bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparing anadromous brown troutSalmo truttain small, neighbouring catchments across contrasting landscapes: What is the role of environment in determining life‐history characteristics?
Authors: Thomson M. , Lyndon A. R. 
Published: February 2018

Study of anadromous brown troutSalmo truttain Orkney, U.K., burns (small streams) with a common‐garden sea in Scapa Flow supports the key role of nutrient availability in fresh water, independent of day length, as a determinant of smolt age, with a systematic increase in mean smolt age from 1 to 3 years related inversely to productivity. Whole catchment (8 km2) population budgets indicated annual smolt production of around 650 individuals from approximately 100 spawners. Egg‐to‐smolt survival was 0·65%, while marine survival was estimated from mark–recapture to be between 3·5 and 10%. The question of B‐type growth (accelerated growth immediately prior to or during smolt migration) was also addressed, with a strong negative correlation between B‐type growth and size at end of winter suggesting that this represents a freshwater compensatory growth response. The data obtained indicate the potential importance of small catchments for supporting anadromousSalmo truttapopulations and suggest that small runs of spawners (<100 individuals) are adequate to maintain stocks in such situations. Furthermore, they support the key role of freshwater productivity in determining life‐history characteristics over small spatial scales, with Orkney providing a useful natural laboratory for future research into metapopulation genetic structuring and environmental factors at a tractable scale.
Acute anti‐obesity effects of intracerebroventricular 11β‐HSD1 inhibitor administration in diet‐induced obese mice
Authors: Seo M. , Islam S. A. , Moon S.‐S. 
Published: February 2018

The hypothalamus is the regulatory centre of both appetite and energy balance and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in the hypothalamus is involved in the pathogenesis of obesity. Recently, inhibition of 11 β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type1 (11β‐HSD1) was reported to have an anti‐obesity effect by reducing fat mass. However, the link between the role of 11β‐HSD1 in the hypothalamus and obesity has yet to be determined. In the present study, embryonal primary hypothalamic neurones and high‐fat diet (HFD) fed mice were used to investigate the anorexigenic effects of 11β‐HSD1 inhibitors both in vitro and in vivo. In hypothalamic neurones, carbenoxolone (a non selecitve 11β‐HSD inhibitor) alleviated ER stress and ER stress‐induced neuropeptide alterations. In HFD mice, i.c.v. administration of carbenoxolone or KR67500 (nonselective and selective 11β‐HSD1 inhibitors, respectively) was associated with less weight gain compared to control mice for 24 hours after treatment, presumably by reducing food intake. Furthermore, glucose regulated protein (Grp78), spliced X‐box binding protein (Xbp‐1s), c/EBP homologous protein (chop) and ER DnaJ homologue protein (Erdj4) expression was decreased in the hypothalami of mice administrated 11β‐HSD1 inhibitors compared to controls. Conversely, the phosphorylation of protein kinase B (PKB/Akt), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3), mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK/ERK) and S6 kinase1 (S6K1) in the hypothalamus was induced more in mice treated using the same regimes. In conclusion, acute 11β‐HSD1 inhibition in the hypothalamus could reduce food intake by decreasing ER stress and increasing insulin, leptin, and mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signalling.
A study on the information–motivation–behavioural skills model among Chinese adults with peritoneal dialysis
Authors: Chang Tian‐ying , Zhang Yi‐lin , Shan Yan , Liu Sai‐sai , Song Xiao‐yue , Li Zheng‐yan , Du Li‐ping , Li Yan‐yan , Gao Douqing 
Published: February 2018

Aim and objectiveTo examine whether the information–motivation–behavioural skills model could predict self‐care behaviour among Chinese peritoneal dialysis patients.BackgroundPeritoneal dialysis is a treatment performed by patients or their caregivers in their own home. It is important to implement theory‐based projects to increase the self‐care of patients with peritoneal dialysis. The information–motivation–behavioural model has been verified in diverse populations as a comprehensive, effective model to guide the design, implementation and evaluation of self‐care programmes.DesignA cross‐sectional, observational study.MethodsA total of 201 adults with peritoneal dialysis were recruited at a 3A grade hospital in China. Participant data were collected on demographics, self‐care information (knowledge), social support (social motivation), self‐care attitude (personal motivation), self‐efficacy (behaviour skills) and self‐care behaviour. We also collected data on whether the recruited patients had peritoneal dialysis‐associated peritonitis from electronic medical records. Measured variable path analysis was performed using mplus 7.4 to identify the information–motivation–behavioural model.ResultsSelf‐efficacy, information and social motivation predict peritoneal dialysis self‐care behaviour directly. Information and personal support affect self‐care behaviour through self‐efficacy, whereas peritoneal dialysis self‐care behaviour has a direct effect on the prevention of peritoneal dialysis‐associated peritonitis.ConclusionsThe information–motivation–behavioural model is an appropriate and applicable model to explain and predict the self‐care behaviour of Chinese peritoneal dialysis patients. Poor self‐care behaviour among peritoneal dialysis patients results in peritoneal dialysis‐associated peritonitis.Relevance to clinical practiceThe findings suggest that self‐care education programmes for peritoneal dialysis patients should include strategies based on the information–motivation–behavioural model to enhance knowledge, motivation and behaviour skills to change or maintain self‐care behaviour.
Staying well with bipolar disorder: A qualitative analysis of five‐year follow‐up interviews with young people
Authors: Crowe M. , Inder M. 
Published: February 2018

