bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An ancient genome duplication in the speciose reef-building coral genus, Acropora
Authors: Mao Yafei , Shinzato Chuya , Satoh Noriyuki 
Published: July 2018

AbstractWhole-genome duplication (WGD) has been recognized as a significant evolutionary force in the origin and diversification of vertebrates, plants, and other organisms. Acropora, one of the most speciose reef-building coral genera, responsible for creating spectacular but increasingly threatened marine ecosystems, is suspected to have originated by polyploidy, yet there is no genetic evidence to support this hypothesis. Using comprehensive phylogenomic and comparative genomic approaches, we analyzed five Acropora genomes and an Astreopora genome (Scleractinia: Acroporidae) to show that a WGD event likely occurred between 27.9 and 35.7 Million years ago (Mya) in the most recent common ancestor of Acropora, concurrent with a massive worldwide coral extinction. We found that duplicated genes became highly enriched in gene regulation functions, some of which are involved in stress responses. The different functional clusters of duplicated genes are related to the divergence of gene expression patterns during development. Some gene duplications of proteinaceous toxins were generated by WGD in Acropora compared with other Cnidarian species. Collectively, this study provides evidence for an ancient WGD event in corals and it helps to explain the origin and diversification of Acropora.
Dispensing a synthetic green leaf volatile to two plant species in a common garden differentially alters physiological responses and herbivory
Authors: Freundlich Grace E. , Shields Maria , Frost Christopher J. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractHerbivore-induced plant volatile (HIPV)-mediated eavesdropping by plants is a well-documented, inducible phenomenon that has practical agronomic applications for enhancing plant defense and pest management. However, as with any inducible phenomenon, responding to volatile cues may incur physiological and ecological costs that limit plant productivity. In a common garden experiment, we tested the hypothesis that exposure to a single HIPV would decrease herbivore damage at the cost of reduced plant growth and reproduction. Lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) and pepper (Capsicum annuum) plants were exposed to a persistent, low-dose (∼10ng/hour) of the green leaf volatile cis-3-hexenyl acetate (z3HAC), which is an HIPV and damage-associated volatile. z3HAC-treated pepper plants were shorter, had less aboveground and belowground biomass, and produced fewer flowers and fruits relative to controls while z3HAC-treated lima bean plants were taller and produced more leaves and flowers than did controls. Natural herbivory was reduced in z3HAC-exposed lima bean plants, but not in pepper. Cyanogenic potential, a putative direct defense mechanism in lima bean, was lower in young z3HAC-exposed leaves, suggesting a growth-defense tradeoff from z3HAC exposure alone. Plant species-specific responses to an identical volatile cue have important implications for agronomic costs and benefits of volatile-mediated inter-plant communication under field conditions.
Global Adoption of High-Sensitivity Cardiac Troponins and the Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Anand Atul , Shah Anoop SV , Beshiri Agim , Jaffe Allan S , Mills Nicholas L 
Published: July 2018

