bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Global Mobility Infrastructure: Reconceptualising the Externalisation of Migration Control
Authors: Spijkerboer Thomas 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Since the end of the Cold War, migration law and policy of the global North has been characterised by externalisation, privatisation and securitisation. These developments have been conceptualised as denying access to migrants and as politics of non-entrée. This article proposes to broaden the analysis, and to analyse unwanted migration as merely one form of international human mobility by relying on the concept of the global mobility infrastructure. The global mobility infrastructure consists of the physical structures, services and laws that enable some people to move across the globe with high speed, low risk, and at low cost. People who have no access to it travel slowly, with high risk and at high cost. Within the global mobility infrastructure, travellers benefit from advanced forms of international law. For the excluded, international law reflects and embodies their exclusion before, during and after their travel to the global North. Exclusion is based on nationality, race, class and gender. The notion of the global mobility infrastructure allows for questioning the way in which international law reproduces these forms of stratification.
Frailty as a Predictor of Postoperative Outcomes among Patients with Head and Neck Cancer
Authors: Pitts Kristen D. , Arteaga Alberto A. , Stevens Benjamin P. , White William C. , Su Dan , Spankovich Christopher , Jefferson Gina D. , Jackson Lana L. 
Published: January 2019

ObjectivesTo understand measures of frailty among preoperative patients and explain how these can predict perioperative outcomes among patients with head and neck cancer.Study DesignRetrospective cross‐sectional case series with chart review.SettingAcademic tertiary medical center.Subjects and MethodsA retrospective review was performed of patients presenting to an academic hospital following a surgical procedure for a head and neck cancer diagnosis. Charts were queried for preoperative medical diagnoses to calculate 2 frailty scores: the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program modified frailty index and the Johns Hopkins Adjusted Clinical Groups frailty index. The American Society of Anesthesiologists classification system was also analyzed as a predictor. Primary outcomes were mortality, 30‐day readmission, and length of stay. Perioperative complications and discharge disposition were also evaluated.ResultsA total of 410 charts were queried between January 2014 and December 2017. Mortality was 11%; mean ± SD length of stay was 7.4 ± 5.5 days; and the readmission rate was 17%. The modified frailty index score significantly increased the odds of mortality (odds ratio = 1.475, P =. 012) and readmission (odds ratio = 1.472, P =. 004), the length of stay (relative risk = 1.136, P =. 001), and the number of perioperative complications. The American Society of Anesthesiologists classification was also significantly associated with poor outcomes, including readmission, length of stay, and perioperative complications. The Adjusted Clinical Groups index was not a significant predictor of outcomes in this study population.ConclusionsThis study demonstrated a significant increase in poor perioperative outcomes and mortality among patients with head and neck cancer and increased frailty, as measured by the modified frailty index.
Livedo vasculopathy: Ablation of the affected vessels to prevent recurrent ulcerations
Authors: Parsi Kurosh , Kang Mina , Abbott Lisa 
Published: January 2019

Background Livedo vasculopathy is a cutaneous thrombotic microangiopathy favouring the lower legs characterised by an intense reticulate pigmentation, atrophie blanche and recurrent painful stellate ulcerations. There is a strong association with antiphospholipid syndrome, thrombophilic abnormalities, factor V Leiden mutation and more recently, lipoprotein A. Thrombotic occlusion of the dermal venules is the key pathology in livedo vasculopathyand there is no associated vasculitis. Anticoagulation and other currently recommended conservative therapies do not influence the rate of ulcer healing. Method Concurrent venous hypertension was treated with endovenous ablative methods. In addition, vessels deemed to be involved in the process of vasculopathy, irrespective of their reflux status were identified on duplex ultrasound or by sight and ablated using endovenous laser and/or sclerotherapy. Results Five patients received endovenous intervention while two patients did not undergo any procedures. One patient requested a delay in interventions due to her circumstances and the other patient had multiple contraindications and comorbidities. On long-term follow-up, the intervention achieved complete ulcer healing and resolution of pain without any recurrence in four treated patients. Conclusion We recommend ablative venous interventions in suitable patients with livedo vasculopathy to prevent recurrent ulcerations. Compression should be considered as an adjunct treatment.
Geoclinical analyses for areas at high risk for motorcycle-related road traffic injury in a district in Malaysia
Authors: Rahman Nik Hisamuddin NA , Naing Nyi Nyi 
Published: January 2019

