bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spectrophotometric templates for core-collapse supernovae and their application in simulations of time-domain surveys
Authors: Vincenzi M , Sullivan M , Firth R E , Gutiérrez C P , Frohmaier C , Smith M , Angus C , Nichol R C 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACT
The design and analysis of time-domain sky surveys require the ability to simulate accurately realistic populations of core-collapse supernova (SN) events. We present a set of spectral time-series templates designed for this purpose, for both hydrogen-rich (Type II, IIn, and IIb) and stripped-envelope (Type Ib, Ic, and Ic-BL) core-collapse SNe. We use photometric and spectroscopic data for 67 core-collapse SNe from the literature, and for each generate a time-series spectral template. The techniques used to build the templates are fully data driven with no assumption of any parametric form or model for the light curves. The template-building code is open source, and can be applied to any transient for which well-sampled multiband photometry and multiple spectroscopic observations are available. We extend these spectral templates into the near-ultraviolet to λ ≃ 1600 Å using observer-frame ultraviolet photometry. We also provide a set of templates corrected for host galaxy dust extinction, and provide a set of luminosity functions that can be used with our spectral templates in simulations. We give an example of how these templates can be used by integrating them within the popular SN simulation package snana, and simulating core-collapse SNe in photometrically selected cosmological Type Ia SN samples, prone to contamination from core-collapse events.
Covariance matrices for galaxy cluster weak lensing: from virial regime to uncorrelated large-scale structure
Authors: Wu Hao-Yi , Weinberg David H , Salcedo Andrés N , Wibking Benjamin D , Zu Ying 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACT
Next-generation optical imaging surveys will revolutionize the observations of weak gravitational lensing by galaxy clusters and provide stringent constraints on growth of structure and cosmic acceleration. In these experiments, accurate modelling of covariance matrices of cluster weak lensing plays the key role in obtaining robust measurements of the mean mass of clusters and cosmological parameters. We use a combination of analytical calculations and high-resolution N-body simulations to derive accurate covariance matrices that span from the virial regime to linear scales of the cluster-matter cross-correlation. We validate this calculation using a public ray-tracing lensing simulation and provide a software package for calculating covariance matrices for a wide range of cluster and source sample choices. We discuss the relative importance of shape noise and density fluctuations, the impact of radial bin size, and the impact of off-diagonal elements. For a weak lensing source density ns = 10 arcmin−2, shape noise typically dominates the variance on comoving scales $r_{\rm p}\lesssim 5\ h^{-1} \, \rm Mpc$. However, for ns = 60 arcmin−2, potentially achievable with future weak lensing experiments, density fluctuations typically dominate the variance at $r_{\rm p}\gtrsim 1\ h^{-1} \, \rm Mpc$ and remain comparable to shape noise on smaller scales.
Homogeneously derived transit timings for 17 exoplanets and reassessed TTV trends for WASP-12 and WASP-4
Authors: Baluev R V , Sokov E N , Jones H R A , Shaidulin V Sh , Sokova I A , Nielsen L D , Benni P , Schneiter E M , Villarreal D’Angelo C , Fernández-Lajús E , Di Sisto R P , Baştürk Ö , Bretton M , Wunsche A , Hentunen V-P , Shadick S , Jongen Y , Kang W , Kim T , Pakštienė E , Qvam J K T , Knight C R , Guerra P , Marchini A , Salvaggio F , Papini R , Evans P , Salisbury M , Garcia F , Molina D , Garlitz J , Esseiva N , Ogmen Y , Karavaev Yu , Rusov S , Ibrahimov M A , Karimov R G 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACT
We homogeneously analyse ∼3.2 × 105 photometric measurements for ∼1100 transit light curves belonging to 17 exoplanet hosts. The photometric data cover 16 years (2004–2019) and include amateur and professional observations. Old archival light curves were reprocessed using up-to-date exoplanetary parameters and empirically debiased limb-darkening models. We also derive self-consistent transit and radial-velocity fits for 13 targets. We confirm the non-linear transit timing variation (TTV) trend in the WASP-12 data at a high significance, and with a consistent magnitude. However, Doppler data reveal hints of a radial acceleration of about −7.5 ± 2.2 m s−1 yr−1, indicating the presence of unseen distant companions, and suggesting that roughly 10 per cent of the observed TTV was induced via the light-travel (or Roemer) effect. For WASP-4, a similar TTV trend suspected after the recent TESS observations appears controversial and model dependent. It is not supported by our homogeneous TTV sample, including 10 ground-based EXPANSION light curves obtained in 2018 simultaneously with TESS. Even if the TTV trend itself does exist in WASP-4, its magnitude and tidal nature are uncertain. Doppler data cannot entirely rule out the Roemer effect induced by possible distant companions.
Does black hole growth depend fundamentally on host-galaxy compactness?
Authors: Ni Q , Yang G , Brandt W N , Alexander D M , Chen C-T J , Luo B , Vito F , Xue Y Q 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACT
Possible connections between central black hole (BH) growth and host-galaxy compactness have been found observationally, which may provide insight into BH–galaxy coevolution: compact galaxies might have large amounts of gas in their centres due to their high mass-to-size ratios, and simulations predict that high central gas density can boost BH accretion. However, it is not yet clear if BH growth is fundamentally related to the compactness of the host galaxy, due to observational degeneracies between compactness, stellar mass (M⋆) and star formation rate (SFR). To break these degeneracies, we carry out systematic partial-correlation studies to investigate the dependence of sample-averaged BH accretion rate ($\rm \overline{BHAR}$) on the compactness of host galaxies, represented by the surface-mass density, Σe, or the projected central surface-mass density within 1 kpc, Σ1. We utilize 8842 galaxies with H &lt; 24.5 in the five CANDELS fields at z = 0.5–3. We find that $\rm \overline{BHAR}$ does not significantly depend on compactness when controlling for SFR or M⋆ among bulge-dominated galaxies and galaxies that are not dominated by bulges, respectively. However, when testing is confined to star-forming galaxies at z = 0.5–1.5, we find that the $\rm \overline{BHAR}$–Σ1 relation is not simply a secondary manifestation of a primary $\rm \overline{BHAR}$–M⋆ relation, which may indicate a link between BH growth and the gas density within the central 1 kpc of galaxies.
