bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Judicialization of Religious Freedom: An Institutionalist Approach
Authors: Mayrl Damon 
Published: August 2018

AbstractRecent years have seen growing interest in the judicialization of religious freedom (JRF). In this article, I identify two distinct meanings of JRF, which are often conflated but which need to be kept separate. I then argue for a stronger institutionalist approach to JRF. An institutionalist approach focuses our attention on both the rules internal to courts, and the relationship of courts to administrative agencies, legislatures, and other governing bodies. I argue that there is room to strengthen our analyses of JRF by paying greater attention to these institutional dynamics. I demonstrate this by highlighting two overlooked features of courts—interpretive rules and access rules—that are particularly important for governing JRF; and by developing a framework that relates the courts to other institutional venues and political actors. In so doing, I identify a number of promising directions for future research into the causes and consequences of JRF.
Hepatocyte expression and prognostic importance of senescence marker p21 in liver histopathology samples from dogs with chronic hepatitis
Authors: Kortum Andre J. , Cloup Emilie A. , Williams Tim L. , Constantino‐Casas Fernendo , Watson Penny J. 
Published: August 2018

BackgroundChronic hepatitis (CH) occurs commonly in dogs but is associated with a variable and largely unpredictable prognosis. p21, a cell‐cycle inhibitor and marker of cellular senescence, is upregulated in human liver disease and is a better prognostic marker than histological or clinical scoring systems.ObjectiveTo quantify hepatocyte p21 immunopositivity in histopathology samples from dogs with CH and determine its association with outcome.AnimalsTwenty‐six client‐owned dogs with histologically confirmed CH, and 15 dogs with normal liver histology.MethodsMedical records and liver histopathology samples were retrospectively reviewed to identify cases of CH. Immunohistochemistry for p21 was performed on all samples and hepatocyte immunopositivity was visually quantified. Relationships between p21 and dog age and dog survival time were statistically evaluated.ResultsHepatocyte p21 immunopositivity in dogs with CH was high (median percentage of positive hepatocytes: 90%, range: 20%‐98%) and exceeded 70% in 23/26 cases with no association with age. In control dogs, p21 immunopositivity was low (≤15% positive hepatocytes in 12/15 cases) and was positively correlated with age (rs = 0.63; P = .011). Dogs with p21 immunopositivity exceeding 91.8% (upper tercile) had significantly shorter survival compared to dogs with less than 88.9% immunopositivity (lowest tercile; 218 versus 874 days, P = .006). Increasing hepatocyte p21 immunopositivity was significantly negatively associated with survival time (HR 4.12; 95% CI 1.34‐12.63; P = .013).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceMarked p21 immunopositivity in dogs with CH might be indicative of widespread hepatocellular senescence. A significant association with survival time also suggests a potential value for p21 quantification in determining prognosis.
Lipid peroxidation biomarkers for evaluating oxidative stress in equine neuroaxonal dystrophy
Authors: Finno Carrie J. , Estell Krista E. , Winfield Laramie , Katzman Scott , Bordbari Matthew H. , Burns Erin N. , Miller Andrew D. , Puschner Birgit , Tran Cecilia K. , Xu Libin 
Published: August 2018

BackgroundEquine neuroaxonal dystrophy/equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy (eNAD/EDM) is a neurodegenerative disorder affecting genetically predisposed foals maintained on an α‐tocopherol (α‐TOH) deficient diet. Currently no antemortem diagnostic test for eNAD/EDM is available.HypothesisBecause α‐TOH deficiency is associated with increased lipid peroxidation, it was hypothesized that F2‐isoprostanes (F2IsoP), F4‐neuroprostanes (F4NP) and oxysterols derived from free radical oxidation would be increased in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and neural tissue of eNAD/EDM affected horses and could serve as potential biomarkers for disease.AnimalsIsoprostane Study A: 14 Quarter horse foals (10 healthy foals and 4 eNAD/EDM affected foals) at 1 and 6 months of age. Isoprostane Study B: 17 eNAD/EDM affected and 10 unaffected horses ≥ 1‐4 years of age. Oxysterol study: eNAD/EDM affected (n = 14, serum; n = 11, CSF; n = 10, spinal cord [SC]) and unaffected horses 1‐4 years of age (n = 12, serum; n = 10, CSF; n = 7, SC).ProceduresCerebrospinal fluid [F2IsoP] and [F4NP] were assessed using gas chromatography‐negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Serum, CSF, and cervical SC [oxysterols] were quantified using high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Results were compared with respective α‐TOH concentrations.ResultsSpinal cord [7‐ketocholesterol], [7‐hydroxycholesterol], and [7‐keto‐27‐hydrocholesterol] were higher in eNAD/EDM horses whereas [24‐ketocholesterol] was lower. No significant difference was found in CSF [F2IsoP] and [F4NP], serum [oxysterols] and CSF [oxysterols] between eNAD/EDM affected and unaffected horses. No correlation was found between [F2IsoP], [F4NP], or [oxysterols] and respective [α‐TOH].Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceIn the SC, targeted markers of cholesterol oxidation were significantly increased in horses with eNAD/EDM.
Inter‐rater agreement and reliability of thoracic ultrasonographic findings in feedlot calves, with or without naturally occurring bronchopneumonia
Authors: Buczinski S. , Buathier C. , Bélanger A.M. , Michaux H. , Tison N. , Timsit E. 
Published: August 2018