Accessible summaryWhat is already known about the topic?

Bipolar disorder is a long‐term condition which causes ongoing disruptions to the individual's life.

Current evidence suggests that a combination of medication in combination with psychotherapy is more effective than medication alone.

What the paper adds to existing knowledge?

There are few published reports of the effects of interventions (pharmacological or psychotherapeutic) for treatment in bipolar disorder.

While both psychotherapies provided a framework for understanding bipolar disorder each had specific strategies that participants identified as effective.

What are the implications for practice?

Because bipolar disorder is a long‐term condition, its treatment needs to incorporate psychotherapeutic approaches that address the unique nature of its impact on each individual and provide individualized strategies for managing the disorder.

Both Interpersonal and Social Rhythm Therapy and Specialist Supportive Care provide strategies that promote personal recovery.

AbstractIntroductionThe primary outcomes from this study of psychotherapy for young people with bipolar disorder identified that most participants had continued to remain well. Given that up to 80% of people relapse within 2 years, it was important to establish how these participants described the process of staying well.AimTo examine how participants in a psychotherapy for young people with bipolar disorder study at 5‐year follow‐up described their experiences of the intervention and its impact on living with the disorder.MethodsThis qualitative study was conducted 5 years after participants had completed a psychotherapy intervention in a randomized controlled trial for young people with bipolar disorder. Thirty people were recruited into this qualitative study and interviewed regarding their experiences. The data were analysed using an inductive thematic analysis.FindingsThree themes were identified from the data: self‐awareness in the context of bipolar disorder; understanding my bipolar disorder; and learning to stay well with bipolar disorder.ConclusionsMental health nurses can promote the factors that participants found helpful in learning to stay well self‐awareness, understanding the unique characteristics of their disorder, learning to take care of the self and stabilization of social rhythms.
Accuracy of the radioactive copper incorporation test in the diagnosis of Wilson disease
Authors: Członkowska Anna , Rodo Maria , Wierzchowska‐Ciok Agata , Smolinski Lukasz , Litwin Tomasz 
Published: February 2018

AbstractBackground & AimsIn Wilson disease (WD), copper accumulates in the liver and other tissues because of mutations in the ATP7B copper transporter gene. Early and effective anticopper treatment is crucial. However, routine diagnostic methods based on clinical findings, copper metabolism tests, liver biopsies and DNA analyses do not always provide a conclusive diagnosis. The aim was to evaluate radioactive copper incorporation as a diagnostic test.MethodsWe included cases with a diagnosis of WD supported by radiocopper testing and later, when available, confirmed by DNA analysis. Incorporation of 64Cu was measured at 2, 24 and 48 hours following intravenous injection. Diagnostic accuracy (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUC]), sensitivity, specificity and predictive value were assessed for 24 hours/2 hours and 48 hours/2 hours 64Cu ratios and compared with serum measurements of ceruloplasmin, copper, non‐ceruloplasmin‐bound copper and urinary 24‐hours copper excretion.ResultsPatients having two pathogenic ATP7B mutations (homozygotes/compound heterozygotes) (n = 74) had significantly lower 24 hours/2 hours and 48 hours/2 hours 64Cu ratios than heterozygote controls (n = 21) (mean 0.14 and 0.12 vs 0.49 and 0.63, respectively; both P < .001). Of note, 24 hours/2 hours and 48 hours/2 hours 64Cu ratios had excellent diagnostic accuracy, with AUCs approaching 1, and only 24‐hours urinary copper excretion displayed similar positive features. Other copper metabolism tests studied had lower accuracy, specificity and sensitivity.ConclusionsThe radioactive copper test had excellent diagnostic accuracy and may be useful in the evaluation of new therapies aimed at restoring ATP7B function.
Shifts in diversification rates and host jump frequencies shaped the diversity of host range among Sclerotiniaceae fungal plant pathogens
Authors: Navaud Olivier , Barbacci Adelin , Taylor Andrew , Clarkson John P. , Raffaele Sylvain 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe range of hosts that a parasite can infect in nature is a trait determined by its own evolutionary history and that of its potential hosts. However, knowledge on host range diversity and evolution at the family level is often lacking. Here, we investigate host range variation and diversification trends within the Sclerotiniaceae, a family of Ascomycete fungi. Using a phylogenetic framework, we associate diversification rates, the frequency of host jump events and host range variation during the evolution of this family. Variations in diversification rate during the evolution of the Sclerotiniaceae define three major macro‐evolutionary regimes with contrasted proportions of species infecting a broad range of hosts. Host–parasite cophylogenetic analyses pointed towards parasite radiation on distant hosts long after host speciation (host jump or duplication events) as the dominant mode of association with plants in the Sclerotiniaceae. The intermediate macro‐evolutionary regime showed a low diversification rate, high frequency of duplication events and the highest proportion of broad host range species. Our findings suggest that the emergence of broad host range fungal pathogens results largely from host jumps, as previously reported for oomycete parasites, probably combined with low speciation rates. These results have important implications for our understanding of fungal parasites evolution and are of particular relevance for the durable management of disease epidemics.
First record of humpback whale songs in Southern Chile: Analysis of seasonal and diel variation
Authors: Español‐Jiménez Sonia , van der Schaar Mike 
Published: February 2018

