bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Human Rights Are Not a Western Discovery
Authors: Manglapus Raúl S. 
Published: September 2018

Who discovered human rights, not as a U.S. policy, but as a fundamental aspiration of human beings everywhere, to which all are entitled? If the challenging thrust of President Jimmy Carter's human rights policy is meeting resistance in his own country, is it perhaps because of conveniently comforting doubts about the universality of human rights—for instance, the notion that in too many places on this planet, rights have not yet been “discovered“?I call this collection of doubts and fears the BHK syndrome, because it is suggested by three principal sources, the first two predictable—William Buckley, Jr., and William Randolph Hearst, Jr.—the third not quite expected—George F. Kennan.The BHK syndrome would begin by dismissing the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948, that inventory of the rights of man that is the total substance of democracy, as a document not quite fully understood by people from its non-Western signatories.
Human Rights and Carter's Policy
Authors: Wollemborg Leo J. 
Published: September 2018

After almost two years of the Carter administration the commitment to human rights, which represents a key aspect of its policies, has become a topic for much discussion and interest but seems still to be inadequately understood. The main reason for this failure, I feel, is that very few earnest efforts have been made to determine the actual scope and significance of the administration's approach as it emerges from the way it operates and from the way it developed out of the principles of freedom and morality that have inspired the best traditions and beliefs of the American people.Long before Mr. Carter announced his candidacy Richard N. Gardner, our present ambassador to Italy, had become one of his closest advisors on foreign affairs, with special regard to human rights. During recent conversations in Rome, Ambassador Gardner recalled that “an active commitment to the promotion of human rights everywhere in the world is not a novel feature in American foreign policy.
Nuclear Proliferation: Who's Next to Get the Bomb?
Authors: Weigel George S. 
Published: September 2018

The scientific and technical knowledge that led in 1945 to the explosion of the first atomic weapons cannot be erased; as long as our civilization survives, so will our capacity to build nuclear weapons. Awareness of this harsh fact has sparked numerous attempts to control their spread. The hope was that nuclear weapons could be confined to a relatively few, politically stable countries and then eliminated entirely.In the Baruch Plan of 1946, the United States offered to turn over its nuclear monopoly to an international authority on the condition that other powers do the same and that the most rigorous safeguards and inspection/verification procedures be established and enforced The Soviet Union declined to go along. Thus the 1950s and early ’60s saw the spread of nuclear weapons, first to the Soviet Union (accomplished by a combination of internal research and international espionage), then to Great Britain and France, and later to the People's Republic of China (instigated by the USSR and doubtless regretted by the Soviets today)
The Other China
Authors: London Miriam , London Ivan D. 
Published: September 2018

On April 7, 1976, a New York Times editorial expressed an evidently startled reaction to recent rioting in Peking, for “China had seemed to be so orderly, so completely controlled in recent years….” The same day's mail brought to our address the February, 1976, issue of Letters from Asia, published in Hong Kong. The “letter” on China noted widespread strikes and disorders in 1974 and disruptive “factionalism” at all Party levels. The key line was: “…1975 was a highly agitated year in Chinese politics.”Having been broken in the traces of contemporary sinology, we are now accustomed to such moments of schizophrenia. Indeed, in our preceding two articles we have ourselves begun to render, in seeming schizoid fashion, a darkly shaded image of China in opposition to the prevailing evenly sunlit one.
Japan's Passionate Fight for the Status Quo
Authors: Kirk Donald 
Published: September 2018

