bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Planning a family in Nairobi’s informal settlements: results of a qualitative study
Authors: Towriss Catriona A. , Beguy Donatien , Wringe Alison , Hussein Barwako Hassan , Timæus Ian M. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractChildbearing intentions among women in high-fertility contexts are usually classified into those wanting to have a baby, those wanting to ‘space’ a birth and those wanting to ‘limit’ their family size. However, evidence from Africa increasingly suggests that women’s intentions are more complex than this classification suggests, and that there is fluidity in these intentions. This research explores women’s accounts of their childbearing intentions and decisions in order to examine how this fluidity plays out in a low-fertility context in urban Africa. Six focus group discussions were conducted in April and May 2012 with women of reproductive age in Nairobi, Kenya. Participants were recruited using random and purposive sampling techniques. The focus group discussions had an average of seven participants each. Data were coded thematically and analysed using Nvivo software. The analysis explored the factors that women consider to be influential for childbearing and found that the health of the mother and child, costs of raising a child and relationships were commonly reported to be important. Evidence of intentions to space births and limit family size was found. However, the data also showed that there is fluidity in women’s family planning intentions, driven by changes in relationships or household finances, which often result in a desire to avoid pregnancy in the present moment. The fluidity observed in women’s childbearing intentions cannot be accounted for by the concepts of either ‘spacing’ or ‘limitation’ but is best explained by the concept of ‘postponement’. The research reveals the need for family planning clinics to provide a full method mix, as well as high-quality counselling, to enable women to choose a method that best suits their needs.
Dangerous Exposures: Visualizing Work and Waste in the Victorian Chemical Trades
Authors: Tucker Jennifer 
Published: July 2019

AbstractCheshire, Britain, and the towns of Widnes and St. Helens, where many of the world's first chemical factories and towns were created in the nineteenth century, is an especially important place to study historical responses to industrial pollution and its social costs. This paper, based on newly recovered archival sources about the Victorian alkali industry, explores the role of visual imagery, particularly drawings and lantern slides, in materializing the connection between labor in chemical trades, the disposal of waste, and poor health outcomes for diverse communities in the late nineteenth century. The paper will focus on the writer Robert Sherard's article “White Slaves of England” (1897), a work that, more than many of its time, drew national attention to the plight of nineteenth-century chemical workers by pictorializing the ways that work in heavy chemical industries, many of them involving waste and its disposal, affected individual workers and their lives. The paper concludes with critical reflections on the current state of scholarship on images, waste, and labor, areas for more needed work, and paths forward.
The Labors of Failure: Labor, Toxicity, and Belonging in Mumbai
Authors: Chatterjee Syantani 
Published: July 2019

AbstractShivaji Nagar in the Deonar suburb of Mumbai is popularly known as “Bombay's Gas Chamber.” Located between one of Asia's largest garbage dumps and Mumbai's largest municipal slaughterhouse, this neighborhood is environmentally vulnerable, situated at the crossroads of clusters of heavy and petrochemical industries, and a network of the city's busiest highways. In popular, official, and scholarly narratives, this neighborhood has been constructed as a place of failure, waste, and death. The residents of Shivaji Nagar, well aware of these narratives, use the demonstration of “failure” to their advantage to stake claims of belonging to the neighborhood, and demand state assistance, albeit often with punitive consequences. They contend that in doing so, “failure” becomes not merely a judgment conferred upon the neighborhood, its residents, and their way of life, but rather a medium of exchange for and a condition of possibility of their futures, and thus elicits an additional amount of labor. The article will focus on these labors performed by the waste workers who live and work in the neighborhood.
Changing Registers of Visibility: Immigrant Labor and Waste Work in Naples, Italy
Authors: Bonatti Valeria , Gille Zsuzsa 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIn recent years, growing emphasis on green economies and green capitalism have brought renewed attention to the waste practices of all places of work, including ones that are not directly linked to neither production nor waste management, such as schools, offices, and stores, as well as households, which European countries, in particular, are increasingly depicting as key sites of intervention for recycling economies. This trend represents a departure from historical waste management policies, which tend to view waste and waste work as separate from main economic and household activities, but is consistent with market economies’ trend of outsourcing dirty, demeaning, and dangerous labor to precarious and informal workforces, while at the same time granting them only limited legal access to waste materials and trash collection sites. The new forms of waste labor emerging from green capitalism's emphasis on private and small-scale recycling behaviors are largely invisible and unpaid; however, unlike more documented forms of global environmental racism denouncing the outsourcing of toxic materials to the Global South, they take place in industrialized countries where they are pushed upon disenfranchised minorities, such as informal workers, racialized ethnic minorities, and low-income women. In this article we examine women's participation in waste work through the lenses of waste, (in)visibility, and intersectionality. We draw on ethnographic and archival data collected in the city of Naples, Italy, an area with a prolonged history of toxic waste contamination and waste mismanagement which in recent years have drawn renewed scrutiny to public waste management as well as to everyday waste practices performed in households and workplaces, predominantly by women of different race and citizenship backgrounds. Through these experiences, we highlight how the increasing visibility of waste generated by green capitalism, coupled with the stigmatization and criminalization of informal waste collection and recycling, is generating new forms of social inequalities and exclusion.
