bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of porcine and human lumbar spine flexion mechanics*
Authors: Dumas G. A. , Bednar D. A. , Dickey J. P. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryAnimal models have been proposed as an alternative to human spinal specimens for in vitro mechanical testing due to the limited availability, poor reproducibility, high cost, and potential health risk associated with human specimens. The purpose of this study was to directly compare the flexion biomechanics of porcine and human lumbar spines. We determined the range of motion, laxity zone and the stiffness under pure-moment flexion loading. The porcine and human specimens showed qualitative similarities in mechanical behaviour. However the porcine specimens demonstrated a number of quantitative differences including a less-stiff, more extensive, low-stiffness region around the neutral position and a larger flexion range of motion. The results suggest that the porcine lumbar spine may be a potential model for the human lumbar spine for certain in vitro mechanical tests including comparisons between spinal fixation constructs.
Mechanics of the canine femur with two types of hip replacement stems
Authors: Banks-Sills L. , Eliasy R. , Shahar R. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryThe long-term performance of total hip replacement is of concern to veterinary surgeons. Two of the main complications associated with this procedure are implant loosening and stress shielding. Designs of the femoral stem which will avoid loosening and achieve maximum endurance while reducing stress shielding and periprosthetic bone loss are sought.In the intact femur the stress is distributed over the entire cross section of the bone. After hip replacement this pattern of stress distribution is altered because of the manner in which the load is transferred from the prosthesis to the bone.The objective of this study was to examine the stresses that develop in the femur and implant components of two different methods of hip replacement used clinically in dogs. Anatomic, three-dimensional finite element models of the canine femur with a cemented femoral stem and a Zurich cementless stem were constructed. The stresses and displacements were calculated by the finite element analysis method, under physiologic loads that included muscle forces and joint reaction forces. The results were compared to results obtained by a similar analysis of an intact femur.This study demonstrates that the Zurich cementless method causes less stress shielding in the proximal femoral cortex than does the cemented method. Implant stresses are higher in the Zurich cementless stem, but still within an acceptable range.
Radial carpal bone fracture in 13 dogs
Authors: Mortellaro C. M. , Bertoni G. , Martini F. M. , Cantoni A. M. , Di Giancamillo M. , Vignoli M. , Gnudi G. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryThe authors report 13 dogs with radiocarpal bone fracture. The lesion was bilateral in six cases and unilateral in seven. Clinical and radiographic examination of both the carpal joints was performed. One or two fracture lines, sagittal oblique and dorsal, of the radial carpal bone were detected. CT examination of two radial carpal bones helped in a better visualization of the fracture lines. A dorsal bone fragment of a fractured radial carpal bone was removed in one dog. Histopathology revealed the presence of fibro-connective tissue on the fracture surface of the bone fragment. The fibro-connective tissue did not seem to be the sequel to acute or chronic diseases, nor to any pathological healing process. The cancellous bone of the fragment was normal as was the bulk of the articular cartilage examined. A CT guided biopsy, including the sagittal oblique fracture surface of the radial carpal bone, was also performed. The specimens revealed the presence of immature cancellous bone with diffuse immature cartilage areas. The radial carpal bone has three separate centres of ossification: the primitive radial carpal bone, the central and intermediate carpal bone. The fusion of these centres occurs at 3-4 months of age. Histopathological findings suggest a possible “incomplete fusion” of the centres of ossification rather than a true fracture of the radial carpal bone or alternatively a “fatigue fracture”. A similar condition, involving the distal part of the humerus, was originally reported in several Cocker Spaniel dogs, and more recently in Rottweilers and Labrador Retrievers.
Percutaneous plating of tibial fractures in two dogs
Authors: Hurter K. , Schawalder P. , Schmökel H. G. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryA trend toward minimally invasive procedures in the treatment of fractures in human patients is apparent in recent publications. Percutaneous plating is one method of fracture fixation, conceived to minimise soft tissue damage and preserve soft tissue and bone vascularity. The use of fewer screws, in longer bridging plates, is also a relatively new technique in the stabilisation of comminuted diaphyseal fractures in human patients. A combination of these techniques was applied in two dogs with comminuted tibial fractures.The plates were passed subfascially and the screws inserted through skin incisions over the proximal and distal ends of the plate. Follow-up radiographs revealed fracture healing with callus formation after four or five weeks. Percutaneous plating seems to be a useful technique in small animals. Further studies on larger numbers of patients are needed to define the benefits and the limitations of this technique.
