bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation der Faktorenstruktur und Konstruktvalidität der 12-Item Kurzversion des OPD-Strukturfragebogens (OPD-SFK) an psychosomatischen Patienten
Authors: Obbarius Alexander , Obbarius Nina , Fischer Felix , Liegl Gregor , Rose Matthias 
Published: February 2018

Zusammenfassung
Einleitung Das Screening struktureller Einschränkungen der Persönlichkeit gilt zunehmend als wichtig für die Planung der stationären Behandlung, da hierdurch frühzeitig spezifische Behandlungspfade festgelegt werden können. Kürzlich wurde zu diesem Zweck der 12-Item Screening-Fragebogen zur OPD-Strukturachse (OPD-SFK) entwickelt und erste Ergebnisse zur Faktorenstruktur und Validität veröffentlicht. Das Ziel der aktuellen Studie bestand darin, den OPD-SFK außerhalb des Entwicklerteams an weiteren Stichproben zu validieren und Referenzwerte zur Verfügung zu stellen.
Material und Methoden Die Datenerhebung erfolgte zwischen 2012 und 2016 in der psychosomatischen Ambulanz (N=565) und auf der psychosomatischen Station (N=670) der Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin. Um die Faktorenstruktur des OPD-SFK zu überprüfen wurden für beide Stichproben konfirmatorische Faktorenanalysen (CFA) durchgeführt. Zur Überprüfung der Konstruktvalidität wurde bei N=105 Patienten ein SKID-II-Interview durchgeführt und N=160 Patienten füllten die 90-Item Version des Narzissmusinventars (NI-90) aus. Zusätzlich wurde die psychische, soziale und körperliche Gesundheit anhand weiterer Instrumente erhoben. Bivariate Korrelationen wurden berechnet, um die Zusammenhänge zwischen diesen Instrumenten und dem OPD-SFK zu untersuchen.
Ergebnisse Die CFAs ergaben eine gute bis zufriedenstellende Modellgüte für das vorgeschlagene Dreifaktorenmodell und sehr gute Werte für ein Bi-Faktor-Modell. Die Analysen zur Konstruktvalidität ergaben hohe positive Korrelationen zwischen dem OPD-SFK und dem dimensionalen Score des SKID-II-Interviews, den SKID-II-Interviews und dem NI-90 und bestätigten somit die konvergente Validität. Für die diskriminante Validität zeigten sich heterogene Ergebnisse: Mit einer Reihe von Instrumenten zeigten sich mittlere bis hohe Zusammenhänge, bspw. mit dem D-CAT (Depression), A-CAT (Angst), S-CAT (Stress) und PHQ-15 (somatische Symptome). Folgeanalysen zeigten, dass der OPD-SF Faktor Selbstwirksamkeit möglicherweise besonders von aktueller Depressivität und Angst beeinflusst wird. Die Unterschiede der einzelnen Korrelationen der Subskalen des OPD-SFK mit den anderen Instrumenten waren gering.
Schlussfolgerung Der OPD-SFK scheint zum Screening struktureller Defizite geeignet. Allerdings werden auch andere Aspekte der Psychopathologie miterfasst, sodass während der klinischen Behandlung eine weitere Diagnostik der Persönlichkeitsstruktur, z. B. durch ein OPD-Interview zusätzlich sinnvoll scheint.
Risikofaktoren und Zielwerte in der kardiovaskulären Primär- und Sekundärprävention: Bedeutung für das Glaukom
Authors: Hacke Claudia , Erb Carl , Weisser Burkhard 
Published: February 2018

ZusammenfassungBluthochdruck, Diabetes mellitus und Fettstoffwechselstörungen gehören zu den wichtigsten kardiovaskulären Risikofaktoren. Gleichzeitig besteht auch ein Zusammenhang mit der Entwicklung und Progression des Glaukoms. In den letzten Jahren wurde eine intensive Diskussion über die optimalen Zielwerte für diese Risikofaktoren geführt. Vor kurzer Zeit haben die amerikanischen Fachgesellschaften 130/80 mmHg als neue Grenze zum Bluthochdruck definiert und auch europäische Richtlinien werden folgen. Die strengeren Grenzwerte erhöhen die Gefahr, dass unter Umständen ein zu starker Blutdruckabfall in der Nacht beim Glaukompatienten erfolgen könnte. Im Gegensatz dazu sollte das LDL-Cholesterin so niedrig wie möglich eingestellt werden („the lower the better“). Differenzierter sind die Zielbereiche beim Diabetes mellitus zu sehen. Für Ältere, also die Hauptgruppe der Glaukompatienten, wird inzwischen eine eher moderate Blutzuckereinstellung mit einem HbA1c-Wert von über 7% empfohlen, um stärkere Unterzuckerungen zu vermeiden. In der vorliegenden Zusammenfassung werden die Bedeutung kardiovaskulärer Risikofaktoren und deren therapeutische Zielbereiche für die Ophthalmologie bei der Therapie von Glaukompatienten dargestellt.
Stellenwert vom Homocystein beim Glaukom
Authors: Jünemann Anselm , Rejdak Robert , Hohberger Bettina 
Published: February 2018

