bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impacts of feed dilution and lower solids retention time on performance of thermal hydrolysis/anaerobic digestion
Authors: Higgins Matthew J. , Beightol Steven , DeBarbidillo Christine , De Clippeleir Haydee , Pathak Bipin , Al‐Omari Ahmed , Murthy Sudhir N. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe goal of this study was to evaluate using feed dilution/solids retention time (SRT) control to manage potential ammonia inhibition in highly loaded anaerobic digesters after thermal hydrolysis. The study compared three digesters operated at the same target volatile solids (VS) loading rate of 5.5 kg VS/d‐m3, but at different feed concentrations resulting in SRTs of 10, 15, and 18 days. Lowering the feed concentration decreased the digester total ammonia nitrogen concentrations which averaged 1,580, 2,610, and 3,080 mg ‐N/L for the 10‐, 15‐, and 18‐day digesters. The VS reduction and methane yields were equivalent for the 15‐ and 18‐day digesters and about 4% lower for the 10‐day digester. Ammonia inhibition of the 18‐day digester occurred early in the study, but the system acclimated over time. Feed dilution reduced the viscosity and the potential for volume expansion due to gas holdup and foaming.Practioner points

Feed dilution reduces digester ammonia concentrations and inhibition potential without sacrificing digester performance at lower SRTs.

Feed dilution greatly reduces digester viscosity and associated issues with digester volume expansion due to gas holdup and foaming.

Operating at the lower SRT does not impact cake solids after dewatering and substantially decreases polymer demand for conditioning.
Simplified protocol for faster transformation of (a large number of) Pichia pastoris strains
Authors: Kumar Ravinder 
Published: February 2019

AbstractDuring the last couple of decades, the methylotrophic yeast, Pichia pastoris, has emerged as an important yeast species owing to its increasing importance both in industry and in basic research. The presently available methods for P. pastoris transformation necessitate the preparation of competent cells, which requires lots of resource, space, time, and efforts. This limits the number of transformations that can be performed by an individual in a given time. This paper is reporting a modification in the available protocols, which makes P. pastoris transformation hassle‐free. In the present, modified procedure, cells were grown in patches on YPD plate(s), and the rest of the steps were carried out in small Eppendorf tubes. This modified protocol does not require a big centrifuge and shaker. This modified procedure of P. pastoris transformation with its unique way of competent cells preparation will be helpful for those working with this yeast species.
Skill Levels as a Political Resource: Political Practices of Recent Migrants in Switzerland
Authors: Hercog Metka 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThis chapter seeks to answer the question of how resource differentiation influences the forms and aims of migrant engagement, that is, the political participation of recent migrants in Switzerland. More-fluid patterns of mobility highlight the need to observe different approaches to residents’ civic engagement, which are not restricted to the practices of full citizens. We expand the outlook on what counts as a political activity by including acts such as participating in petitions, demonstrations and consumer boycotts. Although these activities are largely no longer considered unconventional, they are usually not considered in research on migrants’ political involvement. Based on an analysis of varied political activities open to any resident of the state, the paper delivers new insights into migrants’ engagement linked to different resources and forms of capital. Previous works have confirmed the influence education provides on political participation of migrant and ethnic minorities. Our results show that higher level of education increases the chances of acting in non-conventional activities, but does not play a role for acting in the representative political sphere. It is rather the time spent in Switzerland and local language skills which matter most for acting in political organizations. By adding migration-specific factors, this paper makes a further contribution to debates on what counts as a political resource. Experiences of international mobility provide the necessary social esteem for migrants to act in non-regulated activities which allow for individualized and direct forms of expression. New, selective and temporary mobility therefore broaden political action repertoires.
Immigrants’ Intentions – Leaning Towards Remigration or Naturalization?
Authors: Steiner Ilka 
Published: February 2019

AbstractToday’s patterns of migration move on a continuum from long-term and permanent to increasingly temporary and fluid. In this context, it is central to understand immigrants’ intentions with respect to naturalization and remigration, not least because these intentions summarize the respondent’s attitude towards the migration experience. Using data from the Migration-Mobility Survey, this chapter tests in a multinomial logistic regression the effect of four sets of factors (demographics, transnational ties, feasibility, and integration) on four types of intentions: naturalization, settlement, remigration, and naturalization and remigration in conjunction. The results show that 34% of the recently arrived migrants in Switzerland express naturalization intentions, 34% settlement intentions and 26% remigration intentions. Although the first two types are largely explained by social integration, remigration intentions are determined by a weak labour market and social integration. However, the relationship between the level of integration and immigrants’ intentions is more complex because for 6% of the sample, both remigration and naturalization present an option. Finally, the chapter emphasizes how a high educational attainment fosters the migrant’s agency to choose whatever migratory trajectory they desire to follow, despite the more restrictive migration regime that Switzerland has introduced for non-EU/EFTA nationals.
Who Are the Serial Movers? Sociodemographic Profiles and Reasons to Migrate to Switzerland Among Multiple International Migrants
Authors: Zufferey Jonathan 
Published: February 2019

