bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predictions of the WFIRST Microlensing Survey. I. Bound Planet Detection Rates
Authors: Penny Matthew T. , Scott Gaudi B. , Kerins Eamonn , Rattenbury Nicholas J. , Mao Shude , Robin Annie C. , Calchi Novati Sebastiano 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
The Wide Field InfraRed Survey Telescope (WFIRST) is the next NASA astrophysics flagship mission, to follow the James Webb Space Telescope. The WFIRST mission was chosen as the top-priority large space mission of the 2010 astronomy and astrophysics decadal survey in order to achieve three primary goals: to study dark energy via a wide-field imaging survey, to study exoplanets via a microlensing survey, and to enable a guest observer program. Here we assess the ability of the several WFIRST designs to achieve the goal of the microlensing survey to discover a large sample of cold, low-mass exoplanets with semimajor axes beyond roughly one astronomical unit, which are largely impossible to detect with any other technique. We present the results of a suite of simulations that span the full range of the proposed WFIRST architectures, from the original design envisioned by the decadal survey, to the current design, which utilizes a 2.4 m telescope donated to NASA. By studying such a broad range of architectures, we are able to determine the impact of design trades on the expected yields of detected exoplanets. In estimating the yields we take particular care to ensure that our assumed Galactic model predicts microlensing event rates that match observations, consider the impact that inaccuracies in the Galactic model might have on the yields, and ensure that numerical errors in light-curve computations do not bias the yields for the smallest-mass exoplanets. For the nominal baseline WFIRST design and a fiducial planet mass function, we predict that a total of ∼1400 bound exoplanets with mass greater than ∼0.1 M
⊕ should be detected, including ∼200 with mass ≲3 M
⊕. WFIRST should have sensitivity to planets with mass down to ∼0.02 M
⊕, or roughly the mass of Ganymede.
Dusty Outflows in Planetary Atmospheres: Understanding “Super-puffs” and Transmission Spectra of Sub-Neptunes
Authors: Wang Lile , Dai Fei 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
“Super-puffs” are planets with anomalously low mean densities (

). With a low surface gravity, the extended atmosphere is susceptible to extreme hydrodynamic mass loss (“boil-off”) on a timescale that is much shorter than the system’s age. Even more puzzling, super-puffs are estimated to have a scale height of

, yet recent observations revealed completely flat transmission spectra for Kepler 51b and 51d. We investigate a new scenario that explains both observations: non-static outflowing (

) atmospheres that carry very small dust grains (∼10 Å in size,

in mass fraction) to high altitudes (

). Dust at high altitudes inflates the observed transit radius of the planet while flattening the transmission spectra. Previous static atmospheric models struggle to achieve cloud elevation and production of photochemical haze at such high altitudes. We propose to test this scenario by extending the wavelength coverage of transmission spectra. If true, dusty atmospheric outflows may affect many young (

), low-mass (

) exoplanets, thereby limiting our ability to study the atmospheric composition in transmission, and inflate the observed transit radius of a planet, hence obscuring the underlying mass–radius relationship.
Exposer une ville : Bruxelles et ses portraits subjectifs
Authors: Reverseau Anne 
Published: February 2019

