bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multicriteria Optimization Model to Generate on‐DEM Optimal Channel Networks
Authors: Bizzi Simone , Cominola Andrea , Mason Emanuele , Castelletti Andrea , Paik Kyungrock 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe theory of optimal channel networks (OCNs) explains the existence of self‐similarities in river networks by multiple optimality principles, namely, (i) the minimum energy expenditure in any link, (ii) the equal energy expenditure per unit area of channel anywhere, and (iii) the minimum total energy expenditure (TEE). These principles have been used to generate OCNs from 2‐D networks. The existing notion of OCN considers the concavity of river longitudinal profiles as a priori condition. Attempts to generate OCNs starting from a random 3‐D digital elevation model (DEM) and minimizing solely TEE have failed to reproduce concave profiles. Yet alternative approaches can be devised from the three optimality principles, for instance, focusing on the local energy expenditure (LEE). In this paper, we propose a Multiobjective modeling framework for Riverscape Exploration (MoRE) via simultaneous optimization of multiple OCN criteria. MoRE adopts a multiobjective evolutionary algorithm and radial basis functions to efficiently guide DEM elevation variations required to shape 3‐D OCNs. By minimizing both TEE and the variance in LEE, MoRE successfully reproduces realistic on‐DEM, OCN‐based riverscapes, for the first time. Simulated networks possess scaling laws of upstream area and length and river longitudinal profile resembling those of real river networks. The profile concavity of generated on‐DEM OCNs emerges as a consequence of the minimization of TEE constrained to the equalization of LEE. Minimizing TEE under this condition generates networks that possess specific patterns of LEE, where the scaling of slope with basin area resembles the patterns observed in real river networks.
Fully‐VCO‐based 0‐2 MASH CT ΔΣ ADC
Authors: Xing Xinpeng , Zhu Peng , Liu Hui , Gielen Georges 
Published: July 2018

A fully‐voltage‐controlled oscillator (VCO)‐based continuous‐time (CT) Delta‐Sigma (ΔΣ) analogue‐to‐digital converter (ADC) is reported, implementing second‐order noise shaping without any analogue integrators. Traditional power‐hungry front‐end analogue integrator is replaced by a highly‐digital power‐efficient VCO‐based integrator, which is constructed by a VCO, a phase detector and a charge pump. The quantisation is executed by a VCO‐based quantiser with intrinsic noise shaping. Taking advantage of the mostly‐digital and high‐order structure, a spurious‐free dynamic range of 74 dB and a figure‐of‐merit of 52 fJ/step over a 40 MHz bandwidth are achieved by a 0‐2 multi‐stage shaping (MASH) demonstration in 40 nm CMOS.
Lactobacillus plantarum LRCC 5273 isolated from Kimchi ameliorates diet-induced hypercholesterolemia in C57BL/6 mice
Authors: Heo Wan , Lee Eui Seop , Cho Hyung Taek , Kim Jun Ho , Lee Jin Hyup , Yoon Seok Min , Kwon Hoon Tae , Yang Siyoung , Kim Young-Jun 
Published: July 2018

ABSTRACT
This study was designed to select potent cholesterol-lowering probiotic strains on HepG2 cell and investigate the effect of selected strain, Lactobacillus plantarum LRCC 5273 and LRCC 5279 in hypercholesterolemic mice. In the results, LP5273 group showed significantly reduced total and LDL cholesterol compared to HCD group. In addition to significantly up-regulated hepatic mRNA expression of LXR-α and CYP7A1, intestinal LXR-α and ABCG5 were significantly up-regulated in LP5273 group. With activation of hepatic and intestinal LXR-α and its target genes, fecal cholesterol and bile acid excretion were increased in LP5273 fed mice. These results suggest that LP5273 ameliorates hypercholesterolemia in mice through the activation of hepatic and intestinal LXR-α, resulting in enhancement of fecal cholesterol and bile acids excretion in the small intestine. The results of present study suggest mechanistic evidences for hypocholesterolemic effects of L. plantarum spp., and may contribute to future researches for prevention of hypercholesterolemia and cardiovascular disease.
Influence of long-term feeding of high-fat diet on quercetin and fat absorption from the small intestine in lymph duct-cannulated rats
Authors: Makino Ryosuke , Takano Kasumi , Kita Kazumi , Nishimukai Megumi 
Published: July 2018

