bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The closed-class vocabulary as a closed set
Authors: Chafetz Jill 
Published: May 2019

AbstractChildren who have normal language development are aware of the distinction between closed-class and open-class words at a very early age. In order to test to what extent children know the closed class to be, in fact, closed, 104 children aged 3 to 5 years participated in a sentence repetition task. Each sentence contained a nonsense word that fulfilled either an open-class or a closed-class function. Children were more likely to repeat sentences correctly when the nonsense words functioned in open-class, rather than in closed-class, contexts. In addition, older children correctly repeated more sentences containing nonsense words that functioned in closed-class contexts than younger children. This last result shows a mechanism by which children may acquire new closed-class words. The theoretical implications of the results are also discussed relative to children with specific language impairments, especially in terms of their reliance on semantic value in word acquisition.
Reduction in sleep disturbances at retirement: evidence from the Swedish Longitudinal Occupational Survey of Health
Authors: van de Straat Vera , Platts Loretta G. , Vahtera Jussi , Westerlund Hugo , Bracke Piet 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAlthough retirement involves a radical change in daily activities, income, social roles and relationships, and the transition from paid work into retirement can, therefore, be expected to affect sleep, little is known about the effects of old-age retirement on changes in sleep disturbances, and how the impact of retirement may vary by gender, age and prior working conditions. This study modelled reported sleep disturbances up to nine years before to nine years following retirement in a sample of 2,110 participants from the Swedish Longitudinal Occupational Survey of Health (SLOSH). Sleep disturbances over the retirement transition were modelled using repeated-measures regression analysis with Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) in relation to gender, age at retirement, working patterns (night work, full-time/part-time work), control over work hours, and psychological and physical working conditions. The analyses controlled for civil status, education level, income obtained from registers and self-rated health. Retiring from paid work was associated with decreased sleep disturbances. Greater reductions in sleep disturbances were reported by women, as well as by participants who retired before age 65 years, who were working full-time, who lacked control over their work hours and who had high psychological demands. These results, suggesting that old-age retirement from paid work is associated with reductions in disturbed sleep, pose a challenge for governments seeking to increase retirement ages.
ANTHROPOMETRIC HISTORY OF BRAZIL, 1850–1950: INSIGHTS FROM MILITARY AND PASSPORT RECORDS
Authors: Franken Daniel 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACTTrends in human welfare in Brazil have remained shrouded by a dearth of historical evidence. Although quantitative scholars have revealed the efficacy of the First Republic (1889–1930) in fomenting economic progress, the extent to which Brazil's early economic growth fostered improvements in health remains unclear. This paper fills this void in scholarship by relying on hitherto untapped archival sources with data on human stature—a reliable metric for health and nutritional status. My analysis centres heavily on a large (n≈ 16,000), geographically-comprehensive series compiled from military inscription files, supplemented by an ancillary dataset drawn from passport records (n≈ 6,000). I document inferior heights in the North and Northeast that predated the advent of industrialisation. At the national level, my findings reveal an increase in stature of over 2.5 cm between soldiers born in the 1880s and those born in the 1910s. In the South and Southeast, I argue that increased real income and public-health interventions explain the earlier upward trend in heights, while rural sanitary reforms were most important in the North and Northeast, where heights remained stagnant until the 1910 decade and diseases such as hookworm and malaria were most rampant.
