bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Milwaukee Streetcar Overhead Contact System: A Challenging Design Effort
Authors: White Paul F. , Kola Gerti 
Published: July 2019

The new Milwaukee Streetcar system has been in the planning, design and construction phases for over 10 years and on November 2, 2018, operations with a combined overhead contact system and streetcar battery power commenced ushering in a new era of growth for the City of Milwaukee. Many challenges in the design and construction of the overhead contact line and power system were encountered during this time period including budgetary constraints, multiple pole location changes, underground obstacles, low clearance bridges, alignment changes, utility conflicts, and changing vehicle requirements.
The line was originally designed for pantograph operation but soon adapted for pole/pantograph current collection and then changed back to pantograph only current collection during the final design. The original design consisted of underground feeder cables to supplement a 4/0 contact wire but eventually not utilized due to budgetary constraints. Instead, a larger 350 kcmil contact wire was used with no paralleling feeder cables. The added weight of a 350 kcmil wire with wind, ice and low temperatures created high forces in the overhead contact system (OCS) leading to challenges in pole and foundation design where compliance to the National Electrical Safety Code (NESC) was required.
The OCS style originally proposed and finally constructed used an inclined pendulum suspension (IPS) system that was constant tensioned with rotating springs deemed by the installing contractor superior to balance weights. The pendulum system was chosen as it is simple, lightweight, less visually obtrusive, and more economical than other suspension systems such as stitch and steady arm that are being used on other streetcar or light rail systems. IPS has provided Milwaukee with an excellent operating overhead contact system.
Buildings along the route that were not historic structures were utilized where possible for span wire attachment but in many locations long bracket arms up to 40 feet long had to be used requiring special designs to keep the size of the pipes standard with the rest of the system. Challenges arose at low bridge underpasses where the contact wire had to be below required code height and special precautions had to be undertaken. Other areas such as the St. Paul Lift Bridge proved challenging as well where special electrically interlocked OCS devices were initially designed to de-energize the overhead wires and is further discussed with the reasoning for their use.
This paper outlines the phases of design, the changes to the design that occurred over time, the challenges encountered to the OCS design, the method of design, and the final disposition of the design for construction. It further outlines the construction of the system and problems encountered with poles, foundations, bracket arms, traction power substations, contact wire, feeder cables, and winter conditions affecting the integrity of these structures and how some of these problems were solved.
Optimizing Railway Track Maintenance Scheduling to Minimize Circulation Impacts
Authors: Bueno Paulo M. S. , Vilela Plínio R. S. , Christofoletti Luciano M. , Vieira Anderson P. 
Published: July 2019

1 In this paper we present an optimization based technique to allocate time windows for railroad track maintenance in order to minimize the impact on train circulation. The hypothesis is that it is possible to reduce the impact on train circulation if track maintenance slots are scheduled in naturally occurring gaps on the circulation, instead of just using a decision making process that does not take the train circulation into consideration.
The proposed solution uses simulated annealing as the basis for the algorithm and yields promising results when a random initial placement of track blocks is used. We show the results of our experiments that consider as restrictions the earliest initial time for the track block and the latest termination time for the track blocks (to account for restriction in crew work hours, for example). For this work we do not restrict the number of simultaneous maintenance teams that could be working, future investigations will account for that restriction.
Stochastic Analysis of Transit Wheel Wear and Optimized Forecasting of Wheel Maintenance Requirements
Authors: Palese Joseph W. , Zarembski Allan M. , Ebersole Kyle 
Published: July 2019