BackgroundThoracic ultrasonography (TUS) can be used to assess the extent and severity of lung lesions associated with bronchopneumonia (BP) in feedlot cattle.Hypothesis/ObjectivesTo assess inter‐rater agreement and reliability of TUS findings in feedlot cattle, with or without naturally occurring BP.AnimalsFeedlot steers with (n = 210) or without (n = 107) clinical signs of BP that were assessed by TUS in a previous case‐control study.MethodsA random sample of 50 TUS videos (16‐s duration) were scored by 6 raters with various levels of TUS expertise. Lung consolidation, comet tail artifacts, pleural irregularity and effusion were scored. Inter‐rater agreement was assessed using raw percentage of agreement (Pa), Cohen's and Fleiss’ Kappa (κ), and Gwet agreement coefficient (AC1). Intra‐class correlation (ICC) was determined for variables with continuous measurements (mixed factorial design).ResultsMedian (interquartile range [IQR]) Pa were 0.84 (0.80‐0.89), 0.82 (0.80‐0.87), 0.62 (0.53‐0.67), and 0.82 (0.75‐0.86) for presence of lung consolidation, comet tails, pleural irregularity, and pleural effusion, respectively. For the same lesions, Fleiss κ (95% confidence intervals [CI]) were 0.67 (0.49‐0.86), 0.56 (0.33‐0.80), 0.20 (−0.05 to 0.44), and 0.36 (0.10‐0.61), respectively. AC1 were 0.68 (0.51‐0.86), 0.73 (0.58‐0.89), 0.21 (−0.01 to 0.44), and 0.71 (0.51‐0.92), respectively. Moderate reliability was found among raters for all quantitative variables (ICC ranged from 0.52 to 0.70).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceInter‐rater agreement was good for presence of lung consolidation, comet tails and pleural effusion (based on Pa and AC1) but was slight to poor for pleural irregularity.
Historical Literacy Research for Students with and at Risk for Learning Disabilities: A Systematic Review
Authors: Wissinger Daniel R. , Ciullo Stephen 
Published: August 2018

