bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Affordable Laparoscopic Camera System (ALCS) Designed for Low‐ and Middle‐Income Countries: A Feasibility Study
Authors: Gheza Federico , Oginni Fadekemi O. , Crivellaro Simone , Masrur Mario A. , Adisa Adewale O. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractBackgroundMinimally invasive surgical techniques (MISTs) could have tremendous benefits in resource‐poor environment. There is growing interest in MISTs in most low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMIC), but its adoption has remained limited; this is largely due to high cost of the initial setup, lack of technological backup and limited access to training among others. An affordable laparoscopic setup will go a long way in improving access to MISTs.MethodsA common zero degrees 10 mm scope is attached on the camera of a low‐price smartphone. Two elastic bands are used to fix the scope right in front of the smartphone’s main camera; alternatively, a low‐cost camera coupler can be used. The device is covered with sterile transparent drapes and a light source connected with a fiber‐optic cable for endoscopic use. The image can be seen in real time on a common TV screen through an HDMI connection to the smartphone, with a sterile drape.ResultsWe were able to perform the five tasks of the Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery curriculum, using our vision system with proficiency. In a pig model, we performed a tubal ligation to simulate an appendectomy and we were able to suture. No major differences were measured between the two connection systems.ConclusionsA low‐cost laparoscopic camera system can benefit surgeons and trainees in LMICs. The system is already attractive for use during training, but further studies are needed to evaluate its potential clinical role in LMICs.
Triassic chlorites from the Jura and the Catalan coastal range
Authors: Vivaldi J. L. Martin , MacEwan Douglas M. C. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe mineralogical nature of clays from the Catalan coastal range corresponding to Bunter, Muschelkalk and Keuper in stratigraphic sequence has been investigated. The predominant minerals present are illite, quartz, carbonate (calcium and/or magnesium) and chlorite in the Keuper and Muschelkalk and in the Bunter kaolinite is found in addition. Attention is drawn to the occurrence of interstratified chlorite and swelling chlorite, which association may be typical of clays deposited during Triassic time.
Adaptive multiscale predictive modelling
Authors: Oden J. Tinsley 
Published: May 2018

The use of computational models and simulations to predict events that take place in our physical universe, or to predict the behaviour of engineered systems, has significantly advanced the pace of scientific discovery and the creation of new technologies for the benefit of humankind over recent decades, at least up to a point. That ‘point’ in recent history occurred around the time that the scientific community began to realize that true predictive science must deal with many formidable obstacles, including the determination of the reliability of the models in the presence of many uncertainties. To develop meaningful predictions one needs relevant data, itself possessing uncertainty due to experimental noise; in addition, one must determine model parameters, and concomitantly, there is the overriding need to select and validate models given the data and the goals of the simulation.This article provides a broad overview of predictive computational science within the framework of what is often called the science of uncertainty quantification. The exposition is divided into three major parts. In Part 1, philosophical and statistical foundations of predictive science are developed within a Bayesian framework. There the case is made that the Bayesian framework provides, perhaps, a unique setting for handling all of the uncertainties encountered in scientific prediction. In Part 2, general frameworks and procedures for the calculation and validation of mathematical models of physical realities are given, all in a Bayesian setting. But beyond Bayes, an introduction to information theory, the maximum entropy principle, model sensitivity analysis and sampling methods such as MCMC are presented. In Part 3, the central problem of predictive computational science is addressed: the selection, adaptive control and validation of mathematical and computational models of complex systems. The Occam Plausibility Algorithm, OPAL, is introduced as a framework for model selection, calibration and validation. Applications to complex models of tumour growth are discussed.
Confocal Laser Microscopy on Biofilms: Successes and Limitations
Authors: Pitts Betsey , Stewart Philip 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Biofilms are communities of microbial cells and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) attached to a surface. Bacteria exist preferentially in the biofilm state in nature and in many engineered systems. In this state, microbes tolerate antibiotics and disinfectants. Bacterial biofilms are now implicated in a wide range of human diseases and infections including cystic fibrosis, otitis media, chronic wounds, artificial joint and prosthesis infection, and many nosocomial infections. Biofilm-related infections and industrial fouling problems cost billions of dollars each year.
