bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
INTERPRETAZIONI E IPOTESI SUL SISTEMA DEI PARTITI DEL PARLAMENTO EUROPEO
Authors: Attinà Fulvio 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneLa politica internazionale non ha ancora conosciuto strutture partitiche transnazionali unitarie; non è mai accaduto che partiti di sistemi politici e statuali diversi partecipassero a una stessa campagna elettorale per inviare propri uomini a un'assemblea parlamentare sovranazionale; non sono mai esistiti partiti con strutture (quadri e base) transnazionali né partiti con programmi da attuare a livello sovranazionale. Con l'elezione a suffragio diretto del Parlamento Europeo e con la costituzione di federazioni partitiche a livello comunitario ci troviamo per la prima volta di fronte a partiti che sono strumenti di lotta e forme di cooperazione a livello internazionale nell'ambito di un sistema di stati in via di integrazione, quindi strettamente interdipendenti, ma certo ancora indipendenti. Si avvia cosí un processo — certo lungo e complesso — al termine del quale la politica comunitaria si trasformerà da politica intergovernativa in politica partitica. A partire dalla prossima campagna elettorale per il Parlamento Europeo, infatti, la politica comunitaria sarà caratterizzata anche a livello globale dalla lotta politica tra organizzazioni partitiche. I partiti europei si svilupperanno, a loro volta, attorno alle istituzioni comunitarie articolando domande e proponendo soluzioni riguardo a problemi comunitari generali e a problemi settoriali, parziali o specifici. Come i partiti nazionali, quelli europei influenzeranno i dibattiti e i processi di autorità e di decisione e, in genere, mireranno ad indirizzare tutti gli eventi comunitari nelle direzioni da essi preferite; passerà del tempo, ma certo quanto piú i partiti europei diventeranno organizzazioni stabili e permanenti, tanto piú si interesseranno di tutti i problemi comunitari e svilupperanno attitudini capaci di dare soluzioni secondo prospettive di carattere comunitario. Nello stesso tempo si innesterà un processo parallelo: la Comunità si proporrà come nuova entita di riferimento e di fedeltà esclusiva con una giurisdizione territoriale piú ampia di quell a conosciuta dai soggetti degli stati membri e con una sfera di autonomia in espansione.
Understanding dementia in ethnically diverse groups: a qualitative study from Norway
Authors: Sagbakken Mette , Spilker Ragnhild Storstein , Ingebretsen Reidun 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAs the number of older immigrants in Europe rises, dementia within minority ethnic populations warrants attention as a significant public health problem. Equitable health and care services constitute a prioritised health policy aim on both supranational and national levels in Europe and is formulated in the Norwegian health legislation. Through interviews and focus groups with older immigrants, relatives of immigrants with dementia and health personnel, we explored the perceptions of dementia among ethnically diverse groups in Norway. The findings show that many interpret symptoms such as memory loss and disorientation as a natural part of ageing. Others consider dementia symptoms to have a psycho-social origin, deriving from social isolation. Some describe symptoms as an expression of a potentially transient sign of madness, while others point to destiny and God's will, representing basic and unalterable causes. However, another pattern of perception includes viewing dementia as a potentially transient physical illness, including a belief in a medical cure. By investigating how people with dementia and their families understand and manage the condition, one may facilitate access to relevant and adapted information. Furthermore, by exploring how people relate to their illness, health personnel may challenge explanatory models that create unrealistic expectations of cure, as well as models that, due to stigma or normalisation of symptoms, prevent the use of public care.
Estuary circulation: assessment and application
Authors: Collar R. H. F. 
Published: May 2019

