bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contribution of Eggs and Other Cholesterol-containing Foods to Total Dietary Cholesterol Intake, and Their Influence on Serum Lipid Profile of Adults in Calabar, Nigeria
Authors: Onyenweaku Eridiong O. , Ene-Obong Henrietta N. , Oko Gregory E. , Williams Ima O. 
Published: July 2019

Aim: Eggs have sometimes been regarded as unhealthy foods due to their relatively high cholesterol content. The aim of this study is to determine contribution of eggs and other cholesterol containing food to total dietary cholesterol and their influence on serum lipid profile of adults.
Study Design: Cross sectional and experimental.
Place and Duration of Study: Department of Biochemistry, University of Calabar, Calabar. February to July 2017.
Methodology: A cross-sectional survey to determine consumption pattern was carried out on 400 respondents using food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and 24 hour dietary recall. The respondents were further grouped into four based on their reported weekly egg consumption. A detailed follow-up study was conducted on 50 participants selected from across the 4 groups, using a 3-day repeated 24 hour dietary recall to determine their consumption of egg and other cholesterol-containing foods. Serum blood lipid profile of these 50 participants was also determined using Randox cholesterol test kits. Food composition tables were used to calculate dietary cholesterol intake (DCI). The mean DCI of the 4 groups were cross-tabulated with mean serum cholesterol levels. Percentage contribution of eggs and other frequently consumed cholesterol-containing foods (such as milk and fish) to total DCI was calculated. Statistical significance was accepted at p = .05.
Results: For the follow-up participants, it was observed that results of correlations between DCI and the lipid profile parameters showed negative correlation (at p = .01) in both males and females, except slight positive correlations between cholesterol intake and HDL-c (r=0.191) among the males, and cholesterol with TC (r=0.265) among the females. Apart from this, no association was observed between DCI and the lipid profile parameters. Furthermore, the > 5eggs/week group had the lowest TC and LDL-c (4.23±0.19 mmol/L and 2.38±0.10 mmol/L). Based on the respondents’ consumption patterns, eggs (boiled and fried) contributed the highest- 34.8% to total DCI, followed by milk (15.9%); salad cream contributed lowest (0.3%) to total DCI.
Conclusion: Increased DCI from cholesterol-containing foods (such as eggs), did not cause an adverse increase in serum cholesterol levels of normocholesterolemic people.
Studies on Alzheimer Disease - Metformin Connection - A Brief Review
Authors: Prasad A. S. V. 
Published: July 2019

Metformin is the widely prescribed first line oral antidiabetic drug used in diabetes mellatus, type 2 . The global sales turnover of metformin runs into millions of dollars. The Increased risk of metformin (Met) users for developing Alzheimer disease (AD)is reported first in a study conducted in 2011. Since then, the subject has attracted the attention of the researchers as well as the pharmaceutical industry, resulting in a number of studies, both clinical as well as experiments on animals. Confusing results poured in , ranging from confirmation of the risk of AD to protection against developing AD , making the scenario, all the more intriguing . Added to the confusion, is the diversity of various studies as well as the parameters interpreting their results. Of the many clinical trials, some are retrospective cohort studies (Tseng Chin-Hsiao 2019) , case control studies (Imfeld P, et al.) Randomised studies (Hsu CC, et al.), double blind , cross over pilot studies. (Aaron Koenig et al.) and some longitudinal studies (Ng TP, et al.) , besides studies doing meta analysis . Of these studies most of the trials estimate the risk of development of dementia with metformin alone (Tseng Chin-Hsiao 2019) or in comparison with other OHAs (Hsu et al, Cheng et al.) .The other studies studied the effect of metformin on the cognition. (Moore EM, et al.). These trials have different out come measures, (like Hazard ratio, (HR) Odds(OR) ratio, relative risk (RR) etc.) which don’t mean one and the same. So the multiplicity of the types of studies and different out- comes with different conclusions will be surely baffling to an average reader who tries to take cognisance of the involved issues. The article attempts to take stock of the overall developments in this regard. The author adopted a reader friendly approach which is discussed in the article, at the outset. Finally, it is reiterated that future prospective studies only can resolve the conflict of opinion on the nexus between metformin and Alzheimer’s disease.
Synthesis, Physico-chemical and Antimicrobial Studies on Metal (II) Complexes with Schiff Base Derived from Salicylaldehyde and 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine
Authors: Mukhtar H. , Sani U. , Shettima U. A. 
Published: July 2019