Freezing Techniques: History, Comparisons, and Applications
Authors: Graham Bill , Austin Jotham R , Kaech Andres , Heuser John E 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Specimen preparation techniques have evolved hand in hand with microscopy since the first microscopes. Since the introduction of the first Electron Microscope (EM) in the 1930’s, the basic problem with biological electron microscopy has been to preserve the structure of soft condensed, hydrated matter (e.g. tissues, cells, proteins, etc.) so that they can be viewed in the harsh environment of the electron microscope's high vacuum and ionizing radiation. For this, cells must be “fixed” with chemical cross-linkers, commonly glutaraldehyde, formaldehyde or some combination of both, stained with heavy metals (osmium tetroxide that provides contrast of biological components), dehydrated with an organic solvent, and infiltrated with a resin for eventual thin-sectioning. Only then can it be viewed with the EM. Such treatment with chemical fixatives and stains remains the standard approaches to arrest biological processes in cells or tissues, but at the cost of introducing clearly recognizable artifacts.
Evaluation of Verticutting and Herbicides for Tropical Signalgrass (Urochloa subquadripara) Control in Turf
Authors: Pearsaul David G. , Leon Ramon G. , Sellers Brent A. , Silveira Maria L. , Odero D. Calvin 
Published: May 2018

AbstractTropical signalgrass (TSG) is one of the most problematic weeds found on golf courses, sports fields, and sod farms in south Florida. The recent ban of monosodium methane-arsonate (MSMA), an organic arsenical herbicide, from urban areas in Florida has left turfgrass managers searching for effective management options. In an effort to avoid relying solely on POST chemical control, this research examined the effect of combining a cultural practice, verticutting, along with PRE and POST herbicides as an integrated weed management approach to controlling TSG in hybrid bermudagrass. Field experiments were conducted at multiple locations over 2 yr in south Florida to: (1) determine whether verticutting before herbicide applications increases TSG control and (2) identify herbicide programs that effectively control TSG. No interactions between verticutting and herbicide programs were detected, but verticutting consistently provided a slight reduction (8% averaged across herbicide treatments) in TSG cover. Treatments containing a PRE herbicide resulted in a significant reduction (20% to 50%) in TSG cover at 52 wk after initial treatment (WAIT), while some POST herbicide treatments reduced TSG cover to <20% at 52 WAIT. A study was conducted to determine which POST herbicide combinations were most efficacious in controlling TSG. Amicarbazone alone provided ≤35% TSG control at 8 and 12 WAIT, but synergistic responses were observed between amicarbazone and mesotrione, trifloxysulfuron, and thiencarbazone+foramsulfuron+halosulfuron. Two- and three-way combinations of amicarbazone with these POST herbicides resulted in >80% TSG control at 4, 8, and 12 WAIT, with some reaching 100% TSG control at 4 WAIT. Based on these data, verticutting may provide limited complementary control, but certain combinations of POST herbicides exhibited excellent (>95%) TSG control.
Midcrustal Deformation in the Central Andes Constrained by Radial Anisotropy
Authors: Lynner Colton , Beck Susan L. , Zandt George , Porritt Robert W. , Lin Fan‐Chi , Eilon Zachary C. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe Central Andes are characterized by one of the largest orogenic plateaus worldwide. As a result, they are home to some of the thickest continental crust observed today (up to ~75‐km thick). Understanding the response of the crust to such overthickening provides insights into the ductile behavior of the midcrust and lower crust. One of the best tools for examining crustal‐scale features is ambient noise tomography, which takes advantage of the ambient noise wavefield to sample crustal depths in great detail. We extract Love and Rayleigh wave phase velocities from ambient noise data to invert for Vsh, Vsv, and radial anisotropy throughout the Central Andes. We capture detailed crustal structure, including pronounced along‐strike isotropic velocity heterogeneity and substantial (up to 10%) radial anisotropy that varies with depth. This crustal anisotropy may have several origins, but throughout the majority of the Central Andes, particularly beneath the Altiplano, we interpret radial anisotropy as the result of mineral alignment due to ductile crustal deformation. Only in the strongly volcanic Altiplano‐Puna Volcanic Complex is radial anisotropy likely caused by magmatic intrusions.
