bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The impact of peer ratings on cooperation: The role of information and cost of rating
Authors: Faillo Marco , Grieco Daniela , Zarri Luca 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIn this study, we experimentally analyze the effectiveness of payoff‐irrelevant peer‐to‐peer ratings as a cooperation enforcement device in a finitely repeated public goods game setting. We run two treatments that differ in the amount of information on own and others' received rating points provided to the players, whereas, in a third treatment, we analyze peer approval when assigning ratings to others is costly. In particular, we wonder whether, even under anonymity and in the absence of reputational concerns, (a) players rate others' contribution decisions in the expected direction and (b) the peer rating mechanisms under study foster cooperation and welfare. Our findings reveal that, in the two costless rating treatments, peer rating concerns lead to higher contributions and efficiency, compared to our control. Introducing a small fixed cost for assigning rating points results in a very high percentage of subjects deciding not to rate others' behavior, so that cooperation cannot be enforced.
Culture storage age and fungal re‐isolation from host‐tissue influence Colletotrichum spp. virulence to pepper fruits
Authors: Balendres Mark Angelo , De Torres Rachele , Dela Cueva Fe 
Published: July 2019

AbstractUsing resistant cultivars is the most sustainable and practical approach against plant diseases. Plant germplasm and breeding lines are selected and assayed against, usually, the most aggressive or virulent strains of a pathogen (e.g., fungus) that causes the disease. However, prolong storage of the pathogen in culture media could affect virulence that, consequently, also influence the outcome of the resistance assay. This study demonstrates that long‐term storage (at least a year) of Colletotrichum truncatum and C. scovillei, causal agents of pepper anthracnose, in potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium decreased the aggressiveness and virulence of the fungus in host‐pepper fruits. However, reintroduction of the pathogen to the host and isolation of the pathogen as the new inoculum, prior to inoculation assays, increased the virulence of the fungi. These findings suggest that re‐inoculation and re‐isolation of Colletotichum truncatum and C. scovillei that have been stored for at least 1 year in PDA medium are necessary when using fungal cultures in pathogenicity and plant resistance assays to achieve desirable, comparable and reliable results.
Cordycepin regulates body weight by inhibiting lipid droplet formation, promoting lipolysis and recruiting beige adipocytes
Authors: Xu Hongyue , Wu Bingjie , Wang Xueyan , Ma Fangxue , Li Yan , An Yanan , Wang Chao , Wang Xuefei , Luan Wenjing , Li Shulin , Liu Mingyuan , Xu Jianyi , Wang Hongjuan , Tang Xudong , Yu Lu 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Objective
To explore the effect of cordycepin on reducing lipid droplets in adipocytes.

Methods
Rats were fed a 60% high-fat diet to construct a hyperlipidaemia animal model and then treated with cordycepin at different concentrations for 8 weeks. Adipocytes were extracted, and BODIPY staining was used to detect the size of the lipid droplets. The adipocyte membrane proteins ASC-1, PAT2 and P2RX5 were assessed to determine the transformation of white adipocytes to beige and brown adipocytes. In an in vitro study, 3T3-L1 cells were cultured, and Western blotting was used to determine the expression of the lipid droplet-related genes Fsp27, perilipin 3, perilipin 2, PPAR-γ, Rab5, Rab7, Rab11, perilipin 1, ATGL and CGI-58.

Results
We found that cordycepin could promote the transformation of white adipocytes into beige and brown adipocytes. Cordycepin also downregulated the lipid droplet-associated genes Fsp27, perilipin 3, perilipin 2, Rab5, Rab11 and perilipin 1. Moreover, cordycepin reduced the expression of protein CGI-58, which inhibits lipid droplet degradation. In addition, cordycepin significantly increased the expression of ATGL, suggesting that cordycepin might stimulate lipolysis by upregulating the expression of ATGL instead of CGI-58 and by downregulating the expression of perilipin 1.

Conclusions
Cordycepin could blockade lipid droplet formation and promote lipid droplet degradation.
