bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Endoscopic Bariatric/Metabolic Surgery
Authors: Kazi Daanish , Khaitan Leena 
Published: December 2018

AbstractEndoscopic approaches to the bariatric patient have increased significantly in the last two decades. Obese patients present a challenge to surgeons as they are at higher risk of having perioperative complications. Patients also are seeking less and less invasive ways to have procedures performed. The combination of these two demands has led to the development of new technologies in the bariatric arena. Now there are several new endoscopic approaches for primary weight loss. Endoscopic metabolic procedures are developing for the management of diabetes. This article reviews the latest in these technologies.
Analytical Observational Study of Frozen Shoulder among Patients with Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Alhashimi Redha 
Published: December 2018

Purpose This study aims to identify the prevalence of frozen shoulder (FS) among diabetic patients and its relation to demographic features.
Methods This observational study of 216 patients randomly included those with diabetes mellitus (DM) attending the Misan Rheumatology and Medical Rehabilitation Department at Al-Sadder Teaching Hospital in Misan Province of Iraq and was conducted during the period from April 2014 to March 2015. Detailed medical histories were taken from patients and scratch test and hemoglobin A1C were used in diagnostic procedure to confirm diagnosis of FS and DM, respectively.
Results The occurrence rate of FS was 11.5% among patients, with a higher prevalence in females versus males. The most commonly afflicted age group was 60 to 70 years old at 33.3%. Dominant shoulder was more commonly affected than nondominant one. DM presented in large number of patients with FS with a prevalence of 90.3% of cases. The onset of FS in patients with DM was most common within the chronic phase of the disease at 32.3 and 33.8% for durations of 1 to 5 and 5 to 10 years, respectively.
Conclusion There is a strong association between DM and FS. Females were more commonly affected than males. Aging increased shoulder disorder distribution with dominant side being mostly affected. Chronic and noncontrolling diabetic patients were more commonly affected.
Level of Evidence This is a Level III, analytical, observational study.
Sepsis and Pediatric Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Authors: Thomas Neal , Yehya Nadir 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe epidemiology of the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in pediatric sepsis is poorly defined. With significant data extrapolated from adult studies in sepsis and ARDS, sometimes with uncertain applicability, better pediatric-specific guidelines and dedicated investigations are warranted. The recent publication of a consensus definition for pediatric ARDS (PARDS) is the first step in addressing this knowledge gap. The aim of this review is to frame our current understanding of PARDS as it relates to pediatric sepsis, encompassing epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management. We argue that addressing the role of PARDS in pediatric sepsis requires significant attention to details with respect to how PARDS and sepsis are defined to accurately describe their epidemiology, natural history, and outcomes. Finally, we highlight certain aspects of PARDS management as they relate to the septic child and offer suggestion for future directions in this field.
Complications of Retrievable Inferior Vena Cava Filters: A Retrospective Comparison of Denali and Option-ELITE Filters
Authors: Hightower Jessica , Alexander Richard , Lehrman Evan , Kohlbrenner Ryan , Fidelman Nicholas , Taylor Andrew , Kolli Kanti , Westphalen Antonio , Kohi Maureen 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Purpose To compare the complication rate of the Denali and Option-ELITE inferior vena cava (IVC) filters.
Materials and Methods All patients who had a Denali or Option-ELITE IVC filter placed between March 2014 and March 2016 were retrospectively identified from the electronic medical records. Of the 245 IVC filters placed, the positions of 93 devices (21 Denali and 72 Option-ELITE) were documented on follow-up computed tomography (CT) examinations obtained for reasons unrelated to filter placement. In situations where multiple CT studies were obtained after placement, each study was reviewed, for a total of 200 examinations. Images were assessed for filter complication including caval wall penetration by filter components, associated damage to pericaval tissues, filter tilt, migration, and fracture.
Results Penetration of at least one strut was observed in 13% of all filters imaged by CT, (Denali: 14%; Option-ELITE: 13%; p = 1.00). No patients had damage to pericaval tissues or documented symptoms attributed to penetration. Neither the Denali nor the Option-ELITE filters demonstrated significant tilt (> 15 degrees of tilt), migration, or fracture. Compared with Denali; the Option-ELITE filter demonstrated an increasing strut penetration rate with longer indwell times (z = –3.67, p < 0.01).
Conclusions No significant difference was observed between the rates of caval penetration of the Denali and Option-ELITE IVC filters assessed by CT. Additionally, no findings of filter fracture or migration were noted, suggesting that the Denali filter is non-inferior to the Option-ELITE filter with respect to penetration, fracture, tilt, and migration. The Option-ELITE filter demonstrated a time-dependent tendency toward greater strut penetration with longer indwell times.
Endoscopic Resection of Pediatric Skull Base Tumors: An Evidence-Based Review
Authors: Shenouda Kerolos , Yuhan Brian T. , Mir Ahsan , Gonik Nathan , Eloy Jean Anderson , Liu James K. , Folbe Adam J. , Svider Peter F. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Objectives To perform a systematic review examining experiences with endoscopic resection of skull base lesions in the pediatric population, with a focus on outcomes, recurrence, and surgical morbidities.
Methods PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, Embase, and Web of Science databases were evaluated. Studies were assessed for level of evidence. Bias risk was evaluated using the Cochrane Bias tool, Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE), and Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies (MINORS) criteria. Patient characteristics, pathology, site of primary disease, presenting symptoms, stage, procedure specific details, and complications were evaluated. Results were reported using the Preferred Reporting Systems for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines.
Results Ninety-three studies met criteria for inclusion, encompassing 574 patients with skull base tumors. The GRADE and MINORS criteria determined the overall evidence to be moderate quality. The most common benign and malignant pathologies included juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibromas (n = 239) and chondrosarcomas (n = 11) at 41.6 and 1.9%, respectively. Of all juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma tumors, most presented at stage IIIa and IIIb (25.8 and 27.3%, respectively). Nasal obstruction (16.5%) and headache (16.0%) were common symptoms at initial presentation. Surgical approaches included endoscopic endonasal (n = 193, 41.2%) and endoscopic extended transsphenoidal (n = 155, 33.1%). Early (< 6 weeks) and late (>6 weeks) complications included cerebrospinal fluid leak (n = 36, 17.3%) and endocrinopathy (n = 43, 20.7%). Mean follow-up time was 37 months (0.5–180 months), with 86.5% showing no evidence of disease and 2.1% having died from disease at last follow-up.
Conclusion Endoscopic skull base surgery has been shown to be a safe and effective method of treating a variety of pediatric skull base tumors. If appropriately employed, the minimally invasive approach can provide optimal results in the pediatric population.
Choice of Renal Function Estimator Influences Adverse Outcomes with Dabigatran Etexilate in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Simpson Bryan , Reith David , Medlicott Natalie , Smith Alesha 
Published: December 2018