Production of High‐Sr Andesite and Dacite Magmas by Melting of Subducting Oceanic Lithosphere at Propagating Slab Tears
Authors: Pineda‐Velasco I. , Kitagawa H. , Nguyen T. ‐T. , Kobayashi K. , Nakamura E. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractWe present K‐Ar ages, major and trace element concentrations, and Sr‐Nd‐Pb isotope data for late Cenozoic volcanic rocks from the Chugoku district, southwest Japan arc. Andesite and dacite lavas in this region are enriched in Sr (mostly >800 μg g−1) and show geochemical characteristics of volcanic rocks commonly referred to as “adakite.” K‐Ar dating of these lavas revealed that the eruption of high‐Sr andesitic to dacitic magmas occurred during the last 2 Myr, following or concurrent with the eruption of basalt in adjacent regions. Trace‐element characteristics of high‐Sr andesites and dacites are consistent with the formation of their parent magmas by partial melting of the basaltic layer of the subducting Shikoku Basin Plate. Mass balance modeling of trace element concentrations and isotopic compositions suggests that the parental magmas of high‐Sr andesites and dacites are best explained by mixing of partial melts from oceanic crust (F = 5–15%) and sediment (F = 30%) at 80:20 to 55:45 ratios. Spatial coincidence of the occurrences of high‐Sr andesites and dacites and seismic gaps of the subducting slab demonstrates the causal link between slab melting and mantle upwelling at slab tears. We speculate that these tears could have been formed by subduction of ridges on the plate. A warm mantle upwelled through tears, preventing the solidification of the siliceous slab melts in the mantle and facilitating the transportation of these melts to the surface.
Deformation of Fine‐Grained Quartz Aggregates by Mixed Diffusion and Dislocation Creep
Authors: Fukuda Jun‐ichi , Holyoke Caleb W. , Kronenberg Andreas K. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractHot‐pressed polycrystalline quartz samples with grain sizes of 1.7–12.0 μm and water contents of 3,500 ppm H/Si were deformed in a solid‐pressure‐medium (Griggs‐type) deformation apparatus at temperatures of 600 to 950°C, confining pressures of 0.9 to 1.5 GPa and strain rates of 10−3.3 to 10−5.9/s. Two different flow regimes are distinguished at low and high temperatures. The stress exponent determined at low temperatures (600–750°C) increased from 2.9 to 5.2 with an activation energy of 129 ± 33 kJ/mol, consistent with previous quartz dislocation creep laws indicating operation of dislocation creep. In contrast, the stress exponent determined at high temperatures (800–950°C) is 1.7 ± 0.2 with an activation energy of 183 ± 25 kJ/mol. A fugacity exponent determined at 800°C was 1.0 ± 0.2. All samples show evidence of basal <a> slip. However, flow strengths at high temperatures also depend on grain size with a small grain size exponent of 0.51 ± 0.13. Mechanical, microstructural, and textural results suggest that deformation occurs by a combination of intracrystalline and grain boundary processes. The flow law determined from the high‐temperature data can be fit by
with stress, σ in MPa, grain size, d in μm,
in MPa, and Tk in Kelvin. At conditions of the middle crust and tectonic strain rates, deformation depends on grain size where the strength is weaker than for pure dislocation creep even for grain sizes >10 μm.
