bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Penetration of sodium hypochlorite into root canal dentine: effect of surfactants, gel form and passive ultrasonic irrigation
Authors: Faria G. , Viola K. S. , Coaguila‐Llerena H. , Oliveira L. R. A. , Leonardo R. T. , Aranda‐García A. J. , Guerreiro‐Tanomaru J. M. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractAimTo assess the penetration of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) gel or NaOCl solutions with surfactants, and the effect of passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) on penetration into dentinal tubules.MethodologyBovine incisor root canals were instrumented, the roots sectioned and the dentine blocks obtained were stained with crystal violet. Dentine blocks (n = 10 per group) were exposed to 3% NaOCl gel or 3% NaOCl solution for 10 and 20 min. Other dentine blocks (n = 10 per group) were exposed to Chlor‐Extra (6% NaOCl + surfactant), 6% NaOCl, 2.5% NaOCl with 0.2% cetrimide and 2.5% NaOCl for 10 and 20 min. The penetration depth of irrigants into dentinal tubules was measured in micrometres by viewing the bleached crystal violet under a stereomicroscope. Additionally, bovine incisor root canals, instrumented and stained with crystal violet, were distributed into two groups (n = 10) and irrigated with 2.5% NaOCl with PUI or conventional syringe irrigation (CSI). The penetration depth of irrigants into dentinal tubules was assessed 3 and 7 mm from the apex. Statistical analysis was performed by ANOVA and Tukey tests (α = 0.05).ResultsThere was significantly greater penetration of 3% NaOCl solution into dentinal tubules compared with the gel form (P < 0.05). There was no difference (P > 0.05) between 6% NaOCl and Chlor‐Extra, and between 2.5% NaOCl and 2.5% NaOCl + cetrimide. PUI significantly increased the penetration depth of NaOCl into dentinal tubules when compared with CSI (P < 0.05).ConclusionsIn extracted bovine incisors, NaOCl gel penetrated less into dentinal tubules than NaOCl solution. The addition of surfactants did not increase the penetration depth. The use of PUI significantly increased NaOCl penetration into dentinal tubules.
An advanced self‐lubricating ceramic composite with the addition of core‐shell structured CaF2@Al2O3 powders
Authors: Chen Zhaoqiang , Guo Niansheng , Ji Lianggang , Guo Runxin 
Published: September 2018

AbstractAiming to improve the performance of self‐lubricating ceramic tools, an advanced self‐lubricating ceramic composite was developed. Core‐shell structure CaF2@Al2O3 powders were synthesized by liquid‐phase non‐uniform nucleation method. Al2O3/Ti(C,N)/CaF2@Al2O3 composite made by adding CaF2@Al2O3 powders exhibited notable improvements in microstructure and mechanical properties as compared with Al2O3/Ti(C,N)/CaF2 composite made by adding uncoated CaF2 powders. The core‐shell coated self‐lubricating ceramic tool with different content of CaF2@Al2O3 was designed and prepared by hot pressing sintering process. The results show that when the content of CaF2@Al2O3 is 10 vol%, The composite has the best mechanical properties, the flexural strength, and the fracture toughness and the hardness is 680 MPa, 6.50 MPa·m1/2, and 17.29 GPa. Compared with the tool material with only CaF2 solid lubricant added, the above performances were increased by 8.91%, 29.48%, and 14.50% respectively. The influence of different CaF2@Al2O3 content on the physical and mechanical properties and microstructure of the tool material was analyzed.
Multi‐component yttrium aluminosilicate (YAS) fiber prepared by melt‐in‐tube method for stable single‐frequency laser
Authors: Zhang Yeming , Wang Weiwei , Li Jiang , Xiao Xusheng , Ma Zhijun , Guo Haitao , Dong Guoping , Xu Shanhui , Qiu Jianrong 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe multi‐component glass fibers have demonstrated their unique advantages in the application of single‐frequency lasers due to their higher solubility of rare‐earth ions and thus a higher gain per unit length in a compact fiber laser cavity. In this study, multi‐component yttrium aluminosilicate (YAS) fiber with high doping concentration of Yb3+ was prepared by the “melt‐in‐tube” (MIT) method. A unit‐length gain of 3 dB/cm was obtained in a 4.4 cm‐long YAS fiber, the laser output slope efficiency reached 23.8% in a 10 cm‐long Yb:YAS fiber. Single‐frequency laser operation was achieved in a 1.7‐cm‐long Yb:YAS active fiber. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of single‐frequency laser with this YAS glass fiber as gain medium. The novel multi‐component YAS fiber can be applied as a new gain material to realize single‐frequency fiber laser.
“We aren’t idlers”: Using subjective group dynamics to promote prosocial driver behavior at long‐wait stops
Authors: Player Abigail , Abrams Dominic , Van de Vyver Julie , Meleady Rose , Leite Ana C. , Randsley de Moura Georgina , Hopthrow Timothy 
Published: September 2018

