bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variability in Rates of Coastal Change Along the Yukon Coast, 1951 to 2015
Authors: Irrgang Anna M. , Lantuit Hugues , Manson Gavin K. , Günther Frank , Grosse Guido , Overduin Pier Paul 
Published: April 2018

AbstractTo better understand the reaction of Arctic coasts to increasing environmental pressure, coastal changes along a 210‐km length of the Yukon Territory coast in north‐west Canada were investigated. Shoreline positions were acquired from aerial and satellite images between 1951 and 2011. Shoreline change rates were calculated for multiple time periods along the entire coast and at six key sites. Additionally, Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) measurements of shoreline positions from seven field sites were used to analyze coastal dynamics from 1991 to 2015 at higher spatial resolution. The whole coast has a consistent, spatially averaged mean rate of shoreline change of 0.7 ± 0.2 m/a with a general trend of decreasing erosion from west to east. Additional data from six key sites shows that the mean shoreline change rate decreased from −1.3 ± 0.8 (1950s–1970s) to −0.5 ± 0.6 m/a (1970s–1990s). This was followed by a significant increase in shoreline change to −1.3 ± 0.3 m/a in the 1990s to 2011. This increase is confirmed by DGPS measurements that indicate increased erosion rates at local rates up to −8.9 m/a since 2006. Ground surveys and observations with remote sensing data indicate that the current rate of shoreline retreat along some parts of the Yukon coast is higher than at any time before in the 64‐year‐long observation record. Enhanced availability of material in turn might favor the buildup of gravel features, which have been growing in extent throughout the last six decades.
Nernst‐Planck‐based Description of Transport, Coulombic Interactions, and Geochemical Reactions in Porous Media: Modeling Approach and Benchmark Experiments
Authors: Rolle Massimo , Sprocati Riccardo , Masi Matteo , Jin Biao , Muniruzzaman Muhammad 
Published: April 2018

AbstractTransport of multicomponent electrolyte solutions in saturated porous media is affected by the electrostatic interactions between charged species. Such Coulombic interactions couple the displacement of the different ions in the pore water and remarkably impact mass transfer not only under diffusion, but also under advection‐dominated flow regimes. To accurately describe charge effects in flow‐through systems, we propose a multidimensional modeling approach based on the Nernst‐Planck formulation of diffusive/dispersive fluxes. The approach is implemented with a COMSOL‐PhreeqcRM coupling allowing us to solve multicomponent ionic conservative and reactive transport problems, in domains with different dimensionality (1‐D, 2‐D, and 3‐D), and in homogeneous and heterogeneous media. The Nernst‐Planck‐based coupling has been benchmarked with analytical solutions, numerical simulations with another code, and high‐resolution experimental data sets. The latter include flow‐through experiments that have been carried out in this study to explore the effects of electrostatic interactions in fully three‐dimensional setups. The results of the simulations show excellent agreement for all the benchmarks problems, which were selected to illustrate the capabilities and the distinct features of the Nernst‐Planck‐based reactive transport code. The outcomes of this study illustrate the importance of Coulombic interactions during conservative and reactive transport of charged species in porous media and allow the quantification and visualization of the specific contributions to the diffusive/dispersive Nernst‐Planck fluxes, including the Fickian component, the term arising from the activity coefficient gradients, and the contribution due to electromigration.
Normal Stress‐Dependent Frictional Weakening of Large Rock Avalanche Basal Facies: Implications for the Rock Avalanche Volume Effect
Authors: Wang Y. F. , Dong J. J. , Cheng Q. G. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractTo explore the mechanism behind the volume effect of rock avalanches observed in field data, a series of rotary shear tests were conducted at a shearing velocity of 0.87 m/s and varying normal stress levels (from 0.29 to 1.85 MPa) on soil collected from the basal facies of the Yigong rock avalanche in Tibet, China. This experimental study reveals that (1) as normal stress increases, the steady state apparent friction coefficient (μss) of the soil decreases, indicating a normal stress‐dependent feature of μss; (2) the higher the normal stress, the lower the decay rate of μss; (3) water vaporization induced by frictional heating is commonly observed in the tests accompanied by large decreases in μss, and excess pore pressure is generated in the shearing zones of the samples due to vapor accumulation; and (4) with increases in normal stress and decreases in soil permeability, an increasing feature of excess pore pressure is reached. Based on the experimental results, we propose that the coupled effects of water vaporization induced by frictional heating in avalanche basal facies and depth‐dependent permeability of avalanche basal facies should be contributed to the volume effect of rock avalanches.
Interstadial Rise and Younger Dryas Demise of Scotland's Last Ice Fields
Authors: Bromley G. , Putnam A. , Borns H. , Lowell T. , Sandford T. , Barrell D. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractEstablishing the atmospheric expression of abrupt climate change during the last glacial termination is key to understanding driving mechanisms. In this paper, we present a new 14C chronology of glacier behavior during late‐glacial time from the Scottish Highlands, located close to the overturning region of the North Atlantic Ocean. Our results indicate that the last pulse of glaciation culminated between ~12.8 and ~12.6 ka, during the earliest part of the Younger Dryas stadial and as much as a millennium earlier than several recent estimates. Comparison of our results with existing minimum‐limiting 14C data also suggests that the subsequent deglaciation of Scotland was rapid and occurred during full stadial conditions in the North Atlantic. We attribute this pattern of ice recession to enhanced summertime melting, despite severely cool winters, and propose that relatively warm summers are a fundamental characteristic of North Atlantic stadials.
mRNA
Turnover
Authors: Mitchell Philip 
Published: April 2018

