bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Risk factors for shedding ofSalmonella entericaamong hospitalized large animals over a 10‐year period in a veterinary teaching hospital
Authors: Burgess Brandy A. , Morley Paul S. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBackgroundTransmission ofSalmonellain veterinary hospitals is typically associated with environmental contamination. Links between isolates recovered from hospitalized large animals and environment suggest animals as the likely source. Therefore, understanding factors influencing shedding is key in control. Shedding in hospitalized animals has been investigated, but many studies focused on subsets of animals limiting generalizability.Objective(1) Investigate factors associated with fecal shedding ofSalmonellaamong hospitalized large animals at a veterinary hospital. (2) Compare results obtained using 2 comparison groups for risk factor analysis—large animals with high confidence in negative shedding status and those with potential for misclassification of shedding status.AnimalsLarge animals admitted from March 2002 through December 2012.MethodsA case‐control study was conducted among all hospitalized large animals that were routinely cultured as part of infection control efforts. Animal and hospital factors were evaluated. Data on factors of interest were collected retrospectively from electronic medical records. Multivariable conditional logistic regression was used to evaluate associations between animal factors and fecal shedding ofSalmonella enterica.ResultsDuring the study period, 5.9% (648/11 061) of hospitalized large animals were culture positive forSalmonella, with the majority being cattle (72%; 467/648) and horses (22%; 143/648). Although the odds of shedding varied by comparison group, overall, 69.4% of animal shedding could be attributed to systemic illness (population attributable fraction) in this study.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceFindings of this study inform our understanding of factors affectingSalmonellashedding in hospitalized large animals, thus improving our ability for implementation of evidence‐based control measures.
Reduced Competition Effects and Noisier Representations in a Second Language
Authors: Tachihara Karina , Goldberg Adele E. 
Published: August 2019

Native speakers strongly disprefer novel formulations when a conventional alternative expresses the same intended message, presumably because the more conventional form competes with the novel form. In five studies, second language (L2) speakers were less influenced by competing alternatives than native speakers. L2 speakers accepted novel interpretable sentences more readily than native speakers, and were somewhat less likely to offer competing alternatives as paraphrases or to prefer competing alternatives in forced‐choice tasks. They were unaffected by exposure to competing alternatives immediately before judgments. Reduced sensitivity to competing alternatives was confirmed by L2 speakers’ greater divergence from native speakers on judgments for novel formulations compared to familiar ones. Reduced sensitivity to competing alternatives also predicts noisier linguistic representations; consistent with this, L2 speakers performed worse on a verbatim recognition task, with performance correlating with more nativelike judgments. Proficiency was a modest predictor of judgments, but transfer effects were not.Open PracticesThis article has been awarded a Preregistered Research Design badge. Preregistration for this study's research design and analyses is publicly accessible through AsPredicted.org. Direct links to the five preregistered experiments are available in the Supporting Information file. Learn more about the Open Practices badges from the Center for Open Science: https://osf.io/tvyxz/wiki.
A rural–urban latitudinal study of the distributions ofCulex quinquefasciatusandCulex pipiensbioforms in their southernmost sympatric fringe
Authors: Cardo M. V. , Rubio A. , Junges M. T. , Vezzani D. , Carbajo A. E. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractMosquitoes grouped in the complexCulex pipiensL. (Diptera: Culicidae) are important vectors of medical and veterinary diseases. In the South American sympatric region,Cx. pipiensandCulex quinquefasciatusSay coexist and potentially hybridize. To identify key drivers of their geographical distribution, mosquito immatures were collected from flower vases of eight urban/rural cemetery pairs within a 5° latitudinal transect along Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. The specimens were identified by molecular methods and their relative proportion modelled as a function of environmental variables. At the beginning of the warm season, northern and southern cemeteries presented exclusivelyCx. quinquefasciatusandCx. pipiens, respectively, with different proportions of both at mid latitudes. By the end of the summer,Cx. quinquefasciatuswas present throughout the study area, exclusively in 11 of the 16 cemeteries both rural and urban, whereasCx. pipienswas predominant only in the southernmost pair. Mean annual temperature, photoperiod variability and time of the season were key drivers of their distributions. All specimens ofCx. pipienswere identified as formmolestusand no hybrids were recognized. The reported distribution patterns and the potential absence ofCx. pipiensf.pipiensand hybrids are discussed, along with their implications in disease transmission.
