bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pairwise tidal equilibrium states and the architecture of extrasolar planetary systems
Authors: Adams Fred C 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACT
Current observations indicate that the planet formation process often produces multiple planet systems with nearly circular orbits, regular spacing, a narrow range of inclination angles, and similar planetary masses of order mp ∼ 10 M⊕. Motivated by the observational sample, this paper determines the tidal equilibrium states for this class of extrasolar planetary systems. We start by considering two-planet systems with fixed orbital spacing and variable mass ratios. The basic conjecture explored in this paper is that the planet formation process will act to distribute planetary masses in order to achieve a minimum energy state. The resulting minimum energy configuration – subject to the constraint of constant angular momentum – corresponds to circular orbits confined to a plane, with nearly equal planetary masses (as observed). We then generalize the treatment to include multiple planet systems, where each adjacent pair of planets attains its (local) tidal equilibrium state. The properties of observed planetary systems are close to those expected from this pairwise equilibrium configuration. In contrast, observed systems do not reside in a global minimum energy state. Both the equilibrium states of this paper and observed multiplanet systems, with planets of nearly equal mass on regularly spaced orbits, have an effective surface density of the form σ ∝ r−2, much steeper than most disc models.
Closing the DNA replication cycle: from simple circular molecules to supercoiled and knotted DNA catenanes
Authors: Schvartzman Jorge B , Hernández Pablo , Krimer Dora B , Dorier Julien , Stasiak Andrzej 
Published: July 2019

AbstractDue to helical structure of DNA, massive amounts of positive supercoils are constantly introduced ahead of each replication fork. Positive supercoiling inhibits progression of replication forks but various mechanisms evolved that permit very efficient relaxation of that positive supercoiling. Some of these mechanisms lead to interesting topological situations where DNA supercoiling, catenation and knotting coexist and influence each other in DNA molecules being replicated. Here, we first review fundamental aspects of DNA supercoiling, catenation and knotting when these qualitatively different topological states do not coexist in the same circular DNA but also when they are present at the same time in replicating DNA molecules. We also review differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cellular strategies that permit relaxation of positive supercoiling arising ahead of the replication forks. We end our review by discussing very recent studies giving a long-sought answer to the question of how slow DNA topoisomerases capable of relaxing just a few positive supercoils per second can counteract the introduction of hundreds of positive supercoils per second ahead of advancing replication forks.
Bridging the Vocabularies of Dual-Process Models of Culture and Cognition
Authors: Strandell Jacob 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Much research has demonstrated that human behavior can never be fully accounted for by deliberate rationality, as much of what happens in the human mind occurs outside of our awareness and beyond conscious control. Contemporary dual-process theories attempt to detail this duality of the human mind by distinguishing between two fundamentally different types of cognitive processes: on the one hand the nonconscious, automatic, and intuitive; and the conscious, deliberate, and rational on the other. These models also attempt to describe how the two types of processes interact with each other, and how various contextual factors influence their relationship. Dual-process models of cognition have proven useful in many fields of study, yet sociological use of these models to understand the micromechanisms of culture have been largely limited until very recently. This chapter aims to provide insight into dual-process models of cognition and their close resemblance with many core cultural theories, which already employ dual-process reasoning without recognizing or integrating their insights with each other or those of the cognitive sciences. It is argued that by developing a more integrated and interdisciplinarily accessible vocabulary, we can readily integrate and make better use of insights from dual-process models of cognition. Finally, important implications for our understanding of culture and for future research are discussed.
