bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Economic Injury Level for Bermudagrass Stem Maggot (Diptera: Muscidae) in Bermudagrass Forage Production in Texas
Authors: Knutson Allen E , Mitchell Forrest 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe bermudagrass stem maggot, Atherigona reversura Villeneuve (Diptera: Muscidae), was first reported damaging bermudagrass Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers grown for forage in 2010 in the southeastern United States. Injury results from individual larvae feeding internally on the vascular tissue just above the terminal node of the grass stem. Injury slows plant growth and reduces forage accumulation. To address the need for economic guidelines to manage this new pest, the relationship between the percent of stems damaged by bermudagrass stem maggot and forage yield was measured in commercial bermudagrass hay fields in northcentral Texas. Yield loss was estimated to be 9.97 kg/ha (8.90 lbs /acre) for each percentage of stems with bermudagrass stem maggot damage. This relationship was used to calculate economic injury levels for a range of hay market values and control costs. The impact of stem damage on protein content, energy, and digestibility of bermudagrass hay was also investigated. Although there was a significant trend for declining forage quality with increasing stem damage, stem damage explained very little of the model’s variability.
Understanding the Profile of Cancer-Related Cognitive Impairments: A Critique of Meta-Analyses
Authors: Horowitz Todd S , Treviño Melissa , Gooch Ingrid M , Duffy Korrina A 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
A large body of evidence indicates that cancer survivors who have undergone chemotherapy have cognitive impairments. Substantial disagreement exists regarding which cognitive domains are impaired in this population. We suggest that is in part due to inconsistency in how neuropsychological tests are assigned to cognitive domains. The purpose of this paper is to critically analyze the meta-analytic literature on cancer-related cognitive impairments (CRCI) to quantify this inconsistency. We identified all neuropsychological tests reported in seven meta-analyses of the CRCI literature. Although effect sizes were generally negative (indicating impairment), every domain was declared to be impaired in at least one meta-analysis and unimpaired in at least one other meta-analysis. We plotted summary effect sizes from all the meta-analyses and quantified disagreement by computing the observed and ideal distributions of the one-way χ2 statistic. The actual χ2 distributions were noticeably more peaked and shifted to the left than the ideal distributions, indicating substantial disagreement among the meta-analyses in how neuropsychological tests were categorized to domains. A better understanding of the profile of impairments in CRCI is essential for developing effective remediation methods. To accomplish this goal, the research field needs to promote better agreement on how to measure specific cognitive functions.
A Network Meta-Analysis of Surgical Treatment in Patients With Early Breast Cancer
Authors: Gui Yu , Liu Xunzhou , Chen Xianchun , Yang Xi , Li Shichao , Pan Qingwen , Luo Xiangdong , Chen Li 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Background
In early breast cancer treatment, the preferred surgical regimen remains a topic of controversy, and conventional pairwise meta-analysis cannot provide a hierarchy based on clinical trial evidence. Therefore, a network meta-analysis was performed both for direct and indirect comparisons and to assess the survival outcomes of surgical regimens.

Methods
Randomized clinical trials comparing different surgical regimens for the treatment of early breast cancer were identified. Overall survival (OS) and disease-free-survival (DFS) were analyzed using random-effects network meta-analysis on the hazard ratio (HR) scale and calculated as combined HRs and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). All statistical tests were two-sided.

Results
The network meta-analysis compared 11 different surgical regimens that consisted of 13 and 17 direct comparisons between strategies for OS (34 trials; n = 23 587 patients) and DFS (32 trials; n = 22 552 patients), respectively. The values of surface under the cumulative ranking for OS and DFS after mastectomy (M)+radiotherapy (RT) were observed to be the largest. Breast-conserving surgery (BCS)+axillary node sampling+RT almost achieved the threshold for inferiority compared with the other surgical treatment arms and was statistically significantly associated with worse OS (HR = 0.51, 95% CI = 0.24 to 0.94; HR = 0.48, 95% CI = 0.22 to 0.92; HR = 0.51, 95% CI = 0.23 to 0.96). No statistically significant difference between BCS+sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB)+RT vs BCS+SLNB+intraoperative RT was observed in carrying out network meta-analysis (HR = 0.95, 95% CI = 0.64 to 1.36).

