bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The 308‐nm excimer laser treatment does not increase the risk of skin cancer in patients with vitiligo: A population‐based retrospective cohort study
Authors: Bae Jung Min , Eun Sung Hye , Oh Sang Ho , Shin Jeong Hyun , Kang Hee Young , Kim Ki‐Ho , Lee Seung‐Chul , Choi Chong Won 
Published: March 2019

AbstractA 308‐nm excimer laser (EL) has been widely used to treat patients with localized vitiligo. However, data are rare on the influence of EL treatment on the risks of skin cancer. To evaluate the skin cancer risks after long‐term EL treatment, we performed a nationwide population‐based retrospective cohort study using the Korean National Health Insurance Claims Database. A total of 5,052 patients with vitiligo were classified into three groups according to the EL treatment sessions between 2009 and 2016: no, 50–99, and 100 or more EL treatments after 2‐year washout period (2007 and 2008). Using multivariable Cox proportional hazard models, we found that the risks of actinic keratosis, non‐melanoma skin cancers, and melanoma did not significantly differ among the groups, respectively. In conclusion, EL treatment would not increase the risks of premalignant skin lesions and skin cancers in patients with vitiligo. Based on our results, EL is likely to be a safe treatment option for patients with localized vitiligo.
Quantitative assessment of airway remodelling and response to allergen in asthma
Authors: Adams David C. , Miller Alyssa J. , Applegate Matthew B. , Cho Josalyn L. , Hamilos Daniel L. , Chee Alex , Holz Jasmin A. , Szabari Margit V. , Hariri Lida P. , Harris R. Scott , Griffith Jason W. , Luster Andrew D. , Medoff Benjamin D. , Suter Melissa J. 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACTBackground and objectiveIn vivo evaluation of the microstructural differences between asthmatic and non‐asthmatic airways and their functional consequences is relevant to understanding and, potentially, treating asthma. In this study, we use endobronchial optical coherence tomography to investigate how allergic airways with asthma differ from allergic non‐asthmatic airways in baseline microstructure and in response to allergen challenge.MethodsA total of 45 subjects completed the study, including 20 allergic, mildly asthmatic individuals, 22 non‐asthmatic allergic controls and 3 healthy controls. A 3‐cm airway segment in the right middle and right upper lobe were imaged in each subject immediately before and 24 h following segmental allergen challenge to the right middle lobe. Relationships between optical airway measurements (epithelial and mucosal thicknesses, mucosal buckling and mucus) and airway obstruction (FEV1/FVC (forced expiratory volume in 1 s/forced vital capacity) and FEV1% (FEV1 as a percentage of predictive value)) were investigated.ResultsSignificant increases at baseline and in response to allergen were observed for all four of our imaging metrics in the asthmatic airways compared to the non‐asthmatic airways. Epithelial thickness and mucosal buckling exhibited a significant relationship to FEV1/FVC in the asthmatic group.ConclusionSimultaneous assessments of airway microstructure, buckling and mucus revealed both structural and functional differences between the mildly asthmatic and control groups, with airway buckling seeming to be the most relevant factor. The results of this study demonstrate that a comprehensive, microstructural approach to assessing the airways may be important in future asthma studies as well as in the monitoring and treatment of asthma.
Moral Luck as Moral Lack of Control
Authors: Anderson Mark B. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractWhen Thomas Nagel originally coined the expression “moral luck,” he used the term “luck” to mean lack of control. This use was a matter of stipulation, as Nagel’s target had little to do with luck itself, but the question of how control is related to moral responsibility. Since then, we have seen several analyses of the concept of luck itself, and recent contributors to the moral luck literature have often assumed that any serious contribution to the moral luck debate must begin with a robust concept of luck simpliciter. I argue here that this assumption is a mistake, on the basis of three reasons: the issue was originally conceived as an issue about responsibility and control, analyses of luck tend to distort and needlessly complicate what is at issue when shoehorned into the moral luck debate, and these analyses have very little (if anything) to contribute to the discussion.
