bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determination of glucosamine and monitoring of its mutarotation by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography with evaporative light scattering detector
Authors: Pazourek Jiří 
Published: August 2018

AbstractSaccharides and their derivatives are typical polar analytes without a suitable UV‐chromophore that are nowadays analyzed by HPLC (high‐performance liquid chromatography) under HILIC (hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography) mode. Usually an evaporative light scattering detector (ELSD) is utilized which, however, gives a nonlinear response. A procedure to overcome the problem of mutarotating (time‐varying) analytes recorded with such a nonlinear response detector is described. The procedure was applied for determination of glucosamine in two commercially available pharmaceutical formulations containing the common inorganic ions that the detector gives a response to. Under optimized conditions, both the anomers of glucosamine were separated and could be determined separately. Owing to the short retention time of the analyte (a run time <4 min) and relatively slow kinetics of the anomeric conversion (equilibration time 2.5 h), mutarotation could be monitored and corresponding rate constants calculated.
Social class and models of agency: Independent and interdependent agency as educational (dis)advantage
Authors: Jay Sarah , Muldoon Orla T. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractSocial class continues to be associated with achievement in school and attendance in university and higher education. This qualitative study explores this phenomenon, and reports three focus group interviews with middle and working class secondary school students, in Ireland. We explore cultural and identity factors in educational settings. Specifically, our analysis orients to the models of agency experienced by these students. Middle class participants express independent agency in education, through norms of choice, control, and freedom from constraints. In contrast, working class students orient towards an interdependent model of agency and express psychological, social, and material barriers to opportunity in education. However, independent neo‐liberal individualising and meritocratic discourses were expressed by both groups, suggesting the models are complicated and nuanced. Nevertheless, it is concluded that cultural fit and identity compatibility in educational settings, broadly, constitute middle class advantages and working class disadvantages.
Porous‐Carbon‐Confined Formation of Monodisperse Iron Nanoparticle Yolks toward Versatile Nanoreactors for Metal Extraction
Authors: Wang Qingqing , Luo Wei , Chen Xinqi , Fan Jianwei , Jiang Weizhong , Wang Lianjun , Jiang Wan , Zhang Wei‐xian , Yang Jianping 
Published: August 2018

AbstractAll‐in‐one architectures in which uniform nanoscale zero‐valent iron nanoparticles are wrapped in hollow porous carbon shells are highly desirable for environmental applications such as wastewater treatment and for use as catalysts, but their preparation remains a significant challenge. Herein, a spatially confined strategy for the in situ preparation of uniform Fe0@mC (mC=micro/mesoporous carbon) yolk–shell nanospheres, in which the iron nanoparticles are encapsulated in thin, porous carbon shells, is reported. The elaborately designed Fe0@mC yolk–shell nanospheres were obtained by utilizing silica‐ and phenolic‐resin‐coated magnetite nanoparticle core–shell structures as templates by means of selective etching and in situ thermal reduction. The highly dispersed iron nanoparticles with superior reduction capability can effectively remove metal pollutants (e.g., AuIII, AgI, and CuII), the carbon shell acts as protective cover and prevents aggregation of iron nanoparticles, and the void space in the capsules serves as a reactor for reduction and catalytic reactions.
Total Synthesis, Stereochemical Assignment, and Divergent Enantioselective Enzymatic Recognition of Larreatricin
Authors: Martin Harry J. , Kampatsikas Ioannis , Oost Rik , Pretzler Matthias , Al‐Sayed Emir , Roller Alexander , Giester Gerald , Rompel Annette , Maulide Nuno 
Published: August 2018

AbstractA concise and efficient total synthesis of the lignan natural product larreatricin as well as an unambiguous assignment of configuration of its enantiomers are reported, resolving a long‐held controversy. Enzyme kinetic studies revealed that different polyphenol oxidases show high and remarkably divergent enantioselective recognition of this secondary metabolite.
Consistent LDL‐C response with evolocumab among patient subgroups in PROFICIO: A pooled analysis of 3146 patients from phase 3 studies
Authors: Stroes Erik , Robinson Jennifer G. , Raal Frederick J. , Dufour Robert , Sullivan David , Kassahun Helina , Ma Yuhui , Wasserman Scott M. , Koren Michael J. 
Published: August 2018

