bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Developing a spectral disease index for myrtle rust (Austropuccinia psidii)
Authors: Heim R. H. J. , Wright I. J. , Allen A. P. , Geedicke I. , Oldeland J. 
Published: January 2019

Since 2010 Australian ecosystems and managed landscapes have been severely threatened by the invasive fungal pathogen Austropuccinia psidii. Detecting and monitoring disease outbreaks is currently only possible by human assessors, which is slow and labour intensive. Over the last 25 years, spectral vegetation indices (SVIs) have been designed to assess variation in biochemical or biophysical traits of vegetation. However, diagnosis of individual diseases based on classical SVIs is currently not possible because they lack disease specificity. Here, a novel spectral disease index (SDI), the lemon myrtle–myrtle rust index (LMMR), has been developed. The index was designed from hyperspectral leaf‐clip data collected at a lemon myrtle plantation in New South Wales, Australia. A total of 236 fungicide‐treated (disease free) and 228 untreated (diseased) lemon myrtle leaves were sampled and a random forest classifier was used to show that the LMMR discriminates those classes with an overall accuracy of 90%. Compared to three classical SVIs (PRI, MCARI, NBNDVI), commonly applied for stress detection, the LMMR clearly improved classification accuracies (58%, 67%, 60%, respectively). If the LMMR can be validated on independent datasets from similar and different host species, it could enable land managers to reduce disease impact by earlier control. There might also be potential to collect useful data for epidemiology models. Calculating the LMMR based on hyperspectral data collected from aerial platforms (e.g. drones) would allow for rapid and high‐capacity screening for disease outbreaks.
Contribution of Second and Higher‐Order Births to Adolescent Fertility in Mexico
Authors: Sánchez‐Pájaro Andrés , Braverman‐Bronstein Ariela , De Castro Filipa , Vidaña‐Pérez Dèsirée , Villalobos‐Hernández Aremis , Barrientos‐Gutiérrez Tonatiuh 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThis study estimates the contribution of second and higher‐order births to the adolescent fertility rate in Mexico from 2006 to 2014. We used data from nationally representative surveys for 2006, 2009, and 2014 to estimate the adolescent fertility rate, and the first, second, and higher‐order birth components for the triennium prior to each survey at the national and state level. Our results showed that the second and higher‐order component was 16.3 births per 1,000 women in 2003–05, 14.9 in 2006–08, and 16.9 in 2011–13. Second and higher‐order births represented 25.9 percent of all teen births in 2003–05, 21.6 percent in 2006–08, and 21.9 percent in 2011–13. Second and higher‐order births were heterogeneous across states. We found that second and higher‐order births are highly prevalent and important contributors to the adolescent fertility rate. Postponing second and higher‐order births would benefit both mothers and children. Monitoring them provides crucial information on the demand of targeted health system strategies that address the reproductive health needs of adolescent mothers. Interventions to prevent second and higher‐order pregnancies must be developed and implemented.
Economic Vulnerability, Cultural Decline, and Nativism: Contingent and Indirect Effects
Authors: Davis Nicholas T. , Goidel Kirby , Lipsmeyer Christine S. , Whitten Guy D. , Young Clifford 
Published: January 2019

ObjectiveNativism, or anti‐immigrant preferences, is increasingly evident within democratic mass publics. In this article, we explore whether economic concerns, perceptions of social decline, or some combination of the two shape these attitudes.MethodOur data are comprised of more than 8,000 survey respondents from nine Western, industrial democracies (Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Spain, Sweden, and the United States). Using mediation analysis, we test for the extent to which economic anxiety and perceptions of cultural decline exert direct and indirect effects on nativism.ResultsOn balance, the effect of economic anxiety—concern regarding job loss and negative economic assessments—on nativism is mostly indirect, affecting nativism by influencing perceptions of cultural decline.ConclusionGiven the strong association between perceptions of social decline and nativism, it appears as though anti‐immigrant sentiments draw from cultural rather than economic concerns. The story, however, does not end there. Perceptions of societal decline are strongly influenced by economic anxiety.
Effect of forage crop establishment on dissolved organic carbon dynamics and leaching in a hill country soil
Authors: Chibuike Grace , Burkitt Lucy , Camps‐Arbestain Marta , Bishop Peter , Bretherton Mike , Singh Ranvir 
Published: January 2019

