bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Iron‐Mediated Electrophilic Amination of Organozinc Halides using Organic Azides
Authors: Graßl Simon , Singer Johannes , Knochel Paul 
Published: October 2019

AbstractA wide range of alkyl‐, aryl‐ and heteroarylzinc halides were aminated with highly functionalized alkyl, aryl, and heterocyclic azides. The reaction proceeds smoothly at 50 °C within 1 h in the presence of FeCl3 (0.5 equiv) to furnish the corresponding secondary amines in good yields. This method was extended to peptidic azides and provided the arylated substrates with full retention of configuration. To demonstrate the utility of this reaction, we prepared two amine derivatives of pharmaceutical relevance using this iron‐mediated electrophilic amination as the key step.
High‐temperature degradation of butadiene‐based model elastomers by reactive molecular dynamics simulation
Authors: Saha Tuhin , Bhowmick Anil K. 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACTThermal degradation of butadiene‐based model elastomers was analyzed via a novel reactive molecular dynamics simulation (ReaxFF) method. The molecular simulation was carried out on 40 monomer units connected together. Degradation pathways of both homopolymer and copolymer of butadiene‐based model elastomers such as polybutadiene (BR) and poly (styrene‐co‐butadiene) (SBR) were studied. The evolution of different fragmented products was examined as a function of time and heating rate. The formation mechanisms of different degraded fragments were visualized via the simulation method. The major decomposition products obtained from these model compounds were the monomers and comonomers. Pyrolysis gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (py‐GC–MS) analysis was performed on the commercial samples of BR and SBR to verify the simulation results. The results obtained from the reactive simulation were very consistent with the experimental results. The activation energy required for the thermal decomposition of butadiene‐based model elastomers were calculated both from the ReaxFF simulation and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results were also in good agreement. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48592.
Multilayer injection molding of high‐profile convex lens
Authors: Nian Shih‐Chih , Chen Po‐Wen , Huang Ming‐Shyan 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACTThe use of injection molding to produce a convex lens of a high thickness and a high proportion of the component thickness requires not only a long cooling time but also results in a low production efficiency and a low yield. In particular, the heat concentration in thick regions can create high shrinkage and create poor surface geometry in these lenses. Multilayer injection molding (MIM) has reduced the cycle time and also improved the geometrical accuracy of thick parts, and thus it has drawn attention in recent years. This study evaluated the feasibility of MIM to produce a convex lens having a high thickness and a high thickness ratio, in which a thick optical lens would be made of a plurality of thin layers. In this study, conventional injection molding (CIM), two‐layer IM, and three‐layer IM were evaluated empirically to explore the effects of various molding combinations on surface contours accuracy, cycle time, residual stress, and lens transmittance. In the comparison, the three‐layer IM significantly reduced the surface profile error to 0.015 mm (CIM was 0.1 mm) and reduced the surface profile error to 30%. Moreover, uniformity of the shrinkage distribution and good surface profile accuracy can be obtained. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48600.
Genome‐wide identification and analysis of genes encoding cuticular proteins in the endoparasitoid wasp Pteromalus puparum (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)
Authors: Wang Jiale , Jin Hongxia , Yang Lei , Ye Xinhai , Xiao Shan , Song Qisheng , Stanley David , Ye Gongyin , Fang Qi 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe multifunctional insect cuticle serves as the exoskeleton, determines body shape, restricts water loss, provides attachment sites for muscles and internal organs and is a formidable barrier to invaders. It is morphologically divided into three layers, including envelope, epicuticle, and procuticle and is composed of chitin and cuticular proteins (CPs). Annotation of CPs and their cognate genes may help understand the structure and functions of insect cuticles. In this paper, we interrogated the genome of Pteromalus puparum, an endoparasitoid wasp that parasitizes Pieris rapae and Papilio xuthus pupae, and identified 82 genes encoding CPs belonging to six CP families, including 62 in the CPR family, 8 in CPAP3, 5 in CPF/CPFL, 2 low complexity proteins, 2 in TWDL, and 3 in Apidermin. We used six RNA‐seq libraries to determine CP gene expression profiles through development and compared the cuticle hydrophobicity between the P. puparum and the ectoparasitoid Nasonia vitripennis based on GRAVY values of CPR sequences. In the Nasonia‐Pteromalus comparison, we found in both N. vitripennis and P. puparum, the peak of their CPR hydrophobicity displayed at their pupal stage, whereas their adult stage showed the lowest level. Except at the adult stage, the CPR hydrophobicity in N. vitripennis is always higher than P. puparum. Finally, we identified three novel Apidermin genes, a family found solely in Hymenoptera and revealed a new sequence feature of this family. This new information contributes to a broader understanding of insect CPs generally.
