bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Final comments: perverse effects, advice, and arguments
Authors: Salmon Pierre 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This concluding chapter considers three related matters: perverse effects, advice, and arguments. Perverse effects of yardstick competition are a serious possibility. They may take different forms, but in all cases, they justify some reluctance to derive and formulate recommendations. But, abstaining from giving any advice does not imply policy irrelevance. The uncovering of yardstick competition as a possibly important mechanism should play a role mainly as an argument in political economy debates. This suggestion is in agreement with a methodological position relating three concepts undervalued for a long time in the philosophy of science: models, as imaginary non-linguistic entities; mechanisms, as ingredients both of models and of reality; and arguments, in particular when critical of established views.
Improvisation, Two Variations on a Watermelon, and a New Timeline for Piano Phase
Authors: Chapman David 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Steve Reich’s Piano Phase (1967) represents a pivotal moment in the composer’s creative practice. With this keyboard duet, the composer felt that he had successfully translated his phase-shifting process to live performance and had left behind earlier improvisatory practices. Documents held in the Steve Reich Collection at the Paul Sacher Stiftung complicate this picture: in the months before its composition and premiere, Reich first revived Music for Two or More Pianos or Piano and Tape (1964) as a potential model for live performance, and in Improvisations on a Watermelons (1966) he explored concepts now firmly associated with Piano Phase. An archival audio recording of the Piano Phase premiere also documents a brief improvisation performed by Reich and Arthur Murphy. This chapter argues for a more critical reading of the composer’s autobiographical statements—such as, “we were not improvising”—and offers a newly detailed timeline for the origins of Piano Phase.
Building an Evolutionary Studies Program at a Small Liberal Arts College
Authors: Hughes Susan M. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Since the very nature of an Evolutionary Studies program is interdisciplinary, it stands to reason that building such a program at any institution would entail the involvement of several disciplines across the curriculum. The fewer faculty members, course offerings, and resources at small liberal arts colleges can pose as obstacles in the development of such a program. However, by reaching out to the few faculty members teaching evolutionary studies, the first step of its development began. From there, both the involvement of other disciplines and a heightened student, faculty, and administrative awareness was needed. Instrumental components in building this program have included speaker events, student participation at evolutionary conferences and workshops, student involvement in research, and the development of new courses and a minor degree. This chapter discusses the successes and barriers in developing an interdisciplinary Evolutionary Studies program at a small liberal arts college.
Extraordinary Claims, Extraordinary Proof
Authors: Nolen Thomas G. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
In 1859, Darwin proposed an extraordinary claim that natural selection could explain both the origin of species and why organisms were so well adapted to their environments. In the past 160 years, through thousands of studies, an enormous body of evidence has been compiled supporting Darwin’s extraordinary claims. This chapter explores both the critiques of current skeptics who contend that evolutionary theory has little utility for the modern human condition and presents research that has tested the now “un-extraordinary” claims about human origins. Further, utilizing the assumption that humans are animals, the author argues that when testing the possible adaptive value of a human characteristic, the standard fall back should no longer be that the trait is “cultural” but that, on the basis of overwhelming evidence, it is biological. If this happened to not be the case, then that would require extraordinary proof.
Charles Darwin and Selection in Relation to Sex in the Colors of Monkeys
Authors: Winters Sandra , Petersdorf Megan , Higham James P. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores how Darwin’s theory of sexual selection has structured research on primate coloration. Darwin was fascinated by the conspicuous colors displayed by many animals and pointed to primates as a particularly colorful and interesting group. The chapter provides an overview of Darwin’s theory of sexual selection, highlighting how different selective mechanisms can lead to the extravagant colors found in many primate species. The chapter then overviews both modern and historical studies of primate coloration, emphasizing how methodological advances and a resurgence of interest in sexual selection has led to a modern revival of Darwin’s ideas regarding primate coloration. Finally, the chapter concludes with a discussion of future questions and possible directions of this research. Darwin’s collected works clearly show that he was captivated by the bright colors displayed by many primates, and his theory of sexual selection remains the key to understanding the evolution of many of these impressive traits.
How Evolutionary Studies Enables People to Think Outside the Box
Authors: Gallup Gordon G. , Stolz Jennifer A. , Burch Rebecca L. , Bremser Jennifer A. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Using a variety of different and often provocative examples, this chapter illustrates how evolutionary theory can be used to think about things in new and sometimes even counterintuitive ways. Examples include how semen sampling may be an evolved mate-choice mechanism, why pubic hair removal may promote pedophilia, why we owe our existence to the moon, why the risk of conception is higher as a result of being raped, why bottle-feeding your previous child may put your next child at risk of becoming autistic, and why smart people are attracted to evolutionary studies. The chapter argues that evolutionary theory enables people to think about human behavior and human existence in ways that are outside the box.
