bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
3D Gold‐Modified Cerium and Cobalt Oxide Catalyst on a Graphene Aerogel for Highly Efficient Catalytic Formaldehyde Oxidation
Authors: Qu Jiafu , Chen Dongyun , Li Najun , Xu Qingfeng , Li Hua , He Jinghui , Lu Jianmei 
Published: December 2018

AbstractA hard template method is used to prepare porous gold‐doped cerium and cobalt oxide (Au‐CexCoy) materials. A series of 3D Au‐Ce xCoy/graphene aerogel (GA) composites is then fabricated by a facile heating method. The obtained catalysts possess a well‐defined structure of ordered arrays of nanotubes and good performance in formaldehyde (HCHO) oxidation. The composition and surface elemental valence states of the catalysts are modulated by the Ce/Co molar ratio. The Au‐CexCoy catalyst and graphene oxide sheets are well compounded within 60 s through a diamine cross‐linker to form 3D Au‐CexCoy/GA composites. In addition, the resulting catalyst of 3 wt% Au‐Ce3Co/GA achieves ≈55% conversion at room temperature and 100% conversion when the reaction temperature is raised at 60 °C. The synergistic effect between CeO2 and Co3O4 promotes the migration of oxygen species and the activation of Au, which facilitates HCHO oxidation. The method used to prepare the 3D catalyst could be used to produce other catalytic materials with good replication of the template. In addition, these findings provide a simple method for rapid fabrication of catalyst/GA composites. The superior activity and stability of the 3D Au‐Ce3Co/GA catalyst make it potentially applicable in HCHO removal.
S‐Doped Carbon Nanospheres: An Efficient Electrocatalyst toward Artificial N2 Fixation to NH3
Authors: Xia Li , Wu Xiufeng , Wang Yuan , Niu Zhiguo , Liu Qian , Li Tingshuai , Shi Xifeng , Asiri Abdullah M. , Sun Xuping 
Published: December 2018

AbstractIndustrial NH3 synthesis mainly relies on the carbon‐emitting Haber–Bosch process operating under severe conditions. Electrocatalytic N2 to NH3 fixation at ambient conditions is an attractive approach to reduce energy consumption and avoid direct carbon emission. In this communication, it is reported that the S‐doped carbon nanosphere (S‐CNS) acts as an efficient and stable nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) catalyst for ambient N2 to NH3 conversion with excellent selectivity. In 0.1 m Na2SO4, the S‐CNS achieves a large NH3 yield of 19.07 μg h−1 mg−1cat. and a high Faradic efficiency of 7.47% at –0.7 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode, much higher than those of undoped CNS (3.70 μg h−1 mg−1cat., 1.45%). Notably, this catalyst also demonstrates high electrochemical and structure stability.
Metallfassade mit flexiblen organischen Solarfolien
Authors: Kuhnhenne Markus , Vontein Marius , Bär Stephan , Strauß Andree , Wiertelarz Kathrin , Meissner Michael , Epperlein Klaus 
Published: December 2018

AbstractVor dem Hintergrund der angestrebten Energiewende gewinnt die kontinuierliche Gewinnung, Verteilung und Speicherung der natürlich gegebenen, erneuerbaren Energieträger stark an Bedeutung. Die Nutzbarmachung der Sonnenenergie steht hierbei im Fokus und kann treibender Faktor der Energiewende werden. Gebäudeflächen wie Fassaden, die bisher nur in geringem Maße genutzt wurden, sind künftig für die Stromerzeugung heranzuziehen. Zu diesem Zweck sind Systeme zu entwickeln, die hohen architektonischen Ansprüchen genügen, sich ohne großen planerischen und baulichen Mehraufwand umsetzen lassen und eine hohe Energieeffizienz aufweisen.Im Rahmen eines FuE‐Projekts, in einer Kooperation aus dem Lehr‐ und Forschungsgebiet Nachhaltigkeit im Metallleichtbau der RWTH Aachen University, der Hans Laukien GmbH aus Kiel und der Heliatek GmbH aus Dresden, wird eine neuartige Fassadenlösung in einer Kombination aus organischer Photovoltaik und einem vorgehängten hinterlüfteten Fassadensystem entwickelt. Die sehr leichten, dünnen und flexiblen Solarfolien eignen sich besonders gut für den Einsatz in Metallleichtbaukonstruktionen, da nur geringe zusätzliche Lasten über die Fassade abgetragen werden müssen. Das neue Fassadensystem ist damit sowohl für den Neubau als auch für die Überkleidung von Bestandsfassaden geeignet. Ziel des FuE‐Projekts ist es, einen marktfähigen Prototypen der Metallfassade mit integrierter organischer Photovoltaik zu entwickeln und zu vermessen.
