bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Climate change
Authors: Trenberth Kevin E. , Hurrell James W. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The climate is changing from human activities. This has major implications for the future and for human society and ecosystems, including birds. However, it is often masked by natural variability and there is great weather-related variability. This chapter reviews observed changes in climate, with a focus on changes in surface climate including variations in major patterns (modes) of climate variability and teleconnections. Of particular importance are changes in extremes. It describes how natural and anthropogenic drivers of climate change are assessed using climate models and concludes with a brief summary of future projected changes in climate and their impacts.
Long-term time series of ornithological data
Authors: Møller Anders Pape , Hochachka Wesley M. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
There are numerous sources of data relevant for studies of the effects of climate change. Here we provide a classification of such data and their advantages and drawbacks. Long-term data can be classified into data from long-term population studies, nest record schemes, bird surveys, breeding and winter atlases, bird ringing information, bird ringing stations, bird observation depositories, and museum collections. Such data differ enormously in quality, but also in their usefulness. They range from long-term population studies of individually banded birds that can be used for genetic, evolution, and ecology studies to studies of presence/absence data. There are relatively few individual-based population studies while databases of records of individuals are much more abundant, albeit still useful for many purposes. Different databases also vary consistently in data quality, and there is scope for methodological studies and comparative analyses of multiple data bases.
Quantifying the climatic sensitivity of individuals, populations, and species
Authors: van de Pol Martijn , Bailey Liam D. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
To understand the effects of climate change and predict its future impacts, biologists relate variation in biological variables to spatial or temporal variation in weather variables. It is often unclear a priori which weather variables are important, over which period they act, and in what way they affect biological responses. Recently, multiple methods have been proposed to determine climatic sensitivity. Yet there has been little critical comparison of these different methods, making it difficult to determine the most appropriate method for different situations. Furthermore, evolutionary and behavioural biologists investigate individual variation in phenotypically plastic responses to weather, while ecologists and conservation biologists investigate variation among populations or species in climatic sensitivity. How do we quantify climatic sensitivities in such a way that they can be used effectively for such comparative studies? We provide an overview of systematic approaches, the pros and cons of different methods available, and outstanding challenges.
Changes in timing of breeding and reproductive success in birds
Authors: Dunn Peter O. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Many studies on birds have shown advancing dates of egg-laying in response to climate change. This chapter reviews the latest knowledge about the roles of photoperiod, food abundance, body condition, and hormones in regulating the timing of egg-laying. A variety of responses and predictors have been discovered in recent studies, some of which may be related to whether a species relies on daily food intake (‘income’) or stored resources (‘capital’) for breeding. The literature on advancing laying dates shows that the rate is dependent on the number of broods per season, habitat, and trophic level. Mismatches between timing of breeding and peaks in food supply are often mentioned as a potential threat to populations. However, to date, there is no association between changes in laying date and population trends, which suggests that the effects of climate change on bird populations may be driven by other factors.
Evolutionary consequences of climate change in birds
Authors: Teplitsky Céline , Charmantier Anne 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
There is now overwhelming evidence that the recent rapid climate change has multiple consequences for birds: their abilities to adapt to climate change is thus a major issue. To understand the evolutionary consequences of climate change, an assessment of how it alters selection pressures is needed. As expected, climate change increases selection for earlier breeding but non-intuitive selection patterns are likely to arise for traits other than phenology. Evolutionary responses to these new selection pressures depend on the evolutionary potential in wild bird populations. Heritability alone is not sufficient to predict responses to selection, as many genetic factors (e.g., genetic correlations, indirect genetic effects) can affect evolutionary trajectories. Altogether, studies investigating the nature of responses to climate change in wild populations (plastic vs microevolutionary responses) are still scarce but suggest that the majority of responses would be due to plasticity.
Bird communities and climate change
Authors: Brotons Lluís , Herrando Sergi , Jiguet Frédéric , Lehikoinen Aleksi 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Climate variability drives many aspects of the ecology of species directly or indirectly through changes in habitat type and structure, and thus long-term climatic variability has been thought to be the key determinant of community structure and change at large spatial scales. We review potential and reported impacts of climate change on shifts in bird community structure and composition. Bird communities are expected to change structure and composition, but observed changes appear generally slower than expected from temperature changes. However, we still lack a better understanding of regional differences in bird community responses to the different components of climate change and the explicit integration of climate with other global changes such as land uses, pollution, and invasive species. Finally, we propose a conceptual framework to guide our capability of understanding models and anticipate impacts of climate change on bird communities in a context of general and global environmental change.
