bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spanish Language
Authors: Telles Edward , Sue Christina A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores Mexican American identity and ethnicity through the prism of the Spanish language, which is perhaps the central characteristic in ethnic culture and identity among Mexican Americans. However, whereas virtually all U.S.-born Mexican Americans speak English, not all speak Spanish. More precisely, Mexican Americans are distributed along a continuum of language competence that ranges from English only to complete fluency in both English and Spanish, with the majority of individuals falling somewhere in-between. For the respondents, English is their primary language, whereas the use of Spanish varies greatly, depending on the situation and each individual’s linguistic abilities. Thus, regardless of actual linguistic ability, language as a concept raises a number of issues regarding Mexican Americans’ own ethnic identities and their relationship to members of the ethnic community.
Attitudes About Immigration
Authors: Telles Edward , Sue Christina A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter addresses Mexican Americans’ attitudes about Mexican immigrants in the context of mass immigration. In addition to the boundary that exists between persons of Mexican heritage and non-Latinos, there is another important social boundary operating that highlights Mexican Americans’ understandings of their own ethnicity and American identity—the boundary between Mexican immigrants and themselves. Study respondents displayed a broad range of attitudes toward immigrants, illustrating the internal diversity of the Mexican American population, which runs contrary to their treatment in the media as a homogeneous ethnic group in terms of attitudes, politics, and voting. This chapter also demonstrates the underlying ideologies, philosophies, and rationales that respondents used to justify their immigration positions: whereas many framed their views based on American ideals, only a small minority framed them in terms of their ethnicity, basing their perceptions in an understanding of Mexican immigrants as co-ethnics.
Achieving Musical Success in the String Classroom
Authors: Butz Karel 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Achieving Musical Success in the String Classroom describes the author’s pragmatic pedagogical approach toward developing complete musicianship in beginning through advanced-level string players by incorporating the ideas of Mimi Zweig, Paul Rolland, and Shinichi Suzuki. The author’s philosophical assumptions are explained in regard to the structure and purpose of string teaching contributing to a high level of musical artistry among students. Introductory through advanced string concepts relating to instrument setup, posture, left- and right-hand development, music theory, aural skills, assessment procedures, imagery in playing, the development of individual practice and ensemble skills, and effective rehearsal strategies are explained in a sequential approach that benefits the classroom teacher and student. In addition, several score examples, sample lesson plans, and grading rubrics, as well as videos of the author demonstrating his pedagogical ideas and techniques with musicians, are included.
The Bow
Authors: Butz Karel 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses how beginning bow balance exercises allow the mastery of the three fundamental bowings: martelé, détaché, and legato. Other related bowings that serve as an extension of these three fundamental bowings are provided as well. Preparation of the bow, the students’ path to earning their bows by demonstrating proper physical alignment and instrument posture, and games and beginning rote pieces that build strong bilateral playing motion are explained. Several activities are explored on how to develop pitch accuracy with the bow. In addition, the chapter discusses common bowing errors and offers solutions: how to maintain rhythmic precision, create a rich tone quality, and keep right-hand fingers loose and flexible.
Conclusion
Authors: Riggsby Andrew M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The conclusion begins with a summary of the conclusions of the preceding chapters. Most generally, uses of Roman information technologies, even ones that are broadly similar to each other, manifest enough difference in detail to discourage their extension or combination. This is both a cause and an effect of the close focus of both users and designers on extremely specific use-contexts. It then goes on to suggest several contexts for the application and/or extension of its findings. First, a fine-grained understanding of information storage, use, and transfer lends itself to integration with modern theoretical understandings of the economy and of power. Information structures are important “institutions” that give shape to particular economies. Information technology may also have served as a brake on the conversion of the high intensity of absolute imperial rule to “a wide scope of actual mastery over the conduct of the subject population.” Second, there is evidence both that the use of information technology changed radically after the end point of this study (c. 300 ce) and for the roots of the difference in a variety of external historical circumstances.
Introduction
Authors: Cunning David 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter is an introduction to the central philosophical views and arguments that Cavendish advances, and it also includes a brief biography. The chapter foreshadows Cavendish’s views, in part by quoting select texts in which she discusses, for example, the activity and intelligence that are ubiquitous in the natural world; the material nature of all creatures (including human beings and their thinking minds); God; the order, organization, and teleology of the natural world; the transfer of motion; sensory perception; embodied intelligence; conscious vs. unconscious thinking; ideas; causation; imagination; freedom; fame; gender; agency and authority; social and political capital; and the interdependence of creatures, among other topics.
