bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the biological basis of musicality
Authors: Honing Henkjan 
Published: March 2018

AbstractIn recent years, music and musicality have been the focus of an increasing amount of research effort. This has led to a growing role and visibility of the contribution of (bio)musicology to the field of neuroscience and cognitive sciences at large. While it has been widely acknowledged that there are commonalities between speech, language, and musicality, several researchers explain this by considering musicality as an epiphenomenon of language. However, an alternative hypothesis is that musicality is an innate and widely shared capacity for music that can be seen as a natural, spontaneously developing set of traits based on and constrained by our cognitive abilities and their underlying biology. A comparative study of musicality in humans and well‐known animal models (monkeys, birds, pinnipeds) will further our insights on which features of musicality are exclusive to humans and which are shared between humans and nonhuman animals, contribute to an understanding of the musical phenotype, and further constrain existing evolutionary theories of music and musicality.
The first tunicate with a calcareous exoskeleton (Upper Triassic, northern Italy)
Authors: Wendt Jobst 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe first tunicates with a calcareous exoskeleton are reported from Late Triassic buildup‐slope deposits of the Dolomites. Although examples of this group have been known since the early 1900s from the middle–upper Permian of eastern Asia and Sicily asKhmeria, they were erroneously attributed to rugose corals. These early representatives are small, double‐valved, conical skeletons, which evolved into multi‐plated capsules with up to 35 opercula. The latter are joined along zigzag margins, which in life could probably be opened for the atrial and branchial siphons. The construction and shape of these skeletons distinguish them from plants or other invertebrate phyla, while they share several similarities with living tunicates, specifically to sessile ascidians. Apart from a soft‐bodied genus from the lower Cambrian of China, ascidians are known only from isolated spicules, which occur sporadically from the Lower Jurassic onwards. The calcareous skeleton of these Late Triassic tunicates consists of aragonitic fibres, which form spherulitic or clinogonal microstructures. It seems that the stellate aragonitic spicules of Jurassic to Recent ascidians are a vestige of Permian–Triassic ancestors, which after the Carnian lost the ability to construct compound solid skeletons but partly still retain a soft double‐valved or multi‐operculate cellulose‐like tunic. The following taxa are described as new: Order Khmeriamorpha with the generaKhmeriaMansuy andZardinisomagen. nov., and the following species:Khmeria stolonifera(late Permian),Khmeria minima(Late Triassic),Zardinisoma japonicum(late Permian),Z. cassianum,Z. pyriforme,Z. polyplacophorumandZ. pauciplacophorum(all Late Triassic).
The Amoralist and the Anaesthetic
Authors: King Alex 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThis article puts pressure on moral motivational internalism and rejects normative motivational internalism by arguing that we should be aesthetic motivational externalists. Parallels between aesthetic and moral normativity give us new reason to doubt moral internalism. I address possible disanalogies, arguing that either they fail, or they succeed, but aren't strong enough to underwrite a motivational difference between the domains. Furthermore, aesthetic externalism entails normative externalism, providing further presumptive evidence against moral internalism. I also make the case that, regardless of these particular conclusions, examining different normative domains alongside each other is a fruitful way to move debates forward.
