bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Proteomics: Clinical and research applications in respiratory diseases
Authors: Norman Katy C. , Moore Bethany B. , Arnold Kelly B. , O'Dwyer David N. 
Published: August 2018

ABSTRACTThe proteome is the study of the protein content of a definable component of an organism in biology. However, the tissue‐specific expression of proteins and the varied post‐translational modifications, splice variants and protein–protein complexes that may form, make the study of protein a challenging yet vital tool in answering many of the unanswered questions in medicine and biology to date. Indeed, the spatial, temporal and functional composition of proteins in the human body has proven difficult to elucidate for many years. Given the effect of microRNA and epigenetic regulation on silencing and enhancing gene transcription, the study of protein arguably provides more accurate information on homeostasis and perturbation in health and disease. There have been significant advances in the field of proteomics in recent years, with new technologies and platforms available to the research community. In this review, we briefly discuss some of these new technologies and developments in the context of respiratory disease. We also discuss the types of data science approaches to analyses and interpretation of the large volumes of data generated in proteomic studies. We discuss the application of these technologies with regard to respiratory disease and highlight the potential for proteomics in generating major advances in the understanding of respiratory pathophysiology into the future.
Ore Genesis and Tectonic Significance of the Xiaojiashan Tungsten Deposit, Eastern Tianshan, Xinjiang, China: Evidence from Geology, Fluid Inclusions, and Stable Isotope Geochemistry
Authors: Zhou Yunfei , Xu Jiuhua , Shan Lihua , Cheng Xihui , Deng Yueping , Feng Wenhuan , Qiao Lingxiao 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe Xiaojiashan tungsten deposit is located about 200 km northwest of Hami City, the Eastern Tianshan orogenic belt, Xinjiang, northwestern China, and is a quartz vein‐type tungsten deposit. Combined fluid inclusion microthermometry, host rock geochemistry, and H–O isotopic compositions are used to constrain the ore genesis and tectonic setting of the Xiaojiashan tungsten deposit. The orebodies occur in granite intrusions adjacent to the metamorphic crystal tuff, which consists of the second lithological section of the first Sub‐Formation of the Dananhu Formation (D2d
12). Biotite granite is the most widely distributed intrusive bodies in the Xiaojiashan tungsten deposit. Altered diorite and metamorphic crystal tuff are the main surrounding rocks. The granite belongs to peraluminous A‐type granite with high potassic calc‐alkaline series, and all rocks show light Rare Earth Element (REE)‐enriched patterns. The trace element characters suggest that crystallization differentiation might even occur in the diagenetic process. The granite belongs to postcollisional extension granite, and the rocks formed in an extensional tectonic environment, which might result from magma activity in such an extensional tectonic environment. Tungsten‐bearing quartz veins are divided into gray quartz vein and white quartz veins. Based on petrography observation, fluid inclusions in both kinds of vein quartz are mainly aqueous inclusions. Microthermometry shows that gray quartz veins have 143–354°C of Th, and white quartz veins have 154–312°C of Th. The laser‐Raman test shows that CO2 is found in fluid inclusions of the tungsten‐bearing quartz veins. Quadrupole mass spectrometry reveals that fluid inclusions contain major vapor‐phase contents of CO2, H2O. Meanwhile, fluid inclusions contain major liquid‐phase contents of Cl−, Na+. It can be speculated that the ore‐forming fluid of the Xiaojiashan tungsten deposit is characterized by an H2O–CO2, low salinity, and H2O–CO2–NaCl system. The range of hydrogen and oxygen isotope compositions indicated that the ore‐forming fluids of the tungsten deposit were mainly magmatic water. The ore‐forming age of the Xiaojiashan deposit should to be ~227 Ma. During the ore‐forming process, the magmatic water had separated from magmatic intrusions, and the ore‐bearing complex was taken to a portion where tungsten‐bearing ores could be mineralized. The magmatic fluid was mixed by meteoric water in the late stage.
On Mitigating the Analytical Limitations of Finely Stratified Experiments
Authors: Fogarty Colin B. 