Sequence and hierarchy in vocal rhythms and phonology
Authors: Fitch W. Tecumseh 
Published: August 2019

AbstractI explore the neural and evolutionary origins of phonological hierarchy, building on Peter MacNeilage's frame/content model, which suggests that human speech evolved from primate nonvocal jaw oscillations, for example, lip smack displays, combined with phonation. Considerable recent data, reviewed here, support this proposition. I argue that the evolution of speech motor control required two independent components. The first, identified by MacNeilage, is the diversification of phonetic “content” within a simple sequential “frame,” and would be within reach of nonhuman primates, by simply intermittently activating phonation during lip smack displays. Such voicing control requires laryngeal control, hypothesized to necessitate direct corticomotor connections to the nucleus ambiguus. The second component, proposed here, involves imposing additional hierarchical rhythmic structure upon the “flat” control sequences typifying mammalian vocal tract oscillations and is required for the flexible combinatorial capacity observed in modern phonology. I hypothesize that phonological hierarchy resulted from a marriage of a preexisting capacity for sequential structure seen in other primates, with novel hierarchical motor control circuitry (potentially evolved in tool use and/or musical contexts). In turn, this phonological hierarchy paved the way for phrasal syntactic hierarchy. I support these arguments using comparative and neural data from nonhuman primates and birdsong.
Obesity and muscle‐macrophage crosstalk in humans and mice: A systematic review
Authors: Rudrapatna Srikesh , Bhatt Meha , Wang Kuan‐Wen , Bierbrier Rachel , Wang Pei‐Wen , Banfield Laura , Elsheikh Wagdi , Sims E. Danielle , Peterson Devin , Thabane Lehana , Tarnopolsky Mark A. , Steinberg Gregory R. , Samaan M. Constantine 
Published: August 2019

SummaryObesity is associated with the production of inflammatory cytokines that are implicated in insulin resistance (IR), and if not addressed, can lead to type 2 diabetes (T2D). The role of the immune system in skeletal muscle (SM) inflammation and insulin sensitivity is not yet well characterized. As SM IR is an important determinant of glycaemia, it is critical that the muscle‐immune phenotype is mapped to help design interventions to target T2D. This systematic review synthesized the evidence for SM macrophage content and phenotype in humans and murine models of obesity, and the association of muscle macrophage content and phenotype with IR. Results were synthesized narratively, as we were unable to conduct a meta‐analysis. We included 28 studies (n=10 human, n=18 murine), and all studies detected macrophage markers in SM. Macrophage content was positively associated with IR. In humans and mice, there was variability in muscle macrophage content and phenotype in obesity. Overall certainty in the evidence was low due to heterogeneity in detection methods and incompleteness of data reporting. Macrophages are detected in human and murine SM in obesity and a positive association between macrophage content and IR is noted; however, the standardization of markers, detection methods, and reporting of study details is warranted to accurately characterize macrophages and improve the potential for creating specific and targeted immune‐based therapies in obesity.
