bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modeling Crew Itineraries and Delays in the National Air Transportation System
Authors: Wei Keji , Vaze Vikrant 
Published: June 2018

We propose, optimize, and validate a methodological framework for estimating the extent of the crew-propagated delays and disruptions (CPDDs). We identify the factors that influence the extent of the CPDDs and incorporate them into a robust crew-scheduling model. We develop a fast heuristic approach for solving the inverse of this robust crew-scheduling problem to generate crew schedules that are similar to real-world crew-scheduling samples. We develop a sequence of exact and heuristic techniques to quickly solve the forward problem within a small optimality gap for network sizes that are among the largest in robust crew-scheduling literature. Computational results using four large real-world airline networks demonstrate that the crew schedules produced by our approach generate propagation patterns similar to those observed in the real world. Extensive out-of-sample validation tests indicate that the parameters calibrated for one network perform reasonably well for other networks. We provide new insights into the perceived trade-off between planned costs and delay costs as reflected by actual airline crew schedules. Finally, we present a general approach to estimate the CPDDs for any given network using our methodological framework under a variety of data availability scenarios. The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/trsc.2018.0834 .
Detection of breech presentation: Abdominal palpation and hand-held scanning by midwives
Authors: Keable Joanna , Crozier Kenda 
Published: June 2018

Background The NHS Litigation Authority's ‘sign up to safety’ campaign aims to prevent undiagnosed breech birth and possible poor birth outcomes. An audit was completed following the introduction of hand-held scanning ultrasound examination. Aims The hand-held ultrasound was used by midwives for all women in labour and before induction of labour to confirm presentation. Methods A criterion-based retrospective audit, conducted over 6 months in 2016, with a sample of 2737 women. Findings The audit demonstrated that 22 breech presentations were detected when using the hand-held ultrasound before induction of labour or in labour. The audit standard of 100% of women receiving an ultrasound scan was not met, and potential reasons are explored. Conclusions The results support the use of hand-held ultrasound, as it did detect breech presentation before induction of labour or spontaneous labour and birth. Further work includes the audit of the reasons that hand-held ultrasound scanning was not used, to ensure that a targeted action plan can be created. Future research into midwifery values, cultural attitudes and the effectiveness of abdominal palpation is also needed, to develop the knowledge base on which scanning can be framed.
Assessment of the ankle joint in clubfeet and normal feet to the age of four years by ultrasonography
Authors: Johansson A. , Aurell Y. , Romanus B. 
Published: June 2018

Purpose To establish reproducible posterior ultrasonographic projections for evaluation of the movement in the talocrural joint in clubfeet and normal feet from the perinatal period up to the age of four years. Methods The feet in 105 healthy children and 46 patients (71 clubfeet and 21 normal feet) were examined. In all, 14 feet in seven patients were examined twice by two examiners independently to evaluate the repeatability of the ultrasonography scans. A posterior sagittal projection was used. The distance from the posterior aspect of the tibial physis to the posterior border of the talocalcaneal joint (Tib. phys – TCJ) was measured with the foot in neutral position and dorsiflexion. In plantar flexion the shortest distance between the tibial physis and the calcaneus was measured. The distance from the skin to the tibial epiphyses and the talus was measured in neutral position. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was calculated to evaluate the repeatability of the measurements. Results The interexaminer reliability was 0.71 to 0.89 ICC. The intra- and interobserver reliability measured as ICC was 0.68 to 0.99 for all measurements. The correlation between Tib. phys. – TCJ and clinical dorsiflexion varied much between the age groups. Conclusion Ultrasonography of the posterior aspect of the ankle joint can be done with high interexaminer reliability. The repeatability of image evaluation was high. Correlation to clinical measurements varied, therefore dynamic ultrasound in real time is clinically more useful than single measurements on frozen ultrasound images. Level of Evidence III
Diagnostic and treatment preferences for developmental dysplasia of the hip: A survey of EPOS and POSNA members
Authors: Alves C. , Truong W. H. , Thompson M. V. , Suryavanshi J. R. , Penny C. L. , Do H. T. , Dodwell E. R. 
