bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Brainstem Encoding of Speech and Music Sounds in Humans
Authors: Kraus Nina , Nicol Trent 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
The encoding of speech and music in the auditory brainstem is available at the human scalp via the auditory-evoked frequency following response. The FFR, primarily reflecting activity in the inferior colliculus, may be evoked by speech or music stimulation and represents the combined activity of sensorimotor, cognitive, and reward centers in the brain. Its response properties, like the inferior colliculus itself, are influenced by long-term experience with sound. The transparency, individual-level reliability, and ability to gauge neural plasticity provide the researcher and clinician a powerful probe of auditory processing in the human brainstem. With it, we have learned a great deal about how mechanisms of decline, deprivation, and enrichment affect the processing of complex signals such as music and speech in the human brainstem.
The Cochlear Nuclei
Authors: Oertel Donata , Cao Xiao-Jie , Recio-Spinoso Alberto 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Plasticity in neuronal circuits is essential for optimizing connections as animals develop and for adapting to injuries and aging, but it can also distort the processing, as well as compromise the conveyance of ongoing sensory information. This chapter summarizes evidence from electrophysiological studies in slices and in vivo that shows how remarkably robust signaling is in principal cells of the ventral cochlear nucleus. Even in the face of short-term plasticity, these neurons signal rapidly and with temporal precision. They can relay ongoing acoustic information from the cochlea to the brain largely independently of sounds to which they were exposed previously.
The Proteomics and Metabolomics of Pain
Authors: Gomez-Varela David , Schmidt Manuela 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
This article critically discusses the opportunities and challenges of proteomics and metabolomics in the context of pain research and clinical practice. Painful pathologies are extremely complex and often inadequately managed. In order to significantly improve therapeutic options of pain syndromes, a system-wide analysis of the underlying mechanisms is fundamental. To this end, the article highlights the potential of firmly integrating proteomics and metabolomics into the pain researcher’s toolbox. The article introduces technological aspects of mass spectrometry and also associated stumbling blocks for its standardization in clinical research. Lastly, it outlines the path towards personalized systems pain medicine via the definition of pain phenomes—from multilayered molecular data to phenotypical profiles and integrated analysis of disease networks.
The First Century of the Town of Tornio
Authors: Nurmi Risto 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe town of Tornio, on the border of present-day Finland and Sweden, was founded in 1621, on the order of the King of Sweden, to replace the old medieval marketplace on the estuary of the Tornio river. It was the northernmost urban site in Europe at the time. The founding and early development of the town was part of the broader trade-political process in the emerging Kingdom of Sweden during the early modern age. The original town was a small, wooden trading-post-like place, settled mostly by peasants from the surrounding countryside. This chapter provides an overview of Tornio’s urban development in its first century of existence, and discusses the development of the built environment based on the results of archaeological studies conducted since the 1960s. Lastly, the chapter addresses the early urbanization process of the inhabitants by considering their relationships with artefacts during the early phases of the town.
Monuments
Authors: Wendling Holger , Eggert Manfred K. H. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractDuring the European Iron Age, human impact on the environment was considerable. Far from the impenetrable forests once envisaged, there had been extensive woodland clearance. A wide range of settlement types existed in intensively exploited landscapes. Sites and their hinterlands were often structured around older monuments, intentionally incorporated and integrated into local belief systems. Ancestral cemeteries, natural features, and places of resource procurement all acted as foci of collective identity, playing major roles in the mental construction of the landscape, intertwining sacred and profane. Structured settlement environs indicate an increasing importance of property rights and delimitation of social units. Social hierarchies were reproduced by architectural variability in settlements using monumental buildings as social markers, both in urban and rural contexts. The chapter also considers Iron Age exploitation of forests, which like other landscapes were heavily managed, their resources vital for constructing buildings, fortifications, and supplying the charcoal crucial for ironworking.