Pilot evaluation of Enterococcus faecium SF68 as adjunctive therapy for oclacitinib‐responsive adult atopic dermatitis in dogs
Authors: Yamazaki C. , Rosenkrantz W. , Griffin C. 
Published: July 2019

ObjectiveTo evaluate the adjunctive effect of supplementation with Enterococcus faecium SF68 (FortiFlora; Purina Pro Plan Veterinary Diets) on oclacitinib (Apoquel, Zoetis) dose reduction, while maintaining or reducing the Pruritus Visual Analog Score and Canine Atopic Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index values in client‐owned adult dogs with environmental atopic dermatitis.Materials and MethodsEnrolled dogs had exhibited control of atopic dermatitis on oclacitinib for at least 6 months before, and continuing throughout, the study. Dogs with non‐seasonal pruritus were blindly randomised to receive either SF68 (1×108 colony forming units/g orally twice daily) or placebo for 12 weeks. After 8 weeks of supplementation, oclacitinib dose was decreased by approximately 25%, aiming to maintain and reduce the clinical disease scores.ResultsSupplementation with SF68 was associated with no difference in oclacitinib dose reduction versus placebo in 21 client‐owned dogs with atopic dermatitis. Clinical disease scores were not different between groups at study completion.Clinical SignificanceFurther larger‐scale studies are warranted to investigate optimal strain(s), dosing and duration of probiotic supplementation as an adjunctive strategy in management of canine atopic dermatitis.
The significance of enamel thickness in the teeth of Alligator mississippiensis and its diversity among crocodyliforms
Authors: Sellers K. C. , Schmiegelow A. B. , Holliday C. M. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractEnamel is the hardest tissue in the vertebrate body. Although variation in enamel microstructure is often linked with diet, the gross proportions of the tissues that compose vertebrate teeth remain relatively unexplored in reptiles. To investigate the patterns of enamel thickness in crocodyliforms, we used micro‐computed tomography scanning to evaluate enamel thickness in teeth of Alligator mississippiensis from rostral, intermediate and caudal locations in the tooth row from an ontogenetic range of animals. We also evaluated enamel thickness in the derived teeth of several extinct crocodyliforms with disparate craniodental morphologies. Our data show that enamel thickness scales isometrically with skull length. We also show that enamel is relatively thicker in caudal teeth than teeth in more rostral positions, concordant with the higher bite forces they experience during feeding. We compared our data with existing enamel thickness data reported from dinosaurs and mammalian taxa to find that archosaurs have markedly thinner enamel than most mammals. These findings serve as a basis for future investigations into the diversity and function of the proportions of dental tissues.
Some aspects of reproduction and feeding habits of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in three dams in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya
Authors: Gichuru Nicholas N. , Manyala Julius O. , Raburu Philip O. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractKnowledge of the fisheries status of dams within Uasin Gishu County was needed prior to the government's plan to introduce fish and fisheries in the area. The dams were constructed in the 1950s and stocked with tilapia for local consumption, recreation and control of macrophytes. The Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) was selected for the present study due to its establishment success and popularity in the Kenyan market. Water samples were collected at subsurface levels for phytoplankton analysis and compared with the phytoplankton found in the stomachs of O. niloticus, revealing the food preference of the fish in a natural environment. Fish samples were collected with gillnets and beach seines. The results of the present study identified the most important food items for the fish were Chlorophyceae (green algae), Bacillariophyceae (diatoms) and Cyanophyceae (blue‐green algae). The fish exhibited a relative condition factor of about 1.00, indicating their robustness or well‐being in the dams. The LM50was reached at 18–20 cm class interval, which coincides with the most critical breeding biomass needing some kind of protection for sustainable management of the fishery.
