bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cryptocurrencies and Digital Fiat Currencies
Authors: Kirkby Robert 
Published: November 2018

AbstractCurrent generations of cryptocurrencies are not money, but future ones may be. While Bitcoin performs poorly as a store of value, it is actually on par with the Venezuelan bolívar over the last decade, and the Argentinian peso over the decade from 1986. I evaluate arguments in favour of central banks issuing digital fiat currency—intended to replace cash—and digital fiat money—intended to replace money more broadly. Digital fiat currency appears a natural step forward, but digital fiat money would be a bad idea as it makes the central bank responsible for the entire money supply.
Maternal psychopathology and mental health treatment delay in adolescents from a national cohort
Authors: Stalujanis Esther , Meinlschmidt Gunther , Belardi Angelo , Tegethoff Marion 
Published: November 2018

ObjectiveTo investigate whether maternal psychopathology predicts mental health service use and treatment delay in offspring with mental disorders.Data SourcesWeighted data collected between 2001 and 2004 from NCS‐A participants (age: 13‐18 years; N = 2939) meeting DSM‐IV criteria for any lifetime mental disorder, assessed with WHO CIDI, and from their biological mothers.Study DesignNational representative cohort.Data CollectionMaternal psychopathology was assessed with self‐report, adolescent mental health service use with the Service Assessment for Children and Adolescents.Principal FindingsMaternal psychopathology predicted offspring mental health service use across various service sectors, except for school services. In the mental health specialty sector, estimates were highest for maternal affective (hazard ratio (HR) = 2.17, 95 percent confidence interval (CI) = 1.66‐2.82) and any mental disorder (HR = 2.13, 95 percent CI = 1.53‐2.97). For offspring use of any mental health services, estimates were highest for maternal behavior (HR = 1.60, 95 percent CI = 1.15‐2.21) and substance use disorders (HR = 1.57, 95 percent CI = 1.09‐2.24). Treatment delay of offspring mental health service use was predicted by maternal behavior disorders.ConclusionsMaternal psychopathology fostered mental health service use in offspring with mental disorders, while maternal behavior disorders might also retard treatment. Considering parental psychopathology may help improving the prevention of unmet offspring service needs.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy in Food Science: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Hatzakis Emmanuel 
Published: November 2018

AbstractNuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a robust method, which can rapidly analyze mixtures at the molecular level without requiring separation and/or purification steps, making it ideal for applications in food science. Despite its increasing popularity among food scientists, NMR is still an underutilized methodology in this area, mainly due to its high cost, relatively low sensitivity, and the lack of NMR expertise by many food scientists. The aim of this review is to help bridge the knowledge gap that may exist when attempting to apply NMR methodologies to the field of food science. We begin by covering the basic principles required to apply NMR to the study of foods and nutrients. A description of the discipline of chemometrics is provided, as the combination of NMR with multivariate statistical analysis is a powerful approach for addressing modern challenges in food science. Furthermore, a comprehensive overview of recent and key applications in the areas of compositional analysis, food authentication, quality control, and human nutrition is provided. In addition to standard NMR techniques, more sophisticated NMR applications are also presented, although limitations, gaps, and potentials are discussed. We hope this review will help scientists gain some of the knowledge required to apply the powerful methodology of NMR to the rich and diverse field of food science.
Accelerating Basic Science in an Intergovernmental Framework: Learning from CERN's Science Diplomacy
Authors: Höne Katharina E. , Kurbalija Jovan 
Published: November 2018

AbstractCERN offers a highly relevant case to probe some of the assumptions of current debates on science diplomacy. Building on the existing literature and a number of expert interviews, this article discusses the origin of CERN, its governance structure, and the particular constellation of interests that form part of CERN's science diplomacy. We understand science diplomacy as a practice and explore this at the intersection between goals and values, everyday conduct, and the governance structure guiding interactions. Reaching beyond CERN as a specific case, we address the tension at the heart of science diplomacy debates between promoting peaceful relations and furthering strategic and national interests. We argue that it is precisely within this tension that science diplomacy unfolds. Further, the particular governance structure that CERN employs emerges as a blueprint for supporting a level playing field between scientists and diplomats and promoting scientific goals beyond narrow political considerations. Lastly, we make suggestions for capacity building and training in science diplomacy that focus on bringing the ‘world of science’ and the ‘world of diplomacy’, a distinction which emerged prominently from the literature and the interviews, together in useful ways.
UNESCO: Scientific Humanism and its Impact on Multilateral Diplomacy
Authors: Singh J. P. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe S of UNESCO stands for science, and provided some impetus for UNESCO's creation. This essay critically examines the ways in which science diplomacy at the multilateral level was mobilized to produce UNESCO's vision for a ‘culture of peace’. Underlying UNESCO's vision was the diplomacy of scientific humanism, best articulated in the words and person of its first Director‐General Julian Huxley, himself a scientist. The scientific method was the axiom that would bring diverse communities together. After examining the humanism of science diplomacy, this essay outlines two major effects of UNESCO's science diplomacy: science diplomacy networks and programs. The S of UNESCO contributed to global beliefs in multilateral diplomacy as a way of resolving conflicts, especially in further propagating the use of scientific evidence in multilateral negotiations. The essay also outlines the limits of these science networks, institutions, and scientific evidence in multilateral diplomacy although science may well be the unsung ‘hero’ of an otherwise highly politicized UNESCO.
Trends in age‐related disease burden and healthcare utilization
Authors: Atella Vincenzo , Piano Mortari Andrea , Kopinska Joanna , Belotti Federico , Lapi Francesco , Cricelli Claudio , Fontana Luigi 
Published: November 2018