Schiff base derived from salicylaldehyde and 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine was synthesized. Its Mn(II) and Fe(II) complexes (MnL2 and FeL2) were synthesized by refluxing the metal (II) chlorides with the Schiff base. All the compounds were characterized by melting point/decomposition temperature, solubility, molar conductance, magnetic susceptibility infrared analysis and UV - visible spectrophotometry. The composition of the complexes has been found to be 1:2 (Metal-Ligand) ratio. The complexes have low molar conductance values 6.39 -6.59 ohm-1 cm2 mol-1 indicating non-electrolytes. The Schiff base and its metal (II) complexes were screened for antibacterial activity against five bacterial isolates Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aureginosa and Staphylococcus aureus and three fungal isolates Fusarium solani, Aspergillus fumigates and Candida Albicans using good method. The results revealed that the complexes showed higher activity against the microorganisms compared to the Schiff base.
Application of Response Surface Methodology for Optimizing the Production of Bioethanol from Calabash (Crescentia cujete) Substrate Using Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Nwogwugwu N. U. , Abu G. O. , Akaranta O. , Chinakwe E. C. 
Published: July 2019

Aim: The study employed the Response surface methodology (RSM) model to optimize ethanol production from Calabash (Crescentia cujete) pulp juice using Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Study Design: The Calabash pulp was squeezed with muslin cloth, and vacuum filtered to clear solution before use. The clear juice was tested for reducing sugars using the Dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) method. Twenty three (23) runs, including 3 controls, of the fermentation was conducted at varying temperatures, pH, and volumes of inoculum.The process parameters (input variables): volumes of inoculum, temperature,and pH were subjected to response surface model, using the Central Composite Design (CCD).
Place and Duration of Study: This study was carried out in the Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, University of Port Harcourt for six months.
Methodology: Fermentation was done in conical flasks covered with cotton wool and foil in a stationary incubator for four days (96 hours). Active stock culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was used, with inoculum developed using Marcfaland’s method. Samples were collected every 24 hours, centrifuged, filtered and analyzed for measurement of the output variables: Reducing sugar, cell density and ethanol concentration.
Results: The concentration of reducing sugars from Calabash pulp was 3.2 mg/ml. Results obtained also revealed that the fermentation can take place on a wide range of temperature 25-40°C. The optimal pH range for performance of S. cerevisiae for the fermentation process was pH 5.0-6.5. The optimum volume of inoculum was 5.5%v/v (ie 5.5 ml in 94.5ml juice). The optimized process using the RSM model gave 6.19% v/v bioethanol.
Control: The bioethanol yield from Calabash substrate is reasonable considering the concentration of reducing sugars obtained from the juice and the duration of the fermentation.
Random Organic Nanolaser Arrays for Cryptographic Primitives
Authors: Feng Jiangang , Wen Wen , Wei Xiao , Jiang Xiangyu , Cao Moyuan , Wang Xuedong , Zhang Xiqi , Jiang Lei , Wu Yuchen 
Published: July 2019

