bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chaenotheca biesboschii a new calicioid lichen from willow forests in the Netherlands
Authors: TIBELL Leif , TIBELL Sanja , VAN DER PLUIJM Arno 
Published: April 2019

AbstractA new species of Chaenotheca, C. biesboschii, has been found in the freshwater tidal area of the Biesbosch in the Netherlands, a national park well known for harbouring several rare and threatened mosses and lichens. A phylogenetic analysis of the ITS region revealed some strongly supported infrageneric clades in Chaenotheca which were given informal names, and some were assigned provisional names in anticipation of generic recognition. The analysis also showed that the new species differed in the sequenced region from other European Chaenotheca species. Chaenotheca biesboschii might be mistaken for C. gracillima but, in addition to a considerable difference in the ITS region, it also differs from this species in morphology. It is also similar to C. servitii but again differs in morphology. Chaenotheca biesboschii inhabits decorticated wood in the oldest stages of forest development of abandoned willow coppices. In 2016 and 2017 a fairly large population was found in an area comprising several square kilometres. In the Biesbosch area, extensive woodlands have developed only since the 1950s and therefore C. biesboschii might have been recently established in the area, possibly following climatic warming. The new species is characterized by having an immersed, glaucous green thallus; apothecia 0·9–1·4 mm high; capitulum on the lower side when young with a ring-like thickening covered by a yellow pruina; when mature with a rusty brown pruina on the capitulum and upper part of stalk; spherical spores, 3·5–5·5 µm diam., ornamented by irregular cracks, medium brown; photobiont Stichococcus. A key to the European species of Chaenotheca is provided.
No combination of morphological, ecological or chemical characters can reliably diagnose species in theParmelia saxatilisaggregate in Scotland
Authors: CORSIE Eleanor I. , HARROLD Paul , YAHR Rebecca 
Published: April 2019

AbstractTheParmelia saxatilisaggregate is comprised of three species in Europe, proposed to differ in morphological, distributional or chemical characters. In this study, we sampled nearly 200 thalli from five sites across a steep ecological gradient in Scotland to investigate the distribution of the species in the aggregate, and we characterized all specimens by morphological, chemical and ITS sequence variation. In our sample, 191 specimens were identified to species using ITS. We confirm that a PCR length assay can be used for separation ofP. saxatiliss. str. fromP. ernstiaeandP. serranabecause across our sample,P. saxatiliss. str. consistently includes a group I intronc. 200 bp. Using sequences for specimen identification, we test previously proposed characters to diagnose specimens and use multivariate analysis to identify the most consistent features which may be used for identification among species. First, we test lobe morphology, presence and amount of pruina, distribution of isidia, lobe tip colour, and chemistry. Second, we use classification trees that quantify the contributions of 1) morphological and chemical factors, and 2) morphological and ecological factors, toa prioriITS-barcoded specimens.Parmelia saxatiliss. str.,P. ernstiaeandP. serranaall occur across the sampled gradient but differ in the frequency of occurrence, withP. saxatiliss. str. more frequent in the relatively drier east, andP. ernstiaemore frequent in the wetter west.Parmelia serranawas collected around a third as often as the other two species, but more frequently on tree branches than expected. For all the morphological characters examined, all the species show some overlap and no morphological features are diagnostic, though trends are apparent by species. The classification tree approach holds promise for discovering the most meaningful variation for field workers to approach correct identifications. Chemical variation using TLC is perhaps the best way to distinguish most specimens but, even here, overlap in chemosyndromes exists among the species.
The reformed Nowell Codex and the Beowulf manuscript
Authors: Kiernan Kevin 
Published: April 2019

AbstractLichfield Cathedral had a scriptorium and library in the early eleventh century. As a non-monastic establishment run by bishops and secular canons, Lichfield was not dissolved during the Reformation and undoubtedly kept some of its books. In 1563, Laurence Nowell, Dean of Lichfield Cathedral, subscribed the Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion, the main tenets of the Anglican Church. That year, someone wrote Laurence Nowell and the momentous date 1563 on the first page of the codex. The damage to the beginning and end of the codex suggests that a Reformer, deeming them unsuitable on religious grounds, excised the surviving texts from their original contexts. For a Reformer, the Life of St Christopher supported the Papist superstition of invoking and venerating saints, while Judith unduly showcased a non-canonical story from the Apocrypha. In this light, the Reformers unintentionally saved Beowulf and the rest of the Nowell Codex because they disapproved of them.
Jean XXII et l'expulsion des juifs du Comtat Venaissin
Authors: Theis Valérie 
Published: April 2019

