bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From MARS to MAGIC: The remarkable journey through time and space of the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation initiative
Authors: Wyer Peter C. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractFor over 30 years, “evidence‐based” clinical guidelines remained entrenched in an oversimplified, design‐based, framework for rating the strength of evidence supporting clinical recommendations. The approach frequently equated the rating of evidence with that of the recommendations themselves. “Grading Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE)” has emerged as a proposed antidote to obsolete guideline methodology. GRADE sponsors and collaborators are in the process of attempting to amplify and extend the framework to encompass implementation and adaptation of guidelines, above and beyond the evaluation and rating of clinical research. Alternative schemes and models for such extensions are beginning to appear. This commentary reviews the strengths and weaknesses of GRADE with reference to other recent critiques. It considers the GRADE Working Group's “evidence‐to‐decision” extension of the evidence rating framework, together with proposed alternatives. It identifies pitfalls of the GRADE system's cooptation of relational processes necessary to the interpretation and uptake of recommendations that properly belong to end‐users. It also identifies dangers inherent in blurring important boundaries between clinical and policy applications of guidelines. Finally, it addresses criticisms regarding the lack of a theoretical framework supporting the different facets of the GRADE approach and proposes a social constructivist orientation to clinical guideline development and use. Recommendations are offered to potential guideline developers and users regarding how to draw upon the strengths of the GRADE framework without succumbing to its pitfalls.
Modeling a process combining a cereal dryer with a bioenergy unit for equipment design in developing countries
Authors: Rivier Michel , Collignan Antoine , Meot Jean‐Michel , Madoumier Martial , Sebastian Patrick 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThis study describes the development of a process model combining a biomass energy conversion unit with a cereal‐based products’ dryer. Heat and mass transfer and pressure drops, which occur during the process, are identified using two experimental set‐ups. The tool can predict the behavior of a heat exchanger and simulate drying of agglomerated products. The model is then used to evaluate the process performance in its installation context, by means of indicators, based on which six design solutions are studied. The results obtained provide initial guidelines for installing a processing unit in the South and clearly show the usefulness of this sort of process design aid tool. It may be integrated into a multiobjective optimization environment, in order to design a high‐performance process, tailored to the context of developing countries.Practical applicationsIn Sub‐Saharan Africa, agri‐business companies carrying out drying operations are experiencing difficulties obtaining efficient equipment, providing their energy supply, and guaranteeing the quality of the finished products. Research activities have already enabled the manufacture and installation in Burkina Faso and Mali of prototype dryers built on the principle of flat‐bed dryers but heated by gas combustion, an expensive and nonsustainable energy. At present, a biomass heat generator and heat exchanger still need to be manufactured locally. Hence the objective of this work is to be able to use the process model as a design aid tool for installations combining the three pieces of equipment. Local manufacturing support will be incorporated during the development of high‐performance design solutions to work toward creating and installing sustainable drying units in West Africa.
Refixation control in free viewing: a specialized mechanism divulged by eye-movement-related brain activity
Authors: Nikolaev Andrey R. , Meghanathan Radha Nila , van Leeuwen Cees 
Published: August 2018

In free viewing, the eyes return to previously visited locations rather frequently, even though the attentional and memory-related processes controlling eye-movement show a strong antirefixation bias. To overcome this bias, a special refixation triggering mechanism may have to be recruited. We probed the neural evidence for such a mechanism by combining eye tracking with EEG recording. A distinctive signal associated with refixation planning was observed in the EEG during the presaccadic interval: the presaccadic potential was reduced in amplitude before a refixation compared with normal fixations. The result offers direct evidence for a special refixation mechanism that operates in the saccade planning stage of eye movement control. Once the eyes have landed on the revisited location, acquisition of visual information proceeds indistinguishably from ordinary fixations. NEW & NOTEWORTHY A substantial proportion of eye fixations in human natural viewing behavior are revisits of recently visited locations, i.e., refixations. Our recently developed methods enabled us to study refixations in a free viewing visual search task, using combined eye movement and EEG recording. We identified in the EEG a distinctive refixation-related signal, signifying a control mechanism specific to refixations as opposed to ordinary eye fixations.
Pyramidal cell activity levels affect the polarity of activity-induced gene transcription changes in interneurons
Authors: Parrish R. Ryley , Codadu Neela K. , Racca Claudia , Trevelyan Andrew J. 
Published: August 2018

