bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Projecting impacts of global climate and land‐use scenarios on plant biodiversity using compositional‐turnover modelling
Authors: Di Marco Moreno , Harwood Tom D. , Hoskins Andrew J. , Ware Chris , Hill Samantha L. L. , Ferrier Simon 
Published: April 2019

AbstractNations have committed to ambitious conservation targets in response to accelerating rates of global biodiversity loss. Anticipating future impacts is essential to inform policy decisions for achieving these targets, but predictions need to be of sufficiently high spatial resolution to forecast the local effects of global change. As part of the intercomparison of biodiversity and ecosystem services models of the Intergovernmental Science‐Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, we present a fine‐resolution assessment of trends in the persistence of global plant biodiversity. We coupled generalized dissimilarity models, fitted to >52 million records of >254 thousand plant species, with the species–area relationship, to estimate the effect of land‐use and climate change on global biodiversity persistence. We estimated that the number of plant species committed to extinction over the long term has increased by 60% globally between 1900 and 2015 (from ~10,000 to ~16,000). This number is projected to decrease slightly by 2050 under the most optimistic scenario of land‐use change and to substantially increase (to ~18,000) under the most pessimistic scenario. This means that, in the absence of climate change, scenarios of sustainable socio‐economic development can potentially bring extinction risk back to pre‐2000 levels. Alarmingly, under all scenarios, the additional impact from climate change might largely surpass that of land‐use change. In this case, the estimated number of species committed to extinction increases by 3.7–4.5 times compared to land‐use‐only projections. African regions (especially central and southern) are expected to suffer some of the highest impacts into the future, while biodiversity decline in Southeast Asia (which has previously been among the highest globally) is projected to slow down. Our results suggest that environmentally sustainable land‐use planning alone might not be sufficient to prevent potentially dramatic biodiversity loss, unless a stabilization of climate to pre‐industrial times is observed.
Association of different bioimpedanciometry estimations of muscle mass with functional measures
Authors: Bahat Gulistan , Kilic Cihan , Ilhan Birkan , Karan Mehmet A , Cruz‐Jentoft Alfonso 
Published: April 2019

AimTo investigate the muscle mass adjustment technique that best correlates with functional measures.MethodsA cross‐sectional study was designed. Community‐dwelling older adults aged ≥60 years were assessed for body composition and functional measures between November 2012 and July 2017 in the geriatric outpatient clinic of a university hospital. Body composition was assessed with bioimpedance analysis. Skeletal muscle mass (SMM) was adjusted by height2, weight or body mass index (BMI). Functional and disability measures included handgrip strength assessed by a Jamar hydraulic hand dynamometer, gait speed by 4‐m usual gait speed, frailty by the Fatigue, Resistance, Ambulation, Illnesses and Loss of Weight scale score, activities of daily living (ADL) and instrumental ADL scores. Nutrition was evaluated by the Mini Nutritional Assessment – Short Form.ResultsA total of 1437 older adults (458 men, 979 women) with a mean age of 74.6 ± 7.0 years were included. The prevalences of low muscle mass were 2.4%, 47.8% and 20.3% when SMM was adjusted by height2, weight and BMI, respectively. Multivariate analyses adjusted for age, number of diseases, drugs and the Mini Nutritional Assessment – Short Form score revealed that when the SMM was adjusted by BMI, low muscle mass showed better associations with grip strength, gait speed, ADL, instrumental ADL and frailty than the height2 or the weight‐adjusted SMM.ConclusionsSMM adjustment by BMI to designate low muscle mass was better associated with functional and disability measures than adjustment by height2 and weight. The present results put forward the SMM index (by BMI) as the best adjustment method for SMM. These findings might be relevant for defining both sarcopenia and malnutrition. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2019; 19: 593–597.
Experiences of women with cervical dysplasia and associated diagnoses using electronic cigarettes for smoking substitution
Authors: James Shirley A. , Cheney Marshall K. , Smith Katie M. , Beebe Laura A. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractIntroductionThe aim of this qualitative study was to describe the motivation and experiences of women with cervical dysplasia and associated diagnoses who used electronic cigarettes (ECs) to reduce the number of cigarettes they smoked.MethodsQualitative interviews were conducted with 26 women aged 18‐65 years with cervical dysplasia and associated diagnoses who smoked at least three cigarettes daily for the past year or more and who enrolled in an intervention designed to substitute regular cigarettes with ECs. At the 12‐week follow‐up, patients were contacted by telephone. Semi‐structured interviews were recorded, then transcribed, coded and analysed for themes.ResultsWhen confronted with a new diagnosis associated with smoking, women in this study were eager to try ECs to help them reduce their intake of cigarettes. Women reported that physical cues similar to smoking, delivery of nicotine sufficient to assist with smoking reduction and the security of having the device available to use in instances where temptations to smoke may occur were all positive experiences in trying the device. Other women in the study reported negative experiences, such as a lack of sufficient nicotine to eliminate cravings, heaviness of the device and the need to keep it charged. Depression, nicotine addiction and habit were factors that made it difficult to decrease cigarette consumption.ConclusionsFindings suggest that ECs may help with smoking substitution in patients who must reduce smoking due to medical conditions or diagnoses.
