. The results demonstrate that the ionospheric hiss power is stronger on the dayside than nightside, under higher geomagnetic activity conditions, in local summer than local winter. The wave power is confined near the region where the local fCH is equal to the wave frequency. A ray tracing simulation is performed to account for the dependence of wave power on frequency and latitude.
Effects of the Hall Conductivity in Ionospheric Heating Experiments
Authors: Tulegenov B. , Streltsov A. V. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractWe investigate the role of Hall conductivity in ionospheric heating experiments. Ionospheric heating by powerful X‐mode waves changes the Hall and Pedersen conductances in the E and D regions, which lead to the generation of ultra‐low frequency (ULF)/extremely‐low frequency/very low frequency waves, when the electric field exists in the ionosphere. The importance of the Hall currents in the magnetosphere‐ionosphere interactions, carried by ULF waves and field‐aligned currents, has been consistently overlooked in studies devoted to the active experiments. Simulations of the three‐dimensional two‐fluid magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) model, presented in this paper, demonstrate that the Hall conductivity changes (1) the growth rate and the amplitude of ULF waves generated by the heating and (2) the orientation and the direction of propagation of the generated waves. These findings provide insight in the experiments where the waves were generated with a geometric modulation technique and suggest a new and more efficient approach for conducting such experiments in the future.
Analytical Propagation of Runoff Uncertainty Into Discharge Uncertainty Through a Large River Network
Authors: David Cédric H. , Hobbs Jonathan M. , Turmon Michael J. , Emery Charlotte M. , Reager John T. , Famiglietti James S. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe transport of freshwater from continents to oceans through rivers has traditionally been estimated by routing runoff from land surface models within river models to obtain discharge. This paradigm imposes that errors are transferred from runoff to discharge, yet the analytical propagation of uncertainty from runoff to discharge has never been derived. Here we apply statistics to the continuity equation within a river network to derive two equations that propagate the mean and variance/covariance of runoff errors independently. We validate these equations in a case study of the rivers in the western United States and, for the first time, invert observed discharge errors for spatially distributed runoff errors. Our results suggest that the largest discharge error source is the joint variability of runoff errors across space, not the mean or amplitude of individual errors. Our findings significantly advance the science of error quantification in model‐based estimates of river discharge.