bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Utilidad del lavado broncoalveolar en el diagnóstico de la neumonía asociada a la ventilación mecánica
Authors: Ortiz, MD. Guillermo , Lara García, MD. Antonio , Garay Fernández, MD. Manuel 
Published: March 2018

La neumonía asociada a la ventilación mecánica es la principal causa de infección y muerte en la unidad de cuidado intensivo. El diagnóstico implica la presencia de signos sistémicos de infección, infiltrados pulmonares nuevos o que empeoran y pruebas bacteriológicas positivas; sin embargo todas estas son características no específicas que pueden ser causadas por múltiples circunstancias en el paciente critico. Además, el inicio tardío o inadecuado de antibióticos también empeora el pronóstico y el desenlace en la neumonía asociada a la ventilación mecánica, por tanto la información microbiológica es de vital importancia para disminuir la brecha del tratamiento empírico.Las técnicas para toma de muestras invasivas del tracto respiratorio inferior incluyen la fibrobroncoscopia con lavado broncoalveolar o cepillo protegido, cuyas muestras se procesan para obtener el aislamiento cuantitativo de los gérmenes. Las técnicas no broncoscópicas descritas incluyen el aspirado endotraqueal y el mini-lavado broncoalveolar, que tienen un punto de corte diferente en los cultivos para ser considerados positivos. La decisión del mejor método de toma de muestra para el diagnóstico de neumonía asociada a la ventilación mecánica, sigue siendo controversial y hasta ahora ninguno ha demostrado ser superior. Así entonces, se recomienda utilizar aquella técnica que pueda ser obtenida de forma rápida en cada centro por parte de personal experimentado y familiarizado con la misma. La terapia temprana y correcta para el manejo de esta condición ha demostrado su relevancia a través de múltiples estudios que se analizan es este artículo. La interpretación meticulosa de los resultados de los cultivos debe llevar a de-escalar la terapia antibiótica para cumplir con las políticas de uso apropiado de antibióticos y disminución de la mortalidad.
Des voix (vraiment) pas comme les autres ?
Authors: Moualek Jérémie 
Published: March 2018

En France, les élections de 2017 ont mis en lumière un phénomène considéré longtemps comme marginal par la sociologie électorale : le vote « blanc et nul ». L’objet de cet article est de déconstruire quelques-unes des prénotions liées à ce geste et d’en proposer une lecture nouvelle. Ainsi, l’auteur l’aborde non pas seulement comme une réponse à une offre politique déterminée mais, aussi, comme une pratique aux usages et investissements pluriels. Le tout, en montrant combien ces votes témoignent surtout de rapports socialement différenciés au politique, voire à la démocratie représentative.
Les classes populaires aussi quittent Bruxelles. Une analyse de la périurbanisation des populations à bas revenus
Authors: De Laet Sarah 
Published: March 2018

Les déménagements depuis le territoire de la Région de Bruxelles-Capitale vers les communes périurbaines de Flandre ou de Wallonie sont classiquement étudiés sous l’angle des classes moyennes. Pourtant, aujourd’hui, 30 % des personnes quittant la Région pour s’installer ailleurs en Belgique, sont issues des classes populaires. Les classes populaires urbaines font face à une double pression, sociale d’une part avec la déstructuration du modèle salarial, les pénuries d’emplois et l’insécurité économique ; spatiale d’autre part, notamment du fait de l’augmentation des coûts du logement en ville. Face à ces pressions, certains ménages des classes populaires optent pour un déménagement hors de la Région de Bruxelles-Capitale. À la suite de travaux qui ont attiré l’attention sur de tels processus de « périurbanisation modeste », notamment en France, cet article s’intéresse à l’importance de ce phénomène dans le cas bruxellois. Il met également en évidence les espaces de destination des ménages populaires qui quittent les quartiers populaires centraux bruxellois. Du point de vue de ces derniers, ces départs vers des communes de périphérie proche ou vers d’autres villes opèrent une forme de tri socio-spatial dont les implications sont importantes pour ces espaces de départ.
“The cinema needs the individual, and migrants need the cinema to re-emerge as an individual.” Interview with Andrea Segre
Authors: De Gourcy Constance 
Published: March 2018