Climate change in other taxa and links to bird studies
Authors: Inouye David W. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Phenological responses to climate change are the most commonly measured responses of plants and animals to climate change, and most studies show that species are advancing the timing of their seasonal activities in response to warming temperatures. Birds interact with a wide range of other species, playing roles as herbivores, predators, prey, and disease hosts. Because the species they interact with are all likely changing phenology and distribution in response to the changing climate, but often at different rates, mismatches with historical patterns are affecting ecological communities in a variety of ways. Unexpected phenomena such as increases in frost damage, and less surprising ones such as developing phenological mismatches between migratory and sedentary species, are discussed as case histories illustrating these changes.
Integrability in statistical physics and quantum spin chains
Authors: Jacobsen Jesper Lykke 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThis chapter illustrates basic concepts of quantum integrable systems on two important models of statistical physics: the Q-state Potts model and the O(n) model. Both models are transformed into loop and vertex models that provide representations of the dense and dilute Temperley–Lieb algebras. The identification of the corresponding integrable R-matrices leads to the solution of both models by the algebraic Bethe Ansatz technique. Elementary excitations are discussed in the critical case and the link to conformal field theory in the thermodynamic limit is established. The concluding sections outline the solution of a specific model of the theta point of collapsing polymers, leading to a continuum limit with a non-compact target space.
Spectrum of N=4 supersymmetric Yang–Mills theory and the quantum spectral curve
Authors: Gromov Nikolay 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter describes the recently developed quantum spectral curve (QSC) approach for the non-perturbative planar spectrum of integrable N=4 supersymmetric Yang–Mills gauge theory in a pedagogical way, starting from the harmonic oscillator and avoiding a long historical path. Many examples and exercises are provided. At the end a list is given of recent and possible future applications of the QSC.
Localization and N=2 supersymmetric field theory
Authors: Pestun Vasily 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe lectures give an introduction to supersymmetric gauge theories from a mathematical perspective. Basic notions about Kähler and special Kähler geometry, and electric–magnetic duality are introduced. Supersymmetry and N = 1 and N = 2 supersymmetric gauge theories are defined and described in detail. The last section deals with the Seiberg–Witten integrable system and Hitchin systems
Fighting for the Empire
Authors: Hassett Dónal 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores the history of military service in Algeria and across the colonial world before and during the Great War. It introduces the reader to key concepts from the fields of colonial history and First World War studies that are crucial to understanding the political legacies of the entanglement of the colonies and, especially, Algeria with the Great War. Taking a comparative approach, it explains the range of legal categories that underpinned colonial rule within the different empires and considers how the rights and responsibilities they implied were connected to and altered by military service. The chapter also examines the variety of attitudes toward the use of colonial soldiers in the different imperial polities and asks how these influenced the expectations of post-war reform in the colonies.
Pensions, Posts, and Petitions
Authors: Hassett Dónal 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapters shifts focus away from the collective toward the individual, considering how indigenous veterans, war widows, and orphans evoked participation in the war to ensure access to state provision. It examines how actors often considered marginal in the colonial order set about claiming their legal entitlements from the state. Using the correspondence between individual claimants and the colonial administration, this chapter explores the complexity of the daily negotiation between the colonized, their intermediaries, and the apparatus of the colonial state. It considers the extent to which the colonial state’s conception of its duties to indigenous rights-holders and its attempts to meet these duties overlapped and/or contrasted with claimants’ understanding of their own rights. In doing so, it exposes the variety of forms of contact between the colonial state and its subjects that emerged as a result of the Great War and that heretofore have largely gone unstudied.
Mandeville
Authors: Crisp Roger 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses the views on self-interest and morality of the Anglo-Dutch philosopher and satirist Bernard Mandeville (1670–1733), focusing in particular on Mandeville’s famous Fable of the Bees. Mandeville’s rigorist conception of morality is described. It is explained how, on that conception, fallen human beings can still distinguish virtue from vice. Mandeville’s recommendation of a life of piety and humility is critically interpreted, and some account offered of how Mandeville came to be so widely misunderstood as a Hobbesian, who advocated a form of egoism which makes no room for self-standing moral reasons.