AbstractNext‐generation high‐security cryptography and communication call for nondeterministic generation and efficient authentication of unclonable bit sequences. Physical unclonable functions using inherent randomness in material and device fabrication process have emerged as promising candidates for realizing one‐way cryptographic systems that avoid duplication and attacks. However, previous approaches suffer from the tradeoffs between low‐efficiency fabrication and complicated authentication. Here, all‐photonic cryptographic primitives by solution printing of organic nanolaser arrays with size‐dependent dual lasing emission are reported. The stochastic distribution of organic solution into discrete capillary bridges, triggered by high‐rate solvent evaporation, on a periodic topographical template yields organic single crystals with regulated position, alignment, and random size, which ensures high entropy. Stimulated emission from different vibrational sublevels and the intrinsic self‐absorption effect permit size‐dependent dual‐wavelength lasing emission at wavelengths of 660 and/or 720 nm, which can be efficiently encoded into quaternary cryptographic keys with high reliability. High entropy, solution‐processed programming and all‐photonic authentication of random organic nanolaser arrays facilitate their cryptographic implementation in secure communication with high throughput, efficiency, and low cost.
Shape Dependent Colloidal Deposition and Detachment
Authors: Torres‐Díaz Isaac , Jerri Huda A. , Benczédi Daniel , Bevan Michael A. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractModels of deposition and detachment dynamics of different shaped anisotropic colloids are reported to understand how equilibrium deposited amounts compare to spherical colloids. For different shaped colloids including spheres, ellipsoids, toroids, and buckled particles with varying aspect ratios, interaction potentials with substrates are computed using the Derjaguin approximation. Using these potentials, the Smoluchowski equation is used to model the dynamics of deposition and detachment versus particle–substrate attraction and aspect ratio for each particle shape. Average times for deposition and detachment and their ratio show steady‐state deposited amounts can be enhanced by several orders of magnitude for different particle shapes compared to spherical colloids of the same volume. From a mechanistic standpoint, the present findings indicate how local Gaussian curvature of different particle shapes can lead to stronger adhesive interactions, longer detachment times, and higher deposited amounts compared to spherical colloids, which provides general design rules for controlling and optimizing colloidal deposition.
Harnessing Solar‐Driven Photothermal Effect toward the Water–Energy Nexus
Authors: Zhang Chao , Liang Hong‐Qing , Xu Zhi‐Kang , Wang Zuankai 
Published: July 2019

AbstractProducing affordable freshwater has been considered as a great societal challenge, and most conventional desalination technologies are usually accompanied with large energy consumption and thus struggle with the trade‐off between water and energy, i.e., the water–energy nexus. In recent decades, the fast development of state‐of‐the‐art photothermal materials has injected new vitality into the field of freshwater production, which can effectively harness abundant and clean solar energy via the photothermal effect to fulfill the blue dream of low‐energy water purification/harvesting, so as to reconcile the water–energy nexus. Driven by the opportunities offered by photothermal materials, tremendous effort has been made to exploit diverse photothermal‐assisted water purification/harvesting technologies. At this stage, it is imperative and important to review the recent progress and shed light on the future trend in this multidisciplinary field. Here, a brief introduction of the fundamental mechanism and design principle of photothermal materials is presented, and the emerging photothermal applications such as photothermal‐assisted water evaporation, photothermal‐assisted membrane distillation, photothermal‐assisted crude oil cleanup, photothermal‐enhanced photocatalysis, and photothermal‐assisted water harvesting from air are summarized. Finally, the unsolved challenges and future perspectives in this field are emphasized. It is envisioned that this work will help arouse future research efforts to boost the development of solar‐driven low‐energy water purification/harvesting.
Concurrent Subthermionic and Strong Thermionic Transport in Inkjet‐Printed Indium Zinc Oxide/Silver Hybrid‐Channel Field‐Effect Transistors
Authors: Behera Sunil Kumar , Devabharathi Nehru , Pradhan Jyoti Ranjan , Mondal Sandeep Kumar , Dasgupta Subho 
Published: July 2019

AbstractSubthreshold slope of field‐effect transistors (FETs) less than the fundamental Boltzmann limit (60 mV dec−1 at 300 K) is demonstrated either using band‐to‐band tunneling or negative capacitance (NC) ferroelectric‐gate transistors. However, it is difficult to replicate both of these strategies in solution‐processed/printed FETs. Nonetheless, it is shown that the use of a metal–insulator–metal–semiconductor architecture alongside electrolyte gating can simultaneously create highly reproducible static negative capacitance behavior in printed FETs, resulting in subthermionic transport for over four decades of drain currents with a subthreshold slope as low as 16 mV dec−1, and thereafter a strong thermionic transport regime, characterized by an unprecedented On‐current of 195 µA µm−1, a transconductance of 215 µS µm, and a metal‐like On‐state resistance of only 96 Ω. The present device architecture is analogous to typical metal oxide semiconductor field‐effect transistor (MOSFET) geometry with printed amorphous indium zinc oxide (a‐IZO) as the semiconductor material, besides an additional metal layer on top of the a‐IZO channel that reduces the actual semiconducting channel dimension to the thickness of the printed a‐IZO layer. While the steep slope subthermionic transport regime can be utilized at wearable sensor interfaces, the high On‐currents/channel conductance can be used in optoelectronic applications, high‐current switches, and amplifiers.
A Social Network Analysis of Friendship and Spiritual Support in a Religious Congregation
Authors: Todd Nathan R. , Blevins Emily J. , Yi Jacqueline 
Published: July 2019