Published: August 2018

SummaryAlthough attractive from a theoretical perspective, finely stratified experiments such as paired designs suffer from certain analytical limitations that are not present in block-randomized experiments with multiple treated and control individuals in each block. In short, when using a weighted difference in means to estimate the sample average treatment effect, the traditional variance estimator in a paired experiment is conservative unless the pairwise average treatment effects are constant across pairs; however, in more coarsely stratified experiments, the corresponding variance estimator is unbiased if treatment effects are constant within blocks, even if they vary across blocks. Using insights from classical least squares theory, we present an improved variance estimator that is appropriate in finely stratified experiments. The variance estimator remains conservative in expectation but is asymptotically no more conservative than the classical estimator and can be considerably less conservative. The magnitude of the improvement depends on the extent to which effect heterogeneity can be explained by observed covariates. Aided by this estimator, a new test for the null hypothesis of a constant treatment effect is proposed. These findings extend to some, but not all, superpopulation models, depending on whether the covariates are viewed as fixed across samples.
Testing the equality of two high‐dimensional spatial sign covariance matrices
Authors: Cheng Guanghui , Liu Baisen , Peng Liuhua , Zhang Baoxue , Zheng Shurong 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThis paper is concerned with testing the equality of two high‐dimensional spatial sign covariance matrices with applications to testing the proportionality of two high‐dimensional covariance matrices. It is interesting that these two testing problems are completely equivalent for the class of elliptically symmetric distributions. This paper develops a new test for testing the equality of two high‐dimensional spatial sign covariance matrices based on the Frobenius norm of the difference between two spatial sign covariance matrices. The asymptotic normality of the proposed testing statistic is derived under the null and alternative hypotheses when the dimension and sample sizes both tend to infinity. Moreover, the asymptotic power function is also presented. Simulation studies show that the proposed test performs very well in a wide range of settings and can be allowed for the case of large dimensions and small sample sizes.
Parents’ and children’s power effectiveness during polyadic family conflict: Process and outcome
Authors: Della Porta Sandra , Howe Nina , Persram Ryan J. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractParent–child power effectiveness was investigated during naturally occurring polyadic family conflict with young children involving three or more family members. In 35/39 families, 210 conflict sequences were identified and coded for type of power, power effectiveness, and conflict outcome. Effective use of power overall and by each partner was assessed using two methods: microscopic (target’s response to an actor’s power move during the process of conflict) and macroscopic (power moves related to conflict outcome). Actor findings revealed that parents were more effective using certain types of power microscopically (i.e., simple, legitimate, reward) and macroscopically (i.e., simple, legitimate, questioning), whereas children were more effective using reward power macroscopically. Our findings support the unique qualities of the parent–child relationship and the complex context of polyadic family conflict. The study contributes to the literature on the socialization of young children in the family context.
Late post‐kidney transplant Strongyloides hyperinfection syndrome
Authors: Nishio Lucar Angie , Knicely Daphne H. , Sifri Costi D. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractDisseminated strongyloidiasis is a potentially life‐threatening infection in organ transplant recipients that typically occurs within the first 6 months of transplantation. We discuss a patient from the Appalachia region of Virginia who appeared to acquire Strongyloides stercoralis domestically years after kidney transplantation and then develop disseminated strongyloidiasis.