Reconciling Evolution with a Christian Identity
Authors: Hawley Patricia H. , Phillips Rachael K. , Olson Matthew S. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The tension between evolution and religion is undeniable. Faith is an important part of teachers’ identities. This fact has documentable impact on the degree to which teachers teach evolution according to state standards because their loyalty to their faith can sometimes be at odds with their need to fulfill pedagogical responsibilities. At the same time, teachers’ identities are under attack by educational outsiders who denigrate religion. Those who favor both science and religion find themselves in deep epistemological anxiety. Can we help teachers convey good science and help them resolve some of their anxieties? This chapter describes a professional development workshop designed for teachers that both implicitly and explicitly attempts to clarify key misconceptions about the nature of science, evolution, and natural selection in ways that are informed by the epistemological anxieties experienced by teachers and in terms provided by the source that accelerates those anxieties.
Law and Politics
Authors: White G. Edward 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Bush v. Gore, when it was first decided, was widely criticized by commentators as an unjustifiable intervention by the Supreme Court into the Florida electoral process in the 2000 presidential election. Two decades later, the case seems much less significant, and arguably less controversial. The chapter traces the “journey” of the Supreme Court toward Bush v. Gore, which consisted of a combination of its abandoning the “political question” doctrine, which posited that the Court should avoid reviewing legislative decisions affecting the redistricting of voters in political elections, and the unique circumstances of the 2000 presidential election in Florida and Florida’s electoral processes.
The Cast
Authors: Davis Nancy E. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Chapter 1 establishes the American political and mercantile environment into which the Chinese woman Afong Moy was thrust when she arrived in 1834. It explores the lives and the economic motivations of the Carnes merchant family, whose business focused on selling inexpensive Chinese goods to middle-class Americans. Having a branch of the Carnes firm in France enabled them to select French goods which were then cheaply replicated in China for the United States market. Their ship captain, Benjamin Thorndike Obear, and his wife, Augusta, brought Afong Moy from China to the United States, entwining their lives with hers in unexpected ways. The Chinese goods that accompanied Afong Moy affected thousands of American households.
Off Stage
Authors: Davis Nancy E. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Returning to New York City in 1836, Afong Moy’s sales functions fully ended and her manager, Henry Hannington, employed her solely as an oriental object in his New York diorama and panorama entertainments. After the Panic of 1837, Hannington’s operations collapsed. Those who brought her to America, Nathaniel and Francis Carnes and Captain Benjamin Obear, appear to have abandoned her despite their promise of returning her to China. In 1838, as Chapter 9 relates, Afong Moy, without resources or financial support, entered a poorhouse in Monmouth, New Jersey. Yet, the public did not forget her. Rallying to her defense, newspapers across the nation ran articles decrying her treatment. Citizens forced her guardians to come forward and contribute to her support.
Questions of Style and Structure
Authors: Meisner Nadine 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The principle focus of chapter 6 is aesthetic, examining Petipa’s structures and devices; most of his big ballets fitted the same model started by The Pharaoh’s Daughter. As part of the tendency for ever-bigger scale and precedence of dance over narrative, Petipa used massed ensembles to great effect. He considered important the inclusion of national dance, but equally made recurring use of dream or vision sequences as classical-dance interludes. To conclude his ballets, he usually liked to present a tableau to bring a satisfying resolution. Don Quixote and King Candaules illustrate Petipa’s methods and are examined in detail. The chapter ends with Saint-Léon’s sudden death in Paris.
The Vsevolozhsky Reforms
Authors: Meisner Nadine 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter describes the arrival of Ivan Vsevolozhsky as director of the Imperial Theatres; Alexander III was a conservative and yet it was under his reign that the monopoly of the Imperial Theatres was dissolved. This brought about the emergence of commercial theatres, and with them, middlebrow entertainments, featuring virtuoso Italian ballet dancers. They also promulgated the féerie: a spectacular genre, emphasizing visual effects. The influence of the féerie and of Italian dancers on the Imperial Ballet and Petipa’s work is discussed, as are Vsevolozhsky’s reforms and his drive to elevate ballet music by introducing concert-hall composers, notably Tchaikovsky and Glazunov.
