bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of China’s One Child Policy on Sex Selection, Family Size, and the School Enrolment of Daughters
Authors: Qian Nancy 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
A large economics literature provides evidence that parents trade-off the quantity of children with the quality of children, which implies that child ‘quality’ declines as family size increases. Child psychologists argue that increases in the number of children can increase the child quality because it provides children with opportunities to teach and learn from each other. Alternatively, there may simply be economies of scale in childcare costs for items such as clothes and textbooks such that an additional child lowers the marginal cost of quality for all children. Both China and India have experimented with different family planning policies to limit family size. This study addresses the effect of family size by examining the impact of increasing the number of children from one to two on school enrolment in rural China. To establish causality, the author exploits region and birth year variation in relaxations of the one child policy.
Are Caste Categories Misleading? The Relationship Between Gender and Jati in Three Indian States
Authors: Joshi Shareen , Kochhar Nishtha , Rao Vijayendra 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Indian society is highly stratified and hierarchical. Caste, class, and gender all contribute to an individual’s status. A large body of literature explores the importance of each of these. This chapter examines the relationship between caste and gender inequality in three states in India. When households are grouped using conventional, government-defined categories of caste, we find patterns that are consistent with existing literature: lower-caste women are more likely to participate in the labour market, have greater decision making autonomy within their households, and experience greater freedom of movement. When households are grouped by the narrower sub-caste categories of jati, where caste is lived and experienced, we find the relationships are far more varied and nuanced. These results suggest that focusing on broad caste categories such as ‘scheduled castes’ and ‘scheduled tribes’ can be misleading for understanding the relationship between caste and gender.
Inquiry Agents and their Logics for Action
Authors: Stark Alastair 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
This chapter presents the final two components of the book’s theoretical framework. These relate to inquiry actors and their ‘logics for action’. Focusing on agency first, the chapter makes the case that a range of potentially important actors exist beyond ‘the usual suspects’ who are typically researched in inquiry scholarship. These actors are important because of their capacity to create, transfer, and legitimize policy ideas. The chapter then examines ‘logics for action’. These are preferences about what effective policy knowledge is and how inquiries should best go about capturing it. Some logics are more appropriate for learning about policy than others and when multiple logics are at work in an inquiry there is the potential for conflict.
Lesson-Learning and Resilience to Future Crises
Authors: Stark Alastair 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
This chapter begins the work of reporting the book’s main findings. It analyses key themes from the case study data that relate to the types of policy learning that each inquiry produced. The main argument of the book—that these inquiries produced lessons that enhanced resilience to future threats—emerges from this data. However, underneath this broad argument, two types of policy learning are emphasized as important in terms of the value of the public inquiry. The first is ‘instrumental learning’, which produces policy tools, and the second is ‘cognitive organizational learning’, which enhances policy coordination. These positive outcomes are contrasted against the types of learning that these inquiries struggled to produce, which included social and double loop learning. The chapter concludes with reflections on the extent to which the data allows these arguments to be generalized.
Policy Refiners and Street-Level Lesson Learners
Authors: Stark Alastair 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
This chapter explores agents who are influential in terms of inquiry lesson-learning but have not been examined before in inquiry literature. The key argument is that two types of agent—policy refiners and street-level bureaucrats—are important when it comes to the effectiveness of post-crisis lesson-learning. As they travel down from the central government level, street-level actors champion, reinterpret, and reject inquiry lessons, often because those lessons do not consider local capacities. Policy refiners, however, operate at the central level in the form of taskforces, implementation reviews, and policy evaluation processes. These refiners examine potentially problematic inquiry lessons in greater detail in order to determine whether and how they should be implemented. In doing so, these ‘mini-inquiries’ can reformulate or even abandon inquiry recommendations.
Kaiserdämmerung
Authors: Schabas William A. 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
As the war ends, Kaiser Wilhelm leaves Berlin for German military headquarters in Spa, Belgium, where his generals tell him that the troops will not follow him and that his life may even be threatened. He flees to the Netherlands in his private train, possibly after receiving an ‘all clear’ from Queen Wilhelmina. The Dutch Government persuades a local aristocrat, Count Bentinck, to take him in for a few days to his castle in Amerongen, but the visit ends up lasting nearly eighteen months. Britain’s Ambassador to The Hague sends his wife to spy on the Kaiser’s arrival, but attempts without success to conceal her identity from the Foreign Office.
Britain, France, and Italy Agree to Try the Kaiser
Authors: Schabas William A. 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
The Attorney General, F. E. Smith, persuades an initially uncertain Imperial War Cabinet of the wisdom of putting Kaiser Wilhelm II on trial. When Georges Clemenceau and Vittorio Orlando meet David Lloyd George in London at the beginning of December 1918, they agree on trial of the Kaiser. The Italians are hesitant, however, with the Foreign Minister opposed to prosecution. The Americans do not send a representative to the meeting. Lloyd George writes to Woodrow Wilson, who is on board a ship on his way to France, but the American President prefers to wait before taking any decision about a trial.
An International Criminal Court
Authors: Schabas William A. 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
The earliest proposals for an international criminal court emerge during the sessions of the Commission on Responsibilities. The French insist that it will offer a ‘greater stage’, something that is necessary if the former German Emperor is to be prosecuted. On this issue, too, the Americans are totally opposed. The Commission also debates whether or not the Kaiser may be able to invoke immunity as a Head of State. It also considers a notion of guilt by abstention, whereby a leader may be tried for the crimes of subordinates to the extent that he or she failed to intervene to prevent the punishable acts, a doctrine known today as ‘superior responsibility’.
The Council of Virgins
Authors: Schabas William A. 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
All of the serious decision-making at the Peace Conference fell to four leaders, Wilson, Lloyd George, Clemenceau, and Orlando. Known semi-officially as the Council of Four, they were sometimes called the ‘Council of Virgins’. Meeting in April 1919, they essentially discarded the recommendations of the Commission on Responsibilities. Lloyd George and Clemenceau returned to the idea of prosecuting the Kaiser for starting the war. After lengthy debate, Wilson abandoned US opposition to trial and on his own drafted a paragraph for the treaty. The new text that he prepared provided for an international tribunal that would be authorised to try Kaiser Wilhelm for a ‘supreme offence against international morality and the sanctity of treaties’, although it insisted that this was not to be viewed as a criminal offence.
Finalising the Treaty of Versailles
Authors: Schabas William A. 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Wilson’s text was polished by the Drafting Committee and then altered, upon the request of Lloyd George, so as to remove any suggestion that it did not provide for a proper criminal trial. The draft treaty was then submitted to the Germans for comment. A committee of German experts that included the famous sociologist Max Weber wrote a reply contesting the clauses about trial and punishment of Kaiser Wilhelm. For Germany, this was one of the few provisions in the Treaty of Versailles that were intolerable. But the Allies refused to budge and Germany found itself forced to sign.
Demand for Surrender
Authors: Schabas William A. 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
When the Treaty of Versailles entered into force in January 1920, the British, French, and Italians sent their demand for surrender to the Dutch Government. When it was promptly rejected, the three Allied Powers prepared a reply protesting the Dutch decision. But they were already shifting their position in favour of some form of internment similar to what had been imposed upon Napoleon in 1815. Initially, they sought internment far from Europe, but the Dutch were not interested. After a series of unpleasant diplomatic exchanges, the Dutch Queen issued a decree confining the Kaiser to his new castle in Doorn. The Kaiser remained at Doorn for the rest of his natural life, dying in 1941. By then, Germany had occupied the Netherlands and his castle was guarded by Wehrmacht troops. Hitler had his local hatchet-man, Arthur Seyss-Inquart, attend the funeral and present a wreath on his behalf.
A Novel Positive Regulator of the Early Stages of Root Nodule Symbiosis Identified by Phosphoproteomics
Authors: Vald�s-L�pez Oswaldo , Jayaraman Dhileepkumar , Maeda Junko , Delaux Pierre-Marc , Venkateshwaran Muthusubramanian , Isidra-Arellano Mariel C , Reyero-Saavedra Mar�a del Roc�o , S�nchez-Correa Mar�a del Socorro , Verastegui-Vidal Miguel A , Delgado-Buenrostro Norma , Van Ness Lori , Mysore Kirankumar S , Wen Jiangqi , Sussman Michael R , An� Jean-Michel 
Published: November 2018