CWave: Theory and Practice of a Fast Single-source Any-angle Path Planning Algorithm
Authors: Sinyukov Dmitry A. , Padir Taşkin 
Published: May 2019

SummaryPath planning on a two-dimensional grid is a well-studied problem in robotics. It usually involves searching for a shortest path between two vertices on a grid given that some of the grid cells are impassable (occupied by obstacles). Single-source path planning finds shortest paths from a given source vertex to all other vertices of the grid. Singles-source path planning enhances robot autonomy by calculating multiple possible paths for various navigation scenarios when the destination state is unknown. A high-performance algorithm for single-source any-angle path planning on a grid called CWave is proposed here. Any-angle attribute implies that the algorithm calculates paths which can include line segments at any angle, as opposed to standard A* that runs on an 8-connected graph, which permits turns with 45° increments only. The key idea of CWave is to abandon the graph model and operate directly on the grid geometry using discrete geometric primitives (instead of individual vertices) to represent the wave front. In its most basic form (CWaveInt), CWave requires only integer arithmetics. CWaveInt, however, can accumulate the distance error at turning points. A modified version of CWave (CWaveFpuSrc) with minimal usage of floating-point calculations is also developed to eliminate any accumulative errors, which is proven mathematically and experimentally on several maps. The performance of the algorithm on most of the tested maps is demonstrated to be significantly faster than that of Theta*, Lazy Theta*, Field A*, ANYA, Block A*, and A* adapted for single-source planning (on maps with lower number of isolated obstacles, CWaveFpuSrc is 2−3 times faster than its fastest tested alternative Block A*). An N-threaded implementation (CWaveN) of CWave is presented and tested to demonstrate an improved performance (multithreaded implementation is 1.5−3 times faster than single-threaded CWave). The paper discusses foundations and experimental validation of CWave, and presents future work to address the limitations of the current implementations and obtain further performance enhancements.
Simulating scenarios for compost and vinasse use to improve the economics and environmental aspects of representative Colombian sugarcane production systems
Authors: Rueda-Ordóñez Diego Andrés , Leal Manoel Regis L.V. , Bonomi Antonio , Cortez Luís Augusto Barbosa , Cavalett Otávio , Rincón José M. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe Colombian industrial sector is moving toward alternative forms of treatment of industrial waste, considering that the waste can be a source of raw material in the production chain. Thus, aiming at the decrease in mineral fertilizer use, and maintaining or even raising the crop yield, the sugarcane industry has recently advanced in the composting of the industrial waste and application in the field, both of them being potentially sustainable practices. This manuscript reports the economic benefits and the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions related to the sugarcane production system in Colombia that has been simulated in this study to evaluate the beneficial effects of reusing industrial waste from ethanol production. This study was performed using the Virtual Sugarcane Biorefinery (VSB) modeling software for the simulation of agricultural and industrial parameters on integrated alternatives for the sugarcane industry. Colombian sugarcane sector was modeled using three scenarios representing agricultural systems that do not use composted industrial waste vs a paired scenario for each condition where composted waste is utilized. Regarding compost and vinasse use as fertilizer and soil conditioner, GHG emissions from the biogenic origin are not included as a reported item in the matrix of GHG emissions of the sugarcane sector. Inputs for the economic and environmental assessment models are based on actual operational data from two mill sites, one located in the traditional sugarcane production region of Cauca River Valley and the other one, on the agricultural expansion region of Llanos Orientales. Here, we have found that the reuse of composted industrial waste is beneficial and provides an economic cost savings of 2–6% per year. However, it also results in an annual increase of 10–20% in the GHG emissions.
On the TGF/Lightning Ratio Asymmetry
Authors: Fabró Ferran , Montanyà Joan , van der Velde Oscar A. , Pineda Nicolau , Williams Earle R. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAfrica is one of the most productive lightning regions on Earth, yet it has a lower terrestrial gamma ray flash (TGF)‐to‐lightning ratio especially compared with Central America. In this paper, we have analyzed the global distribution of different meteorological parameters in order to explain the TGF/lightning ratio asymmetry. We show here that a drier surface and larger Convective Available Potential Energy in Africa may produce thunderstorms with intense electric charge regions but elevated in the atmosphere and closer to each other, which allows for higher flash rates and less energetic, shorter, and smaller flashes. The results we present here suggest that continental thunderstorms in Africa more rarely fulfill the lightning and thundercloud requirements for TGF production inferred from observations and models.
