bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improved brachial artery shear patterns and increased flow‐mediated dilatation after low‐volume high‐intensity interval training in type 2 diabetes
Authors: Ghardashi Afousi Alireza , Izadi Mohammad Reza , Rakhshan Kamran , Mafi Farnoosh , Biglari Soheil , Gandomkar Bagheri Habiballah 
Published: June 2018

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?
Can low‐volume high‐intensity interval training and continuous moderate‐intensity exercise modulate oscillatory and retrograde shear, blood flow and flow‐mediated arterial dilatation in patients with type 2 diabetes?

What is the main finding and its importance?
Low‐volume high‐intensity interval training, by increasing anterograde shear and decreasing retrograde shear and oscillatory index, can increase nitric oxide production and consequently result in increased flow‐mediated dilatation and outward arterial remodelling in patients with type 2 diabetes.

AbstractAtherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes is characterized by endothelial dysfunction associated with impaired flow‐mediated dilatation (FMD) and increases retrograde and oscillatory shear. The present study investigated endothelium‐dependent vasodilatation and shear rate in patients with type 2 diabetes at baseline and follow‐up after 12 weeks of low‐volume high‐intensity interval training (LV‐HIIT) or continuous moderate‐intensity training (CMIT). Seventy‐five sedentary patients with type 2 diabetes and untreated pre‐ or stage I hypertension were randomly divided into LV‐HIIT, CMIT and control groups. The LV‐HIIT group intervention was 12 intervals of 1.5 min at 85–90% maximal heart rate (HRmax) and 2 min at 55–60% HRmax. The CMIT group intervention was 42 min of exercise at 70% HRmax for three sessions per week during 12 weeks. High‐resolution Doppler ultrasound was used to measure FMD, arterial diameter, anterograde and retrograde blood flow, and shear rate patterns. Brachial artery FMD increased significantly in the LV‐HIIT group (3.83 ± 1.13 baseline, 7.39 ± 3.6% follow‐up), whereas there was no significant increase in the CMIT group (3.45 ± 0.97 baseline, 4.81 ± 2.36% follow‐up) compared to the control group (3.16 ± 0.78 baseline, 4.04 ± 1.28% follow‐up) (P < 0.05). Retrograde shear in the LV‐HIIT group decreased significantly (P < 0.05), and no significant decrease in retrograde shear was seen in the CMIT group. Anterograde shear after LV‐HIIT increased significantly (P < 0.05) but was unchanged in the CMIT group. However, oscillatory shear index in both exercise groups decreased significantly (P = 0.029). Nitrite/nitrate (NOx) level increased in both exercise groups, but the increase was greater in the LV‐HIIT group (P < 0.001). The results indicate that by increasing NOx, HIIT decreases the oscillatory shear‐induced improvement in FMD and outward artery remodelling in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Utilizing sequence stratigraphy to develop a depositional model for Silurian (Niagaran) reefs in the Michigan Basin
Authors: Ritter Audrey , Grammer G. Michael 
Published: June 2018

ABSTRACT
Based upon the construction of a high-resolution sequence stratigraphic framework, this paper interprets the evolution of Niagaran (Silurian) reefs in the Michigan Basin as being characterized by episodic reef growth in response to three distinct, third-order-scale, eustatic sea-level fluctuations. The fluctuations are observed in both the northern and southern reef trends and are interpreted to coincide with Silurian eustatic sea-level fluctuations defined at a global scale. The resulting episodic reef growth model, based upon subsurface core and wireline log analysis, is characterized by at least two orders of stratigraphic cyclicity (probably third and fourth order) that likely formed in response to eustatic sea-level change as well as relative sea-level variations.
A detailed sequence stratigraphic analysis of the reefs utilizing facies stacking patterns and identification of key surfaces highlights the punctuated growth of these reefs and provides insight into the lateral and vertical facies variability observed in the subsurface. The sequence hierarchy is manifested by thicker (third- and fourth-order) sequences (tens of meters thick) controlled by globally recognized sea-level changes, and thinner (fifth-order) cycles (few meters thick) driven by relative sea-level variations. Local changes in relative sea level were likely controlled by the combination of higher-frequency eustatic variations along with subsidence and autocyclic mechanisms related to reef growth. The higher-frequency (fourth-order) cyclicity, likely due to eustatic sea-level change, played a major role in controlling the lateral and vertical heterogeneity of reservoir facies in these reefs.
Understanding of the growth of these reefs utilizing a modern sequence stratigraphic approach provides new insight into the development of the Niagaran reefs while providing evidence for a complex and episodic depositional model that explains the variability observed in the stratigraphic architecture of these reefs.
Middle Devonian Sylvania Sandstone, Michigan Basin, USA
Authors: Pollard Katherine , Rock Farsheed , Barnes David A. 
Published: June 2018

