bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PDCD4 Is an Androgen-Repressed Tumor Suppressor that Regulates Prostate Cancer Growth and Castration Resistance
Authors: Zennami Kenji , Choi Su Mi , Liao Ross , Li Ying , Dinalankara Wikum , Marchionni Luigi , Rafiqi Fatema H. , Kurozumi Akira , Hatano Koji , Lupold Shawn E. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract

Androgen receptor (AR) transcriptional activity contributes to prostate cancer development and castration resistance. The growth and survival pathways driven by AR remain incompletely defined. Here, we found PDCD4 to be a new target of AR signaling and a potent regulator of prostate cancer cell growth, survival, and castration resistance. The 3′ untranslated region of PDCD4 is directly targeted by the androgen-induced miRNA, miR-21. Androgen treatment suppressed PDCD4 expression in a dose responsive and miR-21–dependent manner. Correspondingly, AR inhibition dose-responsively induced PDCD4 expression. Using data from prostate cancer tissue samples in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), we found a significant and inverse correlation between miR-21 and PDCD4 mRNA and protein levels. Higher Gleason grade tumors exhibited significantly higher levels of miR-21 and significantly lower levels of PDCD4 mRNA and protein. PDCD4 knockdown enhanced androgen-dependent cell proliferation and cell-cycle progression, inhibited apoptosis, and was sufficient to drive androgen-independent growth. On the other hand, PDCD4 overexpression inhibited miR-21–mediated growth and androgen independence. The stable knockdown of PDCD4 in androgen-dependent prostate cancer cells enhanced subcutaneous tumor take rate in vivo, accelerated tumor growth, and was sufficient for castration-resistant tumor growth.

Implications:
This study provides the first evidence that PDCD4 is an androgen-suppressed protein capable of regulating prostate cancer cell proliferation, apoptosis, and castration resistance. These results uncover miR-21 and PDCD4-regulated pathways as potential new targets for castration-resistant prostate cancer.
Microtonal Variation in Sung Cantonese
Authors: Schellenberg Murray , Gick Bryan 
Published: December 2018

AbstractBackground/Aims:Both music and language impose constraints on fundamental frequency (F0) in sung music. Composers are known to set words of tone languages to music in a way that reflects tone height but fails to include tone contour. This study tests whether choral singers add linguistic tone contour information to an unfamiliar song by examining whether Cantonese singers make use of microtonal variation.Methods:12 native Cantonese-speaking non-professional choral singers learned and sang a novel song in Cantonese which included a minimal set of the Cantonese tones to probe whether everyday singers add in missing contour information.Results:Cantonese singers add in a rising F0 contour of less than a semitone when singing syllables with lexical rising tones. This microtonal variation is not observed when singing in a lower register.Conclusion:Cantonese singers use microtonal contours to reflect rising contours of Cantonese linguistic tones.
A partir de Greimas: formação, atuação e pesquisa em semiótica
Authors: Sousa Silvia Maria de 
Published: December 2018

Como parte das homenagens pelo centenário de nascimento de Algirdas Julien Greimas, o texto retoma um percurso de formação, atuação e pesquisa em semiótica. Busca-se compreender as consequências dessa tomada de posição na constituição de um perfil de pesquisador. A exposição desse percurso, feita de um ponto de vista em que escolhas e acasos são revisitados, é acompanhada por uma reflexão sobre a teoria e sobre um modo de conceber os Estudos de Linguagem.
On the type selection and re-typification of two monitor lizard taxa (Squamata: Varanidae): Monitor bivittatus celebensis Schlegel, 1844 and Monitor kordensis Meyer, 1874; with some comments and corrections on other name-bearing type specimens
Authors: BÖHME WOLFGANG , KOCH ANDRÉ 
Published: December 2018

We comment on a recently published checklist of the extant monitor lizards (Varanidae) by De Lisle (2009) which aimed also to give the repositories and catalogue numbers of name-bearing type specimens. In two out of 28 cases (i.e., Monitor bivittatus celebensis Schlegel, 1844 and Monitor kordensis Meyer, 1874) where the onomatophores could not be traced, he decided to designate a lectotype and a neotype, respectively, which, however, was not in accordance with the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN). Therefore, we regard these designations as invalid and discuss and clarify the status of further type material listed by De Lisle (2009). Moreover, we make some additional corrections in his list.
A Demographic Analysis of Racial/Ethnic Minority Enrollment Into HVTN Preventive Early Phase HIV Vaccine Clinical Trials Conducted in the United States, 2002-2016
Authors: Huamani Katherine Foy , Metch Barbara , Broder Gail , Andrasik Michele 
Published: December 2018

