bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantifying Forest Soil Physical Variables Potentially Important for Site Growth Analyses
Authors: Kush John S. , Pitt Douglas G. , Craul Phillip J. , Boyer William D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Accurate mean plot values of forest soil factors are required for use as independent variables in site-growth analyses. Adequate accuracy is often difficult to attain because soils are inherently widely variable. Estimates of the variability of appropriate soil factors influencing growth can be used to determine the sampling intensity required to secure accurate mean plot values. A study was conducted to determine the plot means and variation of bulk density, texture, and gross moisture weights within plots associated with the longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) forest type in south Alabama. Included in the study were three different soil series (Troup, Norfolk, and Esto), at each of three topographic positions (lower, mid, and upper slope). Soil texture was the most variable among the properties studied and gross moisture weights the least variable. Results provide a means of estimating forest soil sampling intensity for use in site growth analyses. South. J. Appl. For. 28(1):5–11.
Biomass Partitioning and Root Architecture Responses of Loblolly Pine Seedlings to Tillage in Piedmont and Coastal Plain Soils
Authors: Schilling Erik B. , Graeme Lockaby B. , Rummer Robert 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In the southeastern United States, site preparation methods often involve surface and subsurface tillage used singly or in combination. However, growth responses to these treatments are often inconsistent across sites and physiographic regions. In an effort to gain insight into how pine growth is affected by tillage, the effects of two treatments, machine planting and combination tillage (i.e., disking, subsoiling, and bedding), were examined in terms of biomass partitioning and root system architecture of loblolly pine seedlings (Pinus taeda L.) on Piedmont and Upper Coastal Plain sites in Alabama and Georgia. Our objectives were to evaluate the effects of combination tillage on root system development and examine whether potential effects were related to aboveground measures. Seedling allometry indicated that for all sites and both physiographic regions, machine planting and combination tillage treatments resulted in similar biomass partitioning above- and belowground. Furthermore, on both Piedmont and Coastal Plain sites, root architecture was primarily influenced by the presence of the subsoil “rip” regardless of treatment. These conclusions suggest that compared to machine planting, combination tillage did not affect biomass partitioning on the functional rooting zone of these young pines to a degree that was biologically significant. South. J. Appl. For. 28(2):76–82.
Silvicultural Management Within Streamside Management Zones of Intermittent Streams: Effects on Decomposition, Productivity, Nutrient Cycling, and Channel Vegetation
Authors: Lockaby B. G. , Governo R. , Rummer B. , Colson C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The purpose of this watershed study on three intermittent streams was to evaluate responses ofriparian processes to three streamside management zone (SMZ) treatments; no harvest, clearcut, and partial harvest(50% basal area removal). Riparian response variables measured included litterfall, leaf litter decomposition, understory vegetation, soil temperature and water chemistry. However, due to drought conditions, insufficient water chemistry data were collected to support quantitative assessment of treatment effects. Comparisons of mass loss rates (k) indicated that decomposition on the control treatment was the most rapid. Understory vegetation surveys showed statistically greater mass of forbs and grasses within the clearcut SMZ. Results suggest that no harvest or a partial harvest within SMZs along intermittent streams are preferable because these treatments maintain carbon inputs to streams. South. J. Appl. For. 28(4): 211–224.
