bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Treatise on Northern Ireland, Volume I
Authors: O’Leary Brendan 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
O’Leary’s authoritative treatment of the history of Northern Ireland and its current prospects is genuinely unique. Beginning with an in-depth account of the scale of the recent conflict, he sets out to explain why Northern Ireland recently had the highest incidence of political violence in twentieth-century western Europe. Volume 1 demonstrates the salience of the colonial past in accounting for current collective mentalities, institutions, and rivalrous animosities, culminating in a distinct comparative account of the partition of the island in 1920. The major moments in the development of Irish republicanism and Ulster unionism are freshly treated by this Irish-born political scientist who has spent thirty-five years mastering the relevant historiography. Volume 2 shows how Ulster Unionists improvised a distinctive control system, driven by their fear of abandonment by the metropolitan power in Great Britain, their anxieties about Irish nationalist irredentism, and their inherited settler colonial culture. British political institutions were exploited to organize a sustained political monopoly on power and to disorganize the cultural Catholic minority. At the same juncture, the Irish Free State’s punctuated movement from restricted dominion-level autonomy to sovereign republican independence led to the full-scale political decolonization of the South. Irish state-building had a price, however: it further estranged Ulster Unionists, and Northern nationalists felt abandoned. Volume 3 unpacks the consequences and takes the reader to the present, explaining Northern Ireland’s distinctive consociational settlement, accomplished in 1998, and its subsequently turbulent and currently imperiled implementation. An assessment of the confederation of European Union and the prospects for an Irish confederation close the book, which vividly engages with feasible futures that may unfold from the UK’s exit from the EU.
Legal and Theoretical Foundations of the Business Corporation
Authors: Gerner-Beuerle Carsten , Schillig Michael 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
In accordance with comparative law methodology, the chapter seeks to define and delineate in functional terms the subject matter of this book. It aims to provide a workable conception of ‘business corporation’ and ‘company law’ that transcends national boundaries. The modern business corporation (or company) is a comparatively recent phenomenon that emerged in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Its rise is linked with the development of the modern nation state and capitalism. Despite a growing interest in comparative company law scholarship, most lawyers still approach the subject with preconceptions formed by their own domestic corporate law experience. This can be problematic given that major differences in typology, historical development, regulatory framework, and legal characteristics remain. Consequently, this chapter discusses the concepts and terminology used in this context in common law and civil law systems, explores separate legal personality and limited liability as defining properties of the business corporation, provides an overview of the historic development of the business corporation and of corporate (law) theory, and analyses the sources of domestic corporate law.
The Europeanization of Corporate Law
Authors: Gerner-Beuerle Carsten , Schillig Michael 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter begins with an overview of the nature and effects of EU law and the EU law-making process, with particular focus on the internal market. This is followed by an analysis of the acquis unionaire—the EU law with company law relevance at both Treaty level and the level of secondary legislation (regulations and directives). It emphasizes the trajectory of EU company law and its development in distinguishable ‘waves’. It then turns to the issue of corporate mobility within the Union, on the basis of the Court’s case law on freedom of establishment, as well as the emerging EU law infrastructure for corporate mobility transactions. The chapter concludes with some speculation about the future of EU company law in the light of Brexit.
Corporate Governance Regulation
