bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Global and regional source attribution of Shiga toxin-producingEscherichia coliinfections using analysis of outbreak surveillance data
Authors: Pires Sara M. , Majowicz Shannon , Gill Alexander , Devleesschauwer Brecht 
Published: July 2019

AbstractShiga toxin-producingEscherichia coli(STEC) infections pose a substantial health and economic burden worldwide. To target interventions to prevent foodborne infections, it is important to determine the types of foods leading to illness. Our objective was to determine the food sources of STEC globally and for the six World Health Organization regions. We used data from STEC outbreaks that have occurred globally to estimate source attribution fractions. We categorised foods according to their ingredients and applied a probabilistic model that used information on implicated foods for source attribution. Data were received from 27 countries covering the period between 1998 and 2017 and three regions: the Americas (AMR), Europe (EUR) and Western-Pacific (WPR). Results showed that the top foods varied across regions. The most important sources in AMR were beef (40%; 95% Uncertainty Interval 39–41%) and produce (35%; 95% UI 34–36%). In EUR, the ranking was similar though with less marked differences between sources (beef 31%; 95% UI 28–34% and produce 30%; 95% UI 27–33%). In contrast, the most common source of STEC in WPR was produce (43%; 95% UI 36–46%), followed by dairy (27%; 95% UI 27–27%). Possible explanations for regional variability include differences in food consumption and preparation, frequency of STEC contamination, the potential of regionally predominant STEC strains to cause severe illness and differences in outbreak investigation and reporting. Despite data gaps, these results provide important information to inform the development of strategies for lowering the global burden of STEC infections.
Insights on modulators in perception of taste modalities: a review
Authors: Deepankumar Shanmugamprema , Karthi Muthuswamy , Vasanth Krishnan , Selvakumar Subramaniam 
Published: July 2019

AbstractA major challenge in taste research is to overcome the flavour imperfections in food products and to build nutritious strategies to combat against obesity as well as other related metabolic syndromes. The field of molecular taste research and chemical senses has contributed to an enormous development in understanding the taste receptors and mechanisms of taste perception. Accordingly, the development of taste-modifying compounds or taste modulators that alter the perception of basic taste modalities has gained significant prominence in the recent past. The beneficial aspects of these substances are overwhelming while considering their potential taste-modifying properties. The objective of the present review is to provide an impression about the taste-modulating compounds and their distinctive taste-modifying properties with reference to their targets and proposed mechanisms of action. The present review also makes an effort to discuss the basic mechanism involved in oro-gustatory taste perception as well as on the effector molecules involved in signal transduction downstream to the activation of taste receptors.
Resolution of a therapy-resistant focal atrial tachycardia after omega-3 fatty acid supplementation
Authors: Buchhorn Reiner , Willaschek Christian 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWe report on a 14-year-old boy with focal atrial tachycardia. After failure of catheter ablation and medical therapy he received 2 g omega-3 fatty acid supplementation while waiting on repeat ablation. Focal atrial tachycardia disappeared 4 weeks later and antiarrhythmic therapy was terminated. We discuss the antiarrhythmic effect of omega 3-fatty acids on the autonomous nervous system based upon six 24-hour Holter electrocardiographs.
Streptococcus gordonii-associated infective endocarditis in a girl with Barlow’s mitral valve disease
Authors: Komorovsky Roman R. , Boyarchuk Oksana R. , Synytska Vira O. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWe present a case of infective endocarditis caused byStreptococcus gordoniiin an 11-year-old girl with Barlow’s mitral valve disease. The differential diagnosis of rheumatic carditis and infective endocarditis was difficult as the patient fulfilled the Jones criteria. Vegetation on the mitral valve which became evident later in course of the disease and positive blood culture allowed diagnosing “definite” infective endocarditis.