RésuméAu début des années 1320, les populations juives du Comtat Venaissin ont été expulsées de ce territoire par le pape Jean XXII qui en était le souverain. Cet épisode, souvent rapproché par les historiens de la politique du roi de France vis-à-vis des juifs, n’a jamais fait l’objet d’études rendant compte de manière satisfaisante de son déroulement et des raisons qui avaient pu pousser la papauté à rompre avec la doctrine de la protection nécessaire des juifs, qui prévalait depuis l’émission de la bulleSicut Judeis. Même si Carlo Ginzburg lui a accordé une place dansLe Sabbat des sorcières, l’historiographie a longtemps été dominée par l’idée que la protection pontificale n’avait pas fait défaut aux juifs, contrastant avec l’attitude des souverains laïcs. Des sources comptables inédites permettent de remettre en question cette vision des choses, de préciser la datation de l’expulsion et le déroulement des opérations de vente forcée des biens des juifs. Elles donnent aussi l’occasion de proposer une interprétation du revirement de la politique pontificale qui se tienne à distance d’une histoire idéalisée des rapports entre les juifs et les chrétiens et d’une histoire de la montée en puissance des mentalités persécutrices, pour replacer l’épisode dans le cadre du développement des structures étatiques et des arts de gouverner.
Méditations mathématiques
Authors: Damme Stéphane Van 
Published: April 2019

RésuméDans quelle mesure les savants ont-ils utilisé les sciences pour poursuivre une bonne vie au XVIIesiècle? Comment articuler révolution scientifique et questionnement éthique? Ce sont les questions que formule l’historien des sciences Matthew Jones dans son ouvrageThe good life in the scientific revolution. Son projet s’inscrit d’abord dans les prolongements des recherches sur une histoire sociale de la vérité qui a encouragé de nombreux historiens depuis deux décennies à déchiffrer les normes morales qui garantissent l’usage et la production des énoncés scientifiques. La civilité, la politesse, l’honneur ont donné lieu à des recherches précises qui ont permis de souligner le contexte culturel et social qui entoure les pratiques de l’innovation scientifique à l’âge classique. Ensuite, il approfondit ces interrogations en se demandant comment la pratique mathématique est considérée comme une mise en jeu, et non comme le reflet, de ces normes morales. Cet article se propose de discuter des apports de ce livre en examinant d’abord les trois formes d’expérimentation d’une morale mathématique menées par Descartes, Pascal et Leibniz. L’article montre ensuite comment Matthew Jones puise dans les travaux de Pierre Hadot sa conception des exercices mathématiques comme exercices spirituels. Dans un troisième temps, l’article étudie dans quelle mesure le livre illustre un retour de la question morale en histoire des sciences anglophone depuis une vingtaine d’années alors que l’épistémologie classique à la française s’est toujours tenue à distance de ce questionnement. On montrera comment ces approches ouvrent des pistes de réflexion pour les historiens pour mieux saisir les relations entre sciences et religion à l’époque moderne.
Enhancement of posterior brain functional networks in bilingual older adults
Authors: de Frutos-Lucas Jaisalmer , López-Sanz David , Cuesta Pablo , Bruña Ricardo , de la Fuente Sofía , Serrano Noelia , López María Eugenia , Delgado-Losada María Luisa , López-Higes Ramón , Marcos Alberto , Maestú Fernando 
Published: April 2019

