bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Economics of Red Pine Management for Utility Pole Timber
Authors: Grossman Gerald H. , Potter-Witter Karen 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Including utility poles in red pine management regimes leads to distinctly different management recommendations. Where utility pole markets exist, managing for poles will maximize net returns. To do so, plantations should be planted with a minimum of 890 trees/ac. Residual thinning densities should be maintained above 110 ft²/ac, higher than usually recommended. In Michigan's northern Lower Peninsula, approximately 195,000 ac of established stands were suitable for utility pole management in 1980. Landowners can increase the soil expectation value (4% discount rate) on their investment from $4.00/ac to $104/ac by managing for poles along with pulpwood and sawtimber on site index 75, well-stocked stands. North. J Appl. For 8(1):22-25
Harvesting Causes Only Minor Changes in Physical Properties of an Upland Vermont Soil
Authors: Donnelly John R. , Shane John B. , Yawney Harry W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Bulk density, oxygen, and temperature of a northern hardwood forest soil in Vermont were measured immediately before and for 2 years following harvesting using conventional clearcut and whole-tree removal methods. Bulk density increased (P ≤ 0.10) as a result of harvesting, but there was no difference between the two harvest methods. Increases were relatively small, and essentially disappeared within 2 years. Soil oxygen was never significantly affected by treatment. Soils in uncut (control) plots were warmer in winter and cooler in summer than those of either harvest area, but these differences appear to be diminishing with establishment of vegetation cover on the harvested plots. North. J. Appl. For 8(1):33-36.
Price Risk Analysis for Private Nonindustrial Forest Management
Authors: Baumgartner David C. , Hyldahl Carol A. , Thomson Thomas A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Portfolio analysis techniques can be used to quantify risk and return impacts of including forestry investments in a diversified portfolio. We suggest that similar techniques can also be used to evaluate price risk of investments in managing individual forests and stands. By observing annual price variability for various timber species and products, a forest manager can shift the timber growing-stock species mix toward a desired combination of risk and return. Using Indiana price data, we develop sample species mixes displaying different levels of risk. North. J. Appl. For. 9(2):55-57.
Effects of Prescribed Fire on Pear Thrips in Pennsylvania Sugarbushes
Authors: Brose Patrick H. , McCormick Larry H. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Fall and spring prescribed fires were conducted in two Pennsylvania sugarbushes to evaluate the effects of fire on the emergence of overwintering pear thrips from the soil. Soil temperatures and numbers of emerging pear thrips were monitored in the burned and unburned areas at 2-day intervals from mid-March until early May 1991. At both sites, fall fires accelerated soil warming, resulting in an earlier peak emergence of the thrips. The fall and spring fires also significantly reduced the number of thrips emerging from the soil. These results suggest the potential for controlling pear thrips infestations in sugarbushes with prescribed fire, although fire impacts on sugar maple need to be addressed before this technique can be widely recommended. North. J. Appl. For. 9(4):157-160.
Latent Classes of Nicotine Beliefs Correlate with Perceived Susceptibility and Severity of Nicotine and Tobacco Products in US Young Adults
Authors: Villanti Andrea C , Naud Shelly , West Julia C , Pearson Jennifer L , Wackowski Olivia A , Hair Elizabeth , Rath Jessica M , Niaura Raymond S 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Background
Pervasive misperceptions about nicotine may influence uptake of quit smoking aids and the impact of policies addressing nicotine as a tobacco product constituent.

Methods
Latent class analyses were conducted using four items on nicotine beliefs asked of 4037 adults aged 18–40 in wave 9 (February–March 2016) of the Truth Initiative Young Adult Cohort Study. Confirmatory factor analyses identified three factors from 12 items: nicotine susceptibility (NSUS), nicotine severity (NSEV), and tobacco severity (TSEV). Analyses assessed correlations between latent classes, sociodemographics, and nicotine/tobacco factor scores.

