bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘Close confinement tells very much upon a man’: Prison Memoirs, Insanity and the Late Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-Century Prison
Authors: Marland Hilary 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This article explores prisoners’ observations of mental illness in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century British prisons, recorded in memoirs published following their release. The discipline of separate confinement was lauded for its potential to improve prisoners’ minds, inducing reflection and reform, when it was introduced in the 1840s, but in practice led to high levels of mental breakdown. In order to maintain the integrity of the prison system, the prison authorities played down incidences of insanity, while prison chaplains lauded the beneficent influence of cellular isolation. In contrast, as this article demonstrates, prisoners’ memoirs offer insights into the prevalence of mental illness in prison, and its poor management, as well as inmates’ efforts to manage mental distress. As the prison system became more closed, uniform and penal after the 1860s, the volume of such publications increased. Oscar Wilde’s evocative prison writings have attracted considerable attention, but he was only one of many prison authors criticizing the penal system and decrying the damage it inflicted on the mind. Exploration of prison memoirs, it is argued, enhances our understanding of experiences of mental disorder in the underexplored context of the prison, highlighting the prisoners’ voice, agency and advocacy of reform.
Alkaline Ceramidase Mediates the Oxidative Stress Response in Drosophila melanogaster Through Sphingosine
Authors: Zhang Chun-Hong , Zhang Min-Jing , Shi Xiao-Xiao , Mao Cungui , Zhu Zeng-Rong 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAlkaline ceramidase (Dacer) in Drosophila melanogaster was demonstrated to be resistant to paraquat-induced oxidative stress. However, the underlying mechanism for this resistance remained unclear. Here, we showed that sphingosine feeding triggered the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Dacer-deficient D. melanogaster (Dacer mutant) has higher catalase (CAT) activity and CAT transcription level, leading to higher resistance to oxidative stress induced by paraquat. By performing a quantitative proteomic analysis, we identified 79 differentially expressed proteins in comparing Dacer mutant to wild type. Three oxidoreductases, including two cytochrome P450 (CG3050, CG9438) and an oxoglutarate/iron-dependent dioxygenase (CG17807), were most significantly upregulated in Dacer mutant. We presumed that altered antioxidative activity in Dacer mutant might be responsible for increased oxidative stress resistance. Our work provides a novel insight into the oxidative antistress response in D. melanogaster.
A Prospective Study of Serum Vitamin E and 28-Year Risk of Lung Cancer
Authors: Huang Jiaqi , Weinstein Stephanie J , Yu Kai , Männistö Satu , Albanes Demetrius 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackgroundEpidemiologic data are inconsistent regarding the vitamin E-lung cancer association, and no study to our knowledge has examined serologic changes in vitamin E status in relation to subsequent risk.MethodsIn a cohort of 22 781 male smokers in the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study, we ascertained 3184 lung cancer cases during up to 28 years of observation. Cox proportional hazards models examined whether higher serum alpha-tocopherol concentrations at baseline, 3 years, or the interval change were associated with lower lung cancer risk. All statistical tests were two-sided.ResultsAfter adjustment for age, body mass index, smoking intensity and duration, serum total cholesterol, and trial intervention group, we found lower lung cancer risk in men with high baseline alpha-tocopherol (fifth quintile [Q5] vs Q1, hazard ratio [HR] = 0.76, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.66 to 0.87, Ptrend &lt; .001). A similar reduction in risk was seen for serum alpha-tocopherol at 3 years (Q5 vs Q1, HR = 0.78, 95% CI = 0.67 to 0.91, Ptrend = .004). The inverse risk association appeared stronger for younger men and those who had smoked fewer years but was similar across trial intervention groups. We also found reduced risk among men not supplemented with vitamin E who had a lower serum alpha-tocopherol at baseline and greater increases in concentrations at 3 years (third tertile vs first tertile of serum alpha-tocopherol change, HR = 0.74, 95% CI = 0.59 to 0.91, P = .005).ConclusionsHigher vitamin E status, as measured by serum alpha-tocopherol concentration, as well as repletion of a low vitamin E state, was related to decreased lung cancer risk during a 28-year period. Our findings provide evidence supporting the importance of adequate physiological vitamin E status for lung cancer risk reduction.
Exposure to air pollution is associated with adverse cardiopulmonary health effects in international travellers
Authors: Vilcassim M J Ruzmyn , Thurston George D , Chen Lung-Chi , Lim Chris C , Saunders Eric , Yao Yixin , Gordon Terry 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Background
With the number of annual global travellers reaching 1.2 billion, many individuals encounter greater levels of air pollution when they travel abroad to megacities around the world. This study’s objective was to determine if visits to cities abroad with greater levels of air pollution adversely impact cardiopulmonary health.

