bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Remote Sensing and Isotope Techniques in Understanding the Hydrology of Volcanic Areas-A case study
Authors: Kayane Isamu , Shimano Yasuo , Sakura Yasuo , Kitaoka Goichi 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Volcatlic area has special hydrological characteristics such as scanty overland runoff, abundant springs, large storage capacity and long residence time of groundwater. A methodology of groundwater field survey is discussed taking Aso volcanoes in Japan as an example. Utility of stream network analysis, remote sensing techniques, numerical simulation and isotope techniques are shown with examples.
Landuse and Land Protection in Mining Areas- A Case Study in Jharia Coalfield
Authors: Ghosh Rekha 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Some countries have enacted specifiic legislations for landuse management in mining areas. The position in India is causing serious concern and the Government has taken active interest to control land degradation. One among various protective measures taken in India is aforestation, because, green-belts, other than agriculture, have enviornmental utility. Landuse management in mining areas is concerned mainly with environmental degradation due to mining, the focal subject being waste disposal and quarry and goaf filling.
Landuse management schemes taken up by some mining areas in India have been discussed. As a specific case, the Jharia Coalfield has been studied in detail. A landuse map of the area has been prepared based on study of aerial photographs and maps. The landuse management scheme suggested in India has not yet been properly implemented. Some steps to help the rapid development of the scheme has been suggested.
Iron-Titanium Oxide Geothermometry for some Deccan Trap Tholeiitic Basalts, India
Authors: Sethna S. F. , Czygan W. , Sethna B. S. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The oxygen fugacity and temperature of equilibration of the iron-titanium oxides for thirty samples of basaltic rocks, taken from different parts of the Tholeiitic Flood Basalt Province of Deccan Trap (Tertiary); are given. Temperatures range from 950° to 1200°C and oxygen fugacity from 9 to 12 (as -log10). Picritic basalts from Igatpuri along the Western Ghats, that form compound lava fiows, give lower temperatures of equilibration of the iron-titanium oxides (considered to represent the liquidus of the host rock) as compared to the simple thin lava flows of normal tholeiitic basalt from the eastern parts of the Deccan trap outcrop.
Distribution of Dinocysts in the Jurassic Rocks of Kachchh, India
Authors: Kumar Arun 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
A list of dinocysts is provided for the Jhura Dome Section (Jhurio Formation of Upper Bathonian to Callovian age) and Khari Nadi Section (Middle Member of the Jhuran Formation of Lower Kimmerdgian to Tithonian age) of Kachchh. These dinocyst assemblages are compared with the assemblages of dinocysts of equivalent age described from different parts of the world. A new dinocyst Forma-A is described from the Jhura Dome section.
Contrasting Volcanic Suites in Naga Hills and Their Bearing on the Tectonic Evolution of the Naga Hills Ophiolite Belt, N.E. India
Authors: Venkataramana P. , Datta A. K. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The 200 km long Naga Hills opiliolite belt which forms the northern part of the Indo-Burman ophiolites is made up of two contrasting volcanic suites. viz.; (1) high-Mg basalts (Mg-number 52 to 71) comparable to mid-oceanic ridge basalts and (2) low-Mg (Mg-number 23 to 49) akin to seamount type volcanism.
Based on geological and geochemica 1 evidences, a three stage model comprising (1) marginal basin spreading event, (2) seamount event and (3) collision event, is presented to explain the origin and evolution of the Naga Hills ophiolites.
Biostratigraphy of Jurassic Chari Formation: A Study in Keera Dome, Kutch, Gujarat
Authors: Bardan Subhendu , Datta Kalyanbrata 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
A biostratigraphic subdivision has been proposed in 210 metres-thick Jurassic Chari Pormation exposed around Keera, Kutch. Evaluation of the relevant pieces of earlier works and new findings emerged in course of present study allow establishment of six distinctive assemblage-zones especially on the basis of rich cephatopod biota. These biozones are largely facies transgressive and hence are often not correlatable with lithofacies distribution. A possible correlation between these biozones at Keera and those established in the type section at Jumara, Kutch from the earlier work has also been attempted.