Use of the AO veterinary mini ‘T’-plate for stabilisation of distal radius and ulna fractures in toy breed dogs
Authors: Langley Hobbs S. J. , Hamilton M. H. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryThe use of the AO (Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Osteosynthesefragen) veterinary mini ‘T’-plate for stabilisation of distal radius and ulna fractures in toy breed dogs was evaluated in a retrospective study. All of the 14 dogs in the study weighed 3.5 kg or less. The AO mini ‘T’-platea was used as the final means of fixation in all cases. It was used as the primary form of stabilisation in ten dogs, and in four dogs it was used at revision surgery. In all cases the fractures healed. Return to function was graded as excellent in six cases, good in four and fair in two. Two dogs were lost to long-term follow up. It was concluded that the AO veterinary mini ‘T’-plate is a suitable choice of implant for stabilisation of distal radius and ulna fractures in toy breed dogs, especially when the distal fragment is very small.
Comparison of radiographic arthritic changes associated with two variations of tibial plateau leveling osteotomy
Authors: Allen D. A. , Wilson E. R. , Tobias T. A. , Shaiken L. G. , Shiroma J. T. , Biller D. S. , Lehenbauer T. W. , Lineberger J. A. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryOsteoarthritis (OA) progresses in the canine cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) deficient stifle. Progression of OA is also documented in canine patients after various surgical repair techniques for this injury. We evaluated the radiographic arthritic changes in canine stifle joints that have sustained a CCL injury, and compared radiographic OA scores between Tibial Plateau Leveling Osteotomy (TPLO.)surgery patients receiving a medial parapatellar exploratory arthrotomy for CCL remnant removal versus those receiving a limited caudal medial arthrotomy without removal of the CCL remnants. Medial/ lateral and caudal/cranial stifle radiographs were obtained before surgery, immediately following TPLO surgery and at 7–38 months (mean 20.5) after surgery. Sixty-eight patients (72 stifles) were included in the study. The cases were divided into two groups. The patients in group 1 (n = 49 patients, 51 stifles) had a limited caudal medial arthrotomy, and patients in group 2 (n = 19 patients, 21 stifles) had a medial parapatellar open arthrotomy. A previously described radiographic osteoarthritis scoring system was used to quantify changes in both of the groups. The age, weight, OA scores, initial tibial plateau angle, final tibial plateau angle, and the change in angle were compared between the groups. The results showed that there was significantly less progression of OA in the group that had the limited caudal medial, arthrotomy, versus a medial parapatellar open arthrotomy. There was a significant advancement of the OA scores of patients that had TPLO surgery.
Isometry of potential suture attachment sites for the medial aspect of the tibiotarsal joint
Authors: Roe S. C. , Jaeger G. H. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryThe isometry of the bipartite medial collateral ligament of the tarsus and two methods of stabilization by prosthetic ligament were assessed by measuring the change in distance between the origin and the insertion through full range of joint motion of the ligament and prosthetic ligaments. The single suture technique was isometric when the distal site was located at the centre of the trochlea of the talus. This site can only be used when the medial malleolus, which overlies the talus, is missing or removed. Whilst some length changes occur with hock motion, the double suture technique may be advocated in instances where the medial malleolus is present.
Computerized tomography compared with radiography in the diagnosis of lateral trochlear ridge talar osteochondritis dissecans in dogs
Authors: van Ryssen B. , van Bree H. , Gielen I. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryIn this retrospective study, we compared the value of radiographic and computerized tomographic (CT) imaging for the diagnosis of lateral trochlear ridge talar osteochondritis dissecans (LTRT-OCD) in 11 tarsocrural joints. The flexed dorsoplantar skyline and the plantarolateral-dorsomedial projections were the most reliable for radiographic detection of OCD fragments (in 7 of the 11 joints). Overall, radiography detected OCD fragments in 8 of 11 joints. By contrast, the OCD fragments could be visualized and exactly localized by CT in all 11 joints. Computerized tomography allowed the talar ridges to be inspected without superimposition of any bony structures. This information may be very useful when minimal invasive techniques are used to treat LTRT-OCD lesions. The findings of this study suggest that CT is superior to radiography for making a diagnosis of LTRT-OCD in the dog.
