bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hot Spots of Carbon and Alkalinity Cycling in the Coastal Oceans
Authors: O’Mara Nicholas A. , Dunne John P. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractOcean calcium carbonate (CaCO3) production and preservation play a key role in the global carbon cycle. Coastal and continental shelf (neritic) environments account for more than half of global CaCO3 accumulation. Previous neritic CaCO3 budgets have been limited in both spatial resolution and ability to project responses to environmental change. Here, a 1° spatially explicit budget for neritic CaCO3 accumulation is developed. Globally gridded satellite and benthic community area data are used to estimate community CaCO3 production. Accumulation rates (PgC yr−1) of four neritic environments are calculated: coral reefs/banks (0.084), seagrass-dominated embayments (0.043), and carbonate rich (0.037) and poor (0.0002) shelves. This analysis refines previous neritic CaCO3 accumulation estimates (~0.16) and shows almost all coastal carbonate accumulation occurs in the tropics, >50% of coral reef accumulation occurs in the Western Pacific Ocean, and 80% of coral reef, 63% of carbonate shelf, and 58% of bay accumulation occur within three global carbonate hot spots: the Western Pacific Ocean, Eastern Indian Ocean, and Caribbean Sea. These algorithms are amenable for incorporation into Earth System Models that represent open ocean pelagic CaCO3 production and deep-sea preservation and assess impacts and feedbacks of environmental change.
Coevolution between the cost of decision and the strategy contributes to the evolution of cooperation
Authors: Ohdaira Tetsushi 
Published: March 2019

AbstractCooperation is still an important issue for both evolutionary and social scientists. There are some remarkable methods for sustaining cooperation. On the other hand, various studies discuss whether human deliberative behaviour promotes or inhibits cooperation. As those studies of human behaviour develop, in the study of evolutionary game theory, models considering deliberative behaviour of game players are increasing. Based on that trend, the author considers that decision of a person requires certain time and imposes a psychological burden on him/her and defines such burden as the cost of decision. This study utilizes the model of evolutionary game theory that each player plays the spatial prisoner’s dilemma game with opponent players connected to him/her and introduces the cost of decision. The main result of this study is that the introduction of the cost of decision contributes to the evolution of cooperation, although there are some differences in the extent of its contribution regarding the three types of sparse topology of connections. Regarding the distribution of the cost of decision, especially in the case of the scale-free topology of connections, players with high cost of decision, which seem to be disadvantageous at first glance, sometimes become mainstream at the last.
Cellulose fibrils formation and organisation of cytoskeleton during encystment are essential for Acanthamoeba cyst wall architecture
Authors: Garajová Mária , Mrva Martin , Vaškovicová Naděžda , Martinka Michal , Melicherová Janka , Valigurová Andrea 
Published: March 2019

AbstractAcanthamoebae success as human pathogens is largely due to the highly resistant cysts which represent a crucial problem in treatment of Acanthamoeba infections. Hence, the study of cyst wall composition and encystment play an important role in finding new therapeutic strategies. For the first time, we detected high activity of cytoskeletal elements – microtubular networks and filamentous actin, in late phases of encystment. Cellulose fibrils – the main components of endocyst were demonstrated in inter-cystic space, and finally in the ectocyst, hereby proving the presence of cellulose in both layers of the cyst wall. We detected clustering of intramembranous particles (IMPs) and their density alterations in cytoplasmic membrane during encystment. We propose a hypothesis that in the phase of endocyst formation, the IMP clusters represent cellulose microfibril terminal complexes involved in cellulose synthesis that after cyst wall completion are reduced. Cyst wall impermeability, due largely to a complex polysaccharide (glycans, mainly cellulose) has been shown to be responsible for Acanthamoeba biocide resistance and cellulose biosynthesis pathway is suggested to be a potential target in treatment of Acanthamoeba infections. Disruption of this pathway would affect the synthesis of cyst wall and reduce considerably the resistance to chemotherapeutic agents.
Intratumor heterogeneity inferred from targeted deep sequencing as a prognostic indicator
Authors: Oh Bo Young , Shin Hyun-Tae , Yun Jae Won , Kim Kyu-Tae , Kim Jinho , Bae Joon Seol , Cho Yong Beom , Lee Woo Yong , Yun Seong Hyeon , Park Yoon Ah , Park Yeon Hee , Im Young-Hyuck , Lee Jeeyun , Joung Je-Gun , Kim Hee Cheol , Park Woong-Yang 
Published: March 2019

