bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Resolving Uncertainty in the Response of Australia's Terrestrial Carbon Cycle to Projected Climate Change
Authors: Teckentrup Lina , De Kauwe Martin G. , Pitman Andy J. , Wårlind David , Ukkola Anna M. , Smith Benjamin 
Published: November 2024

AbstractSemi‐arid ecosystems, common across the Australian continent, strongly influence the inter‐annual variability and trend in the global terrestrial net carbon sink. Here we explore the future Australian terrestrial carbon cycle using the CMIP6 ensemble, and the dynamic global vegetation model LPJ‐GUESS. Uncertainty in Australia's carbon storage in vegetation ranged between 6 and 49 PgC at the end of the century and was strongly linked to biases in the meteorological forcing. Using LPJ‐GUESS with bias‐corrected meteorological forcing reduced uncertainty in the vegetation carbon storage to between 14 and 20 PgC, with the remaining range linked to model sensitivities to rising atmospheric CO2 concentration, temperature, and precipitation variability. Reducing this uncertainty will require improved terrestrial biosphere models, but also major improvements in the simulation of regional precipitation by Global Climate Models.
Solar Wind Power Likely Governs Uranus' Thermosphere Temperature
Authors: Masters A. , Szalay J. R. , Zomerdijk‐Russell S. , Kao M. M. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractObservations of Uranus in the near‐infrared by ground‐based telescopes from 1992 to 2018 have shown that the planet's upper atmosphere (thermosphere) steadily cooled from ∼700 to ∼450 K. We explain this cooling as due to the concurrent decline in the power of the solar wind incident on Uranus' magnetic field, which has dropped by ∼50% over the same period due to solar activity trends longer than the 11‐year solar cycle. Uranus' thermosphere appears to be more strongly governed by the solar wind than any other planet where we have assessed this coupling so far. Uranus' total auroral power may also have declined, in contrast with the power of the radio aurora that we expect has been predominantly modulated by the solar cycle. In the absence of strong local driving, planets with sufficiently large magnetospheres may also have thermospheres predominantly governed by the stellar wind, rather than stellar radiation.
In Situ Observational Evidence of the Polar Cap Arc at 1500 MLT (15MLT‐PCA) Associated With the Lobe Reconnection
Authors: Feng Huiting , Han Desheng , Teng Shangchun , Qiu Huixuan , Zhou Su , Shi Run , Zhang Yongliang 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThe polar cap arc at 1500 MLT (15MLT‐PCA) has been considered as an auroral signature of the cusp's duskside boundary and been speculated to be caused by lobe reconnection. However, no observational evidence has been provided to support this speculation. Here we report a 15MLT‐PCA event occurred on 29 November 2017 using multi‐instrument observations. During the DMSP observed the 15MLT‐PCA, Cluster, with its footprints at the root of the 15MLT‐PCA, identified two FTEs in the southern hemisphere's lobe region, accompanied by an increase in electron and ion energy from hundreds of eVs to several keVs. AMPERE observed an increase in upward field‐aligned currents associated with the 15MLT‐PCA. SuperDARN observed a single cell convection with an enhancement of sunward plasma flow near the root of 15MLT‐PCA. We suggest that these observations provide the in‐situ observational evidence that the 15MLT‐PCA is generated by a lobe reconnection at the cusp's duskside boundary.
Seismic Azimuthal Anisotropy Within the Juan de Fuca ‐ Gorda Plate System
Authors: Liu Chuanming , Becker Thorsten , Wu Mengyu , Han Shuoshuo , Ritzwoller Michael H. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractWe estimate seismic azimuthal anisotropy for the Juan de Fuca ‐ Gorda plates from inversion of a new 10–80 s period Rayleigh wave dataset, resulting in a two‐layer model to 80 km depth. In the lithosphere, most anisotropy patterns reflect the kinematics of plate formation, as approximated from seafloor‐age‐based paleo‐spreading, except for regions close to propagator wakes and near plate boundaries. In the asthenosphere, the fast propagation orientations align with convective shear as inferred from the NUVEL1A plate motion model, which is indicative of a ∼3 Myr average, rather than with the more recent, ∼0.8 Myr, motions inferred from MORVEL. Regional anisotropy of this young plate system thus records convection like older plates such as the Pacific. On smaller scales, anisotropy imaging provides insights into dynamics of plate generation and can further elucidate plate reorganizations and changes in boundary loading.
