bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The El Niño event of 2015–2016: climate anomalies and their impact on groundwater resources in East and Southern Africa
Authors: Kolusu Seshagiri Rao , Shamsudduha Mohammad , Todd Martin C. , Taylor Richard G. , Seddon David , Kashaigili Japhet J. , Ebrahim Girma Y. , Cuthbert Mark O. , Sorensen James P. R. , Villholth Karen G. , MacDonald Alan M. , MacLeod Dave A. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract. The impact of climate variability on groundwater storage has received
limited attention despite widespread dependence on groundwater as a resource
for drinking water, agriculture and industry. Here, we assess the climate
anomalies that occurred over Southern Africa (SA) and East Africa, south of
the Equator (EASE), during the major El Niño event of 2015–2016, and their
associated impacts on groundwater storage, across scales, through analysis
of in situ groundwater piezometry and Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE)
satellite data. At the continental scale, the El Niño of 2015–2016 was associated with a
pronounced dipole of opposing rainfall anomalies over EASE and Southern
Africa, north–south of ∼12∘ S, a characteristic pattern
of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Over Southern Africa the most intense drought event in the
historical record occurred, based on an analysis of the cross-scale areal
intensity of surface water balance anomalies (as represented by the
standardised precipitation evapotranspiration index – SPEI), with an
estimated return period of at least 200 years and a best estimate of
260 years. Climate risks are changing, and we estimate that anthropogenic warming
only (ignoring changes to other climate variables, e.g. precipitation) has
approximately doubled the risk of such an extreme SPEI drought event. These
surface water balance deficits suppressed groundwater recharge, leading to a
substantial groundwater storage decline indicated by both GRACE satellite
and piezometric data in the Limpopo basin. Conversely, over EASE during the
2015–2016 El Niño event, anomalously wet conditions were observed with an
estimated return period of ∼10 years, likely moderated by the
absence of a strongly positive Indian Ocean zonal mode phase. The strong but
not extreme rainy season increased groundwater storage, as shown by satellite
GRACE data and rising groundwater levels observed at a site in central
Tanzania. We note substantial uncertainties in separating groundwater from
total water storage in GRACE data and show that consistency between GRACE
and piezometric estimates of groundwater storage is apparent when spatial
averaging scales are comparable. These results have implications for
sustainable and climate-resilient groundwater resource management, including
the potential for adaptive strategies, such as managed aquifer recharge
during episodic recharge events.
Testing empirical and synthetic flood damage models: the case of Italy
Authors: Amadio Mattia , Scorzini Anna Rita , Carisi Francesca , Essenfelder Arthur H. , Domeneghetti Alessio , Mysiak Jaroslav , Castellarin Attilio 
Published: March 2019

Abstract. Flood risk management generally relies on economic assessments performed by
using flood loss models of different complexity, ranging from simple
univariable models to more complex multivariable models. The latter account for a
large number of hazard, exposure and vulnerability factors, being
potentially more robust when extensive input information is available. We
collected a comprehensive data set related to three recent major flood events
in northern Italy (Adda 2002, Bacchiglione 2010 and Secchia 2014), including
flood hazard features (depth, velocity and duration), building
characteristics (size, type, quality, economic value) and reported losses.
The objective of this study is to compare the performances of expert-based
and empirical (both uni- and multivariable) damage models for estimating the
potential economic costs of flood events to residential buildings. The
performances of four literature flood damage models of different natures and
complexities are compared with those of univariable, bivariable and
multivariable models trained and tested by using empirical records from
Italy. The uni- and bivariable models are developed by using linear,
logarithmic and square root regression, whereas multivariable models are
based on two machine-learning techniques: random forest and artificial neural networks. Results provide important insights about the choice of the
damage modelling approach for operational disaster risk management. Our
findings suggest that multivariable models have better potential for
producing reliable damage estimates when extensive ancillary data for flood
event characterisation are available, while univariable models can be
adequate if data are scarce. The analysis also highlights that expert-based
synthetic models are likely better suited for transferability to other areas
compared to empirically based flood damage models.
In situ observed relationships between snow and ice surface skin temperatures and 2 m air temperatures in the Arctic
Authors: Nielsen-Englyst Pia , Høyer Jacob L. , Madsen Kristine S. , Tonboe Rasmus , Dybkjær Gorm , Alerskans Emy 
Published: March 2019

