bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stationary Sequences in a Random Time Scenery
Authors: Merlevède Florence , Peligrad Magda , Utev Sergey 
Published: April 2019

AbstractIn this chapter, we analyze the asymptotic behavior of the partial sums process associated with examples of stationary sequences in a random time scenery. The examples considered are stationary sequences sampled by shifted renewal Markov chains and random walks in a strictly stationary scenery. The asymptotic behavior of the partial sums process is essentially investigated with the help of the weak invariance principles stated in Chapter 4. More precisely, for the partial sums process associated with a stationary process sampled by a renewal Markov chain stated at zero, due to the non-stationarity of the underlying sequence, the functional CLT is obtained as an application of the functional CLT for non-stationary sequences developed in Section 4.4. In the case where we are sampling a strictly stationary random scenery by a random walk, stationarity is preserved, and the invariance principle is then derived by using the functional CLT under Maxwell–Woodroofe condition.
Reversible Markov Chains
Authors: Merlevède Florence , Peligrad Magda , Utev Sergey 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThis chapter is dedicated to the Gaussian approximation of a reversible Markov chain. Regarding this problem, the coefficients of dependence for reversible Markov chains are actually the covariances between the variables. We present here the traditional form of the martingale approximation including forward and backward martingale approximations. Special attention is given to maximal inequalities which are building blocks for the functional limit theorems. When the covariances are summable we present the functional central limit theorem under the standard normalization √n. When the variance of the partial sums are regularly varying with n, we present the functional CLT using as normalization the standard deviation of partial sums. Applications are given to the Metropolis–Hastings algorithm.
Addressing Sustainable Development Concerns through IIAs
Authors: Chi Manjiao 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The international communities are confronted with profound sustainable development challenges. International investment law, especially international investment agreements (IIAs), appears insufficiently effective in addressing such challenges associated with transnational investment activities. Recently, many governmental bodies, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and international organizations have gone knee-deep into projecting and promoting sustainable development-compatible (inclusive) IIAs. From the standpoint of China, although China hosts a large amount of IIAs and has a clear awareness of promoting sustainable investment, its IIAs appear inadequately compatible with sustainable development. Against the backdrop of the Chinese sustainable development challenges, this chapter examines the sustainable development provisions contained in Chinese IIAs, assesses their usefulness and insufficiencies, and observes that China needs to make further efforts in making sustainable development-compatible IIAs.
A New Era in Cross-strait Relations? A Post-sovereign Enquiry in Taiwan’s Investment Treaty System
Authors: Ciurtin Horia 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The author provides a post-sovereign enquiry in Taiwan’s investment treaty system. Going beyond the traditional legal divisions, Taiwan showed that it can bypass such limitations, being a main trend-setter in innovating the area of international economic law. Specifically, a close look at Taiwan’s nexus of investment treaty is eye-opening; Taiwan concluded twenty-nine BITs and six ample economic cooperation agreements with related investment provisions. The number and the importance of these agreements reveal that the concept of international recognition does not directly influence the behaviour of states which are willing to interact legally and economically. In this regard, non-diplomatic relations might be used as a step forward, as Taiwan is closer to conclude an agreement with another post-sovereign entity, the European Union. This global actor may open up the scene for a multi-tier dynamic where some of its component member states are in principle against any liaison with Taiwan, but will be bound to it because of their membership to the EU. To solve such legal contradiction, the established instruments of international law cannot be applied, and a new theoretical framework shall be developed. To this end, the starting point must be to discuss sovereignty thoroughly. The chapter assesses the polity’s effort for the development of diplomatic structures by means of investment agreements, in this way avoiding the problems related to recognition. This kind of agreement can be considered as a litmus test, showing Taiwan’s capacity to shift traditional categories of Westphalian international law and emerge as a self-standing actor.
The Political Economy of Chinese Outward Foreign Direct Investment in ‘One-Belt, One-Road (OBOR)’ Countries
Authors: Zeng Ka 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter engages in an analysis of the political economy of Chinese outward foreign direct investment (COFDI) in ‘One-belt, One-Road’ (OBOR) countries between 2005 and 2014. Research findings yield a couple of interesting results. First, there is strong evidence supporting the resource-seeking motivation behind COFDI to OBOR countries. Secondly, in contrast to previous findings, this study yields some preliminary evidence that COFDI is more likely to seek out countries with low political risks. Thirdly, the results suggest that in addition to going to countries with good political relations with Beijing, COFDI has also been more likely to flow to countries with shared diplomatic interests and agenda with the United States. Taken together, these findings point to the politically driven nature of Chinese investment in OBOR countries and the potentially central role of the state in guiding Chinese investment in the region.
