bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Novel insights into the complex architecture of osteoporosis molecular genetics
Authors: Saad Fawzy Ali 
Published: September 2019

AbstractOsteoporosis is a prevalent osteodegenerative disease and silent killer linked to a decrease in bone mass and decline of bone microarchitecture, due to impaired bone matrix mineralization, raising the risk of fracture. Nevertheless, the process of bone matrix mineralization is still an unsolved mystery. Osteoporosis is a polygenic disorder associated with genetic and environmental risk factors; however, the majority of genes associated with osteoporosis remain largely unknown. Several signaling pathways regulate bone mass; therefore, dysregulation of a single signaling pathway leads to metabolic bone disease owing to high or low bone mass. Parathyroid hormone, core‐binding factor α‐1 (Cbfa1), Wnt/β‐catenin, the receptor activator of the nuclear factor kappa‐B (NF‐κB) ligand (RANKL), myostatin, and osteogenic exercise signaling pathways play pivotal roles in the regulation of bone mass. The myostatin signaling pathway increases bone resorption by activating the RANKL signaling pathway, whereas osteogenic exercise inhibits myostatin and sclerostin while inducing irisin that consequentially activates the Cbfa1 and Wnt/β‐catenin bone formation pathways. The aims of this review are to summarize what is known about osteoporosis‐related signaling pathways; define the role of these pathways in osteoporosis drug discovery; focus light on the link between bone, muscle, pancreas, and adipose integrative physiology and osteoporosis; and underline the emerging role of osteogenic exercise in the prevention of, and care for, osteoporosis, obesity, and diabetes.
Depositional facies and the sequence stratigraphic control of a mixed‐process influenced clastic wedge in the Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway: The Gallup System, New Mexico, USA
Authors: Lin Wen , Bhattacharya Janok P. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractDepositional facies have been hypothesized to be linked to sequence stratigraphic positions. Also, shoreline systems are built by mixed processes, including rivers, storms, fair‐weather waves and tides. Resolving the complexity of shoreline deposition requires detailed quantitative facies analysis with particular attention to heterolithic successions. In this study, 71 sections in a 130 km long outcrop belt of the Cretaceous Gallup Formation in the north‐west of the San Juan Basin were measured. Five major facies associations were identified using sedimentological and iconological interpretations, including offshore shelf, non‐deltaic shoreline sandstones, deltas, coastal bayline and fluvial. Each facies association also comprises subordinate facies. Depositional facies interpretations are placed in a high‐resolution sequence stratigraphic framework that allows for reconstructions of the palaeogeography of individual parasequence sets that demonstrate temporal and spatial evolution of facies associations and depositional processes. The results show that the Gallup is a mixed‐process‐controlled depositional system with fair‐weather and storm‐wave dominance, river influence and tide‐effect, contrasting with previous interpretations of a solely fair‐weather wave‐dominated environment. Depositional processes and the resultant facies change with sequence stratigraphic positions in response to relative sea‐level changes – particular facies are only deposited in certain systems tracts. Distinction and transition between non‐deltaic shorefaces and wave‐dominated deltas have also been documented in this study. Non‐deltaic shorefaces are characterized by homogeneous sandstones with a wide‐range bioturbation index and the absence of mudstones. Wave‐dominated deltas are subject to river influence and contain prodelta facies. This study shows the importance of detailed facies analysis with high‐resolution sequence stratigraphic control using outcrops for documenting sedimentary processes of shallow marine shoreline systems.
Dermoscopy and confocal microscopy for different chemotherapy‐induced alopecia (CIA) phases characterization: Preliminary study
Authors: Franceschini Chiara , Garelli Valentina , Persechino Flavia , Sperduti Isabella , Caro Gemma , Rossi Alfredo , Ardigò Marco 
Published: September 2019

