bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Is topical lidocaine beneficial before catheter insertion in esophageal manometry and ambulatory pH monitoring?
Authors: Wahba George , Neshkova Elissaveta , Vuille‐Lessard Élise , Bouin Mickael 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackgroundConventionally, topical anesthesia is applied to improve the tolerance of esophageal manometry (EM) and ambulatory pH monitoring (apH) but there is presently no evidence supporting this practice. We aimed to compare the tolerance of EM and apH with vs without topical lidocaine anesthesia.MethodsA prospective study was conducted at our center between January 2017 and January 2019. All patients who underwent EM or apH and completed a systematically distributed standardized patient survey were included. From January 2017 to June 2018, all patients had a viscous lidocaine solution applied before EM and apH (“lidocaine” group). After June 2018, we ceased applying any topical anesthesia (“no lidocaine” group). Patient‐reported adverse effects and satisfaction scores were compared between these two patient groups.Key ResultsTwo hundred forty‐nine patient surveys were included. “Lidocaine” (n = 124) and “no lidocaine” (n = 125) groups were similar in age (56.9 ± 14.0 vs 56.0 ± 13.7; P = .77) and gender distributions (65.9% vs 63.3% female; P = .68). Patients in the “lidocaine” group were less likely to report pain during catheter insertion (33.6% vs 50.8%; P = .007, OR: 0.49 [95% CI 0.29‐0.83]) and reported a lower overall pain score (2.82 ± 1.38 vs 3.20 ± 1.42 on 5; P = .04). There was a tendency toward increased global satisfaction with lidocaine application but that was not statistically significant (4.36 ± 1.05 vs 4.11 ± 1.13; P = .08). In subgroup analyses, female patients, younger patients, and patients who underwent EM were more likely to benefit from lidocaine application.Conclusions and InferencesApplication of topical lidocaine before esophageal motility tests reduces pain during catheter insertion and overall pain.
Oil price and exchange rate volatilities: implications on the cost of living in an OPEC member country—Nigeria
Authors: Okolo Chimaobi Valentine , Udabah Sylvester Ike 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis study investigates the dynamics of crude oil price and exchange rate volatilities, and implications of these volatilities on the cost of living in Nigeria. Consequently, it provides two key innovations: (i) It augments the structural equation modelling to include three stage Generalised Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (GARCH) model; (ii) It employs this methodology to uniquely measure the significance of simultaneous paths from Bonny Light crude oil price predictors through exchange rate of the Naira vis‐à‐vis the USD to consumer price index in Nigeria. It finds that crude oil price and exchange rate volatilities did not significantly pass‐through to the consumer price index in Nigeria. More importantly, it shows that information is a significant determinant of future volatilities. Therefore, the media becomes crucial in predicting exchange rate and inflation in Nigeria.
The relationship between oil prices, oil imports and income level in Turkey: evidence from Fourier approximation
Authors: Gorus Muhammed Sehid , Ozgur Onder , Develi Abdulkadir 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe study aims at examining possible impacts of the changes in oil prices and income on crude oil import demand in Turkey using monthly data between 1996:1 and 2017:9. To this end, the study uses a recently introduced Fourier Shin cointegration test of Tsong et al. (2016) and Fourier Toda–Yamamoto approach of Nazlioglu et al. (2016). The study also constructs error correction model to estimate the short‐run parameters. Our empirical findings detect that oil imports are more sensitive to changes in income relative to changes in oil price in the long‐run. Furthermore, 81.4 per cent of the disequilibrium of the shocks converges back to the equilibrium level within the next month. Also, the causality test results provide an evidence for conservation hypothesis in Turkey. Thus, energy conservative policies do not have adverse effects on real economic activity. These results include policy implications for future prospects.
Communicating misogyny: An interdisciplinary research agenda for social psychology
Authors: Tileagă Cristian 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to discuss how social psychology might go about studying social hostility in public life that goes beyond mere disagreement on political matters. The paper addresses the case of online misogyny against women active in public life. In the context of a profound coarsening of political debate in Britain and elsewhere, women who are active in public life come regularly up against a barrage of abuse and intimidation online. The paper argues that manifestations of misogyny cross ideological lines and takes an array of forms. Misogyny is a specific class of prejudice that harms the dignity of women by calling into question women's (human) rights to participation in public life, freedom of expression, and personal safety. In order to fully understand the intricacies of online misogyny, social psychologists need to draw upon more directly on communications and media theories of mediated communication and connective action.
Transfusion‐related immune modulation: functional consequence of extracellular vesicles?
Authors: Menocha Somaang , Muszynski Jennifer A. 
Published: July 2019

