bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimating the Hypocenter and Mechanism of the August 15, 1991 Centre Hall, Pennsylvania Earthquake Using Single-Station Data
Authors: Clouser Robert H. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
On August 15, 1991 a small (mbLg = 3.0) earthquake occurred near the town of Centre Hall, Pennsylvania. Based on early reports of felt effects and earthquake-generated sounds, the epicenter was placed somewhere ENE of State College, Pennsylvania. Three-component short-period digital data from the DWWSSN station SCP were analyzed to determine the hypocenter. Often, for small earthquakes in regions without dense seismic networks, information about an event must be obtained from single-station data. In this case, since no shallow velocity model exists for the area, simple ideas of wave propagation are invoked to estimate the distance and back-azimuth to the event. The horizontal P-wave particle motion constrained the back-azimuth, after calibrating the horizontal components by measuring the back-azimuth of quarry blast P-waves of known location. Distance determination was hampered by lack of a detailed upper crustal velocity model. Using iterative forward waveform modeling, a velocity model was generated that fit the observed S-minus-P and Rg-minus-P times and Rg-wave dispersion, and which was consistent with known upper crustal velocities in the area. A source depth of less than 1 km was inferred from the Rg-to-S ratio, the depth phase sP, and reports of earthquake-generated sounds.
Estimates of the focal mechanism were obtained by a grid search procedure using Green’s functions computed with wavenumber integration for shear dislocation sources. Theoretical and observed amplitudes of sP, direct SH and SV (taken as ratios to the direct P), along with P polarity were compared for all possible combinations of strike, dip, and rake. Though fault plane orientation is poorly constrained, E-W to WNW-ESE P-axis orientation is a robust result of the search. Normal-faulting mechanisms are inconsistent with the data. However, the theoretical SV-to-P ratio is up to a factor of two larger than the observed ratio. This is probably related to an inadequate structure model and waveform sensitivity to source depth. Mechanism P-axis trends are consistent with other regional stress field indicators in the area.
Spectral Examination of the 16 June 1992 Earthquake and Quarry Blast Near Evansville, Indiana
Authors: Hutchenson K.D. , Herrmann R.B. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
On 16 June 1992, an mLg 2.3 earthquake occurred in southwestern Indiana, near Evansville. This area is part of the Illinois Basin coal belt, an area of active surface mines with numerous strip-mine blasts daily. The co-location of earthquakes and strip-mine blasts enable spectral comparisons without significant concern for differences due to path propagation effects.
Discriminating between the two types of events can be done visually due to the distinctive appearance of the Rg phase in strip-mine blasts and high frequency coda of earthquakes. A strong Rg phase is indicative of shallow source depths. However, earthquakes previously located at shallow depths elsewhere within the Illinois Basin do not exhibit a distinctive Rg phase, indicating either poor control in focal depth determination or a fundamental difference in source mechanism. Visual and spectral examination shows that earthquakes are richer in energy at higher frequencies than strip-mine blasts. Earthquakes have significant energy at 20–30 Hz, while the significant energy content of blasts is closer to 10 Hz. The significant difference compared to previous earthquake-nuclear explosion discriminant studies is that the chemical explosion has reduced high frequency content compared to the earthquake.
Site Response in the Irno Valley, Southern Italy, From Noise Measurements
Authors: Maresca R. , Sabbarese C. , Del Pezzo E. , Barba S. , Di Luccio F. , Cantore L. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Seismic noise measurements have been carried out in the Irno Valley (Southern Italy) at seven sites characterized by different surface geology. The geology is known under the investigated sites and a one-dimensional flat-layered earth model was used to predict the ground motion spectrum for each site. A classical Haskel-Thomson approach was used to calculate theoretical transfer functions using three input motions given at the base of the layers: delta function, earthquake and noise signal recorded on the carbonate rock. Modeling shows good the agreement with experimental data, which show relevant peaks in the 2–5 Hz frequency band. This agreement justifies the hypothesis that the experimental peaks are generated by the resonance response of the uppermost layers.
