bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Legacy of star formation in the pre-reionization universe
Authors: Jaacks Jason , Finkelstein Steven L , Bromm Volker 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACT
We utilize gizmo, coupled with newly developed sub-grid models for Population III (Pop III) and Population II (Pop II), to study the legacy of star formation in the pre-reionization Universe. We find that the Pop II star formation rate density (SFRD), produced in our simulation (${\sim } 10^{-2}\ \mathrm{M}_\odot \, {\rm yr^{-1}\, Mpc^{-3}}$ at z ≃ 10), matches the total SFRD inferred from observations within a factor of &lt;2 at 7 ≲ z ≲ 10. The Pop III SFRD, however, reaches a plateau at ${\sim }10^{-3}\ \mathrm{M}_\odot \, {\rm yr^{-1}\, Mpc^{-3}}$ by z ≈ 10, remaining largely unaffected by the presence of Pop II feedback. At z = 7.5, ${\sim } 20{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ of Pop III star formation occurs in isolated haloes that have never experienced any Pop II star formation (i.e. primordial haloes). We predict that Pop III-only galaxies exist at magnitudes MUV ≳ −11, beyond the limits for direct detection with the James Webb Space Telescope. We assess that our stellar mass function (SMF) and UV luminosity function (UVLF) agree well with the observed low mass/faint-end behaviour at z = 8 and 10. However, beyond the current limiting magnitudes, we find that both our SMF and UVLF demonstrate a deviation/turnover from the expected power-law slope (MUV,turn = −13.4 ± 1.1 at z = 10). This could impact observational estimates of the true SFRD by a factor of 2(10) when integrating to MUV = −12 (−8) at z ∼ 10, depending on integration limits. Our turnover correlates well with the transition from dark matter haloes dominated by molecular cooling to those dominated by atomic cooling, for a mass Mhalo ≈ 108 M⊙ at z ≃ 10.
Six new rapidly oscillating Ap stars in the Kepler long-cadence data using super-Nyquist asteroseismology
Authors: Hey Daniel R , Holdsworth Daniel L , Bedding Timothy R , Murphy Simon J , Cunha Margarida S , Kurtz Donald W , Huber Daniel , Fulton Benjamin , Howard Andrew W 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACTWe perform a search for rapidly oscillating Ap stars in the Kepler long-cadence data, where true oscillations above the Nyquist limit of 283.21 $\mu$Hz can be reliably distinguished from aliases as a consequence of the barycentric time corrections applied to the Kepler data. We find evidence for rapid oscillations in six stars: KIC 6631188, KIC 7018170, KIC 10685175, KIC 11031749, KIC 11296437, and KIC 11409673, and identify each star as chemically peculiar through either pre-existing classifications or spectroscopic measurements. For each star, we identify the principal pulsation mode, and are able to observe several additional pulsation modes in KIC 7018170. We find that KIC 7018170 and KIC 11409673 both oscillate above their theoretical acoustic cut-off frequency, whilst KIC 11031749 oscillates at the cut-off frequency within uncertainty. All but KIC 11031749 exhibit strong amplitude modulation consistent with the oblique pulsator model, confirming their mode geometry and periods of rotation.
Triage of astrometric binaries – how to find triple systems and dormant black hole secondaries in the Gaia orbits
Authors: Shahaf S , Mazeh T , Faigler S , Holl B 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACT
Preparing for the expected wealth of Gaia detections, we consider here a simple algorithm for classifying unresolved astrometric binaries with main-sequence (MS) primary into three classes: binaries with a probable MS secondary, with two possible values for the mass ratio; probable hierarchical triple MS systems with an astrometric secondary as a close binary, with a limited range of mass-ratio values; and binaries with a compact-object secondary, with a minimal value of the mass ratio. This is done by defining a unitless observational parameter ‘Astrometric Mass-Ratio Function’ (AMRF), $\mathcal {A}$, of a binary, based on primary-mass estimation, in addition to the astrometric parameters – the angular semimajor axis, the period, and the parallax. We derive the $\mathcal {A}$ value that differentiates the three classes by forward modelling representative binaries of each class, assuming some mass–luminosity relation. To demonstrate the potential of the algorithm, we consider the orbits of 98 Hipparcos astrometric binaries with MS primaries, using the Hipparcos parallaxes and the primary-mass estimates. For systems with known spectroscopic orbital solution, our results are consistent with the spectroscopic elements, validating the suggested approach. The algorithm will be able to identify hierarchical triple systems and dormant neutron star and black hole companions in the Gaia astrometric binaries.
The formation of bimodal dust species in nova ejecta – I. Chemical conditions
Authors: Zhu Chunhua , Liu Helei , Lü Guoliang , Wang Zhaojun , Li Lin 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
It is still not known whether or not bimodal dust species (namely the silicate and amorphous carbon dust grains that are observed in a nova eruption) are formed in nova ejecta. Using the Modules for Experiments in Stellar Astrophysics code and considering the effects of the white dwarf mass, the mass-accretion rate and the chemical profile, which are described by a new parameter (the mixing depth), on the chemical abundances of nova ejecta, we investigate the possibility that bimodal dust species are produced in a nova eruption. We find that the C/O (the ratio of the carbon number density to the oxygen number density) of nova ejecta is affected by the mixing depth. For a model with a small mixing depth, the C/O of nova ejecta can evolve from greater than 1.0 to less than 1.0 over the course of an eruption, thereby providing the chemical conditions for the formation of bimodal dust species.
Analytic computation of the secular effects of encounters on a binary: features arising from second-order perturbation theory
Authors: Hamers Adrian S , Samsing Johan 
Published: June 2019