On the Importance of Precipitation‐Induced Surface Sensible Heat Flux for Diurnal Cycle of Precipitation in the Maritime Continent
Authors: Zhou Xin , Ray Pallav , Dudhia Jimy , Tewari Mukul , Nikolopoulos Efthymios , Johnson Nathaniel C. , Hagos Samson 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThe Maritime Continent (MC) exhibits a pronounced diurnal cycle in precipitation, with many high‐resolution models overestimating the diurnal peak and predicting earlier precipitation over the islands than observed. We hypothesize that part of this model bias comes from ignoring precipitation‐induced surface sensible heat flux (QP). To test this conjecture, we performed simulations with and without QP for April 2009 and June 2006. The inclusion of QP reduced the bias in diurnal peak precipitation amplitude by 83% in April 2009 and 23% in June 2006. Similarly, the bias in precipitation peak timing decreased by 26% and 15%, respectively. This bias reduction was even more prominent during periods of heavier rainfall. This improvement in both the amplitude and phase of diurnal precipitation also led to a reduction in bias for total precipitation by ∼10%. These findings suggest that QP cannot be neglected over the MC, particularly during heavy precipitation.
Recent Decreases in the Growth Rate of Atmospheric HCFC‐22 Column Derived From the Ground‐Based FTIR Harmonized Retrievals at 16 NDACC Sites
Authors: Zhou Minqiang , Langerock Bavo , Vigouroux Corinne , Smale Dan , Toon Geoff , Polyakov Alexander , Hannigan James W. , Mellqvist Johan , Robinson John , Notholt Justus , Strong Kimberly , Mahieu Emmanuel , Palm Mathias , Prignon Maxime , Jones Nicolas , García Omaira , Morino Isamu , Murata Isao , Ortega Ivan , Nagahama Tomoo , Wizenberg Tyler , Flood Victoria , Walker Kaley , De Mazière Martine 
Published: November 2024

AbstractHCFC‐22 is an ozone‐depleting substance with a greenhouse effect. The atmospheric mole fractions of HCFC‐22 have been increasing since the 1950s. Within the NDACC‐IRWG network, HCFC‐22 mol fractions can be retrieved from solar absorption spectra measured by ground‐based FTIR. However, only a few sites have provided HCFC‐22 data sets. Here, we demonstrate a harmonized FTIR HCFC‐22 retrieval strategy and generate a new global NDACC‐IRWG HCFC‐22 data set at 16 FTIR sites. The systematic and random uncertainties are 5.3%–8.7% and 3.2%–8.0%, respectively. A maximum HCFC‐22 column annual growth rate was observed in 2009 with a mean of 7.65 ± 1.39 ppt/year, and the HCFC‐22 annual growth rate decreased to 3.57 ± 1.39 ppt/year (2016–2020) and 2.15 ± 2.09 ppt/year (2021–2023). The annual growth rates derived from the FTIR measurements are compared to the ones derived from NOAA surface flask samplings and ACE‐FTS satellite measurements, and the three independent data sets show a good agreement.
Physically Structured Variational Inference for Bayesian Full Waveform Inversion
Authors: Zhao Xuebin , Curtis Andrew 
Published: November 2024

AbstractFull waveform inversion (FWI) creates high resolution models of the Earth's subsurface structures from seismic waveform data. Due to the non‐linearity and non‐uniqueness of FWI problems, finding globally best‐fitting model solutions is not necessarily desirable since they fit noise as well as the desired signal in data. Bayesian FWI calculates a so‐called posterior probability distribution function, which describes all possible model solutions and their uncertainties. In this paper, we solve Bayesian FWI using variational inference, and propose a new methodology called physically structured variational inference, in which a physics‐based structure is imposed on the variational distribution. In a simple example motivated by prior information from imaging inverse problems, we include parameter correlations between pairs of spatial locations within a dominant wavelength of each other, and set other correlations to zero. This makes the method far more efficient compared to other variational methods in terms of both memory requirements and computation, at the cost of some loss of generality in the solution found. We demonstrate the proposed method with a 2D acoustic FWI scenario, and compare the results with those obtained using other methods. This verifies that the method can produce accurate statistical information about the posterior distribution with hugely improved efficiency (in our FWI example, 1 order of magnitude reduction in computation). We further demonstrate that despite the possible reduction in generality of the solution, the posterior uncertainties can be used to solve post‐inversion interrogation problems connected to estimating volumes of subsurface reservoirs and of stored , with minimal bias, creating a highly efficient FWI‐based decision‐making workflow.
