bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Orthopaedic Faculty and Resident Racial/Ethnic Diversity is Associated With the Orthopaedic Application Rate Among Underrepresented Minority Medical Students
Authors: Okike Kanu , Phillips Donna P. , Johnson Wayne A. , O'Connor Mary I. 
Published: July 2019

Introduction:
Orthopaedic surgery is among the least diverse fields in all of medicine. To promote the recruitment of minorities, a commonly proposed strategy is to increase the exposure of minority medical students to orthopaedic surgeons and residents who are minorities themselves. This study examines the degree to which the racial/ethnic diversity of the orthopaedic faculty and residency program influences underrepresented in medicine (URM) medical students at that institution to pursue a career in orthopaedics.

Methods:
Using data provided by the Association of American Medical Colleges, we identified all US medical schools that were affiliated with an orthopaedic department and an orthopaedic residency program (n = 110). For each institution, data were collected on URM representation among the orthopaedic faculty and residents (2013 to 2017), as well as the proportion of URM medical students who applied to an orthopaedic residency program (2014 to 2018). The association between institutional factors and the URM medical student orthopaedic application rate was then assessed.

Results:
Of 11,887 URM students who graduated from medical school during the 5-year study period, 647 applied to an orthopaedic residency program (5.4%). URM students who attended medical school at institutions with high URM representation on the orthopaedic faculty were more likely to apply in orthopaedics (odds ratio 1.27, 95% confidence interval 1.04 to 1.55, P = 0.020), as were URM students at institutions with high URM representation in the residency program (odds ratio 1.45, 95% confidence interval 1.17 to 1.79, P < 0.001).

Discussion:
The benefits of a diverse orthopaedic workforce are widely acknowledged. In this study, we found that increased URM representation among the orthopaedic faculty and residents was associated with a greater likelihood that URM medical students at that institution would apply in orthopaedics. We also suggest a set of strategies to break the cycle and promote the recruitment of minorities into the field of orthopaedic surgery.
Hoe effectief is de WBSO-regeling door de jaren heen?
Authors: Verhoeven Wim , van Stel André 
Published: July 2019

Hoe effectief is de WBSO-regeling door de jaren heen?
In dit artikel wordt de effectiviteit van de WBSO-regeling (Wet Bevordering Speur- en Ontwikkelingswerk) kwantitatief onderzocht. Met de WBSO kunnen bedrijven hun loonkosten voor speur- en ontwikkelingswerk verlagen. De WBSO is een belangrijke pijler van het huidige Nederlandse innovatiebeleid en bestaat sinds 1994. Ze is bedoeld om de omvang van de S&O-uitgaven bij bedrijven in Nederland te stimuleren. De belangrijkste indicator voor de effectiviteit van de WBSO is de zogenoemde 'bang for the buck' (BFTB). De BFTB geeft weer welk bedrag bedrijven extra uitgeven aan speur- en ontwikkelingswerk, per euro genoten WBSO-ondersteuning. Onze analyses laten zien dat de BFTB door de jaren heen ruim hoger is dan 1. Bedrijven die WBSO gebruiken, investeren de genoten WBSO-ondersteuning terug in S&O en doen daar zelf nog iets bovenop. De WBSO-regeling doet daarmee wat het beoogt, namelijk het bevorderen van speur- en ontwikkelingswerk, en is daarom effectief te noemen.
Insurance as a Remedy against Financial Crisis
Authors: Faure Michael , Heine Klaus 
Published: July 2019

Insurance as a Remedy against Financial Crisis
To some extent, the financial crisis could be considered as comparable to a natural catastrophe. We address the question whether it might be possible to insure against financial crisis, similarly as insurance is possible in case of natural catastrophes. Thereby we extend the market mechanism as far as possible by proposing a three-layered insurance model containing self-insurance, insurance by insurance companies and insurance by the government. We argue that an advantage of this multi-layered structure is not only the provision of funds in case of a financial crisis, but also that it helps to prevent financial crisis. The preventive effect is due to market-driven check and balances between the three layers.
Business Enterprises and the Environment
Authors: Jesse Katinka D. , Koppe Erik V. 
Published: July 2019