Authors: Gerner-Beuerle Carsten , Schillig Michael 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter first analyses whether the corporation is merely a profit-maximizing entity or performs a more inclusive, social function. It then discusses some basic economic concepts that are important to understand the underlying conflicts that corporate governance regulation seeks to address, such as efficiency, incomplete contracts, and agency costs. Next, it examines the goals that corporate governance regulation in the United States, the UK, Germany, and France pursues, and gives an overview of the evolution of the corporate governance movement, which started in the United States in the 1970s. The chapter then introduces the most important corporate actors—officers, directors, and shareholders—and explores whether the ownership structure of public stock corporations has changed over time and continues to differ between countries. The final section analyses how corporate boards are designed, and how best practice standards contained in corporate governance codes shape the composition of boards.
Elements of Shareholder Democracy
Authors: Gerner-Beuerle Carsten , Schillig Michael 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter begins with a discussion of the origins of corporate power. Shareholders are often considered the owners of the corporation. However, this is questionable in an economic and social, if not a legal, sense. In fact, the position of shareholders in many legal systems is confined to that of mere investor who acquires cash flow rights, but has minimal (and only indirect) influence on business operations through the election of directors. Where shareholders (or, for that matter, directors) have the power to decide, the law needs to ensure that they do not abuse their position of power to the detriment of corporate actors bound by the decision without being able to influence it. The chapter then covers the limits of corporate power, shareholder decision-making, and the appointment and removal of directors.
Relationship of captive bolt stunning location with basic tissue measurements and exposed cross-sectional brain area in cadaver heads from market pigs1
Authors: Anderson Karly , Ries Elizabeth , Backes Jacob , Bishop Katherine , Boll Miranda , Brantner Ellie , Hinrichs Brady , Kirk Ashlynn , Olsen Hannah , Risius Blake , Bildstein Charles , Vogel Kurt D 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The objective of this study was to contrast the soft tissue thickness, cranial thickness, total tissue thickness, cross-sectional brain area, and bolt–brain contact from the common frontal application of captive bolt euthanasia with the alternative location behind the ear in cadaver swine heads. Twenty-three cadaver heads from pigs that were approximately 136 kg and 6 mo of age were collected from a regional slaughter establishment following CO2 stunning and assigned to either the FRONTAL (n = 11) or the CAUDAL TO PINNA (n = 12) application of the captive bolt. The soft tissue thickness was different (P &lt; 0.0001) between the 2 applications (FRONTAL: 8.3 ± 3.4 mm; CAUDAL TO PINNA: 56.5 ± 3.4 mm). The cranial thickness was different (P &lt; 0.0001) between the applications (FRONTAL: 23.4 ± 2.9 mm; CAUDAL TO PINNA: 26.5 ± 2.9 mm). There was also a difference (P &lt; 0.0001) in the total tissue thickness between the 2 applications (FRONTAL: 31.7 ± 3.8 mm; CAUDAL TO PINNA: 73.4 ± 3.8 mm). Cross-sectional area was calculated from images collected immediately after the heads were cut along the plane of bolt travel by bandsaw and was different (P = 0.0028) between the 2 applications (FRONTAL: 25.2 ± 1.3 cm2; CAUDAL TO PINNA: 18.9 ± 1.3 cm2). Bolt–brain contact was also assessed from the images, and a difference (P = 0.0360) between the 2 applications (FRONTAL: 100 ± 10.5%; CAUDAL TO PINNA: 66.7 ± 10.5%) was identified. The results of this study suggest that the FRONTAL application may provide a bolt path with less tissue to travel through when compared with the CAUDAL TO PINNA application for pigs of the approximate age and weight of those in this study. Ultimately, the FRONTAL location may present less risk for the captive bolt euthanasia of swine at market weight at this time. Additional refinement of the CAUDAL TO PINNA procedure and modification to the captive bolt device to penetrate to a suitable depth to ensure brain damage is recommended.
Field evaluation of zero vector durable lining to assess its efficacy against malaria vectors and malaria transmission in tribal areas of the Balaghat district of central India
Authors: Mishra Ashok K , Bharti Praveen K , Kareemi Tazeen Iram , Chand Sunil K , Tidgam Anup Singh , Sharma Ravendra K , Singh Neeru 
Published: June 2019

