bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ACESSO À JUSTIÇA POR NOVOS SUJEITOS DE DIREITO:ANIMAIS E OUTRAS ENTIDADES AMBIENTAIS
Authors: CHAGAS Ariele 
Published: January 2019

<p><span style="font-size: 9.000000pt; font-family: 'PalatinoLinotype';">Em uma ampliação subjetiva do acesso à justiça, entidades ambientais destituídas de personalidade jurídica vêm sendo, hodiernamente, tratadas como sujeitos de Direito. Institutos positivados em ordenamentos jurídicos de diversos países reconhecem a essas entidades a capacidade de serem parte em um processo. Não é consenso, contudo. O presente trabalho propõe traçar, em linhas gerais, a noção de acesso à justiça e a participação de entidades ambientais neste processo. Trata especificamente do caso dos animais, do patrimônio genético e do planeta Terra. Concluiu que a proteção destes repercute diretamente na proteção do próprio ser humano e que, a outorga de capacidade processual para estes entes, longe de problematizar o judiciário, propiciaria um mundo mais justo e solidário, em respeito ao compromisso interegeracional previsto constitucionalmente. </span></p>
Teriflunomide induces a tolerogenic bias in blood immune cells of MS patients
Authors: Medina Silvia , Sainz de la Maza Susana , Villarrubia Noelia , Álvarez‐Lafuente Roberto , Costa‐Frossard Lucienne , Arroyo Rafael , Monreal Enric , Tejeda‐Velarde Amalia , Rodríguez‐Martín Eulalia , Roldán Ernesto , Álvarez‐Cermeño José C. , Villar Luisa M. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractObjectivesTeriflunomide, a disease‐modifying treatment approved for multiple sclerosis (MS), inhibits reversibly dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, an enzyme involved in de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis and down‐regulates proliferation of activated lymphocytes. We aimed to study the impact of this drug in the lymphocyte profiles of MS patients.MethodsFifty‐five patients with relapsing‐remitting MS who initiated teriflunomide treatment were included in the study. We studied peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained before and 6 months after treatment initiation and explored effector, memory, and regulatory cells by flow cytometry. Wilcoxon matched pair tests were used to assess differences between basal and 6 months after treatment results. P‐values were corrected with Bonferroni test.ResultsWhen explored T and B cell subsets, we observed a decrease in the percentages of terminally differentiated CD4+ T cells (P = 0.001) and plasmablasts (P < 0.0001) after 6 months of treatment. These results were confirmed with the total cell number. When studied immunomodulatory cells, we observed a clear increase of monocytes expressing programmed death‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1) (P = 0.005), which correlated negatively with all effector CD8+ T cell subsets. We also observed an increase in the percentage of CD8+ T cells (P = 0.028) and monocytes (P = 0.04) producing IL‐10.ConclusionsTeriflunomide induces a specific reduction in effector T and B cells that have shown to play a role in MS course and an increase in immunomodulatory cells. Particularly, this drug induces the expression of PD‐L1, a molecule involved in tolerance to autoantigens, which can contribute to inhibit the abnormal immune response taking place in MS.
Multiscale Design of Graphyne‐Based Materials for High‐Performance Separation Membranes
Authors: Yeo Jingjie , Jung Gang Seob , Martín‐Martínez Francisco J. , Beem Jennifer , Qin Zhao , Buehler Markus J. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractBy varying the number of acetylenic linkages connecting aromatic rings, a new family of atomically thin graph‐n‐yne materials can be designed and synthesized. Generating immense scientific interest due to its structural diversity and excellent physical properties, graph‐n‐yne has opened new avenues toward numerous promising engineering applications, especially for separation membranes with precise pore sizes. Having these tunable pore sizes in combination with their excellent mechanical strength to withstand high pressures, free‐standing graph‐n‐yne is theoretically posited to be an outstanding membrane material for separating or purifying mixtures of either gases or liquids, rivaling or even dramatically exceeding the capabilities of current, state‐of‐art separation membranes. Computational modeling and simulations play an integral role in the bottom‐up design and characterization of these graph‐n‐yne materials. Thus, here, the state of the art in modeling α‐, β‐, γ‐, δ‐, and 6,6,12‐graphyne nanosheets for synthesizing graph‐2‐yne materials and 3D architectures thereof is discussed. Different synthesis methods are described and a broad overview of computational characterizations of graph‐n‐yne's electrical, chemical, and thermal properties is provided. Furthermore, a series of in‐depth computational studies that delve into the specifics of graph‐n‐yne's mechanical strength and porosity, which confer superior performance for separation and desalination membranes, are reviewed.
Enhancing Light Emission in Interface Engineered Spin‐OLEDs through Spin‐Polarized Injection at High Voltages
Authors: Prieto‐Ruiz Juan Pablo , Miralles Sara Gómez , Prima‐García Helena , López‐Muñoz Angel , Riminucci Alberto , Graziosi Patrizio , Aeschlimann Martin , Cinchetti Mirko , Dediu Valentin Alek , Coronado Eugenio 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe quest for a spin‐polarized organic light‐emitting diode (spin‐OLED) is a common goal in the emerging fields of molecular electronics and spintronics. In this device, two ferromagnetic (FM) electrodes are used to enhance the electroluminescence intensity of the OLED through a magnetic control of the spin polarization of the injected carriers. The major difficulty is that the driving voltage of an OLED device exceeds a few volts, while spin injection in organic materials is only efficient at low voltages. The fabrication of a spin‐OLED that uses a conjugated polymer as bipolar spin collector layer and ferromagnetic electrodes is reported here. Through a careful engineering of the organic/inorganic interfaces, it is succeeded in obtaining a light‐emitting device showing spin‐valve effects at high voltages (up to 14 V). This allows the detection of a magneto‐electroluminescence (MEL) enhancement on the order of a 2.4% at 9 V for the antiparallel (AP) configuration of the magnetic electrodes. This observation provides evidence for the long‐standing fundamental issue of injecting spins from magnetic electrodes into the frontier levels of a molecular semiconductor. The finding opens the way for the design of multifunctional devices coupling the light and the spin degrees of freedom.
Precise Control of Interfacial Charge Transport for Building Functional Optoelectronic Devices
Authors: Zhang Weining , Chen Hongliang , Guo Xuefeng 
Published: January 2019

