bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE METHOD OF DESIGNING HYDRAULIC DRIVES ON THE EXAMPLE OF A HYDRAULIC DRIVE OF A LIFTING-MAST DEVICE
Authors: Smirnov S. A. , Gorshkova N. A. 
Published: July 2018

The classical approach to the design of hydraulic drives includes complex calculations and real tests, which is a resource-consuming process. Reduce the cost of design allows the introduction of the development of simulation modeling and CAD / CAM / CAE / PDM automation complexes of the production cycle of enterprises. Modeling allows us to use systematic basis methodological achievements of the theory and practice of hydroautomatics for the design of hydraulic devices to accumulate in the orderly form design experience and provide model support for the life cycle of these products. The article deals with the modern approach to the design of hydraulic drives. A type of a preliminary evaluation of hydraulic drive characteris-tics is given in the example of a hydrodrive of a lifting and mast device. The principle and design schemes of the hydraulic drive are chosen, and a mathematical model is compiled on the basis of the requirements for hoisting and mast devices. A simulation model of the drive is developed on the basis of the mathematical model, consisting of several separate parts connected together. Parts represent a mixed structure of blocks that describe processes in mechanical and hydraulic systems. For visual display an animated 3D model has been created that allows you to observe the progress and results of the simulation. During the calculations, the position dependence graphs of the each link of the lifting and mast device on time, as well as pressure and flow on the safety valve were obtained. Conclusion, based on the results of modeling, was made about the adequacy of the application of models for estimating the characteristics of the projected hydraulic drive in the first approximation. It is recommended to develop such models at the stages of outline and technical design.
APPLICATION OF MICROPROCESSOR SYSTEMS IN AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY
Authors: Mikhailov V. G. 
Published: July 2018

Questions of application of microprocessor systems for their automation are considered an automation condition on existing designs of truck. It is noticed that now the majority of truck exhausted in the CIS are automated only partially. By automation are captured: control, preliminary treatment of a condition of systems and the information on them; control of start, partially control by power-plant work; control of sprinkling fuel; control of power supply; control of brakes, antiblocking systems, airbags; climate control maintenance; illumination.Scopes of microprocessor systems in cars and microcontrollers used for this purpose taking into account that now it is required to expand areas of automation of systems of cars considerably are considered. The analysis of systems and the functions which are subject to automation for truck and special cars is carried, questions of application of microprocessor systems for reception of experimental data on roads (microprofile and longitudinal cross-section) and their use at car modelling, and also maintenance of road safety: distance maintenance between cars, control of blind zones; an exception засыпанияthe driver during movement, reduction of harmful influence from noise and vibrations.It is offered complexing realised functions and systems of their control. The short description and a substantiation of expediency of application of means of automation on the basis of the cheap microprocessor modules Arduino is given, allowing considerably to reduce quantity of used microcontrollers. Block diagrammes of realisation of problems of traction dynamics in package MatLab/Simulink, transformations and horizonting of truck and special cars by means of MC Arduino are resulted. Recommendations to introduction of systems of automation for truck and special cars are made.
APPLICATION OF THE EVOLUTIONARY PARADIGM TO DESIGNING ARCHITEСTURE OF A NEURAL NETWORK FOR RECOGNIZING THE DISTORTED TEXT
Authors: Bury Y. A. , Samal D. I. 
Published: July 2018