Abstract

Background
Indoor residual spray (IRS) and long-lasting insecticidal nets are the two principal intervention methods of vector control. Zero vector durable lining (ZVDL), a relatively new vector control method, was evaluated to assess its efficacy against malaria vectors in hard to reach areas in the Balaghat district, where malaria transmission is perennial.

Methods
ZVDL was installed in six experimental villages during November–December 2012. In control villages, IRS was carried out with Alphacypermethrin. Cone bioassays were performed to assess the efficacy and persistence of insecticide-treated ZVDL following WHO bioassays.

Results
The mean per man hour density of Anopheles caught during 2013 was 12.1 in experimental villages and 16.2 in control villages. No sporozoite-positive Anopheles culicifacies were found in experimental villages; however, in control villages, four sporozoite-positive A. culicifacies were found (two Plasmodium vivax and two P. falciparum). The knock-down rate of A. culicifacies was 95–100% with 100% mortality during the 24 h recovery period. Malaria declined sharply in experimental villages showing a slide positivity rate of 22.3% compared with control villages (36.4%) (p&lt;0.05).

Conclusions
A supplementary vector control intervention such as ZVDL has the potential to become a viable alternative to IRS in malaria endemic areas.
New Clinically Relevant Method to Evaluate the Life Span of Prophylactic Sacral Dressings
Authors: Burton Joshua N. , Fredrickson Abigail G. , Capunay Cassidee , Tanner Laurel , Oberg Craig , Santamaria Nick , Gefen Amit , Call Evan 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACT
It has been demonstrated that wound dressings provide a protective effect against pressure injuries. However, no method exists to measure either the life or performance of dressings used in prevention; testing dressings in a clinical setting or a research environment has typically been based on measuring its moisture absorption capacity. This article examines the changes that occur in the structural and mechanical properties of a prophylactic dressing based on conditions of use when wound exudate is not present.
A clinically relevant method was developed to simulate the loading, friction-inducing shear, and moisture transpiration present in a typical hospitalization where a dressing is applied for prevention. Single-use dressings were tested using this method to evaluate their ability to protect patients from pressure injuries throughout the typical 5 to 7 days of use. Following this aging process, researchers measured the physical, structural, and mechanical changes in prophylactic dressings over time.
This innovative method provides guidance for clinicians on dressing use and replacement intervals. For bioengineers, the method generates important empirical data for computer modeling of dressing performance, which can then reveal the consequences of changes in dressing structure and function on sustained tissue loads. It is the authors’ hope to generate discussion about the creation of industry-wide standards for testing dressings to improve patient care.
Protecting the rights of patients, nurses, and others participating in research
Authors: Mick JoAnn 
Published: June 2019

Abstract:
Clinical nurses are in a unique position to support research that studies the effects of interventions, symptom management, education, and treatment plan adherence in their patients. Nurses may also participate in research studies that aim to advance professional nursing practice. Using a quiz format, this article addresses clinical nurses' role in research, the history of federal regulation of research, basic human rights and potential violations during the conduct of research, and specific nursing actions required when research is conducted in the practice setting.
Pharmacokinetics of Enteric-Coated Mycophenolate Sodium in Lupus Nephritis (POEMSLUN)
Authors: Ranganathan Dwarakanathan , Abdul-Aziz Mohd H. , John George T. , McWhinney Brett C. , Fassett Robert G. , Healy Helen , Kubler Paul , Lim Aaron , Lipman Jeffrey , Purvey Megan , Roberts Matthew , Reyaldeen Reza , Ungerer Jacobus , Roberts Jason A. 
Published: June 2019

