bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Volume‐Based vs Rate‐Based Enteral Nutrition in the Intensive Care Unit: Impact on Nutrition Delivery and Glycemic Control
Authors: Roberts Susan , Brody Rebecca , Rawal Shristi , Byham‐Gray Laura 
Published: September 2018

AbstractBackgroundUnderfeeding with enteral nutrition (EN) is prevalent in intensive care units (ICUs) and associated with negative outcomes. This study evaluated the impact of volume‐based EN (VBEN) vs rate‐based EN (RBEN) on delivery of prescribed energy and protein, and glycemic control (GC).MethodsThis retrospective study included adult patients who require mechanical ventilation within 48 hours of ICU admission and with an RBEN (n = 85) or VBEN (n = 86) order for ≥3 consecutive days during the first 12 ICU days.ResultsPatients receiving VBEN, vs RBEN, received more prescribed energy (RBEN, 67.6%; VBEN, 79.6%; P < .001) and protein (RBEN, 68.6%; VBEN, 79.3%; P < .001). Multiple linear regression analyses confirmed VBEN was significantly associated with an 8.9% increase in energy (P = .002) and 7.7% increase in protein (P = .004) received, after adjusting for age, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score, duration of and initiation day for EN, and ICU admission location. Presence of hyperglycemia (P = .40) and glycemic variability (GV) (P = .99) were not different between the 2 groups. After adjusting for age, body mass index, diabetes history, primary diagnosis, and percent of days receiving corticosteroids, GC outcomes (presence of hyperglycemia, P = .27; GV, P = .67) remained unrelated to EN order type in multivariable regression models.ConclusionVBEN, compared with RBEN, was associated with increased energy and protein delivery without adversely affecting GC. These results suggest VBEN is an effective, safe strategy to enhance EN delivery in the ICU.
Preparation of stoichiometric molecularly imprinted polymer coatings on magnetic particles for the selective extraction of auramine O from water
Authors: Yang Wenwu , Muhammad Turghun , Yigaimu Aziguli , Muhammad Kipayem , Chen Lingxin 
Published: September 2018

AbstractA novel magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer for the selective recognition of auramine O was rationally designed via screening from a library of nonimprinted polymers. A stoichiometric ratio of functional monomer (itaconic acid) and template molecule (auramine O) was found to be 1.5. Meanwhile, the synthesized SiO2@Fe3O4 was modified by 0.5 mol/L hydrochloric acid to facilitate the preparation of magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer particles. Adsorption experiments showed that the magnetic polymer particles exhibited good selectivity, recoveries, and enrichment performance. The stoichiometric imprinted polymers have been employed for the selective preconcentration of auramine O from lake water sample. The high specificity of the stoichiometric imprinted polymers was proven in the extraction of mixture solution of auramine O, auramine O hydrochloride, and chrysoidine, and the recoveries ranged between 99.66 and 108.75% (RSD 2.6–3.7%, n = 3) for lake water. These results suggest that this method is effective and can be successfully applied to the analysis of auramine O in environmental water samples.
Comparing acoustic classification methods to estimate krill biomass in the Georges Bank region from 1999 to 2012
Authors: Jech J. Michael , Lawson G. L. , Lowe M. R. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractKrill are a critical component of northern‐latitude ecosystems, yet are poorly monitored in the Gulf of Maine and Georges Bank regions of the northeast United States continental shelf. We applied five acoustic classification methods (multifrequency single‐beam index [MFSBI], dB‐differencing, multifrequency index [MFI], and two variations of the Z‐score method) to acoustic data collected during surveys conducted annually in the Georges Bank region in order to map krill spatial distribution from 1999 to 2012. Material properties (sound speed and mass density) of krill and length data from net samples collected in the Gulf of Maine and Georges Bank regions were used in conjunction with distorted wave Born approximation (DWBA) predicted target strengths to scale acoustic data to estimates of biomass for the Georges Bank region. All methods require a priori information, ranging from training sets (i.e., empirically based classification) to validated acoustic models of target strength (i.e., theoretically based classification) for the species and acoustic frequencies of interest. Incorporating predicted backscatter from theoretical models can improve confidence in classification, especially when clean training sets are not available, but does come at the cost of a validated acoustic backscatter model. The biomass estimates from the four acoustic classification methods were comparable among each other, with the MFSBI method consistently estimating lowest biomass and the empirically based Z‐score consistently estimating highest biomass. Comparisons to net‐based estimates were inconsistent, most likely due to net inefficiency (low catchability), targeting of layers, and scaling point estimates to regions.
Quantitative Proteomic Analysis Reveals Caffeine‐Perturbed Proteomic Profiles in Normal Bladder Epithelial Cells
Authors: Shahid Muhammad , Kim Minhyung , Yeon Austin , Andres Allen M. , You Sungyong , Kim Jayoung 
Published: September 2018