ZusammenfassungIn der multifaktoriellen Pathogenese der glaukomatösen Optikusatrophie spielen endotheliale Dysfunktion und vaskuläre Dysregulation eine Rolle. Eine Hyperhomocysteinämie als Risikofaktor für die endotheliale Dysfunktion ist sowohl mit dem primären Offenwinkelglaukom als auch mit dem sekundären Offenwinkelglaukom bei Pseudoexfoliationssyndrom assoziiert. In dieser Übersichtsarbeit wird die aktuelle Datenlage zur Assoziation zwischen Homocysteinmetabolismus und Glaukomerkrankung dargelegt sowie eine mögliche Rolle der Hyperhomocysteinämie in der Pathogenese und Progression der Glaukomerkrankung erläutert. Die Bedeutung von Homocystein für die Regulationsstörung der extrazellulären Matrix, der Vasotoxizität, der Neurodegeneration sowie der Epigenetik wird dargelegt. Die Prävention und Therapie der Glaukomerkrankung durch Beeinflussung des Homocysteinspiegels wird diskutiert.
Transition metal complex-mediated chemistry of 1,3,5-cycloheptatrienes
Authors: Dyakonov Vladimir A. , Kadikova Gulnara N. , Dzhemilev Usein M. 
Published: February 2018

The current review summarizes the published data on transition metal complex-mediated chemistry of 1,3,5-cycloheptatrienes. It addresses homodimerization of cycloheptatrienes and cyclocodimerization of the latter with alkenes, dienes and alkynes in the presence of transition metal complexes that occur via [2π + 2π], [3π + 2π], [6π + 2π], [6π + 4π] and [6π + 2π + 2π] cycloadditions. Special attention is given to the application of these reactions in the synthesis of valuable strained bi-, tri- and polycyclic compounds and for the development of methods of stereoselective synthesis of natural products.
The bibliography includes 91 references.
Between corpus-based and corpus-driven approaches to textual recurrence
Authors: Goźdź-Roszkowski Stanisław 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
The article investigates the link between lexical and meaning patterns in the specialized discourse of judicial opinions. It presents an analysis of the N that pattern in a corpus of US Supreme Court opinions. The analysis looks at the distribution of a selection of nouns found in the pattern across different discourse functions. It is shown that judicial opinions use a range of status-indicating nouns in the N that pattern to perform five main functions: evaluation, cause, result, confirmation and existence. Yet, evaluation plays a central role in judicial writing and most status-indicating nouns are used to signal sites of contentions, i.e. challenged propositions are likely to be labelled as arguments, assumptions, notions or suggestions. By drawing on the concept of semantic sequence (Hunston 2008), the analysis illustrates how corpus-based and corpus-driven approaches can complement one another to build a picture of common epistemological practices in the corpus of legal texts.
Lexical bundles in Early Modern and Present-day English Acts of Parliament
Authors: Lehto Anu 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
This chapter analyses three-word sequences in Early Modern and Present-day English legal writing by defining their grammatical and functional distribution in Acts of Parliament. The method follows a corpus-driven approach: the lexical bundles are retrieved automatically from the corpus using frequency as the criterion. The study indicates that lexical bundles in acts extend to the textual level and reveals consistent word combinations on the level of the lexis. The study illustrates that the acts are established as a genre, and the overall distribution of both grammatical types and functions of bundles is rather similar in all the analysed periods. Nevertheless, textual organisation is more important in contemporary acts and textual links further become more specific, although early modern bundles already show textual patterning. Noun phrase and prepositional phrases also increase in contemporary acts, indicating a change to nominal writing conventions.
A new approach for interpreting Random Forest models and its application to the biology of ageing
Authors: Fabris Fabio , Doherty Aoife , Palmer Daniel , de Magalhães João Pedro , Freitas Alex A 
Published: February 2018

