bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evolutionary theodicies – an attempt to overcome some impasses
Authors: Eikrem Asle , Ottesen Søvik Atle 
Published: September 2018

Summary
Mats Wahlberg argues that evolutionary theodicies fail to show how an evolutionary process was necessary in order to reach the goal(s) God is said to have had when creating our world. The authors of this article argue that Wahlberg‘s critique fails if one takes into consideration the distinction between type- and token-values. The question that guides Wahlberg‘s discussion is whether or not unique type-values require an evolution in order to be instantiated or not. He does not, however, discuss whether unique token-values require evolution. This article will address this question, and argue that the theodicies he claims to fail does not do so for the reasons put forward by Wahlberg if interpreted as focusing on token-unique values. The authors will also argue that theodicies other than those evaluated by Wahlberg succeed in identifying type-unique values that can only be brought about through evolution.
The Determinants of Military Expenditure in Asia and Oceania, 1992–2016: A Dynamic Panel Analysis
Authors: Hou Dongfang 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Using a dynamic panel approach, this article examines the determinants of military expenditures for 29 Asian and Oceanian countries during 1992–2016. A two-step difference-GMM estimator is applied. Both the impact of Chinese and US military expenditure on sample countries’ military budgets are considered. Results show that sample countries do not respond to Chinese military expenditure; however, these countries respond to US military expenditure. Moreover, lagged military expenditure, GDP, population, and trade openness are important determinants of military spending, while wars and regime type are not.
Cobalt hybrid catalysts in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis
Authors: Adeleke Aliu A. , Liu Xinying , Lu Xiaojun , Moyo Mahluli , Hildebrandt Diane 
Published: September 2018

AbstractCurrently, cobalt and zeolites are used in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) to produce gasoline-range hydrocarbons (GRHs) that constitute clean and environmentally friendly fuels. This technology has earned a great deal of attention from researchers across the world, as it provides a substitute for fuel derived from fossil crudes, which have hitherto been the sole source of the petrol and diesel required by the industry. However, owing to the depletion of the earth’s oil and coal reserves and the unfavourable environmental impact of conventional fuel production, an alternative source of fuel is needed. This article provides a critical review of the technological challenges involved in producing middle isoparaffins and olefins (gasoline hydrocarbons) by FTS. These involve combining cobalt-based catalysts and zeolites to form hybrid catalysts. In this review, we address most of these by setting out each method of creating cobalt and zeolite hybrid catalysts in turn, so that researchers can identify which applications are most effective for producing GRHs.
Who Pays for Card Payments? A General Model on the Role of Interchange Fees
Authors: Mariotto Carlotta , Verdier Marianne 
Published: September 2018

AbstractWhen a consumer pays by card, the merchant’s bank pays to the consumer’s bank an interchange fee. In this article, we construct a general model of a card platform that unifies the literature on interchange fees. We enrich the existing frameworks by analyzing the choice of the interchange fee when consumer demand is elastic to retail prices. We show that the difference between the privately set structure of payment card fees and the socially optimal one depends both on banks’ and merchants’ pass-through of their costs to consumers. We argue that the maturity of the payment card market impacts the redistributive effects of interchange fees (i.e. between consumers and merchants, card and cash users) and therefore, their optimal regulation.
The discursive distribution of subject pronouns in Spanish spoken in Georgia: A weakening of pragmatic constraints?
Authors: Limerick Philip P. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThis study examines subject expression from a pragmatic perspective in an emerging bilingual community of Roswell, Georgia, an exurb of Atlanta. Using sociolinguistic interviews conducted in Roswell, first-person singular subject pronoun (SP) usage is analyzed among 10 Mexican speakers within five distinct pragmatic contexts: salient referent, switch focus, contrastive focus, pragmatic weight, and epistemic parentheticals. A comparison is made between Georgia speakers and monolingual Mexican speakers in Querétaro in order to explore the possible weakening of pragmatic constraints due to English contact. Results indicate that a contact hypothesis is not supported in terms of overall overt pronoun usage as evidenced by similar frequencies when compared to monolingual Mexican varieties. However, an increased use of overt SPs in the context of salient referent as well as a diminished use of overt SPs in switch focus contexts is found, suggesting a potential weakened sensitivity to such pragmatic constraints.
Optimization of Gravel Road Blading
Authors: Steyn Wynand J. van der Merwe 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Blading maintenance of gravel roads is important to ensure that the functional performance of the road is optimal and that vehicle operating costs are minimized. In order to optimize the blading cycles, a system is required to monitor the functional performance of the road and inform the blading need. This system should preferably be low-cost and simple to operate, as the budgets available for such maintenance is typically low, and the condition needs to be monitored frequently because of the relatively quick deterioration in the functional performance of these roads through factors such as corrugation development. A method is described where the monitoring of the functional performance of gravel roads can be done at a regular frequency at no additional cost to the road owner. The effect of blading maintenance decisions taken based on the use of this system on a small gravel road network is illustrated. The optimization leads to fewer blading requirements, as only the sections where functional performance was inadequate were maintained, and in the long term, the condition of the road improved through regular appropriate blading.
Spor Bilimleri Fakültelerinde Okuyan Öğrencilerin Spor Sponsorluğuna Bakiş Açilarinin Farkli Demografik Özelliklere Göre Değerlendirilmesi
Authors: Tiryaki Kadir , Yetim A. Azmi 
Published: September 2018