Der Aussichtsturm „Poissy Galore” im Parc du Peuple de l'Herbe
Authors: Puskas Tivadar , Frommenwiler Simon , Chambolle David , Herloch Tilo , Hartmann Simon 
Published: December 2018

AbstractDer Aussichtsturm „Poissy Galore” befindet sich in einem 113 ha großen öffentlichen Park entlang der Seine, in Carrières‐Sous‐Poissy, Frankreich. Das Programm umfasst ein Besucherzentrum, ein Museum, ein Restaurant und einen Aussichtsturm (Bild 1). Die Bauten im Park sollen den Besuchern die Möglichkeit bieten, die Landschaft zu betrachten und neue Naturerlebnisse zu begünstigen. Der Aussichtsturm – eine 15 m hohe weiße Stahlkonstruktion – besteht aus vier aufeinandergestapelten hausförmigen Körpern. Je nach Blickwinkel ergibt sich die Illusion, dass einzelne Kuben zu Boden gleiten. Die offene Treppe führt durch die einzelnen „Häuser” auf die oberste Ebene, die einen weitläufigen 360°‐Blick auf den Park und die Seine ermöglicht. Die Körper sind als Stahlrahmenbau angedacht und wurden biegesteif zusammengeschweißt. Stellenweise wurde eine Verkeilung zwischen den gestapelten Körpern installiert, um eine horizontale Plattform zu bilden. Durch das Einfügen von Bindegliedern hebt sich das oberste Haus noch etwas mehr ab und scheint damit in der Landschaft zu schweben. Die Fassaden bestehen aus Holzlamellen, deren Anordnung und Abstände eine Transluzenz bewirken und so die Tragwirkung deutlich ablesbar machen.
Optimisation of product portfolio sales and their risk subject to product width and diversity
Authors: Brzęczek Tomasz 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Prior research and theoretical studies claimed that a company extends offered product and commodities scope in order to make sales and profits grow, and the most important to decrease market risk. Others claimed that in some circumstances product category reduction leads to such results. So in our opinion every adjustment of product width and diversity should be called a diversification, if it achieves mentioned goals. In literature there is lack of methods of prediction and assessment of diversification effectiveness. To explore this issue we measure sales risk in terms of the expected error of sales forecast. We develop modern portfolio theory and forecasting theory to address their limitations in product portfolio analysis. We formulate a set of decision models, whose objective functions include different measures of an expected prediction error. We separately take it into consideration, whether to reduce or extend width of portfolio by one product category. Finally, we verify models using an agricultural production factors and equipment wholesaler’s real sales data and sales forecasts for considered new product categories. Sales data are organised into samples for the evaluation of decision model parameters and for forecast testing. We have found that product expansion usually leads to business’s higher forecasted sales and its nominal risk but also to lower relative risk. In our model any decision about product introduction or termination is assessed in relation to business’s sales and their risk, unlike in popular financial methods of project or product investment performance and return assessment.
Scale-dependent alignment, tumbling and stretching of slender rods in isotropic turbulence
Authors: Pujara Nimish , Voth Greg A. , Variano Evan A. 