AbstractBilingualism has been said to improve cognition and even delay the onset of Alzheimer's disease (AD). This research aimed to investigate whether bilingualism leaves a neurophysiological trace even when people are highly educated. We expected bilinguals to present better preserved brain functional networks, which could be a trace of higher cognitive reserve. With this purpose, we conducted a magnetoencephalographic study with a group of healthy older adults. We estimated functional connectivity using phase-locking value and found five clusters in parieto-occipital regions in which bilinguals exhibited greater functional connectivity than monolinguals. These clusters included brain regions typically implicated in language processing. Furthermore, these functional changes correlated with caudate volumes (a key region in language shifting and control) in the bilingual sample. Interestingly, decreased Functional Connectivity between posterior brain regions had already been identified as an indicator of aging/preclinical AD but, according to our study, bilingualism seems to exert the opposite effect.
How do bilinguals switch between languages in different interactional contexts? A comparison between voluntary and mandatory language switching
Authors: Jevtović Mina , Duñabeitia Jon Andoni , de Bruin Angela 
Published: April 2019

AbstractHow bilinguals switch between languages depends on the context. In a voluntary context, bilinguals are free to decide when to switch, whereas in a cued context they are instructed when to switch. While using two languages may be more costly than using one in cued switching ('mixing cost'), recent evidence suggests that voluntarily using two languages may be less effortful than using one ('mixing benefit'). Direct comparisons between mandatory and voluntary switching, however, are needed to better understand the effects of the interactional context on bilingual language control. The current study compared mandatory and voluntary switching within the same task, thus keeping the overall task characteristics the same. We observed overall slower mandatory responses and larger mandatory than voluntary mixing and switching effects. Thus, using two languages is more costly in a mandatory than voluntary context, showing that the interactional context can affect the effort needed to control two languages.
The Sensitivity of Satellite Solar‐Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence to Meteorological Drought
Authors: Jiao Wenzhe , Chang Qing , Wang Lixin 
Published: April 2019

AbstractSolar‐induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) could provide information on plant physiological response to water stress (e.g., drought). There are growing interests to study the effect of drought on SIF. However, to what extent SIF responds to drought and how the responses vary under different precipitation, temperature, and potential evapotranspiration conditions are not clear. In this regard, we evaluated the relationship between satellite‐based SIF product and four commonly used meteorological drought indices (Standardized Precipitation‐Evapotranspiration Index, Standardized Precipitation Index, Temperature Condition Index, and Palmer Drought Severity Index) under diverse climate regions in the continental United States. The four drought indices were used because they estimate meteorological drought conditions based on either single or combined meteorological factors such as precipitation, temperature, and potential evapotranspiration, representing different perspectives of drought. The relationship between SIF and meteorological drought varied spatially and differed for different ecosystem types. The high sensitivity occurred in dry areas characterized by a high mean annual growing season temperature and low vegetation productivity. Through random forest regression analyses, we found that temperature, gross primary production, precipitation, and land cover are the major factors affecting the relationships between SIF and meteorological drought indices. Taken together, satellite SIF is highly sensitive to meteorological drought, but the high sensitivity is constrained to dry regions.
Natural Analogue Constraints on Europa's Non‐ice Surface Material
Authors: Fox‐Powell Mark G. , Osinski Gordon R. , Applin Daniel , Stromberg Jessica M. , Gázquez Fernando , Cloutis Ed , Allender Elyse , Cousins Claire R. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractNon‐icy material on the surface of Jupiter's moon Europa is hypothesized to have originated from its subsurface ocean and thus provide a record of ocean composition and habitability. The nature of this material is debated, but observations suggest that it comprises hydrated sulfate and chloride salts. Analogue spectroscopic studies have previously focused on single‐phase salts under controlled laboratory conditions. We investigated natural salts from perennially cold (<0 °C) hypersaline springs and characterized their reflectance properties at 100, 253, and 293 K. Despite similar major ion chemistry, these springs form mineralogically diverse deposits, which when measured at 100 K closely match reflectance spectra from Europa. In the most sulfate‐rich samples, we find that spectral features predicted from laboratory salts are obscured. Our data are consistent with sulfate‐dominated europan non‐icy material and further show that the emplacement of endogenic sulfates on Europa's surface would not preclude a chloride‐dominated ocean.
Long‐Term Measurements Show Little Evidence for Large Increases in Total U.S. Methane Emissions Over the Past Decade
Authors: Lan Xin , Tans Pieter , Sweeney Colm , Andrews Arlyn , Dlugokencky Edward , Schwietzke Stefan , Kofler Jonathan , McKain Kathryn , Thoning Kirk , Crotwell Molly , Montzka Stephen , Miller Benjamin R. , Biraud Sébastien C. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractRecent studies show conflicting estimates of trends in methane (CH4) emissions from oil and natural gas (ONG) operations in the United States. We analyze atmospheric CH4measurements from 20 North American sites in the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Global Greenhouse Gas Reference Network and determined trends for 2006–2015. Using CH4vertical gradients as an indicator of regional surface emissions, we find no significant increase in emissions at most sites and modest increases at three sites heavily influenced by ONG activities. Our estimated increases in North American ONG CH4emissions (on average approximately 3.4 ± 1.4 %/year for 2006–2015, ±σ) are much smaller than estimates from some previous studies and below our detection threshold for total emissions increases at the east coast sites that are sensitive to U.S. outflows. We also find an increasing trend in ethane/methane emission ratios, which has resulted in major overestimation of oil and gas emissions trends in some previous studies.
A Simplified Model for the Baroclinic and Barotropic Ocean Response to Moving Tropical Cyclones: 2. Model and Simulations
Authors: Kudryavtsev Vladimir , Monzikova Anna , Combot Clément , Chapron Bertrand , Reul Nicolas 
Published: April 2019

