bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of plane of nutrition and shearing on the pattern of the moult in Scottish Cashmere goats
Authors: Merchant M. , Riach D.J. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe effect of plane of nutrition on the timing of the moult in cashmere goats was investigated. Three groups of mature does were individually offered food to supply 0·8 (L, no. = 14), 1·2 (M, no. = 14) or 20 (H, no. = 13) times their estimated maintenance energy requirements from mid December until mid May. Two other groups of goats which were shorn in mid January, were offered 1·2 times maintenance requirements from mid December until mid March when food levels were increased to either 1·6 M (SL, no. = 6) or ad libitum (SAL, no. = 6). In mid May mean live weights for treatments L, M, H, SL and SAL were 36·0, 41·5, 46·9, 33·0 and 43·1 kg (average s.e.d. = 2·27, P < 0·001).The pattern of moult was described by changes in a subjectively assessed moult score, the proportion of follicles with brushes and staple length. The loss of brushes, indicating the start of the moult, began from the primary follicles on days 143, 131, 76, 150 and 129 (average s.e.d. = 13·5, P < 0001), and from the secondary follicles on days 141, 128, 104, 144 and 125 (average s.e.d. = 14·1, P = 0·053) for treatments L, M, H, SL and SAL respectively. The loss of brushes from primary and secondary follicles was completed on average, by days 194 and 206 of the experiment respectively, and there were no differences between treatments. Moult score and staple length data confirmed the conclusion that lowering the plane of nutrition delayed the start of the moult. No additional effect of fleece removal in the shorn treatments was observed.Changes in circulating levels of plasma prolactin, thyroxine, tri-iodothyronine, insulin, insulin-like growth factor-1 and growth hormone were related to seasonal changes in daylength and plane of nutrition. Their rôle in the control of the moult is discussed.Manipulation of the nutrition of cashmere goats in early spring has the potential to delay and increase the synchrony of fibre moult and to improve the efficiency of cashmere harvesting.
Association in horses of orosensory characteristics of foods with their post-ingestive consequences
Authors: Cairns M. C. , Cooper J. J. , Davidson H. P. B. , Mills D. S. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIn the domestic environment, horses are often presented with foods to which they are not evolutionarily adapted, such as low fibre pellets. Horses may not have the ability to learn the consequences of consuming unnatural foodstuffs and adapt their selection accordingly. This study aimed to investigate the horse’s feeding preferences when presented with concentrate pellets differing in nutrient content. Using a choice test, the relative preferences of 12 horses for mint and garlic, in iso-caloric diets, was first assessed over 29 meals. A mint preference, calculated as the proportion of mint in the total food intake, was shown by 11 horses. The horses were then divided into two groups, approximately balanced on the basis of mint preference. Group A was exposed to a choice of a mint-flavoured lower energy food or a garlic-flavoured higher energy food, while group B was exposed to mint-flavoured higher energy food and garlic-flavoured lower energy food for 29 meals. Next the flavours were presented in iso-caloric foods, initially for 10 meals, then a further 40, before the flavour-energy pairings were reversed for 30 meals. A final iso-caloric test was carried out for 30 meals. Both groups showed a preference for mint in the initial iso-caloric choice test but no such preference was shown in later iso-caloric tests. Both groups showed a higher preference for mint when paired with higher energy (proportion of mint intake to total intake was 0·75 (s.e.0·02) and 0·73 (s.e.0·02) for A and B respectively). Group B also showed a preference for garlic when paired with higher energy (proportion of mint intake: 0·32, s.e. 0·02) whilst group A showed a significant decrease in preference for mint when paired with lower energy (by 0·21 (s.e. 0·03), T = 6·88, P 0·01). The results suggest that horses can select a higher energy diet over a lower energy one and that horses can form associations between foods and their nutritional composition, even if they do not resemble those found in their natural environment.
The multiplicity of steady-state solutions arising from microwave heating. I. Infinite Biot number and small penetration depth
Authors: Nelson M. I. , Wake G. C. , Chen X. D. , Balakrishnan E. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractMicrowave heating of porous solid materials has received considerable attention in recent years because of its widespread use in industry. In this study, the microwave power absorption term is modelled as the product of an exponential temperature function with function that decays exponentially with distance. The latter describes the penetration of material by the microwaves.We investigate the phenomena of multiplicity in class A geometries, paying particular attention to how the penetration function affects the behaviour of the system. We explain why the phase-plane techniques which have been used in the case when the penetration term is constant do not extend to non-constant penetration.