Results
A four-class model of nicotine beliefs was the best fit, with the largest class believing that nicotine plays a major part in smoking risks (class 1, n = 2070; 52%). Class 2 shared that belief but also responded “Don’t know” to addiction questions (class 2, n = 382; 11%). Fewer belonged in class 3, who reported that nicotine plays a small part in health risks (n = 1277; 30%), and class 4, who perceived nicotine as not cancer causing (n = 308; 7%). Latent class membership was correlated with sociodemographics, peer smoking, and past 30-day tobacco use. Classes 1 and 2 had similar NSUS scores and classes 3 and 4 had similar NSEV and TSEV scores.

Discussion
Differences in the perceptions of nicotine and tobacco-related harms can be partially explained by clustering of underlying nicotine beliefs. These classes of beliefs are correlated with sociodemographic predictors of smoking. These findings may help to identify specific beliefs or groups to be targeted by public education efforts on nicotine.

Implications
The current study supports that underlying nicotine beliefs are associated with perceived harms of specific nicotine and tobacco products (relative to cigarettes), with greater false beliefs about nicotine correlated with greater perceived susceptibility to nicotine addiction. Two important inferences emerge from this study: first, that education to address nicotine beliefs may also reframe perceptions of the harms of nicotine and tobacco products; and second, that this type of education may differentially impact perceptions of the harms of nicotine products (e.g., nicotine replacement therapy and e-cigarettes) and tobacco products (e.g., cigars, smokeless, and hookah).
Effects of early nutritional intervention on oral mucositis in patients with radiotherapy for head and neck cancer
Authors: Wei J , Wu J , Meng L , Zhu B , Wang H , Xin Y , Chen Y , Cui S , Sun Y , Dong L , Jiang X 
Published: August 2019

Summary

Background
To observe the effect of early nutritional intervention on radiation-induced oral mucositis and nutritional status in patients with head and neck cancer (HNC).

Methods
A total of 54 HNC patients were divided into early (28 cases) and late (26 cases) nutritional intervention groups. The early group received enteral nutrition at the beginning of radiotherapy (RT), while the late group received enteral nutrition after restricted feeding. Operators reported and assessed the timing and extent of oral mucositis and nutritional status during treatment. The nutritional status assessment indicators included body weight; body mass index (BMI); Patient-Generated–Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA) score; levels of albumin, hemoglobin and pre-albumin and total lymphocyte count.

Results
The incidence of high-grade oral mucositis was significantly lower in the early group than that in the late group (P &lt; 0.05). Nutritional status assessments showed more significant weight and BMI losses in the late group than in the early group at weeks 4 and 7 after RT (P &lt; 0.01). The albumin decreased in the late group at week 7 after RT was more significant than that in the early group (P &lt; 0.05). Albumin, hemoglobin and pre-albumin levels and total lymphocyte count decreased significantly in both groups (P &gt; 0.05). During therapy, more patients in the early group were well-nourished and fewer were malnourished according to PG-SGA scores (P &lt; 0.05).

Conclusion
Early nutritional intervention can reduce the incidence of high-grade oral mucositis during RT in patients with HNC and improve the nutritional status during treatment, which has important clinical significance.
European Research Council: excellence and leadership over time from a gender perspective
Authors: Bautista-Puig Núria , García-Zorita Carlos , Mauleón Elba 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
European Research Council Grants (ERC) have become the most important vehicle for funding scientific research in the EU. Since their creation in 2007, they have provided funding for around 7,000 of the nearly 70,000 proposals for research projects submitted. With a success rate of about 11%, these Grants are highly competitive. Despite major advancement of women’s participation in research activity, women overall remain the minority in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM disciplines). Against that backdrop, this article analyses men’s and women’s presence in ERC Grants. The gender balance in the ERC Grant, have been examined in three dimensions: Excellence Awarded; Scientific Leadership Position; and Time Series Evolution. The results show that female presence is lower than men as submitted (26% vs 74%), granted (22% vs 78%), expert panel members (28% vs 72%), and as a panel chair (26% vs 74%). State-space prediction of the future pattern of these grants shows that time has no clearly beneficial effect on women’s participation as applicants, granted, expert panel members or panel chairs, particularly in the area of Physics and Engineering.
Haemophagocytic lymphohisticytosis—an underrecognized hyperinflammatory syndrome
Authors: Hutchinson Matthew , Tattersall Rachel S , Manson Jessica J 
Published: August 2019

