bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Annotated catalogue of species of Angiostrongylus and the related genera Gallegostrongylus, Rodentocaulus and Stefanskostrongylus (Nematoda: Metastrongyloidea, Angiostrongylidae)
Authors: Cowie Robert H. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis catalogue is concerned with the closely related angiostrongylid generaAngiostrongylus,Gallegostrongylus,RodentocaulusandStefanskostrongylus. Three species,Angiostrongylus cantonensis,A. costaricensisandA. vasorum, have attracted most attention because of their importance in human and domestic animal disease. Many of the remaining species are poorly known and the number of valid taxa is unclear. The catalogue lists all nomenclaturally available and unavailable genus-group and species-group names that have been applied to the above genera and the species included in them, indicating their current nomenclatural status and providing the rigorous nomenclatural basis for future work. The catalogue lists 14 published and nomenclaturally available genus-group names, with the above four treated as valid, the other ten being junior synonyms. There are 42 published species-group names: 36 are valid, two are junior synonyms, four are nomenclaturally unavailable. One additional species, described inChabaudistrongylus(synonym ofAngiostrongylus), is listed asincertae sedisin Angiostrongylidae. Also listed are two unpublished collection names. The catalogue provides bibliographic details for all published names, and for available names provides locations of type material, details of type localities, geographic distributions and details of type and other hosts, both definitive and intermediate, to the extent known. The catalogue is a work of nomenclature, not a revisionary taxonomic work. No new names or new combinations are proposed. The apparently new family-group synonymy of Cardionematinae with Angiostrongylidae is introduced, as are four genus-group synonymies, three withAngiostrongylusand one withStefaskostrongylus.
New SMS classification of cochleovestibular malformation and its impact on decision-making
Authors: Grover M , Sharma S , Preetam C , Gupta G , Samdani S , Agarwal S , Singh S N , Sharma M P 
Published: May 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo propose a new classification of inner-ear anomalies that is more clinically oriented and surgically relevant: the SMS (Sawai Man Singh) classification of cochleovestibular malformations.MethodsA retrospective multicentric study was conducted of 436 cochlear implantations carried out in 3 Indian tertiary care institutes. Patients with anomalous anatomy were included and classified, as per the new SMS classification, into cochleovestibular malformation types I, II, III and IV, based on cochlear morphology, modiolus and lamina cribrosa.ResultsThere were 19, 23, 8 and 4 patients with cochleovestibular malformation types I, II, III and IV, respectively. Two-year post-operative Meaningful Auditory Integration Scale scores were statistically analysed.ConclusionThis new classification for inner-ear anomalies is a simpler, more practical, outcome-oriented classification that can be used to better plan the surgery. These merits make it a more uniform classification for recording results.
Towards the enhancement of pregnancy rate: The effect of insemination time on sperm transport, fertilization rate and embryo quality in dairy cattle
Authors: Dalton J.C. , Nadir S. , Bame J. , Noftsinger M. , Saacke R.G. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractTo further identify factors which influence pregnancy rates, three experiments were conducted to determine the effect of insemination time on sperm transport, fertilization rate, and embryo quality. All cows were continuously monitored for behavioural oestrus by HeatWatch®, and received AI at heat onset (0 h after the first standing event), 12 h after onset, or received natural service at 0 hfrom one of three bulls (Exp. 1). In Exp. 2, cows received AI at 0 h, 12 h, or 24 h after the first standing event. On d 6 after insemination 115 embryos(ova) (Exp. 1) and 117 embryos(ova) (Exp. 2) were recovered from single-ovulating cows. For Exp. 1, median accessory sperm values were: 1 (0 h), 10 (12 h), 27 (natural service O h) (P < 0.05). For Exp. 2, median accessory sperm values were: 1 (0 h), 2 (12 h), 4 (24 h) (P < 0.05). Fertilization rates were: 67% (0 h), 79% (12 h), 98% (natural service O h) (P < 0.05)(Exp. 1); and did not differ in Exp. 2. Embryo quality was not different in Exp. 1. In Exp. 2, percentages of excellent and good fair and poor, and degenerate embryos were: 77, 15, 8 (0 h), 52, 38, 10 (12 h), 47, 19, 34 (24 h) (P < 0.05). In Exp. 3, 30 cows were superovulated and were inseminated once at either 0 h, 12 h, or 24 h after the first standing event. On d 6 after insemination, 529 embryos(ova) were recovered. Fertilization rates were: 29% (0 h); 60% (12 h); 81% (24 h)(P < 0.01). Percentages of embryos with accessory sperm were: 5 (0 h); 8 (12 h); and 41(24 h) (P < 0.01). Embryo quality was not affected by time of AI. We conclude that the time of insemination affects: 1) sperm transport as measured by median accessory sperm number (Exp. 1 and 2) and the percentage of embryos with accessory sperm (Exp. 3); 2) fertilization rate (Exp. 1 and 3); and embryo quality (Exp. 2).
