bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Without quality presence–absence data, discrimination metrics such as TSS can be misleading measures of model performance
Authors: Leroy Boris , Delsol Robin , Hugueny Bernard , Meynard Christine N. , Barhoumi Chéïma , Barbet‐Massin Morgane , Bellard Céline 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe discriminating capacity (i.e. ability to correctly classify presences and absences) of species distribution models (SDMs) is commonly evaluated with metrics such as the area under the receiving operating characteristic curve (AUC), the Kappa statistic and the true skill statistic (TSS). AUC and Kappa have been repeatedly criticized, but TSS has fared relatively well since its introduction, mainly because it has been considered as independent of prevalence. In addition, discrimination metrics have been contested because they should be calculated on presence–absence data, but are often used on presence‐only or presence‐background data. Here, we investigate TSS and an alternative set of metrics—similarity indices, also known as F‐measures. We first show that even in ideal conditions (i.e. perfectly random presence–absence sampling), TSS can be misleading because of its dependence on prevalence, whereas similarity/F‐measures provide adequate estimations of model discrimination capacity. Second, we show that in real‐world situations where sample prevalence is different from true species prevalence (i.e. biased sampling or presence‐pseudoabsence), no discrimination capacity metric provides adequate estimation of model discrimination capacity, including metrics specifically designed for modelling with presence‐pseudoabsence data. Our conclusions are twofold. First, they unequivocally impel SDM users to understand the potential shortcomings of discrimination metrics when quality presence–absence data are lacking, and we recommend obtaining such data. Second, in the specific case of virtual species, which are increasingly used to develop and test SDM methodologies, we strongly recommend the use of similarity/F‐measures, which were not biased by prevalence, contrary to TSS.
Dietary sodium intake and its relationship to adiposity in young black and white adults: The African‐PREDICT study
Authors: Crouch Simone H. , Ware Lisa J. , Gafane‐Matemane Lebo F. , Kruger Herculina S. , Van Zyl Tertia , Van der Westhuizen Bianca , Schutte Aletta E. 
Published: July 2018

Obesity and salt intake are both established factors contributing to cardiovascular disease development. Recently, studies found a controversial positive relationship between dietary salt and obesity. Therefore, the authors investigated whether obesity‐related measures are associated with 24‐hour urinary sodium in a healthy biethnic population. The study included 761 adults (20‐30 years) with complete 24‐hour urinary sodium, anthropometry, and bioelectrical impedance measurements. In single regression analyses all obesity‐related measures related positively with 24‐hour urinary sodium (P ≤ .008). However, with multivariate adjustments for energy intake, accelerometery, age, sex, black and white ethnicity, and other covariates, only body surface area (BSA) remained independently associated with 24‐hour urinary sodium (R2 = 0.72, β = .05, P = .039). To conclude, we found a consistent and robust positive relationship between BSA and estimated salt intake – but not with traditional obesity measures such as body mass index (BMI). Further studies are needed to investigate body surface area and potentially, skin area, in salt handling.
Elementary school children's associations of antisocial behaviour with risk‐taking across 7–11 years
Authors: Tieskens Jacintha M. , Buil J. Marieke , Koot Susanne , Krabbendam Lydia , van Lier Pol A.C. 
Published: July 2018

