bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EFFECTS OF SPECTRAL FILTERS ON GROWTH OF DENDRANTHEMA GRANDIFLORA (TZELEV.)
Authors: McMahon M.J. , Kelly J.W. 
Published: February 2019

`Spears' (nonpinched and pinched) and `Yellow Mandalay' (pinched) chrysanthemums were grown in growth chambers equipped with clear, double-walled polycarbonate panels filled with liquids that served as spectral filters. A blue dye raised FR/R by filtering out a portion of red light. A solution of CuSO4 lowered FR/R by absorbing a greater portion of far-red than red light. A red dye absorbed much of the blue/green portion of the light spectrum but did not change far-red to red (FR/R) light ratio. Two controls (H2O and air) were used. FR/R values were 1.01 for blue dye, 0.34 for CuSO4, and 0.86 for air, H2O, and red dye. FR and R were measured at 725-730 and 655-660nm, respectively.All plants grown under CuSO4 filters had reduced height, reduced internode length, and increased chlorophyll content compared to controls. Red dye filtered pinched plants had decreased chlorophyll compared to controls.Pinched plants grown under CuSO4 filters and long days developed fewer nodes than controls due to the formation of abnormal capitula. The controls and other treatments developed more nodes before producing similar capitula. Stem diameter and leaf area of controls did not differ from blue dye, red dye, or CuSO4 filter treatments.
GROWTH OF NONPAREIL ALMOND TREES AFTER 20 C STORAGE UNDER VARYING CO2 AND C2H4 CONCENTRATIONS
Authors: Reil Wilbur , Mitchell Gordon , Mayer Gene 
Published: February 2019

Nursery grown and budded one year old .8 cm `Nonpareil' almond trees were placed bareroot in sealed containers at 2°C and subjected to concentrations of 0, 1, 3, 5% CO2, 0, 0.5, 1, 2 μl·l-1 C2 H2, or combinations of both gases. All trials were conducted under 100% R. H. and constant air flow. Trees were removed after 10 or 20 weeks and then grown in 19 1. containers for approximately 12 weeks before grading.Growth was the same for all concentrations of CO2 after 10 weeks but caused a 20 and 32% decrease in shoot growth at 3 and 5% concentrations after 20 weeks. C2H4 caused 34, 34 and 89% decrease after 10 weeks and 78, 83 and 100% decrease of shoot growth after 20 weeks. Root growth was also seriously decreased.C2H4 caused no growth decrease after 10 weeks when 3 or 5% CO2 was present. After 20 weeks CO2 only partially offset the detrimental effect of C2H4.
HYPERMEDIA INFORMATION SYSTEM TO DIAGNOSE PROBLEMS OF MACADAMIA NUT
Authors: Kobayashi Kent D. , Bittenbender H.C. , Hirae Howard H. 
Published: February 2019

Growers and extension personnel need an easy to use method to help diagnose common problems of macadamia nut (Macadamia integrifolia). The Apple Macintosh®) computer and the software HyperCard® provides one such system. We developed a hypermedia stack (file) that gives users the two options of helping diagnose a problem or providing additional information on a problem and its solution. Twenty-three of the most common problems of macadamia nut in Hawaii are coveted including insects, diseases, nutritional deficiencies, harvest, postharvest handling, herbicide injury, poor flowering, and premature nut drop.With the first option, the program asks the user on what part of the tree does the problem exist--leaves, flowers, nuts, branches, trunk, roots, or the entire tree. It then displays pictures of symptoms of problems specific to that part of the tree, and the user indicates whether these symptoms are present. The program gives the user additional information on the problem, its cause, conditions conducive to the problem, and possible solutions to resolve the problem. With the second option, i.e., if the user already knows the name of the problem, the additional information and solution are shown immediately. This program provides growers and extension personnel with a simple, quick, computerized tool to diagnose problems and access information and solutions.
HIGH TEMPERATURE RESPONSE IN BEAN-PHYSIOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS.
Authors: Li Paul H. 
Published: February 2019