ABSTRACT
This study aimed to investigate the effect of dietary lipids and a long-term high-fat diet on lymphatic triglyceride and quercetin absorption in rats with a surgically implanted thoracic lymph cannula. Quercetin-3-O-β-glucoside reduced the lymphatic triglyceride output from the intestines; this reduction was prominent among rats fed a high-fat diet.
Radiolabelled leucocytes in human pulmonary disease
Authors: Farahi Neda , Loutsios Chrystalla , Tregay Nicola , Summers Charlotte , Lok Laurence S C , Ruparelia Prina , Solanki Chandra K , Gillett Daniel , Chilvers Edwin R , Peters A Michael 
Published: July 2018

AbstractIntroductionRadionuclides for leucocyte kinetic studies have progressed from non-gamma emitting cell-labelling radionuclides through gamma emitting nuclides that allow imaging of leucocyte kinetics, to the next goal of positron emission tomography (PET).Sources of dataMostly the authors’ own studies, following on from studies of the early pioneers.Areas of controversyFrom early imaging studies, it appeared that the majority of the marginated granulocyte pool was located in the lungs. However, later work disputed this by demonstrating the exquisite sensitivity of granulocytes to ex vivo isolation and labelling, and that excessive lung activity is artefactual.Areas of agreementFollowing refinement of labelling techniques, it was shown that the majority of marginated granulocytes are located in the spleen and bone marrow. The majority of leucocytes have a pulmonary vascular transit time only a few seconds longer than erythrocytes. The minority showing slow transit, ~5% in healthy persons, is increased in systemic inflammatory disorders that cause neutrophil priming and loss of deformability. Using a range of imaging techniques, including gamma camera imaging, whole-body counting and single photon-emission computerized tomography, labelled granulocytes were subsequently used to image pulmonary trafficking in lobar pneumonia, bronchiectasis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and adult respiratory distress syndrome.Growing pointsMore recently, eosinophils have been separated in pure form using magnetic bead technology for the study of eosinophil trafficking in asthma.Areas timely for developing researchThese include advancement of eosinophil imaging, development of monocyte labelling, development of cell labelling with PET tracers and the tracking of lymphocytes.
The Trial of Neville Heath, the Popular Press, and the Construction of the Memory of the Second World War in Britain, 1945–1946
Authors: Grant Matthew 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
This article uses the press coverage of the sensational 1946 trial of Neville Heath for murder as a case-study for exploring how the memory of the Second World War in Britain was constructed in the immediate post-war period. Historians of Europe have described how painful narratives of occupation and defeat were suppressed, and more positive memories of timeless national values highlighted, in order to aid the reconstruction of national identity and gender relations. Although Britain had not experienced such upheaval, the nation did face troubling questions about the consequences of the war for criminality and violence. The popular press, however, discussed such issues in ways which did not call into question the central narratives of the ‘people’s war’. The trial of Heath highlights how questions concerning violence in Britain could be resolved: whereas post-war violent crime was understood in terms of short-term social dislocation rather than the psychological impact of the war, Heath’s sadistic violence was discussed using language which made it readily comparable to the German and Japanese war crimes being featured at the same time. As such, Heath was understandable as an individual, pathologised ‘type’ rather than as a symbol of the post-war British veteran.
Selection Effects with Heterogeneous Firms
Authors: Mrázová Monika , Neary J Peter 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
We characterize how firms select between alternative ways of serving a market. “First-order” selection effects, whether firms enter or not, are extremely robust. “Second-order” ones, how firms serve a market conditional on entry, are much less so: more efficient firms select the entry mode with lower market-access costs if firms’ maximum profits are supermodular in production and market-access costs, but not necessarily otherwise. We derive microfoundations for supermodularity in a range of canonical models. Notable exceptions include horizontal and vertical FDI with “subconvex” demands (i.e., less convex than CES), fixed costs that increase with productivity, and R&D with threshold effects.
