bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The electron as a wave
Authors: Solymar L. , Walsh D. , Syms R. R. A. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Discusses the Davisson–Germer experiment in which electrons pass through a screen having one or two slits, and shows the necessity for a wave theory. The operation of an electron microscope is explained and some properties of the waves including the uncertainty between the simultaneous determination of position and momentum of the particle. Analogies with classical phenomena are discussed, namely the Fourier transform relationship between pulse length and spectral width, and the size of an aperture aerial and its relationship to the beamwidth.
The free electron theory of metals
Authors: Solymar L. , Walsh D. , Syms R. R. A. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
The model of the free electron theory is presented. The density of states and the Fermi–Dirac distribution function are discussed, leading to the specific heat of the electrons, the work function, thermionic emission, and the Schottky effects. As examples of applications the field-emission microscope and quartz–halogen lamps are discussed. The photoelectric effect and the energy diagrams relating to the junction between two metals are also discussed.
Artificial materials or metamaterials
Authors: Solymar L. , Walsh D. , Syms R. R. A. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
The difference between natural and artificial materials is explained. The equivalent plasma frequency of wire media is derived. A list of metamaterial resonators is presented. The possibility of achieving negative refraction and its significance are discussed. It is shown that under certain circumstances it is possible to produce a perfect lens that could transfer evanescent waves aswell. Themulti-layer lens is shown to have advantages over the single-layer lens. The operation of a SiC lens based on the negative dielectric constant due to optical phonons is discussed. Detectors for magnetic resonance imaging, relying on the resonance of magnetoinductive waves are shown to be a potential application.
“The Triumph of Jimmy Scott”
Authors: Eidsheim Nina Sun 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Jazz singer Jimmy Scott’s ambiguously gendered voice became the stuff of legend and was reviled by some and revered by many. His singular vocal timbre fell in a liminal space between black and white, young and mature, male and female. He first gained a cult following and the respect of other prominent singers because of his unique voice and nuanced vocal stylings. His unusual timbre, however, presented marketing challenges. Scott labored in near obscurity for much of his career; his photograph was not included on his own album covers, and he was often unlisted or misidentified in recording credits with other singers. This chapter explores the motivations behind these problems, including gender, sexuality, and racial politics, and how they impacted the reception of Scott.
Hearing Luxe Pop
Authors: Howland John 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter examines the concept of the “luxe pop” production practices and their evolution over the last several decades. It traces the connection between modern luxe pop, 1970s symphonic soul, and 1920s symphonic jazz. Each case features the timbre of a lush string orchestra as a stand-in for highbrow or elevated culture, while the overlaid genres of jazz, soul, and hip-hop function as a symbol of lowbrow culture. This juxtaposition of black/white, lowbrow/highbrow, street/luxury functions as musical irony and subversive sarcasm. This chapter traces specifically the connection between Jay-Z’s symphonic hip-hop production “Can I Live,” which samples Isaac Hayes’s cover of Burt Bacharach’s “The Look of Love,” a recording that was featured in the movie Casino Royale (1967). Pop music’s tendency to borrow samples from its own history (“retromania”) leads to an interconnected web of artists spanning decades of popular music.
Clash of the Timbres
Authors: Butler Jan 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter explores the conflict between live- and studio-centered aesthetics in the context of the San Francisco and Los Angeles rock scenes in the late 1960s. Bands such as Jefferson Airplane, who had spent their careers playing live concerts, were faced with new challenges of working in a more technical setting. By the same token, the technological capabilities of studio recording practice allowed for increased creative opportunities. Contributors to nascent rock magazines such as Crawdaddy often disagreed about the true meaning of “authentic” rock and roll, some advocating for a more polished and produced sound while others argued that rock should imitate live performance, even in a recording studio. Over time, artists and producers developed means to oscillate between live and recorded styles depending on their artistic intention.
The Sound of Nowhere
Authors: Théberge Paul 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter traces the development of reverb in music production. Reverberation implicates acoustic space with musical and social places; thus, genres can come to be associated with different locations (e.g., Gregorian chant with cathedrals, orchestras with large concert halls). Sound recordings relocate music to other locales, however, superimposing the reverberant characteristics of one space upon another. Since the 1930s, audio-recording engineers increasingly disengaged recorded sounds from their acoustic environments and replaced them with artificial reverb: through the use of chambers, plates and digital devices, popular recording practices create a complex, multilayered musical space. The chapter traces these developments and links them to contemporary listening practices associated with headphone use, arguing that reverb serves to create an imaginary sonic space for the mobile listener.
Survival predictors in biopsy-proven giant cell arteritis: a northern Italian population-based study
Authors: Macchioni Pierluigi , Boiardi Luigi , Muratore Francesco , Restuccia Giovanna , Cavazza Alberto , Pipitone Nicolò , Catanoso Mariagrazia , Mancuso Pamela , Luberto Ferdinando , Giorgi Rossi Paolo , Salvarani Carlo 
Published: October 2018