AbstractA systematic review of Historical Literacy (HL) interventions conducted during the past 17 years (2000–2017) with students with and at risk for LD is presented in this article. HL is defined as the skills required to reason, read, write, and learn with historical evidence from the past. The review begins with a description of reforms in history education and summarizes more recent changes in legislation. Next, HL standards that pose challenges for struggling learners are discussed, and findings from HL interventions are presented. Results are synthesized and reported according to three themes that align with the CCSS for literacy in history/social studies: (1) disciplinary reading, (2) historical writing, and (3) classroom research projects. Instructional suggestions and directions for future research are discussed.
Incidence and outcome of colorectal cancer in liver transplant recipients: A national, multicentre analysis on 8115 patients
Authors: Rompianesi Gianluca , Ravikumar Reena , Jose Sophie , Allison Michael , Athale Anuja , Creamer Felicity , Gunson Bridget , Manas Derek , Monaco Andrea , Mirza Darius , Owen Nicola , Roberts Keith , Sen Gourab , Srinivasan Parthi , Wigmore Stephen , Fusai Giuseppe , Fernando Bimbi , Burroughs Andrew , Tsochatzis Emmanuel 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBackground & AimsDe novo malignancies after liver transplantation represent one of the leading causes of death in the long‐term. It remains unclear whether liver transplant recipients have an increased risk of colorectal cancer and whether this negatively impacts on survival, particularly in those patients affected by primary sclerosing cholangitis and ulcerative colitis.MethodsIn this national multicentre cohort retrospective study, the incidence of colorectal cancer in 8115 evaluable adult patients undergoing a liver transplantation between 1 January 1990 and 31 December 2010 was compared to the incidence in the general population through standardised incidence ratios.ResultsFifty‐two (0.6%) cases of colorectal cancer were identified at a median of 5.6 years postliver transplantation, predominantly grade 2 (76.9%) and stage T3 (50%) at diagnosis. The incidence rate of colorectal cancer in the whole liver transplant population was similar to the general UK population (SIR: 0.92), but significantly higher (SIR: 7.0) in the group of patients affected by primary sclerosing cholangitis/ulcerative colitis. One‐, five‐ and ten‐year survival rates from colorectal cancer diagnosis were 71%, 48% and 31%, respectively, and the majority of colorectal cancer patients died of cancer‐specific causes.ConclusionsLiver transplantation alone is not associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer development. The primary sclerosing cholangitis/ulcerative colitis liver transplant population showed a significantly higher risk of colorectal cancer development than the general population, with a high proportion of advanced stage at diagnosis and a reduced patient survival.
Recent chapters of Neotropical history overlooked in phylogeography: Shallow divergence explains phenotype and genotype uncoupling inAntilophiamanakins
Authors: Raposo do Amaral Fabio , Maldonado‐Coelho Marcos , Aleixo Alexandre , Luna Leilton W. , Rêgo Péricles Sena do , Araripe Juliana , Souza Thainara O. , Silva Weber A. G. , Thom Gregory 
Published: August 2018

AbstractEstablishing links between phenotypic and genotypic variation is a central goal of evolutionary biology, as they might provide important insights into evolutionary processes shaping genetic and species diversity in nature. One of the more intriguing possibilities is when no genetic divergence is found to be associated with conspicuous phenotypic divergence. In that case, speciation theory predicts that phenotypic divergence may still occur in the presence of significant gene flow—thereby resulting in little genomic divergence—when genetic loci underpinning phenotypes are under strong divergent selection. However, a finding of phenotypic distinctiveness with weak or no population genetic structure may simply result from low statistical power to detect shallow genetic divergences when small data sets are used. Here, we used a subgenomic data set of 2,386 ultraconserved elements to explore genomewide divergence between two species ofAntilophiamanakins, which are phenotypically distinct yet evidently lack strong genetic differentiation according to previous studies based on a limited number of loci. Our results revealed clear population structure that matches the two phenotypes, supporting the idea that smaller data sets lacked the power to detect this recent divergence event (likely <100 k ya). Indeed, we found little or no introgression between the species, as well as evidence of genomewide divergence. One implication of our study is that the Araripe plateau may be a hot spot of cryptic‐diverging forestCerradopopulations. Besides their use in biogeography, subgenomic data sets may help redefine local conservation programmes by revealing cryptic population structure that may be key to population management.
Why the COI barcode should be the community DNA metabarcode for the metazoa
Authors: Andújar Carmelo , Arribas Paula , Yu Douglas W. , Vogler Alfried P. , Emerson Brent C. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractMetabarcoding of complex metazoan communities is increasingly being used to measure biodiversity in terrestrial, freshwater and marine ecosystems, revolutionizing our ability to observe patterns and infer processes regarding the origin and conservation of biodiversity. A fundamentally important question is which genetic marker to amplify, and although the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene is one of the more widely used markers in metabarcoding for the Metazoa, doubts have recently been raised about its suitability. We argue that (a) the extensive coverage of reference sequence databases for COI; (b) the variation it presents; (c) the comparative advantages for denoising protein‐coding genes; and (d) recent advances in DNA sequencing protocols argue in favour of standardizing for the use of COI for metazoan community samples. We also highlight where research efforts should focus to maximize the utility of metabarcoding.
Production of commodities by means of commodities and non‐uniform rates of profits
Authors: Zambelli Stefano 
Published: August 2018