Abstract

mRNA stability is an important facet of regulated gene expression and RNA surveillance systems. mRNA turnover is intimately coupled to the process of translation; the stability of normal mRNAs broadly correlates with their efficiency of translation, while the mechanisms that initiate nonsense‐mediated decay and no‐go/nonstop decay mRNA quality control systems are closely linked to the events of normal translation termination. The general mechanisms of mRNA turnover are well conserved throughout eukaryotic systems and the enzymes involved are closely related to those that act in mRNA degradation in bacterial systems. Notwithstanding this, metazoan systems have developed more diverse and specialised systems. Notably, mammalian transcripts are subject to regulation through factors involved in ARE‐mediated decay and a set of decapping activities. Capping of transcripts with NAD appears to reflect a widespread quality control mechanism throughout biological systems.

Key Concepts

mRNA stability plays an important role in regulated gene expression.

mRNA surveillance mechanisms act on both aberrant and physiological transcripts.

mRNA turnover mechanisms involve multiple redundant pathways.

mRNA degradation is cotranslational.

The mRNA cap structure is the target of several quality control systems.
Molecular Genetics of Basal Cell Naevus Syndrome
Authors: John Ann M , Schwartz Robert A 
Published: April 2018

Abstract

Basal cell naevus syndrome (BCNS) is an autosomal‐dominant disorder characterised by a triad of basal cell carcinomas, odontogenic keratocysts and cerebral calcifications. Mutations in multiple genes involved in the prooncogenic hedgehog signalling pathway result in aberrant upregulation of this pathway and a propensity for multiple cancers. Recent advances in genetics have promoted the role of mutation analysis, as mutations in specific genes have a prognostic impact. Moreover, specific treatments targeting ligands of the hedgehog signalling pathway allow for more prolonged suppression of tumour development. Resistance development with these treatments may be halted or delayed by combining multiple modalities that target different parts of the hedgehog signalling pathway. Elucidating the genetics of BCNS has facilitated the tailoring of treatment and surveillance.

Key Concepts

Basal cell naevus syndrome is a highly penetrant, autosomal‐dominant disorder that is characterised by a triad of basal cell carcinomas, jaw keratocysts and cerebral calcifications.

Patients suffer from a genetic mutation in PTCH1, PTCH2, SMO and/or SUFU that allows for overactivation of the prooncogenic hedgehog signalling pathway.

Mutations in PTCH2 and SUFU are associated with milder clinical features and lower penetrance.

In particular, loss‐of‐function mutations of SUFU result in the absence of odontogenic keratocysts, development of infundibulocystic keratocysts and higher proclivity for medulloblastomas and meningiomas.

Molecular genetic testing methods include single gene testing, multigene panels and genomic testing, with a high specificity and sensitivity.

Genetic counselling and prenatal testing should be offered to all patients with basal cell naevus syndrome.

Treatment consists of destructive, chemotherapeutic and, more recently, genetic inhibitive modalities.

Genetic inhibitors are primarily cyclopamine derivatives, including vismodegib and sonidegib.

Resistance commonly develops to cyclopamine derivatives; toxic side effects preclude long‐term use.

Combination with other genetic inhibitors, such as azoles and arsenic trioxide, can delay resistance development.
Vertebrate Embryo: An Overview of Heart Development and the Utilisation of Multiple Animal Models in Research
Authors: England Jennifer , Loughna Siobhan 
Published: April 2018

Abstract

Congenital heart defects are the most common birth defects which affect almost 1% of the population. Therefore, researchers have spent time getting a deeper understanding of the complex processes of cardiogenesis, from the development of the heart's architecture to the cellular and molecular processes involved. In achieving this, numerous vertebrate animal models, such as mouse, chick, zebrafish and xenopus, have been utilised in understanding the complexity of heart development. However, key differences exist between the human heart and these vertebrate models.

Key Concepts

The early heart tube arises from a population of cells in the visceral mesoderm.

