bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Increased Occurrence of Large‐Scale Windthrows Across the Amazon Basin
Authors: Urquiza‐Muñoz J. David , Trumbore Susan , Negrón‐Juárez Robinson I. , Feng Yanlei , Brenning Alexander , Vasquez‐Parana C. Michael , Marra Daniel Magnabosco 
Published: November 2024

AbstractConvective storms with strong downdrafts create windthrows: snapped and uprooted trees that locally alter the structure, composition, and carbon balance of forests. Comparing Landsat imagery from subsequent years, we documented temporal and spatial variation in the occurrence of large (≥30 ha) windthrows across the Amazon basin from 1985 to 2020. Over 33 individual years, we detected 3179 large windthrows. Windthrow density was greatest in the central and western Amazon regions, with ∼33% of all events occurring in ∼3% of the monitored area. Return intervals for large windthrows in the same location of these “hotspot” regions are centuries to millennia, while over the rest of the Amazon they are >10,000 years. Our data demonstrate a nearly 4‐fold increase in windthrow number and affected area between 1985 (78 windthrows and 6,900 ha) and 2020 (264 events and 32,170 ha), with more events of >500 ha size since 1990. Such extremely large events (>500 ha up to 2,543 ha) are responsible for interannual variation in the overall median (84 ± 5.2 ha; ±95% CI) and mean (147 ± 13 ha) windthrow area, but we did not find significant temporal trends in the size distribution of windthrows with time. Our results document increased damage from convective storms over the past 40 years in the Amazon, filling a gap in temporal records for tropical regions. Our publicly accessible large windthrow database provides a valuable tool for exploring dynamic conditions leading to damaging storms and their ecological impact on Amazon forests.
Observational Evidence of Negative Leader Reactivation Processes Following a Negative Return Stroke in Lightning Discharges
Authors: Chen Huaifei , Chen Weijiang , Wang Yu , Xiang Nianwen , Li Kejie , Fu Zhong , He Hengxin , Xiao Lilang 
Published: November 2024

AbstractHigh‐time‐resolved mapping results of two rare reactivation processes following a negative return stroke are discovered and analyzed. The reactivation processes can be roughly divided into two different stages. At first, positive discharges occurred for tens of milliseconds in a limited space near a decayed negative leader channel. The discharges produced no detectable electric field change. Then, negative discharges started and propagated along the decayed downward negative leader channels at a speed exceeding 106 m/s for a few microseconds and produced negative electric field changes. The analysis reveals that the reactivation processes are physically distinct from recoil leaders and side discharges regarding propagation behaviors, electromagnetic characteristics, and time scales. The possible mechanisms of the processes are discussed. The observation suggests that the reactivation processes of the negative leaders may lead to subsequent return strokes.
Contrasting Response of Mesoscale Convective Systems Occurrence Over Tropical Land and Ocean to Increased Sea Surface Temperature
Authors: Dong Wenhao , Zhao Ming , Harris Lucas , Cheng Kai‐Yuan , Zhou Linjiong , Ramaswamy V. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractMesoscale convective systems (MCSs) are pivotal in global energy/water cycles and typically produce extreme weather events. Despite their importance, our understanding of their future change remains limited, largely due to inadequate representation in current climate models. Here, using a global storm‐resolving model that accurately simulates MCSs, we conclude contrasting responses to increased SST in their occurrence, that is, notable decreases over land but increases over ocean. This land‐ocean contrast is attributed to the changes in convective available potential energy (CAPE) and convective inhibition (CIN). Over land, notable rises in CIN alongside moderate increases in CAPE effectively suppress (favor) weak to moderate (intense) MCSs, resulting in an overall reduction in MCS occurrences. In contrast, substantial increases in CAPE with minimal changes in CIN over ocean contribute to a significant rise in MCS occurrences. The divergent response in MCS occurrence has profound impacts on both mean and extreme precipitation.
On the Response of Protons to Dynamical Reconfigurations of Mercury's Magnetosphere
Authors: Delcourt D. , Hadid L. Z. , Aizawa S. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractWe examine the dynamics of protons during tail‐like to dipole‐like reconfigurations of Mercury's magnetosphere. Such reconfigurations that frequently occur in the highly dynamical Hermean environment are accompanied by induced electric fields leading to short‐lived convection enhancements. Using test particle calculations, we show that, under the effect of such induced electric fields, protons may be subjected to prominent energization while being injected into the inner magnetosphere. We demonstrate that this energization occurs in a nonadiabatic manner and can reach several tens of keV, possibly leading to particle trapping around the planet. Recent observations from BepiColombo during Mercury's third flyby provide evidences of energetic protons drifting in the vicinity of the planet. The present impulsive energization process is a possible mechanism for the build‐up of such populations.
Effect of Regional Anthropogenic Aerosols on Tropical Cyclone Frequency of Occurrence
Authors: Murakami Hiroyuki 
Published: November 2024

