bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kinetic solvent effects in organic reactions
Authors: Slakman Belinda L. , West Richard H. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThis article reviews prior work studying reaction kinetics in solution, with the goal of using this information to improve detailed kinetic modeling in the solvent phase. Both experimental and computational methods for calculating reaction rates in liquids are reviewed. Previous studies, which used such methods to determine solvent effects, are then analyzed based on the reaction family. Many of these studies correlate kinetic solvent effect with one or more solvent parameters or properties of reacting species, but it is not always possible, and investigations are usually done on too few reactions and solvents to truly generalize. From these studies, we present suggestions on how best to use data to generalize solvent effects for many different reaction types in a high throughput manner.
Ring opening polymerization and copolymerization of L‐lactide and ɛ‐caprolactone by bis‐ligated magnesium complexes
Authors: Slattery Reile M. , Stahl Amanda E. , Brereton Kelsey R. , Rheingold Arnold L. , Green David B. , Fritsch Joseph M. 
Published: December 2018

ABSTRACTSeven magnesium complexes (1–7) were synthesized by reaction of new (L
3‐H–L
5‐H) and previously reported ketoimine pro‐ligands with dibutyl magnesium and were isolated in 59–70% yields. Complexes 1–7 were characterized fully and consisted of bis‐ligated homoleptic ketoiminates coordinated in distorted octahedral geometry around the magnesium centers. The complexes were investigated for their ability to initiate the ring opening polymerization (ROP) of l‐lactide (L‐LA) to poly‐lactic acid (PLA) and ɛ‐caprolactone (ɛCL) to poly‐caprolactone in the presence of 4‐fluorophenol co‐catalyst. For L‐LA polymerization, complexes containing ligand electron‐donating groups (1–5) achieved >90% conversion in 2 h at 100 °C, while the presence of CF3 groups in 6 and 7 slowed or resulted in no PLA detected. With ɛCL, ROP initiated with 1–7 resulted in lower percentage conversion with similar electronic effects. Moderate molecular weight PLA polymeric material (14.3–21.3 kDa) with low polydispersity index values (1.23–1.56) was obtained, and ROP appeared to be living in nature. Copolymerization of L‐LA and ɛCL yielded block copolymers only from the sequential polymerization of ɛCL followed by L‐LA and not the reverse sequence of monomers or the simultaneous presence of both monomers. Polymers and copolymers were characterized with NMR, gel permeation chromatography, and differential scanning calorimetry. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2019, 57, 48–59
Colloidal Crystals of NaYF4 Upconversion Nanocrystals Studied by Small‐Angle X‐Ray Scattering (SAXS)
Authors: Homann Christian , Bolze Joerg , Haase Markus 
Published: December 2018

AbstractSpherical NaYF4 upconversion nanocrystals with mean radii of about 5 and 11 nm are observed to form colloidal crystals, i.e., 3D assemblies of the particles with long‐range order. The colloidal crystals of the larger particles form directly in solution when dispersions of the particles in toluene are stored at room temperature for several weeks. Crystallization of the smaller particles takes place when their dispersions in hexane are slowly dried at elevated temperatures. The formation and the structure of the colloidal crystals are studied by small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS). SAXS measurements show that the smaller as well as the larger particles assemble into a face‐centered cubic lattice with unit cell dimensions of a = 18.7 nm and a = 35.5 nm, respectively. The SAXS data also show that the particles in the colloidal crystals still bear a layer of oleic acid on their surfaces. The thickness of this layer is 1.5–1.8 nm, as determined by comparing the unit cell dimensions of the colloidal crystals with the mean particle sizes. The latter could be very precisely determined from the distinct oscillations observed in the SAXS data of dilute colloidal dispersions of the nanocrystals.
EPSPS duplication and mutation involved in glyphosate resistance in the allotetraploid weed species Poa annua L.
Authors: Brunharo Caio Augusto De Castro Grossi , Morran Sarah , Martin Katie , Moretti Marcelo L , Hanson Bradley D 
Published: December 2018