Background Clinical significance of dosing dabigatran with different estimates of renal function for treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF) is unknown. Renal function is routinely estimated by the chronic kidney disease epidemiology initiative equation (CKD-EPI) and used to guide dosing. The aim of this study was to investigate the risk of adverse outcomes for patients with AF when different estimators of renal function are used.
Material and Methods AF patient data were extracted from national administrative databases. Renal function was estimated using Cockcroft–Gault, CKD-EPI, and CKD-EPI adjusted for body surface area (CKD-EPI-BSA). Outcomes of cerebrovascular accident (CVA), systemic embolism (SE), and hemorrhage were extracted.
Results In total, 2,425 patients were identified, of which there were hospitalizations for 138 (5.7%) hemorrhagic events, 45 (1.9%) CVA/SE, and 33 (1.4%) unspecified CVA. The level of agreement between Cockcroft–Gault with CKD-EPI and CKD-EPI-BSA yielded a weighted kappa statistic of 0.47 and 0.71, respectively. CKD-EPI and CKD-EPI-BSA significantly overestimated renal function in elderly patients resulting in higher recommended doses compared with Cockcroft–Gault. The hazard ratio for a hemorrhagic event was 2.32 (95% confidence interval, 1.22–4.42; p = 0.01) when a high dose was given compared with normal dose, based on Cockcroft–Gault.
Conclusion Both CKD-EPI and CKD-EPI-BSA equations significantly overestimated renal function in the elderly population compared with the Cockcroft–Gault equation. This may lead to dose selection errors for dabigatran, particularly for those with severe impairment, increasing the risk of adverse outcome. Hence, CKD-EPI and CKD-EPI-BSA equations should not be substituted for the Cockcroft–Gault equation in the elderly for the purpose of renal dosage adjustments.
Beyond the 2% fetishism: studying the practice of collective action in transatlantic affairs
Authors: Zyla Benjamin 
Published: December 2018

