bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DEEP GENETICS: UNIVERSAL HISTORY AND THE SPECIES
Authors: Bashford Alison 
Published: June 2018

ABSTRACTThe popularity of books such as Yuval Noah Harari's Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind suggests that universal history‐writing has a continuous not a broken past. Rather than “returning,” it is perhaps the most enduring genre of all. This review essay explores the deep‐history element of universal histories and the ongoing purchase of the stadial tradition for a new history of the species. Why are deep histories of the species so reliably appealing, and what do they mean in the twenty‐first century? Although the Anthropocene would seem to be the pertinent context for this ongoing historiography, this essay suggests that the new domain of genetic genealogy powerfully individualizes and commercializes deep history for neoliberal times.
Tuberculosis in Far North Queensland, Australia: a retrospective clinical audit
Authors: Wilson Malcolm , Weston Jana , Mullen Annette , Knight Trevor , Simpson Graham 
Published: June 2018

AbstractBackgroundCompared with global numbers, Australia has enjoyed relatively good tuberculosis control over the past 30 years, with an annual incidence of 5.7 per 100 000 population. Thanks to its unique geography and proximity to high‐burden countries, such as Papua New Guinea (PNG), Far North Queensland (FNQ) has previously been shown to have higher rates of tuberculosis compared with both the state and national average.AimsTo document tuberculosis epidemiology in FNQ compared to two previous audits of the region.MethodsRetrospective clinical audit of all cases of tuberculosis reported to the Cairns Tuberculosis Control Unit between 2006 and 2016.ResultsA total of 453 cases were identified, 374 with microbiological/histological confirmation. There were 312 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis, 155 extrapulmonary and 21 disseminated. Three‐quarters (327/453) were identified in the overseas‐born population. Of the remaining 126 cases, 40 were Torres Strait Islander and 19 Aboriginal Australians. Where drug susceptibility was known, two‐thirds (247/368) were fully sensitive, 42 mono‐resistant, 78 multidrug resistant and 1 extensively drug resistant. Rates of human immunodeficiency virus co‐infection were less than 3% (10/362).ConclusionTuberculosis remains a significant problem in FNQ. Case numbers have increased threefold since the 1990s. Much of the increase comes from the overseas‐born population. Although PNG accounts for the majority, the number of positive notifications among those born abroad has increased fivefold since 2010. Tuberculosis among Aboriginal Australians has decreased following policy changes in response to previous audits. However, tuberculosis in Torres Strait residents has increased from 12 cases (1993–2002) to 40 cases (2006–2016).
Moral Hazard in Lending and Labor Market Volatility
Authors: ATOLIA MANOJ , GIBSON JOHN , MARQUIS MILTON 
Published: June 2018

AbstractWhen the economy experiences a sharp economic downturn, credit spreads widen and project financing costs for firms rise as funding sources begin to dry up. The economy experiences a lengthy recovery, with unemployment rates slow to return to “full employment” levels. We develop a model that displays these features. It relies on an interaction between labor search frictions and firm‐level moral hazard that is accentuated during recessions. The model is capable of addressing the “Shimer puzzle,” with labor market variables exhibiting significantly more volatility on average as a result of the heightened moral hazard concerns during these episodes that significantly deepen and prolong periods of high unemployment, as vacancy postings fall dramatically and the job‐finding rate declines. Our mechanism is also found to induce internal shock propagation causing the peak response of output, unemployment, and wages to occur with a several quarter delay relative to a model without such frictions. Many other labor market variables also show slower recovery—their return to preshock level occurs at a slower pace for a number of periods after the peak response.
Can Innovation Help U.S. Manufacturing Firms Escape Import Competition from China?
Authors: HOMBERT JOHAN , MATRAY ADRIEN 
Published: June 2018