Association of post‐transplant donor‐specific HLA antibody with liver graft fibrosis during long‐term follow‐up after pediatric liver transplantation
Authors: Tokodai Kazuaki , Miyagi Shigehito , Nakanishi Chikashi , Hara Yasuyuki , Nakanishi Wataru , Miyazawa Koji , Shimizu Kenji , Murakami Keigo , Sasano Hironobu , Goto Masafumi , Unno Michiaki , Kamei Takashi 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe aim of this study was to evaluate the significance of post‐transplant DSA as a predictor of liver fibrosis during long‐term follow‐up after pediatric LT. We evaluated the histological findings in 18 LT recipients who underwent liver biopsy after DSA screening. Liver fibrosis was scored based on the METAVIR fibrosis staging. Patients were divided into 2 groups based on histological findings, and clinical characteristics among patients with liver fibrosis were assessed. Of 18 patients, 7 were included in the fibrosis group. No significant between‐group differences were found regarding peritransplant characteristics, including age, sex, primary disease, ABO incompatibility, and immunosuppressive regimen. Episodes of acute rejection and non‐adherence to immunosuppressive drugs were comparable between both groups. The MFI for anti‐DR DSA and positive rate were significantly higher in the fibrosis group (1655 vs 216; P = .019, 86% vs 27%; P = .012, respectively). MFI for anti‐DQ DSA was higher in the fibrosis group, but non‐significantly (2052 vs 384; P = .46). Post‐transplant anti‐DR DSA is associated with graft fibrosis during long‐term follow‐up. This finding seems useful for the implementation of valid histological examinations of liver grafts for patients with higher MFI, especially for anti‐DR DSA, after pediatric LT.
Wittgenstein on Happiness: Harmony, Disharmony and Antitheodicy
Authors: Pihlström Sami 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThis paper investigates Wittgenstein's remarks on happiness and harmony in the context of Wittgensteinian antitheodicy. Philosophers of religion inspired by Wittgenstein's philosophy often criticize theodicies seeking to justify apparently meaningless evil and suffering within God's overall harmonious plan. The paper analyses Wittgenstein's early views on happiness as harmony with the world, examining whether they are incompatible with an antitheodicist approach abandoning the very project of theodicy by acknowledging a certain kind of disharmony. However, antitheodicy may also, at the transcendental meta‐level, be considered a “harmonious” way of “seeing the world aright,” which raises a reflexive problem for any Wittgenstein‐inspired antitheodicy.
Public health nursing and the issue of trust in campus sexual assault
Authors: Carney Amy Y. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractPublic Health Nurses are the largest group of public health practitioners in both local and state health departments across the United States. Essential for the delivery of health services in the community, Public Health Nurses frequently provide care for underserved and vulnerable populations. Among these populations are the victims of campus sexual assault, a growing problem on college and university campuses. Both nationally and internationally, sexual assault has been described as a public health and human rights concern. With the signing of the Senate Bill 967 in California, affirmative consent, known as “yes means yes,” requires both parties in a sexual encounter to give voluntary and affirmative consent. Many colleges and universities across the country have adopted similar standards. However, students may choose not to seek health care after an assault at the Student Health Center, preferring to obtain care in community clinics or health departments. Students must be able to be safe on and off campus, and must be able to trust they will be heard by campus authorities and the health care community, and be treated with respect. Public health nurses need to be prepared to work with victims of campus sexual assault and have a solid foundation in the issues surrounding assault, and the needs of the student to trust their caregivers. This paper presents an overview of the vulnerability and risk factors in sexual assault, presents legislation on campus and institutional responsibility, and provides a foundation for Public Health Nurses working with victims of sexual assault.
Sunburn at the seaside
Authors: Diffey Brian L , Mobley Curtis D 
Published: March 2018

SummaryBackground/purposeThe purpose of this paper is to estimate the contribution to our erythemal exposure at the coast of solar ultraviolet (UV) both reflected from, and transmitted into, the ocean.MethodsThe reflection of solar UV radiation from, and transmitted into, seawater was calculated using a numerical model under a number of atmospheric conditions to estimate erythemal exposure on the skin of supine/prone and ambulant people.ResultsThe results were expressed as UV Indices. Even under the most extreme insolation with the sun directly overhead, where the ambient UV Index may be around 14, reflected UV from the ocean contributes an erythemal exposure to the skin equivalent to a UV Index of about 0.7. For typical ocean waters, with the sun high in the sky, the UV index within the water is about 7 at a depth of 2 m.ConclusionWhilst our eyes often sense a high level of reflected sunlight from the ocean, especially when the sun is low in the sky, our skin does not share that experience. The reason people get sunburnt at the seaside has more to do with the absence of shade than with reflectance by the water surface or even beach sand.
