bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Out of Sight, Out of Mind: Post-return Monitoring – A Missing Link in the International Protection of Refugees?
Authors: Pirjola Jari 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Post-return monitoring of rejected asylum-seekers is the missing link in the protection chain for rejected asylum-seekers. In the European Union, for example, the rights of rejected asylum-seekers are well guaranteed and monitored in the pre-return and return phases. Systematic monitoring of forced returns stops when the deportee arrives at the airport of his or her country of origin. The sending countries do not know what happens to rejected asylum-seekers and irregular migrants upon return. International human rights organisations have started to pay attention to this gap in the international protection system. Ignorance by States in this regard deprives them of important insights from the viewpoint of human rights protection and return policies. This article explores what comprises post-return monitoring, what kinds of post-return monitoring projects have been carried out so far and how post-return monitoring could be implemented in the future. The article also discusses the role of post-return monitoring in the refugee determination procedure. It is argued that post-return monitoring could both strengthen the protection of refugees and asylum-seekers and assist States in creating effective, transparent, and morally responsible return policies.
Neural signatures of cooperation enforcement and violation: a coordinate-based meta-analysis
Authors: Yang Zhong , Zheng Ya , Yang Guochun , Li Qi , Liu Xun 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe social norms of fairness and reciprocity are fundamental to cooperation and constitute core behavioral principles. Warm glow theory suggests that cooperative behavior is driven by positive emotions, whereas inequity aversion theory proposes that cooperative behavior is necessary to avoid negative feelings. However, the precise characteristics underlying the enforcement (fairness or reciprocity) and violation (unfairness or betrayal) of cooperation remain elusive. Moreover, whether the neural mechanism of cooperation as a partner or a spectator is the same remains unclear. To resolve the above issues, we summarized the findings of human cooperation neuroimaging studies through a meta-analysis. Based on our results, cooperation enforcement activates reward-related brain areas, such as the striatum and orbitofrontal cortex, only during other-cooperation. In contrast, cooperation violation is associated with the negative emotion-related insula in both self- and other-noncooperation. Thus, people expect others to cooperate rather than themselves; however, people are disgusted when cooperation is violated by themselves or others. Taken together, cooperative behavior might be mainly driven by a process designed to avoid negative emotion, which supports the inequity aversion theory but not the warm glow theory, thereby improving our understanding of cooperation theory.
Spinal Lengthening With Magnetically Controlled Growing Rods
Authors: Rushton Paul R.P. , Smith Simon L. , Kandemir Göksu , Forbes Liam , Fender David , Bowey Andrew J. , Gibson Michael J. , Joyce Thomas J. 
Published: September 2019

Study Design.
Laboratory analysis of explanted MAGnetic Expansion Control (MAGEC) rods.

Objective.
The aim of this study was to identify the in vivo lengthening of MAGEC rods.

Summary of Background Data.
Little data is available regarding the lengthening achieved by MAGEC rods.

Methods.
Cases were identified from the largest series of independently analyzed explanted MAGEC rods. The in vivo growth of rods was determined by the distance between the first “growth mark” and the actuator. The instrumented spinal lengthening was calculated for each construct. Constructs were considered functional if all rods could lengthen with external remote controller activation and no rods were “telescoping”.

Results.
Fifty-five MAGEC constructs (99 rods) from 53 patients treated at 10 centers were included. The mean age at insertion was 8.5 years with rods implanted a mean of 35 months. Sixty rods were suitable for analysis with mean lengthening 21.7 mm, 8.9 mm/year. Of these 60 rods, three were maximally distracted. Mean instrumented spinal lengthening for 38 suitable cases was 22.1 mm, 8.4 mm/year. This was positively correlated with the duration of implantation (r = 0.34, P = 0.04) but negatively with patient age at insertion (r = −0.35, P = 0.03). The rate of instrumented spinal lengthening was negatively correlated with duration of implantation (r = −0.47, P = 0.004). Of 55 constructs, 34 were nonfunctional at time of removal with nine functional and 12 indeterminate. Functional constructs had been implanted significantly less time (20.0 vs. 39.7 months, P < 0.001) and lengthened less than those nonfunctional (12.3 mm vs. 23.3 mm, P = 0.04).

