bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Role of Stern‐ and Diffuse‐Layer Polarization Mechanisms in Porous Media
Authors: Bücker Matthias , Flores Orozco Adrián , Undorf Sabine , Kemna Andreas 
Published: May 2019

AbstractWater‐saturated porous media exhibit a low‐frequency (<1 MHz) dispersion of the electrical conductivity caused by the polarization of the electrical double layer (EDL) coating the charged solid‐liquid interface. We develop a mathematical framework describing the polarization caused by field‐induced perturbations of the ion densities in the Stern and the diffuse layer of the EDL for two different geometrical configurations of solid and liquid phase. For spherical grains immersed in an electrolyte we derive an improved analytical description by combining suitable models for diffuse‐ and Stern‐layer polarization. The selected models differ from those usually used in geophysical literature and improve the agreement with the corresponding finite‐element solution significantly. We then employ the validated finite‐element model to examine the EDL in a pore‐constriction geometry, which is often used to study membrane polarization. Here, a suitable analytical model can only be set up for a pure diffuse‐layer polarization. The results for the coupled Stern‐ and diffuse‐layer polarization in both geometries indicate that (1) the polarization of the Stern layer is much stronger than the polarization of the diffuse layer as long as the EDL is not connected at the system scale; (2) this dominance of the Stern‐layer polarization can be observed in both geometries, but (3) the contribution of the diffuse layer increases with increasing compaction as represented by the pore‐constriction geometry; and (4) the contributions of both parts of the EDL reach similar levels, when the EDLs on different surfaces are interconnected at the system scale.
Aperture‐Synthesis Radar Imaging With Compressive Sensing for Ionospheric Research
Authors: Hysell D. L. , Sharma P. , Urco M. , Milla M. A. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractInverse methods involving compressive sensing are tested in the application of two‐dimensional aperture‐synthesis imaging of radar backscatter from field‐aligned plasma density irregularities in the ionosphere. We consider basis pursuit denoising, implemented with the fast iterative shrinkage thresholding algorithm, and orthogonal matching pursuit (OMP) with a wavelet basis in the evaluation. These methods are compared with two more conventional optimization methods rooted in entropy maximization (MaxENT) and adaptive beamforming (linearly constrained minimum variance or often “Capon's Method.”) Synthetic data corresponding to an extended ionospheric radar target are considered. We find that MaxENT outperforms the other methods in terms of its ability to recover imagery of an extended target with broad dynamic range. Fast iterative shrinkage thresholding algorithm performs reasonably well but does not reproduce the full dynamic range of the target. It is also the most computationally expensive of the methods tested. OMP is very fast computationally but prone to a high degree of clutter in this application. We also point out that the formulation of MaxENT used here is very similar to OMP in some respects, the difference being that the former reconstructs the logarithm of the image rather than the image itself from basis vectors extracted from the observation matrix. MaxENT could in that regard be considered a form of compressive sensing.
Clinical characteristics of liver failure with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis
Authors: Dong Jinling , Xie Fang , Jia Lin , Li Juan , Hu Zhongjie , Zhu Yueke , Yu Hongwei , Zhao Yujuan , Yao Qinwei , Meng Qinghua 
Published: May 2019