Early childhood social communication deficits in youth at clinical high-risk for psychosis: Associations with functioning and risk
Authors: Osborne K. Juston , Vargas Teresa , Mittal Vijay A. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractEffective social functioning requires a broad range of social communication skills that are impaired in psychosis populations. However, little is known about early childhood (4- to 5-year period) social communication during the premorbid (pre-illness) stage of psychosis. The present study utilized retrospective parent reports to examinetotalearly childhood social communication deficits, as well as deficits in two distinct domains,reciprocal social interaction(social smiling/eye gaze) andcommunication(social chat/gesture), in youth at clinical high-risk (CHR) for psychosis (ages 13–21; 37.2% female). Furthermore, associations between early childhood social communication and CHR youth's current functioning (social, academic/work), symptoms (positive/negative), and risk for conversion to psychosis were examined. Compared to healthy controls, CHR individuals had greater deficits intotalandcommunication-specific early childhood social communication. Early childhoodtotal,communication, andreciprocal social interactiondeficits were associated with worse current functioning and greater current negative symptom severity (amotivation/anhedonia) in CHR youth. Early childhoodtotalandreciprocal social interactiondeficits were also associated with increased risk for conversion. These findings inform the field's understanding of the etiology and pathophysiology of psychosis by extending the current developmental literature on premorbid deficits in psychosis populations to specific domains of social behavior in a critical developmental period.
Phytic acid and phosphorus in crop seeds and fruits: a global estimate
Authors: Lott1 John N.A. , Ockenden Irene , Raboy Victor , Batten Graeme D. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractA very important mineral storage compound in seeds is phytate, a mixed cation salt of phytic acid (myo-inositol hexakis phosphoric acid). This compound is important for several reasons: (1) It is vital for seed/grain development and successful seedling growth. (2) It is often considered to be an antinutritional substance in human diets, but it may have a positivenutritional role as an anti-oxidant and an anti-cancer agent. (3) It represents a very significant amount of phosphorus being extracted from soilsand subsequently removed with the crop. (4) It plays a role in eutrophication of waterways. A key part of this review is an estimate of the annualtonnage of phosphorus and phytic acid sequestered in up to 4.1 billion metric tonnes of crop seeds and fruits globally each year. We estimate thatnearly 35 million metric tonnes of phytic acid, containing 9.9 million metric tonnes of P, is combined with about 12.5 and 3.9 million metric tonnes of K and Mg respectively, to form each year over 51 million metric tonnes of phytate. The amount of P inthis phytate is equal to nearly 65÷ of the elemental P sold world wide for use in mineral fertilizers. Dry cereal grains account for 69÷ of the total crop seed/fruit production but account for 77÷ of the total phytic acid stored each year. Low phytate mutants, that are now available for some key staple food crops such as maize and barley, offer potential benefits in such areas as the sustainability of lands used to grow crops, the mineral nutrition of humans and animals, and reduction in pollution of waterways.