BackgroundThe impact of childhood antisocial behaviour on future maladaptation has been acknowledged. Risk‐taking has been associated with antisocial behaviour in adolescents and adults, but its association with childhood antisocial behaviour is understudied. In this study, we explored the association of children's risk‐taking with antisocial behaviour in mainstream elementary schoolchildren studied longitudinally across 7–11 years.MethodsOne thousand and eighty‐six children (51% boys) were assessed in three annual waves. Antisocial behaviours (aggressive, covert antisocial and oppositional defiant behaviour) were assessed using teacher‐ and peer‐reports. Risk‐taking was measured using the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART). The association of antisocial behaviour with risk‐taking was analysed using parallel growth models.ResultsChildren with higher levels of risk‐taking at age 7 showed increased growth in peer‐reported aggression from age 7 to 11. Risk‐taking, that is increased levels at age 7 in boys and increased growth in girls, predicted increased growth in peer‐reported oppositional defiant behaviour. Associations of risk‐taking with teacher‐reported aggression and covert antisocial behaviour were at trend level.ConclusionsResults indicated that already in childhood, among typically developing children, risk‐taking is associated with the development of antisocial behaviour. Future research focused on antisocial behaviour, but also school mental health workers and clinicians should take into account that already in childhood, risk‐taking might affect antisocial behaviour development.
Lethal effects of erythritol on the mosquito Aedes aegypti Linnaeus (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: Gilkey Patrick L. , Bolshakov Dennis T. , Kowala Julia G. , Taylor Linden A. , O'Donnell Sean , Marenda Daniel R. , Sirot Laura K. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti Linnaeus is a major vector of several viruses that cause disease in humans and other animals. Conventional insecticides have been used for vector control, but can be problematic because Ae. aegypti and other mosquitoes can evolve resistance to them and they can negatively impact non‐target insect species. Therefore, there is a strong demand for novel methods in Ae. aegpyti vector control strategies. Our study investigated whether the sugar alcohol, erythritol, has potential as a novel insecticide for mosquito control. Erythritol is lethal to several dipteran species yet has been deemed safe for consumption by humans and other mammals. We tested the impact of erythritol on Ae. aegypti by comparing the longevity of larvae reared in erythritol‐treated water and adult females maintained on erythritol. We also tested whether sucrose supplementation impacts the effects of erythritol on adult longevity. For larvae, erythritol exposure at concentrations as low as 0.1 m is lethal, with LC50 at 48 hr of 0.11 m for early stage (3‐day old) larvae and 0.42 m for late stage (5‐day old) larvae. For adult females, maintenance on erythritol is lethal at concentrations as low as 0.5 m, with LC50 at 72 hr of 1.60 m. Further, a mixture of 1 m sucrose/1 m erythritol solution is more lethal to adult females than 1 m erythritol solution alone, suggesting that erythritol in combination with sucrose could comprise a toxic sugar bait. These results provide promising evidence for erythritol as a novel larvicide and adulticide for Ae. aegypti.
Sugar preferences of western corn rootworm larvae in a feeding stimulant blend
Authors: Bernklau Elisa J. , Hibbard Bruce E. , Bjostad Louis B. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractFeeding behaviour, feeding intensity and staying behaviour of neonate western corn rootworm larvae (Diabrotica virgifera virgiferaLeConte) were evaluated in response to synthetic feeding stimulant blends to determine larval preferences among the three maize root sugars (glucose, fructose and sucrose) in the active blend and to determine whether any single sugar can substitute for the 3‐sugar combination in a feeding stimulant blend. These experiments demonstrated the strong affinity that western corn rootworm larvae have for the natural sugars found in maize roots and also showed that sucrose is the most preferred of the three primary maize root sugars. The blend containing sucrose at 30 mg/ml elicited feeding that was not significantly different than the natural glucose:fructose:sucrose blend. In subtraction bioassays, removal of sucrose from the blend resulted in significantly fewer larvae feeding. When the three‐sugar blend was substituted with one of the number of various mono‐, di‐ or trisaccharides, fewer larvae fed on all of the treatments compared to the blend with sucrose, except for the blend with maltose. In feeding choice tests, larvae preferred a blend containing sucrose over blends with either glucose or fructose, but larvae chose equally between a blend with sucrose and a blend containing the three‐sugar mixture found in maize roots. Based on these results, a feeding stimulant blend with glucose (30 mg/ml), fructose (4 mg/ml) and sucrose (4 mg/ml) elicits the strongest feeding response, but sucrose alone, in amounts equivalent to the total maize root sugar concentration (30 mg/ml), could serve as a substitute for the 3‐sugar mixture in a synthetic feeding stimulant blend.
Is an indistinct picture “exactly what we need”? Objectivity, accuracy, and harm in imaging for cancer
Authors: Reid Lynette 
Published: July 2018