Fiction
Authors: Cunning David 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter features a selection of excerpts from Cavendish’s stories and plays. The passages treat a number of topics and issues: agency; authority; imagination; rhetoric; gender; feminism; social and political capital; the interdependence of creatures; government; war; materialism; the relationship between mind and body; ideas as imagistic pictures; theology; and poetry. In Blazing World, perhaps the first piece of science fiction ever written, Cavendish has her main character (eventually the Empress) transported to an alternate world whose inhabitants take seriously the prospect of a woman in a position of authority, for example as a scientist, mathematician, military strategist, and philosopher. In Bell in Campo, Lady Victoria is regarded as a military authority by a critical mass of the women in her community; she leads them to battle, executes a clever strategy to steal weapons from the enemy, and rescues the male army from defeat. In The She-Anchoret, the main character receives audience after audience of individuals who seek her wisdom and counsel on matters scientific, philosophical, mathematical, political, and theological, to name just a few. All three characters inhabit counterfactual environments that are not antagonistic to the development and reception of their skills and capacities, and they flourish.
Romantic Art
Authors: Moland Lydia L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
On Hegel’s view, Christianity’s radical claim that God has appeared in a human body and in historical time revolutionizes humans’ attitude toward the divine. This development has serious consequences for art. Since myths are no longer the source of religion, art becomes superfluous. But it continues in ways that confirm humans’ growing sense of subjectivity. In early Christian paintings, we see intensely interior gazes, signaling a new depth of self within each human. In chivalric poetry, knights fight for increasingly secular goals. In Shakespeare’s plays, characters act on their own subjective aims rather than divine commands. In Hegel’s own generation, romantic novels celebrate everyday humans pursuing domestic quests, a development that Hegel warns will lead art to end in prose.
The Dissolution and Future of the Particular Arts
Authors: Moland Lydia L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
As the romantic age progresses, humans’ increasing sense of themselves as the source of normativity is reflected in art. Finally, anything of human concern can become art: a fact reflected in Dutch genre painting, still lifes, and the development of humor. As a new aesthetic form during Hegel’s lifetime, humor denoted gentle amusement at human eccentricities and foibles, as expressed by characters in Laurence Sterne’s The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman. Hegel is sharply critical of “subjective humorists,” such as Jean Paul Richter, who think anything to do with their subjectivity can be art, but he defines an “objective humor,” achieved by Goethe, Petrarch, and Shakespeare, that allows subjectivity to emerge from deeper engagement with the world. At the end of romantic art, the particular art forms reach their conceptual end: no further development of their concept is possible.
Madness in the City of Magnificent Intentions
Authors: Summers Martin 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This book is a history of the federal mental institution Saint Elizabeths Hospital and its relationship to Washington, DC’s African American community. Founded in 1855 to treat insane military personnel and the District’s civilian residents, the institution became one of the nation’s preeminent research and teaching psychiatric hospitals. From the beginning of its operation, Saint Elizabeths admitted black patients, making it one of the few American asylums to do so. The book charts the history of Saint Elizabeths from its founding to the late 1980s, when the hospital’s mission and capabilities changed as a result of deinstitutionalization and its transfer from the federal government to the District. The book makes two main arguments. First, ideas of racial difference figured prominently in how hospital officials understood the mission of the institution and subsequently designed and operated it, in how hospital officials understood mental disease and developed therapies to address it, and in how patients experienced their confinement. This history reveals the ways the American psychiatric profession engaged in an unarticulated project that conceptualized the white psyche as the norm. Second, this book argues that African Americans—both patients and nonpatients—were not powerless people acted on by large institutional forces. Black Washingtonians were active agents in their interactions with the hospital, from more overtly political and collective endeavors, such as calling for investigations of the mistreatment of black patients and advocating for the hospital’s integration, to the more individualized and quotidian attempts to manage their own or their loved one’s therapeutic experience.
Introduction
Authors: Summers Martin 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The introduction frames the entire book by laying out the two main arguments and emphasizing the book’s contribution to the historiography of mental illness and psychiatry. The book contributes to a relatively new but growing historiographic interpretation that utilizes race as a category of historical analysis. It highlights how ideas of racial difference were embedded in the ways that psychiatrists thought about mental health and mental illness and how they managed and treated patients. One of the central arguments is that Saint Elizabeths psychiatrists’ construction of the white psyche as the norm led to much ambiguity and ambivalence when it came to understanding and treating mental illness among African Americans. The other is that African Americans—patients and nonpatients—interacted with Saint Elizabeths in a way that sought not only to shape the therapeutic experience but also to affirm their status as citizens who were equal before the law.