AbstractHaemophagocytic lymphohisticytosis (HLH) is a syndrome of uncontrolled, severe systemic inflammation (hyperinflammation) arising either from a genetic immune system defect [primary (pHLH)] or triggered as a complication of malignancy, infection, or rheumatologic disease [secondary (sHLH)]. Patients with HLH often have non-specific symptoms and become progressively and critically unwell, with fever, cytopenia and multi-organ failure. Untreated, HLH is almost universally fatal, but even when treated, mortality is high, particularly when HLH complicates malignancy. HLH is managed with immunosuppression, and this can seem difficult to justify in such unwell patients. This review aims to examine the diagnostic and treatment challenges posed by sHLH and to improve recognition among rheumatologists who, being expert in the management of multisystem diseases and in the use of immunosuppression, are ideally placed to deliver care and build an evidence base for better disease characterization and treatment.
Germination Characteristics of Bear Oak
Authors: Allen Roosevelt , Farmer Robert E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Freshly collected bear oak (Quercus ilicifolia Wangenh.) seed from southwestern Virginia exhibited root growth under a range of temperatures but had epicotyl dormancy which was broken by stratification or gibberellic acid (GA3). Shoot elongation resulting from six weeks' chilling or GA3 was also influenced by temperature; a regime of 64°-75°F enhanced both percentage of seed with elongated shoots and leaf area per shoot relative to a 45°-61°F regime. Germination characteristics of seed lots from individual open-pollinated trees varied widely. Results suggest that fall-seeded beds will be most suitable in nursery production and that container stock for spring planting can be produced under greenhouse conditions with fall-stratified seed planted in early January.
Timber Management for Nonindustrial Forest Owners: A Matter of Perspective?
Authors: Porterfield Richard L. , Moak James E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
While federal and state incentive programs may be helpful in increasing future timber supplies, desired increases can be achieved only if forest management practices are made routine on small forest land ownerships and if greater consideration is given to the multiple goals of the nonindustrial private forest landowners. Research aimed at determining the physical tradeoffs between forest uses is needed so that intensive management practices can be tailored to landowner goals. Until such tradeoff information is available, unevenaged forest management is probably the most acceptable and compatible interim recommendation.
Individual Tree Treatments Using Herbicides for Control of Turkey Oak
Authors: Cantrell R. L. , Flinchum D. M. , Neary D. G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Dicamba (Banvel® CST), 2,4-D (DMA® 4), triclopyr (Garlon® 3A), glyphosate (Roundup®), 2,4-D + picloram (Tordon® RTU), hexazinone (Velpar® L), dichlorprop (Weedone® 2,4 DP) and hexazinone (Velpar® Gridball®) were tested as individual tree treatments on turkey oak (Quercus laevis Walt.) trees ranging from 3 to 16 inches in dbh and 10 to 70 feet in height. Treatments were applied in June 1982 according to manufacturers recommendations. After two growing seasons, significant refoliation was observed on trees treated with Velpar® Gridball®, Weedone® 2,4-DP and Banvel® CST. Garlon® 3A, DMA® 4 and Velpar® L were the most successful treatments for control of turkey oak. South. J. Appl. For. 10:131-33, Aug. 1986.
Regeneration of Red Oak, White Oak, and White Pine by Underplanting Prior to Canopy Removal in the Virginia Piedmont
Authors: Tworkoski T. J. , Smith D. W. , Parrish D. J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Three years after clearfelling and light shelterwood harvests, underplanted white oak (Quercus alba L.), red oak (Q. rubra L.), and eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) seedlings were competitive with other vegetation. Survival of oaks remained high (approximately 90%), and height growth increased with canopy removal. During the 3 years, white oak grew 1.2, 4.1, and 13.5 in., and red oak grew 0.6, 6.7, and 23.0 in. under control, shelterwood, and clearfelling, respectively. White pine height growth also responded positively with increased canopy removal (total increments of 11.3, 17.0, and 22.7 in.). After 3 years, total height of underplanted white oak did not differ significantly whether left intact or deliberately pruned back to the root collar prior to canopy removal. Early results indicate that underplanting prior to harvest can be a viable tool for oak stand regeneration. South J. Appl. For. 10:206-210, Nov. 1986.
Effects of Ripping and Herbicide Site Preparation Treatments on Loblolly Pine Seedling Growth and Survival
