bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Histopathologic subtype of hippocampal sclerosis and episodic memory performance before and after temporal lobectomy for epilepsy
Authors: Saghafi Shahram , Ferguson Lisa , Hogue Olivia , Gales Jordan M. , Prayson Richard , Busch Robyn M. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryObjectiveThe International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) proposed a classification system for hippocampal sclerosis (HS) based on location and extent of hippocampal neuron loss. The literature debates the usefulness of this classification system when studying memory in people with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and determining memory outcome after temporal lobe resection (TLR). This study further explores the relationship between HS ILAE subtypes and episodic memory performance in patients with TLE and examines memory outcomes after TLR.MethodsThis retrospective study identified 213 patients with TLE who underwent TLR and had histopathological evidence of HS (HS ILAE type 1a = 92; type 1b = 103; type 2 = 18). Patients completed the Wechsler Memory Scale—3rd Edition prior to surgery, and 78% of patients had postoperative scores available. Linear regressions examined differences in preoperative memory scores as a function of pathology classification, controlling for potential confounders. Fisher's exact tests were used to compare pathology subtypes on the magnitude of preoperative memory impairment and the proportion of patients who experienced clinically meaningful postoperative memory decline.ResultsIndividuals with HS ILAE type 2 demonstrated better preoperative verbal memory performance than patients with HS ILAE type 1; however, individual data revealed verbal and visual episodic memory impairments in many patients with HS ILAE type 2. The base rate of postoperative memory decline was similar among all 3 pathology groups.SignificanceThis is the largest reported overall sample and the largest subset of patients with HS ILAE type 2. Group data suggest that patients with HS ILAE type 2 perform better on preoperative memory measures, but individually there were no differences in the magnitude of memory impairment. Following surgery, there were no statistically significant differences between groups in the proportion of patients who declined. Future research should focus on quantitative measurements of hippocampal neuronal loss, and multicenter collaboration is encouraged.
Lameness originating from the proximal metacarpus/tarsus: A review of local analgesic techniques and clinical diagnostic findings
Authors: Pezzanite L. , Contino E. , Kawcak C. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryAccurate diagnosis of conditions of the equine proximal metacarpus and metatarsus presents a clinical challenge. Diagnostic analgesia of this region is nonspecific, which may lead to incorrect interpretation of blocking patterns, potentiating incorrect diagnoses and treatment. Results of local analgesia should be examined carefully during clinical lameness evaluations due to the possibility of diffusion of local anaesthetic solution and inadvertent intrasynovial injection. Supplementary diagnostic analgesia of surrounding anatomic regions and advanced diagnostic imaging, particularly magnetic resonance imaging, are recommended for most accurate diagnosis of lameness. Failure in response to therapy in cases where supplementary diagnostic analgesia and advanced diagnostic imaging have not been performed should prompt the clinician to broaden the approach to better characterise the site of pain.
America's languages: The future of language advocacy
Authors: Rivers William P. , Brecht Richard D. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractIn honor of the 50th Anniversary of Foreign Language Annals, and recognizing the seminal role this journal has in informing the language education profession about policies and programs, we sketch a future for advocacy for language education in the United States. Drawing on the Languages for All initiative and the work of the Commission on Language Learning of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, we reprise a vision for building a multilingual society presented 3 decades ago for Australia, another English‐dominant society, where every child can master English, every child has the opportunity to learn the language spoken at home, all children can learn other languages if they choose, and language services continue to be provided to all who need them. We propose advocating for this vision on the basis of the impact of bilingualism and education and employment, on recent promising developments in language education, and on the rising demand among the stakeholders in the public and private sectors to meet domestic and global needs.
