bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intensive silviculture enhances biomass accumulation and tree diversity recovery in tropical forest restoration
Authors: Brancalion Pedro H. S. , Campoe Otávio , Mendes João Carlos Teixeira , Noel Camilla , Moreira Gabriela G. , van Melis Juliano , Stape José Luiz , Guillemot Joannès 
Published: February 2019

AbstractMaximizing initial aboveground woody biomass (AGB) accumulation in order to obtain early payments for carbon stocking is essential for the financial viability of reforestation programs fostered by climate mitigation efforts. Intensive silviculture, i.e., silviculture traditionally used in commercial forestry to maximize productivity and gains, has recently been advocated as a promising approach to enhance AGB accumulation in restoration plantations. However, this approach may hamper natural forest regeneration and ecological succession due to high competition between colonizing plants and planted trees. We investigated the impacts of different silvicultural treatments applied to restoration plantations with 20 native tree species on AGB accumulation and spontaneous regeneration of native woody species in an experiment set up in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil. Intensive silviculture demonstrated a remarkable potential to enhance AGB accumulation in restoration plantations by increasing up to three times the AGB of tree stands (from ~25 to 75 Mg/ha in the 12th year). Intensive fertilization/weed control enhanced AGB accumulation, while higher tree density and the proportion of pioneers did not have a significant effect on AGB over the time. In spite of higher costs (cost increase of 13–19%), the cost‐effectiveness for AGB accumulation of intensive silviculture was comparable to that of traditional silviculture applied to restoration (US$50–100/Mg AGB for 3 × 2 m spacing). Contrary to our expectations, we did not find a trade‐off between AGB accumulation by planted trees and the spontaneous regeneration of tree species, since intensive silviculture enhanced the regeneration of both planted (total of 12 species) and colonizing woody species (total of 30 species) in the plantation understory. Specifically, a strong association was found between AGB stocks and the abundance and richness of colonizing species, a vast majority of which (90% of species and 95% of individuals) were dispersed by animals. We report a case of positive correlation between AGB stocking and woody species regeneration in the restoration of the Atlantic Forest. Fostering the establishment and maintenance of restoration tree plantations can, in some cases, be a win‐win strategy for climate mitigation and biodiversity conservation in human‐modified tropical landscapes.
Trade‐offs in the provisioning and stability of ecosystem services in agroecosystems
Authors: Montoya Daniel , Haegeman Bart , Gaba Sabrina , de Mazancourt Claire , Bretagnolle Vincent , Loreau Michel 
Published: February 2019

AbstractChanges in land use generate trade‐offs in the delivery of ecosystem services in agricultural landscapes. However, we know little about how the stability of ecosystem services responds to landscape composition, and what ecological mechanisms underlie these trade‐offs. Here, we develop a model to investigate the dynamics of three ecosystem services in intensively managed agroecosystems, i.e., pollination‐independent crop yield, crop pollination, and biodiversity. Our model reveals trade‐offs and synergies imposed by landscape composition that affect not only the magnitude but also the stability of ecosystem service delivery. Trade‐offs involving crop pollination are strongly affected by the degree to which crops depend on pollination and by their relative requirement for pollinator densities. We show conditions for crop production to increase with biodiversity and decreasing crop area, reconciling farmers’ profitability and biodiversity conservation. Our results further suggest that, for pollination‐dependent crops, management strategies that focus on maximizing yield will often overlook its stability. Given that agriculture has become more pollination‐dependent over time, it is essential to understand the mechanisms driving these trade‐offs to ensure food security.
Release from natural enemies mitigates inbreeding depression in native and invasive Silene latifolia populations
Authors: Schrieber Karin , Wolf Sabrina , Wypior Catherina , Höhlig Diana , Keller Stephen R. , Hensen Isabell , Lachmuth Susanne 
Published: February 2019

