bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metrological Software Test for Simulating the Method of Determining the Thermocouple Error in Situ During Operation
Authors: Chen Jingliang , Su Jun , Kochan Orest , Levkiv Mariana 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
The simplified metrological software test (MST) for modeling the method of determining the thermocouple (TC) error in situ during operation is considered in the paper. The interaction between the proposed MST and a temperature measuring system is also reflected in order to study the error of determining the TC error in situ during operation. The modelling studies of the random error influence of the temperature measuring system, as well as interference magnitude (both the common and normal mode noises) on the error of determining the TC error in situ during operation using the proposed MST, have been carried out. The noise and interference of the order of 5-6 μV cause the error of about 0.2-0.3°C. It is shown that high noise immunity is essential for accurate temperature measurements using TCs.
High Precision Edge Detection Algorithm for Mechanical Parts
Authors: Duan Zhenyun , Wang Ning , Fu Jingshun , Zhao Wenhui , Duan Boqiang , Zhao Jungui 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
High precision and high efficiency measurement is becoming an imperative requirement for a lot of mechanical parts. So in this study, a subpixel-level edge detection algorithm based on the Gaussian integral model is proposed. For this purpose, the step edge normal section line Gaussian integral model of the backlight image is constructed, combined with the point spread function and the single step model. Then gray value of discrete points on the normal section line of pixel edge is calculated by surface interpolation, and the coordinate as well as gray information affected by noise is fitted in accordance with the Gaussian integral model. Therefore, a precise location of a subpixel edge was determined by searching the mean point. Finally, a gear tooth was measured by M&M3525 gear measurement center to verify the proposed algorithm. The theoretical analysis and experimental results show that the local edge fluctuation is reduced effectively by the proposed method in comparison with the existing subpixel edge detection algorithms. The subpixel edge location accuracy and computation speed are improved. And the maximum error of gear tooth profile total deviation is 1.9 μm compared with measurement result with gear measurement center. It indicates that the method has high reliability to meet the requirement of high precision measurement.
The Influence of Measurement Methodology on the Accuracy of Electrical Waveform Distortion Analysis
Authors: Bartman Jacek , Kwiatkowski Bogdan 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
The present paper covers a review of documents that specify measurement methods of voltage waveform distortion. It also presents measurement stages of waveform components that are uncommon in the classic fundamentals of electrotechnics and signal theory, including the creation process of groups and subgroups of harmonics and interharmonics. Moreover, the paper discusses selected distortion factors of periodic waveforms and presents analyses that compare the values of these distortion indices. The measurements were carried out in the cycle per cycle mode and the measurement methodology that was used complies with the IEC 61000-4-7 norm. The studies showed significant discrepancies between the values of analyzed parameters.
A Novel Marker Based Method to Teeth Alignment in MRI
Authors: Luukinen Jean-Marc , Aalto Daniel , Malinen Jarmo , Niikuni Naoko , Saunavaara Jani , Jääsaari Päivi , Ojalammi Antti , Parkkola Riitta , Soukka Tero , Happonen Risto-Pekka 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can precisely capture the anatomy of the vocal tract. However, the crowns of teeth are not visible in standard MRI scans. In this study, a marker-based teeth alignment method is presented and evaluated. Ten patients undergoing orthognathic surgery were enrolled. Supraglottal airways were imaged preoperatively using structural MRI. MRI visible markers were developed, and they were attached to maxillary teeth and corresponding locations on the dental casts. Repeated measurements of intermarker distances in MRI and in a replica model was compared using linear regression analysis. Dental cast MRI and corresponding caliper measurements did not differ significantly. In contrast, the marker locations in vivo differed somewhat from the dental cast measurements likely due to marker placement inaccuracies. The markers were clearly visible in MRI and allowed for dental models to be aligned to head and neck MRI scans.
The crystal structure of poly[tetraaqua-tris(μ2-2,6-di(1H-imidazol-1-yl)naphthalene-κ2
N:N′)-bis(thiophene-2,5-dicarboxylato-κ1
O)]dicobalt(II), C30H24CoN6O6S
Authors: Wang Di 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
C30H24CoN6O6S, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 11.892(6) Å, b = 11.206(6) Å, c = 20.694(11) Å, β = 93.558(13)°, V = 2752(3) Å3, Z = 4, R
gt(F) = 0.0413, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.1030, T = 293(2) K.
Synthesis and evaluation of new benzimidazole derivatives with hydrazone moiety as anticancer agents
Authors: Acar Çevik Ulviye , Sağlık Begüm Nurpelin , Ardıç Cankız Mina , Özkay Yusuf , Atlı Özlem 
Published: April 2018