Conclusions
M+RT is safer than other surgical regimens for the treatment of early breast cancer patients because of the favorable balance between the survival outcomes. Early breast cancer patients who receive BCS should be given SLNB and not axillary node sampling. Intraoperative RT is no better than postoperative RT in patients who receive SLNB.
Article 3—Answer and Counterclaim
Authors: Gusy Martin F , Hosking James M 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Article 3 of the ICDR Rules, which addresses the Respondent’s Answer to the Claimant’s Notice of Arbitration. In filing the Answer, the Respondent may introduce counterclaims and set-offs. The Respondent is not required to provide a full defense in the Answer but may do so if it so wishes. In practice, as a responsive pleading, the contents of the Answer will depend on the facts and arguments presented by the Claimant in the Notice of Arbitration. The Respondent is required to ‘respond to the Notice of Arbitration’ and must submit its statement to the Claimant and any other parties, as well as to the Administrator. In a typical case, the Respondent will request that the claims be dismissed or the relief denied, and that the Claimant be ordered to bear the costs of arbitration, including the Respondent’s legal costs.
Article 12—Appointment of Arbitrators
Authors: Gusy Martin F , Hosking James M 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter addresses Article 12 of the ICDR Rules, which sets out the default procedures for selecting the arbitrator(s). It is a hallmark of arbitration that the parties can agree on the process of selection and, in many cases, choose the specific arbitrators best suited to resolving the dispute. This differs from national courts systems, within which existing judges—permanently installed—hear randomly assigned cases. In arbitration, the parties compose the tribunal according to their agreement, the particular arbitration rules chosen, and the applicable law. The parties’ agreement on the procedure to constitute the tribunal is often contained in the arbitration agreement. If not contained therein, the ICDR Rules stipulate important procedural safeguards and substantive mechanisms for the appointment of their arbitrators in the event that the parties cannot agree on the process.
Article 16—Party Representation
Authors: Gusy Martin F , Hosking James M 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines Article 16 of the ICDR Rules. Although some jurisdictions have traditionally placed restrictions on who can appear on behalf of the parties in an arbitration proceeding conducted on its territory, there is a clear trend in international arbitration towards allowing the parties freely to choose a representative as they deem appropriate, whether that be a local lawyer or foreign counsel, or someone not qualified as a lawyer at all. Article 16 does not provide express guidance as to who may or may not represent a party in arbitration. However, it does provide that each party has the right to representation and, given the liberal approach underlying modern doctrine and the ICDR Rules, this provision should be interpreted to provide each party with the freedom to select a representative of its choosing, whether that is a lawyer or a non-lawyer.
Article 21— Exchange of Information
Authors: Gusy Martin F , Hosking James M 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter addresses Article 21, which effectively incorporates into the ICDR Rules the principles outlined in the ICDR Guidelines for Arbitrators Concerning Exchanges of Information (ICDR Guidelines). Article 21 establishes guiding principles for a tribunal to carry out its mandate to manage the exchange of information in a cost-effective and economic manner; but this mandate should take into account wide-ranging differences in international practice and balancing the goals of efficiency and cost-effectiveness against the need for parties to be able to properly present their case and to be heard. It is a welcomed addition to the ICDR Rules, considering that tribunals and counsel often may have divergent views of disclosure that are typically informed by their respective home jurisdictions. Indeed, Article 21 provide a great deal of discretion for tribunals to shape the procedure to the needs of a particular matter.