Ejby—A new H5/6 ordinary chondrite fall in Copenhagen, Denmark
Authors: Haack H. , Sørensen A. N. , Bischoff A. , Patzek M. , Barrat J.‐A. , Midtskogen S. , Stempels E. , Laubenstein M. , Greenwood R. , Schmitt‐Kopplin P. , Busemann H. , Maden C. , Bauer K. , Morino P. , Schönbächler M. , Voss P. , Dahl‐Jensen T. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractOn February 6, 2016 at 21:07:19 UT, a very bright fireball was seen over the eastern part of Denmark. The weather was cloudy over eastern Denmark, but many people saw the sky light up—even in the heavily illuminated Copenhagen. Two hundred and thirty three reports of the associated sound and light phenomena were received by the Danish fireball network. We have formed a consortium to describe the meteorite and the circumstances of the fall and the results are presented in this paper. The first fragment of the meteorite was found the day after the fall, and in the following weeks, a total of 11 fragments with a total weight of 8982 g were found. The meteorite is an unbrecciated, weakly shocked (S2), ordinary H chondrite of petrologic type 5/6 (Bouvier et al. 2017). The concentration of the cosmogenic radionuclides suggests that the preatmospheric radius was rather small ~20 cm. The cosmic ray exposure age of Ejby (83 ± 11 Ma) is the highest of an H chondrite and the second highest age for an ordinary chondrite. Using the preatmospheric orbit of the Ejby meteoroid (Spurny et al. 2017) locations of the recovered fragments, and wind data from the date of the fall, we have modeled the dark flight (below 18 km) of the fragments. The recovery location of the largest fragment can only be explained if aerodynamic effects during the dark flight phase are included. The recovery location of all other fragments are consistent with the dark flight modeling.
Simulated asteroid materials based on carbonaceous chondrite mineralogies
Authors: Britt Daniel T. , Cannon Kevin M. , Donaldson Hanna Kerri , Hogancamp Joanna , Poch Olivier , Beck Pierre , Martin Dayl , Escrig Jolantha , Bonal Lydie , Metzger Philip T. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractA set of high‐fidelity simulated asteroid materials, or simulants, was developed based on the mineralogy of carbonaceous chondrite meteorites. Three varieties of simulant were developed based on CI1 chondrites (typified by Orgueil), CM2 chondrites (typified by Murchison), and CR2/3 chondrites (multiple samples). The simulants were designed to replicate the mineralogy and physical properties of the corresponding meteorites and anticipated asteroid surface materials as closely as is reasonably possible for bulk amounts. The simulants can be made in different physical forms ranging from larger cobbles to fine‐grained regolith. We analyzed simulant prototypes using scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray fluorescence, reflectance spectroscopy at ambient conditions and in vacuum, thermal emission spectroscopy in a simulated asteroid environment chamber, and combined thermogravimetry and evolved gas analysis. Most measured properties compare favorably to the reference meteorites and therefore to predicted volatile‐rich asteroid surface materials, including boulders, cobbles, and fine‐grained soils. However, there were also discrepancies, and mistakes were made in the original mineral formulations that will be updated in the future. The asteroid simulants are available to the community from the nonprofit Exolith Lab at UCF, and the mineral recipes are freely published for other groups to reproduce and modify as they see fit.
Genome‐Wide Association Study of Latent Cognitive Measures in Adolescence: Genetic Overlap With Intelligence and Education
Authors: Donati Georgina , Dumontheil Iroise , Meaburn Emma L. 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACTIndividual differences in executive functions (EF) are heritable and predictive of academic attainment (AA). However, little is known about genetic contributions to EFs or their genetic relationship with AA and intelligence. We conducted genome‐wide association analyses for processing speed (PS) and the latent EF measures of working memory (WM) and inhibitory control (IC) in 4,611 adolescents from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. While no loci reached genome‐wide significance, common genetic variants explained 30% of the variance in WM and 19% in PS. In contrast, we failed to find common genetic contributions to IC. Finally, we examined shared genetic effects between EFs and general intelligence, AA and ADHD. We identified significant genetic correlations between WM, intelligence, and AA. A more specific pattern was observed for PS, with modest genetic overlap with intelligence. Together these findings highlight diversity in the genetic contributions to specific cognitive functions and their genetic relationship with educational and psychiatric outcomes.