Abstract

Objectives
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death throughout the world. Current therapy options suffer from the major limitations of side effects and drug resistance. Thus, continuing search for newer and safer anticancer drugs remains critically important. From this point of view, in the present study benzimidazole-hydrazone derivatives were synthesized by aiming at the identification of new chemical entities as potent anticancer agents.

Material and methods
A series of 12 new compounds of 4-(5(6)-substituted-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)-N′thiophen/furan-2-yl-methylene) benzohydrazide derivatives were synthesized. The structures of the obtained compounds were elucidated using by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, mass spectroscopy and elemental analyses. In vitro cytotoxic activity of the compounds against A549, MCF-7 and NIH/3T3 cell lines was evaluated by MTT assay.

Results
Among the tested compounds, compound 3e showed higher cytotoxicity against MCF-7 human breast cancer cells when compared with cisplatin. Also, it has lower cytotoxicty against healthy cell line, NIH/3T3.

Conclusions
It was determined that compound 3e showed inhibition towards MCF-7. Considering the substituent effect on cytotoxic activity, compound 3e bearing 2-methylthiophene has attracted attention with its higher anticancer activities.
Functional Correlation of NMDA Receptor ε Subunits Expression with the Properties of Single-Channel and Synaptic Currents in the Developing Cerebellum
Authors: Takahashi Tomoyuki , Feldmeyer Dirk , Suzuki Norimitsu , Onodera Kayoko , Cull-Candy Stuart G. , Sakimura Kenji , Mishina Masayoshi 
Published: April 2018

NMDA receptor (NMDAR) subunits ε1–ε4 are expressed differentially with respect to brain region and ontogenic period, but their functional roles still are unclear. We have compared an ε1 subunit-ablated mutant mouse with the wild-type to characterize the effect of ε subunit expression on NMDAR-mediated single-channel currents and synaptic currents of granule cells in cerebellar slices. Single-channel and Western blot analyses indicated that the ε2 subunit disappeared gradually during the first postnatal month in both wild-type and mutant mice. Concomitantly, the voltage-dependent Mg2+block of NMDAR-mediated EPSCs (NMDA-EPSCs) was decreased. Throughout the developmental period studied, postnatal day 7–24 (P7–P24), the decay time course of NMDA-EPSCs in ε1 mutant (−/−) mice was slower than in wild-type mice. We suggest that the expression of the ε3 subunit late in development is responsible for a reduction in the sensitivity of NMDA-EPSCs to block by extracellular Mg2+and that receptors containing the ε1 subunit determine the fast kinetics of the NMDA-EPSCs.
Protein Kinase A Activation Increases Sodium Current Magnitude in the Electric Organ ofSternopygus
Authors: McAnelly Lynne , Zakon Harold H. 
Published: April 2018

The inactivation kinetics of the Na+current of the weakly electric fishSternopygusare modified by treatment with androgens. To determine whether phosphorylation could play a role in this effect, we examined whether activation of protein kinase A by 8 bromo cyclic AMP (8 Br cAMP) altered voltage-dependent properties of the current. Using a two-electrode voltage-clamp procedure, we found no effect of 8 Br cAMP on inactivation kinetics or other voltage-dependent properties of the Na+current of the electrocytes. However, treatment with 8 Br cAMP did produce a dose-dependent increase in the Na+current compared with saline controls: 17.6% at 100 μm, 42.4% at 1 mm, and 43.1% at 5 mm. This effect was blocked by 30 μmH89, a PKA inhibitor, indicating that the observed effect was attributable to 8 Br cAMP activation of PKA. We conclude that androgen-induced changes in Na+current inactivation are not mediated by PKA and suggest that PKA-mediated increases in Na+current underlie increases in the amplitude of the electric organ discharge observed in social interactions or with changes in water conductance.
Organization of AMPA Receptor Subunits at a Glutamate Synapse: A Quantitative Immunogold Analysis of Hair Cell Synapses in the Rat Organ of Corti
Authors: Matsubara Atsushi , Laake Jon H. , Davanger Svend , Usami Shin-ichi , Ottersen Ole P. 
Published: April 2018

