bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Slow-Release Fertilizer for Rehabilitating Oligotrophic Streams: a Physical Characterization
Authors: Sterling Megan S. , Ashley Kenneth I. , Bautista Abigail B. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
A combination of habitat degradation and overharvesting of anadromous salmonids in many of B.C.’s oligotrophic watersheds has prompted the addition of inorganic nutrients to streams, which increases autotrophic production and aids in the restoration of salmonid production. A new slow-release fertilizer (7-40-0, N-P2O5-K2O, percent by weight) was examined to determine its phosphate (PO43-) release rates using laboratory and field trough experiments. A series of indoor trough experiments indicated that the fertilizer pellet dissolution rate (0.393 g ? days-0.401) was independent of the experimental range of water velocity (0.03-0.30 m . s-1), fertilizer pellet size (2–9 g) and water temperature (8–14.5°C). Resulting phosphate additions (0.5-5 µg P . L-1) in outdoor trough experiments increased periphyton biomass and altered the dominance pattern of periphytic diatoms. An optimal phosphate concentration for periphyton biomass was achieved with calculated 3.0 µg P . L-1 phosphate additions from May to June. In June to July, periphyton biomass increased proportionately to fertilizer additions. Saturation of the relative specific growth rate of the diatom community occurred with 1.0 µg P . L-1 phosphate additions. Nitrogen analysis was not conducted since inorganic nitrogen is typically available in non-limiting concentrations (i.e., &gt;50 µg . L-1 dissolved inorganic nitrogen) in the majority of B.C.’s oligotrophic salmonid streams. These studies indicated that slow-release fertilizer may be effective in stimulating autotrophic production and restoring salmonid production in nutrient deficient streams.
Design Considerations for Watershed Management Decision Support Systems
Authors: Wilson David J. , Droste Ronald L. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Increasing attention is being paid to the management of water resources on a watershed basis, necessitating a cross-disciplinary approach to data collection and analysis. Traditional assessments of water quality and quantity are being joined by assessments of biology, botany, geomorphology, and anthropological subjects such as economic valuation. This integrated problem domain calls for a reassessment of the information technology tools designed to support the management process. With a comprehensive requirements analysis pulled from a survey of water resource practitioners, the functions necessary for design of a contemporary watershed management decision support system (WMDSS) are outlined and assessed in light of current tools in use today. Following a systems engineering methodology, the WMDSS requirements are analyzed and ranked in order of priority. This yields a ranking for development of tool and information functional groups to support the following assessment types: surface water quality, surface levels and flows, integration, groundwater flows/levels, rainfall/runoff modelling and time series analysis. Functional analysis then provides the architecture and data flows necessary to meet system requirements. The WMDSS functional analysis is concluded with a recommended architecture for design of such a system. This sets the foundation for follow-on work in production and validation of the system.
Carbon Dioxide in Pulp and Paper Mill Effluents from Oxygen-Activated Sludge Treatment Plants as a Potential Source of Distress and Toxicity to Fish
Authors: O’Connor Brian , Kovacs Tibor , Gibbons Sharon , Strang Al 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Rainbow trout exposed to effluent from a UNOX (oxygen activated sludge) treatment plant were found to exhibit signs of distress during the first hours of exposure. While the final effluent was not acutely lethal at full strength, it was still important to determine the cause of the distress to ensure that the mill's effluents remain in regulatory compliance. The use of a series of effluent manipulations involving pH adjustment and aeration as well as observations of symptoms exhibited by the fish were successful in identifying carbon dioxide as the cause of fish distress for the UNOX-treated effluent. For rainbow trout, the symptoms of exposure to elevated levels of carbon dioxide of 100 mg/L or greater included loss of equilibrium, erratic swimming, gasping at the surface, sinking to the bottom of the test container and paralysis. The fish were found to eventually recover as the carbon dioxide was stripped from the effluent due to aeration during the test. A carbon dioxide concentration of 250 mg/L, however, was found to be lethal to trout A survey of mills using oxygen activated sludge treatment systems indicated that the carbon dioxide levels in effluents from such operations can range from 48 to 251 mg/L. Solutions for eliminating the fish distress and possible mortality associated with such effluents would be to lower the carbon dioxide level to below 100 mg/L by aeration or pH adjustment.
