bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic differentiation of the southern population of the fathead minnow Pimephales promelas Rafinesque (Actinopterygii: Cyprinidae)
Authors: Ballesteros-Nova Nayarit E , Pérez-Rodríguez Rodolfo , Beltrán-López Rosa G , Domínguez-Domínguez Omar 
Published: April 2018

Background. Mexico is one of the most megadiverse countries in the world, with considerable reaches and endemicity in the diversity of fishes compared to other countries and regions. Recent phylogenetic studies in co-distributed species of widespread fishes, besides revealing a subestimation of species richness in the Mesa del Norte, in Mexico, suggest phylogenetic congruence in some species complexes. Previous morphological and meristic analyses concluded that at least three subspecies of Pimephales promelas exist in United States populations, suggesting that the richness in Pimephales could be underestimated. But no studies have examined the morphologic and genetic diversity in Southern populations of Pimephales promelas. We presented analyses of the genetic variation among P. promelas populations across its Southern distributional range.
Methods. Phylogenetic reconstruction and genetic distances using cytochrome b and S7 sequences were done.
Results. The results based on phylogenetic trees, species tree, genetic distances and haplotype networks revealed the existence of at least four well-differentiated lineages (Yaqui Lineage, Nazas+Conchos Lineage, Santa Maria Lineage and Casas Grandes Lineage).
Discussion. The four well supported lineages found confirm Pimephales promelas as a species complex. Composition and distribution of these major lineages is also consistent with previous biogeographic hypothesis for other fishes in the region, supporting the fragmentation of the ancestral Lake Cabeza de Vaca, possibly due to the combined influence of tectonic events and increasing regional aridity, as well as events of interchange between basins via stream capture.
Reproductive success of Whiskered TernChlidonias hybridain eastern Spain in relation to water level variation
Authors: Ortiz Lledó Álvaro , Vidal Mateo Javier , Urios Moliner Vicente 
Published: April 2018

BackgroundA study on the Whiskered TernChlidonias hybridawas carried out between 2002 and 2009 in wetlands of eastern Spain to evaluate how water level fluctuation affects its reproductive success (hatching, fledgling and breeding success). This species is catalogued as Vulnerable in Spain and has an unfavorable conservation status in Europe.MethodsOur study includes 18 sampling areas from five wetlands, covering a total of 663 nests, 1,618 eggs, 777 nestlings and 225 fledglings. The colonies were visited at least twice per week in breeding period. The number of eggs and/or nestlings present in each nest were annotated each time the colonies were visited with the aim to compare the evolution of these parameters with time. Hatching success was calculated as the proportion of egg that hatched successfully. Fledgling success and breeding success were calculated as the proportion of chicks that fledged successfully and the proportion of eggs that produced fledglings. We used the Kruskal–Wallis test to analyze the differences in the dependent variables hatching, fledgling and breeding success among the wetlands and the sampling areas. We explored the relationship between the different reproductive success with the average fluctuation rate and the anchoring depth of nests, using statistics of the linear regression.ResultsIt was observed that the reproductive success varied significantly in the interaction among the different categories of water level fluctuation and the different areas (using the Kruskal–Wallis test). Our records showed that pronounced variations in water level destroyed several nests, which affected the Whiskered Tern reproductive success. Considering all events that occurred in 18 areas, the mean (±SD) of nests, eggs and nestlings that were lost after water level fluctuations were of 25.60 ± 21.79%, 32.06 ± 27.58% and 31.91 ± 21.28% respectively, also including the effects of rain and predation.DiscussionUnfavorable climatic events, such as strong wind, rain or hail, also caused the loss of nests, eggs and nestlings, even when wetland water levels remained constant. The influence of the anchorage depth of the nest and the water level fluctuation rate were analyzed and did not provide statistically significant results. It was not possible to establish a clear pattern on these latter variables, so further studies are needed to obtain more significant results. We propose to undertake similar studies in wetlands where the water level can be regulated, with the range of nest anchorage depth on the emergent vegetation being between 30 and 60 cm, which could improve the reproductive success in this kind of habitats. As recommendation, in water level controlled wetlands (that use sluices), it should not vary more than ±6 cm in a short time (1–2 days) once the nests are established since it negatively affects their reproductive success.
Elegant Surface of CoNi Alloys toward Efficient Magnetorheological Performances Realized with Carbon Quantum Dots
Authors: Zhang Wen Ling , Qu Fengcheng , Tian Yu , Choi Hyoung Jin , Deng Li , Liu Jingquan , Tian Jinmi , Liu Hao 
Published: April 2018

