bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recent Canadian efforts to develop population-level pregnancy intervention studies to mitigate effects of natural disasters and other tragedies
Authors: Olson D. M. , Brémault-Phillips S. , King S. , Metz G. A.S. , Montesanti S. , Olson J. K. , Hyde A. , Pike A. , Hoover T. , Linder R. , Joggerst B. , Watts R. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe preconception, pregnancy and immediate postpartum and newborn periods are times for mothers and their offspring when they are especially vulnerable to major stressors – those that are sudden and unexpected and those that are chronic. Their adverse effects can transcend generations. Stressors can include natural disasters or political stressors such as conflict and/or migration. Considerable evidence has accumulated demonstrating the adverse effects of natural disasters on pregnancy outcomes and developmental trajectories. However, beyond tracking outcomes, the time has arrived for gathering more information related to identifying mechanisms, predicting risk and developing stress-reducing and resilience-building interventions to improve outcomes. Further, we need to learn how to encapsulate both the quantitative and qualitative information available and share it with communities and authorities to mitigate the adverse developmental effects of future disasters, conflicts and migrations. This article briefly reviews prenatal maternal stress and identifies three contemporary situations (wildfire in Fort McMurray, Alberta, Canada; hurricane Harvey in Houston, USA and transgenerational and migrant stress in Pforzheim, Germany) where current studies are being established by Canadian investigators to test an intervention. The experiences from these efforts are related along with attempts to involve communities in the studies and share the new knowledge to plan for future disasters or tragedies.
Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) Control as Affected by Application Timing of Glufosinate Applied Alone or Mixed with Graminicides
Authors: Eytcheson Amber N. , Reynolds Daniel B. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractField and greenhouse studies were conducted to evaluate the antagonism potential of glufosinate applied sequentially or mixed with graminicides on barnyardgrass control. Applications of glufosinate alone provided variable control throughout the growing season in both field and greenhouse experiments. In the field, barnyardgrass control was not adversely affected by glufosinate- and clethodim-mix applications or sequential applications of glufosinate before or after clethodim. Soybean yield was not affected by application timing or clethodim rate, with yield ranging from 1,748 to 2,733 kg ha−1. In the greenhouse, glufosinate applied 1 and 3 d before graminicides generally reduced barnyardgrass control compared with the graminicides applied alone. The response with quizalofop-P was not as dramatic as with the other graminicides. Although significant visual barnyardgrass control differences were detected due to application timing of glufosinate, barnyardgrass biomass with fluazifop-P and quizalofop-P did not differ between the application timings of glufosinate. However, glufosinate applied 1 and 3 d before clethodim had significantly greater biomass compared with glufosinate applied 1 and 3 d after clethodim. The differences in environmental conditions and growth stages at the time of application may have contributed to barnyardgrass control response differences between the field and greenhouse experiments. Although barnyardgrass control in the field was not affected by glufosinate application timing, data from the greenhouse indicate potential exists for reduced control if glufosinate is applied 1 or 3 d before graminicides.
Understanding the Long-Term Weed Community Dynamics in Organic and Conventional Crop Rotations Using the Principal Response Curve Method
Authors: Benaragama Dilshan , Leeson Julia L. , Shirtliffe Steve J. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractWeeds have acquired evolutionary adaptations to the diverse crop and weed management strategies used in cropping systems. Therefore, changes in crop production practices such as conventional to organic systems, tillage-based to no-till systems, and diversity in crop rotations can result in differences in weed community composition that have management implications. A study was carried out to understand the weed community dynamics in a long-term alternative cropping systems study at Scott, SK, Canada. Long-term (18-yr) weed community composition data in wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) in ORG (organic), RED (reduced-input, no-till), and HIGH (high-input, conventional tillage) systems with three levels of crop rotation diversity, LOW (low diversity), DAG (diversified annual grains), and DAP (diversified annuals and perennials), were used to study the effect of different cropping systems and the effect of environment (random temporal effects) on residual weed community composition using the principal response curve (PRC) technique. The interaction between cropping systems and year-to-year random environmental changes was found to be the predominant factor causing fluctuations in weed community composition. Furthermore, the single most predominant factor influencing the weed composition was year-to-year random changes. Organic systems clearly differed from the two conventional systems in most years and had more diverse weed communities compared with the two conventional systems. The two conventional systems exhibited similar weed composition in most years. In this study, the use of the PRC method allowed capture of the real temporal dynamics reflected in the cropping systems by time interaction. This study further concludes that moving from a tillage-based, high-input conventional system to a no-till, reduced-input system did not cause significant changes in the weed community composition throughout the time period, but diversity in organic systems was high, probably due to increased occurrence of some difficult to control species.