Radar Reflectivity as a Proxy for the Dust Content of Individual Layers in the Martian North Polar Layered Deposits
Authors: Lalich D. E. , Holt J. W. , Smith I. B. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe stratigraphy of the north polar layered deposits (NPLD) of Mars is believed to contain a climate record of the recent Amazonian period. However, full utilization of this record is difficult without detailed information regarding the physical properties of the constituent layers. Here we present a method for determining the fractional dust content of individual layers using a combination of orbital radar reflectivity measurements and physical modeling. We apply this method to the upper 500 m of the NPLD at 10 study sites and compare the results to a cap‐wide radar‐mapped surface. Our results show that reflectivity can vary drastically both geographically and with depth, a result we attribute to changing dust content, though the impact of variable layer thickness cannot be totally discounted. These findings imply large‐scale regional patterns in ice and dust accumulation do not remain consistent through time. We also find that current models of Mars's dust cycle and polar ice accumulation consistently underpredict the dust content of layers, indicating that our understanding of dust transport, dust sequestration, or dust preservation remains incomplete. Comparisons of study sites on the NPLD also show that some locations contain fewer radar reflectors than others, meaning they may contain a less complete record of the planet's recent paleoclimate, and any future efforts to use the polar layered deposits as a climate proxy, including in situ measurements, should take this into account by choosing study sites wisely.
Key determinants of global land-use projections
Authors: Stehfest Elke , van Zeist Willem-Jan , Valin Hugo , Havlik Petr , Popp Alexander , Kyle Page , Tabeau Andrzej , Mason-D’Croz Daniel , Hasegawa Tomoko , Bodirsky Benjamin L. , Calvin Katherine , Doelman Jonathan C. , Fujimori Shinichiro , Humpenöder Florian , Lotze-Campen Hermann , van Meijl Hans , Wiebe Keith 
Published: May 2019

AbstractLand use is at the core of various sustainable development goals. Long-term climate foresight studies have structured their recent analyses around five socio-economic pathways (SSPs), with consistent storylines of future macroeconomic and societal developments; however, model quantification of these scenarios shows substantial heterogeneity in land-use projections. Here we build on a recently developed sensitivity approach to identify how future land use depends on six distinct socio-economic drivers (population, wealth, consumption preferences, agricultural productivity, land-use regulation, and trade) and their interactions. Spread across models arises mostly from diverging sensitivities to long-term drivers and from various representations of land-use regulation and trade, calling for reconciliation efforts and more empirical research. Most influential determinants for future cropland and pasture extent are population and agricultural efficiency. Furthermore, land-use regulation and consumption changes can play a key role in reducing both land use and food-security risks, and need to be central elements in sustainable development strategies.
Declines in mental health associated with air pollution and temperature variability in China
Authors: Xue Tao , Zhu Tong , Zheng Yixuan , Zhang Qiang 
Published: May 2019

AbstractMental disorders have been associated with various aspects of anthropogenic change to the environment, but the relative effects of different drivers are uncertain. Here we estimate associations between multiple environmental factors (air quality, residential greenness, mean temperature, and temperature variability) and self-assessed mental health scores for over 20,000 Chinese residents. Mental health scores were surveyed in 2010 and 2014, allowing us to link changes in mental health to the changes in environmental variables. Increases in air pollution and temperature variability are associated with higher probabilities of declined mental health. Mental health is statistically unrelated to mean temperature in this study, and the effect of greenness on mental health depends on model settings, suggesting a need for further study. Our findings suggest that the environmental policies to reduce emissions of air pollution or greenhouse gases can improve mental health of the public in China.
Interpretable classification of Alzheimer’s disease pathologies with a convolutional neural network pipeline
Authors: Tang Ziqi , Chuang Kangway V. , DeCarli Charles , Jin Lee-Way , Beckett Laurel , Keiser Michael J. , Dugger Brittany N. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractNeuropathologists assess vast brain areas to identify diverse and subtly-differentiated morphologies. Standard semi-quantitative scoring approaches, however, are coarse-grained and lack precise neuroanatomic localization. We report a proof-of-concept deep learning pipeline that identifies specific neuropathologies—amyloid plaques and cerebral amyloid angiopathy—in immunohistochemically-stained archival slides. Using automated segmentation of stained objects and a cloud-based interface, we annotate > 70,000 plaque candidates from 43 whole slide images (WSIs) to train and evaluate convolutional neural networks. Networks achieve strong plaque classification on a 10-WSI hold-out set (0.993 and 0.743 areas under the receiver operating characteristic and precision recall curve, respectively). Prediction confidence maps visualize morphology distributions at high resolution. Resulting network-derived amyloid beta (Aβ)-burden scores correlate well with established semi-quantitative scores on a 30-WSI blinded hold-out. Finally, saliency mapping demonstrates that networks learn patterns agreeing with accepted pathologic features. This scalable means to augment a neuropathologist’s ability suggests a route to neuropathologic deep phenotyping.
