bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neuromandibular integration in humans and chimpanzees: Implications for dental and mandibular reduction inHomo
Authors: Veneziano Alessio , Meloro Carlo , Irish Joel D. , Stringer Chris , Profico Antonio , De Groote Isabelle 
Published: May 2018

AbstractObjectivesAlthough the evolution of the hominin masticatory apparatus has been linked to diet and food processing, the physical connection between neurocranium and lower jaw suggests a role of encephalization in the trend of dental and mandibular reduction. Here, the hypothesis that tooth size and mandibular robusticity are influenced by morphological changes in the neurocranium was tested.Materials and MethodsThree‐dimensional landmarks, alveolar lengths, and mandibular robusticity data were recorded on a sample of chimpanzee and human skulls. The morphological integration between the neurocranium and the lower jaw was analyzed by means of Singular Warps Analysis. Redundancy Analysis was performed to understand if the pattern of neuromandibular integration affects tooth size and mandibular robusticity.ResultsThere is significant morphological covariation between neurocranium and lower jaw in both chimpanzees and humans. In humans, changes in the temporal fossa seem to produce alterations of the relative orientation of jaw parts, while the influence of similar neurocranial changes in chimpanzees are more localized. In both species, postcanine alveolar lengths and mandibular robusticity are associated with shape changes of the temporal fossa.ConclusionsThe results of this study support the hypothesis that the neurocranium is able to affect the evolution and development of the lower jaw, although most likely through functional integration of mandible, teeth, and muscles within the masticatory apparatus. This study highlights the relative influence of structural constraints and adaptive factors in the evolution of the human skull.
Catalyst‐Dependent Chemoselective Formal Insertion of Diazo Compounds into C−C or C−H Bonds of 1,3‐Dicarbonyl Compounds
Authors: Liu Zhaohong , Sivaguru Paramasivam , Zanoni Giuseppe , Anderson Edward A. , Bi Xihe 
Published: May 2018

AbstractA catalyst‐dependent chemoselective one‐carbon insertion of diazo compounds into the C−C or C−H bonds of 1,3‐dicarbonyl species is reported. In the presence of silver(I) triflate, diazo insertion into the C(=O)−C bond of the 1,3‐dicarbonyl substrate leads to a 1,4‐dicarbonyl product containing an all‐carbon α‐quaternary center. This reaction constitutes the first example of an insertion of diazo‐derived carbenoids into acyclic C−C bonds. When instead scandium(III) triflate was applied as the catalyst, the reaction pathway switched to formal C−H insertion, affording 2‐alkylated 1,3‐dicarbonyl products. Different reaction pathways are proposed to account for this powerful catalyst‐dependent chemoselectivity.
Untersuchungen chlorreicher Polychloride: [Cl11]−, [Cl12]2− und [Cl13]−
Authors: Sonnenberg Karsten , Pröhm Patrick , Schwarze Nico , Müller Carsten , Beckers Helmut , Riedel Sebastian 
Published: May 2018

AbstractJahrzehntelang wurde das Gebiet der Polyhalogenchemie von Polyiodiden dominiert, in jüngerer Zeit wurde auch eine beträchtliche Zahl an Polybromiden beschrieben. Abgesehen von einigen Trichloriden und einem einzigen höheren Polychlorid, dem Oktachlorid [Cl8]2−, sind bis heute keine weiteren Polychloride bekannt. Wir berichten hier über die Synthese und Charakterisierung der höheren Polychlorid‐Monoanionen [Cl11]− in den Verbindungen [AsPh4][Cl11], [PPh4][Cl11] und [PNP][Cl11]⋅Cl2, sowie [Cl13]− in [PNP][Cl13]. Darüber hinaus wurde das höhere Polychlorid‐Dianion [Cl12]2− in Form von [NMe3Ph]2[Cl12] erhalten. Die neuartigen Verbindungen wurden mittels NMR‐ und Raman‐Spektroskopie sowie Einkristalldiffraktometrie charakterisiert. Die Zuordnung der experimentellen Spektren wird durch quantenchemische Rechnungen der molekularen Anionen und der periodischen Festkörper gestützt.
Steuerung des Metall‐Metall‐Charge‐Transfers zur Erzeugung schaltbarer Materialien
Authors: Meng Yin‐Shan , Sato Osamu , Liu Tao 
Published: May 2018

