bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Why do large shareholders adopt a short‐term versus a long‐term investment horizon in different firms?
Authors: Tosun Onur Kemal 
Published: April 2019

AbstractI ask why the same large shareholders have different investment horizons. Using data for 1998–2013, I examine four fundamental firm policies for their potential influence on blockholders’ investments with different time horizons. The panel ordinary least squares, difference‐in‐difference (using the Sarbanes‐Oxley Act), logistic, and dynamic generalized method of moments regression analyses reveal that blockholders adopt a short‐term horizon in smaller firms with a less independent board, high leverage, and high dividends while the same blockholders keep their investments longer in firms with a more independent board and low dividends. Under various economic conditions, different firm characteristics gain importance in blockholders’ decision on short‐term versus long‐term investments.
Carbon dynamics, net primary productivity and human‐appropriated net primary productivity across a forest–cocoa farm landscape in West Africa
Authors: Morel Alexandra C. , Adu Sasu Michael , Adu‐Bredu Stephen , Quaye Marvin , Moore Christine , Ashley Asare Rebecca , Mason John , Hirons Mark , McDermott Constance L. , Robinson Elizabeth J. Z. , Boyd Emily , Norris Ken , Malhi Yadvinder 
Published: April 2019

AbstractTerrestrial net primary productivity (NPP) is an important metric of ecosystem functioning; however, there are little empirical data on the NPP of human‐modified ecosystems, particularly smallholder, perennial crops like cocoa (Theobroma cacao), which are extensive across the tropics. Human‐appropriated NPP (HANPP) is a measure of the proportion of a natural system's NPP that has either been reduced through land‐use change or harvested directly and, previously, has been calculated to estimate the scale of the human impact on the biosphere. Additionally, human modification can create shifts in NPP allocation and decomposition, with concomitant impacts on the carbon cycle. This study presents the results of 3 years of intensive monitoring of forest and smallholder cocoa farms across disturbance, management intensity, distance from forest and farm age gradients. We measured among the highest reported NPP values in tropical forest, 17.57 ± 2.1 and 17.7 ± 1.6 Mg C ha−1 year−1 for intact and logged forest, respectively; however, the average NPP of cocoa farms was still higher, 18.8 ± 2.5 Mg C ha−1 year−1, which we found was driven by cocoa pod production. We found a dramatic shift in litterfall residence times, where cocoa leaves decomposed more slowly than forest leaves and shade tree litterfall decomposed considerably faster, indicating significant changes in rates of nutrient cycling. The average HANPP value for all cocoa farms was 2.1 ± 1.1 Mg C ha−1 year−1; however, depending on the density of shade trees, it ranged from −4.6 to 5.2 Mg C ha−1 year−1. Therefore, rather than being related to cocoa yield, HANPP was reduced by maintaining higher shade levels. Across our monitored farms, 18.9% of farm NPP was harvested (i.e., whole cocoa pods) and only 1.1% (i.e., cocoa beans) was removed from the system, suggesting that the scale of HANPP in smallholder cocoa agroforestry systems is relatively small.
Trait structure and redundancy determine sensitivity to disturbance in marine fish communities
Authors: McLean Matthew , Auber Arnaud , Graham Nicholas A. J. , Houk Peter , Villéger Sébastien , Violle Cyrille , Thuiller Wilfried , Wilson Shaun K. , Mouillot David 
Published: April 2019

AbstractTrait diversity is believed to influence ecosystem dynamics through links between organismal traits and ecosystem processes. Theory predicts that key traits and high trait redundancy—large species richness and abundance supporting the same traits—can buffer communities against environmental disturbances. While experiments and data from simple ecological systems lend support, large‐scale evidence from diverse, natural systems under major disturbance is lacking. Here, using long‐term data from both temperate (English Channel) and tropical (Seychelles Islands) fishes, we show that sensitivity to disturbance depends on communities’ initial trait structure and initial trait redundancy. In both ecosystems, we found that increasing dominance by climatically vulnerable traits (e.g., small, fast‐growing pelagics/corallivores) rendered fish communities more sensitive to environmental change, while communities with higher trait redundancy were more resistant. To our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating the influence of trait structure and redundancy on community sensitivity over large temporal and spatial scales in natural systems. Our results exemplify a consistent link between biological structure and community sensitivity that may be transferable across ecosystems and taxa and could help anticipate future disturbance impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning.
