bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Topical Rho-Associated Kinase Inhibitor, Y27632, Accelerates Corneal Endothelial Regeneration in a Canine Cryoinjury Model
Authors: Miyagi Hidetaka , Kim Soohyun , Li Jennifer , Murphy Christopher J. , Thomasy Sara M. 
Published: December 2018

Purpose:
Corneal endothelial cell regeneration varies by species, with nonhuman primates (NHPs) and rabbits displaying low and high proliferative capacities, respectively. Recent studies report that topical application of rho-associated kinase (ROCK) inhibitors accelerates corneal endothelial wound healing in animal models and human patients with endothelial dysfunction. This study determines the regenerative capacity of canine corneal endothelial cells in vivo and their response to a topical ROCK inhibitor, Y27632, after transcorneal freezing.

Methods:
Right eyes of 6 beagles underwent transcorneal freezing; 10 mM ROCK inhibitor Y27632 or vehicle control was applied topically to both eyes at least 4 times daily for 56 days. Endothelial cell density was evaluated by in vivo confocal microscopy, and corneal thickness was measured by Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography (FD-OCT) and ultrasound pachymetry.

Results:
Transcorneal freezing induced severe central corneal edema in dogs, with restoration of transparency occurring within 4 weeks. Y27632 significantly decreased corneal thickness by FD-OCT and ultrasound pachymetry in the acute phase and significantly increased endothelial cell density at days 28 and 42 post-cryoinjury, suggesting faster restoration of endothelial cell recovery.

Conclusions:
Canine corneal endothelial function recovers at a similar rate as NHPs but more slowly than rabbits after cryoinjury. Faster corneal endothelial wound healing was observed by in vivo confocal microscopy and FD-OCT in dogs treated with Y27632 versus vehicle controls. Thus, a canine cryoinjury model may be a useful alternative to NHPs in detecting a response to therapies directed at endothelial regeneration.
Comparison of the Intraocular Pressure Measured Using the New Rebound Tonometer Icare ic100 and Icare TA01i or Goldmann Applanation Tonometer
Authors: Nakakura Shunsuke , Mori Etsuko , Fujio Yuki , Fujisawa Yasuko , Matsuya Kanae , Kobayashi Yui , Tabuchi Hitoshi , Asaoka Ryo , Kiuchi Yoshiaki 
Published: December 2018

Purpose:
We evaluated the agreement between the intraocular pressure (IOP) values of new rebound tonometer, Icare ic100, and Icare TA01i or Goldmann applanation tonometer (GAT).

Methods:
We studied one eye each of 106 subjects (57 with primary open-angle glaucoma, 49 healthy subjects). IOP was randomly measured twice with the patient in sitting position using the Icare ic100, Icare TA01i, and GAT. Tonometer measurements were evaluated using Bland-Altman analysis. The relationship between IOP difference (Icare ic100-GAT) and age, sex, disease, axial length, central corneal thickness (CCT), and corneal curvature was investigated using multivariate regression analysis.

Results:
IOPs measured using Icare ic100, Icare TA01i, and GAT were 11.7±3.0 (mean±standard deviation), 12.2±2.9, and 16.0±3.2 mm Hg, respectively (P<0.001, one-way analysis of variance). Icare ic100 showed significantly lower IOPs than GAT (P<0.05), but not than Icare TA01 (P>0.05; Tukey-Kramer test). Bland-Altman analysis revealed that the mean differences between Icare ic100 and Icare TA01i and those between Icare ic100 and GAT were −0.46 and −4.2 mm Hg, respectively (95% limits of agreement, −3.35 to 2.42 and −10.10 to 1.61 mm Hg, respectively). For IOP differences between Icare ic100 and GAT, parameters selected in the optimal model were CCT (coefficient, 20.3, P=0.029), corneal curvature (3.0, P=0.020), and glaucoma-normal (−1.0, P=0.004).

