bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measuring the effectiveness of multi-sector approaches to service provision
Authors: Caplan K. , Jones D. 
Published: May 2018

Sustainable development is a global imperative, and strategic partnerships involving business, government and civil society may present a successful approach for the development of communities around the world. Business Partners for Development (BPD) is an informal network of partners that seeks to demonstrate that partnerships among these three sectors can achieve more at the local level than any of the groups acting individually. The Water and Sanitation Cluster of the BPD has been working with eight partnership projects around the world to determine the efficacy of the partnership approach in providing water and sanitation to the poor.
Measuring the effectiveness of these partnerships, however, proves challenging. Different interested and affected groups will measure the success of the initiative along different sets of criteria. Partnership elicits qualitative values such as trust, responsiveness and flexibility that are more likely to be “measured” by gut reactions rather than by more mechanical means. However, the creation and maintenance of a carefully selected set of indicators for a specific partnership project should enhance relations by increasing clarity and building stronger communication channels. The paper below provides considerations for the creation of partnership indicators.
Security and redundancy in trunk main distribution networks
Authors: Wallen A. , Woodward T. , Powell R. 
Published: May 2018

A methodology is being developed that may be incorporated in a hydraulic network modelling tool to analyse redundancy in the trunk main network of a water distribution system. A rigorous definition of the terms redundancy and security are given in this paper. Redundancy in the trunk main infrastructure is assessed in terms of supply security, which is the probability of water of adequate pressure, quality and appearance reaching the demand nodes. Supply security is increased by providing multiple supply routes to demand nodes so that there is minimal supply interruption in the case of failure of a network component.
This paper presents a method that evaluates supply security under network conditions caused by trunk main failures. The supply security level ensured by multiple pipe routes is compared with the costs of maintaining additional routes. Three indices are used as measures of the cost of additional infrastructure: network condition, water age and link failure probability. The fitness of a trunk main system is evaluated in terms of supply security and infrastructure costs. The system may then be modified using a genetic algorithm to create a population of reduced networks, from which infrastructure which may be redundant has been removed. The fitness of each reduced network is assessed, compared with the fittest network, and progressive generations are developed using the algorithm, until an improved network is selected.
Prediction of chlorine and trihalomethanes concentration profile in bulk drinking water distribution systems from laboratory data
Authors: Kastl G. , Fisher I. , Jegatheesan V. , Chandy J. , Clarkson K. 
Published: May 2018

Nearly all drinking water distribution systems experience a “natural” reduction of disinfection residuals. The most frequently used disinfectant is chlorine, which can decay due to reactions with organic and inorganic compounds in the water and by liquid/solids reaction with the biofilm, pipe walls and sediments. Usually levels of 0.2-0.5 mg/L of free chlorine are required at the point of consumption to maintain bacteriological safety. Higher concentrations are not desirable as they present the problems of taste and odour and increase formation of disinfection by-products. It is usually a considerable concern for the operators of drinking water distribution systems to manage chlorine residuals at the “optimum level”, considering all these issues.
This paper describes how the chlorine profile in a drinking water distribution system can be modelled and optimised on the basis of readily and inexpensively available laboratory data. Methods are presented for deriving the laboratory data, fitting a chlorine decay model of bulk water to the data and applying the model, in conjunction with a simplified hydraulic model, to obtain the chlorine profile in a distribution system at steady flow conditions.
Two case studies are used to demonstrate the utility of the technique. Melbourne’s Greenvale-Sydenham distribution system is unfiltered and uses chlorination as its only treatment. The chlorine model developed from laboratory data was applied to the whole system and the chlorine profile was shown to be accurately simulated. Biofilm was not found to critically affect chlorine decay. In the other case study, Sydney Water’s Nepean system was modelled from limited hydraulic data. Chlorine decay and trihalomethane (THM) formation in raw and treated water were measured in a laboratory, and a chlorine decay and THM model was derived on the basis of these data. Simulated chlorine and THM profiles agree well with the measured values available. Various applications of this modelling approach are also briefly discussed.
A methodology for assessing the operational potential of the urban wastewater system using integrated modelling
Authors: Zacharof A.I. , Schütze M. , Butler D. 
Published: May 2018

