bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Mechanical Imitation of Bird Flight
Authors: Cochrane Williams 
Published: June 2019

In commencing the paper which I am about to read I would like, first of all, to make a few remarks as to what has been done towards solving the difficult, yet extremely fascinating problem of aerial flight.In recent years much has been attempted, but, when all is weighed in the balance, I venture to think that comparatively nothing of any value has yet been accomplished, and the successful flying machine has yet to come. A debt of gratitude is due to M. Santos Dumont. M. Lebaudy, and other pioneers, for breaking down, as they have, prejudice against the subject; but, after all, do his or their machines embody any new principle ? Only by careful attention to certain mechanical details and a combination of mechanism already in existence have they accomplished what they have.It is unnecessary for me to go into details of the defects of navigable air-ships. Most students of aeronautics are, I think, agreed that the flying machine of the future will be one which is heavier than the atmosphere and presents the least surface of resistance when travelling horizontally.
Flying Ships of the Future
Authors: Wilson Edgar E. 
Published: June 2019

Within the limits of the present article it would be impracticable to deal adequately with exhaustive constructional details, or, in fact, many points bearing particularly upon the gist of this subject. Suffice it, then, to briefly refer to those facts by which the fundamental laws upon which is evolved the future complex and impressive airship of the near future is based, the lessons of Nature containing those laws, and which, in these modern days, are certainly insufficiently studied, and how man can reproduce these selfsame teachings by his methods culminating in the long-cherished, but by no means apocryphal and abortive, subjugation of the wide realms of the air.The flying and soaring of all natural volant creatures is simply explained on well-known mechanical principles, and the majestic air-craft of the future will, in short, embody those principles intealia by the ingenuity of man.
Regional Impacts of Urban Irrigation on Surface Heat Fluxes and Rainfall in Central Arizona
Authors: Yang Yan , Smith James , Yang Long , Baeck Mary Lynn , Ni Guangheng 
Published: June 2019

AbstractRapid urbanization over Phoenix has resulted in increased water consumption for maintenance of green spaces and heat stress mitigation. The hydrometeorological impact of urban irrigation is not well understood and is the principal objective of this study. Our results are based on high‐resolution numerical experiments using the Weather Research and Forecasting model. A simple irrigation scheme is implemented into the Weather Research and Forecasting model to represent changes in soil moisture due to irrigation. A monthlong simulation using the Weather Research and Forecasting model with irrigation shows improved model performance in representing the regional water and energy cycle. Comparisons of model simulations with and without irrigation highlight the regional impacts of urban irrigation on surface heat fluxes and rainfall variability over Phoenix. There is a strong modulation of irrigation on surface energy partitioning over both irrigated and nonirrigated areas. Irrigation increases (decreases) surface latent (sensible) heat fluxes by enhanced evapotranspiration over irrigated areas, with opposing changes presented over nonirrigated areas. Irrigation contributes little to the domain‐average rainfall accumulation, but can noticeably modify its spatial distribution, with increased rainfall over the downwind mountainous regions and decreased rainfall over the irrigated areas. Irrigation‐induced rainfall anomalies can be tied to strengthened thermal gradients and induced changes in surface pressure fields, which lead to perturbations on large‐scale flow and its interactions with complex terrain. Our results shed light on the hydrometeorological impacts of increasing anthropogenic water use driven by urbanization and highlight the importance of accurate representations of land surface processes in better characterizing land‐atmosphere interactions in arid/semiarid regions.
Climate Change Drives Widespread and Rapid Thermokarst Development in Very Cold Permafrost in the Canadian High Arctic
Authors: Farquharson Louise M. , Romanovsky Vladimir E. , Cable William L. , Walker Donald A. , Kokelj Steven V. , Nicolsky Dmitry 
Published: June 2019

AbstractClimate warming in regions of ice‐rich permafrost can result in widespread thermokarst development, which reconfigures the landscape and damages infrastructure. We present multisite time series observations which couple ground temperature measurements with thermokarst development in a region of very cold permafrost. In the Canadian High Arctic between 2003 and 2016, a series of anomalously warm summers caused mean thawing indices to be 150–240% above the 1979–2000 normal resulting in up to 90 cm of subsidence over the 12‐year observation period. Our data illustrate that despite low mean annual ground temperatures, very cold permafrost (<−10 °C) with massive ground ice close to the surface is highly vulnerable to rapid permafrost degradation and thermokarst development. We suggest that this is due to little thermal buffering from soil organic layers and near‐surface vegetation, and the presence of near‐surface ground ice. Observed maximum thaw depths at our sites are already exceeding those projected to occur by 2090 under representative concentration pathway version 4.5.
