bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nonlinear Pricing and the Market for Settling Payments
Authors: COPELAND ADAM , GARRATT RODNEY 
Published: September 2018

AbstractFedwire Funds is a real‐time gross settlement system that uses a decreasing block pricing scheme to attract nonurgent payments. A bank's optimal response to Fedwire's pricing depends on its perceived benefits to settling nonurgent payments quickly. If the urgency for immediate settlement is great enough, a bank responds to marginal price; otherwise, it responds to average price. We find banks respond to average price, suggesting that Fedwire's advantage over competing services of being able to provide immediate settlement is small. Moreover, attempts to increase demand for Fedwire services by lowering the cost of banks' final block of payments may be ineffective if there is not a corresponding decrease in average cost.
Nutrients, but not genetic diversity, affect Gracilaria chilensis (Rhodophyta) farming productivity and physiological responses
Authors: Usandizaga Sara , Camus Carolina , Kappes José Luis , Guillemin Marie Laure , Buschmann Alejandro H. 
Published: September 2018

In terrestrial plants, it is well known that genetic diversity can affect responses to abiotic and biotic stress and have important consequences on farming. However, very little is known about the interactive effects of genetic and environmental factors on seaweed crops. We conducted a field experiment on Gracilaria chilensis to determine the effect of heterozygosity and nutrient addition on two southern Chilean farms: Ancud and Chaica. In addition to growth rate and productivity, we measured photosynthetic responses, photosynthetic pigment concentration (chlorophyll a and phycobiliproteins), C:N ratio (C:N), and epiphytic load. Nutrient addition affected the growth rate, productivity, phycobilin, and C:N content, but not the epiphytic load. These results were independent of the heterozygosity of the strains used in the experiments. Interestingly, depending on the sampled sites, distinct photosynthetic responses (i.e., maximal quantum yield, Fv/Fm, and maximal electron transport rate, ETRmax) to nutrient addition were observed. We propose that thallus selection over the past few decades may have led to ecological differentiation between G. chilensis from Chaica and Ancud. The lack of effect of heterozygosity on growth and physiological responses could be related to the species domestication history in which there is a limited range of genetic variation in farms. We suggest that the existing levels of heterozygosity among our thalli is not sufficient to detect any significant effect of genetic diversity on growth or productivity in Metri bay, our experimental site located close to the city of Puerto Montt, during summer under nitrogen limiting conditions.
Strontium ion attenuates lipopolysaccharide‐stimulated proinflammatory cytokine expression and lipopolysaccharide‐inhibited early osteogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament cells
Authors: Wei Lingfei , Jiang Yuxi , Zhou Wenjuan , Liu Shutai , Liu Yuelian , Rausch‐Fan Xiaohui , Liu Zhonghao 
Published: September 2018

Background and objectivePeriodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the destruction of the periodontium. The strontium ion (Sr2+) can prevent the bone loss associated with periodontitis and promote the regeneration of the bone. The mechanisms by which the Sr2+ works remain poorly understood. We aim to investigate the effects of the Sr2+ ion on cell proliferation, inflammatory regulation and osteogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLCs) in pathological conditions.Material and methodshPDLCs were obtained from premolars that came from the orthodontic extraction. The hPDLCs were treated with Sr2+ and/or lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which was applied as the pathological condition of periodontitis. The effect of the dose of Sr2+ on cell proliferation was analyzed using a Cell Counting Kit‐8 assay. The gene and protein expression of proinflammatory cytokines were detected by the real‐time polymerase chain reaction and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. The osteogenic differentiation and mineralization were assessed by the real‐time polymerase chain reaction, alkaline phosphatase activity assay and alizarin red staining.ResultsResults demonstrated that Sr2+ in a range of concentrations from 0.02 to 2.5 mmol/L significantly improved the proliferation of hPDLCs. Sr2+ reversed LPS‐stimulated proinflammatory cytokine expressions such as tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐6 and IL‐8. Moreover, Sr2+ rescued the LPS‐inhibited gene expression of osteogenic differentiation. Although it appeared to suppress the late mineralization, Sr2+ can reverse the LPS‐inhibited early osteogenic differentiation of hPDLCs.ConclusionThese results indicated that Sr2+ could attenuate the LPS‐stimulated proinflammatory molecule expression and inhibit early osteogenic differentiation of hPDLCs.
Disentangling protist communities identified from DNA and RNA surveys in the Pearl River–South China Sea Continuum during the wet and dry seasons
Authors: Wu Wenxue , Liu Hongbin 
Published: September 2018

