bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantum‐Tunneling Metal‐Insulator‐Metal Diodes Made by Rapid Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition
Authors: Alshehri Abdullah H. , Mistry Kissan , Nguyen Viet Huong , Ibrahim Khaled H. , Muñoz‐Rojas David , Yavuz Mustafa , Musselman Kevin P. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractA quantum‐tunneling metal‐insulator‐metal (MIM) diode is fabricated by atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition (AP‐CVD) for the first time. This scalable method is used to produce MIM diodes with high‐quality, pinhole‐free Al2O3 films more rapidly than by conventional vacuum‐based approaches. This work demonstrates that clean room fabrication is not a prerequisite for quantum‐enabled devices. In fact, the MIM diodes fabricated by AP‐CVD show a lower effective barrier height (2.20 eV) at the electrode–insulator interface than those fabricated by conventional plasma‐enhanced atomic layer deposition (2.80 eV), resulting in a lower turn on voltage of 1.4 V, lower zero‐bias resistance, and better asymmetry of 107.
Recent Advances in Transparent Electronics with Stretchable Forms
Authors: Kim Kukjoo , Park Young‐Geun , Hyun Byung Gwan , Choi Minjae , Park Jang‐Ung 
Published: December 2018

AbstractAdvances in materials science and the desire for next‐generation electronics have driven the development of stretchable and transparent electronics in the past decade. Novel applications, such as smart contact lenses and wearable sensors, have been introduced with stretchable and transparent form factors, requiring a deeper and wider exploration of materials and fabrication processes. In this regard, many research efforts have been dedicated to the development of mechanically stretchable, optically transparent materials and devices. Recent advances in stretchable and transparent electronics are discussed herein, with special emphasis on the development of stretchable and transparent materials, including substrates and electrodes. Several representative examples of applications enabled by stretchable and transparent electronics are presented, including sensors, smart contact lenses, heaters, and neural interfaces. The current challenges and opportunities for each type of stretchable and transparent electronics are also discussed.
Wrinkles Riding Waves in Soft Layered Materials
Authors: Abi Ghanem Maroun , Liang Xudong , Lydon Brittany , Potocsnak Liam , Wehr Thorsen , Ghanem Mohamed , Hoang Samantha , Cai Shengqiang , Boechler Nicholas 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe formation of periodic wrinkles in soft layered materials due to mechanical instabilities is prevalent in nature and has been proposed for use in multiple applications. However, such phenomena have been explored predominantly in quasi‐static settings. Here, the dynamics of soft elastomeric blocks with stiff surface films subjected to high‐speed impact are measured, and wrinkles forming along with, and riding upon, waves propagating through the system are observed. The measurements are analyzed with large‐deformation, nonlinear visco‐hyperelastic finite element simulations coupled to an analytical wrinkling model. The comparison between the measured and simulated dynamics shows good agreement, and suggests that inertia and viscoelasticity play an important role. Here, future studies of the dynamics of surface instabilities in soft materials are encouraged, including cases involving large‐deformation, highly nonlinear morphologies. Improved understanding of dynamic wrinkle formation may have applications to areas including impact mitigation, soft electronics, and the dynamics of soft sandwich composites.
Highly Conductive and Machine‐Washable Textiles for Efficient Electromagnetic Interference Shielding
Authors: Jia Li‐Chuan , Ding Kun‐Qing , Ma Ru‐Jun , Wang Hai‐Long , Sun Wen‐Jin , Yan Ding‐Xiang , Li Bo , Li Zhong‐Ming 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe utility of current electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding textiles (EMISTs) for protecting the human body from high‐intensity electromagnetic radiation is limited by their high cost, low manufacturing efficiency, and poor stability under mechanical deformation. More importantly, no existing EMISTs are truly washable, which is critical for optimized protection with direct and conformal contact with human skin. In this paper, by integrating silver nanowire (AgNW) networks and a polyurethane (PU) protective layer onto a commercial textile, a machine‐washable EMIST with excellent EMI shielding effectiveness (EMI SE) (63.9 dB @ 3.0 wt% AgNW) is demonstrated. Here, the EMIST has several key advantages, which include the following: 1) remarkable washing durability (89% EMI SE retention after 20 machine‐washing cycles), 2) outstanding long‐term mechanical reliability, remaining stable under various deformation conditions (e.g., EMI SE retention of at least 82% after 5000 stretching cycles), and 3) excellent chemical stability. The research provides a high‐quality, affordable, and fully wearable EMIST that can protect engineers, soldiers, and civilians who work with, live near, or pass by electromagnetic or radioactive sources.
Visceral obesity relates to deep white matter hyperintensities via inflammation
Authors: Lampe Leonie , Zhang Rui , Beyer Frauke , Huhn Sebastian , Kharabian Masouleh Shahrzad , Preusser Sven , Bazin Pierre‐Louis , Schroeter Matthias L. , Villringer Arno , Witte A. Veronica 
Published: December 2018