AbstractMale humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae)produce complex, patterned songs that are traditionally recorded on their breeding grounds. In this work, we report results from the first continuous acoustic monitoring of a humpback whale feeding ground off southern Chile, Corcovado Gulf. Using an autonomous continuously recording system anchored to the seafloor and an automatic signal detector, we used the units within a song to analyze the temporal distribution and diel patterns of humpback whales. Acoustic recordings were made at the end of the austral summer and autumn of 2012. Songs occurred over the entire 130 d monitoring period, from 1 February to 15 June 2012. The percentage of units detected increased throughout the monitored period with the highest detections in the last recorded month (June), despite recording for fewer days that month. Furthermore, songs were detected during all light regimes studied, but most frequently during darkness. This study provides further evidence that, far from being rare or sporadic, humpback whale songs occur commonly at a feeding ground in high latitudes over different light conditions and in all months, with a peak in autumn.
Efficacy of a novel neem oil formulation (RP03™) to control the poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae
Authors: Camarda A. , Pugliese N. , Bevilacqua A. , Circella E. , Gradoni L. , George D. , Sparagano O. , Giangaspero A. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractDermanyssus gallinae (Mesostigmata: Dermanyssidae) is the most harmful ectoparasite of laying hens, represents an occupational hazard for poultry workers, and a growing threat to medical science per se. There is increasing demand for alternative products, including plant‐derived acaricides, with which to control the mite. The present study investigated the efficacy of neem oil against D. gallinae on a heavily infested commercial laying hen farm. A novel formulation of 20% neem oil, diluted from a 2400‐p.p.m. azadirachtin‐concentrated stock (RP03™), was administered by nebulization three times in 1 week. Using corrugated cardboard traps, mite density was monitored before, during and after treatment and results were statistically analysed. Mite populations in the treated block showed 94.65%, 99.64% and 99.80% reductions after the first, second and third product administrations, respectively. The rate of reduction of the mite population was significantly higher in the treated block (P < 0.001) compared with the control and buffer blocks. The results suggest the strong bioactivity of neem, and specifically of the patented neem‐based formulation RP03™, against D. gallinae. The treatment was most effective in the 10 days following the first application and its effects persisted for over 2 months. Further studies will aim to overcome observed side effects of treatment represented by an oily layer on equipment and eggs.
Consensus opinion on diagnosis and management of thrombotic microangiopathy in Australia and New Zealand
Authors: Fox Lucy C , Cohney Solomon J , Kausman Joshua Y , Shortt Jake , Hughes Peter D , Wood Erica M , Isbel Nicole M , de Malmanche Theo , Durkan Anne , Hissaria Pravin , Blombery Piers , Barbour Thomas D 
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACTThrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) arises in a variety of clinical circumstances with the potential to cause significant dysfunction of the kidneys, brain, gastrointestinal tract and heart. TMA should be considered in all patients with thrombocytopenia and anaemia, with an immediate request to the haematology laboratory to look for red cell fragments on a blood film. While TMA of any aetiology generally demands prompt treatment, this is especially so in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) and atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome (aHUS), where organ failure may be precipitous, irreversible and fatal. In all adults, urgent, empirical plasma exchange (PE) should be started within 4–8 h of presentation for a possible diagnosis of TTP, pending a result for ADAMTS13 activity (a disintegrin and metalloprotease thrombospondin, number 13). A sodium citrate plasma sample should be collected for ADAMTS13 testing prior to any plasma therapy. In children, Shiga toxin‐associated haemolytic uraemic syndrome due to infection with Escherichia coli (STEC‐HUS) is the commonest cause of TMA, and is managed supportively. If TTP and STEC‐HUS have been excluded, a diagnosis of aHUS should be considered, for which treatment is with the monoclonal complement C5 inhibitor, eculizumab. While early confirmation of aHUS is often not possible, except in the minority of patients in whom autoantibodies against factor H are identified, genetic testing ultimately reveals a complement‐related mutation in a significant proportion of aHUS cases. The presence of other TMA‐associated conditions (e.g. infection, pregnancy/postpartum and malignant hypertension) does not exclude TTP or aHUS as the underlying cause of TMA.
Long distance RNA movement
Authors: Kehr Julia , Kragler Friedrich 
Published: February 2018