Business Enterprises and the Environment: Corporate Environmental Responsibility
In 2011, following his 2005 initial mandate of the UN Commission on Human Rights and his extended 2008 mandate of the UN Human Rights Council, the Special Representative of the Secretary-General (SRSG) on the issues of human rights and transnational corporations and other business enterprises, Professor John Ruggie, issued the final text of the ‘Guiding Principles for the Implementation of the United Nations “Protect, Respect and Remedy Framework”‘. The 2008 Framework on Business and Human Rights and the complementing 2011 Guiding Principles consist of three pillars: the duty of states to protect human rights, the responsibility of business enterprises to respect human rights, and access to remedies for victims of human rights abuses. They currently qualify as the dominant paradigm in the corporate social responsibility (CSR) discourse, also because they now form part of various soft law and self-regulation initiatives. The Framework and Guiding Principles do not, however, specifically focus on environmental issues, but their systematic approach and structure do provide a model to address state duties and business responsibilities to care of the environment. This article is intended to complement the UN Framework and Guiding Principles on business and human rights with principles in the field of business and the environment. Hence, it is submitted that states have a customary duty to care for the environment; it is similarly submitted that business enterprises have a responsibility to care for the environment; and it is submitted that stakeholders must have access to remedies in relation to breaches of these duties and responsibilities.
La enseñanza de la atenuación en E/LE a partir del análisis de un corpus real
Authors: Secchi Daniel 
Published: July 2019

Resumen: El presente trabajo busca evidenciar la potencialidad de los corpus discursivos orales reales como herramienta para la enseñanza/aprendizaje de la atenuación en E/LE, y también pretende demostrar cómo los estudiantes pueden mejorar sus habilidades pragmáticas relacionadas con la atenuación a través de un aprendizaje consciente que les permita desenvolverse en los diferentes contextos comunicativos, igual que los nativos.Palabras clave: corpus oral real, atenuación, español lengua extranjera (E/LE) Abstract: The aim of the present investigation is to point out the potentiality of using real oral discourse corpus as a didactic resource in order to teach/learn mitigation in S/SL classes. Also, we want to highlight how students can improve their pragmatic and mitigation skills, thanks to a conscious learning of those strategies that help them to communicate in different communicative contexts as well as native speakers do.Keywords: real oral corpus, mitigation, Spanish as second language (S/SL)
Meteorological Models for Determination of Surface Radio Refractivity over Nigeria
Authors: Ajileye O. O. , Popoola O. S. , Kayode F. F. , Rabiu A. B. 
Published: July 2019

Previous studies showed that linear meteorological expressions obtained were localized and could not be generally applied. It is therefore required that more locations should be investigated to deduce new linear meteorological models best suitable for estimation of surface refractivity. Surface meteorological data, including pressure, temperature and relative humidity, was downloaded from Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Application (MERRA - 2) for six locations defined by different climatic conditions over Nigeria, namely Yenagoa, Abakaliki, Ibadan, Anyigba, Jalingo and Sokoto for a period of 40 years partitioned into two periods of 20 years each. The 1979 – 1998 dataset of atmospheric temperature, T (K), atmospheric pressure, P (hPa) and relative humidity, Rh (%) were extracted using text import wizard to calculate surface refractivity using existing model (Nitu-r). Regression analysis was carried out to obtain new linear meteorological expressions as function of temperature (Nt), relative humidity (Nrh), and combination of relative humidity and temperature (Nrh,t). The new expressions were tested using 1999 – 2018 meteorological dataset and the results of surface refractivity from the new linear expressions were compared with values from existing equations.
It was observed that high relative humidity and low temperature values prevalent in the three southern stations – Yenagoa, Abakaliki and Ibadan – significantly enhanced the suitability of Nrh,t linear meteorological model for estimation of surface refractivity values comparable toNitu-r. Contrary to the observations in the southern stations, in the northern stations, relative humidity contributions (Nrh) had the best linear correlation of 0.96 at Anyigba, 0.98 at Jalingo and Sokoto. Estimation of surface refractivity from the new linear meteorological models was found to be best as a function of temperature and relative humidity in the south and a function of relative humidity in the north. Linear meteorological models as a function of relative humidity and temperature were best suitable for stations in the south with minimum correlation of 0.98 while linear expressions as a function of relative humidity only were best suitable for the stations in the north with minimum correlation of 0.96.
Genetic Diversity and Responses of Some Selected Yellow Maize Genotypes to Stem Borer (Sesamia calamistis Hampson) Infestation
Authors: Solomon Oyeniyi Omotola , Olasanmi Bunmi , Adelowo Olakojo Samuel , Tayo Akinyosoye Solomon 
Published: July 2019