AbstractBackgroundChemotherapy‐induced alopecia (CIA) affects 65% of patients receiving chemotherapy regimens and is often identified with the massive hair loss stage. Reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) is a noninvasive technique used in alopecia assessment for disease characterization and state of activity.ObjectiveTo describe RCM features of CIA in different timing and identify specific phases of alopecia development.MethodsA total of 16 patients treated with chemotherapy underwent dermoscopy and RCM evaluations four times during the observation: 2 and 4‐6 weeks after starting and 3 and 6 months after the end of chemotherapy. Ten examinations for each stage were performed.ResultsFour phases of CIA have been identified. Initial hair loss showed specific dots not previously described, named CIA dots. massive hair loss phase was characterized by black dots (10/10 pt), CIA dots (8/10 pt) and hair shaft abnormalities. Three months after the end of chemotherapy, during the partial regrowth phase, 10/10 patients showed thin hair in regrowth and 8/10 presented black and yellow dots. At 6 months, normal hair in regrowth appears in all patients (total regrowth phase).ConclusionsChemotherapy‐induced alopecia has to be considered as a dynamic process with specific phases characterized by distinctive dermoscopic and confocal features.
Cryptic species and co‐diversification in sand scorpions from the Karakum and Kyzylkum deserts of Central Asia
Authors: Graham Matthew R. , Myers Edward A. , Kaiser Ronald C. , Fet Victor 
Published: September 2019

AbstractLittle is known about species diversification within the deserts of Central Asia. For example, the degree of lineage divergence and timing of population differentiation, as well as potential biogeographic barriers driving diversification, are nearly unknown. Here, we analysed a multi‐locus data set for a widespread sand scorpion (Mesobuthus gorelovi) to evaluate cryptic species diversity and phylogeographic patterns across the Karakum and Kyzylkum deserts. We also combined these data with previously published sequence data to test for a signal of co‐diversification. A consensus species delimitation approach indicated that the widespread M. gorelovi is likely composed of up to five distinct species that began to diversify at the Miocene–Pliocene boundary. We observed shared patterns of lineage divergence across the Amu Darya River region in three scorpion taxa and found support for a shared history of assemblage diversification across this biogeographic barrier. Thus, major river systems appear to facilitate diversification among desert scorpions.
Axons Embedded in a Tissue May Withstand Larger Deformations Than Isolated Axons Before Mechanoporation Occurs
Authors: Montanino Annaclaudia , Saeedimasine Marzieh , Villa Alessandra , Kleiven Svein 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Diffuse axonal injury (DAI) is the pathological consequence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) that most of all requires a multiscale approach in order to be, first, understood and then possibly prevented. While in fact the mechanical insult usually happens at the head (or macro) level, the consequences affect structures at the cellular (or microlevel). The quest for axonal injury tolerances has so far been addressed both with experimental and computational approaches. On one hand, the experimental approach presents challenges connected to both temporal and spatial resolution in the identification of a clear axonal injury trigger after the application of a mechanical load. On the other hand, computational approaches usually consider axons as homogeneous entities and therefore are unable to make inferences about their viability, which is thought to depend on subcellular damages. Here, we propose a computational multiscale approach to investigate the onset of axonal injury in two typical experimental scenarios. We simulated single-cell and tissue stretch injury using a composite finite element axonal model in isolation and embedded in a matrix, respectively. Inferences on axonal damage are based on the comparison between axolemma strains and previously established mechanoporation thresholds. Our results show that, axons embedded in a tissue could withstand higher deformations than isolated axons before mechanoporation occurred and this is exacerbated by the increase in strain rate from 1/s to 10/s.
Evaluation of Bending Strength of Window Glass Substrate With Considerations of Uni- and Bi-Axial Loading and Free Edge Stresses
Authors: Tsai M. Y. , Chen H. J. , Yeh J. H. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The window glass substrates are commonly used in optical semiconductor and micro-electrical-mechanical system packages. The determination of bending strength of such glass substrates is important for guaranteeing good yield rate and reliability of those packages. To evaluate the dicing effect on the bending strength of window glass substrate, a three-point bending (3PB) test with a uni-axial loading is adopted in this study. Since the failure initiation of the glass substrate specimen in the most of cases starts at its free edges caused by the dicing, the calculation of the free edge stress of the glass substrate specimen becomes essential and needs to be performed using a finite element analysis during the 3PB test. Furthermore, a point-load on elastic foundation (PoEF) test, which features bi-axial stresses and can avoid the edge chipping effect caused by the dicing, is also applied to evaluate the surface roughness effect on the bending strength of the glass substrate. The test results are presented in terms of both bending strengths for frontside and backside surface control cases, along with the corresponding failure modes. And precise edge-stress calculations for the 3PB test are discussed in detail through the finite element analyses with various models, including noncontact and contact models associated with both displacement and force boundary conditions.
Concussion in Youth Sport: Developmental Aspects
Authors: Covassin Tracey , Petit Kyle M. , Anderson Morgan 
Published: September 2019

