bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Observing Hurricane Harvey’s Eyewall at Landfall
Authors: Fernández-Cabán Pedro L. , Alford A. Addison , Bell Martin J. , Biggerstaff Michael I. , Carrie Gordon D. , Hirth Brian , Kosiba Karen , Phillips Brian M. , Schroeder John L. , Waugh Sean M. , Williford Eric , Wurman Joshua , Masters Forrest J. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractWhile Hurricane Harvey will best be remembered for record rainfall that led to widespread flooding in southeastern Texas and western Louisiana, the storm also produced some of the most extreme wind speeds ever to be captured by an adaptive mesonet at landfall. This paper describes the unique tools and the strategy used by the Digital Hurricane Consortium (DHC), an ad hoc group of atmospheric scientists and wind engineers, to intercept and collect high-resolution measurements of Harvey’s inner core and eyewall as it passed over Aransas Bay into mainland Texas. The DHC successfully deployed more than 25 observational assets, leading to an unprecedented view of the boundary layer and winds aloft in the eyewall of a major hurricane at landfall. Analysis of anemometric measurements and mobile radar data during heavy convection shows the kinematic structure of the hurricane at landfall and the suspected influence of circulations aloft on surface winds and extreme surface gusts. Evidence of mesoscale vortices in the interior of the eyewall is also presented. Finally, the paper reports on an atmospheric sounding in the inner eyewall that produced an exceptionally large and potentially record value of precipitable water content for observed soundings in the continental United States.
PostProcessing and Visualization Techniques for Convection-Allowing Ensembles
Authors: Roberts Brett , Jirak Israel L. , Clark Adam J. , Weiss Steven J. , Kain John S. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractSince the early 2000s, growing computing resources for numerical weather prediction (NWP) and scientific advances enabled development and testing of experimental, real-time deterministic convection-allowing models (CAMs). By the late 2000s, continued advancements spurred development of CAM ensemble forecast systems, through which a broad range of successful forecasting applications have been demonstrated. This work has prepared the National Weather Service (NWS) for practical usage of the High Resolution Ensemble Forecast (HREF) system, which was implemented operationally in November 2017. Historically, methods for postprocessing and visualizing products from regional and global ensemble prediction systems (e.g., ensemble means and spaghetti plots) have been applied to fields that provide information on mesoscale to synoptic-scale processes. However, much of the value from CAMs is derived from the explicit simulation of deep convection and associated storm-attribute fields like updraft helicity and simulated reflectivity. Thus, fully exploiting CAM ensembles for forecasting applications has required the development of fundamentally new data extraction, postprocessing, and visualization strategies. In the process, challenges imposed by the immense data volume inherent to these systems required new approaches when considering diverse factors like forecaster interpretation and computational expense. In this article, we review the current state of postprocessing and visualization for CAM ensembles, with a particular focus on forecast applications for severe convective hazards that have been evaluated within NOAA’s Hazardous Weather Testbed. The HREF web viewer implemented at the NWS Storm Prediction Center (SPC) is presented as a prototype for deploying these techniques in real time on a flexible and widely accessible platform.
Incorporating the Work Done by Vertical Density Fluxes in Both Kinetic and Thermal Energy Conservation Equations to Satisfy Total Energy Conservation
Authors: Sun Jielun 
Published: December 2018

AbstractConservation of total, kinetic, and thermal energy in the atmosphere is revisited, and the derived thermal energy balance is examined with observations. Total energy conservation (TEC) provides a constraint for the sum of kinetic, thermal, and potential energy changes. In response to air thermal expansion/compression, air density variation leads to vertical density fluxes and potential energy changes, which in turn impact the thermal energy balance as well as the kinetic energy balance due to the constraint of TEC. As vertical density fluxes can propagate through a large vertical domain to where local thermal expansion/compression becomes negligibly small, interactions between kinetic and thermal energy changes in determining atmospheric motions and thermodynamic structures can occur when local diabatic heating/cooling becomes small. The contribution of vertical density fluxes to the kinetic energy balance is sometimes considered but that to the thermal energy balance is traditionally missed. Misinterpretation between air thermal expansion/compression and incompressibility for air volume changes with pressure under a constant temperature would lead to overlooking important impacts of thermal expansion/compression on air motions and atmospheric thermodynamics. Atmospheric boundary layer observations qualitatively confirm the contribution of potential energy changes associated with vertical density fluxes in the thermal energy balance for explaining temporal variations of air temperature.
Overall Survival of Black and White Men With Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer Treated With Docetaxel
Authors: Halabi Susan , Dutta Sandipan , Tangen Catherine M. , Rosenthal Mark , Petrylak Daniel P. , Thompson Ian M. , Chi Kim N. , Araujo John C. , Logothetis Christopher , Quinn David I. , Fizazi Karim , Morris Michael J. , Eisenberger Mario A. , George Daniel J. , De Bono Johann S. , Higano Celestia S. , Tannock Ian F. , Small Eric J. , Kelly William Kevin 
Published: December 2018