Determining Granular Activated Carbon Adsorption Isotherms of Benzene as a Volatile Organic Compound
Authors: Peng Jian , Cui Weithong , Wilson G.W. , Lin Wei 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The determination of the adsorption equilibrium isotherm is a fundamental requirement for the design of adsorption-based processes. A method using a headspace auto-sampler and gas chromatograph system was developed in this study to determine the adsorption isotherm of benzene as a volatile organic compound for granular activated carbon. Dynamic equilibria between chemical solution, headspace gas and activated carbon were established in the 22-mL headspace glass vials sealed with Teflon-faced silicone septa and aluminum cramp caps. Using the closed system of headspace glass vials minimized the volatilization loss of chemical during the experiment. The method was utilized to measure the adsorption of benzene on Filtrasorb 300 granular activated carbon under 25 ± 1°C. The Freundlich isotherm parameters were determined using the experimental result. A reproducibility study and comparison with other results found in the literature showed that the method developed in this research is a reliable technique for determination of adsorption isotherm of benzene as a volatile organic compound on activated carbon.
Analysis of Aromatic Amines in Industrial Wastewater by Capillary Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Onuska Francis I. , Terry Ken A. , Maguire R. James 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The analysis of aromatic amines, particularly benzidines, at trace levels in environmental media has been difficult because of the lack of suitable deactivated capillary column stationary phases for gas chromatography. This report describes the use of an improved type of column as well as a method for the analysis of anilines and benzidines in water, wastewater and sewage samples. Extraction procedures are applicable to a wide range of compounds that are effectively partitioned from an aqueous matrix into methylene chloride, or onto a solid-phase extraction cartridge. The extracted analytes are also amenable to separation on a capillary gas chromatographic column and transferable to the mass spectrometer. These contaminants are converted to their N-trifluoroacetyl derivatives. Aniline and some substituted anilines, and 3,3’-dichlorobenzidine and benzidine were determined in 24-h composite industrial water, wastewater, primary sludge and final effluent samples at concentrations from 0.03 up to 2760 µg/L.
Occurrence of Chlorinated Paraffins in Beluga Whales (Delphinapterus leucas) from the St. Lawrence River and Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and Carp (Cyprinus carpio) from Lake Ontario
Authors: Bennie D.T. , Sullivan C.A. , Maguire R.J. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Samples of 25 dead beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) from the St. Lawrence River estuary, as well as samples of 10 rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and 3 carp (Cyprinus carpio) caught in western Lake Ontario were analyzed for total short- (C10-C13) and medium-(C14-C17) chain chlorinated paraffins (SMCCPs) using gas chromatography-low resolution negative chemical ioniza-tion mass spectrometry (GC-NCI-MS) in the selected ion monitoring mode (SIM). Short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins were quantitatively identified using two commercial preparations. SMCCPs were detected in all samples. Results ranged from 1.1 to 59 µg/g wet weight in beluga liver tissue, from 6.4 to 166 µg/g wet weight in beluga blubber, and from 0.41 to 9.7 µg/g wet weight in the two freshwater species. The beluga results are higher than those reported for marine mammals in Europe. Total short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffin levels in the beluga blubber are comparable to previous ∑PCB and ∑DDT results for the same population of beluga whales. The mean ∑SMC-CP concentration in the carp was 0.90 µg/g wet weight and 2.7 µg/g wet weight in the rainbow trout. Results from the freshwater species are comparable to those reported for fish sampled from other industrially impacted waterways in North America but are elevated relative to marine species from European studies. Comparison of the SIM GC-NCI-MS data with results of gas chromatogra-phy-high resolution negative ion mass spectrometry (GC-HR-NIMS) analysis from another study showed that the two analytical techniques are not congruent. The differences may be due to the effects of coeluting interfering organochlorine substances.
