bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epidemiological characteristics of pesticide poisoning in Jiangsu Province, China, from 2007 to 2016
Authors: Wang Ning , Jiang Qingtao , Han Lei , Zhang Hengdong , Zhu Baoli , Liu Xin 
Published: June 2019

AbstractTo investigate the characteristics of pesticide poisoning in Jiangsu province and provide a scientific basis for measures for the prevention of pesticide poisoning. Information from pesticide poisoning report cards from 2007 to 2016 was derived from the Occupational Disease and Occupational Health Information Monitoring System, and the characteristics of pesticide poisoning patients were assessed via descriptive analysis. A total of 30,789 pesticide poisoning cases were reported in Jiangsu Province. Of these cases, 23,557 were non-occupational poisonings, accounting for 76.5% of the reported cases. There were 1705 deaths from pesticide poisoning, and the fatality rate was 5.5%. Numerous cases occurred in northeast Jiangsu. Pesticide poisoning cases were primarily concentrated in individuals 36–60 years of age. Pesticide poisoning primarily occurred in the summer. The top types of pesticides causing poisoning were organophosphates. The fatality rate of intentional pesticide poisoning was the lowest among the age group of 0 to 14 years, while the highest was noted among people over 61 years. Therefore, pesticide poisoning is a major problem in Jiangsu Province. We need to strengthen the management of highly toxic pesticides and implement effective health education on the use of pesticides.
Two pathways for venom toxin entry consequent to injection of an Australian elapid snake venom
Authors: Helden Dirk F. van , Dosen Peter J. , O’Leary Margaret A. , Isbister Geoffrey K. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractHere we test and refute the hypothesis that venom toxins from an Australian elapid, the Eastern Brown snake (Pseudonaja textilis, PTx), solely require lymphatic transport to enter the circulation. Studies were made using anaesthetised non-recovery rats in which a marker dye (India ink) or highly potent PTx venom was injected into the hind paw. The studies required a means of inhibiting lymphatic function, as achieved by cooling of the test hind limb to low temperatures (~3 °C). Maintained entry of a non-lethal dose (0.15 mg/kg) and respiratory arrest consequent to injection of a lethal dose (1 mg/kg) of PTx venom at these low temperatures indicate that venom including toxin components enter the circulation directly via the vascular system, a process facilitated by, but not dependent on, lymphatic transport. Notably, the venom had a direct effect on vascular permeability markedly increasing this to allow extravasation of plasma albumin (MWt ~60 kDa).
Assessment of Pharmacology, Safety, and Metabolic activity of Capsaicin Feeding in Mice
Authors: Baskaran Padmamalini , Markert Laurel , Bennis Jane , Zimmerman Liesl , Fox Jonathan , Thyagarajan Baskaran 
Published: June 2019

AbstractCapsaicin (CAP) activates transient receptor potential vanilloid subfamily 1 (TRPV1) to counter high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity. Several studies suggest that CAP induces the browning of white adipocytes in vitro or inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT) in vivo. However, there is a lack of data on the dose-response for CAP to inhibit HFD-induced obesity. Therefore, we first performed experiments to correlate the effect of various doses of CAP to prevent HFD-induced weight gain in wild-type (WT) mice. Next, we performed a subchronic safety study in WT mice fed a normal chow diet (NCD ± CAP, 0.01% in NCD) or HFD ± CAP (0.01% in HFD) for eight months. We analyzed the expression of adipogenic and thermogenic genes and proteins in the iWAT from these mice, conducted histological studies of vital organs, measured the inflammatory cytokines in plasma and iWAT, and evaluated liver and kidney functions. The dose-response study showed that CAP, at doses above 0.001% in HFD, countered HFD-induced obesity in mice. However, no difference in the anti-obesity effect of CAP was observed at doses above 0.003% in HFD. Also, CAP, above 0.001%, enhanced the expression of sirtuin-1 and thermogenic uncoupling protein 1 (UCP-1) in the iWAT. Safety analyses suggest that CAP did not cause inflammation. However, HFD elevated plasma alanine aminotransferase and creatinine, caused iWAT hypertrophy and hepatic steatosis, and CAP reversed these. Our data suggest that CAP antagonizes HFD-induced metabolic stress and inflammation, while it does not cause any systemic toxicities and is well tolerated by mice.
Surface Expressions of Subsurface Sediment Mobilization Rooted into a Gas Hydrate-Rich Cryosphere on Mars
Authors: De Toffoli Barbara , Pozzobon Riccardo , Massironi Matteo , Mazzarini Francesco , Conway Susan , Cremonese Gabriele 
Published: June 2019

