bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Improved Analytical Solution for the Temperature Profile of Ice Sheets
Authors: Rezvanbehbahani Soroush , van der Veen C. J. , Stearns Leigh A. 
Published: January 2019

The one‐dimensional steady state analytical solution of the energy conservation equation obtained by Robin (1955, https://doi.org/10.3189/002214355793702028) is frequently used in glaciology. This solution assumes a linear change in surface velocity from a minimum value equal to minus the mass balance at the surface to zero at the bed. Here we show that this assumption of a linear velocity profile leads to large errors in the calculated temperature profile and especially in basal temperature. By prescribing a nonlinear power function of elevation above the bed for the vertical velocity profile arising from use of the Shallow Ice Approximation, we derive a new analytical solution for temperature. We show that the solution produces temperature profiles identical to numerical temperature solutions with the Shallow Ice Approximation vertical velocity near ice divides. We quantify the importance of strain heating and demonstrate that integrating the strain heating and adding it to the geothermal heat flux at the bed is a reasonable approximation for the interior regions. Our analytical solution does not include horizontal advection components, so we compare our solution with numerical solutions of a two‐dimensional advection‐diffusion model and assess the applicability and errors of the analytical solution away from the ice divide. We show that several parameters and assumptions impact the spatial extent of applicability of the new solution including surface mass balance rate and surface temperature lapse rate. We delineate regions of Greenland and Antarctica within which the analytical solution at any depth is likely within 2 K of the actual temperatures with horizontal advection.
Morphology and surface chemistry engineering toward pH-universal catalysts for hydrogen evolution at high current density
Authors: Luo Yuting , Tang Lei , Khan Usman , Yu Qiangmin , Cheng Hui-Ming , Zou Xiaolong , Liu Bilu 
Published: January 2019

AbstractLarge-scale implementation of electrochemical hydrogen production requires several fundamental issues to be solved, including understanding the mechanism and developing inexpensive electrocatalysts that work well at high current densities. Here we address these challenges by exploring the roles of morphology and surface chemistry, and develop inexpensive and efficient electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution. Three model electrocatalysts are flat platinum foil, molybdenum disulfide microspheres, and molybdenum disulfide microspheres modified by molybdenum carbide nanoparticles. The last catalyst is highly active for hydrogen evolution independent of pH, with low overpotentials of 227 mV in acidic medium and 220 mV in alkaline medium at a high current density of 1000 mA cm−2, because of enhanced transfer of mass (reactants and hydrogen bubbles) and fast reaction kinetics due to surface oxygen groups formed on molybdenum carbide during hydrogen evolution. Our work may guide rational design of electrocatalysts that work well at high current densities.
Control of triboelectric charges on common polymers by photoexcitation of organic dyes
Authors: Cezan S. Doruk , Nalbant Atakan A. , Buyuktemiz Muhammed , Dede Yavuz , Baytekin H. Tarik , Baytekin Bilge 
Published: January 2019

AbstractTriboelectric charging of insulators, also known as contact charging in which electrical charges develop on surfaces upon contact, is a significant problem that is especially critical for various industries such as polymers, pharmaceuticals, electronics, and space. Several methods of tribocharge mitigation exist in practice; however, none can reach the practicality of using light in the process. Here we show a light-controlled manipulation of triboelectric charges on common polymers, in which the tribocharges are mitigated upon illumination with appropriate wavelengths of light in presence of a mediator organic dye. Our method provides spatial and temporal control of mitigation of static charges on common polymer surfaces by a mechanism that involves photoexcitation of organic dyes, which also allows additional control using wavelength. This control over charge mitigation provides a way to manipulate macroscopic objects by tribocharging followed by light-controlled discharging.
LUBAC controls chromosome alignment by targeting CENP-E to attached kinetochores
Authors: Wu Min , Chang Yan , Hu Huaibin , Mu Rui , Zhang Yucheng , Qin Xuanhe , Duan Xiaotao , Li Weihua , Tu Haiqing , Zhang Weina , Wang Guang , Han Qiuying , Li Ailing , Zhou Tao , Iwai Kazuhiro , Zhang Xuemin , Li Huiyan 
Published: January 2019

