bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kinetid Structure of Aphelidium and Paraphelidium (Aphelida) Suggests the Features of the Common Ancestor of Fungi and Opisthosporidia
Authors: Karpov Sergey A. , Cvetkova Victoria S. , Annenkova Nataliia V. , Vishnyakov Andrey E. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe aphelids (phylum Aphelida) are phagotrophic parasitoids of algae and represent the most basal branch in superphylum Opisthosporidia, which contains the Microsporidia, Rozellosporidia and Aphelida. Being the closest group to traditional fungi, the aphelids should have ancestral features of both phyla. As in chytrids and other zoosporic fungi, the structure of zoospores is the most informative and important morphological feature for the phylogeny and taxonomy of aphelids. Though a general zoospore description exists for some aphelid species, their flagellar apparatus (kinetid) structure, which contains pivotal taxonomic and phylogenetic characters, has not been studied. Here we represent the kinetid structure in two genera, Aphelidium and Paraphelidium, and demonstrate independent reduction in the kinetid in each genus. The kinetid‐mitochondrion connection found in Aphelidium and Paraphelidium is rare for opisthokonts in general, but present in the most basal branches of Fungi and Opisthosporidia. We suggest, therefore, that this connection represents an ancestral character for both these phyla.
Measurement of CSF α‐synuclein improves early differential diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: García‐Ayllón María‐Salud , Monge‐Argilés José‐Antonio , Monge‐García Victoria , Navarrete Francisco , Cortés‐Gómez Maria‐Angeles , Sánchez‐Payá José , Manzanares Jorge , Gasparini‐Berenguer Ruth , Leiva‐Santana Carlos , Sáez‐Valero Javier 
Published: May 2019

AbstractPrevious studies have indicated the potential of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) α‐synuclein (α‐syn) to be an additional biomarker for improving differential diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We evaluated α‐syn diagnostic performance across a well‐characterized patient cohort with long‐term follow‐up. For this purpose, CSF α‐syn levels were determined in 25 subjects diagnosed with stable mild cognitive impairment (stable MCI; n = 25), 27 MCI cases due to AD (MCI‐AD; n = 32), 24 MCI cases due to Lewy body disease (MCI‐LBD; n = 24) and control subjects (Ctrl; n = 18). CSF α‐syn levels discriminate between the four groups. There were higher α‐syn levels in MCI‐AD patients and lower levels in MCI‐LBD patients. The combination of α‐syn and P‐tau resulted in a specificity of 99% and a sensitivity of 97% for MCI‐AD. MCI‐AD patients with early psychotic symptoms (n = 9) displayed a trend towards a decrease in P‐tau and α‐syn compared to the MCI‐AD patients without psychotic symptoms (n = 23). We conclude that adding CSF α‐syn to central core AD biomarkers improves an early differential diagnosis of MCI‐AD from other forms of MCI.Open Science Badges