Global change‐driven effects on dissolved organic matter composition: Implications for food webs of northern lakes
Authors: Creed Irena F. , Bergström Ann‐Kristin , Trick Charles G. , Grimm Nancy B. , Hessen Dag O. , Karlsson Jan , Kidd Karen A. , Kritzberg Emma , McKnight Diane M. , Freeman Erika C. , Senar Oscar E. , Andersson Agneta , Ask Jenny , Berggren Martin , Cherif Mehdi , Giesler Reiner , Hotchkiss Erin R. , Kortelainen Pirkko , Palta Monica M. , Vrede Tobias , Weyhenmeyer Gesa A. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractNorthern ecosystems are experiencing some of the most dramatic impacts of global change on Earth. Rising temperatures, hydrological intensification, changes in atmospheric acid deposition and associated acidification recovery, and changes in vegetative cover are resulting in fundamental changes in terrestrial–aquatic biogeochemical linkages. The effects of global change are readily observed in alterations in the supply of dissolved organic matter (DOM)—the messenger between terrestrial and lake ecosystems—with potentially profound effects on the structure and function of lakes. Northern terrestrial ecosystems contain substantial stores of organic matter and filter or funnel DOM, affecting the timing and magnitude of DOM delivery to surface waters. This terrestrial DOM is processed in streams, rivers, and lakes, ultimately shifting its composition, stoichiometry, and bioavailability. Here, we explore the potential consequences of these global change‐driven effects for lake food webs at northern latitudes. Notably, we provide evidence that increased allochthonous DOM supply to lakes is overwhelming increased autochthonous DOM supply that potentially results from earlier ice‐out and a longer growing season. Furthermore, we assess the potential implications of this shift for the nutritional quality of autotrophs in terms of their stoichiometry, fatty acid composition, toxin production, and methylmercury concentration, and therefore, contaminant transfer through the food web. We conclude that global change in northern regions leads not only to reduced primary productivity but also to nutritionally poorer lake food webs, with discernible consequences for the trophic web to fish and humans.
Stochastic Modeling of Groundwater Extractions over a Data‐Sparse Region of Australia
Authors: Keir Greg , Bulovic Nevenka , McIntyre Neil 
Published: March 2018

AbstractSetting limit on groundwater extractions is important to ensure sustainable groundwater management. Lack of extraction data can affect interpretations of historical pressure changes, predictions of future impacts, accuracy of groundwater model calibration, and identification of sustainable management options. Yet, many groundwater extractions are unmetered. Therefore, there is a need for models that estimate extraction rates and quantify model outputs uncertainties arising due to a lack of data. This paper develops such a model within the Generalized Linear Modeling (GLM) framework, using a case study of stock and domestic (SD) extractions in the Surat Cumulative Management Area, a predominantly cattle farming region in eastern Australia. Various types of extraction observations were used, ranging from metering to analytically‐derived estimates. GLMs were developed and applied to estimate the property‐level extraction amounts, where observation types were weighted by perceived relative accuracy, and well usage status. The primary variables found to affect property‐level extraction rates were: yearly average temperature and rainfall, pasture, property area, and number of active wells; while variables most affecting well usage were well water electrical conductivity, spatial coordinates, and well age. Results were compared with analytical estimates of property‐level extraction, illustrating uncertainties and potential biases across 20 hydrogeological units. Spatial patterns of mean extraction rates (and standard deviations) are presented. It is concluded that GLMs are well suited to the problem of extraction rate estimation and uncertainty analysis, and are ideal when model verification is supported by measurement of a random sample of properties.
Capture Versus Capture Zones: Clarifying Terminology Related to Sources of Water to Wells
Authors: Barlow Paul M. , Leake Stanley A. , Fienen Michael N. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe term capture, related to the source of water derived from wells, has been used in two distinct yet related contexts by the hydrologic community. The first is a water‐budget context, in which capture refers to decreases in the rates of groundwater outflow and (or) increases in the rates of recharge along head‐dependent boundaries of an aquifer in response to pumping. The second is a transport context, in which capture zone refers to the specific flowpaths that define the three‐dimensional, volumetric portion of a groundwater flow field that discharges to a well. A closely related issue that has become associated with the source of water to wells is streamflow depletion, which refers to the reduction in streamflow caused by pumping, and is a type of capture. Rates of capture and streamflow depletion are calculated by use of water‐budget analyses, most often with groundwater‐flow models. Transport models, particularly particle‐tracking methods, are used to determine capture zones to wells. In general, however, transport methods are not useful for quantifying actual or potential streamflow depletion or other types of capture along aquifer boundaries. To clarify the sometimes subtle differences among these terms, we describe the processes and relations among capture, capture zones, and streamflow depletion, and provide proposed terminology to distinguish among them.