AbstractAging is a strong risk factor for many chronic diseases. However, the impact of an aging population on the prevalence of chronic diseases and related healthcare costs are not known. We used a prevalence‐based approach that combines accurate clinical and drug prescription data from Health Search CSD‐LPD. This is a longitudinal observational data set containing computer‐based patient records collected by Italian general practitioners (GP) and up‐to‐date healthcare expenditures data from the SiSSI Project. The analysis is based on data collected by 900 GP on an unbalanced sample of more than 1 million patients aged 35+, observed in different time periods between 2005 and 2014. In 2014, 86% of the Italian adults older than 65 had at least one chronic condition, and 56.7% had two or more. Prevalence of multiple chronic diseases and healthcare utilization increased among older and younger adults between 2004 and 2014. Indeed, in the last 10 years, average number of prescriptions increased by approximately 26%, while laboratory and diagnostic tests by 27%. The average number of DDD prescribed increased with age in all the observed years (from 114 in 2005 to 119.9 in 2014 for the 35–50 age group and from 774.9 to 1,178.1 for the 81+ patients). The alarming rising trends in the prevalence of chronic disease and associated healthcare costs in Italy, as well as in many other developed countries, call for an urgent implementation of interventions that prevent or slow the accumulation of metabolic and molecular damage associated with multiple chronic disease.
Advanced prostate cancer update 2018
Authors: Sartor Oliver 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe management of advanced prostate cancer today follows a multidisciplinary approach and involves multi‐target treatments. The paradigm has shifted from traditional hormonal therapy, surgery and radiation, to the use of chemotherapy, and until recently the development of various immunotherapies and radiopharmaceuticals. Recent advances turn to molecular medicine combining the expertise of molecular pathology and genetics. In this review, germline genetics, advances in castrate‐sensitive metastatic disease, androgen receptor alterations, potential new targeted therapy and novel radiopharmaceuticals will be discussed as the newest perspectives for treating prostate cancer. With better staging and new imaging techniques, patients who could be cured by localized treatments and who could benefit from more intensive regimens can be identified. In future, careful patient selection and novel combinations are likely to be required in the management of prostate cancer.
Large carnivore distribution in relationship to environmental and anthropogenic factors in a multiple‐use landscape of Northern Tanzania
Authors: Mkonyi Felix J. , Estes Anna B. , Lichtenfeld Laly L. , Durant Sarah M. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractEffective management of threatened wildlife, particularly large carnivores, depends on a sound understanding of their spatial distribution and status in relationship to environmental or anthropogenic impacts. Here, we analyse data from spoor surveys to investigate occurrence across a multiple‐use landscape in the Tarangire–Simanjiro ecosystem in northern Tanzania for four taxa of African large carnivores: lions (Panthera leo), hyaenas (spotted hyaenas (Crocuta crocuta) and striped hyaenas (Hyaena hyaena) combined), cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) and leopards (P. pardus). We analysed our data using occupancy modelling, explicitly accounting for detectability, to identify associations with environmental and anthropogenic variables. Overall occurrence was estimated at 0.85 (SE = 0.06) for hyaena, 0.82 (SE = 0.15) for cheetah, 0.55 (SE = 0.10) for lion and 0.61 (SE = 0.21) for leopard. Lion occurrence was negatively associated with distance to park boundary. Hyaena occurrence was positively associated with human population density and negatively associated with bushland, while cheetah and leopard occurrences were positively associated with grassland. These results suggest that lions may be more vulnerable to human impacts than other species, while hyaenas may benefit from vicinity to humans. Our study demonstrates the value of spoor‐based occupancy surveys for understanding distribution and habitat use of secretive large carnivores.
Effects of human settlement and roads on diel activity patterns of elephants (Loxodonta africana)
Authors: Gaynor Kaitlyn M. , Branco Paola S. , Long Ryan A. , Gonçalves Dominique D. , Granli Petter K. , Poole Joyce H. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractAs the human footprint expands worldwide, people and wildlife are coming into greater contact, and areas of human activity may be simultaneously associated with risk and reward for animals. To avoid human threats while exploiting opportunities, animals may adjust their spatiotemporal activity, using areas of anthropogenic disturbance at night when people are less active. We combined four camera trap datasets from Mozambique's Gorongosa National Park to evaluate the effects of roads and settlement on diel activity patterns of elephants (Loxodonta africana). We found high rates of elephant activity along the boundary of the park, where elephants can access cultivated crops, and along roads, which serve as movement corridors. However, elephants restricted their activity to the night and crepuscular periods in these areas of human disturbance, seeking refuge in the interior of the park away from roads and settlements during the day. Our findings suggest that a history of killing and antagonism has instilled a fear of humans in this elephant population, with implications for research, tourism and human–elephant coexistence. Our study highlights the utility of camera traps in monitoring human–wildlife conflict and habituation and demonstrates the value of integrating disparate camera trap datasets for comparative analyses on landscape or even continental scales.
A gentle introduction to camera‐trap data analysis
Authors: Sollmann Rahel 
Published: November 2018