Sensitive and high-resolution immunocytochemical procedures were used to investigate the spatial organization of AMPA receptor subunits (GluR1–4) at the synapse between the inner hair cells and the afferent dendrites in the rat organ of Corti. This is a synapse with special functional properties and with a presynaptic dense body that defines the center of the synapse and facilitates its morphometric analysis. A quantitative postembedding immunocytochemical analysis was performed on specimens that had been embedded in a metachrylate resin at low temperature after freeze substitution. Single- and double-labeling procedures indicated that GluR2/3 and GluR4 subunits were colocalized throughout the postsynaptic density, with a maximum distance of 300 nm from the presynaptic body and with higher concentrations peripherally than centrally. No receptor immunolabeling was found at extrasynaptic membranes, but some GluR4 subunits appeared to be expressed presynaptically. The synapses between outer hair cells and afferent dendrites were devoid of labeling. The present data indicate that AMPA receptor subunits are inserted into the postsynaptic membrane in a very precise manner and that their density increases on moving away from the center of the synapse.
Long-Term Intracerebroventricular Infusion of Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Alters Neuroendocrine, Neurochemical, Autonomic, Behavioral, and Cytokine Responses to a Systemic Inflammatory Challenge
Authors: Linthorst Astrid C. E. , Flachskamm Cornelia , Hopkins Stephen J. , Hoadley Margaret E. , Labeur Marta S. , Holsboer Florian , Reul Johannes M. H. M. 
Published: April 2018

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) was infused intracerebroventricularly into rats for 7 d via a miniosmotic pump (1 μg · μl−1 · hr−1). Body temperature and locomotor activity were recorded during the treatment using biotelemetry, whereas hippocampal serotonergic neurotransmission and free corticosterone levels were monitored usingin vivomicrodialysis on day 7 of CRH treatment. During the microdialysis experiment, behavioral activity was scored by assessing the time during which rats were active (locomotion, grooming, eating, drinking). Continuous intracerebroventricular infusion of CRH produced a transient increase in body temperature and locomotion. Moreover, intracerebroventricularly CRH-treated rats showed elevated free corticosterone levels with no apparent diurnal rhythm.Intraperitoneal administration of bacterial endotoxin [lipopolysaccharide (LPS); 100 μg/kg body weight] on day 7 of CRH/vehicle treatment produced a marked fever response in control animals, which was significantly blunted in intracerebroventricularly CRH-treated rats. Although free corticosterone levels reached similar peak concentrations in both intracerebroventricularly vehicle- and CRH-infused groups after LPS, this response was delayed significantly by ∼1 hr in the intracerebroventricularly CRH-treated animals. Microdialysis experiments showed no changes in basal extracellular levels of serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in intracerebroventricularly CRH-infused animals. Injection of LPS in intracerebroventricularly CRH-treated rats produced a blunted 5-HT response and a delayed onset of behavioral inhibition and other signs of sickness behavior. Assessment of the endotoxin-induced cytokine responses showed significantly enhanced plasma interleukin-1 (IL-1) and IL-6 bioactivities in the intracerebroventricularly CRH-infused animals 3 hr after injection of LPS, whereas tumor necrosis factor bioactivity responses were not different.Our data demonstrate that chronically elevated brain CRH levels produce marked changes in basal (largely CRH regulated) physiological and behavioral processes accompanied by aberrant responses to an acute challenge. The present study provides evidence that chronic CRH hypersecretion is an important factor in the etiology of stress-related disorders.
Lesions of the Medial Geniculate Nuclei Specifically Block Corticosterone Release and Induction of c-fosmRNA in the Forebrain Associated with Audiogenic Stress in Rats
Authors: Campeau Serge , Akil Huda , Watson Stanley J. 
Published: April 2018

