bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“My Body Spoke to Me”: “Marginal” Organs, Metonymic Somatization, and the Pain of Social Selection
Authors: Amir Dana , Shoshana Avihu 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThrough in‐depth interviews, this article examines the accounts of subjects who, due to their selfhood and bodies being marked as “ethnic,” do not pass the selection process to enter night clubs in Tel Aviv. Their experiences of pain are expressed via a connection between the social, the physical and the mental, and indicates a unique somatic awakening. This awakening is expressed through an experience of body parts being perceived as “transparent” or “marginal” and not receiving phenomenological and somatic attention in everyday life. Using psychoanalytical model related to the symbolization levels of the somatic awakening, we propose interpreting this awakening ‐ of the “marginal” ‐ as metonymic somatic evidence. This awakening and the interpretation of it create continuity between the experience of “marginal” organs and the experience of marginality in the nighttime arena of ethnic selection. The discussion suggests that the sources of this mental‐somatic awakening are related to the transformation of the private subject into a symbolic type (“the guy that doesn't pass selection”), which in turn expresses the collapse of the inimitable.
Thermal radiation from impact plumes
Authors: Svetsov Vladimir , Shuvalov Valery 
Published: October 2018

AbstractPlumes produced by the impacts of asteroids and comets consist of rock vapor and heated air. They emit visible light, ultraviolet, and infrared radiation, which can greatly affect the environment. We have carried out numerical simulations of the impacts of stony and cometary bodies with a diameter of 0.3, 1, and 3 km, which enter the atmosphere at various angles, using a hydrodynamic model supplemented by radiation transfer. We assumed that the cosmic object has no strength, and deforms, fragments, and vaporizes in the atmosphere. After the impact on the ground, the formation of craters and plumes was simulated, taking the internal friction of destroyed rocks and the trail formed in the atmosphere into account. The equation of radiative transfer, added to the equations of gas dynamics, was used in the approximation of radiative heat conduction or, if the Rosseland optical depth of a radiating volume of gas and vapor was less than unity, in the volume‐emission approximation. We used temperature and density distributions obtained in these simulations to calculate radiation fluxes on the Earth's surface by integrating the equation of radiative transfer along rays passing through a luminous region. We used tables of the equation of state of dunite and quartz (for stony impactors and a target) and air, as well as tables of absorption coefficients of air, vapor of ordinary chondrite, and vapor of cometary material. We have calculated the radiation impulse on the ground and the impact radiation efficiency (a ratio of thermal radiation energy incident on the ground to the kinetic energy of a body), which ranges from ~0.5% to ~9%, depending on the impactor size and the angle of entry into the atmosphere. Direct thermal radiation from fireballs and impact plumes, poses a great danger to people, animals, plants, and economic objects. After the impacts of asteroids at a speed of 20 km s−1 at an angle of 45°, a fire can occur at a distance of 250 km if the asteroid has a diameter of 0.3 km, and at a distance of 2000 km if the diameter is 3 km.
Managing tensions in assessment: moving beyond either–or thinking
Authors: Govaerts Marjan J B , van der Vleuten Cees P M , Holmboe Eric S 
Published: October 2018

ContextIn health professions education, assessment systems are bound to be rife with tensions as they must fulfil formative and summative assessment purposes, be efficient and effective, and meet the needs of learners and education institutes, as well as those of patients and health care organisations. The way we respond to these tensions determines the fate of assessment practices and reform. In this study, we argue that traditional ‘fix‐the‐problem’ approaches (i.e. either–or solutions) are generally inadequate and that we need alternative strategies to help us further understand, accept and actually engage with the multiple recurring tensions in assessment programmes.MethodsDrawing from research in organisation science and health care, we outline how the Polarity Thinking™ model and its ‘both–and’ approach offer ways to systematically leverage assessment tensions as opportunities to drive improvement, rather than as intractable problems. In reviewing the assessment literature, we highlight and discuss exemplars of specific assessment polarities and tensions in educational settings. Using key concepts and principles of the Polarity Thinking™ model, and two examples of common tensions in assessment design, we describe how the model can be applied in a stepwise approach to the management of key polarities in assessment.DiscussionAssessment polarities and tensions are likely to surface with the continued rise of complexity and change in education and health care organisations. With increasing pressures of accountability in times of stretched resources, assessment tensions and dilemmas will become more pronounced. We propose to add to our repertoire of strategies for managing key dilemmas in education and assessment design through the adoption of the polarity framework. Its ‘both–and’ approach may advance our efforts to transform assessment systems to meet complex 21st century education, health and health care needs.
Ethnurgy, mobilisation, memory and trauma in consociational systems
Authors: Aboultaif Eduardo Wassim 
Published: October 2018

