bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Significance of Nanomaterials in Wearables: A Review on Wearable Actuators and Sensors
Authors: Jayathilaka Wanasinghe Arachchige Dumith Madushanka , Qi Kun , Qin Yanli , Chinnappan Amutha , Serrano‐García William , Baskar Chinnappan , Wang Hongbo , He Jianxin , Cui Shizhong , Thomas Sylvia W. , Ramakrishna Seeram 
Published: December 2018

AbstractTogether with the evolution of digital health care, the wearable electronics field has evolved rapidly during the past few years and is expected to be expanded even further within the first few years of the next decade. As the next stage of wearables is predicted to move toward integrated wearables, nanomaterials and nanocomposites are in the spotlight of the search for novel concepts for integration. In addition, the conversion of current devices and attachment‐based wearables into integrated technology may involve a significant size reduction while retaining their functional capabilities. Nanomaterial‐based wearable sensors have already marked their presence with a significant distinction while nanomaterial‐based wearable actuators are still at their embryonic stage. This review looks into the contribution of nanomaterials and nanocomposites to wearable technology with a focus on wearable sensors and actuators.
Direct Observation of Nanoscale Light Confinement without Metal
Authors: Liu Yunxin , Vanacken Johan , Chen Xianmei , Han Junbo , Zhong Zhiqiang , Xia Zhengcai , Chen Borong , Wu Huan , Jin Zhao , Ge Jun‐Yi , Huang Junwei , Meng Lei , Duan Xiangfeng , Huang Yu , Peng Qing , Moshchalkov Victor V. , Li Yadong 
Published: December 2018

AbstractManipulation of light below the diffraction limit forms the basis of nanophotonics. Metals can confine light at the subwavelength scale but suffer from high loss of energy. Recent reports have theoretically demonstrated the possibility of light confinement below the diffraction limit using transparent dielectric metamaterials. Here, nanoscale light confinement (<λ/20) in transparent dielectric materials is shown experimentally through a luminescent nanosystem with rationally designed dielectric claddings. Theoretically, green light with a wavelength of 540 nm has a transmission of 98.8% when passing through an ultrathin NaYF4/NaGdF4 superlattice cladding (thickness: 6.9 nm). Unexpectedly, the complete confinement of green emission (540 nm) by such an ultrathin dielectric cladding is directly observed. FDTD calculations are used to confirm that the ultrathin dielectric cladding has negligible influence on the transmission of propagating light, but extraordinary confinement of evanescent waves. This will provide new opportunities for nanophotonics by completely averting the use of metals.
Mechanically Excited Multicolor Luminescence in Lanthanide Ions
Authors: Du Yangyang , Jiang Yue , Sun Tianying , Zhao Jianxiong , Huang Bolong , Peng Dengfeng , Wang Feng 
Published: December 2018

AbstractMechanoluminescence (ML) featuring photon emission by mechanical stimuli is promising for applications such as stress sensing, display, and artificial skin. However, the progress of utilizing ML processes is constrained by the limited range of available ML emission spectra. Herein, a general strategy for expanding the emission of ML through the use of lanthanide emitters is reported. A lithium‐assisted annealing method for effective incorporation of various lanthanide ions (e.g., Tb3+, Eu3+, Pr3+, Sm3+, Er3+, Dy3+, Ho3+, Nd3+, Tm3+, and Yb3+) into CaZnOS crystals that are identified as one of the most efficient host materials for ML is developed. These doped CaZnOS crystals show efficient and tunable ML spanning full spectrum from violet to near infrared. The multicolor ML materials are used to create encrypted anticounterfeiting patterns, which produce spatially resolvable optical codes under single‐point dynamic pressure of a ballpoint pen.
Layer‐by‐Layer Assembled g‐C3N4 Nanosheets/Cellulose Nanofibers Oriented Membrane‐Filler Leading to Enhanced Thermal Conductivity
Authors: Wu Bin , Ge Liang , Wu Han , Wang Xin , Ge Qianqian , Miao Jibin , Cao Ming , Chen Peng , Xia Ru , Qian Jiasheng 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThermally conducting but electrically insulating materials attract much attention because of miniaturization and high‐degree integration of modern electronic. The traditional approaches to prepare the thermally conductive polymer nanocomposites are usually influenced by the low thermal conductivity, deterioration of electrically insulating, and high filler amount. One of the main reasons is that the filler is impossible to construct an effective heat conductive pathway. In this work, the “lasagna” g‐C3N4/nanofiber cellulose (NFC) thermal conducting membrane‐filler (MF) is first proposed to address these issues. This membrane‐filler is curled to form a cylinder, and then an anisotropic thermally conductive nanocomposite is fabricated by impregnation of PDMS into the cylinder. The g‐C3N4 can arrange along the direction of heat transfer to create an effective phonon transmission pathway. The thermal conductivity not only achieves 1.94 W m−1 K−1 at a low g‐C3N4/NFC MF loading of 9.16 vol% but also exhibits outstanding electrical insulant. Meanwhile, the thermal conductivity of g‐C3N4 is systematically investigated using the nonequilibrium molecule dynamics simulations. This strategy represents a facile, efficient approach to the design of high‐performance nanocomposites with potential application for thermal management materials.
Highly Stable and Ultrafast Hydrogen Gas Sensor Based on 15 nm Nanogaps Switching in a Palladium–Gold Nanoribbons Array
Authors: Pak Yusin , Jeong Yeonggyo , Alaal Naresh , Kim Hyeonghun , Chae Jeonghoon , Min Jung‐Wook , Devi Assa Aravindh Sasikala , Mitra Somak , Lee Da Hoon , Kumaresan Yogeenth , Park Woojin , Kim Tae‐Wook , Roqan Iman S. , Jung Gun‐Young 
Published: December 2018

