bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The impact of interspecies recombination on human herpes simplex virus evolution and host immune recognition
Authors: Casto Amanda M. , Roychoudhury Pavitra , Xie Hong , Selke Stacy , Perchetti Garrett A. , Wofford Haley , Huang Meei-Li , Verjans Georges M. G. M. , Gottlieb Geoffrey S. , Wald Anna , Jerome Keith R. , Koelle David M. , Johnston Christine , Greninger Alexander L. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractAmong the most ubiquitous of human pathogens, HSV-1 and HSV-2 are distinct viral species that diverged about six million years ago. At least four ancient HSV-1 x HSV-2 interspecies recombination events have affected the HSV-2 genome, with recombinants and non-recombinants at each locus circulating today. Though interspecies recombination has occurred in the past, its importance in HSV evolution remains incompletely defined. Using 255 newly-sequenced and 219 existing HSV genome sequences, we comprehensively assessed interspecies recombination in HSV. The novel recombinants we identify demonstrate that the sizes and locations of interspecies recombination events in HSV-2 are more variable than previously appreciated. One novel recombinant arose in its current host, showing for the first time that interspecies recombination occurs in contemporary HSV populations. We also demonstrate that interspecies recombination affects T-cell recognition of HSV. Our findings indicate that interspecies recombination can significantly influence genetic variation in and host immunologic response to HSV-2.
The Medical Genome Reference Bank: Whole genomes and phenotype of 2,570 healthy elderly
Authors: Pinese Mark , Lacaze Paul , Rath Emma M. , Stone Andrew , Brion Marie-Jo , Ameur Adam , Nagpal Sini , Puttick Clare , Husson Shane , Degrave Dmitry , Cristina Tina Navin , Kahl Vivian F. Silva , Statham Aaron L. , Woods Robyn L. , McNeil John J. , Riaz Moeen , Barr Margo , Nelson Mark R. , Reid Christopher M. , Murray Anne M. , Shah Raj C. , Wolfe Rory , Atkins Joshua R. , Fitzsimmons Chantel , Cairns Heath M. , Green Melissa J. , Carr Vaughan J. , Cowley Mark J. , Pickett Hilda A. , James Paul A. , Powell Joseph E. , Kaplan Warren , Gibson Greg , Gyllensten Ulf , Cairns Murray J. , McNamara Martin , Dinger Marcel E. , Thomas David M. 
Published: November 2018

SummaryPopulation health research is increasingly focused on the genetic determinants of healthy ageing, but there is no public resource of whole genome sequences and phenotype data from healthy elderly individuals. Here we describe the Medical Genome Reference Bank (MGRB), comprising whole genome sequence and phenotype of 2,570 elderly Australians depleted for cancer, cardiovascular disease, and dementia. We analysed the MGRB for single-nucleotide, indel and structural variation in the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. Individuals in the MGRB had fewer disease-associated common and rare germline variants, relative to both cancer cases and the gnomAD and UK BioBank cohorts, consistent with risk depletion. Pervasive age-related somatic changes were correlated with grip strength in men, suggesting blood-derived whole genomes may also provide a biologic measure of age-related functional deterioration. The MGRB provides a broadly applicable reference cohort for clinical genetics and genomic association studies, and for understanding the genetics of healthy ageing. This research has been conducted using the UK Biobank Resource under Application Number 17984.
Effect of scrubbing efficiency on fuel scrubbing inerting for aircraft fuel tanks
Authors: Shao Lei , Feng Shiyu , Li Chaoyue , Liu Weihua , Huang Xuying 
Published: November 2018

Purpose
This paper aims to improve the previous fuel scrubbing model and find out the relationship between bubble diameter and scrubbing efficiency (ƞ).

Design/methodology/approach
A fuel tank scrubbing test bench was established to verify the accuracy of this model. Ullage and dissolved oxygen concentration were measured, and images of bubble size and distribution were collected and analyzed using image analysis software.

