bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
RADIKALISME AGAMA DAN UPAYA DERADIKALISASI PEMAHAMAN KEAGAMAAN
Authors: Zuhdi Muhammad Harfin 
Published: January 2019

Fenomena radikalisme agama merupakan persoalan yang berhubungan dengan pengalaman inti, memori kolektif dan penafsiran agama. secara umum setiap agama memiliki dua fungsi: pertama, fungsi manifest, yaitu fungsi yang disadari betul oleh para pengikutnya sebagai manifestasi objektif dari suatu sistem sosial, misalnya meningkatkan kehesivitas umat (ukuwah islamiyah). Kedua, fungsi laten, yaitu fungsi yang tidak dikehendaki secara sadar dari sistem sosial tersebut dalam memunculkan radikalisme, dan agama merupakan lahan empuk untuk menjadi crying banner dalam melakukan tindakan radikalisme. Dalam konteks agama Islam, salah satu penyebabnya adalah pemahaman yang keliru atas ayat-ayat al-Qur’an dan juga hadis Nabi tentang jihad dan perang. Tulisan ini bermaksud mendeskripsikan wacana radikalisme agama dan untuk menelaah ayat-ayat tersebut dengan memerhatikan makna dan konteks kesejarahannya sehingga dihasilkan pemahaman yang benar dan komprehensif. Hasil penelaahan memberikan kesimpulan bahwa jihad dan qital dalam al-Qur’an berbeda dengan tindakan radikalisme.
The phenomenon of religious radicalism is a matter related to core experience, collective memory and religious interpretation. In general, every religion has two functions: first, the manifest function is a function that its followers perceive as an objective manifestation of a social system, for example increasing the dignity of the ummah (ukuwah islamiyah). Secondly, latent functions, the unwittingly conscious function of the social system in generating radicalism, and religion is a soft field to become a crying banner in the conduct of radicalism. In the context of Islam, one of the reasons is the missunderstanding of the verses of Qur’an and the traditions of the Prophets of jihad and war (qital). This paper aims to describe the discourse of religious radicalism and to review these verses with regard to the meaning and historical context that result the correct and comprehensive understanding. This article concludes that jihad and war (qital) in the Qur’an is different from the act of radicalism.
KEABSAHAN KLAUSULA EKSONERASI PADA PERJANJIAN BAKU DALAM PERSPEKTIF HUKUM ISLAM
Authors: Faizin Muadil 
Published: January 2019

