bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Brücken über das Goldene Horn
Authors: Effenberger Arne 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Recently, M. Hurbanič had claimed in an essay that there was only one stone bridge over the Golden Horn. Consequently, he considered the several names which were mentioned in the Byzantine sources (Justinian, Kallinikos, Panteleimon and Camel Bridge) as the names of the same bridge. However, according to Ibn Battuta, who stayed in Constantinople in 1334, the former stone bridge over the Golden Horn was destroyed a long time before his visit. This construction must have been collapsed at an unknown time after 1204. On the other hand, the name Camel Bridge appears in the sources only from the end of the 13th century and for the last time in 1343. This new bridge, which was unknown to Ibn Battuta, is depicted on a veduta of Constantinople-Istanbul (Düsseldorf, Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek, G 13, fol. 54r, ca. 1485/90) with the inscription pons despine. It is the same bridge which is depicted in the Vatican “Epithalamion” (Vat. gr. 1851, fol. 3v). Although the date of the manuscript is being controversially discussed at present, I agree with the scholars who date it in the Palaiologan era. The bridge on fol. 3v marks the place where a foreign imperial bride (presumably Maria-Kyratza of Bulgaria, the bride of Andronikos IV Palaiologos, who entered Constantinople by ship in 1346) is received by court ladies, and is already dressed in the robe of an Augusta (ῥωμαικὸν δεσποινικὸν ἱμάτιον). The name pons despine is without doubt the Latin translation of γέφυρα τῆς δεσποίνης. The bridge on both illustrations must be located further north of the Kosmidion at the narrowest point of the Golden Horn near modern district Silâhtarağa. In future discussions on the date of the Vatican “Epithalamion”, the pons despine in the Düsseldorf manuscript should be taken into account since it owes its name to the reception of an imperial bride (δέσποινης νύμφη). This event must have taken place in the Palaiologan period near the Camel Bridge, the only still existing bridge over the Golden Horn in 1343, 1346 and 1485/90.
Mathematical Modelling Comparison of a Reciprocating, a Szorenyi Rotary, and a Wankel Rotary Engine
Authors: Espinosa Luis F. , Lappas Petros 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This paper provides an explanation of the geometry, design, and operational principles for the three engines; having special emphasis in the Szorenyi rotary engine which has a deforming rhombus revolving inside a mathematically defined stator. A basic ideal mathematical simulation of those engines were performed, assuming the Otto cycle for the three engines. Also, it assumes the volumetric efficiency of 100%, a wide-open throttle (WOT), no knock nor any mechanical or thermal losses. This simulation focuses on how the fuel burns during combustion, creating pressure and thus, net work. A comparison in pressure traces and cycle performance is made. The study concludes analysing and comparing the ignition advance; finding the best advance for each engine thus the net work between the three engines during one working cycle. Finally, this paper analyses how the different volume change ratio for the combustion chamber of the Szorenyi, Wankel and the reciprocating engine have an effect in the pressure, net work and thermal efficiency generated inside the chamber during combustion for every working cycle.
International Standard for viscosity at temperatures up to 473 K and pressures below 200 MPa (IUPAC Technical Report)
Authors: Fernandez Josefa , Assael Marc J. , Enick Robert M. , Trusler J. P. Martin 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This paper presents the results of an investigation into possible liquid viscosity standards to meet an industrial requirement for a liquid with a nominal viscosity of 20 mPa s at a temperature of 473 K and pressure of 200 MPa with a relative expanded uncertainty of less than 5%. There are no commercially available certified viscosity reference liquids that meet this requirement. Four candidate fluids were examined: squalane, Krytox GPL102, tris(2-ethylhexyl) trimellitate (TOTM), and dipentaerythritol hexa(3,5,5-trimethylhexanoate) (DiPEiC9). Although none of these fluids satisfies all of the criteria, two fluids were identified as being suitable as International Standards for viscosity at temperatures up to 473 K and pressures below 200 MPa. These fluids are squalane and tris(2-ethylhexyl) trimellitate (TOTM), which at T=473.15 K and p=200 MPa present viscosity values of 5 mPa s and 10 mPa s, respectively.
The Balkan Conundrum and Relations between Austria-Hungary and Greece, 1912–1914