Adenosine-Functionalized Biodegradable PLA-b-PEG Nanoparticles Ameliorate Osteoarthritis in Rats
Authors: Liu Xiuling , Corciulo Carmen , Arabagian Stephanie , Ulman Abraham , Cronstein Bruce N. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractShort biologic half-lives limit the therapeutic utility of many small molecules. One approach to extending the half-life of pharmacologically active small molecules is conjugation to less degradable nanoparticles; here we report the synthesis and activity of six targeted polymeric (PEG-b-PLA) nanoparticles for use as adenosine receptor agonists. Using click chemistry, PLA-b-PEG400-N3 and PLA-b-PEG2000 block copolymers were bound to adenosine at the 3′,4′-OH, 5′-OH, and 6-NH2 positions with an acetylene group. Activity of the conjugates as adenosine receptor ligands was tested by their capacity to stimulate cAMP increases in RAW264.7 murine macrophage cells. Only adenosine-conjugated nanoparticles (A-3′,4′-OH-TPN2), in which PEG2000 was bound to adenosine on the 3′,4′ hydroxyl groups, stimulated cAMP increases and these increases were blocked by selective antagonists of both adenosine A2A and A2B receptors, consistent with ligation of these receptors. Adenosine nanoparticles were tested in vivo in a rat model of post-traumatic osteoarthritis; intra-articular injection of adenosine nanoparticles prevented the development of osteoarthritis in this model. These studies suggest that attachment of adenosine to biodegradable nanoparticles provides a novel approach to achieving prolonged therapeutic effects.
The Burden of Migraine in Adults with Atrial Septal Defect: A Nationwide Cohort Study
Authors: Nyboe Camilla , Nymann Ann Hyldahl , Ovesen Anne-Sif , Elisabeth Hjortdal Vibeke 
Published: May 2019

AbstractWe aimed to investigate migraine diagnoses in a hospital setting, use of prescription migraine medicine and levels of serotonin in patients with atrial septal defect. Using Danish national registries to identify all patients born before 1994 diagnosed with atrial septal defect between 1959 and 2013, thus including 2277 patients and a gender and age matched comparison cohort of 22756. Plasma serotonin was measured in 136 patients with a small, unclosed, atrial septal defects and 18 controls. Patients with atrial septal defect had an increased risk of receiving a migraine diagnosis (HR 3.4 (95% CI: 2.6–4.6)) and receiving migraine medicine (HR 1.8 (95% CI: 1.2–2.5)). Ten years after closure, 93% of those using migraine medicine pre-closure, were still receiving this. The risk of having very high plasma serotonin levels was increased in patients with atrial septal defect compared with the control group, but there was no difference in the median values between the two groups. Migraine and use of migraine medicine were increased in atrial septal defect patients. The use of medicine was not diminished by closure of the defect. Plasma serotonin was severely elevated in 18% of the patients with atrial septal defect.