As transit vehicle wheels accrue mileage, they experience flange and tread wear based on the contact between the railhead and wheel-running surface. When wheels wear excessively, the likelihood of accidents and derailments increases. Thus, regular maintenance is performed on the wheels, until they require replacement. One common maintenance practice is truing; using a specially designed cutting machine to bring a wheel back to an acceptable profile. This process removes metal from the wheel and is often based on wheel flange thickness standards (and sometimes wheel flange angle). Wheel replacement is usually driven by rim thickness, which is continually reduced by wear and metal removed by truing.
This research study used wheel wear data provided by the New York City Transit Authority (NYCTA) to analyze wheel wear trends and forecast wheel maintenance (truing based on flange thickness) and wheel life (replacement based on rim thickness). Using automatic wheel-scanning technology, NYCTA was able to collect wheel profile measurements for nearly 4,000 wheels in its fleet over a six-month period, measured weekly. The resulting wheel measurement data was analyzed using advanced stochastic techniques to determine relationships for the changes in flange thickness over time for each wheel in the fleet.
Flange thickness wear rate relationships for each wheel were then used to forecast the time it would take for a wheel to reach the flange thickness maintenance threshold as defined by NYCTA standards. Furthermore, a subpopulation of wheels that exhibited very high rates of wear were classified as “bad actors” and identified for further investigation to understand the cause of accelerated wear. This allows for identification and addressing of causal factors that relate to accelerated wear, such as angle of attack and L/V ratio. NYCTA has recently started capturing such data that relates truck performance, which can be related to rate of wear.
How Staged Head-On Collisions Changed Public Perception of Railroads
Authors: Thurston Leanne 
Published: July 2019

With any new mode of transportation comes new fears for both the public and those involved in the industry. The advent of the transcontinental railroad was no different. When the transcontinental railroad was complete and trains became more commonplace for travel, the biggest fear became the worst case scenario: a head on collision between two trains. The idea of the head on collision remained the biggest fear of the public because it happened and was based on reality, but was rarely witnessed, which made the idea even more lofty. But with the standardization of time in the 1880’s, there were fewer crashes and collisions of railroads, but people were still afraid. Railroad companies began to brainstorm the best way to change public perception, and began to stage head on collisions open to public viewing for a small fee.
Naturally, the idea took off, and head on collisions between trains became the next source of entertainment. For $2, spectators could watch two locomotives crash into each other at speeds of 58 miles an hour in Crush Texas, or even cheaper in Ohio. But this was more than just entertainment. William Crush, the most famous locomotive smasher had actually worked on the railroad known as the Katy. When asked by the executives of the railroad to boost sales, head on collision was his solution. Despite multiple injuries suffered in the crowd from shrapnel and an exploded boiler, this showcase worked, and ridership of the Katy increased dramatically. Crush’s display was not the first, or last time this took place around the country, but it was the most deadly, which makes it the most memorable and begs the question “what role do these staged collisions play in railroad history?”
Ridership in the decades leading up to these staged collisions was steadily declining, and safety measures were not taken into consideration. But with these staged collisions that turned around. People, not just the public were able to see and study the different collisions and put minds at ease. But it also tells about the United States population at the time. These staged collisions could not have happened in any other era because of the industrial revolution which allowed railroad companies to begin to replace old locomotives and iron tracks with steel.
The discontinuation of contact precautions for methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureusand vancomycin-resistantEnterococcus: Impact upon patient adverse events and hospital operations
Authors: Schrank Gregory M , Snyder Graham M , Davis Roger B , Branch-Elliman Westyn , Wright Sharon B 
Published: July 2019

BackgroundContact precautions for endemic methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) and vancomycin-resistantEnterococcus(VRE) are a resource-intensive intervention to reduce healthcare-associated infections, potentially impeding patient throughput and limiting bed availability to isolate other contagious pathogens. We investigated the impact of the discontinuation of contact precautions (DcCP) for endemic MRSA and VRE on patient outcomes and operations metrics in an acute care setting.MethodsThis is a retrospective, quasi-experimental analysis of the 12 months before and after DcCP for MRSA and VRE at an academic medical centre. The frequency for bed closures due to contact isolation was measured, and personal protective equipment (PPE) expenditures and patient satisfaction survey results were compared using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Using an interrupted time series design, emergency department (ED) admission wait times and rates of patient falls, pressure ulcers and nosocomial MRSA and VRE clinical isolates were compared using GEEs.ResultsPrior to DcCP, bed closures for MRSA and/or VRE isolation were associated with estimated lost hospital charges of $9383 per 100 bed days (95% CI: 8447 to 10 318). No change in ED wait times or change in trend was observed following DcCP. There were significant reductions in monthly expenditures on gowns (−61.0%) and gloves (−16.3%). Patient satisfaction survey results remained stable. No significant changes in rates or trends were observed for patient falls or pressure ulcers. Incidence rates of nosocomial MRSA (1.58 (95% CI: 0.82 to 3.04)) and VRE (1.02 (95% CI: 0.82 to 1.27)) did not significantly change.ConclusionsDcCP was associated with an increase in bed availability and revenue recovery, and a reduction in PPE expenditures. Benefits for other hospital operations metrics and patient outcomes were not identified.
Process conformance is associated with successful first intubation attempt and lower odds of adverse events in a paediatric emergency setting
Authors: O’Connell Karen J , Yang Sen , Cheng Megan , Sandler Alexis B , Cochrane Niall H , Yang JaeWon , Webman Rachel B , Marsic Ivan , Burd Randall 
Published: July 2019

