bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ignoring spatial heterogeneity in social conditions overestimates extinction risk of aquatic macrophytes
Authors: Toyama Fumiya , Akasaka Munemitsu 
Published: May 2018

AbstractAimAbandoned lands are expanding globally due to depopulation in rural areas; biodiversity is declining due to the cessation of traditional management practices. However, the awareness of abandonment as a serious threat is still limited. Knowledge of the influence of the responsible factors on the assessment of regional extinction risk of species due to abandonment is sparse although it is indispensable for conservation decision‐making. This study aimed to clarify the influence of the heterogeneity in abandonment risk and interspecies differences in sensitivity to abandonment on regional species extinction risk and to identify the attributes of the species whose extinction risk is prone to be assessed inaccurately by ignoring the abandonment risk.LocationAwaji Island, Hyogo, Western Japan.MethodsWe assessed the extinction risk of 64 species of macrophytes under four scenarios: 2 × 2 combinations whether to incorporate interspecies differences in sensitivity to abandonment and the abandonment risk, respectively.ResultsIgnoring the abandonment risk overestimated the extinction risk of most species by 10%, whereas ignoring interspecies differences in sensitivity did not significantly affect the extinction risk. Ignoring the abandonment risk overestimated the extinction risk of emergent plants by 12%, whereas it underestimated that of free‐floating plants or threatened plants by 5%. Spatial bias in abandonment risk markedly reduced the correlation between the extinction risk and the frequency of species occurrence.Main conclusionsThe abandonment risk was more effective in accurately assessing the extinction risk due to abandonment than interspecies differences in sensitivity. Extinction risk of emergent, free‐floating or threatened species were assessed inaccurately by ignoring the abandonment risk. Focusing only on the area of occurrence or the extent of occurrence of a species as a surrogate for its extinction risk is likely to produce inaccurate assessments, and thus should be avoided.
Proximal versus distal femoral derotation osteotomy in bilateral cerebral palsy
Authors: Niklasch Mirjam , Boyer Elizabeth R , Novacheck Tom , Dreher Thomas , Schwartz Michael 
Published: May 2018

AimFemoral derotation osteotomy (FDO) can be conducted either proximally or distally to correct internal rotation gait (IRG) and increased anteversion in children with cerebral palsy (CP). Previous studies with limited numbers of participants have presented comparable short‐term static and kinematic outcomes for both techniques. The objective of this retrospective multicentre study was to verify this thesis with a larger number of patients.MethodIn total, 119 children with CP and IRG were included after matching the groups on preoperative mean stance hip rotation: 67 intertrochanteric (proximal group) FDO (average age at surgery 9y [SD 3y]); 52 supracondylar (distal group) FDO (average age at surgery 12y [SD 3y]). One random limb of each child was analyzed. Both transverse plane kinematic gait data and torsional parameters of clinical examination were assessed preoperatively and postoperatively.ResultsOn average, both groups’ mean hip rotation and midpoint of hip rotation improved postoperatively, and groups did not differ preoperatively or postoperatively for these variables (p>0.05).InterpretationThe osteotomy location does not influence short‐term gait kinematics nor static measurements. Therefore, the choice of performing proximal or distal FDO in children with CP for treatment of IRG and increased anteversion should be motivated by considerations other than these outcome parameters.What this paper adds

Femoral derotation osteotomy (FDO) location does not influence mean stance hip rotation in cerebral palsy (CP).

FDO location does not influence mid‐point hip rotation in CP.

