bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Flight-to-quality and contagion in the European sovereign debt crisis
Authors: Pereira Inês Prates , Lagoa Sérgio 
Published: January 2019

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to analyze the co-movements between the Portuguese, Greek, Irish and German government bond markets after the subprime crisis (2007 to 2013), with a special focus on the European sovereign debt crisis. It aims to assess the existence of contagion between the Portuguese, Greece and Irish bond markets and to explore the phenomenon of flight-to-quality from the Portuguese and Greek bond markets to the German market.Design/methodology/approachThe analysis is undertaken using a DCC-GARCH model with daily data for 10-year yield government bonds. The change in correlation from the stable periods to the crisis periods is used to identify contagion or flight-to-quality.FindingsResults suggest that there was contagion between the Greek and Portuguese markets, and to a lesser extent between the Irish and Portuguese markets. During most of the identified crisis periods, there are evident flight-to-quality flows from the Portuguese and Greek bond markets to the German market.Originality/valueThis paper contributes to the literature by applying the methodology DCC-GARCH to several crisis episodes for the analysis of contagion and flight-to-quality during the European sovereign debt crisis.
Business, society, and the need for stewardship orientation
Authors: Nijhof Andre , Schaveling Jaap , Zalesky Nicolette 
Published: January 2019

PurposeOrganizational change involves optimizing a firm’s sustainability performance. The purpose of this paper is to explore how strategic orientations concerning the interface between business and society influence organizations’ sustainability performance. To explain how different strategic orientations – especially stewardship and instrumental orientations – impact sustainability performance, dynamic managerial capability theory is explored.Design/methodology/approachOurs is an inductive, qualitative study based on the template analysis of interviews conducted among sustainability managers from stock-listed multinational corporations headquartered in the Eurozone.FindingsCorporations with a stewardship orientation develop different dynamic managerial capabilities underlying sustainability performance than corporations that apply a more instrumental orientation. Results also show an “in-between” position: an equidistant orientation.Research limitations/implicationsThis study proves the emergence of different dynamic managerial capabilities that depend on companies’ strategic orientation, but follow-up research based on appreciative inquiry is needed to investigate the development of these capabilities over time.Practical implicationsFor achieving a higher level of sustainability performance, a stewardship orientation offers a stronger foundation than an instrumental orientation. Also companies with an equidistant orientation have a better sustainability performance than companies with an instrumental orientation, but based on a more central corporate level. The strategic orientation must be grounded in the development of fitting dynamic managerial capabilities that include an emphasis on shared cognition of long-term objectives, inclusion of stakeholders and setting objectives. Also strong internal and external ties, leadership of the CEO, educational background and how to deal with lack of knowledge are important aspects of managerial social and human capital.Social implicationsDue to its focus on the sustainability performance of companies and the identification of the supporting dynamic managerial capabilities, this paper is socially highly relevant.Originality/valuePrevious research has focused on strategic orientation, but little to no research has investigated how various strategic orientations toward the interface between business and society impact sustainability performance or what role dynamic managerial capabilities might play in the related change process.
Engine oil degradation analysis of construction equipment in Latin America
Authors: Azevedo Kurt , Olsen Daniel B. 
Published: January 2019

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to determine and describe the effect of oil degradation on the engine of a 20-ton class excavator operating in Latin America.

Design/methodology/approach
The research parameters include: a specific engine class and equipment, the John Deere PowerTech Plus 6068 Tier 3 diesel engine that powers the 20-ton class excavator; identical OSA3 oil analysis laboratory equipment in 11 target countries in Latin America was employed to analyze oil samples; and the same sampling scope and method were followed for each oil sample.

Findings
The research results indicated that at 500 h of use, 73.4 percent of the oil sample results indicated that soot accumulation was a significant problem. When associating the engine oil contamination with the environment risk drivers: altitude and diesel quality have the greatest impact on iron readings; bio-diesel impacts copper; and precipitation and poor diesel quality are associated with silicon levels.

Practical implications
Due to diverse machine operating conditions, research offers an accurate global representation. Because there is an exponential count of particles as oil use approaches 250 h, the interval of engine maintenance (oil change) for machinery operating under similar conditions should not exceed 250 h of use.

Originality/value
The main contribution of this paper will help machinery final users and manufacturers to implement mitigation strategies to improve engine durability in countries with similar operating conditions.
Maintenance policy optimization for a cold standby system considering multiple failure types
Authors: Qi Faqun , Zhou Binghai 
Published: January 2019

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to develop novel preventive maintenance (PM) modeling methods for a cold standby system subject to two types of failures: random failure and deterioration failure.