Study on the resin infusion process based on automated fiber placement fabricated dry fiber preform
Authors: Liu Ya-Nan , Yuan Chongxin , Liu Chenxiao , Pan Jie , Dong Qinghai 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIn this paper, a combination process of automated fiber placement (AFP) of dry fiber and vacuum assistant resin infusion (VARI) was developed, that is firstly a dry fiber preform was fabricated by AFP, and then following a VARI and oven curing process to manufacture the final composite structures, which is expected to be an alternative proposal to the traditional autoclave process, thus making the manufacturing of high performance out-of-autoclave composite structures possible. This research devotes to analyze the character of AFP fabricated preform and its influence on the resin infusion process and the obtained composite. Firstly, the features of dry fiber tapes were analyzed, and a structure model was proposed to illustrate the key factors and issues during the coupled AFP/LCM process. Secondly, the effects of AFP fabricated preform on the resin infusion process and composite performance were analyzed by comparing with manually layup competitors using the same epoxy resin system. It has been demonstrated that the AFP processed preform helps to decrease the porosity from 2.00% to 0.6% and coefficient of thickness variation from 8.11% to 3.75% while improve the fiber volume fraction from 47.80% to 56.30%, however, it prolongs the injection time by 107.71% in this experiment due to lower permeability. Reasonable design of resin flow path and precise control of resin dosage are important for a successful resin infusion process based on AFP fabricated preform. The research can provide preliminary data accumulation and technical basis for further research and future application of AFP based LCM technology in airplane structures.
Prognostic value of magnetic resonance imaging features in low-grade gliomas
Authors: Deng Liang , Shen Liangfang , Shen Lin , Zhao Zhao , Peng Yingpeng , Liu Hongjiao , Liu Haipeng , Zhang Guangying , Li Zhanzhan , Li Kai , Shen Erdong , Liu Yuanyuan , Liu Chao , Huang Xinqiong 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Introduction: The treatment strategy for low-grade gliomas (LGGs) is still controversial, and there are no standardized criteria to predict the prognosis of patients with LGGs. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a routine test for preoperative diagnosis for LGG and can reflect the destructive features for the tumor. In the present study, we aimed to explore the relationship between the MRI features and prognosis in patients with LGG.
Methods: Clinical data of 80 patients with pathologically proved LGGs between January 2010 and December 2016 were analyzed retrospectively. MRI features were classified as contrast enhancement pattern (focal enhancement, diffuse enhancement and ring-like enhancement), necrosis and cysts based on the preoperative MR images. Kaplan–Meier method and multivariate analysis were performed on the data by SPSS software to explore the prognostic significance of MRI features.
Results: Patients with cystic LGG had a significantly longer 5-year progression-free survival (PFS) than that with no cyst (90.9 ± 8.7 vs 65.7 ± 9.1%, P=0.045). Multivariate analysis further verified cyst as an independent prognosis factor for PFS (P=0.027, hazard ratio [HR] = 0.084). Additionally, patients with ring-like enhancement exhibited significantly longer 5-year PFS time in the Kaplan–Meier survival curves (100 vs 67.2 ± 7.7%, P=0.049). There was no significant difference in PFS and overall survival (OS) between patients with or without necrosis.
Conclusion: Our study suggests that cyst formation and ring-like enhancement on preoperative MR images can be useful to predict a favorable prognosis in patients with LGGs.
Switched reluctance motor design for electric vehicles based on harmonics and back EMF analysis
Authors: Bukhari Abid Ali Shah , Alalibo Belema Prince , Cao Wenping , Lin Zhengyu , Shaikh Shahid Hussain , Soomro Toufique Ahmed , Ansari Shahzeb , Jandan Fayyaz Ali 
Published: May 2019

Permanent magnet synchronous motors are widely accepted in automotive applications. The high torque density, high rotational speed with maximum efficiency in electric vehicle applications is technically challenging for motor design. However, these machines are expensive and difficult to work at high‐temperature harsh environment due to permanent magnets demagnetisation features. Alternatively, switched reluctance motors can provide similar output characteristics and a wider speed. Thus these are considered to be more fault tolerant and more reliable. This study proposes a 20 kW, three‐phase switched reluctance motor and analyse its overall performance and harmonic contents. The study is conducted by optimising the slot filling factor, excitation voltage and switching sequence of an asymmetrical half bridge converter. A finite element model is used to predict the core and copper losses and other influencing parameters. Simulation results are presented and analysed the effectiveness of the proposed switched reluctance motor (SRM).