bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Planting Nonlocal Seed Sources of Loblolly Pine – Managing Benefits and Risks
Authors: Lambeth Clem , McKeand Steve , Rousseau Randy , Schmidtling Ron 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Seed source testing of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda), which began in the 1920s, has allowed large realized genetic gains from using nonlocal seed sources in operational plantations. Seed source testing continues, and deployment guidelines are still being refined. Some general effects of seed source movement can be described, but there are still gaps in (1) understanding exactly how far certain seed sources can be moved, (2) the degree of risk involved, and (3) how certain traits such as wood quality vary by seed source, especially with seed source movement. In some cases, seed source movement gains can be achieved with little risk; for example, planting Livingston Parish, Louisiana material for rust resistance in more easterly Gulf Coastal areas. Also, movement of seed sources one plant hardiness zone north can result in increased growth with little concern for winter damage. Big gains in growth, however, from using nonlocal seed sources may come at significant risk. Two industrial examples of planting nonlocal seed sources and how risks were managed are covered: (1) South-to-north movement: MeadWestvaco's use of loblolly pine north of the native range in Kentucky and surrounding areas, and (2) East-to-west movement: Weyerhaeuser's use of North Carolina coastal plain families in southern Arkansas and southeast Oklahoma. To deal with the significant risks of seed source movements, one must be aware of the risk factors, understand historical climatic data (are the risks high or low within a typical harvest rotation period), and have silvicultural and genetic strategies to mitigate or reduce risk. Possible genetic strategies include thorough testing and allocation of orchard families of the nonlocal seed source, development of a “land race” (breeding and testing for local adaptation of the nonlocal seed source), interprovenance hybrids, and interspecific hybrids. Examples of these are discussed in this article. South. J. Appl. For. 29(2):96–104.
The Effects of Spatial Harvest Scheduling Constraints on the Value of a Medium-Sized Forest Holding in the Southeastern United States
Authors: Batten Wise H. , Bettinger Pete , Zhu Jianping 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Forest plans related to a number of spatial harvest scheduling scenarios were developed for a medium-sized forest holding using a heuristic forest planning technique (tabu search). Green-up periods of 2 to 7 years were assessed in conjunction with the two types of adjacency constraints. The results indicate for this one property that a short green-up period (2–3 years) did not significantly affect the economic value of the forest holding studied. Longer green-up periods and smaller maximum clearcut sizes could reduce the net present value of this forest holding by as much as 5 to 15% depending on the clearcut adjacency rules used. In a validation of the heuristic solutions, we found that the best solution generated with the heuristic (for three separate problems) was within 0.25% of the integer programming solution. South. J. Appl. For. 29(4):185–193.
The Breithaupt Todis Dendrometer—An Analysis
Authors: Eller R. C. , Keister T. D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The Breithaupt Todis, a variable-base, fixed-convergence-angle dendrometer, is described and the results of tests for bias and precision are presented. No systematic bias was detected and upper-stem diameters can be measured within ±0.7 cm (0.28 inch) 95 percent of the time. The instrument can also be used to measure distance and height, and all measurements can be read in the field (in metric units). It should be useful for stand mapping and on sample plots when several trees need a number of measurements. It is not a good instrument to use for timber cruises covering large areas that only require a few measurements of a large number of trees.
Analyzing Alternative Hardwood Management Strategies
Authors: Porterfield Richard , Utz Keith , Balmer William 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
An analysis of the per cubic foot investment costs associated with hardwood production under each of three management alternatives is presented: (1) plantation establishment; (2) a harvest cut followed by natural regeneration; (3) rehabilitation through timber stand improvement (TSI). The indication is that the vast majority of southern hardwood stands will continue to be naturally regenerated given landowner objectives, ownership patterns, and current stumpage prices.
Planting Season for Cottonwood Can Be Extended
Authors: Kennedy Harvey E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Cottonwood cuttings planted as early as November and as late as May survive and grow well if sufficient soil moisture is available and cuttings are properly handled. About 6 inches or more of well distributed rainfall is needed in September and October to recharge Commerce soil. If these two months are dry, planting should be delayed. In March or later, cuttings should not be planted during dry spells of two weeks or longer. Early planting does not significantly improve root development but does give the trees a growth advantage in the first year.