Authors: Ailianos Costis J. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Relations between Greece and Austria-Hungary had never been particularly cordial, despite some brief periods of a certain rapprochement, and Vienna displayed a total lack of consideration for the interests of Athens also during the Balkan Wars. Greek ‘dreams’ were only marginally ‘tangent’ to Vienna’s interests and the Ballhausplatz did not envisage any point of convergence of their political goals. The cooperation, let alone the alliance, between Greece and Serbia proved to be a thorn in the Greco-Austrian relations. All issues of Greek interest met with Vienna’s strong opposition: the drawing of the southern/southeastern borders of Albania; the fate of Thessaloniki and Kavalla; the future of the East Aegean islands. While Austria was aiming at bringing Bulgaria in her sphere of influence, Germany wanted to attract Athens closer to the Triple Alliance, which led to serious misunderstandings between the two empires. Ultimately, this divergence of policy worked in favour of Greece that obtained Thessaloniki and its hinterland, Kavalla, a large part of Epirus, safeguarded her titles on the Aegean islands and secured a common Greco-Serbian borderline. However, the issue of Northern Epirus was left in abeyance until after the First World War. Finally, the Ballhausplatz, re-evaluating the new geopolitical realities in the Balkans, started looking constructively to the future role of Greece in the region.
Retour sur les « révoltes albanaises » de l’après 1908 / Reconsidering the « Albanian revolts » of the post 1908 period
Authors: Clayer Nathalie 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
The article reconsiders the series of revolts that broke out in the Albanian provinces in 1910, 1911 and 1912 in paying attention to their nature, the place and position of the various actors involved as well as to the processes of repression and negotiation. Because of the changing context, of the harsh repression of summer 1910 and of the violent control of the electoral campaign of spring 1912, the uprisings, which were reactive, turned against the military and fiscal reforms, became active and multifaceted and led by different kinds of actors (local chiefs, former deputies opposed to the CUP, militaries, etc.). Their Albanian or pan-Albanian dimension was part of the contemporary debate and was a stake for their treatment.
Social Fragmentation of Industrial Workforces. Yugoslav Motor Vehicle Industry During Self-Managed Socialism
Authors: Schult Ulrike 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
The article addresses the social differentiation among industrial workforces in two Yugoslav motor-vehicle factories in the period between 1965 and 1985. Along which lines did social inequalities, which were negated in official communist ideology manifest and how were they articulated? How were they dealt with in the complex environments of self-managed enterprises in respect to the official doctrine? Based on archival material from factory archives, the League of Communists and the socialist mass organisations and on published sources such as factory newspapers, the industrial workforces are described as heterogeneous with shifting affiliations between its sub-groups. Three dividing factors (1. blue-collar vs. white collar workers, 2. gender and 3. profession) are examined. Intersectional entanglements can be found, which systematically accumulated social advantages for certain social groups. Serbian and Slovene enterprises demonstrate many comparable tendencies. In reaction, official ideology attempted to detract attention from social stratification, employing symbolic recognition and calls for greater implementation of the principles of self-management.
Verkehr, Warenfluss und Wissenstransfer. Überlegung zu einer internationalen Geschichte der Unteren Donau (1829–1918) / Transport, Trade and Transfer of Knowledge. Towards an International History of the Lower Danube
Authors: Gatejel Luminita 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Since the Treaty of Adrianople 1829 the Lower Danube underwent major political, economic and territorial transformations. It changed from a quasi-closed river entirely under Ottoman rule into a site of Great Power intervention. This new found international interest mobilised sustained efforts to make the Danube from the Iron Gates to the Black Sea navigable. Within a few years the Lower Danube turned into an important commercial and communication hub of continental dimensions. It also turned into a place of pilgrimage for politicians, diplomats, merchants and hydraulic engineers from all over Europe enabling a vivid exchange of ideas. The goal of this article is twofold: on one hand it sets out to give an overview over the existing body of historical literature that places the Lower Danube into a transnational framework, and on the other it makes several suggestions for further studies.
Protective effects of epifriedelinol in a rat model of traumatic brain injury assessed with histological and hematological markers
Authors: Li Shiping , Zhang Qiaoying , Li Peiwu 
Published: October 2018