AbstractBACKGROUNDPoa annua is a widespread winter annual weed species in California. Recently, poor control of this species with glyphosate was reported by growers in an almond orchard in California with a history of repetitive glyphosate use. The objectives of this research were to evaluate the level of glyphosate resistance in a developed S4 P. annua line (R) and identify the mechanisms of resistance involved.RESULTSWhole‐plant dose–response experiments confirmed glyphosate resistance in R, which required 18‐fold more glyphosate to achieve a 50% growth reduction compared with a susceptible line (S), results that were supported by the lower shikimate accumulation observed in R compared with S. No differences in glyphosate absorption, translocation, or metabolism were observed, suggesting that non‐target‐site mechanisms of resistance are not involved in the resistance phenotype. A missense single nucleotide polymorphism was observed in EPSPS coding position 106 in R, resulting in a leucine to proline substitution. This polymorphism was observed exclusively in P. supina EPSPS homeologs. A seven‐fold increase in the number of copies of EPSPS alleles was observed in R compared with S.CONCLUSIONSWe report the first case of glyphosate resistance associated with both EPSPS duplication and target‐site mutation at position 106, leading to high levels of glyphosate resistance in the allotetraploid weed species Poa annua L. Data obtained in this research will be useful for the development of diagnostic tools for rapid glyphosate resistance identification, monitoring and containment. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Anti‐acne properties of hydrophobic fraction of red ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) and its active components
Authors: Hou Joon Hyuk , Shin Hyunjung , Jang Kyoung Hwa , Park Chae Kyu , Koo Bonsuk , Shin Hyeji , Yuk Soon Hong , Lee Ki Yong 
Published: December 2018

Acne is a chronic inflammatory disease of the skin that occurs when bacteria abnormally grow in hair follicles. The most common treatment is antibiotics, but they are limited due to antibiotic resistance. The purpose of this study was to identify the active ingredients of the antimicrobial effects of red ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer), compare it to existing antibacterial substances, and determine its potential efficacy as a natural drug product. The hydrophobic fraction in red ginseng ethanol extract (RGEF) showed the same or better antimicrobial activity against Propionibacterium acnes than benzoyl peroxide or azelaic acid. In addition, the antimicrobial component derived from red ginseng selectively showed a high antimicrobial effect on P. acnes. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic analysis showed that the active antimicrobial substance in this fraction was panaxynol and panaxydol. Twenty subjects who had acne symptoms were treated with cream containing 3 mg/g of RGEF for 4 weeks. It was found that oxidized sebum contents and redness of the skin were reduced, and symptoms of the early to middle stage of acne were effectively improved. This study showed that red ginseng extract containing panaxynol and panaxydol can effectively control the symptoms of acne.
Radar quantification, temporal analysis and influence of atmospheric conditions on a roost of American Robins (Turdus migratorius) in Oklahoma
Authors: Van Den Broeke Matthew S. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractRadar observations present a way to monitor large, mobile populations across long temporal scales, and are especially valuable when individual scatterers are challenging to count visually. The focus of this study is a large and relatively homogeneous wintertime roost of American Robins (Turdus migratorius) in central Oklahoma. Radar observations are used to estimate the roost population through winter 2010–2011, and the population time series is related to weather variables and radar beam propagation. Radar‐estimated roost population gradually increased to an estimated peak of 1.5–2 million individuals from November 2010 to January 2011, and then decreased in a more stepwise manner through the spring until roost dispersal in early March. Weather conditions did not definitively explain these population decreases leading toward roost dispersal. Birds from the roost were often observed to travel >50 km away during the daytime. About 25–30% of the variability in the radar‐derived roost population estimate could be explained by atmospheric variables. This work provides an example of how radar methods may be used to estimate populations and monitor their temporal trends, which may be valuable to conservation efforts by facilitating estimates of population change through time.
Tension‐Induced Raman Enhancement of Graphene Membranes in the Stretched State
Authors: Hu Kai‐Ming , Xue Zhong‐Ying , Liu Yun‐Qi , Long Hu , Peng Bo , Yan Han , Di Zeng‐Feng , Wang Xi , Lin Liwei , Zhang Wen‐Ming 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe intensity ratio of the 2D band to the G band, I2D/IG, is a good criterion in selecting high quality monolayer graphene samples; however, the evaluation of the ultimate value of I2D/IG for intrinsic monolayer graphene is a challenging yet interesting issue. Here, an interesting tension‐induced Raman enhancement phenomenon is reported in supported graphene membranes, which show a transition from the corrugated state to the stretched state in the vicinity of wells. The I2D/IG of substrate‐supported graphene membranes near wells are significantly enhanced up to 16.74, which is the highest experimental value to the best of knowledge, increasing by more than 600% when the testing points approach the well edges.The macroscopic origin of this phenomenon is that corrugated graphene membranes are stretched by built‐in tensions. A lattice dynamic model is proposed to successfully reveal the microscopic mechanism of this phenomenon. The theoretical results agree well with the experimental data, demonstrating that tensile stresses can depress the amplitude of in‐plane vibration of sp2‐bonded carbon atoms and result in the decrease in the G band intensity. This work can be helpful in furthering the development of the method of suppressing small ripples in graphene and acquiring ultraflat 2D materials.
Collapse analysis of wind turbine tower under the coupled effects of wind and near‐field earthquake
Authors: Fan Jian , Li Qian , Zhang Yanping 
Published: December 2018