Changes in gene expression are an important mechanism by which activity levels are regulated in the nervous system. It is not known, however, how network activity influences gene expression in interneurons; since they themselves provide negative feedback in the form of synaptic inhibition, there exists a potential conflict between their cellular homeostatic tendencies and those of the network. We present a means of examining this issue, utilizing simple in vitro models showing different patterns of intense network activity. We found that the degree of concurrent pyramidal activation changed the polarity of the induced gene transcription. When pyramidal cells were quiescent, interneuronal activation led to an upregulation of glutamate decarboxylase 1 ( GAD1) and parvalbumin ( Pvalb) gene transcriptions, mediated by activation of the Ras/extracellular signal-related kinase mitogen-activated protein kinase (Ras/ERK MAPK) pathway. In contrast, coactivation of pyramidal cells led to an ionotropic glutamate receptor N-methyl-d-aspartate 2B-dependent decrease in transcription. Our results demonstrate a hitherto unrecognized complexity in how activity-dependent gene expression changes are manifest in cortical networks. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We demonstrate a novel feedback mechanism in cortical networks, by which glutamatergic drive, mediated through the Ras/ERK MAPK pathway, regulates gene transcription in interneurons. Using a unique feature of certain in vitro epilepsy models, we show that without this glutamatergic feedback, intense activation of interneurons causes parvalbumin and glutamate decarboxylase 1 mRNA expression to increase. If, on the other hand, pyramidal cells are coactivated with interneurons, this leads to a downregulation of these genes.
Total Ankle Replacement for Osteoarthritis Following Pilon Fracture of the Tibia
Authors: Bennett Adam , Ramaskandhan Jayasree , Siddique Malik 
Published: August 2018

Background: Outcomes for total ankle replacement (TAR) performed for osteoarthritis following pilon fracture are underreported. We compared the outcomes between different indications for TAR. Methods: Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) for TAR performed from 2006 to 2014 by a single surgeon were reviewed. Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS), SF-36, comorbidities, self-reported body mass index (BMI), and patient satisfaction scores were reviewed. Data were collected preoperatively and at 1 and 2 years postoperatively. Clinical notes and radiographs highlighted the indication for TAR. The following subgroups were created: osteoarthritis (OA), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), pilon fracture (PF), ankle fracture (AF), and posttraumatic arthritis without previous fracture (PTOA). PROMs were available for 173 TARs: 89 (51.4%) for OA, 36 (20.8%) for AF, 21 (12.1%) for RA, 15 (8.7%) for PF, and 12 (6.9%) for PTOA. The pilon fracture group were the youngest and had the highest BMI (mean, 56.5 years; mean BMI, 31.6 kg/m2). No difference was found in number of reported comorbidities ( P > .05). Results: Significant improvement in FAOS scores was seen in all subgroups from preoperatively to 1 year ( P = .01, .05, and .03). SF-36 had similar results for all subgroups with improvement in all parameters by 2 years. Significant improvement in role physical and role emotional domains was seen by 1 year following TAR ( P = .018 and P = .042). Patient satisfaction scores were similar in each group. There was no major difference in any of the reported outcomes between subgroups by 2 years postoperatively. Conclusion: We found similar outcomes for patients who underwent TAR after pilon fracture compared to other indications. Level of Evidence: Level III, comparative study.
Mupirocin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Shittu Adebayo O. , Kaba Mamadou , Abdulgader Shima M. , Ajao Yewande O. , Abiola Mujibat O. , Olatimehin Ayodele O. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Background
Mupirocin is widely used for nasal decolonization of Staphylococcus aureus to prevent subsequent staphylococcal infection in patients and healthcare personnel. However, the prolonged and unrestricted use has led to the emergence of mupirocin-resistant (mupR) S. aureus. The aim of this systematic review was to investigate the prevalence, phenotypic and molecular characteristics, and geographic spread of mupR S. aureus in Africa.

