bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epidemiological Study of Thoracolumbar Pott’s Spine at a Tertiary Care Hospital in North India
Authors: Gupta Asheesh Kumar , Srivastava Aditya , Sengar R.L.S. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The vertebral column is involved in less than 1% of all the cases of tuberculosis. It can associated with major neurological deficits due to compression of adjacent neural structures with significant deformity of spinal column. Therefore, early diagnosis and management of spinal TB has special importance in preventing these serious complications. In order to extract current trends in diagnosis and medical or surgical treatment of spinal TB we performed a review with patients admitted to our hospital between 2016 and 2017. Although the development of more accurate imaging modalities such as magnetic resonance imaging and advanced surgical techniques have made the early diagnosis and management of spinal TB much easier, these are still very challenging topics. In this review we aim to discuss the diagnosis and management of spinal TB based on studies with acceptable design, clearly explained results and justifiable conclusions.
‘The Millenarian Dream Continued’: Foundation Day, Vision 2020 and the Post-Mun Unification Movement
Authors: Pokorny Lukas 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Drawing on a variety of primary sources and numerous interviews and personal conversations with adherents from East Asia, Europe and the United States, this paper sheds light on the latest historical and doctrinal developments in the South Korean Unification Movement, following the passing of its founder and self-proclaimed Saviour, Mun Sŏn-myŏng, in September 2012. Recent personnel changes resulting in the uncontested leadership of Mun’s wife, Han Hak-cha, as well as the two key events of 2012 and 2013-Mun’s funeral and Foundation Day-will be briefly outlined. Concomitant doctrinal alterations in the interpretation of the movement’s integral millenarian vision, fleshing out as ‘Cheon Il Guk 2.0’ and entailing a revised notion of Foundation Day and the newly launched Vision 2020 scheme, will also be discussed. Ultimately, this paper shows how the Unification Movement has rendered its executive and theological base apt to preserve its systemically constitutive millenarian agenda for a post-Mun and post-Foundation Day era.
Sino-Russian Relations: The Impact of Central Asian Energy Resources
Authors: Eder Thomas Stephan 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe following paper strives to (1) present the reader with the results of my preceding book on the subject (Eder 2014) and to (2) review the trends that had been predicted therein. It provides a concise analysis of the Sino-Russian relationship’s history, an account of post-Soviet regional energy projects, and an analysis and interpretation of the mainland Chinese discourse on the impact of the Central Asian energy issue on this relationship. The issue has been broadly discussed as a possible source of friction since the global financial and economic crisis. Chinese authors predicted that a great deal of co-ordination and compromise would be needed because of Russian sensitivities but conveyed confidence that their country’s ‘inevitable’ expansion of crucial energy relations would be manageable. The book thus predicted a successful handling of competing interests in the short term but still foresaw a challenge to the ‘strategic partnership’ through the gradually shifting power balance. Over the last 18 months, China has advanced even faster and more comprehensively than anticipated and already overshadows Russia. Now undergirded by a more substantial political strategy, it quietly but resolutely pushes Moscow (and all its schemes of post-Soviet re-integration) aside. Managing ensuing frustrations and more blatant counter-measures will likely test the resolve and aptitude of Chinese policy-makers earlier than expected.
East Asian Foodways: How Ingredients Speak of Regionality
Authors: Mandl Martin 
Published: December 2018

Abstract“Food can be studied from the viewpoint of many disciplines” (Mennell, Murcott, and Otterloo 1992: 35), however it is rarely used to identify regionality above nation states. Talking about East Asian food or an East Asian culinary sphere however does imply this regionality. By means of ingredients used, this paper is therefore testing four Asian nations for membership in this potential culinary region. While distinctive local taste preferences are not denied, this paper draws on diverse evidence to argue for common patterns pointing towards an East Asian culinary region. In doing so, it does not define the region exclusively but rather limits its scope for feasibility, inviting future research to expand on its findings.
