bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Integrated Uncertainty Study for Resources Evaluation Under Operational Constraints
Authors: Chugunova Tatiana , Trani Mario , Shchukina Natalia 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Total E&P has developed for its fields an integrated workflow to assess the 2G&R uncertainties which provides a Resource evaluation distribution through the integrated Geoscience platform. If the uncertainty study also considers the operational limitations by integrating them in the modeling process, the reliability of the outputs is clearly improved. The objective of this study was to provide an evaluation of In-Place and Resource on a deep-offshore discovery located in the Gulf of Mexico while assessing not only the multiple Geoscience uncertainties but also capturing the operational constraints identified for this future development.
The discovery, located under a salt canopy with a thickness up to 18’000 feet, had limitation from seismic imaging for the field interpretation. The well penetrations proved that the reservoir was highly compartmentalized and most of the faults were not seen on seismic. On top of this lateral disconnection, for each of the compartments the fluid contact depends on the structural horizons which are, on their turn, uncertain. The bulk of the information comes from few appraisal wells. Last but not least, the completions of the future development wells should integrate the drilling and well architecture limitations.
All these uncertainties and constraints were managed in an integrated workflow using a Monte-Carlo Nested Multi-Realization approach. First, the structural uncertainties impact the grid which is distorted for every realization. Second, the filling of the grid with facies and petrophysical properties is done considering global and local geostatistical uncertainties. The contacts distributions are defined for almost hundred compartments. For some of them, the contacts are defined as a function of a crest, for others – a function of a spill while both (crest and spill depths) vary with the structure from one realization to another. The dynamic uncertainties on the permeability multipliers and on the relative permeability curves are considered as well. The risk of having more active faults than seen on seismic is mitigated by randomly sealing additional faults. The modeling chain also takes into account the completion limitations on future development wells. The completion tally design (minimum distance between screens and total distance of the completion intervals) are tailored to every realization in an automatic manner.
The novelty of this work is that the different sources of uncertainties and the operational constraints are not modeled in separated workflows (e.g.: geophysics + geology + dynamic + completion design) but included in a single automatic process while parametrizing their complex dependencies. Thus, the eventual interactions and non-linear effects of a combination of all parameters can be anticipated, therefore providing a more accurate evaluation for decision making and development options.
A Pre-Commissioning Decision: Dewater the Flexible Flowlines or Not
Authors: Banks Marlycia , Meng Weihong , Jover Azpurua Julio 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This paper presents the drivers used to determine the preferred method for pre-commissioning the flexible flowlines for a shallow water gas development project in Trinidad by BP.
Upon mechanical completion, the flexible flowlines are required to be hydrotested to ensure the system is leak-free. After the hydrostatic pressure test, the industry norm is to dewater and dry the flowlines. However, the system architecture (one flexible flowline per well) requires subsea maneuvers around the subsea trees, which brings about significant risk of damaging the trees.
Several alternatives (shown below) were proposed:Base Case – The original plan was to remove the tree choke insert, then insert the newly developed temporary subsea pig receiver into the choke body. Nitrogen (N2) and gel pigs are used to push water from the topsides to the subsea tree. The specification is to reduce the flowline water content to 5% or less.Alternative 1 – Involved not using the gel pigs and only using N2 gas to push the water out from the topside to the subsea tree. This alternative would not require a temporary pig receiver, which reduces the chance of damaging the choke insert profile.Alternative 2 – Involves dewatering the flowline using the umbilical tubes (methanol lines). This has an advantage in that there is no need to pull the subsea tree choke insert, which reduces the risk of damaging the trees.Alternative 3 – Do nothing and leave the seawater in the flowlines. The production stream would be used to push the water into the production system during first gas production (well offloading).
The study concluded that all three alternatives were technically feasible. For Alternative 3, an additional assessment was conducted to determine the impact of seawater on the flexible pipe when exposed for an extended time. Ultimately, the decision was made to not dewater the flowlines. The corresponding well offloading (flow back) procedure and a contingency plan were then developed.
The Juniper development had first gas in September 2017. The first well offloading with integrated de-watering went as planned. The decision of not-dewatering the flowlines was proven to be a good decision by reducing risks, costs and simplifying the schedule during the commissioning period.
New Technology Enables Development of Field in Norwegian Sea
Authors: Skeie Arne 
Published: April 2019

