bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Developmental biology of the meninges
Authors: Dasgupta Krishnakali , Jeong Juhee 
Published: February 2019

SummaryThe meninges are membranous layers surrounding the central nervous system. In the head, the meninges lie between the brain and the skull, and interact closely with both during development. The cranial meninges originate from a mesenchymal sheath on the surface of the developing brain, called primary meninx, and undergo differentiation into three layers with distinct histological characteristics: the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater. While genetic regulation of meningeal development is still poorly understood, mouse mutants and other models with meningeal defects have demonstrated the importance of the meninges to normal development of the calvaria and the brain. For the calvaria, the interactions with the meninges are necessary for the progression of calvarial osteogenesis during early development. In later stages, the meninges control the patterning of the skull and the fate of the sutures. For the brain, the meninges regulate diverse processes including cell survival, cell migration, generation of neurons from progenitors, and vascularization. Also, the meninges serve as a stem cell niche for the brain in the postnatal life. Given these important roles of the meninges, further investigation into the molecular mechanisms underlying meningeal development can provide novel insights into the coordinated development of the head.
The central role of disgust in disorders of food avoidance
Authors: Harris Adrianne A. , Romer Adrienne L. , Hanna Eleanor K. , Keeling Lori A. , LaBar Kevin S. , Sinnott‐Armstrong Walter , Strauman Timothy J. , Wagner Henry Ryan , Marcus Marsha D. , Zucker Nancy L. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractBackgroundIndividuals with extreme food avoidance such as Avoidant Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID) experience impairing physical and mental health consequences from nutrition of insufficient variety or/and quantity. Identifying mechanisms contributing to food avoidance is essential to develop effective interventions. Anxiety figures prominently in theoretical models of food avoidance; however, there is limited evidence that repeated exposures to foods increases approach behavior in ARFID. Studying disgust, and relationships between disgust and anxiety, may offer novel insights, as disgust is functionally associated with avoidance of contamination from pathogens (as may occur via ingestion) and is largely resistant to extinction.MethodThis exploratory, cross‐sectional study included data from 1,644 adults who completed an online questionnaire. Participant responses were used to measure ARFID classification, picky eating, sensory sensitivity, disgust, and anxiety. Structural equation modeling tested a measurement model of latent disgust and anxiety factors as measured by self‐reported frequency of disgust and anxiety reactions. Mediational models were used to explore causal ordering.ResultsA latent disgust factor was more strongly related to severity of picky eating (B ≈ 0.4) and ARFID classification (B ≈ 0.6) than the latent anxiety factor (B ≈ 0.1). Disgust partially mediated the association between anxiety and picky eating and fully mediated the association between anxiety and ARFID. Models testing the reverse causal ordering demonstrated poorer fit. Findings suggest anxiety may be associated with food avoidance in part due to increased disgust.ConclusionsDisgust may play a prominent role in food avoidance. Findings may inform novel approaches to treatment.
Differentiations of determinants for the community compositions of bacteria, fungi, and nitrogen fixers in various steppes
Authors: Sheng Rong , Li Ke , Zhang Wenzhao , Wang Hai , Liu Honglin , Zhu Xiaoya , Wu Hongxin , Zhang Xiaoqing , Lin Qimei , Sun Xuecheng , Tang Yafang , A Lamus , Wei Wenxue 
Published: February 2019

Abstract

Different types of steppes could provide heterogeneous habitat environments for underground microorganisms, but much less is known about how soil microbes fit the distinct habitats and what are the underlying mechanisms in shaping their community patterns.

We simultaneously examined the community compositions and structures of soil bacteria, fungi, and diazotrophs across desert, typical, and meadow steppes in Inner Mongolia using high‐throughput sequencing.