Dormancy in white-grain mutants of Chinese Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Authors: Warner R.L , Kudrna D.A. , Spaeth S.C. , Jones S.S. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractRed wheats (Triticum aestivum L.) are generally more dormant and sprout resistant than white wheats. Whether this is caused by pleiotropic effectsof the red grain colour genes (R) on dormancy and coat colour, or to tight linkage between R and dormancy genes has not been fully resolved. To directly determine the effect of the R1 allele on dormancy, mutations were induced with sodium azide in a pure line selection of the red genotype (R1R1r2r2r3r3) Chinese Spring wheat. Two white mutants (CSW01, CSW02) were recovered from M3 caryopses derived from approximately 20,000 M2 plants. Both mutants were shown to be allelic to a domesticwhite genotype (r1r1r2r2r3r3). Except for seed coat colour, CSW01 and CSW02 are morphologically indistinguishable from the wild type and are presumed to be near isogenic lines of Chinese Spring. Freshly harvested grainsproduced under four different environments were evaluated for post-harvest dormancy. In all environments, intact caryopses of all three isolines exhibited high temperature dormancy typical of cereal species, although the red wild type consistently exhibited greater dormancy than the white mutant isolines. Dormancy was dissipated by afterripening in dry storage at 37°C in a similar manner for the red and white isolines. Excised embryos of the three isolines exhibited similar levels of dormancy and sensitivities to exogenous abscisic acid. These results indicate a functional R1 allele is not absolutely required for dormancy in wheat, but does enhance its expression in caryopses with dormant (sensitive) embryos
Net energy efficiencies of Holstein, Jersey and Holstein-Jersey F1-crosses
Authors: Schwager-Suter R. , Stricker C. , Erdin D. , Künzi N. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractNet energy efficiencies were calculated from data of an experimental herd with respect to type of cow, lactation number, stage of lactation and diet. The trial consisted of 71 Holstein-Friesians, 71 Jerseys and 71 Holstein-Jersey F1-crosses in 1st, 2nd and > 2nd lactation. Data were collected during 210 days of lactation, from calving to week 30 and included total dry matter intake, energy content of foods, milk yield, milk solids, body weight, body condition scores and several body measurements. The cows were divided into four feeding groups : high and low energy content of roughage as well as high and low proportion of concentrates. Net energy efficiency was calculated as the ratio of milk energy to total net energy intake after subtracting energy utilized for maintenance and body tissue change. Body tissue change was calculated either via body-weight changes or body condition-score changes. Due to the distribution of the efficiencies being skewed, efficiencies were transformed applying a Box-Cox transformation. Transformed net energy efficiencies were analysed using a repeated measurements design considering the sequential nature of the observations. Mixed models with a compound symmetry structure for the variance components were applied. Final models contained the fixed effects of type, lactation number, feeding group and the covariates week of lactation and its square. Holstein-Jersey crosses were more efficient than purebreds, second lactation cows were least efficient, cows given low energy roughage and a lower proportion of concentrates were more efficient than cows on the other diets. Least efficient were the cows belonging to the high energy roughage and higher proportion of concentrates group. The coefficients of determination of the final models were between 0·357 and 0·492.
Dependence of Whistler Mode Chorus Wave Generation on the Maximum Linear Growth Rate
Authors: Tang Rongxin , Summers Danny 
Published: May 2019

AbstractWhistler mode chorus waves play a key role in controlling electron dynamics in Earth's inner magnetosphere. A criterion has been previously suggested whereby if the maximum value of the linear growth rate of whistler mode waves exceeds a certain critical bound, then fully nonlinear wave growth occurs and chorus waves are generated. This criterion corresponds to a boundary curve in (Nh/N0,AT) space where Nh is the hot electron number density, N0 is the cold electron number density, and AT is the thermal anisotropy. Chorus waves are generated in the region above the boundary curve, while no chorus waves are generated below the boundary curve. In the present study, we make use of a recently published set of 36 particle simulations of chorus, and we thereby are able to confirm the validity of the criterion. It is expected that this simple concept of the theoretical boundary curve based on linear theory will be useful in guiding the choice of parameters in future simulations of chorus and also of practical use in interpreting experimental chorus wave data.