Warriors, War, and Weapons; or Arms, the Armed, and Armed Violence
Authors: James Simon 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
For many archaeologists, the warrior remains a central icon of the European Iron Age, although warfare is largely ignored by others. This chapter critiques and contextualizes the notion of the ‘warrior’ in a variety of social contexts, ranging from middle Iron Age Wessex, late Iron Age Gaul and Dacia, the Sarmatian ‘horse peoples’, to the Germanic confederations of the Roman Iron Age. Considerable archaeological evidence exists relating to armed violence: weapons and equipment, military infrastructure, and pathological data, alongside iconography and classical texts. Some European Iron Age societies developed war-making capacities far beyond the Celtic warrior stereotype, with powerful and sophisticated armies, while mercenaries mastered Greco-Roman military practices. Other societies invested heavily in weaponry, but armed violence was probably largely interpersonal rather than intercommunal. The chapter seeks to develop more sophisticated ways of understanding the use of the sword, literal and figural, in the European Iron Age.
Feasting and Commensal Rituals
Authors: Joy Jody 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Feasting was an important means of social communication in Iron Age Europe and has been described as a kind of social glue—creating and recreating society by bringing people together to mark important events and ceremonies, through the communal consumption of large quantities of food and drink. This chapter examines the archaeological and literary evidence for Iron Age feasting, focusing in particular on the various social roles of the feast and the often elaborate material culture involved. A picture is built up of the varied types of feast that took place, and the types of food and drink that were consumed at them.
Regions, Groups, and Identity
Authors: Thurston T. L. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Archaeologists once viewed super-individual identity as primordial and tied to territorial boundaries, useful for describing an orderly past and creating national or ethnic genealogies. Current research ties identities not to regions, but to groups: complex cultural constructions, expressed in varied yet simultaneous manifestations of bonds with family, lineage, clan, or polity, each with multiple shifting markers. These can involve kinship, status, gender, age, occupation, shared experience, and social memory, in turn impacted by wider sociopolitical, religious, and economic concerns. Between Iron Age groups, cooperation, détente, and conflict were equally likely; trade, travel, and familiarity resulted in material and ideological co-mingling, while still preserving difference, and involved symbolic and practical novelty, as well as continuity with the past. Once, such complexities caused archaeologists to label identity research impossible or unnecessary, but its exclusion often leads to misinterpretation. Fortunately, thoughtful considerations of method, materiality, and scale have resulted in productive new approaches.
Textiles and Perishable Materials
Authors: Banck-Burgess Johanna 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
This chapter challenges traditional views on Iron Age dress. Recent research has greatly enhanced our understanding of how textiles were manufactured in Iron Age Europe. The variety of qualities, textures, techniques, raw materials, colours, and cuts give insights into the detailed knowledge of the craftspeople involved. Textiles used for dress, blankets, or furniture fittings were appreciated not only for their appearance, but also for the quality of the work. In everyday life, their optical qualities were used to express and signal gender, social roles and status, while the labour expended on textiles found in wealthy burials underlines both the status of the deceased and the extent of conspicuous consumption in funerary rituals—for instance, for wrapping grave furniture and goods. The chapter also looks at experimental data showing how labour-intensive textile production was, and the types of clothing and accessories found in different archaeological contexts or depicted in visual representations.
Tissue self-organization underlies morphogenesis of the notochord
Authors: Norman James , Sorrell Emma L. , Hu Yi , Siripurapu Vaishnavi , Garcia Jamie , Bagwell Jennifer , Charbonneau Patrick , Lubkin Sharon R. , Bagnat Michel 
Published: September 2018