Pengaruh Penggabungan Metode Outdoor Dengan Indoor Learning Menggunakan Sistem Sepur Selam
Authors: Hidayah Nikken Isnaini , Riski Vina Dwi , Kumalasari Lela , Astutiningtyas Erika Laras 
Published: December 2018

Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh penggabungan metode Outdoor dengan Indoor Learning menggunakan sistem sepekan di luar sepekan di dalam (SEPUR SELAM) terhadap prestasi belajar siswa pada pokok bahasan Polinomial kelas XI IPA SMA Negeri 1 Tawangsari tahun pelajaran 2017/2018. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian eksperimen semu. Data dikumpulkan menggunakan tes, dokumentasi, angket, observasi, dan wawancara. Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas XI IPA 3 sebagai kelas kontrol dan XI IPA 5 sebagai kelas eksperimen. Hasil analisis uji-t menunjukkan bahwa thitung = 6,098 > ttabel = 2,288 maka H0 ditolak. Disimpulkan bahwa terdapat pengaruh penggunaan penggabungan metode Outdoor dengan Indoor Learning menggunakan Sistem Sepekan di Luar Sepekan di Dalam (SEPUR SELAM) terdahap prestasi belajar siswa pada pokok bahasan Polinomial. Sedangkan angket respon siswa menyatakan 100% siswa tertarik dan mengalami kondisi pembelajaran yang berbeda dengan penggabungan metode Outdoor dengan Indoor Learning, sedangkan 97,4% siswa termotivasi dan tidak mengalami kejenuhan.
Kata kunci: Outdoor Learning;Indoor Learning;hasil belajar matematika

Abstract: His research aims to determine the effect of combining Outdoor methods with Indoor Learning using a week-long system within a week in (SEPUR SELAM) on student achievement on the subject of Polynomial class XI Science at SMA Negeri 1 Tawangsari in the academic year 2017/2018. The type of research used is experimental research. Data were collected using tests, documentation, questionnaires, observations, and interviews. The sample in this study were students of class XI IPA 3 as the control class and XI IPA 5 as the experimental class. The result of the t-test analysis shows that t count = 6.098> t table = 2.288 then H0 is rejected. It was concluded that there was an effect of using the combination of Outdoor methods with Indoor Learning using the Sepekan System outside the Week in (SEPUR SELAM) at the level of students' learning achievement on the subject of Polynomial. While the student response questionnaire stated 100% of students were interested and experienced different learning conditions with the incorporation of Outdoor methods with Indoor Learning, while 97.4% of students were motivated and did not experience saturation.
Keyword: Outdoor Learning;Indoor Learning; learning outcomes of mathematics
Language as an Eigenform and the Recursiom of Semiosis
Authors: Gasparyan D. E. 
Published: December 2018

The hypothesis of this paper is that language is one more Eigenform, the “external” description of which is impossible. It follows that the application of second-order cybernetics to Eigenform might be adequate. In this article, I would like to concentrate on one relatively small aspect of the idea of Eigenform suggested by Foerster, Kauffman and Spenser-Brawn. I will use Foerster`s recursive approach namely that neither observer nor the thing observed can precede each other, but instead mutually assume each other. In my research, language would stand in the place of the observer, and in the place of the thing – the world itself. To specify further, I focus on the problem of noting, and in particular, on how signs correspond to things. Therefore, I will try to show that the sign and the object (the signifier and the signified) do not precede one another and do not exist isolated from each other, but on the contrary, condition each other. Thus, language creates the world of objects, but in turn, it is created by the world. Thus it is a model of self-referentiality, which arranges the form of language as Eigenform as the idea of “mutual referentiality,” as we see it in the relation between language and the world.
Spectrophotometric Determination of Chlordiazepoxide in Pharmaceutical Formulations via Oxidative Coupling Reaction with Phenothiazine
Authors: J. Ahmed Mariam , Abdullah Hind H. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
A sensitive, precise and reliable indirect spectrophotometric method for the determination of chlordiazepoxide (CDE) in pure and pharmaceutical dosage forms is described. The method is based on oxidative coupling reaction between amino group resulting from acidic decomposition of CDE with phenothiazine in the presence of sodium periodate to produce an intense green soluble dye that is stable and shows a maximum absorption at 602 nm. The calibration plot indicates that Beer’s law is obeyed over the concentration range of 0.1?50 µg/mL, with a molar absorptivity of 1×104 L/mol cm and correlation coefficient of 0.9994.All the conditions that affecting on the stability and sensitivity of the formed product were studied and optimized and the suggested method was effectively applied for the determination of CDE in commercial dosage forms.
