bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Do introduced apex predators suppress introduced mesopredators? A multiscale spatiotemporal study of dingoes and feral cats in Australia suggests not
Authors: Fancourt Bronwyn A. , Cremasco Peter , Wilson Cameron , Gentle Matthew N. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

The role of apex predators in structuring ecosystems through the suppression of mesopredator activity and abundance is receiving increasing attention, largely due to the potential benefits for biodiversity conservation. In Australia, invasive mesopredators such as feral cats (Felis catus) have been identified as major contributors to Australia's mass mammal extinctions since European arrival. The introduced dingo (Canis familiaris) has been proposed as a novel way to suppress the impacts of feral cats, however, scientific evidence of the dingo's suppressive role is equivocal.

We used camera traps to investigate whether a large introduced predator (dingo) suppresses the activity of an established introduced mesopredator (feral cat) across a national park site conserving endangered species, and an agricultural site supporting cattle grazing enterprises.

Feral cats and dingoes exhibited marked overlap in both temporal and spatial activity, indicating coexistence. Some temporal separation was evident at the agricultural site, however, this reflected higher diurnal activity by dingoes, not a responsive shift in cat activity. Cat activity times were unrelated to dingo presence and did not differ between areas occupied by dingoes and dingo‐free areas. There was no evidence of dingoes excluding cats from patches at either site, nor was there evidence of within‐night fine‐scale spatiotemporal avoidance of dingoes by cats.

Species co‐occurrence models revealed dingoes had no negative effect on the probability of cat presence. The probability of detecting a cat on the national park was significantly higher in areas with dingoes than in dingo‐free areas, while on agricultural land, cat detectability did not differ between areas with and without dingoes. Cats remained active, abundant and widespread across both sites, with evidence of cats hunting and breeding successfully in areas occupied by dingoes.

Synthesis and applications. Our findings indicate that feral cats can coexist with dingoes, without apparent suppression of cat activity, abundance or fitness. Proposals to reintroduce or restore dingoes and other large predators to suppress invasive mesopredators and conserve biodiversity should be carefully evaluated on a site‐by‐site basis, as their ability to suppress cats and protect species of conservation significance will likely be context dependent.
Terrorist attacks and Europeans’ attitudes towards immigrants: An experimental approach
Authors: FERRÍN MÓNICA , MANCOSU MORENO , CAPPIALI TERESA M. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractOver the past several years an increasing number of terrorist attacks committed in the name of Islam and targeting civilians have taken place in many Western democracies, calling for more research on the impact of these exogenous events on citizens’ attitudes towards immigrants. Using a quasi‐experimental design, this study examines the short‐term effect of the Paris attacks of the night of 13 November 2015 on the attitudes towards European Union (EU) and non‐EU immigrants across 28 EU countries. Employing Eurobarometer 84.3 survey data collected in 28 European countries between 7 and 17 November 2015, the design allows the testing of individual attitudes before and after the Paris attacks and the spillover effects of this event in all European countries. It is found that the Paris attacks had a significant negative effect on attitudes towards immigrants, especially among educated and left‐wing individuals. Moreover, the negative effect was stronger in countries where the national political‐ideological climate was more positive towards immigrants. These findings are explained by theorising that first emotional reactions to the attack are the results of coping mechanisms whereby individuals are confronted with disconfirmation/confirmation of their previous beliefs: individuals who experience stronger stereotype disconfirmation are the most negatively affected by the terrorist attack. Overall, the study holds important implications for understanding the short‐term impact of terrorist attacks on public attitudes towards immigrants.
Lord Bruce and the Marlborough Election Petition of 1735: An Aristocratic Lobbying of the House of Commons and a Blow against the Ministry of Sir Robert Walpole
Authors: Jones Clyve 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe success of two tory candidates at Marlborough in the general election of 1734 led to a petition to the Commons from the two defeated whig candidates, alleging corruption and malpractice by the winning side. The two tories had stood on the interest of the Bruce family, led by Charles, Lord Bruce. Bruce successfully organised a vast lobbying campaign against the petition. Most of the lobbyists were MPs, but a significant number were peers, or members of aristocratic families. Lists of lobbyists and those lobbied survive in the Ailesbury (Bruce) Manuscripts, enabling historians to reconstruct and evaluate the campaign. Bruce's lobbying is a fine example of aristocratic involvement in elections to the lower House, despite such interventions having been declared unparliamentary. His triumph damaged the political standing of the prime minister, Sir Robert Walpole, who had previously declared his opposition to any candidate supported by Bruce in the borough. Bruce's lobbying also reveals extensive cross‐party co‐operation between both lobbyers and lobbied: his supporters included not only independent whigs, but many who usually voted with the ministry. This suggests that the classification of MPs in the early 18th century as either whig or tory is too simplistic and that there was more fluidity in party loyalty than has been suspected.
Structures and Members: An Overview of The Cumann na nGaedheal Party Organisation, 1923–33
Authors: Farrell Mel 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis article re‐examines Cumann na nGaedheal's approach to party organisation. Cumann na nGaedheal has been portrayed as a badly organised, ‘top‐down’ party that suffered electorally for its reluctance to match the structure and organisation of its main anti‐Treaty rival, Fianna Fáil. Moreover, the party has been caricatured as a conservative organisation with little affinity for the ideology of the Irish revolution. While recent studies have reappraised Cumann na nGaedheal's engagement with the revolutionary inheritance, while highlighting underappreciated aspects of the party's electoral innovations, its organisational structures require further scholarly attention. Closer scrutiny of Cumann na nGaedheal's organisational structures sheds further light on its fate as nationalist Ireland's first party of government and ultimately its demise as a distinct party in 1933.
Universal Love or One True Religion? Experimental Evidence of the Ambivalent Effect of Religious Ideas on Altruism and Discrimination
Authors: Hoffmann Lisa , Basedau Matthias , Gobien Simone , Prediger Sebastian 
Published: October 2019

