bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Cobalt Deficiency in the Pregnant Ewe on Lamb Viability
Authors: G.E.J. Fisher  , MacPherson A. 
Published: June 2019

Experiments were designed to investigate the effect of sub-clinical cobalt deficiency in pregnant hill sheep, on lamb viability. This form of the deficiency is not characterised by clinical symptoms. The disease is therefore difficult to detect, and may be of economic importance to farms on land of marginal cobalt status.In each of two trials, both with sixty Scottish Blackface x Swaledale ewes, animals were randomly assigned to three treatment groups: A. Cobalt-deficient intake throughout pregnancy; B. Initially cobalt-sufficient intake, but deficient from mid-pregnancy (Trial 1) or initially cobalt-deficient intake, but repleted from mid-term (Trial 2); C. Cobalt-sufficient intake throughout pregnancy. A cobalt-deficient ration (<0.06 mg Co/kg DM) of Timothy hay, micronised maize and maize gluten, was fed from tupping in Trial 1, and from two months before tupping in Trial 2. Treated animals received a weekly oral dose of 0.7 mg Co/head.Vitamin B12 (microbiological and radio-immuno assays) and methylmalonic acid (capillary gas chromatography) were analysed in ewe and lamb sera, as indicators of cobalt status. Levels of passively acquired immunity were measured by analysis of lamb sera, sampled at two and four weeks post-partum, for immunoglobulin G (IgG) and by the zinc sulphate turbidity test (ZSTT).
Fishmeal and Amino Acid Supplementation of Early Weaned Lambs Grazing Roa Tall Fescue (Festuca arundinacea) or Huia White Clover (Trifolium repens)
Authors: Poppi D P , Cruickshank G J , Sykes A R 
Published: June 2019

Previous experiments with early weaned lambs at pasture have indicated the large protein losses which occur in the rumen (prairie grass 3%, ryegrass 22%, white clover 29% and lucerne 42%) (Cruickshank et al. 1985). Growth appeared to be related to duodenal protein supply and these were similar for the grasses and for the legumes (grasses 228 g/d liveweight gain and 0.92 g duodenal NAN/kg W/d, legumes 314 g/d and 1.22 g duodenal NAN/kg W/d). Efficiency of use of absorbed amino acid also appeared to be low (0.43). These results suggested that growth of lambs grazing these high quality pastures could be increased by increasing duodenal protein supply and/or by amino acid supplementation. Because of the large protein losses which occur in the rumen of animals grazing legume pastures in particular there is scope for manipulation of this aspect either through supplementation or plant breeding.The objective of this experiment was to examine the liveweight gain response of lambs grazing grass or legume pastures to fishmeal supplementation and also the response of lambs grazing legume pastures to two forms of protected amino acid supplements designed to supplement first limiting amino acid(s).
Effect of Delaying Service in Purebred Sows on First and Second Litter Performance
Authors: Mercer J. T. , Francis M. J. H. 
Published: June 2019

Selection for improved growth and efficiency has probably led to later maturity in pigs, so that gilts only reach puberty at heavier weights than they did ten years ago. A consequence of this might be that it would be beneficial to delay first service in the modern gilt. Previous analysis of a breeding company's herd records showed a significant relationship (b=0.05) between age at first effective service and total numbers born in the gilt litter.As a result of these findings a minimum age at first service has been stipulated for purebred gilts of 240 days across all NPD herds. Farrowings under this regime commenced in February 1987, and the reproductive performance since that date has been monitored and compared against that for the previous 12 months.
Differences in the Relation between Carcass Visual Scores and Composition in Heifers and Steers
Authors: Fisher A.V. , Broadbent J.S. , Coutts C. , Kay R.M. , Rigby I. 
Published: June 2019

