bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
To plug‐in or not to plug‐in? Geomorphic analysis of rivers using the River Styles Framework in an era of big data acquisition and automation
Authors: Fryirs Kirstie A. , Wheaton Joseph M. , Bizzi Simone , Williams Richard , Brierley Gary J. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIn an era of big‐data acquisition and semiautomation of geomorphic river surveys, it is timely to consider how to better integrate this into existing and widely used conceptual frameworks and approaches to analysis. We demonstrate how Stage 1 of the River Styles Framework, which entails identification and interpretation of river character and behavior, patterns and controls, can be used as a “powerboard” into which available, developing and future semiautomated tools and workflows can be plugged (or unplugged). Prospectively, such approaches will increase the efficiency and scope of analyses, providing unprecedented insights into the diversity of rivers and their morphodynamics. We appraise the role of human decision‐making in conducting expert‐manual analyses and interpretations. Genuine integration of big‐data analytics, remote‐sensing based tools for semiautomated river analysis with expert‐manual interpretations including field insights, will be an essential ingredient to fully exploit emerging computational and remote sensing technologies to advance our understanding of river systems, to translate information into knowledge, and raise the standards of practice in river science and management.This article is categorized under:Water and Life > Conservation, Management, and AwarenessWater and Life >MethodsEngineering Water > Planning WaterEngineering Water > Sustainable Engineering of Water
Impact of Timeliness of Surgical Treatment on the Outcomes of Patients with Non‐metastatic Non‐small Cell Lung Cancer: Findings From the PLCO Trial
Authors: Abdel‐Rahman Omar 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackgroundThis study aimed to assess the impact of timeliness of surgical resection among patients with non‐metastatic non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treated with upfront surgery.MethodsCases with confirmed non‐metastatic NSCLC diagnosis treated with upfront surgery within the cohort of participants in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial were included in the current study. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to assess factors predicting time from diagnosis to surgical resection. Multivariate Cox regression analysis was used to assess factors affecting lung cancer‐specific survival.ResultsA total of 1022 patients were included in the current analysis. A total of 873 patients underwent surgical resection within 30 days of diagnosis, while a total of 149 patients underwent surgical resection after 30 days from diagnosis. Through multivariate logistic regression analysis, the following factors were predictive for longer time to surgical resection: older age (odds ratio 1.077; 1.043–1.112; P <  0.001) and advanced stage at presentation (odds ratio 1.923; 1.056–3.502; P = 0.033). Through multivariate Cox regression analysis, time to surgical resection (≤30 days vs. >30 days) did not affect lung cancer‐specific survival (hazard ratio 0.999; 0.739–1.350; P = 0.994). When the same multivariate analysis was repeated using time to surgical resection as a continuous variable, there was no impact on lung cancer‐specific survival (hazard ratio 1.002; 0.997–1.007; P = 0.383).ConclusionsTime to surgical resection did not affect survival outcomes of non‐metastatic NSCLC patients. Current therapy timeline targets need to be reviewed in our healthcare systems in order to redirect and prioritize the existing resources.
Posterior Malleolus Fracture Displacement is Associated with Rotational Ankle Fracture Stability in Patients without Medial Malleolar Fractures
Authors: Levack Ashley E. , Gausden Elizabeth B. , Dvorzhinskiy Aleksey , Wellman David S. , Lorich Dean G. 