This article has received a badge for *Open Materials* because it provided all relevant information to reproduce the study in the manuscript. The complete Open Science Disclosure form for this article can be found at the end of the article. More information about the Open Practices badges can be found at https://cos.io/our-services/open-science-badges/.
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Epigenetic inhibition of the tumor suppressor ARHI by light at night‐induced circadian melatonin disruption mediates STAT3‐driven paclitaxel resistance in breast cancer
Authors: Xiang Shulin , Dauchy Robert T. , Hoffman Aaron E. , Pointer David , Frasch Tripp , Blask David E. , Hill Steven M. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractDisruption of circadian time structure and suppression of circadian nocturnal melatonin (MLT) production by exposure to dim light at night (dLAN), as occurs with night shift work and/or disturbed sleep‐wake cycles, is associated with a significantly increased risk of breast cancer and resistance to tamoxifen and doxorubicin. Melatonin inhibition of human breast cancer chemoresistance involves mechanisms including suppression of tumor metabolism and inhibition of kinases and transcription factors which are often activated in drug‐resistant breast cancer. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), frequently overexpressed and activated in paclitaxel (PTX)‐resistant breast cancer, promotes the expression of DNA methyltransferase one (DNMT1) to epigenetically suppress the transcription of tumor suppressor Aplasia Ras homolog one (ARHI) which can sequester STAT3 in the cytoplasm to block PTX resistance. We demonstrate that breast tumor xenografts in rats exposed to dLAN and circadian MLT disrupted express elevated levels of phosphorylated and acetylated STAT3, increased DNMT1, but reduced sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and ARHI. Furthermore, MLT and/or SIRT1 administration blocked/reversed interleukin 6 (IL‐6)‐induced acetylation of STAT3 and its methylation of ARH1 to increase ARH1 mRNA expression in MCF‐7 breast cancer cells. Finally, analyses of the I‐SPY 1 trial demonstrate that elevated MT1 receptor expression is significantly correlated with pathologic complete response following neo‐adjuvant therapy in breast cancer patients. This is the first study to demonstrate circadian disruption of MLT by dLAN driving intrinsic resistance to PTX via epigenetic mechanisms increasing STAT3 expression and that MLT administration can reestablish sensitivity of breast tumors to PTX and drive tumor regression.
China engages with the global intellectual property governance: The recent trend
Authors: Cheng Wenting 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAs China becomes the second largest economy in the world, there have been increasing domestic demands requesting China to engage with the global governance of various issues more closely. In intellectual property (IP), China has recently engaged with global IP governance both responsively and actively. This paper answer the questions (a) how did China respond to the global IP up‐ratchet which sets higher IP standards; and (b) how did China actively promote its agenda for the global IP governance. This paper argues that China has a clearer and more consistent position in its responsive engagement than in active engagement. In other words, China is more affirmative in making defensive coalitions opposing TRIPS‐plus standards proposed by developed countries than promoting its own IP initiatives regionally or plurilaterally. China's positions in these defensive coalitions are the classic pro‐development, developing country positions. Its active IP engagement is more diversified. Specifically, China keeps a low profile and does not attempt to take the lead in IP negotiations at the Regional Compressive Economic Partnership. By contrast, China has emerged as a model exporter, focusing on IP capacity building in its IP arrangements in the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and BRICS.
Behavioural interdependence in a shrimp‐goby mutualism
Authors: Burns A. L. , Wilson A. D. M. , Ward A. J. W. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe partnership between non‐burrowing gobiid fishes and alpheid shrimps is one of the most remarkable interspecific mutualisms currently recognised in behavioural biology. The shrimp rely on tactile and chemical cues from their goby partners to warn them of approaching predators. In return, the shrimp construct and maintain the burrows which provide shelter for the goby. Although aspects of this relationship have been well studied, less is known about the interdependence of the two species’ activity patterns. We conducted field observations of an obligate shrimp‐goby mutualism, Ctenogobiops feroculus and its common shrimp partner Alpheus djeddensis. We found that individual gobies were consistent in their activity levels relative to conspecifics over a 3‐day period but were not consistent in terms of the time allocated to vigilance. Both the activity and the vigilance behaviour of the goby directly correlated with the behaviour of their shrimp partners; shrimp with a more active partner were themselves more active, and visibility of the shrimp increased as vigilance time increased. By quantifying the interactions between the two species, we have gained greater insights into the mechanistic underpinnings of these complex behavioural interactions.
Prospective evaluation of gadoxetic acid magnetic resonance for the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma in newly detected nodules ≤2 cm in cirrhosis
Authors: Ayuso Carmen , Forner Alejandro , Darnell Anna , Rimola Jordi , García‐Criado Ángeles , Bianchi Luis , Vilana Ramón , Oliveira Rafael , Llarch Neus , Bruix Jordi 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackground and AimsMost of the published studies about the diagnostic accuracy of gadoxetic acid‐enhanced magnetic resonance (EOB‐MR) for the non‐invasive diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have had a retrospective design. Thus, we aimed to prospectively evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of EOB‐MR for the non‐invasive diagnosis of HCC in nodules ≤2 cm detected by screening ultrasound (US) in patients with cirrhosis.MethodsBetween July 2012 and October 2015, 62 consecutive asymptomatic Child‐Pugh A‐B cirrhotic patients with newly US‐detected solitary nodules between 1 and 2 cm were prospectively included in the study. Hepatic extracellular contrast‐enhanced MR (ECCE‐MR) followed by EOB‐MR were obtained in less than 1‐month interval. Two independent radiologists blindly reviewed the EOB‐MR studies, and the diagnosis of HCC was assigned when the lesion showed arterial enhancement followed by portal venous phase washout and/or hypointensity on the hepatobiliary phase (HBP). The final HCC diagnosis was made by ECCE‐MR according to the accepted non‐invasive criteria, or by biopsy in lesions with atypical vascular profile.ResultsFinal diagnoses were as follows: HCC (n = 41), intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (n = 2), colorectal metastases (n = 1) and benign conditions (n = 18). The sensitivity and specificity of EOB‐MR for HCC diagnosis were 56.1% (95% CI: 39.7‐71.5) and 90.5% (95% CI: 69.6‐98.8), respectively, while sensitivity of ECCE‐MR was 63.4% (95% CI: 46.9‐77.9). The low rate of hypointense HCCs in the HBP and suboptimal liver uptake of contrast agent justify the low sensitivity of EOB‐MR for HCC diagnosis.ConclusionEOB‐MR does not surpass the diagnostic accuracy of ECCE‐MR for non‐invasive diagnosis of HCC in nodules ≤2 cm in cirrhotic patients.
Expert opinion on clinical experience with subcutaneous interferon beta‐1a in multiple sclerosis patients with different disease activity profiles
Authors: Bohlega Saeed , Alroughani Raed , Alkhawajah Mona , Alsaadi Taoufik , Daif Abdulkader , Elalamy Osama R. , Inshasi Jihad S. , Noori Suzan , Shakra Mustafa , Shatila Ahmed O. , Boghdady Ahmed El , Boshra Amir 
Published: May 2019