Three-dimensional simulations of non-resonant streaming instability and particle acceleration near non-relativistic astrophysical shocks
Authors: van Marle Allard Jan , Casse Fabien , Marcowith Alexandre 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACT
We use particle-in-magnetohydrodynamics-cells to model particle acceleration and magnetic field amplification in a high-Mach, parallel shock in three dimensions and compare the result to 2D models. This allows us to determine whether 2D simulations can be relied upon to yield accurate results in terms of particle acceleration, magnetic field amplification, and the growth rate of instabilities. Our simulations show that the behaviour of the gas and the evolution of the instabilities are qualitatively similar for both the 2D and 3D models, with only minor quantitative differences that relate primarily to the growth speed of the instabilities. The main difference between 2D and 3D models can be found in the spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of the non-thermal particles. The 2D simulations prove to be more efficient, accelerating a larger fraction of the particles and achieving higher velocities. We conclude that, while 2D models are sufficient to investigate the instabilities in the gas, their results have to be treated with some caution when predicting the expected SED of a given shock.
Accelerating AGN jets to parsec scales using general relativistic MHD simulations
Authors: Chatterjee K , Liska M , Tchekhovskoy A , Markoff S B 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACT
Accreting black holes produce collimated outflows, or jets, that traverse many orders of magnitude in distance, accelerate to relativistic velocities, and collimate into tight opening angles. Of these, perhaps the least understood is jet collimation due to the interaction with the ambient medium. In order to investigate this interaction, we carried out axisymmetric general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic simulations of jets produced by a large accretion disc, spanning over 5 orders of magnitude in time and distance, at an unprecedented resolution. Supported by such a disc, the jet attains a parabolic shape, similar to the M87 galaxy jet, and the product of the Lorentz factor and the jet half-opening angle, γθ ≪ 1, similar to values found from very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) observations of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) jets; this suggests extended discs in AGNs. We find that the interaction between the jet and the ambient medium leads to the development of pinch instabilities, which produce significant radial and lateral variability across the jet by converting magnetic and kinetic energy into heat. Thus pinched regions in the jet can be detectable as radiating hotspots and may provide an ideal site for particle acceleration. Pinching also causes gas from the ambient medium to become squeezed between magnetic field lines in the jet, leading to enhanced mass loading and deceleration of the jet to non-relativistic speeds, potentially contributing to the spine-sheath structure observed in AGN outflows.
Germline microsatellite genotypes differentiate children with medulloblastoma
Authors: Rivero-Hinojosa Samuel , Kinney Nicholas , Garner Harold R , Rood Brian R 
Published: September 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe germline genetic events underpinning medulloblastoma (MB) initiation, and therefore the ability to determine who is at risk, are still unknown for the majority of cases. Microsatellites are short repeated sequences that make up ~3% of the genome. Repeat lengths vary among individuals and are often nonrandomly associated with disease, including several cancers such as breast, glioma, lung, and ovarian. Due to their effects on gene function, they have been called the “tuning knobs of the genome.”MethodsWe have developed a novel approach for identifying a microsatellite-based signature to differentiate MB patients from controls using germline DNA.ResultsAnalyzing germline whole exome sequencing data from a training set of 120 MB subjects and 425 controls, we identified 139 individual microsatellite loci whose genotypes differ significantly between the groups. Using a genetic algorithm, we identified a subset of 43 microsatellites that distinguish MB subjects from controls with a sensitivity and specificity of 92% and 88%, respectively. This microsatellite signature was validated in an independent dataset consisting of 102 subjects and 428 controls, with comparable sensitivity and specificity of 95% and 90%, respectively. Analysis of the allele genotypes of those 139 informative loci demonstrates that their association with MB is a consequence of individual microsatellites' genotypes rather than their hypermutability. Finally, an analysis of the genes harboring these microsatellite loci reveals cellular functions important for tumorigenesis.ConclusionThis study demonstrates that MB-specific germline microsatellite variations mark those at risk for MB development and suggests mechanisms of predisposition.
Surgery for Diffuse WHO Grade II Gliomas: Volumetric Analysis of a Multicenter Retrospective Cohort From the German Study Group for Intraoperative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Scherer Moritz , Ahmeti Hajrulla , Roder Constantin , Gessler Florian , Jungk Christine , Pala Andrej , Mayer Benjamin , Senft Christian , Tatagiba Marcos , Synowitz Michael , Wirtz Christian Rainer , Unterberg Andreas W , Coburger Jan 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