“Mechanisms of the Negro Mind”
Authors: Summers Martin 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter is the first of three that covers Saint Elizabeths during the tenure of one of its most famous superintendents, William Alanson White, who led the hospital from 1903 to 1937. White represented a new approach to mental illness. Dynamic psychiatry moved beyond contemplating mental disorders based on static descriptions of symptoms and, instead, stressed the importance of assessing individuals—including constitution, life experiences, conscious and unconscious memories—and their interactions with their social environments. This chapter provides a bird’s-eye view of how this individualization of mental disease both meshed and was in tension with the race-based comparative psychology research that White encouraged at Saint Elizabeths. Despite their engagement in research that presupposed the existence of distinct black and white psyches, members of the hospital’s clinical staff were ultimately unable to reify race as a scientific category of human difference.
“He Is Psychotic and Always Will Be”
Authors: Summers Martin 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter continues an examination of the superintendency of William Alanson White but offers a more granular discussion of how ideas about racial difference shaped the clinical encounter in the era of dynamic psychiatry. Specifically, it looks at how Saint Elizabeths’ staff applied particular somatic “therapies”—including seclusion, restraint, and hydrotherapy—to black female, white female, black male, and white male patients. It also argues that the clinical staff’s limited psychotherapeutic engagement with African American patients was further undermined by two things. One was the psychiatrists’ assumptions about the inaccessibility of the black psyche—either because of the absolute cultural foreignness or natural duplicity of African Americans. The other was their tendency to prioritize black patients’ rehabilitation as laborers. Finally, the chapter looks at the quotidian ways that patients exerted their agency in the clinical encounter by resisting medical surveillance and institutional management.
“An Example for the Rest of the Nation”
Authors: Summers Martin 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter covers the various challenges to Saint Elizabeths’ segregationist culture made by both black Washingtonians and the federal government over the first half of the twentieth century. It begins by exploring the staff’s inability to effect an absolute racial segregation in the wards, which was the result of the hospital’s constantly being in a state of overcapacity. The chapter also looks at the changing demographics of the patient population following World War II, when the army and navy stopped sending its mentally ill service members to Saint Elizabeths. It then turns to an examination of local community members’ and the federal government’s challenges to discrimination against black medical students, mistreatment of African American patients in the 1920s and 1930s, and exclusionary and segregationist employment policies. This chapter covers the desegregation of the hospital staff, from attendants and nurses in the 1930s and 1940s to physicians in the 1950s.
Reconstructing the Temple
Authors: Davis Andrew R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This book examines temple renovation as a distinct topos within royal literature of the ancient Near East. Unlike newly founded temples, which were celebrated for their novelty, temple renovations were oriented toward the past. Kings took the opportunity to rehearse the history of the temple, selectively evoking certain past traditions and omitting others. In this way, temple renovations are a kind of historiography. The particularities of each case notwithstanding, this book demonstrates a pattern in the rhetoric of temple renovation texts; namely, kings used temple renovation to correct, or at least distance themselves from, some turmoil of recent history and to associate their reigns with an earlier and more illustrious past. The main evidence for this royal rhetoric comes from royal literature of the seventh and sixth centuries bce. This evidence in turn becomes the basis for reading the story of Jeroboam I’s placement of calves at Dan and Bethel (1 Kgs 12:25–33) as an eighth-century bce account of temple renovation with a similar rhetoric. Concluding with further examples in the Hellenistic and Roman periods, this book shows that the rhetoric of temple renovation was not just a distinct topos, but also a long-standing one in the ancient Near East.
Temple Renovation in Neo-Assyrian Records and the Book of Kings
Authors: Davis Andrew R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines Neo-Assyrian accounts of temple renovations, especially those of Esarhaddon, and then turns to comparable examples from the DH, namely, the renovations undertaken by Jehoash (2 Kgs 12:5–17), Ahaz (2 Kgs 16:10–18), and finally Josiah (2 Kgs 22–23). Both sets of temple renovation texts employ a similar rhetoric of discontinuity by which Esarhaddon and Josiah use their recent predecessors as foils for their rebuilding efforts. At the same time, both kings employ a rhetoric of continuity to associate their reign with older and more illustrious past traditions.
Temple Renovation in Later Periods
Authors: Davis Andrew R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter looks briefly at the rhetoric of temple renovation in texts from the Hellenistic and Roman periods, namely, the Hanukkah story in 2 Maccabees, Josephus’s account of Herod’s renovation of the Jerusalem temple, and the Gospel accounts of Jesus’s prediction of destroying and rebuilding the temple. Although they are not examined at great depth, these examples suggest that the rhetoric of temple renovation persisted in the ancient Levant well into later periods.