Conclusion.
This multicenter explant study represents the largest cohort managed with MAGEC rods reported. Rods are very rarely removed having fully lengthened with mean instrumented spinal growth of 22 mm over the implant's life. This may be explained by a high rate of lengthening mechanism failure in received rods after around 3 years in vivo. Our findings question the effectiveness of the MAGEC system and mandate urgent comparative clinical studies.

Level of Evidence: 4
Diagnostic Efficacy, Sensitivity, and Specificity of Xpert MTB/RIF Assay for Spinal Tuberculosis and Rifampicin Resistance
Authors: Patel Jwalant , Upadhyay Mihir , Kundnani Vishal , Merchant Zahir , Jain Sanyam , Kire Neil 
Published: September 2019

Study Design.
A cross-sectional observational study.

Objective.
This study aims to determine the diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of the Xpert MTB/RIF assay (Mycobacterium Tuberculosis/Rifampicin resistance) for the detection of spinal Tuberculosis (TB) and rifampicin (RIF) resistance.

Summary of Background Data.
The Spinal TB is often a paucibacillary extra pulmonary tuberculosis which gives a major challenge in early diagnosis and initializing the correct anti-tubercular treatment (ATT). Due to its rapidity and sensitivity, the dependence and reliability on the Xpert MTB/RIF assay has increased in the last few years. The studies describing accuracy of the Xpert MTB/RIF assay in spinal TB are scanty.

Methods.
This institutional review board-approved study included 360 diagnosed spinal TB patients. To determine the accuracy of the Xpert MTB/RIF assay, it was compared with other diagnostic tests like histopathology, acid fast bacilli (AFB) smear, culture, and drug sensitivity testing (DST).

Results.
The Xpert MTB/RIF assay showed 86.3% sensitivity and 85.3% specificity when compared with culture for the diagnosis of Spinal TB and showed 75.86% sensitivity, 96.12% specificity for RIF resistance when compared to DST. Four cases were false positive and 11 cases were false negative for RIF resistance on the Xpert MTB/RIF assay.

Conclusion.
The Xpert MTB/RIF assay is an efficient technique for the rapid diagnosis of spinal TB; however, a clinician should not solely rely on it for starting ATT. As there are false results also with this test which should be read cautiously and be well correlated with culture and DST pattern to guide the start of sensitive drug regimen only. The purpose is to prevent exposure of the second line drugs to false cases found on the Xpert MTB/RIF assay and avoid emergence of new acquired drug resistance.

Level of Evidence: 4
The Influence of Preoperative Mental Health on PROMIS Physical Function Outcomes Following Minimally Invasive Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion
Authors: Yoo Joon S. , Hrynewycz Nadia M. , Brundage Thomas S. , Mogilevsky Franchesca A. , Shah Holly C. , Mehraban Nasima , Singh Kern 
Published: September 2019

Study Design.
Retrospective.

Objective.
To demonstrate whether preoperative mental health status can be predictive of postoperative functional outcomes as measured by Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System Physical Function (PROMIS PF) following minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (MIS TLIF).

Summary of Background Data.
There is a paucity of scientific investigations into the association between preoperative mental health as evaluated by a validated questionnaire such as the Short Form-12 Mental Health Composite Score (SF-12 MCS) and postoperative outcomes following MIS TLIF.

Methods.
Patients undergoing a primary MIS TLIF were retrospectively reviewed and stratified into cohorts based on preoperative SF-12 MCS scores. The Physical Function scores of PROMIS, of which there are other domains including Pain Interference, Sexual Function, and Cognitive Function, were compared between the cohorts. In addition, the improvement in PROMIS scores based on preoperative SF-12 MCS scores following MIS TLIF was analyzed using multivariate linear regression.