Associating sporadic, foodborne illness caused by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli with specific foods: a systematic review and meta-analysis of case-control studies
Authors: Devleesschauwer B. , Pires S. M. , Young I. , Gill A. , Majowicz S. E. ,   the study team
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infections are a significant public health issue, with foodborne transmission causing >1 million illnesses worldwide each year. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis (PROSPERO registry # CRD42017074239), to determine the relative association of different food types with sporadic illnesses caused by STEC. Searches were conducted from 01 August to 30 September 2017, using bibliographic and grey literature databases, websites and expert consultation. We identified 22 case-control studies of sporadic STEC infection in humans, from 10 countries within four World Health Organization subregions, from 1985 to 2012. We extracted data from 21 studies, for 237 individual measures in 11 food categories and across three status types (raw or undercooked, not raw and unknown). Beef was the most significant food item associated with STEC illness in the Americas and Europe, but in the Western Pacific region, chicken was most significant. These findings were not significantly moderated by the raw or cooked status of the food item, nor the publication year of the study. Data from the African, South-East Asian and Eastern Mediterranean subregions were lacking and it is unclear whether our results are relevant to these regions.
Maternal effects on seed heteromorphism: a dual dynamic bet hedging strategy
Authors: Jiang Li , Wang Lei , Baskin Carol C. , Tian Changyan , Huang Zhenying 
Published: July 2019

AbstractMaternal effects on offspring seeds are mainly caused by seed position on, and the abiotic environment of, the mother plant. Seed heteromorphism, a special form of position effect, is the production by an individual plant of morphologically distinct seed types, usually with different ecological behaviours. Seed heteromorphism is assumed to be a form of bet hedging and provides an ideal biological model to test theoretical predictions. Most studies of maternal effects on seeds have focused on abiotic environmental factors and changes in mean seed traits of offspring. Suaeda salsa is an annual halophyte that produces dimorphic seeds within the same inflorescence. We tested the hypothesis that plants grown from brown seeds of S. salsa have a higher offspring brown seed:black seed morph ratio and variance in seed size than plants from black seeds. Results from a pot experiment showed that plants grown from brown seeds had a higher brown seed:black seed ratio than plants grown from black seeds. This is the first layer of dynamic bet hedging. Brown seeds had higher size variation than black seeds, and seeds produced by plants from brown seeds also had higher seed size variation than plants grown from black seeds. This is the second layer of dynamic bet hedging. Thus, the maternal effect of seed heteromorphism is dual dynamic bet hedging. Furthermore, for seed traits we verified for the first time the theoretical prediction that an increase in offspring size variability induces an increase in the mean size of offspring.
An immigrant neighbourhood in ancient Rome
Authors: Abrecht Ryan R. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis article examines evidence for community among immigrants in ancient Transtiberim (modern Trastevere), a section of Rome that was both socially and spatially distinctive for much of the city's history. The only part of Rome located on the west bank of the Tiber River, Transtiberim was the heart of Rome's Jewish and Syrian communities. These immigrants and their descendants maintained certain traditions, languages and customs from home; participated in civic institutions that helped foster community at the local level; and laboured in institutions that were vital to the capital's urban economy. Though marginal in some ways, Transtiberim was also a neighbourhood where immigrants and their descendants found community and made vital contributions to the life of the imperial city.
Multivariate Base Rates of Low Scores and Reliable Decline on ImPACT in Healthy Collegiate Athletes Using CARE Consortium Norms
Authors: Houck Zac M. , Asken Breton M. , Bauer Russell M. , Kontos Anthony P. , McCrea Michael A. , McAllister Thomas W. , Broglio Steven P. , Clugston James R. ,   Care Consortium Investigators
Published: July 2019

AbstractObjectives:To describe multivariate base rates (MBRs) of low scores and reliable change (decline) scores on Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing (ImPACT) in college athletes at baseline, as well as to assess MBR differences among demographic and medical history subpopulations.Methods:Data were reported on 15,909 participants (46.5% female) from the NCAA/DoD CARE Consortium. MBRs of ImPACT composite scores were derived using published CARE normative data and reliability metrics. MBRs of sex-corrected low scores were reported at &lt;25th percentile (Low Average), &lt;10th percentile (Borderline), and ≤2nd percentile (Impaired). MBRs of reliable decline scores were reported at the 75%, 90%, 95%, and 99% confidence intervals. We analyzed subgroups by sex, race, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and/or learning disability (ADHD/LD), anxiety/depression, and concussion history using chi-square analyses.Results:Base rates of low scores and reliable decline scores on individual composites approximated the normative distribution. Athletes obtained ≥1 low score with frequencies of 63.4% (Low Average), 32.0% (Borderline), and 9.1% (Impaired). Athletes obtained ≥1 reliable decline score with frequencies of 66.8%, 32.2%, 18%, and 3.8%, respectively. Comparatively few athletes had low scores or reliable decline on ≥2 composite scores. Black/African American athletes and athletes with ADHD/LD had higher rates of low scores, while greater concussion history was associated with lower MBRs (p&lt; .01). MBRs of reliable decline were not associated with demographic or medical factors.Conclusions:Clinical interpretation of low scores and reliable decline on ImPACT depends on the strictness of the low score cutoff, the reliable change criterion, and the number of scores exceeding these cutoffs. Race and ADHD influence the frequency of low scores at all cutoffs cross-sectionally.