Methods
A total of 34 non-smoking healthy adult participants who travelled abroad to selected cities from the New York City (NYC) metropolitan area were pre-trained to measure lung function, blood pressure and heart rate (HR)/HR variability (HRV) and record symptoms before, during and after travelling abroad. Outdoor particulate matter (PM)2.5 concentrations were obtained from central monitors in each city. Associations between PM exposure concentrations and cardiopulmonary health endpoints were analysed using a mixed effects statistical design.

Results
East and South Asian cities had significantly higher PM2.5 concentrations compared with pre-travel NYC PM2.5 levels, with maximum concentrations reaching 503 μg/m3. PM exposure–related associations for lung function were statistically significant and strongest between evening Forced Expiratory Volume in the first second (FEV1) and same-day morning PM2.5 concentrations; a 10-μg/m3 increase in outdoor PM2.5 was associated with a mean decrease of 7 mL. Travel to a highly polluted city (PM2.5 > 100 μg/m3) was associated with a 209-ml reduction in evening FEV1 compared with a low polluted city (PM2.5 < 35 μg/m3). In general, participants who travelled to East and South Asian cities experienced increased respiratory symptoms/scores and changes in HR and HRV.

Conclusions
Exposure to increased levels of PM2.5 in cities abroad caused small but statistically significant acute changes in cardiopulmonary function and respiratory symptoms in healthy young adults. These data suggest that travel-related exposure to increased PM2.5 adversely impacts cardiopulmonary health, which may be particularly important for travellers with pre-existing respiratory or cardiac disease.
Mitral Valve Surgery
Authors: Mahboobi Sohail K. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The mitral valve consists of the mitral annulus, anterior and posterior mitral leaflets, anterolateral and posteromedial papillary muscles attached to mitral leaflets with chordae tendineae, and the left ventricle. Any condition or pathological process involving one or more of these components will affect proper functioning of the valve. A degenerative mitral valve disease process is commonly followed by functional mitral regurgitation. Rheumatic heart disease involving the mitral valve is not common in developed countries but is the most common cause of mitral disease in developing countries. A surgical procedure involving the mitral valve requires a thorough understanding of the physiology of a normally functioning valve as well as the mechanism of pathological processes affecting the valve. Mitral regurgitation is more common than mitral stenosis, and mitral valve repair is a preferable technique over replacement of the valve due to less chance of endocarditis, no thrombolytic therapy requirement, and maintenance of normal physiology of the valve. Anesthesiologists providing care for these patients in the operating room play a pivotal role in successful mitral valve procedures by determining the primary mechanism of the pathology, recommending if the valve is repairable, and evaluating the success of the surgical intervention.
Robotic Mitral Valve Surgery
Authors: Ghia Samit 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Robotic mitral valve surgery is the most commonly performed robotic cardiac surgery. The first robotic mitral valve surgery took place in 1998. Differences from traditional mitral valve surgery include thoracic access via ports and peripheral cannulation for cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Although new techniques result in new complications, the robotic approach has many benefits: no need for sternotomy, reduced postoperative pain, and decreased hospital length of stay. The advent of robotic mitral valve surgery has resulted in drastic implications for anesthetic management: incorporation of regional techniques to address analgesia, need for lung isolation to optimize surgical exposure, and placement of catheters to assist in CPB or cardiac arrest. After a case presentation, this chapter details the surgical technique for robotic mitral valve surgery and the anesthetic implications.
Cardiac Tamponade
Authors: Novak Todd , Hoxie Silas 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Cardiac tamponade is a life-threatening condition that occurs when accumulating pericardial fluid results in impaired cardiac filling and hemodynamic instability. Most of the clinical features of tamponade are subtle and nonspecific and may not be appreciated until cardiovascular collapse is imminent. Understanding the physiological changes that occur during tamponade are essential for early recognition and intervention. While cardiac tamponade is a clinical diagnosis, echocardiography is the modality of choice in facilitating the prompt identification of extraneous pericardial contents and the determination of the hemodynamic significance. This chapter discusses the presentation, pathophysiology, and echocardiographic signs of tamponade, as well the differential diagnosis and confounding conditions most pertinent to the anesthesiologist. Both medical and surgical management are also addressed, including a review of perioperative and anesthetic techniques.