AbstractInbreeding and enemy infestation are common in plants and can synergistically reduce their performance. This inbreeding ×environment (I × E) interaction may be of particular importance for the success of plant invasions if introduced populations experience a release from attack by natural enemies relative to their native conspecifics. Here, we investigate whether inbreeding affects plant infestation damage, whether inbreeding depression in growth and reproduction is mitigated by enemy release, and whether this effect is more pronounced in invasive than native plant populations. We used the invader Silene latifolia and its natural enemies as a study system. We performed two generations of experimental out‐ and inbreeding within eight native (European) and eight invasive (North American) populations under controlled conditions using field‐collected seeds. Subsequently, we exposed the offspring to an enemy exclusion and inclusion treatment in a common garden in the species’ native range to assess the interactive effects of population origin (range), breeding treatment, and enemy treatment on infestation damage, growth, and reproduction. Inbreeding increased flower and leaf infestation damage in plants from both ranges, but had opposing effects on fruit damage in native versus invasive plants. Inbreeding significantly reduced plant fitness; whereby, inbreeding depression in fruit number was higher in enemy inclusions than exclusions. This effect was equally pronounced in populations from both distribution ranges. Moreover, the magnitude of inbreeding depression in fruit number was lower in invasive than native populations. These results support that inbreeding has the potential to reduce plant defenses in S. latifolia, which magnifies inbreeding depression in the presence of enemies. However, future studies are necessary to further explore whether enemy release in the invaded habitat has actually decreased inbreeding depression and thus facilitated the persistence of inbred founder populations and invasion success.
Impedance Biosensing atop MoS2 Thin Films with Mo−S Bond Formation to Antibody Fragments Created by Disulphide Bond Reduction
Authors: Giang Hannah , Pali Madhavi , Fan Li , Suni Ian I. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractImmobilization of antibody fragments to 3‐phenoxybenzoic acid (3‐PBA), which are created by disulphide bond (S−S) reduction with tris (2‐carboxyethyl) phosphine (TCEP), is reported atop MoS2 and Cu‐doped MoS2 thin films. MoS2 and Cu‐doped MoS2 thin films are electrodeposited using previously reported methods and tested for their ability to immobilize antibody fragments, before and after annealing in Ar at 500 °C for 3 h. This annealing procedure removes excess sulphur in the as‐deposited films, and creates coordinatively unsaturated Mo sites that are highly reactive towards sulphur, as previously reported for MoS2 hydrodesulphurization catalysts. As demonstrated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements, both annealed MoS2 and Cu‐doped MoS2 thin films adsorb antibody fragments through Mo−S bond formation, unlike the as‐deposited films. Impedance detection of 3‐PBA is reported utilizing antibody fragments bound to both materials, with a sensitivity of 2.7×108 Ω cm2 M−1 and a detection limit of 2.5×10−6 M atop MoS2, and a sensitivity of 5.9×108 Ω cm2 M−1 and a detection limit of 3.8×10−6 M atop Cu‐doped MoS2. The rms surface roughness obtained by atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements atop annealed MoS2 and Cu‐doped MoS2 ranges from 60–140 nm, so the methods described herein are not limited to ultra‐smooth substrates.
Synthesis and Electrochemical Research of Milled Antimony and Red Phosphorus Hybrid Inlaid with Graphene Sheets as Anodes for Lithium–Sodium Storage
Authors: Liu Yang , Ru Qiang , Gao Yuqing , Gao Ping , Chen Fuming , Zhao Lingzhi , Hou Xianhua 
Published: February 2019