Sport-related concussion (SRC) is a growing health concern, particularly in younger, at-risk athletic populations. These injuries commonly present with a wide range of clinical signs (i.e., poor coordination, behavioral, mood changes) and symptoms (i.e., headache, dizziness, difficulty concentrating), along with neurocognitive and vestibular/ocular impairments. This review of SRCs in youth athletes focuses on individuals 5–18 years of age and includes an overview of concussion (i.e., definition, signs/symptoms, epidemiology), as well as concussion education and awareness. This is followed by a review of SRC assessment and management strategies, along with common recovery, return-to-play, and treatment approaches. Finally, suggestions are made for future research and recommendations pertaining to SRC in youth athletes.
Performance Enhancement and the Young Athlete: Mapping the Landscape and Navigating Future Directions
Authors: Harwood Chris G. , Thrower Sam N. 
Published: September 2019

The aim of this paper is to provide a comprehensive narrative review of extant scientific knowledge on the effectiveness of performance-enhancement-based interventions in youth sport settings. Specifically, the authors explore the effects of psychological interventions on the sport performance of young athletes (18 yr of age or under). Drawing on over 80 published studies that have attempted to enhance young athletes’ performances using a range of methodological and strategic approaches, four main clusters of research are presented. These clusters include single-strategy psychological-skills-training (PST) interventions, multimodal PST interventions, alternative single-strategy interventions, and alternative multimodal interventions. In each of these clusters, the landscape of work is overviewed and papers of particular methodological interest are highlighted before the authors draw out critical reflections, future research directions, and recommendations for supporting further scholarship and practice with young athletes.
Promoting Physical Activity Through Youth Sport
Authors: Pfeiffer Karin A. , Wierenga Michael J. 
Published: September 2019

Participation in a sport is widely considered a valuable form of physical activity, especially for children and adolescents. In addition, many think that sport participation translates to future physical activity. However, limited research has examined the ability of youth sport to significantly contribute to meeting daily physical activity guidelines (60 min/day of moderate to vigorous physical activity) and whether the physical activity behaviors of youth sport participants will translate into future, habitual activity in both the short and the long term. In this paper, available research on the role of youth sport in the promotion of physical activity is evaluated. Two major questions are used to frame the discussion: How much physical activity do youth sport participants attain during games and practices, and does sport participation during childhood and adolescence translate into habitual physical activity in adulthood? This is followed by ideas for future research and preliminary recommendations for best practices or policies.
The Current Youth Sport Landscape: Identifying Critical Research Issues
Authors: Gould Daniel 
Published: September 2019

Youth sport participation has been found to have many beneficial physical, psychological, and social consequences, as well as risks for those involved. If the benefits are to outweigh the detriments, youth sport must be thoughtfully constructed. Research can play a major role in understanding how to positively structure youth sport. This paper describes how the youth sport landscape has changed over the past 4 decades and how these changes may influence the outcomes of involvement. Critical issues of contemporary concern in youth sport that urgently need scientific attention include physically based issues (e.g., role of youth sport in combating physical inactivity, youth sport injuries), psychological issues (e.g., reducing stress and burnout, enhancing young athletes’ mental health), access and structural issues (e.g., lack of opportunities for poor and less-skilled youth), sport culture issues (e.g., the professionalization of youth sport, child safety, maltreatment and bullying), issues associated with significant others (e.g., coach, sport parent, and peer influences and needs), economic issues (e.g., youth sport as business), governmental and legislative issues (e.g., the need to become more politically active in the setting of policy, legislation, and funding), and translational science and program-evaluation issues (e.g., the need for research dissemination and evaluation research).
Superconductivity in the doped Hubbard model and its interplay with next-nearest hopping
t
′
Authors: Jiang Hong-Chen , Devereaux Thomas P. 
Published: September 2019

