bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Capabilities for What? Developing Sen's Moral Theory For Communications Research
Authors: Couldry Nick 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThis article reviews debates about the application of Amartya Sen's capabilities theory to the understanding and regulation of media and communications. It argues that Sen's insistence on the complexity of ethical reasoning, and the underlying complexity of &#x93;the good,&#x94; makes the capabilities approach the most suitable general approach for considering what media justice is. In particular, the advantages of Sen's approach compared with Martha Nussbaum's specification of particular human capabilities are discussed. Possible supplements of capabilities thinking by the concept of recognition are also discussed, and their limits noted.
The Political Economy of Media Capabilities: The Capability Approach in Media Policy
Authors: Litschka Michael 
Published: April 2019

AbstractIn this article, the implications and application possibilities of the capability approach by Amartya Sen for normative discussions about media policy are explored. It gives an overview of some important streams of heterodox political-economic approaches in economics and their role in a “mediatized” world and centers on two concepts of major interest for media policies: the potential media capabilities can have for media users in a mediatized economy, and the important role of publicity and mass media when questions of justice are concerned. For both issues, the capability approach offers interesting insights from a political-economic perspective.
A generalized theory of age-dependent carcinogenesis
Authors: Rozhok Andrii , DeGregori James 
Published: April 2019

The Multi-Stage Model of Carcinogenesis (MMC), developed in the 1950 s-70s, postulated carcinogenesis as a Darwinian somatic selection process. The cellular organization of tissues was then poorly understood, with almost nothing known about cancer drivers and stem cells. The MMC paradigm was later confirmed, and cancer incidence was explained as a function of mutation occurrence. However, the MMC has never been tested for its ability to account for the discrepancies in the number of driver mutations and the organization of the stem cell compartments underlying different cancers that still demonstrate nearly universal age-dependent incidence patterns. Here we demonstrate by Monte Carlo modeling the impact of key somatic evolutionary parameters on the MMC performance, revealing that two additional major mechanisms, aging-dependent somatic selection and life history-dependent evolution of species-specific tumor suppressor mechanisms, need to be incorporated into the MMC to make it capable of generalizing cancer incidence across tissues and species.Editorial note: This article has been through an editorial process in which the authors decide how to respond to the issues raised during peer review. The Reviewing Editor's assessment is that all the issues have been addressed (<xref ref-type="decision-letter" rid="SA1">see decision letter</xref>).
Can Osteopathic Medical Students Accurately Measure Abdominal Aortic Dimensions Using Handheld Ultrasonography Devices in the Primary Care Setting?
Authors: Hower Kimberly , Young Clipper F. , Wagner Alesia , Thorsen Dean , Dugan Joy 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Context
The US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends a 1-time ultrasonography (US) screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) to reduce AAA-specific mortality in men aged 65 to 75 years who have ever smoked. A 2015 study concluded that less than 50% of at-risk primary care patients are screened for AAA. To increase screening rates, it would be beneficial to train other health care professionals in accurately measuring abdominal aortic dimensions.

Objective
To determine whether osteopathic medical students can use handheld US machines to measure abdominal aortic diameters as accurately as an experienced US technologist.

Methods
Three osteopathic medical students underwent 8 hours of US training with a board-certified radiologist to measure abdominal aortic dimensions using a handheld US device. After the training, students independently conducted AAA US screenings at a clinic on participants meeting USPSTF AAA screening criteria. Transverse and anteroposterior measurements were taken at 3 sites: celiac axis, inferior to the renal arteries, and superior to the iliac bifurcation. A US technologist then measured the participants’ aortic diameters in the radiology department at another facility. The measurements from both reports were then compared using a 2-sample t test.

Results
The aortic diameter was measured in 16 participants with a mean (SD) body mass index of 26.7 (3.6). The mean (SD) difference between novice and expert measurement of the abdominal aorta was −0.15 (0.23) cm. No statistically significant difference was found between the US measurements completed by students and a US technologist (t=−1.38, P=.09). None of the participants met the criteria for AAA (>3.0 cm), with the largest abdominal aorta scanned by experts measuring 2.86 cm.