AbstractNATO burden sharing is currently hotly contested. While it has been measured at the political, economic, and military levels and being looked at from the input and output side, the most commonly used variable to measure NATO BS is considering the percentage of GDP that a country spends on defense, which NATO agreed upon in 2014 should be 2%. The aim of this article is twofold. First, we review the most commonly used system- and state-level variables to explain burden sharing behavior and to carve out their explanatory limitations due to their strong rationality assumptions, positivist epistemologies, deductive, hypothesis testing research designs, and methodological individualism. The gap in the burden sharing literature currently is that it is unable to explain why a particular burden sharing behavior exists (i.e., free-riding) and why it occurred (or not) at a particular point in time. Our second aim is to make suggestions on how to fill these gaps by offering a selective number of post-positivist theories to study NATO burden sharing. We argue that we need to unravel the BS logics and social mechanisms that underpin BS decisions and behaviors, and hypothesize that states may, for example, not exclusively be informed in their burden sharing behavior by a logic of consequentiality but one of appropriateness. However, in order to gain access to this logic and social mechanisms, we need to employ post-positivist theories (and thus methodologies).
Defective respiration and one-carbon metabolism contribute to impaired naïve T cell activation in aged mice
Authors: Ron-Harel Noga , Notarangelo Giulia , Ghergurovich Jonathan M. , Paulo Joao A. , Sage Peter T. , Santos Daniel , Satterstrom F. Kyle , Gygi Steven P. , Rabinowitz Joshua D. , Sharpe Arlene H. , Haigis Marcia C. 
Published: December 2018

Significance
T cell-mediated immune responses are compromised in aged individuals, leading to increased morbidity and reduced response to vaccination. Finding new ways to boost T cell immunity in the elderly is key for enhancing their immune competence. In this work, we performed a systematic analysis of proteins and metabolites in young versus aged T cells. Metabolic rewiring occurs in young T cells following stimulation but is dampened in aged T cells. Moreover, we show that aged T cell functions can be enhanced by metabolite addition.
Child heritage speakers’ production and comprehension of direct object clitic gender in Spanish
Authors: Shin Naomi , Rodríguez Barbara , Armijo Aja , Perara-Lunde Molly 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThis study investigates 37 child heritage speakers’ direct object (DO) clitics in Spanish. Results from a production task show that DO expression versus omission was related to Spanish vocabulary: the lower the vocabulary score, the more omitted DOs. In contrast, DO clitic gender was related to English: children who used more English in the home and who had higher English vocabulary scores produced more gender mismatches, most notablyloreferring to feminine referents. Results from a comprehension task suggest that children do not attend to clitic gender for referent identification. We argue that the disambiguation function of DO clitic gender, which is infrequent in discourse, may take a long time to develop. Overall, the study suggests that the extent to which restricted input and crosslinguistic influence affect child heritage speakers’ minority language grammar may be mediated by the nature of the linguistic phenomenon in question.
Multimodal Parcellations and Extensive Behavioral Profiling Tackling the Hippocampus Gradient
Authors: Plachti Anna , Eickhoff Simon B , Hoffstaedter Felix , Patil Kaustubh R , Laird Angela R , Fox Peter T , Amunts Katrin , Genon Sarah 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The hippocampus displays a complex organization and function that is perturbed in many neuropathologies. Histological work revealed a complex arrangement of subfields along the medial–lateral and the ventral–dorsal dimension, which contrasts with the anterior–posterior functional differentiation. The variety of maps has raised the need for an integrative multimodal view. We applied connectivity-based parcellation to 1) intrinsic connectivity 2) task-based connectivity, and 3) structural covariance, as complementary windows into structural and functional differentiation of the hippocampus. Strikingly, while functional properties (i.e., intrinsic and task-based) revealed similar partitions dominated by an anterior–posterior organization, structural covariance exhibited a hybrid pattern reflecting both functional and cytoarchitectonic subdivision. Capitalizing on the consistency of functional parcellations, we defined robust functional maps at different levels of partitions, which are openly available for the scientific community. Our functional maps demonstrated a head–body and tail partition, subdivided along the anterior–posterior and medial–lateral axis. Behavioral profiling of these fine partitions based on activation data indicated an emotion–cognition gradient along the anterior–posterior axis and additionally suggested a self-world-centric gradient supporting the role of the hippocampus in the construction of abstract representations for spatial navigation and episodic memory.
Age threshold for the use of non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants for stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation: insights into the optimal assessment of age and incident comorbidities
Authors: Chao Tze-Fan , Lip Gregory Y H , Lin Yenn-Jiang , Chang Shih-Lin , Lo Li-Wei , Hu Yu-Feng , Tuan Ta-Chuan , Liao Jo-Nan , Chung Fa-Po , Chen Tzeng-Ji , Chen Shih-Ann 
Published: December 2018