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate the influence of disease-related findings and treatment outcomes on survival in a population-based cohort of Northern Italian patients with GCA.

Methods
A total of 281 patients with incident temporal artery biopsy (TAB)-proven GCA, diagnosed over a 26-year period (1986–2012) and living in the Reggio Emilia area, were retrospectively evaluated. We analysed clinical, imaging and laboratory findings at diagnosis, pathological patterns of TAB, CS treatment and therapeutic outcomes, and traditional cardiovascular risk factors as factors predictive of survival.

Results
Univariate analysis showed that increased mortality was associated with large vessel involvement at diagnosis [hazard ratio (HR) 5.84], while reduced mortality was associated with female sex (HR 0.66), PMR (HR 0.54), higher haemoglobin levels (HR 0.84) at diagnosis, long-term remission (HR 0.47) and inflammation limited to adventitia or to the adventitial vasa vasorum (HR 0.48) at TAB examination. Multivariate analysis confirmed the association between increased mortality and large vessel involvement (HR 5.14) at diagnosis, between reduced mortality and PMR (HR 0.57) at diagnosis and adventitial inflammation (HR 0.31) at TAB.

Conclusion
PMR at diagnosis and inflammation limited to the adventitia at TAB appear to identify subsets of patients with more benign disease, while large vessel involvement at diagnosis is associated with reduced survival.
Association Between Concomitant Hysterectomy and Repeat Surgery for Pelvic Organ Prolapse Repair in a Cohort of Nearly 100,000 Women
Authors: Dallas Kai , Elliott Christopher S. , Syan Raveen , Sohlberg Ericka , Enemchukwu Ekene , Rogo-Gupta Lisa 
Published: October 2018

OBJECTIVE:
To evaluate the association of hysterectomy at the time of pelvic organ prolapse (POP) repair with the risk of undergoing subsequent POP surgery in a large population-based cohort.

METHODS:
Data from the California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development were used in this retrospective cohort study to identify all women who underwent an anterior, apical, posterior or multiple compartment POP repair at nonfederal hospitals between January 1, 2005, and December 31, 2011, using Current Procedural Terminology and International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision procedure codes. Women with a diagnosis code indicating prior hysterectomy were excluded, and the first prolapse surgery during the study period was considered the index repair. Demographic and surgical characteristics were explored for associations with the primary outcome of a repeat POP surgery. We compared reoperation rates for recurrent POP between patients who did compared with those who did not have a hysterectomy at the time of their index POP repair.

RESULTS:
Of the 93,831 women meeting inclusion criteria, 42,340 (45.1%) underwent hysterectomy with index POP repair. Forty-eight percent of index repairs involved multiple compartments, 14.0% included mesh, and 48.9% included an incontinence procedure. Mean follow-up was 1,485 days (median 1,500 days). The repeat POP surgery rate was lower in those patients in whom hysterectomy was performed at the time of index POP repair, 3.0% vs 4.4% (relative risk [RR] 0.67, 95% CI 0.62–0.71). Multivariate modeling revealed that hysterectomy was associated with a decreased risk of future surgery for anterior (odds ratio [OR] 0.71, 95% CI 0.64–0.78), apical (OR 0.76, 95% CI 0.70–0.84), and posterior (OR 0.69, 95% CI 0.65–0.75) POP recurrence. The hysterectomy group had increased lengths of hospital stay (mean 2.2 days vs 1.8 days, mean difference 0.40, 95% CI 0.38–0.43), rates of blood transfusion (2.5% vs 1.5, RR 1.62, 95% CI 1.47–1.78), rates of perioperative hemorrhage (1.5% vs 1.1%, RR 1.32, 95% CI 1.18–1.49), rates of urologic injury or fistula (0.9% vs 0.6%, RR 1.66, 95% CI 1.42–1.93), rates of infection or sepsis (0.9% vs 0.4%, RR 2.12, 95% CI 1.79–2.52), and rate of readmission for an infectious etiology (0.7% vs 0.3%, RR 2.54, 95% CI 2.08–3.10) as compared with those who did not undergo hysterectomy.