Diagnostic evaluation and arrhythmia mechanisms in survivors of unexplained cardiac arrest
Authors: Deif Bishoy , Roberts Jason D. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractIdentifying the cause of unexplained cardiac arrest is critical for appropriate management of both survivors and their family members. Aborted cardiac arrests whose cause remains unknown following investigation with a surface ECG, echocardiogram, and coronary angiogram are deemed unexplained. Many of these unexplained arrests are felt to be secondary to concealed forms of cardiac channelopathies and latent or subtle cardiomyopathies. This recognition has led to evaluating a diagnostic role for a series of additional investigations, including advanced imaging, genetic testing, and provocative forms of testing, including sodium channel blockade and treadmill testing. Despite evidence of an improved diagnostic yield through their systematic usage, clinical guidelines have yet to endorse a formal algorithm delineating investigations that must be performed before assigning a label of idiopathic ventricular fibrillation, which has resulted in markedly variables thresholds for concluding this diagnosis. Debate remains regarding the need for an invasive electrophysiology study among these patients, though identification of arrhythmic culprits requiring intracardiac electrograms for diagnostic confirmation have suggested a potential role when an initial comprehensive evaluation is unrevealing. Although progress is being made, the sizeable portion of arrests that remain unexplained despite completion of a comprehensive evaluation highlights an ongoing need for further research and additional tools to help unravel the ongoing mysteries of these near fatal events.
Effect of different fraction of inspired oxygen on development of atelectasis in mechanically ventilated children: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Song In‐Kyung , Jang Young‐Eun , Lee Ji‐Hyun , Kim Eun‐Hee , Yoo Seokha , Kim Hee‐Soo , Kim Jin‐Tae 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe use of high fraction of inspired oxygen (FIO2) can cause direct pulmonary toxicity and pulmonary complications. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of different FIO2 on development of intraoperative atelectasis in mechanically ventilated children using lung ultrasound.MethodsIn this randomized controlled, patient‐ and sonographer‐blinded trial, 86 children (≤6 years) undergoing noncardiac surgery were allocated into a low (n = 43) or high (n = 43) FIO2 group. The low FIO2 group consistently received 30% air‐oxygen mixture during preoxygenation, ultrasound‐guided recruitment maneuver, and mechanical ventilation. The high FIO2 group received 100% oxygen during preoxygenation and ultrasound‐guided recruitment maneuver and 60% air‐oxygen mixture during mechanical ventilation. Positive end‐expiratory pressure of 5 cm H2O was applied in both groups. Lung ultrasound was performed one minute after the start of mechanical ventilation and at the end of surgery in both groups. Primary outcome was significant atelectasis incidence (consolidation score of ≥2 in any region) on the postoperative lung ultrasound. Secondary outcomes included significant atelectasis incidence on the preoperative lung ultrasound, incidences of intra‐ and postoperative desaturation, and incidences of postoperative fever and postoperative pulmonary complications.ResultsSignificant atelectasis incidence on the postoperative lung ultrasound was similar between the low and high FIO2 groups (28% vs 37%; Pearson chi‐square value = 0.847; P = .357; OR 1.531; 95% CI 0.617‐3.800). Significant atelectasis incidence on the preoperative lung ultrasound was also similar between the groups (12% vs 9%; Pearson chi‐square value = 0.124; P = .725; OR 0.779; 95% CI 0.194‐3.125). There were no statistically significant differences in the other secondary outcomes.ConclusionsFIO2 did not affect significant atelectasis formation in mechanically ventilated children who received ultrasound‐guided recruitment maneuver and positive end‐expiratory pressure.
Wearing a bike helmet leads to less cognitive control, revealed by lower frontal midline theta power and risk indifference
Authors: Schmidt Barbara , Kessler Luisa , Holroyd Clay B. , Miltner Wolfgang H. R. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractA recent study claims that participants wearing a bike helmet behave riskier in a computer‐based risk task compared to control participants without a bike helmet. We hypothesized that wearing a bike helmet reduces cognitive control over risky behavior. To test our hypothesis, we recorded participants' EEG brain responses while they played a risk game developed in our laboratory. Previously, we found that, in this risk game, anxious participants showed greater levels of cognitive control as revealed by greater frontal midline theta power, which was associated with less risky decisions. Here, we predicted that cognitive control would be reduced in the helmet group, indicated by reduced frontal midline theta power, and that this group would prefer riskier options in the risk game. In line with our hypothesis, we found that participants in the helmet group showed significantly lower frontal midline theta power than participants in the control group, indicating less cognitive control. We did not replicate the finding of generally riskier behavior in the helmet group. Instead, we found that participants chose the riskier option in about half of trials, no matter how risky the other option was. Our results suggest that wearing a bike helmet reduces cognitive control, as revealed by reduced frontal midline theta power, leading to risk indifference when evaluating potential behaviors.