SynopsisThe Hansen and Rattray (1966) procedure for classifying estuary circulation pattern is applied to the estuaries of the Dornoch and Cromarty Firths, and the Tay, Forth, and Clyde. All are found to be partlymixed, with the Cromarty Firth and Clyde approaching the stratified condition. The ability of the method to forecast stratification and circulation is examined by comparing predictions and field measurements in the five estuaries. Acceptable results are obtained in cases of better mixing, but some significant departures occur with low range tides and with irregular depth.One dimensional dispersion coefficients are calculated for the five systems and vary from 70 to 1285 m2s−1. Values increase both as mixing diminishes and with distance seaward along the estuary. Comparison with the table relating values to contributing mechanisms given by Cox and Macola (1967) shows in these cases density-driven circulation to produce higher coefficients than storage basin effect. The results also suggest that transverse circulation induced by Coriolis force produces a further order of increase in dispersion coefficient, values then exceeding 500m2s−1.
Animals in deep sea sediments
Authors: Gage John D. 
Published: May 2019

SynopsisRecent studies of the unexpectedly diverse assemblages of ainimals living either in, or on, deep sea sediments have revealed a community of extremely low standing crop—seemingly directly attributable to the low fallout of utilisable organic matter onto the bottom. This benthic community is also characterised by small organism size and probable low rates of biological activity measured as respiration or reproduction.Strictly comparable sampling methods demonstrate a close similarity between Rockall Trough (NE Atlantic) and the central N Pacific in terms of the proportions of major faunal groupings present, even if the constituent species are different, despite considerable differences in standing crop. Therefore the relative proportions of the wide spectrum of small, but not necessarily simple, forms of life that comprise the deep sea benthos may vary, but little, over wide areas of the world ocean. Moreover, considerable affinity of this fauna in Rockall Trough to that of the soft muds of Scottish sea lochs is suggested, even to species common to both habitats.The deep sea fauna seems homogeneously dispersed over large areas, the major variability occurring at the smallest possible scale—that of the size Of the organisms themselves: by structuring their habitat into a myriad of microniches these animals probably have evolved a biologically highly complex type of community, characteristically vulnerable to, and slow to recover from natural and anthropogenic perturbation. The effect on this fragile and still obscure natural community, in realizing proposals to harvest deep sea minerals, is thus likely to be local extinction of the community followed by extremely slow recovery by means of larval recruitment and immigration from surrounding areas.
The recovery of the polluted Clyde Estuary
Authors: Mackay David W. , Tayler W. Kevin , Henderson Anne R. 
Published: May 2019

SynopsisThe Clyde Estuary is recovering from gross pollution inherited from the age of the Industrial Revolution.It is necessary now to establish the degree of recovery and determine any subsequent effects of future planning consents. Documentation on water quality was subjective until the 1960's when quantitative studies on pollution levels commenced.Much attention has been paid to dissolved oxygen (DO) levels in the estuary. The changes in the DO regime over the last ten years have been quantified with the help of multiple regression techniques. The use of these techniques in establishing the changes resulting from improvements to Dalmarnock and Paisley sewage treatment works is described. Deterministic models, based on the diffusion-convection equation, have been used to predict future DO conditions. The theoretical base of these models is outlined and examples are given of the use of the models in predicting the effects of possible developments on the estuary.Biological monitoring has also been utilised to assess estuarine recovery. Benthic data has been accumulated since 1967. Regular surveys highlight improvements in species richness, diversity and stability. Spatial and temporal population variation was investigated and the salinity tolerances of the species considered. Fish life is increasing and is now present for much of the year, although salmon are still excluded from the upper Clyde system. The lower estuary remains an important overwintering feeding ground for wader populations.
Mapping species distributions as a tool in marine ecology
Authors: Norton Trevor A. 
Published: May 2019

SynopsisMaps are shown to be the most striking way of displaying the distribution of marine species on a geographical scale. They have been used to indicate not only the presence or absence of a species, but also its abundance. A single map only records the distribution pattern at a particular moment in time, but repeated mapping clearly demonstrates temporal fluctuations. Many ecological insights have been derived from distribution maps especially when they are compared with records of environmental factors such as substratum type, current velocity or temperature. Moreover maps actually stimulate experimental work which seeks to explain the distribution patterns displayed.
Permutation groups containing a regular abelian subgroup: the tangled history of two mistakes of Burnside
Authors: WILDON MARK 
Published: May 2019