AbstractA simplified analytical model is developed to describe the baroclinic and barotropic ocean response to moving tropical cyclones (TCs) and their associated pycnocline erosions. The model builds on classical mixed‐layer (ML) models and linear models of ocean response to transient events. As suggested, disturbances of the upper ocean stratification caused by the ML development shall not strongly impact the dynamics of baroclinic modes. Accordingly, the baroclinic response can be estimated using the prestorm ocean stratification condition. To the contrary, the ML is strongly coupled with these interior motions, through the TC‐induced upwelling response that affects the entrainment velocity. The ML temperature is then strongly dependent on the local temperature gradient in the upper layer. The model is represented by a set of analytical relationships providing rapid calculations for the ocean response to TC, given a prescribed wind velocity field traveling over an ocean with arbitrary stratification. Compared to satellite observations, simulations demonstrate the model ability to quantitatively reproduce the observed shape and magnitudes of the sea surface height and the sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies. Remarkably, the model is robust and efficient for a wide range of variability of TC characteristics (max wind speed, radius, shape of wind profile, and translation velocity), parameters of the ocean stratification, and Coriolis parameter. Simulations provide solid evidences about the key role of TC‐induced upwelling in the ML cooling and formation of SST wake. Cross‐track advection by wind‐driven currents, though small compared with TC translation velocity, can significantly contribute to broaden the shape and offset of the SST wake. Given its effectiveness and low computational burden, the proposed model can be introduced as a computational module into atmospheric numerical models of TC‐coupled evolution with the ocean, through the resulting local changes of surface enthalpy fluxes.
Suspended Sediments in Chilean Rivers Reveal Low Postseismic Erosion After the Maule Earthquake (Mw 8.8) During a Severe Drought
Authors: Tolorza Violeta , Mohr C. H. , Carretier S. , Serey A. , Sepúlveda S. A. , Tapia J. , Pinto L. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractWe address the question of whether all large‐magnitude earthquakes produce an erosion peak in the subaerial components of fluvial catchments. We evaluate the sediment flux response to the Maule earthquake in the Chilean Andes (Mw 8.8) using daily suspended sediment records from 31 river gauges. The catchments cover drainage areas of 350 to around 10,000 km2, including a wide range of topographic slopes and vegetation cover of the Andean western flank. We compare the 3‐ to 8‐year postseismic record of sediment flux to each of the following preseismic periods: (1) all preseismic data, (2) a 3‐year period prior to the seismic event, and (3) the driest preseismic periods, as drought conditions prevailed in the postseismic period. Following the earthquake, no increases in suspended sediment flux were observed for moderate to high percentiles of the streamflow distribution (mean, median, and ≥75th percentile). However, more than half of the examined stations showed increased sediment flux during baseflow. By using a Random Forest approach, we evaluate the contributions of seismic intensities, peak ground accelerations, co‐seismic landslides, hydroclimatic conditions, topography, lithology, and land cover to explain the observed changes in suspended sediment concentration and fluxes. We find that the best predictors are hillslope gradient, low‐vegetation cover, and changes in streamflow discharge. This finding suggests a combined first‐order control of topography, land cover, and hydrology on the catchment‐wide erosion response. We infer a reduced sediment connectivity due to the postseismic drought, which increased the residence time of sediment detached and remobilized following the Maule earthquake.
Deviation of Boron Concentration From Predictions Using Salinity in Coastal Environments
Authors: Lee Kitack , Lee Chang‐Ho , Lee Ju‐Hyeon , Han In‐Seong , Kim Miok 
Published: April 2019

