bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fertility transition in selected sub-Saharan African countries: the role of family planning programs
Authors: Otieno Vincent , Agwanda Alfred , Khasakhala Anne 
Published: October 2019

Background: Change in fertility rate across societies is a complex process that involves changes in the demand for children, the diffusion of new attitudes about family planning and greater accessibility to contraception provided by family planning programs. Among the neo-Malthusian adherents, it is believed that rapid population growth strain countries’ capacity and performance. Fertility has, however, decelerated in most countries in the recent past. Scholars have concentrated on wide range of factors associated with fertility majorly at the national scale. However, considerably less attention has been paid to the fertility preference - a pathway through which various variables act on fertility. The Sub-Saharan African countries’ disparities amid almost similarities in policies is a cause of concern to demographers. Methods: Using Bongaarts reformulation of Easterlin and Crimmins conceptual scheme of 1985 on Demographic and Health Survey Data (DHS) data collected overtime across countries, the understanding of the current transition in general would help to reassess and provide explanations to the observed latest fertility dynamics at play. This study therefore is an attempt to explain the current fertility transition through women’s fertility preference. Results: Results reveal that indeed fertility transition is diverse across countries though generally on a decline course in most of the sub-Saharan countries. The huge disparities in fertility preferences among women of reproductive age and its non-significant change in the implementation indices overtime points at the levels of unmet need to contraception underneath as well as the proportion of demand to family planning commodities satisfied by programs in a bid to allow women implement their fertility desires. Conclusions: It is therefore plausible to conclude that the improvement of the availability and the uptake of quality birth control technologies is one of the most feasible means through which countries can fast track their fertility transitions.
Creating and sharing reproducible research code the workflowr way
Authors: Blischak John D. , Carbonetto Peter , Stephens Matthew 
Published: October 2019

Making scientific analyses reproducible, well documented, and easily shareable is crucial to maximizing their impact and ensuring that others can build on them. However, accomplishing these goals is not easy, requiring careful attention to organization, workflow, and familiarity with tools that are not a regular part of every scientist's toolbox. We have developed an R package,workflowr, to help all scientists, regardless of background, overcome these challenges.Workflowraims to instill a particular "workflow" — a sequence of steps to be repeated and integrated into research practice — that helps make projects more reproducible and accessible.This workflow integrates four key elements: (1) version control (viaGit); (2) literate programming (via R Markdown); (3) automatic checks and safeguards that improve code reproducibility; and (4) sharing code and results via a browsable website. These features exploit powerful existing tools, whose mastery would take considerable study. However, theworkflowrinterface is simple enough that novice users can quickly enjoy its many benefits. By simply following theworkflowr "workflow", R users can create projects whose results, figures, and development history are easily accessible on a static website — thereby conveniently shareable with collaborators by sending them a URL — and accompanied by source code and reproducibility safeguards. TheworkflowrR package is open source and available on CRAN, with full documentation and source code available athttps://github.com/jdblischak/workflowr.
Gut Microbiota Functional Biomolecules With Immune-Lipid Metabolism for a Prognostic Compound Score in Epstein-Barr Virus-Associated Gastric Adenocarcinoma: A Pilot Study
Authors: Wang Fang , Wu Jingyi , Wang Yan , Jin Yufen , Jiang Xin , Qiu Zhichao , Qin Yan , Liu Yankui , Qi Xiaowei , Ge Xiaosong , Mao Yong , Cheng Yang , Hua Dong 
Published: October 2019

OBJECTIVE:
Increasing evidence has indicated an association between gut microbiota in gastrointestinal cancer and clinical outcome. Herein, we aim to develop a prognosis-prediction tool based on an immune-lipid metabolism signature, tumor cell-associated immune microenvironment, and lipid metabolism proteins inferred from the function of gut microbiota.

METHODS:
16S gene ribosomal RNA sequencing was performed on 10 fecal samples obtained after tumor resection but before chemotherapy (EBVaGC = 4 and EBVnGC = 6). Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) Cox regression was applied to screening for highly accurate marker proteins. A compound score based on the fraction of screened markers was then constructed using a LASSO logistic regression model.