AbstractPrevious studies have highlighted the distinct impacts of anthropogenic aerosols from the Western and Eastern Hemispheres on past multi‐decadal changes in tropical cyclone frequency of occurrence (TCF). However, the detailed effect of subregional aerosol variations remained unclear. Using idealized simulations with a dynamical climate model, this study reveals that reduced aerosol emissions from Europe and the U.S. since 1980 may have equally contributed to increased TCF over the North Atlantic, with Europe playing a major role in the decreased TCF in the South Indian Ocean and the U.S. contributing to the decrease in TCF in the South Pacific. Additionally, increased aerosol emissions from India since 1980 may have played a major role in decreasing TCF over the western North Pacific compared to increased emissions from China. TCFs are projected to decrease for most global tropics toward the end of this century due to the dominant effect of increasing greenhouse gases.
Nitrogen Fixation at Paleo‐Mars in an Icy Atmosphere
Authors: Adams Danica , Kleinböhl Armin , Li King‐Fai , Mills Franklin P. , Shia Run‐Lie , Wordsworth Robin , Yung Yuk L. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractRecent findings of NO near Gale Crater on Mars have been explained by two pathways: formation of nitric acid (HNO3) in a warm climate or formation of peroxynitric acid (HO2NO2) in a cool climate. Here, we put forth two hitherto unexplored pathways: (a) deposition of nitric/peroxynitric acid onto ice particles in a cold atmosphere, which settle quickly onto Mars' surface and (b) solar energetic particle‐induced production of nitric/peroxynitric acid. The deposition rates are enhanced and NO production is more efficient under the higher atmospheric pressures typical of Mars' ancient atmosphere. Depending on the unknown rate at which nitric/peroxynitric acid is lost from the surface, the new pathways could result in larger NO‐levels than those detected by the Mars Science Laboratory. We predict a 2:1 ratio of nitrite:nitrate would have deposited in cool surface climates with an icy atmosphere, whereas orders of magnitude more nitrate than nitrite is expected from warm surface climates.
Mechanisms Regulating Coccolithophore Dynamics in the Great Calcite Belt in the Southern Ocean in the Community Earth System Model
Authors: Oliver H. , Krumhardt K. M. , McGillicuddy D. J. , Mitchell C. , Balch W. M. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThe Great Calcite Belt (GCB) is a region of elevated particulate inorganic carbon (PIC) generated by coccolithophore growth that spans the subantarctic Southern Ocean. The GCB is thought to play an important role in the global carbon cycle. Coccolithophores, however, are sensitive to multiple climate‐related environmental factors. To understand these controls on Southern Ocean coccolithophores comprising the GCB, we explore its major bottom‐up and top‐down processes using the Community Earth System Model (CESM). We find that coccolithophore biomass accumulates where both macronutrients and iron are available at concentrations greater than ∼50% of their half‐saturation constants, and temperature is more limiting than both light and nutrients. Coccolithophore biomass is decoupled from growth rates due to top‐down control. At higher temperatures and lower latitudes, microzooplankton grazing outpaces coccolithophore growth. This occurs because the temperature dependence of grazing is parameterized with an exponential (Q10) function, whereas coccolithophore growth is parameterized with a power function; these temperature curves diverge at higher temperatures. While the extent of the GCB is primarily controlled by temperature, its magnitude is most strongly controlled by environmental factors affecting iron concentrations. Our results suggest that (a) the temperature relationships for both coccolithophore growth and its loss terms are critical for resolving a GCB in CESM, and (b) the spatial extent of Southern Ocean coccolithophores may be sensitive to continued increases in sea surface temperatures.
Historical Simulation and Future Projection of Arctic‐Boreal Fire Carbon Emissions and Related Surface Climate by 17 CMIP6 ESMs
Authors: Dong Xiao , Luo Hao , Xu Chao , You Chao , Song Xiang , Jin Jiangbo , Lin Renping , Zhang He , Xue Feng 
Published: November 2024