BackgroundEvolocumab significantly lowers low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C) when dosed 140 mg every 2 weeks (Q2W) or 420 mg monthly (QM) subcutaneously.HypothesisLDL‐C changes are comparable among different patient subgroups in a pooled analysis of data from phase 3 trials.MethodsA total of 3146 patients received ≥1 dose of evolocumab or control in four 12‐week phase 3 studies. Percent change from baseline in LDL‐C for evolocumab 140 mg Q2W or 420 mg QM vs control was reported as the average of week 10 and 12 values. Quantitative and qualitative interactions between treatment group and subgroup by dose regimen were tested.ResultsIn the pooled analysis, treatment differences vs placebo or ezetimibe were similar for both 140 mg Q2W and 420 mg QM doses across ages (<65 years, ≥65 years); gender; race (Asian, black, white, other); ethnicity (Hispanic, non‐Hispanic); region (Europe, North America, Asia Pacific); glucose tolerance status (type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, neither); National Cholesterol Education Program risk categories (high, moderately high, moderate, low); and European Society of Cardiology/European Atherosclerosis Society risk categories (very high, high, moderate, or low). Certain low‐magnitude variations in LDL‐C lowering among subgroups led to significant quantitative interaction P values that, when tested by qualitative interaction, were not significant. The incidences of adverse events were similar across groups treated with each evolocumab dosing regimen or control.ConclusionsConsistent reductions in LDL‐C were observed in the evolocumab group regardless of demographic and disease characteristics.
SO(N) Lattice Gauge Theory, planar and beyond
Authors: Basu Riddhipratim , Ganguly Shirshendu 
Published: August 2018

AbstractLattice gauge theories have been studied in the physics literature as discrete approximations to quantum Yang‐Mills theory for a long time. Primary statistics of interest in these models are expectations of the so‐called Wilson loop variables. In this article we continue the program initiated by Chatterjee [3] to understand Wilson loop expectations in lattice gauge theories in a certain limit through gauge‐string duality. The objective in this paper is to better understand the underlying combinatorics in the strong coupling regime by giving a more geometric picture of string trajectories involving correspondence to objects such as decorated trees and noncrossing partitions. Using connections with free probability theory, we provide an elaborate description of loop expectations in the planar setting, which provides certain insights into structures of higher‐dimensional trajectories as well. Exploiting this, we construct an example showing that in any dimension, the Wilson loop area law lower bound does not hold in full generality. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Identification of the Structures and Sources of Shockley‐Type In‐Grown Stacking Faults in 4H‐SiC Epilayers
Authors: Li Zhe , Zhang Li‐Guo , Zhang Ze‐Hong , Ju Tao , Zhang Xuan , Zhang Bao‐Shun 
Published: August 2018

AbstractShockley‐type in‐grown stacking faults (IGSFs) in 4H‐SiC epilayers are studied. Most of the IGSFs are observed to be of triangular shape in the samples. Detailed optical features of two types of IGSFs are revealed by room temperature cathodoluminescence (RTCL) and low‐temperature photoluminescence (LTPL). Energy gaps (Egx) of the two types of IGSFs are deduced to be 2.511 and 2.764 eV from their emission wavelengths. They are identified to be of (6, 2) and (4, 4) types, respectively. The nucleation sites and propagation of the IGSFs are tracked by back etching and defect‐selective‐etching (DSE), and threading screw dislocations (TSDs) are frequently observed at the nucleation sites of the Shockley‐type IGSFs. The nucleation mechanism of these IGSFs is discussed, and the TSDs are suggested to be the major sources of the IGSFs.
Structure‐Mediated Charge Separation in Boron Carbon Nitride for Enhanced Photocatalytic Oxidation of Alcohol
Authors: Zhou Min , Yang Pengju , Wang Sibo , Luo Zhishan , Huang Caijin , Wang Xinchen 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBoron carbon nitride (BCN) is a promising earth‐abundant photocatalyst for solar energy conversion. However, the photocatalytic activities of BCN materials remain moderate because of the fast electron–hole recombination. Herein, an ordered BCN structure is fabricated by a facile one‐step thermal treatment strategy. The ordered structure of BCN is directly evident from powder X‐ray diffraction and high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy. Importantly, it is found that the long‐period ordered structure can intrinsically accelerate the separation and transfer kinetics of photogenerated charge carriers. Benefiting from these advantages, the ordered BCN structure exhibits remarkable performance for photoinduced selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol compared with the pristine BCN counterpart. This work highlights the important role of the crystal structure of light‐harvesting materials in affecting electron–hole separation and at the same time points to the ample potential for improving the photocatalytic performance.
Evidence theory‐based framework for improving automation in home automation system
Authors: Chemoun Karima , Gilg Marc , Laghrouche Mourad , Lorenz Pascal 
Published: August 2018