Conclusions:
The new rebound tonometer Icare ic100 almost constantly showed IOPs lower than GAT. The difference was affected by CCT, corneal curvature, and disease.
Islet-cell autoantigen 69 mediates the antihyperalgesic effects of electroacupuncture on inflammatory pain by regulating spinal glutamate receptor subunit 2 phosphorylation through protein interacting with C-kinase 1 in mice
Authors: Han Kunyuan , Zhang Anqi , Mo Yunchang , Mao Tingting , Ji Binbin , Li Dan , Zhuang Xiuxiu , Qian Meizi , Chen Shuangdong , Wang Zhen , Wang Junlu 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Electroacupuncture (EA) is widely used in clinical settings to reduce inflammatory pain. Islet-cell autoantigen 69 (ICA69) has been reported to regulate long-lasting hyperalgesia in mice. ICA69 knockout led to reduced protein interacting with C-kinase 1 (PICK1) expression and increased glutamate receptor subunit 2 (GluR2) phosphorylation at Ser880 in spinal dorsal horn. In this study, we evaluated the role of ICA69 in the antihyperalgesic effects of EA and the underlying mechanism through regulation of GluR2 and PICK1 in spinal dorsal horn. Hyperalgesia was induced in mice with subcutaneous plantar injection of complete Freund adjuvant (CFA) to cause inflammatory pain. Electroacupuncture was then applied for 30 minutes every other day after CFA injection. When compared with CFA group, paw withdrawal frequency of CFA+EA group was significantly decreased. Remarkable increases in Ica1 mRNA expression and ICA69 protein levels on the ipsilateral side were detected in the CFA+EA group. ICA69 expression reached the peak value around day 3. More importantly, ICA69 deletion impaired the antihyperalgesic effects of EA on GluR2-p, but PICK1 deletion could not. Injecting ICA69 peptide into the intrathecal space of ICA69-knockout mice mimicked the effects of EA analgesic and inhibited GluR2-p. Electroacupuncture had no effects on the total protein of PICK1 and GluR2. And, EA could increase the formation of ICA69-PICK1 complexes and decrease the amount of PICK1-GluR2 complexes. Our findings indicate that ICA69 mediates the antihyperalgesic effects of EA on CFA-induced inflammatory pain by regulating spinal GluR2 through PICK1 in mice.
Kappa opioid signaling in the central nucleus of the amygdala promotes disinhibition and aversiveness of chronic neuropathic pain
Authors: Navratilova Edita , Ji Guangchen , Phelps Caroline , Qu Chaoling , Hein Matthew , Yakhnitsa Vadim , Neugebauer Volker , Porreca Frank 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Chronic pain is associated with neuroplastic changes in the amygdala that may promote hyper-responsiveness to mechanical and thermal stimuli (allodynia and hyperalgesia) and/or enhance emotional and affective consequences of pain. Stress promotes dynorphin-mediated signaling at the kappa opioid receptor (KOR) in the amygdala and mechanical hypersensitivity in rodent models of functional pain. Here, we tested the hypothesis that KOR circuits in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) undergo neuroplasticity in chronic neuropathic pain resulting in increased sensory and affective pain responses. After spinal nerve ligation (SNL) injury in rats, pretreatment with a long-acting KOR antagonist, nor-binaltorphimine (nor-BNI), subcutaneously or through microinjection into the right CeA, prevented conditioned place preference (CPP) to intravenous gabapentin, suggesting that nor-BNI eliminated the aversiveness of ongoing pain. By contrast, systemic or intra-CeA administration of nor-BNI had no effect on tactile allodynia in SNL animals. Using whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology, we found that nor-BNI decreased synaptically evoked spiking of CeA neurons in brain slices from SNL but not sham rats. This effect was mediated through increased inhibitory postsynaptic currents, suggesting tonic disinhibition of CeA output neurons due to increased KOR activity as a possible mechanism promoting ongoing aversive aspects of neuropathic pain. Interestingly, this mechanism is not involved in SNL-induced mechanical allodynia. Kappa opioid receptor antagonists may therefore represent novel therapies for neuropathic pain by targeting aversive aspects of ongoing pain while preserving protective functions of acute pain.
Effectiveness of Venlafaxine in Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor–Resistant Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Authors: Balachander Srinivas , Kodancha Prabhath Gujjadi , Arumugham Shyam Sundar , Sekharan Jaisoorya T. , Narayanaswamy Janardhanan C. , Reddy YC Janardhan 
Published: December 2018

Abstract

Background
Despite its favorable pharmacological profile and efficacy in major depression and anxiety disorders, evidence for the use of venlafaxine in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is limited. We sought to examine the real-world effectiveness of venlafaxine from a large database of an OCD clinic in India.