AbstractWe report on evidence for fluid circulation in the upper crust of Mars, which could create environments favorable for life and its development. We investigate the nature of the thumbprint terrains covering part of Arcadia Planitia in the Martian northern hemisphere. Our analytic procedure allowed us to (i) hypothesise a potential relationship between these thumbprint terrains and an inferred underground fracture network that extends to where the clathrate-rich cryosphere contacts with the underlying hydrosphere; (ii) support the hypothesis that these thumbprint terrains are made of fine grained loosely packed materials erupted from deep beneath the subsurface mobilized by water; and (iii) date the thumbprint terrains of Arcadia Planitia to ~370 Ma. We conclude that the study area is an area worthy of astrobiological investigation, bringing water and fine grained sediment from depth to the surface for investigation.
A Scoring System with High-Resolution Computed Tomography to Predict Drug-Associated Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Development and Internal Validation
Authors: Anan Keisuke , Ichikado Kazuya , Ishihara Takuma , Shintani Ayumi , Kawamura Kodai , Suga Moritaka , Sakagami Takuro 
Published: June 2019

AbstractDrugs can cause acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). However, there is no established clinical prediction rule for drug-associated ARDS (DARDS). We aimed to develop and validate a scoring system for DARDS prediction. We analysed data collected from a prospective, single-centre, cohort study that included ARDS patients. The ARDS diagnosis was based on the American-European Consensus Conference or Berlin definition. Drug-associated acute lung injury (DALI) was defined as previous exposure to drugs which cause ALI and presence of traditional risk factors for ALI. High-resolution computed tomography (HRCT; indicating extent of lung damage with fibroproliferation), Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II, and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC; indicating multiorgan failure) scores and PaO2/FiO2 were evaluated for their ability to predict DARDS. Twenty-nine of 229 patients had DARDS. The HRCT, APACHE II, and DIC scores and PaO2/FiO2 were assessed. The model-based predicted probability of DARDS fitted well with the observed data, and discrimination ability, assessed through bootstrap with an area under the receiver-operating curve, improved from 0.816 to 0.875 by adding the HRCT score. A simple clinical scoring system consisting of the APACHE II score, PaO2/FiO2, and DIC and HRCT scores can predict DARDS. This model may facilitate more appropriate clinical decision-making.
Re-evaluating the significance of the dive response during voluntary surface apneas in the bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus
Authors: Fahlman A. , Miedler S. , Rocho-Levine J. , Jabois A. , Arenarez J. , Marti-Bonmati L. , García-Párraga D. , Cauture F. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe dive response is well documented for marine mammals, and includes a significant reduction in heart rate (fH) during submersion as compared while breathing at the surface. In the current study we assessed the influence of the Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia (RSA) while estimating the resting fH while breathing. Using transthoracic echocardiography we measured fH, and stroke volume (SV) during voluntary surface apneas at rest up to 255 s, and during recovery from apnea in 11 adult bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus, 9 males and 2 females, body mass range: 140–235 kg). The dolphins exhibited a significant post-respiratory tachycardia and increased SV. Therefore, only data after this RSA had stabilized were used for analysis and comparison. The average (±s.d.) fH, SV, and cardiac output (CO) after spontaneous breaths while resting at the surface were 44 ± 6 beats min−1, 179 ± 31 ml, and 7909 ± 1814 l min−1, respectively. During the apnea the fH, SV, and CO decreased proportionally with the breath-hold duration, and after 255 s they, respectively, had decreased by an average of 18%, 1–21%, and 12–37%. During recovery, the fH, SV, and CO rapidly increased by as much as 117%, 34%, and 190%, respectively. Next, fH, SV and CO rapidly decreased to resting values between 90–110 s following the surface apnea. These data highlight the necessity to define how the resting fH is estimated at the surface, and separating it from the RSA associated with each breath to evaluate the significance of cardiorespiratory matching during diving.
A rapid method for measuring serum oxidized albumin in a rat model of proteinuria and hypertension
Authors: Liu Beibei , Yasukawa Keiko , Koid Suang Suang , Yeerbolati Alimila , Reheman Latapati , Wang Conghui , Yatomi Yutaka , Shimosawa Tatsuo 
Published: June 2019