Findings
The bubble diameter has a great influence on ullage and dissolved oxygen concentration during the fuel scrubbing process. The scrubbing efficiency (ƞ) has an exponential relationship with bubble diameter and decreases rapidly as the bubble diameter increases.

Practical implications
The variation of the ullage and dissolved oxygen concentration predicted by this model is more accurate than that of the previous model. In addition, the study of bubble size can provide a guidance for the design of fuel scrubber.

Originality/value
This study not only improves the previous fuel scrubbing model but also develops a method to calculate scrubbing efficiency (ƞ) based on bubble diameter. In addition, a series of tests and analyses were conducted, including numerical calculation, experiment and image analysis.
A practical guide for understanding online business models
Authors: Kim Won 
Published: November 2018

Purpose
There is a lack of clarity about what online business models are. The top 20 Google search results on online business models are articles that explain online business models. However, each of them deals with just one or two elements of business strategies. The list of business models is also a mixture of business strategies. This paper aims to provide practical guide that puts these business models into proper perspective.

Design/methodology/approach
A business model includes all key elements of the business, marketing and operational strategies. There are many such elements. The author has reviewed the popular use of the term online business models and found that just five of the key elements can put almost all of them into proper perspective.

Findings
Five elements of the business and marketing strategies constitute a practical guide for understanding, discussing and even designing the first working draft of a business plan.

Practical implications
The practical guide will serve as a robust vehicle for understanding, discussing and even designing the first working draft of a business plan. The current haphazard use of the term online business models does not shed light on online business models.

Originality/value
The author has examined 20 top Google search results for “online business models” and “business models”. These are articles that talk about 3-17 “business models”. The author examined all of them and confirmed that the five key elements of the business and marketing strategies can put all of them into proper perspective.
Why do farm accidents persist? Normalising danger on the farm within the farm family
Authors: Shortall Sally , McKee Annie , Sutherland Lee‐Ann 
Published: November 2018

AbstractIn the western world, farming is the most dangerous occupation with the highest rates of accidents and fatalities. Farming remains largely a family business and most accidents happen to family members. Why do safety campaigns have such limited success and why do farm families bring this terrible grief on themselves? This article argues that farm accidents are a persistent social pattern requiring analysis of how families are socialised to interact with the farming space. Based on qualitative data gathered for a Scottish study, it is argued that within farm families there is a socialisation and normalisation of danger. Accidents are to be expected. Two key arguments are advanced. First, danger is normalised and children are socialised to undertake risky behaviour. Second, it is suggested that when women do take up farming, they consciously undertake dangerous farming activities to prove that they are ‘authentic’ farmers. No previous research has considered women's approach to danger, and the existing literature suggests women are more safety conscious. This is not supported by our findings. We argue that farm accidents and fatalities are a persistent social problem because family members socialise each other to accept danger as the norm.
“He looks gorgeous” – iuMR images and the transforming of foetal and parental identities
Authors: Lie Mabel , Graham Ruth , Robson Stephen C , Griffiths Paul D 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe MERIDIAN study examined whether in‐utero MRI (iuMRI) improves the accuracy of diagnosis of foetal brain abnormalities, when used as an adjunct to ultrasound anomaly scanning. A diagnostic iuMRI differs from routine ultrasound screening because of its infrequent use and scanning procedure. Nested within this trial, this sociological study explored the acceptability of iuMRI as a technology and its contribution to parental decision‐making. Our sociological interpretation of the role of iuMR images in prenatal diagnosis draws on narrative interviews with women (and some partners) who underwent MRI imaging at three different centres. Overall, participants found iuMRI helpful in decision‐making because it either confirmed or disconfirmed previous results, or provided additional information. Expectant couples experienced the iuMR imaging process as informative, but also as having emotive and practical value. Our paper extends the existing sociological literature on antenatal testing and visualising the foetus, by using iuMR diagnostic imaging to further explore the concept of the unborn entity. Our data suggest that alongside the iuMR images, the ‘parental gaze’ and accompanying commentary are used by parents to construct and transform foetal and parental identities despite ongoing uncertainties about, and shifting social contexts to their pregnancy.
Pleading Guilty: Why Vulnerability Matters
Authors: Peay Jill , Player Elaine 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThis article examines the Sentencing Council's recent definitive guideline on what reductions in sentence can be offered for a guilty plea. We argue that its emphasis on facilitating early guilty pleas represents more than just an incentive to those intending to plead guilty and poses significant risks for defendants with vulnerabilities. The article questions whether the guideline can amount to an inducement to plead guilty which places uneven burdens on defendants and fails to pay due regard to the duties owed by public authorities under the Equality Act 2010. In so doing it asks questions about the integrity of the criminal justice process and argues that issues of cost‐efficiency and the constructed interests of victims may have outweighed both the rights of those with vulnerabilities and the objectives of the legislative framework designed to protect them. The issues raised are universally relevant to any system that favours defendants who offer guilty pleas.
Contract Interpretation Regimes
Authors: Wielsch Dan 
Published: November 2018

