bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Securing the Person
Authors: Powell Rhonda 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
To make sense of ‘security’ in any context, we need to be able to identify the thing that is to be secured. It follows that the meaning of the right to security of person depends upon the meaning of ‘the person’. In order to understand the right and the interests it protects, we need to take a view about which aspects of ‘the person’ warrant securing. In Chapter 4, I argue that Amartya Sen and Martha Nussbaum’s capabilities approach has the potential to provide a meaningful framework through which to understand the right to security of person: the right would protect ‘capabilities’.
Negative and Positive Security of Person
Authors: Powell Rhonda 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
In Chapter 6 it is argued that the right to security of person correlates to both negative and positive duties. The right to security of person should not only restrain the state from threatening or putting a rights-holder’s personal interests at risk; it also requires that the state take positive measures to protect the rights-holders’ interests and values against threats and risks, whether or not these emanate from the state. Taking the capabilities approach as the ‘theory of personhood’ underlying the right, it would also require duties of facilitation and provision in situations where the capability to function is non-existent. Finally, Chapter 6 also considers the extent to which rights jurisprudence of the European Convention on Human Rights, the Canadian Charter, and the South African Bill of Rights successfully reflect the positive features of the right to security of person.
Ancient narrative theory in practice
Authors: Liveley Genevieve 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter views the critics of the ancient Greek scholia and later Latin commentaries as practising proto-narratologists. It demonstrates that their work is clearly informed by the prevailing narratological theories of the day—the scholia by Plato and Peripatetic ‘Aristotelianism’ if not directly by the Poetics, and the Servius commentators by Horace too. They and their readers have recourse to a complex lexicon of specialized narratological terms and concepts (as knotty as anything dreamed up by the Russian formalists or French structuralists) often freely adapted from ancient theories of rhetoric. In this rhetorical-narratological context, they show a keen interest in matters of affect and cognition, in the ways that stories are formed so as to produce particular affects within and effects upon an audience, presenting a fascinating glimpse into ‘the business of narrating’ as understood by ancient theorists and critics.
Expression of Cutaneous Beta-2 Adrenoceptors Is Similar in Patients with Complex Regional Pain Syndrome and Pain-Free Controls
Authors: Drummond Peter D , Morellini Natalie , Visser Eric , Finch Philip M 
Published: April 2019

AbstractObjectiveStudies in rodents suggest that cutaneous beta-2 adrenoceptors (β2-ARs) mediate inflammation and pain after tissue injury and that inflammation and peripheral nerve injury trigger increases in neuronal β2-AR expression. Hence, the aim of this study was to investigate the expression of β2-ARs on keratinocytes and dermal nerves in patients with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS).Design, Setting, and SubjectsFifty-eight patients with CRPS were recruited for this study. In addition, skin biopsies were obtained from 13 pain-free women and three pain-free men of similar age and sex distribution as the patients.MethodsQuantitative sensory tests for assessing sensitivity to pressure, pinprick, light touch, heat, and cold were administered, and skin biopsies were obtained from the affected and contralateral limbs. Skin biopsies were also obtained from a similar site on the dorsal hand or foot of pain-free controls. Immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy were used to identify β2-ARs on keratinocytes, dermal nerves, and blood vessels in the skin samples.ResultsThe distribution of β2-ARs in keratinocytes and nerves was similar in the affected and contralateral limbs of patients and was similar for target cells in patients and controls. However, elevated β2-AR expression in reticular nerve bundles was associated with heightened sensitivity to heat pain.ConclusionsThese findings do not support a major role of cutaneous β2-ARs in CRPS. However, activation of neuronal β2-ARs may contribute to thermal hyperalgesia in a subgroup of patients. Whether activation of β2-ARs on keratinocytes mediates inflammation early in the course of CRPS requires further investigation.