Abstract

Motivation
This work uses the Random Forest (RF) classification algorithm to predict if a gene is over-expressed, under-expressed or has no change in expression with age in the brain. RFs have high predictive power, and RF models can be interpreted using a feature (variable) importance measure. However, current feature importance measures evaluate a feature as a whole (all feature values). We show that, for a popular type of biological data (Gene Ontology-based), usually only one value of a feature is particularly important for classification and the interpretation of the RF model. Hence, we propose a new algorithm for identifying the most important and most informative feature values in an RF model.

Results
The new feature importance measure identified highly relevant Gene Ontology terms for the aforementioned gene classification task, producing a feature ranking that is much more informative to biologists than an alternative, state-of-the-art feature importance measure.

Availability and implementation
The dataset and source codes used in this paper are available as ‘Supplementary Material’ and the description of the data can be found at: https://fabiofabris.github.io/bioinfo2018/web/.

Supplementary information
Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Risk Factors for Human Papillomavirus Infection and Abnormal Cervical Cytology Among Perinatally Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected and Uninfected Asian Youth
Authors: Sohn Annette H , Kerr Stephen J , Hansudewechakul Rawiwan , Gatechompol Sivaporn , Chokephaibulkit Kulkanya , Dang Hanh Le Dung , Tran Dan Ngoc Hanh , Achalapong Jullapong , Teeratakulpisarn Nipat , Chalermchockcharoenkit Amphan , Thamkhantho Manopchai , Pankam Tippawan , Singtoroj Thida , Termrungruanglert Wichai , Chaithongwongwatthana Surasith , Phanuphak Nittaya ,   HPV in Adolescents Study, Gatechompol Sivaporn , Kerr Stephen , Ruengpanyathip Chavalun , Chokephaibulkit Kulkanya , Thamkhantho Manopchai , Chalermchockcharoenkit Amphan , Sricharoenchai Sirintip , Hansudewechakul Rawiwan , Achalapong Jullapong , Wanchaitanawong Vanichaya , Hanh Dang Le Dunh , Dung Dang Ngoc Yen , Thang Tran Dang , Tran Dan Ngoc Hanh , Truong Khanh Huu , Chaithongwongwatthana Surasith , Termrungruanglert Wichai , Triratanachat Surang , Sirivichayakul Sunee , Palefsky Joel M , Phanuphak Nittaya , Teeratakulpisarn Nipat , Pankam Tippawan , Sohn Annette , Ross Jeremy , Singtoroj Thida , Pongchaisit Waropart , Kosaphan Kamonrat 
Published: February 2018

AbstractBackgroundInfection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) may be higher in perinatally human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–infected (PHIV) than HIV-uninfected (HU) adolescents because of long-standing immune deficiency.MethodsPHIV and HU females aged 12–24 years in Thailand and Vietnam were matched by age group and lifetime sexual partners. At enrollment, blood, cervical, vaginal, anal, and oral samples were obtained for HPV-related testing. The Wilcoxon and Fisher exact tests were used for univariate and logistic regression for multivariate analyses.ResultsNinety-three PHIV and 99 HU adolescents (median age 19 [18–20] years) were enrolled (June 2013–July 2015). Among PHIV, 94% were currently receiving antiretroviral therapy, median CD4 count was 593 (392–808) cells/mm3, and 62% had a viral load &lt;40 copies/mL. Across anogenital compartments, PHIV had higher rates of any HPV detected (80% vs 60%; P = .003) and any HR-HPV (60% vs 43%, P = .02). Higher proportions of PHIV had abnormal Pap smears (eg, atypical squamous cells of unknown significance [ASC-US], 12% vs 14%; low-grade squamous intraepithelial neoplastic lesions, 19% vs 1%). After adjusting for ever being pregnant and asymptomatic sexually transmitted infections (STI) at enrollment, PHIV were more likely to have HR-HPV than HU (odds ratio, 2.02; 95% confidence interval, 1.09–3.77; P = .03).ConclusionsPerinatal HIV infection was associated with a higher risk of HR-HPV and abnormal cervical cytology. Our results underscore the need for HPV vaccination for PHIV adolescents and for prevention and screening programs for HPV and other STIs.
Distributed deep learning networks among institutions for medical imaging
Authors: Chang Ken , Balachandar Niranjan , Lam Carson , Yi Darvin , Brown James , Beers Andrew , Rosen Bruce , Rubin Daniel L , Kalpathy-Cramer Jayashree 
Published: February 2018

