bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Cold on Platelets. II. Platelet Function After Short-term Storage at Cold Temperatures
Authors: Kattlove Herman E. , Alexander Benjamin , White Frances 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Citrated platelet-rich plasma (PRP) was kept at cold temperatures or room temperature. After 4 hr or more at these temperatures, the PRPs were warmed 1 hr at 37°C. This prevents the spontaneous aggregation seen in chilled PRP that is stirred immediately after warming. Platelet aggregation in response to connective tissue (CT), epinephrine, and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) was considerably greater in the PRPs originally kept at cold temperatures. In addition, chilling would restore the aggregation of platelets whose function had deteriorated due to prolonged storage at warm temperatures. Neither ADP-induced refractoriness, serotonin uptake, or CT-induced serotonin release was affected by cold. Retention in glass bead columns was greater in platelets that had been chilled than in platelets kept at room temperature or 37°C. Thus, the storage of platelets at cold temperatures leads to changes that improve platelet aggregation but may also increase platelet adhesion, which would account for the decreased in vivo survival of platelets preserved for transfusion at cold temperatures.
Growth of Leukemic Cells in Culture
Authors: Aye M. T. , Till J. E. , McCulloch E. A. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Peripheral blood cells from three patients with leukemia in relapse increased in numbers in short-term suspension cultures. This increase was dependent on the presence of either feeder populations containing a high percentage of blast cells or conditioned medium derived from such populations. Aneuploid cells present in direct marrow preparations were also prevalent in the cultures after 10 days. The apparent specificity of the increase for leukemic populations may provide a new approach to the study of leukemic blast cells.
Primary and Secondary Myelofibrosis: Its Relationship to "PNH-like Defect"
Authors: Kuo Chi-yen , Van Voolen G. Arthur , Morrison Alan N. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Twenty-two patients with primary myelofibrosis and myeloid metaplasia (MMM) and ten patients with MMM secondary to carcinoma were studied for the relationship of MMM to "PNH-like defect." Laboratory measurements included Ham’s test, sucrose hemolysis test, sugar-water test, leukocyte alkaline phosphatase, haptoglobin, and urinary hemosiderin. The defects of the red cell membrane, as evidenced by acid and sucrose lysis tests, were limited to those with primary MMM and occurred in 54% of the cases. Another 10% showed decreased haptoglobin level, positive sugar-water test, and/or hemosiderinuria suggestive of the syndrome.
Leukocyte Labeling With 51Chromium. IV. The Kinetics of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemic Lymphocytes
Authors: Scott James L. , McMillan Robert , Marino Joseph V. , Davidson J. Gary 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The kinetics of radiochromate-labeled autologous blood lymphocytes were studied in ten cases of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). The labeled cells equilibrated with an enlarged recirculating lymphocyte pool (RLP) distributed between the blood, the spleen, and the bone marrow. The size of the RLP, estimated from dilution of the labeled cells, was better correlated with the degree of splenomegaly and marrow infiltration than was the blood lymphocyte count. The marrow fraction of the RLP turned over more slowly than the splenic pool. The half-life of the labeled cells in the RLP varied in individual cases from one to 11 days. Lymphocyte life span was not related either to the blood lymphocyte count or to the size of the RLP. The mean half-life of 3.8 days was significantly shorter than the normal lymphocyte half-life of 18 days. We conclude that CLL is characterized by overproduction of a strain of abnormally short-lived lymphocytes.
Control of Erythropoiesis in Rats With Adjuvant-induced Chronic Inflammation
Authors: Lukens John N. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In order to characterize the defect in erythroid homeostasis in chronic inflammatory states, the relationship between erythropoietin production and erythropoietic response was examined in rats with adjuvant disease. Exposure of adjuvant-injected rats to graded levels of lowered barometric pressure induced increases in plasma erythropoietin which were significantly less than those measured in normal animals similarly stimulated. Erythropoietin inhibitors were not detected by in vitro or in vivo assay techniques: the biological activity of ovine erythropoietin was not modified by incubation with plasma from rats with adjuvant disease; the erythropoietic response of ex-hypoxic polycythemic mice to erythropoietin was not compromised by injections of test plasma; and the burst of erythropoiesis induced in ex-hypoxic polycythemic mice by a hypobaric stimulus was not modified by plasma given prior to or at various intervals after hypobaric exposure. Exogenous erythropoietin elicited nearly identical increases of radioiron incorporation in normal and adjuvant-injected rats whose endogenous erythropoietin was suppressed by hypertransfusion. It is concluded that the diminished erythropoietic response to anemia in adjuvant-induced chronic inflammation results from a relative failure in the production of biologically active erythropoietin.