Background:Mycophenolate mofetil or enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium (EC-MPS) and steroids are used for induction and maintenance therapy in severe lupus nephritis. Blood concentrations of mycophenolic acid (MPA), the active metabolite of these drugs, vary among patients with lupus nephritis. The objective of this study was to examine whether concentration-controlled (CC) dosing (through therapeutic drug monitoring) of EC-MPS results in a higher proportion of participants achieving target exposure of MPA compared with fixed-dosing (FD). An additional aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of CC dosing on clinical outcomes.Methods:Nineteen participants were randomly assigned either to the FD or CC group. All the participants were eligible to have free and total measurements of MPA over a period of 8–12 hours on 3 different occasions. Area under the concentration–time curve between 0 and 12 hours (AUC0-12) was calculated using noncompartmental methods. Dose of EC-MPS was titrated according to AUC0-12in the CC group.Results:Thirty-two AUC0-12measurements were obtained from 9 FD and 9 CC participants. Large inter-patient variability was observed in both groups but was more pronounced in the FD group. There were no significant differences between FD and CC participants in any pharmacokinetic parameters across the study visits, except for total C0(FD 2.0 ± 0.3 mg/L versus CC 1.1 ± 0.3;P= 0.01) and dose-normalized C0(FD 2.9 ± 0.2 mg/L/g versus CC 2.1 ± 0.7 mg/L/g;P= 0.04) at the second visit and total AUC0-12(FD 66.6 ± 6.0 mg·h/L versus CC 35.2 ± 11.4 mg·h/L;P= 0.03) at the third visit. At the first study visit, 33.3% of the FD and 11.1% of the CC participants achieved the target area under the concentration–time curve (P= 0.58). From the second visit, none of the FD participants, compared with all the CC participants, achieved target AUC0-12(P= 0.01). More CC participants achieved remission compared with FD participants (absolute difference of −22.2, 95% confidence interval JOURNAL/thdm/04.03/00007691-201912000-00003/inline-formula1/v/2023-08-14T203520Z/r/image-tiff 0.19 to 0.55;P= 0.62). The mean free MPA AUC0-12was significantly lower in those who had complete remission.Conclusions:CC participants reached target AUC0-12quicker. Larger studies are required to test clinical efficacy.
Simplified Lateral Brow Lift under Local Anesthesia for Correction of Lateral Hooding
Authors: Turin Sergey Y. , Vaca Elbert E. , Cheesborough Jennifer E. , Sinno Sammy , Mustoe Thomas A. 
Published: June 2019

Background:
A limited incision lateral brow lift has been described as an alternative to the endoscopic or the bicoronal approaches. The senior author has developed a safe and effective lateral brow lift technique that can be performed in an office setting under local anesthesia.

Methods:
We retrospectively reviewed 150 consecutive patients who underwent a brow lift by the senior author (TAM). The technique begins with an upper blepharoplasty incision which is used to divide the corrugator under direct vision, followed by a release of the periorbital retaining ligaments. The lateral temporal incision is the access point for dissection above the deep temporal fascia then connecting to the subperiosteal plane, allowing full mobility of the brow. Galea is advanced with sutures and redundant skin is excised.

Results:
All patients treated with this technique had resolution of lateral brow hooding. Two temporary neuropraxias of the frontal branch of the facial nerve were observed with full resolution and no permanent nerve injuries occurred. The revision rate was 7% and there was a 3% incidence of delayed wound healing at the temporal incision with no infections. One hundred forty-two patients (97%) underwent this procedure with sedation, 52 of which (35%) were in the office with light oral sedation.

Conclusions:
The limited incision lateral brow lift as described allows for safe elevation of the lateral brow. When complemented by upper blepharoplasty, this technique provides excellent and natural-appearing rejuvenation of the upper face.
Estimation of Total Skeletal Content of Plutonium and 241Am From Analysis of a Single Bone
Authors: Tolmachev Sergei Y. , Avtandilashvili Maia , Kathren Ronald L. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The skeleton is one of the major retention sites for internally deposited actinides. Thus, an accurate estimation of the total skeleton content of these elements is important for biokinetic modeling and internal radiation dose assessment. Data from 18 whole-body donations to the US Transuranium and Uranium Registries with known plutonium intakes were used to develop a simple and reliable method for estimation of plutonium and 241Am activity in the total skeleton from single-bone analysis. A coefficient of deposition K
dep, defined as the ratio of actinide content in the patella to that in the skeleton, was calculated for 239Pu, 238Pu, and 241Am. No statistical difference was found in K
dep values among these radionuclides. Variability in K
dep values was investigated with relation to skeleton pathology (osteoporosis). The average K
dep of 0.0051 ± 0.0009 for the osteoporotic group was statistically different from K
dep of 0.0032 ± 0.0010 for nonosteoporotic individuals. The use of K
dep allows for rapid estimation of the total skeletal content of plutonium and 241Am with up to 35% uncertainty. To improve accuracy and precision of total skeleton activity estimates, regression analysis with power function was applied to the data. Strong correlation (r
2 > 0.9) was found between 239Pu, 238Pu, and 241Am activities measured in the patella bone and total skeleton activity. The results of this study are specifically important for the optimization of bone sample collection for US Transuranium and Uranium Registries partial-body donations.
The Association Between Parental Depression and Child Psychosocial Intervention Outcomes: Directions for Future Research
Authors: Gladstone Tracy R. G. , Diehl Anne , Thomann Lauren O. , Beardslee William R. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Recent studies suggest that parental depressive symptoms may affect a child’s ability to benefit from interventions for anxiety and depression. This article reviews the current literature, suggesting that, when parents experience current depressive symptoms, children are less likely to benefit from psychosocial interventions for anxiety and depression. Opportunities for future research are discussed, including moderators and mechanisms of the association between parental depressive symptoms and child intervention outcomes.
Serum Anti-PGL-1 IgG, IgM, and IgA in a 3-Year Follow-up Study of 4–15-Year-old Leprosy Contacts
Authors: TiemiNagao-Dias Aparecida , Casimiro de Macedo Alexandre , Rodrigues Raphael Oliveira , Pedroza Fernando Henrique De Castro , Albuquerque Andressa Almeida , Moreira Francisca Aniele , Santos Mateus Camilla dos , Tavares Clódis Maria , Prata de Almeida Thereza Lúcia 
Published: June 2019