FDO location should be motivated by concomitant procedures performed.
Impact of treatment with pioglitazone on stroke outcomes: A real‐world database analysis
Authors: Morgan Christopher Ll , Inzucchi Silvio E. , Puelles Jorge , Jenkins‐Jones Sara , Currie Craig J. 
Published: May 2018

AimsRandomized controlled trials have reported an association between pioglitazone and reduced incidence of stroke in type 2 diabetic (T2DM) and insulin‐resistant populations. We investigated this association within a real‐world database.Materials and methodsT2DM patients who initiated pioglitazone between 2000 and 2012 were extracted from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD), a UK routine data source. Two non‐exposed control cohorts were matched according to age, gender, HbA1c, diabetes duration, stroke history, co‐morbidities and prior T2DM regimen. Control cohort‐1 comprised patients initiating a new T2DM therapy as their respective case initiated pioglitazone. Control cohort‐2 maintained the same T2DM regimen as their respective case prior to the case initiating pioglitazone. Primary outcome was incident stroke; other outcomes included mortality, length of hospital stay and stroke recurrence.ResultsA total of 4234 patients initiating pioglitazone were matched to controls in cohort‐1 and 3604 in cohort‐2. For the primary outcome there were significantly reduced hazard ratios (HRs) for cases: controls. For cohort 1, the HR was 0.666 (95% CI, 0.466‐0.952) during the therapy period and was 0.750 (0.612‐0.919) over the entire observation period; for cohort 2, respective HRs were 0.516 (0.336‐0.794) and 0.773 (0.611‐0.978). There was no significant difference in 30‐day mortality rate or rate of recurrent stroke. For stroke events that required hospitalization, there was a significant difference in length of stay for patients discharged to usual residence (median, 3.0 days vs 7.0 days; P = .008) for control cohort‐2 while undergoing treatment.ConclusionsIn support of evidence from 2 large randomized trials, these observational data show that pioglitazone has a potent effect in reducing stroke events in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Time trends and geographical variation in prescribing of drugs for diabetes in England from 1998 to 2017
Authors: Curtis Helen J. , Dennis John M. , Shields Beverley M. , Walker Alex J. , Bacon Seb , Hattersley Andrew T. , Jones Angus G. , Goldacre Ben 
Published: May 2018

AimsTo measure the variation in prescribing of second‐line non‐insulin diabetes drugs.Materials and MethodsWe evaluated time trends for the period 1998 to 2016, using England's publicly available prescribing datasets, and stratified these by the order in which they were prescribed to patients using the Clinical Practice Research Datalink. We calculated the proportion of each class of diabetes drug as a percentage of the total per year. We evaluated geographical variation in prescribing using general practice‐level data for the latest 12 months (to August 2017), with aggregation to Clinical Commissioning Groups. We calculated percentiles and ranges, and plotted maps.ResultsPrescribing of therapy after metformin is changing rapidly. Dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 (DPP‐4) inhibitor use has increased markedly, with DPP‐4 inhibitors now the most common second‐line drug (43% prescriptions in 2016). The use of sodium‐glucose co‐transporter‐2 (SGLT‐2) inhibitors also increased rapidly (14% new second‐line, 27% new third‐line prescriptions in 2016). There was wide geographical variation in choice of therapies and average spend per patient. In contrast, metformin was consistently used as a first‐line treatment in accordance with guidelines.ConclusionsIn England there is extensive geographical variation in the prescribing of diabetes drugs after metformin, and increasing use of higher‐cost DPP‐4 inhibitors and SGLT‐2 inhibitors compared with low‐cost sulphonylureas. Our findings strongly support the case for comparative effectiveness trials of current diabetes drugs.
Remediation of sandy soil contaminated by heavy metals with Na2EDTA washing enhanced with organic reducing agents: element distribution and spectroscopic analysis
Authors: Wei M. , Chen J. , Wang Q. 
Published: May 2018