Application of real-time control (RTC) is one possible measure to increase the performance of the urban wastewater system. However, the potential and the benefits of control depend strongly on the characteristics of the individual site under question. Conventionally, RTC potential is evaluated by performing a detailed feasibility study, which in some cases may conclude that for the given site real-time control does not have any significant potential. This can result in spending considerable precious resources for a detailed feasibility study only to identify the non-feasibility of RTC in the system.
It would therefore be desirable to have a methodology that allows simple, and cost-effective, screening of sites for which the analysis of real-time control may be beneficial. Earlier research has led to the provision of an easy-to-apply scoring system allowing a quick assessment of the RTC potential of controlling flow in sewer systems. However, as this procedure does not take into account water quality aspects, nor the treatment plant or the receiving water body, it cannot be used for assessing the potential of RTC of the complete system.
This paper describes the work of an on-going project aimed at establishing an enhanced procedure for assessing the real-time control potential for the entire urban wastewater system. This entails simulating many (partly hypothetical) case studies (varying several key parameters of the wastewater system) using the simulation tool SYNOPSIS. For each of these sites, several real-time control algorithms are developed and optimised, following a general procedure, which allows for local, global and integrated scenarios to be considered. Analysis of the results reveals those system parameters which are of particular significance to the RTC potential of urban wastewater systems. Furthermore, it is recognised that there is considerable uncertainty associated with modelling of such a large and diverse system and a framework is developed for incorporating this in the RTC potential screening tool. Finally, further work is currently underway in broadening the number of case study simulations and developing more complex approaches to quantifying and propagating uncertainty in the model.
Impact of a new legislation on the water market and competition in France
Authors: Brunet E. , Guérin-Schneider L. , Bonnet F. 
Published: May 2018

In France, watr services are under municipal responsibility. They can be managed, either by municipalities themselves, or by private companies through delegation contracts. Whatever the situation is, water management remain under state control. The law of 29 January 1993 known as “Sapin Act” limits the duration of the contracts of delegation and imposes a procedure of publicity and consultation preliminary to their conclusion or their renewal. A study has been led from 1998 by our laboratory on the impact of this competition between private companies on the delegation contracts and their price. The main conclusions are the following:Including water and wastewater contracts, the procedure of competition led to an average fall of 10% of the price paid to the contractor. The most significant falls concern services of more than 20 000 inhabitants;If the global distribution of the contracts between the three major companies in this sector is not basically modified, one notes an increasingly marked presence of independent private operators;The duration of the contracts is in reduction, on average, from 17 to 11 years.
Then, it appears that the procedure instituted by the law of 29 January 1993 allowed a better exercise of competition between the private companies. The municipalities, mainly the smallest, encounter difficulties in the course of the procedure, and this is the reason why they expressed strong expectations in regard to the services of consulting. The progressive development of associations of municipalities makes it possible for the municipalities to obtain more favourable contractual conditions. This study makes it possible to follow the evolution of the number of procedures initiated pursuant to the law of 29 January 1993: nearly 300 in 1997, 582 in 1998 and 684 in 1999. In 2005, most of the 12,000 French contracts would have been renegotiated, a figure which shows the economical impact on water services.
Impact of end uses knowledge in demand strategic planning for Madrid
Authors: Cubillo F. 
Published: May 2018

In recent years, there have been substantial changes in the factors that affect a growth in water demand and in the framework and constraints for providing the solutions that will meet these demands. Requirements are growing at the speed of light, whereas solutions are being established at a snail's pace.
In the past, there was considerable headroom where guaranteeing the supply were concerned, but unfortunately the leeway that once existed is being rapidly eroded away. The procedures for facing up to these challenges and new frameworks and problems require new ways of analysis and approach to the solutions. This paper explains the factors that are determinants for the requirements and their solutions, provides figures of reference for the Autonomous Region of Madrid supply system in Spain (5.5 million inhabitants) and the lines that are being followed to reduce the uncertainties involved in demand prediction, so that planning investment in infrastructures can be adapted and water can be managed in a way that is consistent with a set of factors that determine the eventual water consumption as a result of a profound interaction between territorial, social, environmental and economic factors.
Sustainable water financing and lean cost approaches as essentials for integrated water resources management and water governance: lessons learnt from the Southern African context
Authors: Hilbig Jens , Rudolph Karl-Ulrich 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
The deterioration of water quality, stressed water resources and increasing water demand are among the most serious concerns in Africa and worldwide. At the same time, there is a lack of efficient and sustainable water management. This is a major challenge for future water governance policies and processes. Economic aspects play a key role for the successful implementation of integrated water resources management (IWRM) measures. Financing mechanisms are of great influence regarding how water and wastewater facilities are designed, built and operated and how these facilities contribute to an efficient long-term management of scarce water resources. Research projects in Southern Africa have shown the need of water management efficiency and the essential role of sustainable water finance for an economically, socially and environmentally sustainable management of these resources.
Ozone as a Sterilising Agent, Its Advantages and Disadvantages in the Treatment of Water
Authors: Schalekamp M 
Published: May 2018