Geochemistry and Environmental Significance of Banded Garnet Amphibole rock (BGA) Around Naurhiya, Bijawar Group in Sidhi District, Madhya Pradesh
Authors: Bandyopadhyay B. K. , Roy Abhinaba 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Occurrence of thin but persistent horizons of banded garnet-amphibole-rock (BGA) is reported from the Proterozoic Bijawar or Mahakoshal Group in Sidhi district, Madhya Pradesh. The physical appearance, mineralogy and chemistry of the rock are closely comparable to some metamorphosed manganiferous iron-formations. The rock occurs in association with a sequence of low-grade metasediments, mainly comprising wacke and argillites together with subordinate quartz arenite, banded magnetite quartzite, limestone, tuffs and basic volcanics, which bear similarity with the sediment-hosted Algoma type iron formation. Although there is a broad similarity in the composition of the Bijawar BGA rocks with the known B1F of the world, the former showsan appreciable enrichment in A12O3, MnO, MgO, CaO, Ba, Zn, Co, Ti, Y and V compared to the latter.
Are Patna and Bisanattam Granites (Adjoining the Kolar Schist Belt) cogenetic?
Authors: Rajamani V. , Krogstad E. J. , Hanson G. N. , Balakrishnan S. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Structural and geochemical evidence including major and trace elements, and Pb-isotopic data on K-feldspars, froin the granitoid rocks adjoining the Kolar Schist Belt are presented to show (1) that the Patna Granite an the NW of the belt is dissimilar to any granitoid rock E of the belt and (2) that the main granitoid gneiss immediately E of the belt, the Karnbha Gneiss, is nearly identical to the Bisanattam Granite of Narayanaswamy er al (1960).
Environmental Geology of the Ganga River Basin
Authors: Subramanian V. , Sitasawad R. , Abbas N. , Jha P. K. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The lithology of the Ganga basin especially the carbonates of the recent alluvium, controls the river water chemistry. Illites and kaolinite are the dominant clay minerals in the suspended sediments. The average TOS is 171 ppm and essentially reflects the Indian river-water average.
Considering the sediment transport at Farakka (744 million tonnes/yr) as a measure, the Ganga is placed as the third largest sediment transporting river of the world after the Yellow and Amazon rivers. Basin area and discharge, rather than the basin elevation, control the erosion rate. The total erosion rate (549 t/km2/yr) of the basin at Calcutta is almost three times that of Amazon and three and half times that of the world average (150 t/km2/yr).
The high sedimentation fate (42 mm/yr) in the Yamuna around Delhi is mainly due to the solid waste supply from urban areas. For selective heavy metals, the total drain anthropogenic contribution to the river Yamuna is Mn (42%), Fe (76%), Cu (62%), Zn (90%) and Pb (50%) of the metal increase in the sediments from Wazirabad to Okhla. Excellent correlation among Cu, Zn and Pb in the core and in surface sediments indicates their common source. The additional metals carried into the surface and core sediments of the Yamuna due to increased human utilization of the river basin are in relatively mobile fractions of the sediments and hence pose clear environmental hazards.
Geothermobarometry of the Central Crystallines from the Garhwal Himalaya
Authors: Gairola V. K. , Ackermand D. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Pelitic schists, gneisses and amphibolites from the Central Crystallines of the Garhwal Himalaya display evidence of multiple deformation (D1, D2 and D3) and polymetamorphism (M1, M2 and M3)' During the M1 episode of regional metamorphism which represents a thermal peak, the pelitic schists and gneisses developed the assemblage: sillimanite-kyanite-garnet- biotite-plagioclase-K-feldspar-quartz±garnet. Widespread development of garnet and sillimanite (locally kyanite) in muscovite-bearing schists and gneisses, hornblende in amphibolites, and diopside in calcschists indicate prograde metamorphism in the sillimanite-muscovite zone of the amphibolite facies. During the M2 and M3 episodes the higher grade rocks of the M1episode retrograded under PT conditions of greenschist facies.
The electron microprobe analyses of coexisting minerals from the schists. gneisses and amphibolites have been used to estimate the PT conditions of metamorphism during the Ml episode through the pertinent models of geothermobarometry. These models of geothermobarometry suggest temperatures of 645°C±50°C and pressures of 7.5±0.5 kb during the thermal peak of metamorphism (M1 episode).
Geology and Tectonic Setting of Central Crystalline Rocks of Southern Part of Higher Himachal Himalaya
Authors: Kakar Ramesh K. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The granitic, gneissic and schistose metamorphic rocks of Central Crystalline Zone in the southern part of Higher Himachal Himalaya exposed at Wangtu, Karcham, Sangla, Kalpa, Spilu and adjoining areas of Satluj and Baspa valleys have been investigated and classified into Wangtu Gneissic Complex, Karcham Group and Haimanta Group on the basis of lithology, rock association and tectonic setting. The Wangtu Gneissic Complex represents the oldest basement exposed in this part of the Himalaya and is of deep crustal origin. The klippen of Jutogh rocks in the Lesser Himalaya, especially that of the Chor area, is comparable with the Karcham Group.
