bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Character Disorders among Autocratic World Leaders and the Impact on Health Security, Human Rights, and Humanitarian Care
Authors: Burkle Frederick M. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe development of autocratic leaders in history reveals that many share severe character disorders that are consistently similar across borders and cultures. Diplomats and humanitarians negotiating for access to populations in-need and security of their programs, especially in health, must understand the limitations placed on the traditional negotiation process. These shared character traits stem from a cognitive and emotional developmental arrest in both childhood and adolescence resulting in fixed, life-long, concrete thinking patterns. They fail to attain the last stage of mental and emotional development, that of abstract thinking, which is necessary for critical reasoning that allows one to consider the broader significance of ideas and information rather than depend on concrete details and impulses alone. These autocratic leaders have limited capacity for empathy, love, guilt, or anxiety that become developmentally permanent and guide everyday decision making. Character or personality traits that perpetuate the lives of autocratic leaders are further distinguished by sociopathic and narcissistic behaviors that self-serve to cover their constant fear of insecurity and the insatiable need for power. Human rights, humanitarian care, and population-based health security are examples of what has consistently been sacrificed under autocratic rule. Today, with the worst global loss of democratic leadership ever seen since WWII, leaders with these character traits now rule in major countries of the world. While history teaches us of battles and conflicts that result from such flawed leadership, it lacks explanations of why autocratic behaviors consistently emerge and dominate many societies. Building multidisciplinary capacity and capability in societies among democracies to limit or cease such authoritarian dominance first begins with a developmental understanding of why autocrats exist and persist in externalizing their pathological behaviors on unsuspecting and vulnerable populations, and the limitations they place on negotiations.“…once in power, a leader with an Antisocial Personality Disorder thrives on continuing conflict and never seeks peace.” Daedalus Trust, London, 2016BurkleFMJr.Character disorders among autocratic world leaders and the impact on health security, human rights, and humanitarian care. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2019;34(1):2–7.
The need for service change and community outreach work to support trans-cultural cognitive behaviour therapy with Black and Minority Ethnic communities
Authors: Beck Andrew , Naz Saiqa 
Published: January 2019

AbstractRecently there have been a number of developments in cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) that have led to cultural adaptations of specific interventions and a greater awareness of how in general CBT might be adapted for Black and Minority Ethnic (BME) service users. These developments, however, involve change at the level of the individual therapist and particular treatment approach, but involve very few considerations of what needs to happen at the levels of teams or services in order to best meet the mental health needs of British South Asian and other BME populations. This paper summarizes the way that services need to understand how minority populations use services and how to involve those populations in developing services in order to ensure their needs are best met.
Tsunami Wavefield Reconstruction and Forecasting Using the Ensemble Kalman Filter
Authors: Yang Yuyun , Dunham Eric M. , Barnier Guillaume , Almquist Martin 
Published: January 2019

AbstractOffshore sensor networks like DONET and S‐NET, providing real‐time estimates of wave height through measurements of pressure changes along the seafloor, are revolutionizing local tsunami early warning. Data assimilation techniques, in particular, optimal interpolation (OI), provide real‐time wavefield reconstructions and forecasts. Here we explore an alternative assimilation method, the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF), and compare it to OI. The methods are tested on a scenario tsunami in the Cascadia subduction zone, obtained from a 2‐D coupled dynamic earthquake and tsunami simulation. Data assimilation uses a 1‐D linear long‐wave model. We find that EnKF achieves more accurate and stable forecasts than OI, both at the coast and across the entire domain, especially for large station spacing. Although EnKF is more computationally expensive than OI, with development in high‐performance computing, it is a promising candidate for real‐time local tsunami early warning.
Accelerated Volume Loss in Glacier Ablation Zones of NE Greenland, Little Ice Age to Present
Authors: Carrivick Jonathan L. , Boston Clare M. , King Owen , James William H. M. , Quincey Duncan J. , Smith Mark W. , Grimes Michael , Evans Jeff 
Published: January 2019