ABSTRACTWe study whether R&D‐intensive firms are more resilient to trade shocks. We correct for the endogeneity of R&D using tax‐induced changes to R&D costs. While rising imports from China lead to slower sales growth and lower profitability, these effects are significantly smaller for firms with a larger stock of R&D (about half when moving from the bottom quartile to the top quartile of R&D). We provide evidence that this effect is explained by R&D allowing firms to increase product differentiation. As a result, while firms in import‐competing industries cut capital expenditures and employment, R&D‐intensive firms downsize considerably less.
Comparative analysis of right heart chamber remodeling after surgical and device secundum atrial septal defect closure in adults
Authors: Foo Jie Sheng , Lazu Maksym , Pang Si Ying , Lee Phong Teck , Tan Ju Le 
Published: June 2018

BackgroundTo determine differences in right heart remodeling for patients with ASD who underwent surgical compared to device closure.MethodsRetrospective analysis of echo data of 121 adult patients with ASD from 2005 to 2015 performed prior to closure and within 6‐8 weeks, 6 months, and 1 year post closure.Results121 patients with median age of 39 were studied. Patients who underwent device closure were older (46 vs 37 years, P < 0.05) with smaller mean ASD size (1.9 cm vs 2.3 cm, P < 0.05). We observed a similar and significant reduction in right heart parameters and PASP for both surgical and device closure groups on serial echos up to 1 year. Device closure was associated with preservation of TAPSE compared to surgical closure (reduction of 0.2 cm vs 0.6 cm, P < 0.001). Younger adults with ASD intervention (<40 years) had lower baseline PASP (33 mmHg vs 40 mmHg, P < 0.05) compared to older adults (>40 years). This difference persisted up to 1 year with no difference in rate of right heart remodeling. The effects of device closure with better preservation of TAPSE and S’ compared to surgery were consistent within both groups of younger and older adults.ConclusionDevice and surgical closure of ASD both result in similar improvements in right heart parameters. However, device closure is associated with better preservation of TAPSE at 1 year post intervention. Intervention for older adults with ASD, when compared to younger ones, did not result in a difference in rate of right heart remodeling.
Short‐term evaluation of the adjustable bulbourethral male sling for post‐prostatectomy urinary incontinence
Authors: Shamout Samer , Huang Yu Qing , Kabbara Hani , Corcos Jacques , Campeau Lysanne 
Published: June 2018

ObjectiveThe Argus perineal sling is a minimally invasive surgical option to treat post‐prostatectomy stress urinary incontinence (PPSUI). This study retrospectively evaluated the short‐term clinical outcomes with the Argus sling for PPSUI management and determined the effects of potential preoperative parameters on intraoperative retrograde leak point pressure (RLPP).MethodsIn this retrospective review of 16 men with various degrees of stress incontinence after prostatic surgery who underwent Argus sling, PPSUI was evaluated by pad usage, urodynamics, 24‐hour pad weight, and validated questionnaires. Findings before and a minimum of 6 months after sling placement were compared. “Cure” was defined as no pad usage or the use of 1 pad for security; “improvement” was defined as a reduction in daily pad use by >50%.ResultsAfter a mean (±SD) follow‐up of 9.75 ± 3.51 months, 62.5% of patients were cured, 18.75% were improved, and 18.75% were still incontinent. Preoperative 24‐hour pad weight was positively correlated with RLPP (P = .0121, r = 0.6286). Mean RLPP was 37.93 ± 3.45 cmH2O. During follow‐up, 44% of men had transient perineal or scrotal pain managed conservatively. Sling explantation, reported in 3 of 16 patients, was associated with urethral erosion or previous radiation therapy.ConclusionThe Argus male sling can lead to satisfactory results in carefully selected patients. Increased stress urinary incontinence severity based on 24‐hour pad weight required higher RLPP to achieve continence. Favorable satisfaction variables and quality of life scores are affected by appropriate intraoperative tensioning pressure.
Nondestructive imaging of hypervelocity impact‐induced damage zones beneath laboratory‐created craters by means of ultrasound travel‐time tomography
Authors: Raith Manuel , Ebert Matthias , Pinkert Katja , Grosse Christian U. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractSince the 1960s, hypervelocity impact experiments have been conducted to study the complex deformation mechanisms which occur in the subsurface of meteorite craters. Here, we present ultrasound tomography measurements of the damage zone underneath seven experimentally produced impact craters in sandstone cubes. Within the framework of the Multidisciplinary Experimental and Modeling Impact Research Network and the NEOShield Project, decimeter‐sized sandstone targets were impacted by aluminum and steel projectiles with radii of 2.5, 4, and 5 mm at velocities between ~3.0 and ~7.4 km s−1. The 2‐D ultrasound tomography clearly shows a correlation between impact energy and the damaged volume within the target blocks. When increasing impact energies from 805 to 2402 J, a corresponding increase in the damage radius from ~13.1 cm to ~17.6 cm was calculated. p‐Wave velocity reductions up to 18.3% (for the highest impact energy) were observed in the vicinity of the craters. The reduction in seismic velocity decreased uniformly and linearly with increasing distance from the impact point. The damage intensities correspond to peak damage parameters of 0.4–0.51 compared to undamaged target blocks. In addition to the damage zone below the crater, we could identify weakened zones at the sandstone walls which represent precursors of spalling. The volume of the damaged subsurface beneath experimentally produced craters determined through ultrasound tomography is larger than that obtained from previously reported p‐wave velocity reductions or to microscopic and microcomputed tomography observations of crack densities in experimentally produced craters.
Shock veins and brown olivine in Martian meteorites: Implications for their shock pressure–temperature histories
Authors: Takenouchi Atsushi , Mikouchi Takashi , Yamaguchi Akira 
Published: June 2018