Published: June 2018

Purpose The aim of this study was to elucidate developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) diagnosis and treatment preferences among members of the Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America (POSNA) and European Paediatric Orthopaedic Society (EPOS). Methods A 54-question survey on DDH diagnosis and treatment preferences was distributed to POSNA and EPOS members. Descriptive statistics were performed. Results A total of 459 responses were analyzed. Ultrasound was the preferred modality for diagnosing DDH in infants less than six months old; few surgeons preferred radiographs. In all, 57% of POSNA members had radiology technicians perform ultrasounds, only 7% of EPOS members did. The percent coverage defining a dislocated hip varied greatly, the most frequent response being < 20% for POSNA and < 40% for EPOS members. Pavlik harnesses were the most popular harness/brace, used by 90% of POSNA and 71% of EPOS members. POSNA members were more likely than EPOS members to use a rigid abduction brace following initial harness/brace failure. For residual acetabular dysplasia, POSNA members were twice as likely as EPOS members to institute hip abduction bracing. Most surgeons would not perform closed reduction at less than three months of age or open reduction at less than six months of age. Most EPOS ­members used traction prior to reduction; few POSNA members did. Few POSNA and EPOS members believed that reduction should be delayed until the ossific nucleus was visible. Conclusion There is great variation in the preferred methods for diagnosing and treating DDH. This survey is the largest transcontinental survey to compile diagnostic and treatment preferences for DDH. With wide variations in practice, there is room for quality improvement. Level of Evidence II
Neuroarthropathy in diabetes: pathogenesis of Charcot arthropathy
Authors: Johnson-Lynn S. E. , McCaskie A. W. , Coll A. P. , Robinson A. H. N. 
Published: June 2018

Charcot neuroarthropathy is a rare but serious complication of diabetes, causing progressive destruction of the bones and joints of the foot leading to deformity, altered biomechanics and an increased risk of ulceration. Management is complicated by a lack of consensus on diagnostic criteria and an incomplete understanding of the pathogenesis. In this review, we consider recent insights into the development of Charcot neuroarthropathy. It is likely to be dependent on several interrelated factors which may include a genetic pre-disposition in combination with diabetic neuropathy. This leads to decreased neuropeptides (nitric oxide and calcitonin gene-related peptide), which may affect the normal coupling of bone formation and resorption, and increased levels of Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand, potentiating osteoclastogenesis. Repetitive unrecognized trauma due to neuropathy increases levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, tumour necrosis factor α) which could also contribute to increased bone resorption, in combination with a pre-inflammatory state, with increased autoimmune reactivity and a profile of monocytes primed to transform into osteoclasts - cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14). Increased blood glucose and loss of circulating Receptor for Advanced Glycation End-Products (AGLEPs), leading to increased non-enzymatic glycation of collagen and accumulation of AGLEPs in the tissues of the foot, may also contribute to the pathological process. An understanding of the relative contributions of each of these mechanisms and a final common pathway for the development of Charcot neuroarthropathy are still lacking. Cite this article: S. E. Johnson-Lynn, A. W. McCaskie, A. P. Coll, A. H. N. Robinson. Neuroarthropathy in diabetes: pathogenesis of Charcot arthropathy. Bone Joint Res 2018;7:373–378. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.75.BJR-2017-0334.R1.
Outcome of total knee arthroplasty in patients with poliomyelitis
Authors: Prasad Anoop , Donovan Richard , Ramachandran Manoj , Dawson-Bowling Sebastian , Millington Steven , Bhumbra Rej , Achan Pramod , Hanna Sammy A. 
