bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies on the Land Treatment Irrigation System of Municipal Wastewater in Shengyang
Authors: Gao Zhengmin , Sun Tiehang , Qu Xiangrong 
Published: May 2018

To make use of wastewater resources in harmony with nature, relying upon the decomposition capacity of the terrestrial ecosystem with soil-plant-microorganism mechanisms for self-purification, converting of harm into good, an artificial ecosystem involving industrial point pollution control, sedimentation and stabilization ponds, followed by a soil-plant system with special varieties of willow, sorghum and rice was established in pilot scale and its purification function for organic pollutants and essential macronutrients was studied. As the key parameters of environmental quality, BOD5, COD, TOC, N and P were monitored. Furthermore, some selected priority organic pollutants such as DBP, DEHP and their behaviour in the system were determined and evaluated carefully.
From the holistic point of view, the results obtained show an excellent performance for wastewater treatment which can match conventional secondary and partially advanced wastewater treatment.
Based on the 1986-1989 intensive laboratory and field integrated investigation, a model ecological engineering land treatment system is proposed as a reform of the traditional wastewater irrigation pattern in China.
The Occurrence and the Sources of Black List Substances in Two River Basins in the Netherlands
Authors: Pols H. B. , Hieltjes A. H. M. , Kouwe F. A. 
Published: May 2018

In order to determine the sources of pollution of surface waters, an investigation into the occurrence of black list substances in two river basins has been made. Both rivers, “Voorste Stroom” and “Mark-Dintel”, are transboundary ones, coming from Belgium, and both rivers of discharge indirectly into the North Sea. The “Voorste Stroom” flows through a rural area with a number of natural parks. The area of the “Mark-Dintel” is more industrialized and the downstream polders are in agricultural use.
Over 75,000 samples have been taken throughout a whole year, and have been analyzed on the presence of over one hundred substances, a large number of them belonging to the black list of the European Community. Not only the surface waters and sediments of the “Voorste Stroom” and the “Mark-Dintel” have been sampled in various places but also the surface waters of upstream rivers, flowing to these two basins. The effluents of all the municipal wastewater treatment plants in the area have been analyzed. Furthermore, a number of industries discharging into these sewage systems, were taken into account.
In the whole area of the two basins, 82 out of 121 substances have been found to be present once or more in the surface water, leaving 39 that have not been found at all. Only 14 substances were frequently present, i.e. in over 50% of all the surface water samples. Another 17 substances were present in frequencies between 30 and 50%. The substances withe the highest frequencies belong predominantly tot the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and to the polychlorobiphenyls (PCB).
In spite of the large number of samples it was not possible to trace the real sources of all the substances polluting the surface water of the “Voorste Stroom” and “Mark-Dintel”. In a small number of cases the discharge from a municipal waste water treatment plant was of major importance tot the surface water quality, but within this study it was not possible to trace the discharge into the sewerage system. In all other cases the pollution seems to be from diffuse sources: groundwater, agricultural run-off, transboundary transport, and urban run-off. Nevertheless, more insight into the importance of the loads from the upstream rivers has been gained. The relative importance of the loads within these two areas to the North Sea may be calculated.
Pollution of the North Sea by West European Rivers
Authors: Hupkes R. 
Published: May 2018

The pollution loads of the major rivers flowing into the North Sea are calculated over the period of 1984 to 1987. The loads were calculated on the basis of data as provided by the measuring authorities concerned. For several substances the loads are compared with other sources of pollution.
In general it can be stated that the reliability of the loads is rather low. Changes in the annual loads are seldom statistically significant over the period of four years.
The highest concentrations are, in most of the cases, found in the river Scheldt. When loads are considered the Rhine and Elbe contribute the largest loads for most of the substances.
Strategy for Protecting the North Sea: A Chemical Industry Perspective
Authors: Lawrence J. R. , Craig N. C. D. 
Published: May 2018