Antimony and red phosphorus (RP) hybrid is harvested via a facile mechanical milling strategy. Simultaneously, graphene sheets are introduced to boost the electronic transmission and mitigate the agglomeration of particles. In contrast to pristine Sb and RP electrodes, Sb/P/C hybrid affords comparably promising electrochemical performances. As anodes for lithium‐ion batteries, Sb/P/C electrode depicts a reversible capacity of 869 mAh g−1 under 200 mA g−1 after 50 cycles and an excellent rate stability such as 452 mAh g−1 at 3200 mA g−1. When used for sodium‐ion batteries, the hybrid also shows moderate capacities of 544.8 and 511 mAh g−1 at the current of 50 and 200 mA g−1 after 50 cycles, respectively. These excellent properties can be ascribed to the synergetic effect of decreased particle size of milled Sb/P/C, large contact area, adequate energy storage sites, and enhanced electrical conductivity.
Promotion of CO2 capture performance using piperazine (PZ) and diethylenetriamine (DETA) bi‐solvent blends
Authors: Liu Ji , Li Xiaoshan , Zhang Zewu , Li Liwei , Bi Yajun , Zhang Liqi 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe carbon dioxide post‐combustion capture process using amine solutions is considered the most appropriate method for CO2 capture from flue gas in power plants. This paper focuses on the CO2 capture performance of six common organic amines. Two amines, piperazine (PZ) and diethylenetriamine (DETA), which showed better performance, were then filtered out to form amine blends to improve performance further. The absorption heat from the CO2 absorbing process was measured directly using an advanced C80 micro calorimeter for more accurate calculation of regenerative energy consumption. Experimental results confirmed the optimal amine blend to be 10% PZ plus 20% DETA, with a 42% increase in absorption capacity and a 9% increase in initial absorption rate compared to traditional 30% monoethanolamine (MEA). The regeneration energy consumption of this chosen PZ‐DETA blend was calculated to be 3.979 GJ/ton CO2, a decrease of 9% compared with MEA. Moreover, it led to an improvement of about 55% in stable cyclic absorption capacity in comparison with 30% MEA. It was confirmed that this PZ‐DETA blend can bring practical economic benefits to industrial applications when replacing the current 30% MEA solution. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural characteristics and geochronology of thrust faulting in the Jiulianshan anticlinorium, theLowerYangtze region,East China
Authors: Wang Yongsheng , Tian Ziqiang , Song Chuanzhong , Bai Qiao 
Published: February 2019