Disease characteristics and treatment of patients with diabetes mellitus attending government health services in Indonesia, Peru, Romania and South Africa
Authors: Soetedjo Nanny N. M. , McAllister Susan M. , Ugarte‐Gil Cesar , Firanescu Adela G. , Ronacher Katharina , Alisjahbana Bachti , Costache Anca L. , Zubiate Carlos , Malherbe Stephanus T. , Koesoemadinata Raspati C. , Laurence Yoko V. , Pearson Fiona , Kerry‐Barnard Sarah , Ruslami Rovina , Moore David A. J. , Ioana Mihai , Kleynhans Leanie , Permana Hikmat , Hill Philip C. , Mota Maria , Walzl Gerhard , Dockrell Hazel M. , Critchley Julia A. , van Crevel Reinout ,   the TANDEM Consortium
Published: August 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the characteristics and management of Diabetes mellitus (DM) patients from low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMIC).MethodsWe systematically characterised consecutive DM patients attending public health services in urban settings in Indonesia, Peru, Romania and South Africa, collecting data on DM treatment history, complications, drug treatment, obesity, HbA1c and cardiovascular risk profile; and assessing treatment gaps against relevant national guidelines.ResultsPatients (median 59 years, 62.9% female) mostly had type 2 diabetes (96%), half for >5 years (48.6%). Obesity (45.5%) and central obesity (females 84.8%; males 62.7%) were common. The median HbA1c was 8.7% (72 mmol/mol), ranging from 7.7% (61 mmol/mol; Peru) to 10.4% (90 mmol/mol; South Africa). Antidiabetes treatment included metformin (62.6%), insulin (37.8%), and other oral glucose‐lowering drugs (34.8%). Disease complications included eyesight problems (50.4%), EGFR <60 ml/min (18.9%), heart disease (16.5%) and proteinuria (14.7%). Many had an elevated cardiovascular risk with elevated blood pressure (36%), LDL (71.0%) and smoking (13%), but few were taking antihypertensive drugs (47.1%), statins (28.5%) and aspirin (30.0%) when indicated. Few patients on insulin (8.0%), statins (8.4%) and antihypertensives (39.5%) reached treatment targets according to national guidelines. There were large differences between countries in terms of disease profile and medication use.ConclusionDM patients in government clinics in four LMIC with considerable growth of DM have insufficient glycaemic control, frequent macrovascular and other complications, and insufficient preventive measures for cardiovascular disease. These findings underline the need to identify treatment barriers and secure optimal DM care in such settings.
Overdiagnosis in primary care: framing the problem and finding solutions
Authors: Kale Minal S , Korenstein Deborah 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Overdiagnosis, is defined as the diagnosis of a condition that, if unrecognized, would not cause symptoms or harm a patient during his or her lifetime, and it is increasingly acknowledged as a consequence of screening for cancer and other conditions. Because preventive care is a crucial component of primary care, which is delivered to the broad population, overdiagnosis in primary care is an important problem from a public health perspective and has far reaching implications. The scope of overdiagnosis as a result of services delivered in primary care is unclear, though overdiagnosis of indolent breast, prostate, thyroid, and lung cancers is well described and overdiagnosis of chronic kidney disease, depression, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is also recognized. However, overdiagnosis is a known consequence of all screening and can be assumed to occur in many more clinical contexts. Overdiagnosis can harm patients by leading to overtreatment (with associated potential toxicities), diagnosis related anxiety or depression, and labeling, or through financial burden. Many entrenched factors facilitate overdiagnosis, including the growing use of advanced diagnostic technology, financial incentives, a medical culture that encourages greater use of tests and treatments, limitations in the evidence that obscure the understanding of diagnostic utility, use of non-beneficial screening tests, and the broadening of disease definitions. Efforts to reduce overdiagnosis are hindered by physicians’ and patients’ lack of awareness of the problem and by confusion about terminology, with overdiagnosis often conflated with related concepts. Clarity of terminology would facilitate physicians’ understanding of the problem and the growth in evidence regarding its prevalence and downstream consequences in primary care. It is hoped that international coordination regarding diagnostic standards for disease definitions will also help minimize overdiagnosis in the future.
CPR decision-making conversations in the UK: an integrative review
Authors: Hall Charlie C , Lugton Jean , Spiller Juliet Anne , Carduff Emma 
Published: August 2018

ObjectivesDo Not Attempt Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation (DNACPR) discussions with patients and their caregivers have been subjected to intense ethical and legal debate in recent years. Legal cases and national guidelines have tried to clarify the best approach to DNACPR discussions; however, there is little evidence of how best to approach them from the patient, family or caregiver perspective. This paper describes published accounts of patient, family and caregiver experiences of discussions about advance cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) decision making.MethodsAn integrative review of the UK literature between 2000 and 2016 including qualitative and quantitative studies was conducted. Worldwide, 773 abstracts were identified, and 20 papers from the UK were included in the final analysis.ResultsPatient, family and caregivers prefer discussions to be initiated by someone trusted, and wishes for family involvement vary depending on the context. Timing of discussions should be individualised, though discussions earlier in the illness are often preferable. Discussions held in the acute setting are suboptimal. CPR decisions should be part of a wider discussion about future care and adequate communication skills training is important.ConclusionsThe findings of this review are at odds with the current statutory framework and potentially challenging for medical professionals who are working in a stretched health service, with pressure to discuss DNACPR decisions at the earliest opportunity. With increasing focus on person-centred care and realistic medicine, patient narratives must be considered by doctors and policy makers alike, to minimise harm.