AbstractPalladium (Pd) nanogap hydrogen gas (H2) sensors based on the large volume expansion of β phase palladium hydride (β‐PdH) are highly promising, owing to their fast and accurate sensing capability at room temperature in air. However, such sensors do not work well at H2 concentrations below 1%. At such low H2 concentrations, Pd exists as α‐PdH, which has a slow and insufficient volume expansion and cannot completely close nanogaps. Furthermore, the lattice strains induced from the phase transition (α‐PdH → β‐PdH) behavior degrade the stable and repeatable long‐term sensing capability. Here, these issues are resolved by fabricating an array of periodically aligned alloyed palladium–gold nanoribbons (PdAu NRB) with uniform 15 nm nanogaps. The PdAu NRB sensor enables highly stable and ultrafast H2 sensing at the full detection range of H2 concentrations from 0.005% to 10% along with the excellent limit of detection (≈0.0027%), which is sufficiently maintained even after seven months of storage in ambient atmosphere. These breakthrough results will pave the way for developing a practical high‐performance H2 sensor chip in the future hydrogen era.
Electrically Conductive Thin Films Derived from Bulk Graphite and Liquid–Liquid Interface Assembly
Authors: Blair Victoria E. , Celebi Kemal , Müllen Klaus , Vermant Jan 
Published: December 2018

