bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Israeli 1992 Income Tax Amendment Relating to the Taxation of Wife's Income
Authors: Lapidoth Arye 
Published: May 2019

The unanimous passage of the Income Tax Ordinance (Amendment No. 89) Law, 1992, by the Israeli Knesset fits in a series of amendments, which, during the last four decades, have gradually eroded the principle of aggregation of income of husband and wife introduced in 1941. It constitutes a further step towards a complete system of splitting the income of husband and wife for the purpose of calculating the amount of income tax; its primary purpose, however, is apparently to equalize the rights and duties of the married woman with those of the man as far as the procedural and administrative aspects of the assessment and collection of the tax on the wife's income is concerned.The extension of the right tosplitthe income of the married couple is fairly limited. The amendment for the first time entitles the married woman to opt for a separate computation of tax not only on herearned incomebut also on her income derived fromproperty; provided, however, that such property was either owned by the wife at least a year before her marriage or acquired by her by way of inheritance. Thus, the tax burden on the married couple, which has basically remained the tax unit, has been alleviated to a limited extent only.
IL GIUDICE NEI REGIMI DEMOCRATICI
Authors: Pederzoli Patrizia 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneChiunque tenti di mettere a confronto l'immagine che del giudice e delle sue funzioni ci è stata tramandata dal costituzionalismo classico con quella che gli apparati giudiziari operanti nelle contemporanee società occidentali offrono di sé, si trova di fronte a trasformazioni di straordinaria portata. Le competenze assegnate alle corti, ad esempio, hanno di gran lunga oltrepassato i confini tracciati in epoca liberale, per raggiungere un'estensione che sarebbe stata impensabile solo pochi decenni orsono e che è attualmente di proporzioni tali da comportare il loro coinvolgimento, diretto o indiretto, nelle piò disparate sfere dell'agire sociale. Ancora, la frequenza con cui l'amministrazione della giustizia interviene nelle politiche pubbliche, partecipando talvolta alla loro elaborazione e concorrendo a determinarne l'esito applicativo, dà luogo a fenomeni largamente inediti e che fuoriescono dagli schemi istituzionali disegnati dalla dottrina di separazione dei poteri. Gli stessi attributi di passiva ed apolitica esecutività, a lungo celebrati dalla giuspubblicistica quali dimensioni reali ed irrinunciabili della professione giudiziaria, dopo essere stati efficacemente smentiti nei piò ristretti circuiti accademici, sembrano infine aver perso terreno anche nellaself-imagedi molti magistrati.
LE ELEZIONI SOVIETICHE DELLA PRIMAVERA 1989
Authors: Moscati Giorgio 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneAssente per decenni dai dibattiti sul sistema politico sovietico, trascurato dai sovietologi e dalla maggior parte degli stessi politologi e giuristi sovietici, il sistema elettorale dell'URSS ha goduto, negli ultimi tre anni, di una crescente attenzione, sia in patria che all'estero. La stessa leadership sovietica, Gorbačëv in testa, ha mostrato di considerare, in piò di un'occasione, un sostanziale rinnovamento delle procedure elettorali come parte integrante e condizione fondamentale per il successo della perestrojka. Inoltre, non solo tematiche fino a pochi anni fa del tutto improponibili, quali la pluralità di candidature al ruolo di deputato, sono diventate norma di legge, ma anche argomenti un tempo considerati tabu, come l'opportunità, per gruppi estranei al partito, di avanzare candidature alle supreme istanze del potere sovietico, si presentano oggi prepotentemente alla ribalta del dibattito politico.
SCIENZA POLITICA E STORIOGRAFIA: COMMENTO
Authors: Are Giuseppe 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneCommentare, nella mia qualità di storico e da tale punto di vista, il saggio di Modino sullo svolgimento della scienza politica in Italia dal dopoguerra ad oggi, è un compito facile per una parte, piuttosto arduo per l'altra. Facile per ciò che riguarda la verifica di quanto sia veritiero ed esauriente il quadro che Morlino traccia di tale svolgimento, delle sue tappe, dei suoi difetti, dei suoi successi, e, piò in generale, del clima culturale in cui si è prodotto e che ha concorso a formare. Arduo, invece, per quanto riguarda gli scambi possibili fra scienza politica e storiografia. Tale secondo compito obbliga infatti ad indagare in reciprocità gli statuti essenziali dei due modi di conoscenza, la compatibilità dei loro strumenti, e via dicendo: un'opera che non mi risulta sia stata ancora mai tentata in Italia, in modo capace di trascendere i fastidi, le presunzioni e le gelosie di mestiere e di corporazione.
LO STATO SFIDATO
Authors: Poggi Gianfranco 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneVerso la fine del ventesimo secolo, allo stato si aprono prospettive dubbie, sia nei sistemi liberal-democratici che in quelli a partito unico. In entrambi i casi, per quanto in misura diversa e in modi diversi, lo stato svolge un ruolo assolutamente centrale nella gestione del processo sociale, assorbe e controlla una parte assai cospicua del prodotto sociale, riceve ed elabora una grande quantità di richieste. In entrambi i tipi, tuttavia, i modi in cui lo stato fa fronte a questi compiti sono da qualche tempo divenuti oggetto di preoccupazione e critica in misura forse maggiore che nelle precedenti fasi della sua vicenda storica.
SICUREZZA E RELAZIONI INTERNAZIONALI: IL PARADIGMA REALISTA RIVISITATO
Authors: Cesa Marco 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneAnche se quello di sicurezza è un termine impiegato molto frequentemente negli studi di relazioni internazionali, in particolar modo negli ultimi decenni, la sua elaborazione concettuale è lungi dall'aver raggiunto un livello soddisfacente. Eppure, alcuni dei molti studi dedicati specificamente a tematiche contemporanee, come il controllo degli armamenti e la politica di difesa degli stati occidentali, e in primo luogo degli Stati Uniti, hanno fornito definizioni piò o meno esplicite e articolate. Così, ad esempio, Donald Brennan (1961, 8) sostiene che la sicurezza è composta, in proporzioni variabili, tanto dalla protezione della sopravvivenza nazionale, intesa questa nei suoi significati fisici, politici e degli standard di vita, quanto dal perseguimento dei fini di politica estera. Secondo Morton Berkowitz e P.G. Bock (1968, 40), invece, la sicurezza sarebbe una piò generica «capacità di una nazione di proteggere i suoi valori interni da minacce esterne».
Control of ethylene synthesis and ripening by sense and antisense genes in transgenic plants
Authors: Grierson Don 
Published: May 2019