The paper presents an attempt to apply of evolutionary methods to the design and training of a system for recognizing distorted text.Over the past decades, artificial neural networks are widely used in many areas of artificial intelligence, such as forecasting, optimization, data analysis, pattern recognition and decision making. Nevertheless, the traditional heuristic approaches to design of multi-layer neural networks are based on the recombination of already existing neural network architectures.This approach allows us to solve a wide range of problems, but implies compliance with specific conditions for the quality work of algorithms.The natural analogues of such intelligent systems in living nature, however, are universal enough to adapt to virtually any habitat.Despite their extreme complexity and limited ability to study their structures, it is known that these structures were formed as a result of the evolutionary process. And if today it is impossible to determine the exact architecture of the links in biological neural systems, then at least one can try to reproduce the very process of their formation in order to obtain a more universal algorithm than those developed to the present moment.In opposite to them we form the final structure of the core of the classification system by evolutionary process, taking into account the knowledge about the features of the development and construction of the nervous system of vertebrates.Applying of the approach makes it possible to abstract from the limitations of existing neural network algorithms, caused by the scope of application of specific types of their structures.
Removal of Heavy Metals and Metalloids by Amino‐Modified Biochar Supporting Nanoscale Zero‐Valent Iron
Authors: Yang Jingjing , Ma Tianxing , Li Xiaoqin , Tu Jingwei , Dang Zhi , Yang Chen 
Published: July 2018

Nanoscale zero‐valent iron (nZVI), an environmentally benign material, has been used to remove heavy metals and metalloids from the aqueous phase because of its high reactivity and abundant reactive sites. To improve the stability of nZVI, nanoscale zero‐valent iron supported by amino‐modified biochar (ZVIA‐BC) was prepared and characterized. Its ability to remove heavy metals and metalloid was investigated. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analyses showed that the amino group was chemically bound to the functional groups of biochar. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X‐ray diffraction revealed that zero‐valent iron was loaded on the biochar surface. High‐resolution transmission electron microscope images showed that the particle size of iron was ∼50 nm and the particles consisted of roughly spherical cores covered with a shell that was uniformly 2‐ to 3‐nm thick. Furthermore, measuring the zeta potentials at various pH values indicated that the iso‐electric points occurred within the pH range of 7.50 to 7.56. Additionally, heavy metals and metalloids, including Cd(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Cr(VI) and As(V) adsorption isotherms, on ZVIA‐BC were significantly nonlinear, and ZVIA‐BC exhibited a superior ability to remove these heavy metals and metalloids, especially for Cr(VI) and As(V). Characterization with high‐resolution XPS revealed that reduction of heavy metals and metalloids occurred on the surface of ZVIA‐BC. The main mechanisms for removal were reduction, complexation, co‐precipitation, and electrostatic interaction.Core Ideas
Nanoscale zero‐valent iron supported by amino biochar was newly prepared and characterized.
Amino modification enhanced the removal of heavy metals because of complexation.
The heavy metal cations and anions could be effectively removed by amino‐modified biochar/nZVI.
Old Drugs and New Targets as an Outlook for the Treatment of Tuberculosis
Authors: Zitko Jan , Doležal Martin 
Published: July 2018

Background:
Despite of the globally positive trends in the epidemiology of tuberculosis, the
increasing rates of drug-resistant strains are urging to introduce new antituberculars into clinical practice.
Development of a new chemical entity from hit to marketed drug is an extremely time and resources
consuming process with uncertain outcome. Repurposing of clinically used drugs can be a
cheaper alternative to develop new drugs effective in the treatment of tuberculosis.

Objective:
To extract the latest information on new mechanisms of action described or proposed for
clinically used antitubercular drugs. To identify drugs from various pharmacodynamic groups as candidates
for repurposing to become effective in combatting tuberculosis. Attention will be paid to elucidate
the connection between repurposed drugs and new antituberculars in clinical practice or in clinical trials.

Methods:
Scientific databases were searched for the keywords.

Results:
We reviewed the latest aspects of usage and new mechanisms of action for both first-line and
second-line antitubercular drugs in clinical practice. Further, we found that surprisingly large number of
clinically used drugs from various pharmacodynamic groups have potential to be used in the treatment
of tuberculosis, including antimicrobial drugs not typically used against tuberculosis, statins, CNS
drugs (tricyclic phenothiazines, antidepressants, anticonvulsants), non-steroidal anti-inflammatory
drugs, kinase inhibitors, and others (metformin, disulfiram, verapamil, lansoprazole). Repurposed drugs
may become effective antituberculars, acting either by direct effects on mycobacteria or as adjunct,
host-directed therapy.

