bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tailoring the Structure of Carbon Nanomaterials toward High‐End Energy Applications
Authors: Liu Daobin , Ni Kun , Ye Jianglin , Xie Jian , Zhu Yanwu , Song Li 
Published: August 2018

AbstractCarbon nanomaterials are perceived to be ideally suited candidates for high‐end energy applications, owing to their unparalleled advantages including superior electric and thermal conductivity, excellent mechanical properties, and high specific surface areas. It has been demonstrated through several research contributions that the electrochemical performance of carbon nanomaterials significantly depends upon their versatile electronic structures and microstructures. These can be precisely tailored by rational defect engineering, heteroatom doping, heterostructure coupling, and pore fabrication, which largely affect the intrinsic nature of active sites and facilitate the ion/electron transfer. Herein, the recent progress in tailoring carbon nanostructures toward high‐end electrocatalysis and supercapacitor applications is summarized, with an emphasis on synthesis strategies, advanced characterizations, and specific elucidation of structure–performance relationship. The challenges and opportunities for the rational design and detection of variously tailored carbon nanomaterials that can further improve the fundamental understanding and practical applications in the field of energy storage and conversion are also discussed.
Clinical Applications of Carbon Nanomaterials in Diagnostics and Therapy
Authors: Loh Kian Ping , Ho Dean , Chiu Gigi Ngar Chee , Leong David Tai , Pastorin Giorgia , Chow Edward Kai‐Hua 
Published: August 2018

AbstractNanomaterials have the potential to improve how patients are clinically treated and diagnosed. While there are a number of nanomaterials that can be used toward improved drug delivery and imaging, how these nanomaterials confer an advantage over other nanomaterials, as well as current clinical approaches is often application or disease specific. How the unique properties of carbon nanomaterials, such as nanodiamonds, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, graphene, and graphene oxides, make them promising nanomaterials for a wide range of clinical applications are discussed herein, including treating chemoresistant cancer, enhancing magnetic resonance imaging, and improving tissue regeneration and stem cell banking, among others. Additionally, the strategies for further improving drug delivery and imaging by carbon nanomaterials are reviewed, such as inducing endothelial leakiness as well as applying artificial intelligence toward designing optimal nanoparticle‐based drug combination delivery. While the clinical application of carbon nanomaterials is still an emerging field of research, there is substantial preclinical evidence of the translational potential of carbon nanomaterials. Early clinically trial studies are highlighted, further supporting the use of carbon nanomaterials in clinical applications for both drug delivery and imaging.
Controlling Surface Charge Generated by Contact Electrification: Strategies and Applications
Authors: Chen Linfeng , Shi Qiongfeng , Sun Yajuan , Nguyen Trang , Lee Chengkuo , Soh Siowling 
Published: August 2018