The public has ever-rising expectations for the environmental quality of the North Sea and hence of everreducing anthropogenic inputs; by implication society must be willing to accept the cost of reduced contamination.
The chemical industry accepts that it has an important part to play in meeting these expectations, but it is essential that proper scientific consideration is given to the potential transfer of contamination from one medium to another before changes are made.
A strategy for North Sea protection is put forward as a set of seven principles that must govern the management decisions that are made. Some areas of uncertainty are identified as important research targets.
It is concluded that although there have been many improvements over the last two decades, there is more to be done. A systematic and less emotive approach is required to continue the improvement process.
Filtration Calculations for Water Development Projects: Software Package
Authors: Shvachich Tatyana G. 
Published: May 2018

The system as a means of automated calculation of groundwater filtration in non-homogeneous porous medium with arbitrary initial and boundary conditions is provided. The package consists of a series of modules. The programs are developed for designing screened dams and are characterized by a substantial reduction of input data volume. The package is successfully used for designing of water development projects, providing a means of maintaining and analysing different antifiltration techniques, namely: screens, upstream floors (fores), flow cores, cutoff walls, concrete screens, etc. while constnacting dams and water development structures of arbitrary contours.
This particular package is designed to provide automated calculation of groundwater filtration in non-homogeneous porous medium with arbitrary initial and boundary conditions. The system can also provide a means of computing the two-dimensional filtration flow in water development structures such as dams, concrete structures and the like.
The package consists of a series of modules for designing the filtration effect in water development projects with both multi-layered and homogeneous basements, simulating the two-dimensional discontinuity filtration flows (screened dams particularly), plotting the hydrodynamic grid.
The modules provide capabilities for determining:–depression curve coordinates, i.e. basic data for calculation of slope stability and the proper slope geometry depending on underground freezing severity are provided;–filtration rates and the maximum values, i.e. the source information for calculating antisuffosion ground stability is provided;–head gradients and the peak values;–areas of all the cross-section elements;–field of heads;–back pressure values;–field of flow function, i.e. the value of a filtration flow rate in a zone between a water confining layer and a given field point;– water development structure shear strength.
Methanotrophs for Clean-Up of Polluted Aquifers
Authors: Halden K. , Chase H. A. 
Published: May 2018

Aquifers are vital reserves of drinking water which are under threat from pollution. Particular problems are posed by chlorinated compounds such as pesticides and solvents which native microbial populations are unable to degrade. Pump and treat regimes have proved unsuccessful since pollutants remain adsorbed to sediments but a possible solution is the use of introduced microorganisms to degrade pollutants in-situ. It is suggested that methanotrophs may be suitable candidates.
Methanotrophs have an extraordinary range of degradative powers due to the non-specificity of their methane mono-oxygenase enzyme. We have shown that Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b is capable of degrading many common chlorinated pollutants co-metabolically when it is grown in a copper-depleted, oxygen-rich medium at neutral pH. In the subsurface however, such conditions do not exist and cultures grown in a medium made with untreated Cambridge aquifer water have a reduced range of degradative powers compared to similar cells grown in a medium made with distilled water. This means that to use methanotrophs for aquifer clean-up, the cells may need to be cultured above ground in ideal conditions and then introduced by some method of injection or infiltration. This may be possible because the degradative reactions are not coupled to growth and Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b cells maintain pollutant degrading ability up to 19 days after they have stopped growing. A suspension of these cells may thus be treated as a biocatalyst.
Site Selection, Current Design and Management Practices for Land Treatment Units of Petroleum Wastes
Authors: Casarini D. C. P. , Gloeden E. , Cunha R. C. de A. 
Published: May 2018

Land treatment is defined as the hazardous waste management technology related to application and incorporation of waste into the defined treatment zone of the soil where will occur the degradation, transformation and immobilization of the constituents contained in the applied waste, to ensure protection of surface water and groundwater.
This paper describes some criteria for site selection of land treatment facilities used by petroleum refineries, as well as the engineering design, management practices to optimize the process and closure and post-closure techniques.
The Use of the SMA-Test for Measuring Toxicity in Anaerobic Sludges
Authors: Campos C. M. M. , Chernicharo C. A. L. 
Published: May 2018

