bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the effectiveness of various rotary and reciprocating systems with different surface treatments to remove gutta‐percha and an epoxy resin‐based sealer from straight root canals
Authors: Bago I. , Suk M. , Katić M. , Gabrić D. , Anić I. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractAimTo compare the Reciproc Blue, Reciproc and ProTaper Universal Retreatment systems with regard to the effective removal of epoxy resin‐based sealer and gutta‐percha during the retreatment of oval, straight root canals.MethodologyForty‐five extracted, human mandibular first premolars with single straight oval canals were selected on the basis of cone beam computed tomography evaluations. The root canals were instrumented with the ProTaper Next system up to the X2 file, and filled with gutta‐percha and epoxy resin‐based sealer using the cold lateral condensation technique. After 1 month, the samples were randomly divided into three groups (n = 15) according to the retreatment system used: Reciproc Blue R40, Reciproc R40 and ProTaper Universal. The specimens were scanned at the resolution of 1.2 μm by a microcomputed tomography device after the root filling and retreatment procedures, and the decrease in the volume of filling material after each retreatment protocol was measured. The results were analysed using the Kruskal–Wallis test and additional box‐and‐whisker plots.ResultsAlthough the volume of the filling material decreased significantly in all three groups (P < 0.05), none of the systems removed the material completely. The Reciproc system removed significantly more material than the ProTaper Universal (P < 0.001) and Reciproc Blue (P = 0.005) systems, with the latter two exhibiting equal volumes of remaining material (P = 0.068).ConclusionThe Reciproc system was more effective than the Reciproc Blue and ProTaper Universal Retreatment systems during the removal of filling material from oval, straight canals, although none of the systems completely removed the filling material.
Low accuracy and confidence in chest radiograph interpretation amongst junior doctors and medical students
Authors: Cheung Timothy , Harianto Harry , Spanger Manfred , Young Alan , Wadhwa Vikas 
Published: July 2018

AbstractAccurate chest X‐ray (CXR) interpretation is an essential skill in clinical practice. Previous studies have shown poor accuracy and confidence rates (CR) of CXR interpretation by junior doctors and medical students. We presented 10 chest radiographs via an online questionnaire to Australian medical students and junior doctors, who were asked to identify the radiographic abnormality from a list of 15 options and to rate their confidence for each answer. Of 67 complete responses, junior doctors achieved a mean score of 57.6% and medical students 56.1%, with CR of 67 versus 58% respectively. There was a significant positive relationship between accuracy and CR among junior doctors (Pearson's coefficient + 0.798, P = 0.006) and students (Pearson's coefficient + 0.716, P = 0.020). This study identified similarities in strength and weakness in CXR interpretation between medical students and junior doctors. There was a positive association between test scores and self‐rated confidence scores.
Access and utilization of mental health services for immigrants and refugees: Perspectives of immigrant service providers
Authors: Salami Bukola , Salma Jordana , Hegadoren Kathleen 
Published: July 2018

