bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Landscape Level Validation of a Douglas-Fir Beetle Stand Hazard-Rating System Using Geographical Information Systems
Authors: Dodds Kevin J. , Ross Darrell W. , Randall Carol , Daterman Gary E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A geographical information system (GIS) and historical infestation data were used to validate a Douglas-fir beetle hazard-rating system currently in use by the USDA Forest Service in parts of the West. This hazard-rating system is based on stand characteristics including percent Douglas-fir basal area (BA), stand BA, average Douglas-fir dbh, and stand age. To validate the hazard-rating system, stand information and aerial detection survey maps from 1996–1999 were combined in a GIS. Analyses determined that the highest amount of acreage infested and highest tree mortality occurred in moderate- and high-hazard stands, although the total area of these stands was less than that in other hazard classes. Furthermore, as beetle populations shifted from endemic to epidemic population levels, more acres were infested and tree mortality was greater in high-hazard areas. The use of spatial technologies and aerial detection survey maps provided a novel alternative for validating a forest insect hazard-rating system. West. J. Appl. For. 19(2):77–81.
Slash Compression Treatment Reduced Tree Mortality from Prescribed Fire in Southwestern Ponderosa Pine
Authors: Fulé Peter Z. , Jerman Jason L. , Gould Peter J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Intensive thinning prescriptions intended to restore historic forest structure have produced heavy broadcast slash fuel loads in northwestern Arizona, sometimes leading to high tree mortality following prescribed burning. Mechanical slash compression with a D-6 bulldozer to reduce the severity of fire effects on residual trees was evaluated. Ten of 42 measured trees (24%) died within 2 years after burning of broadcast slash, and crown scorch of trees without slash compression treatment averaged 26%. In contrast, no trees died after burning of compressed slash and crown scorch averaged <3%, even though the total fuel loading was indistinguishable from the broadcast slash treatment. The practice of raking fuels away from the boles of old-growth trees also contributed to reduced scorch as compared to younger, unraked trees. Slash compression is a viable method of reducing mortality, offering ecological and economical tradeoffs. Benefits include the ability to reduce large quantities of slash, safeguarding old-growth tree survival while rapidly achieving open forest structure. Costs include paying for equipment operation as well as the possibility of damage to soils or plants. West. J. Appl. For. 19(3):149–153.
Comparing the Value of Leave-Tree Buffers with a Forest Excise Tax Credit in Washington State
Authors: Reeves Laurence H. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In 1999, the Washington State legislature was preparing to pass the “Forest and Fish” Bill that would implement more restrictive forest practice rules. To help offset the compliance costs of this bill, stakeholders wanted a credit on the forest excise tax for harvests impacted by the new requirements. However, there was no agreed-on estimate of just how much value was being left under current forest practice rules, much less for the proposed rules, making it difficult to determine an adequate tax credit amount. Although the legislature ultimately passed the bill along with a 16% forest excise tax credit, concerns over the credit amount led the legislature to mandate a study examining the value of leave-tree buffers compared with tax credit amounts on harvest units impacted by the new rules. As a result of this directive, the Department of Revenue implemented a 2-year study identifying 1,325 logging permits that received the tax credit and had completed harvests. Of those permits, 115 had their leave-tree buffers cruised to determine buffer value relative to tax credit amount. The results were stratified by harvest units on either side of the Cascade Crest and those belonging to small harvesters. Although there were individual cases where the tax credit exceeded the leave-tree value, overall leave-tree values for the different strata were between 5 and 23 times greater than total tax credit amounts. West. J. Appl. For. 19(3):165–170.
Causal Reasoning Processes of People Affected by Wildfire: Implications for Agency-Community Interactions and Communication Strategies
Authors: Carroll Matthew S. , Kumagai Yoshitaka , Daniels Steven E. , Bliss John C. , Edwards John A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Fire officials are dismayed when victims of wildfire blame fire fighters and others responsible for fire management for damage resulting from uncontrolled fires. This is in spite of the fact that wildfire damage is a consequence of dynamic interactions among natural factors (wind, temperature, location of wildfire, topography, etc.) and human factors (past land management, promptness of firefighting activities, extent of homeowners' defensible space, etc.). Fire and land managers do not typically understand why and how the victims arrive at such oversimplified, and in some cases inaccurate, conclusions about wildfire causation. Attribution theory in social psychology provides a framework for understanding the mechanisms of these blaming processes. In this study, both quantitative and qualitative approaches were used to explore how people who live in wildfire hazard zones and experienced wildfire, perceive the causes of wildfire damage. In the spring of 1999, a prefire survey was conducted in the western slope of the Sierra Nevada Mountains, an area where numerous wildfires are recorded nearly every year. This was followed by a postfire survey in two communities that actually experienced a fire that season. In addition, qualitative interviews were carried out in these two affected communities. Results suggest that people who experienced wildfire tended to attribute the cause of wildfire damage to factors associated with fire officials and nature and did not attribute fire damage to their own actions (or inactions). The implications of these attributions are discussed as are recommendations for future fire education and communication. West. J. Appl. For. 19(3):184–194.