AbstractFreedom of contract requires the integrity of social institutions that ensure the preconditions for private autonomy. This has been largely ignored by a private law doctrine that works on the assumption of the state being the supplier of background justice. The article argues for an institutional turn in contract interpretation. Depending on whether contracts can link up to existing conventions or have to create their institutional context in the first place, courts may apply either an ‘institution‐preserving interpretation’ or an ‘institution‐creating interpretation’. This implies the need to refrain from following universal rules of contractual interpretation. Rather, legal doctrine should focus on the development of sector‐specific standards of interpretation and on support for private legal regimes that ensure socially reflexive constructions of contracts.
An evaluation of the Virtual Monitoring Clinic, a novel nurse‐led service for monitoring patients with stable rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Chew Li‐Ching , Xin Xiaohui , Yang Hui , Thumboo Julian 
Published: November 2018

AbstractObjectivesTo study clinical and patient reported outcomes for the Virtual Monitoring Clinic (VMC), a remote nurse‐led telemonitoring service for monitoring Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) patients treated with disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs).MethodsPatients with stable RA enrolled in the VMC were followed up prospectively. The primary outcomes evaluated at 1‐year follow‐up were: Disease Activity Score‐28 (DAS28), Routine Assessment of Patient Index Data 3 (RAPID3), and patient satisfaction assessed using an 11‐point Likert scale.ResultsOf the 251 patients enrolled, 186 completed 1‐year of follow‐up. There was a 2.3% (n = 450) reduction in the annual workload from the rheumatology specialist outpatient clinic as a result of the VMC. Statistically significant improvement was seen in the mean patient satisfaction score (7.70‐8.16, P ≤ 0.001), with 61.5% of patients opting for the VMC alternating with rheumatology outpatient clinic visits as their preferred mode of follow‐up vis‐à‐vis standard care. There was a marginal increase in mean DAS28 and RAPID3 scores from 2.56 to 2.78 (P < 0.05) and 5.28 to 6.03 (P < 0.05), respectively. However, given that at 1‐year follow‐up more than half (72.0% and 63.4% based on DAS28 and RAPID3) of the patients’ disease activity had improved or remained stable, and was in remission or low activity (73.1% and 53.2% based on DAS28 and RAPID3), the VMC seemed to maintain a stable RA disease activity for the majority of patients.ConclusionsThe VMC is an effective and well‐accepted novel approach for the management of patients with stable RA.
Prevalence of minimal disease activity in Australian patients with Psoriatic Arthritis: Assessing the outcome of national funding criteria for biologic disease‐modifying antirheumatic drug prescribing
Authors: Pontifex Eliza K. , Dissanayake Kokum , Bursill David , Gill Tiffany 
Published: November 2018