AbstractSraffa's book Production of Commodities by Means of Commodities begins with the following (p. 3): Let us consider an extremely simple society …. Commodities are produced by separate industries and are exchanged for one another at a market held after the harvest. One of Sraffa's objectives is to determine the ... set of exchange‐values which if adopted by the market restores the original distribution of the products and makes it possible for the process to be repeated; such values spring directly from the methods of production (p. 3, emphasis added). so that the system is in a self‐replacing state. Furthermore, Sraffa assumed the rate of profits ... to be uniform in all industries (p. 98), emphasis added. This paper studies the self‐replacing properties of the system without assuming a uniform rate of profits.
Multitask Sparse Bayesian Learning with Applications in Structural Health Monitoring
Authors: Huang Yong , Beck James L. , Li Hui 
Published: August 2018

AbstractWe focus on a Bayesian approach to learn sparse models by simultaneously utilizing multiple groups of measurements that are marked by a similar sparseness profile. Joint learning of sparse representations for multiple models has been mostly overlooked, although it is a useful tool for exploiting data redundancy by modeling informative relationships within groups of measurements. To this end, two hierarchical Bayesian models are introduced and associated algorithms are proposed for multitask sparse Bayesian learning (SBL). It is shown that the data correlations for different tasks are taken into account more effectively by using the hierarchical model with a common prediction‐error precision parameter across all related tasks, which leads to a better learning performance. Numerical experiments verify that exploiting common information among multiple related tasks leads to better performance, for both models that are highly and approximately sparse. Then, we examine two applications of multitask SBL in structural health monitoring: identifying structural stiffness losses and recovering missing data occurring during wireless transmission, which exploit information about relationships in the temporal and spatial domains, respectively. These illustrative examples demonstrate the potential of multitask SBL for solving a wide range of sparse approximation problems in science and technology.
Christocentric Exemplarism and the Imitation of Jesus
Authors: Pope Stephen J. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThis article examines the version of Christocentric exemplarism recently proposed by theologian Patrick Clark, whose Thomistic virtue ethics incorporates features of Linda Zagzebski's exemplarist moral theory. This article suggests that Clark and similar approaches to Christocentric virtue ethics would be better situated to appropriate Zagzebski's insights into exemplarity if it gave more prominence to the imitation of Jesus.
Elobixibat, an ileal bile acid transporter inhibitor, induces giant migrating contractions during natural defecation in conscious dogs
Authors: Taniguchi Shinya , Yano Tetsuo , Imaizumi Masakazu , Manabe Noriaki 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBackgroundChronic constipation affects 14%‐17% of the population. Elobixibat, a novel, ileal bile acid transporter (IBAT) inhibitor, has been approved as a new chronic constipation drug in Japan in January 2018. The present study aimed to examine the pharmacological effects of elobixibat on colonic motility in conscious dogs using a telemetry system.MethodsSix male beagle dogs were surgically implanted with strain gauge force transducers for gastrointestinal (GI) motility recording. The motility index was calculated from GI motility at each recording site in conscious and nonrestraint dogs. The fasted dogs were orally administered elobixibat (3, 10, or 30 mg kg−1) or 30 mg kg−1 of sennoside as positive control or vehicle using a crossover design and washout period of more than 6 days. One hour after drug administration, the dogs were fed chow, and GI motility and defecation were observed for 10 hours; GI motility was quantified to calculate giant migrating contractions (GMCs). Fecal bile acids (BAs) were determined as well.Key ResultsElobixibat and sennoside significantly increased the number of defecations, fecal wet weight, and water content within 10 hours after administration. Elobixibat dose‐dependently decreased the time to first bowel movement, increased the amount of total fecal BAs, and rapidly induced mild GMCs during defecation; however, higher strength of GMCs was observed with sennoside.Conclusions & InferenceElobixibat induces bowel movements faster than sennoside through a different mechanism. Elobixibat locally inhibits IBAT in the ileal lumen, leading to elevated fecal BAs in the colon and induced mild GMCs during defecation.
Reduced pharyngeal constriction is associated with impaired swallowing efficiency in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
Authors: Waito Ashley A. , Tabor‐Gray Lauren C. , Steele Catriona M. , Plowman Emily K. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBackgroundSwallowing inefficiency is a prevalent but understudied problem in individuals with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Although reduced pharyngeal constriction has been identified as a mechanism contributing to swallowing inefficiency following stroke, this relationship has not been empirically tested in the ALS population. This study sought to characterize profiles of swallowing efficiency in a sample of ALS patients and investigate relationships between pharyngeal constriction and swallowing efficiency.MethodsTwenty‐six adults with ALS underwent videofluoroscopic swallowing studies, involving 3 mL‐thin, 20 mL‐thin, and 3 mL‐pudding boluses. Full‐length recordings were segmented into bolus clips and randomized for analysis. We recorded the total number of swallows per bolus and obtained normalized pixel‐based measures of pharyngeal constriction area and post‐swallow residue in the vallecular and pyriform sinuses. Linear mixed models with Spearman's correlations were used to determine relationships between pharyngeal constriction and swallowing efficiency, with added factors of bolus volume and thickness.Key ResultsIndividuals with ALS demonstrated reduced pharyngeal constriction and increased vallecular and pyriform sinus residue, compared to norms. Reduced pharyngeal constriction had a significant effect on the presence of vallecular and pyriform sinus residue as well as the number of swallows per bolus. Increased bolus thickness was associated with increased vallecular residue, while increased bolus volume was associated with reduced pharyngeal constriction. Results were significant at P < 0.05.Conclusions & InferencesOur results suggest that reduced pharyngeal constriction is a significant physiological parameter related to swallow inefficiency in ALS. Future work is needed to corroborate these preliminary results and investigate factors to mitigate such impairments.
Mitochondrial complex I dysfunction increases CO2 efflux and reconfigures metabolic fluxes of day respiration in tobacco leaves
Authors: Lothier Jérémy , De Paepe Rosine , Tcherkez Guillaume 
Published: August 2018

