bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Amino Acid Composition of Hemoglobin. II. Analytical Technics
Authors: CHERNOFF AMOZ I. , LIU JEVONS C. , Battle E. , Bond M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A detailed description of our current methods of "fingerprinting" and of amino acid analysis of the hemoglobins has been presented. They differ in several respects from comparable technics used elsewhere. Preliminary results of analyses of several human hemoglobins are briefly described.
pH Dependent Hemolytic Systems. I. Their Relationship to Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria
Authors: YACHNIN STANLEY , LAFORET MITSUKO T. , GARDNER FRANK H. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. Treatment of normal human red cells with various proteolytic enzymes, cholera vibrio filtrate, influenza virus, and periodate ion results in red cells susceptible to acid hemolysis in compatible normal human serum.
2. The kinetics of hemolysis of these artificially altered red cells resembles in many respects those observed in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH).
3. While the observed differences in behavior between these artificially altered cells and PNH cells do not allow direct comparison, it is felt that these models may offer some clues in the understanding of PNH cell hemolysis, and some insight into the nature of the red cell lesion in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria.
A New Method for the Preparation of Human Cadaver Bone Marrow for Transfusion
Authors: RAY R. N. , CASSELL M. , CHAPLIN H. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. A simple, economical and effective method has been described for obtaining cadaver bone marrow following a routine autopsy.
2. Individual vertebral bodies are dissected free of soft tissue and their surfaces are sterilized by immersion of the entire bone in 70 per cent ethyl alcohol.
3. Following surface sterilization, the bones are placed in a modified sterile plastic container and the nucleated marrow cells are expressed from the bone by compression of the bag in a vise.
4. After the marrow particles have been dispersed by massaging the bag, the marrow suspension is filtered and the fat is separated following gentle centrifugation.
5. Sterile yields were obtained from 70-90 per cent of cadavers which were judged suitable in terms of freedom from gross evidence of bacterial infection at the time of autopsy.
6. High yields of nucleated hematopoietic cells were obtained, averaging more than 50 x 109 cells as the investigators became more experienced with the procedure.
7. Thirteen transfusions of cadaver marrow were administered to eight patients. Minor symptoms and low-grade febrile responses were experienced on three occasions; in four additional patients entirely asymptomatic temperature elevations of 0.5-2.2 F. were observed. The remaining six transfusions were unaccompanied by fever or symptoms of any kind.
8. The possible value of the technic for definitive study of the therapeutic usefulness of bone marrow transfusion has been discussed.
Mononuclear Cells, Hyaline Bodies and the Plasma: An Analytic Review
Authors: SHIELDS JACK W. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Published reports have been analyzed and integrated so as to suggest that various types of mesenchymally derived mononuclear cells in hematopoietic tissue, by shedding fragments of their own gelatinous protoplasm (hyaline bodies) and by dissolving, give rise to a sol which is the blood plasma. The presentation is in accord with the concept that the mesenchyme and its derivatives are truly the perpetual source of the whole blood, i.e., the blood plasma as well as the blood cells.
The Morphology of Buffy Coat from Cord Blood of Normal Human Newborns
Authors: EFRATI P. , ROZENSZAJN L. , SHAPIRA E. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The morphology of buffy coat from cord blood of normal human newborns was investigated and the results were compared with our previous observations in adults.
Direct smears from cord blood were examined. Increased alkaline phosphatase activity was found in the granulocytes.
Hotchkiss PAS staining was positive in up to 2 per cent of normoblasts.
The examination of buffy coat revealed 28 normoblasts per 1000 granulocytes. Nuclei and/or nuclear fragments of megakaryocytes were encountered 27 times more frequently in newborns than in adults. Myelocytes and/or metamyelocytes were seen 16 times more often in newborns. Atypical mononuclear cells were found in all the subjects examined. Giant metamyelocytes and staff cells were encountered in 10 cases.
A Case of Juvenile Pernicious Anemia: Study of the Effects of Folic Acid and Vitamin B12
Authors: CLEMENT DAVID H. , NICHOL CHARLES A. , WELCH ARNOLD D. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Observations on a 4-year-old boy with Addisonian pernicious anemia have been presented. Noteworthy clinical features included the onset of glossitis at the age of 4 months, followed by anemia severe enough to require hospitalization at the age of 1 year. Relapse occurred in the absence of specific therapy with vitamin B12 and was completely unaffected by the administration of folic acid.