SynopsisRipening of tomato and other fruits involves changes in quality attributes that make them attractive to consumers. These alterations are brought about by the coordinated expression of specific genes. Ethylene, synthesised by cells of climacteric fruit at the onset of ripening, stimulates the expression of genes required for ripening to occur. Experiments with transgenic plants have shown that a 5′ flanking region from the fruit polygalacturonase (PG) gene directs the ripening-specific expression of foreign genes in tomato. Antisense genes have also been used to down-regulate expression of the PG gene, causing a reduction in pectin degradation during ripening. This reduction in PG has beneficial effects on fruit storage life and processing characteristics. Antisense technology has also been used to assign functions to previously unknown genes. This has led to the identification of the gene for ethylene forming enzyme (EFE) which catalyses the terminal step in ethylene synthesis. Detached fruit from tomato plants in which EFE is inhibited by antisense genes produce much less ethylene and ripening is greatly slowed. The rate of ripening can be restored by adding ethylene externally. These results raise the possibility of manipulating ripening of many fruits and also of controlling processes such as abscission and senescence of leaves and flowers.
Prospects for establishing a tomato gene tagging system using the maize transposonActivator (Ac)
Authors: Jones J. D. G. , Bishop G. , Carroll B. , Dickinson M. , English J. , Harrison K. , Jones D. , Scofield S. , Thomas C. M. 
Published: May 2019