Bu
araştırmada Spor Bilimleri Fakültesi öğrencilerinin spor sponsorluğuna bakış
açıları farklı demografik özelliklere göre değerlendirilmiştir. Araştırmanın
örneklemini Düzce Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Fakültesi Antrenörlük Eğitimi ve
Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Öğretmenliğinde 2016-2017 eğitim öğretim yılında öğrenim
gören 1.,2.,ve 3. Sınıf öğrencileri oluşturmaktadır.

Araştırmaya
105 erkek 83 kadın olmak üzere toplam 188 öğrenci gönüllü olarak katılmıştır.
Araştırmada verilerin toplanmasında, araştırmacı tarafından geliştirilen
kişisel bilgi formu ve Gül, M (2011)
tarafından geçerliği ve güvenirliği yapılmış, 20 maddeden oluşan beşli likert
tipi ölçekten yararlanılmıştır. Verilerin normal dağılım testi için kolmogorov-
simirnov, homojenlik testi için ise homogeneity of variances testi yapılmıştır.
İstatistiksel değerlendirilmesinde nonparametrik verilerde mann-whitney ve
Kruskal Wallis testleri kullanılmıştır. İstatistikî analizlerde anlamlılık
düzeyi p&lt;0.05 olarak seçilmiştir. Sonuç olarak Spor Bilimlerinde öğrenim
gören öğrencilerin, cinsiyet, bölüm, lisanslı olarak spor yaptıkları süre
değişkenlerinde anlamlı bir fark tespit edilmemiştir. Spor sponsorluğuna bakış açılarının sınıf
değişkeni açısından ise 3. Sınıflar lehine anlamlı fark oluğu görülmüştür.
“Come, Let Us Reason Together”: New Research and the Public Good
Authors: Jarrett Gene Andrew 
Published: September 2018