Matters of the Flesh
Authors: Shapiro Lawrence A. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Andy Clark has defended a view of the body’s relationship to the mind that he calls the Larger Mechanism Story (LMS). At the same time, he has criticized an alternative account, the Special Contribution Story (SC). After first clarifying the commitments of these two stories, I argue that Clark’s favored LMS is of less psychological interest than SC, and that SC offers an interesting and viable research program.
The World Well Gained
Authors: Anderson Michael , Chemero Anthony 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Many commentators on Clark’s writings on predictive processing have wondered how well the predictive processing model actually fits with embodied and extended cognition. The former seems to imply that cognition is secluded from the environment, while the latter implies that cognition is in and of the environment. This chapter argues that a reconciliation with embodied and extended cognition is possible but requires that predictive processing proponents reject environmental seclusion. To do so means adopting ecological information in place of the Shannon information most typically invoked by proponents of predictive processing, and giving many of the other semantic-sounding terms they use (e.g., “prediction,” “model,” “representation”) deflationary understandings.
Being a Beast Machine
Authors: Seth Anil K. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Throughout his career Andy Clark has shaped how scientists and philosophers think about the role of representation in action, perception, and cognition. In the latest iteration of this debate he has foregrounded the influential perspective of predictive processing, which sees perception as a process of action-oriented “best guessing” (inference) about the causes of noisy and ambiguous sensory signals and which involves the brain-inducing “generative” models of how hidden causes mediate the effects of actions on sensory signals. This chapter develops this position in the context of interoception (the sense of the body from within) and physiological regulation. A key idea here, which recalls twentieth-century cybernetic theory, is that interoceptive inference is targeted towards maintaining physiological homeostasis rather than inducing complete and accurate internal models of an external state of affairs. The chapter explores how this perspective helps connect control-oriented interoceptive inference to phenomenological properties of embodied selfhood and subjectivity. The upshot echoes (or perhaps subverts) a classic philosophical trope of the Enlightenment philosopher Julien de La Mettrie: to find the origins of our conscious selves in our nature as beast machines.
Introduction
Authors: Sylvester Christine 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter begins the book by considering the knowledge on war that a seemingly unrelated abstract painting can harbor. That relationship introduces readers to the major theme of war authority as a decentralized and multilocated phenomenon. Background overviews provide information on America’s two wars studied here—in Vietnam and Iraq—the rise of militarism in the United States after the Vietnam War, and the heroization of soldiers today. The research sites for the study come into view along with the concepts that frame the study, including war as experience, memory, curation, and material objects as bearers of curator-coordinated war knowledge. The key argument to be sustained throughout the book is: war is experiential injurious politics that produces numerous sites of war expertise, many of which are overpowered by stories that gain truth through technical dominance, repetition and practice.
America’s Wars in Vietnam and Iraq
Authors: Sylvester Christine 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter reviews American wars in Vietnam and Iraq from critical social and political history sources and from people who experienced these wars. How America remembers and renders accounts of itself, relative to how others remember America in these wars, is key to learning whose war knowledge gets attention and whose wars languish unacknowledged. The chapter reconstructs the wars from memories of ordinary people close to or distant from combat, rather than positioning war only as a matter of state interests, military strategies, and geopolitics that collateralize people. In doing so it considers three contemporary paintings that can convey ideas related to Americans and their post-911wars
Remembering, Forgetting, Curating, and Re-Curating War
Authors: Sylvester Christine 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The final chapter reviews the main conclusions of the book and raises one more pathway, by Elaine Scarry, into understanding war through people’s experiences and curations Those who die in war can be interpreted and revivified by many people, groups, and institutions, each curating loss in its own terms. That there are many contenders for war memory and authority reflects a social institution that is highly decentralized in its sites, experiences and effects. To grasp this institution and the wars of our time requires gathering knowledge from locations ordinary and official, expert and everyday, profound and prosaic, literary, journalistic, and artistic—and on all sides of a war.
Introduction
Authors: Fedyukin Igor 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The Introduction defines the notion of “administrative entrepreneurship” and outlines the role the “administrative entrepreneurs” played in building the infrastructure of the early modern state, including schools. Recent historiography has tended to question the traditional image of the “absolutist” state as a powerful unified actor, stressing instead the limits of the rulers’ actual power, the role of social compromises, and the pervasiveness of unofficial clans and patronage networks that structured early modern politics in Europe and elsewhere. Scholars also emphasize the premodern, patrimonial character of bureaucracy in that era. Against this backdrop, the Introduction argues that it might have been the self-seeking projectors who drove the invention and expansion of the state as they strove to invent jobs for themselves and to promote their agendas. The chapter introduces three types of “administrative entrepreneurs”—the “experts,” the “ministers,” and the “functionaries”—and outlines their respective modes of operation.