Abstract

Aims
The stroke risk of patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) is not static, since AF patients get older and accumulate more comorbidities after AF is diagnosed. Therefore, the stroke risk of AF patients given certain comorbidities in different age strata should ideally be analysed using an assessment which considers incident comorbidities and the actual age when ischaemic stroke occurred. The goal of the present study is to report the age treatment thresholds for the use of non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) for AF patients without or with only one comorbidity of the CHA2DS2-VASc score, based on an ‘ideal method’ of stroke risk assessments.

Methods and results
The study cohort included 31 039 and 39 020 AF patients who did not have any or had only one risk factor comorbidity of the CHA2DS2-VASc score except for age and sex. The risks of ischaemic stroke in each age strata for each comorbidities were analysed in three ways, as follows: (i) the conventional way (based on baseline risk factors and age), (ii) dynamic method (patients were censored when new comorbidities occurred), and (iii) an ideal method (patients were censored when new comorbidities occurred and the stroke risk was related to the actual age when stroke happened). The tipping point for the use of NOACs was set at a stroke risk of 0.9%/year. The overall risk of ischaemic stroke using the conventional way was overestimated compared to the dynamic or ideal assessment with the incidence rate ratio of 1.24 for patients with hypertension, 1.20 for heart failure, 1.37 for diabetes mellitus, and 1.38 for vascular diseases; all P-values &lt;0.01. The risk of ischaemic stroke for each age strata was generally higher with the conventional or dynamic methods compared with the ideal assessment. With heart failure, the tipping point (age 35 years) of NOACs was similar, irrespective of methods used for stroke risk assessment. According to the results of ideal assessment, the age thresholds for the use of NOACs for patients with hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and vascular diseases were 50 years, 50 years, and 55 years, respectively.

Conclusion
Ischaemic stroke risk in AF is heterogeneous, depending on different risk factors with age being as an important driver of stroke risk. Age thresholds for the use of NOACs were different for AF patients having different single risk factors beyond sex despite the same CHA2DS2-VASc score point (1 for males and 2 for females); that is, 35 years for heart failure, 50 years for hypertension or diabetes, and 55 years for vascular diseases.
Derived Functors of Differential Operators
Authors: Jeffries Jack 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
In their work on differential operators in positive characteristic, Smith and Van den Bergh define and study the derived functors of differential operators; these arise naturally as obstructions to differential operators reducing to positive characteristic. In this paper, we provide formulas for the ring of differential operators as well as these derived functors of differential operators. We apply these descriptions to show that differential operators behave well under reduction to positive characteristic under certain hypotheses. We show that these functors also detect a number of interesting properties of singularities.
Relative Effectiveness of Cell-Cultured and Egg-Based Influenza Vaccines Among Elderly Persons in the United States, 2017–2018
Authors: Izurieta Hector S , Chillarige Yoganand , Kelman Jeffrey , Wei Yuqin , Lu Yun , Xu Wenjie , Lu Michael , Pratt Douglas , Chu Steve , Wernecke Michael , MaCurdy Thomas , Forshee Richard 
Published: December 2018