Fluidized-Bed Heat Treating Equipment
Authors: Gao Weimin , Kong Lingxue , Hodgson Peter 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This article discusses the important characteristics of fluidized beds. The total space occupied by a fluidized bed can be divided into three zones: grid zone, main zone, and above-bed zone. The article discusses the various types of atmospheres of fluidized beds, such as oxidizing and decarburizing atmosphere; nitrocarburizing and nitriding atmosphere; carburizing and carbonitriding atmosphere; and chemical vapor deposition atmosphere. External resistance heating, external combustion heating, internal resistance heating, direct resistance heating, submerged combustion heating, and internal combustion heating can be used to achieve the heat input for a fluidized bed. The article also describes the operations, design considerations, and applications of fluidized-bed furnaces in heat treating. Thermochemical surface treatments, such as carburizing, carbonitriding, nitriding, and nitrocarburizing, are also discussed. Finally, the article reviews the principles and applications of fluidized-bed heat treatment.
Quench Factor Characterization of Quenchants for Hardening of Steel
Authors: Otero R.L.S. , Otero W.R. , Canale L.C.F. , Totten G.E. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractSuccessful hardening depends on the hardenability of steel composition, the geometry of parts, the quenching system, and on the heat treating process used. This article provides a brief overview of the computation and use of quench factor analysis (QFA) to quantify as-quenched hardness for carbon and low-alloy steels. As a single-value parameter alternative to Grossmann H-values, QFA is a potential method to qualify a quenching medium or process or to effectively monitor variation of quench severity due to either the quenchant or the system. The article describes the procedures for experimentally determining the quench factors by using a type 304 austenitic stainless steel probe. Typical examples of the utilization of QFA for quenchant characterization are provided. The article also describes the methods for experimentally generating time-temperature-property curves.
Heat Treating of Boron Steels
Authors: Deva Anjana , Kumar Jha Bimal 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This article provides a detailed discussion on the effect of boron in heat-treated steel and thermomechanically-simulated steel. It describes the boron hardenability mechanism and the effect of composition and heat treatment parameters on boron hardenability. The article examines the hardening behavior of unalloyed boron steel and low-alloyed boron steel in heat treatment experiments by varying the austenitizing temperatures and cooling conditions. It also discusses the applications of boron steels.
Heat Treating of Cold-Work Tool Steels—Low- and Un-Alloyed Water and Oil Hardening Steels
Authors: Mesquita Rafael Agnelli , Schneider Reinhold , Gonçalves Cristiane Sales 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This article provides a detailed discussion on various recommended heat treating practices, including normalizing, annealing, austenitizing, quenching, tempering, stress relieving, preheating, and martempering, for various low- and un-alloyed cold-work hardening tool steels. The steels discussed include water-hardening tool steels, shock-resisting tool steels, oil hardening cold-work tool steels, low-alloy special-purpose tool steels, and carbon-tungsten special-purpose tool steels.
Heat Treatment of Bearings
Authors: Chidester Alan J. , Darragh Craig V. , Hoff Robert C. , Imundo John R. , Maloney James L. , Nitescu Dan 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The choice of heat treatment depends on the service requirements of a given bearing and how the bearing will be made. This article describes the design parameters, material characteristics required to sustain performance characteristics, metallurgical properties, and dimensional stability. It also provides a description of various extensively-used heat treatment processes, namely, carburizing, carbonitriding, induction surface hardening, and nitriding associated with various bearings. In addition, the article explores the factors to be considered in selecting a process and explains why it is optimum for a specific application.
Energy Sources Used for Fusion Welding
Authors: Eagar Thomas W. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Welding and joining processes are essential for the development of virtually every manufactured product. This article discusses the fundamentals of fusion welding processes, with an emphasis on the underlying scientific principles. It reviews the role of energy-source intensity and the width of the heat-affected zone in fusion welding processes. The article contains figures from which the properties of any heat source can be estimated readily.
