bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification of multi-targeting and synergistic neuromodulators of epilepsy associated protein-targets in Ayurvedic herbs using network pharmacological approach
Authors: Choudhary Neha , Singh Vikram 
Published: November 2018

AbstractEpilepsy comprises a wide spectrum of neuronal disorders and accounts for about one percent of global disease burden affecting people of all age groups. In the traditional medicinal system of Indian antiquity, commonly known as Ayurveda, epilepsy is recognised asapasmaraand a plenty of information is documented regarding the effectiveness of various herbs against it. Towards exploring the complex regulatory mechanisms of Ayurvedic herbs at molecular levels, in this study, a network pharmacological framework is developed for thoroughly examining the anti-epileptic potential of 349 drug-like phytochemicals (DPCs) found in 63Ayurvedic herbs. Interaction networks of phytochemicals in anti-epileptic herbs, their protein targets and associated human pathways are designed at various scales and DPCs are mapped on these networks to uncover complex interrelationships. Neuromodulatory prospects of anti-epileptic herbs are probed and, as a special case study, DPCs that can regulate metabotrophic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are inspected. An account of novel regulatory phytochemicals against epilepsy is reported by systematically analysing the screened DPCs against DrugBank compounds. A repertoire of DPCs having poly-pharmacological similarity with anti-epileptic drugs available in DrugBank and those under clinical trials is also reported. Further, a high-confidence PPI network specific to the protein targets of epilepsy was developed and the potential of DPCs to regulate its functional modules was investigated. The study concludes by highlighting a couple of herbs as potential sources of epileptogenic regulators. We believe that the presented schema can open-up the exhaustive explorations of indigenous herbs towards meticulous identification of DPCs against various diseases and disorders.
Behavioural plasticity modulates temperature‐related constraints on foraging time for a montane mammal
Authors: Hall L. Embere , Chalfoun Anna D. 
Published: November 2018

Abstract

Contemporary climate change is altering temperature profiles across the globe. Increasing temperatures can reduce the amount of time during which conditions are suitable for animals to engage in essential activities, such as securing food. Behavioural plasticity, the ability to alter behaviour in response to the environment, may provide animals with a tool to adjust to changes in the availability of suitable thermal conditions. The extent to which individuals can alter fitness‐enhancing behaviours, such as food collection, to proximately buffer variation in temperature, however, remains unclear. Even less well understood are the potential performance advantages of flexible strategies among endotherms.

We examined the degree to which individuals altered rates of food collection in response to temperature, and two potential benefits, using the American pika (Ochotona princeps), a temperature‐sensitive, food‐hoarding mammal, as a model.

From July–September 2013–2015, we used motion‐activated cameras and in situ temperature loggers to examine pika food‐caching activity for 72 individuals across 10 sites in the central Rocky Mountains, USA. We quantified % nitrogen by cache volume as a metric of cache quality, and the number of events during which pikas were active in temperatures ≥25°C as a measure of potential thermoregulatory stress.

We found a strong negative effect of temperature on the rate at which pikas cached food. Individual responses to temperature varied substantially in both the level of food‐collecting activity and in the degree to which individuals shifted activity with warming temperature. After accounting for available foraging time, individuals that exhibited greater plasticity collected a comparable amount of nitrogen, while simultaneously experiencing fewer occasions in which temperatures eclipsed estimated thermal tolerances.

By varying food‐collection norms of reaction, individuals were able to plastically respond to temperature‐driven reductions in foraging time. Through this increased flexibility, individuals amassed food caches of comparable quality, while minimizing exposure to potentially stressful thermal conditions. Our results suggest that, given sufficient resource quality and availability, plasticity in foraging activity may help temperature‐limited endotherms adjust to climate‐related constraints on foraging time.
Migratory plasticity is not ubiquitous among large herbivores
Authors: Sawyer Hall , Merkle Jerod A. , Middleton Arthur D. , Dwinnell Samantha P. H. , Monteith Kevin L. 
Published: November 2018

Abstract

The migratory movements of wild animals can promote abundance and support ecosystem functioning. For large herbivores, mounting evidence suggests that migratory behaviour is an individually variable trait, where individuals can easily switch between migrant and resident tactics. The degree of migratory plasticity, including whether and where to migrate, has important implications for the ecology and conservation of large herbivores in a changing world.

Mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) are an iconic species of western North America, but are notably absent from the body of literature that suggests large herbivore migrations are highly plastic. We evaluated plasticity of migration in female mule deer using longitudinal GPS data collected from 312 individuals across nine populations in the western United States, including 882 animal‐years (801 migrants and 81 residents).

We followed both resident and migratory mule deer through time to determine whether individual animals switched migratory behaviours (i.e., whether to migrate) from migratory to residency or vice versa. Additionally, we examined the fidelity of individuals to their migration routes (i.e., where to migrate) to determine whether they used the same routes year after year. We also evaluated whether age and reproductive status affected propensity to migrate or fidelity to migratory routes.

Our results indicate that mule deer, unlike other large herbivores, have little or no plasticity in terms of whether or where they migrate. Resident deer remained residents, and migrant deer remained migrants, regardless of age, reproductive status or number of years monitored. Further, migratory individuals showed strong fidelity (>80%) to their migration routes year after year.

Our study clearly shows that migration plasticity is not ubiquitous among large herbivores. Because of their rigid migratory behaviour, mule deer may not adapt to changing environmental conditions as readily as large herbivores with more plastic migratory behaviour (e.g., elk). The fixed migratory behaviours of mule deer make clear that conservation efforts aimed at traditional seasonal ranges and migration routes are warranted for sustaining this iconic species that continues to decline across its range.
Towards the validation of endogenous steroid testing in wildlife hair
Authors: Koren Lee , Bryan Heather , Matas Devorah , Tinman Simon , Fahlman Åsa , Whiteside Douglas , Smits Judit , Wynne‐Edwards Katherine 
Published: November 2018

Abstract

Hair analysis is emerging as a popular tool to examine stress and reproduction hormone levels in wild mammals. The reliability of this approach, however, depends on an understanding of steroid hormone incorporation into hair as well as appropriate validations.

We reviewed studies that have examined steroid hormones in wildlife hair with the goal of summarizing the analytical, physiological, and biological evidence that this approach is meaningful. Accordingly, we differentiated among validations aimed at evaluating the reliability of the analytical method versus those designed to assess whether hormone levels in hair reflect physiologically meaningful processes in the target species.

Our literature survey revealed that endogenous steroids have been examined in hair from 40 species of nonhuman animals across seven mammalian classes. Although the majority (85%) of 72 studies reported analytical validations of the method, physiological validations have only been reported for five species. Moreover, results of physiological validations were inconsistent among studies. This highlights the need for further research, carefully designed to differentiate between the multiple purported models of steroid incorporation into hair in species with different types of hair and different hair growth patterns.

To complement our review of published studies, we present new data supporting a positive relationship between levels of the steroid, cortisol, in hair and blood across eight mammalian species. In addition, we present novel results from a laboratory‐based study showing variable hair growth in genetically identical laboratory mice that were kept under controlled conditions.

Synthesis and applications. Collectively, this Review reveals substantial progress towards the validation of stress hormone assays in hair from a variety of wildlife species. Further validations of reproductive steroids, combined with appropriate physiological validations, would expand the potential applications of hair analyses in wildlife research. As a key example, physiological data can provide mechanistic insights into species’ responses to change and may therefore contribute to conservation planning.
Vocal divergence between two disjunct populations of Giant Antshrike (Batara cinerea) is related to environmental conditions
Authors: Sementili‐Cardoso Guilherme , Donatelli Reginaldo José 
Published: November 2018