The ærfugl field is a gas condensate field located in the Norwegian Sea to the West of Skarv and Idun fields. The first phase consisting of well 4, 5 and 6 is planned to be developed with three off single slot templates as a 20 km long tie-back to the Aker BP operated Skarv FPSO connected to existing subsea infrastructure. The field layout can be seen in
Heat input into the flow line system is required during shut down and potentially also during off-plateau production periods. A new enabling technology Electrically Heat Traced Flowline (EHTF) will be utilised to enable system start-up and shut down, and to maintain the production fluids outside of the hydrate envelope during steady state operation. The EHTF system is developed by Subsea 7 and ITP InTerPipe.
The ærfugl EHTF system consists of an electrically heated 10" flowline inside a 16" carrier pipe (Pipe in Pipe). The large annulus between the 10" and the 16" allows for good insulation, and combined with reduced annulus pressure, a U-value of less than 0.5 W/m/K is achieved. Such a low U-value allows for a more passive system where only limited power is required for heating.
The ærfugl EHTF system is based on a topside transformer. The power cables go directly from a topside bus bar via a dynamic and static power umbilical system to the In-Line Power Inlet Structure (ILPISTM) on the Electrically Heat Traced Flowline (EHTF). There is as such not any sophisticated subsea components to transform or split the current. All components that may need maintenance and repair are located topside. This gives a high availability and reliability of the subsea system.
The EHTF technology is new. As such, we have limited literature on this technology. The paper will present how the EHTF technology works, and describes how it is set up for the ærfugl field.
The information provided in this paper can be used as input to evaluate if EHTF should be considered in developments of new fields. This is especially relevant for fields with challenging flow assurance, such as long tie-backs.
Advancing the Industry Practice in Offshore Wind Load Estimation - An Overview of On-Going SNAME OC-8 Activities
Authors: Hodapp David , Voogt Arjan , Ma Wei , Cheater Brian , Brekke James 
Published: April 2019