Progress and prospects of mRNA-based drugs in pre-clinical and clinical applications
Authors: Shi Yingying , Shi Meixing , Wang Yi , You Jian 
Published: November 2024

AbstractIn the last decade, messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA)-based drugs have gained great interest in both immunotherapy and non-immunogenic applications. This surge in interest can be largely attributed to the demonstration of distinct advantages offered by various mRNA molecules, alongside the rapid advancements in nucleic acid delivery systems. It is noteworthy that the immunogenicity of mRNA drugs presents a double-edged sword. In the context of immunotherapy, extra supplementation of adjuvant is generally required for induction of robust immune responses. Conversely, in non-immunotherapeutic scenarios, immune activation is unwanted considering the host tolerability and high expression demand for mRNA-encoded functional proteins. Herein, mainly focused on the linear non-replicating mRNA, we overview the preclinical and clinical progress and prospects of mRNA medicines encompassing vaccines and other therapeutics. We also highlight the importance of focusing on the host-specific variations, including age, gender, pathological condition, and concurrent medication of individual patient, for maximized efficacy and safety upon mRNA administration. Furthermore, we deliberate on the potential challenges that mRNA drugs may encounter in the realm of disease treatment, the current endeavors of improvement, as well as the application prospects for future advancements. Overall, this review aims to present a comprehensive understanding of mRNA-based therapies while illuminating the prospective development and clinical application of mRNA drugs.
Identification of apelin/APJ signaling dysregulation in a human iPSC-derived granulosa cell model of Turner syndrome
Authors: Chen Wei-Ju , Chao Yi-Ya , Huang Wei-Kai , Chang Wei-Fang , Tzeng Chii-Ruey , Chuang Chi-Hsuan , Lai Pei-Lun , Schuyler Scott C. , Li Long-Yuan , Lu Jean 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThe interaction between germ cells and somatic cells in the ovaries plays a crucial role in establishing the follicle reserve in mammals. Turner syndrome (TS) predominantly affects females who have a partial or complete loss of one X chromosome. Our understanding of the role that granulosa cells (GCs) play in TS disease progression and pathogenesis remains limited. In this study, we achieved GC differentiation efficiency of up to 80% from iPSCs. When attempting to replicate the differentiation process of embryonic granulosa cells, we observed the downregulation of specific genes—GATA4, FOXL2, AMHR2, CYP19A1, and FSH—in Turner syndrome-derived granulosa cells (TS-GCs). Additionally, we identified dysregulation of the cell cycle in TS-GCs. To uncover the endogenous defects in TS-GCs, we compared global transcriptome patterns between iPSC-derived granulosa cells from healthy individuals and those with Turner syndrome. The apelin/APJ pathway exhibited differential signaling between the healthy and TS groups. Supplementation with apelin ligands and activation of apelin/APJ downstream signaling via Akt/PKB restored cell cycle progression and marker gene expression. We hypothesize that during early embryonic development, failures in apelin/APJ signaling in GCs of Turner syndrome patients lead to abnormalities in ovarian development, ultimately resulting in early oocyte loss and infertility.
Metabolic rewiring controlled by HIF-1α tunes IgA-producing B-cell differentiation and intestinal inflammation
Authors: Meng Xianyi , Asadi-Asadabad Sahar , Cao Shan , Song Rui , Lin Zhen , Safhi Mohammed , Qin Yi , Tcheumi Tactoum Estelle , Taudte Verena , Ekici Arif , Mielenz Dirk , Wirtz Stefan , Schett Georg , Bozec Aline 
Published: November 2024

AbstractGerminal centers where B cells undergo clonal expansion and antibody affinity maturation are hypoxic microenvironments. However, the function of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α in immunoglobulin production remains incompletely characterized. Here, we demonstrated that B cells lacking HIF-1α exhibited significantly lower glycolytic metabolism and impaired IgA production. Loss of HIF-1α in B cells affects IgA-producing B-cell differentiation and exacerbates dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis. Conversely, promoting HIF-1α stabilization via a PHD inhibitor roxadustat enhances IgA class switching and alleviates intestinal inflammation. Mechanistically, HIF-1α facilitates IgA class switching through acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) accumulation, which is essential for histone H3K27 acetylation at the Sα region. Consequently, supplementation with acetyl-CoA improved defective IgA production in Hif1a-deficient B cells and limited experimental colitis. Collectively, these findings highlight the critical importance of HIF-1α in IgA class switching and the potential for targeting the HIF-1α-dependent metabolic‒epigenetic axis to treat inflammatory bowel diseases and other inflammatory disorders.