An Unusual Pattern of Neutrophil Kinetics in Sickle Cell Anemia
Authors: Boggs Dane R. , Hyde Fred , Srodes Carl 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Blood neutrophil kinetics were studied withwith DF32P in patients with sickle cell anemia. Neutrophil concentration in venous blood samples and the size of the circulating granulocyte pool (CGP) were high normal or abnormally high in all patients. The total blood granulocyte pool (TBGP) was not increased to the same degree as the CGP so that in part, the neutrophilia associated with sickle cell anemia represents a shift from marginated to circulating blood compartments. The half disappearance time (T½) of blood neutrophils tended to be short so that with an elevated or high normal TBGP the absolute granulocyte turnover rate (GTR) tended to be increased. The fractional GTR was regularly increased. In most types of neutrophilia the T½ tends to be increased rather than shortened and the fractional GTR may be normal, decreased, or increased. The increased fractional GTR observed in sickle cell anemia suggests that the absolute increase in neutrophil loss from the blood is not merely a function of increased pool size as was suggested previouslyy.
The Question of Cycling of the Blood Neutrophil Concentrations and Pitfalls in the Statistical Analysis of Sampled Data
Authors: Maughan W. Z. , Bishop C. R. , Pryor T. A. , Athens J. W. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
To test the hypothesis that there is normally a 14-21 day cycle in blood neutrophil concentration, the blood of 13 normal male volunteers was sampled daily for 42 consecutive days. No evidence for cyclic variation in neutrophil concentration was found. The effect of deleting four samples per week and interpolating values linearly or parabolically was tested by power spectrum analysis, since this type of analysis was used in the studies in which cycling was found. The interpolation of missing values was found to introduce apparent cycling, and the results of the analysis of daily neutrophil counts was no different than that obtained with a series of random numbers.
Studies of the Neutropenia of Acute Malaria
Authors: Dale David C. , Wolff Sheldon M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Neutrophil kinetics were studied in seven patients with acute malaria. Six patients with Plasmodium vivax had a mean neutrophil count of 1651 ± 282/ cu mm (range 360-2340); the neutrophil count in one patient with P. falciparum malaria was normal (4600/cu mm). In all of these patients, the numbers of circulating nonsegmented neutrophils were increased, neutrophil half-disappearance times were prolonged, and the total blood granulocyte pools were normal or increased. The marginal granulocyte pools were greatly enlarged but circulating pools were reduced, indicating that the apparent neutropenia was due to an altered intravascular granulocyte distribution. These patients had reduced numbers of mature marrow granulocytes and decreased marrow granulocyte reserves. These data provide a model for one mechanism of neutropenia in man: premature release of marrow granulocytes with a shift of the circulating cells into the marginal pool.
An Ultrastructural Study of the Red Pulp of the Spleen in Malaria
Authors: Schnitzer B. , Sodeman T. M. , Mead M. L. , Contacos P. G. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
An ultrastructural study was undertaken of the spleen of a rhesus monkey infected with Plasmodium knowlesi to determine whether the spleen is able to pit malaria parasites from red cells. It was found that in the spleen parasitized cells are: (1) phagocytized in toto by cordal macrophages, (2) pitted of parasites, and (3) hemolyzed in the splenic microvasculature. Phagocytosis of the entire parasitized red cell appears to occur most frequently of the three mechanisms and probably accounts for most of the anemia. Pitting of parasitized red cells may account in part for the hemolysis in excess of the number of parasitized red cells seen in malaria. The red cells that have had their parasites removed would become spherocytic and hence, would be more susceptible to removal from the circulation during subsequent passages through the spleen.