One could argue that at the dawn of the 1980s Japan had reached a higher level of civilization than any mass society on earth. Most Japanese could aspire to higher education and a well-paying job, obtain medical, welfare, and pension benefits, live in comfort and safety, and still expect the freedom to write and talk more or less as they pleased. Inbred social constraints, the perpetual search for a near-mythical “consensus,” not to mention the legendary “homogeneity” of Japanese society— all no doubt placed inhibitions on the Japanese. But these were hardly comparable to the political terror, abject poverty, and economic and social inequities prevalent in one form or another* jn many other industrial nations.The Japanese themselves, though bitterly critical of their own shortcomings and failures wherever they perceive them, continue to believe they can do no better than retain the system and set of rulers under which they have lived for the past generation. The voters on June 22 gave the deeply conservative Liberal-Democratic party (LDP) its greatest leverage in a decade. In elections for all members of the powerful lower house and half the upper house, the LDP increased its slim majorities so that it now controls every key committee and can all but ignore the pro forma objections raised by the distant second-ranking Japanese Socialist party, which barely managed to hold its own.
The Janus Faces of Arthur Koestler
Authors: Moss Norman 
Published: September 2018

On the day before my first interview with Arthur Koestler I mentioned his name to a professor of physics at a leading British university with whom I was having lunch. He rose to it with great interest.Surprisingly, he had not read Darkness at Noon or any of Koestler's other novels or his essays. He was not even aware that many people, including me, consider Darkness at Noon one of the great political novels, indeed one of the great novels, of the century and Koestler's two-part autobiography one of the great autobiographies. And he knew nothing of Koestler's extraordinarily eventful life, save the fact that, like most intelligent people, he was born Hungarian.But my luncheon, companion had read one of Koestler's nonfiction books, The Sleepwalkers, which touched on his own field, and it was this that aroused his enthusiasm.
Ezer Weizman, the Peacemaker
Authors: Avnery Uri 
Published: September 2018

On the way to Damascus, Saul became Paul. An orthodox Jewish rabbi became the foremost apostle of Jesus Christ. Saul was blinded by a sudden light from heaven and struck to the ground. Jesus appeared to him in person and talked to him. Something like this happened to Ezer Weizman on the way to Cairo. No sudden light came down from heaven, and the person who appeared to him was no apparition from another world. He was a human being—Anwar el-Sadat.Actually, it happened in Jerusalem, when the Egyptian president was on his fateful visit to the Holy City. Having met all the important leaders of Israel, he asked to see Ezer Weizman. When Sadat was on his way to Israel, Weizman was in the hospital. Two days earlier he had had a road accident.
Cuba in the Red
Authors: Dizard Wilson P. 
Published: September 2018

[H]as not Batista jeopardized the credit of the country for 30 years? Has not the public debt increased to more than 800 million pesos? Is there not a deficit of more than 100 million? Are not the monetary reserves of the nation pledged to foreign banks in a desperate search for money? Were not 350 million pesos of the most recent loan wasted on the purchase of jet planes and things of that nature, without plan or program, for no other reason than personal whim? Can one play in this manner with the destiny of a nation ? Did anyone authorize him to undertake these insane credit ventures? Did he consult the people in any way?…It is for us more than anyone else to be concerned because we and future generations will have to pay the terrible consequences of that corrupt and unchecked policy.—Fidel Castro, Manifesto No. 1 to the People of Cuba, August 8, 1955
India After the Coup
Authors: Oren Stephen 
Published: September 2018

Thousands of predawn arrests of opposition political figures and journalists, the suspension of civil liberties by presidential decree, the imposition of a rigid press censorship—thus in June, 1975, was signaled the end of Indian democracy. Prime Minister Indira Gandhi's actions mean that the number of people in the world living under democratic regimes has been more than halved. Perhaps India's masses prefer bread to liberty, but they are likely to have neither. Having obtained absolute power, Mrs. Gandhi and her ruling Indian National Congress seem to have little idea of what it is to be used for.Apologists for the emergency say it was necessary to ward off a right-wing conspiracy against Mrs. Gandhi because of her efforts at reform. They note that most of those arrested since the emergency began are hoarders of food, manipulators of prices, and holders of money from secret deals.
Farewell to foreign Aid
Authors: Sen Sudhir 
Published: September 2018