ObjectiveWhite matter hyperintensities (WMHs) are linked to vascular risk factors and increase the risk of cognitive decline, dementia, and stroke. We here aimed to determine whether obesity contributes to regional WMHs using a whole‐brain approach in a well‐characterized population‐based cohort.MethodsWaist‐to‐hip ratio (WHR), body mass index (BMI), systolic/diastolic blood pressure, hypertension, diabetes and smoking status, blood glucose and inflammatory markers, as well as distribution of WMH were assessed in 1,825 participants of the LIFE‐adult study (age, 20–82 years; BMI, 18.4–55.4 kg/m2) using high‐resolution 3‐Tesla magnetic resonance imaging. Voxel‐wise analyses tested if obesity predicts regional probability of WMH. Additionally, mediation effects of high‐sensitive C‐reactive protein and interleukin‐6 (IL6) measured in blood were related to obesity and WMH using linear regression and structural equation models.ResultsWHR related to higher WMH probability predominantly in the deep white matter, even after adjusting for effects of age, sex, and systolic blood pressure (mean ß = 0.0043 [0.0008 SE], 95% confidence interval, [0.00427, 0.0043]; threshold‐free cluster enhancement, family‐wise error‐corrected p < 0.05). Conversely, higher systolic blood pressure was associated with WMH in periventricular white matter regions. Mediation analyses indicated that both higher WHR and higher BMI contributed to increased deep‐to‐periventricular WMH ratio through elevated IL6.InterpretationOur results indicate an increased WMH burden selectively in the deep white matter in obese subjects with high visceral fat accumulation, independent of common obesity comorbidities such as hypertension. Mediation analyses proposed that visceral obesity contributes to deep white matter lesions through increases in proinflammatory cytokines, suggesting a pathomechanistic link. Longitudinal studies need to confirm this hypothesis. ANN NEUROL 2019;85:194–203.
Electrochromism of novel triphenylamine‐containing polyamide polymers
Authors: Liu Fuhan , Zhang Yaxin , Yu Guang , Hou Yanjun , Niu Haijun 
Published: December 2018

ABSTRACTA series of novel polymers (coded as BCT‐1 to BCT‐6 (BTC is block triphenylamine)) based on N1‐(4‐aminophenyl)‐N1‐phenyl benzene‐1,4‐diamine, pyridine‐2,6‐dicarboxylic acid, 4,4′‐(phenyl azanediyl)dibenzoic acid (PDA), and different diamine compounds were synthesized successfully through a polymer condensation reaction. For comparison, model polymers, BCT–2,6‐pyridine dicarboxylic acid (PA) and BCT–PDA, were synthesized as well. The electrochromic properties of the BCTs were determined via an electrochemical workstation and a UV–visible spectrophotometer. Through electrooxidation, the polymer films showed reversible redox processes and steady color changes. In a comparision of the electrochromic characteristics of the BCTs, almost all the novel polymer films showed a better electrochromism stability, a higher electrochromic coloration efficiency (CE), and a more rapid switching time than BCT–PA and BCT–PDA. Among these polymers, BCT‐1 exhibited the highest CE of 266.7 cm2/C, and BCT‐4 showed the most rapid switching time (color switching time = 3.08 s and bleaching time = 2.01 s). © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47264.
Enzymatic treatments as alternative to produce chitin fragments of low molecular weight from Alternaria alternata
Authors: Henry García Yaima , Troncoso‐Rojas Rosalba , Tiznado‐Hernández Martín Ernesto , Báez‐Flores María Elena , Carvajal‐Millan Elizabeth , Rascón‐Chu Agustín , Lizardi‐Mendoza Jaime , Martínez‐Robinson Karla Guadalupe 
Published: December 2018

