bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Availability of carbon and nitrogen in soil affects Metarhizium robertsii root colonization and transfer of insect-derived nitrogen
Authors: Barelli Larissa , Behie Scott W , Bidochka Michael J 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACT
The endophytic, insect pathogenic fungus, Metarhizium, exchanges insect-derived nitrogen for photosynthate as part of a symbiotic association similar to well-known mycorrhizal relationships. However, little is known about this nitrogen transfer in soils where there is an abundance of nitrogen and/or carbon. Here, we applied D-glucose and ammonium nitrate to soil to examine the effect on root colonization and transfer of labelled nitrogen (15N) from an insect (injected with 15N-ammonium sulfate) to Metarhizium robertsii, into leaves of the common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris, over the course of 28 days. Application of exogenous carbon and/or nitrogen to soils significantly reduced detectable 15N in plant leaves. Metarhizium root colonization, quantified with real-time PCR, revealed colonization persisted under all conditions but was significantly greater on roots in soil supplemented with glucose and significantly lower in soil supplemented with ammonium nitrate. Fungal gene expression analysis revealed differential expression of sugar and nitrogen transporters (mrt, st3, nrr1, nit1, mep2) when Metarhizium was grown in pure broth culture or in co-culture with plant roots under various carbon and nitrogen conditions. The observation that Metarhizium maintained root colonization in the absence of nitrogen transfer, and without evidence of plant harm, is intriguing and indicates additional benefits with ecological importance.
Lnc-TCL6 is a potential biomarker for early diagnosis and grade in liver-cirrhosis patients
Authors: Li Lei-Jia , Wu Xiao-Ying , Tan Si-Wei , Xie Zi-Jun , Pan Xue-Mei , Pan Shun-Wen , Bai Wu-Ri-Na , Li Hai-Jiao , Liu Hui-Ling , Jiang Jie , Wu Bin 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Background
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been applied as biomarkers in many diseases. However, scarce biomarkers are available in single lncRNA differential expression associated with different clinical stages of liver cirrhosis (LC). The aim of the study is to identify some lncRNAs that can serve as non-invasive sensitive biomarkers for early diagnosis and grade of LC.

Methods
Blood lncRNA expression was evaluated in three independent cohorts with 305 participants including healthy controls, hepatitis B virus (HBV) carriers, and patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) or LC. First, candidate lncRNAs were screened by CapitalBiotech microarray to diagnose cirrhosis. Quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was then used to investigate the expression of selected lncRNAs in the whole group of cirrhosis and different Child–Pugh classes. Ultimately, the diagnostic accuracy of the promising biomarker was examined and validated via Mann–Whitney test and receiver-operating characteristics analysis.

Results
Lnc-TCL6 was identified as a sensitive biomarker for early diagnosis of LC (Child–Pugh A) compared with healthy controls (area under the ROC curve [AUC] = 0.636), HBV carriers (AUC = 0.671), and CHB patients (AUC = 0.672). Furthermore, lnc-TCL6 showed a favourable capacity in discriminating among different Child–Pugh classes (AUC: 0.711–0.837). Compared with healthy controls, HBV carriers, and CHB patients, the expression of lnc-TCL6 was obviously up-regulated in Child–Pugh A patients and, conversely, significantly down-regulated in Child–Pugh C patients.

Conclusions
Lnc-TCL6 is a novel potential biomarker for early diagnosis of LC and is a possible predictor of disease progression.