AbstractTumor genetic heterogeneity may underlie poor clinical outcomes because diverse subclones could be comprised of metastatic and drug resistant cells. Targeted deep sequencing has been used widely as a diagnostic tool to identify actionable mutations in cancer patients. In this study, we evaluated the clinical utility of estimating tumor heterogeneity using targeted panel sequencing data. We investigated the prognostic impact of a tumor heterogeneity (TH) index on clinical outcomes, using mutational profiles from targeted deep sequencing data acquired from 1,352 patients across 8 cancer types. The TH index tended to be increased in high pathological stage disease in several cancer types, indicating clonal expansion of cancer cells as tumor progression proceeds. In colorectal cancer patients, TH index values also correlated significantly with clinical prognosis. Integration of the TH index with genomic and clinical features could improve the power of risk prediction for clinical outcomes. In conclusion, deep sequencing to determine the TH index could serve as a promising prognostic indicator in cancer patients.
Serum levels of miR-126 and miR-223 and outcomes in chronic kidney disease patients
Authors: Fourdinier Ophélie , Schepers Eva , Metzinger-Le Meuth Valérie , Glorieux Griet , Liabeuf Sophie , Verbeke Francis , Vanholder Raymond , Brigant Benjamin , Pletinck Anneleen , Diouf Momar , Burtey Stéphane , Choukroun Gabriel , Massy Ziad A. , Metzinger Laurent ,   on behalf of the European Uremic Toxin Work Group-EUTox, Argiles Angel , Beige Joachim , Brunet Philippe , Cohen Gerald , Deif Omar Abou , Evenepoel Pieter , Fliser Danilo , Fridolin Ivo , Gmerek Andreas , Jankowski Joachim , Jankowski Vera , Masereeuw Roos , Mischak Harald , Ortiz Alberto , Perna Alessandra , Rodriguez-Portillo Juan Mariano , Schanstra Joost , Spasovski Goce , Stamatialis Dimitrios , Steppan Sonja , Storr Markus , Stegmayr Bernd G. , Stenvinkel Peter , Thornalley Paul J. , Wiecek Andrej 
Published: March 2019