Conclusion
When properly trained, osteopathic medical students can accurately measure abdominal aortic diameters using a handheld US device. Training more medical students in ultrasonography would offer increased screening opportunities and possibly reduce AAA-related mortality. Further studies are needed to assess the ability of osteopathic medical students to accurately measure AAAs, as no participants in this study met the criteria for AAA.
Annihilation mechanism of V-shaped pits in c-GaN grown by hydride vapor-phase epitaxy
Authors: Iso Kenji , Ikeda Hirotaka , Gouda Riki , Mochizuki Tae , Izumisawa Satoru 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
An evident issue in performing GaN growth along the c-direction is the generation of V-shaped pits on its surface. Here, we investigated the transition of the angle of facets forming a V-shaped pit via three-photon excitation photoluminescence (3PPL). The intermittent doping of Ge was introduced to GaN growth to observe the growth front. The size of the V-shaped pit composed of {

10

1
¯

2

} facets decreased along the growth direction, whereas that composed of {

10

1
¯

1

} facets, increased. Furthermore, planar growths of c-GaN and semipolar GaN having various surface orientations revealed that the V-shaped pit composed of {

10

1
¯

2

} was likely to annihilate rather than that of {

10

1
¯

1

} under the growth condition of N2 carrier gas, which coincides with the result of 3PPL.
ATPase activity of human binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP) variants is enhanced by signal sequence and physiological concentrations of Mn2+
Authors: Bandla Sravanthi , Diaz Suraya , Nasheuer Heinz Peter , FitzGerald Una 
Published: April 2019

B‐cell immunoglobulin binding protein (BiP) is an essential endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone normally found in the ER lumen. However, BiP also has other extracellular and intracellular functions. As it is unclear whether peripheral BiP has a signal and/or ER retention sequence, here we produced and biochemically characterised four variants of BiP. The variants differed depending on the presence or the absence of signal and ER retention peptides. Proteins were purified using nickel affinity chromatography, and variant size and quality were confirmed using SDS/PAGE gels. The thermal denaturing temperature of these proteins was found to be 46–47 °C. In addition, we characterised nucleotide binding properties in the absence and the presence of divalent cations. Interestingly, in the absence of cations, ADP has a higher binding affinity to BiP than ATP. The presence of divalent cations results in a decrease of the Kd values of both ADP and ATP, indicating higher affinities of both nucleotides for BiP. ATPase assays were carried out to study the enzyme activity of these variants and to characterise the kinetic parameters of BiP variants. Variants with the signal sequence had higher specific activities than those without. Both Mg2+ and Mn2+ efficiently stimulated the ATPase activity of these variants at low micromolar concentrations, whereas calcium failed to stimulate BiP ATPase. Our novel findings indicate the potential functionality of BiP variants that retain a signal sequence, and also reveal the effect of physiological concentrations of cations on the nucleotide binding properties and enzyme activities of all variants.
Jellyfish‐Based Plastic
Authors: Steinberger Liron Reshef , Gulakhmedova Tamilla , Barkay Zahava , Gozin Michael , Richter Shachar 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe quest for alternative materials replacing fossil‐based plastics is of great importance due to their damage to the environment. In this context, protein‐based plastic materials may provide an alternative solution to this problem. These can be easily harvested and produced in a biodegradable form and, often produced from renewable resources. In this work, the use of jellyfish (JF)‐based biomass to produce plastics is suggested. This biomass comprises a significant amount of proteins such as Q‐mucin and collage that can be easily extracted by means of green technology. Also, there is a considerable need to use JF as a renewable resource since, during the last decades, JF has become an ecological disturbance worldwide. Here, a new route to exploit JF biomass to form biodegradable bioplastics is demonstrated. These materials are easy to produce, and their mechanical properties can be tuned by blending the JF biomass with biodegradable cross‐linkers that are also generated from renewable resources. Inspection of the plastics morphology reveals that it is composed of an unprecedented pseudospherulitic structure, which affects the materials' mechanical properties.
A Biomimetic Coordination Nanoplatform for Controlled Encapsulation and Delivery of Drug–Gene Combinations
Authors: Liu Bei , Hu Feng , Zhang Jingfang , Wang Congli , Li Lele 
Published: April 2019