BackgroundIntubation is an essential, life-saving skill but associated with a high risk for adverse outcomes. Intubation protocols have been implemented to increase success and reduce complications, but the impact of protocol conformance is not known. Our study aimed to determine association between conformance with an intubation process model and outcomes.MethodsAn interdisciplinary expert panel developed a process model of tasks and sequencing deemed necessary for successful intubation. The model was then retrospectively used to review videos of intubations from 1 February, 2014, to 31 January, 2016, in a paediatric emergency department at a time when no process model or protocol was in existence.ResultsWe evaluated 113 patients, 77 (68%) were successfully intubated on first attempt. Model conformance was associated with a higher likelihood of first attempt success when using direct laryngoscopy (OR 1.09, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.18). The use of video laryngoscopy was associated with an overall higher likelihood of success on first attempt (OR 2.54, 95% CI 1.10 to 5.88). Thirty-seven patients (33%) experienced adverse events. Model conformance was the only factor associated with a lower odds of adverse events (OR 0.94, 95% CI 0.88 to 0.99).ConclusionsConformance with a task-based expert-derived process model for emergency intubation was associated with a higher rate of success on first intubation attempt when using direct laryngoscopy and a lower odds of associated adverse events. Further evaluation of the impact of human factors, such as teamwork and decision-making, on intubation process conformance and success and outcomes is needed.
Concept of error and nature of nursing error detectors in military hospitals: a qualitative content analysis
Authors: Ajri-khameslou Mehdi , Aliyari Sh , Pishgooie A H , Jafari-Golestan N , Farokhnezhad Afshar P 
Published: July 2019

Background and objectivesNursing errors can cause irreparable consequences. Understanding the concept of error and the nature of nursing error detectors can significantly reduce this type of errors. The present study was conducted to explain the concept of error and the nature of nursing error detectors in military hospitals.Materials and methodsThe present study was conducted on eight nurses working in different wards of military hospitals using a qualitative approach to content analysis proposed by Graneheim and Lundman. Data were collected through in-depth semistructured interviews.Findings‘The concept of error’ and ‘the nature of error detectors’ in military hospitals were the two main categories extracted from data analysis. The present findings showed that the nature of errors in military hospitals is inevitable, a threat to job position and bipolar. Nurses use different resources to identify errors, including personal, environmental and organisational factors of detection.Discussion and conclusionGiven the military nature of the study hospitals, organisational factors of detection played a key role in identifying errors. Moreover, given the perception of military nurses of errors, they were not inclined to personal detectors. The managers of military hospitals are therefore recommended to pursue a justice-oriented and supportive culture to help nurses play a more active role in identifying errors.
Special relativity experiments explained from the perspective of the rotating frame
Authors: Sfarti A. 
Published: July 2019