ABSTRACTChitin and its oligosaccharides are involved in the plant defense response against fungal pathogens. In most studies, these molecules come from crustacean shell, and there are scarce studies on the use of fungal chitin. Usually the extraction of chitin is by alkaline treatments, which affect the acetylation degree (DA), and the obtaining of oligosaccharides of low molecular weight; so the use of enzymes is proposed as an alternative treatment to obtain chitin oligosaccharides from fungi. The objective of this work was to characterize the chitin fragments of Alternaria alternata extracted by alkaline and enzymatic treatments. The chitin extracted was ultrasonicated and ultrafiltrated to produce chitin fragments. Enzymatic treatments decreased the protein content to 29%, and the bands corresponding to β‐glucans decreased when β‐1,3‐glucanase was applied. Fragments smaller than 1 kDa, DA of 76.7%, and 35.4 μg glucosamine/mg dry weight were obtained by enzymatic treatments. The enzymatic treatments show promising results to extract chitin fragments from A. alternata without severely affect the DA of the molecule. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47339.
Mechanical, thermal, morphological, and curing properties of geopolymer filled natural rubber composites
Authors: Yangthong Hassarutai , Pichaiyut Skulrat , Jumrat Saysunee , Wisunthorn Suwaluk , Nakason Charoen 
Published: December 2018

ABSTRACTThe main objective of this work was to investigate influence of natural rubber (NR) types on mechanical, thermal, morphological, and curing properties together with relaxation behavior of geopolymer filled NR composites with and without bis(triethoxysilylpropyl) tetrasulfide (TESPT) silane coupling agent. Three alternative types of NR: unmodified NR, and epoxidized NR with 25 (ENR‐25) or 50 mol % epoxide (ENR‐50) were exploited. Rubber compounds filled with GP particles were prepared in an internal mixer at 60 °C and 130–150 °C for the ones with and without TESPT, respectively. It was found that incorporation of GP significantly affected cure characteristics and mechanical properties of the rubber composites. That is, decreasing cure time was observed from 11.6, 3.2, and 7.0 min in gum NR, ENR‐25, and ENR‐50 to 6.9, 2.1, and 5.0 min in NR/GP, ENR‐25/GP, and ENR‐50/GP compounds, respectively. Furthermore, the ENR‐25/GP and ENR‐50/GP composites showed finely dispersed GP particles which indicate high filler–rubber interactions. The in situ silanization with TESPT in rubber composites enhanced the mechanical properties of NR/GP and ENR‐25/GP composites but no such enhancement was found in the ENR‐50/GP composite. This matched the observations of Payne effect, maximum tan δ, and stress relaxation properties of the composites. We found that the ENR‐25/GP composites exhibited the best overall properties. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47346.
Optical properties of poly(vinyl chloride)‐gel‐based microlens arrays
Authors: Zhou Zuowei , Ren Hongwen 
Published: December 2018

ABSTRACTWe use a poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) gel and an electrode to fabricate adaptive microlens arrays (MLAs). The electrode has a zoned‐array pattern. By applying a direct current voltage to the electrode, the PVC gel on each zoned electrode exhibited the character of a lens. The imaging of the MLA can be analyzed using either an optical microscope or a beam profiler or both. The topography of the PVC gel can be measured using an optical surface profiler. Compared to the imaging and focusing, the topographic map can discover additional information about the performances of the MLA. For example, the focal length of each lens in the MLA can be calculated precisely, and the aberration of the MLA can also be evaluated. Results show that the surface profile is an important factor for characterizing the performance of PVC‐gel‐based MLA. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47407.
Beyond pass‐fail: Examining the potential utility of two thresholds in the autism screening process
Authors: Roberts Megan Y. , Stern Yael , Hampton Lauren H. , Grauzer Jeffrey M. , Miller Amanda , Levin Amy , Kornfeld Benjamin , Davis Matthew M. , Kaat Aaron , Estabrook Ryne 
Published: December 2018