AbstractDesigning and fabricating a rational surface architecture is one of the critical factors to achieve desirable physical and chemical properties and still remains an immense challenge. Herein, a series of CoNi‐based hierarchical microspheres with different surface morphologies, including litchi‐like, seed‐of‐plane‐tree‐like, and waxberry‐like shapes, are obtained via surface nucleation of carbon quantum dots (CQDs) with different concentrations in liquid polyol. Microstructure investigations suggest that all the CoNi microspheres are uniformly with enhanced surface roughness with the increasing concentration of CQDs. This study provides insight into the surface dominant magnetorheological (MR) behaviors of these CoNi‐based suspensions. Taking both the synergistic benefits of paramagnetic CoNi microspheres and surface architecture, the resulting CoNi microspheres exhibit enhanced interparticle friction for enhancing their MR effects compared with smooth surface microspheres, opening up the possible mechanism for revealing the MR effect. Moreover, this facile strategy can be extended as an effective path to achieve high‐performance MR behaviors for engineering applications.
Visible‐Light‐Driven Conversion of Alcohols into Iodide Derivatives with Iodoform
Authors: Zhao Yubao , Antonietti Markus 
Published: April 2018

AbstractA cost‐effective, straightforward, and environmentally benign alcohol iodination procedure with broad substrate scope is reported herein. In this reaction system, visible light and iodoform are employed as the energy source and iodination reagent, respectively. The reaction begins with the homolytic fission of the C–I bond in iodoform induced by visible‐light irradiation, producing active radicals. The following steps involve radical trapping by DMF (dimethylformamide), nucleophilic substitution, Vilsmeier‐type reagent formation, and the final iodination of the alcohol. The excellent performance of the model reaction in the flow photoreactor demonstrates the potential of this system for practical application.
Trophic specialization and morphological divergence between two sympatric species in Lake Catemaco, Mexico
Authors: Ornelas‐García Claudia Patricia , Córdova‐Tapia Fernando , Zambrano Luis , Bermúdez‐González María Pamela , Mercado‐Silva Norman , Mendoza‐Garfias Berenit , Bautista Amando 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe association of morphological divergence with ecological segregation among closely related species could be considered as a signal of divergent selection in ecological speciation processes. Environmental signals such as diet can trigger phenotypic evolution, making polymorphic species valuable systems for studying the evolution of trophic‐related traits. The main goal of this study was to analyze the association between morphological differences in trophic‐related traits and ecological divergence in two sympatric species, Astyanax aeneus and A. caballeroi, inhabiting Lake Catemaco, Mexico. The trophic differences of a total of 70 individuals (35 A. aeneus and 35 A. caballeroi) were examined using stable isotopes and gut content analysis; a subset of the sample was used to characterize six trophic and six ecomorphological variables. In our results, we recovered significant differences between both species in the values of stable isotopes, with higher values of δ15N for A. caballeroi than for A. aeneus. Gut content results were consistent with the stable isotope data, with a higher proportion of invertebrates in A. caballeroi (a consumption of invertebrates ten times higher than that of A. aeneus, which in turn consumed three times more vegetal material than A. caballeroi). Finally, we found significant relationship between ecomorphology and stable isotopes (r = .24, p < .01), hence, head length, preorbital length, eye diameter, and δ15N were all positively correlated; these characteristics correspond to A. caballeroi. While longer gut and gill rakers, deeper bodies, and vegetal material consumption were positively correlated and corresponded to A. aeneus. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that morphological divergence in trophic‐related traits could be associated with niche partitioning, allowing the coexistence of closely related species and reducing interspecific competition.
Knowledge, attitude, and beliefs on epilepsy among adults in Erute South, Lira District, Uganda
Authors: Kiwanuka Frank , Anyango Olyet Carolyne 
Published: April 2018

