bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activities of Fractions of Plant Parts of Pterocarpus santalinoides
Authors: Emencheta S. C. , Enweani I. B. , Oli A. N. , Okezie U. M. , Attama A. A. 
Published: September 2019

Aims: The study aims to investigate the antimicrobial activities of the leaves, seeds, bark, and root of Pterocarpus santalinoides plant.
Study Design: Agar well diffusion and Agar well dilution methods were used to test the preliminary antimicrobial and minimum inhibitory/bactericidal/fungicidal concentrations respectively of Pterocarpus santalinoides plants.
Place and Duration of Study: Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Agulu Campus, Nigeria, between February – October, 2017.
Methodology: Primary extraction and fractionation of the plant parts were undertaken with methanol, butanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane. Agar diffusion method for the primary antimicrobial screening on Muller-Hinton agar (bacteria) and Sabouraud dextrose agar (fungi) were used to assess the antimicrobial activities of the sixteen (16) samples on some microbial isolates namely Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, Microsporon canis, and Trichophyton rubrum. The minimum Inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentration (MBC/MFC) and percentage inhibition diameter growth (PIDG) of the samples that yielded positive activity were also evaluated.
Results: Twelve (12) samples exhibited inhibitory activity on at least one or more of the test isolates. The MIC range observed for the extracts and fractions that yielded positive activity was 12.5 – 100 mg/ml. The n-hexane fraction of the plant root indicated the best value of 12.5 mg/ml against M. canis. The best MBC/MFC value of 25 mg/ml was observed with the ethyl acetate fraction of the bark (against E. coli and M. canis) and the n-hexane fraction of the root (against M. canis). The result showed S. typhi to be the most sensitive organism to the metabolites of P. santalinoides. Extended-spectrum activity was observed with the ethyl acetate fraction of the bark against three (3) of the test isolates namely S. typhi, E. coli and M. canis. The determination of PIDG values for the test organisms against the plants’ extracts/fractions showed that crude methanol extract (28.57%) and ethyl-acetate fraction (0.14%) of the leaves, butanol fraction (0.14%) of the root (all against S. typhi) were the most potent test samples.
Conclusion: The results indicated that the plant parts may have potential medicinal values and confirmed its use in traditional medicine.
Serum Electrolytes and Red Blood Cell Membrane Potential of Hypertensive Patients
Authors: Constance Nwadike , Ijeoma Nosiri Chidi , Adindu Eze , Chimaraoke Onyeabo , Sunday Ezekwe Ahamefula , Catherine Onyejiekwe 
Published: September 2019

Serum electrolyte and red blood cell membrane potential of hypertensive patients in Owerri metropolis were investigated. A total of 50 volunteer subjects were used for the study. Thirty (30) of the volunteer subjects were hypertensive subjects and were used as test subjects; while the remaining 20 subjects were healthy subjects with normal blood pressure used as normentensive subjects (control). Results observed showed increased red blood cell (RBC) K+ and Cl- in hypertension subjects against normentensive subjects. Apart from K+ which reduced significantly (p<0.05), other electrolyte ions of the serum increased significantly (p<0.05) in hypertensive subjects against normentensive subjects. However, Na+ and Cl- membrane potential was not significantly (p>0.05) altered in hypertensive subjects against normotensive subjects while K+ was significantly (p<0.05) altered. The observed alterations in the parameters investigated in hypertensive subjects in the present study could be as a result of a host of derangements involving electrolyte metabolism, altered membrane transport and a possible increase in membrane fragility. This study has shown the serum electrolyte and red blood cell membrane potential of hypertensive patients in Owerri metropolis.
U.S. Food and Drug Administration (
FDA
) and The Products It Regulates
Authors: Onel Suzan , Davidson Jennifer A. , Dwyer Daniel , Ehrlich Stacy , Meyer Cynthia L. , Reagan Kinsey S. , Woodlee James William , Chan Jacqueline , Logan T. Daniel 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is the primary federal government agency that is responsible for protecting and promoting public health by assuring the safety, efficacy, and security of human and veterinary drugs, biologics, medical devices, food, dietary supplements, cosmetics, tobacco, and products that emit radiation. To achieve this mission, the FDA balances the twin goals of assuring products are safe and effective and encouraging innovation and new product entry into the market. As a science‐based institution, the FDA also reviews clinical research, monitors the marketing practices of regulated‐industry to assure the public gets accurate, science‐based information, and interacts with international bodies with the goal of reducing the burden of regulation and harmonizing regulatory requirements.
The FDA's organization currently consists of the Office of the Commissioner and four directorates overseeing the core functions of the agency. Functionally, the FDA is comprised of six product centers: the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), the Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM), the Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH), the Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), and the Center for Tobacco Products (CTP). The FDA also has an office dedicated to research and multiple offices focused on global regulatory operations and policy. Collectively these Centers oversee the development, manufacture, promotion and distribution of drugs, biologics, veterinary products, medical devices, foods, dietary supplements, cosmetics, and tobacco in the United States under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FDCA) and its implementing regulations. This article provides a historical summary of the legal framework in which the FDA operates, discusses the FDA's organization and role, highlights the regulatory requirements for each of the product types the FDA regulates, and ends with a general discussion of the FDA's enforcement powers.
Textiles
Authors: Geršak Jelka 
Published: September 2019