SynopsisIn tomato (Lycopersicon esculentumMill.), extensive variation can be observed in genes conditioning many plant functions including disease resistance, plant development, and fruit, leaf and hypocotyl pigmentation. Genes exist that confer resistance to viruses, nematodes, bacteria and fungi. There is great value in developing a facile system for isolating such genes, and we are attempting to create a tomato gene isolation system based on insertional mutagenesis with the maize transposonAc.Our chosen target genes (Cf-2,Cf-4,Cf-5 andCf-9) confer resistance to specific races of the fungusCladosporium fulvumCooke, the causal agent of leaf mould. We have used classical and molecular techniques to map three of these genes, correcting errors in previous reports.Ac-carrying T-DNA constructs have been developed to facilitate monitoring ofAcactivity in tomato, whereAcis extremely active. These constructs have been used in plant transformation experiments, and over 100 tomato lines carryingAchave been created. More than 20 T-DNAs carryingAchave been localised on the tomato genetic map by testing linkage to RFLP loci. This was carried out to exploit the preference ofAcfor transposition to linked sites in our tagging strategy.
Assessing and monitoring the risks of releasing genetically manipulated plants
Authors: Beringer John E. , Bale Mark J. , Hayes Paul K. , Lazarus Colin M. 
Published: May 2019

Plants, animals and microorganisms are being manipulated to improve their characteristics for commercial purposes. Some manipulated organisms will be grown under containment and only released to the environment accidentally and, usually, in relatively small numbers. Others, such as crop plants, will be grown on a large scale in the open environment. There is concern that modified organisms may become pests, or will produce pests as a result of mating with other organisms in the environment.This paper will discuss some of the issues involved in deciding whether genetically modified plants should be released to the environment or not.
Second messenger systems as sites of drug action
Authors: Bowman W. C. 
Published: May 2019

Synopsis:Transmembrane signalling from cell surface receptors occurs by two broad mechanisms: (i) the rapid (ms) direct opening of an ion channel, where the ion channel is a component of the receptor complex (e.g. the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor); and (ii) the more slow (s) modulation of a membrane enzyme or more distant ion channel. Most of the examples of this second mechanism involve a GTP-binding protein or so–called G-protein, and the production of a second messenger. The production of nitric oxide is a special case in that it is eventually produced as a result of the activity of the second messenger ïnositol trisphosphate. The nitric oxide then diffuses into a second cell to give rise to the production of an additional ‘second’ messenger, cyclic GMP.All of the surface receptors themselves exist as a number of subtypes. Additionally, most of the components of the second messenger systems – G-proteins, adenylyl cyclase, guanylyl cyclase, phosphoinositidase, C, inositol trisphosphate receptors, protein kinase A, protein kinase G, protein kinase C, cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, and the enzymes involved in phosphatidylinositol resynthesis – occur in a number of isoforms. Furthermore, all the enzymes are controlled in their activity by a number of co-factors and other modulators. This diversity provides the potential for selective drug action, a potential which is already being exploited and which will be increasingly so in the near future.
Can cloned receptors aid drug research?
Authors: Hartig Paul R. 
Published: May 2019

Synopsis:Over 50 different neurotransmitter and hormone receptors have been cloned, transfected and characterised. Within the pharmaceutical industry, the thrust of this research is now moving from receptor cloning to focussed application of these new tools to the task of drug development. With human receptor clones now available, it is possible to target drug design to single human proteins from the inception of a drug-design project. A critical question is whether human genes will express a human pharmacology when expressed in non-human, non-neuronal cell lines. Relevant results from studies with the human serotonin 5-HT2 and 5-HT1D receptors are presented, including the cloning of a rat 5-HT1B receptor which is homologous to a human 5-HT1D receptor gene. Another issue is the relationship between agonist and antagonist binding sites. The ability to study individual human receptors in selected cell lines which are free from interfering receptors has helped to advance our understanding of this relationship. Studies comparing agonist and antagonist binding sites of the human 5-HT2 receptor are described. Finally, the fact that so many neurotransmitter receptors belong to the same gene superfamily, the G-protein-coupled or 7TM (7 transmembrane domain) receptor superfamily, allows us to form new insights about receptor structure and function. Examples where comparative studies of gene sequences are helping to predict pharmacological properties of drugs are described.
Guanine-nucleotide binding regulatory proteins as targets for novel drugs
Authors: Pyne N. J. 
Published: May 2019