Effects of Cement Kiln Dust on pH and Phosphorus Concentrations in an Activated Sludge Wastewater Treatment System
Authors: Smith Moya L. , Campbell Christine E. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Cement kiln dust (CKD), the waste dust generated from a Portland cement kiln, was evaluated for its ability to increase the pH of acidic processed effluent in activated sludge wastewater treatment. Effluent samples were obtained from Corner Brook Pulp and Paper in Newfoundland, which currently uses NaOH as a pH buffer in its treatment system. Three separate effluent samples were tested. On average, 12.8 mL of a CKD neutralizing solution (0.4625 g CKD/L distilled water) raised the pH of 100 mL of effluent from pH 6.4—7.0 to pH 8.0. There was no significant problem with excess sedimentation at pH 8.0 and 9.0. However, there was a significant decrease in soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP-P) concentrations, probably through precipitation of calcium phosphate, resulting in a mean loss of 84.7 µg SRP-P per litre of CKD-treated effluent. The use of CKD as a neutralizing agent may be economically feasible, since the costs of adding increased phosphorus as nutrient were less than the costs associated with adding NaOH. Further experimentation needs to be done to determine the efficacy of CKD on a larger scale.
Contamination and Wildlife Communities in Stormwater Detention Ponds in Guelph and the Greater Toronto Area, Ontario, 1997 and 1998 Part I — Wildlife Communities
Authors: Bishop Christine A. , Struger John , Barton David R. , Shirose Leonard J. , Dunn Lesley , Lang Anthony L. , Shepherd David 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
There is veiy little information about the wildlife utilization of Stormwater detention ponds although such ponds often self-seed into wetland habitats. To inventory wildlife utilizing Stormwater ponds, a study was performed in 1997 and 1998 of 15 Stormwater ponds and one natural wetland varying in age from 3 to 22 years in the Guelph and the Greater Toronto Area (GTA) in Ontario, Canada. Seven of the Stormwater ponds were primarily open water with the aquatic vegetation accounting for less than 50% of the surface area. However, 90% of the surface area of four ponds was covered in aquatic vegetation. The surface area of those ponds covered with vegetation was positively correlated with total organic carbon and copper concentrations in sediment Invertebrate populations in the Stormwater ponds were often dominated by a single taxon. The most abundant benthic animals were tubificid worms or chironomidae. The number of taxa in sweep-net samples ranged from 4 to 25 and correlated positively with the age of the pond and total organic carbon in sediment The number of taxa in the benthos correlated negatively with oil and grease concentrations in sediment The range in number of amphibian species was one to seven in Guelph and zero to four in the GTA. In total, 40 species of birds were observed in the GTA ponds and 71 species were observed in the Guelph ponds during April to November 1997. A mean of 1.6 to 1.7 bird species was observed per survey at Stormwater ponds in Guelph and the GTA. The number of species of amphibians and birds did not correlate with water quality, sedimentology, contaminant concentration, percentage of surface area of the pond covered with plants, or any benthic community parameter measured. Four species of reptiles and eight species of mammals were noted at or adjacent to the Stormwater ponds and six species of fish were found in the ponds. We concluded that wildlife made use of the ponds, but species richness at almost all sites was low to moderate indicating that the ponds did not provide high quality habitat for wildlife
Biological Filtration of Stormwater: Field Operations and Maintenance Experiences
Authors: Mothersill C.L. , Anderson B.C. , Watt W.E. , Marsalek J. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Field-scale studies were conducted at the Kingston Stormwater Management Pond to evaluate the impacts of accumulated sediment on the performance of a submerged aerobic biological filter (biofilter) for the remediation of urban Stormwater runoff pollution. Substantial removal of suspended solids (97%) from the influent Stormwater resulted in a significant accumulation of sediment in the biofilter, which interfered with the system's main treatment objective, removing soluble nutrients through bacterial assimilation. The sediment was marginally to significantly polluted by Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Ni and Zn, according to provincial sediment quality guidelines. Removal efficiencies of total organic carbon and orthophosphate phosphorus decreased with time. Good removal efficiency for ammonium nitrogen (64%) was achieved independent of time or sediment accumulation. Backwashing was used to mitigate the effects of sediment accumulation in the filtration unit; however, the backwashing frequency used was not sufficient to maintain optimal biological filtration conditions.
Use of a Biofilter for Treatment of Heavy Metals in Highway Runoff
Authors: Lau Y.L. , Marsalek J. , Rochfort Q. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Effective treatment of Stormwater by laboratory-scale biofilters has demonstrated that these simple filters may be used to remove dissolved metals and sediment-adsorbed metals found in Stormwater runoff. Laboratory testing indicated that even biofilm just 3 days old provided suspended solids and heavy metals removals in excess of 90%. A filter operated for 9 weeks retained its treatment efficiency and removed more than 90% of total Cu and Zn. Field-scale testing is recommended.