AbstractContrary to the expectations of secularization theory, religion remains socially important and affects politics in multiple ways—especially regarding conflict between religious communities. Theoretically, religion can increase altruism, but belief in the superiority of one's faith may facilitate intergroup discrimination and related conflict. Previous findings remain inconclusive, however, as specific religious ideas have hardly been tested. In this article, we argue that the content of religious ideas has causal effects on intergroup discrimination. We hence test the impact of two opposing, prominent religious ideas on altruism and discrimination: universal love and the notion of one true religion. Conducting dictator games with Christians and Muslims in Ghana and Tanzania, we find causal effects: Whereas the idea of one true religion increases intergroup discrimination, that of universal love fosters equal treatment. The policy implications hereof are obvious—promoting tolerant religious ideas seems crucial to avoiding conflict.
Inverse probability weighting methods for Cox regression with right‐truncated data
Authors: Vakulenko‐Lagun Bella , Mandel Micha , Betensky Rebecca A. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractRight‐truncated data arise when observations are ascertained retrospectively, and only subjects who experience the event of interest by the time of sampling are selected. Such a selection scheme, without adjustment, leads to biased estimation of covariate effects in the Cox proportional hazards model. The existing methods for fitting the Cox model to right‐truncated data, which are based on the maximization of the likelihood or solving estimating equations with respect to both the baseline hazard function and the covariate effects, are numerically challenging. We consider two alternative simple methods based on inverse probability weighting (IPW) estimating equations, which allow consistent estimation of covariate effects under a positivity assumption and avoid estimation of baseline hazards. We discuss problems of identifiability and consistency that arise when positivity does not hold and show that although the partial tests for null effects based on these IPW methods can be used in some settings even in the absence of positivity, they are not valid in general. We propose adjusted estimating equations that incorporate the probability of observation when it is known from external sources, which results in consistent estimation. We compare the methods in simulations and apply them to the analyses of human immunodeficiency virus latency.
A moment at the cell centre
Authors: Bornens Michel 
Published: October 2019