Audiogenic stress is known to activate the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis in rats. The goal of the present study was to determine whether the medial geniculate nuclei (including all auditory nuclei of the thalamus), which are obligatory relays in the transmission of auditory information to the forebrain, are critically involved in HPA activation by audiogenic stress. To this end, corticosterone levels and regional brain activity indexed by c-fosmRNA induction, elicited by 30 min of 105 dB white noise, were measured. Compared with unoperated and sham-operated rats, complete medial geniculate nuclei lesions blocked corticosterone release normally induced by loud noise. The effects of the lesions were specific to loud noise insofar as corticosterone release in response to restraint or ether stress was not reduced in lesioned rats.We have determined previously that audiogenic stress is associated with a specific regional pattern of c-fosmRNA induction. Rats sustaining complete medial geniculate lesions demonstrated a blockade of c-fosmRNA induction in several audiogenic stress responsive regions, also known to directly innervate medial parvocellular neurons of the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus. Thus, in addition to blockade in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, c-fosmRNA induction in the lesioned animals was abolished in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, especially its anterior medial and ventral aspects, the septohypothalamic nucleus, and the anteroventral preoptic area, compared with unoperated and sham-operated rats. Several additional regions in the lesioned rats failed to show reliable c-fosmRNA induction compared with naive rat controls. Nearly all other regions that showed reliable c-fosmRNA induction in the unoperated and sham-operated rats displayed either similar or slightly reduced levels in complete medial geniculate-lesioned rats, suggesting that these regions are not part of a critical HPA activational circuit in response to audiogenic stress. On the basis of these results, putative circuits from the medial geniculate nuclei to the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus involved in activation of the HPA axis by audiogenic stress are discussed.
Dopamine Affects Parvalbumin Expression during Cortical DevelopmentIn Vitro
Authors: Porter Linda L. , Rizzo Elena , Hornung Jean-Pierre 
Published: April 2018

This study was undertaken to determine how dopamine influences cortical development. It focused on morphogenesis of GABAergic neurons that contained the calcium-binding protein parvalbumin (PV). Organotypic slices of frontoparietal cortex were taken from neonatal rats, cultured with or without dopamine, harvested daily (4–30 d), and immunostained for parvalbumin. Expression of parvalbumin occurred in the same regional and laminar sequence asin vivo. Expression in cingulate and entorhinal preceded that in lateral frontoparietal cortices. Laminar expression progressed from layer V to VI and finally II-IV. Somal labeling preceded fiber labeling by 2 d.Dopamine accelerated PV expression. In treated slices, a dense band of PV-immunoreactive neurons appeared in layer V at 7 din vitro(DIV), and in all layers of frontoparietal cortex at 14 DIV, whereas in control slices such labeling did not appear until 14 and 21 DIV, respectively. The laminar distribution and dendritic branching of PV-immunoreactive neurons were quantified. More labeled neurons were in the superficial layers, and their dendritic arborizations were significantly increased by dopamine. Treatment with a D1 receptor agonist had little effect, whereas a D2 agonist mimicked dopamine’s effects. Likewise, the D2 but not the D1 antagonist blocked dopamine-induced changes, indicating that they were mediated primarily by D2 receptors.Parvalbumin expression was accelerated by dopaminergic reinnervation of cortical slices that were cocultured with mesencephalic slices.Coapplication of the glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist MK801 or AP5 blocked dopamine-induced increases in dendritic branching, suggesting that changes were mediated partly by interaction with glutamate to alter cortical excitability.
Expression of α1bAdrenoceptor mRNA in Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone-Containing Cells of the Rat Hypothalamus and Its Regulation by Corticosterone
Authors: Day Heidi E. W. , Campeau Serge , Watson Stanley J. , Akil Huda 
Published: April 2018