AbstractLower urinary tract symptoms (LUTSs) are highly prevalent among the elderly and negatively impact quality of life. Since caffeinated beverages are enjoyed worldwide and the relationship between LUTS and caffeine is still not fully understood, it would be of particular interest to examine the underlying mechanisms that drive caffeine's influence on LUTS development and progression. The aim of this study is to characterize the effects of caffeine on hTert‐immortalized normal bladder epithelial cells by investigating whether exposure to caffeine can cause potential changes in the bladder proteome and/or biological pathways. In labeled LC–MS/MS proteomic analysis, 57 proteins are found as being differentially expressed in caffeine‐treated bladder epithelial cells, compared to controls; this included 32 upregulated and 25 downregulated proteins. Further functional gene enrichment analysis reveals that caffeine affects major biological pathways, including those for “muscle contraction” and “chromatin assembly.” These findings provide new scientific insights that may be useful in future studies investigating the role of caffeine in bladder dysfunctions.
Risk of a second neoplasm on long‐term survivors of Hodgkin's lymphoma
Authors: Aviles Agustin , Nambo Maria‐Jesus , Neri Natividad , Calva Angel 
Published: September 2018

AbstractObjectiveAlthough advances in Hodgkin's lymphoma treatment have led to improvements in overall survival (OS), this has been accompanied by an increased risk of second neoplasm (SN) development. We analyzed the incidence and outcome of SN development in patients treated at a single cancer center.MethodsWe collected the following information from the records of 8288 patients diagnosed with primary Hodgkin's lymphoma since 1970: pathological diagnosis of Hodgkin's lymphoma, initial stage, treatment, response type, and outcome. SN was diagnosed in pathological studies, stage and treatment of SN were indicated in all cases, and all patients were followed up until death or last follow up (December 2016). OS was analyzed to determine whether SN had an impact on it. The Kaplan–Meier method was used to determine progression‐free survival and OS. The χ2‐test was used for comparisons between groups.ResultsAfter a median follow‐up period of 19.9 years (range 5.6–40 years), just 89 cases (1.07%) of SN development were found. The most frequent sites were the lung (28%), breast (26.9%), and gastrointestinal tract (18%). There was no significant difference in the development of SN according to age, stage, pathological diagnosis, presence of bulky disease, use of alkylating agents, or radiotherapy administration. No difference in OS was observed between patients who did and did not develop a SN.ConclusionsThe main cause of death was secondary to tumor progression, and SN was observed in a reduced number of patients compared with previous studies. We did not observe any differences between the treatment strategies used in studies of populations white people. We used radiotherapy in a greater number of patients and included extended fields, and radiotherapy was not associated with the development of SN. The main difference between the present study and other studies was the race of the patient cohort; therefore, we propose that race could have had a protective effect in this patient cohort. Further studies that have a non‐white base population are necessary to draw definitive conclusions.
Faecal Occult Blood Point-of-Care Tests
Authors: Kościelniak-Merak Barbara , Radosavljević Branimir , Zając Andrzej , Tomasik Przemysław J. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Background
Early detection of colorectal cancer decreases the risk of mortality. Faecal occult blood tests (FOBT) are recognised as a useful tool for colorectal cancer screening. These non-invasive, rapid, and easy-to-carry assays are very often used as a point-of-care test and for self-testing. On the market, there are various types of FOB tests available, including chemical and immunochromatographic tests, which are based on different detection methods and differ in their sensitivity and specificity.

