bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigation of the gradation effect on ballast mechanical behaviors by means of discrete element modeling - part 1
Authors: Wang B , Martin U , Rapp S , Schuk V 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The ballast gradation has a strong influence on the mechanical behavior of ballast aggregates. Discrete Element Method (DEM) based simulations are performed to investigate the gradation effect of ballast aggregates on their settlement, ballast position rearrangement, breakage rate and void ratio. This is the first part of two papers. In this article, a newly developed ballast random form generator is described. With this generator five form databases of different ballast gradations are established. A box test and its corresponding DEM simulation are usually performed to calibrate and to investigate the mechanical behavior of small-scaled ballast aggregates with different gradations. The ballast stones are simulated by the Bonded Particle Models with the Flat Joint contact model to enable the investigation of the breakage behavior of each ballast stone.
Effect of noises removal and spatial resolutions of Digital Surface Model (DSM) in flood inundation model
Authors: Yunika A , Kok M , de Gijt J G , Huizinga J , Ginting S 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Digital Elevation Model (DEM) is an important component in flood inundation modelling as a part of flood risk analysis. However, Digital Surface Model (DSM) which still contains noises of artefacts is more common to be available than DEM. Then DSM misleads the inundation extent. This study will evaluate a measure to obtain a bare-earth surface (DEM) by developing and applying a workflow to remove the noises from DSM using simple tools available in the GIS computer software. The output of the method will then be used as input for flood inundation modelling of Semarang City in Indonesia. In addition to the main data set of TerraSAR-X DSM provided by Indonesia Geospatial Information Agency (Badan Informasi Geospasial or BIG), two sets of open source digital elevation data from Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) and Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission (ASTER) are included in this study. The three data sets are processed and quantitatively compared. The results show that the applied noise removal method must be traded off with the lower resolution. Hence, the level of detail of particular flood inundation modelling will determine the required DEM resolution. Different study purposes will lead to different appropriate DEM resolutions to be used.
Robust composite joints
Authors: Skarmoutsos G , Keller N , Kuhlmann U 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
“Disasters” such as seismic events, impact or fire loading to structural elements of crucial importance highlight the significance of structural design for robustness. Consequently, exceptional load scenarios are to be considered. The question whether the joints of structures designed according to the current version of Eurocodes have adequate load bearing and defor­mation capacity for such load cases arises. The “alternate load path method” plays a key role in structural design for robustness. By using this design approach, redistribution and distribution of the existing and additional loads, respectively, to the intact structural elements should be enabled after a local failure such as “loss of a column”, preventing so the progressive collapse of the structure. In order to pursue the aforementioned goal, sufficient bearing as well as rotational capacity of the joints are required. In particular, for exceptional events, change of the moment’s sign in the area of the joints is often to be observed. However, until today, attention has been paid mainly to the response of composite joints under negative moments. Herein, besides this load case, the corresponding one of positive moments is investigated as well as the development of a membrane action that supports the load redistribution but requires a tension force capacity of the joints. Experimental research for the load case “loss of a column” was undertaken on both single composite joint specimens and composite frames. Also, an integrated design method, the beamline method, is analysed and constructional recommendations for design of ductile compo­site joints were developed and are herein presented.
A new assessment approach for post-installed anchors used in seismic applications
Authors: Stehle E J , Sharma A 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Steel bracing has proven to be a very powerful method to improve the seismic behaviour of reinforced concrete frame structures. In general the steel braces are indirectly connected to the RC frame via additional steel frames that are in turn fixed to the RC frame using post-installed anchors or reinforcing bars. However, this method comes with several shortcomings including increased weight and a disruption of the buildings function during installation. Therefore new connection approaches were developed where the braces are directly connected to the RC frame. One of the most promising solutions is the connection by means of post-installed anchors to connect the bracing to the frame corners. Using this type of connection allows an effective and low invasive strengthening of the structure. In this case the performance of the retrofitted structure is highly dominated by the performance of the post-installed anchors, since the imposed seismic demands are rather high. Therefore it is deemed necessary to assess the anchor performance under seismic actions, especially their displacement behaviour in the post-peak range. The current guidelines for seismic qualification of anchors only provide a force-controlled assessment procedure which is valid for non-structural connections but is not sufficient to obtain the information required for the assessment of their seismic performance in structural applications. A new displacement-controlled approach for the assessment of post-installed anchors under seismic conditions is presented. This approach allows the evaluation of the complete load-displacement behaviour as well as the hysteretic response of the anchors even in the post-peak range. A comparison with existing force-controlled assessment procedures shows that this approach is more suitable for the assessment of anchors used in structural strengthening applications under seismic actions.