The current development, instant culture, and efficient dos in every activity of business, need to use the standaard contract. It is believed that businessmen make the standard exoneratie clause unilaterally and the consumer don’t have choices for doing negotiation or bergaining position, when make transactions. For example; the eksemsi clause, the determination of the interest clause, the entire immediate payment clause of financial lease, the forbidding returned item clause of buying, the risky clause, the delayed clause in transportation, the clause of forbidding brought food in karaoke business. Based on the desctiption, this article will explore The Validity Of Clauses Of The Standaard Contract In The Perspective Of Islamic Law. This article explores the fundamental of the legal agreement, the legal culture of Indonesia, and the fundamental of the Islamic law agreement. This article rediscovers that the fundamental of the Islamic law agreement is the ibahah fundamental, the free fundamental, the consented fundamental, the pact fundamental, the balance fundamental, the beneficial fundamental, the honest fundamental, and the fair fundamental. This article stresses that the standaard contract is ably, because corresponding to the ibahah fundamental and the free fundamental. But the clauses weren’t corresponding to the free fundamental, the consented fundamental, the balance fundamental, the beneficial fundamental, the honest fundamental, and the fair fundamental. Consequently, the validity of the clauses isn’t fulfilled.
Perkembangan zaman, budaya instan dan upaya efisiensi dalam setiap kegiatan bisnis, mengharuskan untuk penggunaan perjanjian baku. Umumnya perusahaan membuat klausula eksonerasi perjanjian baku secara sepihak dan pihak konsumen tidak memiliki kesempatan untuk melakukan negosiasi atau tawar menawar ketika melakukan transaksi. Sebagai contohnya; klausula eksemsi, klausula penetapan bunga, klausula pembayaran seluruh seketika dalam sewa beli, klausula barang tak boleh dikembalikan dalam jual beli, klausula risiko (cacat dalam leasing dan kehilangan dalam jasa parkir), klausul penundaan jadwal di bidang transportasi, dan klausula larangan membawa makanan dalam usaha karaoke. Berdasarkan uraian tersebut, tulisan ini akan membahas keabsahan klausul eksemsi pada perjanjian baku dalam perspektif hukum Islam. Tulisan ini mengkaji asas-asas hukum perjanjian konvensional, budaya hukum Indonesia, dan asas-asas perjanjian dalam hukum Islam. Tulisan ini menemukan bahwa asas perjanjian hukum Islam meliputi; asas ibahah, asas kebebasan, asas konsensualisme, asas janji mengikat, asas keseimbangan, asas kemaslahatan, asas amanah, dan asas keadilan. Tulisan ini menegaskan bahwa pada dasarnya perjanjian baku boleh, sebab sesuai dengan asas ibahah dan asas kebebasan. Namun klausul eksemsi tidak sesuai dengan asas kebebasan, asas konsensualisme, asas keseimbangan, asas kemaslahatan, asas amanah dan asas keadilan. Sehingga dapat dinilai bahwa keabsahan klausula eksemsi tidak terpenuhi.
Сomparative analysis of the calculation results of infiltration losses on the example of a residential building in Moscow
Authors: Gribach Ju. S. , Gribach D. S. , Poddaeva O. I. 
Published: January 2019

Today, the problem of energy efficiency is one of the leading positions in world politics. On the territory of the Russian Federation, a sufficient number of regulatory documents in the construction industry have been developed and put into effect, which regulate the activities of designers and builders in the field of energy efficiency, including in matters of energy losses. However, today this direction is not sufficiently developed: more than 10 % is spent on air heating during infiltration, while the process itself requires the most detailed study. On the basis of scientific and technical literature, the staff of the National Research Moscow State University of Civil Engineering concluded that there is a dependence of air infiltration on the distribution of the velocity of wind flows along the building facades. It was also determined that the calculation of infiltration losses on the methods available to date overstates the results, which leads to large economic losses during construction. In this regard, a study of infiltration losses was carried out using data obtained from experimental studies of wind effects on the construction site. The article presents a brief methodology for carrying out this study, a description of the process of the experiment, as well as a comparison of the data obtained in the calculation according to SP 50.13330.2012, GOST R 55656-2012 and GOST R 55656-2012 with the results of an experimental study.Introduction:the regulatory documents used in the construction industry on the territory of the Russian Federation that regulate the activities of designers and builders in the field of energy efficiency, including in matters of energy losses, are described. An analysis of the technical literature regarding the subject under study is also presented, including issues related to heat losses and infiltration.Methods:methods for calculating infiltration losses according to SP 50.13330.2012, GOST R 55656-2013 and GOST R 55656-2013 are described using data on the aerodynamic characteristics of buildings obtained in the course of experimental studies of wind impact on buildings. A brief algorithm for performing physical modeling of air flow to construction sites, which was developed by the staff of the Educational, Scientific and Production Laboratory for aerodynamic and aeroacoustic testing of building structures of the National Research University MGSU, is presented.Results and discussions:the approbation of this research methodology is presented, and a comparative graph of the calculation results for all three methods is given on the example of a residential complex under construction in Moscow.Conclusion:the conclusion is made about the need to conduct experimental studies of wind impact on construction sites in order to obtain more accurate results of the calculation of infiltration.
Perbandingan Kandungan Phospor Lahan Gambir Setelah Penanaman 30 Tahun Terhadap Lahan Hutan Sekitar
Authors: Afner Synthia Ona Guserike , Marta Andrik , Batubara Fanny Yuliana 
Published: January 2019