SummaryAn easy and better way of life is the topic of the day and stays an important theme for the future. New researches focusing on this aspect are increasingly emerging. In recent years, improving automation in home automation systems and making homes even smarter seem to be a major issue. Automation of daily life functioning of home devices makes life easier for inhabitants, and then saves them from manual adjustments. Home automation systems encompass different communication and networking technologies. They are embedded with sensor networks that perceive information about the environment and occupants. The collected data can mainly be processed to infer sequential patterns defining the home behavior. However, the imperfection, particularly uncertainty of sensor readings, is a significant factor to consider. Also, time is an important aspect when reasoning about home behavior, as each pattern (scenario) performs at a given time throughout the day. Evidence theory is recently gaining great attention. It is suitable for dealing with imperfection of sensor data and for including temporal features into the reasoning process to discover the appropriate pattern to launch. This paper presents a new framework based on evidence theory with the inclusion of time features, for improving automation in home automation systems. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is evaluated by conducting experiments on synthetic dataset. The results show the efficiency of the discovery process when multiple working sensors are available. The results demonstrate also that reliability and accuracy of the process improve significantly when temporal information is provided.
Enhancer activities of amphioxus Brachyury genes in embryos of the ascidian, Ciona intestinalis
Authors: Tominaga Hitoshi , Satoh Noriyuki , Ueno Naoto , Takahashi Hiroki 
Published: August 2018

SummaryThe notochord and somites are distinctive chordate structures. The T‐box transcription factor gene, Brachyury, is expressed in notochord and plays a pivotal role in its formation. In the cephalochordate, Branchiostoma floridae, Brachyury is duplicated into BfBra1 and BfBra2, which are expressed in the somite‐formation region as well. In a series of experiments to elucidate the regulatory machinery of chordate Brachyury expression, we carried out a lacZ reporter assay of BfBra in embryos of the urochordate, Ciona intestinalis. Vista analyses suggest the presence of conserved non‐coding sequences, not only in the 5′‐upstream, but also in the 3′‐downstream and in introns of BfBra. We found that: (1) 5′‐upstream sequences of both BfBra1 and BfBra2 promote lacZ expression in muscle cells, (2) 3′‐downstream sequences have enhancer activity that promotes lacZ expression in notochord cells, and (3) introns of BfBra2 and BfBra1 exhibit lacZ expression preferentially in muscle and notochord cells. These results suggest shared cephalochordate Brachyury enhancer machinery that also works in urochordates. We discuss the results in relation to evolutionary modification of Brachyury expression in formation of chordate‐specific organs characteristic of each lineage.
Expression of Hbs, Kirre, and Rst during Drosophila ovarian development
Authors: Valer Felipe Berti , Machado Maiaro Cabral Rosa , Silva‐Junior Rui Milton Patrício , Ramos Ricardo Guelerman Pinheiro 
Published: August 2018