AbstractInspired by natural biomineralization processes, a simple and universal strategy is introduced to construct a biomimetic nanoplatform for systemic codelivery of a nucleic acid therapeutic (G3139) and a chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin (DOX). This codelivery system was synthesized through one‐pot supramolecular self‐assembly of G3139, DOX, and FeII ions through multiple coordination interactions, followed by an adapted surface mineralization with metal–organic frameworks. The resulting core–shell nanoparticles have uniform size, well‐defined nanosphere structure, robust colloidal stability, ultrahigh drug loading efficiency and capacity, and precisely adjustable ratios of two therapeutic agents. The system can efficiently accumulate in the tumor, allowing for sensitive MRI detection and synergistical inhibition of tumor growth without apparent systemic toxicity.
Sequential Photochemical and Prins Reactions for the Diastereoselective Synthesis of Tricyclic Scaffolds
Authors: Donnelly Bethan L. , Elliott Luke D. , Willis Christine L. , Booker‐Milburn Kevin I. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractCyclobutene alcohols undergo Prins cyclisations to generate single diastereomers of novel tricyclic heterocycles with five contiguous stereocentres. The reaction times are significantly shorter (ca. 15 min) than with traditional alkene substrates. Stereoselective aza‐Prins cyclisations of cyclobutene amine derivatives give fused aza‐heterocyclic scaffolds. Computational studies provide insight into the observed stereocontrol. The modular approach is flexible, enabling the introduction of a variety of functional groups (including amides, nitriles, alkynes, and arenes) into the sp3‐rich heterocyclic scaffolds.
Molecular and functional properties of two Spodoptera exigua acetylcholinesterase genes
Authors: Zhao Jing , Hao Dejun , Xiao Liubin , Tan Yongan , Jiang Yiping , Bai Lixin , Wang Kai 
Published: April 2019

AbstractAcetylcholinesterase (AChE) is a vital enzyme that hydrolyzes acetylcholine. Here, full‐length complementary DNAs (cDNAs) of two acetylcholinesterase genes (SeAce1 and SeAce2) were obtained from Spodoptera exigua, a widespread phytophagous pest in agriculture. The complete SeAce1 cDNA comprised 5447 nucleotides including an open reading frame (ORF) encoding 694 amino acids, while SeAce2 cDNA encompassed a 1917‐bp ORF which would likely yield 638 amino acids. Both SeAce1 and SeAce2 contained specific characteristics of functional AChE. A phylogenetic tree of all lepidopteran insect Aces showed S. exigua clustered with S. litura, Helicoverpa assulta, and H. armigera, all of which are Noctuidae. In S. exigua, SeAce1 gene expression levels (reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction [RT‐PCR] and quantitative RT‐PCR) were markedly increased compared with SeAce2 in all developmental phases and tissue types. Both genes were down regulated by inserting the corresponding dsRNAs in 5th instar larvae, which resulted in 56.7% (SeAce1) and 24.6% (SeAce2) death. Downregulation of both SeAce1 and SeAce2 significantly reduced fecundity and vitellogenin gene expression in S. exigua. These results revealed the biological functions of the two Ace genes (SeAce1 and SeAce2), providing novel insights into the development of strategies for controlling insect pests.
Change processes in school‐based humanistic counselling
Authors: McArthur Katherine , Cooper Mick , Berdondini Lucia 
Published: April 2019