Abstract

Background
This study evaluated the protective effects of epifriedelinol (EFD) in a rat model of traumatic brain injury (TBI).

Methodology
TBI was induced by dropping a weight from a specific height. The animals were separated into control, TBI, and EFD 100 and 200 mg/kg groups. The latter received 100 and 200 mg/kg EFD, respectively, for 2 days beginning 30 min after inducing TBI. The neurological examination score, permeability of the blood–brain barrier (BBB), water content of the brain, cytokine levels, and oxidative stress parameters were measured in the rats. The effects of EFD on glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive cells were evaluated using immunohistochemistry.

ResultThe EFD treatment significantly decreased the neurological score, permeability of the BBB, and water content of brain compared with the TBI group. The levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and oxidative stress were significantly decreased in the EFD-treated groups. The number of GFAP-positive cells was also significantly reduced in the EFD-treated groups.

ConclusionEFD attenuates the secondary injury in TBI rats by reducing the serum cytokine levels and oxidative stress.
Methanolic extract of Rhinella schneideri (cururú toad) poison crude cause ultrastructural changes in nerve terminals of mouse phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparations
Authors: Rostelato-Ferreira Sandro , Rocha Thalita , Dal Belo Cháriston Andre , Rodrigues-Simioni Lea , Ownby Charlote L , Cruz-Hofling Maria Alice 
Published: October 2018

Rhinella schneideri (or Bufo paracnemis), popularly known in Brazil as cururu toad, is also found in other countries in South America. The cardiovascular effects of this poison are largely known and recently was shown that it is capable to affect the neuromuscular junction on avian and mice isolated preparation. In this work, we used transmission electron microscopy to investigate the ultrastructure of the motor nerve terminal and postsynaptic junctional folds of phrenic nerve-hemidiaphragm preparations incubated for either 5 or 60 min with the methanolic extract of R. schneideri (50 µg/mL). In addition, the status of the acetylcholine receptors (AChR) was examined by TRITC-α-bungarotoxin immunofluorescence location at the endplate membrane. The results show that 5 min of incubation with the gland secretion extract significantly decreased (32 %) the number of synaptic vesicles into the motor nerve terminal, but did not decrease the electron density on the top of the junctional folds where nicotinic receptors are concentrated; however, 60 min of incubation led to significant nerve terminal reloading in synaptic vesicles whereas the AChR immunoreactivity was not as marked as in control and after 5 min incubation. Muscle fibers were well-preserved but intramuscular motor axons were not. The findings corroborated pharmacological data since the decrease in the number of synaptic vesicles (5 min) followed by recovery (60 min) is in accordance with the transient increase of MEPPs frequency meaning increased neurotransmitter release. These data support the predominant presynaptic mode of action of the R. schneideri, but do not exclude the possibility of a secondary postsynaptic action depending on the time the preparation is exposed to poison.
Atopik dermatitte biyo belirteç olarak eozinofil ve IgE.
Authors: Özkars Mehmet yaşar 
Published: October 2018

Giriş: Atopik dermatit (AD)
süt çocukluğu döneminin en sık görülen dermatolojik hastalğıdır. Genellikle
besin allerjisi bu durumdan sorumludur. Biz çalışmamızda AD ile ilişkili besin
alerjilerini ve bunların eozinofil ve IgE ile ilişkisini incelemek istedik.Gereç ve Yöntem:
Çalışmamız yaşları 2-12 ay arasında olan 128 (64 AD ve
64 Kontrol) çocukta yapıldı. Retrospektif dosya taraması şeklinde yapılan
çalışmamızda AD tanılılarda; tam kan sayımı, total IgE değeri, besin alerji
deri testleri ve kanda alerji testleri belirlendi. Kontrol grubu için aynı yaş
aralığında eşit sayıda hastanın dosyalarındaki tam kan sayımı sonuçları alındı.
Bulgular:
AD
grubunda eozinofili varlığı ile alerji testi pozitifliği arasında pozitif
korelasyon tespit edildi (p&lt;0,01). Atopik dermatitlilerde 64 hastanın 22’sinde
alerji deri testlerinde ve/veya spesifik IgE değerlerinde pozitiflik bulundu.
Alerji testleri pozitif çıkan hastalardan 10 tanesinde sadece süt alerjisi, 7
tanesinde süt ve yumurta alerjisi birlikteliği ve 5 tanesinde sadece yumurta
alerjisi bulundu. AD grubunda besin alerjisi testi pozitif olanlarla (133.54±253.01) olmayanların (37.30±61.71) IgE değerleri
karşılaştırıldığında aralarında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark mevcuttu
(p&lt;0.001). Yine AD olan grupta besin alerjisi testi pozitif olanlarla (6.06±1.67) olmayanların (4.68±3.18) yüzde eozinofil
değerleri karşılaştırıldığında aralarında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark
mevcuttu (p=0.001). Ayrıca AD olan grupta besin alerjisi testi pozitif
olanlarla (737.27±348.01) olmayanların (490.71±367.71) mutlak eozinofil değerleri karşılaştırıldığında
aralarında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark mevcuttu (p=0.005). Sonuç:

