bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Do Birds of a Feather Flock Together? Rights Protection (Weiquan) Lawyering in China
Authors: KEGE Li 
Published: October 2018

AbstractAs the idiom goes, birds of a feather flock together. This ancient proverb is frequently used to portray the phenomenon of people associating with those with have similar characteristics and tastes. However, in the name ofweiquanlawyers, myriad lawyers flock together with different beliefs and diverse values. Within this pool of lawyers, in addition to those lawyers who are driven by public interest, some lawyers who have eagerly labelled themselves asweiquanlawyers are profit-oriented in nature. This paper aims to provide a new typology to present a better understanding of the role ofweiquanlawyers, by jointly taking into consideration the lawyers’ motivations and adaptive strategies. In this regard,weiquanlawyers in China can be categorized into four ideal types: routine practitioners, rational activists, progressive reformers, and cynical criticizers.
A review of climate reconstructions from terrestrial climate archives covering the first millennium AD in northwestern Europe
Authors: Riechelmann Dana F.C. , Gouw-Bouman Marjolein T.I.J. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractLarge changes in landscape, vegetation, and culture in northwestern (NW) Europe during the first millennium AD seem concurrent with climatic shifts. Understanding of this relation requires high-resolution palaeoclimate reconstructions. Therefore, we compiled available climate reconstructions from sites across NW Europe (extent research area: 10°W–20°E, 45°–60°N) through review of literature and the underlying data, to identify supraregional climatic changes in this region. All reconstructions cover the period from AD 1 to 1000 and have a temporal resolution of ≤50 yr. This resulted in 22 climate reconstructions/proxy records based on different palaeoclimate archives: chironomids (1), pollen (6), Sphagnum mosses (1), stalagmites (8), testate amoebae (4), and tree rings (2). Comparing all temperature reconstructions, we conclude that summer temperatures between AD 1 and 250 were relatively high, and the period between AD 250 and 700 was characterised by colder summer conditions. The period from AD 700 to 1000 was again characterised by warmer summers. These temperature shifts occurred in the whole of NW Europe. In contrast, the compilation of precipitation reconstructions does not show a common pattern across NW Europe either as a result of a heterogeneous precipitation pattern or the lack of suitable and consistent precipitation proxies.
The role of bicultural adaptation, familism, and family conflict in Mexican American adolescents’ cortisol reactivity
Authors: Gonzales Nancy A. , Johnson Megan , Shirtcliff Elizabeth A. , Tein Jenn-Yun , Eskenazi Brenda , Deardorff Julianna 
Published: October 2018

AbstractScarce research has examined stress responsivity among Latino youths, and no studies have focused on the role of acculturation in shaping cortisol stress response in this population. This study assessed Mexican American adolescents’ Mexican and Anglo cultural orientations and examined prospective associations between their patterns of bicultural orientation and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal cortisol reactivity to an adapted Trier Social Stress Test. The sample included 264 youths from a longitudinal birth cohort study who completed the Trier Social Stress Test and provided saliva samples at age 14. The youths completed assessments of cultural orientation at age 12, and family conflict and familism at age 14. Analyses testing the interactive effects of Anglo and Mexican orientation showed significant associations with cortisol responsivity, including the reactivity slope, peak levels, and recovery, but these associations were not mediated by family conflict nor familism values. Findings revealed that bicultural youth (high on both Anglo and Mexican orientations) showed an expected pattern of high cortisol responsivity, which may be adaptive in the context of a strong acute stressor, whereas individuals endorsing only high levels of Anglo orientation had a blunted cortisol response. Findings are discussed in relation to research on biculturalism and the trade-offs and potential recalibration of a contextually responsive hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis for acculturating adolescents.