Cognitive Linguistics
Authors: Chilton Paul 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis chapter aims to show the reader how social cognition also includes language. Neither cognitive sociology nor cognitive linguistics can logically ignore one another’s perspectives and empirical findings. The chapter aims to introduce cognitive sociologists to leading strands of research in cognitive linguistics that have a bearing on the structure and processes of society. In explaining the cognitive basis of language, linguists are now beginning to recognize its dialogic nature, the importance of dialogue in language acquisition, and thus the dependence of language on early socialization. This design feature enables the many social uses of the human language faculty that are termed “discourse.” There are many approaches to “discourse” but here the focus is on the recently developed cognitive approaches that are able to handle the complexities of grammatical detail as well as lexical meaning, without ignoring pragmatics. These approaches include cognitive frame theory, which describes lexical meaning and phenomena such as grammatically triggered attention shifts. A widely used approach analyzes conceptual metaphor, where “metaphor” is understood as a mental framing device that works by linking different conceptual domains, including image schemata. A third cognitive approach to socially relevant conceptualization emphasizes the role of spatial cognition, in particular containing spaces and the dimensions of direction and distance. In all cases, this overview relates the social and linguistic aspects to cognitive science and neuroscience.
Class, Cognition, and Cultural Change in Social Class
Authors: Santos Henri C. , Grossmann Igor , Varnum Michael E. W. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses how differences in social class affect a variety of psychological processes and outcomes. In particular, it discusses how relatively higher class individuals are more likely to focus on the self—that is, emphasizing personal goals, feelings, and interests—compared to working-class individuals, who pay greater attention to the social context and their relationships with close others. In support of this claim, it discusses evidence of social class differences in values, neural processes, and higher level reasoning. It also explores the dynamic nature of the social class construct, looking at the difficulties people encounter when shifting to a relatively higher class and the historical trends that suggest global shifts in social class structure within societies. Taken together, these findings highlight the importance of understanding social class when looking at various psychological outcomes. At the same time, they challenge researchers to consider the complexity of social class when studying its effects.
Cognitive Dichotomies, Learning Directions, and the Cognitive Architecture
Authors: Sun Ron 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Within the human mind, are there multiple, qualitatively different systems? Are there different processes of learning and performance that have radically different characteristics? If so, what are these? How do they differ from each other? How do they interact and integrate? There have been various speculations in this regard, often centered on two (or more) interacting systems within the human mind. This chapter reviews arguments in favor of two-system views and discusses the interaction and integration of the two systems in terms of different learning directions going from one system to the other. It also outlines the overall cognitive architecture that encompasses and structures these aspects.
Cognitive Sociology
Authors: Zerubavel Eviatar 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Following in the rich intellectual footsteps of Emile Durkheim, Karl Mannheim, Alfred Schutz, and Ludwik Fleck, this chapter lays out the foundations for the sociology of thinking, or “cognitive sociology.” Focusing on the impersonal, normative, and conventional dimensions of the way we think (and, as such, on its distinctness from both cognitive individualism and universalism), it highlights the distinctly sociological concern with intersubjectivity as well as epistemic commitment to the study of thought communities, cognitive traditions, cognitive norms, cognitive socialization, cognitive conventions, and the politics of cognition.
Cognitive Sociology and French Psychological Sociology
Authors: Ignatow Gabe 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter critically reviews work of three representatives of the French tradition of psychologically informed sociology: Marcel Mauss, Pierre Bourdieu, and Loïc Wacquant. It considers both the institutional backgrounds to these scholars’ encounters with psychology and cognitive science and main aspects of the conceptual and methodological evolution that has occurred between Mauss and Wacquant, particularly as regards their use of the habitus concept. Finally, it considers the influence of French psychological sociology on contemporary cognitive sociology, surveying some of the theoretical and methodological innovations that have resulted as well as possible avenues for further development of these interdisciplinary fields.
Educating for the Cooperative Society
Authors: Mayhew Ken 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The role of government in fostering HE’s contribution to societal cooperativeness is, in present conditions of high demand, contested both politically and ideologically. Although devolution of decision taking to universities is widely apparent, four types of strong influence remain in government use: mandates, funding incentives, investment in capacity-building, and overall system adjustment. These have fostered changes in the HE policy agenda from the outcomes espoused in the foundational Robbins Report namely: skilling (not prioritized), general powers of the mind, the advancement of learning, and a shared culture of citizenship. Over-skilling now grows, and leaves difficult policy questions such as: occupational filtering down, student debt and loan servicing, bureaucratic drift with related transaction costs, and decline in education standards. Considering what a university is good for, as opposed to good at, is a challenge for many policy makers.