AbstractMetall‐Metall‐Charge‐Transfer (MMCT) beschreibt den Elektronenübergang zwischen Metallionen unter Bildung von Valenzisomeren mit deutlich unterschiedlichen Elektronenkonfigurationen. Speziell ändert MMCT die Spinzustände von Einzelmetall‐Zentren und ihre Kopplungswechselwirkungen miteinander und zudem die Symmetrie der Ladungsverteilung. Hieraus resultiert eine drastische Änderung sowohl der magnetischen als auch elektrischen Eigenschaften der betreffenden Materialien. Darüber hinaus bewirkt MMCT eine erhebliche Änderung der Bindungslängen und Absorptionsspektren wie auch ein ungewöhnliches Wärmeausdehnungs‐ und Photochromie‐Verhalten. Von daher sind Materialien mit MMCT, welcher durch externe Stimuli steuerbar ist, ausgezeichnete Kandidaten für schaltbare multifunktionelle Vorrichtungen mit synergistischem Ansprechverhalten. In diesem Kurzaufsatz werden jüngste Fortschritte bei der Verwendung von MMCT‐Baugruppen als Effektor zur Optimierung der magnetischen, elektrischen, Wärmeausdehnungs‐ und Photochromie‐Eigenschaften in cyanidverbrückten Systemen beleuchtet; zudem werden die verbliebenen Probleme und künftigen Aussichten dieses Forschungsbereichs herausgestellt.
Ultraviolet Absorbing Efficacy and Photostability of Feruloylated Soybean Oil
Authors: Compton David L. , Goodell John R. , Evans Kervin O. , Palmquist Debra E. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractFeruloylated soy glycerides (FSG) are a natural‐based, ultraviolet (UV) absorbing, antioxidant vegetable oil synthesized from the lipase‐catalyzed transesterification of ethyl ferulate and soybean oil. Commercial broad spectrum UV absorbing formulations contain multiple UV absorbing compounds that absorb UV radiation in specific regions. The most commonly used compounds are avobenzone (AVO, λmax 356 nm) and octinoxate (ONX, λmax 310 nm), which absorb primarily ultraviolet A and ultraviolet B radiation, respectively. The FSG chromophore is chemically similar to ONX but has a λmax of 328 nm, approximately the median λmax of AVO and ONX. Equimolar mixtures of AVO–ONX and AVO–FSG, 50 μM:50 μM, solutions in ethanol were compared to determine whether FSG was fungible for ONX in total absorbance capacity, photostability when exposed to UV radiation, and broad spectrum absorbance coverage before and after exposure to UV radiation. While it was determined that AVO–FSG mixtures possessed statistically indistinguishable total absorbance capacity compared to AVO–ONX solutions, AVO–FSG possessed slightly better photostability after 4 hours of UV exposure based on 95% confidence interval comparisons from weighted regression equations. Substituting FSG for half of the ONX (e.g., 50 μM:25 μM:25 μM AVO–ONX–FSG) resulted in the best mixture with total absorbance capacity and photostability statistically equal to the AVO–ONX mixtures but with statistically superior broad spectrum UV absorbance compared to AVO–ONX and AVO–FSG mixtures. The natural, vegetable oil‐based FSG can be substituted on an equimolar bases for ONX in mixtures with AVO to produce formulations with similar to superior efficacy.
A comparison of multispectral aerial and satellite imagery for mapping intertidal seaweed communities
Authors: Brodie Juliet , Ash Lauren V. , Tittley Ian , Yesson Chris 
Published: May 2018

