bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Micro/Nanomachines: from Functionalization to Sensing and Removal
Authors: Zhang Yabin , Yuan Ke , Zhang Li 
Published: January 2019

AbstractMicro/nanomachines have attracted tremendous interest in chemo/bioanalytical science and environmental remediation due to the synergistic effect of unique motion characteristics and the inherited physicochemical properties from micro/nanomaterials. Past decade has witnessed great progresses on a wide array of micro/nanomachines with diverse functionalities for specific sensing and removal applications. The development of designed materials and structures, the exploration of new propulsion mechanism, and the realization of versatile functionalization are employed for potential applications. In this review, the recent advances in the exploration of functionalized micro/nanomachines are summarized, with special emphasis on the functionalization of micro/nanomachines and their corresponding sensing and removal capability. Possible challenges facing micro/nanomachines in sensing and removal application are discussed, accompanied with the extrapolated perspectives for the future focus.
Arbitrary Polarization Conversion with a Photonic Crystal Slab
Authors: Guo Yu , Xiao Meng , Zhou Yang , Fan Shanhui 
Published: January 2019

AbstractIt is shown that a simple photonic crystal slab structure provides a powerful mechanism for the control of the polarization properties of light. For a lossless system, for a given incident light with any fixed polarization, one can generate arbitrary polarization in the reflected light, as one varies the direction of the incident light. In the lossy system, the capability for arbitrary polarization generation is still preserved for s‐ or p‐polarized incident light. This capability for arbitrary polarization generation closely relates to the nontrivial topological properties of the reflection matrix of the structure and exists over a wide range of frequencies.
Copper‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Arylation of N‐Heteroaryl Aldimines: Elementary Step of a 1,4‐Insertion
Authors: Wu Chunlin , Qin Xurong , Moeljadi Adhitya Mangala Putra , Hirao Hajime , Zhou Jianrong Steve 
Published: January 2019

AbstractCopper complexes of monodentate phosphoramidites efficiently promote asymmetric arylation of N‐azaaryl aldimines with arylboroxines. DFT calculations and experiments support an elementary step of 1,4‐insertion in the reaction pathway, a step in which an aryl‐copper species adds directly across four atoms of C=N−C=N in the N‐azaaryl aldimines.
Visible‐Light Photoredox Catalysis Enables the Biomimetic Synthesis of Nyingchinoids A, B, and D, and Rasumatranin D
Authors: Hart Jacob D. , Burchill Laura , Day Aaron J. , Newton Christopher G. , Sumby Christopher J. , Huang David M. , George Jonathan H. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe total synthesis of nyingchinoids A and B has been achieved through successive rearrangements of a 1,2‐dioxane intermediate that was assembled using a visible‐light photoredox‐catalysed aerobic [2+2+2] cycloaddition. Nyingchinoid D was synthesised with a competing [2+2] cycloaddition. Based on NMR data and biosynthetic speculation, we proposed a structure revision of the related natural product rasumatranin D, which was confirmed through total synthesis. Under photoredox conditions, we observed the conversion of a cyclobutane into a 1,2‐dioxane through retro‐[2+2] cycloaddition followed by aerobic [2+2+2] cycloaddition.
Photoelectrochemical C−H Alkylation of Heteroarenes with Organotrifluoroborates
Authors: Yan Hong , Hou Zhong‐Wei , Xu Hai‐Chao 
Published: January 2019

AbstractA photoelectrochemical method for the C−H alkylation of heteroarenes with organotrifluoroborates has been developed. The merger of electrocatalysis and photoredox catalysis provides a chemical oxidant‐free approach for the generation and functionalization of alkyl radicals from organotrifluoroborates. A variety of heteroarenes were functionalized using primary, secondary, and tertiary alkyltrifluoroborates with excellent regio‐ and chemoselectivity.
Supramolecular Control of Photocycloadditions in Solution: In Situ Stereoselective Synthesis and Release of Cyclobutanes
Authors: Ma Li‐Li , An Yuan‐Yuan , Sun Li‐Ying , Wang Yao‐Yu , Hahn F. Ekkehardt , Han Ying‐Feng 
Published: January 2019