Stern waves with vorticity
Authors: Kang Y. , Vanden-Broeck J.-M. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractSteady two-dimensional free surface flow past a semi-infinite flat plate is considered. The vorticity in the flow is assumed to be constant. For large values of the Froude numberF, an analytical relation betweenF, the vorticity parameter ω and the steepnesssof the waves in the far field is derived. In addition numerical solutions are calculated by a boundary integral equation method.
The stability of boundary layers on curved heated plates
Authors: Stott Jillian A. K. , Denier James P. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractWe consider the effect the competing mechanisms of buoyancy-driven acceleration (arising from heating a surface) and streamline curvature (due to curvature of a surface) have on the stability of boundary-layer flows. We confine our attention to vortex type instabilities (commonly referred to as Görtler vortices) which have been identified as one of the dominant mechanisms of instability in both centrifugally and buoyancy driven boundary layers. The particular model we consider consists of the boundary-layer flow over a heated (or cooled) curved rigid body. In the absence of buoyancy forcing the flow is centrifugally unstable to counter-rotating vortices aligned with the direction of the flow when the curvature is concave (in the fluid domain) and stable otherwise. Heating the rigid plate to a level sufficiently above the fluid's ambient (free-stream) temperature can also serve to render the flow unstable. We determine the level of heating required to render an otherwise centrifugally stable flow unstable and likewise, the level of body cooling that is required to render a centrifugally unstableflow stable.
Gevrey class regularity of the magnetohydrodynamics equations
Authors: Kim Sangjeong 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIn this article, we use the method of Foias and Temam to show that the strong solutions of the time-dependent magnetohydrodynamics equations in a periodic domain are analytic in time with values in a Gevrey class of functions. As immediate corollaries we find that the solutions are analytic in Hr-norms and that the solutions become smooth immediately after the initial time.
Calculation of Chakalov-Popoviciu quadratures of Radau and Lobatto type
Authors: Spalević Miodrag M. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractA numerical method for calculation of the generalized Chakalov-Popoviciu quadrature formulae of Radau and Lobatto type, using the results given for the generalized Chakalov-Popoviciu quadrature formula, is given. Numerical results are included. As an application we discuss the problem of approximating a function f on the finite interval I = [a, b] by a spline function of degree m and variable defects dv, with n (variable) knots, matching as many of the initial moments of f as possible. An analytic formula for the coefficients in the generalized Chakalov-Popoviciu quadrature formula is given.
Further results for a one-dimensional linear thermoelastic equation with Dirichlet-Dirichlet boundary conditions
Authors: Guo Bao Zhu 
Published: May 2019

AbstractWe show that a sequence of generalized eigenfunctions of a one-dimensional linear thermoelastic system with Dirichiet-Dirichlet boundary conditions forms a Riesz basis for the state Hilbert space. This develops a parallel result for the same system with Dirichlet-Neumann or Neumann-Dirichlet boundary conditions.
Stability of the solutions of impulsive functional-differential equations by Lyapunov's direct method
Authors: Bainov D. D. , Stamova I. M. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractWe consider the stability of the zero solution of a system of impulsive functional-differential equations. By means of piecewise continuous functions, which are generalizations of classical Lyapunov functions, and using a technique due to Razumikhin, sufficient conditions are found for stability, uniform stability and asymptotical stability of the zero solution of these equations. Applications to impulsive population dynamics are also discussed.
