bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘Complete freedom to choose within limits’ – teachers’ views of curricular autonomy, agency and control in Estonia, Finland and Germany
Authors: Erss Maria 
Published: March 2018

ABSTRACTTo examine different approaches to teacher autonomy in nation‐states, three countries were selected for a comparative study: Estonia, Finland and Germany. The emphasis of the study lies on the subjective perceptions of upper secondary school teachers (n = 33 semi‐structured interviews) regarding their curricular autonomy and experiences of being controlled by the system. The article discusses different concepts of teacher autonomy and agency theoretically and concludes that they are partly overlapping, but not the same. Agency can be understood as the realistic actualization of autonomy within the constraints of the teaching profession, while autonomy is, in theory, more liberating, focusing on self‐directedness, capacity for autonomous action and freedom from control. The data analysis showed that the expectations of teachers as to the amount of desired autonomy varied greatly. While the Finnish teachers in the study perceived control over teachers’ work to be unnecessary, due to their high professionalism, the Estonian and German teachers did not advocate absence of control, instead preferring to ‘have complete freedom to choose within limits.’
Tax treaty arbitration
Authors: Mooij Hans 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Traditionally, tax authorities endeavour to resolve their tax treaty disputes among themselves, by amicable settlement through a mutual agreement procedure (commonly known as ‘MAP’ procedure), without involvement from any third parties—neither arbitrators nor mediators. In past years, due to globalization of countries’ economies and spread of tax treaty networks, the number of disputess, their complexity and revenue interest involved have gone up drastically, exceeding many authorities’ capacities, and resulting in MAP cases taking up increasingly more time, or remaining unresolved at all. It is generally expected that the recent OECD/G20 initiated ‘BEPS’ (short for: Base Erosion and Profit Shifting) measures against international tax avoidance will add further to this. Arbitration so far having been hardly tried in practice, the recent arbitration piece under the BEPS multilateral treaty (MLI) and EU Directive on dispute resolution in international tax matters, however, create new momentum. It is now up to tax authorities if they can accustom themselves to the use of arbitration as an ordinary, and in certain circumstances preferable tool for resolving their disputes.
REStLESS: automated translation of glycan sequences from residue-based notation to SMILES and atomic coordinates
Authors: Chernyshov Ivan Yu , Toukach Philip V 
Published: March 2018

Abstract

Motivation
Glycans and glycoconjugates are usually recorded in dedicated databases in residue-based notations. Only a few of them can be converted into chemical (atom-based) formats highly demanded in conformational and biochemical studies. In this work, we present a tool for translation from a residue-based glycan notation to SMILES.

Results
The REStLESS algorithm for translation from the CSDB Linear notation to SMILES was developed. REStLESS stands for ResiduEs as Smiles and LinkagEs as SmartS, where SMARTS reaction expressions are used to merge pre-encoded residues into a molecule. The implementation supports virtually all structural features reported in natural carbohydrates and glycoconjugates. The translator is equipped with a mechanism for conversion of SMILES strings into optimized atomic coordinates which can be used as starting geometries for various computational tasks.

Availability and implementation
REStLESS is integrated in the Carbohydrate Structure Database (CSDB) and is freely available on the web (http://csdb.glycoscience.ru/csdb2atoms.html).