AbstractA new class of supramolecular metallacycles capable of undergoing photochemical reactions and in situ release of cyclobutanes in solution is described. The molecular metallacycles were generated through coordination‐driven self‐assembly of dinuclear metal‐carbene complexes as organometallic clips with olefin‐functionalized bridging ligands. Photolysis of these molecular metallacycles in situ led to structural interconversion and release of the formed cyclobutane products with quantitative conversion. Further modifications of the obtained cyclobutanes provided a series of new species containing the cyclobutane skeleton.
RhIII‐Catalyzed Straightforward Synthesis of Benzophenanthroline and Benzophenanthrolinone Derivatives using Anthranils
Authors: Biswas Aniruddha , Sarkar Souradip , Samanta Rajarshi 
Published: January 2019

AbstractAn efficient pot‐economic and step‐economic RhIII‐catalyzed site‐selective direct amination/annulation strategy was developed for the synthesis of benzophenanthroline derivatives using quinoline N‐oxides and anthranils. The method was further extended to the synthesis of nitrogen‐containing extended π‐conjugated benzophenanthrolinone derivatives. Late‐stage functionalizations of cinchonidine and cinchophen derivatives and synthesis of a bioactive quinolino‐indole were achieved.
A Phase 1 Randomized, Placebo‐Controlled Trial With a Topical Inhibitor of Stearoyl‐Coenzyme A Desaturase 1 Under Occluded and Nonoccluded Conditions
Authors: Brigandi Richard A. , Zhu John , Murnane Amy A. , Reedy Beth Ann , Shakib Sepehr 
Published: January 2019

AbstractStearoyl‐coenzyme A desaturase 1 (SCD‐1) in sebaceous glands is a key enzyme in the synthesis of monounsaturated fatty acids essential for acne development. GSK1940029 gel, a novel SCD‐1 inhibitor, is being developed as a potential treatment for acne. To assess the irritation potential, pharmacokinetics (PK), and safety of topical GSK1940029 to the skin of healthy adults, two interdependent studies were conducted in parallel. Study 1 (n = 54) investigated the irritation potential of GSK1940029 (0.3% and 1%, occluded application) to allow for its application to larger surface areas in study 2 (n = 39), which investigated the safety, tolerability, and PK of GSK1940029 after single and repeat doses as occluded and nonoccluded applications. GSK1940029 was not a primary or cumulative irritant after 2 and 21 days of dosing in study 1. In study 2, single and repeat applications of GSK1940029 (0.1% to 1%) doses were well tolerated with little or no influence on AUC and Cmax under occluded or unoccluded conditions. Systemic exposure increased proportionally with surface area and was higher in occluded conditions. Design of these interdependent studies allowed for the assessment of the irritation potential for topical GSK1940029 in parallel with the investigation of PK and safety profiles.
Chronic pain induces nociceptive neurogenesis in dorsal root ganglia from Sox2‐positive satellite cells
Authors: Zhang Li , Xie Rougang , Yang Jiping , Zhao Youyi , Qi Chuchu , Bian Ganlan , Wang Mengmeng , Shan Junjia , Wang Chen , Wang Dong , Luo Ceng , Wang Yazhou , Wu Shengxi 
Published: January 2019

AbstractChronic pain is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases in the world. The plastic changes of sensory neurons in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) have been extensively studied as the underlying periphery mechanism. Recent studies revealed that satellite cells, the major glial cells in DRG, also played important roles in the development/modulation of chronic pain. Whether DRG satellite glial cells generate new neurons as their counterparts in enteric nerve ganglia and carotid body do under pathological conditions remains poorly investigated. Here, we report that chronic pain induces proliferation and upregulation of progenitor markers in the sex‐determining region Y‐box 2 (Sox2)‐ and platelet‐derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRα)‐positive satellite glial cells. BrdU incorporation assay revealed the generation of IB4‐ and CGRP‐positive neurons, but not NF200‐positive neurons in DRG ipsilateral to injury. Genetic fate tracings showed that PDGFRα‐positive cells did not generate neurons, whereas Sox2‐positive cells produced both IB4‐ and CGRP‐positive neurons. Interestingly, glial fibrillary acidic protein‐positive cells, a subpopulation of Sox2‐positive satellites, only gave birth to IB4‐positive neurons. Local persistent delivery of tetrodotoxin to the sciatic nerve trunk significantly reduced the pain‐induced neurogenesis. Furthermore, patch‐clamp studies demonstrated that these glia‐derived new neurons could fire action potentials and respond to capsaicin. Taken together, our data demonstrated a chronic pain‐induced nociceptive neurogenesis in DRG from Sox2‐positive satellite cells, indicating a possible contribution of DRG neurogenesis to the pathology of chronic pain.
Dynamic changes of functional segregation and integration in vulnerability and resilience to schizophrenia
Authors: Duan Jia , Xia Mingrui , Womer Fay Y. , Chang Miao , Yin Zhiyang , Zhou Qian , Zhu Yue , Liu Zhuang , Jiang Xiaowei , Wei Shengnan , Anthony O'Neill Francis , He Yong , Tang Yanqing , Wang Fei 
Published: January 2019

