bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Ca2+ channel subunit CaVβ2a‐subunit down‐regulates voltage‐activated ion current densities by disrupting actin‐dependent traffic in chromaffin cells
Authors: Guerra María J. , González‐Jamett Arlek M. , Báez‐Matus Ximena , Navarro‐Quezada Nieves , Martínez Agustín D. , Neely Alan , Cárdenas Ana M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstractβ‐Subunits of the Ca2+ channel have been conventionally regarded as auxiliary subunits that regulate the expression and activity of the pore‐forming α1 subunit. However, they comprise protein–protein interaction domains, such as a SRC homology 3 domain (SH3) domain, which make them potential signaling molecules. Here we evaluated the role of the β2a subunit of the Ca2+ channels (CaVβ2a) and its SH3 domain (β2a‐SH3) in late stages of channel trafficking in bovine adrenal chromaffin cells. Cultured bovine adrenal chromaffin cells were injected with CaVβ2a or β2a‐SH3 under different conditions, in order to acutely interfere with endogenous associations of these proteins. As assayed by whole‐cell patch clamp recordings, Ca2+ currents were reduced by CaVβ2a in the presence of exogenous α1‐interaction domain. β2a‐SH3, but not its dimerization‐deficient mutant, also reduced Ca2+ currents. Na+ currents were also diminished following β2a‐SH3 injection. Furthermore, β2a‐SH3 was still able to reduce Ca2+ currents when dynamin‐2 function was disrupted, but not when SNARE‐dependent exocytosis or actin polymerization was inhibited. Together with the additional finding that both CaVβ2a and β2a‐SH3 diminished the incorporation of new actin monomers to cortical actin filaments, β2a‐SH3 emerges as a signaling module that might down‐regulate forward trafficking of ion channels by modulating actin dynamics.
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The pathobiology of perturbed mutant huntingtin protein–protein interactions in Huntington's disease
Authors: Wanker Erich E. , Ast Anne , Schindler Franziska , Trepte Philipp , Schnoegl Sigrid 
Published: August 2019

AbstractMutations are at the root of many human diseases. Still, we largely do not exactly understand how they trigger pathogenesis. One, more recent, hypothesis has been that they comprehensively perturb protein–protein interaction (PPI) networks and significantly alter key biological processes. Under this premise, many rare genetic disorders with Mendelian inheritance, like Huntington's disease and several spinocerebellar ataxias, are likely to be caused by complex genotype–phenotype relationships involving abnormal PPIs. These altered PPI networks and their effects on cellular pathways are poorly understood at the molecular level. In this review, we focus on PPIs that are perturbed by the expanded pathogenic polyglutamine tract in huntingtin (HTT), the protein which, in its mutated form, leads to the autosomal dominant, neurodegenerative Huntington's disease. One aspect of perturbed mutant HTT interactions is the formation of abnormal protein species such as fibrils or large neuronal inclusions as a result of homotypic and heterotypic aberrant molecular interactions. This review focuses on abnormal PPIs that are associated with the assembly of mutant HTT aggregates in cells and their potential relevance in disease. Furthermore, the mechanisms and pathobiological processes that may contribute to phenotype development, neuronal dysfunction and toxicity in Huntington's disease brains are also discussed.
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This article is part of the Special Issue "Proteomics".
G‐protein‐coupled receptor‐based sensors for imaging neurochemicals with high sensitivity and specificity
Authors: Jing Miao , Zhang Yajun , Wang Huan , Li Yulong 
Published: August 2019

AbstractNeurotransmitters and neuromodulators are key neurochemicals that mediate cell–cell communication, maintain the body's homeostasis, and control a wide range of biological processes. Thus, dysregulation of neurochemical signaling is associated with a range of psychiatric disorders and neurological diseases. Understanding the physiological and pathophysiological functions of neurochemicals, particularly in complex biological systems in vivo, requires tools that can probe their dynamics with high sensitivity and specificity. Recently, genetically encoded fluorescent sensors for visualizing specific neurochemicals were developed by coupling neurochemical‐sensing G‐protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs) with a circular‐permutated fluorescent protein. These GPCR‐based sensors can monitor the dynamics of neurochemicals in behaving animals with high spatiotemporal resolution. Here, we review recent progress regarding the development and application of GPCR‐based sensors for imaging neurochemicals, and we discuss future perspectives.
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Early stages of development of the alar fascia (human specimens at 6–12 weeks of development)
Authors: López‐Fernández Pedro , Murillo‐González Jorge , Arráez‐Aybar Luis Alfonso , de la Cuadra‐Blanco Crótida , Moreno‐Borreguero Alicia , Mérida‐Velasco José Ramón 
Published: August 2019