Smoothed Versus Unsmoothed LiDAR in a Double-Sample Forest Inventory
Authors: Parker Robert C. , Mitchel A. Lee 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data at 0.5- and 1-m postings were used in a double-sample forest inventory on Louisiana State University's Lee Experimental Forest, Louisiana. Phase 2 plots were established with differential global positioning system (DGPS). Tree dbh (>4.5in.) and two sample heights were measured on every 10th plot of the Phase 1 sample. Volume was computed for natural and planted pine and mixed hardwood species. LiDAR trees were selected with focal filter procedures from smoothed and unsmoothed LiDAR canopy surfaces. Dbh-height and ground-LiDARheight models were used to predict dbh from LiDAR height and compute Phase 2 estimates of ft2 basal area and ft3 volume. Phase 1 LiDAR estimates were computed by randomly assigning heights to species classes using the probability distribution from ground plots in eachinventory strata. Phase 2 LiDAR estimates were computed by randomly assigning heights to species-product groups using a Monte Carlo simulation for each ground plot. Regression coefficients for Phase 2 estimates of ft2 and ft3 from the smoothed versus unsmoothed surfacesof high- and low-density LiDAR were computed by species group. Regression estimates for combined volume were partitioned by species-product distribution of Phase 2 volume. There was no statistical difference (α = 0.05) between smoothed versus unsmoothed for high- and low-density LiDAR on adjusted mean volume estimates (sampling errors of 9.52 versus 8.46% for high-density and 9.25 versus 7.65% for low-density LiDAR). South. J. Appl. For. 29(1):40–47.
SOFRA and RPA: Two Views of the Future of Southern Timber Supply
Authors: Adams Darius , Mills John , Alig Ralph , Haynes Richard 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Two recent studies provide alternative views of the current state and future prospects of southern forests and timber supply: the Southern Forest Resource Assessment (SOFRA) and the Fifth Resources Planning Act Timber Assessment (RPA). Using apparently comparable data but different models and methods, the studies portray futures that in some aspects are quite similar and in others markedly different. This article focuses on what the differences and commonalities between the reports suggest about the key factors that help shape our views of the future of southern timber supply. What inputs and assumptions make important differences in projections of the South's timber supply future? We find that there are five major areas to watch: (i) gross land area shifts from forest to urban and from agriculture to forest (not just net timberland area change); (ii) the sensitivity of pine plantation investments to expected timber prices; (iii) the responsiveness of southern timber demand to prices; (iv) age or date of the starting inventory and the definition of timber harvest (what products are included); and (iv) the basic yield assumptions and the timing of the yield impacts from improved management and timberland area change. South. J. Appl. For. 29(3):123–134.
A Comparison of Tree Health Among Forest Types and Conditions at Fort A.P. Hill, Virginia
Authors: Applegate Jason R. , Steinman Jim 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Fort A.P. Hill's Range and Training Land Assessments (RTLA) program initiated long-term monitoring of installation forests to assess forest health and ensure optimal sustainability of forest resources for military training activities. A subset of forest health indicators developed by the USDA Forest Service Forest Health Monitoring (FHM) and Forest Inventory and Analysis programs were used to assess forest health on Army training lands at Fort A.P. Hill, Virginia. Indicators of tree crown condition and tree damage condition were taken in forested areas where military training occurs, “tactical concealment areas (TCAs),” and on continuous forest monitoring (CFM) plots established in control stands where military training is absent. A higher percent of trees with high crown dieback, low crown density, and multiple types of stem damage were observed within TCAs than on CFM plots. The results are indicative of possible long-term changes to forest health from military training activities. The FHM forest health indicators proved to be an effective and useful approach to assess tree conditions. South. J. Appl. For. 29(3):143–147.
Long-Term Effects of Drainage, Bedding, and Fertilization on Growth of Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda L.) in the Coastal Plain of Virginia
Authors: Fox Thomas R. , Kyle Kevin H. , Andrews Lisa J. , Aust W. Michael , Burger James A. , Hansen Gerald H. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A site preparation study was established in 1968 at three locations in the Coastal Plain of Virginia. Three treatments were installed in a randomized complete block design: (1) chop, (2) bed, and (3) ditch. In 1978, four fertilizer treatments were superimposed on the site preparation study: (1) check, (2) phosphorus (P) only, (3) P + nitrogen (N), and (4) P + N + lime, converting it into a split-plot design. At age 33 years, height of the dominant loblolly pine in the ditch treatment was significantly greater than in the other site preparation treatments. However, there were no differences in stand density, diameter at breast height (dbh), basal area, or volume because of site preparation. This contrasts with the data collected at age 21 years, when total volume in both the bed treatment and the ditch treatment was greater than in the chop treatment. Changes in water table depths through time were the probable cause for decreased response to bedding and ditching. There was a large response to fertilization through age 33 years in this study. The P + N + lime treatment had significantly greater dbh, basal area, and volume than the other fertilizer treatments, which significantly increased pine stumpage value. The size of the growth response was greater at age 33 years than it was at age 21 years. Soil and foliage analysis suggests that the sustained growth response at this site was due to the added Ca. South. J. Appl. For. 29(4):205–214.