Switzerland operates 24 ozone plants per 1 million inhabitants which brings it to first place in the world. Besides Switzerland has 30 years of experience in using ozone in the treatment of spring, ground and surface water. The following points have been proved on the basis of many years of experience and careful testing in the laboratory and plant.
Ozone was initially used mainly as a sterilisation agent, i.e. to kill germs and intestinal bacteria and to inactivate viruses. In the treatment of ground, spring and also surface water, ozone has always worked well. However ozonized surface water which had not been chlorinated showed a tendency to regerminate. Tests and experience have shown that this was partly due to insufficient water treatment. Ozonization also increases the aldehyde and ketone content. They also causes indirect regermination if there follows no GAC-filtration.
To reduce the phenol compounds and the haloforms it is advantageous to add a higher ozone concentration i.e. 1.0 - 1.5 mg O3/litre. This is also the case to improve the colour and the UV-extinction. A higher dosage than normal will, however, have a negative effect on the flocculation and on the regermination if no refiltering with granular activated carbon (GAC) takes place. To destroy bacteria and inactivate viruses as well as for flocculation no higher ozone concentration is required. At a breakdown, however, the possibility to increase the dosage above normal would be important. Therefore, a plant should always be designed to enable the dosage of higher ozone concentration by reducing its capacity. When installing an ozone plant it must never be forgotten that it has to be continually monitored with special emphasis on the ozone concentration in the water. If you operate ozone plants you will also have ozone in the exhaust air. This ozone causes difficulties and must be eliminated. By larger plants you can do the ozone destruction best with a thermic/catalytic system. In order to assure the proper functioning of the ozone destruction facility, a continous monitoring is indispensable. For safety reasons not only the exhaust air but also the plant air must at all times be continually monitored.
Desalination by Continuous Ion Exchange Based on Thermally Regenerable Magnetic Microresins
Authors: Bolto B A , Swinton E A , Nadebaum P R , Murtagh R W 
Published: May 2018

The removal of small quantities of salt at the 500 to 2000 mg/L level is becoming increasingly necessary to counter one of the most widespread forms of water pollution encountered throughout the world. Ion-exchange resins which can be regenerated with hot water have been used previously in a batch mode for the desalting of both natural waters, and municipal and industrial wastewaters. Continuous operation would offer many advantages, especially for productivity, heat economy and ease of control. Unfortunately existing continuous ion-exchange contactors are intermittent in operation and somewhat complex.
This paper describes the unique hydrodynamic and kinetic properties of “Sirotherm” thermally regenerable desalting resins when made in the form of magnetic microbeads, and the development of continuous contacting systems which exploit these properties. A novel multistage contactor has been evaluated on laboratory and pilot-plant scales. A prototype plant, with a throughput of 1 ML/day, is to be installed near Perth, Western Australia, in order to demonstrate the process. It is truly continuous, simple and economic, and does not require preclarification of the raw water.
The Fate of Some Metal Species: Lead, Cadmium, Zinc in Surface Water, during Biological Sand Filtration – Effect of Preozonation
Authors: Erb F , Delabre D , L'Hopitault J C , Philippo A , Thomas P , Brice A 
Published: May 2018

This study was performed to determine the elimination of the different chemical species of some toxic metals - zinc, lead, cadmium - during biological sand filtration on surface water containing humic material which is able to promote the complexation of metals. The effect of preozonation was examined.
The metal speciation was realised by means of Atomic Absorption Spectrometry and Differential Pulse Anodic Stripping Voltammetry. The survey of organic matters was carried out by measuring TOC, UV absorption and fluorescence.
The biological treatment of raw water is quite effective for the removal of particu-late metals. The data bring out an important decrease for dissolved metals - about 50 to 60 % with cadmium and lead - especially noteworthy for the labile complexed metals.
The preozonation of raw water provides the redissolution of particulate cadmium and zinc which are converted to free metals and seem then to be more eliminated by biological filtration.
Ozonation appears to improve the efficiency of biological treatment which usually gives higher yields of purification than floculation (aluminium sulfate) in the same conditions.
Application to Rivers and Underground Waters
Authors: Marivoet J. L. , De Smedt F. , Van der Beken A. , Dirickx J. , Van Craenenbroeck W. 
Published: May 2018