AbstractI have been invited by the board of the French Society of Cell Biology (SBCF) to write a text around my presentation in the Symposium ‘A day at the Cell Centre’, held at the Curie Institute on May 17, 2019, and organized by four of my former students, namely Juliette Azimzadeh, Nathalie Delgehyr, Matthieu Piel and Manuel Théry. I have to thank them warmly for the quality of the science during this day. It was also a moving day for me indeed to listen to so many figures in the field.
What Does a Horgous Look Like? Nonsense Words Elicit Meaningful Drawings
Authors: Davis Charles P. , Morrow Hannah M. , Lupyan Gary 
Published: October 2019

AbstractTo what extent do people attribute meanings to “nonsense” words? How general is such attribution of meaning? We used a set of words lacking conventional meanings to elicit drawings of made‐up creatures. Separate groups of participants rated the nonsense words and the drawings on several semantic dimensions and selected what name best corresponded to each creature. Despite lacking conventional meanings, “nonsense” words elicited a high level of consistency in the produced drawings. Meaning attributions made to nonsense words corresponded with meaning attributions made by separate people to drawings that were inspired by the name. Naïve participants were able to recover the name that inspired the drawing with greater‐than‐chance accuracy. These results suggest that people make liberal and consistent use of non‐arbitrary relationships between forms and meanings.Open Research Badges

This article has been awarded Open Materials and Open Data badges. All materials and data are publicly accessible via the Open Science Framework at https://osf.io/8juyc/. Learn more about the Open Practices badges from the Center for Open Science: https://osf.io/tvyxz/wiki.
Multimodality imaging in preparation for surgery of coronary to pulmonary arterial fistulas complicated with a huge coronary aneurysm
Authors: Wu Wenqian , Li Yuman , Fang Lingyun , Yang Yali , Xie Mingxing 
Published: October 2019

AbstractCoronary to pulmonary arterial fistula complicated with huge coronary aneurysm is a very rare condition. In this paper, we report a patient with bilateral coronary arteries to pulmonary artery fistulas with a giant coronary artery aneurysm. The patient was treated successfully by closure of the fistulas and repair of the coronary artery aneurysm with the preparation of multimodality imaging for surgery.
Stay or move: how Bt‐susceptibleHelicoverpa armigeraneonates behave on Bt cotton plants
Authors: Luong Tuyet Thi Anh , Cribb Bronwen W. , Downes Sharon J. , Perkins Lynda E. , Zalucki Myron P. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractHelicoverpa armigera(Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae occasionally have been reported to survive at management threshold levels in fields of Bollgard II®cotton,Gossypium hirsutumL. (Malvaceae). The pattern and degree of larval survival is not easily predicted but depends on the ability of first instars to establish on host plants. Experiments were conducted withBacillus thuringiensisBerliner (Bt)‐susceptible and Bt‐resistant larvae ofH. armigerato understand how physiologically Bt‐susceptibleH. armigerasurvive on Bt cotton plants, and examine how their first meal influences survival rates. In assays using cotton plant parts, both strains of larvae displayed similar tendencies to drop‐off specific plant parts of Bt and non‐Bt cotton. However, significantly more Bt‐susceptible larvae dropped off young leaves, mature leaves, and squares of Bt cotton compared to non‐Bt cotton plants. Egg cannibalism significantly improved the survival of Bt‐susceptibleH. armigeralarvae on Bt cotton plants. Larvae were more likely to eat live aged eggs, than newly laid or dead eggs. Survival significantly improved when larvae cannibalized eggs before feeding on Bt leaves. The behavior of Bt‐susceptible larvae with respect to drop‐off and egg cannibalism may help enhance their survival on Bt cotton plants.
Does individualistic culture impact operational risk?
Authors: An Zhe , Cao Zhe , Chen Zhian , Li Donghui 
Published: October 2019

