bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contextual embeddedness of careers: female “nonsurvivors” and their gendered relational context
Authors: Afiouni Fida , Karam Charlotte M. , Makarem Yasmeen 
Published: June 2019

AbstractOur aim is to contribute to a better understanding of the contextual embeddedness of women's careers. To do this, we leverage feminist relational theory (a) to understand the relational context of women's careers in Lebanon, with a particular focus on working‐self and career investments, and (b) to trace the gendered power dynamics of career investments in the relational context of work. Through examining the narratives of 24 Lebanese female “nonsurvivors” (i.e., used to work but are not currently engaged in paid work), our findings paint a complex and nuanced picture of different relational contexts. Represented on a continuum ranging from minimally conducive for women's careers to contexts that are incrementally more conducive, the differences between these contexts are unpacked through drawing attention to the gendered power dynamics shaping women's (dis)connection with their working self, the perceived (mis)alignment of others, and the career investments that they make. Our contribution lies in augmenting our understanding of the contextual embeddedness of women's careers by demonstrating the theoretical and practical utility of bringing a deeper feminist analysis to understand the relational context of work.
Castrato Singers as Composers: The Case of Luigi Marchesi's London Sets of Ariette (1788‐9)
Authors: Laterza Marilena 
Published: June 2019

AbstractAs well as being one of the outstanding castrati of the eighteenth century, Luigi Marchesi was also an occasional composer, particularly during his London years (1788‐90). This article examines Marchesi's only published compositions – two sets of ariettas for voice and piano or harp – reconstructing their context and reception, and analysing their texts and music, in order not only to give a more complete picture of the singer but also to investigate both the approach of late eighteenth‐century opera singers to musical creation and the previously neglected subject of vocal chamber music on Italian texts in late eighteenth‐century London.
Indicators of cigarette smoking dependence and relapse in former smokers who vape compared with those who do not: findings from the 2016 International Tobacco Control Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey
Authors: McNeill Ann , Driezen Pete , Hitchman Sara C. , Cummings K. Michael , Fong Geoffrey T. , Borland Ron 
Published: June 2019

AbstractBackground and AimsIt has been proposed that many smokers switch to vaping because their nicotine addiction makes this their only viable route out of smoking. We compared indicators of prior and current cigarette smoking dependence and of relapse in former smokers who were daily users of nicotine vaping products (‘vapers’) or who were not vaping at the time of survey (‘non‐vapers’).DesignCross‐sectional survey‐based comparison between vaping and non‐vaping former smokers, including a weighted logistic regression of vaping status onto predictor variables, adjusting for covariates specified below.SettingUnited States, Canada, Australia and England.ParticipantsA total of 1070 people aged 18+ years from the 2016 International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four Country Smoking and Vaping Wave 1 Survey who reported having ever been daily smokers but who stopped less than 2 years ago and who were currently vapers or non‐vapers.MeasurementsDependent variable was current vaping status. Predictor variables were self‐reported: (1) smoking within 5 minutes of waking and usual daily cigarette consumption, both assessed retrospectively; (2) current perceived addiction to smoking, urges to smoke and confidence in staying quit. Covariates: country, sample sources, sex, age group, ethnicity, income, education, current nicotine replacement therapy use and time since quitting.FindingsVapers were more likely than non‐vapers to report: (1) having smoked within 5 minutes of waking [34.3 versus 15.9%, adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 3.74, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.99, 7.03), χ2 = 16.92, P < 0.001]; having smoked > 10 cigarettes/day (74.4 versus 47.2%, aOR = 4.39, 95% CI = 2.22, 8.68), χ2 = 18.18, P < 0.001); (2) perceiving themselves to be still very addicted to smoking (41.3 versus 26.2%, aOR = 2.89, 95% CI = 1.58, 5.30, χ2 = 11.87, P < 0.001) and feeling extremely confident about staying quit (62.1 versus 36.6%, aOR = 3.22, 95% CI = 1.86, 5.59, χ2 = 17.36, P < 0.001). Vapers were not more likely to report any urges to smoke than non‐vapers (27.7 versus 38.8%, aOR = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.44, 1.65, χ2 = 0.21, P = 0.643).ConclusionsWhile former smokers who currently vape nicotine daily report higher levels of cigarette smoking dependence pre‐ and post‐cessation compared with former smokers who are current non‐vapers, they report greater confidence in staying quit and similar strength of urges to smoke.
Waste to energy:
Authors: AHMANN CHLOE 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACTIf it had been built, the Fairfield Renewable Energy Project would have been the largest trash incinerator in the United States, burning 4,000 tons of waste each day in late‐industrial Baltimore. When it was first proposed, two discourses of renewal coalesced around the project. One was propagated by technocrats who argued incineration should be regulated as a renewable technology. Another emerged among working‐class whites who hoped the plant would reinvigorate their ailing economy. Both discourses hinged on comparisons with the past and maneuvers between futures near and far, gaining ground through subjunctive politics. Recast in this light, both technocratic dreams and local narratives of waste, race, and decline betray a deep ambivalence about the sorts of futures that seem plausible within a geography of “undesirables.” [subjunctive politics, waste, race, renewal, future, uncertainty, environment, Baltimore, United States]
Progress towards near‐zero 90‐day mortality: 388 consecutive hepatectomies over a 16‐year period
Authors: Liu Jianliang , Reid Jessica , Leopardi Lisa , Edwards Suzanne , Trochsler Markus , Maddern Guy 
Published: June 2019