Nature and Behaviour of Fractured Hard-Rock Aquifers of the Kandy District, Sri Lanka
Authors: Wilbert Kehelpannala K. V. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This paper deals with the hydrogeological properties of the groundwater resources of the Kandy District of Sri Lanka. The main groundwater resources of the district are fractured crystalline hard-rock aquifers. These crystalline hard-rocks comprise quartzites, charnockites, granites, granitic gneisses, khondalites, quartzo-feldspathic rocks, gneisses, migmatites, calc-silicate rocks, and marbles of Precambrian age. The behaviour of these rocks as fractured aquifers is completely different from rock to rock, and is, to a great extent, controlled by the tectonic lineaments (fracture zones, joint zones and fault zones) of the area. It would appear that a considerable amount of groundwater, the yield ranging from 50 l/min. to over 1500 l/min., can be exploited along the lineaments.
Asyrnmetry in Two Rhynchonellid Species from the Jurassic Formations of Kutch, Western India
Authors: Ghosh Diptendu N. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Sphenorhynchia asymmetrica (Kitchin) from the upper and upper middle Macrocephalus Beds of Middle Callovian age and Rhactochynchia pseudoinconstans (Kitchin) from the Lower Patcham Beds of Upper Bathonian age of Kutch, Western India, show typical asymmetry in their shell development. This is particularly noticeable at the anterior commissure. This is compared with similar asymmetric features exhibited by other brachiopod species from different parts of the world. On the basis of the nature of asymmetry in the two Kutch species, the strength of numerical observation in them and on a consideration of the reproductive mechanisms in brachiopods, it is suggested that the asymmetric developments in these two species has led to an easily recognisable dimorphism which possibly is reminiscent of sexual dimorphism.
Petrology of the Elchuru Alkaline Pluton, Prakasam District, Andhra Pradesh, India
Authors: Madhavan V. , Leelanandam C. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The oblong alkaline pluton at Elchuru is constituted of shonkinite, malignite, nepheline syenite (foyaite and pulaskitic foyaite) and nepheline gneiss (including litchfieldite and mariupolite); the bulk of the pluton is, however, made up of nepheline syenite and nepheline gneiss. These alkaline rocks are emplaced conformably and permissively by a simple mechanism of dilation of the surrounding country rocks under tensional stress. During emplacement, the pluton deformed its own nearly solid periphery producing an outer ring of nepheline gneiss with subsolvus assemblage which surrounds the central core of nepheline syenite with hypersolvus assemblage.
The field, petrographic and geochemical studies, when viewed together, suggest that all the rocks of the pluron arc comagmatic and that nepheline syenites (and nepheline gneisses) are the differentiated products of a basic alkaline magma. The present study has shown that the alkaline magma remained strongly undersaturated throughout the differentia tion process.
The agpaitic coefficient of these rocks is very near to, but invariably less than unity. In tune with their miaskitic chemistry, these rocks show low Na2O/K2O and Fe2O3/FeO ratios and a generally lower content of MgO, TiO2 and MnO. The contents of Sr and Ba are very high and with differentiation the ratios Ba/Sr and Sr/Ca fall whereas K/Ba ratio rises. The uniformly higher KJRb ratios of these rocks suggest a deep seated source for the magma.
Tectonometamorphic Evolution of the Great Himalayan Thrust Sheets in Garhwal Region, Kumaun Himalaya
Authors: Roy A. B. , Valdiya K. S. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The so-called 'Central Crystallines' building the bulk of the Great Himalaya (=Himadri) comprise two major tectonic units. The upper unit is constituted of highgrade psammitic metamorphics associated with anatectic granites of the Vaikrita Group, and the lower unit is made up of Precambrian granites, gneisses, amphibolites, meta-sediments and their mylonitic equivalents recognized as the Munsiari Formation. The Vaikrita Group makes a huge lithotectonic slab bounded by moderately inclined Main Central (Vaikrita) Thrust in the south and the steeply dipping Trans-Himadri (Malari) Thrust in the north. Sandwiched between the Munsiari and the Main Central (Vaikrita) Thrusts, the Munsiari is a severely tectonized and drastically condensed lithotectonic sheet representing the root zone of the Lesser Himalayan crystalline nappes.