AbstractWildfire is a crucial factor in influencing the earth system. Wildfire activities in the Arctic‐boreal region have received increasing attention particularly with increasing frequency and intensity under rapid climate warming in recent years. In this study, the historical simulation and future projection of the Arctic‐boreal fire carbon emissions and associated surface climate conditions (surface air temperature and precipitation) are examined using 17 CMIP6 Earth System Models. For the historical period, more than half (11 out of 17) of the models underestimate ∼40% of the observed annual mean fire carbon emissions in the Arctic‐boreal region (0.20 PgC/yr) due to a wetter bias in the Arctic‐boreal regions. Spatially, there is common underestimation of the fire centers in the eastern part of Eurasian Continent and overestimation of that in Europe. With respect to the model spread, it mainly shows large spread for fire carbon emissions (surface air temperature) in Europe (high‐latitudes). For the future projection, the fire carbon emissions in the Arctic‐boreal region is projected to exceed 100% (0.5 PgC/yr until the end of the 21st century compared with ∼0.2 PgC/yr at present). The projected precipitation and temperature in the Arctic‐boreal region land also show an upward trend during the 21st century (∼31% for annual mean precipitation and ∼10°C for surface air temperature). There are considerable bias and intra‐model spread among different models in both historical simulation and future projection.
Multiple Impact Sources for Light Plains Around the Lunar South Pole
Authors: Giuri Barbara , van der Bogert Carolyn H. , Robinson Mark S. , Hiesinger Harald 
Published: November 2024

AbstractWe investigated the age and origin of 41 light plain deposits around the lunar south pole, using LRO data sets and successfully dated 22 of them using crater size‐frequency distribution measurements. We find that deposits related to Schrödinger basin are ∼3.8 Ga old, including deposits on the Amundsen crater floor, which we interpret as Schrödinger basin ejecta. Six study areas date to ∼3.7 Ga, which reflect an additional large‐scale or basin impact event post‐Schrödinger ‐ possibly Orientale. An additional two areas with younger isolated ages likely represent local impact sources. Finally, smooth, light plains‐like, ejecta deposits around Shackleton crater were found to be Eratosthenian in age. Our findings show that light plain deposits originate from a combination of both basin and local ejecta materials. Thus, samples collected in the region will exhibit a diverse range of basin materials and ages representative of the ejecta from multiple impact events.
Limited Organic Carbon Burial by the Rusty Carbon Sink in Swedish Fjord Sediments
Authors: Placitu S. , van de Velde S. J. , Hylén A. , Hall P. O. J. , Robertson E. K. , Eriksson M. , Leermakers M. , Mehta N. , Bonneville S. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractMarine sediments bury ∼160 Tg of organic carbon (OC) annually and represent an essential component of the global carbon cycle. OC burial is inherently multifactorial; however, in the past decade, the role of iron in regulating OC burial via the formation of organo‐mineral associations, known as “rusty carbon sink,” has been extensively studied. Despite widespread recognition, the origin of the OC preserved within these associations and the effect of the bottom‐water oxygenation on their stability are still debated. Here, we investigate the rusty carbon sink in sediments collected across transects from the head to mouth of three Swedish fjords presenting contrasting bottom‐water oxygenation regimes (the oxic Hake fjord, seasonally hypoxic Gullmar fjord, and anoxic By fjord). We found that the oxygenation regimes, the intensity of benthic iron cycling or the OC origin have little to no influence on the amount of OC bound to Fe (OC – Fe). The lack of correlation with any of the parameters studied, in combination with an increase in the OC – Fe in the fjords with riverine input suggest, at least partially, an allochthonous origin of these organo‐mineral associations. Our results also show that the rusty carbon sink plays a modest role in the OC burial in these fjords (∼6% OC is bound to Fe). While these fjords still represent important OC burial hotspots with an average of ∼35 g C m−2 buried annually, the OC burial is controlled by other sedimentary processes, such as the high mass accumulation rates found in these fjord systems.
Estimates of Spherical Satellite Drag Coefficients in the Upper Thermosphere During Different Geomagnetic Conditions
Authors: Wang Xin , Ren Tingling , Wang Ronglan , Luo Bingxian , Aa Ercha , Cai Lei , Li Ming , Miao Juan , Liu Siqing , Gong Jiancun 
Published: November 2024

