bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Addressing racial inequalities within schools: Exploring the potential of teacher education
Authors: Alvaré Melissa Archer 
Published: September 2018

AbstractA substantial body of literature demonstrates how within‐school patterns serve to maintain and perpetuate racial inequality in education. This occurs as well‐meaning teachers and administrators tend to hold lower academic expectations for students of color; engage in racially biased discipline patterns; employ alienating curricula; and fail to address racial issues in meaningful ways when they surface in classrooms. In this paper, I review literature on these and other inequitable patterns and subsequently summarize research exploring how these issues are confronted teacher training programs. While some pedagogical models show promise, many studies suggest that multicultural education and programs for pre‐service teachers fall short in promoting perspectives and practices to address inequity in schools. I apply tenets of critical race theory to scrutinize oppression within schools and the shortcomings of initiatives claimed to redress them, and moreover, to suggest how teacher education can be improved to encourage pedagogy for social justice ends.
Reactivation of Chagas disease among heart transplant recipients in the United States, 2012‐2016
Authors: Gray Elizabeth B. , La Hoz Ricardo M. , Green Jaime S. , Vikram Holenarasipur R. , Benedict Theresa , Rivera Hilda , Montgomery Susan P. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractBackgroundHeart transplantation has been shown to be a safe and effective intervention for progressive cardiomyopathy from chronic Chagas disease. However, in the presence of the immunosuppression required for heart transplantation, the likelihood of Chagas disease reactivation is significant. Reactivation may cause myocarditis resulting in allograft dysfunction and the rapid onset of congestive heart failure. Reactivation rates have been well documented in Latin America; however, there is a paucity of data regarding the risk in non‐endemic countries.MethodsWe present our experience with 31 patients with chronic Chagas disease who underwent orthotopic heart transplantation in the United States from 2012 to 2016. Patients were monitored following a standard schedule.ResultsOf the 31 patients, 19 (61%) developed evidence of reactivation. Among the 19 patients, a majority (95%) were identified by laboratory monitoring using polymerase chain reaction testing. One patient was identified after the onset of clinical symptoms of reactivation. All subjects with evidence of reactivation were alive at follow‐up (median: 60 weeks).ConclusionsTransplant programs in the United States are encouraged to implement a monitoring program for heart transplant recipients with Chagas disease. Our experience using a preemptive approach of monitoring for Chagas disease reactivation was effective at identifying reactivation before symptoms developed.
Characterization and cost–benefit analysis of automated bioreactor‐expanded mesenchymal stem cells for clinical applications
Authors: Russell Athena L. , Lefavor Rebecca C. , Zubair Abba C. 
Published: September 2018

BACKGROUNDExpanding quantities of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) sufficient to treat large numbers of patients in cellular therapy and regenerative medicine clinical trials is an ongoing challenge for cell manufacturing facilities.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSWe evaluated options for scaling up large quantities of bone marrow–derived MSCs (BM‐MSCs) using methods that can be performed in compliance with Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP). We expanded BM‐MSCs from fresh marrow aspirate in αMEM supplemented with 5% human platelet lysate using both an automated cell expansion system (Quantum, Terumo BCT) and a manual flask‐based method using multilayer flasks. We compared MSCs expanded using both methods and assessed their differentiation to adipogenic and osteogenic tissue, capacity to suppress T‐cell proliferation, cytokines, and growth factor secretion profile and cost‐effectiveness of manufacturing enough BM‐MSCs to administer a single dose of 100 × 106 cells per subject in a clinical trial of 100 subjects.RESULTSWe have established that large quantities of clinical‐grade BM‐MSCs manufactured with an automated hollow‐fiber bioreactor were phenotypically (CD73, CD90, CD105) and functionally (adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation and cytokine and growth factor secretion) similar to manually expanded BM‐MSCs. In addition, MSC manufacturing costs significantly less and required less time and effort when using the Quantum automated cell expansion system over the manual multilayer flasks method.CONCLUSIONMSCs manufactured by an automated bioreactor are physically and functionally equivalent to the MSCs manufactured by the manual flask method and have met the standards required for clinical application.
Patient blood management in colorectal cancer patients: a survey among Dutch gastroenterologists, surgeons, and anesthesiologists
Authors: Wilson Michael J. , Koopman‐van Gemert Ankie W.M.M. , Harlaar Joris J. , Jeekel Johannes , Zwaginga Jaap Jan , Schipperus Martin 
Published: September 2018