Abstract

Habitat‐forming seaweeds are vital components of marine ecosystems, supporting immense diversity and providing ecosystem services. Reports of major changes in the distribution and abundance of large brown seaweeds in the north‐east Atlantic are an increasing cause for concern, but a lack of consistent monitoring over time is a key impediment in obtaining reliable evidence of change. There is an urgent need to recognize change rapidly and efficiently in marine communities, which are increasingly affected by pressures of human population growth, climate change, and ocean acidification.
Here, the potential for remote monitoring of seaweed habitats is investigated using freely available, high‐resolution aerial and satellite imagery. Three sources of imagery were used: (i) Channel Coastal Observatory (CCO) aerial imagery; (ii) aerial images from the Bing webmap server; and (iii) RapidEye multispectral satellite data.
The study area, the Thanet Coast, is an area of chalk outcrop in south‐east England of high conservation status, and includes three Marine Conservation Zones. Eight habitat classes, including brown, red, and green algal zones, were recognized based on ground‐truthing surveys.
A multi‐class classification model was developed to predict habitat classes based on the chromatic signature derived from the aerial images. The model based on the high‐resolution CCO imagery gave the best outcome (with a kappa value of 0.89).
Comparing predictions for images in 2001 and 2013 revealed habitat changes, but it is unclear as to what extent these are natural variability or real trends. This study demonstrates the potential value for long‐term monitoring with remote‐sensing data. Repeated, standardized coastal aerial imaging surveys, such as those performed by CCO, permit the rapid assessment and re‐assessment of habitat extent and change. This is of value to the conservation management of protected areas, particularly those defined by the presence or extent of specific habitats.
Anticancer activity of dihydropyrazolo[1,5‐c]quinazolines against rat C6 glioma cells via inhibition of topoisomerase II
Authors: Kaur Gagandeep , Cholia Ravi P. , Joshi Gaurav , Amrutkar Suyog M. , Kalra Sourav , Mantha Anil K. , Banerjee Uttam C. , Kumar Raj 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe design and synthesis of dihydropyrazolo[1,5‐c]quinazolines (1a–h) as human topoisomerase II (TopoII) catalytic inhibitors are reported. The compounds were investigated for their antiproliferative activity against the C6 rat glial cell line. Two compounds, 1b and 1h, were found to be potent cytotoxic agents against glioma cells and exerted selective TopoII inhibitory activity. Furthermore, the compounds induced alterations in reactive oxygen species levels as measured by DCFDA assay and were found to induce cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase at lower concentrations and profound apoptosis at higher concentrations. The interaction of selected investigational molecules with TopoII was further corroborated by molecular modeling.
Synergism of cellulases and amylolytic enzymes in the hydrolysis of microalgal carbohydrates
Authors: Shokrkar Hanieh , Ebrahimi Sirous 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThis study aimed to evaluate the synergism of cellulases and amylolytic enzymes in the hydrolysis of microalgal carbohydrates for bioethanol production. The effect of β‐glucosidase on the hydrolysis of algal cellulose, and the comparison between the effect of the addition of α‐amylase and amyloglucosidase separately or together on the hydrolysis of algal starch, have not been described previously. Results showed that β‐glucosidases promoted the enzymatic hydrolysis of algal cellulose as a result of the increase in the glucose production rate and the decrease in the inhibition by cellobiose. It was also beneficial to carry out the hydrolysis of algal starch using the mixture of α‐amylase and amyloglucosidase. The results obtained revealed that, in enzymatic hydrolysis experiments, simultaneous treatment with Celluclast 1.5 L, β‐glucosidase, α‐amylase, and amyloglucosidase was a promising strategy to reduce the hydrolysis time required to achieve a higher yield of glucose. Subsequently, fermentation of enzymatic hydrolysates of microalgae using Saccharomyces cerevisiae showed a yield of 0.126 g ethanol / g dried algae. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Prediction of Field Drag Reduction by a Modified Practical Pipe Diameter Model
Authors: Zhao Jinzhou , Chen Pengfei , Liu Youquan , Zhao Wanwei , Mao Jincheng 
Published: May 2018

AbstractSlick water fracturing is a successful stimulation technology for gas shales. Due to the high pumping rates associated with slick water fracturing, drag reduction (DR) is critical to the success of field operations. In this study, three drag‐reducing agents were tested in a laboratory setup and the results were compared with data from numerous slick water fracturing treatments in the field in China. The results show that, as long as the slopes of effective pipe radius versus velocity from the laboratory‐scale tubes and from the field pipes are close, field drag reduction can be predicted by a modified correlation between DR and velocity established in the laboratory. The modified practical pipe diameter model should be useful in the design of slick water fracturing treatments and the selection of drag‐reducing agents in the laboratory.
Directly Anchoring Highly Dispersed Copper Sites on Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon for Enhanced Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysis
Authors: Lai Qingxue , Zhao Yingxuan , Zhu Junjie , Liang Yanyu , He Jianping , Chen Junhong 
Published: May 2018