AbstractFaithful chromosome segregation requires proper chromosome congression at prometaphase and dynamic maintenance of the aligned chromosomes at metaphase. Chromosome missegregation can result in aneuploidy, birth defects and cancer. The kinetochore-bound KMN network and the kinesin motor CENP-E are critical for kinetochore-microtubule attachment and chromosome stability. The linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex (LUBAC) attaches linear ubiquitin chains to substrates, with well-established roles in immune response. Here, we identify LUBAC as a key player of chromosome alignment during mitosis. LUBAC catalyzes linear ubiquitination of the kinetochore motor CENP-E, which is specifically required for the localization of CENP-E at attached kinetochores, but not unattached ones. KNL1 acts as a receptor of linear ubiquitin chains to anchor CENP-E at attached kinetochores in prometaphase and metaphase. Thus, linear ubiquitination promotes chromosome congression and dynamic chromosome alignment by coupling the dynamic kinetochore microtubule receptor CENP-E to the static one, the KMN network.
Computationally efficient design of directionally compliant metamaterials
Authors: Shaw Lucas A. , Sun Frederick , Portela Carlos M. , Barranco Rodolfo I. , Greer Julia R. , Hopkins Jonathan B. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractDesigning mechanical metamaterials is overwhelming for most computational approaches because of the staggering number and complexity of flexible elements that constitute their architecture—particularly if these elements don’t repeat in periodic patterns or collectively occupy irregular bulk shapes. We introduce an approach, inspired by the freedom and constraint topologies (FACT) methodology, that leverages simplified assumptions to enable the design of such materials with ~6 orders of magnitude greater computational efficiency than other approaches (e.g., topology optimization). Metamaterials designed using this approach are called directionally compliant metamaterials (DCMs) because they manifest prescribed compliant directions while possessing high stiffness in all other directions. Since their compliant directions are governed by both macroscale shape and microscale architecture, DCMs can be engineered with the necessary design freedom to facilitate arbitrary form and unprecedented anisotropy. Thus, DCMs show promise as irregularly shaped flexure bearings, compliant prosthetics, morphing structures, and soft robots.
Publisher Correction: Novel pleiotropic risk loci for melanoma and nevus density implicate multiple biological pathways
Authors: Duffy David L. , Zhu Gu , Li Xin , Sanna Marianna , Iles Mark M. , Jacobs Leonie C. , Evans David M. , Yazar Seyhan , Beesley Jonathan , Law Matthew H. , Kraft Peter , Visconti Alessia , Taylor John C. , Liu Fan , Wright Margaret J. , Henders Anjali K. , Bowdler Lisa , Glass Dan , Ikram M. Arfan , Uitterlinden André G. , Madden Pamela A. , Heath Andrew C. , Nelson Elliot C. , Green Adele C. , Chanock Stephen , Barrett Jennifer H. , Brown Matthew A. , Hayward Nicholas K. , MacGregor Stuart , Sturm Richard A. , Hewitt Alex W. ,   Melanoma GWAS Consortium, Lee Jeffrey E. , Brossard Myriam , Moses Eric K. , Song Fengju , Kumar Rajiv , Easton Douglas F. , Pharoah Paul D. P. , Swerdlow Anthony J. , Kypreou Katerina P. , Harland Mark , Randerson-Moor Juliette , Akslen Lars A. , Andresen Per A. , Avril Marie-Françoise , Azizi Esther , Scarrà Giovanna Bianchi , Brown Kevin M. , Dębniak Tadeusz , Elder David E. , Fang Shenying , Friedman Eitan , Galan Pilar , Ghiorzo Paola , Gillanders Elizabeth M. , Goldstein Alisa M. , Gruis Nelleke A. , Hansson Johan , Helsing Per , Hočevar Marko , Höiom Veronica , Ingvar Christian , Kanetsky Peter A. , Chen Wei V. , Landi Maria Teresa , Lang Julie , Lathrop G. Mark , Lubiński Jan , Mackie Rona M. , Mann Graham J. , Molven Anders , Novaković Srdjan , Olsson Håkan , Puig Susana , Puig-Butille Joan Anton , Radford-Smith Graham L. , van der Stoep Nienke , van Doorn Remco , Whiteman David C. , Craig Jamie E. , Schadendorf Dirk , Simms Lisa A. , Burdon Kathryn P. , Nyholt Dale R. , Pooley Karen A. , Orr Nicholas , Stratigos Alexander J. , Cust Anne E. , Ward Sarah V. , Schulze Hans-Joachim , Dunning Alison M. , Demenais Florence , Amos Christopher I. , Kayser Manfred , Hunter David J. , Newton Bishop Julia A. , Spector Timothy D. , Montgomery Grant W. , Mackey David A. , Smith George Davey , Nijsten Tamar E. , Bishop D. Timothy , Bataille Veronique , Falchi Mario , Han Jiali , Martin Nicholas G. 
Published: January 2019