Summary:Guanine-nucleotide regulatory binding proteins (G-proteins) serve to transduce information from agonist-bound receptor complexes to either effector enzymes or ion-channels. Drugs that perturb the function of G-proteins may do so by one of four mechanisms, (i) They may exert negative intrinsic activity toward the G-protein. For instance, we have shown that incubation of isolated plasma-membranes with the β-adrenoceptor blocking drug sotalol blocked both GTP-stimulated and isoprenaline-stimulated adenylyl cyclase. This suggests that the empty β-adrenoceptor is capable of tonically stimulating Gsα, and therefore adenylyl cyclase; that is, empty β-adrenoceptors promote GDP-GTP exchange, (ii) They may perturb the GDP-GTP exchange reaction. For instance, certain PDE inhibitors, including SKF 94836 and rolipram, stimulate a marked increase in the pertussis toxin-catalysed NAD+-dependent ADP-ribosylation of Giα. This effect is similar to that of GDP, which promotes stabilisation of the αβγ holomer of Gi. The effect of these PDE inhibitors is completely reversed by GppNHp, which triggers afly dissociation by binding to the guanine-nucleotide binding domain of the G-protein. PDE inhibitors may serve as a class of drugs which perturb GDP-GTP exchange, (iii) They may trigger uncoupling of receptor-G-protein complexes. For instance, the polycationic drug mastoparan binds to the C-terminal end of the G-protein and mimics the effect of receptor activation by promoting GTP-γ-S binding, a reduction in pertussis toxin-catalysed ADP-ribosylation, and inhibition of adenylyl cyclase activity. Other agents, such as polyanionic drugs, bind to the receptor to promote uncoupling of receptor-mediated activation of certain G-proteins. (iv) They may alter the cross-talk mechanisms that operate between different receptor signalling systems. For instance, protein kinase C promotes the phosphorylation and inactivation of Gi. This leads to an unopposed stimulation of adenylyl cyclase via Gsand, therefore, enhanced sensitivity to agents such as glucagon. Protein kinase C inhibitors may be usefully exploited to modulate these processes which appear to be abberant in certain disease states.
Polyamine amide toxins as pharmacological tools and pharmaceutical agents
Authors: Blagbrough Ian S. , Usherwood Peter N. R. 
Published: May 2019