SummaryObjectiveTo assess the knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs of adults on epilepsy in Erute South County, Lira District, Uganda.MethodsA cross‐sectional study was conducted in rural Erute South County. Two hundred seventeen of 220 randomly selected adults 18 years or older participated in the study. A standardized self‐administered questionnaire (Attitudes towards persons with Epilepsy “ATPE”) was used for data collection. Protocol approval was sought from International Health Sciences University, and informed consent was obtained from participants at all times.ResultsTwo hundred seventeen of 220 invited community members completed the study. Females comprised the majority 51.6%.. Most of the respondents had a low level of knowledge on epilepsy. The mean ATPE scale knowledge score was 4.57 (standard deviation [SD] = 3.24) of a maximum score of 11. The male respondents almost had mean knowledge scores almost equal to their female counterparts (4.23, SD = 2.48; 4.51, SD = 2.54, respectively). Most respondents had negative attitudes toward epilepsy, with a mean ATPE attitude score of 73.2 (SD = 2.11) of a possible maximum score of 126. The mean attitude scores for the male and female respondents were 58.18 (SD = 4.23) and 86.62 (SD = 5.23), respectively. Most respondents had negative beliefs such as attributing epilepsy to supernatural spirits, heredity, and preference of traditional medicine and healers to conventional medicine as a treatment for epilepsy. A significant number of respondents expressed sympathetic feelings toward people living with epilepsy, specifically tolerance and kindness to those living with epilepsy.SignificanceFindings could benefit policymakers, the district health team, researchers, community members, affected families, and people with epilepsy in designing awareness strategies. Knowledge on epilepsy could improve the quality of life and care for people living with epilepsy, through reducing misconceptions and stigmatization in the communities where they live.
Recent Development in Recognition of and Assistance to Foreign Insolvency Representatives Under the Hong Kong Common Law
Authors: Li Xiaolin , Tu Guangjian 
Published: April 2018

AbstractAlthough Hong Kong has neither enacted nor launched any plan to enact a statute addressing cooperation and assistance on cross‐border insolvency matters, recently, a unique Hong Kong approach dealing with recognition and assistance in cross‐border insolvency is gradually forming under common law. Thanks to the efforts made by the Companies Court of the Hong Kong High Court, insolvency representatives appointed in the place of incorporation of the debtors may, firstly, be accorded a certain degree of automatic recognition and cooperation based on traditional private international law rules without going through a recognition procedure and, secondly, be recognized and granted active assistance under principle of universalism at common law. With regard to the limits of this common law power, the court has referred to but not strictly followed the British Privy Council's decision in Singularis Holdings Limited v. PricewaterhouseCoopers (Singularis) and instead followed the previous approach in Cambridge Gas Transport Corp v. Official Committee of Unsecured Creditors (of Navigator Holdings PLC and others) (Cambridge Gas). The Companies Court also attempted to simplify and facilitate the application and grant of this common law recognition and assistance through a series of innovations. Copyright © 2018 INSOL International and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Asking ‘Why’ in AI: Explainability of intelligent systems – perspectives and challenges
Authors: Preece Alun 
Published: April 2018

SummaryRecent rapid progress in machine learning (ML), particularly so‐called ‘deep learning’, has led to a resurgence in interest in explainability of artificial intelligence (AI) systems, reviving an area of research dating back to the 1970s. The aim of this article is to view current issues concerning ML‐based AI systems from the perspective of classical AI, showing that the fundamental problems are far from new, and arguing that elements of that earlier work offer routes to making progress towards explainable AI today.
Stoichiometry of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus through the freshwater pipe
Authors: Maranger Roxane , Jones Stuart E. , Cotner James B. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe “freshwater pipe” concept has improved our understanding of freshwater carbon (C) cycling, however, it has rarely been applied to macronutrients such as nitrogen (N) or phosphorus (P). Here, we synthesize knowledge of the processing of C, N, and P together in freshwaters from land to the ocean. We compared flux estimates into and out of the N and P “pipes” and showed the net removal rates of N and P by inland waters were less than those for C. The C : N : P stoichiometry of inland water inputs vs. exports differed due to large respiratory C and N losses, and efficient P burial in inland waters. Residence time plays a critical role in the processing of these elements through the pipe, where higher water residence times from streams to lakes results in substantial increases in C : N, C : P, and N : P ratios.
Neuromuscular ultrasound of the brachial plexus: A standardized approach
Authors: Baute Vanessa , Strakowski Jeffrey A. , Reynolds Jon W. , Karvelas Kristopher R. , Ehlers Paul , Brenzy Kevin J. , Li Zhongyu J. , Cartwright Michael S. 
Published: April 2018