AbstractVariation in the avian vocal signals emitted may have a significant impact on species evolution. Vocal divergence in suboscine species like Giant Antshrike (Batara cinerea) may be associated with selective adaptation, since learning has little influence on vocal development and variation in acoustic structure cannot be attributed to learning deviation. Consequently, tracheophone suboscine species are ideal subjects to explore vocal variation, since cultural evolution does not seem to influence vocal variation in this group. Environmental conditions may determine the selection of vocal features because acoustic transmission could be attenuated under certain conditions of temperature, humidity and vegetation cover. Here, we examined vocalizations of Giant Antshrike and assessed possible acoustic variations between two disjunct groups (Andean and Atlantic), correlating the differences to the environmental structure. Univariate and multivariate analysis show temporal and spectral differences between both groups. Andean individuals produce vocalizations with longer duration, faster trill rates, shorter syllable duration and higher frequencies. Environmental features are different between the two populations, and they are correlated to the acoustic structure of vocalizations. Temporal variations arise directly from climatic influence, while spectral divergence could be a secondary effect of morphological adaptation to habitat structure.
Prey stimuli trigger trophic interception across ecosystems
Authors: Breviglieri Crasso Paulo B. , Romero Gustavo Q. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractSpecialised predators foraging in the boundaries of adjacent ecosystems can control or redirect the flow of subsidies through trophic interception. Ecologically diverse predators can capture terrestrial invertebrates that fall on the water surface and, consequently, influence the flow of energy to aquatic environments. In this study, we show that the movement of prey triggers ripples on the surface of the water, and these stimuli are detected by bulldog bats (Noctilio albiventris, Noctilionidae) during foraging. Thus, the bats located live crickets (Gryllus assimilis, Gryllidae) on average of 15 times faster when compared to the location of dead or artificial crickets (i.e. without movements or ripples on the water surface). The bats also inspected (i.e. touched with their feet) all floating objects on the water surface. During this behaviour, the characteristics of the object (i.e. texture) were critical for bats to distinguish between debris (e.g. leaves and sticks) and the resource (i.e. insect carcasses) that floated on the water surface. In addition, when we compare the efficiency of predators (i.e. bats and fishes) in capturing this resource, our findings suggest that bats are extremely effective (i.e. consumed 100% of the available prey), since the fishes consumed only 40% of the available crickets on the surface of the water over a 60‐s period. These results bring novel information about the influence of prey‐based stimuli on the behaviour of its predators and, consequently, on the flow of nutrients between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.
Spanish survey on follow‐up programmes for children born very preterm
Authors: Pallás‐Alonso Carmen Rosa , Loureiro Begoña , De la Cruz Bértolo Javier , García Pilar , Ginovart Gemma , Jiménez Ana , Martín Yolanda , Soriano Javier , Torres María José , Vento Máximo 
Published: November 2018

AbstractAimTo describe variations in practice between follow‐up programmes for very preterm children born at less than 32 weeks' gestation or with very low birth weight of less than 1,500 g.MethodsA survey on follow‐up practices was electronically distributed to level II and III units among hospitals of the Spanish National Health Service in 2016. The survey included 70 questions covering issues such as follow‐up organisation and resources, routine assessments, relationships with other services and families, information management and training.ResultsThe response rate was 91.5% (141/154). Among respondents, 70.9% (100/141) reported that they do provide follow‐up and 42% do so up to six years of age. Routine neurological and ophthalmological follow‐up is not performed in 60% and 37% of hospitals, respectively, and a second hearing assessment is not given in 62%. Just 38% of units have psychologist. In 41% of hospitals, training in follow‐up skills is not included in Paediatric Residency training programme.ConclusionAlthough Spain has a nationwide health system that provides universal health coverage, we found that follow‐up care for children born very preterm/very low birth weight is not equitable. Nearly half of paediatric residents receive no training in follow‐up for this high‐risk population.
Evaluation of DNA damage in spinal cord and mutagenic effect of a Phα1β recombinant toxin with analgesic properties from the Phoneutria nigriventer spider
Authors: de Souza Alessandra Hubner , da Rosa Luiza Gabriela , Uliano Michel Rossi , da Silva Prado Lismare , Ferraz Alice Gomes , Conter Lucas Umpierre , Grivicich Ivana , Dallegrave Eliane , Gomez Marcus Vinícius , Picada Jaqueline Nascimento 
Published: November 2018