“Foreign aid has a great future—behind it,” observed a United States congressman in the late 1960s. The words were prophetic. Since then the aid program has encountered growing opposition; it has steadily dwindled in size, especially in real terms; and worst of all, it has become more than ever an odd amalgam of contradictory objectives. Meanwhile, what had been its sole purpose—to help build the nascent economies of the poor nations on sound foundations—has receded into the background. Today that purpose is almost foreign to foreign aid.This, at least in hindsight, is not too surprising. Foreign aid was born of mixed parents, a hybrid; and as time went by it was further hybridized as it was impregnated by ever more extraneous elements.
A Parting of the Waves
Authors: Nanda Ved P. 
Published: September 2018

When, on April 30. the United States rejected the Law of the Sea Convention, it dealt a blow to its own best interest: the orderly development of rules to govern navigation and exploitation of the oceans.During the last days of an eight-week session of the third United Nations conference on the Law of the Sea, the Third World majority had made a last-ditch effort to obtain U.S. approval of the treaty. The U.S. delegate, James Malone acknowledged that their concessions offered “modest improvements” but also that they failed to satisfy U.S. demands on the mining of highly valued manganese nodules. Whatever hope remained for a consensus on the draft treaty was shattered when the U.S. pressed for a forrnai roll call vote on the final day. Disappointment, frustration, and even shock was registered by many of the assembled delegates.
Greece: Twisting The Elephant's Tail
Authors: Rousseas Stephen 
Published: September 2018

Modern Greece has been a hapless country. After the fall of Constantinople in 1453, Greece was occupied for almost four hundred years by the Turks. The War of Independence, which began in 1821, continued for twelve years before it was finally resolved and the Triple Alliance implanted the Bavarian King Otho on the throne. Great Britain soon came to dominate Greece and the Eastern Mediterranean—a dominance that lasted, except for the German occupation of 1941-44, until 1947, when the U.S. stepped in with the Truman Doctrine. Thus began the period of the latest domination of Greece.At the outbreak of World War II, Greece was under the dictatorship of General Metaxas. When, on October 28, 1940, Mussolini issued his ultimatum to Greece, Metaxas replied with his now famous “Ohi” and the Greek troops humiliated Mussolini's minions in the mountains of Albania.
Schillebeeckx: Retracing the Story of Jesus
Authors: Galvin John P. 
Published: September 2018

In the years surrounding the Second Vatican Council (1962-65) questions concerning the Church dominated theological literature. Then came Wolfhart Panncrr berg s seminal Jesus—God and Man, which served as a timely reminder that more fundamental christological issues could not be even temporarily forgotten. More recently theologians recognizing the need for serious reexamination of the very foundations of Christianity, have increasingly directed their attention to the center of Christian faith Jesus Christ himself. Such prominent figures as Walter Rasper, Hans Rung, Jiirgen Moltmann, Karl Rahner, and Edward Schillebeeckx have published major works devoted largely if not entirely to christology; and numerous less renowned authors have also made significant contributions to an intense discussion that shows no signs of abating.Despite important differences among themselves, these recent christologies generally exhibit certain basic traits that distinguish them from most christologies of the immediate past. First contemporary authors usuallv envision their christologv as part of an overall effort to provide an integrated account of the whole of Christianity; christology is one element of an attempt to express anew the meaning of the gospel in the modern world.
An Aborted Democracy
Authors: Devine Dennis 
Published: September 2018

The Bolivian coup of last July violently interrupted a two-and-a-half-year experiment in democracy that was showing heartening signs of success. Indeed, following twelve years of military rule, democracy had begun to reopen the developing society's doors to some new possibilities for social change – possibilities that were brutalized by the military's seizure of power.The new regime soon gained international notoreity as news leaked out of cocaine smuggling by top junta members; of the Argentine military's technical and material assistance to the coup; and the unprecedented, for Bolivia, scale of human rights violations and repression accompanying the military takeover. Despite Bolivia's reputation as a chronically coup-ridden country, it has become apparent that, in many ways, this coup is different.
The Challenges of Peace
Authors: Kissinger Henry A. 
Published: September 2018

