bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bipolar illness
Authors: Semple David , Smyth Roger 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter covers bipolar illness. Definitions of mania and a manic episode are defined, as well as hypomania and hypomanic episodes. Bipolar spectrum disorder and different forms of bipolar disorder are classified, clinical presentations and notes described, and management principles discussed. Treatment of acute manic episodes and depressive episodes are covered, including prophylaxis and psychotherapeutic and pharmacological interventions (lithium, valproate, carbamazepine, and lamotrigine).
Child and adolescent psychiatry
Authors: Semple David , Smyth Roger 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter covers child and adolescent psychiatry. From assessment, develop, resilience, and attachment, normal infant mental health is discussed, followed by an approach to behavioural problems and conduct disorders in the older child. Parent management training is covered, followed by individual disorders and their management in the context of the adolescent and child, from attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder to psychosis. Special focus is given to children and young people with intellectual disabilities, child maltreatment, and prescribing differences from adult psychiatry.
Forensic psychiatry
Authors: Semple David , Smyth Roger 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Covering the role of the psychiatrist in forensic situations, from participation in the criminal justice system and legal definitions of crime (including homicide, violence, and sexual offences) to the relationship between mental disorders and offending, this chapter addresses secure hospitals and units, police and court liaison, and the role of the prison psychiatry. Legal provisions and how to give evidence in court are described, and an overview of pathways through the criminal health and justice system for mentally disordered offenders is provided. Fitness to plead and criminal responsibility are both explained.
Therapeutic issues
Authors: Semple David , Smyth Roger 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter covers therapeutic issues in psychiatry, from medication adherence, off-label prescribing and associated legal considerations, negative side effects such as weight gain and sexual dysfunction in different forms of psychiatric medicines, potential interactions or contraindications for prescribing, and specific side effects. Special prescribing cases, such as psychiatric medicine in pregnancy and breastfeeding patients or those with heart, liver, or kidney disease, are explained.
Measuring what a screening programme does
Authors: Raffle Angela E. , Mackie Anne , Gray J. A. Muir 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter gives understanding of measuring evidence about consequences of screening programmes, at a level needed by public health practitioners interpreting evidence for setting screening policy, or for ensuring high quality programme delivery. It takes a practical approach, illustrating with real-life case histories and examples, ranging from infant neuroblastoma to abdominal aortic aneurysm screening. The issues covered are Three Main Biases (healthy screenee effect, length time effect including overdiagnosis, lead time effect); Three Main Evaluation Methods (randomised control trials, time trend analyses, case control studies, and mention of rare conditions); Test Performance (sensitivity and specificity, positive and negative predictive value, receiver operator characteristic curves); Two Additional Sources of Information (pilot or demonstration projects, modelling); Summarising Information on all Outcomes (the numbers in the flow diagram, and decision aids) and finishing with A Note on Sound Science. Careful use of terminology is emphasised, and pitfalls with use of jargon terms (true and false, positive and negative) and misleading labels (early, late, pre-symptomatic, carcinoma in situ) are explained. The issue of overdiagnosis of inconsequential conditions is explained.
Implementing screening programmes
Authors: Raffle Angela E. , Mackie Anne , Gray J. A. Muir 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter gives the reader an understanding of the essential tasks involved in setting up a good quality screening programme. Newborn hearing screening is used as a case study. There is an old saying that all you have to do to create an effective service is choose the right things to do, then do them right. Choosing the right screening involves assessing the evidence and making policy. Doing screening right means setting up a well ordered programme for screening that is of value, ensuring that the service is always of high quality, dealing effectively with problems. It also means making sure that when there is no evidence that benefits would outweigh harms, then screening is vest avoided. Different health care systems have very different ways of planning, delivering, and funding their screening programmes. The chapter focuses on matters that are essential if screening is to achieve public health improvement - irrespective of where, and in what type of health system, it is being delivered.