Published: July 2019

Background The optimal method for the determination of ankle stability remains controversial in rotational ankle fractures without medial bony injury. Questions/Purposes The purposes of this study were to (1) evaluate whether posterior malleolar (PM) fracture displacement is associated with deltoid ligament injury in supination-external rotation (SER) ankle fractures and (2) compare the diagnostic accuracy of PM displacement and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evaluation of the deep deltoid ligament in identifying fractures with deltoid ligament incompetence. Methods Patients with rotational bimalleolar injuries containing lateral malleolar and PM fractures without bony medial injury were included. After operative lateral and PM fixation, an external rotation stress test was performed to evaluate deltoid ligament stability. Operative dictations were reviewed to confirm injury pattern, stability on stress test, and visual inspection of the deltoid ligament. Maximum PM displacement was assessed on lateral X-ray. Pre-operative MRI of the ankle was performed following closed reduction and splinting. Results The final cohort consisted of 13 trimalleolar equivalent fractures (torn deltoid ligament) and 20 bimalleolar fractures (medial malleolus and deltoid ligament intact). Average PM displacement was significantly higher for SER trimalleolar equivalent patterns when measured on lateral X-ray. The sensitivity of detecting trimalleolar equivalent fracture was higher on all reported X-ray findings than the sensitivity obtained by the reported MRI findings of deltoid ligament injury. Conclusion PM displacement on X-ray is a useful adjuvant along with external rotation stress radiography and MRI evaluation of deep deltoid integrity to distinguish between stable and unstable fracture patterns and thus helps facilitate treatment decisions.
Determining the optimum concentration of multiwalled carbon nanotubes as filtrate loss additive in field-applicable mud systems
Authors: Okoro Emeka E. , Zuokumor Anita A. , Okafor Ikechukwu S. , Igwilo Kevin C. , Orodu Kale B. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIn a bid to combat fluid loss in muds where the effects of high downhole temperatures have pronounced effects on conventional fluid loss additives, several materials have over time been evaluated. One of such materials is the multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). Most studies in the literature limit the scope of their investigation to how the MWCNT affects mud rheology when added in minute concentrations (0.01–1 ppb). In this study, however, the performance of high concentrations (0.5–3 ppb) of multiwall carbon nanotubes as fluid loss control additives in field-applicable mud systems was put to the test. The essence was to establish an optimal concentration useful for field applications. The degree to which the introduction of varying concentrations of the MWCNT altered the muds capacity to control filter loss was the cardinal areas evaluated. The following are the major outcomes of the experimental study: The plastic viscosity, the yield point and the gel strengths showed a progressive increase as the concentration of the MWCNT in the mud increased for both the water- and oil-based muds. However, an optimum concentration of 2 ppb was observed for the water-based mud. For the filter loss tests on the oil-based mud, the results indicate that low concentrations (0.5 ppb) of the MWCNT led to high filter loss volumes (15 ml), but an increase up to 2.5 ppb reduced the margin of the filter loss volume by 52% (7 ml) from the initial value and a 50% decrease for the standard case. In the case of the water-based mud, equivalent amounts of MWCNT recorded less fluid loss than the standard. A moderately hard and firm cake was reported for all concentrations of the standard and MWCNT for the water- and oil-based muds; however, their cake thickness values were 2 mm and 1 mm for the water- and the oil-based muds, respectively.
Child maltreatment prevention readiness in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries
Authors: Eissa Majid Al , Saleheen Hassan N. , Almuneef Maha , Saadoon Muna Al , Alkhawari Mona , Almidfa Aisha , Almahroos Fadheela 
Published: July 2019

Background and Objectives
Child maltreatment (CM) is a global public health problem that has received growing attention over the past five decades. There have been many recent advances in child maltreatment prevention (CMP). The objective of this study is to assess CMP readiness to implement large-scale evidence-based CMP programs in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries.

Methods
This cross-sectional study (n = 244) was conducted in the GCC countries. Participants were key decision makers and senior managers in the field of CM. The Readiness Assessment for the Prevention of Child Maltreatment (RAP-CM) was used to assess 10 dimensions of CMP readiness.

Results
The key informants gave CMP readiness scores of 47.8 out of 100. Four of the dimensions (knowledge of CMP; legislation, mandates, and policies; institutional resources and links; and informal social resources) had high readiness scores (≥5), while six dimensions (attitudes towards CMP; scientific data on CMP; current program implementation and evaluation; will to address the problem; material resources; and human and technical resources) had low readiness scores (<5).