The Jiulianshan anticlinorium is located at the southern part of the Mount Maoshan–Jiulianshan in the Lower Yangtze region, where a number of new‐found thrust faults were identified. Movement of these thrust faults had resulted in Palaeozoic strata lying unconformably above Cretaceous strata. However, the Lower Yangtze region was mostly under an extensional tectonic regime during the Late Mesozoic, which is inconsistent with existence of the nappe in the Mount Maoshan–Jiulianshan. Therefore, what the structural characteristics are and when these thrust faults developed are important for understanding the evolution of the South China Block. Based on detailed field observations, these new‐found thrust faults outcropped in the Liqiao, Yangxian, and Miaopu areas. These faults, SE‐dipping deeply, developed a meters‐wide fault‐and‐fracture zone of width in meters. The footwall was composed of the Early Cretaceous pyroclastic rock or tuff, which indicates that these faults developed since the Early Cretaceous. Two undeformed dykes formed in the fault‐and‐fracture zone of Miaopu area and a footless intrusion in the hanging wall, which give emplacement ages of ca. 132 Ma by using zircon U–Pb LA‐ICP‐MS dating and thus implies that thrust fault motion occurred prior to or around this time. The volcanic tuff and pyroclastic rocks, located in the footwall of the Yangxian and Miaopu thrust fault, are dated at ca. 137 and 134 Ma, respectively, indicating that fault motion must have occurred after this time. The Qiaotouyang pluton emplaced in the core of one of the folds in the fold‐and‐thrust belt at ca. 141 Ma, which indicates that the fold‐and‐thrust belt of Tongling Uplift formed prior to 141 Ma. Integrating other evidences, such as magmatic quiescence, large‐scale and short‐duration volcanic eruptions, and beginning time of metamorphic core complex and rift basin, it is inferred that Early Yanshanian thrust faults were reactivated during the Late Mesozoic, resulting in thrusting within the Jiulianshan anticlinorium.
Multimodal neuroimaging analysis reveals age‐associated common and discrete cognitive control constructs
Authors: Yang Meng‐Heng , Yao Zai‐Fu , Hsieh Shulan 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe aims of this study were to determine which cognitive control functions are most sensitive to cross‐sectional age differences and to identify neural features in different neuroimaging modalities that associated cognitive control function across the adult lifespan. We employed a joint independent component analysis (jICA) approach to obtain common networks among three different brain‐imaging modalities (i.e., structural MRI, resting‐state functional MRI, and diffusion tensor imaging) in relation to the cognitive control function. We differentiated three distinct cognitive constructs: one common (across inhibition, shifting, and updating) and two specific (shifting, updating) factors. These common/specific constructs were transformed from three original performance indexes: (a) stop‐signal reaction time, (b) switch‐cost, and (c) performance sensitivity collected from 156 individuals aged 20 to 78 years old. The current results show that the cross‐sectional age difference is associated with a wide spread of brain degeneration that is not limited to the frontal region. Crucially, these findings suggest there are some common and distinct joined multimodal components that correlate with the psychological constructs of common and discrete cognitive control functions, respectively. To support current findings, other fusion ICA models were also analyzed including, parallel ICA (para‐ICA) and multiset canonical correlation analysis with jICA (mCCA + jICA). Dynamic interactions among these brain features across different brain modalities could serve as possible developmental mechanisms associated with these age effects.
Radiotherapy for benign head and neck paragangliomas
Authors: Mendenhall William M. , Morris Christopher G. , Amdur Robert J. , Hitchcock Kathryn E. , Silver Natalie L. , Dziegielewski Peter T. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractPurposeTo update our experience treating benign head‐and‐neck paragangliomas (PGs) with radiotherapy (RT).MethodsA total of 149 patients with 176 PGs received curative‐intent RT; 126 received RT to 1 PG and 23 to 2 or more PGs. The most common dose fractionation schedule was 45 Gy/25 once‐daily fractions/5 weeks which was used to treat 147 PGs (83.5%) in 123 patients (82.6%). Patients were followed with physical examination and CT/MRI. The median follow‐up for all patients was 10.6 years (range, 0.2‐50.4 years); the median follow‐up for surviving patients was 11.1 years (range, 0.2‐50.4).ResultsThe 5‐year, 10‐year, and 15‐year outcomes were: local control, 99%, 96%, and 95%; distant metastasis‐free survival, 99%, 99%, and 99%; cause‐specific survival, 98%, 98%, and 98%; and overall survival, 90%, 75%, and 64%, respectively. No patient developed a moderate or severe complication, or a radiation‐induced second tumor or malignant transformation of the benign PG.ConclusionRT is an effective treatment for head‐and‐neck PGs with a low risk of complications.
Thyroid cancer clinical trials in the United States: Understanding trends to maximize impact
Authors: Hsieh Alan , Murchison Charles , Devaiah Anand 
Published: February 2019

AbstractBackgroundWe sought to understand thyroid cancer study modalities, publications, and grants. This provides scope, resources, and dissemination patterns to inform future directions for research and policy.MethodsA retrospective study of thyroid cancer trials using ClinicalTrials.gov was performed. Publication and grant awards were sourced using PubMed.gov and NIH RePORTER, respectively.ResultsSeventy‐three thyroid cancer trials were identified out of 217 000 from 1998 to 2015. Drugs were studied in 96% of all trials. Only 14% of all trials included radiation, and 4% included surgery. Only 29% of trials published their results, NIH funding was reported for 26% of trials. Total funding was $1 845 567 484 (average award: $97135131).ConclusionThis study is the first to prove that drug trials predominate in thyroid cancer and quantify NIH dollars awarded. Radiation and surgery are underrepresented, despite being standard of care. We recommend better balance of therapeutics and peer‐reviewed reporting of positive and negative results.Level of evidenceLevel 1a evidence.
Bioactive Alkaloids from Plants Poisonous to Livestock in North America
Authors: Green Benedict T. , Lee Stephen T. , Gardner Dale R. , Welch Kevin D. , Cook Daniel 
Published: February 2019