AbstractImmigrant and refugee populations experience life stressors due to difficult migration journeys and challenges in leaving one country and adapting to another. These life stressors result in adverse mental health outcomes when coupled with a lack of adequate support‐enhancing resources. One area of support is access to and use of mental health services to prevent and address mental health concerns. Immigrant service providers in Canada support the integration and overall well‐being of newcomers. This study focuses on immigrant service providers’ perceptions of access to and use of mental health services for immigrants and refugees in Alberta. A qualitative descriptive design was used to collect and analyse the perspectives of 53 immigrant service providers recruited from nine immigrant serving agencies in Alberta between November 2016 and January 2017. Data were collected using a combination of individual interviews and focus groups, followed by thematic data analysis to identify relevant themes. Barriers to access and use of mental health services include language barriers, cultural interpretations of mental health, stigma around mental illness, and fear of negative repercussions when living with a mental illness. Strategies to improve mental health service delivery include developing community‐based services, attending to financial barriers, training immigrant service providers on mental health, enhancing collaboration across sectors in mental health service delivery, and advancing the role of interpreters and cultural brokers. Overall, immigrant service providers present a nuanced view of the complex and inter‐related barriers immigrants and refugees experience and identify potential approaches to enhancing mental health service delivery.
A systematic literature review of the effect of anthocyanins on gut microbiota populations
Authors: Igwe E. O. , Charlton K. E. , Probst Y. C. , Kent K. , Netzel M. E. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractBackgroundEvidence has shown that anthocyanins, a subclass of polyphenol, are metabolised in the gut, modulate bacterial species and exert bioactive effects through this interaction.MethodsA systematic literature review was undertaken to determine the level of current evidence for the association between anthocyanin intake and changes in gut microbiota populations. The studies included were also assessed for the different techniques used in microbiota determination. Following the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses) guidelines, scientific databases, including Scopus, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science and MEDLINE, were searched up to June 2017. Details on population/sample, study design, intervention/control, dosage and method of microbiota determination were extracted.ResultsSix studies (three in vitro, two animal and one human trials) were included in the review, which showed that anthocyanins induced a significant proliferative effect on Bifidobacterium spp., known for their wide use in probiotics and for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. There was also an observed inhibition of Clostridium histolyticum, which was shown to be pathogenic in humans. The depth of analysis is an important consideration for the choice of microbiota determination technique with respect to a comprehensive, high‐resolution microbiota analysis or analysis of the main microbiota taxa.ConclusionsVery limited research has been carried out in the area of anthocyanins and gut microbiota; beneficial effects have generally been observed, and further clinical trials in humans are needed to confirm changes to gut microbes in relation to dietary anthocyanin intake and potential health benefits.
Repeated Stops for a Red Light Induced a Left‐Superior Asymmetrical Brain Activity in the Near‐Infrared Spectroscopy Reflecting Approach Motivation of Anger in Elderly Adults but not in Younger Adults
Authors: Nakata Ryuzaburo , Kubo‐Kawai Namiko , Okanoya Kazuo , Kawai Nobuyuki 
Published: July 2018

AbstractPrevious electroencephalography studies on anger suggest that greater left than right frontal cortical activity is associated with approach motivation of anger. Our previous study showed that greater left‐superior frontal activation of electroencephalography was associated with subjective anger during a traffic jam simulation that forced participants to maintain a slower speed than expected in elderly adults, but not in young adults. We subsequently observed similar left‐superior frontal brain activity using near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in elderly adults in the same driving situation. Using NIRS, the present study demonstrated that the elderly, but not young adults, exhibited left‐superior brain activity in the front‐dorsolateral area when they were forced to stop four times at a red traffic light in a driving simulator. Driving through the same intersections with green lights did not elicit brain activation in either age group. After four red lights, but not after four green lights, a yellow light induced left‐superior brain activity in elderly adults. This asymmetric brain activity is associated with Trail Making Test score, which reflects executive functioning. These results are discussed with regard to the inhibitory potential of aged adults.
Regulation and governance versus criminology: Disciplinary divides, intersections, and opportunities
Authors: Almond Paul , van Erp Judith 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThis paper seeks to bridge the disciplinary gap between regulation and governance studies, and criminology. Based on a review of theoretical and empirical work on corporate crime, this paper argues that divergent approaches to questions of individual agency, localized variety, and political context, have drawn these two disciplines in different directions. Regulatory governance scholarship has thrived as a discipline, but has also narrowed its focus around these issues. Corporate criminology offers a means of broadening this focus by drawing attention to the normative theorizing behind the regulatory project. At the same time, however, insights drawn from regulatory governance scholarship can prompt corporate criminology to innovate by broadening the scope of its engagement beyond the sphere of traditional criminal justice. The paper argues for the development of a research agenda to sit at their intersection, to engage with the challenges that exist at the interface between criminal and regulatory law.
The Integrative Conjugative Element (ICE) of
Mycoplasma agalactiae
: Key Elements Involved in Horizontal Dissemination and Influence of Coresident ICEs
Authors: Baranowski Eric , Dordet-Frisoni Emilie , Sagné Eveline , Hygonenq Marie-Claude , Pretre Gabriela , Claverol Stéphane , Fernandez Laura , Nouvel Laurent Xavier , Citti Christine 
Published: July 2018