Bank-Branch Supply, Financial Inclusion, and Wealth Accumulation
Authors: Célerier Claire , Matray Adrien 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThis paper studies how financial inclusion affects wealth accumulation. Exploiting the U.S. interstate branching deregulation between 1994 and 2005, we find that an exogenous expansion of bank branches increases low-income household financial inclusion. We then show that financial inclusion fosters household wealth accumulation. Relative to their unbanked counterparts, banked households accumulate assets in interest-bearing accounts, invest more in durable assets, such as vehicles, have a better access to debt, and have a lower probability of facing financial strain. The results suggest that promoting financial inclusion for low-income populations can improve household wealth accumulation and financial security.Received April 13, 2017; editorial decision November 14, 2018 by Editor Stijn Van Nieuwerburgh. Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix, which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online.
Conceptualizing Activation Policies Targeted at Single Mothers: A Case Study of Australia and the United Kingdom
Authors: Brady Michelle 
Published: April 2019

AbstractSingle parents are increasingly a target group for “activation” through new obligations to seek paid work or engage in education or training. Researchers commonly characterize new activation policies in terms of epochal shifts or unidirectional movements away from understanding single parents as “carers” or “mothers”. This characterization downplays the degree to which the postwar welfare state viewed single parents as potential workers and the degree to which contemporary reforms view them as carers. Based on historical research and drawing on Foucault’s concept of problematization and research on neoliberal governmentalities, pre-emptive politics and anticipatory modes of power, this article seeks to extend existing characterizations of activation policies for single parents.
Music-listening regulates human microRNA transcriptome
Authors: Nair Preethy S. , Raijas Pirre , Ahvenainen Minna , Philips Anju K. , Ukkola-Vuoti Liisa , Järvelä Irma 
Published: April 2019

AbstractHere, we used microRNA sequencing to study the effect of 20 minutes of classical music-listening on the peripheral blood microRNA transcriptome in subjects characterized for musical aptitude and music education and compared it to a control study without music for the same duration. In participants with high musical aptitude, we identified up-regulation of six microRNAs (hsa-miR-132-3p, hsa-miR-361-5p, hsa-miR-421, hsa-miR-23a-3p, hsa-miR-23b-3p, hsa-miR-25-3p) and down-regulation of two microRNAs (hsa-miR-378a-3p, hsa-miR-16-2-3p) post music-listening. The up-regulated microRNAs were found to be regulators of neuron apoptosis and neurotoxicity, consistent with previously reported neuroprotective role of music. Some up-regulated microRNAs were reported to be responsive to neuronal activity (miR-132, miR-23a, miR-23b) and modulators of neuronal plasticity, CNS myelination and cognitive functions like long-term potentiation and memory. miR-132 and DICER, up-regulated after music-listening, protect dopaminergic neurons and is important for retaining striatal dopamine levels. miR-23 putatively activates pro-survival PI3K/AKT signaling cascade, which is coupled with dopaminergic signaling. Some of the transcriptional regulators (FOS, CREB1, JUN, EGR1 and BDNF) of the up-regulated microRNAs are sensory-motor stimuli induced immediate early genes and top candidates associated with musical traits. Amongst these, BDNF is co-expressed with SNCA, up-regulated in music-listening and music-performance, and both are activated by GATA2, which is associated with musical aptitude. Some of the candidate microRNAs and their putative regulatory interactions were previously identified to be associated with song-learning, singing and seasonal plasticity networks in songbirds and imply evolutionary conservation of the auditory perception process: miR-23a, miR-23b and miR-25 repress PTEN and indirectly activates the MAPK signaling pathway, a regulator of neuronal plasticity which is activated after song-listening. We did not detect any significant changes in microRNA expressions associated with music education or low musical aptitude. Our data thereby show the importance of inherent musical aptitude for music appreciation and for eliciting the human microRNA response to music-listening.
A complex view of GPCR signal transduction: Molecular dynamics of the histamine H3 membrane receptor
Authors: Herrera-Zúñiga L. D. , Moreno-Vargas L. M. , Ballaud L. , Correa-Basurto J. , Prada-Gracia D. , Pastré D. , Curmi P. A. , Arrang J. M. , Maroun R. C. 