The results showed that soil bacteria, fungi, and diazotrophs exhibited different distribution patterns across steppe types. Although different steppes displayed obvious differences in climate conditions, plant traits, and soil properties, most of bacterial species were shared by all the steppes while only a few species were unique, indicating that the soil bacterial compositions were hardly influenced by the steppe types. Nevertheless, the habitat heterogeneity could cause shifts in the relative abundance of some bacterial groups, which resulted in significant changes in the community structure of soil bacteria across steppes. However, the fungal community compositions and structures were similar in typical and meadow steppes but that in desert steppe were significantly different. Whereas, the community compositions and structures of diazotrophs were strongly related to the steppe types. In this study, the similar parent material backgrounds of the steppe soils might be the important factor in shaping the homologous bacterial compositions. However, the variations in soil fertility, soil water repellency, and plant species across steppes would be the major driving forces in regulating the compositions and structures of fungal communities, while the diazotrophic communities would be more closely related to the changes in plant traits and soil fertility among steppes.

Our results provided evidence of habitat specificity for different microbial groups and their underlying drivers.
The plant diversity sampling design for The National Ecological Observatory Network
Authors: Barnett David T. , Adler Peter B. , Chemel Benjamin R. , Duffy Paul A. , Enquist Brian J. , Grace James B. , Harrison Susan , Peet Robert K. , Schimel David S. , Stohlgren Thomas J. , Vellend Mark 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON) is designed to facilitate an understanding of the impact of environmental change on ecological systems. Observations of plant diversity—responsive to changes in climate, disturbance, and land use, and ecologically linked to soil, biogeochemistry, and organisms—result in NEON data products that cross a range of organizational levels. Collections include samples of plant tissue to enable investigations of genetics, plot‐based observations of incidence and cover of native and non‐native species, observations of plant functional traits, archived vouchers of plants, and remote sensing airborne observations. Spatially integrating many ecological observations allows a description of the relationship of plant diversity to climate, land use, organisms, and substrates. Repeating the observations over decades and across the United States will iteratively improve our understanding of those relationships and allow for the testing of system‐level hypotheses as well as the development of predictions of future conditions.
The importance and challenges of detecting changes in forest mortality rates
Authors: McMahon Sean M. , Arellano Gabriel , Davies Stuart J. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractTree mortality rates determine forest health, community dynamics, and terrestrial carbon stocks. Climate change is predicted to increase global forest mortality, and some studies have observed recent changes in mortality rates. Assessing shifts in mortality and identifying their causes is challenged by the low mortality rates of trees and the limited scale at which tree mortality is typically assessed. Detecting changes in mortality and assigning mechanisms to those changes may not be feasible unless there are exceptionally large and persistent shifts in forest mortality rates. Here, we combine simulations and life‐history theory to explore how a doubling in mortality might result in population decline, mean life expectancy, and carbon carrying capacity of forests. Using a simulated forest, we also identify that the sampling strategy and effort required to detect a doubling in stem mortality is extensive. We recommend increased efforts at monitoring mortality and a better incorporation of life‐history theory, community composition, and application of changepoint detection statistics in mortality analyses.
Current Research Developments on the Processing and Improvement of the Nutritional Quality of Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)
Authors: Beszterda Monika , Nogala‐Kałucka Małgorzata 
Published: February 2019

