bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Legal Protection of Ordinary Deception in Courtship, Sex, and Marriage
Authors: Hasday Jill Elaine 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores the law’s commitment to preserving the existing norms and practices that shape courtship, sex, and marriage. Judges are much less likely to provide remedies for examples of intimate deception they believe are commonplace and more likely to give remedies in cases they think are deviant and unusual. When judges assume that many forms of deceit are typical in courtship, sex, and marriage, they help make that so—normalizing the deception by protecting it from legal disapproval and redress. This dedication to safeguarding ordinary deception in intimate relationships has also functioned to protect extraordinary deceit. Courts have sometimes denied remedies for admittedly egregious intimate deception out of concern that providing redress might create a slippery slope that would ultimately jeopardize more ordinary deceivers. Indeed, the judicial commitment to shielding commonplace intimate deception has even helped defendants who deceived business competitors or government officials.
Work to Be Done
Authors: Hasday Jill Elaine 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter focuses on law reform. I argue that courts are more likely to reach wise decisions if they begin with a rebuttable presumption that a plaintiff suing a deceptive intimate will have the same causes of action available to her that she would have when suing an equivalently deceptive nonintimate. I also explore how to improve the legal regulation of intimate deception before plaintiffs file suit. The law now adds to the tremendous incentives that can exist to deceive an intimate, but legislatures and courts should instead work to counter such incentives. The law often helps people succeed in duping their intimates and taking advantage of them, but legislators and judges should instead look for opportunities to thwart deceivers. In short, legal reforms designed to better recognize, prevent, and remediate harms inflicted through intimate deception should reorient the judicial response to litigation and also extend beyond courtrooms.
Cross-Domain Deterrence
Authors: Gartzke Eric , Lindsay Jon R. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The complexity of the twenty-first century threat landscape contrasts significantly with the bilateral nuclear bargaining context envisioned by classical deterrence theory. Nuclear and conventional arsenals continue to develop alongside antisatellite programs, autonomous robotics or drones, cyber operations, biotechnology, and other innovations barely imagined in the early nuclear age. The concept of cross-domain deterrence emerged near the end of the George W. Bush administration as policymakers and commanders confronted emerging threats to vital American military systems in space and cyberspace. The Pentagon now recognizes five operational environments or so-called domains (land, sea, air, space, and cyberspace), and cross-domain deterrence poses serious problems in practice. This book steps back to assess the theoretical relevance of cross-domain deterrence for the field of international relations. As a general concept, cross-domain deterrence posits that the ways in which actors choose to deter affects the quality of the deterrence they achieve. Contributors to this book include senior and junior scholars and national security practitioners. Their chapters probe the analytical utility of cross-domain deterrence by examining how differences across, and combinations of, different military and nonmilitary instruments can affect choices and outcomes in coercive policy in historical and contemporary cases.
Cross-Domain Deterrence in American Foreign Policy
Authors: Nacht Michael , Schuster Patricia , Uribe Eva C. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter assesses the role of cross-domain deterrence in recent American foreign policy. Cross-domain deterrence is not a new phenomenon, even if our consciousness of it may be. Prominent cases from the Cold War, such as the Korean War and the Cuban Missile Crisis, can be interpreted through the lens of cross-domain deterrence and fruitfully compared with more contemporary cases, such as the Stuxnet attack on Iran. These cases illustrate the variation across domains by the adversary and U.S. responses. Considered together, the United States generally responded to these crises by initially limiting itself to the domain where a crisis started and only later expanding into other domains. The United States has typically been cautious when shifting domains and has tried to escalate in ways that would not produce adversarial retaliation.
Air Power versus Ground Forces
Authors: Haun Phil 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Classical deterrence concepts were developed to prevent nuclear war, for obvious reasons, and thus tend to focus on high-stakes crisis bargaining, or “chicken” games, to both threaten and avoid Armageddon. Yet deterrence may operate in many different settings (i.e., different games) and with repeated interactions by the players. Indeed, deterrence is prevalent, if underappreciated, at the operational level of war, even when a state is attacking at the strategic level. Drawing on a number of historical examples, this chapter argues that command of the air over the battlefield is operationally valuable because it deters ground forces from massing and maneuvering, which can benefit either offensive and defensive operations. The degree to which an air force can deter in war depends on various operational factors, including the degree of air superiority achieved over the battlefield, the capability of the air force to locate and target enemy ground forces, the composition of enemy forces, the presence of friendly ground forces, and permissive environmental conditions.