AbstractImportanceThe third Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction aimed to standardize the approach to the diagnosis and management of myocardial infarction. High-sensitivity cardiac troponin testing was recommended, as these assays have improved precision at low concentrations, but concerns over specificity may have limited implementation.ObjectiveTo determine the global adoption of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin assays and key recommendations from the Universal Definition.Design, Setting and ParticipantsGlobal survey of 1,902 medical centers across 23 countries evenly distributed across all five continents. Included respondents were involved in the diagnosis and management of patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome at their institutions.Main Outcomes and MeasuresStructured questionnaire detailing the primary biomarker used for myocardial infarction, diagnostic thresholds and critical elements of clinical pathways for comparison to the third Universal Definition recommendations.ResultsCardiac troponin was the primary diagnostic biomarker for myocardial infarction at 96% of all sites surveyed. Only 41% of centers had adopted high-sensitivity cardiac troponin assays, with wide variation from 7% in North America to 60% in Europe. Sites using high-sensitivity assays more frequently employed serial sampling pathways (91% vs. 78%) and the 99th percentile diagnostic threshold (74% vs. 66%) when compared to sites using the previous generation of troponin assays. Furthermore, sites using high-sensitivity assays more often used earlier serial sampling (≤3 hours) and accelerated diagnostic pathways. However, fewer than 1 in 5 sites using high-sensitivity assays had adopted sex-specific thresholds (18%).Conclusions and RelevanceProgress has been made in adopting the recommendations of the Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction, particularly in the use of the 99th percentile diagnostic threshold and serial sampling. However, high-sensitivity assays are used in a minority of sites and sex-specific thresholds in even fewer. These findings highlight regions where additional efforts are required to improve the risk stratification and diagnosis of patients with myocardial infarction.
Genome-wide scan and fine-mapping of rare nonsynonymous associations implicates intracellular lipolysis genes in fat distribution and cardio-metabolic risk
Authors: Lotta Luca A. , Dong Liang , Li Chen , Patel Satish , Stewart Isobel D. , Lim Koini , Day Felix R. , Wheeler Eleanor , Glastonbury Craig A. , Van de Streek Marcel , Sharp Stephen J. , Luan Jian’an , Bowkera Nicholas , Schweiger Martina , Wittemans Laura B. L. , Kerrison Nicola D. , Cai Lina , Lucarelli Debora M. E. , Barroso Inês , McCarthy Mark I. , Scott Robert A. , Zechner Rudolf , Perry John R. B. , Saudek Vladimir , Small Kerrin S. , O’Rahilly Stephen , Wareham Nicholas J. , Savage David B. , Langenberg Claudia 
Published: July 2018

AbstractDifficulties in identifying causal variants and genes underlying genetic associations have limited the translational potential of genetic studies of body fat distribution, an important, partly-heritable risk factor for cardio-metabolic disease. Rare variant associations facilitate fine-mapping of causal alleles, but their contribution to fat distribution is understudied. We performed a genome-wide scan of rare nonsynonymous variants for body mass index-adjusted waist-to-hip-ratio (BMI-adjusted WHR; a widely-used measure of fat distribution) in 450,562 European ancestry individuals, followed by systematic Bayesian fine-mapping at six genome-wide (p<5×10−08; main-analysis) and two subthreshold signals (significant at a Bonferroni-corrected p<1.3×10−06). We found strong statistical evidence of causal association for nonsynonymous alleles in CALCRL (p.L87P, pconditional=5.9×10−12; posterior-probability of association [PPA]=52%), PLIN1 (p.L90P, pconditional=5.5×10−13; PPA>99%), PDE3B (p.R783X, pconditional=6.2×10−15; PPA>99%), ACVR1C (p.I195T; pconditional=5.4×10−12; PPA>99%), and FGF1 (p.G21E, pconditional=1.6×10−07; PPA=98%). Alleles at the four likely-causal main-analysis genes affected fat distribution primarily via larger hip-rather than smaller waist-circumference and six of nine conditionally-independent WHR-lowering index-variants were associated with protection from cardiovascular or metabolic disease. All four genes are expressed in adipose tissue and have been linked with the regulation of intracellular lipolysis, which controls fat retention in mature cells. Targeted follow-up analyses of key intracellular-lipolysis genes revealed associations for a variant in the initiator of intracellular lipolysis PNPLA2 (p.N252K) with higher BMI-adjusted-WHR and higher cardio-metabolic risk. This study provides human genetic evidence of a link between intracellular lipolysis, fat-distribution and its cardio-metabolic complications in the general population.
Regeneration of the zebrafish retinal pigment epithelium after widespread genetic ablation
Authors: Hanovice Nicholas J. , Leach Lyndsay L. , Slater Kayleigh , Gabriel Ana E. , Romanovicz Dwight , Shao Enhua , Collery Ross , Burton Edward A. , Lathrop Kira , Link Brian A. , Gross Jeffrey M. 
Published: July 2018

