bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of acute prolonged sitting on cerebral perfusion and executive function in young adults: A randomized cross‐over trial
Authors: Stoner Lee , Willey Quentin , Evans William S. , Burnet Kathryn , Credeur Daniel P. , Fryer Simon , Hanson Erik D. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractExposure to acute prolonged sitting reportedly leads to decreased cerebral blood flow. However, it is unclear whether this exposure translates to decreased cerebral perfusion and executive function or whether simple strategies to break up sitting can maintain cerebral perfusion and executive function. This study sought to answer two questions: in young, healthy adults, (a) does prolonged (3 hr) sitting lead to decreased cerebral perfusion and executive function? and (b) does breaking up prolonged sitting, using intermittent calf raise exercises, prevent changes in cerebral perfusion and executive function? Twenty young, healthy participants (21.7 [2.5] years, 70% female, 25.5 [6.1] kg/m2) were randomized to 3 hr sitting with 10 calf raises every 10 min (CALF) and 3 hr sitting without intermittent calf raises (CON). Prefrontal cortex perfusion was assessed using near‐infrared spectroscopy to monitor total hemoglobin (tHB) concentration and tissue saturation index (TSI, oxygenated hemoglobin). Executive function was assessed using the Stroop word and color tasks. Following 3 hr sitting, tHb was significantly lower in CALF versus CON (−2.1 μM, 95% CI [−3.1, −1.1]). TSI was not significantly different between conditions (p = .667). Word (1.6 ms, 95% CI [0.7, 2.5]) and color (1.3 ms, 95% CI [−0.2, 2.8]) completion times were longer (worse) for CALF compared to CON. In conclusion, calf raises decreased both cerebral perfusion and executive function. Simple strategies, such as fidgeting or calf raises, which have been reported to preserve vascular function in the legs, appear not to be sufficient to benefit cerebral perfusion or executive function.
Linking visual gamma to task‐related brain networks—a simultaneous EEG‐fMRI study
Authors: Beldzik Ewa , Domagalik Aleksandra , Beres Anna , Marek Tadeusz 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThere is a growing interest in human gamma‐band oscillatory activity due to its direct link to neuronal populations, its associations with many cognitive processes, and its positive relationship with fMRI BOLD signal. Visual gamma has been successfully detected using concurrent EEG‐fMRI recordings and linked to activity in the visual cortex using voxel‐wise regression analysis. As gamma‐band oscillations reflect predominantly feedforward projections between brain regions, its inclusion in functional connectivity analysis is highly recommended; however, very few studies have investigated this line of research. In the current study, we aimed to explore this gap by asking which fMRI brain network is related to gamma activity induced by the color discrimination task. Advanced denoising strategies and multitaper spectral decomposition were applied to EEG data to detect gamma oscillations, and group independent component analysis was performed on fMRI data to identify task‐related neural networks. Despite using only trials without motor response (50% of the trials), the two neural measures were successfully coupled. One of the six task‐related networks, the occipito‐parietal network, exhibited significant trial‐by‐trial covariations with gamma oscillations. In addition to the expected extrastriate visual cortex, the network encompasses extensive brain activations in the precuneus, bilateral intraparietal, and anterior insular cortices. We argue that the visual cortex is the source of gamma, whereas the remaining brain regions exhibit feedforward and feedback connections related to this oscillatory activity. Our findings provide evidence for the electrophysiological basis of the connectivity revealed by BOLD signal and impart novel insights into the neural mechanism of color discrimination.
The impact of 0.2% chlorhexidine gel on oral health and the incidence of pneumonia amongst adults with profound complex neurodisability
Authors: Prasad Ria , Daly Blanaid , Manley Graham 
Published: August 2019