INTRODUCTIONThere is an increasing awareness to integrate patient blood management (PBM) within routine surgical care. Limited information about the implementation of PBM in colorectal cancer surgery is available. This is curious, as preoperative anemia, associated with increased morbidity, is highly prevalent in colorectal cancer patients. Present study aimed to assess the current PBM strategies in the Netherlands.METHODSAn online electronic survey was developed and sent to surgeons of the Dutch Taskforce Coloproctology (177 in total). In addition, for each hospital in which surgery for colorectal cancer surgery is performed (75 in total), the survey was sent to one gastroenterologist and one anesthesiologist. Analyses were performed using descriptive statistics.RESULTSA total of 192 physicians responded to the survey (response rate 58.7%). In 73 hospitals (97.3%) the survey was conducted by at least one physician. Regarding the management of a mild‐moderate preoperative anemia, no clear policy was reported in half of the hospitals (49.3%). In 38.7% of the hospitals, iron status was indicated to be measured during screening for colorectal cancer. In addition, in only 13.3% of the hospitals, iron status was measured by the anesthesiologist during preoperative assessment.CONCLUSIONThe Present study shows a distinct variability in PBM practices in colorectal cancer care. Strikingly, this variability was not only seen between, but also within Dutch hospitals, demonstrated by often variable responses from physicians from the same institution. As a result, the present study clearly demonstrates the lack of consensus on PBM, resulting in a suboptimal preoperative blood management strategy.
Impact of collection programs for the generation of monocyte apheresis products on product quality and composition as starting material for the generation of cellular therapeutics
Authors: Pfeiffer Hella , Völkl Simon , Gary Regina , Mackensen Andreas , Achenbach Susanne , Strasser Erwin , Aigner Michael 
Published: September 2018

BACKGROUNDWith the discontinuation of the last generation of apheresis machines, new options for monocyte apheresis became available. As apheresis products play a crucial role in the generation of new cellular therapeutics (e.g., generation of dendritic cells [DCs] or precursor for T‐cell experiments) we sought to compare two different collection programs for potential benefits or disadvantages due to different composition of the cellular products.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSComposition of discontinuously and continuously collected monocyte products from the same 13 donors was analyzed. For further evaluation as starting material for manufacturing of cellular therapeutics typically used steps such as Ficoll Isopaque, cryoconservation and monocyte isolation, with subsequent generation of mature DCs (mDCs) and assessment of T‐cell function, were performed on seven of these apheresis pairs.RESULTSYield of total cells, monocytes, and mDCs was equal with both methods. T‐cell composition did not differ significantly in content of CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ cells. Differentiation status and cytokine production of CD8+ T cells upon stimulation with cytomegalovirus pp65 antigen was not significantly different.CONCLUSIONBoth methods seem comparably suited for the generation of cellular products. If the intended use is “fresh” (without cryoconservation), continuously harvested cells show better cell numbers, while discontinuously harvested cells show better recovery after cryoconservation.
The effects of apheresis, storage time, and leukofiltration on microparticle formation in apheresis platelet products
Authors: Gao Ming , Zhang Bin , Zhang Yue , Chen Yuting , Xiong Jin , Wang Juan , Chen Hanwei , Chen Guoan , Wei Qing 
Published: September 2018