Purpose Several studies have reported that among patients with localized prostate cancer, black men have a shorter overall survival (OS) time than white men, but few data exist for men with advanced prostate cancer. The primary goal of this analysis was to compare the OS in black and white men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) who were treated in phase III clinical trials with docetaxel plus prednisone (DP) or a DP-containing regimen. Methods Individual participant data from 8,820 men with mCRPC randomly assigned in nine phase III trials to DP or a DP-containing regimen were combined. Race was based on self-report. The primary end point was OS. The Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to assess the prognostic importance of race (black v white) adjusted for established risk factors common across the trials (age, prostate-specific antigen, performance status, alkaline phosphatase, hemoglobin, and sites of metastases). Results Of 8,820 men, 7,528 (85%) were white, 500 (6%) were black, 424 (5%) were Asian, and 368 (4%) were of unknown race. Black men were younger and had worse performance status, higher testosterone and prostate-specific antigen, and lower hemoglobin than white men. Despite these differences, the median OS was 21.0 months (95% CI, 19.4 to 22.5 months) versus 21.2 months (95% CI, 20.8 to 21.7 months) in black and white men, respectively. The pooled multivariable hazard ratio of 0.81 (95% CI, 0.72 to 0.91) demonstrates that overall, black men have a statistically significant decreased risk of death compared with white men ( P < .001). Conclusion When adjusted for known prognostic factors, we observed a statistically significant increased OS in black versus white men with mCRPC who were enrolled in these clinical trials. The mechanism for these differences is not known.
Characterization of Human Adrenal Steroidogenesis During Fetal Development
Authors: Melau Cecilie , Nielsen John Erik , Frederiksen Hanne , Kilcoyne Karen , Perlman Signe , Lundvall Lene , Langhoff Thuesen Lea , Juul Hare Kristine , Andersson Anna-Maria , Mitchell Rod T , Juul Anders , Jørgensen Anne 
Published: December 2018

Abstract

Context
The endocrine function of human fetal adrenals (HFAs) is activated already during first trimester, but adrenal steroidogenesis during fetal life is not well characterized.

Objective
This study aimed to investigate HFA steroidogenesis by analyzing adrenal glands from first and second trimesters.

Design and Setting
Male and female HFA from gestational weeks (GWs) 8 to 19 were examined, including a total of 101 samples from 83 fetuses.

Main Outcome Measure(s)
Expression level of steroidogenic genes and protein expression/localization were determined by quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively, and intra-adrenal steroid levels were quantified by LC-MS/MS.

Results
Transcriptional levels of StAR, CYP11A1, CYP17A1, CYP21A2, CYP11B1/2, and SULT2A1 were significantly higher in second trimester compared to first trimester (P &lt; 0.05), whereas expression levels of 3β-HSD2 and ARK1C3 were unaltered between GWs 8 and 19. All investigated steroidogenic proteins were expressed in a distinct pattern throughout the investigated period, with most enzymes expressed primarily in the fetal zone, except 3β-HSD1/2, which was expressed mainly in the definitive zone. Abundant steroidogenic enzyme expression was reflected in overall high intra-adrenal tissue concentrations of mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and androgens; cortisol was the most abundant (1071 to 2723 ng/g tissue), and testosterone levels were the lowest (2 to 14 ng/g tissue).

