bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Workload Management in Telemedical Physician Triage and Other Knowledge-Based Service Systems
Authors: Saghafian Soroush , Hopp Wallace J. , Iravani Seyed M. R. , Cheng Yao , Diermeier Daniel 
Published: February 2018

Telemedical physician triage (TPT) is an example of a hierarchical knowledge-based service system (HKBSS) in which a second level of decision agent (telemedical physician) renders a decision on cases referred to him or her by the primary level agents (triage nurses). Managing the speed-versus-quality trade-off in such systems presents a unique challenge because of the interplay between agent knowledge and flow of work between the two levels. We develop a novel model of agent knowledge, based on the beta distribution, and deploy it in a partially observable Markov decision process model to describe the optimal policy for deciding which cases (patients) to refer to the second level for further evaluation. We show that this policy has a monotone control-limit structure that reduces the fraction of decisions made at the upper level as workload increases. Because the optimal policy is complex, we use structural insights from it to design two practical heuristics. These heuristics enable an HKBSS to adapt efficiently to workload shifts by adjusting the criteria for referring decisions to the upper level based on partial real-time queue length information. Finally, we conduct analytic and numerical analyses to derive insights into the management of a TPT system. We find that (1) the telemedical physician should evaluate more patients as congestion in the emergency room waiting area increases; (2) training that improves accuracy of the physician and/or nurses can be effective even if it only does so for a single patient type, but training that improves consistency must do so for all patient types to be effective; and (3) patient classification in triage should consider environmental and operational conditions in addition to the patient’s medical condition. The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2017.2905 . This paper was accepted by Vishal Gaur, operations management.
Hydride Effects on Discharged Fuel Clad Related to Accident Conditions during Dry Storage and Handling
Authors: Kesterson Ron L. , Korinko Paul S. , Lam Poh-Sang , Sindelar Robert L. 
Published: February 2018

Safe handling of nuclear reactor discharged fuel requires an understanding of how the fuel (cladding) will perform under the various encountered conditions, including off-normal events, such as drop events in handling the storage canister. Clad failures under two distinct loading modes are considered: a diametrical pinch mode and an axial-bend mode. The mechanical response to the pinch mode and the bend mode loading are evaluated with ring compression testing (RCT) and three-point bend (TPB) testing, respectively. ZIRLO® clad samples were hydrogen charged to levels from 100 ppm to 800 ppm and then subjected to a hydride reorientation treatment involving heating to 400°C and cooling while under hoop stresses ranging from 90 MPa to 170 MPa. Radial hydride reorientations were characterized and RCT and TPB tests were performed over a temperature range of ambient to 200°C. Ductile-to-brittle transition temperatures (DBTT) were determined.
Using finite element analysis (FEA), true stresses and strains are calculated and comparisons made between the RCT and TPB test modes. Because of the anisotropic properties of the clad and the relative orientation and generic effects of the hydrides, the DBTT was observed to be strongly dependent on the mode of strain application such that a DBTT associated with an RCT test is different from a DBTT obtained using an axial-bend test. Although the degree of radial hydriding strongly affected the pinch-mode RCT test, the same radial hydride impact was not observed for the axial-bend TPB test, which was affected strongly by the bulk hydride levels and not by the fraction of radial hydrides.
Post-Quench Ductility of Zirconium Alloy Cladding Materials
Authors: Mueller Andrew J. , Romero Javier E. , Partezana Jonna M. , Pan Guirong , Mitchell David B. , Garde Anand M. , Atwood Andrew R. 
Published: February 2018