The Lumumba University in Moscow: higher education for a Soviet–Third World alliance, 1960–91
Authors: Katsakioris Constantin 
Published: July 2019

AbstractFounded in Moscow in 1960 for students from Third World countries, the Peoples’ Friendship University ‘Patrice Lumumba’ was the most important venture in international higher education during the Cold War and a flagship of Soviet internationalism. It aimed to educate a Soviet-friendly intelligentsia and foster a Soviet–Third World alliance. This article retraces the history of this school, often criticized for its Third World concept, recruitment, and training policies. It recalls the forgotten French initiative to create a university for the underdeveloped countries, situates Lumumba University in the global Cold War, and compares it with mainstream Soviet schools. Soon after its creation, Lumumba University underwent important changes, but departed from its initial educational concept. Consequently, arguments justifying the existence of a special university disappeared. Third World countries, moreover, never agreed with the university’s concept. Despite its educational accomplishments, Lumumba University became the Achilles’ heel of Soviet cultural policy.
Blessing Same-Sex Unions in the Church of England: The Liturgical Challenge of Same-Sex Couples’ Demand for Equal Marriage Rites
Authors: Bethmont Rémy 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThose Anglican Churches that have opened marriage to same-sex couples have done so from a liturgical starting point which makes space for the eschatological vocation of marriage. Such liturgies are arguably more congenial to same-sex couples’ demands for equal rites. The Church of England, on the other hand, has clung to services underpinned by a narrow view of marriage as a creation ordinance. It may be well-suited to the established Church’s legal duties but it means that the present demand for the inclusion of same-sex couples into Christian marriage represents a greater challenge. Equal rites, however, need not exclude the view of marriage as a creation ordinance. Interviews with four Church of England clergy who have been involved in same-sex ceremonies allow an exploration of the kind of marriage services that would meet same-sex couples’ demands and offer insights about what these demands say about the English marriage service today.
Endorheic‐Exorheic Transitions of the Rio Grande and East African Rifts
Authors: Berry M. , van Wijk J. , Cadol D. , Emry E. , Garcia‐Castellanos D. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractTectonic extension of continental lithosphere creates accommodation space in which sediments are deposited. Climate‐driven processes provide the mechanism by which mass is detached from hillslopes and sediments are transported into this accommodation space. These two forcings, climate and tectonics, act together to create either endorheic (internally drained) or exorheic (externally drained) rift basins. Here we use a large‐scale dynamic landscape evolution‐tectonics model to understand the contribution of tectonic processes in endorheic‐exorheic transitions. In the model, extension results in opening of an asymmetric half‐graben along a listric normal fault. Rift opening occurs in the models in wet, temperate, or semiarid climates where runoff and evapotranspiration are varied. Our numerical experiments show that slow rift‐opening rates, a slowing‐down of rift opening, or increase of headwater topography (e.g., upstream epeirogenic uplift), are tectonic situations that can cause a transition from an endorheic to an exorheic drainage state in a rift basin. Our results also show that wet climate conditions lead to a permanent exorheism that persists regardless of rift‐opening rates. In semiarid climates, endorheic conditions are favored and may last for the duration of rifting except for when rift opening is very slow. These results form an interpretive framework to study endorheic and exorheic drainage systems in natural continental rifts. In the slow‐opening Rio Grande rift, the endorheic‐exorheic transition may have occurred without dramatic climate changes. Lake‐level variations in East African rift basins are predicted by our models to result from variations in climate.