Gambir (Uncaria gambir Roxb) merupakan salah satu komoditas ekspor tradisional dari Provinsi Sumatera Barat dan Riau. Tanaman gambir termasuk dalam famili Rubiaceae. Dalam proses budidayanya, tanaman gambir masih dibudidayakan secara tradisional, dan untuk membuka lahan petani masih memakai metode pembakaran. Petani dalam melakukan budidaya gambir lebih mengandalkan kesuburan lahan tanpa melakukan pemupukan, sehingga umur produktifnya hanya 5-6 tahun, karena tanaman sudah tidak subur. Pembakaran lahan memberikan dampak yang sangat besar terhadap ekosistem, salah satunya terhadap kandungan unsur hara. Jenis analisis kimia tanah yang dilakukan meliputi : Analisis sifat kimia: (1) penetapan pH H2O, (2) penetapan P tersedia,(3) Analisis sifat fisika dibatasi hanya Tekstur saja.Pembakaran dapat menghilangkan komponen air dan organik dari bahan tumbuhan (serasah, tegakan) dan meninggalkan sisa berupa bahan endapan yang disebut abu. abu dikatakan mengandung konsentrat hara yang kaya Ca, Mg, K, dan P yang bersifat mobile. Dalam keadaan normal, unsur-unsur hara dalam tumbuhan yang semula berasal dari tanah dibebaskan secara berangsur-angsur oleh proses dekomposisi biologi dan masuk kembali ke dalam tanah. Dengan metode tebang-bakar lahan yang memiliki kandungan unsur hara terbaik berada pada lahan yang baru dibuka. Hal ini disebabkan oleh variasi vegetasi yang menjadi sumbangan abu yang masuk ke dalam tanah lebih banyak dibandingkan dengan usia penggunaan lahan lain. Dari keseluruhan pengamatan, unsur P menunjukkan nilai tertinggi yaitu sebesar 111,54 ppm sedangkan lahan hutan disekitarnya hanya memiliki nilai P sebesar 4,87 ppm dan 8,97 ppm. Hal ini membuktikan bahwa pembakaran meningkatkan kapasitas sorpsi P pada permukaan abu.
Model Pemilu Dengan Sistem Noken Berbasis Budaya dan Kearifan Lokal
Authors: Waluyo Waluyo 
Published: January 2019

Penyelenggaraan Pemilihan Umum di sebagian wilayah Papua memilikikaraktertersendirikarenapelaksanaannyayang berbeda dari PemilihanUmumsecara umum.Jika selama inikita hanya mengenalbahwa pelaksanaan Pemilihan Umum dilaksanakan secara “Langsung,Umum,Bebas,danRahasia”,maka adasebagian wilayah di Papuayang masih menggunakanPemilihan Umum dengan sistem noken dan/atau sistem ikat. Hal ini disebabkan karenakebudayaanmasyarakatadatPapua dalamhalpengambilan keputusan yang menyangkut kepentingan bersama dilakukan melaluirapatmusyawarahdenganmelibatkan wargamasyarakat secarakeseluruhan atau orang-orangtertentu (“PriaBerwibawa” atau“TheBig Man”) saja sebagai perwakilan untuk mengambil keputusan. Hal ini dikuatkan juga dengan Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusiyang padapokoknyamenyatakantidakmempermasalahkansistempemungutansuarayang digunakanolehmasyarakatadat Papua karena esensidalamproses PemilihanUmumadalah setiap orang dapatmenggunakanhakpilihnyasecaralangsung,bebas,dan rahasia. Dengan diterapkannya Pemilihan Umumsistem noken dan/atau sistem ikat tidak memberikan jaminan dan kepastian hukumterhadaphakkonstitusionalpara pemilihuntukmenentukan sendirisiapayangmenurutnya terbaik berdasarkanlogika rasionalnya.Kejujurantidakhanyaberartitidakada ketentuan PemilihanUmumyang dilanggaratausekedartidakadasuarayang dimanipulasi.Kejujuranjuga harus dimaknaisebagaisistemmana yang paling memungkinkanrakyatuntukmemilihpara calonsesuai dengan pertimbangan nuraniberdasarkan kapasitas dan integritas calon
Diyetten Alınan ve Kandaki Demir Mineralinin İnsan İnce Bağırsak Hücre Modelinde Demir Eksikliği Anemisine Etkisi
Authors: Güleç Şükrü 
Published: January 2019