An evolutionary perspective on the British banking crisis
Authors: Marshall Neill , Dawley Stuart , Pike Andy , Pollard Jane , Coombes Mike 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
Developing an evolutionary perspective towards the changing anatomy of the banking sector reveals the enduring tensions and contradictions between spatial centralisation and the possibilities for decentralisation before, during and after the British banking crisis. The shift from banking boom to crisis in 2007 is conceptualised as a significant and on-going moment in the long-term evolution of the historical institutional–spatial dominance of London over other city-regions in Britain. The analysis demonstrates the importance of the institutional and geographical legacies of the British national political economy and variegation of capitalism established in the later nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in shaping contemporary geographical outcomes. Regulatory changes combined with financial innovation in the latter years of the twentieth century to create an opportunity for English regional and Scottish banks excluded from previous institutional–spatial centralisation to expand excessively and consequently several failed in the banking crisis. The paper considers the future trajectory of institutional–spatial centralisation in the banking sector amidst the continued spatial restructuring of the banking crisis, involving a re-drawing of organisational boundaries, overlapping institutional and technological changes and unprecedented uncertainty about the impact of Brexit on Britain’s wider political and economic landscape.
Synonymy Between Token-Reflexive Expressions
Authors: Radulescu Alexandru 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
Synonymy, at its most basic, is sameness of meaning. A token-reflexive expression is an expression whose meaning assigns a referent to its tokens by relating each particular token of that particular expression to its referent. The formulation of its meaning accordingly mentions the particular expression whose meaning it is. This seems to entail that no two token-reflexive expressions are synonymous, which would constitute a strong objection against token-reflexive semantics. In this paper, I propose and defend a notion of synonymy for token-reflexive expressions that allows such expressions to be synonymous, while being a fairly conservative extension of the customary notion of synonymy.
A Strategy for PrEP Clinicians to Manage Ambiguous HIV Test Results During Follow-up Visits
Authors: Smith Dawn K , Switzer William M , Peters Philip , Delaney Kevin P , Granade Timothy C , Masciotra Silvina , Shouse Luke , Brooks John T 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
Prompt determination of HIV infection status is critical during follow-up visits for patients taking pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) medication. Those who are uninfected can then continue safely taking PrEP, and those few who have acquired HIV infection can initiate an effective treatment regimen. However, a few recent cases have been reported of ambiguous HIV test results using common testing algorithms in PrEP patients. We review published reports of such cases and testing options that can be used to clarify true HIV status in these situations. In addition, we review the benefits and risks of 3 antiretroviral management options in these patients: (1) continue PrEP while conducting additional HIV tests, (2) initiate antiretroviral therapy for presumptive HIV infection while conducting confirmatory tests, or (3) discontinue PrEP to reassess HIV status after a brief antiretroviral-free interval. A clinical consultation resource is also provided.
A Novel Technique for Prevention of Subarachnoid-Pleural Fistula After Incidental Durotomy During Transthoracic Spinal Surgery
Authors: He Kevin D , Rymarczuk George N , Clark Shannon W , Gillick John L , Vahedi Payman , Sharan Ashwini D 
Published: July 2018

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Subarachnoid-pleural fistulas (SPFs) are rare but significant complications of transthoracic spinal surgery. Whether noted intraoperatively or in the postoperative period, SPF requires implementation of aggressive management, with consideration given to direct surgical repair. Additionally, the physical constraints of the thoracic cavity often hinder direct SPF repair.