BackgroundHepatectomy has been the gold standard procedure for curative treatment of benign and malignant hepatobiliary lesions for over a century. The aim of this study is to report on the 16‐year experience of a single institution.MethodsAll patients admitted to The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, South Australia, for a hepatectomy between 2001 and 2016 were included in this audit. Data regarding demographics, tumour type and operative outcomes were prospectively collected. To identify trends, patients were divided into four periods, each spanning 4 years (Period 1 = 2001–2004, Period 2 = 2005–2008, Period 3 = 2009–2012 and Period 4 = 2012–2016).ResultsBetween 2001 and 2016, 388 consecutive patients (230 men; 158 women; mean age ± SD = 63.7 ± 13.0 years) underwent hepatectomy. From Periods 2 to 4, complex cases increased from 14.4% to 18.9%, and there was an increase in mean duration of operation time from 187.0 ± 60.6 to 217.3 ± 78.7 min. Length of hospitalization decreased from Periods 1 to 4 (12.2 ± 9.2 to 8.1 ± 5.6 days). Intraoperative and 90‐day mortalities were 0.5% and 2.3%, respectively. Length of stay, morbidity and 90‐day mortality were significantly affected by mass of resection.ConclusionHepatectomy can be safely performed in a specialized Western centre with low mortality. Advances in health care have facilitated in shorter duration of hospitalization despite more frequent complex resections, operating on older patients and patients with worse American Society of Anesthesiologists scores, without increasing rates of mortality.
Oxycodone concentrations in the central nervous system and cerebrospinal fluid after epidural administration to the pregnant ewe
Authors: Kinnunen Mari , Kokki Hannu , Hautajärvi Heidi , Lantto Juulia , Räsänen Juha , Voipio Hanna‐Marja , Kokki Merja 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe main sites of the analgesic action of oxycodone are the brain and spinal cord. The present study describes the concentrations of oxycodone and its metabolites in the brain and spinal cord after epidural administration to the ewe. Twenty pregnant ewes undergoing laparotomy were randomized into two groups to receive epidural oxycodone: infusion group (n = 10, 0.1 mg·kg−1 bolus followed by continuous infusion of 0.05 mg·kg−1·h−1 for five days) or repeated boluses group (n = 10, 0.2 + 2x0.1 mg·kg−1 bolus followed by a 0.2 mg·kg−1 bolus every 12 hours for five days). After five days of oxycodone administration, arterial blood samples were collected, the sheep were killed, and a CSF sample and tissue samples from the cortex, thalamus, cerebellum and spinal cord were obtained for the quantification of oxycodone and its main metabolites. The median plasma and CSF concentrations of oxycodone were 9.0 and 14.2 ng·mL−1 after infusion and 0.4 and 1.1 ng·mL−1 after repeated boluses. In the infusion group, the cortex, thalamus and cerebellum oxycodone concentrations were 4‐8 times higher and in the spinal cord 1310 times higher than in plasma. In the repeated boluses group, brain tissue concentrations were similar in the three areas, and in the spinal cord were 720 times higher than in plasma. Oxymorphone was the main metabolite detected, which accumulated in the brain and spinal cord tissue. In conclusion, first, accumulation of oxycodone and oxymorphone in the CNS was observed, and second, high spinal cord concentrations suggest that epidural oxycodone may provide segmental analgesia.
Cutting red tape to manage public health threats: An ethical dilemma of expediting antibiotic drug innovation
Authors: Munthe Christian , Nijsingh Niels 
Published: June 2019