Objectives: Racial/ethnic minority communities in the United States are overrepresented among new HIV diagnoses, yet their inclusion in preventive HIV vaccine clinical trials is inadequate. An analysis of enrollment demographic characteristics from US preventive HIV vaccine clinical trials from 1988 through 2002 showed that enrollment of racial/ethnic minority groups increased. We analyzed enrollment in preventive HIV vaccine clinical trials from 2002 through 2016 and compared our data with data from the previous study, described demographic characteristics of trial participants, and assessed how well this distribution reflected the racial/ethnic distribution of new HIV diagnoses in the United States. Methods: We examined data on demographic characteristics from 43 Phase 1 and Phase 2A preventive HIV vaccine clinical trials conducted in the United States and compared the results with those of the previous study. We also compared racial/ethnic distributions from 2011 through 2015 with Centers for Disease Control and Prevention data on the number of new HIV diagnoses during the same period. Results: Of 3469 participants, 1134 (32.7%) identified as a racial/ethnic minority, a 94% increase from the previous period (634/3731; 17.0%). Percentage annual enrollment of all racial/ethnic minority participants fluctuated from 17% to 53% from mid-2002 to 2016. Percentages of new HIV diagnoses among the general population were 1.9 to 2.9 times the percentage enrollment of black participants and 1.3 to 6.6 times the percentage enrollment of Hispanic/Latino participants in clinical trials for the same period. Conclusions: Although enrollment of racial/ethnic minority groups into HIV vaccine clinical trials has increased, it is not proportional to the number of new HIV diagnoses among these groups. To enhance recruitment of racial/ethnic minority groups, the HIV Vaccine Trials Network has prioritized community partnerships and invested resources into staff training.
Beliefs about the Benefits of Breastfeeding: Formation and Effects on Breastfeeding Intention and Persistence
Authors: Topolyan Iryna , Xu Xu 
Published: December 2018

Using data from the Infant Feeding Practices Survey (IFPS) II, we investigate whether women’s beliefs about the benefits of breastfeeding significantly affect breastfeeding intention and breastfeeding persistence. We uncover factors that affect women’s beliefs about the benefits of breastfeeding. Our model allows for the endogenous belief formation and could be extended to study a wide range of situations, including beliefs about the benefits of exercise, organic versus conventional food consumption and so on. We find that beliefs have a highly statistically significant effect on breastfeeding intention and the likelihood of breastfeeding at the third and sixth month, which suggests the potential usefulness of educational campaigns aimed at raising breastfeeding awareness. Beliefs are indeed endogenous in the model of breastfeeding intention but not of breastfeeding persistence. JEL: D13, I10, I18, J13
Shared decision-making within goal-setting in rehabilitation: a mixed-methods study
Authors: Rose Alice , Soundy Andy , Rosewilliam Sheeba 
Published: December 2018