AbstractContact electrification is the phenomenon in which charge is generated on the surfaces of materials after they come into contact. The surface charge generated has traditionally been known to cause a vast range of undesirable consequences in our lives and in industry; on the other hand, it can also give rise to many types of useful applications. In addition, there has been a lot of interest in recent years for fabricating devices and materials based on regulating a desired amount of surface charge. It is thus important to understand the general strategies for increasing, decreasing, or controlling the surface charge generated by contact electrification. Herein, the fundamental mechanisms for influencing the amount of charge generated, the methods used for implementing these mechanisms, and some of the recent interesting applications that require regulating the amount of surface charge generated by contact electrification, are briefly summarized.
Through Scalp and Skull NIR‐II Photothermal Therapy of Deep Orthotopic Brain Tumors with Precise Photoacoustic Imaging Guidance
Authors: Guo Bing , Sheng Zonghai , Hu Dehong , Liu Chengbo , Zheng Hairong , Liu Bin 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBrain tumor is one of the most lethal cancers owing to the existence of blood–brain barrier and blood–brain tumor barrier as well as the lack of highly effective brain tumor treatment paradigms. Herein, cyclo(Arg‐Gly‐Asp‐D‐Phe‐Lys(mpa)) decorated biocompatible and photostable conjugated polymer nanoparticles with strong absorption in the second near‐infrared (NIR‐II) window are developed for precise photoacoustic imaging and spatiotemporal photothermal therapy of brain tumor through scalp and skull. Evidenced by the higher efficiency to penetrate scalp and skull for 1064 nm laser as compared to common 808 nm laser, NIR‐II brain‐tumor photothermal therapy is highly effective. In addition, via a real‐time photoacoustic imaging system, the nanoparticles assist clear pinpointing of glioma at a depth of almost 3 mm through scalp and skull with an ultrahigh signal‐to‐background ratio of 90. After spatiotemporal photothermal treatment, the tumor progression is effectively inhibited and the survival spans of mice are significantly extended. This study demonstrates that NIR‐II conjugated polymer nanoparticles are promising for precise imaging and treatment of brain tumors.
0.2 λ0 Thick Adaptive Retroreflector Made of Spin‐Locked Metasurface
Authors: Yan Libin , Zhu Weiming , Karim Muhammad Faeyz , Cai Hong , Gu Alex Yuandong , Shen Zhongxiang , Chong Peter Han Joo , Kwong Dim‐Lee , Qiu Cheng‐Wei , Liu Ai Qun 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe metasurface concept is employed to planarize retroflectors by stacking two metasurfaces with separation that is two orders larger than the wavelength. Here, a retroreflective metasurface using subwavelength‐thick reconfigurable C‐shaped resonators (RCRs) is reported, which reduces the overall thickness from the previous record of 590 λ0 down to only 0.2 λ0. The geometry of RCRs could be in situ controlled to realize equal amplitude and phase modulation onto transverse magnetic (TM)‐polarized and transverse electric (TE)‐polarized incidences. With the phase gradient being engineered, an in‐plane momentum could be imparted to the incident wave, guaranteeing the spin state of the retro‐reflected wave identical to that of the incident light. Such spin‐locked metasurface is natively adaptive toward different incident angles to realize retroreflection by mechanically altering the geometry of RCRs. As a proof of concept, an ultrathin retroreflective metasurface is validated at 15 GHz, under various illumination angles at 10°, 12°, 15°, and 20°. Such adaptive spin‐locked metasurface could find promising applications in spin‐based optical devices, communication systems, remote sensing, RCS enhancement, and so on.
Stability of Halide Perovskite Solar Cell Devices: In Situ Observation of Oxygen Diffusion under Biasing
Authors: Jung Hee Joon , Kim Daehan , Kim Sungkyu , Park Joonsuk , Dravid Vinayak P. , Shin Byungha 
Published: August 2018