The university is the prophetic school out of which come the teachers who are to lead democracy in the true path. It is the university that must guide democracy into the new ields of arts and literature and science. It is the university that ights the battles of democracy, its warcry being: “Come, let us reason together.” (Harper 223)For our era, the ability to search and research—sorting, evaluating, verifying, analyzing, and synthesizing abundant information—is an incredibly valuable skill. With the advent of Twitter and fake news, as well as the digitization of vast archives made accessible for the irst time, these active learning skills should have a far larger role in higher education today. (Davidson 88)STUDENTS IN HIGHER EDUCATION SHOULD MASTER RESEARCH TO SOLVE THE GREAT SOCIETAL PROBLEMS OF THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY. Research—as Cathy N. Davidson succinctly defines it above—is one of many crucial topics in her compelling new bookThe New Education.Looking at the literature and data on American universities Davidson describes in her study, I venture that new research could contribute to the public good as long as research universities continue to advance democracy. Theoretical and practical notions of democracy, of course, have evolved remarkably since America's founding, oscillating between the ideological poles of “liberalism” and “illiberalism,” as some pundits have recently put it (Deneen 155–59). For the sense of American democracy anchoring my essay, I have in mind a “deliberative form of politics” that calls on “the demos to reflect upon itself and judge [the efforts of] laws, institutions, and leaders” to maintain the equality of social rights and privileges (Urbinati 16). The democratic prosperity of American society requires an increasingly diverse range of students to conduct new research on behalf of the intellectual and scholarly contributions of universities to the public good.
“I need to know what makes somebody tick …”: Challenges and Strategies of Implementing Shared Decision-Making in Individualized Oncology
Authors: Haltaufderheide Joschka , Wäscher Sebastian , Bertlich Bernhard , Vollmann Jochen , Reinacher-Schick Anke , Schildmann Jan 
Published: September 2018

Abstract

Background
Shared decision-making (SDM) has been advocated as an ethical framework for decision-making in cancer care. According to SDM, patients make decisions in light of their values and based on the available evidence. However, SDM is difficult to implement in cancer care. A lack of applicability in practice is often reported. This empirical-ethical study explores factors potentially relevant to current difficulties in translating the concept of SDM into clinical practice.

Methods
This study was conducted with nonparticipant observation of the decision-making process in patients with gastrointestinal cancers for whom the benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy was uncertain according to clinical guidelines. Triangulation of qualitative data analysis was conducted by means of semistructured interviews subsequent to the observation. Observation notes and interview transcripts were analyzed according to the principles of grounded theory.

Results
Deviating from the concept of SDM, oncologists initiated a process of eliciting values and medical information prior to conveying information. The purpose of this approach was to select and individualize information relevant to the treatment decision. In doing so, the oncologists observed used two strategies: “biographical communication” and a “metacommunicative approach.” Both strategies could be shown to be effective or to fail depending on patients’ characteristics such as their view of the physicians’ role and the relevance of value-related information for medical decision-making.

Conclusion
In contrast to the conceptual account of SDM, oncologists are in need of patient-related information prior to conveying information. Both strategies observed to elicit such information are in principle justifiable but need to be adapted in accordance with patient preferences and decision-making styles.

Implications for Practice
This study showed that knowledge of patients’ values and preferences is very important to properly adapt the giving of medical information and to further the process of shared decision-making. Shared decision-making (SDM) trainings should consider different strategies of talking about values. The right strategy depends largely on the patient's preferences in communication. To be aware of the role of values in SDM and to be able to switch communicative strategies might prove to be of particular value. A more systematic evaluation of the patient's decision-making preferences as part of routine procedures in hospitals might help to reduce value-related barriers in communication.
An Open Label Phase Ib Dose Escalation Study of TRC105 (Anti-Endoglin Antibody) with Axitinib in Patients with Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Choueiri Toni K. , Michaelson M. Dror , Posadas Edwin M. , Sonpavde Guru P. , McDermott David F. , Nixon Andrew B. , Liu Yingmiao , Yuan Zhenhua , Seon Ben K. , Walsh Meghara , Jivani Manoj A. , Adams Bonne J. , Theuer Charles P. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract

Background
TRC105 is an IgG1 endoglin monoclonal antibody that potentiates VEGF inhibitors in preclinical models. We assessed safety, pharmacokinetics, and antitumor activity of TRC105 in combination with axitinib in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC).

Subjects, Materials, and Methods
Heavily pretreated mRCC patients were treated with TRC105 weekly (8 mg/kg and then 10 mg/kg) in combination with axitinib (initially at 5 mg b.i.d. and then escalated per patient tolerance to a maximum of 10 mg b.i.d.) until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity using a standard 3 + 3 phase I design.