AbstractOptoelectronic devices and interfaces therein have captured great attention in both scientific and industrial communities because of the wide variety of their unique properties. From a materials chemistry point of view, each layer and individual component of an optoelectronic device possesses the possibility of flexible chemical modification, making it feasible to dope, mix, and physically/chemically modify the interface. Exploiting the novel properties in optoelectronic devices with diverse layerings of metals, semiconductors, and insulators, along with the interfaces between them, leads to new electronic device designs, including functional transistors, biodetection devices, and flexible electronics, as well as other types of traditional optoelectronic devices, such as photodetectors, photovoltaic devices, and light‐emitting devices, with unprecedented characteristics or unique functionalities. This article reviews the recent developments and challenges and provides a perspective on the exploration of interface‐engineered organic optoelectronic devices for future applications in electronics and optoelectronics.
Simulations of Biomolecules in Electrolyte Solutions
Authors: Friedman Ran 
Published: January 2019

AbstractBiomolecules including proteins, lipid membranes, and nucleic acids operate at an aqueous milieu that includes solvated ions. The interactions with ions affect biomolecules in different ways depending on the nature of the solute and the type of the ions. The dynamic nature of small soluble ions makes it difficult to follow them by structural methods. Consequently, theories were developed to explain how biomolecules interact in an environment that includes electrolytes. Moreover, simulations studies are often used to study such systems at the molecular or atomistic level. The status of the field, and in particular of simulation studies, is the subject of this progress report.
Revisiting the relative growth rate hypothesis for gymnosperm and angiosperm species co‐occurrence
Authors: Piper Frida I. , Hoch Günter , Fajardo Alex 
Published: January 2019