For several decades, migratory issues have become an important subject for contemporary societies whose cinema has played a major role. As a source and research tool, the cinema helps us understand the history of migration and underlines the way in which society deals with alterity through the mobilisation of the foreigner. The interview with Andrea Segre, famous director and scriptwriter of internationally acclaimed documentaries and films, highlights the capacity of the cinema to open up news worlds – and not only to reflect existing ones. In these worlds, differences between people not so much an obstacle but the foundation of our common humanity.
Dendritic Cell PD-L1 Limits Autoimmunity and Follicular T Cell Differentiation and Function
Authors: Sage Peter T. , Schildberg Frank A. , Sobel Raymond A. , Kuchroo Vijay K. , Freeman Gordon J. , Sharpe Arlene H. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The programmed death (PD)-1 coinhibitory receptor regulates the balance between T cell activation and tolerance. Although the PD-1 ligands, PD-L1 and PD-L2, are expressed on a variety of cell types, the cell type–specific functions of PD-1 ligands in inducing signals through PD-1 are unknown. In this study, we use PD-L1 conditional knockout mice to investigate the cell type–specific functions of PD-L1. We demonstrate that PD-L1 expressed on dendritic cells (DCs), and to a lesser extent on B cells, attenuates the progression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and inhibits naive and effector T cells. PD-1 is highly expressed on effector populations, including T follicular helper (Tfh) cells and T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells, which reside in germinal centers. We also show that DC PD-L1 is essential for limiting Tfh and Tfr cell differentiation. In addition, we find that PD-1 suppresses Tfh cell differentiation and help for Ig class switching, even in the presence of wild-type Tfr cells. Our work points to critical roles for PD-L1 expressed on DCs in mediating PD-1 functions.
B Cell–Intrinsic mTORC1 Promotes Germinal Center–Defining Transcription Factor Gene Expression, Somatic Hypermutation, and Memory B Cell Generation in Humoral Immunity
Authors: Raybuck Ariel L. , Cho Sung Hoon , Li Jingxin , Rogers Meredith C. , Lee Keunwook , Williams Christopher L. , Shlomchik Mark , Thomas James W. , Chen Jin , Williams John V. , Boothby Mark R. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
B lymphocytes migrate among varied microenvironmental niches during diversification, selection, and conversion to memory or Ab-secreting plasma cells. Aspects of the nutrient milieu differ within these lymphoid microenvironments and can influence signaling molecules such as the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR). However, much remains to be elucidated as to the B cell–intrinsic functions of nutrient-sensing signal transducers that modulate B cell differentiation or Ab affinity. We now show that the amino acid–sensing mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) is vital for induction of Bcl6—a key transcriptional regulator of the germinal center (GC) fate—in activated B lymphocytes. Accordingly, disruption of mTORC1 after B cell development and activation led to reduced populations of Ag-specific memory B cells as well as plasma cells and GC B cells. In addition, induction of the germ line transcript that guides activation-induced deaminase in selection of the IgG1 H chain region during class switching required mTORC1. Expression of the somatic mutator activation-induced deaminase was reduced by a lack of mTORC1 in B cells, whereas point mutation frequencies in Ag-specific GC-phenotype B cells were only halved. These effects culminated in a B cell–intrinsic defect that impacted an antiviral Ab response and drastically impaired generation of high-affinity IgG1. Collectively, these data establish that mTORC1 governs critical B cell–intrinsic mechanisms essential for establishment of GC differentiation and effective Ab production.
Loss of the Immune Checkpoint CD85j/LILRB1 on Malignant Plasma Cells Contributes to Immune Escape in Multiple Myeloma
Authors: Lozano Ester , Díaz Tania , Mena Mari-Pau , Suñe Guillermo , Calvo Xavier , Calderón Marcos , Pérez-Amill Lorena , Rodríguez Vanina , Pérez-Galán Patricia , Roué Gaël , Cibeira M. Teresa , Rosiñol Laura , Isola Ignacio , Rodríguez-Lobato Luis-Gerardo , Martin-Antonio Beatriz , Bladé Joan , Fernández de Larrea Carlos 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Mechanisms of immune regulation may control proliferation of aberrant plasma cells (PCs) in patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) preventing progression to active multiple myeloma (MM). We hypothesized that CD85j (LILRB1), an inhibitory immune checkpoint for B cell function, may play a role in MM pathogenesis. In this study, we report that patients with active MM had significantly lower levels of CD85j and its ligand S100A9. Decreased CD85j expression could also be detected in the premalignant condition MGUS, suggesting that loss of CD85j may be an early event promoting tumor immune escape. To gain insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying CD85j functions, we next enforced expression of CD85j in human myeloma cell lines by lentiviral transduction. Interestingly, gene expression profiling of CD85j-overexpressing cells revealed a set of downregulated genes with crucial functions in MM pathogenesis. Furthermore, in vitro functional assays demonstrated that CD85j overexpression increased susceptibility to T cell– and NK-mediated killing. Consistently, ligation of CD85j decreased the number of PCs from individuals with MGUS but not from patients with MM. In conclusion, downregulation of inhibitory immune checkpoints on malignant PCs may provide a novel mechanism of immune escape associated with myeloma pathogenesis.
Contribution of Adipose-Derived Factor D/Adipsin to Complement Alternative Pathway Activation: Lessons from Lipodystrophy