Abstract. To facilitate the construction of a satellite-derived 2 m air temperature
(T2 m) product for the snow- and ice-covered regions in the
Arctic, observations from weather stations are used to quantify the
relationship between the T2 m and skin temperature
(Tskin). Multiyear data records of simultaneous Tskin
and T2 m from 29 different in situ sites have been analysed for
five regions, covering the lower and upper ablation zone and the accumulation
zone of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS), sea ice in the Arctic Ocean, and
seasonal snow-covered land in northern Alaska. The diurnal and seasonal
temperature variabilities and the impacts from clouds and wind on the
T2 m–Tskin differences are quantified.
Tskin is often (85 % of the time, all sites weighted equally)
lower than T2 m, with the largest differences occurring when the
temperatures are well below 0 ∘C or when the surface is melting.
Considering all regions, T2 m is on average
0.65–2.65 ∘C higher than Tskin, with the largest
differences for the lower ablation area and smallest differences for
the seasonal snow-covered sites. A negative net surface radiation balance generally cools
the surface with respect to the atmosphere, resulting in a surface-driven
surface air temperature inversion. However, Tskin and
T2 m are often highly correlated, and the two temperatures can
be almost identical (<0.5 ∘C difference), with the smallest
T2–Tskin differences around noon and early afternoon during
spring, autumn and summer during non-melting conditions. In general, the
inversion strength increases with decreasing wind speeds, but for the sites
on the GrIS the maximum inversion occurs at wind speeds of about
5 m s−1 due to the katabatic winds. Clouds tend to reduce the vertical
temperature gradient, by warming the surface, resulting in a mean overcast
T2 m–Tskin difference ranging from −0.08 to
1.63 ∘C, with the largest differences for the sites in the
low-ablation zone and the smallest differences for the seasonal snow-covered
sites. To assess the effect of using cloud-limited infrared satellite
observations, the influence of clouds on temporally averaged
Tskin has been studied by comparing averaged clear-sky
Tskin with averaged all-sky Tskin. To this end, we
test three different temporal averaging windows: 24 h, 72 h and 1 month.
The largest clear-sky biases are generally found when 1-month averages are
used and the smallest clear-sky biases are found for 24 h. In most cases,
all-sky averages are warmer than clear-sky averages, with the smallest bias
during summer when the Tskin range is smallest.
Baffin Bay sea ice inflow and outflow: 1978–1979 to 2016–2017
Authors: Bi Haibo , Zhang Zehua , Wang Yunhe , Xu Xiuli , Liang Yu , Huang Jue , Liu Yilin , Fu Min 
Published: March 2019

Abstract. Baffin Bay serves as a huge reservoir of sea ice which would provide the
solid freshwater sources to the seas downstream. By employing
satellite-derived sea ice motion and concentration fields, we obtain a nearly
40-year-long record (1978–1979 to 2016–2017) of the sea ice area flux
through key fluxgates of Baffin Bay. Based on the estimates, the Baffin Bay
sea ice area budget in terms of inflow and outflow are quantified and
possible causes for its interannual variations and trends are analyzed. On
average, the annual (September–August) inflows through the northern gate and
Lancaster Sound are on the order of 205.8(±74.7)×103 km2
and 55.2(±17.8)×103 km2. In particular, a comparison with
published results seems to suggest that about 75 %–85 % of the
inflow through the northern gates is newly formed ice produced in the
recurring North Water Polynya (NOW), in addition to the inflow via Nares
Strait and Jones Sound. Meanwhile, the mean outflow via the southern gate
approaches 394.3(±110.2)×103 km2. The distinct
interannual variability for ice area flux through the northern gate and
southern gate is partly explained by wind forcing associated with cross-gate
sea level pressure difference, with correlations of 0.62 and 0.68,
respectively. Also, significant increasing trends are found for the annual
sea ice area flux through the three gates, amounting to 38.9×103,
82.2×103, and 7.5×103 km2 decade−1 for the northern gate, southern gate, and Lancaster Sound.
These trends are chiefly related to the increasing ice motion, which is
associated with thinner ice owing to the warmer climate (i.e., higher surface
air temperature and shortened freezing period) and increased air and water
drag coefficients over the past decades.
The Tibetan Gesar Epic beyond Its Bards: An Ecosystem of Genres on the Roof of the World
Authors: Thurston Timothy 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThis paper examines the Tibetan Gesar epic beyond its text and bards. It begins with a synopsis of the epic itself and reviews some of the multilingual literature on the Gesar tradition with attention to translations, storytellers and poetics, and questions of historicity. But heritage regimes shape broader knowledge of traditional practices. Using proverbs and localized micro-narratives, this paper recognizes an ecosystem of Gesar-related genres, suggesting how epic knowledge extends beyond heritage epistemologies.
A Tale of Two Houses?
Authors: Caygill Tom 
Published: March 2019