AbstractMountain glaciers at the periphery of the Greenland ice sheet are a crucial freshwater and sediment source to the North Atlantic and strongly impact Arctic terrestrial, fjord, and coastal biogeochemical cycles. In this study we mapped the extent of 1,848 mountain glaciers in NE Greenland at the Little Ice Age. We determined area and volume changes for the time periods Little Ice Age to 1980s and 1980s to 2014 and equilibrium line altitudes. There was at least 172.76 ± 34.55‐km3 volume lost between 1910 and 1980s, that is, a rate of 2.61 ± 0.52 km3/year. Between 1980s and 2014 the volume lost was 90.55 ± 18.11 km3, that is, a rate of 3.22 ± 0.64 km3/year, implying an increase of ~23% in the rate of ice volume loss. Overall, at least ~7% of mass loss from Greenland mountain glaciers and ice caps has come from the NE sector.
Space Weather Modeling Capabilities Assessment: Auroral Precipitation and High‐Latitude Ionospheric Electrodynamics
Authors: Robinson Robert , Zhang Yongliang , Garcia‐Sage Katherine , Fang Xiaohua , Verkhoglyadova Olga P. , Ngwira Chigomezyo , Bingham Suzy , Kosar Burcu , Zheng Yihua , Kaeppler Stephen , Liemohn Michael , Weygand James M. , Crowley Geoffrey , Merkin Viacheslav , McGranaghan Ryan , Mannucci Anthony J. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractAs part of its International Capabilities Assessment effort, the Community Coordinated Modeling Center initiated several working teams, one of which is focused on the validation of models and methods for determining auroral electrodynamic parameters, including particle precipitation, conductivities, electric fields, neutral density and winds, currents, Joule heating, auroral boundaries, and ion outflow. Auroral electrodynamic properties are needed as input to space weather models, to test and validate the accuracy of physical models, and to provide needed information for space weather customers and researchers. The working team developed a process for validating auroral electrodynamic quantities that begins with the selection of a set of events, followed by construction of ground truth databases using all available data and assimilative data analysis techniques. Using optimized, predefined metrics, the ground truth data for selected events can be used to assess model performance and improvement over time. The availability of global observations and sophisticated data assimilation techniques provides the means to create accurate ground truth databases routinely and accurately.
Publisher Correction: Exocyst dynamics during vesicle tethering and fusion
Authors: Ahmed Syed Mukhtar , Nishida-Fukuda Hisayo , Li Yuchong , McDonald W. Hayes , Gradinaru Claudiu C. , Macara Ian G. 
Published: January 2019