AbstractLittle is known about the mechanisms that regulate the assembly of microbial communities in the river–sea continuum. Here, we performed HiSeq paired‐end sequencing of the V4 region of 18S rRNA gene, using both DNA and RNA extracts, to identify protist communities in the surface and bottom water layers along a transect of the Pearl River–South China Sea Continuum (PSC) during the wet (summer) and dry (winter) seasons. We found that during the summer but not during the winter, protist communities, identified from their DNA or RNA signatures, could be better explained by mass effects and species sorting, respectively. Moreover, protist diversity in the DNA and RNA surveys exhibited similar trends along the transect, that is, a linear upstream‐to‐downstream decrease during the summer and a weakly U‐shaped curve during the winter. In contrast, the taxonomic compositions in the DNA‐ and RNA‐derived communities were remarkably different during either the summer or the winter. In summary, the results of our DNA and RNA surveys revealed the temporal assembly of protist communities in the PSC, which suggests that protist diversity and composition are highly responsive to the hydrographic conditions of the river–sea continuum.
Ploidy‐altered phenotype interacts with local environment and may enhance polyploid establishment inKnautia serpentinicola(Caprifoliaceae)
Authors: Čertner Martin , Sudová Radka , Weiser Martin , Suda Jan , Kolář Filip 
Published: September 2018

SummaryWhole genome duplication is a key process in plant evolution and has direct phenotypic consequences. However, it remains unclear whether ploidy‐related phenotypic changes can significantly alter the fitness of polyploids in nature and thus contribute to establishment of new polyploid mutants in diploid populations.We addressed this question using a unique natural system encompassing a diploid and its sympatric locally established autotetraploid derivative. By setting a common garden experiment with two manipulated environmental factors (presence/absence of serpentine substrate and competition), we tested whether these two locally important factors differently shape the phenotypic response of the two ploidy levels.Tetraploids attained significantly higher values of both above‐ and below‐ground biomass, and root : shoot ratio compared to their diploid progenitors. Tetraploid superiority in vegetative fitness indicators was most prominent when they were cultivated together with a competitor in nutrient‐rich nonserpentine substrate.We show that even genetically very closely related diploids and tetraploids can respond differently to key environmental factors. Provided there are sufficient nutrients, tetraploids can be more successful in tolerating interspecific competition than their diploid progenitors. Such superior performance might have provided an adaptive advantage for the newly established tetraploid promoting colonisation of new (micro‐)habitats, which was indeed observed at the natural site.
Testing ecological theory with lianas
Authors: Schnitzer Stefan A. 
Published: September 2018