AbstractIdling engines are a substantial air pollutant which contribute to many health and environmental problems. In this field experiment (N = 419) we use the subjective group dynamics framework to test ways of motivating car drivers to turn off idle engines at a long wait stop where the majority leave their engines idling. One of three normative messages (descriptive norm, in‐group prescriptive deviance, outgroup prescriptive deviance) was displayed when barriers were down at a busy railway level‐crossing. Compared to the baseline, normative messages increased the proportion of drivers that turned off their engines. Consistent with subjective group dynamics theory, the most effective approach was to highlight instances of in‐group prescriptive deviance (47% stopped idling, compared with 28% in the baseline). Implications for health and environmental outcomes and future research are discussed.
A new method of choice for organoleptic scoring: The negative‐pressure technique
Authors: Laleman Isabelle , De Geest Sophie , Dekeyser Christel , Teughels Wim , Quirynen Marc 
Published: September 2018

AbstractAimTo examine an organoleptic scoring method (OLS) whereby the sample is collected by negative pressure in a syringe and is subsequently smelled and rated away from the patient.Materials and MethodsData of 476 patients visiting a specialized halitosis clinic in Leuven (Belgium) were reviewed retrospectively. Organoleptic (with the classic and with the negative‐pressure method) and instrumental (with the Halimeter® and OralChroma™) ratings of breath odour were retrieved from patient files together with the final diagnosis. The correlations between the different methods were examined (Spearman correlation coefficient) as well as the positive (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV), sensitivity and specificity of all methods.ResultsBoth methods of OLS correlated similarly with the instrumental measurements (Halimeter® and OralChroma™). Analysis of PPV, NPV, sensitivity and specificity of both methods of examination showed that the negative‐pressure method performed best.ConclusionThe negative‐pressure method is a valid method for organoleptic scoring of the breath odour and performs as good as the classic organoleptic method.
Enterotoxigenic structures of Bacillus cereus strains isolated from ice creams
Authors: Cadirci Ozgur , Gucukoglu Ali , Terzi Gulel Goknur , Uyanik Tolga 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThis study was conducted to investigate the presence of Bacillus cereus in ice cream samples and to identify associated toxin genes by mPCR. 125 ice cream samples were used as material. A total of 38 samples were found to be positive for B. cereus. It was found that 31.9% of the isolates had three enterotoxic HBL complex encoding genes, 10.6% had two hbl genes and 6.3% contained one hbl gene. On the other hand, 15.9% of the isolates contained three NHE complex encoding genes, 31.9% had two nhe genes and 20.2% contained one nhe gene. Also 7.4% of isolates were found to contain both NHE and HBL complexes while ctyK1 was not detected from any isolate. The presence of B. cereus and their enterotoxigenic genes in ice creams may be a potential risk for public health.Practical applicationsThe presence of the B.cereus in high numbers and the toxins in foods pose a potential risk in terms of health and food spoilage. In food poisoning cases, hbl, nhe, cytK, and the effect of emetic toxin are especially notable. The resistance of spores against pasteurization and psychrotolerant feature enable the explanation of the existence of B. cereus in ice‐cream.
Gastric emptying in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus: A pilot study
Authors: Porter Jody A , MacKenzie Karen E , Darlow Brian A , Butler Ross , Day Andrew S 
Published: September 2018

