bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Incidence of Physiatry-Relevant Complications in Trauma Patients Admitted to an Urban Canadian Trauma Center
Authors: MacDonald Shannon L. , Robinson Lawrence R. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
The objective of this study was to describe the incidence of complications in trauma patients that could be prevented, diagnosed, or managed by a consulting acute care physiatrist. Demographic and complication data were extracted by chart review of adult trauma patients admitted to a Canadian academic trauma center. Subjects were included if they had a diagnosis of traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, or multiple injuries resulting in an Injury Severity Score greater than 15. Means and standard deviations were calculated for continuous variables and frequencies for categorical data. Secondary analyses involved using Spearman's ρ and χ2 analysis to examine relationships between the development of complications and various patient factors. A total of 286 individuals were included. The overall incidence of a physical medicine & rehabilitation-relevant complication was 32.9%. The complications with the highest incidence were pneumonia (15.5%), delirium (14.1%), and urinary tract infection (13.4%). Secondary analyses demonstrated associations between the development of complications with older age, the presence of comorbidities, having both a traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury, and length of stay. This study demonstrated that trauma patients may experience multiple complications that are of relevance to the consulting physiatrist.
A Current Review of Biologic Meshes in Abdominal Wall Reconstruction
Authors: Nahabedian Maurice Y. , Sosin Michael , Bhanot Parag 
Published: August 2018

Summary:
It is well accepted that the use of mesh has facilitated and improved outcomes following repair of the complex abdominal hernias. Current mesh options include biologic, synthetic, and resorbable materials. The use of biologic materials for the repair and reinforcement of abdominal wall hernia has generated significant discussion. There are a variety of biologic mesh materials that are currently available that are derived from various sources including human, porcine, or bovine. All are processed for heterogeneous use, include variable amounts of collagen and elastin, and may or may not be crosslinked. The mechanism of action for biologic mesh is the incorporation, revascularization, and recellularization into the surrounding soft tissue. The presumed benefit is that the added soft-tissue support will reduce the incidence of surgical-site occurrences including recurrence. This article will review the salient studies that have incorporated biologic materials for the repair of complex abdominal hernia.
Enhanced Recovery Pathway for Complex Abdominal Wall Reconstruction
Authors: Orenstein Sean B. , Martindale Robert G. 
Published: August 2018

Summary:
Ventral hernia repair with abdominal wall reconstruction can be a challenging endeavor, as patients commonly present not only with complex and recurrent hernias but also often with comorbidities that increase the risk of postoperative complications including wound morbidity and hernia recurrence, among other risks. By optimizing patient comorbidities in the preoperative setting and managing postoperative care in a regimented fashion, enhanced recovery after surgery pathways allow for a systematic approach to reduce complications and speed up recovery following ventral hernia repair.
Measuring Success in Complex Abdominal Wall Reconstruction: The Role of Validated Outcome Scales
Authors: Otero Javier , Arnold Michael R. , Hope William W. , Augenstein Vedra A. 
Published: August 2018

Background:
Diminished quality of life (QOL) often drives patients to hernia repair, and patient-reported outcomes have gained importance in hernia research. Functional outcomes provide a patient-centered evaluation of a treatment, and improved QOL is a desired outcome assessing treatment effectiveness.

Methods:
Properties of validated QOL measure are reviewed and distinctions between generic and disease-specific measures are discussed. Based on a review of the literature, current validated outcome scales are evaluated and compared.

Results:
Currently, there is little agreement over the best means to measure QOL. As a result, several measures have been created, focusing on several distinct aspects of QOL. While generic measures provide global assessments, disease-specific measures report changes as they relate to the hernia itself and hernia surgery. With the introduction of new QOL measures, it is important to understand the properties of a good QOL measure.

