bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biventricular pacing during cardiac magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Vago Hajnalka , Czimbalmos Csilla , Papp Roland , Szabo Liliana , Toth Attila , Dohy Zsofia , Csecs Ibolya , Suhai Ferenc , Kosztin Annamaria , Molnar Levente , Geller Laszlo , Merkely Bela 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Aims
We aimed to assess the effect of cardiac resynchronization on left ventricular (LV) function, volumes, geometry, and mechanics in order to demonstrate reverse remodelling using cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) with resynchronization on.

Methods and results
New York Heart Association (NYHA) Class II–III patients on optimal medical therapy with LV ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤35%, and complete LBBB with broad QRS (>150 ms) were prospectively recruited. Cardiac magnetic resonance examination was performed at baseline and at 6-month follow-up, applying both biventricular and AOO pacing. The following data were measured: conventional CMR parameters, remodelling indices, global longitudinal, circumferential, radial strain, global dyssynchrony [mechanical dispersion (MD) defined as the standard deviation of time to peak longitudinal/circumferential strain in 16 LV segments], and regional dyssynchrony (maximum differences in time between peak septal and lateral transversal displacement). Thirteen patients (64 ± 7 years, 38% male) were enrolled. Comparing the baseline and follow-up CMR parameters measured during biventricular pacing, significant increase in LVEF, and decrease in LV end-diastolic volume index (LVEDVi) and LV end-systolic volume index (LVESVi) were found. Left ventricular remodelling indices, global longitudinal, circumferential, and radial strain values showed significant improvement. Circumferential MD decreased (20.5 ± 5.5 vs. 13.4 ± 3.4, P < 0.001), while longitudinal MD did not change. Regional dyssynchrony drastically improved (362 ± 96 vs. 104 ± 66 ms, P < 0.001). Applying AOO pacing resulted in an immediate deterioration in LVEF, LVESVi, circumferential strain, global and regional dyssynchrony.

Conclusion
Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging during biventricular pacing is feasible and enables a more precise quantification of LV function, morphology, and mechanics. As a result, it may contribute to a better understanding of the effects of resynchronization therapy and might improve responder rate in the future.
Neutrophil and monocyte receptor expression in patients with sepsis: implications for diagnosis and prognosis of sepsis
Authors: Hanna Mariam Onsy F , Abdelhameed Asmaa M , Abou-Elalla Amany A , Hassan Reem M , Kostandi Inas 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACT
Understanding the complex immune responses in sepsis is crucial to provide insight into the clinical syndrome. We evaluated the changes in the surface receptors of the cells of innate immunity, neutrophils and monocytes, in patients with sepsis. Since sepsis remains a clinical challenge, we aimed to assess the significance of altered receptor expression in diagnosis and prognosis. Critically ill patients with sepsis (n=31) were investigated for the expression of receptors for IgG heavy chain CD64 and CD16 on neutrophils and CD64 and the lipopolysaccharide receptor CD14 on monocytes by flow cytometry and compared to 23 patients with no sepsis. Patients with sepsis had increased expression of neutrophil CD64. Neutrophil CD64 was specific for discriminating patients with sepsis but showed weak sensitivity. When integrated in a scoring system, neutrophil CD64 in combination with C-reactive protein (CRP) and SOFA score showed a diagnostic accuracy of 0.93 for sepsis and significantly predicted increased mortality risk. While neutrophil CD16 did not discriminate for sepsis, decreased expression was associated with increased mortality risk. In contrast, monocyte CD64 and CD14 expression was unaltered in sepsis and was not associated with mortality risk. Our study demonstrates that unlike monocytes, neutrophil receptor expression is altered in patients with sepsis receiving intensive care. It is promising to apply a combination approach to diagnose sepsis especially in time-limited conditions.