AbstractPhα1β peptide isolated from the venom of the Phoneutria nigriventer spider has shown higher analgesic action in pre‐clinical studies than ω‐conotoxin MVIIA peptide used to treat severe chronic pain. In view of the great potential for the development of a new Phα1β‐based drug, a Phα1β recombinant form (CTK 01512‐2) has been studied for efficacy and safety. The aim of this study was to evaluate cytotoxic, genotoxic and mutagenic effects of a Phα1β recombinant form and compare it with native Phα1β and ω‐conotoxin MVIIA. Cytotoxicity was evaluated using the MTT (3‐[4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl]‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide) colourimetric assay in L929 mouse fibroblast cells (0.5‐10.0 μmol/L). Genotoxic and mutagenic activities were analysed using the alkaline comet assay in peripheral blood and spinal cord, and the micronucleus test in bone marrow from Wistar rats treated by intrathecal injection of CTK 01512‐2 (200, 500 and 1000 pmol/site), native Phα1β (500 pmol/site) and ω‐conotoxin MVIIA (200 pmol/site). CTK 01512‐2 decreased the cell viability of the L929, showing IC50 of 3.3 ± 0.1 µmol/L, while the Phα1β and ω‐conotoxin MVIIA did not show cytotoxicity (IC50 > 5.0 µmol/L). Native and recombinant Phα1β forms induced DNA damage in the spinal cord, but not in peripheral blood. CTK 01512‐2 at 1000 pmol/site increased the micronucleus frequency suggesting mutagenic effects. In conclusion, the recombinant form has cytotoxic, genotoxic and mutagenic effects, evidenced in doses five times above the therapeutic dose.
Endoscopic‐ultrasound‐guided coil and cyanoacrylate embolization for gastric varices and the roles of endoscopic Doppler and endosonographic varicealography in vascular targeting
Authors: Robles‐Medranda Carlos , Valero Manuel , Nebel Joao Autran , de Britto Junior Sylon Ribeiro , Puga‐Tejada Miguel , Ospina Jesenia , Muñoz‐Jurado Guillermo , Pitanga‐Lukashok Hannah 
Published: November 2018

ObjectiveTo report the results of endoscopic ultrasound‐guided injection of coils with cyanoacrylate (CYA) using a less‐expensive coil with an emphasis on the roles of Doppler and endosonographic varicealography (EV) in identifying the feeder vessel in gastric varix treatment.MethodsAn observational, descriptive study with prospectively collected data. Patients with gastric varices (GV) were included and were treated by endoscopic ultrasound‐guided injection of CYA and a less‐expensive coil. Technical success, complete and immediate variceal obliteration, rebleeding, complication and survival rates were evaluated.ResultsThirty patients with GV with a mean age of 62 years (range: 44–76 years) were treated. Median number of coils used was 2 (range: 1–3), and median volume of CYA was 1.8 mL (1.2–2.4 mL). Technical success rate was 100%. EV technical success was observed in 26/30 patients. Complete variceal obliteration was observed in 96.6% of patients, and immediate disappearance of the varix was observed in 24 (80%) patients. The complication rate was 6.7%.ConclusionsEndoscopic‐ultrasound guidance for gastric varix treatment with the addition of EV and the use of a less‐expensive coil is a safe and effective technique that results in the immediate disappearance of GV after targeting the feeding vessel.
Language counts: Early language mediates the relationship between parent education and children's math ability
Authors: Slusser Emily , Ribner Andrew , Shusterman Anna 
Published: November 2018