SummaryWashing with Na2EDTA is insufficient to remove both cationic and anionic metal species in contaminated soil. Therefore, washing with Na2EDTA enhanced with organic reducing agents was tested as a means to improve the efficiency of removal of heavy metals and to investigate its effect on the spectroscopic characteristics of contaminated soil. The results indicated that washing with Na2EDTA enhanced with organic reducing agents was effective in removing both arsenic and cationic metals from contaminated soil at the initial pH of the mixed washing agents. The increase in removal efficiencies (compared with a single Na2EDTA washing) under this washing regime was 19–31% for arsenic, 6–19% for cadmium, 3–12% for copper and 6–21% for lead in two samples. The results of metal fractionation indicated that the addition of either oxalic or ascorbic acids could increase the relative proportion of the residual fraction to varying degrees. The spectroscopic analysis demonstrated that these acids were effective in removing metals by dissolving soil minerals, such as amorphous iron oxides, and reducing mineral oxides. The X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) study showed that more Fe(III) was transformed to Fe(II) under Na2EDTA washing enhanced with oxalic acid than with ascorbic acid, and the dissolution of silicon oxides was very limited in the presence of either of these acids. Washing with Na2EDTA enhanced by both oxalic and ascorbic acid of the sampled soils improved removal efficiencies; properties of the washing agent, the physicochemical properties of samples and the pollution characteristics (e.g. the amounts of contamination and metal fractions) combined to influence the effect of washing.HighlightsWashing with Na2EDTA and oxalic or ascorbic acids was effective in extracting arsenic and cationic metals.
Oxalic acid was more effective than ascorbic acid in transforming Fe(III) to Fe(II).
Addition of organic reducing acids increased the relative proportion of the residual fraction of metals.
Metal removal was affected by dissolution of minerals such as scorodite, muscovite and feldspar.
Combined use of two defensive traits in pupae of Scymnus posticalis ladybirds
Authors: Mizuno Takafumi , Hayashi Masayuki , Akino Toshiharu 
Published: May 2018

AbstractCoccinellid pupae have various defensive traits, such as keeping their final‐instar larval exuviae and secreting droplets containing defensive chemicals at the tips of glandular hairs. Although each of these traits has been described separately in different species, it is unclear how each defensive trait functions when more than one trait coexists. We found that pupae of the ladybird Scymnus posticalis have two different types of traits; they were partially covered with their own final‐instar larval exuviae, with thick wax structures, and had many glandular hairs secreting transparent droplets on the exposed parts of the body without waxy exuviae (head and medial parts of thoracic and abdominal dorsum). In this study, the defensive effects of these two traits were evaluated against two ant species, Tetramorium tsushimae and Lasius japonicus, which are potential predators. When encountering a pupa, neither ant species were able to make frequent physical contact with the exposed parts of the pupa because of the presence of the waxy exuviae. When touching the exposed body part that was covered with droplets, both ant species immediately stepped backward and then swept their antennae. The droplets suppressed ant feeding when mixed with sucrose solution, suggesting that the droplets contain repellent chemicals. These results indicate that the two traits of S. posticalis pupae (the larval waxy exuviae and the droplets) effectively play defensive roles against ants, functioning as a physical obstruction and a chemical repellent, respectively.
Subsocial spiders in space and time: A fine scale approach to the dynamics of dispersal
Authors: Aceves‐Aparicio Alfonso , Tapia‐McClung Horacio , Macías‐Ordóñez Rogelio , Rao Dinesh 
Published: May 2018