Design/methodology/approach
The system consists of two components and a single repair shop, assuming that the repair shop can only service for one component at a time. Based on semi-Markov theory, transition probabilities between all possible system states are discussed. With the transition probabilities, Markov renewal equations are established at regenerative points. By solving the Markov regenerative equations, the mean time from the initial state to system failure (MTSF) and the steady state availability (SSA) are formulated as two reliability measures for different reliability requirements of systems. The optimal PM policies are obtained when MTSF and SSA are maximized.

Findings
The result of simulation experiments verifies that the derived maintenance models are effective. Sensitivity analysis revealed the significant influencing factors for optimal PM policy for cold standby systems when different system reliability indexes (i.e. MTSF and SSA) are considered. Furthermore, the results show that the repair for random failure has a tremendous impact on prolonging the MTSF of cold standby system and PM plays a greater role in promoting the system availability of a cold standby system than it does in prolonging the MTSF of system.

Practical implications
In practical situations, system not only suffers normal deterioration caused by internal factors, but also undergoes random failures influenced by random shocks. Therefore, multiple failure types are needed to be considered in maintenance modeling. The result of the sensitivity analysis has an instructional role in making maintenance decisions by different system reliability indexes (i.e. MTSF and SSA).

Originality/value
This paper presents novel PM modeling methods for a cold standby system subject to two types of failures: random failure and deterioration failure. The sensitivity analysis identifies the significant influencing factors for optimal maintenance policy by different system reliability indexes which are useful for the managers for further decision making.
A shift towards self-transcendence: can service learning make a difference?
Authors: Petrovskaya Irina 
Published: January 2019

Purpose
This paper aims to answer a question whether a course that combines in-class teaching and the out-class elements of service learning can shift students’ values from self-enhancement to self-transcendence.

Design/methodology/approach
The study employed a pre-test-post-test control group research design. Two groups of the first year undergraduate business students who took the course served as the experimental groups (N = 79), and two groups of the second year students served as the control groups (N = 73). Schwartz’s Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ-40) was used to measure values, and a t-test was applied to compare value scores at the beginning and the end of the course.

Findings
A statistically significant value change toward self-transcendence was found in one of the two experimental groups, and no change was registered in the control groups. Analysis of the course activities and participation suggests that the change was brought about by the variations in the volunteering experiences.

Originality/value
This study contributes to the research that focuses on the outcomes of service learning. The research on how service learning affects values, especially pro-social ones, is currently limited. The present study suggests implications for further research and discussion on the possible ways to promote the values of self-transcendence through educational activities.
Water‐borne defence induction of a rockweed in the wild
Authors: Haavisto Fiia , Jormalainen Veijo 
Published: January 2019

Abstract

Laboratory‐scale studies suggest that water‐borne chemical cues released in grazing of marine macroalgae act as info‐chemicals allowing the yet‐undamaged conspecifics to increase their resistance before the actual herbivore attack. The relevance of this finding in natural populations has thus far remained unexplored.

We investigated spread of water‐borne herbivore resistance in a field experiment using the littoral foundation species Fucus vesiculosus. We exposed algal genotypes for water‐borne cues in the distances of 0.5 and 2 m from the grazed cue‐emitting genotypes. We measured herbivore resistance with preference experiments and recorded changes in the phlorotannin content. We recorded changes in biomass and length of the genotypes to test whether water‐borne resistance correlates with the grazing damage on the cue‐emitter or incurs costs for the genotypes in terms of reduced growth.

In two of our four experimental blocks, induced resistance via water‐borne cues took place and spread to undamaged neighbours that were 2 m distance apart. This provides evidence of water‐borne resistance induction in the wild as well as of small‐scale spatial variation in the spread of induction. The undamaged neighbours induced resistance to a lesser extent than the directly grazed cue‐emitters did, but resistance was consistently expressed among all 26 algal genotypes and independent of the amount of grazing damage on the cue‐emitter. Herbivore resistance correlated negatively with the growth in the grazed cue‐emitting genotypes, while water‐borne resistance was independent of the variation in growth.

Our results show, for the first time for marine macroalgae in a natural setting, that information about the increased risk of herbivory can be carried by water‐borne cues and is used to prime or induce defences prior to an actual attack. The results we present furthermore indicate that water‐borne resistance differs quantitatively and qualitatively from the resistance triggered by actively feeding herbivores. Ability to induce resistance prior the herbivore arrival may greatly influence the ability of littoral macroalgae to withstand the generally intense herbivory of marine benthic environments.