Immune signaling pathways in the endoparasitoid, Pteromalus puparum
Authors: Yang Lei , Wang Jiale , Jin Hongxia , Fang Qi , Yan Zhichao , Lin Zhe , Zou Zhen , Song Qisheng , Stanley David , Ye Gongyin 
Published: October 2019

AbstractParasitoids serve as effective biocontrol agents for agricultural pests. However, they face constant challenges from host immune defense and numerous pathogens and must develop potent immune defense against these threats. Despite the recent advances in innate immunity, little is known about the immunological mechanisms of parasitoids. Here, we identified and characterized potential immune‐related genes of the endoparasitoid, Pteromalus puparum, which act in regulating populations of some members of the Pieridae. We identified 216 immune‐related genes based on interrogating the P. puparum genome and transcriptome databases. We categorized the cognate gene products into recognition molecules, signal moieties and effector proteins operating in four pathways, Toll, IMD, JAK/STAT, and JNK. Comparative analyses of immune‐related genes from seven insect species indicate that recognition molecules and effector proteins are more expanded and diversified than signaling genes in these signal pathways. There are common 1:1 orthologs between the endoparasitoid P. puparum and its relative, the ectoparasitoid Nasonia vitripennis. The developmental expression profiles of immune genes randomly selected from the transcriptome analysis were verified by a quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Our work provides comprehensive analyses of P. puparum immune genes, some of which may be exploited in advancing parasitoid‐based biocontrol technologies.
Altered Cytotoxicity Profile of CD8+ T Cells in Ankylosing Spondylitis
Authors: Gracey Eric , Yao Yuchen , Qaiyum Zoya , Lim Melissa , Tang Michael , Inman Robert D. 
Published: October 2019

ObjectiveAnkylosing spondylitis (AS) is an inflammatory arthritis in which men have a higher risk of developing progressive axial disease than women. Transcriptomic studies have shown reduced expression of cytotoxic cell genes in the blood of AS patients. HLA–B27 contributes the greatest risk for AS, suggesting a role for CD8+ T cells. This study was undertaken to profile AS patient cytotoxic cells with the hypothesis that an alteration in CD8+ T cells might explain the aberrant cytotoxic profile observed in patients.MethodsWhole blood was examined for GZM and PRF1 gene expression by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Serum and synovial fluid (SF) were examined for granzyme and perforin 1 expression by bead array, and blood and SF mononuclear cells were examined for granzyme and perforin 1 expression by fluorescence‐activated cell sorting (FACS).ResultsGZM and PRF1 gene expression were both reduced in AS patients compared to healthy controls, especially in men. Perforin 1, but not granzyme, protein levels were reduced in AS patient serum. Granzymes were elevated in AS SF, but not in rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis SF. FACS revealed a reduction in granzyme‐positive and perforin 1–positive lymphocytes, but not an intrinsic defect in CD8+ T cell granzyme or perforin 1 production. CD8+ T cell frequency was reduced in the blood and increased in the SF of AS patients.ConclusionOur findings indicate that AS patients have an altered cytotoxic T cell profile. These data suggest that CD8+ T cells with a cytotoxic phenotype are recruited to the joints, where they exhibit an activated phenotype. Thus, a central role for CD8+ T cells in AS may have been overlooked and deserves further study.
