bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Courts, Sovereign Immunity, and Credible Commitment in Sovereign Debt Markets
Authors: Weidemaier W. Mark C. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter revisits the role of legal enforcement in sovereign debt markets. The conventional view is that the law of sovereign immunity denies creditors effective legal remedies. To many observers, weak legal enforcement is problematic, for effective legal remedies would facilitate credible repayment commitments. Though substantially correct, this perspective is also flawed. The assumption that creditors lack effective remedies implicitly treats sovereign immunity as a set of mandatory rules. In fact, sovereign lenders can and do bargain for greater enforcement rights. When courts enforce these bargains, legal remedies gain potency. Yet potent remedies need not improve the functioning of debt markets. Courts can create effective remedies against sovereign debtors only by imposing significant costs on third parties. Many loan debt contracts are drafted so as to maximize these externalities. The important question—given short shrift thus far—is whether the credibility-enhancing virtues of legal enforcement justify the costs.
Global Banking Regulation
Authors: Davies Howard , Zhivitskaya Maria 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Global banking regulation, in the sense of setting common capital standards for international banks, has a forty-year history. Its early development reflected the instincts for cooperation on the part of central banks in the face of rapidly integrating global firms and for a time was highly effective and adaptive. The informality of the Basel Committee and its absence of legal status were seen as advantages, allowing agreements to be reached below the political radar. But the move from “by and large” guidelines to a detailed corpus of regulation applying to all banks has shown the limitations of a voluntarist approach, and there are signs that further progress toward common standards, evenly enforced, has stalled in the face of domestic political imperatives. That raises fundamental questions about the need for treaty underpinning of international financial standards, so far seen as too politically difficult, to guard against regulatory arbitrage.
Representative Test and Task Development and Simulated Task Environments
Authors: Harris Kevin R. , Foreman Lindsey N. , Eccles David W. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Understanding high-level performance requires effective methods of studying expertise and expert performers. Representative tasks that capture the key components of expertise can be identified, allowing expert performance to be studied under controlled conditions. Well-designed representative tasks can allow researchers to elucidate the underlying mechanisms for superior performance, stratify performers based on skill, and uncover the developmental steps taken by those performers to reach their current levels of performance. In the present chapter, the authors first provide a general overview of the concepts of representative tasks and simulated task environments. The authors then describe in more detail how representative tasks and simulated task environments can be used to achieve the twin goals of understanding expert performance and developing training on the basis of expert performers. The authors then present examples of recent research involving representative tasks. The chapter concludes with the authors presenting future directions for the use of representative tasks in research and practice.
A Historical Perspective on Introspection
Authors: Ward Paul , Wilson Kyle , Suss Joel , Woody William Douglas , Hoffman Robert R. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter takes a historical perspective on examining the utility and validity of various introspective-type methods. First, specific contributions of some of the pioneers of introspective methods are considered, highlighting key motivations and arguments that have spurred methodological evolution over the past 100+ years. Next, current methods of thinking aloud are reviewed. Then the types of verbal reports of thinking used to study expertise are described. In the penultimate section, some guidance on using these methods is offered. In the concluding part, a summary of the key recommendations is provided, and some thoughts on the future of introspection methodology that, it is hoped, will improve the state-of-the-science and escape the legacies of behaviorism are offered.
Stranger things: multiverse, string cosmology, physical eschatology
Authors: Ćirković Milan M. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe period (roughly) 1990-today is characterized by a big watershed and branching of cosmology into multiple and hitherto unexpected directions. On one side, the generic chaotic/eternal inflation has provided physical grounds for rather wild speculative ideas about the multiverse: the possibly infinite set of cosmological domains (‘universes’). In order to determine how observed features of our universe are (im)probable in the multiverse context requires application of anthropic reasoning which is still controversial in many circles. On the other side, we encounter applications of other speculative physical theories, like the string/M-theory to cosmology, resulting in unusual hypotheses like those of the pre-Big Bang cosmologies. In this period we have also witnessed the birth of physical eschatology as the true ‘cosmology of the future’. This chapter will attempt a survey of these and related developments, with necessary qualifications which accompany any ongoing, evolving research activity.
Observations and the universe
Authors: Smith Robert W. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe first detailed and extensive studies of nebulae were made by William and Caroline Herschel in the late eighteenth century. These researches led to wide-ranging debates on the nature of these objects: are they truly clouds of nebulous material or are they perhaps distant star systems? By the end of the nineteenth century, astronomers generally agreed that nebulae are either within or closely linked to our own stellar system, and that no galaxies beyond our own Galaxy had been sighted, even in the largest telescopes. But early in the twentieth century, astronomers managed to fashion novel ways to determine the distances to a class of nebulae known as spiral nebulae. With the aid of these distance indicators, the spiral nebulae were transformed into galaxies of stars. Modern extragalactic cosmology thereby came into being in the first few decades of the twentieth century.
Relativistic models and the expanding universe
Authors: Realdi Matteo 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe origin and evolution of the universe constitutes one of the most fascinating and challenging questions in the scientific investigation of nature. The general theory of relativity has made it possible to properly address this question. Einstein transformed cosmology when he formulated, in 1917, a relativistic model that could describe the universe in its entirety. The incorporation of the observational evidence of extragalactic recession into relativistic world models culminated in 1930 with the recognition of the expanding universe, which was a breakthrough in the scientific understanding of the universe as a whole. This chapter traces the history of the early phase of modern cosmology, from the formulation of the first cosmological models based on general relativity to the acceptance of the expanding universe and the early systematization of relativistic cosmology as a new scientific discipline.
Steady-State theory and the cosmological controversy
Authors: Kragh Helge 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe presently accepted big-bang model of the universe emerged during the period 1930-1970, following a road that was anything but smooth. By 1950 the essential features of the big-bang theory were established by George Gamow and his collaborators, and yet the theory failed to win recognition. A major reason was that the big-bang picture of the evolving universe was challenged by the radically different picture of a steady-state universe favoured by Fred Hoyle and others. By the late 1950s there was no convincing reason to adopt one theory over the other. Out of the epic controversy between the two incompatible world models arose our modern view of the universe. Although the classical steady-state model was abandoned in the mid-1960s, attempts to modify it can be followed up to the present.
Observational and astrophysical cosmology: 1940–1980
Authors: Longair Malcolm S. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractFollowing the pioneering studies of galaxies and the universe during the pre-Second World War years, the period 1940-1980 saw the consolidation of the observational and theoretical basis of geometrical and astrophysical cosmology. By the early 1950s, the cosmological time-scale problem had been resolved by Baade’s recalibration of the Cepheid distance scale, but new disputes arose about the best estimate of Hubble’s constant, the value of the deceleration parameter and the presence or otherwise of the cosmological constant in the cosmological field equations. The evolution of the contents of the universe was established by radio astronomical observations of active galaxies and, most spectacularly, by the discovery of the cosmic microwave background radiation. The latter enabled the problems of the origin of galaxies and large scale structures in the universe to be placed on a secure physical basis, but many issues remained unresolved, including the dark matter problem.
The cosmic microwave background: from discovery to precision cosmology
Authors: Partridge R. Bruce 
Published: April 2019