Synopsis:The polyamine amides comprise a newly-discovered class of compounds which exhibits considerable potential for the development of selective pharmacological tools and pharmaceutical agents. In mammals and other vertebrates, they are selective, non-competitive antagonists of ionotropic glutamate receptors, but they also interact with other ionotropic receptors (e.g. nicotinic acetylcholine receptors). Thus, they are channel blockers which are selective for cation channels. We report on synthetic studies undertaken to produce hybrid analogues of these toxins based upon the argiotoxins of spider venoms and the philanthotoxins of parasitic, predatory wasp venom. The synthesis and characterisation of a mono-acylated spermine is also described. In addition, an account of current views on the many possible sites and modes of actions of the polyamine amides is presented and their potential for therapeutic neurochemistry, e.g. for the possible treatment of ischaemic damage to the nervous system, is highlighted.
The Organization of Stepping in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease: Bradykinesia or Discoordination?
Authors: Beuter Anne , Carrière Lise , McFadyen Bradford , Gauthier Serge 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACT:The purpose of this experiment was to quantify and analyse multijoint coordination of patients with Parkinson’s disease (N=5) and control subjects (N=5) during forward and backward stepping motions executed at different cadences. Coordinates of reflective markers placed on the shoulder, hip, knee, ankle and metatarsal joints were recorded in the sagittal plane using a video motion analysis system. Kinematic and kinetic analyses provided angular displacements and velocities as well as joint moments of force and powers. Results suggest the presence of two types of discoordination: one type is velocity-dependent, hence related to bradykinesia, whereas the other type appears to reflect qualitatively different coordination patterns.
Crown of Microfilaments in the Extending Cytoplasmic Processes of Medulloblastoma Glial Progenitors
Authors: Maria Bernard L. , Cumming Robert , Sukhu Loretta 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACT:Microfilaments and microtubules play a part in the extension of neuronal processes but their roles in the formation of glial processes have not yet been determined. The objectives of this study were to determine the organization of microfilaments in differentiating glial progenitors (RB2 cells) and to study the effects of microfilament or microtubule disruption on process extension. Intense F-actin staining (crown of microfilaments) was observed at the leading edge of a small extending conical tip in differentiating RB2 cells, but was absent in process-bearing TE671 rhabdomyosarcoma cells. No significant difference was noted in the mean number of TE671 cells with processes treated with a microfilament disrupter from that of similarly treated controls. In contrast, a significant difference was noted in the mean number of RB2 cells with processes after microfilament disruption treatment from that of similarly treated controls. Microtubule disruption arrested extension and caused process retraction in both cell types. The results of this study demonstrate that microtubules play an equally important part in the extension and stabilization of the RB2 and TE671 processes. Moreover, the crown of microfilaments concentrated in the glial RB2 process (and not in the TE671 process) may be critical to its extension during differentiation.
Syringomyelia as a Complication of Tuberculous Meningitis
Authors: Fehlings Michael G. , Bernstein Mark 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACT:Tuberculous meningitis may rarely be followed by the development of syringomyelia despite appropriate chemotherapy. In the present paper, we report a case of tuberculous meningitis in a 23-year-old Vietnamese male complicated by a rapidly progressive myelopathy due to granulomatous arachnoiditis which culminated in the development of a syrinx. The relevant literature is reviewed. The present case supports the hypothesis that vasculitic thrombosis of spinal cord vessels leading to ischemic myelomalacia is the mechanism causing postinflammatory syringomyelia.
Domain generating functions for solving constraint satisfaction problems
Authors: Major François , Lapalme Guy , Robert Cedergren  
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis paper presents an application of functional programming: searching a domain for elements which satisfy certain constraints. We give a very general formulation of the problem and describe ‘generate and test’, ‘backtracking’ and ‘forward checking’ algorithms. We then introduce the concept of domain generating functions to capture a common optimization during the search process: using partial solutions to reduce the size of the search space. We compare the efficiency of the original algorithms and those using domain generating functions first with the ‘classical’ n-queens example, and then with a problem having larger domains to search which was inspired by an application in macromolecular structure determination. Using algorithms coded in Miranda, Haskell and Common Lisp, we show that a high order (lazy) functional language is a useful and efficient tool for prototyping search methods in large complex domains.
Functional Pearls: On removing duplicates
Authors: Bird Richard S. 
Published: May 2019

The function remdup (also called mkset in some functional languages) removes duplicates from a given list. The following definition of remdup is standard and leads to a quadratic time algorithmThe operator (—) used in the last expression subtracts one list from another; its definition isDefined in this way remdup x returns the list of distinct elements of x in the order in which they first appear in x. In other words, the position of remdup JC as a subsequence of x is lexically the smallest among all possible solutions.Now let us change the problem and ask that remdup simply return the lexically least solution. Note the subtle difference between this version and the previous one: before, it was the position of the subsequence that was lexically the least, now it is the subsequence itself. To make the distinction clear, consider x = [1,4,2,4,3]. With the original definition remdup x returns [1,4,2,3]; the lexically least subsequence, however, is [1,2,4,3].The question we are interested in is this: can we also find a quadratic time algorithm for the new problem? The answer turns out to be yes, but justifying it requires a bit of work.
Wildlife trade and consumer preference for species rarity: an examination of caged-bird markets in Sumatra
Authors: Krishna Vijesh V. , Darras Kevin , Grass Ingo , Mulyani Yeni A. , Prawiradilaga Dewi M. , Tscharntke Teja , Qaim Matin 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis study examines conservation effects of wildlife trade using demand and supply data from caged-bird markets in Sumatra, Indonesia. When consumers have a strong preference for species rarity, trade could result in wildlife overexploitation and species extinction. Results from a choice experiment show that buyers of caged birds indeed value species rarity. However, not all rare species are equally preferred. Species that are frequently traded lose their rarity value, even if rare in the wild. Analysis of time-series data collected from traders over a period of 20 months between 2013 and 2015 reveals an inelastic supply function for rare species, with market arrivals being insensitive to price changes. This may be due to a declining stock of rare species in the wild. Bird trade together with habitat loss can lead to extinction of a number of rare species in Indonesia. Several policy approaches on regulating caged-bird markets are discussed.