bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Weak Shock Propagation with Accretion. I. Self-similar Solutions and Application to Failed Supernovae
Authors: Coughlin Eric R. , Quataert Eliot , Ro Stephen 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
We present solutions for the self-similar propagation of a shock wave in a hydrostatic, adiabatic medium with a point mass gravitational field. In contrast to the well-known, Sedov–Taylor blast wave, these solutions apply to the case when the shock Mach number is of the order of a few, and the energy of the shocked fluid is not conserved but self-consistently modified by the binding energy of the ambient medium that is swept up by the passage of the shock. Furthermore, we show that there is one solution (for a given ambient density profile) that smoothly passes through a sonic point in the post-shock flow and results in accretion onto the central object; in analogy with the Bondi problem, we propose that these solutions are the ones that are most relevant in astrophysical environments. We apply these accreting models to failed supernovae, in which neutron star formation does not unbind the envelope, but a weak shock is still generated in the outer layers of the star from neutrino-induced mass loss. We find excellent agreement between the predictions of our self-similar, shock propagation model and numerical simulations of the collapse of a yellow supergiant; the self-similar solutions reproduce the overall scaling of the shock speed; the time- and space-dependent evolution of the velocity, density, and pressure behind the shock; and the accretion rate onto the black hole. Our results have important implications for the fallback and ejection of material in failed supernovae.
On the Multiwavelength Emission from CTA 102
Authors: Gasparyan S. , Sahakyan N. , Baghmanyan V. , Zargaryan D. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
We report on broadband observations of CTA 102 (z = 1.037) during the active states in 2016–2017. In the γ-ray band, Fermi-LAT observed several prominent flares that followed a harder-when-brighter behavior: the hardest photon index Γ = 1.61 ± 0.10 being unusual for flat-spectrum radio quasars. The peak γ-ray flux above 100 MeV,

observed on MJD 57,738.47 within 4.31 minutes, corresponds to an isotropic γ-ray luminosity of

, comparable to the highest values observed from blazars so far. The analyses of the Swift UVOT/XRT data show an increase in the UV/optical and X-ray bands that is contemporaneous with the bright γ-ray periods. The X-ray spectrum observed by Swift XRT and NuSTAR during the γ-ray flaring period is characterized by a hard photon index of ∼1.30. The shortest e-folding time was 4.08 ± 1.44 hr, suggesting a very compact emission region

cm. We modeled the spectral energy distribution of CTA 102 in several periods (having different properties in UV/optical, X-ray, and γ-ray bands) assuming a compact blob inside and outside the BLR. We found that the high-energy data are better described when the infrared thermal radiation of the dusty torus is considered. In the flaring periods when the correlation between the γ-ray and UV/optical/X-ray bands is lacking, the γ-ray emission can be produced from the interaction of fresh electrons in a different blob, which does not make a dominant contribution at lower energies.
RELICS: A Strong Lens Model for SPT-CLJ0615–5746, a z = 0.972 Cluster
Authors: Paterno-Mahler Rachel , Sharon Keren , Coe Dan , Mahler Guillaume , Cerny Catherine , Johnson Traci L. , Schrabback Tim , Andrade-Santos Felipe , Avila Roberto J. , Bradač Maruša , Bradley Larry D. , Carrasco Daniela , Czakon Nicole G. , Dawson William A. , Frye Brenda L. , Hoag Austin T. , Huang Kuang-Han , Jones Christine , Lam Daniel , Livermore Rachael , Lovisari Lorenzo , Mainali Ramesh , Oesch Pascal A. , Ogaz Sara , Past Matthew , Peterson Avery , Ryan Russell E. , Salmon Brett , Sendra-Server Irene , Stark Daniel P. , Umetsu Keiichi , Vulcani Benedetta , Zitrin Adi 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
We present a lens model for the cluster SPT-CLJ0615−5746, which is the highest-redshift (z = 0.972) system in the Reionization of Lensing Clusters Survey, making it the highest-redshift cluster for which a full, strong lens model is published. We identify three systems of multiply imaged lensed galaxies, two of which we spectroscopically confirm at z = 1.358 and z = 4.013, which we use as constraints for the model. We find a foreground structure at z ∼ 0.4, which we include as a second cluster-sized halo in one of our models; however, two different statistical tests find the best-fit model consists of one cluster-sized halo combined with three individually optimized galaxy-sized halos, as well as contributions from the cluster galaxies themselves. We find the total projected mass density within r = 26.″7 (the region where the strong lensing constraints exist) to be