Hardwood Plantation Management
Authors: Malac Barry F. , Heeren Robert D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Until recently forest management was aimed primarily at maintaining the integrity of existing pine stands and converting low-value hardwood stands to higher-yielding stands of pine. What is the rationale behind the change in emphasis from intensive pine silviculture to even more capital-intensive silviculture of hardwood plantations? We attempt to answer this question and to give some of the reasons for deciding in favor of hardwood plantations. Among the most significant of these is an economic evaluation which shows the plantation management system capable of producing more than 50 percent more volume at one-third the cost of natural regeneration.
Applying Best Management Practices on Florida's Forestlands
Authors: Greis John G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In 1976 Florida's Department of Environmental Regulation appointed a Technical Advisory Committee to identify best management practices (BMP's) to prevent nonpoint pollution from forest management activities. The committee has completed an assessment of silviculture-related sediment production, which pointed to access roads as the most serious potential pollution hazard, and has developed a systematic technique of rating inherent site sensitivity to forest management activities. A public education program utilizing federal, state, and industrial resources and stressing voluntary compliance, is envisioned as the most effective means of attaining substantial compliance with the program.
Southern Pine Beetle Infestation Affects Esthetic Values of Forest Landscapes
Authors: Buhyoff Gregory J. , Leuschner W. A. , Wellman J. D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Viewers preferences for forest landscapes suffering from varying stages of southern pine beetle (SPB) infestation were measured. Subjects with different forestry backgrounds evaluated slides of SPB-damaged areas along the Blue Ridge Parkway. Half were told they were viewing SPB damage; half were not. Results indicate that people prefer undamaged landscape, preferences do not differ according to forestry backgrounds, foreknowledge of SPB damage influenced viewers negatively, and most esthetic impact occurs before 10 percent of the forested area shows insect damage. We present management recommendations based on these findings.
Timber Haul Road Construction in Southern Mountains
Authors: Groves Franklin D. , Baughman Ronald K. , Hundley M. Eugene , Sherman Roger L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Weyerhaeuser Company and Westvaco Corporation combine to discuss haul road construction in mountainous terrain of Arkansas and West Virginia. Road design, adoption of standards, construction techniques—these and other components are found to be equally important in building cost-effective roads that are environmentally acceptable. Costs range from $5,000 to $35,000 per mile of completed road, depending on steepness and difficulty of terrain.
Rainfall and Frequency of Ferbam Sprays Important for Fusiform Rust Control
Authors: Rowan S. J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Slash pine seedlings were exposed to 0, 1/4, 1/2, 1, or 2 inches of artificial rain 2, 24, 48, or 96 hours after a ferbam spray was applied at the rate of 200 gallons per acre. All seedlings were artifically inoculated with basidiospores of Cronartium quercuum f. sp. fusiforme two to three hours after the rain. Results indicate that ferbam should be applied every second day after 1/4 to 1/2 inch of rain, every day if more than 1/2 inch of rain occurs within 24 hours after ferbam application, and every third day if there is no rain. Ferbam sprays need not be reapplied on the same day, even after 2 inches of rain, but it is important to respray seedlings the next day.