AbstractAimsInvestigate the effect of toothbrushing with 0.2% chlorhexidine gel on oral health and pneumonia amongst patients with a neurodisability who are fed via percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy.MethodForty‐nine patients at the Royal Hospital for Neuro‐disability were recruited to an observational study. Daily toothbrushing with 0.2% chlorhexidine gel was undertaken for 12 months by trained nursing staff. Plaque and gingival health were assessed every six weeks using the Simplified Debris Index and the Basic Periodontal Examination. The annual incidence and prevalence of episodes of pneumonia experienced by patients whilst using the chlorhexidine gel were compared to rates from the previous year.ResultsPlaque levels and the proportion of patients with periodontal pocketing > 3.5 mm significantly reduced, P < .001, with chlorhexidine toothbrushing. Total number of pneumonia episodes (75‐67), antibiotics administered (73‐64), and radiographs taken (19 to 16) were lower in the year wherein chlorhexidine was employed, and hospitalisations dropped by 31% (16‐11), but these reductions were not statistically significant. No adverse events were reported.ConclusionDaily toothbrushing with 0.2% chlorhexidine undertaken by a trained and supported nursing staff was effective in improving oral health but did not significantly affect annual rates of pneumonia amongst patients.
Exploring dyadic teacher–child interactions, emotional security, and task engagement in preschool children displaying externalizing behaviors
Authors: Alamos Pilar , Williford Amanda P. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBased on attachment theory, we tested whether the link between dyadic teacher–child interactions and task engagement operates through a child's security with the teacher. In a sample of preschoolers (N = 470) rated by their teachers as exhibiting elevated disruptive behaviors, the quality of dyadic teacher–child interactions and children's security were observed using a standardized task. Children's engagement with tasks was both observed in the preschool classroom and rated by the teacher. Results indicated that the quality of teacher–child dyadic interactions was associated directly with teacher‐reported task engagement, and indirectly associated, through a child's security, with observed task engagement. We discussed the contribution of these findings to our understanding of how the quality of dyadic teacher–child interactions may serve to regulate children's behavior in the classroom for children whose teachers perceive them as displaying early externalizing behaviors.
Phylogenetic relationships and phylogeography of the genus Sinocyrtaspis Liu, 2000 (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Meconematinae) reveal speciation processes related to climate change
Authors: Wang Tao , Zhu Qidi , Heller Klaus‐Gerhard , Zhou Zhijun , Shi Fuming 
Published: August 2019