CONCLUSION:
We demonstrate in a large population-based cohort that hysterectomy at the time of prolapse repair is associated with a decreased risk of future POP surgery by 1–3% and is independently associated with higher perioperative morbidity. Individualized risks and benefits should be included in the discussion of POP surgery.
The Value in Doing Something
Authors: Wendler David 
Published: October 2018

Objectives:
Evaluate the reasons why attempts at redirection, especially at the end of life, often fail, and patients and families insist on treating the underlying illness.

Setting:
Conflicts between patients and caregivers regarding the appropriate course of treatment.

Main Results:
Clinicians typically understand requests for treatment merely as means to obtain effective care. However, patients and families often request treatment as a way to exert their agency, avoid a sense of responsibility for unwanted outcomes, and express compassion.

Conclusions:
In response to devastating illness, patients and families are frequently motivated by factors that go beyond obtaining effective care. Awareness of these factors can help clinicians to identify sources of potential conflict and continue to provide compassionate care.
Challenges in Estimating the Impact of Vaccination with Sparse Data
Authors: Shioda Kayoko , Schuck-Paim Cynthia , Taylor Robert J. , Lustig Roger , Simonsen Lone , Warren Joshua L. , Weinberger Daniel M. 
Published: October 2018

Background:
The synthetic control model is a powerful tool to quantify the population-level impact of vaccines because it can adjust for trends unrelated to vaccination using a composite of control diseases. Because vaccine impact studies are often conducted using smaller, subnational datasets, we evaluated the performance of synthetic control models with sparse time series data. To obtain more robust estimates of vaccine impacts from noisy time series, we proposed a possible alternative approach, STL+PCA method (seasonal-trend decomposition plus principal component analysis), which first extracts smoothed trends from the control time series and uses them to adjust the outcome.

Methods:
Using both the synthetic control and STL+PCA models, we estimated the impact of 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on pneumonia hospitalizations among cases <12 months and 80+ years of age during 2004–2014 at the subnational level in Brazil. We compared the performance of these models using simulation analyses.

Results:
The synthetic control model was able to adjust for trends unrelated to 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in larger states but not in smaller states. Simulation analyses showed that the estimates obtained with the synthetic control approach were biased when there were fewer cases, and only 4% of simulations had credible intervals covering the true estimate. In contrast, the STL+PCA analysis had 90% lower bias and had 95% of simulations, with credible intervals covering the true estimate.

Conclusions:
Estimates from the synthetic control model might be biased when data are sparse. The STL+PCA model provides more accurate evaluations of vaccine impact in smaller populations.
Choosing the Right Delirium Assessment Tool
Authors: Mulkey Malissa A. , Roberson Donna W. , Everhart D. Erik , Hardin Sonya R. 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACT
Delirium is an increasing concern with current combined annual costs for the United States and Europe of approximately $350 billion. Although standardized definitions and diagnostic criteria exist, more than 80% of delirium in the acute care setting is overlooked or misdiagnosed. Delays in identification result in increases in severity and mortality and a reduction in quality of life. Selecting an assessment tool is the first step toward improving recognition.
Endovascular treatment for atherosclerotic stenosis within V3 segment of a hypoplastic vertebral artery
Authors: Wei Ming , Ma Yuxiang , Yin Long 
Published: October 2018

Abstract

Introduction
The endovascular treatment of intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis has become a common intervention. However, few reports are available regarding stenting performed for hypoplastic vertebral artery (HVA) with multiple atherosclerotic lesions. Combining multiple neuroendovascular devices provides more possibilities for technical success. We describe a stenting technique using a distal intracranial catheter (Navien) for providing an approach to an HVA with multiple existing atherosclerotic lesions. The technique involves a coaxial system comprising a 6F 70-cm long sheath and 5F 115-cm Navien catheter, which provides a stable support and a shorter distance for the navigation of a balloon-mounted stent. Thus, a stent can be easily delivered avoiding any obstacles such as curves or tortuosity in the VA without distal advancement of the microwire.