AbstractSignals and signaling pathways underlying the symbiosis between legumes and rhizobia have been studied extensively over the past decades. In a previous phosphoproteomic study on the Medicago truncatula–Sinorhizobium meliloti symbiosis, we identified plant proteins that are differentially phosphorylated upon the perception of rhizobial signals, called Nod factors. In this study, we provide experimental evidence that one of these proteins, Early Phosphorylated Protein 1 (EPP1), is required for the initiation of this symbiosis. Upon inoculation with rhizobia, MtEPP1 expression was induced in curled root hairs. Down-regulation of MtEPP1 in M. truncatula roots almost abolished calcium spiking, reduced the expression of essential symbiosis-related genes (MtNIN, MtNF-YB1, MtERN1 and MtENOD40) and strongly decreased nodule development. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that orthologs of MtEPP1 are present in legumes and specifically in plant species able to host arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, suggesting a possible role in this association too. Short chitin oligomers induced the phosphorylation of MtEPP1 like Nod factors. However, the down-regulation of MtEPP1 affected the colonization of M. truncatula roots by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi only moderately. Altogether, these findings indicate that MtEPP1 is essential for the establishment of the legume–rhizobia symbiosis but might plays a limited role in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis.
A Systematic Review of Growth Hormone in Pain Medicine: From Rodents to Humans
Authors: Xu Jijun , Casserly Elizabeth , Yin Yan , Cheng Jianguo 
Published: November 2018