AbstractReligious congregations are social settings where people gather together in community to pursue the sacred (Pargament, 2008). Such settings are important to understand as they provide a context for individuals to develop relationships, share ideas and resources, and connect individuals to larger society (Todd, 2017a). Yet, research to date has not deeply examined the inherently relational nature of religious congregations. Thus, in this study, we used social settings theory (Seidman, 2012; Tseng & Seidman, 2007) to develop and test hypotheses about relationships within one Christian religious congregation. In particular, we used social network analysis to test hypotheses about relational activity, popularity, and homophily for friendship and spiritual support types of relational links. Our findings demonstrate how relational patterns may be linked to participation in congregational activities, occupying a leadership role, a sense of community and spiritual satisfaction, stratification, socialization, and spiritual support. Overall, this advances theory and research on the relational aspects of religious congregations, and more broadly to the literature on social settings. Limitations, directions for future research, and implications for theory and religious congregations also are discussed.
A guide to solution‐based additive manufacturing of polymeric structures: Ink design, porosity manipulation, and printing strategy
Authors: Zhang Fengyi , Ma Yao , Kondo Yuzuki , Breedveld Victor , Lively Ryan P. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThree‐dimensional (3D) printing of polymer solution is a rising research topic as it can utilize polymers without photoreactivity or melting points. Solution‐based additive manufacturing (SBAM) was recently reported to fabricate polymeric objects by depositing ternary polymeric inks (eg, solutions comprising polymer, volatile solvent, and nonvolatile nonsolvent), which undergo rapid phase inversion upon evaporation of a relatively small fraction of the volatile component, resulting in hierarchically porous filaments (eg, pores of diameters ranging from 2 nm to 10 μm). SBAM is conceptually compatible with any solution‐processable polymer, which significantly extends the 3D‐printable polymeric material spectrum. In addition to the architecture of the printed object, its internal porosity can be manipulated for different applications. Compared with typical direct ink writing of binary polymeric inks, which typically only contain the polymer and a volatile solvent, SBAM is capable of (a) eliminating evaporation‐induced shrinkage, and (b) creating nanopores without the need for templating additives or nanoscale nozzles. The development of SBAM processes involves optimization of polymer solution thermodynamics, rheological engineering and mass transfer control, which makes it challenging to develop an SBAM protocol for a new polymer. This paper provides a practical guide toward the development of ternary polymeric inks, the design of 3D printer hardware for SBAM, and the posttreatment of printed objects for desired porosity. It also discusses solutions to common challenges encountered during this new polymer processing technology. A case study of developing the optimal SBAM protocol for a commercial polyimide is provided to illustrate the process design.
Cyclopropanation of Terminal Alkenes through Sequential Atom‐Transfer Radical Addition/1,3‐Elimination
Authors: Tappin Nicholas D. C. , Michalska Weronika , Rohrbach Simon , Renaud Philippe 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAn operationally simple method to affect an atom‐transfer radical addition of commercially available ICH2Bpin to terminal alkenes has been developed. The intermediate iodide can be transformed in a one‐pot process into the corresponding cyclopropane upon treatment with a fluoride source. This method is highly selective for the cyclopropanation of unactivated terminal alkenes over non‐terminal alkenes and electron‐deficient alkenes. Due to the mildness of the procedure, a wide range of functional groups such as esters, amides, alcohols, ketones, and vinylic cyclopropanes are well tolerated.
Study on flow microstructure and scale‐up effect in circulating fluidized bed riser using solids concentration signals
Authors: Zhang Ya‐Wen , Gu Li‐Li , Zhu Jesse 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe dynamic microstructure in circulating fluidized beds (CFBs) is complex due to particle aggregation and particle–wall interactions. Based on the local solids concentration time series from a twin–riser CFB system of 10 m high and 76.2 mm (3 in.) and 203 mm (8 in.) id with FCC particles (dp = 67 μm, ρp = 1,500 kg/m3), the dynamic microstructure and scale‐up effect were studied using nonlinear chaos analysis after an improved denoising signal process. The analysis shows that for the local solids concentration time series in the whole riser, the solids concentrations in the larger (8 in.) riser are higher and have higher fluctuation frequency than those in the 3‐in. riser. The pressure drops at the various axial levels of the 8‐in. riser are higher than the 3‐in. riser. Correlation dimension and Kolmogorov entropy in the 8‐in. riser are also higher than those in the 3‐in. riser under the identical condition. The microstructure of the gas–particle flow in the 8‐in. riser appears to be more complex than that in the 3‐in. riser at identical axial levels and under the same solids flux and superficial gas velocity. In the larger riser, the energy distribution in wavelet domain is also stronger than that in the 3‐in. riser. Clearly, the scale‐up effect is very notable in CFB reactors, not only on the macroscale level but also on the microscale level. Such effect should be considered during designing and operating commercial size CFB reactors.
Graft modification of methyl acrylate onto chicken feather via surface initiated Cu(0)‐mediated reversible‐deactivation radical polymerization
Authors: Chen Sikai , Hori Naruhito , Kajiyama Mikio , Takemura Akio 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACTIn this study, chicken feather was functionalized with 2‐Bromoisobutyryl bromide (BIBB) where methyl acrylate (MA) was grafted through Cu(0)‐mediated reversible‐deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP) catalyzed by copper wire. Feather‐g‐PMAs with three different target degrees of polymerization (Dp) were prepared fast. Besides, molecular mass of PMA was closely associated with the theoretical value; PMA also exhibited relatively low polydispersity (~1.17). The catalyst was removed through simple washing, and thus a colorless product was yielded. However, Cu(0)‐mediated RDRP in the presence of the unmodified chicken feather caused the loss of control. Feather‐g‐PMA with a short graft chain exhibited a uniform interface coated on the feather fiber. Because the grafted PMA and the feather substrate had a strong interaction, and the graft ratio was less, there was only one stage of decomposition, and no glass transition temperature was detected. We detected a rough surface on feather‐g‐PMA with a longer graft chain and observed the glass transition of PMA and obviously two stages of decomposition. After densely graft, the hydrophilicity of chicken feather decreased. These feather‐g‐PMAs exhibited better compatibility in organic solvents (e.g., acetone and toluene). © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 48246.
Ambient temperature‐mediated enzymic activities and intestinal microflora in Lymantria dispar larvae
Authors: Zeng JianYong , Shi ZhongBin , Shi JianHong , Guo JiaXing , Zhang GuoCai , Zhang Jie 
Published: July 2019