The notochord is a conserved axial structure that in vertebrates serves as a hydrostatic scaffold for embryonic axis elongation and, later on, for proper spine assembly. It consists of a core of large fluid-filled vacuolated cells surrounded by an epithelial sheath that is encased in extracellular matrix. During morphogenesis, the vacuolated cells inflate their vacuole and arrange in a stereotypical staircase pattern. We investigated the origin of this pattern and found that it can be achieved purely by simple physical principles. We are able to model the arrangement of vacuolated cells within the zebrafish notochord using a physical model composed of silicone tubes and water-absorbing polymer beads. The biological structure and the physical model can be accurately described by the theory developed for the packing of spheres and foams in cylinders. Our experiments with physical models and numerical simulations generated several predictions on key features of notochord organization that we documented and tested experimentally in zebrafish. Altogether, our data reveal that the organization of the vertebrate notochord is governed by the density of the osmotically swelling vacuolated cells and the aspect ratio of the notochord rod. We therefore conclude that self-organization underlies morphogenesis of the vertebrate notochord.This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue on ‘Mechanics of development’.
Mechanics of cortical folding: stress, growth and stability
Authors: Garcia K. E. , Kroenke C. D. , Bayly P. V. 
Published: September 2018

Cortical folding, or gyrification, coincides with several important developmental processes. The folded shape of the human brain allows the cerebral cortex, the thin outer layer of neurons and their associated projections, to attain a large surface area relative to brain volume. Abnormal cortical folding has been associated with severe neurological, cognitive and behavioural disorders, such as epilepsy, autism and schizophrenia. However, despite decades of study, the mechanical forces that lead to cortical folding remain incompletely understood. Leading hypotheses have focused on the roles of (i) tangential growth of the outer cortex, (ii) spatio-temporal patterns in the birth and migration of neurons, and (iii) internal tension in axons. Recent experimental studies have illuminated not only the fundamental cellular and molecular processes underlying cortical development, but also the stress state, mechanical properties and spatio-temporal patterns of growth in the developing brain. The combination of mathematical modelling and physical measurements has allowed researchers to evaluate hypothesized mechanisms of folding, to determine whether each is consistent with physical laws. This review summarizes what physical scientists have learned from models and recent experimental observations, in the context of recent neurobiological discoveries regarding cortical development. Here, we highlight evidence of a combined mechanism, in which spatio-temporal patterns bias the locations of primary folds (i), but tangential growth of the cortical plate induces mechanical instability (ii) to propagate primary and higher-order folds.This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Mechanics of development’.
Embryo movements regulate tendon mechanical property development
Authors: Pan Xuan Sabrina , Li Jiewen , Brown Edward B. , Kuo Catherine K. 
Published: September 2018

Tendons transmit forces from muscles to bones to enable skeletal motility. During development, tendons begin to bear load at the onset of embryo movements. Using the chick embryo model, this study showed that altered embryo movement frequency led to changes in elastic modulus of calcaneal tendon. In particular, paralysis led to decreased modulus, whereas hypermotility led to increased modulus. Paralysis also led to reductions in activity levels of lysyl oxidase (LOX), an enzyme that we previously showed is required for cross-linking-mediated elaboration of tendon mechanical properties. Additionally, inhibition of LOX activity abrogated hypermotility-induced increases in modulus. Taken together, our findings suggest embryo movements are critical for tendon mechanical property development and implicate LOX in this process. These exciting findings expand current knowledge of how functional tendons form during development and could guide future clinical approaches to treat tendon defects associated with abnormal mechanical loadingin utero.This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Mechanics of development’.
New functions for the proprioceptive system in skeletal biology
Authors: Blecher Ronen , Heinemann-Yerushalmi Lia , Assaraf Eran , Konstantin Nitzan , Chapman Jens R. , Cope Timothy C. , Bewick Guy S. , Banks Robert W. , Zelzer Elazar 
Published: September 2018

Muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs (GTOs) are two types of sensory receptors that respond to changes in length or tension of skeletal muscles. These mechanosensors have long been known to participate in both proprioception and stretch reflex. Here, we present recent findings implicating these organs in maintenance of spine alignment as well as in realignment of fractured bones. These discoveries have been made in several mouse lines lacking functional mechanosensors in part or completely. In both studies, the absence of functional spindles and GTOs produced a more severe phenotype than that of spindles alone. Interestingly, the spinal curve phenotype, which appeared during peripubertal development, bears resemblance to the human condition adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. This similarity may contribute to the study of the disease by offering both an animal model and a clue as to its aetiology. Moreover, it raises the possibility that impaired proprioceptive signalling may be involved in the aetiology of other conditions. Overall, these new findings expand considerably the scope of involvement of proprioception in musculoskeletal development and function.This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Mechanics of development’.
The same but different: cell intercalation as a driver of tissue deformation and fluidity
Authors: Tetley Robert J. , Mao Yanlan 
Published: September 2018

The ability of cells to exchange neighbours, termed intercalation, is a key feature of epithelial tissues. Intercalation is predominantly associated with tissue deformations that drive morphogenesis. More recently, however, intercalation that is not associated with large-scale tissue deformations has been described both during animal development and in mature epithelial tissues. This latter form of intercalation appears to contribute to an emerging phenomenon that we refer to as tissue fluidity—the ability of cells to exchange neighbours without changing the overall dimensions of the tissue. Here, we discuss the contribution of junctional dynamics to intercalation governing both morphogenesis and tissue fluidity. In particular, we focus on the relative roles of junctional contractility and cell–cell adhesion as the driving forces behind intercalation. These two contributors to junctional mechanics can be used to simulate cellular intercalation in mechanical computational models, to test how junctional cell behaviours might regulate tissue fluidity and contribute to the maintenance of tissue integrity and the onset of disease.This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Mechanics of development’.
Three-dimensional microscopy and image analysis methodology for mapping and quantification of nuclear positions in tissues with approximate cylindrical geometry
Authors: Campinho Pedro , Lamperti Paola , Boselli Francesco , Vermot Julien 
Published: September 2018