À partir du premier volet de la trilogie d’expositions sur Bruxelles proposée par la CENTRALE for Contemporary Art, BXL Universel, nous nous proposons de réfléchir à ce qu’est une « exposition-portrait de ville ». L’exposition de 2017 répondait au défi d’exposer une ville en faisant de Bruxelles un « port d’attache créatif », en montrant la continuité entre son passé et son actualité et en en faisant des portraits aussi divers que subjectifs. L’exposition conçue par Carine Fol est mise en perspective, à la fois dans le contexte des autres expositions consacrées à Bruxelles ces dernières années et dans les recherches récentes sur les portraits de territoires. Cet article entend ainsi poser les bases d’une réflexion sur les expositions-portraits de ville en général et proposer plusieurs pistes concernant la spécificité de Bruxelles comme ville exposée, en insistant notamment sur le poids du folklore, du regard étranger et des dynamiques collectives.
TLR-Induced IL-12 and CCL2 Production by Myeloid Cells Is Dependent on Adenosine A3 Receptor–Mediated Signaling
Authors: van der Putten Céline , Veth Jennifer , Sukurova Lejla , Zuiderwijk-Sick Ella A. , Simonetti Elles , Koenen Hans J. P .M. , Burm Saskia M. , van Noort Johannes M. , IJzerman Ad P. , van Hijum Sacha A. F. T. , Diavatopoulos Dimitri , Bajramovic Jeffrey J. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractTLR-induced signaling potently activates cells of the innate immune system and is subject to regulation at different levels. Inflammatory conditions are associated with increased levels of extracellular adenosine, which can modulate TLR-induced production of cytokines through adenosine receptor–mediated signaling. There are four adenosine receptor subtypes that induce different signaling cascades. In this study, we demonstrate a pivotal contribution of adenosine A3 receptor (A3R)–mediated signaling to the TLR4-induced expression of IL-12 in different types of human myeloid APC. In dendritic cells, IL-12 and CCL2 responses as evoked by TLR2, 3, 4, 5, and 8, as well as IL-12 responses evoked by whole pathogens, were all reduced when A3R-mediated signaling was blocked. As a result, concomitant production of IFN-γ and IL-17 by T cells was significantly inhibited. We further show that selective inhibition of A3R-mediated signaling reduced TLR-induced phosphorylation of the transcription factor STAT1 at tyrosine 701. Next-generation sequencing revealed that A3R-mediated signaling controls the expression of metallothioneins, known inhibitors of STAT1 phosphorylation. Together our results reveal a novel regulatory layer of innate immune responses, with a central role for metallothioneins and autocrine/paracrine signaling via A3Rs.
NKAP Must Associate with HDAC3 to Regulate Hematopoietic Stem Cell Maintenance and Survival
Authors: Shapiro Michael Jeremy , Lehrke Michael Jonathan , Chung Ji Young , Romero Arocha Sinibaldo , Shapiro Virginia Smith 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
NKAP is a multifunctional nuclear protein that associates with the histone deacetylase HDAC3. Although both NKAP and HDAC3 are critical for hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) maintenance and survival, it was not known whether these two proteins work together. To assess the importance of their association in vivo, serial truncation and alanine scanning was performed on NKAP to identify the minimal binding site for HDAC3. Mutation of either Y352 or F347 to alanine abrogated the association of NKAP with HDAC3, but did not alter NKAP localization or expression. Using a linked conditional deletion/re-expression system in vivo, we demonstrated that re-expression of the Y352A NKAP mutant failed to restore HSC maintenance and survival in mice when endogenous NKAP expression was eliminated using Mx1-cre and poly-IC, whereas re-expression of wild type NKAP maintained the HSC pool. However, Y352A NKAP did restore proliferation in murine embryonic fibroblasts when endogenous NKAP expression was eliminated using ER-cre and tamoxifen. Therefore, Y352 in NKAP is critical for association with HDAC3 and for HSC maintenance and survival but is not important for proliferation of murine embryonic fibroblasts, demonstrating that NKAP functions in different complexes in different cell types.
Variability, timescales, and nonlinearity in climate responses to black carbon emissions
Authors: Yang Yang , Smith Steven J. , Wang Hailong , Mills Catrin M. , Rasch Philip J. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract. Black carbon (BC) particles exert a potentially large warming influence on
the Earth system. Reductions in BC emissions have attracted attention as a
possible means to moderate near-term temperature changes. For the first time,
we evaluate regional climate responses, nonlinearity, and short-term
transient responses to BC emission perturbations in the Arctic, midlatitudes,
and globally based on a comprehensive set of emission-driven experiments
using the Community Earth System Model (CESM). Surface temperature responses
to BC emissions are complex, with surface warming over land from midlatitude
BC perturbations partially offset by ocean cooling. Climate responses do not
scale linearly with emissions. While stronger BC emission perturbations have
a higher burden efficiency, their temperature sensitivity is lower. BC
impacts temperature much faster than greenhouse gas forcing, with transient
temperature responses in the Arctic and midlatitudes approaching a
quasi-equilibrium state with a timescale of 2–3 years. We find large
variability in BC-induced climate changes due to background model noise. As a
result, removing present-day BC emissions results in discernible surface
temperature changes for only limited regions of the globe. In order to better
understand the climatic impacts of BC emissions, both the drivers of
nonlinear responses and response variability need to be assessed across
climate models.
Dificultades en la sanción de los delitos contra el medio ambiente en la normativa española
Authors: González Uriel Daniel 
Published: February 2019