Resistance Seam Welding
Authors: Karagoulis Michael J. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Resistance seam welding (RSEW) is a process in which the heat generated by resistance to the flow of electric current in the work metal is combined with pressure to produce a welded seam. This article discusses the various classes of the RSEW process, namely roll spot welding, reinforced roll spot welding, and leak-tight seam welding. It provides information on the applications of lap seam weld, mash seam weld, and butt seam weld. The article reviews the advantages and limitations of seam welding compared to resistance spot welding, projection welding, and laser welding. It describes the four basic types of resistance seam weld machines: circular, longitudinal, universal, and portable. The article concludes with a discussion on weld quality and process control for seam welding.
Low-Temperature Solid-State Welding
Authors: Rosen R.S. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This article describes low-temperature solid-state welding processes in relation to the interlayer fabrication method, welding method, and welding parameters. The interlayer fabrication method is used to produce vacuum coated interlayers, electrodeposited interlayers, and foil interlayers. The article discusses welding methods, including uniaxial compression and hot isostatic pressing. The article provides information on the effect of base-metal surface finish on the tensile strength of joints solid-state welded using silver interlayers in tabular form and addresses the surface cleaning steps of base-metals.
Welding of Nickel Alloys
Authors: Hinshaw E.B. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Nickel alloys can be joined reliably by all types of welding processes or methods, with the exception of forge welding and oxyacetylene welding. This article discusses the heat treatment of nickel alloys and tabulates nominal compositions of selected weldable wrought nickel and nickel alloys. It provides information on gas-tungsten arc welding, gas-metal arc welding, plasma arc welding, shielded metal arc welding, and submerged arc welding for welding nickel alloys. The article reviews the defects encountered in the arc welding of nickel alloys, including porosity, cracking, and stress-corrosion cracking. It provides information on the factors that influence the choice of filler metal and welding process of nickel alloys.
Brazing of Refractory and Reactive Metals
Authors: Batista Roy I. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This article provides a discussion on filler metal selection, brazing procedures, and brazing equipment for brazing refractory metals. These include molybdenum, tungsten, niobium, and tantalum, and reactive metals. Commercially pure and alpha titanium alloys, alpha-beta alloys, zirconium alloys, and beryllium alloys are some reactive metals discussed in the article.
Fitness-for-Service Assessment of Welded Structures
Authors: Gordon J.R. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractFitness-for-service assessment procedures can be used to assess the integrity, or remaining life, of components in service. Depending on the operating environment and the nature of the applied loading, a structure can fail by a number of different modes: brittle fracture, ductile fracture, plastic collapse, fatigue, creep, corrosion, and buckling. This article focuses on the broad categories of these failure modes: fracture, fatigue, environmental cracking, and high-temperature creep. It also discusses the benefits of a fitness-for-service approach.
Evaluation and Quality Control of Brazed Joints
Authors: Vollaro Mary B. , Miller Jule A. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This article outlines the requirements and methods associated with the inspection of brazements. It emphasizes the incorporation of these requirements into the overall quality system. The article reviews the acceptance limits, design limitations, and nondestructive and destructive inspection techniques involved in the brazement inspection. Selected case studies are also provided for further reference.
Ferromagnetic Resonance
Authors: Bhagat S.M. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) is used in the identification of the magnetic state of materials, the quantitative determination of static magnetic parameters, and the determination of microwave losses. This article describes the theory of ferromagnetic resonance and provides information on reflection spectrometers, microwave spectrometers, and ferromagnetic anti-resonance spectrometers used for measuring FMR. It also discusses the applications of FMR and provides several detailed examples.
Optical Metallography
Authors: Louthan M.R. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractOptical metallography, one of the most common materials characterization techniques, uses visible light to magnify structural features of interest. This article discusses the use of optical methods to evaluate micro and macrostructure and relate it to process conditions and material behavior. It covers the steps involved in sample preparation, including sectioning, mounting, grinding, polishing, and etching, and presents several examples of macro and microanalysis on various metals and alloys.
Electron Probe X-Ray Microanalysis
Authors: Heinrich Kurt F.J. , Newbury Dale E. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) makes it possible to combine structural and compositional analysis in one operation. This article describes the basic concepts of microanalysis and the processing of EPMA that involves the measurement of the characteristic X-rays emitted from a microscopic part of a solid specimen bombarded by a beam of accelerated electrons. It provides information on the various aspects of energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS) and wavelength-dispersive spectrometry (WDS), and elucidates the qualitative analysis of the major constituents of EDS and WDS. The article includes information on the analog and digital compositional mapping of elemental distribution, and describes the strengths and weaknesses of WDS and EDS spectrometers in X-ray mapping. It also outlines the application of EPMA for solving various problems in materials science.