Role of MRI defecography in assessment of pelvic floor pathologies
Authors: Rafiq Suhail , Posh Sheema , Shafi Fahad , Riyaz Sheikh 
Published: July 2019

Background: Functional disorders of the pelvic ﬂoor are a common clinical problem. Diagnosis and treatment of these disorders, which frequently manifest with nonspeciﬁc symptoms such as constipation or incontinence, remain difﬁcult. MR Defecography has emerged over the last decade as a modality which additionally images the pelvic floor function in real time besides combining the advantages of previously used modalities and that of magnetic resonance i.e. multiplanar imaging, good temporal resolution and lack of radiation exposure. Dynamic MRI defecography is a relatively new imaging protocol which can be extremely useful in identification of anatomic and functional pelvic floor dysfunction such as organ prolapse, anismus and fecal incontinence. Excellent demonstration of the perirectal soft tissues allows assessment of spastic pelvic ﬂoor syndrome and descending perineum syndrome and visualization of enteroceles. The aim of the study was to assess causes of pelvic floor dysfunction.Methods: Authors evaluated 25 patients with cine Magnetic Resonance Defecography at our center between December 2018 and 15th May 2019. MR Defecography was done with help of 3 Tesla Somatom Seimens MRI. Ultrasound jelly was instilled into the rectum of patient via a short flexible tube while the patient lies in the lateral decubitus position on the scanner table before being moved into the gantry and was asked to defecate when instructed. Scanning was done in four phases-resting, straining, squeezing and defecation as per the standard protocol while patient lied supine.Results: Most common complaint encountered was that of constipation. Patients in age group 20-70 years were studied. Maximum patient were of the age group 40-50 years. Most common finding was organ prolapse in total 9 patients with anterior rectocele in 6 patients followed by rectal prolapse.Conclusions: Magnetic resonance defecography is an excellent modality for assessment of pelvic floor disorders. It has very good temporal resolution and high soft tissue contrast, also allows visualization of the pelvic floor function in real-time without any radiation load. Imaging the defecation process in real-time leads to a definitive diagnosis in cases of dysfunctional defecation and a precise diagnostic and pre-operative assessment in cases of organ prolapse.
Assessment of renal involvement in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus in a tertiary care hospital
Authors: Akilandeswari S. Hema , Sathishkumar J. R. S. Vijay Babu 
Published: July 2019

Background: Renal involvement in SLE is common. Lupus Nephritis is the major cause of mortality in SLE patients. Renal involvement is a severe form of the disease and subsequent management is planned according to the histopathological class of lupus nephritis. Thus, this study was planned to assess the clinical profile and the extent of renal disease in SLE patients.Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted among SLE patients who got admitted in the Department of General Medicine and Nephrology in Thanjavur Medical College Hospital, Thanjavur from July 2012 to October 2013. Fifty SLE patients who had renal symptoms were included in this study.Results: SLE is Common among females. Common renal presentations were haematuria and proteinuria. 42% of the patients had Class IV lupus nephritis, followed by 24%, 16%, 16%, and 2% of Class III, II, Class V and Class I lupus nephritis respectively. No case of class VI lupus nephritis was reported in this study. ANA was positive among 66%, Anti ds DNA was positive in 64% and C3 level was found to be reduced in 50% of patients. Antiphospholipid antibodies were seen in 2% of the patients.Conclusions: Proteinuria, haematuria, a lower serum C3 level and need for aggressive hypertension management were prominently seen with a worse class of lupus nephritis. Patients with active and proliferative forms of lupus nephritis had a severe course of illness and required aggressive management with immunosuppressants.
Las habitaciones de Penélope
Authors: Jaime González Martha Cecilia 
Published: July 2019

El relato homérico del periplo de regreso a Ítaca que Odiseo debe hacer narra, a su vez, la espera de la reina Penélope en el palacio, una espera que incluye los diez años de la Guerra de Troya y los otros tantos que a su esposo le lleva el retorno a Ítaca. Penélope vive y experimenta toda clase de conflictos emocionales en su propia casa al ocuparse de mantener incólumes y productivas las posesiones de su marido. Este artículo se enfocará en los pasajes que contienenla descripción de los entornos que acompañan siempre el sufrimiento y las estratagemas de la reina, pues vemos cómo desde el primer canto el entorno se vuelve su aliado. La narración de las aventuras de Odiseo está en sintonía, en cuanto a ciertas relaciones espaciales, con Penélope y, a su vez, la espera de la reina se ve reflejada en el espacio que la circunda. El presente trabajo busca demostrar estas metalecturas. La Odisea, como la obra literaria que, según artículos recientes, es la narrativa que más ha influido en el hombre occidental, ha sido abordada desde muy variados enfoques; sin embargo, consideramos que el que aquí se propone, bajo el análisis comparativo de la arquitectura y la literatura, ofrece una mirada original y pertinente.