Spatial Variations in Vent Chemistry at the Lucky Strike Hydrothermal Field, Mid‐Atlantic Ridge (37°N): Updates for Subseafloor Flow Geometry From the Newly Discovered Capelinhos Vent
Authors: Chavagnac V. , Leleu T. , Fontaine F. , Cannat M. , Ceuleneer G. , Castillo A. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThis study aims at characterizing the subseafloor architecture of the Lucky Strike hydrothermal field (LSHF) based on an extensive chemical database of the various vents. Our analysis is motivated by the discovery in 2013 of a new active high‐temperature site, named Capelinhos, approximately 1.5 km east of the LSHF. Capelinhos fluids display particular chemical features with chloride and metal (Fe and Mn) concentrations 2 times lower and 4 times higher, respectively, compared to other vent sites. Trace element partitioning over the entire chlorinity range indicates a single deep fluid source feeding all the venting sites. Applying the Si‐Cl geothermobarometer at Capelinhos, we find phase separation conditions at 435–440 °C and 370–390 bars (2,500–2,800 m below seafloor) consistent with former estimates for the LSHF, while temperatures of fluid‐rock last equilibrium are estimated at ~400 °C for Capelinhos and 350–375 °C for the other sites based on the Fe‐Mn geothermometer. We interpret these discrepancies in thermodynamic conditions beneath the sites in terms of crustal residence time, which are likely related to permeability variations across the hydrothermal upflow zone. We propose that conductive cooling of the upflowing fluids from the phase separation zone to the seafloor, beneath the main field vent sites, lowers the T conditions of last fluid‐rock equilibrium, enabling ~65% of Fe mobilized in the reaction zone to be stored. In comparison, Capelinhos fluids are transported more rapidly from the reaction zone to the seafloor along a high‐angle fracture system. The fluids venting at Capelinhos are more representative of the deeper part of the hydrothermal reaction zone.
Thermal Structure and Composition of Saturn's Upper Atmosphere From Cassini/Ion Neutral Mass Spectrometer Measurements
Authors: Yelle Roger V. , Serigano J. , Koskinen T. T. , Hörst S. M. , Perry M. E. , Perryman R. S. , Waite J. Hunter 
Published: October 2018

AbstractAnalysis of measurements of the H2 density in Saturn's equatorial thermosphere indicates temperatures from 340 to 370 K. The deepest measurements, obtained during Cassini's final plunge into the atmosphere, measure the thermospheric temperature profile. The measurements are well fit by a Bates profile with an exospheric temperature of 354 K and a temperature gradient at 1.2 × 10−4 Pa of 0.4 K/km, corresponding to a thermal conduction flux of 7.3 × 10−5 W/m2. The helium profiles are consistent with diffusive equilibrium. The CH4 profiles are not in diffusive equilibrium but instead have a roughly constant mixing ratio relative to H2. We interpret this as the signature of a downward external flux of ∼1013 m−2 s−1. Saturn's rings are the most likely source of this external material.
Material Flux From the Rings of Saturn Into Its Atmosphere
Authors: Perry M. E. , Waite J. H. , Mitchell D. G. , Miller K. E. , Cravens T. E. , Perryman R. S. , Moore L. , Yelle R. V. , Hsu H.‐W. , Hedman M. M. , Cuzzi J. N. , Strobel D. F. , Hamil O. Q. , Glein C. R. , Paxton L. J. , Teolis B. D. , McNutt R. L. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractDuring Cassini's final, spectacular months, in situ instruments made the first direct measurements of nanoparticles, finding an exceptionally large flow from the rings into Saturn's atmosphere. Cassini's Ion and Neutral Mass Spectrometer measured material in three altitude bands and found a global‐integrated flux of 2–20 × 104 kg/s that is dominated by hydrocarbon material <104u. Ranging from clusters of a few molecules to radii of several nanometers, nanoparticles are ubiquitous throughout Saturn's rings but embedded in the regolith of larger particles and not detectable as independent particles using remote observations. The smallest nanoparticles are susceptible to atmosphere drag by Saturn's tenuous exosphere that reaches the inner edge of the D ring. The unsustainable large flux suggests a recent disturbance of Saturn's inner ring material, possibly associated with the clumping that appeared in the D68 ringlet in 2015.
Insights on the Surge Behavior of Storstrømmen and L. Bistrup Bræ, Northeast Greenland, Over the Last Century
Authors: Mouginot J. , Bjørk A. A. , Millan R. , Scheuchl B. , Rignot E. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractWe use a multisensor approach to assess the surge history over the past century of Storstrømmen and L. Bistrup Bræ, which drain the Northeast Ice Stream, Greenland. Storstrømmen surged around 1910 and Bistrup in 1913 and during the 1950s. Between 1978 and 1982, the speed of Storstrømmen peaked at 3 km/year during an active surge phase that lasted 10 years and the glacier has stayed in a quiescent phase since. Bistrup started to surge in 1988, peaked in 1993, and stopped in 1996. Both glaciers displayed a slow surge initiation and termination. Since 1993, ice builds up in the upper part of Storstrømmen at a 1 m/year, its lower part is thinning at its ablation rate of 1.4 m/year, and the grounding line has retreated by 10 km between 1992 and 2017, or 400 m/year. At these current rates, we project that Storstrømmen will meet presurge conditions in 2027–2030.