BACKGROUNDAlthough platelet microparticles (PMPs) were the most abundant micoparticles (MPs) in platelet (PLT) products, other MPs and their parental cells can also be brought into the plasma during PLT apheresis. However, the effects of PLT apheresis, storage time, and leukofiltration on these MPs remain largely unclear.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSApheresis PLTs with or without leukofiltration were stored in 22 ± 2 °C for 5 days. PLT‐poor plasma (PPP) was generated by centrifugation of donor blood or PLT products at 2500 × g for 15 minutes on the point day. PPP was labeled with CD41a (PLT‐derived MP, PMP), CD235 (red blood cell–derived MP, RMP), CD45 (leukocyte‐derived MP, LMP), CD14 (monocyte‐derived MP, MMP), and CD144 (endothelial cell–derived MP, EMP), and then measured by flow cytometry.RESULTSHigher‐level TMPs (total microparticles) and PMPs, but lower‐level RMPs, LMPs, and MMPs were detected in fresh PLTs on the day of collection compared with those before collection. During storage, TMP, PMP, and RMP counts were significantly higher on Day 3 and Day 5, but MMP and LMP counts were only marginally higher on Day 3 in PLT supernatants. There were no significant differences in MP levels in PLTs with or without leukofiltration.CONCLUSIONMP formation was affected by the apheresis procedure. RMPs, LMPs and MMPs were lower after PLT apheresis. During storage, TMPs, PMPs, RMPs, LMPs, and MMPs were found to be higher in PLT supernatants. Leukofiltration exerted no significant effect on all MPs in PLT products.
The accentedness, comprehensibility, and intelligibility of Asian Englishes
Authors: Hansen Edwards Jette G. , Zampini Mary L. , Cunningham Caitlin 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThis study examines the accentedness, comprehensibility, and intelligibility of speakers of English from China, Hong Kong, Singapore, and the United States (US) by listeners from Hong Kong, Singapore, China, and the US on two speech tasks (read vs. conversation). It also examines the effect of shared background on scores for all listeners as well as the effect of international experience for the Hong Kong and the US listeners. The study found that although accentedness and comprehensibility were positively correlated, neither variable was significantly correlated with intelligibility. The study found that shared background increased ratings of accentedness and comprehensibility but not intelligibility scores, and that international experience also had an effect during the conversational task, in that listeners with international experience received significantly higher intelligibility scores than those without any such international experience.
Adaptation of myocardial twist in the remodelled athlete's heart is not related to cardiac output
Authors: Cooke Samuel , Samuel T. Jake , Cooper Stephen‐Mark , Stöhr Eric J. 
Published: September 2018

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?What is the role of heart muscle function in the increased output of remodelled, larger hearts?
What is the main finding and its importance?The greater stroke volume of endurance athletes is not associated with enhanced function of the heart muscle (i.e. left ventricular twist, torsion and twist‐to‐shortening) in normal and low‐oxygen environments. These data indicate that, in the process of cardiac adaptation, left ventricular twist may play an important role that is not related to generating a larger output. Since enlarged hearts with low output can develop in disease, the present findings may influence the future interpretation of heart muscle function in patients.
AbstractDespite increased stroke volume (SV), ‘athlete's heart’ has been proposed to have a similar left ventricular (LV) muscle function – as represented by LV twist – compared with the untrained state. However, the underpinning mechanisms and the associations between SV/cardiac output and LV twist during exercise are unknown. We hypothesised that endurance athletes would have a significantly lower twist‐to‐shortening ratio (TwSR, a parameter that relates twist to the shortening of heart muscle layers) at rest, but significantly greater LV muscle function during exercise. Eleven endurance trained male runners and 13 untrained males were tested at rest and during supine cycling exercise in normoxia and hypoxia (increased cardiac output but unaltered SV). Despite the expected cardiac remodelling in endurance athletes, LV twist, torsion, TwSR, strain and strain rate (‘LV systolic mechanics’) did not differ significantly between groups (P > 0.05). Structural remodelling, as per relative wall thickness, and LV twist did not correlate (r2 = 0.04, P = 0.33). In normoxia and hypoxia, exercise increased LV systolic mechanics in both groups (P < 0.001), but with different relationships to SV and cardiac output. Conversely to our hypothesis, hearts of different size had similar LV systolic mechanics, suggesting that similar twist, torsion and TwSR at rest and during exercise irrespective of cardiac output may be an important mechanism in healthy hearts. We hypothesise that the regulatory ‘purpose’ of LV twist may be related to the sensing of maximal cardiac myofibre stress, which may act as a biologically purposeful limiter to contraction.
The Reproducibility and External Validity of a Modified Rugby League Movement-Simulation Protocol for Interchange Players
Authors: Norris Jonathan P. , Highton Jamie , Twist Craig 
Published: September 2018