Premise of the StudyIt is unclear to what extent the co‐occurrence of angiosperm and gymnosperm species in some marginal ecosystems is explained by reduced growth in angiosperms due to carbon (C) limitation and by high stress tolerance in gymnosperms associated with lack of vessels and resource conservation.MethodsWe examined growth patterns and traits associated with C balance in four evergreen angiosperm species (including one vesselless species, Drimys winteri) and three gymnosperm tree species of a cold‐temperate rainforest in southern Chile. We measured the mean basal area increment for the first 50 (BAI50) and the last 10 years (BAI10), wood density, leaf lifespan, and nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) concentrations in different organs.Key ResultsBAI50 was 6‐fold higher in angiosperms than in gymnosperms and ca. 4‐fold higher in Drimys than in the fastest‐growing gymnosperm. BAI10 and aboveground NSC concentrations were significantly higher and leaf lifespan lower in angiosperms than in gymnosperms; these differences, however, were largely driven by the slow growth and low NSC concentrations of the Cupressaceae species (Pilgerodendron uviferum), while the two Podocarpaceae had BAI10 and NSC concentrations similar to angiosperms. In angiosperms, NSC and starch concentrations were generally higher in species with lower BAI10, indicating no severe C limitation.ConclusionsThe co‐occurrence of angiosperms and gymnosperms in cold‐temperate rainforests of southern Chile is not explained by growth disadvantages and C limitation in angiosperms. Long leaf longevity, but not lack of vessels, appeared to favor resource conservation and C balance in some gymnosperms (Podocarpaceae).
Variation in the transcriptome of different ecotypes of Arabidopsis thaliana reveals signatures of oxidative stress in plant responses to spaceflight
Authors: Choi Won‐Gyu , Barker Richard J. , Kim Su‐Hwa , Swanson Sarah J. , Gilroy Simon 
Published: January 2019

Premise of the StudySpaceflight provides a unique environment in which to dissect plant stress response behaviors and to reveal potentially novel pathways triggered in space. We therefore analyzed the transcriptomes of Arabidopsis thaliana plants grown on board the International Space Station to find the molecular fingerprints of these space‐related response networks.MethodsFour ecotypes (Col‐0, Ws‐2, Ler‐0 and Cvi‐0) were grown on orbit and then their patterns of transcript abundance compared to ground‐based controls using RNA sequencing.Key ResultsTranscripts from heat‐shock proteins were upregulated in all ecotypes in spaceflight, whereas peroxidase transcripts were downregulated. Among the shared and ecotype‐specific changes, gene classes related to oxidative stress and hypoxia were detected. These spaceflight transcriptional response signatures could be partly mimicked on Earth by a low oxygen environment and more fully by oxidative stress (H2O2) treatments.ConclusionsThese results suggest that the spaceflight environment is associated with oxidative stress potentially triggered, in part, by hypoxic response. Further, a shared spaceflight response may be through the induction of molecular chaperones (such as heat shock proteins) that help protect cellular machinery from the effects of oxidative damage. In addition, this research emphasizes the importance of considering the effects of natural variation when designing and interpreting changes associated with spaceflight experiments.
Enantioselective Construction of α‐Chiral Silanes by Nickel‐Catalyzed C(sp3)−C(sp3) Cross‐Coupling
Authors: Yi Hong , Mao Wenbin , Oestreich Martin 
Published: January 2019

AbstractAn enantioselective C(sp3)−C(sp3) cross‐coupling of racemic α‐silylated alkyl iodides and alkylzinc reagents is reported. The reaction is catalyzed by NiCl2/(S,S)‐Bn‐Pybox and yields α‐chiral silanes with high enantiocontrol. The catalyst system does not promote the cross‐coupling of the corresponding carbon analogue, corroborating the stabilizing effect of the silyl group on the alkyl radical intermediate (α‐silicon effect). Both coupling partners can be, but do not need to be, functionalized, and hence, even α‐chiral silanes with no functional group in direct proximity of the asymmetrically substituted carbon atom become accessible. This distinguishes the new method from established approaches for the synthesis of α‐chiral silanes.
Importance of the Nature of the Active Acid/Base Pairs of Hydroxyapatite Involved in the Catalytic Transformation of Ethanol to n‐Butanol Revealed by Operando DRIFTS
Authors: Osman Manel Ben , Krafft Jean‐Marc , Thomas Cyril , Yoshioka Tetsuya , Kubo Jun , Costentin Guylène 
Published: January 2019