SummaryThe Irre cell‐recognition module (IRM) is a group of evolutionarily conserved and structurally related transmembrane glycoproteins of the immunoglobulin superfamily. In Drosophila melanogaster, it comprises the products of the genes roughest (rst; also known as irreC‐rst), kin‐of‐irre (kirre; also known as duf), sticks‐and‐stones (sns), and hibris (hbs). In this model organism, the behavior of this group of proteins as a partly redundant functional unit mediating selective cell recognition was demonstrated in a variety of developmental contexts, but their possible involvement in ovarian development and oogenesis has not been investigated, notwithstanding the fact that some rst mutant alleles are also female sterile. Here, we show that IRM genes are dynamically and, to some extent, coordinately transcribed in both pupal and adult ovaries. Additionally, the spatial distribution of Hbs, Kirre, and Rst proteins indicates that they perform cooperative, although largely nonredundant, functions. Finally, phenotypical characterization of three different female sterile rst alleles uncovered two temporally separated and functionally distinct requirements for this locus in ovarian development: one in pupa, essential for the organization of peritoneal and epithelial sheaths that maintain the structural integrity of the adult organ and another, in mature ovarioles, needed for the progression of oogenesis beyond stage 10.
Anthropogenic impacts on tropical karst lakes: “Lagunas de Montebello,” Chiapas
Authors: Alcocer Javier , Merino‐Ibarra Martín , Oseguera Luis A. , Escolero Oscar 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe “Lagunas de Montebello” National Park (PNLM), Mexico, is a tourist destination well known for its crystal clear lakes surrounded by tropical rainforest. We selected four lakes, two pristine, and two deteriorated, to investigate the changes from transparent, blue waters to turbid, yellowish‐green that have been taking place in the past 15 years. Nutrient, chlorophyll a, seston, and particulate organic carbon concentrations were higher in the deteriorated lakes than in the pristine. Sediments in the deteriorated lakes were finer, with lower carbon and higher sulfur content than those in the pristine. Although the four lakes are karstic and belong to the same district (tropical cockpit karst), the pristine ones are on the SE intermountain zone fed mostly underground, whereas the deteriorated lakes are on the NW plateau area fed mostly superficially. Deteriorated lakes evolved from a pristine condition through receiving nutrients and/or organic matter from agricultural and urban/domestic wastewater, from both point and nonpoint surface sources. Pristine lakes have remained so by their insulation from surface water pollution. Nonetheless, karst lakes maintain a hydraulic connection with the groundwater so pollutants reaching the lakes superficially—or the groundwater that feed them—could be easily and promptly disseminated to other lakes in the district jeopardizing the still pristine lakes. The higher humidity and warmer temperatures of tropical karts areas escalate the fragility of these ecosystems exposed to human activities through, for example, heavy and sudden storm rainfalls and floods, favouring pollutants dispersion among lakes turning them highly vulnerable to water pollution and deterioration.
The negative effects of habitat fragmentation operate at the scale of dispersal
Authors: Fletcher Robert J. , Reichert Brian E. , Holmes Katherine 
Published: August 2018