AbstractOxidative stress is a risk for and cause of various disease, however, measurements of oxidative stress are either time-consuming or non-specific. Here, we established a rapid method of using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to measure serum oxidized albumin in a rat model. We optimized HPLC conditions for rat oxidized albumin. To validate our method, three-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were uninephrectomized and treated normal diet, high salt diet or high salt diet with Tempol, a superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimetic. After 4 weeks of treatment, we analyzed serum oxidized albumin. The main findings are listed as below. (i) Our method of oxidized albumin measurement only takes 16 minutes, with an intra-day and inter-day deviation within 1% and a detection limit concentration of 6.4 mg/ml. (ii) Oxidized albumin levels were significantly higher in the high salt diet group than in the normal salt diet group, and this effect was reversed by Tempol. (iii) Oxidized albumin levels also correlated with urinary protein and 8-isoprostane levels. In conclusion, we have established a simple method for evaluating rat serum oxidized albumin using HPLC. Our method is rapid and has an advantage over conventional methods and may be useful for animal models of oxidative stress.
Association between subfoveal choroidal thickness and leakage site on fluorescein angiography in Behçet’s uveitis
Authors: Shirahama Shintaro , Kaburaki Toshikatsu , Nakahara Hisae , Tanaka Rie , Komae Keiko , Fujino Yujiro , Kawashima Hidetoshi , Aihara Makoto 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis study aimed to clarify the association between the retinal leakage site on fluorescein angiography (FA) and subfoveal choroidal thickness (SCT) measured using enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT). Twenty-two patients with Behçet’s uveitis were retrospectively selected in this study. They underwent EDI-OCT and FA in both the active and convalescent phases. The associations of the changes between the active and convalescent phases in SCT and in FA leakage in various retinal areas (total retina, peripheral retina, macula, and optic disc) were examined. The changing rates of SCT between the two investigated phases were significantly associated with the changes in total FA leakage scores (y = 1.79X+ 11.7, r2 = 0.210, p < 0.05). Furthermore, the changes in FA leakage scores in the macula were correlated with the changing rates in SCT (y = 3.72X+ 13.9, r2 = 0.219, p < 0.05). By contrast, there were no significant associations between the changes in SCT and those in leakage from the peripheral retina or the optic disc on FA. These findings demonstrate that SCT may reflect macular vasculitis as determined using FA, and SCT measurement could be a non-invasive method to investigate inflammation near the macula in Behçet’s uveitis.
One-stage Surgical Treatment of Simultaneous Osteotomy and Asymmetric Lengthening on Short Femur with Severe Deformity of Genu Valgus
Authors: Xu Hui-Fa , Xu Chao , Sha Jia , Yan Ya-Bo , Li Chao , Liu Zhi-Chen , Huang Lu-Yu , Lei Wei 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis study aimed to discuss the effects of one stage surgical treatment by simultaneous osteotomy and asymmetric lengthening by Ilizarov external fixator on short femur with severe deformity of genu valgus. A total of 12 cases with unilateral deformities treated by simultaneous osteotomy and Ilizarov asymmetric lengthening on short femur with severe deformity of genu valgus were retrospectively analyzed from January 2006 to April 2015. The affected limbs were 2.5–11 cm (5.2 cm on average) short, the femorotibial angle was 135°–158° (146.3° on average), and the ankle interval was 15–43 cm (24.7 cm on average). The Paley method was used to determine the osteotomy plane (distal femur) of genu valgus. According to this standard, the bone union results were as follows: 11 had excellent and 1 had good, where 7 patients had excellent and 5 had good functional outcomes. One stage surgical treatment by simultaneous osteotomy and asymmetric lengthening on short femur with severe deformity of genu valgus was considered to be an effective and reliable method with better osteotomy union, less trauma and fewer complications.
2D materials as semiconducting gate for field-effect transistors with inherent over-voltage protection and boosted ON-current
Authors: Qian Qingkai , Lei Jiacheng , Wei Jin , Zhang Zhaofu , Tang Gaofei , Zhong Kailun , Zheng Zheyang , Chen Kevin J. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractVarious 2D/3D heterostructures can be created by harnessing the advantages of both the layered two-dimensional semiconductors and bulk materials. A semiconducting gate field-effect transistor (SG-FET) structure based on 2D/3D heterostructures is proposed here. The SG-FET is demonstrated on an AlGaN/GaN high-electron mobility transistor (HEMT) by adopting single-layer MoS2 as the gate electrode. The MoS2 semiconducting gate can effectively turn on and turn off the HEMT without sacrificing the subthreshold swing and breakdown voltage. Most importantly, the proposed semiconducting gate can deliver inherent over-voltage protection for field-effect transistors (FETs). Furthermore, the self-adjustable semiconducting gate potential with drain bias can even boost the ON-current while guaranteeing the safe operation of FET. In implementing the semiconducting gate, the layered two-dimensional materials such as the adopted MoS2 have several important benefits such as the feasibility of high-quality crystals on different gate dielectrics and the good controllability of semiconducting gate depletion threshold voltage by the layer thickness. The demonstrated semiconducting gate as over-voltage protection for HEMT can be extended to other FETs, which can become another advantageous arena for the possible applications of the layered two-dimensional materials.
Stoichiometry-controlled secondary structure transition of amyloid-derived supramolecular dipeptide co-assemblies
Authors: Ji Wei , Yuan Chengqian , Chakraborty Priyadarshi , Gilead Sharon , Yan Xuehai , Gazit Ehud 
Published: June 2019

