bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Review of Fish Habitat Issues in the Fraser River System
Authors: Birtwell I.K. , Levings C.D. , Macdonald J.S. , Rogers I.H. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The 1,253 km-long Fraser River drains a 230,400 km2 area of British Columbia and has a mean annual discharge of 2,700 m3 s−1. The river currently supports the most valuable salmon runs in western Canada. However, the system has the capacity to produce approximately 70% of the sockeye and chinook, 50% of the pink, 35% of the chum, and 10% of the coho salmon in British Columbia, if potentials were realized.
The majority of British Columbia’s population lives within the watershed, and this has led to widespread changes in aquatic, and terrestrial, habitats. Physical impacts have occurred, for example, due to dyking intertidal areas, from water regulation and abstraction, land filling and dredging. Contaminants enter the river system from various sources, such as from industry (pulp mills) and urban developments (sewage), through the use of pesticides, from terrestrial activities (logging, silviculture, agriculture) and in “stormwater”. Concerns associated with these activities and the discharge of contaminants are documented in relation to their effects upon aquatic habitats and fishery resources.
Identity and Distribution of Chlorophenols in the North Arm of the Fraser River Estuary
Authors: Carey J. H. , Fox M. E. , Hart J. H. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Chlorophenol concentrations in fish and water from the North Arm of the Fraser River were determined. Geographical distributions and regression analyses indicated that 2,4-dichlorophenol, 2,3,5- and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol were correlated and likely entered the estuary from upstream sources whereas the source of 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol and pentachlorophenol was likely lumber mills within the estuary. Concentrations of the latter two Chlorophenols in fish were from 100 to 14 00 times greater than in the water indicating the these compounds were bioconcentrating. Sculpins accumulated proportionately higher levels than other species and may be a good candidate biomonitor organism.
Tracking a Pollutant in the Lower Fraser River: A Computer Simulation
Authors: Ages Alard , Woollard Anne 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
A one-dimensional numerical model of the tidal portion of the Fraser estuary has been adapted to simulate the path and residence time of contaminants released in any of the lower reaches of the river. A brief discussion of the model’s original development and purpose is followed by an assessment of its accuracy in predicting currents as compared to water surface elevations. Since the flow computations in this type of model are vertically and laterally integrated, they had to be corrected to represent transport in mid-channel. These correction factors were established by several time series and spot measurements along the river, taking into account the local topography. The results were verified by tracking surface floats during three representative discharges.
Salt and Freshwater Exchange on Roberts Bank, British Columbia
Authors: Crean P.B. , Murty T.S. , Stronach J.A. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
One of the aspects of the seaward movement of fresh water from the Fraser River is its passage tangential to Roberts Bank and subsequent recirculation onto the bank. A synoptic study of the oceanography of the bank is described, part, of a larger study of surface currents in the Strait of Georgia. Seasonal changes in salinity and temperature over Roberts Bank are presented. The freshwater flows and motions of the salt wedges in the river and on the bank are described. Under the restraints of a retaining wall immediately north of the river, and on the incoming tide, a shallow layer of fresh water briefly forms an eddy, varying in size with river discharge and extending over the bank to the south. The influence of the two-layer flow on sedimentation is also discussed.
Sensibilité des alevine vésicules du saumon atlantique à l’acidité en présence et en absence d’aluminium inorganique
Authors: Parent Lise , Couture Pierre , Campbell Peter G.C. , Dubreuil Bertrand 
Published: March 2019

Résumeé
L’effet du pH sur la toxicité et sur la bioaccumulation de l’aluminium chez des alevins vésicules du saumon atlantique (Salmo salar) a été étudié sous des conditions physico-chimiques contrôlées. Les expériences ont été réalisées à des pH et à une température semblables à ceux rencontrés lors du choc acide au printemps (pH 5). On a utilisé un système expérimental constitué de trois auges dans lesquels le pH et les concentrations d’aluminium étaient contrôlés quotidiennement. Durant une période de traitement (pH 5, avec ou sans Al) de 17 jours, et une période de dépuration subséquente de 18 jours, on a suivi l’accumulation de 1 aluminium et la survie chez les alevins de saumon. De plus une expérience d’extraction d’aluminium à l’EDTA a été réalisée afin de discriminer entre les quantités d’aluminium adsorbé et absorbé.