Studies with radioactive vitamin B12 demonstrated that almost all of the compound administered by mouth was unabsorbed and was recovered in the stools. When the vitamin was given simultaneously with a concentrate of intrinsic factor, however, approximately 70 per cent was absorbed. Furthermore, the child’s gastric juice, when mixed with radioactive vitamin B12 and fed to an adult with pernicious anemia in relapse, failed to enhance the latter’s absorption of the vitamin. The failure of our patient to absorb the vitamin alone, but his ability to do so when it was administered with intrinsic factor concentrate, was also confirmed by the "Schilling test," in which a proportion of the absorbed radioactive vitamin was "flushed" into the urine by parenteral injection of one milligram of conventional vitamin B12.
Of special interest was the occurrence in the urine of an unidentified derivative of tetrahydrofolic acid, derived from orally administered pteroylglutamic acid. The presence of this compound in the urine was demonstrated chromatographically when the patient was critically ill with his disease prior to treatment with vitamin B12. Subsequent to therapy with vitamin B12, while the administration of folic acid was continued, the abnormal metabolite of folic acid could not be found in the urine. Similarly, the administration of folic acid did not lead to the appearance of this metabolite in the urine at a time when, after more than two years without specific therapy, a hematological relapse occurred that was much less severe than that previously observed. The implications of these observations, with respect to the metabolic interrelationships of folic acid and vitamin B12, are discussed.
Of further interest were the findings of strongly acid gastric juice containing much mucus and free hydrochloric acid. A fairly normal gastric mucosa was demonstrated by biopsy. The meaning of these unusual findings is discussed and an hypothesis to account for them is offered. The probable sequence of events in these patients from childhood to the development of anemia, usually in later life, is set forth.
The Intercellular Substances of Bone Marrow. I. Preliminary Studies of the Physical and Chemical Character of the Intercellular Bone Marrow Substances in Normal Rabbits
Authors: CARTER ROBERT E. , FLEISHACKER BARBARA , JACKSON WILLIAM L. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Separation of cellular and noncellular fractions of rabbit bone marrow was accomplished by mechanical disruption of the marrow stroma and centrifugation. Viscosity studies performed on the intercellular substances showed a decreasing viscosity with increasing age of the animals. Chemical analyses confirmed the presence of mucopolysaccharide material in the intercellular substance of the marrow, but neither this material nor the fat present in the stroma could account for the viscosity measured or the changes in viscosity observed.
A Chromosomal Female With Hemophilia A
Authors: MELLMAN WILLIAM J. , WOLMAN IRVING J. , WURZEL HAROLD A. , MOORHEAD PAUL S. , QUALLS DONALD H. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
An eight year old female is presented with hemophilia A with hemorrhagic symptoms since three months of age. Family studies revealed sex linked transmission through the maternal lineage.
Chromosome analysis revealed a normal complement with two X chromosomes. Possible genetic mechanisms for this apparent homozygous hemophilic state derived from a carrier woman and normal father are presented.
"Pseudo-Abnormal" Hemoglobins
Authors: PEARSON HOWARD A. , MCCOO JAMES V. , LEIKIN SANFORD L. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Three examples of artefactual "pseudo-abnormal" hemoglobins were observed in the course of starch block electrophoresis analysis of over 400 specimens. In fresh samples from the same patients, these components were no longer demonstrable. It is suggested that repeated examination with different blood specimens should be done before an unusual component is accepted as a true hemoglobin variant.
Brief Note: The Use of Desoxyribonuclease As an Aid to the Identification of Primitive White Blood Cells
Authors: GARDNER EDWARD , WRIGHT CLAUDE-STARR , WILLIAMS BETTIE Z. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A standard solution of purified desoxyribonuclease in phosphate saline effectively duplicates the differential action of urine on the nuclei of white blood cells. This procedure is a valuable aid to the identification of primitive cell types in bone marrow and peripheral blood films.