AbstractIn recent years, there has been much discussion concerning the cervical fasciae. The aim of this study is to confirm and to describe the development of the alar fascia as well as its relationship with nearby structures. Histological preparations of 25 human embryos (6–8 weeks of development) and 25 human fetuses (9–12 weeks of development) were studied bilaterally using a conventional optical microscope. Our study confirms the existence of the alar fascia and permits three stages to be established during its development. The initial stage (1st), corresponding to the 6th week of development (Carnegie stages 18–19), is characterized by the beginning of the alar fascia primordium in the retroesophageal space at the level of C7‐T1. In the formation stage (2nd), corresponding to the 7th and 8th weeks of development (Carnegie stages 20–23), the alar fascia primordium grows upwards and reaches the level of C2–C3. In the maturation stage (3rd), beginning in the 9th week of development, the visceral, alar and prevertebral fasciae can be identified. The alar fascia divides the retrovisceral space (retropharyngeal and retroesophageal) into two spaces: one anterior (between the alar fascia and the visceral fascia and extending from C1 to T1, named retropharyngeal or retroesophageal space according to the level) and the other posterior (between the alar fascia and the prevertebral fascia, named danger space). We suggest that this latter space be named the retroalar space. This study suggests that alar fascia development is related to mechanical factors and that the alar fascia permits the sliding of the pharynx and the oesophagus during swallowing.
Cesar Chavez and the Ethics of Exemplarity
Authors: Maya Gustavo 
Published: August 2019

AbstractIn recent years, Cesar Chavez’s life and legacy have been subjected to increased scrutiny. The ensuing reevaluations of Chavez, wittingly or not, are matters of ethical, as well as historical and biographical, concern. This article has two aims. First, it reconstructs Chavez’s account of exemplarity and uses it to assess his legacy. Second, it provides an account of exemplarity situated within social practices. As I argue, exemplarity operates through social practices, rather than mystically as posited by a contagion model. The end result is an ethically nuanced reassessment of Chavez and an account of exemplarity that includes its social dimension.
Methodological approaches for investigating links between dental and chronic diseases with claims data: A scoping study
Authors: Blaschke Katja , Seitz Max W. , Schubert Ingrid , Listl Stefan 
Published: August 2019

AbstractObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to provide an overview of methodological approaches to assess the relationship between dental diseases and other noncommunicable diseases on the basis of claims data.MethodsBased on the methodological framework of Arksey and O'Malley, a scoping study was conducted. By searching electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, and LILACS), appropriate articles were identified. After extracting relevant information and entering it into a data‐charting form, the study characteristics and the methodological approaches were summarized descriptively.ResultsFifty‐one articles were identified for inclusion in the analysis. Most of the selected studies (78 percent) originated from Taiwan and employed a cohort design. The majority of studies considered dental diseases, particularly periodontal disease (PD) measures, but no common standard was identified for the definition of PD. Unmeasured confounding, misclassification, and surveillance bias were reported to be the main limitations of the claims data analyses.ConclusionsClaims data provide a very useful information source to further delineate the relationship between PDs and other noncommunicable diseases. If diagnostic codes are available, they seem to be the most suitable tool to assess PD in claims‐based studies. In databases that do not contain dental diagnostic codes, e.g., databases in Germany and the United States, the identification of PD is a particular challenge. The inclusion of dental diagnostic codes in all claims databases is strongly recommended. Due to the public health relevance of PD, there is a need for more comprehensive documentation of dental parameters within claims data.
Medical school expansion policies: educational access and physician distribution
Authors: Figueiredo Alexandre Medeiros , McKinley Danette Waller , Lima Kenio Costa , Azevedo George Dantas 
Published: August 2019