AbstractAntibiotic resistance, arising when bacteria develop defences against antibiotics, is creating a public health threat of massive proportions. This raises challenging questions for standard notions in bioethics when suitable policy is to be characterized and justified. We examine the particular proposal of expediting innovation of new antibiotics by cutting various forms of regulatory ‘red tape’ in the standard system for the clinical introduction of new drugs. We find strong principled reasons in favour of such a lowering of the ethical standards of research and the clinical introduction of new antibiotic formulas. However, this support is undermined by pragmatic challenges owing to expected responses from stakeholders, creating uncertainty about which policies could actually be effectively implemented. We describe an underlying dilemma on how to rationally justify compromises between ideal ethical justification and pragmatic risks that needs to be further addressed in this light. We suggest a solution to this dilemma related to proposals of expediting antibiotic drug innovation.
Health ethics and Indigenous ethnocide
Authors: Matthews Richard 
Published: June 2019

AbstractIn colonial societies such as Canada the implications of colonialism and ethnocide (or cultural genocide) for ethical decision‐making are ill‐understood yet have profound implications in health ethics and other spheres. They combine to shape racism in health care in ways, sometimes obvious, more often subtle, that are inadequately understood and often wholly unnoticed. Along with overt experiences of interpersonal racism, Indigenous people with health care needs are confronted by systemic racism in the shaping of institutional structures, hospital policies and in resource allocation decisions. Above all, racism is a function of state law – of the unilateral imposition of the settler society law on Indigenous communities. Indeed, the laws, including health laws, are social determinants of the ill‐health of Indigenous peoples. This article describes the problem of Indigenous ethnocide and explores its ethical implications. It thereby problematizes the role of law in health ethics.
On Null Hypotheses in Survival Analysis
Authors: Stensrud Mats J. , Røysland Kjetil , Ryalen Pål C. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The conventional nonparametric tests in survival analysis, such as the log-rank test, assess the null hypothesis that the hazards are equal at all times. However, hazards are hard to interpret causally, and other null hypotheses are more relevant in many scenarios with survival outcomes. To allow for a wider range of null hypotheses, we present a generic approach to define test statistics. This approach utilizes the fact that a wide range of common parameters in survival analysis can be expressed as solutions of differential equations. Thereby, we can test hypotheses based on survival parameters that solve differential equations driven by cumulative hazards, and it is easy to implement the tests on a computer. We present simulations, suggesting that our tests perform well for several hypotheses in a range of scenarios. As an illustration, we apply our tests to evaluate the effect of adjuvant chemotherapies in patients with colon cancer, using data from a randomized controlled trial.
Model Selection for G-Estimation of Dynamic Treatment Regimes
Authors: Wallace Michael P. , Moodie Erica E. M. , Stephens David A. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractDynamic treatment regimes (DTRs) aim to formalize personalized medicine by tailoring treatment decisions to individual patient characteristics. G-estimation for DTR identification targets the parameters of a structural nested mean model, known as the blip function, from which the optimal DTR is derived. Despite its potential, G-estimation has not seen widespread use in the literature, owing in part to its often complex presentation and implementation, but also due to the necessity for correct specification of the blip. Using a quadratic approximation approach inspired by iteratively reweighted least squares, we derive a quasi-likelihood function for G-estimation within the DTR framework, and show how it can be used to form an information criterion for blip model selection. We outline the theoretical properties of this model selection criterion and demonstrate its application in a variety of simulation studies as well as in data from the Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression study.
Semiparametric mixed‐scale models using shared Bayesian forests
Authors: Linero Antonio R. , Sinha Debajyoti , Lipsitz Stuart R. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis paper demonstrates the advantages of sharing information about unknown features of covariates across multiple model components in various nonparametric regression problems including multivariate, heteroscedastic, and semicontinuous responses. In this paper, we present a methodology which allows for information to be shared nonparametrically across various model components using Bayesian sum‐of‐tree models. Our simulation results demonstrate that sharing of information across related model components is often very beneficial, particularly in sparse high‐dimensional problems in which variable selection must be conducted. We illustrate our methodology by analyzing medical expenditure data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS). To facilitate the Bayesian nonparametric regression analysis, we develop two novel models for analyzing the MEPS data using Bayesian additive regression trees—a heteroskedastic log‐normal hurdle model with a “shrink‐toward‐homoskedasticity” prior and a gamma hurdle model.
Stand‐alone intrathecal central nervous system (CNS) prophylaxis provide unclear benefit in reducing CNS relapse risk in elderly DLBCL patients treated with R‐CHOP and is associated increased infection‐related toxicity
Authors: Eyre Toby A. , Kirkwood Amy A. , Wolf Julia , Hildyard Catherine , Mercer Carolyn , Plaschkes Hannah , Griffith John , Fields Paul , Gunawan Arief , Oliver Rebecca , Booth Stephen , Martinez‐Calle Nicolas , McMillan Andrew , Bishton Mark , Fox Christopher P. , Collins Graham P. , Hatton Chris S. R. 
Published: June 2019