AbstractLatest diagnostic criteria have increased the speed and accuracy of multiple sclerosis diagnosis. Early diagnosis of multiple sclerosis and early treatment initiation help in achieving better clinical outcomes. Accordingly, recent clinical studies include patients with less severe multiple sclerosis as compared to older studies, and in this milder multiple sclerosis population, many patients do not progress over 2 years. Interferon beta‐1a has been used for the treatment of relapsing multiple sclerosis for more than 20 years and has been assessed in multiple clinical trials of varying lengths. Clinical trials of subcutaneous interferon beta‐1a show efficacy in terms of relapse rate, magnetic resonance imaging outcomes, and long‐term disability measures in relapsing multiple sclerosis patients with different disease activity profiles. This article discusses multiple sclerosis experts’ opinions on the level of disease activity of the patient populations used in the clinical trials of subcutaneous interferon beta‐1a and on the effectiveness of subcutaneous interferon beta‐1a in these patient populations. Based on experts’ opinions, it can be concluded that patients with mild or moderate disease activity have a high potential of benefiting from high‐dose subcutaneous interferon beta‐1a.
Hydraulic traits explain differential responses of Amazonian forests to the 2015 El Niño‐induced drought
Authors: Barros Fernanda de V. , Bittencourt Paulo R. L. , Brum Mauro , Restrepo‐Coupe Natalia , Pereira Luciano , Teodoro Grazielle S. , Saleska Scott R. , Borma Laura S. , Christoffersen Bradley O. , Penha Deliane , Alves Luciana F. , Lima Adriano J. N. , Carneiro Vilany M. C. , Gentine Pierre , Lee Jung‐Eun , Aragão Luiz E. O. C. , Ivanov Valeriy , Leal Leila S. M. , Araujo Alessandro C. , Oliveira Rafael S. 
Published: May 2019

Summary

Reducing uncertainties in the response of tropical forests to global change requires understanding how intra‐ and interannual climatic variability selects for different species, community functional composition and ecosystem functioning, so that the response to climatic events of differing frequency and severity can be predicted.

Here we present an extensive dataset of hydraulic traits of dominant species in two tropical Amazon forests with contrasting precipitation regimes – low seasonality forest (LSF) and high seasonality forest (HSF) – and relate them to community and ecosystem response to the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) of 2015.

Hydraulic traits indicated higher drought tolerance in the HSF than in the LSF. Despite more intense drought and lower plant water potentials in HSF during the 2015‐ENSO, greater xylem embolism resistance maintained similar hydraulic safety margin as in LSF. This likely explains how ecosystem‐scale whole‐forest canopy conductance at HSF maintained a similar response to atmospheric drought as at LSF, despite their water transport systems operating at different water potentials.