Tweaking the Hubbard model
Modeling high-temperature superconductivity (HTS) remains extremely challenging. Many researchers believe that the simplest model that captures HTS is the Hubbard model, which accounts for interactions and allows for electrons to hop from one site of a lattice to another. However, even just determining whether the ground state of this model supports superconductivity is tricky. Jiang and Devereaux undertook an extensive computational study based on a method known as density matrix renormalization group. They found that for a particular concentration of empty lattice sites, superconductivity indeed appears as a long-range state, but only if electrons are allowed to hop to sites that are next to their immediate neighbors on the lattice.

Science
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Novel model for predicting inpatient mortality after emergency admission to hospital in Singapore: retrospective observational study
Authors: Xie Feng , Liu Nan , Wu Stella Xinzi , Ang Yukai , Low Lian Leng , Ho Andrew Fu Wah , Lam Sean Shao Wei , Matchar David Bruce , Ong Marcus Eng Hock , Chakraborty Bibhas 
Published: September 2019

ObjectivesTo identify risk factors for inpatient mortality after patients’ emergency admission and to create a novel model predicting inpatient mortality risk.DesignThis was a retrospective observational study using data extracted from electronic health records (EHRs). The data were randomly split into a derivation set and a validation set. The stepwise model selection was employed. We compared our model with one of the current clinical scores, Cardiac Arrest Risk Triage (CART) score.SettingA single tertiary hospital in Singapore.ParticipantsAll adult hospitalised patients, admitted via emergency department (ED) from 1 January 2008 to 31 October 2017 (n=433 187 by admission episodes).Main outcome measureThe primary outcome of interest was inpatient mortality following this admission episode. The area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic curve of the predictive model with sensitivity and specificity for optimised cut-offs.Results15 758 (3.64%) of the episodes were observed inpatient mortality. 19 variables were observed as significant predictors and were included in our final regression model. Our predictive model outperformed the CART score in terms of predictive power. The AUC of CART score and our final model was 0.705 (95% CI 0.697 to 0.714) and 0.817 (95% CI 0.810 to 0.824), respectively.ConclusionWe developed and validated a model for inpatient mortality using EHR data collected in the ED. The performance of our model was more accurate than the CART score. Implementation of our model in the hospital can potentially predict imminent adverse events and institute appropriate clinical management.
AAC Magnet Canada Western Red Spring wheat
Authors: Kumar S. , Fox S.L. , Mitchell Fetch J. , Green D. , Fetch T. , McCallum B. , Aboukhaddour R. , Henriquez M.A. 
Published: September 2019

AAC Magnet (BW1045) is an awned, hollow-stemmed, high-yielding Canada Western Red Spring (CWRS) wheat adapted to growing conditions in the Canadian Prairies. AAC Magnet was 5% higher yielding than Glenn and yielded 2% more than Carberry, a popular CWRS wheat variety across the Canadian Prairies. AAC Magnet matured 2 d earlier than Carberry and a day later than Unity, the earliest maturing check. AAC Magnet had the same height as Glenn and was shorter with better stem strength compared with Unity. AAC Magnet had better lodging scores compared with Unity. Over the 3 yr of testing (2015–2017), the test weight of AAC Magnet was slightly lower than the lowest checks, whereas the 1000-kernel weight of AAC Magnet was higher than all of the checks. The grain protein content of AAC Magnet was 0.3% lower than Carberry. AAC Magnet was rated moderately resistant to Fusarium head blight (Fusarium graminearum Schwabe), resistant to leaf rust (Puccinia triticina Erikss.) and stem rust (Puccinia graminis Pers. f. sp. tritici Erikss. & E. Henn). AAC Magnet was moderately susceptible/susceptible to resistant to the Ug99 family of stem rusts, resistant to loose smut [Ustilago tritici (Pers.) Rostr.], intermediately resistant to stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis Westend.), susceptible to common bunt [Tilletia caries (DC.) Tul. & C. Tul.], and moderately susceptible to leaf spot complex. AAC Magnet was susceptible to orange wheat blossom midge (Sitodiplosis mosellana Géhin). Based on the milling and baking performance over 3 yr (2015–2017) evaluated by the Grain Research Laboratory, Canadian Grain Commission, AAC Magnet was classified as CWRS wheat.
Strong coupling constants and radiative decays of the heavy tensor mesons
Authors: Yu Guo-Liang , Wang Zhi-Gang , Li Zhen-Yu 
Published: September 2019