Supplementary information
Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Derived Assets
Authors: Raczynska Magda 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
This chapter considers incidents in which a new asset may be derived from the one already subject to the proprietary interest. It begins with an overview of derivation in law in the context of physical matter, the possible categories of new assets and the ways in which they might be derived from original assets. In particular, it describes three categories of derived assets: proceeds, products and fruits. It then examines derived assets from the contractual perspective, along with changes to subject matter of proprietary interests. Changes of subject matter leading or not leading to a new asset are analysed. The chapter concludes with an assessment of the case with rights to payment to show that some assets are so closely linked with the derived assets that having the asset makes little economic sense unless one also has a right to the derived asset.
Taxation of Private Investment Funds
Authors: Spangler Timothy 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
This chapter discusses the taxation of private investment funds, addressing questions such as whether there are any conflicting interests between investors and/or managers and/or others involved in the fund (including joint venture parties) in relation to any aspect of the tax affairs of the fund; whether any investor could be liable (whether on its own, jointly, or jointly and severally) for any taxation liability of the fund or any of its subsidiary vehicles; or the extent to which the tax treatment of the fund or any of its subsidiary vehicles is dependent on the tax status of investors. The chapter compares the taxation of limited partnerships and offshore companies in the UK and in the United States.
The Legal Duties Arising from the Provision of Investment Advisory and Management Services
Authors: Spangler Timothy 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
This chapter discusses the legal duties owed by investment managers to their clients arising from the provision of investment advisory and management services. It first considers the key documents that establish the legal relationship between fund managers and investors before explaining the investment manager’s duty of care and fiduciary duty of loyalty to the client. It then examines the contracts involved in private investment funds between the fund vehicle and the fund manager, along with the fiduciary duties of directors of limited companies. It also analyses the impact of structure of investment management firms on legal duties, taking into account multiple management vehicles, the effect of fund management economics on legal structures, and the dividing line between fund manager and investors.
The Regulatory Duties Arising from the Provision of Investment Advisory and Management Services
Authors: Spangler Timothy 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
This chapter examines the regulatory duties of investment managers arising from the provision of investment advisory and management services. Managers of private investment funds that are authorised or regulated as investment advisers or managers can owe regulatory duties arising under the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (FSMA) in the UK and the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 in the United States. The chapter begins with a discussion of the UK Financial Conduct Authority’s (FCA) regulation of the conduct of firms authorised under the FSMA, including collective investment schemes, public investment funds, and fiduciary duty in the financial services regulatory regime. It then considers the FCA’s regulatory response to private investment funds as well as the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission’s compliance programme for investment advisers and managers primarily under the Advisers Act. It concludes with an analysis of financial services regulation of fiduciary duties.
Investor Protection Concerns in Private Investment Funds
Authors: Spangler Timothy 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
This chapter examines the governance challenge in private investment funds arising from investor protection failures. It begins with a discussion of the Madoff affair, which brought to the fore alleged failures in reporting, oversight and governance mechanisms regarding private investment funds, whether hedge funds, private equity funds, real estate opportunities funds or other more esoteric investment pools. It then considers some issues which the Madoff debacle drew attention to, including the presence of multiple fund vehicles in the same structure or in interconnected structures such as parallel funds, master-feeder, and fund of funds. It also analyses the Financial Conduct Authority’s (FCA) concerns about hedge fund fraud and conflicts of interest that may arise in the business models of any of the participants in the private equity market. Finally, it describes ongoing diligence and oversight regarding private investment funds and the Securities and Exchange Commission’s (SEC) concerns over due diligence involving private funds.
Board of Directors Composition as a Means to Mitigating the Governance Challenge
Authors: Spangler Timothy 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
This chapter explains how the composition of the board of directors can mitigate the governance challenge in private investment funds. The dependence of a private investment fund on the fund manager is a key factor in the governance challenge. Directors of the fund vehicle must ensure that their fiduciary duties are adequately fulfilled, especially in circumstances that put them in direct conflict with the fund manager. The inclusion of directors who are independent of the fund manager can serve to better address the governance challenge for all participants in a particular investment fund. The chapter first considers the two complementary functions of independent directors—providing specialized advice and expertise to the executive directors and monitoring executive decision-making—before discussing their duties as well as their effectiveness. It also examines the role of directors in general partner vehicles and the limitation on the effectiveness of independent directors.
Listings of Private Investment Funds as a Means of Mitigating the Governance Challenge
Authors: Spangler Timothy 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
This chapter explains how the admission to listing of private investment funds on a recognized exchange can provide a means to address the governance challenge. It first considers the regulatory functions of securities exchanges before turning to the Irish Stock Exchange (ISE), taking into account three areas relevant to the governance challenge faced by private investment funds: general obligations of disclosure, notification of interests and key developments, and communications with unitholders. It then examines how an ISE listing can provide a potential market-oriented solution to the governance challenge. It also discusses listing-related developments at the London Stock Exchange, Alternative Investment Fund Managers Directive depositories, and limitations on the effectiveness of exchange listings.
The Global Frontiers of Private Investment Funds
Authors: Spangler Timothy 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
This chapter discusses the global expansion of private investment funds in the twenty-first century, focusing on two regions: Asia and the Middle East. In particular, it examines questions about the balance of power between fund managers and investors, the role of top-down regulation in non-public financial transactions, and the ability of private monitoring solutions to provide a meaningful alternative to such approaches. The chapter first describes the asset management industry in the United Arab Emirates, with emphasis on the roles of the Dubai International Financial Centre and the Dubai Financial Services Authority, before turning to Saudi Arabia and Islamic investment funds. It also considers Hong Kong and Singapore as centres of private investment funds in Asia, along with passporting and recognition that facilitate the cross-border offering of funds in other participating jurisdictions throughout the continent.
Harnessing the Power of Big Data to Improve Graduate Medical Education: Big Idea or Bust?
Authors: Arora Vineet M. 
Published: March 2018