Do public universities have more effective counselling services than private universities in Melaka?
Authors: Thuryrajah Vemala , Ahmed Elsadig Musa , Nathan Robert Jeyakumar 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackgroundSchool counselling interventions have a substantial impact on students’ educational and personal development. Individual and small group counselling, classroom guidance and consultation activities seem to contribute directly to students’ success in the classroom and beyond.AimThis paper attempted to study impact of counselling services in universities in Melaka state, Malaysia.MethodThe research was carried out in four universities in Melaka, with a total sample of 564 students.FindingsThe results showed that all research variables tested (awareness, resources, counsellor, management policy and effectiveness of counselling) were rated more highly in public universities than in private universities, with each variable achieving a p‐value of < .05.ImplicationsAll research variables tested (awareness, resources, counsellor, management policy and effectiveness of counselling) were rated more highly in public universities than in private universities. It is possible that this is because public universities follow Act 580 of the Counselling Act, which makes it compulsory for public universities to have counsellors, while this is not the case for private universities. Employing a counsellor is an additional cost and it may be that there is more reluctance to invest in the welfare of students in the private sector.
A Chemical Biology Approach to Understanding Molecular Recognition of Lipid II by Nisin(1–12): Synthesis and NMR Ensemble Analysis of Nisin(1–12) and Analogues
Authors: Dickman Rachael , Danelius Emma , Mitchell Serena A. , Hansen D. Flemming , Erdélyi Máté , Tabor Alethea B. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractNatural products that target lipid II, such as the lantibiotic nisin, are strategically important in the development of new antibacterial agents to combat the rise of antimicrobial resistance. Understanding the structural factors that govern the highly selective molecular recognition of lipid II by the N‐terminal region of nisin, nisin(1–12), is a crucial step in exploiting the potential of such compounds. In order to elucidate the relationships between amino acid sequence and conformation of this bicyclic peptide fragment, we have used solid‐phase peptide synthesis to prepare two novel analogues of nisin(1–12) in which the dehydro residues have been replaced. We have carried out an NMR ensemble analysis of one of these analogues and of the wild‐type nisin(1–12) peptide in order to compare the conformations of these two bicyclic peptides. Our analysis has shown the effects of residue mutation on ring conformation. We have also demonstrated that the individual rings of nisin(1–12) are pre‐organised to an extent for binding to the pyrophosphate group of lipid II, with a high degree of flexibility exhibited in the central amide bond joining the two rings.
The impact of high‐intensity interval training on ventricular remodeling in patients with a recent acute myocardial infarction—A randomized training intervention pilot study
Authors: Trachsel Lukas‐Daniel , David Louis‐Philippe , Gayda Mathieu , Henri Christine , Hayami Douglas , Thorin‐Trescases Nathalie , Thorin Éric , Blain Mélissa‐Anne , Cossette Mariève , Lalongé Julie , Juneau Martin , Nigam Anil 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackgroundAerobic exercise training is associated with beneficial ventricular remodeling and an improvement in cardiac biomarkers in chronic stable heart failure. High‐intensity interval training (HIIT) is a time‐efficient method to improve in stable coronary heart disease patients. This pilot study aimed to compare the effect of HIIT on ventricular remodeling in patients with a recent acute myocardial infarction (AMI).MethodsNineteen post‐AMI patients were randomized to either HIIT (n = 9) or usual care (n = 10). A cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET), transthoracic echocardiography, and cardiac biomarker assessment (ie, N‐terminal pro B‐type natriuretic peptide levels and G protein‐coupled receptor kinase 2 expression) were performed before and after a 12‐week training intervention. CPET parameters including oxygen uptake efficiency slope (OUES) and at the first ventilatory threshold ( VT1) were calculated. left ventricular (LV) structural and functional echocardiographic parameters including myocardial strain imaging were assessed.Results and OUES improved solely in the HIIT group (P < .05 for group/time, respectively). There was a significant training effect for the improvement of peak work load in both groups (P < .05). O2 pulse and at VT1 both improved only in the HIIT group (P < .05 for time, no interaction). HIIT improved radial strain and pulsed‐wave tissue Doppler imaging derived e′ (P < .05 for time, no interaction). Cardiac biomarkers did not change in either group.ConclusionsIn post‐AMI patients, HIIT lead to significant improvements in prognostic CPET parameters compared to usual care. HIIT was associated with favorable ventricular remodeling regarding certain echocardiographic parameters of LV function.