AbstractObservations of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) form the basis for modern ‘precision cosmology’. This chapter treats the discovery of a ≈3 K microwave background and the demonstration of its cosmic origin. Key observational results, up to and including the results from the COBE mission, follow. The major impact of the CMB comes from measurements of the power spectra of fluctuations in the temperature and polarization. The chapter ends with results derived from the power spectra obtained by the Planck mission, including values for the baryon, dark matter, and dark energy densities; the curvature of space; and the expansion rate of the Universe.
Space science and technological progress: testing theories of relativistic gravity and cosmology during the Cold War
Authors: De Bianchi Silvia 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThis chapter deals with the development of modern cosmology as a consequence of relativity theory testing and the space race during the Cold War. The chapter describes the dynamics of competition and collaboration among the two blocs with emphasis on the sectors of Soviet radio astronomy and space science. Developments of both fields are analysed in relationship with the military context and the technological development taking place in the USA. The chapter also takes into account the relationship between the two blocs and other Countries, such as France and Australia in order to show how the transfer of knowledge and know-how played a role in the extraordinary impulse that cosmology received during the Cold War.
HCV treatment barriers among HIV/HCV co-infected patients in the US: a qualitative study to understand low uptake among marginalized populations in the DAA era
Authors: Nápoles Tessa M , Batchelder Abigail W , Lin Ada , Moran Lissa , Johnson Mallory O , Shumway Martha , Luetkemeyer Anne F , Peters Marion G , Eagen Kellene V , Riley Elise D 
Published: April 2019

ABSTRACT

Background
Well-tolerated, highly effective HCV treatment, known as direct-acting antivirals (DAAs), is now recommended for all people living with HCV, providing the tools for HCV elimination. We sought to understand treatment barriers among low-income HIV/HCV coinfected patients and providers with the goal of increasing uptake.

Methods
In 2014, we conducted 26 interviews with HIV/HCV co-infected patients and providers from a San Francisco clinic serving underinsured and publically-insured persons to explore barriers impacting treatment engagement and completion. Interview transcripts were coded, and a thematic analysis was conducted to identify emerging patterns.