The making of a hybrid body: Corpus Christi in Lisbon, 1582
Authors: van Kessel Elsje 
Published: August 2019

AbstractIn Renaissance Lisbon, the procession of Corpus Christi was not only the most important event on the liturgical calendar but also one of the largest collectively produced works of art. This article argues that, in order to understand this complex, multi‐layered artwork, it is necessary to move beyond such categorical opposites as ‘local vs. other’, ‘artist vs. viewer’ and even ‘people vs. things’, and instead approach these processions as a certain kind of hybrid. Focussing on a publication that recounts the Corpus Christi procession of September 1582, held to coincide with King Philip II of Spain’s residency in Lisbon, the first part of the article examines the diverse artistic origins of elements of the procession, which included highly decorated streets, music, dances, and countless figures of saints and demons, demonstrating that Renaissance Lisbon was a hybrid space. The second part of the article asks how this hybridity can be studied when art historical concepts and methods developed for canonical European art do not easily apply. It instead proposes an anthropologically inspired framework that defines Lisbon’s Corpus Christi as a networked hybrid of things, humans, and ideas.
Amplitude, frequency and drivers of Caspian Sea lake‐level variations during the Early Pleistocene and their impact on a protected wave‐dominated coastline
Authors: Jorissen Elisabeth L. , Abels Hemmo A. , Wesselingh Frank P. , Lazarev Sergei , Aghayeva Vusala , Krijgsman Wout 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe Caspian Sea, the largest isolated lake in the world, witnessed drastic lake‐level variations during the Quaternary. This restricted basin appears very sensitive to lake‐level variations, due to important variations in regional evaporation, precipitation and runoff. The amplitude, frequency and drivers of these lake‐level changes are still poorly documented and understood. Studying geological records of the Caspian Sea might be the key to better comprehend the complexity of these oscillations. The Hajigabul section documents sediment deposited on the northern margin of the Kura Basin, a former embayment of the Caspian Sea. The 2035 m thick, well‐exposed section was previously dated by magneto‐biostratigraphic techniques and provides an excellent record of Early Pleistocene environmental, lake‐level and climate changes. Within this succession, the 1050 m thick Apsheronian regional stage, between ca 2·1 Ma and 0·85 Ma, represents a particular time interval with 20 regressive sequences documented by sedimentary and palaeontological changes. Sequences are regressing from offshore to coastal, lagoonal or terrestrial settings and are bounded by abrupt flooding events. Sediment reveals a low energy, wave‐dominated, reflective beach system. Wave baselines delimiting each facies association appear to be located at shallower bathymetries compared to the open ocean. Water depth estimations of the wave baselines allow reconstruction of a lake‐level curve, recording oscillations of ca 40 m amplitude. Cyclostratigraphic analyses display lake‐level frequency close to 41 kyr, pointing to allogenic forcing, dominated by obliquity cycles and suggesting a direct or indirect link with high‐latitude climates and environments. This study provides a detailed lake‐level curve for the Early Pleistocene Caspian Sea and constitutes a first step towards a better comprehension of the magnitude, occurrence and forcing mechanisms of Caspian Sea lake‐level changes. Facies models developed in this study regarding sedimentary architectures of palaeocoastlines affected by repeated lake‐level fluctuations may form good analogues for other (semi‐)isolated basins worldwide.
Distributional Effects of a Wealth Tax under Lifetime‐Dynastic Income Concepts*
Authors: Halvorsen Elin , Thoresen Thor O. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractAnnual wealth tax is back on the policy agenda, but discussion of its effect is not well informed. When standard methodology is used and wealth‐tax burdens are measured against annual individual income, it is found that a large share of the tax burden falls on people with low incomes. In this study, we use rich Norwegian administrative data to discuss the distributional effects of wealth tax under several different income concepts, ultimately measuring income over the lifetime of family dynasties. When measured against lifetime income and lifetime income in dynasties, wealth tax is mostly borne by high‐income taxpayers and is seen as clearly redistributive.