Spatiotemporal Patterns of Chaos in the Atlantic Overturning Circulation
Authors: Jamet Q. , Dewar W. K. , Wienders N. , Deremble B. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractExamining an ensemble of high‐resolution ((1/12)°) North Atlantic ocean simulations, we provide new insights into the partitioning of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) variability between forced and intrinsic at low‐frequency (2–30 years). We highlight the existence of a basin‐scale intrinsic mode that shares similarities with the atmospherically forced signal. The RAPID‐MOCHA‐WBTS array is found to be part of this mode, such that we ascribe about 0.9 Sv (50% in our configuration) of its interannual variability as intrinsic. At decadal time scales, intrinsic variability is rather small (∼0.2 Sv) compared to the recently observed 2‐ to 3‐Sv AMOC downturn. This downturn is thus unlikely to be induced by locally generated intrinsic ocean dynamics. We interpret this intrinsic variability as “chaotic,” that is, somewhat unpredictable, providing an estimation of the quantitative accuracy of AMOC variability within eddy‐resolving numerical models.
The Ocean's Global 39Ar Distribution Estimated With an Ocean Circulation Inverse Model
Authors: Holzer Mark , DeVries Timothy , Smethie William 
Published: June 2019

Abstract39Ar with its 269‐year half‐life has great potential for constraining ocean ventilation and transport. Here we estimate the distribution of 39Ar using a steady ocean circulation inverse model. Our estimates match available 39Ar measurements to within an absolute error of ∼9% modern argon without major biases. We find that 39Ar traces out the world ocean's ventilation pathways and that the 39Ar age ΓAr and the ideal mean age have broadly similar large‐scale patterns. At the surface, 39Ar is close to saturated except at high latitudes. Undersaturation imparts a finite 39Ar age to surface waters relative to the atmosphere, with peak values exceeding 100 years in Antarctic waters. This reservoir age is propagated into the interior with Antarctic Bottom Water, elevating ΓAr by ∼50 years in the deep Pacific and Indian oceans. Our estimates identify the large‐scale gradients and uncertainty patterns of 39Ar, thus providing guidance for future measurements.
Structural insights into substrate recognition by the SOCS2 E3 ubiquitin ligase
Authors: Kung Wei-Wei , Ramachandran Sarath , Makukhin Nikolai , Bruno Elvira , Ciulli Alessio 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe suppressor of cytokine signaling 2 (SOCS2) acts as substrate recognition subunit of a Cullin5 E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. SOCS2 binds to phosphotyrosine-modified epitopes as degrons for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation, yet the molecular basis of substrate recognition has remained elusive. Here, we report co-crystal structures of SOCS2-ElonginB-ElonginC in complex with phosphorylated peptides from substrates growth hormone receptor (GHR-pY595) and erythropoietin receptor (EpoR-pY426) at 1.98 Å and 2.69 Å, respectively. Both peptides bind in an extended conformation recapitulating the canonical SH2 domain-pY pose, but capture different conformations of the EF loop via specific hydrophobic interactions. The flexible BG loop is fully defined in the electron density, and does not contact the substrate degron directly. Cancer-associated SNPs located around the pY pocket weaken substrate-binding affinity in biophysical assays. Our findings reveal insights into substrate recognition and specificity by SOCS2, and provide a blueprint for small molecule ligand design.