Published: April 2019

ABSTRACTIn this work, we study the mechanisms of classical activation and inactivation of signal transduction by the histamine H3 receptor, a 7-helix transmembrane bundle G-Protein Coupled Receptor through long-time-scale molecular dynamics simulations of the receptor embedded in a hydrated double layer of dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline, a zwitterionic poly-saturated ordered lipid. Three systems were prepared: the apo receptor, representing the constitutively active receptor; and two holo-receptors -the receptor coupled to the antagonist/inverse agonist ciproxifan and representing the inactive state of the receptor, and the receptor coupled to the endogenous agonist histamine and representing the active state of the receptor.An extensive analysis of the simulation shows that the three states of H3R present significant structural and dynamical differences, as well as a complex behavior given that the measured properties interact in multiple and inter-dependent ways. In addition, the simulations describe an unexpected escape of histamine from the orthosteric binding site, in agreement with the experimental modest affinities and rapid off-rates of agonists.
Improvement of bone regeneration using fibrin biopolymer combined with differentiated stem cells
Authors: Zorzella Creste Camila Fernanda , Orsi Patrícia Rodrigues , Landim-Alvarenga Fernanda Cruz , Justulin Luis Antônio , de Assis Golim Marjorie , Barraviera Benedito , Ferreira Rui Seabra 
Published: April 2019

1.ABSTRACTBone tissue repair remains a challenge on tissue engineering. New approaches are highly expected to regenerate fractures, bone infections, cancers and congenital skeletal abnormalities. Lately, osteoconductive biomaterials have been used with osteoprogenitor cellsas bone substitutes to accelerate bone formation. Fibrin scaffold serves as a provisional platform promoting cell migration and proliferation, angiogenesis, connective tissue formation and growth factors stimulation. When combined with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) maintain cell viability that exerts an immunomodulatory effect by modifying inflammatory environment through expression of pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines. We evaluated a unique heterologous fibrin biopolymer as scaffold to MSCs on bone regeneration of rat femurs. A critical-size bone defect was made in the femur and treated with fibrin biopolymer(FBP); FBP + MSC; and FBP + MSC differentiated in bone lineage (MSC-D). Bone repair was analyzed 03, 21 and 42 days later by radiographic, histological and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging. The FBP+MSC-D association was the most effective treatment, since newly formed bone was more abundant and early matured in just 21 days. Our results demonstrate that FBP isolated was able to promote bone repair although cells play a crucial role on the type and quantity of bone tissue formed. We have not observed surgical site infection, inflammatory response, fractures or loss of function related with FBP. Thus, this approach can be safely expanded for clinical trials as an effort to overcome current method limitations and improve overall bone regeneration process.
Improvements in upper extremity function in children with unilateral spastic cerebral palsy after intensive training correlates with interhemispheric connectivity
Authors: Robert Maxime T. , Gutterman Jennifer , Ferre Claudio L. , Chin Karen , Brandao Marina B. , Gordon Andrew M. , Friel Kathleen 
Published: April 2019

AbstractAIMSThe corpus callosum (CC) regulates signalling between the two hemispheres and plays an important role in upper limb functions. There is limited evidence on the relationships between the integrity of the CC and upper limb functions in children with USCP. Furthermore, the extent of how much the CC can be used as a biomarker to predict hand functions following intensive interventions remains unknown. We examined 1) the relationship between hand function and tractography of the CC, and 2) the associations between the integrity of the CC and changes in hand function following intensive intervention.METHODSForty-four participants received 90 hours of intensive therapy and were randomly allocated in one of two training groups: Hand-arm Bimanual Intensive Therapy (HABIT) or Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy (CIMT). Hand functions were assessed pre-and post-intervention by a blinded clinician using the Jebsen-Taylor of Hand Function (JTTHF), Assisting Hand Assessment (AHA), and Box and Blocks test (BBT). Functional goals and daily functioning were measured using the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure and the Abilhand-Kids. CC tractography was reconstructed using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Corpus callosum was segmented into three regions of interest (genu, midbody and splenium). Linear regression and pearson correlations were used to assess the relationships between bimanual outcomes and DTI parameters.RESULTSBoth groups demonstrated improvement of hand function (p<0.05). JTTHF, AHA and BBT significant correlated with DTI variables for all ROIs (p<0.05). Bimanual and perceived manual ability of children changes following CIMT were negatively correlated with number of streamlines and number of voxel for the whole CC (r=-.442, p=0.05), midbody (r=-.458, p=0.042) and spelnium (r=-.512, p=0.021). No significant correlation was observed for the HABIT group.INTERPRETATIONTractography of the CC was found to be associated with unimanual and bimanual functions at baseline. Children with reduced integrity of the CC and with greater bimanual impairments improve more from CIMT. On the contrary, all children in the HABIT group had similar improvements independent of the CC integrity.