Brassica napus is cultivated largely as a winter or semi‐winter form in Europe and Asia, respectively, whereas spring‐sown rape types are more adapted to the climatic conditions in Canada, northern Europe, and Australia. This plant, the third most important oil crop in the world after maize and oil palm, has had a unique history among those crops that have been targets of breeding and genetic modification. Although agronomy and genetic manipulations of B. napus plants to create seed with substantially no erucic acid content in the seed oil and meal largely free from aliphatic glucosinolates were major breakthroughs, opportunities for further advances in the reduction of antinutritive compounds/enhancement of bioactive compounds, in oil and meal health safety and quality, as well as in agronomic performance and pest resistance, are still greater today than they have ever been. Understanding and application of genetic control for key agronomic traits in B. napus, such as seed oil composition and concentration as well as their environmental interactions, are the main targets, which will underpin the development of the crop for cultivation in an extensive range of environments. It is also needed to improve phytochemical content through traditional breeding programs or through bioengineering of the phenylpropanoid pathway, leading to desirable secondary metabolite accumulation. This paper is a review of modifications (in the field of biotechnology, agronomy, and processing) that have been applied to improve the nutritional value of B. napus L.Practical Applications: This paper has value for people starting their scientific work in the field related to the B. napus biotechnology and nutritional value of vegetable oils. In addition, it is a current compedium of knowledge for people working professionally in the oil industry. Moreover, this article is a cross‐section of the current achievements of genetic engineering in improving the composition of rapeseed and indicates key publications on this subject.Brassica napus L., the third most important oil crop in the world after maize and oil palm, has a unique history among those crops that are targets of breeding and genetic modification. Effective tools of processing, biotechnology, and agronomy are essential to produce rapeseed oil with a high amount of bioactive compounds and continue to be employed in strengthening the product versatility.
Characterization of wood‐laden flows in rivers
Authors: Ruiz‐Villanueva Virginia , Mazzorana Bruno , Bladé Ernest , Bürkli Livia , Iribarren‐Anacona Pablo , Mao Luca , Nakamura Futoshi , Ravazzolo Diego , Rickenmann Dieter , Sanz‐Ramos Marcos , Stoffel Markus , Wohl Ellen 
Published: February 2019

AbstractInorganic sediment is not the only solid‐fraction component of river flows; flows may also carry significant amounts of large organic material (i.e. large wood), but the characteristics of these wood‐laden flows (WLFs) are not well understood yet. With the aim to shed light on these relatively unexamined phenomena, we collected home videos showing natural flows with wood as the main solid component. Analyses of these videos as well as the watersheds and streams where the videos were recorded allowed us to define for the first time WLFs, describe the main characteristics of these flows and broaden the definition of wood transport regimes (adding a new regime called here hypercongested wood transport). According to our results, WLFs may occur repeatedly, in a large range of catchment sizes, generally in steep, highly confined single thread channels in mountain areas. WLFs are typically highly unsteady and the log motion is non‐uniform, as described for other inorganic sediment‐laden flows (e.g. debris flows). The conceptual integration of wood into our understanding of flow phenomena is illustrated by a novel classification defining the transition from clear water to hypercongested, wood and sediment‐laden flows, according to the composition of the mixture (sediment, wood, and water). We define the relevant metrics for the quantification and modelling of WLFs, including an exhaustive discussion of different modelling approaches (i.e. Voellmy, Bingham and Manning) and provide a first attempt to simulate WLFs. We draw attention to WLF phenomena to encourage further field, theoretical, and experimental investigations that may contribute to a better understanding of flows in river basins, leading to more accurate predictions, and better hazard mitigation and management strategies. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Teilhard de Chardin, human evolution and “Piltdown Man”
Authors: Thackeray J. Francis 
Published: February 2019

AbstractPierre Teilhard de Chardin was a French Jesuit paleontologist, priest, and philosopher. In the figures published in articles in 1943 and 1951, he attempted to draw a “plausible schematic reconstruction of the natural connections between fossil men” and a “phyletic composition of the human group”. I draw attention to Teilhard's reference to Eoanthropus (“Piltdown Man”) in small print in his figure that was first printed in 1943. Most suspiciously, there is no reference to this (supposedly important) genus in the associated text, nor is there any reference whatsoever to “Piltdown Man” in the article published in 1951. Even as early as January 1913, Teilhard may have been aware that “Piltdown Man” was a hoax or joke, artificially associating a human cranium with a modified orangutan mandible. A new suspect is Edgar Willett (rather than Charles Dawson). Teilhard may have been an advisory accomplice in a joke that went seriously wrong.
The foliar characters in Callitris (Callitroideae, Cupressaceae s. str.) and their evolutionary and ecological significance
Authors: Dörken V. M. , Ladd P. G. , Parsons R. F. 
Published: February 2019