In this paper, we present an explanation of several fundamental tests of special relativity from the perspective of the frame co-moving with a rotating observer. The solution is of great interest for real-time applications because Earth-bound laboratories are inertial only in approximation. We present the derivation of the Sagnac, Michelson–Morley, Kennedy–Thorndike and the Hammar experiments as viewed from the Earth-bound uniformly rotating frame or, as in the case of the Mossbauer rotor experiments, from the perspective of the rotating device. An entire section is dedicated to length/time measurement and to clock synchronization and another one to the Doppler effect and aberration on uniformly rotating platforms. This paper brings new information in the following areas: – new approach for clock synchronization on a rotating platform – new approach for length measurement in rotating frames – new explanation of the Doppler effect and of the Mossbauer rotor experiment – new explanation of the Kennedy–Thorndike experiment. The main thrust of this paper is to give a consistent explanation of various tests of special relativity as judged from the perspective of the rotating frame of the experimental setup. In addition, we correct certain misconceptions relative to clock synchronization and length measurement that have survived a long time in the specialty literature. A special chapter is dedicated to the derivation of the Doppler effect and of aberration in rotating frames. It is shown that such derivation is far from being trivial.
BACK-OF-THE-ENVELOPE SWAPTIONS IN A VERY PARSIMONIOUS MULTI-CURVE INTEREST RATE MODEL
Authors: BAVIERA ROBERTO 
Published: July 2019

We propose an elementary model in multi-curve setting that allows to price with simple exact closed formulas European swaptions. Swaptions can be both physical delivery and cash-settled ones. The proposed model is very parsimonious: it is a three-parameter multi-curve extension of the two-parameter J. Hull & A. White (1990) [Pricing interest-rate-derivative securities. Review of Financial Studies 3(4), 573–592] model. The model allows also to obtain simple formulas for all other plain vanilla Interest Rate derivatives and convexity adjustments. Calibration issues are discussed in detail.
Platelet Nitrogen and Sulfur Co-Doped Ordered Mesoporous Carbon with Inexpensive Methylene Blue as a Single Precursor for Electrochemical Detection of Herbicide Amitrole
Authors: Zhou Shenghai , Xu Hongbo , Wei Yanjun , Gao Jing , Feng Yue , Wang Ning , Gao Junfeng 
Published: July 2019

Heteroatom-doped ordered mesoporous carbons (OMCs) have currently been considered as promising electrode materials for electrochemical sensors due to the combined advantages of ordered mesoporous materials and heteroatom-doped carbon materials. Herein, a novel nitrogen and sulfur co-doped OMCs (N,S-OMC) has been prepared via a nanocasting strategy with an inexpensive methylene blue as single precursor. The obtained mesoporous carbon has platelet morphology, short mesoporous channel together with a large surface area (549[Formula: see text]m2/g) as well as rich N- and S-containing functional groups (6.8[Formula: see text]at.% N and 2.3[Formula: see text]at.% S). Compared with the graphene (GR) and carbon nanotube (CNT) electrode material, the N,S-OMC exhibited a higher electrochemical activity towards the oxidation of herbicide amitrole, ascribable to N,S-OMC’s open mesoporous structures and abundant electroactive defect sites on the carbon skeleton. And, an amitrole electrochemical sensor with N,S-OMC modified electrode as working electrode was fabricated, exhibiting a good selectivity, stability, reproducibility and wide linear range of 3–750[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]M. Moreover, the N,S-OMC-based electrochemical sensor was proved feasible in river water sample analyses, showing a satisfied recovery ranging from 97.03% to 105.42%. The results not only demonstrate cheap methylene blue can be used as single precursor for the N,S-OMC preparation, but also confirm the N,S-OMC is promising in amitrole sensor fabrication.
Impact of AAV2 and Hepatitis B Virus Integration Into Genome on Development of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Patients with Prior Hepatitis B Virus Infection
Authors: Tatsuno Kenji , Midorikawa Yutaka , Takayama Tadatoshi , Yamamoto Shogo , Nagae Genta , Moriyama Mitsuhiko , Nakagawa Hayato , Koike Kazuhiko , Moriya Kyoji , Aburatani Hiroyuki 
Published: July 2019

