bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of temporally related nontyphoidal Salmonella strains isolated from humans and food animals in central Ethiopia
Authors: Eguale Tadesse , Asrat Daniel , Alemayehu Haile , Nana Ismael , Gebreyes Wondwossen A. , Gunn John S. , Engidawork Ephrem 
Published: July 2018

AbstractSalmonella is one of the common causes of food‐borne bacterial illnesses. The primary sources of human nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) infection are food animals. This study characterized temporally and spatially related Salmonella isolated during April 2013 to March 2014 from faeces of diarrhoeic human patients in Addis Ababa (n = 68) and food animals (n = 84) in Addis Ababa and surrounding districts (dairy cattle, n = 30; slaughtered cattle, n = 20; poultry, n = 26; swine n = 8). Isolates were serotyped, page typed and tested for antimicrobial susceptibility using Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method, and genotyped by pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The dominant Salmonella serovars isolated from food animals were S. Saintpaul (38.1%), S. Typhimurium (17.9%) and S. Kentucky (9.5%), whereas in humans, S. Typhimurium (39.7%), S. Virchow (30.9%) and S. Kottbus (10.3%) were frequently isolated. Resistance to streptomycin, sulfisoxazole, tetracycline, ampicillin and cephalothin was higher in animal isolates than human isolates, and mean number of antimicrobials to which isolates were resistant was significantly higher in isolates from cattle and poultry compared to those from humans (p < 0.05). All S. Kentucky isolated from animals and humans were multidrug resistant (MDR) with shared resistance phenotype (AmpCfCipTeSuSNa). Although this study involved small sample size and was not able to show clear epidemiological linkage among isolates from various sources, genotyping by PFGE analysis demonstrated circulation of closely related genotypes of S. Virchow, S. Typhimurium and S. Kentucky among humans and food animals. Detection of related Salmonella isolates from humans and animals, the high MDR status of isolates from animals and close proximity of farms and human residential areas in the absence of appropriate biosecurity present major public health problem. Integrated surveillance of Salmonella serovars in humans and animals and implementation of appropriate hazard analysis and pathogen control strategies along critical points of the food chain from farm to table is recommended.
Occurrence and characterization of seven major Shiga toxin‐producing Escherichia coli serotypes from healthy cattle on cow–calf operations in South Africa
Authors: Mainga Alfred O. , Cenci‐Goga Beniamino T. , Malahlela Mogaugedi N. , Tshuma Takula , Kalake Alan , Karama Musafiri 
Published: July 2018

AbstractCattle are a major reservoir of Shiga toxin‐producing Escherichia coli. This study investigated the occurrence of seven major STEC serogroups including O157, O145, O103, O121, O111, O45 and O26 among 578 STEC isolates previously recovered from 559 cattle. The isolates were characterized for serotype and major virulence genes. Polymerase chain reaction revealed that 41.7% (241/578) of isolates belonged to STEC O157, O145, O103, O121, O45 and O26, and 33 distinct serotypes. The 241 isolates corresponded to 16.5% (92/559) of cattle that were STEC positive. The prevalence of cattle that tested positive for at least one of the six serogroups across the five farms was variable ranging from 2.9% to 43.4%. Occurrence rates for individual serogroups were as follows: STEC O26 was found in 10.2% (57/559); O45 in 2.9% (16/559); O145 in 2.5% (14/559); O157 in 1.4% (8/559); O121 in 1.1% (6/559); and O103 in 0.4% (2/559). The following proportions of virulence genes were observed: stx1, 69.3% (167/241); stx2, 96.3% (232/241); eaeA, 7.1% (17/241); ehxA, 92.5% (223/241); and both stx1 and stx2, 62.2% (150/241) of isolates. These findings are evidence that cattle in South Africa carry STEC that belong to six major STEC serogroups commonly incriminated in human disease. However, only a subset of serotypes associated with these serogroups were clinically relevant in human disease. Most STEC isolates carried stx1, stx2 and ehxA but lacked eaeA, a major STEC virulence factor in human disease.
Stress-Induced Proliferation and Cell Cycle Plasticity of Intracellular
Trypanosoma cruzi
Amastigotes
Authors: Dumoulin Peter C. , Burleigh Barbara A. 
Published: July 2018