AbstractI intend to study three characteristics of deeply divided societies that hinder consociationalism: ethnurgy (politicisation of ethnic identities), mobilisation, memory and trauma. My argument is that consociational practices may be hampered by non‐structural elements, which is a break‐away from the classical study of consociationalism which focuses on institutional functions and external actors. By studying consociationalism from this new dimension, I intend to show that internal factors are critical in understanding the threats and pressure of any consociational arrangement, in an attempt to create better power sharing arrangements and/or improve the existing consociational provisions in deeply divided societies.
Albugo candida race diversity, ploidy and host‐associated microbes revealed using DNA sequence capture on diseased plants in the field
Authors: Jouet Agathe , Saunders Diane G. O. , McMullan Mark , Ward Ben , Furzer Oliver , Jupe Florian , Cevik Volkan , Hein Ingo , Thilliez Gaetan J. A. , Holub Eric , van Oosterhout Cock , Jones Jonathan D. G. 
Published: October 2018

Summary

Physiological races of the oomycete Albugo candida are biotrophic pathogens of diverse plant species, primarily the Brassicaceae, and cause infections that suppress host immunity to other pathogens. However, A. candida race diversity and the consequences of host immunosuppression are poorly understood in the field.

We report a method that enables sequencing of DNA of plant pathogens and plant‐associated microbes directly from field samples (Pathogen Enrichment Sequencing: PenSeq). We apply this method to explore race diversity in A. candida and to detect A. candida‐associated microbes in the field (91 A. candida‐infected plants).

We show with unprecedented resolution that each host plant species supports colonization by one of 17 distinct phylogenetic lineages, each with an unique repertoire of effector candidate alleles. These data reveal the crucial role of sexual and asexual reproduction, polyploidy and host domestication in A. candida specialization on distinct plant species. Our bait design also enabled phylogenetic assignment of DNA sequences from bacteria and fungi from plants in the field.

This paper shows that targeted sequencing has a great potential for the study of pathogen populations while they are colonizing their hosts. This method could be applied to other microbes, especially to those that cannot be cultured.
Pathogen enrichment sequencing (PenSeq) enables population genomic studies in oomycetes
Authors: Thilliez Gaetan J. A. , Armstrong Miles R. , Lim Tze‐Yin , Baker Katie , Jouet Agathe , Ward Ben , van Oosterhout Cock , Jones Jonathan D. G. , Huitema Edgar , Birch Paul R. J. , Hein Ingo 
Published: October 2018

Summary

The oomycete pathogens Phytophthora infestans and P. capsici cause significant crop losses world‐wide, threatening food security. In each case, pathogenicity factors, called RXLR effectors, contribute to virulence. Some RXLRs are perceived by resistance proteins to trigger host immunity, but our understanding of the demographic processes and adaptive evolution of pathogen virulence remains poor.

Here, we describe PenSeq, a highly efficient enrichment sequencing approach for genes encoding pathogenicity determinants which, as shown for the infamous potato blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans, make up < 1% of the entire genome.

PenSeq facilitates the characterization of allelic diversity in pathogen effectors, enabling evolutionary and population genomic analyses of Phytophthora species. Furthermore, PenSeq enables the massively parallel identification of presence/absence variations and sequence polymorphisms in key pathogen genes, which is a prerequisite for the efficient deployment of host resistance genes.