Results.
One hundred seventy-two patients were included: 85 patients (49.4%) had a preoperative SF-12 MCS score <50 and 87 (50.6%) had a preoperative SF-12 MCS score ≥50. Patients with poorer mental health demonstrated significantly worse PROMIS PF scores preoperatively (33.8 vs. 36.5, P < 0.001), as well as at all postoperative timepoints: 6-weeks (35.1 vs. 38.4, P < 0.001), 3-months (38.9 vs. 42.9, P < 0.001), 6-months (41.4 vs. 45.5, P < 0.001), and 1-year (42.4 vs. 47.6, P < 0.001). However, at the 1-year timepoint, patients with worse mental health reported experiencing significantly less improvement from baseline (postoperative change of 8.6 vs. 11.1, P = 0.002).

Conclusion.
Patients with worse preoperative mental health not only demonstrated worse preoperative PROMIS PF scores, but also continued to have significantly worse postoperative outcomes. However, the postoperative improvement experienced by patients was similar in the short-term following surgery regardless of preoperative mental health status. Patients with poor mental health experienced significantly less postoperative improvement only at the 1-year timepoint.

Level of Evidence: 3
A Case Study of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis
Authors: Wedel Lisa , Rash Diane 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Toxic epidermal necrolysis is a rare, life-threatening, drug-induced disease that was first described by a Scottish dermatologist named Dr. Alan Lyell in 1958. After nearly 60 years, the mortality rate remains at approximately 30%. Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis are differentiated by the percentage of skin involvement, with greater than 30% being classified as toxic epidermal necrolysis. Patients with Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis should be managed in a burn or intensive care unit. Prompt identification is crucial to the effective management and treatment of the disease. This article presents a case study of a 10-year-old boy diagnosed with toxic epidermal necrolysis with 94% skin involvement who was effectively treated and discharged without major complications or infections.
Validation of the NeuroImaging Radiological Interpretation System for Acute Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Zhou Bo , Ding Victoria Y. , Li Ying , Ball Robyn L. , Jiang Bin , Zhu Guangming , Boothroyd Derek , Zeineh Michael , Gean Alisa , Wintermark Max 
Published: September 2019

Purpose
The aim of the study was to refine and validate the NeuroImaging Radiological Interpretation System (NIRIS), which was developed to predict management and clinical outcome based on noncontrast head computerized tomography findings in patients suspected of acute traumatic brain injury (TBI).

Methods
We assessed the performance of the NIRIS score in a prospective, single-center cohort of patients suspected of TBI (n = 648) and compared the performance of NIRIS with that of the Marshall and Rotterdam scoring systems. We also revised components of the NIRIS scoring system using decision tree methodologies implemented on pooled data from the retrospective and prospective studies (N = 1190).

Results
The NIRIS performed similarly to the Marshall and Rotterdam scoring systems in predicting mortality and markedly better in terms of predicting more granular elements of disposition and management of TBI patients, such as admission, follow-up imaging, intensive care unit stay, and neurosurgical procedures. The revised NIRIS classification correctly predicted disposition and outcome in 91.2% (331/363) after excluding patients with other major extracranial traumatic injuries or intracranial nontraumatic injuries.

Conclusions
The present study further demonstrates the predictive value of NIRIS in guiding standardized clinical management and decision-making regarding treatment options for TBI patients.
Prototype Ultrahigh-Resolution Computed Tomography for Chest Imaging: Initial Human Experience
Authors: Shanbhag Sujata M. , Schuzer John L. , Steveson Chloe , Rollison Shirley , Bronson Kathie C. , Stagliano Michael S. , Rogalla Patrik , Blum Alain , Prokop Mathias , Chen Marcus Y. 
Published: September 2019

Objective
The objective of this study was to evaluate a prototype, ultrahigh-resolution computed tomography offering higher reconstruction matrix (1024 × 1024) and spatial resolution (0.15 mm) for chest imaging.

Methods
Higher (1024) matrix reconstruction enabled by ultrahigh-resolution computed tomography scanner (128-detector rows; detector width, 0.25 mm; spatial resolution, 0.15 mm) was compared with conventional (512) reconstruction with image quality grading on a Likert scale (1, excellent; 5, nondiagnostic) for image noise, artifacts, contrast, small detail, lesion conspicuity, image sharpness, and diagnostic confidence. Image noise and signal-to-noise ratio were quantified.