OBJECTIVE
To present a novel operative technique that can be used to easily and quickly address incidental durotomy incurred during transthoracic spinal surgery while working within the confines of the thorax.

METHODS
Surgical hemostatic clips were used to affix a patch-graft of dural substitute to the parietal pleura surrounding the site of a transthoracic spinal decompression in which an incidental durotomy was incurred. The patch-graft was augmented with the application of biological glue and was successful in preventing symptomatic SPF.

RESULTS
The use of surgical clips to affix a patch graft is a quick, easy, and effective means of addressing an incidental durotomy during thoracotomy and preventing SPF. The clip applier is significantly easier to maneuver within the narrow working channel of the thorax than are instruments used during direct repair.

CONCLUSION
Preventing SPF can be challenging. The physical constraints of the thoracic cavity make water-tight repair difficult and time-consuming, particularly when the morphology of the dural tear prevents primary apposition of the defect. The authors present a novel technique of preventing development of SPF using hemostatic clips to simply and quickly affix suturable dural substitute to the parietal pleura overlying the site of an incidental durotomy.
Infradentate Approach to the Fourth Ventricle
Authors: Jamshidi Ali O , Priddy Blake , Beer-Furlan Andre , Prevedello Daniel M 
Published: July 2018

Abstract

BACKGROUND
The use of minimally invasive transcranial ports for the resection of deep-seated lesions has been shown to be safe and effective for supratentorial lesions. The routine use of this surgical modality for posterior fossa masses has not been well established in the literature. In particular, fourth ventricular tumors are not the typical target for neuro-port surgery because of potential injury to the dentate nucleus.

OBJECTIVE
To describe the use of a tubular retractor system to reach the fourth ventricle while sparing the cerebellar vermis and the dentate nucleus. Three cases illustrations are presented.

METHODS
Surgical access to the fourth ventricle was developed sparing the cerebellar vermis and the dentate nucleus. The authors reviewed 3 cases to illustrate the feasibility of minimal access transcerebellar port surgery for the resection of these lesions using an infradentate access.

RESULTS
None of the patients developed new neurological deficits and the pathology was successfully resected in all cases. There were no major complications related to surgery and no mortalities.

CONCLUSION
The infradentate approach obviates the need for traditional approaches to the fourth ventricle, thus making this challenging target in the posterior fossa more accessible to neurosurgeons. The authors observed successful removal of lesions involving the fourth ventricle while avoiding any associated morbidity or mortality.
Long sleep duration predicts a higher risk of obesity in adults: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies
Authors: Liu Wenjia , Zhang Rui , Tan Anran , Ye Bo , Zhang Xinge , Wang Yueqiao , Zou Yuliang , Ma Lu , Chen Guoxun , Li Rui , Moore Justin B 
Published: July 2018

Abstract

Background
The connections between long sleep duration and obesity or weight gain warrant further examination. This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate whether long sleep duration was associated with the risk of obesity, weight gain, body mass index (BMI) change or weight change in adults.

Methods
PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Elsevier Science Direct, Science Online, MEDLINE and CINAHL were searched for English articles published before May 2017. A total of 16 cohort studies (n = 329 888 participants) from 8 countries were included in the analysis. Pooled relative risks (RR) or regression coefficients (β) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated. Heterogeneity and publication bias were tested, and sensitivity analysis was also performed.

Results
We found that long sleep duration was associated with higher risk of obesity (RR [95% CI] = 1.04 [1.00–1.09], P = 0.037), but had no significant associations with weight gain, BMI change or weight change. Long sleep duration increased the risk of weight gain in three situations: among men, in studies with <5 years follow-up, and when sleep duration was 9 or more hours.

