Abstract 212: High-resolution barcoding in patient-derived xenografts of triple-negative breast cancer reveals reversible chemoresistance conferred by non-mutational mechanisms
Authors: Echeverria Gloria Vittone , Seth Sahil , Ge Zhongqi , Carugo Alessandro , Bristow Christopher , Mundi Prabjhot , Jeter-Jones Sabrina , Zhang Xiaomei , Zhou Xinhui , McCoy Aaron , Cai Shirong , Tu Yizheng , Sun Yuting , Marszalek Joseph , Califano Andrea , Symmans William F. , Moulder Stacy L. , Chang Jeffery T. , Heffernan Timothy P. , Piwnica-Worms Helen 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Fifty percent of patients with localized triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) have substantial residual cancer burden following treatment with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT), resulting in a 40-80% risk of recurrence which leads to distant metastases and death for most patients. Intra-tumor heterogeneity (ITH) is a pervasive feature of TNBCs but the relative contributions of heterogeneous tumor cell populations to chemoresistance are not understood. To investigate the clonal dynamics that accompany chemotherapy treatment, we employed orthotopic patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models of treatment-naïve TNBC, thus enabling experimentation with heterogeneous populations of human tumor cells that have undergone minimal manipulation.
To monitor the fates of PDX tumor cell lineages undergoing treatment with front-line NACT, we treated multiple treatment-naïve PDX models with Adriamycin combined with Cytoxan (AC). Some PDXs initially exhibited partial sensitivity followed by maintenance of residual tumors that were resistant to chemotherapy. Residual tumors re-grew to regain partial chemo-sensitivity. To conduct barcode-mediated clonal tracking, we introduced a pooled lentiviral barcode library (Cellecta; 50M unique barcodes) into freshly dissociated PDX tumor cells which were orthotopically engrafted into recipient mice. Strikingly, residual tumors maintained the same clonal architecture as untreated tumors. In contrast, only 20% of residual tumor clones repopulated tumors after discontinuation of treatment. Whole-exome sequencing revealed conservation of mutant allele frequencies throughout treatment. Together, these studies demonstrate that re-growth of residual tumors is accompanied by a non-random selection of subclones, that residual tumors surviving AC maintain the same levels of ITH as untreated tumors, and that selection of genomic subclones did not confer the observed chemoresistance.
Transcriptomic, proteomic, and histologic profiling revealed that residual tumors exist in a distinct state characterized by alterations in EMT, metabolic, and cell adhesion programs. This state was reverted as tumors re-grew after discontinuation of AC treatment, indicating that the residual state may be a unique therapeutic window. In silico prediction of drug sensitivity revealed candidate drivers of resistance in the residual tumor state, and pharmacologic targeting identified multiple existing therapies that significantly delayed the regrowth of residual tumors. These data suggest that sequential administration of AC followed by these targeted agents could prolong TNBC responses, which may delay time to recurrence for patients with this highly aggressive disease.
Citation Format: Gloria Vittone Echeverria, Sahil Seth, Zhongqi Ge, Alessandro Carugo, Christopher Bristow, Prabjhot Mundi, Sabrina Jeter-Jones, Xiaomei Zhang, Xinhui Zhou, Aaron McCoy, Shirong Cai, Yizheng Tu, Yuting Sun, Joseph Marszalek, Andrea Califano, William F. Symmans, Stacy L. Moulder, Jeffery T. Chang, Timothy P. Heffernan, Helen Piwnica-Worms. High-resolution barcoding in patient-derived xenografts of triple-negative breast cancer reveals reversible chemoresistance conferred by non-mutational mechanisms [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 212.