Authors: Wittwer R. F. , Dougherty P. M. , Cosby D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Herbicide (1 lb ai/acre hexazinone as Velpar® L) and mechanical (ripping) site preparation treatments increased height and diameter of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings planted on a Ouachita Mountain site in southeastern Oklahoma. Total height after two growing seasons was increased approximately 10% by ripping, 23% by the herbicide treatment, and 49% by the combined herbicide and ripping treatment, as compared with the check treatment. Ground-line diameter was increased 20%, 55%, and 83% respectively by these treatments. Reduction of competing vegetation and increased soil moisture were related to site preparation treatments. The combined ripping and herbicide treatment was the most effective treatment in conserving soil water and in reduction of competing biomass. Competing vegetation biomass was reduced 75% in the first year by the combined ripping-herbicide treatment, and a substantial reduction in competing biomass was still evident at the end of the second growing season. South. J. Appl. For. 10:253-257, Nov. 1986.
Tree Content and Taper Functions for Loblolly and Slash Pine Trees Planted on Non-Old-Fields in East Texas
Authors: Lenhart J. David , Hackett Terry L. , Laman Charlie J. , Wiswell Thomas J. , Blackard Jock A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Equations are presented to estimate total or partial stem content in cubic feet and pounds (green or dry) for loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) and slash pine (Pinus elliotti Engelm.) trees planted on non-old-fields in East Texas. Equations are included to estimate the content of the completetree (stem and branches). In addition, a set of compatible stem taper functions are described. South. J. Appl. For. 11(3):147-151.
Volume Growth Loss: A Hidden Cost of Periodic Prescribed Burning in Longleaf Pine?
Authors: Boyer William D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The influence of understory hardwood control treatments, including periodic prescribed burning, on the growth of longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) was monitored over a 10-yr period. Treatments, established in 14-yr-old sapling stands thinned to 500 trees/ac, included biennial prescribedburns in (1) winter, (2) spring, (3) summer, and (4) an unburned check. Each of these was combined with three supplemental treatments: (1) initial chemical treatment of all hardwood stems, (2) repeated handclearing of all woody stems, and (3) no treatment. All measures of pine growth weresignificantly reduced by the burns. Pine volume growth over the first 7 years on unburned plots exceeded the average on burned plots by 23% (24 ft³/ac/ yr). During the next 3 years, volume growth on unburned plots exceeded the average on burned plots even more—by 33% (44 ft³/ac/yr).Supplemental treatments did not affect pine growth, even though plots without these treatments developed hardwood stands (>l.5-in. dbh) ranging from 4.0 ft³ basal area/ac with summer burns to 11.6 ft² on unburned plots. South. J. Appl. For. 11(3):154-157.
Responses of Vegetation and Deer Forage Following Application of Hexazinone
Authors: Blake Phillip M. , Hurst George A. , Terry Thomas A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Vegetation responses were studied on a loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) plantation that had received intensive mechanical site preparation and hexazinone (1 lb/ac a.i.) for herbaceous weed control. Vegetation on plots treated by a broadcast application of granular hexazinone (Pronone® 5G) was compared to vegetation on plots that received a banded (top of bed only) application of liquid hexazinone (Velpar® L). Total plant biomass was significantly greater (P < 0.10) on control plots (2,512 lb/ac, dry wt) than on broadcast (1,089 lb/ac) or banded plots (1,481 lb/ac) in September of the first growing season, but differences disappeared by the end of the second growing season. Total number of plant species on control plots (105) and banded-treated plots (97) was similar, but fewer plant species (60) were found on broadcast-treated plots the first year. At the end of the second growing season, the number of plant species was similar on all treatments. White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus)forage was significantly greater on control plots (1,481 lb/ac) than on broadcast (393 lb/ac) and banded plots (534 lb/ac) in September of the first year's growth, but there were no differences after the second growing season. Pine seedling survival was lower on herbicide treated plots, but seedling height and ground line diameter were greater on herbicide treated plots. South. J. Appl. For. 11(4):176-180.
Coping with the Gypsy Moth on New Frontiers of Infestation