AbstractBinary–single interactions play a crucial role in the evolution of dense stellar systems such as globular clusters. In addition, they are believed to drive black hole (BH) binary mergers in these systems. A subset of binary–single interactions are secular encounters, for which the third body approaches the binary on a relatively wide orbit, and such that it is justified to average the equations of motion over the binary’s orbital phase. Previous works used first-order (FO) perturbation theory to compute the effects of such secular encounters on the binary. However, this approach can break down for highly eccentric binaries, which are important for BH binary mergers and gravitational wave sources. Here, we present an analytic computation using second-order perturbation techniques, valid to the quadrupole-order approximation. In our calculation, we take into account the instantaneous back reaction of the binary to the third body, and compute corrections to previous FO results. Using singly averaged and direct three-body integrations, we demonstrate the validity of our expressions. In particular, we show that the eccentricity change for highly eccentric binaries can reach a plateau, associated with a large inclination change, and can even reverse sign. These effects are not captured by previous FO results. We provide a simple script to conveniently evaluate our analytic expressions, including routines for numerical integration and verification.
Observable scattered light features from inclined and non-inclined planets embedded in protoplanetary discs
Authors: Kloster Dylan L , Flock M 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACT
Over the last few years instruments such as VLT/SPHERE and Subaru/HiCIAO have been able to take detailed scattered light images of protoplanetary discs. Many of the features observed in these discs are generally suspected to be caused by an embedded planet, and understanding the cause of these features requires detailed theoretical models. In this work we investigate disc–planet interactions using the pluto code to run 2D and 3D hydrodynamic simulations of protoplanetary discs with embedded 30 and 300 M⊕ planets on both an inclined (i = 2.86°) and non-inclined orbit, using an α-viscosity of 4 × 10−3. We produce synthetic scattered light images of these discs at H-band wavelengths using the radiative transfer code radmc3d. We find that while the surface density evolution in 2D and 3D simulations of inclined and non-inclined planets remain fairly similar, their observational appearance is remarkably different. Most of the features seen in the synthetic H-band images are connected to density variations of the disc at around 3.3 scale heights above and below the mid-plane, which emphasizes the need for 3D simulations. Planets on sustained orbital inclinations disrupt the disc’s upper atmosphere and produce radically different observable features and intensity profiles, including shadowing effects and intensity variation of the order of 10–20 times the surrounding background. The vertical optical depth to the disc mid-plane for H-band wavelengths is τ ≈ 20 in the disc gap created by the high-mass planet. We conclude that direct imaging of planets embedded in the disc remains difficult to observe, even for massive planets in the gap.
SIRT6 promotes transcription of a subset of NRF2 targets by mono-ADP-ribosylating BAF170
Authors: Rezazadeh Sarallah , Yang David , Tombline Gregory , Simon Matthew , Regan Sean P , Seluanov Andrei , Gorbunova Vera 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
SIRT6 is critical for activating transcription of Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (NRF2) responsive genes during oxidative stress. However, while the mechanism of SIRT6-mediated silencing is well understood, the mechanism of SIRT6-mediated transcriptional activation is unknown. Here, we employed SIRT6 separation of function mutants to reveal that SIRT6 mono-ADP-ribosylation activity is required for transcriptional activation. We demonstrate that SIRT6 mono-ADP-ribosylation of BAF170, a subunit of BAF chromatin remodeling complex, is critical for activation of a subset of NRF2 responsive genes upon oxidative stress. We show that SIRT6 recruits BAF170 to enhancer region of the Heme oxygenase-1 locus and promotes recruitment of RNA polymerase II. Furthermore, SIRT6 mediates the formation of the active chromatin 10-kb loop at the HO-1 locus, which is absent in SIRT6 deficient tissue. These results provide a novel mechanism for SIRT6-mediated transcriptional activation, where SIRT6 mono-ADP-ribosylates and recruits chromatin remodeling proteins to mediate the formation of active chromatin loop.
Rational design of an XNA ligase through docking of unbound nucleic acids to toroidal proteins
Authors: Vanmeert Michiel , Razzokov Jamoliddin , Mirza Muhammad Usman , Weeks Stephen D , Schepers Guy , Bogaerts Annemie , Rozenski Jef , Froeyen Mathy , Herdewijn Piet , Pinheiro Vitor B , Lescrinier Eveline 
Published: June 2019