AbstractIn this paper, the pattern of wind turbine tower collapse as a result of the coupled effects of wind and an intense, near‐field earthquake is investigated. The constitutive relation of the tower cylinder steel is simulated via a nonlinear kinematic hardening model, and the specific value of each parameter in the constitutive model is provided. A precise model of the tower structure coupled with the blade is created using a nonlinear, finite element method. This method is compared with the results from a static pushover test of a small cylindrical tower to validate the finite element modeling method in this research. Two earthquake wave sets are selected as inputs. One contains 20 near‐field velocity pulse‐like ground motion waves with various pulse periods; the other contains 20 ordinary far‐field ground motion waves. A wind turbine tower with a hub height of 60 m is selected as an example for analysis. The dynamic response of this tower as a result of the coupled effects of the two ground motion wave sets and a transient wind load is calculated using nonlinear time‐history analysis. The calculation results shows that the average horizontal displacement of the tower top as a result of the near‐field velocity pulse‐like ground motion is 33% larger than the case with far‐field ground motion. Finally, the seismic collapse vulnerability curve of this wind turbine tower is calculated. The seismic collapse capacity of the tower is evaluated, and the seismic collapse pattern of the tower is analyzed.
Ergebnisse einer Umfrage zur Weiterbildungssituation in der Humangenetik in Deutschland
Authors: Scholz Christine 
Published: December 2018

Zusammenfassung

Zielsetzung
Bisher existieren nur Vermutungen darüber, wie viele Assistenzärzte sich gegenwärtig in der Weiterbildung zum Facharzt für Humangenetik befinden. Die Deutsche Gesellschaft für Humangenetik (GfH) hat daher unter den weiterbildungsbefugten Fachärzten für Humangenetik eine Umfrage dazu durchgeführt. Es wurde ebenfalls gefragt, wie die Weiterbildung an den humangenetischen Einrichtungen organisiert und finanziert wird, wie die weiterbildungsberechtigten Fachärzte die momentane Situation einschätzen und welche Möglichkeiten sie sehen, um die Zahl der weiterzubildenden Ärzte substanziell zu erhöhen.

Methodik
Um die Weiterbildungssituation in der Humangenetik in Deutschland zu erfassen, wurde ein Online-Fragebogen mit insgesamt 15 Fragen zu den Themenblöcken Weiterbildungskandidaten, Einrichtung und Befugnis sowie Bedeutung der Weiterbildung entwickelt.

Ergebnisse
Die Umfrage brachte wichtige Erkenntnisse über die Zahl der Weiterbildungsassistenten (WBA), die Organisation und Finanzierung der Weiterbildung sowie zu den Einschätzungen der weiterbildenden Fachärzte. Es wurde die Zahl von gegenwärtig 90 beschäftigten WBA ermittelt. Die Umfrageteilnehmer begrüßten die Initiative der GfH und zeigten eine große Bereitschaft, die Situation verbessern zu wollen und konstruktive Kritik zu äußern.
Intratunical Injection of Human Adipose Tissue–Derived Stem Cells Restores Collagen III/I Ratio in a Rat Model of Chronic Peyronie’s Disease
Authors: Castiglione Fabio , Hedlund Petter , Weyne Emanuel , Hakim Lukman , Montorsi Francesco , Bivalacqua Trinity J. , De Ridder Dirk , Milenkovic Uros , Ralph David , Garaffa Giulio , Muneer Asif , Joniau Steven , Albersen Maarten 
Published: November 2018

Abstract

Introduction
Previous studies have shown that the injection of adipose tissue–derived stem cells (ADSCs) into the tunica albuginea (TA) during the active phase of Peyronie’s disease (PD) prevents the development of fibrosis.