Debt contract strictness and auditor specialization
Authors: Callahan Carolyn M. , Peters Gary F. , Zhang Joseph H. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe conflicts of interest among managers, shareholders and creditors resulting in agency costs, can be mitigated by restricting managers’ adverse behavior, through financial covenants to better align the various stakeholder interests. Thus, debt contract strictness represents an important aspect of agency costs between creditors, shareholders, and management that is not always captured by interest rates. The contract setting provides a unique opportunity to investigate how creditors may rely on auditors to alleviate information uncertainty stemming from reliance on management's financial reporting and thus alleviate the creditor's potential loss of invested capital. After controlling for borrower risks, loan characteristics, and audit factors, we show that auditor industry specialization is significantly associated with a reduction in the strictness of debt contracts, consistent with creditors viewing certain industry expert auditors as effective monitors against financial reporting manipulation aimed at the avoidance of debt covenant triggers that protect creditors against potential loss. Further, we find that the association between loan strictness and auditor specialization is attenuated by stronger corporate governance systems, external monitors, and prior lender relationships.
The shape of biogeography: Endemism, maps, and classification of fish distributions in the western Pacific
Authors: Parenti Lynne R. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractAimThe aim of this study is to describe and illustrate with maps the distribution and shape of biotic areas of endemism of fish clades in the western Pacific, including East Asia and Australasia. This study also depicts the allopatric or sympatric distributions of major subclades and makes general statements about the shared history among the areas using information provided by the shape of the distributions, phylogeny, and geology. This study also tests the hypothesis that Australasia is a locus of survival or differentiation for inferred “basal” subclades of global taxa.LocationWestern Pacific.TaxaTeleost fishes.MethodsClades are mapped to illustrate the shape of their distribution and to infer the shared relationships among distribution, phylogeny, and geology. Phylogenetic hypotheses for groups of taxa are converted into area cladograms which are used to summarize area relationships. This information is compared with that from other clades, ecology, and geology, to make general statements about the biogeographical history of the fish biota.ResultsThe distribution of each clade has an identifiable shape. The “basal” subclades of many widespread teleost fish taxa are endemic to the western Pacific, including East Asia and Australasia; hence, this is the inferred location of a principal vicariant event for each clade. The “basal” subclade and its sister clade may be allopatric and represent remnants of general distributional patterns. The distribution of a clade, including its geography and its relationship with a geographical or geological feature, conveys historical information about the clade and the area in which it evolved: its area of endemism. These features repeat in unrelated or distantly related taxa in the biota indicating a shared history.Main conclusionsThe western Pacific including East Asia and Australasia is a locus of survival or differentiation, the site of the principal breaks in the distribution, for an array of teleost clades. It is not their center of origin. Biology and geology should be integrated in biogeographical analyses. Modern distributions reflect remnants of once more widespread distributions. When biogeography acknowledges the connections and correlations between geology and biology, it implements a guiding principle of the work of Alexander von Humboldt.
Standardized sampling plan for Aphis gossypii based on the cotton cultivar, plant phenology and crop size
Authors: Araújo Tamíris A. , Araújo Lúcia Helena A. , Silva Nilson R. , Luz Carlos Eduardo A. , da Silva Ézio M. , Moreira Márcio D. , Suinaga Fábio A. , Picanço Marcelo C. , Bastos Cristina S. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractA standardized sampling plan is the starting point for developing a decision‐making system for pest control. Aphis gossypii (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is a destructive sap‐feeding pest on cotton worldwide. However, research addressing cotton cultivar, plant phenology and field size with the aim of developing a sampling plan for A. gossypii has not been done. Therefore, in this study, we developed a standardized sampling for A. gossypii as a function of these factors. To accomplish this, A. gossypii densities in four experimental cotton cultivars were sampled weekly during year one to determine the ideal aphid characteristic to sample (by individual or colony). During year one and two, A. gossypii densities were sampled weekly in the same cultivars to determine sampling unit, sampling technique and the number of samples for an A. gossypii sampling plan. Using the sample number determined, the sampling time was recorded for cotton field size of 1, 5, 10, 50, 100 and 150 ha in order to estimate the sampling cost. In cotton, the count of individuals was the best characteristic for the assessment of A. gossypii. Leaves of the most apical branches for the vegetative and reproductive cotton plant stage were the best sampling units. The best sampling technique was direct counting. The cotton cultivar did not affect the development of the sampling plan. The A. gossypii sampling plan involved the evaluation of 58 samples per zone and required 20 min (<0.35 min/sample) for the evaluation of these samples. However, the walking time between samples was the main factor responsible for the total sampling time and cost in cotton fields, and this factor strongly depends on the size of the cotton field.