It is well recognised that heifers, which are the source of approximately 0.35 of all clean cattle slaughtered for beef in Britain, yield carcasses that are different from those of steers in several commercially important aspects: they are lighter, are scored fatter than steers and have poorer conformation. Live and carcass wholesale prices for heifers are, on average, lower than for steers.In the USA, studies have shown that yield grade equations, deveoped to predict the ‘cutability’ of carcasses, overestimate this in heifers compared with steers, ie. heifers yield less of the defined primal cuts than steers at the same levels of fat thickness over the rib, rib eye area, kidney + pelvic + heart fat proportion, and carcass weight (predictor variables). However, it has recently been shown that this bias is apparently the result of differences between the sexes in the relation between the fat depth measurement and the total amount of fat trim. In Britain, estimates of yield are based on visual scores of fatness and conformation, but there Is little information on the relations between carcass morphology and composition in the two sexes, differences in which may have important commercial implications.
Low-glucosinolate rapeseed meal as a protein source for milk production
Authors: Vincent Isobel , Hill R. 
Published: June 2019

Low-glucosinolate rapeseed meal (<20 μmol/g) is likely to replace the high-glucosinolate meal currently produced in the UK, and in this experiment the use of low-glucosinolate rapeseed meal (RSM) as the sole protein supplement in a compound feed for milk production in cows was assessed. There were three compound concentrate feeds of similar energy and protein content, 0% RSM (group A), 15% RSM (B) and 30% RSM (C). The additional protein in diets A and B was provided as soyabean meal (SBM).Eighteen Friesian cows were divided into three groups, balanced with regard to previous yield and number of lactations, and three weeks after calving were given one of the compound feeds in a 3x3 changeover experiment; each of the three feeding periods was four weeks. Barley meal was given as a parlour feed, 1 kg air dry at each milking, and the compound concentrate and grass silage were given at Broadbent-Calan gates in quantities related to expected milk yield.
Upgrading barley straw for goats: the effectiveness of a sodium hydroxide and urea dip method
Authors: Wrathall J.H.M. , Owen E. , Pike D.J. 
Published: June 2019

In recent years, interest in the use of chemically treated crop by-products, such as straw, as animal feed has been increasing. So far, most treatment methods which have been developed involve highly technical procedures requiring skilled labour, complex machinery and hence, large amounts of capital. The aim of the work reported here was to assess the feasibility of using a simple dip method to treat straw with both NaOH (to improve digestibility and hence intake) and urea (to increase the nitrogen content) and subsequently to investigate the effects of feeding this straw to young goats. Results were compared with those obtained for commercially-treated and untreated straw.The dip treatment method involved immersing small bales (density = 69kg/m3 ) in a NaOH (llg/dm3) and urea (7g/dm3) solution for 45 minutes followed by draining for 2 hours and storage for 3-6 days prior to feeding (unchopped).
The Intake and Performance of Pregnant Ewes In-Wintered on Straw-Based Diets
Authors: Haigh J. M. , King M. E. , Keeling B. J. , Inglis D. M. 
Published: June 2019

Limited work has been carried out on straw feeding to pregnant ewes. The present study aimed to assess intake and performance of ewes when fed diets based on either barley or pea straw.One hundred and forty mule ewes were randomly allocated to basal diets of pea or barly straw 15 weeks prior to lambing and allowed access to straw prior to housing to allow diet familiarisation. Pregancy diagnosis was performed at 75-80 days of gestation using real time ultrasound scanning. All in-lamb ewes were housed and grouped according to predicted foetal load. Ewe liveweight and condition was assessed at housing, 6 and 4 weeks prior to lambing and immediately after lambing.Straw was available ad libitum and was supplemented with 400 g/day distillers dark grains. From 6 weeks prior to lambing whole barley with an inclusion of 15% fishmeal was fed twice daily up to a level of 600 g/day for ewes carrying twins and triplets and 400 g/d for ewes carrying singles.
The effect of supplementary feeding in relation to sward height during the pre- and post-mating periods on reproductive performance of brecon cheviot ewes
Authors: Gunn R.G. , Maxwell T.J. , Sim D.A. , Jones J.R. , James M.E. 
Published: June 2019