Conclusions
Clinicians should be aware of the causes of false-negative and false-positive test results, which can vary depending on the test. Additionally, stool sampling bias may be a source of error and must be considered by the clinician. The current FOBT methods are subject to various interfering factors; items such as proper preparation of the patient prior to testing or the clinician’s knowledge of testing limitations are key in correct interpreting results. Novel technologies such as FOBT DNA tests, micro RNA tests, and biochips equipped with bacteria can indicate bleeding from the gastrointestinal tract and improve diagnostics process.
Genetic evolution vs. function approximation: Benchmarking algorithms for architectural design optimization
Authors: Wortmann Thomas 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
This article presents benchmark results from seven simulation-based problems from structural, building energy, and daylight optimization. Growing applications of parametric design and performance simulations in architecture, engineering, and construction allow the harnessing of simulation-based, or black-box, optimization in the search for less resource- and/or energy consuming designs. In architectural design optimization (ADO) practice and research, the most commonly applied black-box algorithms are genetic algorithms or other metaheuristics, to the neglect of more current, global direct search or model-based, methods. Model-based methods construct a surrogate model (i.e., an approximation of a fitness landscape) that they refine during the optimization process. This benchmark compares metaheuristic, direct search, and model-based methods, and concludes that, for the given evaluation budget and problems, the model-based method (RBFOpt) is the most efficient and robust, while the tested genetic algorithms perform poorly. As such, this article challenges the popularity of genetic algorithms in ADO, as well as the practice of using them for one-to-one comparisons to justify algorithmic innovations.
Highlights Benchmarks optimization algorithms on structural, energy, and daylighting problems. Benchmarks metaheuristic, direct search, and model-based optimization methods. Challenges the popularity of genetic algorithms in architectural design optimization. Presents model-based methods as a more efficient and reliable alternative.
Plugging IT/OT vulnerabilities – part 2
Authors: Caldwell Tracey 
Published: September 2018

The integration of systems that have traditionally run machinery as standalone, closed-in operations with the Internet has created both an opportunity and a challenge. In this second instalment of a two-part article on the impact of the increasing convergence of IT and operating technology on network security, industry experts offer their insights as to how organisations can mitigate the risks. The integration of systems that have traditionally run machinery as standalone, closed-in operations with the Internet has created both an opportunity and a challenge. In this second instalment of a two-part article on the impact of the increasing convergence of IT and operating technology on network security, Tracey Caldwell talks to industry experts about how organisations can mitigate the risks and how we need to establish new levels of collaboration and openness to drive true change.
The Way to Understand the Nature and Extent of Judicial Independence in China
Authors: ZHAO Yanrong 
Published: September 2018

AbstractIn order to portray the true extent of judicial independence in China’s judicial practices, this article first clarifies the contested meanings of “judicial independence” within Chinese judicial circles and provides a detailed literature review of the main school of thoughts on the extent of judicial independence in China. In contrast to the existing literature—most of which sees judicial independence in China as stagnant—this thesis suggests employing the strategic interaction approach to study the development of impartial adjudication in China and argues that the extent of adjudicative independence is evolving with the amount of judicial discretion afforded by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) to judges.
Texture Analysis to Detect Cerebral Degeneration in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Authors: Ishaque Abdullah , Maani Rouzbeh , Satkunam Jerome , Seres Peter , Mah Dennell , Wilman Alan H. , Naik Sandeep , Yang Yee-Hong , Kalra Sanjay 
Published: September 2018

