bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fermentation Titer Optimization and Impact on Energy and Water Consumption during Downstream Processing
Authors: Pothakos Vasileios , Debeer Nadine , Debonne Ignace , Rodriguez Asier , Starr John N. , Anderson Todd 
Published: September 2018

AbstractA common focus of fermentation process optimization is the product titer. Different strategies to boost fermentation titer target whole‐cell biocatalyst selection, process control, and medium composition. Working at higher product concentrations reduces the water that needs to be removed in the case of aqueous systems and, therefore, lowers the cost of downstream separation and purification. Different approaches to achieve higher titer in fermentation are examined. Energy and water consumption data collected from different Cargill fermentation plants, i.e., ethanol, lactic acid, and 2‐keto‐L‐gulonic acid, confirm that improvements in fermentation titer play a decisive role in downstream economics and environmental footprint.
Common Battery Anode Testing Protocols Are Not Suitable for New Combined Alloying and Conversion Materials
Authors: Bree Gerard , Geaney Hugh , Ryan Kevin M. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractHere we report an interesting observation on anode materials for lithium ion batteries that undergo combined conversion and alloying lithiation processes during cycling (CAMs). These materials are generating interest as low cost and high capacity alternatives to graphite. We find that common testing protocols (CTPs) are unsuitable for assessment of CAMs due to their distinct multi‐step lithiation characteristics. CTPs involve reporting total gravimetric capacity in a half‐cell configuration alone (opposite Li foil), without individual analysis of each process; energy density and the problems associated with wide discharge voltages are not addressed. Through isolating the individual lithiation processes of a model system (Cu2ZnSnS4), we determine that the conversion processes are highly unstable, whereas the alloying processes exhibit remarkable capacity retention. We demonstrate that inclusion of the conversion processes in cycling actually reduced full cell energy density when compared with alloying alone. This indicates that CTPs may well underestimate the stability of CAMs. It is apparent that the true advantage of CAMs lies in the synergistic combination of the capacity of the alloying portion, and the stability provided by the uncycling Li2S buffer material. Finally, we prescribe a set of testing protocols for a meaningful assessment of new CAMs.
Tuning the Anomeric Effect in Sulfamide with Superacids
Authors: Leitz Dominik , Bayer Marie C. , Morgenstern Yvonne , Zischka Florian , Kornath Andreas J. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThis study shows that the anomeric effect (negative hyperconjugation) that arises in sulfamide, as a result of the relatively short S−N bonds, can be tuned by the utilization of superacidic media. Sulfamide was reacted in binary superacidic systems XF/MF5 (M=As, Sb; X=H, D) and HF/BF3. The colorless salts formed, [X2NSO2NX3]+[MF6]− and [H2NSO2NH3]+[BF4]− were characterized by low‐temperature vibrational spectroscopy. In the case of [H2NSO2NH3]+[BF4]−, a single crystal X‐ray diffraction study was performed. The salt crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c with four formula units per unit cell. An exclusive N,N′‐diprotonation was observed in the superacidic system HF/SbF5 when using several equivalents of the Lewis acid. Low‐temperature vibrational spectra as well as a single‐crystal X‐ray structure of [H3NSO2NH3]2+2 [SbF6]−⋅2 HF are reported. The salt crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pna21 with four formula units per unit cell. Upon mono‐ or diprotonation of sulfamide, remarkable structural changes of the sulfur–nitrogen bond lengths were observed. Herein, these changes are discussed together with quantum chemical calculations.
Variational data assimilation for transient blood flow simulations: Cerebral aneurysms as an illustrative example
Authors: Funke Simon Wolfgang , Nordaas Magne , Evju Øyvind , Alnæs Martin Sandve , Mardal Kent Andre 
Published: September 2018