The original version of this Article contained errors in the author affiliations. Affiliation 2 incorrectly read ‘Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and Breast Surgery, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, 7910295, Japan’ and affiliation 3 incorrectly read ‘Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic and Breast Surgery, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsuyama 7910295, Japan.’ These errors have now been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.
A long-term, temporally consistent, gridded daily meteorological dataset for northwestern North America
Authors: Werner A. T. , Schnorbus M. A. , Shrestha R. R. , Cannon A. J. , Zwiers F. W. , Dayon G. , Anslow F. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractWe describe a spatially contiguous, temporally consistent high-resolution gridded daily meteorological dataset for northwestern North America. This >4 million km2 region has high topographic relief, seasonal snowpack, permafrost and glaciers, crosses multiple jurisdictional boundaries and contains the entire Yukon, Mackenzie, Saskatchewan, Fraser and Columbia drainages. We interpolate daily station data to 1/16° spatial resolution using a high-resolution monthly 1971–2000 climatology as a predictor in a thin-plate spline interpolating algorithm. Only temporally consistent climate stations with at least 40 years of record are included. Our approach is designed to produce a dataset well suited for driving hydrological models and training statistical downscaling schemes. We compare our results to two commonly used datasets and show improved performance for climate means, extremes and variability. When used to drive a hydrologic model, our dataset also outperforms these datasets for runoff ratios and streamflow trends in several, high elevation, sub-basins of the Fraser River.
A cloud-free MODIS snow cover dataset for the contiguous United States from 2000 to 2017
Authors: Tran Hoang , Nguyen Phu , Ombadi Mohammed , Hsu Kuo-lin , Sorooshian Soroosh , Qing Xia 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThis article presents a cloud-free snow cover dataset with a daily temporal resolution and 0.05° spatial resolution from March 2000 to February 2017 over the contiguous United States (CONUS). The dataset was developed by completely removing clouds from the original NASA’s Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Snow Cover Area product (MOD10C1) through a series of spatiotemporal filters followed by the Variational Interpolation (VI) algorithm; the filters and VI algorithm were evaluated using bootstrapping test. The dataset was validated over the period with the Landsat 7 ETM+ snow cover maps in the Seattle, Minneapolis, Rocky Mountains, and Sierra Nevada regions. The resulting cloud-free snow cover captured accurately dynamic changes of snow throughout the period in terms of Probability of Detection (POD) and False Alarm Ratio (FAR) with average values of 0.955 and 0.179 for POD and FAR, respectively. The dataset provides continuous inputs of snow cover area for hydrologic studies for almost two decades. The VI algorithm can be applied in other regions given that a proper validation can be performed.
Cryo-EM in drug discovery
Authors: Ceska Tom , Chung Chun-Wa , Cooke Rob , Phillips Chris , Williams Pamela A. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
The impact of structural biology on drug discovery is well documented, and the workhorse technique for the past 30 years or so has been X-ray crystallography. With the advent of several technological improvements, including direct electron detectors, automation, better microscope vacuums and lenses, phase plates and improvements in computing power enabled by GPUs, it is now possible to record and analyse images of protein structures containing high-resolution information. This review, from a pharmaceutical perspective, highlights some of the most relevant and interesting protein structures for the pharmaceutical industry and shows examples of how ligand-binding sites, membrane proteins, both big and small, pseudo symmetry and complexes are being addressed by this technique.
Initiating DNA replication: a matter of prime importance
Authors: Bell Stephen D. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
It has been known for decades that the principal replicative DNA polymerases that effect genome replication are incapable of starting DNA synthesis de novo. Rather, they require a 3′-OH group from which to extend a DNA chain. Cellular DNA replication systems exploit a dedicated, limited processivity RNA polymerase, termed primase, that synthesizes a short oligoribonucleotide primer which is then extended by a DNA polymerase. Thus, primases can initiate synthesis, proceed with primer elongation for a short distance then transfer the primer to a DNA polymerase. Despite these well-established properties, the mechanistic basis of these dynamic behaviours has only recently been established. In the following, the author will describe recent insights from studies of the related eukaryotic and archaeal DNA primases. Significantly, the general conclusions from these studies likely extend to a broad class of extrachromosomal element-associated primases as well as the human primase-related DNA repair enzyme, PrimPol.
Analysis on operation situation and main functions of pumped‐storage power plants in China southern power grid
Authors: Liu Guozhong , Zheng F. L. , Xia Y. F. , Kang L. , Zhang Z. Y. 
Published: January 2019

Expected to 2020, China Southern Power Grid (CSG) installed capacity of pumped‐storage power plant (PSPP) will reach 7,880 MW. This paper summarises the operation situation and describes the main functions of PSPP in CSG, mainly Guangzhou PSPP and Huizhou PSPP. According to the characteristic of Guangdong power system, various functions such as peak‐valley load regulation, frequency control, phase shifting, emergency reserve, and black start‐up of PSPP are studied here. At the same time, this paper points out the existing problems, such as economic operation of PSPP in CSG needs to be optimised and presents corresponding proposals for improvement.
Reducing socioeconomic disparities in the STEM pipeline through student emotion regulation
Authors: Rozek Christopher S. , Ramirez Gerardo , Fine Rachel D. , Beilock Sian L. 
Published: January 2019