Results
Diagnostic image quality was achieved for all scans on 101 patients. The 1024 reconstruction demonstrated increased image noise (20.2 ± 4.0 vs 17.2 ± 3.8, P < 0.001) and a worse noise rating (1.98 ± 0.63 vs 1.75 ± 0.61, P < 0.001) but performed significantly better than conventional 512 matrix with fewer artifacts (1.37 ± 0.43 vs 1.50 ± 0.48, P < 0.001), better contrast (1.50 ± 0.56 vs 1.62 ± 0.57, P < 0.001), small detail detection (1.06 ± 0.19 vs 2.02 ± 0.22, P < 0.001), lesion conspicuity (1.08 ± 0.23 vs 2.02 ± 0.24, P < 0.001), sharpness (1.09 ± 0.24 vs 2.02 ± 0.28, P < 0.001), and overall diagnostic confidence (1.09 ± 0.25 vs 1.18 ± 0.34, P < 0.001).

Conclusions
Ultrahigh-resolution computed tomography enabled a higher reconstruction matrix and improved image quality compared with conventional matrix reconstruction, with a minor increase in noise.
Preoperative Computed Tomography Features of Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma for Predicting Lymph Node Metastasis and Overall Survival
Authors: Zhu Yong , Mao Yingfan , Chen Jun , Qiu Yudong , Wang Zhongqiu , He Jian 
Published: September 2019

Objectives
The aims of this study were to compare the difference of computed tomography (CT) features between intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas (ICCs) with and without lymph node metastasis (LNM) and to construct a nomogram to predict LNM and overall survival preoperatively.

Methods
Clinicopathological and contrast-enhanced CT features of 63 patients with ICC were analyzed. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to construct a nomogram to predict LNM preoperatively. Survival curves were drawn with the Kaplan-Meier method, and survival difference was compared.

Results
Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas with and without LNM differed significantly in clinical symptoms, tumor location, morphologic classification, arterial phase enhancement degree–mean, arterial phase enhancement degree–max, portal venous phase enhancement degree–max, equilibrium phase (EP) enhancement ratio, EP CT value–max, and EP CT value–max/liver. A nomogram based on morphologic classification, EP CT value–max, and EP enhancement ratio was constructed to predict LNM with an area under curve of 0.814 (P < 0.001). Patients with ICC with LNM risk of 0.20 or greater based on the nomogram showed a significantly poorer overall survival than those with LNM risk less than 0.20 (39.5 ± 5.2 vs 51.1 ± 4.7 months).

Conclusions
Preoperative CT features of ICCs differed significantly between those with and without LNM. Nomogram based on those features could predict LNM and overall survival even better than the N stage.
Evaluating Best Methods for Crisis Resource Management Education
Authors: Saravana-Bawan Bianka B. , Fulton Courtney , Riley Brigitta , Katulka Jeremy , King Sharla , Paton-Gay Damian , Widder Sandy 
Published: September 2019

Introduction
Health care training traditionally focuses on medical knowledge; however, this is not the only component of successful patient management. Nontechnical skills, such as crisis resource management (CRM), have significant impact on patient care. This study examines whether there is a difference in CRM skills taught by traditional lecture in comparison with low-fidelity simulation consisting of noncontextual learning through team problem-solving activities.

Methods
Two groups of multidisciplinary preclinical students were taught CRM through lecture or noncontextual active learning. Both groups were given a cardiopulmonary resuscitation simulation and clinical performance assessed by basic life support (BLS) checklist and CRM skills by Ottawa Global Rating Scale. The groups were reassessed at 4 months. A third group, who received no CRM education, served as a control group.