We face a series of issues in the Middle East, some of them new and quite unprecedented. The first is how to bring to a conclusion the negotiating process that has been started. With respect to the negotiations between Egypt and Israel I do not think much needs to be said. They will be concluded within the very near future. They will create their own reality. They will mark both a political and a spiritual change, in the sense that two peoples who have thought of each other only in terms of hostility will now at least have an opportunity to address together some tasks of construction.I would, however, say two things. It is perhaps not totally unfair to state that many Israelis, and Jews, operate on the principle that anything worth doing is worth overdoing. But I see no overwhelming political necessity that, for example, every Israeli busline establish a terminal in Cairo. I think, of course, it is important that contact starts with Egypt and Israel. I think it is important also that these contacts be developed in a manner that is compatible with Egypt's perception of itself, still a Moslem country and still related to other Arab countries. And I would strongly urge that within Israel aitd within the Jewish communities around the world some mechanism be established that vets the many brilliant approaches that are being generated by every original Jewish thinker, a number that exceeds the total Jewish population.
Civil Defense—the New Debate
Authors: Johnson James T. 
Published: September 2018

There can simply be no doubt that protection of noncombatants is a major priority of the Western tradition on warfare, generally called the “just war” tradition. Its general concerns are two: to define when the violence of war is allowable (the problem of justification) and to set limits to what may be done in even a just war (the problem of limitation). Paul Ramsey, for example, finds both these concerns in the thought of Augustine of Hippo and argues that for him and for Christian just war theory generally they should be regarded as requirements of divine love. A Christian, on this view, has a duty in love to protect innocent persons being unjustly threatened by violence or subjected to it, and he may utilize counterviolence, if necessary, to effect such a defense. At the same time, the use of such counterviolence is limited by a number of restraints also derived from love, foremost of which is a duty also toward the unjust assailant not to harm him any more than necessary to defend his victim.A similar pattern of reasoning emerges in Jewish tradition. Talmudic ethics allows use of violence against one who pursues with the intent of doing harm; yet the counterviolence that is permitted is limited by two constraints: First, one may do no worse to the pursuer than what he seeks to do, and, second, one may do no more than needed to make the pursuer leave off his evil intention. Secular contributions to Western just war tradition have provided analogous ideas: The medieval code of chivalry, for example, defined the knight as having a duty to protect noncombatants, while the concept of limited war originally defined and put into practice by such military theorists as Frederick the Great sought to ensure absolute protection of noncombatants outside a combat area and relative protection inside such an area.
The U.S. and Egypt: The Potential Crisis
Authors: Sullivan Earl L. 
Published: September 2018

The clay feet of one of the main idols of contemporary international relations have been found and his collapse is awaited. Some observers even go so far as to suggest that the fall of the idol will also bring about the political demise of the land from whose soil he rose and upon which he now rests his laurels.Mohammed Anwar el-Sadat has a Bebe Rebozotype as a close friend and advisor whose very name has become a kind of “shorthand for corruption.” The president of a republic, he has created around himself the atmosphere of a royal court, an imperial and imperious presidency, and also pays little or no attention to his official advisors. Furthermore, his wife, unlike Nasser's, occasionally transcends the boundaries of convention regarding the- role of a woman and thus offends the sensibilities of Moslem society.
When the Chinese Came to Tibet
Authors: Norbu Dawa 
Published: September 2018

My home town, called Sakya, is located in Western Tibet. The news about the Chinese invasion of 1950 reached us sometime in 1952. A soldier whose family lived in a house next to ours brought the astounding news. He announced that the “enemies of our faith” were advancing rapidly from the east and that there would be no peace and happiness in the land of snow.Despite the alarming news, no one in Sakya sharpened his sword or dusted his bow and arrows. Our government neither declared a state of emergency nor conscripted the young into the army. Instead, we witnessed quite a few unusual religious rites of the sort called mangdog, meaning prevent or negate war. After the revolt against the Chinese in 1959, a number of leading monks were imprisoned, charged with mangdog, which was interpreted as treason against China.
Caveat Censor!
Authors: Philipson Lorrin 
Published: September 2018