Adult and child deprivation in Hong Kong
Authors: Saunders Peter , Tang Vera Mun‐yu 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThere is growing interest in the application of Townsend's deprivation approach to provide estimates of poverty that more directly reflect the living standards of those on low income. The consensual approach is applied here using data from the second wave (conducted in 2015–2016) of the Trends and Implications of Social Disadvantages in Hong Kong survey. The article draws on a related study that identifies separate lists of items deemed “necessary for all” by a majority of adults (aged 18 years or older) and children (aged 10–17 years). Those unable to obtain at least three of these items are identified as deprived, and the profile of household deprivation is examined in terms of the family types most affected, age groups, and numbers of children. Further analysis focuses on the disparity between children identified as living in households identified as deprived according to information provided by adults and children whose deprivation status reflects their own views. Finally, the overlaps between deprivation and four measures of poverty—two objective and income based and two subjective and perception based—are examined and discussed. The results indicate that deprivation and poverty are different but that, however it is measured, more needs to be done to address poverty in Hong Kong, including further improvements in the coverage and adequacy of health service provision and social security benefits.
Financial integration and banking crisis. A critical analysis of restrictions on capital flows
Authors: Inekwe John Nkwoma , Valenzuela Maria Rebecca 
Published: August 2019

AbstractWe investigate the effect of financial integration on a banking crisis. In contrast to existing works, we allow for capital restrictions while studying the impact of financial integration on a banking crisis. Using firm‐level lending and borrowing information in the global market of syndicated loans; we generate aggregate measures of financial integration and examine how countries with capital flow restrictions thrive in the wake of a banking crisis. We concentrate on basic network measures of integration for a panel of 62 countries that allow for capital restriction at any time within the sample period. Financial integration increases the incidence of a banking crisis, and capital restrictions worsen a banking crisis. However, capital restrictions reduce the negative impact of financial integration on the incidence of a banking crisis. Thus, financial integration becomes beneficial when countries allow for some forms of capital control.
Exchange rate volatility and Japan–U.S. commodity trade: An asymmetry analysis
Authors: Bahmani‐Oskooee Mohsen , Karamelikli Huseyin 
Published: August 2019

AbstractExchange rate volatility is said to affect trade flows in either direction. When increased volatility is separated from decreased volatility, asymmetric analysis reveals even more support for the fact that both increased volatility and decreased volatility affect trade flows in either direction. We add to this new literature by considering 57 industries that trade between Japan and the US. In addition to providing evidence of asymmetric response of their trade flows to a measure of exchange rate volatility, our approach identifies industries that could benefit from increased exchange rate volatility and those that could be hurt. Similarly, we identify industries that could benefit from decreased volatility and those that could be hurt. The overall conclusion is the adverse effects of dollar–yen volatility on the trade between the two countries.
Seeking river restoration appraisal best practice: supporting wider national and international environmental goals
Authors: England Judy , Naura Marc , Mant Jenny , Skinner Kevin 
Published: August 2019

AbstractWith growing investment in river restoration, we increasingly need to justify costs by demonstrating success and wider benefits of measures. To aid practitioners, the UK River Restoration Centre has worked with experts to develop a practical monitoring guidance that links objectives to specific monitoring to demonstrate achievable outcomes. Feedback, however, via an online questionnaire highlighted the need to rationalise the guidance contents for a new growing audience, taking advantage of new developments and incorporating the evaluation of social and economic aspects of river restoration. With these potential improvements, it is hoped that practitioners will follow this guidance, improve the quality of monitoring undertaken and share evidence of success and lessons learnt. This paper outlines how this guidance has been adopted as best practice. We discuss why we need to embed this guidance into wider monitoring protocols that can feed into national and international environmental policy and targets.