AbstractA groupKis said to be a B-group if every permutation group containingKas a regular subgroup is either imprimitive or 2-transitive. In the second edition of his influential textbook on finite groups, Burnside published a proof that cyclic groups of composite prime-power degree are B-groups. Ten years later, in 1921, he published a proof that every abelian group of composite degree is a B-group. Both proofs are character-theoretic and both have serious flaws. Indeed, the second result is false. In this paper we explain these flaws and prove that every cyclic group of composite order is a B-group, using only Burnside’s character-theoretic methods. We also survey the related literature, prove some new results on B-groups of prime-power order, state two related open problems and present some new computational data.
Chroma-Memo-Flow Technique for Rapid Sequential Analysis of Regional Cerebral Blood Flow (rCBF) Responses
Authors: Overgaard Jørn 
Published: May 2019

SUMMARY:This is the first report of a method of sequential regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) analysis, called Croma-Memo-Flow. This technique is a computerized modification of the initial slope method of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF init.), allowing temporal resolution of the flow pattern by calculation of the slopes of sequential segments of the initial 1-2 minutes of the Xenon-133 washout curve. The same theoretical analysis applies to this method as to the rCBF init. method. Each flow calculation is based on the slope of a discrete 16 second segment of the initial washout; and each second the segment is advanced by one second. A new flow calculation is made each second and is displayed as a color coded map on a TV screen. Each map is labelled, indicating the time in seconds following Xenon injection, and sequential rCBF changes during the clearance period can be immediately visualized. This allows for almost instantaneous analysis and display of rapid or transient rCBF responses to activation and deactivation of the cerebral cortices.The data is stored in a 35 channel memory for deliberate replay, photography, and analysis.Functional tests may be applied during the initial washout period and both the magnitude and chronological relationships of the evoked regional cerebrovascular responses observed. A clinical study is presented to illustrate the possibilities of applying the technique to assess cortical reactivity.
Clinical and Electronystagmographic findings in Friedreich's Ataxia
Authors: Monday L. A. , Lemieux B. , St-Vincent H. , Barbeau A. 
Published: May 2019

SUMMARY:A thorough investigation of vestibular function has been carried out in 16 patients with typical Friedreich's ataxia. Electronystagmography and caloric tests revealed a number of inconstant abnormalities. Most abnormal findings were related to ocular dysmetria, disorganized pursuit and square waves.
Emerging Treatments: Replacement Therapy with Choline or Lecithin in Neurological Diseases
Authors: Barbeau A. 
Published: May 2019

SUMMARY:This review evaluates the theoretical background and experimental data behind a new development: the replacement therapy of deficient central cholinergic systems with the dietary precursors choline or lecithin. Cholinergic deficiency states are possibly present in five neurological entities: Huntington's chorea, Tardive Dyskinesia, Gilles de la Tourette's disease, Friedreich's ataxia and presenile dementia. Preliminary data from various laboratories, including our own, in each of these disorders indicate that some clinical improvement can occasionally be seen, and that this approach deserves further investigation.
Differentiating Between Healthy Control Participants and Those with Mild Cognitive Impairment Using Volumetric MRI Data
Authors: DeVivo Renée , Zajac Lauren , Mian Asim , Cervantes-Arslanian Anna , Steinberg Eric , Alosco Michael L. , Mez Jesse , Stern Robert , Killany Ronald ,   for the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: May 2019