Organogenesis involves extensive and dynamic changes of tissue shape during development. It is associated with complex morphogenetic events that require enormous tissue plasticity and generate a large variety of transient three-dimensional geometries that are achieved by global tissue responses. Nevertheless, such global responses are driven by tight spatio-temporal regulation of the behaviours of individual cells composing these tissues. Therefore, the development of image analysis tools that allow for extraction of quantitative data concerning individual cell behaviours is central to study tissue morphogenesis. There are many image analysis tools available that permit extraction of cell parameters. Unfortunately, the majority are developed for tissues with relatively simple geometries such as flat epithelia. Problems arise when the tissue of interest assumes a more complex three-dimensional geometry. Here, we use the endothelium of the developing zebrafish dorsal aorta as an example of a tissue with cylindrical geometry and describe the image analysis routines developed to extract quantitative data on individual cells in such tissues, as well as the image acquisition and sample preparation methodology.
This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Mechanics of development’.
The mechanical impact ofcol11a2loss on joints;col11a2mutant zebrafish show changes to joint development and function, which leads to early-onset osteoarthritis
Authors: Lawrence Elizabeth A. , Kague Erika , Aggleton Jessye A. , Harniman Robert L. , Roddy Karen A. , Hammond Chrissy L. 
Published: September 2018

Collagen is the major structural component of cartilage, and mutations in the genes encoding type XI collagen are associated with severe skeletal dysplasias (fibrochondrogenesis and Stickler syndrome) and early-onset osteoarthritis (OA). The impact of the lack of type XI collagen on cell behaviour and mechanical performance during skeleton development is unknown. We studied a zebrafish mutant forcol11a2and evaluated cartilage, bone development and mechanical properties to address this. We show that incol11a2mutants, type II collagen is made but is prematurely degraded in maturing cartilage and ectopically expressed in the joint. These changes are correlated with increased stiffness of both bone and cartilage; quantified using atomic force microscopy. In the mutants, the skeletal rudiment terminal region in the jaw joint is broader and the interzone smaller. These differences in shape and material properties impact on joint function and mechanical performance, which we modelled using finite element analyses. Finally, we show thatcol11a2heterozygous carriers reach adulthood but show signs of severe early-onset OA. Taken together, our data demonstrate a key role for type XI collagen in maintaining the properties of cartilage matrix; which when lost leads to alterations to cell behaviour that give rise to joint pathologies.This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Mechanics of development’.
World Influence of Infectious Diseases from Wikipedia Network Analysis
Authors: Rollin Guillaume , Lages José , Shepelyansky Dima L. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractWe consider the network of 5 416 537 articles of English Wikipedia extracted in 2017. Using the recent reduced Google matrix (REGOMAX) method we construct the reduced network of 230 articles (nodes) of infectious diseases and 195 articles of world countries. This method generates the reduced directed network between all 425 nodes taking into account all direct and indirect links with pathways via the huge global network. PageRank and CheiRank algorithms are used to determine the most influential diseases with the top PageRank diseases being Tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS and Malaria. From the reduced Google matrix we determine the sensitivity of world countries to specific diseases integrating their influence over all their history including the times of ancient Egyptian mummies. The obtained results are compared with the World Health Organization (WHO) data demonstrating that the Wikipedia network analysis provides reliable results with up to about 80 percent overlap between WHO and REGOMAX analyses.
Data indicate the importance of expert agencies in conservation policy
Authors: Evans Michael J. , Malcom Jacob W. , Li Ya-Wei 
Published: September 2018

ABSTRACTData on the implementation of laws and policies are essential to the evaluation and improvement of governance. For conservation laws like the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA), such data can inform actions that may determine the persistence or extinction of species. A central but controversial part of the ESA is section 7, which requires federal agencies to conserve threatened and endangered species. One way they do this is by consulting with expert agencies for the ESA, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), on actions they may undertake that impact listed species. Using data from all 24,893 consultations recorded by NMFS from 2000 through 2017, we show that federal agencies misestimated the effects of their actions on listed species in 21% of consultations, relative to the conclusions reached by NMFS. In 71% of these cases the federal agency underestimated the effects of their action. Those discrepancies were particularly important for the conservation of 14 species in 22 consultations, where the agency concluded that its action would not harm a species, while NMFS determined the action would jeopardize the species’ existence. Patterns of misestimation varied among federal agencies, and some of the agencies most frequently involved in consultation also frequently misestimated their effects. Jeopardy conclusions were very rare—about 0.3% of consultations—with a few project types more likely to lead to jeopardy. These data highlight the importance of consultation with the expert agencies and reveal opportunities to make the consultation process more effective.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe US Endangered Species Act is the strongest environmental law any nation has enacted to conserve imperiled species. However, policy debates over how the Act should be implemented continue to this day. This study provides the first comprehensive evaluation of how the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) implements one of the Act’s most important conservation programs – consultations under section 7. Our results reveal novel insights into the importance of NMFS role in ensuring federal actions do not jeopardize the existence of listed species. By using data to inform policy debate, we identify approaches to implementing section 7 that would undermine the conservation of imperiled species, and those that could improve the efficiency of the program without sacrificing these protections.