From Postmaterialism to Sustainable Materialism
Authors: Schlosberg David , Craven Luke 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
We begin the analysis with a discussion of why movement actors shift from more classic political action and policy development into the development of sustainable materialist practices. There is a clear frustration and disillusionment with both contemporary material life on the one hand, and liberal pluralism and capital on the other. The postmaterialist approach to environmental movements is inadequate in a number of ways, as the movements we explore illustrate a clear frustration and disillusionment with both contemporary material life on the one hand, and liberal pluralism and capital on the other. We introduce and discuss a range of other approaches to material action, including lifestyle politics, political consumerism, sustainable consumption, and postcapitalist frameworks, but also lay out their limitations in fully encompassing and explaining sustainable materialist movements.
Conclusion
Authors: Schlosberg David , Craven Luke 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
We conclude with a discussion of the potential of the sustainable material movements we examine in local food systems, community energy, and sustainable fashion. The focus is on the breadth and diversity of the influence of such movements—from small-scale and local impacts on political engagement and environmental sustainability, to the economic empowerment of local businesses and its impact on economic insecurity, to larger issues of systemic change in production and consumption systems. We discuss both the actual potential, as well as the real critiques and limitations, of sustainable materialist action. And we end with a return to the value of positing possibilities, alternative practices, and prefigurative politics in social movements.
China and Intervention at the UN Security Council
Authors: Fung Courtney J. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
What explains China’s response to intervention at the UN Security Council? China and Intervention at the UN Security Council argues that status is an overlooked determinant in understanding its decisions, even in the apex cases that are shadowed by a public discourse calling for regime change in Sudan, Libya, and Syria. The book posits that China reconciles its status dilemma as it weighs decisions to intervene: seeking recognition from both its intervention peer groups of great powers and developing states. Understanding the impact and scope conditions of status answers why China has taken certain positions regarding intervention and how these positions were justified. Foreign policy behavior that complies with status, and related social factors like self-image and identity, can at times mean that China selects policy options bearing material costs. China and Intervention at the UN Security Council offers a rich study of Chinese foreign policy, going beyond works available in breadth and in depth. It draws on an extensive collection of data, including over 200 interviews with UN officials and Chinese foreign policy elites, participant observation at UN Headquarters and a dataset of Chinese-language analysis regarding regime change and intervention. The book concludes with new perspectives on the malleability of China’s core interests, insights about the application of status for cooperation, and the implications of the status dilemma for rising powers.
Status and Intervention in Syria, 2011–2015
Authors: Fung Courtney J. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Chapter 6 analyzes China’s decision to halt intervention into the Syria crisis, issuing repeated vetoes instead in 2011, twice in 2012, and again in 2014 against the P3 advocated intervention calling for verbal censure, sanctions, compliance with peace plans, and referral of the Syria case to the International Criminal Court. The chapter challenges the popular view that these four vetoes were a “given” due to the Libya case, which ultimately had led to regime change. The vetoes were not automatic per se; China reconsidered its position, weighing factors against one another before each landmark vote. However, China’s status concerns were largely discounted in this case: there was no status trigger, and concerns about acting within peer group standards did not come into play. None of China’s peer groups could exact social costs on an unresponsive China. China rejected the great powers position that President Bashar al-Assad was no longer a legitimate ruler, and regional players were in internal disarray preventing them from successfully transmitting status signals to China. This is not to say that China was insensitive to status concerns, but that China reconciled status concerns against other interests. China used rhetorical adaptation to clearly distinguish intervention from regime change, and to modify the normative content of the responsibility to protect.
Global Justice & Finance
Authors: Hayward Tim 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Can global justice be promoted by distributing money more equitably? Could even relatively small financial sacrifices by the affluent work, through benign leverage, to achieve that goal? This book casts new light on such questions by considering what is presupposed about finance. Redistributive proposals assume money to be a reliable measure, store of value, and medium of exchange. Yet maintaining stable interest, inflation and exchange rates in a dynamic capitalist economy is a considerable achievement involving a complex financial system. Such global coordination could, if so directed, contribute immensely to humanity’s betterment, yet under the direction of a profit seeking elite it leaves a majority disempowered, impoverished, and indebted. To pay debts, ever more desperate measures to wrest value from the world’s natural resources increase ecological pressures to harmful extremes, and those pressures do not stop short of driving wars. The profit seeking economy is held in place by the complex legal arrangements that constitute finance. Globally, there has developed, unannounced and unaccountably, what amounts to a privatized constitution—binding agreements that transcend sovereign jurisdictions. Hopes of redirecting the financial assets created within this system, by means of modest reforms, towards objectives of social justice and ecological sustainability may prove illusory. To achieve such objectives arguably requires the constitution of a global normative order guided by public and political decision-making. The achievement of a publicly accountable constitutional order that is superordinate to the financial system might be regarded as a revolutionary transformation.