Objectives: To assess the extent of shared decision-making within goal-setting meetings and explore patient-reported factors that influenced their participation to shared decision-making about their goals. Design: A two-phase explanatory sequential mixed-methods study, using questionnaires and interviews. Setting: A rehabilitation centre and patients’ homes. Subjects: Frail elderly patients. Main Measures: Quantitative data were collected after every patient’s goal-setting meeting using the Multifocal Approach to Sharing in Shared Decision Making (MAPPIN’SDM) questionnaire that assesses competencies relevant to shared decision-making. Shared decision-making was rated by an observer, patients and staff and compared. Qualitative data were collected through semi-structured interviews. Results: A total of 24 rehabilitation team members and 40 patients (mean age: 83 years) participated. All study participants felt that competency 7a (the language used by staff made sense to the patient) was observed in all meetings. Patients reported that for 22 of the meetings competency 4a, the advantages and disadvantages of rehabilitation, was not discussed. Games-Howell tests for direction of differences between groups showed significant difference ( P = 0.001) between patients and staff in whether patients’ problems were discussed. Nine patients’ interviews suggested that motivation, self-confidence, family support, preparing themselves, getting information about goal-setting and rehabilitation options could enable them to participate in shared decision-making. They suggested that staff should communicate clearly and demonstrate that they are listening to patients but without a paternalistic approach. Conclusion: Staff exhibited most shared decision-making competencies at a good level. However, patients highlighted problems with information sharing and felt staff might not be listening to them. Research and practice should explore tools to address these shortfalls.
An assisted structured reflection on life events and life goals in advanced cancer patients: Outcomes of a randomized controlled trial (Life InSight Application (LISA) study)
Authors: Kruizinga Renske , Scherer-Rath Michael , Schilderman Johannes BAM , Hartog Iris D , Van Der Loos Jacoba PM , Kotzé Hantie P , Westermann Anneke M , Klümpen Heinz-Josef , Kortekaas Francesco , Grootscholten Cecile , Bossink Frans , Schrama Jolanda , Van De Vrande Willem , Schrama Natascha AWP , Blokland Willem , De Vos Filip YFL , Kuin Annemieke , Meijer Wim G , Van Oijen Martijn GH , Sprangers Mirjam AG , Van Laarhoven Hanneke WM 
Published: December 2018

Background: Diagnosis and treatment of incurable cancer as a life-changing experience evokes difficult existential questions. Aim: A structured reflection could improve patients’ quality of life and spiritual well-being. We developed an interview model on life events and ultimate life goals and performed a randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effect thereof on quality of life and spiritual well-being. Design: The intervention group had two consultations with a spiritual counselor. The control group received care as usual. EORTC QLQ-C15-PAL and the FACIT-sp were administered at baseline and 2 and 4 months after baseline. Linear mixed model analysis was performed to test between-group differences over time. Participants: Adult patients with incurable cancer and a life expectancy ⩾6 months were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to the intervention or control group. Results: A total of 153 patients from six different hospitals were included: 77 in the intervention group and 76 in the control group. Quality of life and spiritual well-being did not significantly change over time between groups. The experience of Meaning/Peace was found to significantly influence quality of life ( β = 0.52, adj. R2 = 0.26) and satisfaction with life ( β = 0.61, adj. R2 = 0.37). Conclusion: Although our newly developed interview model was well perceived by patients, we were not able to demonstrate a significant difference in quality of life and spiritual well-being between groups. Future interventions by spiritual counselors aimed at improving quality of life, and spiritual well-being should focus on the provision of sources of meaning and peace.
Has illicit drug use become normalised in groups of Swedish youth? A latent class analysis of school survey data from 2012 to 2015
Authors: Karlsson Patrik , Ekendahl Mats , Månsson Josefin , Raninen Jonas 
Published: December 2018

Background: It is often assumed that illicit drug use has become normalised in the Western world, as evidenced for example by increased prevalence rates and drug-liberal notions in both socially advantaged and disadvantaged youth populations. There is accumulating research on the characteristics of young illicit drug users from high-prevalence countries, but less is known about the users in countries where use is less common. There is reason to assume that drug users in low-prevalence countries may be more disadvantaged than their counterparts in high-prevalence countries, and that the normalisation thesis perhaps does not apply to the former context. Aim: This article aims to explore to what extent such assertions hold true by studying the characteristics of young illicit drug users in Sweden, where prevalence is low and drug policy centres on zero tolerance. Material and Method: We draw on a subsample ( n = 3374) of lifetime users of illicit drugs from four waves of a nationally representative sample of students in 9th and 11th grade (2012–2015). Latent class analysis (LCA) on ten indicators pertaining to illicit drug use identified four classes which we termed “Marijuana testers”, “Marijuana users”, “Cannabinoid users” and “Polydrug users”. Findings: Indications of social advantage/disadvantage such as peer drug use, early substance-use debut and truancy varied across groups, particularly between “Marijuana testers” (low scores) and “Polydrug users” (high scores). Conclusions: Our findings corroborate the idea that the majority of those who have used illicit drugs in the Swedish youth population have tried marijuana a few times only. We discuss whether or not the comparably large share of socially advantaged “Marijuana testers” in a comparably small sample of lifetime users can be interpreted as a sort of normalisation in a prohibitionist drug policy context.
A Targeted Swallow Screen for the Detection of Postoperative Dysphagia in Liver Transplant Patients
Authors: Mukdad Laith , Toppen William , Nguyen Son , Kim Kwang , Mendelsohn Abie H. , Zarrinpar Ali , Benharash Peyman 
Published: December 2018