Behavioural and functional based design of high-rise public housing project in Jakarta, Indonesia
Authors: Djukardi A K , Srinaga F 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Jakarta, which is the largest metropolitan city in Indonesia, has a population of 10.37 million people and an area of 661.5 km2. Jakarta’s population density of 15,677 people/km2 is still far from the ideal population density of 100 people/km2. With a high population density, vertical housing development (high-rise residential buildings) is an essential development goal. Indonesian high-rise public housing is focused on fulfilling technical requirements with a perspective only from the designer or developer. In contrast, in the construction of vertical high-rise public housing, a performance-based design that is focused on the user is needed as one of the main stakeholders. Results from survey and partial least square modelling concur that three elements (behavioural, functional and technical) have a 68.3% influence in determining user satisfaction. Each of the elements contributes a positive influence, with the behavioural element as the highest influencer of 44.5%, followed by the functional element at 38.6% and the technical element, which only has 15.4%.These results can also be interpreted as the overall success of the high-rise public housing project.
Experimental study and numerical analysis of flexural behaviour of post-fire reinforced concrete beam
Authors: Suryanita R , Maizir H , Ismeddiyanto  , Andriano R , Arditama R 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A cycle of heating and cooling can cause gradual chemical changes in reinforced concrete after a fire and these can affect the strength of the concrete. The study aims to analyse the deflection and damage of post-fire concrete beams. The method of study used numerical and experimental analysis on reinforced concrete beam models 1250 mm in length, with a cross-section width of 100 mm and height of 200 mm. The combustion of the specimen was carried out in a brick furnace for a duration of 30 and 60 minutes with an average combustion temperature of 930 and 926 °C. The flexural strength test of the post-burn beam was carried out using a load cell and measured using LVDT at room temperature. The results showed that the deflection that occurred on reinforced concrete beams burned for 30 minutes (BN30) resulted in increased beam deflection by 7% compared to the unburned concrete beam model (BN). Similarly, the concrete beam model which was burned for 60 minutes (BN60) resulted in a 22% increase in beam deflection compared to the unburned concrete beam model. Also, there is a sloping pattern in the relationship curve between load and deflection with increasing duration of the combustion time. This condition is due to a 62% decrease in the load received by the beam when the beam burned for 30 minutes (BN30). Likewise, when the beam burned for 60 minutes (BN60), this caused a 72% decrease in load compared to the unburned concrete beam model. Thus, the duration of fire combustion in concrete beams significantly affects the strength of the reinforced concrete beam.
Ultra-low-power wireless anchor load monitoring system based on internet of things technology
Authors: Tong J , Lee T H , Lin Y 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Ground anchoring is a popular method to stabilize the slope. It is essential for stability evaluation to measure the tension value of anchor from installed load cell. In this paper, a wireless anchor load measuring system is proposed for continuously on-site slope stability monitoring. Each anchor load cell is connected to a MCU-based acquisition unit and become a wireless IoT end-device. This system is scalable so the sensor deployment will be much more flexible than that in conventional data acquisition system. The excitation circuit, signal amplification and analog-to-digital conversion are completed by a small-size device next to the anchor so that very low-noise result can be obtained. Each measurement consumes less than 10mA·s so this device can be drive only by a 55mm*70mm*40mm solar power module. Verified by almost 3-year’s on-site test, it is confirmed the proposed monitoring system can continuously capture and send one measurement per minute to the cloud server without any other electric power. The experimental and on-site test results show the practicability of proposed system and its reliability of long-term measurement. It has very high application potential on real-time slope stability monitoring by collecting and analyzing the load values of all installed anchors.
Sustainable steel and composite bridges through increased lifetime by fatigue treatment
Authors: Gölz L , Breunig S , Kuhlmann U 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
To achieve sustainable long-living infrastructures such as steel and composite bridges, the improvement of the fatigue behavior is crucial. By using high frequency mechanical impact (HFMI) treatment of critical welds, the fatigue service life of welded structures can significantly be extended due to the introduction of compressive residual stresses. Particularly with the use of high-strength steels in combination with HFMI-treatment has become economic in terms of fa­tigue design, thus, leading to reduced use of material resources. Even for welding in existing structures, positive results have already been achieved with post-weld treatment. For this inno­vative method, the amount of lifetime benefit and the conditions for successful application in the view of quality assurance have sometimes become object of critical questions. In various re­search projects, these questions could successfully be answered. By means of numerical and experimental investigations, design approaches have been developed and evaluated for the ap­plication of those treatments in constructional bridge design. The paper summarizes the results of two research projects on the subject of HFMI-treatment with the focus on the use for steel and composite bridges. An insight on the improved fatigue design, the practical use, the benefits for the constructions and possible application fields is given.