Conclusions:
Several questions remain unanswered regarding QOL, including which measures best assess hernia patients, what is the ideal time to evaluate QOL, and for how long postoperatively should QOL be measured. The introduction of guidelines to address these issues may enable improvement in value assessment.
Factors Associated With Progression of Lung Function Abnormalities in HIV-Infected Individuals
Authors: Li Yijia , Nouraie Seyed Mehdi , Kessinger Cathy , Weinman Renee , Huang Laurence , Greenblatt Ruth M. , Kleerup Eric , Kingsley Lawrence , McMahon Deborah , Fitzpatrick Meghan , Morris Alison 
Published: August 2018

Background:
HIV is an independent risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; however, baseline risk factors for lung function decline remain largely unknown in this population.

Methods:
HIV-infected participants in the Pittsburgh Lung HIV Cohort with at least 3 pulmonary function measurements between 2007 and 2016 were included. Pulmonary function testing including postbronchodilator (BD) spirometry and diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide (DLco) was performed every 18 months. We used a mixed-effect linear model to evaluate factors associated with pulmonary function testing and DLco decline and logistic regression models to evaluate factors associated with rapid FEV1 decline (defined as >80 mL per year) and any DLco decline.

Results:
Two hundred eighty-five HIV-infected participants were included. Median baseline CD4 cell count was 521 cells per micro liter, 61.9% had an undetectable HIV viral load at baseline, and 78.5% were receiving ART. Approximately 20% of participants met Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) criteria for a diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease at baseline. Older age and baseline GOLD stage 1 compared with stage 0 were associated with faster decline in post-BD FEV1%, whereas female sex was associated with slower decline. Similarly, female sex was associated with slower decline in DLco%. HIV-related factors including CD4 cell count, viral load, and ART use were not significantly associated with pulmonary function decline.

Conclusions:
Older age, male sex, and higher baseline GOLD stage were associated with more rapid post-BD FEV1% decline in HIV-infected individuals.
Typhoid and paratyphoid fever: a call to action
Authors: Gibani Malick M. , Britto Carl , Pollard Andrew J. 
Published: August 2018

Purpose of review
Enteric fever remains a major global-health concern, estimated to be responsible for between 11.9 and 26.9 million cases annually. Long-term prevention of enteric fever will require improved access to safe drinking water combined with investment in sanitation and hygiene interventions. In the short-to-medium term, new control strategies for typhoid fever have arrived in the form of typhoid Vi-conjugate vaccines (TCVs), offering hope that disease control can be achieved in the near future.

Recent findings
The diagnosis of enteric fever is complicated by its nonspecific clinical presentation, coupled with the low sensitivity of commonly used diagnostics. Investment in diagnostics has the potential to improve management, to refine estimates of disease burden and to facilitate vaccine impact studies. A new generation of reliable, diagnostic tests is needed that are simultaneously accessible, cost-effective, sensitive, and specific. The emergence and global dissemination of multidrug-resistant, fluoroquinolone-resistant, and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) strains of Salmonella Typhi emphasizes the importance of continued surveillance and appropriate antibiotic stewardship, integrated into a global strategy to address antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Current empirical treatment guidelines are out of date and should be updated to respond to local trends in AMR, so as to guide treatment choices in the absence of robust diagnostics and laboratory facilities. In September 2017, the WHO Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) immunization recommended the programmatic use of TCVs in high burden countries. Ongoing and future studies should aim to study the impact of these vaccines in a diverse range of setting and to support the deployment of TCVs in high-burden countries.

Summary
The advent of new generation TCVs offers us a practical and affordable public-health tool that – for the first time – can be integrated into routine childhood immunization programmes. In this review, we advocate for the deployment of TCVs in line with WHO recommendations, to improve child health and limit the spread of antibiotic-resistant S. Typhi.
Cowden Syndrome
Authors: Parvinian Ahmad , Cox Christian W. , Hartman Thomas E. 
Published: August 2018

Objective:
To describe the pulmonary imaging findings in patients with Cowden syndrome (CS).

Materials and Methods:
A retrospective review identified all patients with CS who underwent dedicated computed tomography examinations of the chest at our institution between January 2000 and October 2017. Patient demographics and imaging characteristics were identified through a review of the electronic medical record and relevant imaging.