AbstractOperando DRIFTS is used to identify the nature and the role of the surface sites of hydroxyapatites (HAps) involved in the catalytic transformation of ethanol to n‐butanol. The surface processes occurring upon a first reaction step followed by a step under He flow greatly influence the reactivity of HAps in a subsequent second reaction step. Ethanol is found to be mostly activated by the basic OH− groups of HAps, as indicated by the concomitant recovery of ethanol conversion and OH− groups under He flow. The drastic changes in selectivity observed during the second reaction step reveal the key role of acidic sites cooperatively acting with basic sites for basic reaction steps. Once the POH groups are poisoned by extensive formation of polymeric carbon species and the Ca2+ sites are available, the production of acetaldehyde is drastically promoted at the expense of that of n‐butanol. It is concluded that i) acetaldehyde acts as an intermediate in the formation of n‐butanol, and ii) various active sites are involved in the key basic reaction steps such as Ca2+−OH− and POH−OH− acid‐base pairs in the dehydrogenation of ethanol to acetaldehyde and the aldol condensation for n‐butanol formation, respectively.
One‐Pot Transformation of Ketoximes into Optically Active Alcohols and Amines by Sequential Action of Laccases and Ketoreductases or ω‐Transaminases
Authors: Correia Cordeiro Raquel S. , Ríos‐Lombardía Nicolás , Morís Francisco , Kourist Robert , González‐Sabín Javier 
Published: January 2019

AbstractAn enzymatic one‐pot process for asymmetric transformation of prochiral ketoximes into alcohols or amines was developed by sequential coupling of a laccase‐catalyzed deoximation either with a ketone reduction (ketoreductase, KRED) or bioamination (ω‐transaminase, ω‐TA) in aqueous medium. An accurate selection of biocatalysts provided the corresponding products in excellent enantiomeric excesses and overall conversions ranging from 83 to >99 % for alcohols and 70 to >99 % for amines. Likewise, the employment of exclusively 1 % (w/w) of Cremophor®, a polyethoxylated castor oil, as co‐solvent enabled to reach concentrations up to 100 mM in the chiral alcohols cascade.
Driving Force of Crystallization Based on Diffusion in the Boundary and the Integration Layers
Authors: Borissova Antonia 
Published: January 2019

AbstractCrystal growth rates are notoriously difficult to predict and even experimental data are often inconsistent. By allowing for mass and energy diffusion through the molecular and thermal layers surrounding a growing crystal and for the heat effect of crystallization, a new model of crystal growth from solution is proposed and applied to crystallization of potassium chloride from aqueous solution. The driving force for crystal growth was calculated using the solubility at the interface temperature in contrast to the conventional one based on bulk temperature. A positive heat effect at the crystal interface as well as the resistances to the mass and energy transfer processes to and from the crystal surface can reduce the conventional driving force for crystal growth by more than 20 %.
Assembly of Tetrazolylfuroxan Organic Salts: Multipurpose Green Energetic Materials with High Enthalpies of Formation and Excellent Detonation Performance
Authors: Larin Alexander A. , Muravyev Nikita V. , Pivkina Alla N. , Suponitsky Kyrill Yu. , Ananyev Ivan V. , Khakimov Dmitry V. , Fershtat Leonid L. , Makhova Nina N. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractA series of highly energetic organic salts comprising a tetrazolylfuroxan anion, explosophoric azido or azo functionalities, and nitrogen‐rich cations were synthesized by simple, efficient, and scalable chemical routes. These energetic materials were fully characterized by IR and multinuclear NMR (1H, 13C, 14N, 15N) spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Additionally, the structure of an energetic salt consisting of an azidotetrazolylfuroxan anion and a 3,6,7‐triamino‐7H‐[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3‐b][1,2,4]triazolium cation was confirmed by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The synthesized compounds exhibit good experimental densities (1.57–1.71 g cm−3), very high enthalpies of formation (818–1363 kJ mol−1), and, as a result, excellent detonation performance (detonation velocities 7.54–8.26 kms−1 and detonation pressures 23.4–29.3 GPa). Most of the synthesized energetic salts have moderate sensitivity toward impact and friction, which makes them promising candidates for a variety of energetic applications. At the same time, three compounds have impact sensitivity on the primary explosives level (1.5–2.7 J). These results along with high detonation parameters and high nitrogen contents (66.0–70.2 %) indicate that these three compounds may serve as potential environmentally friendly alternatives to lead‐based primary explosives.
A UGT1A1 genotype‐guided dosing study of modified FOLFIRINOX in previously untreated patients with advanced gastrointestinal malignancies
Authors: Sharma Manish R. , Joshi Smita S. , Karrison Theodore G. , Allen Kenisha , Suh Grace , Marsh Robert , Kozloff Mark F. , Polite Blase N. , Catenacci Daniel V. T. , Kindler Hedy L. 
Published: January 2019