On the specificity of bilingual language control: A study with Parkinson's disease patients
Authors: Cattaneo Gabriele , Costa Albert , Gironell Alexandre , Calabria Marco 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis study investigates the relationship between mechanisms involved in language control within dual- and single-language contexts by examining whether they are similarly impaired in bilingual PD patients. To do so, we explored the performance of bilingual individuals affected by PD and healthy controls on two linguistic tasks: between-language and within-language switching tasks. We focused on switch and mixing costs as measures of linguistic control.The results indicate that, whereas larger switch costs were observed in PD patients, compared to controls, solely during the between-language task, larger mixing costs appeared during both the between-language task and the within-language task. These results are discussed within the framework of the dual mechanism hypothesis, which suggests that switch and mixing costs are measures of two types of control: specifically reactive and proactive control. Therefore, we conclude that reactive control for switching between languages is domain-specific while proactive control mechanisms are more domain-general.
The impact of a Solar Market Garden programme on dietary diversity, women’s nutritional status and micronutrient levels in Kalalé district of northern Benin
Authors: Alaofè Halimatou , Burney Jennifer , Naylor Rosamond , Taren Douglas 
Published: July 2019

AbstractObjective:To examine the impacts of a Solar Market Garden 1-year solar-powered drip irrigation (SMG) programme in Kalalé district of northern Benin on mothers’ nutritional status and micronutrient levels.Design:Using a quasi-experimental design, sixteen villages were assigned to four groups: (i) SMG women’s groups (WG); (ii) comparison WG; (iii) SMG non-WG (NWG); and (iv) comparison NWG. Difference-in-differences (DID) estimates were used to assess impacts on mothers’ food consumption, diversity, BMI, prevalence of underweight (BMI &lt; 18·5 kg/m2) and anaemia, and deficiencies of iron (ID) and vitamin A (VAD).Setting:Kalalé district, northern Benin.Participants:Non-pregnant mothers aged 15–49 years (n 1737).Results:The SMG programme significantly increased mothers’ intake of vegetables (DID = 25·31 percentage points (pp); P &lt; 0·01), dietary diversity (DID = 0·74; P &lt; 0·01) and marginally increased their intake of flesh foods (DID = 10·14 pp; P &lt; 0·1). Mean BMI was significantly increased among SMG WG compared with the other three groups (DID = 0·44 kg/m2; P &lt; 0·05). The SMG programme also significantly decreased the prevalence of anaemia (DID = 12·86 pp; P &lt; 0·01) but no impacts were found for the prevalence of underweight, ID and VAD.Conclusions:Improving mothers’ dietary intake and anaemia prevalence supports the need to integrate gender-based agriculture to improve nutritional status. However, it may take more than a year, and additional nutrition and health programmes, to impact the prevalence of maternal underweight, ID and VAD.
‘Treated like Chinamen’: United States immigration restriction and white British subjects
Authors: Rees Anne 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIn 1921, the United States introduced national immigration quotas. Although designed to curb the arrival of ‘undesirables’ from south-east Europe, this quota system also applied to Britain and its white Dominions. By 1929, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa were each allocated 100 quota places per annum. The British quota was far greater, but still struggled to meet demand. Through a focus on the Australian example, this article investigates how an immigration regime intended to bolster America’s ‘Anglo-Saxon’ identity also exposed the limits of Anglospheric kinship by closing the gates to white Britons. Although the quotas had a comparatively minor impact on Britons, their exclusion held great significance in the context of Anglo-American relations, where the rhetoric of transnational white solidarity produced expectations of unqualified welcome in the United States. After 1921, as such welcome disappeared and then failed to rematerialize, the global community of white men’s countries was shaken and remade.