The Impact of Multiple Rounds of Indoor Residual Spraying on Malaria Incidence and Hemoglobin Levels in a High-Transmission Setting
Authors: Zinszer Kate , Charland Katia , Vahey Sarah , Jahagirdar Deepa , Rek John C , Arinaitwe Emmanuel , Nankabirwa Joaniter , Morrison Kathryn , Sadoine Margaux L , Tutt-Guérette Marc-Antoine , Staedke Sarah G , Kamya Moses R , Greenhouse Bryan , Rodriguez-Barraquer Isabel , Dorsey Grant 
Published: September 2019

AbstractBackgroundIndoor residual spraying (IRS) is widely used as a vector control measure, although there are conflicting findings of its effectiveness in reducing malaria incidence. The objective of this study was to estimate the effect of multiple IRS rounds on malaria incidence and hemoglobin levels in a cohort of children in rural southeastern Uganda.MethodsThe study was based upon a dynamic cohort of children aged 0.5–10 years enrolled from August 2011 to June 2017 in Nagongera Subcounty. Confirmed malaria infections and hemoglobin levels were recorded over time for each participant. After each of 4 rounds of IRS, malaria incidence, hemoglobin levels, and parasite density were evaluated and compared with pre-IRS levels. Analyses were carried out at the participant level while accounting for repeated measures and clustering by household.ResultsIncidence rate ratios comparing post-IRS to pre-IRS incidence rates for age groups 0–3, 3–5, and 5–11 were 0.108 (95% confidence interval [CI], .078–.149), 0.173 (95% CI, .136–.222), and 0.226 (95% CI, .187–.274), respectively. The mean hemoglobin levels significantly increased from 11.01 (pre-IRS) to 12.18 g/dL (post-IRS).ConclusionsOur study supports the policy recommendation of IRS usage in a stable and perennial transmission area to rapidly reduce malaria transmission.
Metabolic syndrome and related risk factors among adults in the northern West Bank, a cross-sectional study
Authors: Damiri Basma , Badran Luna , Safadi Deya , Sawalha Ahmad , Yasin Younis , Sawalha Mahmoud , Amir Moath 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Background
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of cardiometabolic risk factors that includes central obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia and hypertension. The aim of this study was to establish the prevalence of MetS and its associated risk factors among adult Palestinians using the International Diabetes Federation definition.

Methods
A total of 1348 subjects ages 18–65 y were recruited in a cross-sectional study that was conducted in 2018–2019 in the northern West Bank.

Results
A total of 1082 subjects participated; 51.7% were men. The prevalence of MetS was high (44.9%), and higher among women (46.1%) than men (44.2%) (p&lt;0.001). The prevalence increased significantly with increasing age and body mass index (BMI) in both genders (p&lt;0.001). However, metabolically obese but normal weight individuals (MONW) (8.4%) were also identified, with a slight increase among women (9.4%) compared with men (7.5%) (p=0.56). MetS was more likely to be prevalent among participants with increased fasting blood sugar (5.8 times), increased triglyceride (7.4 times), increased blood pressure (4.5 times) and BMI ≥25 (19.9 times) (p&lt;0.001). The prevalence of MetS was higher among rural (50.3%) vs urban (39.3%) residents and refugees (33.8%).

Conclusions
With increasing age and obesity, clustering of MetS components increased remarkably in both genders. Effective prevention and treatment strategies for MetS and its risk factors should be developed targeting different ages and genders.
Decentering Responsibilization: Towards a Nomos of Governmentality in Mexico
Authors: Emerson R Guy 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThis paper charts the mechanics of civic responsibility in preventing violence. Attention centers on divergent practices of responsibilization in Puebla, Mexico, which emanate from both state rationales associated with citizen security initiatives and from community-based measures that confound such official logics. Situated in the workings of governmentality beyond advanced liberalism, the paper proposes a decentering of responsibilization. This requires two steps. First, analysis returns to governmentality as the intersection of technologies of domination and the self but locates the former in relation to nomos rather than logos. That is, responsibilization occurs not exclusively in relation to codes of conduct consistent with official determinations (logos) but also as a socially developed order that exceeds the political, economic, and rational dimensions of government (nomos). Second, it positions technologies of the self amid Michel Foucault's work on the empiricohistorical construction of care of the self. This is a situated care, wherein a responsible individual emerges from the constituent complexity of the social order and her interdependence with other living forms. Far from an art of government wherein individual participation becomes the corollary to the withdrawal of the state, civic responsibility in Puebla is socially embedded and, therefore, need not align with institutional power.