Our results indicate that contrasting precipitation regimes (at seasonal and interannual time scales) select for assemblies of hydraulic traits and taxa at the community level, which may have a significant role in modulating forest drought response at ecosystem scales.
Responses of foliar phosphorus fractions to soil age are diverse along a 2 Myr dune chronosequence
Authors: Yan Li , Zhang Xinhou , Han Zhongming , Pang Jiayin , Lambers Hans , Finnegan Patrick M. 
Published: May 2019

Summary

Plants respond to soil phosphorus (P) availability by adjusting leaf P among inorganic P (Pi) and organic P fractions (nucleic acids, phospholipids, small metabolites and a residual fraction). We tested whether phylogenetically divergent plants in a biodiversity hotspot similarly adjust leaf P allocation in response to P limitation by sampling along a 2 Myr chronosequence in southwestern Australia where nitrogen (N) limitation transitions to P limitation with increasing soil age.

Total P and N, and P allocated to five chemical fractions were determined for photosynthetic organs from Melaleuca systena (Myrtaceae), Acacia rostellifera (Fabaceae) and Hakea prostrata (Proteaceae). Soil characteristics were also determined.

Acacia rostellifera maintained phyllode total P and N concentrations at c. 0.5 and 16 mg g−1 DW, respectively, with a constant P‐allocation pattern along the chronosequence. H. prostrata leaves allocated less P to Pi, phospholipids and nucleic acids with increasing soil age, while leaf N concentration was constant. M. systena had the greatest variation in allocating leaf P, whereas leaf N concentration decreased 20% along the chronosequence.

Variation in P‐allocation patterns was only partially conserved among species along the chronosequence. Such variation could have an impact on species distribution and contribute to species richness in P‐limited environments.
Saliva NMR metabolomics: Analytical issues in pediatric oral health research
Authors: Pereira Joana L. , Duarte Daniela , Carneiro Tatiana J. , Ferreira Sara , Cunha Bárbara , Soares Daniela , Costa Ana Luísa , Gil Ana M. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractObjectivesSaliva metabolome is a promising diagnostic tool concerning oral and systemic diseases. We aimed at establishing a suitable protocol for saliva collection and gauging the relative impacts of gender, dentition stage, and caries on the saliva metabolome of a small children cohort.Subjects and methodsA nuclear magnetic resonance‐based metabolomics cross‐sectional study of children saliva (n = 38) compared the effects of: (a) stimulation and unstimulation conditions, and (b) collection through passive drool and using an absorbing device. Multivariate and univariate statistical analyses were applied to evaluate such effects and those related to gender, dentition stage and caries.ResultsNo significant differences were found between unstimulated and stimulated saliva, and the former was used for subsequent studies. Swab collection induced significant changes in sample composition, indicating passive drool as preferential. The impacts of gender and dentition stage were not significant compared to that of caries, which induced variations in the levels of 21 metabolites. These comprised amino acids and monosaccharides observed for the first time to our knowledge regarding children caries, suggesting protein hydrolysis and deglycosylation.ConclusionsUnstimulated passive drool saliva metabolome may carry a caries signature.
A case‐control analysis of skin contact allergy in children and adolescents
Authors: Francuzik Wojciech , Geier Johannes , Schubert Steffen , Worm Margitta 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackgroundContact sensitization in children is increasing. The offending allergens differ depending on patient age and sex. We aimed to determine the sensitization profiles in children (aged 6‐12) and adolescents (aged 13‐18), to compare these to a control group of adults (aged 60‐66), and to evaluate differences in sensitization patterns between working and non‐working adolescents.Patients/Materials/MethodsWe analyzed Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK) data from 2009 to 2016 using multiple logistic regression analysis. Of the 99 082 patients documented in the IVDK database, 591 children, 2451 adolescents and 12 122 adults were included in further analysis.ResultsNickel was the most frequent contact allergen among all age‐groups. Children and adolescents showed significantly lower reaction rates to fragrance mix, methyldibromo‐glutaronitrile, methylisothiazolinone, and propolis than adults. Positive reactions to sorbitan sesquioleate and mercapto mix among children and to cobalt among adolescents were significantly more frequent than in adults. Working adolescents had more often positive reactions to methyl(chloro)isothiazolinone (skin lesions predominantly on hands) and paraben mix (skin lesions predominantly on feet) when compared to non‐working peers. Patch‐tested children were more often diagnosed with atopic dermatitis than adults (P < 0.0001).ConclusionsContact allergens display age‐specific patterns, which should be considered in a standardized series targeting different patient populations (children and adolescents). Employed adolescents should preferably be tested with the baseline series to optimize allergen identification.
MdMYB46 could enhance salt and osmotic stress tolerance in apple by directly activating stress‐responsive signals
Authors: Chen Keqin , Song Mengru , Guo Yunna , Liu Lifu , Xue Hao , Dai Hongyan , Zhang Zhihong 
Published: May 2019