AbstractSeveral cardiovascular diseases are caused from localised abnormal blood flow such as in the case of stenosis or aneurysms. Prevailing theories propose that the development is caused by abnormal wall shear stress in focused areas. Computational fluid mechanics have arisen as a promising tool for a more precise and quantitative analysis, in particular because the anatomy is often readily available even by standard imaging techniques such as magnetic resonance and computed tomography angiography. However, computational fluid mechanics rely on accurate initial and boundary conditions, which are difficult to obtain. In this paper, we address the problem of recovering high‐resolution information from noisy and low‐resolution physical measurements of blood flow (for example, from phase‐contrast magnetic resonance imaging [PC‐MRI]) using variational data assimilation based on a transient Navier‐Stokes model. Numerical experiments are performed in both 3D (2D space and time) and 4D (3D space and time) and with pulsatile flow relevant for physiological flow in cerebral aneurysms. The results demonstrate that, with suitable regularisation, the model accurately reconstructs flow, even in the presence of significant noise.
Task management on fully heterogeneous micro‐server system: Modeling and resolution strategies
Authors: Zaourar Lilia , Ait Aba Massinissa , Briand David , Philippe Jean‐Marc 
Published: September 2018

SummaryMany of today's important applications of our everyday lives, eg, weather forecast, design of plane and car shapes, medical analysis, or search engine queries depend on massively parallel computer programs executed in data centers. A large amount of energy is used to power them, and it is of primary importance to compute more efficiently to sustain the increasing demand of computing power while keeping energy consumption reasonable. One promising research path in this domain is heterogeneous systems since specific computing resources (processors, accelerators, etc) are more adapted to efficiently execute parts of applications. Nevertheless, the exploitation of these platforms raises new challenges in terms of application management optimization. The aim of our work is to determine effective algorithms to exploit these heterogeneous platforms by finding appropriate application mapping and scheduling to optimize the execution time and energy consumption with respect to various constraints. To achieve this goal, there is a need of a detailed modeling of the applications and the underlying hardware to be able to find realistic solutions. In this paper, we propose such a model, provide two implementations with state‐of‐the‐art tools, and propose a fast greedy online resolution algorithm and preliminary mapping and scheduling numerical results.
Distribution and structure of shallow subterranean aquatic arthropod communities in the parklands of Washington, D.C.
Authors: Keany Jenna , Christman Mary C. , Milton Mikaila , Knee Karen L. , Gilbert Heather , Culver David C. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractOver 150 sites in the parklands of southeast Washington, D.C., were examined for the presence of inhabitants of seepage springs and associated groundwater habitats—the hypotelminorheic. Three species predominated—the isopod Caecidotea kenki and the amphipods Crangonyx shoemakeri and Stygobromus tenuis sensu lato. C. shoemakeri and Stygobromus rarely occurred together, in part because of different habitat preferences. Based on stepwise logistic regression, Stygobromus preferred cooler water with lower specific conductance, and Crangonyx preferred warmer waters. Seven environmental parameters—temperature, temperature deviation from average, radon, specific conductance, DO, pH, and depth of clay layer—could not distinguish between inhabited and uninhabited sites, suggesting that most sites studied are potential habitats. Nearest neighbour analysis of Stygobromus sites showed them to be significantly farther apart than either Caecidotea or Crangonyx sites, suggesting that they are limited in dispersal ability. Overall, all three species appear to form meta‐populations, and so the protection of all sites, not just currently occupied sites, is important.
Unnatural hypoxic regimes
Authors: Jager Henriette I. , Novello Rebecca C. , Dale Virginia H. , Villnas Anna , Rose Kenneth A. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractCoastal hypoxia is increasing worldwide in response to human‐caused changes in global climate and biogeochemical cycles. In this paper, we view anthropogenic trends in coastal hypoxia through the lens of disturbance ecology and complexity theory. Complexity theory provides a framework for describing how estuaries and other coastal aquatic ecosystems respond to hypoxia by understanding feedback loops. Can it also be valuable in understanding how these ecosystems behave under shifting (i.e., unnatural) disturbance regimes? When viewed as a disturbance regime, shifts in the spatial (areal extent and fragmentation) and temporal (frequency and duration of events) characteristics of coastal hypoxia can be used to track changes into a non‐stationary future. Here, we consider options for increasing the resilience of coastal aquatic ecosystems to future, unnatural hypoxic regimes. To start, we define desirable states as ecosystems with long trophic chains and slow nutrient and carbon dynamics that produce many ecosystem services. We then work backward to describe circumstances dominated by positive feedbacks that can lead ecosystems toward an undesirable state (i.e., depauperate communities and chemically reduced sediments). Processes of degradation and recovery can be understood in the context of island biogeography whereby species diversity in habitats fragmented by hypoxia is determined by the balance between rapid local extinction, slow recolonization from the edges of hypoxic patches, and opportunities for ecological succession during between disturbance events. We review potential future changes associated with changing global climate and highlight ways to enhance coastal resilience. In addition to efforts to slow climate change, potential interventions include reduced nutrient and carbon loadings from rivers, restoration of aquatic vegetation, and managing for key species, including those that promote sediment oxygenation, that enhance water clarity, or that promote grazing on epiphytic algae through top‐down control.
An improved input energy spectrum verified by the shake table tests
Authors: Güllü Ahmet , Yüksel Ercan , Yalçın Cem , Anıl Dindar A. , Özkaynak Hasan , Büyüköztürk Oral 
Published: September 2018