Sward growth rate and height decline under autumn grazing in the UK. This eventually depresses ewe intake, live weight and body condition and may, as a consequence, reduce reproductive performance. The provision of supplementary feeding is a strategic measure to avoid this but requires quantification in relation to measurable variables such as sward height and stage of the reproductive cycle.A management decision rule for supplementary feeding over the mating period, which is currently operated in the MLURI upland system studies, requires that, in order to maintain both body weight and condition until the completion of the second cycle of mating, concentrated feed be introduced when sward height (herbage mass) is ≤3.5 cm (≤1200 kg DM/ha), be increased when height is ≤3.0 cm ( ≤ 1000 kg DM/ha) and ad lib, hay be introduced when height is ≤ 2.5 cm (≤ 750 kg DM/ha).
The effects of cubicle or strawyard housing and a post-partum injection of prostaglandin on the production and reproductive performance of dairy cows
Authors: Schofield S.A. , Phillips C.J.C. 
Published: June 2019

The objective of the experiment was to compare the production and reproductive performance of dairy cows in two environments known to produce large differences in cow behaviour - the cubicle house and straw yard. In addition an injection of prostaglandin analogue was investigated in both environments as it has been previously reported that a post-partum injection.of PGF2 α can improve poor reproductive performance (Knight, 1985).Forty multiparous spring-calving cows were allocated for 12 weeks prepartum and 12 weeks postpartum t0o either a covered strawyard (S) stocked at 0.12 cows/m2 or a cubicle house (C) stocked at 0.17 cows/ m2. One half of each group received an injection PGF2 (P) 21 days post-partum, the other half receiving no injection (N). All cows were offered a complete diet ad libitum (ME 11.9 MJ/kg DM, CP 164g/kg) and results for the animal production and reproduction are presented for the postpartum period, and results for hoof condition presented for the entire winter.
The Effect of Water Delivery Rate and Drinker Number on the Water use of Growing Pigs
Authors: Barber J. , Brooks P.H. , Carpenter J.L. 
Published: June 2019

An increasing national demand for water coupled with a greater awareness of its potential for environmental pollution has augmented the concern generated by the relatively large quantities wasted on pig farms. Moreover, in the present financial climate this waste represents a useful source of cost saving, through the prospect of reduced supply, storage and disposal expenditure.Several factors are understood to influence the use of water by pigs. Earlier studies at Seale-Hayne (Gill, Brooks and Carpenter, 1986), showed that scale fed pigs used 75.6% more water from Monoflow drinkers (nipple type drinkers) than from Arato 80 drinkers (bite type drinkers). Mount et al., (1971) indicated that temperature has an important effect on water consumption and Gill et al.,(1986) showed that the number of feeds per day was also of significance to the quantity of water used. A clear objective in husbandry should be the provision of water in a manner which takes account of these and other factors.
Fish meal supplementation of sugar beet feed or barley based concentrates for finishing beef cattle fed on grass silage diets
Authors: Kay R.M. , Harland J.I. 
Published: June 2019

Whilst it is predicted that for finishing cattle (over 350 kg at start) fed grass silage diets, rumen degradable protein (RDP) should provide all protein requirements, previous studies have shown very variable growth responses from protein supplementation of cereal or starchy concentrates fed with grass silage. The protein source usually used being white fish meal which is high in rumen undegradable protein (UDP). This experiment investigated the response to fish meal supplementation of an energy concentrate based on either barley (starchy) or sugar beet feed (SBF, fibrous) when fed with good quality (64‘D’) grass silage to cattle in the finishing period of a traditional 18 month semi-intensive system.Forty two 15 month and twelve 14 month old Friesian steers were blocked by weight and allocated at random to treatments (weights as fed):1. 2kg barley plus minerals (2B)2. 1.8 kg barley plus 0.2 kg fish meal (2BF)3. 2 kg sugar beet feed plus minerals (2S)4. 1.8 kg sugar beet feed plus 0.2 kg fish meal(2SF)5. 4 kg sugar beet feed plus minerals (4S)6. 4 kg barley plus minerals (4B)
The effect of body condition, feed level and temporary calf separation on the post-partum anoestrous period and LH and FSH levels in beef cows
Authors: Wright I.A. , Russel A.J.F. , Whyte T.K. , McBean A.J. 
Published: June 2019

