bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
n
‐Dimensional Quadrature
Authors: Wingate Beth A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

This article discusses
n
‐dimensional quadrature. To show how dimensionality complicates integration rules this article focus on polynomial integration over squares and triangles where quadrature points are required to be on the boundary. In the case of a square, high quality formulae, called Gauss–Lobatto quadrature, are available as tensor products of 1‐dimensional quadrature. In triangles it has been shown that analogous Gauss–Lobatto formulae do not even exist.
Meta‐Analysis of Rare Events
Authors: Liu Dungang 
Published: August 2019

AbstractRare events are events that occur infrequently. Such events are often unwanted, uncomfortable, and dangerous to individuals or society. A common and important example in health care research is adverse events (e.g., deaths) in clinical trials. Of growing interest is a possible association of adverse events, rarely observed, with the intervention. Owing to the sparseness of rare events data, meta‐analysis of multiple similar or relevant studies may be the only effective way to identify potential safety issues. Meta‐analysis of rare events, however, presents special methodological challenges. This article reviews the relevant statistical issues and methodological developments over the past two decades. Topics covered include choice of effect measures, zero events and continuity corrections, choice between fixed‐ and random‐effects models, and appropriateness of standard and newly developed meta‐analytic methods.
Climate Change and Stomatal Physiology
Authors: Matthews Jack S. A. , Lawson Tracy 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Stomata control the uptake of CO
2
into the leaf along with water loss through transpiration and are critical for maintaining plant water status and leaf temperature. The predicted changes in future climate conditions; including atmospheric [CO
2
], temperature, and water availability will greatly influence stomatal development and functional response. As stomata account for 95% of terrestrial gaseous fluxes of water and carbon, their behaviour has major consequences for global hydrological and carbon cycles, with implications for precipitation patterns, land run‐off and drought events. Furthermore, as water demand for agricultural practices is predicted to increase, crop production for sustainable food security will require improvements in plant water use efficiency, to which stomatal conductance and dynamic responses to environmental conditions are key components. Stomatal response is often the combination of several environmental and internal stimuli, and is, therefore, difficult to predict across ecosystem types. Here, we review stomatal response to key environmental factors at the leaf and ecosystem levels, and highlight the influence of changes in stomatal anatomical and functional behaviour on earth systems and ecosystem function in the face of climate change.
The Evolution of Symbiotic Plant–Microbe Signalling
Authors: Clear Michael R. , Hom Erik F. Y. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractPlants form beneficial symbioses with a variety of different microbes. Among these, the root associated arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, ectomycorrhizal fungi, rhizobial, and actinobacterial symbioses are some of the best understood. The successful establishment of these symbioses relies on a complex, coordinated signal exchange that arose from hundreds of millions of years of coevolution between plants and their associated microbes. Despite the diversity of these microbial symbionts, common signalling mechanisms were evolved that include the manipulation of host immunity and the use of similar plant‐ and microbe‐derived signals and receptors. Owing to the plethora of information on these diverse symbioses, their signalling mechanisms are rarely reviewed together and even less so within an evolutionary context. We provide an overview of what is known regarding the evolution of these signals in an effort to highlight knowledge gaps in our understanding of plant–microbe symbiosis.
Biochemistry and Molecular Biology in Fruits during Cold Storage
Authors: Cainelli Nadia , Ruperti Benedetto 
Published: August 2019