Observations of Flux Ropes With Strong Energy Dissipation in the Magnetotail
Authors: Huang S. Y. , Jiang K. , Yuan Z. G. , Zhou M. , Sahraoui F. , Fu H. S. , Deng X. H. , Khotyaintsev Yu. V. , Yu X. D. , He L. H. , Deng D. , Pollock C. J. , Torbert R. B. , Burch J. L. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractAn ion‐scale flux rope (FR), embedded in a high‐speed electron flow (possibly an electron vortex), is investigated in the magnetotail using observations from the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) spacecraft. Intense electric field and current and abundant waves are observed in the exterior and interior regions of the FR. Comparable parallel and perpendicular currents in the interior region imply that the FR has a non‐force‐free configuration. Electron demagnetization occurs in some subregions of the FR. It is surprising that strong dissipation (J × E' up to 2,000 pW/m3) occurs in the center of the FR without signatures of secondary reconnection or coalescence of two FRs, implying that FR may provide another important channel for energy dissipation in space plasmas. These features indicate that the observed FR is still highly dynamical, and hosts multiscale coupling processes, even though the FR has a very large scale and is far away from the reconnection site.
Ensemble Shear Strength, Stability, and Permeability of Mixed Mineralogy Fault Gouge Recovered From 3D Granular Models
Authors: Wang Chaoyi , Elsworth Derek , Fang Yi 
Published: January 2019

AbstractWe conduct numerical shear experiments on mixtures of quartz and talc gouge using a three‐dimensional (3D) distinct element model. A modified slip‐weakening constitutive law is applied at contacts. We perform velocity‐stepping experiments on both uniform and layered mixtures of quartz and talc analogs. We separately vary the proportion of talc in the uniform mixtures and talc layer thickness in the layered mixtures. Shear displacements are cycled through velocities of 1 and 10 μm/s. We follow the resulting evolution of ensemble shear strength, slip stability, and permeability of the gouge mixture and explore the mesoscopic mechanisms. Simulation results show that talc has a strong weakening effect on shear strength—a thin shear‐parallel layer of talc (three particles wide) can induce significant weakening. However, the model offsets laboratory‐derived strong weakening effects of talc observed in uniform mixtures, implying the governing mechanisms may be the shear localization effect of talc, which is enhanced by its natural platy shape or preimposed layered structure. Ensemble stability (a − b) can be enhanced by increasing talc content in uniform talc‐quartz mixtures. Reactivation‐induced permeability increase is amplified with increased quartz content before the maturation of shear localization. Postmaturation permeability enhances on velocity upsteps and diminishes on velocity downsteps. Talc enhances compaction at velocity downsteps, potentially reducing fault permeability. Evolution trends of stability relating to the composition and structure of the fault gouge are straightforwardly obtained from the 3D simulation. Local friction evolution indicates that talc preferentially organizes and localizes in the shear zone, dominating the shear strength and frictional stability of faults.
Teleseismic Waveform Complexities Caused by Near Trench Structures and Their Impacts on Earthquake Source Study: Application to the 2015 Illapel Aftershocks (Central Chile)
Authors: Qian Yunyi , Wei Shengji , Wu Wenbo , Zeng Hongyu , Coudurier‐Curveur Aurélie , Ni Sidao 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe complex near trench velocity structures, characterized by strongly varying bathymetry along with seawater, can produce substantial waveform complexities for near trench earthquakes, which makes it difficult to study earthquake source parameters through waveform modeling/inversion. Here we explore these wavefield complexities via modeling teleseismic records of a Mw6.6 near coast event and a Mw6.8 near trench event in the 2015 Illapel earthquake sequence. For the near coast event, the waveforms of direct P waves at teleseismic/diffracted distances are simple, and we obtain consistent source parameters between 1D regional and teleseismic waveform inversions. In contrast, the near trench event produces stronger and longer P coda waves (>100 s), resulting in many dramatic discrepancies between the regional and teleseismic inversions, in particular for the centroid depth. We adopt a spectral element method‐direct solution method hybrid approach to simulate synthetics with the complex source‐side 3‐D structures (bathymetry and water layer in this case) and investigate their roles in the genesis of strong P coda waves. Compared with the 1‐ and 2‐D synthetics, the 3‐D synthetics significantly improve the waveform fits up to 0.1 Hz when the source is placed at the preferred horizontal (~30 km from the trench axis) and vertical (~5 km beneath the ocean bottom) location. The refined location of the earthquake indicates that the plate interface is probably locked at very shallow depths and capable of nucleating strong earthquakes. We highlight the need for considering near trench 3‐D structures in seismic waveform analysis of near trench earthquakes, many of which are tsunamigenic.
