bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluating Acid Fracture Etching Profiles and Formation Mineralogy Composition from Distributed Temperature Measurements
Authors: Aljawad Murtada Saleh 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Acid fracture operations in carbonate formations are used to create highly conductive channels from the reservoir to the wellbore. Conductivity in calcite formations is expected to be highest near the wellbore, where most of the etching occurs. The near wellbore fracture etched-width profile can be estimated from the measured temperature distribution. Temperature data can be obtained from fiber optic distributed temperature sensing (DTS) installed behind casings to monitor fracturing operations.
Heat transfer is commonly coupled in acid fracture models to account for temperature's effects on acid reactivity with carbonate minerals. Temperature profiles are usually evaluated during simulations of fracture fluid injection, but seldom during fracture closure. Since most of the acid is spent during injection, many models have assumed that the remaining acid reacts proportionally along the fracture length. Because of this assumption, neither acid spending nor temperature is usually simulated during fracture closure.
In this study, a fully integrated temperature model was developed wherein both the acid reaction and heat transfer were simulated while the fracture was closing. At each time step, transient heat convection, conduction, and generation were calculated along the wellbore, reservoir, and fracture dimensions. Modeling temperature during this transient period provides a significant understanding of the fracture etched-width distribution. During shut-in, cold fracture fluids are heated, mainly because of heat flow from the formation to the fracture. The amount of fluid stored in the fracture determines how fast the fluid is heated. Wider fracture segments contain larger amounts of cold fracture fluids, resulting in it taking longer to reach the reservoir temperature. Because of this phenomenon, near a wellbore, the vertical fracture etched-width profile can be determined from the temperature distribution. Also, minerals' spatial distributions along the wellbore's lateral can be estimated in multistage acid fracturing. This is done by minimizing the difference between the observed and modeled temperatures.
This evaluation of etched width profiles at the fracture entrance provides an estimation of fracture-conductive channel locations. Moreover, it has significantly improved the understanding of mineralogy distribution in multi-layer formations. This information will be particularly useful when designing acid fracturing jobs in nearby wells or revisiting the same wellbore for further stimulation.
Improved Calculation of Effective Permeability for Pore Network Models Using the Diffuse Source Methodology
Authors: Liu Sherry , King Michael J. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
In this study, we have extended and applied the diffuse source upscaling methodology to sandstone and carbonate pore network models in order to evaluate their effective transmissibility and permeability. The proposed method allows us to find transmissibility values for sub-volumes of the pore network during the transition from transient to pseudo steady state flow. The pore network models utilize a lattice grid construction, consisting of nodes and bonds that connect the nodes. The Eikonal equation is solved on the lattice using Dijkstra's method to obtain the diffusive time of flight, which is then used to model the transition from transient to pseudo steady state flow. The solution uses the concept of a transient drainage volume, which increases with time as pressure propagates into the nodes of the pore network. The diffuse source upscaling approach allows us to calculate the transmissibility of the drainage volume as it increases with time. The calculated results can be compared to the analytical results, where the sample is assumed to be internally homogeneous. A synthetic model was created to illustrate how the calculated lattice model and the analytic reference results compare for a homogeneous model. The comparison of the carbonate analytical and calculated results showed that there exists a high degree of internal heterogeneity while the more homogeneous sandstone model showed a close agreement with the synthetic model. For both samples, the late time pseudo steady state permeability showed a good correspondence with other permeability evaluations. The diffuse source method has more directional information available than the steady state method. Hence, the new method of analysis can be viewed as an extension of pseudo steady state concepts of permeability to transient flow, with increased spatial resolution corresponding to the transient drainage volume. Instead of obtaining only the steady state transmissibility from a pore network model, the diffuse source approach provides us with the ability to better characterize the internal heterogeneity of a model and to explain the wide range of permeability values obtained by other approaches.