Uncalculated First‐Party Externalities Given a Beverage Tax
Authors: Zeiss Jessica , Carlson Les , Ball Allen Dwayne 
Published: March 2019

With many characterizing obesity as a national priority, the U.S. government is considering a 1‐, 2‐, or 3‐cents‐per‐ounce (cpo) federal sin tax on soda products.ObjectiveBecause prior research finds that consumers substitute equally, if not more, dangerous nicotine products with a tobacco sin tax and common alcohol‐like household goods with alcohol prohibition, this research sets out to determine whether the imposition of a soda sin tax produces similar first‐party externalities.MethodAdaptive conjoint analysis is utilized among respondents across several regions of the United States, including actual soda consumers.ResultsThis study finds that given a soda sin tax, soda consumers do not substitute healthier beverages, that is, beverages with relatively fewer calories and grams of sugar and sodium, such as water, pure fruit juice, or unsweetened tea. Instead, soda consumers switch to other sugary beverages not considered in most legislation, such as sweetened coffees, teas, or sports drinks, or continue consuming soda at tax rates of 2 and 3 cpo after the shock of a one‐cent tax wears off.ConclusionUnlike prior research examining decreased soda consumption across a general marketplace, this research offers insight into potential externalities among the key transacting actors in such an exchange: soda consumers.
New constraints on carbonation associated with brecciation in hyperextended margins (example of Iberia and Newfoundland margins)
Authors: Picazo Suzanne , Lafay Romain , Faucheux Vincent , Vennemann Torsten 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe sequestration of CO2 occurs naturally in (ultra)‐mafic rocks by carbonation processes and is commonly noted in areas of the seafloor where mantle lithologies are exhumed. As well as carbonation, mantle exhumation is also responsible for rock brecciation. The relationship between carbonation and brecciation is not well constrained. A temporal evolution from syn‐ to post‐tectonic carbonation and brecciation is proposed in line with progressive mantle exhumation. Using a petrological study of brecciated material from IODP drill cores of the Iberia–Newfoundland conjugated margins, we relate crack–seal veins to tectonic brecciation, authigenic calcite with scalenohedral structure to hydraulic brecciation and reworked clasts within cement to (tectono)‐sedimentary processes. Oxygen isotope compositions reveal late‐staged < 50°C carbonate generation in the proximal part of the ocean–continent transition, which have followed an earlier phase of sub‐seafloor carbonate generation. The results are crucial to understand CO2 exchange within the reworked sub‐seafloor in passive margins and oceanic systems.
Nested
Saturation Based Guidance Law for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles1
Authors: Patrikar Jay , Makkapati Venkata
Ramana , Pattanaik Anay , Parwana Hardik , Kothari Mangal 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
In this paper, using the theory of input saturation, a novel path following guidance law for fixed-wing unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is developed. The proposed guidance law is adapted from a pursuit plus line-of-sight guidance law. Furthermore, it employs inertial speed for computing the acceleration commands which adds an adaptive capability of accommodating vehicle speed changes due to external disturbances such as wind. The guidance law is initially developed for two-dimensional (2D) environments which enables vehicles to follow straight lines, circles, and ellipses in planar spaces. Lyapunov theory is used to establish its stability properties, followed by a comparative study with existing algorithms, proposed for 2D environments, to establish its efficacy. The guidance law is then extended for the case of three-dimensional (3D) environments, and appropriate simulation studies are performed. Finally, real-world flight tests for 2D as well as 3D cases are presented, establishing the applicability of the proposed law on UAVs.