AbstractLiver failure with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a life-threatening syndrome with high mortality. The aim of this study was to decipher clinical and laboratory characteristics of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis after definite diagnosis of liver failure and to provide clues for early diagnosis and treatment of HLH in patients with liver failure. Eleven patients diagnosed with liver failure and HLH were retrospectively investigated in this study. All patients presented with jaundice, persistent high-grade fever, pancytopenia, splenomegaly, evidence of hemophagocytes in the bone marrow and laboratory abnormalities indicating HLH. The average interval from the earliest diagnosis of liver failure to a definitive diagnosis of HLH was 17.27 days. Six (54.55%) patients died during follow-up. For patients with liver failure after admission and subsequently definitively diagnosed with HLH, bilirubin and INR were significantly decreased. HLH is definitely diagnosed at an intermediate or late stage when patients have already suffered from liver failure. The initial dose of glucocorticoid (methylprednisolone) was decreased to 1–1.5 mg/kg/d and gradually reduced thereafter. In conclusion, for patients with liver failure, HLH should be screened as early as possible upon persistent fever, splenomegaly and unexplained pancytopenia. For patients with liver failure and HLH, the dosage of glucocorticoid should be reduced to avoid serious side effects.
Generation of a fully erythromycin-sensitive strain of Clostridioides difficile using a novel CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing system
Authors: Ingle Patrick , Groothuis Daphne , Rowe Peter , Huang He , Cockayne Alan , Kuehne Sarah A. , Jiang Weihong , Gu Yang , Humphreys Christopher M. , Minton Nigel P. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractUnderstanding the molecular pathogenesis of Clostridioides difficile has relied on the use of ermB-based mutagens in erythromycin-sensitive strains. However, the repeated subcultures required to isolate sensitive variants can lead to the acquisition of ancillary mutations that affect phenotype, including virulence. CRISPR-Cas9 allows the direct selection of mutants, reducing the number of subcultures and thereby minimising the likelihood of acquiring additional mutations. Accordingly, CRISPR-Cas9 was used to sequentially remove from the C. difficile 630 reference strain (NCTC 13307) two ermB genes and pyrE. The genomes of the strains generated (630Δerm* and 630Δerm*ΔpyrE, respectively) contained no ancillary mutations compared to the NCTC 13307 parental strain, making these strains the preferred option where erythromycin-sensitive 630 strains are required. Intriguingly, the cas9 gene of the plasmid used contained a proximal frameshift mutation. Despite this, the frequency of mutant isolation was high (96% and 89% for ermB and pyrE, respectively) indicating that a functional Cas9 is still being produced. Re-initiation of translation from an internal AUG start codon would produce a foreshortened protein lacking a RuvCI nucleolytic domain, effectively a ‘nickase’. The mutation allowed cas9 to be cloned downstream of the strong Pthl promoter. It may find application elsewhere where the use of strong, constitutive promoters is preferred.
Resonance excitation of surface capillary waves to enhance material removal for laser material processing
Authors: Ly Sonny , Guss Gabe , Rubenchik Alexander M. , Keller Wesley J. , Shen Nan , Negres Raluca A. , Bude Jeff 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe results of detailed experiments and high fidelity modeling of melt pool dynamics, droplet ejections and hole drilling produced by periodic modulation of laser intensity are presented. Ultra-high speed imaging revealed that melt pool oscillations can drive large removal of material when excited at the natural oscillation frequency. The physics of capillary surface wave excitation is discussed and simulation is provided to elucidate the experimental results. The removal rates and drill through times as a function of driving frequency is investigated. The resonant removal mechanism is driven by both recoil momentum and thermocapillary force but the key observation is the latter effect does not require evaporation of material, which can significantly enhance the efficiency for laser drilling process. We compared the drilling of holes through a 2 mm-thick Al plate at modulation frequencies up to 20 kHz. At the optimal frequency of 8 kHz, near the resonant response of the melt pool, the drilling efficiency is greater than 10x with aspect ratio of 12:1, and without the collateral damage that is observed in unmodulated CW drilling.
CSN5 inhibition triggers inflammatory signaling and Rho/ROCK-dependent loss of endothelial integrity
Authors: Majolée Jisca , Pronk Manon C. A. , Jim Kin K. , van Bezu Jan S. M. , van der Sar Astrid M. , Hordijk Peter L. , Kovačević Igor 
Published: May 2019