The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a heat-sensitive plant species in which excessive abscission of reproductive organs occurs during hot weather. This results in yield reductions, and, in extreme heat stress, plants produce few or no pods. We evaluated 74 bean genotypes in terms of leaf heat tolerance (HT) and leaf heat acclimation potential (HAP), as expressed by heat killing time (HKT), the time in minutes needed to cause a 50% electrolyte leakage from leaf tissue heated at 50°C Leaf HT is defined as the leaf HKT of plants without prior conditioning at 37°C day/night temperature and leaf HAP as the change in leaf HT following exposure of the plant to 37°C day/night for 24-h. Among 74 bean genotypes examined leaf HT ranged from 5 to 30 min HKT, whereas leaf HAP ranged from 35 to 130 min HKT. Positive significant correlations were observed between leaf HAP and post-stress performance in photosynthetic activities, plant dry weight, pod set, pod weight and yield among bean genotypes. Correlations, however, were not significant between leaf HT and post-stress performance.A relationship between heat resistance, consisting of the combination of HT and HAP, and heat injury is proposed. Interpretation of the differential amounts of heat injury among genotypes having different HAP, is discussed. We view leaf HT and leaf HAP as two distinguishable phenomena. We suggest that in breeding programs HAP may be the more important of the two, and should he evaluated as a selection criterion for improving crop performance in high temperature environments.
BIOTECHNOLOGIES AND FOOD: ASSURING THE SAFETY OF FOODS PRODUCED BY GENETIC MODIFICATION
Authors: Romig William R. 
Published: February 2019

Scientific experts from universities, government laboratories and food and biotechnology companies, have spent more than two years researching the report, titled, “Biotechnologies and Food: Assuring the Safety of Foods Produced by Genetic Modification.”The IFBC report outlines criteria to determine the safety of foods or ingredients developed through genetic modification. Criteria focus on: foods and food ingredients derived from microorganisms; simple chemicals and simple mixtures; and whole foods and other complex mixtures.The IFBC report presents “decision trees” to determine the safety of foods from non-traditional genetic modifications, which include such processes as recombinant DNA, cell fusion and direct mutagenesis. The decision trees comprise a series of detailed questions concerning the genetic origin, composition and safety of the food or food ingredient and culminate in a decision to accept, reject or subject the test material to further study.
COMPOST CONTENTS AND USES
Authors: Gouin Francis R. 
Published: February 2019

Compost varies according to content, comporting procedures, age, storage conditions and particle size. Compost made mostly from wood products will have a much lower nutrient and soluble salt concentration than one made from leaves, grass clippings, sewage sludge, manures or food processing waste. Compost from efficiently managed systems optimizing microbial activity will tend to have higher soluble salt levels than compost from piles that are neglected and/or undisturbed.Regardless of which organic materials used in making compost it will have a pH between 6.2 and 7.2 when ready for use. The effectiveness of compost as a soil amendment and in formulating potting mixes is dependent on particle sizes and soluble salt concentrations. Particles should not be recognizable and less than 2.5 cm in diameter for optimum plant response. Soluble salt concentrations of the compost will determine rates of application and fertilizer regime.
WHAT IS AGRICULTURE IN THE CLASSROOM?
Authors: Linder Mark P. 
Published: February 2019

Agriculture in the Classroom has become a major, positive force addressing the ag literacy challenge. In California, Ag in the Classroom began in 1980 when the San Francisco School District asked the California Farm Bureau to help develop ag education activities and materials for all grade levels. There is now an AITC effort in every state. Each state approaches Ag in the Classroom from the basis of its own needs and resources. The most successful state programs are a result of cooperation among agriculture, education, volunteers and government. The USDA serves as the communication link among states.Major objectives of AITC include: 1) contribute to a population with a greater understanding of agriculture's importance to our economy and society, 2) promote awareness of career opportunities in agriculture. Activities and materials are offered in: Teacher Training, Student Program, Resource Materials and Special Programs.When given the opportunity, educators realize the importance of agriculture to them and their students. They have found that infusing ag information into the lessons they teach adds an exciting dimension to classroom activities.
HARVEST TIMING AND HEIGHT OF CUT EFFECT ON SAGE (SALVIA OFFICINALIS)
Authors: Motes James E. , Maness Nancy E. , Bostian Bruce 
Published: February 2019