In early 2014, the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers (SNAME) OC-8 Panel was formed to address regulatory acceptance of wind tunnel testing for stability calculations of offshore floating production systems governed by the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations (CFR). Initially, this focused on updating the 1988 SNAME T&R Bulletin 5-4 "Guidelines for Wind Tunnel Testing" which has served as a de facto industry standard for nearly 25 years. The update was intended to leverage new technologies and lessons learned to improve the accuracy and repeatability of the results. As time progressed, the focus of the Panel broadened to encompass the empirical ‘building block’ method of wind load estimation (i.e., the basis of the CFR stability calculations) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD).
The need to step back and objectively assess the relative accuracy and repeatability of these estimation methods was recognized in 2016. In response, SNAME OC-8 organized a ‘first-of-its-kind’ comparative wind load study to benchmark the relative accuracy and repeatability of available wind load estimation methods (i.e., empirical ‘building block’ methods, wind tunnel testing, and CFD) for a representative semi-submersible hull. The study resulted in two important outcomes: 1) U.S. regulatory authorities participated in the workshop and expressed support for acceptance of wind tunnel test results pending the publication of a new industry guideline which could assure accuracy/ repeatability, and 2) key stakeholders from operators, engineering companies, classification societies, and regulatory bodies expressed support for the development of a new industry design guideline to broadly address wind load estimation (including the use of CFD) through the engineering design spiral.
The present paper summarizes the contributions of the SNAME OC-8 Panel since its inception. High- level findings/ take-aways from the 2017 comparative wind load study are discussed, and unanswered questions of importance are highlighted. The SNAME OC-8 Panel plans to deliver two new industry guidelines to improve the accuracy and repeatability of empirical ‘building block’, wind tunnel, and CFD wind load estimates; the on-going efforts of the Panel and its constituent subcommittees are further outlined in the latter portion of the paper.
Coming to Americas
Authors: Oswald Erik , Yeilding Cindy , Portela Carlos , Duncan Tim , Schwarze Liz , Golden Chris , Wilson Julie , Khurana Sandeep 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The deepwater basins of the Americas have been among the most active and successful with discovered resources to date of over 100 billion boe. Some of the world’s most prolific hydrocarbon basins are located along the Americas margins. Considerable undiscovered potential remains, and prospects can be multi-billion barrels of oil in size. This paper will focus on deepwater hot spots in East Coast Canada, Gulf of Mexico, the Equatorial and Atlantic Margins, and Colombia.
This paper will explore the factors that have contributed to building a successful deepwater sector – from access to exploration, from development to production. It highlights some of the common challenges operators face across the region, and best practice by governments and industry in handling these issues for sustainability in a highly cyclical oil and gas business.
And, finally, this paper will set the stage for a panel discussion scheduled for 9.30am to 12.00pm, Wednesday, May 8, 2019 at the Offshore Technology Conference (OTC). The panelists are oil company executives representing independents, integrated oil companies and national oil companies along with service providers as follows: Erik Oswald, VP Americas, ExxonMobil ExplorationCindy Yeilding, Senior VP, BP AmericasCarlos Portela, President, Ecopetrol AmericaTim Duncan, CEO, Talos EnergyLiz Schwarze, VP Global Exploration, ChevronChris Golden, Senior VP, EquinorJulie Wilson, Director, Wood MackenzieSandeep Khurana, Senior Manager, Granherne
Leren en werken voor vluchtelingen: beleid en interventies in drie grote gemeenten.
Authors: Klaver Jeanine , Dagevos Jaco , Dekker Rianne , Geuijen Karin , Odé Arend 
Published: April 2019

Education and work for refugees. Policies and interventions in three major cities in the Netherlands.
Municipalities have increasingly adjusted their policies in order to better respond to the problematic social and economic participation of permit holders. The core elements within the chosen policies seem to consist of an early activation, combining language and professional training, and providing customization in the support of these newcomers. In this article, this policy change has been studied in the municipalities of Amsterdam, Rotterdam and Utrecht. It becomes clear that a more successful approach only succeeds when permit holders are offered additional and tailored support. For all three municipalities, this means that more permit holders are reached by the available support measures and that local policy makers can better respond to individual needs and possibilities. In addition, these municipalities pay more attention for sustainable labour market participation. At the same time, it is evident that no rapid successes are being made with this new course. In particular, more vulnerable permit holders, including those with low levels of education and women, are not always reached by municipalities. We also see that many of these newcomers must be supported for a long time, even if after have found a place on the labour market. Therefore, evidence suggests that without additional measures there is a good chance that the perspective on social and economic participation for many permit holders in the Netherlands will be extremely limited.
Restorative justice capacities in Middle Eastern culture and society: towards a hybrid model of juvenile justice in Palestine
Authors: Qafisheh Mutaz , Wardak Ali 
Published: April 2019