Methods
We examined five electronic databases (EBSCOhost, Google Scholar, ISI Web of Science, MEDLINE, and Scopus) for relevant English articles on screening for mupR S. aureus from various samples in Africa. In addition, we performed random effects meta-analysis of proportions to determine the pooled prevalence of mupR S. aureus in Africa. The search was conducted until 3 August 2016.

Results
We identified 43 eligible studies of which 11 (26%) were obtained only through Google Scholar. Most of the eligible studies (28/43; 65%) were conducted in Nigeria (10/43; 23%), Egypt (7/43; 16%), South Africa (6/43; 14%) and Tunisia (5/43; 12%). Overall, screening for mupR S. aureus was described in only 12 of 54 (22%) African countries. The disk diffusion method was the widely used technique (67%; 29/43) for the detection of mupR S. aureus in Africa. The mupA-positive S. aureus isolates were identified in five studies conducted in Egypt (n = 2), South Africa (n = 2), and Nigeria (n = 1). Low-level resistance (LmupR) and high-level resistance (HmupR) were both reported in six human studies from South Africa (n = 3), Egypt (n = 2) and Libya (n = 1). Data on mupR-MRSA was available in 11 studies from five countries, including Egypt, Ghana, Libya, Nigeria and South Africa. The pooled prevalence (based on 11 human studies) of mupR S. aureus in Africa was 14% (95% CI =6.8 to 23.2%). The proportion of mupA-positive S. aureus in Africa ranged between 0.5 and 8%. Furthermore, the frequency of S. aureus isolates that exhibited LmupR, HmupR and mupR-MRSA in Africa were 4 and 47%, 0.5 and 38%, 5 and 50%, respectively.

Conclusions
The prevalence of mupR S. aureus in Africa (14%) is worrisome and there is a need for data on administration and use of mupirocin. The disk diffusion method which is widely utilized in Africa could be an important method for the screening and identification of mupR S. aureus. Moreover, we advocate for surveillance studies with appropriate guidelines for screening mupR S. aureus in Africa.
The evolutionary roles of nutrition selection and dietary quality in the human brain size and encephalization
Authors: Burini Roberto Carlos , Leonard William R. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Background
Humans and other primates have evolved particular morphological and biological traits (e.g., larger brains, slower growth, longer-lived offspring) that distinguish them from most other mammals. The evolution of many distinctive human characteristics, such as our large brain sizes, reduced gut sizes, and high activity budgets, suggest major energetic and dietary shifts.

Main body
Over the course of the last three million years, hominin brain sizes tripled. It is often taken for granted that the benefit of a larger brain is an increase in “intelligence” that makes us stand out among other mammals, including our nearest relatives, the primates. In the case of humans, brain expansion was associated with changes in diet, foraging, and energy metabolism. The first marked expansion occurred with the appearance of the genus Homo. Improved diet quality, allomaternal subsidies, cognitive buffering [by earlier weaning and longer juvenile periods], reduced costs for locomotion and by cooperative behavior, and reduced allocation to production, all operated simultaneously, thus enabling the extraordinary brain enlargement in our lineage.

Conclusion
It appears that major expansion of brain size in the human lineage is the product of synergistically interacting dietary/nutritional and social forces. Although dietary change was not being the sole force responsible for the evolution of large brain size, the exploitation of high-quality foods likely fueled the energetic costs of larger brains and necessitated more complex behaviors that would have selected for greater brain size.
Comparison of clustering tools in R for medium-sized 10x Genomics single-cell RNA-sequencing data
Authors: Freytag Saskia , Tian Luyi , Lönnstedt Ingrid , Ng Milica , Bahlo Melanie 
Published: August 2018