KEY IDEAS

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small, subcellular vesicles that are released from a variety of cells and play important roles in cell‐to‐cell communication.
Transfused blood products, including red blood cell, platelet, and plasma products contain EVs that are capable of interacting with and altering immune cell function.
The extent to which EVs may contribute to clinically meaningful immunomodulatory effects of transfusion remains unclear and deserving of further study.
Digital aripiprazole or digital evergreening? A systematic review of the evidence and its dissemination in the scientific literature and in the media
Authors: Cosgrove Lisa , Cristea Ioana Alina , Shaughnessy Allen F , Mintzes Barbara , Naudet Florian 
Published: July 2019

Background
In November 2017, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved a version of a second-generation antipsychotic, aripiprazole, embedded with a sensor (Abilify MyCite).

Objective
To systematically review the evidence supporting the FDA’s approval of digital aripiprazole and how that evidence was disseminated in the scientific literature and news reports.

Study selection
Prospective, double-blind, randomised controlled trials (RCTs), non-randomised and non-comparative studies were included if they focused on the use of digital aripiprazole. All scientific publications citing the trials were included if written in English. For the news reports, all languages were included if an English translation was available, and all records that were published after FDA approval were included.

Findings
In the primary evidence search, no RCT comparing digital aripiprazole with a non-digital formulation, other active comparators or placebo was found. Only three non-comparative uncontrolled cohorts were found. No study provided data on remission, quality of life or any efficacy outcome. Fourteen scientific papers were identified that cited the trials and 70 news stories met the inclusion criteria. Almost 80% (11/14) of the scientific papers and three-fourths (52/70) of the news stories conveyed an unsupported impression of benefit.

Conclusions
Regulatory approval for this first-ever digital drug was based on weak evidence, and there was no evidence of better adherence with the digital version of aripiprazole compared with the non-digital version. The possibilities afforded by this technology make room for a new type of evergreening (ie, patenting of older drugs with a sensor as a ‘new invention’). Both the scientific literature and news reports conveyed an unsupported impression of benefit.

Trial registration number
CRD42018089515.
Mass media representation of suicide in a high suicide state in India: an epidemiological comparison with suicide deaths in the population
Authors: Armstrong Gregory , Vijayakumar Lakshmi , Pirkis Jane , Jayaseelan Mala , Cherian Anish , Soerensen Jane Brandt , Arya Vikas , Niederkrotenthaler Thomas 
Published: July 2019

ObjectivesSuicide rates in India are among the highest in the world, equating to over 200 000 suicides annually. Reports of suicides are a routine feature in major newspapers in India, and reporters may selectively present ‘newsworthy’ suicide stories. The aim of this paper was to systematically investigate whether mass media reports of suicides reflect the epidemiological data on suicide in a high suicide state in India.DesignWe undertook a content analysis study to extract sociodemographic data on suicides reported among nine of the most highly read daily newspapers in the high suicide southern state of Tamil Nadu between June and December 2016. A total of 1258 newspaper articles were retrieved containing reports on 1631 suicides. Two-tailed binomial tests on aggregate frequencies assessed whether the sociodemographic characteristics of suicides in the newspaper articles were different to the population suicide statistics for Tamil Nadu.ResultsWe identified some statistically significant discrepancies between suicide characteristics in the population and the media. Suicides involving females (p<0.001), those aged under 30 years (p<0.001), separated or widowed males (p<0.001), unmarried females (p<0.001), those using methods with a higher case fatality rate (ie, hanging (p<0.001), jumping off high structures (p<0.001) and coming under vehicles (p<0.001) and those who were students (p<0.001) or working in the agricultural sector (p<0.001) were significantly over-reported relative to their occurrence in the broader population. Suicides involving men (p<0.001), those aged over 30 years and above (p<0.001), those who were married and suicides by poisoning (p<0.001) were significantly under-reported relative to their occurrence in the broader population.ConclusionsThe suicide characteristics in the print media were not entirely representative of suicides in the broader Tamil Nadu population, which may lead the general public to develop misunderstandings about suicide in their state. The discrepancies we identified will inform tailored suicide prevention education for media professionals.
Effect of environmental conditions on injury rates at a Colorado ski resort
Authors: Pierpoint Lauren A , Kerr Zachary Y , Grunwald Gary , Khodaee Morteza , Crume Tessa , Comstock R. Dawn 
Published: July 2019