SummaryCentral nervous system (CNS) relapse following R‐CHOP (rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisolone) occurs in 2–5% of patents with diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Many patients aged ≥70 years are unsuitable for high‐dose methotrexate (HDMTX) prophylaxis and therefore often receive stand‐alone intrathecal prophylaxis. The CNS international prognostic index (CNS‐IPI) is a clinical CNS relapse risk score that has not specifically been validated in elderly patients. The value of CNS prophylaxis in patients aged ≥70 years remains uncertain. Data on 690 consecutively R‐CHOP‐treated DLBCL patients aged ≥70 years were collected across 8 UK centres (2009–2018). CNS prophylaxis was administered per physician preference. Median age was 77·2 years and median follow‐up was 2·8 years. CNS‐IPI was 1–3 in 60·1%, 4 in 23·8%, 5 in 13·0% and 6 in 3·3%. Renal and/or adrenal (R/A) involvement occurred in 8·8%. Two‐year overall CNS relapse incidence was 2·6% and according to CNS‐IPI, 1–3:0·8%, 4:3·6%, 5:3·8% and 6:21·8%. Two‐year CNS relapse incidence for R/A was 10·0%. When excluding HDMTX (n = 31) patients, there remained no change in unadjusted/adjusted CNS relapse for intrathecal prophylaxis effect according to CNS‐IPI. CNS‐IPI is valid in elderly R‐CHOP‐treated DLBCL patients, with the highest risk in those with CNS‐IPI 6 and R/A involvement. We observed no clear benefit for stand‐alone intrathecal prophylaxis but observed an independent increased risk of infection‐related admission during R‐CHOP when intrathecal prophylaxis was administered.
Is real per capita state personal income stationary? New nonlinear, asymmetric panel‐data evidence
Authors: Emirmahmutoglu Furkan , Gupta Rangan , Miller Stephen M. , Omay Tolga 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis paper re‐examines the stochastic properties of U.S. state real per capita personal income, using new panel unit‐root procedures. The new developments incorporate non‐linearity, asymmetry, and cross‐sectional correlation within panel‐data estimation. Including nonlinearity and asymmetry finds that 43 states exhibit stationary real per capita personal income whereas including only nonlinearity produces 42 states that exhibit stationarity. Stated differently, we find that two states exhibit nonstationary real per capita personal income when considering nonlinearity, asymmetry, and cross‐sectional dependence.
The Tajik Basin: A composite record of sedimentary basin evolution in response to tectonics in the Pamir
Authors: Chapman James B. , Carrapa Barbara , DeCelles Peter G. , Worthington James , Mancin Nicoletta , Cobianchi Miriam , Stoica Marius , Wang Xin , Gadoev Mustafo , Oimahmadov Ilhomjon 
Published: June 2019