Abstract

Objective
Growth hormone (GH) and GH-related signaling molecules play an important role in nociception and development of chronic pain. This review aims to examine the potential molecular mechanisms through which GH-related signaling modulates sensory hypersensitivity in rodents, the clinical pharmacology of GH, and the clinical evidence of GH treatment for several common pain syndromes.

Methods
A search was conducted using the PUBMED/MEDLINE database, Scopus, and the Cochrane library for all reports published in English on GH in pain management from inception through May 2018. A critical review was performed on the mechanisms of GH-related signaling and the pharmacology of GH. The levels of clinical evidence and implications for recommendations of all of the included studies were graded.

Results
The search yielded 379 articles, of which 201 articles were deemed irrelevant by reading the titles. There were 53 reports deemed relevant after reading abstracts. All of these 53 articles were retrieved for the analysis and discussion.

Conclusions
Dysfunction of the GH/insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)/ghrelin axis was linked to hyperalgesia and several common clinical pain syndromes. Low levels of GH and IGF-1 were linked to pain hypersensitivity, whereas ghrelin appeared to provide analgesic effects. Pretreatment of GH reversed mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity in an animal model of inflammatory pain. Clinical trials support GH treatment in a subgroup of patients with fibromyalgia syndrome (level of evidence: 1B+) or chronic lower back pain syndrome (level of evidence: 2C+).
Validation of an automated sleep spindle detection method for mouse electroencephalography
Authors: Uygun David S , Katsuki Fumi , Bolortuya Yunren , Aguilar David D , McKenna James T , Thankachan Stephen , McCarley Robert W , Basheer Radhika , Brown Ritchie E , Strecker Robert E , McNally James M 
Published: November 2018

Abstract

Study Objectives
Sleep spindles are abnormal in several neuropsychiatric conditions and have been implicated in associated cognitive symptoms. Accordingly, there is growing interest in elucidating the pathophysiology behind spindle abnormalities using rodent models of such disorders. However, whether sleep spindles can reliably be detected in mouse electroencephalography (EEG) is controversial necessitating careful validation of spindle detection and analysis techniques.

Methods
Manual spindle detection procedures were developed and optimized to generate an algorithm for automated detection of events from mouse cortical EEG. Accuracy and external validity of this algorithm were then assayed via comparison to sigma band (10–15 Hz) power analysis, a proxy for sleep spindles, and pharmacological manipulations.