ObjectiveTo determine the effect of daily environmental conditions on skiing and snowboarding-related injury rates.MethodsInjury information was collected from a mountainside clinic at a large Colorado ski resort for the 2012/2013 through 2016/2017 seasons. Daily environmental conditions including snowfall, snow base depth, temperature, open terrain and participant visits were obtained from historical resort records. Snowpack and visibility information were obtained for the 2013/2014 through 2014/2015 seasons and included in a subanalysis. Negative binomial regression was used to estimate injury rate ratios (IRRs) and 95% CIs.ResultsThe overall injury rate among skiers and snowboarders was 1.37 per 1000 participant visits during 2012/2013 through 2016/2017. After adjustment for other environmental covariates, injury rates were 22% higher (IRR=1.22, 95% CI 1.14 to 1.29) on days with <2.5 compared with ≥2.5 cm of snowfall, and 14% higher on days with average temperature in the highest quartile (≥−3.1°C) compared with the lowest (<−10.6°C; IRR=1.14, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.26). Rates decreased by 8% for every 25 cm increase in snow base depth (IRR=0.92, 95% CI 0.88 to 0.95). In a subanalysis of the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 seasons including the same covariates plus snowpack and visibility, only snowpack remained significantly associated with injury rates. Rates were 71% higher on hardpack compared with powder days (IRR=1.71, 95% CI 1.18 to 2.49) and 36% higher on packed powder compared with powder days (IRR 1.36, 95% CI 1.12 to 1.64).ConclusionsEnvironmental conditions, particularly snowfall and snowpack, have a significant impact on injury rates. Injury prevention efforts should consider environmental factors to decrease injury rates in skiers and snowboarders.
Global consensus building and prioritisation of fundamental lupus challenges: the ALPHA project
Authors: Manzi Susan , Raymond Sandra , Tse Karin , Peña Yaritza , Anderson Annick , Arntsen Kathleen , Bae Sang-Cheol , Bruce Ian , Dörner Thomas , Getz Kenneth , Hanrahan Leslie , Kao Amy , Morand Eric , Rovin Brad , Schanberg Laura Eve , Von Feldt Joan M , Werth Victoria P , Costenbader Karen 
Published: July 2019