Introduction: Postoperative dysphagia leads to aspiration pneumonia, prolonged hospital stay, and is associated with increased mortality. We have demonstrated the validity of a bedside targeted swallow evaluation following cardiac surgery. Since dysphagia following liver transplantation is not well examined, we evaluated the efficacy of this swallow screen method in postoperative liver transplant patients. Methods: This was a prospective trial involving adult patients who underwent liver transplant surgery at our institution over a 5-month period. Within 24 hours of extubation and prior to the initiation of oral intake, all patients were evaluated using the targeted swallow screen, which is a direct assessment of mental status and laryngeal sensation/elevation upon swallowing of progressively larger amounts of water. A fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing was requested for failed screenings. Results: During the study, 50 patients were screened. Twenty (40%) failed the targeted swallow screen, while 18 (90%)/20 failed the subsequent fiberoptic endoscopic examination (overall dysphagia incidence = 40%). Patients with dysphagia were older and had significantly longer intensive care unit and hospital stays. The screening test had a 90% sensitivity and a specificity of 83% for detecting dysphagia. Conclusion: The true incidence of dysphagia following liver transplantation appears to be significantly higher than previously recognized. A simple bedside swallow screen can efficiently screen these patients for dysphagia. Our findings require further validation and may support programs for reduction and early detection of dysphagia.
Humeral head histopathological changes in cuff tear arthropathy
Authors: Toma Takashi , Suenaga Naoki , Taniguchi Noboru , Oizumi Naomi , Yamaguchi Hiroshi , Tome Yasunori , Kanaya Fuminori 
Published: December 2018

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the histopathological changes in the humeral head in cuff tear arthropathy (CTA) compared with those in glenohumeral osteoarthritis (OA) and humeral neck fracture, which served as non-cuff tear controls. Methods: Twenty-three humeral heads extracted at the time of shoulder prosthesis arthroplasty between June 2014 and July 2015 were evaluated in the present study. The diagnoses included four-part humeral neck fracture ( n = 4; average age, 85.0 years), glenohumeral OA ( n = 4; average age, 71.0 years), and CTA ( n = 15; average age, 73.0 years). The humeral heads were evaluated pathologically by hematoxylin and eosin and Safranin-O staining, and the thickness of the articular cartilage was measured. Results: Fibrillation, thinning, and tearing of the cartilage were observed in the superior area of the humeral heads in CTA and glenohumeral OA. In CTA cases, clusters of chondrocytes in the cartilage were observed. Moreover, the thickness of the cartilage layer in the middle of the humeral head was 1.54 ± 0.07, 0.32 ± 0.46, and 2.19 ± 0.50 mm in humeral neck fracture, glenohumeral OA, and CTA, respectively. The cartilage layer in CTA was thicker than that in glenohumeral OA (CTA vs. OA: p < 0.05). Conclusion: OA changes in the superior area of the humeral heads and thickening of the cartilage layer from the middle to the inferior of the humeral heads were confirmed histopathologically, suggesting that simultaneous mechanical and nutritional factors might be contributing to CTA pathogenesis. The current study provided the better understanding of cartilage damage and thickening in CTA. This will help guide treatment options in the setting of CTA.
Sex Alters the MHC Class I HLA-A Association With Polyglandular Autoimmunity
Authors: Flesch Brigitte K , König Jochem , Frommer Lara , Hansen Martin P , Kahaly George J 
Published: December 2018

Abstract

Context
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) strongly contributes to the development of polyglandular autoimmunity (PGA).

Objective
To evaluate the impact of sex on human leukocyte antigen (HLA) association with PGA for the first time.

Design
Cross-sectional immunogenetic study.

Setting
Academic tertiary referral Orphan Disease Center for PGA (ORPHA 282196) and immunogenetics laboratory.

Subjects
Patients (158) with coexistent type 1 diabetes and autoimmune thyroid disease (adult type 3 PGA, ORPHA 227982) and 479 unrelated healthy controls.