AbstractPrevious research has deepened our understanding of the reasons that both push and pull individuals to leave a place to settle in a new country. However, little is known about individuals who have undertaken multiple international migrations. Based on the Migration-Mobility Survey data, this chapter explores both the migration trajectories and why frequent international movers have arrived in Switzerland. The chapter provides new insights about serial migrants in the European context and contributes to the literature by disentangling the relationships between multiple migrations and individual levels of qualification, origin, family composition, and aspirations to undertake a further migration. This research shows a strong association between level of education and degree of multiple migrations. It also demonstrates an important heterogeneity in migration practices between origins that can be explained not only by individual factors but also by institutional dimensions. In particular, short geographical and cultural distances contribute to reducing the number of international movements. Furthermore, non-EU migrants tend to be particularly mobile and to undertake stepwise trajectories to Switzerland.
Employment Trajectories of Recent Immigrants in Switzerland
Authors: Vidal-Coso Elena 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThis chapter analyses immigrants’ labour market trajectory throughout their settlement in Switzerland considering their employment situation in the country of origin and the characteristics of the family migration process. The investigation is particularly interested in analysing whether the observed inequalities by origin in the labour market integration result from differences in terms of human capital among immigrants. However, labour disadvantages existing and persisting over time for some immigrant groups, regardless of their human capital characteristics and their level of assimilation in Switzerland, would confirm segmentation and discrimination postulates. Analysis revealed lower employment probabilities for some groups of immigrants immediately after moving to Switzerland once human capital differentials are controlled for. However, results are also consistent with the assimilation hypothesis because the analysis points to an overall improvement in immigrants’ probability of being employed during the process of settlement in Switzerland. Nevertheless, significant differences have emerged by gender. In comparison with men, women are more likely to be unemployed, to be inactive or to work part-time. Finally, results corroborate that post-migration employment is lower for tied migrants and family-motivated migrants. Moreover, family-motivated migration has only temporary effects on labour insertion of male migrants, whereas it harms employment prospects for women more permanently.
Comparison of Anterior Chamber Depth between Normal and Keratoconic Eyes
Authors: Hashemi Hassan , Yekta AbbasAli , Yazdani Negareh , Ostadimoghaddam Hadi , Khabazkhoob Mehdi 
Published: February 2019

Purpose:
To review the published data about changes in the anterior chamber depth (ACD) in keratoconus patients.

Methods:
In this systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies, we reviewed the available and relevant literature on anterior segment changes in keratoconic eyes, with a special focus on the ACD, an effective factor in many surgical methods. Articles published up to December 2017 were identified in the following data sources: PubMed, Scopus, Ovid, ISI, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. Databases were comprehensively searched using the key words “Anterior Chamber Depth AND Anterior segment AND Keratoconus”.

Results:
A total of 496 studies including these key words were detected. Four hundred fifty-three studies were excluded, and overall 16 studies which precisely described the change in ACD were included in the literature review. The results show that with respect to the applied device, there was a statistically significant difference in ACD between keratoconic eyes and normal eyes except for Galilei analyzer.