Penyimpangan Bentuk Upaya Hukum Terhadap Putusan Pailit Akibat PKPU Gagal
Authors: Muhajir Muhammad Pasca Zakky 
Published: July 2019

AbstrakPasal 290 Undang-undang No. 37 Tahun 2004 Tentang Kepailitan dan Penundaan Kewajiban Pembayaran Utang pada intinya menerangkan bahwa tidak ada upaya hukum yang dapat dilakukan terhadap putusan pailit yang didahului oleh PKPU. Namun, dalam praktik pengadilan, masih terdapat penyimpangan yang dilakukan oleh Majelis Hakim Peninjauan Kembali Mahkamah Agung terhadap ketentuan tersebut. Penyimpangan tersebut dilakukan dengan menerima pengajuan permohonan peninjauan kembali terhadap perkara kepailitan yang didahului oleh PKPU yang sudah diputus oleh Pengadilan Niaga. Antara lain Putusan Mahkamah Agung No. 48.PK/Pdt.Sus-Pailit/2014 antara PT. Surabaya Agung Industrial Pulp & Kertas melawan Asiabase Resources PTE Ltd dan Putusan Mahkamah Agung No. 156.PK/Pdt.Sus/2012 antara Firma Litha&Co melawan Heryanto Wijaya, PT. Bank Negara Indonesia (Persero) Tbk. Dan PT. Sumber Indo Cellular.
Grain-Size Controls On the Morphology and Internal Geometry of River-Dominated Deltas
Authors: Burpee Alexander P. , Slingerland Rudy L. , Edmonds Douglas A. , Parsons Daniel , Best Jim , Cederberg James , McGuffin Andrew , Caldwell Rebecca , Nijhuis Austin , Royce Jordan 
Published: July 2019

Abstract: Predictions of a delta's morphology, facies, and stratigraphy are typically derived from its relative wave, tide, and river energies, with sediment type playing a lesser role. Here we test the hypothesis that, all other factors being equal, the topset of a relatively noncohesive, sandy delta will have more active distributaries, a less rugose shoreline morphology, less topographic variation in its topset, and less variability in foreset dip directions than a highly cohesive, muddy delta. As a consequence its stratigraphy will have greater clinoform dip magnitudes and clinoform concavity, a greater percentage of channel facies, and less rugose sand bodies than a highly cohesive, muddy delta. Nine self-formed deltas having different sediment grain sizes and critical shear stresses required for re-entrainment of mud are simulated using Deflt3D, a 2D flow and sediment-transport model. Model results indicate that sand-dominated deltas are more fan-shaped while mud-dominated deltas are more birdsfoot in planform, because the sand-dominated deltas have more active distributaries and a smaller variance of topset elevations, and thereby experience a more equitable distribution of sediment to their perimeters. This results in a larger proportion of channel facies in sand-dominated deltas, and more uniformly distributed clinoform dip directions, steeper dips, and greater clinoform concavity. These conclusions are consistent with data collected from the Goose River Delta, a coarse-grained fan delta prograding into Goose Bay, Labrador, Canada. A reinterpretation of the Kf-1 parasequence set of the Cretaceous Last Chance Delta, a unit of the Ferron Sandstone near Emery, Utah, USA uses Ferron grain-size data, clinoform-dip data, clinoform concavity, and variance of dip directions to hindcast the delta's planform. The Kf-1 Last Chance Delta is predicted to have been more like a fan delta in planform than a birdsfoot delta.