Making policy on screening programmes
Authors: Raffle Angela E. , Mackie Anne , Gray J. A. Muir 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter shows how resources, values, beliefs, and commercial factors all influence screening policy, and gives clear insight into some of the ethical dilemmas involved. Case histories include celebrity selling of HPV testing, the USA ‘Mammography Wars’ incident, the Cartwright Inquiry into events at National Women’s Hospital in Auckland in the 1960s and genetic testing. The chapter strongly emphasises the value of following robust and explicit processes when making screening policy, and argues that this is best done at national level. The reasons why screening policy-making can be difficult are explored in detail, and clear lessons are drawn from the case examples. The chapter addresses the technical aspects of using evidence, and also explains the power of the cultural belief that all screening must automatically be a good thing and of commercial, professional and institutional interests, often enacted through invisible lobbying using ‘third party’ techniques. The ethical conflicts inherent within screening are described and explored.
Modelling 3D magnetic networks in a realistic solar atmosphere
Authors: Gent Frederick A , Snow Ben , Fedun Viktor , Erdélyi Robertus 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACT
The magnetic network extending from the photosphere (solar radius ≃ R⊙) to the lower corona ($\mathrm{ R}_\odot +10\, {\rm Mm}$) plays an important role in the heating mechanisms of the solar atmosphere. Here we develop further the models of the authors with realistic open magnetic flux tubes, in order to model more complicated configurations. Closed magnetic loops and combinations of closed and open magnetic flux tubes are modelled. These are embedded within a stratified atmosphere, derived from observationally motivated semi-empirical and data-driven models subject to solar gravity and capable of spanning from the photosphere up into the chromosphere and lower corona. Constructing a magnetic field comprising self-similar magnetic flux tubes, an analytic solution for the kinetic pressure and plasma density is derived. Combining flux tubes of opposite polarity, it is possible to create a steady background magnetic field configuration, modelling a solar atmosphere exhibiting realistic stratification. The result can be applied to the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory Michelson Doppler Imager (SOHO/MDI), Solar Dynamics Observatory Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (SDO/HMI) and other magnetograms from the solar surface, for which photospheric motions can be simulated to explore the mechanism of energy transport. We demonstrate this powerful and versatile method with an application to HMI data.
Gone after one orbit: How cluster environments quench galaxies
Authors: Lotz Marcel , Remus Rhea-Silvia , Dolag Klaus , Biviano Andrea , Burkert Andreas 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACT
The effect of galactic orbits on a galaxy’s internal evolution within a galaxy cluster environment has been the focus of heated debate in recent years. To understand this connection, we use both the $(0.5 \,$Gpc)3 and the Gpc3 boxes from the cosmological hydrodynamical simulation set Magneticum Pathfinder. We investigate the velocity anisotropy, phase space, and the orbital evolution of up to ∼5 × 105 resolved satellite galaxies within our sample of 6776 clusters with $M_{\mathrm{vir}}\,\, \gt\,\, 10^{14} \, \mathrm{M_{\odot }}$ at low redshift, which we also trace back in time. In agreement with observations, we find that star-forming satellite galaxies inside galaxy clusters are characterized by more radially dominated orbits, independent of cluster mass. Furthermore, the vast majority of star-forming satellite galaxies stop forming stars during their first passage. We find a strong dichotomy both in line-of-sight and radial phase space between star-forming and quiescent galaxies, in line with observations. The tracking of individual orbits shows that the star formation of almost all satellite galaxies drops to zero within $1 \, \mathrm{Gyr}$ after infall. Satellite galaxies that are able to remain star forming longer are characterized by tangential orbits and high stellar mass. All this indicates that in galaxy clusters the dominant quenching mechanism is ram-pressure stripping.