B12 Dependence of Cell Uptake of Serum Folate: An Explanation for High Serum Folate and Cell Folate Depletion in B12 Deficiency
Authors: Tisman Glenn , Herbert Victor 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Bone marrow cells from patients with vitamin B12 deficiency took up much less N5-methyltetrahydrofolate(MeTHF) than did normal bone marrow cells but showed no significant reduction in pterolyglutamate (PGA) uptake. Addition of B12 to the incubation medium enhanced the cell uptake of MeTHF only in B12-deficient patients. These data support the concept of a B12 requirement for cell uptake of MeTHF.
The Role of the Sinus Wall in the Passage of Erythrocytes Through the Spleen
Authors: Chen Li-Tsun , Weiss Leon 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The passage of erythrocytes through the walls of splenic sinuses was studied in rats treated with phenylhydrazine. The sinus wall contained no preformed apertures. Instead, erythrocytes and other cells passing through the spleen entered interendothelial slits and squeezed through. The presence of phenylhydrazine-induced Heinz bodies within erythrocytes impeded their transmural passage. Normally, few erythrocytes were found in transit across the walls of sinuses. However, after phenylhydrazine, many of the interendothelial slits in sinuses were occupied by damaged erythrocytes. Virtually all of the interendothelial slits in sinuses appeared capable of passing erythrocytes. The slits seldom exceeded 0.2-0.5 µ in width, even with an erythrocyte in passage. Bands of intraendothelial microfilaments running alongside the interendothelial slits appeared to have a major role in causing the slits to remain narrow. Thus, the sinus wall, reinforced by microfilamentous bands, significantly controlled the circulation of erythrocytes through the spleen. Normal red cells were pliant enough to squeeze through, but cells containing large rigid inclusions were held in the slits or delayed in their passage. When many of the slits were occupied by cells slow in passage, the outflow track became blocked, and circulation through the spleen was impeded. Therefore, cells pooled in the cords, macrophages increased in number, and the sequences initiated that resulted in splenomegaly.
Expression and Linkage of Genes for X-linked Hemophilias A and B in the Dog
Authors: Brinkhous K. M. , Davis P. D. , Graham John B. , Dodds W. Jean 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The linkage distance on the X chromosome between the genes for hemophilia A (classic hemophilia) and B (PTC deficiency, Christmas disease) was estimated directly by breeding two strains of dogs, each segregating for a different type of hemophilia. Gene expression was determined by bioassays of plasma factor VIII (antihemophilic factor) and factor IX (PTC, Christmas factor). Double heterozygotes in repulsion for both hemophilia A and B could be readily identified by intermediate plasma levels of both procoagulants. There was no evidence of a tendency toward preferential inactivation of the paternally derived X chromosome, and the procoagulant levels showed that random inactivation had occurred at both loci. When double heterozygotes were bred against normal males or males with hemophilia A and B, the progeny that resulted indicated that the genes recombined freely. Thus, the genes are at least 50 map units apart. The phenotypes of five new hemophilic genotypes are described as a result of the various crossbreedings, including males with double hemophilia AB. When both hemophilia genes are in the coupling phase, there is evidence of increased intrauterine or neonatal lethality in males. The data from this study, along with that on gene linkage of human hemophilia A and B, provide support for the thesis of homology of the X chromosome during speciation.
Fetal Thymic Transplant in Patients With Hodgkin’s Disease
Authors: Marcolongo Roberto , Di Paolo Nicola 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Five patients with Hodgkin’s disease were treated by transplantation of fetal thymic tissue. Clinical and immunologic studies, carried out for over 5 mo thereafter, revealed a prompt improvement in previously defective cellular immune functions, including a significant rise of absolute lymphocytes in the peripheral blood and a normalization of tuberculin skin sensitivity and of the response of peripheral blood lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin. It is suggested that fetal thymic transplant into patients with Hodgkin’s disease appears at present the best tool of improving their immunologic deficiency.