Results:
Fifteen patients (6 males/9 females; mean age 53 y) with a clinical diagnosis of CS were identified. Genetic confirmation of the PTEN mutation was available in 8/15 (50%) patients. Pulmonary cysts were present in 12/15 (80%) patients and in 8/8 (100%) patients with documented PTEN mutations. The cysts ranged in size from 4 to 63 mm and were <10 in 10/12 (83%). Cysts were distributed randomly in 10/12 (83%) cases. Solid pulmonary nodules were present in 13/15 (87%) patients and were distributed randomly in all cases.

Conclusions:
Pulmonary cysts and solid nodules are common in patients with CS. Cysts tend to be distributed randomly, few in number, and may have traversing vessels. These findings should not be interpreted as evidence of another underlying disorder in the setting of CS.
Radiologist Performance in the Detection of Pulmonary Embolism
Authors: Kligerman Seth J. , Mitchell Jason W. , Sechrist Jacob W. , Meeks Adam K. , Galvin Jeffrey R. , White Charles S. 
Published: August 2018

Purpose:
This study aimed to assess the factors contributing toward accurate detection and erroneous interpretation of pulmonary embolism (PE).

Materials and Methods:
Over 13 months, all computed tomography pulmonary angiography studies were retrospectively rereviewed by a chest radiologist. Two additional chest radiologists assessed cases with disagreement between the first interpretation and rereview. The number, extent, and location of PE and specialty training, experience, time of study, kV, resident prelim, use of iterative reconstruction, signal to noise ratio (SNR), and reports describing the study as “limited” were recorded. Parametric and nonparametric statistical testing was performed (significance P<0.05).

Results:
Of 2555 computed tomography pulmonary angiography cases assessed, there were 230 true positive (170 multiple, 60 single PE), 2271 true negative, 35 false-negative (15 multiple and 20 single PE), and 19 false-positive studies. The overall sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy of radiologists was 86.8%, 99.2%, 92.4%, 98.5%, and 97.9%. Sensitivity for the detection of multiple and central PE was significantly higher than the detection of single and peripheral PE, respectively (P<0.01 for both). The sensitivity of thoracic radiologists (91.7%) was higher than nonthoracic (82.8%) and reached significance for single PE (89.2% vs. 61.4%, P<0.02). Errors were more likely in cases with lower SNR (P=0.04) and those described as limited (P<0.001). Misses occurred more frequently in the upper lobe posterior and lower lobe lateral segments and subsegments (P=0.038).

Conclusions:
The accuracy for PE detection is high, but errors are more likely in studies with single PE interpreted by nonthoracic radiologists, especially when located in certain segments and in cases with low SNR or described as limited.
Different neural networks for conceptual retrieval in sighted and blind
Authors: Bottini Roberto , Ferraro Stefania , Nigri Anna , Cuccarini Valeria , Bruzzone Maria Grazia , Collignon Olivier 
Published: August 2018

AbstractWe investigated the experiential bases of knowledge by asking whether people that perceive the world in a different way also show a different neurobiology of concepts. We characterized the brain activity of early-blind and sighted individuals during a conceptual retrieval task in which participants rated the perceptual similarity between color and action concepts evoked by spoken words. Adaptation analysis showed that word-pairs referring to perceptually similar colors (e.g., red-orange) or actions (e.g., run-jump) led to repetition-suppression in occipital visual regions in the sighted, regions that are known to encode visual features of objects and events, independently of their category. Early blind showed instead adaptation for similar concepts in language-related regions, but not in occipital cortices. Further analysis contrasting the two categories (color and action), independently of item similarity, activated category-sensitive regions in the pMTG (for actions) and the precuneus (for color) in both sighted and blind. These two regions, however, showed a different connectivity profile as a function of visual deprivation, increasing task-dependent connectivity with reorganized occipital regions in the early blind. Overall, our results show that visual deprivation changes the neural bases of conceptual retrieval, which is partially grounded in sensorimotor experience.Significance StatementDo people with different sensory experience conceive the world differently? We tested whether conceptual knowledge builds on sensory experience by looking at the neurobiology of concepts in early blind individuals. Participants in fMRI heard pairs of words referring to colors (e.g., green-blue) or actions (e.g., jump-run) and rated their perceptual similarity. Perceptual similarity of colors and actions was represented in occipital visual regions in the sighted, but in language-related regions in the blind. Occipital regions in the blind, albeit not encoding perceptual similarity, were however recruited during conceptual retrieval, working in concert with classic semantic hubs such as the Precuneus and the lpMTG. Overall, visual deprivation changes the neural bases of conceptual processing, which is partially grounded in sensorimotor experience.
Herd protection against Plasmodium falciparum infections conferred by mass antimalarial drug administrations and the implications for malaria elimination
Authors: Parker Daniel M. , Than Tun Sai Thein , White Lisa J. , Kajeechiwa Ladda , Thwin May Myo , Landier Jordi , Chaumeau Victor , Corbel Vincent , Dondorp Arjen M. , Seidlein Lorenz von , White Nicholas J. , Maude Richard J. , Nosten François H. 
Published: August 2018