Responses to Balzac
Authors: Gilby Emma 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter looks at how Balzac’s work is judged by his contemporaries to exceed the bounds of vivid, plausible, and persuasive discourse, and at how these concerns with novelty and individualism (concerns that also colour later critical responses to Descartes) are inseparable from the debates about tragicomedy discussed in Chapter 2. The poetic structures of contemporary debate—merging interest, variety, extravagance, plausibility, attentiveness, and belief—are precisely those that define the reception of Balzac’s letters. Only when we consider the demonstrative rhetoric of responses to Balzac’s work, notably the Apologie pour M. de Balzac and Jean Goulu’s Lettres de Phyllarque à Ariste, can we understand Descartes’s own apology for Balzac, the Censura. Close readings of all these texts are given.
Order and Method
Authors: Gilby Emma 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter presents a reconsideration of Descartes’s prudential statement to the reader of the Discours de la méthode: ‘Je me formai une morale par provision, qui ne consistait qu’en trois ou quatre maximes’ (‘I formed a provisional moral code for myself consisting in only three or four maxims’). Analysing earlier occurrences of the term ‘par provision’ can also give us a more precise understanding of what Descartes seeks to communicate at this point, and of how the ‘morale par provision’ tries to supply the practical conditions for the search for truth. Descartes’s transitional morality invites us to think about process as well as content.
Introduction
Authors: Radu Roxana 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This book examines the emergence and evolution of global Internet governance, revealing its mechanisms, key actors, and dominant community practices. Based on extensive empirical analysis covering more than four decades, it presents the evolution of Internet regulation from the early days of networking to more recent debates on algorithms and artificial intelligence, putting into perspective its politically mediated system of rules built on technical features and power differentials. The introductory chapter places the problematique explored in this book against a broader context and establishes the link with contemporary global governance scholarship. It discusses the objectives of the book, as well as the conceptual and empirical approach applied for reaching them.
Deconstructing Internet Governance: A Framework for Analysis
Authors: Radu Roxana 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Chapter 2 explores the global governance scholarship and its cross-fertilization with the study of Internet developments. Clustered around three prominent themes in international affairs—varieties of governance, sources of authority, and praxis—the chapter scrutinizes scattered, often implicit proposals on the emergence and articulation of governance. It links these to more recent attempts to study the Internet as part of distinct repertoires, identifying the genesis and structuration of new issue domains as a marginal focus in the literature. Based on a deconstructive approach, this chapter provides a guiding frame that distinguishes between three key dimensions for the enactment of governance: mechanisms, actors, and anchoring practices. Methodologically, this translates into a complex research design combining historical and empirical analysis, explained in detail in the second part of the chapter.
The WSIS Decade and the Public–Private Partnership Thirst
Authors: Radu Roxana 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The governance of the Internet faced a reflexive turn throughout the WSIS decade (2005–15), explored in this chapter. Concerns for authority, legitimacy, and accountability—expressed by different stakeholders—became central to the evolution of the field. A number of challenges, stemming from three diverse sources, were embedded therein. First, questions were spawn by the modus operandi of the sui generis institutions, such as the international technical bodies exercising public governance functions to ensure the continuous functioning of the Internet. Second, demands resulted from the gradual adaptation of intergovernmental organizations with core or tangential interests in the field. Third, the role of private intermediaries was called into question as their financial and political power rose steeply. Their relation to governments was also probed, particularly after the 2013 Snowden leaks.
Disaffected Parties, 1688–1832
Authors: Havard John Owen 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This first chapter provides an overview of some of the changing guises taken by disaffected political attitudes between the 1688 Revolution and the onset of liberal governance in the early nineteenth century, examining how these took shape across a range of genres, including Nahum Tate’s poetry, the writings of Jonathan Swift, a 1770 visual print, and the early nineteenth-century periodical Egeria. The chapter attends to historical flashpoints including the fall of Robert Walpole and the movement around John Wilkes (by way of attention to the ‘parties’ assembled around a 1770 theatrical controversy) and concludes with attention to the ‘political science’ and reimagined sympathies that accompanied the transition into nineteenth-century liberalism. The chapter thus provides broad frameworks in which to locate the detailed case studies that follow and introduces this book’s expanded approach to the ‘parties’ of political activity.