AbstractAimDiscrepancies exist between international treatment guidelines and current Australian Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) criteria for funding biologic disease‐modifying antirheumatic drug (bDMARD) prescribing in psoriatic arthritis (PsA). We aimed to determine the prevalence of minimal disease activity (MDA) achievement and differences in inflammatory marker levels between PsA patients who have and have not met the Australian PBS criteria for bDMARDs.MethodConsecutive participants diagnosed with PsA were assessed for MDA components and serum inflammatory markers. For those on bDMARDs, joint counts and inflammatory markers at the time of bDMARD qualification were compared with matched rheumatoid arthritis (RA) controls.ResultsMinimal disease activity was achieved by 56/105 participants overall. There were no differences in inflammatory marker levels or involved joint count patterns between the PsA and RA groups at the time of bDMARD qualification. Seventy‐three percent of the 53 PsA patients on bDMARD achieved MDA, vs 33% in the non‐bDMARD group (P < 0.001). More bDMARD than non‐bDMARD patients achieved four out of seven MDA components. Of those with any enthesitis, its prevalence was higher in the non‐bDMARD group (22 vs 10, P = 0.009). Regardless of treatment, there was no difference in inflammatory marker levels between those who did and did not achieve MDA.ConclusionThe Australian PBS criteria, funding bDMARD prescribing for PsA, select well for MDA achievers. A high prevalence of MDA non‐achievement remains in patients ineligible for bDMARD funding, and enthesitis in this population is more common. Inflammatory markers were not discriminators between treatment or MDA achievement groups.
A response regulator of the OmpR family is part of the regulatory network controlling the oxidative stress response of Rhodobacter sphaeroides
Authors: Zhao Zhiping , Peng Tao , Oh Jeong‐Il , Glaeser Jens , Weber Lennart , Li Qingfeng , Klug Gabriele 
Published: November 2018

SummaryAs a free‐living bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides needs to respond to many environmental stresses. Oxidative stress, membrane stress or heat stress induce the ompR‐1 gene encoding a protein of the OmpR family. Overexpression of OmpR‐1 results in increased resistance to organic peroxides and diamide. Our data demonstrate that OmpR‐1 positively affects expression of several sRNAs with an established role in R. sphaeroides stress defences and negatively affects the promoter of the rpoHI gene. The RpoHI sigma factor has a main role in the activation of many stress responses. Thus OmpR‐1 has a balancing effect on the activation of the RpoHI regulon. We present a model with OmpR‐1 as part of a regulatory network controlling stress defences in R. sphaeroides.
Networking Cities after Paris: Weighing the Ambition of Urban Climate Change Experimentation
Authors: Smeds Emilia , Acuto Michele 
Published: November 2018

AbstractOver the past few decades, cities have repeatedly demonstrated high levels of ambition with regard to climate action. Global environmental governance has been marked by a proliferation of policy actions taken by local governments around the world to demonstrate their potential to advance climate change mitigation and adaptation. Leading ‘by example’ and demonstrating the extent of action that it is possible to deliver, cities have aspired to raise the ambition of national and international climate governance and put action into practice via a growing number of ‘climate change experiments’ delivered on the ground. Yet accounts of the potential of cities in global environmental governance have often stopped short of a systematic valuation of the nature and impact of the networked dimension of this action. This article addresses this by assessing the nature, and challenges faced by, urban climate governance in the post‐Paris era, focusing on the ‘experimentation’ undertaken in cities and the city networks shaping this type of governance. First, we unpack the concept of ‘urban climate change experimentation’, the ways in which it is networked, and the forces driving it. In the second and third parts of the article, we discuss two main pitfalls of networked urban experimentation in its current form, focusing on issues of scaling experiments and the nature of experimentation. We call for increased attention to ‘scaling up’ experiments beyond urban levels of governance, and to transformative experimentation with governance and politics by and in cities. Finally, we consider how these pitfalls allow us to weigh the potential of urban climate ambition, and consider the pathways available for supporting urban climate change experimentation.
Senescent cells: A new Achilles’ heel to exploit for cancer medicine?
Authors: Zhang Boyi , Lam Eric W.‐F. , Sun Yu 
Published: November 2018