Serum uric acid is independently associated with impaired nitroglycerine-induced vasodilation of the brachial artery in women
Authors: Maruhashi Tatsuya , Kajikawa Masato , Kishimoto Shinji , Yamaji Takayuki , Harada Takahiro , Mizobuchi Aya , Tanigawa Shunsuke , Yusoff Farina Mohamad , Nakano Yukiko , Chayama Kazuaki , Nakashima Ayumu , Goto Chikara , Higashi Yukihito 
Published: November 2024

AbstractExperimental and clinical studies have suggested atherosclerotic effects of uric acid (UA) on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Nitroglycerine-induced vasodilation (NID), a control test for flow-mediated vasodilation, can be used as a possible marker of VSMC dysfunction. However, there is little information on the association between UA and NID. Therefore, we investigated the association between serum UA levels and NID according to sex. We measured NID of the brachial artery in 598 women (mean age: 66.2 ± 12.0 years) and 1008 men (mean age: 59.0 ± 18.0 years). In women, the mean serum UA level was 5.06 ± 1.24 mg/dL. Serum UA levels were negatively correlated with NID (p < 0.001), and NID significantly decreased with increasing serum UA levels (≤4.0 mg/dL, 13.4 ± 6.4%; 4.0 to ≤5.0 mg/dL, 11.4 ± 5.3%; 5.0 to ≤6.0 mg/dL, 10.8 ± 5.7%; >6.0 mg/dL, 9.7 ± 5.7%; p < 0.001). The prevalence of VSMC dysfunction, defined as NID < 8.4%, the division points for the lowest and middle tertiles of NID in women, increased with increasing serum UA levels ( ≤ 4.0 mg/dL, 23.3%; 4.0 to ≤5.0 mg/dL, 30.9%; 5.0 to ≤6.0 mg/dL, 36.4%; >6.0 mg/dL, 44.6%; p < 0.001). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed a significant association between serum UA levels and VSMC dysfunction (odds ratio, 1.21; 95% confidence interval, 1.02─1.43; p = 0.03). There was no interaction between age (<50 or ≥50 years) and the effect of serum UA levels on VSMC dysfunction (p interaction = 0.88). In contrast, no association was observed between serum UA levels and NID in men. Serum UA levels were significantly associated with VSMC dysfunction as assessed by NID in women.
Direct visualization of the charge transfer state dynamics in dilute-donor organic photovoltaic blends
Authors: Moore Gareth John , Günther Florian , Yallum Kaila M. , Causa’ Martina , Jungbluth Anna , Réhault Julien , Riede Moritz , Ortmann Frank , Banerji Natalie 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThe interconversion dynamics between charge transfer state charges (CTCs) and separated charges (SCs) is still an unresolved issue in the field of organic photovoltaics. Here, a transient absorption spectroscopy (TAS) study of a thermally evaporated small-molecule:fullerene system (α6T:C60) in different morphologies (dilute intermixed and phase separated) is presented. Spectral decomposition reveals two charge species with distinct absorption characteristics and different dynamics. Using time-dependent density functional theory, these species are identified as CTCs and SCs, where the spectral differences arise from broken symmetry in the charge transfer state that turns forbidden transitions into allowed ones. Based on this assignment, a kinetic model is formulated allowing the characterization of the charge generation, separation, and recombination mechanisms. We find that SCs are either formed directly from excitons within a few picoseconds or more slowly (~30–80 ps) from reversible splitting of CTCs. These findings constitute the first unambiguous observation of spectrally resolved CTCs and SCs.