Rapid Discriminative Variational Bayesian Inversion of Geophysical Data for the Spatial Distribution of Geological Properties
Authors: Nawaz M. A. , Curtis A. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractWe present a new, fully probabilistic and nonlinear inversion method to estimate the spatial distribution of geological properties (depositional facies, diagenetic rock types, or other rock properties) from geophysical data (e.g., seismic data). Contrary to the conventional generative approach that models solution probabilities via the likelihood of observed data, our method uses a discriminative approach that directly models the posterior distribution of the geological properties given the data. This reduces the modeling effort significantly and allows machine learning algorithms such as neural networks to be deployed to solve large geophysical inference problems. We show that our method honors spatial distributions of geological parameters supplied as prior information about local geology and can be trained using supervised learning to be robust against noise present in the data as long as we can provide statistical characteristics of the noise. Exact Bayesian inference is almost always infeasible in practice because it requires normalization of the posterior distribution; this is intractable for large models and must therefore be approximated. Most existing probabilistic inversion methods use stochastic sampling (e.g., Markov chain Monte Carlo, McMC) for approximate inference. However, McMC involves the use of subjective criteria to detect convergence. We use the variational Bayes method to transform probabilistic inference into numerical optimization. This is a more efficient, deterministic alternative to McMC‐based inference for suitably structured problems. Our method thus avoids extensive sampling during inference, yet provides fully probabilistic Bayesian results, and is therefore scalable to higher dimensional problems.
Seasonality of Warm Water Intrusions Onto the Continental Shelf Near the Totten Glacier
Authors: Silvano Alessandro , Rintoul Stephen R. , Kusahara Kazuya , Peña‐Molino Beatriz , van Wijk Esmee , Gwyther David E. , Williams Guy D. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractWarm Modified Circumpolar Deep Water (MCDW) from the Southern Ocean drives rapid basal melt of the Totten Ice Shelf on the Sabrina Coast (East Antarctica), affecting the mass balance of the grounded Totten Glacier. Recent observations show that MCDW intrudes onto the continental shelf through a depression at the shelf break. Here we investigate such intrusions by combining (1) new oceanographic and bathymetric observations collected for two consecutive years by profiling floats in the depression south of the shelf break, (2) oceanographic measurements collected by conductivity‐temperature‐depth‐instrumented seals on continental slope, and (3) an ocean model. The depression provides a pathway for persistent inflow of warm (0‐1°C) MCDW to the inner shelf. In austral autumn and early winter MCDW intrusions were up to 0.5°C warmer and were ~75 m thicker than in spring and summer. The seasonality of the flow on the continental slope explains the seasonality of the intrusions. The MCDW layer on the continental slope is warmer and thicker to the east of the depression than to the west. In autumn and early winter a strong, top‐to‐bottom westward current (Antarctic Slope Current) transports the warmer and thicker MCDW layer along the slope and is diverted poleward at the eastern entrance of the depression. A bottom‐intensified eastward current (Antarctic Slope Undercurrent) develops in other months, allowing cooler and thinner intrusions to enter the depression from the west. Our study illustrates how circulation on the Antarctic slope regulates the ocean heat delivery to the continental shelf and ultimately to the ice shelves.
Effect of Meteorological Variability on Fine Particulate Matter Simulations Over the Contiguous United States
Authors: Kumar Rajesh , Lee Jared A. , Delle Monache Luca , Alessandrini Stefano 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis study quantifies the impact of meteorological variability on the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model‐simulated particulate matter of aerodynamic diameter 2.5 μm or smaller (particulate matter 2.5 [PM2.5]) over the contiguous United States (CONUS). The meteorological variability is represented using the Short‐Range Ensemble Forecast (SREF) produced operationally by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. A hierarchical cluster analysis technique is applied to down‐select a subset of the SREF members that objectively accounts for the overall meteorological forecast variability of SREF. Three SREF members are selected to drive off‐line CMAQ simulations during January, April, July, and October 2016. Changes in emissions, vertical diffusion, and aerosol processes due to meteorological variability dominate changes in aerosol mass concentrations over 55‐73% of the domain except in July when dry deposition dominates emissions and aerosol processes. Weather Research and Forecasting‐Advanced Research WRF (WRF‐ARW) simulations reproduced the variability of surface temperature very well but overestimated the 10‐m wind speed, precipitation, and at some sites the planetary boundary layer height. Averaged over CONUS, CMAQ simulations driven by all three meteorological configurations capture the observed daytime low and nighttime high PM2.5 mass concentrations but underestimated the observed concentrations likely due to faster advection and higher wet deposition in the model. PM2.5 levels across the three simulations agreed well during daytime but showed larger variability during nighttime due to dominance of aerosol, clouds, and advection processes in nighttime. The meteorology‐induced variability in PM2.5 is estimated to be 0.08–24 μg/m3 over the CONUS with larger variability over the eastern United States.