AbstractCellular senescence is a typical tumor‐suppressive mechanism that restricts the proliferation of premalignant cells. However, mounting evidence suggests that senescent cells, which also persist in vivo, can promote the incidence of aging‐related disorders principally via the senescence‐associated secretory phenotype (SASP), among which cancer is particularly devastating. Despite the beneficial effects of the SASP on certain physiological events such as wound healing and tissue repair, more studies have demonstrated that senescent cells can substantially contribute to pathological conditions and accelerate disease exacerbation, particularly cancer resistance, relapse and metastasis. To limit the detrimental properties while retaining the beneficial aspects of senescent cells, research advancements that support screening, design and optimization of anti‐aging therapeutic agents are in rapid progress in the setting of prospective development of clinical strategies, which together represent a new wave of efforts to control human malignancies or mitigate degenerative complications.
The life cycle of a southern hemisphere cricket Bobilla poene (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) and variation in its size, sex ratio and egg production
Authors: Driessen Michael M 
Published: November 2018

AbstractLife cycles of southern hemisphere crickets are poorly studied compared with their northern hemisphere counterparts. The life cycle and associated traits of Bobilla poene Otte & Alexander (1983) (Nemobiinae) were investigated based on pitfall trap samples collected monthly for 12 months at lowland (320 m) and montane (800 m) locations in Tasmania, the southernmost state of Australia (42–43°S). Unlike most other Gryllidae, B. poene has a semivoltine life cycle overwintering as an egg during its first winter followed by nymphs and then adults in subsequent winters. There was some evidence to suggest that a small proportion of the populations completed development from egg to adult within 1 year (i.e. univoltine). The proportion of adult females with eggs present was high (>70%) for all months except December when there was a greater proportion of adult females with no eggs present. Mean number of eggs per female was largest from mid‐summer to early autumn. Spermatheca diameter increased in size from December to May. Aspects of B. poene life cycle differed between locations. At the lowland location, most crickets (92%) overwintered as A3 instars and adults, whereas at the montane location, most crickets (87%) overwintered as A3 and A4 instars. Head width, femur length, body length and spermatheca diameter were larger at the lowland location than at the montane location, but forewing and ovipositor lengths did not differ in size between locations. A small proportion (1.2%) of montane adult crickets was long winged, and none were recorded at the lowland location. Sex ratios were generally similar at both locations and varied throughout the year. For most of the year, the sex ratios for the A2, A1 and adult stages were female biased. During spring and early summer, sex ratios were male biased or close to parity. This variation in sex ratios is consistent with the concepts of protandry and adaptive growth, with males maturing earlier than females and at a smaller size. The range of climates and altitudes available in Tasmania, where B. poene occurs widely, offers opportunities for further investigation of life cycle variation within this species.
Predispositions and the Political Behavior of American Economic Elites: Evidence from Technology Entrepreneurs
Authors: Broockman David E. , Ferenstein Gregory , Malhotra Neil 
Published: November 2018

AbstractEconomic elites regularly seek to exert political influence. But what policies do they support? Many accounts implicitly assume economic elites are homogeneous and that increases in their political power will increase inequality. We shed new light on heterogeneity in economic elites' political preferences, arguing that economic elites from an industry can share distinctive preferences due in part to sharing distinctive predispositions. Consequently, how increases in economic elites' influence affect inequality depends on which industry's elites are gaining influence and which policy issues are at stake. We demonstrate our argument with four original surveys, including the two largest political surveys of American economic elites to date: one of technology entrepreneurs—whose influence is burgeoning—and another of campaign donors. We show that technology entrepreneurs support liberal redistributive, social, and globalistic policies but conservative regulatory policies—a bundle of preferences rare among other economic elites. These differences appear to arise partly from their distinctive predispositions.