PenSeq represents a cost‐effective alternative to whole‐genome sequencing and addresses crucial limitations of current plant pathogen population studies, which are often based on selectively neutral markers and consequently have limited utility in the analysis of adaptive evolution. The approach can be adapted to diverse microbes and pathogens.
OsTPS8controls yield‐related traits and confers salt stress tolerance in rice by enhancing suberin deposition
Authors: Vishal Bhushan , Krishnamurthy Pannaga , Ramamoorthy Rengasamy , Kumar Prakash P. 
Published: October 2018

SummaryClass ITREHALOSE‐PHOSPHATE‐SYNTHASE(TPS) genes affect salinity tolerance and plant development. However, the function of classIITPSgenes and their underlying mechanisms of action are unknown.We report the identification and functional analysis of a rice classIITPSgene (OsTPS8). Theostps8mutant was characterised byGC‐MSanalysis, an abscisic acid (ABA) sensitivity test and by generating transgenic lines. To identify the underlying mechanism, gene expression analyses, genetic complementation and examination of suberin deposition in the roots were conducted.Theostps8mutant showed salt sensitivity,ABAsensitivity and altered agronomic traits compared to the wild‐type (WT), which could be rescued upon complementation. The dsRNAi line phenocopied the mutant, while the overexpression lines exhibited enhanced salt tolerance. Theostps8mutant showed significantly reduced soluble sugars, Casparian bands and suberin deposition in the roots compared to theWTand overexpression lines. The mutant also showed downregulation ofSAPKs(riceSnRK2s) andABA‐responsive genes. Furthermore,ostps8pUBI::SAPK9rescued the salt‐sensitive phenotype ofostps8.Our results suggest thatOsTPS8may regulate suberin deposition in rice throughABAsignalling. Additionally,SAPK9‐mediated regulation of alteredABA‐responsive genes helps to confer salinity tolerance. Overexpression ofOsTPS8was adequate to confer enhanced salinity tolerance without any yield penalty, suggesting its usefulness in rice genetic improvement.
Ethylene signaling regulates natural variation in the abundance of antifungal acetylated diferuloylsucroses and Fusarium graminearum resistance in maize seedling roots
Authors: Zhou Shaoqun , Zhang Ying K. , Kremling Karl A. , Ding Yezhang , Bennett John S. , Bae Justin S. , Kim Dean K. , Ackerman Hayley H. , Kolomiets Michael V. , Schmelz Eric A. , Schroeder Frank C. , Buckler Edward S. , Jander Georg 
Published: October 2018

Summary

The production and regulation of defensive specialized metabolites play a central role in pathogen resistance in maize (Zea mays) and other plants. Therefore, identification of genes involved in plant specialized metabolism can contribute to improved disease resistance.

We used comparative metabolomics to identify previously unknown antifungal metabolites in maize seedling roots, and investigated the genetic and physiological mechanisms underlying their natural variation using quantitative trait locus mapping and comparative transcriptomics approaches.

Two maize metabolites, smilaside A (3,6‐diferuloyl‐3′,6′‐diacetylsucrose) and smiglaside C (3,6‐diferuloyl‐2′,3′,6′‐triacetylsucrose), were identified that could contribute to maize resistance against Fusarium graminearum and other fungal pathogens. Elevated expression of an ethylene signaling gene, ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE 2 (ZmEIN2), co‐segregated with a decreased smilaside A : smiglaside C ratio. Pharmacological and genetic manipulation of ethylene availability and sensitivity in vivo indicated that, whereas ethylene was required for the production of both metabolites, the smilaside A : smiglaside C ratio was negatively regulated by ethylene sensitivity. This ratio, rather than the absolute abundance of these two metabolites, was important for maize seedling root defense against F. graminearum.