The foliar shift from juvenile needle leaves to the mature scale leaves was investigated in five Callitris species. Their habitats range from rainforest to the semi‐arid. In C. macleayana from the most mesic environment the change from needle to scale leaves is variable and juvenile leave are even retained on mature trees. In the other four species there is a rapid change in size and structure to scale leaves. Anatomically the photosynthetic tissue is condensed and stomatal area is limited compared to species with conventional leaves. A hypodermis is most prominent on the abaxial side of the leaves and may play a role in protection from high solar radiation as most species grow in high light areas. While stomata in the four taxa from wet or moderate rainfall areas are freely exposed, those of C. gracilis from semi‐arid habitats are well protected in longitudinal furrows between the decurrent leaves. The reduced leaf area of all species allows close association between the water‐conducting xylem and the stomata that will facilitate rapid leaf conductance. This links with the anisohydric physiology of the genus and the shallow rooting that can take advantage of brief rainfall events for species in arid climates.
Most gene fusions in cancer are stochastic events
Authors: Johansson Bertil , Mertens Fredrik , Schyman Tommy , Björk Jonas , Mandahl Nils , Mitelman Felix 
Published: February 2019

AbstractCancer‐associated gene fusions resulting in chimeric proteins or aberrant expression of one or both partner genes are pathogenetically and clinically important in several hematologic malignancies and solid tumors. Since the advent of different types of massively parallel sequencing (MPS), the number of identified gene fusions has increased dramatically, prompting the question whether they all have a biologic impact. By ascertaining the chromosomal locations of 8934 genes involved in 10 861 gene fusions reported in the literature, we here show that there is a highly significant association between gene content of chromosomes and chromosome bands and number of genes involved in fusions. This strongly suggests that a clear majority of gene fusions detected by MPS are stochastic events associated with the number of genes available to participate in fusions and that most reported gene fusions are passengers without any pathogenetic importance.
Glial fibrillary acidic protein expression alters astrocytic chemokine release and protects mice from cuprizone‐induced demyelination
Authors: Kramann Nadine , Menken Lena , Pförtner Ramona , Schmid Susanne N. , Stadelmann Christine , Wegner Christiane , Brück Wolfgang 
Published: February 2019

AbstractEnhanced glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression occurs in most diseases of the central nervous system. Thus far, little is known about the effect that GFAP exerts on astrocyte cell signaling. In the present study, we observed that silencing GFAP expression in isolated astrocytes leads to enhanced CCL2 and CXCL10 release, whereas overexpression of GFAP in astrocytes results in a significantly reduced CXCL10 release in vitro. Additionally, we analyzed transgenic mice carrying a full‐length copy of the wild‐type human GFAP gene. We demonstrate that a persistent GFAP increase alters the astrocytic cell signaling profile, thereby protecting oligodendrocytes, myelin and, subsequently, axons from cuprizone‐induced demyelination. Our study revealed that reduced CXCL10 mRNA was accompanied by reduced NF‐κB expression in astrocytes. Furthermore, analysis of human tissue from a patient with Alexander disease showed NF‐κB activation in astrocytes to be almost completely absent. Our findings indicate that regulation of GFAP expression in astrocytes is crucial for astrocyte signaling and function. Understanding the role of the cytoskeletal protein, GFAP is thus of importance as it is highly regulated in diseases of the central nervous system.
Welcoming the “Intel‐ethicist”
Authors: Banja John 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIn this issue of the Hastings Center Report, Mélanie Terrasse, Moti Gorin, and Dominic Sisti, urge ethicists to devote scholarly attention to a wave of troubling artificial intelligence applications affecting health consumers’ rights and the quality of their care. I very much agree. We already have neuroethicists, business ethicists, and genetics ethicists; AI‐related systems in health care present more than enough warrant to herald the appearance of a new ethics specialist—the “intel‐ethicist,” let’s say. Nonetheless, Terrasse and colleagues may have exaggerated some of the potential moral problems of AI. Examining only social media and e‐health programs, the authors produce an impressive array of questions to consider, but I will argue that two of them are not nearly as worrisome as might be supposed.
Longitudinally consistent estimates of intrinsic functional networks
Authors: Zhao Qingyu , Kwon Dongjin , Müller‐Oehring Eva M. , Le Berre Anne‐Pascale , Pfefferbaum Adolf , Sullivan Edith V. , Pohl Kilian M. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIncreasing numbers of neuroimaging studies are acquiring data to examine changes in brain architecture by investigating intrinsic functional networks (IFN) from longitudinal resting‐state functional MRI (rs‐fMRI). At the subject level, these IFNs are determined by cross‐sectional procedures, which neglect intra‐subject dependencies and result in suboptimal estimates of the networks. Here, a novel longitudinal approach simultaneously extracts subject‐specific IFNs across multiple visits by explicitly modeling functional brain development as an essential context for seeking change. On data generated by an innovative simulation based on real rs‐fMRI, the method was more accurate in estimating subject‐specific IFNs than cross‐sectional approaches. Furthermore, only group‐analysis based on longitudinally consistent estimates identified significant developmental effects within IFNs of 246 adolescents from the National Consortium on Alcohol and NeuroDevelopment in Adolescence (NCANDA) study. The findings were confirmed by the cross‐sectional estimates when the corresponding group analysis was confined to the developmental effects. Those effects also converged with current concepts of neurodevelopment.
Depth of invasion alone as an indication for postoperative radiotherapy in small oral squamous cell carcinomas: An International Collaborative Study
Authors: Ebrahimi Ardalan , Gil Ziv , Amit Moran , Yen Tzu‐Chen , Liao Chun‐ta , Chaturvedi Pankaj , Agarwal Jai Prakash , Kowalski Luiz P. , Köhler Hugo F. , Kreppel Matthias , Cernea Claudio R. , Brandao Jason , Bachar Gideon , Villaret Andrea Bolzoni , Fliss Dan M. , Fridman Eran , Robbins Kevin Thomas , Shah Jatin P. , Patel Snehal G. , Clark Jonathan R. ,   The International Consortium for Outcome Research (ICOR) in Head and Neck Cancer
Published: February 2019

