bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dispersing maleParnassius smintheusbutterflies are more strongly affected by forest matrix than are females
Authors: Goff Jennifer , Yerke Catherine , Keyghobadi Nusha , Matter Stephen F. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractDispersal is a central aspect of the ecology, evolution, and conservation of species. Predicting how species will respond to changing environmental conditions requires understanding factors that produce variation in dispersal. We explore one source of variation, differences between sexes within a spatial population network. Here, we compare the dispersal patterns of male and femaleParnassius smintheusamong 18 subpopulations over 8 years using the Virtual Migration Model. Estimated dispersal parameters differed between males and females, particularly with respect to movement through meadow and forest matrix habitat. The estimated dispersal distances of males through forest were much less than for females. Observations of female movement showed that, unlike males, females do not avoid forest nor does forest exert an edge effect. We explored whether further forest encroachment in this system would have different effects for males and females by fitting mean parameter estimates to the landscape configuration seen in 1993 and 2012. Despite differences in their dispersal due presumably to both habitat and physiological differences, males and females are predicted to respond in similar ways to reduced meadow area and increased forest isolation.
Acute Kidney Injury in Critically Ill Patients: A Prospective Randomized Study of Tidal Peritoneal Dialysis Versus Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy
Authors: Al‐Hwiesh Abdullah , Abdul‐Rahman Ibrahiem , Finkelstein Fredric , Divino‐Filho Jose , Qutub Hatem , Al‐Audah Nadia , Abdelrahman Abdalla , El‐Fakhrany Nazeeh , Nasr El‐Din Mohammed , El‐Salamony Tamer , Noor Abdulsalam , Al‐Shahrani Mohammed , Al‐Otaibi Khalid 
Published: March 2018

AbstractFew studies have discussed the role of peritoneal dialysis (PD) in managing acute kidney injury (AKI) in critically ill patients. The present study compares the outcome of AKI in intensive care unit (ICU) patients randomized to treatment with tidal PD (TPD) or continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration (CVVHDF). One hundred and twenty‐five ICU patients with AKI were randomly allotted to CVVHDF, (Group A, N = 62) or TPD, (group B, N = 63). Cause and severity of renal injury were assessed at the time of initiating dialysis. The primary outcome was hospital mortality at 28 days, and secondary outcomes were time to recovery of renal function, duration of stay in the ICU, metabolic and fluid control, and improvement of sensorial and hemodynamic parameters. No statistically significant differences were observed between groups in regard to patients’ characteristics. The survival at 28 days was significantly better in the patients treated with TPD when compared to CVVHDF (69.8% vs. 46.8%, P < 0.01). Infectious complications were significantly less (P < 0.01) in the TPD group (9.5%) when compared to the CVVHDF group (17.7%). Recovery of kidney function (60.3% vs. 35.5%), median time to resolution of AKI and the median duration of ICU stay of 9 days (7–11) vs. 19 days (13–20) were all in favor of TPD (P < 0.01). This study suggests that there are better outcomes with TPD compared to CRRT in the treatment of critically ill patients with AKI.
DOES UNDOCUMENTED IMMIGRATION INCREASE VIOLENT CRIME?*
Authors: LIGHT MICHAEL T. , MILLER TY 
Published: March 2018