Ethylene signaling regulates the relative abundance of the two F. graminearum‐resistance‐related metabolites and affects resistance against F. graminearum in maize seedling roots.
The neurobiology of impulsivity and substance use disorders: implications for treatment
Authors: Kozak Karolina , Lucatch Aliya M. , Lowe Darby J.E. , Balodis Iris M. , MacKillop James , George Tony P. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractImpulsivity is strongly associated with substance use disorders (SUDs). Our review discusses impulsivity as an underlying vulnerability marker for SUDs, and treatment of co‐occurring impulsivity in SUDs. Three factors should be considered for the complex relationship between impulsivity and a SUD: (1) the trait effect of impulsivity, centering on decreased cognitive and response inhibition, (2) the state effect resulting from either acute or chronic substance use on brain structure and function, and (3) the genetic and environmental factors (e.g., age and sex) may influence impulsive behavior associated with SUDs. Both subjective and objective measures are used to assess impulsivity. Together, treatment developments (pharmacological, behavioral, and neurophysiological) should consider these clinically relevant dimensions assessed by a variety of measures, which have implications for treatment matching in individuals with SUD. Despite its heterogeneity, impulsivity is a marker associated with SUDs and may be understood as an imbalance of bottom‐up and top‐down neural systems. Further investigation of these relationships may lead to more effective SUD treatments.
Ontogeny of the Massospondylus labyrinth: implications for locomotory shifts in a basal sauropodomorph dinosaur
Authors: Neenan James M. , Chapelle Kimberley E. J. , Fernandez Vincent , Choiniere Jonah N. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractOntogeny is a vital aspect of life history sometimes overlooked in palaeontological studies. However, the changing geometry of anatomical structures during growth can be informative regarding ecological and functional reconstructions. The inner ear, or labyrinth, is an ideal ontogenetic study system because it has a strong functional signal in its morphology that is linked to locomotor mode. Yet almost nothing is known about labyrinth development in dinosaurs. We quantified labyrinth scale and geometry through ontogeny in the Early Jurassic dinosaur Massospondylus carinatus, which has an exceptional fossil record and is hypothesized to have undergone a gait change, from quadrupedal juvenile to bipedal adult. To test whether this putative locomotor shift is reflected in labyrinth morphology, computed microtomography (μCT) and propagation phase‐contrast synchrotron radiation microtomography (PPC‐SRμCT) were used to obtain labyrinths from eight specimens, ranging from near‐hatchling to adult. Labyrinths grow substantially but scale with slight negative allometry compared to skull length throughout ontogeny, the first time this has been documented in dinosaurs. Geometric morphometric analysis of the labyrinth using a sliding semilandmark approach shows some morphological change through ontogeny, but little evidence supporting a locomotor shift. These results have implications for our understanding of sauropodomorph development and provide a better understanding of dinosaur locomotory evolution.
Genetic diversity and path analysis for nitrogen use efficiency of tropical popcorn (Zea maysssp.everta) inbred lines in adult stage
Authors: Almeida Vinícius Costa , Viana José Marcelo Soriano , DeOliveira Henrique Morais , Risso Leonardo Alves , Ribeiro Aloísio Fernando Silva , DeLima Rodrigo Oliveira 
Published: October 2018

AbstractModern maize hybrid breeding is also focused on increasing nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) for grain production. The objectives of this study were to assess popcorn inbred lines forNUE, assess its genetic diversity forNUEand related traits, and investigate the relationship between vegetative and adult traits withNUE, under contrasting N levels. Nineteen inbreds were assessed forNUEand related traits under two contrasting N levels in a 2‐year experiment, using complete blocks with three replications. Path analysis was performed using the vegetative N uptake and utilization efficiency and two root traits and four adult traits. The inbred 05‐388 was the most efficient in N use under both N levels. The inbreds with higher N use and utilization efficiency, grain N content and post‐silking N uptake were allocated in the same cluster in both N conditions. Leaf chlorophyll content and post‐silking uptake can serve as target traits for identifying superior inbred lines forNUE. Vegetative N uptake and utilization efficiency, and total root length can be used for early selection of superiorNUEinbreds.
Family characteristics and children's knowledge of cardiovascular risk factors
Authors: Notara Venetia , Antonogeorgos George , Kordoni Maria‐Eleni , Sakellari Evanthia , Prapas Christos , Velentza Anna , Manifava Eirini , Rojas‐Gil Andrea Paola , Kornilaki Ekaterina N. , Lagiou Areti , Panagiotakos Demosthenes B. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractBackgroundCardiovascular disease has the highest mortality rate than any other disease globally. Some major risk factors seem to be established in the early stages of life, suggesting preventive strategies as a major means to reduce cardiovascular mortality. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of socioeconomic status and family characteristics on children's knowledge and perceptions concerning cardiovascular disease risk factors.MethodsA cross‐sectional survey was conducted among 1,728 children (46% male) aged 10–12 years, attending Greek primary schools in Athens; Heraklion (capital city of the island of Crete); Kalamata; Pyrgos; and Sparti (Peloponnese peninsula), Greece. Sampling was conducted on school premises, during the school years 2014–15 and 2015–16 (participation rate, 95–100%). Data were collected via self‐administered, anonymous questionnaire. Children's knowledge of various issues related to cardiovascular risk, such as nutrition, physical activity and smoking was also examined. Data on family characteristics were collected through another questionnaire completed by parents.ResultsPaternal education level and living with both parents instead of single‐parent upbringing, were positively associated with children's knowledge of cardiovascular risk factors (b = 0.42; 95%CI: 0.01–0.83; P = 0.04; and b = 0.78; 95%CI: 0.013–1.43; P = 0.02 respectively). Moreover, children with more siblings seemed to have less sufficient knowledge compared with peers with fewer siblings (b per 1 sibling = −0.24; 95%CI: −0.47 to −0.014; P = 0.04).ConclusionsThe present findings enhance the link between the micro‐environment and children's knowledge and perceptions concerning cardiovascular health, providing information to health‐care professionals while counseling youths.
Comparison of BMI, waist circumference, and waist‐to‐height ratio for identification of subclinical cardiovascular risk in pediatric kidney transplant recipients
Authors: Sgambat Kristen , Clauss Sarah , Moudgil Asha 
Published: October 2018