ABSTRACT

The mammalian stages of the parasite
Trypanosoma cruzi
, the causative agent of Chagas disease, exhibit a wide host species range and extensive within-host tissue distribution. These features, coupled with the ability of the parasites to persist for the lifetime of the host, suggest an inherent capacity to tolerate changing environments. To examine this potential, we studied proliferation and cell cycle dynamics of intracellular
T. cruzi
amastigotes experiencing transient metabolic perturbation or drug pressure in the context of an infected mammalian host cell. Parasite growth plasticity was evident and characterized by rapid and reversible suppression of amastigote proliferation in response to exogenous nutrient restriction or exposure to metabolic inhibitors that target glucose metabolism or mitochondrial respiration. In most instances, reduced parasite proliferation was accompanied by the accumulation of amastigote populations in the G
1
phase of the cell cycle, in a manner that was rapidly and fully reversible upon release from the metabolic block. Acute amastigote cell cycle changes at the G
1
stage were similarly observed following exposure to sublethal concentrations of the first-line therapy drug, benznidazole, and yet, unlike the results seen with inhibitors of metabolism, recovery from exposure occurred at rates inversely proportional to the concentration of benznidazole. Our results show that
T. cruzi
amastigote growth plasticity is an important aspect of parasite adaptation to stress, including drug pressure, and is an important consideration for growth-based drug screening.

IMPORTANCE
Infection with the intracellular parasite
Trypanosoma cruzi
can cause debilitating and potentially life-threatening Chagas disease, where long-term parasite persistence is a critical determinant of clinical disease progression. Such tissue-resident
T. cruzi
amastigotes are refractory to immune-mediated clearance and to drug treatment, suggesting that in addition to exploiting immune avoidance mechanisms, amastigotes can facilitate their survival by adapting flexibly to diverse environmental stressors. We discovered that
T. cruzi
intracellular amastigotes exhibit growth plasticity as a strategy to adapt to and rebound from environmental stressors, including metabolic blockades, nutrient starvation, and sublethal exposure to the first-line therapy drug benznidazole. These findings have important implications for understanding parasite persistence, informing drug development, and interpreting drug efficacy.
Errors during Gene Expression: Single-Cell Heterogeneity, Stress Resistance, and Microbe-Host Interactions
Authors: Evans Christopher R. , Fan Yongqiang , Weiss Kalyn , Ling Jiqiang 
Published: July 2018

ABSTRACT
Gene expression has been considered a highly accurate process, and deviation from such fidelity has been shown previously to be detrimental for the cell. More recently, increasing evidence has supported the notion that the accuracy of gene expression is indeed flexibly variable. The levels of errors during gene expression differ from condition to condition and even from cell to cell within genetically identical populations grown under the same conditions. The different levels of errors resulting from inaccurate gene expression are now known to play key roles in regulating microbial stress responses and host interactions. This minireview summarizes the recent development in understanding the level, regulation, and physiological impact of errors during gene expression.
Effects of Dry Needling on Post-Stroke Spasticity, Motor Function and Stability Limits: A Randomised Clinical Trial
Authors: Sánchez-Mila Zacarías , Salom-Moreno Jaime , Fernández-de-las-Peñas César 
Published: July 2018

Objective To determine the effects of inclusion of deep dry needling into a treatment session following the Bobath concept on spasticity, motor function and postural control after a stroke. Methods 26 patients who had suffered a stroke were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups: Bobath only, or Bobath plus dry needling. Both groups received a session including strengthening, stretching and reconditioning exercises following the principles of the Bobath concept. Patients in the Bobath plus dry needling group also received a single session of ultrasound-guided dry needling of the tibialis posterior. Spasticity (Modified Modified Ashworth Scale), function (Fugl-Meyer Scale) and stability limits (computerised dynamic posturography using the SMART EquiTest System) were collected before and 10 min after treatment by a blinded assessor. The parameters of the stability limits included movement velocity (MVL), maximum excursion (MXE), end-point excursion (EPE) and directional control (DCL). Results A greater number of individuals receiving Bobath plus dry needling exhibited a decrease in spasticity after treatment (P<0.001). Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) showed that patients receiving Bobath plus dry needling exhibited greater improvements in the balance (0.8, 95% CI 0.2 to 1.4), sensory (1.7, 95% CI 0.7 to 2.7) and range of motion (3.2, 95% CI 2.0 to 4.4) domains of the Fugl-Meyer Scale than those receiving Bobath only. ANCOVA also found that subjects receiving dry needling showed a greater increase in MVL non-affected forward direction, EPE non-affected direction, MXE backward and MXE affected/non-affected, DCL backward and DCL affected backward direction, than those who did not receive it. Conclusions The inclusion of deep dry needling into a treatment session following the Bobath concept was effective at decreasing spasticity and improving balance, range of motion and the accuracy of maintaining stability in patients who had experienced a stroke. Trial registration number NCT02579291.
Status of the two-dimensional, multi-wire proportional chamber detector for the China Spallation Neutron Source
Authors: Wen Zhiwen , Qi Huirong 
Published: July 2018