AbstractAssumptions about the epistemic ideal of objectivity, closely related to ontological assumptions about the nature of disease as pathophysiological abnormality, lead us into oversimplified ways of thinking about medical imaging. This is illustrated by current controversies in the early detection of cancer. Improvements in the technical quality of imaging failed to address the problem of overdiagnosis in breast cancer screening and exacerbate the problem in thyroid cancer diagnosis. Drawing on Douglas and on Daston and Galison, I distinguish 3 dimensions of objectivity (accuracy, reliability, and precision) and demonstrate ways they may be at odds, as illustrated in the early detection of cancer. Guidelines for evaluating the efficacy of diagnostic imaging are insufficiently sensitive to this complexity. Improving imaging quality may raise epistemic issues, place disease definitions in question, and lead to overall harm or to changes in the distribution of harms and benefits among population subgroups. With a nod to Wittgenstein, I argue that we cannot take for granted that “an indistinct picture” is not “exactly what we need.”
Astrocytes in juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (CLN3) display metabolic and calcium signaling abnormalities
Authors: Bosch Megan E. , Kielian Tammy 
Published: July 2018

AbstractJuvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (JNCL) is a lysosomal storage disease caused by autosomal recessive mutations in ceroid lipofuscinosis 3 (CLN3). Children with JNCL experience progressive visual, cognitive, and motor deterioration with a decreased life expectancy (late teens‐early 20s). Neuronal loss is thought to occur, in part, via glutamate excitotoxicity; however, little is known about astrocyte glutamate regulation in JNCL. Spontaneous Ca2+ oscillations were reduced in murine Cln3Δex7/8 astrocytes, which were also observed following glutamate or cytokine exposure. Astrocyte glutamate transport is an energy‐demanding process and disruptions in metabolic pathways could influence glutamate homeostasis in Cln3Δex7/8 astrocytes. Indeed, basal mitochondrial respiration and ATP production were significantly reduced in Cln3Δex7/8 astrocytes. These changes were not attributable to reduced mitochondria, since mitochondrial DNA levels were similar between wild type and Cln3Δex7/8 astrocytes. Interestingly, despite these functional deficits in Cln3Δex7/8 astrocytes, glutamate transporter expression and glutamate uptake were not dramatically affected. Concurrent with impaired astrocyte metabolism and Ca2+ signaling, murine Cln3Δex7/8 neurons were hyper‐responsive to glutamate, as reflected by heightened and prolonged Ca2+ signals. These findings identify intrinsic metabolic and Ca2+ signaling defects in Cln3Δex7/8 astrocytes that may contribute to neuronal dysfunction in CLN3 disease.
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This article is part of the Special Issue “Lysosomal Storage Disorders”.
Usability of a wearable fall detection prototype from the perspective of older people–A real field testing approach
Authors: Thilo Friederike J. S. , Hahn Sabine , Halfens Ruud J. G. , Schols Jos M. G. A. 
Published: July 2018

Aims and objectivesCommunity‐dwelling older people were involved in the testing of a fall detection device to improve its utilisation and acceptance in everyday life.BackgroundThe usability of alerting devices remains unsatisfactory, as they are scarcely utilised by older people, despite wide recognition of the importance of rapid assistance after a fall. Moreover, the time a person remains on the floor negatively impacts the severity of fall consequences. However, it is unclear how to increase alerting device utilisation in everyday life. Therefore, older people were involved in this research to consider their perspective during prototype development.DesignA qualitative focus group study was conducted, following a real field testing approach, underpinned by the theoretical framework “Medical Device Technology Development Process.”MethodsFifteen community‐dwelling older people tested the prototype in daily living over a period of nine days. Different means of involvement were exploited such as “user seminars” or “discussion with users.” On day 9, data were collected using focus groups and analysed with qualitative content analysis.ResultsThe participants’ perspectives yielded positive aspects of the prototype along with aspects requiring improvement. They indicated that technical requirements are essential. They also revealed that a minimal change in daily routines, support for physical activity and independent living and the inclusion of trusted contact persons could lead to wider use of the alerting device.ConclusionsInvolving users is crucial in gaining a deeper understanding of aspects influencing utilisation of an alerting device. The study revealed that usability is influenced both by technical requirements as well as habits and personal preferences. This finding is vital, as habits and personal preferences can only be identified through the involvement of target users.Relevance to clinical practiceThe study provides key insights for health practitioners interested in promoting the use of an alerting device in community‐dwelling older people.
Predictors of hospital‐acquired pressure ulcers among older adult inpatients
Authors: Han Seol‐Heui , Kim Yoon‐Sook , Hwang Jeonghae , Lee Jongmin , Song Mi Ryeong 
Published: July 2018