AbstractLess than 0.2% of all spider species live in close associations with conspecifics. Among these, subsocial spiders show characteristics of both solitary spiders (e.g., individuals disperse for breeding) and social spiders (e.g., prolonged cooperative behaviours at least prior to independent reproduction). Dispersing individuals build small webs, usually with one inhabitant, whereas colonies are large webs with plant debris and harbouring multiple females. We studied the spatiotemporal dynamics of dispersal in the subsocial spider Anelosimus baeza. We followed the occupancy of all colonies and dispersal webs over the breeding season by mapping the number and sex of spiders with respect to their location in three dimensions. We studied the settlement patterns of new webs and fluctuation in web occupancy through movement between occupied and abandoned webs of colonies and dispersal webs. The occupancy of webs was highly dynamic with changes occurring at small time scales. The similarity in the patterns of web occupancy by females among dispersal webs was partially explained by their spatial and their temporal proximity. Our results suggest that dispersal webs may be used by spiders as a temporary refuge by both sexes during the breeding season. Patterns described here suggest new approaches to dispersal studies in group living spiders.
Evaluating the potential for prezygotic isolation and hybridization between landlocked and anadromous alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) following secondary contact
Authors: Littrell Katherine A. , Ellis David , Gephard Stephen R. , MacDonald Andrew D. , Palkovacs Eric P. , Scranton Katherine , Post David M. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe recent increase in river restoration projects is altering habitat connectivity for many aquatic species, increasing the chance that previously isolated populations will come into secondary contact. Anadromous and landlocked alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) are currently undergoing secondary contact as a result of a fishway installation at Rogers Lake in Old Lyme, Connecticut. To determine the degree of prezygotic isolation and potential for hybridization between alewife life history forms, we constructed spawning time distributions for two anadromous and three landlocked alewife populations using otolith‐derived age estimates. In addition, we analyzed long‐term data from anadromous alewife migratory spawning runs to look for trends in arrival date and spawning time. Our results indicated that anadromous alewife spawned earlier and over a shorter duration than landlocked alewife, but 3%–13% of landlocked alewife spawning overlapped with the anadromous alewife spawning period. The degree of spawning time overlap was primarily driven by annual and population‐level variation in the timing of spawning by landlocked alewife, whereas the timing and duration of spawning for anadromous alewife were found to be relatively invariant among years in our study system. For alewife and many other anadromous fish species, the increase in fish passage river restoration projects in the coming decades will re‐establish habitat connectivity and may bring isolated populations into contact. Hybridization between life history forms may occur when prezygotic isolating mechanisms are minimal, leading to potentially rapid ecological and evolutionary changes in restored habitats.
Topical application of quercetin improves wound healing in pressure ulcer lesions
Authors: Yin Guimei , Wang Zhijing , Wang Zhaoxia , Wang Xirui 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe ischaemia‐reperfusion (I/R)–induced skin lesion has been identified as primary cause of pressure ulcers. To date, attempts to prevent pressure ulcers have not produced a significant improvement. Quercetin, one of the most widely distributed flavonoids in fruits and vegetables, exhibits its antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory properties against many diseases, including ischaemic heart disease, atherosclerosis and renal injury. In vitro wound scratch assay was first used to assess the function of quercetin in wounding cell model. Next, animal pressure ulcers model was established with two cycles of I/R. The impact of quercetin in the wound recovery, immune cell infiltration and pro‐inflammatory cytokines production was investigated in this model. Mechanistic regulation of quercetin at the wound site was also studied. Quercetin accelerated wound closure in cell scratch assay. Dose‐response study suggested 1 μmol/L quercetin for in vivo study. In I/R injury model, quercetin treatment significantly accelerated wound closure, reduced immune cell infiltration and pro‐inflammatory cytokines production. Signalling study showed quercetin treatment inhibited MAPK but not NFĸB activation. Quercetin treatment improved the wound healing process in I/R lesions by suppressing MAPK pathway. Our results supported that quercetin could be a potential therapeutic agent for pressure ulcers.
Solar‐induced chlorophyll fluorescence is strongly correlated with terrestrial photosynthesis for a wide variety of biomes: First global analysis based on OCO‐2 and flux tower observations
Authors: Li Xing , Xiao Jingfeng , He Binbin , Altaf Arain M. , Beringer Jason , Desai Ankur R. , Emmel Carmen , Hollinger David Y. , Krasnova Alisa , Mammarella Ivan , Noe Steffen M. , Ortiz Penélope Serrano , Rey‐Sanchez A. Camilo , Rocha Adrian V. , Varlagin Andrej 
Published: May 2018