ABSTRACTReliable assessment of brachial plexus disorders can be challenging due to the complexity of the anatomy and variation of potential pathology. Electrodiagnostic testing can be both uncomfortable for the patient and inconclusive. Ultrasound can serve as a complement to clinical assessment, electrodiagnostic testing, and other imaging modalities. This study describes a systematic approach for performing neuromuscular ultrasound for suspected pathology in the brachial plexus. The literature regarding techniques for brachial plexus ultrasound was reviewed. A team composed of specialists in neurology, physiatry, anesthesiology, orthopedic surgery, and vascular surgery used this as the basis for describing standardized techniques for performing brachial plexus ultrasound. Four standard views, along with other supplemental views, are described for the evaluation of the brachial plexus. An illustrative case is presented. Ultrasound is a high‐resolution point of care diagnostic tool that allows assessment of structural pathology affecting the brachial plexus. Muscle Nerve 58: 618–624, 2018
Particle acceleration in explosive relativistic reconnection events and Crab Nebula gamma-ray flares
Authors: Lyutikov Maxim , Komissarov Serguei , Sironi Lorenzo , Porth Oliver 
Published: April 2018

We develop a model of gamma-ray flares of the Crab Nebula resulting from the magnetic reconnection events in a highly magnetised relativistic plasma. We first discuss physical parameters of the Crab Nebula and review the theory of pulsar winds and termination shocks. We also review the principle points of particle acceleration in explosive reconnection events [Lyutikov et al., J. Plasma Phys., vol. 83(6), p. 635830601 (2017a); J. Plasma Phys., vol. 83(6), p. 635830602 (2017b)]. It is required that particles producing flares are accelerated in highly magnetised regions of the nebula. Flares originate from the poleward regions at the base of the Crab’s polar outflow, where both the magnetisation and the magnetic field strength are sufficiently high. The post-termination shock flow develops macroscopic (not related to the plasma properties on the skin-depth scale) kink-type instabilities. The resulting large-scale magnetic stresses drive explosive reconnection events on the light-crossing time of the reconnection region. Flares are produced at the initial stage of the current sheet development, during the X-point collapse. The model has all the ingredients needed for Crab flares: natural formation of highly magnetised regions, explosive dynamics on the light travel time, development of high electric fields on macroscopic scales and acceleration of particles to energies well exceeding the average magnetic energy per particle.
Size-based termination of higher-order rewriting
Authors: BLANQUI FRÉDÉRIC 
Published: April 2018

AbstractWe provide a general and modular criterion for the termination of simply typed λ-calculus extended with function symbols defined by user-defined rewrite rules. Following a work of Hughes, Pareto and Sabry for functions defined with a fixpoint operator and pattern matching, several criteria use typing rules for bounding the height of arguments in function calls. In this paper, we extend this approach to rewriting-based function definitions and more general user-defined notions of size.
Geochemical and Microstructural Signals in Giant ClamTridacna maximaRecorded Typhoon Events at Okinotori Island, Japan
Authors: Komagoe Taro , Watanabe Tsuyoshi , Shirai Kotaro , Yamazaki Atsuko , Uematu Mitsuo 
Published: April 2018