Monitoring of anaerobic sludges exposed to toxic or potentially toxic compounds is important in order to control the efficiency of the sludge when treating toxic wastes.
A new methodology developed for measuring specific methanogenic activity (SMA) has shown great sensitivity in detecting inhibition, even when caused by less toxic compounds such as Lithium Chloride.
Since the SMA-test is carried out using batch flasks (James et al., 1989), it is able to simulate the continuous exposure of the anaerobic sludge to toxic substances. The test also showed capability in detecting variation of methanogenic activity of anaerobic sludges exposed temporarily to toxic compounds (Anderson et al., 1989).
Although Lithium Chloride is considered to be a non-toxic substance (Tomlinson and Chambers, 1979), the SMA-test demonstrated that when anaerobic sludge was exposed continuously to this compound at concentrations of about 250 mgLi+/l, the sludge showed signs of inhibition, whereas for concentration of about 2,000 mgLi+/l the methanogenic activity of the sludge ceased completely.
This paper aims at showing how the SMA-test can be used as means of measuring inhibition caused by potentially inhibitory compounds on anaerobic sludge, and at the same time, suggests its standardization as an efficient tool for such purposes.
The Use of Degraded Areas for Industrial Waste Disposal
Authors: Orth M. H. de A. , Almeida Y. de C. 
Published: May 2018

The subject of this paper is a study approved by Filsan Engenharia e Serviços S/A, about the use of areas degraded by mining activities for final disposal of solid waste from either urban or industrial origin.
Provided that technical and environmental conditions are properly secure for executing a project and for adequate operation of a landfill, the use of such areas is useful mainly because it brings the solution for two problems basically considered as main responsible for substantial environmental damages.
Beyond the Decade: A Framework for Global Cooperation
Authors: Rotival Alexander H. 
Published: May 2018

The International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade (IDWSSD) was launched by the General Assembly of the United Nations in November 1980 with the goal “to provide all people with water of safe quality and adequate quantity and basic sanitary facilities by 1990”. The World Bank estimates that despite the efforts during the Decade less than 50 percent of developing country populations have access to adequate water supplies and only 20 percent to adequate sanitation facilities.
Major factors for the situation are the continuing population explosion and the economic stagnation of developing countries. Qualitative breakthroughs have been made however, through (i) improved coordination for sector inputs at the global and country levels, (ii) systematic formulation of country strategies, (iii) rationalization of the management of the sector, and most significantly through (iv) community involvement and (v) the adoption of low-cost sustainable and replicable technologies. The UNDP/World Bank Programme and the UNDP/WHO Decade Programmes have played a catalytic role in developing activities in these five areas.
To maintain Decade momentum beyond 1990 and to accelerate the provision of water supply and sanitation services to all, with emphasis on the unserved rural and peri-urban poor, by using a coordinated programme “Decade” approach, a Framework for Global Cooperation has been established. A series of meetings of a Collaborative Council of External Support Agencies (ESAs) is involved, leading to a global consultation in India in 1990 for all developing countries to define and achieve consensus on a water and sanitation sector strategy for “Beyond the Decade”.
Environmental Transformation, Photolysis of Fluorescing Petroleum Compounds in Marine Waters
Authors: Literathy P. , Morel G. , Al-Bloushi A. 
Published: May 2018