AbstractXenobiotic nucleic acids (XNA) are nucleic acid analogues not present in nature that can be used for the storage of genetic information. In vivo XNA applications could be developed into novel biocontainment strategies, but are currently limited by the challenge of developing XNA processing enzymes such as polymerases, ligases and nucleases. Here, we present a structure-guided modelling-based strategy for the rational design of those enzymes essential for the development of XNA molecular biology. Docking of protein domains to unbound double-stranded nucleic acids is used to generate a first approximation of the extensive interaction of nucleic acid processing enzymes with their substrate. Molecular dynamics is used to optimise that prediction allowing, for the first time, the accurate prediction of how proteins that form toroidal complexes with nucleic acids interact with their substrate. Using the Chlorella virus DNA ligase as a proof of principle, we recapitulate the ligase's substrate specificity and successfully predict how to convert it into an XNA-templated XNA ligase.
Cost-Effectiveness of Preemptive Switching to Efavirenz-Based Antiretroviral Therapy for Children With Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Authors: Desmonde Sophie , Frank Simone C , Coovadia Ashraf , Dahourou Désiré L , Hou Taige , Abrams Elaine J , Amorissani-Folquet Madeleine , Walensky Rochelle P , Strehlau Renate , Penazzato Martina , Freedberg Kenneth A , Kuhn Louise , Leroy Valeriane , Ciaranello Andrea L 
Published: June 2019

Abstract

Background
The NEVEREST-3 (South Africa) and MONOD-ANRS-12206 (Côte d’Ivoire, Burkina Faso) randomized trials found that switching to efavirenz (EFV) in human immunodeficiency virus–infected children &gt;3 years old who were virologically suppressed by ritonavir-boosted lopinavir (LPV/r) was noninferior to continuing o LPV/r. We evaluated the cost-effectiveness of this strategy using the Cost-Effectiveness of Preventing AIDS Complications–Pediatric model.

Methods
We examined 3 strategies in South African children aged ≥3 years who were virologically suppressed by LPV/r: (1) continued LPV/r, even in case of virologic failure, without second-line regimens; continued on LPV/r with second-line option after observed virologic failure; and preemptive switch to EFV-based antiretroviral therapy (ART), with return to LPV/r after observed virologic failure. We derived data on 24-week suppression (&lt;1000 copies/mL) after a switch to EFV (98.4%) and the subsequent risk of virologic failure (LPV/r, 0.23%/mo; EFV, 0.15%/mo) from NEVEREST-3 data; we obtained ART costs (LPV/r, $6–$20/mo; EFV, $3–$6/mo) from published sources. We projected discounted life expectancy (LE) and lifetime costs per person. A secondary analysis used data from MONOD-ANRS-12206 in Côte d’Ivoire.