AbstractUsing in situ electrical biasing transmission electron microscopy, structural and chemical modification to n–i–p‐type MAPbI3 solar cells are examined with a TiO2 electron‐transporting layer caused by bias in the absence of other stimuli known to affect the physical integrity of MAPbI3 such as moisture, oxygen, light, and thermal stress. Electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) measurements reveal that oxygen ions are released from the TiO2 and migrate into the MAPbI3 under a forward bias. The injection of oxygen is accompanied by significant structural transformation; a single‐crystalline MAPbI3 grain becomes amorphous with the appearance of PbI2. Withdrawal of oxygen back to the TiO2, and some restoration of the crystallinity of the MAPbI3, is observed after the storage in dark under no bias. A subsequent application of a reverse bias further removes more oxygen ions from the MAPbI3. Light current–voltage measurements of perovskite solar cells exhibit poorer performance after elongated forward biasing; recovery of the performance, though not complete, is achieved by subsequently applying a negative bias. The results indicate negative impacts on the device performance caused by the oxygen migration to the MAPbI3 under a forward bias. This study identifies a new degradation mechanism intrinsic to n–i–p MAPbI3 devices with TiO2.
Protecting the Li‐Metal Anode in a Li–O2 Battery by using Boric Acid as an SEI‐Forming Additive
Authors: Huang Zhimei , Ren Jing , Zhang Wang , Xie Meilan , Li Yankai , Sun Dan , Shen Yue , Huang Yunhui 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe Li–O2 battery (LOB) is considered as a promising next‐generation energy storage device because of its high theoretic specific energy. To make a practical rechargeable LOB, it is necessary to ensure the stability of the Li anode in an oxygen atmosphere, which is extremely challenging. In this work, an effective Li‐anode protection strategy is reported by using boric acid (BA) as a solid electrolyte interface (SEI) forming additive. With the assistance of BA, a continuous and compact SEI film is formed on the Li‐metal surface in an oxygen atmosphere, which can significantly reduce unwanted side reactions and suppress the growth of Li dendrites. Such an SEI film mainly consists of nanocrystalline lithium borates connected with amorphous borates, carbonates, fluorides, and some organic compounds. It is ionically conductive and mechanically stronger than conventional SEI layer in common Li‐metal‐based batteries. With these benefits, the cycle life of LOB is elongated more than sixfold.
E‐field Control of the RKKY Interaction in FeCoB/Ru/FeCoB/PMN‐PT (011) Multiferroic Heterostructures
Authors: Wang Xinjun , Yang Qu , Wang Lei , Zhou Ziyao , Min Tai , Liu Ming , Sun Nian X. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractE‐field control of antiferromagnetic (AFM) orders is promising for the realization of fast, compact, and energy‐efficient AFM applications. However, as the AFM spins are strongly pinned, the E‐field control process is mainly based on the exchange bias regulation that usually confines at a low temperature. Here, a new magnetoelectric (ME) coupling mechanism for the modulation of AFM orders at room temperature is explored. Based on the FeCoB/Ru/FeCoB/(011) Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3‐PbTiO3 (PMN‐PT) synthetic antiferromagnetic (SAF) heterostructures, the external E‐field generates relative magnetization switching in the two ferromagnetic (FM) layers, leading the Ruderman–Kittel–Kasuya–Yosida (RKKY) interaction tuning. This voltage‐induced switching behavior can be repeated in a stable and reversible manner for various SAFs, which is a key challenge in the E‐field control of AFM coupling and is not resolved yet. The voltage‐induced RKKY interaction changes by analyzing the dynamic optical and acoustic modes is quantified, and with first‐principles calculations, it is found that the distortion of the Fermi surface by the lattice reconstruction is the key of the relative magnetization switching and RKKY interaction modulation. This voltage control of the RKKY interaction in ME heterostructures provides an easy way to achieve the next generation of AFM/FM spintronic applications.
Microstructure and Elastic Constants of Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Monolayers from Friction and Shear Force Microscopy
Authors: Xu Xiaomin , Schultz Thorsten , Qin Ziyu , Severin Nikolai , Haas Benedikt , Shen Sumin , Kirchhof Jan N. , Opitz Andreas , Koch Christoph T. , Bolotin Kirill , Rabe Jürgen P. , Eda Goki , Koch Norbert 
Published: August 2018

AbstractOptical and electrical properties of 2D transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) are strongly determined by their microstructure. Consequently, the visualization of spatial structural variations is of paramount importance for future applications. This study demonstrates how grain boundaries, crystal orientation, and strain fields can unambiguously be identified with combined lateral force microscopy and transverse shear microscopy (TSM) for CVD‐grown tungsten disulfide (WS2) monolayers, on length scales that are relevant for optoelectronic applications. Further, angle‐dependent TSM measurements enable the fourth‐order elastic constants of monolayer WS2 to be acquired experimentally. The results facilitate high‐throughput and nondestructive microstructure visualization of monolayer TMDCs and insights into their elastic properties, thus providing an accessible tool to support the development of advanced optoelectronic devices based on such 2D semiconductors.
Triboelectric–Thermoelectric Hybrid Nanogenerator for Harvesting Energy from Ambient Environments
Authors: Wu Ying , Kuang Shuangyang , Li Huayang , Wang Hailu , Yang Rusen , Zhai Yuan , Zhu Guang , Wang Zhong Lin 
Published: August 2018