AbstractDespite substantial public, political, and scholarly attention to the issue of immigration and crime, we know little about the criminological consequences of undocumented immigration. As a result, fundamental questions about whether undocumented immigration increases violent crime remain unanswered. In an attempt to address this gap, we combine newly developed estimates of the unauthorized population with multiple data sources to capture the criminal, socioeconomic, and demographic context of all 50 states and Washington, DC, from 1990 to 2014 to provide the first longitudinal analysis of the macro‐level relationship between undocumented immigration and violence. The results from fixed‐effects regression models reveal that undocumented immigration does not increase violence. Rather, the relationship between undocumented immigration and violent crime is generally negative, although not significant in all specifications. Using supplemental models of victimization data and instrumental variable methods, we find little evidence that these results are due to decreased reporting or selective migration to avoid crime. We consider the theoretical and policy implications of these findings against the backdrop of the dramatic increase in immigration enforcement in recent decades.
RETRACTED: LYNCHINGS, RACIAL THREAT, AND WHITES’ PUNITIVE VIEWS TOWARD BLACKS
Authors: STEWART ERIC A. , MEARS DANIEL P. , WARREN PATRICIA Y. , BAUMER ERIC P. , ARNIO ASHLEY N. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractDisparities in historical and contemporary punishment of Blacks have been well documented. Racial threat has been proffered as a theoretical explanation for this phenomenon. In an effort to understand the factors that influence punishment and racial divides in America, we draw on racial threat theory and prior scholarship to test three hypotheses. First, Black punitive sentiment among Whites will be greater among those who reside in areas where lynching was more common. Second, heightened Black punitive sentiment among Whites in areas with more pronounced legacies of lynching will be partially mediated by Whites’ perceptions of Blacks’ criminality and of Black‐on‐White violence in these areas. Third, the impact of lynching on Black punitive sentiment will be amplified by Whites’ perceptions of Blacks as criminals and as threatening more generally. We find partial support for these hypotheses. The results indicate that lynchings are associated with punitive sentiment toward Black offenders, and these relationships are partially mediated by perceptions of Blacks as criminals and as threats to Whites. In addition, the effects of lynchings on Black punitiveness are amplified among White respondents who view Blacks as a threat to Whites. These results highlight the salience of historical context for understanding contemporary views about punishment.
Efficacy of Maxforce and Avion gel baits containing fipronil, clothianidin, and indoxacarb against the German cockroach (Blattella germanica)
Authors: Davari Behroz , Kashani Susan , Nasirian Hassan , Nazari Mansour , Salehzadeh Aref 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe present study evaluated the efficacy of Maxforce gel baits containing 0.01% fipronil (Maxforce), 0.05% fipronil (Maxforce Magnum), 1.0% clothianidin (Maxforce Impact), and 0.6% indoxacarb (Avion gel bait; all from Bayer Environmental Science, Clayton, CA, USA) against reference and wild strains (Mobasher, Andisheh, Tamin‐e Ejtemaei, and Maskoni) of German cockroach collected in 2016. Test design and bait placement were according to World Health Organization (WHO) procedures for efficacy achieving a 95% mortality rate. Although cockroaches fed on all gel baits, gel baits containing clothianidin and indoxacarb were eaten at higher rates than gel baits containing 0.01% and 0.05% fipronil. The cumulative mortality rates reached 100% for all cockroach strains at 32, 28, 28 and 40 h after eating baits containing 0.01% fipronil, 0.05% fipronil, clothianidin, and indoxacarb, respectively. Efficacy (a 95% mortality rate) after exposure (consumption) of gel baits containing 0.05% fipronil and clothianidin was seen after 28 h, compared with 32 h for 0.01% fipronil and 40 h for indoxacarb. In conclusion, commercial gel baits have improved and may be more effective than spray formulations against German cockroaches.
Migration Study of Butylated Hydroxytoluene and Irganox 1010 from Polypropylene Treated with Severe Processing Conditions
Authors: Kang Kyungmo , Chang Yoonjee , Choi Jae Chun , Park Se‐Jong , Han Jaejoon 
Published: March 2018