Conclusion:
Summarizing the results of studies, this review revealed that ACD is significantly deeper in keratoconic eyes as compared with normal eyes, which could be explained by the steeper corneal curvature.
The Woman’s Body (Not the Man’s One) Is Used to Evaluate Sexual Desire: An Eye-Tracking Study of Automatic Visual Attention
Authors: Bolmont Mylene , Bianchi-Demicheli Francesco , Boisgontier Matthieu P. , Cheval Boris 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIntroductionVision of the human body has been shown to be key in eliciting sexual desire. However, whether the visual pattern characterizing sexual desire is different in women and men is still unclear.AimTo investigate the effect of gender on visual patterns triggered by an identical set of stimuli depicting attractive heterosexual couples.MethodsHeterosexual women and men (n = 106) were tested on a picture-viewing task associated with eye tracking. The context of sexual desire was activated by asking the participant whether they perceived such desire while looking at sensual pictures of heterosexual couples. Data were analyzed using mixed-subject design analyses of variance.Main Outcome MeasureFixation durations were used to investigate visual patterns. 2 areas of interest were created to investigate visual patterns (face vs body area).ResultsResults showed longer fixations on body rather than face areas irrespective of participant gender. Moreover, all participants looked longer at women’s than men’s bodies and at the faces of the opposite sex.Clinical ImplicationsThese findings shed light on the automatic processes underlying sexual desire, which has the potential to improve the care of patients suffering from sexual disorders by optimizing interventions.Strengths & LimitationsThe strengths of this study are the use of an eye-tracking paradigm, the dissociation between 2 fixation areas (ie, face and body), and the use of an identical set of stimuli allowing an accurate between-gender comparison of the visual pattern. The limitations are the small sample size, the use of healthy heterosexual individuals, and the absence of measures of sexual arousal and genital response.ConclusionsThese findings confirm the association between the human body and sexual desire. They also reveal the unique attentional attractiveness of woman’s bodies across genders.
Adopting robot lawyer? The extending artificial intelligence robot lawyer technology acceptance model for legal industry by an exploratory study
Authors: Xu Ni , Wang Kung-Jeng 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe development of artificial intelligence has created new opportunities and challenges in industries. The competition between robots and humans has elicited extensive attention among legal researchers. In this exploratory study, we addressed issues regarding the introduction of robots to the practice of legal service through a semistructured interviews with lawyers, judges, artificial intelligence experts, and potential clients. An extended robot lawyer technology acceptance model with five facets and 11 elements is proposed in this study. This model highlights two dimensions: ‘legal use’ and ‘perception of trust.’ In summary, this study provides new specific implications and exhibits three characteristics, namely, derivative, macroscopic, and instructive, in the legal services with artificial intelligence. In addition, artificial intelligence robot lawyers are being developed with some of the abilities necessary to substitute for human beings. Nevertheless, working with human lawyers is imperative to produce benefits from this type of reciprocity.
No significant mass loss in the glaciers of Astore Basin (North-Western Himalaya), between 1999 and 2016
Authors: MUHAMMAD SHER , TIAN LIDE , NÜSSER MARCUS 
Published: February 2019

ABSTRACTAlthough glaciers in High Mountain Asia produce an enormous amount of water used by downstream populations, they remain poorly observed in the field. This study presents a geodetic mass balance of the glaciers in the Astore Basin (with differential GPS (dGPS) measurements on Harcho glacier) between 1999 and 2016. Changes near the terminus of Harcho glacier (below 3800 m a.s.l.) featured heterogeneous surface elevation changes, whereas the middle section shows the most negative changes. The surface elevation changes were positive above 4200 m a.s.l. The average annual mass balance was −0.08 ± 0.07 m w.e. a−1 derived from a dGPS and DEM comparison whereas Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer DEM-based results show a slightly positive, that is 0.03 ± 0.24 m w.e. a−1 in the same period. In contrast, the terminus indicates a substantial retreat of ~368 m (4.5 m a−1) between 1934 and 2016. The average mass balance of 19 glaciers (>2 km2) covering ~60% of the total glaciers in the Basin exhibit no net mass loss in the period of 2000−2016 and follow a pattern similar to adjacent Karakoram glaciers.
Kenoticism and essential divine properties
Authors: YANG ERIC 
Published: February 2019