AimDelayed gastric emptying (GE) has been demonstrated in adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Little is known about GE in children with T1DM. Most methods to measure GE are invasive, that is, scintigraphy, or are only indirectly related to GE, that is, electrogastrography. Carbon‐13 breath testing is a non‐invasive, very low‐risk procedure that accurately correlates with GE time. This was a pilot study to determine the feasibility of using carbon‐13 breath testing to measure GE in children with T1DM and healthy controls.MethodsCases were recruited from children aged 7–15 years presenting to the paediatric diabetic clinic at Christchurch Hospital. Controls were peers of the cases. Children with known gastrointestinal disease were excluded. After an overnight fast, each child ate a standardised pancake labelled with carbon‐13 sodium octanoate. Samples of breath were collected over a 4‐h period. Samples were analysed by mass spectrometry. GE half time (GET1/2) and GE coefficients (GEC) were calculated by linear regression to obtain a measure of GE.ResultsA total of 19 cases and 15 age‐ and gender‐matched controls underwent testing. The mean GEC in the cases was 3.19 (±0.38) and 2.90 (±0.29) in controls (P = 0.03), with an effect size = 0.86. Mean GET1/2 in the cases was 99 (52.1) min and 103 (27.5) in controls (P = 0.8), with an effect size = 0.1.ConclusionThe study generated results suggesting that a larger study will be worthwhile to investigate the relationship between GE and T1DM.
Stress survival islet 1 contributes to serotype-specific differences in biofilm formation in Listeria monocytogenes
Authors: Keeney K. , Trmcic A. , Zhu Z. , Delaquis P. , Wang S. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes has a significant impact on the food industry by forming biofilms on food-processing equipment. Tandem analysis of whole-genome sequencing data with biofilm data from 166 environmental and food-related L. monocytogenes isolates has revealed serotypic and genetic factors that strongly correlate with adherence and biofilm formation, such as lineage, plasmid harbourage, a three-codon deletion in inlA and the presence of the stress survival islet 1 (SSI-1). Strains from serotype 1/2b, the majority of which contained SSI-1, formed the strongest biofilms, while serotype 4b strains, the majority of which did not contain SSI-1, formed the weakest biofilms. When serotype 1/2a was separated by its SSI-1 genotype, SSI-1-positive 1/2a strains demonstrated significantly higher capacity for biofilm formation after 3 days of growth at 30°C (P &lt; 0·0001). Together, these findings indicate that SSI-1 may contribute to serotype-associated differences in the biofilm-forming capacity in L. monocytogenes.

Significance and Impact of the Study
Parallel analysis of whole-genome sequences and serotype-specific data was performed to identify genetic markers that correlate with increased adherence and biofilm formation in L. monocytogenes. The analyses revealed the hitherto unrecognized role of SSI-1 in biofilm formation, contributing to deeper understanding of genetic factors that influence behaviour of the species in the food processing environment..
OATPB1/B3 and MRP3 expression in hepatocellular adenoma predicts Gd‐EOB‐DTPA uptake and correlates with risk of malignancy
Authors: Sciarra Amedeo , Schmidt Sabine , Pellegrinelli Alessandro , Maggioni Marco , Dondossola Daniele , Pasquier Jerome , Cigala Claudia , Tosi Delfina , Halkic Nermin , Bulfamante Gaetano , Viale Giuseppe , Bosari Silvano , Balabaud Charles , Bioulac‐Sage Paulette , Sempoux Christine 
Published: September 2018

AbstractBackground and AimsHepatobiliary phase (HBP) Gd‐EOB‐DTPA‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has increased the accuracy in differentiating focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) and hepatocellular adenoma (HCA). However, the ability of this technique to distinguish HCA subtypes remains controversial. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of hepatocyte transporters (OATPB1/B3, MRP2, MRP3) in HCA subtypes, hence to understand their MRI signal intensity on HBP Gd‐EOB‐DTPA‐enhanced MRI.MethodsBy means of immunohistochemistry (IHC), we scored the expression of OATPB1/B3, MRP2 and MRP3, in resected specimens of FNH (n = 40), subtyped HCA (n = 58) and HCA with focal malignant transformation (HCA‐HCC, n = 4). Results were validated on a supplementary set of FNH (n = 6), subtyped HCA (n = 17) and HCA‐HCC (n = 1) with Gd‐EOB‐DTPA MR images.ResultsAll FNH showed a preserved expression of hepatocytes transporters. Beta‐catenin‐activated HCA (at highest risk of malignant transformation) and HCA‐HCC were characterized by preserved/increased OATPB1/B3 expression (predictor of hyperintensity on HBP), as opposed to other HCA subtypes (P < 0.01) that mostly showed OATPB1/B3 absence (predictor of hypointensity on HBP). HCA‐HCC showed an additional MRP3 overexpressed profile (P < 0.01). On HBP Gd‐EOB‐DTPA‐enhanced MRI, FNH and HCA signal intensity reflected the profile predicted by their specific OATPB1/B3 tissue expression. The hyperintense vs hypointense HBP signal criterion was able to distinguish all higher risk HCA and HCA‐HCC (100% accuracy).ConclusionsOATPB1/B3 and MRP3 IHC and signal intensity on HBP Gd‐EOB‐DTPA‐enhanced MRI can help to stratify HCA according to their risk of malignant transformation.
Contribution of commercial infant products and fortified staple foods to nutrient intake at ages 6, 12, and 18 months in a cohort of children from a low socio‐economic community in South Africa
Authors: Swanepoel Eloïse , Havemann‐Nel Lize , Rothman Marinel , Laubscher Ria , Matsungo Tonderayi M. , Smuts Cornelius M. , Faber Mieke 
Published: September 2018