Grain boundary strengthening in nanocrystalline zinc aluminate
Authors: Yang Chenguang , Thron Andrew , Castro Ricardo H. R. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractFully dense transparent zinc aluminate ceramics with nanoscaled grain sizes were fabricated by Deformable Punch Spark Plasma Sintering (DP‐SPS). Optical transmission spectra showed high transparency, with up to 70% transmitted light in the visible spectrum. Vickers hardness was measured and grain boundary strengthening observed, showing hardness increase from 18.2 GPa up to 22.5 GPa as the grain sizes decreased from 60.3 to 10.1 nm. The trend followed the Hall‐Petch relationship, with hardness linearly proportional to the inverse of square root of grain size. A low grain size limit reported in previous literature below which hardness decreases, known as inverse Hall‐Petch relationship, was not observed within the studied grain size range. Cross‐sections of the hardness tests' indentations were prepared by focused ion beam and observed by electron microscopy and showed radically different crack patterns underneath the indentation imprint when contrasting samples with dissimilar grain sizes, shedding light on the mechanisms behind the observed grain boundary hardening mechanisms.
HIV status does not worsen oral health outcomes
Authors: Williams‐Wiles Lauren , Vieira Alexandre R. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractLast January 31st, Journal of Clinical Periodontology just made available the report titled “A Retrospective Analysis of Dental Implant Survival in HIV Patients,” which concluded that “implants placed in HIV‐positive patients had similar survival rates as HIV‐negative patients.” These data support our hypothesis that infection by HIV does not lead to worse oral health outcomes, including worse periodontitis. We looked 6,092 individuals and selected all HIV‐positive subjects (N = 73) and matched them by age, sex, ethnicity, and smoking habits with 261 HIV‐negative control subjects. Based on these 334 total individuals, several dental conditions, including the need for root canal treatment, gingivitis, periodontitis, hairy leukoplakia, and dental caries were compared between the two groups. Overall, there was no difference in dental disease between the HIV‐positive and HIV‐negative groups. In our data, it was found that the prevalence of periodontitis in HIV‐positive patients was 16.4% and in HIV‐negative patients 19.2%.
Association of meal and snack patterns with micronutrient intakes among Greek children and adolescents: data from the Hellenic National Nutrition and Health Survey
Authors: Mitsopoulou A.‐V. , Magriplis E. , Dimakopoulos I. , Karageorgou D. , Bakogianni I. , Micha R. , Michas G. , Chourdakis M. , Ntouroupi T. , Tsaniklidou S.‐M. , Argyri K. , Panagiotakos D. B. , Zampelas A. ,   HNNHS Contributors,   HNNHS Advisory Committee
Published: April 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe present study aimed to examine how different meal and snack patterns are associated with micronutrient intakes and diet quality among a nationally representative sample of Greek children and adolescents aged 1–19 years from the cross‐sectional Hellenic National Nutrition and Health Survey (n = 598).MethodsMeal and snack patterns were derived using 24‐h dietary recalls. Mean adequacy ratio (MAR) was used as an overall measure of diet quality. Multiple linear regression adjusted for covariates was conducted to examine associations between eating patterns, nutrient intakes and MAR.ResultsFour most frequently reported eating schemes were identified including breakfast (B), lunch (L), dinner (D) and two snacks (S) (20.9%); B, L, D and 1S (16.2%); B, L, D and 3S (10.8%); and B, L and D (7.9%). Based on these schemes, the daily consumption of all main meals from the majority of the sample was highlighted. In children and adolescents aged 4–19 years, increasing snack frequency was positively associated with intakes of vitamin D, vitamin K, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, folate, magnesium, copper and selenium. An inverse association was recorded for vitamin E, vitamin B6, calcium and iron. Among children aged 1–3 years, only niacin and copper were significantly associated with number of snacks, with the group of ‘B‐L‐D‐2S’ presenting the highest intake. As for the overall diet quality, among all participants, there was no significant association of MAR with the type of meal and snack pattern, and thus the snack frequency.ConclusionsSnacking behaviour is a common practice among children and adolescents. Modifying current snack foods with nutrient‐rich choices could lead to an improvement of their diet's nutritional quality.