Eclipse‐Induced Changes to Topside Ion Composition and Field‐Aligned Ion Flows in the August 2017 Solar Eclipse: e‐POP Observations
Authors: Yau Andrew W. , Foss Victoria , Howarth Andrew D. , Perry Gareth W. , Watson Christopher , Huba Joseph 
Published: October 2018

AbstractWe present in situ ion composition and velocity measurements during the August 2017 solar eclipse from the Enhanced Polar Outflow Probe (e‐POP), which crossed the path of totality at ~640‐km altitude within 10 min of totality passing. These measurements reveal two distinct H+ ion populations, an ~40% decrease in topside plasma density, a similar drop in upward but not downward H+ ion flux, and a downward O+ ion velocity of ~100 m/s. These features are directly linked to changes in the H+/O+ composition and in interhemispheric or field‐aligned light ion flow and to a reduction in the negative spacecraft potential. These observed features were absent on the preceding, noneclipse days and corroborate the reduction in F region plasma density and topside total electron content observed by the Global Positioning System receivers on board. They are attributed to the temporary reduction of photoionization in the eclipsed F region.
An Artificial Neural Network for Inferring Solar Wind Proxies at Mars
Authors: Ruhunusiri Suranga , Halekas J. S. , Espley J. R. , Eparvier F. , Brain D. , Mazelle C. , Harada Y. , DiBraccio G. A. , Dong Y. , Ma Y. , Thiemann E. M. B. , Mitchell D. L. , Jakosky B. M. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractWe present a novel method to determine solar wind proxies from sheath measurements at Mars. Specifically, we develop an artificial neural network (ANN) to simultaneously infer seven solar wind proxies: ion density, ion speed, ion temperature, and interplanetary magnetic field magnitude and its vector components, using spacecraft measurements of ion moments, magnetic field magnitude, magnetic field components in the sheath, and the solar extreme ultraviolet flux. The ANN was trained and tested using 3 years of data from the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) spacecraft. When compared with MAVEN spacecraft's in situ measured values of the solar wind parameters, we find that the ANN proxies for the solar wind ion density, ion speed, ion temperature, and interplanetary magnetic field magnitude have percentage differences of 50% or less for 84.4%, 99.9%, 86.8%, and 79.8% of the instances, respectively. For the cone angle and clock angle proxies, 69.1% and 53.3% of instances, respectively, have angle differences of 30∘ or less.
Stronger Contributions of Urbanization to Heat Wave Trends in Wet Climates
Authors: Liao Weilin , Liu Xiaoping , Li Dan , Luo Ming , Wang Dagang , Wang Shaojian , Baldwin Jane , Lin Lijie , Li Xia , Feng Kuishuang , Hubacek Klaus , Yang Xuchao 
Published: October 2018

AbstractIt is well known that urban areas are typically hotter than the surrounding (vegetated) rural areas. However, the contribution of urbanization to the trends of extreme temperature events such as heat waves (HWs) is less understood. Using a homogenized meteorological dataset drawn from nearly 2,000 stations in China, we find that urban and rural areas have different HW trends and the urban‐rural contrast of HW trends varies across climate regimes. In wet climates, the increasing trends of HWs in urban areas are greater than those in rural areas, suggesting a positive contribution of urbanization to HW trends. In arid regions, the urbanization contribution to HW trends is smaller and even negative. The stronger urbanization contribution to HW trends in wet climates is linked to the smaller variability of urban heat island intensity. This study highlights the important role of local hydroclimate in modulating the urbanization contribution to extreme temperatures.