AbstractShergottite Martian meteorites are known to contain brown‐colored olivine (brown olivine), which is considered to form during a shock event on Mars. In order to constrain the formation conditions of brown olivine, four shergottites with brown olivine and four shergottites without brown olivine are analyzed in this study. Based on our observations, brown olivine is often accompanied by thin (<10 μm) melt veins indicating local temperature increase (1750–1870 K). Even in shergottites without brown olivine, olivine around shock melt veins/pockets is partly darkened and shows similar features to those of brown olivine. These observations support that brown olivine is formed under conditions similar to those around shock melt veins/pockets. Components of shock melt veins (vesicles, quench crystals, etc.) and the absence of high‐pressure phases in shergottites with brown olivine indicate that they have high postshock temperature (>1200–1170 K). Such high postshock temperature may indicate that shergottites with brown olivine experienced high pressure (around 55 GPa), while shergottites without brown olivine experienced lower shock pressure (>20–35 GPa). Therefore, brown olivine may be a good indicator for strong shock events (peak shock pressure: ~55 GPa; postshock temperature: >1200–1170 K) and such shock events could be induced by small but rapid projectiles onto Mars.
Investigation of impact melt in allochthonous crater‐fill deposits of the Steen River impact structure, Alberta, Canada
Authors: MacLagan E. A. , Walton E. L. , Herd C. D. K. , Dence M. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe Steen River impact structure (SRIS) formed in mixed target rocks, with Devonian carbonates, shales, and evaporites overlying granitic basement rocks of the Canadian Shield. A detailed study of impact melt phases within a continuous sequence of polymict impact breccia, as intersected by drill core, evaluated the relationship of impact melt to the breccia, identified the target rocks that contributed to the melt, and calculated the amount of melt within the breccia. Impact melt in the SRIS breccia occurs in three main forms (1) as individual matrix‐supported clasts, (2) as rims enveloping granitic clasts, and (3) as layers of agglomerated melt. Major and minor element abundances of large impact melt clasts (>1 mm) are similar to granitic basement, aside from elevated CaO and K2O wt% oxides in these melt clasts from incorporation of carbonates and calcareous shales. In contrast, submillimeter‐sized impact melt clasts have a composition derived almost exclusively from melting of shales. The small size of the shale‐derived melt clasts is attributed to increased fragmentation and a wider dispersion due to the volatile‐rich nature of the shale protolith. The wide compositional range of impact‐melted target lithologies documented at the SRIS contradicts breccia clast formation by impact melts that merged into larger bodies but were subsequently disrupted. Our observations are consistent with disruption of impact melt early in its formation history, and the volatile‐rich nature of the target materials likely contributed to this disruption. Bimodal thin section scans provide an estimate of the proportion of impact melt phases in the SRIS breccias (~19 vol%). When compared to similarly sized, mixed‐target impact structures, our results are consistent with the estimated volume of impact melt clasts from Ries, Germany (21 vol%), but are roughly twice that observed at Haughton, Canada (<10 vol%).