Two‐stage Variscan metamorphism in the Canigou massif: Evidence for crustal thickening in the Pyrenees
Authors: de Hoÿm de Marien Luc , Le Bayon Benjamin , Pitra Pavel , Van Den Driessche Jean , Poujol Marc , Cagnard Florence 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe Variscan metamorphism in the Pyrenees is dominantly of the low‐pressure–high‐temperature (LP‐HT) type. The relics of an earlier, Barrovian‐type metamorphism that could be related to orogenic crustal thickening are unclear and insufficiently constrained. A microstructural and petrological study of micaschists underlying an Ordovician augen orthogneiss in the core of the Canigou massif (Eastern Pyrenees, France) reveals the presence of two syntectonic metamorphic stages characterized by the crystallization of staurolite (M1) and andalusite (M2), respectively. Garnet is stable during the two metamorphic stages with a period of resorption between M1 and M2. The metamorphic assemblages M1 and M2 record similar peak temperatures of 580°C at different pressure conditions of 5.5 and 3 kbar, respectively. Using chemical zoning of garnet and calculated P–T pseudosections, a prograde P–T path is constrained with a peak pressure at ~6.5 kbar and 550°C. This P–T path, syntectonic with respect to the first foliation S1, corresponds to a cold gradient (of ~9°C/km), suggestive of crustal thickening. Resorption of garnet between M1 and M2 can be interpreted either in terms of a simple clockwise P–T path or a polymetamorphic two‐stage evolution. We argue in favour of the latter, where the medium‐pressure (Barrovian) metamorphism is followed by a period of significant erosion and crustal thinning leading to decompression and cooling. Subsequent advection of heat, probably from the mantle, leads to a new increase in temperature, coeval with the development of the main regional fabric S2. LA‐ICP‐MS U–Th–Pb dating of monazite yields a well‐defined date at c. 300 Ma. Petrological evidence indicates that monazite crystallization took place close to the M1 peak pressure conditions. However, the similarity between this age and that of the extensive magmatic event well documented in the eastern Pyrenees suggests that it probably corresponds to the age of monazite recrystallization during the M2 LP‐HT event.
Increasing carbohydrate availability in the hindgut promotes hypothalamic neurotransmitter synthesis: aromatic amino acids linking the microbiota–brain axis
Authors: Gao Kan , Pi Yu , Mu Chun‐Long , Farzi Aitak , Liu Zhuang , Zhu Wei‐Yun 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe gut microbiota is increasingly recognized to modulate brain function by recent studies demonstrating the central effects of various gut microbial manipulation strategies. Our previous study demonstrated that antibiotic‐induced alterations of hindgut microbiota are associated with changes in aromatic amino acid (AAA) metabolism and hypothalamic neurochemistry, while the underlying mechanistic insight is limited. Given that the microbial AAA metabolism can be affected by luminal carbohydrate availability, here we hypothesize that increasing hindgut carbohydrate availability affects the expression of neurotransmitters in the porcine hypothalamus. A hindgut microbiota‐targeted strategy was adopted by increasing hindgut carbohydrate availability in a cecal‐cannulated piglet model. Mechanistic involvement of AAAs along the gut microbiota−brain axis was further investigated in mice and neuronal cells. Increasing carbohydrate availability by cecal starch infusion led to a decrease in hindgut AAA metabolism, and an increase in systemic AAA availability, central AAA‐derived neurotransmitters (5‐HT, dopamine), and neurotrophin BDNF in piglets, indicating that hindgut microbiota affect hypothalamic neurochemistry in an AAA‐dependent manner. Single AAA i.p. injection in mice revealed that an increase in circulating tryptophan and tyrosine elevated their concentrations in brain and finally promoted the expressions of 5‐HT, dopamine, and BDNF in a time‐dependent manner. Neuronal cells treated with single AAAs in vitro further demonstrated that tryptophan and tyrosine enhanced 5‐HT and dopamine synthesis, respectively, and promoted BDNF expression partly through the 5‐HT1A/DRD1‐CREB pathway. Our study reveals that increasing hindgut carbohydrate availability promotes hypothalamic neurotransmitter synthesis and that AAAs act as potential mediators between hindgut microbiota and brain neurochemistry.