AbstractCold storage of fruits is exploited to prolong postharvest life and marketing period by minimising their metabolic activity. However, exposure of fruits to nonfreezing low temperatures for prolonged periods of time may also lead to the development of cold‐inducible physiological disorders termed chilling injuries. Chilling injuries represent an economically relevant problem that may occur in an unpredictable way depending on the sensitivity of the fruits to low temperature. In this article, we consider the main aspects of cold stress signalling and responses taking place in fruits during storage and during the following period of warming at room temperature that often results in the further induction of chilling injury symptoms. A vast amount of research has contributed to the identification of several biochemical and molecular events underlying cold stress responses in fruits. Convincing evidence shows that ethylene plays a pivotal regulatory role, through a complex interplay with other hormones, but early inducing factors remain elusive. Recent studies based on system analyses of cold‐dependent trancriptomic and metabolomic changes have contributed to shed light on some early regulatory events which may contribute to determining the fruits' sensitivity to cold stress. A better understanding of these phenomena is essential to optimise cold storage conditions and for an efficient use of resources to deliver a more sustainable fruit supply chain.
Self‐Powered Sensors Enabled by Wide‐Bandgap Perovskite Indoor Photovoltaic Cells
Authors: Mathews Ian , Kantareddy Sai Nithin Reddy , Sun Shijing , Layurova Mariya , Thapa Janak , Correa‐Baena Juan‐Pablo , Bhattacharyya Rahul , Buonassisi Tonio , Sarma Sanjay , Peters Ian Marius 
Published: August 2019

AbstractA new approach to ubiquitous sensing for indoor applications is presented, using low‐cost indoor perovskite photovoltaic cells as external power sources for backscatter sensors. Wide‐bandgap perovskite photovoltaic cells for indoor light energy harvesting are presented with the 1.63 and 1.84 eV devices that demonstrate efficiencies of 21% and 18.5%, respectively, under indoor compact fluorescent lighting, with a champion open‐circuit voltage of 0.95 V in a 1.84 eV cell under a light intensity of 0.16 mW cm−2. Subsequently, a wireless temperature sensor self‐powered by a perovskite indoor light‐harvesting module is demonstrated. Three perovskite photovoltaic cells are connected in series to create a module that produces 14.5 µW output power under 0.16 mW cm−2 of compact fluorescent illumination with an efficiency of 13.2%. This module is used as an external power source for a battery‐assisted radio‐frequency identification temperature sensor and demonstrates a read range by of 5.1 m while maintaining very high frequency measurements every 1.24 s. The combined indoor perovskite photovoltaic modules and backscatter radio‐frequency sensors are further discussed as a route to ubiquitous sensing in buildings given their potential to be manufactured in an integrated manner at very low cost, their lack of a need for battery replacement, and the high frequency data collection possible.
Real‐Time Quantification of Cell Internalization Kinetics by Functionalized Bioluminescent Nanoprobes
Authors: Wu Di , Yang Yilong , Xu Pengcheng , Xu Duo , Liu Yang , Castillo Roxanne , Yan Ran , Ren Jie , Zhou George , Liu Chaoyong , Qin Meng , Du Juanjuan , Hou Lihua , Chen Irvin , Kang Chunsheng , Jin Lihua , Wen Jing , Chen Wei , Lu Yunfeng 
Published: August 2019

AbstractCells transport mass dynamically, crossing cell membranes to maintain metabolism and systemic homeostasis, through which biomolecules are also delivered to cells for gene editing, cell reprograming, therapy, and other purposes. Quantifying the translocation kinetics is fundamentally and clinically essential, but remains limited by fluorescence‐based technologies, which are semi‐quantitative and only provide kinetics information at cellular level or in discrete time. Herein, a real‐time method of quantifying cell internalization kinetics is reported using functionalized firefly‐luciferase nanocapsules as the probe. This quantitative assay will facilitate the rational design of delivery vectors and enable high‐throughput screening of peptides and other functional molecules, constituting an effective tool for broad applications, including drug development and cancer therapy.
Carbon Nanotube Yarn for Fiber‐Shaped Electrical Sensors, Actuators, and Energy Storage for Smart Systems
Authors: Jang Yongwoo , Kim Sung Min , Spinks Geoffrey M. , Kim Seon Jeong 
Published: August 2019