Restorative justice capacities in Middle Eastern culture and society: towards a hybrid model of juvenile justice in Palestine
Alongside the state juvenile justice system, various forms of non-state justice providers are strongly prevalent in Palestine. Although the state juvenile justice has evolved into a modern system, it lacks adequate human, professional and infrastructural capacities to provide effective justice to all children. This field research has identified key non-state justice providers in Palestine and reveals that they are more accessible and speedy and also place more emphasis on peacemaking and reconciliation than the state justice system. It also reveals that in the processes of justice dispensation, occasional violation of children’s rights takes place within some of the male-dominated non-state justice providers. In order to minimise rights violation, while capitalising on the restorative capacities of non-state justice providers, a ‘hybrid model of juvenile justice in Palestine’ has been developed and is proposed. It is argued in this article that the ‘hybrid model’ not only promises to provide a coherent framework of links between Palestinian state juvenile justice and non-state justice providers, but also has the capacity to minimise rights violation through proposed internal and external oversight mechanisms. It is further maintained that translating the hybrid model into practice may result in the provision of more accessible, inclusive and restorative juvenile justice to all children in Palestine.
Historia de la arquitectura y el urbanismo en bicicleta. Ibagué, Colombia 2015-2017
Authors: Francel Delgado Andrés Ernesto 
Published: April 2019

Los modelos contemporáneos de educación implican la conjunción de varios factores como el aprendizaje simbólico, los hábitos saludables, la disminución de los niveles de contaminación y la transformación de las instituciones educativas para aproximar la academia a las realidades, de modo que se concreten en la transformación de la sociedad y las ciudades. Para este propósito, se presenta el caso de las clases de historia de la arquitectura y urbanismo en bicicleta, desarrolladas en una ciudad colombiana intermedia, con las limitantes de ausencia de infraestructura y cultura ciclista. Se presentan reflexiones sobre la implementación de esta metodología de aprendizaje que permite motivación, recuerdo, impacto urbano y activismo sobre las políticas públicas, con lo cual se generan espacios replicables en otras ciudades con estas mismas condiciones. Palabras clave: Bicieducación. Bicinfraestructura. Historia del Urbanismo. Historia de la Arquitectura. Pedagogía.
Normal spermatogenesis in Fank1 (fibronectin type 3 and ankyrin repeat domains 1) mutant mice
Authors: Zhang Jintao , Zhang Xin , Zhang Yue , Zeng Wentao , Zhao Shuqin , Liu Mingxi 
Published: April 2019

Background
The fibronectin type 3 and ankyrin repeat domains 1 gene, Fank1, is an ancient, evolutionarily conserved gene present in vertebrates. Short-hairpin RNA (shRNA)-based knockdown transgenic mice have oligospermia caused by an increase in apoptotic germ cells. In this study, we investigated the in vivo function of Fank1.

Methods
In this study, we generated Fank1-knockout mice using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. We then investigated the phenotype and in vivo function of Fank1. Testes and epididymis tissues were analyzed by histological and immunofluorescence staining. Apoptotic cells were analyzed in terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end-labeling assays. Fertility and sperm counts were also evaluated. The GTEx database were used to assess gene expression quantitative trait loci and mRNA expression of candidate genes and genes neighboring single nucleotide polymorphisms was analyzed by quantitative RT-PCR.

Results
In contrast to the Fank1-knockdown model, no significant changes in epididymal sperm content and the number of apoptotic cells were observed in Fank1−/− homozygotes. In addition, a different pattern of Dusp1, Klk1b21 and Klk1b27 mRNA expression was detected in Fank1-knockout testis. These results reveal differences in the molecular changes between Fank1-knockdown mice and Fank1-knockout mice and provide a basic resource for population genetics studies.
Rational Design of Carbon Nanomaterials for Electrochemical Sodium Storage and Capture
Authors: Kim Jiyoung , Choi Min Sung , Shin Kang Ho , Kota Manikantan , Kang Yingbo , Lee Soojung , Lee Jun Young , Park Ho Seok 
Published: April 2019