Nonpyramidal neurons in the primate basolateral amygdala: A Golgi study in the baboon (Papio cynocephalus) and long‐tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis)
Authors: McDonald Alexander J. , Augustine James R. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractNonpyramidal GABAergic interneurons in the basolateral nuclear complex (BNC) of the amygdala are critical for the regulation of emotion. Remarkably, there have been no Golgi studies of these neurons in nonhuman primates. Therefore, in the present study we investigated the morphology of nonpyramidal neurons (NPNs) in the BNC of the baboon and monkey using the Golgi technique. NPNs were scattered throughout all nuclei of the BNC and had aspiny or spine‐sparse dendrites. NPNs were morphologically heterogeneous and could be divided into small, medium, large, and giant types based on the size of their somata. NPNs could be further divided on the basis of their somatodendritic morphology into four types: multipolar, bitufted, bipolar, and irregular. NPN axons, when stained, formed dense local arborizations that overlapped their dendritic fields to varying extents. These axons always exhibited varying numbers of varicosities representing axon terminals. Three specialized NPN subtypes were recognized because of their unique anatomical features: axo‐axonic cells, neurogliaform cells, and giant cells. The axons of axo‐axonic cells formed “axonal cartridges,” with clustered varicosities that contacted the axon initial segments of pyramidal neurons (PNs). Neurogliaform cells had small somata and numerous short dendrites that formed a dense dendritic arborization; they also exhibited a very dense axonal arborization that overlapped the dendritic field. Giant cells had very large irregular somata and long, thick dendrites; their distal dendrites often branched extensively and had long appendages. In general, the NPNs of the baboon and monkey BNC, including the specialized subtypes, were similar to those of rodents.
Adaptation of Mammalian Cells to Chemically Defined Media
Authors: Marigliani Bianca , Balottin Luciene Bottentuit López , Augusto Elisabeth de Fatima Pires 
Published: October 2019

AbstractIn order to circumvent ethical, technical, and economic drawbacks regarding the use of animal serum in cell culturing, it is possible to adapt mammalian cells to serum‐free media. Nowadays, there are several serum‐free formulations available, including fully animal derived–free and chemically defined media, and different adaptation techniques. This article focuses on the gradual adaptation of a mammalian suspension cell culture to a chemically defined medium. The first step is to transfer the cells cultured in medium supplemented with fetal bovine serum (FBS) to a chemically defined medium of your choice, containing the same amount of FBS. The next steps consist of progressively reducing the amount of FBS, while monitoring cell growth and viability up to the complete elimination of FBS. This protocol has been successfully used to adapt THP‐1 cells to a chemically defined medium with similar maximum specific growth rate as those cultured with FBS. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Basic Protocol: Gradual adaptation to chemically defined mediumAlternate Protocol: Direct adaptation to chemically defined mediumSupport Protocol 1: Determining maximum specific growth rate of a cell cultureSupport Protocol 2: Cell freezing and thawing
Spatiotemporal variability in water sources of urban soils and trees in the semiarid, irrigated Salt Lake Valley
Authors: Gómez‐Navarro Carolina , Pataki Diane E. , Bowen Gabriel J. , Oerter Erik J. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractPlant transpiration is a critical process in ecohydrology and urban water budgets. Urban forests in the semiarid cities of the western United States are composed largely of non‐native species sustained by irrigation. Given that the major end use of water in these cities is usually landscape irrigation, the efficiency of irrigation practices is essential in future water conservation measures. The dependence of urban trees on irrigation is driven not only by the availability of alternative water sources (e.g., precipitation) but also by patterns of infiltration and mobility of soil water. We used hydrogen and oxygen stable isotopes to identify spatiotemporal dynamics of trees, of varied sizes and species, and shallow soil water apportioning of irrigation versus winter snowmelt in urban parks in the semiarid Salt Lake Valley. We estimate for this ecosystem that, on average, >70% of tree transpiration and soil moisture during the summer originate from irrigation, with lower proportions of snowmelt (<30%) from the preceding winter. This implies that a fraction of summer transpiration is originated from out of phase precipitation inputs. Irrigation fractions are dominant throughout the growing season for soil and stem water, but snowmelt fractions increase in stem water towards the end of summer. Tree size, location, and species were not strongly associated with water sources under well‐irrigated conditions. These results show that urban tree management practices should consider the impact of both irrigation practices and residual precipitation inputs, highlighting the importance of examining interannual time scales when calculating the local water budget.