IntroductionMany countries are employing strategies intended to reduce maldistribution of health workers and inequities. The purpose of this study was to analyse the impact of expansion policies of medical schools on regional inequalities in the distribution of undergraduate class sizes, and the capacity to attract and retain doctors and to expand health facilities.MethodsWe conducted a descriptive analysis to compare the distribution of undergraduate places in 2007 and 2016 to determine the impact of targeted expansion policies on inequalities in access to medical education in Brazil. A group of municipalities with new medical schools (n = 54) and a control group without medical schools (n = 408) were compared to analyse impacts of expansion in the health sector. We compared the increase in the number of physicians per 1000 inhabitants and health establishments per inhabitants between 2007 and 2016 based on these two groups. We also analysed the relationship between geographic distance from the state capital and capacity to attract physicians.ResultsThere was a decrease in the regional inequalities of undergraduate places in medical schools; the greatest increase in the places per 1000 inhabitants was in municipalities of between 50 000 and 100 000 inhabitants. Municipalities with new medical schools showed an increase in physicians per 1000 inhabitants and in health establishments per inhabitant ratio, demonstrating the potential to attract and retain doctors, as well as strengthening the health infrastructure. Municipalities more distant from state capitals showed a greater increase in physician : inhabitant ratio.DiscussionCountries with health workforce shortages and inequalities in their distribution might consider public financing and regulation policies for expansion of medical schools as a strategy to attract and retain professionals. Early results in Brazil showed that such strategies could strengthen service networks in deprived areas, supporting implementation of Universal Healthcare Coverage.
Genome‐wide analysis of MIKC‐type MADS‐box genes in wheat: pervasive duplications, functional conservation and putative neofunctionalization
Authors: Schilling Susanne , Kennedy Alice , Pan Sirui , Jermiin Lars S. , Melzer Rainer 
Published: August 2019

Summary

Wheat (Triticum aestivum) is one of the most important crops worldwide. Given a growing global population coupled with increasingly challenging cultivation conditions, facilitating wheat breeding by fine‐tuning important traits is of great importance. MADS‐box genes are prime candidates for this, as they are involved in virtually all aspects of plant development.

Here, we present a detailed overview of phylogeny and expression of 201 wheat MIKC‐type MADS‐box genes. Homoeolog retention is significantly above the average genome‐wide retention rate for wheat genes, indicating that many MIKC‐type homoeologs are functionally important and not redundant. Gene expression is generally in agreement with the expected subfamily‐specific expression pattern, indicating broad conservation of function of MIKC‐type genes during wheat evolution.

We also found extensive expansion of some MIKC‐type subfamilies, especially those potentially involved in adaptation to different environmental conditions like flowering time genes. Duplications are especially prominent in distal telomeric regions. A number of MIKC‐type genes show novel expression patterns and respond, for example, to biotic stress, pointing towards neofunctionalization.

We speculate that conserved, duplicated and neofunctionalized MIKC‐type genes may have played an important role in the adaptation of wheat to a diversity of conditions, hence contributing to the importance of wheat as a global staple food.
Physical activity interventions in early life aimed at reducing later risk of obesity and related non‐communicable diseases: A rapid review of systematic reviews
Authors: Reilly John J. , Hughes Adrienne R. , Gillespie Jennifer , Malden Stephen , Martin Anne 
Published: August 2019