Purpose: To assess the reliability and external validity of a rugby league movement-simulation protocol for interchange players (RLMSP-i) that was adapted to include physical contact between participants. Methods: A total of 18 rugby players performed 2 trials of a modified RLMSP-i, 7 d apart. The simulation was conducted outdoors on artificial turf with movement speeds controlled using an audio signal. Microtechnology was used to measure locomotive and accelerometer (ie, PlayerLoad™) metrics for both bouts (∼23 min each) alongside heart rate (HR) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE). Results: Reported for each bout, total distance (102 [3] m·min−1 and 101 [3] m·min−1), low-speed distance (77 [3] m·min−1 and 79 [4] m·min−1), high-speed distance (25 [3] m·min−1 and 22 [4] m·min−1), PlayerLoad (10 [1] AU·min−1 and 10 [1] AU·min−1), PlayerLoad slow (3.2 [0.6] AU·min−1 and 3.2 [0.6] AU·min−1), 2-dimensional PlayerLoad (6.0 [0.9] AU·min−1 and 5.7 [0.8] AU·min−1), and HR (86 [5]%HRmax and 84 [6]%HRmax) were similar to match play. The coefficient of variation (CV%) for locomotive metrics ranged from 1.3% to 14.4%, accelerometer CV% 4.4% to 10.0%, and internal load 4.8% to 13.7%. All variables presented a CV% less than the calculated moderate change during 1 or both bouts of the simulation except high-speed distance, percentage of the participant’s peak HR, and RPE. Conclusion: The modified RLMSP-i offers a reliable simulation to investigate influences of training and nutrition interventions on the movement and collision activities of rugby league interchange players.
Caffeine and Sprint Cycling Performance: Effects of Torque Factor and Sprint Duration
Authors: Glaister Mark , Towey Colin , Jeffries Owen , Muniz-Pumares Daniel , Foley Paul , McInnes Gillian 
Published: September 2018

Purpose: To investigate the influence of torque factor and sprint duration on the effects of caffeine on sprint cycling performance. Methods: Using a counterbalanced, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled design, 13 men completed 9 trials. In trial 1, participants completed a series of 6-s sprints at increasing torque factors to determine the torque factor, for each individual, that elicited the highest (Toptimal) peak power output (PPO). The remaining trials involved all combinations of torque factor (0.8 N·m−1·kg−1 vs Toptimal), sprint duration (10 s vs 30 s), and supplementation (caffeine [5 mg·kg−1] vs placebo). Results: There was a significant effect of torque factor on PPO, with higher values at Toptimal (mean difference 168 W; 95% likely range 142–195 W). There was also a significant effect of sprint duration on PPO, with higher values in 10-s sprints (mean difference 52 W; 95% likely range 18–86 W). However, there was no effect of supplementation on PPO (P = .056). Nevertheless, there was a significant torque factor × sprint duration × supplement interaction (P = .036), with post hoc tests revealing that caffeine produced a higher PPO (mean difference 76 W; 95% likely range 19–133 W) when the sprint duration was 10 s and the torque factor was Toptimal. Conclusion: The results of this study show that when torque factor and sprint duration are optimized, to allow participants to express their highest PPO, there is a clear effect of caffeine on sprinting performance.
Deficits in Planning Sequential Goal-Directed Action Impact Motor Execution in Children With Hemiplegic Cerebral Palsy: A Kinematic Analysis
Authors: Surkar Swati M. , Hoffman Rashelle M. , Davies Brenda , Harbourne Regina , Kurz Max J. 
Published: September 2018

There is mounting experimental evidence that suggests children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy (HCP) lack the ability to properly plan their motor actions. The purpose of this investigation was to determine how these planning deficits might affect the ability of children with HCP to execute a complex sequence of actions that have different final end states in the hand/arm position. Thirteen children with HCP (age = 6.8 ± 2.9 yrs, Manual Ability Classification levels = II–IV) and 15 typically developing (TD) children (age = 5.8 ± 1.1 yrs) completed a sequential motor task that involved reaching to grasp an object and place it into six-different target positions. Each target had a biomechanically different final hand/arm position for placing the object. A three-dimensional motion capture system was used to calculate the resultant spatiotemporal kinematics of a marker that was placed on the hand. In addition, video analysis was used to quantify the child’s reaction time, end-state comfort effect, and task failures. Compared with the TD children, the children with HCP had notable deviations in their spatiotemporal kinematics when reaching for the object and placing it in the respective target positions. The children with HCP also exhibited slower reaction time, reduced end-state comfort, and increased number of task failures when placing the objects in the respective target potions. Interestingly, the children with HCP showed impaired planning on the affected as well as the less affected arm. This suggests that the inability of children with HCP to properly plan a motor action might partly arise from central deficits in their cognitive processing, and not exclusively from the peripheral deficits seen in the musculoskeletal system. Altogether our results imply that children with HCP lack the ability to plan and execute sequential motor actions.
Clinical profile, risk factors and outcome of medical, surgical and adjunct interventions in patients with
Pythium
insidiosum
keratitis
Authors: Agarwal Shweta , Iyer Geetha , Srinivasan Bhaskar , Benurwar Saket , Agarwal Mamta , Narayanan Niveditha , Lakshmipathy Meena , Radhika N , Rajagopal Rama , Krishnakumar S , K Lily Therese 
Published: September 2018

Purpose
To report clinical profile and compare management options for Pythium keratitis.