BACKGROUND
In diffuse WHO grade II gliomas (LGG), the extent of resection (EOR) required to achieve significant survival benefits remains elusive.

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the association of residual volume (RV) and EOR with progression-free survival (PFS) or overall survival (OS) in LGG in a retrospective, multicenter series by the German study group of intraoperative MRI (GeSGIM).

METHODS
Consecutive cases were retrospectively assessed from 5 centers. Tumors were volumetrically quantified before and after surgery, and clinical data were analyzed, including IDH mutations and neurologic deficits. Kaplan–Meier estimates, accelerated failure time models (AFT), and multivariate Cox regression models were calculated to identify determinants of survival.

RESULTS
A total of 140 cases were analyzed. Gross total resection (GTR) was associated with significantly longer PFS compared to any incomplete resection (P = .009). A significant survival disadvantage was evident even for small (>0-5 ml) residuals and increased for moderate (>5-20 ml) and large remnants (>20 ml) P = .001). Accordingly, PFS increased continuously for 20% incremental steps of EOR (P < .001). AFT models supported the notion of a continuous association of RV and EOR with PFS. Multivariate Cox regression models confirmed RV (P = .01) and EOR (P = .005) as continuous prognosticators of PFS. Univariate analysis showed significant associations of RV and EOR with OS.

