bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Validation of Elastic-Brittle, and Elastic-Plastic FEM Model of the Wall Made of Calcium Silicate and AAC Masonry Units
Authors: Jasinski Radoslaw 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Numerous methodologies can be used in numerical analyses of masonry structures. In the engineering applications which allow current design standards linear elastic material models are used. On the other hand, when it comes to the analysis of morphology of cracking and the failure mechanism that form the basis of scientific studies, the choice of use falls on the advanced material models implemented in masonry micro-, macro- or mezo-models taking into account the fragile properties of masonry based on the Coulomb’s ideas. The Drucker-Prager, Hofman, Willam-Warnke, Barcelona and the Menétrey-Willam (M-W-3) models are used, among others. All advanced material models require the introduction of many mechanical parameters, the determination of which may pose many problems. Many authors use their own test methods, so it is not possible to repeat calculations. The paper presents the author’s method of validating numerical masonry models using standard research models and procedures. The elastic - brittle material model (SBeta) and the elastic - plastic model of Menétrey – Willam (M-W-3). The basic material parameters of masonry units and interface elements were determined in the tests of specimens of masonry units’ elements or wall specimens. The validation was carried out in the ATENA FEM system using a 2D model of the wall axially and diagonally compressed. The cracking of the wall, values of elastic modulus and destructive stresses as well as the course of the load-displacement dependence were compared.
Seismic Assessment and Retrofit Design of a School Building in Florence
Authors: Terenzi Gloria , Bazzani Caterina , Costoli Iacopo , Sorace Stefano , Spinelli Paolo 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The recent earthquakes occurred in Italy highlighted again the high vulnerability of structures built before the release of national Seismic Standards. This induced several local authorities to undertake extensive performance assessment campaigns of public buildings, among which mainly schools. A study carried out within one of these campaigns, concerning the evaluation of seismic vulnerability and the design of retrofit interventions in a school building in Florence, is presented herein. The structure was built at the beginning of 1970s, and is characterized by a ground storey with reinforced concrete frame skeleton, and a first and second storey with steel structure. An extensive on-site experimental investigation was developed at a first step of the study, which allowed identifying the mechanical characteristics of the constituting materials, and re-drawing the main structural details. Based on these data, a check of the seismic performance in current conditions was carried out, which highlighted several drawbacks, especially concerning the steel members. This prompted to propose a seismic retrofit hypothesis of the building, consisting in the installation of a set of dissipative braces incorporating fluid viscous dampers as protective devices. A synthesis of the assessment analyses in current conditions and the retrofit design, which allows attaining an elastic structural response up to the maximum considered earthquake level, is reported in the paper.
The Current Features of the Central Public Space Functioning in the Historical City, A UNESCO World Heritage Site
Authors: Cherkes Bohdan , Fedak Anna , Shtendera Andrii 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
A common feature of the significant squares in historical cities is the contradiction between the problems of protection and functioning. A striking example of such a contradiction is the Rynok Square in Lviv - public space, which since its appearance in the 14th century, has always been a communicative hub for citizens and guests of the city. In 1998, the central part of Lviv was included in the UNESCO World Heritage Site, and only 15 years later, the entrance of private vehicles to the Rynok Square was restricted, making the central square again a public space. Since then, there is no data on the use of square as a public space. Qualitative changes in the functioning of the city square are visible to the naked eye, but it is difficult to assess the scale and vector of these changes without a detailed study. For a comprehensive understanding of the Rynok Square public space functioning and the level of its socialization, we have developed a methodology for evaluating the quantitative characteristics of the social and cultural aspects of the urban environment. From October to December 2018, a pilot study of the interaction of people with institutions and spaces of the Rynok Square was conducted. The survey data gives us an understanding of the current state of using the Rynok Square as a public space, so it might be a good basis for further sociological and economic research. This will allow us to more detailed study to the issues of organizing new public, cultural or service establishments, and the creation of potential spaces for communication. Due to this data, we can speak about behavioral tendencies of residents and visitors of the historical city, which will allow to qualitatively improve the spaces for their future use.