Improving the Imbalanced Global Supply Chain of Phosphorus Fertilizers
Authors: Yang Haozhe , Liu Ying , Liu Junfeng , Meng Jing , Hu Xiurong , Tao Shu 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe unbalanced use of phosphorus fertilizers at the global scale has resulted in phosphorus fertilizer scarcity in less developed areas as well as eutrophication problems in developed and large emerging countries. Historically, the uneven distribution of phosphate rock has been regarded as the major reason for this unbalanced use. However, the international trade of commodities may also play an important role in the unbalanced use of phosphorus fertilizers. By tracing the trade flows of commodities, we found that nearly 5.2 Tg of phosphorus fertilizer was embodied in traded commodities, which were mainly exported from large emerging countries (with low phosphorus use efficiencies) to developed countries (e.g., the US, Western Europe and Japan, commonly with high phosphorus use efficiencies). Furthermore, among the 5.2 Tg of phosphorus fertilizer embodied in traded commodities, 2.5 Tg was embodied in the trade of commodities from industry, construction, and services. Our results indicate that this trade pattern could create substantial mutual benefits if improvements are made to the phosphorus supply chain. With technology transfer and financial support from developed countries, large emerging countries could use phosphorus fertilizers more efficiently, thereby reducing the risk of eutrophication and lowering the cost of agricultural production. The phosphorus fertilizers saved by large emerging countries could be partially used to enhance food production in Sub‐Saharan African countries. This optimized supply chain could reduce eutrophication, conserve phosphate rock resources, and enhance global agricultural production.
Paleomagnetic Secular Variations During the Past 40,000 Years From the Bay of Bengal
Authors: Wang Shishun , Chang Liao , Xue Pengfei , Liu Shengfa , Shi Xuefa , Khokiattiwong Somkiat , Kornkanitnan Narumol , Liu Jianxing 
Published: May 2019

AbstractPaleomagnetic secular variations in South Asia are not well understood due to insufficient records. In this study, we produce a new paleomagnetic secular variation curve covering the past 40,000 years by stacking four marine sediment records from the middle portion of Bay of Bengal. Age models are based on radiocarbon dating and core correlation. Stepwise alternating field demagnetization was used to isolate the primary remanent component. Rock magnetic measurements indicate that the primary magnetic remanence carriers are single domain and pseudo‐single domain magnetites with no sign of diagenetic alteration. Our Bengal relative paleointensity stack is broadly consistent with local records and the PISO‐1500 relative paleointensity stack (Channell et al., 2009; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2009.03.012). Two geomagnetic excursions presented by paleointensity minima are recognized, which correlate to the Mono Lake (29–32 ka) and Laschamp excursion (38–40 ka), respectively. We conclude that the Mono Lake and Laschamp excursion are two separate events.
Viscosity of Pyroxenite Melt and Its Evolution During Cooling
Authors: Vetere F. , Murri M. , Alvaro M. , Domeneghetti M. C. , Rossi S. , Pisello A. , Perugini D. , Holtz F. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractNew viscosity experiments at superliquidus temperatures and during cooling at a rate of 10 K/hr have been performed at different shear rates on a synthetic pyroxenite melt. Results revealed that this melt is extremely fluid at temperature between 1646 and 1530 K and measured viscosities are between 2.2 and 7.8 Pa·s. Such very low viscosities allow the lava to flow in turbulent regime as confirmed by the high Reynolds numbers, which are always >2,000. As a consequence, very long distance could be covered by the lava flow. If we consider this studied composition as proxy for Mars lava flows coupled with very high effusion rates, our results might explain the presence of extraordinary large volcanic channels, as recently hypothesized for the Kasei Valles on Mars, even considering that the gravity is approximately one third that of Earth. Few literature data tracking viscosity during cooling are available, and they reported shear thinning effect on different compositions. Our experiments performed at 0.1 and 1 s−1 have shown complex variation in the apparent viscosity, confirming that nonequilibrium rheology represents a still unexplored field of investigation useful to better understand the real geological scenarios occurring in magmatic and volcanic systems.