ABSTRACTThe retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a specialized monolayer of pigmented cells within the eye that is critical for maintaining visual system function. Diseases affecting the RPE have dire consequences for vision, and the most prevalent of these is atrophic (dry) age-related macular degeneration (AMD), which is thought to result from RPE dysfunction and degeneration. An intriguing possibility for treating RPE degenerative diseases like atrophic AMD is the stimulation of endogenous RPE regeneration; however, very little is known about the mechanisms driving successful RPE regenerationin vivo. Here, we developed a zebrafish transgenic model (rpe65a:nfsB-GFP) that enabled ablation of large swathes of mature RPE. RPE ablation resulted in rapid RPE degeneration, as well as degeneration of Bruch’s membrane and underlying photoreceptors. Using this model, we demonstrate for the first time that larval and adult zebrafish are capable of regenerating a functional RPE monolayer after RPE ablation. Regenerated RPE cells first appear at the periphery of the RPE, and regeneration proceeds in a peripheral-to-central fashion. RPE ablation elicits a robust proliferative response in the remaining RPE. Subsequently, proliferative cells move into the injury site and differentiate into RPE. BrdU pulse-chase analyses demonstrate that the regenerated RPE is likely derived from remaining peripheral RPE cells. Pharmacological inhibition of Wnt signaling significantly reduces cell proliferation in the RPE and delays overall RPE recovery. These data demonstrate that the zebrafish RPE possesses a robust capacity for regeneration and highlight a potential mechanism through which endogenous RPE regeneratein vivo.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTDiseases resulting in RPE degeneration are among the leading causes of blindness worldwide, and no therapy exists that can replace RPE or restore lost vision. One intriguing possibility is the development of therapies focused on stimulating endogenous RPE regeneration. For this to be possible, we must first gain a deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying RPE regeneration. Here, we ablate mature RPE in zebrafish and demonstrate that zebrafish regenerate RPE after widespread injury. Injury-adjacent RPE proliferate and regenerate RPE, suggesting that they are the source of regenerated tissue. Finally, we demonstrate that Wnt signaling is required for RPE regeneration. These findings establish anin vivomodel through which the molecular and cellular underpinnings of RPE regeneration can be further characterized.
Studies of NH4+ and NO3- uptake ability of subalpine plants and resource-use strategy identified by their functional traits
Authors: Nicolas Legay , Fabrice Grassein , Cindy Arnoldi , Raphaël Segura , Philippe Laîné , Sandra Lavorel , Jean-Christophe Clément 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe leaf economics spectrum (LES) is based on a suite of leaf traits related to plant functioning and ranges from resource-conservative to resource-acquisitive strategies. However, the relationships with root traits, and the associated belowground plant functioning such as N uptake, including nitrate (NO3-) and ammonium (NH4+), is still poorly known. Additionally, environmental variations occurring both in time and in space could uncouple LES from root traits. We explored, in subalpine grasslands, the relationships between leaf and root morphological traits for 3 dominant perennial grass species, and to what extent they contribute to the whole-plant economics spectrum. We also investigated the link between this spectrum and NO3- and NH4+ uptake rates, as well as the variations of uptake across four grasslands differing by the land-use history at peak biomass and in autumn. Although poorly correlated with leaf traits, root traits contributed to an economic spectrum at the whole plant level. Higher NH4+ and NO3- uptake abilities were associated with the resource-acquisitive strategy.Nonetheless, NH4+ and NO3- uptake within species varied between land-uses and with sampling time, suggesting that LES and plant traits are good, but still incomplete, descriptors of plant functioning. Although the NH4+: NO3- uptake ratio was different between plant species in our study, they all showed a preference for NH4+, and particularly the most conservative species. Soil environmental variations between grasslands and sampling times may also drive to some extent the NH4+ and NO3- uptake ability of species. Our results support the current efforts to build a more general framework including above- and below-ground processes when studying plant community functioning.
Autonomous navigation algorithm based on AUKF filter about fusion of geomagnetic and sunlight directions
Authors: Hua Bing , Zhang Zhiwen , Wu Yunhua , Chen Zhiming 
Published: July 2018

Purpose
The geomagnetic field vector is a function of the satellite’s position. The position and speed of the satellite can be determined by comparing the geomagnetic field vector measured by on board three-axis magnetometer with the standard value of the international geomagnetic field. The geomagnetic model has the disadvantages of uncertainty, low precision and long-term variability. Therefore, accuracy of autonomous navigation using the magnetometer is low. The purpose of this paper is to use the geomagnetic and sunlight information fusion algorithm to improve the orbit accuracy.