With the advent of electronic medical records (EMRs) fueling the rise of big data, the use of predictive analytics, machine learning, and artificial intelligence are touted as transformational tools to improve clinical care. While major investments are being made in using big data to transform health care delivery, little effort has been directed toward exploiting big data to improve graduate medical education (GME). Because our current system relies on faculty observations of competence, it is not unreasonable to ask whether big data in the form of clinical EMRs and other novel data sources can answer questions of importance in GME such as when is a resident ready for independent practice.
The timing is ripe for such a transformation. A recent National Academy of Medicine report called for reforms to how GME is delivered and financed. While many agree on the need to ensure that GME meets our nation’s health needs, there is little consensus on how to measure the performance of GME in meeting this goal. During a recent workshop at the National Academy of Medicine on GME outcomes and metrics in October 2017, a key theme emerged: Big data holds great promise to inform GME performance at individual, institutional, and national levels. In this Invited Commentary, several examples are presented, such as using big data to inform clinical experience and provide clinically meaningful data to trainees, and using novel data sources, including ambient data, to better measure the quality of GME training.
Mortality Rates After Posterior C1–2 Fusion for Displaced Type II Odontoid Fractures in Octogenarians
Authors: Clark Stephen , Nash Alysa , Shasti Mark , Brown Luke , Jauregui Julio J. , Mistretta Katherine , Koh Eugene , Banagan Kelley , Ludwig Steven , Gelb Daniel 
Published: March 2018

Study Design.
Retrospective cohort study

Objective.
To assess 30-day and 1-year mortality rates as well as the most common complications associated with posterior C1–2 fusion in an octogenarian cohort.

Summary of Background Data.
Treatment of unstable type II odontoid fractures in elderly patients can present challenges. Recent evidence indicates in patients older than 80 years, posterior C1–2 fusion results in improved survival as compared to other modes of treatment.

Methods.
Retrospective analysis of 43 consecutive patients (25 female and 18 male; mean age 84.3 yr, range 80–89 yr; mean Charlson Comorbidity Index 1.4, (range 1–6); mean body mass index 24.8 ± 4.2 kg/m2, who underwent posterior C1-C2 fusion for management of unstable type II odontoid fracture by four fellowship trained spine surgeons at a single institution between January 2006 to June 2016.

Results.
Mean fracture displacement was 5.1 ± 3.6 mm and mean absolute value of angulation was 19.93° ± 12.93°. The most common complications were altered mental status (41.9%, n = 18), dysphagia (27.9%, n = 12) with 50% of those patients (6/12) requiring a feeding tube, and emergency reintubation (9.3%, n = 4). To the date of review completion, 25 of 43 patients expired (58.1%), median survival of 1.76 years from the date of surgery. Thirty-day and 1-year mortality rates were 2.3% and 18.6%, respectively. Patients who developed dysphagia were 14.5 times more likely to have expired at 1 year; dysphagia was also found to be significantly associated with degree of displacement. Fracture displacement was found to be associated with increased odds for 1-year mortality when accounting for age and requirement of a feeding tube.

Conclusion.
Posterior C1–2 fusion results in acceptably low mortality rates in octogenarians with unstable type II odontoid fractures when compared to nonoperative management mortality rates in current literature. Initial fracture displacement is associated with higher mortality rate in this patient population.

Level of Evidence: 4
Early Childhood Learning and the Pediatrician: A Qualitative Study Among Diverse, Low-Income Caregivers
Authors: Steinberg Jecca Rhea , Bruce Janine S. , Marin-Nevarez Paloma , Phan Kimmy , Merrell Sylvia Bereknyei , Chamberlain Lisa J. 
Published: March 2018

ABSTRACT:

Objective:
School readiness by kindergarten entry is associated with increased high school graduation, decreased juvenile arrest, and better long-term health. Inadequate early childhood learning (ECL) disproportionately affects low-income children. Pediatricians have near-universal access to children younger than 5 years but remain an underused ECL resource. This study examined caregivers' perceptions of ECL, the role of the pediatrician and pediatric office, and the use of community-based ECL resources among diverse, low-income caregivers whose children were not enrolled in preschool.

Methods:
Using community-engaged strategies, caregivers were recruited to participate in in-depth focus groups (FGs). Demographic and FG data were collected in English, Spanish, and Vietnamese. Qualitative data were analyzed with iterative transcript-based coding and theme analysis.