Environmental niche patterns of native and non‐native fishes within an invaded African river system
Authors: Kadye Wilbert T. , Booth Anthony J. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractTo test ecological niche theory, this study investigated the spatial patterns and the environmental niches of native and non‐native fishes within the invaded Great Fish River system, South Africa. For the native fishes, there were contrasting environmental niche breadths that varied from being small to being large and overlapped for most species, except minnows that were restricted to headwater tributaries. In addition, there was high niche overlap in habitat association among fishes with similar distribution. It was therefore inferred that habitat filtering‐driven spatial organisation was important in explaining native species distribution patterns. In comparison, most non‐native fishes were found to have broad environmental niches and these fishes showed high tolerance to environmental conditions, which generally supported the niche opportunity hypothesis. The proliferation of multiple non‐native fishes in the mainstem section suggest that they form a functional assemblage that is probably facilitated by the anthropogenic modification of flow regimes through inter‐basin water transfer. Based on the distribution patterns observed in the study, it was inferred that there was a likelihood of negative interactions between native and non‐native fishes. Such effects are likely to be exacerbated by altered flow regime that was likely to have negative implications for native ichthyofauna.
Effect of dextran and enzymatically decomposed dextran on calcium carbonate precipitation
Authors: Abraham Karin , Splett Liza , Köster Elena , Flöter Eckhard 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe effect of dextran's molecular mass distribution (T40, T500, T2000, and enzymatically decomposed T2000) on the size and shape of calcium carbonate particles precipitated during carbonation, a step in the sugar manufacturing process, was investigated. Image analysis combined with size exclusion chromatography was used to distinguish harmful and harmless dextran sizes aiming at targeted mitigation of dextran‐related effects by dextranase. The data indicate that dextran with molecular masses above 10 kDa promotes agglomeration, indicated by an increase in particle projection area. This effect was especially found for broadly distributed intermediate but rather low molecular mass dextran (10–85 kDa). Based on particle shape data, the agglomeration of calcium carbonate crystals in the absence and in the presence of low molecular mass dextran (<85 kDa) appears to be oriented and similar to each other. In contrast, the data suggest that high molecular mass dextran (>85 kDa) promotes nonoriented agglomeration and an increase in surface roughness. Once the dextran was significantly decomposed by enzyme action (10 or 50 mg/kg juice) to smaller molecules in the size range below 10 kDa, no dextran‐related effects on particle size and shape were found anymore.Practical applicationsThe presence of dextran is known to cause several adverse effects during sugar manufacture. Among them, dextran can affect the size and shape distribution of calcium carbonate particles precipitated during carbonation as a part of the sugar beet raw juice purification. As a result, the purification as well as the filtration process can be affected. These dextran‐related effects are usually mitigated by enzymatic decomposition, a gradual reduction in molecular mass. For a targeted enzyme application, the decomposition products need to be identified and the corresponding effects due to varying molecular mass fractions on the precipitation of calcium carbonate need to be analyzed. Only then, a sufficient decomposition to harmless molecule sizes can be ensured. Thus, the data gathered give a clear guidance for dextranase treatment in sugar manufacture.
A novel discharge pathway for patients with advanced cancer requiring home parenteral nutrition
Authors: Bond A. , Teubner A. , Taylor M. , Willbraham L. , Gillespie L. , Farrer K. , McMahon M. , Leahy G. , Abraham A. , Soop M. , Clamp A. R. , Hasan J. , Mitchell C. , Jayson G. C. , Lal S. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe use of home parenteral nutrition (HPN) for palliative indications is increasing internationally and is the leading indication in some countries. Discharge onHPNcan be complex in metabolically unstable patients and requires intestinal failure expertise.MethodsBetween 2012 and 2018, we performed a retrospective analysis aiming to assess the impact of a novel remote discharge pathway for palliativeHPNpatients. This was evaluated using a quality improvement approach.ResultsOne hundred and twenty‐five patients with active malignancy [mean (range) age 58 (25–80) years] were referred to theintestinal failure unit (IFU)for remote discharge. Of 82 patients were discharged from the oncology Centre onHPNusing the pathway. The remaining 43 patients either declinedHPNor the Oncology team felt that the patient became too unwell forHPNor died prior to discharge. There was an increase in patients referred for remote discharge from 13 in 2012 to 43 in 2017. The mean number of days between receipt of referral by theIFUto discharge onHPNfrom the oncology centre reduced from 29.4 days to 10.1 days. Following remote discharge, the mean number of days onHPNwas 215.9 days. Catheter‐related blood stream infection rates in this cohort were very low at 0.169 per 1000 catheter days.ConclusionsThis is the first study to demonstrate the remote safe, effective and rapid discharge of patients requiring palliativeHPNbetween two hospital sites. This allows patients with a short prognosis more time in their desired location.