The original version of this Article contained errors in the spelling of the authors Fan Liu and M. Arfan Ikram, which were incorrectly given as Fan Lui and Arfan M. Ikram. In addition, the original version of this Article also contained errors in the author affiliations which are detailed in the associated Publisher Correction.
Prefrontal mechanisms combining rewards and beliefs in human decision-making
Authors: Rouault Marion , Drugowitsch Jan , Koechlin Etienne 
Published: January 2019

AbstractIn uncertain and changing environments, optimal decision-making requires integrating reward expectations with probabilistic beliefs about reward contingencies. Little is known, however, about how the prefrontal cortex (PFC), which subserves decision-making, combines these quantities. Here, using computational modelling and neuroimaging, we show that the ventromedial PFC encodes both reward expectations and proper beliefs about reward contingencies, while the dorsomedial PFC combines these quantities and guides choices that are at variance with those predicted by optimal decision theory: instead of integrating reward expectations with beliefs, the dorsomedial PFC built context-dependent reward expectations commensurable to beliefs and used these quantities as two concurrent appetitive components, driving choices. This neural mechanism accounts for well-known risk aversion effects in human decision-making. The results reveal that the irrationality of human choices commonly theorized as deriving from optimal computations over false beliefs, actually stems from suboptimal neural heuristics over rational beliefs about reward contingencies.
A genome-wide CRISPR screen identifies N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate transferase as a potential antiviral target for Ebola virus
Authors: Flint Mike , Chatterjee Payel , Lin David L. , McMullan Laura K. , Shrivastava-Ranjan Punya , Bergeron Éric , Lo Michael K. , Welch Stephen R. , Nichol Stuart T. , Tai Andrew W. , Spiropoulou Christina F. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThere are no approved therapies for Ebola virus infection. Here, to find potential therapeutic targets, we perform a screen for genes essential for Ebola virus (EBOV) infection. We identify GNPTAB, which encodes the α and β subunits of N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate transferase. We show that EBOV infection of a GNPTAB knockout cell line is impaired, and that this is reversed by reconstituting GNPTAB expression. Fibroblasts from patients with mucolipidosis II, a disorder associated with mutations in GNPTAB, are refractory to EBOV, whereas cells from their healthy parents support infection. Impaired infection correlates with loss of the expression of cathepsin B, known to be essential for EBOV entry. GNPTAB activity is dependent upon proteolytic cleavage by the SKI-1/S1P protease. Inhibiting this protease with the small-molecule PF-429242 blocks EBOV entry and infection. Disruption of GNPTAB function may represent a strategy for a host-targeted therapy for EBOV.
Characterization of the Src-regulated kinome identifies SGK1 as a key mediator of Src-induced transformation
Authors: Ma Xiuquan , Zhang Luxi , Song Jiangning , Nguyen Elizabeth , Lee Rachel S. , Rodgers Samuel J. , Li Fuyi , Huang Cheng , Schittenhelm Ralf B. , Chan Howard , Chheang Chanly , Wu Jianmin , Brown Kristin K. , Mitchell Christina A. , Simpson Kaylene J. , Daly Roger J. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractDespite significant progress, our understanding of how specific oncogenes transform cells is still limited and likely underestimates the complexity of downstream signalling events. To address this gap, we use mass spectrometry-based chemical proteomics to characterize the global impact of an oncogene on the expressed kinome, and then functionally annotate the regulated kinases. As an example, we identify 63 protein kinases exhibiting altered expression and/or phosphorylation in Src-transformed mammary epithelial cells. An integrated siRNA screen identifies nine kinases, including SGK1, as being essential for Src-induced transformation. Accordingly, we find that Src positively regulates SGK1 expression in triple negative breast cancer cells, which exhibit a prominent signalling network governed by Src family kinases. Furthermore, combined inhibition of Src and SGK1 reduces colony formation and xenograft growth more effectively than either treatment alone. Therefore, this approach not only provides mechanistic insights into oncogenic transformation but also aids the design of improved therapeutic strategies.
CRISPR analysis suggests that small circular single-stranded DNA smacoviruses infect Archaea instead of humans
Authors: Díez-Villaseñor César , Rodriguez-Valera Francisco 
Published: January 2019