Access to early intervention as early in development as possible is critical to maximizing long‐term outcomes for children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). However, despite the fact that ASD can be reliably diagnosed by 24 months, the average age of diagnosis is 2 years later. Waitlists for specialized developmental evaluations are one barrier to early diagnosis. The purpose of this study was to examine one potential approach to reducing wait time for an ASD diagnostic evaluation by examining the utility of using more than one threshold for an autism screening tool, the Screening Tool for Autism in Toddlers and Young Children (STAT). Participants included 171 children between 24 and 36 months of age who received a medical diagnostic evaluation through Illinois' Early Intervention Program. This study directly compared the performance of the STAT when scored: (a) using the original single threshold, (b) using seven equally weighted items using a single threshold, and (c) using all items differentially weighted based on how strongly that item predicts a later ASD diagnosis. In addition, this study explored the potential utility of using two thresholds rather than a single threshold for each scoring method. Results of this study suggest that using a two‐threshold logistic regression method has potential psychometric advantages over a single threshold and categorical scoring. Using this approach may reduce the wait time for specialty ASD diagnostic evaluations by maximizing true negatives and true positives, such that specialty evaluations may be reserved for those cases that are more ambiguous or more complex. Autism Research 2019, 12: 112–122. © 2018 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Lay SummaryThis study examined the benefits of using two versus one cutoff score when screening for autism. Results indicate that having two scores and weighting test items based on predictive association with an autism diagnosis is better than using a single score and weighting each item equally. Using such an approach may reduce the wait time for specialty autism diagnostic evaluations, such that specialty evaluations may be reserved for those cases that are more ambiguous or more complex.
Effect of endogenous multidrug resistance 1 and P‐glycoprotein expression on anticancer drug resistance in colon cancer cell lines
Authors: Washio Ikumi , Nakanishi Takeo , Ishiguro Naoki , Bister Bojan , Tamai Ikumi 
Published: December 2018

AbstractP‐glycoprotein (P‐gp, multidrug resistance 1 (MDR1)) overexpression confers multidrug resistance to cancer cells, and P‐gp in cell lines transfected with MDR1 or selected with chemotherapeutics significantly affect the anticancer drug efficacy. Although human cancer cell line panels consisting of defined tumor cell lines expressing endogenous P‐gp have been used to screen drugs in pharmaceutical industries, endogenous P‐gp affecting in vitro anticancer drug efficacy is unclear. The impact of P‐gp expression on anticancer drug efficacy was assessed by using five colon cancer cell lines expressing varying endogenous P‐gp levels and by selecting from the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia (CCLE). mRNA expression of MDR1 was considered as a surrogate of the protein expression of its gene product, P‐gp, in CL‐11, C2BBe1 and RKO cells, whereas P‐gp protein expression in plasma membranes or crude membrane fractions was lower than expected from mRNA expression in CW‐2 and CL‐40 cells. The EC50 of paclitaxel and vinorelbine decreased in the presence of a P‐gp inhibitor in CW‐2 and CL‐11 cells that highly express P‐gp. No significant alterations in EC50 were observed in the CL‐40, C2BBe1 and RKO cells, which show lower P‐gp expression. Accordingly, the apparent in vitro efficacy of anticancer drugs could be underestimated if the endogenous P‐gp expression is higher than in CL‐11 cells. The effect of P‐gp needs to be carefully evaluated in cell lines that highly express P‐gp, which account for 1.5% of cancer cell lines, including all cancer types, and 14.5% of colon cancer cell lines in CCLE, considering the protein expression levels in plasma membranes.
Metastatic neuroendocrine carcinoma presenting as multifocal liver lesions with elevated alpha‐fetoprotein
Authors: Sobotka Lindsay A. , Hake Timothy , Kelly Crystal , Mousa Luay 
Published: December 2018

Key Clinical MessageSignificant elevations in alpha‐fetoprotein should raise suspicion for hepatocellular carcinoma as malignancies with metastasis to the liver can elevate the alpha‐fetoprotein level but typically <300 ng/mL. Diagnosis should be confirmed with typical characteristics of hepatocellular carcinoma on imaging and or liver biopsy to confirm diagnosis.
Review of Process Industry Accidents Analysis towards Safety System Improvement and Sustainable Process Design
Authors: Athar Muhammad , Mohd Shariff Azmi , Buang Azizul , Shuaib Shaikh Muhammad , Ishaq Khan Muhammad 
Published: December 2018