AbstractIntensive agricultural activities could affect the dynamics and leaching of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nitrate from agricultural soils to receiving waters. This study investigated soil DOC dynamics immediately (0–12 days) after spraying a hill country perennial pasture with agrochemicals to establish a winter forage crop for supplementary feed production. Two treatments were examined—perennial pasture (without agrochemicals) and swede (Brassica napobrassica Mill.) cropping (after spraying with agrochemicals), both growing on a Typic Eutrudept. Soil samples were collected from various depths down to 1 m, before the application of agrochemicals (day 0) and 1, 6 and 12 days thereafter. Dissolved organic carbon concentration below the surface soil (<5 cm) was generally not altered by the agrochemicals. This was further proved by the isotopic monitoring of DOC leaching on this soil. Conversely, the agrochemicals significantly (p = 0.03) increased DOC concentration within the 0–5‐cm soil depth on day 1, due to the direct contribution of organic molecules and/or displacement of organic compounds at adsorption sites by the agrochemicals; and on day 6, due to root necromass decomposition. The increase of nitrate in soil solution at this depth (0–5 cm) on days 6 and 12 suggests that the agrochemicals may have also enhanced nitrogen (N) mineralization in the surface soil. However, the significantly (p = 0.04) higher DOC/nitrate (molar ratio) of the agrochemical treatment suggests that the agrochemicals used for clearing out pasture before forage crop establishment could lead to a short‐term increase in surface soil denitrification.
Development of a recombinant anti‐Vel immunoglobulin M to identify Vel‐negative donors
Authors: van der Rijst Marea V.E. , Lissenberg‐Thunnissen Suzanne N. , Ligthart Peter C. , Visser Remco , Jongerius John M. , Voorn Lesley , Veldhuisen Barbera , Vidarsson Gestur , van den Akker Emile , van der Schoot C. Ellen 
Published: January 2019