The re-designed two-dimensional, multi-wire proportional chamber (MWPC) detector based on the [Formula: see text]He operation gas has been developed for the multifunctional reflection spectrum detection requirements in China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS), which is under construction in Guangdong province, China. This efficient thermal neutron detector with large area (200 mm [Formula: see text] 200 mm active area), two-dimensional position sensitive (<2 mm of position resolution), high detection efficiency (>65% in the wavelength of 1.8Å) and good n/[Formula: see text] discrimination would meet some requirements in CSNS The neutron detector consists of a MWPC detector and a high-pressure gas vessel. The wire readout structures of the detector and the gas purity device have been optimized based on previous design and testing. The re-designed MWPC detector with an absorber thickness of 10 mm and 8.5 atm operating gas mixture of [Formula: see text]He and C[Formula: see text]H[Formula: see text] was constructed. Using the non-return valve manufactured by Swagelok, the gas purity device was developed to clean the water and remove gas impurities. The effective cycle time can be up to 50 min per sequence. The performance of the position resolution and the two-dimensional imaging accuracy by the traditional center of gravity readout method was studied with an X-ray radiation source and the neutron source. At the end of this year, the detector will be mounted at CSNS and studied using the neutron source.
Rural–Urban Disparities in Time to Diagnosis and Treatment for Colorectal and Breast Cancer
Authors: Bergin Rebecca J. , Emery Jon , Bollard Ruth C. , Falborg Alina Zalounina , Jensen Henry , Weller David , Menon Usha , Vedsted Peter , Thomas Robert J. , Whitfield Kathryn , White Victoria 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
Background: Longer cancer pathways may contribute to rural–urban survival disparities, but research in this area is lacking. We investigated time to diagnosis and treatment for rural and urban patients with colorectal or breast cancer in Victoria, Australia.
Methods: Population-based surveys (2013–2014) of patients (aged ≥40, approached within 6 months of diagnosis), primary care physicians (PCPs), and specialists were collected as part of the International Cancer Benchmarking Partnership, Module 4. Six intervals were examined: patient (symptom to presentation), primary care (presentation to referral), diagnostic (presentation/screening to diagnosis), treatment (diagnosis to treatment), health system (presentation to treatment), and total interval (symptom/screening to treatment). Rural and urban intervals were compared using quantile regression including age, sex, insurance, and socioeconomic status.
Results: 433 colorectal (48% rural) and 489 breast (42% rural) patients, 621 PCPs, and 370 specialists participated. Compared with urban patients, patients with symptomatic colorectal cancer from rural areas had significantly longer total intervals at the 50th [18 days longer, 95% confidence interval (CI): 9–27], 75th (53, 95% CI: 47–59), and 90th percentiles (44, 95% CI: 40–48). These patients also had longer diagnostic and health system intervals (6–85 days longer). Breast cancer intervals were similar by area of residence, except the patient interval, which was shorter for rural patients with either cancer in the higher percentiles.
Conclusions: Rural residence was associated with longer total intervals for colorectal but not breast cancer; with most disparities postpresentation.
Impact: Interventions targeting time from presentation to diagnosis may help reduce colorectal cancer rural–urban disparities. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 27(9); 1036–46. ©2018 AACR.
Cumulative Incidence of Hypertension by 55 Years of Age in Blacks and Whites: The CARDIA Study
Authors: Thomas S. Justin , Booth John N. , Dai Chen , Li Xuelin , Allen Norrina , Calhoun David , Carson April P. , Gidding Samuel , Lewis Cora E. , Shikany James M. , Shimbo Daichi , Sidney Stephen , Muntner Paul 
Published: July 2018

Background
Blacks have higher blood pressure levels compared with whites beginning in childhood. Few data are available on racial differences in the incidence of hypertension from young adulthood through middle age.