Aims: Identification of promising resistant parents against stem borer infestation for the development of high yielding maize hybrids.
Study Design: Ten yellow maize genotypes selected for yield potential and durable level of tolerance to stem borer infestation were used in this study. A stem borer resistant yellow maize variety was crossed with nine stem borer (not necessarily resistant) maize varieties in a top-cross mating design.
Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in 2017 and 2018 at the Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, OAU, Ibadan, Nigeria.
Methodology: The resulting nine F1 hybrids along with the ten parents were evaluated under irrigation using a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications in a stem borer endemic area. Data collected were subjected to combined analysis of variance (ANOVA), principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical clustering analyses.
Results: Results obtained showed significant differences for year and genotype, as well as their interaction for some traits measured. Maize varieties were delineated into three groups. The first two PCA with Eigen values greater than 1.0 accounted for 73.0% of the variation; where PC1 was responsible for 52.5% of the variation and was associated with percentage stem borer infestation, leaf damage, plant aspect, stem tunneling ratio and dead heart. PC2 accounted for 20.5% and associated with only grain yield (GY). Also, maize hybrids had higher GY and better resistance to stem borer than their parents by 24.3% and -14.3%, respectively. BR9928-DMR-SR-Y was identified as resistant to stem borer with high GY in hybrid combinations. Positive and significant correlation was obtained among infestation parameters.
Conclusion: Genes from promising donor parents may be introgressed into other desirable maize germplasm for the development of stem borer resistant maize hybrids.
Education Quality Challenges in Ethiopian Secondary Schools
Authors: Goshu Belay Sitotaw , Woldeamanuel Melaku Masresha 
Published: July 2019