AbstractCamera traps are increasingly used to study wildlife ecology and inform conservation, but valid inference depends on appropriate data analysis. This article introduces the most common analytical approaches for camera‐trap data. Camera traps are generally used as point‐based sampling devices, and many analytical methods require spatial independence of camera‐trap stations and temporal independence of subsequent records. Photographic rates of species should be interpreted with care, because they confound abundance/use with detectability. Occupancy models estimate species occurrence while accounting for imperfect detection and can reveal species–habitat associations. Capture–recapture models estimate abundance and detection probability from individual detection/nondetection data and are applicable to camera‐trap data for individually recognizable species. Spatial capture–recapture extends this framework by accounting for animal movement and location relative to the trap array. This is particularly useful for the often wide‐ranging species typically studied with camera traps and presents possibilities of modelling spatial population processes. Several methods have been developed to estimate abundance for species that cannot be individually identified; they all heavily rely on model assumptions. Finally, time stamps on camera‐trap records can be used to describe activity pattern and temporal interactions between species. Considering the usefulness of camera trapping, we expect ongoing development of analytical approaches for camera‐trap data.
How camera traps work and how to work them
Authors: Apps Peter J. , McNutt John Weldon 
Published: November 2018

AbstractCamera traps are very widely used to monitor the presence of animals and record their behaviour. Setting them up properly enhances their performance and data yield. The paper describes how camera traps work and gives basic advice on camera selection, setting up camera traps for various purposes, protecting them from animals, keeping them working and troubleshooting. A camera trap's capture of a still image or video is triggered by a passive infrared detector that responds when something hotter or colder than the background moves in its detection zone. Target detection is camera traps’ weak point, and they need to be set up so that animals move across their detection zone rather than towards or away from the camera. Short trigger and recovery times are preferred. After dark, camera traps illuminate the subject with infrared light that is difficult for animals to see, or white light if colour images are required. During the day, stills and video are captured in colour, and at night in monochrome under infrared, or in colour with white illumination. Where cameras need to be sited depends on study design. Camera performance is sensitive to the height and angle that they are mounted at; maximum detections come from cameras just below the target's shoulder height, aimed horizontally. To avoid large numbers of false triggers, trim vegetation in the detection zone that might be moved by the wind. Keep cameras clean and change batteries frequently.
Spotted hyaena (Crocuta crocuta) habitat occupancy in a national park, hunting area and private ranch in western Zimbabwe
Authors: Mhlanga Mlamuleli , Ramesh Tharmalingam , Kalle Riddhika , Madiri Tinaapi H. , Downs Colleen T. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractEstimating habitat occupancy is one of the methods used in assessing how large carnivores utilise their environment, thereby enabling conservationists to make informed decisions for conservation management. We modelled spotted hyaena Crocuta crocuta habitat occupancy in western Zimbabwe using sixty camera stations in a national park, a hunting area and a private ranch. Mean occupancy of the spotted hyaena was ψ = 0.617, SE = 0.147 and ψ = 0.502, SE = 0.107 during the wet and dry seasons, respectively. Occupancy was high in clayey soils and grasslands in the national park and the safari area, a behaviour attributed to denning site preferences and possibly prey movement. Therefore, with changing land‐use, spotted hyaenas are likely to inhabit areas outside the national park as they search for food while restricting their dens to areas along grasslands that have clayey soils.
Are camera traps fit for purpose? A rigorous, reproducible and realistic test of camera trap performance
Authors: Apps Peter , McNutt John Weldon 
Published: November 2018