Results
We found manual spindle identification in raw mouse EEG unreliable, leading to low agreement between human scorers as determined by F1-score (0.26 ± 0.07). Thus, we concluded it is not possible to reliably score mouse spindles manually using unprocessed EEG data. Manual scoring from processed EEG data (filtered, cubed root-mean-squared), enabled reliable detection between human scorers, and between human scorers and algorithm (F1-score > 0.95). Algorithmically detected spindles correlated with changes in sigma-power and were altered by the following conditions: sleep–wake state changes, transitions between NREM and REM sleep, and application of the hypnotic drug zolpidem (10 mg/kg, intraperitoneal).

Conclusions
Here we describe and validate an automated paradigm for rapid and reliable detection of spindles from mouse EEG recordings. This technique provides a powerful tool to facilitate investigations of the mechanisms of spindle generation, as well as spindle alterations evident in mouse models of neuropsychiatric disorders.
Study Doesn't Support Widespread Use of Statins in Elderly Patients
Authors: Rosenberg Karen 
Published: November 2018

According to this study:

In a large cohort of patients who did not have type 2 diabetes and were ages 75 and older and free of clinical cardiovascular disease (CVD), statins weren't associated with a reduction in atherosclerotic CVD or all-cause mortality.Statins were beneficial in patients who had type 2 diabetes, but the benefit decreased with advancing age.
Comparison of the effect of postoperative radiotherapy with surgery alone for esophagus squamous cell carcinoma patients
Authors: Zhao Xiao-han , Wang Duo , Wang Fang , Zhu Shu-chai 
Published: November 2018

Abstract

Background:
This meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the effect of postoperative radiotherapy for patients having esophagus squamous cell carcinoma after radical surgery.

Methods:
A comprehensive research was performed in Pubmed, Embase and Cochrane Library electronic databases from inception until December 10, 2017. We collected all published full articles about comparison of surgery plus postoperative radiotherapy with surgery alone.

Results:
Four randomized-controlled trials (RCTs) with 1050 participants and 8 non-randomized-controlled trials with 3248 participants were included and evaluated separately. The risk ratio rate and its 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated. Both RCTs and non-randomized-controlled trials (NRCTs) groups showed a significant increase in 3-year overall survival (OS) rate (RRRCT = 0.89, 95% CI: 0.80–0.99; RRNRCT = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.76–0.88) and decrease locoregional recurrence rate (RRRCT = 0.53, 95% CI: 0.43–0.66; RRNRCT = 0.47, 95% CI: 0.32–0.69) after postoperative radiotherapy compared with surgery alone. The 5-year OS rate in the group of NRCTs was markedly enhanced (RR = 0.87, 95% CI: 0.82–0.92), while that of the RCTs group was not enhanced in a significant way (RR = 0.84, 95% CI: 0.70–1.02). Subgroup analysis based on pathological lymph node status revealed that postoperative radiotherapy could improve OS regardless of pathological lymph node status (pathological lymph node positive patients: RR5-year os-RCT = 0.81, 95% CI: 0.70–0.93; RR5-year os-NRCT = 0.87, 95% CI: 0.80–0.94; Pathological lymph node negative patients: RR3-year os-RCT = 0.76, 95% CI: 0.59–0.96; RR3-year os-NRCT = 0.52, 95% CI: 0.30–0.89). No effect on distant recurrence rate was detected. Adverse effects induced by postoperative radiotherapy were comparatively modest and tolerable.

Conclusion:
Polled results yielded that postoperative radiotherapy was promising in improving OS and reducing the locoregional recurrence rate. More large-scale up-to-date RCTs are needed to further validate the use of postoperative radiotherapy in modern practice.
Paediatric medial humeral epicondyle fracture management: 2019 approach
Authors: Firth Amy M. , Marson Ben A. , Hunter James B. 
Published: November 2018

Purpose of review
The management of displaced medial humeral epicondyle fractures in children remains controversial. The indications for surgery, the ideal surgical strategy and the implications of a painful nonunion remain unclear.