ABSTRACT
The Middle Devonian Sylvania Sandstone in the Michigan Basin, United States, is noteworthy for its mixed, cherty dolomitic carbonate, limestone, and sandstone composition and excellent reservoir quality and fluid-flow properties in many areas of the basin. Substantial commercial brine production was initiated in the middle twentieth century, and liquid waste disposal continues today in the Sylvania Sandstone, although little or no hydrocarbon production is known from this unit. The Sylvania Sandstone pinches out to the south and west in the basin and overlies either the Bass Islands Group at the regional base Kaskaskia unconformity to the south or the Bois Blanc Formation, with which it is proposed to be in facies relationship to the northeast. The Sylvania Sandstone is overlain by and apparently interfingers with the Meldrum Member of the Amherstburg Formation throughout the basin. The Sylvania unit predominantly consists of siliciclastic rocks in the southeastern Michigan Basin and in outcrop in Ohio, but it is transitional to predominantly cherty carbonate in the northwest along a depositional hinge striking from southeast to northwest through the central basin. This hinge zone is dominated by mixed carbonate and siliciclastic strata deposited in normal-salinity, tidally influenced paralic and shallow-marine environments. Excellent reservoir quality is present in quartz sandstones and, especially, mixed sandy dolomite lithofacies in the central basin. Cherty facies may also possess significant porosity, but typically with low permeability. Limestone lithofacies are commonly non-reservoir-quality facies. Multiple high-frequency, low-magnitude relative sea-level cycles within the Sylvania Sandstone are suggested from regional stratigraphic analysis. The Sylvania Sandstone in the Michigan Basin is interpreted as a mixed carbonate and siliciclastic, basin-margin facies assemblage deposited in an overall transgressive systems tract above the base Kaskaskia unconformity and in conformable relationship with more basinal facies of the Bois Blanc Formation.
Predicted distribution and burden of podoconiosis in Cameroon
Authors: Deribe Kebede , Cano Jorge , Njouendou Abdel Jelil , Eyong Mathias Esum , Beng Amuam Andrew , Giorgi Emanuele , Pigott David M , Pullan Rachel L , Noor Abdisalan M , Enquselassie Fikre , Murray Christopher J L , Hay Simon I , Newport Melanie J , Davey Gail , Wanji Samuel 
Published: June 2018