M
☉. If we extrapolate out to r
500, our projected mass density is consistent with the mass inferred from weak lensing and from the Sunyaev–Zel’dovich effect (M ∼ 1015
M
☉). This cluster is lensing a previously reported z ∼ 10 galaxy, which, if spectroscopically confirmed, will be the highest-redshift strongly lensed galaxy known.
Searching for All-scale Anisotropies in the Arrival Directions of Cosmic Rays above the Ankle
Authors: Ahlers Markus 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
The Pierre Auger Observatory has recently reported the detection of a dipole anisotropy in the arrival directions of cosmic rays above 8 EeV with a post-trial significance of more than 5.2σ. This observation has profound consequences for the distribution and composition of candidate sources of cosmic rays above the ankle (3–5 EeV). In this paper we search for the presence of anisotropies on all angular scales in public Auger data. The analysis follows a likelihood-based reconstruction method that automatically accounts for variations in the observatory’s angular acceptance and background rate. Our best-fit dipole anisotropy in the equatorial plane has an amplitude of 5.3% ± 1.3% and R.A. angle of 103° ± 15°, consistent with the results of the Pierre Auger Collaboration. We do not find evidence for the presence of medium- or small-scale anisotropies. The method outlined in this paper is well-suited for future analyses of cosmic ray anisotropies below the ankle, where cosmic ray detection in surface arrays is not fully efficient and dominated by systematic uncertainties.
The Low Detection Rate of Pair–instability Supernovae and the Effect of the Core Carbon Fraction
Authors: Takahashi Koh 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
The pair-instability supernova (PISN) is a common fate of very massive stars (VMSs). Current theory predicts initial and CO core mass ranges for PISNe of ∼140–260 and ∼65–120 M
⊙, respectively, for stars that are not much affected by the wind mass loss. The corresponding relative event rate between PISNe and core-collapse supernovae is estimated to be ∼1% for the present-day initial mass function. However, no confident PISN candidate has been detected so far, despite more than 1000 supernovae being discovered every year. We investigate the evolution of VMSs with various core carbon-to-oxygen ratios for the first time by introducing a multiplication factor

to the 12C(α, γ)16O reaction rate. We find that a less massive VMS with a high X(C)/X(O) develops shell convection during the core carbon-burning phase, with which the star avoids the pair-creation instability. The second result is the high explodability for a massive VMS; i.e., a star with high X(C)/X(O) explodes with a smaller explosion energy. Consequently, the initial and CO core mass ranges for PISNe are significantly increased. Finally, a PISN with high X(C)/X(O) yields a smaller amount of 56Ni. Therefore, PISNe with high X(C)/X(O) are much rarer and fainter. This result advances the first theory to decrease the PISN event rate by directly shifting the CO core mass range.
Detection of Bursts from FRB 121102 with the Effelsberg 100 m Radio Telescope at 5 GHz and the Role of Scintillation
Authors: Spitler L. G. , Herrmann W. , Bower G. C. , Chatterjee S. , Cordes J. M. , Hessels J. W. T. , Kramer M. , Michilli D. , Scholz P. , Seymour A. , Siemion A. P. V. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
FRB 121102, the only repeating fast radio burst (FRB) known to date, was discovered at 1.4 GHz and shortly after the discovery of its repeating nature, detected up to 2.4 GHz. Here, we present three bursts detected with the 100 m Effelsberg radio telescope at 4.85 GHz. All three bursts exhibited frequency structure on broad and narrow frequency scales. Using an autocorrelation function analysis, we measured a characteristic bandwidth of the small-scale structure of 6.4 ± 1.6 MHz, which is consistent with the diffractive scintillation bandwidth for this line of sight through the Galactic interstellar medium (ISM) predicted by the NE2001 model. These were the only detections in a campaign totaling 22 hr in 10 observing epochs spanning five months. The observed burst detection rate within this observation was inconsistent with a Poisson process with a constant average occurrence rate; three bursts arrived in the final 0.3 hr of a 2 hr observation on 2016 August 20. We therefore observed a change in the rate of detectable bursts during this observation, and we argue that boosting by diffractive interstellar scintillations may have played a role in the detectability. Understanding whether changes in the detection rate of bursts from FRB 121102 observed at other radio frequencies and epochs are also a product of propagation effects, such as scintillation boosting by the Galactic ISM or plasma lensing in the host galaxy, or an intrinsic property of the burst emission will require further observations.
Antimicrobial resistance, virulence genes and molecular subtypes of S. Enteritidis isolated from children in Shanghai
Authors: Xu Li , Zhou Xiujuan , Xu Xuebin , Matthews Karl R , Liu Yue , Kuang Dai , Shi Xianming 
Published: August 2018

