bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimating child mortality attributable to war in Yemen
Authors: Jenkins Dlorah , Marktanner Marcus , Merkel Almuth D. , Sedik David 
Published: August 2018

Purpose
Quantifying the burden of war (BOW) beyond battle deaths is often impossible in ongoing conflicts. Consequently, indirect consequences of war can be overlooked in public BOW discussions. This paper aims to introduce a simulation model to estimate indirect child mortality attributable to war. Yemen was chosen as the example case because indirect child mortality from war likely outpaces direct casualties in the Yemen conflict.

Design/methodology/approach
A fixed effects panel regression was used to estimate elasticities between child mortality rate (CMR) (the rate of deaths among children under five years of age, per 1,000 live births) and two effects of war assumed to have the greatest explanatory power toward CMR: economic deterioration (measured by changes GDP per capita) and conflict magnitude (via the Major Episodes of Political Violence dataset). These elasticities were then used in a model to estimate the CMR in Yemen up to the year 2020.

Findings
Regression results suggest that Yemen’s CMR increased by more than 50 per cent from 54.2 in 2010 to 83.9 in 2017. If this trend continues, the mean CMR will almost double from its 2010 value to 102.9 in 2020. By 2020, the model estimates cumulative child deaths at over 185,000.

Originality/value
Lack of information about the indirect consequences of war biases the tradeoff between humanitarian and military objectives toward the latter. This information asymmetry can prolong conflicts. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to more informed debate and humanitarian programming by making vital information accessible to the public and decision-makers.
Urban consolidation centre – a literature review, categorisation, and a future research agenda
Authors: Björklund Maria , Johansson Henrik 
Published: August 2018

Purpose
Urban consolidation centre (UCC) is a popular initiative targeting the challenge of negative environmental and social impacts from freight transports in cities. Despite this, UCC often fails in practice, which indicates a knowledge gap. Furthermore, research within the field can be described as fragmented, transdisciplinary and fast growing. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the field by describing dominant categories and themes within the area, identify gaps in order to propose a future research agenda, and provide insights into the needs of practitioners.

Design/methodology/approach
A systematic literature review (SLR) targeting journal articles based on UCCs has been constructed with a supplementary snowball approach. A content analysis was performed to categorise themes in the research on UCCs and to identify research gaps, both within and outside the categories identified.

Findings
Despite substantial research on UCC, very little research ends up in academic journals. In all, 56 articles address UCC. The most common topics were the role of stakeholders, design of distribution structures and transport resources, environmental and social consideration, and economic considerations. Much focus is directed towards finding “optimal” solutions and designs for potential initiatives with very little, if any, consideration to financial viability or the management of the UCC initiative.

Research limitations/implications
This research points out existing gaps in the literature and proposes a future research agenda with UCCs as the focus. For example, although environmental and social arguments are often applied to justify the implementation of UCCs, few studies measure or evaluate their impact. Another important research gap is the economical consideration, both how to generate revenue and how to consider economies of scale.

Practical implications
The practical contribution of most studies is directed towards municipalities. Few findings are presented in a way to support companies. Additionally, by bridging the gaps related to how stakeholders can collaborate and describe what is happening in a UCC, practitioners can use such information as guidelines.

Originality/value
The results provide a research agenda for the fragmented research targeting UCCs, supporting the viability of future initiatives.
CSR-consumption paradox: examination of UK apparel companies
Authors: Yu Mei , Cao Dongmei , Tan Juh Yan 
Published: August 2018

Purpose
Despite extensive study into various aspects of corporate social responsibility (CSR), the effect on consumer behaviour is less explored. A growing amount of research is concerned with the phenomenon that CSR has a minor effect on actual purchases although CSR practices enhance consumers’ purchase intentions. This is documented as the CSR-consumption paradox and is yet to be resolved. The purpose of this paper is to further understand this paradox.

Design/methodology/approach
Questionnaires were administered face-to-face to consumers in Birmingham. These questionnaires concern consumer behaviour in relation to CSR practices of 21 popular apparel companies in the UK.

Findings
Results suggest that consumers’ pro-social priority is significantly related to pro-social consumption and that consumers’ awareness of CSR practices is insignificantly associated with their purchase behaviour. The pro-social consumption does not differ significantly among different demographic groups.

Research limitations/implications
To explore the external motivational factors in consumers’ decision making will be a potential research direction in future.

Practical implications
The empirical results provide implications for UK apparel marketers and policy makers to engage and motivate socially responsible consumers so as to reap strategic rewards for their CSR efforts.