RESULTS:
The Tax4Fun analysis based on Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes data indicated differentially expressed tumor pathway between EBVnGC and EBVaGC. Using the LASSO logistic model, a compound score was established consisting of 14 types of immune microenvironment and lipid metabolism proteins. In the training set (378 patients), significant differences were found between high- and low-compound score groups in overall survival across and within subpopulations with an identical EBV. Multivariable analysis revealed that the compound score was an independent prognostic factor (hazard ratio, 2.26; 95% confidence interval = 2.28–3.36). The prognostic value ;of the compound score was also confirmed in the validation (162 patients) and entire (540 patients) sets.

DISCUSSION:
The proposed compound score is a promising signature for estimating overall survival in patients with gastric cancer having EBVaGCs or EBVnGCs.
Semi-Supervised learning with Collaborative Bagged Multi-label K-Nearest-Neighbors
Authors: Settouti Nesma , Douibi Khalida , Bechar Mohammed El Amine , Daho Mostafa El Habib , Saidi Meryem 
Published: October 2019

AbstractOver the last few years, Multi-label classification has received significant attention from researchers to solve many issues in many fields. The manual annotation of available datasets is time-consuming and need a huge effort from the expert, especially for Multi-label applications in which each example of learning is associated with many labels at once. To overcome the manual annotation drawback, and to take advantages from the large amounts of unlabeled data, many semi-supervised approaches were proposed in the literature to give more sophisticated and fast solutions to support the automatic labeling of the unlabeled data. In this paper, a Collaborative Bagged Multi-label K-Nearest-Neighbors (CobMLKNN) algorithm is proposed, that extend theco-Trainingparadigm by a Multi-label K-Nearest-Neighbors algorithm. Experiments on ten real-world Multi-label datasets show the effectiveness ofCobMLKNNalgorithm to improve the performance ofMLKNNto learn from a small number of labeled samples by exploiting unlabeled samples.
Augmenting Neural Machine Translation through Round-Trip Training Approach
Authors: Ahmadnia Benyamin , Dorr Bonnie J. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe quality of Neural Machine Translation (NMT), as a data-driven approach, massively depends on quantity, quality and relevance of the training dataset. Such approaches have achieved promising results for bilingually high-resource scenarios but are inadequate for low-resource conditions. Generally, the NMT systems learn from millions of words from bilingual training dataset. However, human labeling process is very costly and time consuming. In this paper, we describe a round-trip training approach to bilingual low-resource NMT that takes advantage of monolingual datasets to address training data bottleneck, thus augmenting translation quality. We conduct detailed experiments on English-Spanish as a high-resource language pair as well as Persian-Spanish as a low-resource language pair. Experimental results show that this competitive approach outperforms the baseline systems and improves translation quality.
Comparative study of the bioavailability of magnesium salts
Authors: Eremenko Natalia Nikolaevna , Shikh Eugenia Valerievna , Serebrova Svetlana Yurievna , Sizova Zhanna Mikhailovna 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackgroundHigh values of endogenous levels of magnesium (Mg) in the body and mechanisms of homeostasis regulation make it difficult to assess the bioavailability of these drugs. The aim of this study was to assess the Mg concentration in blood in volunteers and in erythrocytes in patients with hypomagnesemia.MethodsThe study included 20 healthy volunteers and 62 patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) I–III functional class (FC) NYHA classification. We studied the composition of Mgorotate and Mgorotate plus potassium (К)orotate. Blood sampling was carried out at 8 a.m. and within 10 h after administering the drugs. Measurement of Mg pharmacokinetic parameters: AUC (concentration of the active substance-time), and Cmax (maximum concentration) in volunteers and measurement of the concentration of Mg in erythrocytes of patients.ResultsThe results indicated that both the AUC in volunteers and concentration of Mg in erythrocytes of patients are comparable, and the differences are not statistically significant.ConclusionsThe study showed that the standard method of calculating the AUC (total serum Mg) is insufficient for comparative evaluation of Mg absorption due to the high levels of its endogenous content and a small increase in concentration after taking the drugs. It is advisable to assess the concentration of Mg in the red blood cells of patients.
The Maximal Operator in Variable Spaces 𝐿 𝑝(·)(Ω, ρ) with Oscillating Weights
Authors: Kokilashvili Vakhtang , Samko Natasha , Samko Stefan 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
We study the boundedness of the maximal operator in the spaces 𝐿 𝑝(·)(Ω, ρ) over a bounded open set Ω in 𝑅𝑛 with the weight , where 𝑤𝑘 has the property that belongs to a certain Zygmund-type class. Weight functions 𝑤𝑘 may oscillate between two power functions with different exponents. It is assumed that the exponent 𝑝(𝑥) satisfies the Dini–Lipschitz condition. The final statement on the boundedness is given in terms of index numbers of functions 𝑤𝑘 (similar in a certain sense to the Boyd indices for the Young functions defining Orlicz spaces).
A Vector-Valued Sharp Maximal Inequality on Morrey Spaces with Non-Doubling Measures
Authors: Sawano Yoshihiro 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
We consider the vector-valued extension of the Fefferman–Stein–Strömberg sharp maximal inequality under growth condition. As an application we obtain a vector-valued extension of the boundedness of the commutator. Furthermore, we prove the boundedness of the commutator.
Fast, Flexible Closed-Loop Feedback: Tracking Movement in “Real-Millisecond-Time”
Authors: Sehara Keisuke , Bahr Viktor , Mitchinson Ben , Pearson Martin J. , Larkum Matthew E. , Sachdev Robert N. S. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractOne of the principal functions of the brain is to control movement and rapidly adapt behavior to a changing external environment. Over the last decades our ability to monitor activity in the brain, manipulate it while also manipulating the environment the animal moves through, has been tackled with increasing sophistication. However, our ability to track the movement of the animal in real time has not kept pace. Here, we use a dynamic vision sensor (DVS) based event-driven neuromorphic camera system to implement real-time, low-latency tracking of a single whisker that mice can move at ∼25 Hz. The customized DVS system described here converts whisker motion into a series of events that can be used to estimate the position of the whisker and to trigger a position-based output interactively within 2 ms. This neuromorphic chip-based closed-loop system provides feedback rapidly and flexibly. With this system, it becomes possible to use the movement of whiskers or in principal, movement of any part of the body to reward, punish, in a rapidly reconfigurable way. These methods can be used to manipulate behavior, and the neural circuits that help animals adapt to changing values of a sequence of motor actions.
Long-Term Outcomes of Arteriovenous Fistulas with Unassisted versus Assisted Maturation: A Retrospective National Hemodialysis Cohort Study
Authors: Lee Timmy , Qian Joyce Zhang , Zhang Yi , Thamer Mae , Allon Michael 
Published: October 2019