Pericarp-mediated chemical dormancy controls the fruit germination of the invasive hoary cress (Lepidium draba), but not of hairy whitetop (Lepidium appelianum)
Authors: Mohammed Said , Turečková Veronika , Tarkowská Danuše , Strnad Miroslav , Mummenhoff Klaus , Leubner-Metzger Gerhard 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis study provides a comparative analysis of the dormancy and germination mechanisms of the indehiscent fruits of hoary cress (Lepidium drabaL.) and hairy whitetop (Lepidium appelianumAl-Shehbaz), two invasive weeds of the Brassicaceae. Germination assays comparing isolated seeds (manually removed from the fruits) and intact indehiscent fruits showed that the isolated seeds are nondormant and provided full germination for both species. In contrast to this, the species differed in the germination properties of their indehiscent fruits, in thatL. appelianumfruits were nondormant, while theL. drabafruit coat (pericarp) conferred a coat-imposed dormancy. The pericarp ofL. drabafresh fruit was water permeable, and neither mechanical scarification nor surface sterilization affected germination, supporting the concept that pericarp-mediated dormancy was not due to water impermeability or mechanical constraint. Washing ofL. drabafruits with water, afterripening (dry storage), and treatment with gibberellin (GA) stimulated the germination of this species, all of which are indicative of physiological dormancy. Analyses of endogenous abscisic acid (ABA) and GA levels combined with treatment experiments with wash water from fresh and afterripenedL. drabapericarps and with ABA dose–response quantification of germination revealed that ABA is a key component of a pericarp-mediated chemical dormancy in this species. Consistent with this, pericarp ABA levels decreased during afterripening and upon fruit washing, and isolated fresh or afterripened seeds did not differ in their ABA sensitivities. The possible roles of the ABA-mediated pericarp dormancy for the germination ecophysiology and weed management of these species are discussed.
Diets, Food Miles, and Environmental Sustainability of Urban Food Systems: Analysis of Nine Indian Cities
Authors: Boyer D. , Sarkar J. , Ramaswami A. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWith ever‐growing populations, cities are increasingly interested in ensuring a well‐functioning food system. However, knowledge of variation between individual city food systems is limited. This is particularly true in countries such as India, experiencing significant issues related to food security and sustainability. This paper advances the understanding of urban food systems, by analyzing the unique food systems of nine cities within India, through the integration of multiple city‐specific data sources including demand of residents, visitors and industries, and commodity‐specific supply chains to assess nutrition, environmental impact, and supply risk. This work finds a large degree of intercity food system variability across multiple food system characteristics. Specifically, levels of undernutrition vary, with the percentage of city populations who are underconsuming protein ranging from 0% to 70%, and for calories 0% to 90%. Environmental impacts (consumptive water loss, land use, and greenhouse gas emissions) of urban food demand also show variation, largely influenced by differing composition of residential diet. Greenhouse gas emissions are also largely influenced by location of production and spatially informed energy intensity of irrigation. Supply chain distance (“food‐miles”) also vary by city, with the range of 196 (Pondicherry) to 1,137 (Chennai) km/Mg—shorter than more industrialized nations such as the United States. Evaluating supply chain risk in terms of water scarcity in food‐producing regions that serve city demand finds production locations, on average, to be less water‐scarce than the watersheds local to the urban environments. This suggests water‐intensive agriculture may at times be best located at a distance from urban centers and competing demands.
Effects of Sea Spray on Microphysics and Intensity of Deep Convective Clouds Under Strong Winds
Authors: Shpund J. , Khain A. , Rosenfeld D. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractDeep convective clouds similar to those arising in the tropical cyclone eyewall are simulated using a parcel model and 2‐D slab symmetric cloud model with spectral bin microphysics (the Hebrew University Cloud Model). The size distribution of sea spray particles (SSPs) at cloud base is calculated using the Lagrangian‐Eulerian bin microphysics model. The model describes the SSP production, advection, and formation of the size distribution of SSP in the hurricane atmospheric boundary layer at different strong wind speeds. The SSP distributions calculated by the Lagrangian‐Eulerian bin microphysics model are used in the parcel model and the Hebrew University Cloud Model to investigate the microphysical and dynamical effects of SSP on clouds. The SSPs ascending in cloud updrafts dramatically increase the number concentration of cloud drops within a wide range of drop sizes. As a result, sea spray creates clouds with unique property combinations of both maritime and continental types. These clouds have droplet size distributions characterized by a high drop concentration and a low effective radius, as in continental clouds. At the same time, the presence of SSP of a few hundred microns in radii triggers intense rain just above the cloud base, which is typical of extreme maritime clouds. In the presence of large sea spray drops, the smallest cloud condensational nuclei, including the smallest SSP, are activated, giving rise to the permanent in‐cloud nucleation of small droplets, which produce a high concentration of small ice crystals above the level of homogeneous freezing. We showed that the SSP substantially increased the maximum vertical velocity, cloud water content, and mass contents of ice particles. The results are compared with available observed data.