AbstractRhoGTPases regulate cytoskeletal dynamics, migration and cell-cell adhesion in endothelial cells. Besides regulation at the level of guanine nucleotide binding, they also undergo post-translational modifications, for example ubiquitination. RhoGTPases are ubiquitinated by Cullin RING ligases which are in turn regulated by neddylation. Previously we showed that inhibition of Cullin RING ligase activity by the neddylation inhibitor MLN4924 is detrimental for endothelial barrier function, due to accumulation of RhoB and the consequent induction of contractility. Here we analyzed the effect of pharmacological activation of Cullin RING ligases on endothelial barrier integrity in vitro and in vivo. CSN5i-3 induced endothelial barrier disruption and increased macromolecule leakage in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, CSN5i-3 strongly induced the expression and activation of RhoB and to lesser extent of RhoA in endothelial cells, which enhanced cell contraction. Elevated expression of RhoGTPases was a consequence of activation of the NF-κB pathway. In line with this notion, CSN5i-3 treatment decreased IκBα expression and increased NF-κB-mediated ICAM-1 expression and consequent adhesion of neutrophils to endothelial cells. This study shows that sustained neddylation of Cullin RING-ligases leads to activation the NF-κB pathway in endothelial cells, elevated expression of RhoGTPases, Rho/ROCK-dependent activation of MLC and disruption of the endothelial barrier.
Cholesterol efflux capacity assay using immobilized liposomes and apolipoprotein B-depleted serum
Authors: Sapa Hima Rani 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC), an important functional step in reverse cholesterol transport, is the main anti-atherosclerotic function of high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Assays that improve the determination of CEC ex vivo for clinical applications are constantly explored. In the accompanying article, Horiuchi et al. (Biosci. Rep. (2019) 39(4), BSR20190213) evaluate the availability of apolipoprotein B-depleted serum for CEC assays. Using their recently developed immobilized liposome-bound gel beads (ILG) method, Horiuchi et al. demonstrate that apolipoprotein B-depleted serum obtained with poly ethylene glycol precipitation enables CEC assays to be easily and accurately introduced into laboratory medicine.
Revisiting the pulsational characteristics of the exoplanet host starβPictoris
Authors: Zwintz K. , Reese D. R. , Neiner C. , Pigulski A. , Kuschnig R. , Müllner M. , Zieba S. , Abe L. , Guillot T. , Handler G. , Kenworthy M. , Stuik R. , Moffat A. F. J. , Popowicz A. , Rucinski S. M. , Wade G. A. , Weiss W. W. , Bailey J. I. , Crawford S. , Ireland M. , Lomberg B. , Mamajek E. E. , Mellon S. N. , Talens G. J. 
Published: May 2019

Context.Exoplanet properties crucially depend on the parameters of their host stars: more accurate stellar parameters yield more accurate exoplanet characteristics. When the exoplanet host star shows pulsations, asteroseismology can be used for an improved description of the stellar parameters.Aims.We aim to revisit the pulsational properties ofβPic and identify its pulsation modes from normalized amplitudes in five different passbands. We also investigate the potential presence of a magnetic field.Methods.We conducted a frequency analysis using three seasons of BRITE-Constellation observations in the two BRITE filters, the about 620-day-long bRing light curve, and the nearly 8-year-long SMEI photometric time series. We calculated normalized amplitudes using all passbands and including previously published values obtained from ASTEP observations. We investigated the magnetic properties ofβPic using spectropolarimetric observations conducted with the HARPSpol instrument. Using 2D rotating models, we fit the normalized amplitudes and frequencies through Monte Carlo Markov chains.Results.We identify 15 pulsation frequencies in the range from 34 to 55 d−1, where two, F13 at 53.6917 d−1and F11 at 50.4921 d−1, display clear amplitude variability. We use the normalized amplitudes in up to five passbands to identify the modes as three ℓ = 1, six ℓ = 2, and six ℓ = 3 modes.βPic is shown to be non-magnetic with an upper limit of the possible undetected dipolar field of 300 Gauss.Conclusions.Multiple fits to the frequencies and normalized amplitudes are obtained, including one with a near equator-on inclination forβPic, which corresponds to our expectations based on the orbital inclination ofβPic b and the orientation of the circumstellar disk. This solution leads to a rotation rate of 27% of the Keplerian breakup velocity, a radius of 1.497 ± 0.025R⊙, and a mass of 1.797 ± 0.035M⊙. The ∼2% errors in radius and mass do not account for uncertainties in the models and a potentially erroneous mode-identification.
Sind Low-Carb-Diäten lebensgefährlich?
Authors: Worm Nicolai , Lechner Katharina 
Published: May 2019