SummaryTo expand the cultivation area of apple (Malus×domestica Borkh.) and select resistant varieties by genetic engineering, it is necessary to clarify the mechanism of salt and osmotic stress tolerance in apple. The MdMYB46 transcription factor was identified, and the stress treatment test of MdMYB46‐overexpressing and MdMYB46‐RNAi apple lines indicated that MdMYB46 could enhance the salt and osmotic stress tolerance in apple. In transgenic Arabidopsis and apple, MdMYB46 promoted the biosynthesis of secondary cell wall and deposition of lignin by directly binding to the promoter of lignin biosynthesis‐related genes. To explore whether MdMYB46 could coordinate stress signal transduction pathways to cooperate with the formation of secondary walls to enhance the stress tolerance of plants, MdABRE1A, MdDREB2A and dehydration‐responsive genes MdRD22 and MdRD29A were screened out for their positive correlation with osmotic stress, salt stress and the transcriptional level of MdMYB46. The further verification test demonstrated that MdMYB46 could activate their transcription by directly binding to the promoters of these genes. The above results indicate that MdMYB46 could enhance the salt and osmotic stress tolerance in apple not only by activating secondary cell wall biosynthesis pathways, but also by directly activating stress‐responsive signals.
Pollen development at high temperature and role of carbon and nitrogen metabolites
Authors: Santiago James P. , Sharkey Thomas D. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractFruit and seed crop production heavily relies on successful stigma pollination, pollen tube growth, and fertilization of female gametes. These processes depend on production of viable pollen grains, a process sensitive to high‐temperature stress. Therefore, rising global temperatures threaten worldwide crop production. Close observation of plant development shows that high‐temperature stress causes morpho‐anatomical changes in male reproductive tissues that contribute to reproductive failure. These changes include early tapetum degradation, anther indehiscence, and deformity of pollen grains, all of which are contributing factors to pollen fertility. At the molecular level, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulate when plants are subjected to high temperatures. ROS is a signalling molecule that can be beneficial or detrimental for plant cells depending on its balance with the endogenous cellular antioxidant system. Many metabolites have been linked with ROS over the years acting as direct scavengers or molecular stabilizers that promote antioxidant enzyme activity. This review highlights recent advances in research on anther and pollen development and how these might explain the aberrations seen during high‐temperature stress; recent work on the role of nitrogen and carbon metabolites in anther and pollen development is discussed including their potential role at high temperature.
Comprehensive analysis of spectral distribution of a large cohort of Chinese patients with non‐syndromic oculocutaneous albinism facilitates genetic diagnosis
Authors: Zhong Zilin , Gu Li , Zheng Xiujie , Ma Nengjun , Wu Zehua , Duan Juan , Zhang Jun , Chen Jianjun 
Published: May 2019

AbstractNon‐syndromic oculocutaneous albinism (nsOCA) is a group of genetically heterogeneous autosomal recessive disorders with complete lack or decrease pigmentation in skin, hair, and eyes. TYR, OCA2, TYRP1, SLC45A2, SLC24A5, and LRMDA were reported to cause OCA1‐4 and OCA6‐7, respectively. By sequencing all the known nsOCA genes in 114 unrelated Chinese nsOCA patients combined with In silico analyses, splicing assay, and classification of variants according to the standards and guidelines of American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics, we detected seventy‐one different OCA‐causing variants separately in TYR, OCA2, SLC45A2, and SLC24A5, including thirty‐one novel variants (13 in TYR, 11 in OCA2, and 7 in SLC45A2). This study shows that OCA1 is the most common (75/114) and OCA2 ranks the second most common (16/114) in Chinese. 99 patients of our cohort were caused by variants of all the known nsOCA genes. Cutaneous phenotypes of OCA1, OCA2, and OCA4 patients were shown in this study. The second OCA6 case in China was identified here. These data expand the spectrum of OCA variants as well phenotype and facilitate clinical implement of Chinese OCA patients.