Resilience to extreme flooding shown by both hydric and mesic wetland plant species
Authors: Brotherton Sarah J. , Joyce Chris B. , Berg Maureen J. , Awcock Graeme J. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractGlobal climate change models forecast an increasing frequency and duration of extreme flood events, including during the growing season. In this mesocosm experiment, the survival, growth, and flowering of two hydric and two mesic wetland plant species were monitored under two extreme flood regimes, namely, repeated 2‐ and 7‐day floods, and compared with unflooded conditions. Plant survival was not significantly affected by flooding, but species showed different growth and flowering responses to the flood regimes. The hydric species Cardamine pratensis showed contrasting responses to floods with significantly more flowering stems and longer leaves in the 2‐day regime but delayed and poorer flowering in the 7‐day regime. Juncus articulatus, the other hydric species, responded most actively to 7‐day flooding, with significantly longer leaves, taller and more abundant flowering stems, and more flowers than in unflooded conditions. The mesic species Ranunculus acris showed variable growth and phenological responses to flooding, whereas Scorzoneroides autumnalis was most affected by the 7‐day flood regime, producing significantly shorter leaves and flowering stems and fewer flowers earlier in the season, compared with unflooded conditions. Overall, repeated 7‐day floods had a greater impact on plant performance than 2‐day flood events. All four species showed resilience to extreme flooding, irrespective of whether they were classed as hydric or mesic, but there was differential tolerance between species. This suggests that wetlands should be able to sustain vegetation under flooding extremes induced by climate change but community composition, biodiversity, and wetland services will all be affected.
Long‐term thermal stability of fluorescent dye used for chiral amino acid analysis on future spaceflight missions
Authors: Creamer Jessica S. , Mora Maria F. , Noell Aaron C. , Willis Peter A. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractFuture spaceflight missions focused on life detection will carry with them new, state‐of‐the‐art instrumentation capable of highly selective and sensitive organic analysis. CE–LIF is an ideal candidate for such a mission due to its high separation efficiency and low LODs. One perceived risk of utilizing this technique on a future mission is the stability of the chemical reagents in the spaceflight environment. Here, we present an investigation of the thermal stability of the fluorescent dye (5‐carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester) used for amino acid analysis. The dye was stored at 4, 25, and 60°C for 1 month, 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years. When stored at 4°C for 2 years, 25°C for 6 months, or 60°C for 1 month there was no effect on CE‐LIF assay performance due to dye degradation. Beyond these time points, while the dye degradation begins to interfere with the analysis, it is still possible to perform the analysis and achieve the majority of amino acid biosignature science goals described in the science definition team report for the potential Europa Lander mission. This work indicates that thermal control of the dye at ≤4°C will be needed during transit on future spaceflight missions to maintain dye stability.