The ComPact UniLock 2.0/2.4 system and its clinical application in small animal orthopedics
Authors: Voss K. , Montavon P. M. , Keller M. A. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryThis study describes the titanium ComPact UniLock 2.0/2.4™ locking plate system (Stratec Medical, Oberdorf, Switzerland) and reports its application in nine selected clinical cases. The system was found useful for a variety of indications. Three categories of clinical applications are illustrated. They include (a) long bone fractures, (b) cervical spinal fractures and instabilities and (c) joint instabilities and luxations. A brief introduction to the system has already been published (1).
Disease modifying treatment for feline rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Hanna F. Y. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryFeline erosive polyarthritis includes the more common periosteal proliferative polyarthritis (PPP) and the rarely seen rheumatoid arthritis (RA) (11). During the past three years, 12 patients with definite feline rheumatoid arthritis, which did not respond well to conventional therapy, were treated with 7.5 mg of Methotrexate and 70 mg Leflunomide, given weekly by the oral route. The average age of the cats was 5.9 years (range 2.5 to 10 years). Siamese cats were over represented. Seven of the 12 (58%) cats showed a marked improvement, usually within four weeks. Once maximum improvement was obtained the dosage was decreased. Serious toxicity was not noted and carcinogenetic effect was not seen during the course of this study.
Traumatic avulsion fracture of the lesser trochanter in a dog
Authors: Henninger W. , Lorinson D. , Mayrhofer E. , Vidoni B. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryA 15-month-old 25 kg female spayed American Staffordshire Terrier was examined to determine the cause of a six month period of lameness of the left pelvic limb. Signs of severe pain were evident on hyperextension and simultaneous internal rotation or abduction of the left hip joint; crepitus or instabiltiy was not detected. The diagnosis of avulsion fracture of the lesser trochanter was based on radiographs, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), supported by initial findings such as lameness and hip joint pain in extension. The dog was treated with strict confinement for eight weeks followed by a gradual increase in activity; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were given for one month. Three months later, the dog was clinically sound and unrestricted activity was resumed. Soundness was confirmed on follow-up 18 months after injury. CT and especially MRI were powerful diagnostic tools to identify chronic iliopsoas strains with an avulsion fracture of the lesser trochanter. Complete recovery ensued following conservative treatment only, despite the proximal diplacement of an avulsed segment of the lesser trochanter. Thus, traumatic injury to the iliopsoas muscle and to the lesser trochanter should be included as differential diagnosis in cases of hind leg lameness.
Examination of synovial fluid and serum following intravenous injections of hyaluronan for the treatment of osteoarthritis in dogs
Authors: Cross A. R. , Brown M. P. , Lewis D. D. , Hernandez J. , Merritt K. A. , Tran-Son-Tay R. , Canapp S. O. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryA randomized, blinded, prospective clinical trial was performed to determine the effects of intravenous (IV) administration of hyaluronan sodium (HA) on serum glycosaminoglycans (GAG) concentrations, synovial fluid (SF) hyaluronan concentrations and viscosity in dogs treated for unilateral rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament. Twenty-two dogs undergoing tibial plateau leveling osteotomy were used in this study. Synovial fluid from both stifles and serum were collected prior to surgery and at 2, 4, and 8 weeks following surgery. Dogs received either 1.0 ml (10 mg) of sodium hyaluronate (treatment group 1; n = 10) or equal volume of 0.9% NaCl (treatment group 2; n = 12), IV immediately, 2 and 4 weeks following surgery. Synovial fluid viscosity was evaluated using a magnetically driven, acoustically tracked, translating-ball rheometer. Synovial fluid HA disaccharide content was measured by fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis. Serum GAG concentrations were measured by alcian blue spectrophotometric assay. Data were analyzed using a Wilcoxon sign rank test (p<0.05). Mean ± SD viscosity (cP) was significantly higher (p=0.011) in SF obtained from the intact stifle (450 ± 604.1) than injured (54.8 ± 60.8) prior to surgery. Mean ± SD HA concentrations (ug/ml) were significantly higher (p=0.02) in synovial fluid obtained from the injured stifles (281.4 ± 145.9) than intact stifles (141.6 ± 132.5). No significant difference was noted within or between treatment groups in SF viscosity, HA concentrations, or serum GAG concentrations at any time following surgery. Stifles with cranial cruciate ligament insufficiency had significant alterations in SF viscosity and HA concentrations.