Contents

Summary
29

I.
Introduction
29

II.
Phloem as a conduit for macromolecules
30

III.
Classes of phloem transported RNAs and their function
32

IV.
Mode of RNA transport
35

V.
Conclusions
37

Acknowledgements
37

References
37

SummaryIn higher plants, small noncoding RNAs and large messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules are transported between cells and over long distances via the phloem. These large macromolecules are thought to get access to the sugar‐conducting phloem vessels via specialized plasmodesmata (PD). Analyses of the phloem exudate suggest that all classes of RNA molecules, including silencing‐induced RNAs (siRNAs), micro RNAs (miRNAs), transfer RNAs (tRNAs), ribosomal RNA (rRNAs) and mRNAs, are transported via the vasculature to distant tissues. Although the functions of mobile siRNAs and miRNAs as signalling molecules are well established, we lack a profound understanding of mobile mRNA function(s) in recipient cells and tissues, and how they are selected for transport. A surprisingly high number of up to thousands of mRNAs were described in diverse plant species such as cucumber, pumpkin, Arabidopsis and grapevine to move long distances over graft junctions to distinct body parts. In this review, we present an overview of the classes of mobile RNAs, the potential mechanisms facilitating RNA long‐distance transport, and the roles of mobile RNAs in regulating transcription and translation. Furthermore, we address potential function(s) of mobile protein‐encoding mRNAs with respect to their characteristics and evolutionary constraints.
Visual perceptual skills and visual motor integration in children and adolescents after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Fahnehjelm Kristina Teär , Törnquist Alba Lucia , Olsson Monica , Winiarski Jacek , Ek Ulla 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe aim of the study was to study visual acuity, visual perceptual, and VMI skills in patients after HSCT in childhood. Tests of visual perceptual skills, VMI, and visual acuity were performed in 102 children/adolescents (age range 4.3‐20.9 years). Mean time from HSCT to testing was 6.0 years (0.9‐17.5 years). Visual acuity was median 1.0 decimal (range 0.16‐1.6). Visual perceptual skills (memory, form constancy, visual sequential memory) and VMI were low compared to age‐equivalent normative data with, respectively, 36%, 45%, 60%, and 46% of all patients performing below the 25 percentile. All patients performed significantly lower than the 50 percentile in the reference material in visual sequential memory, P < .001 (boys P < .001 and girls P < .05). All patients also performed significantly lower than the 50 percentile in VMI (P < .01) (boys P < .05). Pretransplant conditioning regimen did not affect outcome if the results were corrected for age at HSCT. Visual perceptual skill problems and VMI problems frequently occur in patients after HSCT in childhood. Age at HSCT and original diagnosis influence the outcome. Neuropsychological assessment including visual perception is recommended in children after HSCT.
Wittgenstein's Inspiring View of Nature: On Connecting Philosophy and Science Aright
Authors: Hutto Daniel D. , Satne Glenda 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThis paper explicates Wittgenstein's vision of our place in nature and shows in what ways it is unlike and more fruitful than the picture of nature promoted by exclusive scientific naturalists. Wittgenstein's vision of nature is bound up with and supports his signature view that the task of philosophy is distinctively descriptive rather than explanatory. Highlighting what makes Wittgenstein's vision of nature special, it has been claimed that to the extent that he qualifies as a naturalist of any sort he ought to be regarded as a liberal naturalist (Macarthur forthcoming, Wittgenstein, Philosophy of Mind and Naturalism. London: Routledge). We argue, in contrast, that focusing solely on the liberality of Wittgenstein's view of nature risks overlooking and downplaying the ways in which his philosophical clarifications can act as a platform for productively engaging with the sciences in their explanatory endeavors. We argue that Wittgenstein's vision of nature allows for a more relaxed form of naturalism in which philosophy can be a productive partner for scientific inquiry and investigation. Although this feature of Wittgenstein's vision of nature is not something that he himself emphasized, given his interests and concerns, it is an inspiring vision in an age in which philosophy must find its feet with and alongside the sciences.