Hookworm Anemia: Iron Metabolism and Erythrokinetics
Authors: LAYRISSE MIGUEL , PAZ ALFREDO , BLUMENFELD NORMA , ROCHE MARCEL , Dugarte Iris , Ojeda Adelina 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Iron metabolism, balance of red cell production and destruction and iron absorption from hemoglobin were determined in 11 patients with heavy hookworm infection and severe anemia.
The plasma iron, total iron binding capacity, bone marrow hemosiderin and plasma Fe59 clearance are in agreement with the idea that the anemia associated with hookworm infection is of the iron deficiency type.
The rate of red cell production measured by the E/M ratio, absolute reticulocyte count and plasma iron turnover showed an increase to about twice normal, while the rate of destruction estimated by the T ½ erythrocyte survival showed a destruction about 5 times normal. This unbalance between production and destruction could explain the severity of the anemia.
The increase of fecal urobilinogen output to twice normal was interpreted as due to the metabolism of the hemoglobin lost into the intestine rather than to an increase of hemolysis.
The estimation of fecal blood loss in the patients whose red cells were tagged with Cr51 and Fe59, showed that the radioactivity counted with Fe59 was only about 63 per cent of the radioactivity counted with Cr51. This difference was interpreted as due to iron absorption from the hemoglobin lost into the intestine.
The mean daily fecal excretion of iron reaches 4.7 mg. Since the iron metabolism in these patients is in equilibrium, we have concluded that the iron loss is replaced by the iron from food; this is in addition to the 3 mg. hemoglobin iron which is reabsorbed from the blood lost into the gut.
Separation of Platelets from Whole Blood by the Use of Silicone Liquids
Authors: MORGAN MARY C. , SZAFIB JEAN J. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A method of separating platelets from whole blood has been developed. The method involves simple centrifugation with blended silicone fluids. Quantitative recovery of platelets is achieved. Platelets appear to have no loss of ability to promote clot retraction in platelet poor plasma.
Red Cell Filtration and the Pathogenesis of Certain Hemolytic Anemias
Authors: JANDL JAMES H. , SIMMONS RICHARD L. , CASTLE WILLIAM B. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Studies were made of the filterability of normal and abnormal red cells through an inert membrane-type (Millipore) filter having uniform non-branching capillary pores 5 µ in diameter. With this filter it was possible to remove selectively certain kinds of abnormal red cells from mixed suspensions of normal and abnormal red cells.
The red cells of patients with sickle cell anemia were selectively trapped by the filter under low oxygen tensions. Such sickled red cells were unable to pass through the filter even under a pressure differential across the filter (perfusion pressure) of over 120 mm. Hg.
Red cells agglutinated by anti-A were completely retained by the filter at perfusing pressures of 4 mm. Hg., but were partially disagglutinated and forced through the filter when the pressure was increased. Red cells coated with an incomplete (Rh) agglutinin and red cells from a patient with acquired hemolytic anemia were retained by the filter only in the presence of rouleaux-producing agents such as P.V.P. or fibrinogen and only at low perfusion pressures.
A small fraction of the red cells of patients with hereditary spherocytosis were trapped by a single passage through the filter; the trapped cells were largely derived from the minor population of hyperspheroidal cells.
The relevance of these findings to the mechanisms of red cell sequestration in vivo is discussed.
Relation Between Severity of Anemia and Erythropoietin Titer in Human Beings
Authors: VAN DYKE DONALD C. , LAYRISSE MIGUEL , LAWRENCE JOHN H. , GARCIA JOSEPH F. , POLLYCOVE MYRON 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Patients with severe hematologic disorders may have elevated erythropoietin titers in plasma or urine at higher hemoglobin concentrations than those associated with elevated titers in experimental animals or patients anemic as a result of simple blood loss. Patients with "primary" hematologic disease may have a measurable titer of erythropoietin in the plasma and urine at hemoglobin concentrations up to 8 Gm./100 ml., but patients with iron-deficiency anemia show elevated titers in the urine only with hemoglobin concentrations at or below 4 Gm./100 ml. and in the plasma below 5 Gm./100 ml. The abruptness with which the titer rises and the severity of the anemia required before measurable titers appear are similar in man and in rabbits, sheep and dogs. The fact that no measurable erythropoietin titer can be demonstrated when the hemoglobin concentration is well below that required for intense stimulation of erythropoiesis and the abruptness of the rise at hemoglobin concentration of 4 Gm./100 ml. or less suggest that erythropoietin may not be an important factor in the control of erythropoiesis except in extreme circumstances. On the other hand, these facts may be explained more simply by the insensitivity of the assay methods used.