Originality/value
This paper contributes to the knowledge of socially responsible consumption and how it is affected by CSR.
Food Safety Issues Related to Uses of Insects for Feeds and Foods
Authors: van der Fels‐Klerx H. J. , Camenzuli L. , Belluco S. , Meijer N. , Ricci A. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractEdible insects are expected to become an important nutrient source for animals and humans in the Western world in the near future. However, before insects can be put on the market, the safety of their use for feed and food is warranted. This literature study was prepared to provide an overview of the actual knowledge of possible food safety hazards, including chemical, microbiological, and allergenic agents and prions, to human and animal health upon the use of insects for food and feed, and to highlight data gaps and suggest the way forward. From the data available, heavy metals of concern are cadmium in black soldier fly and arsenic in yellow mealworm larvae. Investigated mycotoxins do not seem to accumulate. Residues of pesticides, veterinary drugs, and hormones, as well as dioxins and PCBs, are sometimes found in insects. Contamination of insects with pathogens to human health is a consequence of a combination of the substrates used and the farming and processing steps applied. Insects harbor a wide variety of microorganisms, and some human pathogenic bacteria may be present. In addition, insects may harbor and transmit parasites. There is no evidence so far insects may harbor pathogenic viruses or prions, but they may act as vectors. Insects and insect‐derived products may have allergenic potential. In this review, evidence on some safety aspects is displayed, and data gaps are identified. Recommendations are given for future research to fill the most relevant data gaps.
Neuronal histamine and the memory of emotionally salient events
Authors: Provensi Gustavo , Passani Maria Beatrice , Costa Alessia , Izquierdo Ivan , Blandina Patrizio 
Published: August 2018

In this review, we describe the experimental paradigms used in preclinical studies to unravel the histaminergic brain circuits that modulate the formation and retrieval of memories associated with aversive events. Emotionally arousing events, especially bad ones, are remembered more accurately, clearly and for longer periods of time than neutral ones. Maladaptive elaborations of these memories may eventually constitute the basis of psychiatric disorders such as generalized anxiety, obsessive–compulsive disorders and post‐traumatic stress disorder. A better understanding of the role of the histaminergic system in learning and memory has not only a theoretical significance but also a translational value. Ligands of histamine receptors are among the most used drugs worldwide; hence, understanding the impact of these compounds on learning and memory may help improve their pharmacological profile and unravel unexplored therapeutic applications.Linked ArticlesThis article is part of a themed section on New Uses for 21st Century. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v177.3/issuetoc
The best spatial scale of firm innovation networks: Evidence from Shanghai high‐tech firms
Authors: Cao Xianzhong , Zeng Gang , Teng Tangwei , Si Yuefang 
Published: August 2018

AbstractInnovation networks are the channel of firms’ access to knowledge. Taking Shanghai high‐tech firms as a case study, this paper discusses the differences among biomedical, electronic information, new materials and equipment manufacturing firms from different spatial scales such as the global, local, and glocal. The spatial scale of firm innovation networks is divided into global, national, city and glocal scales The efficiency of national innovation networks is the highest, followed by glocal innovation networks, while city and global innovation network efficiency is lower. The efficiency of high‐tech firm innovation networks is affected by industrial characteristics and spatial distance. The differences in efficiency among innovation networks of Shanghai high‐tech firms are significant.
Exploring patients’ and healthcare professionals’ experiences of patient‐witnessed resuscitation: A qualitative study protocol
Authors: Fiori Martina , Endacott Ruth , Latour Jos M. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractAimThe aim of this study was to explore the experiences of patients and healthcare professionals regarding patients witnessing resuscitation on another patient in hospital clinical wards.DesignPhenomenological qualitative study.MethodsParticipants will be recruited from nine wards in a university hospital in England. Data collection will include two in‐depth interviews with patients who witnessed resuscitation: the first interview one week after witnessing resuscitation and the second interview after one month. Individual and focus group interviews with healthcare professionals will be also conducted. Data will be transcribed, managed in NVivo 11 and analysed using phenomenological analysis. The National Health Service, Health Research Authority and University Ethics Committee approved the study (May 2018). The study is funded by Resuscitation Council UK (December 2017) and will be conducted between May 2018–March 2019.ConclusionWhile witnessed resuscitation is a major topic of interest in nursing, specific research on the impact of patients who witness resuscitation on fellow patients is limited. This study will use qualitative methodology to inform the evidence base of a clinical problem with limited understanding. The findings of this study will contribute to the framework of witnessed resuscitation and to identifying the barriers and enablers towards a greater support of patients who witness resuscitation in hospital. This new acquired knowledge will be beneficial to the improvement of future nursing care.ImpactThe evidence gained from this study can support the development and implementation of guidelines and inform hospital policies to support patients witnessing resuscitation to optimize the quality of nursing care provided.
Symptom clustering in patients with childhood‐onset systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Chiang Yi‐Chien , Huang Jing‐Long , Wang Chao‐Hui , Lee Hsiang‐Chun , Lee Ming‐Ying , Hsiao Ya‐Chu 
Published: August 2018