AbstractSmart systems are those that display autonomous or collaborative functionalities, and include the ability to sense multiple inputs, to respond with appropriate operations, and to control a given situation. In certain circumstances, it is also of great interest to retain flexible, stretchable, portable, wearable, and/or implantable attributes in smart electronic systems. Among the promising candidate smart materials, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) exhibit excellent electrical and mechanical properties, and structurally fabricated CNT‐based fibers and yarns with coil and twist further introduce flexible and stretchable properties. A number of notable studies have demonstrated various functions of CNT yarns, including sensors, actuators, and energy storage. In particular, CNT yarns can operate as flexible electronic sensors and electrodes to monitor strain, temperature, ionic concentration, and the concentration of target biomolecules. Moreover, a twisted CNT yarn enables strong torsional actuation, and coiled CNT yarns generate large tensile strokes as an artificial muscle. Furthermore, the reversible actuation of CNT yarns can be used as an energy harvester and, when combined with a CNT supercapacitor, has promoted the next‐generation of energy storage systems. Here, progressive advances of CNT yarns in electrical sensing, actuation, and energy storage are reported, and the future challenges in smart electronic systems considered.
Genetic Logic Gates Enable Patterning of Amyloid Nanofibers
Authors: Kalyoncu Ebuzer , Ahan Recep Erdem , Ozcelik Cemile Elif , Seker Urartu Ozgur Safak 
Published: August 2019

AbstractDistinct spatial patterning of naturally produced materials is observed in many cellular structures and even among communities of microorganisms. Reoccurrence of spatially organized materials in all branches of life is clear proof that organization is beneficial for survival. Indeed, organisms can trick the evolutionary process by using organized materials in ways that can help the organism to avoid unexpected conditions. To expand the toolbox for synthesizing patterned living materials, Boolean type “AND” and “OR” control of curli fibers expression is demonstrated using recombinases. Logic gates are designed to activate the production of curli fibers. The gates can be used to record the presence of input molecules and give output as CsgA expression. Two different curli fibers (CsgA and CsgA‐His‐tag) production are then selectively activated to explore distribution of monomers upon coexpression. To keep track of the composition of fibers, CsgA‐His‐tag proteins are labeled with nickel–nitrilotriacetic acid (Ni–NTA‐) conjugated gold nanoparticles. It is observed that an organized living material can be obtained upon inducing the coexpression of different CsgA fibers. It is foreseen that living materials with user‐defined curli composition hold great potential for the development of living materials for many biomedical applications.
Multifunctional Chemical Linker Imidazoleacetic Acid Hydrochloride for 21% Efficient and Stable Planar Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Chen Jiangzhao , Zhao Xing , Kim Seul‐Gi , Park Nam‐Gyu 
Published: August 2019

AbstractChemical interaction at a heterojunction interface induced by an appropriate chemical linker is of crucial importance for high efficiency, hysteresis‐less, and stable perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Effective interface engineering in PSCs is reported via a multifunctional chemical linker of 4‐imidazoleacetic acid hydrochloride (ImAcHCl) that can provide a chemical bridge between SnO2 and perovskite through an ester bond with SnO2 via esterification reaction and an electrostatic interaction with perovskite via imidazolium cation in ImAcHCl and iodide anion in perovskite. In addition, the chloride anion in ImAcHCl plays a role in the improvement of crystallinity of perovskite film crystallinity. The introduction of ImAcHCl onto SnO2 realigns the positions of the conduction and valence bands upwards, reduces nonradiative recombination, and improves carrier life time. As a consequence, average power conversion efficiency (PCE) is increased from 18.60% ± 0.50% to 20.22% ± 0.34% before and after surface modification, respectively, which mainly results from an enhanced voltage from 1.084 ± 0.012 V to 1.143 ± 0.009 V. The best PCE of 21% is achieved by 0.1 mg mL−1 ImAcHCl treatment, along with negligible hysteresis. Moreover, an unencapsulated device with ImAcHCl‐modified SnO2 shows much better thermal and moisture stability than unmodified SnO2.
Modulating the Charge Transport in 2D Semiconductors via Energy‐Level Phototuning
Authors: Qiu Haixin , Zhao Yuda , Liu Zhaoyang , Herder Martin , Hecht Stefan , Samorì Paolo 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe controlled functionalization of semiconducting 2D materials (2DMs) with photoresponsive molecules enables the generation of novel hybrid structures as active components for the fabrication of high‐performance multifunctional field‐effect transistors (FETs) and memories. This study reports the realization of optically switchable FETs by decorating the surface of the semiconducting 2DMs such as WSe2 and black phosphorus with suitably designed diarylethene (DAE) molecules to modulate their electron and hole transport, respectively, without sacrificing their pristine electrical performance. The efficient and reversible photochemical isomerization of the DAEs between the open and the closed isomer, featuring different energy levels, makes it possible to generate photoswitchable charge trapping levels, resulting in the tuning of charge transport through the 2DMs by alternating illumination with UV and visible light. The device reveals excellent data‐retention capacity combined with multiple and well‐distinguished accessible current levels, paving the way for its use as an active element in multilevel memories.
Room‐Temperature Stimulated Emission and Lasing in Recrystallized Cesium Lead Bromide Perovskite Thin Films
Authors: Pourdavoud Neda , Haeger Tobias , Mayer Andre , Cegielski Piotr Jacek , Giesecke Anna Lena , Heiderhoff Ralf , Olthof Selina , Zaefferer Stefan , Shutsko Ivan , Henkel Andreas , Becker‐Koch David , Stein Markus , Cehovski Marko , Charfi Ouacef , Johannes Hans‐Hermann , Rogalla Detlef , Lemme Max Christian , Koch Martin , Vaynzof Yana , Meerholz Klaus , Kowalsky Wolfgang , Scheer Hella‐Christin , Görrn Patrick , Riedl Thomas 
Published: August 2019