ABSTRACTThe global malaria burden has decreased over the last decade and many nations are attempting elimination. Asymptomatic infections aren’t normally diagnosed or treated, posing a major hurdle for elimination efforts. One solution to this problem is mass drug administration (MDA), which is dependent on adequate population participation to disrupt transmission. There is little empirical evidence regarding the necessary threshold level of participation. Here we present a detailed spatiotemporal analysis of malaria episodes and asymptomatic infections in four villages undergoing MDA in Myanmar. Individuals from neighborhoods with high MDA adherence had 90% decreased odds of having a malaria episode post-MDA, regardless of individual participation, suggesting a strong herd effect. High mosquito biting rates, living in a house with someone else with malaria, or having an asymptomatic malaria infection were also predictors of clinical episodes. Spatial clustering of non-adherence to MDA, even in villages with high overall participation, can frustrate elimination efforts.
Mesenchymal stem cells protect retinal ganglion cells from degeneration via mitochondrial donation
Authors: Jiang Dan , Feng Hong , Zhang Zhao , Yan Bin , Chen Ling , Ma Chuiyan , Li Cheng , Han Shuo , Zhang Yuelin , Chen Peikai , Tse Hung-Fat , Fu Qingling , Chiu Kin , Lian Qizhou 
Published: August 2018

AbstractRetinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration is extremely hard to repair or regenerate and is often coupled with mitochondrial dysfunction. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)-based treatment has been demonstrated beneficial for RGC against degeneration. However, underlying mechanisms of MSC-provided RGC protection are largely unknown other than neuropectective paracrine actions. In this study, we sought to investigate whether mitochondrial donation can preserve RGC functions, in a mitochondrialNdufs4deficient mouse model of RGC degeneration. The results revealed intravitreal transplanted by induced pluripotent stem cell derived-MSCs (iPSC-MSC) could donate their mitochondria through crossing inner limited membrane to host RGCs. Furthermore, the donated mitochondria effectively protected against RGC death and largely preserved retinal function inNdufs4-KO mice. Importantly, the protective effects of mitochondrial donation from MSCs were associated with management of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Our data identified a novel role of MSCs-mitochondrial donation in protection of RGC from degeneration, and highlight a viable therapeutic strategy by manipulating stem cell mitochondrial donation for the treatment of retina degeneration in future.
Structural Basis of Broad Ebolavirus Neutralization by a Human Survivor Antibody
Authors: West Brandyn R. , Wec Anna Z. , Moyer Crystal L. , Fusco Marnie L. , Ilinykh Phillipp A. , Huang Kai , James Rebekah M. , Herbert Andrew S. , Hui Sean , Wirchnianski Ariel S. , Goodwin Eileen , Javad Aman M. , Walker Laura M. , Dye John M. , Bukreyev Alexander , Chandran Kartik , Saphire Erica Ollmann 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe structural features that govern broad-spectrum activity of broadly neutralizing, anti-ebolavirus antibodies (Abs) are currently unknown. Here we describe the first structure of a broadly neutralizing human Ab, ADI-15946, in complex with cleaved Ebola virus glycoprotein (EBOV GPCL). We find that ADI-15946 employs structural mimicry of a conserved interaction between the GP core and the glycan cap β17-β18 loop to inhibit infection. Both endosomal proteolysis of EBOV GP and binding of monoclonal Ab (mAb) FVM09 displace this loop, increase exposure of ADI-15946’s conserved epitope and potentiate neutralization. Our work also illuminated the determinants of ADI-15946’s reduced activity against Sudan virus (SUDV), and enabled rational, structure-guided engineering to enhance binding and neutralization against SUDV while retaining the parental breadth of activity.One Sentence SummaryThe first crystal structure of a broadly active antibody against surface glycoproteins of ebolaviruses identifies a highly conserved epitope beneath the glycan cap and highlights the molecular requirements for broad ebolavirus neutralization.
Variations in the phagosomal environment of human neutrophils and mononuclear phagocyte subsets
Authors: Foote Juliet R. , Patel Amit A. , Yona Simon , Segal Anthony W. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe phagosomal microenvironment has a major influence on the enzyme activity and biology within these organelles. Here we directly compared the phagosomal pH of human neutrophils, monocytes, dendritic cell (DC) and monocyte-derived cells. An unexpected observation was the striking difference in phagosomal environment between the three monocytes subsets. Classical monocytes and neutrophils had alkaline phagosomes, yet non-classical monocytes had more acid phagosomes. Intermediate monocytes had an intermediate phenotype. We next investigated the differences between primary DCs versusin vitromonocyte-derived DCs and established that both these cells had acidic phagosomal environments. We also confirmed reports of an alkaline phagosome in “M1” macrophages, and an acidic one in “M2” macrophages. Across all phagocytes, alkalinisation was dependent upon the activity of the NADPH oxidase, as when it was absent in cells from a patient with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) or was abolished by an inhibitor of the oxidase, diphenyleneiodonium (DPI). An increased alkalinity in the phagosome was associated with more oxidase activity. These data highlight the heterogenous nature of phagocytic vacuoles within the family of mononuclear phagocytes that will dictate the function of these compartments.Key pointsPhagosomal function depends upon the action of enzymes released into them from cytoplasmic granules.The substantial differences in the phagosomal pH in the different phagocytes will affect their compliment of enzymes and their functions.
Genomic Surveillance for Antimicrobial Resistance inMannheimia haemolyticaUsing Nanopore Single Molecule Sequencing Technology
Authors: Lim Alexander , Naidenov Bryan , Bates Haley , Willyerd Karyn , Snider Timothy , Couger Matthew Brian , Chen Charles , Ramachandran Akhilesh 
Published: August 2018

AbstractDisruptive innovations in long-range, cost-effective direct template nucleic acid sequencing are transforming clinical and diagnostic medicine. A multidrug resistant strain and a pan-susceptible strain ofMannheimia haemolytica, isolated from pneumonic bovine lung samples, were respectively sequenced at 146x and 111x coverage with Oxford Nanopore Technologies MinION.De novoassembly produced a complete genome for the non-resistant strain and a nearly complete assembly for the drug resistant strain. Functional annotation using RAST (Rapid Annotations using Subsystems Technology), CARD (Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database) and ResFinder databases identified genes conferring resistance to different classes of antibiotics including beta lactams, tetracyclines, lincosamides, phenicols, aminoglycosides, sulfonamides and macrolides. Antibiotic resistance phenotypes of theM. haemolyticastrains were confirmed with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays. The sequencing capacity of highly portable MinION devices was verified by sub-sampling sequencing reads; potential for antimicrobial resistance determined by identification of resistance genes in the draft assemblies with as little as 5,437 MinION reads corresponded to all classes of MIC assays. The resulting quality assemblies and AMR gene annotation highlight efficiency of ultra long-read, whole-genome sequencing (WGS) as a valuable tool in diagnostic veterinary medicine.