Shear Flows Accelerate Mixing Dynamics in Hyporheic Zones and Hillslopes
Authors: Bandopadhyay Aditya , Davy Philippe , Le Borgne Tanguy 
Published: October 2018

AbstractTopographic relief and river bedforms generate nested streamline patterns, which drive the propagation and mixing at depth of changes in surface water concentration or temperature. While concentration distributions and biogeochemical reactions in such flow cells are often studied under steady state transport conditions, there is increasing evidence that transient mixing processes may have a significant contribution to effective mixing and reaction rates. Here we show that these streamline patterns act as shear flows, which significantly accelerate mixing dynamics within flow cells and can lead to the formation of transient mixing hot spots at depth. We provide analytical solutions that quantify the dynamics of mixing in a flow cell for a pulse and a front initial solute distribution, which represent two idealized end‐members of more complex solute distributions in natural systems. These results provide new insights into the patterns and dynamics of mixing at hyporheic zone, hillslope, and catchment scales.
Future Changes in Seasonality of the North Pacific and North Atlantic Subtropical Highs
Authors: Song Fengfei , Leung L. Ruby , Lu Jian , Dong Lu 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe subtropical highs have a zonal mean and a zonally asymmetric component related to the Hadley cell and land‐sea contrast, respectively. Based on 37 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 models, relative roles of the Hadley cell and land‐sea contrast in future changes of the North Pacific and North Atlantic subtropical highs (NPSH and NASH) are evaluated. Both the NPSH and NASH are significantly enhanced during boreal spring (April–June) but not in summer (July–September). Although the zonally asymmetric component contributes to more than half of the enhancement during spring, the zonal mean component is responsible for the interseasonal contrast of the responses of the NPSH and NASH between spring and summer. The seasonally dependent Hadley cell changes are due to changes in tropical precipitation related to sea surface temperature (SST) warming, while enhanced land‐sea contrast has comparable effects on the NPSH and NASH during both spring and summer, with important implications to U.S. regional precipitation.
The Rings of Jupiter as Seen by the Electron and Proton Radiation Belt Model Salammbô
Authors: Nénon Q. , Sicard A. , Caron P. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractA modeling of the effect of the rings of Jupiter on trapped >3‐MeV electrons and protons is proposed. The effect is then added to the physical model Salammbô and discussed against in situ measurements obtained by the Pioneer 11 and Galileo Probe missions. It is first shown that there is no evidence of an effect of the rings on the Jovian radiation belts, thanks to the new internal magnetic field model proposed by the Juno mission. Two grain populations are then studied: small grains, with a radius lower than 100 μm, are shown to not affect observable >3‐MeV trapped particles. The normal optical depth of grains with a radius larger than 2 cm, which may exist in the main ring, is constrained to be lower than 10−7 by the Salammbô model.
Effects of Thermal Fluctuations on Temperature Anisotropy Instabilities in the Solar Wind
Authors: López Rodrigo A. , Yoon Peter H. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe proton temperature anisotropy in the solar wind, when plotted as a two‐dimensional histogram in (β∥,T⊥/T∥) phase space, shows that the bulk of the data are broadly distributed in quasi‐isotropic state, while the fringe of data distribution is apparently regulated by various marginal stability conditions. The physical origin of magnetic field fluctuations in the stable regime is an open question. Among plausible mechanisms is the spontaneous thermal emission process. Discrete particle effects are central to the theory of spontaneous emission and reabsorption of electromagnetic fluctuations in plasmas. The present paper formulates the quasi‐linear theory of temperature anisotropy‐driven instabilities in which discrete particle effects are taken into account. The hybrid simulation is also carried out with varying number of superparticles per cell in order to unveil the underlying relationship between the theoretical and simulated discrete particle effects. The present paper demonstrates that the inherent numerical noise in the particle simulation is not always undesirable but may actually be exploited in order to control the degree of particle discreteness. Such a finding may have a significant implication for simulating the solar wind plasmas.