Money for Justice?
Authors: Hayward Tim 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Recent debates about global justice have featured various proposals to make the world more just by means of transferring money. Their assumption is that just purposes may be achieved by applying, in a global context, the kind of redistributive fiscal policy that has proven capable of supporting social justice within the context of a welfare state. In global or international contexts, however, that assumption may not be warranted. In the absence of global political institutions and a single global currency, it would be premature to make policy commendations whose effectiveness would presuppose their existence. Additionally, there is a problem that the value of taxes, even if successfully raised and transmitted, can be subject to volatilities in financial markets. Attention should be directed to the institutional conditions required for global taxation as well as for the governance of global finance more generally to ensure it is in the public interest.
The Good of Finance and the Critique of Financialization
Authors: Hayward Tim 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter considers the valuable social purposes that finance can in principle serve and how the processes referred to as financialization may undermine the good functioning of finance. When that happens, the practices internal to finance develop according to the logic of internal profit-seeking rather than supporting what the activities in the rest of the economy and society more widely are intended to achieve. The financial system operating globally today can be criticized in three major respects: it hampers economic productivity, undermines distributive justice, and drives ecological irresponsibility. Yet although economic productivity may be compromised by financialization, financialization itself might be seen as an adaptation to problems within the economic system. Hence it may be that the problems associated with financialization cannot satisfactorily be tackled (through steps to improve governance of the monetary system) without addressing the problematic tendencies in the productive economy itself.
Can Giving Money End Severe Poverty?
Authors: Hayward Tim 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Some moral and political philosophers assume that the international institutional order is imperfectly just, but not thoroughly unjust. Thus the global financial system, for all its contingent faults, is assumed, in principle, to be suitable as a medium for transferring income and wealth as ethics or justice might require. Problematizing that assumption, this chapter critically examines some influential proposals for deploying financial means in the pursuit of just ends. Particular attention is paid to proposals simply to send money abroad to poor people in the form of cash transfers. For while cash transfers can bring some benefits to recipients, questions remain as to how beneficial they are for the broader goal of alleviating global poverty. Furthermore, a paradox about cash transfers is that they are, in fact, cashless. Investigating this paradox leads to discerning powerful vested interests supporting programmes of ‘cash’ transfers for reasons not purely of justice but also of profit.
Can Benign Leverage Be Relied on to Make the World More Just?
Authors: Hayward Tim 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Some moral and political philosophers have argued that a duty of the affluent to relieve global poverty can be discharged by transferring an amount of money that is relatively small in global terms. This is to rely on an effect conceptualized in this chapter as benign leverage. The assumption that benign leverage can achieve global justice implies that current international institutional arrangements are imperfectly just, not fundamentally unjust. Somewhat paradoxically, however, the more successfully the leverage is used in order to benefit the poor, the more difficult it may become to achieve further success or even to consolidate gains already made. Given that the leverage effect depends on the existence of significant inequalities, one should consider carefully the conditions that must pertain for it to operate and how just they may in fact be.
Can Money Transfers Serve to Offset Ecological Harms?
Authors: Hayward Tim 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Having argued in Chapter 4 that there are ecological constraints on economic growth, this chapter starts by showing that ecological change in turn can exacerbate financial instability, thereby compounding the problem. So proposals of liberal environmentalism, which, like the Stern Review, highlight the economic benefits of environmental policies, may overstate the scope of win–win solutions. The idea that ecological costs and benefits can be expressed in economic terms depends on assumptions about the stability and predictability of prices. Yet radical uncertainties underlie the non-reliability of money as a medium for transferring value over time as well as across geopolitical space. Accordingly, proposals for providing funds for compensation or adaptation in relation to ecological harms are called into question, and attempts to determine appropriate future discount rates are rendered radically uncertain. Meanwhile, the monetization of ecological goods does provide opportunities for short-term business profits that may tend to fuel the underlying problem.