AbstractFortification of two staple foods, maize meal and wheat flour (bread), is mandatory, and commercial infant products are widely available in South Africa. Using a 24‐hr recall, we determined the contribution of these foods towards nutrient intakes at ages 6 (n = 715), 12 (n = 446), and 18 (n = 213) months in a cohort of children in a peri‐urban community, North West province. On the day of recall, commercial infant products were consumed by 83% of children at 6 months, 46% at 12 months, and 15% at 18 months; fortified staples were consumed by 23%, 81%, and 96%, respectively. For consumers thereof, commercial infant products contributed 33% energy and 94% iron intakes at 6 months and 27% energy and 56% iron intakes at 12 months; nutrient densities of the complementary diet was higher than for nonconsumers for most micronutrients. For consumers of fortified staples, energy contribution thereof was 11% at 6 months versus 29% at 18 months; at 18 months, fortified staples contributed >30% of iron, zinc, vitamin A, thiamine, niacin, vitamin B6, and folate; at 12 months, nutrient densities of the complementary diet were higher for zinc, folate, and vitamin B6 but lower for calcium, iron, vitamin A, niacin, and vitamin C than nonconsumers. At ages 12 and 18 months, ~75% of children had low calcium intakes. At 12 months, 51.4% of consumers versus 25.0% (P = 0.005) of nonconsumers of fortified staples had adequate intakes (>EAR) for all eight fortificant nutrients. However, despite fortification, nutrient gaps remain.
Social behaviours by Bacillus subtilis: quorum sensing, kin discrimination and beyond
Authors: Kalamara Margarita , Spacapan Mihael , Mandic‐Mulec Ines , Stanley‐Wall Nicola R. 
Published: September 2018

SummaryHere, we review the multiple mechanisms that the Gram‐positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis uses to allow it to communicate between cells and establish community structures. The modes of action that are used are highly varied and include routes that sense pheromone levels during quorum sensing and control gene regulation, the intimate coupling of cells via nanotubes to share cytoplasmic contents, and long‐range electrical signalling to couple metabolic processes both within and between biofilms. We explore the ability of B. subtilis to detect ‘kin’ (and ‘cheater cells’) by looking at the mechanisms used to potentially ensure beneficial sharing (or limit exploitation) of extracellular ‘public goods’. Finally, reflecting on the array of methods that a single bacterium has at its disposal to ensure maximal benefit for its progeny, we highlight that a large future challenge will be integrating how these systems interact in mixed‐species communities.
Sudden cardiac arrest in end‐stage renal disease patients on dialysis: A nationwide study
Authors: Alqahtani Fahad , Almustafa Ahmed , Shah Kuldeep , Akram Yasir , Abbasi Danish , Rattan Rohit , Subrayappa Navin , Alkhouli Mohamad , Munir Muhammad Bilal 
Published: September 2018

AbstractBackgroundSudden cardiac arrest (SCA) is frequently encountered in end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) patients on dialysis. There is a dearth of national data on SCA‐associated outcomes in this specific patient population. The aim of the present study is to study these parameters from a nationally representative US population.MethodsData were extracted from National Inpatient Sample database from October 2005 to December 2014. All patients with clinical encounter of dialysis during the study period were enrolled. Patients who underwent SCA, ventricular fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia, and ventricular flutter were then identified by applying relevant International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes. Patients with acute kidney injury and prior renal transplant were excluded. Propensity matching was done to balance covariates among study groups. Logistic regression analysis was done to assess for predictors of SCA‐associated mortality in ESRD patients on dialysis.ResultsA total of 1 147 760 patients were included in the final analyses. Patients who suffered SCA were older when compared to the non‐SCA cohort and had a higher burden of comorbidities. About half (52.10%) of ESRD patients who suffered SCA died. Advanced age, metabolic acidosis, and cardiogenic shock were independently associated with reduced survival after SCA. New implantable cardioverter defibrillator implantation continues to be low in this patient population at discharge.ConclusionSCA in settings of ESRD on dialysis carries high mortality and frequent morbidity. Further research in therapeutic interventions that could prevent SCA in this vulnerable population is utmost needed.
How to Study People Who Do Not Want to be Studied: Practical Reflections on Studying Up
Authors: Souleles Daniel 
Published: September 2018