AbstractTextiles refer to fibers and fiber assemblies, and most products for which these are a principal raw material. This article presents an overview of textile structures, from fibers, yarns to planar, flexible sheet‐like structures such as fiber‐based products, their classification, methods of manufacture, and uses. The structure and formation of fibers that govern their suitability for use in various applications are summarized briefly, and significant properties and performance of textile structures are given. The focus is directed upon the structure and formation of fibers, including high‐performance fibers and other specialty fibers, based on an understanding of the fundamentals of textile chemistry and the processes by which textile fibers are converted into a wide variety of useful products. A brief overview of chemical treatments of textile structures and the chemistry of functional fibers and fabrics and a description of their development strategy are given. Finally, technical textiles and smart and intelligent textiles are highlighted, which are generating new applications for textiles, as well as an environmental impact.
Road Map of the PhylumCampylobacterota
Authors: Waite David W. , Chuvochina Maria S. , Hugenholtz Philip 
Published: September 2019

AbstractTheCampylobacterotais a novel phylum created from the reclassification of the proteobacterial classEpsilonproteobacteriaand orderDesulfurellales(Deltaproteobacteria). The phylum is organized according to phylogenies based on a concatenated alignment of 120 conserved protein marker sequences and the 16S rRNA gene. Like any phylogenetic inference, this road map is a hypothesis based on the data available at the time of writing and may be subject to change as new species are described, or other gene sequences considered. This road map incorporates relative evolutionary divergence to normalize subordinate ranks. It, therefore, includes a number of changes at the rank of order, family, and genus, which would otherwise not be affected by the merging of the former lineages.
M
ethanonatronarchaeaceae
Authors: Sorokin Dimitry Y. , Merkel Alexander Y. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Me.tha.no.na.tron.ar.chae.a.ce'ae. N.L. neut. n.
Methanonatronarchaeum
, the type genus of the family; ‐
aceae
ending to denote a family; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Methanonatronarchaeaceae
, the
Methanonatronarchaeum
family.

Halobacteriota / Methanonatronarchaeia / Methanonatronarchaeales / Methanonatronarchaeaceae

The family
Methanonatronarchaeaceae
includes obligately anaerobic, extremely halophilic, or haloalkaliphilic methanogens with small coccoid cells which produce methane by reduction of C
1
‐methylated compounds with either H
2
or formate and assimilate either amino acids or acetate as C source. Cells accumulate intracellular potassium as a compatible solute. It is found exclusively in hypersaline lakes. The family consists of two genera: alkaliphilic
Methanonatronarchaeum
, which is the type genus, and neutrophilic
Candidatus
Methanohalarchaeum.

DNA G
+
C content (mol%)
: 35.4–38.0 (genomes).

Type genus
:
Methanonatronarchaeum
Sorokin, Merkel, Abbas, Makarova, Rijpstra, Koenen et al. 2018, 2205
VP
.
M
ethanohalobium
Authors: Zhilina Tatyana N. , Merkel Alexander Y. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Me.tha.no.ha.lo'bi.um. N.L. neut. n.
methanum
methane; Gr. masc. n.
hals, halos
salt; Gr. masc. n.
bios
life; N.L. neut. n.
Methanohalobium
methane‐producing organism living in salt.