Background: The commercially available 10x Genomics protocol to generate droplet-based single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) data is enjoying growing popularity among researchers. Fundamental to the analysis of such scRNA-seq data is the ability to cluster similar or same cells into non-overlapping groups. Many competing methods have been proposed for this task, but there is currently little guidance with regards to which method to use. Methods: Here we use one gold standard 10x Genomics dataset, generated from the mixture of three cell lines, as well as three silver standard 10x Genomics datasets generated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells to examine not only the accuracy but also robustness of a dozen methods. Results: We found that some methods, including Seurat and Cell Ranger, outperform other methods, although performance seems to be dependent on the complexity of the studied system. Furthermore, we found that solutions produced by different methods have little in common with each other. Conclusions: In light of this, we conclude that the choice of clustering tool crucially determines interpretation of scRNA-seq data generated by 10x Genomics. Hence practitioners and consumers should remain vigilant about the outcome of 10x Genomics scRNA-seq analysis.
СОЦИАЛЬНЫЕ РИСКИ В СОВРЕМЕННОМ РОССИЙСКОМ ОБЩЕСТВЕ: ФИЛОСОФСКАЯ РЕФЛЕКСИЯ
Authors: Nikulina Marina Alekseevna , Dzhamalova Bika Bagavdinovna , Kolodiyev Mikhail Yuryevich , Shulova Eva Yurevna 
Published: August 2018

Цель. Статья посвящена исследованию природы современных социальных рисков. Авторы ставят целью провести социально-философский анализ понятия и структуры социального риска, рассмотреть основные его виды в российском обществе и раскрыть методы управления ими.Метод или методология проведения работы. Исследование основано на применении общенаучных методов (анализа и синтеза, сравнения, обобщения), системного подхода.Результаты. Авторы приходят к выводу, что возможности социально-философского среза в исследовании социальных рисков позволяют рассматривать их как специфические формы деятельности, которые реализует субъект в условиях неопределенности. Совокупность и взаимодействие элементов и черт риска, составляя основное содержание этого понятия, определяют структуру, характеризуют виды, формируют его социальные функции, выясняют объективные и субъективные причины, которые обусловливают социальные риски. Необходимость управления рисками обосновано поиском способов защиты общества от их воздействия на все сферы жизни человека.Область применения результатов. Результаты исследования могут быть применены в социальной практике при социально-политическом и социально-экономическом моделировании, проектировании и прогнозировании.
ХИМИЧЕСКИ ИНДУЦИРОВАННЫЕ ЛЕЧЕБНЫЕ СУДОРОГИ В ПСИХИАТРИИ – ПРЕДШЕСТВЕННИКИ ЭЛЕКТРОСУДОРОЖНОЙ ТЕРАПИИ (К 80-ЛЕТИЮ ЭЛЕКТРОСУДОРОЖНОЙ ТЕРАПИИ): НАУЧНЫЙ ОБЗОР
Authors: Bykov Yuriy Vitalevich , Bekker Roman Aleksandrovich 
Published: August 2018

Цель исследования: Представить читателю исторический обзор о химически индуцированных (камфорных, кардиазоловых и триазоловых) лечебных судорогах, как предшественниках современной электросудорожной терапии (ЭСТ), об истории открытия этого метода, о механизмах его лечебного воздействия, сравнительной эффективности и безопасности в сопоставлении с ЭСТ, причинах забвения и отказа, и напомнить об уникальной высокой эффективности ЭСТ в лечении депрессий и кататонии, непревзойдённой до сих пор.Методология проведения работы: Мы провели поиск исторической литературы о лечебном применении химически индуцированных судорог с использованием PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct и Web of Science, а также библиографических списков в статьях Википедии и монографиях, посвящённых ЭСТ. Найденные источники были нами обработаны, обобщены и представлены в настоящем обзоре.Результаты: Полученные нами в результате составления настоящего обзора литературные данные свидетельствуют о том, что химически индуцированные судороги действительно обладали лечебным воздействием при ряде психических расстройств (в частности, депрессиях, маниакальных и смешанных состояниях, шизофрении, кататонии), обладали эффективностью и безопасностью, сопоставимой с тогдашней немодифицированной ЭСТ, и при меньшем потенциале вызывания когнитивных нарушений. Химически индуцированные лечебные судороги не только послужили предтечей для изобретения ЭСТ, но и позволили устранить существовавший до начала XX века терапевтический нигилизм в отношении возможностей лечения психических заболеваний, что создало предпосылки для дальнейшего развития исследований в этой области и для последующего зарождения психофармакотерапии. Более того, сама идея химической индукции лечебных судорог с использованием более безопасных агентов и в модифицированной форме (с премедикацией, общей анестезией, миорелаксантами и искусственной вентиляцией лёгких) сохраняет свою привлекательность и сегодня.Область применения результатов: результаты нашего обзора свидетельствуют о высоком терапевтическом потенциале современной модифицированной ЭСТ, как наследницы кардиазоловой судорожной терапии, в лечении тяжёлых и резистентных форм психических заболеваний, и о том, что современная модифицированная ЭСТ заслуживает гораздо более широкого применения в психиатрии.
ПОРОГОВЫЕ ЗНАЧЕНИЯ ОКРУЖНОСТИ ТАЛИИ, ОПРЕДЕЛЯЮЩИЕ РИСК МЕТАБОЛИЧЕСКОГО СИНДРОМА У МУЖЧИН И ЖЕНЩИН РЕСПУБЛИКИ ХАКАСИЯ
Authors: Berseneva Olga Alexandrovna , Ageeva Elizaveta Sergeevna 
Published: August 2018