SummaryTo identify useful components of interventions aimed at prevention of childhood obesity and related non‐communicable diseases (NCDs), which included physical activity and which targeted any or all of four life‐course stages: peri‐conception; pregnancy; infancy and toddlerhood (0 to 23 months); and early childhood (24 to 59 months). In May 2016, WHO Geneva searched the Cochrane Library and PubMed for systematic reviews of interventions including physical activity to prevent childhood obesity or risk factors for obesity‐related NCDs. Using a narrative synthesis, the efficacy of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to alter energy balance outcomes (measures of weight status or body fatness) was characterized by life‐course stage, study characteristics, intervention functions (as defined in the behaviour change wheel), and level of the socio‐ecological model (SEM) targeted. The quality of included systematic reviews was assessed. We retrieved 82 reviews from the World Health Organization (WHO) search, of which 23 were eligible for the present synthesis. The number of eligible studies by life‐course stage was: 0 (peri‐conception); 0 (pregnancy); 8 (infancy and toddlerhood, age 0 to 23 months; seven RCTs; age); and 37 (early childhood, age 24 to 59 months; 30 RCTs;). Thus, there was a lack of evidence for physical activity interventions during peri‐conception and pregnancy. Almost all relevant studies in the 0‐ to 23‐ and 24‐ to 59‐month life‐course stages were multicomponent interventions (ie, targeted physical activity, dietary, and/or sedentary behaviours). Interventions with evidence of efficacy tended to target multiple levels of the SEM, with emphasis on parents, and extend over long periods. Effective intervention elements for early life obesity prevention included classes on parenting skills, alteration of the kindergarten playground, and financial incentives. Evidence from low‐ and middle‐income countries was scarce, and evidence for intervention effect on obesity‐related NCDs was missing. Future physical activity interventions in toddlerhood and early childhood aimed at prevention of obesity should adopt the characteristics typical of effective interventions identified by the present synthesis. There is an urgent need for more evidence on physical activity interventions set in low‐ and middle‐income countries and which target the peri‐conception and pregnancy periods.
Patient motivations and expectations prior to bariatric surgery: A qualitative systematic review
Authors: Cohn Ilana , Raman Jayanthi , Sui Zhixian 
Published: August 2019

SummaryBariatric surgery is the most effective treatment for weight loss in individuals with severe and complex obesity. While the extant literature has mostly explored clinical outcomes of surgery, recent research has also examined patients' experiences prior to treatment. This systematic review synthesized findings from qualitative studies investigating patients' motives and expectations prior to undergoing bariatric surgery for weight loss. Twenty‐eight studies published in English involving 580 participants were identified for inclusion. Data extraction and thematic synthesis yielded four global themes: physiological, emotional, cognitive, and interpersonal/environmental. These represented seven subthemes describing patients' presurgery experiences: relationship with food, physical health, activities of living, personal identity, social relations, presurgery information, and beliefs about surgery. In addition to improving physical and medical comorbidities associated with obesity, participants believed that postsurgery weight loss would produce positive psychosocial impacts by strengthening their personal identities, their relationships, and improving their engagement in public and professional life. The complex and widespread nature of the changes patients expected would result from bariatric surgery highlights the importance of providing pretreatment education focused on psychosocial well‐being, as well as concurrent psychological support alongside surgery, to best inform individual treatment selection and clinical practice.
Pregnancy after bariatric surgery: Consensus recommendations for periconception, antenatal and postnatal care
Authors: Shawe Jill , Ceulemans Dries , Akhter Zainab , Neff Karl , Hart Kathryn , Heslehurst Nicola , Štotl Iztok , Agrawal Sanjay , Steegers‐Theunissen Regine , Taheri Shahrad , Greenslade Beth , Rankin Judith , Huda Bobby , Douek Isy , Galjaard Sander , Blumenfeld Orit , Robinson Ann , Whyte Martin , Mathews Elaine , Devlieger Roland 
Published: August 2019

SummaryThe objective of the study is to provide evidence‐based guidance on nutritional management and optimal care for pregnancy after bariatric surgery. A consensus meeting of international and multidisciplinary experts was held to identify relevant research questions in relation to pregnancy after bariatric surgery. A systematic search of available literature was performed, and the ADAPTE protocol for guideline development followed. All available evidence was graded and further discussed during group meetings to formulate recommendations. Where evidence of sufficient quality was lacking, the group made consensus recommendations based on expert clinical experience. The main outcome measures are timing of pregnancy, contraceptive choice, nutritional advice and supplementation, clinical follow‐up of pregnancy, and breastfeeding. We provide recommendations for periconception, antenatal, and postnatal care for women following surgery. These recommendations are summarized in a table and print‐friendly format. Women of reproductive age with a history of bariatric surgery should receive specialized care regarding their reproductive health. Many recommendations are not supported by high‐quality evidence and warrant further research. These areas are highlighted in the paper.
Condyle‐glenoid fossa relationship after Herbst appliance treatment during two stages of craniofacial skeletal maturation: A retrospective study
Authors: Cheib Vilefort Paula Loureiro , Farah Leticia Orefice , Gontijo Henrique Pársia , Moro Alexandre , Ruellas Antonio Carlos de Oliveira , Cevidanes Lucia Helena Soares , Nguyen Tung , Franchi Lorenzo , McNamara James A. , Souki Bernardo Quiroga 
Published: August 2019