Origin of Turbidites In Deep Lake Geneva (France–Switzerland) In the Last 1500 Years
Authors: Kremer Katrina , Corella Juan Pablo , Adatte Thierry , Garnier Emmanuel , Zenhäusern gregor , Girardclos Stéphanie 
Published: July 2019

Abstract:
Turbidites in lacustrine sediments are commonly used to assess the frequencies of flood events and/or earthquakes. Understanding the origin of those deposits is key to adequately assess the sources and triggers of such events in large lacustrine systems. Ca/Ti X-ray fluorescence core scanner and magnetic susceptibility values on sediment cores of the deep basin of Lake Geneva are used as a provenance indicator of the turbidites either from the Dranse or Rhone deltas or from the slopes not influenced by deltaic input. This tool is validated by mineralogical analyses (X-ray diffraction), major-, and trace-element geochemistry (X-ray fluorescence). Based on this discrimination method, the turbidites deposited in the central part of the deep basin can be classified regarding their origin. From all identified turbidites, four turbidites are chosen based on their large depositional area and volumes and are studied in more detail in order to better understand the processes leading to turbidite deposition in the deep basin. The age intervals of these turbidites were compared to the historical records of extreme events in the region of Lake Geneva. These turbidites can be related to extreme floods, earthquakes, and “spontaneous” delta collapses. The cause of two turbidites could not be identified precisely due to large dating intervals that did not allow attributing a specific historical event to the turbidite layer. Overall, this study provides a tool in classifying the turbidites in deep Lake Geneva and exemplifies that defining the cause of turbidites is complex although it remains a prerequisite for paleohydrology and paleoseismology studies.
ENCOUNTER FREQUENCY DOES NOT PREDICT PREDATION FREQUENCY IN TROPICAL DEAD-SHELL ASSEMBLAGES
Authors: MARTINELLI JULIETA C. , KOSNIK MATTHEW A. , MADIN JOSHUA S. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractPredation is frequently suggested to be a key biotic process that can shape ecological communities and drive coevolution. The premise behind these hypotheses is that predators select prey to ensure maximum gain per unit effort; for example, by selecting species that are more abundant or accessible. In this study, we tested for predator selectivity in a tropical molluscan assemblage by quantifying the influence of relative abundance (encounter frequency) on predation frequencies. We collected macromollusks (> 4 mm) from 15 sites in three soft-sediment reef lagoons at One Tree Reef (southern Great Barrier Reef, Australia). Dead mollusks were counted and identified to species level (61 species, n  =  8131), and species predation frequencies were calculated as the proportion of shells with drill holes. We found that in this infauna-dominated community, levels of drilling predation were low (7.14% on average), and there was no evidence that predators selected prey based on encounter frequency. This result was consistent across prey species and lagoons. Thus, drilling predators did not specialize on more accessible prey species and were not a major cause of mortality in this modern macromollusk assemblage. Since drilling gastropods are size selective, lack of selectivity in our samples only applies to the prey size range considered. Detailed studies of prey morphological traits, as well as accounting for predator non-consumptive effects could shed light on the preferences and relevance of drilling gastropods in this soft-sediment carbonate reef assemblage.