Response of Slash Pine to Different Spacings and Site-Preparation Treatments
Authors: Sarigumba T. I. , Anderson G. A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Seventeen years after installation, an experiment testing the effect of spacing and four site-preparation treatments yielded data on growth, volume, disease incidence, and survival of slash pine (Pinus elliottii var. elliotti Engelm.) Across all spacings and treatments, growth and yield were generally greater on better drained soils. Spacing had a decided effect on growth and volume: wider spacings resulted in greater d.b.h. but reduced volume; the closer the spacing, the more merchantable volume was produced; 6' x 12' spacing seems the most acceptable compromise. Site-preparation methods had a visible effect on disease incidence and survival: burn-bedding and burn-harrowing enhanced growth and increased volume yield and survival; burn-scalping proved detrimental. Although stem canker infection was higher on intensively prepared plots, they produced the greatest wood yield.
Mortality among Seed Trees in Longleaf Pine Shelterwood Stands
Authors: Boyer William D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Mortality of longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) seed trees was recorded in 27 regeneration areas ranging from North Carolina to Louisiana. Annual mortality averaged 0.7 percent before, and 1.9 percent after a seed cut reduced stand density to about 30 square feet of basal area per acre. On a per-acre basis, however, annual losses averaged 0.4 tree both before and after cutting. Yearly mortality of 0.2 tree per acre or less was recorded for more than half of all observations.
A New Approach to Log Volume Estimation
Authors: Sadiq Riyaz A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Estimation of volume of logs requires measurement on three log parameters, namely diameter, length, and taper of the log. Three well-known formulas for estimating volumes of various log shapes are: Huber’s, Smalian’s, and Newton’s. These formulas are based on products of average cross-sectional areas and the length of the log. Averaging of the cross-sectional area(s) is in a way inclusion of taper rate in these formulas. However, this premise does not always work well for the three common geometric log shapes, namely frustums of neiloids, paraboloids, and cones.
This article proposes a log volume estimation formula that uses the Disk method of integral calculus for estimating volume of solids of different geometrical shapes. The proposed formula takes the taper rate of the logs into consideration while evaluating their volumes. Based on the archival water displacement method, a unique technique, using cutting-edge computer software technology has been used for setting up log benchmark volume. A comparative study between the newly proposed formula and those currently used indicates its user-friendly application and a performance level comparable to Newton’s; but significantly better than the others.South. J. Appl. For. 30(1):30 –39.
Wildlife Habitat and Herbicides: An Evaluation of a Widely Applied Tank Mix
Authors: Keyser P.D. , Ford V.L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Acreage in pine (Pinus spp.) plantations in the southeastern United States is projected to increase by 25 million acres throughout the next 4 decades. Management regimes relying on herbicides to reduce herbaceous competition, including tank mixes formulated for broad-spectrum control, may have implications for wildlife habitat. We examined effects of eight different tank mixes of Arsenal AC and/or Oust on wildlife habitat. We applied herbicides in early Apr. the first growing season (1991) at two locations (each a complete randomized block design) planted to loblolly pine (P. taeda) in the Virginia Piedmont. In the year of application, all vegetative measures except species diversity differed (P < 0.05) at both locations with results being most pronounced at higher herbicide rates. At one location (Bedford), species diversity was not significantly different than the control (P = 0.30) and forage/cover ratio was improved versus the control, indicating a releasing effect may have been operative. In year 2 (1992), there was no difference (P > 0.05) in percent forage cover for either location, and with only one exception, responses of treatment levels did not differ from the control. We observed a great deal of variability among sites for various measures, underscoring variability and site-specific responses to herbicide treatments.South. J. Appl. For.30(1):46 –51.
The Effect of Physiographic Region and Geographic Locale on Predicting the Dominant Height and Basal Area of Loblolly Pine Plantations
Authors: Amateis Ralph L. , Prisley Stephen P. , Burkhart Harold E. , Liu Jiping 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Analysis of loblolly pine plantation permanent plot data established across the southeastern United States indicates that differences in dominant height and stand basal area may be related to geographic locale as well as physiographic region. In general, holding other factors constant,plantations at southern latitudes and eastern longitudes have less basal area than plantations at northern latitudes and western longitudes. Plantations at southern latitudes and eastern longitudes in the Atlantic Coastal Plain are generally taller than elsewhere in the Atlantic Coastal Plain.These trends were consistent for a younger population of intensively managed plantations, as well as for an older population of nonintensively managed plantations. Regression equations were developed to test the significance of geographic location on the prediction of basal area and dominantheight. Even in the presence of stand variables that are highly correlated with basal area and dominant height, latitude and longitude were highly significant predictors. Including them as predictor variables increased considerably the precision of the regression equations. South. J. Appl.For. 30(3):142–146.