AbstractBackgroundRecent research has indicated that school‐based humanistic counselling (SBHC) is effective for young people in reducing psychological distress and facilitating achievement of personal goals. However, the processes by which this form of counselling brings about change are not yet understood.AimThis study aims to clarify the dynamic processes of change that young people go through when they attend SBHC, in order inform school counselling practice, training and further research.MethodThis is a qualitative interview study with 14 participants who had recently completed between two and nine sessions of SBHC as part of a randomised controlled trial (RCT). Interviews were transcribed and analysed using a grounded theory approach resulting in the development of five change process models.ResultsMultiple change processes were evident for individual clients; and were labelled relief, increasing self‐worth, developing insight, enhancing coping strategies and improving relational skills.ImplicationsThe data indicate that multiple pathways of change are possible, and that change processes associated with different theories of personality change are not mutually exclusive. The study is limited by a small, selective sample and low testimonial validity, and further qualitative research is needed to understand change processes in SBHC more fully.
Deciding what belongs: How psychotherapists in New Zealand attend to religion and/or spirituality in psychotherapy
Authors: Florence Helen Jane , McKenzie‐Green Barbara , Tudor Keith 
Published: April 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe research presented in this paper aimed to explain how psychotherapists in New Zealand attended to religion and/or spirituality (RS) in the therapeutic process. Thirty‐three in‐depth interviews were conducted with 28 psychotherapists throughout New Zealand, exploring their thoughts about RS in psychotherapy.Method and MethodologyGrounded dimensional analysis (a variant of grounded theory), underpinned by symbolic interactionism, was used to collect and analyse data.FindingsThe study found that participants made decisions about what belonged to psychotherapy regarding RS based on three perspectives; that psychotherapy is secular, that psychotherapy and RS are inextricably connected, and that psychotherapy and RS intersect episodically. Participants’ perspectives influenced their level of engagement of RS material when working with clients. The professional and personal outcomes of this process included expanding practice, maintaining the status quo and being seen to present as “legitimate.”DiscussionDeciding what belongs is an iterative process and many participants adjusted their responses when faced with changing contexts and conditions.ImplicationsThis study was significant since it found that it was participants, namely the psychotherapists themselves, who actually decided what belonged at all stages of the process of attending to RS in therapeutic engagement.
Soluble CXCL16 promotes TNF‐α‐induced apoptosis in DLBCL via the AMAD10‐NF‐κB regulatory feedback loop
Authors: Yang Hua , Qiu Bo , Chen Shaoying , Xun Yang , Pan Yu , Chen Minmin , Li Wen‐Xing , Liao Wanqin , El‐Ashram Saeed , Yang Anping , Liu Fang 
Published: April 2019

AbstractWe had previously identified that the co‐expression of transmembrane CXCL16 (TM‐CXCL16) and its receptor CXCR6 is an independent risk factor for poor survival in patients with diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL). However, the impact of the soluble form of CXCL16 (sCXCL16) on the pathogenesis of DLBCL remains unknown. In the present study, the synergistic effect of sCXCL16 and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF‐α) on apoptosis in DLBCL cell lines (OCI‐LY8 and OCI‐LY10) was investigated in vitro. sCXCL16 reinforced TNF‐α‐mediated inhibition of DLBCL cell proliferation, as determined by the cell counting kit‐8 assay. The results of annexin V staining showed that sCXCL16 enhanced TNF‐α‐induced apoptosis in OCI‐LY8 and OCI‐LY10 cells through a death receptor‐caspase signaling pathway. The results of gene microarray suggested a significant upregulation of differentially expressed genes in the TNF signaling pathway. sCXCL16 increased the concentration of extracellular TNF‐α by binding to CXCR6 to activate the nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) signaling pathway. TNF‐α also induced the secretion of sCXCL16 by increasing the expression of ADAM10, which is known to cleave TM‐CXCL16 to yield sCXCL16. Moreover, bioinformatics analysis revealed that elevated TNF‐α and ADAM10 expression levels in tumor tissues predicted better survival in patients with DLBCL. Thus, our study suggests that sCXCL16 enhances TNF‐α‐induced apoptosis of DLBCL cells, which may involve a positive feedback loop consisting of TNF‐α, ADAM10, sCXCL16, and members of the NF‐κB pathway. sCXCL16 and TNF‐α may be used as prognostic markers in the clinic, and their combinational use is a promising approach in the context of DLBCL therapy.
Integrated Theoretical and Empirical Studies for Probing Substrate–Framework Interactions in Hierarchical Catalysts
Authors: Chapman Stephanie , O'Malley Alexander J. , Miletto Ivana , Carravetta Marina , Cox Paul , Gianotti Enrica , Marchese Leonardo , Parker Stewart F. , Raja Robert 
Published: April 2019