Significance
Increasing access to Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) fields can create career opportunities. Yet many students, especially those from lower-income backgrounds, find the high-stakes exams in courses necessary for STEM success to be stressful and anxiety provoking. Such experiences of stress can lead to underperformance and compromise students’ ability to advance in STEM. We show that lower-income students given the opportunity to emotionally regulate their worries and reinterpret their arousal go on to perform better on their high school science exams and endorse a more adaptive interpretation of stress. Critically, emotion regulation interventions cut in half the course failure rate for lower-income students. For many students, success is based on more than STEM knowledge—their ability to regulate emotions is important too.
Political ideology shapes the amplification of the accomplishments of disadvantaged vs. advantaged group members
Authors: Kteily Nour S. , Rocklage Matthew D. , McClanahan Kaylene , Ho Arnold K. 
Published: January 2019

SignificanceInequality prospers when successes of advantaged group members (e.g., men, whites) get more attention than equivalent successes of disadvantaged group members (e.g., women, blacks). What determines whose successes individuals deem worth promoting vs. those they ignore? Using hundreds of thousands of tweets from the 2016 Olympics, we show that liberals are much more likely than conservatives to shine a spotlight on black and female (vs. white and male) US gold medalists. Two further experiments provide evidence that such differential amplification of successful targets is driven by a motivation—higher among liberals—to raise disadvantaged groups’ standing in service of equality. We find that liberals drive differential amplification more than conservatives and establish a behavioral mechanism through which liberals’ egalitarian motives manifest.
Ensuring privacy and security of genomic data and functionalities
Authors: Mohammed Yakubu Abukari , Chen Yi-Ping Phoebe 
Published: January 2019

AbstractIn recent times, the reduced cost of DNA sequencing has resulted in a plethora of genomic data that is being used to advance biomedical research and improve clinical procedures and healthcare delivery. These advances are revolutionizing areas in genome-wide association studies (GWASs), diagnostic testing, personalized medicine and drug discovery. This, however, comes with security and privacy challenges as the human genome is sensitive in nature and uniquely identifies an individual. In this article, we discuss the genome privacy problem and review relevant privacy attacks, classified into identity tracing, attribute disclosure and completion attacks, which have been used to breach the privacy of an individual. We then classify state-of-the-art genomic privacy-preserving solutions based on their application and computational domains (genomic aggregation, GWASs and statistical analysis, sequence comparison and genetic testing) that have been proposed to mitigate these attacks and compare them in terms of their underlining cryptographic primitives, security goals and complexities—computation and transmission overheads. Finally, we identify and discuss the open issues, research challenges and future directions in the field of genomic privacy. We believe this article will provide researchers with the current trends and insights on the importance and challenges of privacy and security issues in the area of genomics.
From patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells to clinical translation in long QT syndrome Type 2
Authors: Schwartz Peter J , Gnecchi Massimiliano , Dagradi Federica , Castelletti Silvia , Parati Gianfranco , Spazzolini Carla , Sala Luca , Crotti Lia 
Published: January 2019

Abstract

Aims
Having shown that Lumacaftor rescued the hERG trafficking defect in the induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs) of two LQT2 patients, we tested whether the commercial association Lumacaftor + Ivacaftor (LUM + IVA) could shorten the QTc in the same two patients.

Methods and results
After hospital admission and 1 day of baseline recordings, half dose LUM + IVA was administered on Day 1, followed by full dose (LUM 800 mg + IVA 500 mg) for 7 days. A continuous 12-lead Holter ECG allowed a large number of blind QTc measurements. Lumacaftor + Ivacaftor shortened QTc significantly in both patients: in V6 from 551 ± 22 ms to 523 ± 35 ms in Patient 1 (Pt1) and from 472 ± 21 ms to 449 ± 20 ms in Patient 2 (Pt2); in DII from 562 ± 25 ms to 549 ± 35 ms in Pt1 and from 485 ± 32 ms to 452 ± 18 ms in Pt2. In both patients, the percentage of QTc values in the lower tertile increased strikingly: in V6 from 33% to 68% and from 33% to 76%; in DII from 33% to 50% and from 33% to 87%. In the wash-out period a rebound in QTc was observed. On treatment, both patients developed diarrhoea, Pt1 more than Pt2.