Les résultats démontrent une mortalité plus élevée quoique faible (6%) dans le milieu acide (pH 5) contenant de l’aluminium (135 μg/L). Cette mortalité peut être reliée à la forte prise en charge de l’aluminium par les alevins; signalons que 60% de l’aluminium pris en charge était extractible à l’EDTA, cette fraction étant considérée ici comme adsorbée. De plus on note des concentrations plus élevées chez les alevins de petites tailles comparativement à ceux de taille supérieure. Nos résultats démontrent également qu’il y a désorption de l’aluminium très tôt au cours de la période de dépuration. Les facteurs de concentration, calculés par le rapport des concentrations moyennes en aluminium total pris en charge par les alevins et les concentrations en aluminium inorganique monomère mesurées dans le milieu, sont beaucoup plus faibles à pH 5 qu’à pH 6.7. Ces résultats suggèrent qu’il y a compétition cationique entre les ions Al+3 et H+ pour leur adsorption sur les sites de liaison superficiels chez les alevins.
Chlorinated Hydrocarbons in the Surface Microlayer and Subsurface Water of the Niagara River, 1985-86
Authors: Maguire R. James , Tkacz Richard J. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The surface microlayer of the Niagara River at Niagara-on-the-Lake was sampled 34 times in 1985-86, and was shown to contain PCBs, chlorobenzenes and chlorinated hydrocarbons at concentrations generally up to 40 times greater than concentrations 1n subsurface water. Organisms which spend part or all of their lives at the air-water interface are thus likely to be at increased risk relative to subsurface water exposure. A small “spill” of PCBs 1n the river on July 29, 1986 was only detected in the surface micro-layer, and not in subsurface water. On this date, concentrations of PCBs in the surface microlayer were up to 6,400 times larger than concentrations in the subsurface water, and 1t appeared that the “spill” was downstream of Niagara Falls and the Whirlpool. Despite such high concentrations of chlorinated hydrocarbons in the surface microlayer, at no time during this study did the microlayer contribute significantly, relative to subsurface water, to the loading (i.e., amounts) of these chemicals from the Niagara River to Lake Ontario.
Quality Degradation in Waters Undergoing Interbasin Transfer
Authors: Davis E. , Remenda V.H. , Sauer E.K. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The Saskatchewan River system is the main source of good quality water in the Western Interior Sedimentary Basin which forms the populated and agricultural area of the prairie region of Western Canada. Water from this river system has in the past been diverted at many points into local drainage areas where water shortages existed. It is expected that in the future more diversion schemes will be initiated to transport Saskatchewan River water to the water deficient areas of the Prairies.
There is evidence that the quality of water flowing into diversion schemes utilizing existing drainage systems or glacial and proglacial drainage channels has been degraded from natural causes. Increases in mineral salts and phosphates, in some cases, has rendered the diverted water of little use for domestic, industrial and agricultural purposes. More diversions are in the feasibility and planning stages - many diversions may prove to be unacceptable if the inherent degradation potential of natural channels is understood. Alternative diversion routes and schemes which exclude the use of topographical low areas will have to be devised and investigations conducted on the degradation potential of the alternative routes.
Hexazinone Residues in Surface and Groundwater at Two Sites Within Agassiz Provincial Forest, Manitoba, Canada
Authors: Williamson D. A. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Studies were undertaken to determine the fate and effect of Velpar L (hexazinone) on aquatic systems following application to reforestation plantations. Surface water and groundwater were monitored for hexazinone residues. Conventional flask and microplate algal bioassays were conducted using Selanastrum capricornutum Printz, a Microtox bioassay was undertaken using Photobacterium phosphoreum and a S.O.S. chromotest was undertaken using Escherichia coli.