Conclusions
The expression profiles of HFA steroidogenic enzymes are distinct from first to second trimester, with no major differences between male and female samples. Intra-adrenal steroid hormone concentrations confirm that cortisol is produced throughout first and second trimesters, suggesting continued regulation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis during this entire period.
The Plk1 kinase negatively regulates the Hedgehog signaling pathway by phosphorylating Gli1
Authors: Zhang Tingting , Xin Guangwei , Jia Mingkang , Zhuang Tenghan , Zhu Shicong , Zhang Boyan , Wang Gang , Jiang Qing , Zhang Chuanmao 
Published: December 2018

ABSTRACT
Hedgehog (Hh) signaling is a highly conserved cell signaling pathway important for cell life, development and tumorigenesis. Increasing evidence suggests that the Hh signaling pathway functions in certain phases of the cell cycle. However, the coordination between Hh signaling and cell cycle control remains poorly understood. Here, we show that polo-like kinase-1 (Plk1), a critical protein kinase regulating many processes during the cell cycle, also regulates Hh signaling by phosphorylating and inhibiting Gli1, a downstream transcription factor of the Hh signaling pathway. Gli1 expression increases along with Hh signaling activation, leading to upregulation of Hh target genes, including cyclin E, during the G1 and S phases. Gli1 is phosphorylated at S481 by Plk1, and this phosphorylation facilitates the nuclear export and binding of Gli1 with its negative regulator Sufu, leading to a reduction in Hh signaling activity. Inhibition of Plk1 kinase activity led to Gli1 maintaining is role in promoting downstream gene expression. Collectively, our data reveal a novel mechanism regarding the crosstalk between Hh signaling and cell cycle control.
The ER membrane protein complex promotes biogenesis of sterol-related enzymes maintaining cholesterol homeostasis
Authors: Volkmar Norbert , Thezenas Maria-Laetitia , Louie Sharon M. , Juszkiewicz Szymon , Nomura Daniel K. , Hegde Ramanujan S. , Kessler Benedikt M. , Christianson John C. 
Published: December 2018

ABSTRACT
The eukaryotic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane contains essential complexes that oversee protein biogenesis and lipid metabolism, impacting nearly all aspects of cell physiology. The ER membrane protein complex (EMC) is a newly described transmembrane domain (TMD) insertase linked with various phenotypes, but whose clients and cellular responsibilities remain incompletely understood. We report that EMC deficiency limits the cellular boundaries defining cholesterol tolerance, reflected by diminished viability with limiting or excessive extracellular cholesterol. Lipidomic and proteomic analyses revealed defective biogenesis and concomitant loss of the TMD-containing ER-resident enzymes sterol-O-acyltransferase 1 (SOAT1) and squalene synthase (SQS, also known as FDFT1), which serve strategic roles in the adaptation of cells to changes in cholesterol availability. Insertion of the weakly hydrophobic tail-anchor (TA) of SQS into the ER membrane by the EMC ensures sufficient flux through the sterol biosynthetic pathway while biogenesis of polytopic SOAT1 promoted by the EMC provides cells with the ability to store free cholesterol as inert cholesteryl esters. By facilitating insertion of TMDs that permit essential mammalian sterol-regulating enzymes to mature accurately, the EMC is an important biogenic determinant of cellular robustness to fluctuations in cholesterol availability.
This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
RABL2 positively controls localization of GPCRs in mammalian primary cilia
Authors: Dateyama Izumi , Sugihara Yoshihiro , Chiba Shuhei , Ota Reo , Nakagawa Risa , Kobayashi Tetsuo , Itoh Hiroshi 
Published: December 2018