La preocupación medioambiental ha provocado que se den respuestas internas e internacionales para hacer frente a los excesos contaminantes causados por los sistemas productivos, industriales y económicos, y por los modos de vida del hombre, que han originado daños al medio ambiente, en muchas ocasiones de carácter irreversible. Frente a esta situación ha surgido la convicción de la necesidad de proteger la naturaleza, con lo que los Estados y las Organizaciones Internacionales han tomado conciencia de la conveniencia de adoptar Convenios, Acuerdos, Tratados Internacionales, de cooperar en su salvaguarda y de adecuar sus legislaciones para proteger de una forma efectiva el entorno natural. En este trabajo se analiza la protección jurídica del medio ambiente desde una perspectiva global, valorando las implicaciones nacionales e internacionales. Se presta una atención especial a los delitos contra el medio ambiente tipificados en el Código Penal español y se exponen algunos aspectos problemáticos a la hora de enjuiciar tales conductas.
A educação superior em Santa Catarina: um século de história (1917-2017)
Authors: De Bastiani Sherlon Cristina , Trevisol Joviles Vitório , Pegoraro Ludimar 
Published: February 2019

Este trabalho apresenta os resultados de pesquisa sobre o processo de expansão/interiorização da educação superior em Santa Catarina. É um estudo que visa analisar a evolução da educação superior catarinense a partir de especificidades (contextos e realidades) locais e regionais. A escolha está associada ao fato de o estado ter completado, em 2017, cem anos de implantação dos primeiros cursos superiores. A investigação foi desenvolvida por métodos e técnicas quantitativos e qualitativos. A pesquisa bibliográfica, se deu, sobretudo, com base em Cunha (2007), Saviani (2007, 2010), Romanelli (1989), Freitag (1980), Muniz (2006), Sampaio (2000), Pegoraro (2006, 2013), e Gumbowsky (2004). Já, a busca por dados quantitativos se deu, sobretudo, nas bases do Instituto Nacional de Estudos e Pesquisas Educacionais Anísio Teixeira (INEP). A pesquisa revela que a expansão em SC se deu por meio das fundações educacionais de direito privado. O modelo fundacional foi hegemônico até os anos 2000, momento em que passa a ocorrer a expansão de IES públicas e de privadas com fins lucrativos. Do total de 94 instituições em 2015, 88% eram privadas com e sem fins lucrativos. A graduação a distância tem se expandido com altas taxas de crescimento, contudo, as matrículas em cursos presenciais de graduação ainda representam, em 2015, 72% do universo de estudantes catarinenses.
Innovation et authenticité en tourisme. Points de rencontre
Authors: Falardeau Isabelle , Bourdeau Laurent , Marcotte Pascale 
Published: February 2019

L’apparente dualité entre innovation et authenticité en tourisme n’empêche pas le recours simultané à ces concepts. Chacun bien documenté dans les écrits scientifiques, ils y sont rarement mis côte à côte. Afin de comprendre les différences et les points de rencontre entre les deux, cet article propose une réflexion conceptuelle sur le sujet. Il montre l’évolution de la recherche sur l’innovation : phase préparatoire, émergence, cristallisation, foisonnement, tandis que la comparaison des différentes typologies d’innovation fait ressortir les particularités de chacune, mais surtout leur similitude. L’authenticité est un concept critiqué. Ses définitions sont peu consensuelles, la plupart des auteurs préférant présenter des typologies. Celles-ci se sont chronologiquement succédé, mais aussi affrontées. L’innovation et l’authenticité en tourisme ne sont pas que des concepts parallèles, ils s’entrecroisent également. Au niveau théorique, l’authenticité négociée, l’authenticité émergente ou l’invention de tradition représentent des points de rencontre entre innovation et authenticité. Certains types de tourisme permettent également d’illustrer cet enchevêtrement (par exemple ceux associés à l’économie collaborative ou au mouvement lent). Les organisations touristiques jouent elles aussi de ces points de rencontre dans leur offre touristique ; afin de s’adapter aux attentes et aux valeurs contemporaines, elles se doivent d’innover. Néanmoins, elles doivent aussi demeurer authentiques afin de conserver un sens à l’activité touristique qu’elles proposent.
Barcelone face au
tourisme de masse : « tourismophobie » et vivre
ensemble
Authors: Ballester Patrice 
Published: February 2019