Genetic Structure of Northern Fowl Mite (Mesostigmata: Macronyssidae) Populations Among Layer Chicken Flocks and Local House Sparrows (Passeriformes: Passeridae)
Authors: McCulloch John B , Owen Jeb P , Hinkle Nancy C , Mullens Bradley A , Busch Jeremiah W 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe northern fowl mite (NFM) Ornithonyssus sylviarum Canestrini and Fanzago is a blood-feeding ectoparasite found on many wild bird species and is a pest of poultry in the United States. It is unknown where NFM infestations of poultry originate, which has made it difficult to establish preventative biosecurity or effective control. We used microsatellite markers to evaluate genetic variation within and among NFM populations to determine routes of introduction onto farms and long-term persistence. We compared NFM from flocks of chickens (Gallus gallus) on different farms in California, Washington, and Georgia, and we compared NFM collected over a 5-yr interval. On three farms we collected NFM from chickens and house sparrows (Passer domesticus) nesting on each farm, which we used to assess movement between host species. There was strong genetic structure among mites from different poultry farms and low estimates of migration between farms. There were significant differences between mites on chickens and house sparrows on two farms where sparrows nested near flocks, indicating no exchange of mites. Only one farm showed evidence of NFM movement between chickens and sparrows. There was high genetic similarity between mites collected 5 yr apart on each of two farms, indicating that NFM infestations can persist for long periods. The genetic patterns did not reveal sources of NFM infestations on chicken farms. The data suggest that NFMs are strongly differentiated, which likely reflects periodic population declines with flock turnover and pesticide pressure.
Differential Gene Expression for Age Estimation of Forensically Important Sarcophaga peregrina (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) Intrapuparial
Authors: Shang Yanjie , Ren Lipin , Yang Li , Wang Shiwen , Chen Wei , Dong Jianan , Ma Hongming , Qi Xuan , Guo Yadong 
Published: September 2019

AbstractSarcophaga peregrina is an important flesh fly species for estimating the minimum postmortem interval (PMImin) in forensic entomology. The accurate determination of the developmental age is a crucial task for using necrophagous sarcophagids to estimate PMImin. During larval development, the age determination is straight forward by the morphological changes and variation of length, weight, and width; however, the age estimation of sarcophagid intrapuparial is more difficult due to anatomical and morphological changes not being visible. The analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) during sarcophagid metamorphosis is a potential method for age estimation of intrapuparial. In the present study, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was used to analyze the differential gene expression level of S. peregrina intrapuparial in different constant temperatures (35°C, 25°C, and 15°C). In addition, the appropriate reference genes of S. peregrina were selected in the intrapuparial and at different temperatures to obtain reliable and valid gene expression profiles. The results indicated that two candidate genes (18S rRNA and 28S rRNA) were the most reliable reference genes, and four DEGs (Hsp90, A-alpha, AFP, AFBP) have the potential to be used to more accuracy estimate the age of S. peregrina intrapuparial.
Professionalization through symbolic and social capital: Evidence from the careers of elite consultants
Authors: Kipping Matthias , Bühlmann Felix , David Thomas 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThis article contributes to the debate about how more recent professions, especially those related to management, might achieve a semblance of ‘professionalism’ in the absence of the conditions that facilitated the creation of the traditional professions such as medicine, law or accounting in the 19th century. Much of the recent literature has either argued that these professions had to rely on some form of ‘image professionalism’ or that the professionalization process was ‘captured’ by the dominant firms within the professional field, with the aim of creating corporate, firm-internal rather than open labor markets for these professionals. Building on Bourdieu’s notions of symbolic and social capital, we suggest an alternative pathway to professionalization in stratified professional fields. We namely argue that a career at one of the ‘elite’ professional service firms (PSFs) can provide privileged access to positions at other firms within the same field. Hence, such a career constitutes a form of closure regime and allows, at least to some degree, the external labor mobility so typical of traditional professions. We explore this alternative pathway to professionalization by analyzing a novel and unique historical data set of former McKinsey consultants, identifying a number of boundary conditions that seem to facilitate such intraprofessional careers and others, which, over time, might weaken it. We conclude by pointing to a number of broader contributions from our research.