Concussion: A History of Science and Medicine, 1870‐2005
Authors: Casper Stephen T. 
Published: March 2018

ObjectiveTo review the intellectual history of concussion from the mid‐19th century to the opening decade of the 21st century.BackgroundHead injuries (HI) and their acute and long‐term effects have been investigated for centuries, with major reviews of the topic appearing by 1870. Thus, while it has long been acknowledged that chronic traumatic encephalopathy was first described by Harrison Martland in 1928, an examination of the history of concussion research up to Martland's seminal report places his studies in a deeper historical context. This history makes clear that Martland's findings were one among many such studies showcasing the lasting dangers of blows to the head. In the years after Martland published his study, his paper was frequently cited in other papers that made clear that blows to the head, of all ranges of severity, were dangerous injuries with potentially life‐changing consequences.MethodsThe author has engaged in an historical analysis of the development and elaboration of concussion research in clinical medicine, neurology, neurosurgery, and those scientific disciplines related to clinical medicine. The author has found numerous primary sources from the history of medicine and science that describe the acute and chronic effects of single and repeated sub‐concussive and concussive blows to the head.ResultsThis study makes clear that evidence‐based methodologies inevitably short‐change the knowledge of past clinicians and scientists by holding these figures to normative standards of recent invention. What criticism of this kind fails to recognize is that past investigators, many of them pioneers in their fields, published their work in ways that matched the highest normative standards of their day for the presentation of evidence.ConclusionsIt has been recognized for a long time that concussions are dangerous injuries with potentially life‐changing consequences, ranging from permanent symptoms to degenerative neurological states. The intellectual history of medicine and science from 1870 to the recent past shows both a continuity of clinical observations about HI and a steady, incremental accumulation of knowledge refining our understanding of those observations from a remarkably wide sphere of scientific disciplines.
The importance of service‐users’ perspectives: A systematic review of qualitative evidence reveals overlooked critical features of weight management programmes
Authors: Sutcliffe Katy , Melendez‐Torres G. J. , Burchett Helen E. D. , Richardson Michelle , Rees Rebecca , Thomas James 
Published: March 2018

AbstractBackgroundExtensive research effort shows that weight management programmes (WMPs) targeting both diet and exercise are broadly effective. However, the critical features of WMPs remain unclear.ObjectiveTo develop a deeper understanding of WMPs critical features, we undertook a systematic review of qualitative evidence. We sought to understand from a service‐user perspective how programmes are experienced, and may be effective, on the ground.Search strategyWe identified qualitative studies from existing reviews and updated the searches of one review.Inclusion criteriaWe included UK studies capturing the views of adult WMP users.Data extraction and synthesisThematic analysis was used inductively to code and synthesize the evidence.Main resultsService users were emphatic that supportive relationships, with service providers or WMP peers, are the most critical aspect of WMPs. Supportive relationships were described as providing an extrinsic motivator or “hook” which helped to overcome barriers such as scepticism about dietary advice or a lack confidence to engage in physical activity.Discussion and conclusionsThe evidence revealed that service‐users’ understandings of the critical features of WMPs differ from the focus of health promotion guidance or descriptions of evaluated programmes which largely emphasize educational or goal setting aspects of WMPs. Existing programme guidance may not therefore fully address the needs of service users. The study illustrates that the perspectives of service users can reveal unanticipated intervention mechanisms or underemphasized critical features and underscores the value of a holistic understanding about “what happens” in complex psychosocial interventions such as WMPs.