Predictions for the abundance of high-redshift galaxies in a fuzzy dark matter universe
Authors: Ni Yueying , Wang Mei-Yu , Feng Yu , Di Matteo Tiziana 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACT
During the last decades, rapid progress has been made in measurements of the rest-frame ultraviolet (UV) luminosity function (LF) for high-redshift galaxies (z ≥ 6). The faint-end of the galaxy LF at these redshifts provides powerful constraints on different dark matter (DM) models that suppress small-scale structure formation. In this work we perform full hydrodynamical cosmological simulations of galaxy formation using an alternative DM model composed of extremely light bosonic particles (m ∼ 10−22 eV), also known as fuzzy dark matter (FDM), and examine the predictions for the galaxy stellar mass function and LF at z ≥ 6 for a range of FDM masses. We find that for FDM models with bosonic mass m = 5 × 10−22 eV, the number density of galaxies with stellar mass $\rm M_* \sim 10^7 M_{\odot }$ is suppressed by $\sim 40\, {\rm per\, cent}$ at z = 9, $\sim 20\, {\rm per\, cent}$ at z = 5, and the UV LFs within magnitude range of −16 &lt; MUV &lt; −14 is suppressed by $\sim 60\, {\rm per\, cent}$ at z = 9, $\sim 20\, {\rm per\, cent}$ at z = 5 comparing to the cold dark matter counterpart simulation. Comparing our predictions with current measurements of the faint-end LFs (−18 ≤ MUV ≤ −14), we find that FDM models with m22 &lt; 5 × 10−22 are ruled out at 3σ confidence level. We expect that future LF measurements by James Webb Space Telescope, which will extend down to MUV ∼ −13 for z ≲ 10, with a survey volume that is comparable to the Hubble Ultra Deep Field would have the capability to constrain FDM models to m  ≳ 10−21 eV.
Elemental and molecular abundances in comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko
Authors: Rubin Martin , Altwegg Kathrin , Balsiger Hans , Berthelier Jean-Jacques , Combi Michael R , De Keyser Johan , Drozdovskaya Maria , Fiethe Björn , Fuselier Stephen A , Gasc Sébastien , Gombosi Tamas I , Hänni Nora , Hansen Kenneth C , Mall Urs , Rème Henri , Schroeder Isaac R H G , Schuhmann Markus , Sémon Thierry , Waite Jack H , Wampfler Susanne F , Wurz Peter 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACTComets are considered to be some of the most pristine and unprocessed Solar system objects accessible to in situ exploration. Investigating their molecular and elemental composition takes us on a journey back to the early period of our Solar system and possibly even further. In this work, we deduce the bulk abundances of the major volatile species in comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, the target of the European Space Agency’s (ESA) Rosetta mission. The basis are measurements obtained with the ROSINA instrument suite on board the Rosetta orbiter during a suitable period of high outgassing near perihelion. The results are combined with both gas and dust composition measurements published in the literature. This provides an integrated inventory of the major elements present in the nucleus of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Similar to comet 1P/Halley, which was visited by ESA’s Giotto spacecraft in 1986, comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko also shows near-solar abundances of oxygen and carbon, whereas hydrogen and nitrogen are depleted compared to solar. Still, the degree of devolatilization is lower than that of inner Solar system objects, including meteorites and the Earth. This supports the idea that comets are amongst the most pristine objects in our Solar system.
Not gone with the wind: Planet occurrence is independent of stellar galactocentric velocity
Authors: McTier Moiya A S , Kipping David M 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
We demonstrate that planet occurrence does not depend on stellar galactocentric velocity in the Solar neighbourhood. Using Gaia DR2 astrometry and radial velocity data, we calculate 3D galactocentric velocities for 197 090 Kepler field stars, 1647 of which are confirmed planet hosts. When we compare the galactocentric velocities of planet hosts to those of the entire field star sample, we observe a statistically significant (KS p-value = 10−70) distinction, with planet hosts being apparently slower than field stars by ∼40 km s−1. We explore some potential explanations for this difference and conclude that it is not a consequence of the planet–metallicity relation or distinctions in the samples’ thin/thick disc membership, but rather an artefact of Kepler’s selection function. Non Kepler-host stars that have nearly identical distances, temperatures, surface gravities, and Kepler magnitudes to the confirmed planet hosts also have nearly identical velocity distributions. Using one of these identical non-host samples, we consider that the probability of a star with velocity vtot hosting a planet can be described by an exponential function proportional to $e^{(-v_{\mathrm{tot}}/v_0)}$. Using a Markov Chain Monte Carlo sampler, we determine that v0 &gt;976 km s−1 to 99 per cent confidence, which implies that planets in the Solar neighbourhood are just as likely to form around high-velocity stars as they are around low-velocity stars. Our work highlights the subtle ways in which selection biases can create strong correlations without physical underpinnings.