The role of aggressiveness and competition in the selection ofPhytophthora infestanspopulations
Authors: Young G. K. , Cooke L. R. , Watson S. , Kirk W. W. , Perez F. M. , Deahl K. L. 
Published: March 2018

Selection within populations ofPhytophthora infestanswas investigated by comparing the aggressiveness of single‐lesion isolates on detached leaflets of four potato cultivars with differing levels of race‐nonspecific resistance toP. infestans. The isolates included 23 representative of Northern Ireland genotypes from the early 2000s, used to inoculate previously reported field trials on competitive selection (2003–2005), plus 12 isolates recovered from the 2003 trial. The cultivars were those planted in the previous trials: Atlantic (blight‐susceptible) and Santé, Milagro and Stirling (partially resistant). Very highly significant variation for latent period, infection frequency and lesion area was found between genotypes and cultivars; differences between genotypes were more marked on the more resistant cultivars, but no one genotype was the most aggressive across all. Detached leaflets were also inoculated with mixtures of isolates from each genotype group at three sporangial concentrations: differences in aggressiveness between genotypes were more apparent at lower concentrations and on the more resistant cultivars. Genotype groups that were the most aggressive on the more resistant cultivars tended to be those selected by the same cultivars in the field. A mixture of all isolates of all genotypes was used to inoculate detached leaflets of the same cultivars. With one exception, single spore isolates recovered from any one leaflet belonged to a single genotype, but different genotypes were recovered from different cultivars.Phytophthora infestansisolates from Northern Ireland showed significant variation for foliar aggressiveness, and pathogen genotypes exhibited differential aggressiveness to partially resistant cultivars and interacted competitively in genotype selection.
Preliminary comparison of atmospheric CO2 enhancement to photosynthesis of Pyropia yezoensis (Bangiales, Rhodophyta) leafy thalli and filamentous thalli
Authors: Huan Li , Wang Chao , Gao Shan , He Lin‐wen , Lu Xiao‐ping , Wang Xu‐lei , Liu Xue‐hua , Wang Guang‐ce 
Published: March 2018

SUMMARYIntertidal macroalgae are submerged in seawater at high tide and exposed to air at low tide. When they are exposed to the air, CO2 is the main inorganic carbon source. In this study, the photosynthetic performances of PSI and PSII were measured in different generations of Pyropia yezoensis (leafy thalli and filamentous thalli) that had been exposed to air containing different CO2 concentrations. Changes in photosynthesis during dehydration and salt treatment under the different CO2 concentrations were also analyzed. The results showed that in leafy thalli, the effective photochemical quantum yield of PSII (YII) was enhanced as CO2 increased, which suggested that CO2 assimilation was enhanced and that they can utilize CO2 in the air directly, even when they are subjected to moderate stress. These findings could explain why, in P. yezoensis aquaculture, moderate exposure to air does not lead to a decrease in crop yield. However, in filamentous thalli, there were no significant differences in YII at the CO2 concentrations tested. The expression of genes involved in the Calvin cycle in leafy thalli was higher than that in filamentous thalli. CO2 uptake and biomass of P. yezoensis leafy thalli is larger than filamentous thalli, which may be due to its different carbon utilization mechanism and the adaptation of intertidal environment in the evolutionary process.
Intermunicipal Cooperation in the Netherlands: The Costs and the Effectiveness of Polycentric Regional Governance
Authors: Klok Pieter‐Jan , Denters Bas , Boogers Marcel , Sanders Maurits 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
This article examines the effects of the structure of intermunicipal cooperatives (IMCs) on the perceived transaction costs and benefits of IMCs. Hypotheses based on a polycentric theory of regional governance are tested using data from Dutch municipalities. The findings are mixed. In line with polycentric theory, networks characterized by a multiplicity of territorial scales reduce IMC transaction costs. Contrary to polycentric theory, however, if IMCs are organized under a uniform legal regime, lower costs and higher benefits are reported. Structural factors that dominate the debate between polycentrism and monocentrism prove to be of limited importance. On the other hand, the results indicate support for the hypotheses that intermunicipal trust (as a cultural variable) contributes to perceptions of effective and efficient cooperation.