AbstractTo test whether the established B/Cl ratio (0.2414 mg·kg–1·‰–1) derived for the open ocean is applicable to coastal systems globally, we measured the B concentration and salinity of seawater samples (n = 245) collected from the coastal waters of the Yellow, East China, and East Seas. We also measured the B concentration of freshwater samples (n = 10) from six rivers discharging into these seas and analyzed along with the B concentrations of other rivers globally, obtained from literatures. Our results show that the supply of riverine B (2–6 μmol B/kg) did not discernably alter the B/Cl ratio in most estuarine systems. The impact of this riverine B input on the interconversion between total alkalinity ([HCO3–] + 2[CO32–] + [B (OH)4–] + others) and carbonate alkalinity ([HCO3–] + 2[CO32–]) is less than a few micromoles per kilogram for most estuarine and coastal systems, although exceptions in the Baltic Sea do occur.
Chronic stress triggers divergent dendritic alterations in immature neurons of the adult hippocampus, depending on their ultimate terminal fields
Authors: Dioli Chrysoula , Patrício Patrícia , Sousa Nuno , Kokras Nikolaos , Dalla Christina , Guerreiro Sara , Santos-Silva Miguel A. , Rego Ana Cristina , Pinto Luísa , Ferreiro Elisabete , Sotiropoulos Ioannis 
Published: April 2019

AbstractChronic stress, a suggested precipitant of brain pathologies, such as depression and Alzheimer’s disease, is known to impact on brain plasticity by causing neuronal remodeling as well as neurogenesis suppression in the adult hippocampus. Although many studies show that stressful conditions reduce the number of newborn neurons in the adult dentate gyrus (DG), little is known about whether and how stress impacts on dendritic development and structural maturation of these newborn neurons. We, herein, demonstrate that chronic stress impacts differentially on doublecortin (DCX)-positive immature neurons in distinct phases of maturation. Specifically, the density of the DCX-positive immature neurons whose dendritic tree reaches the inner molecular layer (IML) of DG is reduced in stressed animals, whereas their dendritic complexity is increased. On the contrary, no change on the density of DCX-positive neurons whose dendritic tree extends to the medial/outer molecular layer (M/OML) of the DG is found under stress conditions, whereas the dendritic complexity of these cells is diminished. In addition, DCX+ cells displayed a more complex and longer arbor in the dendritic compartments located in the granular cell layer of the DG under stress conditions; on the contrary, their dendritic segments localized into the M/OML were shorter and less complex. These findings suggest that the neuroplastic effects of chronic stress on dendritic maturation and complexity of DCX+ immature neurons vary based on the different maturation stage of DCX-positive cells and the different DG sublayer, highlighting the complex and dynamic stress-driven neuroplasticity of immature neurons in the adult hippocampus.
Water quality improvements offset the climatic debt for stream macroinvertebrates over twenty years
Authors: Vaughan Ian P. , Gotelli Nicholas J. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractMany species are accumulating climatic debt as they fail to keep pace with increasing global temperatures. In theory, concomitant decreases in other stressors (e.g. pollution, fragmentation) could offset some warming effects, paying climatic debt with accrued environmental credit. This process may be occurring in many western European rivers. We fit a Markov chain model to ~20,000 macroinvertebrate samples from England and Wales, and demonstrate that despite large temperature increases 1991–2011, macroinvertebrate communities remained close to their predicted equilibrium with environmental conditions. Using a novel analysis of multiple stressors, an accumulated climatic debt of 0.64 (±0.13 standard error) °C of warming was paid by a water-quality credit equivalent to 0.89 (±0.04)°C of cooling. Although there is finite scope for mitigating additional climate warming in this way, water quality improvements appear to have offset recent temperature increases, and the concept of environmental credit may be a useful tool for communicating climate offsetting.