AbstractEmploying a sample of 2,957 operational‐risk events across 31 countries from 1990 to 2011, we find that financial institutions located in countries with higher individualism tend to have higher operational risk. This positive relation is achieved through the risk‐taking channel and the earnings‐management channel. In addition, the magnitude of operational losses is higher in more individualistic countries. The results suggest that individualism serves as an important informal institutional determinant of operational risk in an international context. Endogeneity tests and various robustness checks confirm our findings.
Molecular shape under far‐red light and red light‐induced association of Arabidopsis phytochrome B
Authors: Oide Mao , Hikima Takaaki , Oroguchi Tomotaka , Kato Takayuki , Yamaguchi Yuhki , Yoshihara Shizue , Yamamoto Masaki , Nakasako Masayoshi , Okajima Koji 
Published: October 2019

Phytochrome B (phyB) is a plant photoreceptor protein that regulates various photomorphogenic responses to optimize plant growth and development. PhyB exists in two photoconvertible forms: a red light‐absorbing (Pr) and a far‐red light‐absorbing (Pfr) form. Therefore, to understand the mechanism of phototransformation, the structural characterization of full‐length phyB in these two forms is necessary. Here, we report the molecular structure of Arabidopsis thaliana phyB in Pr form and the molecular properties of the Pfr form determined by small‐angle X‐ray scattering coupled with size‐exclusion chromatography. In solution, the Pr form associated as a dimer with a radius of gyration of 50 Å. The molecular shape was a crossed shape, in which the orientation of the photosensory modules differed from that in the crystal structure of dimeric photosensory module. PhyB exhibited structural reversibility in the Pfr‐to‐Pr phototransformation and thermal reversion from Pfr to Pr in the dark. In addition, Pfr only exhibited nonspecific association, which distinguished molecular properties of Pfr form from those of the inactive Pr form.
Defective induction of the proteasome associated with T‐cell receptor signaling underlies T‐cell senescence
Authors: Arata Yoshiyuki , Watanabe Ayaka , Motosugi Ryo , Murakami Ryuichi , Goto Tsuyoshi , Hori Shohei , Hirayama Shoshiro , Hamazaki Jun , Murata Shigeo 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe proteasome degradation machinery is essential for a variety of cellular processes including senescence and T‐cell immunity. Decreased proteasome activity is associated with the aging process; however, the regulation of the proteasome in CD4+ T cells in relation to aging is unclear. Here, we show that defects in the induction of the proteasome in CD4+ T cells upon T‐cell receptor (TCR) stimulation underlie T‐cell senescence. Proteasome dysfunction promotes senescence‐associated phenotypes, including defective proliferation, cytokine production and increased levels of PD‐1+ CD44High CD4+ T cells. Proteasome induction by TCR signaling via MEK‐, IKK‐ and calcineurin‐dependent pathways is attenuated with age and decreased in PD‐1+ CD44High CD4+ T cells, the proportion of which increases with age. Our results indicate that defective induction of the proteasome is a hallmark of CD4+ T‐cell senescence.
Inhibition of heat shock protein 90 suppresses Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus replication in B. mori
Authors: Shang Q. , Wu P. , Huang H.L. , Zhang S.L. , Tang X.D. , Guo X.J. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractHeat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) plays a very important role in facilitating the replication of many viruses. Until now, little has been known about the role of Hsp90 in Bombyx mori virus infection. In this study, we explored the role of BmHsp90 in B. mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) replication. We found that BmHsp90 inhibition by geldanamycin (GA) significantly reduced the BmNPV titre, the protein expression level of BmNPV nucleocapsid protein 39 (VP39) and the transcript level of BmNPV genes. Silencing the hsp90 gene in BmN cells by small interfering RNA suppressed BmNPV replication whereas overexpression of hsp90 promoted the replication of BmNPV. After inhibition of Hsp90, the expression of three key genes [signal transducing activator of transcription (stat), suppressor of cytokine signalling protein 2 (socs2), socs6] involved in the Janus kinase/STAT pathway significantly changed, with up‐regulation of stat and down‐regulation of socs2 and socs6. In addition, the expression of two antiapoptosis genes, BmNPV inhibitor of apoptosis protein1 (BmNPV‐iap1) and Bmiap2, was greatly decreased in GA‐treated cells, whereas their expression was significantly increased in hsp90‐overexpressed silkworm larvae. Our results indicated that inhibition of Hsp90 can suppress BmNPV proliferation in B. mori. Our findings may provide new clues to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of silkworm–virus interactions.
Implementing the World Health Organization Pandemic Influenza Severity Assessment framework—Singapore's experience
Authors: Pung Rachael , Lee Vernon Jian Ming 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackgroundWe report our experience in evaluating the severity of local influenza epidemics using the World Health Organization Pandemic Influenza Severity Assessment framework.MethodsWe assessed the severity of influenza by monitoring indicators of influenza transmissibility, seriousness of disease and impact on healthcare resource utilisation. Indicators were described by various parameters collected weekly from eight government hospitals, 20 government and 30 private primary care clinics, and the national public health laboratory. Transmissibility and seriousness of disease indicators were each represented by multiple parameters, and alert thresholds were set at the 70th and 90th percentile of a parameter's past 2‐year surveillance data. We derived a collective measure for each indicator using the average percentile rank of the related parameters. Alert thresholds for the single impact parameter were set at predefined values and evaluated for its sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value.ResultsFor the transmissibility and seriousness of disease parameters, calculation of the percentile rank was simple and independent of a parameter's underlying distribution. For the impact parameter, predefined alert thresholds had high sensitivity and specificity (>80%) but low positive predictive value (15%‐30%). Assessment scales were used to qualitatively classify the activity of an indicator as low, moderate or high together with a confidence level.ConclusionWe applied different methods for threshold setting depending on the attributes of each parameter and indicator. For indicators represented by multiple parameters, an aggregated assessment of the indicator's level of activity and confidence level of the assessment was needed for effective reporting.
Similarity in mycorrhizal communities associating with two widespread terrestrial orchids decays with distance
Authors: Xing Xiaoke , Gao Yue , Zhao Zeyu , Waud Michael , Duffy Karl J. , Selosse Marc‐André , Jakalski Marcin , Liu Na , Jacquemyn Hans , Guo Shunxing 
Published: October 2019