AbstractRisk assessment is the tool for maintaining perfect safety management systems and aiding sustainable process design, with hazard identification as the critical step. This step can be executed by past accidents analysis (PAA) to achieve the mentioned objectives. Despite of available analyses, the recurring of accidents identifies the shortcomings in PAA and requires a detailed examination as reported in this review. The intensified exploration of accident information will strengthen both the safety management system at existing facilities and process designing in terms of sustainability.
Predicting the Viscosity of Non‐Newtonian Water‐in‐Oil Emulsions Based on the Lederer Model
Authors: Shi Shuqiang , Wang Yongqing , Liu Yonghui , Wang Lei 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe accurate prediction of the viscosity of emulsions is highly important for oil well exploitation. Commonly used models for predicting the viscosity of water‐in‐oil (W/O) emulsions composed by two or three factors cannot always fit well the viscosity of W/O emulsions, especially in the case of non‐Newtonian W/O emulsions. An innovative and comprehensive method for predicting the viscosity of such emulsions was developed based on the Lederer, Arrhenius, and Einstein models, using experimental data. Compared with the commonly applied W/O emulsion viscosity models, the proposed method considers more factors, including temperature, volume fraction of water, shear rate, and viscosity of the continuous (oil) and dispersed phase (water). Numerous published data points were collected from the literature to verify the accuracy and reliability of the method. The calculation results prove the high accuracy of the model.
Mechanism of Electrochemical L‐Cysteine Oxidation on Pt
Authors: Dourado André H. B. , Arenz Matthias , Córdoba de Torresi Susana I. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe electrochemical behavior of L‐cysteine on Pt electrodes was studied by in situ attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR‐FTIRS) and online differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS). The ATR‐FTIRS measurements allowed verification of the electrochemical mechanism of the oxidation of this molecule. The time resolution of the technique was crucial for relating each functional group to the faradaic current, suggesting electrochemical and chemical steps for the S atom oxidation. The DEMS experiments do not allow verification of desorbed intermediates due to their high solvation. Nevertheless, this technique was crucial for detecting side reactions, such as the decarboxylation of the adsorbed intermediates observed mainly under highly acidic conditions, in contrast to the conventional Kolbe mechanism.
Complete sets of descriptors for the prediction of 13C NMR chemical shifts of quinoline derivatives
Authors: Yu Xinliang , Dang Limin 
Published: December 2018

AbstractNowadays, there is no criterion to judge whether a descriptor subset has redundant structure information or not, although some criteria can be used to validate the quality of quantitative structure‐activity relationship (QSAR) models. This paper reports complete sets of descriptors used for selecting the subset of descriptors for QSAR. Four complete sets of descriptors calculated with B3LYP/6‐31G(d) and PBE1PBE/6‐311G(2d,2p) approaches were used to develop four QSAR models for 269 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) chemical shifts (δC parameters) of carbon atoms in 26 quinoline derivatives. Four QSAR models for δC, parameters were constructed with support vector machine (SVM) algorithm by applying genetic algorithm (GA) to optimize SVM parameters C and γ. The four SVM models have root‐mean‐square (RMS) error range of 2.0 ppm to 2.7 ppm. Compared with previous QSAR models for 13C NMR chemical shifts, the prediction results are accurate, which suggest that applying complete sets of descriptors for QSAR models is successful.
Bis[1]benzothieno[1,4]thiazines: Planarity, Enhanced Redox Activity and Luminescence by Thieno‐Expansion of Phenothiazine
Authors: Schneeweis Arno P. W. , Hauer Simone T. , Reiss Guido J. , Müller Thomas J. J. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractTwofold Buchwald–Hartwig aminations selectively furnish three regioisomers of bis[1]benzothieno[1,4]thiazines; X‐ray structure analyses and DFT calculations were corroborated for correlation of their electronic properties. All regioisomers outscore the parent compound phenothiazine with respect to a low‐lying oxidation potential and reversible redox activity. The anti‐anti bis[1]benzothieno[3,2‐b:2′,3′‐e][1,4]thiazines possess the lowest oxidation potentials in this series and displayed pronounced green luminescence in solution (ΦF≈20 %) and in the solid state. Syn‐anti regioisomers were only weakly luminescent in solution, but showed aggregation‐induced emission enhancement and solid‐state luminescence. Most interestingly, X‐ray structure analyses revealed that anti‐anti derivatives have an amazingly coplanar structure of the pentacyclic anellated 1,4‐thiazine system, emphasizing a structural similarity to heteroacenes. The calculated theoretical nucleus‐independent chemical shifts additionally suggested that these 8π‐electron core systems can be considered as the first electronically unbiased anellated 1,4‐thiazines with antiaromatic character.