The ductility of zirconium-based alloys after steam oxidation at high temperatures, followed by quenching in water, is of significant interest for the nuclear industry. High-temperature steam oxidation and quenching of nuclear fuel cladding occurs during postulated loss-of-coolant accidents. The industry is currently establishing in-reactor operation limits for peak cladding temperature and time at temperature based on the measured ductile-to-brittle transition of different cladding materials, both in the as-fabricated condition and using hydrogen charging as a surrogate for in-reactor operation.
Aiming to study possible differences in post-quench ductility caused by differences in chemical composition, extensive testing on Zircaloy-4, ZIRLO®, and Optimized ZIRLO™ cladding materials as a function of hydrogen content, extent of oxidation, and peak cladding temperature was performed. The results showed similar ductile-to-brittle transition for the alloys studied despite differences in chemical composition, with a decrease in the extent of oxidation to reach the ductile to brittle transition with increasing hydrogen content. Microstructural characterization was performed to investigate the evolution of the oxygen-enriched layer that forms underneath the oxide, both during the time at high temperatures and during cooling. Significantly different morphologies of the oxygen-enriched layer were observed with different cooling rates, particularly for alloys containing niobium. Possible mechanisms for the development of the oxygen-enriched layer are discussed.
Methods for Extending Life of a Pressurized Water Reactor Vessel After Long-Term Exposure to Fast Neutron Radiation
Authors: Grant Samuel P. , Earp Sam L. 
Published: February 2018

Numerous steps have been taken by the Carolina Power & Light Company to assure the safety of its H. B. Robinson Unit 2 reactor vessel in the event that pressurized thermal shock should occur. Included is a phenomenological study of radiation damage underway that combines statistical modeling with atomic arrangements as determined by a field ion microprobe.The field ion microprobe is being used to determine the atomic arrangement of nickel relative to copper in a high copper, medium nickel weld, irradiated to 4.1 × 1019 neutrons (n)/cm2 &gt; 1 MeV and a medium copper, high nickel weld, irradiated to 2 × 1019 n/cm2.Statistical modeling has determined that manganese is a significant factor in the increase in yield strength during irradiation. Its distribution in relation to carbon and nitrogen and other atoms is included in the field ion microprobe investigation.Core redesign for flux reduction and advanced neutron dosimetry methods also are described.
Fracture Toughness of Accelerated Irradiated Submerged-Arc Weld Metal
Authors: Priest Robert H. , Charnock William , Neale Brian K. 
Published: February 2018

Submerged-arc weld material has been exposed to accelerated irradiation at ~180°C to a nominal total fast neutron dose of ~5 × 1017 neutrons (n)/cm2 (E &gt; 1 MeV). The effect of this irradiation on the fracture toughness has been measured using both precracked Charpy and 25-mm compact tension specimens.
Results show that upper-shelf fracture toughness values, though within the scatter-band on unirradiated control data, appear to be reduced by irradiation. No change in fracture toughness transition temperature is induced by the accelerated irradiation exposure. Comparison of the accelerated irradiation data with that obtained from much lower dose rate irradiations indicates the importance of irradiation exposure time. The effect of exposure time is explained in terms of the precipitation of small copper-rich complexes. This proposal is supported by preliminary small-angle neutron scattering data.
Notch Ductility and Fracture Toughness Degradation of Pressure Vessel Steel Reference Plates from Pool Side Facility (PSF) Irradiation Capsules
Authors: Hawthorne J. Russell , Menke Blaine H. , Hiser Allen L. 
Published: February 2018

The Light Water Reactor-Pressure Vessel Surveillance Dosimetry Improvement Program of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) has irradiated, in a pressure vessel wall/thermal shield mock up facility, mechanical test specimens of the ASTM A302-B correlation monitor reference plate and the A533-B Plate 03 from the Heavy Section Steel Technology Program. This report presents Charpy-V, compact tension, and tension test results from simultaneous irradiations in simulated surveillance capsule and through-vessel-wall locations. The investigation is part of a broad NRC effort developing key neutron physics-dosimetry-metallurgy correlations for use in making highly accurate projections of radiation-induced embrittlement to reactor vessels.
Irradiation in the surveillance capsule location was found to reproduce reasonably well the irradiation effect to the vessel inner surface and quarter thickness positions. The toughness gradient observed between in-wall locations after irradiation was small for both materials; the difference between transition temperatures for wall surface versus mid-thickness locations was 31°C or less, independent of the test method used. The adjustment of the ASME lower bound, that is, dynamic, KIR toughness curve by the radiation-induced elevation of the Charpy-V 41-J or the compact specimen 100 MPa√m temperature was conservative when compared against static toughness data. The elevation of the Charpy-V (Cv) curve (41-J index) by irradiation frequently did not provide a conservative estimate of the temperature elevation defined by fracture toughness tests (100 MPa√m index); on the other hand, correction of the fracture toughness data for the lack of test specimen constraint (βIc correction) did result in a transition temperature elevation less than the 41-J elevation, in most cases.
Ultrasound Elicits Behavioral Responses through Mechanical Effects on Neurons and Ion Channels in a Simple Nervous System
Authors: Kubanek Jan , Shukla Poojan , Das Alakananda , Baccus Stephen A. , Goodman Miriam B. 
Published: February 2018