Authors: Wu Xiaobo , Hutson Irina , Akk Antonina M. , Mascharak Smita , Pham Christine T. N. , Hourcade Dennis E. , Brown Rebecca , Atkinson John P. , Harris Charles A. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Factor D (FD) is an essential component of the complement alternative pathway (AP). It is an attractive pharmaceutical target because it is an AP-specific protease circulating in blood. Most components of the complement activation pathways are produced by the liver, but FD is highly expressed by adipose tissue. Two critical questions are: 1) to what degree does adipose tissue contribute to circulating FD levels and 2) what quantity of FD is sufficient to maintain a functional AP? To address these issues, we studied a novel mouse strain with complete lipodystrophy (LD), the fld mouse with partial LD, an FD-deficient mouse, and samples from lipodystrophic patients. FD was undetectable in the serum of LD mice, which also showed minimal AP function. Reconstitution with purified FD, serum mixing experiments, and studies of partial LD mice all demonstrated that a low level of serum FD is sufficient for normal AP activity in the mouse system. This conclusion was further supported by experiments in which wild-type adipose precursors were transplanted into LD mice. Our results indicate that almost all FD in mouse serum is derived from adipose tissue. In contrast, FD levels were reduced ∼50% in the sera of patients with congenital generalized LD. Our studies further demonstrate that a relatively small amount of serum FD is sufficient to facilitate significant time-dependent AP activity in humans and in mice. Furthermore, this observation highlights the potential importance of obtaining nearly complete inhibition of FD in treating alternative complement activation in various autoimmune and inflammatory human diseases.
Lnc-chop Promotes Immunosuppressive Function of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in Tumor and Inflammatory Environments
Authors: Gao Yunhuan , Wang Tiantian , Li Yuanyuan , Zhang Yuan , Yang Rongcun 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are major regulators of immune responses in cancer. Both C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) and C/EBPβ play a critical role in regulating immunosuppressive function of MDSCs. In this study, we identified a novel long noncoding RNA termed as lnc-chop in MDSCs, which may interact with CHOP and the C/EBPβ isoform liver-enriched inhibitory protein. The binding of lnc-chop with both CHOP and the C/EBPβ isoform liver-enriched inhibitory protein promoted the activation of C/EBPβ and upregulated the expression of arginase-1, NO synthase 2, NADPH oxidase 2, and cyclooxygenase-2, which are related to the immunosuppressive function of MDSCs in inflammatory and tumor environments. Additionally, lnc-chop also promoted the enrichment of H3K4me3 on the promoter region of arginase-1, NO synthase 2, NADPH oxidase 2, and cyclooxygenase-2. These findings suggest an important role of lnc-chop in controlling immunosuppressive function of MDSCs in the tumor environment.
How Frequent does Bow and Arrow Sign Locate Ileocecal Valve during Colonoscopy?
Authors: Akere Adegboyega , Edries Tejan Ahmad 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Aim: Two major ways to locate the ileocecal valve (ICV) are to look for a thickening or bulge on the ileocecal fold, and the other is the “bow and arrow” method or the “appendix trick”. The aim of this study was to determine the accuracy of “bow and arrow” method to locate the ICV during colonoscopy. Patients and Methods: Colonoscopy was performed with the patients in the left lateral position. After cecal intubation had been confirmed, the appendiceal opening was identified, with the curve serving as the bow, an imaginary arrow was placed across the curve toward the appendix lumen. The tip of the imaginary arrow was then followed to confirm if it correlated to the location of the ICV. Results: The “bow and arrow” accurately located the ICV in 105 (76.6%) patients, but failed in 32 (23.4%) patients. The mean age (56.2 ± 13.1 years) of the patients in whom the “bow and arrow” located the ICV was lower than that (62.7 ± 0.9 years) of the patients in whom it failed to locate the ICV. Males, 58 (71.6%) had positive “bow and arrow”, while this was observed in 47 (83.9%) females. It correctly located the ICV in 73 (53.3%) of those with thin‑lip ICV, 20 (14.6%) of those with volcanic type, and 12 (8.8%) of those with double bulge ICV. Conclusion: The bow and arrow sign could not locate the ICV in all cases in our practice and so where it failed, alternative method should be employed to locate the ICV.
Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Choledochoduodenostomy for Biliary Drainage in Patients with Lower End Common Bile Duct Block: A Single-Center Experience
Authors: Singla Vikas , Prajapati Ritesh , Anikhindi Shrihari Anil , Kumar Mandhir , Kumar Ashish , Sharma Praveen , Bansal Naresh , Arora Anil 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Objective: Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided biliary drainage is evolving as an alternative technique in patients with failed endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. The objective of this study was to find out the outcome of EUS-guided choledochoduodenostomy in patients with malignant mid and lower end biliary obstruction with inaccessible papilla presenting at our center. Methods: The present study was a single-center prospective observational study. Data of all the patients who underwent choledochoduodensotomy from January 2014 to December 2015 were recorded. Outcome measures were technical success and clinical success. Technical success was defined as successful placement of stent in the biliary system; clinical success was defined as 50% reduction in bilirubin at 2 weeks. Complications during the procedure and follow-up were recorded. Results: A total of 10 patients underwent EUS-guided choledochoduodenostomy. Cause of biliary obstruction was pancreatic cancer in eight patients, two patients had carcinoma gallbladder with mid-common bile duct (CBD) block due to compression by metastatic lymph nodes, and one patient had ampullary carcinoma. Mean bilirubin value was 16.4 mg/dL (±3.2 mg/dL). Technical and clinical success were 100% and 90%, respectively. No immediate procedure-related complication was noticed. Two patients had stent migration during the follow-up. Conclusion: EUS-guided choledochoduodenostomy is an effective and safe alternative for rescuing biliary drainage in patients with mid and lower end malignant CBD block with inaccessible papilla.
Functional Capacity and Self-Esteem of People With Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Espín-Tello Sandra Martina , Dickinson Heather Olivia , Bueno-Lozano Manuel , Jiménez-Bernadó María Teresa , Caballero-Navarro Ana Luisa 
Published: March 2018