Conclusion
GCC countries have moderate-to-fair readiness to implement large-scale evidence-based CMP programs. Strengthening their material, human, and technical resources, and improving the quality of scientific data, collaboration, and attitudes towards CMP are required to improve each country's readiness.
The Significance of a Cooperative Medical System for Treating Decompression Illness on the Izu Peninsula in Japan
Authors: Yanagawa Youichi , Onitsuka Mika , Nozawa Yoko , Nagasawa Hiroki , Ikuto Takeuchi , Jitsuiki Kei , Madokoro Shunsuke , Ohsaka Hiromichi , Ishikawa Kouhei , Omori Kazuhiko 
Published: July 2019

Introduction In 2011, our hospital on the Izu peninsula began to hold meetings to discuss how to manage patients with decompression illness (DCI) to establish a cooperative medical system. We retrospectively investigated the influence of these meetings and the changes subsequently effected. Methods A medical chart review was retrospectively performed to investigate all cases between January 2005 and December 2017 in which the transport of patients with DCI via a physician-staffed helicopter emergency medical service (HEMS) was attempted. The patients were divided into 2 groups: the preprogram group and the postprogram group. Results There were 63 patients in the preprogram group and 65 in the postprogram group. There were no cases in which a patient's symptoms deteriorated during transportation by the HEMS. The frequency of dispatch to the scene for direct evacuation in the postprogram group (86%) was greater than that in the preprogram group (74%), but the difference was not statistically significant ( P=0.09). In the postprogram group, the duration of activities at the scene or the first aid hospital was significantly shorter in comparison to the preprogram group ( P=0.01). Conclusions This retrospective study revealed simultaneity between the introduction of the yearly meetings and a reduced duration of the HEMS staff's activity at either the scene or the first aid hospital.
The economic average cost Brownian control problem
Authors: Matoglu Melda Ormeci , Vate John H. Vande , Yu Haiyue 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIn this paper we introduce and solve a generalization of the classic average cost Brownian control problem in which a system manager dynamically controls the drift rate of a diffusion process X. At each instant, the system manager chooses the drift rate from a pair {u, v} of available rates and can invoke instantaneous controls either to keep X from falling or to keep it from rising. The objective is to minimize the long-run average cost consisting of holding or delay costs, processing costs, costs for invoking instantaneous controls, and fixed costs for changing the drift rate. We provide necessary and sufficient conditions on the cost parameters to ensure the problem admits a finite optimal solution. When it does, a simple control band policy specifying economic buffer sizes (α, Ω) and up to two switching points is optimal. The controller should invoke instantaneous controls to keep X in the interval (α, Ω). A policy with no switching points relies on a single drift rate exclusively. When there is no cost to change the drift rate, a policy with a single switching point s indicates that the controller should change to the slower drift rate when X exceeds s and use the faster drift rate otherwise. When there is a cost to change the drift rate, a policy with two switching points s &lt; S indicates that the controller should maintain the faster drift rate until X exceeds S and maintain the slower drift rate until X falls below s.
The spread of fire on a random multigraph
Authors: Goldschmidt Christina , KreačIć Eleonora 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWe study a model for the destruction of a random network by fire. Suppose that we are given a multigraph of minimum degree at least 2 having real-valued edge lengths. We pick a uniform point from along the length and set it alight; the edges of the multigraph burn at speed 1. If the fire reaches a vertex of degree 2, the fire gets directly passed on to the neighbouring edge; a vertex of degree at least 3, however, passes the fire either to all of its neighbours or none, each with probability ${\textstyle{1 \over 2}}$. If the fire goes out before the whole network is burnt, we again set fire to a uniform point. We are interested in the number of fires which must be set in order to burn the whole network, and the number of points which are burnt from two different directions. We analyse these quantities for a random multigraph having n vertices of degree 3 and α(n) vertices of degree 4, where α(n)/n → 0 as n → ∞, with independent and identically distributed standard exponential edge lengths. Depending on whether $\alpha(n) \gg \sqrt{n}$ or $\alpha(n)=O(\sqrt{n})$, we prove that, as n → ∞, these quantities converge jointly in distribution when suitably rescaled to either a pair of constants or to (complicated) functionals of Brownian motion. We use our analysis of this model to make progress towards a conjecture of Aronson, Frieze and Pittel (1998) concerning the number of vertices which remain unmatched when we use the Karp–Sipser algorithm to find a matching on the Erdős–Rényi random graph.