Dalmation sage was transplanted in rows 92 cm apart with in-row spacing of 30 cm on 12 April 1989 at the Vegetable Research Station, Bixby, Oklahoma. Plots one row by 55 m long were established to determine the best timing for harvest and to observe the effect of cutting height and date on yield and regrowth in the fall and regrowth the following season.
Four harvest dates in 1989 were 15 August, 25 August, 18 September and 8 November. In addition, one half of the plots harvested 15 August were recut on 5 November. Cutting height was 10 cm on 15 August, 12 cm on 25 August and 15 cm at all other harvest dates in 1989 and 1990. Four harvests were made on all plots during the 1990 season except those cut or recut in November 1989. Spring 1990 regrowth was very poor and no harvest was possible in April 1990 on November 1989 harvested plots. Highest total dry weight yields for the 1989 and 1990 seasons were produced by the 15 August initial cut with a 5 November recut (11,522 kg·ha-1) and the 8 November 1989 cut plots (10,881 kg·ha-1). Other plots that were harvested once in August or September 1989 plus four separate harvests in 1990 produced a total yield near 9,500 kg·ha-1. The 15 cm height of cut appeared to be superior to cutting closer to the soil.
IN VITRO MICROPROPAGATION OF SELECTED CULTIVARS OF HOSTA
Authors: Williams David J. , Al-Juboory Karim H. 
Published: February 2019

University of Illinois, Department of Horticulture, Plant Science Lab, 1201 S. Dorner, Urbana, IL. Calli were initiated from immature inflorescences of selected cultivars of Hosta in the light on Hosta initiation medium (Carolina Biological Supply Company, 1986). Three cultivars, Francee, Birchwood Park's Gold, and Wide Brim Sum & Substance, produced microshoots. The calli were compact and green in color. The highest percentage of callus formation occurred with the Francee cultivar. Nakaiana, Golden Edger, Golden Scepter, Obscura, Sum & Substance, and Shade Fanfare produced only calli. The calli were transferred to modified Murashige and Skoog salts. The media containing 5 × 5 factorial combinations of NAA and BA (0.0, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, or 2.0 mg/l). The results show that media with NAA at 1.0 and 2.0 mg/l in combination with BA from 0.5 to 2.0 mg/l produced the highest number of microshoots per explant.
GROWTH OF MULCHED GERANIUMS USING RECYCLED TOP- AND SUB-IRRIGATION.
Authors: Khoury N.S. , Holcomb E.J. , White J.W. , Rand M. 
Published: February 2019

Recycled subirrigation systems are a possible solution to grower concerns over water use, ground water pollution, and regulations concerning these. The objectives of this experiment were to examine the differences between top- and subirrigated plants, with different fertilizer regimes and with mulches.
Six treatments of `Crimson Fire' and `Victoria' CVI geraniums were grown in 11 cm. pots. Treatments were: top irrigation, 100% N supplied with 20-10-20 soluble fertilizer; subirrigation, 100% N supplied with 20-10-20 soluble fertilizer; subirrigation, N supplied in equal portions of 20-10-20 soluble fertilizer and CRF, gel mulch; subirrigation, N supplied with CRF, gel mulch; subirrigation, N supplied in equal portions of 20-10-20 soluble fertilizer and CRF, wool mulch; subirrigation, all N supplied with CRF, wool mulch.
`Crimson Fire': fresh weight was not significantly different between top- and subirrigation; fresh weight at the same fertilizer level was not significantly different with either a gel or a rockwool mulch; all CRF resulted in the lowest fresh weights. `Victoria': top irrigated fresh weight was significantly higher compared to subirrigated. Gel mulched plants resulted in significantly lower fresh weights than wool mulched plants. All CRF resulted in the lowest fresh weights.
CHARACTERIZATION OF ISOZYME DIVERSITY WITHIN AND AMONG PURPLE LOOSESTRIFE POPULATIONS (LYTHRUM SPP.).
Authors: Darmo E. , Strefeler M.S. 
Published: February 2019

Purple loosestrife populations have developed into a highly aggressive and invasive weed in several Northern states (MN, NY, NJ etc.). How these populations arose is a key question in developing control strategies. Therefore, we initiated a study to elucidate the origin and genetic structure of invasive populations using isozyme analysis. The germplasm examined included invasive populations found in MN, NY, NJ, WI and MD, populations of Lythrum alatum, populations of L. virgatum and 22 cultivars of L. salicaria, the suspected progenitor of the invasive populations.
Unique isozyme patterns for most cultivars was observed and these were consistently indicative of that clone over repeated sampling. Clones of putative “salicaria” origin could not be distinguish from those of putative “virgatum” origin.Significant isozyme polymorphism was observed within and among the 26 Lythrum populations. Indicating that isozymes can be an important tool in studies on the structure and evolution of invasive loosestrife populations.
To date, our isozyme analysis indicates that L. salicaria and L. virgatum are not distinct species. It appears that the decision by the MN Department of Agriculture to add all horticultural lines to the noxious weeds list regardless of origin was a prudent decision.
EFFECTS OF NITROGEN RATE AND APPLICATION DATE ON GROWTH, YIELD, AND MINERAL COMPOSITION OF NECTARINE LEAVES AND FRUIT
Authors: Marangoni B. , Scudellari D. , Toselli M. 
Published: February 2019