Macrophages employ quorum licensing to regulate collective activation
Authors: Muldoon Joseph J. , Chuang Yishan , Bagheri Neda , Leonard Joshua N. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractMacrophage-initiated inflammation is tightly regulated to eliminate threats such as infections while suppressing harmful immune activation. However, individual cells’ signaling responses to pro-inflammatory cues are heterogeneous; subpopulations emerge with high or low activation states, though why this occurs is unknown. To address this question, we used single-cell tracking and dynamical modeling to develop and validate a revised model for macrophage activation by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) that invokes a mechanism we termquorum licensing. Bimodal phenotypic partitioning of macrophages is primed during the resting state, depends on cumulative history of cell density, is predicted by extrinsic noise in transcription factor expression, and is independent of canonical LPS-induced intercellular feedback in the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) response. Our analysis shows how this density-dependent coupling produces a nonlinear effect on collective TNF production. We speculate that by linking macrophage density to activation, this mechanism could amplify local responses to threats and prevent false alarms.
Eimeria falciformisBayerHaberkorn1970 and novel wild derived isolates from house mice: differences in parasite lifecycle, pathogenicity and host immune reactions
Authors: Al-khlifeh E. , Balard A. , Jarquín-Díaz V.H. , Weyrich A. , Wibbelt G. , Heitlinger E. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractSpecies ofEimeria(Apicomplexa:Coccidia) differ in the timing of lifecycle progression and resulting infections vary in host immune reactions and pathology they induce.Eimeriainfections in house mice are used as models for basic immunology and the most commonly used isolates have been passaged in laboratory mice for over 50 years. We questioned in how far such isolates are still representative for infections in natural systems.In the current study, we address this question by comparing the “laboratory isolate”E. falciformisBayerHaberkorn1970 with a novel, wild derived isolateE. falciformisBrandenburg88, and contrast this with another novel wild derived isolate,E. ferrisiBrandenburg64. We compare parasite lifecycle progression. We relate this to immune cell infiltration at the site of infection (in the caecum) and cytokine gene expression in the spleen as a measure of host immune response. We assess host weight loss as a measure of pathogenicity.A species-specific slower parasite lifecyle progression and higher pathogenicity are observed forE. falciformis vs. E. ferrisi.Host cytokines, in contrast, are expressed at significantly higher level in the spleen of mice infected with theE. falciformislaboratory isolate than in both wild derived isolates, irrespective of the species. Differences in histopathology are observable between all three isolates: TheE. falciformisBayerHaberkorn1970 laboratory isolate induces the strongest inflammation and cellular infiltration (with lymphocytes, plasma cells and eosinophilic granulocytes) followed by the wild derivedE. falciformisBrandenburg88 isolate.E. ferrisiBrandenburg64 is inducing milder histological changes than bothE. falciformisisolates.It can be speculated that the serial passaging ofE. falciformisBayerHaberkorn1970 has resulted in evolutionary divergence rendering this isolate more virulent in NMRI mice. Caution is needed when findings from experimental infection with laboratory strains should be integrated with observations in natural systems.HighlightsE. ferrisihas a shorter pre-patency thanwild-derived and laboratory isolates ofE. falciformis.E. ferrisiis less virulent than bothE. falciformisisolates and the timing of maximal oocyst shedding relative to host weight loss differs.The laboratory strain ofE. falciformisinduces stronger cytokine expression in the spleen than both wild derived strains ofE. falciformisandE. ferrisi.The laboratory strain ofE. falciformisinduces stronger tissue infiltration of immune cells than the wild-derived strain.E. ferrisiinfections are associated with the lowest infiltration.
Rapid evolution of piRNA-mediated silencing of an invading transposable element was driven by abundantde novomutations
Authors: Zhang Shuo , Kelleher Erin S. 