Summary

Mutants affected in complex I are useful to understand the role played by mitochondrial electron transport and redox metabolism in cellular homeostasis and signaling. However, their respiratory phenotype is incompletely described and a specific examination of day respiration (Rd) is lacking.

Here, we used isotopic methods and metabolomics to investigate the impact of complex I dysfunction on Rd in two respiratory mutants of forest tobacco (Nicotiana sylvestris): cytoplasmic male sterile II (CMSII) and nuclear male sterile 1 (NMS1), previously characterized for complex I disruption.

Rd was higher in mutants and the inhibition of leaf respiration by light was lower. Higher Rd values were caused by increased (phosphoenol)pyruvate (PEP) metabolism at the expense of anaplerotic (PEP carboxylase (PEPc) ‐catalyzed) activity. De novo synthesis of Krebs cycle intermediates in the light was larger in mutants than in the wild‐type, although numerically small in all genotypes. Carbon metabolism in mutants involved alternative pathways, such as alanine synthesis, and an increase in amino acid production with the notable exception of aspartate.

Our results show that the alteration of NADH re‐oxidation activity by complex I does not cause a general inhibition of catabolism, but rather a re‐orchestration of fluxes in day respiratory metabolism, leading to an increased CO2 efflux.
Suppression of innate immunity mediated by the CDPK‐Rboh complex is required for rhizobial colonization in Medicago truncatula nodules
Authors: Yu Haixiang , Xiao Aifang , Dong Ru , Fan Yuqian , Zhang Xianpeng , Liu Chao , Wang Chao , Zhu Hui , Duanmu Deqiang , Cao Yangrong , Zhang Zhongming 
Published: August 2018

Summary

Suppression of innate immunity is essential for rhizobial infection and colonization in compatible interactions with leguminous plants. In Medicago nad1 mutant plants, innate immunity is excessively activated, resulting in necrotic cell death after rhizobia are released from infection threads into symbiotic cells, suggesting that innate immunity plays a critical role in regulating bacteroid persistence.

In this study, we identified three respiratory burst oxidase homologs (Rboh) and one calcium‐dependent protein kinase (CDPK) as key factors for the activation of immunity in Medicago nodules using genetic and biochemical methods.

Knock‐out of either MtRbohB or MtRbohD in nad1‐1 mutant plants produced effective nodules with intact symbiotic cells, while knock‐out of MtRbohC decreased brown pigment deposition, leading to less necrosis in nad1‐1 mutant nodules. MtCDPK5 directly phosphorylated MtRbohB, MtRbohC and MtRbohD, which triggered immune responses in plants. Knock‐out of MtCDPK5 in nad1‐1 mutant plants partially restored nitrogen‐fixing nodules. Overexpression of the constitutively activated variant MtCDPK5VK under the control of the NAD1 promoter elicited strong immune responses, resulting in ineffective nodules in wild‐type plants.

Our data provide direct evidence that host plants utilize innate immunity to regulate rhizobial colonization in symbiotic cells in Medicago truncatula.