AbstractRecently developed triboelectric nanogenerators (TENG) with advantages of a low fabrication cost, high output voltage, and high energy conversion efficiency have shown potential applications in harvesting ambient environment energy. However, the heat energy produced and wasted during the triboelectric energy generation process limits the output of TENG. One approach is to design TENG based on a noncontact mode to minimize the energy loss. The other approach is to scavenge the lost energy with a supplementary nanogenerator. In this work, triboelectric–thermoelectric hybrid nanogenerator (TTENG) is fabricated to harvest the energy from ambient environment and the thermal energy from the temperature difference induced by r‐TENG friction. At a rotation rate of 500 rpm, r‐TENG can produce a constant open‐circuit voltage (Voc) of 200 V and a short‐circuit current (Isc) of 0.06 mA. The thermoelectric nanogenerator (TMENG) with a size of 16 cm2 can produce a Voc of 0.2 V and an Isc of 20 mA. The experimental results show that the TTENG is a promising method to harvest the ambient mechanical energy.
Air‐Permeable and Washable Paper–Based Triboelectric Nanogenerator Based on Highly Flexible and Robust Paper Electrodes
Authors: Yang Wei , Cao Ran , Zhang Xiuling , Li Hui , Li Congju 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe development of paper–based triboelectric nanogenerator (P‐TENG) has gained increasing importance because of the growing demand for the next‐generation wearable and portable electronics. However, currently, the limited washability and breathability of P‐TENG have largely hindered its further development in wearable applications. Here, an air‐permeable and washable P‐TENG is successfully fabricated using highly flexible and robust multiwalled carbon nanotubes coated air‐laid paper electrodes. The good air permeability of the P‐TENG makes it comfortable when directly laminated onto human skin for wearable applications. Furthermore, the P‐TENG not only exhibits excellent flexibility and mechanical stability, but also shows remarkable washing durability. The P‐TENG can be utilized as self‐charging systems to drive electronic devices or self‐powered active sensor to monitor human body motions. This work presents a new possibility of the integration of paper‐based energy‐harvesting devices with cloth/skin for building low‐cost, green, and multifunctional wearable devices and systems.
Breathable 3D Supercapacitors Based on Activated Carbon Fiber Veil
Authors: Shin Dongwoo , Shen Caiwei , Sanghadasa Mohan , Lin Liwei 
Published: August 2018

AbstractFor supercapacitors to become truly wearable to power various portable electronics, they must not only possess high power and energy density with long cycle life, but also provide comfort and durability. Here, a facile method of fabricating substrate‐free and freestanding breathable 3D supercapacitors using veil‐based electrodes with activated carbon fibers (ACFs) is reported. The conductive and high porous electrodes are lightweight, breathable, flexible, foldable, and tailorable with achieved high energy density of 5.52 Wh kg−1 and >86.6% capacitance retention over 10 000 charge–recharge cycles under various mechanical deformations such has folding, cutting, and compression. Different from the existing energy storage systems, the mechanically reliable supercapacitors can be integrated into parts of garments that are susceptible to a combination of anomalous mechanical deformations such as the inner elbow for 3D wearable energy storage applications.
Organocatalytic Asymmetric Formal Aza‐[3+3]Cyclo‐additions of 3‐Aminobenzofuran with α,β‐Unsaturated Aldehydes
Authors: Ding Xiang‐Feng , Su Ruo‐Heng , Yang Wu‐Lin , Deng Wei‐Ping 
Published: August 2018

AbstractAn organocatalytic asymmetric formal aza‐[3+3]cycloaddition of readily available N‐Tosyl‐3‐aminobenzofuran with α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes was developed for the first time. This method enables the facile synthesis of biologically active and synthetically challenging polysubstituted fused benzofuran derivatives bearing two stereocenters in high yields with excellent diastereo‐, and enantioselectivity (up to >20 : 1 dr, and >99% ee).magnified image
Experimental investigation on activity of cumene hydroperoxide and selected ionic liquids in butadiene rubber vulcanization
Authors: Pingot Martyna , Szadkowski Bolesław , Zaborski Marian 
Published: August 2018