Focused ultrasound has been shown to stimulate excitable cells, but the biophysical mechanisms behind this phenomenon remain poorly understood. To provide additional insight, we devised a behavioral-genetic assay applied to the well-characterized nervous system ofCaenorhabditis elegansnematodes. We found that pulsed ultrasound elicits robust reversal behavior in wild-type animals in a pressure-, duration-, and pulse protocol-dependent manner. Responses were preserved in mutants unable to sense thermal fluctuations and absent in mutants lacking neurons required for mechanosensation. Additionally, we found that the worm's response to ultrasound pulses rests on the expression of MEC-4, a DEG/ENaC/ASIC ion channel required for touch sensation. Consistent with prior studies of MEC-4-dependent currentsin vivo, the worm's response was optimal for pulses repeated 300–1000 times per second. Based on these findings, we conclude that mechanical, rather than thermal, stimulation accounts for behavioral responses. Further, we propose that acoustic radiation force governs the response to ultrasound in a manner that depends on the touch receptor neurons and MEC-4-dependent ion channels. Our findings illuminate a complete pathway of ultrasound action, from the forces generated by propagating ultrasound to an activation of a specific ion channel. The findings further highlight the importance of optimizing ultrasound pulsing protocols when stimulating neurons via ion channels with mechanosensitive properties.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTHow ultrasound influences neurons and other excitable cells has remained a mystery for decades. Although it is widely understood that ultrasound can heat tissues and induce mechanical strain, whether or not neuronal activation depends on heat, mechanical force, or both physical factors is not known. We harnessedCaenorhabditis elegansnematodes and their extraordinary sensitivity to thermal and mechanical stimuli to address this question. Whereas thermosensory mutants respond to ultrasound similar to wild-type animals, mechanosensory mutants were insensitive to ultrasound stimulation. Additionally, stimulus parameters that accentuate mechanical effects were more effective than those producing more heat. These findings highlight a mechanical nature of the effect of ultrasound on neurons and suggest specific ways to optimize stimulation protocols in specific tissues.
Hyperactivity of Anterior Cingulate Cortex Areas 24a/24b Drives Chronic Pain-Induced Anxiodepressive-like Consequences
Authors: Sellmeijer Jim , Mathis Victor , Hugel Sylvain , Li Xu-Hui , Song Qian , Chen Qi-Yu , Barthas Florent , Lutz Pierre-Eric , Karatas Meltem , Luthi Andreas , Veinante Pierre , Aertsen Ad , Barrot Michel , Zhuo Min , Yalcin Ipek 
Published: February 2018

Pain associates both sensory and emotional aversive components, and often leads to anxiety and depression when it becomes chronic. Here, we characterized, in a mouse model, the long-term development of these sensory and aversive components as well as anxiodepressive-like consequences of neuropathic pain and determined their electrophysiological impact on the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC, cortical areas 24a/24b). We show that these symptoms of neuropathic pain evolve and recover in different time courses following nerve injury in male mice.In vivoelectrophysiological recordings evidence an increased firing rate and bursting activity within the ACC when anxiodepressive-like consequences developed, and this hyperactivity persists beyond the period of mechanical hypersensitivity. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings also support ACC hyperactivity, as shown by increased excitatory postsynaptic transmission and contribution of NMDA receptors. Optogenetic inhibition of the ACC hyperactivity was sufficient to alleviate the aversive and anxiodepressive-like consequences of neuropathic pain, indicating that these consequences are underpinned by ACC hyperactivity.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTChronic pain is frequently comorbid with mood disorders, such as anxiety and depression. It has been shown that it is possible to model this comorbidity in animal models by taking into consideration the time factor. In this study, we aimed at determining the dynamic of different components and consequences of chronic pain, and correlated them with electrophysiological alterations. By combining electrophysiological, optogenetic, and behavioral analyses in a mouse model of neuropathic pain, we show that the mechanical hypersensitivity, ongoing pain, anxiodepressive consequences, and their recoveries do not necessarily exhibit temporal synchrony during chronic pain processing, and that the hyperactivity of the anterior cingulate cortex is essential for driving the emotional impact of neuropathic pain.
Evaluation of near final height in boys with constitutional delay in growth and puberty
Authors: Rohani Farzaneh , Alai Mohammad Reza , Moradi Sedighe , Amirkashani Davoud 
Published: February 2018