Occurrence and Seasonal Variation of Tributyltin in Marinas on Lake Ontario, Canada
Authors: Yang Fan , Maguire R. James 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
A survey of five marinas and one reference site on Lake Ontario, Canada, was conducted to investigate the occurrence and variation of tributyltin (TBT) levels in water between April and December of 1998. The survey results revealed the presence as well as seasonal trends of TBT in these marinas. The TBT concentrations in water were found to coincide with boating activity. The level of TBT generally rose in summer when the boating activity was high, and the highest level of TBT found was 14 ng Sn/L. On average, 92% of the TBT was in the operationally defined “dissolved phase” in the waters analyzed. The butyltin compounds were also found in surface sediment and paint chips from some non-aluminum hulled pleasure boats, with total concentrations of butyltin species (including dibutyltin and monobutyltin) ranging from 59 to 570 ng Sn/g dry weight, and from 0 to 146 μg Sn/g, respectively. The results clearly indicated that TBT in the marina waters primarily originated from antifouling paint on pleasure boats, even though the use of TBT as an antifouling agent was regulated in 1989.
Comparative Study of the Sediment-Toxicity Index, Benthic Community Metrics and Contaminant Concentrations
Authors: Bombardier Manon , Blaise Christian 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This paper demonstrates how a new tool for integrating the results of a battery of sediment toxicity tests can be effective in assessing the relative toxic potential of freshwater sediments to aquatic organisms. This tool, called the Sediment-Toxicity (SED-TOX) Index, was applied to laboratory toxicity data derived from two larger projects conducted on freshwater sediments. The SED-TOX Index generates a single value that represents all the results of the different STTs on a common, easily interpreted scale. The SED-TOX results were tentatively correlated with four benthic community metrics (species richness, number of taxa in the orders Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera, the Shannon-Wiener diversity index, and the ICI-SL, which is a version of the invertebrate community index modified for the St. Lawrence River) and levels of sediment contamination. Although not significant (p = 0.07), SED-TOX scores were most closely related with ICI-SL values; high SED-TOX scores (≥2.0) were always associated with lower ICI-SL scores (&lt;8), which suggests benthos degradation. Agreement was observed between chemistry and SED-TOX results in extreme situations. Indeed, 70% of the sites showing a high hazard potential (≥2.0) in the SED-TOX Index had mean sediment quality guideline (SQG) quotients &gt;5, while 86% of those with a marginal SED-TOX score (0.1 to 0.9) had mean SQG quotients &lt;1. The SED-TOX Index was useful for discriminating sediments based on their hazard potential to a variety of test species and for predicting most (but not all) of the extreme chemistry and benthic community results.
Review of Water Quality Impacts of Winter Operation of Urban Drainage
Authors: Oberts G.L. , Marsalek J. , Viklander M. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Urban snowpacks accumulate large quantities of solids and contaminants, which originate from such sources as airborne fallout, vehicular deposition, and applied grit and salt. Both contaminants and solids may be quickly released during the periods of snowmelt and, consequently, melting contaminated snow in urban areas in cold climates has the potential to substantially impact the water quality of receiving water bodies. Although data on the water quality impacts of meltwater are relatively scarce, instances of toxicity of the highly concentrated first flush and deterioration of the receiving water quality by winter discharges of solids and chemicals have been documented. Common rainfall-runoff management techniques do not usually address snowmelt impacts because of the cold weather effects on biological systems and physical processes. Further research on adaptation of conventional Stormwater management techniques to cold climate conditions is needed.
PRESENCE AND LEVELS OF CONCENTRATION OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAHS) IN SMOKED FISH, HIDES AND SKIN OF SLAUGHTER CATTLE AND GOATS IN AWKA URBAN, NIGERIA
Authors: OFOMATA IKECHUKWU , OBODOECHI LYNDA ONYINYE , OBIDIKE REGINALD IKECHUKWU , NWANTA JOHN ANAELOM 
Published: March 2019

Objective: This study evaluated the presence and concentration of PAHs in singed and unsinged hides and skin of slaughter cattle and goats and smoked and non-smoked fish in Awka urban area of Anambra State, Nigeria.