ASSESSING TECHNICAL EFFICIENCY OF INNOVATIONS IN CANADA: THE GLOBAL SNAPSHOT
Authors: NASIEROWSKI WOJCIECH 
Published: August 2018

This paper presents the results of a comparison of the technical efficiency of innovation approach in Canada to approaches in 41 other countries. Data Envelopment Analysis was used to investigate this subject. Results of simulation experiments were used to anticipate possible general suggestions regarding policy measures that may be considered when exploring means to improve Canadian performance. Data from the World Competitiveness Yearbook and European Innovation Scoreboard were used. Oslo Manual definition of innovations was used. Enablers (context) — difficult to change country characteristics that may impact upon technical efficiency — were entered into the examination. A qualitative overview of the Canadian perspective to innovations supplements the quantitative portion of the presentation. It is observed that return to scale and congestion issues dominate considerations on technical efficiency of innovations. Wealthier countries seem to be less technically efficient in innovations than not so rich ones. Canada operates under Decreasing Returns to Scale. Congestions seem to be the main contributor to inefficiencies. Suggestions regarding the betterment of technical efficiency of innovations in Canada are presented here. Attention was drawn to several questions for further studies on the subject and their importance clarified.
<b><i>Streptococcus mutans</i></b> and <b><i>Streptococcus sanguinis</i></b> Expression of Competition-Related Genes, Under Sucrose
Authors: Lozano Carla P. , Díaz-Garrido Natalia , Kreth Jens , Giacaman Rodrigo A. 
Published: August 2018

<i>Streptococcus mutans</i> synthesizes 3 glucosyltransferases (Gtfs) associated with cariogenic biofilms, while commensal <i>Streptococcus sanguinis</i> produces only one; <i>gtfP</i> and hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) by SpxB. The aim was to test the hypothesis that under a sucrose-induced cariogenic challenge, the expression of competition-related genes is differentially regulated depending on whether <i>S. sanguinis</i> or <i>S. mutans</i> primarily colonize enamel. Dual-species biofilms<b><i></i></b> of<b><i></i></b> <i>S. sanguinis</i> and <i>S. mutans</i> were formed under different colonization sequences on enamel slabs and exposed to 10% sucrose for 5 min, 3×/day for 5 days. Biofilms were analyzed for the transcriptional response of competition-related genes encoding <i>gtfB</i>, <i>gtfC</i>, and <i>gtfD</i> for <i>S. mutans</i> and <i>gtfP</i> and <i>spxB</i> for <i>S. sanguinis</i>. In addition, acidogenicity (pH) and viable cells in each of the conditions were determined. For all the genes, a downregulation was observed during simultaneous colonization by both bacterial species. In contrast, <i>gtfB</i> was upregulated when <i>S. sanguinis</i> was the first colonizer (<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.05). Both <i>gtfC</i> and <i>gtfD</i> were upregulated during sequential inoculation with <i>S. sanguinis</i> as the first colonizer. An eleven-fold upregulation of <i>gtfP</i> was observed in biofilms with <i>S. mutans</i> as initial colonizer (<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.05), with a moderate increase in <i>spxB</i> expression. The lowest pH values and viable cells of <i>S. sanguinis</i> were observed when <i>S. mutans</i> first colonized the enamel slabs, compared to the other conditions (<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.05). Demanding sucrose-challenged oral environment requires increased expression of virulence traits to effectively compete and thrive in the dental biofilm, especially when the competitor has already colonized the ecological niche.