Introduction: Antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella poses a key threat to public health worldwide. Salmonella Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) (119 isolates) from children under 10 years old with diarrhea in Shanghai from 2010-2012 were characterized for antimicrobial susceptibility, virulence gene profiles and pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns.
Methodology: The minimum inhibitory concentration for the 119 S. Enteritidis isolates was determined using an agar dilution method. The presence of virulence genes was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). All the isolates with antimicrobial resistance were subjected to PFGE analysis.
Results: Among these isolates, 71.4% (85) were resistant to sulfafurazole, 59.7% (71) were resistant to ampicillin, 47.1% (56) were resistant to streptomycin, 7.6% (9) were resistant to ceftiofur and 3.4% (4) were resistant to ceftriaxone. Multidrug resistance (MDR) was found in 63.9% (76) of the isolates; 23 resistance profiles were identified. All isolates harbored the ssaQ and sopE virulence genes in the 16 virulence profiles (VPs); VP1 accounted for 70.59% of the 119 isolates. There were 57 PFGE patterns among the 92 isolates tested, mainly grouped into five clusters (A to E). All of the 76 MDR isolates carried multiple virulence genes.
Conclusions: Our study provides useful microbiological data for the successful treatment of S. Enteritidis infections in Shanghai. Although broad spectrum antimicrobials may be useful in the treatment of invasive S. Enteritidis infections, clinicians need to be aware of common microbiological traits, because of the high prevalence of MDR.
Seroprevalence of Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever among health care workers in a hospital in an endemic region of Turkey
Authors: Temocin Fatih , Köse Hatice , Sarı Tuğba , Duygu Fazilet , Şahin Ramazan Oguz 
Published: August 2018

Introduction: Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) can also be transmitted through unprotected contact directly with blood or body fluids as well as from laboratories. This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of CCHF disease in the employees of the State Hospital of Yozgat Province, located in Central Anatolia of Turkey, and also to present the risk factors for healthcare workers.
Methodology: A total of 112 volunteer employees of Yozgat State Hospital were included in the study. The study volunteers were divided into two groups: one having had a contact with CCHF patients and patient’s samples and the other a non-contact group.
Results: In the contact group, 2 (2.9%) out of 67 subjects tested positive for anti-CCHF IgG; however, in the non-contact group, none of the subjects tested positive (Fisher's exact test p > 0.05). Of the two employees who tested positive, one was working at the microbiology laboratory and the other was from the emergency department.
Conclusion: Although cases of nosocomial transmission of CCHF have been reported previously, questions on the mode of transmission of the disease are still unanswered. The risk factors for the disease should, therefore, be identified in order to take the necessary measures.
A Hypermorphic Nfkbid Allele Contributes to Impaired Thymic Deletion of Autoreactive Diabetogenic CD8+ T Cells in NOD Mice
Authors: Presa Maximiliano , Racine Jeremy J. , Dwyer Jennifer R. , Lamont Deanna J. , Ratiu Jeremy J. , Sarsani Vishal Kumar , Chen Yi-Guang , Geurts Aron , Schmitz Ingo , Stearns Timothy , Allocco Jennifer , Chapman Harold D. , Serreze David V. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
In both NOD mice and humans, the development of type 1 diabetes (T1D) is dependent in part on autoreactive CD8+ T cells recognizing pancreatic β cell peptides presented by often quite common MHC class I variants. Studies in NOD mice previously revealed that the common H2-Kd and/or H2-Db class I molecules expressed by this strain aberrantly lose the ability to mediate the thymic deletion of pathogenic CD8+ T cell responses through interactions with T1D susceptibility genes outside the MHC. A gene(s) mapping to proximal chromosome 7 was previously shown to be an important contributor to the failure of the common class I molecules expressed by NOD mice to mediate the normal thymic negative selection of diabetogenic CD8+ T cells. Using an inducible model of thymic negative selection and mRNA transcript analyses, we initially identified an elevated Nfkbid expression variant as a likely NOD-proximal chromosome 7 region gene contributing to impaired thymic deletion of diabetogenic CD8+ T cells. CRISPR/Cas9–mediated genetic attenuation of Nfkbid expression in NOD mice resulted in improved negative selection of autoreactive diabetogenic AI4 and NY8.3 CD8+ T cells. These results indicated that allelic variants of Nfkbid contribute to the efficiency of intrathymic deletion of diabetogenic CD8+ T cells. However, although enhancing thymic deletion of pathogenic CD8+ T cells, ablating Nfkbid expression surprisingly accelerated T1D onset that was associated with numeric decreases in both regulatory T and B lymphocytes in NOD mice.
Wildfires as a source of airborne mineral dust – revisiting a conceptual model using large-eddy simulation (LES)
Authors: Wagner Robert , Jähn Michael , Schepanski Kerstin 
Published: August 2018