Results
Eighteen patients (median number of prior therapies = 3) were treated. TRC105 dose escalation proceeded to 10 mg/kg weekly without dose-limiting toxicity. Adverse event characteristics of each drug were not increased in frequency or severity when the two drugs were administered concurrently. TRC105 and axitinib demonstrated preliminary evidence of activity, including partial responses (PR) by RECIST in 29% of patients, and median progression-free survival (11.3 months). None of the patients with PR had PR to prior first-line treatment. Lower baseline levels of osteopontin and higher baseline levels of TGF-β receptor 3 correlated with overall response rate.

Conclusion
TRC105 at 8 and 10 mg/kg weekly was well tolerated in combination with axitinib, with encouraging evidence of activity in patients with mRCC. A multicenter, randomized phase II trial of TRC105 and axitinib has recently completed enrollment (NCT01806064).

Implications for Practice
TRC105 is a monoclonal antibody to endoglin (CD105), a receptor densely expressed on proliferating endothelial cells and also on renal cancer stem cells that is implicated as a mediator of resistance to inhibitors of the VEGF pathway. In this Phase I trial, TRC105 combined safely with axitinib at the recommended single agent doses of each drug in patients with renal cell carcinoma. The combination demonstrated durable activity in a VEGF inhibitor-refractory population and modulated several angiogenic biomarkers. A randomized Phase II trial testing TRC105 in combination with axitinib in clear cell renal cell carcinoma has completed accrual.
Y KUŞAĞI TEMSİLCİLERİNİN AİLE ALGILARI ÜZERİNE BİR ANALİZ
Authors: Paker Tükel İrem 
Published: September 2018

Sosyal bilimler alanında, ortak zaman diliminde
yaşamanın getirisi olarak benzer özelliklere sahip bireylerin oluşturduğu
gruplar “kuşak” kavramı ile tanımlanmaktadır. Günümüzde, kuşaklar ortak bir
kabul olarak; Gelenekselciler, Bebek Patlaması, X, Y ve Z Kuşağı olarak literatürde
yer almaktadır. Ortak zaman diliminde yaşayan insanların algıları,
beklentileri, hayata bakış açıları, alışkanlıkları ve gündelik yaşam pratikleri
kendilerinden önceki ve sonraki zamanlarda yaşayanlara göre farklılık
göstermektedir. Gündelik yaşamın pratiklerinde yaşanılan değişimin en yoğun
hissedildiği alan toplumlarda genel olarak aile kurumu üzerindedir. Günümüzde,
Y Kuşağı temsilcilerinin çoğu aileleriyle bir arada yaşayan ve kendinden farklı
bir kuşağın temsilcisi olan anne babalarıyla zor iletişim kuran bireyler olarak
toplumda yer almaktadır. Toplumu oluşturan en küçük
birim olarak tanımlanan aile, eğitim, sağlık ve güvenlik gibi bazı işlevlerini başka
kurumlara aktarmış olsa da ulusların ve kültürlerin gelişimi için temel birim
olmaya devam etmektedir. Toplumun temel yapısını oluşturan aile kurumu,
bireylerin ve toplumun gösterdiği değişime paralel bir şekilde değişmektedir.
Ailenin yapısında görülen değişimlere rağmen aile, özünde toplumun en küçük birimi
olarak kalmaya ve hem bireyler için hem de toplum için işlevini sürdürmeye
devam etmektedir. Bu çalışmada, önceki araştırmalar ve Y kuşağının temel
özellikleri dikkate alınarak bu kuşak temsilcileri için ailenin değişen anlam
ve önemine ve toplumsal yaşamda nasıl bir belirleyiciliği olduğuna
değinilmektedir.
El autocuidado del síndrome de burnout
Authors: Muñoz Rojas Delvis , Rodríguez López Jorge Rafael , Niebles Núñez William 
Published: September 2018