Methods
A total of 1704 consecutive patients who registered at the OCD clinic between June 2014 and December 2016 were evaluated with structured interviews and scales. Patients with symptomatic OCD (Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Severity ≥16) despite treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and initiated on venlafaxine were included for analysis. The main outcome measures were response as defined by 35% or more reduction in the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Severity total score and “all-cause discontinuation.”

Results
Of a total of 65 patients who were eligible for analysis, 29(45%) were responders at the end of 16 weeks and 27 (42%) continued to remain on venlafaxine. Repeated measures analysis of variance yielded significant reduction in the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Severity total score (F(1.29, 82.4) = 56.54, P < 0.001, partial η2 = 0.469). On regression analysis, only lower insight (P = 0.048) predicted poor response.

Conclusions
The study suggests that venlafaxine may be useful in a proportion of patients with poor response to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and therefore requires to be studied in controlled trials.
Causes of acute respiratory failure in the immunocompromised host
Authors: Ferreyro Bruno L. , Munshi Laveena 
Published: December 2018

Purpose of review
A wide spectrum of heterogeneous conditions can render a patient immunocompromised. Recent years have seen an increase in the number of immunocompromised patients given the earlier detection of conditions that require immunosuppressive therapies, changes in immunosuppressive regimens leading to increased survival or novel therapeutic advancements in oncologic care. Acute respiratory failure (ARF) is the leading cause of critical illness and mortality in this population. This review highlights the spectrum of causes of ARF in immunocompromised patients with a particular focus on acute toxicities of novel oncologic treatments.

Recent findings
Recent years have seen improved survival amongst critically ill immunocompromised patients with ARF. This is likely attributable to patient selection of immunosuppressive therapy, improved noninvasive microbiologic diagnostic techniques, improved antimicrobial prophylaxis, treatment, stewardship, and advancements in supportive care including intensive care. Infectious complications remain the leading cause of ARF in this population. However, one of the greatest challenges physicians continue to face is accurate identification of the cause of ARF, given the vast (and increasing) noninfectious causes of ARF across these patients. Emerging therapies, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy (CAR T-cell) have contributed to this problem. Finally, undetermined ARF is reported in approximately 13% of immunocompromised and is associated with a worse prognosis.

Summary
Infectious complications are still the leading cause of ARF in immunocompromised patients. However, noninfectious complications, derived from the underlying disease or treatment, should be always considered, including novel therapies, such as ICIs and CAR T cells. Further research should focus in improving the diagnostic rate in this subgroup.
Rare respiratory diseases in the ICU: when to suspect them and specific approaches
Authors: Gibelin Aude , Parrot Antoine , Fartoukh Muriel , de Prost Nicolas 
Published: December 2018

Purpose of review
A prompt identification of the cause of acute respiratory failure (ARF)/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is required in order to initiate a targeted treatment. Yet, almost 10% of ARDS patients have no identified ARDS risk factor at ARDS diagnosis. Numerous rare causes of ARF have been reported in this setting. The purpose of this review is to delineate the main rare causes of ARF/ARDS and to provide clinicians with a pragmatic diagnostic work-up.

Recent findings
Recent epidemiological data have proposed the identification of a subgroup of ARDS patients lacking exposure to common risk factors. These can be categorized as having immune, drug-induced, malignant and idiopathic diseases. A standardized diagnostic work-up including chest imaging, the objective assessment of left heart filling pressures, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid microbiological investigations and cytological analysis, immunological tests and search for pneumotoxic drugs may allow for identifying the cause of ARF in most cases. Open lung biopsy should be considered in other cases.

Summary
A prompt identification of the cause of ARF is required to initiate a targeted treatment. Patients with no identified ARDS risk factor should undergo a comprehensive and hierarchized diagnostic work-up.
New physiological insights in ventilation during cardiopulmonary resuscitation
Authors: Cordioli Ricardo L. , Grieco Domenico L. , Charbonney Emmanuel , Richard Jean-Christophe , Savary Dominique 
Published: December 2018

Purpose of review
In the setting of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), classical physiological concept about ventilation become challenging. Ventilation may exert detrimental hemodynamic effects that must be balanced with its expected benefits. The risks of hyperventilation have been thoroughly addressed, even questioning the need for ventilation, emphasizing the need to prioritize chest compression quality. However, ventilation is mandatory for adequate gas exchange as soon as CPR is prolonged. Factors affecting the capability of chest compressions to produce alveolar ventilation are poorly understood. In this review, we discuss the conventional interpretation of interactions between ventilation and circulation, from the perspective of novel physiological observations.