Results:
From June 2015 to August 2015, 69 low-income mothers (n = 46), fathers (n = 8), and grandparents (n = 15) from African-American (33%), Latino (32%), and Vietnamese (35%) communities participated in 12 FGs. Caregivers across groups wanted pediatricians to act as ECL experts and to provide ECL services. Caregivers valued ECL, especially when delivered by trusted sources. Utilization and perception of community ECL resources varied among groups. The greatest variation included different preferences for resource setting, accessibility, and acceptability, especially cultural acceptability. Each individual and groups' unique, and occasionally adverse, experiences and financial and logistical considerations informed ECL preferences.

Conclusion:
This exploratory study brings forth diverse caregivers' perspectives regarding the role of pediatricians in ECL and their desire for pediatricians to be an access point for high-quality, affordable ECL services. Caregivers' preferences regarding ECL programming may inform clinic-based pediatric ECL programming.
Opioid-Induced Hyperalgesia in the Nonsurgical Setting: A Systematic Review
Authors: Yang David Z. , Sin Billy , Beckhusen Joshua , Xia Dawei , Khaimova Rebecca , Iliev Ilia 
Published: March 2018

Background:
Opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH) is a phenomenon that causes an increased pain sensitization and perception of pain to noxious stimuli secondary to opioid exposure. While this clinical effect has been described in the surgical setting, it is unclear if OIH occurs in the nonsurgical setting.

Study Question:
To review the available literature which evaluated OIH in nonsurgical settings.

Data Sources:
A comprehensive literature search was performed using PubMed (January 1946–July 2017) using a variety of keywords for OIH. This review included randomized controlled trials with objectives to identify OIH in the nonsurgical setting. The clinical outcomes of interest were identification of OIH, adverse events, and impact of OIH on opioid consumption.

Results:
The search identified 8 studies that fulfilled the criteria. Six studies enrolled healthy male volunteers, 1 study used chronic low-back patients, and another used heroin-dependent treatment-seeking adults. Studies used various opioids and dosages, including remifentanil, alfentanil, fentanyl, morphine, methadone, and buprenorphine. Three primary experimental pain induction models were used to evaluate for OIH. Measured outcomes included hyperalgesia area, pain threshold, and pain tolerance. All 5 studies that used the electrical stimulation model identified OIH as a significant outcome. However, only 2 of 5 studies using the cold pressor model and 1 of 3 studies using the heat pressor model identified OIH. None of the trials explored clinical outcomes, such as effects on opioid consumption.

Conclusions:
Most included studies identified OIH as a significant outcome within the nonsurgical setting. However, due to conflicting conclusions and various limitations, the clinical impact of OIH could not be assessed. Clinicians should monitor for effects of OIH in the nonoperative setting because there is insufficient evidence from the available literature to conclude that OIH is consistently observed in this setting.
Nurses’ Caring Behaviors Toward Patients Undergoing Chemotherapy in Greece
Authors: Karlou Chyssoula , Papadopoulou Constantina , Papathanassoglou Elizabeth , Lemonidou Chryssoula , Vouzavali Fotini , Zafiropoulou-Koutroubas Anna , Katsaragakis Stelios , Patiraki Elisabeth 
Published: March 2018

Background
Nurses’ caring behaviors are central in the quality of care of patients undergoing sophisticated chemotherapy protocols. However, there is a scarcity of research regarding these behaviors in non–Anglo-Saxon countries.

Objective
The aim of this study was to explore caring behaviors that nurses perceive as important in caring for patients in Greece receiving chemotherapy.

Methods
We used a mixed-methods design, including a survey in 7 oncology wards in 3 cancer hospitals in Attica, Greece, and a subsequent qualitative focus group investigation. Caring behaviors were explored through the Caring Behavior Inventory 24 and content analysis of 3 focus group interviews.

Results
A sample of 72 nurses (response rate, 68.5%) were surveyed, and 18 nurses participated in the focus groups. “Knowledge/skills” (5 [SD, 0.7]) was the most important caring behaviors. No significant associations with nurses’ characteristics were noted, except for higher scores in caring behaviors in participants who were married (P < .02). Six caring-related categories emerged from the qualitative analysis: “the concept of care,” “respect,” “nurse-patients’ connection,” “empathy,” “fear of cancer,” and “nurses’ professional role.” Moreover, they stressed barriers they faced in each category.

Conclusions
Integrated quantitative and qualitative data concur that operational tasks are central in Greek nurses’ caring behaviors. In addition, qualitative findings highlighted those skills equipping nurses to provide holistic individualized care in a hectic care environment.

Implications for Practice
Supporting nurses in attaining excellence in technical skills and in meaningfully engaging with patients receiving chemotherapy is essential in the realization of their caring role. These should be priorities for continuing education and practice improvement initiatives.