Article 25—Tribunal-Appointed Expert
Authors: Gusy Martin F , Hosking James M 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines Article 25 of the ICDR Rules, which addresses tribunal-appointed—as opposed to party-appointed—experts. Although tribunal-appointed experts are more common in the civil law tradition, the practice is not infrequently seen in general international arbitration. Article 25 of the ICDR Rules was only lightly amended in the 2014 revisions. While it provides the framework for empowering the tribunal to appoint such experts and some basic rules, Article 25 leaves to the tribunal’s discretion other practical issues, such as the method of selecting the expert, qualifications required of the expert, arrangements for payment of the expert’s fees and expenses, and negotiation of the expert’s terms of engagement. In this respect, a tribunal may well turn to internationally accepted procedural guidelines on using tribunal-appointed experts.
Article 26—Default
Authors: Gusy Martin F , Hosking James M 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Article 26 of the ICDR Rules. Article 26 addresses the situation in which one party to a proceeding ‘defaults’, whether by failing to file a timely Answer, appear at a hearing, produce evidence, or otherwise contravene an order of the tribunal. Unsurprisingly, such a default occurs only where the errant party has been duly notified of the steps required and, in some cases, where the party fails to show sufficient cause to excuse its failure. In such circumstances, the tribunal may choose to proceed with the arbitration regardless of such failure. In contrast to litigation in many jurisdictions, this approach is preferred to issuing any sort of ‘summary judgment’ or ‘default judgment’. In other words, the claimant must still make out his or her case and the arbitrators must still review the legal and evidential record before making a final determination.
Article 33—Interpretation and Correction of the Award
Authors: Gusy Martin F , Hosking James M 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines Article 33 of the ICDR Rules. As with most other arbitral rules, the ICDR Rules provide a limited opportunity for interpretation or correction of an award and for an additional award to be made on claims presented, but not included within the award. Article 33 provides a strict deadline for any such interpretations, corrections, or additional awards. The rationale behind such a limited review and on such a strict timeline is the concern not to interfere with the parties’ agreement for a fast and final resolution of their dispute. For this reason, arbitrators, courts, and commentators are quick to emphasize the very limited scope of an application under Article 33 or its analogous provisions in other rules. Given the likelihood, however, of at least one party feeling aggrieved by the tribunal’s decision, Article 33 can also be subject to creative attempts to reargue a particular legal, evidential, or procedural point.
Article 37—Confidentiality
Authors: Gusy Martin F , Hosking James M 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter addresses Article 37 of the ICDR Rules. The extent to which arbitral proceedings are, or should be, confidential is a topic of recurring debate within the international arbitration community. Article 37—with its focus on imposing a duty of confidentiality on the arbitrators and the institution—represents an innovation by the ICDR that has since been partially adopted by some other institutions. The 2014 revisions to the ICDR Rules added a new provision to this rule that makes clear that issues of confidentiality are otherwise left to the agreement of the parties and any procedural order entered by the tribunal. The revision serves as a reminder to counsel and the tribunal that confidentiality concerns may best be addressed by way of a carefully tailored order within the proceeding itself.
Article E-10—The Award Under the Expedited Procedures
Authors: Gusy Martin F , Hosking James M 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This concluding chapter discusses Article E-10 of the ICDR Rules, which provides some basic requirements for an award made under the Expedited Procedures. Unlike its analogous counterpart in Article 30 of the main ICDR Rules, Article E-10’s direction is more limited. While Article 30 also provides instruction on the form, content, and confidentiality of the award, Article E-10 only provides specific direction that the award should be in writing, that it is final and binding on the parties, and that it must be rendered within a 30-day time period. Consequently, as with other provisions of the Expedited Procedures and as is provided for in Article E-1, arbitrators and the parties should refer to the provisions of the main ICDR Rules to supplement Article E-10.