AbstractConformational transitions of secondary structures are a crucial factor in many protein misfolding diseases. However, the actual transition of folded proteins into β-sheet-rich structures is not fully understood. Inhibition of aggregate formation, mediated by the β-sheet conformation, and control of the secondary structural transition of proteins and peptides could potentially attenuate the development of amyloid-associated diseases. Here we describe a stoichiometry-controlled secondary structure transition of amyloid-derived dipeptide assemblies from a β-sheet to supramolecular helix conformation through co-assembly with a bipyridine derivative. The transition is mainly mediated by the intermolecular hydrogen bonds and π-π interactions between the two components, which induce the altered stacking and conformation of the co-assemblies, as confirmed by experimental results and computational simulations. This work not only exemplifies a feasible strategy to disrupt the β-sheet conformation, underlying amyloid-like fibril formation, but also provides a conceptual basis for the future utilization of the helical nanostructures in various biological applications.
Inhibition of GLS suppresses proliferation and promotes apoptosis in prostate cancer
Authors: Zhang Junfeng , Mao Shiyu , Guo Yadong , Wu Yuan , Yao Xudong , Huang Yong 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Altered glutamine metabolism is a hallmark of cancer growth, forming the theoretical basis for development of metabolic therapies as cancer treatments. Glutaminase (GLS), a crucial enzyme involved in the regulation of glutamine metabolism, has been reported to play crucial roles in cancer development. However, the precise function of GLS in prostate cancer (PCa) remains unclear. The purpose of the present study was to assess the GLS expression and its clinical significance in PCa. We found that GLS was significantly up-regulated in PCa tissues and cell lines. High expression of GLS was significantly associated with Gleason score (P=0.001) and Tumor stage (P=0.015). Functionally, we silenced GLS in PCa cell lines and revealed that GLS knockdown largely blunted the proliferation of DU145 and PC-3 cells. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that knockdown of GLS induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Moreover, we observed that the expressions of Bax were increased while the levels of cyclinD1 and Bcl-2 were decreased after knockdown of GLS in PCa cells. Importantly, through Western blot analysis, we identified that GLS knockdown dramatically suppressed Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Taken together, GLS is a novel oncogene in PCa and may be a potential treatment target for PCa patients.
Alexia and Agraphia Intervention Following Traumatic Brain Injury: A Single Case Study
Authors: Hux Karen , Mahrt Tana 
Published: June 2019

Purpose
This case study documents the effectiveness of a multicomponent intervention for an adolescent with acquired alexia and agraphia following severe traumatic brain injury.