Methods and Results
We calculated the cumulative incidence of hypertension from age 18 to 55 years among participants in the CARDIA (Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults) study. Incident hypertension was defined by the first visit with mean systolic blood pressure ≥130 mm Hg, mean diastolic blood pressure ≥80 mm Hg, or self‐reported use of antihypertensive medication. Among 3890 participants without hypertension at baseline (aged 18–30 years), cumulative incidence of hypertension by age 55 years was 75.5%, 75.7%, 54.5%, and 40.0% in black men, black women, white men, and white women, respectively. Among participants with systolic blood pressure/diastolic blood pressure <110 and 70, 110 to 119/70 to 74, and 120 to 129/75 to 79 mm Hg at baseline, blacks were more likely than whites to develop hypertension: multivariable‐adjusted hazard ratios 1.97 (95% confidence interval, 1.65, 2.35), 1.80 (95% confidence interval, 1.52, 2.14), and 1.59 (95% confidence interval, 1.31, 1.93), respectively. Parental history of hypertension and higher body mass index, serum uric acid, and systolic blood pressure/diastolic blood pressure categories were associated with a higher risk for hypertension among blacks and whites. A higher Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet adherence score was associated with a lower risk for hypertension in blacks and whites.

Conclusions
Regardless of blood pressure level in young adulthood, blacks have a substantially higher risk for hypertension compared with whites through 55 years of age.
„Nie popadajmy w przesadę z tą równością” – płeć mózgu, heteronorma i mistyka naukowości
Authors: Janion Ludmiła 
Published: July 2018

„Let’s not be too eager about equality” – brain sex, heteronormativity, and the scientific mystiqueThe article analyses the role of brain sex in Polish public discourse of the last years. The authors of a popular book Brain Sex claim that differences between women and men stem from differences in the brain structure, and because of that they are universal and unchangeable; feminism is based on misrepresentation of science. This thesis was overtaken by right-wing journalists, as it gave scientific justification to conservative gender politics and contemplementarity – the gender ontology of the Catholic church. However, in the rightwing journalism a significant aspect of brain sex theory is silenced, namely, the claim that homo- and transsexuality result from disorders in brain development; they are unchangeable and should be accepted. Despite its conservative roots, brain sex was popularized in liberal media as well. The aura of science that accompanied this popular theory allowed to naturalize its anti-feminism and heteronormativity. This phenomenon is discussed on the basis of media activity of two Polish scientists who are popular both in right-wing and liberal media: Anna Grabowska and Jerzy Vetulani. Both present brain sex theory as objective, universally accepted truth, which is attacked in the name of the leftist ideology by ignorant activists who deny science. „Nie popadajmy w przesadę z tą równością” – płeć mózgu, heteronorma i mistyka naukowościArtykuł analizuje rolę płci mózgu w polskim dyskursie publicznym ostatnich lat. Autorzy niezwykle popularnej w Polsce książki Płeć mózgu twierdzą, że różnice między kobietami i mężczyznami wynikają z różnic w budowie mózgów, a przez to są uniwersalne i niezmienne, feminizm zaś jest oparty na fałszowaniu nauki. Teza ta została podchwycona przez prawicowych publicystów, ponieważ nadawała naukową legitymację konserwatywnej polityce płci oraz komplementaryzmowi – ontologii płci przyjętej przez Kościół katolicki. W prawicowym piśmiennictwie przemilcza się jednak istotny aspekt płci mózgu, mianowicie twierdzenie, że homo- i transseksualność wynikają z wad w rozwoju mózgu, są niezmienne i powinny być akceptowane. Mimo swoich konserwatywnych korzeni płeć mózgu była popularyzowana także w mediach liberalnych. Nimb naukowości, którym otaczany był popularny pogląd, pozwalał naturalizować związane z nim antyfeminizm i heteronormatywność. Zjawisko to omówione jest na podstawie działalności popularyzatorskiej dwojga naukowców, cieszących się popularnością zarówno w prawicowych, jak i liberalnych mediach: Anny Grabowskiej i Jerzego Vetulaniego. Oboje przedstawiali płeć mózgu jako obiektywną, powszechnie uznawaną naukową prawdę, z którą w imię lewicowej ideologii próbują walczyć nieakceptujący ustaleń nauki aktywiści.
„Zoo” i „makieta”. O dominujących sposobach pisania o Birobidżanie.
Authors: Maksimowska Agata 
Published: July 2018