Conclusion
The procedure was completed successfully with neither arterial perforation nor injury of the vessel wall. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that has reported the use of a Navien catheter in an HVA as an adjunctive technique for the delivery of an Apollo intracranial stent. The combination of the Apollo stent and Navien catheter is an alternative technique that may improve the safety of intracranial stenting procedure.
A cluster randomized controlled trial to test the feasibility and preliminary effectiveness of a family dementia caregiver intervention in Vietnam
Authors: Nguyen Tuan Anh , Nguyen Huong , Pham Thang , Nguyen Trong Hung , Hinton Ladson 
Published: October 2018

Abstract

Background:
Resources for Enhancing All Caregivers Health in the Department of Veterans Affairs (REACH VA) is an evidence-based intervention supporting family dementia caregivers that has been shown to improve caregiver outcomes for culturally diverse populations in the United States. However, this model has not been tested in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) including Vietnam, where community-based psychosocial interventions are urgently needed. The objectives of this study are to assess the feasibility and preliminary effectiveness of a culturally adapted version of the Resources for Enhancing All Caregivers Health in Vietnam (REACH VN).

Methods:
A cluster randomized controlled trial (RCT) will be conducted over a 6-month period in Soc Son district located in Hanoi. An expected sample of 10 to 12 communes, representing approximately 50 dementia primary caregivers, will be randomized to either the REACH VN intervention or an enhanced control condition. Inclusion criteria for the caregiver include age ≥18, family member who provides the most day-to-day care for person with dementia, and a total score for the brief (4 item) Zarit Burden Scale of ≥6. Over the course of 2 to 3 months, each participant in the intervention group will receive the REACH VN intervention comprised of 4 core sessions on problem solving, mood management/cognitive restructuring, stress management, and communication, and up to 2 additional sessions based on caregiver's needs. The enhanced control group will receive a single session that provides verbal and written information on dementia. Caregiver outcomes will be assessed at baseline (i.e., time of enrolment) and 3 months. The feasibility will be assessed with regard to recruitment, retention, treatment adherence, treatment fidelity, and assessment processes. For preliminary effectiveness, we will examine caregiver burden as the primary outcome and changes in caregiver depressive symptoms and in Alzheimer disease knowledge as secondary outcomes.

Discussion:
This is the first study to test community-based family dementia caregiver intervention in Vietnam. Results from this study will provide the foundation for a larger effectiveness trial and broader dissemination in Vietnam and may help inform efforts to develop similar community-based family dementia caregiver support programs in other LMICs.

Trial registration:
ClinicalTrials.gov, ID: NCT03587974. Published online July 16, 2018
An unusual location of squamous cell carcinoma and a rare cutaneous infection caused by serratia marcescens on the tumoral tissue
Authors: Sevencan Nurhayat Ozkan , Cakmakliogullari Elcin Kal , Ozkan Aysegul Ertinmaz , Kayhan Burcak 
Published: October 2018

Abstract

Rationale:

Serratia marcescens (S. marcescens) is an opportunistic pathogen of the Enterobacteriaceae family. Although S. marcescens is known to cause sepsis, meningitis, endocarditis, urinary system and ocular infections, skin infections are sporadic. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most aggressive skin cancer type that is often located in the head and neck region, and rarely in the scalp tissue.

Patient concerns:
An 89-years-old male patient was diagnosed with SCC three years ago. The frontal region of the skull showed an ulcerated tumor, irregular borders, and exophytic growth pattern. The destruction of the frontal bone made the vibrating brain tissue visible, and the lower part had haemopurulent flow.

Diagnoses:
Gram staining showed the proliferation of gram (-) bacilli. Bacteria were identified as non-pigmented S. marcessens in the wound culture. To the best of our knowledge, there have not been any cases reported with S. marcescens causing cutaneous infections on SCC. Therefore, our report is the first case in the literature.