A Robust Estimation of the 3‐D Intraplate Deformation of the North American Plate From GPS
Authors: Kreemer Corné , Hammond William C. , Blewitt Geoffrey 
Published: May 2018

AbstractGlacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) is the main cause of deformation in intraplate North America. Here we use up to 3,271 Global Positioning System station velocities to image this 3‐D deformation across the entire plate. We apply a new robust strain rate estimation algorithm (median estimation of local deformation), which does not require the assumption that part of the plate is unaffected by GIA, an assumption we show to be false. Our results show extension in the area underneath the Laurentide ice sheet, contrasted with a semiannular belt of horizontal contraction of up to ~4 × 10−9 yr−1 around the former ice sheet. This contractional belt is kinematically linked to an ~1–2 mm yr−1 far‐field horizontal motion directed toward the ice sheet. Our results, together with a new robustly imaged vertical velocity field, are consistent with GIA as the main cause of deformation, although the contractional strain rates around the former ice sheet and the far‐field horizontal velocities are significantly higher than those predicted by the ICE6G_C(VM5a) model. This finding suggests that our results, including the location of reversal in sign of horizontal motion relative to the ice sheet, will be useful to reevaluate the mantle viscosity structure used by GIA models. Besides the GIA‐attributed deformation, we find almost no other region with significant strain accumulation. A plate‐scale spatial correlation between strain rate and seismicity is absent, suggesting that GIA is a limited driver of contemporary seismogenesis and that intraplate seismicity must be attributable to factors other than secular strain accumulation.
Surface Ocean Enstrophy, Kinetic Energy Fluxes, and Spectra From Satellite Altimetry
Authors: Khatri Hemant , Sukhatme Jai , Kumar Abhishek , Verma Mahendra K. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractSpectra and fluxes of enstrophy and kinetic energy (KE) are estimated in different parts of the midlatitudinal oceans using geostrophic currents derived from altimetry data. The presence of a strong inverse flux of surface KE is confirmed at scales larger than approximately 200 km, whereas a robust enstrophy cascading regime, accompanied by an approximate
KE spectrum, is observed from about 200 to 100 km. The character of fluxes and spectra is shown to compare favorably with those from a comprehensive Earth system model. In addition, as gridded altimeter data are affected by smoothening and interpolation, the qualitative robustness of the results is verified by sensitivity experiments using space and time‐filtered output from the Earth system model. Given the rotational character of the flow, this large‐scale inverse KE and smaller‐scale forward enstrophy transfer scenario is consistent with expectations from three‐dimensional rapidly rotating and strongly stratified turbulence studies as well as detailed analyses of spectra and fluxes in the upper‐level midlatitude troposphere. In further accord with results from the atmosphere, decomposing the currents into stationary and eddy components (demarcated here by variability greater and less than 100 days, respectively), it is seen that, in addition to the eddy‐eddy contribution, the stationary‐eddy and stationary‐stationary fluxes play a significant role in the inverse (forward) flux of KE (enstrophy). Thus, it is quite possible that, from about 200 to 100 km, the altimeter is capturing the rotationally dominated portion of a surface oceanic counterpart of the upper tropospheric Nastrom‐Gage spectrum.
Abrupt Elongation (Stepping) of Negative and Positive Leaders Culminating in an Intense Corona Streamer Burst: Observations in Long Sparks and Implications for Lightning
Authors: Kostinskiy A. Yu. , Syssoev V. S. , Bogatov N. A. , Mareev E. A. , Andreev M. G. , Bulatov M. U. , Sukharevsky D. I. , Rakov V. A. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractProperties of positive and negative leaders developing in air gaps ranging from 4 to 10 m that were subjected to 100/7,500‐μs voltage impulses were examined using a two‐frame, high‐speed video camera with image enhancement. Abrupt extension (stepping) that culminated in a bright and structured corona streamer burst was observed for both negative (expected for the “classical” stepping process) and positive (expected for the so‐called restrike process) leaders. Selected high‐quality images of five negative and four positive leaders with pronounced corona streamer bursts are presented here. The morphology of corona streamer bursts was essentially independent of polarity. Streamer bursts exhibiting nearly spherical symmetry were observed. For the four positive leaders, the newly added channel sections (steps) were almost straight and had lengths ranging from about 50 to over 120 cm. For the five negative leaders, most of the steps were curved and their 2‐D lengths were some tens of centimeters. It is generally thought that positive leaders in both long sparks and lightning extend continuously or exhibit optically unresolvable steps whose length is comparable to the leader tip size (1 cm or less) and that for sparks only when the absolute humidity is relatively high (>10 g/m3 or so) or voltage rise time is relatively long (around 1 ms or more) can larger steps occur. In this study, both modes of propagation for different branches of the same positive leader were observed.