Sorption‐Induced Deformation and Elastic Weakening of Bentheim Sandstone
Authors: Yurikov Alexey , Lebedev Maxim , Gor Gennady Y. , Gurevich Boris 
Published: October 2018

AbstractA number of studies show that adsorption of small amount of water causes significant reduction of elastic moduli and increase of elastic wave attenuation in sandstones. This effect is of practical importance for near‐surface seismic studies and for applications of conventional rock physics theories, which require measurements of elastic properties of dry rock. Additionally, adsorption of water causes deformation of porous materials and rocks, which can be explained by the concept of varying surface stress, or change in the pressure of fluid adsorbed in pores. In this work we suggest that the adsorption‐induced elastic weakening of sandstones is caused by changing fluid pressure in compliant pores on grain contacts. In order to validate this concept, we conduct simultaneous measurements of the elastic moduli and deformation of the Bentheim sandstone with adsorption and desorption of water and observe ~20% change in the bulk and shear moduli accompanied with the strain of the order of 10−4. Then, we estimate that the fluid pressure change should be of the order of several megapascals to cause such deformation. Comparison of the measured variations in the elastic moduli related to the estimated change in the fluid pressure with the stress dependency of the bulk and shear moduli in Bentheim sandstone shows a broad agreement of the two sets of measurements. A reasonable magnitude of the estimated fluid pressure change is consistent with the suggested hypothesis.
Permeability Evolution and Frictional Stability of Fabricated Fractures With Specified Roughness
Authors: Fang Yi , Elsworth Derek , Ishibashi Takuya , Zhang Fengshou 
Published: October 2018

AbstractRoughness is widely observed on natural fractures, and its impact on the potential for induced seismicity and associated fluid migration in the subsurface remains unclear. Here we perform fracture shearing and fluid flow experiments on artificially fabricated fractures with specified roughness to investigate the role of fracture roughness on frictional properties and permeability evolution. Given the experimental conditions, we observe that rough fractures show high roughness ratio Sq/Lw and return higher frictional strength due to the presence of cohesive interlocking asperities. Rough fracture surfaces show velocity strengthening behavior in the initial shearing stage, which may evolve to velocity neutral and velocity weakening at greater displacements—suggesting a dynamic weakening that rough fractures become less stable with shearing. The surface roughness exerts a dominant control on permeability evolution over the entire shearing history. Permeability declines monotonically by about 2 orders of magnitude for smooth fractures. For high roughness fractures, the permeabilities evolve episodically due to cycled compaction and dilation during shearing. With a slip distance of 6 to 8 mm, permeability of the rough surface may enhance up to an order of magnitude, but significant permeability reduction may also occur for rough samples when asperities are highly worn with gouge clogging flow paths. However, there is no obvious correlation between permeability evolution and frictional behavior for rough fracture samples when fractures are subject to sudden sliding velocity changes.
Understanding Cloud and Convective Characteristics in Version 1 of the E3SM Atmosphere Model
Authors: Xie Shaocheng , Lin Wuyin , Rasch Philip J. , Ma Po‐Lun , Neale Richard , Larson Vincent E. , Qian Yun , Bogenschutz Peter A. , Caldwell Peter , Cameron‐Smith Philip , Golaz Jean‐Christophe , Mahajan Salil , Singh Balwinder , Tang Qi , Wang Hailong , Yoon Jin‐Ho , Zhang Kai , Zhang Yuying 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThis study provides comprehensive insight into the notable differences in clouds and precipitation simulated by the Energy Exascale Earth System Model Atmosphere Model version 0 and version 1 (EAMv1). Several sensitivity experiments are conducted to isolate the impact of changes in model physics, resolution, and parameter choices on these differences. The overall improvement in EAMv1 clouds and precipitation is primarily attributed to the introduction of a simplified third‐order turbulence parameterization Cloud Layers Unified By Binormals (along with the companion changes) for a unified treatment of boundary layer turbulence, shallow convection, and cloud macrophysics, though it also leads to a reduction in subtropical coastal stratocumulus clouds. This lack of stratocumulus clouds is considerably improved by increasing vertical resolution from 30 to 72 layers, but the gain is unfortunately subsequently offset by other retuning to reach the top‐of‐atmosphere energy balance. Increasing vertical resolution also results in a considerable underestimation of high clouds over the tropical warm pool, primarily due to the selection for numerical stability of a higher air parcel launch level in the deep convection scheme. Increasing horizontal resolution from 1° to 0.25° without retuning leads to considerable degradation in cloud and precipitation fields, with much weaker tropical and subtropical short‐ and longwave cloud radiative forcing and much stronger precipitation in the intertropical convergence zone, indicating poor scale awareness of the cloud parameterizations. To avoid this degradation, significantly different parameter settings for the low‐resolution (1°) and high‐resolution (0.25°) were required to achieve optimal performance in EAMv1.