AbstractConfinement of particles to fluid–fluid interfaces provides a unique interaction environment, allowing the directed assembly of particles using lateral capillary forces. The particle laden interfacial layers can be deposited onto a variety of substrates for the fabrication of thin film coatings, designed to have structural or functional properties resulting from the interface‐specific structures. For the fabrication of electrically conducting films and specifically graphene‐based coatings, interfacial deposition techniques could offer a low cost and environmentally favorable alternative to conventional gas phase production methods, with possibly a broader choice of substrates. In this work liquid‐phase electrochemical exfoliation is used to produce platelets of few‐layer graphene from bulk graphite which are directly introduced to the water–air interface. These interfaces are characterized through compression experiments and interfacial shear rheology to probe the mechanical properties of the resulting monolayer films and identify mechanical percolation. Further, in situ measurements of electrical conductivity are integrated as a direct indication of electrical percolation. This directly verifies sufficient film quality as an important characteristic of the deposition process. Once deposited on a solid substrate, these films retain their electrical conductivity. But the mechanical properties of the films allow for facile production of freestanding microporous graphene membranes.
Imaging Technologies for Biomedical Micro‐ and Nanoswimmers
Authors: Pané Salvador , Puigmartí‐Luis Josep , Bergeles Christos , Chen Xiang‐Zhong , Pellicer Eva , Sort Jordi , Počepcová Vanda , Ferreira Antoine , Nelson Bradley J. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe last decade has seen the rapid development of untethered mobile micro‐ and nanorobots able to navigate liquids by means of external power sources or by harvesting chemicals from their surrounding media. These tiny devices hold great promise for applications in the biomedical field including targeted drug delivery, localized diagnostics, microsurgery, and cell stimulation. However, to translate small‐scale robots from the laboratory to the clinic, many challenges remain. A major obstacle is the lack of imaging technologies that will allow for precise tracking of the devices in vivo. Here, the current progress, challenges, and future possibilities in the monitoring and tracking of biomedical micro‐ and nanomachines using established as well as less conventional imaging technologies are reviewed.
Monolithic Integration of Ion‐Selective Organic Electrochemical Transistors with Thin Film Transistors on Flexible Substrates
Authors: Pierre Adrien , Doris Sean E. , Lujan René , Street Robert A. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractOrganic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are a promising class of devices for chemical and ionic sensing in aqueous media. Compared with conventional potentiometric techniques, OECT ion‐sensors exhibit low output impedance that aids their miniaturization and integration in multi‐sensor systems. However, in order to implement arrays of OECT sensors for multi‐analyte detection or spatial mapping of analytes, it is critical that the sensors be integrated with an addressing system that minimizes the number of signal lines leaving the sensor array. In this work, an integrated system comprising miniaturized ion‐selective OECTs (IS‐OECTs) that are addressed by a simple multiplexing circuit composed of indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO) thin‐film transistors (TFTs) is reported. The resulting flexible sensor array accepts a set of voltage inputs that selects the currently active sensor, and the active sensor's measured ion concentration is outputted as a single voltage output. This simple readout circuit allows arrays of IS‐OECTs to be monitored with low‐cost electronic equipment, enabling their use in multi‐ion sensing and high‐resolution mapping of ion concentrations in fields ranging from biomedical research to environmental monitoring.
Efficient CsPbBr3 Perovskite Light‐Emitting Diodes Enabled by Synergetic Morphology Control
Authors: Cheng Li‐Peng , Huang Jing‐Sheng , Shen Yang , Li Guo‐Peng , Liu Xiao‐Ke , Li Wei , Wang Yu‐Han , Li Yan‐Qing , Jiang Yang , Gao Feng , Lee Chun‐Sing , Tang Jian‐Xin 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe development of solution‐processed inorganic metal halide perovskite light‐emitting diodes (PeLEDs) is currently hindered by low emission efficiency due to morphological defects and severe non‐radiative recombination in all‐inorganic perovskite emitters. Herein, bright PeLEDs are demonstrated by synergetic morphology control over cesium lead bromide (CsPbBr3) perovskite films with the combination of two additives. The phenethylammonium bromide additive enables the formation of mixed‐dimensional CsPbBr3 perovskites featuring the reduced grain size (<15 nm) and efficient energy funneling, while the dielectric polyethyleneglycol additive promotes the formation of highly compact and pinhole‐free perovskite films with defect passivation at grain boundaries. Consequently, green PeLEDs achieve a current efficiency of 37.14 cd A−1 and an external quantum efficiency of 13.14% with the maximum brightness up to 45 990 cd m−2 and high color purity. Furthermore, this method can be effectively extended to realize flexible PeLEDs on plastic substrates with a high efficiency of 31.0 cd A−1.
Preparative Asymmetric Synthesis of Canonical and Non‐canonical α‐amino Acids Through Formal Enantioselective Biocatalytic Amination of Carboxylic Acids
Authors: Dennig Alexander , Blaschke Fabio , Gandomkar Somayyeh , Tassano Erika , Nidetzky Bernd 
Published: December 2018

AbstractChemical and biocatalytic synthesis of non‐canonical α‐amino acids (ncAAs) from renewable feedstocks and using mild reaction conditions has not efficiently been solved. Here, we show the development of a three‐step, scalable and modular one‐pot biocascade for linear conversion of renewable fatty acids (FAs) into enantiopure l‐α‐amino acids. In module 1, selective α‐hydroxylation of FAs is catalyzed by the P450 peroxygenase P450CLA. By using an automated H2O2 supplementation system, efficient conversion (46 to >99%; TTN>3300) of a broad range of FAs (C6:0 to C16:0) into valuable α‐hydroxy acids (α‐HAs; >90% α‐selective) is shown on preparative scale (up to 2.3 g L−1 isolated product). In module 2, a redox‐neutral hydrogen borrowing cascade (alcohol dehydrogenase/amino acid dehydrogenase) allowed further conversion of α‐HAs into l‐α‐AAs (20 to 99%). Enantiopure l‐α‐AAs (e.e. >99%) including the pharma synthon l‐homo‐phenylalanine can be obtained at product titers of up to 2.5 g L−1. Based on renewables and excellent atom economy, this biocascade is among the shortest and greenest synthetic routes to structurally diverse and industrially relevant ncAAs.magnified image
1,5,7‐Triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec‐5‐ene (TBD) Triggered Diastereoselective [3+2] Cycloaddition of Azomethine Imines and Pyrazoleamides
Authors: Volpe Chiara , Meninno Sara , Capobianco Amedeo , Vigliotta Giovanni , Lattanzi Alessandra 
Published: December 2018