Le tourisme devient une source de richesse pour les
villes méditerranéennes qui profitent de la mondialisation. Pourtant, le
processus de mise en scène et en récit de ces métropoles transforme le paysage
urbain et les usages de l’espace public. D’un côté, la stratégie touristique
vise à proposer une image de qualité de la ville auprès des touristes
internationaux, renforçant son attractivité et nécessitant la création de
nouveaux espaces de loisirs ; de l’autre côté, la réussite de cette entreprise
de communication et de marketing amène une situation de tension causée par une
surfréquentation de visiteurs et une concentration de problèmes sociaux que le
nouveau terme de tourismophobie synthétise. La « révolte » du quartier de la
Barceloneta en août 2014 et d’autres quartiers de la capitale catalane entre
2014 et 2017 atteste une situation de crise et de transition urbaine que nous
analysons à partir d’une enquête de terrain originale qui repose sur l’étude des
pancartes revendicatrices accrochées aux balcons des habitants, des entretiens
avec des locaux et un recensement statistique auprès de l’Office de tourisme de
Barcelone. Nos résultats mettent en avant trois éléments pour expliquer les
tensions sociales issues de la confrontation de deux modes de vie, sédentaire et
nomade : 1) Barcelone et ses districts de front de mer sont victimes d’un succès
et d’une attractivité touristique exponentielle, mais aussi d’une superposition
concomitante de processus d’attraction engendrant des flux continus de tourisme
d’affaires et d’agrément, à savoir : l’héliotropisme, l’haliotropisme et une
métropolisation renforcée ; 2) le tourisme résidentiel et l’innovation numérique
impliquent une redéfinition importante de l’offre immobilière locative,
bouleversant le corps social du centre-ville et de quartiers populaires qui ont
profité parallèlement d’une intervention urbanistique de qualité dans les années
1990 à la suite des Jeux olympiques (JO) ; 3) une crise urbaine s’observe en
relation avec l’activité touristique et ses conséquences, engendrant la volonté
de trouver une nouvelle gouvernance touristique, mais nous identifions un manque
de vision stratégique et des contradictions idéologiques dans la capacité à
arriver à une coprésence harmonieuse touristes–habitants.
Chemical Speciation and Distributon of Heavy Metals in Alluvial Soils of Ondo State
Authors: Olawale Fadojutimi Paul , Ademola Aiyesanmi Festus , Adekoya Adelaja Oluwaseun 
Published: February 2019

Floodplains are very important for agriculture, since it allows planting of arable crops throughout the year. In order to asses pollution levels of the floodplains due to contamination from flooding,soil samples were collected from six locations across each of the floodplain of Owena river, Ogbese river and Ala river in Ondo State. The study investigated the chemical speciation of Cd, Cu, Ni and Zn in the alluvial soil matrix due to deposition of metals as result of inundation of the floodplains. The heavy metals were quantified using Atomic Absorbtion Spectrophotometer. The concentration of heavy metals in exchangeable fraction are in the order of Ni (BDL-0.26 mg/kg) < Cd (BDL - 0.41 mg/kg) < Cu (0.08-1.33 mg/kg) < Zn (0.27-7.08 mg/kg), in carbonate fraction: Ni (BDL-0.53 mg/kg) < Cd (BDL – 1.83 mg/kg< Cu (0.13-3.02 mg/kg) < Zn (0.64-11.88 mg/kg), in Fe-Mn Oxide fraction: Cd (BDL-0.21 mg/kg) < Ni (BDL-0.53 mg/kg) < Cu (0.68-3.03 mg/kg) < Zn (3.05-17.32 mg/kg), In organic fraction: Cd (BDL-0.15 mg/kg) < Cu (0.51-6.00 mg/kg) < Ni (0.73-7.84mg/kg ) < Zn (1.80-21.82 mg/kg), In residual fraction: Cd (0.20-1.28 mg/kg) < Cu (1.18-6.19 mg/kg) < Zn (2.77-13.97 mg/kg) < Ni (1.54-13.59 mg/kg). Cd and Ni were most abundant in residual fraction, Cu was found to be predominantly associated with organic and residual fractions while, Zn was predominantly bound to oxidizable and organic fractions The mean concentration of the heavy metals in the floodplains soil were of the order of Zn > Cu > Ni > Cd. The speciation study futher revealed both geogenic and anthropogenic sources contributed to the total metal load of the floodplain soils.
The Mechanism of the Links between Growth and Volatility
Authors: Edgeweblime Kcodgoh L. 
Published: February 2019