One-sided solutions for optimal stopping problems with logconcave reward functions
Authors: Lin Yi-Shen , Yao Yi-Ching 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIn the literature on optimal stopping, the problem of maximizing the expected discounted reward over all stopping times has been explicitly solved for some special reward functions (including (x+)ν, (ex − K)+, (K − e− x)+, x ∈ ℝ, ν ∈ (0, ∞), and K &gt; 0) under general random walks in discrete time and Lévy processes in continuous time (subject to mild integrability conditions). All such reward functions are continuous, increasing, and logconcave while the corresponding optimal stopping times are of threshold type (i.e. the solutions are one-sided). In this paper we show that all optimal stopping problems with increasing, logconcave, and right-continuous reward functions admit one-sided solutions for general random walks and Lévy processes, thereby generalizing the aforementioned results. We also investigate in detail the principle of smooth fit for Lévy processes when the reward function is increasing and logconcave.
Moment bounds of PH distributions with infinite or finite support based on the steepest increase property
Authors: He Qi-Ming , Horváth Gábor , Horváth Illés , Telek Miklós 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe steepest increase property of phase-type (PH) distributions was first proposed in O’Cinneide (1999) and proved in O’Cinneide (1999) and Yao (2002), but since then has received little attention in the research community. In this work we demonstrate that the steepest increase property can be applied for proving previously unknown moment bounds of PH distributions with infinite or finite support. Of special interest are moment bounds free of specific PH representations except the size of the representation. For PH distributions with infinite support, it is shown that such a PH distribution is stochastically smaller than or equal to an Erlang distribution of the same size. For PH distributions with finite support, a class of distributions which was introduced and investigated in Ramaswami and Viswanath (2014), it is shown that the squared coefficient of variation of a PH distribution with finite support is greater than or equal to 1/(m(m + 2)), where m is the size of its PH representation.
ETA-RULES IN MARTIN-LÖF TYPE THEORY
Authors: KLEV ANSTEN 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe eta rule for a set A says that an arbitrary element of A is judgementally identical to an element of constructor form. Eta rules are not part of what may be called canonical Martin-Löf type theory. They are, however, justified by the meaning explanations, and a higher order eta rule is part of that type theory. The main aim of this article is to clarify this somewhat puzzling situation. It will be argued that lower order eta rules do not, whereas the higher order eta rule does, accord with the understanding of judgemental identity as definitional identity. A subsidiary aim is to clarify precisely what an eta rule is. This will involve showing how such rules relate to various other notions of type theory, proof theory, and category theory.
Problems of Developing the Pleistocene Radiocarbon Chronology within high Mountain Terranes by the Example of Russian Altai
Authors: Agatova Anna , Nepop Roman , Zazovskaya Elya , Ovchinnikov Ivan , Moska Piotr 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACTThe paper presents a discussion of 24 radiocarbon (14C) dates of organic material from deposits of various genesis within the intermountain depressions and valleys of the Russian Altai. These apparent14C ages (sometimes near the upper time limit of the14C dating method) contradict to other proxy data and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dates. Rejuvenation of ancient deposits by14C dating encountered two problems: (1) wrong interpretation of previously unknown near-surface location of Tertiary deposits as being of the Pleistocene ones with the redeposited ancient flora; and (2) wrong age estimation of the Pleistocene-Holocene deposits with redeposited Carboniferous, Jurassic, and Neogene organic material, which is represented as inclusions. Significant scattering of14C ages, their inversion within a section, and discrepancy with other proxy data indicate penetrating of the “young” carbon into ancient organic material, and its presence in a unique (for each sample) ratio. Today such contamination cannot be eliminated utilizing standard pre-treatment techniques. The influx of “young” carbon is related to post-sedimentation tectonic and exogenous processes, which are common for tectonically active mountain provinces including Altai. The reported problem is not a new one, although methodological studies in the Russian Altai have not yet been carried out earlier.