Is Arctic Amplification Dominated by Regional Radiative Forcing and Feedbacks: Perspectives From the World‐Avoided Scenario
Authors: Virgin J. G. , Smith K. L. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractArctic amplification (AA) is typically associated with Planck, lapse rate, and ice albedo feedbacks. However, the relative importance of poleward energy transport on AA remains uncertain. Here, we analyze integrations from a Chemistry Climate Model to investigate the impact of the Montreal Protocol on forcing, feedback, and transport contributions to AA. Two ensembles of future integrations are considered—one projecting decreasing ozone‐depleting substance concentrations and stratospheric ozone recovery and another assuming that ozone‐depleting substances are not regulated (the “World Avoided”). We find similar degrees of AA in both ensembles, despite a negative radiative forcing over the Arctic in the “World Avoided” from massive ozone loss. That negative radiative forcing is primarily balanced from positive atmospheric energy flux convergence and long‐wave cloud feedbacks. Our results highlight the impact of inhomogeneous radiative forcing on regional differences in forcing and feedback strength and the importance of radiative forcing meridional structure on poleward energy transport.
Multi‐instrument Observation of Nonlinear EMIC‐Driven Electron Precipitation at sub–MeV Energies
Authors: Hendry A. T. , Santolik O. , Kletzing C. A. , Rodger C. J. , Shiokawa K. , Baishev D. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIn recent years, experimental results have consistently shown evidence of electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) wave‐driven electron precipitation down to energies as low as hundreds of keV. However, this is at odds with the limits expected from quasi‐linear theory. Recent analysis using nonlinear theory has suggested energy limits as low as hundreds of keV, consistent with the experimental results, although to date this has not been experimentally verified. In this study, we present concurrent observations from Polar‐orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite, Radiation Belt Storm Probes, Global Positioning System, and ground‐based instruments, showing concurrent EMIC waves and sub–MeV electron precipitation, and a global dropout in electron flux. We show through test particle simulation that the observed waves are capable of scattering electrons as low as hundreds of keV into the loss cone through nonlinear trapping, consistent with the experimentally observed electron precipitation.
On How High‐Latitude Chorus Waves Tip the Balance Between Acceleration and Loss of Relativistic Electrons
Authors: Wang Dedong , Shprits Yuri Y. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractModeling and observations have shown that energy diffusion by chorus waves is an important source of acceleration of electrons to relativistic energies. By performing long‐term simulations using the three‐dimensional Versatile Electron Radiation Belt code, in this study, we test how the latitudinal dependence of chorus waves can affect the dynamics of the radiation belt electrons. Results show that the variability of chorus waves at high latitudes is critical for modeling of megaelectron volt (MeV) electrons. We show that, depending on the latitudinal distribution of chorus waves under different geomagnetic conditions, they cannot only produce a net acceleration but also a net loss of MeV electrons. Decrease in high‐latitude chorus waves can tip the balance between acceleration and loss toward acceleration, or alternatively, the increase in high‐latitude waves can result in a net loss of MeV electrons. Variations in high‐latitude chorus may account for some of the variability of MeV electrons.