Published: June 2018

Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in patients affected by poliomyelitis is technically challenging owing to abnormal anatomical features including articular and metaphyseal angular deformities, external rotation of the tibia, excessive valgus alignment, bone loss, narrowness of the femoral and tibial canals, impaired quadriceps strength, flexion contractures, genu recurvatum and ligamentous laxity. Little information is available regarding the results and complications of TKA in this challenging group of patients. We carried out a systematic review of the literature to determine the functional outcome, complications and revision rates of TKA in patients with poliomyelitis-affected knees. Six studies including 82 knees met the inclusion criteria and were reviewed. The mean patient age was 63 years (45 to 85) and follow-up was 5.5 years (0.5 to 13). All studies reported significant improvement in knee function following TKA. There were six failures requiring revision surgery in 82 cases (7%) occurring at a mean of 6.2 years (0.4 to 12). The reasons for revision surgery were aseptic loosening (17%, n=1), infection (33%, n=2), periprosthetic fracture (17%, n=1) and instability (33%, n=2). Thirty-six knees had a degree of recurvatum pre-operatively (44%), which was in the range of 5° to 30°. Ten of these knees (28%) developed recurrent recurvatum post-operatively. The findings support the use of TKA in patients with poliomyelitis-affected knees. The post-operative functional outcome is similar to other patients; however, the revision rate is higher. Quadriceps muscle power appears to be an important prognostic factor for functional outcome and the use of constrained implant designs is recommended in the presence of less than antigravity quadriceps strength. Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2018;3:358-362. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.3.170028
Illustrating the Anthropocene: Fieldwork from the Norfolk Broads
Authors: Evans Sinead 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
This visual essay presents a body of fieldwork exploring geological and industrial tensions existing in the landscape of the Norfolk Broads National Park. The essay is a documentation of the initial stages of the research project, considering the wider role of illustration in a time of global environmental change. Made in 2016, the present tenses have been kept in the text in order to preserve the reflective and developmental importance of this fieldwork. The author has since left the wider research project and is pursing Ph.D. study, using discoveries made in this research as a foundation to explore problematic representations of nature in images that are used to illustrate the current environmental crisis.
The time-travelling antiquarian: Illustrated tourist guides to North Wales from Pennant to Piper
Authors: McCannon Desdemona 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
This article seeks to examine the visual tropes of a specific genre of illustrated guidebook, originating in Thomas Pennant’s ‘extra-illustrated’ copy of his work A Tour in Wales published in stages between 1771–1776, and its legacy within twentieth-century depictions of the region. I would like to argue that illustration has contributed to a set of scopic practices and a social imaginary of the Welsh landscape, which are established with Pennant’s work and which endure into the twentieth century with the work of John Piper and the Shell Guides. There is an entanglement of time and space, of real and imaginary landscapes within these images, and I argue they represent a form of imaginative time travel. In addition to positioning the traveller in a particular place, the images also refer to particular spots of historical time. The practice of ‘extra illustration’ (sometimes called ‘Grangerisation’) through which the reader customizes their copy of a book also braids multiple temporalities into the reader/viewer experience of landscape. This is mediated by the nature of these extra illustrations, which are from disparate sources and historical contexts, appearing contiguously within the text. The depiction of the traveller in these images constructs and encourages the performance of a particular kind of touristic persona. The tourist is cast in the role of an eighteenth-century antiquarian – the amateur scholar seeking out archaeological remains, ruined buildings or ‘picturesque’ views, equally interested in collecting folklore as they are in historical fact, and engagingly non-specialist in their interest in a diverse range of subjects and approaches.
Drawing and the remembered city
Authors: Howeson Anne 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
This article discusses place, memory and drawing. It suggests that ‘place’ can be a key theme for illustrators and artists – a container and metaphor for social, political and historical ideas. Using personal case studies, memory is considered as a storeroom of ideas with a close connection to the imagination. Atmosphere, mood and the role of colour, light and shadow are presented as primary ways of communicating complex ideas through intuition and emotion, in addition to the language of intellect, reason and the conceptual.