Amaç: Demir eksikliğine bağlı anemi (IDA), dünyada özellikle yeni doğanlarda, çocuklarda ve kadınlarda en sık görülen besinsel eksikliktir. Düşük demir içeriği olan besinlerin tüketilmesi ve ince bağırsaktan yeterli demirin emilememesi demir eksikliğine bağlı anemiye neden olmaktadır. Memelilerde fizyolojik olarak aktif demirin vücuttan atılımı için bir sistemin olmamasından dolayı bağırsak enterosit hücreleri, vücuttaki demir metabolizmasının dengeli bir şekilde devamlılığında hayati bir role sahiptirler. Yeterli bağırsak demir emilimi anemi riskini azaltmak için gereklidir. Diyetten alınan ve kanda bulunan demir insan vücudu için bulunan iki demir kaynağıdır. Bu çalışmada demir eksikliğine bağlı anemi durumunda bağırsak demir metabolizmasının moleküler ve genetik düzenlenmesinde diyetten gelen ve kanda bulunan demir mineralinin etkisinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır.
Gereç ve Yöntem: İnsan kolon epitelyal hücreleri (CaCo-2) insan ince bağırsak sistemini modellemek için özel hücre kültürü membran sistemlerinde büyütülmüştür. Kolon hücrelerin apikal ve bazolateral polarizasyonu trans epitelyal rezistans (TEER) ölçümüyle test edilmiştir. Demir eksikliğine bağlı anemi Deferoxamine (DFO) ile indüklenmiş olup, demirin IDA üzerindeki etkisi RT-qPCR tekniği ile gen düzeyinde araştırılmıştır.
Bulgular: Marker gen (TFR, DMT1) mRNA ekspresyon düzeyleri analiz edildiğinde, hücrelerin bazolateral kısmına demir verildiğinde apikal kısma verilene oranla IDA fenotipinin kaybolduğu gösterilmiştir.
Sonuç: Sonuçlar kan demirinin bağırsak demir metabolizmasının düzenlenmesi için gerekli olduğunu göstermiştir. Kan demir düzeyi diyetten gelen demirle regüle edilir. Böylece, günlük demir alımı kan demiri düzeylerini düzenlemek için önemlidir. Bağırsak enterosit hücrelerinin bazolateral kısım boyunca demir mineralini algılama kabiliyetine sahip olabileceğini desteklemektedir.
Cosmological Interpretation of the Color–Magnitude Diagrams of Galaxy Clusters
Authors: Sciarratta Mauro , Chiosi Cesare , D’Onofrio Mauro , Cariddi Stefano 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
We investigate the color–magnitude diagram (CMD) of cluster galaxies in the hierarchical Λ-CDM cosmological scenario using both single stellar populations (SSPs) and simple galaxy models. First, we analyze the effect of bursts and mergers and companion chemical pollution and rejuvenation of the stellar content on the integrated light emitted by galaxies. The dispersion of the galaxy magnitudes and colors on the M