AbstractAim and objectivesTo provide basic information on the preventive care for pressure ulcer (PU) by analysing PU‐related characteristics and identifying PU predictors.BackgroundThe incidence of PUs in hospitals is increasing, and continuous PU management is required. The occurrence of PU was an important standard for hospital certification. There is a need to identify predictors of PUs for proper management of PUs.DesignThis is a descriptive study that analyses the electronic medical records of a university hospital.MethodsOf all older adult inpatients aged over 65 years admitted to the hospital (from January 1, 2011–December 31, 2015), 34,287 were included in this study. To identify the PU predictors, a logistic regression analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 24.ResultsPredictors influencing PU were gender (OR = 1.36, 95% CI = 1.03–1.05), age, (OR = 1.04, 95% CI = 1.03–1.05), admission method (OR = 0.39, 95% CI = 0.32–0.46), consciousness status (OR = 3.77, 95% CI = 1.83–7.77) and Braden Scale score (OR = 0.07, 95% CI = 0.69–0.72). Among the predictors, consciousness is the most important variable. Patients who are drowsy were 3.77 times more likely to develop PU than those who are alert.ConclusionsTo prevent and manage PU, the level of consciousness of older adult patients who are hospitalised should be assessed, and appropriate interventions should be provided.Relevance to clinical practicePressure ulcer‐specific interventions should be provided systematically by healthcare providers to those with altered consciousness beginning at hospital admission.
Elevated hydrostatic pressure promotes ameloblastoma cell invasion through upregulation of MMP‐2 and MMP‐9 expression via Wnt/β‐catenin signalling
Authors: Yang Zinan , Li Kan , Liang Qian , Zheng Guangsen , Zhang Sien , Lao Xiaomei , Liang Yujie , Liao Guiqing 
Published: July 2018

BackgroundThe process of marsupialization involves the release of intracystic pressure and the fluid contained within. Marsupialization of cystic ameloblastoma is controversial; therefore, we investigated how hydrostatic pressure influences biological behaviours of ameloblastoma cells and its underlying mechanisms.Materials and MethodsAn ameloblastoma epithelial cell line, hTERT+‐AM, was exposed to different hydrostatic pressures with or without Dickkopf‐related protein 1 (also known as DKK), a canonical Wnt signalling pathway inhibitor. A CCK‐8 assay, a monolayer wound assay, and a Transwell assay were used to determine cell proliferation, migration and invasion, respectively. qRT‐PCR and Western blot were used to detect expression of MMP‐2, MMP‐9, RANKL and other downstream targets of Wnt signalling.ResultsElevated hydrostatic pressure promoted migration and invasion of ameloblastoma cells, but inhibited proliferation. Expression of MMP‐2, MMP‐9, LEF‐1, cyclin D1, c‐Jun and c‐Myc was significantly upregulated under elevated hydrostatic pressure, and these effects could be abolished by DKK1. Expression of RANKL, which is thought to be a downstream target of Wnt signalling, did not significantly change under elevated hydrostatic pressure.ConclusionsThis study indicates that elevated hydrostatic pressure promotes the migration and invasion of ameloblastoma cells by activating the Wnt/β‐catenin pathway, thereby increasing expression of MMP‐2, MMP‐9 and other Wnt signalling downstream targets. This suggests that marsupialization may reduce invasiveness and reverse the bone resorption process by lowering intracystic hydrostatic pressure in cystic ameloblastoma.
Immunohistochemical analysis of neutrophils, interleukin‐17, matrix metalloproteinase‐9, and neoformed vessels in oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Silva Ricardo Natã Fonseca , Dallarmi Laís Bueno , Araujo Ana Karoline Carvalho , Alencar Rita Cassia Gonçalves , Mendonça Elismauro Francisco , Silva Tarcília Aparecida , Batista Aline Carvalho , Costa Nadia Lago 
Published: July 2018