Reflections on communication of disease prognosis and life expectancy by patients with colorectal cancer undergoing palliative care: a qualitative study
Authors: Rohde Gudrun , Söderhamn Ulrika , Vistad Ingvild 
Published: March 2019

ObjectivesPatients with colorectal cancer undergoing palliative treatment receive extensive treatment-related information throughout their disease trajectory. We aimed to explore the experiences of patients with incurable colorectal cancer while in palliative care and their reflections on the information provided by physicians and nurses. Our main focus was the patients’ thoughts about how information about disease status and life expectancy was communicated, from the first time that they were informed about the incurable nature of their disease through to postsurgery palliative treatment.SettingsPatients with colorectal cancer receiving palliative chemotherapy.Research designWe used a qualitative approach, and the data were analysed by qualitative content analysis.Participants20 patients (34–75 years of age) were included in the study; 12 received first-line chemotherapy and 8 received second-line chemotherapy. Eleven patients were treated by oncologists, and nine were treated by junior physicians.ResultsData-driven empirical analysis identified three themes: (1) inadequate information during the initial phase of the disease trajectory; (2) hope and information further into the disease trajectory and (3) personal, professional and organisational factors that influenced information and communication throughout the disease trajectory.ConclusionThe participants’ experience of being told for the first time that they had an incurable disease was perceived as inadequate, while postsurgery palliative chemotherapy, physicians and nurses offered hope. The participants preferred customised information about their treatment and likely future prospects and physicians and nurses who took a holistic and compassionate approach focusing on their lifeworld. To be a sensitive, holistic and compassionate physician or nurse requires knowledge and confidence. To achieve this requires training and guidance at universities and in hospitals.
Top research priorities in liver and gallbladder disorders in the UK
Authors: Gurusamy Kurinchi S , Walmsley Martine , Davidson Brian R , Frier Claire , Fuller Barry , Madden Angela , Masson Steven , Morley Richard , Safarik Ivana , Tsochatzis Emmanuel A , Ahmed Irfan , Cowlin Maxine , Dillon John F , Ellicott Graham , Elsharkawy Ahmed M , Farrington Liz , Glachan Anthony , Kumar Nagappan , Milne E J , Rushbrook Simon M , Smith Amanda , Stafford Lizzie , Yeoman Andrew 
Published: March 2019

ObjectivesThere is a mismatch between research questions considered important by patients, carers and healthcare professionals and the research performed in many fields of medicine. The non-alcohol-related liver and gallbladder disorders priority setting partnership was established to identify the top research priorities in the prevention, diagnostic and treatment of gallbladder disorders and liver disorders not covered by the James-Lind Alliance (JLA) alcohol-related liver disease priority setting partnership.DesignThe methods broadly followed the principles of the JLA guidebook. The one major deviation from the JLA methodology was the final step of identifying priorities: instead of prioritisation by group discussions at a consensus workshop involving stakeholders, the prioritisation was achieved by a modified Delphi consensus process.ResultsA total of 428 unique valid diagnostic or treatment research questions were identified. A literature review established that none of these questions were considered ‘answered’ that is, high-quality systematic reviews suggest that further research is not required on the topic. The Delphi panel achieved consensus (at least 80% Delphi panel members agreed) that a research question was a top research priority for six questions. Four additional research questions with highest proportion of Delphi panel members ranking the question as highly important were added to constitute the top 10 research priorities.ConclusionsA priority setting process involving patients, carers and healthcare professionals has been used to identify the top 10priority areas for research related to liver and gallbladder disorders. Basic, translational, clinical and public health research are required to address these uncertainties.