Conclusion:
In this review, we showed that proper research of old drugs is a very efficient tool to develop
new antituberculars.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Andrographolide Derivatives as Anti-inflammatory Agent
Authors: Zhu Zeyu , Duan Haibing , Jing Mei , Xu Lipeng , Yu Pei 
Published: July 2018

Background:
Andrographolide (Andro) is a main active ingredient of the natural plant Andrographis
paniculata, which has special effects on bacterial infections and inflammatory diseases.

Objective:
We previously synthesized Andrographolide derivatives AL-1 and investigated its anti-inflammatory
activity. For further research, we decided to modify the structure of AL-1 and expected to have better antiinflammatory
activity.

Methods:
By conjugating with anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial group, we designed and synthesized the andrographolide
derivative AL-2, AL-3 and AL-4. The anti-inflammatory activity of AL-2, AL-3 and AL-4 was
also evaluated by detecting cell activity and Nitric Oxide (NO) release.
<p>
Results: The new compounds AL-2, AL-3 and AL-4 increased cell viability in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced
RAW 264.7 cell, which could have a certain anti-inflammatory activity, and inhibited the release of NO in cells to
reduce the inflammatory response of cells.

Conclusion:
The new compounds AL-2, AL-3 and AL-4 may be candidates of anti-inflammatory drugs in the
future.
Cardiovascular Effects of Liraglutide
Authors: Mikhail Nasser 
Published: July 2018

Background:Liraglutide is a glucagon-like 1 (GLP-1) agonist approved for treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity. </P><P> Objective: To review the cardiovascular effects of liraglutide including macrovascular and microvascular events, its use in heart failure, and its effects on heart rate and blood pressure.Results:The impact of liraglutide on cardiovascular outcomes was examined in a large welldesigned study published in 2016, the LEADER trial. This study included 9,340 patients with advanced type 2 diabetes and high baseline cardiovascular risk. The primary outcome was the first occurrence of death from cardiovascular causes, non-fatal myocardial infarction, or non-fatal stroke. After a median follow-up of 3.8 years, patients randomized to liraglutide had significant reduction in the composite primary outcome compared to patients randomized to placebo, hazard ratio (HR) 0.87; 95% CI 0.78-0.97. Death from cardiovascular causes was significantly reduced with liraglutide therapy (HR, 0.78; 95% CI 0.66-0.93), as well as death from any cause (HR, 0.85; 95% CI 0.74-0.97). In 2017, the LEADER investigators reported that nephropathy events were significantly lower after liraglutide therapy than placebo (HR 0.78; 95% CI 0.67-0.92), but there was no significant difference in retinopathy events. Meanwhile, other studies suggested that the use of liraglutide may be harmful in patients with severe heart failure, in part due to increase in heart rate.Conclusion:Liraglutide is a useful therapy in patients with advanced type 2 diabetes complicated by cardiovascular disease, except patients with severe heart failure. Further studies are needed to evaluate the long-term effects of liraglutide, and to see whether its beneficial effects extend to patients with type 2 diabetes and low cardiac risk.
MRI Imaging, Comparison of MRI with other Modalities, Noise in MRI Images and Machine Learning Techniques for Noise Removal: A Review
Authors: Khan Sajid Ullah , Ullah Najeeb , Ahmed Imran , Ahmad Irshad , Mahsud Muhammad Irfan 
Published: July 2018

Background:
Medical imaging is to assume greater and greater significance in an
efficient and precise diagnosis process.
</P><P>
Discussion: It is a set of various methodologies which are used to capture internal or external images
of the human body and organs for clinical and diagnosis needs to examine human form for
various kind of ailments. Computationally intelligent machine learning techniques and their application
in medical imaging can play a significant role in expediting the diagnosis process and making
it more precise.