AbstractBackgroundWe aimed to investigate whether depth of invasion (DOI) should be an independent indication for postoperative radiotherapy (PORT) in small oral squamous cell carcinomas (SCC).MethodsRetrospective analysis of DOI (<5, 5 to <10, ≥10 mm) and disease‐specific survival (DSS) in a multi‐institutional international cohort of 1409 patients with oral SCC ≤4 cm in size treated between 1990‐2011.ResultsIn patients without other adverse factors (nodal metastases; close [<5 mm] or involved margins), there was no association between DOI and DSS, with an excellent prognosis irrespective of depth. In the absence of PORT, the 5‐year disease‐specific mortality was 10% with DOI ≥10 mm, 8% with DOI 5‐10 mm, and 6% with DOI <5 mm (P = .169), yielding an absolute risk difference of only 4%.ConclusionThe deterioration in prognosis with increasing DOI largely reflects an association with other adverse features. In the absence of these, depth alone should not be an indication for PORT outside a clinical trial.
Validation of web‐based thyroid imaging reporting and data system in atypia or follicular lesion of undetermined significance thyroid nodules
Authors: Ha Su Min , Na Dong Gyu , Kim Ji‐Hoon , Kim Soo Chin , Baek Jung Hwan 
Published: February 2019

AbstractBackgroundAtypia of undetermined significance/follicular lesion of undetermined significance (AUS/FLUS) show variable malignancy risk. We validated the web‐based predictive models and the scoring system by the American College of Radiology (ACR) for AUS/FLUS nodules to stratify the malignancy risk.MethodsFrom January 2011 to November 2014, 275 consecutive nodules diagnosed as AUS/FLUS were enrolled. The discrimination and calibration ability of a web‐based scoring with inclusion of biopsy result and sonographic features, old web‐based scoring model without biopsy result, and ACR models were assessed.ResultsThe areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the validation set were 0.670 for the new web‐based model, 0.710 for the old web‐based model, and 0.732 for the ACR scoring risk‐stratification model. All models were well calibrated.ConclusionThe web‐based scoring risk‐stratification model using the combined information of ultrasonography features and biopsy result for AUS/FLUS nodules to stratify malignancy risk presents an acceptable predictive accuracy.