Abstract

Objective
Deep learning has become a promising approach for automated support for clinical diagnosis. When medical data samples are limited, collaboration among multiple institutions is necessary to achieve high algorithm performance. However, sharing patient data often has limitations due to technical, legal, or ethical concerns. In this study, we propose methods of distributing deep learning models as an attractive alternative to sharing patient data.

Methods
We simulate the distribution of deep learning models across 4 institutions using various training heuristics and compare the results with a deep learning model trained on centrally hosted patient data. The training heuristics investigated include ensembling single institution models, single weight transfer, and cyclical weight transfer. We evaluated these approaches for image classification in 3 independent image collections (retinal fundus photos, mammography, and ImageNet).

Results
We find that cyclical weight transfer resulted in a performance that was comparable to that of centrally hosted patient data. We also found that there is an improvement in the performance of cyclical weight transfer heuristic with a high frequency of weight transfer.

Conclusions
We show that distributing deep learning models is an effective alternative to sharing patient data. This finding has implications for any collaborative deep learning study.
Applied Computational Physics
Authors: Boudreau Joseph F. , Swanson Eric. S. 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
Applied Computational Physics describes methods for solving a vast array of classical and quantum mechanical scientific problems while stressing modern computational paradigms for achieving these solutions. The text develops computational techniques, numerical algorithms, and physics applications in parallel. The goal of the book is to provide students of physics with essential and modern computational skills and to increase the confidence with which they write computer programs within their problem domain. Hundreds of original problems reinforce programming skills and increase the ability to solve real-life physics problems at and beyond the graduate level.
Encapsulation and the C++ class
Authors: Boudreau Joseph F. , Swanson Eric S. 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
Built-in datatypes and C++ classes are introduced in this chapter, and discussed in relation to the important notion of encapsulation, which refers to the separation between the internal representation of the datatype and the operations to which it responds. Encapsulation later becomes an important consideration in the design of custom C++ classes that programmers develop themselves. It is illustrated with built-in floating-point datatypes float and double and with the complex class from the C++ standard library. While a sophisticated programmer is aware of the internal representation of data and its resulting limitations, encapsulation allows one to consider these as details and frees one to think at a higher level of program design. Some simple numerical examples are discussed in the text and in the exercises.
Some useful classes with applications
Authors: Boudreau Joseph F. , Swanson Eric S. 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
In this learn-by-doing chapter, some widely available classes are introduced and employed to solve problems in the physical sciences. By using linear algebra classes from the Eigen package, collection classes from the C++ standard library, and function classes from the authors’ own Qat libraries, readers become familiar some classes that can be effectively applied in physics computation and which are illustrative of good class design. Practice obtained in using these classes is intended to be helpful in understanding the more formal treatment of C++ concepts in subsequent chapters. Physics applications include familiar problems such as coupled oscillations and quantum mechanical scattering in one dimension from piecewise-constant potentials, for which computational methods are necessary in all but the simplest cases. Visualization of functions with the Qt-based Qat library is also introduced.
Monte Carlo methods
Authors: Boudreau Joseph F. , Swanson Eric S. 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
Monte Carlo methods are those designed to obtain numerical answers with the use of random numbers . This chapter discusses random engines, which provide a pseudo-random pattern of bits, and their use in for sampling a variety of nonuniform distributions, for both continuous and discrete variables. A wide selection of uniform and nonuniform variate generators from the C++ standard library are reviewed, and common techniques for generating custom nonuniform variates are discussed. The chapter presents the uses of Monte Carlo to evaluate integrals, particularly multidimensional integrals, and then introduces the important method of Markov chain Monte Carlo, suitable for solving a wide range of scientific problems that require the sampling of complicated multivariate distributions. Relevant topics in probability and statistics are also introduced in this chapter. Finally, the topics of thermalization, autocorrelation, multimodality, and Gibbs sampling are presented.
Parallel computing
Authors: Boudreau Joseph F. , Swanson Eric S. 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