SummaryInput energy is the principal component of the energy balance equation. It is beneficial to determine, through its components, how the recoverable and irrecoverable energies are distributed within the structural elements. Several equations and attenuation relations to define mass‐normalized input energy spectra exist in the literature. They are mainly proposed for elastic systems subjected to far‐fault EQs. There is a lack of experimental verification of these proposed spectra. In this paper, experimental assessment was performed to the existing spectra, and further improvements were accomplished. For this purpose, steel cantilever columns were tested on the shake table for two specific historical EQs coincidently having similar spectral acceleration values. Based on the experimental results, a three‐part mass‐normalized relative input energy spectrum was formulated including soil type, EQ (corner period, intensity, duration, spectral acceleration, and velocity), and structural behavioral characteristics (period and structural damping). The proposed input energy spectrum was experimentally calibrated and numerically validated for various EQs featuring near‐ and far‐field types. Analytical and experimental comparisons were made between the previously developed spectrum and the newly proposed one. The validation studies and the statistical evaluations exposed that the proposed spectrum yielded better agreement with the experimental and numerical results.
A Comparison of the chemical sensitivities between in vitro and in vivo propagated juvenile freshwater mussels: Implications for standard toxicity testing
Authors: Popp Anakela , Cope W. Gregory , McGregor Monte A. , Kwak Thomas J. , Augspurger Tom , Levine Jay F. , Koch Leroy 
Published: September 2018

Abstract

Unionid mussels are ecologically important and are globally imperiled. Toxicants contribute to mussel declines, and toxicity tests using juvenile mussels—a sensitive life stage—are valuable in determining thresholds used to set water quality criteria. In vitro culture methods provide an efficient way to propagate juveniles for toxicity testing, but their relative chemical sensitivity compared with in vivo propagated juveniles is unknown. Current testing guidelines caution against using in vitro cultured juveniles until this sensitivity is described. Our objective was to evaluate the relative sensitivity of juvenile mussels produced from both in vitro and in vivo propagation methods to selected chemicals. We conducted 96-h acute toxicity tests according to ASTM International guidelines with 3 mussel species and 6 toxicants: chloride, nickel, ammonia, and 3 copper-based compounds. Statistically significant differences between in vitro and in vivo juvenile 96-h median effect concentrations were observed in 8 of 17 tests, and in vitro juveniles were more sensitive in 6 of the 8 significant differences. At 96 h, 4 of the 8 statistically different tests for a given chemical were within a factor of 2, which is the intralaboratory variation demonstrated in a recent evaluation of mussel toxicity tests. We found that although differences in chemical sensitivity exist between in vitro and in vivo propagated juvenile mussels, they are within normal toxicity test variation. Therefore, in vitro propagated juvenile mussels may be appropriate for use in ASTM International-based toxicity testing. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:3077–3085. © 2018 SETAC
Technical efficiency of Portuguese public hospitals: A comparative analysis across the five regions of Portugal
Authors: Ferreira Diogo Cunha , Nunes Alexandre Morais 
Published: September 2018