AbstractInvestigation of a >6‐km‐thick succession of Cretaceous to Cenozoic sedimentary rocks in the Tajik Basin reveals that this depocentre consists of three stacked basin systems that are interpreted to reflect different mechanisms of subsidence associated with tectonics in the Pamir Mountains: a Lower to mid‐Cretaceous succession, an Upper Cretaceous–Lower Eocene succession and an Eocene–Neogene succession. The Lower to mid‐Cretaceous succession consists of fluvial deposits that were primarily derived from the Triassic Karakul–Mazar subduction–accretion complex in the northern Pamir. This succession is characterized by a convex‐up (accelerating) subsidence curve, thickens towards the Pamir and is interpreted as a retroarc foreland basin system associated with northward subduction of Tethyan oceanic lithosphere. The Upper Cretaceous to early Eocene succession consists of fine‐grained, marginal marine and sabkha deposits. The succession is characterized by a concave‐up subsidence curve. Regionally extensive limestone beds in the succession are consistent with late stage thermal relaxation and relative sea‐level rise following lithospheric extension, potentially in response to Tethyan slab rollback/foundering. The Upper Cretaceous–early Eocene succession is capped by a middle Eocene to early Oligocene (ca. 50–30 Ma) disconformity, which is interpreted to record the passage of a flexural forebulge. The disconformity is represented by a depositional hiatus, which is 10–30 Myr younger than estimates for the initiation of India–Asia collision and overlaps in age with the start of prograde metamorphism recorded in the Pamir gneiss domes. Overlying the disconformity, a >4‐km‐thick upper Eocene–Neogene succession displays a classic, coarsening upward unroofing sequence characterized by accelerating subsidence, which is interpreted as a retro‐foreland basin associated with crustal thickening of the Pamir during India–Asia collision. Thus, the Tajik Basin provides an example of a long‐lived composite basin in a retrowedge position that displays a sensitivity to plate margin processes. Subsidence, sediment accumulation and basin‐forming mechanisms are influenced by subduction dynamics, including periods of slab‐shallowing and retreat.
Identification of candidates for driver oncogenes in scirrhous‐type gastric cancer cell lines
Authors: Sai Eirin , Miwa Yoshiyuki , Takeyama Reina , Kojima Shinya , Ueno Toshihide , Yashiro Masakazu , Seto Yasuyuki , Mano Hiroyuki 
Published: June 2019

AbstractScirrhous‐type gastric cancer (SGC) is one of the most intractable cancer subtypes in humans, and its therapeutic targets have been rarely identified to date. Exploration of somatic mutations in the SGC genome with the next‐generation sequencers has been hampered by markedly increased fibrous tissues. Thus, SGC cell lines may be useful resources for searching for novel oncogenes. Here we have conducted whole exome sequencing and RNA sequencing on 2 SGC cell lines, OCUM‐8 and OCUM‐9. Interestingly, most of the mutations thus identified have not been reported. In OCUM‐8 cells, a novel CD44‐IGF1R fusion gene is discovered, the protein product of which ligates the amino‐terminus of CD44 to the transmembrane and tyrosine‐kinase domains of IGF1R. Furthermore, both CD44 and IGF1R are markedly amplified in the OCUM‐8 genome and abundantly expressed. CD44‐IGF1R has a transforming ability, and the suppression of its kinase activity leads to rapid cell death of OCUM‐8. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report describing the transforming activity of IGF1R fusion genes. However, OCUM‐9 seems to possess multiple oncogenic events in its genome. In particular, a novel BORCS5‐ETV6 fusion gene is identified in the OCUM‐9 genome. BORCS5‐ETV6 possesses oncogenic activity, and suppression of its message partially inhibits cell growth. Prevalence of these novel fusion genes among SGC awaits further investigation, but we validate the significance of cell lines as appropriate reagents for detailed genomic analyses of SGC.