This article empirically assesses perceptions of Ethiopian secondary school teachers and education administrators on the challenge of quality of education, opportunities and explores viable options to improve the quality. To this effect, the descriptive survey method was employed. The information used in this study was obtained through questionnaires random sampling technique which was employed to select 72 Directors, 50 vice directors, 71 Supervisor 52 unit leader and 638 teachers targeted respondents respectively into two secondary schools. The data were analyzed by descriptive analysis. The result shows that in contrast to remarkable achievements in access, progress to date in raising the quality of education in Ethiopia has been limited. Most of the respondents agree that the achievement in gross enrolments is good but in quality, at a low rate and has learning achievement in education system remains unacceptably low. This has become a source of concern for government officials, educators, parents, teachers, students, and other stakeholders. In addition, the results confirm that curriculum content needs to be relevant to a labour market where meta-cognitive skills are at a premium while providing schools with the flexibility to create an instructional environment suited to local conditions and revising teacher training method in university or colleges.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Regio‐ and Stereoselective Sulfonylation of Aryl Propiolates with Sulfonyl Hydrazides: Access to (E)‐β‐Aryl Sulfonyl Acrylates
Authors: Jiang Huanfeng , Yan Wuxin , Huang Jiuzhong , Tan Chaowei , Zhan Lingzhi , Wu Wanqing 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAn efficient method for the synthesis of (E)‐β‐aryl sulfonyl acrylates has been reported. This palladium‐catalyzed approach showed excellent regio‐ and stereoselectivity in the sulfonylation of aryl propiolates with sulfonyl hydrazides. Through this approach, a wide range of (E)‐β‐aryl sulfonyl acrylates were obtained in moderate to high yields.magnified image
Rationalizing Electrocatalysis of Li–S Chemistry by Mediator Design: Progress and Prospects
Authors: Song Yingze , Cai Wenlong , Kong Long , Cai Jingsheng , Zhang Qiang , Sun Jingyu 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe lithium–sulfur (Li–S) battery is regarded as a next‐generation energy storage system due to its conspicuous merits in high theoretical capacity (1672 mAh g−1), overwhelming energy density (2600 Wh kg−1), and the cost‐effectiveness of sulfur. However, the practical application of Li–S batteries is still handicapped by a multitude of key challenges, mainly pertaining to fatal lithium polysulfide (LiPS) shuttling and sluggish sulfur redox kinetics. In this respect, rationalizing electrocatalytic processes in Li–S chemistry to synergize the entrapment and conversion of LiPSs is of paramount significance. This review summarizes recent progress and well‐developed strategies of the mediator design toward promoted Li–S chemistry. The current advances, existing challenges, and future directions are accordingly highlighted, aiming at providing in‐depth understanding of the sulfur reaction mechanism and guiding the rational mediator design to realize high‐energy and long‐life Li–S batteries.
Light‐Induced Activation of Adaptive Junction for Efficient Solar‐Driven Oxygen Evolution: In Situ Unraveling the Interfacial Metal–Silicon Junction
Authors: Tung Ching‐Wei , Kuo Tsung‐Rong , Hsu Chia‐Shuo , Chuang Yen , Chen Hsiao‐Chien , Chang Chung‐Kai , Chien Chia‐Ying , Lu Ying‐Jui , Chan Ting‐Shan , Lee Jyh‐Fu , Li Jiun‐Yun , Chen Hao Ming 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe integration of surface metal catalysts with semiconductor absorbers to produce photocatalytic devices is an attractive method for achieving high‐efficiency solar‐induced water splitting. However, once combined with a photoanode, detailed discussions of the light‐induced processes on metal/semiconductor junction remain largely inadequate. Here, by employing in situ X‐ray scattering/diffraction and absorption spectroscopy, the generation of a photoinduced adaptive structure is discovered at the interfacial metal–semiconductor (M–S) junction between a state‐of‐the‐art porous silicon wire and nickel electrocatalyst, where oxygen evolution occurs under illumination. The adaptive layer in M–S junction through the light‐induced activation can enhance the voltage by 247 mV (to reach a photocurrent density of 10 mA cm−2) with regard to the fresh photoanode, and increase the photocurrent density by six times at the potential of 1.23 V versus reversible reference electrode (RHE). This photoinduced adaptive layer offers a new perspective regarding the catalytic behavior of catalysts, especially for the photocatalytic water splitting of the system, and acting as a key aspect in the development of highly efficient photoelectrodes.
Reproductive isolation among three sympatricAchimenesspecies: pre‐ and post‐pollination components
Authors: Ramírez‐Aguirre Erandi , Martén‐Rodríguez Silvana , Quesada‐Avila Gabriela , Quesada Mauricio , Martínez‐Díaz Yesenia , Oyama Ken , Espinosa‐García Francisco J. 
Published: July 2019

PremiseClosely related species occurring in sympatry may experience the negative consequences of interspecific pollen transfer if reproductive isolation (RI) barriers are not in place. We evaluated the importance of pre‐ and post‐pollinationRIbarriers in three sympatric species ofAchimenes(Gesneriaceae), including ecogeographic, phenological, floral isolation, self‐pollination, and hybrid viability (fruit and seed set).MethodsWe recorded geographic distribution throughout species ranges and assessed flowering phenology and pollinator visitation at one site in central Mexico. In the greenhouse, we measured floral traits involved inRIand quantified fruit and seed set for from self, intraspecific, and interspecific crosses.ResultsEcogeographic barriers were important inRI, but under sympatry, phenological and floral barriers contributed more to totalRI. PhenologicalRIvaried between species and years, while floralRIwas 100% effective at preventing interspecific visitation. Species showed differences in floral morphology, color, and scents associated with specialized pollination systems (A. antirrhina–hummingbirds, A. flava–bees,A. patens–butterflies); heterospecific visitation events were restricted to rare secondary pollinators. Hybrid crosses consistently yielded progeny in lower numbers than intraspecific crosses.ConclusionsThis study indicated that neither autogamy nor early post‐pollination barriers prevent interspecific pollen flow betweenAchimenesspecies. However, floral isolation, acting through a combination of attraction and reward traits, consistently ensures specificity of the pollination system. These results suggest that selection on floral traits to reduce the costs of hybrid progeny production may have played a role in evolution or maintenance of specialized pollination systems inAchimenes.
HLA‐II genes are associated with outcomes of specific immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis
Authors: Zhao Yanming , Zhao Yali , Zhang Yuan , Zhang Luo 
Published: July 2019