Patient, client, consumer, survivor or other alternatives? A scoping review of preferred terms for labelling individuals who access healthcare across settings
Authors: Costa Daniel S J , Mercieca-Bebber Rebecca , Tesson Stephanie , Seidler Zac , Lopez Anna-Lena 
Published: March 2019

ObjectivesUse of the term ‘patient’ has been recently debated, compared with alternatives including ‘consumer’ and ‘client’. This scoping study aimed to provide an integrated view of preferred labels across healthcare contexts and countries to clarify labelling preferences of individuals accessing healthcare.DesignScoping study.Data sourcesA preliminary literature search using GoogleScholar, Medline, Embase and PsycINFO found 43 key papers discussing terminology for labelling individuals accessing healthcare services. We then used citation chaining with PubMed and GoogleScholar to identify studies discussing term preferences among healthcare recipients.Eligibility criteriaNo date limits were applied, and all healthcare settings were considered. Primary research studies examining terminology preferences of individuals accessing healthcare, published in peer-reviewed journals were eligible.Data extraction and synthesisAll authors extracted data regarding preferred term and study characteristics, and assessed reporting quality of the studies using criteria relevant to our design.ResultsWe identified 1565 articles, of which 47 met inclusion criteria. Six articles that examined preference for personal address (eg, first name) were excluded. Of the remaining 41 studies, 33 examined generic terms (‘patient’, ‘client’, ‘consumer’) and 8 focused on cancer survivorship. Of the 33 examining generic terms, 27 reported a preference for ‘patient’ and four for ‘client’. Samples preferring ‘client’ were typically based in mental health settings and conducted in the USA. Of the eight cancer survivorship studies, five found a preference for ‘survivor’, and three ‘someone who had had cancer’.ConclusionsOverall, healthcare recipients appear to prefer the term ‘patient’, with few preferring ‘consumer’. Within general clinical and research contexts, it therefore seems appropriate to continue using the label ‘patient’ in the absence of knowledge about an individual’s preferences. Reasons for preferences (eg, familiarity, social identity) and the implications of labelling for healthcare have not been investigated adequately, necessitating future empirical (including qualitative) research.
Alcohol consumption behaviours in the immediate aftermath of earthquakes: time series study
Authors: Kobayashi Daiki , Hayashi Hana , Kuga Hironori , Kuriyama Nagato , Terasawa Yoshihiro , Osugi Yasuhiro , Takahashi Osamu , Deshpande Gautam , Kawachi Ichiro 
Published: March 2019

ObjectivesEarthquakes are a distressing natural phenomenon that can disrupt normal health-related behaviours. The aim of this study was to investigate changes in alcohol consumption behaviours in the immediate aftermath of mild to moderate earthquakes.SettingThis retrospective cohort study was conducted at a large academic hospital in Tokyo, Japan from April 2004 to March 2017.ParticipantsWe included all adult patients presenting with acute alcohol intoxication in the emergency room.Primary and secondary outcome measuresOur outcome was the number of such patients per 24 hours period comparing days with and without earthquake activity. We mainly focused on mild to moderate earthquakes (Shindo scale of less than 3). We conducted a simple generalised autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (GARCH) analysis, followed by a multivariate GARCH, including year-fixed effects and secular changes in alcohol taxation. Subanalyses were conducted by gender and age group.ResultsDuring the study period, 706 earthquakes were observed with a median Shindo scale of 2 (IQR: 1). During this period, 6395 patients were admitted with acute ethanol intoxication; the mean age was 42.6 (SD: 16.9) years and 4592 (71.8%) patients were male. In univariate analyses, the occurrence of daytime earthquakes was marginally inversely related to the number of acutely intoxicated patients (β coefficient: −0.19, 95% CI −0.40 to 0.01). This finding remained similar in multivariate analyses after adjustment for covariates. In analyses stratified by gender, the inverse association between daytime earthquakes and alcohol intoxication was only observed among men (p<0.03 for males and p=0.99 for females). In subanalyses by age, older people were less likely to be admitted to the hospital due to acute alcohol intoxication on days with daytime earthquakes (p=0.11), but this was not the case for younger people (p=0.36).ConclusionOn days when a mild to moderate daytime earthquake occurred, the number of patients with acute alcohol intoxication was lower compared with days without earthquakes. Even milder forms of potentially catastrophic events appear to influence social behaviour; mild to moderate earthquake activity is associated with the avoidance of excessive alcohol consumption.