Authors: Gansner David A. , Herrick Owen W. , Mason Garland N. , Gottschalk Kurt W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Forest managers on new frontiers of infestation are searching for better ways to cope with the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar). Presented here are information and guidelines for remedial action to minimize future losses. Methods for assessing potential stand defoliation (susceptibility) and mortality (vulnerability), monitoring insect populations, and selecting action alternatives are discussed. With due consideration of management objectives, we address the primary concerns of managers who lack previous experience with the pest. South. J. Appl. For. 11(4):201-209.
The Impact of Timber Harvesting on Soil Properties and Seedling Growth in the South
Authors: Reisinger Thomas W. , Simmons Gerry L. , Pope Phillip E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Mechanization of timber harvesting operations in the South has increased concern about the detrimental impact that heavy machine traffic has on soil physical properties and site productivity. Improperly timed harvesting operations have potentially detrimental effects on forest soils and the growth of seedlings Foresters and other land managers must be aware of the potential soil disturbance caused by heavy machines, and apply methods that minimize long-term site quality degradation attributable, directly or indirectly, to mechanized equipment.
Research literature about the effects of timber harvesting on soil properties and seedling growth is summarized. Various types of harvesting equipment commonly used in the South are examined and the degrees of soil disturbance and compaction associated with each system are compared Changes in soil physical properties resulting from compaction are also reviewed as they relate to the establishment and growth of seedlings. Recommendations are made to minimize the detrimental effects of machine traffic on forest soils. South. J. Appl. For. 12(1):58-67
Influence of Site Preparation on Soil Conditions Affecting Stand Establishment and Tree Growth
Authors: Morris Lawrence A. , Lowery Robert F. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Slash disposal, and the type and amount of competing vegetation that occur on a forest site, are the primary considerations of site preparation prescriptions. Site preparation effectiveness, as measured by pine survival and growth, can be improved by recognizing and separating soil manipulation effects from those that result from competition control. The data relating site preparation induced changes in soil properties to plantation growth are limited, but indicate that many common treatments have little potential for improving soil conditions. Only disking, bedding, and subsoiling are likely to have large positive effects. South. J. Appl. For. 12(3):170-178.
Common Characteristics of Six Successful Mechanized Small-Tree Harvesting Operations in the South
Authors: Corwin Matthew L. , Stuart William B. , Shaffer Robert M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Southern forest industry personnel were surveyed to identify successful small-tree harvesting (thinning or prelogging) operations. Eighty-seven percent of the operations identified utilized a feller-buncher/grapple skidder harvesting system, and six operations of this system type with a range of capital investment were chosen for further intensive study. Selected cost and production measures of comparison are presented, and common characteristics are summarized for the six operations studied. South. J. Appl. For. 12(4): 222-226.
Eight-Year Performance of Loblolly Pine with Pisolithus Ectomycorrhizae on a Good-Quality Forest Site
Authors: Marx Donald H. , Cordell Charles E. , Clark Alexander 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L) seedlings with different initial amounts of Pisolithus tinctorius (Pt) ectomycorrhizae (Pt index 0, 27, 46, 68, or 88) were planted on a good-quality site (site index 90 ft at age 50) in southwest Georgia. After 8 years and crown closure, trees with Pt indices of 88 and 68 had significantly better survival and greater heights, diameters, volumes, and green weights per tree and per ac than nursery-run, control seedlings (Pt index 0). Volume and weight yields per ac were over 50% greater and volume and weight yields per tree were over 20% greater for trees in the Pt index 88 treatment than they were for control trees. A special statistical analysis indicated that average per ac volume was positively correlated with initial Pt index values larger than 58. Tree-ring analyses showed that trees with a Pt index of 88 had significantly greater annual basal area growth than controls during growing seasons with water deficits of 8 to 13 in. Annual growth did not differ when water deficits were greater or less than these amounts. After 8 years, Pt basidiocarps were present throughout the study site. Mycorrhizal treatment integrity may have been lost after 3 or 4 years. South. J. Appl. For. 12(4):275-280