A New Diameter Distribution Model for Unmanaged Loblolly Pine Plantations in East Texas
Authors: Lee Young-Jin , Coble Dean W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A parameter recovery procedure for the Weibull distribution function based on four percentile equations was used to develop a diameter distribution yield prediction model for unmanaged loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations in East Texas. This model was compared with the diameter distribution models of Lenhart and Knowe, which have been used in East Texas. All three models were evaluated with independent observed data. The model developed in this study performed better than the other two models in prediction of trees per acre and cubic-foot volume per acre (wood and bark, excluding stump) across diameter classes. Lenhart’s model consistently underestimated the larger-diameter classes because it was developed originally with data mostly collected in young plantations. Knowe’s model overestimated volume in sawtimber-sized trees, which could lead to overestimations of volume in older loblolly pine plantations found in East Texas. An example also is provided to show users how to use this new yield prediction system. These results support the recommendation that forest managers should use growth and yield models designed and/or calibrated for the region in which they are implemented.South. J. Appl.For. 30(1):13–20.
An Individual-Tree, Merchantable Stem, Green Weight Equation for Loblolly Pine Pulpwood in Arkansas, Including Seasonal Effects
Authors: Doruska Paul F. , Patterson David W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
An individual-tree, merchantable stem (3-in. top), outside-bark, green weight equation was developed for loblolly pine pulpwood trees in southeast Arkansas. Trees were sampled from the same eight stands over the four seasons of the year; therefore, stand-to-stand variation did not impact results. Specific gravity did not differ within stem position across seasons. However, seasonal differences in moisture content led to different weight scaling factors by season, the largest weight scaling factor occurring in spring. As a result, the weight equation is parameterized differently based on season of the year. Stand origin (natural regeneration versus plantation) did not significantly impact weight scaling factor. The fitted equation explained 97% of the variation present in the data and possessed a mean absolute error of 24.1 lb per tree. Assuming the climatic conditions during the project were typical; up to a 6% difference in estimated merchantable stem weight occurs based on season of the year. Use of this equation and these results should assist those inventorying, buying, and selling loblolly pine pulpwood by weight in southeast Arkansas and nearby surrounding regions.
Timing of Chopper Herbicide Site Preparation on Bedded Sites
Authors: Lauer Dwight K. , Quicke Harold E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Vegetation control after different application timings of Chopper herbicide (active ingredient imazapyr) relative to bedding was examined at four lower Coastal Plain study locations. Two bedding regimes, midseason and late-season, were examined at each location. Midseason bedding occurred between May and July and late-season bedding occurred between September and November. Results indicate that many of the historical application timing limitations placed on imazapyr are not necessary. Chopper herbicide in combination with methylated seed oil can be applied as early as February and as late as November, up to the day before bedding and immediately after bedding. Seasonal timing of application also was found to have a major impact on pine growth. For those treatments that provided good vegetation control, earlier season treatments resulted in the best pine growth. Optimal application timings were (1) June through September at least 3 weeks after midseason bedding, (2) February to the day before midseason bedding, and (3) February through July followed by late-season bedding. An exception is that if deciduous woody species such as hardwood or blackberry are targeted, early season applications (February–April) should not occur until these species have leafed out. The optimal timing windows are wide, allowing forest managers plenty of flexibility in scheduling operations. Use of optimal timing windows has the potential to substantially increase productivity without increasing costs.
Planting Oaks in Group Selection Openings on Upland Sites: Two Case Studies from Arkansas
Authors: Heitzman Eric , Grell Adrian 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Two upland sites in Arkansas were studied to test the performance of 1-0 northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) and white oak (Quercus alba L.) seedlings planted in group selection openings. Both red and white oak seedlings were planted at one location in the Ozark Mountains,and only red oak seedlings were planted at a second site along Crowleys Ridge. Holes were dug with power augers and seedlings were planted by hand. At the time of planting, the mean height of red oak and white oak seedlings at the Ozark site were 3.4 and 1.9 ft, respectively. Red oak seedlingsat Crowleys Ridge averaged 3.0 ft tall when planted. After 4 years at the Ozark site, 77% of red oak and 86% of white oak were alive. After 3 years at Crowleys Ridge, red oak survival was 80%. Seedlings at both sites grew slowly. Mean 4-year height increment at the Ozarksite was 2.1 ft for red oak and 2.5 ft for white oak, and mean 3-year height increment for red oak at Crowleys Ridge was 1.6 ft. Three years after planting in the Ozark Mountains and 2 years after planting at Crowleys Ridge, naturally regenerating competition had suppressed over one-thirdof the red oak and about one-half of the white oak. This necessitated a release treatment around planted seedlings at both sites. Oaks that decreased in total height over a given growing season were common. Most seedlings that decreased in height had been pulled over or crushed by other vegetationor exhibited top dieback. South. J. Appl.For. 30(3):142–146.