The Sickle-Unsickle Cycle: A Cause of Cell Fragmentation Leading to Permanently Deformed Cells
Authors: Padilla F. , Bromberg P. A. , Jensen W. N. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
We are reporting in vitro observations of sickle-unsickle transformation of freely suspended single cells (HbSS) induced by oxygenation-deoxygenation. The events were recorded by cinematography (phase optics, 16 mm cinematography). In addition, cells were fixed after progressive increments of oxygenation for subsequent scanning-beam electron microscopy. These studies seem to warrant the following conclusions regarding HbSS erythrocytes: (1) There is variability in the propensity to sickling of cells seemingly subjected to the same environment. (2) Repetitive sickling of a single cell does not result in identical sickle deformities. (3) Disk to sickle to disk transformation may occur without apparent membrane loss or distortion or may be accompanied by the shedding of microspherules or by the loss of microspherules and permanent cell deformation. (4) Red cell "flicker" normally seen by phase-contrast cinemicrophotography disappears early in the sickling process and recurs during unsickling. (5) Sickling and unsickling as visually detected required 10-15 sec.
Ristocetin: A Means of Differentiating Von Willebrand’s Disease Into Two Groups
Authors: Howard Margaret A. , Sawers R. J. , Firkin B. G. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Earlier studies have shown that patients with von Willebrand’s disease are considered to have normal platelets, but they lack at least one plasma protein. Results are presented indicating that ristocetin, known to aggregate normal platelets, fails to cause platelet aggregation in the group of von Willebrand’s disease patients exhibiting no platelet adhesiveness. It is postulated that there may be two groups of patients within von Willebrand’s disease and, further, that ristocetin will provide a useful approach to study the plasma deficiency or abnormality in von Willebrand’s disease.
Normal Granulocyte Colony-forming Cells in the Bone Marrow of Yemenite Jews With Genetic Neutropenia
Authors: Mintz Uri , Sachs Leo 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The frequency of normal granulocyte colony-forming cells in the bone marrow of Yemenite Jews with genetic, absolute neutropenia and no special tendency to infection has been studied with conditioned medium from human embryo fibroblasts. Cells from these neutropenic patients gave an average of about twice the number of granulocyte colonies as bone marrow cells from nonneutropenic patients. No morphologic abnormalities were observed in the granulocytes in bone marrow smears or in colonies formed in vitro. The results indicate that the neutropenia in these patients was not due to a deficiency of granulocyte colony-forming cells. It is suggested that the neutropenia is due to a defect in the release mechanism of mature granulocytes from the bone marrow to the peripheral blood.
The Role of Granulocytes in Endotoxin-induced Vascular Injury
Authors: Gaynor Evelyn 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This study examines the role of neutrophils (PMN) in the pathogenesis of the endothelial lesion induced by a single sublethal dose of endotoxin. It is intended to clarify whether the margination of PMN on endothelium after endotoxin causes intimal injury or is a response to it. Neutropenic rabbits had mean PMN counts of 33/cu mm 72 hr after nitrogen mustard (HN2). They were heparinized and given either intravenous endotoxin or saline and were sacrificed 30-60 min later. Preterminal blood samples were positive for the presence of endothelium in 77% of endotoxin-treated neutropenic rabbits, in 87% of endotoxin-treated normal rabbits, and in only 12% of neutropenic rabbits given saline. Sections of aorta revealed marked abnormalities of endothelium in rabbits receiving endotoxin, whether neutropenic (90% had lesions) or normal (85% had lesions). Endothelial abnormalities included vacuolation and lysis, marked subendothelial edema, and desquamation. Similar lesions in control neutropenic rabbits were not found, and mild abnormalities were seen only rarely. These data indicate that neutropenia does not protect rabbits from endothelial injury due to endotoxin. They further suggest that HN2 may cause endothelial damage either directly or secondary to the effects of neutropenia.