A plain language summary is available for this article.
Population genetic structure of Asian snakehead fish (Channa striata) in North Borneo: Implications for conservation of local freshwater biodiversity
Authors: Robert Rolando , Amit Noor H. , Sukarno Nor M. , Majapun Richard J. , Kumar Subbiah V. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThis study quantified the intra‐specific diversity and characterized the population structure of the Asian snakehead fish, Channa striata in Sabah, North Borneo by determining the variability at six microsatellite loci. Range of genetic diversity across all sampled populations was comparatively moderate in relation to levels reported for C. striata populations occurring elsewhere and the overall Sabah population is highly structured, reflecting isolations across geological and ecological time scales. Two reciprocally monophyletic genodemes were identified along the west and east coast that may have been separated by mountain upthrusts throughout the central region of Sabah. Despite kinship among populations within each genodeme, individual demes were discrete as indicated by significant genotypic differentiation (all P < 0.0014) and low estimates of gene flow between them that likely reflect natural fragmentation of freshwater habitats they occupy. Our findings underline the potential of molecular markers in delimiting and delineating geospatial units of conservation in Sabah. Lowland freshwater ecosystems in the area may comprise two geographically isolated ecoregions, in which each hypothetically harbours biota that have evolved allopatrically. Additionally, identification of biodiversity hotspots within these putative ecoregions can be greatly facilitated with genetic‐level investigations as the rate by which freshwater communities are inventoried has been extremely slow in most habitats.
Regional Integration, Multinational Enterprise Strategy and the Impact of Country‐level Risk: The Case of the EMU
Authors: Hillemann Jenny , Verbeke Alain , Oh Won‐Yong 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe European Monetary Union (EMU) provides a new macro‐level, institutional setting for multinational enterprises (MNEs). The authors investigate the impact of regional integration on MNE strategy by analysing Belgian firms’ entry‐mode choices in foreign markets, both EMU and non‐EMU ones, with a focus on what impact remains of country‐level risk. They demonstrate that regional integration has altered the impact of country‐level institutional risk on MNE entry‐mode choices inside the EMU. The conventional predictions of international business theory have been reversed, with higher country‐level risk inside the EMU driving a preference for wholly owned subsidiaries. Within the integrated region, insider firms now view higher country‐level risk as the equivalent of higher, micro‐level contracting risk. Such risk can best be mitigated through full internalization, combined with arm's length contracts, rather than through equity joint ventures.
Diaphragm‐sparing effect of the infraclavicular subomohyoid block vs low volume interscalene block. A randomized blinded study
Authors: Taha Ahmad M. , Yurdi Nagib A. , Elahl Mohamed I. , Abd‐Elmaksoud Ahmed M. 
Published: January 2019

BackgroundBoth low volume interscalene and infraclavicular‐subomohyoid blocks were suggested to provide shoulder analgesia with low risk of phrenic nerve block. The aim of this study was to compare the frequency of the phrenic nerve block between these two techniques.MethodSeventy‐two patients scheduled for shoulder arthroscopy were included in this randomized controlled blind study. Before induction of general anesthesia, patients received low volume interscalene block using 5 mL of ropivacaine 0.5% (LVS group) or infraclavicular‐subomohyoid block using 25 mL of ropivacaine 0.5% (ISO group). The diaphragmatic excursion was measured (using ultrasound) before the block and after surgery. If the ratio of postoperative to pre‐block excursions was <25%, a phrenic nerve block was concluded. Secondary outcomes were: the duration of analgesia, the 24‐hour morphine requirement, and patient satisfaction.ResultsThe phrenic nerve was blocked in 88.9% of patients in LVS group vs 5.6% in ISO group (P < 0.001). There was no significant difference between the two groups with regard to the duration of analgesia, the morphine consumption, and the patient satisfaction.ConclusionCompared with the low volume interscalene block, the infraclavicular subomohyoid block resulted in a significantly less frequent phrenic nerve block and with no difference in postoperative analgesia. Therefore, it may be relevant to consider for patients who cannot tolerate a phrenic nerve block.
Three‐dimensional CT observation of position and movability of the scapula in the horse using carcasses of Falabella
Authors: Endo Hideki , Nguyen Son Truong , Yoshida Masataka , Kudo Kohei 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe three‐dimensionally real position and movement of the scapula in the lateral side of the ribcage could not be clarified in the horse, since the body size of the horse is too large to apply the CT scanning and image analysis methods. In this study, therefore, we examined the position and the movability of scapula using a carcass of the Falabella which is one of the smallest breeds of the horse. The whole skeletal system in thoracic part of the Falabella could be three‐dimensionally observed by CT scanning method. The three‐dimensional images show that the scapula cranially slides and the ventral part of the scapula dorso‐cranially rotates, when the shoulder joint moves to the most cranial position as simulation. The three‐dimensional rotation angle was approximately 10 degrees. As a result of comparative osteology of the scapula between Falabella and the large draft horse, the infraspinous fossa was caudally enlarged in the larger draft horse, whereas the Falabella had narrower infraspinous fossa. We suggest that it may be due to the adaptational morphological change in the scapula bearing various body weights among breeds. The three‐dimensional CT image analysis and the simulation in carcass contribute to the analysis of the bone movements of the horse during walking and running locomotion as well as the motion analysis from external functional‐morphological data.
Low frequency, weak MCP-1 secretion and exhausted immune status of peripheral monocytes were associated with progression of severe enterovirus A71-infected hand, foot and mouth disease
Authors: Pei X , Fan X , Zhang H , Duan H , Xu C , Xie B , Wang L , Li X , Peng Y , Shen T 
Published: January 2019