AbstractCesium lead halide perovskites are of interest for light‐emitting diodes and lasers. So far, thin‐films of CsPbX3 have typically afforded very low photoluminescence quantum yields (PL‐QY < 20%) and amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) only at cryogenic temperatures, as defect related nonradiative recombination dominated at room temperature (RT). There is a current belief that, for efficient light emission from lead halide perovskites at RT, the charge carriers/excitons need to be confined on the nanometer scale, like in CsPbX3 nanoparticles (NPs). Here, thin films of cesium lead bromide, which show a high PL‐QY of 68% and low‐threshold ASE at RT, are presented. As‐deposited layers are recrystallized by thermal imprint, which results in continuous films (100% coverage of the substrate), composed of large crystals with micrometer lateral extension. Using these layers, the first cesium lead bromide thin‐film distributed feedback and vertical cavity surface emitting lasers with ultralow threshold at RT that do not rely on the use of NPs are demonstrated. It is foreseen that these results will have a broader impact beyond perovskite lasers and will advise a revision of the paradigm that efficient light emission from CsPbX3 perovskites can only be achieved with NPs.
3D Printing of Bismaleimides: From New Ink Formulation to Printed Thermosetting Polymer Objects
Authors: Gouzman Irina , Atar Nurit , Grossman Eitan , Verker Ronen , Bolker Asaf , Pokrass Mariana , Sultan Shai , Sinwani Omer , Wagner Annika , Lück Thomas , Seifarth Christian 
Published: August 2019

AbstractAdditive manufacturing is a novel manufacturing paradigm which has numerous potential applications in industry and research. PolyJet technology allows printing of extremely complex geometrical structures with high precision and smooth surface. New engineering polymers with diverse characteristics should be developed to expand PolyJet applications. Bismaleimides (BMIs) are very attractive polymers due to their excellent thermal, mechanical, and chemical stability, and their good dielectric properties. However, BMIs are currently not available as inks for PolyJet technology. Low‐viscosity aliphatic BMIs are used to develop a novel UV‐curable ink. The UV reactivity and ink viscosity are optimized by addition of an environmentally friendly diluent and a mixture of photoinitiators. Optimization of the jetting and printing conditions allows for the first ever production of 3D thermosetting BMI objects by PolyJet technology. Thermal post curing is used to enhance mechanical properties and thermal stability of the printed material. It is found to have a thermal decomposition temperature,T5%, of about 400 °C, low dielectric constant, high dielectric strength, and low moisture absorption. The resulting properties of the printed BMI material open a wide range of potential applications in fields such as robotics, electronics, automotive, aerospace, and space technology.
Releasing the Trapped Light for Efficient Silver Nanowires‐Based White Flexible Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Li Wei , Li Yan‐Qing , Shen Yang , Zhang Yue‐Xing , Jin Teng‐Yu , Chen Jing‐De , Zhang Xiao‐Hong , Tang Jian‐Xin 
Published: August 2019