The Collegial Tradition in English Higher Education
Authors: Palfreyman David , Tapper Ted 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The basic structure of the Oxbridge type evolved historically as a federal set of multi-disciplinary and largely self-governing colleges. Each set was balanced between competition and cooperation. A distinct feature is that teaching is divided between the university role of organizing and examining taught courses, and the college role of organizing the attendant processes of student learning, especially via the system of tutorials/supervisions, a form of apprenticeship in critical thinking. University policy is strongly influenced by faculty assemblies. This formula is now under pressure from greater dependence on government research funding, and from new performance criteria in evaluation. There are fears that new forms of state control will result in a decline of autonomy, and so the capacity for academic initiative, as universities as a whole become more market-driven.
Managing a University in Turbulent Times
Authors: Redding Gordon , Drew Antony , Harley Trevor 
Published: July 2019

AbstractUniversities are a distinct organizational type, evolved for a particular set of purposes and resting essentially on the allocation of influence to scholars, within a supporting administrative system. This traditional structure is now threatened by forces that have risen on a wave of global demand never before experienced. University management is now under severe pressure to reconcile the earlier rationale with the recent pressures. This is an under-researched managerial challenge. To address it lessons are drawn from a general theory of executive duty in large complex organizations undergoing change. At the core of this is the problem of retaining willing cooperation with the organization’s purposes by its key members. A current partial response to this challenge is reported. Certain more universal lessons about moral legitimacy and executive authority within strategic management are also drawn.
Christology
Authors: Bauckham Richard 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Christology is concerned with the identity of Jesus Christ. This essay explores Paul’s Christology with the help of the various categories that make up a concept of personal identity: name, narrative, character, relationships, and roles. In the case of Jesus Christ, however, the issue of identity is complicated by the fact that Paul not only understands Jesus to be a human individual, but also, in some sense, includes him in the divine identity of the one and only God. This essay explains this puzzle in terms of a Christology of divine identity.
Going Back to Kahlbaum’s Psychomotor (and GABAergic) Origins: Is Catatonia More Than Just a Motor and Dopaminergic Syndrome?
Authors: Hirjak Dusan , Kubera Katharina M , Wolf R Christian , Northoff Georg 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
In 1874, Karl Kahlbaum described catatonia as an independent syndrome characterized by motor, affective, and behavioral anomalies. In the following years, various catatonia concepts were established with all sharing the prime focus on motor and behavioral symptoms while largely neglecting affective changes. In 21st century, catatonia is a well-characterized clinical syndrome. Yet, its neurobiological origin is still not clear because methodological shortcomings of hitherto studies had hampered this challenging effort. To fully capture the clinical picture of catatonia as emphasized by Karl Kahlbaum, 2 decades ago a new catatonia scale was developed (Northoff Catatonia Rating Scale [NCRS]). Since then, studies have used NCRS to allow for a more mechanistic insight of catatonia. Here, we undertook a systematic review searching for neuroimaging studies using motor/behavioral catatonia rating scales/criteria and NCRS published up to March 31, 2019. We included 19 neuroimaging studies. Studies using motor/behavioral catatonia rating scales/criteria depict cortical and subcortical motor regions mediated by dopamine as neuronal and biochemical substrates of catatonia. In contrast, studies relying on NCRS found rather aberrant higher-order frontoparietal networks which, biochemically, are insufficiently modulated by gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic and glutamatergic transmission. This is further supported by the high therapeutic efficacy of GABAergic agents in acute catatonia. In sum, this systematic review points out the difference between motor/behavioral and NCRS-based classification of catatonia on both neuronal and biochemical grounds. That highlights the importance of Kahlbaum’s original truly psychomotor concept of catatonia for guiding both research and clinical diagnosis and therapy.