Estimates of Down Woody Materials on Fort A.P. Hill, Virginia
Authors: Applegate Jason R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
An inventory of down woody materials (DWM) was conducted on Fort A.P. Hill, Virginia, to develop a baseline of DWM abundance and distribution to assist in wildland fire management. Estimates of DWM are necessary to develop accurate assessments of wildfire hazard, model wildland fire behavior, and establish thresholds for retaining DWM, specifically CWD (coarse woody debris), as a structural component of forest ecosystems. DWM were sampled by forest type and structure class using US Forest Service, Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) field procedures. DWM averaged 12–16 tn/ac depending on forest cover type and structure class. Coarse woody debris (CWD) averaged 2.7–13.0 tn/ac depending on forest cover type and structure class. CWD comprised more than 70% of DWM across all forest cover types and structure classes. Fine woody debris (FWD) averaged 0.05–3.2 tn/ac depending on fuel hour class, forest cover type, and structure class. DWM was consistently higher in mature (sawtimber) forests than in young (poletimber) forests across all forest cover types, attributed to an increased CWD component of DWM. The variability associated with DWM suggests that obtaining robust estimates of CWD biomass will require a higher sampling intensity than FWD because of its nonuniform distribution in forest systems. FIA field procedures for tallying and quantifying DWM were practical, efficient, and, subsequently, included as permanent metrics in Fort A.P. Hill's Continuous Forest Inventory program.
Perspectives on Prescribed Fire in the South: Does Ethnicity Matter?
Authors: Lim Siew Hoon , Bowker J.M. , Johnson Cassandra Y. , Cordell H. Ken 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Using a household survey and regression methods, we assessed preferences for prescribed fire in the southern United States. We found that the majority of the respondents favored the use of prescribed fire. However, we observed pronounced racial variation in opinions on prescribed fire and its side effects. African Americans and Hispanics were less supportive and were more concerned about the side effects of prescribed fire than whites. We also observed that females tended to be more concerned about the side effects of prescribed fire than males. In addition, education had no effect on preference for prescribed fire in general, but education was found to be negatively associated with concern levels in all three models pertaining to concerns over the side effects of prescribed fire. Concern over the side effects diminished as education increased.
A Comparison of Sampling Methods for a Standing Tree Acoustic Device
Authors: Mahon Jerry M. , Jordan Lewis , Schimleck Laurence R. , Clark Alexander , Daniels Richard F. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
One method of evaluating potential product performance is the use of acoustic tools for identifying trees with high stiffness. Acoustic velocities for 100 standing loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) trees, obtained with the transmitting and receiving probes placed on the same face and opposite faces, were compared. Significant differences in velocity between the two methods were found, with velocity determined using the opposite-face method generally dependent on stem diameter, or the amount of wood through which the stress wave must pass. The only opposite-face method in which the velocities did not vary with dbh was for an assumed flight path where the stress wave traveled from the transmitting probe around the circumference of the stem in the outerwood and then down longitudinally to the receiving probe. Variation in velocities from hit-to-hit was 62% less using the opposite-face method compared with the same-face method. It is recommended to use the circumferential opposite-face (Vel_OC) calculation when determining stress wave velocity for a standing tree.
Influence of Pine Straw Harvesting, Prescribed Fire, and Fertilization on a Louisiana Longleaf Pine Site
Authors: Haywood James D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This research was initiated in a 34-year-old, direct-seeded stand of longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) to study how pine straw management practices (harvesting, fire, and fertilization) affected the longleaf pine overstory and pine straw yields. A randomized complete block split-plot design was installed with two main plot treatments: (1) no fertilization and (2) fertilization with 45 lb N and 50 lb P/ac in April 1991 and May 1997 and with 50 lb P and 72 lb K/ac in April 2004. There were four subplot treatments: (1) control—no activity except a standwide thinning in June 1999, (2) prescribed burn 6 times from March 1991 through May 2004, (3) prescribed burned as in subplot treatment 2 and pine straw harvested in early 1992 and 1993, and (4) annual harvest of pine straw 13 times from early 1992 through April 2006. Fertilization did not affect longleaf pine growth and yield over the 15-year study. Subplot management also did not influence longleaf pine growth possibly because the adverse effects that competition, repeated prescribed burning, and litter removal have on longleaf pine growth could not be separated among subplot treatments. Fertilization did not directly affect pine straw yields; however, it appeared that pine straw yields decreased over time.
A Framework for Tracking the State of the Forest Industry: Case Study of Georgia
Authors: Sydor Tim , Mendell Brooks , Siry Jacek , De La Torre Rafael , Harris Tom , Izlar Bob , Hamsley Amanda 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This research introduces a framework for tracking the state of the forest industry and relative competitiveness at the local level and applies it to the state of Georgia. Key insights highlight how localized forestry and forest industry profiles indicate where wood demand and suppliesare in and out of balance on an annual basis. Alternately, localized profiles that emphasize physiographic regions may not correspond well with traditional wood procurement areas. More importantly, ongoing tracking of wood supply viability and competitive analysis must distinguish between timber markets (stumpage, forest inventories and removals, and growth) and end product commodity markets (lumber, pulp, oriented strand board, and plywood). Mills, like forests, are not uniformly distributed throughout a state, whether measured by size, type, or end product. Tracking the forest industry in a localized, annual manner can support ongoing planning, investment, and policymaking activities in a targeted and efficient manner.