Conclusion
This represents the first attempt to validate in patients the in vitro results of a drug repurposing strategy for cardiovascular disorders. Lumacaftor + Ivacaftor shortened significantly the QTc in the two LQT2 patients with a trafficking defect, largely confirming the findings in their iPSC-CMs but with smaller quantitative changes. The findings are encouraging but immediate translation into clinical practice, without validation in more patients, would be premature.
Very Early Initiation of Antiretroviral Therapy During Acute HIV Infection Is Associated With Normalized Levels of Immune Activation Markers in Cerebrospinal Fluid but Not in Plasma
Authors: Hellmuth Joanna , Slike Bonnie M , Sacdalan Carlo , Best John , Kroon Eugene , Phanuphak Nittaya , Fletcher James L K , Prueksakaew Peeriya , Jagodzinski Linda L , Valcour Victor , Robb Merlin , Ananworanich Jintanat , Allen Isabel E , Krebs Shelly J , Spudich Serena 
Published: January 2019

Abstract

Background
Chronic immune activation in the blood and central nervous system is a consequence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection that contributes to disease morbidity and can occur despite virally suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART). The trajectory of HIV-related inflammation may vary with the timing of ART initiation. We examined immune activation markers in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood specimens collected over 96 weeks from participants who initiated ART during acute HIV infection (AHI).

Methods
RV254/SEARCH010 study participants with AHI underwent CSF (n = 89) and plasma (n = 146) sampling before initiating ART and at weeks 24 and 96 of treatment. A majority participants (64.4%) received a standard ART regimen (hereafter, “standard ART”), with some (34.7%) also receiving maraviroc and raltegravir for the first 24 weeks (hereafter, “ART plus”). We compared neopterin, CXCL10, CCL2, and interleukin 6 (IL-6) levels in the AHI group to those in 18 healthy, uninfected controls.

Results
Following 24 and 96 weeks of treatment, levels of all CSF markers normalized while levels of several plasma markers remained elevated in the AHI group (P < .001). Participants receiving the ART-plus regimen had lower median plasma CCL2 levels at week 24 and lower plasma neopterin levels at week 96.

Conclusions
ART initiation during AHI differentially impacts the brain compartment, with markers of inflammation returning to normal levels in the CSF, where they were sustained at week 96, but not in plasma.
How many life-years have new drugs saved? A three-way fixed-effects analysis of 66 diseases in 27 countries, 2000–2013
Authors: Lichtenberg Frank R 
Published: January 2019

Abstract

Background
We analyzed the role that the launch of new drugs has played in reducing the number of years of life lost (YLL) before three different ages (85, 70 and 55 y) due to 66 diseases in 27 countries.

Methods
We estimated two-way fixed-effects models of the rate of decline of the disease- and country-specific age-standardized YLL rate. The models control for the average decline in the YLL rate in each country and from each disease.

Results
One additional drug launch 0–11 y before year t is estimated to have reduced the pre-age-85 y YLL rate (YLL85) in year t by 3.0%, and one additional drug launch ≥12 y before year t is estimated to have reduced YLL85 by 5.5%. (A drug’s utilization peaks 8–10 y after it is launched.) Controlling for the number of drugs previously launched, YLL rates are unrelated to the number of drug classes previously launched.

Conclusions
The estimates imply that, if no new drugs had been launched after 1981, YLL85 in 2013 would have been 2.16 times as high as it actually was. We estimated that pharmaceutical expenditure per life-year saved before age 85 y in 2013 by post-1981 drugs was $2837. This amount is about 8% of per capita GDP, indicating that post-1981 drugs launched were very cost-effective overall. But the fact that an intervention is cost-effective does not necessarily mean that it is ‘affordable.’