Studies on the Fetal Hemoglobin in the Persistent High Hb-F Anomaly
Authors: THOMPSON R. B. , MITCHENER J. W. , HUISMAN TITUS H. J. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Three generations of a Negro family having herditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin in conjunction with the hemoglobins A and S were studied.
Genetic studies did not exclude the possibility that this anomaly is allelic with the genes responsible for the hemoglobins A, S, and C.
Structural investigations of the isolated abnormal hemoglobin fraction offered evidence that this component is identical with the fetal hemoglobin of the newborn child.
No striking clinical or hematologic abnormalities were found in members of the family who had high percentages of fetal hemoglobin in conjunction with either Hb-A or Hb-S. The per cent of Hb-A2 in the persistent high Hb-F carriers was found slightly below normal, while the total amount of circulating hemoglobins was increased. Previous reports of the complete absence of Hb-A in cases heterozygous for Hb-S as well as for the persistent high Hb-F anomaly have been confirmed by using refined technics available for hemoglobin analyses.
The fetal hemoglobin was distributed almost equally in all erythrocytes of individuals having this inherited anomaly. In this respect, the S-F abnormality differs from homozygous sickle-cell disease in which a mixed population of red blood cells, some with and most without Hb-F, has been demonstrated. It is suggested that the presence of some Hb-F in all erythrocytes of the individual with the S-F condition is the factor that protects the cells from sickling and from destruction.
The distribution of fetal hemoglobin in the red blood cells of persistent high Hb-F carriers was also different from that found in patients with thalassemia major and thalassemia-Hb-E disease. Two distinct cell populations, one with and the other without fetal hemoglobin, were found to be present in the blood of the thalessemia patients.
Bone and Marrow Transplants in the Rat
Authors: DORR ANDREW D. , MOLONEY WILLIAM C. , DOWD GERALDINE , BOSCHETTI ANTONIO E. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A simple method for transplantation of autologous bone and marrow to the rat kidney is described and the usefulness of this preparation for research on bone and marrow growth is pointed out.
While an induction mechanism cannot be conclusively ruled out by these studies, the histologic evidence strongly supports the concept that growth of implanted bone and marrow is due to survival of small islands of active bone and marrow cells and from these foci, repopulation takes place.
Studies on the Production of Erythropoietin by Isolated Perfused Organs
Authors: KURATOWSKA Z. , LEWARTOWSKI B. , MICHALAK E. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
(1) Isolated organs of rabbits (kidney, liver, spleen and lungs) were perfused with rabbit blood. Experimental conditions of hypoxia and full oxygenation were applied.
(2) It could be shown that under these conditions only the kidney produces the erythropoietic factor.
Alkaline Phosphatase Activity of Exudative Leukocytes in Acute Leukemia
Authors: PERILLIE PASQUALE E. , FINCH STUART C. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A method for studying the leukocyte alkaline phosphatase activity in patients with acute leukemia is described. The technic overcomes the problem of obtaining sufficient numbers of mature granulocytes for study in such patients. Seven of 11 patients with acute monocytic leukemia were shown to have elevated levels of alkaline phosphatase activity. It is suggested that this method may be of assistance in classifying the stem cell forms of leukemia.
Leukocyte Drumsticks in Chronic Granulocytic Leukemia and Related Disorders
Authors: TOMONAGA MASANOBU , MATSUURA GEN , WATANABE BUNRO , KAMOCHI YASURO , OZONO NOBORU 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. The drumstick and other nuclear appendages of the nuclei of polymorphonuclear neutrophils from patients with chronic granulocytic leukemia (CGL), leukemoid reactions and inflammatory leukocytoses were studied.
2. The drumstick counts of the leukocytes of patients with CGL were abnormally low. In contrast, the counts in the leukocytes from patients with the other disorders were not reduced. The low counts increased rapidly in response to treatment and were maintained at normal levels during remission.
3. The normalization of drumstick counts in CGL paralleled the leukocyte alkaline phosphatase and catalase concentrations.