AbstractIn attempts to gain a wider understanding of the social worlds they encounter, anthropologists have exhorted their colleagues to “study up” and pay attention to wealthy and powerful people, not just those at society's margins. Anthropology has met this call. However, anthropologists could stand to be more forthcoming in explaining readily generalizable research strategies for studying people who are difficult to access. This article offers a brief methodological introduction to the literature on studying up and the anthropology of finance, and then shares a sampling of failures and successes from my own two‐year research, using private equity investors as one case of accessing an elite network. I suggest anthropologists are best served in finding multiple public sites and building informant networks with people from these sites.
Effect of synchronization protocols on reproductive indices, progesterone profile and fertility under subtropical environmental conditions in repeat breeder Holstein cows
Authors: El‐Tarabany Mahmoud S. , AL‐Marakby Khaled M. 
Published: September 2018

ContentsThe objectives were to evaluate the reproductive indices and survival analysis of pregnancy outcomes in multiparous repeat breeder Holstein cows (n = 557). The cows were synchronized to ovulate by Ovsynch, new controlled internal drug release device (N‐CIDRsynch), and once‐used CIDR device (U‐CIDRsynch). The pregnancy per AI at 28 days post‐insemination (P/AI 28) in the N‐CIDRsynch group (28.75%) was significantly (COR = 1.49; p = 0.011) greater than that reported in the Ovsynch (23.46%) and U‐CIDRsynch (21.73%) groups. Furthermore, the pregnancy per AI at day 75 post‐insemination (P/AI 75) in the N‐CIDRsynch group was significantly greater than the Ovysync group (COR = 1.35; p = 0.050). The repeat breeder cows received a N‐CIDR device had a significantly higher progesterone level on day 2 and day 4 of CIDR insertion (1.38 and 1.67 ng/ml, respectively) than those received a U‐CIDR device or the control group (p = 0.012 and 0.001, respectively). The Cox regression model recorded significant associations for synchronization protocols, THI at the TAI and season of calving with the hazard of P/AI 28 and P/AI 75 (p = 0.044 and 0.046; 0.001 and 0.005; 0.003 and 0.001, respectively). Multiparous repeat breeder cows (>3) had a lower hazard ratio (HR) of P/AI 28 than that reported in the reference (2nd parity) group (HR = 0.74, p = 0.050). The repeat breeder cows inseminated at 76–80 and >80 temperature‐humidity index (THI) had significantly lower HR of P/AI 28 than those inseminated at the baseline (<70) THI value (HR = 0.73 and 0.30, p = 0.036 and 0.001, respectively). The current results indicate that the use of N‐CIDR synch protocol may achieve satisfactory pregnancy outcomes in repeat breeder cows.
Insights into respiratory disease through bioinformatics
Authors: Hurgobin Bhavna , de Jong Emma , Bosco Anthony 
Published: September 2018

ABSTRACTRespiratory diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer represent a critical area for medical research as millions of people are affected globally. The development of new strategies for treatment and/or prevention, and the identification of biomarkers for patient stratification and early detection of disease inception are essential to reducing the impact of lung diseases. The successful translation of research into clinical practice requires a detailed understanding of the underlying biology. In this regard, the advent of next‐generation sequencing and mass spectrometry has led to the generation of an unprecedented amount of data spanning multiple layers of biological regulation (genome, epigenome, transcriptome, proteome, metabolome and microbiome). Dealing with this wealth of data requires sophisticated bioinformatics and statistical tools. Here, we review the basic concepts in bioinformatics and genomic data analysis and illustrate the application of these tools to further our understanding of lung diseases. We also highlight the potential for data integration of multi‐omic profiles and computational drug repurposing to define disease subphenotypes and match them to targeted therapies, paving the way for personalized medicine.