BackgroundFOLFIRINOX (5‐fluorouracil [5‐FU], leucovorin, irinotecan, oxaliplatin) is an effective but toxic therapy for pancreatic cancer. UGT1A1 (UDP glucuronosyltransferase 1A1) eliminates the active metabolite of irinotecan. Polymorphisms reduce UGT1A1 activity, leading to toxicity. The primary objective was to determine the dose‐limiting toxicity (DLT) rate in cycle 1 of modified FOLFIRINOX (mFOLFIRINOX) using genotype‐guided dosing of irinotecan for the most common UGT1A1 genotypes (*1/*1, *1/*28) in advanced gastrointestinal malignancies, with expansion in pancreatic and biliary tract cancers.Method5‐FU (2400 mg/m2 over 46 hours), leucovorin (400 mg/m2), oxaliplatin (85 mg/m2), and irinotecan were given every 14 days. Irinotecan doses of 180, 135, and 90 mg/m2 were administered for UGT1A1 genotypes *1/*1, *1/*28, and *28/*28, respectively. Prophylactic pegfilgrastim was omitted in cycle 1 for cohort 1 (tolerability by genotype), but was given in cohort 2 (tolerability by tumor type). Doses were tolerable if the upper limit of a 2‐sided 80% confidence interval for DLT rate was ≤33%.ResultsIn cohort 1, DLTs (most commonly febrile neutropenia, fatigue, diarrhea) occurred in 2/15 (13%), 3/16 (19%), and 4/10 (40%) patients with *1/*1, *1/*28, and *28/*28 genotypes, respectively. In cohort 2, 6/19 (32%) pancreatic and 4/19 (21%) biliary tract cancer patients experienced DLTs (most commonly fatigue, diarrhea, nausea/vomiting). In cohort 2, upper confidence limits of DLT rates exceeded 33%. Response rates were 38% in pancreatic and 21% in biliary tract cancers.ConclusionOn the basis of our prespecified criteria, tolerability of UGT1A1 genotype‐guided mFOLFIRINOX was not established in pancreatic and biliary tract cancers. However, this regimen was effective.
Biliary tract cancer incidence and trends in the United States by demographic group, 1999‐2013
Authors: Van Dyke Alison L. , Shiels Meredith S. , Jones Gieira S. , Pfeiffer Ruth M. , Petrick Jessica L. , Beebe‐Dimmer Jennifer L. , Koshiol Jill 
Published: January 2019

BackgroundBiliary tract cancers (BTCs) are rare but deadly cancers (gallbladder cancer [GBC], intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma [ICC], extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma [ECC], and ampulla of Vater cancer [AVC]). A recent US study reported increasing GBC incidence among people younger than 45 years and blacks; however, it did not examine trends for other biliary tract sites.MethodsThis study characterized demographic differences in BTC incidence rates and time trends by anatomic site. Population‐based North American Association of Central Cancer Registries data were used to calculate age‐adjusted incidence rates, incidence rate ratios (IRRs), and estimated annual percent changes (eAPCs) for 1999‐2013 by site and demographic group. For sites with significant differences in eAPC by age group, IRRs were compared by age group.ResultsGBC incidence rates declined among women (eAPC, –0.5%/y; P = .01) and all racial/ethnic groups except for non‐Hispanic blacks, among whom rates increased (1.8%/y; P < .0001). Although GBC rates increased among 18‐ to 44‐year‐olds (eAPC, 1.8%/y; P = .01), they decreased among people 45 years old or older (–0.4%/y; P = .009). Sex (P < .0001) and racial/ethnic differences (P = .003 to .02) in GBC incidence were larger for younger people than older people. During this period, ICC (eAPC, 3.2%/y; P < .0001) and ECC rates (1.8%/y; P = .001) steadily increased across sex and racial/ethnic groups. Although AVC incidence rates increased among younger adults (eAPC, 1.8%/y; P = .03) but not older adults (–0.20%/y; P = .30), sex and racial/ethnic IRRs did not differ by age.ConclusionsDifferential patterns of BTC rates and temporal trends have been identified by anatomic site and demographic groups. These findings highlight the need for large pooling projects to evaluate BTC risk factors by anatomic site.