PALEOECOLOGIC SIGNIFICANCE OF MALACOFAUNA, OLDUVAI GORGE, TANZANIA
Authors: JOHNSON CLAUDIA C. , NJAU JACKSON K. , VAN DAMME DIRK , SCHICK KATHY , TOTH NICHOLAS 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The rich record of vertebrate, hominin and archaeological remains recovered from Olduvai Gorge in northern Tanzania stands in stark contrast to the largely unexplored macroinvertebrate record from the region. Here we examine fossil malacofauna from Olduvai Gorge, inclusive of new discoveries and previous reports, and survey their potential as paleoecologic indicators. Recorded for the first time from Olduvai, an assemblage of fossil bivalve shells is attributed by character comparison to modern Chambardia wahlbergi, a freshwater unionid species widespread across Africa. The fossilized shells were localized in Bed III conglomerate channel deposits, with channel geometry exhibiting scour bases and superimposed fill structures with fining upward sequences. The ecology of recent C. wahlbergi combined with sedimentological data indicate the aquatic environment in this region during Olduvai Bed III times can be reconstructed as a periodically desiccated floodplain bordering a river channel or channels with permanent running water and marked seasonal fluctuations. This paleo-environmental setting presents drastic change compared with that of the lower Bed I and Bed II deposits, when an alkaline/saline lake extended over the site and fresh water was restricted to standing groundwater-fed pools with snail species known today to be intermediate hosts for the trematode genera Schistosoma (schistosomiasis) and Fasciola (fascioliasis). This research enhances details of landscape evolution at Olduvai basin and furthers paleoenvironmental interpretations during the time of Bed III deposition.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF PEATLAND AGGRADATION IN MODERN AND ANCIENT ENVIRONMENTS
Authors: KORASIDIS VERA A. , WALLACE MALCOLM W. , JANSEN BEN 
Published: July 2019

Abstract:
Peats are commonly used in paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic studies but detailed sedimentological and facies models for peatlands are poorly developed relative to other sedimentary settings. A comparison of the palynology and charcoal abundances in modern and ancient Cenozoic peats (i.e., brown coals) demonstrates that, in a single cycle, their respective flora commonly evolves from inundated wetland assemblages to more elevated and well-drained forest. The repetitive nature of this pattern suggests that the changing floral compositions result from changes in substrate wetness during peatland aggradation in high rainfall settings. In this scenario, floristic changes within the peat are suggested to represent peatland facies that were controlled by the local peat-forming environment. We suggest that peatland aggradation is an important process that may ubiquitously control the floral and environmental changes documented in modern and Holocene ombrogenous peats, brown coal lithotype cycles, and perhaps black coal dulling-upwards cycles.
Selection of Suitable Dam Axis Location Considering Permeability and Grout Curtain Optimization
Authors: Canoğlu Mustafa Can 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACT
This study investigated the effects of active tectonism on the construction of hydraulic structures. Apart from the effect of dynamic loads, active tectonism can cause permeability problems. The focus of this study was on overcoming the permeability problems considering the economic yield in terms of grout curtain design and optimum dam axis location. The ground permeability of dam locations is one of the decisive factors affecting the feasibility and economic yield of dam construction. Techniques (such as grouting) for ensuring ground permeability reduction are generally expensive and time-consuming; the experience at the first location of the Turgutlu Dam is a case in point. Construction of the first location of Turgutlu Dam was planned on a fault terrace that is part of the North Anatolian Fault Zone, which is the most important active tectonic feature in Turkey. A grout curtain was planned to provide permeability reduction and ground treatment for the terrace material. However, the base elevation of the adjacent valley is deeper, and thus potential leakage to this valley was expected. In spite of its big reservoir area, the Turgutlu Dam Project became infeasible in terms of economic yield due to the ground remediation (construction of grout curtain) costs for this location. To solve this problem, the dam was relocated downstream to avoid the fault terrace, choosing an optimum grout curtain to minimize cost and improve water retention of the reservoir, and increase economic yield of the dam.
Ensuring Successful Landslide Investigation During an Emergency Response
Authors: de Graff Jerome V. 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACTWhen a destructive landslide happens, geologists may be recruited to be part of the team carrying out the emergency response. An emergency response situation requires geologists to quickly acquire needed geologic information during an intense and stressful assignment. There are five significant operational approaches that are essential to ensure success in this situation. First, the geologists should fully understand and remain focused on the objectives of the response mission. Second, the landslide area must be accessed safely when collecting needed data. From a team standpoint, an injury negatively affects available data and time. Third, the landslide information that is developed must be reliable within the context of the mission and be obtainable within a limited time. Fourth, given the constraints on data collection imposed by an emergency response situation, the degree of uncertainty associated with the findings will need to be explained to ensure subsequent decision-making is done on a sound basis. Fifth, the information needs to be communicated to different audiences, who will range from individual team members to groups of people affected by the landslide. Whether providing documentation or making a presentation, the geologist will need to engage them by explaining the landslide information so it speaks to their needs. Experience gained serving on teams for a huge landslide damming a river in Dominica, West Indies, in 1997 and a large rock slide that buried a major highway in California in 2006 illustrate these important aspects for ensuring success when investigating landslides during an emergency response.