AbstractPurpose:Hepatitis B viral (HBV) DNA is frequently integrated into the genomes of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with chronic HBV infection (chronic HBV, hereafter), whereas the frequency of HBV integration in patients after the disappearance of HBV (prior HBV, hereafter) has yet to be determined. This study aimed to detect integration of HBV and adeno-associated virus type 2 (AAV2) into the human genome as a possible oncogenic event.Experimental Design:Virome capture sequencing was performed, using HCC and liver samples obtained from 243 patients, including 73 with prior HBV without hepatitis C viral (HCV) infection and 81 with chronic HBV.Results:Clonal HBV integration events were identified in 11 (15.0%) cases of prior HBV without HCV and 61 (75.3%) cases of chronic HBV (P &lt; 0.001). Several driver genes were commonly targeted by HBV, leading to transcriptional activation of these genes; TERT [four (5.4%) vs. 15 (18.5%)], KMT2B [two (2.7%) vs. five (6.1%)], CCNE1 [zero vs. one (1.2%)], CCNA2 [zero vs. one (1.2%)]. Conversely, CCNE1 and CCNA2 were, respectively, targeted by AAV2 only in prior HBV. In liver samples, HBV genome recurrently integrated into fibrosis-related genes FN1, HS6ST3, KNG1, and ROCK1 in chronic HBV. There was not history of alcohol abuse and 3 patients with a history of nucleoside analogue treatment for HBV in 8 prior HBV with driver gene integration.Conclusions:Despite the seroclearance of hepatitis B surface antigen, HBV or AAV2 integration in prior HBV was not rare; therefore, such patients are at risk of developing HCC.
Endothelial Foxp1 Suppresses Atherosclerosis via Modulation of Nlrp3 Inflammasome Activation
Authors: Zhuang Tao , Liu Jie , Chen Xiaoli , Zhang Lin , Pi Jingjiang , Sun Huimin , Li Li , Bauer Robert , Wang Haikun , Yu Zuoren , Zhang Qi , Tomlinson Brian , Chan Paul , Zheng Xiangjian , Morrisey Edward , Liu Zhongmin , Reilly Muredach , Zhang Yuzhen 
Published: July 2019

Rationale:
Endothelial dysfunction results in sustained and chronic vascular inflammation, which is central to atherosclerotic diseases. However, transcriptional regulation of vascular endothelial inflammation has not been well clarified.

Objective:
This study aims to explore Foxp (forkhead box P) transcription factor 1 in regulation of endothelial homeostasis, atherogenesis, and its mechanisms.

Methods and Results:

To assess the importance of Foxp1 in atherosclerosis, Foxp1 expression was analyzed in human coronary artery and mouse artery, and we observed significant downregulation of Foxp1 in atherosclerotic and atherosusceptible endothelium. Endothelial-specific Foxp1 knockout mice (
Foxp1

ECKO

) were bred onto
Apoe

KO

mice to generate endothelial Foxp1-deletion hyperlipidemic model
Foxp1

ECKO

;Apoe

KO

, which displayed significant increases in atherosclerotic lesion formation in aortas and aortic roots with enhanced monocyte adhesion, migration, and infiltration into the vascular wall and formation of inflammatory lipid-laden macrophages. In contrast, endothelial-specific Foxp1 overexpression mice
Foxp1

ECTg

;Apoe

KO

exhibited reduced atherosclerotic lesion formation with less monocyte infiltration. Foxp1 was further identified as a gatekeeper of vessel inflammation by direct regulation of endothelial inflammasome components, including Nlrp3 (NLR [nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat immune receptors] family pyrin domain containing 3), caspase-1, and IL (interleukin)-1β. Moreover, endothelial Foxp1 was found to be regulated by Klf2 (Kruppel-like factor 2). Oscillatory shear stress downregulated Foxp1 expression via repressing Klf2 expression in endothelium, and, therefore, promoted endothelial inflammasome activation, leading to atherosclerotic lesion formation. Simvastatin upregulated the reduced expression of Klf2 and Foxp1 in atherosusceptible vascular endothelium and alleviated vascular inflammation contributing to its inhibitory effect in atherosclerosis.

Conclusions:
These data are the first in vivo experimental validation of an atheroprotective role of endothelial Klf2 and Foxp1, which reveals a Klf2-Foxp1 transcriptional network in endothelial cells as a novel regulator of endothelial inflammasome activation for atherogenesis, therefore, provides opportunities for therapeutic intervention of atherosclerotic diseases and uncovers a novel atheroprotective mechanism for simvastatin.