Euryarchaeota / Methanomicrobia / Methanosarcinales / Methanosarcinaceae / Methanohalobium

Cells flat, polygonal, or irregular spheroid bodies in small aggregates or single. Gram stain variable. Nonmotile. Oxidized cells have strong F
420
‐based autofluorescence. Strictly anaerobic. Extremely halophilic and moderately thermophilic. Grows optimally at 40–50°C (growth range, 35–58°C), 4.3 M Na
+
(growth range, 2.6–5.1 M Na
+
), and pH 7.0–7.5 (growth range pH 6.6–8.0). Obligately methylotrophic methanogen using methylamines for both growth and methanogenesis. Trimethylamine is the preferred substrate. Methanol is utilized at very low concentrations (<5 mM). Acetate, formate, H
2
/CO
2
, and alcohols (other than methanol) are not utilized. The core membrane lipids include archaeol, caldarchaeol, and cyclic archaeol. Intact polar lipids include phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol. A member of the order
Methanosarcinales
, family
Methanosarcinaceae
. Known habitats are saline lagoons with variable salinity up to halite deposition.

DNA G
+
C content (mol%)
: 36.4 (genome)

Type species
:
Methanohalobium evestigatum
Zhilina and Zavarzin 1988, 136
VP
(Effective publication: Zhilina and Zavarzin 1987, 467) (
Methanohalobium evestigatus
(sic) Zhilina and Zavarzin 1987, 467).
B
ilophila
Authors: Galushko Alexander , Kuever Jan 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Bi.lo'phi.la. L. fem. n.
bilis
, gall, bile; Gr. adj.
philus
, loving; N.L. fem. n.
Bilophila
, bile‐loving organism.

Desulfobacterota / Desulfovibrionia / Desulfovibrionales / Desulfovibrionaceae / Bilophila

Rod‐shaped cells with rounded ends, measuring 0.7–1.0 µm × 1.0–2.0 µm. Occur singly or in pairs; occasionally long filaments are observed. Spore formation is not observed. Stain Gram‐negative. Nonmotile. Strictly anaerobic, having a respiratory type of metabolism. Chemoorganoheterotrophic and nonfermentative. Metabolize peptone but not carbohydrates. The major product from peptone is acetic acid with lesser to trace amounts of succinic acid. Able to reduce nitrate to nitrite. Sulfide is produced from sulfur‐containing amino acids and from sulfite and sometimes from thiosulfate, but the organisms do not reduce sulfur. Strongly catalase‐positive (when tested with 15% H
2
O
2
). Approximately 75–90% of strains produce urease, depending on the test system (Claros et al., 1999). In the presence of formate,
B. wadsworthia
utilizes taurine as an electron acceptor with the production of acetate and the reduction of sulfonate sulfur to sulfide (Laue et al., 1997; Cook et al., 1998). The dissimilatory sulfite reductase (desulfoviridin) of
B. wadsworthia
is related to that of
Desulfovibrio
(Laue et al., 2001). Isolated from gastrointestinal, genital, and oral (periodontal) cavities of humans and other mammals (dogs), and sewage sludge.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 59.2 (genome).

Type species
:
Bilophila wadsworthia
Baron, Summanen, Downes, Roberts, Wexler and Finegold 1990, 320
VP
(Effective publication: Baron, Summanen, Downes, Roberts, Wexler and Finegold 1989, 3410).
D
esulfoprunum
Authors: Galushko Alexander , Kuever Jan 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

De.sul.fo.pru'num. L. pref.
de
‐ off, from; L. neut. n.
sulfur
sulfur, L. neut. n.
prunum
plum; N.L. neut. n.
Desulfoprunum
a plum‐shaped sulfate‐reducing bacterium.

Desulfobacterota / Desulfobulbia / Desulfobulbales / Desulfocapsaceae / Desulfoprunum

Oval‐shaped cells, 0.8–1.0 µm × 3–5 µm. Occur singly or in pairs. Spore formation is not observed. Gram‐stain‐negative. Nonmotile. Strictly anaerobic, having a respiratory type of metabolism. Chemoorganoheterotroph, using short‐chain fatty acids, other organic acids, alcohols, and benzoate as carbon sources and electron donors. Electron donors are completely oxidized to CO
2
. Autotrophic growth on H
2
plus CO
2
and formate might be possible. Sulfate and thiosulfate serve as terminal electron acceptors and are reduced to H
2
S. DMSO is also used as an electron acceptor. Mesophilic. Optimal temperature for growth, 30°C. Neutrophilic. The optimal pH for growth is 7.3. Best growth in freshwater medium; the optimal concentration of NaCl for growth is between 0.1 and 1.0 g l
−1
. Media containing a reductant are necessary for cultivation. The major menaquinone is MK‐5 (V‐H
2
). The genus currently accommodates a single species
Desulfoprunum benzoelyticum
. The type strain of the genus was isolated from sewage sludge of the municipal wastewater plant in Konstanz, Germany.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 52.3 (LC).