AbstractBackgroundEvidence of cerebral degeneration is not apparent on routine brain MRI in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Texture analysis can detect change in images based on the statistical properties of voxel intensities. Our objective was to test the utility of texture analysis in detecting cerebral degeneration in ALS. A secondary objective was to determine whether the performance of texture analysis is dependent on image resolution.MethodsHigh-resolution (0.5×0.5 mm2 in-plane) coronal T2-weighted MRI of the brain were acquired from 12 patients with ALS and 19 healthy controls on a 4.7 Tesla MRI system. Image data sets at lower resolutions were created by down-sampling to 1×1, 2×2, 3×3, and 4×4 mm2. Texture features were extracted from a slice encompassing the corticospinal tract at the different resolutions and tested for their discriminatory power and correlations with clinical measures. Subjects were also classified by visual assessment by expert reviewers.ResultsTexture features were different between ALS patients and healthy controls at 1×1, 2×2, and 3×3 mm2 resolutions. Texture features correlated with measures of upper motor neuron function and disability. Optimal classification performance was achieved when best-performing texture features were combined with visual assessment at 2×2 mm2 resolution (0.851 area under the curve, 83% sensitivity, 79% specificity).ConclusionsTexture analysis can detect subtle abnormalities in MRI of ALS patients. The clinical yield of the method is dependent on image resolution. Texture analysis holds promise as a potential source of neuroimaging biomarkers in ALS.
Cost-effectiveness of pre-operative Staphylococcus aureus screening and decolonization
Authors: Kline Susan E. , Sanstead Erinn C. , Johnson James R. , Kulasingam Shalini L. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractObjectiveWe developed a decision analytic model to evaluate the impact of a preoperative Staphylococcus aureus decolonization bundle on surgical site infections (SSIs), health-care–associated costs (HCACs), and deaths due to SSI.MethodsOur model population comprised US adults undergoing elective surgery. We evaluated 3 self-administered preoperative strategies: (1) the standard of care (SOC) consisting of 2 disinfectant soap showers; (2) the “test-and-treat” strategy consisting of the decolonization bundle including chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) soap, CHG mouth rinse, and mupirocin nasal ointment for 5 days) if S. aureus was found at any of 4 screened sites (nasal, throat, axillary, perianal area), otherwise the SOC; and (3) the “treat-all” strategy consisting of the decolonization bundle for all patients, without S. aureus screening. Model parameters were derived primarily from a randomized controlled trial that measured the efficacy of the decolonization bundle for eradicating S. aureus.ResultsUnder base-case assumptions, the treat-all strategy yielded the fewest SSIs and the lowest HCACs, followed by the test-and-treat strategy. In contrast, the SOC yielded the most SSIs and the highest HCACs. Consequently, relative to the SOC, the average savings per operation was $217 for the treat-all strategy and $123 for the test-and-treat strategy, and the average savings per per SSI prevented was $21,929 for the treat-all strategy and $15,166 for the test-and-treat strategy. All strategies were sensitive to the probability of acquiring an SSI and the increased risk if SSI if the patient was colonized with SA.ConclusionWe predict that the treat-all strategy would be the most effective and cost-saving strategy for preventing SSIs. However, because this strategy might select more extensively for mupirocin-resistant S. aureus and cause more medication adverse effects than the test-and-treat approach or the SOC, additional studies are needed to define its comparative benefits and harms.
The importance of integrative approaches in nematode taxonomy: the validity of Parapharyngodon and Thelandros as distinct genera
Authors: De Sousa A. , Jorge F. , Carretero M.A. , Harris D.J. , Roca V. , Perera A. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractDespite the advances of molecular tools, new nematode species are still described mainly based on morphological characters. Parapharyngodon and Thelandros are two genera of oxyurids with unclear related taxonomic histories. Here we use morphological characters (linear measurements and categorical variables) and genetic information (18S rRNA, 28S rRNA and COI partial gene sequences) to confirm the relationships between representatives of these two genera and to determine whether they can be discriminated morphologically. Genetic results confirm the existence of two main clades, mostly congruent with Parapharyngodon and Thelandros genera but with several discordances. Thelandros is polyphyletic, with two of the species analysed (T. filiformis and T. tinerfensis) being part of the Thelandros clade, but with a third one (T. galloti) falling within the Parapharyngodon clade. Regarding the Parapharyngodon clade, P. cubensis, P. scleratus and Parapharyngodon sp. from Mexico form congruent lineages, while most P. echinatus samples cluster in another group, with one exception. Interestingly, P. micipsae samples are scattered across the Parapharyngodon clade, suggesting that they were misidentified or rather represent alternative morphotypes of other species. Morphological analysis identified the length of the tail, number of caudal papillae, position of the nerve ring, presence of caudal alae and length of the lateral alae as reliable characters to distinguish between Parapharyngodon and Thelandros genetic clades. Our study highlights the current taxonomic inconsistency in these groups, mainly derived from the exclusive use of morphological data. As such, we advocate for the routine implementation of molecular data in nematode taxonomic studies.
NUOVI CONFLITTI E NUOVI SISTEMI PARTITICI ALL'EST. VERSO UN MODELLO ESPLICATIVO
Authors: Grilli Pietro 
Published: September 2018