Analysis of Sandface Temperature Transient Data Under Specified Rate or Bottomhole Pressure Production from a No-Flow Composite Radial Reservoir System
Authors: Ozdogan Tasansu , Onur Mustafa 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The paper provides analytical and semi-analytical solutions to predict the temperature transient behavior of a vertical well producing slightly compressible fluid under specified constant-bottom-hole pressure or rate in a two zone, radial composite no-flow reservoir system, where the inner zone could represent the skin zone, whereas the outer zone represents non-skin zone. The solutions are obtained by solving the decoupled isothermal diffusivity equation for pressure and thermal energy balance equation for temperature for the inner and outer zones by using the finite-difference and Laplace transformation. They be used to simulate temperature transient behavior for the general cases of specified variable bottom-hole or rate production represented by piecewise constants in specified time intervals. The convection, conduction, transient adiabatic expansion and Joule-Thomson heating effects are all considered in solving the temperature equation. Graphical analysis procedures for analyzing such temperature transient data jointly with pressure or rate transient data are also discussed. The results show that sandface temperature first decreases due to adiabatic expansion and then increases due to Joule-Thomson heating for both constant rate and constant bottomhole pressure production cases during infinite-acting flow. During boundary dominated flow, sandface temperature decreases linearly with time due to pore-volume expansion of the fluid over the entire no-flow reservoir system. The time rate of decline is governed by the ratio of the adiabatic-expansion coefficient of the fluid to the volumetric heat capacity of the saturated medium and the pore volume. However, these flow regimes are not well-defined for the constant bottomhole production case because the sandface rate decreases continuously during the infinite-acting radial flow and boundary dominated flow periods and distorts the flow regimes which are well defined on the temperature behavior if the well were produced at a constant rate. Sandface temperature data under specified variable rate or bottom-hole pressure show complicated behaviors and require more general automated history matching methods based on simultaneous use of both sandface temperature and rate transient data sets for parameter estimation.
Hypoxia Inducible Factor 1-α in Acute Ischemic Stroke: Good Predictor for Clinical Outcome
Authors: Amalia Lisda , Tatang Yeremia , Sadeli Henny Anggraini , Parwati Ida , Rizal Ahmad , Panigoro Ramdan 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Background. Stroke is the third leading causes of death and can cause severe disability. Ischemic stroke has a higher prevalence compared to hemorrhage stroke. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) is a transcription factor which maintains cellular homeostasis in response to hypoxia. It can trigger apoptosis while stimulating angiogenesis process and decrease neurological deficit after an ischemic stroke. However, this protein complex has not been widely investigated. Objective. Here, we examined the potential of HIF-1α as a marker for neuroplasticity process after ischemic stroke. Methods. Serum HIF-1α were measured in acute ischemic stroke patients. National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) were assessed on the admission and discharge day (between days 7 and 14). To classify the ischemic stroke, we used (Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment) TOAST criteria. Statistical significances were calculated with Spearman rank test. Results. A total of 58 patients, 31 with large artery atherosclerosis LVD and 27 with small vessel disease (SVD) were included in this study. HIF-1α level in LVD group was (mean ± SD) 0.5225 ± 0.2459 mg/L and in SVD group was 0.3815 ± 0.121 mg/L. HIF-1α was higher (p = 0.004) in LVD group than in SVD group. The initial NIHSS score in LVD group was (mean ± SD) 15.46 ± 2.61 and discharge NIHSS score was 13.31 ± 3.449. Initial NIHSS score in SVD group was 6.07 ± 1.82 and the discharge NIHSS was 5.703 ± 1.7055. In LVD group, HIF-1α was correlated significantly with initial NIHSS (p = 0.0000) and discharge NIHSS (p = 0.0000, r = 0.93). This was also the case for SVD. We found a significant correlation between the level of HIF-1α with initial NIHSS (p = 0.0000) and discharge NIHSS (p = 0.0383) in SVD group (r = 0.94). Conclusion. HIF-1α has a strong correlation with NIHSS and it may be used as the predictor of acute ischemic stroke outcome.
Polyproline II Helix as a Recognition Motif of Plant Peptide Hormones and Flagellin Peptide flg22
Authors: Matsushima Norio , Miyashita Hiroki , Tamaki Shinsuke , Kretsinger Robert H. 
Published: April 2019