Both lateral off-site migration and vertical migration of hexazinone were observed within the surficial aquifer at the study sites. Lateral movement was limited to the extent that less than 10 µg/L were detected in groundwater samples within 5 m of the application site. Hexazinone residues were detected in test wells for a period of approximately 1000 days following application. Hexazinone appeared to move downward in a relatively narrow band at a rate that was artificially enhanced during the process of groundwater sample extraction. Hexazinone residues were detected within ephemeral pools that formed on treated soils for a period of approximately 1000 days following application. Algal bioassay studies indicated inhibition of primary productivity would occur at relatively low hexazinone concentrations (22.5 µg/L). Velpar L was not mutagenic as evidenced by the S.O.S. chromotest and was relatively non-toxic as indicated by the Microtox bioassay.
Modified Anaerobic Serum Bottle Testing Procedures for Industrial Wastewaters L
Authors: Cornacchio L. , Hall E.R. , Trevors J.T. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Serum bottle bioassay techniques are batch procedures which provide a cost efficient alternative to continuous flow studies for determining anaerobic treatability characteristics of an industrial wastewater. In addition, the toxic effect of the wastewater on the anaerobic microorganisms is easily assessed in a relatively short period of time. As part of a study to screen the anaerobic treatability characteristics of a large number of industrial wastewaters, additional research was carried out to modify the original serum bottle procedures for routine use. Several experiments were completed in which the relative proportions of inoculum, nutrient medium, and wastewater were varied. This permitted assay conditions to be optimized to prevent nutrient deficiencies and excessive lags in inoculum activity, while providing for the testing of a wide range of wastewater concentrations. The effect of changing the total assay volume on the requirement for monitoring biogas accumulation and composition was also investigated.
Aerobic Biodegradation of Aromatic and Chlorinated Hydrocarbons Commonly Detected in Landfill Leachates
Authors: Berwanger Della J. , Barker James F. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons are hazardous organics which persist in groundwater impacted by landfill leachate. Recent studies have indicated that the aromatics biodegrade readily under aerobic conditions. Similarly, methane-oxidizers are reported to metabolize trichloroethylene. This study investigates an in-situ biorestoration scheme involving stimulating aerobic biodegradation in a contaminated anaerobic, methane-saturated groundwater using hydrogen peroxide as an oxygen source.
Batch biodegradation experiments were conducted with groundwater and core obtained from the Gloucester Landfill, Ottawa, Canada. Hydrogen peroxide, added at a non-toxic level, provided oxygen which promoted the rapid biodegradation of benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, o-, m-, and p-xylene.
Morphologically different methane-oxidizing cultures were obtained from Gloucester groundwater and a surface sediment. Both cultures degraded trichloroethylene in microcosms containing a mineral media and Gloucester core. Degradation was not observed when the mineral madia was replaced with Gloucester groundwater, or when other chlorinated hydrocarbons were added. Additional research is required to identify and overcome this inhibition to trichloroethylene biodegradation, before this remedial strategy can be employed.
Water Quality Branch Special Issue
Authors: Whitfield Paul H. , Watt Evan R. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This special issue of the Water Pollution Research Journal of Canada highlights some of the recent work of the Water Quality Branch, Environment Canada. The Water Quality Branch operates out of regional offices located in Moncton, New Brunswick; Longueuil, Quebec; Burlington, Ontario; Regina, Saskatchewan, and Vancouver, British Columbia. Many of the issues and problems regarding water quality in Canada are not common to all regions, this is reflected in the diversity amongst the papers that are presented.
Water Quality Branch activities range from broad and philosophical water quality considerations to studies of specific basins where water quality problems exist. This special issue consists of papers which touch on a number of these interests. The first two papers consider the design of water quality networks. Two papers consider water quality objectives as a management tool; developing guidelines for pesticides, and developing effective monitoring programs for objectives. Several papers consider problems associated with temporal variations: temporal patterns of acidification in Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, trends in water quality of the St. Lawrence, phosphorus variability in the Flathead River, and changes over time in the St. Croix River. The remaining papers report specific pieces of work reflecting novel methods or procedures: large volume extractors, organic contaminants in suspended sediments, contaminants in water and suspended sediments, and contaminants in surficial sediments.
On behalf of the Water Quality Branch, we would like to thank the authors for their contributions to this special issue of the Journal. We would also like to thank the many colleagues who joined with Water Quality Branch staff to review the papers. Special thanks are extended to external reviewers who contributed much to the quality of the papers presented.