Hedging Urea for Forestry Applications in the US South
Authors: Mendell Brooks C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This article introduces hedging with futures contracts as a risk management strategy in forestry. It tests and indicates the feasibility of using newly available urea futures contracts traded on the Chicago Mercantile Exchange to hedge urea, the most common nitrogen fertilizer usedin forest management. A significant direct price movement relationship exists between urea cash prices and urea futures. In detailing how to implement this hedge, net realized urea prices are calculated for two fertilization seasons for the US South in 2004 and 2005. Both hedges reduce thegap between expected costs and actual out-of-pocket costs relative to unhedged urea purchases. These results suggest that urea futures contracts can effectively reduce price risk, defined as unexpected price changes, for forestry applications. The newness of the urea futures contract, whichbegan trading in May 2004, limits the ability to assess the long-term impacts on the SD of net realized cash costs for urea over longer time frames. South. J. Appl. For. 30(3):142–146.
Improving the Rooting Capacity of Stem Cuttings of Virginia Pine by Severe Stumping of Parent Trees
Authors: Rosier Christopher L. , Frampton John , Goldfarb Barry , Blazich Frank A. , Wise Farrell C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to develop a protocol for rooting stem cuttings from 5-year-old Virginia pine (Pinus virginiana Mill.). The first experiment tested the effects of stumping treatment (none and ¼, ½, and ¾ original height remaining), auxin type[indole-3-butyric acid or 1-napthalene acetic acid (NAA)], and auxin concentration (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, or 12 mM) on adventitious root formation. Stumping refers to the process of cutting back the stem combined with partial crown removal. The second experiment quantified the effects of crown position on the rooting of stem cuttings from stumped and nonstumped trees. Rooting percentage increased and percentage of mortality decreased as the severity of the stumping treatment increased. Auxin concentration significantly affected every rooting trait except root angle. Overall,cuttings from trees stumped to ¼ original height and treated with 4 mM NAA rooted in higher percentages (74%) and produced more primary roots (5.5) with greater total root lengths (601 mm) than the other treatments. The original crown position, particularly height, significantly affected rooting percentage. Primary needle length significantly increased as the severity of the stumping treatment increased and was positively correlated with rooting capacity. South. J. Appl. For. 30(4):182–187.
Reforestation Tax Incentives Under the American Jobs Creation Act of 2004
Authors: Straka Thomas J. , Greene John L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The American Jobs Creation Act of 2004 made significant changes in the reforestation tax incentives available to private forest owners. Owners can now deduct outright reforestation costs up to $10,000 per year for each qualifying timber property and amortize any additional amount over 8 tax years. To assess the financial benefit the new incentives provide to forest owners, the authors developed spreadsheets that calculate after-tax Bare Land Value (BLV) for a representative southern pine management plan under three tax situations: no reforestation incentives, the incentives under previous law, and the incentives under the current law. They found that compared to no tax incentive, the current law chiefly benefits owners with high non-timber income, increasing BLV by an amount equivalent to a reforestation cost share of roughly 25 to 30% as opposed to 5 to 15% for owners with low or median income. Compared to previous law, the current law chiefly benefits owners of large forest holdings, increasing BLV by an amount equivalent to a reforestation cost share of roughly 10 to 20%. For owners of small forest holdings, however, BLV decreased by an amount equivalent to a 5 to 10% increase in reforestation costs. These findings are significant as Congress likely intended that the new incentives continue to benefit primarly “small woodland owners” with modest incomes and forest holdings.