Interleukin-1β inhibits estrogen receptor-α, progesterone receptors A and B and biomarkers of human endometrial stromal cell differentiation: implications for endometriosis
Authors: Yu Jie , Berga Sarah L , Zou Wei , Taylor Robert N 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Human blastocyst nidation in the uterus and successful pregnancy require coordinated endometrial expression of estrogen receptor (ER)-α, progesterone receptors (PR)-A and -B and the gap junction protein, connexin (Cx)43. Our prior work established that inflammation associated with conditions of reduced fecundity, particularly endometriosis, can perturb eutopic decidual function. In the current studies, we have modeled endometrial decidualization in primary human endometrial stromal cell cultures derived from normal controls (NESC) and from the eutopic endometria of women with endometriosis (EESC) to test the hypothesis that a proinflammatory cytokine, interleukin (IL)-1β, can disrupt stromal cell differentiation. The cells were grown under a standard protocol with hormones (10 nM 17β-estradiol, 100 nM progesterone and 0.5 mM dibutyryl cAMP) for up to 7 days in the absence or presence of IL-1β. Time-course experiments showed that IL-1β compromised decidual function in both NESC and EESC, which was accompanied by rapid phosphorylation of ER-α, PR and Cx43 and their cellular depletion. Inhibition of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 pathway by a selective pharmacological blocker (PD98059) or siRNA interference, or the addition of hormones themselves, blocked the phosphorylation of ERK mediators; increased the production of steroid receptors, Cx43, prolactin, insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 (IGFBP)-1 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and accelerated the differentiation. The results indicate that inhibition of IL-1β can enhance decidualization in NESC and EESC in vitro. Strategies to interfere with this pathway might be implemented as an in vivo approach to enhance fertility in women with endometriosis and, potentially, other inflammatory pathologies.
The general mRNA exporters Mex67 and Mtr2 play distinct roles in nuclear export of tRNAs in Trypanosoma brucei
Authors: Hegedűsová Eva , Kulkarni Sneha , Burgman Brandon , Alfonzo Juan D , Paris Zdeněk 
Published: July 2019

AbstractTransfer RNAs (tRNAs) are central players in protein synthesis, which in Eukarya need to be delivered from the nucleus to the cytoplasm by specific transport receptors, most of which belong to the evolutionarily conserved beta-importin family. Based on the available literature, we identified two candidates, Xpo-t and Xpo-5 for tRNA export in Trypanosoma brucei. However, down-regulation of expression of these genes did not disrupt the export of tRNAs to the cytoplasm. In search of alternative pathways, we tested the mRNA export complex Mex67-Mtr2, for a role in tRNA nuclear export, as described previously in yeast. Down-regulation of either exporter affected the subcellular distribution of tRNAs. However, contrary to yeast, TbMex67 and TbMtr2 accumulated different subsets of tRNAs in the nucleus. While TbMtr2 perturbed the export of all the tRNAs tested, silencing of TbMex67, led to the nuclear accumulation of tRNAs that are typically modified with queuosine. In turn, inhibition of tRNA nuclear export also affected the levels of queuosine modification in tRNAs. Taken together, the results presented demonstrate the dynamic nature of tRNA trafficking in T. brucei and its potential impact not only on the availability of tRNAs for protein synthesis but also on their modification status.