AbstractTo understand how ambient temperature affect the gypsy moth larvae, and provide a theoretical basis for pest control in different environments. Fourth instar gypsy moth larvae were incubating for 3 hr at 15℃, 20℃, 25℃, 30℃, 35℃, and 40℃, respectively. Afterward, digestive and antioxidant enzyme activities, total antioxidant capacity, and intestinal microflora community were analyzed to reveal how the caterpillars respond to ambient temperature stress. Results showed that both digestive and antioxidant enzymes were regulated by the ambient temperature. The optimum incubation temperatures of protease, amylase, trehalase, and lipase in gypsy moth larvae were 30℃, 25℃, and 20℃, respectively. When the incubation temperature was deviated optimum temperatures, digestive enzyme activities would be downregulated depending on the extent of temperature stress. In addition, glutathione S‐transferase, peroxidase, catalase, and polyphenol oxidase would be activated under a sufferable temperature stress, but superoxide dismutase and carboxylesterase (CarE) would be inhibited. In addition, results showed that the top two abundant phyla were Proteobacteria and Firmicutes. The phylum Firmicutes abundance was decreased and phylum Proteobacteria abundance was increased by ambient temperature stress. Moreover, it suggested that gypsy moth caterpillars at different ambient temperature mainly differed from each other by Escherichia‐Shigella and Bifidobacterium in control, Acinetobacter in T15, and Lactobacillus in T40, respectively.