AbstractSafety concerns have emerged over the increased use of polypropylene (PP) in food‐packaging markets. Some antioxidants in PP can migrate to foods and cause undesirable effects in humans. In this study, migration behaviors of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and Irganox 1010 (I‐1010) in PP sheets were determined according to the US FDA migration test conditions. In particular, we tested the effects of severe conditions of food processing and storage, such as autoclave heating (sterilization at about 121 °C), microwave radiation (700 W), and deep freezing (−30 °C) on migration of antioxidants. Migrant concentrations were higher in 95% ethanol as lipid food simulant, because of the hydrophobic nature of both PP and antioxidants. Autoclave heating treatment increased migrant concentrations compared with other processing conditions. Moreover, increased migrant concentrations by deep freezing condition were attributed to the brittleness of PP at freezing temperature. Regardless of processing conditions, BHT which has a lower molecular weight, migrated faster than I‐1010.Practical ApplicationThe antioxidants with hydrophobic nature such as butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and Irganox 1010 (I‐1010) in polypropylene sheets would be migrated to foods, which is an important issue for industrial production food packaging materials. Migration behavior was promoted by severe processing conditions such as autoclave heating, microwave radiation, freezing, and especially autoclave heating treatment led the highest migration among them. Therefore, control of chemical additive migration from polypropylene food packaging is needed for safe food processing.
Implications of Upstream Flow Availability for Watershed Surface Water Supply across the Conterminous United States
Authors: Duan Kai , Sun Ge , Caldwell Peter V. , McNulty Steven G. , Zhang Yang 
Published: March 2018

AbstractAlthough it is well established that the availability of upstream flow (AUF) affects downstream water supply, its significance has not been rigorously categorized and quantified at fine resolutions. This study aims to fill this gap by providing a nationwide inventory of AUF and local water resource, and assessing their roles in securing water supply across the 2,099 8‐digit hydrologic unit code watersheds in the conterminous United States (CONUS). We investigated the effects of river hydraulic connectivity, climate variability, and water withdrawal, and consumption on water availability and water stress (ratio of demand to supply) in the past three decades (i.e., 1981–2010). The results show that 12% of the CONUS land relied on AUF for adequate freshwater supply, while local water alone was sufficient to meet the demand in another 74% of the area. The remaining 14% highly stressed area was mostly found in headwater areas or watersheds that were isolated from other basins, where stress levels were more sensitive to climate variability. Although the constantly changing water demand was the primary cause of escalating/diminishing stress, AUF variation could be an important driver in the arid south and southwest. This research contributes to better understanding of the significance of upstream–downstream water nexus in regional water availability, and this becomes more crucial under a changing climate and with intensified human activities.
Infundibulum of the common origin of fourth lumbar arteries and median sacral artery
Authors: Thomas Richard , Rosenthal Michael H , Ghouri Maaz , Steigner Michael L 
Published: March 2018

SummaryWe describe an infundibulum of a common origin of the fourth lumbar arteries and the median sacral artery. To the best of our knowledge there has been no such published case thus far and its natural course is unknown, in view of its novelty. Infundibular dilatations in intracranial arteries have been described to progress in size and potentially rupture. Therefore, we recommended follow‐up imaging, as part of the management, to ensure stability of the infundibulum.
Success and failure in replication of genotype–phenotype associations: How does replication help in understanding the genetic basis of phenotypic variation in outbred populations?
Authors: Schielzeth Holger , Rios Villamil Alejandro , Burri Reto 
Published: March 2018

AbstractRecent developments in sequencing technologies have facilitated genomewide mapping of phenotypic variation in natural populations. Such mapping efforts face a number of challenges potentially leading to low reproducibility. However, reproducible research forms the basis of scientific progress. We here discuss the options for replication and the reasons for potential nonreproducibility. We then review the evidence for reproducible quantitative trait loci (QTL) with a focus on natural animal populations. Existing case studies of replication fall into three categories: (i) traits that have been mapped to major effect loci (including chromosomal inversion and supergenes) by independent research teams; (ii) QTL fine‐mapped in discovery populations; and (iii) attempts to replicate QTL across multiple populations. Major effect loci, in particular those associated with inversions, have been successfully replicated in several cases within and across populations. Beyond such major effect variants, replication has been more successful within than across populations, suggesting that QTL discovered in natural populations may often be population‐specific. This suggests that biological causes (differences in linkage patterns, allele frequencies or context‐dependencies of QTL) contribute to nonreproducibility. Evidence from other fields, notably animal breeding and QTL mapping in humans, suggests that a significant fraction of QTL is indeed reproducible in direction and magnitude at least within populations. However, there is also a large number of QTL that cannot be easily reproduced. We put forward that more studies should explicitly address the causes and context‐dependencies of QTL signals, in particular to disentangle linkage differences, allele frequency differences and gene‐by‐environment interactions as biological causes of nonreproducibility of QTL, especially between populations.
Contrasting P acquisition strategies of the bacterial communities associated with legume and grass in subtropical orchard soil
Authors: Zhou Yang , Zhu Honghui , Yao Qing 
Published: March 2018