AbstractSchizophrenia (SZ) is a highly heritable disease with neurodevelopmental origins and significant functional brain network dysfunction. Functional network is heavily influenced by neurodevelopment processes and can be characterized by the degree of segregation and integration. This study examines functional segregation and integration in SZ and their first‐degree relatives (high risk [HR]) to better understand the dynamic changes in vulnerability and resiliency, and disease markers. Resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging data acquired from 137 SZ, 89 HR, and 210 healthy controls (HCs). Small‐worldness σ was computed at voxel level to quantify balance between segregation and integration. Interregional functional associations were examined based on Euclidean distance between regions and reflect degree of segregation and integration. Distance strength maps were used to localize regions of altered distance‐based functional connectivity. σ was significantly decreased in SZ compared to HC, with no differences in high risk (HR). In three‐group comparison, significant differences were noted in short‐range connectivity (primarily in the primary sensory, motor and their association cortices, and the thalamus) and medium/long‐range connectivity (in the prefrontal cortices [PFCs]). Decreased short‐ and increased medium/long‐range connectivity was found in SZ. Decreased short‐range connectivity was seen in SZ and HR, while HR had decreased medium/long‐range connectivity. We observed disrupted balance between segregation and integration in SZ, whereas relatively preserved in HR. Similarities and differences between SZ and HR, specific changes of SZ were found. These might reflect dynamic changes of segregation in primary cortices and integration in PFCs in vulnerability and resilience, and disease markers in SZ.
Engineered pH‐responsive hydrazone‐carboxylate complexes‐encapsulated 2D matrices for cathepsin‐mediated apoptosis in cancer
Authors: Liu Chen‐Guang , Kankala Ranjith Kumar , Liao Hong‐Yue , Chen Ai‐Zheng , Wang Shi‐Bin 
Published: January 2019

AbstractSpurred by the current advancements in engineering various intelligent nanoparticle‐based drug delivery systems, conjugation of drugs with the stimuli‐responsive molecular switches has become one of the most efficient approaches to deliver a drug cargo in spatiotemporal controlled fashions. In this study, we fabricated an innovative pH‐triggered hydrazone‐carboxylate complex of doxorubicin (Dox), which was subsequently encapsulated in the layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanoparticles for effective cancer therapeutics. These two‐dimensional (2D) biodegradable matrices efficiently delivered Dox by pH‐triggered release in the acidic lysosomal environment and their subsequent escape to cytosol. Moreover, the delivered Dox molecules and high positively‐charged surfaces of LDHs facilitated the cancer cell ablation via enhancing the cathepsins‐mediated cell apoptosis assisted by free radical species generation. The critical advancements in the nanoparticle‐based designs and substantial ablation of tumor cells through a free radical attack indicate that the designed pH‐triggered drug composites can be used for efficient cancer therapeutics. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 107A: 1184–1194, 2019.
Crossing muscle fibers of the human tongue resolved in vivo using constrained spherical deconvolution
Authors: Voskuilen Luuk , Mazzoli Valentina , Oudeman Jos , Balm Alfons J.M. , van der Heijden Ferdinand , Froeling Martijn , de Win Maartje M.L. , Strijkers Gustav J. , Smeele Ludi E. , Nederveen Aart J. 
Published: January 2019