BACKGROUNDAlloimmunization against the high‐frequency Vel blood group antigen may result in transfusion reactions or hemolytic disease of fetus and newborn. Patients with anti‐Vel alloantibodies require Vel‐negative blood but Vel‐negative individuals are rare (1:4000). Identification of Vel‐negative donors ensures availability of Vel‐negative blood; however, accurate Vel blood group typing is difficult due to variable Vel antigen expression and limited availability of anti‐Vel typing sera. We report the production of a recombinant anti‐Vel that also identifies weak Vel expression.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSA recombinant anti‐Vel monoclonal antibody was produced by cloning the variable regions from an anti‐Vel–specific B cell isolated from an alloimmunized patient into a vector harboring the constant regions of immunoglobulin (Ig)G1‐kappa or IgM‐kappa. Antibody Vel specificity was tested by reactivity to SMIM1‐transfected HEK293T cells and by testing various red blood cells (RBCs) of donors with normal, weak, or no Vel expression. High‐throughput donor screening applicability was tested using an automated blood group analyzer.RESULTSA Vel‐specific IgM class antibody was produced. The antibody was able to distinguish between Vel‐negative and very weak Vel antigen–expressing RBCs by direct agglutination and in high‐throughput settings using a fully automated blood group analyzer and performed better than currently used human anti‐Vel sera. High‐throughput screening of 13,288 blood donations identified three new Vel‐negative donors.CONCLUSIONWe generated a directly agglutinating recombinant anti‐Vel IgM, M3F5S‐IgM, functional in manual, automated agglutination assays and flow cytometry settings. This IgM anti‐Vel will improve diagnostics by facilitating the identification of Vel‐negative blood donors.
How exporting firms respond to technical barriers to trade?
Authors: Hu Cui , Lin Faqin , Tan Yong , Tang Yihong 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThis paper investigates how technical barriers to trade (TBTs) affect firm exports. The implementation of the “child‐resistance” decision (CR decision) in the EU offers an ideal quasi‐natural experiment to identify the causal effect of TBTs on firm performance. Using data on Chinese firms that exported cigarette lighters between 2004 and 2010, we show that firms exporting to the EU not only adjust their product quality to meet the requirements in the CR decision, but also upgrade their product quality in other dimensions. However, both the export value and export volume to the EU decline. At the same time, less productive exporters are forced to exit from the EU market. Lastly, heterogeneous effects of the CR decision are documented.
A surgical approach for extensive orbital exenteration in dogs; a description of technique and its application in 4 cases
Authors: Berggren Karin , Wallin Håkansson Nils 
Published: January 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo describe a surgical approach for preplanned orbital exenteration.Animals studiedIndications included intraconal orbital mass lesions. Four dogs were included, 3 with neoplasia and one with retro bulbar nodular fasciitis.ProcedureTo facilitate complete removal of lesions, exenteration was performed by a new procedure for wide access. The frontalis and temporalis muscles were elevated and retracted through a single U‐shaped skin incision. Zygomatic arch osteotomy was performed, followed by a 360‐degree peritomy and zygomatic process osteotomy. The eyelids were divided from each other through the lateral cantus and then folded forward to expose the globe. The orbit was exenterated by blunt and sharp dissection. Osteotomies were closed with cerclage wires, soft tissues closed and the skin wound sutured in a T‐shape.ResultsThe present exenteration procedure gave excellent access to remove orbital contents flush with the optic foramen and orbital fissure. Postoperative swelling and pain were limited and healing uneventful. Two of the 3 neoplasia cases experienced tumor recurrence involving the brain at 18 and 20 months postoperatively, respectively. Both of these had optic canal or intracranial tumor extension preoperatively. Long‐term complications included mild concavity of the operated side of the face.ConclusionsThe present approach for preplanned exenteration offers excellent access for complete removal of orbital contents to the level of the optic foramen. Complications due to the surgical method are few and limited.
Safety and efficacy of topically applied 0.5% and 1% pirfenidone in a canine model of subconjunctival fibrosis
Authors: Westermeyer Hans D. , Salmon Beth , Baynes Ronald , Yeatts James , Khattab Ahlam , Oh Annie , Mowat Freya 
Published: January 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate tissue levels, safety, and efficacy of topical ophthalmic 0.5% and 1% pirfenidone in decreasing subconjunctival fibrosis.Animal studiedTwelve normal beagle dogsProceduresA 5 × 1 mm diameter silicone disk was implanted subconjunctivally in one eye, and then dogs were treated with topical 0.5% pirfenidone (n = 9) in artificial tears or artificial tears alone (n = 3) for 28 days. To evaluate tissue drug levels, a single sample of tears, conjunctiva, and aqueous humor was collected 30 (n = 3), 90 (n = 3), and 180 min (n = 3) following administration of the last drop of pirfenidone, respectively. Fibrous capsule thickness and staining for Ki67 and fibroblast activation protein alpha (FAPα) were evaluated histologically. After a 2‐week washout, the experiment was repeated in the opposite eye and using 1% pirfenidone.ResultsTreatment with pirfenidone resulted in thinner fibrous capsules and decreased staining forFAPα with no adverse effects. The implant in one dog treated with pirfenidone extruded. There was no difference in tissue levels, capsular thickness, or staining for Ki67 orFAPα between dogs treated with 0.5% or 1% pirfenidone.ConclusionsPirfenidone may decrease fibrosis following glaucoma shunt surgery and can potentially be used indefinitely due to minimal side effects.
Predicting Future Perceived Wellness in Professional Soccer: The Role of Preceding Load and Wellness
Authors: Op De Beéck Tim , Jaspers Arne , Brink Michel S. , Frencken Wouter G.P. , Staes Filip , Davis Jesse J. , Helsen Werner F. 
Published: January 2019

Purpose: The influence of preceding load and future perceived wellness of professional soccer players is unexamined. This paper simultaneously evaluates the external load (EL) and internal load (IL) for different time frames in combination with presession wellness to predict future perceived wellness using machine learning techniques. Methods: Training and match data were collected from a professional soccer team. The EL was measured using global positioning system technology and accelerometry. The IL was obtained using the rating of perceived exertion multiplied by duration. Predictive models were constructed using gradient-boosted regression trees (GBRT) and one naive baseline method. The individual predictions of future wellness items (ie, fatigue, sleep quality, general muscle soreness, stress levels, and mood) were based on a set of EL and IL indicators in combination with presession wellness. The EL and IL were computed for acute and cumulative time frames. The GBRT model’s performance on predicting the reported future wellness was compared with the naive baseline’s performance by means of absolute prediction error and effect size. Results: The GBRT model outperformed the baseline for the wellness items such as fatigue, general muscle soreness, stress levels, and mood. In addition, only the combination of EL, IL, and presession perceived wellness resulted in nontrivial effects for predicting future wellness. Including the cumulative load did not improve the predictive performances. Conclusions: The findings may indicate the importance of including both acute load and presession perceived wellness in a broad monitoring approach in professional soccer.
Cycling at Altitude: Lower Absolute Power Output as the Main Cause of Lower Gross Efficiency
Authors: van Erck Dennis , Wenker Eric J. , Levels Koen , Foster Carl , de Koning Jos J. , Noordhof Dionne A. 
Published: January 2019