IntroductionUnderstanding the number of cases of podoconiosis, its geographical distribution and the population at risk are crucial to estimating the burden of this disease in endemic countries. We assessed each of these using nationwide data on podoconiosis prevalence in Cameroon.MethodsWe analysed data arising from two cross-sectional surveys in Cameroon. The dataset was combined with a suite of environmental and climate data and analysed within a robust statistical framework, which included machine learning-based approaches and geostatistical modelling. The environmental limits, spatial variation of predicted prevalence, population at risk and number of cases of podoconiosis were each estimated.ResultsA total of 214 729 records of individuals screened for podoconiosis were gathered from 748 communities in all 10 regions of Cameroon. Of these screened individuals, 882 (0.41%; 95% CI 0.38 to 0.44) were living with podoconiosis. High environmental suitability for podoconiosis was predicted in three regions of Cameroon (Adamawa, North West and North). The national population living in areas environmentally suitable for podoconiosis was estimated at 5.2 (95% CI 4.7 to 5.8) million, which corresponds to 22.3% of Cameroon’s population in 2015. Countrywide, in 2015, the number of adults estimated to be suffering from podoconiosis was 41 556 (95% CI, 1170 to 240 993). Four regions (Central, Littoral, North and North West) contributed 61.2% of the cases.ConclusionIn Cameroon, podoconiosis is more widely distributed geographically than was initially expected. The number of cases and the population at risk are considerable. Expanding morbidity management and follow-up of cases is of utmost necessity. Promotion of footwear use and regular foot hygiene should be at the forefront of any intervention plan.
Perioperative mortality rates in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Ng-Kamstra Joshua S , Arya Sumedha , Greenberg Sarah L M , Kotagal Meera , Arsenault Catherine , Ljungman David , Yorlets Rachel R , Agarwal Arnav , Frankfurter Claudia , Nikouline Anton , Lai Francis Yi Xing , Palmqvist Charlotta L , Fu Terence , Mahmood Tahrin , Raju Sneha , Sharma Sristi , Marks Isobel H , Bowder Alexis , Pi Lebei , Meara John G , Shrime Mark G 
Published: June 2018

IntroductionThe LancetCommission on Global Surgery proposed the perioperative mortality rate (POMR) as one of the six key indicators of the strength of a country’s surgical system. Despite its widespread use in high-income settings, few studies have described procedure-specific POMR across low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We aimed to estimate POMR across a wide range of surgical procedures in LMICs. We also describe how POMR is defined and reported in the LMIC literature to provide recommendations for future monitoring in resource-constrained settings.MethodsWe did a systematic review of studies from LMICs published from 2009 to 2014 reporting POMR for any surgical procedure. We extracted select variables in duplicate from each included study and pooled estimates of POMR by type of procedure using random-effects meta-analysis of proportions and the Freeman-Tukey double arcsine transformation to stabilise variances.ResultsWe included 985 studies conducted across 83 LMICs, covering 191 types of surgical procedures performed on 1 020 869 patients. Pooled POMR ranged from less than 0.1% for appendectomy, cholecystectomy and caesarean delivery to 20%–27% for typhoid intestinal perforation, intracranial haemorrhage and operative head injury. We found no consistent associations between procedure-specific POMR and Human Development Index (HDI) or income-group apart from emergency peripartum hysterectomy POMR, which appeared higher in low-income countries. Inpatient mortality was the most commonly used definition, though only 46.2% of studies explicitly defined the time frame during which deaths accrued.ConclusionsEfforts to improve access to surgical care in LMICs should be accompanied by investment in improving the quality and safety of care. To improve the usefulness of POMR as a safety benchmark, standard reporting items should be included with any POMR estimate. Choosing a basket of procedures for which POMR is tracked may offer institutions and countries the standardisation required to meaningfully compare surgical outcomes across contexts and improve population health outcomes.
Emergency admissions and long-term conditions during transition from paediatric to adult care: a cross-sectional study using Hospital Episode Statistics data
Authors: Wijlaars Linda Petronella Martina Maria , Hardelid Pia , Guttmann Astrid , Gilbert Ruth 
Published: June 2018