BackgroundSurgical resection of tongue cancer may impair swallowing and speech. Knowledge of tongue muscle architecture affected by the resection could aid in patient counseling. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) enables reconstructions of muscle architecture in vivo. Reconstructing crossing fibers in the tongue requires a higher‐order diffusion model.PurposeTo develop a clinically feasible diffusion imaging protocol, which facilitates both DTI and constrained spherical deconvolution (CSD) reconstructions of tongue muscle architecture in vivo.Study TypeCross‐sectional study.Subjects/SpecimenOne ex vivo bovine tongue resected en bloc from mandible to hyoid bone. Ten healthy volunteers (mean age 25.5 years; range 21–34 years; four female).Field Strength/SequenceDiffusion‐weighted echo planar imaging at 3 T using a high‐angular resolution diffusion imaging scheme acquired twice with opposing phase‐encoding for B0‐field inhomogeneity correction. The scan of the healthy volunteers was divided into four parts, in between which the volunteers were allowed to swallow, resulting in a total acquisition time of 10 minutes.AssessmentThe ability of resolving crossing muscle fibers using CSD was determined on the bovine tongue specimen. A reproducible response function was estimated and the optimal peak threshold was determined for the in vivo tongue. The quality of tractography of the in vivo tongue was graded by three experts.Statistical TestsThe within‐subject coefficient of variance was calculated for the response function. The qualitative results of the grading of DTI and CSD tractography were analyzed using a multilevel proportional odds model.ResultsFiber orientation distributions in the bovine tongue specimen showed that CSD was able to resolve crossing muscle fibers. The response function could be determined reproducibly in vivo. CSD tractography displayed significantly improved tractography compared with DTI tractography (P = 0.015).Data ConclusionThe 10‐minute diffusion imaging protocol facilitates CSD fiber tracking with improved reconstructions of crossing tongue muscle fibers compared with DTI.Level of Evidence: 2Technical Efficacy: Stage 1J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;50:96–105.
Signet ring cell features with peritoneal carcinomatosis in patients undergoing cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy are associated with poor overall survival
Authors: Solomon Daniel , DeNicola Natasha , Feingold Daniela , Liu Peter H , Aycart Samantha , Golas Benjamin J , Sarpel Umut , Labow Daniel M , Magge Deepa R. 
Published: January 2019

BackgroundCytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (CRS/HIPEC) is effective in select patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC). Signet ring cell (SRC) pathology is associated with poor prognosis. The role of CRS/HIPEC in this population is unclear.MethodsPatients diagnosed with PC due to appendiceal (AC), colorectal (CRC), and gastric cancer (GC) undergoing CRS/HIPEC 2007‐2016 were included.ResultsA total of 268 patients were referred for CRS/HIPEC. Of the 204 patients who underwent complete CRS/HIPEC, 101 (49.5%) had AC, 85 (41.7%) CRC, and 18 (8.8%) GC. Patients with GC had higher rates of SRC pathology than AC and CRC: 12 (66.7%) vs 16 (15.8%) and 10 (11.7%). The 3‐year survival rate after CRS/HIPEC was 5.7% for the SRC group and 66.1% for the non‐SRC group (P < 0.001). This was true for both AC and CRC subgroups (P < 0.001 for both). Overall, patients with SRC were more likely to have a peritoneal carcinomatosis index (PCI) score > 15 (P = 0.046). Upon multivariate analysis of the SRC population, PCI > 20 (P = 0.007) and GC (P = 0.008) were found to be independent predictors of poor overall survival.ConclusionsPerforming CRS/HIPEC for PC from gastrointestinal malignancies presenting SRC features is recommended on patients with select diseases of appendiceal and colorectal origins.
Microsurgical head and neck reconstruction in patients with coronary artery disease: A perioperative assessment algorithm
Authors: Scaglioni Marie‐Therese , Giovanoli Pietro , Scaglioni Mario F. , Yang Johnson Chia‐Shen 
Published: January 2019