Current practice in dialysis central venous catheter management: Multi‐disciplinary renal team perspectives
Authors: Craswell Alison , Massey Debbie , Wallis Marianne , Sriram Deepa , Gray Nicholas A , Kotwal Sradha ,   the REDUCCTION Investigators
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACTAimTo explore the current practices related to the insertion, management and removal of dialysis central venous catheters (CVCs) used in patients with chronic kidney disease requiring haemodialysis.MethodsThis qualitative descriptive study involved semi‐structured interviews with surgeons, interventional radiologists, renal physicians, dialysis nurses, renal access nurses and renal researchers involved in the care of patients with chronic kidney disease requiring haemodialysis. Data were collected from staff at eight hospitals in six states and territories of Australia. Thirty‐eight face‐to‐face interviews were conducted. A modified five‐step qualitative content analysis approach was used to analyse the data.ResultsImproved visualization technology and its use by interventional radiologists has steered insertions to specialist teams in specialist locations. This is thought to have decreased risk and improved patient outcomes. Nurses were identified as the professional group responsible for maintaining catheter access integrity, preventing access failure and reducing access‐related complications. While best practice was considered important, justifications for variations in practice related to local patient and environment challenges were identified.ConclusionThe interdisciplinary team is central in the insertion, maintenance, removal and education of patients regarding dialysis CVCs. Clinicians temper research‐based decision‐making about central dialysis access catheter management with knowledge of individual, environmental and patient factors. Strategies to ensure guidelines are appropriately translated for use in a wide variety of settings are necessary for patient safety.
Effects of early detection of peritoneal catheter migration on clinical outcomes: 15‐years experiences from a single centre
Authors: Ko Young‐Kyung , Kim Young‐Baek , Shin Won‐Jae , Lim Chae‐Ho , Cheon Woong , Park Jung‐Hwan , Lee Jong‐Ho , Jo Young‐Il 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACTAimCatheter migration is an important cause of catheter malfunction in peritoneal dialysis (PD). The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of early detection of catheter migration on clinical outcomes.MethodsA retrospective review of 135 consecutive patients initiating PD immediately following catheter insertion from 2002 to 2017 was undertaken. In order to detect catheter migration without malfunction early, serial abdominal‐pelvic radiographic examinations were performed according to a predefined protocol. Conservative management with rigorous catharsis was undertaken to correct catheter migration. A Kaplan–Meier method was used to calculate survival rate.ResultsMean follow‐up period was 42.8 ± 34.9 months. Catheter migration occurred in 62.4%. Among them, 85.9% occurred within the first 2 weeks after catheter insertion. There were no significant associations between catheter migration and variables such as gender, obesity, DM and type of catheter. Success rate of conservative management with rigorous catharsis was 91.1%. Catheter survival at 1 and 5 years were 91.5% and 64.6% in the migration group and 81.2% and 69.9% in the non‐migration group, respectively (Log–rank test, P = 0.915). Patient survival at 1 and 5 years were 96.8% and 85.8% in the migration group and 91.9% and 82.3% in the non‐migration group, respectively (P = 0.792).ConclusionEarly detection of PD catheter migration allowed the migrated tip to be easily corrected with conservative management. Once the migrated catheter tip was restored, catheter migration itself did not affect catheter survival. These findings suggest that early detection and correction of catheter migration is important for improving clinical outcomes.
Flowers and climate change: a metabolic perspective
Authors: Borghi Monica , Perez de Souza Leonardo , Yoshida Takuya , Fernie Alisdair R. 
Published: July 2019

SummaryAdverse climatic conditions at the time of flowering severely hinder crop yields and threaten the interactions between plants and their pollinators. These features depend on a common trait: the metabolism of flowers. In this Viewpoint article, we aim to provide insight into the metabolic changes that occur in flowers in response to changes in climate and emphasize that these changes severely impact the fitness of autogamous and allogamous species, plant–pollinator interactions, and overall ecosystem health. We review the biochemical processes that lead to failure of gamete development and to alterations of color, scent and nectar secretion. Then, making use of open access expression data, we examine the expression of genes that may drive these changes in response to heat and drought. Finally, we present measurements of metabolites from flowers exposed to a heat wave and discuss how the results of this short‐term experiment may give rise to misleading conclusions regarding the positive effect of heat on flower fitness. We hope this article draws attention to this often‐neglected dynamic and its important consequences.