AbstractA simple but efficient post‐treatment strategy was developed to directly anchor highly active and dispersed copper sites on N/C for enhanced oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) electrocatalysis. The ORR activity and selectivity of the prepared Cu−N/C catalyst were significantly enhanced due to efficient binding of copper ions with nitrogen groups on the carbon skeleton to form highly active Cu−N sites. Moreover, the prepared Cu−N/C catalyst also exhibited excellent stability in alkaline electrolytes and Zn‐air batteries, indicating great potential for energy applications.
One‐Step Fabrication of Carbon Nanotubes‐Decorated Sn4P3 as a 3D Porous Intertwined Scaffold for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Guo Qing , Ru Qiang , Liu Yang , Yan Honglin , Wang Bei , Hou Xianhua 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThrough a one‐step solvothermal approach, the carbon nanotubes‐decorated Sn4P3 nanohybrid with intertwined scaffold structure and enhanced electroconductivity is successfully composed as anode material in lithium‐ion batteries, using nontoxic red phosphorus and SnCl2 as starting materials. The special architecture of the nanohybrid exhibits more active sites for lithium ions and buffers the huge volume expansion. When used as anodes in lithium‐ion batteries, the material shows superior electrochemical properties, 976.5 mAh g−1 after 300 cycles under a constant current density of 500 mA g−1 and 480.0 mAh g−1 even at a high rate current of 2000 mA g−1. This excellent electrochemical behavior can be attributed to the 3D network of CNTs and its critical synergic effect with Sn4P3.
Design and Preparation of Lignin‐Based Hierarchical Porous Carbon Microspheres by High Efficient Activation for Electric Double Layer Capacitors
Authors: Zhang Yang , Yu Baojun , Zhang Jie , Ding Xiaohui , Zeng Jingxuan , Chen Mingming , Wang Chengyang 
Published: May 2018

AbstractActivated carbon materials are typically used for electric double layer capacitor (EDLC) electrodes due to their high specific surface area. However, designing the pore structure and improving the efficiency of activation have been required, as activated carbon materials often need to have a rapid charge/discharge rate performance and a high powder density. In this work, lignin‐based hierarchical porous carbon microspheres (HPCMs) were designed and prepared through inverse phase dehydration to shape spherical morphology. In addition, K2CO3 as a pH regulator is premixed with lignin, and subsequently acted as the mesopore template and activating agent to fulfil highly efficient activation. The mass ratio of K2CO3 to lignin was controlled below 0.75. By applying to supercapacitor devices, the current HPCMs exhibited a remarkable capacitance and rate performance of 140 F g−1 at 0.05 A g−1 in organic electrolyte. Moreover, the performance can even remain 100 F g−1 even at 10 A g−1. The current study therefore demonstrated that the premixing of activating agent greatly improves the efficiency of activation, as K2CO3 successfully reacts with lignin molecules and forms channels inside spheres. As a result, the inverse phase dehydration of lignin and K2CO3 provides a new approach for preparing electrode materials with suitable pore structure in high efficient activation, and to our knowledge, there is no report that can prepare activated carbon in such electrochemical performance with a mass ratio of activating agent to precursor lower than 1 by chemical activation.
Phenothiazine Based Donor–Acceptor Compounds with Solid‐State Emission in the Yellow to NIR Region and Their Highly Selective and Sensitive Detection of Cyanide Ion in ppb Level
Authors: Ramachandran Elumalai , Vandarkuzhali Somasundaram A. A. , Sivaraman Gandhi , Dhamodharan Raghavachari 
Published: May 2018

AbstractFour new novel donor–acceptor (A‐π‐D‐A, A‐D‐π‐D‐A) compounds (1 a, 1 b, 2 a and 2 b) based on ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) and phenothiazine (PTz) have been rationally designed and synthesized towards solid state emission ranging from yellow to near infrared (NIR). The compounds 1 b and 2 b, in thin film form, showed an emission maximum at 713 nm and 696 nm, respectively, with the corresponding absolute solid‐state quantum yield of 3.3 % and 9.0 %. The fluorophores showed high emission in the doped state as well when dispersed in polystyrene (PS) matrix with emission maximum ranging from 536 nm to 648 nm with quantum yield in the range 12.4 %–64.4 %. The presence of dicyanovinyl (DCV) group in both the fluorophores was exploited towards cyanide sensing in DMSO leading to turn‐on fluorescence emission with high selectivity and sensitivity for cyanide ion with a detection limit of as low as 0.32 μm (8 ppb) for 1 b and 0.57 μm (14 ppb) for 2 b. DFT and TTDFT calculations suggested that the addition of cyanide ion prevented the intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) from the donor (PTz or EDOT) to acceptor (DCV), thereby turning the fluorescence “On”. Using fluorescent spectral and color switching, we have explored logic gates with single and two input signal amplification by applying chemical and light inputs in the form of CN− ion and UV.
Ultrabright Red‐Emitting Photostable Perylene Bisimide Dyes: New Indicators for Ratiometric Sensing of High pH or Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Pfeifer David , Klimant Ingo , Borisov Sergey M. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractNew pH‐sensitive perylene bisimide indicator dyes were synthesized and used for fabrication of optical sensors. The highly photostable dyes show absorption/emission bands in the red/near‐infrared (NIR) region of the electromagnetic spectrum, high molar absorption coefficients (up to 100 000 m−1 cm−1), and fluorescence quantum yields close to unity. The absorption and emission spectra show strong bathochromic shifts upon deprotonation of the imidazole nitrogen atom, which makes the dyes promising as ratiometric fluorescent indicators. Physical entrapment of the indicators into a polyurethane hydrogel enables pH determination at alkaline pH values. It is also shown that a plastic carbon dioxide solid‐state sensor can be manufactured by immobilization of the pH indicator in a hydrophilic polymer, along with a quaternary ammonium base. The influences of the plasticizer, different lipophilic bases, and humidity on the sensitivity of the sensor material are systematically investigated. The disubstituted perylene, particularly, features two deprotonation equilibria, enabling sensing over a very broad pCO2 range of 0.5 to 1000 hPa.
Hypophosphites as Eco‐Compatible Fuels for Membrane‐Free Direct Liquid Fuel Cells
Authors: Wang Renhe , Wu Mengjia , Haller Servane , Métivier Pascal , Wang Yonggang , Xia Yongyao 
Published: May 2018