Conclusions
Long sleep duration was associated with risk of obesity in adults. More cohort studies with objective measures are needed to confirm this relationship.
The Sensitivity and Specificity of Preoperative History, Physical Examination, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Predict Articular Cartilage Injuries in Symptomatic Discoid Lateral Meniscus
Authors: Lau Brian C. , Vashon Toure , Janghala Abhinav , Pandya Nirav K. 
Published: July 2018

Background:
Discoid lateral meniscus (DLM) is a morphologic variant in which concomitant articular cartilage defects lead to poor outcomes. The purpose of this study was to quantify the prognostic ability of history, physical examination, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to identify arthroscopically confirmed articular cartilage injury in pediatric and adolescent DLM patients.

Methods:
An analysis of 34 consecutive patients (mean, 12.5 y) who underwent surgical treatment for DLM. Patients were grouped based on arthroscopic findings for the presence or absence of articular cartilage injury. All patients underwent standard preoperative history and physical examination, and MRI of their symptomatic knee. Separate discriminant functional analyses were performed using history (age, sex, symptoms lasting >6 mo, traumatic history), physical examination (presence of clunk, extension block, mechanical symptoms), and MRI findings (chondral injury, meniscal degeneration, meniscal morphology) to determine their sensitivity and specificity in prediction of articular cartilage lesions.

Results:
The sensitivity and specificity of history alone was 71.4% and 75.0%, respectively; physical examination alone was 64.3% and 60%, respectively; and of MRI findings alone was 60% and 66.7%, respectively. A stepwise discriminant functional analysis found that duration of symptoms and extension block were the optimal contributors with a 78.5% sensitivity and 80% specificity.

Conclusions:
Preoperative history had the highest sensitivity and specificity compared with physical examination and MRI findings for predicting articular cartilage injury at the time of DLM surgery. These findings may assist in setting expectations for patients with regard to surgical planning and recovery and also to counsel patients with asymptomatic, incidental DLM which factors may risk chondral injury and warrant early return for evaluation.

Level of Evidence:
Level II—retrospective prognostic comparative study.
Predictability of Clinical Knowledge Through Mobile App-based Simulation for the Treatment of Pediatric Septic Arthritis: A Pilot Study
Authors: Shore Benjamin J. , Miller Patricia E. , Noonan Kenneth J. , Bae Donald S. 
Published: July 2018

Background:
Recently the American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Accreditation Council of Graduate Medical Education have identified the treatment of septic arthritis of the hip in children as a milestone skill for all US orthopaedic residents. The purpose of this study was to test correlation between clinical knowledge and examination score on a mobile app-based training module for the treatment of pediatric septic hip arthritis.

Methods:
A 4-part simulation model on surgical decision-making associated with the treatment of pediatric septic arthritis was developed through expert consensus. Orthopaedic trainees participating in the “Top Gun” program of the 2015 and 2016 International Pediatric Orthopaedic Symposiums were recruited to participate in this pilot study. Trainees completed a presimulation quiz on their knowledge of diagnosis, arthrocentesis, and surgical irrigation and debridement on a pediatric patient presenting with septic arthritis of the hip. Trainees then completed the 4-part simulation on the mobile app. Pearson correlation analysis was used to assess the relationship between the quiz and the simulation.

Results:
A total of 53 orthopaedic residents and fellows participated in the simulation. Median quiz score was 87 points [interquartile range (IQR), 81 to 94] before the intervention and 100 points (IQR, 94 to 100) postintervention. The median simulation test score was 89 (IQR, 81 to 92) which demonstrated a positive correlation with the postintervention quiz (r=0.44, P<0.001). The preintervention metrics demonstrated a positive correlation with postintervention metrics (r=0.53, P<0.001).

Conclusions:
This study revealed a statistically significant positive correlation between the mobile app simulation and the clinical knowledge of the participants, as well as the ability to improve knowledge about a procedure during the testing period. These findings support the ability for the mobile app to test clinical knowledge. In the current environment of decreased work hours and patient exposure for orthopaedic trainees, mobile app-based simulation has the potential to safely aid in assessment of orthopaedic residents and fellows.