Learning Languages
Authors: Vieira Kate 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Based on fieldwork in Latvia, a former Soviet and new European Union state, this chapter details the results for experiences of literacy learning not only when people move across borders but also when borders themselves shift and change. Building from critiques of place-based literacy ethnographies, it documents three kinds of informal literacy learning—print literacy learning, digital literacy learning, and anticipatory literacy learning—resulting from the movement of people across shifting spatial and temporal fields. It draws from participants’ memories of living in Latvia during Soviet times, during independence, and under the EU to tell the story of how generations of family members have used literacy to sustain family ties across borders—borders that have crumbled and have been redrawn.
Belgium Invades Germany
Authors: Schudson Michael 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter reviews the conceptual underpinnings of the relationships between truth and politics, how truth is both conveyed and interpreted, and how it can fall subject to distortion and misinterpretation. These patterns are presented from a historical vantage point and considered in juxtaposition to the contemporary technological age. The chapter argues that we live in a real world where people living and acting together produce facts and events that even the powerful must reckon with. It is a hard lesson to learn—that three things are simultaneously true: (1) that reality is socially constructed; and (2) that facts are hard to hold steadily in view when we approach them, as we do, through paradigms and perspectives and prior knowledge and prior ignorance and prior interpretations and prior beliefs as we all, always, inevitably do; and (3) that there are facts.
From Information Availability to Factual Accountability
Authors: Graves Lucas , Wells Chris 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Theories of democracy in communication studies have emphasized the importance of citizens encountering quality political information and incorporating that information into their views. These emphases on exposure tend to take the truth of the information being consumed for granted. Today, the problem of truth has become more visible, inviting reconsideration of how we expect truth to operate in democratic society. In this chapter, we suggest the need to consider not only the availability of information but also the conditions under which leaders and other communicators are held accountable for the veracity of their claims—a process we call factual accountability. We argue that members of the political elite, news media, and citizens each have roles to play in establishing factual accountability, but trends in each of these realms pose challenges to a truth-driven information order. We conclude with suggestions for reconstructing factual accountability as a basis for public conversation.
Scoop
Authors: Maxwell Hamilton John , Tworek Heidi 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The state of foreign reporting today is paradoxical. New technology makes some aspects of foreign reporting faster and easier; it has also raised old problems of trust and the high cost of foreign news that were first seen in the 19th century. This chapter situates today’s new developments in media economics and technology in the context of the 19th-century’s foreign correspondence, which was full of hoaxes and bogus reporting, as well as outstanding correspondents on the ground. Our current moment is a recalibration of three trade-offs in foreign correspondence: managed news vs. independence, speed vs. superficiality, and abundant sources vs. reliability. We examine these trade-offs by looking at modern American and European foreign correspondents, who have long grappled with truth and trust in news.
The Use and Verification of Online Sources in the News Production Process
Authors: Lecheler Sophie , Kruikemeier Sanne , Haan Yael de 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter has two aims. It discusses how and which online sources journalists use today and how journalists can actually verify information online. We also discuss how the use of online sources affects the prevalence of balanced and objective reporting in mediated discourses. The chapter includes a short case study concentrating on how journalists in the Netherlands select and verify sources online, and suggests that there is little indication that online sources have fundamentally changed issues such as elite bias in news journalism. There is also no indication that the value journalists place on “traditional” techniques of news production has changed. The chapter shows that there is a clear challenge to how online and social media sources should be verified and that journalists have begun to intuitively develop hybrid forms of verification. The chapter concludes with suggesting several actions for journalists to guide the research production process in an online environment.
Emotional Characteristics of Social Media and Political Misperceptions
Authors: Weeks Brian E. , Garrett R. Kelly 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Society’s turn to social media as a primary source of news and political information means that journalists’ goal of accurately informing the public is now challenged by user-created and shared content that is misleading, inaccurate, or blatantly false. In this chapter it is argued that emotions exacerbate the problem and make it more likely that people are exposed to false information, share it, and believe it. The chapter begins by reviewing the relevant conceptualizations of emotion before turning to a discussion of emotions’ influence at various stages in this process. First, the chapter illustrates how emotions bias what news and information people seek and are exposed to in social media, including misinformation. Second, the chapter describes the various ways in which emotions affect how people engage news in social media, including sharing, and its consequences for false beliefs. The chapter ends by demonstrating how the emotional character of social media can lead to inaccurate political beliefs.