A second population of cells known as the second heart field contribute to the developing heart tube, driving developmental processes.

Heart looping ensures that the venous and arterial poles are correctly positioned and aligned.

Atrial septation divides the primitive atrium into right and left atrial chambers.

Ventricular septation allows for the separation of the left and right ventricles.

Animal models used to study human cardiogenesis and congenital anomalies have developmental differences to humans, which are important in interpreting experimental results.

Animal models have different advantages and limitations as experimental organisms.
Emotion and Memory
Authors: Kensinger Elizabeth A. , Kark Sarah M. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractPeople are more likely to remember emotional events as compared to mundane events. Not all aspects of those events are retained, however, and the effects of emotion on memory can vary as a function of the type of emotion evoked by the event and the time course over which memory is tested. In this chapter, we first describe how the arousal and valence of an event can influence the way it is remembered. We discuss how arousal can lead to selective enhancements in memory and how these enhancements can occur relatively automatically. We describe how negative events can be remembered with greater detail and specificity than positive events, and we delineate possible neural mechanisms that may support these effects of valence and arousal. We then discuss the time course over which emotion exerts its effects on memory. We describe how arousal exerts very rapid effects on encoding processes, faster than those elicited by valence. We discuss how emotion modulates the memory search process, increasing the likelihood that past events are retrieved. We explain how emotional arousal can influence the consolidation of information. We conclude by pointing out ongoing debates, including the role of the amygdala in the consolidation process and the effect of emotion on memory accuracy.
Episodic Memory
Authors: Diana Rachel A. , Wang Fang 
Published: April 2018

AbstractEpisodic memory is the cognitive and neural system for long‐term encoding, storage, and retrieval of event representations, which include spatiotemporal context information. Initial encoding into episodic memory relies on the hippocampus and is improved by elaborative processing. Representations in storage are subject to interference, particularly prior to their transformation from hippocampal representations into cortical representations through consolidation. Event representations can be retrieved from unconscious storage, verbalized, and maintained in working memory while in use. Retrieval is accomplished via pattern completion so that the presence of cues matching an encoding event can drive retrieval of associated information. Episodic memory can be measured via recall and recognition paradigms, both of which gauge whether an event or item occurred within a particular context. Episodic memory is necessary for future simulation and autobiographical memory but separate from semantic memory and procedural memory.
Education and Memory
Authors: Putnam Adam L. , Roediger Henry L. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractHow can psychology research be used to improve education? In this chapter we review empirical research on learning and memory that has the potential to enhance classroom education. First we identify several basic principles of memory. Then we explore seven tools for enhancing learning: spaced practice, interleaving, retrieval practice, elaborative interrogation, self‐explanation, mnemonics, and self‐regulated learning. In reviewing each strategy we highlight laboratory research and research conducted in representative educational contexts, along with identifying directions for future research. We end by addressing some potential concerns with applying memory research to educational settings. Throughout we argue that conducting research with an eye toward educational applications not only contributes to educational practice but also enables researchers to explore learning and memory in a more realistic context.
Motivation and Memory
Authors: Dickerson Kathryn C. , Adcock R. Alison 
Published: April 2018