AbstractTo validate the usability of the giant clam shell as a recorder of short‐term environmental changes such as typhoons, we collected a liveTridacna maximafrom Okinotori Island, Japan, on 15 June 2006. Growth increment thickness, stable isotope ratio (δ18Oshell, δ13Cshell), and the barium/calcium ratio (Ba/Ca) in theT. maximashell sample were measured and compared to Okinotori Island instrumental environmental data. In the outer layer of the shell sample, there were 365 ± 6 growth increments per year, as estimated by the δ18Oshellprofile compared with sea surface temperature. The growth increments in the specimen were formed daily, and thus, we can determine the date of the sampling points of δ18Oshell, δ13Cshelland the Ba/Ca ratio by counting growth increments. After typhoon approach, there is a decrease in increment thickness and some disturbed growth increments. The positive peaks in the shell Ba/Ca ratio and δ18Oshellcorresponded to lower sea surface temperature caused by typhoons. These results indicated that the microstructural and geochemical record inTridacna maximashells could be useful for detecting past typhoon events.
Export of Strongly Diluted Greenland Meltwater From a Major Glacial Fjord
Authors: Beaird Nicholas L. , Straneo Fiammetta , Jenkins William 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe Greenland Ice Sheet has been, and will continue, losing mass at an accelerating rate. The influence of this anomalous meltwater discharge on the regional and large‐scale ocean could be considerable but remains poorly understood. This uncertainty is in part a consequence of challenges in observing water mass transformation and meltwater spreading in coastal Greenland. Here we use tracer observations that enable unprecedented quantification of the export, mixing, and vertical distribution of meltwaters leaving one of Greenland's major glacial fjords. We find that the primarily subsurface meltwater input results in the upwelling of the deep fjord waters and an export of a meltwater/deepwater mixture that is 30 times larger than the initial meltwater release. Using these tracer data, the vertical structure of Greenland's summer meltwater export is defined for the first time showing that half the meltwater export occurs below 65 m.
A Mechanism of Land Degradation in Turf‐Mantled Slopes of the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Okin Gregory S. , D'Odorico Paolo , Liu Jianquan 
Published: April 2018

AbstractKobresia pygmaea meadows are typical of Tibetan Plateau landscapes in the 3,000 to 5,500 m elevation range and constitute the most extensive alpine ecosystem in the world. Kobresia pygmaea forms turf mats that stabilize the surface and shelter the underlying soils from water erosion. Large tracts of the Plateau, however, exhibit signs of ongoing degradation of the turf and erosion of the underlying soil. Despite the crucial role played by K. pygmaea turf mats in the stabilization of the headwaters of major Asian rivers, the mechanisms responsible for their degradation remain poorly investigated. Here we develop a process‐based model of land degradation of Tibetan Plateau slopes, which accounts for (i) turf cracking, (ii) water flow concentration in the cracks, (iii) crack widening by scouring, and (iv) sheet‐flow erosion. As expected, soil erosion increases with the slope and drainage area (hence the observation of stronger erosion in relatively steep downhill sites). Model simulations indicate that with a sensible set of parameters representative of soil and hydrologic conditions in the region, Tibetan Plateau landscapes are vulnerable to turf mat degradation and soil erosion. As soon as polygonal cracks develop, water flow widens them until the landscape is completely barren. At this point sheet flow eventually erodes the mineral soil leaving behind a highly degraded landscape.
The Role of Tectonic Stress in Triggering Large Silicic Caldera Eruptions
Authors: Cabaniss Haley E. , Gregg Patricia M. , Grosfils Eric B. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractWe utilize 3‐D temperature‐dependent viscoelastic finite element models to investigate the mechanical response of the host rock supporting large caldera‐size magma reservoirs (volumes >102 km3) to local tectonic stresses. The mechanical stability of the host rock is used to determine the maximum predicted repose intervals and magma flux rates that systems may experience before successive eruption is triggered. Numerical results indicate that regional extension decreases the stability of the roof rock overlying a magma reservoir, thereby promoting early‐onset caldera collapse. Alternatively, moderate amounts of compression (≤10 mm/year) on relatively short timescales (<104 years) increases roof rock stability. In addition to quantifying the affect of tectonic stresses on reservoir stability, our models indicate that the process of rejuvenation and mechanical failure is likely to take place over short time periods of hundreds to thousands of years. These findings support the short preeruption melt accumulation timescales indicated by U series disequilibrium studies.