Using anticipatory life cycle assessment to enable future sustainable construction
Authors: Göswein Verena , Rodrigues Carla , Silvestre José D. , Freire Fausto , Habert Guillaume , König Jakob 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe built environment is the largest single emitter of CO2 and an important consumer of energy. Much research has gone into the improved efficiency of building operation and construction products. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is commonly used to assess existing buildings or building products. Classic LCA, however, is not suited for evaluating the environmental performance of developing technologies. A new approach, anticipatory LCA (a‐LCA), promises various advantages and can be used as a design constraint during the product development stage. It helps overcome four challenges: (i) data availability, (ii) stakeholder inclusion, (iii) risk assessment, and (iv) multi‐criteria problems. This article's contribution to the line of research is twofold: first, it adapts the a‐LCA approach for construction‐specific purposes in theoretical terms for the four challenges. Second, it applies the method to an innovative prefabricated modular envelope system, the CleanTechBlock (CTB), focusing on challenge (i). Thirty‐six CTB designs are tested and compared to conventional walls. Inclusion of technology foresight is achieved through structured scenario analysis. Moreover, challenge (iv) is tackled through the analysis of different environmental impact categories, transport‐related impacts, and thickness of the wall assemblies of the CTB. The case study results show that optimized material choice and product design is needed to reach the lowest environmental impact. Methodological findings highlight the importance of context‐specific solutions and the need for benchmarking new products.
Sexual cues influence cocaine‐induced locomotion, anxiety and the immunoreactivity of oestrogen receptor alpha and tyrosine hydroxylase in both sexes
Authors: He Chen , Wang Jianli , Ma Ming , Wang Heng 
Published: April 2019

AbstractDyadic physical social interaction influences cocaine‐seeking behaviour, although whether limited sexual cues (LSC) from an opposite‐sex partner influence the behavioural responses to cocaine is unclear. We investigated this issue using a cylindrical wire cage containing a stimulus mouse; the subject mouse (of the opposite sex) had access to this stimulus mouse during a “binge” injection pattern (injected with cocaine or saline vehicle twice a day at 6‐hour intervals). Following the second injection, locomotion and anxiety‐like behaviours were examined using the open‐field and elevated plus maze test, at the same time as oestrogen receptor (ER)α and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivities were also examined. The data indicate that LSC enhanced cocaine‐stimulated locomotion in both sexes and inhibited the levels of anxiety caused by cocaine in males only. Accompanying these changes, the interaction between LSC and cocaine altered ERα immunoreactivity in the ventral medial nuclei of the hypothalamus (VMH) and medial amygdaloid nucleus (MeA) of males, whereas such interaction effects occurred in the VMH, MeA, arcuate nucleus (AR), bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) and lateral septum (LS) of females. LSC increased cocaine‐induced ERα immunoreactivity in the VMH in males and reduced cocaine‐induced ERα immunoreactivity in the AR and LS in females. LSC up‐regulated cocaine‐induced increases in ventral tegmental area (VTA) TH immunoreactivity in females only. Our present data suggest that interactions between LSC and cocaine led to changes in ERα and TH immunoreactivity in a brain region‐specific manner, which showed subtle differences in both sexes. The effects of LSC‐mediated cocaine‐induced locomotion and anxiety may be associated with alterations in ERα and dopamine activation.
Agrarian social movements: The absurdly difficult but not impossible agenda of defeating right‐wing populism and exploring a socialist future
Authors: Borras Saturnino M. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractParallels, resemblances, and interconnections between contemporary right‐wing populism and the populism of agrarian movements are examined in this essay. The two are partly linked through their social base in the countryside. This paper explores an agenda for political conversation and research on possible contributions to the twin efforts of splitting the ranks of right‐wing populists while expanding the united front of democratic challengers. The challenge is how to transform the identified interconnections into a left‐wing political project that can erode right‐wing populism. This requires a reclaiming of populism. In exploring this agenda, the paper revisits the ideas and practices of right‐wing populism and agrarian populism and the awkward overlaps and fundamental differences between them. It concludes with a discussion on the challenge of forging a reformulated class‐conscious left‐wing populism as a countercurrent to right‐wing populism, and as a possible political force against capitalism and towards a socialist future.