ObjectiveTo determine whether changes in emergency admission rates during transition from paediatric to adult hospital services differed in children and young people (CYP) with and without underlying long-term conditions (LTCs).DesignCross-sectional study.SettingEmergency admissions between 2009 and 2011 recorded in the Hospital Episode Statistics Admitted Patient Care data in England.Participants763 199 CYP aged 10–24 years with and without underlying LTCs (LTCs were defined using the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision codes recorded in the past 5 years).Primary and secondary outcome measuresWe calculated emergency admission rates before (10–15 years) and after transition (19–24 years), stratified by gender, LTC and primary diagnosis. We used negative binomial regression to estimate adjusted incidence rate ratios (IRRs).ResultsWe included 1 109 978 emergency admissions, of which 63.2% were in children with LTCs. The emergency admission rate increased across the age of transition for all CYP, more so for those with LTCs (IRRLTC: 1.55, 99% CI 1.47 to 1.63), compared with those without (IRRnoLTC: 1.21, 99% CI 1.18 to 1.23). The rates increased most rapidly for CYP with mental health problems, MEDReG (metabolic, endocrine, digestive, renal, genitourinary) disorders, and multiple LTCs (both genders) and respiratory disorders (female only). Small or no increased rates were found for CYP without LTCs and for those with cancer or cardiovascular disease. Increases in length of stay were driven by long admissions (10+ days) for a minority (1%) of CYP with mental health problems and potentially psychosomatic symptoms. Non-specific symptoms related to abdominal pain (girls only), gastrointestinal and respiratory problems were the most frequent primary diagnoses.ConclusionsThe increased rates and duration of emergency admissions and predominance of non-specific admission diagnoses during transition in CYP with underlying LTCs may reflect unmet physical or mental health needs.
Efficacy of initial haemopurification strategy for acute paraquat poisoning in adults: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial (HeSAPP)
Authors: Cui Jian-Wei , Xu Yinyan , Wang Yibo , Gao Yan-Xia , Guo Shigong , Wang Meng , Lu Xin , Yu Shiyuan , Ma Yong , Yuan Ding , Che Lu , Sun Pei , Yu Xuezhong , Zhu Huadong , Li Yi 
Published: June 2018

IntroductionParaquat (PQ) is a widely used herbicide which is inexpensive and easily accessible for people in rural areas. A small amount of PQ ingestion could be lethal, yet currently, the optimal treatment is still controversial. Extracorporeal therapies (ECTR) have been practised in PQ poisoning management, though limited evidence could be obtained to suggest its superiority over conservative therapy. Haemodialysis (HD) and haemoperfusion (HP) are most commonly used, while some institutions also choose HP–HD concurrent therapy. The object of the present trial is to investigate whether haemopurification therapy can reduce mortality compared with conservative therapy.Methods and analysisThis is a planned single-centre, non-blinded, randomised controlled trial. Acute PQ poisoned adults who have orally ingested PQ within 24 hours would be recruited. A total of 360 patients would be recruited and randomly assigned to four groups, that is, HP, HD, concurrent HP–HD and control, at a 1:1:1:1 ratio. Subjects would be also stratified by their urine dithionite test results. Primary outcome is 28-day all-cause mortality. Secondary outcomes include survival time, all-cause mortality at the 3rd, 7th and 60th day, rate of major complications, Acute Physiologic and Chronic Health Evaluation score and Poisoning Severity Score, etc.Ethics and disseminationThe protocol and informed consent documents have been approved by the Ethics Committee of The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University in September 2017 (approval number: 2017-KY-10). The result of this trial would be submitted to peer-reviewed journal.Trial registration numberNCT03314909; Pre-results.
Overweight and obesity management strategies in survivors of paediatric acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: a systematic review protocol
Authors: Ladhani Salma , Empringham Brianna , Wang Kuan-Wen , Portwine Carol , Banfield Laura , de Souza Russell J , Thabane Lehana , Samaan M Constantine 
Published: June 2018

IntroductionAcute lymphoblastic leukaemia is the most common paediatric cancer. Survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (SALL) are at risk of obesity and related cardiometabolic diseases including type 2 diabetes, hypertension, stroke and cardiovascular events. Therefore, it is important to address obesity in this population as this may help mitigate future cardiometabolic comorbidities. In this systematic review, we aim to assess current treatment strategies including lifestyle interventions, pharmacotherapy and bariatric surgery to manage overweight and obesity in SALL.Methods and analysisWe will search the following databases for primary studies: CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, EMBASE, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. In addition, unpublished primary studies will be searched in ClinicalTrials.gov as well as conference proceedings, presentations, abstracts, editorials and ProQuest Dissertations and Theses A&I. Reviewers will perform title, abstract, and full-text screening as well as data abstraction and risk of bias assessment independently with a third reviewer to be consulted to resolve disagreements. Searches will be run and updated through May 1st, 2018. The overall quality of the evidence will be determined using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation criteria for each outcome. A meta-analysis will be performed if two studies deploying similar interventions, populations, and design and outcomes are identified.Ethics and disseminationAs individual patient data will not be included, we do not require ethics approval. This review will be published in a peer-reviewed journal.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42016051031.
Additional simulation training: does it affect students’ knowledge acquisition and retention?
Authors: Cecilio-Fernandes Dario , Brandão Carolina Felipe Soares , de Oliveira Davi Lopes Catanio , Fernandes Glória Celeste V Rosário , Tio René A 
Published: June 2018