AbstractObjectivesTo perform a three‐dimensional evaluation of the position of the condyles in patients treated with Herbst appliance (HA) in two stages of cervical vertebral maturation.Setting and sample populationRetrospective case‐control study. Pubertal Herbst group (PHG; n = 24, mean age 14.5 years, CS 3 and CS 4) and pre‐pubertal Herbst group (PPHG; n = 17, mean age 9.9 years, CS 1 and CS 2) were contrasted with comparison groups of non‐orthopaedically treated Class II patients in pubertal (PCG; n = 17, mean age 13.9 years) and pre‐pubertal maturational stages (PPCG; n = 18, mean age 10.6 years).Materials and MethodsCone‐beam computer tomography scans were taken before treatment (T0) and at T1 after 8 to 12 months. Point‐to‐point measurements of the displacement of the condyles between T0 and T1, relative to the glenoid fossae, were performed in the X, Y, Z and 3D perspectives. Qualitative assessments using semi‐transparent overlays and colour mapping also were produced.ResultsThe displacement of the condyles within the glenoid fossae in the treated groups was small (<0.75 mm; P > .05). Relative to the glenoid fossa, condylar position at T1 was similar to T0 in pre‐pubertal and pubertal groups (P > .05). Similar condylar rotations from T0 to T1 were observed in Herbst and comparison groups, and no significant difference was found between pre‐pubertal and pubertal patients.ConclusionsRegardless the stage of skeletal maturation, HA treatment did not change the condyle‐glenoid fossa relationship.
Part 1: Moral motivation inMencius—When a child falls into a well
Authors: Hu Jing Iris 
Published: August 2019

AbstractAs a 4th century BCE Confucian text, Mencius provides a rich reflection on moral emotions, such as empathy and compassion, and moral cultivation, which has drawn attention from scholars around the world. This two‐part discussion dwells on the idea of natural moral motivation expressed through the analogy of the four sprouts—particularly the sprout ofceyin zhixin(the heart of feelings others' distress)—as the starting point, the focus, and the drive of moral cultivation. In this paper, Part 1, I stress the importance of holding an integrated view of the sprouts as consisting of three components: cognitive, affective, and motivational. Through examining scholarly accounts that do not adhere to such a view, I demonstrate why the integrative perspective is necessary for understanding the dynamic nature of human moral potential and the centrality of moral cultivation in Mencian ethics.
The Developmental Origins of Syntactic Bootstrapping
Authors: Fisher Cynthia , Jin Kyong‐sun , Scott Rose M. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractChildren use syntax to learn verbs, in a process known as syntactic bootstrapping. The structure‐mapping account proposes that syntactic bootstrapping begins with a universal bias to map each noun phrase in a sentence onto a participant role in a structured conceptual representation of an event. Equipped with this bias, children interpret thenumber of noun phrasesaccompanying a new verb as evidence about the semantic predicate–argument structure of the sentence, and therefore about the meaning of the verb. In this paper, we first review evidence for the structure–mapping account, and then discuss challenges to the account arising from the existence of languages that allow verbs' arguments to be omitted, such as Korean. These challenges prompt us to (a) refine our notion of the distributional learning mechanisms that create representations of sentence structure, and (b) propose that anexpectation of discourse continuityallows children to gather linguistic evidence for each verb’s arguments across sentences in a coherent discourse. Taken together, the proposed learning mechanisms and biases sketch a route whereby simple aspects of sentence structure guide verb learning from the start of multi‐word sentence comprehension, and do so even if some of the new verb’s arguments are omitted due to discourse redundancy.
Twenty years of traffic: A 2020 vision of cellular electron microscopy
Authors: Parton Robert G. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe last 20 years have seen incredible advances in electron microscopy (EM). Cryoelectron microscopy can now resolve protein structures to a previously unimaginable resolution but the advances in cellular EM are just as significant. I will take this opportunity to briefly summarize some of the new developments in cellular EM.