ABSTRACT

The discovery of integrative conjugative elements (ICEs) in wall-less mycoplasmas and the demonstration of their role in massive gene flows within and across species have shed new light on the evolution of these minimal bacteria. Of these, the ICE of the ruminant pathogen
Mycoplasma agalactiae
(ICEA) represents a prototype and belongs to a new clade of the Mutator-like superfamily that has no preferential insertion site and often occurs as multiple chromosomal copies. Here, functional genomics and mating experiments were combined to address ICEA functions and define the minimal ICEA chassis conferring conjugative properties to
M. agalactiae
. Data further indicated a complex interaction among coresident ICEAs, since the minimal ICEA structure was influenced by the occurrence of additional ICEA copies that can
trans
-complement conjugation-deficient ICEAs. However, this cooperative behavior was limited to the CDS14 surface lipoprotein, which is constitutively expressed by coresident ICEAs, and did not extend to other ICEA proteins, including the
cis
-acting DDE recombinase and components of the mating channel whose expression was detected only sporadically. Remarkably, conjugation-deficient mutants containing a single ICEA copy knocked out in
cds14
can be complemented by neighboring cells expressing CDS14. This result, together with those revealing the conservation of CDS14 functions in closely related species, may suggest a way for mycoplasma ICEs to extend their interaction outside their chromosomal environment. Overall, this report provides a first model of conjugative transfer in mycoplasmas and offers valuable insights into understanding horizontal gene transfer in this highly adaptive and diverse group of minimal bacteria.

IMPORTANCE
Integrative conjugative elements (ICEs) are self-transmissible mobile genetic elements that are key mediators of horizontal gene flow in bacteria. Recently, a new category of ICEs was identified that confer conjugative properties to mycoplasmas, a highly adaptive and diverse group of wall-less bacteria with reduced genomes. Unlike classical ICEs, these mobile elements have no preferential insertion specificity, and multiple mycoplasma ICE copies can be found randomly integrated into the host chromosome. Here, the prototype ICE of
Mycoplasma agalactiae
was used to define the minimal conjugative machinery and to propose the first model of ICE transfer in mycoplasmas. This model unveils the complex interactions taking place among coresident ICEs and suggests a way for these elements to extend their influence outside their chromosomal environment. These data pave the way for future studies aiming at deciphering chromosomal transfer, an unconventional mechanism of DNA swapping that has been recently associated with mycoplasma ICEs.
Viral Entry Properties Required for Fitness in Humans Are Lost through Rapid Genomic Change during Viral Isolation
Authors: Iketani Sho , Shean Ryan C. , Ferren Marion , Makhsous Negar , Aquino Dolly B. , des Georges Amedee , Rima Bert , Mathieu Cyrille , Porotto Matteo , Moscona Anne , Greninger Alexander L. 
Published: July 2018

IMPORTANCE
Human parainfluenza virus 3 is an important cause of morbidity and mortality among infants, the immunocompromised, and the elderly. Using deep genomic sequencing of HPIV-3-positive clinical material and its subsequent viral isolate, we discover a number of known and novel coding mutations in the main HPIV-3 attachment protein HN during brief exposure to immortalized cells. These mutations significantly alter function of the fusion complex, increasing fusion promotion by HN as well as generally decreasing neuraminidase activity and increasing HN-receptor engagement. These results show that viruses may evolve rapidly in culture even during primary isolation of the virus and before the first passage and reveal features of fitness for humans that are obscured by rapid adaptation to laboratory conditions.
Neutralization Mechanisms of Two Highly Potent Antibodies against Human Enterovirus 71
Authors: Zhu Ling , Xu Kangwei , Wang Nan , Cao Lei , Wu Junlan , Gao Qiang , Fry Elizabeth E. , Stuart David I. , Rao Zihe , Wang Junzhi , Wang Xiangxi 
Published: July 2018