Recent findings
Many patients with cardiac arrest exhibit ‘intrathoracic airway closure.’ This phenomenon is associated with lung volume reduction, impedes chest compressions to generate ventilation and overall limits the delivered ventilation. This phenomenon can be reversed by the application of small levels of positive end-expiratory pressure. Also, a novel interpretation of the capnogram can rate the magnitude of this phenomenon, contributing to clarify the physiological meaning of exhaled CO2 and may help assess the real amount of delivered ventilation.

Summary
Recent advances in the understanding of ventilatory physiology during CPR shows that capnogram analysis not only provides information on the quality of resuscitation but also on the amount of ventilation produced by chest compressions and on the total amount of ventilation.
Weight stigma and its impact on paediatric care
Authors: Palad Carl J. , Yarlagadda Siddharth , Stanford Fatima Cody 
Published: December 2018

Purpose of review
This review aims to evaluate current research findings relevant to weight stigmatization, to acknowledge the deleterious impact it has on the health of the paediatric population and to provide insight to optimize future guidelines for the treatment of individuals with overweight and obesity.

Recent findings
Obesity prevalence continues to rise in the USA with estimates in children from ages 2–19 years of 18.5%, an all-time high. With the increase in obesity, there has been a concomitant increase in weight stigma, which affects both youth and general population across varied levels of socioeconomic status and body sizes.

Summary
Weight stigma is a contributing phenomenon to the current obesity epidemic, as individuals with stigmatized experiences (weight-based teasing, bullying, victimization) have increased risks for acquiring adverse health outcomes that encompass the physical, behavioural and psychological. Weight stigma can also lead affected individuals to internalize such experiences which decrease their overall quality of life. Sources of stigma may come from peers, family, educators, media, as well as healthcare professionals, as highlighted in this review. Efforts to establish prevention and treatment strategies for weight stigma may generate further traction to help improve global obesity rates.

Video abstract

http://links.lww.com/COE/A15
The diagnostic performance of a simplified blood test (SteatoTest-2) for the prediction of liver steatosis
Authors: Poynard Thierry , Peta Valentina , Munteanu Mona , Charlotte Frederic , Ngo Yen , Ngo An , Perazzo Hugo , Deckmyn Olivier , Pais Raluca , Mathurin Philippe , Myers Rob , Loomba Rohit , Ratziu Vlad 
Published: December 2018

Background
Serum biomarkers of steatosis such as the SteatoTest are recommended for large-scale screening studies, because imaging is less accessible and more expensive.

Aims
The primary aim of this retrospective analysis of prospective studies was to construct a new SteatoTest-2 that was not inferior to the reference first-generation SteatoTest, but that did not include BMI or bilirubin, as these two components can increase test variability because of the assessment of weight and height and in case of Gilbert syndrome or hemolysis, respectively.

Patients and methods
Five different subsets of 2997 patients with biopsies were evaluated for test construction and validation, and four to assess the prevalence of steatosis in target populations with increasing risks of steatosis. The performance of the SteatoTest-2 was compared with the reference test, using the noninferiority test (0.10 margin) and the Lin concordance coefficient.

Results
Areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the SteatoTest-2 were noninferior to the reference test (P<0.001). Areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve varied in the SteatoTest-2 and the reference test according to subsets and the prevalence of steatosis, with 0.772 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.713–0.820] versus 0.786 (95% CI: 0.729–0.832) in the 2997 cases with biopsy and 0.822 (95% CI: 0.810–0.834) versus 0.868 (95% CI: 0.858–0.878) in the 5776 cases including healthy individuals without risk factors of steatosis as controls, respectively. The Lin coefficient was highly concordant (P<0.001), from 0.74 (95% CI: 0.74–0.74) in presumed NAFLD to 0.91 (95% CI: 0.89–0.93) in the construction subset.