Objective: The goal of this prospective cross-sectional study was particularly to collect data on the epidemiology, the pattern of injury among motorcyclists and to relate with spatial data in a local district. Methods: It involved data collection from prehospital care and inhospital care record. In addition, it utilized geospatial ARCGIS® version 10.1 software in the identification of hotspot location of road traffic injury. Written informed consent was obtained from patient(s) or relatives for their anonymized information to be published in any article. Results: A total of 439 cases were recruited over 10 months. The mean age (standard deviation) of the motorvehicle crash victims was 26.04 (15.26) years. Male comprised 302 (73.3%) of the cases. A total of 176 (42.7%) of the victims were between the ages of 20–40 years. A total of 176 (42.7%) of the motorcyclists admitted were wearing the safety helmets either from the history taking or from the witness. A total of 117 (28.4%) and 28 (6.8%) of the victims were admitted to the general wards and critical care units, respectively for further management. The mean (standard deviation) length of hospital stays was 7.19 (6.94) days. Based on hotspot mapping using ARCGIS 10.1, most of the motorvehicle crash cases occurred mainly within the specific borough. This finding concurred with the locations of the state roads involved that traversed mainly within the same borough. Further geospatial and temporal analysis showed that most of the motorvehicle crash that occurred during the weekend were located within the suburban areas. Conclusion: Motorcyclists, being male and young age are the vulnerable group of road users commonly injured on our road. The initial geospatial analysis of injury-related motorvehicle crash cases has shown common hotspot trending along certain roads and borough within the district. This new knowledge can be used in the future for preventive and road safety programs in high-risk areas.
Tumor Treating Fields for Glioblastoma Treatment: Patient Satisfaction and Compliance With the Second-Generation Optune® System
Authors: Kinzel Adrian , Ambrogi Michael , Varshaver Michael , Kirson Eilon D 
Published: January 2019

Background: Tumor treating fields (TTFields) are a non-invasive antimitotic therapy that delivers alternating electric fields via the Optune® system. The Phase III EF-14 trial in newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) showed significantly improved progression-free, overall and long-term survival when Optune was used together with maintenance temozolomide (TMZ) compared with TMZ alone. Compliance (average monthly use) was associated with better clinical outcome. The first-generation Optune system weighed approximately 6 pounds (~2.7 kg). The second-generation redesigned Optune system weighs 2.7 pounds (~1.2 kg). We tested and compared GBM patient experience with the second-generation system versus the first-generation system. Methods: Ten newly diagnosed and recurrent GBM patients in Germany (median age: 52.9 years [31-79]) were prospectively monitored over the first month of transitioning from the first-generation to the second-generation Optune system. Questionnaires using a numerical analog scale assessed feedback at baseline (first generation) and after 1 month of second-generation use. Results: After transitioning to the second-generation system, compliance improved by more than 10% in four patients, was maintained in five patients and decreased by more than 10% in one patient. Following transition, eight out of nine patients reported a reduction in the triggering of malfunction alarms. Self-reported patient feedback showed improved handling and portability (weight, mobility) of the second- versus the first-generation Optune system. Conclusions: This patient user survey suggests that patient satisfaction with the second-generation Optune system is improved versus the first-generation system. Improved features of the new system help patients achieve and maintain a higher rate of treatment compliance.
cGMP modulation therapeutics for sickle cell disease
Authors: Conran Nicola , Torres Lidiane 
Published: January 2019