BackgroundWith the rising number of patients in advanced age receiving microsurgical procedures, coronary artery disease (CAD) and its challenging management is of increasing importance. Evidence based data concerning morbidity and mortality are rare. We present our experiences with this highly selected patient population and propose a preoperative assessment algorithm.Patients and methodsBetween January 2006 and May 2016, a total of 57 patients with CAD received 58 free flaps. Median age of our patients was 64 years (interquartile range 57.5‐70.0). Squamous cell carcinoma was the reason for reconstruction in all cases. Defect of the buccal, gum, tongue, lip, trigone, palatal, and hypopharyngeal regions were reconstructed. Patient characteristics and comorbidities were recorded. We especially focused on the preoperative cardiac assessment and treatment of patients who were scheduled for microsurgical free tissue transfer such as medical history, cardiac risk assessment, and further cardiac testing such as Doppler‐echocardiography and myocardial perfusion assessment. Intraoperative course as well as postoperative morbidity and mortality was described.ResultsAbout 54.4% of the selected cohort received cardiac catheterization due to a clinical preoperative cardiac assessment performed individually by the cardiologist on duty. In total, 52 fasciocutaneous anterolateral thigh flaps, four osteocutaneous fibula flaps, and two radial forearm flaps were performed. The flap survival rate was 96.6%. The overall surgical complication rate was 28.1% (16 patients), mostly due to wound infections (seven cases) and partial flap necrosis (four cases). Three patients died, resulting in a mortality rate of 5.2%.ConclusionCAD patients receiving head and neck microsurgical reconstructions are still at high risk for adverse consequences due to surgery. The microsurgical community is requested to share the experience of those cases in order to develop reliable and evidence based statements of the perioperative risks and prognosis for these patients. We additionally introduce a standardized perioperative cardiac assessment and treatment algorithm for head and neck surgery patients with CAD.
Development of a standoff terahertz imaging system for concealed weapon detection
Authors: Shi Xiang , Chen Jian 
Published: January 2019

AbstractIn this article, terahertz imaging system based on a single‐channel 360 GHz transceiver front‐end and optical‐machine scanning platform, is studied. The transmitting antenna is irradiated by a wide beam of a small aperture antenna to reduce the “angular glint” effect caused by high frequency electromagnetic radiation. The receiving antenna is of a large aperture to ensure high resolution. Beam scanning is achieved through a fast conical scanning method using a total reflector to achieve fast real‐time imaging.
Changing social stratification inVienna:Why are migrants declining from the middle of society?
Authors: Riederer Bernhard , Verwiebe Roland , Seewann Lena 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe social stratification systems of major cities are transforming all around the globe. International research has been discussing this trend and focus on changing occupational classes. However, the precise effects on urban households, taking social welfare and different family arrangements into account, as well as the precise effects on people with a migration background, remain unclear. Using the example of Vienna, this article examines immigration as a key dimension for social stratification. Although household income structures in Austria have remained comparatively stable over the past two decades, the middle‐income share in Vienna (as the sole metropolis in Austria) has dramatically decreased. This predominantly affects people from migrant backgrounds. Using a comprehensive dataset (two waves,N = 16,700 participants, includingN = 4,500 migrants), we systematically examine the role of (a) migration‐specific and (b) education‐ and employment‐related factors to explain the decline of middle‐income migrants. The results of multinomial logistic regression and decomposition analyses suggest that transformations in the labour market is the main driving force. Changing migrant characteristics have counteracted this process. If today's migrants displayed similar showed characteristics (e.g., origin and educational levels) to those prevalent in the past decade, the ethnic stratification disparities would have been even stronger.
Identification of higenamine as a novel α1‐adrenergic receptor antagonist
Authors: Zhang Nana , Qu Kai , Wang Minjie , Yin Qian , Wang Wenjing , Xue Lixiang , Fu Haian , Zhu Haibo , Li Zijian 
Published: January 2019

The α1‐adrenoceptor (α1‐AR) antagonists are potential candidates for the treatment of blood pressure. Higenamine (HG) is a novel α1‐AR antagonist. In this study, we investigated the effects of HG in HEK293A cells transfected with α1A‐, α1B‐, and α1D‐AR in vitro, rat mesenteric artery ex vivo, Wistar–Kyoto rats and spontaneously hypertensive rats in vivo. The radioligand binding assay showed that HG competitively inhibited the binding of [3H]‐prazosin to α1‐AR in a concentration‐dependent manner. The affinities (pKi) of HG for the cloned α1A‐, α1B‐, and α1D‐AR were 6.57, 6.48, and 6.35, respectively, indicating that HG displayed no selectivity for the three α1‐AR subtypes. In in vitro studies, HG was able to blunt inositol monophosphate production. It also displayed an inhibitory effect on the influx and entry of calcium ions and phosphorylation of extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1 and 2 induced by phenylephrine (PE). In ex vivo studies, PE caused a dose‐dependent inotropic response curve, and the pA2 value for HG was 6.86 ± 0.29. In addition, the in vivo results showed that HG could decrease the blood pressure in normotension, spontaneous hypertension, and PE‐induced hypertension models. These results indicate that HG can directly bind to α1‐AR and it appears to be a novel antagonist for α1‐AR, which may contribute to its hypotensive effect.