ZusammenfassungDie kürzlich veröffentlichte ARIC-Studie wie auch eine Reihe weiterer zuvor veröffentlichter Langzeitbeobachtungsstudien (Kohortenstudien), haben ein erhöhtes Sterblichkeitsrisiko für Studienteilnehmer mit „niedrigerem“ Kohlenhydratanteil aufgezeigt. Bekanntlich können epidemiologische Erhebungen prinzipiell keine Kausalität belegen, sondern nur Assoziationen aufzeigen. Außerdem leiden epidemiologische Erhebungen in der Ernährungsmedizin oft unter fehleranfälligen Erhebungsmethoden, wie auch unter konfundierenden, nicht oder nicht adäquat berücksichtigten Lebensstil- und Umwelteinflüssen (Healthy User Bias).Obwohl die ARIC-Studie keine Diät und insbesondere keine Low-Carb-Diät experimentell überprüft hatte, und trotz der bekannten Problematik epidemiologischer Studien, sorgten Schlagzeilen wie „Low-Carb-Diäten sind lebensgefährlich“ weltweit für Verunsicherung bei Verbrauchern, bei denen sich solche Diäten zur Gewichtskontrolle wie auch zur Therapie von Stoffwechselstörungen einer immer größeren Beliebtheit erfreuen. Die Ergebnisse dieser epidemiologischen Studien stehen auch im Widerspruch zu den inzwischen in randomisiert-kontrollierten Interventionsstudien gut belegten günstigen metabolischen Effekten von Low-Carb-Diäten – insbesondere unter einer mediterran ausgerichteten kohlenhydratreduzierten Ernährung. Vor diesem Hintergrund finden Low-Carb-Diäten neuerdings auch Anerkennung in Fachkreisen und Eingang in Leitlinien. Ziel des vorliegenden Viewpoints ist es, anhand der aktuellen Publikation zur ARIC-Studie mit den dort postulierten Einflüssen der Ernährung auf die Sterblichkeit zu diskutieren, wie problematisch es ist, auf Basis unzureichend kontrollierbarer epidemiologischer Daten auf kausale Zusammenhänge zu schließen. Gleichzeitig soll die auf die Veröffentlichung der ARIC-Studie gefolgte mediale Berichterstattung mit ihren eindeutigen Schlussfolgerungen zur angeblichen Gefährlichkeit von „Low-Carb-Diäten“ der Evidenz gegenübergestellt werden.
Diäterfahrungen zur Gewichtsreduzierung von Jugendlichen in Deutschland – Ergebnisse aus EsKiMo II
Authors: Lehmann Franziska , Barbosa Clarissa Lage , Haftenberger Marjolein , Brettschneider Anna-Kristin , Frank Melanie , Patelakis Eleni , Heide Karoline , Perlitz Hanna , Hölling Heike , Richter Almut , Mensink Gert B. M. 
Published: May 2019