Published: December 2018

We examine the dynamics of slender, rigid rods in direct numerical simulation of isotropic turbulence. The focus is on the statistics of three quantities and how they vary as rod length increases from the dissipation range to the inertial range. These quantities are (i) the steady-state rod alignment with respect to the perceived velocity gradients in the surrounding flow, (ii) the rate of rod reorientation (tumbling) and (iii) the rate at which the rod end points move apart (stretching). Under the approximations of slender-body theory, the rod inertia is neglected and rods are modelled as passive particles in the flow that do not affect the fluid velocity field. We find that the average rod alignment changes qualitatively as rod length increases from the dissipation range to the inertial range. While rods in the dissipation range align most strongly with fluid vorticity, rods in the inertial range align most strongly with the most extensional eigenvector of the perceived strain-rate tensor. For rods in the inertial range, we find that the variance of rod stretching and the variance of rod tumbling both scale as $l^{-4/3}$, where $l$ is the rod length. However, when rod dynamics are compared to two-point fluid velocity statistics (structure functions), we see non-monotonic behaviour in the variance of rod tumbling due to the influence of small-scale fluid motions. Additionally, we find that the skewness of rod stretching does not show scale invariance in the inertial range, in contrast to the skewness of longitudinal fluid velocity increments as predicted by Kolmogorov’s $4/5$ law. Finally, we examine the power-law scaling exponents of higher-order moments of rod tumbling and rod stretching for rods with lengths in the inertial range and find that they show anomalous scaling. We compare these scaling exponents to predictions from Kolmogorov’s refined similarity hypotheses.
On the dynamics of a free surface of an ideal fluid in a bounded domain in the presence of surface tension
Authors: Dyachenko Sergey A. 
Published: December 2018

We derive a set of equations in conformal variables that describe a potential flow of an ideal two-dimensional inviscid fluid with free surface in a bounded domain. This formulation is free of numerical instabilities present in the equations for the surface elevation and potential derived in Dyachenko et al. (Plasma Phys. Rep. vol. 22 (10), 1996, pp. 829–840) with some restrictions on analyticity relieved, which allows to treat a finite volume of fluid enclosed by a free-moving boundary. We illustrate with a comparison of numerical simulations of the Dirichlet ellipse, an exact solution for a zero surface tension fluid. We demonstrate how the oscillations of the free surface of a unit disc droplet may lead to breaking of one droplet into two when surface tension is present.
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights at Seventy: Progress and Challenges
Authors: İlgü Özler Ş. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractNow is a good time to take stock of the global progress made toward achieving the ideals enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), which was passed by the UN General Assembly seventy years ago. Though the UDHR has played a vital role in advancing human rights globally, threats to human rights areever present. Two issues in particular stand out as barriers to further progress. The first is state sovereignty, which presents a fundamental challenge to any effort to establish universal norms. Without strong global institutional mechanisms to ensure implementation, UDHR's impact remains limited. The second major concern is the “siloing” of human rights efforts, whereby civil and political rights have been given primacy over social and economic rights. Emphasis on some principles to the exclusion of others undermines the comprehensive advancement of human rights. The current state of affairs is a product of the collective failure to address human rights holistically and to implement real monitoring and accountability measures for states, which are directly charged with upholding them within their borders.
What if Cyberspace Were for Fighting?
Authors: Hollis Duncan B. , Ohlin Jens David 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThis essay explores the ethical and legal implications of prioritizing the militarization of cyberspace as part of a roundtable on “Competing Visions for Cyberspace.” Our essay uses an ideal type—a world that accepts warfighting as the prime directive for the construction and use of cyberspace—and examines the ethical and legal consequences that follow for (i) who will have authority to regulate cyberspace; (ii) what vehicles they will most likely use to do so; and (iii) what the rules of behavior for states and stakeholders will be. We envision a world where states would take on a greater role in governance but remain constrained by law, includingjus ad bellumandjus in bellocriteria, but also sovereignty, nonintervention, and self-determination. We ask if the net result would mean states causing less harm than they do in kinetic conflicts. Ultimately, our essay takes no position on whether cyberspace should be a militarized domain (let alone one where warfighting is the prime directive). Rather, our goal is to situate a warfighting cyber domain within the reality of a pluralist cyberspace, where ethical imperatives compete or coalesce to support specific governance mechanisms.