Control of Black Oak and Tanoak in the Sierra Cascade Range
Authors: DiTomaso Joseph M. , Kyser Guy B. , Fredrickson Edward A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Broadcast, directed, and stem injection herbicide techniques were applied to 3- to 8-year-old black oak (Quercus kelloggii) and 3-year-old tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflorus) clumps (directed applications only). Broadcast applications of imazapyr at all rates to black oak and directed applications of imazapyr to tanoak performed better with the addition of an adjuvant compared to treatments without the adjuvant. However, even with an adjuvant, broadcast treatments of imazapyr at or below 560 g acid equivalent (ae/ha) only suppressed black oak growth and did not provide long-term control. Directed applications of imazapyr gave excellent control of both black oak (0.43–2.17% ae plus Sylgard) and tanoak (0.14–1.13% ae plus Hasten) clumps. Imazapyr was more effective than basal bark treatments with triclopyr (8.9% ae), and tank-mixing imazapyr with glyphosate did not improve the level of control. Stem injection treatment of black oak trees or clumps with imazapyr was very effective with nearly all rates and hack intervals, but late summer or fall applications gave greater suppression of basal re-sprouts compared to spring and early summer treatments. These results demonstrate that imazapyr is a very effective and versatile tool for the control of black oak and tanoak clumps and black oak trees. West. J. Appl. For. 19(4):268–276.
Manual Cutting of Sitka Alder-Dominated Plant Communities: Effects on Conifer Growth and Plant Community Structure
Authors: Simard Suzanne W. , Heineman Jean L. , Hagerman Shannon M. , Mather W. Jean , Sachs Donald L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Five-year growth and survival responses of lodgepole pine and hybrid spruce to manual cutting of Sitka alder were studied in two montane vegetation complexes in interior British Columbia. The effects of brushing on plant community diversity and structure also were examined. Alder cover and height were reduced throughout the 5-year posttreatment measurement period, but this had no effect on growth or survival of either 5- to 7-year-old lodgepole pine growing in the Dry Alder complex or 4- to 7-year-old hybrid spruce in the Wet Alder complex. Moderate alder cover, which was characteristic at these sites, did not appear to inhibit diameter growth of lodgepole pine or spruce. This was supported by competition thresholds for conifer diameter of 30 and 37% alder cover in the Dry Alder and Wet Alder complexes, respectively. In neither complex did manual cutting result in any changes in species richness, species diversity, or structural diversity of the vascular plant community. The results of this study suggest that brushing of Sitka alder is unnecessary for release of healthy lodgepole pine growing on mesic sites in the Dry Alder complex and is ineffective at alleviating growth limiting factors to spruce on Wet Alder sites. West. J. Appl. For. 19(4):277–287.
Estimating Singleleaf Pinyon and Utah Juniper Volumes for Several Utilization Standards1
Authors: Chojnacky David C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Ratio equations were developed to estimate singleleaf pinyon (Pinus monophylla) and Utah juniper (Juniperus osteosperma) volume for several utilization standards. The equations constructed will estimate outside-bark volume between 1.5 and 6 in. minimum branch diameter and inside-bark volume between 1 and 5 in. Data for the equations were collected from 61 locations throughout the Great Basin. West. J. Appl. For. 2(2):51-55, April, 1987.
The Effect of Stream Cleaning on Salmonid Habitat and Populations in a Coastal Oregon Drainage
Authors: House Robert A. , Boehne Paul L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Habitat conditions and use by anadromous salmonids were evaluated in five reaches of Upper Lobster Creek, a major stream system in the central Oregon Coast Range, to determine the effect of different levels of stream cleaning. Stream clearance associated with post-World War II logging practices and a 100-year flood event that occured in 1964 severely altered channel configurations and loading patterns of large woody debris. This caused the subsequent removal of log jams. An uncleaned reach had large amounts of woody debris and the highest density of pools, greatest percentage of off-channel habitat, and highest salmonid use. In contrast, a totally cleaned reach had the lowest density of pools and lowest salmonid use. Rehabilitated sections of a reach that had been partially cleaned showed increases in density of pools and salmonid use compared to the remainder of the partially cleaned reach. Retention of standing timber in the riparian zone and maintenance in instream accumulations of large woody debris is recommended to allow streams to reach their productive potential for anadromous salmonids. West. J. Appl. For. 2(3):84-87, July 1987.