ZusammenfassungDas gesellschaftlich vorherrschende Schönheitsideal löst häufig einen starken Schlankheitsdruck aus. Dies kann vor allem bei Jugendlichen zu Unzufriedenheit mit dem eigenen Körper führen und den Wunsch nach Gewichtsreduzierung hervorrufen. Aktuelle und repräsentative Daten zu den Diäterfahrungen, der in Deutschland lebenden 12- bis 17-Jährigen, liefert die „Ernährungsstudie als KiGGS-Modul – EsKiMo II“ (2015 – 2017). Die Auswertungen zeigen, dass rund 17 % der Jugendlichen in den letzten 3 Jahren mindestens eine Diät zur Gewichtsreduzierung durchgeführt haben, wobei dies für Mädchen signifikant häufiger gilt als für Jungen. Von den Jugendlichen mit Übergewicht und Adipositas haben 40 % bereits Diäterfahrung. Der Median der Dauer einer durchschnittlichen Diät beträgt 30 Tage. Die Ergebnisse aus EsKiMo II zeigen eine beträchtliche Prävalenz an Diäterfahrung unter Jugendlichen. Damit besteht ein erheblicher Bedarf an geeigneten Angeboten zur Gewichtsreduzierung bei Übergewicht und Adipositas.
Routing information flow by separate neural synchrony frequencies allows for “functionally labeled lines” in higher primate cortex
Authors: Khamechian Mohammad Bagher , Kozyrev Vladislav , Treue Stefan , Esghaei Moein , Daliri Mohammad Reza 
Published: May 2019

SignificanceDynamical coordination of the neural activity between individual neurons is known to have a key role in the efficient transfer of sensory information to associative areas. Here, we report a role of interneuronal synchrony within the high-gamma (180 to 220 Hz) frequency range of activity in macaque area MT (a visual area in the dorsal visual pathway) in determining behavioral performance. This is, however, in contrast to previous reports for the ventral visual pathway (such as area V4), where only gamma range (40 to 70 Hz) was observed to play a role. We propose that such a difference between the functional coordination in different visual pathways might be used to unambiguously identify the source of input to the higher areas.
ANO1/TMEM16A regulates process maturation in radial glial cells in the developing brain
Authors: Hong Gyu-Sang , Lee Sung Hoon , Lee Byeongjun , Choi Jae Hyouk , Oh Soo-Jin , Jang Yongwoo , Hwang Eun Mi , Kim Hyungsup , Jung Jooyoung , Kim In-Beom , Oh Uhtaek 
Published: May 2019

SignificanceRadial glial cells (RGCs), a type of neural stem cell in the developing brain, not only generate progenitors, newly born neurons and glial cells, but also deliver neurons through its process to the appropriate cortical target layers. Thus, the function of RGCs is crucial for cortex development, in which Cl−channels are thought to play a role. Here we highlight that Anoctamin 1 (ANO1)/TMEM16A, a Ca2+-activated Cl−channel, mediates the process extension in RGCs. ANO1-null mice show a decrease in cortical thickness with disorganized cortical layers. Thus, as a Cl−channel, ANO1 is involved in the process maturation of RGCs and contributes to cortex development.
Primary structural differences at residue 226 of deer and elk PrP dictate selection of distinct CWD prion strains in gene-targeted mice
Authors: Bian Jifeng , Christiansen Jeffrey R. , Moreno Julie A. , Kane Sarah J. , Khaychuk Vadim , Gallegos Joseph , Kim Sehun , Telling Glenn C. 
Published: May 2019

Significance
Our gene-targeting strategy addresses several critical issues relating to chronic wasting disease (CWD), a contagious, lethal neurodegenerative prion disease affecting wild as well as captive cervids, which poses an uncertain risk to humans. First, we show that residue 226, the sole primary structural difference between deer and elk prion protein, dictates the selection and propagation of different CWD strains. Because the strain properties of prions affect their host-range potential, these findings suggest that CWD from elk and deer pose distinct risks to humans and other species. Second, we show that these gene-targeted mice offer an unprecedented means to address distinctive aspects of CWD peripheral pathogenesis and horizontal transmission that are not afforded by previously generated transgenic mouse models.
Introduction.
Authors: Widodo P. , Nur F. , Nafisah E. , Forster B. P. , Hasibuan H. A. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