Germ plasm provides clues on meiosis: the concerted action of germ plasm granules and mitochondria in gametogenesis of the clamRuditapes philippinarum
Authors: Reunov Arkadiy , Alexandrova Yana , Reunova Yulia , Komkova Alina , Milani Liliana 
Published: December 2018

SummaryGerm plasm-related structures (GPRS) are known to accompany meiotic cell differentiation but their dynamics are still poorly understood. In this study, we analyzed the ultrastructural mechanisms of GPRS transformation during oogenesis and spermatogenesis of the bivalve molluscRuditapes philippinarum(Manila clam), exploring patterns of GPRS activity occurring at meiosis onset, sex-specific difference/similarity of such patterns, and the involvement of mitochondria during GPRS-assigned events. In the two sexes, the zygotene–pachytene stage of meiosis is anticipated by three shared steps. First, the dispersion of germ plasm granules containing the germ line determinant VASA occurs. Second, the VASA protein deriving from germ plasm granules enters neighbouring mitochondria and appears to induce mitochondrial matter release, as supported by cytochrome B localization outside the mitochondria. Third, intranuclear VASA entrance occurs and the protein appears involved in chromatin reorganization, as supported by VASA localization in synaptonemal complexes. In spermatogenesis, these three steps are sufficient for the normal course of meiosis. In oogenesis, these are followed by the action of ‘germ plasm granule formation complex’, a novel type of structure that appears alternative to the Balbiani body. The possibility of germ plasm involvement in reproductive technologies is also suggested.
The Counterfactual in the Age of Trump
Authors: Ablow Rachel 
Published: December 2018

“If Hillary Clinton had won the 2016 election …” Wouldn't it be nice to climb down into that imaginative rabbit hole and stay there for a while? The possibilities are so reassuringly normal—as opposed to the strange nightmare in which we find ourselves today. For the purposes of this roundtable, however, I wish to consider only one small potential consequence of a Hillary win: and that is what it would have been like to read Catherine Gallagher's new book if Hillary Clinton had won the 2016 election. I would probably have experienced Telling It Like It Wasn't as a fascinating intellectual history of a mode or a discourse that has enormous political purchase today, largely as a result of its “affiliation with legal and political historical justice projects.” Although thinkers of all political persuasions use this mode, Gallagher explains, the political counterfactual has played a particularly prominent role in “the pressure exerted by the civil rights movement in favor of a Second Reconstruction, affirmative action programs, and claims for reparations” (124–25). It has served as a way to right the wrongs of history, in other words, and as such has served us extremely well. Or, at least, that is how I would have felt if Hillary Clinton had won the 2016 election. But she did not. As a result, rather than simple intellectual pleasure and political hopefulness, reading Telling It Like It Wasn't filled me with a strong sense of dread.
Exploring absolute and relative measures of exposure to food environments in relation to dietary patterns among European adults
Authors: Pinho MGM , Mackenbach JD , Oppert J-M , Charreire H , Bárdos H , Rutter H , Compernolle S , Beulens JWJ , Brug J , Lakerveld J 
Published: December 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo explore the associations of absolute and relative measures of exposure to food retailers with dietary patterns, using simpler and more complex measures.DesignCross-sectional survey.SettingUrban regions in Belgium, France, Hungary, the Netherlands and the UK.ParticipantsEuropean adults (n 4942). Supermarkets and local food shops were classified as ‘food retailers providing healthier options’; fast-food/takeaway restaurants, cafés/bars and convenience/liquor stores as ‘food retailers providing less healthy options’. Simpler exposure measures used were density of healthy and density of less healthy food retailers. More complex exposure measures used were: spatial access (combination of density and proximity) to healthy and less healthy food retailers; density of healthier food retailers relative to all food retailers; and a ratio of spatial access scores to healthier and less healthy food retailers. Outcome measures were a healthy or less healthy dietary pattern derived from a principal component analysis (based on consumption of fruits, vegetables, fish, fast foods, sweets and sweetened beverages).ResultsOnly the highest density of less healthy food retailers was significantly associated with the less healthy dietary pattern (β = −129·6; 95 % CI −224·3, −34·8). None of the other absolute density measures nor any of the relative measures of exposures were associated with dietary patterns.ConclusionsMore complex measures of exposure to food retailers did not produce stronger associations with dietary patterns. We had some indication that absolute and relative measures of exposure assess different aspects of the food environment. However, given the lack of significant findings, this needs to be further explored.