AbstractFlexible organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) are attracting tremendous attention due to their promise as a key element in bendable display and curved lighting applications. However, their performance in terms of efficiency and bendability is limited, since flexible transparent electrodes with superior electrical, optical, and mechanical properties are rare. Here, a multifunctional electrode architecture that is based on flexible plastic, and consists of electrically conductive silver nanowires, a nanopatterned ZnO outcoupling layer, and a hole‐injection polymer layer, is proposed for the actualization of high‐performance flexible OLEDs. The trapped light in the waveguide and substrate modes is effectively released by integrating aperiodic nanostructures into high‐refractive‐index ZnO layers on both sides of the plastic substrate. A maximum external quantum efficiency of 61.7% and a power efficiency of 126.6 lm W−1 are achieved for the white‐emission flexible OLEDs with broadband and angle‐independent outcoupling enhancement. In addition, the proposed approach allows for high‐level mechanical flexibility, retaining over 80% of the initial efficiency after 3000 cycles of repeated bending.
Fundamental Thermoelectric Properties in Organic Heterojunctions from Molecular to Thin‐Film and Hybrid Designs
Authors: Xiong Yan , Xu Ling , Sun Lin , Wu Ping , Xie Guo , Hu Bin 
Published: August 2019

AbstractOrganic heterojunctions have become a unique platform to explore superior thermoelectric performance based on the fundamental possibilities of separately controlling electrical and thermal transport through interfaces structured at different length scales. Particularly, the “heterojunctions” present artificially made components, in addition to each component used to form heterojunctions, to further control electrical and thermal conductions toward developing high‐performance thermoelectrics. Potentially, in organic heterojunctions, the different components (organic–organic, organic–inorganic) possess low thermal and high electrical conductivities, which present the necessary conditions for developing high thermoelectric actions. Furthermore, organic heterojunctions provide an opportunity to form electrically conductive but thermally resistive interfaces between different components at different length scales from molecular to thin‐film and hybrid designs, functioning as a third component, upon combing two components. In particular, the interface can be facilely tuned toward ultimately separating electrical and thermal conduction by rationally selecting electric, polarization and thermal parameters. In this Review, the fundamental thermoelectric properties of organic heterojunctions from molecular to thin‐film and hybrid designs are presented. The thermoelectric performances enhanced by interface effects are also highlighted. Finally, the outlook for the further thermoelectric developments is discussed.
Slot‐Die and Roll‐to‐Roll Processed Single Junction Organic Photovoltaic Cells with the Highest Efficiency
Authors: Lee Jeongjoo , Seo You‐Hyun , Kwon Sung‐Nam , Kim Do‐Hyung , Jang Seokhoon , Jung Hyeonwoo , Lee Youngu , Weerasinghe Hasitha , Kim Taehyo , Kim Jin Young , Vak Doojin , Na Seok‐In 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe record efficiency of the state‐of‐the‐art polymer solar cells (PSCs) is rapidly increasing, due to the discovery of high‐performance photoactive donor and acceptor materials. However, strong questions remain as to whether such high‐efficiency PSCs can be produced by scalable processes. This paper reports a high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 13.5% achieved with single‐junction ternary PSCs based on PTB7‐Th, PC71BM, and COi8DFIC fabricated by slot‐die coating, which shows the highest PCE ever reported in PSCs fabricated by a scalable process. To understand the origin of the high performance of the slot‐die coated device, slot‐die coated photoactive films and devices are systematically investigated. These results indicate that the good performance of the slot‐die PSCs can be due to a favorable molecule‐structure and film‐morphology change by introducing 1,8‐diiodooctane and heat treatment, which can lead to improved charge transport with reduced carrier recombination. The optimized condition is then used for the fabrication of large‐area modules and also for roll‐to‐roll fabrication. The slot‐die coated module with 30 cm2 active‐area and roll‐to‐roll produced flexible PSC has shown 8.6% and 9.6%, respectively. These efficiencies are the highest in each category and demonstrate the strong potential of the slot‐die coated ternary system for commercial applications.