A qualitative focus group study of perceived barriers and benefits to exercise by self-described exercise status among older adults living with HIV
Authors: Johs Nikolas A , Kellar-Guenther Yvonne , Jankowski Catherine M , Neff Hadlai , Erlandson Kristine M 
Published: March 2019

ObjectivesAlthough exercise interventions have been shown to improve health outcomes among older people with HIV (PLWH), this population remains highly sedentary. The purpose of this study was to examine the differences in perceived barriers and benefits of exercise among older PLWH by self-identified exercise status.DesignFive focus groups were formed among PLWH: two groups of exercising men, two groups of non-exercising men and one group of women (mixed exercisers and non-exercisers). Themes were analysed in relation to the social-ecological model, utilising the constant comparative approach.SettingPatients were recruited from an academic medical centre, HIV clinic and community locations.ParticipantsPLWH aged 50 or older, diagnosed with HIV for at least 2 years, with no other health conditions that would preclude exercise.Primary and secondary outcome measuresDetermine facilitators, barriers and the ideal environment for exercise or physical activity and determine whether these differ between older PLWH who self-identify as exercisers or non-exercisers.ResultsAmong 25 men (11 exercisers and 14 non-exercisers) and four women (three non-exercisers and one exerciser), non-exercisers mentioned fewer benefits of exercise (n=46) than exercisers (n=75). Exercisers emphasised positive reinforcement, positive mood change and increased energy as benefits of exercise; interpersonal benefits of exercise were also discussed twice as often by exercisers than by non-exercisers. Non-exercisers emphasised barriers to exercise including lack of motivation, lack of self-efficacy and a negative perception of gym culture. Non-exercisers identified the need for age-appropriate activities as a feature of an ideal exercise environment. Both groups identified time, cost and health-related challenges as barriers to exercise.ConclusionsUnique exercise barriers and benefits by self-identified exercise status provide important insights into the design of future interventions to initiate and maintain exercise.Trial registration numberNCT02404792; Results.
Moving from prefabricated temporary housing to public reconstruction housing and social isolation after the Great East Japan Earthquake: a longitudinal study using propensity score matching
Authors: Sekiguchi Takuya , Hagiwara Yoshihiro , Sugawara Yumi , Tomata Yasutake , Tanji Fumiya , Yabe Yutaka , Itoi Eiji , Tsuji Ichiro 
Published: March 2019

ObjectivesAfter the Great East Japan Earthquake (GEJE) of 2011, many survivors have been forced to live in prefabricated temporary housing, which is uncomfortable and insufficiently durable for permanent living. Public reconstruction housing has been built to improve their living conditions; however, those moving have to rebuild personal relationships and adapt to a new environment. This study examined whether survivors moving to public reconstruction housing became more socially isolated than those remaining in prefabricated temporary housing.Design, setting and participantsSelf-report questionnaire data collected in 2015 (4 years after the GEJE) were used as the baseline for follow-up surveys in 2016 and 2017, as many survivors moved from prefabricated temporary housing to public reconstruction housing from 2015. We analysed longitudinal data from 393 survivors, distinguishing those who moved to public reconstruction housing during the 5th year after the disaster from those who remained in prefabricated temporary housing. Participants were assessed using the Lubben Social Network Scale-6 (LSNS-6) in all three surveys, with social isolation defined by a score of <12/30. To reduce the effect of selection bias, propensity score analysis was performed (178 of 393 participants were retained). We used a generalised estimated equation to evaluate the association between moving from prefabricated temporary housing to public reconstruction housing and changes in social isolation over 2 years.ResultsLSNS-6 scores of the reconstruction housing group were worse than those of the prefabricated housing group between 4 and 6 years after the GEJE (P=0.006). Over the same period, social isolation worsened in the reconstruction housing group but improved in the prefabricated housing group (P=0.002).ConclusionsSocial isolation should be monitored while supporting survivors who moved to public reconstruction housing, and further longitudinal research is needed to clarify the risk of social isolation.