Illustrating Corsica: The modernist landscape of John Minton’s Time Was Away
Authors: Neal Ian 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
The article considers John Minton’s (1917–57) illustrations of landscape for the book Time Was Away: A Notebook in Corsica (1948) with an aim to recover their significance in the history of illustration. Certain illustrations are positioned as notable for their ambiguous relationship to the text. I elaborate thinking around text–image relations alongside questions concerning the cross-fertilization of fine art and illustration. In their adoption of modernist principles, Minton’s illustrations are significant in recasting the role of illustration in the artistic context of post-war Britain. In melding formalist effects with realist concerns, the illustrations raise broader matters around realism, fine art and the democratic potential of illustration. I show that in seizing on cinematic techniques, Minton offers an effectively modern response to the traditional paradigm of depth associated with landscape and thereby proffers an alternative to the Modernist paradox that a teleological development of painting is at odds with landscape.
The role of orality in radio news frame-building processes: Testing a model of analysis applied to Spanish news radio
Authors: Montagut Calvo Marta 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
Frame analysis of radio news requires a specific methodology that goes beyond mere textual analysis. The formal features of the medium – especially its orality – substantially modify the construction of frames on air. We propose a methodological model for frame analysis for radio that analyses oral discourse and text. Emphatic resources used in intonation building in a text – such as stress or pauses – make the communicative act more effective by acting as a framing device, by reinforcing an existing frame through attitude, emotion and paralinguistic information or by contradicting textual content and suggesting a subtext, resulting in a dual frame. These functions in framing correlate, generally, with the pragmatic functions of intonation. The proposed analytical model endeavours to locate stress and strategic pauses as two key elements in the construction of media frames through oral discourse. These elements add nuances to the text, provide strategic information on the frame (or communicative context) and provide key information on the role of radio journalists in building frames.
Lean back: Songza, ubiquitous listening and Internet music radio for the masses
Authors: Baade Christina 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
Launched in late 2010, Songza was a small player in the Internet radio universe, available only in the United States and Canada. However, the trade press celebrated Songza for its novel solution to bringing Internet radio to mainstream and profits back to the music industry: ‘lean back’ listening. In June 2014, Google acquired Songza, incorporating its staff, ethos of expert curation, context-sensitive playlists and staunch ‘anti-snobbery’ into Google Play Music, now available in 62 countries and a major competitor in online music. In this article, I investigate how ‘lean back’ listening helped Songza court a wider audience for Internet radio. To do so, I examine how these efforts were framed in the trade press, arguing that Songza’s mass appeal must be understood in relation to histories of domestic ambient music listening, including how it has been devalued and feminized. I also consider the Canadian context, countering how the US context has been generalized in the far from borderless world of streaming music. Ultimately, I argue, Songza’s ‘solutions’ obscured problems involving what happens when music becomes a service; the relation between domesticity, the public and the media; and the place of gender, labour, pleasure and democratic practices in the discussion.
Is the Virtue of Integrity Redundant in Aristotelian Virtue Ethics?
Authors: Kristjánsson Kristján 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
Integrity – the darling of many contemporary virtue ethicists – does not seem to feature in Aristotle’s system. This article explores whether integrity is redundant in Aristotelian virtue ethics, even of the reconstructed neo-Aristotelian kind, in the sense that any role it could reasonably be expected to play is already adequately covered by other virtues. I explain why that may be the case. Nevertheless, I propose to answer this question eventually in the negative by carving out a role for integrity within Aristotelian virtue ethics, which arguably no other construct covers, in integrating the moral but non-virtuous commitments of the continent. Prior to that, however, some ground-clearing is needed, calling for a number of discrete arguments. We need to know, for instance, how to understand ‘integrity’, and whether vice is potentially amenable to integration in the same way as virtue allegedly is. We also need to inquire whether integrity is better understood as a moral or an intellectual virtue. While I am mostly interested in the role of integrity as a higher-order (‘meta’ and/or ‘master’) virtue, I pay some attention also to accounts that consider it simply as one standard virtue among many.