Background: Although cyclists often compete at altitude, the effect of altitude on gross efficiency (GE) remains inconclusive. Purpose: To investigate the effect of altitude on GE at the same relative exercise intensity and at the same absolute power output (PO) and to determine the effect of altitude on the change in GE during high-intensity exercise. Methods: Twenty-one trained men performed 3 maximal incremental tests and 5 GE tests at sea level, 1500 m, and 2500 m of acute simulated altitude. The GE tests at altitude were performed once at the same relative exercise intensity and once at the same absolute PO as at sea level. Results: Altitude resulted in an unclear effect at 1500 m (−3.8%; ±3.3% [90% confidence limit]) and most likely negative effect at 2500 m (−6.3%; ±1.7%) on pre-GE, when determined at the same relative exercise intensity. When pre-GE was determined at the same absolute PO, unclear differences in GE were found (−1.5%; ±2.6% at 1500 m; −1.7%; ±2.4% at 2500 m). The effect of altitude on the decrease in GE during high-intensity exercise was unclear when determined at the same relative exercise intensity (−0.4%; ±2.8% at 1500 m; −0.7%; ±1.9% at 2500 m). When GE was determined at the same absolute PO, altitude resulted in a substantially smaller decrease in GE (2.8%; ±2.4% at 1500 m; 5.5%; ±2.9% at 2500 m). Conclusion: The lower GE found at altitude when exercise is performed at the same relative exercise intensity is mainly caused by the lower PO at which cyclists exercise.
Impairment of Cycling Capacity in the Heat in Well-Trained Endurance Athletes After High-Intensity Short-Term Heat Acclimation
Authors: Reeve Thomas , Gordon Ralph , Laursen Paul B. , Lee Jason K.W. , Tyler Christopher J. 
Published: January 2019

Purpose:To investigate the effects of short-term, high-intensity interval-training (HIIT) heat acclimation (HA).Methods:Male cyclists/triathletes were assigned into either an HA (n = 13) or a comparison (COMP, n = 10) group. HA completed 3 cycling heat stress tests (HSTs) to exhaustion (60%Wmax; HST1, pre-HA; HST2, post-HA; HST3, 7 d post-HA). HA consisted of 30-min bouts of HIIT cycling (6 min at 50%Wmax, then 12 × 1-min 100%-Wmaxbouts with 1-min rests between bouts) on 5 consecutive days. COMP completed HST1 and HST2 only. HST and HA trials were conducted in 35°C/50% relative humidity. Cycling capacity and physiological and perceptual data were recorded.Results:Cycling capacity was impaired after HIIT HA (77.2 [34.2] min vs 56.2 [24.4] min,P = .03) and did not return to baseline after 7 d of no HA (59.2 [37.4] min). Capacity in HST1 and HST2 was similar in COMP (43.5 [8.3] min vs 46.8 [15.7] min,P = .54). HIIT HA lowered resting rectal (37.0°C [0.3°C] vs 36.8°C [0.2°C],P = .05) and body temperature (36.0°C [0.3°C] vs 35.8°C [0.3°C],P = .03) in HST2 compared with HST1 and lowered mean skin temperature (35.4°C [0.5°C] vs 35.1°C [0.3°C],P = .02) and perceived strain on day 5 compared with day 1 of HA. All other data were unaffected.Conclusions:Cycling capacity was impaired in the heat after 5 d of consecutive HIIT HA despite some heat adaptation. Based on data, this approach is not recommended for athletes preparing to compete in the heat; however, it is possible that it may be beneficial if a state of overreaching is avoided.
Reliability and Validity of a Novel Futsal Special Performance Test Designed to Measure Skills and Anaerobic Performance
Authors: Farhani Farid , Rajabi Hamid , Negaresh Raoof , Ali Ajmol , Amani Shalamzari Sadegh , Baker Julien S. 
Published: January 2019