Contractile dysfunction and nitrergic dysregulation in small intestine of a primate model of Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Coletto Erika , Dolan John S. , Pritchard Sara , Gant Alex , Hikima Atsuko , Jackson Michael J. , Benham Christopher D. , Chaudhuri K. Ray , Rose Sarah , Jenner Peter , Iravani Mahmoud M. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractBowel dysfunction is a common non-motor symptom in Parkinson’s disease (PD). The main contractile neurotransmitter in the GI tract is acetylcholine (ACh), while nitric oxide (NO) causes the relaxation of smooth muscle in addition to modulating ACh release. The aim of this study was to characterise functional and neurochemical changes in the isolated ileum of the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-treated marmoset, an established model of PD motor dysfunction. While NO-synthase inhibitor L-NAME concentration dependently augmented the neurogenically-evoked contractions and inhibited the relaxations in normal tissues, it had no effects on the MPTP ileum. Immunohistochemical analyses of the myenteric plexus showed that ChAT-immunoreactivity (-ir) was significantly reduced and the density of the enteric glial cells as shown by SOX-10-ir was increased. However, no change in TH-, 5-HT-, VIP- or nNOS-ir was observed in the MPTP tissues. The enhancement of the neurogenically-evoked contractions and the inhibition of the relaxation phase by L-NAME in the control tissues is in line with NO’s direct relaxing effect on smooth muscle and its indirect inhibitory effect on ACh release. The absence of the relaxation and the inefficacy of L-NAME in the MPTP tissues suggests that central dopaminergic loss dopamine may eventually lead to the impairment of NO signal coupling that affects bowel function, and this may be the result of a complex dysregulation at the level of the neuroeffector junction.
Two intracellular and cell type-specific bacterial symbionts in the placozoan Trichoplax H2
Authors: Gruber-Vodicka Harald R. , Leisch Nikolaus , Kleiner Manuel , Hinzke Tjorven , Liebeke Manuel , McFall-Ngai Margaret , Hadfield Michael G. , Dubilier Nicole 
Published: June 2019

AbstractPlacozoa is an enigmatic phylum of simple, microscopic, marine metazoans1,2. Although intracellular bacteria have been found in all members of this phylum, almost nothing is known about their identity, location and interactions with their host3–6. We used metagenomic and metatranscriptomic sequencing of single host individuals, plus metaproteomic and imaging analyses, to show that the placozoan Trichoplax sp. H2 lives in symbiosis with two intracellular bacteria. One symbiont forms an undescribed genus in the Midichloriaceae (Rickettsiales)7,8 and has a genomic repertoire similar to that of rickettsial parasites9,10, but does not seem to express key genes for energy parasitism. Correlative image analyses and three-dimensional electron tomography revealed that this symbiont resides in the rough endoplasmic reticulum of its host’s internal fibre cells. The second symbiont belongs to the Margulisbacteria, a phylum without cultured representatives and not known to form intracellular associations11–13. This symbiont lives in the ventral epithelial cells of Trichoplax, probably metabolizes algal lipids digested by its host and has the capacity to supplement the placozoan’s nutrition. Our study shows that one of the simplest animals has evolved highly specific and intimate associations with symbiotic, intracellular bacteria and highlights that symbioses can provide access to otherwise elusive microbial dark matter.
Phytoplankton blooms in Lake Winnipeg linked to selective water-gatekeeper connectivity
Authors: Ali Genevieve , English Carolyn 
Published: June 2019

AbstractLake Winnipeg was coined “Canada’s sickest lake” and “the most threatened lake in the World” due to its recurrent algal blooms caused by nutrient-rich water inputs. While conceptual frameworks link bloom occurrence to hydrologic connectivity, data-based validation is lacking. We analyzed 355 multi-year satellite-derived images to quantify phytoplankton biomass in Lake Winnipeg and the timing of runoff activation and hydrologic connectivity in the Lake Winnipeg Watershed. Our analyses reveal that the majority of watershed runoff-producing areas exhibit a strong coupling between runoff activation and hydrologic connectivity: they are proximal to rivers and become hydrologically connected to them multiple times a year. Conversely, a smaller number of runoff-producing areas are located further upslope and connect to rivers much less frequently. The latter act as water gatekeepers by selectively enabling the downstream transfer of runoff from headwater regions. Major blooms in Lake Winnipeg only occur when 50% of the water gatekeepers enable headwater-downstream connectivity during 31.5% (or more) of the spring-fall period. We conclude that an explicit assessment of the timing of runoff activation and hydrologic connectivity serves as a predictor of bloom occurrence and provides new information about the influence of a small number of locations on Lake Winnipeg.