Design/methodology/approach
In this paper, an autonomous navigation method for low earth orbit satellite is studied by fusing geomagnetic and solar energy information. The algorithm selects the cosine value of the angle between the solar light vector and the geomagnetic vector, and the geomagnetic field intensity as observation. The Adaptive Unscented Kalman Filter (AUKF) filter is used to estimate the speed and position of the satellite, and the simulation research is carried out. This paper also made the same study using the UKF filter for comparison with the AUKF filter.

Findings
The algorithm of adding the sun direction vector information improves the positioning accuracy compared with the simple geomagnetic navigation, and the convergence and stability of the filter are better. The navigation error does not accumulate with time and has engineering application value. It also can be seen that AUKF filtering accuracy is better than UKF filtering accuracy.

Research limitations/implications
Geomagnetic navigation is greatly affected by the accuracy of magnetometer. This paper does not consider the spacecraft’s environmental interference with magnetic sensors.

Practical implications
Magnetometers and solar sensors are common sensors for micro-satellites. Near-Earth satellite orbit has abundant geomagnetic field resources. Therefore, the algorithm will have higher engineering significance in the practical application of low orbit micro-satellites orbit determination.

Originality/value
This paper introduces a satellite autonomous navigation algorithm. The AUKF geomagnetic filter algorithm using sunlight information can obviously improve the navigation accuracy and meet the basic requirements of low orbit small satellite orbit determination.
A defects detection method based on infrared scanning in laser metal deposition process
Authors: Xie Ruidong , Li Dichen , Cui Bin , Zhang Lianzhong , Gao Feng 
Published: July 2018

Purpose
Laser metal deposition (LMD) is an important additive manufacturing (AM) technology, but the metallurgical defects, such as cracks and porosities, produced in LMD process will seriously affect the mechanical properties of the parts. The purpose of this paper is to propose a novel in-process defects detection method based on infrared scanning for LMD.

Design/methodology/approach
The defects detection principle is that, after every three to five layers have been deposited, the optical head of a high-precision infrared two-color pyrometer is driven to scan the defects by measuring the abnormal temperature peaks on the deposited surface. The experiments for verifying the defects detection principle were carried out.

Findings
The relationship between the temperature peak value and the dimensions of the defect was analyzed based on the heat conduction theory and curves of temperature peak value versus crack width or diameter of porosity.

Originality/value
This method can effectively improve the detection accuracy and the defects can be precisely located, which can meet the requirement of laser targeting re-melting and elimination of the defects.
CITES‐listed sharks remain among the top species in the contemporary fin trade
Authors: Cardeñosa Diego , Fields Andrew T. , Babcock Elizabeth A. , Zhang Huarong , Feldheim Kevin , Shea Stanley K. H. , Fischer Gunter A. , Chapman Demian D. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractTrade‐driven overexploitation threatens many sharks. Twelve of the world's most vulnerable shark species have been listed on the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) to regulate internationally traded products such as meat and dried fins. CITES records indicate that Hong Kong was the world's top legal importer of dried fins from listed sharks in 2015 (N = 8 species at that time), but traded a relatively small volume, with a few partners, in a small number of shipments (16). In contrast two CITES Appendix II listed hammerheads were consistently the fourth and fifth most common species (out of >80) in processed fin trimmings (N = 9,200) collected randomly from the Hong Kong retail dried fin market from February 2014 to December 2016 and were found in 100% of sampling events and in 66% of sampled retail vendors. This difference, and the fact that exporting nations previously known to land these species were not among those to report trade to CITES, suggest that listed species were often imported without CITES documentation in 2015. There are a number of incentives for trade hubs to meet their obligations to this treaty, which they could achieve by scaling up monitoring capacity and increasing inspection efficiency.
Factors associated with vocational disengagement among young people entering mental health treatment
Authors: Caruana Emma , Allott Kelly , Farhall John , Parrish Emma M. , Davey Christopher G. , Chanen Andrew M. , Killackey Eoin , Cotton Susan M. 
Published: July 2018