Alternating Reality: An Interweaving Narrative of Physical and Virtual Cultural Exhibitions
Authors: Hoang Thuong N. , Cox Travis N. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Virtual and augmented reality technologies are increasingly utilized by public-facing galleries, libraries, archives, and museums (GLAM) institutions to convey both heritage and contemporary stories, information, and experiences. However, within these media, the visitors are often overwhelmed by the virtual environment, resulting in the cultural heritage content being pushed to the background. In this article, we present the alternating reality (AltR) narrative that supports the communication of cultural heritage as an interweaving experience that alternates between real and virtual environments. AltR allows both the cultural heritage content and digital technology to play an equal role in augmenting, highlighting, or explicating each other and conveying a shared narrative to the visitors of GLAM institutions. We introduce the AltR experience through an exhibition highlighting the physical replica and contemporary reimagining of one of Walter and Marion Griffin’s buildings. We conducted a study of the AltR experience during the exhibition using a low-cost virtual reality cardboard viewer that lends itself to an intuitive transition between the two environments. The findings showed that the interweaving experiences between the physical replica of cultural heritage and its virtual reimagining allows the visitors to draw the connection between the two sources of information. The narrative is created and controlled by the visitors, leading to an enjoyable experience. Finally, we reflect on the design implications of an AltR narrative for cultural heritage applications derived from the findings of the study.
Crowd Simulation Incorporating Thermal Environments and Responsive Behaviors
Authors: Chen L. , Jung C. R. , Musse S. R. , Moneimne M. , Wang C. , Fruchter R. , Bazjanac V. , Chen G. , Badler N. I. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractCrowd simulation addresses algorithmic approaches to steering, navigation, perception, and behavioral models. Significant progress has been achieved in modeling interactions between agents and the environment to avoid collisions, exploit empirical local decision data, and plan efficient paths to goals. We address a relatively unexplored dimension of virtual human behavior: thermal perception, comfort, and appropriate behavioral responses. Thermal comfort is associated with the ambient environment, agent density factors, and interpersonal thermal feedback. A key feature of our approach is the temporal integration of both thermal exposure and occupant density to directly influence agent movements and behaviors (e.g., clothing changes) to increase thermal comfort. Empirical thermal comfort models are incorporated as a validation basis. Simple heat transfer models are used to model environment, agent, and interpersonal heat exchange. Our model’s generality makes it applicable to any existing crowd steering algorithm as it adds additional integrative terms to any cost function. Examples illustrate distinctive emergent behaviors such as balancing agent density with thermal comfort, hysteresis in responding to localized or brief thermal events, and discomfort and likely injury produced by extreme packing densities.
A Dynamical Mechanism for Secondary Eyewall Formation in Tropical Cyclones
Authors: Miyamoto Yoshiaki , Nolan David S. , Sugimoto Norihiko 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
This study proposes that secondary eyewall formation (SEF) of tropical cyclones (TCs) can be attributed to an instability of flow in the free atmosphere coupled with Ekman pumping. Unstable solutions of a 1.5-layer shallow-water system are obtained under fast–wind speed conditions in the free atmosphere. The instability condition derived in the linear model indicates the importance of the ratio of angular velocity to vorticity, and the condition is more likely to be satisfied when the ratio is large and its radial gradient is positive. Thus, fast angular velocity, low absolute vertical vorticity, small negative radial gradient of angular velocity, and large negative gradient of vertical vorticity are favorable. Eigenvalue analyses are performed over a wide range of parameters using a vorticity profile with an infinitesimal secondary maximum. The growth rate increases with vorticity outside the radius of maximum wind (RMW), the radius of the secondary vorticity maximum, its magnitude, and the Rossby number defined by maximum tangential velocity, the RMW, and the Coriolis parameter. Furthermore, the growth rate is positive only between 2 and 7 times the RMW, and it is negative close to or far outside the RMW. These features are consistent with previous studies on SEF. A dimensionless quantity obtained from the unstable condition in the linear theory is applied to SEF events simulated by two different full-physics numerical models; increases several hours before a secondary peak of tangential velocity forms, suggesting that the initial process of SEF can be attributed to the proposed mechanism.