A “zoo” and “mock-up”: On the most frequent ways of portraying BirobidzhanThe article analyses the most common ways of depicting Birobidzhan by journalists, bloggers, film-makers and writers. Established in 1934, The Jewish Autonomous Region is an administrative unit within the Russian Federation. Foreign visitors and visitors from other parts of Russia usually perceive it as “exotic”, “funny”, “absurd”, “grotesque” or “artificial”. Its history is seen as a “failure”, especially when compared to Israel. In various representations, the notion of “utopia” is used in a very narrow, negative sense of “unrealistic pipe dream”. This orientalisation results in the objectification of local residents and delegitimisation of their practices of making sense of the region's history. „Zoo” i „makieta”. O dominujących sposobach pisania o BirobidżanieW artykule przeanalizowane zostały najczęstsze sposoby opisywania Birobidżanu przez dziennikarzy, blogerów, filmowców i pisarzy. Utworzony w 1934 r. Żydowski Obwód Autonomiczny wciąż istnieje jako jednostka administracyjna w ramach Federacji Rosyjskiej. Zazwyczaj traktowany jest przez odwiedzających z innych części Rosji lub z zagranicy jako „egzotyczny”, „śmieszny”, „absurdalny”, „groteskowy” czy „sztuczny”. Jego historia postrzegana jest jako „porażka”, zwłaszcza w porównaniu z historią Izraela. Autorzy rozmaitych przedstawień Birobidżanu posługują się także koncepcją „utopii” w jej zawężonym, negatywnym rozumieniu, jako „nierealnej mrzonki”. Orientalizacja Żydowskiego Obwodu Autonomicznego przyczynia się do uprzedmiotowienia jego mieszkańców i delegitymizowania ich praktyk nadawania sensu historii regionu.
Perspektywa postkolonialna w badaniach nad diasporą żydowską. Żyd-Chińczyk we wspomnieniach Anki Votickiej
Authors: Rydel Emilia 
Published: July 2018

The postcolonial perspective on Jewish diaspora studies. Jew-Chinese in Anka’s Voticky memoriesThis article is an attempt to link reflection on Jewish refugee’s memory with postcolonial perspective. The primary source of my considerations is Anka Voticky’s written memories. Voticky had survived the Second World War in Shanghai and Hongkew ghetto. As a starting point, postcolonial theory has been used in close relation to Holocaust studies and diaspora studies. I also show traces of co-existence of Jews and Chinese allowed to break non-writing tradition about colonized people (amah, rickshaw, coolie) during Second World War. Perspektywa postkolonialna w badaniach nad diasporą żydowską. Żyd-Chińczyk we wspomnieniach Anki VotickiejArtykuł ten stanowi próbę refleksji nad pamięcią żydowskiej uchodźczyni, odczytaną z perspektywy postkolonialnej. Głównym źródłem rozważań i analizy są wspomnienia Anki Votickiej, czeskiej Żydówki, która II wojnę światową przeżyła w Szanghaju i getcie Hongkew. Jako punktu wyjścia używam teorii postkolonialnej do pokazania bliskiej relacji tej teorii ze studiami nad Holokaustem i tzw. diaspora studies. Ponadto, pokazuję ślady koegzystencji Żydów i Chińczyków przełamując praktykę niepisania o skolonizowanych – amah, rikszarzu i kulisie.
LES Study of Vertical Eddy Diffusivity Estimation in Bottom Boundary Layers
Authors: Wakata Yoshinobu 
Published: July 2018

AbstractOsborn’s method is commonly used to obtain diffusion coefficient K from the turbulent dissipation rate ε. This method is the relational expression . The dissipation flux coefficient is often set to a constant value of 0.2, but this study of LES revealed that varies greatly vertically in the bottom boundary layer because of the influence of the seabed. Consequently, the eddy diffusion coefficient is overestimated in the lower part of the bottom boundary, but it is slightly underestimated in the upper part. Therefore, Osborn’s method with constant cannot give the correct diffusivity. Furthermore, even if treating as a function of flux Richardson number , as defined originally by Osborn, the estimation is underestimated by the advection effect because of the influence of spatial nonuniformity. Energy budget analysis revealed that this defect can be improved using the extended flux Richardson number, which can be estimated by multiplying using a constant correction factor. Furthermore, we proposed two alternative estimation methods. For the first method, which estimates the relation between and the gradient Richardson number , can be expressed with instead of with a correction factor. We can estimate the reasonable diffusivity if we have current data supplementary to obtain . For the second method, can be expressed as a similarity function of the height above the bottom normalized by the Ozmidov scale. This method can provide an acceptable estimate of diffusivity without current data for several circumstances.