Summary
A minority of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) caused by enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) results in severe neural complications. However, whether monocyte-mediated immunity is involved in the disease progression of HFMD remains unknown. One hundred and twenty mild and 103 severe HFMD patients were recruited and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), flow cytometry and Transwell culture were performed in the study. Peripheral monocyte counts were lower in both absolute counts and frequencies in severe cases compared to mild cases. After screening 10 monocyte-related cytokines by ELISA, only monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) was found at higher levels in sera of mild cases compared to those with severe symptoms. Monocytes purified from mild cases produced more MCP-1 than the cells from severe patients when stimulated in vitro. We observed that immune exhaustion markers programmed death 1 (PD-1) and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) were highly regulated on the surface of monocytes from severe cases compared to mild cases. PD-L1 blockade induced a higher production of MCP-1 in the supernatant of a Transwell system. The production of MCP-1 also increased following PD-L1 blockade of purified monocytes activated by granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) combined with R848 or EV-A71 virus. Our results indicate that absolute count, frequency and levels of MCP-1 secretion of peripheral monocytes, together with their immune status, probably contribute to differential disease prognosis in EV-A71-associated HFMD.
Emergency department physicians’ and pharmacists’ perspectives on take‐home naloxone
Authors: Holland Taylor J. , Penm Jonathan , Dinh Michael , Aran Sohileh , Chaar Betty 
Published: January 2019

AbstractIntroduction and AimsOpioid overdose is an increasing burden world‐wide and is a major cause of death in Australia. To reduce the number of opioid‐related deaths, access to take‐home naloxone has expanded in Australia and is now accessible without prescription. Emergency departments (ED) could be ideal settings for the distribution of take‐home naloxone, due to regular encounters with patients who experience opioid overdoses. The aim of this study was to gain insight into ED physicians’ and pharmacists’ perspectives on take‐home naloxone in the ED setting.Design and MethodsSemi‐structured interviews were carried out with ED physicians and pharmacists about their perceptions of take‐home naloxone. Participants were recruited through their involvement with professional bodies and through ‘snowball’ recruitment. Interviews were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim to be analysed using an inductive thematic approach.ResultsTwenty‐five interviews were conducted with 13 pharmacists and 12 physicians. Responses were categorised into three main themes: (i) Attitudes—the majority of participants supported take‐home naloxone in principle, but had numerous concerns; (ii) Clinical Application—where challenges in terms of its patient use, implementation and pharmacological actions were raised; and (iii) Logistical Considerations—where many hindrances in relation to the distribution of take‐home naloxone from the ED such as time considerations, education and resourcing were discussed.Discussion and ConclusionsDespite the majority supporting take‐home naloxone, participants identified barriers to take‐home naloxone in the ED. In the future, emphasis should be placed on educating and training staff in the ED about take‐home naloxone and implementing standardised protocols.
Squeezing the bears: cornering risk and limits on arbitrage during the ‘British bicycle mania’, 1896–8
Authors: Quinn William 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThis article examines the extent to which Victorian investors were short‐sale constrained. While previous research suggests that there were relatively few limits on arbitrage, this article argues that short‐sales of stocks outside the Official List were indirectly constrained by the risk of being cornered. Evidence for this hypothesis comes from three corners in cycle company shares which occurred in 1896–7, two of which resulted in substantial losses for short‐sellers. Legal efforts to retrieve funds lost in a corner were unsuccessful, and the court proceedings reveal a widespread contempt for short‐sellers, or ‘bears’, among the general public. Consistent with the hypothesis that these episodes affected the market, this study's findings show that cycle companies for which cornering risk was greater experienced disproportionately lower returns during a subsequent crash in the market for cycle shares. This evidence suggests that, under certain circumstances, short‐selling shares in Britain prior to 1900 could have been much riskier than previously thought.