The use of crumb rubber for replacing fine aggregate in cold mixture asphalt
Authors: Wulandari P S , Tjandra D 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In order to consider the environmental impact, this study investigated the effect of crumb rubber on the mechanical performance of cold mixture asphalt. Crumb rubber was obtained from the process of recycling waste tires, which this waste material becomes a major environmental problem due to the rapid increase in the number of motor vehicles in Indonesia. Cold mixture asphalt is an environmental friendly option on flexible pavement, which reduces energy consumption because it does not need heat during the process as in hot mixture asphalt. In this study, laboratory tests were conducted for Dense Graded Emulsion Mixture Type IV. The first stage in this study was to perform laboratory experiments on compacted mixture to determine the optimum residual bitumen content. In the next stage, a series of tests on crumb rubber mixtures were conducted in the optimum residual bitumen content condition to investigate the effect of crumb rubber as a partial replacement of fine aggregate. Fine aggregate in cold mixture asphalt was replaced with 50% of crumb rubber. Three different sizes of crumb rubber, 20 mesh (0.841 mm), 40 mesh (0.42 mm) and 60 mesh (0.25 mm), were applied in a series of laboratory experiments. Tests were done using Marshall Test equipment to obtain the mechanical performance of cold mixture asphalt. The finding indicated that finer crumb rubber produced higher stability than the larger size of crumb rubber. Even though the use of crumb rubber decreased stability of mixtures, it still met the minimum specified requirement of cold mixture asphalt. The stability of the crumb rubber cold mixtures were also comparable to hot mixture asphalt. Replacement of fine aggregate with crumb rubber on cold mixture asphalt is expected to overcome the environmental problems by reuse the waste materials to preserve the natural aggregates.
ICT implementation of bus public transportation towards green engineering in Indonesia
Authors: Sutandi A C , Suriansyah Y , Kusliansjah Y K 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Green engineering can be applied to road infrastructure and in public transport. ICT application regarding bus operation can improve services to bus passengers. Furthermore, it encourages society to use public transport and it leads to sustainable transportation by reducing traffic congestion and pollution to the environment. The aims of this study are to evaluate the existing ICT application regarding bus operation, development of ICT application, and provide recommendations to improve services to the passenger. Case studies are ICT application in large cities in Indonesia i.e. Qlue in Jakarta, E-Wadul in Surabaya, and Pro-Denpasar in Denpasar. The results of cross-tabulation analysis indicated that implementation of ICT application on the bus is still at an early stage. Moreover, based on the level of importance and priority of passengers, the aspects of the application are response to passenger’s report, bus services, and application facility to minimize reporting errors, whereas the aspects that have to be improved is the punctuality of bus’ arrival at the bus stop and fixed bus schedule. Government and society have to work together continuously and consistently, so that ICT implementation towards green engineering could provide higher benefit to the passengers.
A study of container truck movement in Tanjung Priok port, Jakarta, Indonesia
Authors: Anas R , Sembiring I S 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Tanjung Priok is a port with a high level of import-export activity, and the flow of container movement is dominated by the Jakarta International Container Terminal and KOJA terminals. In addition to dwelling time problems, there are problems with the movement of the container trucks to and from both terminals, especially during peak hours of activity. The movement of trucks is dominated by single-move trucks (90–94% of the total movement of container trucks). An ineffective movement pattern can lead to a long queue that jams the existing road network around the port area. One solution to the problem is to develop an information system that can regulate the pattern of truck movements and adjust this to the level of service in the terminal and the ship docking schedule. A good distribution pattern will then optimize the movement of the trucks and reduce ineffective and inefficient movement.