AbstractTraditional Christology maintains that Christ was a single divine person with two natures (human and divine). According to kenotic Christology, certain divine properties such as omniscience and omnipotence were divested in order for Christ to acquire essential human properties. However, such a view appears to conflict with perfect-being theology, which takes omniscience and omnipotence to be essential properties for being divine. I propose a view that adopts a Thomistic theory of essences in order to show that there need be no conflict, and hence Christ can give up the property of being omniscient while still being essentially omniscient.
Reading bedtime stories to compatriots: Reconciling global equality of opportunity and self-determination
Authors: Banai Ayelet , Kollar Eszter 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIn this article, we propose a reconciliation between global equality of opportunity and self-determination, two central and seemingly conflicting principles in the contemporary theory of global justice. Our conception of reconciliation draws on the family-people analogy, following the account of familial relationship goods, developed by Harry Brighouse and Adam Swift, on permissible parental partiality and domestic equality of opportunity. We argue, first, that a plausible conception of global equality of opportunity must be able to distinguish morally arbitrary aspects of nationality that require mitigation from morally permissible ones. Second, we argue that a plausible criterion for the distinction integrates a person’s normative interests over a lifetime: (i) the interests of a child born into societal circumstances that impact her life prospects; and (ii) the interests of an adult citizen in collective self-determination. Third, we outline an account of ‘people relationship goods’, as a principled way to circumscribe the permissible scope of self-determination. Fair global equality of opportunity requires mitigating nationality-tracking inequalities, except those that fall within the permissible scope of collective self-determination.
The reproduction of child maltreatment: An examination of adolescent problem behavior, substance use, and precocious transitions in the link between victimization and perpetration
Authors: Augustyn Megan Bears , Thornberry Terence P. , Henry Kimberly L. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractGrowing evidence suggests that maltreatment is reproduced across generations as victims of maltreatment are at an increased risk for maltreatment perpetration. Unfortunately, little information about mediating pathways exists to provide an explanation for why maltreatment begets maltreatment. We use the number of types of maltreatment experienced to predict later maltreatment perpetration and then examine two developmental pathways that may serve as bridges between maltreatment victimization and perpetration: adolescent problem behaviors and precocious transitions to adulthood. With prospective, longitudinal data from the Rochester Youth Development Study, we assess the relevance of these pathways for the number of maltreatment experiences as well as the number of maltreatment victimization experiences by developmental period (i.e., childhood and adolescence). Our results demonstrate a significant relationship between maltreatment victimization and maltreatment perpetration. Adolescent delinquency and two precocious transitions, dropping out of school and independent living, as well as the accumulation of precocious transitions and problem behaviors, serve as mediators of this intergenerational relationship. Furthermore, the relationship between the number of types of maltreatment and subsequent perpetration is primarily driven by experiences of maltreatment during adolescence. We discuss the implications of these results and set an agenda for the development of programs and policies to interrupt the cycle of maltreatment.
Reliability and validity of body weight and body image perception in children and adolescents from the South American Youth/Child Cardiovascular and Environmental (SAYCARE) Study
Authors: González-Zapata Laura I , Restrepo-Mesa Sandra L , Aristizabal Juan C , Skapino Estela , Collese Tatiana S , Azzaretti Leticia B , Nascimento-Junior Walter V , Moreno Luis A , De Moraes Augusto César F , Carvalho Heráclito B , Estrada-Restrepo Alejandro 
Published: February 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the reliability and validity of body weight (BW) and body image (BI) perception reported by parents (in children) and by adolescents in a South American population.DesignCross-sectional study. BW perception was evaluated by the question, ‘Do you think you/your child are/is: severely wasted, wasted, normal weight, overweight, obese?’ BI perception was evaluated using the Gardner scale. To evaluate reliability, BW and BI perceptions were reported twice, two weeks apart. To evaluate validity, the BW and BI perceptions were compared with WHO BMI Z-scores. Kappa and Kendall’s tau-c coefficients were obtained.SettingPublic and private schools and high schools from six countries of South America (Argentina, Peru, Colombia, Uruguay, Chile, Brazil).ParticipantsChildren aged 3–10 years (n 635) and adolescents aged 11–17 years (n 400).ResultsReliability of BW perception was fair in children’s parents (κ=0·337) and substantial in adolescents (κ=0·709). Validity of BW perception was slight in children’s parents (κ=0·176) and fair in adolescents (κ=0·268). When evaluating BI, most children were perceived by parents as having lower weight. Reliability of BI perception was slight in children’s parents (κ=0·124) and moderate in adolescents (κ=0·599). Validity of BI perception was poor in children’s parents (κ=−0·018) and slight in adolescents (κ=0·023).ConclusionsReliability of BW and BI perceptions was higher in adolescents than in children’s parents. Validity of BW perception was good among the parents of the children and adolescents with underweight and normal weight.
A Gas-Phase Reaction Cell for Modern Atom Probe Systems
Authors: Haley Daniel , McCarroll Ingrid , Bagot Paul A. J. , Cairney Julie M. , Moody Michael P. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIn this work, we demonstrate a new system for the examination of gas interactions with surfaces via atom probe tomography. This system provides capability of examining the surface and subsurface interactions of gases with a wide range of specimens, as well as a selection of input gas types. This system has been primarily developed to aid the investigation of hydrogen interactions with metallurgical samples, to better understand the phenomenon of hydrogen embrittlement. In its current form, it is able to operate at pressures from 10−6to 1000 mbar (abs), can use a variety of gasses, and is equipped with heating and cryogenic quenching capabilities. We use this system to examine the interaction of hydrogen with Pd, as well as the interaction of water vapor and oxygen in Mg samples.
Statistically Rigorous Silver Nanowire Diameter Distribution Quantification by Automated Electron Microscopy and Image Analysis
Authors: Todd Clifford S. , Heeschen William A. , Eastman Peter Y. , Keene Ellen C. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractSilver nanowire (AgNW) diameters are typically characterized by manual measurement from high magnification electron microscope images. Measurement is monotonous and has potential ergonomic hazards. Because of this, statistics regarding wire diameter distribution can be poor, costly, and low-throughput. In addition, manual measurements are of unknown uncertainty and operator bias. In this paper we report an improved microscopy method for diameter and yield measurement of nanowires in terms of speed/automation and reduction of analyst variability. Each step in the process to generate these measurements was analyzed and optimized: microscope imaging conditions, sample preparation for imaging, image acquisition, image analysis, and data processing. With the resulting method, average diameter differences between samples of just a few nanometers can be confidently and statistically distinguished, allowing the identification of subtle incremental improvements in reactor processing conditions, and insight into nucleation and growth kinetics of AgNWs.