AD
klinik tanısı olanlarda eozinofil ve IgE yüksekliği besin alerji testlerinde
pozitiflik tahmini için kullanılabilecek bir belirteç olabilir. AD tanısında
besin eliminasyon diyetinde ilk tercih süt olmalıdır. Eğer süt diyeti ile
yeterli klinik iyileşme olmaz ise süt ile birlikte yumurta diyeti ile tanı
doğrulanmaya çalışılmalıdır.
A Climate Change Impact: Variation In Precipitation Patterns, And Increased Drought Risk In Turkey
Authors: DABANLI İsmail 
Published: October 2018

Since the industrial revolution, temperature averages have been changing both in local and global scale. These variations are related with the climate and global warming changes. Such typical changes (i.e., increasing heavy precipitation, and declined light or total precipitation) are also observed in Turkey. As expected, decreased precipitation usually promotes drought conditions, and can cause extended dry days or periods. Thus, strong relationship can be considered between precipitation scarcity and drought conditions. In this study, changes in precipitation (i.e., total, bottom/lowest and extreme 10%), dry days length, dry spells (&gt;6 days) and drought severity risk based on Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) were evaluated quantitatively over Turkey from 1971 to 2000 with regards to climate changes. Trend analysis is performed by using Innovative-Şen analysis (ITA) method to evaluate trend behavior of precipitation, lengths of dry days and spells. Results show that changes in dry days (ΔDD/ΔT) converge to (-2% ±3%)/0C, while changes in prolonged dry spells change (ΔDS/ΔT) are comparatively higher (3% ±5%)/0C. For precipitations, mean values of ΔP/ΔT converges to constant value as (-6% ±8%)/0C, (0% ±2%)/0C and (-1% ±4%)/0C for total, top 10% heavy and lowest 10% precipitations, respectively. These changes are supported by ITA outputs. All results support and point out that prolonged drought risk frequency and severity has been increasing.
Mitigating interference from switch-mode power supplies in sampling receivers
Authors: Slamdien Muammar , Wheeler Jacques , Van der Merwe Paul 
Published: October 2018

This paper presents the research and development of techniques to mitigate interference from switch-mode power supplies (SMPS) in sampling receivers and also more specifically for FMCW radar receiver applications. During the system testing phase of an FMCW Radar at Reutech Radar Systems (RRS), it was found that a large false target was emerging on the Range-Doppler Map (RDM). It was concluded that the problem was originating from interference caused by the SMPS, which supplies DC power to the radar receiver subsystem. This created the need for a new DC power supply, which is able to minimize the interference itself, and mitigate the effects of the interference caused by the switching of the power supply. The study was divided four main sections, namely, research, simulation, design and evaluation. The research involved obtaining background information on sampling receivers, sampling theory, Range-Doppler Processing, SMPS’s, their effects and mitigation thereof. In the simulation phase, the research was utilised to simulate the various interference mitigation techniques. A power supply PCB was designed in the design phase to practically illustrate the techniques being utilised. Lastly, during evaluation, this PCB was evaluated against the criteria set out in the research phase. The results demonstrated that the techniques of synchronising the PWM clock to the Sampling frequency and Sweep Repetition Frequency yielded a significant reduction in the SMPS noise on the RDM. This technique may also be applied in other electronic sampling systems which perform digitisation of the input data, such as Analog to Digital Converters etc.
El rol eclesiológico de Elena de White en la Iglesia Adventista
Authors: R. Timm Alberto 
Published: October 2018

l presente estudio muestra que Elena de White, llama- da por Dios para servir en la restauración fi de la verdad en el tiem- po escatológico del fi desempeñó un papel crucial en la formación de la Iglesia y en la definiciónde la misión que tiene en el mundo.
Profile of fungal blood stream infection (BSI) in neonate at tertiary care hospital in South India
Authors: C. Shanmuga Sundaram , C. N. Kamalarathnam 
Published: October 2018