Load‐deflection behavior of fracture toughness testing of ceramics by SEVNB method
Authors: Cui Jinping , Liu Hao , Guan Kang , Rao Pinggen 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThis paper aims to explore the load‐deflection behavior of fracture toughness testing of ceramics by single‐edge V‐notched beam (SEVNB) method. The fracture toughness of Si3N4, 3Y‐TZP, SiC, and 8Y‐FSZ ceramics were measured by SEVNB method and single‐edge notched beam (SENB) method, respectively. The load‐deflection behavior varies with R‐curve behavior of the ceramics, the test methods and the loading conditions. Through comparative analysis, the results show that the actual fracture toughness of ceramics by SEVNB method can be determined by maximum flexure load and the notch length at loading rate of 0.05 mm/min in air. The obtained actual fracture toughness values of Si3N4, 3Y‐TZP, SiC, and 8Y‐FSZ ceramics are 5.2 ± 0.21, 4.5 ± 0.12, 3.2 ± 0.15, and 1.6 ± 0.07 MPa.m1/2, respectively.
Exposure to chorioamnionitis alters the monocyte transcriptional response to the neonatal pathogen Staphylococcus epidermidis
Authors: de Jong Emma , Hancock David G , Wells Christine , Richmond Peter , Simmer Karen , Burgner David , Strunk Tobias , Currie Andrew J 
Published: March 2018

AbstractPreterm infants are uniquely susceptible to late‐onset sepsis that is frequently caused by the skin commensal Staphylococcus epidermidis. Innate immune responses, particularly from monocytes, are a key protective mechanism. Impaired cytokine production by preterm infant monocytes is well described, but few studies have comprehensively assessed the corresponding monocyte transcriptional response. Innate immune responses in preterm infants may be modulated by inflammation such as prenatal exposure to histologic chorioamnionitis which complicates 40–70% of preterm pregnancies. Chorioamnionitis alters the risk of late‐onset sepsis, but its effect on monocyte function is largely unknown. Here, we aimed to determine the impact of exposure to chorioamnionitis on the proportions and phenotype of cord blood monocytes using flow cytometry, as well as their transcriptional response to live S. epidermidis. RNA‐seq was performed on purified cord blood monocytes from very preterm infants (<32 weeks gestation, with and without chorioamnionitis‐exposure) and term infants (37–40 weeks), pre‐ and postchallenge with live S. epidermidis. Preterm monocytes from infants without chorioamnionitis‐exposure did not exhibit an intrinsically deficient transcriptional response to S. epidermidis compared to term infants. In contrast, chorioamnionitis‐exposure was associated with hypo‐responsive transcriptional phenotype regarding a subset of genes involved in antigen presentation and adaptive immunity. Overall, our findings suggest that prenatal exposure to inflammation may alter the risk of sepsis in preterm infants partly by modulation of monocyte responses to pathogens.
Electrochemical deposition of tantalum carbide coatings in molten LiCl‐KCl‐K2CO3
Authors: Song Qiushi , Xu Qian , Meng Jingchun , Ning Zhiqiang , Xie Hongwei , Yu Kai 
Published: March 2018

AbstractA method for the preparation of tantalum carbide (TaC) coatings on tantalum by electrochemical reduction in carbonate ions in molten LiCl‐KCl was developed. Carbide coatings were obtained on the tantalum substrate at 900°C with a bias voltage of −1.8 V versus the graphite counter electrode. The phase composition, morphology and strength of the carbide coating were characterized by XRD, SEM, and XPS analyses, as well as scratch testing. Kinetic mechanism for the formation of TaC coatings and evolution of chemical bonds between the carbide layer and substrate were schematically discussed. The coatings consist of a single phase of TaC with a thickness of approximately 5 μm. Ta2O5 and tantalate derivatives in molten salt restrict TaC formation. Electro‐deoxidation of Ta substrate can favorably eliminate tantalum‐involved compounds to produce TaC. TaC coatings improve the surface strength of Ta substrate obviously. The formation of a metal‐carbon solid solution in molten salt determines the existence of excess carbon on Ta substrate. Chemical bonds on the TaC coating were investigated in comparison with those at the interface of the metal‐oxygen‐carbon and carbon film.