Conclusion:
This review presents an up-to-date coverage about research topics which include recent
literature in the areas of MRI imaging, comparison with other modalities, noise in MRI and
machine learning techniques to remove the noise.
Fireworks: How to Simulate the Manufacture and Operation in the Atmosphere with the Substitution of Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis
Authors: Rudolf Rebeka , Ferčec Urban , Shariq Mohammed 
Published: July 2018

Background:
This review provides a closer look at recent work in the field of fireworks
manufacture, which could see the replacement of micron-sized particles with their nano-scaled counterparts.
Moreover, we also discuss micron-sized particles as well as nanoparticles (NPs) from K, Fe,
Al, Ti, Ba, etc., that are produced in the atmosphere as a result of these fireworks. One of the possible
technological substitutes for fireworks is presented in detail, i.e., the use of ultrasonic spray pyrolysis
(USP) technology.

Method:

We searched Google, Web of Science and PubMed for a literature survey of fireworks and
their products: firecrackers, micron-sized and nanoparticles. Moreover, we used some of our own
knowledge and experimental data to strengthen the possibility of simulating the synthesis of firework
products on the laboratory scale.

Results:

The use of nano reactants and oxidisers has seen a substantial increase in the sound efficiency
and a decrease in the amount of chemicals used, making fireworks more eco-friendly. The
application of Al- and Ti-based nano flash powder in the size range from 35 nm to 50 μm resulted in
a significant improvement in the ignition properties of the fireworks. Under changing aerodynamic
conditions, it is difficult to collect them as samples for real-time monitoring, needed for their characterization
or the testing of their harmfulness under laboratory conditions. As a result, NPs below 100
nm in the surroundings could be easily inhaled into the lungs and cause more pulmonary and respiratory
problems than micron-sized particles. USP produces nanoparticles in the laboratory that could
replace the conventional micron-sized firecracker raw materials, or nanoparticles that are similar to
those formed by fireworks. It will also help to identify the physiochemical properties of the airborne
particulates in order to understand and evaluate their impact.

This review could be valuable for a controlled economic synthesis through USP, and in the use of
nanopowders in pyrotechnology that could reduce pollution to a great extent, thus contributing to the
growth and good practise of the fireworks industry. With respect to the USP synthesis, we have also
discussed in detail the physical (size, shape) and chemical (composition) characteristics of Al2O3 and
TiO2 NPs from different precursors and their temperature ranges. An in-depth explanation for a comparative
analysis for the formation mechanism of nanoparticles through both fireworks and USP is
presented in the final section.

Conclusion:

We can produce nanoparticles in the laboratory with ultrasonic spray pyrolysis that
have similar properties to those produced from fireworks and can then be used for further testing.
Successful Use of Aliskiren in a Case of IgA- Mesangial Glomerulonephritis Unresponsive to Conventional Therapies
Authors: Simeoni Mariadelina , Nicotera Ramona , Pelagi Elena , Libri Emanuela , Comi Nicolino , Fuiano Giorgio 
Published: July 2018

Introduction: The early suspension of Altitude trial in recent years has induced most nephrologists
and cardiologists to abandon Aliskiren use. Consequently, the potential usefulness of the direct
renin inhibition in IgA glomerulonephritis remained an under-investigated therapeutic option.
</P><P>
Case Report: We report the case of a 53 years old IgA GMN patient unresponsive to all conventional
anti-angiotensin-2 agents, steroids and immunosuppressants, in which the administration of Aliskiren
permitted to achieve and maintain a complete proteinuria remission in the absence of any adverse
event.

Conclusion:
Aliskiren might represent a valid and safe therapeutic option in IgA GMN, although further
investigations would be needed to confirm this conclusion.
In Vivo Genetic Strategies for the Specific Lineage Tracing of Stem Cells
Authors: Fan Hong , Liu Xinyu , Shen Yahui , Chen Siwei , Huan Yu , Shan Junjia , Zhou Chengji , Wu Shengxi , Zhang Zifeng , Wang Yazhou 
Published: July 2018