AbstractSmacoviridae is a family of small (~2.5 Kb) CRESS-DNA (Circular Rep Encoding Single-Stranded (ss) DNA) viruses. These viruses have been found in faeces, were thought to infect eukaryotes and are suspected to cause gastrointestinal disease in humans. CRISPR-Cas systems are adaptive immune systems in prokaryotes, wherein snippets of genomes from invaders are stored as spacers that are interspersed between a repeated CRISPR sequence. Here we report several spacer sequences in the faecal archaeon Candidatus Methanomassiliicoccus intestinalis matching smacoviruses, implicating the archaeon as a firm candidate for a host. This finding may be relevant to understanding the potential origin of smacovirus-associated human diseases. Our results support that CRESS-DNA viruses can infect non-eukaryotes, which would mean that smacoviruses are the viruses with the smallest genomes to infect prokaryotes known to date. A probable target strand bias suggests that, in addition to double-stranded DNA, the CRISPR-Cas system can target ssDNA.
Cellular geometry scaling ensures robust division site positioning
Authors: Gu Ying , Oliferenko Snezhana 
Published: January 2019

AbstractCells of a specific cell type may divide within a certain size range. Yet, functionally optimal cellular organization is typically maintained across different cell sizes, a phenomenon known as scaling. The mechanisms underlying scaling and its physiological significance remain elusive. Here we approach this problem by interfering with scaling in the rod-shaped fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces japonicus that relies on cellular geometry cues to position the division site. We show that S. japonicus uses the Cdc42 polarity module to adjust its geometry to changes in the cell size. When scaling is prevented resulting in abnormal cellular length-to-width aspect ratio, cells exhibit severe division site placement defects. We further show that despite the generally accepted view, a similar scaling phenomenon can occur in the sister species, Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Our results demonstrate that scaling is required for normal cell function and delineate possible rules for cellular geometry maintenance in populations of proliferating cells.
Light from van der Waals quantum tunneling devices
Authors: Parzefall Markus , Szabó Áron , Taniguchi Takashi , Watanabe Kenji , Luisier Mathieu , Novotny Lukas 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe understanding of and control over light emission from quantum tunneling has challenged researchers for more than four decades due to the intricate interplay of electrical and optical properties in atomic scale volumes. Here we introduce a device architecture that allows for the disentanglement of electronic and photonic pathways—van der Waals quantum tunneling devices. The electronic properties are defined by a stack of two-dimensional atomic crystals whereas the optical properties are controlled via an external photonic architecture. In van der Waals heterostructures made of gold, hexagonal boron nitride and graphene we find that inelastic tunneling results in the emission of photons and surface plasmon polaritons. By coupling these heterostructures to optical nanocube antennas we achieve resonant enhancement of the photon emission rate in narrow frequency bands by four orders of magnitude. Our results lead the way towards a new generation of nanophotonic devices that are driven by quantum tunneling.
Resilience of the Eastern African electricity sector to climate driven changes in hydropower generation
Authors: Sridharan Vignesh , Broad Oliver , Shivakumar Abhishek , Howells Mark , Boehlert Brent , Groves David G. , Rogner H-Holger , Taliotis Constantinos , Neumann James E. , Strzepek Kenneth M. , Lempert Robert , Joyce Brian , Huber-Lee Annette , Cervigni Raffaello 
Published: January 2019