A great variety of fluorescing compounds - mainly polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) which are of concern in environmental and public health risk assessment due to their carcinogenic properties - exists as a complex mixture in petroleum, which makes their separation and identification difficult, if not impossible. Ultraviolet (UV) fluorescence spectroscopy offers a relatively simple way to characterize and quantify these compounds in environmental samples. PAHs are known to be sensitive to photochemical reactions rather than to biological oxidation. Several studies carried out with pure PAH compounds demonstrated their fast photolysis, half-lives of a few minutes to a few hours have been observed, which depend on the irradiation light flux. The objective of the present study was to describe photolysis characteristics of mixtures of fluorescing petroleum compounds exposed to sunlight.
Crude oil and benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) were used as model mixture of fluorescing compounds in seawater. Solar irradiation conditions were selected to characterize maximum photolysis rates at 29 °N latitude. In addition to the characteristics of the irradiation light, reactor geometry, level of dispersion of the petroleum compounds and the presence of particulate matter influenced significantly the reaction rate coefficients. Photolysis of BaP was described with a first-order rate coefficient, whereas photolysis of the other compounds, quantified by fluorescence intensity at different wavelengths, was characterized with a multicomponent equation. BaP can be considered as an internal actinometer in photolysis experiments with PAH mixtures. The level of dispersion affected the photolysis rates, which were highest in the dissolved and chemically dispersed samples. Ratios between fluorescence intensities at different wavelengths allowed comparison with the characteristics of actual environmental samples, providing additional information on their weathering history.
The Identification of Dioxin Sources in an Integrated Wood Processing Facility
Authors: Campin D. N. , Buckland S. J. , Hannah D. J. , Taucher J. A. 
Published: May 2018

A study was undertaken of the PCDD and PCDF export vectors from a major facility that comprises a bleached kraft pulp mill, paper mills, and previously, a timber processing sawmill. The PCDD and PCDF levels in pulps, untreated effluent, the final effluent, sludges, and discharge to the receiving waters, were studied. The total toxic equivalents were calculated, and the individual PCDD and PCDF profiles showed that there were several contributing sources of dioxins.
The various effluent streams that contribute to the final effluent were studied, including the bleached effluent, the other kraft mill effluents, and site effluents from other processing areas. Mass balances of PCDDs and PCDFs from the effluent treatment systems are presented.
The paper outlines the use of full PCDD and PCDF profile measurements as a means of identifying the point sources of dioxin contamination from within the facility, and outlines the procedures that are being implemented to control the emission of dioxins in the final effluent.
Treatment of Pulp-Bleaching Effluents by Activated Sludge, Precipitation, Ozonation and Irradiation
Authors: Haberl R. , Urban W. , Gehringer P. , Szinovatz W. 
Published: May 2018

The effluents of conventional pulp bleaching represent the main problem of waste water disposal of the pulp industry because of their non-biodegradability. Nowadays the demanded quality of discharges requires new methods exceeding the conventional biological ones.
Experience has shown that for purifying pulp bleaching sewages, only an extra stage treatment-process seems to be successful. In a first stage (e.g. precipitation/flocculation, oxidation with ozone, high-energy radiation) the resistant organic substances must be changed to biodegradable substances. The main elimination should be done in a biological stage, and remaining concentrations could be eliminated by a final treatment,e.g.AC-adsorption.The authors' research works are dealing with all the mentioned stages, and some results of these works are presented in this paper.
With different types of activated sludge the following elimination rates could be achieved: ~ 90 % BOD5, 30 - 40 % COD and 20 - 30 % AOX. Precipitation with lime in addition to flocculation resulted in reduction rates of 40 % COD, 50 % AOX and 70 % of colour. Such a pretreatment and a following biological treatment increased the reduction rates to &gt; 95 % BOD5, 70 - 80 % COD and 70-85 % colour.
The treatment with ozone with and without simultaneous γ-irradiation firstly was carried out with native bleaching effluents at different temperatures and at different pH. These preliminary tests turned out to be unsatisfactory probably because of the high amount of easily biodegradable substances in this sewage, which reduce the effectivity of ozone/radiation. Therefore the research programme was directed to biologically pretreated bleaching effluents.
Biotechnological Sulphide Removal from Effluents
Authors: Buisman C. J. N. , Lettinga G. , Paasschens C. W. M. , Habets L. H. A. 
Published: May 2018