Mature trees of Stark Redgold nectarines grown in silt loam soil in the Po Valley were tested at five fertilization regimes and compared to untreated control: N1 (100 kg N/ha), N1 (100 kg N/ha, split 60% in spring and 40%. in postharvest), N2 (200 kg N/ha), N1 (100 kg N/ha) + K (150 kg K2 0/ha), N2 (200 kg N/ha) + K (150 kg K2 O/ha). The annual distribution in spring was equally split before full bloom and at fruit set.
The data collected over the three trial years show no differences as compared to control in yield and fruit size. N2 delayed ripening and decreased fruit quality. Leaf mineral composition was affected by potassium; maximun N induced leaf accumulation of N-NH4 The high concentration of K in leaf tissues was correlated to the yellow color of the leaf blade. Total leaf chlorophyll content was measured by an Spad-502 chlorophyll meter (Minolta Corp.) and compared to that measured by conventional technique (Arnon method). The overall findings suggest the amount of N used in peach fertilization can be reduced.
RESPONSE OF DATE PALM (PHOENIX DACTYLIFERA I.) SEEDLINGS TO SODIUM CHLORIDE IN IRRIGATION WATER
Authors: Aljuburi Hameed Jasim 
Published: February 2019

The study was carried out at the Experimental Station of Agric. Sci. College at Al-oha region. Eight hundred seedlings (7 months old) were chosen for each following cultivars, Lulu, Boman, Barhee and Khalas. The seedings for each cultivars were irrigated weekly with 0, 6, 12, 18 g I.-1 Nacl solution.
The results revealed fresh weight of stems, roots and number of leaves/plant of Lulul, Barhee and Khalas cultivars progressively reduced with increasing Nacl concentration in irrigation water, while dry matter percentage of stems and roots increased and increasing salinity in irrigation water. The results also declared that the seedlings of four date palm cultivars has similar behavior, when exposed to high Nacl concentration in irrigation water during long term.
THE IMPACT OF ROSE BLOOM DISEASE (Exobasidium oxycocci) ON THE PHOTOSYNTHETIC BIOLOGY OF CRANBERRY
Authors: Cameron J. Scott , Bristow Peter R. 
Published: February 2019

Gas exchange measurements were made on healthy and rose bloom infected branches of cranberry on 31 May 1991 during the middle of the sporing period. CO2 assimilation rates of infected branches were reduced 89% on a leaf area basis and 95% on a dry weight basis compared to healthy tissue. Stomatal conductance was 12× higher in infected tissue, while mesophyll conductance was reduced by 92%. Transpiration was 4× higher in diseased tissue reducing water use efficiency by 96%.
Total chlorophyll content of diseased tissue was 81% less than that of healthy tissue but chlorophyll a/b was unchanged. Fourth derivative profiles of chlorophyll action spectra were altered in diseased tissue. Rose bloom leaves were found to lack stomata and have no discernable mesophyll layer.
SEASONAL VARIATION IN LOW-TEMPERATURE TOLERANCE OF FRUIT-BUDS OF VACCINIUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM.
Authors: Cappiello Paul E. 
Published: February 2019

Lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium) is a major fruit crop in costal, Northern New England and Atlantic Canada. One of the factors affecting production is low temperature damage of flower primordia. In addition to mid-winter damage, much of the damage occurs in spring due to late frosts. A study was designed to examine the seasonal variation in the LT50 of fruit buds and to determine the location of the tissue damage.
Field-collected stems were exposed to controlled temperature drops and examined for damage. Three types of damage were identified; destruction of flower primordia, browning of vascular tissue within the fruit-bud, and browning of stem tissue at the base of the bud. The seasonal variation of the occurrence of this damage will be discussed.
SAP NITRATE TESTING FOR IMPROVED NITROGEN MANAGEMENT ON POTATOES
Authors: Vitosh Maurice L. , Silva George H. , Leep Richard D. , Douches David S. 
Published: February 2019