Significance StatementBefore successful use in dialysis, many arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) require one or more endovascular or surgical interventions to assist clinical maturation. However, the effect of assisted maturation on long-term postmaturation AVF outcomes is poorly studied. In this retrospective analysis, the authors analyzed the US Renal Data System to identify elderly patients who underwent AVF creation after initiation of hemodialysis, and whose AVF was used successfully for dialysis with or without assisted maturation. Their analysis of the relationship between the number of prematuration AVF interventions and postmaturation AVF outcomes found a positive association between the number of prematuration interventions and the likelihood of primary patency loss and frequency of interventions after maturation. These findings highlight the high burden of costly interventions to assist clinical maturation for successful AVF use.BackgroundAbout half of arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) require one or more interventions before successful dialysis use, a process called assisted maturation. Previous research suggested that AVF abandonment and interventions to maintain patency after maturation may be more frequent with assisted maturation versus unassisted maturation.MethodsUsing the US Renal Data System, we retrospectively compared patients with assisted versus unassisted AVF maturation for postmaturation AVF outcomes, including functional primary patency loss (requiring intervention after achieving AVF maturation), AVF abandonment, and frequency of interventions.ResultsWe included 7301 patients ≥67 years who initiated hemodialysis from July 2010 to June 2012 with a catheter and no prior AVF; all had an AVF created within 6 months of starting hemodialysis and used for dialysis (matured) within 6 months of creation, with 2-year postmaturation follow-up. AVFs matured without prior intervention for 56% of the patients. Assisted AVF maturation with one, two, three, or four or more prematuration interventions occurred in 23%, 12%, 5%, and 4% of patients, respectively. Patients with prematuration interventions had significantly increased risk of functional primary patency loss compared with patients who had unassisted AVF maturation, and the risk increased with the number of interventions. Although the likelihood of AVF abandonment was not higher among patients with up to three prematuration interventions compared with patients with unassisted AVF maturation, it was significantly higher among those with four or more interventions.ConclusionsFor this cohort of patients undergoing assisted AVF maturation, we observed a positive association between the number of prematuration AVF interventions and the likelihood of functional primary patency loss and frequency of postmaturation interventions.
Jak historia odkłada się w pamięci, jak pamięć odkłada się w języku
Authors: Chlebda Wojciech 
Published: October 2019