AbstractA practical and mild approach to prepare tetrahydropyrazolo[1,2‐a]‐pyrazole‐1,7‐diones, bearing up to three stereocentres, by reacting ready available N,N′‐cyclic azomethine imines and pyrazoleamides under catalytic loading of commercial 1,5,7‐triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec‐5‐ene (TBD), has been developed. The products are obtained in good yields and high diastereoselectivity, working at room temperature. Preliminary bioassay showed the products to inhibit growth of Gram‐positive bacteria.magnified image
Molecular Engineering of Superplasticizers for Metakaolin‐Portland Cement Blends with Hierarchical Machine Learning
Authors: Menon Aditya , Childs Christopher M. , Poczós Barnabás , Washburn Newell R. , Kurtis Kimberly E. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractBlending metakaolin (MK), a calcined clay, into portland cement (PC) improves resulting concrete material properties, ranging from strength to durability, as well as reducing embodied CO2 and energy. However, superplasticizers developed for PC can be inefficient or ineffective for improving the dispersion of PC‐MK blends. Here, a novel machine algorithm is applied to tailor a superplasticizer to address poor flowability characteristic of 15/85 blends of MK‐PC. A hierarchical machine learning (HML) system is trained on a library of seven superplasticizers using a middle layer, which represents underlying physical interactions that determine system responses, based on polymer contributions to physicochemical forces in both the pore solution and particle surface. Following reparameterization of the response surface by polymer composition, the trained algorithm predicted that a novel styrene sulfonate‐methacrylic acid‐poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate copolymer would maximize slump of the MK‐PC paste. Synthesis of the algorithm prediction resulted in a water‐soluble polymer with an extremely high intrinsic viscosity that nevertheless increased the slump flow of the MK‐PC paste but did not plasticize pure PC paste. The results from this study demonstrate the importance of HML as a design tool for the molecular engineering of complex material systems.
Over 6% Certified Sb2(S,Se)3 Solar Cells Fabricated via In Situ Hydrothermal Growth and Postselenization
Authors: Wang Weihuang , Wang Xiaomin , Chen Guilin , Yao Liquan , Huang Xiaojuan , Chen Tao , Zhu Changfei , Chen Shuiyuan , Huang Zhigao , Zhang Yi 
Published: December 2018

AbstractAntimony sulfide‐selenide Sb2(S,Se)3 as a promising absorber material has drawn extensive attention owing to its rewarding photoelectric properties, low toxicity, and earth abundant components. Here, an available and highly effective method, in situ hydrothermal growth accompanied with postselenization, is successfully applied to fabricate Sb2(S,Se)3 solar cells. The rationale for the preparation of Sb2S3 precursors by the hydrothermal method is discussed, and detailed characterization of Sb2(S,Se)3 films selenized with different temperatures is also carried out. Finally, a solar cell with structure of FTO/CdS/Sb2(S,Se)3/Spiro‐OMeTAD/Au is fabricated, which delivers an encouraging 6.14% efficiency with Voc of 732 mV, Jsc of 14.6 mA cm−2, and fill factor of 60.8%. This work provides valuable references for further development and improvement of Sb2(S,Se)3 solar cells.
2D Material‐Based Vertical Double Heterojunction Bipolar Transistors with High Current Amplification
Authors: Lee Geonyeop , Pearton Stephen J. , Ren Fan , Kim Jihyun 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) differs from the classical homojunction bipolar junction transistor in that each emitter‐base‐collector layer is composed of a different semiconductor material. 2D material (2DM)‐based heterojunctions have attracted attention because of their wide range of fundamental physical and electrical properties. Moreover, strain‐free heterostructures formed by van der Waals interaction allows true bandgap engineering regardless of the lattice constant mismatch. These characteristics make it possible to fabricate high‐performance heterojunction devices such as HBTs, which have been difficult to implement in conventional epitaxy. Herein, NPN double HBTs (DHBTs) are constructed from vertically stacked 2DMs (n‐MoS2/p‐WSe2/n‐MoS2) using dry transfer technique. The formation of the two P–N junctions, base‐emitter, and base‐collector junctions, in DHBTs, was experimentally observed. These NPN DHBTs composed of 2DMs showed excellent electrical characteristics with highly amplified current modulation. These results are expected to extend the application field of heterojunction electronic devices based on various 2DMs.
3D Printing of Tunable Energy Storage Devices with Both High Areal and Volumetric Energy Densities
Authors: Gao Tingting , Zhou Zhan , Yu Jianyong , Zhao Jing , Wang Guiling , Cao Dianxue , Ding Bin , Li Yiju 
Published: December 2018