Mimetic Desire and the Complication of the Conventional Neo-Slave Narrative Form in Edward P. Jones’s The Known World
Authors: Chukwumah Ignatius 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
When critics declare that Edward P. Jones’s The Known World represents moral turpitude, capitalist proclivities, slavery, and whittling of white supremacy, their assertions are in order. But they often miss accounting for how The Known World, which bears some indices of the neo-slave narrative owing to its appropriation of the incidents of slavery in a novelistic platform, complicates its sub-tradition. This work investigates the text’s two-fold complication. First, Jones complicates the neo-slave narrative form by depicting slavery from a little known perspective of intra-racial slavery amongst black people. Then, he casts a white character, and not a black one, in the mold of a classical tragic hero. Mimetic desire, René Girard’s concept for an individual’s imitation of a prior model’s behavior, is drawn on to bare characters’ actions that accentuate both strands of complication. As the basis of all human action that includes rivalry, violence, and scapegoating, mimetic desire unravels the ‘mystery’ surrounding the sort of slavery overwhelmingly acknowledged by critics as untraditional in The Known World and the tragedy, also unique to the neo-slave narrative form, it gives rise to.
Intermediales Ensemble der „Narrenburg“: Stifters Solitär in vergleichender Methode
Authors: Gerigk Anja 
Published: June 2018

AbstractAs a methodical exercise, Stifter’sNarrenburgfrom theStudienis subjected to new comparative approaches. Initial complications between testament (“Fideicommiß”) and the eponymous castle are revealed as a memorial dispositive of two distinct, but intertwined media: writing and the spatial complex of built “Rothenstein”. Another form of difference emerges from intermedial enquiry. First, the focus on temporal ir/reversibility reconsiders what has been regarded as the historicist background of the narrative, thus providing a more dynamic reading of dealing with the past. Secondly, singular and compound architectures need to be distinguished in order to evaluate the ambivalent aesthetics of the “Narrenburg”. Finally, the angle of solitary vs. ensemble is transferred onto the opening scenes of Kafka’s novelDas Schloß. This intertextual comparison does not rely on similar motifs or symbolic meaning; rather, designing space depends on building specific relations, even in literary texts. Along with the theoretical upgrade of productive intermediality the interdisciplinary value of architectural concepts beyond mere topographical perspectives becomes apparent.
Traps and incentives
Authors: Manes Eran , Shapira Daniel , Tobol Yossi 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
Many theories of development traps rely on coordination failures. In this paper we develop a theory of incentive traps in organizations, which demonstrates how the provision of incentives may itself become reinforcing for the emergence of traps. Our theory marks the dynamic interplay between incentives and performance in teams where peer-effects are present, the returns to which accrue far beyond the career horizon of current cohort of agents, while taking into account both intergenerational learning dynamics and the existence of markets for talent. The theory may help explain why high-quality research is rewarded less in those institutions where it is mostly scarce, why relative wages of professors in some developing countries are significantly lower than in developed economies, or why governments expenditure on education as percent of GDP is substantially lower in LDCs as compared to developed economies.
Stress evaluation in displacement-based 2D nonlocal finite element method
Authors: Pisano Aurora Angela , Fuschi Paolo 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe evaluation of the stress field within a nonlocal version of the displacement-based finite element method is addressed. With the aid of two numerical examples it is shown as some spurious oscillations of the computed nonlocal stresses arise at sections (or zones) of macroscopic inhomogeneity of the examined structures. It is also shown how the above drawback, which renders the stress numerical solution unreliable, can be viewed as the so-called locking in FEM, a subject debated in the early seventies. It is proved that a well known remedy for locking, i.e. the reduced integration technique, can be successfully applied also in the nonlocal elasticity context.