AbstractElectrochemical sodium storage and capture are considered an attractive technology owing to the natural abundance, low cost, safety, and cleanness of sodium, and the higher efficiency of the electrochemical system compared to fossil‐fuel‐based counterparts. Considering that the sodium‐ion chemistry often largely deviates from the lithium‐based one despite the physical and chemical similarities, the architecture and chemical structure of electrode materials should be designed for highly efficient sodium storage and capture technologies. Here, the rational design in the structure and chemistry of carbon materials for sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs), sodium‐ion capacitors (SICs), and capacitive deionization (CDI) applications is comprehensively reviewed. Types and features of carbon materials are classified into ordered and disordered carbons as well as nanodimensional and nanoporous carbons, covering the effect of synthesis parameters on the carbon structure and chemistry. The sodium storage mechanism and performance of these carbon materials are correlated with the key structural/chemical factors, including the interlayer spacing, crystallite size, porous characteristics, micro/nanostructure, morphology, surface chemistry, heteroatom incorporation, and hybridization. Finally, perspectives on current impediment and future research directions into the development of practical SIBs, SICs, and CDI are also provided.
Gate‐Tunable Graphene–WSe2 Heterojunctions at the Schottky–Mott Limit
Authors: LaGasse Samuel W. , Dhakras Prathamesh , Watanabe Kenji , Taniguchi Takashi , Lee Ji Ung 
Published: April 2019

AbstractMetal–semiconductor interfaces, known as Schottky junctions, have long been hindered by defects and impurities. Such imperfections dominate the electrical characteristics of the junction by pinning the metal Fermi energy. Here, a graphene–WSe2 p‐type Schottky junction, which exhibits a lack of Fermi level pinning, is studied. The Schottky junction displays near‐ideal diode characteristics with large gate tunability and small leakage currents. Using a gate electrostatically coupled to the WSe2 channel to tune the Schottky barrier height, the Schottky–Mott limit is probed in a single device. As a special manifestation of the tunable Schottky barrier, a diode with a dynamically controlled ideality factor is demonstrated.
Surgical quality improvement programs in Japan and USA: Report from the collaborative projects between Japanese Society of Gastroenterological Surgery and American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program
Authors: Marubashi Shigeru , Liu Jessica Y. , Miyata Hiroaki , Cohen Mark E. , Ko Clifford Y. , Seto Yasuyuki , Gotoh Mitsukazu 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe Japanese Society of Gastroenterological Surgery (JSGS) and the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS‐NSQIP) have collaboratively developed several clinical projects since 2011 using two nationwide clinical registries with the goal of achieving further improvement of surgical quality in both countries. In this review, the historical viewpoints and the collaboration between JSGS and ACS and their use of nationwide registries [National Clinical Database (NCD) and NSQIP] for research are reviewed. We have carried out a joint project, the 30‐day Mortality Risk Model Study and, currently, we are working on several joint projects such as the Morbidity‐Mortality Study, Japan‐USA Calibration Study, Geriatric Study, and Safety Culture Study as well as Auditing in JSGS/NCD with reference to the NSQIP method. These joint projects will continue to provide us with important information and data to drive improvements in surgical care in both countries. This will also help us to identify any unknown weaknesses in the health‐care systems of the USA and Japan.
Effect of particle orientation on the drag force in random arrays of prolate ellipsoids in low‐Reynolds‐number flows
Authors: Li Xinyang , Jiang Ming , Huang Zheqing , Zhou Qiang 
Published: April 2019

AbstractDirect numerical simulations are performed to study the effect of particle orientation on flows through fixed random arrays of prolate ellipsoids at low Reynolds numbers. The Hermans orientation factor and Beta distribution are introduced to quantify the mean orientation and orientation deviation of the particles. The simulation results show that the effect of particle orientation is profound especially when the solid volume fraction and the aspect ratio are large. With the increase of Hermans orientation factors, the drag force decreases when the flow follows a reference direction defined by the average direction of all particles' semi‐major axes, while increases when the flow is perpendicular to the reference direction. Comparisons show that the traditional drag force correlations for ellipsoidal particles significantly under‐predict the drag force. Based on current simulation results, new drag relations are proposed for prolate ellipsoidal particles at arbitrary aspect ratios, Hermans orientation factors and solid volume fractions.