bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Visually Determined Soil Disturbance Classes Used as Indices of Forest Harvesting Disturbance
Authors: Aust W. Michael , Burger James A. , Carter Emily A. , Preston David P. , Patterson Steven C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Visual estimates of soil and site disturbances are used by foresters, soil scientists, logging supervisors, and machinery operators to minimize harvest disturbances to forest sites, to evaluate compliance with forestry Best Management Practices (BMPs), and to determine the need for ameliorative practices such as mechanical site preparation. Although visual estimates are commonly used by field personnel, the actual relationships of visually determined soil disturbance classes to various soil physical properties and site characteristics have not been determined. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate if visually determined soil disturbance classes are related to quantitative soil and site properties that are known to influence soil productivity and hydrologic function. Several types of quantitative data were evaluated within the soil disturbance classes:static data (bulk density, saturated hydraulic conductivity, total, capillary, noncapillary pore space, and soil roughness) and dynamic data (mechanical resistance, volumetric soil moisture, subsurface water table depth). All data were collected from a long-term forest productivity study located in the Coastal Plain of South Carolina. The study is a randomized complete block design with two harvest disturbance levels (wet-weather harvest vs. dry-weather harvest) and a maximum of five site soil disturbance (SD) classes. Disturbance classes included undisturbed (SD0), compressed but not rutted (SD1), rutted (SD2), deeply rutted (SD3), and churned (SD4).
Analyses revealed that three static variables (soil bulk density, saturated hydraulic conductivity, macropore pore space) and two dynamic variables (depth of the subsurface water table and mechanical resistance) were significantly related to disturbance. Although undisturbed and compressed areas generally were affected less than the more severe disturbance classes, the three most severe disturbance classes, churned areas, deeply rutted areas, and rutted areas were not different from one another. Thus, it appears visual disturbances do not necessarily equate to site damage. The overall implications are that visually determined soil disturbance classes have merit as indices of some soil and site changes, but they should not be equated to soil damage categories. South. J. Appl. For. 22(4):245-250.
Use of Stand Density Index to Schedule Thinnings in Loblolly Pine Plantations: A Spreadsheet Approach
Authors: Doruska Paul F. , Nolen W. Robert 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Density management diagrams have been developed and presented for use in stand management by a number of researchers. Such diagrams can be somewhat crowded, limited in scope, and awkward to use. A spreadsheet application is described that enhances the use of a stand density index measure to schedule thinnings/harvests of loblolly pine in the Western Gulf region. South. J. Appl. For. 23(1):21-29.
Growth and Yield Predictions for Lower Coastal Plain Slash Pine Plantations Fertilized at Mid-Rotation
Authors: Martin Stacey W. , Bailey Robert L. , Jokela Eric J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We present a new system of equations for slash pine plantations (Pinus elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii) that express the combined effects of CRIFF (Cooperative Research in Forest Fertilization Program) soil group and mid-rotation nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilization on survival, basal area growth or yield, dominant height growth and the stand diameter distribution. A diameter growth model that accepts an initial diameter distribution (or tree list)provides the ability to predict future diameter distributions. Predictor variables include combinations of three mid-rotation fertilizer treatments: (1) no fertilizer; (2) N only (150 lb/ac elemental), (3) N and P (150 lb/ac and 50 lb/ac elemental, respectively) and three CRIFF soil groups: (1) B soils (e.g., Arenic Paleaquult), (2) C soils (e.g., Ultic Haplaquod), and (3) D soils (e.g., Grossarenic Haplaquod). These models derive from analyses on data taken in 243 permanent sample plots, some having been remeasured up to 6 times at 2 yr intervals, located in slash pine plantations on prepared sites. The models predict that fertilization with N and P at age 15 will result in around 30% (462 ft3/ac) more cumulative merchantable growth by age 25 for a typical site-index-60 plantation growing on CRIFF soil group B. South. J. Appl. For. 23(1):39-45.
Minority Forest Landowners in Southeastern Alabama
Authors: Gan Jianbang , Kolison Stephen H. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This study investigated the characteristics of minority forest landowners and their forest resources in Macon and Bullock counties in Alabama through a landowner survey. The size of forestland held by these landowners was relatively small, with a mean of 113 ac. Most of their forests were mixed pine and hardwood stands. The top ranked management objectives of these landowners were for timber production and wildlife (hunting). About two-thirds of these landowners have thinned or harvested their forests. However, the forestland has not significantly contributed to the landowners' income. The lack of capital, labor, and knowledge of forest management and marketing impeded the landowners from generating more benefits from their forestland. South. J. Appl. For. 23(3):175-178.