Endometrial nitric oxide synthase activity in mares susceptible or resistant to persistent breeding‐induced endometritis and the effect of a specific iNOS inhibitor in vitro
Authors: Khan FA , Chenier TS , Foster RA , Hewson J , Scholtz EL 
Published: March 2018

ContentsEmerging research suggests that the nitric oxide system may play a role in persistent breeding‐induced endometritis (PBIE) in the mare. Differences in uterine nitric oxide (NO) levels between mares susceptible or resistant to PBIE and a dose‐dependent inhibitory effect of NO on uterine contractility have been demonstrated. The objectives of this study were to investigate the difference in total nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity of the endometrium between susceptible and resistant mares and the effect of a specific inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) inhibitor on the endometrial NOS activity in vitro. Six susceptible and six resistant mares were selected based on preset criteria and the results of an intrauterine challenge with killed spermatozoa during oestrus. Endometrial biopsy samples were collected 24 hr post‐challenge and cultured at 37°C for 24 hr in L‐arginine supplemented minimum essential medium with or without a specific iNOS inhibitor (1,400 W dihydrochloride, 1 mM). The medium and the cultured endometrial tissue were collected after 24 hr of culture and assayed for NO and total protein, respectively. Total NO content of the medium, normalized to endometrial tissue wet weight or total protein, was used as a measure of endometrial NOS activity. Non‐parametric tests were applied for statistical analysis. Susceptible mares had significantly greater endometrial NOS activity than resistant mares. The iNOS inhibitor treatment significantly reduced NOS activity in endometrial samples derived from susceptible and resistant mares. These findings provide a basis for in vivo testing of specific iNOS inhibitors as preventative or therapeutic options for PBIE in mares.
Alternative RNA splicing of leucocyte tissue transglutaminase in coeliac disease
Authors: Arbildi P. , Sóñora C. , Del Río N. , Marqués J. M. , Hernández A. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractTissue transglutaminase is a ubiquitous and multifunctional protein that contributes to several processes such as apoptosis/survival, efferocytosis, inflammation and tissue repairing under physiological and pathological conditions. Several activities can be associated with well‐established functional domains; in addition, four RNA alternative splice variants have been described, characterized by sequence divergences and residues deletion at the C‐terminal domains. Tissue transglutaminase is recognized as the central player in the physiopathology of coeliac disease (CD) mainly through calcium‐dependent enzymatic activities. It can be hypothesized that differential regulation of tissue transglutaminase splice variants expression in persons with CD contributes to pathology by altering the protein functionality. We characterized the expression pattern of RNA alternative splice variants by RT‐PCR in peripheral cells from patients with CD under free gluten diet adhesion; we considered inflammatory parameters and specific antibodies as markers of the stage of disease. We found significant higher expression of both the full length and the shortest C‐truncated splice variants in leucocytes from patients with CD in comparison with healthy individuals. As tissue transglutaminase expression and canonical enzymatic activity are linked to inflammation, we studied the RNA expression of inflammatory cytokines in peripheral leucocytes of persons with CD in relation with splice variants expression; interestingly, we found that recently diagnosed patients showed significant correlation between both the full length and the shortest alternative spliced variants with IL‐1 expression. Our results points that regulation of alternative splicing of tissue transglutaminase could account for the complex physiopathology of CD.