Compared with other species of farm livestock the reproductive performance of beef cows is poor. Mating and calving periods are frequently extended to avoid having a large proportion of barren Cows. vs. For example the ‘average’ MLC recorded herd has a calving period of over 4months. This makes management of beef cow herds difficult and has a deleterious effect on biological efficiency and profitability.One of the major limitations to improvement of reproductive efficiency in beef cattle is the extended post-partum anoestrus. Beef cows have longer post-partum anoestrous periods than dairy cows. In one study of three different herds (Peters and Riley, 1982) the mean length of the anovulatory period ranged from 24 to 88 days.
Starch:fibre ratio of concentrates for dairy cows
Authors: Sutton J D , Bines J A , Napper D J , Morant S V 
Published: June 2019

In a previous experiment it was found that when concentrates were given in large amounts with a fixed ration of hay, cows receiving starchy concentrates gave more milk but with a lower fat concentration than cows receiving the same amount of high quality fibrous concentrates of a similar metabolisable energy (ME) concentration. The purpose of the present experiment was to examine the effects of varying the starch:fibre ratio of the concentrates on milk yield and composition and on hay intake.Sixty-one Friesian cows in their second or later lactation were given a standard ration for the first two weeks of lactation and were then allocated to one of eight experimental treatments for the following 18 weeks. All the cows were given 13.5 kg/d of one of four concentrates of similar crude protein and estimated ME concentrations. The concentrates varied from high starch (S) based on barley, wheat and cassava to high fibre (F) based on high-quality by-products (citrus pulp, molassed sugar beet pulp and wheatfeed) with two intermediate types (SF and FS).
Protecting access to land for indigenous and non-indigenous communities: A new page for the World Bank?
Authors: Brunori Margherita 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe World Bank has reviewed its environmental and social policies at a moment of intense production of international instruments dealing with land tenure, all of which take the form of soft law. This endeavour is motivated by the progressive acknowledgement of the importance of secure and equitable access to land for the realization of human rights and food security. The latest contribution of the World Bank to this debate is of great significance. This article aims to unveil the effects that the new Environmental and Social Framework is likely to generate in this context. It analyses the protection of access to land and security of tenure contained in the World Bank’s Environmental and Social Standards in light of the developments occurring at the international level. To this end, the article reviews the changes to the standards in the context of the social impacts when a lending project affects land holders or users directly or indirectly; addresses the mechanisms for protecting, compensating and improving livelihood opportunities for those affected by the projects; and comments on the safeguarding of indigenous peoples’ lands. The article finds that the World Bank, by incorporating some of these emerging standards, has confirmed the relevance of emerging principles and guidelines on land, even if they are contained in non-binding instruments. On a critical note, the article recognizes the refusal of the World Bank to adopt the underlying discourse and fully embrace human rights achievements in the context of land issues.
A deterministic rewrite system for the probabilistic λ-calculus
Authors: Leventis Thomas 
Published: June 2019

AbstractIn this paper we present an operational semantics for the ‘call-by-name’ probabilistic λ-calculus, whose main feature is to use only deterministic relations and to have no constraint on the reduction strategy. The calculus enjoys similar properties to the usual λ-calculus. In particular we prove it to be confluent, and we prove a standardisation theorem.
Categorical models of the differential λ-calculus
Authors: Cockett Robin , Gallagher Jonathan 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe paper shows how the Scott–Koymans theorem for the untyped λ-calculus can be extended to the differential λ-calculus. The main result is that every model of the untyped differential λ-calculus may be viewed as a differential reflexive object in a Cartesian-closed differential category. This extension of the Scott–Koymans theorem depends critically on unraveling the somewhat subtle issue of which idempotents can be split so that differential structure lifts to the idempotent splitting.The paper uses (total) Turing categories with “canonical codes” as the basic categorical semantics for the λ-calculus. It develops the main result in a modular fashion by showing how to add left-additive structure to a Turing category, and then – on top of that – differential structure. For both levels of structure, it is necessary to identify how “canonical codes” must behave with respect to the added structure and, furthermore, how “universal objects” must behave. The latter is closely tied to the question – which is the crux of the paper – of which idempotents can be split while preserving the differential structure of the setting.This paper is the full version of a conference paper and includes the proofs which were omitted from that version due to page-length restrictions.
How can a ‘Responsible’ European Union Contribute to the Implementation of the Responsibility to Protect?
Authors: Ercan Pinar Gözen , Günay Defne 
Published: June 2019