Shopping Centre vs. Railway Station. Selected Examples in Poland
Authors: Labuz Rita 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
A modern shopping centre is often built as a multi-functional facility. It constitutes a place that generates the customer traffic, and consequently a demand for a relatively big number of parking spaces. A characteristic group of shopping centres are facilities erected in the vicinity of transport hubs, combining different means of transport. This study focuses on the shopping centres located near the railway stations. The railway station and the shopping centre are examples of buildings which fulfil different functions, and yet Poland has seen more and more projects combining these two types of facilities. This paper attempts to determine the influence of the shopping centre integrated with the railway station onto the functions and significance of the railway station building. It also touches upon the aspect of accessibility of the individual structures, particularly to pedestrians. Two shopping centres are considered herein within the scheme of the comparative analysis: “Galeria Krakowska” in Cracow and “Avenida” in Poznan. Both facilities came into being as parts of the construction of the new transport centres located near the main passenger railway stations in both cities. These areas are located in inner cities or nearby, which makes them the potential representational venues. In the result of the study, a tendency to the design shopping centres directly combined with a railway station, e.g. via passages with service outlets, has been observed. It seems that the railway station ceases to be a fully independent structure. In Cracow, it is located underneath the railway platforms, constituting a connector between the shopping centre and the coach station. In Poznan, the railway station is located above some of the railway stations and is linked with the “Avenida” shopping centre via a shopping passage. It has been observed that in both cases it is difficult to separate, both spatially and visually, the new railway station building from the building of the shopping centre, which seems to make the shopping centre take over the function of the edifice of the railway station, welcoming and bidding farewell to passengers. The building of the shopping centre in a way becomes the railway station building. The function of the transport hub, combining different means of transport, does not always entail comfortable pedestrian accessibility. For example in Poznan, some of the railway platforms are not accessible directly from the buildings of the railway station or the shopping centre. Furthermore, this paper points to the impact of such investments on the intended use of former railway station buildings. It has been observed that the adaptation of all the railway station buildings to the new functions in the examples referred to above took place several years after they had been closed down. The Author emphasises the need to determine the future use of old and often historic railway station buildings already at the stage of the investment planning.
Effect of Recycled Aggregates on Previous Concrete Properties
Authors: Seddik Meddah Mohammed , Al Oraimi Maryam , Wahid Hago Abdul , Al Jabri Khalifa 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Portland cement Pervious Concrete (PCPC) is a special type of concrete characterized by a highly connected pore system that allows water from different sources to infiltrate through to recharge the ground water. This paper present selected results on the key mechanical and hydrological performances of pervious concrete designed with different recycled aggregates from various sources and materials types. Seven pervious concrete mixes containing different recycled materials in addition to a control mix, were optimized and tested in terms their mechanical and hydrological properties. The results obtained indicate acceptable mechanical properties of the designed PCPC with an appropriate water penetrability depending on the granular system and compaction effort employed. Among these optimized mixes, selected mixes meeting strength and permeability requirement for a PCPC could be used in some common flat applications as an efficient drainage system. Potential use of these pervious concrete optimized mixes based on recycled materials includes but not limited to sidewalk, pavement in low traffic area, parking lots in regions known by heavy rainfall, floor for car washing stations, etc.
What matters in housing architecture – a survey of dwellers’ opinions
Authors: Lasiewicz-Sych Angelika 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This paper presents results of a questionnaire survey designed to study the most valued features of the housing environment in dwellers’ opinion. The subjects were inhabitants (aged 13 to 81, N = 470) of various housing environments in Poland (including blockhouses in the largest cities of the country, comfortable suburban villas, as well as small rural houses). Concluding the results, the most important physical elements of housing environment seem to be: location, plan and area of the flat, specific features of home spaces such as natural light, stylish arrangement and technical quality. Most valued elements of immediate surroundings depend primarily on type of the building; one-family house inhabitants value the most private area elements – such as garden, while city tenement house and multi-family block inhabitants value rather functional elements in public zone – such as shops and basic services. Location (understood primarily in relation to the city centre) is very important for residents of big cities and students. The apartment plan and its correspondence with functionality is especially valued by more educated people (specifically those professionally dealing with architecture); the size of the flat and the immediate surroundings are in turn more valued by less educated people employed in basic services. Impact of architectural features that are important in appraisal of the housing environment (also attractive views and appearance of the building) are balanced by social and psychological aspects of home space, such as home atmosphere, privacy and social relations inside the home (relations with other residents within the perceived home space) and in the immediate neighbourhood (good neighbours). Together with architectural and technical quality of the house, they constitute the home environment that may be source of satisfaction to their inhabitants.