Byron’s Opposition
Authors: Havard John Owen 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines Byron’s poetry in relation to his continuing attachment to an oppositional ‘party’ role, on the one hand, and his cultivated detachment from English politics, on the other. Byron wrote The Vision of Judgment, his 1821 riposte to Robert Southey’s Tory celebration of the reign of George III, from what he described as a ‘Whig point of view’. Rather than aligning with the ‘devil’s party’ of a Satanic opposition or cultivating a checked-out, bemused, indifferent stance, that poem—in common with Byron’s late satirical poetry more widely—established a stance at once of crisp detachment and incipient political critique (one that, in consigning the political world left undone by George III to oblivion, looked back to preceding decades of oppositional dynamism). Byron thereby provides a test-case for this book’s wider arguments about the relationships between literature and politics—and more specifically between partisanship and disaffection—bringing into focus the contours of a combative, snarling ‘cynicism’ and ways of seeing beyond politics altogether.
Conclusion
Authors: Mason Elinor 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the main arguments of the book. The book defends pluralism about rightness and wrongness and about praise and blameworthiness. A central sort of blameworthiness, ordinary blameworthiness, is correlated with a sort of wrong action, subjectively wrong action. This account of ordinary blameworthiness focuses on a particular quality of will, and requires that the agent knows what she is doing, at least broadly. However, other sorts of wrong action may not be blameworthy at all (may be excused), or may be blameworthy only in a more detached way, where the focus is not on what the wrongdoer’s quality of will is, but on the point of view of the blamer. Finally, the book defends an extension of ordinary blameworthiness to cases where someone does something wrong inadvertently.
Reasons as The Unity among the Varieties of Goodness
Authors: Cosker-Rowland Rach 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The Buck-Passing Account of Value (BPA) analyses goodness simpliciter in terms of reasons for pro-attitudes. The Value-First Account (VFA) analyses reasons for pro-attitudes in terms of value. And the No-Priority View (NPV) holds that neither reasons nor value can be analysed in terms of one another. This chapter argues that BPA should be accepted rather than VFA or NPV because if BPA is accepted, then what all the different varieties of goodness have in common can be explained: but if VFA or NPV is accepted, what the different varieties of goodness have in common cannot be explained. In making this argument this chapter motivates and defends accounts of goodness for (prudential value) and goodness of a kind (attributive goodness) in terms of reasons for pro-attitudes. It shows that the objections that have been made to buck-passing accounts of goodness for and goodness of a kind can be overcome and that there are many advantages to accepting such accounts.
Not In Their Name
Authors: Lawford-Smith Holly 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Given their size and influence, states are able to inflict harm far beyond the reach of a single individual. But there is a great deal of unclarity about exactly who is implicated in that kind of harm, and how we should think about both culpability and responsibility for it. The idea of popular sovereignty is dominant in classical political theory. It is a commonplace assumption that democratic publics both authorize and have control over what their states do; that their states act in their name and on their behalf. Not In Their Name approaches these assumptions from the perspective of social metaphysics, asking whether the state is a collective agent, and whether ordinary citizens are members of that agent. If it is, and they are, there is a clear case for democratic collective culpability. The book explores alternative conceptions of the state and of membership in the state; alternative conceptions of collective agency applied to the state; the normative implications of membership in the state; and both culpability (from the inside) and responsibility (from the outside) for what the state does. Ultimately, Not In Their Name argues for the exculpation of ordinary citizens and the inculpation of those working in public services, and defends a particular distribution of culpability from government to its members.
‘The Inmost Spirit of Light’
Authors: O'Neill Michael 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Turner, Hazlitt wrote in The Examiner, is ‘the ablest landscape-painter now living’, but his paintings are ‘too much abstractions of aerial perspective, and representations not properly of the objects of nature as of the medium through which they were seen’. It is likely that Shelley would have known Hazlitt’s review, which foreshadows Hazlitt’s later criticism of similar traits of ‘abstraction’ in Shelley’s Posthumous Poems. Regardless of mutual influence or awareness, Turner and Shelley exhibit at times a startling similarity, both in thematic terms and in terms of their angles of vision and affective impact on viewer or reader. If in some moods they welcomed the resmelting of an old world in the furnace of words and paint, they were conscious, too, that such a burning away might induce regret as well as rhapsody. Through a range of comparisons between poems and paintings, the chapter shows how Turner and Shelley hymn change and lament evanescence in a blink of a line-ending or swish of a brushstroke; to try to pin them down to either praise or lament is nearly always to simplify.
1332 Continued
Authors: Linehan Peter 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter opens with the king of Castile’s two families—the queen, and his mistress Doña Leonor de Guzmán (La favorita) and her many sons: no mere family matter. We read of the king of Portugal’s protest at his daughter’s situation, Castile’s robust response that ‘the plain truth’ was that his wife was accorded every honour, and the reflections of Álvaro Pais. The author then considers the ways in which Afonso of Portugal had, ever since he reached his majority, consolidated his authority, culminating in the chamamento geral of 1334, followed by the Pragmática in 1340 which had echoes of Alfonso X’s Second Partida in Portugal’s organic ruler’s Ordenação. The resulting implications for the Portuguese Church as spelt out by Afonso are detailed. The chapter ends with Castile finally getting its cardinal, Pedro Barroso, and with Afonso IV confronting Archbishop Gonçalo of Braga.