RNA polymerase II-independent recruitment of SPT6L at transcription start sites in Arabidopsis
Authors: Chen Chen , Shu Jie , Li Chenlong , Thapa Raj K , Nguyen Vi , Yu Kangfu , Yuan Ze-Chun , Kohalmi Susanne E , Liu Jun , Marsolais Frédéric , Huang Shangzhi , Cui Yuhai 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
SPT6 is a conserved elongation factor that is associated with phosphorylated RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) during transcription. Recent transcriptome analysis in yeast mutants revealed its potential role in the control of transcription initiation at genic promoters. However, the mechanism by which this is achieved and how this is linked to elongation remains to be elucidated. Here, we present the genome-wide occupancy of Arabidopsis SPT6-like (SPT6L) and demonstrate its conserved role in facilitating RNAPII occupancy across transcribed genes. We also further demonstrate that SPT6L enrichment is unexpectedly shifted, from gene body to transcription start site (TSS), when its association with RNAPII is disrupted. Protein domains, required for proper function and enrichment of SPT6L on chromatin, are subsequently identified. Finally, our results suggest that recruitment of SPT6L at TSS is indispensable for its spreading along the gene body during transcription. These findings provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying SPT6L recruitment in transcription and shed light on the coordination between transcription initiation and elongation.
Restriction of AID activity and somatic hypermutation by PARP-1
Authors: Tepper Sandra , Mortusewicz Oliver , Członka Ewelina , Bello Amanda , Schmidt Angelika , Jeschke Julia , Fischbach Arthur , Pfeil Ines , Petersen-Mahrt Svend K , Mangerich Aswin , Helleday Thomas , Leonhardt Heinrich , Jungnickel Berit 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAffinity maturation of the humoral immune response depends on somatic hypermutation (SHM) of immunoglobulin (Ig) genes, which is initiated by targeted lesion introduction by activation-induced deaminase (AID), followed by error-prone DNA repair. Stringent regulation of this process is essential to prevent genetic instability, but no negative feedback control has been identified to date. Here we show that poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) is a key factor restricting AID activity during somatic hypermutation. Poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) chains formed at DNA breaks trigger AID-PAR association, thus preventing excessive DNA damage induction at sites of AID action. Accordingly, AID activity and somatic hypermutation at the Ig variable region is decreased by PARP-1 activity. In addition, PARP-1 regulates DNA lesion processing by affecting strand biased A:T mutagenesis. Our study establishes a novel function of the ancestral genome maintenance factor PARP-1 as a critical local feedback regulator of both AID activity and DNA repair during Ig gene diversification.
Treatment Options for Hydrocephalus Following Foramen Magnum Decompression for Chiari I Malformation: A Multicenter Study
Authors: Bartoli Andrea , Soleman Jehuda , Berger Assaf , Wisoff Jeffrey H , Hidalgo Eveline Teresa , Mangano Francesco T , Keating Robert F , Thomale Ulrich W , Boop Frederick , Roth Jonathan , Constantini Shlomi 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

BACKGROUND
New-onset hydrocephalus following foramen magnum decompression (FMD) for Chiari I malformation (CM-I) is rare; its natural history and pathophysiology are poorly understood.

OBJECTIVE
To describe a series of patients who developed hydrocephalus following FMD for CM-I, provide possible explanations of this phenomenon, and outline treatment options.

METHODS
Out of patients undergoing FMD for CM-I from 6 different tertiary centers, we evaluated patients presenting with new-onset hydrocephalus following FMD. The retrospectively collected data included demographics, clinical, and radiological findings of the CM-I and hydrocephalus patients. Time from FMD and hydrocephalus onset, treatment, and surgical techniques were assessed.

RESULTS
Of 549 patients who underwent FMD for CM-I, 28 (5.1%) subsequently developed hydrocephalus (18 females, 10 males), with a mean age of 11.7 ± 11.9 yr (range 6 mo to 52 yr). Hydrocephalus occurred on average 2.2 ± 2.6 mo after FMD (range 1 wk to 8 mo). Four patients did not have a violation of the arachnoid during the FMD surgery. Main presenting symptoms of hydrocephalus were headaches (17, 41%), vomiting (10, 24.4%), and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak or pseudomeningocele (7, 17%).