This chapter describes various approaches to concurrency, or “parallel programming”. An overview of high performance computing is followed with a review of Flynn’s taxonomy of parallel computing. Three methods for implementing parallel code using the frameworks provided by MPI, openMP, and C++ threads are presented. The use of the C++ constructs mutex and future to resolve issues of synchronization are discussed. All methods are illustrated with an embarrassingly parallel application to a Monte Carlo integral and common pitfalls are presented. The chapter closes with a discussion and example of the utility of forking processes and the use of C++ sockets and their application in a client/server environment.
Rotations and Lorentz transformations
Authors: Boudreau Joseph F. , Swanson Eric S. 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
A computational approach to rotations and Lorentz transformation is presented. The discussion starts with the mathematical properties of the rotation and the proper orthochronous Lorentz groups. Rotation and Lorentz transformations are implemented by exponentiating generators of SU(2). This approach allows rotations of states in a finite-dimensional Hilbert space to be carried out with the same machinery used to rotate ordinary vectors and it allows Lorentz boosts of Dirac spinors to be carried out with the same machinery used to boost four-vectors. Rotations and boosts can be applied to other objects with simple transformation properties. A computational approach to the helicity formalism used in scattering and decay theory is presented, and a library devoted to the manipulation of objects in spacetime is introduced.
Continuum dynamics
Authors: Boudreau Joseph F. , Swanson Eric S. 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
The theory and application of a variety of methods to solve partial differential equations are introduced in this chapter. These methods rely on representing continuous quantities with discrete approximations. The resulting finite difference equations are solved using algorithms that stress different traits, such as stability or accuracy. The Crank-Nicolson method is described and extended to multidimensional partial differential equations via the technique of operator splitting. An application to the time-dependent Schrödinger equation, via scattering from a barrier, follows. Methods for solving boundary value problems are explored next. One of these is the ubiquitous fast Fourier transform which permits the accurate solution of problems with simple boundary conditions. Lastly, the finite element method that is central to modern engineering is developed. Methods for generating finite element meshes and estimating errors are also discussed.
Historical Background
Authors: Morawetz Klaus 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe historical development of kinetic theory is reviewed with respect to the inclusion of virial corrections. Here the theory of dense gases differs from quantum liquids. While the first one leads to Enskog-type of corrections to the kinetic theory, the latter ones are described by quasiparticle concepts of Landau-type theories. A unifying kinetic theory is envisaged by the nonlocal quantum kinetic theory. Nonequilibrium phenomena are the essential processes which occur in nature. Any evolution is built up of involved causal networks which may render a new state of quality in the course of time evolution. The steady state or equilibrium is rather the exception in nature, if not a theoretical abstraction at all.
Elementary Principles
Authors: Morawetz Klaus 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe many-body theory combines ideas of thermodynamics with ideas of mechanics. In this introductory chapter, the symbiosis of these two different fields of physics is demonstrated on overly simplified models. We explore the principles of finite-range forces to show the twofold nature of virial corrections. Infrequent collisions with a large deflection angle lead to collision integrals and rather frequent encounters with deflections on small angles act as a mean field. The (mean-field) corrections to drift result in the internal pressure and the nonlocal correction to the collisions results in the effect of the molecular volumes. The concept of distribution functions is introduced and the measure of information as entropy. The binary correlation allows one to distinguish tails and cores of the interaction potential. The concept of binary correlation is thus behind the intuitive picture of the kinetic equation.
Classical Kinetic Theory
Authors: Morawetz Klaus 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe classical non-ideal gas shows that the two original concepts of the pressure based of the motion and the forces have eventually developed into drift and dissipation contributions. Collisions of realistic particles are nonlocal and non-instant. A collision delay characterizes the effective duration of collisions, and three displacements, describe its effective non-locality. Consequently, the scattering integral of kinetic equation is nonlocal and non-instant. The non-instant and nonlocal corrections to the scattering integral directly result in the virial corrections to the equation of state. The interaction of particles via long-range potential tails is approximated by a mean field which acts as an external field. The effect of the mean field on free particles is covered by the momentum drift. The effect of the mean field on the colliding pairs causes the momentum and the energy gains which enter the scattering integral and lead to an internal mechanism of energy conversion. The entropy production is shown and the nonequilibrium hydrodynamic equations are derived. Two concepts of quasiparticle, the spectral and the variational one, are explored with the help of the virial of forces.