Effect of Smoking on Tissue Oxygen Supply
Authors: Sagone Arthur L. , Lawrence Thomas , Balcerzak Stanley P. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine if chronic exposure to low levels of carbon monoxide (CO) in man results in tissue hypoxia. For this reason, nine smokers (more than one pack of cigarettes per day) were studied. The presence of hypoxia was assessed by measurement of red cell mass (RCM). The effect of CO on intraerythrocytic factors involved with oxygen delivery was determined by measurement of oxygen-hemoglobin affinity (P50) and of red cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Values were compared to those of 18 nonsmokers of similar age, sex, and race. Values for carboxyhemoglobin (COHb), RCM, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and red cell count were significantly higher in the smokers. DPG levels were unaltered, while P50 and ATP levels were significantly lower in smokers. These data suggest that chronic exposure to low levels of CO results in tissue hypoxia, probably as a result of decreased blood oxygen carrying capacity and increased blood-O2 affinity. Adaption is reflected in an increased RCM and not by intraerythrocytic changes. The response in RCM may be to levels seen in polycythemia vera, as evidenced by a value of 37.6 in one smoker whose RCM fell to normal after discontinuing cigarettes. This study indicates that smoking causes mild erythrocytosis comparable to that seen in spurious or stress polycythemia. It also suggests that chronic exposure to low levels of CO may further embarrass tissue oxygen supply in patients with anemia, heart disease, chronic lung disease, and cerebral vascular disease in whom oxygen delivery to tissues is already marginal.
Dyserythropoiesis, Refractory Anemia, and "Preleukemia:" Metabolic Features of the Erythrocytes
Authors: Valentine William N. , Konrad Patricia N. , Paglia Donald E. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Twenty-one enzymatic activities and red cell glutathione content are compared in cord blood, dyserythropoietic disorders, normal subjects, and subjects with hemolytic syndromes and reticulocytosis approximating that of the newborn. The dyserythropoietic states are heterogeneous and include several hereditary disorders, "preleukemia" and overt leukemia, refractory anemia with and without marrow ringed sideroblasts, and folate deficiency. Many activities exceeded those of cord erythrocytes and "high reticulocyte" controls by one or even several standard deviations. The low phosphoglycerate kinase and glutathione peroxidase and relatively low ribosophosphate pyrophosphokinase and adenine-phosphoribosyl transferase of cord erythrocytes were mimicked uncommonly. Pyruvate kinase was often relatively or absolutely low and sometimes dramatically so. Enzyme ratios were grossly aberrant. Capricious very high individual activities occurred in some instances. The heterogeneous nature of case material, including both hereditary and acquired syndromes, renders it difficult to interpret similarities often seen from case to case and sometimes to cord blood patterns on the basis of the reversion to fetal erythropoiesis as a common denominator. Rather, the cyto- and karyokinetic abnormalities characterizing dyserythropoiesis of diverse etiologies may result in exaggerations and distortions of a normal asynchronism in loss of functional genetic material governing enzyme synthesis as the nucleus degenerates and cytoplasmic organelles are lost.
The Importance of Bone Marrow Biopsy in the Staging of Patients With Lymphosarcoma
Authors: Vinciguerra Vincent , Silver Richard T. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The frequency of bone marrow involvement in patients with lymphosarcoma (LSA) and the particular value of the marrow biopsy, as compared with the aspiration smear technique, in the initial staging of this disease were investigated. Certain physical findings and laboratory studies were analyzed to determine whether the presence of marrow invasion could be predicted. Of 75 patients, 47 (63%) were found to have a positive marrow examination. The clinical stage of 40 of these 75 patients was changed to stage IV as a result of bone marrow biopsy; these included four of nine (44%) stage I patients, 9 of 12 (75%) stage 5 patients, and 27 of 41 (65%) stage III patients. Bone marrow biopsy more often yielded positive results (62%) than did aspiration smears (38%). Little correlation was found between extent of disease on initial physical examination and marrow involvement. A normal hematocrit, white blood cell count, and/or platelet count did not preclude the presence of marrow invasion. The technique of bone marrow biopsy is a simple and valuable procedure in the staging of lymphosarcoma. It uncovers unsuspected and widespread diseases in those patients whose illness appears restricted to even one or two node groups. The high frequency of marrow involvement in patients with LSA is evidence that many patients have widespread disease at the time of diagnosis; thus, marrow biopsy, when positive, is an invaluable test for their initial staging. We urge that it be performed routinely in all patients, irrespective of apparent clinical extent of disease.