Noise-based ballistic wave passive seismic monitoring. Part 1: body waves
Authors: Brenguier F , Courbis R , Mordret A , Campman X , Boué P , Chmiel M , Takano T , Lecocq T , Van der Veen W , Postif S , Hollis D 
Published: October 2019

SUMMARY
Unveiling the mechanisms of earthquake and volcanic eruption preparation requires improving our ability to monitor the rock mass response to transient stress perturbations at depth. The standard passive monitoring seismic interferometry technique based on coda waves is robust but recovering accurate and properly localized P- and S-wave velocity temporal anomalies at depth is intrinsically limited by the complexity of scattered, diffracted waves. In order to mitigate this limitation, we propose a complementary, novel, passive seismic monitoring approach based on detecting weak temporal changes of velocities of ballistic waves recovered from seismic noise correlations. This new technique requires dense arrays of seismic sensors in order to circumvent the bias linked to the intrinsic high sensitivity of ballistic waves recovered from noise correlations to changes in the noise source properties. In this work we use a dense network of 417 seismometers in the Groningen area of the Netherlands, one of Europe's largest gas fields. Over the course of 1 month our results show a 1.5 per cent apparent velocity increase of the P wave refracted at the basement of the 700-m-thick sedimentary cover. We interpret this unexpected high value of velocity increase for the refracted wave as being induced by a loading effect associated with rainfall activity and possibly canal drainage at surface. We also observe a 0.25 per cent velocity decrease for the direct P-wave travelling in the near-surface sediments and conclude that it might be partially biased by changes in time in the noise source properties even though it appears to be consistent with complementary results based on ballistic surface waves presented in a companion paper and interpreted as a pore pressure diffusion effect following a strong rainfall episode. The perspective of applying this new technique to detect continuous localized variations of seismic velocity perturbations at a few kilometres depth paves the way for improved in situ earthquake, volcano and producing reservoir monitoring.
Mechanical analysis of viscoelastic models for Earth media
Authors: Morozov Igor B , Deng Wubing , Cao Danping 
Published: October 2019

SUMMARY
Linear and non-linear viscoelastic (VE) models such as the standard linear solid (SLS) and the generalized SLS (GSLS) are broadly used to represent the anelasticity of materials and Earth's media. However, although the VE approach is often satisfactory for any given observation, the inferred physical causes of anelasticity may be significantly misrepresented by this paradigm, and its predictions may be wrong or inaccurate in other cases. This problem is particularly important in heterogeneous media, including most cases of interest for seismology. For example, in homogenous media, VE and mechanics-based models predict identical quality-factor Q(f) and phase velocity c(f) spectra, but in heterogenous media, these models yield different time-stepping equations and interactions with material–property boundaries. The commonly used VE algorithms for modelling seismic waves rely on postulated convolutional integrals in time, whereas physically, models of rock rheologies should still be based on spatial interactions. To understand how VE models relate to mechanics, it is instructive to consider which physical properties of the medium are constrained reliably and which of them remain unconstrained by a pair of Q(f) and c(f) spectra, that is by VE properties. Despite its popular association with ‘attenuation,’ the peak value of Q−1(f) is actually a purely elastic property representing the existence of two (for SLS) or multiple (for GSLS) elastic moduli. These moduli are analogous to the drained and undrained moduli in poroelasticity or isothermal and adiabatic moduli in thermodynamics. By virtue of the Kramers–Krönig relations, the peak Q−1 is related to the total velocity dispersion, which is also caused by the difference between elastic moduli. By contrast, true anelasticity-related physical properties like viscosity are represented not by Q−1 values but by the frequencies of Q−1(f) peaks in the data. However, these frequencies also depend on multiple material properties that are not recognized or arbitrarily selected in the SLS and GSLS models. Inertial, body-force friction and the corresponding boundary effects are also ignored in VE models, which may again be improper for layered media. Thus, for physically accurate interpretation of laboratory experiments and numerical modelling of seismic waves, first-principle equations of mechanics should be used instead of VE models.