Published: April 2019

ABSTRACTThe regulation of transposable element (TE) activity by small RNAs is a ubiquitous feature of germlines. However, despite the obvious benefits to the host in terms of ensuring the production of viable gametes and maintaining the integrity of the genomes they carry, it remains controversial whether TE regulation evolves adaptively. We examined the emergence and evolutionary dynamics of repressor alleles afterP-elements invaded theDrosophila melanogastergenome in the mid 20thcentury. In many animals includingDrosophila, repressor alleles are produced by transpositional insertions into piRNA clusters, genomic regions encoding the Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) that regulate TEs. We discovered that ∼94% of recently collected isofemale lines in theDrosophilaGenetic Reference Panel (DGRP) contain at least oneP-element insertion in a piRNA cluster, indicating that repressor alleles are produced byde novoinsertion at an exceptional rate. Furthermore, in our sample of ∼200 genomes, we uncovered no fewer than 80 uniqueP-element insertion alleles in at least 15 different piRNA clusters. Finally, we observe no footprint of positive selection onP-element insertions in piRNA clusters, suggesting that the rapid evolution of piRNA-mediated repression inD. melanogasterwas driven primarily by mutation. Our results reveal for the first time how the unique genetic architecture of piRNA production, in which numerous piRNA clusters can encode regulatory small RNAs upon transpositional insertion, facilitates the non-adaptive rapid evolution of repression.
Modelling depolarization delay, sodium currents, and electrical potentials in cardiac transverse tubules
Authors: Vermij Sarah H. , Abriel Hugues , Kucera Jan P. 
Published: April 2019

ABSTRACTT-tubules are invaginations of the lateral membrane of striated muscle cells that provide a large surface for ion channels and signaling proteins, thereby supporting excitation-contraction coupling. T-tubules are often remodeled in heart failure. To better understand the electrical behavior of T-tubules of cardiac cells in health and disease, this study addresses two largely unanswered questions regarding their electrical properties: (1) the delay of T-tubular membrane depolarization and (2) the effects of T-tubular sodium current on T-tubular potentials.Here, we present an elementary computational model to determine the delay in depolarization of deep T-tubular membrane segments as the narrow T-tubular lumen provides resistance against the extracellular current. We compare healthy tubules to tubules with constrictions and diseased tubules from mouse and human, and conclude that constrictions greatly delay T-tubular depolarization, and diseased T-tubules depolarize faster than healthy ones due to tubule widening. We moreover model the effect of T-tubular sodium current on intraluminal T-tubular potentials. We observe that extracellular potentials become negative during the sodium current transient (up to −50 mV in constricted T-tubules), which feedbacks on sodium channel function (self-attenuation) in a manner resembling ephaptic effects that have been described for intercalated discs where opposing membranes are very close together.These results show that (1) the excitation-contraction coupling defects seen in diseased cells cannot be explained by T-tubular remodeling alone; and (2) the sodium current may modulate intraluminal potentials. Such extracellular potentials might also affect excitation-contraction coupling.
Chitin perception in plasmodesmata identifies subcellular, context-specific immune signalling in plants
Authors: Cheval Cecilia , Johnston Matthew , Samwald Sebastian , Liu Xiaokun , Bellandi Annalisa , Breakspear Andrew , Kadota Yasuhiro , Zipfel Cyril , Faulkner Christine 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe plasma membrane (PM) that lines plasmodesmata has a distinct protein and lipid composition, underpinning specific regulation of these connections between cells. The plasmodesmal PM can integrate extracellular signals differently from the cellular PM, but it is not known how this specificity is established or how a single stimulus can trigger independent signalling cascades in neighbouring membrane domains. Here we have used the fungal elicitor chitin to investigate signal integration and responses at the plasmodesmal PM. We found that the plasmodesmal PM employs a receptor complex composed of the LysM receptors LYM2 and LYK4 which respectively change their location and interactions in response to chitin. Downstream, signalling is transmitted via a specific phosphorylation signature of an NADPH oxidase and localised callose synthesis that causes plasmodesmata closure. This demonstrates the plasmodesmal PM deploys both plasmodesmata-specific components and differential activation of PM-common components to independently integrate an immune signal.