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is an inherited disease caused by the production of abnormal hemoglobin (Hb) S, whose deoxygenation-induced polymerization results in red blood cell (RBC) sickling and numerous pathophysiological consequences. SCD affects approximately 300,000 newborns worldwide each year and is associated with acute and chronic complications, including frequent painful vaso-occlusive episodes that often require hospitalization. Chronic intravascular hemolysis in SCD significantly reduces vascular nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability, consequently decreasing intracellular signaling via cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), in turn diminishing vasodilation and contributing to the inflammatory mechanisms that trigger vaso-occlusive processes. Oxidative stress may further reduce NO bioavailability in SCD and can oxidize the intracellular enzyme target of NO, soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC), rendering it inactive. Increasing intracellular cGMP-dependent signaling constitutes an important pharmacological therapeutic approach for SCD with a view to augmenting vasodilation, and reducing inflammatory mechanisms, as well as for increasing the production of anti-polymerizing fetal Hb in erythroid cells. Pharmacological agents under pre-clinical and clinical investigation for SCD include NO-based therapeutics to augment NO bioavailability, as well as heme-dependent sGC stimulators and heme-independent sGC activators that directly stimulate native and oxidized sGC, respectively, therefore bypassing the need for vascular NO delivery. Additionally, the phosphodiesterases (PDEs) that degrade intracellular cyclic nucleotides with specific cellular distributions are attractive drug targets for SCD; PDE9 is highly expressed in hematopoietic cells, making the use of PDE9 inhibitors, originally developed for use in neurological diseases, a potential approach that could rapidly amplify intracellular cGMP concentrations in a relatively tissue-specific manner. Impact statement Sickle cell disease (SCD) is one of the most common inherited diseases and is associated with a reduced life expectancy and acute and chronic complications, including frequent painful vaso-occlusive episodes that often require hospitalization. At present, treatment of SCD is limited to hematopoietic stem cell transplant, transfusion, and limited options for pharmacotherapy, based principally on hydroxyurea therapy. This review highlights the importance of intracellular cGMP-dependent signaling pathways in SCD pathophysiology; modulation of these pathways with soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) stimulators or phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors could potentially provide vasorelaxation and anti-inflammatory effects, as well as elevate levels of anti-sickling fetal hemoglobin.
Role of multi-parametric ultrasound in transient perivascular inflammation of the carotid artery syndrome
Authors: Rafailidis Vasileios , Chryssogonidis Ioannis , Tegos Thomas , Partovi Sasan , Charitanti-Kouridou Afroditi , Staub Daniel 
Published: January 2019

Introduction The term “carotidynia” has been used to describe a symptom or a nosologic entity characterized by pain in the lateral neck region and over the carotid bifurcation. Recent advances in diagnostic imaging and the introduction of diagnostic criteria have led to the adoption of term “Transient perivascular inflammation of the carotid artery” (TIPIC) syndrome. Method A retrospective analysis of the Radiology Department’s database was performed to identify cases with the diagnosis of TIPIC syndrome. The purpose was to identify ultrasound images including B-mode technique, colour, power Doppler technique and contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS). Findings In total, five patients with the diagnosis of TIPIC syndrome are presented in this review. TIPIC syndrome is a clinic-radiologic entity characterized by pain over the carotid area, a symptom referring to a wide differential diagnosis where imaging plays a crucial role for proper diagnosis and treatment. Characteristic imaging findings on conventional ultrasound and CEUS are presented in this review. Discussion TIPIC syndrome can be investigated with virtually any imaging modality. Ultrasound typically reveals perivascular infiltration and a hypoechoic intimal plaque, while no significant luminal narrowing is appreciated. Computed tomography angiography and magnetic resonance angiography also demonstrate these vascular wall changes primarily affecting the distal common carotid artery, the carotid bulb and possibly the internal carotid artery proximal part. Contrast enhancement is a very characteristic and constant finding of TIPIC lesions, suggestive of the inflammatory nature of the disease and can be appreciated on computed tomography angiography and magnetic resonance angiography. CEUS has been recently used and successfully observed contrast enhancement of the lesions, similar to computed tomography angiography and magnetic resonance angiography. Conclusion Ultrasound remains the first-line modality for the evaluation of TIPIC syndrome, capable of providing all the information needed, especially if supplemented with the administration of microbubbles so that the enhancement of lesions can be evaluated.
HIV Viral Dynamics of Lopinavir/Ritonavir Monotherapy as Second-Line Treatment: A Prospective, Single-Arm Trial
Authors: Claassen Cassidy W. , Keckich David , Nwizu Chidi , Abimiku Alash’le , Salami Donald , Obiefune Michael , Gilliam Bruce L. , Amoroso Anthony 
Published: January 2019