AbstractAimInteractions with mycorrhizal fungi are increasingly recognized as an important factor underlying the distribution and abundance of orchid species. However, the geographical distribution of orchid mycorrhizal fungi (OMF) and how their communities vary over large geographical areas are less well understood. Because climatic and environmental similarity may decrease with geographical distance or because some OMF have limited dispersal capabilities, similarities in orchid mycorrhizal communities can be expected to decrease with increasing distances separating orchid populations. However, up till now empirical evidence is largely lacking.LocationEurasia.TaxaGymnadenia conopsea (L.) R. Brown and Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz.MethodsHigh‐throughput sequencing was used to perform a cross‐continental comparison of OMF that associate with two widespread Eurasian terrestrial orchids, Epipactis helleborine and Gymnadenia conopsea. Both phylogenetic and nonphylogenetic measures of community dissimilarity and their components were calculated and related to geographical distances using Mantel tests.ResultsOur results showed that in both orchid species similarity in mycorrhizal communities decreased significantly with geographical distance. Decomposing the contribution of spatial turnover and nestedness to overall dissimilarity showed that the observed dissimilarity was mainly the result of species replacement between regions, and not of species loss. Similarly, a strong relationship was observed between phylogenetic community dissimilarity and geographical distance. Decomposing PCD values into a nonphylogenetic and phylogenetic component showed that orchid populations located closely next to each other were likely to contain the same operational taxonomic units (OTUs), but that the non‐shared taxa came from different phylogenetic clades. Species indicator analyses showed that the majority of OMF OTUs were restricted to particular geographical areas. However, some OTUs occurred in both continents, indicating that some fungi have very wide distributions.Main conclusionsOverall, these results demonstrate that orchid mycorrhizal communities differ substantially across large geographical areas, but that the distribution of orchids is not necessarily restricted by the distribution of particular OMF. Hence, widespread orchid species can be considered mycorrhizal generalists that are flexible in the OMF with which they associate across large geographical areas.