PEAT‐CLSM: A Specific Treatment of Peatland Hydrology in the NASA Catchment Land Surface Model
Authors: Bechtold M. , De Lannoy G. J. M. , Koster R. D. , Reichle R. H. , Mahanama S. P. , Bleuten W. , Bourgault M. A. , Brümmer C. , Burdun I. , Desai A. R. , Devito K. , Grünwald T. , Grygoruk M. , Humphreys E. R. , Klatt J. , Kurbatova J. , Lohila A. , Munir T. M. , Nilsson M. B. , Price J. S. , Röhl M. , Schneider A. , Tiemeyer B. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractPeatlands are poorly represented in global Earth system modeling frameworks. Here we add a peatland‐specific land surface hydrology module (PEAT‐CLSM) to the Catchment Land Surface Model (CLSM) of the NASA Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) framework. The amended TOPMODEL approach of the original CLSM that uses topography characteristics to model catchment processes is discarded, and a peatland‐specific model concept is realized in its place. To facilitate its utilization in operational GEOS efforts, PEAT‐CLSM uses the basic structure of CLSM and the same global input data. Parameters used in PEAT‐CLSM are based on literature data. A suite of CLSM and PEAT‐CLSM simulations for peatland areas between 40°N and 75°N is presented and evaluated against a newly compiled data set of groundwater table depth and eddy covariance observations of latent and sensible heat fluxes in natural and seminatural peatlands. CLSM's simulated groundwater tables are too deep and variable, whereas PEAT‐CLSM simulates a mean groundwater table depth of −0.20 m (snow‐free unfrozen period) with moderate temporal fluctuations (standard deviation of 0.10 m), in significantly better agreement with in situ observations. Relative to an operational CLSM version that simply includes peat as a soil class, the temporal correlation coefficient is increased on average by 0.16 and reaches 0.64 for bogs and 0.66 for fens when driven with global atmospheric forcing data. In PEAT‐CLSM, runoff is increased on average by 38% and evapotranspiration is reduced by 19%. The evapotranspiration reduction constitutes a significant improvement relative to eddy covariance measurements.
RNA sequencing identifies clonal structure of T-cell repertoires in patients with adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma
Authors: Farmanbar Amir , Kneller Robert , Firouzi Sanaz 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe diversity of T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoires, as generated by somatic DNA rearrangements, is central to immune system function. High-throughput sequencing technologies now allow examination of antigen receptor repertoires at single-nucleotide and, more recently, single-cell resolution. The TCR repertoire can be altered in the context of infections, malignancies or immunological disorders. Here we examined the diversity of TCR clonality and its association with pathogenesis and prognosis in adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL), a malignancy caused by infection with human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1). We analyzed 62 sets of high-throughput RNA sequencing data from 59 samples of HTLV-1−infected individuals—asymptomatic carriers (ACs), smoldering, chronic, acute and lymphoma ATL subtypes—and three uninfected controls to evaluate TCR distribution. Based on these TCR profiles, CD4-positive cells and ACs showed polyclonal patterns, whereas ATL patients showed oligo- or monoclonal patterns (with 446 average clonotypes across samples). Expression of TCRα and TCRβ genes in the dominant clone differed among the samples. ACs, CD4-positive samples and smoldering patients showed significantly higher TCR diversity compared with chronic, acute and lymphoma subtypes. CDR3 sequence length distribution, amino acid conservation and gene usage variability for ATL patients resembled those of peripheral blood cells from ACs and healthy donors. Thus, determining monoclonal architecture and clonal diversity by RNA sequencing might be useful for prognostic purposes and for personalizing ATL diagnosis and assessment of treatments.
Dissecting R gene and host genetic background effect on the Brassica napus defense response to Leptosphaeria maculans
Authors: Haddadi Parham , Larkan Nicholas J. , Borhan M. Hossein 
Published: May 2019

AbstractWhile our understanding of the genetics underlying the Brassica-Leptosphaeria pathosystem has advanced greatly in the last decade, differences in molecular responses due to interaction between resistance genes and host genetic background has not been studied. We applied RNAseq technology to monitor the transcriptome profiles of Brassica napus (Bn) lines carrying one of four blackleg R genes (Rlm2, Rlm3, LepR1 & LepR2) in Topas or Westar background, during the early stages of infection by a Leptosphaeria maculans (Lm) isolate carrying the corresponding Avr genes. We observed upregulation of host genes involved in hormone signalling, cell wall thickening, response to chitin and glucosinolate production in all R gene lines at 3 day after inoculation (dai) albeit having higher level of expression in LepR1 and Rlm2 than in Rlm3 and LepR2 lines. Bn-SOBIR1 (Suppressor Of BIR1-1), a receptor like kinase (RLK) that forms complex receptor like proteins (RLPs) was highly expressed in LepR1 and Rlm2 at 3 dai. In contrast Bn-SOBIR1 induction was low in Rlm3 line, which could indicate that Rlm3 may function independent of SOBIR1. Expression of Salicylic acid (SA) related defense was enhanced in LepR1 and Rlm2 at 3 dai. In contrast to SA, expression of Bn genes with homology to PDF1.2, a jasmonic acid (JA) pathway marker, were increased in all Rlm and LepR lines at 6 and 9 dai. Effect of host genetic background on induction of defense, was determined by comparison of LepR1 and LepR2 in Topas vs Westar genotype (i.e. T-LepR1 vs W-LepR1 and T-LepR2 vs W-LepR2). In both cases (regardless of R gene) overall number of defense related genes at the earliest time point (3 dai) was higher in Tops compared to Westar. SA and JA markers genes such as PR1 and PDF1.2 were more induced in Topas compared to Westar introgression lines at this time point. Even in the absence of any R gene, effect of Topas genotype in enhanced defense, was also evident by the induction of PDF1.2 that started at a low level at 3 dai and peaked at 6 and 9 dai, while no induction in Westar genotype was observed at any of these time points. Overall, variation in time and intensity of expression of genes related to defense, was clearly dependent on both R gene and the host genotype.