Type species
:
Desulfoprunum benzoelyticum
Junghare and Schink 2015, 82
VP
.
F
usicatenibacter
Authors: Takada Toshihiko , Kurakawa Takashi , Tsuji Hirokazu , Nomoto Koji 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Fu.si.ca.te.ni.bac'ter. L. masc. n.
fusus
a spindle; L. fem. n.
catena
chain; N.L. masc. n.
bacter
a rod; N.L. masc. n.
Fusicatenibacter
a spindle‐shaped chain rod.

Firmicutes / Clostridia / Lachnospirales / Lachnospiraceae / Fusicatenibacter

Gram‐stain‐positive, strictly anaerobic, nonmotile, non‐spore‐forming, and spindle‐shaped rods arranged in pairs and short chains. Cells range in size from 1.5 to 15 µm in length and 0.5 to 1.0 µm in width. Produce lactate, formate, acetate and succinate as fermentation end products from glucose. Chemotaxonomic properties include lysine as the cell‐wall diamino acid and C
16
:0
, C
18
:1
ω7
c
DMA, and C
16
:0
DMA as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipid profile consists of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, and two aminoglycolipids. The
G
+
C
content of the genomic DNA is 46.9–47.2 mol% (HPLC). Members of the class
Clostridia
, order
Lachnospirales
, family
Lachnospiraceae
. Known habitat is human intestine.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 46.9–47.2 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Fusicatenibacter saccharivorans
Takada, Kurakawa, Tsuji, and Nomoto 2013, 3695
VP
.
F
alcatimonas
Authors: Ueki Atsuko , Kaku Nobuo , Ueki Katsuji 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Fal.ca.ti.mo'nas L. adj.
falcatus
sickle or crescent shaped; Gr. fem. n.
monas
a unit; N.L. fem. n.
Falcatimonas
a sickle‐shaped unit.

Firmicutes / Clostridia / Clostridiales / Lachnospiraceae / Falcatimonas

Obligately anaerobic and chemoorganotrophic. Gram‐stain‐negative curved rods. Motile. Asaccharolytic and grows well in PY medium. Major fermentation products from peptone and amino acids include acetate, butyrate, and branched‐chain fatty acids. Catalase‐negative. Major cellular fatty acids are compounds related to iso‐C
15
:0
(fatty acid, dimethylacetal, or aldehyde). The cell wall contains
meso
‐diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic amino acid of peptidoglycan. The genus belongs to the family
Lachnospiraceae
in the order
Clostridiales
.

The type strain of the type species was isolated from a methanogenic reactor of livestock wastewater. Almost identical sequences of 16S rRNA gene were detected from wastewater and anaerobic sludge of different countries, suggesting that members of the bacterial group are geographically dispersed and participate in anaerobic degradation of compounds derived from protein.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 38.8 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Falcatimonas natans
Watanabe, Kaku, Ueki and Ueki 2016, 4642
VP
.
Upconverting Nanorockers for Intracellular Viscosity Measurements During Chemotherapy
Authors: Rodríguez‐Sevilla Paloma , Sanz‐Rodríguez Francisco , Peláez Raúl P. , Delgado‐Buscalioni Rafael , Liang Liangliang , Liu Xiaogang , Jaque Daniel 
Published: September 2019

AbstractChemicals capable of producing structural and chemical changes on cells are used to treat diseases (e.g., cancer). Further development and optimization of chemotherapies require thorough knowledge of the effect of the chemical on the cellular structure and dynamics. This involves studying, in a noninvasive way, the properties of individual cells after drug administration. Intracellular viscosity is affected by chemical treatments and it can be reliably used to monitor chemotherapies at the cellular level. Here, cancer cell monitoring during chemotherapeutic treatments is demonstrated using intracellular allocated upconverting nanorockers. A simple analysis of the polarized visible emission of a single particle provides a real‐time readout of its rocking dynamics that are directly correlated to the cytoplasmic viscosity. Numerical simulations and immunodetection are used to correlate the measured intracellular viscosity alterations to the changes produced in the cytoskeleton of cancer cells by anticancer drugs (colchicine and Taxol). This study evidences the possibility of monitoring cellular properties under an external chemical stimulus for the study and development of new treatments. Moreover, it provides the biomedical community with new tools to study intracellular dynamics and cell functioning.
Microfluidic Fabrication of Capsule Sensor Platform with Double‐Shell Structure
Authors: Lee Tae Yong , Lee Sangmin , Kim Yeong Hwa , Kim Dong Jae , Amstad Esther , Lee Chang‐Soo , Kim Shin‐Hyun 
Published: September 2019