ABSTRACT

Despite significant advances in health care, outbreaks of infections by enteroviruses (EVs) continue to plague the Asia-Pacific region every year. Enterovirus 71 (EV71) causes hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD), for which there are currently no therapeutics. Here, we report two new antibodies, A9 and D6, that potently neutralize EV71. A9 exhibited a 50% neutralizing concentration (neut
50
) value of 0.1 nM against EV71, which was 10-fold lower than that observed for D6. Investigation into the mechanisms of neutralization revealed that binding of A9 to EV71 blocks receptor binding but also destabilizes and damages the virus capsid structure. In contrast, D6 destabilizes the capsid only slightly but interferes more potently with the attachment of the virus to the host cells. Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of A9 and D6 bound with EV71 shed light on the locations and nature of the epitopes recognized by the two antibodies. Although some regions of the epitopes recognized by the two antibodies overlap, there are differences that give rise to dissimilarities in potency as well as in the mechanisms of neutralization. Interestingly, the overlapping regions of the epitopes encompass the site that the virus uses to bind SCARB2, explaining the reason for the observed blocking of the virus-receptor interaction by the two antibodies. We also identified structural elements that might play roles in modulating the stability of the EV71 particles, including particle integrity. The molecular features of the A9 and D6 epitopes unveiled in this study open up new avenues for rationally designing antiviral drugs.

IMPORTANCE
During the course of viral infections, the human body produces neutralizing antibodies which play a defining role in clearing the virus. From this study, we report two new, highly potent neutralizing antibodies, A9 and D6, against enterovirus 71 (EV71), the causative agent of HFMD. Both antibodies prevent the virus from entering the host cell, a step that is important for establishing a successful infection. A9 destabilizes and damages the virus capsid that forms an outer protective covering around the genome of the virus, while also interfering with virus attachment to the host cells. In contrast, D6 only prevents binding of the virus to its receptor(s). The mechanism of neutralization of A9 is unique and has not been observed before for neutralizing antibodies targeting EVs. The two antibodies that we are reporting in this study have potential to be developed into much-needed therapeutic interventions for treatment of HFMD, outbreaks of which are reported every year in the Asia-Pacific region.
Ligand-Mediated Biofilm Formation via Enhanced Physical Interaction between a Diguanylate Cyclase and Its Receptor
Authors: Giacalone David , Smith T. Jarrod , Collins Alan J. , Sondermann Holger , Koziol Lori J. , O’Toole George A. 
Published: July 2018

ABSTRACT

The bacterial intracellular second messenger, cyclic dimeric GMP (c-di-GMP), regulates biofilm formation for many bacteria. The binding of c-di-GMP by the inner membrane protein LapD controls biofilm formation, and the LapD receptor is central to a complex network of c-di-GMP-mediated biofilm formation. In this study, we examine how c-di-GMP signaling specificity by a diguanylate cyclase (DGC), GcbC, is achieved via interactions with the LapD receptor and by small ligand sensing via GcbC’s
ca
lcium channel
che
motaxis (CACHE) domain. We provide evidence that biofilm formation is stimulated by the environmentally relevant organic acid citrate (and a related compound, isocitrate) in a GcbC-dependent manner through enhanced GcbC-LapD interaction, which results in increased LapA localization to the cell surface. Furthermore, GcbC shows little ability to synthesize c-di-GMP in isolation. However, when LapD is present, GcbC activity is significantly enhanced (~8-fold), indicating that engaging the LapD receptor stimulates the activity of this DGC; citrate-enhanced GcbC-LapD interaction further stimulates c-di-GMP synthesis. We propose that the I-site of GcbC serves two roles beyond allosteric control of this enzyme: promoting GcbC-LapD interaction and stabilizing the active conformation of GcbC in the GcbC-LapD complex. Finally, given that LapD can interact with a dozen different DGCs of
Pseudomonas fluorescens
, many of which have ligand-binding domains, the ligand-mediated enhanced signaling via LapD-GcbC interaction described here is likely a conserved mechanism of signaling in this network. Consistent with this idea, we identify a second example of ligand-mediated enhancement of DGC-LapD interaction that promotes biofilm formation.