Developing Canadian Water Quality Pesticide Guidelines for the Protection of Aquatic Life
Authors: Wong Michael P. , Kent Robert A. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Water quality guidelines for major water uses in Canada are currently being developed for in-use pesticides by the Canadian Council of Resource and Environment Ministers. These guidelines are recommendations for the support and protection of Canadian water resources and form the scientific basis for establishing site-specific water quality objectives. The multi-disciplinary approach taken to derive numerical limits designed to protect freshwater aquatic life integrates the physical-chemical characteristics, use patterns, levels of Canadian occurrence and environmental fate with the current toxicological profile of the compound. To illustrate the procedure, the recommended guideline for the pesticide carbofuran is developed and the rationale briefly summarized.
Temporal Patterns of Acidification of Rivers in Nova Scotia and Newfoundland and their Relationship to Sulphate Emissions
Authors: Howell G. D. , Green P.E.J. , Field C.A. , Freedman B. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Twenty-eight rivers in Atlantic Canada are sampled monthly, and have periods of record dating back as far as 1965. Statistical analysis of water chemistry for rivers in areas of Nova Scotia and Newfoundland that are believed to be sensitive to acidification has revealed that pH was significantly lower during the late 1960’s and early 1970’s. Annual hydrogen ion export for selected rivers was also greater during this period. This period of relatively low pH and large hydrogen ion export corresponds to a peak of North American sulphur dioxide emission, suggesting that these rivers may be responding to atmospheric loading of anthropogenic mineral acids.
Tendances temporelles de la qualité physico-chimique de l’eau du fleuve Saint-Laurent (Tronçon Cornwall-Quebec) au cours de la période 1955 a 1986
Authors: Désilets L. , Langlois C. , Lamarche A. , CLuis D. 
Published: March 2019

Résumé
Les principales tendances temporelles de la qualité de l’eau du fleuve Saint-Laurent de Cornwall à Québec ont pu être décelées et caractérisées à l’aide des logiciels statistiques DETECT et DEPASS, basés sur les fonctions double-masse et CUSUM et sur des tests non paramétriques. Les résultats obtenus indiquent que la majorité des changements observés ont eu lieu entre 1969 et 1978. Les tendances se regroupent selon deux masses d’eau, soit celle en provenance des Grands Lacs et celle en provenance des rivières des Laurentides. La conductivité montre des tendances reliées à des facteurs climatiques et hydrologiques. Les tendances à la baisse pour les concentrations de phosphore et à la hausse pour les nitrites et nitrates sont analogues à celles décrites pour les Grands Lacs et seraient attribuables à la réglementation des concentrations en phosphore dans les détersifs et à l’intensification des activités agricoles respectivement. Enfin, les concentrations décroissantes en sulfates et en solides en suspension décelées dans le fleuve sont reliées à la réglementation et à la diminution des rejets des usines de pâtes et papiers et des raffineries.
A New Life for the St. Croix River
Authors: Bailey Harold S. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The water quality of the upper 110 kilometres of the St. Croix River is considered to be pristine. A major industrial discharge renders the lower 14 kilometres of the river a water quality limited segment. Prior to 1970 the Georgia-Pacific Pulp and Paper Mill at Woodland, Maine, discharged untreated effluent directly into the river causing dissolved oxygen concentrations to drop well below 5 mg/L, the objective chosen in the interest of restoring endemic fish populations. Since 1972, the Mill has installed primary and secondary treatment, regulated river discharge rate and effluent composition which has greatly improved the summer dissolved oxygen regime. By 1980, dissolved oxygen concentrations were generally above 5.0 mg/L and restocking the river with Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) was initiated.
Contamination des eaux et des sédiments en suspension du fleuve Saint-Laurent par les pesticides organochlores, les biphényles polychlores et d’autres contaminants organiques prioritaires
Authors: Germain A. , Langlois C. 