Background: Characterizing viral response to lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) monotherapy as second-line treatment may guide recommendations for resource-limited settings (RLS). Methods: We conducted a 48-week prospective, single-arm study of LPV/r monotherapy in patients failing first-line therapy in Nigeria. The primary outcome was sustained HIV-1 viral load (VL) <400 copies/mL at 48 weeks. Results: Of 30 enrolled patients, 28 (93%) achieved viral suppression on LPV/r, while 29 (96%) experienced low-level viremia. At 48 weeks, 9 (30%) met the primary outcome of sustained viral suppression; 14 (47%) patients were suppressed on LPV/r in a snapshot analysis. Detectable VLs at 12 and 24 weeks were strongly associated with treatment failure at 48 weeks. New resistance mutations were not detected. The trial was stopped early due to treatment failure. Conclusion: In this study, the rate of virologic failure among patients on a second-line lopinavir monotherapy regimen was relatively high and predicted by early detectable viremia. However, no LPV/r-associated resistance mutations were detected despite fluctuating low-level viremia, demonstrating the high genetic barrier to resistance of the protease inhibitor class which could be useful in RLS.
A phase 1 trial of ibrutinib plus palbociclib in previously treated mantle cell lymphoma
Authors: Martin Peter , Bartlett Nancy L. , Blum Kristie A. , Park Steven , Maddocks Kami , Ruan Jia , Ridling LeAnn , Dittus Christopher , Chen Zhengming , Huang Xiangao , Inghirami Giorgio , DiLiberto Maurizio , Chen-Kiang Selina , Leonard John P. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractSingle-agent ibrutinib is active in patients with previously treated mantle cell lymphoma (MCL); however, nearly half of all patients experience treatment failure during the first year. We previously demonstrated that prolonged early G1 cell cycle arrest induced by the oral, specific CDK4/6 inhibitor palbociclib can overcome ibrutinib resistance in primary human MCL cells and MCL cell lines expressing wild-type Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK). Therefore, we conducted a phase 1 trial to evaluate the dosing, safety, and preliminary activity of palbociclib plus ibrutinib in patients with previously treated mantle cell lymphoma. From August 2014 to June 2016, a total of 27 patients (21 men, 6 women) were enrolled. The maximum tolerated doses were ibrutinib 560 mg daily plus palbociclib 100 mg on days 1 to 21 of each 28-day cycle. The dose-limiting toxicity was grade 3 rash. The most common grade 3 to 4 toxicities included neutropenia (41%), thrombocytopenia (30%), hypertension (15%), febrile neutropenia (15%), and lung infection (11%). The overall and complete response rates were 67% and 37%, and with a median follow-up of 25.6 months, the 2-year progression-free survival was 59.4% and the 2-year response duration was 69.8%. A phase 2 multicenter clinical trial to further characterize efficacy is now ongoing. The current trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT02159755.
Distinguishing suicides of people reported missing from those not reported missing: retrospective Scottish cohort study
Authors: Woolnough Penny , Magar Emily , Gibb Graham 
Published: January 2019

BackgroundUnderstanding what distinguishes the suicide of individuals reported missing (missing-suicides) from those of individuals not reported missing (other-suicides) may have preventative and/or operational utility and inform our knowledge of suicide.AimsTo assess whether specific epidemiological, sociodemographic or circumstantial characteristics differ between individuals reported missing and those not reported missing who take their own life.MethodContent analysis of Scottish Police Death Reports, detailing 160 suicides/undetermined deaths over a 3-year period in the North-East of Scotland.ResultsThose in the missing-suicide group were more likely to be older but did not differ from the other-suicide group on any other epidemiological or sociodemographic characteristics. Individuals in the other-suicide group were more likely to be found inadvertently by people known to them. The missing-suicide group took longer to find and were more likely to be located in natural outdoor locations by police/searchers or members of the public.ConclusionsIndividuals who die by suicide and who are reported as a missing person differ from those not reported as missing in terms of factors relating to location and how they are found but not epidemiological or sociodemographic characteristics.Declaration of interestNone.
Tislelizumab in combination with chemotherapy in Chinese patients with advanced gastric or gastroesophageal junction (G/GEJ) cancer: Results from one cohort of an ongoing phase 2 study.
Authors: Bai Yu-Xian , Li En Xiao , Wang Buhai , Yuan Xianglin , Xu Nong , Chen Yunxin , Li Xiang , Wang Huanli , Xu Jianming 
Published: January 2019