AbstractHabitat loss is often considered the greatest near‐term threat to biodiversity. Yet the impact of habitat fragmentation, or the change in habitat configuration for a given amount of habitat loss, has been intensely debated. We isolated effects of habitat loss from fragmentation on the demography, movement, and abundance of wild populations of a specialist herbivore, Chelinidea vittiger, by removing 2,088 patches across 15 landscapes. We compared fragmentation resulting from random loss, which is often considered in theory, to aggregated loss, which is often observed in the real world. When quantifying fragmentation caused by random vs. aggregated loss, aggregated loss led to less fragmented landscapes than random loss based on patch isolation, but more fragmented landscapes when based on isolation at a larger mesoscale scale defined by dispersal distances of C. vittiger. Overall, habitat loss decreased population size and demographic parameters, with thresholds occurring at approximately 70–80% patch loss. Synergistic effects also occurred, where an aggregated pattern of loss had negative effects at low, but not high, amounts of habitat loss. Effects on population size of C. vittiger were driven by reductions in movement and subsequent reproduction. The direction of habitat fragmentation effects from random and aggregated loss treatments, for a given habitat amount, was conflictingly positive or negative depending on the scale at which fragmentation was quantified. Fragmentation quantified at the scale of dispersal for this species best explained population size and highlighted that fragmentation had negative effects at a mesoscale. Our results emphasize the importance of quantifying habitat fragmentation at biologically appropriate scales.
On the recent developments of insulator‐based dielectrophoresis: A review
Authors: Lapizco‐Encinas Blanca H. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractInsulator‐based dielectrophoresis (iDEP), also known as electrodeless DEP, has become a well‐known dielectrophoretic technique, no longer viewed as a new methodology. Significant advances on iDEP have been reported during the last 15 years. This review article aims to summarize some of the most important findings on iDEP organized by the type of dielectrophoretic mode: streaming and trapping iDEP. The former is primarily used for particle sorting, while the latter has great capability for particle enrichment. The characteristics of a wide array of devices are discussed for each type of dielectrophoretic mode in order to present an overview of the distinct designs and applications developed with iDEP. A short section on Joule heating effects and electrothermal flow is also included to highlight some of the challenges in the utilization of iDEP systems. The significant progress on iDEP illustrates its potential for a large number of applications, ranging from bioanalysis to clinical and biomedical assessments. The present article discusses the work on iDEP by numerous research groups around the world, with the aim of proving the reader with an overview of the state‐of‐the‐art in iDEP microfluidic systems.
Addition of defatted green‐lipped mussel powder and mixed spices to wheat–purple rice flour biscuits: Physicochemical, in vitro digestibility and sensory evaluation
Authors: Klunklin Warinporn , Savage Geoffrey 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBiscuits were formulated using a 50/50 wheat and purple rice flour mix containing mixed spices, galangal, and defatted green‐lipped mussel powder (Perna canaliculus) added in the range of 5–15% of the total biscuit weight. The fortified biscuits had higher protein (26.36%), fiber (52.90%), and ash (6.00%) contents and a lower total fat (5.64%) content compared to the control biscuits. The in vitro starch digestibility and predicted glycemic index (pGI) decreased in the fortified biscuits by 18.95% and 6.18%, respectively, while the in vitro protein digestibility increased by 3.73%, corresponding to the increased levels of defatted mussel powder present. The spread ratio and hardness of the fortified biscuits also increased significantly. The color values of the fortified biscuits after the incorporation of different levels of defatted mussel powder showed significant changes, with a darkening of the biscuit surface and a lowered browning index compared to the control biscuits. Results of the sensory quality evaluation showed that incorporation of defatted mussel powder into the biscuit mix of up to 15% showed no significant differences in liking scores in terms of color, overall appearance; whereas, the flavor and overall acceptability scores were significantly lower than the control biscuits. Overall, defatted mussel powder can be successfully incorporated into biscuit mixes to enrich the protein, fiber, and antioxidant contents of the biscuits.
Learning from Me Too
Authors: Zacharias Rachel L. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractFor the past year, many around the world have said, “Me Too.” Women, trans folks, and increasingly men have shared their experiences of sexual assault, harassment, and unhealthy power dynamics in their personal and professional relationships. These experiences were not a surprise to people in bioethics, especially as they relate to the control of women's bodies and behaviors that we have observed in medicine, law, and society. In The Hastings Center's work in reproductive contexts, I have learned about women whose reproductive decisions or choices are negatively affected by external forces—either by restrictive laws and policies, explicit counsel from their physicians, or implicit pressures placed on them by society. Any person with a uterus can be forced to take contraceptives if they want access to other medications that could harm a fetus, even when they are not sexually active with men. And some women of color are criminalized for miscarriages. How can those of us working in reproductive ethics be even more attentive to these experiences and to the impact of gendered power dynamics on reproductive decision‐making?
Proposed Regulations Favor Providers’ Conscience Rights over Patients’ Rights
Authors: Johnson Sandra H. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractIn establishing a new Conscience and Religious Freedom Division within the Office of Civil Rights of the Department of Health and Human Services and issuing new proposed regulations, the Trump administration has significantly expanded the power of health care providers over the medical choices of patients and has privileged the moral agency of health care providers over that of individual patients. When finalized, these regulations will replace those promulgated during the Obama administration, just as those regulations replaced those promulgated in 2008 by the Bush administration. The 2018 proposed regulations interpret the federal conscience statutes more broadly than either of these predecessors. Among the many significant provisions in the proposed rules are definitional terms that reach a broader range of individuals and activities, the absence of balancing interests, and a powerful enforcement structure.