Since its inception in 1972 Index on Censorship, a bi-monthly journal, has been wreaking havoc wherever possible with those who wield blue pencils and worse weapons. Index publishes writing of literary merit that has been banned and exposes cases of suppression and censorship wherever they occur.The founding of Index represents the happy but all too rare situation of people mobilizing promptly in the service of a dream. In 1968 Pavel Litvinov, the wellknown Soviet dissident, and Larisa Bogoraz wrote an open letter protesting the contravention of Soviet laws by judicial authorities during the trial of Galanskov, Ginsberg, Dobrovolsky, and Lashkova. In response to their appeal, published in newspapers of various countries, the English poet Stephen Spender sent a telegram to Litvinov expressing his sympathy and saying he would like to assist these people in their plight.
Mediating Structures and Constitutional Liberty
Authors: Ball William Bentley 
Published: September 2018

There are those of us whose job seems always to be immediate problem-solving. We are like people frantically busy piling up rocks with the fleeting notion that perhaps they are building something. To Empower People: The Role of Mediating Structures in Public Policy by Peter Berger and Richard Neuhaus (American Enterprise Institute, 1977) offers a portrait in which resemblances can be seen between the haphazard rock pile and the city of good “mediating structures” there portrayed.Approaching the subject as a lawyer, the question at once comes to mind: Do we need mediating structures (family, church, voluntary association, neighborhood, racial and ethnic subgroups) in a society governed by the American Constitution? If the “mediating structures“ are thought to be necessary to protect the individual from the state, is that not precisely the function of the Constitution?
Judicial Resources and the Public Trust Doctrine: A Powerful Tool of Environmental Protection?
Authors: Richardson Oakes Anne 
Published: September 2018

AbstractUnited Kingdom Supreme Court Justice Robert Carnwath has urged the judiciary to develop ‘common laws of the environment’, which can operate within different legal frameworks, tailored where necessary towards specific constitutions or statutory codes. One such mechanism with the potential for repositioning environmental discourse in both common law and civil law jurisdictions is the doctrine of the public trust. Basing their arguments upon a heritage of civil law and common law, supporters of the public trust doctrine are currently testing its scope in United States federal courts via groundbreaking litigation aimed at forcing the federal government to uphold its duty to protect the atmosphere. This article considers whether common law judicial resourcefulness can transform a transatlantic hybrid of uncertain parentage into a powerful tool of environmental protection.
Polar Region Variability in the Lower Thermosphere of Mars From Odyssey and Reconnaissance Orbiter Aerobraking Measurements
Authors: Forbes Jeffrey M. , Zhang Xiaoli 
Published: September 2018

AbstractAccelerometer measurements of lower‐thermosphere densities during the aerobraking phases of Mars Odyssey (MO) and Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) are analyzed to reveal new perspectives on the longitudinal, latitudinal, local time, and temporal variability of Mars atmosphere. The MO and MRO accelerometers sample the atmosphere similarly, making for interesting comparisons and insights. Periapsis measurements began near 70°N (MO) and 70°S (MRO) latitude, respectively, near winter solstices; slowly approached the poles at near‐constant 1730–2000 hr local times (LT); underwent nearly 8‐hr shifts in LT near the poles; and then descended in latitude to about 20°N and 20°S near 0330 hr LT. In contrast with most prior studies of Mars thermosphere, emphasis here is placed on the space‐based ks=1 (wave‐1) and ks=2 (wave‐2) components of the longitudinal density structures in the polar regions (≥70°). Expressed in terms of percent with respect to the zonal mean, ks=1 amplitudes are dominant with mission mean amplitudes of 22%(18.5%) for MO(MRO), and likely arise from the zonally symmetric diurnal tide (D0) and/or a stationary planetary wave with zonal wave number s = 1 (SPW1). Mission‐mean ks=2 amplitudes are 17.6%(13.6%) for MO(MRO) and are interpreted as arising from the zonally symmetric semidiurnal tide (S0) and the eastward propagating diurnal tide with s =− 1 (DE1). Phases of ks=1 and ks=2 are characterized by zonal migrations with periods between 15 and 45 sols; these features are interpreted in terms of modulations of D0, S0, and DE1 by slow waves in the lower atmosphere that have been reported in the literature.