Soil Evaporation in a Shaded Coffee Plantation Derived From Eddy Covariance Measurements
Authors: Holwerda F. , Meesters A. G. C. A. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractLittle is known about soil evaporation (Esoil) in shaded coffee plantations. In this study, Esoil and its proportion to total evapotranspiration and rainfall (P) were quantified for a densely shaded Arabica coffee plantation (~80% tree cover) in central Veracruz, Mexico, using eddy covariance (EC) measurements made above the tree canopy and at the boundary between the stem space and canopy of the coffee crop. While measurements above the canopy were made continuously during the 1‐year study period (October 2016 to September 2017), this was not possible for the above‐soil level due to logistical considerations, and hence, annual Esoil was calculated from a relationship between the ratio of the actual to the equilibrium Esoil and surface soil water content. This empirical model was calibrated using 31 days of EC measurements, representing the range in surface soil water content observed during the study period. Examining the above‐canopy and above‐soil EC measurements for quality yielded similar results with regard to stationarity (99% and 85% of the time, respectively) and degree of energy balance closure (81% and 96%, respectively). The permanent and relatively dense vegetation cover provided by the shade trees and coffee plants reduced net radiation at the soil surface to only about 12% of the above‐canopy value. Consequently, Esoil was a minor fraction of evapotranspiration (10–13%) and P (8–9%), with the spread reflecting uncertainties related to the failure to close the energy balance. In addition to the low‐energy availability, Esoil may have been reduced by the presence of a litter layer.
Investigating Ocean Deoxygenation During the PETM Through the Cr Isotopic Signature of Foraminifera
Authors: Remmelzwaal Serginio R. C. , Dixon Sophie , Parkinson Ian J. , Schmidt Daniela N. , Monteiro Fanny M. , Sexton Philip , Fehr Manuela A. , Peacock Caroline , Donnadieu Yannick , James Rachael H. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractOver the past several decades, oxygen minimum zones have rapidly expanded due to rising temperatures raising concerns about the impacts of future climate change. One way to better understand the drivers behind this expansion is to evaluate the links between climate and seawater deoxygenation in the past especially in times of geologically abrupt climate change such as the Palaeocene‐Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), a well‐characterized period of rapid warming ~56 Ma. We have developed and applied the novel redox proxies of foraminiferal Cr isotopes (δ53Cr) and Ce anomalies (Ce/Ce*) to assess changes in paleoredox conditions arising from changes in oxygen availability. Both δ53Cr and Cr concentrations decrease notably over the PETM at intermediate to upper abyssal water depths, indicative of widespread reductions in dissolved oxygen concentrations. An apparent correlation between the sizes of δ53Cr and benthic δ18O excursions during the PETM suggests temperature is one of the main controlling factors of deoxygenation in the open ocean. Ocean Drilling Program Sites 1210 in the Pacific and 1263 in the Southeast Atlantic suggest that deoxygenation is associated with warming and circulation changes, as supported by Ce/Ce* data. Our geochemical data are supported by simulations from an intermediate complexity climate model (cGENIE), which show that during the PETM anoxia was mostly restricted to the Tethys Sea, while hypoxia was more widespread as a result of increasing atmospheric CO2 (from 1 to 6 times preindustrial values).