AbstractSeveral microRNAs (miRNAs) have been linked to chronic kidney disease (CKD) mortality, cardiovascular (CV) complications and kidney disease progression. However, their association with clinical outcomes remains poorly evaluated. We used real-time qPCR to measure serum levels of miR-126 and miR-223 in a large cohort of 601 CKD patients (CKD stage G1 to G5 patients or on renal replacement therapy – CKD G5D) from Ghent University Hospital and 31 healthy controls. All-cause mortality and cardiovascular and renal events were registered as endpoints over a 6 year follow-up period. miR-126 levels were significantly lower from CKD stage G2 on, compared to controls. The serum levels of miR-223 were significantly lower from CKD stage G3B on. When considering overall mortality, patients with levels of either miR-126 or miR-223 below the median had a lower survival rate. Similar results were observed for CV and renal events. The observed link between the two miRNAs’ seric levels and mortality, cardiovascular events or renal events in CKD appears to depend on eGFR. However, this does not preclude their potential role in the pathophysiology of CKD. In conclusion, CKD is associated with a decrease in circulating miR-223 and miR-126 levels.
Timing constraints of action potential evoked Ca2+ current and transmitter release at a central nerve terminal
Authors: Chao Owen Y. , Yang Yi-Mei 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe waveform of presynaptic action potentials (APs) regulates the magnitude of Ca2+ currents (ICa) and neurotransmitter release. However, how APs control the timing of synaptic transmission remains unclear. Using the calyx of Held synapse, we find that Na+ and K+ channels affect the timing by changing the AP waveform. Specifically, the onset of ICa depends on the repolarization but not depolarization rate of APs, being near the end of repolarization phase for narrow APs and advancing to the early repolarization phase for wide APs. Increasing AP amplitude has little effect on the activation but delays the peak time of ICa. Raising extracellular Ca2+ concentration increases the amplitude of ICa yet does not alter their onset timing. Developmental shortening of APs ensures ICa as a tail current and faithful synaptic delay, which is particularly important at the physiological temperature (35 °C) as ICa evoked by broad pseudo-APs can occur in the depolarization phase. The early onset of ICa is more prominent at 35 °C than at 22 °C, likely resulting from a temperature-dependent shift in the activation threshold and accelerated gating kinetics of Ca2+ channels. These results suggest that the timing of Ca2+ influx depends on the AP waveform dictated by voltage-gated channels and temperature.
Quantitative fetal fibronectin to predict spontaneous preterm delivery after laser surgery for twin-twin transfusion syndrome
Authors: Chon Andrew H. , Chan Yen , Korst Lisa M. , Llanes Arlyn , Abdel-Sattar Mira , Chmait Ramen H. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractOur goal was to assess whether quantitative fetal fibronectin (qfFN) is associated with spontaneous preterm birth (sPTB) after laser surgery for twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS). qfFN was collected within 24 hours before and after laser surgery. Aims were: (1) To determine if qfFN changed with operative fetoscopy; and (2) To estimate the number of patients needed to study the predictive value of qfFN for sPTB <28 and <32 weeks. Results are reported as median (range). Among 49 patients, there was no net difference in qfFN levels after laser surgery [0.0 ng/mL (−37 to +400), p = 0.6041]. However, patients with a qfFN increase >10 ng/mL were 19 times more likely to undergo sPTB at <28 weeks (OR = 19.5). We determined that 383 and 160 patients would be needed to achieve adequate statistical power for qfFN to be predictive of sPTB at a GA <28 weeks and <32 weeks, respectively. In conclusion, laser surgery did not alter the qfFN level within the entire cohort, but qfFN may be useful in identifying a subset of patients at increased risk of preterm delivery.
Magnetic and electronic properties of magnetite across the high pressure anomaly
Authors: Kozlenko D. P. , Dubrovinsky L. S. , Kichanov S. E. , Lukin E. V. , Cerantola V. , Chumakov A. I. , Savenko B. N. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe magnetite Fe3O4, being anciently known magnetic material to human kind and remaining in leading positions for development of advanced technologies presently, demonstrates a number of puzzling physical phenomena, being at focus of extensive research for more than century. Recently the pressure-induced anomalous behavior of physical properties of magnetite in vicinity of the structural phase transition, occurring at P ~ 25–30 GPa, has attracted particular attention, and its nature remains unclear. Here we study the magnetic and electronic properties of magnetite across high pressure anomaly and in the pressure-induced phase by means of 57Fe synchrotron Moessbauer spectroscopy and neutron diffraction. The hyperfine interaction parameters behavior was systematically analysed over pressure 0–40 GPa and temperature 10–290 K ranges. In the high pressure phase the ferrimagnetic order formation below TNP ~ 420 K was observed and spin arrangement symmetry was deduced. The structural, magnetic and electronic phase diagram of magnetite in the discussed pressure range is established.
Evaluation of Intravenously Delivered Allogeneic Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Treatment of Elbow Osteoarthritis in Dogs: A Pilot Study
Authors: Olsen Anastasia , Johnson Valerie , Webb Tracy , Santangelo Kelly , Dow Steven , Duerr Felix 
Published: March 2019

Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and collect pilot data measuring clinical effects of intravenously administered, adipose-derived, culture-expanded, allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells in dogs with elbow osteoarthritis.
Materials and Methods Dogs (n = 13) with naturally occurring elbow osteoarthritis received three intravenous doses of allogeneic canine mesenchymal stem cells via an open-label clinical trial. Primary outcome measures collected over a 6-month study period included objective gait analysis, accelerometry, owner questionnaires and joint fluid analysis.
Results No acute adverse events were observed following repeated intravenous treatment with allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells. A significant improvement in mean client-specific outcome measure (CSOM) activity score and CSOM behaviour score was observed when pre-treatment values were compared with post-treatment values (day >28). In contrast, mean peak vertical force significantly decreased from baseline to post-treatment (>day 28). Weekly activity counts did not show a significant difference between baseline to post-treatment time points. Synovial fluid biomarkers did not change during treatment, and labelled mesenchymal stem cells were rarely detected in synovial fluid samples collected after mesenchymal stem cell administration.
Clinical Significance For dogs with naturally occurring elbow osteoarthritis, intravenous administration of mesenchymal stem cells was clinically well tolerated. While some subjective outcome measures showed significant improvements, objective outcome measures did not confirm similar changes. Further research is needed before intravenous mesenchymal stem cells can be recommended as a treatment for elbow osteoarthritis in dogs.
Team coordination in high-risk circus acrobatics
Authors: Filho Edson , Rettig Jean 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
To advance understanding of the mechanisms allowing for team coordination (TC) in complex motor actions, we
conducted a qualitative study with eight elite hand-to-hand circus acrobats. Data collection consisted of field observations, an
open-ended interview with the participants’ head coach, and focus group interviews with all acrobats. Data analysis yielded three
higher order themes: TC, collective efficacy (CE), and TC-CE linkage. Teammates’ shared and complementary mental models, as well
as implicit and explicit communication dynamics, emerged as formative sub-themes of TC; self-efficacy and other’s-efficacy emerged as
reflective sub-themes of CE. Our findings also suggest that TC is likely inter-related to CE in a systemic fashion. Practitioners
should encourage the development of both shared and complementary models of thinking, while promoting verbal and non-verbal
communication skills. Finally, increasing teammates’ confidence in themselves and in their teammates can help in the development
of CE as well as the enhancement of TC.
Developing a model of the determinants of medication nonadherence in older community-dwelling patients
Authors: McLoughlin Affraic , Bennett Kathleen , Cahir Caitriona 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Medication nonadherence is associated with adverse health outcomes in older populations. The aim of this study was to develop a model that describes the relationship between the determinants of nonadherence, per the World Health Organization (WHO) model of nonadherence and the necessity–concerns framework (NCF) and nonadherence in a cohort of older community-dwelling patients. A retrospective cohort study of 855 community-dwelling patients aged ≥70 years from 15 practices. Medication nonadherence was assessed by (i) medication possession ratio (MPR < 80%) and (ii) the median MPR across all drugs dispensed. Patient questionnaires, interviews, and medical records measured the determinants of nonadherence per the WHO and NCF frameworks. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was undertaken to generate the model of best fit. Two structural equation models (SEM) were developed to evaluate the relationship between the WHO factors, the NCF, and nonadherence (Model 1: MPR < 80%, Model 2: median MPR). The CFA produced a reasonable fit (χ2(113) = 203, p < .001; root mean square error of approximation = 0.03; comparative fit index = 0.98, and weighted root mean square residual = 0.97) and adequate internal consistency (r = .26–.40). SEM analysis (Model 1) showed a significant direct relationship between patient-related (β = 0.45, p < .01), socioeconomic (β = 0.20, p < .01), and therapy-related factors (β = −0.27, p < .01) and nonadherence (MPR < 80%). Similar results were found for Model 2 (median MPR). There was a significant direct relationship between medication concerns (β = −0.13, p < .01) and nonadherence. Therapy-related (β = −0.04, p < .05) and patient-related factors (β = −0.06, p < .05) also had a significant mediating effect on nonadherence through medication concerns. Health care professionals need to address medication concerns and management of adverse effects in older populations to improve adherence and clinical outcomes.
Floral colour structure in two Australian herbaceous communities: it depends on who is looking
Authors: Shrestha Mani , Dyer Adrian G , Garcia Jair E , Burd Martin 
Published: March 2019