AbstractAimsTo: (a) explore the prevalence of the symptoms perceived by patients with childhood‐onset systemic lupus erythematosus; (b) identify the symptom clusters occurring in patients with childhood‐onset Systemic lupus erythematosus; and (c) examine the association of the burden of each symptom cluster with sleep quality and depression.BackgroundSystemic lupus erythematosus is an inflammatory autoimmune disease that may result in patients' perception of various symptoms, with possible negative effects on their quality of life. Understanding the prevalence of symptoms perceived by childhood‐onset Systemic lupus erythematosus patients and the disease's symptom clusters may be helpful in managing such burdensome symptoms.DesignA correlational study design was used for this study in 2016.MethodsSelf‐reported data from the Systemic lupus erythematosus symptom checklist were used to assess the symptoms perceived by patients. Symptom clusters were analysed using cluster analysis.ResultsSeventy‐five patients were included in this study. The most prevalent and burdensome symptom perceived by patients was fatigue. Five clusters were derived, including symptoms related to pain and itching; bruises and stomach complaints; weight gain; body image and circulatory problems; and fatigue. A poor sleeper may perceive a greater symptom burden in all five of the symptom clusters, except for cluster #3, which refers to symptoms related to weight gain.ConclusionFive symptom clusters were identified. It is hoped that this study will give useful knowledge for understanding the symptom clusters for patients with Systemic lupus erythematosus and for improving nursing care quality.
Use of antimicrobial agent pocket irrigation for cardiovascular implantable electronic device infection prophylaxis: Results from an international survey
Authors: Zheng Qi , Di Biase Luigi , Ferrick Kevin J. , Gross Jay N. , Guttenplan Nils A. , Kim Soo G. , Krumerman Andrew K. , Palma Eugen C. , Fisher John D. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractPurposeSurvey the usage and application protocol of antimicrobial agent pocket irrigation for cardiovascular implantable electronic device (CIED) infection prophylaxis.BackgroundLocal antibiotic usage for CIED infection prophylaxis, in particular pocket irrigation, is a well‐known strategy but with little data on its clinical effectiveness.MethodsAn anonymous voluntary online survey was sent to a total of 2,092 arrhythmia‐oriented cardiologists in 51 countries (1,490 from the United States).ResultsThere were 487 responses (response rate 23.3%: U.S. 28.2%, outside of the U.S. 11.1%). Eighty‐seven percent of respondents use intraoperative antimicrobial agent pocket irrigation and/or an antimicrobial eluting pouch to reduce CIED infection. Fifty‐four percent of respondents believe that it is effective to use an antimicrobial agent pocket irrigation to reduce CIED infection; 33% of respondents are uncertain; a few consider this strategy ineffective (13%) or offered no opinion. Significant differences exist in the practice patterns and beliefs between the U.S. and non‐U.S. countries (P < 0.05). Ninety‐eight percent of respondents report using the same pocket irrigation protocol for permanent pacemaker versus implantable cardioverter defibrillator. Bacitracin (48%), vancomycin (39%), and a cephalosporin (29%) are the most commonly chosen antibiotics. A majority of the respondents are unaware of the cost of using antimicrobial agent pocket irrigation (69%) and neither are they concerned (67%).ConclusionThis international survey suggests that, while there are little clinical data to support or discourage such practice, the usage of antimicrobial agent pocket irrigation for CIED infection prophylaxis is widely used in current practice.
On the behavior of cross-sections of charged particle-induced reactions of 181Ta target
Authors: Yiğit M. , Korkmaz M. E. 
Published: August 2018

The production of nuclear energy from fusion reaction with no CO2 emission is one of the most attractive sources for the future. The unprecedented physical and mechanical properties for structural materials are very important in the nuclear fusion reactor design. So, tantalum material is a valuable candidate for plasma-facing materials in the fusion devices. In this paper, nuclear excitation functions for the [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] reactions are obtained using the nuclear codes TALYS 1.8 and ALICE/ASH. The contribution of pre-equilibrium and equilibrium processes in these reactions is investigated. In the calculations, the Weisskopf–Ewing and Hauser–Feshbach formalisms for the equilibrium particle emission, and the two-component exciton, hybrid and geometry-dependent hybrid formalisms for the pre-equilibrium particle emission are used. Hence, the cross-sections calculated are compared with the measured values. It is observed that the cross-section results of the geometry-dependent hybrid model match fairly well with the experimental measurements.
Broadband terahertz dielectric measurement based on multi-beam interference and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer
Authors: Shi Jie , Wang Mao-Rong , Zhong Kai , Liu Chu , Mei Jia-Lin , Xu De-Gang , Yao Jian-Quan 
Published: August 2018