The use of deflection bowl parameters to represent the carrying capacity of pavement structures
Authors: Setiadji B H , Supriyono  
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Evaluation of pavement structure has to be carried out periodically to monitor the carrying capacity of the pavement to withstand against loads. The evaluation using backcalculation algorithm to determine layer moduli is the most ideal manner in revealing the residual capacity of the pavement. Due to limited human resources, some agencies in developing countries rely on the use of pavement functional conditions to predict roughly layer structural capacity, however, this leads to unsatisfactorily and inaccurate results. To overcome this, deflection bowl method can be proposed to estimate an indication of the structural capacity of the pavement. The study aimed to evaluate the suitability of the deflection bowl parameter to represent the structure. To do so, an examination of the similarities of the pattern of the deflection bowl parameters and elastic moduli of the pavement layers along selected road segments was conducted, and statistical analysis was presented to justify the results. The results showed that deflection bowl parameters have a strong relationship with the layered moduli. The overlay above the existing surface layer that may consist of more than 1 layer up to 205 mm or 8 in. thickness also can be represented by the maximum deflection parameter.
Adjusted saturation flow of some signalized intersection in Semarang, Indonesia
Authors: Indriastuti A K , Priyono E E Y , Widowati L A , Zuhri A S 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Indonesian Highway Capacity Manual or IHCM (1997) is a manual used to analyse performance of Indonesia’s road network. It has been more than 20 years since the manual is firstly published, so that some parameters such as passenger car equivalent (pce) and base saturation flow (S0) are no longer in accordance with actual conditions, which is indicated by significant differences between IHCM analysis results and empirical data. Several studies have been conducted in many cities and rural areas across Indonesia to explore pce, base saturation flow or other adjustment factors, in order to update IHCM, so in general, this manual will be more appropriate for current traffic conditions. This study is aimed at obtaining adjusted saturation flow from three signalized intersections in Semarang City, based on a comparison between predicted queue lengths and the empirical ones. Using the vehicle departure time slice data for green time, the pce and saturation flow was adjusted using regression method. Adjusted saturation flow at the observed intersection can be simplified in equation S = 506.48 We + 1857.9. Addition of variables still needs to be considered to gain a more general equation.
SERVICE FREQUENCY AND SERVICE HOURS EVALUATION FOR BUS SERVICE IN WEST KLANG VALLEY
Authors: Norhisham Shuhairy , Fadhlullah Abu Bakar Muhammad , Hazwani Abd Samad Zainul , Syamsir Agusril , Zaini Nur’atiah , Yati Katman Herda , Zakwan Ramli Mohd 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The Malaysian government has taken an initiative to mitigate public transport issues in the Klang Valley through the Land Public Transport Commission (SPAD). Several issues were raised by passengers in Klang Valley in regard to public transport, such as long waiting time and poor management of bus service hours. This study is aimed to investigate the service frequency for bus service performance and the public bus service hours in Klang Valley. Five different areas were selected, which consisted of three routes for each area in west Klang Valley, which were Klang, Shah Alam, Subang Jaya, Petaling Jaya, and Puchong. The time interval for every scheduled bus departure, average time interval, and bus service hours were determined based on the collected data. The result showed that Puchong has the shortest average time interval for service quality. Therefore, the bus performance with regard to service frequency and service hours should be improved to provide the public with better service.
Chinese Cemetery as Heterotopia: A Case of Kwong Tong Chinese Cemetery (KTCC)
Authors: Ng V , Goh M 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
With the emergence of new typologies of memorial parks and commercialisation of industries for the dead in Malaysia, what is the image and fate of older cemetery sites within the urban realm? This paper aims to re-define the perception of urban Chinese cemetery as a heterotopic space through the case study of Kwong Tong Chinese Cemetery (KTCC). Using the Foucauldian notion of heterotopia as a framework for analysis, this paper studies the transitions of KTCC through time, and how it stands in relation to the society that produced it. The paper argues that the cemetery is a highly heterotopic site; it is a space of representation and a space of difference, which celebrates the disruption of space and time in relation to society. The implication of society towards the ever changing role of a cemetery, and for now, the changing progression is at the stage where the contemporary Chinese cemetery in Malaysia displays its multi-functional spatial qualities within a single site, as a space of ‘otherness’.
Integrated space in the traditional Pondok school education system - A case study in Pattani, Thailand.
Authors: Jaki Bin Mamat Mohd , Abdul Rahman Md. Baharuddin 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The pondok school system was the earliest in the Malay Archipelago that focused on Islamic studies. The teaching method which stressed on group communication was said to have given rise to integrated space within a building thereby influencing its architecture and spatial design. Two of such schools, almost a century old in Pattani, Thailand, have been used as case studies to measure the influence of communication and integrated space on the interior layout. Data from interviews congruent with floor plans is the crucial reference as to the significance of integrated space. Studies have shown that emphasis on communication in the pedagogy of the traditional pondok school is the main creator of the integrated space, and this gave priority to the positioning and size, and subsequently influencing the overall floor plan.