Published: March 2019

RÉSUMÉ
Entre 1981 et 1987, la Direction des eaux intérieures a recueilli dans le fleuve Saint-Laurent 357 échantillons d’un litre au moyen de la technique conventionnelle et 23 échantillons composés d’une fraction dissoute (50 L) et d’une fraction particulaire (10 g base sèche) au moyen de l’échantillonnage à grand volume (SEASTAR et APLE). La fréquence de détection pour l’ensemble des produits organochlorés augmente de 13 à 38% en passant de la technique conventionnelle à celle à grand volume et la diversité des produits augmente avec l’échantillonnage à grand volume, passant de 7 à 18 composés détectés. Les BPC, présents dans 27% des échantillons conventionnels, sont présents dans tous les échantillons à grand volume. En 1987, trois échantillons d’eau provenant de SEASTAR et du APLE ont été analysés pour des polluants prioritaires appartenant à la catégorie “bases/neutres”. Nous avons mesuré des phtalates dans les fractions dissoute et particulaire et quelques HAP et chlorobenzènes majoritairement associés à la fraction dissoute. Les teneurs de contaminants dans l’eau sont en deçà des lignes directrices pour l’alimentation en eau potable alors qu’un certain nombre d’entre eux excèdent les critères pour la protection de la vie aquatique. Dans les sédiments en suspension, seules les concentrations de BPC et DDT total excèdent parfois les critères de qualité pour le dragage et l’immersion en mer.
Distribution of Mercury in Lake St. Clair and the St. Clair River Sediments
Authors: Mudroch Alena , Hill K. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Sediment cores were collected in Lake St. Clair in 1985 and in the St. Clair River in 1986 to investigate the horizontal and vertical distribution and association of Hg in the sediments. A layer of recent sediment up to about 35 cm thick was differentiated by the geochemical composition and visual appearance from the underlying glacial-lacustrine deposits. The concentration of Hg in the surficial sediments in Lake St. Clair was lower in 1985 (&lt;0.025 to 1.200 µg/g) than that found in 1974 (&lt;0.20 to 3.00 µg/g). Up to 8.30 µg/g of Hg were found in the sediments collected from the nearshore area at Sarnia, Ontario, in the St. Clair River in 1986. The concentrations of Hg ranged from 5.05 to 16.00 µg/g in different sand-sized fractions (0.063 to 0.350 mm) of the sediment. The concentration of Hg was 17.80 µg/g in the silt-clay size fraction (&lt;0.063 mm). No relationship was found between the concentration of organic matter and Hg, and the concentration of silica and Hg in the St. Clair River sediments. The results indicated a relationship of Hg with particles of different mineralogical composition. Up to 3.72 µg/g Hg was found in the surface sediment in Chenal Ecarte. The greatest concentration of Hg (13.15 µg/g) existed in the 0.350 mm particle size fraction, which consisted mainly of small pieces of decaying wood. A good relationship was found between the concentration of Hg and organic matter in the sediment at this area.
Teratogens in the Niagara River Watershed as Reflected by Chironomid (Diptera: Chironomidae) Labial Plate Deformities
Authors: Dickman Mike , Lan Que , Matthews Brett 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Chironomids from three rivers within the Niagara River Watershed were sampled and divided into two groups: those with ligulae and those with labial plates. The latter group of chironomids (i.e. the Chironomini and Tanytarsini) were classified as either normal (no deformities in their labial plates), slightly deformed (slight asymmetries due to teeth which were missing or chipped) or grossly deformed (those with extra teeth, fused teeth, crossed teeth or large gaps between their teeth). Among the 1,062 chironomids taken from the 15 sample sites, 699 possessed labial plates and 14% of these (97) displayed gross deformities in the structure of their labial plate. Most of the chironomids displaying gross deformities came from areas in the Niagara River watershed where sediments were contaminated with a number synthetic teratogens.
The highest frequency of chironomid labial plate deformities (47% gross deformities) occurred at the B.F. Goodrich Company’s discharge pipe. In 1986, 33 kg of vinyl chloride, (C2H3Cl), a known carcinogen, was released into the Welland River at this site. This substance is suspected of causing the high frequency of deformities observed at this site.
The second highest frequency of chironomids with gross labial plate deformities occurred in the heavily industrialized section of the Buffalo River, (Buffalo, New York). Thirty-five percent of the Chironomini and Tanytarsini at the five sampling sites in the Buffalo River displayed gross deformities as compared to 9% at the “control” site.
It was concluded that the frequency of chironomid labial plate deformities provides researchers with a useful index for evaluating sediments