AbstractDeveloping advanced supercapacitors with both high areal and volumetric energy densities remains challenging. In this work, self‐supported, compact carbon composite electrodes are designed with tunable thickness using 3D printing technology for high‐energy‐density supercapacitors. The 3D carbon composite electrodes are composed of the closely stacked and aligned active carbon/carbon nanotube/reduced graphene oxide (AC/CNT/rGO) composite filaments. The AC microparticles are uniformly embedded in the wrinkled CNT/rGO conductive networks without using polymer binders, which contributes to the formation of abundant open and hierarchical pores. The 3D‐printed ultrathick AC/CNT/rGO composite electrode (ten layers) features high areal and volumetric mass loadings of 56.9 mg cm−2 and 256.3 mg cm−3, respectively. The symmetric cell assembled with the 3D‐printed thin GO separator and ultrathick AC/CNT/rGO electrodes can possess both high areal and volumetric capacitances of 4.56 F cm−2 and 10.28 F cm−3, respectively. Correspondingly, the assembled ultrathick and compact symmetric cell achieves high areal and volumetric energy densities of 0.63 mWh cm−2 and 1.43 mWh cm−3, respectively. The all‐component extrusion‐based 3D printing offers a promising strategy for the fabrication of multiscale and multidimensional structures of various high‐energy‐density electrochemical energy storage devices.
Tin Intercalated Ultrathin MoO3 Nanoribbons for Advanced Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Yang Weiwei , Xiao Jiewen , Ma Yang , Cui Shiqiang , Zhang Peng , Zhai Pengbo , Meng Lingjia , Wang Xingguo , Wei Yi , Du Zhiguo , Li Bixuan , Sun Zhibo , Yang Shubin , Zhang Qianfan , Gong Yongji 
Published: December 2018

AbstractHeteroatom doping strategies have been widely developed to engineer the conductivity and polarity of 2D materials to improve their performance as the host for sulfur cathode in lithium–sulfur batteries. However, further improvement is limited by the inhomogeneity and the small amount of the doping atoms. An intercalation method to improve the conductivity and polarity of 2D‐layered α‐MoO3 nanoribbons is developed here, thus, resulting in much improved electrochemical performance as sulfur host with better rate and cycle performance. The first principle calculations show that the binding energy of MoO3 and lithium polysulfides, lithium sulfide and sulfur is significantly improved after Sn intercalation. The Sn0.063MoO3‐S cathode delivers an initial specific capacity of 1390.3 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C with the Coulombic efficiency up to 99.7% and shows 79.6% retention of the initial capacity over 500 cycles at 1 C rate with a capacity decay of 0.04% per cycle. This intercalation method provides a new strategy to engineer the electrochemical properties of 2D materials.
Effects of age and body proportions on stature estimation
Authors: Ruff Christopher B. , Niskanen Markku , Maijanen Heli , Mays Simon 
Published: December 2018

AbstractObjectivesTwo issues involved in mathematical estimation of stature from long bone lengths are explored: the use of different age points for estimating maximum adult stature, and the effects of linear body proportions on stature estimation errors. Both issues were raised by a recent analysis of stature in the British Medieval Wharram Percy sample.Materials and methodsA large (n > 500) sample of European skeletal remains with anatomically estimated statures is used to test associations between relative lower limb length and errors in stature estimation using previously published equations for European samples. Two cadaveric samples of known ages (Terry and Bass Collections) are used to identify the most appropriate age point to employ in a linear equation with an age term for estimation of maximum adult anatomical stature.ResultsRelative lower limb length is positively correlated with errors in stature estimation from lower limb bone lengths. Underestimation of stature in the Wharram Percy sample by the European equations is largely attributable to the relatively short lower limbs of this sample compared to Europeans in general. Two methods for assessing and adjusting for relative lower limb length variation are presented. Maximum adult stature is best estimated using an age point of 30 years when a linear age term is employed.DiscussionBody proportions may vary even within relatively closely related populations, so should be assessed and compared to those of reference samples whenever possible when applying mathematical stature equations.