AbstractBackgroundKidney transplant recipients are at high risk for CV morbidity. However, the measure of obesity that best predicts CV risk has not been established.ObjectiveA prospective, controlled study was conducted to compare the ability of BMI, WC, and WHr to identify CV risk in pediatric kidney transplant recipients.MethodsTransplant recipients, aged 3‐20 years, had echocardiogram, CIMT, BMI, WC, WHr, blood pressure, lipids, and leptin measured. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was used to compare the ability of BMI, WC, and WHr to detect a composite adverse CV outcome. Presence of the composite outcome was defined by ≥3 of the following five criteria: (a) LVH, (b) high CIMT, (c) impaired myocardial strain, (d) dyslipidemia, and/or (e) hypertension. Multivariate analysis was conducted by generalized estimating equation regression.ResultsWe analyzed 108 visits of 42 transplant recipients. Prevalence of obesity by WHr (43.5%) was higher than BMI (24.1%) and WC (12.0%). Proportion of WHr‐obese who met criteria for the adverse CV outcome was higher (62.2%) than BMI (34.6%) and WC‐obese (33.3%). Leptin levels were higher in children with obesity. Area under the ROC curve for WHr‐obese (0.77) was higher compared to BMI (0.47) and WC (0.48) to detect the CV outcome, P = 0.0006. WHr‐obesity was associated with 5.72 increased odds of having the adverse CV outcome, P = 0.0001, while BMI and WC were not significant.ConclusionWHr is more sensitive than BMI or WC to detect subclinical CV risk and should be included in screening of pediatric kidney transplant recipients.
Direct Government Investment: Perverse Privatization or New Tool of Government?
Authors: Wise Charles R. , Witesman Eva M. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractIn recent years, public administration scholars have called attention to a blurring of the boundaries between the public and private sectors. However, little attention has been focused on the administration of public programs that seek to impact private markets through direct government investment in private firms. The direct government investment approach is a new tool of government that has been applied in several countries and at multiple levels of government. Through an analytic mix of theory and attention to practice, this article leverages a deep case analysis of the U.S. Department of Energy's Advanced Technology Vehicles Manufacturing Loan Program to propose and utilize criteria for examining justifiable rationales for direct government investment, areas of administrative capacity necessary to manage such investments, and potential pitfalls of this new tool of government.
Big audit firms as regulatory intermediaries in transnational labor governance
Authors: Fransen Luc , LeBaron Genevieve 
Published: October 2018

AbstractDue diligence and corporate disclosure initiatives effectively expand the role of professional service firms as regulatory intermediaries in the governance of conditions of production in global supply chains. In this paper, we examine the rise of the “Big Four” audit firms in the market for services connected to transnational labor governance. Through a qualitative case study of audit firms in modern slavery governance, we argue that the Big Four's political repertoire for transnational labor governance expands beyond the roles that are typically linked to their services, and promotes an agenda that touches on key debates on what constitutes proper transnational labor governance. Big audit firms engage in a variety of informal and covert influencing practices and are shown to promote an agenda of incrementalist soft‐law labor governance, opposing concrete performance targets, binding public regulation and an independent watchdog role for civil society.