Proposed Model for Enhancing Performances of Small Projects in Small Island States – Case Study of the Republic of Mauritius
Authors: Seeboo Asish , Proag Viren 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
In this study the sources and causes of poor performances on small residential building projects, within the island of Mauritius, were used to devise a model that would enhance success on such types of construction ventures. The model was initially tested and refined. During the observational studies, 18 houses were observed within various districts around the island. Throughout the investigation, no two houses were constructed by the same builder/labour contractor or team of workers. For the validation of the proposed system, the same 18 teams were contacted. However, to form part of the selection list, the following criteria were mandatory: (i) the Builder/Contractor had to be agreeable to follow the proposed framework and, as per the previous endeavour, will supply only labour; (ii) the Client was also agreeable to follow the proposed model; (iii) residence was less than or equal to 1615 square feet; (iv) the residence was only one level high; (v) the residence was made of reinforced concrete elements and cladded with cellular blocks; (vi) construction started in August 2017; and (vii) the consultant on the project was myself. The impact of the system on the different projects proved to be very successful on many frontiers. The constructions were executed within the expected budgets with very little or insignificant deviations. Duration of projects was as expected and the quality of the resulting works was above average industry standard. Health and safety recommendations were implemented on all of the sites with the result being zero major/fatal accidents. Wastage on site was reduced considerably. Feedbacks collected with the different stakeholders were all positive, which proved that the proposed framework had boosted the performance of these residential building projects.
External Image of the Viticultural Towns Located at the Foot of Little Carpathians
Authors: Sislakova Livia , Seligova Andrea 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
One of the main development axes of the city of Bratislava, the capital of Slovakia, is set through the viticultural region of Little Carpathians. The “Wine Road” leads through the settlements that include Old Rača, now part of the Bratislava city, and adjacent small towns of Sv. Jur, Pezinok and Modra. Throughout centuries, these have developed naturally in the characteristic landscape dominated by the vine growing activities and therefore have strong cultural values for the region, as well as for the whole country. The proposed article deals with the problem of finding the right planning tools, helping in establishing the balance of sustainable development of this micro-region - the balance between the protecting specific cultural and natural values of the area and the increasing pressures on the rapid expansion of the new suburban zones into the characteristic landscape. The article initially looks at the transformation of the external image of these viticultural towns through three stages: 1. The period of the first Industrial Revolution, when the construction of factories and chimneys changed the panorama. 2. The period of the second half of the 20th century, which is the most significant period of changing the external image. The original vineyards were transformed into building plots and the “Old Rača” was absorbed in the development of a modernist panel housing neighborhoods. Sv. Jur was in the era of socialism at the edge of interest due to its sacral history. Modra also stands outside of the main development zone, due to the diversion of the railway towards Trnava and is struggling with individual construction of the family houses. Pezinok has served the role of a district town as an administrative and territorial center and underwent the greatest transformation of its original character. 3. The period of modern history that continues to this day, it is characteristic with the suburbanization, urban sprawl and the destruction of the natural landscape. As one of the possible solutions, the article proposes the use of the “first line” concept - a new method of regulating and planning the city - that reflects also on the ecological and economical size of the town. This line represents the external boundary of the town which should not be crossed in order to maintain the contrast between the natural and cultural environment. Furthermore, the proposed contribution deals with the changes in the external image of the viticultural towns in general, especially in the context of Slovakia, which is nowadays under the pressure of suburbanization and transformation of their natural environment and their characteristic landscape. This process is in the long run unsustainable, as the contrast between the natural and cultural environment diminishes, together with all their values.