11 Background: Tislelizumab, a humanized IgG4 mAb with high affinity and specificity for PD-1, was specifically engineered to minimize FcγR binding on macrophages, thus abrogating antibody-dependent phagocytosis, a potential mechanism of T-cell clearance and resistance to anti-PD-1 therapy. This phase 2 study (NCT03469557) evaluated safety, tolerability, and antitumor activity of first-line tislelizumab plus chemotherapy in Chinese pts with advanced G/GEJ or esophageal cancer; data from the G/GEJ cohort are presented here. Methods: Adult pts with histologically or cytologically confirmed HER2 negative G/GEJ were treated with tislelizumab (200 mg IV Q3W) + oxaliplatin (130 mg/m² IV Q3W for up to 6 cycles) + capecitabine (1000 mg/m² BID, Days 1–14 Q3W). AEs were assessed per CTCAE v4.03; tumor responses were assessed every 9 wks. Results: As of 13 June 2018, 15 G/GEJ pts (median age, 59 yr; M/F, 11/4) were enrolled; median treatment duration was 171 days (range 21-251). AEs in > 2 pts considered related to chemotherapy and/or tislelizumab are detailed in the Table. No fatal AEs occurred. Three pts discontinued treatment due to ascites or increased ALT, AST, or total bilirubin. With a median follow up of 181 days, 46.7% (n = 7) had confirmed PR, 20% (n = 3) had SD, 13.3% (n = 2) with non-target disease only at baseline had non-CR/non-PD, 6.7% (n = 1) had PD, and 13.3% (n = 2) did not have evaluable disease. ORR and DCR were 46.7% (n = 7/15) and 80% (n = 12/15), respectively. Conclusions: First-line tislelizumab plus chemotherapy was generally well tolerated and antitumor activity was observed in pts with advanced G/GEJ cancer. Clinical trial information: NCT03469557. [Table: see text]
The hyperprogressive disease during nivolumab treatment or irinotecan treatment in patients with advanced gastric cancer.
Authors: Aoki Masahiko , Shoji Hirokazu , Imazeki Hiroshi , Miyamoto Takahiro , Hirano Hidekazu , Honma Yoshitaka , Iwasa Satoru , Okita Natsuko , Takashima Atsuo , Kato Ken , Boku Narikazu 
Published: January 2019

124 Background: Nivolumab has demonstrated a survival benefit as a single agent in patients with advanced gastric cancer (AGC) refractory to, or intolerant of, two or more previous regimens in phase III study (ATTRACTION-2). However, an acceleration of tumor growth during immunotherapy, (hyperprogressive disease: HPD), was reported in advanced cancers treated with immunotherapy. The frequency and outcome of HPD in AGC comparing between immunotherapy and cytotoxic agents are little known. The aim of this study was to clarify the prevalence and background of HPD in patients treated with nivolumab or irinotecan. Methods: The subjects of this retrospective study were AGC patients with measurable disease defined by RECIST version 1.1 who were treated with nivolumab or irinotecan at our institution between June 2009 and September 2018, and whose tumors were assessed at least 3 times (during prior therapy, immediately before and after initiating nivolumab or irinotecan). The tumor growth rates (TGR) both before and after nivolumab or irinotecan were calculated as reported (Stéphane Champiat, Clin Cancer Res 2017). HPD was defined as an increase in the TGR exceeding 50% after nivolumab or irinotecan compared with prior therapy. Results: 32 and 66 patients received nivolumab and irinotecan (20 patients received both irinotecan and nivolumab). There were more prior chemotherapy before nivolumab than irinotecan (median: 3 vs 2). The median overall survival (MST) was 4.1 months (95%CI; 4.6-9.3 months) after nivolumab, and 7.0 months (95%CI; 6.3-9.3 months) after irinotecan. There were 9 patients showing HPD (28.1%) after initiating nivolumab and 9 patients (13.5%) after irinotecan (p = 0.0824). There were no differences in background between patients with and without HPD either after nivolumab or irinotecan. 9 patients with HPD showed shorter survival than those without HPD after nivolumab (median: 1.9 vs 6.4 months, p = 0.0007) while there was no such difference after irinotecan (median: 7.3 vs 7.0 months, p = 0.3345). Conclusions: HPD was observed more frequently after initiating nivolumab compared with irinotecan, and was associated with a poor prognosis after nivolumab but not after irinotecan.