Contents

Summary
366

I.
Introduction
366

II.
Testing ecological theory: effects of the environment on lianas
369

III.
A unified explanation for liana distribution and the maintenance of liana diversity
370

IV.
Testing ecological theory: effects of lianas on the environment
373

V.
Theoretical effects of lianas on forest diversity
375

VI.
Lianas and trophic interactions in forests
375

VII.
Unresolved challenges in liana ecology
376

VIII.
Conclusions
377

Acknowledgements
377

References
377

SummaryLianas constitute a diverse polyphyletic plant group that is advancing our understanding of ecological theory. Specifically, lianas are providing new insights into the mechanisms that control plant distribution and diversity maintenance. For example, there is now evidence that a single, scalable mechanism may explain local, regional, and pan‐tropical distribution of lianas, as well as the maintenance of liana species diversity. The ability to outcompete trees under dry, stressful conditions in seasonal forests provides lianas a growth advantage that, over time, results in relatively high abundance in seasonal forests and low abundance in aseasonal forests. Lianas may also gain a similar growth advantage following disturbance, thus explaining why liana density and diversity peak following disturbance at the local, forest scale. The study of ecology, however, is more than the effect of the environment on organisms; it also includes the effects of organisms on the environment. Considerable empirical evidence now indicates that lianas substantially alter their environment by consuming resources, suppressing tree performance, and influencing emergent properties of forests, such as ecosystem functioning, plant and animal diversity, and community composition. These recent studies using lianas are transcending classical tropical ecology research and are now providing novel insights into fundamental ecological theory.
Nursing and music: Considerations of Nightingale’s environmental philosophy and phenomenology
Authors: Parr Vijinski Jon , Hirst Sandra P. , Goopy Suzanne 
Published: September 2018

AbstractA philosophy of nursing is to express our considered opinion on what we believe to be true about the nature of the profession of nursing and provide a basis for nursing activities. It affirms the ethical values that we hold as fundamental to our practice. For many of us in nursing, our philosophy derives from Nightingale and phenomenology. We believe Nightingale and phenomenology are uniquely placed within nursing philosophies, to assist the nurse to understand the use of music within a holistic, caring‐healing paradigm, as nursing continues to adapt and evolve in the 21st century. This article proposes that both Nightingale's environmental philosophy and phenomenology are excellent intellectual and practice frameworks for nurses to consider music‐based interventions for older adults who experience dementia. The potential outcome is an enhanced understanding of the well‐being of this vulnerable group of older persons.
The role of the dorsal striatum in choice impulsivity
Authors: Kim BaekSun , Im Heh‐In 
Published: September 2018

AbstractIt has long been recognized that the dorsal striatum is an essential brain region for control of action selection based on action–outcome contingency learning, particularly when the available actions are bound to rewarding outcomes. In principle, intertemporal choice in the delay‐discounting task—a validated measure of choice impulsivity—involves reward‐associated actions that require the recruitment of the dorsal striatum. Here, we conjecture about ways the dorsal striatum is involved in choice impulsivity. Based on a selective body of studies, we begin with a brief history of research on choice impulsivity and the dorsal striatum, and then provide a comprehensive summary of contemporary studies utilizing human neuroimaging and animal models to search for links between choice impulsivity and the dorsal striatum. In particular, we discuss in‐depth the converging evidence for the associations of choice impulsivity with the reward valuation coded by the caudate, a ventral‐to‐dorsal gradient in the dorsal striatum, the origins of striatal afferents, and developmental maturation of frontostriatal connectivity during adolescence.
Continuous cardiometabolic risk score definitions in early childhood: a scoping review
Authors: Kamel M. , Smith B. T. , Wahi G. , Carsley S. , Birken C. S. , Anderson L. N. 
Published: September 2018