IntroduzioneI processi di transizione alla democrazia assumono la forma di «ondate» (Huntington 1991) che investono più paesi o aree in differenti momenti di questo secolo. Pur nella varietà delle traiettorie, un aspetto accomuna queste trasformazioni: la costruzione della democrazia significa in primo luogo nascita (o rinascita) dei partiti politici, come principali agenzie di mobilitazione che prendono parte in prima persona ai nuovi processi elettorali, che puntano a gestire direttamente il potere politico e che avranno poi un ruolo determinante nella fase di consolidamento democratico.
IL VOTO DI APPROVAZIONE: IL DOPPIO TURNO IN UN TURNO SOLO
Authors: D'Alimonte Roberto 
Published: September 2018

IntroduzioneEsiste un sistema elettorale ottimale? La risposta convenzionale è negativa. Ogni sistema elettorale ha pregi e difetti. La scelta del sistema dipende da numerosi fattori, e in primo luogo dagli obiettivi che si vogliono conseguire. Non esiste quindi un sistema intrinsecamente superiore agli altri. Questa risposta vale se la scelta è tra sistemi proporzionali e sistemi maggioritari/uninominali. Non vale però se dobbiamo scegliere all'interno della categoria dei sistemi maggioritari/uninominali.
LA COMPETIZIONE MAGGIORITARIA: LE ORIGINI ELETTORALI DEL PARLAMENTO DIVISO
Authors: Bartolini Stefano , D'Alimonte Roberto 
Published: September 2018

IntroduzioneMaggioritario, ma non troppo. Così si può riassumere sinteticamente il risultato delle elezioni politiche del 27 marzo 1994. Non c'è dubbio infatti che la componente maggioritaria del sistema elettorale abbia funzionato, ma è altrettanto vero che da sola non è bastata ad impedire uno degli effetti più significativi e sorprendenti di queste elezioni: un Parlamento diviso. Camera e Senato hanno due maggioranze diverse, o meglio, la Camera ha una maggioranza e il Senato no. Senza la componente proporzionale, il sistema maggioritario avrebbe prodotto,coeteris paribus, maggioranze nette sia alla Camera che al Senato (Tab. 1).
GLI ELETTI
Authors: Verzichelli Luca 
Published: September 2018

IntroduzioneIl ricambio e la trasformazione della classe parlamentare erano i risultati più attesi dalle elezioni del 27 e 28 marzo 1994: il doppio effetto, prodotto dalla bufera di Tangentopoli e dall'adozione di un sistema elettorale maggioritario, rendeva facilmente prevedibile il mutamento, tuttavia la vittoria di uno schieramento o dell'altro avrebbe prodotto esiti diversi sia nelquantumdi novità espressa in termini di neo-parlamentari che nelle qualità socio-politiche di questo nuovo personale.
DEMOCRAZIA E REFERENDUM
Authors: Papadopoulos Yannis 
Published: September 2018

Precisazioni concettualiGli strumenti referendari rappresentano un tentativo di conciliare i limiti posti dalle grandi dimensioni del corpo elettorale – che rendono impossibili vere e proprie assemblee popolari del tipoLandsgemeinde– e l'esigenza di una partecipazione diretta dei cittadini ai processi decisionali. Di questi strumenti analizzerò in questa sede i più «democratici», quelli cioè che sono il prodotto di spinte «dal basso», frutto di richieste promosse da un certo numero di elettori al di fuori di qualsiasi controllo da parte del potere politico. Non terrò conto, pertanto, né dei referendum obbligatori, imposti dalla costituzione (in generale nei casi in cui si tratta di modificarla o di consentire un parziale abbandono di sovranità), né di quelli organizzati a scopi tattici o di legittimazione, né,a fortiori, dei plebisciti a carattere personale.