Method
Retrospective interventional study of 46 patients diagnosed as Pythium keratitis by PCR DNA sequencing from January 2014 to July 2017. Interventions were categorised into medical management (MM) (topical azithromycin and linezolid with oral azithromycin at presentation), surgery (S) (therapeutic penetrating keratoplasty, TPK), surgical adjunct (SA) (cryotherapy±alcohol with TPK) and medical adjunct (MA) (MM after TPK).

Results
Primary treatment included MM (1 eye), SA (3 eyes) and S (42 eyes). Recurrence occurred in 27/43 eyes (MM+S group). Second surgery (S) was required in 11 eyes (TPK-2), with additional procedures (SA) in 10 eyes and evisceration in five eyes. 8/43 eyes received MA after TPK-1. One eye required TPK-3. Recurrence occured in all eyes that received MA (100%) and in 28 of 54 TPKs (51.8%) (TPK 1+2+3) in 42 eyes. Recurrence was noted in 1/14 (7.1%) that underwent SA.

Conclusion
The currently available and recommended treatment for Pythium keratitis is surgical by means of a TPK and in worse cases evisceration. In our study, MM/MA measures showed no benefit with recurrence or worsening of infection requiring resurgery. Almost 50% of TPKs had a recurrence requiring resurgery. However, adjunctive procedures during TPK appear to have additional benefit with low risk of recurrence and could be included as routine care.
Systematic bias between blinded independent central review and local assessment: literature review and analyses of 76 phase III randomised controlled trials in 45 688 patients with advanced solid tumour
Authors: Zhang Jianrong , Zhang Yiyin , Tang Shiyan , Jiang Long , He Qihua , Hamblin Lindsey Tristine , He Jiaxi , Xu Zhiheng , Wu Jieyu , Chen Yaoqi , Liang Hengrui , Chen Difei , Huang Yu , Wang Xinyu , Deng Kexin , Jiang Shuhan , Zhou Jiaqing , Xu Jiaxuan , Chen Xuanzuo , Liang Wenhua , He Jianxing 
Published: September 2018

ObjectiveUnbiased assessment of tumour response is crucial in randomised controlled trials (RCTs). Blinded independent central review is usually used as a supplemental or monitor to local assessment but is costly. The aim of this study is to investigate whether systematic bias existed in RCTs by comparing the treatment effects of efficacy endpoints between central and local assessments.DesignLiterature review, pooling analysis and correlation analysis.Data sourcesPubMed, from 1 January 2010 to 30 June 2017.Eligibility criteria for selecting studiesEligible articles are phase III RCTs comparing anticancer agents for advanced solid tumours. Additionally, the articles should report objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), progression-free survival (PFS) or time to progression (TTP); the treatment effect of these endpoints, OR or HR, should be based on central and local assessments.ResultsOf 76 included trials involving 45 688 patients, 17 (22%) trials reported their endpoints with statistically inconsistent inferences (p value lower/higher than the probability of type I error) between central and local assessments; among them, 9 (53%) trials had statistically significant inference based on central assessment. Pooling analysis presented no systematic bias when comparing treatment effects of both assessments (ORR: OR=1.02 (95% CI 0.97 to 1.07), p=0.42, I2=0%; DCR: OR=0.97 (95% CI 0.92 to 1.03), p=0.32, I2=0%); PFS: HR=1.01 (95% CI 0.99 to 1.02), p=0.32, I2=0%; TTP: HR=1.04 (95% CI 0.95 to 1.14), p=0.37, I2=0%), regardless of funding source, mask, region, tumour type, study design, number of enrolled patients, response assessment criteria, primary endpoint and trials with statistically consistent/inconsistent inferences. Correlation analysis also presented no sign of systematic bias between central and local assessments (ORR, DCR, PFS: r>0.90, p<0.01; TTP: r=0.90, p=0.29).ConclusionsNo systematic bias could be found between local and central assessments in phase III RCTs on solid tumours. However, statistically inconsistent inferences could be made in many trials between both assessments.