Ultra-high sensitive 1D porous silicon photonic crystal sensor based on the coupling of Tamm/Fano resonances in the mid-infrared region
Authors: Ahmed Ashour M. , Mehaney Ahmed 
Published: May 2019

AbstractPorous silicon one-dimensional photonic crystals (PSi-1DPCs) are capable of sensing solutions and liquids based on the smallest variation of the refractive indices. In the present work, we present a novel metal/PSi-1DPC as a liquid sensor based on Tamm/Fano resonances. The operating wavelength range is from 6.35 to 9.85 μm in the mid-infrared (MIR) spectral region. Different metals (Al, Ag, Au, and Pt) are attached to the top surface of the PSi-1DPCs structure to show Tamm/Fano resonances more clearly. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first time that Tamm/Fano resonances exhibit simultaneously in PSi-1DPCs within the same structure. The reflection spectra were calculated for the metal/PSi-1DPC structure by using the transfer matrix method (TMM) and the Bruggeman’s effective medium approximation (BEMA). The simulations show that the Tamm/Fano resonances are red-shifted towards the higher wavelengths with increasing the refractive index of the pores. The Ag/PSi-1DPC sensor showed the highest performance. Its sensitivity can be reached to the value 5018 nm/RIU with a high-quality factor of about 2149.27. We predict the proposed sensors can be easily fabricated and we expect them to show higher performance than other reported sensors of this type. Therefore, it will be of interest in the field of optical sensing in different fields.
Sugar accumulation and growth of lettuce exposed to different lighting modes of red and blue LED light
Authors: Chen Xiao-li , Wang Li-chun , Li Tao , Yang Qi-chang , Guo Wen-zhong 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe present study evaluated the growth response and sugar accumulation of lettuce exposed to different lighting modes of red and blue LED light based on the same daily light integral (7.49 μmol·m−2). Six lighting treatments were performed, that were monochromatic red light (R), monochromatic blue light (B), simultaneous red and blue light as the control (RB, R:B = 1:1), mixed modes of R, B and RB (R/RB/B, 4 h R to 4 h RB and then 4 h B), and alternating red and blue light with alternating intervals of 4 h and 1 h respectively recorded as R/B(4 h) and R/B(1 h). The Results showed that different irradiation modes led to obvious morphological changes in lettuce. Among all the treatments, the highest fresh and dry weight of lettuce shoot were both detected with R/B(1 h), significantly higher than the other treatments. Compared with plants treated with RB, the contents of fructose, glucose, crude fiber as well as the total sweetness index (TSI) of lettuce were significantly enhanced by R treatment; meanwhile, monochromatic R significantly promoted the activities of sucrose degrading enzymes such as acid invertase (AI) and neutral invertase (NI), while obviously reduced the activity of sucrose synthesizing enzyme (SPS). Additionally. The highest contents of sucrose and starch accompanied with the strongest activity of SPS were detected in plants treated with R/B(1 h). The alternating treatments R/B(4 h) and R/B(1 h) inhibited the activity of SS, while enhanced that of SPS compared with the other treatments, indicating that different light environment might influence sugar compositions via regulating the activities of sucrose metabolism enzymes. On the whole, R/B(1 h) was the optimal lighting strategy in terms of lettuce yield, taste and energy use efficiency in the present study.