AbstractOBJECTIVE. We assessed whether functional capacity predicts self-esteem in people with cerebral palsy (CP).METHOD. We conducted a cross-sectional observational study of 108 people with CP, ages 16–65 yr, who were residents of Spain. Self-esteem was captured using the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES), and functional capacity using the Barthel Index (BI). Sociodemographic characteristics were recorded. The relationship between the RSES score and the BI score was analyzed using linear regression.RESULTS. RSES scores increased significantly as BI scores increased (regression coefficient = 0.047, 95% confidence interval [0.017, 0.078], p = .003). People with a higher level of education, active employment, and independent living arrangements tended to have better functional capacity and higher self-esteem.CONCLUSION. Greater functional capacity predicted higher self-esteem; this effect is probably partly mediated by education, employment, and living arrangements.
EVASÃO ESCOLAR NA EDUCAÇÃO DE JOVENS E ADULTOS: UM OLHAR A PARTIR DO COLÉGIO ESTADUAL NORMAL PROFESSOR CÉSAR AUGUSTO CEVA EM IPAMERI – GO
Authors: Batalha Rafaela Vieira , Silva Cleber Cezar da 
Published: March 2018

O trabalho tem por objetivo fazer um breve contexto histórico da Educação de Jovens e Adultos (EJA) focando no processo de evasão e desistência escolar. Para tanto utiliza-se o método histórico documental e abordagem qualiquantitativa para demonstrar a constituição deste campo tanto nacionalmente quanto regionalmente, chegando até o Colégio Estadual Normal Professor César Augusto Ceva (CENCAC) em Ipameri-Goiás. O estudo de caso é realizado através de dados quantitativos que descortinam a realidade que se estende a várias instituições de ensino nacionais: os altos índices de evasão escolar. Avaliam-se então os fatores intraescolares e extraescolares que levam a esta alta incidência de abandono da sala de aula, tentando descobrir quais são os fatores que geram esta realidade. Palavras-chave: Educação de Jovens e Adultos. Evasão Escolar. História da Educação.
Reviewer Acknowledgements for Business and Economic Research, Vol. 8, No. 1
Authors: Young Daisy 
Published: March 2018