Aim
To investigate, using an animal model, whether local injection of human ADSCs (hADSCs) can alter the degree of fibrosis in the chronic phase of PD.

Methods
27 male, 12-week-old rats were divided into 3 equal groups: sham, PD without treatment, and PD treated with hADSCs 1 month after disease induction. Sham rats underwent 2 injections of vehicle into the TA 1 month apart. PD rats underwent transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) injection and injection of vehicle 1 month later. PD-hADSC rats underwent TGFβ1 injection followed by 1 million hADSCs 1 month later. 1 week after treatment, n = 3 animals/group were euthanized, and the penises were harvested for quantitative polymerase chain reaction. 1 month after treatment, the other animals, n = 6 per group, underwent measurement of intracavernous pressure (ICP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) during electrostimulation of the cavernous nerve. After euthanasia, penises were again harvested for histology and Western blot.

Main Outcome Measure
The primary outcome measures included (a) gene expression at one week post-injection; (b) measurement of ICP/MAP upon cavernous nerve stimulation as a measure of erectile function; (c) elastin, collagen I and III protein expression; and (d) Histomorphometric analysis of the penis. Means where compared by analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by a Student-Newman-Keuls test for post hoc comparisons or Mann-Whitney test when applicable.

Results
No significant difference was noted in ICP or ICP/MAP in response to cavernous nerve electrostimulation between the 3 groups at 2.5, 5, and 7.5 V (P &gt; .05 for all voltages). PD animals developed tunical and subtunical areas of fibrosis with a significant upregulation of collagen III protein. The collagen III/I ratio was higher in the PD (4.6 ± 0.92) group compared with sham (0.66 ± 0.18) and PD-hADSC (0.86 ± 0.06) groups (P &lt; .05) These fibrotic changes were prevented when treated with hADSCs. Compared with PD rats, PD-hADSC rats demonstrated a decreased expression of several fibrosis-related genes.

Conclusion
Injection of hADSCs reduces collagen III expression in a rat model of chronic PD.
Return to Work After Long-Term Sick Leave: Stories of Employed Women With Common Mental Disorders
Authors: Wall Erika , Selander John 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe aim of this study is to investigate the perceptions of female employees on long-term sickness absence due to common mental disorders (CMDs), in relation to what they perceive would best help them to return to work. Data were collected through a survey answered by employees at a municipality in Sweden on long-term sick leave. Results of the current study are based on a part of that material, namely from 56 women with CMDs who responded to the final open question. The analysis involves two steps. Initially, we explored themes that form the accounts in the findings. Secondly, based on the themes, collective narratives, storylines were identified. Three different storylines were found to be prominent in the findings. The storylines describe how the participants collectively expressed themselves in relation to the possibilities for return to work, and the following storylines were derived:It feels like too much, Things are moving too fast,andI have to get out of here!. The findings are related to perceived demands, control and support. From a disability management perspective, we have learned the importance of restoring the balance between demands, control and support — not only to prevent absence from work, but also to facilitate return to work after a period of long-term sickness.
Slug generation processes in co-current turbulent-gas/laminar-liquid flows in horizontal channels
Authors: Miao Sha , Hendrickson Kelli , Liu Yuming 
Published: December 2018