CONCLUSION
Our data support the hypothesis of a continuous relationship of RV and EOR with survival for LGG with superiority seen for GTR. Hence, GTR should be achieved whenever safely feasible, and resections should be maximized whenever tumor has to be left behind to spare function.
Clinical and Short-Term Radiographic Outcomes of Minimally Invasive Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion With Expandable Lordotic Devices
Authors: McMordie Joseph H , Schmidt Kyle P , Gard Andrew P , Gillis Christopher C 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (MIS-TLIF) is a well-accepted procedure for the treatment of degenerative lumbar disease. However, its ability to restore lumbar lordosis has been limited. Development of expandable lordotic interbody devices has challenged this limitation, furthering the scope of minimally invasive surgery.

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the radiographic and clinical effects of expandable lordotic interbody devices placed through an MIS-TLIF approach.

METHODS
We conducted a retrospective review of 32 1-level and 18 2-level MIS-TLIFs performed using lordotic expandable interbody devices. Lumbar radiographic measurements, Oswestry Disability Index scores (ODI), and Visual Analogue Scale scores (VAS) were obtained at preoperative, 6 wk follow up, and last follow up time points. Last follow up occurred at a mean of 11.5 ± 7.6 mo (mean ± SD).

RESULTS
At 6-wk follow-up, segmental lordosis, disc height, and foraminal height increased by an average of 3.4°, 6.4 mm, and 4.4 mm, respectively. Only the 2-level group showed a significant increase in lumbar lordosis of 5.8°. No significant changes occurred in sacral slope, pelvic tilt, or pelvic incidence. Average ODI and VAS decreased by −12.0 and −4.5, respectively. Postoperative lumbar lordosis inversely correlated with preoperative lordosis in patients with an initial Pelvic Incidence to Lumbar Lordosis mismatch (PI-LL) of >10°, (r = −0.5, P = .009).

CONCLUSION
When applied across 2-levels, MIS-TLIF using expandable lordotic interbody devices produced a significant increase in lumbar lordosis. Preoperative lumbar lordosis was found to be a predictor of postoperative lumbar lordotic change in patients with sagittal imbalance.
Usefulness of Noncontrast-Enhanced Silent Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA) for Treated Intracranial Aneurysm Follow-up in Comparison with Time-of-Flight MRA
Authors: Ryu Kyeong Hwa , Baek Hye Jin , Moon Jin Il , Choi Bo Hwa , Park Sung Eun , Ha Ji Young , Park Hyun , Kim Seung Soo , Kim Jung-Soo , Cho Soo Buem , Carl Michael 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Flow visualization in time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography (TOF MRA) is limited for treated intracranial aneurysms owing to magnetic susceptibility and radiofrequency shielding.

OBJECTIVE
To assess the clinical usefulness of noncontrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) using a silent scan (silent MRA) as a follow-up imaging modality in patients with treated intracranial aneurysms.

METHODS
A total of 119 patients with 126 treated aneurysms underwent silent MRA and TOF MRA during the same scan session. Two neuroradiologists independently assessed overall image quality and visualization of the treated site using a 5-point Likert scale to compare the 2 image sets. We used receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis to investigate the diagnostic performance of the 2 MRA methods in evaluating aneurysm occlusion. Interobserver reliability was also assessed using weighted kappa statistics.

RESULTS
The overall image quality scores of silent MRA and TOF MRA were 4.04 ± 0.22 and 4.64 ± 0.48, respectively (P < .001), and interobserver agreement was substantial (P < .001). For the treated site, the score of flow visualization on silent MRA was higher than that on TOF MRA, 3.94 ± 0.94 vs 2.59 ± 1.37 (P < .001), with substantial interobserver agreement (P < .001). ROC curve analysis showed that silent MRA was superior to TOF MRA in diagnostic performance (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.962; 95% CI: 0.931-0.982 vs AUC = 0.843; 95% CI: 0.792-0.886; P < .001).