Цель исследования – определить пороговые значения окружности талии для идентификации метаболического синдрома среди населения Республики Хакасия.Материал и методы. Обследовано 300 пациентов с метаболическим синдромом (50 (42–54) лет). Группу контроля составили 100 здоровых доноров (43 (36–47) лет). Обследованные были представлены 2 группами – хакасами и европеоидами, проживающими в Республике Хакасия.Включение пациентов в исследование осуществлялось с учетом критериев метаболического синдрома JIS (2009). Оценивали антропометрические показатели, артериальное давление, уровни холестерина, липопротеинов высокой и низкой плотности, триглицеридов, гликемии натощак. Статистическую обработку результатов исследования проводили с использованием пакета «BioStat».Результаты. В ходе исследования получены результаты порогового значения окружности талии для идентификации метаболического синдрома. Для определения метаболического синдрома у женщин хакасок точка разделения Cut-off составила 74 см (Se – 98,8%, Sp – 93,75%), площадь под кривой AUC – 0,99, у женщин-европеоидок – 84 см (Se – 100%, Sp – 100%), площадь под кривой AUC – 0,97. Пороговое значение окружности талии для мужчин хакасов с метаболическим синдромом составило 92 см (Se – 100%, Sp – 100%), площадь под кривой AUC – 1,0, у мужчин-европеоидов – 96 см (Se – 100%, Sp – 100%), площадь под кривой AUC – 0,99.Заключение. Таким образом, у пациентов с компонентами метаболического синдрома были определены пороговые значения окружности талии для идентификации метаболического синдрома. Полученные результаты свидетельствуют о наличии этнических различий в патогенезе метаболических нарушений у мужчин и женщин Республики Хакасия.
ПРОБЛЕМА ТЕРРОРИЗМА И МЕДИЦИНСКАЯ ПОМОЩЬ ПОСТРАДАВШИМ (НАУЧНЫЙ ОБЗОР)
Authors: Dubinkin Vladimir Alexandrovich , Khaliman Anna Sergeevna 
Published: August 2018

Ежегодно увеличивается количество актов агрессии, приводящих к гибели людей и порождающих нестабильность в обществе. Согласно положению военной доктрины РФ, в мире ожидается увеличение частоты применения высокоточного оружия. Одновременно одной из основных внешних опасностей является быстрое распространение международного терроризма, из-за которого страдает в большей степени мирное население.Цель настоящей работы – выявление современных тенденций явления терроризма и анализ работы модели бригадного оказания психолого-психиатрической помощи пострадавшим.Результаты. В настоящей статье обоснована необходимость начала медицинской реабилитации пострадавших непосредственно на месте совершения теракта и доказана эффективность бригадной модели оказания психолого-психиатрической помощи. Раскрыты особенности диагностики острых стрессовых реакций у пострадавших и свидетелей террористических актов, подчеркнута важность этих знаний для узкоспециализированных врачей.Заключение. Результаты работы психолого-психиатрических бригад доказали эффективность модели бригадного оказания экстренной психологической помощи.