Interventions
All 637 white subjects were typed for HLA-A, -B, -DRB1, -DQA1, and -DQB1 alleles at a two-field level.

Main Outcome Measures
Modification of the gene-disease association by sex.

Results
MHC class I HLA-A association was sex related to both the total white adult type 3 PGA collective (n = 158, P = 0.0065), as well as in PGA patients with autoimmune Hashimoto thyroiditis (n = 91, P = 0.010). Compared with HLA-A*02:01, A*11:01 was over-represented in male patients, yet under-represented in women (OR 1.49, 95% CI 0.55 to 3.88 vs 0.42, 0.12 to 1.17). A*24:02 was under-represented in male but not in female patients (OR 0.37, 95% CI 0.11 to 1.04 vs 1.19, 0.65 to 2.15). With the exclusion of the five most frequent alleles (A*01:01, A*02:01, A*03:01, A*11:01, and A*24:02), the sum of all other identified alleles was under-represented in male patients (OR 0.37, 0.18 to 0.72, P = 0.0046). The strong MHC HLA-B association with PGA (P &lt; 0.0001) was not sex related (P = 0.55). Furthermore, no interaction with sex was observed for the MHC class II HLA-DRB1, -DQA1, and -DQB1 alleles.

Conclusion
MHC class I HLA-A association with type 3 PGA is significantly affected by sex.
Exposure to Gestational Diabetes Is a Stronger Predictor of Dysmetabolic Traits in Children Than Size at Birth
Authors: Kampmann Freja Bach , Thuesen Anne Cathrine Baun , Hjort Line , Olsen Sjurdur Frodi , Pires Sara Monteiro , Tetens Inge , Grunnet Louise Groth 
Published: December 2018

Abstract

Context and Objective
Being born small or large for gestational age and intrauterine exposure to gestational diabetes (GDM) increase the risk of type 2 diabetes in the offspring. However, the potential combined deleterious effects of size at birth and GDM exposure remains unknown. We examined the independent effect of size at birth and the influence of GDM exposure in utero on cardiometabolic traits, body composition, and puberty status in children.

Design, Participants, and Methods
The present study was a longitudinal birth cohort study. We used clinical data from 490 offspring of mothers with GDM and 527 control offspring aged 9 to 16 years, born singleton at term from the Danish National Birth Cohort with available birthweight data.

Results
We found no evidence of a U-shaped association between size at birth (expressed as birthweight, sex, and gestational age adjusted z-score) and cardiometabolic traits. Body size in childhood and adolescence reflected the size at birth but was not reflected in any metabolic outcome. No synergistic adverse effect of being born small or large for gestational age and exposure to GDM was shown. However, GDM was associated with an adverse metabolic profile and earlier onset of female puberty in childhood and adolescence independently of size at birth.

Conclusion
In childhood and adolescence, we found GDM was a stronger predictor of dysmetabolic traits than size at birth. The combination of being born small or large and exposed to GDM does not exacerbate the metabolic profile in the offspring.
Management of Comatose Survivors of Cardiac Arrest
Authors: Seder David B. 
Published: December 2018

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Because the whole-body ischemia-reperfusion insult associated with cardiac arrest often results in brain injury, neurologists perform an important role in postresuscitation cardiac arrest care. This article provides guidance for the assessment and management of brain injury following cardiac arrest.

RECENT FINDINGS
Neurologists have many roles in postresuscitation cardiac arrest care: (1) early assessment of brain injury severity to help inform triage for invasive circulatory support or revascularization; (2) advocacy for the maintenance of a neuroprotective thermal, hemodynamic, biochemical, and metabolic milieu; (3) detection and management of seizures; (4) development of an accurate, multimodal, and conservative approach to prognostication; (5) application of shared decision-making paradigms around the likely outcomes of therapy and the goals of care; and (6) facilitation of the neurocognitive assessment of survivors. Therefore, optimal management requires early neurologist involvement in patient care, a detailed knowledge of postresuscitation syndrome and its complex interactions with prognosis, expertise in bringing difficult cases to their optimal conclusions, and a support system for survivors with cognitive deficits.

SUMMARY
Neurologists have a critical role in postresuscitation cardiac arrest care and are key participants in the treatment team from the time of first restoration of a perfusing heart rhythm through the establishment of rehabilitation services for survivors.