Optimizing multitelescope observations of gravitational-wave counterparts
Authors: Coughlin Michael W , Antier Sarah , Corre David , Alqassimi Khalid , Anand Shreya , Christensen Nelson , Coulter David A , Foley Ryan J , Guessoum Nidhal , Mikulski Timothy M , Mualla Mouza Al , Reed Draco , Tao Duo 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACT
The ever-increasing sensitivity of the network of gravitational-wave detectors has resulted in the accelerated rate of detections from compact binary coalescence systems in the third observing run of Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo. Not only has the event rate increased, but also the distances to which phenomena can be detected, leading to a rise in the required sky volume coverage to search for counterparts. Additionally, the improvement of the detectors has resulted in the discovery of more compact binary mergers involving neutron stars, revitalizing dedicated follow-up campaigns. While significant effort has been made by the community to optimize single telescope observations, using both synoptic and galaxy-targeting methods, less effort has been paid to coordinated observations in a network. This is becoming crucial, as the advent of gravitational-wave astronomy has garnered interest around the globe, resulting in abundant networks of telescopes available to search for counterparts. In this paper, we extend some of the techniques developed for single telescopes to a telescope network. We describe simple modifications to these algorithms and demonstrate them on existing network examples. These algorithms are implemented in the open-source software gwemopt, used by some follow-up teams, for ease of use by the broader community.
Searching for the shadows of giants: characterizing protoclusters with line of sight Lyman-α absorption
Authors: Miller Joel S A , Bolton James S , Hatch Nina 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACT
We use state-of-the-art hydrodyamical simulations from the Sherwood, EAGLE, and Illustris projects to examine the signature of Mz = 0 ≃ 1014 M⊙ protoclusters observed in Ly α absorption at z ≃ 2.4. We find that there is a weak correlation between the mass overdensity, δm, and the Ly α effective optical depth relative to the mean, $\delta _{\tau _\textrm{eff}}$, averaged over $15~h^{-1}\, \textrm{cMpc}$ scales, although scatter in the δm–$\delta _{\tau _\textrm{eff}}$ plane means it is not possible to uniquely identify large-scale overdensities with strong Ly α absorption. Although all protoclusters are associated with large-scale mass overdensities, most sightlines through protoclusters in a ∼106$\rm cMpc^{3}$ volume probe the low column density Ly α forest. A small subset of sightlines that pass through protoclusters exhibit coherent, strong Ly α absorption on $15h^{-1}\rm \, cMpc$ scales, although these correspond to a wide range in mass overdensity. Assuming perfect removal of contamination by Ly α absorbers with damping wings, more than half of the remaining sightlines with $\delta _{\tau _{\rm eff}}\gt 3.5$ trace protoclusters. It is furthermore possible to identify a model-dependent $\delta _{\tau _{\rm eff}}$ threshold that selects only protoclusters. However, such regions are rare: excluding absorption caused by damped systems, less than 0.1 per cent of sightlines that pass through a protocluster have $\delta _{\tau _{\rm eff}}\gt 3.5$, meaning that any protocluster sample selected in this manner will also be highly incomplete. On the other hand, coherent regions of Ly α absorption also provide a promising route for identifying and studying filamentary environments at high redshift.
Group pre-processing versus cluster ram-pressure stripping: the case of ESO156−G029
Authors: Džudžar Robert , Kilborn Virginia , Murugeshan Chandrashekar , Meurer Gerhardt , Sweet Sarah M , Putman Mary 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACT
We report on observations of ESO156−G029, member of a galaxy group which is positioned at the virial radius of cluster Abell 3193. ESO156−G029 is located ∼1.4 Mpc in projected distance from the brightest cluster galaxy NGC1500. We show that ESO156−G029 has disturbed gas kinematics and a highly asymmetric neutral hydrogen (H i) distribution, which are consequences of group pre-processing, and possibly of ram pressure. Based on the current data we propose a scenario in which ESO156−G029 had a minor gas-rich merger in the past and now starts to experience ram pressure. We infer that the galaxy will undergo rapid evolution once it gets closer to the cluster centre (less than 0.5 Mpc) where ram pressure is strong enough to begin stripping the H i from the galaxy.