V
− (B − V) plane is mainly due to mixing of ages and metallicities of the stellar populations, with mergers weighting more than bursts of similar mass fractions. The analysis is made using the Monte Carlo technique applied to ideal model galaxies reduced to SSPs with galaxy-size mass to evaluate mass, age, and metallicity of each object. We show that separately determining the contributions by bursts and mergers leads to a better understanding of the observed properties of the CMDs of cluster galaxies. Then we repeat the analysis using suitable chemophotometric models of galaxies whose mass is derived from the cosmological predictions of the galaxy content of typical clusters. Using the halo mass function and the Monte Carlo technique, we derive the formation redshift of each galaxy and its photometric history. These are used to simulate the CMD of the cluster galaxies. The main conclusion is that most massive galaxies have acquired the red color they show today in very early epochs and remained the same ever since. The simulations nicely reproduce the red sequence, green valley, and blue cloud, the three main regions of the CMD in which galaxies crowd.
The Discovery of a Gravitationally Lensed Quasar at z = 6.51
Authors: Fan Xiaohui , Wang Feige , Yang Jinyi , Keeton Charles R. , Yue Minghao , Zabludoff Ann , Bian Fuyan , Bonaglia Marco , Georgiev Iskren Y. , Hennawi Joseph F. , Li Jiangtao , McGreer Ian D. , Naidu Rohan , Pacucci Fabio , Rabien Sebastian , Thompson David , Venemans Bram , Walter Fabian , Wang Ran , Wu Xue-Bing 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Strong gravitational lensing provides a powerful probe of the physical properties of quasars and their host galaxies. A high fraction of the most luminous high-redshift quasars was predicted to be lensed due to magnification bias. However, no multiple imaged quasar was found at z > 5 in previous surveys. We report the discovery of J043947.08+163415.7, a strongly lensed quasar at z = 6.51, the first such object detected at the epoch of reionization, and the brightest quasar yet known at z > 5. High-resolution Hubble Space Telescope imaging reveals a multiple imaged system with a maximum image separation θ ∼ 0.″2, best explained by a model of three quasar images lensed by a low-luminosity galaxy at z ∼ 0.7, with a magnification factor of ∼50. The existence of this source suggests that a significant population of strongly lensed, high-redshift quasars could have been missed by previous surveys, as standard color selection techniques would fail when the quasar color is contaminated by the lensing galaxy.
Bright Type IIP Supernovae in Low-metallicity Galaxies
Authors: Scott Spencer , Nicholl Matt , Blanchard Peter , Gomez Sebastian , Berger Edo 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
We present measurements of the pseudo-equivalent width of the Fe ii
λ5018 absorption feature in the spectra of 12 Type IIP supernovae (SNe II) in low-luminosity (M > −17) dwarf host galaxies. The Fe ii
λ5018 line has been called a useful diagnostic of the metallicity of the supernova (SN) progenitor stars. The events in our sample were discovered photometrically by the PanSTARRS Survey for Transients, and classified spectroscopically by us. Comparing our sample to 24 literature SNe II, we find that those in low-luminosity hosts have significantly weaker Fe ii features, with a probability of 10−4 that the two samples are drawn from the same distribution. Because low-mass galaxies are expected to contain a lower fraction of metals, our findings are consistent with a metallicity dependence for Fe ii
λ5018, and therefore support the use of this line as a metallicity probe, in agreement with a number of recent works. In addition, we find that the SNe in faint (low-metallicity) hosts may be more luminous on average than those in the literature sample, suggesting possible physical differences between Type IIP SNe at low and high metallicity. However, accurate determinations of host galaxy extinction will be needed to quantify such an effect.
Prendre les droits de l’homme au sérieux
Authors: Moyn Samuel , Lefort Élisabeth 
Published: January 2019

Alors que les « nouveaux philosophes » et les dissidents adoptaient la morale des droits de l’homme individuel, Claude Lefort, sur une base marxiste, propose une politique des droits de l’homme social. Mais les individus peuvent-ils opposer le droit à l’Etat si, comme le pense Marcel Gauchet, ils ne sont que les produits de ce dernier ?
Amérique centrale : violences et pseudo-démocraties (1987-2018)
Authors: Bataillon Gilles 
Published: January 2019