SummaryPhosphorus (P) cycling is a fundamental process driven by microorganisms, and plants can regulate P cycling directly or via their influence on the soil microbial community. However, the differential P cycling patterns associated with legumes and grass are largely unknown. Therefore, we investigated the microbial community involved in P cycling in subtropical soil grown with stylo (Stylosanthes guianensis, legume) or bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum, grass) using metagenomic sequencing. P fractionation indicated that sparingly soluble inorganic P (Pi) accounted for approximately 75% of P pool. Bacteria involved in sparingly soluble Pi solubilization (pqq, gad, JEN) were more abundant in bahiagrass soil, with Candidatus Pelagibacter, Trichodesmium, Neorickettsia, Nitrobacter, Paraburkholderia, Candidatus Solibacter, Burkholderia as major contributors. In contrast, bacteria involved in organic P (Po) mineralization (php, glpQ, phn) were more abundant in stylo soil, consistent with phosphatase activity and Frankia, Kyrpidia, Thermobispora, Streptomyces, Rhodococcus were major contributors. Bacteria taking up low molecular‐weight Po were more abundant in stylo soil than in bahiagrass soil, while those taking up Pi were less abundant. These data suggest that bacterial communities associated with legumes and grass develop contrasting P acquisition strategies, highlighting the possibility of intercropping with legumes and grass for better P cycling.
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 overexpression promotes lymph node micrometastasis in early‐stage non‐small cell lung cancer
Authors: Yu Yang , Zhao Qian , He Xiao‐Peng , Wang Zhou , Liu Xiang‐Yan , Zhang Zhi‐Ping 
Published: March 2018

BackgroundSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is constitutively activated in several malignancies. Here, we define the correlation between STAT3 expression and lymph node micrometastasis of early‐stage non‐small cell lung cancer. Then we highlight some possibilities associated with developing a way to detect tumor micrometastasis and an anticancer drug that might therapeutically inhibit the STAT3 signaling pathway.MethodsThe samples were collected from 50 patients with early‐stage non‐small cell lung cancer and 50 patients with benign lung tumors. Mucin 1 mRNA expression was evaluated to determine lymph node micrometastasis status. STAT3 mRNA, STAT3 protein, and phosphorylated STAT3 protein expression were evaluated through reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, western blot, and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Measurement data was represented as mean ± standard deviation, and the t‐rest or F‐test were used. The χ2‐test was used in enumeration data. Logistic regression analysis was carried out to determine the independent risk factors influencing lymph node micrometastasis.ResultsSTAT3 mRNA and proteins expression were correlated with lymph node micrometastasis (P < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis revealed STAT3 protein overexpression and the differentiation degree of tumors were independent risk factors for lymph node micrometastasis.ConclusionOverexpression of STAT3 might promote lymphatic micrometastasis of early‐stage non‐small cell lung cancer and might be a clinical predictor of lymph node micrometastasis.
Adverse reactions of sorafenib, sunitinib, and imatinib in treating digestive system tumors
Authors: Fu Yali , Wei Xing , Lin Li , Xu Weiran , Liang Jun 
Published: March 2018