Background:Characterization of the fate changes of stem cells is essential to understand the roles of certain stem cells both during development and in diseases, such as cancer. In the past two decades, more and more importance has been paid to the studies of in vivo lineage tracing, because they could authentically reveal the differentiation, migration and even proliferation of stem cells. However, specific genetic tools have only been developed until recently.Objective:To summarize the progresses of genetic tools for specific lineage tracing with emphasis on their applications in investigating the stem cell niche signals.Results:Three major genetic strategies have been reviewed according to the development of technique, particularly the advantages and disadvantages of individual methods.Conclusion:In vivo specific lineage tracing of stem cells could be achieved by comprehensive application of multiple genetic tools.
Characterizing Approaches to Dialysis Decision Making with Older Adults
Authors: Ladin Keren , Pandya Renuka , Perrone Ronald D. , Meyer Klemens B. , Kannam Allison , Loke Rohini , Oskoui Tira , Weiner Daniel E. , Wong John B. 
Published: July 2018

Background and objectives
Despite guidelines recommending shared decision making, nephrologists vary significantly in their approaches to discussing conservative management for kidney replacement therapy with older patients. Many older patients do not perceive dialysis initiation as a choice or receive sufficient information about conservative management for reasons incompletely understood. We examined how nephrologists’ perceptions of key outcomes and successful versus failed treatment discussions shape their approach and characterized different models of decision making, patient engagement, and conservative management discussion.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements
Our qualitative study used semistructured interviews with a sample of purposively sampled nephrologists. Interviews were conducted from June 2016 to May 2017 and continued until thematic saturation. Data were analyzed using typological and thematic analyses.

Results
Among 35 nephrologists from 18 practices, 20% were women, 66% had at least 10 years of nephrology experience, and 80% were from academic medical centers. Four distinct approaches to decision making emerged: paternalist, informative (patient led), interpretive (navigator), and institutionalist. Five themes characterized differences between these approaches, including patient autonomy, engagement and deliberation (disclosing all options, presenting options neutrally, eliciting patient values, and offering explicit treatment recommendation), influence of institutional norms, importance of clinical outcomes (e.g., survival and dialysis initiation), and physician role (educating patients, making decisions, pursuing active therapies, and managing symptoms). Paternalists and institutionalists viewed initiation of dialysis as a measure of success, whereas interpretive and informative nephrologists focused on patient engagement, quality of life, and aligning patient values with treatment. In this sample, only one third of providers presented conservative management to patients, all of whom followed either informative or interpretive approaches. The interpretive model best achieved shared decision making.

Conclusions
Differences in nephrologists’ perceptions of their role, patient autonomy, and successful versus unsuccessful encounters contribute to variation in decision making for patients with kidney disease.
The Bonds of Freedom: Heidegger and Hochschild on Affective Life and Affective Labour
Authors: ROBERTSON KAREN 
Published: July 2018

The purpose of this paper is three-fold: first, to argue that Martin Heidegger’s account of Dasein’s state-of-mind (Befindlichkeit) has implications for a Heideggarian understanding of social atmosphere or “mood,” itself understood as the domain in which we realize our meaningful attachment to the world; second, to link Heidegger’s account of Dasein to sociologist Arlie Hochschild’s analysis of affective labour in order to underscore Hochschild’s critique of affective labour by showing it to occur at the very site of our free and meaningful involvement in the world; third, to demonstrate the relevance of Heidegger’s analysis to concrete sociological analysis. I begin by arguing that Heidegger’s existential account of affective life reveals affective life as: (a) an accomplished attachment to worldly specificities, (b) grounded on socially constituted significance, and (c) our responsibility. Second, showing Hochschild’s account of emotions to be compatible with Heidegger’s work, I consider Hochschild’s analysis of airline stewardesses, clarifying how the affective lives of individuals and the shared, public dimension of affective life are both undermined by affective labour, specifically in terms of the way that communicative interactions are manipulated in commercial settings. Resulting from the manipulation of affective life by companies are various challenges to our freedom: an inability to find meaningful projects; a lack of substantial measures in terms of which to choose our projects; and the inability to recognize such choices as constitutive of affective life and as our responsibility. Connecting these consequences to the three aspects of affective life noted above, it is concluded that affective labour threatens the inherently social character of freedom and also suppresses and inhibits the existential involvement in the world through which we realize meaningfully our freedom.