Results
Continued LPV/r led to the shortest LE (18.2 years) and the highest per-person lifetime cost ($19 470). LPV/r with second-line option increased LE (19.9 years) and decreased per-person lifetime costs($16 070). Switching led to the longest LE (20.4 years) and the lowest per-person lifetime cost ($15 240); this strategy was cost saving under plausible variations in key parameters. Using MONOD-ANRS-12206 data in Côte d’Ivoire, the Switch strategy remained cost saving only compared with continued LPV/r, but the LPV/r with second-line option strategy was cost-effective compared with switching.

Conclusion
For children ≥3 years old and virologically suppressed by LPV/r-based ART, preemptive switching to EFV can improve long-term clinical outcomes and be cost saving.

Clinical Trials Registration
NCT01127204
Dose-Response Relationship Between Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation and Muscle Function in People With Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Almeida Gustavo J , Khoja Samannaaz S , Piva Sara R 
Published: June 2019

Abstract

Background
Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) is a viable intervention for improving impaired muscle function in individuals with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, there is limited evidence about the dose-response relationship between NMES and muscle function in these individuals.

Objective
The objectives of this study were to investigate the dose-response relationship between NMES and muscle function in individuals with RA and to establish the minimal NMES training intensity for promoting improvements.

Design
This study was a secondary analysis of data obtained before and after an NMES intervention in a randomized study.

Methods
The study took place at a research clinic. Only adults diagnosed with RA were included. The intervention consisted of 36 NMES treatment sessions for the quadriceps muscles over 16 weeks. Muscle function was measured before and after the intervention; quadriceps cross-sectional area and muscle quality were assessed using computed tomography, and strength was measured with an isokinetic dynamometer. NMES training intensity was calculated as a percentage by dividing NMES-elicited quadriceps muscle torque by the maximum voluntary isometric contraction. Improvements in muscle function were calculated using paired-sample t tests. The dose-response relationship was determined using curve estimation regression statistics. The minimum NMES training intensity was defined as that sufficient to significantly improve all muscle function measures.

Results
Twenty-four people (48 legs) participated (75% women; mean [SD] age = 58 [8] years; mean body mass index = 32 [7] kg/m2). Quadriceps cross-sectional area, muscle quality, and strength improved after the intervention. Associations between NMES training intensity and muscle quality (r2 = 0.20) and strength (r2 = 0.23) were statistically significant, but that between NMES training intensity and muscle cross-sectional area was not (r2 = 0.02). The minimum NMES training intensity necessary to improve all measures of muscle function ranged from 11% to 20% of the maximum voluntary isometric contraction.

Limitations
The relatively small sample size was a limitation.

Conclusions
The minimum NMES training intensity for significant gains in muscle function was ∼15%. Higher NMES intensities may promote better muscle quality and strength in individuals with RA.
Recommendations For Core Outcome Domain Set For Whiplash-Associated Disorders (CATWAD)
Authors: Chen Kenneth , Andersen Tonny , Carroll Linda , Connelly Luke , Côté Pierre , Curatolo Michele , Elliott James , Grant Genevieve , Jull Gwendolen , Kasch Helge , MacDermid Joy , Malmström Eva-Maj , Maujean Annick , McLean Samuel A. , Nielsen Mandy , Rebbeck Trudy , Söderlund Anne , Sterling Joanna , Treleaven Julia , Walton David M. , Westergren Hans , Sterling Michele 
Published: June 2019

Objective:
Inconsistent reporting of outcomes in clinical trials of treatments for Whiplash-associated Disorders (WAD) hinders effective data pooling and conclusions that can be drawn about the effectiveness of tested treatments. The aim of this study was to provide recommendations for core outcome domains that should be included in clinical trials of WAD.

Materials and Methods:
A 3-step process was used: (1) A list of potential core outcome domains were identified from the published literature. (2) Researchers, health care providers, patients, and insurance personnel participated and rated the importance of each domain via a 3-round Delphi survey. A priori criteria for consensus were established. (3) Experts comprising researchers, health care providers, and a consumer representative participated in a multidisciplinary consensus meeting that made final decisions on the recommended core outcome domains.

Results:
The literature search identified 63 potential core domains. A total of 223 participants were invited to partake in the Delphi surveys, with 41.7% completing round 1, 45.3% round 2, and 51.4% round 3. Eleven core domains met the criteria for inclusion across the entire sample. After the expert consensus meeting, 6 core domains were recommended: Physical Functioning, Perceived Recovery, Work and Social Functioning, Psychological Functioning, Quality of Life, and Pain.