Earthquake Focal Mechanisms and Stress Field for the Intermediate‐Depth Cauca Cluster, Colombia
Authors: Chang Y. , Warren L. M. , Zhu L. , Prieto G. A. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractBeneath southwestern Colombia, intermediate‐depth earthquakes in the Cauca cluster locate in the subducting Nazca plate and in two columns extending ~40‐km into the mantle wedge above the slab. To investigate the cluster, we determine focal mechanisms for 69 small‐to‐moderate‐sized (2.3 ≤ Ml ≤ 4.7) earthquakes in the cluster by fitting short‐period body wave waveforms using the cut‐and‐paste method. The focal mechanisms have various faulting types and variably oriented nodal planes. We invert the focal mechanisms of the intraslab earthquakes for the intraslab stress field but cannot fit the region with a homogeneous stress tensor. We find that the principal stress axes rotate with the slab geometry, which has a concave shape and increases in dip angle from north to south. The northern region has slab normal compression and similar‐magnitude maximum and intermediate principal stresses. The minimum stress axis is oriented ~41° counterclockwise from the downdip direction. In the steeper southern region, the intermediate stress axis orients in the downdip direction. Deviation from a typical downdip extensional stress field may result from a buoyant young slab, an eastward mantle flow push, and/or along‐strike compression from the concave shape of the slab. This stress field would allow slip along preexisting faults of various orientations, such as the trench‐perpendicular seafloor features presently observed offshore, and contribute to the apparent heterogeneity of the intraslab stress field. The mantle wedge earthquakes also have various focal mechanisms but tend to have a subvertical nodal plane that aligns with the earthquake locations.
Tide Gauge Records Show That the 18.61‐Year Nodal Tidal Cycle Can Change High Water Levels by up to 30 cm
Authors: Peng Dongju , Hill Emma M. , Meltzner Aron J. , Switzer Adam D. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe lunar nodal cycle, produced by the varying declination of the Moon over a period of 18.61 years, drives changes in tidal amplitude globally. However, constraining the range of changes in tidal amplitude that can be expected over a nodal cycle from real observations is rarely considered for coastal hazard planning. In this study, we use hourly tide gauge observations with record lengths >19 years from 574 stations distributed worldwide to examine the contribution of the nodal modulation to monthly high water levels. Our results show that the influence of the lunar nodal cycle on high water levels is largest at tide gauge stations located in the Gulf of Tonkin, English Channel, and Bristol Channel, amounting up to 30 cm in range, suggesting that in the coming decades the impact of the nodal cycle on high water levels in those regions could be greater than that of global mean sea level rise, which is up to 17 cm by 2030, according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change fifth assessment report projections. We also examine the phase of nodal modulation and show that the estimated phases exhibit two clusters: one cluster (111° ± 10°) corresponds with the locations having a diurnal form of tides, whereas the other cluster (−59° ± 11°) corresponds with the locations exhibiting a semidiurnal form of tides. Nodal modulation in the diurnal and semidiurnal locations will peak again in 2025 and 2034, respectively, resulting in enhanced potential for coastal hazard in the respective regions.
Tropical Oceanic Thunderstorms Near Kwajalein and the Roles of Evolution, Organization, and Forcing in Their Electrification
Authors: Bang Sarah D. , Zipser Edward J. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractWe explore the physical reasons behind the pronounced contrast in the probability of lightning over land and ocean. For decades, from a multitude of platforms, it has been observed that lightning is much rarer over the ocean, and throughout the literature, many have offered physical and environmental hypotheses to explain this dichotomy. Focusing on the tropical oceans, we apply a new ground‐based approach using feature tracking software to radar data from the Kwajalein atoll in the tropical west Pacific Ocean. As seen in satellite‐based approaches in the same region, features with lightning tend to be much larger and persist much longer than those without. Lightning occurs on average 40 min into the tracked life cycle of the features. Within those 40 min, features with lightning exhibit rapid development of layers of high radar reflectivity at and above the freezing level, as would be consistent with electrification. Traditional environmental parameters, such as convective available potential energy or total column water vapor, show only weak relationships to the probability of the features to develop lightning or to grow to large sizes, until the probabilities are examined on daily time scales and on larger (synoptic) spatial scales. We present an environmental and evolutionary case study over Kwajalein, and within a longer time frame and within a synoptic forcing context, convective organization appears to play a role in the development of deep oceanic precipitating features and their tendency to become sufficiently strong as to develop lightning.