Background:
Plant peptide hormones play a crucial role in plant growth and
development. A group of these peptide hormones are signaling peptides with 5 - 23 amino acids.
Flagellin peptide (flg22) also elicits an immune response in plants. The functions are expressed
through recognition of the peptide hormones and flg22. This recognition relies on membrane
localized receptor kinases with extracellular leucine rich repeats (LRR-RKs). The structures of
plant peptide hormones - AtPep1, IDA, IDL1, RGFs 1- 3, TDIF/CLE41 - and of flg22 complexed
with LRR domains of corresponding LRRRKs and co-receptors SERKs have been determined.
However, their structures are well not analyzed and characterized in detail. The structures of PIP,
CEP, CIF, and HypSys are still unknown.

Objective:
Our motivation is to clarify structural features of these plant, small peptides and Flg22 in
their bound states.

Methods:
In this article, we performed secondary structure assignments and HELFIT analyses
(calculating helix axis, pitch, radius, residues per turn, and handedness) based on the atomic
coordinates from the crystal structures of AtPep1, IDA, IDL1, RGFs 1- 3, TDIF/CLE41 - and of
flg22. We also performed sequence analysis of the families of PIP, CEP, CIF, and HypSys in order
to predict their secondary structures.

Results:
Following AtPep1 with 23 residues adopts two left handed polyproline helices (PPIIs)
with six and four residues. IDA, IDL1, RGFs 1 - 2, and TDIF/CLE41 with 12 or 13 residues adopt
a four residue PPII; RGF3 adopts two PPIIs with four residues. Flg22 with 22 residues also adopts a
six residue PPII. The other peptide hormones – PIP, CEP, CIF, and HypSys – that are rich in
proline or hydroxyproline presumably prefer PPII.

Conclusion:
The present analysis indicates that PPII helix in the plant small peptide hormones and
in flg22 is crucial for recognition of the LRR domains in receptors.
Phytochemical Analysis and Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Peumus boldus, Psidium guajava, Vernonia polysphaera, Persea Americana, Eucalyptus citriodora Leaf Extracts and Jatropha multifida Raw Sap
Authors: da Cruz Jhonatas Emílio Ribeiro , da Costa Guerra Joyce Ferreira , de Souza Gomes Marcos , Freitas Guilherme Ramos Oliveira e , Morais Enyara Rezende 
Published: April 2019

Background:Currently, the treatment of infectious diseases has not always been successful due to the emergence of microbial resistance worldwide.Objective:This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant activity, content of total phenolic compounds and flavonoids, antifungal potential and antibacterial action of six medicinal plants found in the Cerrado, leaf extracts of Boldo (Peumus boldus), Goiaba (Psidium guajava), Assa-Peixe (Vernonia polysphaera), Abacate (Persea americana), Eucalipto (Eucalyptus citriodora) and raw sap of Bálsamo (Jatropha multifida).Methods:The antioxidant activity was also determined through the DPPH, ABTS and phosphomolybdenum assays. In addition, the total phenolic content and flavonoid dosage were analyzed using the Folin- Ciocalteu method and the aluminum chloride test, respectively.Results:All extracts, except from Assa-Peixe, showed promising values against Staphylococcus aureus, with halos varying from 13-20 mm. Analysis of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of the six medicinal plants revealed inhibitory activity of S. aureus, with concentrations varying from 3.12-12.5 mg/mL, which is a significant result considering that S. aureus is one of the main causes of hospital infections.Conclusion:In the analysis of the phytochemical profile, Goiaba contained the best yield of phenolic compounds and total flavonoids, as well as higher antioxidant activity by DPPH and phosphomolybdenum, demonstrating that this species contains antioxidant components that can sequester free radicals under in vitro conditions. Therefore, the crude extracts investigated are promising and their antibacterial and antioxidant actions should be thoroughly studied.
Macrovascular Complications of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Viigimaa Margus , Sachinidis Alexandros , Toumpourleka Maria , Koutsampasopoulos Konstantinos , Alliksoo Signe , Titma Tiina 
Published: April 2019

Background:
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has emerged as a pandemic. It has different
complications, both microvascular and macrovascular.

Objective:
The purpose of this review is to summarize the different types of macrovascular complications
associated with T2DM.

Methods:
A comprehensive review of the literature was performed to identify clinical studies, which
determine the macrovascular complications associated with T2DM.