SummaryThe present study aims to analyse the efficiency scores of hospital units, with reference to the five Portuguese health administrative regions (North, Centre, Lisbon and Tagus Valley, Alentejo, and Algarve). This paper contextualizes the process of decentralization of health in Portugal (started 1993) as well as the hospitals' corporatization and merging reforms (started 2002). These reforms aimed to meet health care needs by optimizing costs, improving efficiency, and broadening both access and quality in health services. Data envelopment analysis was used to quantify and compare the efficiencies of 27 hospitals heterogeneously distributed by five administrative regions. The results show a large average performance across the country. However, there are regions with scores larger than the national average and others with inferior results. This interregional diversity points towards disparities that deserve special attention from the policymakers and hospital managers.
A novel method for continuous formation of cord‐like collagen gels to fabricate durable fibers in which collagen fibrils are longitudinally aligned
Authors: Yunoki Shunji , Hatayama Hirosuke , Ebisawa Mizue , Kondo Eiji , Yasuda Kazunori 
Published: September 2018

AbstractWe developed a continuous formation method of cord‐like collagen gels comprising fibrils preferentially aligned along the geometrical axes (CCGs). Collagen (2.5%) dissolved in a sodium phosphate buffer containing 280 mM of sodium chloride was introduced into a stainless cylinder (length 52 mm, diameter 2.0 mm) warmed at 38°C at a linear velocity of 2.5 mm/s. This process caused collagen fibril alignments under acute fibril formation in the cylinder, resulting in continuous formation of CCGs. Fibril formation rate, shear rate, and shear duration were substantial factors for successful CCG formation. Outstanding advantages of this method over conventional wet spinning include the capacity of this technique to form aligned fibrils in the entire gels and to control the diameter of cord‐like gels over 1 mm. The air‐drying of CCGs which were crosslinked with 1‐ethyl‐3‐(3‐dimethylaminopropyl)‐carbodiimide and N‐hydroxy‐succinimide produced dry collagen fibers with cross‐sectional areas of 0.0123–0.135 mm2. Upon the rewetting of the fibers, they failed at a stress of 54.5 ± 7.8 MPa, which is higher than the mean failure stress of anterior cruciate ligament tissue (13.3–37.8 MPa). These findings indicate that the CCG formation method enables the fabrication of collagen fibers which are potential components of collagen‐based artificial tendons. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 107B: 1011–1023, 2019.
Evaluation of dehydrated human umbilical cord biological properties for wound care and soft tissue healing
Authors: Bullard Jenn D. , Lei Jennifer , Lim Jeremy J. , Massee Michelle , Fallon Anna M. , Koob Thomas J. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractChronic wounds are a significant health care problem with serious implications for quality of life because they do not properly heal and often require therapeutic intervention. Amniotic membrane allografts have been successfully used as a biologic therapy to promote soft tissue healing; however, the umbilical cord, another placental‐derived tissue, has also recently garnered interest because of its unique composition but similar placental tissue origin. The aim of this study was to characterize PURION® PLUS Processed dehydrated human umbilical cord (dHUC) and evaluate the biological properties of this tissue that contribute to healing. This was performed through the characterization of the tissue composition, evaluation of in vitro cellular response to dHUC treatment, and in vivo bioresorption and tissue response in a rat model. It was observed that dHUC contains collagen I, hyaluronic acid, laminin, and fibronectin. Additionally, 461 proteins that consist of growth factors and cytokines, inflammatory modulators, chemokines, proteases and inhibitors, adhesion molecules, signaling receptors, membrane‐bound proteins, and other soluble regulators were detected. Cell‐based assays demonstrated an increase in adipose‐derived stem cell and mesenchymal stem cell proliferation, fibroblast migration and endothelial progenitor cell vessel formation in a dose‐dependent manner after dHUC treatment. Lastly, rat subcutaneous implantation demonstrated biocompatibility since dHUC allografts were resorbed without fibrous encapsulation. These findings establish that dHUC possesses biological properties that stimulate cellular responses important for soft tissue healing. © 2018 The Authors. Journal Of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials Published By Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 107B: 1035‐1046, 2019.
Tpeak‐Tend, Tpeak‐Tend/QT ratio and Tpeak‐Tend dispersion for risk stratification in Brugada Syndrome: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Tse Gary , Gong Mengqi , Li Christien Ka Hou , Leung Keith Sai Kit , Georgopoulos Stamatis , Bazoukis George , Letsas Konstantinos P. , Sawant Abhishek C. , Mugnai Giacomo , Wong Martin C.S. , Yan Gan Xin , Brugada Pedro , Chierchia Gian‐Battista , de Asmundis Carlo , Baranchuk Adrian , Liu Tong ,   International Health Informatics Study (IHIS) Network
Published: September 2018