Method
Initial testing revealed severe central alexia and surface agraphia with concomitant anomic aphasia. Intervention components included sight word drills, modified Multiple Oral Reading (MOR) procedures, functional reading tasks, and modified Copy and Recall Treatment. Intervention spanned 2 months with sessions 5 days per week. Data collection and analysis involved monitoring sight word decoding, reading speed and decoding errors during MOR, and spelling accuracy of Copy and Recall Treatment words. Follow-up testing occurred at intervention conclusion.

Results
Sight word mastery for 315 words progressed from 66.35% to 100% over 5 weeks and was maintained thereafter. MOR materials progressed from Grade 1 to Grade 5. Initial reading speed was 31 words per minute with errors on 15% of words. At program completion, reading speed was 47 words per minute with 7% decoding errors despite increased difficulty of reading material. The participant demonstrated initial mastery of 15 spelling lists containing 15 words each and sustained mastery (2 additional consecutive weeks of 100% accuracy) of 8 lists. Follow-up assessment revealed improvements consistent with 3–4 grade levels but persistent impairment relative to premorbid functioning.

Conclusion
The multicomponent program was effective in promoting substantial improvement, although surface alexia and agraphia persisted after 2 months of treatment. The case provides an example of the type and extent of progress possible given minimal initial recovery but systematic intervention within the context of intensive postacute rehabilitation.
On intergenerational differences in code-switching among Cantonese people
Authors: Shan Yunming 
Published: June 2019

AbstractAs part of a Chinese government project to document and protect the country’s language resources, this research examines variation in Cantonese spoken in the city of Guangzhou. Over 100 speakers were recorded and the 44 hours of natural discourse were searched for occurrences of code-switching (CS) between Cantonese and Mandarin (C-M) or English (C-E). This paper describes the differences between age-groups in terms of the distribution of different types of CS and its communicative functions. More frequent CS is observed among younger people due to increasing degrees of language contact with Mandarin and English, challenging the maintenance of Cantonese in younger generations.
A Chinese Australian family’s language use and attitudes
Authors: Hu Bo 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This paper presents a qualitative case study of a Chinese Australian family’s multilingual experiences in
Melbourne. Couched in the framework of family language policy, I examine language shift patterns and mother tongue attitudes and
analyse reasons and consequences. The findings show that the first generation uses Mandarin for general family communication,
while relegating regional Chinese to functions that are, typically, private and familial and for use with older generations. The
second generation uses English the most. While their Mandarin use is enhanced through community-based schooling and can be
activated depending on the communicative environment, regional Chinese does not play an active role. This nested, hierarchical
ecology of language shift with two dominant language constellations causes parental confusion about the children’s mother tongue
and problematises grandparent-grandchild communication with a possible decrease of family intimacy.
Vowel shifts in Cantonese?
Authors: Tse Holman 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This paper addresses Labov’s principles of vowel chain shifting
in Toronto and Hong Kong Cantonese based on sociolinguistic interviews from the
Heritage Language Variation and Change in Toronto Project. The analysis is based
on normalized F1 and F2 values of 33,179 vowel tokens from 11 monophthongs
produced by 32 speakers (8 from Hong Kong, 24 from Toronto). In Toronto, results
show retraction of [y] by generation but fronting of [i] by age. In Hong Kong,
age is a significant predictor for the lowering of [ɪ], [ʊ], [ɔ], and for the
fronting of [ɔ] and [i]. Overall, there is more vowel shifting in Hong Kong than
in Toronto and the shifting is consistent with Labov’s Principles.
Intergroup dynamics and variation in postcolonial ESL varieties
Authors: Stell Gerald , Fuchs Robert 
Published: June 2019

AbstractL1 background is often described as the main factor accounting for variation in postcolonial ESL varieties. However, recent studies (e.g.Mesthrie 2009,2017) suggest that variation patterns in ESL varieties can in some cases also be linked to identity factors rooted in local patterns of intergroup relations. This study examines the interrelation between L1 background and such identity factors in the phonetic patterns found in the English varieties spoken in Namibia. The data consist of a corpus of careful style elicited via sociolinguistic interviews from an ethnically stratified sample of L2 English speaking Namibian students with Afrikaans, Bantu languages (Oshiwambo and Otjiherero), and Khoekhoeghowab as L1s. Individual speakers tend to be related in their phonetic behaviors if they share the same L1. However, some features cannot be directly attributed to L1 background, so their distribution is best read against the background of Namibian inter-ethnic relations and ethnolinguistic vitality differentials.