4. The number of sessile nodules and small clubs in each of the disorders studied was moderately reduced. Following treatment, the counts returned to normal. This suggests a relationship between the development of these appendages and hyperproliferation of neutrophils.
The Effect of "Minute" and "Titrated" Amounts of Folic Acid on the Megaloblastic Anemia of Tropical Sprue
Authors: SHEEHY T. W. , RUBINI M. E. , PEREZ-SANTIAGO E. , SANTINI R. , HADDOCK J. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A therapeutic trial with "minute" and "titrated" doses of folic acid was performed in 30 patients with the megaloblastic anemia of tropical sprue. Eleven patients responded hematologically to 25 µg. daily doses of the vitamin; nine patients responded to "titrated" doses ranging from 75 to 250 µg. daily. Eleven patients failed to respond to either "minute" or "titrated" doses of the vitamin. The implications and possible reasons for the success or failure of microdoses of folic acid in sprue were discussed.
Case Report: Leukemia and Pregnancy: Observation of a Case Treated with Busulfan (Myleran)
Authors: REYES GUILLERMO RUIZ , PEREZ RUBEN TAMAYO 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The case of a 28 year old woman with chronic myelocytic leukemia, who conceived while under treatment with busulfan, is reported.
Pregnancy, delivery, and the infant were normal. The child died one month later of a Staphylococcus infection. Autopsy disclosed a few minor and commonplace anomalies which the authors believe cannot reasonably be attributed to busulfan.
A review of the literature on pregnancy and leukemia is cited.
The Measure of Erythropoiesis in Anemias. II. The Immediate and Subsequent Loss of Transfused Erythrocytes in Healthy Subjects
Authors: STRUMIA MAX M. , DUGAN ANN , COLWELL LOUISE S. , Munroe Helen 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. Fresh and stored red cells, transfused in healthy subjects, disappear from the circulation during the first 24 hours at a rate in excess of that prevailing in subsequent 24 hour periods. When fresh red cells are transfused the excess first day loss is approximately 3 per cent.
2. Comparative survival studies using the nonagglutinable red cell method of Ashby have indicated that this excess immediate loss is not due to elution of Cr51, but to actual loss of red cells.
3. When red cells are stored improperly or for an extended period of time, the excess loss occurs very rapidly, and at one hour is approximately 50 per cent of the total loss at 24 hours. The limitations to the use of the dilution data of transfused stored cells to establish the 100 per cent value for the measure of the survival of the transfused red cells are implicit.
4. When the first 24 hour loss of transfused red cells is approximately 30 per cent or more, paradoxically the rate of loss in subsequent days is less than when fresh, undamaged red cells are transfused. This observation raises the question of interpretation of the measure of the red cell survival expressed as T ½.
The Role of the Kidney in the Erythropoietic Response to Hypoxia in Parabiotic Rats
Authors: ROSSE WENDELL F. , WALDMANN THOMAS A. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. Parabiotic rats, in which one partner was either nephrectomized or ureter ligated, have been used to determine the role of the kidney in the stimulation of erythropoiesis by hypoxia as measured by iron59 incorporation into the peripheral RBC.
2. The radioiron incorporation into peripheral red blood cells was less in pairs in which the nephrectomized partner was hypoxic than in the pairs in which the unoperated or ureter ligated partner was hypoxic, suggesting that the kidney is important in the stimulation of erythropoiesis in response to hypoxia.
3. The iron incorporation in pairs in which the nephrectomized partner was hypoxic was greater than in those pairs in which one partner was nephrectomized but neither was hypoxic, suggesting that tissues other than the kidney contribute to the erythropoietic response to hypoxia.
Pyridoxine Responsive Anemia
Authors: BICKERS JOHN N. , BROWN CHARLES L. , SPRAGUE CHARLES C. , Karst Katherine 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A patient is reported with pyridoxine responsive anemia superimposed upon a chronic hypochromic anemia with excess iron storage. A specific response to pyridoxine was demonstrated on several occasions with restoration of the blood picture to its original state. Dietary estimates of vitamin B6 intake demonstrated an increased requirement for the vitamin, approximately 2.5 mg. per day being required for hematologic remission. Splenectomy was followed by high circulating siderocyte levels and severe thromboembolic problems. The possible mechanisms for the development of pyridoxine responsive anemia are discussed briefly.