AbstractBackgroundBrugada syndrome is an ion channelopathy that predisposes affected subjects to ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation (VT/VF), potentially leading to sudden cardiac death (SCD). Tpeak‐Tend intervals, (Tpeak‐Tend)/QT ratio and Tpeak‐Tend dispersion have been proposed for risk stratification, but their predictive values in Brugada syndrome have been challenged recently.MethodsA systematic review and meta‐analysis was conducted to examine their values in predicting arrhythmic and mortality outcomes in Brugada Syndrome. PubMed and Embase databases were searched until 1 May 2018, identifying 29 and 57 studies.ResultsNine studies involving 1740 subjects (mean age 45 years old, 80% male, mean follow‐up duration was 68 ± 27 months) were included. The mean Tpeak‐Tend interval was 98.9 ms (95% CI: 90.5‐107.2 ms) for patients with adverse events (ventricular arrhythmias or SCD) compared to 87.7 ms (95% CI: 80.5‐94.9 ms) for those without such events, with a mean difference of 11.9 ms (95% CI: 3.6‐20.2 ms, P = 0.005; I2 = 86%). Higher (Tpeak‐Tend)/QT ratios (mean difference = 0.019, 95% CI: 0.003‐0.036, P = 0.024; I2 = 74%) and Tpeak‐Tend dispersion (mean difference = 7.8 ms, 95% CI: 2.1‐13.4 ms, P = 0.007; I2 = 80%) were observed for the event‐positive group.ConclusionTpeak‐Tend interval, (Tpeak‐Tend)/QT ratio and Tpeak‐Tend dispersion were higher in high‐risk than low‐risk Brugada subjects, and thus offer incremental value for risk stratification.
Origins of material loss in highly worn acetabular cups of metal‐on‐metal total hip replacements
Authors: Lu Zhen , Ebramzadeh Edward 
Published: September 2018

ABSTRACTExcessive wear has been one of the major failure modes of metal‐on‐metal hip implants. From a collection of 541 retrieved ASR metal‐on‐metal implants, we selected those head‐cup pairs with combined wear >100 mm3, (N = 42) to assess the distributions of wear volume on cups, and non‐conformance in the worn areas at the head‐cup interfaces. All 42 had severe cup edge wear (average maximum wear depth 500 μm). On average, 58% of wear volume of cups occurred at the edge areas, whereas 42% occurred well inside the socket, indicating that substantial wear volume of cups was generated well inside the socket. Particularly, in eight cups, more than half of the wear volume occurred well inside the socket. The head‐cup conformance in the worn areas was deteriorated. On average, in worn areas, head‐cup clearance was approximately eight times greater than in unworn areas, and the sphericity of heads and cups was approximately 36 times and 84 times higher, respectively, than in unworn areas. The radius of curvature of the worn surfaces of heads and cups varied widely, with an average variation of 3 mm (0.6–7 mm) and 11 mm (2–47 mm) for heads and cups, respectively. The severely deteriorated conformance at the edge areas and the areas well inside the socket, due to edge contact, could be the major factor for excessive wear of these 42 pairs. © 2018 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res