Interventions:
According to the culture antibiogram, S. marcescens was ciprofloxacin sensitive. Consequently, 1000 mg/day ciprofloxacin was initiated for 14 days.

Outcomes:
Purulent exudate in skin cancers may be caused by the nature of carcinoma tissue as well as the colonization of opportunistic pathogen microorganisms as seen in our patient.

Lessons:
Examination of the wound cultures and elimination of infections are critical in these cases.
Predictive power of a single body temperature at different cutoff values for neonates in the nursery transferring to special care nursery
Authors: Lee En-Pei , Yu Meng-Kung , Lee Shu-Chun , Gao Feng-Xia , Wu Han-Ping 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify the clinical parameters indicative of serious etiology of neonatal hyperthermia and to determine the appropriate cutoff value of body temperature (BT) for predicting the need to transfer the newborn to the special care (SC) nursery.
The nursery records of newborns diagnosed with hyperthermia between 2007 and 2013 were retrospectively reviewed. The clinical characteristics of newborns with hyperthermia remained in the nursery were compared with those transferred to the SC nursery. In addition, the receiver operating characteristic analysis was used to determine the appropriate cutoff BT for predicting further septic workup in the SC nursery.
Among the 92 newborns with hyperthermia evaluated, 30 (32.6%) were transferred to the SC nursery and 62 (67.4%) remained in the nursery. Clinical characteristics associated with transfer to the SC nursery included the highest BT, BT at first measurement during hyperthermia, frequency of hyperthermia, duration of hyperthermia, irritable crying, decreased appetite, poor activity, vomiting with abdominal distension, tachypnea, and tachycardia (all P < .05). BT for predicting the need for transferring newborns with hyperthermia to the SC nursery had an area under the curve of 0.976 (P < .001). A BT of 38 °C was determined as the optimal cutoff value for predicting the need to monitoring for suspicious clinical symptoms (sensitivity (Sn), 93%; specificity (Sp), 87%). Furthermore, BT≥38.2 °C (Sn, 70%; Sp 100%) and BT≤37.8 °C (Sn, 100%; Sp, 61%) respectively were determined as the cutoff values for transferring newborns to the SC nursery or allowing them to remain in the regular nursery.
Our results suggest a BT of 38 °C represents the optimal cutoff indicating newborns for close monitoring for suspicious clinical presentations including irritable crying, decreased appetite, poor activity, vomiting with abdominal distension, tachypnea, and tachycardia. Newborns with BT < 37.8 °C may remain in the nursery but should be transferred to the SC nursery for septic workup and empiric antibiotics if the BT is above 38.2 °C.
Intra-arterial chemotherapy for unilateral advanced intraocular retinoblastoma
Authors: Wang Liang , Han Minglei , Zhao Junyang , Wu Changhua , Wang Zhongqi , Li Jing , Song Dan , Wang Changfeng , Yang Yang , Guo Lei 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Intra-arterial chemotherapy (IAC) has become an essential technique for the management of advanced intraocular retinoblastoma (RB). In this study, the aim of this article is to describe the clinical results and the short-term complications of IAC performed in our hospital.
We retrospectively analyzed patients with newly diagnosed unilateral advanced intraocular (group D or E) RB undergoing IAC from October 2016 to December 2017 in our hospital. We recorded the data including age, gender, cycles of IAC, pathway of arteries approached (ophthalmic artery or middle meningeal artery), ocular and systematic complications, globe salvage.
Sixty-one patients underwent IAC performing 189 procedures with a median of 3.1 sessions per eye (range, 1–5 sessions). The overall globe salvage rate is 78.7% (Group D (84.2%), and Group E (69.6%) and followed-up. Short-term ocular complications include eyelid edema (15 cases), ptosis (5 cases), forehead congestion (3 cases), retina hemorrhage (5 cases), choroid atrophy (2 cases), phthisis bulbi (1 case), bradycardia and hypotension during the procedure (7cases), myelosuppressions (6 cases), and nausea and vomiting (5cases).
IAC is safe and effective for the treatment of unilateral advanced intraocular RB with a very low complication rate.