Sea Power versus Land Power
Authors: Rovner Joshua 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The concept of cross-domain deterrence can shed new light on one of the most famous wars in the history of international relations. In ancient Greece, Athens enjoyed unquestioned maritime superiority, and Sparta was the dominant land power. Both sides played to their competitive advantage, but they failed to prevent a war. Yet while cross-domain deterrence failed when both sides wanted it to succeed, it also succeeded when both sides wanted it to fail. Neither side was able to engineer a decisive confrontation in its preferred domain that might have forced the other to capitulate, which resulted in a costly, protracted war. This novel interpretation of a classic case challenges popular characterizations of cross-domain strategic dynamics as rapid and unstable; they can also be slow and stabilizing. Similar cross-domain disparities two millennia later in Asia, for example, have the potential to make any conflict between China and the United States longer, more costly, and less decisive than either side perhaps expects.
International Law and the Common Knowledge Requirements of Cross-Domain Deterrence
Authors: Morrow James D. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The complexity of cross-domain deterrence is a major barrier to establishing coordinated expectations about violations and consequences. For a system of cross-domain deterrence to work, actors must understand what actions will trigger a response, what the response is likely to be, and how willing the respondent is to act. Any such system is likely to be less robust than Cold War nuclear deterrence because of the number of domains involved, constraints on revealing secret capabilities or even the identity of the challenger, and a propensity for provocations that fall below the established threshold of response. This chapter recommends using an analogy to the law of war rather than to nuclear deterrence to understand the possibilities of setting up a workable regime of cross-domain deterrence, even as the author is pessimistic about the ability of any collective regime to adequately manage the complexity of cross-domain deterrence.
Asymmetric Advantage
Authors: Greenhill Kelly M. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
A widely held belief in deterrence theory, first articulated by Thomas Schelling, is that compellence is harder than deterrence. This chapter finds, however, that weak actors have often been able to successfully use coercive engineered migration to compel stronger states to alter their policies. The aims of coercive engineered migration vary tremendously and usually include political, military, and economic goals. Liberal democracies are especially vulnerable to this particular means of coercion, even as they have important advantages in other arenas. This novel example of compellence that relies on a nonmilitary form of cross-domain coercion shows very convincingly that a difference in means in the right context can have a major differential effect on the success or failure of coercion.
Jane Street
Authors: Curtis Cathy 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
In 1944, Nell joined the Jane Street Gallery. Together with painters Leland Bell and Al Kresch, she transformed the pioneering artist-run cooperative into a home for a small group of abstract painters who took their cues from Mondrian. In 1945, her painting Blue Pieces was included in The Women, an exhibition of abstract and surrealist work by thirty women at the Art of This Century gallery. Her first solo Jane Street show elicited a rave review in ARTnews. In 1947, Clement Greenberg lauded Nell’s work in a review in The Nation. The following year, an exhibition of paintings by Bonnard at the Museum of Modern Art began to sway her toward a more personal approach. During this period, she was intimate with many men and women, but the special woman in her life was a dancer, Midi Garth, who would prove a loyal friend throughout her life.
Keeping On
Authors: Curtis Cathy 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Nell made several visits to Griffin’s farmhouse in the Austrian Tyrol, capturing the glorious view in her paintings. Like all her trips abroad, they involved enormous preparatory efforts and airlines unequipped to deal with a disabled person. In 1976, she moved to the Fischbach Gallery, where her shows continued to be well reviewed. But in an interview, she sounded skeptical about gains for women in art and expressed hostility to the art world’s love of “aggression” and “novelty.” Nell’s micromanagement style was part of her need to feel in control. During the winter months, the friend who was Nell’s housesitter in Gloucester received many demanding, complaining letters. In the late 1960s, Nell returned to printmaking to make a lithograph for a book commemorating Frank O’Hara. A deluxe version of her sketchbook, printed in Italy according to her detailed specifications, was published in 1986 with an introduction by John Ashbery.
Prologue
Authors: Curtis Cathy 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
In 1959, Nell Blaine was a rising star in the New York art world—one of her paintings was purchased by the Whitney Museum of American Art—when she traveled to Mykonos, Greece, to paint. After several months, she suddenly felt very weak; her illness was finally diagnosed as a severe form of polio. Although she was now a paraplegic, she retrained herself to paint, turning the limitations caused by her disability into a positive force. She would travel to far-flung locations and continue to share her intimate life with women. This book is the first to reveal the full extent of her public and private life.
Enforcement of Ḥudūd Punishments
Authors: Kamali Mohammad Hashim 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses the fiqh provisions on how ḥudūd punishments, especially those that consist of flogging, are actually carried out with a degree of procedural accuracy and restraint. It also looks into the amalgamation and overlap of punishments and the effects, if any, of repentance in their enforcement. Also looked at are delay (al-taʾkhīr) and the expiration of time (al-taqādum) in the proof, adjudication, and enforcement of punishments.