AbstractSpecies of Sinocyrtaspis Liu inhabit moist montane environments in south China, and occur allopatrically in restricted regions without overlapping areas. This study presents the first phylogeny of Sinocyrtaspis based on one nuclear DNA sequence [partial ITS1‐5.8S rDNA‐ITS2 (ITS)] as well as two mitochondrial genes [cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) and cytochrome b (CYTB)] using Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood. In addition, reconstructing the ancestral geographical range on the basis of the combined genes and distribution information, MaxEnt modelling was used to predict potential distribution areas in the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), the mid‐Holocene, the present‐day and in the year 2070, in order to understand speciation processes and responses to climate change in this genus. The phylogenetic analyses supported the monophyly of Sinocyrtaspis. The results of species delimitation confirmed seven Sinocyrtaspis species and that the speciation events mainly occurred in the late Miocene to early Pliocene when the climate became colder and drier. The conclusions of the phylogeographical analysis are as follows: (i) the centres of origin of Sinocyrtaspis were Hunan and north‐east Guangxi; (ii) two dispersal routes became obvious with the final destinations of Jiangxi and Zhejiang, respectively; (iii) after the Miocene cooling period, the ancestor species partly remained in Guizhou and partly spread; (iv) as a response to climate change, species altered distribution areas by moving along altitude gradients in mountain regions, whereas the anthropogenic global warming trend has promoted some species moving to high‐latitude areas or caused population differentiation.
Immune dysregulation and osteosarcoma: Staphylococcus aureus downregulates TGF‐β and heightens the inflammatory signature in human and canine macrophages suppressed by osteosarcoma
Authors: Tuohy Joanne L. , Somarelli Jason A. , Borst Luke B. , Eward William C. , Lascelles B. Duncan X. , Fogle Jonathan E. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractSince William Coley utilized bacterial immunotherapy to treat sarcomas in the late 19th century, an association between infection and improved survival has been reported for human and canine osteosarcoma patients. One of the reasons for this improved survival is likely a reactivation of the host immune system towards an inflammatory anti‐tumour response, and one of the key players is the macrophage. Yet, despite their importance, the response of macrophages to infectious agents in the context of osteosarcoma has not been thoroughly evaluated. The aim of this study was to evaluate how in vitro exposure to a bacterial agent (Staphylococcus aureus) influenced canine and human macrophage differentiation in the presence of osteosarcoma. Our hypothesis was that S. aureus would, in the presence of osteosarcoma, induce a macrophage phenotype with significantly increased inflammatory signatures. Consistent with our hypothesis, human macrophages co‐cultured with osteosarcoma and S. aureus exhibited increased IFN‐γ, TNF‐α and IL‐12p70 cytokine secretion, decreased TGF‐β cytokine secretion and increased mRNA expression of TNF‐α when compared with macrophages co‐cultured with osteosarcoma and to macrophages cultured alone. Canine macrophages similarly exhibited increased IFN‐γ and TNF‐α cytokine secretion, decreased TGF‐β cytokine secretion, increased mRNA expression of TNF‐α and increased surface receptor expression of CD80 when co‐cultured with osteosarcoma and S. aureus. Collectively, the findings of this study suggest that infection upregulates the inflammatory immune response to counteract osteosarcoma‐induced immune suppression. This work informs a potential therapeutic strategy to optimize inflammatory stimuli for triggering an anti‐osteosarcoma macrophage response.
Synthesis of nanosized amorphous and nanocrystalline TiO2 for photochemical oxidation of methomyl insecticide in aqueous media
Authors: Tony Maha A. , Mansour Shehab A. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractAqueous solution loaded with methomyl insecticide is photocatalytically treated upon UV radiation and TiO2 in a green sustainable oxidation technique. TiO2 is a highly promising photocatalytic oxidation method, whereas the main findings is increasing the surface area for maximizing the treatment efficiency. Herein, TiO2 was synthesized via sonochemical hydrolysis technique and amorphous TiO2 (TM100) was obtained. Further, annealing of amorphous TiO2 at 500 ºC resulting in anatase phase TiO2 (TN500). The phase structure of the both samples was confirmed by high‐resolution transmission electron microscope (HR‐TEM). The results revealed that the materials exhibited high methomyl removal efficiency due to its nanostructure nature. The optimum TM100 and TN500 for the treatment were 40 and 20 mg/L and resulted in 99.5 and 100% methomyl removal, respectively. Furthermore, pH and H2O2 effect were studied. Additionally, high correlation was attained between empirical and modelled values with a second‐order kinetic model for the two processes.
The contribution of low‐frequency fatigue to the loss of quadriceps contractile function following repeated drop jumps
Authors: Kamandulis Sigitas , Muanjai Pornpimol , Skurvydas Albertas , Brazaitis Marius , Sniečkus Audrius , Venckūnas Tomas , Streckis Vytautas , Mickeviciene Dalia , Jones David A. 
Published: August 2019

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?
Why do some subjects recover slowly following a bout of eccentric exercise and why is recovery faster following a repeated bout?

What is the main finding and its importance?
The results are consistent with two major causes of the reduction of quadriceps torque, the onset of low‐frequency fatigue which recovered relatively fast and a second, delayed form of damage. Differences in the delayed damage process largely accounted for the differences in the rate of torque recovery between subjects after a first bout and it was suppression of the delayed damage which accounted for the faster recovery following a repeated bout of eccentric exercise.