Results
Conditions of poverty—specifically, meeting basic needs for food, shelter, and safety—undermined patient perceptions of self-efficacy to successfully complete HCV treatment programs. While patient participants expressed interest in HCV treatment, the perceived burden of taking daily medications without strong social support was an added challenge. This need for support contradicted provider assumptions that, due to the shorter-course regimens, support is unnecessary in the DAA era.

Conclusions
Interferon-free treatments alone are not sufficient to overcome social-structural barriers to HCV treatment and care among low-income HIV/HCV co-infected patients. Support for patients with unmet social needs may facilitate treatment initiation and completion, particularly among those in challenging socioeconomic situations.
CONVERSION COEFFICIENTS FROM AIR KERMA TO DIRECTIONAL DOSE EQUIVALENT H′(0.07) FOR PHOTONS
Authors: Bairlein Katharina , Behrens Rolf , Hupe Oliver , Hranitzky Christian 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
New conversion coefficients from air kerma free-in-air, Ka, to directional dose equivalent at 0.07mm depth, H′(0.07), are provided for monoenergetic values and for the spectra of the radiation qualities defined in ISO 4037-1. The interpolation procedure of the monoenergetic conversion coefficients from ICRU Report 57 was improved compared to former publications. The values resulting from the new interpolation procedure describe the energy dependence of the conversion coefficients more accurately and differ by up to 5% between 50keV and 100keV from former values. Due to an additional change of the extrapolation to low energies, the values for angles of radiation incidence above 60° and energies below 40keV changed by up to 50%. The influence on the spectrum weighted conversion coefficients is similar to the changes of the monoenergetic values.
REASSESSMENT OF INHALATION DOSES TO WORKERS IN AUSTRALIAN SHOW CAVES
Authors: Solomon S B 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Exposure to radon in show caves is an existing exposure situation. A survey of radon levels in underground show caves around Australia, carried out in 1994, found that most of the show caves located in South-Eastern Australia had yearly average radon levels exceeding the Australian radon reference level of 1000 Bq m−3. At the time of the original survey, the radiation doses from exposure to radon progeny of the tour guides in these caves were estimated using the epidemiologically based dose conversion factors and all dose were assessed to be less than 10 mSv per year. In February 2018, the International Commission for Radiological Protection (ICRP) published updated radon and radon progeny dose conversion factors (DCF) applicable to worker exposure to radon in show caves. These updated DCF values are based on dosimetric modelling and are sensitive to the radon progeny activity size distribution. The recommended DCF values are up to a factor four times higher than the previous ICRP recommendations. The ICRP has published data that allows for the estimation of site-specific radon progeny dose coefficients if required. A reassessment of the radiation doses to workers in Australian show caves has been made using these updated ICRP DCF values and the historical measurements of radon progeny activity size distributions in Australian show caves. Using the site-specific DCF values, it is estimated that 15% of the workers exceeded 10 mSv y−1 and 6% exceeded 20 mSv y−1. Although the total number of show cave workers in Australia is very small, the updated radon progeny dose estimates are a significant radiation protection issue for the affected individuals and their employers.
CHARACTERISTICS OF INDOOR RADON AND THORON CONCENTRATIONS IN CAVE DWELLINGS IN GANSU PROVINCE, CHINA
Authors: Sorimachi A , Tokonami S , Omori Y , Janik M , Iwaoka K , Ishikawa T , Sun Q 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Short-term measurements were made in four different types of Chinese cave dwellings, ‘ground’, ‘open-cut’, ‘aboveground’ and ‘underground’, located in Gansu Province, China, in order to evaluate the diurnal and seasonal variations in indoor radon (222Rn) and thoron (220Rn) concentrations. As a result, in most of the ‘ground’ and ‘open-cut’ cave dwellings in summer, the indoor 222Rn concentrations during the nighttime were higher than those during the daytime. In the winter, such fluctuation was not observed. The daily indoor 222Rn concentrations in summer were higher than those in winter, excluding the ‘aboveground’ cave dwelling, and these concentrations depended on dwelling type, exhalation from the building materials and ventilation. In contrast with 222Rn, there seemed to be only very slight clear variations in 220Rn.
COMPARISON OF BACTERIAL FLORA IN RIVER SEDIMENTS FROM FUKUSHIMA AND AOMORI PREFECTURES BY 16S RDNA SEQUENCE ANALYSIS
Authors: Yamanouchi K , Tsujiguchi T , Shiroma Y , Suzuki T , Tamakuma Y , Yamaguchi M , Sakamoto Y , Hegedűs M , Iwaoka K , Hosoda M , Kashiwakura I , Miura T , Tokonami S 
Published: April 2019