This paper has investigated the signs of the relationship between growth and volatility in a new environment set by changes in assumptions of the Ramsey model to allow technological progress to become endogenous.
A generation’s utility maximization is obtained through externalities trade named “multidimensional trade”. In contrast to the effects on long-run growth in the AK model where an improvement in the level of technology, A, which raises the marginal and average products of capital, also raises the growth rate and alters the saving rate, we found a greater willingness to hoard down or an improvement in the level of technology shows up in the long-run as higher levels of capital (unnatural resources) and output per effective worker but in no change in per capita growth rate. The steady state results of the working of diminishing returns to inputs in technology production function. This has leaded to a reformulation of Heckscher-Ohlin trade model: Productive factors that exist in abundance in a generation and that are not intensively used to produce goods and services in that generation are exported to other generations in exchange for scarce productive factors intensively used to produce goods and services that should be scarce in the generation. The goods and services with weak consumption are indirectly exported from one generation to others, whereas goods and services with high consumption are indirectly imported from other generations. Therefore Ramsey model becomes a particular case of multidimensional trade (when externalities are internalized). In that case, the tendency for saving rates to rise or fall with economic development affects the traditional dynamics, that is why, in our framework, intergenerational and international leveling out of all prices (goods and productive factors include techniques) should restore neoclassical assumptions: this is the main mechanism of the links between growth an volatility.
Approval-directed agency and the decision theory of Newcomb-like problems
Authors: Oesterheld Caspar 
Published: February 2019

AbstractDecision theorists disagree about how instrumentally rational agents, i.e., agents trying to achieve some goal, should behave in so-called Newcomb-like problems, with the main contenders being causal and evidential decision theory. Since the main goal of artificial intelligence research is to create machines that make instrumentally rational decisions, the disagreement pertains to this field. In addition to the more philosophical question of what the right decision theory is, the goal of AI poses the question of how to implement any given decision theory in an AI. For example, how would one go about building an AI whose behavior matches evidential decision theory’s recommendations? Conversely, we can ask which decision theories (if any) describe the behavior of any existing AI design. In this paper, we study what decision theory an approval-directed agent, i.e., an agent whose goal it is to maximize the score it receives from an overseer, implements. If we assume that the overseer rewards the agent based on the expected value of some von Neumann–Morgenstern utility function, then such an approval-directed agent is guided by two decision theories: the one used by the agent to decide which action to choose in order to maximize the reward and the one used by the overseer to compute the expected utility of a chosen action. We show which of these two decision theories describes the agent’s behavior in which situations.
A systematic review on sleep alterations anticipating the onset of bipolar disorder
Authors: Pancheri C. , Verdolini N. , Pacchiarotti I. , Samalin L. , Delle Chiaie R. , Biondi M. , Carvalho A.F. , Valdes M. , Ritter P. , Vieta E. , Murru A. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractBackground:Sleep alterations are frequent occurrence in Bipolar Disorder (BD), both in acute and interepisodic phases. Sleep alterations have been also described both long before BD onset, as aspecific risk syndromes, or as immediate prodromes of BD onset. The aim of the present study is to systematically review the relationship between sleep alterations anticipating for the full-blown onset of BD, both in general and according to specific polarities of onset.Methods:A systematic literature research according to PRISMA statement and considering: 1. prospective studies about BD patients’ offspring with sleep alterations who later developed BD. 2. prospective studies assessing patients with sleep disorders who later developed BD. 3. retrospective studies on BD patients where sleep alterations before BD onset of the disease were reported.Results:A total of 16 studies were included in this review. Sleep disturbances may frequently appear 1 year before the onset of BD or more, often during childhood or adolescence. A decreased need for sleep may precede the onset of the illness, specially a manic episode, while insomnia appears to anticipate either a manic or a depressive episode. Hypersomnia seems to precede bipolar depressive episodes.Conclusions:Sleep alterations frequently appear long before the onset of BD, and appear to be related specifically to the polarity of the index episode. The detection and treatment of sleep alterations in special high risk populations may help achieving an earlier detection of the illness.