A new system for sulphide removal is reported in which sulphide is converted to elemental sulphur using colourless sulphur bacteria. A 4 m3 biorotor reactor has been tested using sulphide-containing anaerobically treated papermill wastewater. Sulphide removal efficiencies well above 90% were achieved at a hydraulic retention time of 19 minutes, using Pall rings of 2.5 cm or Bio-Net 200 as carrier materials.
It was also found that reticulated polyurethane is not suitable as carrier material for the sulphide removal process in the presence of fatty acids.
Microbiological and Genetic Aspects of the Synthesis of Polyphosphate by Species of Acinetobacter
Authors: Bayly R. C. , Duncan A. , May J. W. , Schembri M. , Semertjis A. , Vasiliadis G. , Raper W. G. C. 
Published: May 2018

Strains of Acinetobacter which showed marked variation in their ability to accumulate intracellular polyphosphate (Pn) were isolated from a pilot-plant which was removing phosphate biologically. Variants which could not accumulate Pn under the same growth conditions were derived from two of the isolates which accumulated high levels of Pn.
The activities of five enzymes reported to have a role in Pn synthesis showed no significant differences between the two variants, their parent strains and two other natural isolates. In the presence of 20 µm N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD), growth of the variant strains was suppressed, whereas the parent strains were still able to grow and form polyphosphate. A mechanism which depends upon the trans-membrane proton gradient of the cell is proposed to account for the high levels of polyphosphate formed by some strains of Acinetobacter.
Each of the Acinetobacter strains isolated from the pilot-plant carried several plasmids. Comparison of one strain, which accumulated a high level of Pn, and its variant, showed that a deletion of approximately 20 kb of plasmid DNA from the parent strain had occurred.
Utilization of Microorganisms Immobilized with Magnetic Particles for Sewage and Wastewater Treatment
Authors: Ozaki H. , Liu Z. , Terashima Y. 
Published: May 2018

A novel method for sewage and wastewater treatment using microorganisms immobilized with magnetic particles was developed with a proposal of the treatment process. This process has the characteristic of having microorganisms in effluent recovered magnetically. Batch and continuous experiments for phenol removal were carried out using microorganisms immobilized with ferromagnetic particles after cultivation in the presence of phenol. In the continuous experiment, almost 100% of phenol in feed water was removed for at least 4.0 days, during which a developed apparatus, mainly consisting of a reactor and a separator with magnet, was operated without difficulty. In the mixed system of the immobilized microorganisms and activated sludge, phenol and easily biodegradable substance were removed simultaneously and efficiently. Thus the addition of the immobilized microorganisms to a reactor with activated sludge was considered to be able to endow the reactor system with further capability for treatment. Furthermore, it became apparent that a mixture of three kinds of microorganisms, immobilized with ferromagnetic particles and feeble magnetic particles respectively and without magnetic particles, could remove the objective substrate, and that the microorganisms immobilized with magnetic particles could be recovered using a magnet and a High Gradient Magnetic Filtration (HGMF) equipment.
These results show that a new process, in which the microorganisms in a reactor would become controllable and be maintained in high concentration, could be developed.
Chemical Analysis of Irrigation Waters in Bahrain
Authors: Salim Akhter Mohammad 
Published: May 2018

Water quality and suitability of spring water, with special emphasis on Adari Spring, for agricultural purposes in Bahrain has been investigated. A total of 24 chemical and physical parameters including pH, electrical conductivity, alkalinity, acidity, hardness, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, sulphate, chloride, nitrate, phosphate, fluoride, iron, manganese, total dissolved solids, were analyzed. The data show that this water is chemically unacceptable for drinking purpose. However the water could be used for agricultural purposes, particularly for dates plantations which can tolerate high salinity water. This study also indicates that the ground water quality in this spring has to be monitored.
Treated sewage water was also analyzed for above mentioned parameters. The data show promising results for agricultural purposes.