AbstractCamera traps are now widely used to produce the data that inform critical, large‐scale conservation strategies, but insufficient attention has been paid to evaluating or validating their performance. A realistic, reproducible and rigorous test of camera trap performance has been developed, using a real animal target moving in different directions and at different distances from sets of up to six cameras. The test clearly shows differences in performance between camera trap brands and models that affect whether they are fit for research purposes, and the effects on camera performance of the small differences in mounting height and angle that are likely to arise when camera traps are used in the field.
Editorial: stepwise risk stratification for both F3 and F4 fibrosis stage in NAFLD patients
Authors: Idriss Rajab , Lai Michelle 
Published: November 2018

Linked ContentThis article is linked to Labenz et al and Labenz and Schattenberg papers. To view these articles visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14976 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15040.
Letter: vedolizumab drug concentrations in neonates following intrauterine exposure
Authors: Flanagan Emma , Gibson Peter R. , Begun Jakob , Ghaly Simon , Garg Mayur , Andrews Jane M. , Rosella Ourania , Rosella Gennaro , Bell Sally J. 
Published: November 2018

Linked ContentThis article is linked to Mahadevan et al and Julsgaard et al papers. To view these articles visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.13960 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14837.
Editorial: direct anti‐viral agents, hepatitis C virus eradication, and gut‐liver axis—another mechanistic piece to the puzzle
Authors: Tariq Raseen , Wahab Abdul , Singal Ashwani K. 
Published: November 2018

Linked ContentThis article is linked to Ponziani et al paper. To view this article visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15004.
Use of dynamic systems methods to characterize dyadic interactions in smoking cessation behavioural support sessions: A feasibility study
Authors: Gainforth Heather Louise , Lorencatto Fabiana , Erickson Karl , Baxter Kristy , Owens Kailey , Michie Susan , West Robert 
Published: November 2018

BackgroundUnderstanding how behaviour change techniques (BCTs) operate in practice requires a method for characterizing the reciprocal, dynamic, and real‐time nature of behavioural support interactions between practitioners and clients. State space grids (SSGs) are an observational, dynamic systems methodology used to map the trajectory of dyadic interactions in real time. By mapping the flow of events in terms of practitioner and client actions, SSGs are potentially well suited to characterize behavioural support sessions.PurposeTo develop reliable methods and examine the feasibility of using the SSG methodology for characterizing practitioners’ delivery of and clients’ response to BCTs in smoking cessation behavioural support sessions.MethodsSmoking cessation behavioural support sessions were video‐recorded and transcribed verbatim (n = 6 recordings; 2,916 statements). All speech was coded independently by two researchers for content and duration using published frameworks for specifying practitioner‐delivered and client‐received BCTs in smoking cessation interactions. Inter‐rater reliability was assessed. Indices of practitioner–client interaction dynamics were derived: (1) reciprocity (i.e., attractor states, content congruence, conditional pairing) and (2) temporal patterning (i.e., variability, inter‐grid distance, combinatory micro‐patterning, sessional macropatterning). The extent to which indices can describe differences between sessions involving different practitioners and clients was examined.ResultsInter‐rater reliability was moderate at 72% agreement. Indices of reciprocity and temporal patterning characterized differences between sessions involving different practitioners and clients.ConclusionsState space grids provide a method for characterizing the complexity and variability of practitioner‐delivered and client‐received BCTs in behavioural support sessions. This method has potential to add explanatory value to smoking cessation intervention outcomes.
Statement of Contribution

What is already known on this subject?

Frameworks exist for characterizing practitioner‐delivered and client‐received behaviour change techniques (BCTs).

Methods are still needed to investigate which BCTs are effective under what conditions.

State space grids (SSGs) are a dynamic systems method that may better characterize behavioural support interactions.

What does this study add?

First reliable, dynamic systems, SSG coding procedures, methods, and measures to characterize behavioural support.

A method for examining reciprocality and temporal patterning of BCT delivery and receipt.

Establishes a dynamic systems method that adds explanatory value to the outcomes of interventions.
Developments in the field of allergy in 2017 through the eyes of Clinical and Experimental Allergy
Authors: Roberts G. , Almqvist C. , Boyle R. , Crane J. , Hogan S. P. , Marsland B. , Saglani S. , Woodfolk J. A. 
Published: November 2018

SummaryIn this article, we described the development in the field of allergy as described by Clinical and Experimental Allergy in 2017. Experimental models of allergic disease, basic mechanisms, clinical mechanisms, allergens, asthma and rhinitis and clinical allergy are all covered.