Reconfigurable equilibrium circuit with additional power supply
Authors: Zhang Yu , Huang Mingming , Wu Tiezhou , Ji Feng 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The reconfigurable equilibrium circuit can take account of the number of components and the conversion efficiency and can easily balance every single cell in the battery pack, but the voltage of the battery pack will fluctuate when the battery pack is balanced. To solve this problem, a reconfigurable equalization circuit with an additional power supply is proposed. By replacing the cell with the additional power supply, the purpose of stabilizing the voltage of the battery pack is achieved. Aiming at the additional power supply, this paper puts forward a method that the additional power supply participates in the charging (discharging) process when the SOC (state of charge) of the battery pack is not lower (higher) than the additional power supply while the battery pack is charging (discharging), to make the charge and discharge capacity of the additional power supply always better than the battery pack. The experimental results show that the proposed equalization circuit can not only retain the advantages of the traditional reconfigurable equilibrium circuit but also maintain the voltage of the battery pack in the equalization process.
Speaking Up or Silencing Out in the Face of Rising Right-Wing Populism: A Dynamic Test of the Spiral of Silence across 15 European Countries
Authors: Thurre Frédéric Olivier , Gale Jessica , Staerklé Christian 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The spiral of silence theory posits that when a given political position comes to be seen as the majority opinion, perceivers holding alternative views will feel pressured to become silent, thereby contributing to the growing public decline of the minority camp. Testing the theory across 15 countries (N = 195,194) with data taken from the European Social Survey (2002–2016), we examined whether recently rising right-wing populist positions silenced supranational opinions or whether, on the contrary, they were silenced by established norms of democratic governance and social inclusiveness. The proposed modeling overcomes two limitations of prior research by using a macroscopic and dynamic approach that allows the detection of the “spiraling” normative conformity process in nationally representative samples.
Pharmacokinetics of tulathromycin following administration to stocker cattle with remote delivery devices
Authors: Rivera J Daniel , Woolums Amelia R , Giguère Steeve , Johnson Joseph T , Lutz Alexis G , Tipton Paige N , Crosby William B , Hice Ivy , Thoresen Merrilee 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Remote delivery devices (RDD) are used by some to administer antimicrobials (AM) to cattle when treatment by manual injection is logistically difficult. However, it is not clear that the pharmacokinetics (PK) of AM administered by RDD is comparable to that for AM administered by injection; thus, it is not certain that cattle treated by RDD experience equivalent AM effect. Fifteen crossbred beef steers (body weight [BW] = 302.5 ± 21.7 kg) were used in a three-way crossover study to determine the PK of tulathromycin following administration with RDD in the BQA injection triangle. Cattle were treated by each of three methods at 2.5 mg of tulathromycin per kg of BW with a 60 d washout period between treatments: 1) subcutaneous injection of tulathromycin (SC), 2) treatment by RDD delivered by air pump projector (AIR, Pneudart, Model 178B) at 4.5 m distance, and 3) treatment by RDD delivered by CO2-powered projector at 7.5 m (CO2, Pneudart, Model 176B). Blood was collected prior to injection and at various points up to 552 h post-administration, pharmacokinetic data were analyzed as a mixed model using animal as a random effect and method of administration, order of administration, and their interaction as fixed effects. Plasma creatine kinase (CK) was measured before treatment and at 24 h after treatment to determine the degree of muscle injury resulting from each treatment. Three darts administered by AIR did not discharge (20%; 95% CI = 4% to 48%); and results from these steers were excluded from analysis. Maximum plasma concentration (718, 702.6, and 755.5 µg/mL for SC, AIR, and CO2, respectively) and area under the concentration-time curve (17,885, 17,423, and 18,796 µg • h/mL for SC, AIR and CO, respectively) were similar and not significantly different between methods of administration. There was an effect of time (P = 0.0002), period (P = 0.0001), and interaction between method of administration and study period (P = 0.0210) on plasma concentration of CK. However, method of treatment (P = 0.6091), interaction between method and time (P = 0.6972), interaction between period and time (P = 0.6153), and 3-way interaction between method, period and time (P = 0.6804) were not different. Results suggest that PK of tulathromycin following delivery by RDD can be similar to subcutaneous injection; however, failure of RDD to discharge after delivery by some types of projectors can cause an important proportion of cattle to fail to receive drug as expected.