AbstractIn this article, we analyze tensor-vector-pseudoscalar(TVP) type of vertices$$D_{2}^{*+}D^{+}\rho $$D2∗+D+ρ,$$D_{2}^{*0}D^{0}\rho $$D2∗0D0ρ,$$D_{2}^{*+}D^{+}\omega $$D2∗+D+ω,$$D_{2}^{*0}D^{0}\omega $$D2∗0D0ω,$$B_{2}^{*+}B^{+}\rho $$B2∗+B+ρ,$$B_{2}^{*0}B^{0}\rho $$B2∗0B0ρ,$$B_{2}^{*+}B^{+}\omega $$B2∗+B+ω,$$B_{2}^{*0}B^{0}\omega $$B2∗0B0ω,$$B_{s2}^{*}B_{s}\phi $$Bs2∗Bsϕand$$D_{s2}^{*}D_{s}\phi $$Ds2∗Dsϕin the frame work of three point QCD sum rules(QCDSR). According to these analysis, we calculate their strong form factors which are used to fit into analytical functions of$$Q^{2}$$Q2. Then, we obtain the strong coupling constants by extrapolating these strong form factors into deep time-like regions. As an application of this work, the coupling constants for radiative decays of these heavy tensor mesons are also calculated at the point of$$Q^{2}=0$$Q2=0. With these coupling constants, we finally obtain the radiative decay widths of these tensor mesons.
Effects of combined treatment with blood flow restriction and low-current electrical stimulation on muscle hypertrophy in rats
Authors: Yoshikawa Madoka , Morifuji Takeshi , Matsumoto Tomohiro , Maeshige Noriaki , Tanaka Minoru , Fujino Hidemi 
Published: September 2019

This study aimed to clarify the effects of a combined treatment comprising blood flow restriction and low-current electrical stimulation on skeletal muscle hypertrophy in rats. Male Wistar rats were divided into control (Cont), blood flow restriction (Bfr), electrical stimulation (Es), or Bfr with Es (Bfr + Es) groups. Pressure cuffs (80 mmHg) were placed around the thighs of Bfr and Bfr + Es rats. Low-current Es was applied to calf muscles in the Es and Bfr + Es rats. In experiment 1, a 1-day treatment regimen (5-min stimulation, followed by 5-min rest) was delivered four times to study the acute effects. In experiment 2, the same treatment regimen was delivered three times/wk for 8 wk. Body weight, muscle mass, changes in maximal isometric contraction, fiber cross-sectional area of the soleus muscle, expression of phosphorylated and total-ERK1/2, phosphorylated-rpS6 Ser235/236, phosphorylated and total Akt, and phosphorylated-rpS6 Ser240/244 were measured. Bfr and Es treatment alone failed to induce muscle hypertrophy and increase the expression of phosphorylated rpS6 Ser240/244. Combined Bfr + Es upregulated muscle mass, increased the fiber cross-sectional area, and increased phosphorylated rpS6 Ser240/244 expression and phosphorylated rpS6 Ser235/236 expression compared with controls. Combined treatment with Bfr and low-current Es can induce muscle hypertrophy via activation of two protein synthesis signaling pathways. This treatment should be introduced for older patients with sarcopenia and others with muscle weakness. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We investigated the acute and chronic effect of low-current electrical stimulation with blood flow restriction on skeletal muscle hypertrophy and the mechanisms controlling the hypertrophic response. Low-current electrical stimulation could not induce skeletal muscle hypertrophy, but a combination treatment did. Blood lactate and growth hormone levels were increased in the early response. Moreover, activation of ERK1/2 and mTOR pathways were observed in both the acute and chronic response, which contribute to muscle hypertrophy.