Abstract

Background
The low influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) observed during the A(H3N2)-dominated 2017–2018 season may be due to vaccine virus adaptation to growth in eggs. We compared the effectiveness of cell-cultured and egg-based vaccines among Medicare beneficiaries.

Methods
Retrospective cohort study on Medicare beneficiaries aged ≥65 years who received an influenza vaccine (cell-cultured, egg-based quadrivalent; egg-based high-dose, adjuvanted, or standard-dose trivalent) during the 2017–2018 season. We used Poisson regression to evaluate relative VE (RVE) in preventing influenza-related hospital encounters.

Results
Of >13 million beneficiaries, RVE for cell-cultured vaccines relative to egg-based quadrivalent vaccines was 10% (95% confidence interval [CI], 7%–13%). In a midseason interim analysis, this estimate was 16.5% (95% CI, 10.3%–22.2%). In a 5-way comparison, cell-cultured (RVE, 11%; 95% CI, 8%–14%) and egg-based high-dose (RVE, 9%; 95% CI, 7%–11%) vaccines were more effective than egg-based quadrivalent vaccines.

Conclusions
The modest VE difference between cell-cultured and egg-based vaccines only partially explains the low overall VE reported by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, suggesting that egg adaptation was not the main contributor to the low VE found among individuals aged ≥65 years. The midseason interim analysis we performed demonstrates that our methods can be used to evaluate VE actively during the influenza season.
Comparative antifungal susceptibility analyses of Cryptococcus neoformans VNI and Cryptococcus gattii VGII from the Brazilian Amazon Region by the Etest, Vitek 2, and the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute broth microdilution methods
Authors: Nishikawa Marília Martins , Almeida-Paes Rodrigo , Brito-Santos Fabio , Nascimento Carlos Roberto , Fialho Miguel Madi , Trilles Luciana , Morales Bernadina Penarrieta , da Silva Sérgio Alves , Santos Wallace , Santos Lucilaide Oliveira , Fortes Silvana Tulio , Cardarelli-Leite Paola , Lázera Márcia dos Santos 
Published: December 2018

AbstractEarly diagnosis, efficient clinical support, and proper antifungal therapy are essential to reduce death and sequels caused by cryptococcosis. The emergence of resistance to the antifungal drugs commonly used for cryptococcosis treatment is an important issue of concern. Thus, the in vitro antifungal susceptibility of clinical strains from northern Brazil, including C. neoformans VNI (n = 62) and C. gattii VGII (n = 37), to amphotericin B (AMB), 5-flucytosine, fluconazole, voriconazole, and itraconazole was evaluated using the Etest and Vitek 2 systems and the standardized broth microdilution (CLSI-BMD) methodology. According to the CLSI-BMD, the most active in vitro azole was voriconazole (C. neoformans VNI modal MIC of 0.06 μg/ml and C. gattii VGII modal MIC of 0.25 μg/ml), and fluconazole was the least active (modal MIC of 4 μg/ml for both fungi). Modal MICs for amphotericin B were 1 μg/ml for both fungi. In general, good essential agreement (EA) values were observed between the methods. However, AMB presented the lowest EA between CLSI-BMD and Etest for C. neoformans VNI and C. gattii VGII (1.6% and 2.56%, respectively, P < .05 for both). Considering the proposed Cryptococcus spp. epidemiological cutoff values, more than 97% of the studied isolates were categorized as wild-type for the azoles. However, the high frequency of C. neoformans VNI isolates in the population described here that displayed non-wild-type susceptibility to AMB is noteworthy. Epidemiological surveillance of the antifungal resistance of cryptococcal strains is relevant due to the potential burden and the high lethality of cryptococcal meningitis in the Amazon region.