AbstractSatellite drag coefficients are crucial for determining the neutral mass densities that affect spacecraft operations in the thermosphere. Many studies typically utilize a constant drag coefficient of 2.2 to calculate the neutral density. However, due to the variability of space environment, uncertainties in the drag coefficient can lead to significant systematic discrepancies in neutral density measurements. Satellite drag coefficient may fluctuate in the thermosphere under various geomagnetic activities and altitudes. For the first time, we calculate the spherical satellite drag coefficient using data from the “Orbital Atmospheric Density Detection Experimental Satellite,” referred to as the QX satellite. Our findings reveal that the drag coefficient can be estimated by thermospheric temperature and density, which are dependent on geomagnetic activity and altitude. At an altitude of ∼510 km, drag coefficients are adjusted to around 2.425, instead of the constant value of 2.2. Furthermore, the drag coefficient may decrease due to the significant influence of increasing geomagnetic activity, such as geomagnetic storms, on thermospheric density and temperature. These estimates of the drag coefficient can also be used to reduce discrepancies when deducing the ballistic coefficient. Consequently, using the estimated drag coefficient can accurately determine the QX‐derived neutral density, which agrees well with the density from Swarm‐B satellite.
The Flores Thrust and Its Interplay With Volcanism
Authors: Andikagumi H. , Bradley K. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThe 2018 Lombok, Indonesia, earthquake sequence demonstrated the important interplay between the deep root of an active volcano and rupture patterns on the Flores Thrust. This backarc fault runs along the north side of the Lesser Sunda Islands and is co‐located with several other large volcanoes that also likely influence its seismogenic zone. As a first step toward better understanding these fault‐volcano interactions, we construct a new 3D model of the Flores Thrust using relocated seismicity and geological constraints. We then develop simple thermal models of the volcanoes and map their interaction with the seismogenic zone of the Flores Thrust. The geometry of our preferred fault model varies along strike, with southward dips ranging from 25° to 32° in eastern Java to Bali, 7°–38° in eastern Bali to western Sumbawa, 31°–47° in eastern Sumbawa to Komodo, 41°–54° in western Flores, and 31°–38° in eastern Flores. Our models exhibit flat‐ramp geometry between eastern Bali and western Sumbawa, corresponding to the extent of the North Bali‐Lombok Basin where its basement acts as a thrust décollement; farther east, the fault is a simple ramp. The maximum seismogenic depth is approximated based on the estimated depth of the 450°C isotherm, which varies depending on the presence of volcanoes. The complex geological history in the region, involving rifting and tectonic inversion, controls the segmented and varying dips of the thrust. Moreover, the progressive growth of the Flores Thrust and the evolution of arc volcanism would also mutually influence each other, modifying both fault geometry and volcano distributions.
Proteogenomic analysis dissects early-onset breast cancer patients with prognostic relevance
Authors: Yoon Kyong-Ah , Kim Youngwook , Jung So-Youn , Ryu Jin-Sun , Kim Kyung-Hee , Lee Eun-Gyeong , Chae Heejung , Kwon Youngmee , Kim Jaegil , Park Jong Bae , Kong Sun-Young 
Published: November 2024