The Philosophy of Ḥudūd
Authors: Kamali Mohammad Hashim 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The philosophy and underlying objectives of punishment, especially of ḥudūd, are mainly identified as deterrence, retribution, rehabilitation, and reform. It is generally recognised that the aims of punishment in all legal traditions, as also in shariah, are mainly temporal and manifold, with the aim to protect the general public by incapacitating offenders and ultimately to serve justice.
Doubt (Shubha) and Its Impact on Punishment
Authors: Kamali Mohammad Hashim 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The main question addressed in this chapter concerns the impact of doubt (shubha) on the enforcement of punishments, including ḥudūd. Also addressed is whether the prevailing conditions of modern society amount to juridical doubt, which would suspend ḥudūd according to the directive of a renowned hadith: “suspend the ḥudūd in all cases of doubt.” Accuracy in the ascertainment of doubt has come under scrutiny in the writings of Muslim jurists is also explored here.
Islam as a Total System
Authors: Kamali Mohammad Hashim 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The main question raised and addressed in this chapter relates to the implementation of Islamic criminal law as a component of Islamic revivalism. A number of prominent Muslim scholars have held that singling out ḥudūd as an isolated aspect while shariah as a whole is not implemented is less than advisable. The opposite opinion holds that the implementation of Islamic criminal law offers a good answer to the problem of rising criminality.
Hudud and Qisas Bill of Terengganu 2002
Authors: Kamali Mohammad Hashim 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter is a follow-up of the preceding chapter, except that it is concerned with the adjacent state to Kelantan: Terengganu. When the Islamic party of Malaysia (PAS) won Terengganu in the 1999 general elections, the Hudud and Qisas bill 2002 was introduced in the second of the 13 states of Malaysia. The contents of this bill replicate that of the Hudud Bill of Kelantan albeit with minor changes.
Situational Breakdowns
Authors: Nassauer Anne 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This book provides an account of how and why routine interactions break down and how such situational breakdowns lead to protest violence and other types of surprising social outcomes. It takes a close-up look at the dynamic processes of how situations unfold and compares their role to that of motivations, strategies, and other contextual factors. The book discusses factors that can draw us into violent situations and describes how and why we make uncommon individual and collective decisions. Covering different types of surprise outcomes from protest marches and uprisings turning violent to robbers failing to rob a store at gunpoint, it shows how unfolding situations can override our motivations and strategies and how emotions and culture, as well as rational thinking, still play a part in these events. The first chapters study protest violence in Germany and the United States from 1960 until 2010, taking a detailed look at what happens between the start of a protest and the eruption of violence or its peaceful conclusion. They compare the impact of such dynamics to the role of police strategies and culture, protesters’ claims and violent motivations, the black bloc and agents provocateurs. The analysis shows how violence is triggered, what determines its intensity, and which measures can avoid its outbreak. The book explores whether we find similar situational patterns leading to surprising outcomes in other types of small- and large-scale events: uprisings turning violent, such as Ferguson in 2014 and Baltimore in 2015, and failed armed store robberies.
Introduction
Authors: Nassauer Anne 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The Introduction discusses the emergence of physical violence in protests as a surprising outcome and shows how such outcomes emerge due to situational breakdowns—patterns taking place while the event itself is unfolding. It compares the relevance of situational dynamics for surprising outcomes, collective behavior, and individual action to that of background factors, such as motivations, strategies, and culture. It starts by discussing the 2007 Rostock G8 protest march, which turned violent despite all planning and expectations of the event staying peaceful and regardless of a “soft” police strategy. It then examines the 2009 Kehl NATO protest march, which stayed peaceful despite expectations of violence, a harsh police strategy, and individual protesters trying to escalate the situation. The Introduction also provides an overview of what is to come in the book, summarizing how situational breakdowns can explain a variety of surprising outcomes, from protest violence to violent uprisings and failed armed robberies.
Expecting the Worst
Authors: Nassauer Anne 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Chapter 5 examines the second path to violence in protest marches. Like the other two paths, it leads to violent clashes between protesters and police due to interactions, interpretations, and emotional dynamics that emerge between the start of the protest and violence erupting. This second path to protest violence, called the offense path, is comprised of spatial incursions, escalation signs, and property damage. Based on detailed discussions of US and German protests, the chapter argues that a self-fulfilling prophecy cannot explain the outbreak of violence but that actions during the protest can foster violence if they are interpreted as signs of immanent escalation. Such escalation signs increase tension and fear regardless of prior expectations. A further section discusses how property damage favors escalation. A last section highlights how their combination with spatial incursions and escalation signs during protests leads protesters or police to perceive an offense by the other group.