CONCLUSION
Silent MRA can be useful to evaluate treated intracranial aneurysms during follow-up without radiation exposure and use of contrast material. It is characterized by higher diagnostic performance and superior visualization for the treated site.
Indeterminism and Obligation
Authors: Haji Ishtiyaque 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The obligation dilemma’s indeterministic horn, whose primary constituent is the luck objection, is introduced in this chapter. This is the objection that indeterministically caused actions are too luck-infected to be obligations. Two versions of this objection are discussed. On the No Explanation Version, if an agent indeterministically decides to do one thing rather than another, then there is no detailed causal account of her decision. Since the control free decision requires is causal, her deciding to do what she does is not free. On the Pure Luck Version, if an agent does something, which she refrains from doing in another possible world with the same past and laws, and there is nothing about her powers, capacities, states of mind, moral character, and the like that explains this cross-world difference, then this difference is just a matter of freedom-undermining luck.
Obligation and Responsibility
Authors: Haji Ishtiyaque 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter first exposes one substantial consequence of the obligation dilemma by introducing principles that forge putative connections between blameworthiness and impermissibility. The primary principles, or variations of them, are: (i) necessarily, one is blameworthy for doing something only if it is impermissible for one to do it; and (ii) necessarily, one is morally blameworthy for doing something only if one believes that it is morally impermissible for one to do it. If these principles are true, blameworthiness is imperiled if the obligation dilemma is sound. This initial discussion supports the thesis that factors that affect obligation may influence responsibility. The chapter then develops an interpretation of the view that factors that affect responsibility may impinge on obligation. Finally, some theses that link blameworthiness with desert, on the one hand, or sanction with desert, on the other, are addressed.
Does Obligation Require Weak or Strong Alternatives?
Authors: Haji Ishtiyaque 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Weak alternatives are alternatives one can have even if determinism is true. Strong alternatives are unavailable to anyone if determinism is true. Chapter 6 pursues a strategy to establish that the alternatives obligation requires are weak. This strategy is negative, consisting in showing that various considerations for the opposed position—obligation requires strong alternatives—are not cogent. The chapter also assesses a line of reasoning for the view that one can circumvent entirely the thorny issue of whether responsibility or obligation, if either requires alternatives, requires strong or weak alternatives. The recommendation is that we should focus instead on whether determinism undermines ability or opportunity to do otherwise. It is argued that attempting to skirt the thorny issue in this way is problematic.
Obligation and Forgiveness
Authors: Haji Ishtiyaque 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Obligation compatibilism is the view that moral obligation is compatible with determinism. A competitor, obligation libertarianism, says that moral obligation is incompatible with determinism, and there are free actions that are morally obligatory for some people. A way to appreciate the importance of the obligation dilemma is to reflect on whether either of these rivals can accommodate forgiveness, something deemed central to interpersonal relationships. This chapter explores this issue by examining whether forgiveness presupposes our having free will owing to its putative essential ties to moral obligation. It proposes that forgiveness is conceptually associated not with obligation but with prima facie obligation. The chapter terminates with a discussion on whether prima facie obligation, and thus forgiveness, presupposes our having free will.
Options and Challenges
Authors: Haji Ishtiyaque 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The chapter first summarizes various respects in which the responsibility and obligation dilemmas are relevantly similar and relevantly different. One similarity is that the luck objection underpins the indeterministic horns of both. A salient difference is that whereas some have thought that the responsibility dilemma’s deterministic horn is persuasive because responsibility requires ultimate origination, there is no such requirement for obligation. The chapter then lays out certain options as responses to the obligation dilemma. The principal alternatives include: (i) accepting both horns and, thus, embracing obligation skepticism; (ii) rejecting the indeterministic horn by rejecting the luck objection; and (iii) rejecting the deterministic horn on the assumption that obligation requires alternatives which determinism does not preclude. The chapter also comments briefly on the proposal that an analysis of specific ability should help with assessing the dilemma.
The Received View and Its Rivals
Authors: Donahue-Ochoa Thomas J. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Chapter 3 considers the received view’s answers to the book’s final two questions, as well as the answers given by rival theories to all five of its questions. It begins by challenging three rival theories of the responsibility to combat injustice. These ground it in a duty of universal altruism or equity, in duties we acquire if we could at least potentially harm the injustice’s victims, or in the theory that oppression makes both the oppressed and the oppressor unfree, so that both have reason to abolish it. The chapter then challenges the received view’s theory that only the victim group are made unfree by oppression, as well as the theory saying that the unfree are the oppressor and the oppressed. It concludes by challenging theories holding that oppression’s ultimate harm is that it alienates or dehumanizes victims, constrains them from achieving their potential, or prevents them from living as free equals.