BackgroundAlthough the precise mechanisms underlying the efficacy of allergen‐specific immunotherapy (AIT) are not clear, some evidence suggests that this may be linked to polymorphisms in HLA‐II gene. We aimed to investigate the correlation between HLA‐II gene polymorphisms and house dust mite (HDM)‐specific immunotherapy efficacy, and evaluate specific polymorphisms as potential biomarkers in allergic rhinitis (AR) patients who would benefit most from AIT.MethodsFifty‐one Han Chinese patients with AR receiving HDM AIT were recruited. Genomic DNA was extracted from venous blood samples and genotyped for HLA‐DRB1 and HAL‐DQB1 alleles using the polymerase chain reaction sequence‐based genotyping method. Nasal and eye symptoms were investigated based on visual analogue scale and rhinoconjunctivitis quality of life.ResultsAllele DRB1*04:06; DRB1*14:05 showed a positive correlation with improvements in nasal blockage, nasal itching, eye itching, and activities. Similarly, DQB1*03:02:01; DQB1*05:03: 01 was positively correlated with improvements in nose blocking, nasal itching, eye itching, behavioral problems, and nasal symptoms scores; and DRB1*03:01; DRB1*04:06 positively correlated with nasal symptoms scores. In contrast, DRB1*07:01:01; DRB1*11:01 was negatively correlated with non‐pollen symptoms, behavioral problems, and nasal symptoms.ConclusionHLA‐DRB1 and HLA‐DQB1 gene polymorphism are associated with AIT efficacy in HDM‐sensitive Chinese patients with AR, of which DRB1*03:01; DRB1*04:06 and DQB1*03:02:01; DQB1*05:03:01 may be useful biomarkers of AR patient candidacy for effective AIT.
Two‐dimensional mullite nanostructure: Synthesis and reinforcement effect on polypropylene/maleic anhydride graft ethylene vinyl acetate matrix
Authors: Varghese Anish Mathai , Singh Swati , Muthukumaraswamy Rangaraj Vengatesan , Mittal Vikas 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACTIn the present work, we studied the reinforcement effect of mullite nanosheets (MNs) on the properties of polypropylene (PP)/maleic anhydride graft ethylene‐vinyl acetate (EVA‐g‐MA) blend matrix. MNs have been prepared in the presence of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as the macromolecular surfactant through the sol–gel process followed by a thermal annealing method. The sheet‐like morphology of mullite was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy analysis. The surface of the MNs was modified using 3‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane. One weight percent of amine‐functionalized MNs (AMNs) improved the impact strength of PP/EVA‐g‐MA blend matrix, which is about 52%. Melt rheology analysis resulted that the nanocomposite exhibited a viscous behavior up to 2.5 wt % of AMNs and above the content ensued a viscoelastic solid‐like behavior. X‐ray diffraction analysis showed a complete dispersion of AMNs in the PP/EVA‐g‐MA blend matrix. TEM analysis confirmed that the MNs sheets are residing mostly in EVA‐g‐MA phase and the interface of PP/EVA‐g‐MA blend. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 48233.
One‐Electron Reduction of Acenaphthene‐1,2‐Diimine Nickel(II) Complexes
Authors: Khrizanforova Vera V. , Fayzullin Robert R. , Morozov Vladimir I. , Gilmutdinov Ildar F. , Lukoyanov Anton N. , Kataeva Olga N. , Gerasimova Tatiana P. , Katsyuba Sergey A. , Fedushkin Igor L. , Lyssenko Konstantin A. , Budnikova Yulia H. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractNew nickel‐based complexes of 1,2‐bis[(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)imino]acenaphthene (dpp‐bian) with BF4− counterion or halide co‐ligands were synthesized in THF and MeCN. The nickel(I) complexes were obtained by using two approaches: 1) electrochemical reduction of the corresponding nickel(II) precursors; and 2) a chemical comproportionation reaction. The structural features and redox properties of these complexes were investigated by using single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction (XRD), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and UV/Vis spectroscopy. The influence of temperature and solvent on the structure of the nickel(I) complexes was studied in detail, and an uncommon reversible solvent‐induced monomer/dimer transformation was observed. In the case of the fluoride complex, the unpaired electron was found to be localized on the dpp‐bian ligand, whereas all of the other nickel complexes contained neutral dpp‐bian moieties.