Teleseismic P Wave Tomography Beneath the Pantanal, Paraná, and Chaco‐Paraná Basins, SE South America: Delimiting Lithospheric Blocks of the SW Gondwana Assemblage
Authors: Rocha M. P. , Assumpção M. , Affonso G. M. P. C. , Azevedo P. A. , Bianchi M. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWe present velocity anomalies for the upper mantle beneath the Pantanal, Paraná, and Chaco‐Paraná basins, using teleseismic P‐wave tomography. Three hundred thirty‐nine stations were used to record 4,989 events for P and PKIKP phases, during the years 1992‐2017. A new temporary deployment with 34 stations improved the coverage in that region. A high‐velocity anomaly beneath the Paraná Basin was interpreted as a cratonic basement. Its northern portion is consistent with the cratonic block presented by Cordani et al. (1984), and the southern portion is consistent with that presented by Mantovani et al. (2005, https://doi.org/10.1016/s1342‐937x(05)71137‐0). Low velocities are consistent with the limits of the Rio de la Plata craton, proposed by Rapela et al. (2011, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2011.05.001). A low‐velocity anomaly under the Pantanal Basin correlates with the seismicity, suggesting lithospheric thinning. This result is not consistent with an extension of the Rio Apa Block beneath the Pantanal Basin. We observed high velocities separating the Pantanal and South‐Paraguay seismic zones. The Western Paraná Suture (as proposed by Dragone et al., 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2017.01.029) shows no correlation with the seismic tomography anomalies. The thick lithosphere in the central part of the Paraná Basin is consistent with deviation of mantle flow, as suggested by SKS fast polarization (Melo & Assumpção, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggy288). Synthetic tests show low resolution of the model for structures smaller than 200 x 200 km in the southwest portion of the study area but good resolution for large structures.
Paleomagnetic Recording Efficiency of Sedimentary Magnetic Mineral Inclusions: Implications for Relative Paleointensity Determinations
Authors: Hong Hoabin , Chang Liao , Hayashida Akira , Roberts Andrew P. , Heslop David , Paterson Greig A. , Kodama Kazuto , Tauxe Lisa 
Published: July 2019

AbstractSedimentary relative paleointensity (RPI) records are often carried by complex magnetic mineral mixtures, including detrital and biogenic magnetic minerals. Recent studies have demonstrated that magnetic inclusions within larger detrital silicate particles can make significant contributions to sedimentary paleomagnetic records. However, little is known about the role such inclusions play in sedimentary paleomagnetic signal recording. We analyzed paleomagnetic and mineral magnetic data for marine sediment core MD01‐2421 from the North Pacific Ocean, offshore of central Japan, to assess how magnetic inclusions and other detrital magnetic minerals record sedimentary paleomagnetic signals. Stratigraphic intervals in which abundant magnetic inclusions dominate the magnetic signal are compared with other intervals to assess quantitatively their contribution to sedimentary RPI signals. The normalized remanence record from core MD01‐2421 does not correlate clearly with global RPI stacks, which we attribute to a demonstrated lower paleomagnetic recording efficiency of magnetic inclusions compared to other detrital magnetic minerals. We also carried out the first laboratory redeposition experiments under controlled Earth‐like magnetic fields for particles with magnetic inclusions using material from core MD01‐2421. Our results confirm that such particles can be aligned by ambient magnetic fields but with a lower magnetic recording efficiency compared to other detrital magnetic minerals, which is consistent with normalized remanence data from core MD01‐2421. Our demonstration of the role of sedimentary magnetic inclusions should have wide applicability for understanding sedimentary paleomagnetic recording.
Preferential Deposition of Snow and Dust Over Hills: Governing Processes and Relevant Scales
Authors: Comola F. , Giometto M. G. , Salesky S. T. , Parlange M. B. , Lehning M. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractPreferential deposition of snow and dust over complex terrain is responsible for a wide range of environmental processes and accounts for a significant source of uncertainty in the surface mass balances of cold and arid regions. Despite the growing body of literature on the subject, previous studies reported contradictory results on the location and magnitude of deposition maxima and minima. This study aims at unraveling the governing processes of preferential deposition in a neutrally stable atmosphere and to reconcile seemingly inconsistent results of previous works. For this purpose, a comprehensive modeling approach is developed, based on large eddy simulations of the turbulent airflow, Lagrangian stochastic model of particle trajectories, and immersed boundary method to represent the underlying topography. The model is tested against wind tunnel measurements of dust deposition around isolated and sequential hills. A scale analysis is then performed to investigate the dependence of snowfall deposition on the particle Froude and Stokes numbers, which fully account for the governing processes of inertia, flow advection, and gravity. Model results suggest that different deposition patterns emerge from different combinations of dimensionless parameters, with deposition maxima located either on the windward or the leeward slope of the hill. Additional simulations are performed, to test whether the often used assumption of inertialess particles yields accurate deposition patterns. Results indicate that this assumption can be justified when snowflakes present dendritic shape but may generate unrealistic results for rounded particles. We finally show that our scale analysis provides qualitatively similar results for hills with different aspect ratios.