Lesión de Essex-Lopresti: Diagnóstico y Tratamiento
Authors: Lucas Fernando García de , Ruiz-Calero Guillermo F. García 
Published: June 2019

Resumen
Definición La lesión de Essex-Lopresti combina una fractura de la cabeza del radio, la rotura longitudinal de la membrana interósea y de los elementos estabilizadores de la articulación radiocubital distal, y funcionalmente equivale a una inestabilidad radiocubital longitudinal.
Diagnóstico Su baja incidencia y la sintomatología centrada alrededor de la fractura de cabeza de radio hace que, a menudo no se diagnostique en la fase aguda y acabe cronificándose. El diagnóstico requiere una evaluación clínica y pruebas de imagen de todo el antebrazo.
Tratamiento Las premisas en el tratamiento son restablecer la anatomía y restituir la biomecánica del antebrazo para lo que es imprescindible conservar o sustituir la cabeza del radio y favorecer la cicatrización de los elementos estabilizadores de la articulación radiocubital distal. A pesar de que puede haber menos consenso en cuanto a la capacidad de cicatrización y la reconstrucción de la membrana interósea, se obtienen mejores resultados clínicos cuando se lleva a cabo su reconstrucción. La utilización de una prótesis total de la articulación radiocubital distal combinada con la fijación interna o una prótesis de cabeza de radio simplifica el tratamiento y los resultados obtenidos hasta el momento son prometedores.
IU Cancri: a solar-type contact binary with mass transfer
Authors: Yuan Hui-Yu , Dai Hai-Feng , Yang Yuan-Gui 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
We present new CCD photometry of the solar-type contact binary IU Cnc, which was observed from November 2017 to March 2018 with three small telescopes in China. BV light curves imply that IU Cnc is a W-type contact binary with total eclipses. The photometric solution indicates that the mass ratio and fill-out factor are q = 4.104 ± 0.004 and f = 30.2% ± 0.3%, respectively. From all available light minimum times, the orbital period may increase at a rate of dP/dt = +6.93(4) × 10−7 d yr−1, which may result from mass transfer from the secondary component to the primary one. With mass transferring, IU Cnc may evolve from a contact configuration into a semi-detached configuration.
On the distributions of pulsar glitch sizes and the inter-glitch time intervals
Authors: Eya Innocent Okwudili , Urama Johnson Ozoemene , Chukwude Augustine Ejikeme 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The glitch size, Δν/ν, inter-glitch time interval, ti
, and frequency of glitches in pulsars are key parameters in discussing glitch phenomena. In this paper, the glitch sizes and inter-glitch time intervals are statistically analyzed in a sample of 168 pulsars with a total of 483 glitches. The glitches are broadly divided into two groups. Those with Δν/ν < 10−7 are regarded as small size glitches, while those with Δν/ν ≥ 10−7 are considered as relatively large size glitches. In the ensemble of glitches, the distribution of Δν/ν is seen to be bimodal as usual. The distribution of inter-glitch time intervals is unimodal and the inter-glitch time intervals between small and large size glitches are not significantly different from each other. This observation shows that inter-glitch time intervals are size independent. In addition, the distribution of the ratio Δν/ν : ti
in both small and large size glitches has the same pattern. This observation suggests that a parameter which depends on time, which could be the spin-down rate of a pulsar, plays a similar role in the processes that regulate both small and large size glitches. Equally, this could be an indication that a single physical mechanism, which could produce varying glitch sizes at similar time-intervals, could be responsible for both classes of glitch sizes.
Parameter Estimation in Mathematical Modelling for Photovoltaic Panel
Authors: Md Sabudin Siti Nurashiken , Jamil Norazaliza Mohd 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The demand for solar photovoltaic (PV) system is growing rapidly driven by new technology and strong economies of scale. PV systems directly convert solar energy into electricity without release any pollution into the environment and deplete natural resources. PV technology has matured and its reliability keeps improving. However, PV system is more expensive to produce than conventional sources of energy due in part to the cost of manufacturing PV devices and in part to the conversion efficiencies of the equipment. Besides, important attention in designing, developing and installing the PV systems is time-consuming. In this paper, we propose a mathematical model to predict the PV systems behaviour and performance by considering the plausible factors. The factors accept in this model are solar irradiance and manufacturers’ information for the type of PV panel. A case study at the eastern part of Peninsular Malaysia was conducted to examine the effect of factors on the performance of PV. Through the comparative analysis, the results have a good agreement.