Archaeal Ribosomal Proteins Possess Nuclear Localization Signal-Type Motifs: Implications for the Origin of the Cell Nucleus
Authors: Melnikov Sergey , Kwok Hui-Si , Manakongtreecheep Kasidet , van den Elzen Antonia , Thoreen Carson C , Söll Dieter 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Eukaryotic cells are divided into the nucleus and the cytosol, and, to enter the nucleus, proteins typically possess short signal sequences, known as nuclear localization signals (NLSs). Although NLSs have long been considered as features unique to eukaryotic proteins, we show here that similar or identical protein segments are present in ribosomal proteins from the Archaea. Specifically, the ribosomal proteins uL3, uL15, uL18, and uS12 possess NLS-type motifs that are conserved across all major branches of the Archaea, including the most ancient groups Microarchaeota and Diapherotrites, pointing to the ancient origin of NLS-type motifs in the Archaea. Furthermore, by using fluorescence microscopy, we show that the archaeal NLS-type motifs can functionally substitute eukaryotic NLSs and direct the transport of ribosomal proteins into the nuclei of human cells. Collectively, these findings illustrate that the origin of NLSs preceded the origin of the cell nucleus, suggesting that the initial function of NLSs was not related to intracellular trafficking, but possibly was to improve recognition of nucleic acids by cellular proteins. Overall, our study reveals rare evolutionary intermediates among archaeal cells that can help elucidate the sequence of events that led to the origin of the eukaryotic cell.
Departmental Select Committees: The Reform of the Century?
Authors: Norton Philip 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
A set of departmental select committees was agreed by the UK House of Commons in 1979 and has become a core feature of British parliamentary life. This introductory survey examines the genesis of the committees and the extent to which they constituted an evolutionary or radical change to the way that the House of Commons conducted itself. Proposals for such committees were not new, but achieving their realisation was possible only when a reform agenda was complemented by ministerial leadership and, fundamentally, by political will favouring change on the part of MPs. The development of the committees, their membership and work and engagement with those outside Parliament, forms the basis of this issue.
Hume’s Dictum and Metaethics
Authors: Moberger Victor 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThis paper explores the metaethical ramifications of a coarse-grained criterion of property identity, sometimes referred to as Hume's dictum. According to Hume's dictum, properties are identical if and only if they are necessarily co-extensive. Assuming the supervenience of the normative on the natural, this criterion threatens the non-naturalist view that there are instantiable normative properties which are distinct from natural properties. In response, non-naturalists typically point to various counterintuitive implications of Hume's dictum. The paper clarifies this strategy and defends it against objections by Bart Streumer and Ralf Bader. In addition, it is argued that proponents of naturalist and supernaturalist views, along with proponents of a certain kind of nihilism, should also reject Hume's dictum. This shows that non-naturalists can also attack the criterion indirectly, by pointing to partners in guilt. Also, it shows that not just any opponent of non-naturalism can appeal to Hume's dictum. Only certain nihilists can.
The far-field limit profile functions of two overlapped dyons
Authors: Kiamari Motahareh , Deldar Sedigheh 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
We study the profile functions of two overlapped dyons at infinity. We assume that the superposition of two dyons satisfies the Yang–Mills (Y–M) equation and then we find new equations of motion for individual dyons which no longer satisfy the original Y–M equation. By solving these new equations we find that the profile functions of two overlapped dyons of the same type at infinity look like the profile functions of one dyon. However, the superposition of two dyons of different types gives a trivial holonomy and therefore no contribution in the confinement phase is observed.