IMPORTANCE
In many bacteria, dozens of enzymes produce the dinucleotide signal c-di-GMP; however, it is unclear how undesired cross talk is mitigated in the context of this soluble signal and how c-di-GMP signaling is regulated by environmental inputs. We demonstrate that GcbC, a DGC, shows little ability to synthesize c-di-GMP in the absence of its cognate receptor LapD; GcbC-LapD interaction enhances c-di-GMP synthesis by GcbC, likely mediated by the I-site of GcbC. We further show evidence for a ligand-mediated mechanism of signaling specificity via increased physical interaction of a DGC with its cognate receptor. We envision a scenario wherein a “cloud” of weakly active DGCs can increase their activity by specific interaction with their receptor in response to appropriate environmental signals, concomitantly boosting c-di-GMP production, ligand-specific signaling, and biofilm formation.
Warm Needle Acupuncture in Primary Osteoporosis Management: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Luo Ding , Liu Yue , Wu Yanan , Ma Rui , Wang Lin , Gu Ronghe , Fu Wenbin 
Published: July 2018

Background Warm needle acupuncture (WNA) is commonly used in primary osteoporosis (OP) management in China. The evidence of its effectiveness needs to be systematically reviewed. Objective The aim of the meta-analysis was to evaluate whether using WNA alone or combined with conventional medicine benefits primary OP. Methods PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Central Register, Medline, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang and VIP databases were searched from their inception through 30 June 2016. RCTs applying WNA independently or as an adjunct to conventional medicine, compared with conventional medicine alone, were included. Primary outcomes were bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar vertebrae, femoral neck, Ward's triangle and greater trochanter. The secondary outcome was chronic pain measured by VAS score. Meta-analysis was conducted using RevMan V.5.3 software. Results Nine RCTs involving 572 participants were included. When WNA was used as an adjunct to conventional medicine, meta-analysis revealed a statistical difference in favour of increasing BMD of the lumbar vertebrae (mean difference (MD)=0.06, 95% CI 0.03 to 0.08, P<0.001). WNA increased BMD of the femoral neck (MD 0.14, 95% CI 0.08 to 0.21, P<0.001) and greater trochanter (MD 0.09, 95% CI 0.04 to 0.15, P<0.001) when used alone, and additionally decreased VAS scores (MD=−1.10, 95% CI −1.14 to −1.06, P<0.001) when used as an adjunct to conventional medicine. However, the safety of WNA was not specifically reported. Conclusions WNA may have beneficial effects on BMD and VAS scores of patients with primary OP. However, all included trials were at high risk of bias and of low quality. Further rigorous studies are needed to determine the effectiveness of WNA for primary OP treatment.
Women’s prepregnancy lipid levels and number of children: a Norwegian prospective population-based cohort study
Authors: Pirnat Aleksandra , DeRoo Lisa A , Skjærven Rolv , Morken Nils-Halvdan 
Published: July 2018

ObjectiveTo study prepregnancy serum lipid levels and the association with the number of children.DesignProspective, population-based cohort.SettingLinked data from the Cohort of Norway and the Medical Birth Registry of Norway.Participants2645 women giving birth to their first child during 1994–2003 (488 one-child mothers and 2157 women with ≥2 births) and 1677 nulliparous women.Main outcome measuresORs for no and one lifetime pregnancy (relative to ≥2 pregnancies) obtained by multinomial logistic regression, adjusted for age at examination, education, body mass index (BMI), smoking, time since last meal and oral contraceptive use.ResultsAssessed in quintiles, higher prepregnant triglyceride (TG) and TG to high-density lipoprotein (TG:HDL-c) ratio levels were associated with increased risk of one lifetime pregnancy compared with having ≥2 children. Compared with the highest quintile, women in the lowest quintile of HDL cholesterol levels had an increased risk of one lifetime pregnancy (OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.2 to 2.4), as were women with the highest low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, TG and TG:HDL-c ratio quintiles (compared with the lowest) (OR 1.2, 95% CI 0.8 to 1.7; OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.5 to 3.2; and OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.5 to 3.2, respectively). Similar effects were found in women with BMI≥25 and the highest LDL and total cholesterol levels in risk of lifetime nulliparity.ConclusionWomen with unfavourable prepregnant lipid profile had higher risk of having no or only one child. These findings substantiate an association between prepregnant serum lipid levels and number of children. Previously observed associations between low parity and increased cardiovascular mortality may in part be due to pre-existing cardiovascular disease lipid risk factors.