Child soil ingestion in rural Ghana – frequency, caregiver perceptions, relationship with household floor material and associations with child diarrhoea
Authors: Bauza Valerie , Byrne Diana M. , Trimmer John T. , Lardizabal Amanda , Atiim Philip , Asigbee Mawuli A. K. , Guest Jeremy S. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractObjectivesThe objectives of this work were to evaluate (i) the prevalence and frequency of caregiver‐reported soil ingestion by children, (ii) whether household flooring material in the bedroom (earth vs. concrete) affected caregiver‐reported soil ingestion, (iii) whether caregiver‐reported soil ingestion was associated with caregiver‐reported diarrhoea and (iv) caregivers’ perceptions of their children ingesting soil.MethodsWe conducted 309 household surveys in northern Ghana, including 529 children under five (249 children aged 6–36 months), and measured faecal contamination in soil from 31 households.ResultsAmong all children, 15% were reported to have directly ingested soil in the past week, including 28% of children aged 6–36 months. Among children reported to have ingested soil, the median frequency was 14 times in the past week, and the median amount of soil ingested each time was half a handful. There was no association between household floor material and whether the caregiver observed a child directly ingesting soil. After adjusting for household floor material and other potential confounding variables, caregiver‐reported soil ingestion was associated with caregiver‐reported diarrhoea for children under five [adjusted odds ratio (adj. OR) = 3.13, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.76–3.55] and children aged 6–36 months (adj. OR = 2.61, 95% CI 2.01–3.39). Approximately 83% of caregivers whose children ingested soil reported they thought it was unsafe and were more likely to report stopping their child from ingesting soil, but these responses did not affect the quantity of soil ingested.ConclusionsOur results suggest direct soil ingestion is associated with diarrhoea independent of household floor material, and separate interventions may be necessary to prevent exploratory soil ingestion.
Sociolinguistic Perception as Inference Under Uncertainty
Authors: Kleinschmidt Dave F. , Weatherholtz Kodi , Florian Jaeger T. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractSocial and linguistic perceptions are linked. On one hand, talker identity affects speech perception. On the other hand, speech itself provides information about a talker's identity. Here, we propose that the same probabilistic knowledge might underlie both socially conditioned linguistic inferences and linguistically conditioned social inferences. Our computational–level approach—the ideal adapter—starts from the idea that listeners use probabilistic knowledge of covariation between social, linguistic, and acoustic cues in order to infer the most likely explanation of the speech signals they hear. As a first step toward understanding social inferences in this framework, we use a simple ideal observer model to show that it would be possible to infer aspects of a talker's identity using cue distributions based on actual speech production data. This suggests the possibility of a single formal framework for social and linguistic inferences and the interactions between them.
Sucrose breakdown within guard cells provides substrates for glycolysis and glutamine biosynthesis during light‐induced stomatal opening
Authors: Medeiros David B. , Perez Souza Leonardo , Antunes Werner C. , Araújo Wagner L. , Daloso Danilo M. , Fernie Alisdair R. 
Published: March 2018

SummarySucrose has long been thought to play an osmolytic role in stomatal opening. However, recent evidence supports the idea that the role of sucrose in this process is primarily energetic. Here we used a combination of stomatal aperture assays and kinetic [U‐13C]‐sucrose isotope labelling experiments to confirm that sucrose is degraded during light‐induced stomatal opening and to define the fate of the C released from sucrose breakdown. We additionally show that addition of sucrose to the medium did not enhance light‐induced stomatal opening. The isotope experiment showed a consistent 13C enrichment in fructose and glucose, indicating that during light‐induced stomatal opening sucrose is indeed degraded. We also observed a clear 13C enrichment in glutamate and glutamine (Gln), suggesting a concerted activation of sucrose degradation, glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. This is in contrast to the situation for Gln biosynthesis in leaves under light, which has been demonstrated to rely on previously stored C. Our results thus collectively allow us to redraw current models concerning the influence of sucrose during light‐induced stomatal opening, in which, instead of being accumulated, sucrose is degraded providing C skeletons for Gln biosynthesis.