The effect of axial and abaxial release on meniscal displacement in the dog
Authors: Kennedy S. C. , Bischoff M. G. , Kuriashkin I. V. , Pijanowski G. J. , Schaeffer D. J. , Dunning D. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryThe meniscal release (MR) is used to minimize meniscal pathology after Tibial Plateau Leveling Osteotomy (TPLO) surgery. The purposes of this study were: i) to describe meniscal orientation in a unaltered cadaveric canine stifle, a cruciate deficient stifle, TPLO repaired stifle with and without the MR using magnetic resonance imaging; ii) to determine if the abaxial release is equivalent to the axial release in its ability to affect caudal pole displacement in a TPLO repaired stifle and iii) to evaluate with MRI the effect of MR on the femorotibial articular cartilage contact area in a TPLO repaired stifle. Briefly, cadaver limbs were placed into a jig designed to mimic a weight-bearing stance at 140° and 90° at the stifle. The limbs were sequentially evaluated from the unaltered state; after cranial cruciate ligament transection; after TPLO stabilization; and finally after a meniscal release. No significant difference was found between the intrameniscal area (IMA) of the abaxial and axial meniscal releases although there was an increase in the IMA after the meniscal release compared to the IMA in the normal, cranial cruciate ligament deficient stifle, and TPLO stabilized stifle. In the abaxial release, a meniscal remnant remained in situ and provided a space effect between the femur and the tibial plateau. This is in contrast to the axial meniscal release, where the entire caudal pole of the medial meniscus relocated caudolaterally and consequently permitted more direct femorotibial contact. Overall, however, there was evidence of caudal pole compression of the medial meniscus throughout the MRI series which was ameliorated by either of the MR procedures.
Radiographic and clinical changes of the patellar tendon after tibial plateau leveling osteotomy
Authors: Aiken S. W. , DiResta G. R. , Herr L. G. , Monette S. , Carey K. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryPatellar tendon thickening (PTT) and patellar tendinosis (PTS) have been discussed in the veterinary literature as a post-operative complication of tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO). The purpose of this study was to define radiographic PTT, determine the frequency of and risk factors for PTT and PTS, and describe the clinical and histopathological findings of PTS after TPLO. We hypothesized that the location of the osteotomy alters forces placed on the patellar tendon resulting in PTT or PTS. Radiographs and medical records from 83 dogs undergoing 94 TPLO procedures were retrospectively evaluated. Two months post-operatively, 19 dogs (20.2%) had a normal patellar tendon or mild PTT, 51 (54.3%) had moderate PTT, and 24 (25.5%) had severe PTT. Seven of the 24 dogs (7.4%) with severe PTT had clinical signs consistent with PTS. Only dogs with severe PTT developed PTS (p < 0.0001). The risk factors for the development of PTT include: a cranial osteotomy, a partially intact cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) in conjunction with a cranial osteotomy, and post-operative tibial tuberosity fracture. The only risk factor identified for the development of PTS was a partially intact CCL. Four dogs with PTS improved with conservative therapy and one improved with surgical treatment. Two dogs had tendon biopsies with histopathological review that showed tendon degeneration with lack of inflammation. As only the dogs with severe PTT develop PTS, a caudal osteotomy for the prevention of PTT and subsequent PTS is recommended.
Incomplete humeral condylar fracture in two English Pointer dogs
Authors: Martini F. M. , Zanichelli S. , Volta A. , Bertoni G. , Del Bue M. , Borghetti P. , Gnudi G. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryIncomplete humeral condylar fracture was diagnosed by means of radiology, CT, scintigraphy, arthroscopy and bone biopsy in two English Pointer dogs. In both cases an acute thoracic limb lameness, unrelated to a known episode of major trauma, was observed. Incomplete humeral condylar fracture, mainly described in the Spaniel breeds, has been recently diagnosed in Labrador retrievers, Rottweiler, German Wachtel and other breeds. The pathogenesis of the condition is still unknown, but incomplete ossification of the humeral condyle and mechanical stress, alone or associated, have to be considered. However, our clinical and histopathological data lead us to believe that in Pointers, high performance dogs, the mechanical stress can assume a critical ethiopathogenetic role.