AbstractCrossover of liquid fuel remains a severe problem for conventional direct liquid fuel cells even when polymer electrolyte membranes are applied. Herein, we report for the first time a membrane‐free direct liquid fuel cell powered by alkaline hypophosphite solution. The proof‐of‐concept fuel cell yields a peak power density of 32 mW cm−2 under air flow at room temperature. The removal of the polymer electrolyte membrane is attributed to the high reactivity and selectivity of Pd and α‐MnO2 towards the hypophosphite oxidation on the anode and oxygen reduction on the cathode, respectively. The discharge products are analyzed by 31P NMR spectroscopy and the faradaic efficiencies have been calculated after discharging at 10 mA cm−2 for 20 hours. The non‐toxicity of hypophosphite and membrane‐free fuel cell structure provide huge potential for future applications.
The Impact of CEO Characteristics on the Internationalization of SMEs: Evidence from the UK
Authors: Saeed Abubakr , Ziaulhaq Hafiz Muhammad 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThis study analyses the role of chief executive officers (CEOs) in the internationalization of small‐ and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs). Specifically, it examines the impact of CEOs' demographic characteristics on the internationalization of SMEs. Based on upper echelons theory, resource‐based view and information processing theory, it is hypothesized that CEO characteristics like age, education, tenure, and political connectedness affect SMEs' international performance. Using the panel data analysis of 283 UK SMEs for the period of 2005 to 2015, this study provides evidence that CEOs' political connections and educational level are positively related to firm internationalization, while age negatively influences firm internationalization. Tenure is found to have a curvilinear relationship with SMEs' internationalization. Copyright © 2018 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simulation of actin distribution of osteoblasts on titanium pillar arrays using a bio‐chemo‐mechanical model
Authors: Truong D. , Bahls C. R. , Nebe B. , van Rienen U. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractA numerical model for the adhesion of osteoblasts on titanium micropillar structures is suggested, and a function representing the concentration level of the adhesion on the pillars is constructed based on experimental observation. The introduction of this function helps a well‐known bio‐chemo‐mechanical model to better predict the formation of actin in osteoblasts when they are laid on arrays of titanium micro‐pillars of various size attached to silicon substrate. A parameter study suggests that each pillar is associated with a different pattern of adhesion. Our finding emphasises a capability of the bio‐chemo‐mechanical model that it can well explain the strong influence of the boundary condition on the formation of actin within the cells.
Few‐view CT reconstruction with group‐sparsity regularization
Authors: Bao Peng , Zhou Jiliu , Zhang Yi 
Published: May 2018

AbstractClassical total variation–based iterative reconstruction algorithm is effective for the reconstruction of piecewise smooth image, but it causes oversmoothing effect for textured regions in the reconstructed image. To address this problem, this work presents a novel computed tomography reconstruction method for the few‐view problem called the group‐sparsity regularization‐based simultaneous algebraic reconstruction technique (SART). Group‐based sparse representation, which uses the concept of a group as the basic unit of sparse representation instead of a patch, is introduced as the image domain prior regularization term to eliminate the oversmoothing effect. By grouping the nonlocal patches into different clusters with similarity measured by Euclidean distance, the sparsity and nonlocal similarity in a single image are simultaneously explored. The split Bregman iteration algorithm is applied to obtain the numerical scheme. Experimental results demonstrate that our method both qualitatively and quantitatively outperforms several existing reconstruction methods, including filtered back projection, SART, total variation–based projections onto convex sets, and SART‐based dictionary learning.