Fuelwood Potential in Large-Tree Quercus gambelii Stands
Authors: Clary Warren P. , Tiedemann Arthur R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Five high volume stands of large-tree Quercus gambelii Nutt. were sampled to assess fuelwood potential. Sampled stands of this clonal species had stem densities equivalent to 2400-4100 per hectare. Mean stem diameters varied from 15.1-24.6 cm. The average live stem had an oven-dry biomass of 82.5 kg and marketable fuelwood of 67.5 kg. Equivalent values for standing dead stems were 22.5 and 20.2 kg. Total tree biomass (live and dead standing stems) was 292.1 t (metric)/ha. Marketable fuelwood biomass was 245.1 t/ha. Retail fuelwood market values for these large-tree stands ranged from $11,144-$44,740/ha cut, split, and delivered to the customer. Stumpage price that could be charged by the landowner for standing trees varied from $1,175-$4,716 per hectare of stand. West. J. Appl. For. 2(3):87-90, July 1987.
An Economic Feasibility Analysis for Concessionaire Management of Campgrounds on the Siuslaw National Forest
Authors: Scott Rick , Gartner William C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The USDA Forest Service has recently begun to encourage concessionaire operation of public campgrounds that it administers. This is a relatively new type of special use permit arrangement for the Forest Service. This paper analyzes 19 fee campgrounds on the Siuslaw National Forest for potential concessionaire operation, Analysis against developed criteria identified only one campground suitable for successful concessionaire operation. The analysis also revealed that if that campground was operated under a special use permit, total dollar returns to the U.S. Treasury would be substantially reduced. However, this loss could be offset by savings in campground operation costs, and developed recreation would benefit if those dollars were reinvested in other programs on the forest. West. J. Appl. For. 2:91-94, July 1987.
Harvesting Factors Affecting Financial Feasibility of Thinning in Southwestern Idaho
Authors: Giles Robert S. , Sessions John 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The financial feasibility of thinning in southwestern Idaho is not well established. A logging cost model, LOG-COST, was developed to estimate harvesting costs for seven major tree species. The financial feasibility of thinning depends heavily on species, tree size, skidding or yarding method, topography, and truck transport distance. In order to provide financially feasible thinnings, biologically similar stands may have to be managed quite differently if truck transport distance or terrain vary significantly. West. J. Appl. For. 2(4):105-110, October 1987.
Road Location and Construction Practices: Effects on Landslide Frequency and Size in the Oregon Coast Range
Authors: Sessions John , Balcom John C. , Boston Kevin 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The effects of road location and construction practices on landslide frequency and size were studied in a 300,000-ac area of the Oregon Coast Range. Roads were divided into two groups. Roads in Group I had been built using a combination of steep road grades and full-bench, endhaul construction to minimize slide risk. Group II roads were built using location and construction practices typical of the late 1960s and early 1970s. Using steep road grades to maintain ridgetop locations and full-bench end-haul construction did reduce landslide frequency and size on Group I, as compared to Group II, roads. The marginal cost of reducing slide volumes/road-mile from the volumes found on Group II roads to the volumes found on Group I roads was six times greater in more plastic than in less plastic soils when roads crossed slopes of equal steepness. When roads crossed slopes with a sideslope steeper than 50%, the estimated cost of reducing the volume/road-mile of slide from Group II to Group I levels ranged from $81/yd³ ($154/ac) to over $12,000/yd³ ($3675/ac), depending on landtype, sideslope, and endhaul distance. West. J. Appl. For. 2(4):119-124, October 1987.
Sowing Sized Seed of Western White Pine in a Containerized Nursery
Authors: Dumroese R. Kasten , Wenny David L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Sorting seed by size has been reported as a potential method to improve seedling uniformity and increase crop yields. Seeds of rust-resistant western white pine (Pinus monticola Dougl. ex D. Don), harvested in 1983 at the Moscow, Idaho, White Pine Breeding Arboretum, were separated by screens into diameter classes. Seedlings from each size class were grown in containers in greenhouses. Differences in seed diameter were associated with differences in germination capacity and germination energy (P < 0. 01). Seed diameter was unrelated to final height and stem diameter of seedlings (p < 0.05). Separate sowing of sized seed could not be justified for production containerized nurseries as similar numbers of quality seedlings were produced by sowing bulk seed. West. J. Appl. For. 2(4):128-130, October 1987.