AbstractIn this chapter we explore how motivation affects what we learn and subsequently remember. Our memories are not a perfect record of every event in our lives, meticulously recorded and replayed precisely whenever we desire. They are quite the opposite: Memories are selective, flexible, and change over time. Neurobiologically, how a memory is encoded in our brains and later consolidated is influenced by our motivational state. Here we first review foundational research on motivation and describe how it affects learning and memory. We then describe exciting discoveries emerging within the past decade demonstrating that different motivational states engage distinct neuroanatomical networks, which modulate the shape and form of memory. In the conclusion of this chapter we note opportunities to leverage human motivation and tailor what we learn to help us adapt and grow, with profound implications for education and clinical treatments.
Memory and Attention
Authors: Long Nicole M. , Kuhl Brice A. , Chun Marvin M. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractAttention and memory have typically been studied as distinct topics in the fields of cognitive psychology and cognitive neuroscience. However, attention powerfully influences what we learn, and the act of remembering can, itself, be viewed as an act of selective, internally oriented attention. Here, we consider the relationship between attention and memory across multiple forms of memory, including episodic memory, implicit memory, and working memory. Moreover, we consider how attention is related not only to behavioral expressions of memory but also to the neural mechanisms that are involved in memory.
Assessing Autobiographical Memory
Authors: Sheldon Signy , Diamond Nicholas B. , Armson Michael J. , Palombo Daniela J. , Selarka Dhawal , Romero Kristoffer , Bacopulos Agnes , Levine Brian 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Autobiographical memory is notoriously difficult to study in the laboratory because it involves many different cognitive processes and is subject to several “real‐world” factors. It is imperative that we understand the processes involved in autobiographical memory given that these processes are affected in several conditions, such as depression and dementia, and they are critical for a variety of daily life functions. We review established models and assessments of autobiographical memory as well as recent advances in the tools and approaches used to investigate autobiographical memory. We note the implications of these new assessment methods for our understanding of the underlying neurocognitive mechanisms of autobiographical memory as well as related clinical conditions.
Foundations of Vision
Authors: Tong Frank 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe ease with which we can perceive and recognize things from a brief glance belies the staggering complexity of human vision. Here, I will describe the computational challenges faced by the visual system and current understanding of its neurocomputational workings. Psychophysical investigations, informed by introspection, have provided critical windows into the nature of vision. Theories of information processing such as signal detection theory and Bayesian inference provide conceptual frameworks for understanding perception and its limits. The functional architecture of the visual system is reviewed to clarify how information is transformed across successive stages of the visual pathway. With this knowledge in hand, we will consider the neural mechanisms that underlie the perception of basic features and complex objects, and the role of attentional feedback in optimizing perceptual processing. This review highlights recent advances, including biologically inspired models of deep learning, that establish our growing understanding of the neural computations that mediate visual perception, attentional selection, recognition, and inference.
Taste
Authors: Bartoshuk Linda M. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThis chapter examines how taste and flavor help us survive. Omnivores (like humans) face a dilemma; we must select healthy foods and avoid poisons. An early belief in the innate ability to eat a healthy diet (“wisdom of the body”) gave way to our current understanding that taste is the true nutritional sense. A few simple substances (salt, glucose) necessary to solve immediate nutritional problems (sodium deficiency, low blood glucose) produce hard‐wired liking. Most poisons are bitter and we are hard‐wired to dislike them. Food flavor is a combination of taste and retronasal olfaction (odor volatiles perceived from the mouth). Retronasal olfactory stimuli are liked or disliked primarily through association with positive (e.g., calories) or negative (e.g., nausea) biological states. Unfortunately, hard‐wired and acquired liking can lead to nutritional disorders. Taste evolved to help us survive, but can also lead to overeating with attendant health risks.
The Neural Basis of Haptic Perception
Authors: Goodman James M. , Bensmaia Sliman J. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractWhen we interact with an object, neural signals from the skin, joints, and muscles convey information about the shape, size, weight, and texture of the object. If the object is moving across the hand, information about its direction and speed is also available. In this chapter, we discuss the sensory signals the hands send the brain about our interactions with objects and review what is known about how different areas of the brain interpret these signals. Focusing on the senses of touch and proprioception, we examine how different sensory features are encoded in spatiotemporal patterns of neuronal activation and discuss the perceptual, motor, and affective roles these signals play in everyday life.
Music Perception
Authors: Russo Frank A. , Ammirante Paolo 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThis chapter reviews research on music perception. The review has been divided into four major sections. The first section considers research on pitch perception. The second section considers research on perception of timbre, perception of consonance, the generation of melodic expectancies, and the representation of tonal hierarchies. The third section considers research on rhythm and the representation of longer excerpts of music. The final section evaluates those aspects of music that appear to be universal as well as the possible origins of music.
Color Vision
Authors: Webster Michael A. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractAdvances in our understanding of color vision are proceeding on many fronts. These include analyses of the interplay of light and materials in natural scenes, to the genetic, neural, and cognitive processes underlying color sensitivity and percepts. The basic model for color vision, where the light spectrum is first sampled by receptors and then represented in opponent mechanisms, remains a cornerstone of color theory. However, the ways in which these processes are manifest and operate are surprisingly varied and still poorly understood. New developments continue to reveal that color vision involves highly flexible coding schemes that support sophisticated perceptual inferences. Characterizing these processes is providing fundamental insights not only into our experience of color, but into perception and neural coding generally.
Perceptual Rhythms
Authors: VanRullen Rufin 
Published: April 2018

AbstractIt is increasingly evident that brain function involves oscillatory activity in various frequency bands. This realization encouraged psychologists to consider that perception and cognition may operate periodically, as a succession of cycles mirroring the underlying oscillatory cycles. This idea, related to the age‐old notion of discrete perception, has resurfaced in recent years, fueled by advances in neuroscientific techniques. Contrary to earlier views of discrete perception as a unitary sampling rhythm affecting all perceptual and cognitive functions, contemporary evidence points not to one but several rhythms of perception that may depend on the sensory modality, the task, the stimulus, the brain region(s) involved, or the state of the subject. In the visual domain for example, a sensory alpha rhythm (∼10 Hz) may coexist with at least one more rhythm performing attentional sampling around 7 Hz. How these multiple periodic functions coordinate with each other and how internal sampling rhythms coordinate with overt sampling behavior are key questions for the future.