BackgroundTumor‐associated neutrophils (TAN), matrix metalloproteinase‐9 (MMP‐9), interleukin‐17 (IL‐17), and angiogenesis have been proposed as prognostic biomarkers of malignant tumors. The purpose of this study was to investigate these inflammatory markers as prognostic factors for oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).MethodsSpecimens of OSCC (n = 30), healthy oral mucosa (negative control, n = 10), oral leukoplakia (n = 10), and apical granuloma with abscess (positive inflammatory controls, n = 10) were immunostained for CD66b (neutrophils), MMP‐9, IL‐17, and CD105 (neoformed microvessels). Semiquantitative (IL‐17) and quantitative (CD66b, IL‐17, MMP‐9, and CD105) analyses were performed. Clinical information (TNM stage, metastasis, recurrence, and survival) and tumor histological grade were also obtained.ResultsPositivity for TAN, MMP‐9, IL‐17, and CD105 was higher in OSCC than in the negative control (P < 0.05) and oral leukoplakia, but similar to the positive inflammatory control. Coincident high counts of inflammatory markers (CD66b, MMP‐9, IL‐17, and CD105) were associated with lymph node metastasis of OSCC. Associations between high numbers of neoformed microvessels and advanced clinical stage and a higher degree of malignancy were also demonstrated.ConclusionsCombined positivity for TAN, MMP‐9, IL‐17, and CD105 appears to be associated with the metastasis‐prone phenotype of OSCC.
A Crisis of Care: The Politics and Therapeutics of a Rape Crisis Hotline
Authors: Backe Emma L. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThis article explores the politics and contingencies of care provided to survivors of sexual assault on a rape crisis hotline in the U.S.’s mid‐Atlantic region. The support provided to survivors on the hotline represents a crisis of care, one fomented by the victim services sector's failure to address the limitations of a crisis‐oriented paradigm or survivors’ chronic trauma. The tension between the survivor‐centered model of the hotline and the mental health needs of clients represents a friction of utility—a misalignment between the care hotline advocates provide and the support survivors seek. The anonymous care and internal contradictions of the hotline also results in high rates of vicarious trauma for advocates. Given the polysemic dimensions of care exhibited on the hotline, the service represents a form of negative care, one that accounts for gaps in survivors’ care yet still fails to empower proactive means of recovery.
Compliance with perioperative prophylaxis guidelines and the use of novel outcome measures
Authors: Morse James , Blackburn Lee , Hannam Jacqueline A. , Voss Lesley , Anderson Brian J. 
Published: July 2018

SummaryPostoperative wound infections represent an important source of morbidity and mortality in children. Perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis has been shown to decrease the risk of developing infections and hospital guidelines surrounding antibiotic use exist to standardize patient care. Despite supporting evidence, rates of compliance with guidelines vary. Quality improvement initiatives have been introduced to improve compliance with intraoperative antibiotic guidelines. Thorough infection surveillance, including antibiotic provision in presurgical checklists, computerized voice antibiotic administration prompts, and national feedback systems are now increasingly common. Few studies have been conducted investigating the effectiveness of prophylactic antibiotics in children. Outcome measures such as morbidity and mortality and return to the operating room can be used to examine the relationship between antibiotic use and patient outcome but these measures are limited in that they occur infrequently or are subjective and difficult to measure. Metrics such as days alive out of hospital and length of hospital stay may be useful alternatives for ongoing monitoring of infections and identifying improvements in patient outcomes. Guidelines on antibiotic prophylaxis have facilitated an increase in the correct provision of perioperative antibiotics and a reduction in the incidence of postoperative infection. Measures of patient outcome such as days alive out of hospital and length of hospital stay are easy to collect and calculate but further work is needed to confirm the utility of these measures for monitoring infection rates.