Mathematical models describing the water quality in rivers and groundwaters are derived from the mass balances.
For rivers, a one dimensional transport equation is derived. Different methods of parameter estimation are considered and more recent techniques are introduced.
For the application of water quality models to river management, two groups of models are considered : the simulation models and the optimization models. As a case study, the Bedford Ouse quality models are described. Practical and theoretical applications in the United Kingdom, Canada, Federal Republic of Germany, U.S.A. and Belgium are discussed.
For groundwaters, several applications of water quality transport models are discussed and the use in groundwater management is explained.
Human Enteric Viruses Isolated from Influents of Sewage Treatment Plants in S. Paulo, Brazil
Authors: Martins Maria Therezinha , Soares Laurinda A , Marques Elizabeth , Molina Antonia G 
Published: May 2018

In order to isolate human enteric viruses from sewage, a study has been undertaken in Brazil. From 55 sewage samples, 433 virus strains have been isolated. These comprised 70.7% poliovirus, 19.2% echovirus and 7.6% coxsackievirus, 2.5% remained untyped. Five different methods were used for virus recovery: adsorption to and elution from membrane filters; acidic precipitation; concentration through membrane filters, with reconcentration by organic flocculation; concentration on aluminum hydroxide; aluminum sulfate precipitation.
The sewage sample were plaqued in bottle cultures BS-C-1 cell line. This cell line allowed a recovery of 22 different serotypes of enteroviruses: the three poliovirus types, 14 types of echoviruses, four types of coxsackie B virus and one type of coxsackie A virus.
Zero Liquid Discharge Control in United States Coal Fired Steam Electric Stations
Authors: Heimbigner Brian E 
Published: May 2018

The requirements for zero liquid discharge in the United States originated in 1972 when the United States Congress enacted broad amendments to the Federal Water Pollution Control Act. This legislation, along with various other state and regional regulations, has required many electric utilities to commit to zero liquid discharge prior to being issued a construction permit. This is particularly so in the water scarce Southwestern region of the United States.
Since the enactment of pollution control legislation, twenty-four coal fired power stations coming on-line were required to achieve zero discharge. The stations have chosen equally between evaporation ponds and mechanical recovery methods as the solution. A review of the factors affecting the choice and design of zero discharge systems is presented. Methods to improve the overall plant water balance by a total water system design, during the plant design phase, is also discussed.
On the Definition of a Mixing Zone
Authors: Nielsen Tue Kell , Rasmussen Jørn 
Published: May 2018

A mixing zone is a common administrative tool for illustrating impacts of a thermal discharge. Depending on its definition, a mixing zone may demonstrate either the initial dilution of the cooling water, or it may give some idea of an area, where certain environmental consequences are to be expected. Also, a mixing zone may form the basis for a control programme.
A clear and simple definition of a mixing zone should state 1) a time scale (e.g. instantaneous values), 2) a location (e.g. a section across a river), 3) a water depth (e.g. the surface), 4) a measure of impact (e.g. a temperature difference relative to the intake temperature), 5) a unique decision rule (e.g. the measure should be less than a given value).
When good knowledge is available about hydrographical and biological circumstances, and environmental consequences of small temperature increases, approval and control of a thermal discharge may well be based directly on the magnitude of the discharge, instead of introducing a mixing zone.
Near Field and Far Field Evaluations of Excess Temperatures Due to the Discharge of Cooling Water in Stratified Coastal Water
Authors: Sørås Per Erik , Thendrup Arve , Tryggestad Svein 
Published: May 2018

The cooling water discharge from the gas terminal at Kårstø in Norway will be in the order of 7 m3/s and heated about 10°C. The cooling water will be withdrawn through an intake structure at 25 m depth and discharged at 10 m depth. The intake structure and the intake depth were chosen in order to prevent recycling of cooling water, to withdraw water with a stable and low temperature and to prevent fouling in the heat exchangers. The analyzing methods and results will be presented.
The outlet area consists of several small islands, sounds and fjords. Salinity and temperature were measured to determine the stratification. In order to calculate the volume exchange and hence the excess temperatures in the outlet area, a great number of current measurements with continously recording instruments were performed. Tracer measurements and drift card investigation were also performed in order to evaluate the transport and dilution of the cooling water discharge.