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Defying convention: The female nude in Canadian painting and photography during the interwar period
Authors: Smither Devon 
Published: April 2019

AbstractOften censored and much debated, the nude in Canadian art has held a contentious position since the early twentieth century. The historic focus within Canadian art history on the landscape painting of the Group of Seven has meant that themes concerning the figure and the nude have largely gone unexamined. I analyze a selection of nude paintings and photographs alongside their public reception for what the female nude reveals about the development of modern art in Canada.
‘Tuyaw’, a Reminder of the Dead or Another Way to Talk about the Weather in the Age of the Super‐Typhoon
Authors: Carter Christina Verano 
Published: April 2019

AbstractIn the wake of mass calamity, one can discern emergent specters of collective memory, trauma, and mourning over human death as well as the destruction of human dwellings. In the Philippines, a former Spanish and U.S. colony, recent history is resplendent with all manner of cataclysms ‐ from natural disasters (earthquakes, typhoons) to mass destruction during war (Spanish‐American War and World War II). This essay is concerned with the ways in which dreams and the dead are not just after‐effects of events in linear‐time nor exclusively human affects. Drawing on scholars of experimental ethnography and postcolonial film theory converging on Gilles Deleuze's “time‐image”, dreams authored by the dead here are engaged as agentive fabulators on decay, destruction, and loss – first on the local level of experiencing disaster but further connecting that more broadly to loss of heritage sites and the possible future prospect of serial calamity augured by neoliberal development and climate change in the Pacific.
Intergenerational Transmission of Family Violence and Depressive Symptoms in Urban Thailand
Authors: Xu Xiaohe , Sunil Thankam , Edelblute Heather , Madden Erin , Sirisunyaluck Bangon 
Published: April 2019

ObjectiveThis study examines linkages between childhood exposure to family violence (FV) and adulthood depressive symptoms, directly and indirectly, through adulthood experience of FV among ever‐married Thai women.BackgroundA growing body of research has shown that childhood experience of FV is not only intergenerationally transmitted but also significantly associated with negative mental health outcomes in adulthood. However, prior research is limited to Western contexts, with little known about how intergenerational pathways of FV operate outside of the West.MethodData come from a probability sample of ever‐married women living in Bangkok, Thailand, in 2000 (N = 811). The dependent variable is self‐reported depressive symptoms measured by the 20‐item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale and the key independent variables are direct and indirect exposures to FV in childhood. The path models are estimated to incorporate the mediating variables of adulthood experience of FV via the Revised Conflict Tactics Scales.ResultsOur path analyses reveal that the intergenerational transfer of FV occurs, regardless of the form of violence experienced by ever‐married Thai women during childhood or adulthood. Moreover, although experiencing FV during childhood tends to exert direct effects on depressive symptoms in adulthood, witnessing FV during childhood affects depressive symptoms in adulthood only indirectly.ConclusionTaken together, our findings demonstrate that childhood exposure to FV elicits long‐term detrimental effects on women's adulthood experience of FV and mental health in urban Thailand.
The Who, Where, What, How and When of Market Entry
Authors: Markman Gideon D. , Gianiodis Peter , Tyge Payne G. , Tucci Christopher , Filatotchev Igor , Kotha Reddi , Gedajlovic Eric 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThis introductory, along with the eight articles contained within this Special Issue, highlights and brings greater clarity to entrant‐incumbent interactions and to firm movement – when entrants traverse market territories for the creation and/or delivery of offerings, where ‘markets’ include service or product categories, technology or resource spaces, industries, sectors and/or geographies. Collectively, this Special Issues explains that firm movement across market boundaries is highly consequential, influencing resource‐capability mixes inside firms, interfirm relations, market logic and industry value chains, and of course, people, communities and even nations. Specifically, we develop a field‐wide perspective of market entry by expanding on the framework of market entry that Zachary and his colleagues developed (Zachary et al., 2015) – i.e., the who (players such as incumbents, entrants, suppliers, etc.), when (the timing and sequence of entry), how (the strategy, resources, capabilities, etc.), where (the space of entry) and what (product, service, business model, etc.) – to include two additional categories: complements (networks, platforms, ecosystems) and non‐market elements (government, political, social and cultural arrangements). We also summarize the eight highly diverse and insightful articles that make this Special Issue, and conclude with a discussion to highlight foundational questions that point to new directions in future research in this field. In sum, we hope to inspire scholars to go beyond counting outcomes (e.g., entry/exit rates, or profiling successful versus unsuccessful entrants), to consider contexts, processes and contingencies (e.g., cost, time, collaboration, competition, interfirm relations, etc.) and to discover boundary conditions that inform a theory of market entry.