Valences of Ti, Cr, and V in Apollo 17 high‐Ti and very low‐Ti basalts and implications for their formation
Authors: Simon Steven B. , Sutton Stephen R. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractTo assess the variability of redox states among mare basalt source regions, investigation of the valence of Ti, Cr, and V and the coordination environment of Ti in pyroxene and olivine in lunar rocks via XANES (X‐ray absorption near‐edge structure) spectroscopy has been extended to Apollo 17 basalts: two high‐Ti (70017 and 74275) hand samples, and three very low‐Ti (70006,371, 70007,289B, and 70007,296) basalt fragments from the Apollo 17 deep drill core. Valences of Ti in pyroxene of both suites range from 3.6 to 4, or from 40% to 0% Ti3+, averaging 15–20% Ti3+. Assuming Ti3+ is more compatible in pyroxene than Ti4+, then even lower Ti3+ proportions are indicated for the parental melts. The VLT pyroxene exhibits a slightly wider range of V valences (2.57–2.96) than the high‐Ti pyroxene (2.65–2.86) and a much wider range of Cr valences (2.32–2.80 versus 2.68–2.86); Cr is generally reduced in VLT pyroxene compared to high‐Ti pyroxene. Valences of Ti and Cr in VLT pyroxene become less reduced with increasing FeO contents, possibly indicating change in oxygen fugacity during crystallization. Olivine in all samples has very low (<20%) proportions of Ti3+, with no Ti3+ and higher proportions of Ti in tetrahedral coordination in the VLTs than in the high‐Ti basalts. Olivine in 74275, including that in a dunite clast, has much higher proportions of Cr2+ than the pyroxene in that sample, consistent with previous studies indicating that the olivine grains in this sample are xenocrysts and possibly indicating oxidation just prior to pyroxene crystallization. Results for this sample, the VLTs, and previously studied Apollo 14 and 15 basalts all indicate that mare magmas were in reducing environments at depth, as recorded in early crystallization products, and that later, presumably shallower environments, were relatively oxidizing; single, characteristic fO2s of formation cannot be assigned to these samples. A process likely to account for this feature seen in multiple samples is loss by degassing of a reducing, H‐rich vapor (probably H2) during ascent and/or eruption, causing oxidation of the residual melt, recorded in relatively late‐crystallized pyroxene.
J wave syndromes as a cause of malignant cardiac arrhythmias
Authors: Di Diego José M. , Antzelevitch Charles 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe J wave syndromes, including the Brugada (BrS) and early repolarization (ERS) syndromes, are characterized by the manifestation of prominent J waves in the electrocardiogram appearing as an ST segment elevation and the development of life‐threatening cardiac arrhythmias. BrS and ERS differ with respect to the magnitude and lead location of abnormal J waves and are thought to represent a continuous spectrum of phenotypic expression termed J wave syndromes. Despite over 25 years of intensive research, risk stratification and the approach to therapy of these two inherited cardiac arrhythmia syndromes are still rapidly evolving. Our objective in this review is to provide an integrated synopsis of the clinical characteristics, risk stratifiers, as well as the molecular, ionic, cellular, and genetic mechanisms underlying these two syndromes that have captured the interest and attention of the cardiology community over the past two decades.
Stereotypes in Context: How and When Do Street‐Level Bureaucrats Use Class Stereotypes?
Authors: Harrits Gitte Sommer 
Published: June 2018