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which low‐frequency fatigue (LFF) accounts for the loss of quadriceps strength and time course of recovery following a series of drop jumps (DJs). Seventeen female subjects (20.8 ± 1.4 years) undertook 100 DJs, which were repeated 4 weeks later. Maximum isometric torque (MIT) and the ratio of torque generated by 20 and 100 Hz electrical stimulation (20/100), as a measure of LFF, were measured over 7 days following each series of DJs. After the first series the 20/100 ratio fell to a greater extent than MIT (to 35 ± 8.7% and 69 ± 11%, respectively) but recovered over 2–3 days, while MIT showed little recovery over this time. Changes of the 20/100 ratio were similar between subjects with fast or slow MIT recovery. Following the second series of DJs, changes in the 20/100 ratio were similar to those of the first bout and there were no differences between fast and slow recovering subjects. MIT, however, recovered more rapidly than after the first bout; the faster recovery was confined to the subjects who recovered slowly following the first bout. The results are consistent with two major causes of the reduction of quadriceps torque, the onset of low‐frequency fatigue which recovered relatively fast and a second, delayed, form of damage. The latter largely accounted for the differences in MIT recovery between subjects after the first bout, while suppression of the delayed damage accounted for the faster recovery following the repeated bout.
Demand for health services and drug prescriptions among overweight or obese preschool children
Authors: Ortiz-Pinto Maira Alejandra , Ortiz-Marrón Honorato , Esteban-Vasallo María D , Quadrado-Mercadal Agueda , Casanova-Pardomo Dayami , González-Alcón Marta , Ordobás-Gavin María , Galán Iñaki 
Published: August 2019

ObjectivesTo evaluate the association between excess weight and the demand of health services in preschool children compared with healthy weight.MethodsThe data come from the Longitudinal Study of Childhood Obesity cohort (1884 4-year-old children, residing in the Madrid region, Spain) who provided information through telephone questionnaire, physical examination and electronic medical records. We defined overweight, general and abdominal obesity based on body mass index, waist circumference and waist-to-height ratio. Using mixed models of multivariable negative binomial regression we calculated the incidence rate ratio (IRR) regarding primary care (PC) doctor visits, drug prescriptions and hospital admissions by weight status at the end of the 2-year follow-up.ResultsChildhood general obesity was associated with a higher demand for PC services related to psychological problems (IRR=1.53; 95% CI 1.02 to 2.28) and childhood abdominal obesity, according to waist-to-height ratio, was related to more frequent problems of the musculoskeletal system (IRR=1.27; 95% CI 1.00 to 1.62). Drugs were prescribed more frequently to children falling under all three definitions of excess weight, compared with healthy weight children. No differences in the number of hospital admissions were observed.ConclusionsThe demand of health services related to early childhood obesity was small. Nevertheless, obesity was associated with a slightly greater demand for drug prescriptions and for PC doctor visits related to psychological and musculoskeletal problems.
Long-term outcome of scleral-sutured posterior chamber intraocular lens: a case series
Authors: Bausili Portabella Maria Montserrat , Nadal Jeroni , Alvarez de Toledo Juan , Fideliz de la Paz María , Barraquer Rafael Ignacio 
Published: August 2019

PurposePurpose: To evaluate the long-term stability of scleral-sutured intraocular lenses (IOLs) and analyse the possible causes of suture breakage.SettingBarraquer Institute in Barcelona, Spain.DesignRetrospective study of consecutive cases.MethodsStudy of patients with scleral-sutured IOL with aphakia, subluxated or luxated IOL were included. Follow-up was longer than 6 months and patients over 18 years of age. Preoperative data (best-corrected visual acuity testing (BCVA), intraocular pressure (IOP), axial length and slit-lamp examination), intraoperative data (characteristics of the scleral flaps, suture material (Prolene or Mersilene) and scleral-sutured IOL) and postoperative data (BCVA, IOP, slit-lamp examination and complications) through 10 years were collected for analysis.Results345 consecutive cases of scleral-sutured IOL were included. 25 eyes underwent a second operation after a prior sutured IOL due to suture breakage (mean 40.2±39.6 months after the first surgery) and three of them needed a third surgery. Younger adults (less than 40-year old), the use of a combination of Prolene and Mersilene sutures to perform the surgery and suturing only one flap were found to have higher risk of suture breakage after a follow-up of 10 years. The probability of surviving of the scleral-sutured IOL at 10 years after surgery was 0.79.ConclusionsScleral-sutured posterior chamber IOL in eyes with a lack of capsular support is a safe and effective procedure with a low rate of complication and stable visual acuity. Further studies with special focus on young adults or myopic eyes are required to demonstrate long-term safety in those special cases.
Multifactorial interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 41 trials and almost 20 000 participants
Authors: Hopewell Sally , Copsey Bethan , Nicolson Philippa , Adedire Busola , Boniface Graham , Lamb Sarah 
Published: August 2019