Pulmonary Thromboendarterectomy
Authors: Ross Michael , Banks Dalia A. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is an important and often underappreciated cause of severe pulmonary hypertension. The disease is a result of incomplete resolution or recurrent pulmonary emboli. It is imperative to identify patients with CTEPH because it is one of the only causes of pulmonary hypertension that is curable. The treatment of choice is pulmonary thromboendarterectomy. The procedure involves removing any chronic thrombotic material and removing the intimal layer of the vasculature. Patients with CTEPH can be particularly challenging to manage in the perioperative setting and often present to the operating room with significant right heart dysfunction, severely elevated pulmonary vascular resistance, and reduced cardiac output.1 Increased knowledge about the unique disease and procedure can aid in optimizing the management of these patients in the perioperative period.2
Adult Congenital Heart Disease
Authors: Peterson Carly , Joffe Denise 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The incidence of congenital heart disease is about 1 in 150 live births. In the United States, there are comprehensive healthcare programs that care for the pediatric patient with congenital heart disease; however, there are far fewer resources available for the adult patient. In fact, the majority of adult congenital heart disease patients are cared for in centers without specific expertise in congenital heart disease, which often results in worse outcomes for many of these complex patients. Therefore, it is preferable for patients with anything more than simple congenital heart disease to be treated in centers with specialized programs that have a full spectrum of providers. This chapter will review some of the medical, anesthetic and surgical challenges in caring for these patients.
Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass (OPCAB) Surgery
Authors: Feider Andrew 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting is a type of open-heart surgery whereby coronary grafts are performed without the use of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and cardioplegia. Although not performed as frequently as on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting, it is still utilized in certain situations. Because CPB is not used, anesthetic management has many unique considerations, including temperature management and anticoagulation. Proper monitoring of cardiac output, mixed venous oxygen saturation, and wall motion abnormalities via transesophageal echocardiography are very important during intraoperative management, and there are many anesthetic and surgical techniques that are utilized to limit the degree of myocardial ischemia during surgical construction of the coronary anastomoses.
Chronic Pain After Cardiac Surgery
Authors: Hansen Jennette D. , Chaney Mark A. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Chronic pain after cardiac surgery can impair quality of life and rehabilitation. Chronic pain is difficult to study, and depending on how patients are questioned, the incidence of chronic pain after sternotomy is between 17% and 56%, and chronic pain after thoracotomy is between 15% and 80%. Several risk factors are independent predictors for the development of chronic pain. In recent years, minimally invasive techniques have been utilized in cardiac surgery patients to potentially minimize pain and to decrease length of stay in the hospital. At this point in time, no single regimen has been proven superior at preventing chronic pain. An aim to treat acute pain without delaying extubation has been the recent focus of pain management, with research in neuraxial and peripheral nerve blocks. In addition, multimodal analgesia is key for treatment of acute pain to allow patients to deep breathe, cough, and ambulate comfortably without respiratory depression. Some believe treatment of acute pain leads to less development of chronic pain; however, this has not yet been definitively proven.
Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement
Authors: Liu Melanie Mei , Mackensen Georg Burkhard 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) has revolutionized the management of patients with severe symptomatic aortic stenosis deemed high risk for surgery or inoperable, and its use has recently expanded to the treatment of intermediate-risk patients with severe symptomatic aortic stenosis as well as high-risk patients with a failing aortic valve bioprosthesis. As a key member of the interdisciplinary heart valve team involved in the care of the TAVR patient, the anesthesiologist must be familiar with the currently available devices, procedural steps, and intraoperative imaging requirements in order not only to provide the appropriate level of anesthesia and analgesia for any given patient and procedure but also to anticipate and treat the hemodynamic changes and possible complications that accompany it.
Percutaneous Mitral Valve Procedures
Authors: Cole Sheela Pai 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
As the population ages, more patients are presenting with symptomatic mitral valve disease that requires risk-prohibitive cardiac surgery. In the last decade, advances in valve technology have generated valves that can be inserted via a minimally invasive percutaneous approach. Nonetheless, patients must fulfill specific criteria in order to be considered for a percutaneous mitral intervention. From an anesthesiologist’s perspective, these cases are unique as they require both a detailed understanding of complex patient physiology and the need to be planned as fast-track procedures. Echocardiography is the cornerstone to success for these procedures, and typically a separate team of echocardiographers may be involved in the conduct of the case. This review discusses patient selection, complications of the procedure, and perioperative considerations for this technique.
Ventricular Assist Devices
Authors: Togashi Kei 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) have found increasing use since their initial approval in 1994. They can be used as bridge therapy to heart transplantation or as destination therapy for patients in whom transplants are not possible. The increasing number of LVAD implants, combined with longer life expectancies, has resulted in growth in this patient population. This has also resulted in the development of additional complications, and these patients often present for noncardiac interventions. Anesthesiologists must be familiar with currently available devices, LVAD physiology, common perioperative complications, and effects of anesthesia on LVAD physiology when they manage these patients intraoperatively.