AbstractMetal nanoparticles are frequently employed for the colorimetric detection of specific target molecules using an aggregation‐induced shift of the localized surface plasmon resonance. However, metal nanoparticles dispersed in bulk solutions are prone to be contaminated by adhesive molecules and the dispersions tend to be diluted by sample fluids, restricting direct application to unpurified pristine samples. Here, a versatile capsule sensor platform is proposed that can encompass a variety of different types of nanoparticle‐based sensors. The capsule sensors are microfluidically prepared to obtain close control over their dimensions and composition. Their aqueous cores that are loaded with sensing materials are surrounded by an ultrathin inner oil shell and an outer hydrogel shell. The hydrogel shell prevents the diffusion of large adhesive molecules into the core, thereby preventing contamination of the sensing materials. The oil shell is selectively permeable such that it further improves the sensor selectivity. Importantly, these shells confine the sensing materials and prevent them from being diluted, securing a consistent optical property. Moreover, the capsule‐based sensors display a higher sensitivity than bulk dispersions because a smaller amount of sensing materials is used. The power of nanoparticle‐loaded capsule sensors is demonstrated using lysine‐coated gold nanoparticles to detect mercury ions.
Development of an In Situ Cancer Vaccine via Combinational Radiation and Bacterial‐Membrane‐Coated Nanoparticles
Authors: Patel Ravi B. , Ye Mingzhou , Carlson Peter M. , Jaquish Abigail , Zangl Luke , Ma Ben , Wang Yuyuan , Arthur Ian , Xie Ruosen , Brown Ryan J. , Wang Xing , Sriramaneni Raghava , Kim KyungMann , Gong Shaoqin , Morris Zachary S. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractNeoantigens induced by random mutations and specific to an individual's cancer are the most important tumor antigens recognized by T cells. Among immunologically “cold” tumors, limited recognition of tumor neoantigens results in the absence of a de novo antitumor immune response. These “cold” tumors present a clinical challenge as they are poorly responsive to most immunotherapies, including immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Radiation therapy (RT) can enhance immune recognition of “cold” tumors, resulting in a more diversified antitumor T‐cell response, yet RT alone rarely results in a systemic antitumor immune response. Therefore, a multifunctional bacterial membrane‐coated nanoparticle (BNP) composed of an immune activating PC7A/CpG polyplex core coated with bacterial membrane and imide groups to enhance antigen retrieval is developed. This BNP can capture cancer neoantigens following RT, enhance their uptake in dendritic cells (DCs), and facilitate their cross presentation to stimulate an antitumor T‐cell response. In mice bearing syngeneic melanoma or neuroblastoma, treatment with BNP+RT results in activation of DCs and effector T cells, marked tumor regression, and tumor‐specific antitumor immune memory. This BNP facilitates in situ immune recognition of a radiated tumor, enabling a novel personalized approach to cancer immunotherapy using off‐the‐shelf therapeutics.
Compositional Control in 2D Perovskites with Alternating Cations in the Interlayer Space for Photovoltaics with Efficiency over 18%
Authors: Luo Tao , Zhang Yalan , Xu Zhuo , Niu Tianqi , Wen Jialun , Lu Jing , Jin Shengye , Liu Shengzhong (Frank) , Zhao Kui 
Published: September 2019

Abstract2D perovskites stabilized by alternating cations in the interlayer space (ACI) represent a very new entry as highly efficient semiconductors for solar cells approaching 15% power conversion efficiency (PCE). However, further improvements will require understanding of the nature of the films, e.g., the thickness distribution and charge‐transfer characteristics of ACI quantum wells (QWs), which are currently unknown. Here, efficient control of the film quality of ACI 2D perovskite (GA)(MA)nPbnI3n+1 (〈n〉 = 3) QWs via incorporation of methylammonium chloride as an additive is demonstrated. The morphological and optoelectronic characterizations unambiguously demonstrate that the additive enables a larger grain size, a smoother surface, and a gradient distribution of QW thickness, which lead to enhanced photocurrent transport/extraction through efficient charge transfer between low‐n and high‐n QWs and suppressed nonradiative charge recombination. Therefore, the additive‐treated ACI perovskite film delivers a champion PCE of 18.48%, far higher than the pristine one (15.79%) due to significant improvements in open‐circuit voltage and fill factor. This PCE also stands as the highest value for all reported 2D perovskite solar cells based on the ACI, Ruddlesden–Popper, and Dion–Jacobson families. These findings establish the fundamental guidelines for the compositional control of 2D perovskites for efficient photovoltaics.