Hurricane Katrina Winds Damaged Longleaf Pine Less than Loblolly Pine
Authors: Johnsen Kurt H. , Butnor John R. , Kush John S. , Schmidtling Ron C. , Nelson C. Dana 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Some evidence suggests that longleaf pine might be more tolerant of high winds than either slash pine (Pinus elliotii Englem.) or loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.). We studied wind damage to these three pine species in a common garden experiment in southeast Mississippi following Hurricane Katrina, a very large, Category 3 hurricane that directly affected the stand in August 2005. The experiment, a factorial arrangement of silvicultural treatments established in 1960, included 120 plots of 100 trees each, covering about 22 ha. Following the hurricane, dbh was measured on all trees, and each tree was rated with respect to mortality from wind damage. Longleaf pine suffered less mortality (7%) than the other two species (slash pine, 14%; loblolly pine, 26%), although the differences in mortality were statistically significant only between longleaf pine and loblolly pine. Longleaf pine lost significantly fewer stems per hectare and less basal area than the two other species. Differences in mortality among species were not a function of mean plot tree height or plot density. Our analyses indicate that longleaf pine is more resistant to wind damage than loblolly pine.
Shelterwood-Planted Northern Red Oaks: Integrated Costs and Options
Authors: Spetich Martin A. , Dey Daniel , Johnson Paul 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Tree biology, environmental site conditions, relative monetary costs, management options, and the competitive struggle between planted trees and other vegetation were integrated when underplanting northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) seedlings in Boston Mountain shelterwoods. This approach provides insight into the collective costs (biological, environmental, and monetary) associated with artificial regeneration. This analysis is partly based on previous research that determined the competitive capacity of more than 4,000 seedlings planted under shelterwood overstories. Using these probabilities in our simple accounting of cost, the cost of obtaining one competitively successful tree was calculated under various combinations of environmental variables, silvicultural treatments and seedling sizes. A successful tree was defined as one predicted to survive and attain dominance or codominance 11 years after planting. The cost of trees that were not likely to survive or reach a dominant or codominant position was added to the cost of obtaining a successful tree. In this way, the cost of the competitive struggle between planted trees and other vegetation is integrated into the monetary cost per successful tree. Results provide a practical tool for evaluating various planting options in relation to both associated costs and the expected biological success of alternative planting prescriptions.
Anomaly Detection for Analysis of Annual Inventory Data: A Quality Control Approach
Authors: Roesch Francis A. , Van Deusen Paul C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Annual forest inventories present special challenges and opportunities for those analyzing the data arising from them. Here, we address one question currently being asked by analysts of the US Forest Service's Forest Inventory and Analysis Program's quickly accumulating annual inventory data. The question is simple but profound: When combining the next year's data for a particular variable with data from previous years, how does one know whether the same model as used in the past for this purpose continues to be applicable? Of the myriad approaches that have been developed for changepoint detection and anomaly detection, this report focuses on a simple quality-control approach known as a control chart that will allow analysts of annual forest inventory data to determine when a departure from a past trend is likely to have occurred.
Attitudes toward Policy Instruments Promoting Wood-To-Energy Initiatives in the United States
Authors: Aguilar Francisco X. , Saunders Adam M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
An array of policy instruments has been adopted across the United States in an effort to promote greater wood-to-energy uses. This research elicited attitudes toward wood-to-energy policy instruments among forest sector stakeholders to identify the most preferred policy tools. Test statistics identified differences between perceptions from US South and non-US South respondents regarding the capacity of tax incentives; subsidies and grants; rules and regulations; education; and consultation to meet policy ecological, economic, social, and political criteria. Examples of particular instruments adopted by various states were used to evaluate their capacity in addressing specific energy, forest management, and market dimensions of wood-to-energy policy. Results suggest preference for the implementation of education programs and the adoption of tax incentive instruments, followed by rules and regulations. US South respondents have less favorable views of subsidies and grants and rules and regulations than respondents from the rest of the country to meet policy evaluation criteria. Based on the analysis of state-specific policy tools, tax incentives were deemed the best positioned to generate more renewable energy from woody feedstocks and education and consultation were the best suited to meet energy and sustainable forest management objectives. A combination of approaches will be the most adequate to meet multiple policy criteria.