ObjectiveLupus is a complex, heterogeneous autoimmune disease that has yet to see significant progress towards more timely diagnosis, improved treatment options for short-term and long-term outcomes, and appropriate access to care. The Addressing Lupus Pillars for Health Advancement (ALPHA) project is the first step in establishing global consensus and developing concrete strategies to address the challenges limiting progress.MethodsA Global Advisory Committee of 13 individuals guided the project and began barrier identification. Seventeen expert interviews were conducted to further characterise key barriers. Transcripts were analysed using Nvivo and a codebook was created containing a list of thematic ‘nodes’ (topics) and their descriptions. Findings were used to develop a final survey instrument that was fielded to a diverse, international stakeholder audience to achieve broad consensus.ResultsExpert interviews identified lupus heterogeneity as the primary barrier hindering advancement. Subsequent barriers were categorised into three areas: (1) Drug development. (2) Clinical care. (3) Access and value. The global survey received 127 completed responses from experts across 20 countries. Respondents identified barriers as high priority including the lack of biomarkers for clinical and drug development use, flawed clinical trial design, lack of access to clinicians familiar with lupus, and obstacles to effective management of lupus due to social determinants of care. Respondents also identified 30 autoimmune conditions that may be lupus-related based on overlapping features, shared autoantibodies and pathophysiology.ConclusionsALPHA is a comprehensive initiative to identify and prioritise the continuum of challenges facing people with lupus by engaging a global audience of lupus experts. It also explored views on lupus as a spectrum of related diseases. Conclusions from this effort provide a framework to generate actionable approaches to the identified high-priority barriers.
Glasdegib with Low-Dose Cytarabine: A New Upfront Option for the Vulnerable AML Patient
Authors: Fathi Amir T. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
A multitude of regulatory approvals has recently changed the therapeutic landscape of acute myeloid leukemia. Among these was upfront therapy with the Hedgehog inhibitor glasdegib with low-dose cytarabine. Understanding the process of and rationale for approval of this promising combination is timely and valuable for the oncology community.
See related article by Norsworthy et al., p. 6021
Effects of speed on pheasant gaits and hindlimb joint angles
Authors: Zhang Rui , Han Dianlei , Ji Qiaoli , Li Guoyu , Li Xian , Li Jianqiao 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
When studying the gait of pheasants, an intermittent-flight bird, it is necessary to take into account changes in the gaits and hindlimb joint angles resulting from increases of speed. In this study, pheasant locomotion postures were recorded on a speed-variable treadmill with high-speed cameras. Firstly, kinematic analysis showed that the stride cycle of pheasants decreased and the stride length increased with increasing speed. The duty factor also decreased, but was less than 0.5 in only about 10% of measurements. Thus, pheasants are more inclined to choose the grounded running or walking gait in laboratory situations. Secondly, changes in the tarsometatarso-phalangeal joint angle and the intertarsal joint angle at touch-down, mid-stance and lift-off concomitant with speed variation were studied. Tarsometatarso-phalangeal joint angle was found not to be significantly affected by changes in speed, but changed over larger ranges than the intertarsal joint angle. Thirdly, the continuous changes in the joint angles were studied during a complete stride cycle. The curves shifted leftward with increasing speed. Finally, the changes at four main positions were analyzed with increasing speed.
Mummy as a Drug
Authors: Dawson Warren R. 
Published: July 2019

The use of mummy as a drug was widespread in Europe from the twelfth to the seventeenth centuries, and its employment lingered on for a hundred years later. Its supposed virtue was originally based upon the medicinal properties of natural bitumen obtained from the Dead Sea and elsewhere. During the Middle Ages mummy was obtained from embalmed human bodies—in Egypt—which were believed to have been prepared with bitumen. Even at the present day the statement is current that the Egyptians used bitumen for mummification, but this is erroneous, for the embalming-material is resin, although its appearance often simulates that of bitumen. The supply being obtained from mummified human bodies, the virtues of the drug were transferred to the bodies themselves. In course of time the term mummy lost its original association with bitumen, and was applied to medicated flesh in general. The use of mummy in medicine did not finally become obsolete until the latter part of the eighteenth century. The supplies of mummy sold to apothecaries in Europe were first obtained from genuine Egyptian mummies, but when it became difficult to procure these, spurious substitutes were made from recently dead bodies which were medicated by the purveyors. Desiccated bodies from North Africa, and Guanche mummies from the Canary Islands, were also exported to Europe and sold to the apothecaries.
New Zealand Views on Goitre
Authors: Jones D. W. Carmalt 
Published: July 2019