A Tale of Two Houses? Post-Legislative Scrutiny in the UK Parliament
In the last decade a more systematic approach to post-legislative scrutiny has been taken by both the UK Government and Parliament. Currently, owing to a lack of systematic analysis we do not know how both Houses of the UK Parliament are undertaking post-legislative scrutiny. The aim of the article is to determine the similarities and differences between the House of Commons and the House of Lords when undertaking post-legislative scrutiny. The article addresses this gap in knowledge through the use of four case studies, which address how legislation is selected for review, what recommendations are produced and how government responses are followed up. The article finds that there are a number of differences in the way legislation is selected by both Houses and also highlights the differences between them in terms of the output of their recommendations. Overall, this article contributes to our knowledge of the processes available to the UK Parliament for the undertaking of post-legislative scrutiny. This is important as post-legislative scrutiny, as a formalized activity, is relatively new, and there is a contribution to be made here in terms of how such procedures can be utilized in other legislatures.
Perspectives on Defense Systems Analysis
Authors: Delaney William P. , Atkins Robert G. , Bernard Alan D. , Boroson Don M. , Ebel David J. , Feder Aryeh , Fleischman Jack G. , Shatz Michael P. , Stein Robert , Weiner Stephen D. 
Published: March 2019

A guide to defense systems analysis by experts who have worked on systems that range from air defense to space defense.
The Department of Defense and the military continually grapple with complex scientific, engineering, and technological problems. Defense systems analysis offers a way to reach a clearer understanding of how to approach and think about complex problems. It guides analysts in defining the question, capturing previous work in the area, assessing the principal issues, and understanding how they are linked. The goal of defense systems analysis is not necessarily to find a particular solution but to provide a roadmap to a solution, or an understanding of the relative value of alternative solutions. In this book, experts in the field—all of them with more than twenty years of experience—offer insights, advice, and concrete examples to guide practitioners in the art of defense systems analysis.
The book describes general issues in systems analysis and analysis protocols in specific defense areas. It offers a useful overview of the process, a discussion of different venues, and practical advice running a study and reporting its results. It discusses red teaming (the search for vulnerabilities that might be exploited by an adversary) and its complement, blue teaming (the search for solutions to known shortcomings). It describes real-world defense systems analysis for both traditional and nontraditional areas, including air defense and ballistic missile defense systems, bioterrorism defense, space warfare, and interplanetary communications. Perspectives on Defense Systems Analysis is a very readable resource for analysts and engineers in industry, government, and research.
Rogue Archives
Authors: De Kosnik Abigail 
Published: March 2019

An examination of how nonprofessional archivists, especially media fans, practice cultural preservation on the Internet and how “digital cultural memory” differs radically from print-era archiving.
The task of archiving was once entrusted only to museums, libraries, and other institutions that acted as repositories of culture in material form. But with the rise of digital networked media, a multitude of self-designated archivists—fans, pirates, hackers—have become practitioners of cultural preservation on the Internet. These nonprofessional archivists have democratized cultural memory, building freely accessible online archives of whatever content they consider suitable for digital preservation. In Rogue Archives, Abigail De Kosnik examines the practice of archiving in the transition from print to digital media, looking in particular at Internet fan fiction archives.
De Kosnik explains that media users today regard all of mass culture as an archive, from which they can redeploy content for their own creations. Hence, “remix culture” and fan fiction are core genres of digital cultural production. De Kosnik explores, among other things, the anticanonical archiving styles of Internet preservationists; the volunteer labor of online archiving; how fan archives serve women and queer users as cultural resources; archivists' efforts to attract racially and sexually diverse content; and how digital archives adhere to the logics of performance more than the logics of print. She also considers the similarities and differences among free culture, free software, and fan communities, and uses digital humanities tools to quantify and visualize the size, user base, and rate of growth of several online fan archives.
Oblivious Network Routing
Authors: Iyengar S. S. , Boroojeni Kianoosh G. 
Published: March 2019

Versatile solutions to routing network flows in unpredictable circumstances, presenting both mathematical tools and applications.
Our increasingly integrated world relies on networks both physical and virtual to transfer goods and information. The Internet is a network of networks that connects people around the world in a real-time manner, but it can be disrupted by massive data flows, diverse traffic patterns, inadequate infrastructure, and even natural disasters and political conflict. Similar challenges exist for transportation and energy distribution networks. There is an urgent need for intelligent and adaptable routing of network flows, and a rich literature has evolved that treats “oblivious network design.” This book offers novel computational schemes for efficiently solving routing problems in unpredictable circumstances and proposes some real world applications for them. The versatile routing schemes mathematically guarantee long-term efficiency and are most appropriate for networks with non-deterministic (or oblivious) current and past states.
After an introduction to network design and the importance of routing problems, the book presents mathematical tools needed to construct versatile routing schemes, emphasizing the role of linked hierarchical data structures, both top-down and bottom-up. It then describes two important applications of versatile routing schemes: a secure model for congestion-free content-centric networks (which will play a key role in the future of the Internet) and a novel approach for the distribution of green power resources on a smart electricity grid.
Allocation in Networks
Authors: Hougaard Jens Leth 
Published: March 2019