Differences in isoprenoid-mediated energy dissipation pathways between coastal and interior Douglas-fir seedlings in response to drought
Authors: Junker-Frohn Laura Verena , Kleiber Anita , Jansen Kirstin , Gessler Arthur , Kreuzwieser Jürgen , Ensminger Ingo 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACTPlants have evolved energy dissipation pathways to reduce photooxidative damage under drought when photosynthesis is hampered. Non-volatile and volatile isoprenoids are involved in non-photochemical quenching of excess light energy and scavenging of reactive oxygen species. A better understanding of trees’ ability to cope with and withstand drought stress will contribute to mitigate the negative effects of prolonged drought periods expected under future climate conditions. Therefore we investigated if Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii(Mirb.)) provenances from habitats with contrasting water availability reveal intraspecific variation in isoprenoid-mediated energy dissipation pathways. In a controlled drought experiment with 1-year-old seedlings of an interior and a coastal Douglas-fir provenance, we assessed the photosynthetic capacity, pool sizes of non-volatile isoprenoids associated with the photosynthetic apparatus, as well as pool sizes and emission of volatile isoprenoids. We observed variation in the amount and composition of non-volatile and volatile isoprenoids among provenances, which could be linked to variation in photosynthetic capacity under drought. The coastal provenance exhibited an enhanced biosynthesis and emission of volatile isoprenoids, which is likely sustained by generally higher assimilation rates under drought. In contrast, the interior provenance showed an enhanced photoprotection of the photosynthetic apparatus by generally higher amounts of non-volatile isoprenoids and increased amounts of xanthophyll cycle pigments under drought. Our results demonstrate that there is intraspecific variation in isoprenoid-mediated energy dissipation pathways among Douglas-fir provenances, which may be important traits when selecting provenances suitable to grow under future climate conditions.
Jointly inferring the dynamics of population size and sampling intensity from molecular sequences
Authors: Parag KV , du Plessis L , Pybus OG 
Published: July 2019

AbstractEstimating past population dynamics from molecular sequences that have been sampled longitudinally through time is an important problem in infectious disease epidemiology, molecular ecology and macroevolution. Popular solutions, such as the skyline and skygrid methods, infer past effective population sizes from the coalescent event times of phylogenies reconstructed from sampled sequences, but assume that sequence sampling times are uninformative about population size changes. Recent work has started to question this assumption by exploring how sampling time information can aid coalescent inference. Here we develop, investigate, and implement a new skyline method, termed the epoch sampling skyline plot (ESP), to jointly estimate the dynamics of population size and sampling rate through time. The ESP is inspired by real-world data collection practices and comprises a flexible model in which the sequence sampling rate is proportional to the population size within an epoch but can change discontinuously between epochs. We show that the ESP is accurate under several realistic sampling protocols and we prove analytically that it can at least double the best precision achievable by standard approaches. We generalise the ESP to incorporate phylogenetic uncertainty in a new Bayesian package (BESP) in BEAST2. We re-examine two well-studied empirical datasets from virus epidemiology and molecular evolution and find that the BESP improves upon previous coalescent estimators and generates new, biologically-useful insights into the sampling protocols underpinning these datasets. Sequence sampling times provide a rich source of information for coalescent inference that will become increasingly important as sequence collection intensifies and becomes more formalised.