<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"> </p><p>Tematem artykułu jest zakreślenie ram pola badawczego tworzonego przez trzy tytułowe pojęcia: historia, pamięć, język. Ponieważ każde z nich jest wieloznaczne, a na dodatek w różnych sytuacjach odnoszone są do różnych porządków ontologicznych (do rzeczywistości pozajęzykowej i do rzeczywistości tekstowej, narracyjnej), autor stara się doprecyzować znaczenia odnośnych wyrazów i pokazać złożone relacje, jakie występują zarówno między poszczególnymi znaczeniami każdego z wyrazów oddzielnie (a więc pomiędzy „historią1” i „historią2” z jednej strony oraz między „pamięcią1” i „pamięcią2” – z drugiej), jak też, w układzie „horyzontalnym”, między „historią1” i „pamięcią1” oraz między „historią2” a „pamięcią2”. Autor uważa, że każdy z tych porządków rzeczy ma odrębną charakterystykę językową, istnieje jednak pięć cech, które między trzema konstruktami: „historią2” (tj. historiografią), „pamięcią2” (relacjonowaniem zawartości pamięci) i językowo-kulturowym obrazem świata stanowią wspólny mianownik; to podmiotowość, narracyjność, selektywność, interpretacyjność i ujęzykowienie. Ten wspólny mianownik pozwala na zestawianie i konfrontowanie z sobą zróżnicowanych obrazów tego samego wycinka przeszłości.</p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><br /></span></span></p>
The matrix of tasks, resources and competences for research libraries
Authors: Guskov A. E. , Kosyakov D. V. , Makeeva O. V. 
Published: October 2019

The lag of Russia in the development of the fifth technological order has had a dramatic impact on research and technological libraries. Until the early 1990s, they were rightfully considered unique access points to relevant scientific knowledge, and now they are experiencing an acute crisis, looking for their place in the radically changed landscape of scholarly communicationsThe article identifies the main challenges that led to the crisis. The aim of the study is to find answers to these challenges, namely: new tasks that libraries can take on and that will be in demand by the scientific community. However, their solution is possible only after mastering new competencies and providing necessary resources. To systematize this picture, a matrix of tasks, resources and competencies is constructed.
Establishing Safe Zones to Avoid Nerve Injury in the Approach to the Humerus in Pediatric Patients
Authors: O’Shea Ryan , Panwar Jyoti , Chu Kwan William , Stimec Jennifer , Camp Mark W. , Gargan Martin 
Published: October 2019

Background:
The surgical anatomy of upper-extremity peripheral nerves in adults has been well described as “safe zones” or specific distances from osseous landmarks. In pediatrics, relationships between nerves and osseous landmarks remain ambiguous. The goal of our study was to develop a model to accurately predict the location of the radial and axillary nerves in children to avoid iatrogenic injury when approaching the humerus in this population.