Projecting the Growth of Loblolly Pine in a Changing Atmosphere
Authors: Valentine Harry T. , Amateis Ralph L. , Burkhart Harold E. , Gregoire Timothy G. , Hollinger David Y. , MacFarlane David W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Recent findings regarding the magnitude of the influence of carbon dioxide concentration on the rate of photosynthesis in loblolly pine have been incorporated into Pipestem, a model of carbon allocation and growth. Pipestem translates photosynthetic rates into rates of change in stand basal area, quadratic mean diameter, tree density, average tree height, average crown length, dominant tree height, and woody dry matter. Projections of loblolly pine growth were run under the assumption that the atmospheric concentration of CO2 will continue to increase by 1.6 ppm/yr, the average rate of increase in the last 10 yr. Standing crops of woody dry matter in 20-yr-old loblolly pine stands in Buckingham County, Virginia, are projected to increase, on the average, by 9.8% in 20 yr. It is concluded that the CO2 effect should be accounted for in long-term projections of loblolly pine growth. South. J. Appl. For. 23(4):212-216.
Loblolly and Slash Pine Growth and Yield Prediction for Regional Timber Supply Projection Algorithms
Authors: Borders Bruce E. , Jordan Jeffrey B. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Regional and national timber supply models require standing inventory update procedures. To date, most inventory update procedures used in regional timber supply algorithms have not made use of growth and yield methodology. We present growth and yield models to update standing inventories for natural and planted slash and loblolly pine stands in Georgia. These models were fitted to USDA Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis data obtained from the sixth survey of Georgia and should prove useful in regional timber supply projection algorithms. South. J. Appl. For. 23(4):230-237.
Effects of Nantucket Pine Tip Moth Insecticide Spray Schedules on Loblolly Pine Seedlings
Authors: Fettig Christopher J. , McCravy Kenneth W. , Berisford C. Wayne 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Frequent and prolonged insecticide applications to control the Nantucket pine tip moth, Rhyacionia frustrana (Comstock) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) (NPTM), although effective, may be impractical and uneconomical for commercial timber production. Timed insecticide sprays of permethrin (Pounce 3.2® EC) were applied to all possible combinations of spray schedules for three annual NPTM generations during the first, second, and first and second years following stand establishment. An optimal insecticide spray schedule that minimized the number of costly insecticide applications and maximized volume index in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) was determined by applying a single spray during the first generation of the first and second years following planting. This schedule eliminates four sprays over a 2 yr period when compared to standard insecticide application schedules and has important implications toward establishing an integrated pest management program for this common regeneration pest. South. J. Appl. For. 24(2): 106-111.
Saw Palmetto (Serenoa repens): An Emerging Forest Resource in the Southeastern United States
Authors: Carrington Mary E. , Mullahey J. Jeffrey , Krewer Gerard , Boland Bob , Affolter James 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Saw palmetto fruits collected from the wild are becoming a significant economic resource in Florida and south Georgia. The fruits are used to produce a drug for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Here we introduce saw palmetto as an emerging resource for foresters and land managers, evaluate potential management practices, and discuss harvesting, processing and marketing aspects. Fruit production can be variable, affected by fruit disease, insect damage to flowers, depletion of plant carbohydrate reserves and drought. Controlled burning can enhance flowering and fruiting, but frequent burning may severely limit fruit production. Fruit harvesting in late summer is currently dominated by a freelance market. Fruits are dried immediately after harvesting, and most are shipped to Europe, where they are ground and active ingredients extracted with solvents. With recognition of the medicinal use of saw palmetto increasing, demand for fruits is likely to rise. South. J. Appl. For. 24(3):129-134.
Washing Roots Reduces Vigor of Loblolly Pine Seedlings
Authors: Carey William A. , South David B. , Williford M. , Britt J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings were lifted from two nurseries in Georgia, and the roots were washed using equipment built for that purpose. Seedlings then received two levels of storage and were outplanted not far from the nursery of origin (one loam soil and one sandy soil). Immediately after washing, root weights and the length of fine roots did not differ among wash treatments from either nursery. Survival was excellent for all treatments on the loam soil, but a single wash reduced survival by 5 to 10% when seedlings were planted in sand. Washing slowed the rate of budbreak and early height growth. Bud growth of seedlings planted in a stress pit (containing sand) was correlated with both root growth 1 month after planting (r = 0.36,P = 0.0003) and survival 2 months after planting (r =0.62,P = 0.01). Among seedlings outplanted on a sandy site, initial height growth also correlated with survival (r = 0.49,P = 0.007). South. J. Appl. For. 25(1):25–30.
Predicting Response of Southeast Texas Loblolly Pine to Fertilization
Authors: Ngono Gregoire , Fisher R.F. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS), vector analysis, and critical level approaches are diagnostic tools commonly used for assessing nutrient status of trees by foliar analysis. This study evaluated the relative merits of the three approaches for identifying N and P deficiencies in stands of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) in southeast Texas.