Conclusion
The SteatoTest-2 is simpler and noninferior to the first-generation SteatoTest for the diagnosis of steatosis, without the limitations of BMI and bilirubin.
Indirect Estimation of Race/Ethnicity for Survey Respondents Who Do Not Report Race/Ethnicity
Authors: Dembosky Jacob W. , Haviland Amelia M. , Haas Ann , Hambarsoomian Katrin , Weech-Maldonado Robert , Wilson-Frederick Shondelle M. , Gaillot Sarah , Elliott Marc N. 
Published: December 2018

Background:
Researchers are increasingly interested in measuring race/ethnicity, but some survey respondents skip race/ethnicity items.

Objectives:
The main objectives of this study were to investigate the extent to which racial/ethnic groups differ in skipping race/ethnicity survey items, the degree to which this reflects reluctance to disclose race/ethnicity, and the utility of imputing missing race/ethnicity.

Research Design:
We applied a previously developed method for imputing race/ethnicity from administrative data (Medicare Bayesian Improved Surname and Geocoding 2.0) to data from a national survey where race/ethnicity was usually self-reported, but was sometimes missing. A linear mixed-effects regression model predicted the probability of self-reporting race/ethnicity from imputed racial/ethnic probabilities.

Subjects:
In total, 508,497 Medicare beneficiaries responding to the 2013–2014 Medicare Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems surveys were included in this study.

Measures:
Self-reported race/ethnicity and estimated racial/ethnic probabilities.

Results:
Black beneficiaries were most likely to not self-report their race/ethnicity (6.6%), followed by Hispanic (4.7%) and Asian/Pacific Islander (4.7%) beneficiaries. Non-Hispanic whites were the least likely to skip these items (3.2%). The 3.7% overall rate of missingness is similar to adjacent demographic items. General patterns of item missingness rather than a specific reluctance to disclose race/ethnicity appears to explain the elevated rate of missing race/ethnicity among Asian/Pacific Islander and Hispanic beneficiaries and most but not all among Black beneficiaries. Adding imputed cases to the data set did not substantially alter the estimated overall racial/ethnic distribution, but it did modestly increase sample size and statistical power.

Conclusions:
It may be worthwhile to impute race/ethnicity when this information is unavailable in survey data sets due to item nonresponse, especially when missingness is high.
Direct detection, capsular typing and β-lactamase resistance genes in Haemophilus influenzae isolated from sinusitis samples
Authors: Eshaghi Hamid , Abdolsalehi Mohammad R. , Mohammadi Mohsen , Khodabandeh Mahmoud , Kafshgari Ramin , Pournajaf Abazar , Hasannejad-Bibalan Meysam , Yaghoubi Sajad , Torki Alireza , Gholami Mehrdad 
Published: December 2018

Objective:

Haemophilus influenzae is the causative agent of invasive and noninvasive infections such as chronic obstructive lung disease exacerbation, sinusitis, otitis media, and conjunctivitis. The study was undertaken to direct detection, capsular typing, and investigate the occurrence of β-lactamase resistance genes in H. influenzae strains isolated from sinusitis samples.

Materials and methods:
We investigated the presence of H influenzae in 137 sinusitis samples obtained from the patients had referred to Rasoole-Akram Hospital in Tehran in 2017. DNA extraction was performed according to the QIAamp kit. polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification was performed with specific primers to determine H. influenzae and capsular-typing and to detect resistance genes.

Results:
Eleven samples were positive for the presence of H. influenzae. Overall, 5, 2, and 4 isolates were H. influenzae type b, type A, and nontypeable H. influenzae, respectively. Of 11 isolates of H. influenzae, only two isolates (18%) were β-lactamase positive and carried the TEM-1 gene, but others were negative for the ROB-1 gene. As well, the current study showed that 45.5% (n; five of 11 encapsulated H. influenzae) of isolates were type b, which were the predominant types.

Conclusion:
Our data suggest that the conventional PCR can help increase detection rates of bacterial cause of sinusitis and resistance genes in clinical samples for effective treatment in individual sensitive to invasive infection.
Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum DNA and RNA in Semen of a Syphilis Patient Without Genital or Anal Lesions
Authors: Godornes Charmie , Ciccarese Giulia , Drago Francesco , Giacani Lorenzo 
Published: December 2018

Abstract

Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum DNA and RNA were detected in a semen specimen of a syphilis patient with no genital or anal sores and no clinically evident orchitis. No nucleic acids were found in a urine sample of the same patient collected immediately before the semen sample. Exposure to the syphilis agent through semen could account for transmission episodes in the absence of direct contact with a syphilitic sore.