Methods: Sixty samples of singed and unsinged hides and skin for were collected from Kwata slaughterhouse in Awka town where fish tissues were also collected from fish smoking spots in Awka urban. The samples were examined for the presence PAHs such as: benzo[a]pyrene; benzo[a]anthracene; benzo[k]flouranthene and indeno[1-2-3cd]pyrene using gas chromatography equipped with flame ionization detector.
Results: The result showed that the mean concentrations (µg/kg) of benzo[a]pyrene and indeno [1-2-3cd]pyrene in unsinged cattle hides were 7.89±7.77 and 2.25±0.97 respectively. The mean concentrations upon singeing were of 15.81±14.93 and 3.55±2.89. The mean concentrations (µg/kg) of benzo[a]pyrene; benzo[k]flouranthene and indeno[1-2-3cd]pyrene in unsigned goat skins were 6.52±10.77; 6.58±5.93 and 3.48±0.00 respectively. When the goatskin was singed, the mean concentrations were 17.50±26.03; 10.84±11.19 and 8.79±11.77. The mean concentrations (µg/kg) of benzo[a]pyrene; benzo[k]flouranthene and indeno[1-2-3cd]pyrene in non-smoked fish were 8.65±9.67; 2.11±2.10 and 54.76±60.35 respectively. When the fish were smoked, the mean concentrations of 26.42±40.21; 6.64±11.11 and 599.36±1395.61 were recorded respectively. In all species of animals sampled, no trace of benzo[a]anthracene was detected.
Conclusion: The mean concentrations of all carcinogenic PAHs detected in this work were below the maximum permissible level set by World Health Organization (WHO) and European Commission (30µg/kg) with the exception of indeno[1-2-3cd]pyrene in smoked and non-smoked fish, which was far above the permissible level.
PRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF DRIED FLOWERS OF ADENIUM OBESUM
Authors: KALVA SIREESHA , N. RAGHUNANDAN 
Published: March 2019

Objective: To estimate the antimicrobial activity of methanolic extract of Adenium obesum (family Apocyanaceae) in association with phytochemical analysis.
Methods: The methanolic extract of the flowers of Adenium obesum was prepared and investigated for phytochemical constituents using standard methods. Antimicrobial activity of methanolic extract Adenium obesum has been carried out against one gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and one gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli and the antifungal activity of the plant extract was evaluated on Candida albicans species. The testing was done by the disc diffusion method to visualize the zone of inhibition of methanolic extract was compared with that of standard drug i.e., Ciprofloxacin for antibacterial activity and Fluconazole for antifungal activity. The minimum inhibition concentration was determined by micro dilution method (cup-plate method).
Results: The present investigation shows the phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of alkaloids, saponin glycosides, flavonoids, phenols, proteins and amino acids, cardiac glycosides, steroids, tannin, and phenolic compounds. The anti-microbial activity of the methanolic extract of the plant showed significant results against all the three of the test organisms in compare to the standard drugs.
Conclusion: The present study concluded that methanolic extract of the flowers of adenium obesum proved the existence of phytochemical constituents. The methanolic extract of the was found to possess promising antimicrobial activity when compared with the standards and it can be useful for the development of antibiotics.
IN VITRO ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY AND MIC OF THE EXTRACELLULAR ETHYL ACETATE CRUDE EXTRACT OF ENDOPHYTIC FUNGI FUSARIUM SP. ISOLATED FROM TEPHROSIA PURPUREA ROOT
Authors: THAKUR DEEPENDRA , SAHANI KAMANA 
Published: March 2019

Objective: The objective of the present investigation was to find antimicrobial and MIC of endophytic fungi Fusarium sp. isolated from Tephrosia purpurea root.
Methods: Well diffusion assay was performed to find out the antimicrobial activity and Resazurin dye reduction method was performed to find out MIC of the extract.
Result: The extract showed the highest zone of inhibition of 22.66±0.57 mm, (Bacillus subtilis, MTCC-441) for Gram-positive bacteria and 20.66±0.57 mm, (E. coli, MTCC-443) for Gram-negative bacteria. Furthermore, the MIC of the extract was found to be (31.25 µg/ml-125 µg/ml).
Conclusion: Hence, the endophytic fungi isolated from the Tephrosia purpurea root, i.e. Fusarium sp. showed good antimicrobial activity and hence can be used to find a novel drug.