In small-scale, the Vaikrita shows extremely intricate internal deformation resulting from polyphasal folding and repeated transposition of foliation planes. The bulk non-coaxial strain in the rocks is attributable to the variation in the case of slip on the shear planes during thrust propagation. The period of thrusting is coeval with the main phase of progressive metamorphism, anatexis and attendant granite emplacement during the late Eocene to Lower Miocene period. Later deformation and retrogressive metamorphism are related to the uplift during the Middle and Upper Miocene, culminating in the Middle Pleistocene, when the Vaikrita rocks were brought to a brittle field of deformation from the earlier ductile and brittle-ductile fields.
The Vaikrita exhibits an abrupt rise in the grade of metamorphism to sillimanite zone of progressive (Barrovian type) metamorphism from a very low to medium grade of (Himalayan) metamorphism in the Munsiari. In the deeper level (~30 km), the Vaikrita rocks underwent progressive regional metamorphism and anatexis that gave rise to granites, which extensively invaded the metamorphics. The episodic uplift of the Vaikrita Group was due to the shifting of thrust movements by relay from the Main Central (Vaikrita) Thrust, to the Munsiari Thrust and the other minor thrusts of the schuppen zone in the south. A part of the uplift can be attributed to the diapiric rise of the anatectic granites.
Geology and Structure of the Area Around Naswadi With Special Reference to Bagh Bed Exposures, Baroda District, Gujarat
Authors: Karanth R. V. , Sant D. A. , Shah N. C. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Geologically the area around Naswadi comprises Precambrian metamorphics and granite, Bagh Beds and Deccan Traps. The various formations have been dislocated at several places owing to tectonic movements along the Narmada Rift Zone. Most of the fau1ts lie parallel to the main Narmada lineament, e.g., ENE-WSW, and they have been further dislocated by NW-SE fractures.
Influence of Basement Tectonics on the Delhi Sedimentation in the Bayana Graben, Northeastern Rajasthan
Authors: Singh S. P. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The Bayana graben contains over 3000m thick volcano-sedimentary sequence classified into the Raialo, the Alwar, and the Ajabgarh Groups of the Delhi Supergroup. The sedimentary pile consists of several sedimentary facies of fluvial to marginal marine environments. The volcanics show alkaline to high-K-tholeiitic affinity indicating continental magmatic environment.
The basin is characterised by a set of synsedimentary dislocations which have controlled basin evolution, magmatism, and sedimentation. Based on the distribution patterns of various stratigraphic units and their sedimentological framework, a five-stage evolutionary sequence of the basin and associated sedimentation patterns have been discussed.
Carbon Stable Isotopes of Fluid Inclusions in the Granulites of Southern Kerala: Implications for the Source of CO2
Authors: Santosh M. , Jackson D. H. , Mattey D. P. , Harris N. B. W. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Carbon dioxide-rich inclusions commonly occur in banded charnockites and khondalites of southern Kerala as well as in incipient charnockites formed along oriented zones by desiccation of gneisses. Combined pressure-temperature data from solid phases and CO2 equation of state barometry from fluid inclusion isochores depict that high density carbon dioxide was the dominant ambient fluid species in all the three rocks. Carbon stable isotope analysis of the fluids using a stepped heating technique in samples collected from Ponmudi, Kottavattom, Manali and Kadakamon show that the banded charnockites and gneisses contain ca. 50-60ppm carbon with d13C values in the range of -8 to -12.3‰. The incipient charnockites are characterised by abundant CO2 (upto 200 ppm) with d13C in the range, -7.5 to -10.3‰. The carbon stable isotope value of + 1.2‰ obtained for calc-silicate is in ccntrast to the value for the intercalated banded charnockite from Kadakamon (-10‰) depicting that decarbonation was not the source of CO2, Whereas the heavier carbon-enriched nature of incipient charnockite from Manali may suggest a juvenile source, the carbon isotope values in Ponmudi and Kottavattom suggest a mixed source, possibly due to the interaction of externally derived CO2 with graphite in the rocks.