Background:
In 2015, the detection rate of leprosy in Santana do Ipanema municipality, Alagoas state, Brazil, was 39.3 cases per 100,000 inhabitants, and among young people below 15 years of age, it was 32.8 cases per 100,000 inhabitants.

Material and methods:
A prospective study was carried out from 2015 to 2017, in Santana do Ipanema city, with 69 leprosy contacts in the age group of 4–15 years. Measurement of serum IgM, IgG, and IgA against phenolic glycolipid antigen-1 (PGL-1) was done by an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Results:
A high frequency of positive anti-PGL-1 IgM was found in both paucibacillary and multibacillary contacts. Twenty-three participants presented suspected lesions and 45 did not. In both groups a high frequency of positive IgM was found. In regard to anti-PGL-1 IgG, it was found a strong association between its positivity and the presence of lesions (relative risk of 3.25). Eight new cases of leprosy were diagnosed, five of which were seropositive for anti-PGL-1. Again, a striking association was found between positive IgG and leprosy (relative risk of 8.5). No significant association was found between IgM isotype and disease, nor between IgA and disease.

Conclusions:
The present study reinforces the importance of measuring the three anti-PGL-1 isotypes in follow-up studies of leprosy contacts. Moreover, positive anti-PGL-1 IgG is associated with a high associated risk of disease.
Methylglyoxal causes pain and hyperalgesia in human through C-fiber activation
Authors: Düll Miriam M. , Riegel Kathrin , Tappenbeck Julia , Ries Vivien , Strupf Marion , Fleming Thomas , Sauer Susanne K. , Namer Barbara 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe endogenous metabolite methylglyoxal (MG) accumulates in diabetic patients with neuropathic pain. Methylglyoxal could be a mediator of diabetes-induced neuropathic pain through TRPA1 activation and sensitization of the voltage-gated sodium channel subtype 1.8. In this study, we tested the algogenic and sensitizing effect of MG in healthy human subjects using intracutaneous microinjections. The involvement of C fibers was assessed through selective A-fiber nerve block, axon-reflex-erythema, and through single nerve fiber recordings in humans (microneurography). Involvement of the transduction channels TRPA1 and TRPV1 in MG-induced pain sensation was investigated with specific ion channel blockers. We showed for the first time in healthy humans that MG induces pain, axon-reflex-erythema, and long-lasting hyperalgesia through the activation of C nociceptors. Predominantly, the subclass of mechano-insensitive C fibers is activated by MG. A fibers contribute only negligibly to the burning pain sensation. Selective pharmacological blockade of TRPA1 or TRPV1 showed that TRPA1 is crucially involved in MG-induced chemical pain sensation and heat hyperalgesia. In conclusion, the actions of MG through TRPA1 activation on predominantly mechano-insensitive C fibers might be involved in spontaneously perceived pain in diabetic neuropathy and hyperalgesia as well as allodynia.