Relationship between Metallic Implants and Cancer: A Case-Control Study in a Canine Population
Authors: Horn D. L. , Black J. , Stevenson Sharon , Li X. Q. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryTo assess the possible role of metallic implants in the development of local, systemic and remote site cancer, a case-controlled study was conducted in a canine population. The cases consisted of 222 dogs with tumours of any kind, preceded by a fracture and fixation between January 1979 and December 1990. The controls consisted of 1635 dogs who had fracture and fixation for fracture without a later development of tumour during the same time period, randomly selected from the same database. Age was found to be a strong positive predictor for the development of tumours. A significant protective effect on tumours other than bone and soft tissue tumour development was seen associated with internal fixation (P <0.05). There was not a significant increase of risk associated with metal materials for the development of bone and soft tissue tumours. Further study is needed to address the local effect of metallic implants on the development of bone and soft tissue tumours.A case-control study was conducted to assess the relationship of metallic implants and the development of cancer in a canine population. No significant positive association was found between metal materials and the development of bone and soft tissue tumours.
A Bioabsorbable Polymer for Collateral Ligament Repair in the Pig
Authors: Patton C. S. , McConnel R. F. , Ross R. , Shires G. M. H. , Korenek Nancy 
Published: March 2018

SummaryA bioabsorbable internal fixation device of a poly-L-isomer of lactic acid (PLLA) was used to repair the proximal attachment of the medial femorotibial collateral ligament (MCL) in six miniature Yucatan pigs and compared with metal screw fixation in four pigs. Healing was evaluated by physical examination, gross dissection of surgical sites and histological evaluation of bone ligament interface. Chemical stress analysis of the tack was also evaluated.The absorbable PLLA tack induced minimal tissue reaction and maintained sufficient apposition for healing of the MCL in the miniature Yucatan pigs. No postsurgical complications were noted in the experimental or control groups. All surgical implant procedures were considered successful in maintaining MCL apposition. This study suggests future potential for utilization of the PLLA tack for bioabsorbable implants in soft tissue or bone.A bioabsorbable internal fixation device of a poly-L-isomer of lactic acid was used to repair the proximal attachment of the medial femorotibial collateral ligament in pigs, and compared with metal screw fixation. No postsurgical complications were noted in either group. All surgical implant procedures were successful. This study suggests future potential for utilization of the tack for bioabsorbable implants in soft tissue or bone.
Vertical Ground Reaction Force Redistribution During Experimentally Induced Shoulder Lameness in Dogs
Authors: McLaughlin R. M. , Roush J. K. , Griffon Dominique 
Published: March 2018

SummaryThe redistribution of vertical ground reaction forces after surgically induced forelimb lameness was evaluated in five Greyhounds at the walk. Vertical ground reaction forces were measured by force plate analysis before, three days, and seven days after a craniolateral approach to the shoulder was performed unilaterally in each dog.At day # 3, peak vertical force was significantly decreased in the operated forelimbs and in the ipsilateral hindlimbs. Peak vertical force was significantly increased in the contralateral fore- and hindlimbs. The total peak vertical force applied to both forelimbs did not change, nor did the total force applied to both hindlimbs. At day # 7, peak vertical force in each of the four limbs had returned to preoperative levels. Results of this study document the redistribution of ground reaction forces (at the walk) between the four limbs in the dog after an acute, surgically induced forelimb lameness.The redistribution of ground reaction force was evaluated in five Greyhounds before and during forelimb lameness. Lameness was induced by a craniolateral approach to one shoulder in each dog. At day # 3 after surgery, peak vertical force was decreased in the operated forelimbs and ipsilateral hindlimbs. Peak vertical force was increased in the contralateral fore- and hindlimbs. The distribution of ground reaction force in the four limbs returned to preoperative values seven days after surgery.