AbstractObjective:To determine whether volumetric measures of the hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, and other cortical measures can differentiate between cognitively normal individuals and subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI).Method:Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data from 46 cognitively normal subjects and 50 subjects with MCI as part of the Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Center research registry and the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative were used in this cross-sectional study. Cortical, subcortical, and hippocampal subfield volumes were generated from each subject’s MRI data using FreeSurfer v6.0. Nominal logistic regression models containing these variables were used to identify subjects as control or MCI.Results:A model containing regions of interest (superior temporal cortex, caudal anterior cingulate, pars opercularis, subiculum, precentral cortex, caudal middle frontal cortex, rostral middle frontal cortex, pars orbitalis, middle temporal cortex, insula, banks of the superior temporal sulcus, parasubiculum, paracentral lobule) fit the data best (R2= .7310, whole model test chi-square = 97.16,p&lt; .0001).Conclusions:MRI data correctly classified most subjects using measures of selected medial temporal lobe structures in combination with those from other cortical areas, yielding an overall classification accuracy of 93.75%. These findings support the notion that, while volumes of medial temporal lobe regions differ between cognitively normal and MCI subjects, differences that can be used to distinguish between these two populations are present elsewhere in the brain.
A review of the effects of tobacco smoking on cancer treatment: smoking cessation intervention should be integrated into the cancer care continuum
Authors: Kassim Rahil , Osei Ernest , Cronin Kelly A. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackground:The adverse health effects associated with smoking tobacco have been well investigated, and its detrimental effects on cancer treatment outcomes, efficacy and quality of life (QOL) for cancer patients have also been well documented. Tobacco smoke contains many thousands of chemicals, including a plethora of carcinogens, and the exposure of human cells to these carcinogens, and their metabolic activation, is the main mechanism by which smoking-related cancer is initiated.Materials and Methods:This paper reports on a narrative review of recent studies in the field of effects of tobacco smoking on cancer treatment, including the effects of carcinogens in smoke on carcinogenesis, cell mutations and the immune system. The health effects of smokeless tobacco, effects of tobacco smoking on cancer treatment, and its impact on surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy are reported. The potential risks of second primary cancers or recurrence from tobacco use, the effects of second-hand smoking and cancer treatment, the impact of smoking on the QOL after cancer treatment and the need to integrate smoking cessation programs into the cancer care continuum are also reported.Conclusions:Tobacco use has a direct impact on cellular function by inhibiting apoptosis, stimulating proliferation and decreasing the efficacy of cancer treatment; therefore, quitting its use has the potential to improve treatment response rates and survival, as well as reduces the risk of developing second cancers and potentially improves the QOL after treatment. Smoking cessation is one of the most important interventions to prevent cancer and is also essential after the diagnosis of cancer to improve clinical outcomes. Due to the numerous benefits of smoking cessation, it should become a critical component of the cancer care continuum in all oncology programs – from prevention of cancer through diagnosis, treatment, survivorship and palliative care. Evidence-based smoking cessation intervention should be sustainably integrated into any comprehensive cancer program, and the information should be targeted to the specific benefits of cessation in cancer patients.
Attitudes toward assisted suicide requests in the context of severe and persistent mental illness: A survey of psychiatrists in Switzerland
Authors: Hodel Martina A. , Hoff Paul , Irwin Scott A. , Biller-Andorno Nikola , Riese Florian , Trachsel Manuel 
Published: May 2019