Abstract. Airborne mineral dust is a key player in the Earth system and shows manifold impacts on atmospheric properties such as the radiation budget and cloud microphysics. Investigations of smoke plumes originating from wildfires found significant fractions of mineral dust within these plumes – most likely raised by strong, turbulent fire-related winds. This study presents and revisits a conceptual model describing the emission of mineral dust particles during wildfires. This is achieved by means of high-resolution large-eddy simulation (LES), conducted with the All Scale Atmospheric Model (ASAM). The impact of (a) different fire properties representing idealized grassland and shrubland fires, (b) different ambient wind conditions modulated by the fire's energy flux, and (c) the wind's capability to mobilize mineral dust particles was investigated. Results from this study illustrate that the energy release of the fire leads to a significant increase in near-surface wind speed, which consequently enhances the dust uplift potential. This is in particular the case within the fire area where vegetation can be assumed to be widely removed and uncovered soil is prone to wind erosion. The dust uplift potential is very sensitive to fire properties, such as fire size, shape, and intensity, but also depends on the ambient wind velocity. Although measurements already showed the importance of wildfires for dust emissions, pyro-convection is so far neglected as a dust emission process in atmosphere–aerosol models. The results presented in this study can be seen as the first step towards a systematic parameterization representing the connection between typical fire properties and related dust emissions.
Data mining for vortices on the Earth's magnetosphere – algorithm application for detection and analysis
Authors: Collado-Vega Yaireska M. , Kalb Virginia L. , Sibeck David G. , Hwang Kyoung-Joo , Rastätter Lutz 
Published: August 2018

Abstract. Unsteady processes in the solar wind–magnetosphere interaction,
such as vortices developed at the magnetopause boundary by the
Kelvin–Helmholtz instability, may contribute to the process of mass, momentum
and energy transfer into the Earth's magnetosphere. The research described in
this paper validates an algorithm to automatically detect and characterize
vortices based on velocity data from simulations. The vortex identification
algorithm (VIA) systematically searches the 3-D velocity fields to
identify critical points where the magnitude of the velocity vector vanishes.
The velocity gradient tensor is computed and its invariants are used to
assess vortex structure in the flow field. We use the Community Coordinated
Modeling Center (CCMC) Runs on Request capability to create a series of model
runs initialized from the conditions observed by the Cluster mission in the
Hwang et al. (2011) analysis of Kelvin–Helmholtz vortices observed during
southward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) conditions. We analyze further
the properties of the vortices found in the runs, including the velocity
changes within their motion across the magnetosheath. We also demonstrate the
potential of our tool to identify and characterize other transient features
(e.g., flux transfer events, FTEs) with vortical internal structures. We find
that the vortices are associated with flows on the magnetosheath side of the
magnetopause that reach speeds greater than the solar wind speed at the
bow shock. Keywords. Magnetospheric physics (MHD waves and instabilities; solar wind–magnetosphere interactions) – space plasma physics (numerical simulation studies)
Veros v0.1 – a fast and versatile ocean simulator in pure Python
Authors: Häfner Dion , Jacobsen René Løwe , Eden Carsten , Kristensen Mads R. B. , Jochum Markus , Nuterman Roman , Vinter Brian 
Published: August 2018