Hybridizing anomalous Nernst effect in artificially tilted multilayer based on magnetic topological material
Authors: Hirai Takamasa , Ando Fuyuki , Sepehri-Amin Hossein , Uchida Ken-ichi 
Published: November 2024

AbstractTransverse thermoelectric conversion holds significant potential in addressing complex challenges faced by classical Seebeck/Peltier modules. A promising transverse thermoelectric phenomenon is the anomalous Nernst effect originating from nontrivial band structures in magnetic topological materials. However, the currently reported performance of the anomalous Nernst effect in topological materials, e.g., Co2MnGa, remains insufficient for practical thermoelectric applications. Here, we unveil an unconventional availability of the anomalous Nernst effect by integrating magnetic topological materials into artificially tilted multilayers, known to exhibit the structure-induced transverse thermoelectric conversion due to the off-diagonal Seebeck effect. Our experiments reveal that the transverse thermoelectric performance in Co2MnGa-based artificially tilted multilayers is improved through the hybrid action of the anomalous Nernst and off-diagonal Seebeck effects, with the magnetization-dependent performance modulation being one order of magnitude greater than the performance achievable with the anomalous Nernst effect alone. This synergy underscores the importance of hybrid transverse thermoelectric conversion and paves a way for advancing thermoelectric applications using magnetic materials.
Topologically ordered time crystals
Authors: Wahl Thorsten B. , Han Bo , Béri Benjamin 
Published: November 2024

AbstractTime crystals are a dynamical phase of periodically driven quantum many-body systems where discrete time-translation symmetry is broken spontaneously. Time-crystallinity however subtly requires also spatial order, ordinarily related to further symmetries, such as spin-flip symmetry when the spatial order is ferromagnetic. Here we define topologically ordered time crystals, a time-crystalline phase borne out of intrinsic topological order—a particularly robust form of spatial order that requires no symmetry. We show that many-body localization can stabilize this phase against generic perturbations and establish some of its key features and signatures, including a dynamical, time-crystal form of the perimeter law for topological order. We link topologically ordered and ordinary time crystals through three complementary perspectives: higher-form symmetries, quantum error-correcting codes, and a holographic correspondence. Topologically ordered time crystals may be realized in programmable quantum devices, as we illustrate for the Google Sycamore processor.
Force-transducing molecular ensembles at growing microtubule tips control mitotic spindle size
Authors: Chu Lee-Ya , Stedman Daniel , Gannon Julian , Cox Susan , Pobegalov Georgii , Molodtsov Maxim I. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractCorrect mitotic spindle size is required for accurate chromosome segregation during cell division. It is controlled by mechanical forces generated by molecular motors and non-motor proteins acting on spindle microtubules. However, how forces generated by individual proteins enable bipolar spindle organization is not well understood. Here, we develop tools to measure contributions of individual molecules to this force balance. We show that microtubule plus-end binding proteins act at microtubule tips synergistically with minus-end directed motors to produce a system that can generate both pushing and pulling forces. To generate pushing force, the system harnesses forces generated by the growing tips of microtubules providing unique contribution to the force balance distinct from all other motors that act in the mitotic spindle. Our results reveal that microtubules are essential force generators for establishing spindle size and pave the way for understanding how mechanical forces can be fine-tuned to control the fidelity of chromosome segregation.
Unravelling mutational signatures with plasma circulating tumour DNA
Authors: Hollizeck Sebastian , Wang Ning , Wong Stephen Q. , Litchfield Cassandra , Guinto Jerick , Ftouni Sarah , Rebello Richard , Kanwal Sehrish , Dong Ruining , Grimmond Sean , Sandhu Shahneen , Mileshkin Linda , Tothill Richard W. , Chandrananda Dineika , Dawson Sarah-Jane 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThe use of circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) to profile mutational signatures represents a non-invasive opportunity for understanding cancer mutational processes. Here we present MisMatchFinder, a liquid biopsy approach for mutational signature detection using low-coverage whole-genome sequencing of ctDNA. Through analysis of 375 plasma samples across 9 cancers, we demonstrate that MisMatchFinder accurately infers single-base and doublet-base substitutions, as well as insertions and deletions to enhance the detection of ctDNA and clinically relevant mutational signatures.