Correlation between plasma ferritin level and gestational diabetes mellitus and its impact on fetal macrosomia
Authors: Wang Zhiguo , Fan Hai‐bo , Yang Wan‐wei , Mao Xiao‐dong , Xu Shu‐hang , Ma Xiao‐ping , Wan Gui‐ping , Yao Xiao‐ming , Chen Keyang 
Published: March 2018

AbstractAims/IntroductionTo explore the relationship between plasma iron levels and gestational diabetes mellitus, as well as its impact on macrosomia.Materials and MethodsWe retrospectively compared ferritin level and other characteristics between pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and pregnant women without GDM. The correlation between the levels of plasma ferritin, glucose and hemoglobin was explored. Meanwhile, we assessed the risk factors of macrosomia. Furthermore, we explored the relationship between ferritin level and the incidence of macrosomia.ResultsA total of 793 pregnant women were enrolled in the present study, of which 92 pregnant women had GDM and 701 pregnant women were healthy. Meanwhile, 51 pregnant women gave birth to infants with macrosomia and another 742 women had normal infants. Compared with non‐GDM women, pregnant women with GDM were older, with higher pre‐pregnancy body mass index, plasma ferritin, fasting plasma glucose, 1‐h postprandial glucose, 2‐h plasma glucose and hemoglobin. In addition, our results showed a significant positive correlation between the levels of ferritin and fasting plasma glucose when ferritin levels were >70 ng/mL. Our results also showed that pre‐pregnancy overweight or obesity, a high concentration of ferritin, as well as abnormal levels of fasting plasma glucose, 1‐h plasma glucose and 2 h plasma glucose were risk factors for macrosomia. Furthermore, as the level of ferritin increased, so did the incidence of macrosomia.ConclusionsThe current study provides evidence that pregnant women with high levels of ferritin might be prone to GDM. In addition, a high level of ferritin might be an independent risk factor for macrosomia. Therefore, the negative effect of iron supplementation in non‐anemic pregnant women might be noteworthy.
Non‐high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol is more informative than traditional cholesterol indices in predicting diabetes risk for women with normal glucose tolerance
Authors: Liu Lu , Li Qiu , Yuan Zhongshang , Zhao Meng , Zhang Xu , Zhang Haiqing , Zheng Dongmei , Xu Jin , Gao Ling , Guan Qingbo , Zhao Jiajun , Proud Christopher G , Wang Xuemin , Hou Xu ,   The REACTION Study Group
Published: March 2018

AbstractAims/IntroductionLimited data are available regarding the performance of non‐high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (non‐HDL) in predicting incident diabetes. We aimed to analyze the association between non‐HDL and development of diabetes, and to estimate the cut‐off point of non‐HDL for discriminating incident diabetes in people with normal glucose tolerance.Materials and MethodsOf 3,653 middle‐aged and elderly Chinese with normal glucose tolerance at enrollment, 1,025 men and 1,805 women returned to the 3‐year follow up and were involved in the final analysis. Logistic regression analysis was used to test the association between cholesterol indices and incident diabetes, and receiver operating characteristic analyses were used to identify the optimal cut‐off of each cholesterol variable for incident diabetes.ResultsNon‐HDL was an independent risk factor for diabetes for women, but not for men. In women, a 1‐standard deviation increment in non‐HDL was associated with a 1.43‐fold higher risk of diabetes (95% confidence interval 1.14–1.79; P = 0.002), whereas odds ratios for total cholesterol and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol were 1.33 (95% confidence interval 1.06–1.67; P = 0.015) and 1.30 (95% confidence interval 1.04–1.64; P = 0.024), respectively. The discriminatory power and the optimal cut‐off value of non‐HDL for incident diabetes increased across body mass index categories. For women with obesity, the threshold of non‐HDL for screening of diabetes was estimated as 3.51 mmol/L.ConclusionsNon‐HDL had better performance than traditional cholesterol indices in predicting diabetes in women, but not in men. A body mass index‐specific threshold value for a non‐HDL‐controlling target is required in the prevention of type 2 diabetes.