IntroductionTeaching medical skills during clinical rotation is a complex challenge, which often does not allow students to practise their skills. Nowadays, the use of simulation training has increased to teach skills to medical students. However, transferring the learnt skills from one setting to the other is challenging. In this study, we investigated whether adding a simulation training before the clinical rotation would improve students’ acquisition and retention of knowledge.MethodsTwo subsequent cohorts were compared. Group A followed the traditional curriculum without additional simulation training. Group B attended an additional simulation training, in which history taking, physical examination and procedures for the primary survey in emergency situations were taught. Both groups answered the same knowledge test before entering their clinical rotation and after 6 months. To analyse students’ scores over time, we conducted a repeated measure analysis of variance. To investigate the difference between knowledge, we conducted a t-test.ResultsGroup B scored significantly higher in both tests and all subscores, except in the Trauma topic in the first measurement point. Students in group A showed decay in knowledge whereas group B showed an increase in knowledge.ConclusionsAdding a simulation training, before students entered their clinical rotation, improves students’ knowledge acquisition and retention compared with those who did not receive the additional simulation training.
Incidence of faecal occult blood test interval cancers in population-based colorectal cancer screening: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Wieten Els , Schreuders Eline H , Grobbee Esmée J , Nieboer Daan , Bramer Wichor M , Lansdorp-Vogelaar Iris , Bruno Marco J , Kuipers Ernst J , Spaander Manon C W 
Published: June 2018

ObjectiveFaecal immunochemical tests (FITs) are replacing guaiac faecal occult blood tests (gFOBTs) for colorectal cancer (CRC) screening. Incidence of interval colorectal cancer (iCRC) following a negative stool test result is not yet known. We aimed to compare incidence of iCRC following a negative FIT or gFOBT.DesignWe searched Ovid Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, Science Citation Index, PubMed and Google Scholar from inception to 12 December 2017 for citations related to CRC screening based on stool tests. We included studies on FIT or gFOBT iCRC in average-risk screening populations. Main outcome was pooled incidence rate of iCRCs per 100 000 person-years (p-y). Pooled incidence rates were obtained by fitting random-effect Poisson regression models.ResultsWe identified 7 426 records and included 29 studies. Meta-analyses comprised data of 6 987 825 subjects with a negative test result, in whom 11 932 screen-detected CRCs and 5 548 gFOBT or FIT iCRCs were documented. Median faecal haemoglobin (Hb) positivity cut-off used was 20 (range 10–200) µg Hb/g faeces in the 17 studies that provided FIT results. Pooled incidence rates of iCRC following FIT and gFOBT were 20 (95% CI 14 to 29; I2=99%) and 34 (95% CI 20 to 57; I2=99%) per 100 000 p-y, respectively. Pooled incidence rate ratio of FIT versus gFOBT iCRC was 0.58 (95% CI 0.32 to 1.07; I2=99%) and 0.36 (95% CI 0.17 to 0.75; I2=10%) in sensitivity analysis. For every FIT iCRC, 2.6 screen-detected CRCs were found (ratio 1:2.6); for gFOBT, the ratio between iCRC and screen-detected CRC was 1:1.2. Age below 60 years and the third screening round were significantly associated with a lower iCRC rate.ConclusionA negative gFOBT result is associated with a higher iCRC incidence than a negative FIT. This supports the use of FIT over gFOBT as CRC screening tool.