We demonstrate a method for obtaining optical coefficients over a broad terahertz spectral range from 1.5 THz to 16 THz at room temperature. Based on the interferograms directly acquired by a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), multi-beam interference principle combining Fresnel’s formula is employed to extract the refraction index and the extinction coefficient, giving the basis for calculating dielectric coefficients. It avoids the uncertainty and phase instability while using Kramers–Kronig (KK) relations and overcomes the limited frequency range of terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (TDS). Moreover, this method has better stability and is needless of cutting useful information between neighboring interference peaks for thin samples compared with TDS, making it a general processing method for interferograms and a good alternative for terahertz dielectric measurement.
New species and new records of Coryphorus Peters, 1981 (Ephemeroptera: Coryphoridae) from Brazil
Authors: LIMA LUCAS R. C. , NASCIMENTO STÊNIO R. S. , BOLDRINI RAFAEL 
Published: August 2018

A new species Coryphorus is presented, based on recent collections from Northeastern Brazil and specimens deposited in the Museu Regional de Entomologia da Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFVB) and Coleção Zoológica da Universidade Federal de Roraima (UFRR). Coryphorus molinerii sp. nov. is described based on male imagos and can be distinguished by the penis with rounded margins and forceps with segment II narrow and sharpening towards apex. Besides, C. aquilus Peters, (1981) is reported for Tocantins State for the first time.
Improved Estimation of Pollutant Emission Rate in an Ocean Pollutant Diffusion Model by the Application of Spline Interpolation with the Adjoint Method
Authors: Zong Xiaolong , Pan Haidong , Liu Yongzhi , Lv Xianqing 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe spline interpolation method is applied to the inversion of the time-varying pollutant emission rate based on an ocean pollutant diffusion model with the adjoint method. A series of numerical experiments are performed to compare the spline interpolation with the Cressman interpolation. Experimental results show that the spline interpolation improves the inversion results in terms of the smoothness and accuracy. Furthermore, it is the advantages of spline interpolation—better resistance to the impact of errors and demand for fewer observations—that give rise to a better performance in practice.
Convergence Issues in the Estimation of Interchannel Correlated Observation Errors in Infrared Radiance Data
Authors: Gauthier Pierre , Du Ping , Heilliette Sylvain , Garand Louis 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
A posteriori consistency diagnostics have been used in recent years to estimate correlated observation error. These diagnostics provide an estimate of what the observation error covariances should be and could, in turn, be introduced in the assimilation to improve the statistical consistency between the error statistics used in the assimilation and those obtained from observation departures with respect to the background and the analysis. To estimate the observation error covariances, it is often assumed that the background error statistics are optimal, an assumption that is open to criticism. The consequence is that if the background error covariances are in error, then the estimated observation error statistics will adjust accordingly to fit the innovation error covariances. In this paper, the RTTOV radiative transfer model is used as the observation operator. Using controlled experiments, the background error is considered fixed, and it is shown that the iterative procedure to estimate the observation error may require more than one iteration. It is also shown that the underlying matrix equation being solved can be factorized, and the exact solution can be obtained. If the true background error covariances are used in the assimilation, the estimated observation error covariances are then obtained by subtracting the background error covariances from those of the innovations. This can be applied to the full set of assimilated observations. Using the Environment Canada assimilation system, the results for several types of observations indicate that the background error estimation would deserve additional attention.
Assimilating All-Sky Infrared Radiances from GOES-16 ABI Using an Ensemble Kalman Filter for Convection-Allowing Severe Thunderstorms Prediction
Authors: Zhang Yunji , Zhang Fuqing , Stensrud David J. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
This article presents the first practice of assimilating real-world all-sky GOES-16 ABI infrared brightness temperature (BT) observations using an ensemble-based data assimilation system coupled with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model at a convection-allowing (1 km) horizontal resolution, focusing on the tornadic thunderstorm event across Wyoming and Nebraska on 12 June 2017. It is found that spurious clouds created before observed convection initiation are rapidly removed, and the analysis and forecasts of thunderstorms are significantly improved, when all-sky BT observations are assimilated with the adaptive observation error inflation (AOEI) and adaptive background error inflation (ABEI) techniques. Better forecasts of the timing and location of convection initiation can be achieved after only 30 min of assimilating BT observations; both deterministic and probabilistic WRF forecasts of midlevel mesocyclones and low-level vortices, started from the final analysis with 100 min of BT assimilation, closely coincide with the tornado reports. These improvements result not only from the effective suppression of spurious clouds, but also from the better estimations of hydrometeors owing to the frequent assimilation of all-sky BT observations that yield a more accurate analysis of the storm. Results show that BT observations generally have a greater impact on ice particles than liquid water species, which might provide guidance on how to better constrain modeled clouds using these spaceborne observations.