INDIRECT NETWORK EFFECTS, USAGE EXTERNALITIES, AND PLATFORM COMPETITION
Authors: Johnson Paul A 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACT
Platforms, or two-sided markets, have become a topic of significant discussion in competition law over the past decade, culminating in the recent US Supreme Court decision in Ohio v. American Express Co. This note discusses externalities in platforms. Indirect network effects, one type of externality common on platforms, have been prominent in these discussions. However, the prominence of indirect network effects has obscured the importance of another externality that exists on platforms, a usage externality. This note argues that a near exclusive focus on indirect network effects has led to errors in identifying when a market should be analyzed as a platform. These errors implicate the identification of platforms like those at issue in Ohio v. American Express Co. as well as a wider set of platforms, such as ad-supported media platforms.
Self-reliance and Social Networks: Explaining Refugees’ Reluctance to Relocate from Kakuma to Kalobeyei
Authors: Betts Alexander , Omata Naohiko , Sterck Olivier 
Published: October 2019

AbstractIn 2016, refugees in the Kakuma camps in Kenya were offered the opportunity to relocate to the new Kalobeyei settlement, which ostensibly offered a better set of opportunities. While it was portrayed by the international community as objectively better for refugees’ autonomy and socio-economic prospects, most refugees in Kakuma viewed the opportunity differently. Less than 16 per cent of refugees who heard about Kalobeyei were willing to be resettled there if land were provided. For refugees, the main justifications for the reluctance to move were linked to the likely disruption to existing social networks. This example of ‘relocation for self-reliance’ has wider implications for how we conceptualize self-reliance. Although the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)’s definition of refugee self-reliance recognizes that it applies to the community level as well as the individual level, self-reliance programmes that exclusively target individuals risk rejection by communities unless they also take into account the importance of social networks.
Temporal Conjunctions and Their Semantic Extensions: The Case of in Biblical Hebrew
Authors: Locatell Christian 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Past analyses of have tended toward descriptive taxonomies or proposals of a highly abstract semantic core. Taxonomic approaches have the strength of descriptive rigour while proposals of an abstract core have the strength of offering a coherent analysis of its various uses. However, the former offer little or no explanation for the semantic variation of , and the latter simply attribute such variation to context. This paper argues that the best analysis of (or any such polysemous word) will both account for real variation in meaning without simply attributing it to context, and will also explain the principled connection between seemingly unrelated uses. Utilizing insights from cognitive semantics and grammaticalization theory, this paper will argue that temporal spans an internally complex semantic category, the various points of which served as the source for semantic extensions into its causal and conditional uses.
Two Case Studies of Linguistic Variation in Mishnaic Hebrew
Authors: Mor Uri 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Mishnaic Hebrew shows considerable linguistic variation, which may be narrowed down to three phases: the original living language, its literary crystallization, and its written and oral transmission. While scholars of Mishnaic Hebrew are well aware of this fact, they generally do not explore it and neglect to utilize tools of variationist linguistics and historical sociolinguistics in order to enhance their understanding of the language and the motivations of its users. This paper calls for a careful integration of variationist and sociolinguistic methods into the research on Mishnaic Hebrew and offers two case studies that demonstrate the advantages of this approach. The first case study con-cerns the distribution of the two feminine singular demonstrative pronouns and , for which I argue for a variationist rather than structuralist analysis. The second case study concerns a metalinguistic discussion in tractate ‘Eruvin of the Babylonian Talmud, which is claimed here to demonstrate the ideological nature of rabbinic litera-ture and its linguistic implications.