Considerable evidence supports a role for brainstem adrenergic and noradrenergic inputs to corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) cells of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), in the control of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical (HPA) axis function. However, little is known about specific adrenoceptor (ADR) subtypes in CRH-containing cells of the PVN. Here we demonstrate, using dualin situhybridization, that mRNA encoding α1bADR is colocalized with CRH in the rat PVN. Furthermore, we confirm that these α1bADR mRNA-containing cells are stress-responsive, by colocalization with c-fos mRNA after restraint, swim, or immune stress.To determine whether expression of α1bADR mRNA is influenced by circulating glucocorticoids, male rats underwent bilateral adrenalectomy (ADX) or sham surgery, and were killed after 1, 3, 7, or 14 d.In situhybridization revealed levels of α1bADR mRNA were increased in the PVN 7 and 14 d after ADX, but were not altered in the hippocampus, amygdala, or dorsal raphe. Additional rats underwent ADX or sham surgery and received a corticosterone pellet (10 or 50 mg) or placebo for 7 d. Corticosterone replacement (10 mg) reduced the ADX-induced increase in PVN α1bADR mRNA to control levels, whereas 50 mg of corticosterone replacement resulted in a decrease in PVN α1bADR mRNA as compared with all other groups. Furthermore, levels of plasma corticosterone were significantly correlated (inverse relationship) with α1bADR mRNA in the PVN.We conclude that α1bADR mRNA is expressed in CRH-containing, stress-responsive cells of the PVN and is highly sensitive to circulating levels of corticosterone. Because activation of the α1Badrenoceptor is predominantly excitatory within the brain, we predict that this receptor plays an important role in facilitation of the HPA axis response.
Functional Attributes Discriminating Mechano-Insensitive and Mechano-Responsive C Nociceptors in Human Skin
Authors: Weidner C. , Schmelz M. , Schmidt R. , Hansson B. , Handwerker H. O. , Torebjörk H. E. 
Published: April 2018

Microneurography was used in healthy human subjects to record action potentials from unmyelinated nerve fibers (C units) in cutaneous fascicles of the peroneal nerve.Activity-dependent slowing (n= 96) and transcutaneous electrical thresholds (n= 67) were determined. Eight units were sympathetic efferents according to their responses to sympathetic reflex provocations. Mechano-heat-responsive C units (CMH) (n= 56) had thresholds to von Frey hair stimulation ≤90 mN (6.5 bar). Mechano-insensitive C units (n= 32) were unresponsive to 750 mN (18 bar). Twenty-six mechano-insensitive units responded to heat (CH), and the remaining six units did not respond to physical stimuli but were proven to be afferent by their response to intracutaneous capsaicin (CMiHi).Mechano-insensitive units had significantly slower conduction velocity (0.81 ± 0.03 m/sec), and CH units had higher heat thresholds (48.0 ± 0.6°C) compared with CMH units (1.01 ± 0.01 m/sec; 40.7 ± 0.4°C). Transcutaneous electrical thresholds were <9 mA for CMH units and >35 mA for CH and CMiHiunits. Activity-dependent slowing was much more pronounced in mechano-insensitive than in mechano-responsive units, without overlap. Sympathetic efferent C units showed intermediate slowing, significantly different from CMH, and completely separate from CH and CMiHiunits. The activity-dependent slowing of conduction provides evidence for different membrane attributes of different classes of C fibers in humans.
Synaptic Depression and the Kinetics of Exocytosis in Retinal Bipolar Cells
Authors: Burrone Juan , Lagnado Leon 
Published: April 2018

The capacitance technique was used to investigate exocytosis at the ribbon synapse of depolarizing bipolar cells from the goldfish retina. When the Ca2+current was activated strongly, the rapidly releasable pool of vesicles (RRP) was released with a single rate-constant of ∼300–500 sec−1. However, when the Ca2+current was activated weakly by depolarization in the physiological range (−45 to −25 mV), exocytosis from the RRP occurred in two phases. After the release of 20% or more of the RRP, the rate-constant of exocytosis fell by a factor of 4–10. Thus, synaptic depression was caused by a reduced sensitivity to Ca2+influx, as well as simple depletion of the RRP. In the resting state, the rate of exocytosis varied with the amplitude of the Ca2+current raised to the power of 2. In the depressed state, the sensitivity to Ca2+influx was reduced approximately fourfold. The initial phase of exocytosis accelerated e-fold for every 2.1 mV depolarization over the physiological range and averaged 120 sec−1at −25 mV.The synapse of depolarizing bipolar cells therefore responds to a step depolarization in a manner similar to a high-pass filter. This transformation appears to be determined by the presence of rapidly releasable vesicles with differing sensitivities to Ca2+influx. This might occur if vesicles were docked to the plasma membrane at different distances from Ca2+channels. These results suggest that the ribbon synapse of depolarizing bipolar cells may be a site of adaptation in the retina.