Recent findings
This article describes the state of the evidence and the art in the management of medial humeral epicondyle fractures concentrating on recent research and current opinion. Treatment of paediatric medial epicondylar fractures of the elbow remains the domain of expert opinion and subject to great variance. Anatomical, biomechanical and computer simulation models suggest great importance should be given to the medial epicondyle and the structures, which insert onto it. However, this does not correlate with outcomes as reported by patients, parents and surgeons.

Summary
The question of which paediatric medial humeral epicondylar fractures benefit from operative fixation remains unanswered. A large randomized prospective trial is required.
Natural killer cells as modulators of alloimmune responses
Authors: Mbiribindi Berenice , Harden James T. , Pena Josselyn K. , Krams Sheri M. 
Published: November 2018

Purpose of review
Natural killer (NK) cells are effector cells of the innate immune system that can lyse target cells without prior sensitization and are important in host defense to virally infected and transformed cells. Although the concept of ‘missing-self’ would suggest NK cells could target foreign allografts, the prevailing dogma has been that NK cells are not active participants in the rejection of solid organ allografts. This review summarizes recent studies that challenge this conclusion and instead suggest NK cells are important in outcomes posttransplant.

Recent findings
NK cells expressing specific cell surface receptors may promote graft damage and rejection. However, recent studies suggest some NK cell subsets have tolerogenic or immunoregulatory potential and promote graft stability, suggesting a dichotomous role for NK cells after transplant. Furthermore, NK cells respond to cells infected with cytomegalovirus and Epstein–Barr virus, and studies suggest some NK cells have immune memory.

Summary
Our understanding of the role of NK cells posttransplant has evolved from ‘no role’ to the current idea that NK cells may have ‘complex interactions’ that impact graft outcomes. Additional studies, using cutting edge techniques to comprehensively analyze the phenotypic and functional subsets of NK cells in transplant recipients, are clearly necessary.
Clarifying Role Expectations and Practice Standards Using a Clinical Nurse Leader Professional Practice Model Illustration
Authors: Hatley Angie , Ralyea Tina , Buttriss Grace O'Connor , Rankin Veronica L. 
Published: November 2018

Background:
Despite evidence of the positive impact of the clinical nurse leader (CNL) role, implementation of supplemental nursing roles has proven to be challenging due to unclear role explanations and organizational unfamiliarity.

Problem:
Nurses practice in a dynamic environment and need to cope with the rapid pace of change in practice roles. Outside of the preparation of the CNL, many nursing professionals are not educated or prepared on the essential aspects the CNL role.

Approach:
A graphic illustration was developed to facilitate discussion and provide insight into the CNL role, with the aim of creating consensus on the CNL role functions and expectations.

Outcomes:
Following the implementation of the CNL practice model illustration, participants reported a significant improvement in their understanding and importance of the CNL role.

Conclusions:
Professional practice model illustrations may be beneficial in developing a consensus of practice.
Barriers to Integrating Research Into Clinical Nursing Practice
Authors: Aljezawi Maen , Al Qadire Mohammad , Alhajjy Mohammed H. , Tawalbeh Loai Issa , Alamery Aliyah Hadi , Aloush Sami , ALBashtawy Mohammed 
Published: November 2018

Background:
Using research findings in clinical practice is a cornerstone in improving the quality of care, but nurses face different barriers in doing so.

Purpose:
The purpose was to explore barriers to research utilization in clinical practice as perceived by nurses.

Method:
A cross-sectional survey was done using a convenience sampling method in a single specialist hospital in Saudi Arabia. The Barriers to Research Utilization questionnaire was used to collect data.

Results:
The mean overall score (out of 4) for the Barriers questionnaire was 2.67 (SD = 0.47). The 3 most reported barriers were lack of time, physician cooperation, and other staff support. Nurses working in pediatric and maternity units reported more barriers.

Conclusion:
Clinical setting factors are those most perceived by nurses as barriers to integrating research into practice. Reforms in the clinical areas should take place to overcome these barriers.