AbstractEarly-onset breast cancer is known for its aggressive clinical characteristics and high prevalence in East Asian countries, but a comprehensive understanding of its molecular features is still lacking. In this study, we conducted a proteogenomic analysis of 126 treatment-naïve primary tumor tissues obtained from Korean patients with young breast cancer (YBC) aged ≤40 years. By integrating genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic data, we identified five distinct functional subgroups that accurately represented the clinical characteristics and biological behaviors of patients with YBC. Our integrated approach could be used to determine the proteogenomic status of HER2, enhancing its clinical significance and prognostic value. Furthermore, we present a proteome-based homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) analysis that has the potential to overcome the limitations of conventional genomic HRD tests, facilitating the identification of new patient groups requiring targeted HR deficiency treatments. Additionally, we demonstrated that protein–RNA correlations can be used to predict the late recurrence of hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. Within each molecular subtype of breast cancer, we identified functionally significant protein groups whose differential abundance was closely correlated with the clinical progression of breast cancer. Furthermore, we derived a recurrence predictive index capable of predicting late recurrence, specifically in luminal subtypes, which plays a crucial role in guiding decisions on treatment durations for YBC patients. These findings improve the stratification and clinical implications for patients with YBC by contributing to the optimal adjuvant treatment and duration for favorable clinical outcomes.
Interplay between membranes and biomolecular condensates in the regulation of membrane-associated cellular processes
Authors: Kim Nari , Yun Hyeri , Lee Hojin , Yoo Joo-Yeon 
Published: November 2024

AbstractLiquid‒liquid phase separation (LLPS) has emerged as a key mechanism for organizing cellular spaces independent of membranes. Biomolecular condensates, which assemble through LLPS, exhibit distinctive liquid droplet-like behavior and can exchange constituents with their surroundings. The regulation of condensate phases, including transitions from a liquid state to gel or irreversible aggregates, is important for their physiological functions and for controlling pathological progression, as observed in neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. While early studies on biomolecular condensates focused primarily on those in fluidic environments such as the cytosol, recent discoveries have revealed their existence in close proximity to, on, or even comprising membranes. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the properties of membrane-associated condensates in a cellular context and their biological functions in relation to membranes.
Assessing the evidence for health benefits of low-level weight loss: a systematic review
Authors: Dhar Disha , Packer Jessica , Michalopoulou Semina , Cruz Joana , Stansfield Claire , Viner Russell M. , Mytton Oliver T. , Russell Simon J. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Individuals with excess weight are at a higher risk for various physical and mental health conditions. Interventions targeting weight loss can improve health, with modest weight loss of five to ten percent of body weight often considered clinically meaningful for enhancing health outcomes. However, the benefits of achieving low-level weight loss ( < 5% body weight) are poorly understood. We aimed to systematically review relevant literature and synthesise the evidence that assessed the potential health benefits of losing less than five percent body weight. We searched seven academic databases and included studies in any language, from any country, with no time constraints. We included any intervention studies that assessed the impact of less than five percent weight loss on any measured physical or mental health markers or indices. 70 studies from 68 articles were included, with study participants ranging from 14 to 10,742. In total, 137 health markers were assessed, categorised into metabolic markers (n = 42), cardiovascular markers (n = 32), anthropometric measures (n = 19), quality of life indices (n = 10), inflammatory biomarkers (n = 10), renal and hepatic markers (n = 9), psychosocial and behavioural measures (n = 8), pulmonary function (n = 3), total mortality (n = 2), ovulatory function (n = 1), and muscle strength (n = 1). Overall, 60% of studies reported improvements, 37% found no change or mixed results, and 3% observed a worsening of health markers or indices. Based on the available data, 87% of participants (n = 15,839) in the studies reported improvements in health markers or indices as a result of low-level weight loss. Our findings suggest that low-level weight loss can lead to various health benefits and challenges the conventional threshold for effective weight loss.

Preregistration The review protocol was pre-registered with PROSPERO (CRD42023406342)