SummaryBackgroundCardiometabolic risk (CMR) in young children has been measured using various approaches, including a continuous summary score that incorporates components such as adiposity, lipids, metabolic factors and blood pressure.ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to comprehensively review definitions of continuous CMR scores in children <10 years of age.MethodsA scoping review was conducted using a systematic search of four scientific databases up to June 2016. Inclusion criteria were children <10 years of age and report of a continuous CMR score.ResultsNinety‐one articles were included. Most studies were published from 2007 to 2016 (96%). Nearly all continuous CMR scores (90%) were calculated using the sum or the mean of z‐scores, and many articles age‐standardized and sex‐standardized components within their own population. The mean number of variables included in the risk scores was 5 with a range of 3–11. The most commonly included score components were waist circumference (52%), triglycerides (87%), high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (67%), glucose (43%) and systolic blood pressure (52%).ImportanceContinuous CMR scores are emerging frequently in the child health literature and are calculated using numerous methods with diverse components. This heterogeneity limits comparability across studies. A harmonized definition of CMR in childhood is needed.
Bioprosthetic tricuspid valve dysfunction in patients with transvalvular or epicardial pacing leads
Authors: Shafquat Azam , Salahuddin Nawal , Aldawood Wafa , Alassas Khadija , Al‐Ghamdi Bandar , Fadel Bahaa M. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractBackgroundDysfunction of native tricuspid valves due to transvenous pacing leads is well described. Patients with bioprosthetic tricuspid valve (BTV) who need ventricular pacing are often advised epicardial lead placement to avoid potential damage to the BTV although there are no data to support this.ObjectiveThe aim of the study was to assess the frequency of BTV dysfunction in patients with permanent transvenous right ventricular pacemaker lead and compare it to patients with epicardial leads.MethodsA retrospective review of patients with BTV with ventricular pacing lead was conducted. Demographics, lead, BTV, and echocardiographic data were collected. Frequency of BTV dysfunction (moderate or severe) regurgitation or stenosis was compared between epicardial and transvalvular lead groups.ResultsForty‐six patients with BTV and ventricular pacing lead (20 transvalvular and 26 epicardial leads) were identified. Mean age was 46 years with the majority being female (85%) and with rheumatic heart disease (87%). Both groups were similar in age, sex, and indications for BTV. Mean echocardiographic follow‐up was for 5.5 years (±4.1 years). BTV dysfunction was similar between the transvalvular group with six (30%) patients and the epicardial group with five (19.2%) patients. The incidence of BTV dysfunction was greater in patients in sinus rhythm compared to patients in atrial fibrillation (50% vs 10%, P = 0.004).ConclusionDevelopment of BTV dysfunction is similar in patients with transvalvular ventricular leads and epicardial leads. The incidence of BTV dysfunction was higher in patients with sinus rhythm compared to atrial fibrillation.
Knowledge Grounded on Pure Reasoning
Authors: Rosa Luis 
Published: September 2018

AbstractIn this paper, I deal with epistemological issues that stem from the hypothesis that reasoning is not only a means of transmitting knowledge from premise‐beliefs to conclusion‐beliefs but also a primary source of knowledge in its own right. The idea is that one can gain new knowledge on the basis of suppositional reasoning. After making some preliminary distinctions, I argue that there are no good reasons to think that purported examples of knowledge grounded on pure reasoning are just examples of premise‐based inferences in disguise. Next, I establish what kinds of true propositions can to a first approximation be known on the basis of pure reasoning. Finally, I argue that beliefs that are competently formed on the basis of suppositional reasoning satisfy both externalist and internalist criteria of justification.
Intra‐strain Variability in the Effects of Temperature on UV‐B Sensitivity of Cyanobacteria
Authors: Islam Md Ashraful , Beardall John , Cook Perran 
Published: September 2018

AbstractStratospheric ozone depletion is mostly marked over the Antarctic and to a lesser extent over the Arctic, though recent reports have revealed that this also occurs at lower latitudes. Continued depletion of ozone in the lower stratosphere allows more UVR to reach the Earth's surface. Furthermore, it is projected that surface water temperatures will increase by between 0.2 and 2.0°C by the year 2060 and this will directly or indirectly influence algal growth. The interactions between environmental factors are complicated by the existence of different strains (ecotypes) of the same species that may respond differently. To understand the interactive effects of temperature and UV‐B on two strains of Anabaena circinalis, we investigated the damaging effects of UV‐B on cell numbers and photosynthetic characteristics and also examined the effect of temperature on the capacity of cells to recover from such stress. Both strains of A. circinalis responded differently in terms of survival, photosynthetic characteristics and recovery with interactions between temperature and UV‐B. This could be due to the variations in strain‐specific photoreactive mechanisms. This needs to be explored further including more strains and species before definitive conclusions can be reached about effects of global change on cyanobacteria generally.
Sources of resistance in Musa to Xanthomonas campestris pv. musacearum, the causal agent of banana xanthomonas wilt
Authors: Nakato G. V. , Christelová P. , Were E. , Nyine M. , Coutinho T. A. , Doležel J. , Uwimana B. , Swennen R. , Mahuku G. 
Published: September 2018