Results:
Macrovascular complications of T2DM include coronary heart disease, cardiomyopathy, arrhythmias
and sudden death, cerebrovascular disease and peripheral artery disease. Cardiovascular disease
is the primary cause of death in diabetic patients. Many clinical studies have shown a connection
between T2DM and vascular disease, but almost always other risk factors are present in diabetic patients,
such as hypertension, obesity and dyslipidaemia.

Conclusion:
T2DM causes a variety of macrovascular complications through different pathogenetic
pathways that include hyperglycaemia and insulin resistance. The association between T2DM and cardiovascular
disease is clear, but we need more clinical studies in order to identify the pure effect of
T2DM.
Visfatin and Rheumatoid Arthritis: Pathogenetic Implications and Clinical Utility
Authors: Polyakova Yulia V. , Zavodovsky Boris V. , Sivordova Larisa E. , Akhverdyan Yuri R. , Zborovskaya Irina A. 
Published: April 2019

Objective:
Analysis and generalization of data related to visfatin involvement in the
pathogenesis of inflammation at various stages of rheumatoid arthritis.

Data Synthesis:
Visfatin is an adipocytokine which has also been identified in non-adipose tissues.
It influences directly on the maturation of B cells, which are involved in autoantibody production
and T cell activation. Visfatin can promote inflammation via regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines
including TNF, IL-1β and IL-6. The concentration of circulating visfatin in rheumatoid arthritis
patients is higher compared to healthy individuals. Several studies suggest that visfatin level is
associated with rheumatoid arthritis activity, and its elevation may precede clinical signs of the relapse.
In murine collagen-induced arthritis, visfatin levels were also found to be elevated both in
inflamed synovial cells and in joint vasculature. Visfatin blockers have been shown to confer fast
and long-term attenuation of pathological processes; however, most of their effects are transient.
Other factors responsible for hyperactivation of the immune system can participate in this process
at a later stage. Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with a combination of these blockers and inhibitors
of other mediators of inflammation can potentially improve treatment outcomes compared to
current therapeutic strategies. Recent advances in the treatment of experimental arthritis in mice as
well as the application of emerging treatment strategies obtained from oncology for rheumatoid arthritis
management could be a source of novel adipokine-mediated anti-rheumatic drugs.

Conclusion:
The ongoing surge of interest in anticytokine therapy makes further study of visfatin
highly relevant as it may serve as a base for innovational RA treatment.
Optimization and Quality by Design Approach for Piroxicam Fast Dissolving Tablet Formulations Using Box-Behnken Design
Authors: Roy Harekrishna , Nandi Sisir , Pavani Ungarala , Lakshmi Uppuluri , Reddy Tamma Saicharan , Gayatri Damarla Venkata Sri 
Published: April 2019

Background:
The present study deals with the formulation and optimization of piroxicam
fast dissolving tablets and analyzes the impact of an independent variable while selecting the
optimized formulation utilizing Quality by Design (QbD) and Box-Behnken Design (BBD).

Methods:
Seventeen formulations were prepared by direct compression technique by altering the
proportion of cross carmellose sodium, spray dried lactose and hydro propyl methyl cellulose
(HPMC K4M). The BBD statistical technique was used to optimize formulations and correlate the
relationship among all the variables. Also, the powder mixture characteristics and tablet physiochemical
properties such as hardness, friability, drug content, Disintegration Time (DT) and dissolution
test were determined using 900 ml of 0.1N HCl (pH-1.2) at 37 ± 0.5°C.

Results:
Significant quadratic model and second order polynomial equations were established using
BBD. To find out the relationship between variables and responses, 3D response surface and 2D
contour plot was plotted. A perturbation graph was also plotted to identify the deviation of the variables
from the mean point. An optimized formula was prepared based on the predicted response and
the resulting responses were observed to be close with the predicted value.

Conclusion:
The optimized formulation with the desired parameter and formulation with variables
and responses can be obtained by BBD and could be used in the large experiment with the involvement
of a large number of variables and responses.
A New Comprehensive Index for Evaluating the Quality of Infant Formula under the Framework of Chinese Food Standards
Authors: Zhang Ming , Zhang Li , Liu Hongsheng 
Published: April 2019

Objective:
We proposed a new comprehensive index, the food quality index (FQI), to
effectively evaluate food quality.