A procedure for rapid determination of nitrate in the fresh petiole sap using an ion specific electrode was developed. A highly significant correlation (R2-0.92) was obtained between the nitrate measured by the sap test and the conventional oven-dried tissue method.
The effects of five nitrogen(N) rates ranging from 0 to 268 kg ha-1, and five dates of sampling dates beginning at tuber initiation, on the sap nitrate concentration were investigated. The nitrate level increased in proportion to N fertilizer rate. The nitrate level was generally higher at tuber initiation and decreased as the season progressed. The rate of decrease was related to the N supply in the soil. At N rates of 0 and 67 Kg ha-1, the average weekly decrease in the nitrate level was greater than 100 ppm. Based on yield response, the nitrate levels were partitioned as deficient adequate and excessive, and a critical nutrient range was established. The sap test offers a tactical approach for corrective in-season fertilization and a means to increase the efficiency of both fertilizer and available soil N.
PRODUCTION OF DWARF RAPID-CYCLING BRASSICA UNDER OPTIMIZING ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
Authors: Frick J. , Mitchell C.A. 
Published: February 2019

Due to its short time to flower (14-18 days) and rapid maturation cycle (50-55 days), dwarf rapid-cycling brassica (Brassica napus) is under consideration as a candidate oilseed crop for NASA's Controlled Ecological Life Support Systems program. Recent work has focused on defining a set of optimum environmental conditions which permit increased crop yield in terms of g·m-2d-1 of edible biomass. A wide range of environmental variables have been considered including lamp type, CO2 level, nutrient solution pH, and planting density. In addition, nitrogen nutrition regimes have been manipulated with respect to nitrogen concentration (2 to 30 mM), source (NH4+ and/or NO3-), and time of stepwise changes in nitrogen level (day 14 to 28). The highest seed oil content (42% DW basis) has been found under limiting nitrogen levels (2 mM). However, the low nitrogen inhibits overall seed production potential. Different cultural techniques also have been compared, including solid-substrate, passive wicking hydroponics versus liquid culture systems. Trials are underway to assess crop growth and development under the “best set” scenario of environmental conditions. At present, the highest seed yield (10.6 g·m-2d-1) has been obtained using solid-substrate hydroponic systems under a combination of metal halide and high-pressure sodium lamps. Constant CO2 enrichment to 1000 μmol·mol-1 did not increase crop yield rate.
Research supported in part by NASA grant NAGW - 2329.
STABILITY ANALYSIS OF YIELD AND THE COMPONENTS OF YIELD AMONG COFFEE GENOTYPES.
Authors: Upreti Gopi , Bittenbender Harry C. 
Published: February 2019

Thirteen coffee genotypes (Coffee arabica) were evaluated for yield stability in fourteen environments within Hawaii. The yield components (fruiting nodes, fruits/node, and fruit size) were also evaluated for stability in four environments. Genotype yield and component were regressed against environmental mean yield and yield component to determine the stability of yield and the components of yield.
Cultivars with means above the grand mean, regression coefficients ≤ 1, and the coefficients of linear determination ≥ 50% were considered to be superior and have phenotypic stability. Stable and superior genotypes are less sensitive to environmental changes and are more adapted to favorable and unfavorable conditions than unstable genotypes.
`Catuai' was stable for both yield and the components of yield (fruiting nodes, and fruits/node) which directly contribute to the yield. The genotype `SL 28' was unstable but highly responsive to favorable environments for yield as well as yield components. Selection for the stability of yield should be considered in coffee breeding programmes to develop genotypes adapted to diverse environmental conditions in Hawaii.
IMPROVING THE SURVIVAL OF NURSERY PLANTS DURING POSTHARVEST HANDLING.
Authors: Englert John M. , Fuchigami Leslie H. , Chen Tony H.H. 
Published: February 2019

Desiccation stress during the postharvest handling of bare-root nursery plants is often responsible for poor performance after transplanting. Alternate methods of handling desiccation sensitive deciduous trees, such as Washington hawthorn (Crataegus phaenopyrum Med.), and herbaceous perennials species, including Iris, Hosta, and Hemerocallis, are needed for improving survival after transplanting.
A new antidesiccant compound called Moisturin has been useful in reducing water loss from Washington hawthorn trees during storage and shipping, and in improving survival and plant performance during establishment. Hawthorn seedlings or multi-stemmed trees treated with Moisturin before a period of water stress had up to 75% less dieback than control or other antidesiccant treatments.
The use of Moisturin treatment and / or protection with plastic bags of topped bare-rooted herbaceous perennials before five weeks of cold storage (2C) was effective in improving the survival of Iris ensata, Iris sibirica, and Hosta plants. Hemerocallis plants survived equally well with all treatments. The greatest effect on reduction of water loss and improvement of survival was when plants were sealed in plastic bags.