Abstract. A
general circulation ocean model is translated from Fortran to Python. Its
code structure is optimized to exploit available Python utilities, remove
simulation bottlenecks, and comply with modern best practices. Furthermore, support for
Bohrium is added, a framework that provides a just-in-time compiler for array
operations and that supports parallel execution on both CPU and GPU targets. For applications containing more than a million grid elements, such as a
typical 1∘×1∘ horizontal resolution global ocean model,
Veros is approximately half as fast as the MPI-parallelized Fortran base code
on 24 CPUs and as fast as the Fortran reference when running on a high-end
GPU. By replacing the original conjugate gradient stream function solver with
a solver from the pyAMG Python package, this particular subroutine
outperforms the corresponding Fortran version by up to 1 order of magnitude. The study is concluded with a simple application in which the North Atlantic
wave response to a Southern Ocean wind perturbation is investigated. It is
found that even in a realistic setting the phase speeds of boundary waves
matched the expectations based on theory and idealized models.
Wireless Mesh Networks as Community Hubs: Analysis of Small-Scale Wireless Mesh Networks and Community-Centered Technology Training
Authors: Greig Jamie Alexander 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
This paper addresses two policy questions. Firstly, how might evolving technologies associated with broadband networks enhance or hinder marginalized or underserved population groups' effective use and access to information resources? Secondly, how can we foster public hybrid broadband, situating broadband networks within existing communities, as a means to promote digital self-determination? This study finds that wireless mesh technology initiatives can create and foster community engagement through infrastructure deployment, maintenance and use; combat myths regarding marginalized demographics and technology, and provide marginalized communities with an opportunity to become decision-makers regarding communications technology infrastructure development.
Eutanásia no Brasil: entre o Código Penal e a dignidade da pessoa humana
Authors: Barbosa Gabriella Sousa da Silva , Federico Losurdo 
Published: August 2018

No Brasil o atual Código Penal não tipifica a prática da eutanásia, alocando a conduta no art. 121, §1º, homicídio privilegiado. A “morte piedosa” começa a ser tratada pelas legislações e jurisprudência estrangeiras sem que o debate atinja maior destaque nos âmbitos legislativo e judiciário brasileiro. Entre a garantia da dignidade da pessoa humana, art. 1º, III/CF-88, e a proteção à vida, art. 5º, caput/CF-88, há uma nítida colisão de princípios. Tendo-se por base o direito comparado e por plano de fundo o julgamento da ADI 3.510 pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal brasileiro e do Projeto de Lei nº 236/12 – Novo Código Penal –, o qual tipifica a prática da eutanásia, analisa-se a possibilidade de não imputação de pena ao agente da eutanásia frente à interpretação constitucional.
Epidemiology of and risk factors for extrapulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial infections in Northeast Thailand
Authors: Kham-ngam Irin , Chetchotisakd Ploenchan , Ananta Pimjai , Chaimanee Prajaub , Sadee Phuangphaka , Reechaipichitkul Wipa , Faksri Kiatichai 
Published: August 2018

Background
Nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) infection is increasing worldwide. Current epidemiological data and knowledge of risk factors for this disease are limited. We investigated the trends in and risk of NTM infection in Northeast Thailand during 2012–2016.

Methods
Patient demographics, infection site(s), and underlying disease or conditions from 530 suspected cases of NTM infections were retrieved from medical records, reviewed and analyzed. A diagnosis of true NTM infection was accepted in 150 cases. Risk factor analyses were done for extrapulmonary NTM infections compared to pulmonary NTM infections and for Mycobacterium abscessus compared to members of the Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC). Trend analysis among NTM species causing NTM infections was performed.

Results
The most common species of NTMs causing extrapulmonary (n = 114) and pulmonary (n = 36) NTM infections in Northeast Thailand were M. abscessus (25.4% of extrapulmonary infected cases and 27.8% of pulmonary cases) followed by MAC (14.9% of extrapulmonary and 13.9% of pulmonary cases). Presence of anti-IFN-γ autoantibodies was the major risk factor for extrapulmonary (odds ratio (OR) = 20.75, 95%CI [2.70–159.24]) compared to pulmonary NTM infection. M. abscessus infection was less likely (OR = 0.17; 95%CI [0.04–0.80]) to be found in patients with HIV infection than was MAC infection. The prevalence of NTM infection, especially M. abscessus, in Northeast Thailand has recently increased. Extrapulmonary NTM and complicated NTM infections have increased in concordance with the recent trend of increasing frequency of anti-IFN-γ autoantibodies in the population.

Conclusions
M. abscessus was the commonest NTM pathogen followed by MAC. The prevalence of NTM infections and anti-IFN-γ are showing an upward trend. Autoimmune disease due to anti-IFN-γ is the major risk factor for extrapulmonary NTM infection in Northeast Thailand.