Geodynamo Conductivity Limits
Authors: Driscoll Peter E. , Du Zhixue 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIn a metal, as in Earth's core, the thermal and electrical conductivities are assumed to be correlated. In a planetary dynamo this implies a contradiction: that both electrical conductivity, which makes it easier to induce current and magnetic field, and conductive heat transport, which hinders thermal convection, should increase simultaneously. Here we show that this contradiction implies that the magnetic induction rate peaks at a particular value of electrical and thermal conductivity and derive the low‐ and high‐conductivity limits for thermal dynamo action. A dynamo regime diagram is derived as a function of electrical conductivity and temperature for Earth's core that identifies four distinct dynamo regimes: no dynamo, thermal dynamo, compositional dynamo, and thermocompositional dynamo. Estimates for the temperature‐dependent electrical conductivity of the core imply that the geodynamo may have come close to its high‐conductivity “no dynamo” limit prior to inner core nucleation, consistent with recent paleomagnetic observations.
An Integrated Geophysical Approach to Track Magma Intrusion: The 2018 Christmas Eve Eruption at Mount Etna
Authors: Cannavo' F. , Sciotto M. , Cannata A. , Di Grazia G. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractOn 24 December 2018, a violent eruption started at Mount Etna from a fissure on the southeastern flank. The intrusive phenomenon, accompanied by intense Strombolian and lava fountain activity, an ash‐rich plume, and lava flows, was marked by significant ground deformation and seismicity. In this work, we show how an integrated investigation combining high‐rate GPS data, volcano‐tectonic earthquakes, volcanic tremor, infrasound tremor, and infrasound events allows tracking the magma intrusion phenomenon spatially and temporally with unprecedented resolution. Moreover, it enabled showing how the central magma column lowered as a response to the flank eruption and to constrain the zone of interaction between the dike and the central plumbing system at a depth of 2–4 km below sea level. This is important for understanding flank and summit interaction, suggesting that explosive summit activity may in some cases be driven by lateral dike intrusions.
Observed Interactions Between Black Carbon and Hydrometeor During Wet Scavenging in Mixed‐Phase Clouds
Authors: Ding Shuo , Zhao Delong , He Cenlin , Huang Mengyu , He Hui , Tian Ping , Liu Quan , Bi Kai , Yu Chenjie , Pitt Joseph , Chen Ying , Ma Xincheng , Chen Yunbo , Jia Xingcan , Kong Shaofei , Wu Jian , Hu Dawei , Hu Kang , Ding Deping , Liu Dantong 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWet scavenging of black carbon (BC) has been subject to large uncertainty, which importantly determines its atmospheric lifetime and indirect forcing impact on cloud microphysics. This study reveals the complex BC‐hydrometeor interactions in mixed‐phase clouds via single particle measurements in the real‐world environment, by capturing precipitation processes throughout cloud formation, cold rain/graupel, and subsequent snow events at a mountain site influenced by anthropogenic sources in wintertime. We found highly efficient BC wet scavenging during cloud formation, with large and thickly coated BC preferentially incorporated into droplets. During snow processes, BC core sizes in the interstitial phase steadily increased. A mechanism was proposed whereby the BC mass within each droplet was accumulated through droplet collision, leading to larger BC cores, which were then released back to the interstitial air through the Wegener‐Bergeron‐Findeisen processes when ice dominated. These results provide fundamental basis for constraining BC wet scavenging.
Increased Fall Precipitation in the Southeastern United States Driven by Higher‐Intensity, Frontal Precipitation
Authors: Bishop Daniel A. , Williams A. Park , Seager Richard 
Published: July 2019

AbstractDuring 1895‐2018, fall precipitation increased by nearly 40% in the southeastern United States north of the Gulf of Mexico due to increased circulation around the western North Atlantic Subtropical High, which enhanced moisture transports into the region. We find here that these increases in southeastern U.S. fall precipitation manifested almost entirely as increases in precipitation intensity, not frequency. Further, the enhanced moisture transports increased precipitation totals far more on the highest‐intensity precipitation days than on the lower‐intensity days, leading to nearly all of the increase to be delivered on extreme (top‐5% intensity) precipitation days. Eighty‐seven percent of the fall precipitation increase was driven by non‐tropical storms (mostly frontal), not tropical cyclones, though the proportion of precipitation falling as either storm type did not change. Further research is needed to evaluate whether these observed precipitation increases are likely to continue, stabilize, or reverse.