notum1, acting downstream of pitx2, is essential for proper eye and craniofacial development
Authors: Hendee Kathryn E. , Sorokina Elena A. , Muheisen Sanaa S. , Collery Ross F. , Semina Elena V. 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACTAxenfeld-Rieger syndrome (ARS) is a rare autosomal dominant developmental disorder characterized by ocular anterior chamber anomalies with an increased risk of glaucoma and systemic defects. Mutations in the transcription factorPITX2were the first identified genetic cause of ARS. Despite the developmental importance ofPITX2and its role in ARS, the pathways downstream of PITX2 have yet to be fully characterized. Comparative transcriptome analyses involvingpitx2-enriched cell populations isolated via fluorescence activated cell sorting of tissues expressing (Tg(-2.6pitx2-CE4:GFP))reporter in wild-type andpitx2M64*mutant zebrafish embryos identified the highly down-regulated targetnotum1b, an ortholog of humanNOTUMencoding a secreted carboxylesterase that cleaves a necessary palmitoleate moiety from WNT proteins. Further experiments confirmed a decrease innotum1band identified down-regulation of another NOTUM ortholog,notum1a, in the developing mutant eye. CRISPR-generated permanent double knockout zebrafish lines ofnotum1bandnotum1a, notum1−/−,displayed defects in craniofacial and ocular development, including corneal defects, small lenses, increased sizes of the anterior and posterior chambers, and anomalies in teeth development. Analysis of head transcriptome ofnotum1−/−zebrafish in comparison to wild-type predicted an up-regulation of the WNT pathway. We presentNOTUM/notum1as an important factor in ocular and craniofacial development and a novel downstream member of the PITX2/pitx2 pathway.
Reckless driving: Improved phosphorous availability is a most likely important driver and species killer in angiosperm evolution
Authors: Olsson Stefan 
Published: July 2019

Introductory summarizing paragraphPlants show a large range of genome sizes with a more than thousand fold difference between the largest and the smallest genomes (Bennett, M. D., 1972; Bennett, 2005; Knight, 2005; Gregory et al., 2007; Bai et al., 2012; Kelly et al., 2015). Since, 1. DNA phosphorous is a phosphorous pool not possible to recycle within the cell. 2. Carnivorous plants with very small genomes living in low phosphorous environments uses carnivory to supply phosphorous (Leushkin et al., 2013). 3. The genus Fritillaria with very large genomes is dependent on mycorrhiza (Wang & Qiu, 2006; Kelly et al., 2015) probably mainly for supply of P, I decided to investigate if lifestyles connected with releases from P-limitation correlate with 1C-genome sizes. For the investigation I used available lifestyle data from several websites and articles (Wang & Qiu, 2006; Lysak et al., 2008) together with the Angiosperm C-values available at Kew http://data.kew.org/cvalues/. Based on this analysis I suggest the following order of P restriction for genome size expansions, from the least restricted to the most restricted, for the different lifestyles: Myco-heterotrophs<Parasitic plants<Mycorrhizal plants<Non-Mycorrhizal plants<Carnivorous plants. The data further suggest that a general improved P status most likely precedes whole genome duplication events and that uneven ploidy increases are more punishing than even ploidy most probably since uneven ploidy increases cannot be followed by adaptive recombination/selection. Thus P-limitation is a likely main restraint for angiosperm evolution and genome-expansion. However, relaxing this restraint leads plants into an evolutionary dead end with large nuclei (Bennetzen & Kellogg, 1997) and high P demand.
To find better neural network models of human vision, find better neural network models of primate vision
Authors: Jozwik Kamila Maria , Schrimpf Martin , Kanwisher Nancy , DiCarlo James J. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractSpecific deep artificial neural networks (ANNs) are the current best models of ventral visual processing and object recognition behavior in monkeys. We here explore whether models of non-human primate vision generalize to visual processing in the human primate brain. Specifically, we asked if model match to monkey IT is a predictor of model match to human IT, even when scoring those matches on different images. We found that the model match to monkey IT is a positive predictor of the model match to human IT (R = 0.36), and that this approach outperforms the current standard predictor of model accuracy on ImageNet. This suggests a more powerful approach for pre-selecting models as hypotheses of human brain processing.