AbstractChildren's early math skills have been hailed as a powerful predictor of academic success. Disparities in socioeconomic context, however, also have dramatic consequences on children's learning. It is therefore critical to investigate both of these distinct contributors in order to better understand the early foundations of children's academic outcomes. This study tests an integrated model of children's developing math ability so as to (1) identify the specific skills and abilities most clearly linked to early math achievement and (2) measure the influence of children's socioeconomic context on each of these skills. We first evaluated the early vocabulary, number word knowledge (knower level), and Approximate Number System (ANS) acuity of a diverse group of preschoolers. Then, approximately 1 year later as they entered Kindergarten, we administered a test of early math achievement. We find that children's early language (general vocabulary and number word knowledge) fully mediates the relationship between parent education and math ability. Additionally, number word knowledge mediates the relationship between ANS acuity and early math. We argue that increased focus on number word knowledge, as well as general vocabulary, may help to minimize disparities in math ability as children enter kindergarten. We also highlight the role of parent education on children's learning and note that this may be an important locus for intervention.
Using readability software to enhance the health literacy of equine veterinary clients: An analysis of 17 American Association of Equine Practitioners’ newsletter and website articles
Authors: Sheats M. K. , Royal K. , Kedrowicz A. 
Published: November 2018

SummaryBackgroundVeterinarians often provide supplemental healthcare information to horse owners via newsletters and website articles. However, articles written above the reading level of the intended audience contributes to misunderstanding. To ensure that the text in equine healthcare articles and brochures is consistent with the literacy of clients, veterinarians can adopt guidelines set forth by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the American Medical Association (AMA) for a target 6th grade readability level.ObjectivesThe goal of this study was to evaluate the readability levels of a sample of American Association of Equine Practitioners’ (AAEP) newsletter and website articles prepared expressly for veterinarians to download and share with their clients. Examples from these handouts are used to illustrate principles and techniques veterinary professionals can use to align their writing with the literacy of their intended audience.Study designSoftware‐based readability analysis of 17AAEPnewsletter and website articles.MethodsA free online readability calculator was used to generate a consensus grade level readability score for 17 downloadableAAEPveterinary newsletter and website articles.ResultsSixteen of 17 articles were written above the recommended 6th grade reading level.Main limitationsWe propose that a 6th grade readability level, as set forth by theAMA, is a reasonable target for the diverse population that makes up veterinary clients; however, there is currently no research that establishes this target for veterinary clients and the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) has yet to issue a consensus statement on the subject.ConclusionsAwareness of the issue of client literacy and use of tools such as readability analysis software can help veterinarians provide clients with ‘easy‐to‐read’ written materials that deliver a message that clients can comprehend, thus improving their health literacy and empowering them as partners in the veterinary‐client relationship.
Limited potential of harvest index improvement to reduce methane emissions from rice paddies
Authors: Jiang Yu , Qian Haoyu , Wang Ling , Feng Jinfei , Huang Shan , Hungate Bruce A. , van Kessel Chris , Horwath William R. , Zhang Xingyue , Qin Xiaobo , Li Yue , Feng Xiaomin , Zhang Jun , Deng Aixing , Zheng Chenyan , Song Zhenwei , Hu Shuijin , van Groenigen Kees Jan , Zhang Weijian 
Published: November 2018

AbstractRice is a staple food for nearly half of the world's population, but rice paddies constitute a major source of anthropogenic CH4 emissions. Root exudates from growing rice plants are an important substrate for methane‐producing microorganisms. Therefore, breeding efforts optimizing rice plant photosynthate allocation to grains, i.e., increasing harvest index (HI), are widely expected to reduce CH4 emissions with higher yield. Here we show, by combining a series of experiments, meta‐analyses and an expert survey, that the potential of CH4 mitigation from rice paddies through HI improvement is in fact small. Whereas HI improvement reduced CH4 emissions under continuously flooded (CF) irrigation, it did not affect CH4 emissions in systems with intermittent irrigation (II). We estimate that future plant breeding efforts aimed at HI improvement to the theoretical maximum value will reduce CH4 emissions in CF systems by 4.4%. However, CF systems currently make up only a small fraction of the total rice growing area (i.e., 27% of the Chinese rice paddy area). Thus, to achieve substantial CH4 mitigation from rice agriculture, alternative plant breeding strategies may be needed, along with alternative management.