By Way of Conclusion
Authors: Linehan Peter 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter depicts the state of the Peninsular Church after the ‘immense mortality’ of the Black Death, enlarging on the strength of self-interest and survival of the Old Order. The author considers the long history of the fight between crown and monarchy for supremacy and asks whether the Black Death suppressed a Portuguese Reformation. The conclusion of this volume sees a change of dynasty but in essence very little change from the twelfth and thirteenth centuries in the presumptions and presuppositions in Iberia. The mortality of 1348–9 and this part of the Iberian peninsula’s response to it transformed the balance of things and disqualified whatever speculations the authorities there may have been entertained in 1347.
A Story of His Time
Authors: McKibbin Ross 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Harold Nicolson was an MP from 1935–45 and an exceptionally interesting and revealing commentator on modern British politics. He regarded his political career as a failure, as in some ways it was, but that failure markedly influenced his view of politics, and in particular his attitude to political democracy and its relationship to the ‘educated class’, and especially to Liberalism. Here he had much in common with Keynes; they both had very problematic views of the ‘educated class’ and both struggled with the decline of Asquithian Liberalism—recognizing it as inevitable but to be regretted. Both men eventually gave their political loyalties to Labour, but with little enthusiasm.
Research, ‘Experts’, and the Politics of Migration
Authors: Boswell Christina 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores the role of research in immigration politics and policy-making. It starts by distinguishing between three different functions of research: as instrumental to adjusting policy interventions, as a means of substantiating preferences, and to legitimize decision-makers. It then explores the conditions influencing which of these functions prevails, notably (a) the level of contestation and political salience over the issue; (b) the ‘mode of settlement’ (democratic or technocratic) that is seen as appropriate in political deliberation; and (c) the mode through which policy-makers derive legitimacy (whether through symbolic gestures or outcomes). The chapter argues that these three factors help explain cross-national variations in patterns of knowledge utilization on immigration policy, as well as fluctuation over time and across sub-areas of immigration policy. The chapter goes on to explore how this account can help make sense of the current scepticism about expertise in debates on immigration.
Research–Policy Dialogues on Migrant Integration in Europe
Authors: Entzinger Han , Scholten Peter 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter analyses the relationship between research and policy-making on integration. Drawing on a large, cross-country, empirical research project conducted during 2011–2014 (the DIAMINT project), the chapter considers how research and policy-making in the field of migrant integration have developed over time, and how their relationship functions under the present conditions of strong politicization of the issue in Europe. The authors propose a theoretical framework that distinguishes between three aspects of research–policy dialogues in the domain of immigrant integration: dialogue structures—including the formal and informal arrangements created for the exchange and communication of knowledge and research; knowledge utilization—the cultures and practices of knowledge utilization in policy processes; and taking the perspective of researchers, knowledge production. The chapter considers—first theoretically and then empirically—how the increasing politicization of the issue of integration in Europe can affect the various dimensions of research–policy dialogues in different countries.
Understanding the Role of Evidence in EU Policy Development
Authors: Collett Elizabeth 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter looks at the formal and informal modes of research–policy interaction at EU level which have developed over the past decade, with particular attention to those processes that have emerged since the ‘crisis’ of 2015–2016, and assesses the relative merits of each. Which processes are ‘pro-forma’ and which are those that genuinely inform policy-makers and influence their approach? How do the various constituencies—EU officials, national civil servants, politicians, academics, and civil society—interact, and through what means is evidence acknowledged and incorporated into decision-making? This chapter investigates how deficiencies in interaction may have led to particular policy choices, and what lessons might now be learned for the next generation of European policy-makers, and the researchers that seek to inform those choices.
More Research and Fewer Experts
Authors: Long Katy 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
What role do research and researchers play in reforming the global governance of international migration? Whereas research has played a role in identifying and systematizing the weaknesses within migration’s global governance systems, it has an extremely limited ability to shape actual reform. Effecting reform rather depends on political opportunity. However, the presence of researchers is often used to legitimize the idea of global governance without requiring action, while attendance at high-level events are used by academics to confirm their importance and impact. However, there are opportunities also for independent researchers to be policy-relevant. First, by not letting good academic research be buried underneath dense postmodern phrasing, but rather be articulated so that policy-makers can grasp the content. Second, by using the potential for innovative collaborations with policy-makers; collaborations in which researchers help design and build projects, in which research is not the precursor but the parallel to action.