Only 25% of the time did all three approaches select the same stands as N deficient, and only once did they agree that a stand was N sufficient. The three approaches agreed 25% of the time that stands were P deficient and 13% of the time that stands were P sufficient. No method was universally accurate in predicting response across soil groups.
The critical level approach proved best for identifying all responsive sites, and it would be useful if the cost of fertilization was deemed low in comparison with the cost of lost growth when responsive sites are not fertilized. The DRIS approach failed to identify some responsive sites, but a high proportion of the sites it predicted would respond, did respond. It would be useful if the cost of fertilization were deemed high in comparison with the cost of lost growth when responsive sites are not fertilized. The vector analysis approach proved most useful because of its ability to predict response to N and P when added together. Soil group alone was a reasonable predictor of response to fertilization. South. J. Appl. For. 25(2):84–87.
Hand-Lifting Improves Field Performance of Loblolly Pine Seedlings
Authors: Greene Thomas A. , Danley S. Tannis 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings were lifted from two Georgia nurseries and planted on six sites in Georgia and Alabama during the winter of 1997/1998. Survival, height, and groundline diameters were measured after two growing seasons. Hand-lifted seedlings from both nurseries were taller than machine-lifted seedlings across all sites by 7–14 cm, resulting in stem volume index increases of 19–30% over 2 yr. Survival of hand-lifted seedlings was higher (P < 0.05) for the nursery using a two-row belt lifter. Seedlings from outer drills at this nursery were 10 cm taller and produced 21% more stem volume after 2 yr than seedlings from inner drills. South. J. Appl. For. 25(3):131–135.
Effects of Nursery Characteristics on Field Survival and Growth of Loblolly Pine Rooted Cuttings
Authors: Frampton John , Isik Fikret , Goldfarb Barry 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Morphological characteristics of rooted cuttings and seedlings of four open-pollinated loblolly pine families cultured at the G.H.W. Weyerhaeuser Nursery near Washington, North Carolina were assessed after lifting. Cuttings were visually assigned to nine grading classes and six putative cull classes. The nine grading classes represented a factorial of three root collar diameter classes (small [4–6 mm], medium [6–8 mm] and large [8–10 mm]) and three root quality classes (poor, fair, and good). Putative cull classes included runts, poor foliage coverage, jumbos, “dog-legged” (one horizontal root at a right angle to the stem), multiple leaders, and excessive sweep.After assessment, the rooted cuttings and seedlings were established in a randomized block design on a coastal site in southern Beaufort County, North Carolina. Five years after establishment in the field, survival, height, diameter, presence or absence of fusiform rust incidence, number of leaders, and sweep were assessed. Analyses of variance were conducted to detect differences among the putative cull classes. Nursery rooting cutting morphological traits were regressed on fifth year field traits. Iterative logistic regression was performed between the nursery traits (continuous variables) and survival (binary variable).Overall, fifth year survival of the rooted cuttings was higher than that of the seedlings (77 versus 42%, respectively), and their stem volume was not significantly different from seedlings (0.259 versus 0.285 m3). For the four open-pollinated families studied, these results indicate that no culling standards are needed for rooted cutting planting stock to perform at least as well as seedling planting stock. However, eliminating cuttings with poor foliage coverage (less than 2.5 cm) and culling or pruning rooted cuttings with multiple leaders is recommended to reduce the number of forked trees in the field. South. J. Appl. For. 26(4):207–213.
Effects of Herbaceous Competition Control on Wildlife Habitat Quality in Piedmont Pine Plantations
Authors: Keyser P.D. , Ford V.L. , Guynn D.C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Wildlife biologists have become increasingly concerned about the effects of herbaceous competition control in pine plantations on wildlife habitats. Data from a study designed to test the effectiveness of herbaceous weed control with different site preparation methods were re-analyzed to assess effects on various measures of wildlife habitat quality. Three rates of Oust® (0, 2, and 4 oz/ac) were applied in mid-April the first year to planted loblolly pine seedlings at seven locations (each a complete randomized block design) in the Virginia Piedmont. Site preparation methods used were pile only (two locations), burn only, chop and burn, pile and disk, and Velpar® and burn (two locations). Results were re-analyzed to assess effects of these methods on total herbaceous vegetation coverage, forage coverage, the ratio of forage/cover, species richness, and species diversity. Although total herbaceous coverage and species richness declined in the first year after application on many locations, vegetation rebounded in the second and/or third year. Few significant differences were observed in forage coverage, the ratio of forage to cover, or species diversity. By the third year, few differences remained among treatment levels. Mechanical site preparation appeared to have less impact on all measures than chemical site preparation. South. J. Appl. For. 27(1):55–60.