BackgroundThis study was conducted to assess the adverse reactions caused by multi‐target tyrosine kinase inhibitor treatment of gastrointestinal tumors.MethodsWe carried out a retrospective study of drug‐related adverse reactions in 115 patients who were treated with sorafenib, sunitinib, and imatinib for primary hepatocellular carcinoma or gastrointestinal stromal tumors from October 2003 to March 2012 at the Peking University International Hospital.ResultsThe total incidence of adverse reactions of sorafenib, sunitinib, and imatinib in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and gastrointestinal stromal tumors was > 80%. The main adverse reactions of sorafenib were hypertension in 38 patients (33.3%) and diarrhea in 28 patients (24.4%). Sunitinib was associated with higher incidence and greater grade 3–4 toxicity. The common toxicities were skin color changes in 105 patients (90.9%), hand‐foot skin reactions in 65 patients (54.6%), and leukopenia (63.6%), hypertension (22.7%), proteinuria (22.7%), liver function impairment (22.7%), and hypomagnesemia (27.3%). While imatinib was well tolerated, it was associated with the highest number of adverse reactions, including skin color change (55.6%) and edema (38.9%). Hypophosphatemia (4.4%) and hoarseness (2.2%) only occurred in the sorafenib treatment group.ConclusionsThe adverse reactions of multi‐target tyrosine kinase inhibitor treatments are generally mild to moderate, and most patients can tolerate these without the need for further intervention. Some serious adverse reactions may be alleviated by discontinuing the drugs or by administering symptomatic treatment.
Role of artemin in non‐small cell lung cancer
Authors: Song Zuoqing , Yang Fan , Du Hui , Li Xin , Liu Jinghao , Dong Ming , Xu Xiaohong 
Published: March 2018

BackgroundIn this study, we investigated the role of artemin, a member of the glial cell‐derived neurotrophic factor of ligands, in the malignant phenotype of lung cancer.MethodsArtemin expression was examined in various types of lung cancer and normal lung tissues, as well as in lung cancer cell lines by immunohistochemistry and semi‐quantitative PCR. Functional studies were performed using artemin overexpression or knockdown vectors in lung cancer cell lines. Methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium, flow cytometry, wound healing, and transwell assays were conducted to evaluate the contribution of artemin on tumor cell proliferation, migration, and invasion.ResultsArtemin is broadly expressed in lung cancer tissues, and is associated with tumor staging. Overexpression of artemin in NL9980 large cell lung cancer cells increased proliferating cells and enhanced migrating capability in wound healing and transwell assays, as well as demonstrating enhanced invasion capability. Silencing artemin in LTEP‐α‐2 adenocarcinoma cell lines decreased cellular proliferation, migration, and invasion capabilities.ConclusionArtemin could promote the proliferation and invasiveness of lung cancer cells in vitro and therefore could be a new potential target to combat lung cancer.
PIK3CA mutations and their response to neoadjuvant treatment in early breast cancer: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Fan Hongwei , Li Chao , Xiang Qian , Xu Ling , Zhang Zhuo , Liu Qianxin , Zhang Tonttong , Zhou Ying , Zhao Xia , Cui Yimin 
Published: March 2018

Background
PIK3CA mutations frequently occur in breast cancer patients. This study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between PIK3CA mutations and neoadjuvant treatment response and to analyze the clinical implications.MethodsPubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane database were searched for relevant studies in September 2017. The pooled risk ratio (RR) was estimated using fixed effects or random effects models according to heterogeneity among studies.ResultsThis meta‐analysis included 20 studies with 4392 patients. The pooled RR showed that PIK3CA mutation is correlated to lower pathological complete response (pCR) in unselected HER2+ patients (RR = 0.73; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.66–0.81), thus the predictive value of PIK3CA status may be stronger in HER2+/HR+ patients (RR = 0.50; 95% CI 0.27–0.93) and those administered dual‐targeting treatment (RR = 0.55; 95% CI 0.39–0.78). In contrast with wild type, either exon 9 (RR = 0.55; 95% CI 0.39–0.78) or exon 20 (RR = 0.71; 95% CI 0.58–0.89) mutations were significantly associated with lower pCR. The predictive value of exon 9 mutations was not significantly greater than exon 20 mutations (RR = 0.76; 95% CI 0.51–1.13).ConclusionIn early breast cancer, PIK3CA mutations seem to identify HER2+ patients who are less likely to reach pCR. The clinical implications of PIK3CA mutations tend to vary between exon 9 and exon 20. This mechanism should be explored in further studies.