Background
This study was conducted to find out whether boys with constitutional delay in growth and puberty (CDGP) could attain their target height and predicted adult height (PAH) in adulthood or not.

Methods
After measuring the height, weight, pubertal stage, parental height and bone age data of the patients at their first presentation were extracted from the files and their height and weight were measured at the end of the study, wrist X-Ray was performed in order to determine the bone age. PAH was calculated using Bayley–Pinneau method and target height was estimated by mid parental height. Final or near final heights of the patients were measured and compared with the target height and PAH.

Results
The mean age at presentation and the end of study was 15.2 ± 0.95, 20 ± 0.75 years respectively. Mean of bone age at the beginning of study was 12.97 ± 1 years and at the end of study were 17.6 ± 0.58 years. Mean of delayed bone age was 2.2 ± 0.82 years. Mean of the primary measured heights was 150.16 ± 7 cm (138–160 cm). Mean of final or near final heights was 165.7 ± 2.89 cm (161–170.5 cm). Final or near final heights in our subjects were smaller than either their PAH (165.7 ± 2.89 vs 170.7 ± 5.17) (P value <0.005) or target height (165.7 ± 2.89 vs 171.8 ± 4.65) (P value <0.0001).

Conclusion
Most patients with CDGP do not reach their target height or predicted adult height; they are usually shorter than their parents and general population. Such patients need to be followed up until they reach their final height and, in some cases, adjunctive medical treatment might be indicated.
Lucas F. Johnston, <i>Religion and Sustainability: Social Movements and the Politics of the Environment</i> (Sheffield: Equinox, 2013), x + 273 pp., $44.95 (pbk), ISBN: 978-1-90804-982-7
Authors: Harvey Graham 
Published: February 2018

Lucas F. Johnston, Religion and Sustainability: Social Movements and the Politics of the Environment (Sheffield: Equinox, 2013), x + 273 pp., $44.95 (pbk), ISBN: 978-1-90804-982-7
Natural toxins in food crops and their changes during processing
Authors: Hajšlová J. , Schulzová V. , Botek P. , Lojza J. 
Published: February 2018

Many food plant contain specific secondary metabolites which are classified as toxins or antinutrients for humans. In this short review main groups of these bioactive compounds are introduced, potential hazard posed for consumers and related regulatory aspects are mentioned. Substances which are currently of greatest concern are discussed in a greater detail. Phytoestrogens and glucosinolates are shown as compounds that may under certain conditions, exhibit health protecting effects, toxic glycoalkaloids, have been selected as an example<br />of toxins occurring in staple crop, lectins and pyrrolizidine alkaloids represent as toxins responsible for recently documented outbreaks of food poisoning.
Acylglycosides as future food preservatives
Authors: Prekop J. , Červenková R. , Bartošová E. , Špičková Z. , Šmidrkal J. , Filip V. , Plocková M. 
Published: February 2018

In this work monoesters of sucrose and 􀑑-glucose with fatty acids (both even and odd) were prepared as pure substances using the direct selective esterification of free sugar with bulky acylating agent. This compounds were examined for their antibacterial activity (against Gram-positive bacteria) and antifungal activity.
Functionality changes of natural antioxidants during food processing and storage
Authors: Pokorný J. , Schmidt Š. , T T Nguyen H. 
Published: February 2018

Food raw materials and products contain inhibitors of oxidation reactions, both in the lipidic phase and the aqueous phase. The most important inhibitors are phenolic antioxidants. During food processing and storage, concentrations of antioxidants in the two phases reach an equilibrium. Phenolics react with lipidic free radicals, being converted into antioxidant free radicals, quinones, polymers and copolymers. Some degradation products possess an antioxidant activity, too. The relative antioxidant activity decreases with decreasing concentration of oxygen in the system and with increasing temperature. Antioxidants are more rapidly decomposed in surface layers. Health aspects of antioxidant degradation products are often neglected as the safety of antioxidant degradation products is mostly unknown.
Heat-induced degradation of inulin
Authors: Böhm A. , Kaiser I. , Trebstein A. , Henle T. 
Published: February 2018