A comprehensive overview of networks and economic design, presenting models and results drawn from economics, operations research, and computer science; with examples and exercises.
This book explores networks and economic design, focusing on the role played by allocation rules (revenue and cost-sharing schemes) in creating and sustaining efficient network solutions. It takes a normative approach, seeking economically efficient network solutions sustained by distributional fairness, and considers how different ways of allocating liability affect incentives for network usage and development. The text presents an up-to-date overview of models and results currently scattered over several strands of literature, drawing on economics, operations research, and computer science.
The book's analysis of allocation problems includes such classic models from combinatorial optimization as the minimum cost spanning tree and the traveling salesman problem. It examines the planner's ability to design mechanisms that will implement efficient network structures, both in large decentralized networks and when there is user-agent information asymmetry. Offering systematic theoretical analyses of various compelling allocation rules in cases of fixed network structures as well as discussions of network design problems, the book covers such topics as tree-structured distribution systems, routing games, organizational hierarchies, the “price of anarchy,” mechanism design, and efficient implementation. Appropriate as a reference for practitioners in network regulation and the network industry or as a text for graduate students, the book offers numerous illustrative examples and end-of-chapter exercises that highlight the concepts and methods presented.
The Blockchain and the New Architecture of Trust
Authors: Werbach Kevin 
Published: March 2019

How the blockchain—a system built on foundations of mutual mistrust—can become trustworthy.
The blockchain entered the world on January 3, 2009, introducing an innovative new trust architecture: an environment in which users trust a system—for example, a shared ledger of information—without necessarily trusting any of its components. The cryptocurrency Bitcoin is the most famous implementation of the blockchain, but hundreds of other companies have been founded and billions of dollars invested in similar applications since Bitcoin's launch. Some see the blockchain as offering more opportunities for criminal behavior than benefits to society. In this book, Kevin Werbach shows how a technology resting on foundations of mutual mistrust can become trustworthy.
The blockchain, built on open software and decentralized foundations that allow anyone to participate, seems like a threat to any form of regulation. In fact, Werbach argues, law and the blockchain need each other. Blockchain systems that ignore law and governance are likely to fail, or to become outlaw technologies irrelevant to the mainstream economy. That, Werbach cautions, would be a tragic waste of potential. If, however, we recognize the blockchain as a kind of legal technology that shapes behavior in new ways, it can be harnessed to create tremendous business and social value.
Numbered Lives
Authors: Wernimont Jacqueline 
Published: March 2019

A feminist media history of quantification, uncovering the stories behind the tools and technologies we use to count, measure, and weigh our lives and realities.
Anglo-American culture has used media to measure and quantify lives for centuries. Historical journal entries map the details of everyday life, while death registers put numbers to life's endings. Today we count our daily steps with fitness trackers and quantify births and deaths with digitized data. How are these present-day methods for measuring ourselves similar to those used in the past? In this book, Jacqueline Wernimont presents a new media history of western quantification, uncovering the stories behind the tools and technologies we use to count, measure, and weigh our lives and realities.
Numbered Lives is the first book of its kind, a feminist media history that maps connections not only between past and present-day “quantum media” but between media tracking and long-standing systemic inequalities. Wernimont explores the history of the pedometer, mortality statistics, and the census in England and the United States to illuminate the entanglement of Anglo-American quantification with religious, imperial, and patriarchal paradigms. In Anglo-American culture, Wernimont argues, counting life and counting death are sides of the same coin—one that has always been used to render statistics of life and death more valuable to corporate and state organizations. Numbered Lives enumerates our shared media history, helping us understand our digital culture and inheritance.
The Smart Enough City
Authors: Green Ben 
Published: March 2019

Why technology is not an end in itself, and how cities can be “smart enough,” using technology to promote democracy and equity.
Smart cities, where technology is used to solve every problem, are hailed as futuristic urban utopias. We are promised that apps, algorithms, and artificial intelligence will relieve congestion, restore democracy, prevent crime, and improve public services. In The Smart Enough City, Ben Green warns against seeing the city only through the lens of technology; taking an exclusively technical view of urban life will lead to cities that appear smart but under the surface are rife with injustice and inequality. He proposes instead that cities strive to be “smart enough”: to embrace technology as a powerful tool when used in conjunction with other forms of social change—but not to value technology as an end in itself.
In a technology-centric smart city, self-driving cars have the run of downtown and force out pedestrians, civic engagement is limited to requesting services through an app, police use algorithms to justify and perpetuate racist practices, and governments and private companies surveil public space to control behavior. Green describes smart city efforts gone wrong but also smart enough alternatives, attainable with the help of technology but not reducible to technology: a livable city, a democratic city, a just city, a responsible city, and an innovative city. By recognizing the complexity of urban life rather than merely seeing the city as something to optimize, these Smart Enough Cities successfully incorporate technology into a holistic vision of justice and equity.
The open access edition of this book was made possible by generous funding from the MIT Libraries.