Simple goitre is highly prevalent in New Zealand, and there is considerable incidence of toxic goitre. The ætiology of simple goitre seems fairly well established, and an attempt is being made to apply the data from simple goitre to the problems of toxic goitre. Endemic goitre is of great antiquity among the Maoris, and has been described among Europeans for about fifty years. It occurs in both men and animals. At five years its incidence is similar in boys and girls, later it decreases in boys but increases greatly in girls. It is often hereditary, and many children are born goitrous. In children it is generally small, but may enlarge and cause pressure, myxœdema and toxicity. Its incidence varies greatly in different districts. The only cause found consistent with this variation in distribution is lack of iodine in the soil. An inverse ratio has been demonstrated between the iodine content of the soil and the incidence of goitre in school children in thirty-three districts. The iodine content of the soil is reflected in the food raised upon it. The daily iodine intake was estimated at 35 microgrammes in a non-goitrous, and at 20 microgrammes in a goitrous district. The amount of iodine involved is infinitesimal, and its intake can be ensured by the use of salt for ordinary consumption, which contains four parts per million of potassium iodide. Toxic goitre is also frequent: in this connexion, the influence of iodine on the thyroid has been investigated. If starved of iodine the thyroid adapts itself either by increasing its colloid or by a diffuse hyperplasia, both may occur in different parts of the same gland. Simple goitre is the response of the healthy thyroid to iodine deficiency, the responding areas may be diffuse or adenomatous, and degenerations may occur. Such goitres may be treated with iodine, in children re-adjustment to the increased intake is readily made, but in adults long accustomed to a low intake, excess often causes too great hormone production, with toxic symptoms, hence the minimal dose alone is permissible in iodized salt. Goitre stored with iodine at low pressures may become toxic under stress, and this may be precipitated by iodine. The prevalence of toxic goitre may be partly due to the prescription of iodides in therapeutic doses for common ailments. Diffuse colloid goitre may subside under physiological iodine, the adenomatous is more prone to toxic symptoms and may go on to secondary Graves' disease or to myxœdema. Diffuse hyperplasia is a possible manifestation of iodine deficiency as primary Graves' disease. Lugol's solution probably allows of a temporary storage in this condition. Iodine has certainly some bearing on the problems of toxic goitre.
A Further Contribution to the Subject of Aplastic Anæmia
Authors: McGowan J. P. 
Published: July 2019

In the description of the condition of benign aplastic anæmia in pigs, attention is directed, among other things, to changes in the bone-marrow which seem of fundamental importance in understanding normal erythrogenesis. It is possible that an indirect van den Bergh reaction can be converted into an immediate direct by controlling the H-ion concentration suitably, either with buffer solutions or with less dissociable acids, such as acetic, used in preparing the van den Bergh reagent. The question of the interpretation of direct and indirect reactions, therefore, would seem to be reopened. Following Minot and Murphy's work, a pig with aplastic anæmia was fed with liver. The lesions in the liver, considered with the marked improvement in the blood which followed on liver feeding in this case, lead one to regard the condition as one of blood and marrow inefficiency due primarily to hepatic insufficiency. A comparison of pernicious anæmia with the benign aplastic anæmia of pigs seems to indicate that in pernicious anæmia there is more than a mere functional disturbance of the marrow. The marrow appears to be fundamentally and organically affected, and this appears to be the pathological basis of the disease—a point which has already been discussed more fully elsewhere [14]. A parallel may be drawn between the varieties of aplastic anæmia, such as already exists for ordinary anæmias. We have, thus, the secondary or benign anæmias on the one hand; and, on the other, the primary or malignant anæmias, such as pernicious anæmia. Correspondingly, we have such benign or secondary aplastic anæmias as that described in the pigs; and malignant or primary aplastic anæmias such as those in benzol poisoning, etc. That aplasia should be so marked a feature in iron deficiency, as compared with other secondary anæmias, is probably due to the persisting nature of the cause.
The Transition from Live to Dead: The Nature of Filtrable Viruses
Authors: Boycott A. E. 
Published: July 2019

Rutherford was an example of the danger and folly of cultivating thoughts and reading books to which he was not equal. It is all very well that remarkable persons should occupy themselves with exalted subjects which are out of the ordinary road, but we who are not remarkable make a very great mistake if we have anything to do with them. —W. Hale White, preface to the second edition of The Autobiography of Mark Rutherford.