AbstractStereotype use in street‐level work and discretionary judgments is important because of the possible introduction of bias. This article contributes to the study of stereotypes in street‐level work by suggesting that stereotypes are related to both cognitive and social uncertainties. A distinction between uncontrolled stereotype activation in the interpretation of information and controlled stereotype application in decision making is made to allow for a more nuanced study. A unique design combining semistructured interviews and a vignette experiment is presented to accommodate this theoretical framework. Results show that stereotype activation is conditioned by class difference and involves both categorization and simplified assumptions. Stereotype application is conditioned by class as well as by the homogeneity of the social contexts of street‐level institutions. These results suggest that in order to decrease stereotypical bias in frontline encounters, one solution may be to increase social heterogeneity.
Managerial Perspectives on Implicit Bias, Affirmative Action, and Merit
Authors: Foley Meraiah , Williamson Sue 
Published: June 2018

AbstractPublic sector organizations concerned about gender inequality have increasingly sought to address the effect of implicit biases on merit‐based employment practices through bias training and affirmative action programs. Applying qualitative content analysis to interviews with 104 managers in three government agencies in which bias training and affirmative action were being implemented, the authors find that many managers acknowledge the existence of implicit biases and their potential to create unequal employment outcomes. However, this recognition of bias does not translate into support for affirmative action, which is seen by many managers to be an unacceptable violation of merit. The authors argue that implicit bias training and affirmative action are unlikely to create a cultural “tipping point” to progress gender equality without a critical reassessment of merit.
When do in‐service teacher training and books improve student achievement? Experimental evidence from Mongolia
Authors: Fuje Habtamu , Tandon Prateek 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThis study presents evidence from a randomized controlled trial in Mongolia on the impact of in‐service teacher training and books, both as separate educational inputs and as a package. It tests for complementarity of inputs and nonlinearity of returns from education investment, as measured in students’ test scores. The result suggests that the provision of books, on top of teacher training, raises students’ achievement substantially. However, teacher training and books weakly improve test scores when provided individually. This study sheds light on the relevance of supplementing teacher training schemes with appropriate teaching materials in resource‐poor settings.
An unconditional space–time scan statistic for ZIP‐distributed data
Authors: Allévius Benjamin , Höhle Michael 
Published: June 2018

AbstractA scan statistic is proposed for the prospective monitoring of spatiotemporal count data with an excess of zeros. The method that is based on an outbreak model for the zero‐inflated Poisson distribution is shown to be superior to traditional scan statistics based on the Poisson distribution in the presence of structural zeros. The spatial accuracy and the detection timeliness of the proposed scan statistic are investigated by means of simulation, and an application on the weekly cases of Campylobacteriosis in Germany illustrates how the scan statistic could be used to detect emerging disease outbreaks. An implementation of the method is provided in the open‐source R package scanstatistics available on the Comprehensive R Archive Network.
Evolutionary history of the complex polymorphic dobsonfly genus Neoneuromus (Megaloptera: Corydalidae)
Authors: YANG FAN , CHANG WENCHENG , HAYASHI FUMIO , GILLUNG JESSICA , JIANG YUNLAN , YANG DING , LIU XINGYUE 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe dobsonfly genus Neoneuromus van der Weele is endemic to the Oriental region. Species possess highly variable body and wing colouration and markings, not only among species but also among conspecific individuals of certain species. This stark polymorphism hinders accurate species identification, and obscures an undocumented species diversity as well as our understanding of the evolutionary history of this genus. We used multiple methods of molecular identification combined with morphological evidence to delimitate species, circumscribing a total of 13 species in Neoneuromus. Five new species are herein described: Neoneuromus indistinctus Liu, Hayashi & Yang, sp.n., Neoneuromus maculatus Liu, Hayashi & Yang, sp.n., Neoneuromus niger Liu, Hayashi & Yang, sp.n., Neoneuromus similis Liu, Hayashi & Yang, sp.n. and Neoneuromus vanderweelei Liu, Hayashi & Yang, sp.n. The dated phylogeny with reconstructed ancestral areas indicates an initial divergence of Neoneuromus during the mid‐Eocene. A broad area including northeastern India and northern Indochina could be a centre for early divergence of the genus, while complex dispersal and vicariance events dating from the late Eocene to the Pliocene probably shaped the present diversity and distribution of the genus. Our ancestral character state reconstruction suggests that the pale and dark colour forms among different species, or conspecifics, could evolve rapidly and that changes in colouration could be driven by species‐specific mate recognition.