As an answer to chronic work related stress of a great incidence among professionals who provide service to other people. Such stress is characterized by cognitive impairment, and negative attitude towards people and the organization. In that regard, the aim of this article is to assess the risk factors of burnout syndrome in the private healthcare sector. It was theoretically supported by authors such as Gil Monte (2005), Maslach and Jackson (1981), Albee (2000) and Peiró (2005), among others. The research was descriptive, with a non experimental transversal layout and under the field mode. The group consisted of 36 intensive care physicians (intensivists). On the other hand, as a result of an assessment of theoretically-based compared situations, it was clear to observe the risk factors that trigger the burnout syndrome. They are those related to the workplace characteristics as well as personal and individual characteristics. In other words, the great implication at work, the desire to excel, control everything and produce outstanding results, extreme perfectionism and sensitivity, among others; finally, interpersonal relationships with family members and coworkers. In consequence, it was found that there is a high presence of the burnout syndrome risk factors among most of intensive care physicians in the private healthcare sector. Healthcare institutions were advised to implement strategies such as relaxing and recreational activities for 15 minutes during the work shift aimed at dispelling stressful situations.
Formación de ingenieros interdisciplinarios a través de una metodología activa con temáticas integradoras
Authors: Angarita Velandia Maria Aydé , Fernández Morales Flavio Humberto , Duarte Julio Enrique 
Published: September 2018

The training of engineers in multidisciplinary subjects is a complex task, insofar as it requires developing competences of several well-established disciplines. This is the case of electromechanical, mechatronics and biomedical engineering, in which in order to achieve the training objectives, it is necessary to work on integrative subjects. The present document reports a methodology of active university teaching on a specific subject of integrative character. As an integrative subject, the automation of a generator set is proposed. It also applies a methodology of five phases, each with its activities, competences and evaluation to be placed in the classroom during an academic period. The problem was addressed with students of electromechanical engineering, adopting a modular design approach to solving the problem. The modular solution allows organizing work groups, adapting their conformation to the amount and interests of students. It also allows collaborative learning, encourages responsibility in the execution of tasks and enhances communicative skills because the success in the final result will depend on the degree of compliance and commitment of each group in the assigned work
El plazo razonable en los fallos de la corte interamericana en relación con Colombia
Authors: González Serrano Andrés , Montenegro Germán Santiago 
Published: September 2018

This paper is aimed at questioning both: Which have been the criteria used by the IDH court to assess the reasonable term in the Ordinary legal proceedings carried out in Colombia as an active member of the American Convention? And the general Objective to identify the cite niches which have been set by the Inter- American court of Human Rights (CIDH) in relation to the question subjected to study. The result will come from conducting a basic, descriptive and deductive research and by making a case law line which shows that the reasonable term is a law Insititution which has been developed in its adjective and substantive features. The latter ones seek to guarantee the effective legal protection and have to be assessed according to Four criteria case by case: i) the complexity of the issue, ii) the judicial activity of the interested party, iii) the conduct of the judicial authorities and; iv) the affectation generated in the legal situation of the person involved in the process. To close, the reasonable term within a process should be counted since the first process behavior until the implementation stage and fullfilment of the court´s judgment.
Factores que inciden en la incorporación y formalización de procesos de innovación y desarrollo de productos en las Mipymes
Authors: Eisenover Cely Jose 
Published: September 2018

The activity of innovation and development of new products acquires a superior interest for the organizations, as as Francisco Miranda (2010) puts it, “The development of new products has become a key factor to achieve Business success”. In this reality the product is the articulating link between the needs of the market and the capacities and aptitudes of the organizations, being this condition that demands the need of having processes of innovation and development of products capable of giving answers to the double purpose that this Exercise denotes. According to Escorsa and Valls (2003), they affirm that the product development is achieved, through a complex, diversified process that demands interactions of diverse nature and is affected by different factors, the latter being those that delimit the conditions and technological behaviors of The organization, which ultimately determines the strategic position and competence of the company. It can be established that there are factors internal and external to the organization, which influence the development of innovation and product development, which are the ones that determine the possibilities of incorporation and formalization of product development processes. Regarding external factors, the following can be classified as relevant: those related to: The state of the sector, the state of science and technology, the state of the regulations and legislation applicable to the development of products. With regard to the internal factors of the organizations, the following are identified: The orientation of the company, the perception of innovation and the processes of knowledge management within the organization, as well as And characteristics such as organizational processes, planning, organizational management and determining the skills of this adoption and therefore for the internal management of innovation processes and product development.