Purpose: To examine the validity and reliability of a novel futsal special performance test (FSPT) as a measure of futsal performance and skills. Methods: Thirty-six futsal players with different levels of experience were recruited and divided into 2 groups (elite and nonelite). Players participated in 4 sessions (at least 7 d apart): (1) familiarization session, (2) anaerobic power (Wingate test), (3) FSPT trial 1, and (4) FSPT trial 2. The FSPT was carried out on a futsal court (wooden sprung floor) and skills such as dribbling, rotation, long and short passing, and shooting were examined. Content validity was assessed by 6 experienced futsal coaches and instructors. Results: There was a significant correlation between FSPT and various aspects of anaerobic power (r = .5–.91; P ≤ .001). Moreover, significant large correlations were observed between test and retest of FSPT (r = .77; 95% confidence interval [CI], .56–.98; P ≤ .001). All instructors and coaches confirmed the content validity. There was high interrater reliability of the FSPT (r = .89; 95% CI, .85–.93; P < .001). FSPT total time (P = .001), penalty time (P = .022), and performance time (P = .001) were superior in elite relative to nonelite players. Anaerobic power was greater in elite players (P < .001). Conclusion: The results support the use of the FSPT to assess futsal players’ performance in conjunction with skill and anaerobic fitness.
Diurnal Variation of Maximal Fat-Oxidation Rate in Trained Male Athletes
Authors: Amaro-Gahete Francisco J. , Jurado-Fasoli Lucas , Triviño Alejandro R. , Sanchez-Delgado Guillermo , De-la-O Alejandro , Helge Jørn W. , Ruiz Jonatan R. 
Published: January 2019

Purpose: To analyze the diurnal variation of maximal fat oxidation (MFO) and the intensity that elicits MFO (Fatmax) in trained male athletes. Methods: A total of 12 endurance-trained male athletes age 24.7 (4.1) y participated in the study. The authors measured MFO, Fatmax, maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max), and VO2 percentage at ventilatory threshold 2 with a graded exercise protocol performed on 2 days separated by 1 wk. One test was performed in the morning and the other in the afternoon. The authors assessed the participants’ chronotype using the HÖME questionnaire. Results: MFO and Fatmax were greater in the afternoon than in the morning (Δ = 13%, P < .001 and Δ = 6%, P = .001, respectively), whereas there were similar VO2max and ventilatory threshold 2 in the morning, than in the afternoon test (Δ = 0.2%, P = .158 and Δ = 7%, P = .650, respectively). There was a strong positive association between VO2max and MFO in both morning and afternoon assessments (R2 = .783, P = .001 and R2 = .663, P < .001, respectively). Similarly, there was a positive association between VO2max and Fatmax in both morning and afternoon assessments (R2 = .406, P = .024 and R2 = .414, P = .026, respectively). Conclusion: MFO and Fatmax may partially explain some of the observed diurnal variation in the performance of endurance sports.
The Effects of 3 Different Doses of Caffeine on Jumping and Throwing Performance: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Crossover Study
Authors: Sabol Filip , Grgic Jozo , Mikulic Pavle 
Published: January 2019

Purpose: To examine the acute effects of 3 doses of caffeine on upper- and lower-body ballistic exercise performance and to explore if habitual caffeine intake affects the acute effects of caffeine ingestion on ballistic exercise performance. Methods: Twenty recreationally active male participants completed medicine-ball-throw and vertical-jump tests under 4 experimental conditions (placebo and 2, 4, and 6 mg·kg−1 of caffeine). Results: One-way repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) with subsequent post hoc analyses indicated that performance in the medicine-ball-throw test improved, compared with placebo, only with a 6 mg·kg−1 dose of caffeine (P = .032). Effect size, calculated as the mean difference between the 2 measurements divided by the pooled SD, amounted to 0.29 (+3.7%). For the vertical-jump test, all 3 caffeine doses were effective (compared with placebo) for acute increases in performance (P values .022–.044, effect sizes 0.35–0.42, percentage changes +3.7% to +4.1%). A 2-way repeated-measures ANOVA indicated that there was no significant group × condition interaction effect, suggesting comparable responses between low (≤100 mg·d−1) and moderate to high (>100 mg·d−1) caffeine users to the experimental conditions. Conclusion: Caffeine doses of 2, 4, and 6 mg·kg−1 seem to be effective for acute enhancements in lower-body ballistic exercise performance in recreationally trained male individuals. For the upper-body ballistic exercise performance, only a caffeine dose of 6 mg·kg−1 seems to be effective. The acute effects of caffeine ingestion do not seem to be affected by habitual caffeine intake; however, this requires further exploration.