Stream Dissolved Organic Matter Composition Reflects the Riparian Zone, Not Upslope Soils in Boreal Forest Headwaters
Authors: Ledesma J. L. J. , Kothawala D. N. , Bastviken P. , Maehder S. , Grabs T. , Futter M. N. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractDespite the strong quantitative evidence that riparian zones (RZs) are the dominant source of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) to boreal streams, there is still a debate about the potential contribution of upslope areas to fluvial carbon export. To shed new light into this debate, we investigated the molecular composition of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in four upslope‐riparian‐stream transects in a Northern Swedish forest catchment using absorbance (A254/A365 and SUVA254) and fluorescence (fluorescence and freshness indices) metrics. Based on these metrics, our results indicate that stream water DOM molecular composition resembles that of RZs and significantly differs from that of upslope areas. The resemblance between stream and riparian DOM was most apparent for the “Dominant Source Layer” (DSL), a narrow RZ stratum that, theoretically, contributes the most to solute and water fluxes to streams. Spectroscopic characterization based on traditional interpretations of the metrics suggested that mineral upslope (podzol) DOM is less aromatic, more microbially derived, and more recently produced than organic riparian (histosol) and stream DOM. We conclude that RZs, and specifically DSLs, are the main sources of DOC to boreal headwater streams and potentially to other streams located in low‐gradient, organic matter‐rich catchments.
Observations of the Interaction and Transport of Fine Mode Aerosols With Cloud and/or Fog in Northeast Asia From Aerosol Robotic Network and Satellite Remote Sensing
Authors: Eck T. F. , Holben B. N. , Reid J. S. , Xian P. , Giles D. M. , Sinyuk A. , Smirnov A. , Schafer J. S. , Slutsker I. , Kim J. , Koo J.‐H. , Choi M. , Kim K. C. , Sano I. , Arola A. , Sayer A. M. , Levy R. C. , Munchak L. A. , O'Neill N. T. , Lyapustin A. , Hsu N. C. , Randles C. A. , Da Silva A. M. , Buchard V. , Govindaraju R. C. , Hyer E. , Crawford J. H. , Wang P. , Xia X. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractAnalysis of Sun photometer measured and satellite retrieved aerosol optical depth (AOD) data has shown that major aerosol pollution events with very high fine mode AOD (>1.0 in midvisible) in the China/Korea/Japan region are often observed to be associated with significant cloud cover. This makes remote sensing of these events difficult even for high temporal resolution Sun photometer measurements. Possible physical mechanisms for these events that have high AOD include a combination of aerosol humidification, cloud processing, and meteorological covariation with atmospheric stability and convergence. The new development of Aerosol Robotic Network Version 3 Level 2 AOD with improved cloud screening algorithms now allow for unprecedented ability to monitor these extreme fine mode pollution events. Further, the spectral deconvolution algorithm (SDA) applied to Level 1 data (L1; no cloud screening) provides an even more comprehensive assessment of fine mode AOD than L2 in current and previous data versions. Studying the 2012 winter‐summer period, comparisons of Aerosol Robotic Network L1 SDA daily average fine mode AOD data showed that Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer satellite remote sensing of AOD often did not retrieve and/or identify some of the highest fine mode AOD events in this region. Also, compared to models that include data assimilation of satellite retrieved AOD, the L1 SDA fine mode AOD was significantly higher in magnitude, particularly for the highest AOD events that were often associated with significant cloudiness.