Pulmonary Hypertension
Authors: Ferreira Renata G. , Schuler Andreas 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) is a rare yet devastating disease. PHTN is defined as a mean pulmonary artery pressure of 25 mm Hg or greater at rest, measured during right heart catheterization. The survival without therapy is only 2.8 years. Its estimated prevalence ranges from 0.001 to 0.01. In noncardiac surgery, PHTN is considered to be an important predictor of complications, with perioperative morbidity ranging from 14% to 24%. Given this potential morbidity, careful preoperative evaluation and understanding of risks and management of these patients is strongly encouraged as it may improve outcomes after surgery. The perioperative risk and management among patients with PHTN undergoing noncardiac surgery may differ. Therefore, it is important for the anesthesiologist to understand the underlying disease process causing elevation of the pulmonary artery pressure when evaluating the risks and benefits of the proposed procedure.
Anesthesia for Cardiac Transplantation
Authors: Lombaard Stefan , Reed Heather , Arzillo Samantha 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Heart transplantation is indicated when other treatment options for patients with heart failure are no longer effective or when a heart transplant would improve survival. There are currently a variety of treatment options for these patients; the options range from medical therapy to full mechanical support. Heart transplantation remains the definitive therapy for end-stage heart failure. This discussion focuses on the management of a patient who presents for a heart transplant as well as some of the challenging clinical issues that may present during this period. Anesthetic induction agents may depress cardiovascular function and result in cardiovascular collapse. Drugs should be chosen that have limited hemodynamic effects.
Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm
Authors: Dahl Aaron B. , Fagley R. Eliot 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Thoracic and thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms often require surgical repair depending on the size of the aneurysm and the acuity of progression. The involvement of the aortic arch makes consideration of surgical approaches challenging, as it contains the vessels that provide cerebral perfusion. Risk factors for growth and rupture of thoracoabdominal aneurysms include aneurysm size, rapid aneurysm growth, aortic dissection, older age, female sex, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cigarette smoking, pain, and a positive family history. Without surgical repair, there is a risk of fatal rupture. Planning the appropriate surgical approach is complex, and protection of the spinal cord from ischemic complications is of paramount importance.
Robotic Thoracic Surgery
Authors: Stombaugh D. Keegan , Dalton Allison 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Minimally invasive thoracic surgery has improved outcomes, including reduced length of postoperative admission, reduced postoperative pain, shorter postoperative stay, reduced wound complications, reduced blood loss, improved cosmesis, and improved equivalent oncological outcomes compared to traditional thoracotomy. Robotic thoracic surgery (RTS) is an improvement on video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery in that it allows the surgeon a greater degree of freedom with instrument movement and better surgical field visualization. Thoracic insufflation and one-lung ventilation both significantly alter and compromise the patient’s baseline cardiopulmonary physiology. Due to this, adequate preoperative workup, deftness at double-lumen endotracheal tube management, and advanced understanding of how RTS affects cardiopulmonary physiology are essential.
The Obstetric Patient for Cardiac Surgery
Authors: Powlovich Lauren , Kleiman Amanda M. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Cardiac disease is the second leading cause of morbidity and mortality in pregnancy behind peripartum hemorrhage. In developed countries, a majority of cardiac disease in pregnancy is secondary to congenital heart defects, whereas in developing countries, mitral stenosis secondary to rheumatic fever prevails as the leading cause of cardiac disease during pregnancy. There is added workload on the heart during pregnancy due to the increased blood volume and cardiac output of the parturient. In patients with preexisting cardiac disease, this added workload may lead to decompensated congestive heart failure. Alternatively, such physiologic changes may unmask an unknown cardiac lesion in an unsuspecting patient. Medical management is always the first-line treatment of the pregnant patient with decompensated heart failure. However, if medical management has failed, cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass may be necessary. Due to the unique maternal physiology and the presence of not only one but also two patients, anesthesia, cardiac surgery, and cardiopulmonary bypass come with specific challenges, hemodynamic goals, and ethical dilemmas.
Skin cancer: non-melanoma
Authors: Damian Diona L. , Scolyer Richard A. , Stevens Graham , Guminski Alexander , Thompson John F. 
Published: May 2019

Non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is the most common malignancy in fair-skinned populations. In Australia, NMSC is four times as common as all other cancers combined, with an incidence of ~1000 per 100 000 person-years. The incidence of NMSC has been gradually rising among Caucasian/white populations over the last few decades. The vast majority of NMSCs are basal cell carcinomas (BCCs), which rarely metastasize, or squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs), which do have metastatic potential, especially in immune-suppressed individuals. Because of their high frequency in the general population, and particularly in older people, NMSCs are likely to occur in many general oncology patients. Skin cancer risk can be additionally increased in oncology patients as a result of disease-induced immune suppression (e.g., non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma) or by a range of cancer treatments including iatrogenic immune suppression, radiation therapy arsenic, and BRAF inhibitors (if not given with a MEK inhibitor). In this chapter the aetiology, pathology, prognosis, and management of NMSCs are discussed.