AGO-unbound cytosolic pool of mature miRNAs in plant cells reveals a novel regulatory step at AGO1 loading
Authors: Dalmadi Ágnes , Gyula Péter , Bálint Jeannette , Szittya György , Havelda Zoltán 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is mediated by small, 20-24-nt-long, non-coding regulatory (s)RNAs such as micro (mi) and small interfering (si) RNAs via the action of ARGONAUTE (AGO) proteins. High-throughput sequencing of size-separated sRNA pools of plant crude extracts revealed that the majority of the canonical miRNAs were associated with high molecular weight RNA-induced silencing complexes co-migrating with AGO1 (HMW RISC). In contrast, the majority of 24-nt-long siRNAs were found in association with low molecular weight complexes co-migrating with AGO4 (LMW RISC). Intriguingly, we identified a large set of cytoplasmic sRNAs, including mature miRNA sequences, in the low molecular size range corresponding to protein-unbound sRNAs. By comparing the RISC-loaded and protein-unbound pools of miRNAs, we identified miRNAs with highly different loading efficiencies. Expression of selected miRNAs in transient and transgenic systems validated their altered loading abilities implying that this process is controlled by information associated with the diverse miRNA precursors. We also showed that the availability of AGO proteins is a limiting factor determining the loading efficiency of miRNAs. Our data reveal the existence of a regulatory checkpoint determining the RISC-loading efficiencies of various miRNAs by sorting only a subset of the produced miRNAs into the biologically active RISCs.
A Network Analysis of Potential Antecedents and Consequences of Pain-Related Activity Avoidance and Activity Engagement in Adolescents
Authors: Beeckman Melanie , Simons Laura E , Hughes Sean , Loeys Tom , Goubert Liesbet 
Published: July 2019

AbstractObjectiveThis study sets out to identify potential daily antecedents and consequences of pain-related activity avoidance and engagement behavior in adolescents with chronic pain.MethodsAdolescents (N = 65, Mage = 14.41) completed baseline self-reports and a diary for 14 days. Afternoon and evening reports were used to infer a network structure of within-day associations between pain intensity, pain-related fear, pain catastrophizing, affect, and pain-related activity avoidance and engagement behavior. Baseline psychological flexibility was examined as a potential resilience factor.ResultsActivity avoidance in the evening was predicted by pain-related fear and avoidance earlier that afternoon. Activity engagement was predicted by positive affect and activity engagement in the afternoon. Pain-related behavior in the afternoon was not related to subsequent changes in pain intensity, pain-related fear, pain catastrophizing, or affect. Pain-related fear in the afternoon was predictive of increased levels of pain and pain catastrophizing in the evening. Both pain-related fear and pain catastrophizing in the evening were predicted by negative affect in the afternoon. Psychological flexibility was associated with lower levels of daily activity avoidance and buffered the negative association between pain intensity and subsequent activity engagement.ConclusionsThis study provides insight into unique factors that trigger and maintain activity avoidance and engagement and into the role of psychological flexibility in pediatric pain. Future work should focus on both risk and resilience factors and examine the role of psychological flexibility in chronic pediatric pain in greater detail.
The Generationing of Social Assistance Receipt and “Welfare Dependency” in Ontario, Canada
Authors: Gazso Amber , Baker Collins Stephanie , Smith-Carrier Tracy , Smith Carrie 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAdopting a life course perspective, we explore, qualitatively, how receipt of social assistance in Ontario is generationally experienced. Data are drawn from a study of family and generational relationships with Ontario Works (OW), which included in-depth interviews with 31 participants who also had a child or parent on social assistance; we drew from three Canadian cities: Hamilton, London, and Toronto, Ontario. Our thematic analysis reveals that generation matters and in ways less confined than the ideation embedded in the discourse of welfare dependency. Through a life course lens, we find that while older and younger kin may concurrently access assistance, any generation’s entrance onto it must be understood as varying by social, historical, and structural context, which itself varies over their individual life courses. We define this process as the “generationing” of social assistance receipt. We further reveal how this generationing interacts with gender, race, Indigeneity, and class. We therefore argue that the generationing of social assistance receipt prompts re-conceptualization of taken-for-granted ideation in the discourse of welfare dependency and, thus, is replete with policy implications.