Discussion:
A 3-step process was used to recommend core outcome domains for clinical trials in WAD. Six core domains were recommended: Physical Functioning, Perceived Recovery, Work and Social Functioning, Psychological Functioning, Quality of Life, and Pain. The next step is to determine the outcome measurement instruments for each of these domains.
Prognostic Performance of the 2018 International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics Cervical Cancer Staging Guidelines
Authors: Wright Jason D. , Matsuo Koji , Huang Yongmei , Tergas Ana I. , Hou June Y. , Khoury-Collado Fady , St. Clair Caryn M. , Ananth Cande V. , Neugut Alfred I. , Hershman Dawn L. 
Published: June 2019

OBJECTIVE:
To examine the prognostic performance of the revised 2018 International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) cervical cancer staging schema.

METHODS:
We used the National Cancer Database to identify women with cervical cancer diagnosed from 2004 to 2015. Using clinical and pathologic data, each patient's stage was classified using three staging schemas: American Joint Committee on Cancer 7th edition, FIGO 2009 and FIGO 2018. The FIGO 2018 revised staging classifies stage IB tumors into three substages based on tumor size (IB1–IB3) and classifies patients with positive lymph nodes (pathologically or clinically detected) as stage IIIC1 (positive pelvic nodes) or IIIC2 (positive para-aortic nodes). Five-year survival rates were estimated for each stage grouping. We sought to determine whether the 2018 FIGO staging system was able to offer improved 5-year survival rate differentiation compared with older staging schemas.

RESULTS:
A total of 62,212 women were identified. The classification of stage IB tumors into three substages improved discriminatory ability. Five-year survival in the FIGO 2018 schema was 91.6% (95% CI 90.4–92.6%) for stage IB1 tumors, 83.3% (95% CI 81.8–84.8%) for stage IB2 neoplasms, and 76.1% (95% CI 74.3–77.8%) for IB3 lesions. In contrast, for women with stage III tumors, higher FIGO staging was not consistently associated with worse 5-year survival rates: stage IIIA (40.7%, 95 CI 37.1–44.3%), stage IIIB (41.4%; 95% CI 39.9–42.9%), stage IIIC1 (positive pelvic nodes) was 60.8% (95% CI 58.7–62.8%) and stage IIIC2 37.5% (95% CI 33.3–41.7%).

CONCLUSION:
The FIGO 2018 staging schema provides improved discriminatory ability for women with stage IB tumors; however, classification of all women with positive lymph nodes into a single stage results in a very heterogeneous group of patients with highly variable survival rates.
Ankle Fracture Stability–Based Classification: A Study of Reproducibility and Clinical Prognostic Ability
Authors: Delaney John P. , Charlson Mark D. , Michelson James D. 
Published: June 2019

Objective:
To compare the reproducibility and prognostic capacity of 2 commonly used ankle fracture classifications to the stability-based classification.

Methods:
One hundred ninety-three consecutive rotational-type ankle fractures treated during a year at our institution in patients older than 18 years were retrospectively analyzed. Pilon and pathologic fractures were excluded. The fractures were treated by attending physicians who were unaware of the stability-based classification system. Three observers classified injury radiographs using the Lauge-Hansen, Weber/AO, and stability-based classifications systems. Reproducibility (interobserver variation) of each classification system was calculated using kappa statistics. Prognostic values were evaluated by calculating the area under the curve for the receiver-operating characteristic curves (using surgery as the positive outcome).

Results:
The stability-based and Weber/AO classifications showed better reproducibility [kappa 0.938 (95% confidence interval 0.921–0.952), kappa 0.97 (0.961–0.976)], respectively, than the Lauge-Hansen [kappa 0.74 (0.664–0.795); P < 0.05]. The stability-based classification was more accurate (P < 0.001) in predicting surgical treatment [area under the curve 0.883 (95% confidence interval 0.852–0.914)] compared with the other 2 classifications [0.626 (0.576–0.675) and 0.698 (0.641–0.755)], respectively.

Conclusions:
The stability-based classification was both highly reproducible (kappa 0.938) and had superior prognostic capacity to identify patients who needed surgical intervention compared with both the Lauge-Hansen and AO/Weber classification systems. Importantly, there were no patients who were classified as stable who failed nonoperative treatment. This extends earlier studies by directly demonstrating its prognostic advantage to other classification systems.