AbstractObjectiveSwitzerland is among the few countries worldwide where a request for assisted suicide (AS) can be granted on the basis of a primary psychiatric diagnosis. Psychiatrists play an increasingly important role in this regard, especially when the request for AS arises in the context of suffering caused by severe and persistent mental illness (SPMI). The objective of the survey was to assess general attitudes among psychiatrists in Switzerland regarding AS requests from patients with SPMI.MethodIn a cross-sectional survey of 1,311 German-speaking psychiatrists in Switzerland, participants were asked about their attitude to AS for patients with SPMI, based on three case vignettes of patients diagnosed with anorexia nervosa, treatment-refractory depression, or severe persistent schizophrenia.ResultFrom a final sample of 457 psychiatrists (a response rate of 34.9%) whose mean age was 57.8 years, 48.6% of respondents did not support access to AS for persons diagnosed with SPMI, 21.2% were neutral, and 29.3% indicated some degree of support for access. In relation to the case vignettes, a slightly higher percentage of respondents supported the patient's wish to seek AS: 35.4% for those diagnosed with anorexia nervosa, 32.1% for those diagnosed with depression, and 31.4% for those diagnosed with schizophrenia.Significance of resultsAlthough a majority of the responding psychiatrists did not support AS for SPMI patients, about one-third would have supported the wishes of patients in the case vignettes. In light of the increasing number of psychiatric patients seeking AS and the continuing liberalization of AS practices, it is important to understand and take account of psychiatrists’ perspectives.
Design criteria of X-wave launchers for millimeter-wave applications
Authors: Fuscaldo Walter , Pavone Santi C. , Comite Davide , Valerio Guido , Albani Matteo , Ettorre Mauro , Galli Alessandro 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBessel-beam launchers are promising and established technologies for focusing applications at microwaves. Their use in time-domain leads to the definition of a new class of devices, namely, the X-wave launchers. In this work, we discuss the focusing features of such devices with a specific interest at millimeter waves. The spatial resolutions of such systems are described under a rigorous mathematical framework to derive novel operating conditions for designing X-wave launchers. These criteria might be particularly appealing for specific millimeter-wave applications. In particular, it is shown that an electrically large aperture is not strictly required, as it seemed from previous works. However, the use of an electrically small aperture would demand a considerably wideband capability. The various discussions presented here provide useful information for the design of X-wave launchers. This aspect is finally shown with reference to the practical design of two different X-wave launchers.
Selectivity and in-band impedance enhancement of a compact slot antenna with defected ground structures
Authors: Yang Hailong , Xi Xiaoli , Wang Lili , Zhao Yuchen , Shi Xiaomin 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIn this study, a new ultra-wideband (UWB) band-edge selectivity antenna with a modified radiation slot using defected ground structure (DGS) is presented to obtain bandpass filtering reflection coefficient and gain performance. The well-designed DGS is designed on backside metallic of the substrate and can be seen as a low-pass filter that provides a good roll-off at a higher frequency. By connecting the DGS and the stepped slot and making them merge with each other, good cut-off property in the upper passband and better in-band impedance characteristics are obtained. Measured results show that the proposed design not only shows good band-edge selectivity in reflection coefficient and gain performance but also has a good impedance matching of −13.5 dB reflection coefficients and a good radiation efficiency of 90% in the operating frequencies. The measured bandwidth defined with the reflection coefficient less than −10 dB is from 3.1–11.2 GHz. Furthermore, the size of the filtering UWB antenna is 22 mm × 12 mm, which is smaller than many individual UWB antennas and UWB filters.
Environmental monitoring and the developmental origins of health and disease
Authors: Almeida Douglas Lopes , Pavanello Audrei , Saavedra Lucas Paulo , Pereira Tais Susane , de Castro-Prado Marialba Avezum Alves , de Freitas Mathias Paulo Cezar 
Published: May 2019

AbstractEarly-life chronic exposure to environmental contaminants, such as bisphenol-A, particulate matter air pollution, organophosphorus pesticides, and pharmaceutical drugs, among others, may affect central tissues, such as the hypothalamus, and peripheral tissues, such as the endocrine pancreas, causing inflammation and apoptosis with severe implications to the metabolism. The Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) concept articulates events in developmental phases of life, such as intrauterine, lactation, and adolescence, to later-life metabolism and health. These developmental phases are more susceptible to environmental changes, such as those caused by environmental contaminants, which may predispose individuals to obesity, metabolic syndrome, and chronic noncommunicable diseases later in life. Alterations in the epigenome are explored as an underlying mechanism to the programming effects on metabolism, as the expression of key genes related with central and peripheral metabolic functions may be altered in response to environmental disturbances. Studies show that environmental contaminants may affect gene expressions in mammals, especially when exposed to during the developmental phases of life, leading to metabolic disorders in adulthood. In this review, we discuss the current obesity epidemics, the DOHaD concept, pollutants’ toxicology, environmental control, and the role of environmental contaminants in the central and peripheral programming of obesity and metabolic syndrome. Improving environmental monitoring may directly affect the quality of life of the population and help protect the future generations from metabolic diseases.