Orbital scattering by random interactions with extended substructures
Authors: Peñarrubia Jorge 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACT
This paper presents N-body and stochastic models that describe the motion of tracer particles in a potential that contains a large population of extended substructures. Fluctuations of the gravitational field induce a random walk of orbital velocities that is fully specified by drift and diffusion coefficients. In the impulse and local approximations, the coefficients are computed analytically from the number density, mass, size, and relative velocity of substructures without arbitrary cuts in forces or impact parameters. The resulting Coulomb logarithm attains a well-defined geometrical meaning, ln (Λ) = ln (D/c), where D/c is the ratio between the average separation and the individual size of substructures. Direct-force and Monte Carlo N-body experiments show excellent agreement with the theory if substructures are sufficiently extended (c/D ≳ 10−3) and not spatially overlapping (c/D ≲ 10−1). However, close encounters with point-like objects (c/D ≪ 10−3) induce a heavy-tailed, non-Gaussian distribution of high-energy impulses that cannot be described with Brownian statistics. In the point-mass limit (c/D ≈ 0), the median Coulomb logarithm measured from N-body models deviates from the theoretical relation, converging towards a maximum value 〈ln (Λ)〉 ≈ 8.2 independently of the mass and relative velocity of nearby substructures.
The dust-to-gas and dust-to-metal ratio in galaxies from z = 0 to 6
Authors: Li Qi , Narayanan Desika , Davé Romeel 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACT
We present predictions for the evolution of the galaxy dust-to-gas ratio (DGR) and dust-to-metal ratio (DTM) from z = 0 → 6, using a model for the production, growth, and destruction of dust grains implemented into the simba cosmological hydrodynamic galaxy formation simulation. In our model, dust forms in stellar ejecta, grows by the accretion of metals, and is destroyed by thermal sputtering and supernovae. Our simulation reproduces the observed dust mass function at z = 0, but modestly underpredicts the mass function by ∼×3 at z ∼ 1–2. The z = 0 DGR versus metallicity relationship shows a tight positive correlation for star-forming galaxies, while it is uncorrelated for quenched systems. There is little evolution in the DGR–metallicity relationship between z = 0 and 6. We use machine learning techniques to search for the galaxy physical properties that best correlate with the DGR and DTM. We find that the DGR is primarily correlated with the gas-phase metallicity, though correlations with the depletion time-scale, stellar mass, and gas fraction are non-negligible. We provide a crude fitting relationship for DGR and DTM versus the gas-phase metallicity, along with a public code package that estimates the DGR and DTM given a set of galaxy physical properties.
Effect of non-equilibrium ionization on derived physical conditions of the high-z intergalactic medium
Authors: Gaikwad Prakash , Srianand Raghunathan , Khaire Vikram , Choudhury Tirthankar Roy 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACT
Non-equilibrium ionization effects are important in cosmological hydrodynamical simulations but are computationally expensive. We study the effect of non-equilibrium ionization evolution and UV ionizing background (UVB) generated with different quasar spectral energy distribution (SED) on the derived physical conditions of the intergalactic medium at 2 ≤ z ≤ 6 using our post-processing tool ‘Code for Ionization and Temperature Evolution’ (cite). cite produces results matching well with self-consistent simulations more efficiently. The  He ii reionization progresses more rapidly in non-equilibrium model compared to equilibrium models. The redshift of  He ii reionization strongly depends on the quasar SED and occurs earlier for UVB models with flatter quasar SEDs. During this epoch, the normalization of temperature–density relation, T0(z), has a maximum while the slope, γ(z), has a minimum, but occurring at different redshifts. The T0 is higher in non-equilibrium models using UVB obtained with flatter quasar SEDs. While our models produce the observed median  He ii effective optical depth evolution and its scatter for equilibrium and non-equilibrium considerations, to explain the observed cumulative distributions we may need to consider fluctuating UVB. For a given UVB model, the redshift dependence of the  H i photoionization rate derived from the observed  H i effective optical depth (τeff, H i) for the equilibrium model is different from that for the non-equilibrium model. This may lead to different requirements on the evolution of ionizing emissivities of sources. We show that, in the absence of strong differential pressure smoothing effects, it is possible to recover the T0 and γ realized in non-equilibrium model from the equilibrium models generated by rescaling photoheating rates while producing the same τeff, H i.