Methods:
The food quality index is based on chemical and biological indicators of the Chinese
food standards framework. We evaluated the limit value regulations for infant formula standards
and then established a comprehensive index and grading standard. Finally, we applied the index to
evaluate data obtained from the Shenyang Product Quality Supervision and Inspection Institute.

Results:
The results showed that the quality of older infant and young children formula (OF) was
good, and the infant formula (IF) was acceptable.

Conclusion:
The quality of OF was observably higher than that of IF, and they were significantly
different with a p-value < 0.01. The most influencing factor of the IF and OF was minerals, followed
by major components, optional ingredients, vitamins, and pathogenic bacteria had no effect.
In IF, The number of the main influencing single indicators were 36 and 20 in IF and OF, respectively.
Statistical analysis showed that index values of vitamins in the two kinds of milk powders
were significantly different, with a p-value < 0.01. Optional ingredients were significantly correlated,
with a p-value < 0.05.
Synthesis of 5-Alkynyltetrandrine Derivatives and Evaluation of their Anticancer Activity on A549 Cell Lines
Authors: Niu Nana , Qu Tingli , Xu Jinfang , Lu Xiaolin , Bodwell Graham J. , Zhao Zhengbao 
Published: April 2019

Background:
Lung cancer is one of the most prevalent malignancies and thus the development of novel
therapeutic agents for managing lung cancer is imperative. Tetrandrine, a bis-benzyltetrahydroisoquinoline
alkaloid isolated from Stephania tetrandra S. Moore, has been found to exert cytotoxic effects on cancerous
cells.

Methods:
A series of 5-alkynyltetrandrine derivatives was synthesized via the Sonogashira cross-coupling reactions
and evaluated as potential anti-tumor agents. The anti-tumor activities of 12 compounds on lung cancer
cells (A549) were evaluated using the MTT method. The population of apoptotic cells was measured using a
TUNEL assay. Real-time PCR quantified the gene expression levels of Bcl-2, Bax, survivin and caspase-3. The
content of Cyt-C was detected using a Human Cyt-C ELISA kit.

Results:
Most of these compounds exhibited better activities than tetrandrine itself on A549 cells. Among them,
compound 7 showed the highest cytotoxicity among the tested compounds against human lung adenocarcinoma
A549 cells with an IC50 of 2.94 µM. Preliminary mechanistic studies indicated that compound 7 induced apoptosis
of human lung cancer A549 cells and increased the level of the proapoptotic gene Bax, release of Cyt-C from
mitochondria and activation of caspase-3 genes.

Conclusion:
The results suggest that compound 7 exerts its antitumor activity against A549 cells through the
induction of the intrinsic (mitochondrial) apoptotic pathway. These findings will contribute to the future design
of more effective anti-tumor agents in lung cancer therapy.
The Emerging Role of CSN6 in Biological Behavior and Cancer Progress
Authors: Mao Zun , Chen Cheng , Pei Dong-Sheng 
Published: April 2019

Background:The Constitutive Photomorphogenesis 9 (COP9) signalosome (CSN) subunit 6 (CSN6) noticeably acts as a regulator of the degradation of cancer-related proteins, which contributes to cancerogenesis. The aims of this paper are to expound the research advances of CSN6, particularly focusing on roles of CSN6 in the regulation of biological behavior and cancer progress.Methods:Literature from PubMed and Web of Science databases about biological characteristics and application of CSN6 published in recent years was collected to conduct a review.Results:CSN6, not only the non-catalytic Mpr1p and Pad1p N-terminal (MPN) subunit of CSN, but also a relatively independent protein molecule, has received great attention as a regulator of a wide range of developmental processes by taking part in the ubiquitin-proteasome system and signal transduction, as well as regulating genome integrity and DNA damage response. In addition, phosphorylation of CSN6 increases the stability of CSN6, thereby promoting its regulatory capacity. Moreover, CSN6 is overexpressed in many types of cancer compared with normal tissues and is involved in the regulation of several important intracellular pathways, consisting of cell proliferation, migration, invasion, transformation, and tumorigenesis.Conclusion:We mainly present insights into the function and research development of CSN6, hoping that it can help guide the treatment of developmental defects and improve clinical care, especially in the regulation of cancer signaling pathways.