Depuis le début du xxi e siècle, l’Amérique centrale est prise dans une série de tensions inédites dues à des transformations sociopolitiques contradictoires. La région connaît des taux d’homicides qui classent ces pays au rang des plus violents du monde à l’exception des pays en guerre, tout comme des phénomènes de corruption massifs qui touchent les élites ainsi que de nombreuses institutions. Ces pays voient un nombre sans précédent de leurs habitants émigrer vers les États-Unis via le Mexique et dans une moindre mesure vers le Costa Rica et le Panama. Parallèlement, tous les pays de l’isthme font l’expérience de crises politiques répétées. Ces crises sont pour une part dues aux tentatives des élites politiques de remettre en cause certains principes démocratiques et d’instituer des formes de tyrannie. Elles sont en outre favorisées par l’apparition d’aspirations démocratiques nouvelles et chaque jour plus éloignées des appareils politiques existants.
Le castrisme de marché
Authors: Bloch Vincent 
Published: January 2019

Après qu’il a accédé officiellement au pouvoir, Raúl Castro a entrepris, dans une certaine mesure, de desserrer les restrictions qui ont pesé pendant cinquante ans sur la liberté d’entreprendre, d’acquérir et de circuler à Cuba. Dans ce contexte, les sciences sociales proposent deux types d’analyses : les premières insistent sur les multiples formes de résistance de la société face à l’État et les secondes décrivent la transition du régime politique cubain du totalitarisme vers la démocratie. L’affaiblissement de la dimension symbolique du régime ne s’est néanmoins pas accompagné d’un effondrement du système de normes qui le faisait fonctionner. Les entrepreneurs « à leur compte », les Cubains qui entrent et sortent de l’île à leur guise et les artistes « critiques » qui se sont insérés dans le marché international de la culture peuvent bénéficier des réformes s’ils admettent en retour les limites qui leur ont été fixées par l’élite au pouvoir. Le Parti communiste continue de nier le conflit et les divisions sociales et n’est pas disposé à cesser d’administrer le pouvoir par l’arbitraire.
L’anthropologie philosophique technicienne du transhumanisme
Authors: Hottois Gilbert 
Published: January 2019

Nous explicitons la conception matérialiste et technicienne de l’homme et du langage portée par le transhumanisme. L’individu ainsi conçu comme un « cyborg naturel » (A. Clark) doit être libre d’utiliser sur lui-même les technologies matérielles (A. Sandberg, W.S. Bainbridge). Nous concluons par une réflexion sur le transhumanisme qui prolonge et critique des aspects importants des humanismes traditionnels et modernes.
Plus vite, plus haut, plus fort, plus… Pour aller où ? Transhumanisme et aspiration au bonheur
Authors: Baertschi Bernard 
Published: January 2019

L’être humain aspire à devenir meilleur. L’éducation et l’invention des outils l’y aident depuis très longtemps. Mais pour aller où ? La réponse classique a été : pour parvenir à être heureux. Jusqu’à maintenant, le résultat n’est pas vraiment à la hauteur des attentes ; c’est pourquoi le transhumanisme reprend le projet à son compte, en nous promettant performances, bonheur et longévité. Ce faisant, allons-nous réaliser notre nature ou la dépasser, devenir des humains accomplis ou des posthumains ? Le transhumanisme oscille entre les deux formulations, mais estime en fin de compte qu’il n’y a pas à poser de limites a priori . Ainsi, il n’y a rien de sacré dans la nature humaine, et la changer ne pose pas de problème moral. Ce disant, le transhumanisme se situe dans une longue tradition pour laquelle ce qui fait la valeur de l’être humain ne réside pas dans le fait qu’il est humain, mais qu’il est une personne, c’est-à-dire un être doué de raison, laquelle est la source des progrès passés et à venir. Il y a donc continuité de l’humanisme au transhumanisme et nous pouvons espérer un avenir plus radieux que le présent. Il reste que la vie que nous menons dans nos sociétés contemporaines, où tout va plus vite et plus fort, ne paraît pas nous mener dans cette direction. Le transhumanisme pourra-t-il réparer nos erreurs humaines ? S’il veut le faire, il devra aussi viser à l’amélioration morale de l’être humain, espoir pour certains, cauchemar pour d’autres.