AbstractBackground and AimsPollinator-mediated interactions between plant species may affect the composition of angiosperm communities. Floral colour signals should play a role in these interactions, but the role will arise from the visual perceptions and behavioural responses of multiple pollinators. Recent advances in the visual sciences can be used to inform our understanding of these perceptions and responses. We outline the application of appropriate visual principles to the analysis of the annual cycle of floral colour structure in two Australian herbaceous communities.MethodsWe used spectrographic measurements of petal reflectance to determine the location of flowers in a model of hymenopteran colour vision. These representations of colour perception were then translated to a behaviourally relevant metric of colour differences using empirically calibrated colour discrimination functions for four hymenopteran species. We then analysed the pattern of colour similarity in terms of this metric in samples of co-flowering plants over the course of a year. We used the same method to analyse the annual pattern of phylogenetic relatedness of co-flowering plants in order to compare colour structure and phylogenetic structure.Key ResultsCo-flowering communities at any given date seldom had colour assemblages significantly different from random. Non-random structure, both dispersion and clustering, occurred occasionally, but depended on which bee observer is considered. The degree of colour similarity was unrelated to phylogenetic similarity within a co-flowering community.ConclusionsPerceived floral colour structure varied with the sensory capabilities of the observer. The lack of colour structure at most sample dates, particularly the rarity of strong dispersion, suggests that plants do not use chromatic signals primarily to enable bees to discriminate between co-flowering species. It is more likely that colours make plants detectable in a complex landscape.
The Surgical Needle
Authors: Byrne Miriam , Aly Al 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
A variety of modern surgical needles are available to today’s surgeon. However, a surgeon’s preference of surgical needles, is usually influenced by experience, ease of use, and the postoperative result, such as scar quality. This article describes the selection of needle designs available, and their intended clinical applications. Key factors in the basic design of the surgical needle include, the quality of its alloy, surface coating, and needle geometry. The needle alloy provides strength and ductility. Silicon coating maintains the sharpness and consistency of penetration of the needle. Sharpness is also determined by the angle of the point and taper ratio of the needle. Needle sizes range from extremely fine microsurgical needles to very thick needles for sternal closure. Needlepoint type is selected based on the particular tissue type where they are used. A conventional cutting needle is used for tough tissue, such as skin, whereas a reverse cutting needle is selected to reduce the risk of tissue cutout. Round-body needles are used in tissues that are easy to penetrate and in crucial procedures such as tendon repair, where suture cutout would be disastrous. A blunt-point, round-body needle dilates rather than cuts, and is preferred in abdominal fascial closure, to prevent inadvertent visceral injury and bleeding. The taper-cut needle punctures and then dilates and is used for vascular anastomosis. Although the needle and suture choice are entirely the surgeon’s, this article hopefully may serve as a reference for those who are deciding on these issues critically.
Understanding the Importance of Contact Heterogeneity and Variable Infectiousness in the Dynamics of a Large Norovirus Outbreak
Authors: Zelner Jon , Adams Carly , Havumaki Joshua , Lopman Ben 
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Background
Large norovirus (NoV) outbreaks are explosive in nature and vary widely in final size and duration, suggesting that superspreading combined with heterogeneous contact may explain these dynamics. Modeling tools that can capture heterogeneity in infectiousness and contact are important for NoV outbreak prevention and control, yet they remain limited.

Methods
Data from a large NoV outbreak at a Dutch scout jamboree, which resulted in illness among 326 (of 4500 total) individuals from 7 separate camps, were used to examine the contributions of individual variation in infectiousness and clustered contact patterns to the transmission dynamics. A Bayesian hierarchical model of heterogeneous, clustered outbreak transmission was applied to represent (1) between-individual heterogeneity in infectiousness and (2) heterogeneous patterns of contact.

Results
We found wide heterogeneity in infectiousness across individuals, suggestive of superspreading. Nearly 50% of individual infectiousness was concentrated in the individual’s subcamp of residence, with the remainder distributed over other subcamps. This suggests a source-and-sink dynamic in which subcamps with greater average infectiousness fed cases to those with a lower transmission rate. Although the per capita transmission rate within camps was significantly greater than that between camps, the large pool of susceptible individuals across camps enabled similar numbers of secondary cases generated between versus within camps.

Conclusions
The consideration of clustered transmission and heterogeneous infectiousness is important for understanding NoV transmission dynamics. Models including these mechanisms may be useful for providing early warning and guiding outbreak response.