Multi-Angle Plasma Focused Ion Beam (FIB) Curtaining Artifact Correction Using a Fourier-Based Linear Optimization Model
Authors: Schankula Christopher W. , Anand Christopher K. , Bassim Nabil D. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractWe present a flexible linear optimization model for correcting multi-angle curtaining effects in plasma focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (PFIB-SEM) images produced by rocking-polishing schemes. When PFIB-SEM is employed in a serial sectioning tomography workow, it is capable of imaging large three-dimensional volumes quickly, providing rich information in the critical 10–100 nm feature length scale. During tomogram acquisition, a “rocking polish” is often used to reduce straight-line “curtaining” gradations in the milled sample surface. While this mitigation scheme is effective for deep curtains, it leaves shallower line artifacts at two discretized angles. Segmentation and other automated processing of the image set requires that these artifacts be corrected for accurate microstructural quantification. Our work details a new Fourier-based linear optimization model for correcting curtaining artifacts by targeting curtains at two discrete angles. We demonstrate its capabilities by processing images from a tomogram from a multiphase, heterogeneous concrete sample. We present methods for selecting the parameters which meet the user’s goals most appropriately. Compared to previous works, we show that our model provides effective multi-angle curtain correction without introducing artifacts into the image, modifying non-curtain structures or causing changes to the contrast of voids. Our algorithm can be easily parallelized to take advantage of multi-core hardware.
A NOTE ON THE REVERSE MATHEMATICS OF THE SORITES
Authors: DZHAFAROV DAMIR D. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractSorites is an ancient piece of paradoxical reasoning pertaining to sets with the following properties: (Supervenience) elements of the set are mapped into some set of “attributes”; (Tolerance) if an element has a given attribute then so are the elements in some vicinity of this element; and (Connectedness) such vicinities can be arranged into pairwise overlapping finite chains connecting two elements with different attributes. Obviously, if Superveneince is assumed, then (1) Tolerance implies lack of Connectedness, and (2) Connectedness implies lack of Tolerance. Using a very general but precise definition of “vicinity”, Dzhafarov & Dzhafarov (2010) offered two formalizations of these mutual contrapositions. Mathematically, the formalizations are equally valid, but in this paper, we offer a different basis by which to compare them. Namely, we show that the formalizations have different proof-theoretic strengths when measured in the framework of reverse mathematics: the formalization of (1) is provable in$RC{A_0}$, while the formalization of (2) is equivalent to$AC{A_0}$over$RC{A_0}$. Thus, in a certain precise sense, the approach of (1) is more constructive than that of (2).
Cold Electron Runaway Below the Friction Curve
Authors: Diniz G. , Rutjes C. , Ebert U. , Ferreira I. S. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractCold electron runaway means that free electrons in gases are accelerated by electric fields from eV energies to energies above tens of keV where they can be accelerated further. To run away, the electrons need to overcome a barrier at intermediate energies where they can lose much energy in collisions. When they have reached the runaway regime, they can produce high‐energy radiation by bremsstrahlung that can be detected as (terrestrial) gamma ray flashes. When can thermal electrons from active discharges like streamers and leaders reach the runaway regime? The deterministic approach to this question is based on an energy‐dependent electron friction that has to be overcome by electric acceleration. Taking the stochastic nature of the electron molecule collisions into account, we find (1) that the classical friction curve in the energy regime up to 1 keV does not characterize the mean electron energy, but rather, it seems to approximate the upper limit of the electron energy distribution and (2) that electrons can “tunnel” through the barrier when the field is close to 3 MV/m, below the so‐called cold runaway threshold (or critical field) of approximately 26 MV/m in air at standard temperature and pressure. (3) This is only true in the bulk perspective where the electron liberation and attachment in a given electric field is taken into account in the continuously refreshing electron ensemble. In a flux simulation that follows individual electrons as long as they are free, electron attachment reduces electron runaway very strongly in air, differently to what we observe in nitrogen.