Governing
Authors: Rotter Andrew J. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores the reactions of the senses once war has abated. It begins with an examination of sight. Once the period of war had ended in India and similarly in the Philippines, it asks, who were the people of India and the Philippines? How many of them were there? Where did they live? What did they look like? These were the questions the conquering Britons and Americans would have asked. The chapter comments on the “magic” witnessed in India by the British eyes: “jugglers,” as the British termed the people who displayed such magic. The chapter then goes on to describe the similar yet different response of the Americans to the Filipinos they encountered.
Developing an Alternative to the Standard Options
Authors: Manis R. Zachary 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter introduces the basic idea of the divine presence model, briefly tracing its roots in Eastern Orthodox theology, and then turning to the task of making the positive philosophical case for the view. The author argues that the problem of divine hiddenness is intertwined with the problem of hell, and reflection on the problem lends support to the divine presence model even as it reveals critical weaknesses in its competitors. The chapter then explores the way that the divine presence model receives further support from a classic treatment of the phenomenology of religious experience. In closing, the author considers the way that the model rejects the claim that the purpose of hell is retribution, yet still manages to accommodate the traditional idea that the punishment of hell is inflicted upon the damned, rather than being a simple function of the choices of those who are finally lost.
Conclusion
Authors: Biberman Yelena 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the book’s key findings. It then considers the policy implications, directions for future research, and lessons for South Asian security. The chapter makes a recommendation to military commanders to abstain from outsourcing violence. Weaponizing civilians and former combatants is unethical and violates international humanitarian law. It is also of questionable long-term value. In all of the cases examined in this book, the victories states achieved with the help of nonstate allies were either ephemeral or incomplete. The chapter also calls for greater scholarly attention to changes in actors’ motivations, covert and illicit state behavior, and the problem of chance. It concludes by highlighting three powerful narratives the book challenges about South Asian security: (1) Pakistan’s uniqueness in outsourcing violence; (2) India as a model great power; and (3) the ability of powerful states to manage their allies in foreign-led counterinsurgencies while avoiding serious backlash and unintended consequences.
Mainline Protestants
Authors: Clydesdale Tim , Garces-Foley Kathleen 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
One out of 7 American twentysomethings affiliate with a Mainline denomination, and 33% of Mainline Protestant twentysomethings attend worship a couple of times monthly or more. Drawing from ethnographies of an arts-focused multiracial church, a small emerging church, and a Midwestern family church, this chapter describes why and how religiously active “Mainliners” seek out these church communities. Through analysis of in-depth interviews, it identifies what draws them to church when so many of their peers are wary of churches and what kinds of churches appeal to religiously active Mainliners. This chapter also describes the distinctive strategies deployed by Mainline congregations to attract young adults and how these differ in urban and Midwestern contexts. Then the chapter turns to results from our national survey of twentysomethings and applies the Active, Nominal, and Estranged typology to examine the religious, spiritual, and secular lives of Mainliner twentysomethings.
Introduction
Authors: Cerón-Anaya Hugo 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The Introduction explains why this book uses golf and golf clubs as strategic sites to examine wealth, racial hierarchies, and gender inequalities in Mexico. It clarifies however that this is neither a book about golf nor an anti-golf treatise but rather a critical exploration of the multiple layers that constitute privilege. The introductory chapter highlights that Privilege at Play focuses on aspects largely overlooked by the “studying up” literature on Mexico, such as sites of leisure and the organization of informal relations among affluent people. The chapter includes an explanation of why despite club members commonly belong to two different class groups—upper-middle and upper classes—they are analytically treated as a single category. The introduction also contains an analysis of the role space and spatial arrangements play in the reproduction of privilege. The section ends by offering a description of the thematic organization of the book.
The History of Golf in Mexico
Authors: Cerón-Anaya Hugo 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Chapter 1 analyzes the history of golf in Mexico, showing a long-term pattern of class and racialized dynamics associated to the sport. The first part describes how wealthy Anglo-American immigrants brought golf to late nineteenth-century Mexico. This section explains how the early development of golf was connected to the spread of modernity, capitalism, and Anglo-American racialized ideas, dynamics that informed the creation of a class- and race-based privileged space. The second part of the chapter chronicles the transformation that golf experienced after the 1940s when a growing number of affluent Mexicans joined this sport. The change, however, did not eradicate some of the early restrictive dynamics. The chapter ends by showing how the neoliberal policies introduced by the late 1980s significantly expanded the number of golf clubs existing in the country. Despite the considerable expansion, golf is still the preserve of the upper middle and upper classes in today’s Mexico.