We theoretically and computationally investigate the physical processes of slug-flow development in concurrent two-phase turbulent-gas/laminar-liquid flows in horizontal channels. The objective is to understand the fundamental mechanisms governing the initial growth and subsequent nonlinear evolution of interfacial waves, starting from a smooth stratified flow of two fluids with disparity in density and viscosity and ultimately leading to the formation of intermittent slug flow. We numerically simulate the entire slug development by means of a fully coupled immersed flow (FCIF) solver that couples the two disparate flow dynamics through an immersed boundary (IB) method. From the analysis of spatial/temporal interface evolution, we find that slugs develop through three major cascading processes: (I) stratified-to-wavy transition; (II) development and coalescence of long solitary waves; and (III) rapid channel bridging leading to slugging. In Process I, relatively short interfacial waves form on the smooth interface, whose growth is governed by the Orr–Sommerfeld instability. In Process II, interfacial waves evolve into long solitary waves through multiple resonant and near-resonant wave–wave interactions. From instability analysis of periodic solitary waves, we show that these waves are unstable to their subharmonic disturbances and grow in amplitude and primary wavelength through wave coalescence. The interfacial forcing from the turbulent gas–laminar liquid interactions significantly precipitates the growth of instability of solitary waves and enhances coalescence of solitary waves. In Process III, we show by an asymptotic analysis that interfacial waves achieve multiple-exponential growth right before bridging the channel, consistent with observations in existing experiments. The present study provides important insights for effective modelling of slug-flow dynamics and the prediction of slug frequency and length, important for design and operation of (heavy-oil/gas) pipelines and production facilities.
ECT in schizophrenia: a review of the evidence
Authors: Grover Sandeep , Sahoo Swapnajeet , Rabha Anjumoni , Koirala Raman 
Published: December 2018

AbstractElectroconvulsive therapy (ECT) was initially used for the treatment of schizophrenia, but over the years with the advent of antipsychotics, its use in schizophrenia has been limited. Treatment guidelines vary in their recommendations for the use of ECT in schizophrenia. The usual indications of its use among patients with schizophrenia include treatment resistance, to augment pharmacotherapy, to manage catatonia, suicidal behaviour, severe agitation and clozapine-resistant schizophrenia. Available literature, including meta-analysis and systematic reviews, suggest that ECT is a safe and effective treatment in patients with schizophrenia. However, despite the available evidence, it is highly underutilised and is often used as one of the last resort among patients with schizophrenia. This review focuses on the indications of use of ECT in schizophrenia, studies evaluating its effectiveness, efficacy in certain special situations like first episode schizophrenia, adolescents, catatonia etc., predictors of response to ECT in schizophrenia and influence of various ECT-related parameters on efficacy/effectiveness among patients with schizophrenia. From the review, it can be concluded that ECT is not only is beneficial as an augmenting strategy in treatment-resistant schizophrenia but also can be used effectively in patients with schizophrenia in various other situations.
Low-linoleic acid diet and oestrogen enhance the conversion ofα-linolenic acid into DHA through modification of conversion enzymes and transcription factors
Authors: Kim Donghee , Choi Jeong-Eun , Park Yongsoon 
Published: December 2018

AbstractConversion ofα-linolenic acid (ALA) into the longer chainn-3 PUFA has been suggested to be affected by the dietary intake of linoleic acid (LA), but the mechanism is not well known. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of a low-LA diet with and without oestrogen on the fatty acid conversion enzymes and transcription factors. Rats were fed a modified American Institute of Nutrition-93G diet with 0%n-3 PUFA or ALA, containing low or high amounts of LA for 12 weeks. At 8 weeks, the rats were injected with maize oil with or without 17β-oestradiol-3-benzoate (E) at constant intervals for the remaining 3 weeks. Both the low-LA diet and E significantly increased the hepatic expressions of PPAR-α, fatty acid desaturase (FADS) 2, elongase of very long chain fatty acids 2 (ELOVL2) and ELOVL5 but decreased sterol regulatory element binding protein 1. The low-LA diet, but not E, increased the hepatic expression of FADS1, and E increased the hepatic expression of oestrogen receptor-αandβ. The low-LA diet and E had synergic effects on serum and liver levels of DHA and on the hepatic expression of PPAR-α. In conclusion, the low-LA diet and oestrogen increased the conversion of ALA into DHA by upregulating the elongases and desaturases of fatty acids through regulating the expression of transcription factors. The low-LA diet and E had a synergic effect on serum and liver levels of DHA through increasing the expression of PPAR-α.