‘X-rays don't tell lies’: the Medical Research Council and the measurement of respiratory disability, 1936–1945
Authors: MCGUIRE COREEN 
Published: July 2019

AbstractDuring the first half of the twentieth century, the mining industry in Britain was subject to recurrent disputes about the risk to miners’ lungs from coal dust, moderated by governmental, industrial, medical and mining bodies. In this environment, precise measurements offered a way to present uncontested objective knowledge. By accessing primary source material from the National Archives, the South Wales Miners Library and the University of Bristol's Special Collections, I demonstrate the importance that the British Medical Research Council (MRC) attached to standardized instrumental measures as proof of objectivity, and explore the conflict between objective and subjective measures of health. Examination of the MRC's use of spirometry in their investigation of pneumoconiosis (miner's lung) from 1936 to 1945 will shed light on this conflict and illuminate the politics inherent in attempts to quantify disability and categorize standards of health.
Reduced-fat Frescal sheep milk cheese with inulin: a first report about technological aspects and sensory evaluation
Authors: Borges Joyce Valle , de Souza José Augusto , Fagnani Rafael , Nobre Costa Giselle , Sifuentes dos Santos Joice 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis research paper aimed to evaluate the role of inulin as a fat replacer on the quality of Frescal sheep milk cheese. Sheep milk and its derivatives are a promising niche in the dairy industry, mainly due to increasing interest of consumers in diversified products. Three Frescal sheep milk cheese formulations, namely whole milk cheese (WMC), semi-skimmed cheese (SSC) and semi-skimmed cheese with 5 g/100 g inulin (SSCI) were prepared. Their composition was evaluated and the feasibility of using inulin as a fat substitute was investigated. SSC and SSCI were considered ‘reduced fat’ or ‘reduced calorie’ products. The addition of inulin to SSCI cheeses yielded textural parameters (firmness, adhesiveness, cohesiveness, and gumminess) with intermediate characteristics between SSC and WMC. All the formulations presented scores higher than 7.6 in sensory analysis. In conclusion, the use of inulin in semi-skimmed sheep cheese allowed the production of cheese with texturizing properties similar to whole milk sheep cheese, enabling the development of a foodstuff with lower caloric content and beneficial characteristics valued by consumers.
In dual-purpose subtropical goats, 1 h of extra-light given from 16 to 17 h after dawn (pulse of light) in winter stimulates milk yield
Authors: Mendieta Edwin S , Flores Manuel de J , Delgadillo José A , Flores José A , Bedos Marie , Zarazaga Luís A , Avilés Ricardo , Terrazas Angélica , Vielma Jesús , Duarte Gerardo , Hernández Horacio 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis research communication addresses the hypothesis that in dual-purpose goats, exposure to 1 h of extra-light given from 16 to 17 h after dawn (pulse of light) in winter stimulates milk yield. One group of goats was maintained under natural short photoperiod (natural day; ND (n = 7)). Another group of lactating females was submitted to an artificial long-day photoperiod consisting of 16 h light and 8 h darkness (long days; LD (n = 7)). A third group of females received one single hour of extra-light 16 h after the fixed dawn (pulse of light; PL (n = 6)). Goats from LD and PL yielded 30% more milk than goats from ND. Mean percentages of fat, protein and lactose contents in milk did not differ between the 3 groups at any stage of lactation, but these components in grams/day were higher in goats from PL than in the others two groups within the first 45 d of lactation. In conclusion, dual-purpose lactating goats that started their lactation during natural short days, the daily exposition to a 1-h pulse of light is sufficient to stimulate milk yield compared to females maintained under natural short photoperiod.