Soil Scarification Effects on Oak Reproduction in Two Mixed-Oak Bottomland Stands of Southern Illinois
Authors: Lhotka John M. , Zaczek James J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This study investigated whether soil scarification during the presence of oak mast could increase oak seedling establishment and decrease poison ivy cover in two mixed-oak bottomland stands that lacked adequate advanced oak reproduction. Study sites were located along the Saline River in southern Illinois and designated as Cherrybark Bottoms, with an overstory dominated by cherrybark oak (Quercus pagoda Raf.), and Post Oak Flat, which contained an even mixture of post oak (Q. stellata Wang.) and cherrybark oak. Scarification was completed in November of 1999 using a small farm tractor with a pull-behind field disk to incorporate acorns into the soil. One growing season after scarification, Cherrybark Bottoms had significantly more oak seedlings in the scarified plots (7,243 ha-1) than in controls (453 ha-1). Likewise, Post Oak Flat had a significantly greater density of oak seedlings in scarified plots (8,715 ha-1) when compared to control plots (679 ha-1). In addition, scarification decreased poison ivy [Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze] cover in both stands. Results suggest that, in the presence of abundant acorns, scarification may increase the establishment of new oak seedlings in mixed-oak bottomland forests. South. J. Appl. For. 27(3):164–171.
Modeling Forest Type Transitions in the Southcentral Region: Results from Three Methods
Authors: Zhou Xiaoping , Mills John R. , Teeter Lawrence 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In recent years much interest has developed about the dynamics of forest type transitions, especially the transitions of land to and from southern pine plantations. This article presents 50-yr-forest type projections developed from two approaches to specifying the type transition matrices. One approach used transition matrices derived with remeasured plot data for six forest types using USDA Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis data. These data tracked transitions that occurred either naturally or artificially on inventory plots during one remeasurement cycle. The second approach relied on expert opinion surveys that predicted trends in the future of forest management. The transition matrices were developed from the responses regarding managers' intentions to regenerate stands following harvest. The survey was developed for the 2000 Forest and Rangeland Renewable Resources Planning Act Timber Assessment (2000 RPA). The timber inventories in eight states in the southcentral United States are projected with these methods of handling type transitions, and the results are compared to the 2000 RPA, which used a combination or hybrid approach to type transitioning. All three techniques conclude the area of planted pine is expected to increase well into the future. They are contradictory, however, in predicting the area other forest types will occupy, especially natural pine and upland hardwoods. Projections based on recent history give us one result; projections based on managers' intentions show another. South. J. Appl. For. 27(3):190–197.
Initial Effects of Reproduction Cutting Treatments on Residual Hard Mast Production in the Ouachita Mountains
Authors: Perry Roger W. , Thill Ronald E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We compared indices of total hard mast production (oak and hickory combined) in 20, second-growth, pine-hardwood stands under five treatments to determine the effects of different reproduction treatments on mast production in the Ouachita Mountains. We evaluated mast production in mature unharvested controls and stands under four reproduction cutting methods (single-tree selection, group selection, shelterwood, and clearcut with wildlife tree retention) during the first 6 yr after initial harvest. Mean Whitehead mast production indices were greater in shelterwoods and clearcuts with wildlife tree retention than in unharvested stands 5 of the 6 yr of study, indicating individual trees in these stands produced greater amounts of hard mast. Stand production values for the 6 yr combined indicated group selections generally produced the greatest amounts of total hard mast, probably because competing pines in the matrix were thinned and hard mast-producing tree densities were unchanged after harvest. However, wide variation in residual density of mast trees existed among stands of the same treatment. Our results indicate hard mast production can be affected by different silvicultural treatments and managers should consider the importance of residual mast production along with other objectives when determining silvicultural treatments to apply. South. J. Appl. For. 27(4):253–258.
Effect of the Growth Regulator Uniconazole on Biomass Allocation of Bareroot Loblolly Pine Seedlings
Authors: Barnes Andrew D. , South David B. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Improving seedling performance by reducing seedling height can be an important aspect of nursery management. The plant growth regulator uniconazole was applied to regulate height growth of nursery-grown loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings. Tests involving a foliar spray (0,0.125, 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 kg ai/ha) or a wick application (0, 125, 250, 500, and 1000 ppm) were conducted in Alabama, Georgia, and South Carolina. The wick applicator consisted of a perforated plastic pipe covered with a sponge cylinder supplied by a reservoir. With both application methods, as the rate of uniconazole increased, seedling height, root-collar diameter, and biomass decreased. Compared to the controls, uniconazole decreased the percentage of seedlings with root-collar diameters greater than 4.7 mm. At lifting there was no difference among rates for root/shoot ratio, but root/shoot ratios of uniconazole treated seedlings increased significantly after outplanting. Eighteen months after outplanting, there were no treatment effects on seedling height or survival. Wick applications of uniconazole merit further research because of soil persistence and costs associated with spray applications. South. J. Appl. For. 28(1):41–47.