Business and Economic Research (BER) would like to thank the following reviewers for reviewing manuscripts from December 1, 2017, to March 1, 2018. Their comments and suggestions were of great help to the authors in improving the quality of their papers. Many authors, regardless of whether BER publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. Macrothink Publishing appreciates the following reviewers’ rigorous and conscientious efforts for this journal. Each of the reviewers listed below returned at least one review during this period. Almir A. AlihodžićAngela WrightCorina M RadulescuCristina Alina NaftanailaDorjana NanoEddie John FisherElena GurguEyup DoganFrantisek SvobodaGee Nee LimGerasimos T. SoldatosGhulam Muhammad QamriHengky Sumisto HalimHui Shan LeeMahmoud M.SabraMamta SinghMouhamadou T SowPiotr SiemiątkowskiRoderikus A. TrihatmokoRomeo Victor IonescuSahar BahmaniSaid JaouadiSantosh B. ManjegowdaSerhii KozlovskyiSheereen FauzelUmer Jeelanie BandayYu HsingZarnescu Odi MihaelaZdenek DytrtZeljko MateljakZi-Yi Guo
Reviewer Acknowledgements for International Journal of Statistics and Probability, Vol. 7, No. 2
Authors: Smith Wendy 
Published: March 2018

International Journal of Statistics and Probability wishes to acknowledge the following individuals for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Their help and contributions in maintaining the quality of the journal is greatly appreciated.Many authors, regardless of whether International Journal of Statistics and Probability publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers.Reviewers for Volume 7, Number 2 Bibi Abdelouahab, University Mentouri Constantine, AlgeriaCarolyn Huston, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), AustraliaLuiz Ricardo Nakamura, University of Sao Paulo, BrazilMohieddine Rahmouni, University of Tunis, TunisiaPablo José Moya Fernández, Universidad de Granada, SpainPhilip Westgate, University of Kentucky, USASajid Ali, Quaid-i-Azam University, PakistanShatrunjai Pratap Singh, John Hancock Financial Services, USASubhradev Sen, Alliance University, IndiaTomás R. Cotos-Yáñez, University of Vigo, SpainVyacheslav Abramov, Swinburne University of Technology, Australia Wendy SmithOn behalf of,The Editorial Board of International Journal of Statistics and ProbabilityCanadian Center of Science and Education
De daling in jeugddelinquentie: minder risico, meer bescherming?
Authors: van der Laan André , Rokven Josja , Weijters Gijs , Beerthuizen Marinus 
Published: March 2018

The juvenile crime drop: less risk, more protection?
According to police statistics, juvenile crime in the Netherlands decreased annually since 2007. Explanations for the crime drop primarily focused on single macro explanations, such as increasing prosperity, focused policing or decreasing alcohol use. The prevalence of self-reported delinquency also dropped in the period 2005 till 2015. In three consecutive cohorts of the Youth Delinquency Survey (YDS; 2005, 2010, 2015) changes in exposure to risk and protective factors offered potential explanations for the drop in juvenile delinquency. Compared to previous cohorts, juveniles in the 2015-cohort were less exposed to risk factors like alcohol use and delinquent friends, and more exposed to protective factors like perceived emotional support, solicitation and monitoring by parents. Amongst serious delinquents, however, the exposure to individual risk behavior and delinquent friends was stable over time. Serious delinquents also showed stability over the cohorts in frequency and seriousness of offenses. The vulnerability for risk and protective factors was consistent amongst the three cohorts, regardless the seriousness of delinquency. Changing social cultural attitudes towards risk behavior, e.g. delinquency, could be an additional explanation for the juvenile crime drop. Implications for theory and policy are discussed.
Economische theorievorming over misdaad en straf, vijftig jaar na Becker
Authors: van Velthoven Ben 
Published: March 2018

The economic theory of crime and punishment, fifty years since Becker
Fifty years ago, Gary Becker’s seminal article on the economics of crime and punishment was published. This paper reviews the theoretical developments in the field since then and takes stock of the strenghts and weaknesses of the economic approach.