It is claimed that, with the exception of Musa balbisiana, all banana varieties are susceptible to bacterial wilt caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. musacearum (Xcm). Despite being resistant to Xcm infection, M. balbisiana is not preferred for breeding because it belongs to the BB genome subgroup, while most edible bananas are of the A genome. To identify potential sources of resistance to Xcm, 72 banana accessions representing the Musa genetic diversity were evaluated in an outdoor confined potted trial. The midribs of the youngest leaf of 3‐month‐old banana plants were inoculated with 108 CFU mL−1 of Xcm isolate USY13P, and symptom development assessed weekly for 4 months. Results confirmed that M. balbisiana genotypes are indeed resistant to Xcm. Varieties within the Musa acuminata subsp. zebrina (AA) set were further identified as potentially useful sources of Xcm resistance. These findings reveal the potential to develop banana and plantain varieties with tolerance to Xcm.
Randomized controlled study on the effectiveness of animal‐assisted therapy on depression, anxiety, and illness perception in institutionalized elderly
Authors: Ambrosi Caterina , Zaiontz Charles , Peragine Giuseppe , Sarchi Simona , Bona Francesca 
Published: September 2018

AimThe aim of this study was to verify dog‐assisted therapy's effectiveness on depression and anxiety in institutionalized elderly. Patients’ illness perception was examined to identify core beliefs regarding mood, personal control, and illness coherence because they can affect treatment compliance. Subjective perception of pain, social interaction, and setting‐bound observable variables were also studied.MethodsThis study involved a randomized sample of institutionalized patients 65 years of age and older; the treatment group had 17 subjects and the control group had 14 subjects. All patients were administered the Mini‐Mental State Examination, 15‐item Geriatric Depression Scale, Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7, Illness Perception Questionnaire, and Numeric Pain Rating Scale. Intra‐ and inter‐group data analysis was performed before and after treatment. Over the course of 10 weeks, patients participated in individual 30‐min sessions. An observational methodology was developed to record verbal and non‐verbal interactions between the elderly, the dog, and the dog handler.ResultsA large effect size and a statistically significant decrease in 15‐item Geriatric Depression Scale scores were identified in the treatment group. No significant differences were detected in the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7, Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, and Numeric Pain Rating Scale. However, the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule and the Numeric Pain Rating Scale showed a moderate decrease. The Illness Perception Questionnaire's timeline (acute/chronic) and treatment control subscales showed a clinically relevant, large effect size.ConclusionsDog‐assisted therapy has proved to be effective in reducing symptoms of depression in institutionalized elderly. The increase in verbal interactions with the handlers throughout the study suggests the dog acts as a facilitator of social interaction, eliciting positive emotional responses. Dog‐assisted therapy shows promising results in the perception of illness timeline and treatment control, indicating potential enhancement of the sense of treatment‐related empowerment. However, further study is required.
Functional Clustering of Accelerometer Data Via Transformed Input Variables
Authors: Lim Yaeji , Oh Hee-Seok , Cheung Ying Kuen 
Published: September 2018

SummaryThe paper considers the clustering problem of physical activity data measured by a computerized accelerometer. Classical methods such as K-means clustering and partitioning around medoids are not efficient in handling accelerometer data that are high dimensional with inherent multiscale structures. Existing functional clustering approaches do not naturally utilize the dynamic structures of accelerometer data that may be necessary to form homogeneous clusters in a meaningful way. The paper introduces new input variables for clustering the accelerometer data based on the rank-based transformation and thick pen transformation, which reflect specific structures of the data such as the amount and the pattern of physical activity while preserving a functional form. The clustering methods proposed are obtained by coupling the transformed input variables with functional clustering that considers a marginal representation of the data for building clustering criteria. We suggest several clustering schemes using the proposed methods and apply the schemes to a real data set of 365 subjects. A simulation study is performed to evaluate the empirical performance of the methods proposed, which are shown to be superior to some existing methods.