AbstractIn 2013, in light of the mass atrocity cases in Libya and Syria, the Foreign Affairs Committee of the European Parliament recommended ‘to reconfirm the EU’s commitment to R2P [Responsibility to Protect] by adopting an interinstitutional “Consensus on R2P”’. Despite such reaffirmation, the Union’s role in implementing R2P remains an open-ended question. To date, the EU’s contribution to R2P has rarely been studied. In our attempt to contribute to the literature, approaching the issue from an ethical perspective, we aim to answer the following questions: what are the existing capacities of the EU in contributing to R2P; and what can the EU do to be a more responsible actor in the future? After identifying the existing capacities of the Union, we analyse what the EU can do to make the international community more responsible in the future given that we have already left behind the first decade of the norm, which was characterized by inconsistent implementation. Finally, we conclude that the Union holds a genuine potential for further development and a consistent implementation of the norm mainly by utilizing its non-military tools.
The Geological Time Scale
Authors: Gradstein Felix M. 
Published: June 2019

This lecture reviews Geologic Time Scale 2004 (Gradstein, Ogg et al., 2004; Cambridge University Press), constructed and detailed by 40 geoscience specialists, and indicates how it will be further refined. Since Geologic Time Scale 1989 by Harland et al., many developments have taken place: (1) Stratigraphic standardization through the work of the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS) has greatly refined the international chronostratigraphic scale. In some cases, traditional European-based stages have been replaced with new subdivisions that allow global correlation. (2) New or enhanced methods of extracting high-precision age assignments with realistic uncertainties from the rock record. These have led to improved age assignments of key geologic stage boundaries and other global correlation horizons. (3) Orbital tuning has greatly refined the Neogene, and improved parts of Paleogene and Mesozoic. (4) Statistical techniques of compiling integrated global stratigraphic scales within geologic periods.Anticipated advances to the Geologic Time Scale during the next 8 years include: a geologically realistic Precambrian scale, formal definition of all Phanerozoic stage boundaries, orbital tuning of polarity chrons and biostratigraphic events for entire Cenozoic and Cretaceous, a detailed database of high-resolution radiometric ages that includes “best practice” procedures, full error analysis, monitor ages and conversions, resolving age dating controversies (e.g., zircon statistics and possible reworking) across Devonian/Carboniferous, Permian/Triassic, and Anisian/Ladinian boundaries, improved and standardized dating of several ‘neglected’ intervals (e.g., Upper Jurassic – Lower Cretaceous, and Carboniferous through Triassic, and detailed integrated stratigraphy for Upper Paleozoic through Lower Mesozoic.The geochronological science community and ICS are focusing on these issues. A modified version of the time scale to accompany the standardization (boundary definitions and stratotypes) of all stages is planned for 2008 (to be presented at the 33th International Geologic Congress in Oslo), with a totally revised version of GTS available in 2012.
Using Diatoms as Ecological and Paleoecological Indicators in Riverine Environments
Authors: Stone Jeffery R. 
Published: June 2019

Fossil diatom assemblages are useful for reconstructing past environmental changes in riverine systems. However, few studies have attempted to utilize paleolimnological techniques in these settings. Analysis of sediments from riverine environments can provide key information predating the impact of human development, which cannot be acquired by other means. Paleolimnological techniques can be used to determine the natural variability in these systems and to estimate the magnitude and rates of change that the environment may have undergone as a result of anthropogenic or climatic factors, and to provide realistic goals for management of negatively-impacted systems.Reconstructing past riverine settings requires an understanding of the factors that control the spatial distribution of diatoms in riverine settings; this paper discusses the impact of resources, stressors, and disturbance events, which are the primary controls on the distribution of benthic diatoms in modern riverine environments. A selection of case studies that utilize paleolimnological techniques to infer past stream hydrology are also discussed; these examples encompass the use of fossil diatom assemblages from sediments recovered from lowland floodplain and meandering river systems, estuarine environments, fluvial lakes, arctic deltaic environments, and terminal lakes.