Oral premalignant lesions of smokers and non‐smokers show similar carcinogenic pathways and outcomes. A clinicopathological and molecular comparative analysis
Authors: de la Oliva Jorge , Larque Ana‐Belen , Marti Carles , Bodalo‐Torruella Marta , Nonell Lara , Nadal Alfons , Castillo Paola , Sieira Ramón , Ferrer Ada , Garcia‐Diez Eloy , Alos Llucia 
Published: April 2019

AbstractBackgroundOral premalignant lesions (OPML) are frequently extensive and multifocal leading high morbidity for patients. Although oral squamous carcinoma (OSCC) in non‐smoker patients is increasing, little is known about OPML and the carcinogenesis process in these patients. The aims of the study were to insight and compare the clinicopathological and molecular characteristics of OPML of non‐smoker and smoker patients from which one or multiple OSCC have developed.MethodsEighty‐one patients showing extensive and/or multifocal OPML were included in the survey. HPV and EBV were investigated by PCR and in situ hybridization respectively. Cytogenetic studies were performed by microarray in sequential progressive 30 lesions; p53 expression was investigated by immunohistochemistry.ResultsThe patients were 41 males and 40 females, ages ranging from 32 to 93 years (median 64); 43 (53%) were smokers. Non‐smokers were more frequently female with a median age of 68, whereas smokers were men with a median age of 60 (P = 0.005). HPV and EBV were negative in all cases. The most consistent and earliest cytogenetic alterations in both non‐smokers and smokers were loss of heterozygosity (LOH) and losses of locus harboring tumor suppressor genes. Progression to high‐grade dysplasia and OSCC showed progressive addition of LOH, tumor suppressor losses, and oncogenic gains.ConclusionNon‐smoker patients are mostly elderly female and show oral carcinogenic pathways and outcomes similar to smoker patients.
Can government‐supported preventive fluoride varnish application service reduce pulp‐involved primary molars?
Authors: Chi Lin‐Yang , Lin Po‐Yen , Wang Jui , Chu Yu‐Roo , Chang Yung‐Ming 
Published: April 2019

AbstractObjectivesFluoride varnishes are reported to reduce 37–43% of dental caries; however, it remains unclear whether they can prevent severe decay. The study investigated the association between the government‐supported preventive fluoride varnish application service (FVAS) and the risk of undergoing treatments of pulp‐involved primary molars.MethodsChildren who were younger than 6 years and did not receive any dental treatment between the first and last services within 2 years were defined as the “preventive‐FVAS group.” After the matching process, 45,296 children were selected for further analysis until the end of 2013. The log‐rank test and Cox proportional hazard models were employed to estimate the effects of preventive‐FVAS on the treatments of pulp‐involved primary molars, including pulpectomy and early extraction before the age of 8 years.ResultsAfter adjusting for confounding factors, adjusted hazard ratios for the treatments of pulp‐involved primary molars for children who received preventive‐FVAS were 0.96 (95% CI = 0.92–1.00) for initiation of pulpectomy, 0.93 (95% CI = 0.86–1.00) for completion of pulpectomy, and 0.87 (95% CI = 0.82–0.92, P < 0.0001) for early extraction, especially for those who received three or more FVAS.ConclusionsAlthough preventive‐FVASs were associated with a 4–13% decreased risk of undergoing treatments of pulp‐involved primary molars within a lower risk subset, we suggest the implementation the current Taiwan government‐supported FVAS program needs to be modified. Further studies are warranted to evaluate whether it would be a better strategy if the program focused only on the high‐risk group.