Methods:
We conducted a retrospective review of 116 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of entire humeri of skeletally immature patients; 53 of these studies met our inclusion criteria. Two independent observers reviewed all scans. Arm length was measured as the distance between the lateral aspect of the acromion and the lateral epicondyle. We then calculated the distances (defined as the percentage of arm length) between the radial nerve and distal osseous landmarks (the medial epicondyle, transepicondylar line, and lateral epicondyle) as well between the axillary nerve and the most lateral aspect of the acromion.

Results:
The axillary nerve was identified at a distance equaling 18.6% (95% confidence interval [CI], ±0.62%) of arm length inferior to the lateral edge of the acromion. The radial nerve crossed (1) the medial cortex of the posterior part of the humerus at a distance equaling 63.19% (95% CI: ±0.942%) of arm length proximal to the medial epicondyle, (2) the middle of the posterior part of the humerus at a distance equaling 53.9% (95% CI: ±1.08%) of arm length proximal to the transepicondylar line, (3) the lateral cortex of the posterior part of the humerus at a distance equaling 45% (95% CI: ±0.99%) of arm length proximal to the lateral epicondyle, and (4) from the posterior to the anterior compartment at a distance equaling 35.3% (95% CI: ±0.92%) of arm length proximal to the lateral epicondyle. A strong linear relationship between these distances and arm length was observed, with an intraclass correlation coefficient of >0.9 across all measurements.

Conclusions:
The positions of the radial and axillary nerves maintain linear relationships with arm lengths in growing children. The locations of these nerves in relation to palpable osseous landmarks are predictable.

Clinical Relevance:
Knowing the locations of upper-extremity peripheral nerves as a proportion of arm length in skeletally immature patients may help to avoid iatrogenic injuries during surgical approaches to the humerus.
Graft Preparation with Intraoperative Vancomycin Decreases Infection After ACL Reconstruction
Authors: Baron J.E. , Shamrock A.G. , Cates W.T. , Cates R.A. , An Q. , Wolf B.R. , Bollier M.J. , Duchman K.R. , Westermann R.W. 
Published: October 2019

Background:
Reported infection rates following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction are low, but infections are associated with high morbidity including reoperations and inferior clinical outcomes. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the rate of infection after ACL reconstruction with and without graft preparation with a vancomycin irrigant.

Methods:
All ACL reconstructions performed between May 2009 and August 2018 at a single academic institution were reviewed and categorized based on vancomycin use. Patients with <90-day follow-up, intraoperative graft preparation with an antibiotic other than vancomycin, or previous ipsilateral knee infection were excluded. Infection was defined as a return to the operating room for irrigation and debridement within 90 days after ACL reconstruction. Descriptive and inferential statistical analysis using t tests and Poisson regression were performed, with significance defined as p < 0.05.

Results:
In total, 1,640 patients (952 males; 58.0%) with a mean age (and standard deviation) of 27.7 ± 11.4 years underwent ACL reconstruction (1,379 primary procedures; 84.1%) and were included for analysis. Intraoperative vancomycin was used in 798 cases (48.7%), whereas 842 ACL reconstructions (51.3%) were performed without intraoperative vancomycin. In total, 11 reconstructions (0.7%) were followed by infection, which occurred in 10 (1.2%) of the patients in whom the graft was not soaked in vancomycin and in 1 (0.1%) of the patients in whom the graft was soaked in vancomycin (p = 0.032). Age (p = 0.571), sex (p = 0.707), smoking (p = 0.407), surgeon (p = 0.124), and insurance type (p = 0.616) were not associated with postoperative infection risk. Autograft use was associated with decreased infections (p = 0.045). There was an 89.4% relative risk reduction with the use of intraoperative vancomycin. An increased body mass index (BMI) (p = 0.029), increased operative time (p = 0.001), and the absence of ACL graft preparation with vancomycin (p = 0.032) independently predicted postoperative infection.

Conclusions:
The use of vancomycin-soaked grafts was associated with a 10-fold reduction in infection after ACL reconstruction (0.1% versus 1.2%; p = 0.032). Other risk factors for infection after ACL reconstruction included increased BMI and increased operative time.

Level of Evidence:
Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.