A Jurassic-Cretaceous Dolerite Dike from Sri Lanka
Authors: Yoshida M. , Funaki M. , Vitanage P. W. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
A dolerite dike from southwestern Sri Lanka gave whole-rock K-Ar ages of 152.6 ± 7.6 Ma and 143.3 ± 7.2 Ma. Many of the other dolerite dikes of Sri Lanka are considered to be of Mesozoic ages judging from the present age data and tectonometamorphic history of Sri Lanka. Petrographic similarities should not be used for age correlations, because dolerites of different age may have the same petrography.
Preliminary natural remanent magnetization (NRM) after AF and thermal demagnetization gave a mean inclination of 24.6° and declination of 67.5° with a95=21.7°. A virtual geomagnetic pole position calculated from the mean NRM was rotated relative to Antarctica so as to fit with that obtained from the Jurassic Ferrar dolerite of Antarctica. This rotation results in the location and attitude of Sri Lanka to attach with Antarctica at Lutzow-Holm Bay as suggested by Barron et al. (1978).
Strain Analysis in a Part of the Chamba Syncline using Deformed Quartz Pebbles in Chamba Region of Northwestern Himalaya
Authors: Singh Keser , Thakur V. C. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Samples of deformed pebbles in the slates from the Manjir Formation were collected from normal and inverted limbs of the Chamba Syncline. The axial ratios and orientation on two dimensional sections were determined from deformed quartz pebbles. The finite strain was calculated using Rf/f technique. The two dimensional data were combined to give three dimensional finite strain and type of strain experienced by the pebbles at each locality. Regional variation in the strain distribution is represented by finite distortional strain (es) for both normal and inverted limbs of the syncline. The results show that the deformation is of flattening type and the amount of strain increases from inner arc to outer arc of the Chamba Syncline. A total of about 28 per cent shortening has been noticed in the Manjir Formation.
Geochemistry and Genesis of Two Late Precambrian Granite Plutons of Bihar Mica Belt, Eastern India
Authors: Sarkar S. S. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Two granite bodies, namely the Banresar and Manihari plutons, which are intrusive into the metasedimentary sequences of the Bihar Mica Belt, have been geochemically investigated.
The major trace and REE compositions of 21 granite samples indicate a crustal derivation of these granites from ~23% partial fusion of a granodioriric-tonalitic component of the crystalline basement of Chhotanagpur gneissic terrain, (relics of which occur as enclaves within the plutons) followed by (a) ~ 39% fractional crystallisation of quartz; two feldspars, and hornblende from this granitic melt and (b) emplacement of the differentiates within domical metasedimentary upwarps at about 17km depth (= 5 kb), during second phase of folding in this region. Mild activity of a residual alkali-rich vapour phase, mostly active through central portion of these plutons and gradually migrating towards periphery, gave rise to a spatial trace clement heterogeneity in these bodies.
he calc-alkaline character of these granites, along with their syntectonic emplacement into a sedimentary veneer having the polydeformational signature of Satpura orogeny, indicates a compressional tectonic regime. which might have caused a down buckling of the Chhotanagpur crystalline basement, leading to its partial fusion, to generate the parental granitic magma.
Fe-Chlerite, Grunerite, Stilpnomelane, Ankerite and Siderite Occurrence in the Iron-Formation of Chiknayakanhalli Schist Belt, Karnataka
Authors: Laajoki Kauko , Devaraju T. C. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Electron probe microanalytical data is given for Fe-chlorite (31% FeO) and grunerite (31.4% FeO) occurring in the mixed oxide-silicate facies iron-formation and for ankerite (av. 17.5% FeO), siderite (av. 44,2% FeO) and stilpnomelane (31.6% FeO, 5.9% Al2O3, 2% K2O) in the carbonate iron-formation of Chiknayakanhalli Schist belt. While Fe-rich chlorite, ankerite and siderite appear to represent recrystallized diagenetic and primary sedimentary phases of the same minerals, grunerite has formed from metamorphic alteration of minnesotaite and stilpnomelane from a montmorillonite (nontronite?)-like precursor. The minerals identified in the iron-formation fit into the overall greenschist to low amphibolite facies metamorphism witnessed by the schists.
Quaternary Geology of Kerala : Evidence from Radiocarbon Dates
Authors: Rajendran C. P. , Rajagopalan G. , Narayanaswamy  
Published: November 2024

Abstract
An event of transgression (8000-6000 Y.B.P.) and another event of regression (30Q0..5000 Y.B.P.) which gave rise to extensive peat and shell deposits during Holocene in Kcrala is recorded. The initiation of the backwater system in Kerala is linked to these events.