The Naval Academy and the “Impostor Baron without Any Diploma”
Authors: Fedyukin Igor 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The key role in setting up the first “well-regulated” school of Peter I’s era, the Naval Academy in St Petersburg (1715), belongs, it turns out, to an impostor. The first proposal for the Academy was presented to Peter I by the so-called baron de Saint-Hilaire, who also drafted its regulations and became its first director, and who has also been assumed to be an experienced French naval expert. As the chapter demonstrates, however, Saint-Hilaire, in fact, was a complete fraud, an international adventurer, and a swindler. Nevertheless, he successfully acted as the head of the school for over a year and introduced to Russia a new administrative role, that of a school director appointed purely to manage teaching, rather than to teach himself. While the baron himself was soon dismissed, this administrative role was claimed by his successors from among the Russian elite. The story of Saint-Hilaire stresses the ambiguity of expertise in the early modern era.
Conclusion
Authors: Fedyukin Igor 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The Conclusion sets the broader context for the key episodes of innovation driven by projectors that have been the subjects of the preceding chapters. It explores the role of diverse enterprisers in the evolution of schools in Russia in the second half of the eighteenth century and later. These enterprisers included numerous private teachers, who dominated the educational landscape in Russia well into the nineteenth century, and diverse officials who promoted their personal projects from within the emerging educational bureaucracy. Contrary to the pervasive myth that the “state” has always been and still is the only player in education in Russia, similar dynamics, to some extent, are observed also in the twentieth century and today.
Tracking Belief
Authors: Rowlands Mark 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Problems in attributing beliefs to animals stem from the fact that the contents (of beliefs and desires) used in such attribution are anchored to humans. This chapter spells out a de-anchoring strategy. The result of this is that it can be appropriate to explain the behavior of an animal using contents that only humans can entertain as long as our contents track theirs. That is: (a) the truth of a belief with our content guarantees the truth of their belief, and (b) our belief and theirs share narrow content. This is important not just in the case of animals. There are good reasons for thinking that tracking begins at home. There are no stable belief contents shared by different humans or even attaching to a single human through time. Content must be de-anchored in order to make sense of ourselves as well as other animals.
Epilogue
Authors: Kruglanski Arie W. , Bélanger Jocelyn J. , Gunaratna Rohan 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
In this chapter, the authors discuss the unprecedented impact of the current wave of violent extremism on world politics and culture. From the rise of right-wing anti-immigrant parties and leaders around the world to the immense economic costs incurred by individuals, publics, and nations in the war on terror. It proposes that a major challenge facing the world today is to bring to bear all the relevant science and understanding of radicalization to the fight against violent extremism wherever it appears. The alternative to winning this fight could be a frightening descent into chaos and pernicious clash of civilizations and world conflict.
Homo artifex
Authors: Stout Dietrich 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
While stone tools provide only the narrowest keyhole view of the lives of our ancestors, new theory and methods that explicitly focus on the interaction of organisms and environments over time—niche construction, the evolution of development, phenotypic accommodation, and gene–culture co-evolution—provide opportunities for squeezing “mind” from enigmatic stones. Tool-making, like language and theory of mind, is a culturally transmitted skill acquired through extended practice. It is also a key component of a human cultural niche that supports our unique adaptive strategy of large brains, cooperative breeding, and extended development. As discussed in this chapter, by deploying methods from the neural and behavioral sciences to better understand this archaeologically visible behavior, we can hope to more broadly illuminate the evolution of the human mind, brain, and culture.
Sticks, Stones, and the Origins of Sapience
Authors: Barnard Philip J. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores the conjecture that tool use helped lay the foundations of key properties of modern minds: propositional meaning; wisdom and intuitions about meanings with their ineffable qualities and links to emotion; and our ability to walk, talk, and think about meanings at the same time. People need to react to similar things with similar thoughts and behaviors (generalization), while reacting to different things with different thoughts and behaviors. Differentiation within the behavioral systems of ancestral species must have advanced in tandem with differentiation of their mental and neural systems. Tool use clearly contributed to that differentiation. Such differentiation creates new challenges for grasping what mental states underpinning perception, the control of vocal and physical actions, and bodily reactions all have in common. The emergence of two meaning systems in a specific architectural arrangement is one plausible evolutionary response to those challenges.