A brief history of bunch analysis of the oil palm crop is provided. This includes bunch components (stalk, spikelets, fruits, mesocarp, nuts, shell and kernels) and oil yield analysis. These parameters are used by oil palm breeders to analyse the oil yield potentials (e.g. quantity and quality comparison of bunches, between bunches within an oil palm, between oil palms or between different progenies). Obtaining high fresh fruit bunch (FFB) production in oil palm plantations per hectare area per year, and high oil extraction rates from the bunch, are the main goals of growers to produce maximal oil yield. Oil extraction rates determined in the laboratory are useful in this respect, in monitoring and verifying extraction rates in oil mills.
Bunch sampling.
Authors: Widodo P. , Nur F. , Nafisah E. , Forster B. P. , Hasibuan H. A. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Bunch sampling is the harvesting of fresh fruit bunches (FFBs) from oil palm trees. This is done according to standard operating procedures (SOPs), with specific timed intervals between each round of harvesting. During bunch sampling, observations are conducted on the status of the bunches, e.g. fruit colour, number of loose fruits before and after harvesting on the ground, etc. These will correspond to the recoverable oil yield and quality - e.g. free fatty acid content. Good practices are essential to maximize and standardize data capture for oil yield and quality.
Recording, calculations and data checks.
Authors: Widodo P. , Nur F. , Nafisah E. , Forster B. P. , Hasibuan H. A. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

The records of analyses in the previous chapters are calculated by defined formulae to obtain data on: bunch components; percentage of fertile fruits in the bunch (F/B); fruit set (FS); fruit weight (FWT); percentage of mesocarp in the fruits (M/F); percentage of mesocarp in the fruit check (M/FC); percentage of shell in the fruit (S/F); shell to kernel (S/K); percentage of kernel in the fruit (K/F); kernel to nut (K/N); percentage of kernel in the bunch (K/B); percentage of dry mesocarp to fruit (DM/F); dry mesocarp to wet mesocarp (DM/WM); percentage of oil in dry mesocarp (O/DM); percentage of oil in wet mesocarp (O/WM); and percentage of mesocarp oil in the bunch (O/B).
Meconium aspiration syndrome in mammals.
Authors: Martínez-Burnes J. , Mota-Rojas D. , Villanueva-García D. , Ibarra-Ríos D. , Lezama-García K. , Barrios-García H. , López-Mayagoitia A. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS) is a common obstetric and paediatric problem and is one of the most common causes of neonatal respiratory distress. The pathophysiology of MAS is complex. The underlying mechanism of MAS is fetal hypoxia which causes redistribution of fetal blood, increased intestinal peristalsis and relaxation of the anal sphincter
in utero
, leading to the passage of meconium into the amniotic fluid. If hypoxia is severe and persistent, the fetus gasps for air, but instead aspirate amniotic fluid contaminated with meconium. Aspiration of meconium produces multiple physiological and structural changes in the neonatal lung which relates partially to the amount of aspirated meconium. The structural and functional sequels of MAS include airways obstruction, atelectasis, chemical pneumonitis, hypoxemia, acidosis, pulmonary hypertension and occasionally death. MAS survivors can develop airway hyperreactivity and nervous sequelae. The morbidity and mortality of human MAS have declined the last decades because of new therapies but remains a major paediatric problem. Although the prevalence and significance of MAS in veterinary medicine have been poorly investigated, there is ample evidence that intrapartum hypoxia in animals also causes meconium expulsion, amniotic staining and aspiration. The lungs of affected animals showed airway obstruction, focal atelectasis and alveolitis. Meconium staining of the skin and aspiration are indicators of fetal or perinatal hypoxia and postnatal respiratory distress in domestic animals. Experimental models have been developed to study the pathogenesis of MAS in laboratory animals. This review focuses on the current concepts of the pathophysiology of MAS in human and veterinary medicine.