Results
The mean BLS scores after CRM education were 18.9 and 24.9 with mean Ottawa Global Rating Scale (GRS) scores of 22.4 and 29.1 in the didactic teaching and noncontextual groups, respectively. The difference between intervention groups was significant for BLS (P = 0.02) and Ottawa GRS (P = 0.03) score. At 4-month follow-up, there was no statistically significant difference in BLS (P = 1.0) or Ottawa GRS score (P = 0.55) between intervention groups. In comparison with the control group, there was a marginally significant difference in Ottawa GRS score (P = 0.06) at 4-month follow-up.

Conclusions
Noncontextual active learning of CRM using low-fidelity simulation results in improved CRM performance in comparison with didactic teaching. The benefits of CRM education do not seem to be sustained after one education session, suggesting the need for continued education and practice of skills to improve retention.
Aftermath of a Midurethral Sling Placed in the First Trimester: A Case Report
Authors: Anglim Breffini , McDermott Colleen D. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
There are limited data on the management of pregnancy and delivery after midurethral sling (MUS) surgery for stress urinary incontinence (SUI). We report a case of a 39-year-old woman who underwent an MUS in July 2017. She reported a 10-year history of frequency, urgency with rare urge incontinence, nocturia, and occasional SUI when coughing or sneezing. Preoperative assessment did not include a pregnancy test. Two days after MUS placement, she developed complete urinary retention, and it was determined that she was 6 weeks pregnant. She was referred to a tertiary urogynecology unit and was seen at 23 weeks’ gestation with worsening symptoms of urinary frequency and nocturia. She also described difficulty voiding but no incontinence. She was managed with conservative measures initially, but by 35 weeks, she required intermittent self-catherization (ISC). She underwent an elective cesarean delivery at 39 weeks’ gestation. She reported postvoid dribbling, urge incontinence, and recurrent SUI at 10 months postpartum. This case report adds to the body of knowledge around outcomes of MUS during and after pregnancy.
Environmental sensing in dynamic quorum responses
Authors: Chu Eric K. , Groisman Alex , Levchenko Andre 
Published: September 2019

AbstractCell communication and coordinated cell behavior are hallmarks of multicellular behavior of living systems. However, in many cases, including the ancient and archetypal example of bacterial quorum sensing, the meaning of the communicated information remains a subject of debate. It is commonly assumed that quorum sensing encodes the information on the current state of the colony, including cell density and physical colony confinement. Here, we show that quorum sensing can also be exquisitely sensitive to dynamic changes in the environment, including fluctuations of the prevailing nutrient source. We propose a new signaling mechanism accounting for this sensory capability. This mechanism combines regulation by the commonly studiedluxoperon-encoded network with the environmentally determined balance of protein synthesis and dilution rates, dependent on the rate of cell proliferation. This regulatory mechanism accounts for observed complex spatial distribution of quorum responses, and emergence of sophisticated processing of dynamic inputs, including temporal thresholds and persistent partial induction following a transient change in the environmental conditions. We further show that, in this context, cell communication in quorum sensing acquires a new meaning: education of cells within a population about the past history of transient exposure to adverse conditions by a subset of induced cells. In combination, these signaling and communication features may endow a cell population with increased fitness in diverse fluctuating environments.
Contralateral Delay Activity is not sensitive to cognitive decline in older adults at risk of Mild Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Farina Francesca R , Pragulbickaitė Gabija , Bennett Marc , Judd Cian , Walsh Kevin , Mitchell Samantha , O’Connell Redmond G , Whelan Robert 
Published: September 2019

AbstractContralateral delay activity (CDA) has been proposed as a pre-clinical marker for Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). However, existing evidence is limited to one study with a small sample size (n=12 per group). Our aim was to compare CDA amplitudes in a larger sample of low- and high-risk older adult groups (n=35 per group). As expected, behavioural performance decreased as the number of memory items increased, and the low-risk group out-performed the high-risk group. However, we found no differences in CDA amplitudes across groups, indicating that WM capacity increased irrespective of risk-level. These findings suggest that the CDA is not a sensitive marker of MCI risk. More broadly, our results highlight the difficulty in identifying at-risk individuals, particularly as MCI is a heterogeneous, unstable condition. Future research should prioritise longitudinal approaches in order to track the progression of the CDA and its association with cognitive decline in later life.