AbstractNotwithstanding current heavy dependence on gas-fired electricity generation in the Eastern African Power Pool (EAPP), hydropower is expected to play an essential role in improving electricity access in the region. Expansion planning of electricity infrastructure is critical to support investment and maintaining balanced consumer electricity prices. Variations in water availability due to a changing climate could leave hydro infrastructure stranded or result in underutilization of available resources. In this study, we develop a framework consisting of long-term models for electricity supply and water systems management, to assess the vulnerability of potential expansion plans to the effects of climate change. We find that the most resilient EAPP rollout strategy corresponds to a plan optimised for a slightly wetter climate compared to historical trends. This study demonstrates that failing to climate-proof infrastructure investments can result in significant electricity price fluctuations in selected countries (Uganda & Tanzania) while others, such as Egypt, are less vulnerable.
Towards artificial intelligence in mental health by improving schizophrenia prediction with multiple brain parcellation ensemble-learning
Authors: Kalmady Sunil Vasu , Greiner Russell , Agrawal Rimjhim , Shivakumar Venkataram , Narayanaswamy Janardhanan C. , Brown Matthew R. G. , Greenshaw Andrew J , Dursun Serdar M , Venkatasubramanian Ganesan 
Published: January 2019

AbstractIn the literature, there are substantial machine learning attempts to classify schizophrenia based on alterations in resting-state (RS) brain patterns using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Most earlier studies modelled patients undergoing treatment, entailing confounding with drug effects on brain activity, and making them less applicable to real-world diagnosis at the point of first medical contact. Further, most studies with classification accuracies >80% are based on small sample datasets, which may be insufficient to capture the heterogeneity of schizophrenia, limiting generalization to unseen cases. In this study, we used RS fMRI data collected from a cohort of antipsychotic drug treatment-naive patients meeting DSM IV criteria for schizophrenia (N = 81) as well as age- and sex-matched healthy controls (N = 93). We present an ensemble model -- EMPaSchiz (read as ‘Emphasis’; standing for ‘Ensemble algorithm with Multiple Parcellations for Schizophrenia prediction’) that stacks predictions from several ‘single-source’ models, each based on features of regional activity and functional connectivity, over a range of different a priori parcellation schemes. EMPaSchiz yielded a classification accuracy of 87% (vs. chance accuracy of 53%), which out-performs earlier machine learning models built for diagnosing schizophrenia using RS fMRI measures modelled on large samples (N > 100). To our knowledge, EMPaSchiz is first to be reported that has been trained and validated exclusively on data from drug-naive patients diagnosed with schizophrenia. The method relies on a single modality of MRI acquisition and can be readily scaled-up without needing to rebuild parcellation maps from incoming training images.
Rapeseed protein-derived peptides, LY, RALP, and GHS, modulates key enzymes and intermediate products of renin–angiotensin system pathway in spontaneously hypertensive rat
Authors: He Rong , Yang Yi-Jie , Wang Zhigao , Xing Chang-rui , Yuan Jian , Wang Li-Feng , Udenigwe Chibuike , Ju Xing-Rong 
Published: January 2019

AbstractRapeseed proteins are a rich source of bioactive peptides. LY, RALP and GHS were previously identified from rapeseed protein hydrolysates as potent ACE and renin inhibiting peptides. In this study, the rapeseed peptides were individually evaluated for their molecular mechanisms and regulatory effects on components of the renin–angiotensin system in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), including the mRNA and/or protein levels of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), renin, ACE2, angiotensin II and angiotensin-(1–7) in myocardial tissues. Oral administration of 30 mg peptides/kg body weight every 2 days for five weeks significantly decreased the systolic blood pressure and the myocardial mRNA and protein levels of ACE and renin in SHR. LY, RALP and GHS also increased the expression of ACE2, angiotensin-(1-7) and Mas receptor levels, which may have mediated their antihypertensive activity. Dipeptide LY also inhibited angiotensin II protein expression in the heart tissue. Taken together, the finding demonstrates the multi-target physiological effects of the rapeseed peptides, beyond ACE and renin inhibition, which enhances knowledge of the antihypertensive mechanisms of food protein-derived peptides.