AbstractPlants produce a multiplicity of chemical compounds which have a variety of uses including flavors, fragrances, insecticides, dyes, poisons, and pharmaceutical agents. In this review, we focus on plant alkaloids from the genera Delphinium, Lupinus, Conium, Nicotiana, Veratrum, and selected plant endophyte derived alkaloids. Alkaloids discussed include norditerpenoid alkaloids which act as antagonists to block the ligand binding sites of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and cause acute toxicosis in adult animals which can result in death. The inhibition of fetal movement and resulting fetal defects caused by quinolizidine and piperidine alkaloids, the inhibition of the hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway by Veratrum alkaloids, and compounds derived from fungal endophytes that form symbioses with plant hosts will be also be discussed. The bioactivity of these alkaloids makes them useful tools for research and in human and veterinary medicine or potentially harmful toxins.
Vitamin E: Regulatory role in the cardiovascular system
Authors: Sozen Erdi , Demirel Tugce , Ozer Nesrin Kartal 
Published: February 2019

AbstractCardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality, all around the world. Vitamin E is an important nutrient influencing key cellular and molecular mechanisms as well as gene expression regulation centrally involved in the prevention of CVD. Cell culture and animal studies have focused on the identification of vitamin E regulated signaling pathways and involvement on inflammation, lipid homeostasis, and atherosclerotic plaque stability. While some of these vitamin E functions were verified in clinical trials, some of the positive effects were not translated into beneficial outcomes in epidemiological studies. In recent years, the physiological metabolites of vitamin E, including the liver derived (long‐ and short‐chain) metabolites and phosphorylated (α‐, γ‐tocopheryl phosphate) forms, have also provided novel mechanistic insight into CVD regulation that expands beyond the vitamin E precursor. It is certain that this emerging insight into the molecular and cellular action of vitamin E will help to design further studies, either in animal models or clinical trials, on the reduction of risk for CVDs. This review focuses on vitamin E‐mediated preventive cardiovascular effects and discusses novel insights into the biology and mechanism of action of vitamin E metabolites in CVD. © 2019 IUBMB Life, 71(4):507–515, 2019
Cyclic Dinucleotides Inhibit Osteoclast Differentiation Through STING-Mediated Interferon-β Signaling
Authors: Kwon Yeongkag , Park Ok-Jin , Kim Jiseon , Cho Jae-Ho , Yun Cheol-Heui , Han Seung Hyun 
Published: February 2019

ABSTRACT

Cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs), such as cyclic diadenylate monophosphate and cyclic diguanylate monophosphate, are commensal bacteria-derived second messengers in the gut that modulate bacterial survival, colonization, and biofilm formation. Recently, CDNs have been discovered to have an immunomodulatory activity by inducing the expression of type I interferon (IFN) through STING signaling pathway in macrophages. Because CDNs are possibly absorbed and delivered into the bone marrow, where bone-resorbing osteoclasts are derived from monocyte/macrophage lineages, CDNs could affect bone metabolism by regulating osteoclast differentiation. In this study, we investigated the effect of CDNs on the differentiation and function of osteoclasts and osteoblasts. When bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) were differentiated into osteoclasts with macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) in the presence of CDNs, the differentiation was inhibited by CDNs in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast, CDNs did not influence the differentiation of committed osteoclasts or osteoblast precursors. STING signaling pathway appeared to be critical for CDNs-mediated inhibition of osteoclast differentiation since CDNs induced the phosphorylation of TBK1 and IRF3, a representative feature of STING activation, and osteoclast differentiation was restored in STING knockdown BMMs with siRNA. Moreover, CDNs increased the mRNA expression of STING-meditated IFN-β, which is a negative regulator of osteoclastogenesis. In addition, CDNs also induced the phosphorylation of STAT1, which mediates IFN-α/β receptor (IFNAR) signal transduction. The inhibitory effects of CDNs on osteoclast differentiation were not observed in the presence of antibody blocking IFNAR or in macrophages derived from IFNAR1-/- mice. Experiments using a mouse calvarial implantation model showed that RANKL-induced bone resorption was inhibited by CDNs. Taken together, these results suggest that CDNs inhibit osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption through induction of IFN-β via the STING signaling pathway. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.