Evaluation of Heavy Paraffin Solvent Injection in Langgak Oil Field
Authors: Ardiansyah Fazli , Erfando Tomi , Noerhadi  , Efriza Ivan , Rahmatan Bardan , Oktavia Clara 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
LGK 14 and LGK 25 wells are oil production wells with high paraffin levels. The presence of paraffin around well perforation causes many problems. One of which is a decrease in the rate of production. It solved with rig less workover / well service (WO/WS) is an injection of heavy paraffin solvent. LGK 14 well uses sucker rod pump and LGK 25 uses an electrical submersible pump. Main steps in LGK 14 are injecting heavy parasol, soaking, displacing and producing. The other wells have differences where before the heavy parasol injecting, pump washed first. The challenges are high static bottom hole pressure (SBHP) and fluid reactions. The results show for LGK 14 well decreased oil rate from 25 BOPD to 21.77 BOPD after the heavy parasol injection. LGK 25 well increased the production rate from 21 BOPD to 29.99 BOPD.
Microring Circulator Embedded Plasmonic Island for Multi-probe Bio-cell Sensors
Authors: Pornsuwanchaoren N. , Youplao P. , Chaiwong K. , Amiri I.S. , Ali J. , Yupapin P. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Three different wavelength light sources are coupled to microring circulator via modified add-drop multiplexers, from which the multiplexed signals of them can be formed at the plasmonic islands and used as the distributed sensor nodes. The change in the wavelength due to the external environment will affect the refractive index of the sensing material and hence shift in each wavelength will be seen. Measurements are recorded as the shift in a spectrum (Δλ) by changing the input power and a relationship is obtained between the change in input power and shift in the output spectrum for 1.10, 1.30 and 1.55 μm wavelengths. This is the micro-scale device that can be used for bio-cell content distributed sensors, in which the three different aspects of sensor mechanism can be employed.
Behavior of Phosphate Inhibitor on Pitting Corrosion Resistance of Cr-Mo Steel
Authors: Hastuty Sri , Awwaluddin Muhammad 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Trisodium phosphate (TSP) and disodium phosphate (DSP) inhibitors are widely used in industrial area, for example in boiler and condenser system. Their primary uses as scaling inhibitor through anodic and cathodic reaction. Therefore, concentration of TSP and DSP is a dominant factor to intended service; it could be advantage if the concentration is proportional, or on the contrary, destructive if the concentration is not proportional because it will drive localized corrosion on tube boiler made from Cr-Mo steel. In this research, type of localized corrosion will be focused on pitting corrosion. To gain maximum protection effect of TSP and DSP inhibitors, which is also for controlling corrosion as destructive process, optimum concentration of inhibitor was determined. To investigate the effect of concentration variation of TSP and DSP on pitting resistance Cr-Mo steel and optimum concentration of TSP and DSP as inhibitor, pitting corrosion tendency by using cyclic polarization was measured. The result was TSP and DSP retarded pitting corrosion by adsorbed on Cr-Mo steel surface. It was also found that inhibitor optimum concentration range is between 20.000 ppm TSP + 1.000 ppm DSP. 100.000 ppm TSP + 1.000 ppm DSP (10%V), which pH optimum range is between 11 to 12.
The Volume of the Product of Backward Water Splash Based on Submerged Blade Depth of Paddlewheel Aerator
Authors: Bahri Samsul , Jufriadi  , Hamdani  , Anwar  
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The paddlewheel is a common used aeration equipment. In term of aeration mechanism and driving force, it is very good to be used. However, the paddlewheel has a slow aeration rate resulting in low aeration efficiency. One of the causes is the splash of the backward water of the paddlewheel that is already aerated, but it is splashed again so it wastes the power. The aim of this study was to determine the volume of the backward water splash production. The paddlewheel used a 1 phase motor, 1 hp power, 1400 rpm motor speed, and 2 pieces of wheels. The treatment was carried out by varying the blade of 65,85, and 105mm submerged. The test was done by collecting the backward water splash and calculating its volume. The results showed that the volume per hour of backward water splash at the blade submerged in the 65, 85, and 105mm were 10.68, 13.74, and 15.27 m3, respectively. The average of forward splash volume of water was 58.04%, while the backward was 41.96%. The results of this study indicated that the volume of backward water splash is very significant to be utilized.