ABSTRACT
The primary cilium, a solitary protrusion from most mammalian cells, functions as a cell sensor by receiving extracellular signals through receptors and channels accumulated in the organelle. Certain G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) specifically localize to the membrane compartment of primary cilia. To gain insight into the mechanisms that regulate ciliary GPCR sorting, we investigated the atypical small GTPase RAB-like 2 (RABL2; herein referring to the near-identical human paralogs RABL2A and RABL2B). RABL2 recruitment to the mother centriole is dependent on the distal appendage proteins CEP164 and CEP83. We found that silencing of RABL2 causes mis-targeting of ciliary GPCRs, GPR161 and HTR6, whereas overexpression of RABL2 resulted in accumulation of these receptors in the organelle. Ablation of CEP19 and the intraflagellar transport B (IFT-B) complex, which interact with RABL2, also leads to mis-localization of GPR161. RABL2 controls localization of GPR161 independently of TULP3, which promotes entry of ciliary GPCRs. We further demonstrate that RABL2 physically associates with ciliary GPCRs. Taken together, these studies suggest that RABL2 plays an important role in trafficking of ciliary GPCRs at the ciliary base in mammalian cells.
Performance evaluation and proposals to enhance the Iraqi banking sector
Authors: Mahmood Mowafaq H. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The article addresses the subject through four topics: the first topic offers an empirical examination of the performance of the banking sector during the period 2010–15. It also diagnoses the sector’s weaknesses and attributes such weaknesses to their inherited causes, be it legal, environmental, managerial or regulatory issues of the banking industry. The analysis paves the way to suggest required reforms and to answer the question of whether the sector, in its present state, is capable of leading or at least contributing substantially to the economic development of Iraq. The period examined is believed to fairly represent the sector’s performance in general since there is no reason to suggest that previous periods were any different. The second topic focuses on the reforms required to: enhance the sector’s contribution to GDP; and enable it to become a key player in the rebuilding of Iraq through making more loans and credits available for the private sector. Reform must be professional, profound and comprehensive and should be achieved in a manner conducive to major structural changes. Reform should address several issues such as availability of fund, equal treatment for both government-owned and privately owned banks and more effective supervision by the Central Bank of Iraq (CBI) including adherence to the Basel Accords and other international rules and standards including, but not limited to, liquidity ratios, stress tests, capital adequacy ratios, risk analysis and risk mitigation, and adequate governance rules. The third topic will shed light on: the environment under which the Iraqi banking industry operates, highlighting the limitations and obstacles that impede the sector’s growth including the judicial system and the state of the prevailing over-banking; the investment environment and whether it is attractive for the business community to invest and do business in Iraq. Finally, the CBI’s dollar window impact on the banking industry will also be examined.
No blood for oil, revisited: The strategic role of oil in the 2003 Iraq War
Authors: Muttitt Greg 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
‘It has nothing to do with oil, literally nothing to do with oil’, said US Defense Secretary Rumsfeld in 2002, of the planned attack on Iraq. Politicians and conservative commentators in the United States and United Kingdom were insistent on this point, even while it felt obvious to many in their countries, and in Iraq itself, that oil objectives were central. This article will review what we now know about discussions of oil that took place during the war planning and execution, based on documents that have been released in the fifteen years since. It will examine the nature of the strategic objectives, how the US and UK governments planned to achieve them and how they decided to talk about them in public. Reflecting on this evidence will allow us to revisit the question: was oil a major reason for the war?
Fixing Iraqi federalism
Authors: al-Khatteeb Luay 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Iraq’s management of its energy sector and oil and gas revenues is badly organized and promotes competition over resources and corruption, rather than cooperation within a federal context. Constitutionally, many articles in the country’s Federal Constitution of 2005 are supposed to outline how the sector should be managed, but due to vague language these articles have become legally contested, resulting in conflict between the semi-autonomous Kurdish region of Iraq and the Federal Government while hindering key legislations to pass. This requires a constitutional reform. Institutionally, what is missing is a number of federal laws and entities that shape the federal state of Iraq, such as the creation of a Federal Oil and Gas Council. This institution will help regulate the petroleum sector at a federal level and balance the relationship between the producing regions and the federal state according to the constitution, and ensures a ‘wall of separation’ between the Ministry of Oil, who would have a clearly defined management and oversight role for managing the sector as a policy maker, and the day to day operations of state-owned enterprises that are regulated by the ministry. This essay highlights the petroleum related issues in the constitution with focus on regulator and regulated bodies.
Reviews
Authors: Khadduri Imad , Jiyad Ahmed Mousa 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The Inside Story: Iraq’s Nuclear Program from Start to Finish, Basil Assa’ati (2018) London: E-Kutub Ltd, May, 180 pp., ISBN: 978-1-78058-362-4, e-book, $9.99
(The Iraq Economy: Crises and Development), Ali Khedher Merza (2018) Beirut and Lebanon: Arab Scientific Publishers Inc.SAL, 527 pp., ISBN: 978-6-14013-537-7, p/bk
Newly generated ritual in the age of digital technology
Authors: Kim Minso 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This study aims at re-constructing the philosopher Walter Benjamin’s celebrated contention from his 1936 article, ‘The work of art in the age of mechanical reproduction’, regarding the disappearance of aura and ritual within widely replicated artworks. By introducing artworks that circulate within virtual space, I will demonstrate how, in the era of digital technology, numerous examples show us that mass reproduction helps aura to exist; leads to the creation of new ritual phenomena; and both recuperates and transforms the idea of the ‘disappearance’ of rituals. In this article, transformation of these newly generated rituals appears via the generation of online fan fiction. First, the article details rituals created by the character, Spock, in the television series, Star Trek (Roddenberry, 1966–69), followed by the phenomenon of 1990s Korean popular culture, fan fiction. In addition, the scope expands to include an example of ‘after school programs’ incorporating K-pop, allowing digital spaces to produce and foster new forms of ritual via online artworks. This article references sociocultural examples from film and aura in American television, and then highlights two Korean fan communities to suggest an extended interpretation of Benjamin’s ideas to include artworks circulating in digital environments.
Crafting virtual reality
Authors: Heller Lynne 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This text describes, illustrates and theorizes the creation of a virtual reality (VR) landscape/game/sojourn, titled One for Sorrow, an artwork that seeks to confound the dichotomies between hand and digital making and the illusion of two dimensionality versus three dimensionality. This text also describes the making process as a way to position and trouble the translation of the handmade into the digital using collage, assemblage and montage along with craft theory. Although ostensibly a firstperson puzzle game, the experience uses the old nursery rhyme One for Sorrow to entice the player to explore and discover, not necessarily mixed realities, but rather, mixed sensibilities – 2D/3D, hand/algorithm, drawn/photographic. Digital and handmade aesthetics, coupled with considered sound design and narrative, can evoke an immersive experience and provide an unorthodox model for VR art.
Raziskovanje na področju patronažne zdravstvene nege v Sloveniji v obdobju od 2007 do 2016
Authors: Zupančič Vesna , Ljubič Andreja , Milavec Kapun Marija , Štemberger Kolnik Tamara 
Published: December 2018