Oral Candida colonization in xerostomic postradiotherapy head and neck cancer patients
Authors: Tarapan Supanat , Matangkasombut Oranart , Trachootham Dunyaporn , Sattabanasuk Vanthana , Talungchit Sineepat , Paemuang Wannaporn , Phonyiam Tawaree , Chokchaitam Orapin , Mungkung On‐ong , Lam‐ubol Aroonwan 
Published: July 2019

AbstractObjectivesTo evaluate (a) oral colonization of Candida species, especially for non‐albicans Candida species (NACS), in xerostomic postradiotherapy head and neck cancer patients and (b) risk factors affecting their colonization.Materials and methodsSubjective and objective dry mouth scores, stimulated salivary flow rates, pH and buffering capacity were measured in 72 xerostomic postradiotherapy head and neck cancer patients. Candida counts and species identification were performed using oral rinse samples cultured in Candida Chromagar, followed by polymerase chain reaction and API 20C AUX system.ResultsCandida colonization was observed in 87.5% of subjects, with 80.6% and 48.6% of study population colonized by C. albicans and NACS, respectively. NACS was associated with high objective dry mouth scores, denture use, and females (p = .006, .009, and .036, respectively). In addition, Candida glabrata was detected more in females (p = .018) and denture wearers (p = .026), while Candida tropicalis was associated with high objective dry mouth scores (p = .022) and females (p = .027). Quantity of Candida colonization correlated positively with objective dry mouth scores (r = 0.599, p < .001) and negatively with salivary flow rates (r = −0.258, p = .041) and pH (r = −0.290, p = .022).ConclusionNACS colonization was common in xerostomic head and neck cancer patients. Increased signs of dry mouth, female and dental prostheses may promote NACS colonization.
Forest biomass, soil and biodiversity relationships originate from biogeographic affinity and direct ecological effects
Authors: Noreika Norbertas , Helm Aveliina , Öpik Maarja , Jairus Teele , Vasar Martti , Reier Ülle , Kook Ene , Riibak Kersti , Kasari Liis , Tullus Hardi , Tullus Tea , Lutter Reimo , Oja Ede , Saag Andres , Randlane Tiina , Pärtel Meelis 
Published: July 2019

Ecosystem biomass, soil conditions and the diversity of different taxa are often interrelated. These relationships could originate from biogeographic affinity (varying species pools) or from direct ecological effects within local communities. Disentangling regional and local causes is challenging as the former might mask the latter in natural ecosystems with varying habitat conditions. However, when the species pool contribution is considered in statistics, local ecological effects might be detected.In this study we disentangle the indirect effects of the species pool and direct ecological effects on the complex relationships among wood volume, soil conditions and diversities of different plant and fungal groups in 100 old‐growth forest sites (10 × 10 m) at the border of boreal and nemoral zones in northern Europe.We recorded all species for different vegetation groups: woody and herbaceous vascular plants, terricolous and epiphytic bryophytes and lichens. Fungal communities were detected by DNA‐based analyses from soil samples. Above‐ground wood volume was used as a proxy of biomass. We measured soil pH and nutrient content and obtained modelled climate parameters for each site. Species pool effect was considered by dividing sites into boreal and nemoral groups based on community composition. In order to disentangle direct and indirect effects, we applied variation partitioning, and raw and partial correlations.We found many significant positive relationships among studied variables. Many of these relationships were associated to boreal and nemoral species pools, thus indicating that biogeographic affinity of interacting plants and fungi largely defines forest diversity and functioning. At the same time, several relationships were significant also after considering biogeography: woody plant and ectomycorrhizal fungi diversities with wood volume, many plant and fungal groups with each other, or with soil conditions. These direct ecological interactions could be considered in forestry practices to achieve both economic gain and maintenance of biodiversity.