AimMost mental disorders have their onset by age 25, disrupting normative vocational engagement. Factors associated with vocational disengagement at first contact with specialist treatment are important for service planning. The aim of this paper was to investigate the association between theoretically important factors and vocational disengagement for youth entering mental health treatment.MethodsA file audit was used to extract vocational data of 145 young people aged 15 to 25 years entering treatment in 2011 at a public youth mental health service in Melbourne, Australia. Comparisons were made across three specialist programs for: psychosis (n = 50), mood disorders (n = 52) and borderline personality pathology (n = 43). Individual characteristics were entered into univariate and multivariate logistic regressions to investigate their associations with vocational disengagement.ResultsEducational disengagement was associated with being older (OR = 4.38, P = 0.004) and not living with parents (OR = 2.87, P = 0.038). Unemployment and being NEET (Not in Education, Employment or Training) were both associated with not having commenced tertiary education (OR = 0.23, P = 0.022; OR = 0.05, P = 0.002; respectively). Being NEET was also associated with being older (OR = 6.18, P = 0.004). Primary diagnostic grouping was not associated with vocational disengagement, once accounting for other factors.ConclusionsThe likelihood of vocational disengagement did not differ across disorder groups, implying that intervention should be “transdiagnostic” and might best target education first, specifically post‐secondary qualifications. Other domains or variables not measured in this study are also likely to be important, and this might include young people's support systems and symptom severity. Qualitative studies may be useful for exploring further factors relevant to vocational engagement.
Emergency department neuroimaging for epileptic seizures
Authors: Salinsky Martin , Wong Victoria S. S. , Motika Paul , Meuse Justin , Nguyen Joseph 
Published: July 2018

SummaryObjectiveTo determine the frequency and yield of neuroimaging in patients with known seizure disorders presenting to the emergency department (ED) with recurrent (nonindex) seizures.MethodsWe reviewed 822 consecutive ED visits for nonindex seizures at the Oregon Health & Science University and the VA Portland Health Care System. For each visit, we abstracted details of the clinical presentation, whether neuroimaging was obtained, the results of neuroimaging, and the results of previous neuroimaging studies, when available. We determined whether ED neuroimaging led to an acute change in patient management (yield). Clinical factors associated with obtaining ED neuroimaging, and with the yield of neuroimaging, were evaluated by multivariate logistic regression.ResultsA majority (78%) of ED seizure visits were for nonindex seizures. Neuroimaging was obtained in 381 of 822 nonindex seizure visits (46%). Of these, 11 imaging studies (3%) led to an acute change in patient management, 8 (2%) after excluding false‐positive scans. Acute head trauma, prolonged alteration of consciousness, and a focal neurologic examination at presentation were associated with an increased yield of ED neuroimaging. Absent any of these 3 clinical factors the true positive yield of neuroimaging was zero.SignificanceED neuroimaging was performed in nearly half of all patients presenting with nonindex seizures. A more conservative use of ED neuroimaging for nonindex seizures, based on clinical factors at presentation, could decrease imaging frequency with minimal loss of yield.
Household chaos during infancy and infant weight status at 12 months
Authors: Khatiwada A. , Shoaibi A. , Neelon B. , Emond J. A. , Benjamin‐Neelon S. E. 
Published: July 2018

SummaryBackgroundInfancy is a critical period for obesity prevention. Emerging evidence links household chaos to poor health outcomes, yet its impact on obesity in infancy is unknown.ObjectivesWe examined associations between household chaos when infants were 6 and 12 months and weight‐for‐length (WFL) z‐score at 12 months, exploring potential mediation by infant sleep and screen time.MethodsWe examined 401 predominately Black women and infants in the southeastern United States. We conducted multivariable linear regressions examining household chaos and infant WFL z‐score, assessing breastfeeding, sleep, screen time as potential mediators.ResultsAmong infants, 69.7% were Black and 49.0% were female. Mean breasting duration was 3.7 months. Over half (50.4%) of families had annual household incomes <$20 000. After adjustment for potential confounders, household chaos was associated with infant WFL z‐score (0.02; 95% CI 0.001, 0.04; p = 0.04) at 12 months. We did not observe associations between chaos and infant breastfeeding, sleep or screen time.ConclusionsHigher household chaos was associated with greater infant weight at 12 months, but there was no evidence of mediation by breastfeeding, sleep or screen time.