Social and Cultural Role of Greenery in Development of Cittaslow Towns
Authors: Jaszczak Agnieszka , Kristianova Katarina 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The beginnings of the Cittaslow movement date back to 1998. Italian towns became a model for other European towns, and subsequently for others, around the world. This is how an international movement came into being, founded on the idea of improvement of the quality of life of residents, savouring “slow”, healthy lifestyle, drawing on the tradition and history and respecting the natural and cultural environment of small towns. Green areas play a huge role in creating the image of Cittaslow towns. They constitute the so-called “green urban corridors” or “green spots” and have cultural, educational and social significance, including recreation and spa functions. They are not only a complement to architecture, but can play a superior role in the structure of cities. The aim of the work is to analyze the state of parks, squares and green areas management in the Cittaslow towns in region of Warmia and Mazury (Poland). There are 20 environmentally, spatially, economically and demographically diverse towns in the region of Warmia and Mazury that acceded to the association. The international network includes towns with a population under 50 thousand. An analysis of the source materials involved gathering and interpretation of information obtained from monographic and cartographic documentation, both current and archival, from websites of Cittaslow towns and mentions in the media. Apart from a monographic study, the authors carried out a landscape and spatial analysis, pre-project studies and made original designs for selected urban parks and greens in Cittaslow towns. All the Cittaslow towns in the Province of Warmia and Mazury under analysis have high potential in terms of using greenery areas with the social and cultural function. Parks and squares are perfect places for integration of communities and for conducting educational and cultural activities. However, diversity regarding land development and programme offer is observed (utility programme). In some towns, greenery areas cover only space with planned (not always in accordance with the art of gardening) plant compositions. However, parks and squares should be planned not only with their visual aspect in mind, but emphasis should be placed on their utility side (active use). Therefore, the article points to the directions of development of new places, as well the possibility of adding socio-cultural functions to existing greenery areas.
The Influence of Metakaolinite as the Additive on the Extent of Shrinkage Deformations in Case of Cement Concrete Intended for Airfield Pavements
Authors: Malgorzata Linek 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The research paper presents the suggestion of using metakaolinite as concrete additive. The assessment of efficiency of using metakaolinite included the influence thereof on the modification of the registered shrinkage deformations. Cement concrete contains cement CEM I 42, 5, basalt grit, fine washed aggregate, water and air entraining and plasticizing additive. The influence of the applied metakaolinite on the obtained parameters of concrete mix and hardened concrete was determined. The analyses included concretes curing in standard conditions. Analyses included the assessment of the internal structure of concrete composite in terms of changes of porosity and continuity of contact areas between aggregate grains and cement matrix. Modifications of mechanical and physical parameters and the extent of the registered shrinkage deformations were assessed. Deformation tests were conducted within the period from 1st until 28th day of curing. Reduction of cement quantity and replacement thereof with the suggested metakaolinite allows obtaining the pavement quality concrete of more favourable internal micro structure and distinguished reducing the extent of shrinkage deformations.
Modified Pavement Quality Concrete as Material Alternative to Concrete Applied Regularly on Airfield Pavements
Authors: Malgorzata Linek 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The work presents test results of two series of hardened cement concrete intended for airfield pavements. Concrete types designed on the basis of regularly used materials were included in the first series. Granite, quartzite, basalt aggregate, gravel and amphibolite aggregate were used in concrete mixes. Cement CEM I 42, 5, fine aggregate (washed sand), water, admixtures (air entraining agent and plasticizer) were also included in the mix composition. Basic parameters for the designed mixes (consistency class and air contents) were specified. The influence of aggregate type on parameters of hardened concretes was assessed. Concrete compressive strength, fracturing strength were analysed. The analysis was conducted during diversified research periods in order to assess the joint influence of aggregate type and the length of curing on the change of concrete parameters. In case of the second series, the material alternative based on the modification of concrete composition of the first series using ceramic modifier was discussed. The applied additive was described and the influence thereof on the change of parameters of mixes and hardened concretes was assessed. According to the obtained parameters of mixes and hardened concrete it was proved that the used modifier in the form of dust has significant impact on the analysed parameters. Increased mechanical (compressive strength, fracture strength) and physical parameters of concrete were proved. Curing concretes were also analysed during diversified research periods. Favourable influence of the suggested modifier on the changes of internal structure of cement concrete was proved. Changes in cement matrix structure, contact layers between cement matrix and grains of aggregate and modifier and porosity characteristics were observed. The analysis of different microstructure of modified concrete and the obtained parameters of hardened modified concrete proved the purposefulness of using the ceramic modifier in the composition of concrete mixes intended for airfield pavements.