Uvod: Pomen patronažne zdravstvene nege narašča s pospešenim razvojem primarnega zdravstvenega varstva, preprečevanja bolezni in približevanja zdravstvene oskrbe integrirani podpori pacientom in njihovim družinam znotraj lokalnih skupnosti. Namen raziskave je bil proučiti, kaj je predmet raziskovanja izvajalcev zdravstvene nege ter katera so glavna vprašanja in problemi patronažne zdravstvene nege v Sloveniji.
Metode: Uporabljen je bil sistematičen pregled literature. Zajemal je zbiranje znanstvene in strokovne literature v Vzajemni bibliografsko-kataložni bazi podatkov COBIB.SI od januarja do maja 2017. Literatura je bila iskana po korenu ključne besede patronaž*. Začetna merila za tematsko analizo vsebine je izpolnjevalo 144 enot. V seznam za analizo empiričnih podatkov se jih je uvrstilo 45. Za prikaz pregleda in odločanja o uporabnosti pregledanih enot je bila uporabljena metoda PRISMA.
Rezultati: S pregledom literature so bila ugotovljena raziskovalna področja v patronažni zdravstveni nege v Sloveniji; izboljšanje kakovosti, varnost in pogoji dela, opolnomočenje pacienta in integrirana oziroma celovita obravnava pacienta. Zaznan je problem dostopnosti do objav posameznih raziskav, kakovost načrtov in metod raziskovanja. V zadnjih treh letih preučevanega obdobja so prevladujoči vir podatkov v raziskavah patronažne medicinske sestre.
Diskusija in zaključek: Nujno je ciljno ukrepanje s povečanjem interesa in znanja patronažnih medicinskih sester za raziskovanje. Za boljše prepoznavanje njihove vloge v primarnem zdravstvenem varstvu ter krepitev interdisciplinarnega raziskovanja na mikro-, mezo- in makroravni sistema zdravstvenega varstva je potrebno uvajanje kompleksnejših raziskovalnih načrtov.