AbstractSoft templating with siliceous surfactant is an established protocol for the synthesis of hierarchically porous silicoaluminophosphates (HP SAPOs) with improved mass transport properties. Motivated by the enhanced performance of HP SAPOs in the Beckmann rearrangement of cyclohexanone oxime to the nylon 6 precursor ϵ‐caprolactam, an integrated theoretical and empirical study was carried out to investigate the catalytic potential of the siliceous mesopore network. Inelastic neutron scattering (INS) studies, in particular, provided unique insight into the substrate‐framework interactions in HP (Si)AlPOs and allowed reactive species to be studied independent of the catalyst matrix. The spectroscopic (INS, FTIR spectroscopy, MAS NMR spectroscopy) and computational analyses revealed that in the organosilane‐templated SAPO, the interconnectivity of micro‐ and mesopores permits cooperativity between their respective silanol and Brønsted acid sites that facilitates the protonation of cyclohexanone oxime in a physical mixture at ambient temperature.
H2 Adsorption on Wurtzite ZnO and on ZnO/M(111) (M=Cu, Ag and Au) Bilayer Films
Authors: Thang Ho Viet , Pacchioni Gianfranco 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe dissociative adsorption of H2 on the wurtzite ZnO (10
0) surface and on ZnO/M(111) (M=Cu, Ag and Au) bilayer films has been investigated by mean of DFT+U calculations. On ZnO wurtzite and free‐standing ZnO bilayer, H2 prefers to dissociate heterolytically, forming a proton adsorbed on an O atom and an hydride atom sitting on a Zn cation. While this adsorption mechanism is exothermic on the wurtzite ZnO (10
0) surface, an endothermic process is observed on a free‐standing, unsupported ZnO bilayer. The trend is completely reversed when H2 is adsorbed and dissociated on a metal supported ZnO bilayer. Here the homolytic dissociation mechanism is exothermic and preferred over the heterolytic dissociation. This is due to the effect of the metal support which acts as an electron reservoir to accept extra electrons accompanied to homolytic dissociation of H2 molecule (two electrons are transferred to the metal support with formation of two H+ ions). The study of the reaction pathway for dissociative adsorption of H2 on ZnO/Cu(111) shows that the reaction occurs via (a) heterolytic splitting and (b) the displacement of an H atom from a Zn site to the neighboring O site, forming the final product of homolytic dissociation.
Genetic diversity estimation of Yunnan indigenous goat breeds using microsatellite markers
Authors: E Guang‐Xin , Hong Qiong‐Hua , Zhao Yong‐Ju , Ma Yue‐Hui , Chu Ming‐Xing , Zhu Lan , Huang Yong‐Fu 
Published: April 2019

AbstractBackgroundTo assess the genetic diversity of seven Yunnan indigenous goat populations (Fengqing hornless goat, Mile red‐bone goat, Longling goat, Ninglang black goat, Black‐bone goat, Yunling black goat, and Zhaotong goat), their population structures were investigated using 20 microsatellite markers.ResultsThe results indicated that the genetic diversity of these goats was rich. The observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.4667 ± 0.0243 to 0.5793 ± 0.0230, and the mean number of alleles ranged from 4.80 ± 1.61 and 4.80 ± 1.64 to 6.20 ± 2.93. The population structure analysis showed that these seven goat populations were separated into two clusters, consistent with the results from phylogenetic networks, pairwise differences, and STRUCTURE analyses. We speculate that this may have been caused by natural geographical isolation, human migration and economic and cultural exchanges. We suggest removing CSRD247 and ILSTS005, two loci identified to be under positive selection in the present study, from the microsatellite evaluation system of goats.ConclusionsThe present study may provide a scientific basis for the conservation and utilization of Yunnan indigenous goats.
Induction of the sticky plant defense syndrome in wild tobacco
Authors: Karban Richard , LoPresti Eric , Pepi Adam , Grof‐Tisza Patrick 
Published: April 2019

AbstractMany plants engage in protective mutualisms, offering resources such as extrafloral nectar and shelters to predatory arthropods in exchange for protection against herbivores. Recent work indicates that sticky plants catch small insects and provide this carrion to predators who defend the plants against herbivores. In this study, we investigated whether wild tobacco,Nicotiana attenuata,fits this sticky plant defense syndrome that has been described for other sticky plants. We developed a bioassay for stickiness involving the number of flies that adhered to flowers, the stickiest tissues. In surveys conducted over three field seasons at four sites, we found that the number of carrion that adhered to a plant was positively correlated with the number of predators that we observed foraging over its surfaces. The number of predators was positively correlated with the number of seed capsules that the plant produced, a measure of lifetime female reproductive success. Structural equation modeling indicated strong support for the causal path linking carrion numbers to predator numbers to capsule production. We investigated whether stickiness was an inducible trait and examined two potential cues. We found that experimental clipping of rosette leaves induced greater stickiness, although clipping of neighboring sagebrush leaves did not. Damage to leaf tissue is likely to be a more reliable predictor of risk than is damage to a neighboring plant. The sticky plant defense syndrome is a widespread protective mutualism; its strength and ecological relevance can adjust as risk of herbivory changes.