AbstractIn this work, cross‐linking at low temperature (90°C) of butadiene rubber (BR) using a vulcanizing system based on a hydroperoxide and ionic liquids (ILs) has been evaluated. Composites of BR with cumene hydroperoxide (CHP) and selected ILs have been prepared and tested. In order to elucidate the influence of novel systems on the cross‐linking as well as on the properties of the final product, BR composites have been characterized by different techniques, that is, rheometrical properties, cross‐linking density determination, as well as mechanical strength and weather aging resistance studies. Herein, the influence of weather aging on the properties of the samples is performed and further discussed. CHP and ILs were found to be an effective peroxide system, which enabled to decrease the energy consumption during vulcanization as well as the amount of applied CHP. Taking into account cross‐linking efficiency, system containing 1,3‐dimethylimidazolium methyl sulfate (IS), or tetrahexylammonium tetrafluoroborate (AB) seems to be the most active.
Implicit Bias Education and Emergency Medicine Training: Step One? Awareness
Authors: Zeidan Amy J. , Khatri Utsha G. , Aysola Jaya , Shofer Frances S. , Mamtani Mira , Scott Kevin R. , Conlon Lauren W. , Lopez Bernard L. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractObjectivePrior research suggests that health care providers are susceptible to implicit biases, specifically prowhite biases, and that these may contribute to health care disparities by influencing physician behavior. Despite these findings, implicit bias training is not currently embedded into emergency medicine (EM) residency training and few studies exist that evaluate the effectiveness of implicit bias training on awareness during residency conference. We sought to conduct a mixed‐methods program evaluation of a formalized educational intervention targeted on the topic of implicit bias.MethodsWe used a design thinking framework to develop a curricular intervention. The intervention consisted of taking the Harvard Implicit Association Test (IAT) on race to introduce the concept of implicit bias, followed by a facilitated discussion to explore participant's perceptions on whether implicit bias may lead to variations in care. The facilitated discussion was audio recorded, transcribed, and coded for emerging themes. An online survey assessed participant awareness of these topics before and after the intervention and was analyzed using paired t‐tests.ResultsAfter the intervention, participant's awareness of their individual implicit biases increased by 33.3% (p = 0.003) and their awareness of how their IAT results influences how they deliver care to patients increased by 9.1% (p = 0.03). Emerging themes included skepticism of the implicit bias test results with the desire to have “neutral” results, acknowledgment that pattern recognition may lead to “blind spots” in care, recognition that bias exists on a personal and systemic level, and interest in regular educational interventions to address implicit bias.ConclusionsThis novel educational intervention on implicit bias resulted in improvement in participants’ awareness of their implicit biases and how it may affect their patient care. Our intervention can serve as a model for other residency programs to develop and implement an intervention to create awareness of implicit bias and its potential impact on patient care.
Faculty Development Program for Emergency Medicine Physicians in India: A Pilot Program
Authors: Douglass Katherine , Williams Amanda 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBackgroundThe specialty of emergency medicine (EM) is developing worldwide at a rapid pace. While more and more postgraduate training programs are developing, a major gap persists in numbers and availability of well‐trained academic faculty members. This article describes a pilot faculty development program (FDP) aimed to develop advanced academic skills among a group of EM physicians in India.MethodsA FDP was developed with foundations in adult learning principles, using a combined approach of online and in‐person didactic sessions. Specific expectations were established regarding academic contributions to participants’ home institutions. Mentorship relationships were established between academic emergency physicians and program participants.ResultsA 12‐month pilot program was implemented across four EM training programs in India. Nine faculty members completed the full requirements of the pilot program, eight of whom have continued to work as academic faculty members in EM training programs. Academic productivity among these physicians since completion of the program includes 11 abstract publications, six peer‐reviewed articles, and 71 mentorship relationships. Program challenges included participant attrition, connectivity issues, and low rates of completion of evaluation requirements by both participants and mentors.ConclusionsThis pilot program in faculty development provides a foundation from which further programs may be developed in the international sector. Effective faculty development is a cornerstone of good academic medicine, which is of particular relevance, importance, and challenge in the global context of a developing specialty.