Quantifying the Clear‐Sky Bias of Satellite Land Surface Temperature Using Microwave‐Based Estimates
Authors: Ermida Sofia L. , Trigo Isabel F. , DaCamara Carlos C. , Jiménez Carlos , Prigent Catherine 
Published: January 2019

AbstractMost available long‐term databases of land surface temperature (LST) derived from space‐borne sensors rely on infrared observations and are therefore restricted to clear‐sky conditions. Hence, studies based on such data sets may not be representative of all‐weather conditions and may be considered as “biased” toward clear sky. An assessment of the impact of this restriction is made using 3 years of LST derived from passive microwave observations that are not affected by most clouds. A systematic analysis in space and time is performed of the “clear‐sky bias,” defined as the difference between average clear‐sky and average all‐weather LSTs. The amplitude of the bias is closely related to the fraction of clear‐sky days, and therefore, arid regions are associated to very low values of bias whereas midlatitudes present the highest values. During daytime, the input of solar radiation for clear‐sky situations leads to higher LST values, and therefore, the bias is generally positive (e.g., 2–8 K over the midlatitudes) whereas, during nighttime, the bias is generally negative although with lower amplitude (around −2 K), because of the increased radiative cooling for clear‐sky situations. The clear‐, cloudy‐, and all‐sky LSTs are also compared with near‐surface air temperature. Although LST is generally higher than air temperature, the contrast between the two may be strongly influenced by local weather conditions. Both the clear‐sky bias and differences between LST and air temperature are also analyzed at the local scale taking into account the predominant cloud regime.
Spectral Properties of Chloride Salt‐Bearing Assemblages: Implications for Detection Limits of Minor Phases in Chloride‐Bearing Deposits on Mars
Authors: Ye Cheng , Glotch Timothy D. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractChloride salt‐bearing deposits have been identified throughout the southern highlands of Mars and have been suggested to be two component mixtures of anhydrous chloride salt and regional basaltic regolith. On Earth, chlorides typically occur as evaporite salts associated with other evaporite minerals such as carbonate and sulfate, and chemical weathering products like clays. In this laboratory study, we document the visible/near‐infrared reflectance and midinfrared emissivity spectral characteristics of a series of chloride salt‐bearing mineral assemblages. Our data show that the spectral features of various powder mixtures change systematically with variable additional mineral concentrations and particle sizes. Specifically, small amounts of calcite, gypsum, or nontronite have a relatively large effect on the bulk spectral properties of halite/labradorite mixtures making them easily distinguishable from two‐component halite/labradorite mixtures. This fundamental laboratory work suggests that additional minor phases could only be present at no more than 1–5 wt% in Martian chloride salt‐bearing deposits.
HILDCAA‐Related GIC and Possible Corrosion Hazard in Underground Pipelines: A Comparison Based on Wavelet Transform
Authors: Khanal Krishna , Adhikari Binod , Chapagain Narayan P. , Bhattarai Binod 
Published: January 2019

AbstractHigh‐intensity long‐duration continuous auroral electrojet activities (HILDCAAs) are recognized as the continuous (duration >2 days) auroral electrojet activities (AE > 1,000 nT) caused by interplanetary Alfvén waves driving magnetic reconnection at the Earth's magnetopause. This paper focuses on the study of geoeffectiveness of HILDCAA on the basis of associated geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) and pipe‐to‐soil voltage (PSV) observed in an underground pipeline at Finnish Natural Gas Station, Mäntsälä. In this study, 113 HILDCAAs with different interplanetary sources (72 corotating interaction region‐storm preceded, 29 interplanetary coronal mass ejection‐storm preceded, and 12 nonstorm) have been selected and their possible contributions in underground pipeline corrosion have been quantitatively compared by assessing GIC/PSV profiles for each of these events. In addition, the spectral characteristics of GIC during these events have been studied using continuous wavelet transforms. The Morlet wavelet has been applied to 10‐s modeled GIC data corresponding to each event to explore the main band structures and the periodicities found in GIC spectrum. GIC/PSV modeling is based on plane wave method and distributed source transmission line analogy between pipelines and electric circuits. HILDCAAs are found to drive a small‐amplitude, but continuous, fluctuation in GIC throughout the event duration of several days. This makes the cumulative effect of HILDCAAs in pipeline corrosion noteworthy. The spectral analysis shows that GIC possesses both short‐term, as well as continuous, power distribution with different periodicities. CIR‐preceded HILDCAAs are found to be more geoeffective while taking associated GIC and PSV into account. Possible physical explanations supporting the results have been presented.
Attitudes toward genomic tumor profiling tests in Japan: patients, family members, and the public
Authors: Nagai Akiko , Ri Izen , Muto Kaori 
Published: January 2019

AbstractGenomic tumor profiling tests (GTPTs) to find molecular targeted drugs for patients with advanced cancer are being introduced into clinical settings, which may result in secondary germline findings. Although small-scale qualitative studies have revealed patients’ attitudes toward GTPTs and preferences on receiving germline findings, no large-scale quantitative research exists that includes family members. We conducted anonymous surveys with 757 cancer patients (CPs), 763 family members (FMs), and 3697 general adults (GAs) in Japan. Awareness of GTPTs was low in all groups, however, both CPs and FMs showed a higher degree of recognition in the benefits of GTPTs. FMs wanted information on germline findings to be shared more than the CPs. Since advanced CPs may have psychological burdens that make it difficult to express their opinions on their therapeutic options and sharing germline findings, GTPTs should be offered with advanced care planning for patients.