ObjectiveTo assess the longer term effects of multifactorial interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community, and to explore whether prespecific trial-level characteristics are associated with greater fall prevention effects.DesignSystematic review with meta-analysis and meta-regression.Data sourcesMEDLINE, EMBASE, CINHAL, CENTRAL and trial registries were searched up to 25 July 2018.Study selectionWe included randomised controlled trials (≥12 months’ follow-up) evaluating the effects of multifactorial interventions on falls in older people aged 65 years and over, living in the community, compared with either usual care or usual care plus advice.Review methodsTwo authors independently verified studies for inclusion, assessed risk of bias and extracted data. Rate ratios (RaR) with 95% CIs were calculated for rate of falls, risk ratios (RR) for dichotomous outcomes and standardised mean difference for continuous outcomes. Data were pooled using a random effects model. The Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation was used to assess the quality of the evidence.ResultsWe included 41 trials totalling 19 369 participants; mean age 72–85 years. Exercise was the most common prespecified component of the multifactorial interventions (85%; n=35/41). Most trials were judged at unclear or high risk of bias in ≥1 domain. Twenty trials provided data on rate of falls and showed multifactorial interventions may reduce the rate at which people fall compared with the comparator (RaR 0.79, 95% CI 0.70 to 0.88; 20 trials; 10 116 participants; I2=90%; low-quality evidence). Multifactorial interventions may also slightly lower the risk of people sustaining one or more falls (RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.90 to 1.00; 30 trials; 13 817 participants; I2=56%; moderate-quality evidence) and recurrent falls (RR 0.88, 95% CI 0.78 to 1.00; 15 trials; 7277 participants; I2=46%; moderate-quality evidence). However, there may be little or no difference in other fall-related outcomes, such as fall-related fractures, falls requiring hospital admission or medical attention and health-related quality of life. Very few trials (n=3) reported on adverse events related to the intervention. Prespecified subgroup analyses showed that the effect on rate of falls may be smaller when compared with usual care plus advice as opposed to usual care only. Overall, heterogeneity remained high and was not explained by the prespecified characteristics included in the meta-regression.ConclusionMultifactorial interventions (most of which include exercise prescription) may reduce the rate of falls and slightly reduce risk of older people sustaining one or more falls and recurrent falls (defined as two or more falls within a specified time period).Trial registration numberCRD42018102549.
Referral transit time between sending and first-line receiving health facilities: a geographical analysis in Tanzania
Authors: Schmitz Michelle M , Serbanescu Florina , Arnott George E , Dynes Michelle , Chaote Paul , Msuya Abdulaziz Ally , Chen Yi No 
Published: August 2019

BackgroundTimely, high-quality obstetric services are vital to reduce maternal and perinatal mortality. We spatially modelled referral pathways between sending and receiving health facilities in Kigoma Region, Tanzania, identifying communication and transportation delays to timely care and inefficient links within the referral system.MethodsWe linked sending and receiving facilities to form facility pairs, based on information from a 2016 Health Facility Assessment. We used an AccessMod cost-friction surface model, incorporating road classifications and speed limits, to estimate direct travel time between facilities in each pair. We adjusted for transportation and communications delays to create a total travel time, simulating the effects of documented barriers in this referral system.ResultsMore than half of the facility pairs (57.8%) did not refer patients to facilities with higher levels of emergency obstetric care. The median direct travel time was 25.9 min (range: 4.4–356.6), while the median total time was 106.7 min (22.9–371.6) at the moderate adjustment level. Total travel times for 30.7% of facility pairs exceeded 2 hours. All facility pairs required some adjustments for transportation and communication delays, with 94.0% of facility pairs’ total times increasing.ConclusionHalf of all referral pairs in Kigoma Region have travel time delays nearly exceeding 1 hour, and facility pairs referring to facilities providing higher levels of care also have large travel time delays. Combining cost-friction surface modelling estimates with documented transportation and communications barriers provides a more realistic assessment of the effects of inter-facility delays on referral networks, and can inform decision-making and potential solutions in referral systems within resource-constrained settings.