KÜRESEL KRİZ SONRASI GELİŞMİŞ ÜLKE MERKEZ BANKALARININ NEGATİF FAİZ ORANI POLİTİKASI UYGULAMALARI: BİR DEĞERLENDİRME
Authors: BAŞTÜRK Meryem Filiz , ERTÜRK Emin 
Published: December 2018

2008
Finansal krizinin ardından geleneksel politika aracı olarak kullanılan kısa
vadeli faiz oranları gelişmiş ülke merkez bankaları tarafından sıfıra yakın
düzeye indirilmiştir. Böylece kısa vadeli faiz oranının bir politika aracı
olarak uygulanma imkânı ortadan kalkmıştır. Bu durum, gelişmiş ülke merkez
bankaları arasında geleneksel olmayan para politikalarının uygulama alanını
genişletmiştir ve bu politika setine son olarak negatif faiz politikasının da
eklendiği gözlemlenmektedir. Negatif faiz politikasının amacı, merkez
bankalarında tutulan aşırı rezervleri azaltarak özel sektöre kullandırılacak
olan kaynakları arttırmak ve böylece ekonomik canlanmaya katkı sağlamaktır. Çalışmada
sıra dışı bir para politikası aracı olan negatif faiz oranı politikası
incelenmiştir. Bu doğrultuda negatif faiz oranı politikasını uygulayan merkez
bankalarının deneyimlerine yer verilmiştir. Politikanın uygulanma süresi
dikkate alındığında sonuçlarına dair kesin bir değerlendirme yapmak mümkün
değildir. Ancak geleneksel olmayan ve kısmen yaygınlaşan uygulamaların etkileri
para politikasına ilişkin güncel tartışmaları kavrayabilme açısından önem
taşımaktadır.
CEM TÖRENLERİNDE KAMBERLİK/ZÂKİRLİK GELENEĞİ: BALIKESİR ÇEPNİLERİ ÖRNEĞİ
Authors: ŞAHİN Halil İbrahim 
Published: December 2018

Balıkesir
Çepnilerinin cem törenlerinde kamberlerin veya zâkirlerin rollerini belirlemeyi
hedefleyen bu makalenin verileri alan araştırmalarında kamberlik hizmetini
yürüten kaynak kişilerle yapılan görüşmeler sonucunda elde edilmiştir.
Balıkesir ve civarında yaşayan Çepnilerin cemlerindeki safhalar ve bu
safhalarda kamberlerin üstlendiği roller üzerine yoğunlaşan çalışmada
kamberlerin söyledikleri şiirler, cem düzeni içinde irdelenmiştir. Yapılan
tespit ve değerlendirmelerin neticesinde Çepni cemlerinin icra edilmesinde “dede”
adı verilen ve cem törenlerinin idaresini sağlayan kişiden sonra kamberlerin,
törenin yapılabilmesi için oldukça kilit bir öneme sahip olduğu görülmüştür.
Cem törenlerinin hazırlıklarının yapıldığı aşamalardan başlayarak cem
törenindeki ibadetlerin ve hizmetlerin yerine getirilmesinde kamberlerin icra
ettikleri nefeslerin katkısı vardır. Hatta kamberlerin icra ettikleri şiirlerin
ve müziklerin olmaması durumunda, cemdeki uygulamanın yapılması mümkün
değildir. Türk halk şiiri geleneğiyle yakın ilişki içinde bulunan kamberler,
cem törenlerinde çoğunlukla ulu ozanların şiirlerini söylemekte ve bu şiirlerde
çoğunlukla değişiklik yapmamaktadırlar. Çepni cemlerinde kamberlerin çoğunlukla
Pir Sultan Abdal, Şah Hatayî ve Kul Himmet gibi halk şairlerinin şiirlerini
icra ettikleri ve kendilerine ait şiirleri ise cem törenlerine dâhil
etmedikleri tespit edilmiştir.