Background: Advancement in neonatal care has led to remarkable improvement in survival of new-born. Fungal infections in new born are an important health problem associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence and epidemiology of neonatal fungal blood stream infection and to analyze risk factor associated with mortality due to fungal septicemia.Methods: This is a retrospective study of all neonatal fungal cases admitted from July 2016 to June 2017 to a tertiary care hospital in South India.Results: Isolation rate of fungal blood stream infection was 3.3%. Risk factors observed for candida blood stream infection were Broad spectrum antibiotic usage >7 days (91.18%) followed by central line >7 days (58.9%) and total parenteral nutrition (50.68%). Poor weight gain (71.23%), respiratory distress (68.4%) are common clinical presentation. Mortality among candida blood stream infection was 29 (39.72%). On step-wise logistic regression analysis, prolonged rupture of membrane and endotracheal tube placement for more than 7 days were significant independent predictors of mortality in neonatal candida blood stream infection.Conclusions: Candida blood stream infection is significant problem in our unit. It occurs in 3.3 %of neonates admitted in our unit and accounts for 34% of blood culture positive sepsis. Non-albican candidiasis is the predominant agent causing candida blood stream infection. Fungal prophylaxis may be recommended in neonates with risk factors like birth weight less than 1500 gms, those requiring ventilation for more than 7 days, those on total parenteral nutrition for more than 7 days and those on prolonged broad-spectrum antibiotics. It reemphasizes the need for aseptic insertion, maintenance, early identification of catheter related infection and early removal of central line.
Bacteriological profile in intubated and mechanically ventilated babies in NICU in Krishna Institue of Medical Sciences, Karad, Maharashtra, India
Authors: Menon Shreya S. , Pawar J. M. 
Published: October 2018

Background: Infections are the most important and leading cause of mortality and morbidity among the patients admitted in ICU. Nosocomial infection is a critical issue among intubated patients which is responsible for significant morbidity and mortality of these patients. The objectives of this study were to characterize bacterial species from the respiratory tract of patients undergoing endotracheal intubation and to determine the sensitivity of organism to various antibiotics. To propose a suitable antibiotic therapy in intubated and mechanically ventilated babies according to cultures and antibiotic sensitivity obtained from ET tube of previously intubated and ventilated babies in NICU.Methods: It was a cross sectional descriptive study conducted in the NICU settings of KIMS, Karad, from January 2016 to June 2016. 78 neonates were intubated for more than 48 hours were included in the study during this duration, among which 44 were considered as cases.Results: Out of 44 samples,16 were sterile and 28 were positive for organisms.25 cases were started prophylactic antibiotics before intubation with inj. ampicillin and inj. gentamicin (27.3%), inj. piperacillin and inj. amikacin (15.9%), inj. vancomycin (9.1%), inj. meropenem (2.3%), of which 6 cases were sterile and 19 were positive for organisms. Antibiotic sensitivity to inj. colisitn (38.7%) followed by inj. tigecycline (13.6%), inj. levofloxacin (4.6%) and inj. tetracycline (2,3%) and inj. clindamycin (2.3%). In majority cases antibiotic sensitivity was obtained positive to 3 antibiotics.Conclusions: From the present study we have come to a conclusion that analyzing ET culture was important as the sensitivity to the antibiotics obtained was different from those given prophylactically as a protocol. Hence this study will help us in implementing different antibiotics prophylactically with regard to the commonly obtained sensitivity pattern.
Synthesis of Dihydrobenzofuranone Derivatives with Biotechnological Methods
Authors: Zerenler Çalışkan Zerrin , Ay Ebru Nur 
Published: October 2018

Benzofuranone
derivatives are important structural units in many biologically active
compounds thus, synthesis of these types of compounds in optically pure form
found increased interest in pharmaceutical chemistry. In this study, the
enantioselective synthesis of 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-6-phenyl-4-oxo-benzofuranone-5-yl
acetate (3) and 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-6-
phenyl-4-oxo-benzofuranone-5-yl hydroxy derivative (4) was carried out for the first time, by enzyme-mediated hydrolysis reactions with
high enantiomeric excesses. Several lipases were used for the kinetic
resolution in different pH values and different solvent systems of racemic 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-6-phenyl-4-oxo-benzofuranone-5-yl
acetate (rac-3) in which the lipases
from HPL, PPL, RNL and PCL displayed
high enentioselectivity towards 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-6- phenyl-4-oxo-benzofuranone-5-yl
hydroxy derivative (4) at pH=7.