Distribution of Bark Beetle Attacks After Whitebark Pine Restoration Treatments: A Case Study
Authors: Waring Kristen M. , Six Diana L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis Engelm.), an important component of high elevation ecosystems in the western United States and Canada, is declining due to fire exclusion, white pine blister rust (Cronartium ribicola J.C. Fisch.), and mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins). This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of whitebark pine restoration treatments on the distribution of bark beetle attacks. At a site in Idaho, silvicultural treatments were implemented in summer 1998 and 1999, with prescribed burning implemented in Oct. 1999. Permanent plots (400m2) were established during summer 1999 within each treatment and monitored for 4 years. Within plots, tree characteristics were measured and a bark beetle survey was conducted. Bark beetle attacks remained low throughout the study; however, there was an increase in bark beetle attacks in 2000 after the prescribed burning. By years 3 and 4, there were virtually no successful attacks. Although bark beetles were not a serious concern at the site assessed in this study, our results indicate that managers should consider and monitor the bark beetle component of these ecosystems when implementing restoration treatments. If baseline bark beetle populations are high at the time of implementation, our results indicate that increases in beetle activity would be expected in some treatments, perhaps requiring mitigation. West. J. Appl. For. 20(2):110–116.
Predicting Potential Natural Vegetation in an Interior Northwest Landscape Using Classification Tree Modeling and a GIS
Authors: Kelly Alison , Powell David C. , Riggs Robert A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Integration of a GIS with statistical predictive models facilitates mapping the likely spatial distribution of plant associations and modification of maps as new data or vegetation-environment relationships are discovered. In this study, data for classified plant communities were used to develop a georeferenced database representing 39 plant associations and environmental variables at 1,249 plot locations. This database was used to develop models predicting the occurrence of plant associations. These predictive models were implemented in a GIS to render maps of predictable plant associations, plant association groups, and overstory series. Overall model accuracy ranged from 30% for the model predicting plant association to 63% for the model predicting series. However, several associations, groups, and even series could not be predicted, and model performance for those that were predictable often differed from overall model accuracy. Association-level accuracy of model predictions ranged from 18 to 84% while series-level accuracy ranged from 41 to 85%. Model selection for management applications should be based on specific management objectives. Expansion of the regional sample of reference plots and database augmentations, including documentation of disturbance histories, should provide useful enhancements for future modeling efforts. West. J. Appl. For. 20(2):117–127.
A Comparison of Herbicide and Mulch Mat Treatments for Reducing Grass, Herb, and Shrub Competition in the BC Interior Douglas-Fir Zone—Ten-Year Results
Authors: Harper G. J. , Comeau P. G. , Biring B. S. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We present results from a study established in 1993 in the Interior Douglas-fir biogeoclimatic zone of southwestern British Columbia to test the effectiveness of several herbicide and mulch mat treatments for reducing grass, herbaceous, and shrub competition. The effectiveness of the preplant herbicide applications of hexazinone (Velpar L) at 2.1 kg ai/ha, glyphosate (Vision) at 2.1 and 1.0 kg ai/ha, and the installation of plastic mulch mats (Tredegar 90 × 90-cm mats) for controlling competing vegetation, improving seedling growth and survival of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seedlings and improving soil moisture availability was evaluated. Ten-year results indicate that application of hexazinone and glyphosate enhanced the survival, diameter, and height growth of planted Douglas-fir seedlings. These herbicide treatments provided effective control of grass and herbaceous vegetation for three to four growing seasons. Plastic mulch mats did result in improvements in growth and survival, but these were not statistically different from untreated seedlings. The results of soil moisture monitoring from within the various treatments indicated delay in the onset of soil drought as a key determinant of the seedling growth improvement noted. West. J. Appl. For. 20(3):167–176.
Evaluating the Salvage Value of Fire-Killed Timber by Helicopter—Effects of Yarding Distance and Time Since Fire
Authors: Akay Abdullah E. , Sessions John , Bettinger Pete , Toupin Rick , Eklund Aaron 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Recently, large areas of federal lands in the western United States have been subject to wildfire. Concerns about hastening restoration, soil disturbance, and road building have prompted consideration of helicopter logging. Normal planning procedures on federal lands are not sensitive to the rapid decline in the recoverable economic value of fire-killed timber. The economic value of fire-killed timber is dependent on logging costs and time since tree death. A model is developed to calculate value of fire-killed timber as a function of time since death and yarding distance using helicopters as the preferred logging method. Applications of the method to tactical planning are discussed.
Volume Growth Trends in a Douglas-Fir Levels-of-Growing-Stock Study
Authors: Curtis Robert O. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Mean curves of increment and yield in gross total cubic volume and net merchantable cubic volume were derived from seven installations of the regional cooperative Levels-of-Growing-Stock Study (LOGS) in Douglas-fir. The technique used reduces the seven curves for each treatment for each variable of interest to a single set of readily interpretable mean curves. To a top height of 100 ft and corresponding average age of 45 years, volume growth and yield are strongly related to stocking level, being highest at the highest stocking levels. At that point, current annual increment is still far greater than mean annual increment. Thinning has accelerated diameter growth of the largest 40 trees per acre as well as of the stand average. Maximum volume production would be obtained at stand relative densities approaching the zone of competition-related mortality, although in practice considerations of feasibility of frequent entries and wildlife and amenity considerations would make somewhat lower average levels necessary.