AbstractMonitoring of radioactive materials has been reported in rivers and soil in Fukushima post the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident in March 2011. However, there are few reports on the influence of this event on bacteria in forest soils and rivers. Therefore, through amplicon sequencing of 16S rDNA we compared the bacterial flora in river sediment soils from Fukushima prefecture and from an area not exposed to radioactive contamination, Aomori prefecture. The bacterial composition in the Aomori prefecture soil and Fukushima soil were found to be very similar at the phylum level. However, Fukushima soil had significantly fewer Bacteroidetes than the Aomori soil (p = 0.014), while the content of Firmicutes and Latescibacteria (WS3) was significantly higher (p = 0.001, 0.013 respectively). However, no increase in the content of radioactive-resistant bacteria was observed. In future studies, it is necessary to standardise the conditions for soil collection to assess its content of radioactive substances.
Sleep Apnea Multilevel Surgery (SAMS) trial protocol: a multicenter randomized clinical trial of upper airway surgery for patients with obstructive sleep apnea who have failed continuous positive airway pressure
Authors: Carney A Simon , Antic Nick A , Catcheside Peter G , Li Chai-Coetzer Ching , Cistulli Peter A , Kaambwa Billingsley , MacKay Stuart G , Pinczel Alison J , Weaver Edward M , Woodman Richard J , Woods Charmaine M , McEvoy R Doug 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Study Objectives
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a serious and costly public health problem. The main medical treatment, continuous positive airway pressure, is efficacious when used, but poorly tolerated in up to 50% of patients. Upper airway reconstructive surgery is available when medical treatments fail but randomized trial evidence supporting its use is limited. This protocol details a randomized controlled trial designed to assess the clinical effectiveness, safety, and cost-effectiveness of a multilevel upper airway surgical procedure for OSA.

Methods
A prospective, parallel-group, open label, randomized, controlled, multicenter clinical trial in adults with moderate or severe OSA who have failed or refused medical therapies. Six clinical sites in Australia randomly allocated participants in a 1:1 ratio to receive either an upper airway surgical procedure consisting of a modified uvulopalatopharyngoplasty and minimally invasive tongue volume reduction, or to continue with ongoing medical management, and followed them for 6 months.

Results
Primary outcomes: difference between groups in baseline-adjusted 6 month OSA severity (apnea–hypopnea index) and subjective sleepiness (Epworth Sleepiness Scale). Secondary outcomes: other OSA symptoms (e.g. snoring and objective sleepiness), other polysomnography parameters (e.g. arousal index and 4% oxygen desaturation index), quality of life, 24 hr ambulatory blood pressure, adverse events, and adherence to ongoing medical therapies (medical group).

Conclusions
The Sleep Apnea Multilevel Surgery (SAMS) trial is of global public health importance for testing the effectiveness and safety of a multilevel surgical procedure for patients with OSA who have failed medical treatment.

Clinical Trial Registration
Multilevel airway surgery in patients with moderate-severe Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) who have failed medical management to assess change in OSA events and daytime sleepiness. https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=366019&isReview=true Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12614000338662, prospectively registered on 31 March 2014.
CiiiDER: a new tool for predicting and analysing transcription factor binding sites
Authors: Gearing Linden J. , Cumming Helen E. , Chapman Ross , Finkel Alexander M. , Woodhouse Isaac B. , Luu Kevin , Gould Jodee A. , Forster Samuel C. , Hertzog Paul J. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe availability of large amounts of high-throughput genomic, transcriptomic and epigenomic data has provided opportunity to understand regulation of the cellular transcriptome with an unprecedented level of detail. As a result, research has advanced from identifying gene expression patterns associated with particular conditions to elucidating signalling pathways that regulate expression. There are over 1,000 transcription factors (TFs) in vertebrates that play a role in this regulation. Determining which of these are likely to be controlling a set of genes can be assisted by computational prediction, utilising experimentally verified binding site motifs.Here we present CiiiDER, an integrated computational toolkit for transcription factor binding analysis, written in the Java programming language, to make it independent of computer operating system. It is operated through an intuitive graphical user interface with interactive, high-quality visual outputs, making it accessible to all researchers. CiiiDER predicts transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs) across regulatory regions of interest, such as promoters and enhancers derived from any species. It can perform an enrichment analysis to identify TFs that are significantly over- or under-represented in comparison to a bespoke background set and thereby elucidate pathways regulating sets of genes of pathophysiological importance.CiiiDER is available from www.ciiider.org.