AbstractSolar‐induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) has been increasingly used as a proxy for terrestrial gross primary productivity (GPP). Previous work mainly evaluated the relationship between satellite‐observed SIF and gridded GPP products both based on coarse spatial resolutions. Finer resolution SIF (1.3 km × 2.25 km) measured from the Orbiting Carbon Observatory‐2 (OCO‐2) provides the first opportunity to examine the SIF–GPP relationship at the ecosystem scale using flux tower GPP data. However, it remains unclear how strong the relationship is for each biome and whether a robust, universal relationship exists across a variety of biomes. Here we conducted the first global analysis of the relationship between OCO‐2 SIF and tower GPP for a total of 64 flux sites across the globe encompassing eight major biomes. OCO‐2 SIF showed strong correlations with tower GPP at both midday and daily timescales, with the strongest relationship observed for daily SIF at the 757 nm (R2 = 0.72,p < 0.0001). Strong linear relationships between SIF and GPP were consistently found for all biomes (R2 = 0.57–0.79,p < 0.0001) except evergreen broadleaf forests (R2 = 0.16,p < 0.05) at the daily timescale. A higher slope was found for C4grasslands and croplands than for C3ecosystems. The generally consistent slope of the relationship among biomes suggests a nearly universal rather than biome‐specific SIF–GPP relationship, and this finding is an important distinction and simplification compared to previous results. SIF was mainly driven by absorbed photosynthetically active radiation and was also influenced by environmental stresses (temperature and water stresses) that determine photosynthetic light use efficiency. OCO‐2 SIF generally had a better performance for predicting GPP than satellite‐derived vegetation indices and a light use efficiency model. The universal SIF–GPP relationship can potentially lead to more accurate GPP estimates regionally or globally. Our findings revealed the remarkable ability of finer resolution SIF observations from OCO‐2 and other new or future missions (e.g., TROPOMI, FLEX) for estimating terrestrial photosynthesis across a wide variety of biomes and identified their potential and limitations for ecosystem functioning and carbon cycle studies.
TetraDENSITY: A database of population density estimates in terrestrial vertebrates
Authors: Santini Luca , Isaac Nick J. B. , Ficetola Gentile Francesco 
Published: May 2018

AbstractMotivationPopulation density is a key demographic parameter influencing many ecological processes, and macroecology has described both intra‐ and interspecific patterns of variation. Population density data are expensive to collect and contain many forms of noise and potential bias; these factors have impeded investigation of macroecological patterns, and many hypotheses remain largely unexplored. Population density also represents fundamental information for conservation, because it underlies population dynamics and, ultimately, extinction risk. Here we present TetraDENSITY, an extensive dataset with > 18,000 records of density estimates for terrestrial vertebrates, in order to facilitate new research on this topic.Main types of variable containedThe dataset includes taxonomic information on species, population density estimate, year of data collection, season, coordinates of the locality, locality name, habitat, sampling method and sampling area.Spatial location and grainGlobal. Spatial accuracy varies across studies; conservatively, it can be considered at 1°, but for many data it is much finer.Time period and grainFrom 1926 to 2017. Temporal accuracy is yearly in most cases, but studies with higher temporal resolution (season, month) are also present.Major taxa and level of measurementAmphibians in terrestrial phase, reptiles, birds and mammals. Estimates derive from multiple methods, reflecting the study taxon, location and techniques available at the time of density estimation.
Paget's disease of jaw bones as primary manifestation: A case report of a proper diagnosis made by general dentist
Authors: Campolongo Martin G. , Cabras Marco , Bava Luca , Arduino Paolo G. , Carbone Mario 
Published: May 2018

ObjectiveTo present a case of early diagnosis mandibular Paget's disease of bone (PDB), recognised by a general dentist.BackgroundPDB is responsible of rapid bone resorption and disorganised bone formation.Materials and methodsThe patient was a 72‐year‐old female patient complaining of dental malposition and blatant prognathism.ConclusionClinicians should consider PDB in differential diagnosis for an elderly patient undergoing unexplained alteration in face profile and occlusion.