Abstract: Heat treatment of inulin at 135 to 190°C leads to a decrease in the measurable amount of the fructan, when quantified as fructose after enzymatic hydrolysis. Using high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection, degradation of the fructan chains and concomitant formation of low-molecular products was observed, most likely representing di-D-fructose dianhydrides. Heat-induced degradation of inulin during thermal processing of foods like bakery products must be taken into account within the discussion about possible prebiotic properties of the fructan.
A new pathway of lactose degradation and arginine derivatization in milk
Authors: Mavric E. , Henle T. 
Published: February 2018

Abstract: Recently, N-δ-[5-(3-hydroxypropyl)-4-oxo-imidazolon-2-yl]-􀑙-ornithine (PIO) was identified as a new arginine derivative, formed exclusively from the side-chain of peptide-bound arginine and degradation products of oligosaccharides with 1,4-glycosidic linkages, thus probably representing the major form of arginine derivatization in heated milk products. The formation mechanism of PIO was clarified via identification of a previously unknown C5 dicarbonyl precursor, namely 3,4-dideoxypentosulose (3,4-DDPs). 3,4-DDPs was isolated as the corresponding chinoxaline from reaction mixtures containing N-α-hippuryl arginine, lactose and o-phenylendiamine using semipreparative RP-HPLC. Identification was achieved using LC-MS as well as 1H- and 13C-NMR. The formation of 3,4-DDPs from lactose follows a new pathway of carbohydrate degradation in foods.
Dietary intake and urinary excretion of Maillard reaction products (MRPs)
Authors: Förster A. , Kühne Y. , Henle T. 
Published: February 2018

The aim of our study was to investigate the influence of nutrition on the urinary excretion of Amadori products, pyrraline and pentosidine in a dietary study involving 18 healthy volunteers. Starting with day two, participants had to avoid Maillard product containing food for a period of 7 days, followed by day nine without dietary restrictions. Samples of 24 h-urine were collected and analysed for free furosine, pyrraline and pentosidine using dedicated chromatographic methods. For all MRPs, a significant decrease in the amount excreted with urine was observed due to the MRP-free diet. Urinary excretion of free pyrraline and fructoselysine, which was calculated from furosine analysis, were lowered about 90% from 3.9 ± 1.4 mg/d to 0.4 ± 0.3 mg/d and 7.2 ± 4.1 mg/d to 0.9 ± 0.2 mg/d, respectively. Urinary excretion of free pentosidine was only in the μg/d range and its decrease added up to 50% from 7.3 ± 3.7 μg/d to 3.4 ± 1.1 μg/d. These results indicate that renal excretion of MRPs is directly affected by dietary intake of those. With respect to the daily intake via heated foods, mainly as proteinbound derivatives, pyrraline seems to be of better bioavailability than the Amadori product and pentosidine. This points to different metabolic pathways. Whereas metabolic transformation of AGEs may quantitatively be of little importance, the major part of ingested Amadori products seems to be degraded in vivo.
Maillard reaction products from glucose-methionine mixtures affect iron utilization in rats
Authors: Delgado-Andrade C. , Seiquer I. , P Navarro M. 
Published: February 2018

The influence of Maillard reaction products from glucose-methionine on iron bioavailability was investigated, and compared with those from glucose-lysine (both 40% moisture, 150°C, 90 min). Iron balance was carried out in rats fed diets containing 3% of the different samples and a control diet (AIN93-G). After the balance period, rats were sacrificed, haemoglobin and hematocrit were measured and some organs were removed to analyze iron content. Consumption of the diet containing glucose-methionine heated mixtures increased iron digestibility and bioavailability with respect to animals fed the glucose-lysine diet, although values of net absorption and retention did not reach significant differences between groups. Haemoglobin, hematocrit and iron in liver were unaffected with the different diets, but higher values of iron concentration in spleen were found among animals fed the glucose-methionine diet.