Overall, 23 patients (82.1%) underwent CSF shunting, 1 patient (3.5%) had an endoscopic third ventriculostomy, 3 patients (10.7%) temporary CSF diversion only, and 1 patient (3.5%) was treated with acetazolamide.

CONCLUSION
Hydrocephalus following FMD for CM-I is uncommon, but important. Based on our series and literature review, its incidence is about 5% to 7% and most likely will require further surgery. Shunting appears to be the favored treatment option.
The effects of fiscal stimulus: firm-level evidence from selective temporary consumption tax cuts
Authors: Misch Florian , Seymen Atılım 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe paper investigates the effects of temporary consumption tax cuts for selected durables in Turkey in 2009 using firm-level data. Our empirical strategy exploits variation in firm exposure to the tax cuts and at the same time controls for unobserved industry- and region-specific shocks to address potential endogeneity. Using data on the change of sales of firms that benefited from this measure and of those that did not over different periods, we find positive and robust effects of consumption tax cuts on the change of firm sales. In line with theoretical predictions, we also find a reversal of these effects following the expiration of the tax cuts.
A Truth-Seeking Justification for Press Freedom?†
Authors: Stephenson Randall 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The relationship between press freedom and representative democracy has captured the interest of philosophers and constitutional law scholars for centuries. John Charney’s The Illusion of the Free Press argues that the truth-seeking justification for expressive freedoms can alone explain the continuing importance of a free press to contemporary democracies. This review essay examines two rebuttals to this argument. First, adopting a more modern ‘process-relational’ philosophy reveals that Charney’s epistemological ‘illusion’ is itself based on misconceptions. Secondly, the author’s incomplete use of democratic theory precludes a more convincing explanation based on marginalised notions of horizontal accountability and the checking function of the press.
Surgical Resection of Cervical Meningioma: 3-Dimensional Operative Video
Authors: Sorenson Thomas J , Lanzino Giuseppe , Rangel Castilla Leonardo 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Spinal cord meningiomas are rare, benign lesions typically found at the cervical or thoracic spinal region. They can cause symptoms through compression of the spinal cord and nerve roots. These tumors often have a challenging surgical course due to their location in relation to spinal cord and nerve rootlets. We present a 33-yr-old female who presented with cervical radicular and myelopathy symptoms. MRI of the cervical spinal demonstrated an anterolateral, 3 cm intradural, extrameduallary tumor causing significant cord compression at C6-7 level. The patient was taken to surgery for cervical laminoplasty and microsurgical tumor removal. The current 3-dimensional video demonstrates the steps involved during the microsurgical resection of the tumor. In order to facilitate spinal cord rotation without compromising blood supply the dentate ligaments at 3 levels (C5-C7) were identified and transected, the anterolateral-situated tumor was separated from the exiting right C6 and C7 nerve rootlet followed by circumferential dissection, and subsequent en bloc resection. No complications were encountered during the procedure; somatosensory and motor evoked potential registration remained intact. The patient recovered well from the procedure and was discharged on postoperative day three with improvement in her presenting symptoms.
Communicating with Slurs
Authors: Rappaport Jesse 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
An adequate linguistic theory of slurs must address three major aspects of their meaning: descriptive, evaluative and expressive. Slurs denote specific groups, they are used to convey speakers’ evaluative attitudes, and some have a very strong emotional impact. In this paper, I argue that a variety of mechanisms are required to account for this range of properties. Semantically, slurs simply denote the groups that they target. Pragmatically, speakers use slurs to show, in the Relevance-Theoretic sense, that they share a negative attitude towards the targeted group. However, this does not yet explain the capacity of certain ‘toxic’ slurs to express strong emotions of the speaker and to elicit a strong emotional reaction in hearers. In order to account for this psychological impact, I posit that, like curse words, slurs undergo distinct neurolinguistic processing that links them directly to emotional centers in the brain.